abstract: Leicestershire is a county in the East Midlands of England with an area of 833 square miles (2,160 km⁲), and a population according to the 2011 census of 980,000. Leicester City Council is a unitary authority, and the rest of the county is administered by Leicestershire County Council at the top level, with seven district councils in the second tier, Blaby, Charnwood, Harborough, Hinckley and Bosworth, Melton, North West Leicestershire and Oadby and Wigston. In England, Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) are designated by Natural England, a non-departmental public body which is responsible for protecting England's natural environment. Designation as an SSSI gives legal protection to the most important wildlife and geological sites. As of January 2018, there are seventy-six SSSIs in the county, fifty-seven of which are designated for their biology, twelve for their geology and seven for both criteria. There are nineteen Geological Conservation Review sites, six Nature Conservation Review sites, one Special Area of Conservation, three national nature reserves, two are common land, and three contain scheduled monuments. One site is a local nature reserve, thirteen are managed by the Leicestershire and Rutland Wildlife Trust, and one by the National Trust. The largest site is Bradgate Park and Cropston Reservoir at 399.3 hectares. It has rocks dating to the Ediacaran period around 600 million years ago, and is very important for the study of Precambrian palaeontology. The smallest is Gipsy Lane Pit at 0.5 hectares, which is important to mineralogists as it is rich in sulphides, some of which are unidentified.

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# List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Leicestershire

Leicestershire is a county in the East Midlands of England with an area of 833 square miles (2,160 km2), and a population according to the 2011 census of 980,000. Leicester City Council is a unitary authority, and the rest of the county is administered by Leicestershire County Council at the top level, with seven district councils in the second tier, Blaby, Charnwood, Harborough, Hinckley and Bosworth, Melton, North West Leicestershire and Oadby and Wigston.

In England, Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) are designated by Natural England, a non-departmental public body which is responsible for protecting England's natural environment. Designation as an SSSI gives legal protection to the most important wildlife and geological sites. As of January 2018, there are seventy-six SSSIs in the county, fifty-seven of which are designated for their biology, twelve for their geology and seven for both criteria.

There are nineteen Geological Conservation Review sites, six Nature Conservation Review sites, one Special Area of Conservation, three national nature reserves, two are common land, and three contain scheduled monuments. One site is a local nature reserve, thirteen are managed by the Leicestershire and Rutland Wildlife Trust, and one by the National Trust. The largest site is Bradgate Park and Cropston Reservoir at 399.3 hectares (987 acres). It has rocks dating to the Ediacaran period around 600 million years ago, and is very important for the study of Precambrian palaeontology. The smallest is Gipsy Lane Pit at 0.5 hectares (1.2 acres), which is important to mineralogists as it is rich in sulphides, some of which are unidentified.

