title: Église Saint-Georges de Châtenois

abstract: Église Saint-Georges de Châtenois is the Catholic parish church of Châtenois, in the Bas-Rhin department of France. The current church was built from 1759 until 1761 by the local architect Martin Dorgler, but retains a Romanesque steeple from the 12th century, crowned with a spire from 1525. It became a registered Monument historique in 1901. The church houses some notable works of art, classified as Monument historique, among which are two 16th-century polychrome wooden Renaissance reliefs of the Nativity and the Assumption of Mary, and a 1765 pipe organ by Johann Andreas Silbermann.

text:
# Église Saint-Georges de Châtenois

**Église Saint-Georges de Châtenois** is the Catholic parish church of Châtenois, in the Bas-Rhin department of France. The current church was built from 1759 until 1761 by the local architect Martin Dorgler, but retains a Romanesque steeple from the 12th century, crowned with a spire from 1525. It became a registered *Monument historique* in 1901.

The church houses some notable works of art, classified as Monument historique, among which are two 16th-century polychrome wooden Renaissance reliefs of the Nativity and the Assumption of Mary, and a 1765 pipe organ by Johann Andreas Silbermann.

48°16′09″N 7°23′51″E / 48.26917°N 7.39750°E / 48.26917; 7.39750

## InfoBox

| Église Saint-Georges | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Châtenois, Bas-Rhin |
| Country | France |
| Denomination | Catholic |
| Website | https://www.paroissesaintbenoit.com/Chatenois\_r10.html |
| History | |
| Dedication | Saint George |
| Architecture | |
| Heritage designation | Monument historique |
| Designated | 22 August 1901 (Romanesque belltower)
30 October 1990 (Baroque church building) |
| Style | Romanesque
Baroque
Classical |
| Administration | |
| Archdiocese | Strasbourg |
| Parish | Communauté de paroisses Saint Benoît |


title: Émery topology

abstract: In martingale theory, Émery topology is a topology on the space of semimartingales. The topology is used in financial mathematics. The class of stochastic integrals with general predictable integrands coincides with the closure of the set of all simple integrals. The topology was introduced in 1979 by the French mathematician Michel Émery.

text:
# Émery topology

In martingale theory, **Émery topology** is a topology on the space of semimartingales. The topology is used in financial mathematics. The class of stochastic integrals with general predictable integrands coincides with the closure of the set of all simple integrals.

The topology was introduced in 1979 by the French mathematician Michel Émery.

## Definition

Let $(\Omega ,{\mathcal {A},\\{{\mathcal {F\_{t}\\},P)}}}$ be a filtered probability space, where the filtration satisfies the usual conditions and $T\in (0,\infty )$. Let $\mathcal {S}(P)$ be the space of real semimartingales and $\mathcal {E}(1)$ the space of simple predictable processes $H$ with $|H|=1$.

We define

$$\\|X\\|\_{{\mathcal {S}(P)}:=\sup \limits \_{H\in {\mathcal {E}(1)}\mathbb {E} \left\[1\wedge \left(\sup \limits \_{t\in \[0,T\]}|(H\cdot X)\_{t}|\right)\right\].}}$$

Then $({\mathcal {S}(P),d)}$ with the metric $d(X,Y):=\\|X-Y\\|\_{{\mathcal {S}(P)}}$ is a complete metric space and the induced topology is called **Émery topology**.

1. Kardaras, Constantinos (2013). "On the closure in the Emery topology of semimartingale wealth-process sets". *Annals of Applied Probability*. **23** (4): 1355–1376. arXiv:1108.0945. doi:10.1214/12-AAP872.
2. Émery, Michel (1979). "Une topologie sur l'espace des semimartingales". *Séminaire de probabilités de Strasbourg*. **13**: 260–280.
3. De Donno, M.; Pratelli, M. (2005). "A theory of stochastic integration for bond markets". *Annals of Applied Probability*. **15** (4): 2773–2791. arXiv:math/0602532. doi:10.1214/105051605000000548.


title: Nemophila aphylla

abstract: Nemophila aphylla, the smallflower baby blue eyes, is an annual flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae. It is endemic to the southeastern United States and typically found in rich, moist woodlands. It has very small white or pale blue flowers, typically about 0.12 inches wide, that bloom from March to May.

text:
# Nemophila aphylla

***Nemophila aphylla***, the **smallflower baby blue eyes**, is an annual flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae. It is endemic to the southeastern United States and typically found in rich, moist woodlands. It has very small white or pale blue flowers, typically about 0.12 inches wide, that bloom from March to May.

## InfoBox

| Smallflower baby blueeyes | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Boraginales |
| Family: | Boraginaceae |
| Genus: | *Nemophila* |
| Species: | ***N. aphylla*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nemophila aphylla***<br>(L.) Brummitt | |
|


title: Neil Costa

abstract: Neil Francis Costa is a Gibraltarian barrister and politician affiliated to the Liberal Party of Gibraltar (LPG). In December 2011 he was elected an MP to the Gibraltar Parliament and was elected Minister for Tourism, Public Transport, Commercial Affairs and the Port. After the Ministerial reshuffle of December 2014, he became Minister for Business and Employment. In October 2016, he was appointed Minister for Health, Care and Justice. In October 2019, Costa confirmed his decision that he would not seek re-election and returned to work as a barrister.

text:
# Neil Costa

**Neil Francis Costa** is a Gibraltarian barrister and politician affiliated to the Liberal Party of Gibraltar (LPG). In December 2011 he was elected an MP to the Gibraltar Parliament and was elected Minister for Tourism, Public Transport, Commercial Affairs and the Port. After the Ministerial reshuffle of December 2014, he became Minister for Business and Employment. In October 2016, he was appointed Minister for Health, Care and Justice. In October 2019, Costa confirmed his decision that he would not seek re-election and returned to work as a barrister.

## Biography

Costa was born in Gibraltar into a working-class family. He grew up in the government flat which his parents shared with his grandparents and other family members. His father was a stonemason and his mother a cashier at supermarket. He stood out when he obtained three A grades, two with Distinction, at A-level at Bayside Comprehensive School. He went on to study law and Spanish at the University of Wales in Cardiff where he graduated with honours. Costa completed his law studies at the Inns of Court School of Law in London, was admitted to the bar in London in November 2002 and to the Gibraltar bar in January 2003. In 2016, Costa embarked on an LL.M. in Law from the University of Edinburgh, obtaining a Distinction in October 2019.

Costa has been involved in the politics of Gibraltar since his student days, and he joined the Liberal Party of Gibraltar in 1999. In 2007, he was elected to Parliament and became Shadow Minister for Health and Social Services. In 2011, along with Dr. Joseph Garcia and Steven Linares, formed the group of LPG candidates who stood in alliance with the Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP) to contest the 2011 general elections.

Re-elected to parliament in 2011, this time in government, Costa was appointed by Chief Minister Fabian Picardo as Minister for Tourism, Public Transport, Commercial Affairs and the Port.

After the Ministerial reshuffle in December 2014, Costa was appointed Minister for Business and Employment. In October 2016, he was appointed Minister for Health, Care and Justice.

In September 2019, Costa announced that he would not stand in the 2019 Gibraltar general election. After the election he resumed his legal career.

In November 2021, Costa graduated from Oxford University, New College, with Distinction in his Master of Studies in International Human Rights Law. Neil was awarded the Morris Prize for the highest overall grade for the year and for the highest grade in the dissertation.

## InfoBox

| Neil Francis CostaMP | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Minister for Health, Care and Justice | |
| **In office**
2011–2019 | |
| Shadow Minister for Health and Social Services | |
| **In office**
2007–2011 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Gibraltar |
| Nationality | British (Gibraltarian) |
| Political party | Liberal Party of Gibraltar (LPG) |
| Alma mater |
University of Edinburgh
University of Oxford
 |
| Occupation | Barrister
Politician |
| Website | www.gibraltarlawyers.com/people/neil-costa |
|  | |


title: Needy, Oregon

abstract: Needy, also known as Hardscrabble, is an unincorporated community in Clackamas County, Oregon, United States. James H. Brents gave the community its names, which may be such because of its poverty. Needy's post office was established on February 16, 1885 and John M. Bacon was its postmaster. It closed on September 19, 1903. It is now served by the Canby post office.

text:
# Needy, Oregon

**Needy**, also known as **Hardscrabble**, is an unincorporated community in Clackamas County, Oregon, United States. James H. Brents gave the community its names, which may be such because of its poverty. Needy's post office was established on February 16, 1885 and John M. Bacon was its postmaster. It closed on September 19, 1903. It is now served by the Canby post office.

## InfoBox

| Needy, Oregon | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Needy, OregonNeedy, Oregon | |
| Coordinates: 45°10′21″N 122°42′09″W / 45.17250°N 122.70250°W / 45.17250; -122.70250 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Oregon |
| County | Clackamas |
| Elevation | 174 ft (53 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-8 (Pacific (PST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-7 (PDT) |
| ZIP code | 97013 |
| Area code(s) | 503 and 971 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1124627 |


title: Édouard de Bergevin

abstract: Édouard de Bergevin was a French painter of the Rouen school. He was novelist Colette Yver's brother. He studied at the academy of painting of Rouen, with Frechon, Angrand and Joseph Delattre for fellow students, then in Paris in the studio of Jean-Léon Gérôme. A highly appreciated portrait painter of his contemporaries, illustrator and poster artist, he was also a delicate landscaper. Often accompanied by his friend Delattre, he realized in the countryside of Douarnenez, views of Paris, views of the ports of Rouen and Brittany. He is buried at Cimetière monumental de Rouen, next to his sister.

text:
# Édouard de Bergevin

**Édouard de Bergevin** (18 July 1861 – 6 December 1925) was a French painter of the Rouen school. He was novelist Colette Yver's brother.

He studied at the academy of painting of Rouen, with Frechon, Angrand and Joseph Delattre for fellow students, then in Paris in the studio of Jean-Léon Gérôme. A highly appreciated portrait painter of his contemporaries, illustrator and poster artist, he was also a delicate landscaper. Often accompanied by his friend Delattre, he realized in the countryside of Douarnenez, views of Paris, views of the ports of Rouen and Brittany.

He is buried at Cimetière monumental de Rouen, next to his sister.

