title: Zagórnik, Lublin Voivodeship

abstract: Zagórnik is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dubienka, within Chełm County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south-east of Dubienka, 37 km (23 mi) south-east of Chełm, and 100 km (62 mi) east of the regional capital Lublin.

text:
# Zagórnik, Lublin Voivodeship

**Zagórnik** \[zaˈɡurnik\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dubienka, within Chełm County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south-east of Dubienka, 37 km (23 mi) south-east of Chełm, and 100 km (62 mi) east of the regional capital Lublin.

## InfoBox

| Zagórnik | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Zagórnik | |
| Coordinates: 50°59′N 23°56′E / 50.983°N 23.933°E / 50.983; 23.933 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Chełm |
| Gmina | Dubienka |


title: Zamia dressleri

abstract: Zamia dressleri is a species of plant in the family Zamiaceae. It is endemic to Panama, where it grows in rainforest habitat. It is found in Colón and Comarca de San Blas provinces.

text:
# Zamia dressleri

***Zamia dressleri*** is a species of plant in the family Zamiaceae. It is endemic to Panama, where it grows in rainforest habitat. It is found in Colón and Comarca de San Blas provinces.

## InfoBox

| *Zamia dressleri* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Gymnospermae |
| Division: | Cycadophyta |
| Class: | Cycadopsida |
| Order: | Cycadales |
| Family: | Zamiaceae |
| Genus: | *Zamia* |
| Species: | ***Z. dressleri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Zamia dressleri***
D.W. Stev. | |
|


title: Zalesie, Jarocin County

abstract: Zalesie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jaraczewo, within Jarocin County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) east of Jaraczewo, 9 km (6 mi) west of Jarocin, and 57 km (35 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Zalesie, Jarocin County

**Zalesie** \[zaˈlɛɕɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jaraczewo, within Jarocin County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) east of Jaraczewo, 9 km (6 mi) west of Jarocin, and 57 km (35 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Zalesie | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Zalesie | |
| Coordinates: 51°59′N 17°23′E / 51.983°N 17.383°E / 51.983; 17.383 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Jarocin |
| Gmina | Jaraczewo |


title: Zalesie, Gmina Wielgomłyny

abstract: Zalesie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wielgomłyny, within Radomsko County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) north of Wielgomłyny, 23 km (14 mi) east of Radomsko, and 86 km (53 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.

text:
# Zalesie, Gmina Wielgomłyny

**Zalesie** \[zaˈlɛɕɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wielgomłyny, within Radomsko County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) north of Wielgomłyny, 23 km (14 mi) east of Radomsko, and 86 km (53 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.

## InfoBox

| Zalesie | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Zalesie | |
| Coordinates: 51°1′56″N 19°46′11″E / 51.03222°N 19.76972°E / 51.03222; 19.76972 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Radomsko |
| Gmina | Wielgomłyny |


title: Yury Revich

abstract: Yury Revich is a Russian-born Austrian classical violinist and composer. He was named the Young Artist of the Year in 2015 by the International Classical Music Awards (ICMA) and the 2016 ECHO Klassik "Newcomer of the year (violin)" award. He plays on a Stradivari 1709 violin on loan from the Goh Family Foundation.

text:
# Yury Revich

**Yury Revich** (born 28 August 1991) is a Russian-born Austrian classical violinist and composer. He was named the Young Artist of the Year in 2015 by the International Classical Music Awards (ICMA) and the 2016 ECHO Klassik "Newcomer of the year (violin)" award. He plays on a Stradivari 1709 violin on loan from the Goh Family Foundation.

## Life and career

Born in Moscow, Revich studied with Galina Turchaninovoy from 2005 to 2009, with Victor Pikaizen, and since 2009 with Pavel Vernikov at the *Konservatorium Wien*. Amongst his awards are the first prize at the International Violin Competition "Virtuosi of the 21st Century" in Moscow and the National Prize of the Patriarch of All Russia Alexy II "Christmas Star". He participated in the International Charity Fund of Vladimir Spivakov. In May 2009, he made his debut at New York's Carnegie Hall.

He has performed at international Festivals, such as the Verbier Festival, Vladimir Spivakov's Festival in Colmar (France), the Rostropovich Festival in Baku (Azerbaijan), the Rome Chamber Music Festival, Liana Isakadze's Festival in Batumi (Georgia), the Festival of music in Kaunas (Lithuania), and the Eilat Festival in Israel.

Revich has received several awards at international competitions for young musicians - in particular, the first prize at the International Violin Competition "Virtuosi of the 21st Century" in Moscow and the National Prize of the Patriarch of All Russia Alexy II "Christmas Star", According to TV Tsentr, French master luthier Alain Carbonare presented Revich with a Carbonare violin. He won the first prize of the Guzik Foundation. The journalist Natalia Kolesova wrote in 2001:

> In his performance of *Basque Capriccio* by Sarasate you heard drama, passion and courageous rigor. Gloss playing a young violinist once again proved that in the world of music maturity comes not with age, and responds to the depth of feelings.

He first played at Zurich Tonhalle and La Scala in Milan (Italy) in 2013, performing Tchaikovsky's Violin Concerto with the Orchestra Sinfonica di Milano Giuseppe Verdi conducted by Zhang Xion. He records for Sony Classical, ARS, Odradek and onepoint.fm.

In 2015 Revich launched a new international concert cycle in Vienna "Friday Nights with Yury Revich". In June of that year he organized the First Gala Concert in Vienna "All for Autism" to support the Austrian Center for Autism (Österreichische Autistenhilfe). He is an honorary representative for UNICEF Austria.