## Key

## Sites

| Site name | Photograph | B | G | Area | Public
access | Location | Other
classifications | Map | Citation | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Allexton Wood |  |  |  | 25.8 hectares
(64 acres) | NO | Uppingham
52°35′10″N 0°47′17″W / 52.586°N 0.788°W / 52.586; -0.788 (Allexton Wood)
SP822994 |  | Map | Citation | This coppice semi-natural wood is on soils derived from glacial and Jurassic clays. The dominant tree is ash, and elm and pedunculate oak are also common. There are several small streams with populations of opposite-leaved golden saxifrage. |
| Ashby Canal |  |  |  | 15.4 hectares
(38 acres) | YES | Leicester
52°39′43″N 1°27′47″W / 52.662°N 1.463°W / 52.662; -1.463 (Ashby Canal)
SK364073 |  | Map | Citation | The site has diverse aquatic flora and invertebrates, and the submerged plants are of particular interest. These include mare's tail, spiked water-milfoil and perfoliate pondweed. Nine species of dragonfly have been recorded, and there are also water shrews and the nationally rare water beetle *haliplus mucronatus*. |
| Bardon Hill |  |  |  | 13 hectares
(32 acres) | YES | Coalville
52°42′43″N 1°19′12″W / 52.712°N 1.32°W / 52.712; -1.32 (Bardon Hill)
SK460130 |  | Map | Citation | The hill is a surviving fragment of the formerly extensive Charnwood Forest, and it has both woodland and heath. Mature oak dominates the lower slopes, with pine plantation higher up, and a mixture of heath, acid grassland, rock outcrops and scrub oak at the top. The hill is notable for its lichens and invertebrates, especially spiders with 133 species including the rare *Tetrilus macrophthalmus*. |
| Bardon Hill Quarry |  |  |  | 58.1 hectares
(144 acres) | NO | Coalville
52°42′40″N 1°19′44″W / 52.711°N 1.329°W / 52.711; -1.329 (Bardon Hill Quarry)
SK454129 | GCR | Map | Citation | This quarry has been operated for over 400 years and produces three million tonnes of crushed rock a year, about 15% of the total production in the United Kingdom. It exposes rocks from an andesitic Precambrian volcano, similar to the 1995 Montserrat eruption, about 570 million years ago. There are veins of quartz containing copper and gold. |
| Barrow Gravel Pits |  |  |  | 35.7 hectares
(88 acres) | YES | Loughborough
52°44′38″N 1°09′29″W / 52.744°N 1.158°W / 52.744; -1.158 (Barrow Gravel Pits)
SK569166 |  | Map | Citation | This site in the flood plain of the River Soar has open water in the former gravel pits, marshes, hay meadows, woodland and scrub. Aquatic plants include yellow water lily, rigid hornwort, lesser pondweed and fan-leaved water crowfoot. |
| Beacon Hill, Hangingstone and Outwoods |  |  |  | 147.4 hectares
(364 acres) | PP | Loughborough
52°44′28″N 1°14′24″W / 52.741°N 1.24°W / 52.741; -1.24 (Beacon Hill, Hangingstone and Outwoods)
SK514163 | GCR, NCR | Map | Citation | Beacon Hill has diverse breeding birds, such as green woodpeckers, tawny owls and tree pipits, and it is one of only three sites in the county with breeding palmate newts. The Outwoods and Hangingstone are of international importance for their fossils of early Precambrian life forms. |
| Benscliffe Wood |  |  |  | 9.8 hectares
(24 acres) | NO | Leicester
52°42′32″N 1°14′31″W / 52.709°N 1.242°W / 52.709; -1.242 (Benscliffe Wood)
SK513127 |  | Map | Citation | This wood has one of the richest varieties of lichens in the East Midlands, with over thirty species growing on Precambrian rocks. Eleven of the species are rare in the county. |
| Blackbrook Reservoir |  |  |  | 39.3 hectares
(97 acres) | FP | Shepshed
52°45′04″N 1°19′19″W / 52.751°N 1.322°W / 52.751; -1.322 (Blackbrook Reservoir)
SK458173 |  | Map | Citation | The reservoir has a plant community on its margins which is unique in the Midlands and only found in a few northern sites. Its unusual mix of flora includes *Juncus filiformis* at its most southern locations, and the lake itself has native white-clawed crayfish, where it is isolated from the invasive American signal crayfish. |
| Botcheston Bog |  |  |  | 2.8 hectares
(6.9 acres) | NO | Leicester
52°38′13″N 1°17′02″W / 52.637°N 1.284°W / 52.637; -1.284 (Botcheston Bog)
SK485047 |  | Map | Citation | This grazed marsh on peaty soil is dominated by carnation sedge, hard rush, creeping bent and meadowsweet. Other plants include several which are rare in the county. |
| Bradgate Park and Cropston Reservoir |  |  |  | 399.3 hectares
(987 acres) | YES | Leicester
52°41′20″N 1°13′01″W / 52.689°N 1.217°W / 52.689; -1.217 (Bradgate Park and Cropston Reservoir)
SK530105 | GCR, SM | Map | Citation | Bradgate Park has one of the best examples of ancient parkland in the county, and Cropston Reservoir has unusual plants on its shores. The park has Charnian rocks dating to the Ediacaran period around 600 million years ago, and it has provided the type section for four different members of the stratigraphic sequence. It is described by Natural England as "a site of great importance to the study of Precambrian palaeontology". |
| Breedon Cloud Wood and Quarry |  |  |  | 63.2 hectares
(156 acres) | PP | Loughborough
52°47′10″N 1°23′13″W / 52.786°N 1.387°W / 52.786; -1.387 (Breedon Cloud Wood and Quarry)
SK414212 | GCR, LRWT | Map | Citation | Cloud Wood is an ancient semi-natural wood on clay. It has a very diverse ground flora, including pendulous sedge, yellow archangel and giant bellflower. The quarry is a nationally important geological locality, exposing a Lower Carboniferous succession deposited in shallow seas. |
| Breedon Hill |  |  |  | 5.2 hectares
(13 acres) | YES | Loughborough
52°48′14″N 1°24′07″W / 52.804°N 1.402°W / 52.804; -1.402 (Breedon Hill)
SK404232 |  | Map | Citation | This is the largest area of species rich carboniferous limestone in the county. Herbs include bulbous buttercup, harebell, burnet saxifrage, musk thistle and hairy violet. |
| Briery Wood Heronry, Belvoir |  |  |  | 5.7 hectares
(14 acres) | NO | Grantham
52°53′13″N 0°46′30″W / 52.887°N 0.775°W / 52.887; -0.775 (Briery Wood Heronry, Belvoir)
SK825329 |  | Map | Citation | This is the largest heronry in the county, with up to thirty breeding pairs. The dominant trees are mature oaks and ash, with a ground flora of bracken and dog's mercury. |
| Buddon Wood and Swithland Reservoir |  |  |  | 187.1 hectares
(462 acres) | NO | Leicester
52°43′37″N 1°10′12″W / 52.727°N 1.17°W / 52.727; -1.17 (Buddon Wood and Swithland Reservoir)
SK561147 | GCR | Map | Citation | The reservoir provides a refuge for waterfowl during the winter, and Buddon Wood has over 200 species of vascular plants, a third of British spider species including one which is nationally rare, 20 butterflies and 200 moths. Buddon Hill quarry is geologically important, and it is disputed whether an area of andesite dates to the Cambrian or the earlier Ediacaran. |
| Burbage Wood and Aston Firs |  |  |  | 51.1 hectares
(126 acres) | PP | Hinckley
52°32′28″N 1°20′02″W / 52.541°N 1.334°W / 52.541; -1.334 (Burbage Wood and Aston Firs)
SP452940 | LNR | Map | Citation | These semi-natural woods on poorly drained soils are dominated by ash and oak. Hazel and hawthorn are common in the shrub layer, and there are flowers such as sweet woodruff and water avens. |
| Cave's Inn Pits |  |  |  | 5.8 hectares
(14 acres) | NO | Lutterworth
52°25′N 1°13′W / 52.41°N 1.21°W / 52.41; -1.21 (Cave's Inn Pits)
SP538795 |  | Map | Citation | These disused gravel workings have some of the best neutral marsh in the county, with varied habitats also including scrub, species-rich grassland and shallow pools. There are diverse species of breeding birds. |
| Charnwood Lodge |  |  |  | 134.2 hectares
(332 acres) | PP | Coalville
52°43′59″N 1°18′43″W / 52.733°N 1.312°W / 52.733; -1.312 (Charnwood Lodge)
SK465153 | GCR, LRWT, NNR | Map | Citation | This is the largest area of moorland in the East Midlands, and it is mainly covered by bracken on dry hills, while wet heath is dominated by purple moor-grass. The site is geologically important for the 'bomb' rocks, volcanic blocks dating the Ediacaran period around 600 million years ago. |
| Chater Valley |  |  |  | 3.8 hectares
(9.4 acres) | NO | Uppingham
52°37′55″N 0°48′58″W / 52.632°N 0.816°W / 52.632; -0.816 (Chater Valley)
SK802045 |  | Map | Citation | This steeply sloping stretch of the valley of the River Chater is a semi-natural mosaic of grassland and spring-fed marsh. There are diverse breeding birds, invertebrates and herbs, including tormentil, betony and one of the few populations in the county of moonwort. |
| Cliffe Hill Quarry |  |  |  | 19.2 hectares
(47 acres) | NO | Coalville
52°41′28″N 1°18′00″W / 52.691°N 1.3°W / 52.691; -1.3 (Cliffe Hill Quarry)
SK474107 | GCR | Map | Citation | This quarry on the western outskirts of Markfield exposes volcanic and sedimentary Charnian rocks dating to the Precambrian eon. It was probably then a volcanic island. The rare mineral diorite is sometimes called markfieldite because it is found in the village. |
| Coalville Meadows |  |  |  | 6 hectares
(15 acres) | YES | Coalville
52°44′N 1°20′W / 52.73°N 1.34°W / 52.73; -1.34 (Coalville Meadows)
SK446150 |  | Map | Citation | These meadows on poorly drained clay soils are dominated by great burnet, red fescue, Yorkshire fog and tufted hair-grass. Herbs include pignut and heath bedstraw. |
| Cotes Grassland |  |  |  | 3.2 hectares
(7.9 acres) | YES | Loughborough
52°46′52″N 1°10′52″W / 52.781°N 1.181°W / 52.781; -1.181 (Cotes Grassland)
SK553208 |  | Map | Citation | This meadow on the bank of the River Soar has a thin soil on alluvial river gravels. It has several plants which are uncommon in the Midlands, such as soft trefoil, spotted medick, knotted hedge-parsley, wild clary and subterranean trefoil. |
| Cribb's Lodge Meadows |  |  |  | 4.1 hectares
(10 acres) | YES | Melton Mowbray
52°45′32″N 0°40′08″W / 52.759°N 0.669°W / 52.759; -0.669 (Cribb's Lodge Meadows)
SK899188 | LRWT, NCR, NNR | Map | Citation | The embankment of a disused railway runs through this ridge and furrow neutral meadow on boulder clay. The diverse flora includes adder's tongue fern, pepper saxifrage, hayrattle and green-winged orchid. |
| Croft and Huncote Quarry |  |  |  | 35.2 hectares
(87 acres) | NO | Hinckley
52°33′47″N 1°14′49″W / 52.563°N 1.247°W / 52.563; -1.247 (Croft and Huncote Quarry)
SP511965 | GCR | Map | Citation | This site exposes igneous tonalite rocks 452 million years old, in the Ordovician period, and it helps to document the growth of continental crust beneath central England. This layer is unconformably overlain by Triassic mineralised manganese. |
| Croft Hill |  |  |  | 2.0 hectares
(4.9 acres) | YES | Hinckley
52°33′50″N 1°15′00″W / 52.564°N 1.25°W / 52.564; -1.25 (Croft Hill)
SP509966 |  | Map | Citation | This site has short, tussocky grass in an open habitat, a nationally rare vegetation type. The granitic soil is thin and short of nutrients. The nationally scarce upright chickweed is abundant in some areas. |
| Croft Pasture |  |  |  | 6.1 hectares
(15 acres) | YES | Hinckley
52°33′25″N 1°15′00″W / 52.557°N 1.25°W / 52.557; -1.25 (Croft Pasture)
