title: Re Brumark Investments Ltd

abstract: Agnew v Commissioners of Inland Revenue, more commonly referred to as Re Brumark Investments Ltd [2001] UKPC 28 is a decision of the Privy Council relating to New Zealand and UK insolvency law, concerning the taking of a security interest over a company's assets, the proper characterisation of a floating charge, and the priority of creditors in a company winding-up.

text:
# Re Brumark Investments Ltd

***Agnew v Commissioners of Inland Revenue***, more commonly referred to as ***Re Brumark Investments Ltd*** \[2001\] UKPC 28 is a decision of the Privy Council relating to New Zealand and UK insolvency law, concerning the taking of a security interest over a company's assets, the proper characterisation of a floating charge, and the priority of creditors in a company winding-up.

## Facts

Brumark Investments Ltd gave security over debts to its bank, Westpac. The terms were that its security was a fixed charge, but a floating charge when proceeds were collected (the same as drafted as in *Re New Bullas Trading Ltd*). Brumark was free to collect debts for its own account and to use proceeds in its business. Brumark went into receivership. The receivers collected the outstanding debts.

Fisher J held that uncollected debts were subject to a fixed charge, as the parties had agreed. So they were not subject to claims of preferential creditors. The Court of Appeal of New Zealand overturned this and held that the fact Brumark could collect the debts for its own account (and hence remove them from the bank's security) made it a floating charge. So the preferential creditors had a prior claim.

## Advice

The Privy Council advised that it was indeed a floating charge. It said the court's task is not to ask whether the parties intended to create a fixed or floating charge, but to ask what rights the parties intended to create, and then decide as a matter of law whether it is fixed or floating. Lord Millett held that Nourse LJ's approach in *New Bullas* based on freedom of contract was 'fundamentally mistaken'. The process of construction required assessing what was intended, but this meant looking at the substance of the transaction, not its form. He noted that in *Siebe Gorman & Co Ltd v Barclays Bank Ltd* and *In re Keenan Bros Ltd* the proceeds of the book debts were not at the free disposal of the company - that is why these were fixed charges - the proceeds were not available to the company as a source of its cash flow.

> 1. The question in this appeal is whether a charge over the uncollected book debts of a company which leaves the company free to collect them and use the proceeds in the ordinary course of its business is a fixed charge or a floating charge.
>
> 4. ... The question is whether the company's right to collect the debts and deal with their proceeds free from the security means that the charge on the uncollected debts, though described in the debenture as fixed, was nevertheless a floating charge until it crystallised by the appointment of the receivers. This is a question of characterisation. To answer it their Lordships must examine the nature of a floating charge and ascertain the features which distinguish it from a fixed charge. They propose to start by tracing the history of the floating charge from its inception to the present day, paying particular attention to charges over book debts.
>
> 5. The floating charge originated in England in a series of cases in the Chancery Division in the 1870s: *In re Panama, New Zealand, and Australian Royal Mail Co* (1870) 5 Ch App 318 (generally regarded as the first case in which the floating charge was recognised); *In re Florence Land and Public Works Co, Ex p. Moor* (1878) 10 Ch D 530; *In re Hamilton's Windsor Ironworks Co., Ex p. Pitman & Edwards* (1879) 12 Ch D 707; and *In re Colonial Trusts Corporation, Ex p. Bradshaw* (1879) 15 Ch D 465. Two things led to this development. First, the possibility of assigning future property in equity was confirmed in *Holroyd v Marshall* (1862) 10 HL Cas 191. The principle was of general application and made it possible for future book debts to be assigned by way of security: *Tailby v Official Receiver* (1888) 13 App Cas 523. Secondly, the Companies Clauses Consolidation Act 1845 sanctioned a form of mortgage for use by statutory companies by which the company assigned "its undertaking". It was natural that this formula should afterwards be adopted by companies incorporated under the Companies Act 1862.
>
> \[...\]
>
> 12. The most celebrated, and certainly the most often cited, description of a floating charge is that given by Romer LJ in *In re Yorkshire Woolcombers Association Ltd* \[1903\] 2 Ch D 284 at p. 295:
>
> > "I certainly do not intend to attempt to give an exact definition of the term "floating charge," nor am I prepared to say that there will not be a floating charge within the meaning of the Act, which does not contain all the three characteristics that I am about to mention, but I certainly think that if a charge has the three characteristics that I am about to mention it is a floating charge. (1.) If it is a charge on a class of assets of a company present and future; (2.) if that class is one which, in the ordinary course of the business of the company, would be changing from time to time; and (3.) if you find that by the charge it is contemplated that, until some future step is taken by or on behalf of those interested in the charge, the company may carry on its business in the ordinary way as far as concerns the particular class of assets I am dealing with."
>
> 13. This was offered as a description and not a definition. The first two characteristics are typical of a floating charge but they are not distinctive of it, since they are not necessarily inconsistent with a fixed charge. It is the third characteristic which is the hallmark of a floating charge and serves to distinguish it from a fixed charge. Since the existence of a fixed charge would make it impossible for the company to carry on business in the ordinary way without the consent of the charge holder, it follows that its ability to so without such consent is inconsistent with the fixed nature of the charge.
>
> \[...\]
>
> 29. The question in *New Bullas*, as in the present case, was whether the book debts which were uncollected when the receivers were appointed were subject to a fixed charge or a floating charge. At first instance Knox J, following *Brightlife*, held that they were subject to a floating charge. His decision was reversed by the Court of Appeal. Nourse LJ gave the only judgment.
>
> 30. He began by observing that, there being usually no need to deal with a book debt before collection, an uncollected book debt is a natural subject of a fixed charge; but once collected, the proceeds being needed for the conduct of the business, it becomes a natural subject of a floating charge. Their Lordships regard this as unsound: one might equally well say that unsold trading stock is a suitable subject of a fixed charge. Trading stock, that is to say goods held for sale and delivery to customers, and book debts, that is to say debts owed by customers to whom goods have been supplied or services rendered, are equally part of a trader's circulating capital. The trader does not hold them for enjoyment in specie. They provide him with his cash flow and as such are the natural subjects of a floating charge. His ability to carry on business depends upon his freedom to realise such assets by turning them into money and back again.
>
> 31. The principal theme of the judgment, however, was that the parties were free to make whatever agreement they liked. The question was therefore simply one of construction; unless unlawful the intention of the parties, to be gathered from the terms of the debenture, must prevail. It was clear from the descriptions which the parties attached to the charges that they had intended to create a fixed charge over the book debts while they were uncollected and a floating charge over the proceeds. It was open to the parties to do so, and freedom of contract prevailed.
>
> 32. Their Lordships consider this approach to be fundamentally mistaken. The question is not merely one of construction. In deciding whether a charge is a fixed charge or a floating charge, the Court is engaged in a two-stage process. At the first stage it must construe the instrument of charge and seek to gather the intentions of the parties from the language they have used. But the object at this stage of the process is not to discover whether the parties intended to create a fixed or a floating charge. It is to ascertain the nature of the rights and obligations which the parties intended to grant each other in respect of the charged assets. Once these have been ascertained, the Court can then embark on the second stage of the process, which is one of categorisation. This is a matter of law. It does not depend on the intention of the parties. If their intention, properly gathered from the language of the instrument, is to grant the company rights in respect of the charged assets which are inconsistent with the nature of a fixed charge, then the charge cannot be a fixed charge however they may have chosen to describe it. A similar process is involved in construing a document to see whether it creates a licence or tenancy. The Court must construe the grant to ascertain the intention of the parties: but the only intention which is relevant is the intention to grant exclusive possession: see *Street v Mountford* \[1985\] AC 809 at p. 826 per Lord Templeman. So here: in construing a debenture to see whether it creates a fixed or a floating charge, the only intention which is relevant is the intention that the company should be free to deal with the charged assets and withdraw them from the security without the consent of the holder of the charge; or, to put the question another way, whether the charged assets were intended to be under the control of the company or of the charge holder.
>
> 33. In *New Bullas* the preferential creditors argued that the charge was a floating charge because the company was indeed free to withdraw the book debts from the security, which it could do simply by collecting them and using the proceeds in the ordinary course of its business. Nourse LJ rejected this, holding that it was not correct to say that the book debts could cease to be subject to the fixed charge at the will of the company; they ceased to be subject to the fixed charge because that is what the parties had agreed in advance when they entered into the debenture.
>
> 34. Their Lordships agree with Fisher J in the present case that this reasoning cannot be supported. It is entirely destructive of the floating charge. Every charge, whether fixed or floating, derives from contract. The company's freedom to deal with the charged assets without the consent of the holder of the charge, which is what makes it a floating charge, is of necessity a contractual freedom derived from the agreement of the parties when they entered into the debenture. To find the consent in question in the original agreement would turn every floating charge into a fixed charge.
>
> 35. The decision has attracted much academic comment, much (though not all) of it hostile. Most interest, perhaps not surprisingly, has been generated by the novel attempt to separate the book debts from their proceeds: see for example Professor Goode: "Charges over Book Debts: A Missed Opportunity" (1994) 110 LQR 592; Sarah Worthington: "Fixed Charges over Book Debts and other Receivables" (1997) 113 LQR 562; Berg per contra: "Charges over Book Debts: A Reply" \[1995\] JBL 443. Their Lordships will return to this aspect after they have examined the other reasons given by Fisher J for following New Bullas in the present case.
>
> 43. Property and its proceeds are clearly different assets. On a sale of goods the seller exchanges one asset for another. Both assets continue to exist, the goods in the hands of the buyer and proceeds of sale in the hands of the seller. If a book debt is assigned, the debt is transferred to the assignee in exchange for money paid to the assignor. The seller's former property right in the subject matter of the sale give him an equivalent property right in its exchange product. The only difference between realising a debt by assignment and collection is that, on collection, the debt is wholly extinguished. As in the case of alienation, it is replaced in the hands of the creditor by a different asset, viz. its proceeds.
>
> 44. The Court of Appeal saw no reason to examine the conceptual problems further. They held that, even if a debt and its proceeds are two different assets, the company was free to realise the uncollected debts, and accordingly the charge on those assets (being the assets whose destination was in dispute) could not be a fixed charge. There was simply no need to look at the proceeds at all...
>
> 45. ...if the company is free to collect the debts, the nature of the charge on the uncollected debts cannot differ according to whether the proceeds are subject to a floating charge or are not subject to any charge. In each case the commercial effect is the same: the charge holder cannot prevent the company from collecting the debts and having the free use of the proceeds. But it does not follow that the nature of the charge on the uncollected book debts may not differ according to whether the proceeds are subject to a fixed charge or a floating charge; for in the one case the charge holder can prevent the company from having the use of the proceeds and in the other it cannot. The question is not whether the company is free to collect the uncollected debts, but whether it is free to do so for its own benefit. For this purpose it is necessary to consider what it may do with the proceeds.
>
> \[...\]
>
> 48. To constitute a charge on book debts a fixed charge, it is sufficient to prohibit the company from realising the debts itself, whether by assignment or collection. If the company seeks permission to do so in respect of a particular debt, the charge holder can refuse permission or grant permission on terms, and can thus direct the application of the proceeds. But it is not necessary to go this far. As their Lordships have already noted, it is not inconsistent with the fixed nature of a charge on book debts for the holder of the charge to appoint the company its agent to collect the debts for its account and on its behalf. *Siebe Gorman* and *Re Keenan* merely introduced an alternative mechanism for appropriating the proceeds to the security. The proceeds of the debts collected by the company were no longer to be trust moneys but they were required to be paid into a blocked account with the charge holder. The commercial effect was the same: the proceeds were not at the company's disposal. Such an arrangement is inconsistent with the charge being a floating charge, since the debts are not available to the company as a source of its cash flow. But their Lordships would wish to make it clear that it is not enough to provide in the debenture that the account is a blocked account if it is not operated as one in fact.

