title: 1988 Vitosha New Otani Open

abstract: The 1988 Vitosha New Otani Open was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Sofia, Bulgaria and was part of the Category 2 tier of the 1988 WTA Tour. The tournament ran from 8 August until 14 August 1988. Sixth-seeded Conchita Martínez won the singles title and earned $17,000 first-prize money.

text:
# 1988 Vitosha New Otani Open

The **1988 Vitosha New Otani Open** was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Sofia, Bulgaria and was part of the Category 2 tier of the 1988 WTA Tour. The tournament ran from 8 August until 14 August 1988. Sixth-seeded Conchita Martínez won the singles title and earned $17,000 first-prize money.

## Finals

### Singles

Conchita Martínez defeated  Barbara Paulus 6–1, 6–2

* It was Martínez's 1st title of the year and the 1st of her career.

### Doubles

Conchita Martínez /  Barbara Paulus defeated  Sabrina Goleš /  Katerina Maleeva 1–6, 6–1, 6–4

* It was Martínez's 2nd title of the year and the 2nd of her career. It was Paulus' 2nd title of the year and the 2nd of her career.

## InfoBox

| 1988 Vitosha New Otani Open | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 8–14 August |
| Edition | 1st |
| Category | Category 2 |
| Draw | 32S /16D |
| Prize money | $100,000 |
| Surface | Hard / outdoor |
| Location | Sofia, Bulgaria |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Conchita Martínez | |
| Doubles | |
| Conchita Martínez /  Barbara Paulus | |
|  | |


title: Tobias Enström

abstract: Ulf Tobias Enström is a Swedish former professional ice hockey defenceman who played in the National Hockey League with the Atlanta Thrashers and Winnipeg Jets. He left the NHL after 11 seasons to return and captain original Swedish club, Modo Hockey of HockeyAllsvenskan.

text:
# Tobias Enström

**Ulf Tobias Enström** (born 5 November 1984) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey defenceman who played in the National Hockey League with the Atlanta Thrashers and Winnipeg Jets. He left the NHL after 11 seasons to return and captain original Swedish club, Modo Hockey of HockeyAllsvenskan.

## Playing career

### Early career

Growing up in Nordingrå, Enström played hockey in Höga Kusten Hockey but moved to Örnsköldsvik and Modo Hockey when was accepted to the Hockey high school playing for Modo J18. After two second places with Modo's J18, he advanced to Modo's J20 and later to the Elitserien team.

Following a successful rookie season during his first year in Elitserien, where he was elected Rookie of the Year, he was drafted in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft by the Atlanta Thrashers in the eighth round, 239th overall. He won the 2006–07 Swedish Elite League championships with Modo Hockey and finished first in assists in the playoffs.

### Atlanta/Winnipeg

Enström signed a two-year contract with Atlanta in late May 2007 and made the team out of training camp, playing all 82 in his first three seasons to start his career. He scored his first NHL goal on 23 October 2007, against Vesa Toskala of the Toronto Maple Leafs. Enström finished the season with five goals and 33 assists. The following season, he recorded five goals along with 27 assists, as well as attaining a career-high +14 plus-minus rating. During the 2010–11 season, he broke a finger blocking a shot against the New York Rangers on 22 January 2011, that ruled him out for six games and ended his games played streak at 296 consecutive games.

In 2011, Enström was selected to his first All-Star Game, along with teammate Dustin Byfuglien. This was the first time the Thrashers had a defenseman in the All-Star Game since Petr Buzek in 2000. His injury sustained against the Rangers, however, prevented him from playing in the game.

### Return to Sweden

On 25 August 2018, Enström signed a one-year deal with Modo Hockey of HockeyAllsvenskan.

## Personal life

He comes from a hockey family where both of his brothers, Tommy Enström and Thomas Enström, as well as his sister, Tina Enström, all are or have represented various teams within the Modo Hockey organization.

In June 2013, Enström was assaulted and robbed in his hometown of Örnsköldsvik, but recovered quickly from only minor injuries. The perpetrator was later arrested and is being tried for robbery and battery.

## Career statistics

### Regular season and playoffs

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1999–2000 | Modo Hockey | J18 Allsv | | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2000–01 | Modo Hockey | J18 Allsv | | 19 | 7 | 7 | 14 | 20 | | 7 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
| 2000–01 | Modo Hockey | J20 | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2001–02 | Modo Hockey | J20 | | 21 | 1 | 7 | 8 | 10 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2001–02 | Modo Hockey | J18 Allsv | |  |  |  |  |  | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2002–03 | Modo Hockey | J20 | | 7 | 4 | 6 | 10 | 31 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2002–03 | Modo Hockey | SEL | | 42 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 16 | | 6 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| 2003–04 | Modo Hockey | SEL | | 33 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 6 | | 6 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
| 2003–04 | Modo Hockey | J20 | |  |  |  |  |  | | 8 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 4 |
| 2004–05 | Modo Hockey | SEL | | 49 | 4 | 10 | 14 | 24 | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2005–06 | Modo Hockey | SEL | | 47 | 4 | 7 | 11 | 48 | | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 25 |
| 2006–07 | Modo Hockey | SEL | | 55 | 7 | 21 | 28 | 52 | | 20 | 1 | 11 | 12 | 37 |
| 2007–08 | Atlanta Thrashers | NHL | | 82 | 5 | 33 | 38 | 42 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2008–09 | Atlanta Thrashers | NHL | | 82 | 5 | 27 | 32 | 52 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2009–10 | Atlanta Thrashers | NHL | | 82 | 6 | 44 | 50 | 30 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2010–11 | Atlanta Thrashers | NHL | | 72 | 10 | 41 | 51 | 54 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2011–12 | Winnipeg Jets | NHL | | 62 | 6 | 27 | 33 | 38 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2012–13 | EC Red Bull Salzburg | EBEL | | 5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2012–13 | Winnipeg Jets | NHL | | 22 | 4 | 11 | 15 | 8 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2013–14 | Winnipeg Jets | NHL | | 82 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 56 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2014–15 | Winnipeg Jets | NHL | | 60 | 4 | 19 | 23 | 36 | | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| 2015–16 | Winnipeg Jets | NHL | | 72 | 2 | 14 | 16 | 44 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2016–17 | Winnipeg Jets | NHL | | 60 | 1 | 13 | 14 | 42 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2017–18 | Winnipeg Jets | NHL | | 43 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 20 | | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 2018–19 | Modo Hockey | Allsv | | 51 | 2 | 23 | 25 | 46 | | 5 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 4 |
| 2019–20 | Modo Hockey | Allsv | | 43 | 0 | 12 | 12 | 28 | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| SHL totals | | | | 226 | 17 | 47 | 64 | 146 | | 38 | 2 | 14 | 16 | 68 |
| NHL totals | | | | 719 | 54 | 254 | 308 | 422 | | 15 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |

### International

| Year | Team | Event | Result |  | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2002 | Sweden | WJC18 | 9th | | 8 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 6 |
| 2003 | Sweden | WJC | 8th | | 6 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| 2004 | Sweden | WJC | 7th | | 6 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 |
| 2007 | Sweden | WC | 4th | | 9 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 10 |
| 2009 | Sweden | WC | 4th | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2010 | Sweden | OG | 5th | | 4 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| Junior totals | | | | | 20 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 10 |
| Senior totals | | | | | 15 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 14 |

## Awards and achievements

| Award | Year(s) |
| --- | --- |
| J20 SuperElit Champion | 2004 |
| SHL Rookie of the Year | 2003 |
| Elitserien champion | 2007 |
| NHL Rookie of the Month | November 2007 |
| NHL YoungStars Game | 2008 |
| NHL All-Rookie Team | 2008 |
| NHL All-Star | \*2011 |

* -Selected, Did Not Play due to Injury

## Records

* Atlanta Thrashers' franchise record for most points (defenceman): 108 (16 January 2010 vs. Carolina Hurricanes) (surpassed Yannick Tremblay)
* Atlanta Thrashers' franchise record for most assists in a season (defenceman): 44 (16 January 2010 vs. Carolina Hurricanes)
* Atlanta Thrashers' franchise record for most games in a row: 296 (22 January 2011 vs. New York Rangers) (surpassed Vyacheslav Kozlov)

## InfoBox

| Tobias Enström | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Enström with the Winnipeg Jets in 2014 | | | |
| Born | (1984-11-05) 5 November 1984
Nordingrå, Sweden | | |
| Height | 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) | | |
| Weight | 180 lb (82 kg; 12 st 12 lb) | | |
| Position | Defence | | |
| Shot | Left | | |
| Played for | Modo Hockey
Atlanta Thrashers
Winnipeg Jets
EC Red Bull Salzburg | | |
| National team | Sweden | | |
| NHL draft | 239th overall, 2003
Atlanta Thrashers | | |
| Playing career | 20022020 | | |


title: Painted Cave Fire

abstract: The Painted Cave Fire was a devastating wildfire in June, 1990 that burned in the Santa Ynez Mountains and the city of Santa Barbara, within Santa Barbara County, California. The fire, which began near Painted Cave, was intentionally set near the intersection of Highway 154 and Painted Cave Road, burned 5,000 acres (20 km⁲), destroyed 427 buildings, and resulted in two deaths.

text:
# Painted Cave Fire

The **Painted Cave Fire** was a devastating wildfire in June, 1990 that burned in the Santa Ynez Mountains and the city of Santa Barbara, within Santa Barbara County, California.

The fire, which began near Painted Cave, was intentionally set near the intersection of Highway 154 (San Marcos Pass Road) and Painted Cave Road, burned 5,000 acres (20 km2), destroyed 427 buildings, and resulted in two deaths.

## Progression

The day had already been a long one for the Santa Barbara County Fire Department which had battled a 3-alarm fire in the county dump. While still mopping up from the dump fire, the call went out at 6:02 p.m. for a brush fire on Highway 154 and Painted Cave Road. On this Wednesday evening temperatures topped off at 109 °F (43 °C) degrees, an all-time record for that date, fueling some of the worst sundowner winds ever recorded. The first engine arrived on scene at 6:05 p.m. and was met with winds gusting over 40 miles per hour (64 km/h) with about 2 acres (0.81 ha) actively burning. Less than 20 minutes later, the fire had traveled over 2 miles (3.2 km) and flames were reaching 70 feet (21 m) into the air.

The fire proceeded into residential neighborhoods of Santa Barbara, fueled by sundowner winds, eventually jumping U.S. Route 101 at 7:42PM. In less than two hours the fire had traveled nearly 4 miles (6.4 km), destroying 430 structures and killing one person. It was the largest loss of structures since the Bel Air Fire of 1961. The state fire marshal called it the "fastest-moving fire of its type ever in the United States."

There were two fatalities in the fire. Andrea Lang Gurka, age 37, died while fleeing the flames along San Marcos Pass Road. An unnamed state prisoner working as a firefighter also died.