SP509958 | LRWT | Map | Citation | The River Soar runs through this unimproved grazed meadow, which is dominated by common bent and crested dog's-tail. A knoll in the north of the site has uncommon flora such as meadow saxifrage, common stork's-bill and subterranean clover. |
| Croxton Park |  |  |  | 97.3 hectares
(240 acres) | PP | Melton Mowbray
52°50′24″N 0°47′06″W / 52.84°N 0.785°W / 52.84; -0.785 (Croxton Park)
SK819277 |  | Map | Citation | This medieval park has unimproved rough grassland with a scatter of ancient oaks and hawthorns. The breeding birds are diverse, and more than ninety lichen species have been recorded, including many which are uncommon. |
| Debdale Meadow, Muston |  |  |  | 4.3 hectares
(11 acres) | NO | Grantham
52°56′38″N 0°45′36″W / 52.944°N 0.76°W / 52.944; -0.76 (Debdale Meadow, Muston)
SK834393 |  | Map | Citation | This traditionally managed meadow has diverse flora typical of the clay soils of the Midlands, and it has evidence of medieval ridge and furrow cultivation. Flora include cowslip, bulbous buttercup and pepper-saxifrage. |
| Dimminsdale |  |  |  | 36.9 hectares
(91 acres) | PP | Coalville
52°47′24″N 1°26′35″W / 52.79°N 1.443°W / 52.79; -1.443 (Dimminsdale)
SK376216 | GCR, LRWT | Map | Citation | Dimminsdale has semi-natural woodland and one of the largest areas of unimproved acidic grassland in the county. Earl Ferrers' lead mine, which is located on the site, has a unique and complex mixture of minerals such as galena and zinc blende; their genesis is little understood and they provide great potential for research. |
| Donington Park |  |  |  | 38.9 hectares
(96 acres) | NO | Loughborough
52°50′13″N 1°23′10″W / 52.837°N 1.386°W / 52.837; -1.386 (Donington Park)
SK414268 |  | Map | Citation | The park was mentioned in the Domesday Book, and it has been managed as a deer park for all of its recorded history. Most of it has a short grass sward, with areas of bracken and ancient oaks, which provide a habitat for rare beetles and spiders. |
| Enderby Warren Quarry |  |  |  | 1.6 hectares
(4.0 acres) | NO | Leicester
52°35′42″N 1°12′14″W / 52.595°N 1.204°W / 52.595; -1.204 (Enderby Warren Quarry)
SK540000 | GCR | Map | Citation | This former quarry is described by Natural England as nationally important as it is the only one in Britain where it can be shown that palygorskite clay soil has been formed by the action of groundwater on Triassic and pre-Triassic sediments. |
| Eye Brook Reservoir |  |  |  | 201.3 hectares
(497 acres) | NO | Uppingham
52°33′04″N 0°44′42″W / 52.551°N 0.745°W / 52.551; -0.745 (Eye Brook Reservoir)
SP 852 955 |  | Map | Citation | The reservoir is an important site for wintering wildfowl, such as wigeon, teal, mallard and pochard. Other habitats are marsh, mudflats, grassland, broad-leaved woodland and plantations. |
| Eye Brook Valley Woods |  |  |  | 65.7 hectares
(162 acres) | PP | Uppingham
52°33′47″N 0°46′55″W / 52.563°N 0.782°W / 52.563; -0.782 (Eye Brook Valley Woods)
SP826969 | LRWT | Map | Citation | These are surviving fragments of the medieval Leighfield Forest. Park Wood is mainly ash and wych elm, while Bolt Wood and Great Merrible Wood are dominated by ash and field maple. The shrub flora is diverse, and there are also several small pools and marshes. |
| Frisby Marsh |  |  |  | 10.1 hectares
(25 acres) | YES | Loughborough
52°44′56″N 0°59′06″W / 52.749°N 0.985°W / 52.749; -0.985 (Frisby Marsh)
SK686174 |  | Map | Citation | This site has spring-fed marshes, grassland, woodland and a pool and channel which are the surviving parts of a former ox-bow lake of the adjacent River Wreake. The marshes have a rich flora, with plants such as marsh valerian and marsh arrowgrass. |
| Gipsy Lane Pit |  |  |  | 0.5 hectares
(1.2 acres) | NO | Leicester
52°39′29″N 1°05′10″W / 52.658°N 1.086°W / 52.658; -1.086 (Gipsy Lane Pit)
SK619071 | GCR | Map | Citation | This site is important to geologists for its Triassic stratigraphy, and to mineralogists as it is rich in sulphides, some of which are unidentified and imperfectly understood compounds. Natural England describes the site's interest as "unique in Britain, and possibly internationally". |
| Grace Dieu and High Sharpley |  |  |  | 86 hectares
(210 acres) | PP | Coalville
52°44′53″N 1°21′07″W / 52.748°N 1.352°W / 52.748; -1.352 (Grace Dieu and High Sharpley)
SK438170 | GCR | Map | Citation | This site is composed of several fragments of the formerly extensive Charnwood Forest, and it has diverse habitats of heath, woodland, rock, scrub and acid grassland. Grace Dieu Quarry exhibits a thin marine Lower Carboniferous layer of Carboniferous Limestone, close to the Midland shoreline around 340 million years ago. |
| Grantham Canal |  |  |  | 9.4 hectares
(23 acres) | YES | Grantham
52°53′42″N 0°52′01″W / 52.895°N 0.867°W / 52.895; -0.867 (Grantham Canal)
SK763337 |  | Map | Citation | This site has diverse aquatic and terrestrial habitats, which supports a varied insect community. The canal has floating plants such as fat duckweed and water fern, and there are breeding birds such as sedge warblers, moorhens and reed warblers. |
| Great Bowden Borrowpit |  |  |  | 2.4 hectares
(5.9 acres) | NO | Market Harborough
52°30′04″N 0°54′22″W / 52.501°N 0.906°W / 52.501; -0.906 (Great Bowden Borrowpit)
SP743898 |  | Map | Citation | This former railway borrow pit has an unusual marsh, dominated by soft rush, tufted hair grass and cottongrass. Other plants include bulrush and bog moss. Snipe feed on the site. |
| Groby Pool and Woods |  |  |  | 29 hectares
(72 acres) | YES | Leicester
52°40′08″N 1°13′59″W / 52.669°N 1.233°W / 52.669; -1.233 (Groby Pool and Woods)
SK519082 |  | Map | Citation | Groby Pool is the largest natural lake in the county, and it is used by many wintering wildfowl. The marginal vegetation is diverse, and there is also wet woodland and meadows which have grasses such as common bent, sweet vernal grass and crested dog's-tail. |
| Harby Hill Wood |  |  |  | 17.2 hectares
(43 acres) | FP | Melton Mowbray
52°50′53″N 0°52′08″W / 52.848°N 0.869°W / 52.848; -0.869 (Harby Hill Wood)
SK762285 |  | Map | Citation | This site has steeply sloping ash and sycamore woodland, with areas of spring-fed marsh and colonies of wild daffodils. There is also an area of species-rich dry grassland, which has flora such as pignut and musk thistle. |
| Holly Rock Fields |  |  |  | 3.9 hectares
(9.6 acres) | NO | Coalville
52°43′30″N 1°19′08″W / 52.725°N 1.319°W / 52.725; -1.319 (Holly Rock Fields)
SK461144 |  | Map | Citation | This is a nationally important site as most of it is the nationally scarce National Vegetation Classification type MG5, crested dog’s-tail and common knapweed grassland. The fields have not been subject to agricultural intensification, and they are floristically diverse. |
| Holwell Mouth |  |  |  | 15.7 hectares
(39 acres) | YES | Melton Mowbray
52°48′47″N 0°55′37″W / 52.813°N 0.927°W / 52.813; -0.927 (Holwell Mouth)
SK724245 | CL | Map | Citation | This marsh on Jurassic clay is in the valley of the River Smite, which runs through the site. There are also areas of grassland, bracken and woodland, and the diverse habitats support a range of birds and insects. |
| Ives Head |  |  |  | 4.0 hectares
(9.9 acres) | NO | Coalville
52°44′56″N 1°17′35″W / 52.749°N 1.293°W / 52.749; -1.293 (Ives Head)
SK478170 | GCR | Map | Citation | This site exposes volcaniclastic sandstones dating to the late Precambrian, around 600 million years ago. It is important for the global understanding of the early evolution of Ediacaran environments. |
| Kendall's Meadow |  |  |  | 2.6 hectares
(6.4 acres) | NO | Hinckley
52°34′41″N 1°25′16″W / 52.578°N 1.421°W / 52.578; -1.421 (Kendall's Meadow)
SP393980 |  | Map | Citation | Over a dozen grass species grow on this traditionally managed hay meadow, such as common bent, red fescue, crested dog's tail and yellow oat grass. There are also many herbs including cat's ear and yellow rattle. |
| Kilby - Foxton Canal |  |  |  | 32 hectares
(79 acres) | YES | Leicester
52°33′25″N 1°02′20″W / 52.557°N 1.039°W / 52.557; -1.039 (Kilby - Foxton Cana)
SP652959 |  | Map | Citation | Nine species of pondweed have been recorded on the canal, two of which are nationally rare, and submerged plants include Nuttall's waterweed and yellow water-lily. Fleckney Tunnel has a long established colony of Daubenton's bats. |
| King Lud's Entrenchments and The Drift |  |  |  | 23.9 hectares
(59 acres) | YES | Melton Mowbray
52°50′31″N 0°43′16″W / 52.842°N 0.721°W / 52.842; -0.721 (King Lud's Entrenchments and The Drift)
SK862280 | SM | Map | Citation | This site has limestone grassland with tor-grass, cock's foot, crested dog's-tail and red fescue. Herbs include salad burnet, field scabious, germander speedwell and perforate St John's-wort, and there is also some broad-leaved semi-natural woodland. |
| Launde Big Wood |  |  |  | 41.1 hectares
(102 acres) | YES | Leicester
52°37′30″N 0°50′24″W / 52.625°N 0.84°W / 52.625; -0.84 (Launde Big Wood)
SK786037 | LRWT | Map | Citation | This wood on heavy clay is dominated by ash, and in some areas by wych elm. The ground layer has flora typical of ancient clay woods, such as bluebell, forget-me-not, yellow archangel and giant bellflower. |
| Leighfield Forest |  |  |  | 149.7 hectares
(370 acres) | PP | Leicester
52°36′40″N 0°51′29″W / 52.611°N 0.858°W / 52.611; -0.858 (Leighfield Forest)
SK774021 | NCR | Map | Citation | These woods in the Eye Brook valley date back at least to the thirteenth century. The dominant trees are ash and oak. The diverse moths and beetles include some rare species, and others are at the northern limit of their distribution. There are also areas of grassland and marsh. |
| Lockington Marshes |  |  |  | 11.3 hectares
(28 acres) | NO | Loughborough
52°51′47″N 1°16′41″W / 52.863°N 1.278°W / 52.863; -1.278 (Lockington Marshes)
SK487298 |  | Map | Citation | This site in the floodplains of the River Soar and River Trent has a periodically flooded meadow, pools and one of the largest areas of willow carr in the county. The invertebrate fauna includes nationally rare beetles and flies, and scarce species such as the water beetle *batenus livens* and the weevil *anthribus fasciatus*. |
| Loughborough Meadows |  |  |  | 60.5 hectares
(149 acres) | YES | Loughborough
52°47′28″N 1°12′22″W / 52.791°N 1.206°W / 52.791; -1.206 (Loughborough Meadows)
SK536218 | LRWT | Map | Citation | This is the largest area of unimproved alluvial flood meadow in the county, and wet areas are dominated by creeping bent and marsh foxtail. A brook has large areas of marsh foxtail, and there is a field with breeding lapwings and redshanks. |
| Lount Meadows |  |  |  | 8.5 hectares
(21 acres) | NO | Coalville
52°46′05″N 1°25′44″W / 52.768°N 1.429°W / 52.768; -1.429 (Lount Meadows)
SK386191 |  | Map | Citation | This slightly acidic grassland site has hay meadows with diverse grass species. There are also areas of species-rich rough pasture, scrub and marsh, which is dominated by plicate sweet-grass and water horsetail. |