## InfoBox

| Re Brumark Investments Ltd | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Court | Privy Council |
| Full case name | *Agnew v Commissioners of Inland Revenue* |
| Decided | 5 June 2001 |
| Citations | \[2001\] UKPC 28, \[2001\] 2 AC 710, \[2001\] 2 BCLC 188 |
| Case history | |
| Prior action | Court of Appeal |
| Court membership | |
| Judges sitting | Lord Bingham of Cornhill, Lord Nicholls of Birkenhead, Lord Hoffmann, Lord Hobhouse of Woodborough, Lord Millett |
| Keywords | |
| Security interest, floating charge | |


abstract: The Uganda Film Festival Award for Best Director, also known as Feature Film of the Year, is an award presented annually by Uganda Communications Commission (UCC) at the Uganda Film Festival Awards. It is given in honor of a film director who has exhibited outstanding directing while working in the film industry in Uganda. It's different from Best Feature Film which is awarded for best motion. The award was introduced in 2013 and the first winner of the award was Matt Bish for his directing work on State Research Bureau. Rehema Nanfuka became the first female director to be nominated at the Uganda Film Festival Awards in 2018 and became the first female director to win the award in Uganda.

text:
# Uganda Film Festival Award for Best Director

The **Uganda Film Festival Award for Best Director**, also known as **Feature Film of the Year**, is an award presented annually by Uganda Communications Commission (UCC) at the Uganda Film Festival Awards. It is given in honor of a film director who has exhibited outstanding directing while working in the film industry in Uganda. It's different from Best Feature Film which is awarded for best motion. The award was introduced in 2013 and the first winner of the award was Matt Bish for his directing work on State Research Bureau. Rehema Nanfuka became the first female director to be nominated at the Uganda Film Festival Awards in 2018 and became the first female director to win the award in Uganda.

## Winners and nominees

The table below shows winners and nominees for Best Director since the inception of the award in 2013.

Table key
| indicates the winner |
| --- |

| Year | Director(s) | Film | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013
(1st) | **Matt Bish** | ***State Research Bureau*** |  |
| | Joseph Kenneth Ssebaggala | | Akataka (The Small Piece) |
| | Alex Musisi | | Uganda at 50 Years |
| | Intimate | |
| 2014
(2nd) | **Dilman Dila** | ***The Felistas Fable*** |  |
| 2015
(3rd) | **Joseph S Ken** | ***House Arrest*** |  |
| | Hassan Mageye | | The Tailor |
| | Farooq Mutebi | | Call 112 |
| | Hassan 'Spike' Isingoma | | The Boda Boda Thieves |
| | Alex Kakooza | | My Rising Sun |
| | Ronnie Lugumba | | Hanged For Love |
| 2016
(4th) | **Richard Mulindwa** | ***Freedom*** |  |
| | The Only Son | |
| | Kennedy Kihire | | New Intentions |
| | Hassan Mageye | | Invisible Cuffs |
| | Ziwa Aaron Alone | | Wako |
| 2017
(5th) | **Hassan Mageye** | ***Devil's Chest*** |  |
| | Steven Ayeny | | Kony: Order from Above |
| | T. West Ttabu Wasswa | | Breaking with Customs |
| | Daniel Mugerwa | | Rain |
| 2018
(6th) | **Rehema Nanfuka** | ***Veronica's Wish*** |  |
| | Matt Bish | | Bella |
| | Richard Mulindwa | | 94 Terror |
| | Benluxus | | Slay Queens |
| | Isaac Ssekitoleko | | Kikumi Kikumi |
| 2019
(7th) | **Richard Mulindwa** | ***Lailah*** |  |
| | Robert Katoggo | | Red Rats |
| | Roger MatelJa Mugabirwe | | N.S.I.W.E |
| | Eleanor Nabwiso | | Bed of Thorns |
|

## Multiple wins and nominations

The following individuals have won multiple Best Director awards:

| Wins | Director |
| --- | --- |
| 2 | Richard Mulindwa |
|

The following directors have received two or more Best Director nominations

| Nominations | Director |
| --- | --- |
| 4 | Richard Mulindwa |
| 2 | Hassan Mageye |
| | Alex Musisi |
|

## Superlatives

| Record | Year | Director | Film | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| First winner | 2013 | Matt Bish | *State Research Bureau* |  |
| First Female Winner | 2018 | Rehema Nanfuka | *Veronica's Wish* |  |
|

### Female nominees/winners

Two female directors have been nominated in the category, and one has won the award.

## InfoBox

| Uganda Film Festival Award for Best Director | |
| --- | --- |
| Awarded for | Excellence in Cinematic Direction Achievement |
| Country | Uganda |
| Presented by | Uganda Communications Commission (UCC) |
| First awarded | 2013 |


abstract:
The Periodic Report of the United States of America to the United Nations Committee Against Torture is periodically submitted by the United States government, through the State Department, to the United Nations Committee Against Torture. In October 2005, the report focused on the detention of suspects in the War on Terror, including those held in Guantánamo Bay. This particular Periodic Report is significant as the first official response of the U.S. government to allegations that prisoners are mistreated in Guantánamo Bay and in Afghanistan. The report denies those allegations. The report does not address detainees held by the Central Intelligence Agency. The original text for the report is available:
  - State Department original documents pertaining to Reports to U.N. on Second Periodic Report of the United States of America to the Committee Against Torture, and Third Periodic Report.
  - Update to Annex One of the Second Periodic Report October 21, 2005

text:
# Periodic Report of the United States of America to the United Nations Committee Against Torture

The **Periodic Report of the United States of America to the United Nations Committee Against Torture** is periodically submitted by the United States government, through the State Department, to the United Nations Committee Against Torture. In October 2005, the report focused on the detention of suspects in the War on Terror, including those held in Guantánamo Bay. This particular Periodic Report is significant as the first official response of the U.S. government to allegations that prisoners are mistreated in Guantánamo Bay and in Afghanistan. The report denies those allegations. The report does not address detainees held by the Central Intelligence Agency.

The original text for the report is available:


title: Wisconsin Walloon

abstract: Wisconsin Walloon is a dialect of the Walloon language brought to Wisconsin by immigrants from Wallonia, the largely French-speaking region of Belgium. It is spoken in the Door Peninsula in Wisconsin, United States. The speakers of Wisconsin Walloon are descendants of the Belgian immigrants that came from the wave of immigration lasting from 1853–1857 that was recorded to have brought around 2,000 Belgians to Wisconsin. It is sometimes referred to by its speakers in English as "Belgian". Walloons in Wisconsin and descendants of native Walloon speakers have since switched to English, and as of 2021, it has fewer than 50 speakers.

text:
# Wisconsin Walloon

**Wisconsin Walloon** is a dialect of the Walloon language brought to Wisconsin by immigrants from Wallonia, the largely French-speaking region of Belgium. It is spoken in the Door Peninsula in Wisconsin, United States.

The speakers of Wisconsin Walloon are descendants of the Belgian immigrants that came from the wave of immigration lasting from 1853–1857 that was recorded to have brought around 2,000 Belgians to Wisconsin. It is sometimes referred to by its speakers in English as "Belgian". Walloons in Wisconsin and descendants of native Walloon speakers have since switched to English, and as of 2021, it has fewer than 50 speakers.

1. Biers & Osterhaus 2021, p. 1.
2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24). "Glottolog 4.8 - Oil". *Glottolog*. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Archived from the original on 2023-11-11. Retrieved 2023-11-11.
3. Tinkler, Jacqueline. "THE WALLOON IMMIGRANTS OF NORTHEAST WISCONSIN: AN EXAMINATION OF ETHNIC RETENTION" (PDF). *University of Texas Arlington Libraries Research Commons*. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
4. Biers & Osterhaus 2021, p. 2.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Wisconsin Walloon | |
| --- | --- |
| Native to | Wisconsin, United States |
| Region | Door Peninsula |
| Native speakers | \<50 (2021) |
| Language family | Indo-European |
| Early forms | Old Latin |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 |  |
| *Glottolog* | *None* |


title: List of E-Boy episodes

abstract: E-Boy is a 2012 Philippine fantasy science fiction television drama series directed by FM Reyes and Nick Olanka. The series stars Bugoy Cariño in the title role, with an ensemble cast consisting of Andrea Brillantes, Ariel Rivera, Agot Isidro, Jomari Yllana, Maliksi Morales, Deydey Amansec, Arjo Atayde, Akiko Solon, Bryan Santos, Jaime Fabregas, Pen Medina, Chinggoy Alonzo, and Carme Sanchez, with Valerie Concepcion, Crispin Pineda, Tommy Abuel, Gerald Pesigan, Izzy Canillo, Barbie Sabino, Phytos Kyriacou, and Paolo Serrano in their supporting roles. The series premiered on ABS-CBN's Primetime Bida nighttime block from January 30 to April 13, 2012, replacing Ikaw ay Pag-Ibig.

text:
# List of E-Boy episodes

***E-Boy*** is a 2012 Philippine fantasy science fiction television drama series directed by FM Reyes and Nick Olanka. The series stars Bugoy Cariño in the title role, with an ensemble cast consisting of Andrea Brillantes, Ariel Rivera, Agot Isidro, Jomari Yllana, Maliksi Morales, Deydey Amansec, Arjo Atayde, Akiko Solon, Bryan Santos, Jaime Fabregas, Pen Medina, Chinggoy Alonzo, and Carme Sanchez, with Valerie Concepcion, Crispin Pineda, Tommy Abuel, Gerald Pesigan, Izzy Canillo, Barbie Sabino, Phytos Kyriacou, and Paolo Serrano in their supporting roles. The series premiered on ABS-CBN's *Primetime Bida* nighttime block from January 30 to April 13, 2012, replacing *Ikaw ay Pag-Ibig*.

