title: Leptothorax acervorum

abstract: Leptothorax acervorum is a small brown to yellow ant in the subfamily Myrmicinae. It was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1793. L. acervorum is vastly distributed across the globe, most commonly found in the coniferous forests of Central, Western and Northern Europe. The morphology of L. acervorum is extremely similar to that of other Leptothorax ants. The difference arises in the two-toned appearance of L. acervorum, with the head and metasoma being darker than the mesosoma segment of the body, and hair across its body. Following Bergmann's rule—unusually, for ectothermic animals—body size increases with latitude.

text:
# Leptothorax acervorum

***Leptothorax acervorum*** is a small brown to yellow ant in the subfamily Myrmicinae. It was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1793. *L. acervorum* is vastly distributed across the globe, most commonly found in the coniferous forests of Central, Western and Northern Europe. The morphology of *L. acervorum* is extremely similar to that of other *Leptothorax* ants. The difference arises in the two-toned appearance of *L. acervorum*, with the head and metasoma being darker than the mesosoma segment of the body, and hair across its body. Following Bergmann's rule—unusually, for ectothermic animals—body size increases with latitude.

## Taxonomy

*Leptothorax acervorum* was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1793 in his publication *Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta. Vol 2*. The ant belongs to the family of Formicidae, which include all organisms that contain a metapleural gland. Using DNA analysis, the divergence date estimated for clades within the Formicidae imply that most ant subfamilies originate in the late Cretaceous period. The subfamilies would have diverged around the Paleogene period. This species of ant is usually found in mid to northern Europe, regions in North America such as Alaska and northern Canada and in Japan.

*L. acervorum* are small myrmicine ants with distinct propodeal spines and have three-segmented antennal clubs.

Based on a taxonomy experiment performed by Dekoninck, the entire body of *L. acervorum* is light brown in color and is covered with erect hairs. The region on the head and the antennal club are slightly darker in colour. The thorax was described as being light brown in colour and having a rounded shoulder.

## Morphology

*Leptothorax acervorum* is a small red ant Similar to other ants, *L. acercorum* displays geniculate (elbowed) antennae, metapleural glands, and a constriction of the second abdominal segment. The exoskeleton provides a protecting casing of the body, which can be divided into 3 segments: the head, mesosoma, and metasoma. The head contains eyes that detect acute movement, three small ocelli to detect light and polarization, and two mandibles. Attached to the head are two antennae. All six legs are attached to the mesosoma. The metasoma houses vital internal organs. "The pedicel of the metasoma is two-segmented," which is unique for the Subfamily Myrmicinae. The head and abdomen are dark, thereby giving the ant a two-toned appearance. Individual ants are small, with workers measuring around 3 millimetres (0.12 in) in length and queens being only 10% larger. Colonies are small compared to those of other ants—they have anywhere from a few dozen to a few hundred workers and one to several queens.

### Workers

The workers have reddish to brownish yellow body colour with the head, antennal club and dorsal surface being darker. The petiole nodes and femora are frequently infuscate. They have a total of 11 segments in antennae. The head is longitudinally striated, and smooth and the average length is usually 3.7–4.5 mm.

### Queen

The queen is similar in appearance to the worker. However, the colouring of the queen is a dark brown, sometimes almost completely black. The average length of the queen is between 3.8–4.8 mm.

### Male

The male is brownish black in color and is robust and significantly larger than both the worker and the queen. It has an antenna with 12 segments with a very short scape. The average length is between 4.5–5 mm long.

### Size variance

Bergmann's rule establishes that among endothermic animals of the same species, body size increases with latitude. Studies have tested whether this rule also applies to social insects. *L. acervorum* workers were counted in a sample of colonies from Erlangen and Karelia. The worker size was significantly larger in the Karelian population, with the average thorax length being 1.15 mm ± 0.07 mm. The average thorax length from the Erlangen population was 1.08 ± 0.05 mm. As evidenced, the workers from Karelia were on average 10% larger than the workers from Erlangen. The results suggest that larger body sizes in *L. acervorum* from boreal habitats might result from selection for increased fasting endurance. Larger workers had more fat than small workers, and would survive longer in colder environments. *Leptothorax acervorum* might extend their survival time in areas with long winters and unpredictable climate by storing more reserves. Thus, the body size of workers of this holarctic ant increases with latitude.

## Distribution

### Habitat

*Leptothorax acervorum* are commonly found in dry coniferous forests, where they nest in small rotting branches, tree stumps, and under bark. However, colonies that inhabit the periphery of its range are patchily distributed. Patchy distribution is positively correlated with an increase in latitude because, in the case that a queen leaves its colony due to a resource deficit, there is a low possibility that it will find and thereby compete with another one. The ideal environment for this species consists of temperate or subtropical biomes, in which resources are readily available for survival and success of the colony.

### Geographical range

*Leptothorax acervorum* vastly populate Central, Western, and Northern Europe, ranging from central Spain and Italy (40° N) to the tundra/taiga ecotone habitats of northern Scandinavia and Siberia (40° N). This species typically lives in facultatively polygynous colonies. They can, however, exist in monogynous colonies at the periphery of its geographic range. When this species is found at the margins, where resources for survival may not be as readily available, areas for colony development and nesting are less frequently found. For instance, according to Trettin et al., in the northern mountain ranges of Spain, colonies were found to be functionally monogynous; here, the survival of the colonies were presumed to be at risk, unlike those that preferably exist at “low-skew” population of Boreal Eurasia.”.

Heinze et al. identified another relationship relating to the ant's geographical range. As the latitude of the colonies' expanded outward, the mean body size of each individual worker ant increased as well. The authors point out that ants living near the Polar Circle were 10% larger than those living in central Europe. They attribute this relationship to a "Bergmann's rule-like pattern" for the ectothermic ant. Bergmann's rule states populations and species of larger size tend to be found in colder environments, while smaller organisms are found in warmer regions. In accordance with this principle, Heinze et al. suggest that larger body size in *L. acervorum* from boreal habitats could be a result of selection for increased fasting endurance. In other words, in colder environments, the ants evolved larger body size in response to the adaptation of increased fasting endurance under starvation conditions, or peripheral habitats with a lack of resources.

## Ecology and behavior

### Queen behavior

*Leptothorax acervorum* is a model organism to investigate the social structure of multiple-queen colonies. *Leptothorax acervorum* is a facultatively polygynous ant, meaning that colonies with one or more than one queen occur, and these colonies acquire extra queens by adoption—thus polygyny is secondary. Electrophoretic allozyme analysis showed that cohabiting queens are close relatives. This reinforces the assumption that the queens in L. acervorum colonies form mother-daughter-sister groups, which arise from adopting newly mated queens into their natal nests.

Newly eclosed queens mate with unrelated males near the natal nest and then return to it, where they are readopted. Other queens disperse to mating aggregations, mate, and then leave the aggregations to establish new colonies elsewhere. Matings near the nest may occur because *L. acervorum* queens 'call' males through the use of pheromones.

#### Oophagy

An important behavior noticed in *L. acervorum* was the eating of reproductive eggs by queens. On average, approximately 69% of eggs eaten were intact. Also in observed colonies, the proportions of eggs eaten out of all eggs laid were 25%, 93%, 125% (i.e. more eggs were eaten than laid in that period) and 64%. This oophagy had a major impact on the colony's output of eggs. The queens appeared to exhibit no discrimination when targeting eggs. It was actually observed that one queen interrupted an egg-eating queen and removed the egg to eat it herself. Feeding rate is positively correlated with fecundity. In the four colonies where intact eggs were eaten, one of the two most fecund queens was among the top two egg eaters.

A *L. acervorum* queen eats eggs by picking up the egg with her mandibles and manipulating it against her mouthparts with her forefeet. She pierces the egg's membranous skin and laps the egg's fluid through the hole. When the contents of the egg are emptied, typically after a few minutes, the queen will then discard the remaining skin by either dropping it to the floor or placing it on the mouthparts of a larva (which then eats the skin).

A possible explanation for this phenomenon is reproductive competition between queens. However, the overall lack of egg defense and overt aggression seem to provide contrary evidence. It is possible that direct confrontation would increase risk of injury for the egg-laying queen, thereby making egg defense too costly.

### Colony structure

Trivers and Hare (1976) proposed that the population-level sex-investment ratio equals the relatedness asymmetry, so there can be conflict between workers and queens over sex allocation. Thus, the prediction is that sex-investment ratios are 1:1 females:males if queens control sex allocation and 3:1 females:males if there is worker control. This is because the queen is equally related to her sons and daughters (r=0.5 in each case), so she should produce equal numbers of male and female reproductive offspring. However, because of haplodiploidy, full sisters are more closely related to one another because half of their genome is always identical, and the other half has a 50% chance of being shared. Their total relatedness is 0.5+(0.5 x 0.5)=0.75. This means sisters would prefer to skew the population sex-investment ratio to 3:1 females:males. A female is related to her brother by only 0.25, because 50% of her genes that come from her father have no chance of being shared with a brother. This results in 0.5 x 0.5=0.25.

It was found that the population sex-investment ratio for "L. acervorum" changed from significantly female biased to significantly male biased with increasing polygyny. In polygynous colonies where multiple queens reproduce, there is a lack of worker aggression towards queens. This is likely a benefit for multiple queens that reproduce in polygynous populations as a result of dilution of relatedness. Workers simply favor the previous reproductive queen because she is their mother, and would thereby rear full sisters. Thus, multiple reproductive queens would decrease this worker regulation because relatedness is lower. The relatedness estimate for nest mate workers in polygynous colonies (0.46 ± 0.040) was significantly lower than that for nest mate workers in monogynous colonies (0.55 ± 0.089). However, this relatedness estimate for nest mate workers in monogynous colonies was distinctly lower than the expected 0.75 value for full siblings.

Seasonal fluctuations of queen numbers may explain why relatedness estimates for workers in monogamous colonies are lower than expected. The seasons shape the composition of the colony—young queens are regularly adopted in their natal colonies after mating in late summer. By seeking adoption in established colonies, young queens might avoid long solitary hibernation—winter mortality was found to be lower in polygynous than in monogynous colonies. Some emigrate from the colony after hibernation in the spring. This may be an attempt to found their own colony solitarily or by budding, leaving the natal colony with their own workers and brood to start a new colony. Some monogynous colonies could have recently been polygynous. Thus, colonies of *L. acervorum* may easily switch from monogamy to polygyny as a result of adopting young queens and budding, or queen emigration.

### Mating behavior

In a study conducted in Spain, *L. acervorum* became active in the incubators about one or two hours after the morning rise in temperature. At that time, mating behavior could be studied under natural daylight. When the temperature reached 25 °C, the winged females left the nest chambers and climbed the walls of the flight cage to perform a stationary sexual calling behavior. Other females exhibited a sexual display at very short distances from the nest entrance. Flying before the sexual calling was never observed.

The males were always highly aroused when put into a flight cage with calling females, and they immediately tried to mount a calling female and to insert the genitals. During the first contact both partners antennate each other intensively. After the insertion of the genitals the male tilts backwards and remains immobile in this position. The female usually sits still during the copulation and the male sometimes grooms its antennae. After 30 to 90 seconds the female turns round and bites into the male's gaster, which typically ends with separation 10 to 20 seconds later. Copulations could be observed until six or seven hours after the morning rise in temperature, though most copulations took place between one and two hours after the first females began to exhibit sexual calling.