| Main Quarry, Mountsorrel |  |  |  | 14.6 hectares
(36 acres) | NO | Leicester
52°43′37″N 1°08′49″W / 52.727°N 1.147°W / 52.727; -1.147 (Main Quarry, Mountsorrel)
SK577148 | GCR | Map | Citation | According to Natural England, this site "is probably the most dramatic and well-developed occurrence of asphaltite in Britain upon which international research into the origin of life on Earth has been carried out." |
| Misterton Marshes |  |  |  | 6.8 hectares
(17 acres) | NO | Lutterworth
52°27′40″N 1°10′52″W / 52.461°N 1.181°W / 52.461; -1.181 (Misterton Marshes)
SP557852 |  | Map | Citation | This is one of the largest areas of unimproved wetland in the county. Its large areas of tall fen are dominated by common reed, reed canary grass and lesser pond-sedge. There is also an area of grazed marsh and a stream. |
| Muston Meadows |  |  |  | 8.7 hectares
(21 acres) | YES | Grantham
52°55′08″N 0°46′30″W / 52.919°N 0.775°W / 52.919; -0.775 (Muston Meadows)
SK824365 | NCR, NNR | Map | Citation | These ridge and furrow meadows are on soils derived from clay. Herbs include green-winged orchid, lady's bedstraw, yellow rattle, pepper saxifrage and cowslip. |
| Narborough Bog |  |  |  | 8.5 hectares
(21 acres) | YES | Leicester
52°34′34″N 1°11′28″W / 52.576°N 1.191°W / 52.576; -1.191 (Narborough Bog)
SP549979 | LRWT | Map | Citation | This site has a large area of common reed on peat, and there is also wet woodland, dominated by crack willow. Both areas have diverse species of butterflies and moths, including several which are locally uncommon. In the south of the site there are two wet grazed meadows and more woodland. |
| Newhurst Quarry |  |  |  | 9.4 hectares
(23 acres) | NO | Shepshed
52°45′22″N 1°16′55″W / 52.756°N 1.282°W / 52.756; -1.282 (Newhurst Quarry)
SK485179 | GCR | Map | Citation | This is the only British site where hypogene mineralisatin, deep in the earth, has been weathered during the Triassic, around 225 million years ago. It is also the only British site to have the minerals coulsonite and vesignieite. |
| Newton Burgoland Marshes |  |  |  | 8.6 hectares
(21 acres) | NO | Coalville
52°40′34″N 1°26′13″W / 52.676°N 1.437°W / 52.676; -1.437 (Newton Burgoland Marshes)
SK381089 |  | Map | Citation | This site is in two areas, with the northern one having wet grassland and species rich marsh, while the southern one is well-drained grassland. Herbs in the marsh include ragged robin, marsh marigold, meadow thistle and southern marsh orchid. |
| Oakley Wood |  |  |  | 48.1 hectares
(119 acres) | NO | Loughborough
52°47′20″N 1°16′55″W / 52.789°N 1.282°W / 52.789; -1.282 (Oakley Wood)
SK485216 |  | Map | Citation | This site provides the only example in the county of the transition from oak woodland on free draining acid soil to the ash and hazel typical of the heavy clays of eastern central England. Rides add to the variety of flora, with woodland species such as lily of the valley and yellow archangel. |
| One Barrow Plantation |  |  |  | 1.8 hectares
(4.4 acres) | NO | Shepshed
52°44′56″N 1°18′54″W / 52.749°N 1.315°W / 52.749; -1.315 (One Barrow Plantation)
SK463171 | GCR | Map | Citation | This site exposes rocks dating to the late Precambrian, around 600 million years ago. The deposits are mainly volcanic ash, thought to have been deposited in the sea from volcanoes on neighbouring islands similar to those now found on the western edge of the Pacific Ocean. |
| Owston Woods |  |  |  | 139.5 hectares
(345 acres) | YES | Oakham
52°39′00″N 0°50′10″W / 52.65°N 0.836°W / 52.65; -0.836 (Owston Woods)
SK788065 |  | Map | Citation | The dominant trees in these woods on Jurassic and glacial clay are ash and hazel. There are diverse moths, beetles and other insects, including some rare species, and there is also a variety of birds and small mammals. |
| Pasture and Asplin Woods |  |  |  | 40.9 hectares
(101 acres) | NO | Shepshed
52°47′20″N 1°22′19″W / 52.789°N 1.372°W / 52.789; -1.372 (Pasture and Asplin Woods)
SK424215 |  | Map | Citation | These ancient woods on poorly drained clay soils are dominated by ash, with a shrub layer of hazel and hawthorn. There are herbs characteristic of ancient woodland, such as wood anemone and sweet woodruff. |
| River Eye |  |  |  | 6 hectares
(15 acres) | PP | Melton Mowbray
52°45′32″N 0°51′18″W / 52.759°N 0.855°W / 52.759; -0.855 (River Eye)
SK773186 | NCR | Map | Citation | This unpolluted clay stream has rich and diverse flora and fauna. Marginal vegetation includes bulrush, branched bur-reed and greater pond sedge, while shallow, fast-flowing stretches have curled pondweed and perfoliate pondweed. |
| River Mease |  |  |  | 22.8 hectares
(56 acres) | PP | Coalville
52°42′14″N 1°35′31″W / 52.704°N 1.592°W / 52.704; -1.592 (River Mease)
SK276120 | SAC | Map | Citation | The river has nationally significant populations of two species of freshwater fish, spined loach and bullhead. Vegetation is sparse in the upper reaches as the stream is fast-flowing, but there are stands of floating sweet-grass, and aquatic flora is more varied lower down, where the river flows slowly across a flood plain. |
| Roecliffe Manor Lawns |  |  |  | 1.2 hectares
(3.0 acres) | NO | Leicester
52°42′25″N 1°12′54″W / 52.707°N 1.215°W / 52.707; -1.215 (Roecliffe Manor Lawns)
SK531125 |  | Map | Citation | This grassland site on Precambrian rocks has a wide variety of fungi, including several species listed in the provisional Red Data Book of threatened species for fungi. There are many mushrooms of the genus *Entoloma*. |
| Saddington Reservoir |  |  |  | 19 hectares
(47 acres) | YES | Market Harborough
52°30′43″N 1°01′26″W / 52.512°N 1.024°W / 52.512; -1.024 (Saddington Reservoir)
SP663910 |  | Map | Citation | The reservoir has a range of wetland habitats, such as open water, wet willow woodland and swamp. There are a number of nationally scarce beetles, such as *Carabus monilis*, *Atheta basicornis*, *Eledona agricola* and *Gyrophaena lucidula*. |
| Sheepy Fields |  |  |  | 4.9 hectares
(12 acres) | NO | Market Bosworth
52°37′08″N 1°30′40″W / 52.619°N 1.511°W / 52.619; -1.511 (Sheepy Fields)
SK332025 |  | Map | Citation | The two hay meadows in this site are on post-glacial river terrace deposits. There are diverse herbs such as lady's mantle, adder's tongue, hayrattle, pepper saxifrage, bulbous buttercup and cowslip. |
| Sheet Hedges Wood |  |  |  | 21.7 hectares
(54 acres) | YES | Leicester
52°40′19″N 1°13′08″W / 52.672°N 1.219°W / 52.672; -1.219 (Sheet Hedges Wood)
SK529086 |  | Map | Citation | This is typical of ancient woods on clay soils in central and eastern England, and ash is dominant in the canopy, while the shrub layer has hazel, field maple, hawthorn, elder and privet. |
| Shepshed Cutting |  |  |  | 5.8 hectares
(14 acres) | YES | Shepshed
52°45′43″N 1°19′08″W / 52.762°N 1.319°W / 52.762; -1.319 (Shepshed Cutting)
SK460185 |  | Map | Citation | The Triassic deposits in Shepshed Cutting are unique, with a flat sheet of galena resting on red clay, and the whole enclosed in sandstone. The site is described by Natural England as "of international importance for developing a better understanding of the origins of mineral deposits and the processes which form them". |
| Sproxton Quarry |  |  |  | 5.4 hectares
(13 acres) | YES | Melton Mowbray
52°49′01″N 0°43′08″W / 52.817°N 0.719°W / 52.817; -0.719 (Sproxton Quarry)
SK864252 | GCR | Map | Citation | The quarry exposes one of the most complete sections of the Middle Jurassic Lincolnshire Limestone Formation, together with the underlying Grantham and Northampton Sand Formations. It has rare ammonites. Sproxton Quarry is a Reference Section for the Grantham Formation. |
| Stanford Park |  |  |  | 20.4 hectares
(50 acres) | YES | Lutterworth
52°24′22″N 1°08′24″W / 52.406°N 1.14°W / 52.406; -1.14 (Stanford Park)
SP586791 |  | Map | Citation | The park has avenues of oak trees, together with other large trees in an area of pasature. It has the most diverse lichens in the county on the bark of mature trees and on old stonework, including fifteen species not recorded elsewhere in Leicestershire. |
| Stonesby Quarry |  |  |  | 3.2 hectares
(7.9 acres) | YES | Melton Mowbray
52°49′01″N 0°47′46″W / 52.817°N 0.796°W / 52.817; -0.796 (Stonesby Quarry)
SK812251 | LRWT | Map | Citation | This site on Jurassic Lincolnshire Limestone has grassland with diverse herb species, such as autumn gentian, cowslip, dwarf thistle, small scabious, pyramidal orchid and clustered bellflower. |
| Swithland Wood and The Brand |  |  |  | 87.9 hectares
(217 acres). | YES | Leicester
52°42′22″N 1°12′11″W / 52.706°N 1.203°W / 52.706; -1.203 (Swithland Wood and The Brand)
SK539124 | GCR, NCR | Map | Citation | Swithland Wood is typical of the acid and loamy soils of the Midlands, and its dominant trees are sessile oak, silver birch and small-leaved lime. The Brand is a former slate quarry which has many lichens, including species rare in the region. |
| Terrace Hills Pasture |  |  |  | 11.2 hectares
(28 acres) | PP | Grantham
52°52′08″N 0°49′16″W / 52.869°N 0.821°W / 52.869; -0.821 (Terrace Hills Pasture)
SK794309 |  | Map | Citation | This site has been designated an SSSI as an example of old calcareous pasture, but some areas are former quarries, and as a result there is an undulating terrain. The dominant grasses are crested dog's-tail, sweet vernal grass and red fescue, and there is also a small stream with an area of marsh. |
| Tilton Cutting |  |  |  | 4.4 hectares
(11 acres) | YES | Leicester
52°38′24″N 0°52′23″W / 52.64°N 0.873°W / 52.64; -0.873 (Tilton Cutting)
SK763053 | GCR, LRWT | Map | Citation | This is the best site in the East Midlands which exposes the sequence of rocks in the Lower Jurassic around 180 million years ago. There are many fossils, including *Tiltoniceras acutum*, an age-diagnostic ammonite. The site has rich flora and diverse common birds. |
| Twenty Acre Piece |  |  |  | 8 hectares
(20 acres) | YES | Loughborough
52°46′55″N 1°03′04″W / 52.782°N 1.051°W / 52.782; -1.051 (Twenty Acre Piece)
SK641210 | CL | Map | Citation | This site has grassland, scrub and wood on poorly drained acidic clay. The woodland is mainly hawthorn, oak and ash, and there are diverse populations of breeding invertebrates and birds. |
| Ulverscroft Valley |  |  |  | 110.7 hectares
(274 acres) | PP | Leicester
52°42′32″N 1°16′23″W / 52.709°N 1.273°W / 52.709; -1.273 (Ulverscroft Valley)
SK492127 | LRWT, NT, SM | Map | Citation | This is described by Natural England as one of the best wildlife sites in the county, with grassland, heath, woodland and wetlands. Over 200 plant species have been recorded, with an especially rich flora in wet areas and diverse species of moths. |
| Wymondham Rough |  |  |  | 5.9 hectares
(15 acres) | YES | Melton Mowbray
52°44′53″N 0°46′12″W / 52.748°N 0.77°W / 52.748; -0.77 (Wymondham Rough)
SK831175 | LRWT | Map | Citation | This clay grassland has a rich flora, dominated by common bent, Yorkshire fog, false oat-grass and cock's foot. A poorly drained area has plants such as water avens, and there are drier soils in the west of the site. |