## Series overview

| Year | | Episode<br>numbers | Episodes | First aired | Last aired |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **2012** | 1–53 | 53 | January 30, 2012 | April 13, 2012 |
|

## Episodes

### 2012

| No. | Title | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "A Very Ambitious Father Neglects His Son" | January 30, 2012 (2012-01-30) |
| The story begins with a day in the life of young Gabriel, the brilliant inventor of Alpha Bot-A prototype robot made from spare parts and electronic scraps. Working tirelessly, Gabriel finally presents Alpha Bot to a Science Fair where he is re-united with his estranged father (and also once notable inventor), Alberto Villareal. | | | |
| 2 | "Gabriel Prepares for His Presentation" | January 31, 2012 (2012-01-31) |
| Gabriel moves into the Villareal mansion after his father agrees to fund Alpha Bot as a final attempt to save his sinking company. He also meets his half-brother Miguel, who did not take Gabriel's presence too warmly at first. Will this be Gabriel's chance of re-building a new family after his mother's untimely death? | | | |
| 3 | "Gabriel's Failed Invention Cause Devastation in the Family" | February 1, 2012 (2012-02-01) |
| Alpha Bot stirs a disaster after a malfunction. Ignited conflicts between Alberto Villareal, Miguel, and Gabriel caused the family to live separate lives. The story progresses into the present time where Gabriel is now married to Ria and blessed with two kids. Gabriel still however keeps his hopes up in patching things up with Miguel and their father. | | | |
| 4 | "Miguel Returns to Gabriel and Ria's Life" | February 2, 2012 (2012-02-02) |
| Gabriel revives Alpha Bot for Miyo and Adrian to play with. Miguel finally visits Gabriel and Ria. But has time really healed all wounds? | | | |
| 5 | "E-Boy Changes for the Better" | February 3, 2012 (2012-02-03) |
| Miguel encourages Gabriel to revive the Alpha Bot project in an effort to help him reconcile with Alberto. Congressman Mariano agrees to fund the project but Miguel intends to use the fund for personal use. | | | |
| 6 | "Miyo Runs Away from His Family" | February 6, 2012 (2012-02-06) |
| After finding out Miguel's plan, Gabriel pulls out from the Alpha Bot project and plans to expose Congressman Mariano's corrupt ways. As a last effort, Miguel hires a hit man to silence Gabriel. In an unfortunate turn of events, an accident caused the tragic death of Ria while Adrian is sent into critical condition. | | | |
| 7 | "How Can Gabriel Save Adrian" | February 7, 2012 (2012-02-07) |
| Gabriel briefly talks to Adrian through E-Boy. After Adrian's death, Gabriel learns that a foul play was behind the tragic accident leaving him to suspect Congressman Mariano. | | | |
| 8 | "Gabriel's Family Finds It Hard to Move on from the Accident" | February 8, 2012 (2012-02-08) |
| Gabriel confronts Congressman Mariano about Ria and Adrian's death. Denying the accusations, the Congressman did not reveal that it was actually Miguel's doing. Miyo believes that his Kuya Adrian now lives through E-Boy. Has E-Boy really turned alive or is it just Miyo's imagination? | | | |
| 9 | "Miyo Wants to Prove Eboy's Capabilities" | February 9, 2012 (2012-02-09) |
| Gabriel, Miyo, Aling Delia, Mang Rutherford and E-Boy spend the day at the park. Miyo was so happy that day and Gabriel is glad he is able to make his son smile again. Miguel visits his brother and he learns Gabriel plans to expose Cong. Mariano's corrupt ways with the help of Cong. Vargas. Gabriel is surprised when Miguel says he supports his decision. Gabriel later gets a call from their father, who says he must stop his brother from taking justice into his own hands. Miyo gets frustrated at E-Boy, for the robot has become unresponsive towards him. He threatens to hose the robot with water if it doesn't talk to him again. | | | |
| 10 | "E-Boy Tries to Save Miyo" | February 10, 2012 (2012-02-10) |
| Gabriel was able to get to Miguel in time to stop him from shooting Congressman Mariano at an awarding ceremony. Congressman Mariano instructs his men to teach Gabriel a lesson so he will learn not to mess with someone like him. E-Boy tries to scare Congressman Mariano's men by pretending to be a ghost but they succeed in setting fire to Gabriel's home. Miyo, E-Boy, Mang Rutherford and Aling Delia try to douse the fire by themselves and soon neighbors hear their pleas of help. Gabriel sends Miyo to Mang Rutherford's province to protect him from Congressman Mariano. However, Miyo gets kidnapped when Gabriel and Miguel push through with their press conference with Congressman. Vargas. Gabriel gets a call from the Congressman Mariano telling him to stop the conference or else his son will suffer the consequence. | | | |
| 11 | "E-Boy Longs for His Family" | February 13, 2012 (2012-02-13) |
| 12 | "E-Boy Receives Great Power Which Helps Him Save Miyo" | February 14, 2012 (2012-02-14) |
| Miyo in his haste to help E-Boy, goes over the ravine and delicately hangs over the edge. Mariano tells Miguel they can have a business deal after explaining how the robot works as he has witnessed it. A struggle for the gun ensues between the two but Miguel ends up killing the politician. Rain starts to pour making it difficult for the police and Gabriel to find Miyo. Lightning strikes E-boy, waking him up long enough to save Miyo. Gabriel finds Miyo and E-Boy lying side by side in the mud but he takes his son first to the hospital before doing anything about the robot. Miyo wakes up later at the hospital and becomes hysterical when he learns E-Boy is missing. | | | |
| 13 | "Can E-Boy Find His Way Back Home?" | February 15, 2012 (2012-02-15) |
| Miyo prays for a star to guide E-Boy back home. Gabriel is surprised when he opens the door the next evening to find a disheveled robot standing in front of him. Gabriel asks Mang Rutherford and Aling Delia what happened on the night of the kidnapping and how E-Boy rescued them. The police questions Gabriel to find out if he is involved in Congressman Mariano's murder. Miyo is happy to have the robot back and helps his father in fixing E-Boy. | | | |
| 14 | "Gabriel Tells Miyo That E-Boy Can Never Be His Kuya Adrian" | February 16, 2012 (2012-02-16) |
| The man electrocuted by E-Boy is sent to a psychological institution after he kept on insisting about a robot murderer and how it will rule the world. The press then hounds Gabriel, who tells Miyo to keep E-Boy's powers a secret for people will take the robot away once they learn what it can do. However, Miyo can't help himself from telling the story of E-Boy to his classmates. Ramboy, a school bully, accuses Miyo of lying in front of his classmates just because he's getting much attention. | | | |
| 15 | "Miyo Brings E-Boy to School" | February 17, 2012 (2012-02-17) |
| Alfredo talks to his son Gabriel about his brother, who is acting very strange and secretive the past few weeks. After talking to their family lawyer, Gabriel confronts Miguel about his actions and his brother admits to killing Congressman Mariano. Miyo brings E-Boy to school to prove he is not lying. However, a classmate videoed E-Boy defending Miyo from Ramboy and uploads it on the internet. Soon, people were hounding Miyo and the robot that he had to take refuge at a police station to call Gabriel. News about the robot soon spread even on TV, that Gabriel called their lawyer to help him with the situation. Miyo didn't know about the gravity of his actions and Gabriel let him know that getting revenge on another person isn't a good thing. | | | |
| 16 | "E-Boy Starts to Get a Lot of Attention from the People Around Him" | February 20, 2012 (2012-02-20) |
| Miyo gets unjustly expelled from school because of the incident. A mob goes to Gabriel's home and demands he surrender the dangerous robot to them. Miyo escapes with E-Boy through the back door and calls Miguel for help. While hiding at a nearby park, Miyo gets into a street kid named Princess, who incidentally is the foster child of Tang, Miguel's hitman. Gabriel decides to move out of their home to protect Miyo. Ella, Mang Rutherford and Aling Delia's daughter helps them find a new home to live in. Gabriel tries to consult Atty. Vergara regarding Miguel's case but their talk was interrupted when his brother suddenly appears at the lawyer's office. | | | |
| 17 | "How Can E-Boy Seal His Robotic Identity?" | February 21, 2012 (2012-02-21) |
| Miguel feels Gabriel wants him to go to jail by consulting with their lawyer about Congressman Mariano's death. Gabriel tries to protect Miyo from Miguel and people like the ones who caused them trouble by giving E-Boy human looking skin and features so he can look like a real kid. Ella is assigned to think of a backstory for E-Boy and how he has become an adopted son of the family. Princess finds out Miyo is their neighbor and when she tries to fight with him, part of E-Boy's skin peels off revealing he is a robot. Miyo lies to his father about other people seeing E-Boy in this condition. Miguel visits someone at a clinic and the person turns out to be Ria, who's still in a state of shock. Apparently, Miguel was able to get Ria to a small clinic where he is paying the doctor to treat Ria and keep his secret. | | | |
| 18 | "Princess Believes That the Robot She Saw Is Not Good for the Community" | February 22, 2012 (2012-02-22) |
| Princess goes to the Barangay Chairman to file a complaint against Miyo and his bad robot. Her older brother Jepoy apologizes to Gabriel and his family on behalf of his sister and drags her away. E-Boy feels sad for being a burden to Gabriel's family and Miyo suggests praying to Jesus so he can become a real boy. E-Boy figures Princess will be good to him and Miyo by returning her doll. Tatang opens the door when the two kids drop by and E-Boy recalls from Adrian's memory the image of the hitman at the scene of the accident. | | | |
| 19 | "E-Boy Wants to Know the Truth Behind Tang" | February 23, 2012 (2012-02-23) |
| E-Boy and Miyo run away but both decide to follow Tatang to investigate on the matter. Tatang discovers them following him and tells them to leave him alone. The two lose sight of Tatang but eventually finds him in a pool hall talking to Miguel. Miyo is puzzled why his uncle knows this man. They overhear them talking about a woman and E-Boy says they must learn more about the matter. Ella finds out the boys are missing from the house and Mang Rutherford tries to contact Gabriel. However, Gabriel is arrested by the police for allegedly being Congressman Mariano's killer. | | | |
| 20 | "Gabriel Pays for Someone Else's Crime" | February 24, 2012 (2012-02-24) |
| Ella goes over to Jepoy's home to ask if his sister Princess has seen Miyo and 'Rap-Rap' or E-Boy. When Princess learns that Tatang has seen them in another barangay, she takes her brother Vance with her to look for the two boys. She rescues them from bullies and both parties call a truce. Tatang contacts Miguel and says he should stop exposing their crimes after he discovers Gabriel is in jail. Miguel on the other hand tries to put the blame of the politician's death on his brother by leaving the gun he used inside the house. However, E-Boy sees him inside Gabriel's room. | | | |
| 21 | "E-Boy Stumbles on a Very Important Evidence" | February 27, 2012 (2012-02-27) |
| E-Boy discovers that Miguel left a gun inside Gabriel's closet. He tells Miyo about it and as they discuss on what to do with the gun, the police arrive looking for it. In panic, Miyo drops the gun inside a can of paint and E-Boy gets it out using his abilities without the authorities noticing. The two kids plan to return the gun to Miguel but they get stopped by Princess and Vance, who try to get the gun as payment for their troubles the previous evening. E-Boy uses his magnet-like powers when Princess tries to throw the gun in the sewer. | | | |
| 22 | "E-Boy and Miyo Believes That They Must Return the Gun to Miguel" | February 28, 2012 (2012-02-28) |
| Miyo and E-Boy manage to take the gun again but as they try to hide from Princess and Vance, they run into drunkards who forcefully get the weapon from them. When Tatang learns of Miyo's predicament, he tells Princess and Vance to convince the boys to surrender the gun to him and he will be the one to return it to Miguel. Vance finds Miyo and E-Boy and helps them recover the gun from the drunkards. However, they decide to ask their barangay chairman for help in delivering the gun to Miguel's home. Meanwhile Atty. Vergara was able to convince Gabriel to confess what he know about the case. Alfredo backs up Gabriel's statement, as he feels Miguel is a lost cause. Soon Miguel is served a search warrant and the pink gun was found on a chair inside the mansion. | | | |
| 23 | "E-Boy Looks Into Carla's Past" | February 29, 2012 (2012-02-29) |
| Miyo and E-Boy manage to take the gun again but as they try to hide from Princess and Vance, they run into drunkards who forcefully get the weapon from them. When Tatang learns of Miyo's predicament, he tells Princess and Vance to convince the boys to surrender the gun to him and he will be the one to return it to Miguel. Vance finds Miyo and E-Boy and helps them recover the gun from the drunkards. However, they decide to ask their barangay chairman for help in delivering the gun to Miguel's home. Meanwhile Atty. Vergara was able to convince Gabriel to confess what he know about the case. Alfredo backs up Gabriel's statement, as he feels Miguel is a lost cause. Soon Miguel is served a search warrant and the pink gun was found on a chair inside the mansion. | | | |
| 24 | "E-Boy Learns How to Read Minds" | March 1, 2012 (2012-03-01) |
| Miyo wakes up after a few seconds and tells E-Boy to try again. E-Boy was able to know Miyo has a crush on Princess. He also tells Miyo what it felt like reading Karla's mind, like there was a heavy feeling inside his chest. E-Boy overhears Gabriel talking to his lawyer about another case thrown at them by Karla. At the lawyer's meeting, E-Boy tries to talk to Karla alone regarding what he saw in her memory. She becomes angry and thinks Gabriel is using the child for her to change her mind about the case. Miguel, who's still in prison contacts Tatang and tells him to care for Ria while he's gone. | | | |
| 25 | "Gabriel Is Disappointed in E-Boy's Involvement with Karla's Problem" | March 2, 2012 (2012-03-02) |
| The children try to think of ways to speak to the spirit of Congressman Mariano. Miyo remembers E-Boy's old memory card and tells the robot to access the politician's memory from there. E-Boy goes to Karla's home and shows her how her father thought he was doing the right thing for her when he told her old boyfriend to move away. E-Boy also learns of a video recording the congressman kept for Karla and shows it to her. Tatang meanwhile apologizes to Ria for his involvement in their accident. He tries to coach her to speak as she is in a catatonic state. She only utters Miyo's name when Tatang mentions how their children have become friends. | | | |
| 26 | "Miyo Can't Believe That E-Boy Lied to Him" | March 5, 2012 (2012-03-05) |
| Karla talks to Gabriel about what happened between her and E-Boy. She assures him that she has dropped the case against him and thanks him for creating a robot like E-Boy. Miyo decides to confess his crush on Princess and asks E-Boy to help him. However, their plan backfires when Princess tells Miyo to get lost. E-Boy admits later that he is Princess' crush, as he had seen in her memory. | | | |
| 27 | "Miyo Shows His Dismay to E-Boy" | March 6, 2012 (2012-03-06) |
| Miyo becomes jealous of E-Boy after the incident with Princess. He feels even his family likes E-Boy more than him. When he instructs E-Boy to play with the other kids instead of him he becomes irritated with the shouts of laughter from outside. He tries to show off to the other kids but instead becomes a laughing stock. Gabriel hears the two fighting and tells them to fix their differences. Miyo stubbornly tells E-Boy he will forgive him if he finds a 'putting uwak.' Meanwhile Miguel becomes free after his lawyer finds a technicality in the case. Karla is disappointed but her nephew Gilbert, who is also Miguel's son with his former girlfriend, is angrier at the result of the case. Miguel decides to steal E-Boy from Gabriel to make money so he and Ria can live abroad. | | | |
| 28 | "E-Boy Receives Wrong Guidance in Trying to Gain Miyo's Forgiveness" | March 7, 2012 (2012-03-07) |
| 29 | "Miyo Is Very Disappointed with His Father" | March 8, 2012 (2012-03-08) |
| 30 | "Miyo Does Everything to Find Raprap" | March 9, 2012 (2012-03-09) |
| 31 | "Where Will E-boy's Heart Lead Him Next?" | March 12, 2012 (2012-03-12) |
| 32 | "E-Boy Tries to Bring Ria Home" | March 13, 2012 (2012-03-13) |
| 33 | "Miguel Certainly Has a Different Plan for Ria" | March 14, 2012 (2012-03-14) |
| 34 | "Tatang Returns the Favor by Helping E-Boy" | March 15, 2012 (2012-03-15) |
| 35 | "E-boy May Be Prone to Malfunction" | March 16, 2012 (2012-03-16) |
| 36 | "E-Boy Pushes His Power to It's Limit" | March 19, 2012 (2012-03-19) |
| 37 | "Gabriel Continues to Be on Ria and Miyo's Good Side" | March 20, 2012 (2012-03-20) |
| 38 | "E-Boy Wants to Discover the True Meaning of His Dream" | March 21, 2012 (2012-03-21) |
| 39 | "Ria Discovers Raprap's Secret" | March 22, 2012 (2012-03-22) |
| 40 | "Raprap's Friends Leave Him After Hearing What Happened to Miyo" | March 23, 2012 (2012-03-23) |
| 41 | "E-Boy Decides It's Best to Do His Mission Alone" | March 26, 2012 (2012-03-26) |
| 42 | "Miyo Wants to Extend His Hand to Help E-Boy" | March 27, 2012 (2012-03-27) |
| 43 | "Princess Tells E-Boy and Miyo That They Should Find Tatang" | March 28, 2012 (2012-03-28) |
| 44 | "Tatang Suggests a New Plan to Free Gabriel" | March 29, 2012 (2012-03-29) |
| 45 | "Meet Gabriel's New Masterpiece, MegaBot" | March 30, 2012 (2012-03-30) |
| 46 | "E-Boy and Miyo Are Puzzled with the Existence of Another Robot" | April 2, 2012 (2012-04-02) |
| 47 | "MegaBot Looks for E-Boy, Miyo and Ria" | April 3, 2012 (2012-04-03) |
| 48 | "E-Boy and Miyo Join Forces with MegaBot to Save Their Parents" | April 4, 2012 (2012-04-04) |
| 49 | "How Will E-Boy Bring His Family Back Together?" | April 9, 2012 (2012-04-09) |
| 50 | "Miguel Sets His Eyes on Finding E-Boy" | April 10, 2012 (2012-04-10) |
| 51 | "Gabriel Hopes to Fool Miguel with MegaBot" | April 11, 2012 (2012-04-11) |
| 52 | "Gabriel Tries to Save Ria from Miguel's Hands" | April 12, 2012 (2012-04-12) |
| 53 | "Eboy Will Be Forever Thankful to His Family" | April 13, 2012 (2012-04-13) |