## Bibliography

* François Lespinasse (1980). *L'École de Rouen* (in French). Sotteville-lès-Rouen: Fernandez. pp. 54–57. LCCN 80155566. OCLC 18496892.
* François Lespinasse, *L'École de Rouen*, Lecerf, Rouen, 1995 ISBN 2901342043

## InfoBox

| Édouard de Bergevin | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait of Edouard de Bergevin on his grave. | |
| Born | 18 July 1861
Couhé-Vérac |
| Died | 6 December 1925(1925-12-06) (aged 64)
Rouen |
| Occupation | Painter |


title: Neocicindela dunedensis

abstract: Neocicindela dunedensis, also known as the Dunedin tiger beetle, is a small species of tiger beetle in the genus Neocicindela endemic to New Zealand.

text:
# Neocicindela dunedensis

***Neocicindela dunedensis***, also known as the **Dunedin tiger beetle**, is a small species of tiger beetle in the genus *Neocicindela* endemic to New Zealand.

## Species description

*Neocicindela dunedensis* is the smallest member of its genus, and also the smallest tiger beetle species in New Zealand, with a body length ranging from 7mm to 8.7mm. The head, thorax and markings on the elytra are dark brownish, though a greenish or bronze iridescence can also be seen on these parts of the body. The antennae are also a dark colour. As with other *Neocicindela* species, *N. dunedensis* has got distinctive markings on the elytra. The pale markings on the elytra are whitish and relatively wide. The humeral lunule is fused with the marginal line, with the middle band being complete and narrow. The middle band also nearly reaches or extends slightly past the base of the apical lunule. The marginal line is fused with the apical lunule. The apical ends of the elytra are either only mildly serrulate, or have no serrations. The darker markings on the elytra are also adorned with many small green speckles and punctures, and are moderately shiny. The elytra markings are parallel with one another. The labrum and sides of the mandibles are a whitish colour, though the mandibles have darker tips. The labrum is also tridentate (has three points). The pronotum has a few setae near the anterolateral angles, but is otherwise mostly glabrous, with its sides being strongly rounded. On the underside of the thorax, such as at the proepisternum, there are prominent bristle-like setae. The legs are slender and relatively long, as with other *Neocicindela* species. The femora are dark in colouration, whereas the tibia and tarsal segments are a paler colour. The tarsal claws are significantly shorter than the 5th tarsal segment, being about half its length. The ventral side of the abdomen is glabrous. Compared to some other members of its genus, *N. dunedensis* has a somewhat slender body shape.

## Distribution and habitat

Like all other members of its genus, *Neocicindela dunedensis* is endemic to New Zealand. *N. dunedensis* is restricted to the South Island, where it occurs in the eastern and interior regions of the island. It is observed most frequently in Central Otago and adjacent locations, the Mackenzie Basin, and other areas of inland Canterbury. They have been found in abundance at the Pukaki and Tekapo River flats. However, they have also been observed and collected from other areas of Otago, Canterbury and Marlborough.

*Neocicindela dunedensis* is generally an inhabitant of dry habitat types, and can be considered xeriphilous. It has been found in both montane and lowland areas. *N. dunedensis* can be found living in various dry exposed and semi-vegetated habitats, such as dry river flats, open areas of uncultivated herbaceous ground cover, open spaces between native shrubs, glacial Loess, edges of dirt roads and paths, eroded cliffs and hillsides, and possibly even undisturbed gardens within its geographical range. Since *N. dunedensis* is known to inhabit both low elevation and comparatively higher elevation habitats, this suggests that it may be able to tolerate a wide range of ecological conditions.

## Ecology

As is the case with other members of its genus, *Neocicindela dunedensis* is a swift predator of other small insects, pursuing their prey by running them down, or occasionally by brief yet fast flights. Tiger beetles are known to have different approaches in hunting different prey species, and can often recognise what type of prey they are attempting to hunt, with behaviour such as this most likely being applicable to *Neocicindela*, including *N. dunedensis.* Whereas the adults are active pursuit predators, the larvae are ambush sit-and-wait predators that live in burrows in the ground and catch prey as it passes by their burrow entrance, which is typical of other members of the genus. The mating season for *N. dunedensis* takes place in January. Even though they are fast flyers, they typically prefer to run and can be reluctant to fly.

The larvae of *Neocicindela*, including *Neocicindela dunedensis*, are sit-and-wait predators that live in vertical burrows in exposed soil. The first body segment of the larva is hardened, camouflaged, and shaped in such a way that it acts to block the burrow entrance. The larvae also have prominent hook-like appendages midway down the body in order to brace the larva when struggling with prey. The larvae of *Neocicindela* species, likely also including *N. dunedensis*, may take roughly a year to finish developing

*Neocicindela dunedensis* overlaps in distribution with a few other tiger beetle species, most notably the larger and more widespread *Neocicindela latecincta*, and the range-restricted *Zecicindela tekapoensis* of the Mackenzie Basin. In the Mackenzie Basin, it was noted that *N. dunedensis* were most frequently collected during December, rather than in March. In general this species is active during the warmer months, and have been observed and collected from November through to March.

## Taxonomy

*Neocicindela dunedensis* is most closely related to the species *Neocicindela waiouraensis*, which is a larger species endemic to the North Island. It is thought that *N. dunedensis* and *N. waiouraensis* diverged from each other about 4 million years ago, during the Pliocene.

## Etymology and discovery

In the past there have been inconsistencies with the spelling of the scientific name that have been accidentally perpetuated by other scientists. In 1880, Broun accidentally misspelled the specific name as *dunedinensis*, instead of the correct *dunedensis*. This misspelling was perpetuated by a few other scientists until 1934. *Neocicindela dunedensis* was first described by Larporte de Castelnau in 1867, with the type locality possibly being Dunedin. Some New Zealand museums do have specimens of *N. dunedensis*, including the Te Papa Museum and the Auckland War Memorial Museum.

## InfoBox

| *Neocicindela dunedensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cicindelidae |
| Genus: | *Neocicindela* |
| Species: | ***N. dunedensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neocicindela dunedensis***<br>Larporte de Castelnau, 1867 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cicindela dunedensis* Castelnau, 1867 * *Cicindela dunedinensis* Hutton, 1874 * *Neocicindela dunedinensis* Hutton 1874 * *Cicindela wakefieldi* Bates, 1874 * *Neocicindela wakefieldi* Bates, 1874 | |


title: Neosocialism

abstract: Neosocialism was a political faction that existed in France and Belgium during the 1930s and which included several revisionist tendencies in the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO). During the 1930s, the faction gradually distanced itself from revolutionary Marxism and reformist socialism while stopping short of merging into the traditional class-collaborative movement represented by the Radical Party. Instead, they advocated a revolution from above, which they termed as a constructive revolution. In France, this brought them into conflict with the Socialist Party's traditional policy of anti-governmentalism and the neosocialists were expelled from SFIO.

text:
# Neosocialism

**Neosocialism** was a political faction that existed in France and Belgium during the 1930s and which included several revisionist tendencies in the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO).

During the 1930s, the faction gradually distanced itself from revolutionary Marxism and reformist socialism while stopping short of merging into the traditional class-collaborative movement represented by the Radical Party. Instead, they advocated a revolution from above, which they termed as a constructive revolution. In France, this brought them into conflict with the Socialist Party's traditional policy of anti-governmentalism and the neosocialists were expelled from SFIO.

## History

In the wake of the Great Depression, a group of parliamentary deputies led by Henri de Man in Belgium (the leader of the Belgian Labour Party's right-wing, and founder of the ideology of *planisme*, i.e. planism, referring to economic planning) and in France by Marcel Déat and Pierre Renaudel (leader of the SFIO's right wing), René Belin of the General Confederation of Labour, the Young Turk current of the Radical-Socialist Party (Pierre Mendès-France) argued that the unprecedented scale of the global economic crisis, and the sudden success of national-populist parties across Europe, meant that time had run out for socialists to slowly pursue either of the traditional stances of the parliamentary left: gradual, progressive reformism or Marxist-inspired popular revolution. Instead, influenced by Henri de Man's planism, they promoted a "constructive revolution" headed by the state, where a democratic mandate would be sought to develop technocracy and a planned economy.

This approach saw great success in the Belgian Labour Party in 1933–1934, where it was adopted as official policy with the support of the party's right (De Man) and left (Paul-Henri Spaak) wings, though by 1935 enthusiasm had waned. Such ideas also influenced the non-conformist movement on the French right.

In 1930, Marcel Déat published *Perspectives socialistes* (*Socialist Perspectives*), a revisionist work closely influenced by Henri de Man's planism. Along with over a hundred articles written in *La vie socialiste* (*The Socialist Life*), the review of the SFIO's right-wing, *Perspective socialistes* marked the shift of Déat from classical socialism to neosocialism. Déat replaced class struggle with class collaboration and national solidarity, advocated corporatism as a model of social organisation, replaced the notion of socialism with anti-capitalism and supported a technocratic state which would plan the economy and in which parliamentarism would be replaced by political technocracy.

The neosocialist faction inside of the SFIO which included the senior party figures Marcel Déat and Pierre Renaudel was expelled at the November 1933 party congress, partly for its admiration for Italian fascism, and largely for its revisionist stances: the neosocialists advocated alliances with the middle classes and favoured making compromises with the bourgeois Radical-Socialist Party to enact the SFIO's program one issue at a time. After having been expelled from the SFIO, Marcel Déat and his followers created the Socialist Party of France – Jean Jaurès Union (1933–1935); by the close of 1935 the emergence of the Popular Front had stolen the thunder for much of the neo-socialists' tactical and policy proposals, and the Jean Jaurès Union merged with the more traditional class-collaborative Independent Socialists and Socialist Republicans to form the small Socialist Republican Union. Within the General Confederation of Labour trade union, neosocialism was represented by René Belin's *Syndicats* (then *Redressements*)'s faction. On the other hand, Henri de Man's planism influenced the left-wing of the progressive-centrist Radical-Socialist Party, known as Young Turks (among them Pierre Mendès-France).

At first the neosocialists remained part of the broader left. Déat led his splinter party into the Socialist Republican Union, a merger of various revisionist socialist parties, and participated in the Popular Front coalition of 1936. But disillusionment in democracy eventually caused many neosocialists to distance themselves from the traditional left and call for more authoritarian government. After 1936 many evolved toward a form of participatory and nationalistic socialism which led them to join with the reactionary right and support the collaborationist Vichy regime during World War II. For instance, René Belin and Marcel Déat became members of the Vichy government. As a result, Déat's neosocialism was discredited in France after the war.

## Further reading


title: Nei Lopes

abstract: Nei Braz Lopes is a Brazilian singer, composer, lawyer, writer and historian, specializing in Afro-Brazilian studies.

text:
# Nei Lopes

**Nei Braz Lopes** (born May 9, 1942 in Irajá, Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian singer, composer, lawyer, writer and historian, specializing in Afro-Brazilian studies.

