title: Marie Kunkel Zimmerman

abstract: Marie Kunkel Zimmerman, born Mamie R. Kunkel, was an American soprano of the concert stage. She began her acting career as a child opposite her father; the theatre manager, blackface minstrel show entertainer, actor, and singer-songwriter George Kunkel. In the early 1880s she began performing as a soprano. She co-authored the suffragist anthem "Votes for Women: Suffrage Rallying Song" with her husband, composer and concert singer Edward M. Zimmerman.

text:
# Marie Kunkel Zimmerman

**Marie Kunkel Zimmerman**, born **Mamie R. Kunkel**, (September 13, 1864 – May 10, 1953) was an American soprano of the concert stage. She began her acting career as a child opposite her father; the theatre manager, blackface minstrel show entertainer, actor, and singer-songwriter George Kunkel. In the early 1880s she began performing as a soprano. She co-authored the suffragist anthem "Votes for Women: Suffrage Rallying Song" with her husband, composer and concert singer Edward M. Zimmerman.

## Early life and career as a child actress

Born Mamie R. Kunkel on September 13, 1864, in Baltimore, Maryland, Marie Kunkel Zimmerman was the daughter of theatre manager, actor, and singer George Kunkel Sr. and his wife Addie Kunkel. Her mother was an actress known on the stage as Ada Proctor. Ada was born in Montreal, Canada, and her first marriage was to John Proctor, theatre manager of the Chestnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia. Ada married George Kunkel after her first husband's death. She had a son from her first marriage, the actor John Proctor, who was Mamie's half-brother. George and Ada also had a son, Mamie's brother George Kunkel Jr. (1866–1937). He had a career as a silent film actor and opera singer.

Kunkel began her career on the stage as a child actress under the moniker "Little Mamie Kunkel" in performances with her father. George Kunkel Sr. was a famous blackface performer of the 19th century and was closely associated with the role of Uncle Tom. As early as 1873, Mamie was performing the role of Eva in her father's stage productions of *Uncle Tom's Cabin*. She was still in the part when the production reached Philadelphia's Chestnut Street Theatre in January 1875 with her mother in the role of Topsy. In 1880 she performed in a production of William Shakespeare's *Macbeth* at the Holliday Street Theater as part of a theatrical benefit.

## Music education and early singing career in Baltimore

Mamie Kunkel was trained as a soprano at the Peabody Institute in the 1880s. There she was a pupil of voice teacher, conductor, and violinist Edward Heimendahl. She later studied with Anton Seidl in New York.*The Musical Courier* described her as a dramatic soprano with a rich flexible voice.

Kunkel began performing in concerts as a soprano as early as December 1881 when she was the soprano soloist in a concert of Christmas music at the Protestant Episcopal Church of the Ascension in Baltimore. Soon after, she achieved top ratings in music competitions in that city. On June 3, 1883, she gave a recital at the Taylor Opera House in Trenton, New Jersey. By November of that same year she was performing as a soloist at Baltimore's Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church, South at Madison Avenue & Preston St.

In March 1884 Kunkel was the second soprano soloist in Felix Mendelssohn's *Elijah* with the Oratorio Society of Baltimore and conductor Fritz Finke. On April 11, 1884, she sang Margaret Mackay's hymn "Asleep in Jesus! blessed sleep" at the funeral service of the Reverend John Chester Backus. Both she and her brother performed at a benefit concert to aid their ailing father alongside other Baltimore entertainers at Baltimore's YMCA on May 19, 1884. She became a member of the opera company in residence at the Academy of Music in Baltimore, and in June 1884 portrayed the title role in Franz von Suppé's *The Lovely Galatea* (English translation by Willard G. Day) on tour with the company to Albaugh's Grand Opera House. A review of her performance praised the quality of her singing, but felt her acting was "too tame".

On January 25, 1885, Mamie's father died. She collaborated with Willard G. Day on a series of public lecture-recitals at Baltimore's YMCA in 1885 in which she would sing a program of songs with thematic ties to particular person Day was lecturing on. For example she sang a program of Scandinavian songs in conjunction with a lecture on Hans Christian Andersen, and gave a program of art songs using texts by Shakespeare when Day gave a lecture on 'The Bard'. In October 1885 she gave a concert at the Concordia Opera House in conjunction with recitations given by the elocutionist Carrie Block.

In 1886 Kunkel was a guest soloist with the Orpheus Quartette for concerts at Baltimore's YMCA. The Orpheus Quartette was an all-male vocal ensemble that was founded by students at Princeton University in the late 1860s. It became a professional group which toured widely in the United States over the next several decades, with new members replacing original singers periodically. She performed in several more concerts of varying kinds at the YMCA through 1888. She continued to work as a church vocalist for a variety of Baltimore churches from 1886 to 1887. In September 1888 she was a guest soloist with the Harmonie Singing Association for their concert at Ford's Grand Opera House.

In January 1889, Kunkel was the soprano soloist in Charles Gounod's *La rédemption* with the Oratorio Society of Baltimore. A report in the *Baltimore Sun* on December 26, 1889, states that the soprano was returning to Baltimore for a visit, and was now living in Philadelphia.

## Philadelphia soprano

### Arrival in Philadelphia and a collaborative musical marriage

After moving to Philadelphia, Kunkel began performing publicly as either Marie Kunkel or Marie R. Kunkel in 1889. She made her Philadelphia concert debut as Marie R. Kunkel on October 10, 1889, at St. George's Hall. By 1890 she was working as the resident soprano soloist for Philadelphia's Reform Congregation Keneseth Israel. She began appearing in chamber music concerts in the city in 1889 with musicians like pianist Maurits Leefson (1861–1926), violinist and composer Gustav Hille (1850 – ca.1925), and cellist Rudolph Hennig (1845–1904).

In March and November 1890 Kunkel participated in concerts at the Philadelphia Musical Academy. She performed in concert with violinist Max Weil (1869–1952) and pianist and composer Robert Tempest (1868–1955) in November 1890. In February 1891 she performed in concert with the violinist Arthur Hartmann, then a child prodigy of 9 years of age, at St. George's Hall. In May 1891 she was the guest soprano soloist in concerts with the Mendelssohn Club, beginning with performances of music by Adolf Jensen and Johannes Brahms at Musical Fund Hall in mid-May, and ending with a Memorial Day concert of patriotic music given at the Academy of Music, Philadelphia. In March 1892 she starred in a concert version of the opera *Melusina* by Conradin Kreutzer.

In September 1892 Kunkel's mother, Addie Kunkel Proctor, died in the Philadelphia home of her half-brother, John Proctor. On November 30, 1892, she married the bass, composer, and conductor Edward M. Zimmerman. After this she was known as Marie Kunkel Zimmerman.

Kunkel Zimmerman would frequently sing in concerts with her husband, both before and after their marriage. They were both featured vocal soloists in a concert given at the Music Teachers National Association's convention at Philadelphia's Musical Fund Hall in November 1889. They sang together in a vocal quartet which performed in chamber music concerts sponsored by the Manuscript Music Society of Philadelphia at Musical Fund Hall in 1895 and 1897.

In February 1896 the Zimmermans were soloists in Louis Spohr's *God, Thou Art Great: Opus 98: a Sacred Cantata for Four Voices* which was performed at the Drexel Institute (now Drexel University) in a memorial concert for the Philadelphia concert pianist and music teacher Charles H. Jarvis (1837–1895). The following April they were the soprano and bass soloists in Joseph Haydn's *The Creation* at Philadelphia's Association Hall; a work they repeated at that same theatre in May 1898. In October 1898 the couple were part of the soloist quartet in the Philadelphia premiere of Liza Lehmann's song-cycle *In a Persian garden* at Witherspoon Hall.

Together, the Zimmermans created the song "Votes for Women: Suffrage Rallying Song" (1915) which contained music by Marie and lyrics by Edward. It was dedicated to Anna Howard Shaw, President of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. The song is part of the collections of the British Library and Library of Congress, and is a notable example of music used in the women's suffrage movement in the United States.

Kunkel Zimmerman and her husband were both voice teachers in Philadelphia. They operated their own vocal studio together. Edward M. Zimmerman died of Bright's disease on December 6, 1922, at Jewish Hospital in Philadelphia.

### Rising concert singer

In April 1893 Kunkel Zimmerman sang the role of the Widow in Mendelssohn's *Elijah* with the Germantown choral society. On May 17, 1893, she performed in the first concert organized by the Manuscript Musical Society; performing the soprano solo in the cantata *Delosain and Erato* by Henry Gordon Thunder (1832–1881) at Musical Fund Hall with the Germania Orchestra being led by conductor William Gilchrist. In February 1894 she gave a recital to raise money for charity at the Chestnut Street Theatre.

In February 1895 Kunkel Zimmerman returned to Musical Fund Hall to perform in a concert with baritone Kirk Towns that was conducted by W. H. Neidlinger. In March 1895 she performed excerpts from Jules Massenet's *Hérodiade* with the Mendelssohn Club. She was a guest soloist with the Baltimore's Germania Männerchor in December 1895 for a concert celebrating the 125th anniversary of Beethoven's birth. With that choir she was the soprano soloist in Beethoven's *Choral Fantasy*, and later in the program she performed arias from *The Marriage of Figaro* and lieder by Robert Schumann.

A December 1896 article in *The Philadelphia Inquirer* described Kunkel Zimmerman as Philadelphia's leading soprano, and soon after this she appeared in a series of concerts at the Academy of Music with the "Philadelphia Symphony Society" (precursor to the Philadelphia Orchestra).

## National concert soprano

In April 1900 Kunkel Zimmerman was a soloist in Joseph Haydn's *The Creation* at the Brooklyn Academy of Music with the Brooklyn Oratorio Society and conductor Gustav Dannreuther. In December 1900 she was the soprano soloist in George Frideric Handel's *Messiah* with the Handel and Haydn Society and the Boston Symphony Orchestra (BSO) at Symphony Hall, Boston. In 1901 she was the soprano soloist in Felix Mendelssohn's *Elijah* at The May Festival of the University of Michigan under conductor Albert Augustus Stanley (1851–1932). In 1904 she was the soprano soloist with The People's Choral Union of Boston at Symphony Hall.