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## Sources

* Ratcliffe, Derek, ed. (1977). *A Nature Conservation Review*. Vol. 2. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-21403-3.

52°43′N 1°11′W / 52.717°N 1.183°W / 52.717; -1.183


title: Frederick Hans Haagensen

abstract: Frederick Hans Haagensen was an Anglo-Norwegian visual artist and graphic artist. He often used the signature FH Haagensen. His attraction to nature and the sea can be traced back to his childhood memories of wandering the rural landscape of the estuary of the River Humber.

text:
# Frederick Hans Haagensen

**Frederick Hans Haagensen** (23 September 187714 May 1943 ) was an Anglo-Norwegian visual artist and graphic artist. He often used the signature *FH Haagensen*. His attraction to nature and the sea can be traced back to his childhood memories of wandering the rural landscape of the estuary of the River Humber.

## Life and work

Haagensen was born in the English town of Grimsby in Lincolnshire in 1877 to Norwegian parents Peter Hendrik Haagensen (1837–1919) and Janna Haagensen (1837–1897). His father was a Norwegian shipowner who traded in timber and coal, and was for a time Norwegian and Swedish consul in Grimsby. The son regularly accompanied his father on business trips between Norway and Grimsby. His artistic education began with tutoring in Florence, and then with extensive travels to Scandinavia, Russia and the Baltic states to West Africa, Spain and Cuba. In 1899 at St James' Church in Grimsby he married Wilhelmina Grange Stephenson (1878–1965). The marriage was later dissolved.

He eventually settled in England, moving to Chelsea where he worked and lived with his English second wife, the artist Audrey Margherita Archer née Bussell (1900–1994), whom he married in 1932. Here he lived in the 1920s and after with his wife and children during the 1930s. He worked mainly with oil painting, watercolour, and charcoal, but also began to experiment with etchings. Eventually it became a medium he preferred even though he started it late in life, aged forty-seven. He had exhibitions as a graphic artist in New York, Boston and London, and his work was purchased by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, British Museum, Manchester Art Gallery and by private collectors. He travelled repeatedly from England to Norway to paint and draw nature there.

After discovering an older house in the Old Dutch style during a cycling trip in Essex, he decided to move there with his family. For the last seven years of his life he lived in the small village of Bradwell-on-Sea. After his death in Chelmsford in Essex he was buried in the old churchyard at Bradwell-on-Sea. His wife Audrey Haagensen organized after his death several exhibitions of his pictures in Grimsby, Kendal, Southend-on-Sea, Chelmsford, at The Minories, Colchester in 1972, at Little Baddow Hall Arts Centre in 1974 and at the Loughton House Gallery in London in 1977. She also arranged an exhibition of his artwork in Oslo in his old homeland; "For," stated Mrs. Haagensen, "despite his birth in Grimsby, he was of pure Norwegian blood." The Munch Museum bought several of his pictures. In 1977 she published a book of his etchings to mark the centenary of his birth.

