title: The Wife from the Dragon Palace

abstract: The Wife from the Dragon Palace is a Japanese folktale collected by scholar Yanagita Kunio. A man of low social standing marries a maiden who is the daughter of a marine deity. After they return to land, a local man of higher social standing begins to desire the supernatural maiden, and devises ways to have her for himself by setting impossible tasks for the husband. Scholars locate similar stories in Central and East Asia.

text:
# The Wife from the Dragon Palace

**The Wife from the Dragon Palace** is a Japanese folktale collected by scholar Yanagita Kunio. A man of low social standing marries a maiden who is the daughter of a marine deity. After they return to land, a local man of higher social standing begins to desire the supernatural maiden, and devises ways to have her for himself by setting impossible tasks for the husband.

Scholars locate similar stories in Central and East Asia.

## Summary

Yanagita collected a variant from Kikaijima, Kagoshima. In this version, a woman lives with her only surviving son. He earns his living by gathering and selling flowers. One day, when he has not earned much, he throws a bunch of them into the sea as an offering to the Dragon God. A tortoise appears to him and leads him to the Dragon God's underwater palace. The tortoise also advises that, if the Dragon God offers him a gift, the boy should ask for his daughter. The boy spends three days in the underwater palace and returns to land with the Dragon King's daughter as his wife. When he goes back home, he learns that three years have passed and that his mother has passed away. Fortunately for him, his wife takes out a Life Whip and uses it on her mother-in-law to revive her. She also uses a magic mallet to create a larger house for them.

Some time later, a local feudal lord finds out about the flower-seller's beautiful wife and decides to have her for himself. First, he demands the flower-seller bring him 100 *koku* of rice. The boy returns home and tells his wife about the task. The Dragon God's daughter goes to the seashore and summons hundreds of horses that come out of the sea with the rice. Next, the feudal lord demands 1000 fathoms of rope to be delivered to him. Once again, the Dragon God's daughter produces the requested item after going to the sea shore. Thirdly, he announces he will visit the flower-seller's house with 699 men and demands his guests be fed and given 77 jars of foaming wine. The flower-seller's wife prepares the large banquet with trays of food and wine. Finally, the lord asks the girl to give them some rowdy entertainment. The Dragon God's daughter opens up a box; hundreds of men come out and perform a song and dance for the guests. The lord then asks for some quiet entertainment, and she opens another box: hundreds of men leap out of it with swords and kill the lord and his guests.

## Analysis

### Tale type

The tale is classified in the international Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index as type ATU 465, "The Man persecuted because of his beautiful wife": a man of poor social standing marries or is given a beautiful wife of supernatural origin; some time later, an emperor, lord or nobleman of superior rank lusts after the wife of supernatural origin and sends the mortal husband on impossible quests.

Japanese folklorist Seki Keigo indexed in his own system of Japanese folktales a tale type he termed *The Wife from the Ryūgū (Dragon Palace)*. In this type, a poor flower-dealer gives an offering to the king of the Ryugu (Dragon Palace). A messenger from the underwater palace comes and takes the flower-dealer to the king's presence. The king is pleased by the man's offering, gives him a gift and allows him to marry his daughter. Back on land, a local feudal lord imposes difficult tasks on the man, otherwise he must forfeit his wife, the underwater king's daughter.

## Variants

According to Sinologist Boris L. Riftin, the tale is very popular among East Asian and Central Asian peoples: a human rescues a son or daughter of the king of dragons or snakes, visits the underwater realm and is rewarded with a box with the dragon king's daughter inside, whom he marries.

### Literary predecessors

The oldest attestation of the tale type is found in ancient East Asian literature of the 7th century, namely Chinese and Japanese. Seki Keigo pinned down its appearance in some literary collections of his country, such as in *Nihongi*, the *Ryoi-ki* and the *Sangoku Denki*.

### Japan

Yanagita located variants from across Japan in the following regions: Iwate; Niigata; Gifu, Yoshiki-gun; Shimane, Ochi-gun; Nagasaki, Kagoshima, Kikaijima; and in Koshikijima. Keigo located variants from Ehime, Hiroshima, Iwate, Kagoshima, Kochi, Nagasaki, Niigata, and Shimane. In addition, Riftin argued that tales about a hero gaining an object from a marine deity only appear in coastal Southwestern Japan and near Korea, which would indicate that the story migrated from the continent.

### East Asia

#### China

Chinese folklorist and scholar Ting Nai-tung established a second typological classification of Chinese folktales (the first was by Wolfram Eberhard in the 1930s). In his new system, he noted that Chinese variants of type 465, "The Man Persecuted Because of his Beautiful Wife", may be preceded with another tale type he dubbed 555\*, "The Grateful Dragon Prince (Princess)". In the latter type, the hero rescues an animal (fish, turtle, serpent) or gives offering to a water deity. The animal reveals he is a Dragon Prince and takes the hero to his father's underwater court. Down there, the hero is given a box with a bird inside (a pheasant, a hen) and takes it with him back to land. The animal leaves the box and becomes a woman; the man sees her and she tells him she is a daughter of the Dragon King (a Dragon Princess). They marry and the tale segues into type 465. Sinologist Boris Riftin stated that variants appear "mainly" in Eastern China, namely, in Shandong, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Sichuan and Hebei.

Lowell Edmunds, in his book *Stealing Helen*, provided a Chinese variant titled *Long nüe* ("Dragon Girl"): an elder brother tries to get rid of his younger brother by locking him in a trunk and casting him downstream. The youth begins to play on his bamboo flute, which draws the attention of the aquatic Dragon King. The deity sends two dispatches to get the human to his underwater palace, where he spends some time. Before he departs, the dispatches advise the human to ask for the Dragon King's pup as reward, since the little animal is the daughter of a goddess. The youth takes the pup with him to the human world and it becomes a beautiful maiden and they marry. Some time into their marriage, a servant of the emperor sights the maiden and reports back to the emperor. The emperor first tasks the humble flute player with providing an army in three days time. His supernatural wife helps him and creates the army for the emperor. The emperor then sends guards to take the maiden by force, but the humble man tricks the emperor and gains her back.

In a Chinese tale titled *Two Magic Gourds*, a 18-year-old youth named Wang Xiang lives a poor life with his mother in the mountains, and earns his living selling firewood. One day, he stops to rest by a tree and finds two fine-looking gourds. He cuts off the vines and brings the gourds home with him. Later, a fortune teller comes to his house and explains the gourds are magical: one can dry up the sea and the other can break down mountains. The fortune teller offers to buy them, but the youth denies her. Some time later, the gourds ripen, and Wang Xiang tosses one of them in the sea: the sea recedes some li. Suddenly, a "swarthy-looking" yaksha appears out of the sea and asks Wang Xiang to accompany him to the underwater palace of Dragon King for a talk. Wang Xiang doubts his intentions, but the yaksha assures that, if he complies, he can ask for a bamboo cylinder that grants an endless supply of rice, and for the little puppy that sleeps by the Dragon King's throne. Wang Xiang goes to the Dragon King's palace, and is asked to take the gourd back. In return, the Dragon King allows the youth to ask for anything: he asks for the bamboo cylinder and the little puppy (which is the Dragon King's daughter). The marine monarch agrees to part with the puppy and the bamboo cylinder, and Wang Xiang takes the gourd with him back to the surface. When he steps on land, the sea is restored to normal, and the puppy becomes a beautiful maiden who introduces herself as the Dragon King's daughter and says she wants to be his wife. Despite some doubts about his financial standing, the maiden wishes to be with him, and he need not worry. That same night, while her husband and her mother-in-law are asleep, the maiden summons sea creatures (fishes, turtles, shrimps and crabs) to help her build a larger house for them. Later, a local county magistrate sights Wang Xiang's wife and desires her for himself. He goes to Wang Xiang and demands he surrenders his wife to him. Wang Xiang refuses, so the magistrate orders him to perform impossible feats: first, to plant a willow tree upside down; next, to push down a mountain. On the second task, he uses his second gourd and crumbles the mountain on the magistrate and his cohorts, and lives in peace with his wife.

In a tale from the Hui people, recorded in 1978 in Ningxia with the title *Mansuer*, a poor shepherd named Mansuer herds sheep for local landlord Dulaxi, and is given leftovers to eat. One day, he sees a black snake biting a white one, whips the black one away and heals the white reptile. Later, he has a dream where an *ahong* with a white beard tells him to accompany the man in white on a white horse, not the man on the black. Just as the dream predicted, a man in white appears to Mansuer and asks he youth to accompany him. The man in white creates a sheep corral to hold the sheep in, and takes Mansuer to his father's court: the Dragon King's underwater palace. Mansuer is greeted by the Dragon King with a feast, and tells the youth to ask for anything as payment for saving his daughter. Mansuer, as he was previously instructed by the man in white (who is actually a girl), requests a single flower. The Dragon King agrees to part with the flower, and says his goodbyes to the human. Back on land, Mansuer goes home to place the flower in a crack in the wall, and goes to tend the sheep. After he returns home, he notices that his straw bed is now covered with a mattress and sheets of red satin. He then looks at the flower, who turns into a girl before his eyes. The girl declares herself to be Mansuer's wife, and they live together. The next day, Dulaxi's son Hasai goes to Mansuer's cottage and sees the shepherd's beautiful wife. He reports back to his father, and both conspire to kill Mansuer and take the girl as a wife for Hasai. The following days, Dulaxi imposes impossible tasks on Mansuer: first, he has to gather enough firewood, as large as a hill; then, he must fetch the chopping block, located in the wolves' den; thirdly, to dig out a fire pit large as the sea, place a pan on it and boil water with three pieces of wood; lastly, for Mansuer to go down in the boiling water. With his wife's advice, he fulfills the first two tasks, and, once again advised by her, goes to the sea and asks his father-in-law, the Dragon King, for an iron scoop to dig out the fire pit. As for the last task, the Dragon King's daughter gives her husband some bracelets he puts on and survives the boiling water, rising out of the water with some lumps of gold. Driven by greed, Dulaxi and his son Hasai try to replicate Mansuer's act, and boil to death.

#### Mongolia

According to Boris L. Riftin, variants of the tale type are attested in the Oirat and Mongolian versions of the compilation *The Bewitched Corpse*.

German linguist Bernhard Jülg translated a Mongolian tale from the *Siddi Kur* ("The Bewitched Corpse") wherein an Indian king's animal tamer releases a dancing golden frog back to the water and later rescues a white serpent from the clutches of an eagle. The golden frog and the white serpent each tell the tamer they are the children of the Lord of Dragons that guards the shells with white pearls. The tamer is taken to their father's underwater palace as a thank you and spends some time there. After a while, the tamer wants to return to land, and as a parting gift the Dragon Lord gives the man a red-furred she-dog as companion and a magical jewel. Back on land, the tamer discovers the red-furred she-dog becomes a beautiful woman and burns the canine skin. They marry. One day, the Dragon Lord's daughter, now human, is kidnapped by a lustful human king who intends to marry her. However, she secretly summons her human husband to concoct a plan to be enacted the following year, during the month of Pausha: the husband disguises himself with a crude and grotesque design and takes part in the celebrations. British author Rachel Harriette Busk translated the tale as different chapters of her book *Sagas from the Far East*: in the first, titled *The White Serpent-King*, the gold frog states the she is the daughter of the Serpent King (who still lives in an underwater palace); in the second, titled *What became of the Red-coloured Dog*, the tamer burns the red dog's skin to keep the woman in human form.