Kunkel Zimmerman was a soloist in many concerts with the Philadelphia Orchestra given between 1902 and 1907, including as the soprano soloist in Beethoven's *Symphony No. 9* for conductor Fritz Scheel's final performance with the orchestra on February 8, 1907. She had previously performed the ninth symphony with the BSO at the Worcester Music Festival, Massachusetts, in 1905. Her collaborators in this latter concert included bass Herbert Witherspoon, tenor Clarence B. Shirley, contralto Helen Allen Hunt, and conductor Franz Kneisel. She also performed Anton Bruckner's *Te Deum* with the BSO in 1905, and that same year gave a concert sponsored by Bishop Henry Y. Satterlee of the Episcopal Diocese of Washington at the Lafayette Square Opera House in Washington, D.C. In February 1905 she was the soprano soloist in Giuseppe Verdi's *Requiem* with the New Haven Oratorio Society under the direction of Horatio Parker. Her fellow soloists included contralto Gertrude May Stein, tenor Edward Johnson, and bass Frank Croxton.

In July 1907 Kunkel Zimmerman was the soprano soloist in Arthur Sullivan's *The Golden Legend* with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra (CSO). She had previously been the soprano soloist for the CSO's May 1906 performances of Joseph Haydn's *The Creation*. She spent several months touring North America with conductor Alexander von Fielitz and the CSO in 1907, performing in both large and small cities, including Toronto, Phoenix, Arizona, San Francisco, Dubuque, Iowa, San Antonio, Ypsilanti, Michigan, and Kokomo, Indiana.

In 1908 Kunkel Zimmerman was the soprano soloist in a concert of music by J. S. Bach given as part of a Bach Festival in Montclair, New Jersey. In 1910 she was the soprano soloist in Horatio Parker's oratorio *Hora novissima* for concerts in Philadelphia. In 1913 she was the soprano soloist in a concert celebrating the centennial of Richard Wagner's birth at Philadelphia's Convention Hall. In 1915 she was the soprano soloist in a concert with the Mendelssohn Club and conductor William Gilchrist at the Philadelphia Academy of Music.

## Later life

In 1915 Kunkel Zimmerman served on a committee of examiners for the Philadelphia Orchestra responsible for auditioning and selecting choral vocalists for the United States premiere of Gustav Mahler's *Symphony No. 8*; a work given its American premiere by that orchestra on March 2, 1916. In 1917 she was appointed a co-director of The Department for the Relief of Deserving Musicians which was one of the three original branches of The Presser Foundation; a charity organization in Philadelphia established by the philanthropist and music publisher Theodore Presser. She was still performing in churches as late as March 1919, when the *Philadelphia Inquirer* reported on her performing Gounod's *Gallia* at First Presbyterian Church in Germantown.

Marie Kunkel Zimmerman died in Philadelphia on May 12, 1953, at the age of 88.

### Citations

### Sources

* Crew, Danny O. (2015). *Suffragist Sheet Music: An Illustrated Catalogue of Published Music Associated with the Women's Rights and Suffrage Movement in America, 1795-1921, with Complete Lyrics*. McFarland & Company. ISBN 9781476607443.
* Keefer, Lubov Breit (1962). *Baltimore's Music: The Haven of the American Composer*. J. H. Furst Company.
* Katchmer, George A. (2015). "Kunkel, George". *A Biographical Dictionary of Silent Film Western Actors and Actresses*. McFarland & Company. ISBN 9781476609058.
* Rice, Edward Le Roy (1911). *Monarchs of Minstrelsy, from "Daddy" Rice to Date*. Kenny Publishing Company.
* Simpson, Adrienne (1996). *Opera's Farthest Frontier: A History of Professional Opera in New Zealand*. Reed Publishing. ISBN 9780790005119.
* Spingarn, Adena (2018). *Uncle Tom: From Martyr to Traitor*. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9781503606098.
* Wister, Frances Anne (1925). *Twenty-five Years of the Philadelphia Orchestra: 1900-1925*. Edward Stein & Company.


title: Marienberg Reichstag constituency

abstract: The Marienberg Reichstag constituency was constituency No. 20 in the Kingdom of Saxony which returned a deputy to the German Reichstag. It was based upon the town of Marienberg. Following the North German Confederation Treaty the Kingdom of Saxon entered the North German Confederation in 1866. As a consequence, the Kingdom returned Deputies to the Reichstag. After the founding of the German Empire on 18 January 1871, the deputies were returned to the Reichstag of the German Empire. Following this Saxony participated in Reichstag elections from February 1867. Marienberg Reichstag constituency returned a series of Reichstag Deputies until 1919 when the existing constituencies were scrapped.

text:
# Marienberg Reichstag constituency

The **Marienberg Reichstag constituency** was constituency No. 20 in the Kingdom of Saxony which returned a deputy to the German Reichstag. It was based upon the town of Marienberg.

Following the North German Confederation Treaty the Kingdom of Saxon entered the North German Confederation in 1866. As a consequence, the Kingdom returned Deputies to the Reichstag. After the founding of the German Empire on 18 January 1871, the deputies were returned to the Reichstag of the German Empire. Following this Saxony participated in Reichstag elections from February 1867. Marienberg Reichstag constituency returned a series of Reichstag Deputies until 1919 when the existing constituencies were scrapped.


title: Marienborg Station

abstract: Marienborg is a railway station located at Marienborg in Trondheim, Norway.

text:
# Marienborg Station

**Marienborg** is a railway station located at Marienborg in Trondheim, Norway.

## Location

The station is located on the Dovre Line at the point where the Stavne–Leangen Line branches off from the Dovre Line. The station has two platforms, one on each of the railway lines, the one track electrified and the other not. Service to the station is provided though the commuter train service Trønderbanen operated by SJ Norge and regional trains to Røros. It was opened in 1999.

The station is located beside St. Olavs Hospital and beside the NSB yard at Marienborg. The station had a role in the 1921 Nidareid train disaster since one of the trains involved was supposed to wait here but failed to do so.

| Preceding station |  | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Selsbakk | **Dovre Line** | | | Skansen |
| *terminus* | **Stavne–Leangen Line** | | | Lerkendal |
| **Preceding station** | **Regional trains** | | | **Following station** |
| Selsbakk | R60 | RørosTrondheim |  | Skansen |
|
| **Preceding station** | **Local trains** | | | **Following station** |
| Lerkendal |  | Trønderbanen |  | Skansen |

## InfoBox

| Marienborg | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Marienborg, Trondheim<br>Norway |
| Coordinates | 63°25′12″N 10°22′55″E / 63.42000°N 10.38194°E / 63.42000; 10.38194 |
| Owned by | Bane NOR |
| Operated by | SJ Norge |
| Line(s) | Dovre Line |
| Distance | 549,95 km |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Connections | **Bus:** 19 Sandmoen - Pirterminalen |
| History | |
| Opened | 1999 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Marienberg languages

abstract: The Marienberg or Marienberg Hills languages are a branch of the Torricelli language family. They are spoken in a mountainous stretch of region located between the towns of Wewak and Angoram in the Marienberg Hills of East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea. Kamasau is the best documented Marienberg language.

text:
# Marienberg languages

The **Marienberg** or **Marienberg Hills** languages are a branch of the Torricelli language family. They are spoken in a mountainous stretch of region located between the towns of Wewak and Angoram in the Marienberg Hills of East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea.

Kamasau is the best documented Marienberg language.

## Typology

Marienberg languages distinguish masculine and feminine genders, with feminine being the default unmarked gender.

Unlike all other Torricelli branches except for the Monumbo languages, word order in the Bogia languages is SOV, likely due to contact with Lower Sepik-Ramu and Sepik languages.

## Languages

Foley (2018) provides the following classification, based primarily on morphological evidence.

There is also Forok, labeled as a variety of Bungain in survey vocabularies.

## Pronouns

Pronouns in selected Marienberg Hill languages:

| pronoun | Muniwara | Bungain | Buna |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1SG | ŋa | ŋan | ŋa |
| 2SG | nu | nu | no |
| 3M.SG | na | neŋ | den |
| 3M.SG | wo | veŋ | gwen |
| 1PL | ŋam | ŋaŋ | ŋam |
| 2PL | num | nuŋ | nom |
| 3M.PL | ma | meŋ | bon |
| 3F.PL | kwo | ceŋ | en |

* Foley, William A. (2018). "The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). *The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide*. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 197–432. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.

## InfoBox

| Marienberg | |
| --- | --- |
| Marienberg Hills | |
| Geographic<br>distribution | Marienberg Hills, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | Torricelli* Sepik Coast     + Tayap–Marienberg         - **Marienberg** |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | ``mari1433`` |
| The Torricelli languages as classified by Foley (2018) | |


title: Marien Ngouabi

abstract: Marien Ngouabi was the fourth President of the Republic of the Congo from 1969 until his assassination in 1977.

text:
# Marien Ngouabi

**Marien Ngouabi** (or **N'Gouabi**) (December 31, 1938 – March 18, 1977) was the fourth President of the Republic of the Congo from 1969 until his assassination in 1977.

## Biography

### Origins

Marien Ngouabi was born in 1938 at the village of Ombellé, Cuvette Department, in Kouyou territory to Dominique Osséré m'Opoma and Antoinette Mboualé-Abemba. He is originally from a kuyu humble family. From 1947 to 1953, he went to primary school in Owando. On 14 September 1953, he went to study at the *Ecole des enfants de troupes Général Leclerc* in Brazzaville and in 1957, he was sent to Bouar, Oubangui-Chari (now the Central African Republic).

After serving in Cameroon as a member of the second battalion of the tirailleurs with the rank of Sergeant (1958–1960), Ngouabi went to the *Ecole Militaire Préparatoire* in Strasbourg, France in September 1960 and then to the *Ecole Inter-armes* at Coëtquidan Saint-Cyr in 1961. He returned to Congo in 1962 as Second Lieutenant and was stationed at the Pointe-Noire garrison. He was assigned to the Pointe-Noire garrison as a deputy commander of an infantry battalion. In 1963, Ngouabi was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant.

### Rise to power

In 1965, he created the first battalion of paratroopers in the Congo Republic. Known for his leftist views, in April 1966 Ngouabi was demoted to the rank of soldier second class when he refused to be posted again at Pointe-Noire, after rebelling against the army's inflexibility in politics and voicing strong criticism to the president. President Alphonse Massamba-Débat had Ngouabi and Second Lieutenant Eyabo arrested on July 29, 1968.

Ngouabi's arrest provoked discontent among the military, and on July 31, Ngouabi was freed by soldiers from the Civil Defense. The National Revolutionary Council (CNR), headed by Ngouabi, was created on August 5, 1968. On 1 October 1968, he was promoted to the rank of Commanding Officer, a rank he held until his death. Massamba-Débat, whose powers had been curtailed by the CNR, resigned on September 4, and Prime Minister Alfred Raoul served as acting head of state until December 31, 1968, when the CNR formally became the country's supreme authority and Ngouabi, as head of the CNR, assumed the presidency.