title: Vedvik

abstract: Vedvik or Vedvika is a village in Kinn Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The village is located on the north side of the island of Vågsøy, about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) northeast of the village of Refvika, 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) west of Langenes, and about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) north of Raudeberg. The population (2001) of Vedvik is 156. Historically, Vedvik was an agricultural village focusing on milk production and sheep, but today most residents commute to Raudeberg or Måløy to work. There is still some farming, but now it is mostly cattle.

text:
# Vedvik

**Vedvik** or **Vedvika** is a village in Kinn Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The village is located on the north side of the island of Vågsøy, about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) northeast of the village of Refvika, 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) west of Langenes, and about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) north of Raudeberg. The population (2001) of Vedvik is 156.

Historically, Vedvik was an agricultural village focusing on milk production and sheep, but today most residents commute to Raudeberg or Måløy to work. There is still some farming, but now it is mostly cattle.

## InfoBox

| Vedvik Vedvika | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| VedvikLocation of the villageVedvikVedvik (Norway) | |
| Coordinates: 62°00′47″N 5°05′44″E / 62.0130°N 5.0955°E / 62.0130; 5.0955 | |
| Country | Norway |
| Region | Western Norway |
| County | Vestland |
| District | Nordfjord |
| Municipality | Kinn Municipality |
| Elevation | 18 m (59 ft) |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 156 |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Post Code | 6710 Raudeberg |


title: Trost i taklampa (film)

abstract: Trost i taklampa is a Norwegian comedy film from 1955 directed by Erik Borge. It is based on Alf Prøysen's 1950 novel Trost i taklampa. The film stars Grete Nordrå as Gunvor Smikkstugun, along with Jack Fjeldstad and Martin Gisti.

text:
# Trost i taklampa (film)

***Trost i taklampa*** (Blackbird in the Chandelier) is a Norwegian comedy film from 1955 directed by Erik Borge. It is based on Alf Prøysen's 1950 novel *Trost i taklampa*.

The film stars Grete Nordrå as Gunvor Smikkstugun, along with Jack Fjeldstad and Martin Gisti.

## Cast

## Songs

* "Trippe-Tripp" (foxtrot) (melody: Maj Sønstevold, lyrics: Alf Prøysen). Issued on 78 rpm (Philips AA 53018-1-H)
* "Blåklokkeleiken" (waltz) (melody: Maj Sønstevold, lyrics: Alf Prøysen). Issued on 78 rpm (Philips AA 53018-2-H)

## InfoBox

| Trost i taklampa | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Erik Borge |
| Written by | Erik Borge
Odd Bang-Hansen |
| Based on | Alf Prøysen's novel *Trost i taklampa* |
| Produced by | Jan Erik Düring |
| Starring | Grete Nordrå
Jack Fjeldstad |
| Cinematography | Tore Breda Thoresen |
| Edited by | Erik Løchen |
| Music by | Maj Sønstevold |
| Distributed by | ABC-Film |
| Release date | * January 17, 1955 (1955-01-17) |
| Running time | 81 minutes |
| Country | Norway |
| Language | Norwegian |


title: Wielki Bór, Podlaskie Voivodeship

abstract: Wielki Bór is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Giby, within Sejny County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the borders with Belarus and Lithuania. It lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) south of Sejny and 99 km (62 mi) north of the regional capital Białystok.

text:
# Wielki Bór, Podlaskie Voivodeship

**Wielki Bór** (Polish pronunciation: \[ˈvjɛlkʲi ˈbur\]) is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Giby, within Sejny County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the borders with Belarus and Lithuania. It lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) south of Sejny and 99 km (62 mi) north of the regional capital Białystok.

## InfoBox

| Wielki Bór | |
| --- | --- |
| Settlement | |
| Wielki Bór | |
| Coordinates: 54°0′5″N 23°20′46″E / 54.00139°N 23.34611°E / 54.00139; 23.34611 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Podlaskie |
| County | Sejny |
| Gmina | Giby |


title: Raymond Harold Sawkins

abstract: Raymond Harold Sawkins was a British novelist, who mainly published under the pseudonym Colin Forbes, but also as Richard Raine, Jay Bernard and Harold English. He published only three of his first books under his own name. Sawkins wrote over 40 books, mostly as Colin Forbes. He was most famous for his long-running series of thriller novels in which the principal character is Tweed, Deputy Director of the Secret Intelligence Service.

text:
# Raymond Harold Sawkins

**Raymond Harold Sawkins** (14 July 1923 – 23 August 2006) was a British novelist, who mainly published under the pseudonym **Colin Forbes**, but also as **Richard Raine**, **Jay Bernard** and **Harold English**. He published only three of his first books under his own name.