Russian ethnographer Grigory Potanin collected an Ordos Mongolian tale from a teller in Uxin. In this tale, titled "Шацгай ханъ (царь-сорока)" ("Magpie Tsar"), a boy leaves home to learn a trade, and he goes back after he learns to play the khur (a musical instrument). His father is disappointed and banishes him from home. The boy wanders off to the edge of a lake and plays the khur until he dozes off. When he wakes up, a man appears to him and invites him to play at the wedding of Chagan Losun Khan's daughter, at the bottom of the lake. The boy accompanies the man to the underwater world and plays at the wedding for seven days. The man advises him to ask as payment for the yellow dog and a door latch. The boy gets the dog and the latch and goes back to the human world. He finds a seemingly empty large yurt and lives with the yellow dog as his companion. When he sleeps, the yellow dog takes off the dogskin, becomes a human maiden and prepares the food. The khur player awakes, sees the dogskin and burns it. The maiden admonishes that he was too hasty. Men from Shatsgai khan's retinue come to the boy's yurt and cook some meat in their bonfire, but let it be overcooked when they see the khur player's wife. Sensing their fear, the wife cooks for them new pieces of meat that they bring to Shatsgai khan. The khan is delighted at the tasty meat and notices it is not the one they brought from the hunt. The servants tell the khan about the beautiful maiden in the yurt. The khan goes to meet the maiden and her husband and proposes a game: both the khan and the boy shall hide, and one shall find the other; whoever wins gets the throne. The khur player wins by hiding with his wife's help and finding the khan. Still not wanting to admit defeat, the khan sets a new test: let their horses run wild; whichever returns first shall be declared the victor. The khur player is advised by his wife to go to the edge of the lake and ask his father-in-law for an eight-legged horse and a four-legged lion. Then, the khan orders the khur player to boil water in a tokum. The boy also traverses a lake twice, but the khan fails.

#### Buryat people

In a tale from the Buryat people collected in Russian with the title "Сирота и желтая собака" (Buryat: Унышен хубун, transliteration: Unyshen hubun; English: "The Orphan and the Yellow Dog"), an orphan boy lives with his stepmother and graze a red ox. One day, he takes the red ox to graze by the "yellow sea" and finds some people fishing a golden dace (the daughter of Lusun Khan). He trades his red ox for the fish, but regrets his decision soon after. However, the dace appears to him and tells the boy that, if his stepmother scolds him, he should come back to that same shore and walk until he finds a large silver palace with a white-bearded man inside, and ask for his yellow-furred dog, and keep insisting on the request even after the man sends him away. The dace's words prove to be true, and the boy goes to the silver palace and requests the man's yellow dog, despite the man's objections. The man concedes and gives the man a paper and his dog, and warns him not to open up the paper roll until a certain place. The orphan boy walks a bit and unrolls the paper: the dog becomes a woman, and a house and a cattle appear nearby. The orphan and the woman live together as man and wife. One day, the son of the local Hartagai Khan is hunting nearby, and sees the woman inside the house, falling in love with her, then returns to his father's court to tell he wants the poor orphan's wife. Hartagai Khan's son then plans to get rid of the orphan by playing a game of hide and seek with him, then, after losing it, asking him to find answers about the age of the bear and the mother of the sun. After he talks to the mother of the sun, he is given a red hen to bring back to Hartagai Khan. The bird begins to speak and the khan and his son die.

#### Tibet

In a Tibetan tale translated into Russian with the title "Девушка-дракон" ("The Dragon Girl"), a father dies and his three sons, named First Brother, Second Brother and Third Brother divide their inheritance: a golden box, a silver box and a wooden box. Third Brother takes the wooden box and goes to live a humble life. One day, he rescues a little snake from an eagle and places the animal under his hat. He then walks a bit more and hears two yaks talking about their son. Third Brother goes on a bit more and finds two other yaks commenting about their grandchild. The youth shows them the little snake, who they recognize as their grandchild. The yaks invite the human to their underwater palace. The next day, Third Brother goes to the lake and is taken to the underwater palace. He spends some time there, and meets the grandmother (one of the yaks), who advises him to asks three gifts from the Dragon King: a bull's tail, a woolen carpet and the Dragon King's little spotted dog. Third Brother follows the instructions and rejects the extravagant gifts of jewels and weapons. He takes the three objects with him to his humble house and sleeps. The next day, the woolen carpet changes his house and the bull's tail generates herds of sheep and cows for him. As for the dog, it does a somersault and becomes a human maiden. Third Brother spies on her becoming human and burns the dog skin. The maiden tells him she is the youngest daughter of the Dragon King and that she has come to live with him, and that the dog skin was for her protection. Resigned to her fate, the Dragon King's daughter and Third Brother live as husband and wife. However, a local king learns of the humble man and his beautiful wife and decides to have her for himself, so he devises three difficult tasks for Third Brother; if he fails, he shall forfeit his possessions and wife to him. The Dragon King's daughter helps her human husband. In an abridged form of the tale, translated into Russian by Tibetologist Yuri Parfionovich with the title "Бедняк и дочь дракона" ("The Poor Man and the Dragon's Daughter"), the poor man rescues the snake and returns the animal to two knights, one on a white horse, and another on a black horse - both emissaries of the marine Dragon King. In the English language translation, titled *The Poor Man and the Serpent's Daughter*, the supernatural wife is described as the daughter of the Serpent King (who is still identified as a marine deity).

In a Tibetan tale published by A. L. Shelton with the title *The Story of the Violinist*, a father sends his three sons into the world to learn a trade and return home. The oldest becomes a writer, the second one a carpenter and the youngest a violinist. The father expels his youngest son from home, and he travels to another kingdom near a black sea. One day, the violinist sees a black snake and a white snake fighting, and he saves the white snake. Some time later, a white-haired woman appears to thank the youth for saving the son of the king of the lower regions, the white snake, and invites him to go with her to his palace. She also explains that his daughter is very beautiful, but hides her face underneath a chicken skin. The fiddler is taken by the woman to the king's palace and asks for the hen as his reward. The daughter of the king of the lower regions agrees to go with the human, and takes with her a golden pick, a golden chain, and a brass blessing cup. They return to land and live as husband and wife, and become very rich. The local monarch, a wicked man, is invited by the fiddler to his house for a banquet, and he notices the fiddler's wife. He takes her with him and orders the fiddler to level a mountain, to turn a small pond into a forested lake, and to show him hell. The fiddler accomplishes the outlandish tasks with his wife's help and items she brought with herself to the surface.

Russian ethnographer Grigory Potanin collected a "Tangut" (19th century designation for Tibetan people) tale he titled "Дочь Водянаго Царя" ("Daughter of the Water King"): a youth hits a whirlwind that burrows underground and goes to tell the king. The king sends some men with the youth and they rescue a princess from underground, but the king's men abandon the youth in the hole. He finds a dragon in hole that asks the human to stay with it until it regains its health. Fully recovered, the dragon takes the youth to the court of the Water King, since the dragon is his daughter, and advises him to ask for a piece of wood and a black donkey. The Water King welcomes the human youth and asks him to choose his reward for protecting his daughter. The youth chooses the piece of the wood and the donkey, then returns home. He plants the wood outside his house and goes to sleep. A woman comes out of the wood, cleans the place and prepares the food, then goes back to the wood. The youth learns of this and burns the wood to strand the woman in the mortal realm, and marries her. Some time later, he decides to invite the human king to his house, despite his wife's warnings. The human king visits the youth and becomes enamoured with the youth's wife. The human king then plans to get rid of the youth and take his wife for himself, by ordering some tasks: to build a bridge between the royal palace and the youth's house; then, to plant trees along it, and to roll out a carpet between both houses. Seeing that the youth accomplished all tasks - with his wife's magical help -, the king decides to make a deadlier contest between him and the youth: to see whose dog is stronger, then who is capable of digging out a mountain, and finally, whose army is stronger.

In a Tibetan tale translated as *The Castle in the Lake*, rumors and stories surround a certain lake in the mountains, where people swear they can see a castle reflected in its waters: "Castle Lake". One day, poor shepherd Rinchen takes his yaks to graze near the lake, and goes to rest a bit. Reflecting on his life and the demands of his cruel mother, he sheds tears, then finishes his meal. Suddenly, a tall man wearing a west black chuba appears to him and inquires the boy about his sadness, then bids the boy come to him to his master, the king of the castle in the lake, for he might help him with his problems. Rinchen accompanies the tall man into the underwater castle and meets the king. After the tall man explains the situation, the king gives Rinchen a dog, which is to be given food before the boy eats anything. Rinchen returns home with the dog and follows the king's orders: whenever he wakes up, this barley chest and butter chest are filled, there is money and clothes appear in the chest, to his surprise. One day, his mother wants to take the yaks to pasture, while his son is away at home: Rinchen hides himself and sees the little dog walk to the hearth, shake itself off and become a beautiful human maiden, the dogskin at her feet. While she proceeds to fill the chests in the house with barley and butter, the boy rushes to fetch the dogskin and burn it to keep the maiden human forever, but, since she is beautiful, he fears the chief's son may take her away from him, so he dirties her face with soot. In time, Rinchen grows even richer, and, growing bold, decides to clean off the soot from his wife's face. When he goes with her to the town to show his wife, the chief's son sees her and becomes enamoured, so he orders some guards to seize her and bring her to him. Rinchen loses his wife and goes to cry at the shore of the lake. The same tall man appears again, hears his story and takes him again to the underwater castle. The king gives him a box this time, with instructions: the boy is to climb a mountain, call the chief's son for a battle and open the box: an army will spring forth at his disposal to fight against the chief's son's soldiers. It happens thus: Rinchen manages to recover his wife and becomes the ruler in the chief's son's place.

### Central Asia

Folklorist Erika Taube stated that the tale type was very popular in Central Asia. In these variants, the hero saves the child of a supernatural entity (e.g., the king of snakes, the king of the underworld, the king of Heaven, Khurbust Khan), and in gratitude their father gives the hero a box or an animal as companion. Either the box contains the supernatural wife, or the animal becomes the supernatural wife. Either way, marital life is not an idyllic one, for they have to fend off the advances of a human lord, who wishes to have the supernatural woman to himself.