## Exhibitions

* 1926: The Studio, Wellington Street, Chelsea, London \[by private invitation\];
* 1928: The Kew Gallery, USA
* 1929: The Shervee Gallery, Boston, USA; Abbey Gallery, London; 14 Great Stanhope Street, London;
* 1972: The Minories, Colchester, Essex; The Galeria, Maldon, Essex;
* 1974: The Little Baddow Hall Arts Centre, Essex;
* 1976: PS Tattershall Castle Art Gallery, London;
* 1977: Beercroft Gallery, Southend-on-Sea, Essex; Loughton House Gallery, London; Oslo Art Association, Norway; Doncaster Museum and Art Gallery, Yorkshire; Grimsby Art Gallery, Lincolnshire.

## Bibliography

* 1978: *Haagensen*, LYC Museum Banks, Brampton Cumbria
* 1976: *Catalogue: Frederick Hans 1877-1943*, The Butterfly Press, Malden Essex
* Haverkamp, Frode (1986): *Oslo kunstforening 1936-1986*. Oslo: Grøndahl. ISBN 8250408381 (ib.). s. 84, 110.


title: Xiaoxiang

abstract: Xiaoxiang, also transliterated XiaoXiang, Hsiao Hsiang, and Chiu Chiang, in some older sources, refers to the "lakes and rivers" region in south-central China south of the middle-reaches of the Yangtze River and corresponding, more or less, with Hunan province. Xiaoxiang is less a precise geographic entity than a concept. Xiaoxiang is used in the genre of Xiaoxiang poetry of Classical Chinese poetry and in literature for symbolic purposes, in part because this was a significant area, which at least through the Song dynastic era China was still considered a wild place full of malaria, barbarians, and wild beasts. Indeed, for much of early Chinese history, this area belonged not to China, but to the independent state of Chu. Beginning at least with Qu Yuan, in the third century BCE, this region came to symbolically represent the unjust exile of a talented minister or government official by an unappreciative king or emperor. The following quote succinctly describes the authors who helped shape the literary image of the Xiaoxiang and their feelings in that regard: With few exceptions, their compositions adopted the literary trope of the south as a place of unjust exile, and the XiaoXiang literary paradigm came to be permeated with the themes of separation and accusations that the sovereigns were listening to the wrong men. Even the name XiaoXiang has a melancholy ring. The name Xiaoxiang comes in part from the name of the Xiang River, which rises in the mountains of Guangxi and flows into Dongting Lake. There is a modern Xiao River, which is a tributary of the Xiang River, and joins it near present-day cities of Yongzhou and Changsha; however, the name Xiaoxiang predates the bestowing of that name on the Xiao River: originally the adjective xiao, meaning "clear and deep", was used to descriptively for the Xiang River. The Xiaoxiang region is the somewhat imaginative location of the various eponymous and highly symbolic Eight Views of Xiaoxiang series of eight paintings and/or poetry verses.

text:
# Xiaoxiang

**Xiaoxiang** (traditional Chinese: 瀟湘; simplified Chinese: 潇湘; pinyin: *Xiāo Xiāng*), also transliterated *XiaoXiang*, *Hsiao Hsiang*, and *Chiu Chiang*, in some older sources, refers to the "lakes and rivers" region in south-central China south of the middle-reaches of the Yangtze River and corresponding, more or less, with Hunan province. Xiaoxiang is less a precise geographic entity than a concept. *Xiaoxiang* is used in the genre of Xiaoxiang poetry of Classical Chinese poetry and in literature for symbolic purposes, in part because this was a significant area, which at least through the Song dynastic era China was still considered a wild place full of malaria, barbarians, and wild beasts. Indeed, for much of early Chinese history, this area belonged not to China, but to the independent state of Chu. Beginning at least with Qu Yuan, in the third century BCE, this region came to symbolically represent the unjust exile of a talented minister or government official by an unappreciative king or emperor.

The following quote succinctly describes the authors who helped shape the literary image of the Xiaoxiang and their feelings in that regard:

> With few exceptions, their compositions adopted the literary trope of the south as a place of unjust exile, and the XiaoXiang literary paradigm came to be permeated with the themes of separation and accusations that the sovereigns were listening to the wrong men. Even the name XiaoXiang has a melancholy ring.
>
> Alfreda Murck

The name *Xiaoxiang* comes in part from the name of the Xiang River, which rises in the mountains of Guangxi and flows into Dongting Lake. There is a modern Xiao River, which is a tributary of the Xiang River, and joins it near present-day cities of Yongzhou and Changsha; however, the name *Xiaoxiang* predates the bestowing of that name on the Xiao River: originally the adjective *xiao*, meaning "clear and deep", was used to descriptively for the Xiang River.

The Xiaoxiang region is the somewhat imaginative location of the various eponymous and highly symbolic *Eight Views of Xiaoxiang* series of eight paintings and/or poetry verses.

### Citations

### Sources

Cited sources  * Murck, Alfreda (2000). *Poetry and Painting in Song China: The Subtle Art of Dissent*. Harvard Univ Asia Center. ISBN 978-0-674-00782-6.


title: USS LST-389

abstract: USS Boone County (LST-389) was an LST-1-class tank landing ship built for the United States Navy during World War II. Named for counties in Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Missouri, Nebraska, and West Virginia, she was the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name. LST-389 was laid down on 20 June 1942 at Newport News, Virginia by the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company; launched on 28 September 1942; sponsored by Miss Clara Elizabeth Ashe; and commissioned on 24 November 1942.

text:
# USS LST-389

**USS *Boone County* (LST-389)** was an *LST-1*-class tank landing ship built for the United States Navy during World War II. Named for counties in Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Missouri, Nebraska, and West Virginia, she was the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name.

LST-389 was laid down on 20 June 1942 at Newport News, Virginia by the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company; launched on 28 September 1942; sponsored by Miss Clara Elizabeth Ashe; and commissioned on 24 November 1942.

## Service history

### Mediterranean, 19421944

After shakedown training in the Chesapeake Bay, during which she also served as training ship for crews to be assigned to other tank landing ships, LST-389 departed Norfolk, Virginia on 19 February 1943, bound for Bayonne, New Jersey where she took on board one tank landing craft (LCT), United States Army troops, and a cargo of medical supplies. Sailing with convoy UGS 6A on 19 March, she proceeded via Bermuda to North Africa and reached Nemours, Algeria on 13 April. Soon shifting to the Arzew Naval Base, Algeria the ship became the flagship for Captain Frank Adams, Commander, LST Group 5, Flotilla 2. LST-389 was soon involved in the campaign to invade Sicily, a steppingstone to Italy.

#### Sicily

At 0905 on 8 July 1943 she beached at Scoglitti, Sicily and unloaded part of her cargo before retracting at 1030. The ship next beached at Bracette Point, Sicily at 1850, and disembarked troops and unloaded mobile equipment before she pulled free of the beach at 1958 to anchor off Cape Scalambri. At 2200 that evening, she witnessed numerous flares, bomb bursts, and artillery fire over the beach, two or three miles (5 km) away, indicating that fierce fighting was still in progress on shore. At 1000 the following morning, the tank landing ship got underway and soon thereafter, beached south of Bracette Point, where she then discharged her tanks and vehicles. That day, LST-389 suffered damage in a collision when *LST-5* could not change course in time to clear her while retracting. The two ships scraped each other and LST-5's anchor ripped a large hole in LST-389's starboard side.

Over the next few days, enemy air power did its best to thwart the landings. Almost continuous air attacks harried the ships offshore on the evening of 9 July. On the 12th, she spent most of the day loading ammunition. On the 13th, she beached at Beach Red 1 and spent much of the day there, unloading the remainder of her cargo. At 2150 that day, an enemy plane dropped four bombs nearby. The closest landed on her starboard beam about 50 yards (46 m) away, but it caused no damage. Underway for Bizerte on 16 July, LST-389 arrived there two days later for 10 days of repairs. She then sailed for Licata, Sicily and from that port made three trips to Palermo to lift Army troops and vehicles. Late in August, LST-389 was fitted with a pontoon causeway section to be used during the invasion of the Italian mainland. She got underway on 1 September and soon joined a convoy for Italy. On the night of 8 September, on her way to the landing beaches, LST-389 observed two twin-engine German bombers attack accompanying minesweepers, narrowly missing them. For the balance of the night, frequent air raids prompted equally frequent orders to general quarters, but the tank landing ship survived many near misses without a scratch.