## Recordings

* *Russian Soul* – with Valentina Babor (piano), 2012, Ars Produktion 1008420
* *Andreas Romberg: 3 Violin Sonatas, Op.32* – 2013, Sony Classical Switzerland G010002935153N
* *Romberg: Concertos* 2013, Sony Classical Switzerland ASIN B00BQQ85JK
* *Mozart and Sarasate* 2014, OnePoint.FM
* *8 Seasons* 2015, Ars Produktion 38170
* *Steps through the Centuries* 2015, Odradek Records 0855317003103

## InfoBox

| Yury Revich | |
| --- | --- |
| Юрий Ревич | |
|  | |
| Born | (1991-08-28) 28 August 1991<br>Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union |
| Occupation | Classical violinist |
| Years active | 1991–present |
| Awards | ECHO Klassik Award "Newcomer of the Year 2016" Young Artist of the Year 2015 by the International Classical Music Awards. |
| Website | www.yuryrevich.com |


title: Zarcosia

abstract: Zarcosia is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Aderidae. The species of this genus are found in Southeastern Asia. Species:

text:
# Zarcosia

***Zarcosia*** is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Aderidae.

The species of this genus are found in Southeastern Asia.

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Zarcosia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Aderidae |
| Genus: | *Zarcosia*<br>Collado & Alonso-Zarazaga, 1996 |
|


title: Zdravko Popović

abstract: Zdravko Popović is a Croatian former football player who played as forward.

text:
# Zdravko Popović

**Zdravko Popović** (born 2 January 1983) is a Croatian former football player who played as forward.

## Club career

Popović joined AEK Athens in the summer of 2013, signing a 2-year contract, after playing for Simurq PFC in Azerbaijan Premier League.

His former clubs include NK Zagreb, NK Croatia Sesvete, OFI Crete and Levadiakos. He led Croatia Sesvete in goal-scoring in both of his seasons with the club, notching a total of 51 goals.

## Career statistics

*As of 30 June 2014*

| Club performance | | | League | | Cup | | Continental | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Club | League | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Azerbaijan | | | League | | Azerbaijan Cup | | Europe | | Total | |
| 2012-13 | Simurq | Azerbaijan Premier League | 28 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 31 | 6 |
| Total | Azerbaijan | | 28 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 31 | 6 |
| Greece | | | League | | Gamma Ethniki Cup | | Europe | | Total | |
| 2013-14 | AEK Athens | Football League 2 | 15 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 5 |
| Total | Greece | | 15 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 5 |
| Career total | | | 43 | 10 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 48 | 11 |

## Honours

AEK Athens

## InfoBox

Zdravko Popović
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1983-01-02) 2 January 1983 | | |
| Place of birth | Zagreb, Croatia | | |
| Height | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Striker | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | NK Zagreb | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2000–2004 | NK Zagreb | 18 | (1) |
| 2001–2002 | Samobor (loan) |  |  |
| 2005–2007 | Croatia Sesvete | 62 | (51) |
| 2007–2010 | OFI | 73 | (22) |
| 2009 | Atromitos (loan) | 5 | (1) |
| 2010–2012 | Levadiakos | 53 | (8) |
| 2012–2013 | Simurq | 27 | (5) |
| 2013–2014 | AEK Athens | 15 | (4) |
| 2015 | Balmazújvárosi | 12 | (2) |
| 2015–2016 | OFI | 0 | (0) |
| 2016–2017 | Apollon Kalamarias | 25 | (23) |
| 2017–2018 | Ialysos | 0 | (0) |
| 2018–2019 | GS Marko | 4 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 6 July 2017 | | | |


title: Zdravko Mlinar

abstract: Zdravko Mlinar is a retired Slovene sociologist, Doctor of Social and Political Sciences, Professor of Spatial Sociology, Professor Emeritus at the University of Ljubljana, and a member of the Slovenian and Croatian Academy of Sciences.

text:
# Zdravko Mlinar

**Zdravko Mlinar** (born 30 January 1933) is a retired Slovene sociologist, Doctor of Social and Political Sciences, Professor of Spatial Sociology, Professor Emeritus at the University of Ljubljana, and a member of the Slovenian and Croatian Academy of Sciences.

## Education

Mlinar finished high school in Ljubljana and graduated from the Ljubljana Faculty of Law in 1958. As a postgraduate student, he studied sociology at the Institute of Social Sciences in Belgrade. In 1960, he became an assistant professor in Sociology at the Faculty of Law in Ljubljana, and earned his PhD in 1967.

## Career

From 1963 to 1968, he worked as a researcher at the Institute of Sociology and Philosophy. He joined the Faculty of Social Sciences in 1968, first as an associate professor and then in 1974 as a full professor until his retirement in 1997. Between 1974 and 1976, he was dean of the faculty. As a researcher, Mlinar founded the Centre for Spatial Sociology, which focuses on the interdisciplinary studies of spatial, urban, and landscape planning.

Mlinar was elected an associate member of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SASA) in 1981 and a full member in 1987. He was head of the Department of Social Sciences and the secretary of the first Section for Historical and Social Sciences.

### Spatial sociology

Mlinar was the first person to internationally conceive the research and lecturing of spatial sociology. He considered it in the broader context of the multi-level interpretations of socio-structural change and the role of actors in it. In doing so, Mlinar integrated and transcended the frameworks of urban and rural sociology, local self-government, and regional research, revealing the regularities of social change, particularly in terms of individualization and socialisation processes, globalisation, and informatisation.

He studied the dynamics of the interpenetration and exclusion of opposites, transcending the outdated notions of the zero-sum game logic between local and global, homogenisation, diversification, and de-territorialisation and re-territorialisation. He interpreted social transformation as the freeing up of actors and their overcoming of divisions arising from spatial, temporal, sectoral, and hierarchical organisation.

He explored changes in the spatial organisation of public and private life, with a focus on the genuine sphere of the life of the inhabitants’ actual participation, influence and contacts in space. With Henry Teune, he co-authored The Developmental Logic of Social Systems (1978) which *Encyclopedia Britannica* listed among the "grand theories" concerning social development in the context of centuries of change.

### Founder

Mlinar is considered to be one of the key founders and visionaries enforcing spatial sociology both nationally and internationally. He has worked towards professionalization and socialization of sociology (public sociology). He is one of the co-founders and the first President of the Slovenian Sociological Society and was President of the Yugoslav Sociological Association.

He conceptualized and led a series of scientific meetings in Slovenia and during eight world congresses of the International Sociological Association (ISA), in which he was also Chairman and Vice-Chairman of two of its research committees and co-founder of the working group of Sociology of local-global relations.