## InfoBox

| *Leptothorax acervorum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Subfamily: | Myrmicinae |
| Genus: | *Leptothorax* |
| Species: | ***L. acervorum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Leptothorax acervorum***<br>(Fabricius, 1793) | |
|
| Subspecies | |
| * *Leptothorax acervorum vandeli* Bondroit, 1920 | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Formica acervorum* Fabricius, 1793 * *Leptothorax acervorum kamtshaticus* Ruzsky, 1920 * *Leptothorax acervorum nigrescens* Ruzsky, 1905 * *Leptothorax acervorum superus* Ruzsky, 1905 * *Mychothorax acervorum orientalis* Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1928 * *Myrmica lacteipennis* Zetterstedt, 1838 | |


title: Sutton in the Elms

abstract: Sutton in the Elms is a settlement in the northwest of Broughton Astley, Leicestershire. Its name is sometimes abbreviated to Sutton Elms. Sutton is one of the three settlements mentioned in Domesday that now comprise Broughton Astley: namely Broctone, Sutone and Torp.

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# Sutton in the Elms

**Sutton in the Elms** is a settlement in the northwest of Broughton Astley (where the population is listed), Leicestershire. Its name is sometimes abbreviated to Sutton Elms. Sutton is one of the three settlements mentioned in Domesday that now comprise Broughton Astley: namely Broctone, Sutone and Torp.

## Geography

The settlement is about 9 miles (14 km) south west of the City of Leicester in the District of Harborough in Leicestershire. Sutton is one of the more desirable housing areas of Broughton Astley with homes dating from many periods. There are a number of farms, and at the West end of Sutton Lane, near the B4114 is a go-kart track. The village comprises one road, Sutton Lane, which was renamed Leicester Road until 2007 when the name reverted to Sutton Lane.

There is also Sutton in the Elms Private Care Home, a nursing care facility catering for 39 elderly residents in a homely environment, T&A Shoes (office block) and Sutton Elms Baptist Church.

In 2008 Sutton in the Elms received 15 elm trees, a gift donated by The Woodland Trust and planted along the length of the village. One tree was planted in the grounds of the Baptist church.

## History

Sutton in the Elms has had a Baptist church since around 1650, making it the oldest Baptist church in Leicestershire, with the current vestry being the earliest chapel building. It is still thriving today.

Sutton in the Elms also played an important part in the history of the Quakers. George Fox, founder of the Quakers, addressed his first open air meeting outside the 'steeple house' in 1647 and the Quaker Cottage at Sutton stands today.

**www.suttonelms.org.uk** is the privately maintained web site of Nigel and Alison Deacon, with information ranging from apples to BBC radio plays and gokart racing, nowadays archived by the British Library.

1. "Church History - Sutton in the Elms Baptist Church".
2. "That's Sutton in the ELMS, you know". *livingvillage.blogspot.co.uk*. 30 October 2009.
3. "Home". *suttonelms.org.uk*.

52°32′28″N 1°14′13″W / 52.541°N 1.237°W / 52.541; -1.237


title: List of public art in Mayfair

abstract: This is a list of public art in Mayfair, a district in the City of Westminster, London. Mayfair is a residential and commercial area dominated by terraces of town houses. In Grosvenor Square there are several memorials with an American theme, including a memorial garden commemorating the September 11 attacks, due to the former presence on that square of the US Embassy. At the southern end of the district, the courtyard of Burlington House on Piccadilly is frequently used as a temporary exhibition space for artworks. Map of public art in Mayfair

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# List of public art in Mayfair

This is a **list of public art in Mayfair**, a district in the City of Westminster, London.

Mayfair is a residential and commercial area dominated by terraces of town houses. In Grosvenor Square there are several memorials with an American theme, including a memorial garden commemorating the September 11 attacks, due to the former presence on that square of the US Embassy. At the southern end of the district, the courtyard of Burlington House (home of the Royal Academy of Arts) on Piccadilly is frequently used as a temporary exhibition space for artworks.

Map of public art in Mayfair

## List

| Image | Title / subject | Location and
coordinates | Date | Artist / designer | Architect / other | Type | Designation | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Bust of Sekhmet | Sotheby's, 34–35 New Bond Street | 1320 BC c.1320 BC |  |  | Bust |  |  |
|
More images | Statue of William Pitt the Younger | Hanover Square

51°30′49″N 0°08′37″W / 51.5136°N 0.1437°W / 51.5136; -0.1437 (William Pitt the Younger) | 1831 | Francis Leggatt Chantrey |  | Statue | Grade II | Unveiled 22 August 1831; there was an attempt by reformist opponents of Pitt to pull the statue down on the morning of the unveiling. Concerns for the work's security might have been the reason for the unusually tall plinth. |
|
More images | *Fountain Nymph* | Berkeley Square

51°30′33″N 0°08′43″W / 51.509116°N 0.145293°W / 51.509116; -0.145293 | 1867 | Alexander Munro |  | Fountain with sculpture | Grade II | Pedestal inscribed THE GIFT/ OF/ HENRY 3RD MARQUIS OF LANSDOWNE. This *Fountain Nymph* was Munro's second treatment of the theme after that for the memorial to Herbert Ingram in Boston, Lincolnshire (1862–1863). He also produced a smaller marble version of the Berkeley Square *Nymph*, which was installed in a public garden in Oxford in around 1970. |
|  | Architectural sculpture | 31 Old Bond Street | 1898–1900 | Farmer and Brindley after Léon-Joseph Chavalliaud | Arthur Beresford Pite | Reliefs | Grade II | The Michelangelesque crouching figures on the first storey are typical of the architect's work, while the draped female figures on the second storey evoke reliefs by Jean Goujon. The other detailing has been called "discreetly perverse". |
|  | Drinking fountain | Mount Street Gardens

51°30′35″N 0°08′57″W / 51.509719°N 0.149303°W / 51.509719; -0.149303 (Drinking fountain) | 1892 |  | Ernest George | Fountain with sculpture | Grade II | Inscribed THIS FOUNTAIN WAS ERECTED BY HENRY LOFTS IN/ RECOGNITION OF MANY HAPPY YEARS IN MOUNT STREET/ SIR ERNEST GEORGE. RA FECIT 1892. Lofts was an estate agent, and George an architect, to the Grosvenor estate. Lofts's office was in Mount Street, which was partly rebuilt by his firm with George as architect. |
|  | Portal sculpture | Sotheby's, 6–7 St George Street | c.1904–1905 | Louis Fritz Roselieb | Charles Worley | Architectural sculpture | Grade II |  |
|  | Arms of John Compton Cavendish, 4th Baron Chesham | Burlington Arcade, Piccadilly façade | 1911 | ? | Arthur Beresford Pite | Architectural sculpture | Grade II |  |
|  | *Painting* | Colnaghi, 144–146 New Bond Street | 1911 | Henry Poole | Lanchester and Rickards | Architectural sculpture |  |  |
|  | *Assumption of the Virgin* | Mount Street Gardens entrance of the Church of the Immaculate Conception, Farm Street | 1914 | ? | W. H. Romaine-Walker | Tympanum | Grade II\* |  |
|  | *Science* | 70–71 New Bond Street | c.1914–1915 | Thomas Rudge | Palgrave & Co. | Architectural sculpture |  |  |
|  | *Commerce* | 70–71 New Bond Street | c.1914–1915 | Louis Fritz Roselieb | Palgrave & Co. | Architectural sculpture |  |  |
|  | *Art* | 70–71 New Bond Street | c.1914–1915 | Louis Fritz Roselieb | Palgrave & Co. | Architectural sculpture |  |  |
|  | Architectural sculpture | Burlington Arcade, Piccadilly façade | 1931 | Benjamin Clemens | Arthur Beresford Pite | Architectural sculpture | Grade II |  |
|  | Arms of John Compton Cavendish, 4th Baron Chesham | Burlington Arcade, Burlington Gardens façade | 1937 | ? | William George Sinning | Relief | Grade II |  |
|
More images | Statue of Franklin D. Roosevelt | Grosvenor Square

51°30′42″N 0°09′06″W / 51.5118°N 0.1516°W / 51.5118; -0.1516 (Franklin Delano Roosevelt) | 1948 | William Reid Dick | B. W. L. Gallannaugh; Mary Jenks (lettering) | Statue | Grade II | Unveiled 12 April 1948 by Eleanor Roosevelt. The standing pose is intended to recall one of the moments when Roosevelt took the oath of office; he usually used a wheelchair due to his paralytic illness. Winston Churchill, who first proposed the statue, had hoped for a seated portrayal of the President as a pendant to the statue of Abraham Lincoln on Parliament Square. |
|
More images | *Time–Life Screen* | New Bond Street | 1952–1953 | Henry Moore | Michael Rosenauer | Architectural sculpture | Grade II\* |  |
|  | Eagle | 24 Grosvenor Square (the former US Embassy) | 1960 | Theodore Roszak | Eero Saarinen | Architectural sculpture | Grade II |  |
|  | *Crouching Figure No. 4* | Carlos Place

51°30′36″N 0°08′57″W / 51.510116°N 0.149074°W / 51.510116; -0.149074 (Crouching Figure No. 4) | 1973 | Emilio Greco | Luca Clavarino (1987 setting) | Sculpture |  | Unveiled 20 November 1987. |
|
More images | *Horse and Rider* | Corner of New Bond Street and Burlington Gardens | 1974–1975 | Elisabeth Frink |  | Equestrian statue | Grade II | Frink's catalogue raisonné notes that these figures personify "the most desirable masculine qualities", namely "speed, resilience, intelligence, loyalty, affection, courage, sensitivity, beauty and free sensuality". Another cast was erected in Winchester High Street in 1983. Previously situated on Dover Street near the junction with Piccadilly, the work was moved to its current location in 2018 to mark the opening of the Royal Academy's new entrance at 6 Burlington Gardens. |
|
More images | Statue of Dwight D. Eisenhower | Grosvenor Square

51°30′42″N 0°09′10″W / 51.511605°N 0.152759°W / 51.511605; -0.152759 (Dwight Eisenhower) | 1969 | Robert Dean | Mayell Hart and Associates | Statue |  | Unveiled 23 January 1989. A gift from the people of Kansas City, Missouri. Other casts of this statue are at West Point Military Academy and Eisenhower's burial place in Abilene, Kansas. |
|  | Hat box motifs | Bond Street tube station Jubilee line platforms | 1979 | Tom Eckersley |  | Tile motifs |  |  |
|
More images | RAF Eagle Squadrons Memorial | Grosvenor Square

51°30′40″N 0°09′04″W / 51.511031°N 0.151140°W / 51.511031; -0.151140 (RAF Eagle Squadrons Memorial) | 1986 | Elisabeth Frink | T. A. Kempster | Memorial with sculpture | Grade II | Unveiled 12 May 1986. |
|  | Ducking Pond Row Fountain | Hanover Square

51°30′50″N 0°08′38″W / 51.513761°N 0.143785°W / 51.513761; -0.143785 (Ducking Pond Row Fountain) | 1988 | Paul Cooper |  | Fountain with sculpture |  | Originally erected in Bond Street. |
|
More images | *Taichi Spin Kick* | St Andrew's Building, 17 Old Park Lane

51°30′17″N 0°09′00″W / 51.50484°N 0.149943°W / 51.50484; -0.149943 (Taichi Spin Kick) | 1991 | Ju Ming |  | Sculpture |  |  |
|
More images | *Allies*
Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt | New Bond Street

51°30′38″N 0°08′33″W / 51.510452°N 0.142507°W / 51.510452; -0.142507 (Allies) | 1995 | Lawrence Holofcener |  | Sculptural group |  | Unveiled 2 May 1995, shortly before the 50th anniversary of VE Day, by Princess Margaret. The sculptor's wife gifted the group to the nation, but the Royal Fine Art Commission ruled out a location in a central London park. The Bond Street Association then expressed an interest in the work. |
|  | *Helix* | 1–4 Curzon Street | 1998 | Eilìs O'Connell |  | Architectural sculpture |  |  |
|  | *London* | Lancashire Court, on the approach to Handel & Hendrix in London