#### Salerno

On 9 September, Vice Admiral H. Kent Hewitt's Western Naval Task Force began landing Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark's Allied 5th Army on the shores of the Gulf of Salerno. At 0855, LST-389 received orders to proceed to beach "Blue" near Agripoli. After minesweepers had cleared a path, exploding three mines in the process, LST-389 started in. As the ship moved shoreward, shells exploded in the water and on the beach from enemy guns, which earlier that morning had driven off six tank-laden LCT's. The ship ground onto the strand at 1241, but soon received orders to move to the more tenable "Red" beach. Heavy German artillery and machine gun fire continued to pound and sweep "Blue" beach so severely that it was dubbed one of the two invasion points "most difficult for the invaders to negotiate." Under heavy fire, LST 389 attempted to comply with the orders but could not. Stuck fast to "Blue" beach, the gallant tank landing ship then proceeded to carry out her original orders. Her crew deployed the pontoon unit; and, a little over an hour later at 1354, the first tank roared out of the ship's gaping bow doors. By the time she finally managed to clear the beach at 1509, LST-389 had endured much at the hands of German gunners. Some 60 shells had been fired at the ship. At 1313, a shell demolished the captain's cabin while wounding a number of men. Fire sweeping the exposed bridge prompted its abandonment, but two volunteers remained to maintain uninterrupted telephone contact with all stations on board. The crew of her lone 3-inch (76 mm) gun claimed to have silenced two or three of the deadly German 88-millimeter guns.

Even after leaving "Blue" beach, LST 389 came under attack, this time from enemy bombers. Eighteen bombs fell close by that night, but caused no damage to the ship. The next night, heavy air attacks upon the ships commenced at 2220. Less than 20 minutes later, four bombs fell close aboard LST-389, and, over the next half hour, nine more exploded nearby. Meanwhile, the ship's 20-millimeter batteries kept the intruders under constant fire and scored a "few" hits. On the other hand, a 20-millimeter shell (probably from an adjacent ship) exploded on the main deck just forward of the wheelhouse, wounding two LST 389 crewmen. The next morning, 11 September, seven more bombs burst close aboard, again jostling the ship. At about 0930, a glider bomb disabled the nearby light cruiser USS *Savannah*. Finally departing Salerno on 11 September, LST-389 sailed to Milazzo, Sicily to await orders which came soon and took her back to Salerno with elements of the famed British 8th Army embarked. During the remainder of September, LST-389 made four more such trips followed by several runs carrying troops and supplies between Tripoli and Salerno. Released from this duty on 2 October, the ship proceeded to Oran, Algeria for repairs to the damage she had received at Salerno.

### Invasion of France, 19441945

Clearing Oran on 12 November LST-389 sailed for England in MKS-30, a convoy which endured a glider-bomb attack, launched by German Dornier bombers, without suffering any losses. Shortly before Thanksgiving the ship, now a veteran of two major amphibious landings, arrived at Plymouth and waited for orders. Following a period in drydock there for minor repairs beginning on 13 December, LST-389 departed Plymouth on 20 December and reached Falmouth the same day. On Christmas Eve, she started preparing for the invasion of France.

"*With the beginning of 1944...*" wrote the ship's historian, "*...the ship moved from place to place, beaching, retracting, learning the new methods of war*." Finally ending up in the Welsh port of Milford Haven, LST-389 stayed there for the rest of January and all of February before shifting to Swansea, Wales for more training. After operating there until 27 April, LST-389 proceeded to Lisahally on the shore of Lough Foyle in Northern Ireland to receive six 40-millimeter and six 20-millimeter guns. Following more repairs and alterations at Milford Haven, LST-389 spent the rest of May training for the assault on Hitler's "Atlantic Wall." Loading Army vehicles and embarking troops at Falmouth on 2 June 1944 she got underway on 4 June and proceeded to the task force anchorage where the ship lay until setting out for France on the following morning. After anchoring in Baie de la Seine at 0927 on 7 June, she began resupply operations for the Normandy beachhead that afternoon. One of her LCVP coxswains suffered wounds at 1645 when his craft was hit on its way to the beach. The next morning, German planes braved heavy antiaircraft fire to attack the shipping off the invasion beaches. Four bombs landed in the sea near LST-389 causing "minor hull vibrations." The tank landing ship unloaded her embarked vehicles that afternoon, 8 June, and survived another nocturnal bombing attack at 0034 on the 9th before getting underway for Southampton later that morning.

For the rest of June, LST-389 shuttled supplies and men between Southampton and various beaches along the northern coast of France. Her cargoes included food, medical supplies, and vehicles. After the port's capture by the Allies in July, she added Cherbourg to her itinerary and, railroad tracks having been installed in her tank deck, began carrying rolling stock in early September. In the course of these train-ferrying operations, LST-389 struck an underwater obstruction at Grand Rade, Cherbourg, on 12 November. Major leaks in her main engine room resulted. Unable to make any headway against the rising water, the tank landing ship, aided by two tugboats, was beached. Seven hours of shoring, patching, and pumping freed the engine room of unwanted water. With the aid of British tugs, LST-389 then completed her ferry mission before *LST-355* towed her back to Devonport, England. Following major repairs in drydock, the ship received an overhaul alongside *Atlas* before resuming active service in mid-January 1945. She again shuttled railroad cars and passengers between England and France. While returning from Le Havre to Portland, Dorset, early on the fog-shrouded morning of 5 February, LST-389 was rammed by the civilian merchantman SS *Chapel Hill Victory*. The collision ripped a hole 18 feet (5.5 m) wide in the tank landing ship from main deck to bottom and killed one member of her crew. LST-389 then proceeded to Portland under her own power. After a week at anchor off Portland, LST-389 put into Plymouth for another drydocking which lasted into late March. LST-389 next made one trip carrying vehicles to Cherbourg and two more to Le Havre before she had LCT skids installed on her main deck at Falmouth.

### Return to the US, 1945

Picking up *LCT-814* and a "general cargo" at Plymouth, LST-389 put into Belfast, Northern Ireland on 8 May, the day after Germany surrendered. On the 11th, she sailed in a convoy bound for the United States and reached Norfolk on the last day of the month. Following overhaul at New York, the ship proceeded to Little Creek, Virginia on 5 September 1945. Since the war in the Pacific had ceased in mid-August, LST-389's orders to proceed to that area of the world were cancelled. Instead, she returned to New York to pick up another LCT and then sailed for Jacksonville, Florida.

### Decommissioning and transfer, 19451960

She arrived at the Inactive Fleet Berthing Area at Green Cove Springs, Florida on 9 October 1945 and reported for duty with the Inactive Fleet. Decommissioned on 12 March 1946 she was placed in reserve on 1 July 1946. LST-389 remained in reserve, first at Green Cove Springs and later at Charleston, Mayport, and again in Green Cove Springs, through the 1950s. While inactive, she was named **USS *Boone County* (LST-389)** on 1 July 1955. Her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 June 1959.

LST-389 received three battle stars for her World War II service.

## Greek service

She was transferred to Greece in May, 1960 and was renamed *Lesvos* with a pennant of L172. During her service with the Hellenic Navy, she was involved in combat action in Cyprus on 20 July 1974 (CO Lt Cdr E. Handrinos, HN). On that day, she was in the Paphos area on a scheduled mission, carrying replacement personnel to the permanent Greek military force based in Cyprus (ELDYK). As the Turkish invasion of Cyprus had started a few hours earlier, she shelled the Turkish Cypriot garrison of Paphos with her 40 mm guns, forcing them to surrender. The shelling spawned reports about a Greek ship convoy carrying reinforcements to Cyprus and three Turkish destroyers were ordered to intercept the supposed Greek convoy. The Turkish air force mistook these destroyers for being Greek and sunk one of them (D 354 *Kocatepe*) in a friendly fire exchange.

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*.*

* "*Boone County*". *Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. Retrieved 5 April 2007.
* "LST-389 *Boone County*". *Amphibious Photo Archive*. Retrieved 5 April 2007.