## Biography

Born in Irajá in Rio de Janeiro (a traditional samba neighborhood which also brought us Zeca Pagodinho, among others), Nei Lopes graduated as an attorney at law from the University of Brazil, but at the start of the 70's abandoned his recently begun legal career to dedicate himself to music and literature. A professional composer since 1972, Nei Lopes became prominent especially through his partnership with Wilson Moreira and by their work, recorded by almost all interpreters of traditional samba. In the 80s, Nei, already acclaimed, was one of the supporters of the Pagode movement, which took samba back to the airwaves after an eclipse period.

In the 90's, Nei started partnerships with people identified with the MPB label, such as composer Guinga and Zé Renato. He also has a song with Chico Buarque.

Nei is the author of a vast book opus concerning Afro-Brazilian thematics, and samba thematics in particular. He has been working, since 1995, in the *Brazilian Encyclopedia of the African Diaspora*.

## Discography

With Wilson Moreira:

* 1980 - *A Arte Negra de Wilson Moreira & Nei Lopes* \- EMI
* 1985 - *O Partido Muito Alto de Wilson Moreira & Nei Lopes* \- EMI

(These were later released as a single CD)

Individually:

* 1983 - *Negro Mesmo* \- Lira-Continental
* 1996 - *Canto Banto* \- Saci
* 1999 - *Sincopando o Breque* \- CPC-Umes
* 2000 - *De Letra & Música* \- Velas
* 2005 - *Partido ao Cubo* \- Fina Flor

## Literature

* 1981 - *O Samba na Realidade*
* 1988 - *Bantos, Malês e Identidade Negra*
* 1992 - *O Negro no Rio de Janeiro e sua Tradição Musical*
* 1996 - *Dicionário Banto do Brasil* (Brazilian Banto Dictionary)
* 1999 - *171 - Lapa-Irajá - Casos e Enredos do Samba* \- Folha Seca
* 2000 - *Zé Keti, O Samba sem Senhor*
* 2000 - *Logunedé, Santo Menino que Velho Respeita*
* 2005 - *Partido Alto: Samba de Bamba* \- Pallas
* 2008 - *Historia e Cultura Africana e Afro Brasileira*
* 2009 - *Chutando o balde*
* 2015 - *Dicionário da História Social do Samba* (Social history of Samba dictionary), ISBN 9788520012581
* 2019 - *O preto que falava iídiche*
* 2019 - *Agora serve o coração*
* 2019 - *Afro-Brasil Reluzente* ISBN 9788520944820

## Further reading

1. Bocskay, Stephen (2012). Voices of Samba: Music and The Brazilian Racial Imaginary (1955-1988) (Doctorate). Providence, Rhode Island: Brown University.
2. Bocskay, Stephen (2017). "Undesired Presences: Samba, Improvisation, and Afro-Politics in 1970s Brazil". Latin American Research Review. 52 (1): 64–78.

## InfoBox

| Nei Lopes | |
| --- | --- |
| Nei Lopes | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1942-05-09) May 9, 1942<br>Irajá, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
| Genres | Samba |


title: Neozatrephes telesilla

abstract: Neozatrephes telesilla is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Herbert Druce in 1893. It is found in Ecuador.

text:
# Neozatrephes telesilla

***Neozatrephes telesilla*** is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Herbert Druce in 1893. It is found in Ecuador.

## InfoBox

| *Neozatrephes telesilla* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Neozatrephes* |
| Species: | ***N. telesilla*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neozatrephes telesilla***<br>H. Druce, 1893 | |
|


title: Neill's long-tailed giant rat

abstract:
Neill's long-tailed giant rat is a species of rodent in the family Muridae.
It is found in Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and possibly Myanmar. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland and rocky areas. Leopoldamys neilli is threatened by the destruction of limestone karst habitats. Six highly differentiated genetic lineages of Leopoldamys neilli were found in Kanchanaburi, West Central (Saraburi-Lopburi), East Central, Loei, Nan, and Phrae provinces of Thailand respectively. Gene flow among lineages is low.

text:
# Neill's long-tailed giant rat

**Neill's long-tailed giant rat** (***Leopoldamys neilli***) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is found in Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and possibly Myanmar.

Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland and rocky areas. *Leopoldamys neilli* is threatened by the destruction of limestone karst habitats.

Six highly differentiated genetic lineages of *Leopoldamys neilli* were found in Kanchanaburi, West Central (Saraburi-Lopburi), East Central (Saraburi-Nakhon Ratchasima), Loei, Nan, and Phrae provinces of Thailand respectively. Gene flow among lineages is low.

## InfoBox

| Neill's long-tailed giant rat | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Muridae |
| Genus: | *Leopoldamys* |
| Species: | ***L. neilli*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Leopoldamys neilli***
(Marshall, 1976) | |
|
|  | |


title: Ćemanovići

abstract: Ćemanovići is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

text:
# Ćemanovići

**Ćemanovići** (Serbian Cyrillic: Ћемановићи) is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

43°54′N 19°03′E / 43.900°N 19.050°E / 43.900; 19.050

## InfoBox

| Ćemanovići Ћемановићи | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Ćemanovići | |
| Coordinates: 43°54′N 19°03′E / 43.900°N 19.050°E / 43.900; 19.050 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Republika Srpska |
| Municipality | Pale |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Ćenovac

abstract: Ćenovac is a village in the municipality of Lebane, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 423 people.

text:
# Ćenovac

**Ćenovac** is a village in the municipality of Lebane, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 423 people.

42°57′54″N 21°50′40″E / 42.96500°N 21.84444°E / 42.96500; 21.84444

## InfoBox

| Ćenovac | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Ćenovac | |
| Coordinates: 42°57′54″N 21°50′40″E / 42.96500°N 21.84444°E / 42.96500; 21.84444 | |
| Country | Serbia |
| District | Jablanica District |
| Municipality | Lebane |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 423 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Nepal Engineers Association

abstract: Nepal Engineers' Association (NEA) is an independent non-profit organization of engineers of Nepal. Its headquarters is located in Pulchowk, Lalitpur. It was established in 1962. It has the provincial committee in each province of Nepal.

text:
# Nepal Engineers Association

**Nepal Engineers' Association** (NEA) (Nepali:नेपाल ईन्जिनियर्स एसोसियसन) is an independent non-profit organization of engineers of Nepal. Its headquarters is located in Pulchowk, Lalitpur. It was established in 1962. It has the provincial committee in each province of Nepal.

## Objectives

It has the following objectives:

* promote the development of the engineering science and technology
* promote fellowship and safeguard their rights and interests of engineers
* enhance participation of the national engineering manpower for national development activities
* develop relations, fellowship and goodwill with international engineering associations and institutions.

## Activities

* NEA celebrates its annual Engineers' day on Shrawan 3.
* Veteran engineers are facilitated with lifetime achievement awards and young and upcoming fellow engineers are recognized at the event. Apart for the annual event, NEA also holds international conventions every two years.
* Training and rapid response in disaster management.

## Members

Year 2022: 36,500 plus members

## International centers

* NEA Qatar, established 2004
* Australia
* Thailand
* United Kingdom
* Japan

## InfoBox

Nepal Engineers' Association
| नेपाल ईन्जिनियर्स एसोसियसन | |
| --- | --- |
| Formation | 1962 |
| Type | Non-profit |
| Headquarters | Pulchowk, Lalitpur |
| Website | www.neanepal.org.np |


title: Ülle Kukk

abstract: Ülle Kukk is an Estonian botanist and conservationist.

text:
# Ülle Kukk

**Ülle Kukk** (born 18 November 1937 in Tartu) is an Estonian botanist and conservationist.

## Education and career

She was born in Tartu and graduated from the University of Tartu in 1960. 1960–1962 she continued to work in the university and also in the Institute of Experimental Biology of the Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR.

From 1965 to 1975 she worked as a member of the research staff at the Tallinn Botanic Garden. From 1976 to 1996 she worked for the Estonian Institute of Forestry, and since 1996, she has worked for in the Institute of the Environmental Protection of the Estonian University of Life Sciences.

## Research

Kukk's research has addressed Estonian protected plants and indigenous ornamental plants, and she has been engaged in the distribution of rare and protected plants, biology, monitoring and protection.

She is one of the founders and a board member of the Estonian Orchid Protection Club (*Eesti Orhideekaitse Klubi*).

Kukk is a member of the Berne Convention's Expert Group on flora, and she was a co-author of the "Estonian Red Book" established in 1998.

## Personal

She was married to phycologist and conservationist Erich Kukk (1928–2017).

## Selected publications

* Kukk, Ülle (1972). *Looduslikke dekoratiivtaimi* \[*Wild ornamental plants*\] (in Estonian). Tallinn: Valgus. (English version published by Light: New York)
* Pilt, Indrek; Kukk, Ülle (December 2002) \[2002\]. "Pulsatilla patens and Pulsatilla pratensis (Ranunculaceae) in Estonia: distribution and ecology" (Google Books). *Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Biology and Ecology*. **51**: 242–256. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
* Kukk, Ülle (2003). "The distribution of Ligularia sibirica (L.) Cass. in Estonia and changes in its population" (PDF). *Biuletyn Ogrodów Botanicznych*. **12**: 11–22. Retrieved 10 December 2010.

## InfoBox

| Ülle Kukk | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 18 November 1937<br>Tartu, Estonia |
| Nationality | Estonian |
| Known for | studies of Estonian flora. |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | botany and conservation. |
| Institutions | Tallinn Botanic Garden |
|  | |


title: Nelly Nicol

abstract: Nelly Nicol is an American politician. She serves as a Republican member for the 53rd district of the Montana House of Representatives.

text:
# Nelly Nicol

**Nelly Nicol** is an American politician. She serves as a Republican member for the 53rd district of the Montana House of Representatives.

## InfoBox

| Nelly Nicol | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Montana House of Representatives
from the 53rd district | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
January 2, 2023 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Republican |
|  | |


title: Čović Polje

abstract: Čović Polje is a village in the municipalities of Orašje and Donji Žabar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

text:
# Čović Polje

**Čović Polje** is a village in the municipalities of Orašje (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina) and Donji Žabar (Republika Srpska), Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 642, all living in the Donji Žabar part, thus none in the Orašje part.