51°30′47″N 0°08′45″W / 51.512977°N 0.145837°W / 51.512977; -0.145837 (London) | 2001 | Michael Czerwiǹski (with Ray Howell) |  | Tile mural |  | Scenes of the city in ancient and modern times, hand-painted and in relief. |
|  | Inscriptions | 21 Davies Street | 2003–2005 c.2003–2005 | Ian Hamilton Finlay | Kohn Pederson Fox | Inscriptions |  | Quotations from the French revolutionary Louis Antoine de Saint-Just are inscribed on the terracotta façade: "Too many laws, too few examples" and "*Les Mots Juste et Injuste Sont Entendus Par Toutes Les Consciences*" |
|  | *Verge* | 23 Savile Row | 2003–2008 | Joel Shapiro | Eric Parry | Architectural sculpture |  |  |
|  | *Salmon Leap* | Outside 40 Berkeley Square

51°30′35″N 0°08′49″W / 51.509807°N 0.146958°W / 51.509807; -0.146958 (Salmon Leap) | 2004 | Michael Cooper |  | Sculpture |  | Refers to the Tyburn which once ran nearby. |
|  | *Granite Sculptures* | Curzon Square

51°30′22″N 0°09′03″W / 51.506042°N 0.150771°W / 51.506042; -0.150771 (Granite Sculptures) | 2004 | John Aiken | Rolfe Judd | Sculptures |  | The bench-like sculptures are formed from black granite from Zimbabwe and silver-grey granite from Portugal spliced together. |
|  | *Untitled* | Princes Street

51°30′52″N 0°08′34″W / 51.514495°N 0.142779°W / 51.514495; -0.142779 (Untitled) | 2004 | Alexander Beleschenko |  | Glass panels on building |  |  |
|
More images | *Handbag Heads*, or *Entrance Sculpture* | 1 Hanover Street | 2004/2005 | Bruce McLean | Sheppard Robson | Architectural sculpture |  |  |
|  | *Aspiration* | In front of Leconfield House, Curzon Street

51°30′23″N 0°08′59″W / 51.506486°N 0.149831°W / 51.506486; -0.149831 (Aspiration) | 2006 | John Brown |  | Sculpture |  |  |
|  | *New Burlington Flare* | New Burlington Place

51°30′45″N 0°08′26″W / 51.512386°N 0.140635°W / 51.512386; -0.140635 (New Burlington Flare) | 2006 | Michael Bleyenberg |  | Light installation |  |  |
|
More images | *Recalling – Revealing – Remaining* | 20 Grafton Street | 2006 | Guðrún Sigríður Haraldsdóttir |  | Architectural sculpture |  |  |
|  | *The Prophecy of Teiresias* | Richard Green Gallery, 33 New Bond Street | 2011 | Alexander Stoddart | George Saumarez Smith of ADAM Architecture | Bas-reliefs |  | The three reliefs, representing scenes from the *Odyssey*, are an allegory of "the extreme lengths modern art has taken to distance itself from its origin in Greece". |
|
More images | *Silence*
Simon Milton | Mount Street / Carlos Place

51°30′37″N 0°08′57″W / 51.510149°N 0.149240°W / 51.510149; -0.149240 (Silence) | 2011 |  | Tadao Ando *et al.* | Water feature |  | A raised granite-edged pool into which two trees are set, and which emits clouds of water vapour for fifteen seconds every fifteen minutes. Jointly commissioned by the Grosvenor Estate and the Connaught Hotel; Blair Associates Architects and the Building Design Partnership were also involved the project. |
|
More images | *Shop Till You Drop* | Bruton Lane

51°30′38″N 0°08′37″W / 51.510477°N 0.143742°W / 51.510477; -0.143742 (Shop Till You Drop) | 2011 | Banksy |  | Graffiti |  |  |
|
More images | Statue of Ronald Reagan | Grosvenor Square

51°30′39″N 0°09′09″W / 51.510856°N 0.152416°W / 51.510856; -0.152416 | 2011 | Chas Fagan |  | Statue |  | Unveiled 4 July 2011. Westminster City Council's rule that a person may only be commemorated by a statue 10 years after their death was waived so that Margaret Thatcher could perform the unveiling, but she proved too unwell to attend the ceremony. A fragment of the Berlin Wall is incorporated into the pedestal. |
|
More images | *Terza Rima* | 9–15 Sackville Street

51°30′34″N 0°08′18″W / 51.509563°N 0.138212°W / 51.509563; -0.138212 (Terza Rima) | 2011–2012 | Rebecca Salter | JM Architects | Designs screenprinted onto windows and a bronze panel |  |  |
|
More images | *Three Figures* | Bourdon Place | 2012 | Neal French |  | Statues |  | Unveiled by Twiggy, one of the work's subjects, on 31 May 2012. A plaque nearby provides the following exegesis: "A passing shopper stumbles upon/ Terence Donovan photographing the model Twiggy/ near to his studio in 1960s Mayfair". |
|  | *Portcullis Gates* | 33 Davies Street

51°30′43″N 0°08′53″W / 51.511904°N 0.148053°W / 51.511904; -0.148053 (Portcullis Gates) | 2013 | Wendy Ramshaw | HOK | Gates |  | 3.6 metres (12 ft)-high bronze gates with abstract patterns of "flowing lines and intersecting arcs ... reflecting the life and style of Mayfair", which can be lowered at night in the manner of a portcullis. |
|  | *An Age, An Instant* | New Burlington Mews | 2014 | Rona Smith |  | Gate |  | Unveiled 29 April 2014. The artist took her inspiration from turn-of-the-century pocket watches, as this locale was a centre for the watchmaking trade in the early 20th century when the building's façade was rebuilt. |
|  | *ROOM* | Beaumont Hotel, Brown Hart Gardens | 2014 | Antony Gormley |  | Sculpture |  |  |
|  | *Cinch* | Burlington Arcade, Burlington Gardens façade | 2017 | Antony Gormley |  | Sculpture |  |  |
|  | *Horizon Line* | Bond Street station | 2017 | Darren Almond | John McAslan \+ Partners | Installation |  |  |
|  | *Shadow Line* | Bond Street station | 2017 | Darren Almond | John McAslan \+ Partners | Installation |  |  |
|  | *Time Line* | Bond Street station | 2017 | Darren Almond | John McAslan \+ Partners | Installation |  |  |
|  | *Everyone I've Ever Known* | Medici Courtyard, behind Bond Street station | 2020 | Rhys Coren |  | Mural |  |  |
|
More images | *Landline* | Hanover Square | 2023 | Sean Scully |  | Sculpture |  |  |
|  | *Swarm* | No. 1 Grosvenor Square | 2023 | Alison Wilding |  | Sculpture |  |  |
|  | Elephant | Aspinall's, Curzon Street

51°30′23″N 0°08′58″W / 51.506364°N 0.149459°W / 51.506364; -0.149459 (Elephant) | ? | ? |  | Statue |  | The gambling club's founder, John Aspinall, was a noted wildlife enthusiast whose two animal parks in Kent, Howletts and Port Lympne, are funded by the club's proceeds. |

### Burlington House

Sydney Smirke's remodelling of Burlington House for the Royal Academy of Arts in 1872–1873 included adding an additional storey to house the Diploma Galleries; the resulting windowless exterior was adorned with statues of artists in niches. A freestanding statue by Alfred Drury of Joshua Reynolds, the Academy's founding president, was installed at the centre of the courtyard in 1931. In 2002 the courtyard was refurbished to a design by Michael Hopkins, after the Academy received a donation from Walter and Leonore Annenberg. At the suggestion of the architect Ian Ritchie, the lights and fountains set into the pavement were arranged in the position of the planets, the Moon and some of the bright stars as they would have appeared over London on the night of Reynolds's birth. The courtyard is used as an exhibition space for temporary artworks.

| Image | Title / subject | Location and
coordinates | Date | Artist / designer | Architect / other | Type | Designation | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Statue of Phidias | Second-floor façade, 1st niche from left | c.1872 | Joseph Durham | Sydney Smirke | Statue in niche | Grade II\* |  |
|  | Statue of Leonardo da Vinci | Second-floor façade, 2nd niche from left | c.1872 | Edward Bowring Stephens | Sydney Smirke | Statue in niche | Grade II\* |  |
|  | Statue of John Flaxman | Second-floor façade, 3rd niche from left | c.1872 | Henry Weekes | Sydney Smirke | Statue in niche | Grade II\* |  |
|  | Statue of Raphael | Second-floor façade, 4th niche from left | c.1872 | Henry Weekes | Sydney Smirke | Statue in niche | Grade II\* |  |
|  | Statue of Michelangelo | Second-floor façade, 5th niche from left | c.1872 | William Calder Marshall | Sydney Smirke | Statue in niche | Grade II\* |  |
|  | Statue of Titian | Second-floor façade, 6th niche from left | c.1872 | William Calder Marshall | Sydney Smirke | Statue in niche | Grade II\* |  |
|  | Statue of Joshua Reynolds | Second-floor façade, 7th niche from left | c.1872 | Edward Bowring Stephens | Sydney Smirke | Statue in niche | Grade II\* |  |
|  | Statue of Christopher Wren | Second-floor façade, 8th niche from left | c.1872 | Edward Bowring Stephens | Sydney Smirke | Statue in niche | Grade II\* |  |
|  | Statue of William of Wykeham | Second-floor façade, 9th niche from left | c.1872 | Joseph Durham | Sydney Smirke | Statue in niche | Grade II\* |  |
|  | Architectural sculpture | Ground-floor arcade | c.1872 | John Birnie Philip | Sydney Smirke | Architectural sculpture | Grade II\* |  |
|
More images | Royal Academy War Memorial | West wall, within ground-floor arcade | 1922 | Emile Madeline and Herbert Tyson Smith | Trenwith Wills | Plaque | Grade II\* |  |
|  | Artists' Rifles War Memorial | East wall, within ground-floor arcade | 1922 | William Drinkwater Gough and Arthur Ayres | Geoffrey Webb | Plaque | Grade II\* |  |
|
More images | Statue of Joshua Reynolds | Annenberg Courtyard

51°30′32″N 0°08′22″W / 51.5089°N 0.1394°W / 51.5089; -0.1394 (Joshua Reynolds) | 1931 | Alfred Drury | Giles Gilbert Scott | Statue | Grade II | Unveiled 12 December 1931. Drury was awarded the commission in 1917, but was too preoccupied with war memorials in the following years to proceed with the work. In 1926 he had to start over with a new composition after his studio assistant failed to keep the first clay figure moist every night, which had led to its disintegration. |

### 6 Burlington Gardens

6 Burlington Gardens, a Grade II\* listed building now used by the Royal Academy, was designed by James Pennethorne in 1866–1867 for the University of London. In 1868 the university's Senate proposed the subjects of the 22 statues for the façade: Isaac Newton to represent Science, Jeremy Bentham for Law, John Milton for the Arts and William Harvey for Medicine; Galen, Cicero, Aristotle, Plato, Archimedes and Tribonian (the last of whom was replaced in the final scheme by Justinian) as representatives of "ancient culture", and the "illustrious foreigners" Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Georges Cuvier, Carl Linnaeus, Galileo Galilei, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Pierre-Simon Laplace. Finally, Adam Smith, John Locke, Francis Bacon, John Hunter, William Shakespeare (replaced by David Hume) and John Dalton (replaced by Humphry Davy) were included as "English worthies" (although Smith, Hunter and Hume were Scottish). Shakespeare was substituted as his achievement was felt to be "independent of academic influence"; he was instead commemorated with a statue apart, inside the building.

