title: Turalići (Kakanj)

abstract: Turalići is a village in the municipality of Kakanj, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

text:
# Turalići (Kakanj)

**Turalići** (Cyrillic: Туралићи) is a village in the municipality of Kakanj, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 222, all Bosniaks.

## InfoBox

| Turalići Туралићи | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Turalići | |
| Coordinates: 44°14′36″N 18°05′33″E / 44.24333°N 18.09250°E / 44.24333; 18.09250 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Canton | Zenica-Doboj |
| Municipality | Kakanj |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.64 sq mi (1.67 km2) |
| Population (2013) | |
| Total | 222 |
| Density | 340/sq mi (130/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Lord George Lennox

abstract: General Lord George Henry Lennox was a British Army officer and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1761 to 1790.

text:
# Lord George Lennox

General **Lord George Henry Lennox** (29 November 1737  25 March 1805) was a British Army officer and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1761 to 1790.

## Early life

He was the second son of Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond, and was a great-grandson of King Charles II of England. He was a brother of the famous Lennox sisters.

## Military career

On 17 December 1751, Lennox was commissioned an ensign in the 2nd Regiment of Foot Guards. He was promoted to be captain of a company in the 25th Regiment of Foot on 23 March 1756. From 1758 to 1762 George Lennox was the Colonel of the 33rd Regiment of Foot. In 1757 a second battalion (2nd/33rd) of the 33rd Regiment had been raised. In 1758, this battalion became an independent regiment, the 72nd Regiment of Foot. At that time, his elder brother Charles Lennox had been the Colonel of the 33rd and was then appointed Colonel of the new regiment. George Lennox took command of the 33rd Regiment (1st/33rd). At the beginning of May 1758 the 33rd Regiment was stationed in Blandford, Dorset and was then moved to the Isle of Wight to take part in an attack on the French coast at St Malo on 5 May in the Seven Years' War.

On 1 August, both Brothers Regiments (33rd & 72nd) were involved in a highly successful raid on Cherbourg, which resulted in the destruction of 30 French ships, and the capture of 200 guns and rockets, plus a number of French Regimental Colours and a large quantity of booty. After this raid George Lennox and the 33rd Regiment remained inactive, garrisoned on the Isle of Wight on internal security duties.

On 29 December 1762, he was appointed Colonel of the 25th Regiment of Foot, which he commanded until his death. On 16 February 1784, he was appointed Constable of the Tower of London.

## Parliamentary career

He was the Member of Parliament for Chichester from 1761 to 1767 and for Sussex from 1767 to 1790. He was succeeded in the latter seat by his son. He was appointed a member of the Privy Council in 1784.

## Later life

In 1772, he was elected Mayor of Chichester.

## Family

Lord George Lennox married Lady Louisa Kerr, daughter of William Kerr, 4th Marquess of Lothian in 1759, and they had four children:

Despite the Hanoverian side taken by his father, George made an arranged marriage for his own son Charles with the heiress of Clan Gordon, a notable Jacobite family.

## Ancestry

## InfoBox

| Lord George Lennox | |
| --- | --- |
| *Lord George Lennox*, by George Romney | |
| Born | 29 November 1737 |
| Died | 25 March 1805(1805-03-25) (aged 67) |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | British Army |
| Rank | General |
| Commands | 33rd Regiment of Foot |
| Battles/wars | Seven Years' War |
| Spouse(s) | Lady Louisa Kerr |


title: Mason Lake (New York)

abstract: Mason Lake is located north of Perkins Clearing, New York. Fish species present in the lake are brook trout, black bullhead, and yellow perch. There is carry down access off Jessup River Road on the west shore.

text:
# Mason Lake (New York)

**Mason Lake** is located north of Perkins Clearing, New York. Fish species present in the lake are brook trout, black bullhead, and yellow perch. There is carry down access off Jessup River Road on the west shore.

## InfoBox

| Mason Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Mason Lake in 2016 | |
| Mason LakeLocation within New YorkMason LakeMason Lake (the United States) | |
| Location | Hamilton County, New York,
United States |
| Coordinates | 43°35′48″N 74°25′18″W / 43.5966766°N 74.4215412°W / 43.5966766; -74.4215412 |
| Type | Lake |
| Primary outflows | Mason Lake Outlet |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Surface area | 104 acres (0.42 km2) |
| Max. depth | 18 feet (5.5 m) |
| Shore length1 | 2.8 miles (4.5 km) |
| Surface elevation | 1,798 feet (548 m) |
|  | |
| Settlements | Perkins Clearing, New York |
| 1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. | |


title: Oroplexia

abstract: Oroplexia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

text:
# Oroplexia

***Oroplexia*** is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Oroplexia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Oroplexia decorata* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | ***Oroplexia***<br>Hampson, 1908 |
|


title: Papyrus 34

abstract: Papyrus 34, designated by 𝔓⁳⁴, is a copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Pauline epistles, it contains 1 Cor 16:4-7.10; 2 Cor 5:18-21; 10:13-14; 11:2.4.6-7. The manuscript paleographically has been assigned to the 7th century. The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. Aland placed it in Category II. It is currently housed at the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek in Vienna.

text:
# Papyrus 34

**Papyrus 34** (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by **𝔓34**, is a copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Pauline epistles, it contains 1 Cor 16:4-7.10; 2 Cor 5:18-21; 10:13-14; 11:2.4.6-7. The manuscript paleographically has been assigned to the 7th century.

The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. Aland placed it in Category II.

It is currently housed at the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek (P. Vindob. G. 39784) in Vienna.

## Further reading

* Carl Wessely, *Studien zur Paläographie und Papyruskunde* XII, (Leipzig 1912), p. 246.
* Ellwood M. Schofield, *The Papyrus Fragments of the Greek New Testament*, Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, Louisville, 1936, pp. 246–252.

## InfoBox

Papyrus **𝔓34**
| **New Testament manuscript** | |
| --- | --- |
| Name | P. Vindobonensis, gr. 39784 |
| Text | 1 Cor †; 2 Cor |
| Date | 7th century |
| Script | Greek |
| Found | Fayyum |
| Now at | Österreichische Nationalbibliothek |
| Cite | C. Wessely, *Stud zur Pal und Pap* XII, (Leipzig 1912), p. 246 |
| Type | Alexandrian text-type |
| Category | II |


title: Lipovei

abstract: Lipovei is a district of Timișoara. It is located in the northern part of the city and is crossed by Calea Lipovei, hence the name. In the past, it was occupied by Viile Fabric, an old colony on the outskirts of the Timișoara Fortress that also bore the name of Rudolfsheim or Rezsőföld – after crown prince Rudolf. The colony, which stretched from the Green Forest, UMT–Continental area, Calea Sever Bocu and Calea Aradului, used to cultivate vines. In the 1870s–1880s, approximately 100 hectares were planted with vines, with an annual production of 2,000–2,500 hectoliters of wine. The vineyards, however, were destroyed over time, and so the land was suitable for agriculture and housebuilding. After World War I, many poor residents of the city were allocated house lots and thus the territory began to populate. Viile Fabric was transformed during the years of socialism into a large neighborhood of workers' blocks.

text:
# Lipovei

**Lipovei** is a district of Timișoara. It is located in the northern part of the city and is crossed by Calea Lipovei, hence the name.

In the past, it was occupied by **Viile Fabric**, an old colony on the outskirts of the Timișoara Fortress that also bore the name of *Rudolfsheim* or *Rezsőföld* – after crown prince Rudolf. The colony, which stretched from the Green Forest, UMT–Continental area, Calea Sever Bocu and Calea Aradului, used to cultivate vines. In the 1870s–1880s, approximately 100 hectares were planted with vines, with an annual production of 2,000–2,500 hectoliters of wine. The vineyards, however, were destroyed over time, and so the land was suitable for agriculture and housebuilding. After World War I, many poor residents of the city were allocated house lots and thus the territory began to populate. Viile Fabric was transformed during the years of socialism into a large neighborhood of workers' blocks.


title: Pellio Intelvi

abstract: Pellio Intelvi was a comune (municipality) in the Province of Como in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) north of Milan and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Como, on the border with Switzerland. It is divided in two distinct centers, Pellio Inferiore and Pellio Superiore (Pelsopra). It has been a frazione of Alta Valle Intelvi since 2017. It is the birthplace of the Baroque sculptor Ercole Ferrata and of the architects Domenico Corbellini and Carlo Lurago.

text:
# Pellio Intelvi

**Pellio Intelvi** was a *comune* (municipality) in the Province of Como in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) north of Milan and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Como, on the border with Switzerland. It is divided in two distinct centers, **Pellio Inferiore** (or Pelsotto) and **Pellio Superiore** (Pelsopra). It has been a frazione of Alta Valle Intelvi since 2017.

It is the birthplace of the Baroque sculptor Ercole Ferrata and of the architects Domenico Corbellini (18th century) and Carlo Lurago.

## Main sights

* Baroque Oratory of the *Madonna del Fiume*
* Church of St. George, with Baroque frescoes and stuccoes
* Church of St Michael Archangel

## InfoBox

| Pellio Intelvi | |
| --- | --- |
| *Frazione* | |
| Pellio IntelviLocation of Pellio Intelvi in Italy | |
| Coordinates: 45°59′N 9°4′E / 45.983°N 9.067°E / 45.983; 9.067 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Lombardy |
| Province | Como (CO) |
| *Comune* | Alta Valle Intelvi |
| Area | |
| Total | 10.2 km2 (3.9 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,010 m (3,310 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2004) | |
| Total | 938 |
| Density | 92/km2 (240/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 22020 |
| Dialing code | 031 |


title: Turalei

abstract: Turalei is a large town and government seat of the Twic County of Warrap State in the Bahr el Ghazal region of South Sudan. The town is the birthplace of many well-known basketball players such as Manute Bol and Ring Ayuel and Liberation fighters as Kerbino Kuanyin Bol, Martin Manyiel Ayuel, Dr Justin Yach Arop and Many other.

text:
# Turalei

**Turalei** is a large town and government seat of the Twic County of Warrap State in the Bahr el Ghazal region of South Sudan. The town is the birthplace of many well-known basketball players such as Manute Bol and Ring Ayuel and Liberation fighters as Kerbino Kuanyin Bol, Martin Manyiel Ayuel, Dr Justin Yach Arop and Many other.

## Location

Turalei is in Warrap State. It is the gubernatorial headquarters of Twic County. Its location is in **Turalei Payam** in the north of South Sudan near the border with the Republic of the Sudan and the Abyei Area. This location lies about 834 kilometres (518 mi) by road, northwest of Juba, the capital and largest city in the country.

## History

Due to its proximity to the border with the Sudan, Turalei suffered extensive destruction during the Second Sudanese Civil War of 1983 to 2005. Efforts are underway to assist in the rehabilitation of the settlement. Manute Bol was involved in some of those efforts. As a result, a hospital was built in the area.

In 2011, as hostilities flared up in neighbouring Abyei, Turalei has received an influx of refugees, who overwhelmed local resources. In June 2011, Turalei itself was attacked by militiamen believed to be affiliated with the Khartoum government. Several fatalities were recorded.

## Population

The population of Turalei is not known but estimations are around one hundred thousand. Its population was gathered from the previous bomas which form Turalei payams. These bomas include Ayen-Amuol, Anyiel-Kuac, Nyiel-Abiel, Pandit-Amuol, Mangok-Amuol, Majak-Aher and Kac-Beek payams.