### Head of state

Once in power, President Ngouabi changed the country's name to the People's Republic of the Congo, declaring it to be Africa's first Marxist–Leninist state, and founded the Congolese Workers' Party (*Parti Congolais du Travail*, PCT) as the country's only legal political party.

Ngouabi was a Mbochi from the north and his regime shifted control of the country away from the south. Such moves created opposition among the population in the highly politicized environment of Brazzaville. Bureaucratic centralism, repression, the "mechanism" of the party apparatus, and Ngouabi's tribalist orientation towards Mbochi and La Cuvette immigrants created opposition within the Communist Party itself, especially its youth organization. In the fall of 1971, students that went on strike in Brazzaville and Pointe Noire were severely repressed by the authorities. The situation in the country was severely destabilized. There was an attempted coup in February 1972 that triggered a series of 'purges' of the opposition. It is claimed that Ngouabi was under French pressure to annex the oil-rich Cabinda enclave, a part of Portuguese Angola, and his refusal to act cost him the French support. There is some speculation that the French financed several coups in order to remove Ngouabi in power. Starting in February 1973, the army began military operations in the Goma Tse-tse region to dismantle the M22 insurgency led by former army members led by Vice President Ange Diawara. During the same month, Ngouabi denounced another attempted Diawara coup and arrested 45 people, including Pascal Lissouba and Sylvain Bemba, Minister of Information. His trial took place from March 16 to 23. Several sentences were pronounced, while Lissouba was acquitted.

The M22 business abruptly ended on April 24, 1973, with the capture and execution of the maquis. The bodies of Diawara, Ikoko and Bakekolo were toured around Brazzaville and exhibited by Ngouabi in person during a popular gathering held at the Stade de la Révolution. The lack of consideration for the lifeless bodies of the Maquis caused considerable disapproval nationally due to the cultural sensitivity surrounding the reverential treatment of dead bodies. He visited the People's Republic of China in July 1973.

Ngouabi was re-elected to his post as Chairman of the PCT Central Committee on December 30, 1974; he was additionally elected as Permanent Secretary of the PCT. He was then sworn in as president for another term on January 9, 1975. Also in 1975, he signed an economic aid pact with the Soviet Union.

On March 23, Lieutenant General Pierre Kinganga, in exile in Kinshasa in neighbouring Zaire since his alleged June 1969 coup attempt, disembarked in Brazzaville at the head of a commando attempting to overthrow the regime. His attempt failed and he was shot dead near the national radio station he had just taken. His body and that of his command members who fell with him remained exposed for a long time in front of the radio building. Several enthusiastic young supporters who had joined Kinganga's column were also armed. Captain Augustin Poignet, also involved, managed to escape to Kinshasa. A week later, 3 accomplices (Miawouama, Nkoutou and Mengo), sentenced by a court-martial, were executed. The command members and accomplices in the army and gendarmerie were convicted by the revolutionary court. After the events, Marien Ngouabi denounced the involvement of the CIA and President Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire (now Democratic Republic of the Congo) in the coup.

Following this attempt, the PCT met in an extraordinary congress from March 30 to April 2, 1970. The Political Bureau was expanded to 10 members, to the benefit of Ambroise Noumazalaye and Captain Sassou N'Guesso. The Gendarmerie, whose loyalty was not complete during the events, was dissolved and its members joined the army. The Council of State was reorganized.

On August 29, 1970, former Minister Stéphane-Maurice Bongo-Nouarra was arrested for a counter-revolutionary conspiracy. He was sentenced to 10 years of forced labour.

### Assassination

On March 18, 1977, at 14:30 hours, President Ngouabi was assassinated. Those accused of taking part in the assassination were tried and some were executed including Massamba-Débat.

In the aftermath of the assassination, the Military Committee of the Party (CMP) was named to head an interim government with the conservative Colonel Joachim Yhombi-Opango to serve as Head of State.

## Commemoration

March 18 is **Marien Ngouabi Day** in the Republic of Congo. The country's only university is the Marien Ngouabi University in Brazzaville. Ngouabi is interred at the Marien Ngouabi Mausoleum in Brazzaville.

## InfoBox

| Marien Ngouabi | |
| --- | --- |
| Ngouabi in January 1970 | |
|  | |
| 4th President of the People's Republic of the Congo | |
| **In office**
1 January 1969  18 March 1977 | |
| Vice President | Ange Diawara
Aimé Portella
Alfred Raoul
Aloïse Moudileno-Massengo
Ange-Édouard Poungui |
| Preceded by | Alfred Raoul |
| Succeeded by | Joachim Yhombi-Opango |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1938-12-31)December 31, 1938
Ombellé, Cuvette, French Equatorial Africa |
| Died | March 18, 1977(1977-03-18) (aged 38)
Brazzaville, People's Republic of the Congo |
| Cause of death | Murder by Gunshot wound |
| Political party | Congolese Party of Labor |
| Other political
affiliations | National Movement of the Revolution |
| Spouse | Clotilde Ngouabi |
| Alma mater | École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | People's Republic of the Congo |
| Rank | General of the army |
|  | |


title: William Hayden (soldier)

abstract: William Hayden, was the Adjutant General of the State of Connecticut from 1835 to 1836. The Hayden family was a prominent family of Windsor, Connecticut and among the first settlers to the region. The family traces its roots back to England and the services of King Henry VIII.

text:
# William Hayden (soldier)

**William Hayden**, was the Adjutant General of the State of Connecticut from 1835 to 1836. The Hayden family was a prominent family of Windsor, Connecticut and among the first settlers to the region. The family traces its roots back to England and the services of King Henry VIII.

* Hayden, Jabez, H. *Records of the Connecticut Line of the Hayden Family* 1888

## InfoBox

| Major General<br>William Hayden | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Windsor, CT |
| Died | Windsor, CT |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/branch | United States Army |
| Rank | Major General |
| Commands | Connecticut State Militia |
| Website | www.ct.gov/mil |


title: 1981–82 Dundalk F.C. season

text:
# 1981–82 Dundalk F.C. season

Dundalk entered the 1981–82 season, having finished as runners-up to Athlone Town the previous season. They were the holders of both the League Cup and the FAI Cup, having achieved their first domestic cup double. In the process, they had qualified for the Cup Winners' Cup. 1981–82 was Jim McLaughlin's eighth season as manager, and was Dundalk's 56th consecutive season in the top tier of Irish football.

## Season summary

The new season opened with the President's Cup, and Dundalk defeated Athlone 4–3 on aggregate to win it for the third season in a row. But the League Cup was surrendered in the first round, when County Louth neighbours Drogheda United defeated them on penalties. Later that season, they lost the Leinster Senior Cup final. The League schedule commenced on 10 September 1981, using a trial point system of 4 for an away win, 3 for a home win, 2 for an away draw, and 1 for a home draw. Dundalk started with five victories but, after they drew Tottenham Hotspur in the Second round of the Cup Winners' Cup, there was a wobble in League form with all eyes at Oriel Park on the upcoming glamour tie. They fell 10-points behind Bohemians, but subsequently charged to the title, sealing it on the final day away to defending champions Athlone. But it was Bohemians that came out of a four match, seven and a half hour FAI Cup semi-final marathon, depriving McLaughlin of a shot at a second League and Cup Double.

As FAI Cup holders from the season before, they qualified for the 1981–82 European Cup Winners' Cup. In the first round they drew Fram, and won through 5–2 on aggregate, with what remains their record victory in Europe – a 4–0 win in Oriel Park. In the second round, McLaughlin's unbeaten record in Europe at Oriel reached eight matches, when Tottenham Hotspur were held to a 1–1 draw. A 1–0 defeat in White Hart Lane ultimately ended their interest in the competition.

### First-Team Squad (1981–82)

Sources:

| No. | Name | Years | League | FAI Cup | League Cup | Europe | Othera | **Total** | Goals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Richie Blackmore | 1974–1985 | 30 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 5 | **47** | 0 |
| 2 | Martin Lawlor | 1977–1995 | 29 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 6 | **47** | 5 |
| 3 | Paddy Dunning | 1977–1983 | 29 | 7 | 0 | 4 | 4 | **44** | 2 |
| 4 | Tommy McConville | 1967–1986 | 30 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 5 | **47** | 0 |
| 5 | Eamonn Gregg | 1981–1983 | 30 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 3 | **45** | 1 |
| 6 | Sean Byrne | 1977–1983 | 29 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 3 | **44** | 10 |
| 7 | Barry Kehoe | 1980–1993 | 30 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 5 | **46** | 7 |
| 8 | Leo Flanagan | 1978–1983 | 30 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 5 | **47** | 14 |
| 9 | Mick Fairclough | 1979–1984 | 27 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 3 | **42** | 20 |
| 10 | Brian Duff | 1977–1982 | 14 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 3 | **22** | 9 |
| 11 | Hilary Carlyle | 1978–1984 | 22 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 1 | **31** | 12 |
| 12 | Ollie Ralph | 1981–1983 | 14 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 2 | **23** | 5 |
| 13 | Willie Crawley | 1977–1995 | 8 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 6 | **18** | 5 |
| 14 | Jerome Clarke | 1980–1982 | 15 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 | **24** | 1 |
| 15 | John Archbold | 1980–1983 | 8 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 1 | **16** | 1 |
| 16 | Robbie Lawlor | 1980–1983 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 5 | **15** | 1 |
|

a. Includes the Leinster Senior Cup and LFA President's Cup.