| Image | Title / subject | Location and
coordinates | Date | Artist / designer | Architect / other | Type | Designation | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Statue of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz | First storey | 1870s | Patrick MacDowell | James Pennethorne | Statue in niche | Grade II\* |  |
|  | Statue of Georges Cuvier | First storey | 1870s | Patrick MacDowell | James Pennethorne | Statue in niche | Grade II\* |  |
|  | Statue of Carl Linnaeus | First storey | 1870s | Patrick MacDowell | James Pennethorne | Statue in niche | Grade II\* |  |
|  | Statue of Adam Smith | First storey | 1870s | William Theed | James Pennethorne | Statue in niche | Grade II\* |  |
|  | Statue of John Locke | First storey | 1870s | William Theed | James Pennethorne | Statue in niche | Grade II\* |  |
|  | Statue of Francis Bacon | First storey | 1870s | William Theed | James Pennethorne | Statue in niche | Grade II\* |  |
|  | Statue of Isaac Newton | Above the portico | 1870s | Joseph Durham | James Pennethorne | Seated statue | Grade II\* |  |
|  | Statue of Jeremy Bentham | Above the portico | 1870s | Joseph Durham | James Pennethorne | Seated statue | Grade II\* |  |
|  | Statue of John Milton | Above the portico | 1870s | Joseph Durham | James Pennethorne | Seated statue | Grade II\* |  |
|  | Statue of William Harvey | Above the portico | 1870s | Joseph Durham | James Pennethorne | Seated statue | Grade II\* |  |
|  | Statue of Galileo Galilei | Eastern balustrade | 1870s | Edward William Wyon | James Pennethorne | Statue | Grade II\* |  |
|  | Statue of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe | Eastern balustrade | 1870s | Edward William Wyon | James Pennethorne | Statue | Grade II\* |  |
|  | Statue of Pierre-Simon Laplace | Eastern balustrade | 1870s | Edward William Wyon | James Pennethorne | Statue | Grade II\* |  |
|  | Statue of Galen | Central balustrade | 1870s | James Sherwood Westmacott | James Pennethorne | Statue | Grade II\* |  |
|  | Statue of Cicero | Central balustrade | 1870s | James Sherwood Westmacott | James Pennethorne | Statue | Grade II\* |  |
|  | Statue of Aristotle | Central balustrade | 1870s | James Sherwood Westmacott | James Pennethorne | Statue | Grade II\* |  |
|  | Statue of Plato | Central balustrade | 1870s | William F. Woodington | James Pennethorne | Statue | Grade II\* |  |
|  | Statue of Archimedes | Central balustrade | 1870s | William F. Woodington | James Pennethorne | Statue | Grade II\* |  |
|  | Statue of Justinian I | Central balustrade | 1870s | William F. Woodington | James Pennethorne | Statue | Grade II\* |  |
|  | Statue of John Hunter | Western balustrade | 1870s | Matthew Noble | James Pennethorne | Statue | Grade II\* |  |
|  | Statue of David Hume | Western balustrade | 1870s | Matthew Noble | James Pennethorne | Statue | Grade II\* |  |
|  | Statue of Humphry Davy | Western balustrade | 1870s | Matthew Noble | James Pennethorne | Statue | Grade II\* |  |

## Bibliography

* Blackwood, John (1989). *London's Immortals: The Complete Outdoor Commemorative Statues*. London and Oxford: Savoy Press. ISBN 978-0951429600.

* Bradley, Simon; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2003). *London: Westminster*. The Buildings of England. Vol. 6. London and New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09595-1.

* Ward-Jackson, Philip (2011). *Public Sculpture of Historic Westminster: Volume 1*. Public Sculpture of Britain. Vol. 14. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-1-84631-691-3.


title: Woodpecker Wooliams

abstract: Woodpecker Wooliams was the musical moniker of Brighton, UK-based musician Gemma Williams. She produced music as Woodpecker Wooliams from 2009 to 2013, releasing the studio albums Diving Down (2009) and The Bird School of Being Human (2012). Williams has since worked on Becky Becky with Peter J D Mason.

text:
# Woodpecker Wooliams

**Woodpecker Wooliams** was the musical moniker of Brighton, UK-based musician **Gemma Williams.** She produced music as Woodpecker Wooliams from 2009 to 2013, releasing the studio albums *Diving Down* (2009) and *The Bird School of Being Human* (2012). Williams has since worked on Becky Becky with Peter J D Mason.

## History

Woodpecker Wooliams, consisting of voice, harp, analogue synths and 'noise', began in 2009 after Williams' midwifery training was interrupted by "a sudden and severe illness".

An album called *The Bird School of Being Human* was released on Robot Elephant Records in September 2012, co-produced with Marcus Hamblett. It was described by *The Sunday Times* as "a stunning find", and "musically and emotionally belting" in a BBC Music review. In 2012 Woodpecker Wooliams was *The Guardian'*s "New band of the Day". Woodpecker Wooliams performed a live radio session in 2013 for Tom Robinson's BBC Radio 6 show. Music from this album, and the earlier *Diving Down* (2009) was played on BBC Radio 3's *Late Junction* show, by Rob da Bank on BBC Radio 1, and BBC Radio 6 Music programmes including Stuart Maconie's *Freak Zone* and *BBC Music Introducing.*

In 2013 Woodpecker Wooliams performed at the Yoko Ono-curated Meltdown festival at the Queen Elizabeth Hall supporting Cibo Matto. Woodpecker Wooliams toured numerous headline tours around Germany, Denmark, Italy, Russia and The Baltics between 2010 and 2013.

Woodpecker Wooliams collaborated with several other musicians, including lending featured guest vocals to the lead single "Meltdown" from Ghostpoet's sophomore album *Some Say I So I Say Light;* harp on the track "Fire" for the Emanative album *The Light Years Of The Darkness*; and guest vocals (with Rag'n'Bone Man) on Button Eyes' single "Simple Days", performed live for BBC's Radio 4 programme *Loose Ends.*

The final Woodpecker Wooliams performance was at the End of The Road festival in 2013. Williams announced the "death" of the project on her website in September 2013.

## Discography

**Albums**

* *Diving Down* (Autumn Ferment, 2009) – CD
* *The Bird School of Being Human* (Robot Elephant, 2012) – CD and vinyl

**Singles**

* "Gull" (Robot Elephant, 2012)
* "Sparrow" (Robot Elephant, 2012)

**EPs**

* *Fledgling* (A Beard of Snails, 2009)
* *Sleeping Under Dark Suns* (My Dance The Skull, 2010) – cassette
* *Patryoska* (The Woolshop, 2011) – CD-R, cassette
    + *Patryoska* (Full of Nothing, 2012) – re-release

**Soundtracks**

* *Anni* (Love Lion, Chicago, 2012) – collaboration with OCDC, a score to the German film *Anni* (1948)

**Live albums**

* *Woodpecker Wooliams and Golden Cup meet Love Cult – In Russia* (Full of Nothing, 2012)

**Compilation album appearances**

* *Expulsion Into Offering #4* (A Beard Of Snails, 2010) – Expulsion Into Offering Tape Series cassette album, includes "Mill And Moss" by Woodpecker Wooliams
* *Stranger Songs II* (Stranger Songs, 2010)
* *Home Taping is Music 2* (Woodland, 2011)
* *Willkommen Foxswap* (Willkommen Collective, 2011)

## InfoBox

| Woodpecker Wooliams | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Gemma Williams |
| Instrument(s) | voice, harp, analogue synths and noise |
| Years active | 2009–2013 |
|  | |
| Website | www.woodpeckerwooliams.com |


title: Tommy Tomorrow

abstract: Tommy Tomorrow is a science fiction hero published by DC Comics in several of their titles from 1947 to 1963. He first appeared in Real Fact Comics #6. He was created by Jack Schiff, George Kashdan, Bernie Breslauer, Virgil Finlay, and Howard Sherman. The comic was originally intended to feature non-fiction tales in the style of Ripley's Believe It or Not; Tommy Tomorrow's trip to Mars was presented as a future vision of space travel. The strip was a back-up feature in Action Comics from issue #127 to #147.

text:
# Tommy Tomorrow

**Tommy Tomorrow** is a science fiction hero published by DC Comics in several of their titles from 1947 to 1963. He first appeared in *Real Fact Comics* #6 (January 1947). He was created by Jack Schiff, George Kashdan, Bernie Breslauer, Virgil Finlay, and Howard Sherman. The comic was originally intended to feature non-fiction tales in the style of *Ripley's Believe It or Not*; Tommy Tomorrow's trip to Mars was presented as a future vision of space travel. The strip was a back-up feature in *Action Comics* from issue #127 (Dec 1948) to #147 (Aug 1950).

## Fictional character biography

Tommy Tomorrow graduated from Space Port "West Point" in 1988. He is now a Colonel in the Planeteers, a police force in the 21st century. Gotham is the capital city of not only the Earth but of the Solar System. Every planet, every moon, and even many asteroids in the Solar System seemed to have some weird alien life form or sentient race in this series, with even a life-giving ocean on Venus.

His first assignment from the Science Bureau was to get some alien fish for the new Interplanetary Aquarium. He meets Joan Gordy of the Interplanetary Radio News, who helps him in this assignment. At the end of the story, he is given the Planeteer Medal for getting the fish.

The character was meant to be a sort of "future everyman", but he slowly changed into a policeman, and moved to other titles. In these stories, Tommy, later assisted by Captain Brent Wood, flew the space lanes in their patrol craft "Space Ace" donning purple uniforms with yellow trim. With *Action* #149, Tommy Tomorrow's adventures were now set in the year 2050, as it was realized by the creators that 1990 was optimistically too soon for such technology as the stories boasted. Most of his stories were written by Otto Binder and drawn by Jim Mooney. Tommy had a kid brother called Tim. Soon after it is revealed that Brent Wood is really the son of notorious space pirate Mart Black and that he was adopted by Captain Wood, who killed him.

After a short hiatus, Tommy was retooled and then presented again in *Showcase* #41 (1962), but did not get another series. Captain Wood was dropped, giving Tommy an alien from Venus as a partner. Writer Arnold Drake and artist Lee Elias were the creative team for this version.

## Other versions

In 1990, an alternate Tommy Tomorrow was a major character in Howard Chaykin's mini-series *Twilight*, which tried to bring in all of DC future science/space characters into one series (despite the fact that many occurred in different time periods). Because Tomorrow did not know who his parents were, he was unbalanced, and he ran the Planeteers very autocratically, using them against his enemies, such as their rivals, the Knights of the Galaxy.

According to *Starman One Million*, one of the historically significant bearers of the Starman name was Tommy Tomorrow II.

In the aftermath of the *Crisis on Infinite Earths*, it was shown that the Great Disaster that created Kamandi's world did not happen, and the boy who would have grown up to be Kamandi instead grew up to become Tommy Tomorrow.

A Captain Tomorrow appears in *Star Trek*/*Legion of Super-Heroes*.

In *Just Imagine! Stan Lee Creating the DC Universe*, a teenager who grew up with Robin and a servant of Reverend Darrk was named Tommy Tomorrow.

A strange alien force seemingly colonizing the town of Demetri, Kansas makes reference to a "Major Tomorrow" of a group called the Planeteers in 2010's *Magog* #7. It was alluded by various sources at the time that Tommy Tomorrow was going to be a new villain in the series.

Tomorrow also appears as "T'omas T'morra" in DC's 2013 *Threshold* comic by Keith Giffen.