#### Tuvan people

In a Tuvan tale titled "Оскюс-оол и Золотая царевна" ("Oskyus-ool and the Golden Princess"), a youth named Oskyus-ool lives with his dying father and a little goat herd. His father asks the youth to bury him under a white stone near the Arzayty Mountains, and for him to move near the Golden Lake. The youth fulfills his father's last wish and travels to the Golden Lake. On the road there, he meets a white-bearded rider on a white horse, who mocks him, and a black-bearded rider on a black horse, who gives him directions. He reaches the shores of the Chinge-Kara-Kham river, where people are gathering for a suitor challenge: the local Bai Khan will marry his daughter, the princess, to anyone who can bring her water from a place behind Kara-Dag Mountains. Oskyus-ool decides to take part in the contest, but quits and makes his way to the Golden Lake. After he settles there, one day he sees two fisherman with a goldfish, and trades his father's satchel for the little fish, which he places in a small pond he digs out. Every day, he finds near the goldfish plenty of fishes for him, until the fish vanishes some time later. Suddenly, a man on a red horse appears out of the lake and bids him come with him to the bottom of the lake, to visit his master, Dalai Khan. On the way there, the man explains his master, the ruler of the lake, wants to thank the human youth for saving his daughter when she played near the surface, but advises the boy to choose as his reward only a small red dog that lies near the feet of Dalai Khan. After they reach Dalai Khan's large white yurt, the youth does as instructed and is given the red dog. Back to the surface, however, he begins to question his decision, until the dog brings him a hare from the woods. He lives with the dog as his pet, until one morning the animal is nowhere to be seen, save for a large yurt in the distance. He enters the yurt and finds a beautiful maiden with black braids inside, a dog skin near her feet. She explains she is Dalai Khan's daughter and welcomes him. As she is distracted, Oskyus-ool burns the dog skin, but the maiden admonishes him against having done so. They settle into a routine, until one day Karaty Khan, on a hunt, sends some servant to get provisions in the Golden Princess's yurt, and are agape at her beauty. They later report their findings to Karaty Khan, who wishes to have her for himself. The next day, he visits her yurt, and decides Oskyus-ool and him should trade houses. For three days, while the khan is at the Golden Princess's yurt, she avoids his advances by cursing him to occupy himself with a task: first, outside the yurt; on the second, near the door; on the third, near the hearth. Humiliated, Karaty Khan decides to wage war on the youth. The Golden Princess then advises the youth to go to the shore of the Golden Lake and ask for her father's help. He goes there and a servant appears with an iron box. Oskyus-ool takes the box and opens it, releasing his own army to defeat the khan's.

### Kalmyk people

A very similar story is attested in the Kalmyk Folktale Corpus, as summarized by philologist researcher Irina S. Nadbitova, who classified it as type 449, "Царевна-собака" ("The Dog-Princess"). In this narrative, the humble hero saves the son of the Dragon King, who grants him a little she-dog; the man returns to land and the she-dog becomes a lovely maiden who marries him, but the khan lusts after her.

### Southern Asia

#### Bhutan

Author Kunzang Choden published a Bhutanese tale titled *The Shepherd*: a poor shepherd grazes his sheep near a lake. He then sees a white rat and a black rat fighting, the black rat clearly superior. The shepherd intervenes and protects the white rat. Some time later, two women come out of the lake and introduce themselves as emissaries of the subterranean king; the white rat was his son. As thanks, the subterranean king invites the man to his court. The shepherd goes to the underground world and is advised to choose as a reward a simple looking dog. The subterranean king is reluctant at first to part with the dog, but concedes and lets the shepherd have it. The youth goes home with the dog. Back home to the "middle world", the shepherd keeps the dog at home and grazes the sheep. He goes back home and the place is clean and the meal prepared. The shepherd discovers the dog takes off its skin and becomes a human maiden. While she is away at the lake making an oblation to her father, Tsuena Rinchen, the king of the subterranean world, the shepherd burns the dogskin. He marries the now human daughter of the subterranean king. Some time later, a king from the human world sees the shepherd's wife and becomes enamoured of her, and decides to send the youth on impossible demands: to raze a whole forest in a mountain, to create a wheat field and then harvest the grain. With his wife's family's help, the shepherd prevails: his family-in-law gift him a box filled with swords to raze the forest; one with hoes to plant the grains; and lastly one with birds to harvest them. Finally, enraged at the poor shepherd's success, the human king decides to attack him with his personal army, and the shepherd's parents-in-law give him a fourth box which with he summons his own army to defeat the king's.

#### Lapcha people

In a tale collected from a Lapcha informant named Yanku-sarang Mangal, in Kasseon (Sikhim), with the title *A Fairy Disguised as a Puppy*, a poor orphan boy lives alone and catches fishes to feed himself. One day, he finds a large fish that he intends to use as his food source, but the fish pleads for its life and suggests it can take the boy to its mother and father down the river. The boy agrees and is taken to a royal couple that live in the river, who thank the boy for sparing their child and wish to reward him with something. The boy sees a small puppy near the throne and asks for the animal as his reward, then returns home. One day, he notices that, after he returns home, his food is cooked for him, and decides to investigate: the little puppy takes off its skin to become a beautiful maiden with the colour of golden in her upper body and silver in her lower body. The orphan boy takes the skin to burn it, to the maiden's sadness, and they live together in his cottage. Later, a local king finds the poor boy's beautiful wife and desires to have her for himself, so he sets trials against him: first, the boy must win a cock-fight contest, then a bull-fight contest, and lastly with armies. The poor boy is advised by his supernatural wife to ask for her parents' help by going to the river: he asks for a medium-sized cock to battle the king's bird, then a bull, and finally for a medium-sized box that produces its own army. With his parents-in-law's gifts, he beats the king and is crowned king in his place.

In another tale from the Lepcha people, collected by Danish ethnologist Halfdan Siiger from an informant named Tsering with the title *The Story of an Orphan Boy*, an orphan boy lives alone and goes to hunt in the forest. One day, he sees an eagle poised to attack an eight-year-old boy who is the son of *lu pŭ nŭ*, an underground god. The orphan boy shoots at the eagle and rescues the other boy, who, in gratitude, asks him to accompany him to his underground realm to meet his father. The underground god welcomes the human boy and lets him stay for seven days. During this time, the human orphan boy falls in love with *lu pŭ nŭ'*s daughter, who, to be with him, advises him to ask her father only for the coat of a dog if the deity offers material wealth to him. When the orphan boy decides to return home, he does as instructed and gets the dog-coat, then returns to earth. The story then explains that when the orphan boy returned to the surface world, wild and domestic animals came with him to populate the Earth. Back to the boy, he goes back home with the coat and leaves it at home, unaware that the underground deity's daughter is inside it. The boy goes to hunt in the morning and, when he returns home, everything is prepared for him, so he decides to investigate and finds the girl coming out of the dog coat. He burns the dog coat, takes the girl as his wife, and becomes very rich, richer that the local king of the place where the sun sets, the *tsŭk kyār pŭ nŭ*. Some time later, the king sends some emissaries to check on the orphan boy's wealth and learns of the boy's dealing with the underground god and his daughter. Since the king had a wife with a large boil on her neck, he decides to force the boy on contests so he can seize the daughter of *lu pŭ nŭ* as his wife: first, they will have a cockfighting contest; next, a goat-fighting contest; and thirdly a bull-fighting one. The daughter of *lu pŭ nŭ* advises her husband to go back to the place where they returned from the underground and asks her father for help: he sends first a cockerel, then a kid, and another bull to fight - and beat - the king's animals. Finally, exhausted of the defeats, the king sets a final trial for the orphan boy: his subjects against the orphan's. The orphan is gifted a box from his father-in-law, which he initially opens and released one of two thunderbolts, and uses the box to fight against the king's army by releasing the second thunderbolt and killing them.

### Chuang people

In a tale from the Chuang people titled *The Third Son and the Magistrate*, three sons, after their father dies, each learn a trade: the elder becomes an idler and starves to death; the middle brother plants vegetables and becomes a gardener; the youngest sees some fishermen in the river and decides to become one. One day, he catches a carp alongside other fishes, and takes care of it. A man appears some time later, reveals the carp was him, a son of the Dragon King, and takes the fisherman to his father's underwater court. The human gains a white chicken, which is the disguise of a daughter of the Dragon King. The Dragon King's daughter reveals herself and marries the human. A local magistrate sees the human form of the Dragon King's daughter - now on land with her husband - and wishes to possess her, so he sets impossible tasks for the humble fisherman: first, to catch 120 red carps of same size and weight; next, for the fisherman's wife to weave a bolt of blue cloth as long as the road; thirdly, to produce a flock of red sheep; lastly, to bring 120 monsters to the magistrate. The man accomplishes every task with the help of his wife and her underwater family.

### Shor people

In a tale from the Shor people, titled "ЧАГЫС - ОДИНОКИЙ ПАРЕНЬ" ("Chagys, the Lonely Fellow"), a poor man trades his sheep for a pike caught by fishermen and releases the fish back to the sea. Some time later, an emissary of the хозяин (master) of the waters demands his presence in the underwater court. Down there, the man learns the pike is the son of the master of the water and asks as reward a little red-furred dog. Chagys returns to land with the little dog. For two days, he sleeps and wakes up to see that his house is clean and the food prepared. On the third day, he discovers a copper-haired girl in his house (the human form of the little dog). He touches her and she is taken aback, saying that the son of the master of the water will come for them. The creature comes, as predicted, and offers to play a game of hide and seek with Chagys - whoever wins, gets the copper-haired girl (tale type ATU 329, "Hiding from the Devil (Princess)"). The son of the master of the water hides first: first, as a ram with twisted horns; then, as a bull, and later as a crested bird. With the girl's help, Chagys locates him every time. When it is his turn, the girl turns Chagys first into a comb, then as a thimble, and finally into a needle. The son of the master of the water cannot find him, and Chagys wins. As a last resort, the master of the water orders Chagys to search for a golden table in "such and such a place". The copper-haired girl gives the man some provisions for the road and advises him to cast a ball of yarn and follow it wherever it stops. Chagys follows the ball of yarn and reaches the houses of the girl's three sisters, each older than the last. He learns from the eldest sister where to get the golden table. Chagys rides a six-legged horse to a mountain top, steals the table from a shaman and rides back to the eldest sister. On the journey back, he declares he wants some food and dishes appear on the table. Chagys proclaims he wishes to eat with a companion and the invisible spirit of the golden table eats with him. The man returns home with the table and the son of the master of the water concedes defeat.


title: USAction

abstract: USAction was a 501(c)(4) federation of progressive community organizing groups. It was founded in 1999 by Heather Booth. Its 501(c)(3) counterpart was the USAction Education Fund. In September 2007, TrueMajority and its related organization TrueMajorityACTION merged with USAction. In 2016, USAction merged into People's Action.

text:
# USAction

**USAction** was a 501(c)(4) federation of progressive community organizing groups. It was founded in 1999 by Heather Booth. Its 501(c)(3) counterpart was the **USAction Education Fund**.

In September 2007, TrueMajority and its related organization TrueMajorityACTION merged with USAction. In 2016, USAction merged into People's Action.

## Activities

In 2008, USAction joined Health Care for America Now, a coalition of labor unions and liberal advocacy groups pushing for affordable health care and stricter regulation of the health insurance industry. USAction committed at least $500,000 to the group's efforts.

In 2009, USAction launched a campaign to "Dog the Blue Dogs." The Blue Dog Coalition is a caucus of United States Congressional Representatives from the Democratic Party who identify themselves as moderates and conservatives.

In 2012, USAction was part of a coalition of liberal advocacy groups that announced that companies making direct corporate contributions to influence elections would face consumer boycotts, campaigns to divest pension fund money, stockholder lawsuits, actions at stockholder meetings and widespread social media exposure.