## Investigation and settlement

Very quickly after the fire started, investigators determined that the blaze was the work of an arsonist and were able to trace it back to its origin. From there, however, the case ran cold and sat unsolved for over 5 years. The case was reopened in 1995 when Peggy Finley, a former girlfriend to Leonard Ross, told her minister that Ross had confessed to igniting the fire in an attempt to "burn out his neighbor" but the fire "got out of hand." After an investigation of Ross, Santa Barbara County District Attorney Thomas W. Sneddon, Jr. decided not to file criminal charges saying that the case against Ross was too weak. However, Ross then sued the county for investigating him and the county saw an opening. A countersuit was filed accusing Ross of starting the fire and the jury ruled in the county's favor, 9-3.

## InfoBox

| Painted Cave Fire | |
| --- | --- |
| Date(s) | * June 27, 1990 (1990-06-27) * July 2, 1990 (1990-07-02) * (6 days) |
| Location | Santa Ynez Mountains, Santa Barbara County, California |
| Coordinates | 34°30′N 119°47′W / 34.50°N 119.79°W / 34.50; -119.79 |
| Statistics | |
| Burned area | 5,000 acres (2,023 ha; 8 sq mi; 20 km2) |
| Impacts | |
| Deaths | 2 |
| Structures destroyed | 427 |
| Ignition | |
| Cause | Arson |
| Perpetrator(s) | Leonard Ross |
| Map | |
|  | |


title: Oryctes nevadensis

abstract: Oryctes is a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family containing the single species Oryctes nevadensis, which is known by the common name Nevada oryctes. This rare plant is native to a small area of desert straddling the California - Nevada border, where it grows in habitat with deep sand. It is difficult to estimate its abundance because the plant is only seen in years with certain rainfall amounts and temperature ranges. This is a small annual herb growing from a taproot and producing sticky, scaly foliage, growing up to about 20 centimeters in maximum height. The leaves are 1 to 3 centimeters long, linear in shape to oval and divided into lobes, sometimes wavy along the edges. The inflorescences are umbels of a few tiny flowers each, emerging from leaf axils. The flower is purplish and rounded into an urn shape, measuring a few millimeters wide. The fruit is a spherical capsule containing several seeds. The plant typically flowers in the spring months of April, May and June. This species has neither federal or state government level species protection status but, is recognized globally with G3 - vulnerable status indicating its moderate risk for global extinction and S2 - imperiled status within California state borders recognizing the plant's high risk for extirpation. These classifications are due to its restricted range, small occurrences of populations, population declines, threats and/or other impacts. It also has a 2B California rare plant ranking, indicating that its populations are rare or endangered in California but are common in other locales. This species has not been seed banked but has been recorded in the California Natural Diversity Database (CNDDB).

text:
# Oryctes nevadensis

***Oryctes*** is a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family containing the single species ***Oryctes nevadensis***, which is known by the common name **Nevada oryctes**. This rare plant is native to a small area of desert straddling the California \- Nevada border, where it grows in habitat with deep sand. It is difficult to estimate its abundance because the plant is only seen in years with certain rainfall amounts and temperature ranges. This is a small annual herb growing from a taproot and producing sticky, scaly foliage, growing up to about 20 centimeters in maximum height. The leaves are 1 to 3 centimeters long, linear in shape to oval and divided into lobes, sometimes wavy along the edges. The inflorescences are umbels of a few tiny flowers each, emerging from leaf axils. The flower is purplish and rounded into an urn shape, measuring a few millimeters wide. The fruit is a spherical capsule containing several seeds. The plant typically flowers in the spring months of April, May and June.

This species has neither federal or state government level species protection status but, is recognized globally with G3 - vulnerable status indicating its moderate risk for global extinction and S2 - imperiled status within California state borders recognizing the plant's high risk for extirpation. These classifications are due to its restricted range, small occurrences of populations, population declines, threats and/or other impacts. It also has a 2B California rare plant ranking, indicating that its populations are rare or endangered in California but are common in other locales. This species has not been seed banked but has been recorded in the California Natural Diversity Database (CNDDB).

## InfoBox

| *Oryctes nevadensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Solanales |
| Family: | Solanaceae |
| Subfamily: | Solanoideae |
| Tribe: | Physaleae |
| Genus: | *Oryctes*
S.Watson |
| Species: | ***O. nevadensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oryctes nevadensis***
S.Watson | |
|


title: Marian Anderson Award

abstract: The Marian Anderson Award was originally established in 1943 by African American singer Marian Anderson, after she was awarded The Philadelphia Award in 1940. Anderson used the award money to establish a singing competition to help support young singers; recipients of which include Camilla Williams, Nathaniel Dickerson (1944), Louise Parker (1944), Eudice Mesibov (1946), Mattiwilda Dobbs (1947), Rawn Spearman (1949), Georgia Laster (1951), Betty Allen (1952), Gloria Davy (1952), Judith Raskin, Shirlee Emmons (1953), Miriam Holman (1954), Willis Patterson (1956), Shirley Verrett (1957), Joanna Simon (1962), Billie Lynn Daniel (1963), and Joyce Mathis (1967). Eventually, the prize fund ran out of money and it was disbanded. Florence Quivar was the last recipient of this earlier award in 1976. In 1990, the award was re-established and has dispensed $25,000 annually. In 1998, the prize was restructured with the "Marian Anderson Award" going to an established artist, not necessarily a singer, who exhibits leadership in a humanitarian area. A separate prize, the "Marian Anderson Prize for Emerging Classical Artists" is given to promising young classical singers. In 2022, the independent organization running the award program dissolved, and Play On Philly, an after-school classical music education program, became the administrators of the award.

text:
# Marian Anderson Award

The **Marian Anderson Award** was originally established in 1943 by African American singer Marian Anderson, after she was awarded The Philadelphia Award (and the cash prize that came with it) in 1940. Anderson used the award money to establish a singing competition to help support young singers; recipients of which include Camilla Williams (1943, 1944), Nathaniel Dickerson (1944), Louise Parker (1944), Eudice Mesibov (1946), Mattiwilda Dobbs (1947), Rawn Spearman (1949), Georgia Laster (1951), Betty Allen (1952), Gloria Davy (1952), Judith Raskin (1952, 1953), Shirlee Emmons (1953), Miriam Holman (1954), Willis Patterson (1956), Shirley Verrett (1957), Joanna Simon (1962), Billie Lynn Daniel (1963), and Joyce Mathis (1967). Eventually, the prize fund ran out of money and it was disbanded. Florence Quivar was the last recipient of this earlier award in 1976.

In 1990, the award was re-established and has dispensed $25,000 annually. In 1998, the prize was restructured with the "Marian Anderson Award" going to an established artist, not necessarily a singer, who exhibits leadership in a humanitarian area. A separate prize, the "Marian Anderson Prize for Emerging Classical Artists" is given to promising young classical singers.

In 2022, the independent organization running the award program dissolved, and Play On Philly, an after-school classical music education program, became the administrators of the award.

## Awardees by year

Below are the names of those who received the award since its reinstatement in 1990. Bill Cosby's 2009 award was rescinded by the committee after multiple allegations of sexual assault were made public. In 2018, Queen Latifah was poised to receive the award, but later announced that she wouldn't be accepting it due to "personal reasons"; that year's award ceremony was postponed indefinitely.

The award was not issued in 2020 or 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Selma Nicklass-Kempner

abstract: Selma Nicklaß-Kempner, occasionally also Niklas-Kempner, was a German operatic soprano and singing teacher.

text:
# Selma Nicklass-Kempner

**Selma Nicklaß-Kempner**, occasionally also **Niklas-Kempner**, (2 April 1850 – 22 December 1928) was a German operatic soprano and singing teacher.

## Life

Born in Breslau, Nicklass-Kempner was a Student of Jenny Meyer (1834–1894) and made her debut as "Amina" in Bellini's *La sonnambula* at the Berlin Kroll Opera House. She had engagements in Aachen, Augsburg, Berlin (at the Stern Conservatory), Leipzig, Rotterdam and Vienna, where from 1884 she worked as a singing teacher at the *Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde* and gave private lessons to Princess Stéphanie of Belgium (1864-1945).

The long list of students speaks for her skills and reputation as a singing teacher.

Nicklass-Kempner died in Berlin at the age of 78. Her grave is located at the Friedhof Wilmersdorf in Berlin.

Her husband, Georg Nicklass, died on 28 May 1893 at the age of 41 in Vienna, Trauerhaus Innere Stadt. Her daughter, Bertha Nicklass-Kempner, also became a soprano soloist and later, a singing teacher based in London. Her pupils included the international soprano Joan Carlyle.

## Students

## Further reading

* Karl-Josef Kutsch, Leo Riemens: *Großes Sängerlexikon*. Vol. 4: *Moffo – Seidel*. Dritte, erweiterte Auflage. Saur, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-598-11419-2, p. 2522.


title: Surface of general type

abstract: In algebraic geometry, a surface of general type is an algebraic surface with Kodaira dimension 2. Because of Chow's theorem any compact complex manifold of dimension 2 and with Kodaira dimension 2 will actually be an algebraic surface, and in some sense most surfaces are in this class.

text:
# Surface of general type

In algebraic geometry, a **surface of general type** is an algebraic surface with Kodaira dimension 2. Because of Chow's theorem any compact complex manifold of dimension 2 and with Kodaira dimension 2 will actually be an algebraic surface, and in some sense most surfaces are in this class.

## Classification

Gieseker showed that there is a coarse moduli scheme for surfaces of general type; this means that for any fixed values of the Chern numbers $c\_{1}^{2},c\_{2},$ there is a quasi-projective scheme classifying the surfaces of general type with those Chern numbers. It remains a very difficult problem to describe these schemes explicitly, and there are few pairs of Chern numbers for which this has been done (except when the scheme is empty). There are some indications that these schemes are in general too complicated to write down explicitly: the known upper bounds for the number of components are very large, some components can be non-reduced everywhere, components may have many different dimensions, and the few pieces that have been studied explicitly tend to look rather complicated.

The study of which pairs of Chern numbers can occur for a surface of general type is known as "geography of Chern numbers" and there is an almost complete answer to this question. There are several conditions that the Chern numbers of a minimal complex surface of general type must satisfy:

Many (and possibly all) pairs of integers satisfying these conditions are the Chern numbers for some complex surface of general type. By contrast, for almost complex surfaces, the only constraint is:

$$c\_{1}^{2}+c\_{2}\equiv 0{\pmod {12},}$$

and this can always be realized.

## Examples

This is only a small selection of the rather large number of examples of surfaces of general type that have been found. Many of the surfaces of general type that have been investigated lie on (or near) the edges of the region of possible Chern numbers. In particular Horikawa surfaces lie on or near the "Noether line", many of the surfaces listed below lie on the line $c\_{1}^{2}+c\_{2}=12\chi =12,$ the minimum possible value for general type, and surfaces on the line $3c\_{2}=c\_{1}^{2}$ are all quotients of the unit ball in **C**2 (and are particularly hard to find).