Sawkins wrote over 40 books, mostly as Colin Forbes. He was most famous for his long-running series of thriller novels in which the principal character is Tweed, Deputy Director of the Secret Intelligence Service.

## Life

Born in Hampstead, London, Sawkins attended The Lower School of John Lyon in Harrow, London. At the age of 16 he started work as a sub-editor with a magazine and book publishing company. He served with the British Army in North Africa and the Middle East during World War II. Before his demobilisation he was attached to the Army Newspaper Unit in Rome. On his return to civilian life he joined a publishing and printing company, commuting to London for 20 years, until he became successful enough to be a full-time novelist.

Sawkins was married to a Scots-Canadian, Jane Robertson (born 31 March 1925, died 1993). Together they had one daughter, Janet.

Sawkins died of a heart attack on 23 August 2006.

The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) received £3.5 million as the sole beneficiary of Sawkins' estate following his death. This is the largest legacy ever received by the RSPB.

## Work

His first book, *Snow on High Ground*, was written under his own name in 1966. Two more books in the *Snow* series were also published under his own name. Over the next few years Sawkins experimented with books under three pseudonyms: Richard Raine, Colin Forbes, and Jay Bernard (though the latter is not to be confused with the UK poet). *Tramp in Armour* was the first book published as Colin Forbes, in 1969. All subsequent books, apart from *The Burning Fuse* and *The Heavens Above Us* (only published in German, as *In letzter Minute*), he wrote as Forbes.

Sawkins later distanced himself from his early books, choosing to refer to *Tramp in Armour* as his first novel.

Sawkins was often quoted as personally visiting every location he features in his books to aid the authenticity of the writing. As a result, there is detailed description of the places where the action in his books takes place.

A common thread in his later work was the incorporation of climatic conditions, especially fog. His works are also notable for his frequent inclusion of a prologue and epilogue.

One of his manuscripts, *The Heavens Above Us*, was published only in German, under the title *In letzter Minute*. The two first releases, in 1979 and 1981, were under the pseudonym Harold English, but in 2002 it was re-released under the Colin Forbes name.

*Fury* (1995) was inspired by the courage of his wife before she died, and he set it apart from his other novels "because of the strong emotion and sense of loss that runs through it".

Just one of Forbes's novels was made into a film: *Avalanche Express*, directed by Mark Robson and starring Lee Marvin and Robert Shaw, which was released in 1979 to generally poor reviews.

His last book, *The Savage Gorge*, was published posthumously in November 2006.

## Bibliography

### as Raymond Sawkins

* Snow series:
    1. *Snow on High Ground* (1966)
    2. *Snow in Paradise* (1967)
    3. *Snow Along The Border* (1968)

### as Richard Raine

* David Martini series:
    1. *A Wreath for America* (1967) (published in the United States as *The Corder Index*)
    2. *Night of the Hawk* (1968)
    3. *Bombshell* (1969)

### as Jay Bernard

* *The Burning Fuse* (1970)

### as Colin Forbes

* *Tramp In Armour* (1969)
* *The Heights of Zervos* (1970)
* *The Palermo Ambush* (1972)
* *Target 5* (1973)
* *The Year of the Golden Ape* (1974)
* *The Stone Leopard* (1975)
* *Avalanche Express* (1976)
* *The Stockholm Syndicate* (1981)
* *Cross of Fire* (1992)
* Tweed & Co. series:
    1. *Double Jeopardy* (1982)
    2. *Terminal* (1984)
    3. *Cover Story* (1985)
    4. *The Janus Man* (1987)
    5. *Deadlock* (1988)
    6. *The Greek Key* (1989)
    7. *Shockwave* (1990)
    8. *Whirlpool* (1991)
    9. *Cross of Fire* (1992)
    10. *By Stealth* (1992)
    11. *The Power* (1994)
    12. *Fury* (1995)
    13. *Precipice* (1995)
    14. *The Cauldron* (1997)
    15. *The Sisterhood* (1998)
    16. *This United State* (1998)
    17. *Sinister Tide* (1999)
    18. *Rhinoceros* (2000)
    19. *The Vorpal Blade* (2001)
    20. *The Cell* (2002)
    21. *No Mercy* (2003)
    22. *Blood Storm* (2004)
    23. *The Main Chance* (2005)
    24. *The Savage Gorge* (2006). Published posthumously
* *The Leader and the Damned* (1983)

### as Harold English

* *In letzter Minute* (English script title: *The Heavens Above Us*) (1979)


title: Re Brian D Pierson (Contractors) Ltd

abstract: Re Brian D Pierson (Contractors) Ltd [1999] BCC 26 is a UK insolvency law and company law case, concerning misfeasance and wrongful trading.

text:
# Re Brian D Pierson (Contractors) Ltd

***Re Brian D Pierson (Contractors) Ltd*** \[1999\] BCC 26 is a UK insolvency law and company law case, concerning misfeasance and wrongful trading.

## Facts

Brian D Pierson (Contractors) Ltd built and maintained golf courses. It fell into difficulty after contracting parties failed to pay on two projects. It continued to trade. In June 1994 the auditor reported a ‘fundamental uncertainty’ about whether the company would continue as a going concern. (Importantly, this was not, however, what is known as a ‘going concern qualification’ of the accounts which would amount to an expression of the auditor's ‘significant doubt’ about the company's ability to continue as a going concern.) It went into insolvent liquidation in January 1996. The liquidator, amongst others, applied for a contribution for wrongful trading for the period after June 1994. The court considered whether at that point in time the directors ought to have realised that there was no reasonable prospect of avoiding insolvent liquidation.

## Judgment

Hazel Williamson QC held there was wrongful trading from June 1994, but company's losses were partly due to extraneous actors like bad weather. The order was accordingly reduced by 30%. She noted that under IA 1986 s 214, ‘One cannot be a “sleeping director”; the function of “directing” on its own requires some consideration of the company's affairs to be exercised.’ Furthermore, the absence of warnings from one's advisers is no excuse for wrongful trading.

> Mr Pierson submitted that as at 13 June 1994, he could not reasonably be expected to have concluded that the company was heading inevitably for an insolvent liquidation, for several reasons. First, he urged that the court must have regard to the particular industry in which he was engaged and its nature, as he described, and I have recorded, above…He emphasised that his business had always been run, and had to be run, according to his 'gut feel' based on experience, and said that his decision to trade on was perfectly reasonable, based on his experienced view of the position at the time. He attributes the eventual downfall of the company mainly to the consequences of bad weather conditions in 1994 and 1995 - unduly hot dry summer weather and unduly inclement winter weather - causing extra cost, the need to repeat work and the withholding of payments.
>
> As regards what could be expected of him in appraising the position, he points out that he is not an accountant. He says that he relied on his trained staff to inform him of the facts. He would only look at the 'bottom line' of a set of accounts and would derive nothing more subtle than that from them without assistance. He says he had advisers in the shape of Mr Weeks and Mr Brunt, and was accustomed to confer with, certainly, the latter quite often.
>
> He relies on the fact that the 1992/93 accounts were not qualified, and that there was no suggestion that the 1993/94 accounts were going to be qualified either, according to Touche Ross's working papers. No-one, neither his advisers, nor his former accountants, nor the bank, had suggested at or before the relevant time that the company ought to go into liquidation, or was in serious difficulty, and he submits that the relaxed tenor of Touche Ross's working papers for the 1993/94 accounts supports the view that the company was not obviously in terminal difficulty.
>
> With regard to the trading position, he submits that he was entitled to rely on the fact that the company had a healthy order book at the time, and he refers to a letter written to the bank on 13 June 1994 by Paul Mould, enclosing the company's May management figures and a Contract Position Statement, this being information which the bank had requested on a monthly basis. On reading, this letter lists contract work in hand at about £1.7m, with a further £1.45m all but signed up, and a further £4.185m or more projects 'under negotiation'. In addition, he says that the signs in the press, and so forth, all pointed to the market's having recovered from the depressed state of 1992/93 and being ready to improve - an opportunity that the company was therefore poised to use to its advantage, not least because several of its competitors were foundering.
>
> The question, I have to answer is whether a reasonable director in Mr Pierson's position and with the knowledge which was available to him, would, or ought, to have concluded, at or shortly after 13 June 1994 that there was no reasonable prospect that the company would avoid insolvent liquidation. Whilst the burden of proof is on the liquidator to prove his case, the combination of points which he makes is formidable. Nevertheless, I heed the injunction that it is easy to be wise with hindsight. I am also very conscious that the standard to be applied is that of the reasonably prudent businessman, a breed which is likely to be less temperamentally cautious than lawyers and accountants. I must therefore give proper respect to Mr Pierson's evidence as to how his industry operates, and his judgment based on experience, remembering also that he had operated this business, apparently successfully, for many years before its collapse. I am not dealing with an enterprise which never became properly established at all. Also, this is not the case of a company suffering losses continuously over several years. The loss in 1992 was exceptional, and at the material time, only one further complete and one almost complete year of further loss occurred.
>
> Nevertheless, in my judgment, the liquidator's case is made out. I am satisfied that the directors of this company ought to have concluded at or about 13 June 1994, that there was no reasonable prospect that the company would then avoid an insolvent liquidation. The company's business had consistently had difficulties with maintaining current cash flow. It had had additional burdens placed upon it by the losses of resources, occasioned by \[the bad debts from the two failed projects\]… Its recent results suggested clearly that the basic core of its business was not capable of generating profits in those circumstances, let alone sufficient profits, quickly enough, to improve the cash flow position and restore the company's health. \[The court continued to cast severe doubt on the value of bad debts from the two failed projects and on the directors judgment in regard to assessment of the value of this debt\]….
>
> However, the audited accounts for 1992/93 revealed a modest loss and a small balance sheet insolvency, and, most importantly, they contained the warning of the 'fundamental uncertainty' paragraph. Mr Pierson emphasises that the auditors' opinion was 'not qualified in this respect'. However, that was no excuse for ignoring the auditors' comment as being nothing serious. In my judgment receipt of that report was a warning, which ought to have brought about a careful and cool appraisal of the company's position. There is no evidence that any such analysis occurred…
>
> With regard to the strength of the company's order book, the letter to the bank dated 13 June 1994 looks impressive, but was clearly written for presentation purposes, and includes only the positive side of the picture. I can see nothing to suggest that it showed such a change in the company's fortunes as to be regarded as stemming the decline which had set in and justifying ignoring the 'fundamental uncertainty' and the worsening picture in the intervening 10 or 11 months. Moreover, I cannot place great weight on the justifiability of Mr Pierson's relying on his 'feel' that the business was improving, given that his judgments \[of the value of the bad debt from the failed projects\] were so obviously grossly optimistic.
>
> I find that, in practice, Mr Pierson simply hoped that, by carrying on as before, everything would come right, somehow. He gave no proper thought to whether that was a realistic possibility… Mr Pierson has argued that if he ought to have appreciated that the company was heading for an insolvent liquidation...
>
> Mr Pierson has argued that if he ought to have appreciated that the company was heading for an insolvent liquidation, nevertheless, after the date on which the liquidator relies, he 'took every step with a view to minimising potential loss to the company's creditors that ... he ought to have taken' within the meaning of s 214(3) of the Insolvency Act 1986, such that the defence afforded by that sub-section is available to him.
>
> In my judgment Mr Pierson cannot make out that defence. There was no question, in mid-1994, of his taking any steps to 'minimise loss to the creditors'; the company simply continued trading in the same way as before. In my judgment this section is intended to apply to cases where, for example, directors take specific steps with a view to preserving or realising assets or claims for the benefit of creditors, even if they fail to achieve that result. It does not cover the very act of wrongful trading itself, just because this would have been done with the intention of trying to make a profit. (emphasis added).