## InfoBox

| USAction | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Founder | Heather Booth |
| Founded | 1999 (1999) |
| Dissolved | 2016 (2016) |
| Merged into | People's Action |
| Ideology | Progressivism |
| Political position | Center-left |
| Website | |
| www.usaction.org | |
|  | |


title: USAgain

abstract: USAgain is a for-profit textile recycling company operating in the United States. USAgain operates green and white collection bins in partnership with businesses, schools, and places of local government. The company was founded in Seattle in 1999 and has since expanded to over 10,000 collection sites in 15 states. USAgain is now headquartered in West Chicago, IL. In 2015, USAgain collected 50 million pounds of textiles for reuse and recycling. Clothing collected by USAgain is sent to graders and wholesalers, which then determine whether the clothing will be resold as secondhand clothing or recycled into new products Like many other textile recycling organizations In addition to collecting clothing via bins, USAgain has a partnership to collect shoes at 2013 Warrior Dash races in the contiguous U.S. USAgain has also hosted events to support schools, notably the Prom Goes Green dress giveaway event for high school students in Chicago. The company has also supported schools through its Greenraiser program.

text:
# USAgain

**USAgain** is a for-profit textile recycling company operating in the United States. USAgain operates green and white collection bins in partnership with businesses, schools, and places of local government (bins are placed at these locations). The company was founded in Seattle in 1999 and has since expanded to over 10,000 collection sites in 15 states. USAgain is now headquartered in West Chicago, IL.

In 2015, USAgain collected 50 million pounds of textiles for reuse and recycling. Clothing collected by USAgain is sent to graders and wholesalers, which then determine whether the clothing will be resold as secondhand clothing or recycled into new products Like many other textile recycling organizations In addition to collecting clothing via bins, USAgain has a partnership to collect shoes at 2013 Warrior Dash races in the contiguous U.S. USAgain has also hosted events to support schools, notably the Prom Goes Green dress giveaway event for high school students in Chicago. The company has also supported schools through its Greenraiser program.

## Offices

USAgain operates 10 division offices:


title: USAbilAraby

abstract: USAbilAraby is the name used by the US Department of State's Arabic Media Hub for its Twitter account and YouTube channel. The name, "USAbilAraby," means "USA in Arabic." As this suggests, the Twitter account tweets messages from the US government, primarily in Arabic and typed in Arabic script. Similarly, the YouTube channel broadcasts official messages in Arabic. USAbilAraby's first tweet appeared on February 9, 2011; its first video was posted on May 4, 2011.

text:
# USAbilAraby

**USAbilAraby** is the name used by the US Department of State's Arabic Media Hub for its Twitter account and YouTube channel. The name, "USAbilAraby," means "USA in Arabic." As this suggests, the Twitter account tweets messages from the US government, primarily in Arabic and typed in Arabic script. Similarly, the YouTube channel broadcasts official messages in Arabic. USAbilAraby's first tweet appeared on February 9, 2011; its first video was posted on May 4, 2011.

## History

The USAbilAraby Twitter account began tweeting on February 9, 2011. Its first tweet read:

#Egypt #Jan25 تعترف وزارة الخارجية الأمريكية بالدور التاريخي الذي يلعبه الإعلام الإجتماعي في العالم العربي ونرغب أن نكون جزءاً من محادثاتكم

In English: "The US State Department recognizes the historic role that social media is playing in the Arab world and we want to be part of your conversations #Jan25 #Egypt"

Within hours of that first tweet, the account had close to 300 followers; as of April 17, 2011, the account had 6,208 followers and was included on 194 lists. By 2022 this had grown to over 1.5 million followers.

The USAbilAraby YouTube channel began posting content on May 4, 2011. Its first video was titled "USG Official discusses death of former al Qa'ida leader Osama bin Laden (May 4, 2011)."

## Political Context

### Arab Spring

The USAbilAraby Twitter account began tweeting during Arab Spring. This was triggered in part by the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi on December 17 in Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia. When USAbilAraby began tweeting, the Tunisian Revolution had led to the ousting of then-president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. The hashtags "#Egypt" and "#Jan25" in USAbilAraby's first tweet are references to the 2011 Egyptian Revolution, which began on January 25, 2011 and was, at that time, underway. Major protests in Yemen and Algeria, were also currently occurring. Protests in Bahrain, Iraq, and Kuwait began soon afterward, on February 9. On the same day, the Syrian government lifted its four-year ban on YouTube and Facebook.

### Death of Osama bin Laden

The USAbilAraby YouTube channel posted its first content three days after Osama bin Laden was killed by US Navy SEALs in Abbottabad, Pakistan.

### US State Department

USAbilAraby can be considered part of US Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton's 21st Century Statecraft project. 21st century statecraft is defined as "complementing traditional foreign policy tools with newly innovated and adapted instruments of statecraft that fully leverage the networks, technologies, and demographics of our interconnected world." In the same vein, four days after USAbilAraby began tweeting, USAdarFarsi (meaning "USA in Persian") was launched.

The USAbilAraby Twitter profile describes the account as being connected to the US Department of State's Arabic Media Hub. However, the State Department's website doesn't specifically provide any information about such an organization by name. As a result, it is unclear what responsibilities it may have. Its set of responsibilities may, for example, resemble those of the US State Department's East Asia and Pacific Media Hub, the mission of which "is to help media organizations in the East Asia and Pacific region find U.S. Government officials to interview, on whatever topic or issue is of interest." The East Asia and Pacific Media Hub offers to arrange film, radio, and telephone interviews with US officials for the media, and currently has presences on both Twitter and Facebook and can be reached by email. The use of the word "hub" in "US Department of State Arabic Media Hub" suggests that the USAbilAraby Twitter account and YouTube channel may be joined by additional Arabic-language presences in social media in the future.

## Reactions

The launch of the USAbilAraby Twitter account received more attention in US media than in Arab media. However, an article on AlBaghdadiya.com attributes the appearance of the USAbilAraby Twitter account to the events in Tunisia and Egypt and the value of channels like Twitter and Facebook for publishing news quickly and widely within this context. Similarly, an article on Raya.fm locates USAbilAraby within a larger phenomenon of new Arabic-language offerings from Western news outlets and bloggers, inspired by these events.

## Language

It has been noted that USAbilAraby's tweets employ Modern Standard Arabic, a formal register commonly used in media and official discourse. This contrasts with other forms of Arabic used in social media contexts, particularly by non-institutional actors; these forms often employ dialect and may be typed in the Roman alphabet (see, for example, Arabizi).

1. USAbilAraby. "USA bilAraby (@USAbilAraby) op Twitter". Twitter.com. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
2. O'Keefe, Ed; Buck, James (2011-02-10). "State Department launches Arabic Twitter feed". *Washingtonpost.com*. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
3. "USAbilAraby". *socialblade.com*. Social Blade LLC. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
4. "USAbilAraby". YouTube. 2011-11-23. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
5. "Lebanon news - NOW Lebanon -Syria lifts ban off of Facebook and YouTube". NOW Lebanon. 2011-02-09. Archived from the original on 2012-03-27. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
6. "21st Century Statecraft". State.gov. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
7. Dugan, Lauren (2011-02-10). "US State Department Creates Arabic Twitter Account - AllTwitter". Mediabistro.com. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
8. Archived April 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
9. "الخارجية الامريكية تتواصل مع الشارع العربي عبر تويتر". Albaghdadiya.com. 2011-02-24. Archived from the original on 2014-04-06. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
10. "بعد ثورة 'الفيسبوك' ' تويتر' يتكلم عربي! | شبكة راية الإعلامية". Raya.fm. 2011-02-28. Retrieved 2012-05-17.


title: USAfrica Airways

abstract: USAfrica Airways was a United States–based airline that operated flights between Washington Dulles International Airport and Johannesburg starting in June, 1994. Its headquarters was in Reston, Virginia, and it had an office in Washington, DC. Flights refueled in the Cape Verde Islands. Later, once a week flights were added to Cape Town, which also refueled in the Cape Verde Islands. The airline was the first U.S. airline flying only international routes since the U.S. airline industry was deregulated in 1978. The airline operated flights from June 1994 to February 3, 1995.

text:
# USAfrica Airways

**USAfrica Airways** was a United States–based airline that operated flights between Washington Dulles International Airport (then called Dulles International Airport) and Johannesburg starting in June, 1994. Its headquarters was in Reston, Virginia, and it had an office in Washington, DC.

Flights refueled in the Cape Verde Islands. Later, once a week flights were added to Cape Town, which also refueled in the Cape Verde Islands.

The airline was the first U.S. airline flying only international routes since the U.S. airline industry was deregulated in 1978.

The airline operated flights from June 1994 to February 3, 1995.

## Fleet

It leased two McDonnell Douglas MD-11 aircraft from American Airlines, registered as N1757A and N1758B.

## InfoBox

USAfrica Airways
| IATA ICAO Call sign  E8 USF Africa Express | |
| --- | --- |
| Commenced operations | June 1994 |
| Ceased operations | February 3, 1995 |
| Fleet size | 2 |
| Destinations | South Africa |
| Headquarters | Reston, Virginia |
| Key people | Michael Meszaros - Exec VP Marketing (Founder)
Arthur Lewis - Chairman (Founder)
Greg Lewis - CEO
Edward Bolton - CEO
 |


title: USS Halloran

abstract: USS Halloran (DE-305) was a Evarts-class destroyer escort of the United States Navy.

text:
# USS Halloran

**USS *Halloran* (DE-305)** was a *Evarts*-class destroyer escort of the United States Navy.

## Namesake

William Ignatius Halloran was born on 23 July 1915 at Cleveland, Ohio. He enlisted in the United States Naval Reserve as an apprentice seaman on 14 August 1940. Commissioned Ensign on 12 June 1941, he was assigned to Naval Air Station, San Pedro, California, and later to the USS *Arizona*. He went missing during the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941.

## Construction and commissioning

*Halloran* was laid down by Mare Island Navy Yard, Vallejo, California, on 21 June 1943; launched on 14 January 1944; sponsored by Mrs. L. J. Halloran, mother; and commissioned on 27 May 1944.

## World War II Pacific Theater

After shakedown, *Halloran* departed California as a convoy escort on 31 July arriving Pearl Harbor on 9 August. Sailing for Eniwetok on 16 August, she arrived on 24 August and two days later she became part of the escort screen for fast oiler replenishment group steaming to the Western Pacific. Based at Manus, and later Ulithi, *Halloran* continued this duty until on 29 November, helping to bring vital fuel to fleet units off Palau, Yap, and Luzon. While moored at Ulithi on 20 November, she witnessed the torpedoing of oiler *Mississinewa* (AO-59) and in company with *Rail* (AM-26) searched the harbor fruitlessly for a suspected midget submarine.

### Screening tankers to Marshall Islands

From 5 to 7 December, *Halloran* screened two escort carriers transporting replacement aircraft to Manus, and on 14 December she sailed to escort tankers to Eniwetok. She departed on 19 December for Pearl Harbor, arriving Christmas Eve.