### Surfaces with χ=1

These surface which are located in the "lower left" boundary in the diagram have been studied in detail. For these surfaces with second Chern class can be any integer from 3 to 11. Surfaces with all these values are known; a few of the many examples that have been studied are:

* *c*2 = 3: Fake projective plane (Mumford surface). The first example was found by Mumford using *p*-adic geometry, and there are 50 examples altogether. They have the same Betti numbers as the projective plane, but are not homeomorphic to it as their fundamental groups are infinite.
* *c*2 = 4: Beauville surfaces are named for Arnaud Beauville and have infinite fundamental group.
* *c*2  4: Burniat surfaces
* *c*2 = 10: Campedelli surfaces. Surfaces with the same Hodge numbers are called **numerical Campedelli surfaces**.
* *c*2 = 10: Catanese surfaces are simply connected.
* *c*2 = 11: Godeaux surfaces. The cyclic group of order 5 acts freely on the Fermat surface of points $(w:x:y:z)$ in **P**3 satisfying $w^{5}+x^{5}+y^{5}+z^{5}=0$ by mapping $(w:x:y:z)$ to $(w:\rho x:\rho ^{2}y:\rho ^{3}z)$ where ρ is a fifth root of 1. The quotient by this action is the original **Godeaux surface**. Other surfaces constructed in a similar way with the same Hodge numbers are also sometimes called Godeaux surfaces. Surfaces with the same Hodge numbers (such as Barlow surfaces) are called **numerical Godeaux surfaces**. The fundamental group (of the original Godeaux surface) is cyclic of order 5.
* *c*2 = 11: Barlow surfaces are simply connected. Together with the Craighero-Gattazzo surface, these are the only known examples of simply connected surfaces of general type with *pg* = 0.
* Todorov surfaces give counterexamples to the conclusion of the Torelli theorem.

### Other examples

* **Castelnuovo surfaces:** Another extremal case, Castelnuovo proved that if the canonical bundle is very ample for a surface of general type then $c\_{1}^{2}\geqslant 3p\_{g}-7.$ Castelnuovo surface are surfaces of general type such that the canonical bundle is very ample and that $c\_{1}^{2}=3p\_{g}-7.$
* **Complete intersections:** A smooth complete intersection of hypersurfaces of degrees $d\_{1}\geqslant d\_{2}\geqslant \cdots \geqslant d\_{n-2}\geqslant 2$ in **P***n* is a surface of general type unless the degrees are (2), (3), (2, 2) (rational), (4), (3, 2), (2, 2, 2) (Kodaira dimension 0). Complete intersections are all simply connected. A special case are **hypersurfaces**: for example, in **P**3, non-singular surfaces of degree at least 5 are of *general type* (Non-singular hypersurfaces of degree 4 are K3 surfaces, and those of degree less than 4 are rational).
* **Fano surfaces** of lines on a cubic 3-fold.
* **Hilbert modular surfaces** are mostly of general type.
* **Horikawa surfaces** are surfaces with *q* = 0 and $p\_{g}={\tfrac {1}{2}c\_{1}^{2}+2}$ or $\tfrac {1}{2}c\_{1}^{2}+{\tfrac {3}{2}}$ (which implies that they are more or less on the "Noether line" edge of the region of possible values of the Chern numbers). They are all simply connected, and Horikawa gave a detailed description of them.
* **Products:** the product of two curves both of genus at least 2 is a surface of general type.
* Double covers of non-singular degree 2*m* curves in **P**2 are of general type if $2m\geqslant 8.$ (For 2*m*=2 they are rational, for 2*m*=4 they are again rational and called del Pezzo double planes, and for 2*m*=6 they are K3 surfaces.) They are simply connected, and have Chern numbers $c\_{1}^{2}=2(m-3)^{2},c\_{2}=4m^{2}-6m+6.$

## Canonical models

Bombieri (1973) proved that the multicanonical map φ*nK* for a complex surface of general type is a birational isomorphism onto its image whenever *n*5, and Ekedahl (1988) showed that the same result still holds in positive characteristic. There are some surfaces for which it is not a birational isomorphism when *n* is 4. These results follow from Reider's theorem.

1. Van De Ven, A. (June 1966). "On the chern numbers of certain complex and almost complex manifolds". *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America*. **55** (6): 1624–1627. Bibcode:1966PNAS...55.1624V. doi:10.1073/pnas.55.6.1624. PMC 224368. PMID 16578639.


title: Witt, Seibert & Halsey

abstract: Witt, Seibert & Halsey was an American architectural firm based in the twin cities of Texarkana, Arkansas and Texarkana, Texas, with a practice extending into Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas. It was founded by architect Sidney Stewart, but achieved prominence under Bayard Witt and Eugene C. Seibert.

text:
# Witt, Seibert & Halsey

**Witt, Seibert & Halsey** was an American architectural firm based in the twin cities of Texarkana, Arkansas and Texarkana, Texas, with a practice extending into Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas. It was founded by architect Sidney Stewart, but achieved prominence under Bayard Witt and Eugene C. Seibert.

## History

Bayard Witt was born in 1880 in Witt's Foundry, Tennessee. He worked as a railroad laborer and foreman before obtaining an apprenticeship in civil engineering. In 1904 he moved to Texarkana, Arkansas, joining the office of architect Sidney Stewart, who had been practicing in Texarkana since at least 1900. By 1907, Witt was a partner in the firm of Stewart & Witt.

Eugene Charles Seibert was born in 1878 in Berea, Ohio. He attended the Case School of Applied Science and Columbia University before entering the office of prominent Fort Worth architects Sanguinet & Staats. In 1908, he moved to Texarkana, joining Stewart & Witt. In 1909, Sidney Stewart chose to return to his native Canada. The firm was then established in 1909 as Witt & Seibert. Fred H. Halsey was added as partner in 1911, the firm becoming Witt, Seibert & Company. Halsey had attended Washington University in St. Louis, and had also worked in Fort Worth. Halsey's name was added to the firm's in 1919.

The partnership was dissolved in 1937, when Seibert left to form his own practice. Witt & Halsey continued briefly, separating in 1940. Witt continued alone until 1944, when he took Robert Reinheimer Jr. as partner in Witt & Reinheimer, which was dissolved upon Witt's death in 1947.

Seibert maintained his independent practice until his death in 1941. He was also mayor of Texarkana, Arkansas from 1934 to 1939. Halsey entered government service after dissolving his partnership with Witt, but later returned to architectural practice. He died in 1978.

## Legacy

After Bayard Witt's passing, Reinheimer continued the practice as Reinheimer & Cox and Reinheimer, Cox & Associates into the 1970s.

The firm is responsible for a number of properties which have been placed on the National Register of Historic Places for their architectural significance.