## Notable people

### Photos

## InfoBox

| Turalei | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| TuraleiLocation in South Sudan | |
| Coordinates: 9°05′28″N 28°25′51″E / 9.0912°N 28.4308°E / 9.0912; 28.4308 | |
| Country | South Sudan |
| Region | Bahr el Ghazal |
| State | Warrap |
| County | Twic County |
| Government | |
| County commissioner | TBD |
| Time zone | UTC+02:00 (CAT) |


title: Lord George Manners-Sutton

abstract:
Lord George Manners-Sutton, born Lord George Manners, was a British nobleman and politician, the third son of John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland. On 5 December 1749, he married Diana Chaplin, only daughter of Thomas Chaplin of Blankney, Lincolnshire, by whom he had nine children:
  - George Manners-Sutton (1751–1804)
  - Captain John Manners-Sutton (1752–1826), married Anne Manners, natural daughter of John Manners, Marquess of Granby, his first cousin
  - Captain Robert Manners-Sutton, RN (1754–1794), killed in the explosion of HMS Ardent
  - Charles Manners-Sutton (1755–1828), Archbishop of Canterbury
  - Thomas Manners-Sutton, 1st Baron Manners (1756–1842)
  - Captain Francis Manners-Sutton(d. 1781)
  - Diana Manners-Sutton, married on 21 April 1778 Francis Dickins
  - Louisa Bridget Manners-Sutton, married on 15 June 1790 Edward Lockwood-Perceval
  - Charlotte Manners-Sutton, married on 16 June 1789 Thomas Lockwood He entered Parliament in 1754, succeeding his elder brother, the Marquess of Granby as Member of Parliament for Grantham, representing Newark from 1780. In 1762, he adopted the additional surname of Sutton, upon inheriting the estates of that family, including the family seat of Kelham Hall, from his elder brother Lord Robert Manners-Sutton. The change of name, though, was enabled by a 1734 Act of Parliament—many years earlier—when his brother succeeded to those estates. On 5 February 1768, he married Mary Peart, daughter of Joshua Peart, by whom he had one daughter:
  - Mary Manners-Sutton, married in 1799 Rev. Richard Lockwood When the Nottinghamshire Militia was reformed in 1775 he was appointed its Colonel, a position he held until his death. He died at Kelham Hall in 1783 and was succeeded by his eldest son, George. He was buried in the chancel of St Wilfrid's Church, Kelham.

text:
# Lord George Manners-Sutton

**Lord George Manners-Sutton** (8 March 1723 – 7 January 1783, Kelham Hall), born **Lord George Manners**, was a British nobleman and politician, the third son of John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland.

On 5 December 1749, he married Diana Chaplin (d. 1767), only daughter of Thomas Chaplin of Blankney, Lincolnshire, by whom he had nine children:

He entered Parliament in 1754, succeeding his elder brother, the Marquess of Granby as Member of Parliament for Grantham, representing Newark from 1780. In 1762, he adopted the additional surname of Sutton, upon inheriting the estates of that family, including the family seat of Kelham Hall, from his elder brother Lord Robert Manners-Sutton. The change of name, though, was enabled by a 1734 Act of Parliament—many years earlier—when his brother succeeded to those estates.

On 5 February 1768, he married Mary Peart, daughter of Joshua Peart, by whom he had one daughter:

* Mary Manners-Sutton (d. 20 November 1829), married in 1799 Rev. Richard Lockwood

When the Nottinghamshire Militia was reformed in 1775 he was appointed its Colonel, a position he held until his death.

He died at Kelham Hall in 1783 and was succeeded by his eldest son, George. He was buried in the chancel of St Wilfrid's Church, Kelham.


title: List of Ohio State Buckeyes bowl games

abstract: The Ohio State Buckeyes football team competes as part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), representing the Ohio State University in the East division of the Big Ten Conference. Since the establishment of the football program in 1890, the Buckeyes have played in 55 bowl games. Included in these games are 33 appearances in the "big four" bowl games, 10 appearances in the Bowl Championship Series, including one national championship victory in the 2003 Fiesta Bowl, two appearances in the BCS National Championship Game, and two appearances in the College Football Playoff National Championship, including one national championship victory in the 2015 College Football Playoff National Championship. Ohio State's first bowl game came during the 1920 season when, under the leadership of eighth year head coach John Wilce, the team went on to the Rose Bowl where they would be defeated by California 28–0. Following their first Rose Bowl appearance, the school would not make another bowl appearance until 1949, when head coach Wes Fesler led the Buckeyes to the Rose Bowl again, this time defeating the California Golden Bears 17–14. Following Fesler, Woody Hayes took over the position of head coach at Ohio State and during his career would lead the Buckeyes to eleven bowl games and compiling a 5–6 record. The Buckeyes appeared in the Rose Bowl eight times during Hayes' tenure and would go 4–4 in those games. Hayes would also lead the Buckeyes to one Orange Bowl, one Sugar Bowl, and one Gator Bowl appearance during his time as head coach. Earle Bruce became the head coach of the Ohio State Buckeyes following Woody Hayes in 1979. Bruce would lead the Buckeyes to the Rose Bowl in his first season, coming one point away from a national championship, losing to the USC Trojans 17–16. Over Bruce's career, the Buckeyes would make eight bowl appearances going 5–3 in those games. Ohio State also made two Rose Bowl appearances under Bruce, in which the team went 0–2. Following Bruce, John Cooper became the head coach of the Buckeyes and would lead the school to ten bowl appearances, including one Rose Bowl victory in 1997, the school's first Rose Bowl victory since 1974. Cooper would lead the Buckeyes to a 3–8 bowl record during his tenure. Cooper would also lead the Buckeyes to the Sugar Bowl in 1999, the first Bowl Championship Series appearance for Ohio State. Jim Tressel was hired as the head coach of the Buckeyes in 2001 and would remain head coach at the university until 2010. Under Tressel, Ohio State made a bowl appearance in all his ten seasons as head coach and made eight BCS bowl appearances for a total of nine appearances for the university, the most of any other school. Tressel would also lead the Buckeyes to the national championship game in 2002, where the Buckeyes defeated the Miami Hurricanes 31–24 in double overtime for their first national championship since 1970. Tressel compiled an overall bowl record of 5–4 with one vacated victory, including three appearances in the BCS National Championship Game, four appearances in the Fiesta Bowl, one in the Rose Bowl, one in the Sugar Bowl, one in the Outback Bowl, and one in the Alamo Bowl. Ohio State would also reach the Gator Bowl in 2011 under head coach Luke Fickell, which they would lose 24–17 to the Florida Gators. In November 2011, Urban Meyer was hired as the head coach and has led the Buckeyes to bowl games in five seasons during his time at Ohio State. Meyer led the Buckeyes to their tenth BCS bowl against Clemson in the Orange Bowl. In 2014, Meyer led the Buckeyes to the inaugural College Football Playoff, where the Buckeyes defeated Alabama in the Sugar Bowl and Oregon in the College Football Playoff National Championship, to win the program's eighth national championship. In their 2015–16 bowl appearance, Ohio State defeated Notre Dame in the Fiesta Bowl. The win in that game brought Ohio State's overall bowl record to 22 wins and 24 losses. Meyer also led the Buckeyes to the 4th seed in the college football playoffs in the 2016–17 season. The Buckeyes fell to Clemson in that game 31–0. During the 2017–18 season, the Buckeyes played in the 2017 Cotton Bowl Classic, where they defeated the USC Trojans 24–7. Ohio State would play the following year in the 2019 Rose Bowl. It would be Ohio State's 15th Rose Bowl appearance and final bowl game for coach Urban Meyer. The Buckeyes would go on to defeat Pac-12 champion Washington 28–23. Their most recent bowl game was on December 31, 2022 when they narrowly lost to the Georgia Bulldogs 41–42 in the 2022 Peach Bowl. The Buckeye's bowl record stands at 27–29–0.

text:
# List of Ohio State Buckeyes bowl games

The Ohio State Buckeyes football team competes as part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), representing the Ohio State University in the East division of the Big Ten Conference. Since the establishment of the football program in 1890, the Buckeyes have played in 55 bowl games. Included in these games are 33 appearances in the "big four" bowl games (the Rose, Sugar, Orange, and Fiesta), 10 appearances in the Bowl Championship Series, including one national championship victory in the 2003 Fiesta Bowl, two appearances in the BCS National Championship Game, and two appearances in the College Football Playoff National Championship, including one national championship victory in the 2015 College Football Playoff National Championship.

Ohio State's first bowl game came during the 1920 season when, under the leadership of eighth year head coach John Wilce, the team went on to the Rose Bowl where they would be defeated by California 28–0. Following their first Rose Bowl appearance, the school would not make another bowl appearance until 1949, when head coach Wes Fesler led the Buckeyes to the Rose Bowl again, this time defeating the California Golden Bears 17–14. Following Fesler, Woody Hayes took over the position of head coach at Ohio State and during his career would lead the Buckeyes to eleven bowl games and compiling a 5–6 record. The Buckeyes appeared in the Rose Bowl eight times during Hayes' tenure and would go 4–4 in those games. Hayes would also lead the Buckeyes to one Orange Bowl, one Sugar Bowl, and one Gator Bowl appearance during his time as head coach.

Earle Bruce became the head coach of the Ohio State Buckeyes following Woody Hayes in 1979. Bruce would lead the Buckeyes to the Rose Bowl in his first season, coming one point away from a national championship, losing to the USC Trojans 17–16. Over Bruce's career, the Buckeyes would make eight bowl appearances going 5–3 in those games. Ohio State also made two Rose Bowl appearances under Bruce, in which the team went 0–2. Following Bruce, John Cooper became the head coach of the Buckeyes and would lead the school to ten bowl appearances, including one Rose Bowl victory in 1997, the school's first Rose Bowl victory since 1974. Cooper would lead the Buckeyes to a 3–8 bowl record during his tenure. Cooper would also lead the Buckeyes to the Sugar Bowl in 1999, the first Bowl Championship Series appearance for Ohio State.

Jim Tressel was hired as the head coach of the Buckeyes in 2001 and would remain head coach at the university until 2010. Under Tressel, Ohio State made a bowl appearance in all his ten seasons as head coach and made eight BCS bowl appearances for a total of nine appearances for the university, the most of any other school. Tressel would also lead the Buckeyes to the national championship game in 2002, where the Buckeyes defeated the Miami Hurricanes 31–24 in double overtime for their first national championship since 1970. Tressel compiled an overall bowl record of 5–4 with one vacated victory, including three appearances in the BCS National Championship Game, four appearances in the Fiesta Bowl, one in the Rose Bowl, one in the Sugar Bowl, one in the Outback Bowl, and one in the Alamo Bowl. Ohio State would also reach the Gator Bowl in 2011 under head coach Luke Fickell, which they would lose 24–17 to the Florida Gators.

In November 2011, Urban Meyer was hired as the head coach and has led the Buckeyes to bowl games in five seasons during his time at Ohio State. Meyer led the Buckeyes to their tenth BCS bowl against Clemson in the Orange Bowl. In 2014, Meyer led the Buckeyes to the inaugural College Football Playoff, where the Buckeyes defeated Alabama in the Sugar Bowl and Oregon in the College Football Playoff National Championship, to win the program's eighth national championship. In their 2015–16 bowl appearance, Ohio State defeated Notre Dame in the Fiesta Bowl. The win in that game brought Ohio State's overall bowl record to 22 wins and 24 losses. Meyer also led the Buckeyes to the 4th seed in the college football playoffs in the 2016–17 season. The Buckeyes fell to Clemson in that game 31–0. During the 2017–18 season, the Buckeyes played in the 2017 Cotton Bowl Classic, where they defeated the USC Trojans 24–7. Ohio State would play the following year in the 2019 Rose Bowl. It would be Ohio State's 15th Rose Bowl appearance and final bowl game for coach Urban Meyer. The Buckeyes would go on to defeat Pac-12 champion Washington 28–23. Their most recent bowl game was on December 31, 2022 when they narrowly lost to the Georgia Bulldogs 41–42 in the 2022 Peach Bowl. The Buckeye's bowl record stands at 27–29–0.