## Bibliography

He first appeared in short "stories" in *Real Fact Comics* #6, 8, 13, 16 (1947–48). He then appeared in *Action Comics* #127–251 (1948–59), then moved to *World's Finest Comics* #102–124 (1959–62), and finally *Showcase* #41, 42, 44, 46, 47 (1962–63).

## In other media

Tommy Tomorrow makes non-speaking cameo appearances in *Harley Quinn*. This version received a key to the city from Gotham City's mayor for his role in saving the city alongside the Justice League.

## InfoBox

| Tommy Tomorrow | |
| --- | --- |
| *Tommy Tomorrow of the Planeteers*, art by Lee Elias. | |
| Publication information | |
| Publisher | DC Comics |
| First appearance | *Real Fact Comics* #6 (January 1947) |
| Created by | Jack Schiff (writer)
George Kashdan (writer)
Bernie Breslauer (writer)
Virgil Finlay (artist)
Howard Sherman (artist) |
| In-story information | |
| Alter ego | Kamandi Blank |
| Team affiliations | Planeteers
Justice League |
| Abilities | Trained law enforcement officer |


title: Papuan whipbird

abstract: The Papuan whipbird is a little-known and unobtrusive species of bird in the family Psophodidae. It is monotypic within the genus Androphobus. It is found in Western New Guinea. It is currently classified as Least concern. This is probably due to the fact that it is very secretive, and, despite not being too restricted, thinly spread throughout its range; it is likely to be overlooked unless singing. It is apparently insectivorous.

text:
# Papuan whipbird

The **Papuan whipbird** (***Androphobus viridis***) is a little-known and unobtrusive species of bird in the family Psophodidae. It is monotypic within the genus ***Androphobus***. It is found in Western New Guinea.

It is currently classified as Least concern. This is probably due to the fact that it is very secretive, and, despite not being too restricted, thinly spread throughout its range; it is likely to be overlooked unless singing. It is apparently insectivorous.

## Description

This species is 16–17 cm (6.3–6.7 in), making it significantly smaller than Australian whipbirds. Males have a moustachial white stripe and black throat while females are all moss green. Juveniles are darker green with blackish faces and underparts.

## Habitat

It lives in montane forest, from 1,400 to 2,700 meters, where it inhabits the thick understory. It appears unlikely to be affected by habitat destruction, as steep slopes and inaccessible terrain make the area a difficult target for logging activity. However, this also contributes to the lack of information on this species, as the area is little visited by ornithologists. Specimens were collected in the Snow Mountains, along with other mountainous areas around the Pegunungan Makoke; despite being recorded at only seven sites, it is likely that this species occurs far more widely.

## InfoBox

| Papuan whipbird | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Psophodidae |
| Genus: | *Androphobus*
Hartert & Paludan, 1934 |
| Species: | ***A. viridis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Androphobus viridis***
(Rothschild & Hartert, 1911) | |
|


title: Obsolescence (album)

abstract: Obsolescence is the fourth album by American death metal band Abysmal Dawn. It was released on October 24, 2014 by Relapse Records. It's also to be considered as a follow-up album from their previous release Leveling the Plane of Existence. A music video was made for "Inanimate".

text:
# Obsolescence (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Bravewords |  |
| Metal Storm | 7.4/10 |
| Popmatters | 7/10 |
| *Revolver* | 3/5 |

***Obsolescence*** is the fourth album by American death metal band Abysmal Dawn. It was released on October 24, 2014 by Relapse Records. It's also to be considered as a follow-up album from their previous release *Leveling the Plane of Existence*. A music video was made for "Inanimate".

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Human Obsolescence" | 4:30 |
| 2. | "Perfecting Slavery" | 4:46 |
| 3. | "Inanimate" | 4:15 |
| 4. | "Devouring the Essence of God" | 3:19 |
| 5. | "One Percent Incomplete" | 3:34 |
| 6. | "Loathed in Life / Praised in Death" | 4:51 |
| 7. | "By My Demons" | 4:09 |
| 8. | "Laborem Morte Liberat Te" | 5:21 |
| 9. | "The Inevitable Return to Darkness" | 6:11 |
| 10. | "Night's Blood" (Dissection cover) | 7:04 |
| Total length: | | 48:00 |

## Personnel

Abysmal Dawn * Charles Elliott – guitars, vocals
* Andy Nelson – guitars
* Scott Fuller – drums
* Eliseo Garcia – bass

Additional musicians * Christian Münzner – guitar on "Perfecting Slavery"
* Bobby Koelble – guitar on "Devouring the Essence of God"

Production * Pär Olofsson – cover art
* Mike Bear – producer
* John Haddad – mixing, mastering

## InfoBox

| Obsolescence | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Abysmal Dawn | |
| Released | October 24, 2014 |
| Recorded | Artisan Road Studios |
| Genre | Death metal |
| Length | 48:00 |
| Label | Relapse |
| Producer | Mike Bear |
| Abysmal Dawn chronology | |
| *Leveling the Plane of Existence*
(2011) ***Obsolescence***
(2014) *Phylogenesis*
(2020) | |


title: Out Front (newspaper)

abstract: OUT FRONT Magazine is an LGBT newspaper and daily online publication in the Denver metropolitan area. OUT FRONT was founded by Phil Price with its first issue hitting the stands on April 2, 1976. OUT FRONT is the second oldest independent LGBT publication in the United States.

text:
# Out Front (newspaper)

***OUT FRONT Magazine*** is an LGBT newspaper and daily online publication in the Denver metropolitan area. *OUT FRONT* was founded by Phil Price with its first issue hitting the stands on April 2, 1976. ***OUT FRONT*** is the second oldest independent LGBT (Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender) publication in the United States.

## History

After the Stonewall riots on June 28, 1969, the homosexual community began fighting back against the government-sponsored system that persecuted sexual minorities. Despite being founded seven years later by Phil Price, a student at the University of Colorado in Boulder in 1976, *OUT FRONT* came on the heels of the Stonewall riots and became part of the gay rights movement. Price saw a need for a voice for the LGBT community in Colorado and started the publication in his parents' basement.

On June 5, 1981, AIDS was first reported in the gay community in Los Angeles. For *OUT FRONT*, this meant a period of time where a single issue of the publications did not go by without a memorial for an AIDS victim. This epidemic brought the LGBT community together, unifying their common grief and support of victims through the publication of breaking news on the search for diagnoses, treatment and a cure.

Colorado Amendment 2, also known as *Romer v. Evans*, served as a major uniting factor for the gay community in 1996, when the Supreme Court ruled that the law was unconstitutional. Amendment 2 was passed in Colorado in 1992 and prevented any city, town or county in the state from taking any legislative, executive, or judicial action from recognizing homosexual citizens as a protected class. In other words, the legislation took away the ability to put in place non-discrimination laws in the state of Colorado, giving it the "hate state" reputation. Due to a strong activist base, the case was pushed to the Supreme Court, where it was overturned. Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote the majority opinion, stating that "To the contrary, the amendment imposes a special disability upon those persons alone. Homosexuals are forbidden the safeguards that others enjoy or may seek without constraint."

In the midst of the battle of Amendment 2, Price died in 1993 at the age of 39 as a victim of AIDS. He left Out Front to Greg Montoya, Jay Klein, and Jack Kelley. Kelley later died due to natural causes.

The paper changed its name from *OUT FRONT* to ***Out Front Colorado*** at the suggestion of former advertising director David Beach and at the urging of former editor Madeline Ingraham in 1995 in hopes of reaching out on a national level. The name change proved to be highly successful. The name change of the publication also served to provide a niche for local LGBT news. During Jerry Cunningham's ownership, the title of the publication was changed back to the original ***OUT FRONT*.**

The publication has had a web presence since 2006, creating a more versatile way of reaching information with some articles being only available either in print or on the website.

## Content

Price started the publication from a political perspective, being "very in-your-face and rebellious". While the publication still publishes political information and supports candidates, news features and entertainment are the main components.

The longevity of the publication has been, in parts, thanks to its niche writing and focus on the Colorado LGBT community. While nationwide issues are covered, the publication strives to find the local angle for their readers.

The paper has covered in-depth news stories from around the region in the past such as the arrival of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, the Colorado Amendment 2 controversy, and the murder of Matthew Shepard.

The paper also publishes several Special Edition issues each year with themes and coverage of community events such as AIDS Walk Colorado, Rocky Mountain Regional Rodeo, Aspen Gay Ski Week, Dining Out For Life, as well as an annual Holiday Gift Guide and New Year's issues. The largest issue based on circulation and page count is the Special Edition issue timed to coincide with PrideFest when that event takes place in Denver each June.

Year-round regular features in *Out Front* include commentary by drag comedian NuClea Waste, Gabby Gourmet restaurant reviews, an "Ask A Slut" advice column answered by a group of 8 local drag performers, and a satirical column on gay culture called Stuff Gay People Like.

## Ownership

Greg Montoya and Jay Klein owned and managed *OUT FRONT* from the time between Phil Price's death in 1993 until early 2012, when Colorado resident Jerry Cunningham bought the tabloid and continued its operation. On October 30, 2020, Jerry Cunningham stepped back to focus on the non-profit pursuits of the OUT FRONT Foundation, as Maggie Phillips and Addison Herron-Wheeler became majority owners and co-publishers of the magazine.

## Price and Distribution

*OUT FRONT* is maintained through advertisement sales and is a free publication, distributed throughout the Denver Metro area as well as other parts of Colorado. An annual mail subscription can be bought for $39.97 from the website.

It has a main circulation of 10,000 copies distributed at more than 250 locations in the Denver metropolitan area. *OUT FRONT* has a main readership of 50,000 readers.

1. Interview with Greg Montoya, owner/editor-in-chief of OUT FRONT, February 22, 2010
2. Gottlieb MS (2006). . "Pneumocystis pneumonia--Los Angeles. 1981" , Am J Public Health 96 (6): 980–1; discussion 982–3
3. Interview with Matt Kailey, managing editor of Out Front, February 26, 2010
4. Out Front

## InfoBox

*OUT FRONT Magazine*
| Editor | Addison Herron-Wheeler |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | Monthly |
| Format | magazine and daily online publication |
| Publisher | Maggie Phillips, Addison Herron-Wheeler |
| First issue | April 2, 1976 |
| Based in | 3100 N Downing St.
Denver, Colorado 80205
United States |
| Language | English |
| Website | outfrontmagazine.com |


title: Vaila, Estonia

abstract: Vaila is a village in Harku Parish, Harju County in northern Estonia. It has a population of 79.

text:
# Vaila, Estonia

**Vaila** is a village in Harku Parish, Harju County in northern Estonia. It has a population of 79 (as of 1 June 2010).

## InfoBox

| Vaila | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| VailaLocation in Estonia | |
| Coordinates: 59°24′06″N 24°24′2″E / 59.40167°N 24.40056°E / 59.40167; 24.40056 | |
| Country | Estonia |
| County | Harju County |
| Municipality | Harku Parish |
| Population (01.06.2010) | |
| Total | 79 |


title: Leonard Wong

abstract: Leonard Wong is a Research Professor of Military Strategy in the Strategic Studies Institute at the U.S. Army War College, who focuses on the human and organizational dimensions of the military, and is a published author on leadership strategy.

text:
# Leonard Wong

**Leonard Wong** (born 30 December 1958) is a Research Professor of Military Strategy (Human and Organizational Dimensions) in the Strategic Studies Institute at the U.S. Army War College, who focuses on the human and organizational dimensions of the military, and is a published author on leadership strategy.