## InfoBox

| LST-389 beached in the harbor at Cherbourg-Octeville after running over a sunken ship in the inner harbor. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS LST-389 |
| Builder | Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company |
| Laid down | 7 September 1942 |
| Launched | 16 September 1942 |
| Commissioned | 22 December 1942 |
| Decommissioned | 2 July 1946 |
| Honors and
awards | 3 battle stars (WWII) |
| Renamed | USS *Boone County* (LST-389), 1 July 1955 |
| Namesake | Boone County |
| Stricken | 1 June 1959 |
| Fate | Transferred to Greece, June 1960 |
| Greece | |
| Name | *Lesvos* (L172) |
| Acquired | 2 June 1960 |
| Decommissioned | 15 May 1990 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *LST-1*-class tank landing ship |
| Displacement | * 1,625 long tons (1,651 t) light * 4,080 long tons (4,145 t) full |
| Length | 328 ft (100 m) |
| Beam | 50 ft (15 m) |
| Draft | * *Unloaded*: * Bow: 2 ft 4 in (0.71 m) * Stern: 7 ft 6 in (2.29 m) * *Loaded* : * Bow: 8 ft 2 in (2.49 m) * Stern: 14 ft 1 in (4.29 m) |
| Depth | * 8 ft (2.4 m) forward * 14 ft 4 in (4.37 m) aft (full load) |
| Propulsion | 2 General Motors 12-567 diesel engines, two shafts, twin rudders |
| Speed | 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph) |
| Boats & landing
craft carried | Two or six LCVPs |
| Troops | 14-16 officers, 131-147 enlisted men |
| Complement | 7-9 officers, 104-120 enlisted men |
| Armament | * 2 × twin 40 mm gun mounts w/Mk.51 directors * 4 × single 40 mm gun mounts * 12 × single 20 mm gun mounts |


title: Maryland Route 68

abstract: Maryland Route 68 is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. The state highway runs 18.50 miles (29.77 km) from U.S. Route 40 in Clear Spring east to US 40 Alternate in Boonsboro. MD 68 crosses central Washington County to the south of Hagerstown, connecting Clear Spring and Boonsboro with Williamsport, where the highway runs concurrently with MD 63. A small segment of MD 68 west of Boonsboro was constructed around 1920, using as part of the route two early 19th-century stone bridges. The remainder of the highway between Boonsboro and Williamsport was constructed in the second half of the 1920s. MD 68 was extended west from Williamsport to Clear Spring in the mid-1950s. The state highway was relocated south of Williamsport for the construction of Interstate 81 (I-81) in the mid-1960s. Since the early 1990s, I-68 has also existed in Washington County; signs on I-70 aim to avoid confusion between I-68 and MD 68.

text:
# Maryland Route 68

**Maryland Route 68** (**MD 68**) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. The state highway runs 18.50 miles (29.77 km) from U.S. Route 40 (US 40) in Clear Spring east to US 40 Alternate in Boonsboro. MD 68 crosses central Washington County to the south of Hagerstown, connecting Clear Spring and Boonsboro with Williamsport, where the highway runs concurrently with MD 63. A small segment of MD 68 west of Boonsboro was constructed around 1920, using as part of the route two early 19th-century stone bridges. The remainder of the highway between Boonsboro and Williamsport was constructed in the second half of the 1920s. MD 68 was extended west from Williamsport to Clear Spring in the mid-1950s. The state highway was relocated south of Williamsport for the construction of Interstate 81 (I-81) in the mid-1960s. Since the early 1990s, I-68 has also existed in Washington County; signs on I-70 aim to avoid confusion between I-68 and MD 68.

## Route description

MD 68 begins at an intersection with US 40 (Cumberland Street) in the town of Clear Spring. The state highway heads south as four-lane undivided Mill Street through a commercial area. MD 68's name changes to Clear Spring Road after leaving the town limits. The state highway meets I-70 (Eisenhower Memorial Highway) at a diamond interchange, then heads southeast through farmland as a two-lane undivided road, where the highway crosses Little Conococheague Creek. MD 68 intersects the eastern end of MD 56 (Big Pool Road) shortly before passing through the village of Pinesburg. The state highway intersects CSX's Lurgan Subdivision rail line at-grade and passes between industrial properties, then crosses Conococheague Creek and enters the town of Williamsport. MD 68 is municipally maintained within the town, where the highway follows Conococheague Street south through an intersection with US 11 (Potomac Street). At this intersection, MD 63 joins MD 68 in a concurrency to continue through the Williamsport Historic District. The two highways leave the town limits at their diamond interchange with I-81 (Maryland Veterans Memorial Highway), through which the roadway temporarily expands to a four-lane divided highway. A park and ride lot is located within the northwest quadrant of this interchange.

MD 68's name changes to Lappans Road south of Williamsport. MD 63 (Spielman Road) splits south from MD 68 at the same intersection as Governor Lane Boulevard, which serves an industrial park. MD 68 crosses over a Winchester and Western Railroad line and curves to the east, then resumes heading southeast after intersecting the eastern end of Kendle Road. The state highway heads southeast through farmland and intersects MD 632 (Downsville Pike). The road crosses Norfolk Southern Railway's Hagerstown District at-grade and crosses St. James Run in the hamlet of St. James. MD 68 intersects MD 65 (Sharpsburg Pike) in the hamlet of Lappans, where the highway passes north of St. Mark's Episcopal Church. The state highway passes through the hamlet of Brethedsville and passes Devils Backbone County Park as the highway follows Antietam Creek for a short distance. MD 68 crosses over the creek on a narrow stone bridge, then makes a sharp turn to the south to continue following the forested valley of the creek. The state highway crosses over Beaver Creek on a one-lane stone bridge before leaving the creek valley. MD 68 continues southeast through farmland and the hamlet of Millpoint before reaching its eastern terminus at US 40 Alternate (Main Street) on the northern edge of the town of Boonsboro.

## History

The first section of MD 68, from Lappans to Millpoint near Boonsboro, was constructed in 1920. This segment made use of a pair of stone arch bridges over Antietam Creek and Beaver Creek constructed in 1833 and 1824, respectively. These bridges remain open to traffic as part of MD 68. MD 68 was extended east from Millpoint to Boonsboro in 1925. Construction of MD 68 from Williamsport to Lappans began in 1926, with a section complete from Williamsport to the Cumberland Valley Railroad (now Winchester and Western Railroad) by 1927. The last section of the WilliamsportLappans Road was completed in 1930. The state highway's western terminus was originally US 11 in Williamsport, within which MD 68 followed Artizan Street south to Sunset Avenue at the southern town limit. Artizan Street continued south as MD 63 and MD 68 followed Sunset Avenue southeast toward Lappans. Clear Spring Road remained a county highway until MD 68 was extended west to Clear Spring in 1956.

MD 68 was relocated south of Williamsport, replacing Sunset Avenue and what is now Kendle Road, in 1965. The state highway was relocated for a grade separation of the Cumberland Valley Railroad and to tie into an interchange with I-81 and the south end of Conococheague Street. MD 63 joined MD 68 in a concurrency along Conococheague Street north to US 11. The new alignment of MD 68 and MD 63 was built as a four-lane divided highway around the interchange with I-81, which originally only contained ramps to and from the direction of West Virginia when the interchange opened with the completion of I-81 in 1966. That interchange was completed with ramps to and from Hagerstown between 1981 and 1989. Since the completion of I-68 in 1991, the Interstate and state-numbered highways with the same number have co-existed separated by 17 miles (27 km) on I-70. Multiple signs on westbound I-70 in advance of the Interstate's interchange with MD 68 advise motorists that I-68 and MD 68 are not the same highway and remind them to remain on I-70 to access I-68.

## Junction list

The entire route is in Washington County.

| Location | mi
 | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Clear Spring | 0.00 | 0.00 | US 40 (Cumberland Street) / Mill Street north Huyett, Indian Springs | Western terminus |
| | 0.47 | 0.76 | I-70 (Eisenhower Memorial Highway) Hagerstown, Hancock | I-70 Exit 18 |
| Pinesburg | 2.74 | 4.41 |
MD 56 west (Big Pool Road) Big Spring | Eastern terminus of MD 56 |
| Williamsport | 7.31 | 11.76 |
US 11 / MD 63 north (Potomac Street) Hagerstown, Huyett, Martinsburg | West end of concurrency with MD 63 |
| | 8.29 | 13.34 | I-81 (Maryland Veterans Memorial Highway) Harrisburg, Roanoke | I-81 Exit 1 |
| | 8.52 | 13.71 |
MD 63 south (Spielman Road) Downsville | East end of concurrency with MD 63 |
| St. James | 10.48 | 16.87 | MD 632 (Downsville Pike) Downsville, Hagerstown |  |
| Lappans | 13.35 | 21.48 | MD 65 (Sharpsburg Pike) Sharpsburg, Hagerstown |  |
| Boonsboro | 18.50 | 29.77 |
US 40 Alt. (Main Street) Funkstown, Middletown | Eastern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Maryland Route 68KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Maryland Route 68 | |
| --- | --- |
| Maryland Route 68 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by MDSHA and Town of Williamsport | |
| Length | 18.50 mi (29.77 km) |
| Existed | 1927–present |
| Tourist
routes | Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Scenic Byway
Historic National Road Scenic Byway |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | US 40 in Clear Spring |
| Major intersections |  |
| East end |  |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Maryland |
| Counties | Washington |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| I-68   I-70 | |