## Key

## Bowl games

List of bowl games showing bowl played in, score, date, season, opponent, stadium, location, attendance and head coach
| # | Bowl | Score | Date | Season | Opponent | Stadium | Location | Attendance | Head coach |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Rose Bowl | L 28–0 | January 1, 1921 | 1920 | California Golden Bears | Rose Bowl | Pasadena | 42,000 | John Wilce |
| 2 | Rose Bowl | W 17–14 | January 1, 1950 | 1949 | California Golden Bears | Rose Bowl | Pasadena | 100,963 | Wes Fesler |
| 3 | Rose Bowl | W 20–7 | January 1, 1955 | 1954 | USC Trojans | Rose Bowl | Pasadena | 89,191 | Woody Hayes |
| 4 | Rose Bowl | W 10–7 | January 1, 1958 | 1957 | Oregon Ducks | Rose Bowl | Pasadena | 98,201 | Woody Hayes |
| 5 | Rose Bowl | W 27–16 | January 1, 1969 | 1968 | USC Trojans | Rose Bowl | Pasadena | 102,063 | Woody Hayes |
| 6 | Rose Bowl | L 27–17 | January 1, 1971 | 1970 | Stanford Indians | Rose Bowl | Pasadena | 103,839 | Woody Hayes |
| 7 | Rose Bowl | L 42–17 | January 1, 1973 | 1972 | USC Trojans | Rose Bowl | Pasadena | 106,869 | Woody Hayes |
| 8 | Rose Bowl | W 42–21 | January 1, 1974 | 1973 | USC Trojans | Rose Bowl | Pasadena | 105,267 | Woody Hayes |
| 9 | Rose Bowl | L 18–17 | January 1, 1975 | 1974 | USC Trojans | Rose Bowl | Pasadena | 106,721 | Woody Hayes |
| 10 | Rose Bowl | L 23–10 | January 1, 1976 | 1975 | UCLA Bruins | Rose Bowl | Pasadena | 105,464 | Woody Hayes |
| 11 | Orange Bowl | W 27–10 | January 1, 1977 | 1976 | Colorado Buffaloes | Orange Bowl | Miami | 65,537 | Woody Hayes |
| 12 | Sugar Bowl | L 35–6 | January 2, 1978 | 1977 | Alabama Crimson Tide | Louisiana Superdome | New Orleans | 76,811 | Woody Hayes |
| 13 | Gator Bowl | L 17–15 | December 29, 1978 | 1978 | Clemson Tigers | Gator Bowl | Jacksonville | 72,011 | Woody Hayes |
| 14 | Rose Bowl | L 17–16 | January 1, 1980 | 1979 | USC Trojans | Rose Bowl | Pasadena | 105,526 | Earle Bruce |
| 15 | Fiesta Bowl | L 31–19 | December 26, 1980 | 1980 | Penn State Nittany Lions | Sun Devil Stadium | Tempe | 66,738 | Earle Bruce |
| 16 | Liberty Bowl | W 31–28 | December 30, 1981 | 1981 | Navy Midshipmen | Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium | Memphis | 43,216 | Earle Bruce |
| 17 | Holiday Bowl | W 47–17 | December 17, 1982 | 1982 | BYU Cougars | Jack Murphy Stadium | San Diego | 52,533 | Earle Bruce |
| 18 | Fiesta Bowl | W 28–23 | January 2, 1984 | 1983 | Pittsburgh Panthers | Sun Devil Stadium | Tempe | 66,484 | Earle Bruce |
| 19 | Rose Bowl | L 20–17 | January 1, 1985 | 1984 | USC Trojans | Rose Bowl | Pasadena | 102,594 | Earle Bruce |
| 20 | Florida Citrus Bowl | W 10–7 | December 28, 1985 | 1985 | BYU Cougars | Citrus Bowl | Orlando | 50,920 | Earle Bruce |
| 21 | Cotton Bowl Classic | W 28–12 | January 1, 1987 | 1986 | Texas A&M Aggies | Cotton | Dallas | 74,188 | Earle Bruce |
| 22 | Hall of Fame Bowl | L 31–14 | January 1, 1990 | 1989 | Auburn Tigers | Tampa Stadium | Tampa | 52,535 | John Cooper |
| 23 | Liberty Bowl | L 23–11 | December 27, 1990 | 1990 | Air Force Falcons | Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium | Memphis | 13,144 | John Cooper |
| 24 | Hall of Fame Bowl | L 24–17 | January 1, 1992 | 1991 | Syracuse Orangemen | Tampa Stadium | Tampa | 57,789 | John Cooper |
| 25 | Florida Citrus Bowl | L 21–14 | January 1, 1993 | 1992 | Georgia Bulldogs | Citrus Bowl | Orlando | 65,816 | John Cooper |
| 26 | Holiday Bowl | W 28–21 | December 30, 1993 | 1993 | BYU Cougars | Jack Murphy Stadium | San Diego | 52,108 | John Cooper |
| 27 | Florida Citrus Bowl | L 24–17 | January 2, 1995 | 1994 | Alabama Crimson Tide | Citrus Bowl | Orlando | 71,195 | John Cooper |
| 28 | Florida Citrus Bowl | L 20–14 | January 2, 1996 | 1995 | Tennessee Volunteers | Citrus Bowl | Orlando | 70,797 | John Cooper |
| 29 | Rose Bowl | W 20–17 | January 1, 1997 | 1996 | Arizona State Sun Devils | Rose Bowl | Pasadena | 100,635 | John Cooper |
| 30 | Sugar Bowl | L 31–14 | January 1, 1998 | 1997 | Florida State Seminoles | Louisiana Superdome | New Orleans | 67,289 | John Cooper |
| 31 | Sugar Bowl | W 24–14 | January 1, 1999 | 1998 | Texas A&M Aggies | Louisiana Superdome | New Orleans | 76,503 | John Cooper |
| 32 | Outback Bowl | L 24–7 | January 1, 2001 | 2000 | South Carolina Gamecocks | Raymond James Stadium | Tampa | 65,299 | John Cooper |
| 33 | Outback Bowl | L 31–28 | January 1, 2002 | 2001 | South Carolina Gamecocks | Raymond James Stadium | Tampa | 66,249 | Jim Tressel |
| 34 | **Fiesta Bowl*** | W 31–242OT | January 3, 2003 | 2002 | Miami Hurricanes | Sun Devil Stadium | Tempe | 77,502 | Jim Tressel |
| 35 | Fiesta Bowl | W 35–28 | January 2, 2004 | 2003 | Kansas State Wildcats | Sun Devil Stadium | Tempe | 73,425 | Jim Tressel |
| 36 | Alamo Bowl | W 33–7 | December 29, 2004 | 2004 | Oklahoma State Cowboys | Alamodome | San Antonio | 65,265 | Jim Tressel |
| 37 | Fiesta Bowl | W 34–20 | January 2, 2006 | 2005 | Notre Dame Fighting Irish | Sun Devil Stadium | Tempe | 76,196 | Jim Tressel |
| 38 | **BCS National Championship Game*** | L 41–14 | January 8, 2007 | 2006 | Florida Gators | University of Phoenix Stadium | Glendale | 74,628 | Jim Tressel |
| 39 | **BCS National Championship Game*** | L 38–24 | January 7, 2008 | 2007 | LSU Tigers | Louisiana Superdome | New Orleans | 79,651 | Jim Tressel |
| 40 | Fiesta Bowl | L 24–21 | January 5, 2009 | 2008 | Texas Longhorns | University of Phoenix Stadium | Glendale | 72,047 | Jim Tressel |
| 41 | Rose Bowl | W 26–17 | January 1, 2010 | 2009 | Oregon Ducks | Rose Bowl | Pasadena | 93,963 | Jim Tressel |
| 42 | Sugar Bowl | W\* 31–26 | January 4, 2011 | 2010 | Arkansas Razorbacks | Louisiana Superdome | New Orleans | 73,879 | Jim Tressel |
| 43 | Gator Bowl | L 24–17 | January 2, 2012 | 2011 | Florida Gators | EverBank Field | Jacksonville | 61,312 | Luke Fickell
(interim) |
| 44 | Orange Bowl | L 40–35 | January 3, 2014 | 2013 | Clemson Tigers | Sun Life Stadium | Miami | 72,080 | Urban Meyer |
| 45 | **Sugar Bowl**§ | W 42–35 | January 1, 2015 | 2014 | Alabama Crimson Tide | Mercedes-Benz Superdome | New Orleans | 74,682 | Urban Meyer |
| 46 | **CFP National Championship*** | W 42–20 | January 12, 2015 | | Oregon Ducks | AT&T Stadium | Arlington | 85,689 | Urban Meyer |
| 47 | Fiesta Bowl | W 44–28 | January 1, 2016 | 2015 | Notre Dame Fighting Irish | University of Phoenix Stadium | Glendale | 71,123 | Urban Meyer |
| 48 | **Fiesta Bowl**§ | L 31–0 | December 31, 2016 | 2016 | Clemson Tigers | University of Phoenix Stadium | Glendale | 70,236 | Urban Meyer |
| 49 | **Cotton Bowl Classic** | W 24–7 | December 29, 2017 | 2017 | USC Trojans | AT&T Stadium | Arlington | 67,510 | Urban Meyer |
| 50 | **Rose Bowl** | W 28–23 | January 1, 2019 | 2018 | Washington Huskies | Rose Bowl | Pasadena | 91,853 | Urban Meyer |
| 51 | **Fiesta Bowl**§ | L 29–23 | December 28, 2019 | 2019 | Clemson Tigers | State Farm Stadium | Glendale | 71,330 | Ryan Day |
| 52 | **Sugar Bowl**§ | W 49–28 | January 1, 2021 | 2020 | Clemson Tigers | Mercedes-Benz Superdome | New Orleans | 2 | Ryan Day |
| 53 | **CFP National Championship*** | L 24–52 | January 11, 2021 | | Alabama Crimson Tide | Hard Rock Stadium | Miami Gardens | 14,926 | Ryan Day |
| 54 | Rose Bowl | W 48–45 | January 1, 2022 | 2021 | Utah Utes | Rose Bowl Stadium | Pasadena | 87,842 | Ryan Day |
| 55 | **Peach Bowl**§ | L 41–42 | December 31, 2022 | 2022 | Georgia Bulldogs | Mercedes-Benz Stadium | Atlanta | 79,330 | Ryan Day |
| 56 | Cotton Bowl Classic | L 3–14 | December 29, 2023 | 2023 | Missouri Tigers | AT&T Stadium | Arlington | 70,114 | Ryan Day |

1. Statistics correct as of 2019–20 NCAA football bowl games.
2. Results are sortable first by whether the result was an Ohio State win, loss or tie and then second by the margin of victory.
3. Links to the season article for the Ohio State team that competed in the bowl for that year.
4. Links to the season article for the opponent that Ohio State competed against in the bowl for that year when available or to their general page when unavailable.
5. Ohio State voluntarily vacated their Sugar Bowl victory following NCAA allegations.

## Record by Bowl

| Bowl | App. | Wins | Losses | Win Pct. | Most Recent Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Rose Bowl | 16 | 9 | 7 | .563 | W 48–45 vs. Utah (2022) |
| Fiesta Bowl | 9 | 5 | 4 | .556 | L 23–29 vs. Clemson (2019) |
| Sugar Bowl | 6 | 4 | 2 | .667 | W 49–28 vs. Clemson (2021) |
| Citrus Bowl | 4 | 1 | 3 | .250 | L 14–20 vs. Tennessee (1995) |
| ReliaQuest Bowlb | 4 | 0 | 4 | .000 | L 28–31 vs. South Carolina (2002) |
| BCS National Championship Game | 3 | 1 | 2 | .333 | L 24–38 vs. LSU (2008) |
| Cotton Bowl | 3 | 2 | 1 | .667 | L 3–14 vs. Missouri (2023) |
| Holiday Bowl | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1.000 | W 28–21 vs. BYU (1993) |
| Liberty Bowl | 2 | 1 | 1 | .500 | L 11–23 vs. Air Force (1990) |
| Orange Bowl | 2 | 1 | 1 | .500 | L 35–40 vs. Clemson (2014) |
| Gator Bowla | 2 | 0 | 2 | .000 | L 17–24 vs. Florida (2012) |
| Alamo Bowl | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1.000 | W 33–7 vs. Oklahoma State (2004) |
| CFP National Championship Game | 2 | 1 | 1 | .500 | L 24–52 vs. Alabama (2021) |

a The Gator Bowl was formerly called the TaxSlayer Bowl b The ReliaQuest Bowl was formerly called the Outback Bowl and Hall of Fame Bowl

| Bowl Selector | App. | Wins | Losses | Win Pct. | Most Recent Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| New Years Six | 10 | 7 | 3 | .700 | W 48-45 vs. Utah (2022 Rose Bowl) |
| Bowl Championship Series | 10 | 6\* | 4 | .556 | L 35–40 vs. Clemson (2014 Orange Bowl) |
| College Football Playoff | 7 | 3 | 4 | .429 | L 41–42 vs. Georgia (2022 Peach Bowl) |
| Bowl Alliance | 1 | 0 | 1 | .000 | L 14–31 vs. Florida State (1998 Sugar Bowl) |

General * National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). "Bowl/All-Star Game Records" (PDF). *2011 NCAA Division I Football Records*. NCAA.org. Retrieved August 12, 2012.
* "Ohio State Football History: Bowl Records" (PDF). *Ohio State Buckeyes.com*. Retrieved August 12, 2012.

Specific


title: Mass media in Ghana

abstract: The mass media in Ghana, includes television, radio, internet publishing and newspapers.

text:
# Mass media in Ghana

The **mass media in Ghana**, includes television, radio, internet publishing and newspapers.

## History

### 19th century

The media in the Gold Coast first emerged in the 19th century with the publication of *The Gold Coast Gazette and Commercial Intelligencer* in 1822. The paper had several functions: to provide information for civil servants and European merchants, and to help promote literacy rates and rural development among the local population - while encouraging unity with the Gold Coast government. In the mid-19th century, a diverse number of African-owned papers appeared that were largely unrestricted by the colonial government. This led to a surge of independent press, which in part led to the independence of Ghana.

Colonial Governor Sir Arnold Hodson introduced the first radio channel, named Radio ZOY, on 31 July 1935, before it was renamed to the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation upon the country's independence in 1957. Its main use was to spread propaganda to gain the support of the colonies

### Post-independence

Following the 6 March 1957 declaration of independence by Ghana from the United Kingdom, there were only around four newspapers. Leader Kwame Nkrumah eventually controlled all the press in Ghana and saw it as an instrument of state authority, providing propaganda that encouraged national unity and creating a hierarchal system of state apparatus to manage the media. Transfer of the media had changed hands from a civilian to a military government, and a series of arrests and imprisonment of political opponents by Nkrumah had a chilling effect on the media. The opposition *Ashanti Pioneer*, which had operated since the 1930s, was shut down by Nkrumah after being subject to censorship. After Nkrumah's overthrow in a coup, many state outlets changed hands, though still under the control of the ruling party. The National Liberation Council (NLC) imposed stricter controls on domestic private outlets; for example, the Rumours Decree in 1966 prevented anyone from suing government-owned newspapers.

In 1969, the democratically elected civilian government of Kofi Busia that followed the NLC were left with a large number of media outlets under state control. Busia repealed various acts and dismissed the owner of the state-owned *Daily Graphic* for opposing Busia, who had appealed for African dialogue with the apartheid government in South Africa. However, when Ignatius Kutu Acheampong overthrew the Busia government, he reinstated strict media control and clamped down on opposition outlets by cutting off foreign exchange. However, a number of opposition media remained unimpeded during the Acheampong regime, and by 1978 had grown in their calls for a multi-party democracy in Ghana.

The regime of Acheampong was overthrown in May 1978 by General Akuffo, who reversed some of his predecessors media policies and released jailed journalists and opposition members. This led to the establishment of two party papers: the *Star* of the Popular Front Party (PFP) and the *Gong Gong* of the People's National Party (PNP). The Akuffo regime was short lived, ending in another coup d'état by the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC) headed by Jerry Rawlings, who repealed the press laws that were passed by Acheampong. Rawlings replaced the chief editor of the *Daily Graphic* who criticised the AFRC executions, though they had no authority to do so as it undermined the Constitution of the Third Republic, which stated they had to be replaced by the Press Commission. After eight months of the AFRC regime, which had promised media reform but in the end did not materialise, power was returned to the democratically elected PNP with Hilla Limann on 24 September 1979. Limann was an advocate of liberal media reform, establishing a 12-member Press Commission on 25 July 1980. In a speech he said:

> I shall, as elected President of Ghana, be forever prepared to submit to the acid test of public judgement the claims of those who may think that they represent the public more than me or any other political leader. Bluff, snobbery and arrogance on all sides must now cease, so that the Press Commission can function in a way that it has been envisaged by those who have never had any personal axe to grind. I have long been one of the protagonists myself. Since the functions of the Press Commission have clearly been spelt out in the Constitution, I can do no more than reassure its members and our journalists that my government will respect, uphold and defend the Constitution and thus do everything in our power to help the Press Commission discharge its obligation, in the overall interest of the public to which we are all to varying degrees accountable.

The Press Commission, as enshrined in law, were to investigate complaints about the press, uphold press freedom and provide necessary regulation and licensing to media outlets. During Limann's rule, he respected the new Constitution and accepted criticism from the media. This did not last long however, as John Rawlings, citing "corruption and maladministration", once again seized power under the Provisional National Defence Council on 31 December 1981, and repealed the liberal media reforms instigated by Limann. Under the new government, the Third Constitution, along with the Press Commission, was abolished. Through the state-owned *Daily Graphic* on 5 January 1982, he told the press to lead the "Holy War" and direct the revolution. Rawlings passed laws that prevented criticism of the government or its policies, dismissed editors critical of him and passed various laws such as the Preventive Custody Law and Newspaper Licensing Law which allowed indefinite detention without trial of journalists, and stifled private media development respectively. The PNDC Secretary of Information Joyce Aryee in 1983 defended direct government control:

> I don't see the press as lying outside the political institutions that we already have. This is where I feel people ought to realise that the press differs from country to country. In a situation like ours, where we need to conscientize people, and where we have an illiteracy problem, you use institutions like the press to do the conscientization.

The policies not only affected print media but also the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation, with several dismissals or premature retirement. As a result, some media avoided all discussions of politics altogether and focused on other topics like sport or entertainment instead.

### 1992-2000

In 1992, Ghana promulgated a new constitution, and returned to democratic rule on 7 January 1993. Rawlings as part of the National Democratic Congress (he retired a Flight Lieutenant of the Ghana Armed Forces) liberalised the media by repealing previous laws the PNDC signed in. The private media, which had previously been silenced under the regime for the past decade, used the new press freedom laws to voice criticism at Rawlings of the years of strict laws and published several accusations of violent authoritarianism and drug abuse. The state media however, maintained a favourable image of Rawlings. Rawlings acknowledged the years of media repression, though he defended the military coup:

> All that has happened during the last decade cannot be divorced from today's constitutional order. No one can fail to appreciate the significance of the 31st December Revolution in bringing Ghanaians to the threshold of the Fourth Republic, and in establishing firm principles of social justice which will make the constitution a living reality - to do so would mean distorting Ghana's history and putting aside those vital lessons which would indeed enrich this phase of Ghanaian experience.

Furthermore, Rawlings had pledged to uphold Chapter 12 of the Constitution of Ghana, promoting press freedom, responsibility of both private and state outlets and these freedoms to be additional to human rights. A new 15-member National Press Commission (later Ghanaian Media Commission) was created that was independent of government, which would uphold the aforementioned responsibilities. Despite these new reforms, President Rawlings and the NDC government remained critical of the private press, calling it "politically irresponsible" and motivated by profit. One government official claimed the private media "tested the limits of the government", while others accused it of portraying Parliament as inferior. A group named Friends of Democracy claimed it had 1,000 signatories protesting against the private media. Editors from the *Free Press* and *New Statesman* had reported being sent death threats from the NDC for criticising the regime. Valerie Sackey who was an assistant to President Rawlings, noted that the private press had a duty to provide legitimate criticism of the government and to act responsibly, rather than simply portraying that the government was attempting to muzzle them.

### 2000-present

After the election in 2000 of John Kufuor the tensions between the private media and government decreased. Kufuor was a supporter of press freedom and repealed the criminal libel law, though maintained that the media had to act responsibly. The Ghanaian media has been described as "one of the most unfettered" in Africa, operating with little restriction on private media. The private press often carries criticism of government policy. The media, and broadcast media in particular, were vigorous in their coverage of the 2008 Ghanaian presidential election, and the Ghanaian Journalists Association (GJA) praised John Atta Mills on his election, hoping to foster a good media-government relationship. During a 1999 interview, the GJA described how the media has helped promote democracy in the country:

> The press has forced the Government to accept that officials are accountable....It is for me a positive indication that the media of Ghana have made some impact on democracy since the foundation of the 4th Republic
>
> Seyd, C., 4 June 1999.

Due to the new freedom of media, the video game industry in Ghana is growing.

## Relations with foreign media

The Ghanaian media holds good relations with foreign media, with many international journalists from Western, African and Asian organisations based in the capital, Accra. Journalists are not hindered during their work, and information is not censored into or out of the country. The main news agency, *Ghana News Agency*, was set up in 1957 by Nkrumah to provide balanced information on local and international news. Reuters helped provide the agency with guidance and technical assistance until 1961. The agency had subscriptions from over 140 organisations and six news agencies in 2000.

## Challenges to Ghanaian media

Despite its relative freedom, the media in Ghana does face some challenges. Journalists in Ghana are often poorly paid, under resourced, and often lack training. As a result, journalists in Ghana find themselves susceptible to bribery and self-censorship. The quality of radio and television broadcast media programming is low. With respect to newspapers, the ownership landscape of newspapers is politically polarized with most newspapers supporting either the government or opposition party lines. Only one newspaper, the state-owned *Daily Graphic* is truly national in distribution.

### Freedom of the press

Although the constitution and law provide for freedom of speech and press, the government sometimes restricts those rights. The police arbitrarily arrest and detain journalists. Some journalists practice self-censorship. The constitution prohibits arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence, and the government respects these prohibitions in practice.

In 2002 the government of Ghana censored Internet media coverage of tribal violence in Northern Ghana.

## Newspapers

| Newspaper | Circulation<br>(Copies) |
| --- | --- |
| Daily Graphic | 100000 |
| Ghanaian Times | 80000 |
| Chronicle | 45000 |
| Daily Guide | 22000 |
| Daily Democrat | 5000 |
| Daily Dispatch | 5000 |
| New Crusading Guide | 5000 |
| Daily Post | 5000 |
| Daily Searchlight | 1500 |

Around 135 newspapers are published in Ghana, including 16 independent newspapers and 9 daily newspapers. The contribution of a large number of state and private newspapers create a diverse media environment in Ghana. State papers such as the *Daily Graphic* and *Ghanaian Times* tend to promote and encourage support for government policies and follow a conservative line, unlike private press which has exposed lavish styles of government officials and mis-management of government affairs.

The Ghanaian National Media Commission, an independent commission, was set up to monitor and receive complaints about the media. The commission had received 50 complaints in 2002, and in May 2001, forced the *Ghanaian Chronicle* to apologise for publishing "false stories" on individuals without substantial evidence. However, similar rulings have been ignored due to a lack of authority. Today News Ghana and Modern Ghana are the most popular Newspapers.

## Television and radio

Television was introduced to Ghana in 1965 and was under State control. The Ghana Broadcasting Corporation held a monopoly on television broadcasting until 1994, following the 1992 constitution of the new democratically elected government. Part of the 1992 constitution established the National Media Commission which held the responsibility to promote and ensure the independence of the media.

Shortly after the 1966 coup of Nkrumah by the National Liberation Council (who held an even tighter State grip on the nation's media), the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation announced a decree to, "broadcast programmes in the field of culture, education, information and entertainment, to reflect national progress and aspirations, and to broadcast in the main Ghanaian languages and in English".

There were seven broadcast stations in 2007. Among the stations, there is the state-run Ghana Broadcasting Corporation and four private channels, TV3, Metro TV, Viasat 1, TV Skyy, and TV Africa, with TV3 and Metro TV going on the air in 1997. Foreign stations such as CNN and BBC are freely accessible.

FM radio began in 1988, which allowed foreign radio stations into the country, such as Voice of America, Radio France Internationale and BBC broadcasts on 101.3FM. A public demonstration in 1995 over seizure of equipment from a private station, *Radio EYE*, forced the government to issue many FM frequencies for other private stations, creating a new era of "broadcast pluralism". Interactive phone-in discussions on local and national issues are very popular on Ghanaian radio. In addition to English-language stations, there are several in local dialect. In 2007, 86 FM and three shortwave stations existed.

## Internet

The Internet was used by an estimated 4.2 million Ghanaians in 2012, roughly 17% of the population. There was no significant improvement in 2014 as reported by Internet World Statistics there were "5,171,993 Internet users on Dec 31, 2014, 19.6% of the population, per IWS." . As it stands, there are so many possibilities of reaching more people in the Ghanaian Digital News Space.

It is unrestricted by the government.

## Bibliography


title: Tal Anderson Field

abstract: Tal Anderson Field is a college baseball park in the central United States, located in Omaha, Nebraska. It is the home field of the University of Nebraska Omaha Mavericks of the Summit League in NCAA Division I. Opened three years ago in 2021 in the Midtown neighborhood, it has a seating capacity of 1,500 for baseball. The artificial turf playing field is aligned northeast by north, at an approximate elevation of 1,030 feet (315 m) above sea level. UNO's softball venue, Connie Claussen Field, is adjacent to the south, and Baxter Arena is nearby to the east, on the other side of Little Papillion Creek.

text:
# Tal Anderson Field

**Tal Anderson Field** is a college baseball park in the central United States, located in Omaha, Nebraska. It is the home field of the University of Nebraska Omaha Mavericks of the Summit League in NCAA Division I. Opened three years ago in 2021 in the Midtown neighborhood, it has a seating capacity of 1,500 for baseball.

The artificial turf playing field is aligned northeast by north, at an approximate elevation of 1,030 feet (315 m) above sea level. UNO's softball venue, Connie Claussen Field, is adjacent to the south, and Baxter Arena is nearby to the east, on the other side of Little Papillion Creek.

## Naming

Tal Anderson, for whom the venue is named, caught for the Mavericks program in the 1950s.

## InfoBox

Tal Anderson Field
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| OmahaLocation in the United StatesOmahaLocation in Nebraska | |
| Address | 2850 South 67th Street |
| Location | Omaha, Nebraska, U.S. |
| Coordinates | 41°14′02″N 96°01′05″W / 41.234°N 96.018°W / 41.234; -96.018 |
| Owner | University of Nebraska Omaha |
| Capacity | 1,500 |
| Field size | **Left Field**: 320 ft (98 m)
**Center Field**: 465 ft (142 m)
**Right Field**: 320 ft (98 m) |
| Surface | Artificial turf |
| Scoreboard | Electronic |
| Construction | |
| Broke ground | 2020 |
| Built | 2020 |
| Opened | March 5, 2021 |
| Construction cost | 22.5 million |
| General contractor | Peter Kiewit Construction |
| Tenants | |
| Omaha Mavericks (NCAA, Summit League)
(2021–present) | |


title: Estadio Sierra Nevada

abstract:
Estadio Sierra Nevada is a football stadium in the city of Santa Marta, Colombia.
The stadium was opened on 11 November 2017. It was the host stadium for the football matches at the 2017 Bolivarian Games and home stadium for local football club Unión Magdalena starting from 2018. The stadium is designed with a capacity of 16,162 people. Due to delays, the stadium could not be completed by the start of the Bolivarian Games.

text:
# Estadio Sierra Nevada

**Estadio Sierra Nevada** (Spanish: *Estadio Sierra Nevada* \[esˈtaðjo ˈsjera neˈβaða\]) (also known as **Estadio Unidad Bolivariana Bureche**) is a football stadium in the city of Santa Marta, Colombia. The stadium was opened on 11 November 2017. It was the host stadium for the football matches at the 2017 Bolivarian Games and home stadium for local football club Unión Magdalena starting from 2018. The stadium is designed with a capacity of 16,162 people.

Due to delays, the stadium could not be completed by the start of the Bolivarian Games.

## History

### Construction

The decision to build the new stadium for the city of Santa Marta was made by mayor Rafael Martínez after Colombia won the bid to host the 2017 Bolivarian Games, which is organized by ODEBO. Considering it was better to build a multipurpose scenario rather than remodeling the Eduardo Santos Stadium, since the order to permanently close the Eduardo Santos was due to it presenting precarious safety conditions for those attending.

The construction of the stadium started in November 2016 with seating capacity for 16,000 spectators and is the axis of the new *Villa Bolivariana* for the 2017 Bolivarian Games. It was the venue for the opening and closing ceremonies of the Games as well as the men's U-17 and the women's U-20 soccer tournaments, although the western tribune of the stadium was incomplete at the time of the event. the new stadium is owned by the local the municipality of Santa Marta.

The stadium is located in the sector of Bureche in the south of the city, within a lot of 34 hectares (340,000 m2).

The stadium has been delayed during the construction multiple time for different reasons, it was scheduled to be completed between 2017 and 2018. It caused criticism from the football club fans and media.

## New Stadium

The opening ceremony of the Bolivarian games took place at the stadium on November 11 2017. The act was attended by the mayor of the city of Santa Marta, Rafael Martínez, the outgoing president of ODEBO, Danilo Carrera, and the director of Coldeportes, Clara Luz Roldán González. The two-hour ceremony was closed with a flourish by Carlos Vives.

The new stadium replaced Eduardo Santos Stadium as Unión's home starting from the 2018 Categoría Primera B season, the football club was able to return home after 1591 days without playing in this city.

On 25 February 2018, Unión Magdalena played its first match at the Estadio Sierra Nevada, beating Atlético F.C. by a 2–1 score in the third matchday of the Primera B season.

On 26 February 2019, one year later. Unión played its first Categoría Primera A match, lost to Jaguares de Córdoba by a 3–4 score, hat-trick scored by Ricardo Márquez.

## Name

In October 2017, the mayor of the city, Rafael Martínez, in a press conference announced the name of the stadium "Sierra Nevada", which is Santa Marta's isolated mountain range. According to the mayor, the reasons of the name: "We consider that we have to highlight our natural, cultural wealth, of the Kogis, a value, hope, life, love...Values, so that they can be an example for the next generations to follow".

## Location

The stadium is located in the sector of Bureche, in the south of the city. The stadium can be accessed by car and public transportation.

## InfoBox

Estadio Sierra Nevada
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Santa Marta, Colombia |
| Coordinates | 11°11′27″N 74°11′57″W / 11.1908847°N 74.19924611111111°W / 11.1908847; -74.19924611111111 |
| Owner | Municipality of Santa Marta |
| Operator | Unión Magdalena |
| Capacity | 16,162 |
| Field size | 110 by 70 yards (101 by 64 m) |
| Surface | Grass |
| Construction | |
| Built | 2016-2020 |
| Opened | 11 November 2017 (2017-11-11) |
| Construction cost | COP 52.449 million |
| Architect | Mazzanti |
| Project manager | Harold Sierra |
| General contractor | La Macuira Inversiones & Construcciones SA, McDaniel Ltda & Grupo Constructor E.O.O. SAS. |
| Tenants | |
| Unión Magdalena
(2018–present) | |


title: Youngstown Symphony Orchestra

abstract: The Youngstown Symphony is a symphony orchestra based in Youngstown, Ohio. Based in downtown Youngstown's Powers Auditorium, the symphony has been performing classical music for Youngstown and the Mahoning Valley since 1925. Randall Craig Fleischer was the Music Director until his death in 2020.

text:
# Youngstown Symphony Orchestra

The **Youngstown Symphony** is a symphony orchestra based in Youngstown, Ohio. Based in downtown Youngstown's Powers Auditorium, the symphony has been performing classical music for Youngstown and the Mahoning Valley since 1925. Randall Craig Fleischer was the Music Director until his death in 2020.

## Performance season

The Youngstown Symphony performs ten concerts annually, from October through May. They perform a combination of "masterworks series" and "pops series" concerts. In addition to these concerts, the Symphony performs Young People's Concerts for school children, as well as a concert for preschoolers, called Storytime in School Music.

## Youngstown Symphony Society

The Youngstown Symphony Society is an organization of area residents who donate to the Society Operating Fund. The Society sponsors Symphony events, promotes the symphony, volunteers with the symphony and its other projects, and assists with the symphony's future plans.


title: Papyrus 38

abstract: Papyrus 38, designated by 𝔓⁳⁸, is an early copy of part of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Acts of the Apostles, it contains only Acts 18:27-19:6.12-16. The manuscript paleographically has been assigned to the early 3rd century. Although the text is quite short, the Greek text of this codex has been called a representative of the Western text-type. Aland named it as Free text and placed in Category IV. The text of this manuscript is related to Codex Bezae. The manuscript was purchased in Cairo in 1924. It is now in the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.

text:
# Papyrus 38

**Papyrus 38** (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by **𝔓38**, is an early copy of part of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Acts of the Apostles, it contains only Acts 18:27-19:6.12-16. The manuscript paleographically has been assigned to the early 3rd century.

Although the text is quite short, the Greek text of this codex has been called a representative of the Western text-type. Aland named it as *Free text* and placed in Category IV. The text of this manuscript is related to Codex Bezae.

The manuscript was purchased in Cairo in 1924.

It is now in the University of Michigan (Inv. 1571) in Ann Arbor.

## Further reading

* Henry A. Sanders, *A Papyrus Fragment of Acts in the Michigan Collection*, Harvard Theological Review. vol. 20. 1927, pp. 1–19.
* A. C. Clark, *The Michigan Fragment of Acts*, JTS XXIX (1927), pp. 18–28.
* Silva New, *The Michigan Papyrus Fragment 1571*, in *Beginnings of Christianity* V (1933), pp. 262–268.
* M.-J. Lagrange, *Critique textuelle* II, *La Critique rationelle* (Paris, 1935), pp. 402–405.
* Henry A. Sanders, *Michigan Papyri*, University of Michigan Studies, Humanistic Series, XL (Ann Arbor, 1936), pp. 14–19.

## InfoBox

Papyrus 𝔓38
| **New Testament manuscript** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Text | Acts 18-19 † |
| Date | ca. 220 |
| Script | Greek |
| Found | Egypt |
| Now at | University of Michigan |
| Cite | H. A. Sanders."A Papyrus Fragment of Acts in the Michigan Collection", HTR, vol. 20. 1927, pp. 1-19. |
| Size | 14 x 27 |
| Type | Western text-type |
| Category | IV |


title: Lily Ho (actress)

abstract: Lily Ho is a Chinese/Taiwanese actress who worked mostly in Hong Kong films. She is known for playing the lead roles in various Shaw Brothers productions. Ho is known for the 1966 The Knight Of Knights and her role as Ainu, a lesbian, in Intimate Confessions of a Chinese Courtesan, a 1972 adult martial arts film.

text:
# Lily Ho (actress)

**Lily Ho** (Chinese: 何莉莉) is a Chinese/Taiwanese actress who worked mostly in Hong Kong films. She is known for playing the lead roles in various Shaw Brothers productions. Ho is known for the 1966 *The Knight Of Knight*s and her role as Ainu, a lesbian, in *Intimate Confessions of a Chinese Courtesan*, a 1972 adult martial arts film.

## Life and career

### Early life

Ho was born in 1952 and grew up in Taiwan. Ho graduated from The Girl's Middle School in Taiwan.

### Career

At age 16, Ho began her acting career in Taiwan. In 1963, Ho was discovered by Yuan Chiu-feng, a director who cast her for *Songfest* in Taiwan. In 1965, Ho became a Shaw Brothers actress in Hong Kong. Ho is known for 1966 *The Knight Of Knights*, where she appeared partially nude. Ho played a male role in 1972 in *The Fourteen Amazons*. Ho also is known for her role as Ainu, a lesbian, in *Intimate Confessions of a Chinese Courtesan*, a 1972 adult martial arts film directed by Chor Yuen. Ho is known as one of the "12 Golden Hairpins".

### Personal life

In 1972, Ho married George Chao Tse Kwong (died 2016), a Hong Kong shipping tycoon and youngest son in a prominent Hong Kong family. They had four children. Eldest daughter Sabrina Chao is currently President of Baltic and International Maritime Council. Ho's brother-in-law is Cecil Chao.

## Filmography

## Awards

1. Stokes, Lisa Odham; Braaten, Rachel (2020-01-15). *Historical Dictionary of Hong Kong Cinema*. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-2062-0.
2. Fu, Poshek (2008). *China Forever: The Shaw Brothers and Diasporic Cinema*. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-07500-1.
3. Mok, Laramie (September 4, 2018). "4 big screen beauties from the golden age of Shaw Brothers films". *scmp.com*. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
4. "Actresses - Lily Ho". *celestialpictures.com*. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
5. "Lily Ho". *hkmemory.hk*. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
6. "Shaw Stars, Hong Kong - Shaw Stars (1957-1983)". *shaw.sg*. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
7. Yu, Esther (July 22, 2016). "Shipping tycoon George Chao dies". *thestandard.com.hk*. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
8. "Song Fest". *hkmdb.com*. February 19, 1965. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
9. "Songfest (1964)". *imdb.com*. 1964. Retrieved October 22, 2020. (Title is aka Songfest. Released in 1964 in Taiwan, released in 1965 in Hong Kong)
10. "Auntie Lan (1967)". *senscritique.com*. 1967. Retrieved June 11, 2021.
11. McClennan, Jim (July 3, 2017). "Angel With the Iron Fists". *girlswithguns.org*. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
12. Creekmur, Corey K. (2013-01-11). *International Film Musical*. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-5430-7.
13. "My Dreamboat". *hkmdb.com*. September 28, 1967. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
14. "Hong Kong Rhapsody". *hkmdb.com*. 1968. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
15. "Lady with a Sword". *hkmdb.com*. October 15, 1971. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
16. "The Casino (1972)". *silveremulsion.com*. 2013. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
17. "The Casino (1972; Shaw Brothers)". *dighkmovies.com*. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
18. "The Casino". *hkmdb.com*. 1972. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
19. "Intimate Confessions of a Chinese Courtesan". *hkmdb.com*. September 7, 1972. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
20. "The Fourteen Amazons". *hkcinemagic.com*. 1972. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
21. "27 SEP BEFORE THE CAMERA: THE 14 AMAZONS". *shawbrothersuniverse.com*. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
22. "14 Amazons (1972)". *allmovie.com*. July 27, 1972. Retrieved October 22, 2020.

## InfoBox

| Lily Ho | |
| --- | --- |
| Chinese: 何莉莉 | |
| Lily Ho in alternative indonesian magazine *Aktuil* | |
| Other names | Lily Ho Lei-Lei, Lily Ho Li Li, Lily Chao |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1963-1972 |
| Spouse | George Chao |
| Children | 4 |


title: Pellingen

abstract: Pellingen is a municipality in the Trier-Saarburg district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

text:
# Pellingen

**Pellingen** is a municipality in the Trier-Saarburg district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

## History

From 18 July 1946 to 6 June 1947 Pellingen, in its then municipal boundary, formed part of the Saar Protectorate.

## InfoBox

| Pellingen | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location of Pellingen within Trier-Saarburg district | |
| Pellingen Pellingen | |
| Coordinates: 49°40′29″N 6°40′16″E / 49.67472°N 6.67111°E / 49.67472; 6.67111 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Rhineland-Palatinate |
| District | Trier-Saarburg |
| Municipal assoc. | Konz |
| Government | |
| Mayor (201924) | Wolfgang Willems (CDU) |
| Area | |
| Total | 7.21 km2 (2.78 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 460 m (1,510 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 1,253 |
| Density | 170/km2 (450/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 54331 |
| Dialling codes | 06588 |
| Vehicle registration | TR |
| Website | www.pellingen.de |


title: Tuğba Yurt

abstract: Tuğba Yurt (born 2 September 1987) is a Turkish singer.

text:
# Tuğba Yurt

**Tuğba Yurt** (born 2 September 1987) is a Turkish singer.

## Early life

Yurt was born in Belgium, due to her father's work there, but her family returned to Gemlik in the Bursa Province when she was only eight months old. She studied at the Bursa Uludağ University.

## Career

On 30 April 2014, a revised version of the song "Sakin Ol" was released with Yurt as the singer and Doğukan Manço serving as the composer and arranger. It was originally released in 1994 by Sertab Erener and was written and composed by Sezen Aksu and Uzay Hepari. The new music video was directed by Kemal Başbuğ and Ahmet Kural, Murat Cemcir other actors from the movie *Kardeş Payı* were featured in the video which was watched more than 120 million times on YouTube, becoming one of the most viewed video clips in Turkey in 2014. Later that year on 2 September, Yurt released a new music video for the song "Aşk Sanmışız" which was written and composed by Gökhan Özen. In summer 2015, on 27 May, she released her new song "Oh Oh" under the label DMC. It was written and composed by Sezen Aksu. Serkan Balkan arranged the single, while David Şaboy created the remix version. The shooting of the music video was done by Mustafa Özen on the platoon inside the Beykoz Kundura Factory. A cast member of 85 people accompanied Yurt during the shooting. In 2015, her new single "Aklımda Sorular Var" was produced and published by DMC. Osman Hekimoğlu wrote the song and Ender Çabuker served as its composer. Murad Küçük directed the music video for"Aklımda Sorular Var" which was shot at the Atatürk Arboretum. Later that year, Yurt released another single titled "Güç Bende Artık". It was written by Onurr and Alper Narman and Murat Joker directed its music video. In March 2017, her new single "Destur", written by Deniz Erten and composed by Toylan Kaya, was released. Yurt then continued her career with the singles "İnceden İnceden" (2017), "Yine Sev Yine" (2018), and "Masal" (2018), before releasing her first studio album, *Sığınak*, in November 2019.

## Personal life

Yurt was in a relationship with the footballer, Cenk Şahin, until January 2020.

## Discography

Albums

| Year | Title | Producer |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2019 | *Sığınak* | DMC |
|

EPs

| Year | Title | Producer |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | *Aşk'a Emanet* | 3 Adım Müzik |
|

Singles

| Year | Title | Producer |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | "Sakin Ol!" | Emre Müzik |
| | "Aşk Sanmışız" | 3 Adım Müzik |
| 2015 | "Oh Oh" | DMC |
| | "Aklımda Sorular Var" | |
| 2016 | "Güç Bende Artık" | |
| 2017 | "Destur" | |
| | "İnceden İnceden" | |
| 2018 | "Yine Sev Yine" | |
| | "Masal" | |
| 2019 | "Vurkaç" (Acoustic) | |
| 2021 | "Benim O" | |
| | "Açmayalım" | |
| 2022 | "Ne Mesele" | |
| 2023 | "Sonsuza Dek" | |
| 2024 | "Dünya Hevesi" | |
| | "Yolun Sonu" | |
|

Music videos

| Year | Title | Director |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | Ağır Yaralı | Lara Sayılgan |
| 2014 | Sakin Ol | Kemal Başbuğ |
| | Aşk Sanmışız | Kemal Başbuğ |
| 2015 | Oh Oh | Mustafa Özen |
| | Aklımda Sorular Var | Murad Küçük |
| 2016 | Güç Bende Artık | Murat Joker |
| 2017 | Destur | Murat Joker |
| | İnceden İnceden | Murat Joker |
| 2018 | Yine Sev Yine | Gülşen Aybaba |
| | Masal | Murat Joker |
| 2019 | Vurkaç | Elif Demiralp & Burak Kılıçkaya |
| | Güller Ülkesi Damascena (Film Müziği) | Erkan Nas |
| 2020 | Yas | Tuğba Yurt |
| | Taş Yürek | Mustafa Özen |
| | Geliyo Geliyo | Mustafa Özen |
| | Sığınak | Mustafa Özen |
| 2021 | Benim O | Murat Joker |
| | Açmayalım | Gülşen Aybaba |
| 2022 | Ne Mesele | Eren Yıldız |
| 2024 | Dünya Hevesi | Melike Beşli |
| | Yolun Sonu | Halil Güzel |

## InfoBox

| Tuğba Yurt | |
| --- | --- |
| Yurt in April 2015 | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1987-09-02) 2 September 1987<br>Belgium |
| Genres | Pop |
| Occupation | Singer |
| Instruments | Viola |
| Years active | 2013–present |
| Labels | DMC |


title: List of Ojibwa ethnonyms

text:
# List of Ojibwa ethnonyms

This is a list of various names the Ojibwa have been recorded. They can be divided based on who coined the names. The first type are names created by the Ojibwa people to refer to themselves, known as endonyms or autonyms. The second type are names coined by non-Ojibwa people and are known as exonyms or xenonyms.

## Endonyms

### Anishinaabe(g)

The most general name for the Ojibwa is *Anishinaabe*. Though several definitions are given for this name, the most common one is "spontaneous men", referring to their creation as being *ex nihilo*, thus being the "Original men." When syncoped, the name appears as "Nishnaabe":

* An-ish-in-aub-ag. — Warren in Minnesota Historical Society Collections, V, 45, 1885.
* A-wish-in-aub-ay. — Warren in Minnesota Historical Society Collections, V, 37, 1885.

In more recent spelling includes:

* Ahnishinahbæótjibway (used by Wub-e-ke-niew (*Waabiginiw*)/Francis Blake, Jr. for *Anishinaabe-Ojibwe*)
* Anishinabek (as in: Anishinabek Nation)
* Anishinaubae (as in: Basil Johnston's *Anishninaubae Thesaurus* (2007), ISBN 978-0-87013-753-2)
* Anishnabai (as in: Teme-Augama Anishnabai)
* Nishnawbe (as in: Nishnawbe Aski Nation)

### Inini(wag)

The general term for many Ojibwa is to refer to themselves as an *Inini* ("man"), opposed to some other life forms:

* Ninniwas. — Rafinesque, Am. Nations, I, 123, 1836.

### Ojibwe(g)

Several different explanations are given for the common name Ojibwe.

* from *ojiibwabwe* (/o/ + /jiibw/ + /abwe/), meaning "those who cook\roast until it puckers", referring to their fire-curing of moccasin seams to make them waterproof, though some sources instead say this was a method of torture the Ojibwe implemented upon their enemies.
* from *ozhibii'iwe* (/o/ + /zhibii'/ + /iwe/), meaning "those who keep records \[of a Vision\]", referring to their form of pictorial writing, and pictographs used in Midewiwin rites
* from *ojiibwe* (/o/ + /jiib/ + /we/), meaning "those who speak-stiffly"\\"those who stammer", referring to how the Ojibwe sounded to the Cree

Today, it finds its way in English as "Ojibwa(y)" or "Chippewa", but have had many different recorded variations in the past:

* Achipoés. — Prise de Possession (1671) in Perrot, Mém., 293,1864.
* Achipoué. — warn in Minnesota Historical Society Collections, V, 398, 1885
* Anchipawah. — Boudinot, Star in the West, 126, 1816.
* Chebois. — Gass, Jour., 47, note, 1807.
* Chepawas. — Croghan (1759) quoted by Kauffman, West. Penn., 132, app., 1851.
* Chepeways. — Croghan (1760) in Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, 4th s., IX, 287,1871.
* Chepowas. — Croghan (1759) quoted by Proud, Penn., II, 296, 1798.
* Cheppewes. — Shirley (1755) in *New York Documents of Colonial History*, VI, 1027,1855.
* Chiappawaws. — Loudon, Coll. Int. Nar., I, 34, 1808.
* Chibois. — Bouquet (1760) in Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, 4th session, IX, 295, 1871.
* Chipawawas. — Goldthwait (1766) in Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, 1st session, X, 122, 1809.
* Chipaways. — Croghan (1760), Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, 4th session, IX, 250,1871.
* Chipaweighs. — German Flats conf. (1770) in *New York Documents of Colonial History*, VIII, 229, 1857.
* Chipewas. — Lattré, map U.S., 1784.
* Chipéways. — Carver (1766) Trav., 19, 1778.
* Chipeweghs. — Johnson (1763) in *New York Documents of Colonial History*, VII, 526, 1856.
* Chipeweighs. — Johnson (1763), *New York Documents of Colonial History*, 583, 1856.
* Chipiwa. — Treaty of 1820, U. S. Ind. Treat., 369,1873.
* Chipoës. — Prise de Possession (1671) in *New York Documents of Colonial History*, IX, 803, 1855.
* Chippawas. — Croghan (1759) quoted by Jefferson, Notes, 143, 1825.
* Chipawees. — Writer of 1756 Massachusetts Historical Society Collections 1st Session, VII, 123, 1801.
* Chippeouays. — Toussaint, map of America, 1839.
* Chippewaes. — Johnson (1763) in *New York Documents of Colonial History*, VII, 525, 1856.
* Chippewais. — Perrot (ca. 1721) in Minnesota Historical Society Collections II, pt. 2, 24, 1864.
* Chippewas. — Washington (1754) quoted by Kauffman, West. Penn., 67, 1851.
* Chippewaus. — Edwards (1788) in Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, 1st Session, IX, 92, 1804.
* Chippeways. — La Chauvignerie (1736) quoted by Schoolcraft, *Indian Tribes*, III, 556, 1858.
* Chippeweighs. — Johnson (1767) in *New York Documents of Colonial History*, VII, 969, 1856.
* Chippewyse. — Ft Johnson conf. (1755), *New York Documents of Colonial History*, VI, 975, 1855.
* Chippoways. — Washington (1754) in Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, 1st S., VI, 140, 1800.
* Chippuwas. — Heckewelder quoted by Barton, New Views, app. 1, 1798.
* Chipwaes. — Croghan (1765) in *New York Documents of Colonial History*, VII, 782, 1856.
* Chipwas — Bouquet (1760) in Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, 4th Session, IX, 321, 1871.
* Chipways. — Croghan (1765), in *New York Documents of Colonial History*, VII, 782, 1856.
* Cypoways. — Beltrami quoted by Neill, Minnesota, 350, 1858.
* Dshipowē-hága. — Gatschet, Caughnawaga Manuscript, Bureau of American Ethnology, 1882 (Caughnawaga name).
* Etchipoës. — Prise de possession (1671), *New York Documents of Colonial History*, IX, 808, 1855.
* Gibbaways. — Imlay, West Ter., 363, 1797.
* Icbewas. — Boudinot, Star in the West, 126, 1816 (misprint).
* Jibewas. — Smith (1799) quoted by Drake, Trag. Wild., 213, 1841.
* Objibways. — Kingsley, Stand. Nat. Hist., pt. 6, 143, 1883.
* O1′-che1pe2′wa1g. — Long, Exped. St. Peter’s River, II, 151, 1824.
* Ochipawa. — Umfreville (1790) in Maine Historical Society Collections, VI, 270, 1859.
* Ochipewa. — Richardson, Arct. Exped., 71, 1851.
* Ochipoy. — York (1700) in *New York Documents of Colonial History*, IV, 749,1854.
* Ochippewais. — Foster in Sen. Misc. Doc. 39, 42d Cong., 3d Session, 6, 1873.
* Odchipewa. — Hutchins (1770) quoted by Richardson, Arct. Exped., II, 38, 1851.
* Odgjiboweke. — Perrot. Mém.193.1864.
* Odjibewais. — Ibid.
* Od-jib-wäg. — Schoolcraft quoted in Minnesota Historical Society Collections, V, 35, 1885.
* Odjibwas. — Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes, I, 307, 1851.
* Odjibwe. — Kelton, Ft Mackinac, 153, 1884.
* Odjibwek. — Belcourt (1850?) in Minnesota Historical Society Collections, I, 227, 1872.
* Ogibois. — M'Lean, Hudson Bay, II, 323, 1849.
* O-je-bway. — Jones, Ojebway Indians, 164, 1861.
* Ojeebois. — Henry, Manuscript Vocabulary (Bell copy, Bureau of American Ethnology), 1812.
* Ojibaway. — Lewis and Clark, Trav. 53, 1806.
* Ojibbewaig. — Tanner, Narr., 315, 1830 (Ottawa name).
* Ojibbeways. — Tanner, Narr., 36, 1830.
* Ojibboai. — Hoffman, Winter in the Far West, II, 15, 1821.
* Ojibeways. — Perkins and Peck, Annals of the West, 1850.
* Ojibois. — Gunn in Smithson. Rep., 400, 1868.
* Ojibua. —Maximilian, Trav., 135, note, 1843.
* O-jib-wage. — Morgan, *Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family*, 287, 1871.
* Ojibwaig. — Hale, Ethnog. and Philol. Mo. Val., 224, 1846.
* Ojibwas. — Indian Affairs Report, 454, 1838.
* O-jib-wa-uk′. — Morgan, *Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family*, 287, 1871.
* Ojibways. — American Pioneer, II, 190, 1843.
* Ojibway-ugs. — Foster in Sen. Misc. Doc. 39, 42d Congress, 3d session, 6, 1873.
* Ojibwe. — Burton, City of the Saints, 117, 1861.
* Oshibwek. — Belcourt (1850?) in Minnesota Historical Society Collections, I, 227, 1872.
* Otchepóse. — "Procès verbal" (1682) in French, Historical Collections of Louisiana, II, 19, 1875.
* Otchipoeses. — La Salle (1682) in Margry, Déc., II, 187, 1877.
* Otchipois. — La Salle (1682) in French, Hist. Coll. La., I, 46, 1846.
* Otchipoises. — Hildreth, Pioneer History, 9, 1848.
* Otchipwe. — Baraga, Otchipwe Grammar, title, 1878.
* Otjibwek. — Perrot, Mém., 193, 1864.
* Ottapoas. — Buchanan, North American Indians, 156, 1824.
* Oucahipues. — La Hontan (1703), *New Voyage*, II, 87, 1735.
* Ouchibois. — Writer of 1761 in Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, 4th Session, IX, 428, 1871.
* Ouchipawah. — Pike (1806) quoted by Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes, III, 563, 1853.
* Ouchipöe. — La Chesnaye (1697) in Margry, Déc., VI, 6, 1886.
* Ouchipoves. — Coxe, Carolana, map, 1741.
* Outachepas. — McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes, III, 79, 1854.
* Outchibouec. — Jesuit Relations: 1667, 24, 1858.
* Outchibous. — Jesuit Relations: 1670, 79, 1858.
* Outchipoue. — Gallinèe (1669) in Margry, Déc. I, 163, 1875.
* Outchipwais. — Bell in Can. Med. and Surg. Jour., Mar. and Apr., 1886.
* Outehipoues. — La Hontan, *New Voyage*, I, 230, 1703.
* Schipuwe. — Heckewelder quoted by Barton, New Views, app., 1, 1798 (German form).
* Shepawees. — Lindesay (1749) in *New York Documents of Colonial History*, VI, 538, 1855.
* Shepewas. — Bradstreet (ca. 1765), *New York Documents of Colonial History*, VII, 694, 1856.
* Shepuway. — Heckewelder quoted by Barton, New Views, app., 1, 1798.
* Tcipu′. — Dorsey, Kansas Manuscript Vocabulary, B.A.E., 1882 (Kansa name).
* Tschipeway. — Wrangell, Ethnol. Nachr., 100, 1839.
* Tschippiweer. — Walch, map, 1805 (German form).
* Tsipu′. — Dorsey, Osage Manuscript Vocabulary, Bureau of American Ethnology, 1883 (Osage name).
* Uchipweys. — Dalton (1783) in Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, 1st Session, X, 123, 1809.

### Baawitigong

Due to the long association of the Ojibwa with the Sault Ste. Marie region, and more specifically with the Rapids of the St. Mary's River, the common name for the Ojibwa became **Baawitigong**, meaning "those at the rapids":

* Baouichtigouin. — Jesuit Relations: 1640, 34, 1858.
* Bawichtigouek. — Jesuit Relations: 1640, index, 1858.
* Bawichtigouin. — Jesuit Relations: 1640, index, 1858.
* Paouichtigouin. — Jesuit Relations, III, index, 1858.
* Paouitagoung. — Jesuit Relations, III, index, 1858.
* Paouitigoueieuhak \[*Baawitigweyaa(wag)* (White-waters)\]. — Jesuit Relations, III, index, 1858.
* Paouitingouach-irini \[*Baawitigwajiw-inini(wag)* ("Rapids-Mount Man")\]. — Jesuit Relations, III, index, 1858.

### Nii’inawe(g)

The term **Nii'inawe** means "\[those who speak\] our nation's language" and is a generic term used by the Algonquian peoples to refer to fellow Algonquian peoples.

* Né-a-ya-og′. — Hayden, Ethnog. and Philol. Mo. Val. 235, 1862 (Cree name).

### Bangii(yaad)

The term **Bangii** means "a little bit", often used to refer to the Métis:

* Bungees. — Henry, Manuscript Vocabulary (Bell copy, Bureau of American Ethnology), 1812 (so called by Hudson Bay traders).

## Exonyms

### Wendat names

The general Wendat name for the Ojibwa is "**Ehstihaĝeron(on)**," which is a translation of "Baawitigong":

* Axshissayé-rúnu. — Gatschet. Wyandot MS., B.A.E., 1881 (Wyandot name).
* Eskiaeronnon. — Jesuit Relations 1649, 27, 1858 (Huron name; Hewitt. says it signifies 'people of the falls').
* Estiaghes. — Albany conf. (1726) in *New York Documents of Colonial History*, V, 791, 1855.
* Estiaghicks. Colden (1727), *New York Documents of Colonial History*, IV, 737, note, 1854.
* Estjage. — Livingston (1701), *New York Documents of Colonial History*, 899, 1854.
* Ontehibouse. — Raymbaut (1641) quoted in Indian Affairs Report 1849, 70, 1850 (probably a misprint).
* Ostiagaghroones. — Canajoharie conf. (1759) in *New York Documents of Colonial History*, VII, 384, 1856.
* Ostiagahoroones. — Neill in Minnesota Historical Society Collections, V, 397, 1885 (Iroquois name).
* Stiaggeghroano. — Post (1758) quoted by Proud, Penn., II, app., 113, 1798.
* Stiagigroone. — Livingston (1700) in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., IV, 737, 1854.

### French names

The general French name for the Ojibwa is "**Saulteur(s)**", a translation of "Baawitigong". In early French North America, the term "sault" referred to a type of rapids in which the waters appeared to tumble or roll:

* Jumpers. — Neill, Minnesota, 36, 1858 (incorrect translation of Saulteurs into English).
* Leapers. — Hennepin, New Discov., 86, 1698 (incorrect rendering of Saulteurs into English).
* Nation du Sault. — Jogues and Raymbaut in Jesuit Relations 1642, II, 95,1858.
* Salteur. — Bacqueville de la Potherie, II, 48, 1753.
* Santeaux. — Brown, Western Gazette, 265, 1817 (misprint).
* Santena. — Gunn in Smithsonian Report 1867, 400, 1868 (misprint).
* Santeurs. — Dobbs, Hudson Bay, 26, 1744 (misprint).
* Saulteaux. — Beauharnois (1745) in Minnesota Historical Society Collections, V, 432, 1885.
* Saulteurs. — Jesuit Relations 1670, 79, 1858.
* Saulteuse. — Belcourt (ca. 1850) in Minnesota Historical Society Collections, I, 228, 1872.
* Saulteux. — Gallinée (1669) in Margry, Déc., I, 163, 1875.
* Sault Indians. — Vaudreuil (1710) in *New York Documents of Colonial History*, IX, 843, 1855.
* Sauteaux. — Gamelin (1790) in Am. St. Papers, IV, 94, 1832.
* Sauters. — Schermerhorn (1812) in Massachusetts Historical Society Collections 2d Session, II, 6, 1814.
* Sauteurs. — Jesuit Relations 1667, 24, 1858.
* Sauteus. — Cox, Columbia River, II, 270, 1831.
* Sauteux. — Vaudreuil (1719) in *New York Documents of Colonial History*, IX, 893, 1855.
* Sautor. — Carver (1766), Trav., 97, 1778.
* Sautous. — King, Journ. to Arct. Ocean, I, 32, 1836.
* Sautoux. — King, Journ. to Arct. Ocean, I, 32, 1836.
* Sothuze. — Dalton (1783) in Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, 1st s., X, 123, 1890.
* Sotoes. — Cox, Columbia R., II, 270, 1831.
* Sotoos. — Franklin, Journ. Polar Sea, 96, 1824.
* Sotto. — Kane, *Wanderings in North America*, 438, 1859.
* Soulteaux. — Henry, Manuscript Vocabulary (Bell copy, Bureau of American Ethnology), 1812.
* Souteus. — La Chauvignerie (1736) quoted by Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes, III, 556,1853.
* Souties. — American Pioneer, II, 192,1843.

### Dakota names

The general Dakota name for the Ojibwa is "**Iyoħaħáŋtoŋ(waŋ)**" or "those at the waterfall", which is a loose translation of "Baawitigong":

* Hāhatona. — Featherstonhaugh, Canoe Voy., I, 300, 1847.
* Ĥaĥatonwan. — Iapi Oaye, XIII, no. 2, 6, Feb., 1884 (Sioux name).
* Haĥátoŋwŋ. — Riggs, Dakota Dictionary, 72, 1852 (Sioux name).
* Ĥahatonway. — Matthews, Hidatsa Indians, 150, 1877 (Sioux name).
* Ha4-ha4t-to3ng. — Long, Exped. Rocky Mountains, II, lxxxiv, 1823 (Hidatsa name, incorrectly rendered ‘leapers’).
* Ĥa-há-tu-a. — Matthews, Hidatsa Indians, 150, 1877 (Hidatsa name).
* Ha-ha-twawms. — Neill, Minnesota, 113, 1858.
* Hah-hah-ton-wah. — Gale, Upper Mississippi, 265, 1867.
* Hrah-hrah-twauns. — Ramsey (ca. 1852) in Minnesota Historical Society Collections, I, 501 1872.
* Khahkhahtons. — Snelling, Tales of the Northwest, 137, 1830 (Sioux name).
* Khakhatons. — Ibid., 144.
* Khakhatonwan. — Williamson, Minn. Geol. Rep. for 1884, 107.
* Qa-qán-to n-wa. — Dorsey, oral information, 1886 (Sioux name).
* Ra-ra-to-oans. — Warren (1852) in Minnesota Historical Society Collections, V, 96, 1885.
* Ra-ra-t'wans. — Ramsey in Ind. Aff. Rep. 1849, 72, 1850 (Sioux name).
* Wah-kah-towah. — Tanner, Narr., 150, 1830 (Assiniboin name).

### Iroquoian names

The general Iroquoian name for the Ojibwa is "**Dwăkănĕņ**", recorded variously as:

* De-wă-kă-nhă'. — Hewitt, Mohawk Manuscript Vocabulary, Bureau of American Ethnology (Mohawk name).
* Dewoganna's. — Bellomont (1698) in *New York Documents of Colonial History*, IV, 407, 1854.
* Douaganhas. — Cortland (1687), *New York Documents of Colonial History*, III, 434, 1853.
* Douwaganhas. — Cortland (1687), *New York Documents of Colonial History*, III, 434, 1853.
* Dovaganhaes. — Livingston (1691), *New York Documents of Colonial History*, III, 778, 1855.
* Dowaganahs. — Doc. of 1700, *New York Documents of Colonial History*, IV, 701, 1854.
* Dowaganhas. — Cortland (1687), *New York Documents of Colonial History*, III, 434, 1855.
* Dowanganhaes. — Doc. of 1691, *New York Documents of Colonial History*, III, 1776, 1855.
* Dwă-kă-nĕn. — Hewitt, Onondaga Manuscript Vocabulary, B.A. E. (Onondaga name).
* Dwă-kă-nhă'. — Hewitt, Seneca and Onondaga Vocabulary, Bureau of American Ethnology, 1880 (Seneca and Onondaga name).
* Nwă '-kă. — Hewitt, Tuscarora Manuscript Vocabulary, Bureau of American Ethnology, 1880 (Tuscarora name).
* Twă -'kă′-nhă'. — Smith, Cayuga and Oneida Manuscript Vocabularies, Bureau of American Ethnology, 1884 (Cayuga and Oneida name).

### Athapaskan names

* Bedzaqetcha. — Petitot, Montagnais Manuscript Vocabulary, Bureau of American Ethnology, 1869 ("long ears": Tsattine name).
* Bedzietcho. — Petitot, Hare Manuscript Vocabulary, Bureau of American Ethnology, 1869 (Kawchodinne name).

### Other names

* Cabellos realzados. — Duro, Don Diego de Peñalosa, 43, 1882 (the Raised-hair tribe of Shea’s Peñalosa; Cheveux-relevés of the French).
* Cheveux-relevés. — Samuel de Champlain, 1615 (possibly a name for the Odawa).
* Kútaki. — Gatschet, Fox Manuscript, Bureau of American Ethnology, 1882 (Fox name).
* Regači. — St Cyr, oral information, 1886 (Ho-Chunk name; plural, Ne-gátc-hi-ján ).
* Sáhea'e (pl. -o'o). — Cheyenne name. Possibly the same name as an unknown tribe whom the Dakota Sioux call "Šahíya," assumed to mean Cree, to which its diminutive "Šahíyena" is the basis for the name "Cheyenne."

1. Multilingual Dictionary for Multifaith and Multicultural Mediation and Education
2. Warren, William W. (1885; reprint: 1984) *History of the Ojibway People*. ISBN 0-87351-162-X.
3. L. Erdrich, *Books and Islands in Ojibwe Country* (2003) Archived 2007-09-26 at the Wayback Machine
4. Johnston, Basil. (2007) *Anishinaubae Thesaurus* ISBN 0-87013-753-0
* J. Mooney and C. Thomas. "Chippewa" in *Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico*, edited by Frederick Webb Hodge (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 30. GPO: 1910.)


title: Vinaninony Nord

abstract: Vinaninony Nord is a town and commune in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Faratsiho, which is a part of Vakinankaratra Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 8,000 in 2001 commune census. Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. Farming and raising livestock provides employment for 49% and 46% of the working population. The most important crop are potatoes, while other important products are beans, maize and rice. Services provide employment for 5% of the population.

text:
# Vinaninony Nord

**Vinaninony Nord** (**Vinaninony Avaratra**) is a town and commune in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Faratsiho, which is a part of Vakinankaratra Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 8,000 in 2001 commune census.

Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. Farming and raising livestock provides employment for 49% and 46% of the working population. The most important crop are potatoes, while other important products are beans, maize and rice. Services provide employment for 5% of the population.

## References and notes

19°29′S 47°1′E / 19.483°S 47.017°E / -19.483; 47.017

## InfoBox

| Vinaninony Nord | |
| --- | --- |
| Vinaninony NordLocation in Madagascar | |
| Coordinates: 19°29′S 47°1′E / 19.483°S 47.017°E / -19.483; 47.017 | |
| Country | Madagascar |
| Region | Vakinankaratra |
| District | Faratsiho |
| Elevation | 1,934 m (6,345 ft) |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 8,000 |
| Ethnicities | Merina |
| Time zone | UTC3 (EAT) |


title: Tanja Nijmeijer

abstract: Tanja Nijmeijer, also known as Alexandra Nariño, is a Dutch former guerrilla fighter and English teacher who has been a member of the Colombian guerrilla group Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) since 2002. She has also been one of the group's leading public figures since the discovery of her diary in 2007. She was part of the negotiating team involved in successful peace talks with the Colombian government.

text:
# Tanja Nijmeijer

**Tanja Nijmeijer** (Dutch pronunciation: \[ˈtɑɲaː ˈnɛimɛiər\]; born 13 February 1978), also known as **Alexandra Nariño**, is a Dutch former guerrilla fighter and English teacher who has been a member of the Colombian guerrilla group Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) since 2002. She has also been one of the group's leading public figures since the discovery of her diary in 2007. She was part of the negotiating team involved in successful peace talks with the Colombian government.

## Early life and education

Tanja Nijmeijer was born on 13 February 1978 in Denekamp in the Netherlands.

Nijmeijer studied Romance languages and Romance cultures at the University of Groningen. In 1998 she went to Colombia and became an English teacher. She later returned to the Netherlands and continued her university studies.

## FARC

In 2002, Nijmeijer returned to Colombia and in November joined the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). She became one of FARC's leading public figures from 2007 onwards, when a private journal she had been keeping was found by the Colombian military and became the focus of international news reports. In her journal Nijmeijer wrote about the hardships of, and her occasional disillusionment with life as a guerrilla. Up until 2010, Nijmeijer was in a romantic relationship with a nephew of FARC leader Víctor Julio Suárez Rojas.

In Autumn 2012, she was named as a member of the FARC delegation in the negotiations with the Colombian government in Oslo.

She is charged with terrorism in the United States for allegedly participating in the kidnapping of three American citizens. The three Americans (Private Military Contractors), Marc Gonsalves, Keith Stansell and Thomas Howes, described their experiences after being freed in their book, Out of Captivity. They were conducting a reconnaissance flight in a single-engine aircraft under orders from the Pentagon. Their reconnaissance plane was equipped with Forward-looking infrared equipment. The goal was to locate FARC camps and cocaine laboratories in the Colombian jungle. The plane made an emergency landing in 2003 due to engine failure in an area where the FARC was stationed. American pilot Tommy Janis was shot dead on the run and a Colombian sergeant was executed on the spot by the FARC. The three American hostages (according to the FARC, prisoners of war to be exchanged for captured FARC fighters) were freed along with Íngrid Betancourt five years later during Operation Jaque. If found guilty she would face up to 60 years in prison.

She has a blog where she talks about her experiences and position about the FARC.

## InfoBox

| Tanja Nijmeijer | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1978-02-13) 13 February 1978
Denekamp, Netherlands |
| Other names | *Eileen*
*Alexandra Nariño* |
| Occupation(s) | English teacher, FARC member |
| Years active | 2002–present |