## Competitions

### LFA President's Cup

Source:

| 21 August 1981 | **Dundalk** | **2–1** | Athlone Town | Dundalk |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  | Stadium: Oriel Park |

| 27 August 1981 | Athlone Town | **2–2** | **Dundalk** | Athlone |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  | Stadium: St Mel's Park |

*Dundalk won 4–3 on aggregate*

### League Cup

Source:

First round

| 30 August 1981 | **Drogheda United** | **0–0** (a.e.t.)
(**5–4** ) | Dundalk | Drogheda |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  | Stadium: United Park |

### Leinster Senior Cup

Source:

First Round

| 3 September 1981 | **Dundalk** | **6–0** | Pegasus | Dundalk |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  | Stadium: Oriel Park |

Quarter Final

| 30 September 1981 | **Dundalk** | **2–0** | Drogheda United | Dundalk |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  | Stadium: Oriel Park |

Semi Final

| 26 November 1981 | **Dundalk** | **3–1** | Bohemians | Dublin |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

Final

| 27 January 1982 | Dundalk | **1–2** | **Shamrock Rovers** | Dublin |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  | Stadium: Tolka Park
Attendance: 4,000 |

### FAI Cup

Source:

First Round

| 7 February 1982 | **Dundalk** | **1–0** | Thurles Town | Dundalk |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  | Stadium: Oriel Park |

Second Round

| 17 February 1982 | **Dundalk** | **4–3** | Cork United | Dundalk |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  | Stadium: Oriel Park |

Quarter Final

| 7 March 1982 | **Dundalk** | **2–0** | Galway United | Dundalk |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  | Stadium: Oriel Park |

Semi Final

| 2 April 1982 | Dundalk | **3–3** | Bohemians | Dublin |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  | Stadium: Tolka Park |

Semi Final (first replay)

| 6 April 1982 | Dundalk | **0–0** (a.e.t.) | Bohemians | Dublin |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  | Stadium: Glenmalure Park |

Semi Final (second replay)

| 14 April 1982 | Dundalk | **1–1** (a.e.t.) | Bohemians | Dublin |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  | Stadium: Tolka Park |

Semi Final (third replay)

| 21 April 1982 | Dundalk | **1–2** (a.e.t.) | **Bohemians** | Dublin |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  | Stadium: Tolka Park |

### League

Source:

| 10 September 1981 Round 1 | **Dundalk** | **2–0** | **UCD** |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 20 September 1981 Round 2 | **Cork United** | **0–2** | **Dundalk** |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 27 September 1981 Round 3 | **Dundalk** | **3–0** | **Finn Harps** |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 4 October 1981 Round 4 | **Shelbourne** | **0–3** | **Dundalk** |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 11 October 1981 Round 5 | **Dundalk** | **4–0** | **Galway United** |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 18 October 1981 Round 6 | **Thurles Town** | **0–0** | **Dundalk** |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 25 October 1981 Round 7 | **Dundalk** | **1–4** | **Bohemians** |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 1 November 1981 Round 8 | **Drogheda United** | **1–1** | **Dundalk** |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 8 November 1981 Round 9 | **Dundalk** | **3–1** | **Waterford** |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 15 November 1981 Round 10 | **Sligo Rovers** | **2–1** | **Dundalk** |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 22 November 1981 Round 11 | **Dundalk** | **0–1** | **Shamrock Rovers** |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 29 November 1981 Round 12 | **Home Farm** | **2–3** | **Dundalk** |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 6 December 1981 Round 13 | **Dundalk** | **7–1** | **Athlone Town** |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 13 December 1981 Round 14 | **Limerick** | **2–4** | **Dundalk** |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 20 December 1981 Round 15 | **Dundalk** | **2–0** | **St Patrick's Athletic** |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 27 December 1981 Round 16 | **UCD** | **1–1** | **Dundalk** |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 3 January 1982 Round 17 | **Dundalk** | **3–0** | **Cork United** |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 17 January 1982 Round 18 | **Dundalk** | **0–3** | **Shelbourne** |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 24 January 1982 Round 19 | **Galway United** | **1–2** | **Dundalk** |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 31 January 1982 Round 20 | **Dundalk** | **3–0** | **Thurles Town** |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 14 February 1982 Round 21 | **Bohemians** | **0–0** | **Dundalk** |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 21 February 1982 Round 22 | **Dundalk** | **5–1** | **Drogheda United** |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 28 February 1982 Round 23 | **Waterford** | **1–1** | **Dundalk** |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 14 March 1982 Round 24 | **Dundalk** | **1–0** | **Sligo Rovers** |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 17 March 1982 Round 25 | **Finn Harps** | **0–2** | **Dundalk** |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 21 March 1982 Round 26 | **Shamrock Rovers** | **1–1** | **Dundalk** |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 28 March 1982 Round 27 | **Dundalk** | **2–1** | **Home Farm** |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 11 April 1982 Round 28 | **Dundalk** | **1–0** | **Limerick** |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 18 April 1982 Round 29 | **St Patrick's Athletic** | **0–1** | **Dundalk** |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 25 April 1982 Round 30 | **Athlone Town** | **1–2** | **Dundalk** |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

#### League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Home/Away Win/Draw |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Dundalk F.C. | 30 | 20 | 6 | 4 | 61 | 24 | +37 | 80 | AW: 8; HW: 12; AD: 6; HD: 0 |
| 2 | Shamrock Rovers F.C. | 30 | 21 | 3 | 6 | 50 | 23 | +27 | 76 | AW: 9; HW: 12; AD: 1; HD: 2 |
| 3 | Bohemian F.C. | 30 | 17 | 9 | 4 | 50 | 18 | +32 | 72 | AW: 8; HW: 9; AD: 4; HD: 5 |
| 4 | Athlone Town A.F.C. | 30 | 18 | 3 | 9 | 70 | 42 | +28 | 67 | AW: 9; HW: 9; AD: 1; HD: 2 |
| 5 | Sligo Rovers F.C. | 30 | 16 | 5 | 9 | 55 | 45 | +10 | 62 | AW: 7; HW: 9; AD: 2; HD: 3 |
| 6 | Limerick United F.C. | 30 | 13 | 9 | 8 | 56 | 34 | +22 | 58 | AW: 5; HW: 8; AD: 5; HD: 4 |
| 7 | St Patrick's Athletic F.C. | 30 | 14 | 6 | 10 | 49 | 39 | +10 | 56 | AW: 5; HW: 9; AD: 3; HD: 3 |
| 8 | Waterford F.C. | 30 | 12 | 4 | 14 | 39 | 46 | 7 | 47 | AW: 6; HW: 6; AD: 1; HD: 3 |
| 9 | Shelbourne F.C. | 30 | 10 | 7 | 13 | 44 | 46 | 2 | 45 | AW: 5; HW: 5; AD: 3; HD: 4 |
| 10 | Cork United F.C. | 30 | 10 | 6 | 14 | 41 | 50 | 9 | 42 | AW: 2; HW: 8; AD: 4; HD: 2 |
| 11 | Drogheda United F.C. | 30 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 45 | 50 | 5 | 41 | AW: 2; HW: 6; AD: 5; HD: 5 |
| 12 | Home Farm F.C. | 30 | 8 | 7 | 15 | 34 | 48 | 14 | 40 | AW: 5; HW: 3; AD: 4; HD: 3 |
| 13 | University College Dublin A.F.C. | 30 | 7 | 10 | 13 | 30 | 41 | 11 | 37 | AW: 3; HW: 4; AD: 3; HD: 7 |
| 14 | Finn Harps F.C. | 30 | 7 | 4 | 19 | 42 | 61 | 19 | 31 | AW: 3; HW: 4; AD: 3; HD: 1 |
| 15 | Galway United F.C. | 30 | 5 | 8 | 17 | 30 | 62 | 32 | 29 | AW: 2; HW: 3; AD: 4; HD: 4 |
| 16 | Thurles Town F.C. | 30 | 3 | 5 | 22 | 29 | 96 | 67 | 18 | AW: 2; HW: 1; AD: 2; HD: 3 |

Source: rsssf.com
Rules for classification: Points system: 4 for an Away win, 3 for a Home win, 2 for an Away draw, 1 for a Home draw.

### Europe

#### Cup Winners' Cup

First round

| Fram | 2–1 | Dundalk |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Torfason  65'
Steinsson  85' | Report Report 2 | Fairclough  35' |

| Dundalk | 4–0 | Fram |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Flanagan  4'
Fairclough  23'
M. Lawlor  49'
Duff  62' | Report Report 2 |  |

*Dundalk won 5–2 on aggregate.*

Second round

| Dundalk | 1–1 | Tottenham Hotspur |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Fairclough  82' | Report Report 2 | Crooks  63' |

| Tottenham Hotspur | 1–0 | Dundalk |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Crooks  63' | Report Report 2 |  |

## Awards

### Player of the Month

| Month | Player | References |
| --- | --- | --- |
| September | Barry Kehoe |  |
| April | Tommy McConville |  |

Bibliography * Murphy, Jim (2003). *The History of Dundalk F.C.: The First 100 Years*. Dundalgan Press. ASIN B0042SO3R2.
* Graham, Alex. *Football in the Republic of Ireland a Statistical Record 1921–2005*. Soccer Books Limited. ISBN 1-86223-135-4.
* MacSweeney, Niall (1985). *A Record of League of Ireland Football 1921/2 - 1984/5*. Association of Football Statisticians. ASIN B008H2CBJQ.

Citations

## InfoBox

Dundalk
| 1981–82 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Manager | Jim McLaughlin |
| League of Ireland | **1st (champions)** |
| FAI Cup | Semi-final |
| League Cup | First round |
| President's Cup | **Winners** |
| Leinster Senior Cup | Runners-up |
| European Cup Winners' Cup | Second round |
| Top goalscorer | League:
Mick Fairclough (15)
All:
Mick Fairclough (20) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Way to Go (TV series)

abstract: Way to Go is a British television sitcom created by American television writer and producer Bob Kushell. It centers on three men who started an assisted suicide business. The series premiered on BBC Three on 17 January 2013. In July 2013, BBC Three announced the show's cancellation after one series and six 30-minute episodes.

text:
# Way to Go (TV series)

***Way to Go*** is a British television sitcom created by American television writer and producer Bob Kushell. It centers on three men who started an assisted suicide business. The series premiered on BBC Three on 17 January 2013. In July 2013, BBC Three announced the show's cancellation after one series and six 30-minute episodes.

## Regular cast and characters

* Blake Harrison as Scott, a receptionist at a veterinary clinic who dropped out of medical school when he could not afford to pay for it. As the moral central of the show, Scott constantly struggles with the implications of the business of death, and how it opens up life opportunities for him and his friends.
* Ben Heathcote as Joey, Scott's womanising, wise-cracking half-brother with a gambling addiction.
* Marc Wootton as Cozzo, Scott's waggish pal who works as a fast-food machine repair technician.
* Laura Aikman as Julia, the daughter of Paddy the first client of the assisted suicide business. She ends up becoming Scott's girlfriend.
* Sinead Matthews as Debbie, Cozzo's extraordinarily tolerant, newly pregnant wife, who also happens to be a police officer.
* Hannah Job as Lucie, Scott's attractive but somewhat vapid ex-girlfriend.
* Melanie Jessop as Dr Jill, Scott's machiavellian, sexually harassing boss. She is the veterinarian at the pet clinic.