### Collaborations

As a professor and researcher, Mlinar collaborated with numerous universities and scientific institutions around the world, including the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, University of Oregon, Eugene, State University of New York at Buffalo, Centre for International Studies – Cornell University, Ithaca, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Institute of Development Studies – University of Sussex, Brighton, Circom (Centre International de Recherches sur les Communautés Coopératives Rurales ), Tel Aviv, Istituto di sociologia internazionale, Gorizia, Instytut Filozofii i Socjologii, PAN, Warsaw, The Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Center, Inter-University Centre for Postgraduate Studies Dubrovnik, "Inter-Agency Mission" (ILO, FAO, UNESCO, UNIDO) in Ceylon, Colombo, Wiener Institut für Entwicklungsfragen, Vienna, Bartlett School of Architecture and Planning, London, and the Faculty of Architecture, Belgrade.

Additionally, he was invited to deliver a number of ad hoc lectures, including at the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris-Sorbonne, Paris, the University of Trier, Trier, and the Slovak Academy of Sciences.

### Bibliography

His bibliography includes almost 1,000 units. He is the author or co-author of more than 20 publications, which have appeared internationally in over 20 journals (in eight foreign languages) and in about 30 Slovenian and Yugoslav journals. These include the International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Architecture et Comportment, Espaces et Sociétés, Studia sociologiczno-politiczne, Comparative Political Studies, Sociologičeskie issledovaniâ, Revue de l'Est, La ricerca sociale, Sociologia urbana e rurale, and International Journal of Sociology of Language.

### Science journals

In addition, he was a member of the editorial boards and committees of the following social science journals: Space and Polity, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, International Journal of Sociology, La ricerca sociale, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, International Studies Quarterly, Regional Contact, and correspondent/assistant editor for the journal Espaces et Sociétés. He is also Chairman of the Editorial Advisory Board of *Teorija in praksa* and Žirovski občasnik.

## Works

His works include: *Social Participation of Citizens in Local Community* (1965), *People in the new town: Velenje*  (1965), *Sociology of the Local Communities* (1974), *Local Government and Rural Development* (1974); *The Developmental Logic of Social Systems* (along with lead author Henry Teune), (1978); *Social Ecology of Change* (lead author) (1978); *Humanisation of the City* (1983); *Contradictions of Social Development* (1986), *Globalization and Territorial Identities* (co-author) (1992); *Individualisation and Globalisation in Space* (1994), co-authored *Autonomy and Connectedness in the European space* (1995), *Living Environment in the Global Information Age: Spatio-Temporal Organization of Living* (2008); *Globalization: Enrichments and/or Threats* (2012).

The books *On Sociological Revealing of Living in Time and Space* (2010), and *Challenges of Globalisation and Sociology of Zdravko Mlinar* (2014) – both of them being thematic issues of *Teorija in praksa* \- were dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the sociology of Zdravko Mlinar.

## Awards

He has been awarded as an honorary member of the Slovenian Sociological Society in 1980, the Student Award of the University Council, University of Ljubljana in 1958, and the Boris Kidrič award for his book *Humanisation of the City* (1985). The SFRY Presidency decoration – Order of the Golden Wreath in 1983, and the book *Contradictions of Social Development* was labeled as "The best book in the field of the social sciences in Yugoslavia", in 1987.

The Republic of Slovenia Award was given for outstanding achievements in the field of sociology in 1995; decorated with the Honorary President of the Republic of Slovenia symbol of freedom in 2002. An award was also given for "outstanding services and achievements in spreading the reputation of the Faculty of Social Sciences" in 2009.


title: Yushkep Kamuy

abstract: Yushkep Kamuy is the kamuy (goddess) of the spiders in Ainu mythology. She is also known as Ashketanne Mat. She is the familiar of female shamans and is called upon to aid in childbirth.

text:
# Yushkep Kamuy

**Yushkep Kamuy** is the *kamuy* (*goddess*) of the spiders in Ainu mythology. She is also known as **Ashketanne Mat** (*Long-fingered Woman*). She is the familiar of female shamans and is called upon to aid in childbirth.

## Mythology

Yushkep Kamuy is a benevolent and wise figure in Ainu mythology. Although Ainu women were, traditionally, generally subordinate to men, they held power in some domains, most notably in marriage, where they controlled the choice of partners. One of Yushkep Kamuy's most prominent myths reinforces this autonomy.

According to the legend, Yushkep Kamuy was pursued by Poronitne Kamuy, a demonic being who lived beyond the horizon. A friendly deity warned Yushkep Kamuy of her unwelcome suitor, and she prepared a trap for him, setting her servants to ambush him. She then transformed herself into a reed. When Poronitne Kamuy appeared, he found her home apparently empty and began to search for her. While he searched among the coals of the hearth, her servant Chestnut Boy, who had hidden there, jumped up and struck his eye. When he fell backwards in surprise, he was jabbed by another servant, Needle Boy. Subsequently, his other eye was stung by Hornet Boy, his hand bitten by Viper Boy, and, as he was trying to escape, Mortar Boy and Pestle Boy fell onto his head. The badly injured demon fled, never to be heard from again.

Yushkep Kamuy is said to assist Nusakoro Kamuy in his duties. She is also called upon by women during childbirth, because her long fingers allow her to safely extract the baby.