*

## InfoBox

| Re Brian D Pierson (Contractors) Ltd | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Court | High Court |
| Citation | \[2001\] 1 BCLC 275, \[1999\] BCC 26 |
| Keywords | |
| Wrongful trading, bad weather | |


title: Ugni myricoides

abstract: Ugni myricoides is a species of shrub from Mexico, Central America, South America.

text:
# Ugni myricoides

***Ugni myricoides*** is a species of shrub from Mexico (Hidalgo, Veracruz, Puebla, Oaxaca, Chiapas), Central America, South America (Guyana, Venezuela, Guyana, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, NW Brazil (Amazonas \+ Roraima)).

## InfoBox

| *Ugni myricoides* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Ugni* |
| Species: | ***U. myricoides*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ugni myricoides***<br>(Kunth) O.Berg 1856 | |
|


title: Maid Happy

abstract: Maid Happy is a 1933 British musical film directed by Mansfield Markham and starring Charlotte Ander, Johannes Riemann and Dennis Hoey. It was made at Elstree Studios by British International Pictures but distributed independently. The German art director Walter Reimann designed the film's sets.

text:
# Maid Happy

***Maid Happy*** is a 1933 British musical film directed by Mansfield Markham and starring Charlotte Ander, Johannes Riemann and Dennis Hoey.

It was made at Elstree Studios by British International Pictures but distributed independently. The German art director Walter Reimann designed the film's sets.

## Cast

1. Wood p.78

## Bibliography

* Low, Rachael. *Filmmaking in 1930s Britain*. George Allen & Unwin, 1985.
* Wood, Linda. *British Films, 1927-1939*. British Film Institute, 1986.

## InfoBox

| Maid Happy | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Mansfield Markham |
| Written by | * Garrett Graham * Jack King |
| Produced by | Mansfield Markham |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography |  |
| Music by | Jack King |
| Production<br>companies |  |
| Distributed by | Williams and Pritchard Films |
| Release date | * 1933 (1933) |
| Running time | 75 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: Period underwear

abstract: Period underwear are absorbent garments designed to be worn during menstruation. Period underwear is designed like conventional underwear but it is made up of highly absorbent fabrics to soak up menstrual blood. Most commercially manufactured period underwear makes use of microfiber polyester fabric. It is recommended that period underwear should be changed every 8-12 hours to avoid leakage and infection.

text:
# Period underwear

**Period underwear** (also known as **menstrual underwear** or **period panties**) are absorbent garments designed to be worn during menstruation. Period underwear is designed like conventional underwear but it is made up of highly absorbent fabrics to soak up menstrual blood. Most commercially manufactured period underwear makes use of microfiber polyester fabric. It is recommended that period underwear should be changed every 8-12 hours to avoid leakage and infection.

## Overview

The market for period underwear has developed as a response to consumer preference moving away from traditional menstrual hygiene management products, such as sanitary pads and tampons. Different brands use different, often patented, technology for anti-microbial action, moisture-wicking and optimal absorption.

Julie Sygiel was cited by the BBC in 2015 as an early developer of the technology, with her company 'Dear Kate'.

Period underwear is considered to be an eco-friendly way to cut down on waste and reduce spending. It is estimated that tampons, pads, and applicators, generates 200,000 tonnes of plastic waste in the United Kingdom each year. In the United States it is estimated that sanitary products generate more than 200,000 tonnes of waste annually.

A reviewer in the New York Times described the product's features: "some menstrual-underwear styles are gorgeous but leaky, and others have Hoover Dam–level security but diaper-like silhouettes. The style that will be best for you depends on your period flow and preferences".

Some manufacturers of period underwear are extending their ranges into other leak-proof clothes such as swimsuits, sportwear and sleepwear.

In the UK, period underwear was subject to value-added tax at 20% until 2024, despite the fact that other menstrual products were exempted from the tax in 2021. The exemption for period underwear was brought in after tampon tax campaigners had raised the issue in an attempt to get the tax removed.

## Risks

Some companies (like Thinx, Ruby Love, and Knix) are facing class action lawsuits for period underwear products that contain potentially harmful toxins like per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) which may be linked to adverse health outcomes like cancer. Thinx settled a lawsuit in January 2023 but made no admission of guilt or wrongdoing in the settlement. Some brands of period underwear have been found to contain silver used as an antimicrobial agent. Concerns have been raised about the possible health impact of silver migrating into the body, but limited research has been done and little scientific data exists.

1. "Best period underwear of 2021, according to experts". *NBC News*. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
2. Benton, Emilia; Gomez, Jasmine; Jones, Alexis (2020-12-01). "These Disposable Period Panties Are $9 And Make You Forget You're On Your Period". *Women's Health*. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
3. Johnson, Mary (15 December 2015). "The Bizwomen Interview: Dear Kate founder Julie Sygiel". *The Business Journals*. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
4. "Julie Sygiel, 27, USA". *BBC News*. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
5. "The rise of period pants: are they the answer to menstrual landfill – and women's prayers?". *the Guardian*. 2021-09-01. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
6. "What are the environmental impacts of period products?". *The Independent*. 2021-11-05. Archived from the original on 2022-05-25. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
7. "How period pants can help you reduce your plastics use and protect the environment". *www.scotsman.com*. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
8. "A Guide to Environmentally Friendly Menstrual and Period Products". *www.vice.com*. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
9. "Which Period Products Are Best for the Environment?". *Global Citizen*. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
10. "The Best Period Underwear". *The New York Times*. 2021-09-15. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
11. "Go with the flow: how period clothing went mainstream". *the Guardian*. 2021-11-05. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
12. "Period pants could get cheaper after VAT is removed". *BBC News*. 1 January 2024.
13. Skopeliti, Clea (26 August 2023). "John Lewis and Waitrose join drive to make reusable period products cheaper". *The Guardian*.
14. "Lawsuit Investigation Looks at PFAS Levels in Menstrual Underwear". *www.classaction.org*. 2020-08-26. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
15. "Thinx period underwear was supposed to be 'non-toxic'. Now customers feel betrayed". *the Guardian*. 2023-01-19. Retrieved 2023-01-26.
16. "Are your period pants safe?". *Which?*. 17 November 2023.


title: Wisconsin Wing Civil Air Patrol

abstract: The Wisconsin Wing of the Civil Air Patrol (CAP) is the highest echelon of Civil Air Patrol in the state of Wisconsin. Wisconsin Wing headquarters are located in Madison, Wisconsin. The Wisconsin Wing consists of over 1000 cadet and adult members at multiple locations across the state of Wisconsin.

text:
# Wisconsin Wing Civil Air Patrol

The **Wisconsin Wing** of the **Civil Air Patrol** (CAP) is the highest echelon of Civil Air Patrol in the state of Wisconsin. Wisconsin Wing headquarters are located in Madison, Wisconsin. The Wisconsin Wing consists of over 1000 cadet and adult members at multiple locations across the state of Wisconsin.

## Mission

The Wisconsin Wing performs the three missions of the Civil Air Patrol: providing emergency services; offering cadet programs for youth; and providing aerospace education for both CAP members and the general public.

### Emergency services

The Civil Air Patrol performs emergency services missions, including search and rescue (SAR) missions directed by the Air Force Rescue Coordination Center. Aircrews can perform visual and electronic searches, while ground teams home in on the search target with direction finding equipment. After a disaster, Civil Air Patrol personnel provide humanitarian support, including air/ground transportation, as well as an extensive communications network.

During the annual EAA AirVenture Oshkosh airshow, the wing is responsible for ES operations near and around the airshow, with members based at five airports in central Wisconsin, to provide search support and other assistance during the event. Emergency Services on the grounds of Wittman Regional Airport and AirVenture are the responsibility of National Blue Beret, a National Cadet Special Activity in CAP which includes flight marshaling operations on the taxiways around runway 27, crowd control in sensitive area of the airshow, monitoring for and tracking down errant radio signals, and recording the arrivals of inbound aircraft.

### Cadet programs

The Civil Air Patrol offers cadet programs for youth aged 12 to 21. Cadets participate in CAP activities, practice leadership skills, and learn academic material. The curriculum of the cadet program is composed of physical fitness, leadership development, character development and aerospace education. Cadets may earn promotions and more advanced leadership positions as they progress through the program.

### Aerospace education

The Civil Air Patrol offers aerospace education to both its own members and the general public.

The Civil Air Patrol provides aerospace education for CAP cadets and senior members by providing trips to conventions, airports, military bases, and other related places of aerospace interest.

To educate the public, the CAP informs the general public about aviation and space activities and supports thousands of aerospace education workshops for teachers at colleges and universities around the country. The Civil Air Patrol also maintains working relationships with local education agencies and several national organizations such as the FAA, NASA and the Air Force Association to facilitate aerospace education in schools.

## Organization

The Wisconsin Wing is divided into six groups across the state, with each squadron being assigned as a component of a group based on its geographical location.

Squadrons of the Wisconsin Wing
| Group | Designation | Name | Location | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | WI000 | Wisconsin Wing Reserve Squadron | Madison |  |
| **North West Group** | WI037 | La Crosse Composite Squadron | La Crosse |  |
|  | WI053 | Wild Rivers Composite Squadron | Hayward |  |
|  | WI058 | R.I. Bong Senior Squadron | Superior |  |
|  | WI161 | Eau Claire Composite Squadron | Eau Claire |  |
|  | WI135 | Eagle River Composite Squadron | Eagle River |  |
|  |
| **North East Group** | WI049 | Tri-County Composite Squadron | Menominee |  |
|  | WI055 | Fox Cities Composite Squadron | Appleton |  |
|  | WI183 | Stevens Point Composite Squadron | Stevens Point |  |
|  | WI169 | Brown County Senior Squadron | De Pere |  |
|  | WI197 | Door County Composite Squadron | Sturgeon Bay |  |
|  |
| **East Central Group** | WI002 | Timmerman Composite Squadron | Milwaukee |  |
|  | WI013 | Sheboygan Composite Squadron | Sheboygan Falls |  |
|  | WI046 | West Bend Composite Squadron | West Bend |  |
|  | WI086 | Milwaukee Senior Support Squadron 10 | Milwaukee |  |
|  | WI144 | Ozaukee Composite Squadron | Grafton |  |
|  |
| **South West Group** | WI048 | Waukesha Composite Squadron | Waukesha |  |
|  | WI059 | Racine Senior Support Squadron | Racine |  |
|  | WI061 | Milwaukee Composite Squadron 5 | Milwaukee |  |
|  | WI184 | Walco Composite Squadron | Elkhorn |  |
|  |
| **South East Group** | WI057 | Colonel R.C. Jaye Memorial Composite Squadron | Watertown |  |
|  | WI151 | Green County Flight | Oregon |  |
|  | WI153 | Madison Composite Squadron | Madison |  |
|  | WI196 | Col Sac Composite Squadron | Baraboo |  |
|

Employers within the borders of Wisconsin are required by law to give their employees who are members of the Civil Air Patrol up to fifteen days annually (though no more than five consecutive days at a time) of unpaid leave if those employees are called to respond to an emergency as a part of the Civil Air Patrol. Employers are forbidden from discriminating against a potential employee due to his or her membership in the Civil Air Patrol.