## Episodes

| # | Title | Writer | Director | Original air date | Viewers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "The Beginning of the End" | Bob Kushell | Catherine Morshead | 17 January 2013 (2013-01-17) | TBA |
| Scott, fresh off being dumped by his girlfriend, helps prevent his brother Joey from being killed by money-lenders by reluctantly agreeing to an offer to assist the terminally ill man across the hall with his suicide. Scott employs his friend Cozzo to help build the machine that will do it. But Cozzo, whose prying wife Debbie is a police officer, decides that if he's going to take the risk, they should turn assisted-suicide into a business. | | | | | | |
| 2 | "The Business End of Things" | Bob Kushell | Catherine Morshead | 24 January 2013 (2013-01-24) | TBA |
| When the guys' second client deems their assisted-suicide operation amateurish, Scott drags his bumbling group to a business seminar, where things get even more unprofessional. Joey, meanwhile, still owes money to his lender and, as punishment, has to sadistically punish someone else. | | | | | | |
| 3 | "The Be-All and End-All" | Bob Kushell | Catherine Morshead | 31 January 2013 (2013-01-31) | TBA |
| Scott dances on the edge when he falls for Julia – who is his first client, Paddy's, beautiful daughter. Julia's on a search for Paddy's valuable George Best football boots, the very thing her father gave Scott as payment for assisting him with his suicide. Will Scott keep her from discovering his illegal business? Joey romances a Goth girl on the floor of a chicken restaurant, and Cozzo's wife Debbie becomes suspicious after finding his hidden stash of money. Meanwhile, the three friends make a dirty old man's final wish come true. | | | | | | |
| 4 | "The Bitter End" | Russell Arch | Catherine Morshead | 7 February 2013 (2013-02-07) | TBA |
| When Scott's troubles in the bedroom are exacerabated by his sexual harassment at work, he plans a special night for Julia. Joey falls off the gambling wagon and Cozzo has to pretend he's Jewish in order to satisfy a client's dying needs. | | | | | | |
| 5 | "Dead End" | Brian Dooley | Catherine Morshead | 14 February 2013 (2013-02-14) | TBA |
| Scott and Cozzo force Joey to go to a gambling addicts group, only to have it backfire on their business. Cozzo decides to get healthy for his baby. Scott, in a desperate move to get Julia back, claims he's struggling with an addiction of his own: sex. | | | | | | |
| 6 | "The End of the Beginning" | Jeff Greenstein | Jeff Greenstein | 21 February 2013 (2013-02-21) | TBA |
| After Julia breaks up with Scott, he decides to get away and suggests the guys splurge on a corporate retreat at a beautiful hotel in the country. While there, Cozzo faces his body issues, Scott hooks up with his ex-girlfriend and Joey meets his childhood hero, an 80s TV star (Warren Clarke) who asks Joey to help him die. | | | | | | |

## Music

The show's theme tune, "Superstar Luck Machine", was composed by Ian Masterson.

## Controversy

A week and a half before the show began airing, Tory MP, Mark Pritchard, publicly criticised the BBC for commissioning the program and turning the subject of assisted dying into "a matter of fun".

## InfoBox

| *Way to Go* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Sitcom |
| Created by | Bob Kushell |
| Starring |  |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Original language | English |
| No. of series | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 6 |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Jon Plowman |
| Producer | Justin Davies |
| Running time | 30 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | BBC Three |
| Release | 17 January (2013-01-17) <br>21 February 2013 (2013-02-21) |


title: Narrative exposure therapy

abstract: Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET) is a short-term psychotherapy used for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder and other trauma-related mental disorders. It creates a written account of the traumatic experiences of a patient or group of patients, with the aim of recapturing self-respect and acknowledging the patient's value. NET is an individual treatment, NETfacts is a format for communities. Narrative Exposure Therapy is a subtype of Written Exposure Therapy. NET was created in Germany in the early 2000s.

text:
# Narrative exposure therapy

**Narrative Exposure Therapy** (**NET**) is a short-term psychotherapy used for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder and other trauma-related mental disorders. It creates a written account of the traumatic experiences of a patient or group of patients, with the aim of recapturing self-respect and acknowledging the patient's value. NET is an individual treatment, NETfacts is a format for communities. Narrative Exposure Therapy is a subtype of Written Exposure Therapy.

NET was created in Germany in the early 2000s.

## Key elements

### Lifeline

NET is conducted around the use of the lifeline, which serves as a reference point for both the therapist and the patient during the therapy.

Creating a lifeline occurs during the first session A lifeline is a physical representation of one's life; therefore, different symbols are used to reconstitute the patient's lifeline, especially flowers and stones. Flowers represent good/positive events, whereas stones represent the bad/negative events of the patient's life. Symbols' size, shape, and color may also be used to indicate events with greater or lesser intensity or significance. It is up to the patient to decide on placing and choosing these symbols to reconstitute their lifeline. The largest stones are then chosen to be dealt with since they represent the greatest traumas the patient needs to reprocess or overcome. Building a lifeline can also help strengthen the therapeutic relationship and create an estimation of the number of sessions a patient may need.

### Narration

Narrations are a product of the therapy. In the end of a therapy, the narration is read and given to the patient. It is supposed to be a representative summary of the patient's life, even including some details. Narrations are expected to be taken by the patient to help them overcome their trauma and mental problems. Narrations are helpful for the patient to re-process their memories of the past, particularly the trauma, and reorganize their thoughts; which should ultimately reduce the recurrence of bad memories that are responsible for the suffering of to the patient.

## Adaptations

* NET: aimed at a general public
* KidNET: aimed at children and adolescents
* FORNET: aimed at perpetrators

## Efficacy

Studies have shown NET to reduce symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression, but few comparisons have been made to other available treatments.

It is conditionally recommended for treatment of PTSD by the American Psychological Association.

## References cited


title: The Call of the Savage

abstract: The Call of the Savage (1935) is a Universal film serial based on the story Jan of the Jungle by Otis Adelbert Kline. It was directed by Lew Landers and released by Universal Pictures.

text:
# The Call of the Savage

***The Call of the Savage*** (1935) is a Universal film serial based on the story *Jan of the Jungle* by Otis Adelbert Kline. It was directed by Lew Landers and released by Universal Pictures.

## Plot

Two teams of scientists scour the dark jungles of Africa to find a secret formula.

### Chapter titles

1. Shipwrecked
2. Captured by Cannibals
3. Stampeding Death
4. Terrors of the Jungle
5. The Plunge of Peril
6. Thundering Waters
7. The Hidden Monster
8. Jungle Treachery
9. The Avenging Fire God
10. Descending Doom
11. The Dragon Strikes
12. The Pit of Flame

## Cast

## Production

*Call of the Savage* features "Jan, the Jungle Boy" and was based on "Jan of the Jungle" by Otis Adelbert Kline, a successful pulp story which rivalled the Tarzan series.

In 1956 material from this serial was edited into a 70-minute film called ***Savage Fury***.

## InfoBox

| The Call of the Savage | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Lew Landers |
| Written by | Basil Dickey
Nate Gatzert
George H. Plympton |
| Produced by | Milton Gatzert
Henry MacRae |
| Starring | Noah Beery Jr.
Dorothy Short
Harry Woods
Bryant Washburn |
| Cinematography | William A. Sickner
Richard Fryer |
| Edited by | Irving Applebaum
Saul A. Goodkind
Alvin Todd
Edward Todd |
| Distributed by | Universal Pictures |
| Release date | * 1935 (1935) |
| Running time | 12 chapters (231 min) |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Wang Hai (admiral)

abstract: Wang Hai is a vice admiral of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN). He served as Commander of the South Sea Fleet from 2017 to 2023. He formerly served as a Deputy Commander of the PLA Navy.

text:
# Wang Hai (admiral)

**Wang Hai** (Chinese: 王海; pinyin: *Wáng Hǎi*; born December 1960) is a vice admiral of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN). He served as Commander of the South Sea Fleet from 2017 to 2023. He formerly served as a Deputy Commander of the PLA Navy.

## Career

Wang Hai served for many years in the PLA Navy's South Sea Fleet. He attained the rank of rear admiral in July 2010. In September 2012, when *Liaoning*, China's first aircraft carrier was commissioned into service, Wang Hai was named the first commander of its carrier battle group.

In March 2014, Wang became chief of staff of the PLAN's North Sea Fleet, succeeding rear admiral Wei Gang. In July 2015, he was appointed a deputy commander of the PLA Navy.

In August 2015, Wang Hai and Vice Admiral Aleksandr Fedotenkov of the Russian Navy commanded the Joint Sea-2015 (II) in Vladivostok, a joint naval exercise conducted by the Chinese and Russian navies.

In July 2016, he was promoted to the rank of vice admiral (*zhong jiang*).

## InfoBox

| Wang Hai | |
| --- | --- |
| 王海 | |
| Wang Hai in 2016 | |
|  | |
| Commander of the South Sea Fleet | |
| **In office**
January 2017  February 2023 | |
| Preceded by | Shen Jinlong |
| Succeeded by | Ju Xinchun |
| Deputy Commander of the People's Liberation Army Navy | |
| **In office**
July 2015  January 2017 | |
| Commander | Wu Shengli |
| Preceded by | Du Jingchen |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | December 1960 (age 63) |
| Political party | Chinese Communist Party |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Chinese Communist Party |
| Branch/service | People's Liberation Army Navy |
| Years of service | ?–present |
| Rank | Vice Admiral |
|  | |


title: Skylon (Festival of Britain)

abstract: The Skylon was a futuristic-looking, slender, vertical, cigar-shaped steel tensegrity structure located by the Thames in London, that gave the illusion of floating above the ground, built in 1951 for the Festival of Britain. A popular joke of the period was that, like the British economy of 1951, "It had no visible means of support".

text:
# Skylon (Festival of Britain)

The **Skylon** was a futuristic-looking, slender, vertical, cigar-shaped steel tensegrity structure located by the Thames in London, that gave the illusion of floating above the ground, built in 1951 for the Festival of Britain.

A popular joke of the period was that, like the British economy of 1951, "It had no visible means of support".

## Construction

The Skylon was the "Vertical Feature" that was an abiding symbol of the Festival of Britain. It was designed by Hidalgo Moya, Philip Powell and Felix Samuely, and fabricated by Painter Brothers of Hereford, England, on London's South Bank between Westminster Bridge and Hungerford Bridge. The Skylon consisted of a steel latticework frame, pointed at both ends and supported on cables slung between three steel beams. The partially constructed Skylon was rigged vertically, then grew taller in situ. The architects' design was made structurally feasible by the engineer Felix Samuely who, at the time, was a lecturer at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in Bedford Square, Bloomsbury. The base was nearly 15 metres (50 feet) from the ground, with the top nearly 90 metres (300 feet) high. The frame was clad in aluminium louvres lit from within at night. Questions were asked in Parliament regarding the danger to visitors from lightning-strikes to the Skylon, and the papers reported that it was duly roped off at one point, in anticipation of a forecast thunderstorm.