* Ashkenazy, Michael. *Handbook of Japanese Mythology*. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio, 2003.
* Etter, Carl. *Ainu Folklore: Traditions and Culture of the Vanishing Aborigines of Japan*. Chicago: Wilcox and Follett, 1949.
* Munro, Neil Gordon. *Ainu Creed and Cult*. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995.


title: Zdzisław Bieniek

abstract: Zdzisław Julian Bieniek was a Polish footballer who competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Zdzisław Bieniek

**Zdzisław Julian Bieniek** (9 May 1930 – 21 December 2017) was a Polish footballer who competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Zdzisław Bieniek
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Zdzisław Julian Bieniek | | |
| Date of birth | (1930-05-09)9 May 1930 | | |
| Place of birth | Kraków, Poland | | |
| Date of death | 21 December 2017(2017-12-21) (aged 87) | | |
| Place of death | Kraków, Poland | | |
| Height | 1.71 m (5 ft 7 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1945–1951 | Garbarnia Kraków |  |  |
| 1951 | Zawisza Bydgoszcz |  |  |
| 1952–1953 | CWKS Warsaw | 31 | (2) |
| 1953–1964 | Garbarnia Kraków |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1952–1954 | Poland | 7 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Zdeňka Wiedermannová-Motyčková

abstract: Zdeňka Wiedermannová-Motyčková was a Moravian teacher, journal editor, and women's rights activist. Born into a family of progressive educators, she studied to become a teacher, graduating in 1886. Her Catholic education led her to more conservative values than her family's, but after teaching for several years, she began to recognize the disparities between women and men teachers, as well as those of their students. By 1898, she was publicly calling for equal pay for equal work and campaigning for equal education for boys and girls. In 1902, Wiedermannová founded and became chair of the Moravian Teachers Union, whose focus was to professionalize teaching standards. The following year, she opened a Girls' Academy in Brno, hoping later to include secondary education there. As the Austro-Hungarian Empire provided little funding for girls' education, she held lectures to provide for the operating costs of the academy. Finally in 1908, she successfully established the first girls' secondary school in Moravia. That year, Wiedermannová founded and became the editor for Ženská revue, a magazine publishing articles on developments in the international women's movement. Also in 1908, she began an informal marriage with fellow teacher Vincenc Motyčka. As he was Catholic and unable to divorce his first wife, the two were not able to formalize their union, but she added his surname to her own. In 1909, she retired as a teacher to focus on activism. She became one of the most visible Czech feminists, presenting over a hundred lectures during her career. She founded numerous women's associations and in 1910 was instrumental in the creation of a regional umbrella organization, the Progressive Organization of Women in Moravia, actively committed to women's suffrage and the integration of women into all segments of public life. Wiedermannová-Motyčková was an active demonstrator at various rallies and participated in petition drives to secure the vote for women. She participated in international women's conferences and sought ties with feminists in other parts of the Czech lands. Through coordinated campaigns, activists tried to bring about electoral change, though their cooperation eventually broke down. From the onset of World War I, her activism shifted to focus on humanitarian aid for the poor and for soldiers' families. Her partner died in 1914 and she died the following year, shortly before Czech women secured the right to vote in 1918. She is remembered for her work to establish more extensive education for women and, more generally, to improve the status of women in Moravia.

text:
# Zdeňka Wiedermannová-Motyčková

**Zdeňka Wiedermannová-Motyčková** (17 April 1868 – 16 October 1915) was a Moravian teacher, journal editor, and women's rights activist. Born into a family of progressive educators, she studied to become a teacher, graduating in 1886. Her Catholic education led her to more conservative values than her family's, but after teaching for several years, she began to recognize the disparities between women and men teachers, as well as those of their students. By 1898, she was publicly calling for equal pay for equal work and campaigning for equal education for boys and girls. In 1902, Wiedermannová founded and became chair of the Moravian Teachers Union, whose focus was to professionalize teaching standards. The following year, she opened a Girls' Academy in Brno, hoping later to include secondary education there. As the Austro-Hungarian Empire provided little funding for girls' education, she held lectures to provide for the operating costs of the academy. Finally in 1908, she successfully established the first girls' secondary school in Moravia.

That year, Wiedermannová founded and became the editor for *Ženská revue* (*Women's Review*), a magazine publishing articles on developments in the international women's movement. Also in 1908, she began an informal marriage with fellow teacher Vincenc Motyčka. As he was Catholic and unable to divorce his first wife, the two were not able to formalize their union, but she added his surname to her own. In 1909, she retired as a teacher to focus on activism. She became one of the most visible Czech feminists, presenting over a hundred lectures during her career. She founded numerous women's associations and in 1910 was instrumental in the creation of a regional umbrella organization, the Progressive Organization of Women in Moravia, actively committed to women's suffrage and the integration of women into all segments of public life.

Wiedermannová-Motyčková was an active demonstrator at various rallies and participated in petition drives to secure the vote for women. She participated in international women's conferences and sought ties with feminists in other parts of the Czech lands. Through coordinated campaigns, activists tried to bring about electoral change, though their cooperation eventually broke down. From the onset of World War I, her activism shifted to focus on humanitarian aid for the poor and for soldiers' families. Her partner died in 1914 and she died the following year, shortly before Czech women secured the right to vote in 1918. She is remembered for her work to establish more extensive education for women and, more generally, to improve the status of women in Moravia.

## Early life

Zdeňka Maria and Hedvika Wiedermannová, twin daughters of Františka (née Zbořilová) and Osvald Wiedermann, were born on 17 April 1868 in Náklo, in the Margraviate of Moravia, of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Her twin lived only until 26 July 1868. She had four other siblings: Ludmila (1862–1935), who would also become active in the Moravian women's movement; Božena born on 16 April 1863; Růžena born on 2 July 1866; and a younger brother, Jaroslav, born on 12 February 1873. Her father often used the Czech version of his name, Osvald Vídrman, and was a teacher and ethnographer of folk music and customs. Though she was raised in a progressive family, her Catholic training initially ingrained a more conservative philosophy for Wiedermannová. She was educated in the Catholic school system and in 1886 graduated from the teacher training institute run by the Ursuline Monastery in Olomouc.

## Career

### Teaching

Wiedermannová began her teaching career in Frenštát pod Radhoštěm after her graduation. She was then transferred to Holešov, and later Fryštát, but left for Prague with her fiancé. When her fiancé left her, she made an attempt at suicide. Deciding to remain in Prague, she made the acquaintance in 1895 of a Catholic priest and academic, Antonín Podlaha. Her family, who were evangelical and active in the anti-clerical movement, persuaded her to return to Moravia where, by the end of the year, she was teaching in Moravské Budějovice. She then taught in Ostrava, before settling in Přerov by 1898. Wiedermannová felt trapped by the double standards of the era which allowed women to work, but paid them so little that they were often forced to marry.