Ethnicity in 2013
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Serbs | 634 | 98.8% |
| Croats | 5 | 0.8% |
| other/undeclared | 3 | 0.5% |
| **Total** | **642** | **100%** |

## InfoBox

| Čović Polje | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Čović Polje | |
| Coordinates: 44°58′43″N 18°37′56″E / 44.978577°N 18.6322117°E / 44.978577; 18.6322117 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Republika Srpska |
| Canton
Region | Posavina
Doboj |
| Municipality | Orašje
Donji Žabar |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.32 sq mi (11.20 km2) |
| Population (2013) | |
| Total | 642 |
| Density | 150/sq mi (57/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Ľubomír Faktor

abstract: Ľubomír Faktor is a retired Slovak football midfielder.

text:
# Ľubomír Faktor

**Ľubomír Faktor** (born 18 March 1967) is a retired Slovak football midfielder.

## InfoBox

Ľubomír Faktor
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1967-03-18) 18 March 1967 | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1984–1987 | TJ ZVL Žilina |  |  |
| 1987–1989 | VTJ Tábor |  |  |
| 1989–1991 | SK Slavia Praha |  |  |
| 1991–1993 | FK Dukla Banská Bystrica |  |  |
| 1994–1996 | ŠK Slovan Bratislava |  |  |
| 1997–1998 | 1. FC Košice |  |  |
| 1998–2000 | FK Dukla Banská Bystrica |  |  |
| 2000–2001 | Ozeta Dukla Trencin |  |  |
| 2001–2002 | FK NCHZ Nováky |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1994–1995 | Slovakia | 5 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Neoroepera

abstract:
Neoroepera is a genus of plants in the Picrodendraceae first described as a genus in 1866. The entire genus is endemic to the State of Queensland in northeastern Australia.
  - Species
  - Neoroepera banksii Benth. - Shire of Cook
  - Neoroepera buxifolia Müll.Arg. - Gladstone District

text:
# Neoroepera

***Neoroepera*** is a genus of plants in the Picrodendraceae first described as a genus in 1866. The entire genus is endemic to the State of Queensland in northeastern Australia.

Species 1. *Neoroepera banksii* Benth. \- Shire of Cook
2. *Neoroepera buxifolia* Müll.Arg. \- Gladstone District

## InfoBox

| *Neoroepera* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Picrodendraceae |
| Tribe: | Caletieae |
| Subtribe: | Pseudanthinae |
| Genus: | *Neoroepera*
Müll.Arg. & F.Muell. |
|
| Type species | |
| *Neoroepera buxifolia*
Müll.Arg. & F.Muell. | |


title: Neoromicia grandidieri

abstract: Neoromicia grandidieri, known by the common names of Dobson's pipistrelle and yellow pipistrelle, is a species of vesper bat found in Africa. It was formerly in the genus Pipistrellus

text:
# Neoromicia grandidieri

***Neoromicia grandidieri***, known by the common names of **Dobson's pipistrelle** and **yellow pipistrelle**, is a species of vesper bat found in Africa. It was formerly in the genus *Pipistrellus*

## Taxonomy

*Neoromicia grandidieri* was described as a new species in 1876 by Irish zoologist George Edward Dobson, who placed it in the now-defunct genus *Vesperugo*. Its scientific name was *Vesperugo (Vesperus) grandidieri*. The eponym for the species name "*grandidieri* " was Alfred Grandidier, a French naturalist who collected the holotype from Zanzibar. Some consider *Neoromicia grandidieri* to have two subspecies: the nominate subspecies (*N. g. grandidieri*) and *N. g. angolensis*. It is the only member of the *Afropipistrellus* subgenus.

## Description

It is considered a very small microbat. Individuals have forearm lengths of 33–38 mm (1.3–1.5 in) and weights of 7–8 g (0.25–0.28 oz). It has a dental formula of 2.1.1.33.1.2.3 for a total of 32 teeth. It has blackish-brown wing membranes, pale brown fur, and brown ears.

## Range and habitat

*N. g. grandidieri* occurs in East Africa, while *P. g. angolensis* occurs in Angola, Malawi, and Cameroon.

## InfoBox

| *Neoromicia grandidieri* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Chiroptera |
| Family: | Vespertilionidae |
| Genus: | *Neoromicia* |
| Species: | ***N. grandidieri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neoromicia grandidieri***
(Dobson, 1876) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Vesperugo grandidieri*  Dobson, 1876 * *Pipistrellus grandidieri*  (Dobson, 1876) * *Eptesicus grandidieri*  (Dobson, 1876) | |


title: Nephtys

abstract: Nephtys is a genus of marine catworms. Some species are halotolerant to a degree in that they can survive in estuaries and estuarine lagoons down to a salinity of 20 psu.

text:
# Nephtys

***Nephtys*** is a genus of marine catworms. Some species are halotolerant to a degree in that they can survive in estuaries and estuarine lagoons down to a salinity of 20 psu (Practical Salinity Units).

## Species

The following species are recognised in the genus *Nephtys*:

## InfoBox

| *Nephtys* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Nephtys hombergii* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| *Clade*: | Pleistoannelida |
| Subclass: | Errantia |
| Order: | Phyllodocida |
| Family: | Nephtyidae |
| Genus: | *Nephtys*
Cuvier, 1817 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Nephtys ciliata*
 | |
| Synonyms | |
| List * *Aonis* Savigny, 1822 * *Dentinephtys* Imajima & Takeda, 1987 * *Diplobranchus* Quatrefages, 1866 * *Nephthys* Cuvier, 1817 * *Nereis* (*Nephtys*) Cuvier, 1817 * *Portelia* Quatrefages, 1850 | |


title: Neotrinia splendens

abstract: Neotrinia splendens is a species of grass. It is found from the East European Plain, across Siberia and Central Asia to the Himalayas. This grass is an important forage crop in areas of the Kazakh steppe.

text:
# Neotrinia splendens

***Neotrinia splendens*** is a species of grass. It is found from the East European Plain, across Siberia and Central Asia to the Himalayas. This grass is an important forage crop in areas of the Kazakh steppe.

## InfoBox

| *Neotrinia splendens* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Pooideae |
| Genus: | *Neotrinia* |
| Species: | ***N. splendens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neotrinia splendens***<br>(Trin.) M.Nobis, P.D.Gudkova & A.Nowak | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Stipa splendens* (Trin.) * *Achnatherum splendens* (Trin.) Nevski | |


title: Neotrioza

abstract:
Neotrioza is a genus of true bugs belonging to the family Triozidae. Species:
  - Neotrioza machilae
  - Neotrioza machili Kieffer, 1905
  - Neotrioza shuiliensis

text:
# Neotrioza

***Neotrioza*** is a genus of true bugs belonging to the family Triozidae.

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Neotrioza* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Sternorrhyncha |
| Family: | Triozidae |
| Genus: | *Neotrioza*<br>Kieffer, 1905 |
|


title: Nephi, son of Lehi

abstract: Nephi is one of the central figures described in the Book of Mormon. In the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, he is described as the son of Lehi, a prophet, and the founder of the Nephite people. The Book of Mormon also describes him as the author of its first two books, First and Second Nephi. In the narrative, Nephi's family flees Jerusalem as commanded by God but returns twice. The first time, Lehi's sons return to retrieve the brass plates from a man named Laban. After two unsuccessful attempts to get the plates, Nephi, prompted by the Holy Spirit, kills Laban and receives the plates after disguising himself as Laban. The next time they return, the brothers convince Ishmael's family to join them. Both times Nephi's life is threatened by two of his older brothers, Laman and Lemuel. After spending eight years in the wilderness, the family reaches the land Bountiful, where Nephi builds a ship under the direction of God. As the family voyages across the sea, Laman and Lemuel rebel, tying Nephi when he admonishes them about their behavior. A storm pushes them back on their journey, and eventually Laman and Lemuel untie him. Some time after their arrival in the Promised Land, Laman and Lemuel once again try to kill Nephi and he flees with several members of the family. Now safe, Nephi becomes a leader over his people and builds a prosperous community. Nephi is the subject of religious scholarship and various creative authorial works.

text:
# Nephi, son of Lehi

**Nephi** (/ˈnˌf/) is one of the central figures described in the Book of Mormon. In the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, he is described as the son of Lehi, a prophet, and the founder of the Nephite people. The Book of Mormon also describes him as the author of its first two books, First and Second Nephi.

In the narrative, Nephi's family flees Jerusalem as commanded by God but returns twice. The first time, Lehi's sons return to retrieve the brass plates from a man named Laban. After two unsuccessful attempts to get the plates, Nephi, prompted by the Holy Spirit, kills Laban and receives the plates after disguising himself as Laban. The next time they return, the brothers convince Ishmael's family to join them. Both times Nephi's life is threatened by two of his older brothers, Laman and Lemuel.

After spending eight years in the wilderness, the family reaches the land Bountiful, where Nephi builds a ship under the direction of God. As the family voyages across the sea, Laman and Lemuel rebel, tying Nephi when he admonishes them about their behavior. A storm pushes them back on their journey, and eventually Laman and Lemuel untie him. Some time after their arrival in the Promised Land, Laman and Lemuel once again try to kill Nephi and he flees with several members of the family. Now safe, Nephi becomes a leader over his people and builds a prosperous community. Nephi is the subject of religious scholarship and various creative authorial works.

## Background and family

According to the Book of Mormon, Nephi is the fourth of six sons of Lehi and Sariah. Nephi and his family live in Jerusalem, circa 600 BC, during the reign of King Zedekiah, who is initiated as king under the direction of Nebuchadnezzar. They live there until Lehi is commanded by God to take his family and flee into the wilderness. Before their flight, Nephi's father Lehi prophesies of the impending destruction and captivity of Jerusalem by the armies of Babylon, an event mentioned in the Bible several times.

### Family tree

|  | | Lehi | | | | | |  | | Sariah | | | | | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| |  | |  || | | | | | | |
|  | |  |  |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |
| |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  || |
| Laman | | | | | |  | | Lemuel | | | | | |  | | Sam | | | | | |  | | Nephi | | | | | |  | | Jacob | | | | | |  | | Joseph | | | | | |
| || | | | | | | | | |

Nephi also mentions having sisters, though he does not give their names or birth orders. Little is known about Nephi's children. Religious scholar Grant Hardy suggests that all of Nephi's children may have been daughters at the time of passing on the record, or that his sons were influenced by Laman and Lemuel; his speculations are based on the fact that Nephi says he has children yet passes the record on to his brother Jacob.

## Narrative

In the narrative of the Book of Nephi, Nephi and his family leave Jerusalem around 600 B.C., travel to the Red Sea, and journey three days farther into the wilderness, stopping in a valley by a river near the Red Sea. Lehi then sends four sons (Laman, Lemuel, Sam, and Nephi) back to Jerusalem to get the brass plates. After successfully obtaining them, they are commanded to return to Jerusalem a second time to bring Ishmael's family.