### Name

Both the name and form of the Skylon most likely referenced the Trylon feature of the 1939 New York World's Fair. The name was suggested by Mrs A. G. S. Fidler, wife of the chief architect of the Crawley Development Corporation. Moya wrote, "We were unimpressed at first but soon came to accept that, by combining the suggestions of Pylon, Sky and Nylon (a fascinating new material in 1951), it was wonderfully descriptive name which has lasted forty years, considerably longer than the structure itself."

### Incidents

A few days before the King and Queen visited the exhibition in May 1951, Skylon was climbed at midnight by Philip Gurdon, a student at Birkbeck College, who attached a University of London Air Squadron scarf near the top. Police constable Frederick Hicks was sent up to retrieve the scarf the following morning.

## Demolition

In spite of its popularity with the public, the £30,000 cost of dismantling and re-erecting the Skylon elsewhere (equivalent to £800,000 as of 2023) was deemed too much for a government struggling with post-war austerity. Skylon was removed in 1952 when the rest of the exhibition was dismantled, on the orders of Winston Churchill, who saw the Festival and its architectural structures as a symbol of the preceding Labour Government's vision of a new socialist Britain.

Speculation as to the Skylon's fate included theories from Jude Kelly, artistic director of the Southbank Centre, that it was thrown into the River Lea in east London, dumped into the Thames, buried under Jubilee Gardens, made into souvenirs or sold as scrap. The base is preserved in the Museum of London and the wind cups are held in a private collection. An investigation was carried out by the *Front Row* programme on BBC Radio 4 and the result was broadcast on 8 March 2011. It was revealed that the Skylon and the roof of the Dome of Discovery had been sold to George Cohen, Sons and Company scrap metal dealers of Wood Lane, Hammersmith, and dismantled at their works in Bidder Street, Canning Town, on the banks of the River Lea. Some of the metal fragments were then made into a series of commemorative paper-knives and other artefacts. The inscriptions on the paper-knives read "600" and "Made from the aluminium alloy roof sheets which covered the Dome of Discovery at the Festival of Britain, South Bank. The Dome, Skylon and 10 other buildings on the site, were dismantled by George Cohen and Sons and Company Ltd during six months of 1952."

The former location of the Skylon is the riverside promenade between the London Eye and Hungerford Bridge, alongside the Jubilee Gardens (the former site of the Dome of Discovery).

## 2007 Skylon restaurant

In May 2007 D&D London (formerly Conran Restaurants) opened a new restaurant named Skylon on the third floor of the Royal Festival Hall. This restaurant had previously been named The Peoples Palace.

* Articles from *The Times* between 1951 and 1952

1. "The Reunion – Festival of Britain". BBC Radio 4.
2. Henry Grant. "The Skylon in construction". Museum of London. Archived from the original (photo) on 30 July 2013.
3. "Ropes round the Skylon". *The Guardian*. 19 May 1951. p. 5. Retrieved 1 February 2021.  via newspapers.com (subscription required)
4. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC, Great Britain and Ireland 1900 AD-present, 1951,
5. *The Times*, Saturday, Nov 11, 1950
6. Hidalgo Moya, "Rebuild the Skylon!" Archived 2009-01-06 at the Wayback Machine
7. "Skylon, Festival of Britain centrepiece, and Hereford", BCC, 25 February 2011
8. UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". *MeasuringWorth*. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
9. The Labour Party who had been in government since July 1945, lost the general election in October 1951.
10. Skyscraper news,
11. Glancey, Jonathan (9 July 2008). "Skylon: is there a point in rebuilding it?". *The Guardian*. London. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
12. Brown, Mark (19 January 2011). "Skylon's the limit for Festival of Britain rerun". *The Guardian*. London.
13. Singh, Anita (20 January 2011). "Festival of Britain: divers to search for missing Skylon". *The Telegraph*. London. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
14. BBC Radio 4, Front Row, Skylon investigation

51°30′17″N 0°7′7″W / 51.50472°N 0.11861°W / 51.50472; -0.11861


title: Vlkoš (Přerov District)

abstract: Vlkoš is a municipality and village in Přerov District in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants. Vlkoš lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south-west of Přerov, 25 km (16 mi) south-east of Olomouc, and 228 km (142 mi) east of Prague.

text:
# Vlkoš (Přerov District)

**Vlkoš** is a municipality and village in Přerov District in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants.

Vlkoš lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south-west of Přerov, 25 km (16 mi) south-east of Olomouc, and 228 km (142 mi) east of Prague.

## Administrative parts

The village of Kanovsko is an administrative part of Vlkoš.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 901 |  |
| 1880 | 1,040 | +15.4% |
| 1890 | 1,069 | +2.8% |
| 1900 | 1,090 | +2.0% |
| 1910 | 1,180 | +8.3% |
| 1921 | 1,168 | −1.0% |
| 1930 | 1,109 | −5.1% |
| 1950 | 991 | −10.6% |
| 1961 | 936 | −5.5% |
| 1970 | 849 | −9.3% |
| 1980 | 756 | −11.0% |
| 1991 | 733 | −3.0% |
| 2001 | 744 | +1.5% |
| 2011 | 678 | −8.9% |
| 2021 | 643 | −5.2% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## InfoBox

| Vlkoš | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Centre with the Church of Saint Procopius | |
|  | |
| VlkošLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 49°23′45″N 17°25′9″E / 49.39583°N 17.41917°E / 49.39583; 17.41917 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | Olomouc |
| District | Přerov |
| First mentioned | 1294 |
| Area | |
| Total | 8.95 km2 (3.46 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 200 m (700 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 678 |
| Density | 76/km2 (200/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 751 19 |
| Website | www.obecvlkos.cz |


title: Marien

abstract:
Marien may refer to:
  - Domkirche St. Marien, the modern Roman Catholic cathedral in Sankt Georg, Hamburg, Germany
  - Mariendom (Hamburg), the ancient cathedral in Altstadt, Hamburg, Holy Roman Empire, demolished between 1804 and 1807
  - Mariendom, the Roman Catholic cathedral of Speyer, Palatinate, Germany
  - Marien Ngouabi University, the only state-funded university in the Republic of Congo
  - Marién, a chiefdom of Hispaniola
  - Saint-Marien, commune in the Creuse department in central France
  - Sankt Marien, municipality in the district Linz-Land in Upper Austria, Austria
  - Stade Joseph Marien, multi-use stadium in Brussels, Belgium, named after the sports administrator Joseph Marien

text:
# Marien

**Marien** may refer to:

* Domkirche St. Marien (English: St. Mary's Cathedral), the modern Roman Catholic cathedral in Sankt Georg, Hamburg, Germany
* Mariendom (Hamburg) (English: St. Mary's Cathedral), the ancient cathedral in Altstadt, Hamburg, Holy Roman Empire, demolished between 1804 and 1807
* Mariendom (English: St. Mary's Cathedral), the Roman Catholic cathedral of Speyer, Palatinate, Germany
* Marien Ngouabi University, the only state-funded university in the Republic of Congo
* Marién, a chiefdom of Hispaniola
* Saint-Marien, commune in the Creuse department in central France
* Sankt Marien, municipality in the district Linz-Land in Upper Austria, Austria
* Stade Joseph Marien, multi-use stadium in Brussels, Belgium, named after the sports administrator Joseph Marien (died 1933)

## People


title: Mordellistena carinata

abstract: Mordellistena carinata is a beetle in the genus Mordellistena of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1930 by Ray.

text:
# Mordellistena carinata

***Mordellistena carinata*** is a beetle in the genus *Mordellistena* of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1930 by Ray.

## InfoBox

| *Mordellistena carinata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Mordellidae |
| Genus: | *Mordellistena* |
| Species: | ***M. carinata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mordellistena carinata***<br>Ray, 1930 | |
|


title: Weißenthurm (Verbandsgemeinde)

abstract:
Weißenthurm is a Verbandsgemeinde in the district of Mayen-Koblenz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The seat of the municipality is in Weißenthurm. The Verbandsgemeinde of Weißenthurm is a local authority in the Mayen-Koblenz district in Rhineland-Palatinate. The municipality has two towns namely Mülheim-Kärlich and Weißenthurm and there are also five other local municipalities. The administrative headquarters of the town is also of the same name, Weißenthurm. It has 35,279 residents and is one of the largest municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate. The Verbandsgemeinde Weißenthurm consists of the following Ortsgemeinden:
  - Bassenheim
  - Kaltenengers
  - Kettig
  - Mülheim-Kärlich
  - Sankt Sebastian
  - Urmitz
  - Weißenthurm

text:
# Weißenthurm (Verbandsgemeinde)

**Weißenthurm** is a *Verbandsgemeinde* ("collective municipality") in the district of Mayen-Koblenz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The seat of the municipality is in Weißenthurm. The Verbandsgemeinde of Weißenthurm is a local authority in the Mayen-Koblenz district in Rhineland-Palatinate. The municipality has two towns namely Mülheim-Kärlich and Weißenthurm and there are also five other local municipalities. The administrative headquarters of the town is also of the same name, Weißenthurm. It has 35,279 residents and is one of the largest municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate.

The *Verbandsgemeinde* Weißenthurm consists of the following *Ortsgemeinden* ("local municipalities"):

1. Bassenheim
2. Kaltenengers
3. Kettig
4. Mülheim-Kärlich
5. Sankt Sebastian
6. Urmitz
7. Weißenthurm

50°24′50″N 7°27′40″E / 50.414°N 7.461°E / 50.414; 7.461

## List of mayors

Following are the list of Mayors of the municipality:

* 1977–2010: Walter Weinbach (CDU)
* 2010–2018: Georg Hollmann (CDU)
* since 2018: Thomas Przybylla (CDU)

In the direct election on November 19, 2017, Thomas Przybylla defeated his only opponent Sven Kreienbrock (SPD) with a share of the vote of 72.9%. He began his eight-year term on June 27, 2018. His predecessor Georg Hollmann did not run again.


title: Narrative journalism

abstract: Narrative journalism, also referred to as literary journalism, is defined as creative nonfiction that contains accurate, well-researched information. It is related to immersion journalism, where a writer follows a subject or theme for a long period of time and details an individual's experiences from a deeply personal perspective.

text:
# Narrative journalism

**Narrative journalism**, also referred to as literary journalism, is defined as creative nonfiction that contains accurate, well-researched information. It is related to immersion journalism, where a writer follows a subject or theme for a long period of time (weeks or months) and details an individual's experiences from a deeply personal perspective.