## Work

Wong was born in New York State and raised in Pennsylvania. He is a registered professional engineer and holds a Bachelor of Science from the United States Military Academy in 1980, and an M.S.B.A. and Ph.D. from Texas Tech University. His 1992 doctoral thesis was on *The effects of cohesion on organizational performance: a test of two models* using performance data of unit battles at the U.S. Army's National Training Center, Fort Irwin, California. Wong joined the Strategic Studies Institute in July 2000 after serving 20 years in the United States Army, reaching the rank of lieutenant colonel. His army career included assignments teaching leadership at West Point, serving as an analyst in the Office of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army and in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel, and serving as the Director of the Office of Economic and Manpower Analysis (OEMA). He has authored several articles, chapters, and papers on organizational issues in the Army such as downsizing, leadership, junior officer retention, professionalism, and innovation in the military.

His published research has led him to locations such as Iraq, Afghanistan, Kosovo, Bosnia, and Vietnam and has been highlighted in media such as *The New York Times*, *The Wall Street Journal*, *Washington Post*, *The New Yorker*, CNN, NPR, PBS, and *60 Minutes*.

## Published works

* Wong, Leonard; Hunt, James G.; Dodge, George E. (1999) *Out of the Box Leadership: Transforming the Twenty-First Century Army and Other Top Performing Organizations*. Stamford, CT: Jai Press. ISBN 0-7623-0548-7
* Wong, Leonard (2000) *Generations Apart: Xers and Boomers in the Officer Corps*. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College. ISBN 1-58487-038-9
* Wong, Leonard; Struop, Theodore G. (2000) 'Re-establishing the force: the revolution in military affairs in the human resource and leadership systems', in Stuart A. Cohen (ed.) *Democratic Societies and Their Armed Forces: Israel in Comparative Context*. London : Portland, OR: Frank Cass. ISBN 0-7146-5038-2
* Wong, Leonard (2001) *Maintaining Public Support for Military Operations*. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College. OCLC 48769331
* Wong, Leonard (2002) *Moral Dimensions of American Military Strategy: U.S. Army War College 13th Annual Strategy Conference*. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College. OCLC 50297019
* Wong, Leonard (2002) *Stifled Innovation?: Developing Tomorrow's Leaders Today*. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College. ISBN 1-58487-064-8
* Wong, Leonard (2003) *Why They fight: Combat Motivation in the Iraq War*. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College. ISBN 1-58487-133-4
* Wong, Leonard (2003) *Developing Adaptive Leaders: the Crucible Experience of Operation Iraqi Freedom*. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College. ISBN 1-58487-167-9
* Wong, Leonard (2003) *Strategic Leadership Competencies*. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College. OCLC 56390032
* Wong, Leonard; Bliese, Paul; Mcgurk, Dennis (2003) 'Military Leadership: A Context Specific Review', in *The Leadership Quarterly* 14, no. 6: 657.
* Wong, Leonard; Lovelace, Douglas C. (2004) *Homeland Security and Civil Liberties*. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College. OCLC 56124189
* Wong, Leonard (2005) 'Leave No Man Behind: Recovering America's Fallen Warriors' in *Armed Forces & Society*, 31, no. 4: 600-622. ISSN 0095-327X
* Wong, Leonard (2006) *CU @ the FOB: How the Forward Operating Base is Changing the Life of Combat Soldiers*. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College. ISBN 1-58487-237-3
* Wong, Leonard; Lovelace, Douglas (2007) *Knowing When to Salute*. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center. OCLC 227939975
* Wong, Leonard (2008) *Civil-Military Relations in a Post-9/11 World*. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College. OCLC 247106507
* Wong, Leonard (2010) 'The officer corps in the all-volunteer army: the American experiment continues', in Stuart A. Cohen (ed.) *The New Citizen Armies: Israel's Armed Forces in Comparative Perspective*, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-56546-2

## InfoBox

| Leonard Wong | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1958-12-30) 30 December 1958
New York, U.S. |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Service/branch | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1980–2000 |
| Rank | Lieutenant Colonel |
| Other work | Instructor United States Military Academy,
Strategic Studies Institute researcher |


title: Susuwahi

abstract: Susuwahi is a census town in Varanasi tehsil of Varanasi district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. The census town falls under the Susuwahi gram panchayat. Susuwahi Census town is about 12 kilometers South of Varanasi railway station, 320 kilometers South-East of Lucknow and 5 kilometers South-West of Banaras Hindu University main gate.

text:
# Susuwahi

**Susuwahi** is a census town in Varanasi tehsil of Varanasi district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. The census town falls under the Susuwahi gram panchayat. Susuwahi Census town is about 12 kilometers South of Varanasi railway station, 320 kilometers South-East of Lucknow and 5 kilometers South-West of Banaras Hindu University main gate.

## Demography

Susuwahi has 1,781 families with a total population of 10,454. Sex ratio of the census town is 923 and child sex ratio is 835. Uttar Pradesh state average for both ratios is 912 and 902 respectively <sup>\[note\]</sup>.

| Details | Male | Female | Total | Comments |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Number of houses | - | - | 1,781 | (census 2011) |
| Adult | - | - | 9,316 | |
| Children | - | - | 1,138 | |
| Total population | 5,435 | 5,019 | 10,454 | |
| Literacy | 93.5% | 79.8% | 86.9% | |
|

## Transportation

Susuwahi is connected by air (Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport), by train (Banaras railway station) and by road. Nearest operational airports is Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport and nearest operational railway station is Banaras (38 and 7.5 kilometers respectively from Susuwahi).

* All demographic data is based on 2011 Census of India.

## InfoBox

| Susuwahi | |
| --- | --- |
| Census town | |
| SusuwahiCensus town location on Varanasi district mapSusuwahiSusuwahi (Uttar Pradesh)SusuwahiSusuwahi (India) | |
| Coordinates: 25°15′22″N 82°58′28″E / 25.255973°N 82.97435°E / 25.255973; 82.97435 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Uttar Pradesh |
| District | Varanasi district |
| Tehsil | Varanasi tehsil |
| Elevation | 81.226 m (266.490 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 10,454 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Hindi, Bhojpuri& English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Postal code | 221011 |
| Telephone code | +91-542 |
| Vehicle registration | UP65 *XXXX* |
| Census town code | 209743 |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency) |
| Vidhan Sabha constituency | Rohaniya. |


abstract: This is a list of public art in Madison County, Indiana. This list applies only to works of public art accessible in an outdoor public space. For example, this does not include artwork visible inside a museum. Most of the works mentioned are sculptures. When this is not the case it is stated next to the title.

text:
# List of public art in Madison County, Indiana

This is a list of public art in Madison County, Indiana.

This list applies only to works of public art accessible in an outdoor public space. For example, this does not include artwork visible inside a museum.

Most of the works mentioned are sculptures. When this is not the case (e.g., sound installation,) it is stated next to the title.

## Anderson

| Title | Artist | Year | Location/GPS Coordinates | Material | Dimensions | Owner | Image |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Charlie Ingersoll & Gertrude Pauline Hilligoss | Unknown | 1892 | Maplewood Cemetery 40°6′53.52″N 85°40′26.44″W / 40.1148667°N 85.6740111°W / 40.1148667; -85.6740111 | Marble, limestone | 2 figures. Charlie: approx. 5 ft. 9 in. x 2 ft. x 2 ft.; Gertrude: approx. 4 ft. 6 in. x 2 ft. x 2 ft. | Maplewood Cemetery |  |
| Christ the Good Shepherd | K. Williams | ca. 1955 | Mounds Baptist Church 40°5′22.44″N 85°38′22.93″W / 40.0895667°N 85.6397028°W / 40.0895667; -85.6397028 | Limestone | Approx. 6 ft. x 44 in. x 1 in. | Mounds Baptist Church |  |
| Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. | Kenneth G. Ryden | 1988 | Martin Luther King, Jr. Park 40°5′39.24″N 85°41′30.22″W / 40.0942333°N 85.6917278°W / 40.0942333; -85.6917278 | Bronze | Figure: approx. 8 ft. x 2 ft. 6 in. x 2 ft. 6 in. | City of Anderson |  |
| Helios | Arlon Bayliss | 1993 | Anderson University, Hartung Hall 40°6′42.36″N 85°39′53.87″W / 40.1117667°N 85.6649639°W / 40.1117667; -85.6649639 | Steel & Glass | Sculpture: approx. H. 11 1/2 ft. x Diam. 53 in. | Anderson University |  |
| John Arch Morrison Commemorative Sculpture | Kenneth G. Ryden | 1988 | Anderson University40°6′41.14″N 85°39′56.62″W / 40.1114278°N 85.6657278°W / 40.1114278; -85.6657278 | Bronze | Sculpture: approx. 5 ft. 11 in. x 2 ft. 6 in. x 2 ft. 6 in. | Anderson University |  |
| Passages | Jim Johnson | 1987 | Anderson University, Krannert Fine Arts Center Hall | Cor-Ten Steel | Sculpture: approx. 15 x 7 x 2 ft. | Anderson University |  |
|

## Chesterfield

| Title | Artist | Year | Location/GPS Coordinates | Material | Dimensions | Owner | Image |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Trail of Religion | Ivan Adams | 1943 | Camp Chesterfield | Marble & Paint | 10 busts. Busts each: approx. 3 ft. x 2 ft. x 1 ft. 6 in. | Camp Chesterfield |  |
|


title: Woodlawn, Kansas

abstract: Woodlawn is an unincorporated community in Nemaha County, Kansas, United States. It is located at the intersection of 120th Rd and U Rd.

text:
# Woodlawn, Kansas

**Woodlawn** is an unincorporated community in Nemaha County, Kansas, United States. It is located at the intersection of 120th Rd (Springtown Rd) and U Rd.

## History

Woodlawn was founded in 1881.

A post office was opened in Woodlawn in 1881, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1906.

## Education

This community and nearby rural areas are served by Prairie Hills USD 113 public school district.

## Further reading

39°47′00″N 95°51′53″W / 39.78333°N 95.86472°W / 39.78333; -95.86472


title: Jewish Northern Cemetery (Copenhagen)

abstract: The Jewish Northern Cemetery in Nørrebro was formerly the principal Jewish cemetery in Copenhagen, Denmark. It has an area of 13,500 square metres and contains some 5,500 burials.

text:
# Jewish Northern Cemetery (Copenhagen)

The **Jewish Northern Cemetery** in Nørrebro was formerly the principal Jewish cemetery in Copenhagen, Denmark. It has an area of 13,500 square metres and contains some 5,500 burials.

## History

The Jewish congregation in Copenhagen purchased a 900 square metre site outside the city for use as a burial site in the early 1690s. The oldest burial in the cemetery is from 1694. Further acquisitions of land had brought the cemetery up to its current size by 1854 but it was still passed out of use when a new Jewish cemetery opened in connection with the new Vestre Cemetery.

## Today

The brick wall which today surrounds the cemetery on three sides, along Møllegade, Guldbergsgade and Birkegade, was built in 1873 to a design by Vilhelm Tvede. The entrance is on Møllegade. The cemetery was listed in 1983.

## Burials

## Cultural depictions

### Music

The Jewish Northern Cemetery is the subject of an instrumental song, "The Jewish Cemetery on Møllegade", by Jóhann Jóhannsson.