### Returning to Jerusalem

A powerful man named Laban, who is a kinsman to Lehi, possesses the brass plates, a record kept by the Jews which contains their laws, customs, history, and lineage. Nephi and his brothers attempt three times to get them from Laban. First, they send Laman, whom Laban accuses of theft and sends servants to kill when he asks for the plates. Nephi convinces his brothers to try buying the plates using their abandoned wealth; Laban refuses the offer, though he keeps the goods, and sends his servants to kill them. After running away, the brothers hide in a cave, where Laman and Lemuel beat Nephi and Sam. An angel appears and stops them. Nephi returns a third time to make a final attempt to get the plates. When Nephi finds Laban drunk and passed out in the street, the Lord commands him to kill Laban—an idea Nephi struggles with. The Spirit tells him that it is better for "one man to perish than for an entire nation to dwindle and perish in unbelief." Nephi follows through with the command and then dresses himself in Laban's clothing and armor. He returns to Laban's house and orders Zoram, one of Laban's servants, to bring him the brass plates. When he leads Zoram back to his brothers, they think that Nephi is Laban and turn to flee; Nephi calls out to them. Realizing that Nephi is not Laban, Zoram turns to run, but Nephi stops him. He commands him to join them as an act of self-preservation, to which Zoram consents.

Sometime after they obtain the brass plates, the Lord tells Lehi to send his sons back to Jerusalem so they can convince Ishmael’s family to join them. This allows Lehi’s sons to marry, as Ishmael is father to five daughters. They succeed and return to the wilderness. During the journey, Laman and Lemuel as well as members of Ishmael’s family defy Nephi, three of Ishmael’s daughters, and Ishmael and his wife. They want to go back to Jerusalem. When Nephi warns them that they will be destroyed if they do so, they tie him up, planning to leave him behind on their journey. Nephi's bonds are loosed by the Lord when he prays for help. Laman and Lemuel want to tie him again, but eventually give in to the pleas of mercy from Ishmael's family.

Nephi and his family spend eight years in the wilderness, facing many hardships. At one point Nephi's bow breaks, making it difficult to obtain food. While the rest of the family complains, Nephi sets forth to make a new bow and prays to God for help.

### Building the ship and voyage

Finally, in the land of Bountiful, God commands Nephi to build a ship and sail to the Promised Land. However, Laman and Lemuel do not think he should build it. They try to throw Nephi into the depths of the sea; however, Nephi commands them not to, warning them that they will be smitten by the power of God if they touch him. In response, Laman and Lemuel try worshipping Nephi, but he commands them to stop. Meanwhile, the Spirit protects Nephi.

Partway through the voyage over sea, Laman, Lemuel, and some of Ishmael's family participate in irreverent revelry. Nephi asks them to stop, but in their anger they tie him up. The Liahona stops working and they are significantly delayed in their journey until the brothers finally untie him. This done, Nephi prays to God and the storm calms down.

### Life in the Promised Land

Not long after arriving in the Promised Land, Lehi dies, leaving the leadership of the colony in Nephi's hands. His brothers Laman and Lemuel rebel shortly thereafter, and the colony splits into two. Nephi's followers name themselves "Nephites" while the others are dubbed "Lamanites." The Nephites separate into the wilderness, where they begin building in the land of Nephi. Within twenty-one years of arriving in the Promised Land, Nephi's people construct a temple. Nephi teaches his people artisan skills, including but not limited to wood and metal work. Under Nephi's leadership, the Nephite civilization prospers despite occasional war with the Lamanites. According to the Book of Mormon, Nephi is revered by his people. Upon his death, Jacob is entrusted with keeping the records of the Book of Mormon.

## Nephi's vision

After his father receives a Vision of the Tree of Life, Nephi receives a similar vision and records it in detail, including an interpretation of each element of the dream. Nephi also sees and records details of the birth, life, and crucifixion of Jesus Christ. An angel also shows him similar things to those found in the vision of John the Revelator.

## Latter-day Saint interpretation

### Obtaining the brass plates

Anthropologist Steven L. Olsen points out that the journey to possess the brass plates is the first instance in which Nephi is portrayed as a leader of his brothers. Additionally, Olsen points out that deliverance and remembering are themes that show up in Nephi's account. In fact, the concept of deliverance is one factor in Nephi's contemplation of killing Laban. Writing about this contemplation, R. John Williams, who is an assistant professor of English at Yale, concludes that while Nephi's internal struggle is very personal, his rationalization of killing Laban appears to be more unemotional. According to Hardy, Nephi's difficult decision demonstrates the value of the brass plates to his family. Robert L. Millet explains that the brass plates serve as a link between the Nephites and their predecessors. The content of the plates gives the people a connection to their ancestors, culture, and religious beliefs.

Further, healthcare technologist Ben McGuire identifies what he calls "thematic parallels" between Nephi's slaying of Laban and David's killing of Goliath; among the parallels are confrontation with an intimidating foe, fear of the foe, and slaughter of the foe. Author Elizabeth Fenton, on the other hand, compares Nephi and Laban to David and Saul, pointing out that Nephi killed Laban but David did not kill Saul, while both were encouraged to kill said enemies.

### The ship

The design for Nephi's ship is divine, which theme is common in various Biblical stories, says legal editor Alan Goff. He points out that Nephi wants to make it clear that he is following a divine pattern. On another note, Riess compares Nephi's calming of the water to Jesus' calming of the storm in the New Testament, pointing out that while Jesus used his own power, Nephi prayed.

### Visions

Like others, during his visions Nephi is often taken by the Spirit into a mountain. Brent Farley, who is the former manager of Church Educational System College Curriculum within the LDS church, explains in a devotional-type article that this transportation by the Spirit to a mountain typically occurs in religious records when a temple is unavailable to worship in.

## Nephi as a narrator

Though Nephi begins his narrative with a basic genealogy, he eventually shifts from a familial to a national focus. Nevertheless, he is conscious of his posterity as he writes. Nephi desires that his record should be filled with religious things. Hardy proposes that Nephi portrays Laman and Lemuel in a negative light in order to solidify his purpose of showing the Lord’s deliverance. Nephi rarely talks about Laman and Lemuel individually, and hardly mentions Sam—possibly an attempt to greater emphasize Laman and Lemuel. Robert A. Rees agrees concerning Nephi's rhetorical purposes, stating that Nephi is deliberately shaping the reading experience. He argues that Nephi brings his first-person biases into the narrative, making it difficult for his readers to have an impartial perspective. In Claudia L. Bushman's view, Nephi emphasizes different aspects of the narrative more than others, which impacts the reader experience. According to Hardy, however, Nephi’s motives are not only religious but also political. Latter-day Saint lawyer Nathan B. Oman explains that legal issues are woven into Nephi's narrative, especially those that concern his brothers.

Fenton argues that Nephi did not write the Book of Mormon for the Nephites, as implied by his inclusion of his dream about their destruction. Nephi was well-versed in Jewish scripture and could read and write in Egyptian. His teaching style has been described as "frank, direct, and even blunt." At the same time, Rees suggests that Nephi may have drawn inspiration for his writing style from passages found in the brass plates. Allusions to the Exodus are deliberate throughout Nephi's record, Michael Austin explains. Hardy notes several parallels between Nephi and Joseph: both are younger, favored sons whose older brothers resent him and attempt to murder him. Both escape death and later save their families from starvation. Contrasting the stories, Hardy finds that Joseph's story has more emotional range, whereas Nephi's narrative is limited to his "one-sided narrative." Bushman also notices that Nephi relies very little on the experiences of the other members of his travel party.

Writing in *Dialogue* in 1969, Robert E. Nichols noticed similarities between Nephi and a writing style from the heroic age. As evidence, Nichols draws parallels between the narrative's emphasis on Nephi's strength and manly skills and Beowulf's great strength and skills in *Beowulf*. In this reading, Nephi's beot, or ritual boast, is found in the famous passage where he says he will "go and do the things which the Lord hath commanded," and his brothers become his band of warriors.

## Nephi's legacy

The first major figure in the Book of Mormon, Nephi is regarded by members of the Latter Day Saint Movement as a prophet, political leader, and record keeper. Bergin points out that Nephi shares some semblance to Moses, such as being a colonial leader. Riess also points out similarities between the two, such as their both receiving commandments from the Lord atop a mountain. A number of individuals throughout the Book of Mormon were named after Nephi, including all of the kings in the early Nephite civilization. Additionally, his people referred to themselves as "Nephites"–a name that followed them through the entire 1000-year history given in the Book of Mormon. Nephi is also the name of a city in Utah.

## Etymology of *Nephi*

The origin of the name *Nephi* is uncertain and disputed. Based on a non-Latter-day Saint or secular perspective, hypotheses for the name's origin include:

* Its appearance as a geographic name in 2 Maccabees of the Deuterocanon: "And Neemias called this thing Naphthar, which is as much as to say, a cleansing: but many men call it Nephi."
* A reference to the *nephilim* ( נְפִילִים ), who are the mythical half-immortal "giants" described in Genesis. The name means "fallen ones."
* Or the term *Nephes*, which is a Kabbalistic term for a ghost that wanders around sepulchers.

Latter-day Saint scholar John Gee theorizes that Nephi is a Hebrew form of the Egyptian name *Nfr*. In Phoenician and Aramaic inscriptions of Egyptian names containing *nfr*, the *nfr* element is rendered *npy*, and the closely related Hebrew language would presumably transcribe the name the same way.

## Nephi in Latter-day Saint literature

Orrin R. Wilcox writes about the journey of Nephi's family in verse form, telling it from Nephi's perspective. In two of the poems Wilcox shares the story of why Nephi's family left Jerusalem, then describes the family relationships. "I was built large in stature / And my brothers did defy," he explains. Wilcox continues to contrast Nephi with Laman and Lemuel, specifically discussing their attitudes about leaving Jerusalem. Later, he writes about obtaining the brass plates and visiting Ishmael's family. When he writes about the brass plates, Wilcox explores the feelings and actions of Nephi as he kills Laban and brings Zoram with him.

In her collection *Book of Mormon and Other Poems,* Latter-day Saint poet Mildred Hunt includes a poem that tells of the retrieval of Ishmael's daughters in an allegory of gardeners coming to select beautiful willow and cypress trees for their homes, where the trees represent Ishmael's daughters and the gardeners represent the sons of Lehi. She spends most of the poem describing the grace and beauty of the trees; in the last stanza, however, she tells how their father let the four gardeners select their trees of choice. In her poetry she also explores how Nephi may have felt at various points in his life, including an inference of what successes he may have experienced: "How thankful and how pleased, Nephi, were you / When that first harvest gilt the wilderness."