### Iwo Jima

*Halloran* was underway again on 22 January 1945, this time as a unit of the escort screen for the amphibious task force designated to capture Iwo Jima. After patrolling the area around the training site at Saipan, she served as a barrier patrol ship during the actual landings on 19 February. She continued this duty until 28 February when, she departed with a convoy. Steaming via Saipan and Tulagi, she reached Espiritu Santo on 15 March.

### Okinawa

The far-steaming destroyer escort's next assignment was with the Okinawa assault forces. Departing Espiritu Santo on 25 March, she arrived off Okinawa on 9 April and began vital anti-submarine barrier patrols.

#### Okinawa kamikaze strike

She repelled six attacking Japanese aircraft on 12 April, splashing one and damaging two others, and was narrowly missed by a torpedo on 20 April. After performing various other duties, including assistance to the stricken *Isherwood* (DD-520) and escort duty to Saipan and 'back, she resumed her barrier patrols on 30 May. A kamikaze aircraft attacked *Halloran* on 21 June, but her gunners shot it down in the nick of time a scant 75 yards from the ship. However, an exploding bomb killed three men and caused considerable damage to hull and superstructure.

### Philippines

After repairs at Kerama Retto, *Halloran* patrolled off Ie Shima from 5 to 13 July, then assumed tactical command of an escort screen for LST's en route to the Philippines. After arriving Leyte Gulf on 17 July, she patrolled at San Pedro Bay, Leyte, and Lopez Bay, Luzon, prior to departing the Philippines for the United States on 10 September.

## Stateside decommissioning

*Halloran* arrived San Diego, California, on 29 September and sailed three days later for Charleston, South Carolina, where she arrived on 11 October. She decommissioned at Charleston on 2 November 1945. Her name was struck from the Navy List on 28 November 1945, and she was sold on 7 March 1947.

## Awards

*Halloran* received three battle stars for World War II service.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Halloran* |
| Builder | Mare Island Navy Yard |
| Laid down | 21 June 1943 |
| Launched | 14 January 1944 |
| Commissioned | 27 May 1944 |
| Decommissioned | 2 November 1945 |
| Stricken | 28 November 1945 |
| Honors and<br>awards | 3 battle stars (World War II) |
| Fate | Sold for scrapping, 7 March 1947 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | *Evarts*-class destroyer escort |
| Displacement | 1,140 long tons (1,158 t) |
| Length | 289 ft 5 in (88.21 m) |
| Beam | 35 ft 1 in (10.69 m) |
| Draft | 8 ft 3 in (2.51 m) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph) |
| Complement | 156 |
| Armament |  |


title: Ubu Rock

abstract: Ubu Rock is an American musical by composer/lyricist Rusty Magee, with a book by Andrei Belgrader, and Shelley Berc, based on Alfred Jarry's controversial 1896 French play Ubu Roi. It had its premiere on June 2, 1995 at the American Repertory Theater in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It ran through July 16, 1995 and then again from March 13 to March 23, 1996.

text:
# Ubu Rock

***Ubu Rock*** is an American musical by composer/lyricist Rusty Magee, with a book by Andrei Belgrader, and Shelley Berc, based on Alfred Jarry's controversial 1896 French play *Ubu Roi*. It had its premiere on June 2, 1995 at the American Repertory Theater in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It ran through July 16, 1995 and then again from March 13 to March 23, 1996.

## Plot and production

At the urging of Ma Ubu, Pa Ubu seizes power by deposing the royal family of Poland. When the Polish population revolts against the Ubus' kakistocracy, Ma and Pa must flee to America.

In honor of *Ubu Roi*'s controversial first word ("merdre"), the show began with an uptempo vocal jazz song, sung by the chorus, with just one lyric: "Shit."

During a war scene, the show features a lengthy "Button Song", in which General Lasky, head of the Polish Infantry, insisted that his troops sing a military cadence involving an increasingly large number of buttons on his jacket. During the American Repertory Theater production run, audience members routinely threw programs, bottles of water, food, and other items at the actors during this scene (angering Lasky and leading him to restart at one button).

## Reception

*The Boston Globe* called the show "scatological, sexually puerile and deliberately offensive, even in the Beavis and Butt-Head age", but said it was "the most entertaining and provocative production of the American Repertory Theatre schedule." It similarly praised the 1996 return engagement as "a hands-down, hilarious sendup of contemporary mores and modern musicals."

*Artforum International* said: "More freewheeling romp than Artaudian bit of cruelty, this musical-theater piece, a burlesque of pop-culture quotations, self-reflexivity, and good old-fashioned scatology, blunts what was once cutting edge," while praising its sight gags as "supremely innovative".

## Musical numbers

## Roles

| Role | Premiere cast
June 2, 1995
 |
| --- | --- |
| Pa Ubu | Charles Levin |
| Ma Ubu | Francine Torres |
| Captain Trash/General Lasky | Thomas Derrah |
| King's Messenger/Ladislas/Dregadier McShovit | Kevin Waldron |
| King Wenceslas/Dregadier McGreedy | Will LeBow |
| Queen Rosamond | Adrianne Krstansky |
| Bouggerslas | Ajay Naidu |
| Ballseslas/Dregadier McBalls/Lord de Konigsburg/Stanislas Leczinski/Tsar | Scott Ripley |
| Florenslas | Kerri Aldrich |
| Ralpheslas/Trash's Messenger/Tax Collector | J.C. Murad |
| Maria Leczinski | Marni Ratner |
| Eva Leczinski | Monique Wegele |
| Tax Collector/Jan Sobieski | John-Andrew Morrison |

## Subsequent productions

Ubu Rock was performed in 2006 at John Jay College and, in 2008, as an "interactive theater" production by Empty Set Productions in San Francisco.


title: USNS Charles Drew

abstract: USNS Charles Drew (T-AKE-10) is a Lewis and Clark-class dry cargo ship of the United States Navy, named in honor of Dr. Charles R. Drew (1904–1950), who developed improved techniques for blood storage, and applied his expert knowledge in developing large-scale blood banks early in World War II, saving thousands of Allied lives. The contract to build Charles Drew was awarded to National Steel and Shipbuilding Company (NASSCO) of San Diego, California, on 31 January 2008. Her keel was laid down on 17 March 2009. Charles Drew was christened and launched on 27 February 2010, sponsored by Mrs. Bebe Drew Price, the eldest daughter of Dr. Drew. The principal address at the ceremony was given by Vice Admiral Regina Benjamin, the Surgeon General of the United States. Charles Drew was delivered to Military Sealift Command on 14 July 2010 and began conducting missions for MSC in spring 2011 and will operate in the Pacific. On 7 August 2022, the United States Navy sent its first ship, USNS Charles Drew, to Kattupalli Shipyard of Larsen & Toubro for an 11-day repair and allied services work. The repair work was completed on 17 August 2022. This was a result of the U.S.-India 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue in April 2022 where US was represented by Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin and U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken.

text:
# USNS Charles Drew

**USNS *Charles Drew* (T-AKE-10)** is a *Lewis and Clark*-class dry cargo ship of the United States Navy, named in honor of Dr. Charles R. Drew (1904–1950), who developed improved techniques for blood storage, and applied his expert knowledge in developing large-scale blood banks early in World War II, saving thousands of Allied lives.

The contract to build *Charles Drew* was awarded to National Steel and Shipbuilding Company (NASSCO) of San Diego, California, on 31 January 2008. Her keel was laid down on 17 March 2009. *Charles Drew* was christened and launched on 27 February 2010, sponsored by Mrs. Bebe Drew Price, the eldest daughter of Dr. Drew. The principal address at the ceremony was given by Vice Admiral Regina Benjamin, the Surgeon General of the United States.

*Charles Drew* was delivered to Military Sealift Command on 14 July 2010 and began conducting missions for MSC in spring 2011 and will operate in the Pacific.

On 7 August 2022, the United States Navy sent its first ship, USNS Charles Drew, to Kattupalli Shipyard of Larsen & Toubro for an 11-day repair and allied services work. The repair work was completed on 17 August 2022. This was a result of the U.S.-India 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue in April 2022 where US was represented by Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin and U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken.

## InfoBox

USNS *Charles Drew*
| USNS *Charles Drew* during 2010 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
|  | |
| Name | *Charles Drew* |
| Namesake | Dr. Charles R. Drew |
| Awarded | 31 January 2008 |
| Builder | National Steel and Shipbuilding Company |
| Laid down | 17 March 2009 |
| Launched | 27 February 2010 |
| Sponsored by | Mrs. Bebe Drew Price |
| Acquired | 14 July 2010 |
| In service | 2011 |
| Identification |  |
| Badge |  |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Lewis and Clark*-class cargo ship |
| Displacement | * 23,852 tons light, * 40,298 tons full, * 16,446 tons dead |
| Length | * 210 m (689 ft) overall, * 199.3 m (654 ft) waterline |
| Beam | * 32.3 m (106 ft) extreme, * 32.3 m (106 ft) waterline |
| Draft | * 9.1 m (30 ft) maximum, * 9.4 m (31 ft) limit |
| Propulsion | Integrated propulsion and ship service electrical system, with 6.6 kV power provided by two Fairbanks-Morse/MAN B&W 8L48/60 and two 9L48/60 diesel generators; one fixed pitch propeller; bow thruster |
| Speed | 20 knots (37 km/h) |
| Range | * 14,000 nautical miles at 20 kt * (26,000 km at 37 km/h) |
| Capacity | * Max dry cargo weight: * 5,910 long tons (6,005 t) * Max dry cargo volume: * 783,000 cubic feet (22,000 m³) * Max cargo fuel weight: * 2,350 long tons (2,390 t) * Cargo fuel volume: * 18,000 barrels (2,900 m³) * (DFM: 10,500) (JP5:7,500) |
| Complement | 49 military, 123 civilian |
| Electronic warfare <br>& decoys | Nulka decoy launchers |
| Armament |  |
| Aircraft carried | two helicopters, either Sikorsky MH-60S Knighthawk or Aerospatiale Super Puma |


title: USNS Captain Arlo L. Olson

abstract: USNS Capt. Arlo L. Olson (T-AK-245) was a United States Maritime Administration C1-M-AV1 type coastal cargo ship constructed as Bell Ringer for the Administration, completed in August 1945 and placed in operation by the War Shipping Administration under its agent, Waterman Steamship Company, until August 1946. The ship was then transferred to the Army under bareboat charter, The Army renamed the ship Capt. Arlo L. Olson, for Captain Arlo L. Olson who was awarded the Medal of Honor in World War II. The ship was among the Army ships transferred to the Navy in 1950 and then operated by the Military Sea Transportation Service as USNS Capt. Arlo L. Olson with hull number T-AK-245 until 1958.

text:
# USNS Captain Arlo L. Olson

**USNS *Capt. Arlo L. Olson* (T-AK-245)** was a United States Maritime Administration C1-M-AV1 type coastal cargo ship constructed as ***Bell Ringer*** for the Administration, completed in August 1945 and placed in operation by the War Shipping Administration under its agent, Waterman Steamship Company, until August 1946. The ship was then transferred to the Army under bareboat charter, The Army renamed the ship *Capt. Arlo L. Olson*, for Captain Arlo L. Olson who was awarded the Medal of Honor in World War II. The ship was among the Army ships transferred to the Navy in 1950 and then operated by the Military Sea Transportation Service as USNS *Capt. Arlo L. Olson* with hull number T-AK-245 until 1958.