## InfoBox

| Jewish Northern Cemetery | |
| --- | --- |
| The gatehouse | |
|  | |
| Details | |
| Established | 1694 |
| Location | Nørrebro, Copenhagen |
| Country | Denmark |
| Coordinates | 55°41′28″N 12°33′25″E / 55.691°N 12.557°E / 55.691; 12.557 |
| Type | Jewish (closed) |
| Size | 13,500 |
| No. of graves | 5,500 |


title: Pampa Alta

abstract: - For the mountain pass between Chile and Argentina, see Pampa Alta Pass. Pampa Alta is a town and municipality in Santa Cruz Province in southern Argentina.

text:
# Pampa Alta

*For the mountain pass between Chile and Argentina, see Pampa Alta Pass (Puesto Viejo).*

**Pampa Alta** is a town and municipality in Santa Cruz Province in southern Argentina.

## InfoBox

| Pampa Alta | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality and town | |
| Pampa Alta | |
| Coordinates: 47°34′S 66°16′W / 47.567°S 66.267°W / -47.567; -66.267 | |
| Country | Argentina |
| Province | Santa Cruz Province |
| Department | Deseado |


title: Obsolescence

abstract: Obsolescence is the process of becoming antiquated, out of date, old-fashioned, no longer in general use, or no longer useful, or the condition of being in such a state. When used in a biological sense, it means imperfect or rudimentary when compared with the corresponding part of other organisms. The international standard IEC 62402:2019 Obsolescence Management defines obsolescence as the "transition from available to unavailable from the manufacturer in accordance with the original specification". Obsolescence frequently occurs because a replacement has become available that has, in sum, more advantages compared to the disadvantages incurred by maintaining or repairing the original. Obsolete also refers to something that is already disused or discarded, or antiquated. Typically, obsolescence is preceded by a gradual decline in popularity.

text:
# Obsolescence

**Obsolescence** is the process of becoming antiquated, out of date, old-fashioned, no longer in general use, or no longer useful, or the condition of being in such a state. When used in a biological sense, it means imperfect or rudimentary when compared with the corresponding part of other organisms. The international standard IEC 62402:2019 Obsolescence Management defines obsolescence as the "transition from available to unavailable from the manufacturer in accordance with the original specification".

Obsolescence frequently occurs because a replacement has become available that has, in sum, more advantages compared to the disadvantages incurred by maintaining or repairing the original. **Obsolete** also refers to something that is already disused or discarded, or antiquated. Typically, obsolescence is preceded by a gradual decline in popularity.

## Consequences

Driven by rapid technological changes, new components are developed and launched on the market with increasing speed. The result is a dramatic change in production methods of all components and their market availability. A growing industry sector is facing issues where life cycles of products no longer fit together with life cycles of required components. This issue is known as obsolescence, the status given to a part when it is no longer available from its original manufacturer. The problem of obsolescence is most prevalent for electronics technology, wherein the procurement lifetimes for microelectronic parts are often significantly shorter than the manufacturing and support life cycles for the products that use the parts. However, obsolescence extends beyond electronic components to other items, such as materials, textiles, and mechanical parts. In addition, obsolescence has been shown to appear for software, specifications, standards, processes, and soft resources, such as human skills. It is highly important to implement and operate an active management of obsolescence to mitigate and avoid extreme costs.

## Types

### Technical obsolescence

Technical obsolescence usually occurs when a new product or technology supersedes the old one, and it is preferred to use the new technology instead. Historical examples of new technologies superseding old ones include bronze replacing flint in hand-tools, DVDs replacing videocassettes, and the telephone replacing the telegraph. On a smaller scale, a particular product may become obsolete when a newer version replaces it. Many products in the computer industry become obsolete in this manner. For example, central processing units (CPUs) frequently become obsolete in favor of newer, faster units. Singularly, rapid obsolescence of data formats along with their supporting hardware and software can lead to loss of critical information, a process known as digital obsolescence.

In many cases, a new technology does not totally replace the old technology because the old technology is still useful in certain applications. For example, transistors replaced vacuum tubes in TV and radio receivers in the 1960s, but vacuum tubes were still used for powerful transmitters because transistors for these power levels were not available. Even today, one has to use multiple transistors for a purpose that used to require just one tube.

Products may also become obsolete when supporting technologies are no longer available to produce or even repair a product. For example, many integrated circuits, including CPUs, memory and even some relatively simple logic chips may no longer be produced because the technology has been superseded, their original developer has gone out of business or a competitor has bought them out and effectively killed off their products to remove competition. It is rarely worth redeveloping a product to get around these issues since its overall functionality and price/performance ratio has usually been superseded by that time as well.

Some products become technologically obsolete due to changes in complementary products which results in the function of the first product being made unnecessary. For example, buggy whips became obsolete when people started to travel in cars rather than in horse-drawn buggies.

### Functional obsolescence

Items become functionally obsolete when they can no longer adequately perform the function for which they were created. For example, while one could theoretically adapt an Avro Lancaster to deploy modern JDAM bombs, the situations in which it could actually succeed at doing so against modern air defenses would be so few that it would be essentially useless.

Manufacturers and repair companies will typically cease support for products once they become obsolete as keeping production lines in place and parts in storage for a shrinking user base becomes unprofitable. This causes scarcity of spare parts and skilled technicians for repairs and thus escalates maintenance costs for obsolete products. This ultimately leads to prohibitive expense in keeping old technology functioning.

### Architectural obsolescence

The term "obsolescence" was first applied to the built environment in 1910 in an attempt to explain American skyscrapers' sudden loss of value. New York engineer Reginald P. Bolton attributed this phenomenon to "something new and better out-competing the old" and calculated the average architectural lifespan of varying building types in order to formulate a rough estimate for their impending obsolescence. For example, he suggested that hotels' obsolescence will occur faster than banks due to their ever-changing functions and tastes.

### Planned obsolescence

Sometimes marketers deliberately introduce obsolescence into their product strategy, with the objective of generating long-term sales volume by reducing the time between repeat purchases. One example might be producing an appliance which is deliberately designed to wear out within five years of its purchase, pushing consumers to replace it within five years.

### Inventory obsolescence

Inventory obsolescence occurs when retailers and other vendors hold stocks for anticipated future sales which turn out to be too slow to materialise. Holding excessive levels of stock or over-predicting potential demand increase the risks of products becoming obsolete and have a detrimental effect on the organisation's cash flow. Companies may address this problem alongside a periodic stock count by assessing which of their stock items are slow-moving or not selling at all.

### Style obsolescence

When a product is no longer desirable because it has gone out of the popular fashion, its style is obsolete. One example is flared leg jeans; although this article of clothing may still be perfectly functional, it is no longer desirable because style trends have moved away from the flared leg cut.

Because of the "fashion cycle", stylistically obsolete products may eventually regain popularity and cease to be obsolete. An example is "acid-wash" jeans, which were popular in the 1980s, became stylistically obsolete in the mid to late 1990s, and returned to popularity in the 2000s.

### Obsolescence management

Obsolescence management, also referred to as "Diminishing Manufacturing Sources and Material Shortages" (DMSMS), is defined as to the activities that are undertaken to mitigate the effects of obsolescence. Activities can include last-time buys, lifetime buys, and obsolescence monitoring.

## Further reading

* Bjoern Bartels, Ulrich Ermel, Peter Sandborn, and Michael G. Pecht: *Strategies to the Prediction, Mitigation and Management of Product Obsolescence*, 1st. Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 2012, ISBN 1-11-814064-8, (*online copy (Google)* at Google Books)


title: Out Come the Freaks

abstract: "Out Come the Freaks" is the name of a trilogy of songs by art-funk ensemble Was. The trilogy consists of three songs that feature the same basic title, tune and chorus lyric: "Out Come the Freaks" (1981), "(Return to the Valley of) Out Come the Freaks" (1983), and "Out Come The Freaks" (1987) Despite the three songs' abundant similarities, each song is distinctive, as differing lyrics in the verses of each song tell stories about different societal outcasts. As well, each recording had a different contemporary sound, a thoroughly different arrangement, and reworked the melody while still retaining the chorus vocal: Woodwork squeaks, and out comes the freaks.

text:
# Out Come the Freaks

"**Out Come the Freaks**" is the name of a trilogy of songs by art-funk ensemble Was (Not Was). The trilogy consists of three songs that feature the same basic title, tune and chorus lyric: "**Out Come the Freaks**" (1981), "**(Return to the Valley of) Out Come the Freaks**" (1983), and "**Out Come The Freaks**" (1987) (later issued as "Out Come the Freaks (Again)".)

Despite the three songs' abundant similarities, each song is distinctive, as differing lyrics in the verses of each song tell stories about different societal outcasts. As well, each recording had a different contemporary sound, a thoroughly different arrangement, and reworked the melody while still retaining the chorus vocal: *Woodwork squeaks, and out comes the freaks*.

## Recordings

### "Out Come the Freaks" (1981)

The original recording was the opening song on the group's debut album *Was (Not Was)*. This version began with the chorus sung several times simultaneously by a number of vocalists before the rhythm section is introduced. The single became a club hit in the US and peaked at #16 on the *Billboard* Hot Dance Club Play Chart.

The song's parent album was later renamed *Out Come The Freaks* when it was remastered and expanded in 2004. A companion remix album is titled *(The) Woodwork Squeaks*.

### "(Return to the Valley of) Out Come the Freaks" (1983)

| "(Return to the Valley of) Out Come the Freaks" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Was (Not Was) | |
| from the album  *Born to Laugh at Tornadoes* | |
| B-side | "Out Come The Freaks (Predominantly Funk Version)" |
| Released | February 1984 |
| Genre | funk, R&B, dance |
| Length | 4:22 |
| Label | Geffen Records, ZE Records |
| Songwriter(s) | David Was, Don Was |
| Producer(s) | Jack Tann, David Was, Don Was |
| Was (Not Was) singles chronology | |
| "Knocked Down, Made Small (Treated Like a Rubber Ball)"
(1983) "**(Return to the Valley of) Out Come the Freaks**"
(1984) "Robot Girl"
(1986) | |

The second recording is slower and sparser as opposed to the post-disco sound of the original. This version is sung by Harry Bowens, who sings the *Woodwork Squeaks* chorus as more of a refrain than a chant. This version adds a new introductory verse which sets up the concept of the song. The final chorus replaces the words "the freaks" with a succession of song titles including "Papa's Got A Brand New Bag" and "The Shadow of Your Smile", implying a more positive spin on the idea of a "freak" to counterpoint the earlier verses. "(Return to the Valley of) Out Come the Freaks" was the only single from *Born to Laugh at Tornadoes* to chart in the UK, and was also their first hit in that country, hitting the UK top 50. This version of the song also appears as a hidden track (at the end of track 11, Walk The Dinosaur) on the compilation album Hello Dad... I'm In Jail.

### "Out Come the Freaks (Again)" (1988)

| "Out Come the Freaks (Again)" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Was (Not Was) | |
| from the album  *What Up, Dog?* | |
| B-side | "Earth To Doris" |
| Released | May 1988 |
| Genre | funk, R&B, dance |
| Length | 4:35 |
| Label | Fontana/Phonogram (UK), Chrysalis (US) |
| Songwriter(s) | David Was, Don Was |
| Producer(s) | David Was, Don Was, Steve Salas, Paul Staveley O'Duffy |
| Was (Not Was) singles chronology | |
| "Spy in the House of Love"
(1988) "**Out Come the Freaks (Again)**"
(1988) "Anything Can Happen"
(1988) | |

The third "Out Come The Freaks" recording was released in 1987 and included on the group's most successful album *What Up, Dog?*. It was eventually also released as one of the final singles from the album in the UK, and again peaked just inside the UK top 50. The song was listed as "Out Come the Freaks" on the album but reference to the song's reworked status was acknowledged in the inclusion of the subtitle 'Again' on the single's release. The single version was also alternatively titled "**(Stuck Inside of Detroit With the) Out Come the Freaks (Again)**".