An emeritus English professor at Pepperdine University and Latter-day Saint, Michael R. Collings wrote a book entitled *The Nephiad*. This epic-style work retells parts of the life of Nephi, from Lehi's revelation to leave Jerusalem to Nephi's vision of Jesus Christ, with some creative imagination. Collings describes Nephi's vision of the Americas at the time of Jesus' death as follows: "This Nephi saw, and fain would turn away / Tormented eyes from scenes calamitous / ...Tempests, floods, and quakings o'er the Land / With fracturing force disrupted Spring-smooth soils."

## Works cited

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Nephi | |
| --- | --- |
| Nephi commanded to build a ship (1948). Comic by John Philip Dalby. | |
| Personal | |
| Born | Jerusalem, Kingdom of Judah |
| Died | Land of Nephi, The Americas |
| Parents |  |
| Notable work(s) |  |
| Relatives |  |
| Organization | |
| Founder of | Nephites |


title: Neorapana grandis

abstract: Neorapana grandis is a species of large predatory tropical sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusks in the family Muricidae, the rock snails.

text:
# Neorapana grandis

***Neorapana grandis*** is a species of large predatory tropical sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusks in the family Muricidae, the rock snails.

## Distribution

This species is endemic to Ecuador, specifically to the Galapagos Islands.

## Description

The shell of this species is 60 to 90 mm (2½ to 3½ inches) long, with brown scaly spiral ribbing.

* A. Myra Keen, Sea shells of tropical west America, 1971, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California

## InfoBox

| *Neorapana grandis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Neorapana grandis* (specimen at Naturalis Biodiversity Center) | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Genus: | *Neorapana* |
| Species: | ***N. grandis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neorapana grandis***
Sowerby I, 1835 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Monoceros grandis* Sowerby I, 1835 * *Purpura grayi* Kiener, 1835-36 * *Thais (Neorapana) grandis* (Sowerby I, 1835) | |


title: Nerang–Broadbeach Road

abstract: Nerang–Broadbeach Road is a road on the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. It is classified a state-controlled district road, and is part of State Route 90. The eastern section is also known as Hooker Boulevard. It is a state-controlled district road.

text:
# Nerang–Broadbeach Road

**Nerang–Broadbeach Road** is a road on the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. It is classified a state-controlled district road, and is part of State Route 90. The eastern section is also known as Hooker Boulevard.

It is a state-controlled district road (number 105).

## Route description

From a grade-separated interchange with the Pacific Motorway in Nerang, Nerang–Broadbeach Road heads south-east through Carrara, parallel to the Nerang River. After seven kilometres (4.3 mi), the western section of the road ends at a roundabout with Gooding Drive and Robina Parkway, near the Carrara Markets. Gooding Drive connects to the eastern part of Nerang–Broadbeach Road, which is also known as Hooker Boulevard. This section continues through to Gold Coast Highway in Broadbeach, Queensland, over a distance of 3.6 kilometres (2.2 mi). Most of the road is a divided four to six-lane carriageway, apart from one short section in Nerang which is two-lane.

## History

An interchange with the Pacific Motorway opened on 29 November 1999, designed to reduce congestion and facilitate the upgrading of the then Pacific Highway to freeway standards, for an expected 60,000 vehicles per day. The $52 million interchange was predominantly funded by the Commonwealth government, as part of the Pacific Highway upgrade between Brisbane and Newcastle.

Widening the road to a four-lane dual carriageway, between Garden Grove and Goodings Corner, was undertaken a few years later. The public were consulted about the upgrade during the planning stage in 1998. The first stage of the project involved a new traffic light intersection at an extended Nielsens Road, which was completed by December 2001. The second phase, completed one year later, deviated Nerang–Broadbeach Road to meet Gooding Drive at the Robina Parkway roundabout, with the previous alignment becoming a local road with on-street parking. The third section of work, at Ross Street, upgraded the intersection and duplicated the Ross Street Bridge. It commenced in September 2002, and continued through to 2003.

### Commonwealth Games

In November 2011, the Gold Coast won the hosting rights for the 2018 Commonwealth Games, but locals were concerned about traffic infrastructure and congestion. This included along Nerang–Broadbeach Road to the Gooding Drive roundabout. Diverting buses through residential streets was considered as part of improvements for Nerang–Broadbeach Road, which was opposed by 396 people in a petition tabled in parliament by Mermaid Beach MP Ray Stevens. In December 2011 it was revealed that public transport projects would be brought forward in time for the games, including an expanded light rail network and bus lanes along Nerang–Broadbeach Road. By April 2012, a new shared path for bicycles and pedestrians had been constructed from west of Alaska Avenue to Bermuda Street, and cycle lanes had been marked for the section between Riverview Road and Lawrence Drive. Future projects were also planned for, to provide further cycle lanes as well as bus priority measures along various sections of the road. In April 2013, a further $18 million worth of works were planned for, including $10 million for works beyond 2015. In October 2013, Member for Gaven Dr Alex Douglas countered public speculation by revealing that the government would not "widen Nerang–Broadbeach Road near the Pacific Motorway, despite the additional traffic expected from the Commonwealth Games, but would prepare and release a Transport Strategic Plan. As of 2014, future improvement works on the road are still planned, to be designed and constructed when funding is available.

## Major intersections

The entire road is in the City of Gold Coast local government area.

| Location | km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Nerang | 0 | 0.0 | Pacific Motorway (State Route M1) – north – Gaven /
south – Worongary and Carrara /
Nerang Connection Road (State Route 90) – north–west – Nerang | Western end of Nerang–Broadbeach Road (State Route 90) |
| Carrara | 3.6 | 2.2 | Birmingham Road – north–east – Benowa
Birmingham Road – south – Carrara |  |
| | 6.1 | 3.8 | Nielsens Road – north–west – Carrara and Pacific Motorway |  |
| Carrara, Merrimac, Clear Island Waters border | 7.0 | 4.3 | Gooding Drive (State Route 50) – south–west – Merrimac /
Robina Parkway (State Route 7) – south – Robina | The road continues east as Gooding Drive for 0.5 km and then reverts to Nerang–Broadbeach Road |
| Clear Island Waters, Mermaid Waters, Broadbeach Waters border | 9.3 | 5.8 | Bermuda Street (State Route 3) – north – Broadbeach Waters /
south – Robina | The road continues east as Hooker Boulevard |
| Broadbeach | 11.5 | 7.1 | Gold Coast Highway (State Route 2) – north – Surfers Paradise /
south – Mermaid Beach | Eastern end of Nerang–Broadbeach Road |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
* Route transition | | | | | |

Australian Roads portal

## Further reading

Template:Attached KML/Nerang–Broadbeach RoadKML is from Wikidata

Williams, Ben (October 2006). "Two projects make one road". *Construction Contractor*: 24. ISSN 1324-9525. The $38 million Nerang Broadbeach Road Four Lane Median Divided Duplication on the Gold Coast is an unusual earthmoving operation in a totally traffic controlled environment

## InfoBox

| Nerang–Broadbeach Road
Queensland | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Type | Road |
| Length | 11.5 km (7.1 mi) |
| Route number(s) | State Route 90 |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | Pacific Motorway (M1), Nerang |
|  | * Ross Street (State Route 4) * Nielsens Road * Gooding Drive (State Route 50) * Robina Parkway (State Route 7) * Bermuda Street (State Route 3) |
| East end | Gold Coast Highway (State Route 2), Broadbeach |
| Location(s) | |
| Major suburbs | Carrara, Broadbeach Waters |


title: Ďáblice

abstract: Ďáblice is a municipal district and cadastral area in Prague. It is located in the northern part of the city. As of 2021, there were 3,750 inhabitants living in Ďáblice. The first written record of Ďáblice is from the 13th century. The village became part of Prague in 1968.

text:
# Ďáblice

**Ďáblice** is a municipal district (*městská část*) and cadastral area (*katastrální území*) in Prague. It is located in the northern part of the city. As of 2021, there were 3,750 inhabitants living in Ďáblice.

The first written record of Ďáblice is from the 13th century. The village became part of Prague in 1968.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 749 |  |
| 1880 | 836 | +11.6% |
| 1890 | 990 | +18.4% |
| 1900 | 1,256 | +26.9% |
| 1910 | 1,700 | +35.4% |
| 1921 | 1,694 | −0.4% |
| 1930 | 4,344 | +156.4% |
| 1950 | 3,954 | −9.0% |
| 1961 | 3,639 | −8.0% |
| 1970 | 3,503 | −3.7% |
| 1980 | 2,537 | −27.6% |
| 1991 | 2,113 | −16.7% |
| 2001 | 2,196 | +3.9% |
| 2011 | 3,539 | +61.2% |
| 2021 | 3,750 | +6.0% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## InfoBox

| Ďáblice | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipal District of Prague
Cadastral Area of Prague | |
| Observatory in Ďáblice | |
|  | |
| Location of Ďáblice in Prague | |
| Coordinates: 50°8′55″N 14°29′10″E / 50.14861°N 14.48611°E / 50.14861; 14.48611 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | Prague |
| District | Prague 8 |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Danuše Ševčíková |
| Area | |
| Total | 7.38 km2 (2.85 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 3,750 |
| Density | 510/km2 (1,300/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 182 00 |
| Website | http://www.dablice.com |


title: Neorautanenia

abstract: Neorautanenia is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It includes two species of herbs of subshrubs native to sub-Saharan Africa. They inhabit seasonally-dry tropical open woodland, bushland, wooded grassland, and grassland, often on rocky outcrops. It belongs to the subfamily Faboideae. Neorautanenia mitis is a common perennial herb found in the middle-belt region of Nigeria, as well as other parts of western and central Africa. It has insecticidal properties and is used in traditional Rwandese medicine as treatment for scabies.

text:
# Neorautanenia

***Neorautanenia*** is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It includes two species of herbs of subshrubs native to sub-Saharan Africa. They inhabit seasonally-dry tropical open woodland, bushland, wooded grassland, and grassland, often on rocky outcrops. It belongs to the subfamily Faboideae. *Neorautanenia mitis* is a common perennial herb found in the middle-belt region of Nigeria, as well as other parts of western and central Africa. It has insecticidal properties and is used in traditional Rwandese medicine as treatment for scabies.