## History

One of the first "non-fiction" novels of investigative journalism was *Operación Masacre,* completed in 1957 by the Argentinean Rodolfo Walsh. Truman Capote's *In Cold Blood* (1966) was one of the first English-language examples of the genre, and it has since been established as a historic example of narrative journalism in novel form. Capote demonstrated to writers the possibility of using creative techniques while retaining the guidelines of journalism.

Though Capote claims to have invented this new form of journalism (i.e., "New Journalism"), the origins of literary journalism can be traced much earlier. Characteristics of narrative journalism can be found in Daniel Defoe's writing in the 18th century, as well as in writings of Mark Twain in the 19th century and James Agee, Ernest Hemingway, and John Steinbeck in the early to mid-20th century. For example, Jack London's investigative reporting on poverty in *The People of the Abyss* (1903) is often seen as an early example of narrative journalism, as London—disguised as a tramp—is both an active participant in and the author of the narrative.

Capote's contemporary Tom Wolfe wrote *The New Journalism* in 1974 and is credited with popularizing discussion on the appropriateness of narrative in journalism. He cites Gay Talese as the "father" of New Journalism in "The Gay Talese Reader," arguing that Talese exemplifies the foundations of narrative journalism.

Today, many nonfiction novels use narrative journalism to tell their stories. Print publications such as *Harper's*, *The New Yorker*, *Esquire*, *Rolling Stone*, and *The Village Voice* are also welcome homes to narrative journalists.

Many mainstream newspaper publications are still wary of supporting narrative journalism due to time and space constraints, though some will print an occasional narrative in Sunday features or a supplemental magazine.

## Definitions of Narrative Journalism

The definitions of narrative journalism vary. Some prefer to refer to the genre as "literary journalism" to emphasize the use of literary devices or techniques, while others use the broad term "creative non-fiction" to distinguish the genre from "hard" journalism. Simply put, narrative is the way in which a story is constructed through a particular point of view and arrangement of events. The Nieman Program on Narrative Journalism, launched in 2001, aims to provide a center for the teaching, learning, and practice of narrative journalism. The Nieman Foundation defines narrative journalism as more than simply telling stories: it is a complex genre with multiple layers and contexts that, when done well, has the capacity to reform newspapers and make them essential and compelling. Broadly speaking, some critical elements of narrative journalism include the following:

* It contains accurate, well-researched information and is interesting to read.
* It looks at intriguing people, human emotions, and real situations. It provides the private story behind the public story.
* It reaches past the ordinary by blending the reportage of facts with the writing style of fiction.

Mark Kramer, former director of the Nieman Program on Narrative Journalism, says it is “journalism that doesn’t assume the reader is a robot, that acknowledges the reader knows lots and feels and snickers and gets wild.” Kramer stresses the importance of voice. Readers have their coffee with the newspaper in the morning, he says. They want to understand and even identify with the news voice; but regular news reporting is anonymous and restrained, leaving the reader feeling lonely. When you have an audience made up of so many disparate sorts of people it seems noble to appeal to the lowest common denominator and just talk about the facts. But what happens is depersonalization of the news voice – narrative journalism aims to put the human voice back at the breakfast table. Kramer defines narrative journalism as writing that contains the following elements:

1. Set scenes;
2. Characters;
3. Action that unfolds over time;
4. Voice that has personality;
5. A relationship with the audience; and
6. Destination – a theme, a purpose, and a reason.

## Online narrative journalism

One high-profile example of the effective use of narrative journalism online can be found in the *Philadelphia Inquirer*'s nonfiction serial "Black Hawk Down". The 1997 online newspaper series chronicled the American raid of Mogadishu and based their stories on interviews with the soldiers who fought in the battle. The story became part illustrated book, part documentary and part radio program and allowed readers to explore the story in depth.

With the availability of free publishing online today, narrative journalism has become a popular form used by writers eager to give their personal perspectives on noteworthy events and public issues.

*Salon* and *Slate* are two of the most popular forums for narrative journalism. Other sites devoted to this craft include *Creative Nonfiction* and *Atlantic Unbound*, and with the increasing popularity of citizen journalism there exists potential for more to explore on the scene to cater to a variety of niches.

*Six Billion*, founded in 2003, was an online magazine of narrative journalism that attempted to tackle an issue from several perspectives. Each issue (themed by one topic such as "Battleground States" or "Veterans of Foreign Wars") featured stories told in text, film/video, photography, sound, illustration, and interactive media.

## Issues with narrative journalism

"A narrative does not depart from the cardinal rule: Make nothing up or you'll be out of here and working at the Sunglass Hut so fast it'll make your head spin around. A narrative is a journalistic form that has fallen into considerable disfavor in the wake of our craft's ceaseless, self-flagellating credibility crisis" — Patrick Beach, *Austin American-Statesman*.

Since so much of narrative journalism is based on a writer reconstructing his or her experiences, many professionals in the news industry find themselves wary of using this technique because it is often harder to verify facts within the story. In a post-Jayson Blair era, those concerned with the ethics of honest reporting and writing are cautious of journalistic storytelling that may be manipulating facts to make the reader more emotionally invested.

Also, narrative journalism has not yet found a definite home in the newsroom because of the nature of news reporting. Long-form journalism is something that most journalists are not trained for, and incredible hard-news beat reporters are not necessarily great storytellers.

Narrative journalism cannot be practiced in every setting.


title: Zabytów

abstract: Zabytów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Skierbieszów, within Zamość County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) north-west of Skierbieszów, 19 km (12 mi) north of Zamość, and 64 km (40 mi) south-east of the regional capital Lublin.

text:
# Zabytów

**Zabytów** \[zaˈbɨtuf\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Skierbieszów, within Zamość County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) north-west of Skierbieszów, 19 km (12 mi) north of Zamość, and 64 km (40 mi) south-east of the regional capital Lublin.

## InfoBox

| Zabytów | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Zabytów | |
| Coordinates: 50°53′N 23°16′E / 50.883°N 23.267°E / 50.883; 23.267 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Zamość |
| Gmina | Skierbieszów |


title: Zabërzan

abstract: Zabërzan is a village in the former municipality of Çepan in Berat County, Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Skrapar.

text:
# Zabërzan

**Zabërzan** is a village in the former municipality of Çepan in Berat County, Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Skrapar.

## InfoBox

| Zabërzan | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Zabërzan | |
| Coordinates: 40°26′N 20°16′E / 40.433°N 20.267°E / 40.433; 20.267 | |
| Country | Albania |
| County | Berat |
| Municipality | Skrapar |
| Municipal unit | Çepan |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Nasal congestion

abstract: Nasal congestion is the partial or complete blockage of nasal passages, leading to impaired nasal breathing, usually due to membranes lining the nose becoming swollen from inflammation of blood vessels.

text:
# Nasal congestion

**Nasal congestion** is the partial or complete blockage of nasal passages, leading to impaired nasal breathing, usually due to membranes lining the nose becoming swollen from inflammation of blood vessels.

## Background

In about 85% of cases, nasal congestion leads to mouth breathing rather than nasal breathing. According to Jason Turowski, MD of the Cleveland Clinic, "we are designed to breathe through our noses from birth—it's the way humans have evolved." This is referred to as "obligate nasal breathing."

Nasal congestion can interfere with hearing and speech. Significant congestion may interfere with sleep, cause snoring, and can be associated with sleep apnea or upper airway resistance syndrome. In children, nasal congestion from enlarged adenoids has caused chronic sleep apnea with insufficient oxygen levels and hypoxia. The problem usually resolves after surgery to remove the adenoids and tonsils, however the problem often relapses later in life due to craniofacial alterations from chronic nasal congestion.

## Causes

### Nasal obstruction

Nasal obstruction characterized by insufficient airflow through the nose can be a subjective sensation or the result of objective pathology. It is difficult to quantify by subjective complaints or clinical examinations alone, hence both clinicians and researchers depend both on concurrent subjective assessment and on objective measurement of the nasal airway.

Prevalence of kyphosis has been linked to nasal obstruction in a study.

## Treatment

According to WebMD, congestion can be addressed through the use of a humidifier, warm showers, drinking fluids, using a neti pot, using a nasal saline spray, and sleeping with one's head elevated. It also recommends a number of over the counter decongestants and antihistamines. A 2012 study concluded that combining nasal sprays with "nasal breathing exercises" (NBE) led to improvement of symptoms. Though it may seem an odd recommendation, crying may also be helpful.

The Cleveland Clinic also states that congestion may be a sign of a deviated septum, a condition that needs to be addressed by a doctor.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Nasal congestion | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | Nasal blockage, nasal obstruction, blocked nose, stuffy nose, plugged nose |
|  | |
| Medical products for diminution of nasal congestion | |
| Specialty | Otorhinolaryngology |


title: Nasira Zuberi

abstract: Nasira Zuberi is a Pakistani poet and a journalist.

text:
# Nasira Zuberi

**Nasira Zuberi** is a Pakistani poet and a journalist.

## Early life and career

Nasira Zuberi comes from a literary family background, she got her early education from her home town, Lahore and received a master's degree in Economics from the University of Punjab. She started her career in 1988 as a reporter for Business Recorder, Pakistan's first business daily newspaper. She was later promoted to the position of senior reporter where she served until the late nineties. She covered news about the Pakistani parliament's upper and lower houses besides covering economic affairs. She published her first volume of poetry, *Shagoon* in the 1990s.

Nasira Zuberi shifted gears and went into electronic media in 1999. In the beginning, she produced and directed Business Review for Ptv World. Then in 2002, Jang Group of Publications started Geo TV. Nasira was part of the launching team of Geo TV and was soon promoted to the position of business editor.

When Recorder Television Network planned to launch Aaj TV; she was the one who was chosen to lead this venture. She served there as Controller News and Current Affairs and within a short period of time, enabled the newly created channel to be able to compete with the other top news channels. Under her guidance, this news channel's exclusive coverage of the Balochistan situation and 2005 Kashmir earthquake gained international acclaim.

Other Media moguls were also interested in the new field of electronic media. Pakistani Advertisement guru Taher A. Khan was also one of them. He shared his dream of his own news channel with Nasira and decided to embark on yet another venture. And within a short span of one year, Nasira made this dream a reality. In 2012, she is heading the team of *News One (Pakistani TV channel)* that has caught the viewers' attention right from its launching.

## Books

Nasira Zuberi launched her second book called "Kaanch Ka Chiragh" on 9 December 2012 – the ceremony was held at the Karachi Arts Council where many big names from the media were present.

In her book, Nasira Zuberi made comments on life by portraying it through a common human being's perspective. Her novel is basically a reflection of her life experience preserved in a very touching manner.