By that time, Wiedermannová's religious conservatism had evaporated and at a teachers' conference held in 1898 in Přerov, she made a public protest about women's pay. When the assembly ridiculed her statement that men and women should be paid the same for the same job, Wiedermannová explained she worked as many hours as her male colleagues, taught as many students, was just as dedicated to her profession, but was paid less. To work toward wage equity, in 1902 she founded the *Jednota učitelek moravských* (Moravian Women Teachers Union), for which she served as chair. The teachers' union also pressed for improved academic training for teachers and industrial instructors as well as for more normal schools and other educational facilities for girls.

Wiedermannová left Přerov and was hired as the principal of *Světlá* school in Velké Meziříčí, which led to her establishing relationships with some of the major figures of Czech educational reform, including František Drtina, Josef Machar, Tomáš Masaryk, and Josef Úlehla. She first met Masaryk in 1903 at a teachers' conference in Brno, where he was an invited lecturer. He became a mentor to her and tried to persuade her to serve as editor of the women's section of *Naše doba* (*Our Time*), with a view to integrating the Moravian women's movement into politics. Though she did not take up the offer, he would later be instrumental in helping her found *Ženská revue* (*Women's Review*). That year, she founded and became principal of the Girls' Academy in Brno. Because only 2.5 million, out of a total educational budget of K43 million, were dedicated to women's education by the Austro-Hungarian authorities, Wiedermannová organized fund-raising events like hosting a lecture series. The lectures were very popular, raised K7,000 over a four-year period, and provided operating capital for the academy.

Wiedermannová's goal was to open a secondary education institution for girls, but she was unable to secure adequate funds to launch a gymnasium, or to persuade the authorities to issue diplomas to graduates. When that plan failed, she asked the government to allow girls to attend the boys' gymnasium, but the authorities were against co-educational instruction. They only allowed girls to attend classes as observers at three institutions and only for lectures on history, mathematics, and physics. She continued to press for adoption of a reform curriculum providing basic mandatory education, including certificates for all graduates who had met basic educational requirements.

As early as 1904, progressive women like Wiedermannová began agitating for the right to vote, petitioning the legislature for changes to the civil code, and protesting legislation prohibiting married women from teaching. Also that year, she attended the Second Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance held in Berlin, where she presented a lecture on girls' secondary education in the Czech lands. In 1907, Wiedermannová gave a lecture in Prague, *Emancipace ženy od kněze* (*Emancipation of a Woman from a Priest*), in which she criticized the Catholic Church for "emotionally and mentally abusing women" and argued that monastic education did not provide adequate instruction or prepare girls for the teaching profession. Although a women's gymnasium was allowed to open in Velké Meziříčí, Wiedermannová had still not achieved her goal for Brno. Her overwork led to an illness, which left her with a weak heart and impacted her hearing.

By 1908, articles demanding equal rights regularly appeared in women's journals in Moravia and three women were proposed as candidates to the state legislative assembly. Wiedermannová founded and became the editor for *Ženská revue*, a magazine which provided information about the international women's movement, as well as on teachers and education. Approval was finally given for the Girl's Reform High School, but it was not allowed to use the term "gymnasium" until 1910. Also that year, she began living with another teacher, Vincenc Motyčka. As a Catholic, he was unable to remarry, as he had divorced his wife, so he and Wiedermannová were unable to formalize their relationship. The conservative community was scandalized by their living arrangement and pushed for her to resign from her post at the Girls' Academy. Undaunted, Wiedermannová left the church, modified her surname to include that of her partner, and helped him raise his two children. After a year of juggling teaching and editing, she decided to retire and applied for her pension, so she could focus on editing the magazine.

### Women's rights activism

In 1909, Wiedermannová-Motyčková founded the *Sdružení pokrokových žen* (Association of Progressive Women) in Olomouc. Her ultimate goal was to establish independent regional associations clustered under an umbrella organization, which would coordinate the common goals and ideology of the Moravian women's movement. The association established committees dedicated to women's education, legal parity, socio-political and economic equality, as well as morality and hygiene sections. The members monitored laws and held lectures to educate women on the issues and their obligations as citizens. Wiedermannová-Motyčková became a noted lecturer on women's issues, giving over a hundred presentations in Brno throughout the course of her career. Organizing courses to train mothers, establishing shelters for abandoned or illegitimate children, and pressing for legal reforms — like obligatory civil marriage, the possibility of divorce or separation, and regulations to control working conditions — all became areas members worked on to improve the socio-economic status of women.

In 1910, Wiedermannová-Motyčková attended the founding meeting of the *Zemská organizace pokrokových žen moravských* (Provincial Organization of Progressive Moravian Women) in Brno. Helping to write the Articles of Association, she tried to temper the political activism of the organization, since federal law prohibited women from creating political associations. Nonetheless, the application for the organization was rejected by the authorities on 20 April 1910. Nine days later, the women organized the *Pokroková organizace žen na Moravě* (Progressive Organization of Women in Moravia), proposing a broader focus of women's empowerment, through improved education, economic independence, and legal change to grant women full citizenship. Marie Vášová was elected as chair and Wiedermannová-Motyčková served as the executive. By the end of that year, other regional women's organizations had been formed and the journal *Právo ženy* (*Rights of Women*) had been established as the official press organ of the Progressive Organization of Women in Moravia. The magazine was founded by Wiedermannová-Motyčková and her partner Motyčka, to encourage popular support for women's suffrage and equality. It published speeches from rallies and demonstrations throughout the region in a consolidated format, raising awareness of the issues confronting women.

Establishing ties with the Moravian People's Progressive Party, which agreed to place women's issues on its platform, Wiedermannová-Motyčková and the Moravian Progressive Organization became part of the larger cooperation of women in the Czech lands. This was difficult, as the Moravian women's movement had stronger ties to Austrian feminists, had been established later than other Czech groups, and was seriously hampered by the influence of the Catholic Church. Along with Františka Plamínková and Karla Máchová, both teachers from Bohemia, she became one of the most vocal representatives of the Czech woman's movement. Plamínková was invited to chair the Committee on Electoral Rights of Moravian Women and Wiedermannová-Motyčková drafted the political program, calling for full civil equality with men, abolishment of the law forbidding women's political associations, opening professions to women, and women's suffrage. By 1911, women had won the right to organize politically and began petitioning the Bohemian Diet for enfranchisement.