## InfoBox

| *Neorautanenia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Faboideae |
| Subtribe: | Glycininae |
| Genus: | *Neorautanenia*<br>Schinz |
|
| Species | |
|  | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Bisrautanenia* Kuntze (1903) | |


title: Neoregelia

abstract: Neoregelia is a genus of epiphytic flowering plants in the family Bromeliaceae, subfamily Bromelioideae, native to South American rainforests. The genus name is for Eduard August von Regel, Director of St. Petersburg Botanic Gardens in Russia (1875–1892).

text:
# Neoregelia

***Neoregelia*** is a genus of epiphytic flowering plants in the family Bromeliaceae, subfamily Bromelioideae, native to South American rainforests. The genus name is for Eduard August von Regel, Director of St. Petersburg Botanic Gardens in Russia (18751892).

## Description

Neoregelias are epiphytic plants, meaning they grow attached to the branches of forest trees; they do not naturally grow on soil, though they can be cultivated on the ground in controlled conditions, such as a garden, provided they are kept in a very airy growing medium such as pine bark that allows the root system to breathe. Their roots serve primarily as hold-fasts to grip their canopy perches and are adapted poorly to absorb nutrients, which is instead obtained through leaf litter, animal droppings and rainfall that collects in the prominent central cup exhibited by most species in the genus. They have mostly broad, relatively flat leaves often marked brightly with red, purple or yellow pigments which serve to protect the green photosynthetic tissues from sunburn and through selective breeding and hybridization, thousands of cultivars in many color combinations, many also striped with white, have been produced.

The inflorescences of these plants form in the shallow central depression - the "cup" - of the plant, which often partially fills with water, through which the flowers bloom. Neoregelias, like most bromeliads, bloom only once in their lifetime and then begin to die, but normally not before producing several pups \- small clones of the parent plant - around the central flowering rosette on stolons. These offshoots eventually replace the mother plant and form a cluster around it - although in cultivation, the offshoots can be severed and replanted when about two-thirds the size of the adult plant. The leaves immediately surrounding the inflorescence are very often brightly colored, even in species otherwise not brightly marked - an adaptation to attract pollinating insects.

## Cultivation

*Neoregelia* bromeliads and their hybrids, due to their varied forms and beautiful colors, are commonly cultivated as houseplants, or in warm climates as landscape plants. They are particularly suitable for vivarium culture. Their needs are simple, mainly consisting of bright light (most forms will revert to green if lighting is sub-optimal) and an airy growing medium - some species do not do well in soil and will be prone to rot due to their nature as epiphytes.

In temperate regions where temperatures fall below 10 °C (50 °F), they must be grown under glass or as houseplants. There are over 5000 registered cultivars.

## Symbiosis

Neoregelias are utilized by many species of poison dart frog to reproduce. The frogs raise their tadpoles in the security of the water-filled cup in the bromeliads' rosettes, allowing them to stay in the relative safety of the treetops and not have to venture to a pool on the ground where predators are likely much more numerous. Waste products from the frogs and their offspring, once deposited into the cup, are utilized by the plant for nourishment.

## Subgenera

As of November 2022, the Encyclopaedia of Bromeliads recognized three subgenera:

A former subgenus, *N.* subg. *Hylaeaicum*, was elevated to the genus *Hylaeaicum* in 2021.

## Species

As of November 2022, Plants of the World Online accepted the following species:

### Former species

Species transferred to *Hylaeaicum* include:

## InfoBox

| *Neoregelia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Neoregelia* in bloom at a botanical garden. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Subfamily: | Bromelioideae |
| Genus: | *Neoregelia*<br>L.B.Sm. |
|
| Subgenera | |
| See text. | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Regelia* (Lem.) Lindm. 1890, illegitimate homonym, not Schauer 1843 nor H. Wendl. 1865 | |


title: NetBoy

abstract: NetBoy is a webcomic created by Stafford Huyler. Publishing began in May, 1994. Drawn as a stick figure, the comic character NetBoy is an Internet innocent with his greatest joy in life being "fast.GIFs."

text:
# NetBoy

***NetBoy*** is a webcomic created by Stafford Huyler. Publishing began in May, 1994. Drawn as a stick figure, the comic character NetBoy is an Internet innocent with his greatest joy in life being "fast .GIFs."

## Development

Huyler grew up in Winnetka, Illinois as the oldest of three brothers. Bored throughout high school, he skipped college and in 1988 started an electronic graphics business with his father. The company the two created folded up within a year, however, and the *NetBoy* concept was slowly forming while Huyler worked as a pizza deliverer and programmed digital keyboards for musicians.

Huyler started uploading *NetBoy* on the World Wide Web when he was 23 years old and worked as a creative director for Chicago-based internet provider InterAccess. The stick figure character was designed as an "Internet innocent" because, as Huyler put it at the time, "the Internet needs a good parody." According to Huyler, each of the characters in the webcomic are based on people one may find on the internet. Huyler started selling *NetBoy* T-shirts within a year of the webcomic's release. When *NetBoy* was accessed by six users every second in December 1994, the server it was hosted on crashed, which prompted Huyler to go on hiatus for three months so that he could design a server that could better serve the rising demands. In March 1995, Huyler estimated *NetBoy*'s following to be at 1 million people.

## Reception

The webcomic was recommended by *Wired* in October, 1994 as "comics for the hardcore geek." *NetBoy* was featured in *The Milwaukee Journal* as the "leading cartoon denizen of the Internet" in January 1995.

## InfoBox

| NetBoy | |
| --- | --- |
| Panel of *NetBoy* | |
| Author(s) | Stafford Huyler |
| Website | www.netboy.com |
| Launch date | May 1994 (1994-05) |


title: Neil Burke

abstract: Neil Burke is an American musician and artist. He is known as a former member of several hardcore punk and noise rock bands, most notably Born Against and Men's Recovery Project. Burke is currently a musician, poster artist, graphic designer and screen printer working out of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Burke also ran Lungcast Records, a sporadically active independent record label.

text:
# Neil Burke

**Neil Burke** is an American musician and artist. He is known as a former member of several hardcore punk and noise rock bands, most notably Born Against and Men's Recovery Project. Burke is currently a musician, poster artist, graphic designer and screen printer working out of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Burke also ran Lungcast Records, a sporadically active independent record label.

## Musical career

Burke began his career as a bassist in punk rock bands in the New Jersey and New York City areas. After playing with the group Dead Fist, Burke formed Life's Blood, who played a politicized form of New York hardcore. Life's Blood was extant from 1987–1989. Although he co-founded the follow-up band Born Against with guitarist Adam Nathanson, he left early in its career, appearing only on its demo cassette and first compilation track. Burke next joined the short-lived indie rock group Menace Dement, playing bass on their debut EP and posthumous album.

In 1993, Burke relocated to Richmond, Virginia, with Nathanson and Born Against vocalist Sam McPheeters. He played in the first lineup of Nathanson's folk punk group (Young) Pioneers, but appeared only on the group's debut EP. Around this time, he and McPheeters co-founded Men's Recovery Project, an experimental noise rock band, who released several albums and toured extensively over the next ten years before disbanding. Burke also embarked on a solo project called Sinking Body, which played its own brand of brash noise rock.

## Work as artist

In addition to playing on many of its recordings, Burke did extensive graphic design work for Sam McPheeters' Vermiform Records and helped create the label's distinct look. His work with Monoroid, the design and printing company he runs, continues in this stylistic direction. Neil has designed many album covers aside from Men's Recovery Project and Sinking Body. Some bands include Hail Mary, Amps for Christ and The Locust.

In 2007, one of his prints was chosen for the 81st Annual International Competition: Printmaking, at The Print Center in Philadelphia. His work has been exhibited worldwide in many group and solo shows.

He is currently designing record covers, graphic tees and posters for bands and creating illustrations for various magazines when not working on his own music and art.

## InfoBox

| Neil Burke | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1968-11-22) November 22, 1968<br>Newton, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Genres |  |
| Occupation(s) | Musician, Artist, Graphic Designer, Screenprinter |
| Instruments | * Vocals * Guitar * Harmonica * Keyboards * Drum Machine |
| Years active | 1986–present |
| Labels |  |
|  | |
| Website | www.monoroid.com |


title: Nephroselmis

abstract: Nephroselmis is a genus of green algae. It has been placed in the family Nephroselmidaceae, although a 2009 study suggests that it should be separated into its own class, Nephroselmidophyceae. One species can be an endosymbiont of Hatena arenicola.

text:
# Nephroselmis

***Nephroselmis*** is a genus of green algae. It has been placed in the family Nephroselmidaceae, although a 2009 study suggests that it should be separated into its own class, Nephroselmidophyceae. One species can be an endosymbiont of *Hatena arenicola*.

## Morphology

The cell body is right-left flattened. On the ventral side are two heterodynamic unequal flagella, the shorter beats towards the anterior direction while the long trails behind. *Nephroselmis* have a single cup-shaped chloroplast that contains an eyespot in its anterior-ventral edge below the short flagellum and a pyrenoid with starch plates. Vacuole is located in the left-anterior side, nucleus is located in the right-posterior side. The flagellar root system consists of a rhizoplast and three microtubular roots, one of which is multilayered.

All the cells surface area is covered with layers of unminerallized scales, while the surface of the flagella has hairs as well. The cell body surface is covered by two to four layers of body scales. Flagella are covered with at least two scale layers, the second is characteristically rod-shaped. On top of that *Nephroselmis* has either a third layer of flagellar scales or flagellar pit scales.

The scales morphology can be an important taxonomic characteristic for differentiating between the species. In the case of *Nephroselmis spinosa,* that exhibits some distinctive morphological characteristics, one of them is a unique outer scale type that has a spine that is extended for about 1μm, is slightly curved and has a hook shape at the end.

## Symbiosis with *Hatena arenicola*

A unique symbiosis occurs between the katablepharid *Hatena arenicola* and *Nephroselmis rotunda.* One of the interpretations to the observations of their interaction is that this symbiosis stage is leading to a secondary endosymbiosis, which will produce a completely new life form.

This symbiosis is distinct from other reported cases of ongoing symbiosis in that the symbiont plastid is selectively enlarged up to ten times than the normal size.

There is a possibility that retention of *Nephroselmis*-derived compartments is a precondition of the cell division process of *H. arenicola*, due to the fact that cell division was only observed in *H. arenicola* individuals after they have incorporated the *N. rotunda* parts into their cell body.

## Ecology

The genus *Nephroselmis* according to reports and documentations done until 2009 appears to have global worldwide distribution. All species of *Nephroselmis* are marine inhabitants except for *Nephroselmis olivacea* which is found strictly in freshwater environments.

The biofuel production potential of strains of *Nephroselmis* under certain treatments was examined in a research published in April 2022 concluding with - "isolated *Nephroselmis* sp. KGE2 is a candidate microalgal for biodiesel production using AMD as an iron source. The proposed process can be useful in overcoming the bottlenecks of microalgae cultivation. This can make the commercialization of biofuels economically feasible, and the products can be an alternative to fossil-derived commodities with zero carbon emissions."

A research published in January 2021 reveals new information about the diversity of algal phago-mixotrophy - “Our experimental results demonstrate the occurrence of bacterivory across all of the prasinophyte strains tested, spanning three prasinophyte groups: the Pyramimonadophyceae, the Nephroselmidophyceae, and the Mamiellophyceae”.

## Life cycle

The life cycle that is found throughout the species of genus *Nephroselmis* is haplontic.

### Cell division

Documented cell division of *Nephroselmis astigmatica* shows division by longitudinal binary fission.

### Sexual reproduction

Observations of sexual reproduction in genus *Nephroselmis* are only known and were documented in the species *Nephroselmis olivacea*. This species is also the only one in the genus that is known to be found in freshwater. The sexual mating mechanism is isogamous heterothallic, The two gamete types are plus and minus, they are morphologically similar but have different roles during the mating process. The minus gamete attaches to the substratum, The plus gamete attaches to the dorsal side of the minus gamete by the base of the flagella of the plus gamete.

## Phylogeny and taxonomy

*Nephroselmis* is monophyletic and repeatedly appears in phylogenetic analysis results as an early divergent of the core chlorophytes. Therefore the genus is phylogenetically important to understand the early evolution of Chlorophyta.

According to a 2021 paper *Nephroselmis* appeared as one of the earliest branching clades from the core chlorophytes. Yet the relationships between *Nephroselmis* to its sister groups is yet to be resolved. "The three *prasinophyte* lineages *Nephroselmis*, *Pycnococcus*, and *Picocystis* (abbreviated NPP) branched as the closest relatives to the core chlorophytes", "The relationships between the NPP lineages are not fully resolved".

Earlier paper published in 2011 showed similar results - "The class Nephroselmidophyceae is considered to be situated in the early radiation of Chlorophyta, but the strict phylogenetic position is uncertain".

Family Nephroselmidaceae was put under the order Pseudoscourfieldiales, that consisted of it and Pseudoscourfieldiaceae. The order Nephroselmidales was proposed in 2007- "The morphological evolution within the genus *Nephroselmis* is discussed and the order Nephroselmidales is proposed".

## InfoBox

| *Nephroselmis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Nephroselmis olivacea* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| *Clade*: | Viridiplantae |
| Division: | Chlorophyta |
| Class: | Nephrophyceae |
| Order: | Nephroselmidales |
| Family: | Nephroselmidaceae |
| Genus: | *Nephroselmis*<br>Stein |
|
| Species | |
|  | |


title: Nephrostomy

abstract: A nephrostomy or percutaneous nephrostomy is an artificial opening created between the kidney and the skin which allows for the urinary diversion directly from the upper part of the urinary system. It is an interventional radiology/surgical procedure in which the renal pelvis is punctured whilst using imaging as guidance. Images are obtained once an antegrade pyelogram, with a fine needle, has been performed. A nephrostomy tube may then be placed to allow drainage. An urostomy is a related procedure performed more distally along the urinary system to provide urinary diversion.

text:
# Nephrostomy

A **nephrostomy** or **percutaneous nephrostomy** is an artificial opening created between the kidney and the skin which allows for the urinary diversion directly from the upper part of the urinary system (renal pelvis). It is an interventional radiology/surgical procedure in which the renal pelvis is punctured whilst using imaging as guidance. Images are obtained once an antegrade pyelogram (an injection of contrast), with a fine needle, has been performed. A nephrostomy tube may then be placed to allow drainage.

An urostomy is a related procedure performed more distally along the urinary system to provide urinary diversion.

## Uses

A nephrostomy is performed whenever a blockage keeps urine from passing from the kidneys, through the ureter and into the urinary bladder. Without another way for urine to drain, pressure would rise within the urinary system and the kidneys would be damaged.

The most common cause of blockage necessitating a nephrostomy is cancer, especially ovarian cancer and colon cancer. Nephrostomies may also be required to treat pyonephrosis, hydronephrosis and kidney stones.

### Diagnosis

Percutaneous nephrostomy is used in Whitaker test to differentiate recurrent obstruction or permanent dilatation after an operative surgery that corrects the cause of obstruction. This procedure is also used for antegrade pyelography to visualize the upper urinary tract system.

### Treatment

Percutaneous nephrostomy is also used to treat hydronephrosis caused by kidney stones, pregnancy, stricture of the urinary tract, urinary tract/cervical/prostate tumours. Besides, infections such as urosepsis and pyonephrosis can also be drained by nephrostomy tube insertion. Percutaneous nephrostomy is also useful in divert urine away from diseased site to enhance healing. Examples of conditions that can be treated with such method are malignant/traumatic/inflammatory fistula, and haemorrhagic cystitis.

Percutaneous nephrostomy is also used to provide access for chemotherapy/antibiotic/antifungal therapy, antegrade urethral stent placement, stone retrieval, and endopyelotomy (endoscopic surgery for the enlargement of the junction of renal pelvis and ureter).

## Process

Nephrostomies are created either by surgeons or interventional radiologists.

Under interventional radiology, the subject either lies down on the side or in a prone position. An area is selected below the 12th rib, bounded laterally by the posterior axillary line and the muscles of the spine and from below by the pelvic bone. The exact area is then located by ultrasound. Local anesthetic infiltration is used to numb the area. Then a needle would pass through to make the puncture on the kidney. Then, urine from the kidney is aspirated and check for its contents. If the urine is clear, dye will be injected to delineate the renal pelvis and renal calyx. If the urine is turbid, it means the urine is infected. Dye injection is avoided in case of turbid urine to prevent the spread of infection to other parts of the urinary system. Then, a guidewire is inserted into the through the needle and parked within the upper renal calyx or within the ureter under fluoroscopy guidance. Then the puncture tract is dilated using a dilator. Various types of catheters such as pigtail catheter or Malecot catheter (a catheter that has a special mechanism for preventing blockage in case of thick pus in pyonephrosis and not easily dislodged when compared to pigtail catheter) can be used. The catheter is inserted through the guidewire and is secured in place by suturing it to the skin. The other end of the catheter is attached to a urine bag for drainage of urine from the kidney.

## Risks

Percutaneous nephrostomy is overall a very safe procedure. Risks and complications include:

Although pneumothorax and colonic injury are more common on subcostal needle insertion, these are rare complications.

Blood in urine usually clears up after 48 to 72 hours. Bleeding longer than this period may signifies more serious bleeding complication. About 2–4% of percutaneous nephrostomy cases require blood transfusion. Arteriovenous fistula is a rare complication.

## InfoBox

| Nephrostomy | |
| --- | --- |
| Drawing of a nephrostomy tube in a human female | |
| ICD-9-CM | 55.02 |
| MeSH | D009403 |
| OPS-301 code | 5-550 |


title: 1981–82 Eerste Divisie

abstract: The Dutch Eerste Divisie in the 1981–82 season was contested by 18 teams, one less than in the previous season. This was due to the bankruptcy of FC Vlaardingen. Helmond Sport won the championship. From this season onwards, instead of two, three teams would promote to the eredivisie. Two were promoted directly and one through a promotion competition which was organized the same as in previous seasons.

text:
# 1981–82 Eerste Divisie

The Dutch **Eerste Divisie in the 1981–82 season** was contested by 18 teams, one less than in the previous season. This was due to the bankruptcy of FC Vlaardingen. Helmond Sport won the championship.

From this season onwards, instead of two, three teams would promote to the eredivisie. Two were promoted directly and one through a promotion competition which was organized the same as in previous seasons.

## New entrants

**Relegated from the 1980–81 Eredivisie**

## League standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion or qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Helmond Sport | 34 | 17 | 14 | 3 | 53 | 30 | +23 | 48 | Promoted to Eredivisie. |
| 2 | Fortuna Sittard | 34 | 21 | 5 | 8 | 62 | 35 | +27 | | 47 |
| 3 | SBV Excelsior | 34 | 18 | 8 | 8 | 74 | 44 | +30 | 44 | Qualified for Promotion play-off as Period champions. |
| 4 | Telstar | 34 | 16 | 12 | 6 | 44 | 31 | +13 | | 44 |
| 5 | FC Den Bosch | 34 | 17 | 7 | 10 | 62 | 41 | +21 | 41 |  |
| 6 | sc Heerenveen | 34 | 17 | 7 | 10 | 61 | 43 | +18 | 41 | Qualified for Promotion play-off as Period champions. |
| 7 | VVV-Venlo | 34 | 15 | 11 | 8 | 64 | 47 | +17 | | 41 |
| 8 | Vitesse Arnhem | 34 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 52 | 45 | +7 | 36 |  |
| 9 | SVV | 34 | 12 | 9 | 13 | 44 | 40 | +4 | | 33 |
| 10 | SC Veendam | 34 | 10 | 10 | 14 | 46 | 54 | 8 | | 30 |
| 11 | SC Cambuur | 34 | 8 | 13 | 13 | 23 | 38 | 15 | | 29 |
| 12 | FC Volendam | 34 | 9 | 10 | 15 | 42 | 49 | 7 | | 28 |
| 13 | FC Amsterdam | 34 | 10 | 8 | 16 | 37 | 54 | 17 | 28 | Disbanded as season's end. |
| 14 | FC Eindhoven | 34 | 10 | 7 | 17 | 41 | 64 | 23 | 27 |  |
| 15 | DS '79 | 34 | 7 | 12 | 15 | 51 | 66 | 15 | | 26 |
| 16 | Heracles | 34 | 9 | 8 | 17 | 48 | 68 | 20 | | 26 |
| 17 | FC Wageningen | 34 | 4 | 14 | 16 | 33 | 52 | 19 | | 22 |
| 18 | SC Amersfoort | 34 | 6 | 9 | 19 | 36 | 72 | 36 | | 21 |

Source: rsssf.com

## Promotion competition

In the promotion competition, four period winners (the best teams during each of the four quarters of the regular competition) played for promotion to the Eredivisie.

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | SBV Excelsior | 6 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 9 | 6 | +3 | 8 | Promoted to Eredivisie. |
| 2 | sc Heerenveen | 6 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 1 | 8 |  |
| 3 | VVV-Venlo | 6 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 10 | 9 | +1 | | 5 |
| 4 | Telstar | 6 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 3 | | 3 |

Source: rsssf.com

## InfoBox

Eerste Divisie
| Season | 1981–82 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Helmond Sport |
| Promoted | Helmond Sport
Fortuna Sittard
Excelsior |
| Goals scored | 873 |
| Average goals/game | 2.85 |
| 1980–81 1982–83 | |