This recording was once again dominated by the vocal of Harry Bowens, but a female vocalist sang the chorus refrain. The arrangement was more upbeat than the second recording but had a tighter Funk and Synth-Pop sound. The introductory verse was retained but the other verses were changed to feature different characters to the earlier versions. Instead of song titles, the more positive final chorus listed real people such as Leon Trotsky and John Coltrane.

### "Look What's Back" (1990)

A fourth song related to "Out Come the Freaks" called "Look What's Back" appears as the final track on the group's fourth album *Are You Okay?* in 1990. The song is a 43-second acoustic camp-fire rendition in which the group chants the chorus: 'Woodwork squeaks, and out comes the freaks'.

## Remixes

"Out Come the Freaks" * Album Version – 5:37
* Seven Inch – 4:28
* Extended Version – 6:39
* Dub Version – 6:10
* "Tell Me That I'm Dreaming (Souped Up Version)" / "Out Come the Freaks (Dub Version)" – 12:50
* Classic 12" Version – 7:12
* Predominantly Funk Version – 12:25

"(Return to the Valley of) Out Come the Freaks" * Album Version – 4:22
* Seven Inch – 3:45
* Extended Version – 8:45

"Out Come the Freaks (Again)" * Album Version – 4:35
* The Mighty Mook Mix
* The Bobby Maggot Mix

## Chart positions

| Chart (1981) - "Out Come the Freaks" | Peak
Position |
| --- | --- |
|
| U.S. *Billboard* Hot Dance Club Play | 16 |
| Chart (1984) - "(Return to the Valley of) Out Come the Freaks" | Peak
Position |
| UK Singles Chart | 41 |
| Chart (1988) - "Out Come the Freaks (Again)" | Peak
Position |
| Dutch Singles Chart | 86 |
| UK Singles Chart | 44 |
|

## InfoBox

| "Out Come the Freaks" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Was (Not Was) | |
| from the album  *Was (Not Was)* | |
| B-side | "Hello Operator...I Mean Dad...I Mean Police...I Can't Even Remember Who I Am" |
| Released | 1981 |
| Recorded | The Sound Suite, January–March 1981 |
| Genre | funk, R&B, dance |
| Length | 5:41 |
| Label | ZE Records, Island Records |
| Songwriter(s) | David Was, Don Was |
| Producer(s) | David Was, Don Was, Jack Tann, Michael Zilkha |
| Was (Not Was) singles chronology | |
| "Wheel Me Out"
(1980) "**Out Come the Freaks**"
(1981) "Where Did Your Heart Go?"
(1981) | |


title: Vadapalani Andavar Temple

abstract: Vadapalani Andavar Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Muruga. It is located in Vadapalani, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. It was renovated in the 1920s and a Rajagopuram was built during that time. The temple has grown in popularity, which is believed to be in part due to the patronage of cinema stars.

text:
# Vadapalani Andavar Temple

**Vadapalani Andavar Temple** is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Muruga. It is located in Vadapalani, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. It was renovated in the 1920s and a Rajagopuram was built during that time. The temple has grown in popularity, which is believed to be in part due to the patronage of cinema stars.

## History

The temple started initially as a thatched hut where Murugan's ardent devotee Annaswami Nayakar kept a portrait of the God and worshipped him. The temple was built on the same site as the thatched hut around 1890. He was the founder and the first priest of the temple. The Vadapalani temple became famous because of the Arul Vaakku and the ability to foretell events, as Annaswami Nayakar's words carried the truth. The devotees believed his sacred words gave effective solutions to problems, including education, failure in examinations, marriage issues, ailments, and unemployment, among others. The disciple of Annaswami Nayakar, Rathinasamy Chettiyar continued the tradition and had the same divine energy and ability as Arul Vaakku. The temple underwent renovation in 1920, and over the past century, devotees throng the temple in huge numbers.

The temple was built in the late 19th century by an ardent devotee of Murugan, Annaswami Nayakar. He was a staunch devotee of Murugan and had built a small, thatched hut in which he placed a painted portrait of Murugan and started worshipping him. Although he suffered from an acute stomach- ailment, he went on a pilgrimage visiting all Murugan temples, braving bad weather, and thieves. One day, a Sadhu (sage) appeared in his dream and said Murugan was right in his home for worship. Annaswami Nayakar started offering poojas to Murugan, and on the word of a Palani Sadhu, he offered his tongue at the Thiruttani shrine of Murugan. His ailments disappeared.

One day he fulfilled his dream of visiting the southern Palani temple, and after Darshan (sacred view) of God, he was coming down the steps, when a beautiful picture of Murugan attracted his attention. He didn't have money to buy the picture. Next day, The shop keeper brought the picture to annaswami telling murugan came in his dream and asked to offer the painting. Annaswami bought this precious possession to his home in Chennai and asked the family to shift home elsewhere. Meanwhile, he experienced a divine power within him that started speaking truths (Arul Vaakku) and resolving problems of other devotees during pooja. His successor Rathinasamy Chettiyar agreed to Nayakar's wish to build a temple on the site.

Annaswami Nayakar oversaw the construction of the temple, while Rathinasamy Chettiyar arranged for making the sacred idol of Palaniandavar. They initiated the building of the temple in 1865. One day, Annaswami Nayakar attained spiritual abode and later came in the dream of Rathinasamy Chettiyar, asking him to take over his position. The disciple continued the tradition of resolving problems of devotees in a frenzied trance. The temple construction was completed. The sacred idol of Palaniandavar was installed, and the Kumbabishekam was performed. Offerings of devotees were used for poojas and the temple proceedings.

Rathinasamy Chettiyar asked devotees to call the temple Vadapalani Temple. He later attained spiritual abode, and the good work was continued by Bagyalingam, an ardent follower of Murugan. He continued the Arul Vaakku and the poojas.

## Architecture of Vadapalani Murugan Temple

The temple is built on the traditional lines of south Indian temples. The Rajagopuram at the entrance has several stuccos with the legends of the Skanda Purana depicted on them. The Moolavar (main deity) resembles the Palani temple idol and is in standing position.

The temple courtyard houses several Sannidhis including that of Varasiddhi Vinayaka, Chokkanathar, Meenakshi Amman, Kali, Bhairava, Shanmuga with Valli and Deivanai. In the inner Praharam one can see the niches of Dakshinamurthy, Chandikeshwar, and Mahalakshmi, among others. There is a separate shrine for Angaaran (Mars), whose ruling deity is Murugan.

There is an eastern tower depicted with 108 Bharatnatyam dance gestures. The tower stands 40.8 meters tall. The temple has a spacious hall where marriages are conducted, and religious discourses take place.

There is a golden chariot built for Murugan. The temple tank is in front of the temple. The Thala Vriksham is a fig tree around which devotees tie small swings for progeny.

## Significance of Vadapalani Murugan Temple

The belief is very strong here that people who cannot undertake the pilgrimage to the Palani temple can visit the Vadapalani temple with their offerings. Palaniandavar showers devotees with his blessings just the same as in Southern Palani. His grace resolves all issues for devotees, and they believe in the power of this sacred temple.

Only in this temple, one can see Murugan wearing footwear, a symbol that denotes shedding of arrogance. He is seen in a standing pose with his left foot forward to indicate he is in a rush to help his devotees.

Devotees offer silver and gold as offerings. Some spear their tongues, tonsure their heads, pierce their ears, and offer sarees. They take the Paalkavadi and Pushpakavadi as a special prayer. The temple is famous for helping devotees find answers to their problems in life. The temple witnesses around 7,000 marriages annually as it is considered an auspicious place for marriage.

## Miscellaneous

The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department of the Government of Tamil Nadu.

## InfoBox

| Vadapalani Aandavar Temple | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Hinduism |
| District | Chennai |
| Deity | Vadapalani Aandavar (Lord Muruga) |
| Location | |
| Location | Vadapalani |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| Country | India |
| Location in Chennai | |
| Geographic coordinates | 13°03′10″N 80°12′49″E / 13.05278°N 80.21361°E / 13.05278; 80.21361 |
| Architecture | |
| Type | Dravidian architecture |
| Completed | 1865 |
| Elevation | 55 m (180 ft) |


title: Lesley Cohen (physicist)

abstract: Lesley Francis Cohen is a Professor of solid-state physics at Imperial College London. She works in magnetic materials for solid-state magnetic refrigeration and spintronic applications. Cohen has served as the editor-in-chief of Applied Physics Letters since 2019.

text:
# Lesley Cohen (physicist)

**Lesley Francis Cohen** FInstP is a Professor of solid-state physics at Imperial College London. She works in magnetic materials for solid-state magnetic refrigeration and spintronic applications. Cohen has served as the editor-in-chief of *Applied Physics Letters* since 2019.

## Education

Cohen completed her Bachelor of Science degree in Physics at Bedford College, London in 1983. She moved to the University of Cambridge to where she was awarded a PhD in 1988 for microwave investigations into superconductivity.

## Research and career

After her PhD, she joined Polytechnic University of New York as a postdoctoral research fellow in 1988 and was appointed Assistant Professor in 1989. Cohen first joined Imperial College London in 1993 funded by a Royal Society University Research Fellowship. She became a Reader in Solid State in 2003 and a Professor in 2006. Between 2008 - 2013, she was Head of Solid State Physics, one of the largest research groups at Imperial. Cohen is interested in alternatives to standard models of refrigeration, using magnetic materials. Magnetic refrigeration could provide a "green" alternative to traditional fridges, using 20 - 30% less energy. In 2009 her group uncovered the mechanism behind cooling crystals, known as the magnetocaloric effect.

She is co-investigator the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Research Programme on Nanoplasmonics *Reactive Plasmonics*.

In 2014 Cohen arranged a Royal Society two-day residential conference on *Emergence of new exotic states at interfaces with superconductors*. In 2016 she took part in another two-day discussion at the Royal Society, *Taking the temperature of phase transitions in cool materials*. She is consul for the faculty of Natural Sciences.

Her recent work focuses on exotic properties that occur at interfaces between thin films, at crystallographic boundaries and at vertices in honeycomb structures, working closely with Will R. Branford.

### Support for women in science

As well as being a prominent voice for early career researchers and postgraduates, Cohen is a passionate campaigner for women in physics. In 1996 Cohen created a booklet, Voices from Women in Science, which led to a number of opportunities promoting diversity at Imperial College London. She sits on the Department of Physics Juno committee, which writes the Athena SWAN and Juno applications. Under her leadership, the department was awarded Juno Champion status and Athena SWAN Silver Awards. She is Imperial College's Academic Ambassador for Women and chair of the Committee for Academic Women. In 2013 she was the inaugural winner of Imperial College London Julia Higgins medal.

## InfoBox

| Lesley CohenFInstP | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Lesley Francis Cohen |
| Alma mater | Bedford College, London (BSc)
University of Cambridge (PhD) |
| Awards | Royal Society University Research Fellowship (1993) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Solid state physics
Magnetic Materials |
| Institutions | Imperial College London |
| Thesis | *Microwave investigation of Josephson tunnel junctions.* (1988) |
|  | |
| Website | www.imperial.ac.uk/people/l.cohen |


title: Swapan Saha

abstract: Swapan Saha is an Indian film director, producer, story writer and score composer associated with Bengali cinema.

text:
# Swapan Saha

**Swapan Saha** (born 10 January 1930 in Ajmer, Rajasthan, British India) is an Indian film director, producer, story writer and score composer associated with Bengali cinema.

## Filmography

### Producer

* *Manush Kano Beiman* (1999)

## InfoBox

| Swapan Saha | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1930-01-10) 10 January 1930<br>Ajmer, Rajasthan, British India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Occupation(s) | Film director, Score composer |