Throughout 1911, rallies and demonstrations were held and in June a women's conference was held in Olomouc. The conference included elections for organizing an executive committee for the *Zemská pokroková organizace žen na Moravě* (Regional Progressive Women's Organization in Moravia). Wiedermannová-Motyčková's sister, Ludmila Konečná, was elected as chair and she was selected as the organization's secretary. The Olomouc conference was the first significant gathering of women in the Czech lands and was used as a rallying meeting to urge that petitions be drafted by all Czech women's groups and simultaneously delivered to the Diet in Vienna. Wiedermannová-Motyčková and Plamínková presented speeches on democracy and civil equality while Wiedermannová-Motyčková and Vášová were chosen as delegates to bring the Moravian petitions to Austria. Suffering from illness, Wiedermannová-Motyčková was unable to travel in July, so her sister Ludmila led the Moravian delegation. Though legislators promised to give the petitions consideration, they adjourned without reforming the election laws.

The year 1912 was marked by more rallies and demonstrations. With the election of Božena Viková-Kunětická to the Diet and her subsequent rejection by the governor, Czech nationalists, who saw the invalidation of the election as an overreach of Austria's central authority, began supporting women's suffrage. Bolstered by the surge in public support, activists began planning a renewed push for electoral reform in 1913. They began hosting lectures to familiarize women with the various political parties. These courses had an average of 150 people in attendance and concluded with Wiedermannová-Motyčková giving an overview of the activities of the Regional Progressive Women's Organization in Moravia.

When the elections in 1913 for the Moravian Provincial Assembly were held, 400 women teachers, who were not on the electoral lists, filed protests with the Municipal Council of Brno. The women argued that in accordance with the judgment of the Administrative Court of 21 October 1908, teachers were allowed to vote and excluding female teachers contravened the law. The Council's answer was that the allowance for teachers to vote applied only for municipal elections. Though teachers continued to protest, the Council's interpretation was upheld in a decision by the Supreme Imperial Court that fall. In June, Wiedermannová-Motyčková and other Moravian feminists attended a conference in Prague organized by Plamínková and Bohemian activists. She was also sent as a delegate to the Seventh Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance hosted in Budapest where she made a presentation on the struggle for suffrage in Moravia.

By the end of the year, fractures in the relationship with Bohemian feminists occurred when Wiedermannová-Motyčková's proposal for centralizing efforts on electoral rights was rejected by Plamínková because the electoral rules varied between Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia. A full cessation of cooperation occurred by the end of the year, as neither of them wanted to cede power and both feared that either Moravian or Czech perspectives would dominate their strategies. A series of attacks in *Ženský obzor* (*Women's Horizon*) followed, where both Wiedermannová-Motyčková and Plamínková accused each other of being unable to set aside their personal ambitions for the good of the movement. In 1914, the Regional Progressive Organization of Women in Moravia submitted a petition to the Moravian Provincial Assembly for universal suffrage, but the outbreak of World War I interrupted the reform and curtailed women's political activities until the end of the war.

During the war, Wiedermannová-Motyčková turned her focus to charitable activities. Along with other members of the Regional Progressive Organization of Women in Moravia, she organized collections to raise money for the poor and the families of soldiers. Aware that women with children needed to work while their husbands were away fighting, she also called for the establishment of shelters to care for their children. Wiedermannová-Motyčková published articles in *Ženská revue* outlining where help was needed and continued to produce articles to inform women about health issues, economic challenges, and cultural events. In 1914, Vincenc Motyčka died, which left Wiedermannová-Motyčková in a precarious financial situation and worried for his children. Trying to keep *Ženské revue* open exhausted her and hastened her early death.

## Death and legacy

Wiedermannová-Motyčková died on 16 October 1915 in Brno after a heart attack, and was buried in the city's Central Cemetery. Her tombstone was designed by Julius Pelikán. Following their deaths, her sister Ludmila Konečná and her brother-in-law Alois Konečný were buried with her. She is remembered for her work to establish the first girls' gymnasium in Moravia, and for having significantly influenced the political activism of Moravian women in her era, using progressive ideas to overcome religious conservatism. Though she did not live to see it, Czech women gained the right to vote in 1918.

*Ženská revue* was continued until 1920 with funding and editing provided by her sisters Ludmila and Božena, Anna Tollnerová, and Ludmila Zatloukalová-Coufalová. In 1925, a plaque honoring Wiedermannová-Motyčková's initiative to press for secondary education for women was unveiled at the Girls' Real Gymnasium on Mendel Square in Brno. Between 1933 and 1934, her sister, Ludmila Konečná wrote a memoir, *Zdenka Wiedermannová: Zakladatelka ženského hnutí na Moravě, 1868–1915* (Zdenka Wiedermannová: Founder of the Women's Movement in Moravia, 1868–1915), which is contained in the archives of Alois Konečný and Ludmila Konečná at the Museum of National History and Geography in Šumperk.

### Citations

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Zdeňka Wiedermannová-Motyčková | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Zdeňka Maria Wiedermannová
(1868-04-17)17 April 1868
Náklo, Austro-Hungarian Empire |
| Died | 16 October 1915(1915-10-16) (aged 47)
Brno, Austro-Hungarian Empire |
| Nationality | Austro-Hungarian, Czech |
| Occupation(s) | teacher, journalist, women's rights activist |
| Years active | 1886–1915 |
| Father | Osvald Wiedermann |
| Relatives | Ludmila Konečná (sister) |