## Construction and WSA operation

*Bell Ringer* was constructed as MC hull 2478 for the Administration by J.A. Jones Construction, Brunswick, Georgia, completed 11 August 1945 and delivered to the War Shipping Administration for operation by its agent Waterman Steamship Company under a general agency agreement the same day.

## U.S. Army service

On 13 August 1946 to the U.S. War Department for operation by the U.S. Army as USAT *Capt. Arlo I. Olson* under bareboat charter. On 1 March 1950 she was one of the Army ships transferred to the Navy's Military Sea Transportation Service and title was transferred to Navy at that time.

## U.S. Navy service

The ship was immediately placed in service as USNS *Captain Arlo L. Olson* (T-AK-245) serving until she was placed out of service on 25 October 1956. She was stricken from the Navy List on 22 May 1958 and laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet, Olympia, Washington until she was sold to American Ship Dismantlers on 4 March 1971, delivered 26 March and subsequently scrapped.

## Honors and awards

Qualified vessel personnel were authorized the National Defense Service Medal.

## Bibliography

* Maritime Administration. "*Bell Ringer*". *Ship History Database Vessel Status Card*. U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration.
* Naval History And Heritage Command. "*Captain Arlo L. Olson*". Naval History And Heritage Command. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
* NavSource Online. "USNS *Capt. Arlo L. Olson* (T-AK-245) - ex- USAT *Capt. Arlo L. Olson* (1946 - 1950)". *Service Ship Photo Archive*. NavSource. Retrieved 7 June 2015.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | * *Bell Ringer* * *Capt. Arlo L. Olson* |
| Namesake | Arlo L. Olson awarded the Medal of Honor during World War II |
| Ordered | as type (C1-M-AV1) hull, MC hull 2478 |
| Builder | J.A. Jones Construction, Brunswick, Georgia |
| Laid down | date unknown, as MV *Bell Ringer* |
| Launched | 8 May 1945 |
| Completed | 11 August 1945 |
| In service | * 30 August 1946, as USAT *Capt. Arlo I. Olson* * 1 March 1950, as USNS *Capt. Arlo L. Olson* (T-AK-245) |
| Out of service | 25 October 1956 |
| Stricken | 22 May 1958 |
| Identification |  |
| Fate | Scrapped May 1971 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | C1-M-AV1 |
| Tonnage | 3,805 GRT |
| Displacement | 7,450 tons full load |
| Length | 388 ft 8 in (118.5 m) |
| Beam | 50 ft (15.2 m) |
| Draft | 21 ft 1 in (6.4 m) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 11.5 knots (13.2 mph; 21.3 km/h) |
| Armament | none |


title: USS LST-17

abstract: USS LST-17 was a United States Navy LST-1-class tank landing ship used in the European Theater of Operations and Asiatic-Pacific Theater during World War II and manned by a United States Coast Guard crew. Like many of her class, she was not named and is properly referred to by her hull designation.

text:
# USS LST-17

**USS *LST-17*** was a United States Navy *LST-1*-class tank landing ship used in the European Theater of Operations and Asiatic-Pacific Theater during World War II and manned by a United States Coast Guard crew. Like many of her class, she was not named and is properly referred to by her hull designation.

## Construction

*LST-17* was laid down on 21 September 1942, at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, by the Dravo Corporation; launched on 8 January 1943; sponsored by Mrs. Sarah H. Bankson; and commissioned on 19 April 1943.

## Service history

### 1943 convoy duty

She was first assigned to the Europe-Africa-Middle East Theater. Departing Little Creek, Virginia, on 27 July 1943, *LST-17* headed for Oran, Algeria, arriving there on 14 August 1943. She sailed with Convoy KMS 23 during part of its journey from Gibraltar, to Port Said, Egypt, sailing from Oran, to Bizerta, Tunisia. *LST-17* sailed from Algiers, Algeria, to Port Said, Egypt, in October 1943, this time joining with Convoy UGS 19. On 3 November, she set out with nine other LSTs from Aden, Yemen, for Bombay, India, arriving on 10 November. She left the next day for Colombo, British Ceylon, arriving on 16 November. At the end of December she left Calcutta, with 11 LSTs headed for Colombo, British Ceylon, arriving 27 December 1943.

### 1944 convoy duty/Normandy invasion

*LST-17* joined Convoy MKS 38 at Bizerta, in January 1944, as it was en route to Gibraltar, arriving 1 February. Forming Convoy MKS 38G, she rendezvoused with Convoy SL 147 and sailed for Liverpool on 2 February, arriving on 13 February 1944.

*LST-17* arrived at Milford Haven, Wales, on 3 March 1944. Leaving Milford Haven on 3 March 1944, she proceeded to Portland and returned to Milford Haven on 15 March 1944. On 31 March, she left for Lough Foyle and then visited in turn Derry, Roseneath (sic), Plymouth, Senny Cliff Bay, Weymouth, Solent and Southampton, returning to Solent, on 28 May 1944, to prepare for the Normandy invasion, towing Rhino barges on which were railway equipment for use in France.

She sailed to the sea off Normandy, detaching the Rhino barges to the beach at 16:15 on 6 June 1944. At 20:10 she received the first group of casualties via DUKWs and returned to Solent, on 7 June. She left Solent, for her second trip to France, on 9 June, anchoring two miles (3.2 km) off the Normandy beach at 03:35 on 10 June, moving pontoons ashore and returned to Solent, 11 June, proceeding to Southampton the next day. On 15 June, she left Southampton and anchored off France. The following day she beached at "JIG GREEN" on the "Gold" assault areas at 11:08 with British and Canadian troops. She left the beach on 17 June, and returned to Tilbury, England, proceeding to Solent, on 20 June. She left Solent on 23 June 1944, and beached at Normandy, France, at 16:39 that day, returning to Solent, on 24 June. Again on 27 June, she left Solent and beached in Normandy, France, at 18:48, leaving Normandy, on 28 June, and arriving at Tilbury, on 29 June. She departed Southend on 30 June, arriving at Seine Bay, France, on 1 July 1944, with Convoy ETM 22.

*LST-17* sailed for London, on 4 July. Her next trip was on 14 July 1944, when she left Thames Dry Dock and arrived at Normandy, on the same day, returning to Southampton on 16 July. Again on 18 July, she left Southampton, this time for Utah Beach, Normandy, France, leaving there on 19 July, and arriving at Weymouth, England on 20 July. She left Weymouth on 21 July, and arrived at Omaha Beach that same day and returned to Portland. From this time until September 1944, she made continuous trips between Utah Beach and England. Arriving at Cornwall, on 17 September 1944, she departed for Norfolk, Virginia, on 5 October 1944, and taking on fuel and provisions at Norfolk, on 24 October, she arrived at Boston, on 26 October 1944, for overhaul.

On 10 November 1944, her Coast Guard crew was "relieved of manning" *LST-17*.

### 1945 convoy duty

*LST-17* left from New York City, on 26 January 1945, as part of Convoy NG 486 bound for Guantánamo, Cuba, where she arrived on 2 February. She then left the next day as part of Convoy GZ 119 en route to the Panama Canal Zone and Cristóbal, Colón, where she arrived on 6 February.

## Post war

Following the war, *LST-17* performed occupation duty in the Far East intermittently from September through December 1945. She was decommissioned on 15 January 1946 and turned over to Commander Naval Forces Far East being redesignated *Q015*.

She was laid up as part of the Pacific Reserve Fleet before being transferred to the 13th Naval District for use as a mobile target where she was sunk by a torpedo on 15 August 1956.

## Awards

*LST-17* earned one battle stars for her World War II service.

## Bibliography

* "LST-17". *Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. Naval History and Heritage Command. 30 July 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2016. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
* "USS LST-17". NavSource Online. 18 April 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
* "Convoy KMS.23". Arnold Hague Convoy Database. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
* "Convoy UGS.19". Arnold Hague Convoy Database. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
* "Convoy AB.18A". Arnold Hague Convoy Database. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
* "Convoy BM.74". Arnold Hague Convoy Database. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
* "Convoy CJ.9A". Arnold Hague Convoy Database. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
* "Convoy MKS.38". Arnold Hague Convoy Database. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
* "Convoy MKS.38G". Arnold Hague Convoy Database. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
* "Convoy SL 147/MKS 38". Arnold Hague Convoy Database. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
* "Convoy ETM.22". Arnold Hague Convoy Database. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
* "Convoy NG.486". Arnold Hague Convoy Database. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
* "Convoy GZ.119". Arnold Hague Convoy Database. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
* "USS LST-17" (PDF). United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 15 August 2017. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

## InfoBox

| USS *LST-17*, beached at Okinawa while offloading tanks and trucks, date unknown. Beached alongside her to port is *LST-750*. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *LST-17* |
| Operator |  |
| Builder | Dravo Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania |
| Laid down | 21 September 1942 |
| Launched | 8 January 1943 |
| Sponsored by | Mrs. Sarah H. Bankson |
| Commissioned | 19 April 1943 |
| Decommissioned | 15 January 1946 |
| Identification |  |
| Honors and
awards | 1 × battle stars |
| Fate | Transferred to Commander Naval Forces Far East (COMNAVFE), 15 January 1946 |
| United States | |
| Name | *Q015* |
| Operator | COMNAVFE |
| In service | 15 January 1946 |
| Out of service | date unknown |
| Fate | Laid up in the Pacific Reserve Fleet |
| United States | |
| Operator | 13th Naval District |
| In service | 15 November 1954 |
| Out of service | 15 August 1956 |
| Fate | Sunk by torpedo in mobile target practice, 15 August 1956 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | *LST-1*-class tank landing ship |
| Displacement | * 4,080 long tons (4,145 t) full load * 2,160 long tons (2,190 t) landing |
| Length | 328 ft (100 ) oa |
| Beam | 50 ft (15 m) |
| Draft | * Full load: 8 ft 2 in (2.49 m) forward; 14 ft 1 in (4.29 m) aft * Landing at 2,160 t: 3 ft 11 in (1.19 m) forward; 9 ft 10 in (3.00 m) aft |
| Installed power |  |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 12 kn (22 km/h; 14 mph) |
| Range | 24,000 nmi (44,000 km; 28,000 mi) at 9 kn (17 km/h; 10 mph) while displacing 3,960 long tons (4,024 t) |
| Boats & landing
craft carried | 2 or 6 x LCVPs |
| Capacity | * 2,100 tons oceangoing maximum * 350 tons main deckload |
| Troops | 16 officers, 147 enlisted men |
| Complement | 13 officers, 104 enlisted men |
| Armament |  |
| Service record | |
| Part of: | **LST Flotilla 17** |
| Operations: | Invasion of Normandy (6–25 June 1944) |
| Awards: |  |


title: Udea nebulatalis

abstract: Udea nebulatalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Hiroshi Inoue, Hiroshi Yamanaka and Akio Sasaki in 2008. It is found on Hokkaido in Japan.

text:
# Udea nebulatalis

***Udea nebulatalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Hiroshi Inoue, Hiroshi Yamanaka and Akio Sasaki in 2008. It is found on Hokkaido in Japan.

## InfoBox

| *Udea nebulatalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Udea* |
| Species: | ***U. nebulatalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Udea nebulatalis***<br>Inoue, Yamanaka & Sasaki, 2008 | |
|


abstract: Uganda Christian University School of Medicine, also UCU School of Medicine or UCU Medical School, is a medical school in Uganda. The school is based at Mengo Hospital and includes a faculty of dentistry. In February 2018, the Uganda National Council for Higher Education (UNCHE), gave the university a letter of accreditation for three new medical courses (a) Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery, (b) Bachelor of Dental Surgery and (c) Bachelor of Public Health. The three courses will be offered at the new Uganda Christian University School of Medicine, starting in August 2018.

text:
# Uganda Christian University School of Medicine

**Uganda Christian University School of Medicine**, also **UCU School of Medicine** or **UCU Medical School**, is a medical school in Uganda. The school is based at Mengo Hospital and includes a faculty of dentistry.

In February 2018, the Uganda National Council for Higher Education (UNCHE), gave the university a letter of accreditation for three new medical courses (a) Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery, (b) Bachelor of Dental Surgery and (c) Bachelor of Public Health. The three courses will be offered at the new Uganda Christian University School of Medicine, starting in August 2018.

## Overview

In December 2016, UCU signed a memorandum of understanding with Mengo Hospital, to establish the faculty of medicine of the university, with its base at the hospital and with the hospital, as the teaching institution of the medical school.

The medical school maintains its offices, laboratories, lecture-rooms and students hostels, on the hospital premises. The original start date was May 2017, pending accreditation by the UNCHE. Initially, a total of 70 undergraduate students will be admitted, 50 in the MBChB programme and 20 in the Bachelor of Dental Surgery track.

The UNCHE approved the medical school's curriculum in March 2017, and gave final approval to three undergraduate courses in March 2018.

The school expects to attract candidates from Uganda and the neighboring countries of Kenya, Tanzania and Rwanda. The pioneer class of the medical school is expected to enroll in August/September 2018.

## Pioneer class

The pioneer class of 62 students began attending classes on Friday 14 September 2018. The students were nationals of Eritrea, Kenya, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda. In August 2023, that pioneer class now whittled down to 53, graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBChB) (44 graduates) and the degree of Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) (9 graduates).

00°18′47″N 32°33′29″E / 0.31306°N 32.55806°E / 0.31306; 32.55806

## InfoBox

Uganda Christian University School of Medicine
| Type | Private |
| --- | --- |
| Established | May 2017 (2017-05) |
| Dean | Dr. Gerald Tumusiime |
| Students | ~ 70 |
| Undergraduates | ~ 70 |
| Location | Mengo Hill, Kampala, Uganda<br>0°18′47″N 32°33′29″E / 0.313045°N 32.558065°E / 0.313045; 32.558065 |
| Campus | Urban |
| Affiliations | Uganda Christian University |
| Location in Kampala | |


title: USS Sides

abstract: USS Sides (FFG-14) was an Oliver Hazard Perry-class guided-missile frigate that served in the US Navy.

text:
# USS Sides

**USS *Sides* (FFG-14)** was an *Oliver Hazard Perry*-class guided-missile frigate that served in the US Navy.

## History

The eighth ship in the class, it was named for Admiral John H. Sides (died 1978). Ordered from Todd Pacific Shipyards, Los Angeles Division, San Pedro, California, on 27 February 1976 as part of the FY76 program, *Sides* was laid down on 7 August 1978, launched on 19 May 1979, and commissioned on 30 May 1981. *Sides* ship sponsor was Mrs. Joanne Sides Watson, daughter of Admiral Sides.

*Sides* escorted tankers through the Straits of Hormuz during the Tanker War and participated in Operation Praying Mantis, the retaliation for Iranian mining operations. *Sides* was also part of the Surface Action Group under USS *Vincennes* when Iran Air 655 was shot down. *Sides* and her crew received a Meritorious Unit Commendation for the time period 13 April 1988 to 25 July 1988. The following year, Commander David R. Carlson authored an article in *U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings* in which Carlson called into question Vincennes' self-defense justification for the use of force and wrote, "Iran Air Flight 655 was shot down for no good reason." Capt. Will Rogers of *Vincennes* and David L. Dillon, speaking on behalf of the US Navy, challenged Carlson's account of events.

*Sides* and her crew received Navy E Ribbons for the 18-month period, July 1983 to December 1984, and for the years 1995, 1999 and 2000.

*Sides* was decommissioned on 28 February 2003 and as of 2014 was laid up in reserve at Naval Inactive Ships Maintenance Facility Bremerton, Washington.

*Sides* was expected to join the Portuguese Navy in 2006, together with her sister ship *George Philip*, but the Portuguese Navy dropped the offer and chose two Dutch *Karel Doorman*-class frigates instead. *Sides* was expected to join the Turkish Navy in the summer of 2008, together with her sister ship *George Philip*, but the Turkish Navy dropped the offer.

## Further reading

* Wise, Harold Lee (2007). *Inside the Danger Zone: The U.S. Military in the Persian Gulf 1987–88*. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-970-5.

*This article includes information collected from the* Naval Vessel Register*, which, as a U.S. government publication, is in the public domain. The entry can be found here.*

## InfoBox

| USS *Sides* entering San Francisco Bay in 2002 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *Sides* |
| Namesake | Admiral John H. Sides |
| Ordered | 27 February 1976 |
| Builder | Todd Pacific Shipyards, Los Angeles Division, San Pedro, California |
| Laid down | 7 August 1978 |
| Launched | 19 May 1979 |
| Sponsored by | Mrs. Joanne Sides Watson, daughter of Adm. Sides |
| Commissioned | 30 May 1981 |
| Decommissioned | 28 February 2003 |
| Stricken | 24 May 2004 |
| Homeport | NS San Diego, California (former) |
| Identification |  |
| Motto | "Savvy" |
| Fate | Sold for scrapping 15 December 2014 |
| Badge |  |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Oliver Hazard Perry*-class frigate |
| Displacement | 4,100 long tons (4,200 t), full load |
| Length | 445 feet (136 m), overall |
| Beam | 45 feet (14 m) |
| Draught | 22 feet (6.7 m) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | over 29 knots (54 km/h) |
| Range | 5,000 nautical miles at 18 knots (9,300 km at 33 km/h) |
| Complement | 15 officers and 190 enlisted, plus SH-60 LAMPS detachment of roughly six officer pilots and 15 enlisted maintainers |
| Sensors and
processing systems |  |
| Electronic warfare
& decoys | AN/SLQ-32 |
| Armament |  |
| Aircraft carried | 1 × SH-2F LAMPS I |


title: USS Signal (1862)

abstract: USS Signal – a small 190-ton steamship – was acquired during the second year of the American Civil War by the Union Navy and outfitted as a gunboat. She also served other types of duty, such as that of dispatch vessel and convoy escort.

text:
# USS Signal (1862)

**USS *Signal*** – a small 190-ton steamship – was acquired during the second year of the American Civil War by the Union Navy and outfitted as a gunboat. She also served other types of duty, such as that of dispatch vessel and convoy escort.

## Service history

The first ship to be named *Signal* by the Navy—a wooden-hulled, stern-wheel steamer built in 1862 at Wheeling, Virginia (now West Virginia)—was purchased by the U.S. Navy on 22 September 1862 at Saint Louis, Missouri. Although no record of her commissioning has been found, it is known that she was in operation on 22 October 1862, when she departed Carondelet, Missouri and headed down the Mississippi River to join in the campaign against the Confederate river fortress at Vicksburg, Mississippi. Acting Volunteer Lieutenant John Scott was mentioned as her commanding officer in an order issued on 14 November and presumably commanded the ship from the start of her service. *Signal's* first weeks were devoted to duty as a dispatch vessel. On 29 November, she and *Marmora* entered the Yazoo River on a reconnaissance expedition and ascended that stream some 21 miles. From time to time, riflemen fired upon the ships from the river banks; but, in each instance, the ships shelled and dispersed the attackers. That afternoon, the ships returned to the Mississippi unharmed.

*Signal's* work for the day steaming up and down shallow, winding streams in hostile territory was a sample of the service she would perform throughout her career. She and *Marmora* again ascended the Yazoo on 11 December to obtain information needed for a projected joint Army-Navy expedition in that area to outflank Vicksburg. They discovered Confederates had placed torpedoes (mines) in the channel and returned to report and to volunteer to destroy the explosive devices. The next morning, accompanied by USS *Cairo*, USS *Pittsburgh*, and USS *Queen of the West*, they returned up the Yazoo to destroy the "infernal machines." During this early mine sweeping operation, one of the torpedoes exploded under *Cairo*, and she sank 12 minutes later. *Cairo* was the first of over 40 Union ships to be torpedoed during the Civil War. The expedition returned to the Mississippi after dark that evening bringing the survivors from *Cairo*.

On 4 January 1863, *Signal* got underway in an expedition up the White River to attack Fort Hindman, which surrendered on the 11th, after a three-day battle. About a month later, *Signal* made a reconnaissance up the White River and brought back information of the military situation at Little Rock, Arkansas. Late in February, *Signal* returned to the Yazoo and devoted most of her time probing that stream until Vicksburg fell on 4 July.During the ensuing months, *Signal* served as a dispatch vessel and patrolled the Mississippi to interdict Confederate commerce especially from the Red River. On 8 December 1863, *Signal* and USS *Neosho* defended disabled merchant steamer *Henry Von Phul*, which had been shelled by a Southern shore battery. On 19 April 1864, *Signal* was ordered to ascend the Red River to Alexandria, Louisiana to protect coal and provision barges waiting there for the use of the flotilla of gunboats Rear Admiral David D. Porter had led farther upstream in the campaign known as the Red River Expedition.

### Loss

On 4 May, *Signal* was ordered "to take on board a bearer of dispatches from Mayor General Nathaniel Prentice Banks and proceed down the river..." About 20 miles down stream, the ship was fired upon by Confederate cavalrymen under Colonel George Wythe Baylor, and she returned the fire with her starboard guns. The engagement continued intermittently until she reached USS *Covington* and Army transport *John Warner* some four more miles below. *Signal* rounded to and made fast to the stern of *Covington*, and both ships continued to engage the Confederates throughout the day and night. At daylight, the three ships got underway; but, upon rounding Dunn's Bayou, *John Warner's* whistle signaled "enemy in sight." Artillery and small arms fire soon disabled the transport which drifted ashore blocking the channel below the gunboats.

In the ensuing battle, *Signal* was disabled and ran aground where she was reluctantly set afire and abandoned by her crew which was captured ashore. The two other ships were also lost. However, most of the crew of *Covington*, along with *Covington's* captain, managed to escape and make its way back to safety at Alexandria. *Signal's* captured crew was held at the Camp Ford prisoner of war camp near Tyler, Texas. The prisoner exchange lists show thirty-nine men from this vessel as being exchanged from this camp. Six of the crew members, Quarter Gunner Charles Asten, Gunner's Mate George Butts, Seaman John Hyland, Seaman Timothy O'Donoghue, Boatswain's Mate Michael McCormick, and Pilot Perry Wilkes, were awarded the Medal of Honor for their conduct during the ship's final engagement on the Red River.

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*

## InfoBox

| USS *Signal* tinclad, circa 1863–64 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
|  | |
| Launched | 1862 |
| In service | circa 22 October 1862 |
| Fate | Burned 5 May 1864 |
| General characteristics | |
| Displacement | 190 tons |
| Length | 157 ft (48 m) |
| Beam | 30 ft (9.1 m) |
| Draft | 1 ft 10 in (0.56 m) |
| Depth of hold | 4 ft 4 in (1.32 m) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Armament |  |


title: Ugly worm lizard

abstract: The ugly worm lizard is a species of amphisbaenian in the family Amphisbaenidae. The species is native to West Africa.

text:
# Ugly worm lizard

The **ugly worm lizard** (***Cynisca feae***) is a species of amphisbaenian in the family Amphisbaenidae. The species is native to West Africa.

## Etymology

The specific name, *feae*, is in honor of Leonardo Fea, who was an Italian explorer and naturalist.

## Geographic range

*C. feae* is found in The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, and Senegal.

## Habitat

The preferred natural habitat of *C. feae* is forest.

## Description

*C. feae* may attain a snout-to-vent length (SVL) of 16 cm (6.3 in) and a tail length of 1.5 cm (0.59 in). It is pale brown dorsally, and white ventrally. It has a single series of wide median ventral segments, each of which is six times wider than long.

## Behavior

*C. feae* is terrestrial and fossorial.

## Reproduction

*C. feae* is oviparous.

## Further reading

* Boulenger GA (1906). "Report on the Reptiles collected by the late L. Fea. in West Africa". *Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie Terza* \[=Third Series\] **2**: 196–216. (*Placogaster feae*, new species, pp. 203–204, Figure 3, four views).
* Gans C (1987). "Studies on Amphisbaenians (Reptilia). 7. The Small Round-headed Species (*Cynisca*) from Western Africa". *American Museum Novitates* (2896): 1–84. (*Cynisca feae*, new combination, pp. 35–37, Figure 17, three views).
* Gans C (2005). "Checklist and Bibliography of the Amphisbaenia of the World". *Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History* (289): 1–130. (*Cynisca feae*, p. 28).
* Pauwels OSG, Meirte D (1996). "Contribution to the knowledge of the Gambian herpetofauna". *British Herpetological Society Bulletin* (56): 27–34.

## InfoBox

| Ugly worm lizard | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Amphisbaenidae |
| Genus: | *Cynisca* |
| Species: | ***C. feae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cynisca feae***
(Boulenger, 1906) | |
|
|  | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Placogaster feae*
Boulenger, 1906 * *Cynisca feae*
Gans, 1987 | |


title: Ulrich Grubenmann

abstract: Johann Ulrich Grubenmann was a Swiss mineralogist and petrologist who served as professor of geology at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. He studied metamorphism and produced an influential classification of metamorphic rocks.

text:
# Ulrich Grubenmann

**Johann Ulrich Grubenmann** (15 April 1850 – 16 March 1924) was a Swiss mineralogist and petrologist who served as professor of geology at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (now ETH Zurich) . He studied metamorphism and produced an influential classification of metamorphic rocks.

## Life and work

Grubenmann was born in Trogen, Switzerland to baker Johann Kaspar Grubenmann and Katharina Eugster. His ancestors included the bridge-builder Johann Ulrich Grubenmann (1709-1783) who constructed a famous wooden bridge at Schaffhausen. Growing in a family of limited means, Grubenmann was able to study with scholarships and help from friends and became a certified teacher of natural sciences in 1874. He received a PhD for studies on the basalts of Hegau in 1886 from the University of Zurich. He then taught at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and at the Canton School in Frauenfeld. He became Privatdozent in 1888 and replaced Gustav Adolph Kenngott in 1897 as professor of mineralogy and petrography.

Grubenmann began his studies with descriptive mineralogy, shifting to petrography and examining metamorphism. He taught mineral analysis techniques which became valuable for students of geology, many of whom became involved in the search for oil, even though Grubenmann himself never took an interest in oil geology. Grubenmann founded the journal *Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen* which he edited from its beginning in 1921 until his death. He conducted field studies in the Swiss Alps, Hegau in Germany as well as in Italy. His main work on metamorphism was published along with his student Paul Niggli as *Die Gesteinsmetamorphose* in 1924. Based on pressure and temperature conditions during formation he proposed classification of metamorphic rocks.


title: Ulomini

abstract: Ulomini is a tribe of darkling beetles in the family Tenebrionidae. There are more than 20 genera among Ulomini.

text:
# Ulomini

**Ulomini** is a tribe of darkling beetles in the family Tenebrionidae. There are more than 20 genera among Ulomini.

## Genera

These genera belong to the tribe Ulomini:

## Further reading

* Media related to Ulomini at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Ulomini | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Uloma* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Tenebrionidae |
| Subfamily: | Tenebrioninae |
| Tribe: | Ulomini<br>Blanchard, 1845 |
|


title: Uli Trepte

abstract: Uli Trepte was a German musician best known for his collaborations with various influential Krautrock bands in the early 1970s.

text:
# Uli Trepte

**Uli Trepte** (born 27 September 1941, Konstanz, Germany — died 21 May 2009, Berlin) was a German musician best known for his collaborations with various influential Krautrock bands in the early 1970s.

## Early career

Uli Trepte began his musical career in 1966 on double bass as a free jazz player/founder member of the Irene Schweizer Trio, a formation that wrote avantgarde history (Frankfurt Jazz Festival 66/1. Montreux Jazz Festival 67/Donaueschinger Tage für Neue Musik 67/Berliner Jazztage 67; 2 LPs). At about that time and later he also appeared with jazz musicians like Yusef Lateef, Gato Barbieri, Barney Wilen, John McLaughlin and Mal Waldron.

## Guru Guru

In 1968 he changed to bass guitar and with drummer Mani Neumeier formed Guru Guru as part of the newly emerging psychedelic rock music, writing both lyrics and music for that group. It was a band which set a radical new playing standard and belonged to the few genuine pioneers of the so-called Krautrock (International Essen Song Days/Essener Rock- und Blues Tage 69/many festivals; 3TV appearances; 3 LPs).

## Neu!

He left the group in 1972, to play with the Kraut Rock bands Neu!, Faust and Kickbit Information. During 1973 he toured the United Kingdom with them.

## Spacebox

In 1975 founded his own group, Spacebox, to realize his concept of an authentic European, cyclic structured, minor dominated, modal harmonic, collective improvised, organic-electric live music as a player, composer and songwriter.

From 1975 to the early 1980s, his main performance work was through his Spacebox project. With it he performed solo in Berlin und London where he stayed for about half a year each (e.g. Performance Weeks ´London Calling\`/New London Theater/Avantgarde Center Oval, all in 1976/1977), enlarged it in 1978 to a quartet in Munich and gained an international reputation as an extremely un-normed, uncommercial underground figure (Kohfidisch Festival 78/Umsonst&Draußen Festivals 78+79/Münchener Performance Wochen 79 und Münchener Jazzfest 80; 2 LPs).

In 1981 he spent six months in Tokyo, one year in New York City in 1982, and after disbanding Spacebox, to live from 1985 in Berlin, where he reduced his original music to a mainly instrumental one, realizing it with selected musicians on sound carriers (1 LP, 1 CD), in the last years giving more priority to the playing of his Modal Minor Constant Structure Blues and working at the same time in cooperation with the Dutch multimedia artist Aja Waalwijk on the elaborate song project Takes on Words (2 CDs).

As the quintessence of his musical concept he led 96-01 Move Groove, the Modal Groove Concept, with whom – including the involvement of musicians such as Hans Hartmann (ex Guru Guru) and Edgar Hofmann (ex Embryo) – he also played live again (Herzberg Festival 96/Turkey tour 98; 2 CDs).

## Later life

From 2002 he only performed as a solo act called "Bass+Lyrik", but releasing recordings of strictly instrumental music resulting from different sessions with the participation of – besides the above-mentioned Chris Karrer (Amon Düül) and Geoff Leigh (Henry Cow) (2 CDs).

Uli Trepte died on 21 May 2009 in Berlin after a "long bout with cancer".

## Discography (selected)

with Guru Guru:

* *Ufo* (1970)
* *Hinten* (1971)
* *Kan-guru* (1972)
* *Der Elektrolurch* (1977) Compilation
* *The Story of Life* (1979)
* *Rock on Brain* (1980) Comp.
* *Spaceship* (1996)
* *30 Jahre Live* (1998) 3 CD-Box
* *Very Best of Guru Guru* (1999)
* *Essen 1970* (2003)

with Spacebox:

* *Spacebox* (1981) (vinyl limited to 1000 copies)
* *Kick Up* (1984)

## Solo

* *Real time music* (1996)
* *Groove along with dong* (1998)
* *Yestermorrow Songs* (2000) with Aja Waalwijk
* *Staticsphere* (2001)
* *Rollomat* (2004)
* *Multiphonic music* (2006)
* *Incredible world* (2007) with Aja Waalwijk
* *Portrait* (2009) (Compilation)


title: Uli Stein (artist)

abstract: Ulrich Steinfurth, better known as Uli Stein, was a German cartoonist.

text:
# Uli Stein (artist)

**Ulrich Steinfurth**, better known as **Uli Stein**, (26 December 1946 – 28 August 2020) was a German cartoonist.

## Personal life

Stein was born Ulrich Steinfurth in Hanover as a son of a housewife and a public servant. He graduated the Goetheschule in Hanover. After a two-year conscription in the Bundeswehr, he moved to West Berlin where he studied German, Geography and Biology at the Freie Universität Berlin. Shortly before graduating, he quit his studies to work as a journalist, amongst others six years for the Saarländischer Rundfunk. At the end of the 70s, he focused on cartoons full-time.

Stein died on 28 August 2020 in his hometown of Hanover.

## Cartoons

Stein's cartoons mainly focus on day-to-day-situations, often with anthropomorphic mice, cats, dogs, penguins and pigs. He also created cartoons for other events and subjects, such as politics or soccer. Although he mainly sold books and post cards with his cartoons, there is a variety of other products based on them, such as games and articles of daily use.

By 2008, Stein had sold more than 90 million post cards and 9 million books in Germany alone and his works have been translated into a number of languages. From 1998 onward, he drew a weekly cartoon for *TV Hören und Sehen*, a German TV guide. With the advent of widespread internet usage, Stein began using the web as a medium for his cartoons, but was skeptical towards its use as a medium for books.

## Bibliography

* Uli Stein: *Mein Tagebuch*. Lappan Verlag GmbH, Oldenburg 2006, ISBN 3-8303-3136-3.

## InfoBox

| Uli Stein | |
| --- | --- |
| Uli Stein in 2007 | |
| Born | Ulrich Steinfurth
(1946-12-26)26 December 1946
Hanover, Lower Saxony, Allied-occupied Germany |
| Died | 28 August 2020(2020-08-28) (aged 73)
Hanover, Lower Saxony, Germany |
| Known for | cartoonist |
| Website | www.ulistein.de |