In May 2017, Nasira Zuberi launched another book of her poetry at Karachi Press Club titled 'Teesra Qadam' at an event that had many journalists attending the ceremony. Journalist Anwar Shaoor stated in his speech that noted Pakistani literary figures like Pirzada Qasim, Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi, Ahmed Faraz and Muhammad Ali Siddiqui had praised Nasira Zuberi's poetry.


title: Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker (Milan)

abstract: Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker is a bronze cast of the marble sculpture of the same name by Antonio Canova. It was commissioned from Canova in spring 1807 by Charles-Jean-Marie Alquier, French ambassador to Rome, commissioned it from Canova for 5,000 Louis as a gift to Eugene de Beauharnais, viceroy of the Kingdom of Italy. It was cast in 1811 and De Beauharnais sent it to Milan in May 1812, but the city found it difficult to find a site for it. It was finally moved to its present site in the main courtyard of the Palazzo di Brera (now the Pinacoteca di Brera and inaugurated there on 14 August 1859 during Napoleon III's visit.

text:
# Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker (Milan)

***Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker*** is a bronze cast of the marble sculpture of the same name by Antonio Canova. It was commissioned from Canova in spring 1807 by Charles-Jean-Marie Alquier, French ambassador to Rome, commissioned it from Canova for 5,000 Louis as a gift to Eugene de Beauharnais, viceroy of the Kingdom of Italy. It was cast in 1811 and De Beauharnais sent it to Milan in May 1812, but the city found it difficult to find a site for it. It was finally moved to its present site in the main courtyard of the Palazzo di Brera (now the Pinacoteca di Brera and inaugurated there on 14 August 1859 during Napoleon III's visit.


title: Zaim Imamović

abstract: Zaim Imamović was a Bosnian sevdalinka-folk singer, accordionist and author.

text:
# Zaim Imamović

**Zaim Imamović** (Serbian Cyrillic: Заим Имамовић; 26 August 1920 – 2 February 1994) was a Bosnian sevdalinka-folk singer, accordionist and author.

## Biography

Imamović was born into a Bosnian Muslim family in Mrkonjić Grad and after a year his family moved to Travnik and there he lived for fifteen years when, in 1936, he moved to Sarajevo. He lived in Sarajevo for the rest of his life occasionally vacationing in Počitelj where he had a cottage. In Sarajevo he attended textile school and was discovered by a choir leader Cvjetko Rihtman in the cultural society "Gajret" where his sister Đula and his brother Hadžo also sang. When Radio Sarajevo became operational following the liberation of Sarajevo in April 1945, he started performing on and became an employee of Radio Sarajevo, often sleeping under the piano overnight so not to miss the morning telecast.

At that time he performed three sevdah songs: "Gledaj me draga", "Konja vodim, pješke hodim" and "Mujo kuje konja po mjesecu" and became very popular (the last of the three songs is one of the most popular sevdah songs ever). His popularity increased in time and he is said to be the best sevdalinka performer of his time and a reformer of the genre. Some of his most popular sevdalinkas are: "Haj, Moščanice vodo plemenita", "Od kako sam sevdah svezo", "Okreni se niz đul-bašču", "Haj, sadih almu na sred Atmejdana", "Ja zagrizoh šareniku jabuku", "Đul Fatima po đul-bašči šeće", "Kad puhnuše sabah-zorski vjetrovi"...

Zaim Imamović was under influence of important sevdah singers of the time: Rešad Bešlagić, Sulejman Džakić, Ibrahim Ašćerić, and others. Together with them he developed an important new style of sevdah singing that was peculiar for radio performance. It was a sharp contrast to earlier singers influenced by bel canto traditions of the European discography market: Bora Janjić, Sofka Nikolić, and others...

Zaim Imamović wrote some of the most popular sevdalinkas: "Sve behara i sve cvjeta", "O, jeseni, tugo moja", "Nesretan sam, majko moja mila", "Kono moja", "Što je lijepo vrelo Mošćanice", "Zašto si me majko rodila"...

He was one of the founders of the Ilidža Folk Music Festival in Sarajevo. After initial success of the festival, intending to stir up new trends in traditional music, Zaim Imamović retreated from the festival at the beginning of 1970s.

Zaim Imamović died in Sarajevo during the Siege of Sarajevo, on 2 February 1994.

** Farah Tahirbegović and Damir Imamović*, *eds*. *Pjesma srca moga: stotinu najljepših pjesama Zaima Imamovića.* *Annotated songs and CD*. *Sarajevo: Buybook publishing house*, *2004*.

## InfoBox

| Zaim Imamović | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1920-08-26)26 August 1920
Mrkonjić Grad, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes |
| Died | 2 February 1994(1994-02-02) (aged 73)
Sarajevo, Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Occupations | * musician * singer * author |
| Years active | 1939–94 |
| **Musical career** | |
| Genres |  |
| Instrument | * vocals |
| Labels |  |
|  | |


title: Yvert et Tellier

abstract: Yvert et Tellier is a postage stamp dealer and a philatelic publishing company founded in 1895 in the northern French city of Amiens, where the head office is still located. The logo is a circle divided into a snowflake and a smiling sun. It is a pun on the name of the company: hiver, été liés sounds a lot like the French pronunciation of Yvert et Tellier. The family company was founded by Eugène Yvert in 1831 as a printing works for a legitimist newspaper. The switch to philately was decided 1895 by Eugène's grandson Louis Yvert and his chief printer Théodule Tellier. Nowadays the company is still run by the Yvert family.

text:
# Yvert et Tellier

**Yvert et Tellier** is a postage stamp dealer and a philatelic publishing company founded in 1895 in the northern French city of Amiens, where the head office is still located. The logo is a circle divided into a snowflake and a smiling sun. It is a pun on the name of the company: *hiver, été liés* ("winter, summer together") sounds a lot like the French pronunciation of *Yvert et Tellier*.

The family company was founded by Eugène Yvert in 1831 as a printing works for a legitimist newspaper. The switch to philately was decided 1895 by Eugène's grandson Louis Yvert and his chief printer Théodule Tellier. Nowadays the company is still run by the Yvert family.

## Products

Yvert et Tellier's major product is a stamp catalog which is a reference for stamps and countries that are most collected by French philatelists: France, Andorra, Monaco, and the former French colonies and their philatelic history as independent states. In France, it is one of the most important philatelic publishing companies, along with Cérès and Dallay.

Continuing the old association between Louis Yvert and Théodore Champion, the *Ancienne Maison Théodore Champion* edits monthly and yearly a colour catalog of newly issued stamps from all over the world. Usually, Yvert catalogs for non-European countries were printed in black and white, but in 2008 they started with full color prints.

It is one of the international references as well, with Michel, Scott and Stanley Gibbons. The Yvert catalogs list stamps issued by all countries in the world, but for non-European countries, the volumes are organized in alphabetic order whereas the German company Michel uses a geographical classification.

## History

### Genesis and management successions

During the 1890s in Amiens, the Yvert family's printing works is the property of Louis Yvert, grandson of the founder, and his chief printer Théodule Tellier; Tellier kept the company running after the premature death of Louis' father. Louis did not like being in charge of the legimist paper founded by his father, *L'Écho de la Somme*. He discovered stamp collecting thanks to Tellier, a philatelist, who had already added a small philatelic newspaper, *L'Écho de la timbrologie*, to the papers printed by the company.

In 1895, Yvert and Tellier started getting involved in philatelic books. In November 1896 they published a worldwide catalog of stamps and a stamp album. The success was immediate because of their logical and permanent numbering, in contrast to most of their contemporaries, who changed the numbers in their catalogues upon discovering forgotten stamps.

In 1900, Yvert et Tellier associated with Paris stamp dealer Théodore Champion, who sold unused stamps from all over the world. He fixed the prices of the stamps sold by the company. After Champion's death in 1955, Pierre Yvert and the brothers Ladislas and Alexandre Varga bought Champion's company and the new firm continued to fix Yvert et Tellier's prices.

In April 1913, Tellier sold his share of the company to Louis Yvert because of the loss of his young grandson. Due to their friendship, Yvert decided that the catalog would continue to be named *Yvert et Tellier*.

During the 1920s and 1930s, Yvert prepared his two sons and his son-in-law to run the firm. Henri ran the printing works, his brother Pierre directed *L'Écho de la timbrologie*, and Jean Gervais took care of the publishing.

Pierre Yvert's and Jean Gervais' two grandsons have run the company since the 1990s.

### Recent commercial history

Since 2001 the apparition of the Dallay catalog has had a major effect on the French philatelist public by providing larger pictures of stamps and information not found in the Yvert et Tellier catalogs, such as the name of the artiste and/or engraver, first date of issue, use, etc. Yvert has been fighting on two fronts: it has successfully defended the rights to its numbering system, and it distributes a free CD-ROM with its French stamp catalog.

Nevertheless, in March 2005, by urging of the French *Conseil de la concurrence*, Yvert agreed to sell the use of the Yvert stamp numbers to other publishers.

In June 2006 Yvert et Tellier published a new catalog of French stamps, a cheaper pocketbook version containing just pictures and prices, as did Cérès, the second main philatelic publishing company in France.

### Genealogy of the Yvert family

The Yvert printing company and Yvert et Tellier editor have been ruling mostly by members of the Yvert family. This family tree presents the people who managed these two companies since they were found in the 19th century.

Eugène Yvert (circa 1794-1878), journalist, and founder of the printer company in Amiens where he moved to create a legimist paper.

```
│
└──> Henry Yvert (died 1885), the company's owner after 1870, legitimist journalist too.
     │
     └──> Louis Yvert (1866–1950), co-founder of the Yvert et Tellier catalog with Théodule Tellier.
          │
          ├──> Henri Yvert (died 1956), manager of the printer plant.
          │
          │
          ├──> Jeanne Yvert
          │    married Jean Gervais (died 1974), a physician, then manager of the Yvert et Tellier publisher.
          │    │
          │    └──> Jacques Gervais, *président-directeur général* of Yvert et Tellier.
          │         │
          │         └──> Benoît Gervais, succeeded his father in 1993.
          │
          └──> Pierre Yvert (1900–1964), manager of *L'Écho de la timbrologie* magazine.
               │
               └──> Jean Yvert, succeeded his father and manager of the printer plant.
                    │
                    └──> Christophe Yvert, manager of the printer plant.
```

### Sources

* Yvert et Tellier. Cent ans d'histoire. Amiens, France: Yvert et Tellier. 1996. The book was published for the centenary of the company. It presented the history of the Yvert family and their company.