title: Zdeňka Veřmiřovská

abstract: Zdeňka Veřmiřovská was a Czechoslovak/Czech gymnast who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics receiving silver in the team event, and in the 1948 Summer Olympics winning gold in the team event. She was born in Kopřivnice and died in Prague. Veřmiřovská was a long-time mainstay of the Czechoslovakian women's gymnastics team, helping her team to gold at the inaugural World Championships for women in 1934. She demonstrated consistent excellence by helping her team successfully defend their world team champion status at the next World Championships in 1938. She showed enough tenacity to persevere and help her team to gold again, a whole 14 years after initially helping them to their first world team title, at the 1948 London Summer Olympics, despite weathering the disappointment she and her teammates sustained when they lost the team title to the German team at the 1936 Berlin Summer Olympics. Veřmiřovská was an exceptionally good competitor on balance beam. At the 1936 Summer Olympics, she logged the competition's second-highest optional balance beam exercise score of 14.10, tied with Germany's Erna Bürger, and only behind top-scorer Gabriella Mészáros of Hungary. Her combined compulsory and optional exercise total of 23.10 on this apparatus was second outright, behind, again, only Mészáros. At the 1948 London Summer Olympics, she performed even more brilliantly in her voluntary exercise on this apparatus, garnering a first-place finish for that part of the competition. Veřmiřovská was also a virtuoso who excelled in the all-around combined exercises. At the first-ever world championships for women in 1934, where individual and team placements were decided not only by gymnastics events, but also athletics events, in the gymnastics-events-only segment of the competition, she logged the 2nd-highest total of 30.85, ahead of even her teammate, the first-ever women's World All-Around Champion in the sport Vlasta Děkanová, and just behind Judit Tóth of Hungary. Veřmiřovská actually repeated the feat of defeating Děkanová when, incredibly, both still competing after World War II, they were the top 2 competitors at a domestic (Czechoslovakian) gymnastics competition held on 6 October 1946. Dozens of participants competed, including 3 individuals who were on the Olympic team less than 2 years later: Miloslava Misáková, Olga Šilhánová, and Věra Růžičková, all outscored by many percentage points by both Veřmiřovská and Děkanová who were in a class by themselves, despite both being well into their thirties. Veřmiřovská scored 67.2 points, or 96% of the maximum possible score of 70, while Děkanová placed 2nd with 66.7 points, at 95.28% of the maximum possible score. The next-highest competitor was Bozena Kalova who scored a full 5 percentage points lower than Dekanova. The majority of the other gymnasts scored under 76% of the maximum possible score. Veřmiřovská achieved what was probably her greatest individual accolade in her competitive career at the 1938 World Championships where she won the silver medal in the All-Around just behind her teammate Děkanová who successfully defended her 1st-place finish from the immediately previous worlds in 1934. Additionally, she had a high placement of 7th in the individual standings at the 1936 Olympics.

text:
# Zdeňka Veřmiřovská

**Zdeňka Veřmiřovská** (Czech pronunciation: \[ˈzdɛɲka ˈvɛr̝mɪr̝ofskaː\]) (June 27, 1913, Kopřivnice, Moravia – May 13, 1997) was a Czechoslovak/Czech gymnast who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics receiving silver in the team event, and in the 1948 Summer Olympics winning gold in the team event.

She was born in Kopřivnice and died in Prague.

Veřmiřovská was a long-time mainstay of the Czechoslovakian women's gymnastics team, helping her team to gold at the inaugural World Championships for women in 1934. She demonstrated consistent excellence by helping her team successfully defend their world team champion status at the next World Championships in 1938. She showed enough tenacity to persevere and help her team to gold again, a whole 14 years after initially helping them to their first world team title, at the 1948 London Summer Olympics, despite weathering the disappointment she and her teammates sustained when they lost the team title to the German team at the 1936 Berlin Summer Olympics.

Veřmiřovská was an exceptionally good competitor on balance beam. At the 1936 Summer Olympics, she logged the competition's second-highest optional balance beam exercise score of 14.10, tied with Germany's Erna Bürger, and only behind top-scorer Gabriella Mészáros of Hungary. Her combined compulsory and optional exercise total of 23.10 on this apparatus was second outright, behind, again, only Mészáros. At the 1948 London Summer Olympics, she performed even more brilliantly in her voluntary exercise on this apparatus, garnering a first-place finish for that part of the competition.

Veřmiřovská was also a virtuoso who excelled in the all-around combined exercises. At the first-ever world championships for women in 1934, where individual and team placements were decided not only by gymnastics events, but also athletics events, in the gymnastics-events-only segment of the competition, she logged the 2nd-highest total of 30.85, ahead of even her teammate, the first-ever women's World All-Around Champion in the sport Vlasta Děkanová, and just behind Judit Tóth of Hungary. (The scores in the athletics events, combined with the gymnastics events, meant that Děkanová was the highest overall-finisher at those games, whereas Veřmiřovská finished 5th.) Veřmiřovská actually repeated the feat of defeating Děkanová when, incredibly, both still competing after World War II, they were the top 2 competitors at a domestic (Czechoslovakian) gymnastics competition held on 6 October 1946. Dozens of participants competed, including 3 individuals who were on the Olympic team less than 2 years later: Miloslava Misáková, Olga Šilhánová, and Věra Růžičková, all outscored by many percentage points by both Veřmiřovská and Děkanová who were in a class by themselves, despite both being well into their thirties. Veřmiřovská scored 67.2 points, or 96% of the maximum possible score of 70, while Děkanová placed 2nd with 66.7 points, at 95.28% of the maximum possible score. The next-highest competitor was Bozena Kalova who scored a full 5 percentage points lower than Dekanova. The majority of the other gymnasts scored under 76% of the maximum possible score.

Veřmiřovská achieved what was probably her greatest individual accolade in her competitive career at the 1938 World Championships where she won the silver medal in the All-Around just behind her teammate Děkanová who successfully defended her 1st-place finish from the immediately previous worlds in 1934. Additionally, she had a high placement of 7th in the individual standings at the 1936 Olympics.