## InfoBox

Wisconsin Wing Civil Air Patrol
| Wisconsin Wing of Civil Air Patrol | |
| --- | --- |
| Associated branches | |
| United States Air Force | |
| Command staff | |
| Commander | Col Patrick Gaylord |
| Vice Commander | Lt Col Todd Mandel |
| Current statistics | |
| Cadets | 390 |
| Seniors | 608 |
| Total Membership | 998 |
| Website | wiwg.cap.gov |
| Statistics as of November 2022 | |
|  | |


title: List of FTP commands

abstract: Below is a list of FTP commands that may be sent to a File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server. It includes all commands that are standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in RFC 959, plus extensions. Note that most command-line FTP clients present their own non-standard set of commands to users. For example, GET is the common user command to download a file instead of the raw command RETR.

text:
# List of FTP commands

Below is a **list of FTP commands** that may be sent to a File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server. It includes all commands that are standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in RFC 959, plus extensions. Note that most command-line FTP clients present their own non-standard set of commands to users. For example, `GET` is the common user command to download a file instead of the raw command `RETR`.

| Command | RFC | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| ABOR | RFC 959 | Abort an active file transfer. |
| ACCT | RFC 959 | Account information. |
| ADAT | RFC 2228 | Authentication/Security Data |
| ALLO | RFC 959 | Allocate sufficient disk space to receive a file. |
| APPE | RFC 959 | Append (with create) |
| AUTH | RFC 2228 | Authentication/Security Mechanism |
| AVBL | Streamlined FTP Command Extensions | Get the available space |
| CCC | RFC 2228 | Clear Command Channel |
| CDUP | RFC 959 | Change to Parent Directory. |
| CONF | RFC 2228 | Confidentiality Protection Command |
| CSID | Streamlined FTP Command Extensions | Client / Server Identification |
| CWD | RFC 697 | Change working directory. |
| DELE | RFC 959 | Delete file. |
| DSIZ | Streamlined FTP Command Extensions | Get the directory size |
| ENC | RFC 2228 | Privacy Protected Channel |
| EPRT | RFC 2428 | Specifies an extended address and port to which the server should connect. |
| EPSV | RFC 2428 | Enter extended passive mode. |
| FEAT | RFC 2389 | Get the feature list implemented by the server. |
| HELP | RFC 959 | Returns usage documentation on a command if specified, else a general help document is returned. |
| HOST | RFC 7151 | Identify desired virtual host on server, by name. |
| LANG | RFC 2640 | Language Negotiation |
| LIST | RFC 959 | Returns information of a file or directory if specified, else information of the current working directory is returned. |
| LPRT | RFC 1639 | Specifies a long address and port to which the server should connect. |
| LPSV | RFC 1639 | Enter long passive mode. |
| MDTM | RFC 3659 | Return the last-modified time of a specified file. |
| MFCT | The 'MFMT', 'MFCT', and 'MFF' Command Extensions for FTP | Modify the creation time of a file. |
| MFF | The 'MFMT', 'MFCT', and 'MFF' Command Extensions for FTP | Modify fact (the last modification time, creation time, UNIX group/owner/mode of a file). |
| MFMT | The 'MFMT', 'MFCT', and 'MFF' Command Extensions for FTP | Modify the last modification time of a file. |
| MIC | RFC 2228 | Integrity Protected Command |
| MKD | RFC 959 | Make directory. |
| MLSD | RFC 3659 | Lists the contents of a directory in a standardized machine-readable format. |
| MLST | RFC 3659 | Provides data about exactly the object named on its command line in a standardized machine-readable format. |
| MODE | RFC 959 | Sets the transfer mode (Stream, Block, or Compressed). |
| NLST | RFC 959 | Returns a list of file names in a specified directory. |
| NOOP | RFC 959 | No operation (dummy packet; used mostly on keepalives). |
| OPTS | RFC 2389 | Select options for a feature (for example `OPTS UTF8 ON`). |
| PASS | RFC 959 | Authentication password. |
| PASV | RFC 959 | Enter passive mode. |
| PBSZ | RFC 2228 | Protection Buffer Size |
| PORT | RFC 959 | Specifies an address and port to which the server should connect. |
| PROT | RFC 2228 | Data Channel Protection Level. |
| PWD | RFC 959 | Print working directory. Returns the current directory of the host. |
| QUIT | RFC 959 | Disconnect. |
| REIN | RFC 959 | Re initializes the connection. |
| REST | RFC 3659 | Restart transfer from the specified point. |
| RETR | RFC 959 | Retrieve a copy of the file |
| RMD | RFC 959 | Remove a directory. |
| RMDA | Streamlined FTP Command Extensions | Remove a directory tree |
| RNFR | RFC 959 | Rename from. |
| RNTO | RFC 959 | Rename to. |
| SITE | RFC 959 | Sends site specific commands to remote server (like `SITE IDLE 60` or `SITE UMASK 002`). Inspect `SITE HELP` output for complete list of supported commands. |
| SIZE | RFC 3659 | Return the size of a file. |
| SMNT | RFC 959 | Mount file structure. |
| SPSV | FTP Extension Allowing IP Forwarding (NATs) | Use single port passive mode (only one TCP port number for both control connections and passive-mode data connections) |
| STAT | RFC 959 | Returns information on the server status, including the status of the current connection |
| STOR | RFC 959 | Accept the data and to store the data as a file at the server site |
| STOU | RFC 959 | Store file uniquely. |
| STRU | RFC 959 | Set file transfer structure. |
| SYST | RFC 959 | Return system type. |
| THMB | Streamlined FTP Command Extensions | Get a thumbnail of a remote image file |
| TYPE | RFC 959 | Sets the transfer mode (ASCII/Binary). |
| USER | RFC 959 | Authentication username. |
| XCUP | RFC 775 | Change to the parent of the current working directory |
| XMKD | RFC 775 | Make a directory |
| XPWD | RFC 775 | Print the current working directory |
| XRCP | RFC 743 | RFC 959 |
| XRMD | RFC 775 | Remove the directory |
| XRSQ | RFC 743 | RFC 959 |
| XSEM | RFC 737 | Send, mail if cannot |
| XSEN | RFC 737 | Send to terminal |

* RFC 697 \- CWD Command of FTP
* RFC 959 \- File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
* RFC 1639 \- FTP Operation Over Big Address Records (FOOBAR)
* RFC 2228 \- FTP Security Extensions
* RFC 2389 \- Feature negotiation mechanism for the File Transfer Protocol
* RFC 2428 \- FTP Extensions for IPv6 and NATs
* RFC 2640 \- Internationalization of the File Transfer Protocol
* RFC 3659 \- Extensions to FTP
* RFC 5797 \- FTP Command and Extension Registry
* RFC 7151 \- File Transfer Protocol HOST Command for Virtual Hosts
* The 'MFMT', 'MFCT', and 'MFF' Command Extensions for FTP
* Streamlined FTP Command Extensions ('CSID', 'AVBL', 'DSIZ', 'RMDA', and 'THMB' commands)
* FTP Extension Allowing IP Forwarding (NATs)
* UTF-8 Option for FTP
* IANA FTP Commands and Extensions registry \- The official registry of FTP Commands and Extensions
* Raw FTP command list


title: Martello tower (Hambantota)

abstract: The Martello Tower in Hambantota, is a small circular shaped fort, inspired by the Martello tower. The tower was built between 1804 and 1806 to protect the harbour and settlement at Hambantota, following an unsuccessful attack by Kandyan insurgents in 1803. Construction of the tower is credited to a Captain Goper of the Engineers Corp. The commanding engineer in Ceylon at the time of the tower's construction was Captain Bridges, who was involved in the design of a similar Martello tower in Simon's Town near Cape Town, South Africa in 1796, which the tower in Hambantota closely resembles. In September 1803 HMS Wilhelmina stopped briefly at Hambantota, where she dropped off an eight-man detachment from the Royal Artillery, who reinforced the British garrison there and later helped it repel a Kandian attack. The Martello tower is 7.6 m (25 ft), with a base diameter of 12 m (39 ft) and 1.2 m thick walls. It has an unusual projecting rim around the parapet. Similar to English towers the entrance to the fort was through a doorway on the first floor but unlike others the Hambantota tower has a number of loopholes. The ground floor contained a storeroom and magazine. The tower's armaments included two 6-pounder-, three 3-pounder, and a number of 2 and 1-pounder guns. In 1813 a 5-1/2 inch howitzer replaced most of the small guns, and in 1814 two 18-pounder guns were added. The tower was restored in 1999. In the past, the tower housed the Land Registry of the Hambantota Kachcheri. Today it houses a fisheries museum.

text:
# Martello tower (Hambantota)

The **Martello Tower** (Sinhala: මාටෙලෝ කුළුණ *Matelo Kuluna*) in Hambantota, is a small circular shaped fort, inspired by the Martello tower (a 15th-century fort at Mortella (Myrtle) Point in Corsica that survived an attack by the British Royal Navy in 1794).

The tower was built between 1804 and 1806 to protect the harbour and settlement at Hambantota, following an unsuccessful attack by Kandyan insurgents in 1803. Construction of the tower is credited to a Captain Goper of the Engineers Corp (however no individual by that name appears in the British Army records). The commanding engineer in Ceylon at the time of the tower's construction was Captain Bridges, who was involved in the design of a similar Martello tower in Simon's Town near Cape Town, South Africa in 1796, which the tower in Hambantota closely resembles.

In September 1803 HMS *Wilhelmina* stopped briefly at Hambantota, where she dropped off an eight-man detachment from the Royal Artillery, who reinforced the British garrison there and later helped it repel a Kandian attack.

The Martello tower is 7.6 m (25 ft), with a base diameter of 12 m (39 ft) and 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) thick walls. It has an unusual projecting rim around the parapet. Similar to English towers the entrance to the fort was through a doorway on the first floor but unlike others the Hambantota tower has a number of loopholes. The ground floor contained a storeroom and magazine. The tower's armaments included two 6-pounder-, three 3-pounder, and a number of 2 and 1-pounder guns. In 1813 a 5-1/2 inch howitzer replaced most of the small guns, and in 1814 two 18-pounder guns were added.

The tower was restored in 1999. In the past, the tower housed the Land Registry of the Hambantota Kachcheri. Today it houses a fisheries museum.

## Hambantota fort

Hambantota fort was built Dutch in 1760 with the purpose of protecting the salt pans. The British used the site of the fort for the Martello tower.

## Further reading

* Nelson, William A.; de Silva, Rajpal Kumar (1984). *The Dutch Forts of Sri Lanka - The Military Monuments of Ceylon*. Edinburgh: Canongate.
* McCall, M. (1999). "The Martello Tower in Hambantota, Sri Lanka". *Fort*. **27**. Fortress Study Group: 143–158.

## InfoBox

| Martello Tower | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Hambantota District | |
| Hambantota, Sri Lanka | |
| Martello Tower | |
| Coordinates | 6°7′19″N 81°7′37″E / 6.12194°N 81.12694°E / 6.12194; 81.12694 |
| Type | Defence Martello tower |
| Height | 7.6 m (25 ft) |
| Site information | |
| Controlled by | Government of Sri Lanka |
| Open to<br>the public | yes |
| Condition | good |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1804-1806 |
| Built by | British |
| Materials | limestone and coral |


title: Trost ligand

abstract: The Trost ligand is a diphosphine used in the palladium-catalyzed Trost asymmetric allylic alkylation. Other C2-symmetric ligands derived from trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane (DACH) have been developed, such as the (R,R)-DACH-naphthyl ligand derived from 2-diphenylphosphino-1-naphthalenecarboxylic acid. Related bidentate phosphine-containing ligands derived from other chiral diamines and 2-diphenylphosphinobenzoic acid have also been developed for applications in asymmetric synthesis.

text:
# Trost ligand

The **Trost ligand** is a diphosphine used in the palladium-catalyzed Trost asymmetric allylic alkylation. Other C2-symmetric ligands derived from *trans*-1,2-diaminocyclohexane (DACH) have been developed, such as the (*R*,*R*)-DACH-naphthyl ligand derived from 2-diphenylphosphino-1-naphthalenecarboxylic acid. Related bidentate phosphine-containing ligands derived from other chiral diamines and 2-diphenylphosphinobenzoic acid have also been developed for applications in asymmetric synthesis.

## InfoBox

Trost ligand
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Names | |
| IUPAC name (1*R*,2*R*)-(+)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-*N*,*N'*-bis(2-diphenylphosphinobenzoyl) | |
| Preferred IUPAC name *N*,*N*′-\[(1*R*,2*R*)-cyclohexane-1,2-diyl\]bis\[2-(diphenylphosphanyl)benzamide\] | |
| Other names Trost's ligand | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C44H40N2O2P2/c47-43(37-27-13-17-31-41(37)49(33-19-5-1-6-20-33)34-21-7-2-8-22-34)45-39-29-15-16-30-40(39)46-44(48)38-28-14-18-32-42(38)50(35-23-9-3-10-24-35)36-25-11-4-12-26-36/h1-14,17-28,31-32,39-40H,15-16,29-30H2,(H,45,47)(H,46,48)/t39-,40-/m0/s1 YKey: AXMSEDAJMGFTLR-ZAQUEYBZSA-N Y * InChI=1/C44H40N2O2P2/c47-43(37-27-13-17-31-41(37)49(33-19-5-1-6-20-33)34-21-7-2-8-22-34)45-39-29-15-16-30-40(39)46-44(48)38-28-14-18-32-42(38)50(35-23-9-3-10-24-35)36-25-11-4-12-26-36/h1-14,17-28,31-32,39-40H,15-16,29-30H2,(H,45,47)(H,46,48)/t39-,40-/m0/s1Key: AXMSEDAJMGFTLR-ZAQUEYBZBE | |
| SMILES * O=C(N\[C@H\]4CCCC\[C@@H\]4NC(=O)c3ccccc3P(c1ccccc1)c2ccccc2)c7ccccc7P(c5ccccc5)c6ccccc6 | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C44H40N2O2P2 |
| Molar mass | 690.75 g/mol |
| Appearance | White solid |
| Melting point | 136 to 142 °C (277 to 288 °F; 409 to 415 K) |
| Solubility in water | Insoluble; soluble in organic solvents (e.g. acetonitrile, dichloromethane) 1,4-dioxane, methanol, tetrahydrofuran, toluene |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Wild Strawberries Movement

abstract: The Wild Strawberries Movement is a protest movement in Taiwan begun on 6 November 2008 after the visit of the People's Republic of China's ARATS chairman Chen Yunlin to the island. Police actions on protests aimed at Chen suppressed the display of Republic of China national flag and the playing of Taiwanese songs. This prompted a group of 400 students in Taipei, Taiwan to begin a sit-in in front of the Executive Yuan in protest of Taiwan's Parade and Assembly Act.

text:
# Wild Strawberries Movement

The **Wild Strawberries Movement** (Chinese: 野草莓運動) is a protest movement in Taiwan begun on 6 November 2008 after the visit of the People's Republic of China's ARATS chairman Chen Yunlin to the island. Police actions on protests aimed at Chen suppressed the display of Republic of China national flag and the playing of Taiwanese songs. This prompted a group of 400 students in Taipei, Taiwan to begin a sit-in in front of the Executive Yuan in protest of Taiwan's Parade and Assembly Act.

## Background

The name chosen by the students for their initiative, "Wild Strawberry", makes a pair of references. The word *wild* recalls the Wild Lily student movement of 1990, which led to vast political reforms and Taiwan's first general democratic elections. The word *strawberry* makes ironic use of the term "strawberry generation", a description of Taiwan's youth employed pejoratively by their elders to portray the newest generation as "soft", lacking strength of character and political convictions.

## Demonstrations

Sit-ins began with students in Taipei in front of the Executive Yuan. On 7 November 2008, police began removing protesters from the scene and taking them to separate locations around the city. Having made a regrouping plan earlier, the students reconvened at Liberty Square in front of the Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall.

Following the lead of the students in Taipei, six other sit-in protests sprang up around Taiwan:

## Student demands and government responses

The student-led sit-in protests were conducted in response to incidents of police violence and abuse of power during the visit of Chen Yunlin to Taiwan. The original protesters in Taipei issued a statement with the following demands:

1. A public apology by President Ma Ying-jeou and Premier Liu Chao-shiuan for police misconduct.
2. The immediate resignations of National Police Agency Director-General Wang Cho-chiun and National Security Bureau Director-General (Tsai Chao-ming).
3. An immediate review and amendment of the Assembly and Parade Law to ensure the right of peaceful assembly and expression.

Government responses to the Wild Strawberry petition included these actions:

* On 11 November 2008, Premier Liu made a statement to the *Liberty Times* as saying, "I will not apologize. With this kind of thing, you just wait one or two days and it will pass."
* President Ma Ying-jeou addressed the students on 13 November 2008, saying that, while he believed there was room for improvement in Wang Cho-chiun and Tsai Chao-ming's handling of public assembly issues, he saw no reason for them to step down.
* On 11 December 2008, Wild Strawberry and Tibetan demonstrators at Liberty Square were forced by police to leave the site for failure to comply with the existing Assembly and Parade Law.
* On 24 December 2008, an amended version of the Assembly and Parade Act passed its initial review at the legislature's Internal Administration Committee.

The amended version of the law remained controversial at the time of drafting in May 2009. Proposed changes fell short of student demands for a law in Taiwan that resembles assembly laws in European Union nations and the United States that give priority to constitutional guarantees of rights to peaceful assembly and free speech. While the proposed amendments would make the new law generally more permissive than one crafted during the martial law period, proposals continued to give state police substantial powers of veto over the content and location of citizen rallies.

## WildBerry House

On 4 January 2009, the movement stopped sit-ins. A headquarters called "WildBerry House" (野苺之家) was established in Taipei for the movement. This location subsequently closed as of 30 June 2009.

## InfoBox

| Wild Strawberries Movement | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 野草莓運動 |
| Simplified Chinese | 野草莓运动 |
| Literal meaning | Wild Strawberries Movement |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Yě Cǎoméi Yùndòng  Southern Min  Hokkien POJ Iá Chháu-m̂ Ūn-tōng  Tâi-lô Iá Tsháu-m̂ Ūn-tōng | |
|  | |


title: Raymond Hansen (footballer)

abstract: Raymond Hansen was a Danish footballer. He played in one match for the Denmark national football team in 1935.

text:
# Raymond Hansen (footballer)

**Raymond Hansen** (9 February 1914  20 October 1995) was a Danish footballer. He played in one match for the Denmark national football team in 1935.

## InfoBox

Raymond Hansen
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1914-02-09)9 February 1914 | | |
| Date of death | 20 October 1995(1995-10-20) (aged 81) | | |
| International career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1935 | Denmark | 1 | (0) |


title: Reach-In

abstract: Reach-In formerly Apriori Control is a technology company that "provides real-time physical interactions over the internet." It manufactures devices and webcams that can be controlled remotely. A popular product is iPet Companion, which allows users to view and interact with pets.

text:
# Reach-In

**Reach-In** formerly **Apriori Control** is a technology company that "provides real-time physical interactions over the internet." It manufactures devices and webcams that can be controlled remotely. A popular product is iPet Companion, which allows users to view and interact with pets.

## iPet Companion

Reach-In (Apriori, LLC) developed iPet Companion in cooperation with the Idaho Humane Society and the Oregon Humane Society. Using cat toys tied to robotic arms, website visitors could play with kittens housed at the societies' animal shelters. Since the installation, pet adoptions have increased at both shelters.

The idea was born serendipidously when an engineer's cat distracted him from working on a robotic arm. Reach-In (Apriori, LLC) donated a prototype system to the Idaho Humane Society for the initial launch in June 2010. All the toy mechanisms were broken within the first week, and had to be strengthened to survive the "destructive capacity of a roomful of kittens."

An iPet Companion system was installed at Bideawee in New York City in October 2011, making it the only shelter on the East Coast of the United States with the system. The Michigan Humane Society Berman Center for Animal Care in Westland, Michigan has a system.

In 2012, Kong Company partnered with Reach-In to install iPet Companion technology in humane societies around the United States, “Pets Need to Play” campaign. Shelters house the interactive toys for six weeks at their facilities to help adoptable pets find forever homes, and increase sponsorships for the shelters. Shelters include Foothills Animal Shelter in Kong's home Golden, Colorado, Arizona Animal Welfare League & Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in Valley, Arizona, Wisconsin Humane Society in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. and Los Angeles Best Friends Pet Adoption & Spay Neuter Center in Mission Hills, California.

The web interface requires Microsoft Silverlight.

## Other applications

Another application for this technology includes a submarine and gaming. Dive Commander project created an online physically interactive submarine game controlled over the web. Users take control of the sub to find clues to an underwater treasure hunt, at the same time the technology lets a second user take control of the "Nuisance Buttons" trying to disrupt the passage of the Captain in Charge.

Reach-In has worked with universities in medical research. Thermal Mannequin Laboratory provides an innovative new technology for measuring the heat exchange properties of protective clothing worn by persons engaged in hot outdoor activities. Convective and radiative heat exchange properties of garments can be documented while being exposed to wind and Infrared radiation. Tests performed in this laboratory to-date have contributed to the design and development of new clothing systems for agricultural workers. The principles used in the new garment designs can now also be incorporated into garments worn by athletes and other persons exposed to hot outdoor environments. Allowing students around the world to participate in such experiments, greater individual learning and improved teaching efficiencies in the field of ergonomics is envisioned.

Reach-In also conducted a Be@Hospital experiment where physicians around the globe could physically interact during a presentation of a tracheotomy.

Live Band Interactive was tailored to the music industry, allowing fans to interact with their favorite bands. During May 2012, Radio Boise leased the Reach-In media equipment for a month, allowing radio listeners to go on-line and control a camera and objects in the live studio as bands were playing during the fund-raising campaign.