## Architectural works

| Year | Building | Address | City | State | Firm | Notes | Image | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1904 | Texarkana Industrial College | 29th St and Garland Ave | Texarkana | Arkansas | Sidney Stewart | Later the Texarkana Baptist Orphanage. Demolished. |  |  |
| 1905 | First Presbyterian Church | 516 Pecan St | Texarkana | Arkansas | Sidney Stewart |  |  |  |
| 1907 | Little River County Courthouse | 351 N 2nd St | Ashdown | Arkansas | Sidney Stewart | Listed on the NRHP in 1976. |  |  |
| 1908 | C. A. Johnston House | 2015 Beech St | Texarkana | Arkansas | Stewart & Witt | A contributing property to the Beech Street Historic District, listed on the NRHP in 2010. |  |  |
| 1910 | George W. Bottoms House | 500 Hickory St | Texarkana | Arkansas | Witt & Seibert in association with C. D. Hill & Company of Dallas | Listed on the NRHP in 1982. |  |  |
| 1910 | Dr. Henry A. Longino House | 317 W Main St | Magnolia | Arkansas | Witt & Seibert | Listed on the NRHP in 1982. |  |  |
| 1911 | Arkansas High School | Hickory and E 10th Sts | Texarkana | Arkansas | Witt, Seibert & Company | Demolished. |  |  |
| 1911 | Thomas M. Dean House | 1520 Beach St | Texarkana | Arkansas | Witt & Seibert | Listed on the NRHP in 1976. |  |  |
| 1912 | First National Bank Building | 100 Main St | Mount Vernon | Texas | Witt, Seibert & Company | Altered. Presently the Franklin County Library. |  |  |
| 1912 | S. S. P. Mills & Son Building | Texarkana Ave and Main St | Wilton | Arkansas | Witt, Seibert & Company | Listed on the NRHP in 1996, but was removed in 2017 after being demolished in 2016. |  |  |
| 1912 | Texarkana National Bank Building | 100 E Broad St | Texarkana | Texas | Witt, Seibert & Company | Home to the firm's offices. Now altered. |  |  |
| 1913 | Arnold and Greeson Stores | 102-104 W Main St | Prescott | Arkansas | Witt, Seibert & Company | A contributing property to the Prescott Commercial Historic District, listed on the NRHP in 2008. |  |  |
| 1913 | Dining Hall and Caraway and McCrary Halls | Third District Agricultural School | Magnolia | Arkansas | Witt, Seibert & Company | Demolished. |  |  |
| 1913 | First M. E. Church | Chestnut and 4th Sts | Lewisville | Arkansas | Witt, Seibert & Company | Listed on the NRHP in 1996. |  |  |
| 1913 | Masonic Temple | 314 Main St | Texarkana | Texas | Witt, Seibert & Company |  |  |  |
| 1915 | Dr. G. W. Chisholm House | 930 E 5th St St | Texarkana | Arkansas | Witt, Seibert & Company | Demolished. |  |  |
| 1915 | Peoples Bank and Loan Company Building | Spruce and 3rd Sts | Lewisville | Arkansas | Witt, Seibert & Company | Listed on the NRHP in 1996. |  |  |
| 1916 | Eugene C. Seibert House | 1701 Beech St | Texarkana | Arkansas | Witt, Seibert & Company | A contributing property to the Beech Street Historic District, listed on the NRHP in 2010. |  |  |
| 1916 | National Building | 100 E 2nd St | Hope | Arkansas | Witt, Seibert & Company | A contributing property to the Hope Historic Commercial District, listed on the NRHP in 1995. |  |  |
| 1917 | Emmet M. E. Church | 207 S Walnut St | Emmet | Arkansas | Witt, Seibert & Company |  |  |  |
| 1917 | Leonidas Foster House | 420 N Spruce St | Hope | Arkansas | Witt, Seibert & Company | Listed on the NRHP in 1991. |  |  |
| 1919 | William C. Brown House | 2330 Central Ave | Hot Springs | Arkansas | Witt, Seibert & Halsey | Listed on the NRHP in 1986. |  |  |
| 1923 | Buhrman-Pharr Hardware Company Building | 620 E 3rd St | Texarkana | Arkansas | Witt, Seibert & Halsey | A contributing property to the Buhrman–Pharr Hardware Company Historic District, listed on the NRHP in 2004. |  |  |
| 1923 | Planters Bank and Trust Company Building | 103 N Main St | Nashville | Arkansas | Witt, Seibert & Halsey |  |  |  |
| 1923 | Sidney A. Umsted House | 404 Washington St | Camden | Arkansas | Witt, Seibert & Halsey | Listed on the NRHP in 1995. |  |  |
| 1923 | Texarkana National Bank Annex | 100 E Broad St | Texarkana | Texas | Witt, Seibert & Halsey in association with Sanguinet, Staats & Hedrick of Fort Worth | Home to the firm's offices. Now altered. |  |  |
| 1924 | Caddo Valley Academy | 9th and Main Sts | Norman | Arkansas | Witt, Seibert & Halsey | Listed on the NRHP in 2002. |  |  |
| 1924 | Texarkana City Hall | 220 Texas Blvd | Texarkana | Texas | Witt, Seibert & Halsey in association with C. H. Page & Brother of Austin |  |  |  |
| 1925 | First M. E. Church | 700 S Broadway St | Smackover | Arkansas | Witt, Seibert & Halsey | A contributing property to the Smackover Historic Commercial District, listed on the NRHP in 1990. Presently the Smackover Library. |  |  |
| 1925 | St. John Episcopal Church | 117 Harrison St | Camden | Arkansas | Witt, Seibert & Halsey | Listed on the NRHP in 2017. |  |  |
| 1926 | Saenger Theatre | 211 W 2nd St | Hope | Arkansas | Witt, Seibert & Halsey | Demolished. |  |  |
| 1927 | Texarkana Junior College | W 16th and Pine Sts | Texarkana | Texas | Witt, Seibert & Halsey | Listed on the NRHP in 2014 as part of the Texarkana Junior College and Texas High School. Demolished 2023 |  |  |
| 1927 | Texarkana Municipal Building | 216 Walnut St | Texarkana | Arkansas | Witt, Seibert & Halsey | Listed on the NRHP in 2004. |  |  |
| 1928 | Collins Home | 1915 Olive St | Texarkana | Texas | Witt, Seibert & Halsey |  |  |  |
| 1928 | Mullins Court | 605 Hickory St | Texarkana | Arkansas | Witt, Seibert & Halsey | Listed on the NRHP in 2007. |  |  |
| 1928 | Texarkana Country Club | 1 Country Club Ln | Texarkana | Arkansas | Witt, Seibert & Halsey |  |  |  |
| 1929 | Sevier County Courthouse | 115 N 3rd St | De Queen | Arkansas | Witt, Seibert & Halsey |  |  |  |
| 1929 | Texas High School | 1915 Pine St | Texarkana | Texas | Witt, Seibert & Halsey | Listed on the NRHP in 2014 as part of the Texarkana Junior College and Texas High School Demolished 2023. |  |  |
| 1930 | Jamison Building | 513-515 W 3rd St | Texarkana | Texas | Witt, Seibert & Halsey |  |  |  |
| 1931 | Central Christian Church | 903 Walnut St | Texarkana | Texas | Witt, Seibert & Halsey |  |  |  |
| 1931 | Pike County Courthouse | 1 Courthouse Sq | Murfreesboro | Arkansas | Witt, Seibert & Halsey | Listed on the NRHP in 1986. |  |  |
| 1932 | U. S. Post Office and Courthouse | 500 N State Line Ave | Texarkana | Arkansas and Texas | Witt, Seibert & Halsey in association with Perkins, Chatten & Hammond of Chicago | Listed on the NRHP in 2000. |  |  |
| 1933 | Trinity M. E. Church | 300 N Vienna St | Ruston | Louisiana | Witt, Seibert & Halsey | Demolished. |  |  |
| 1938 | Cass County Office Building | 119 N Kauffman St | Linden | Texas | Witt & Halsey |  |  |  |
| 1939 | Miller County Courthouse | 400 Laurel St | Texarkana | Arkansas | Eugene C. Seibert | Listed on the NRHP in 1998. |  |  |
| 1940 | Stevens Courts | 2220 W 15th St | Texarkana | Texas | Witt & Halsey in association with James N. McCammon of Dallas | All demolished except for administration building. |  |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Witt, Seibert & Halsey | |
| --- | --- |
| Practice information | |
| Partners | Sidney Stewart; Bayard Witt; Eugene C. Seibert; Fred H. Halsey; Robert Reinheimer Jr. |
| Founders | Sidney Stewart |
| Location | Texarkana, Arkansas and Texas |
| Significant works and honors | |
| Buildings | Texarkana Municipal Building; U. S. Post Office and Courthouse |


# List of number-one urban singles of 2020 (Australia)

The ARIA Urban Chart is a chart that ranks the best-performing Urban tracks singles of Australia. It is published by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), an organisation who collect music data for the weekly ARIA Charts. To be eligible to appear on the chart, the recording must be a single of a predominantly urban nature.

## Chart history

| Issue date | Song | Artist(s) | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6 January | "Roxanne" | Arizona Zervas |  |
| 13 January | "Blinding Lights" | The Weeknd |  |
| 20 January | | | |
| 27 January | | | |
| 3 February | | | |
| 10 February | | | |
| 17 February | | | |
| 24 February | | | |
| 2 March | | | |
| 9 March | | | |
| 16 March | | | |
| 23 March | | | |
| 30 March | | | |
| 6 April | | | |
| 13 April | | | |
| 20 April | | | |
| 27 April | | | |
| 4 May | | | |
| 11 May | | | |
| 18 May | | | |
| 25 May | "Rockstar" | DaBaby featuring Roddy Ricch |  |
| 1 June | | | |
| 8 June | | | |
| 15 June | | | |
| 22 June | | | |
| 29 June | | | |
| 6 July | "Savage Love" | Jason Derulo and Jawsh 685 |  |
| 13 July | | | |
| 20 July | | | |
| 27 July | | | |
| 3 August | | | |
| 10 August | | | |
| 17 August | | | |
| 24 August | "WAP" | Cardi B and Megan Thee Stallion |  |
| 31 August | | | |
| 7 September | | | |
| 14 September | | | |
| 21 September | | | |
| 28 September | | | |
| 5 October | "Mood" | 24kGoldn and Iann Dior |  |
| 12 October | | | |
| 19 October | | | |
| 26 October | | | |
| 2 November | | | |
| 9 November | | | |
| 16 November | | | |
| 23 November | | | |
| 30 November | | | |
| 7 December | | | |
| 14 December | | | |
| 21 December | | | |
| 28 December | | | |

## InfoBox

| ARIA Charts<br>number-one urban singles of 2020\< 20192021 \> | |
| --- | --- |
| Other Australian number-one charts of 2020 | |
| albums | |
| singles | |
| dance singles | |
| club tracks | |
| digital tracks | |
| streaming tracks | |
| Top Australian singles and albums of 2020 | |
| Triple J Hottest 100 | |
| top 25 singles | |
| top 25 albums | |


title: Palghar taluka

abstract: Palghar taluka is a taluka in Palghar district of Maharashtra an Indian state.

text:
# Palghar taluka

**Palghar taluka** is a taluka in Palghar district of Maharashtra an Indian state.

## Thane district

On 1 August 2014, the talukas of Mokhada, Jawahar, Talasari, Vikramgadh, Wada, Dahanu, Palghar and Vasai were separated from the erstwhile Thane district to form a new district Palghar. Mr. Maheyssh Sagar is current Tahsildar & Executive Magistrate of Taluka Palghar. Mr. Vikas M. Gajare is current Sub Divisional Officer & Sub Divisional Magistrate of Palghar Sub Division.

## Demographics

| Religions in Palghar taluk (2011) | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Religion | |  | Percent | |
| Hinduism | |  | 90.62% | |
| Islam | |  | 6.05% | |
| Buddhism | |  | 1.31% | |
| Jainism | |  | 0.80% | |
| Christianity | |  | 0.50% | |
| Other or not stated | |  | 0.72% | |

Palghar taluka has a population of 550,166 according to the 2011 census. Palghar had a literacy rate of 80.69% and a sex ratio of 907 females per 1000 males. 69,554 (12.64%) are under 7 years of age. 225,380 (40.97%) lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 3.09% and 30.56% of the population respectively.

Languages of Palghar taluk (2011)

Marathi (70.91%)  Hindi (16.61%)  Gujarati (2.65%)  Urdu (2.29%)  Bhojpuri (2.10%)  Marwari (1.08%)  Others (4.36%)

At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 70.91% of the population in the district spoke Marathi, 16.61% Hindi, 2.65% Gujarati, 2.29% Urdu, 2.10% Bhojpuri and 1.08% Marwari as their first language.


title: Nyack Beach State Park

abstract: Nyack Beach State Park is a 61-acre (0.25 km⁲) state park in Upper Nyack, Rockland County, New York. It consists of a small parking lot and a riverfront pathway, the southernmost section of the Hudson River Valley Greenway. It is known for its physical proximity to the Hudson River on one side of the pathway and the looming cliffs of the Palisades rising 700 feet (210 m) above on the other side. The park is included within the Palisades Interstate Park system and is functionally part of a continuous complex of parks that also includes Rockland Lake State Park, Hook Mountain State Park, and Haverstraw Beach State Park.

text:
# Nyack Beach State Park

**Nyack Beach State Park** is a 61-acre (0.25 km2) state park in Upper Nyack, Rockland County, New York. It consists of a small parking lot and a riverfront pathway, the southernmost section of the Hudson River Valley Greenway. It is known for its physical proximity to the Hudson River on one side of the pathway and the looming cliffs of the Palisades rising 700 feet (210 m) above on the other side.

The park is included within the Palisades Interstate Park system and is functionally part of a continuous complex of parks that also includes Rockland Lake State Park, Hook Mountain State Park, and Haverstraw Beach State Park.

## History

The Palisades Interstate Park Commission purchased what was to become Nyack Beach State Park in 1911 to provide space for recreation, and to protect the land from the effects of quarrying that were impacting the Hudson River Palisades during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Along with a portion of adjacent Hook Mountain State Park, Nyack Beach was declared a National Natural Landmark in April 1980 for its portion of the Palisades Sill.

## Park description

The park offers picnicking, hiking, bicycling, fishing, and cross-country skiing along the pathway.. The path is flat and handicapped accessible. The pathway runs for two miles (3.2 km) along the river towards Rockland Lake State Park.

As the name implies, the park originally included a swimming beach which has been closed for many years due to pollution in the Hudson River. In 2005, it was suggested that the beach could be reopened for swimming due to the improved condition of the river.

### Wildlife

Hawks and raptors nest in the cliff and are easily viewed from the pathway. In 1994 there was a harbor seal at the park, and in 1995 a harbor seal spent much of August in the vicinity of the park. Fossils and dinosaur footprints have been found in the rocks along the pathway.

## InfoBox

| Nyack Beach State Park | |
| --- | --- |
| A path between the Palisades Sill and the Hudson River at Nyack Beach State Park | |
| Location of Nyack Beach State Park in New York State | |
| Type | State park |
| Location | Upper Nyack
Rockland County, New York |
| Coordinates | 41°07′15″N 73°54′40″W / 41.1207°N 73.9112°W / 41.1207; -73.9112 |
| Area | 61 acres (0.25 km2) |
| Created | 1911 (1911) |
| Operated by |  |
| Visitors | 169,661 (in 2014) |
| Website | Nyack Beach State Park |
|  | |
| U.S. National Natural Landmark | |
| Designated | 1980 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Oryctocephalidae

abstract: Oryctocephalidae is an extinct family of trilobite in the order Corynexochida. There are more than 20 genera and 60 described species in Oryctocephalidae.

text:
# Oryctocephalidae

**Oryctocephalidae** is an extinct family of trilobite in the order Corynexochida. There are more than 20 genera and 60 described species in Oryctocephalidae.

## Genera

These 27 genera belong to the family Oryctocephalidae:

## InfoBox

| Oryctocephalidae | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Trilobita |
| Order: | Corynexochida |
| Suborder: | Corynexochina |
| Family: | Oryctocephalidae |
|


abstract: Marian Anderson: The Lincoln Memorial Concert is a 1939 documentary film that documents a concert performance by African American opera singer Marian Anderson after the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) had her barred from singing in Washington D.C.'s Constitution Hall because she was Black. Officials of the District of Columbia also barred her from performing in the auditorium of a white public high school. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt helped hold the concert at Lincoln Memorial, on federal property. The performance on Easter Sunday, April 9, 1939, was attended by 75,000. In 2001, this documentary film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress.

text:
# Marian Anderson: The Lincoln Memorial Concert

***Marian Anderson: The Lincoln Memorial Concert*** is a 1939 documentary film that documents a concert performance by African American opera singer Marian Anderson after the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) had her barred from singing in Washington D.C.'s Constitution Hall because she was Black. Officials of the District of Columbia also barred her from performing in the auditorium of a white public high school. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt helped hold the concert at Lincoln Memorial, on federal property. The performance on Easter Sunday, April 9, 1939, was attended by 75,000. In 2001, this documentary film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress.


title: Fort Massacre

abstract: Fort Massacre is a 1958 American western film, directed by Joseph M. Newman, starring: Joel McCrea, Forrest Tucker, John Russell and Susan Cabot. A possibly mad cavalry commander leads his troops through dangerous Indian territory.

text:
# Fort Massacre

***Fort Massacre*** is a 1958 American western film, directed by Joseph M. Newman, starring: Joel McCrea, Forrest Tucker, John Russell and Susan Cabot. A possibly mad cavalry commander leads his troops through dangerous Indian territory.

## Plot

An embittered cavalry sergeant must take over his regiment after their commanding officer is killed during an ambush. Vinson is driven by his hatred of Apaches, who were responsible for the death of his wife and children. He and his remaining men, including Travis and McGurney, try to ride 100 miles (161 km) to the safety of Fort Crane, a fictional analogue of Fort Craig in New Mexico Territory. Along the way they attack an Indian band, despite being heavily outnumbered. Vinson's vengeance knows no bounds, until Travis is ultimately forced to take a stand and confront him.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Fort Massacre | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Joseph M. Newman |
| Written by | Martin Goldsmith |
| Produced by | Walter Mirisch |
| Starring | Joel McCrea
Forrest Tucker
John Russell
Susan Cabot |
| Cinematography | Carl E. Guthrie |
| Edited by | Richard Heermance |
| Music by | Marlin Skiles |
| Production
company | The Mirisch Company |
| Distributed by | United Artists Corporation |
| Release date | * May 1, 1958 (1958-05-01) |
| Running time | 80 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Supreme Judicial Council of Libya

abstract: The Supreme Judicial Court of Libya is the legal body in Libya responsible for organising the legal system of Libya, in existence since the 2011 Libyan Civil War. The SJC retained its structure as a single national body throughout the conflict despite the political split and in 2019 went through Libya-wide "transparent elections" and a "peaceful transfer of power", according to the United Nations Support Mission in Libya.

text:
# Supreme Judicial Council of Libya

The **Supreme Judicial Court of Libya** is the legal body in Libya responsible for organising the legal system of Libya, in existence since the 2011 Libyan Civil War. The SJC retained its structure as a single national body throughout the conflict despite the political split and in 2019 went through Libya-wide "transparent elections" and a "peaceful transfer of power", according to the United Nations Support Mission in Libya.

## Creation

The Supreme Judicial Council (SJC) was defined in Law No. 4 of 2011 following the 2011 Libyan Civil War as a replacement for the Muammar Gaddafi-era High Council of Judicial Bodies that was created in 2006, with the aim of having more independence from other components of the governmental system. In contrast to the High Council of Judicial Bodies, the Minister of Justice was excluded from being either the president or an ordinary member of the Supreme Judicial Council. The International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) judged this change to "significantly \[enhance\]" the independence of the judiciary. Law No. 4 of 2011 makes an amendment to Law No. 6 of 2006.

## Role and independence

The SCJ's role under Law No. 6 of 2006, as amended by Law No. 4 of 2011, covers the organisation of "judicial affairs" and responsibilities in relation to members of judicial bodies. Law No. 14 of 2013 gives the SJC a budget separate from the state budget.

The SJC elects its president and vice-president from among its members.

In 2016, the ICJ made detailed recommendations for strengthening the "\[institutional, financial and administrative independence\]" of the SJC from the executive branch of government.

## Composition

Law No. 6 of 2006 (amended by Law No. 4 of 2011) and Law No. 14 of 2013 together define the composition of the SJC to include the president of the Supreme Court, the Prosecutor General, presidents of seven courts of appeal, and representatives of government departments (ministries) including the Litigation Department, the Public Legal Defence Department, the Law Department, and the Judicial Body Inspection Department.

As of mid-2016, the SJC was a male-only body. A woman was elected as representative of the Benghazi Court of Appeal to the SJC in mid-2016. In 2016, the ICJ made detailed recommendations in recommending that the SJC become more "pluralistic and gender-representative, with a majority of judges elected by their peers."

## Unity during the Libyan civil conflict

The SJC aimed to retain its unity as a national body during the continuing political and military Libyan conflict that started in 2014. It met with the head of the Presidential Council and of the Government of National Accord, Fayez al-Sarraj, in July 2016, and as of mid 2017, held regular monthly meetings in Benghazi. In October 2019, the SJC completed a new election of its membership and met in Tripoli. It argued that over five years of conflict in Libya, the SJC had remained independent and unified. United Nations Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL) described the 2019 SJC elections as "an example of democracy and peaceful transfer of power in Libya ... \[that reflects\] the independence and professionalism of the judiciary, which is a key institution enhancing the rule of law and human rights in Libya."


title: Winton Train

abstract: The Winton Train was a private passenger train that travelled from the Czech Republic to Great Britain in September 2009 in tribute to the wartime efforts of Sir Nicholas Winton, described as the 'British Schindler' for his part in saving refugee children from Czechoslovakia. As a result of Sir Nicholas' efforts in the months leading up to the outbreak of World War II in 1939, a total of seven locomotives transported 669 Czechoslovak children of mainly Jewish heritage from Prague to safety in Great Britain. Sir Nicholas' kindertransport efforts remained largely unrecognised until 1988, when they came to public attention after his wife found a scrapbook in their attic documenting the details. Only then did the individuals whom Winton arranged to have transported to safety as children learn the story of how they survived the Holocaust. As the majority of 'Winton's Children' were Jewish, it is believed this saved them from certain death had they stayed in Czechoslovakia. As of 2009, the direct descendants of Winton's Children numbered over 5000 people. The 2009 tribute Winton Train carried some of the individuals Sir Nicholas arranged to have transported to safety in 1939, along with their families, as it retraced the original kindertransport route taken by the trains on which they rode as children to safety in Great Britain 70 years earlier. The Winton Train departed on 1 September 2009, the 70th anniversary of the eighth, and intended last, train arranged by Winton to carry children to safety but was prevented from doing so due to the outbreak of World War II on that very day. It departed from Prague Main railway station and travelled through Germany and the Netherlands. After a transfer by ferry to Harwich, the journey resumed by train again to arrive in London's Liverpool Street station on 4 September, where it was met by the 100-year-old Sir Nicholas himself. For the journey across mainland Europe, the train was formed of period carriages and was hauled by historically authentic steam locomotives, while the British leg was hauled by 60163 Tornado, a brand-new, main-line British steam locomotive completed in 2008, along with carriages that were constructed in the 1950s. The tribute train was the centrepiece of a wider cultural awareness project known as 'Inspiration by Goodness', organised by the Czech government.

text:
# Winton Train

The **Winton Train** was a private passenger train that travelled from the Czech Republic to Great Britain in September 2009 in tribute to the wartime efforts of Sir Nicholas Winton, described as the 'British Schindler' for his part in saving refugee children from Czechoslovakia.

As a result of Sir Nicholas' efforts in the months leading up to the outbreak of World War II in 1939, a total of seven locomotives transported 669 Czechoslovak children of mainly Jewish heritage from Prague to safety in Great Britain.

Sir Nicholas' kindertransport efforts remained largely unrecognised until 1988, when they came to public attention after his wife found a scrapbook in their attic documenting the details. Only then did the individuals whom Winton arranged to have transported to safety as children learn the story of how they survived the Holocaust. As the majority of 'Winton's Children' (as they came to be known) were Jewish, it is believed this saved them from certain death had they stayed in Czechoslovakia. As of 2009, the direct descendants of Winton's Children numbered over 5000 people.

The 2009 tribute Winton Train carried some of the individuals Sir Nicholas arranged to have transported to safety in 1939, along with their families, as it retraced the original kindertransport route taken by the trains on which they rode as children to safety in Great Britain 70 years earlier. The Winton Train departed on 1 September 2009, the 70th anniversary of the eighth, and intended last, train arranged by Winton to carry children to safety but was prevented from doing so due to the outbreak of World War II on that very day. It departed from Prague Main railway station and travelled through Germany and the Netherlands. After a transfer by ferry to Harwich, the journey resumed by train again to arrive in London's Liverpool Street station on 4 September, where it was met by the 100-year-old Sir Nicholas himself. For the journey across mainland Europe, the train was formed of period carriages and was hauled by historically authentic steam locomotives, while the British leg was hauled by 60163 *Tornado*, a brand-new, main-line British steam locomotive completed in 2008, along with carriages that were constructed in the 1950s.

The tribute train was the centrepiece of a wider cultural awareness project known as 'Inspiration by Goodness', organised by the Czech government.

## Background

### Original Winton trains

Between March and September 1939, the months leading up to the outbreak of World War II, Nicholas Winton, a 29-year-old British stockbroker whose parents were of German Jewish descent, organised eight trains to transport mainly Jewish Czech and Slovak refugee children from Czechoslovakia to homes in Britain.

In 1939, Winton cancelled a trip to a Swiss holiday resort to go to Prague, having heard of a growing refugee crisis resulting from the German occupation of Czechoslovakia from a friend. His friend was working in the British embassy for the British Committee for Refugees from Czechoslovakia, which was already working to help adults escape from Czechoslovakia. When Winton learned that refugee children could not leave unless accompanied, he decided to arrange their evacuation to Britain. While the Winton evacuations later became known by the collective label of the children's Kindertransports, which were officially being organised elsewhere in other countries, no official Kindertransports had been arranged in Prague at that time. Later rescues were organised by Gertruida Wijsmuller-Meijer from the Netherlands in cooperation with Jewish committees in Britain, Holland, Nazi-Germany and Nazi-Austria from December 1938 through August 1939, totalling 10,000 children.

Winton organised the transfer of the children from the Nazi-appointed Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia to homes in Britain, in the process arranging the necessary bonds and permits for their departure, and finding the families in Britain who would receive the children. Winton and a team identified those children most at risk from the thousands of refugees driven south following the Nazi invasion of the Sudetenland. For each child to be accepted, British officials required a confirmed foster home and a 50 guarantee.

Beginning in March, Winton organised eight trains, which in total transported 669 mainly Jewish children from Nazi occupied Czechoslovakia to Great Britain. A ninth and final train with 250 children on board was stopped at the last minute, due to the outbreak of the war. Only two children on this ninth aborted train survived the war. According to Channel 4 News reporting on the 2009 Winton Train, "Sir Nicholas has said many times that the vision that haunts him most is the families waiting at Liverpool Street for the train that never arrived".

The original trains left from Prague Wilson railway station (now Prague Main station). While most of the children were met by their new families at London's Liverpool Street station, some of the children got off the trains at Harwich, where they were placed with local families. Few if any of the Winton children saw their parents again.

Winton's efforts did not come to public light until 1988, when his wife discovered papers in their loft, whereupon Winton began to publicly talk about his work, and he came to be known as the 'British Schindler', in comparison to Oskar Schindler. Sir Nicholas himself believed this was undeserved, because unlike Schindler, his life had never been in danger.

### Inspiration by Goodness project

A project to run a train in tribute to the original Winton trains was announced on 21 January 2008 as the *Train Prague – London* project, and the organisers were negotiating to have the train named after Sir Nicholas. The train was run by Czech Railways and sponsored by the Czech government, with the project being dedicated to their holding of the Presidency of the Council of the European Union from January to June 2009. The train was part of a wider project encompassing social and cultural events along the route to "inspire young people through the deeds of Nicholas Winton", and with the theme of "Inspiration by Goodness", it incorporated art, film, photographic and literary contests by university students and school children.

The project was to follow on from the work of documentary film maker Matej Mináč about Sir Nicholas, including his new film project *Nicky's Family*. While travelling on the train, Mináč filmed scenes for a new version of the Winton story. The Czech Senate President Přemysl Sobotka said of the project that it "should warn against rising extremism and anti-Semitism in Europe and in the world".

## 2009 Winton Train

### Journey

The motive power for the train journey was provided by six different steam locomotives in total, two as a double-headed train in the Czech Republic due to the terrain, two in Germany, one in the Netherlands and one in Great Britain. The entire journey was scheduled to take four days, involving a European train leg, a crossing by the passengers on a ferry and a British train leg. It covered a distance of 1,296 kilometres (805 mi), of which 1,139 kilometres (708 mi) was the train journey across mainland Europe.

On 1 September the train departed Prague Main railway station. On this first day it travelled to the German city of Nuremberg, crossing the Czech - German border at Furth im Wald in the Bavarian Forest. The following day, the train was to travel across Germany to Cologne, via Frankfurt am Main. Instead of Frankfurt however, it travelled via Wiesbaden and the right bank of the River Rhine. On the third day, the train arrived on the North Sea coast at the Dutch ferry port, Hook of Holland, crossing the Dutch - German border at Emmerich am Rhein and passing through the Netherlands via Rotterdam. The passengers disembarked the train to cross the North Sea to Great Britain overnight on the Stena Line ferry *Stena Britannica* to Harwich, a port in the East of England on the country boundary between Essex and Suffolk. The British train journey formed the fourth day of the journey, travelling from Harwich to the London terminus of Liverpool Street station.

On this final day the train departed Harwich International railway station at 09:12. It travelled via Colchester and Chelmsford, arriving at Liverpool Street station at 10:37 on Platform 10. Platform 10 was the platform number that the original Winton trains had used.

Sir Nicholas, now 100 years old, met the train at Liverpool Street as guest of honour.

Also at Liverpool Street to meet the train was Štefan Füle, the Czech Minister for European Affairs, and a former Czech ambassador to Britain.

### Motive power and rolling stock

Travelling through the Czech Republic from Prague to Furth im Wald, the train was double-headed by locomotives No. 486.007 and 498.022, with 486.007 leading as the train left Prague. No. 486.007, known as the *Green Anton* is a preserved steam locomotive built in 1936 and based in Vrútky, Slovakia, owned by Slovak Republic Railways (ŽSR). It is one of the de:ČSD-Baureihe 486.0 class, and has a green livery. No. 498.022, which is one of the de:ČSD-Baureihe 498.0 class, has a blue livery and is owned by Czech Railways, who store it at Libeň in Prague, Czech Republic.

Travelling through Germany from Furth im Wald to Emmerich am Rhein, the train was hauled by locomotive No. 41 018. No. 41 018 is a preserved steam locomotive built in 1939 and based at the Augsburg Railway Park railway museum in Augsburg, Bavaria. It is one of the locomotive class DRG Class 41, and it is owned by DG München.

As the train travelled through the Netherlands from Emmerich am Rhein to Hook of Holland, it was hauled by Locomotive No. 01 1075. No. 01 1075 is a preserved steam locomotive built in 1940 and based at the Stoom Stichting Nederland (SSN) railway museum in Rotterdam.

Travelling through England (from Harwich to London), the train was hauled by No. 60163 *Tornado*, a British mainline steam locomotive built in 2008 by the A1 Steam Locomotive Trust, the construction of which began in 1994 and was completed in 2008.

The passenger rolling stock for the European leg from Prague to Hook of Holland comprised nine historic railway carriages of Hungarian and German origin, with a capacity for 240 passengers. The train included the blue liveried state luxury saloon carriage of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, the first president of Czechoslovakia, which entered service on 7 March 1930, Masaryk's 80th birthday.

For the British leg, behind *Tornado* and her maroon support coach, the train was headed by *Pegasus*, a cream and brown Pullman Bar Car incorporating the Trianon Bar, followed by the historic 1950s built red and cream *The Royal Scot* rake of British Railways Mark 1 passenger coaches of Riviera Trains. *Pegasus* was built in 1951 for the famous *Golden Arrow* boat train, and later rebuilt for heritage mainline use.

### Passengers

The 2009 Winton train carried 170 passengers, including 22 of those originally rescued, who came to be known as 'Winton's Children'. Passengers included the first, second, or even third generation of descendants of the original children rescued by Sir Nicholas. The descendants of the children Sir Nicholas rescued had by 2009 grown to number 5,000 people. Passengers on the 2009 train also included Sir Nicholas's daughter Barbara. Other survivors who did not travel on the reunion train instead met it at Liverpool Street.

## Subsequent projects

It was the hope of the project to follow up the 2009 Winton Train to London with other Winton Trains to other European cities, and for it to become a tradition. In May 2011, an exhibition entitled *Winton's Trains* opened in London at Liverpool Street station.

## Further reading


# List of number-one urban singles of 2022 (Australia)

The ARIA Urban Chart is a chart that ranks the best-performing Urban tracks singles of Australia. It is published by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), an organisation who collect music data for the weekly ARIA Charts. To be eligible to appear on the chart, the recording must be a single of a predominantly urban nature.

## Chart history

| Issue date | Song | Artist(s) | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 3 January | "Stay" | The Kid Laroi and Justin Bieber |  |
| 10 January | | |  |
| 17 January | | |  |
| 24 January | | |  |
| 31 January | | |  |
| 7 February | | |  |
| 14 February | | |  |
| 21 February | | |  |
| 28 February | | |  |
| 7 March | | |  |
| 14 March | | |  |
| 21 March | | |  |
| 28 March | | |  |
| 4 April | | |  |
| 11 April | | |  |
| 18 April | "First Class" | Jack Harlow |  |
| 25 April | | |  |
| 2 May | | |  |
| 9 May | | |  |
| 16 May | | |  |
| 23 May | | |  |
| 30 May | | |  |
| 6 June | | |  |
| 13 June | | |  |
| 20 June | | |  |
| 27 June | | |  |
| 4 July | | |  |
| 11 July | | |  |
| 18 July | | |  |
| 25 July | | |  |
| 1 August | "Bad Habit" | Steve Lacy |  |
| 8 August | "Doja" | Central Cee |  |
| 15 August | "Bad Habit" | Steve Lacy |  |
| 22 August | | |  |
| 29 August | "Super Freaky Girl" | Nicki Minaj |  |
| 5 September | | |  |
| 12 September | | |  |
| 19 September | | |  |
| 26 September | | |  |
| 3 October | | |  |
| 10 October | | |  |
| 17 October | "Bad Habit" | Steve Lacy |  |
| 24 October | | |  |
| 31 October | | |  |
| 7 November | "Lift Me Up" | Rihanna |  |
| 14 November | "Rich Flex" | Drake and 21 Savage |  |
| 21 November | | |  |
| 28 November | | |  |
| 5 December | | |  |
| 12 December | "Creepin'" | Metro Boomin, The Weeknd and 21 Savage |  |
| 19 December | "Kill Bill" | SZA |  |
| 26 December | | |  |

## InfoBox

| ARIA Charts<br>number-one urban singles of 2022\< 20212023 \> | |
| --- | --- |
| Other Australian number-one charts of 2022 | |
| albums | |
| singles | |
| dance singles | |
| club tracks | |
| digital tracks | |
| streaming tracks | |
| Top Australian singles and albums of 2022 | |
| Triple J Hottest 100 | |
| top 25 singles | |
| top 25 albums | |


title: 1989 Klötzli incident

abstract: On 7 October 1989, the referee blowing the final whistle just as a goal was scored in a game of football in Switzerland, and the following attack on him by the affected team's players, came to be known as the Klötzli incident. The episode, which occurred in a Nationalliga A match between FC Sion and FC Wettingen, is considered to be one of the biggest scandals in Swiss football.

text:
# 1989 Klötzli incident

On 7 October 1989, the referee blowing the final whistle just as a goal was scored in a game of football in Switzerland, and the following attack on him by the affected team's players, came to be known as the **Klötzli incident.** The episode, which occurred in a Nationalliga A match between FC Sion and FC Wettingen, is considered to be one of the biggest scandals in Swiss football.

## Background

In the third minute of injury time in a league match between Sion and Wettingen, Mirsad Baljic scored in the 88th minute to give Sion a 1–0 lead against Wettingen, who were fighting against relegation.

### The incident

Sion's midfielder Jean-Paul Brigger took a free-kick just a few meters from his own box. Instead of kicking the ball, however, he wasted time, and as he took the free-kick, the ball hit Wettingen's Salvatore Romano on his back. The ball then fell at the feet of Wettingen's captain Martin Rueda, who ran with the ball and went round the goalkeeper Stephan Lehmann, equalising the score at 1–1. While the ball was in the air and heading towards the goal, however, referee Bruno Klötzli looked at his watch, not focusing on the ball, and noticed that the three-minutes of injury time were up. He blew the full-time whistle, and the game ended with the equalising goal not counted.

The Wettingen players were angry, and they directed their anger towards referee Klötzli. Four FCW players attacked him, and he was chased across the pitch. He fought his way towards the tunnel and into the referee's cabin, escaping the assault.

### People involved

Klötzli, an SFV referee, who would have become a FIFA Referee in 1990, reported the case to the SFV. From his match report can be seen: player number 12 **Martin Frei** (the uncle of Alex Frei) attacked him by jumping into him with both feet. Player number 3 **Alex Germann** struck him with a punch on the shoulder and a second punch in the stomach. Player number 9 **Reto Baumgartner** jumped into his back with both knees. Player number 6 **Roger Kundert** kicked him in the buttocks.

## Statements

"I was very scared," Klötzli said after the game. "If I had stumbled, I would certainly have ended up in the hospital." He got away unharmed. Up until the moment of his whistle he said: "I made no mistakes in terms of control technology. But I have to admit that the moment of the final whistle was not exactly well chosen psychologically."

"Sure, I ran over to him," confessed Kundert. "Maybe I touched the referee in the crowd. But I definitely didn't kick him. Anything but two or three penalty Sundays would be a scandal." Baumgartner described the situation like this: "I was totally aggressive, capable of doing anything. But I couldn't even get near to him." Germann said: "I'm quite sure I didn't strike him." After the players had seen the video of the event, they showed more insight. "The scenes that happened there are inexcusable," says Kundert. Baumgarnter stated that both he and Klötzli made a mistake.

Even 30 years later, the then Sion team manager Yves Débonnaire states, "The anxious face of the poor referee Klötzli and the violence of the Wettinger players have burned into my brain. Forever."

## Consequences

On the basis of the video and the referee report, the SFV condemned the four players with extensive bans and fines. The Association Sports Court intensified the punishments and professional bans further. The professional ban for Roger Kundert was four months. The ban for Martin Frei began at six and increased to eight months and the ban for Reto Baumgartner began at seven and increased to ten months. The three players were fined 10,000 Swiss Francs each. Alex Germann, who was about complete a transfer to Borussia Dortmund, was hit the hardest, with a one-year suspension and a fine of CHF 20,000 Swiss francs.

### Aftermath

Just seven weeks after the game in Sion, Roger Kundert tore a cruciate ligament during training. Because his right knee could no longer withstand the stress of professional sport, he retired from active football in the spring of 1990. The 30-year-old Martin Frei vented his anger, wrote the association bosses a sharp letter and decided to end his career immediately. Alex Germann trained for a year with FC Wettingen and then returned as a professional player, but the planned move to the Bundesliga club Borussia Dortmund was not completed.

Reto Baumgartner's contract with FC Wettingen expired. He continued his career with FC Basel, played for another four years in the Nationalliga B and he later became a professional beach soccer player. Since FC Basel's AGM in 2008, Baumgartner has been a member of the club's board of directors. At the club's annual general meeting in November 2020, he was elected as the new chairman.

Six months later, referee Klötzli ended his career as a referee. The Sion scandal was his last game at the professional level. Afterwards, he developed a gambling addiction. He had landed into debt and ran into problems with his job, which he then lost. In 1999, he was sentenced to a conditional prison term of 18 months for forgery and abuse of confidence. As a bank employee, Klötzli embezzled a total of CHF 800,000 between 1990 and 1993. The former referee now lives in seclusion in the canton of Jura, where he ran a restaurant with his wife. They retired at the end of 2017.

### References

### Sources


title: Titanium disulfide

abstract: Titanium disulfide is an inorganic compound with the formula TiS2. A golden yellow solid with high electrical conductivity, it belongs to a group of compounds called transition metal dichalcogenides, which consist of the stoichiometry ME2. TiS2 has been employed as a cathode material in rechargeable batteries.

text:
# Titanium disulfide

**Titanium disulfide** is an inorganic compound with the formula Ti2. A golden yellow solid with high electrical conductivity, it belongs to a group of compounds called transition metal dichalcogenides, which consist of the stoichiometry 2. TiS2 has been employed as a cathode material in rechargeable batteries.

## Structure

With a layered structure, TiS2 adopts a hexagonal close packed (hcp) structure, analogous to cadmium iodide (CdI2). In this motif, half of the octahedral holes are filled with a "cation", in this case Ti4+. Each Ti centre is surrounded by six sulfide ligands in an octahedral structure. Each sulfide is connected to three Ti centres, the geometry at S being pyramidal. Several metal dichalcogenides adopt similar structures, but some, notably MoS2, do not. The layers of TiS2 consist of covalent Ti-S bonds. The individual layers of TiS2 are bound together by van der Waals forces, which are relatively weak intermolecular forces. It crystallises in the space group P3m1. The Ti-S bond lengths are 2.423 Å.

### Intercalation

The single most useful and most studied property of TiS2 is its ability to undergo intercalation upon treatment with electropositive elements. The process is a redox reaction, illustrated in the case of lithium:

TiS2 \+ Li → LiTiS2

LiTiS2 is generally described as Li+\[TiS2\]. During the intercalation and deintercalation, a range of stoichimetries are produced with the general formul LixTiS2 (x \< 1). During intercalation, the interlayer spacing expands (the lattice "swells") and the electrical conductivity of the material increases. Intercalation is facilitated because of the weakness of the interlayer forces as well as the susceptibility of the Ti(IV) centers toward reduction. Intercalation can be conducted by combining a suspension of the disulfide material and a solution of the alkali metal in anhydrous ammonia. Alternatively solid TiS2 reacts with the alkali metal upon heating.

The Rigid-Band Model (RBM), which assumes that electronic band structure does not change with intercalation, describes changes in the electronic properties upon intercalation.

Deintercalation is the opposite of intercalation; the cations diffuse out from between the layers. This process is associated with recharging a Li/TiS2 battery. Intercalation and deintercalation can be monitored by cyclic voltammetry. The microstructure of the titanium disulfide greatly affects the intercalation and deintercalation kinetics. Titanium disulfide nanotubes have a higher uptake and discharge capacity than the polycrystalline structure. The higher surface area of the nanotubes is postulated to provide more binding sites for the anode ions than the polycrystalline structure.

## Material properties

Formally containing the d0 ion Ti4+ and closed shell dianion S2−, TiS2 is essentially diamagnetic. Its magnetic susceptibility is 9 x 10−6 emu/mol, the value being sensitive to stoichiometry. Titanium disulfide is a semimetal, meaning there is small overlap of the conduction band and valence band.

### High pressure properties

The properties of titanium disulfide powder have been studied by high pressure synchrotron x-ray diffraction (XRD) at room temperature. At ambient pressure, TiS2 behaves as semiconductor while at high pressures of 8 GPa the material behaves as a semimetal. At 15 GPa, the transport properties change. There is no significant change in the density of states at the Fermi level up to 20 GPa and phase change does not occur until 20.7 GPa. A change in the structure of TiS2 was observed at a pressure of 26.3 GPa, although the new structure of the high pressure phase has not been determined.

The unit cell of titanium disulfide is 3.407 by 5.695 angstroms. The size of the unit cell decreased at 17.8 GPa. The decrease in unit cell size was greater than was observed for MoS2 and WS2, indicating that titanium disulfide is softer and more compressible. The compression behavior of titanium disulfide is anisotropic. The axis parallel to S-Ti-S layers (c-axis) is more compressible than the axis perpendicular to S-Ti-S layers (a-axis) because of weak van der waals forces keeping S and Ti atoms together. At 17.8 GPa, the c-axis is compressed by 9.5% and the a-axis is compressed by 4%. The longitudinal sound velocity is 5284 m/s in the plane parallel to S-Ti-S layers. The longitudinal sound velocity perpendicular to the layers is 4383 m/s.

## Synthesis

Titanium disulfide is prepared by the reaction of the elements around 500 °C.

Ti + 2 S → TiS2

It can be more easily synthesized from titanium tetrachloride, but this product is typically less pure than that obtained from the elements.

TiCl4 \+ 2 H2S → TiS2 \+ 4 HCl

This route has been applied to the formation of TiS2 films by chemical vapor deposition. Thiols and organic disulfides can be employed in place of hydrogen sulfide.

A variety of other titanium sulfides are known.

### Chemical properties of TiS2

Samples of TiS2 are unstable in air. Upon heating, the solid undergoes oxidation to titanium dioxide:

TiS2 \+ O2  → TiO2 \+ 2 S

TiS2 is also sensitive to water:

TiS2 \+ 2H2O → TiO2 \+ 2 H2S

Upon heating, TiS2 releases sulfur, forming the titanium(III) derivative:

2 TiS2 → Ti2S3 \+ S

### Sol-gel synthesis

Thin films of TiS2 have been prepared by the sol-gel process from titanium isopropoxide (Ti(OPri)4) followed by spin coating. This method affords amorphous material that crystallised at high temperatures to hexagonal TiS2, which crystallization orientations in the \[001\], \[100\], and \[001\] directions. Because of their high surface area, such films are attractive for battery applications.

### Unusual morphologoes of TiS2

More specialized morphologies—nanotubes, nanoclusters, whiskers, nanodisks, thin films, fullerenes—are prepared by combining the standard reagents, often TiCl4 in unusual ways. For example, flower-like morphologies were obtain by treating a solution of sulfur in 1-octadecene with titanium tetrachloride.

#### Fullerene-like materials

A form of TiS2 with a fullerene-like structure has been prepared using the TiCl4/H2S method. The resulting spherical structures have diameters between 30 and 80 nm. Owing to their spherical shape, these fullerenes exhibit reduced friction coefficient and wear, which may prove useful in various applications.

#### Nanotubes

Nanotubes of TiS2 can be synthesized using a variation of the TiCl4/H2S route. According to transmission electron microscopy (TEM), these tubes have an outer diameter of 20 nm and an inner diameter of 10 nm. The average length of the nanotubes was 2-5 μm and the nanotubes were proven to be hollow. TiS2 nanotubes with open ended tips are reported to store up to 2.5 weight percent hydrogen at 25 °C and 4 MPa hydrogen gas pressure. Absorption and desorption rates are fast, which is an attractive for hydrogen storage. The hydrogen atoms are postulated to bind to sulfur.

#### Nanoclusters and nanodisks

Nanoclusters, or quantum dots of TiS2 have distinctive electronic and chemical properties due to quantum confinement and very large surface to volume ratios. Nanoclusters can be synthesized using micelle. The nanoclusters are prepared from a solution of TiCl4 in tridodecylmethyl ammonium iodide (TDAI), which served as the inverse micelle structure and seeded the growth of nanoclusters in the same general reaction as nanotubes. Nucleation only occurs inside the micelle cage due to the insolubility of the charged species in the continuous medium, which is generally a low dielectric constant inert oil. Like the bulk material, nanocluster-form of TiS2 is a hexagonal layered structure. . Quantum confinement creates well separated electronic states and increases the band gap more than 1 eV in comparison to the bulk material. A spectroscopic comparison shows a large blueshift for the quantum dots of 0.85 eV.

Nanodisks of TiS2 arise by treating TiCl4 with sulfur in oleylamine.

## Applications

The promise of titanium disulfide as a cathode material in rechargeable batteries was described in 1973 by M. Stanley Whittingham. The Group IV and V dichalcogenides attracted attention for their high electrical conductivities. The originally described battery used a lithium anode and a titanium disulfide cathode. This battery had high energy density and the diffusion of lithium ions into the titanium disulfide cathode was reversible, making the battery rechargeable. Titanium disulfide was chosen because it is the lightest and cheapest chalcogenide. Titanium disulfide also has the fastest rate of lithium ion diffusion into the crystal lattice. The main problem was degradation of the cathode after multiple recycles. This reversible intercalation process allows the battery to be rechargeable. Additionally, titanium disulfide is the lightest and the cheapest of all group IV and V layered dichalcogenides. In the 1990s, titanium disulfide was replaced by other cathode materials (manganese and cobalt oxides) in most rechargeable batteries.

The use of TiS2 cathodes remains of interest for use in solid-state lithium batteries, e.g., for hybrid electric vehicles and plug-in electric vehicles.

In contrast to the all-solid state batteries, most lithium batteries employ liquid electrolytes, which pose safety issues due to their flammability. Many different solid electrolytes have been proposed to replace these hazardous liquid electrolytes. For most solid-state batteries, high interfacial resistance lowers the reversibility of the intercalation process, shortening the life cycle. These undesirable interfacial effects are less problematic for TiS2. One all-solid-state lithium battery exhibited a power density of 1000 W/kg over 50 cycles with a maximum power density of 1500 W/kg. Additionally, the average capacity of the battery decreased by less than 10% over 50 cycles. Although titanium disulfide has high electrical conductivity, high energy density, and high power, its discharge voltage is relatively low compared to other lithium batteries where the cathodes have higher reduction potentials.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Titanium disulfide
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| IUPAC name Titanium(IV) sulfide | |
| Other names Titanium Sulfide, titanium sulphide, titanium disulfide, titanium disulphide | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.031.699 |
| EC Number | * 232-223-6 |
| PubChem CID |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/2S.Ti | |
| SMILES * S=\[Ti\]=S | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | TiS2 |
| Molar mass | 111.997 g/mol |
| Appearance | yellow powder |
| Density | 3.22 g/cm3, solid |
| Solubility in water | insoluble |
| Structure | |
| Crystal structure | hexagonal, space group P3m1, No. 164 |
| Coordination geometry | octahedral |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Nyctemera radiata

abstract: Nyctemera radiata is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Francis Walker in 1856. It is found in the Philippines.

text:
# Nyctemera radiata

***Nyctemera radiata*** is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Francis Walker in 1856. It is found in the Philippines.

## InfoBox

| *Nyctemera radiata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Nyctemera* |
| Species: | ***N. radiata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nyctemera radiata***<br>Walker, 1856 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Nyctemera alternata* Walker, 1856 * *Leptosoma proprium* Swinhoe, 1892 * *Leptosoma eryla* Semper, 1899 * *Leptosoma convexa* Semper, 1899 * *Nyctemera propria loligo* Seitz, 1915 * *Nyctemera alternata semibrunnea* Seitz, 1915 * *Nyctemera latistriga kotoshonis* Matsumura, 1930 | |


title: Osteochilus striatus

abstract: Osteochilus striatus is a species of cyprinid fish endemic to Laos.

text:
# Osteochilus striatus

***Osteochilus striatus*** is a species of cyprinid fish endemic to Laos.

## InfoBox

| *Osteochilus striatus* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Cyprinidae |
| Subfamily: | Labeoninae |
| Genus: | *Osteochilus* |
| Species: | ***O. striatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Osteochilus striatus***
Kottelat, 1998 | |
|


title: Maria de Vasconcelos

abstract: Maria de Vasconcelos is a Portuguese psychiatrist, singer and songwriter. As well as being a practising psychiatrist, she has worked as a fashion model, a television and radio presenter, and as a performer, mainly of didactic music for children.

text:
# Maria de Vasconcelos

**Maria de Vasconcelos** (born 1970) is a Portuguese psychiatrist, singer and songwriter. As well as being a practising psychiatrist, she has worked as a fashion model, a television and radio presenter, and as a performer, mainly of didactic music for children.

## Early life

Maria de Vasconcelos was born in the Portuguese capital of Lisbon on 14 December 1970. Her mother was a doctor. As a child, she played classical guitar and the violin. In 1991 she trained in musical pedagogy at the *Serviço de Animação, Criação Artística e Educação pela Arte* (Service of Animation, Artistic Creation and Education through Art), organized by the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation in Lisbon. She was a fashion model from 1992 to 2001. She also worked as an announcer for *Rádio e Televisão de Portugal* (RTP) and as a radio show presenter. She is married to Xavier Colette, a Brazilian, with whom she has two daughters, born in 2004 and 2006.

## Medical career

In her tenth year at school, Vasconcelos was given an assignment on mental health. This awakened her interest in the topic. She graduated in medicine at the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, with a specialisation in psychiatry, in July 1994. She worked as an assistant in the areas of histology and embryology at that Faculty between 1990 and 2007. Vasconcelos completed an internship in psychiatry in February 2001 at the Hospital de São Francisco Xavier in Belém. She then did a postgraduate course in gestalt therapy from 2004 to 2008. Since completing her postgraduate course, she has practised at a clinic in the Cascais area.

## Musical career

Vasconcelos had been writing songs to help her study and she carried on this practice by writing songs for her daughters that would help them learn. She has since produced records with her daughters that aim to assist young children to learn by bringing to life historic events and other subjects. The first, in 2011, was called *Canções da Maria* (Maria's songs), about pronunciation; the second, in 2013, was about the multiplication table; and the third, in 2017, was about Portuguese history and was illustrated by the Portuguese comedian Nuno Markl. She also does live performances together with her daughters and husband. They have toured Portugal and appeared on television.

## Health

Vasconcelos wrote a book called *The day I survived*. She was ill for five years with a disease that began during her second pregnancy and could not be diagnosed. At one point she experienced a respiratory arrest. Finally, she was diagnosed as suffering from a fungus called Stachybotrys, which can cause hemorrhagic pneumonia. The book is an account of when she was in hospital, which she wrote while recovering.

## InfoBox

| Maria de Vasconcelos | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 14 December 1970<br>Lisbon, Portugal |
| Known for | Didactic songs for children |
| Spouse | Xavier Colette |
| Children | Two daughters |


title: Leisure (poem)

abstract: "Leisure" is a poem by Welsh poet W. H. Davies, appearing originally in his Songs Of Joy and Others, published in 1911 by A. C. Fifield and then in Davies' first anthology Collected Poems by the same publisher in 1916.

text:
# Leisure (poem)

**"Leisure"** is a poem by Welsh poet W. H. Davies, appearing originally in his *Songs Of Joy and Others*, published in 1911 by A. C. Fifield and then in Davies' first anthology *Collected Poems* by the same publisher in 1916.

## Structure

The poem is written as a set of seven rhyming couplets.

> What is this life if, full of care, We have no time to stand and stare. No time to stand beneath the boughs And stare as long as sheep or cows. No time to see, when woods we pass, Where squirrels hide their nuts in grass. No time to see, in broad daylight, Streams full of stars, like skies at night. No time to turn at Beauty's glance, And watch her feet, how they can dance. No time to wait till her mouth can Enrich that smile her eyes began. A poor life this if, full of care, We have no time to stand and stare.

## Background

Although it was to become Davies' best-known poem, it was not included in any of the five *Georgian Poetry* anthologies published by Edward Marsh between 1912 and 1922. Thirty-two of Davies' other poems were.

It warns that "the hectic pace of modern life has a detrimental effect on the human spirit." Modern man has no time to spend free time in the lap of nature.

## Appraisal

In his 1963 *Critical Biography* of Davies, Richard J. Stonesifer traces the origins of the poem back to the sonnet "The World Is Too Much with Us" by William Wordsworth, saying:

> "But he went to school with Wordsworth's sonnet "The world is too much with us", and echoes from that sonnet resound throughout his work as from few other poems. Philosophically, no other single poem can be said to form the basis of so much of his poetry. The celebrated opening of his wise little poem "Leisure" has its origins here."

Stonesifer traces the central idea to a number of Davies' other poems - "The housebuilder" (from the 1914 *The Bird of Paradise*), "A Happy Life" and "Traffic", as well as "Bells" and "This World".

## Significance and legacy

Davies is generally best known for the opening two lines of this poem. It has appeared in most of the anthologies of his work and in many general poem anthologies, including:

* Christopher Ricks, ed. (2008). *New Oxford Book of Victorian Verse*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199556311.
* *Book of a Thousand Poems* (1983), Peter Bedrick Books
* *Anglo-Welsh Poetry* (1984), Poetry Wales Press
* *Common Ground* (1989), Carcanet
* *A Poem a Day* (1996), Steerforth Press

The poem features, in spoken form, on the album *Anthology of 20th Century English Poetry (Part I)*, originally issued in 1960 on the Folkways Records label and has been used in British television advertisements, including those for Center Parcs and Orange Mobile.

The poem was misquoted, by the KGB in a 1991 secret message to their spy inside the FBI, Robert Hanssen.

Dear Friend: Time is flying. As a poet said: "What's our life, If full of care You have no time To stop and stare?" You've managed to slow down the speed of Your running life to send us a message. And we appreciate it.

The opening two lines of the poem, sung in English, are also used in the refrain of the song *Monakh* (*Monk*), by Ukrainian band DakhaBrakha, from their 2016 album *The Road*.