## InfoBox

| Zdeňka Veřmiřovská | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Personal information | |
| Country represented | Czechoslovakia |
| Born | (1913-06-27)June 27, 1913
Kopřivnice, Moravia, Austria-Hungary |
| Died | May 13, 1997(1997-05-13) (aged 83)
Prague, Czech Republic |
| Discipline | Women's artistic gymnastics |
| Medal record      Representing  Czechoslovakia  Olympic Games  1948 London Team  1936 Berlin Team  World Championships  1934 Budapest Team  1938 Prague Team  1938 Prague All-around  1938 Prague Uneven Bars | |


title: Zhang Hongyuan

abstract: Zhang Hongyuan was a Chinese chemist and educator. He was President of Chongqing University between September 1941 to November 1949. Zhang was an adviser at the Central Committee of the Jiusan Society.

text:
# Zhang Hongyuan

**Zhang Hongyuan** (simplified Chinese: 张洪沅; traditional Chinese: 張洪沅; pinyin: *Zhāng Hóngyuán*; 8 April 1902 – 28 October 1992) was a Chinese chemist and educator. He was President of Chongqing University between September 1941 to November 1949.

Zhang was an adviser at the Central Committee of the Jiusan Society.

## Biography

Zhang was born in Huayang County, Sichuan, in 1902, during the Qing Empire, to Zhang Yunkui (Chinese: 张运魁), a traditional intellectual. His parents died when he was a child. He was raised by his aunt. After graduating from Tsinghua University in August 1924, he went to study at California Institute of Technology, in the United States. Zhang received his master's degree from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in January 1928. After college, he worked as a chemical engineer at a paper mill in Ohio, and later he joined the chemical engineering faculty of MIT and earned his doctor's degree in 1930.

Zhang returned to China in 1931 and one year later became a professor at the Chemical Engineering Department of Nankai University.

In 1937, when the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out, he moved to Sichuan and taught at Sichuan University. He served as director of Sichuan University's Department of Chemistry and the university's Dean of School of Science, he founded the Research Laboratory of Applied Chemistry there.

In September 1941, he was recruited by the Kuomintang government to succeed Ye Yuanlong as President of Chongqing University, a position in which he remained until November 1949.

After the founding of the Communist State, he was a professor at Sichuan University of Science and Engineering (1952) and Chengdu Institute of Technology (1956), respectively.

Zhang died of illness in 1992, in Chengdu, Sichuan.

## InfoBox

| Zhang Hongyuan | |
| --- | --- |
| 张洪沅 | |
|  | |
| President of Chongqing University | |
| **In office**
September 1941  November 1949 | |
| Preceded by | Ye Yuanlong |
| Succeeded by | He Lu |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1902-04-08)April 8, 1902
Huayang County, Sichuan, Qing China |
| Died | October 28, 1992(1992-10-28) (aged 90)
Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China |
| Political party | Jiusan Society |
| Parent | Zhang Yunkui (father) |
| Alma mater | Tsinghua University
California Institute of Technology
Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| Occupation | Chemist, educator |
|  | |


title: Zalezianka

abstract: Zalezianka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łączna, within Skarżysko County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) west of Łączna, 18 km (11 mi) south-west of Skarżysko-Kamienna, and 17 km (11 mi) north-east of the regional capital Kielce.

text:
# Zalezianka

**Zalezianka** \[zalɛˈʑaŋka\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łączna, within Skarżysko County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) west of Łączna, 18 km (11 mi) south-west of Skarżysko-Kamienna, and 17 km (11 mi) north-east of the regional capital Kielce.

## InfoBox

| Zalezianka | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Zalezianka | |
| Coordinates: 50°59′49″N 20°45′34″E / 50.99694°N 20.75944°E / 50.99694; 20.75944 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Świętokrzyskie |
| County | Skarżysko |
| Gmina | Łączna |
| Population | 410 |


title: Zhao Tongshan

abstract: Zhao Tongshan, also known by his stage name Furong Cao, was a Peking opera singer. He was the greatest player of "flowery" female roles of his era and served as a mentor to Li Yuru.

text:
# Zhao Tongshan

**Zhao Tongshan** (13 July 1901 – 1966), also known by his stage name **Furong Cao**, was a Peking opera singer. He was the greatest player of "flowery" female roles (*hua dan*) of his era and served as a mentor to Li Yuru.

### Citations

### Bibliography

* Li Ruru (2010), "2010 Commemorations of the Theatrical Careers of Cao Yu and Li Yuru" (PDF), *CHINOPERL Papers*, vol. No. 29, Conference on Chinese Oral and Performing Literature `{{citation}}`: `|volume=` has extra text (help).

## InfoBox

| Zhao Tongshan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese |  |
| Simplified Chinese |  |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Zhào Tóngshān  Wade–Giles Chao T\`ung-shan | |
| Furong Cao | |
| Chinese | 芙蓉 |
| Literal meaning | Hibiscus Grass |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Fúróng Cǎo  Wade–Giles Fu-jung Ts\`ao | |
|  | |


title: Zhejiang Chouzhou Commercial Bank

abstract: Zhejiang Chouzhou Commercial Bank is an urban commercial bank headquartered in the international trade city of Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, China. Established in 1987 as the Yiwu Chouzhou Credit Cooperative, it was transferred to a joint-stock company in 2005 and converted to Zhejiang Chouzhou Commercial Bank in 2006. In 2018 it was included into The Banker's Top 1000 World Banks list. and has received awards from local and national governments. The bank provides finance to small and medium enterprises in Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone of China. It sponsors the Zhejiang Golden Bulls basketball team.

text:
# Zhejiang Chouzhou Commercial Bank

**Zhejiang Chouzhou Commercial Bank** (Chinese: 浙江稠州商业银行; pinyin: *Zhèjiāng Chóuzhōu Shāngyè Yínháng*) is an urban commercial bank headquartered in the international trade city of Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, China. Established in 1987 as the Yiwu Chouzhou Credit Cooperative, it was transferred to a joint-stock company in 2005 and converted to Zhejiang Chouzhou Commercial Bank in 2006. In 2018 it was included into The Banker's Top 1000 World Banks list. and has received awards from local and national governments. The bank provides finance to small and medium enterprises in Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone of China. It sponsors the Zhejiang Golden Bulls basketball team.

## InfoBox

Zhejiang Chouzhou Commercial Bank
| Company type | Joint-stock company |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Financial services |
| Founded | 1987 (1987) |
| Headquarters | Yiwu, China |
| Area served | Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone |