title: Path 27

abstract: Path 27, also called the Intermountain or the Southern Transmission System (STS), is a high-voltage direct current (HVDC) electrical transmission line running from the coal-fired Intermountain Power Plant near Delta, Utah, to the Adelanto Converter Station at Adelanto, California, in the Southwestern United States. It was installed by Asea, a company based in Sweden, and commercialized in July 1986. The system is designed to carry power generated at the power plant in Utah to areas throughout Southern California. It is owned and operated by the Intermountain Power Agency, a cooperative consisting of six Los Angeles-area cities, the largest member being the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP), and 29 smaller Utah municipalities. Path 27 consists of an overhead power line 488 miles (785 km) long, and is capable of transferring up to 2,400 megawatts (MW) of power at ±500 kilovolts (kV), higher than the power plant's operational output of 1,900 MW. The resulting maximum current is 4,800 amperes. Given its length, a direct current (DC) is preferred to the more common alternating current (AC) as it allows the electrical energy to travel farther with minimal loss to resistance and requires no intermediate stations. It is bipolar, meaning that it has two conductors of opposite polarity. Both conductors for the entire length are three cables bundled together; this is done to reduce the effects of EM interference and enhance the power line's performance. At each end of the line is a converter station that changes AC to DC on one side and back again on the other. Each terminus also features a dedicated ground which is connected by an electrode line to a grounding site away from the converters to provide ample earth return; this helps protect the main line and equipment from faults, and allows the system to operate at partial capacity. Sections of Path 27 are paralleled by other AC transmission lines, including some of 500 kV. The powerline is also visible from the Interstate 15 which it passes over multiple times. The HVDC line's converter stations will be replaced as part of a project to repurpose the Intermountain Power Plant as a hydrogen-burning facility. The stations are expected to go online by June 2026.

text:
# Path 27

**Path 27**, also called the **Intermountain** or the **Southern Transmission System** (**STS**), is a high-voltage direct current (HVDC) electrical transmission line running from the coal-fired Intermountain Power Plant near Delta, Utah, to the Adelanto Converter Station at Adelanto, California, in the Southwestern United States. It was installed by Asea, a company based in Sweden, and commercialized in July 1986. The system is designed to carry power generated at the power plant in Utah to areas throughout Southern California. It is owned and operated by the Intermountain Power Agency, a cooperative consisting of six Los Angeles-area cities, the largest member being the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP), and 29 smaller Utah municipalities.

Path 27 consists of an overhead power line 488 miles (785 km) long, and is capable of transferring up to 2,400 megawatts (MW) of power at ±500 kilovolts (kV), higher than the power plant's operational output of 1,900 MW. The resulting maximum current is 4,800 amperes. Given its length, a direct current (DC) is preferred to the more common alternating current (AC) as it allows the electrical energy to travel farther with minimal loss to resistance and requires no intermediate stations. It is bipolar, meaning that it has two conductors of opposite polarity (in place of three conductors for AC lines). Both conductors for the entire length are three cables bundled together; this is done to reduce the effects of EM interference and enhance the power line's performance. At each end of the line is a converter station that changes AC to DC on one side and back again on the other. Each terminus also features a dedicated ground which is connected by an electrode line to a grounding site away from the converters to provide ample earth return; this helps protect the main line and equipment from faults, and allows the system to operate at partial capacity.

Sections of Path 27 are paralleled by other AC transmission lines, including some of 500 kV. The powerline is also visible from the Interstate 15 which it passes over multiple times. The HVDC line's converter stations will be replaced as part of a project to repurpose the Intermountain Power Plant as a hydrogen-burning facility. The stations are expected to go online by June 2026.

## Overview

### Background

High voltages are typically needed to convey large quantities of electrical power over a vast distance, while also minimizing the amount of energy lost to resistance in the conductive cables as a byproduct from a high current; that is, raising the voltage lowers the amperage for the circuit, according to Ohm's law. Whereas high-voltage transmission routes commonly employ a three-phase alternating current (AC) to move electricity in a to-and-fro fashion, high-voltage direct current (HVDC) lines, such as Path 27, carry power in only one direction. A direct current (DC) also incurs less loss of energy than AC over the same distance; in other words, DC can sustain power much further than AC, which may require intermediate stations, or "taps," along the route. Another disadvantage for AC is that power tends to flow on the outer layer of the conductor, a phenomenon called the "skin effect." DC eschews this problem; it allows power to penetrate the entire thickness of the conductor for optimal capacity. Finally, DC circuitry has been chosen for Path 27 because the cost of transmitting power over its distance is lower than with AC, which is best economically suited for shorter stretches. HVDC is also cheaper because it utilizes fewer than three conductors, translating to less materials and subsequently allaying the cost of infrastructure and equipment used.

Asea, a multinational electrical supplier based in Sweden, managed the framework and supplies for Path 27, and was a chief contributor for the power line's installment. The number in "Path 27" is assigned by the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC), which oversees the electrical transmission grid across the American West, to distinguish this line from the other critical transmission routes. A 2010 report indicated that Path 27 was also the most congested electrical pathway within WECC's territory, though the system is able to handle such heavy usage.

Path 27 is owned and operated by an inter-municipal syndicate known as the Intermountain Power Agency (IPA), thus lending it the alternative name **Intermountain**. The IPA's roster includes 29 Utah municipalities (amidst them two suburbs of Salt Lake City, and Logan as the northernmost participant) and six Southern California cities. The cooperative was founded around this mission:

> \[Intermountain Power Agency’s mission\] is to utilize its assets to provide reliable, economic and legally compliant energy products and services for the benefit of its Purchasers, members, and other stakeholders, which includes supplying a ready energy resource reserve and supporting direct and multiplier economic contributions to rural communities and the State.
> IPA

Among its objectives is funneling excess energy to communities in Southern California; Path 27 was built to fulfill that purpose. The topmost SoCal client by population on the list is the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP), the preeminent utility provider for Los Angeles, which also receives the greatest share of power through the plan ahead of Anaheim, Riverside, Pasadena, Burbank, and Glendale (as shown in the table below). Altogether, these members acquire the biggest proportion of energy under the IPA.

End-Users of Path 27 **
(based on net rating of 1,800 MW)**
| LADWP | 48.617% |
| --- | --- |
| Anaheim | 13.225% |
| Riverside | 7.617% |
| Pasadena | 4.409% |
| Burbank | 3.371% |
| Glendale | 1.704% |
| **Total** | **78.943%** |
| Source: Participants & Services | |

### History

The earliest concept of Path 27 likely originated in 1973, coinciding with an energy crisis of that decade plaguing the U.S. During that year, after the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation warned of a forthcoming energy shortage, representatives for the Utah-based Intermountain Consumer Power Association (ICPA) convened with Southern California localities in a quest for newer power sources and for investors. The IPA established in June 1977.

A crucial step for Path 27 came with the Intermountain Power Project (IPP), which emerged in 1974 as a program for financing the construction of a coal-fired generator, though it was not until 1977 that Utah's legislatures formally endorsed IPA's implementation of the project. Caineville in Wayne County, UT, was one of several locations suggested for the power plant, prior to settling upon the site north of Delta in Millard County, or west of Lynndyl as stated in the sanction. After clearing environmental checks, the generator broke ground on October 9, 1981, with 300 million in initial funds. The original plan called for four thermal units, 750 MW aside, but it had decreased to two due to concerns over precipitous power demand. The generator's first unit was erected in 1983. The first batch of coal was delivered by train on July 2, 1985, and the first unit came online later that year. The second unit was actuated on June 13, 1987, bringing the plant to its fullest capacity of 1,500 MW. It would be bolstered to its present-day 1,900-MW productivity in 1989, hence rendering the electrical generator the largest in Utah by yield.

Transmission Line Completed On Time
> Completing this large and complex project on schedule is a tribute to a productive work force and excellent contractors.

Mike Pontius, *Davis County Clipper*

However, Path 27 fully materialized when the transmission line's construction commenced on May 1, 1984, and took slightly more than sixteen months to complete. Various American contractors were commissioned for certain aspects and segments of the line; for instance, one entity from Georgia built 239 miles (385 km) worth from Adelanto, California to Moapa, Nevada, and another from Mississippi took on the remaining 250 miles (400 km) till Delta; but perhaps the most notable obligation for this turnkey project rested upon Asea, who imported the conductive cables and pieces for the galvanized steel-lattice support pylons to be assembled on the spot. One phase entailed the emplacement of the pylons' cement foundations, which are twenty feet (6.1 m) in average depth per pylon and vary in shape based on the tower's height and weight. Newspapers reported that rocky, jagged terrain often posed challenges for accessibility and had likely necessitated copious excavation and even dynamiting. In all, six hundred workers were deployed for the labor. The line achieved revenue service in July 1986 after the ignition of the power plant's first coal-burning unit, even though a document by LADWP attests that it might have been energized as early as December 1985. Depending on official tallies and news accounts, the total cost was $1.1 billion.

Finally yet equally integral for Path 27 are two converter stations (*see below*), which were inaugurated along with the transmission main, and are vital for its functionality. IPP's converter was installed in conjunction with the power generator, while the second converter in Adelanto and a tangent switchyard began rising on May 26, 1985, and finished in June 1986 in time to receive freshly-borne energy from borders over. LADWP supervised the construction of the combined facility and tasked Asea with the responsibility of the accouterments.

#### Later history

Since its inception, Path 27 saw upgrades and refinements around the latter turn of the century—the IPP's latest proliferation included. At the behest of LADWP and Southern California Edison, ABB Group and Hitachi Energy modernized the transmission line in 2008 and 2011, respectively, with improved control and protection technology alongside supplemental filters and cooling systems at each terminal. This helped raise the power line's capacity to its modern-day level of 2,400 MW.

## Installation

### Transmission

The primary component of Path 27 is the transmission line itself, which travels a length of 488 miles (785 km) entirely aboveground through southwestern Utah, southern Nevada, and southern California. As opposed to three phases, Path 27 has two poles; one positive (cathode) and another negative (anode); making this a bipolar configuration. It exerts 1,000 kV total, or 500 kV per pole, and is rated for 2,400 MW, giving it a maximum current rating of 4,800 amperes; by comparison, the Intermountain Power Plant (IPP) generates up to 1,900 MW, thus adding to the line's fault tolerance. On most HVDC systems, power can be sent in either direction; Path 27 transports electricity from Utah to California under normal circumstances.

Any conductive material engenders electromagnetic radiation whenever electricity flows through it. A single cable carrying such high voltage would produce particularly strong radiation in the form of a corona discharge that can deprive electrical energy and cause EM interference on radio and communication devices. For this reason, Path 27's conductors comprise three cables fastened together, or are triple-bundled. This not only reduces the detrimental effects of discharge, it also provides more surface area for power to flow, thereby improving transmission efficiency. Each cable is made of aluminium strands enveloping a steel core for strength and durability, and the composite measures 1.8 inches (46 mm) in breadth.

Two shield wires are mounted above the main conductors and shared by the same support pylons. These wires guard the power line against lightning strikes.

### Converters

Both sides of Path 27 feature a converter station, which bridges electrical power between AC and DC circuitry and is ubiquitous to HVDC projects worldwide. The converters are located at the IPP station north of Delta, UT, and the Adelanto Converter Station in Adelanto, north of San Bernardino, CA.

The heart of the conversion process transpires in clusters of electronic valves that procedurally modify the flow of electricity in a manner similar to switches. The type of valves on Path 27 is thyristor, technology popular in HVDC since the late 1960s. The valve configuration is identical for both converters: 24 stacks about 50 feet (15 m) in height of 24 valves apiece (or three "quadruple-valves"), organized into twelve modules—a single valve contains 144 thyristors. As a matter of redundancy, the valves at both terminals are grouped two by six; should one be disabled, the other can pick up the slack above its designated capacity for a limited duration. The entire assemblage is housed in a hangar-like enclosure called a valve hall that protects it from the weather and airborne dust. The valves are affixed on tall insulators that separate them from the interior walls, floor, and ceiling; done to hinder induction and premature grounding, as well as aid cooling. Path 27's valve halls are also fortified against earthquakes.

As the IPP converter is adjacent to the power plant, electricity is generally fed into the HVDC line from this terminus. Ingress for power to the system is preceded by a row of transformers that step up the voltage level to 500 k. Next, it infiltrates the valve hall through enormous bushings that protect the building from damage caused by arcing. Inside the hall, the valves pipe the electrical flow from AC to DC in a complex process called *rectification*. On the DC circuitry back outside sits a sequence of filters and reactors that reciprocally smooth out the DC supply and serve to cushion the facility from disturbances as a result of power surges. The electricity is then sent on its way down Path 27.

The Adelanto Converter Station demarks the receiving end of the HVDC line and has relatively the same layout, but the conversion mechanism is reversed. Beyond another set of reactors and filters, the inpouring power enters the valve hall to be carried over to AC circuitry anew—this is *inversion*, and it blocks any power backflow on the AC conduit from reaching the valves to enforce unidirectional movement. The electricity advances through a second tier of transformers before disemboguing onto diverging AC lines to be dispersed across the vicinity.

Ideally, Path 27 can work in the opposite direction, with the Adelanto terminal becoming a rectifier, and the IPP an inverter, although this seldom happens out of practicality.

### Grounding system

Like any HVDC scheme, Path 27 needs to be grounded at both ends in order to operate with respect to the earth. Grounding provides the electric current a common path back into the earth, which serves as a neutral point for the circuit.

Even with safeguards and a substantive fault tolerance, failures on the line can and do occur, thence grounding becomes a workaround for continued reliability of the system. If one pole develops a fault, its current is diverted via the ground return to complete the circuit. This de-energizes the problem conductor, while the second pole remains active; in technical terms, grounding allows the power line to function as a monopole instead of a bipole. However, it halves the line's overall capacity. A pole may also be taken offline by the same means for maintenance, ensuring the safety of work crews. This contingency precludes the need to shut down the whole HVDC system and interrupt the power source, yet it is temporary, as the earth return on a bipolar system is not intended for prolonged use.

HVDC exhibits significant potential such that the converter's onsite grounding devices are not enough to withstand alone, and a return current would otherwise cause issues at the electrical facility including rapid metal corrosion, so the grounding nodes are set at remote locations. On Path 27, the IPP converter's grounding point is situated about 22.2 miles (35.7 km) southwest of the valves (here), while the Adelanto converter's lies about 53.85 miles (86.66 km) to the northeast (here) on the edge of a playa known as Coyote Lake. These spots were chosen in part for high conductivity within the earthen minerals. Each node covers an area of approximately 0.25 square miles (0.65 km2).

At each grounding point is an array of buried conductive rods that form an electrode, marking the actual transition into the earth for the current. Within the electrodes for Path 27 are sixty rods arranged in a circular rim about 3,000 feet (910 metres) in diameter and spaced evenly for the best result. Each rod is placed vertically to reach subterranean layers with the least resistivity possible: IPP's electrode rods are 285 feet (87 metres) deep, and Adelanto's extend 200 feet (60 metres) downward. The rods are individually encased in a perforated-metal tube, or a "well," to retard corrosion. The wells are filled with petroleum coke to enhance the current's connectivity into the soil. Additionally, the coke regulates heat that the rod naturally emits when a current is induced; this is to mitigate the electrode's impact on the surrounding environment. A series of jumper cables radiating from the center of the circle feed the return current into the rods. At the center on the surface perches a small structure called a terminal house, which is also equipped with a transmitter that helps technicians monitor the electrode's performance. The "deep-well" setup of Path 27's electrodes is a variation of the "ring-style" electrode found on other HVDC projects such as the Nelson River Transmission System in Canada.

The converters are linked to the electrodes by a pair of conductive cables, each measuring 1.407 square inches (908 mm2) in thickness, to enable physical contact with the earth. These are the electrode lines, arteries for the return current—more precisely, the electrode line carries the current to the terminal house which then injects it through the electrode. Starting at both termini, the electrode line runs atop Path 27's main pylons in lieu of shield wires before branching off along a standalone set of steel utility poles. Steel poles have been selected for their resiliency in the hot, arid locales. The electrode line for the IPP converter has a total length of 30 miles (48 km), and the Adelanto's extends 59 miles (95 km). Uniquely, Adelanto's electrode line travels underground for its final two miles (3.2 km) approximately till the grounding site.

The electrodes and electrode lines are distinct from the "metallic return," which would involve an extra third conductor along the span of Path 27—the former HVDC Vancouver Island being an example. Such method would likely be infeasible for its scope and magnitude.

## Route

The Old Spanish Trail meanders beneath Path 27 in Utah.Path 27 crossing Interstate 15 outside Yermo, CA. Three electrical lines of various voltages parallel this leg of the HVDC line.

Following the regular power flow, Path 27 begins at the Intermountain Power Plant in Utah and heads briefly west before curving southward, passing over the U.S. 50/U.S. 6 duplex west of Hinkley. The DC line ventures though legions of dry basins and high mountains in the state due southwest; all the while crossing Utah Routes 21, 56, and 18; before reaching Nevada about 5.5 miles (8.9 km) north of Arizona's northwestern corner, simultaneously entering the Mojave Desert.

Inside Nevada, Path 27 traverses the Mormon Mesa, bypassing Glendale and crossing the Muddy River. It bisects the Moapa River Indigenous Reservation lands before crossing Interstate 15 near Crystal. Across Las Vegas Valley, the line meets with NV 564 while riding through the Frenchman Mountain, straddles the River Mountains bypassing Henderson, and crosses Interstate 11 at Railroad Pass before heading into Eldorado Valley. Upon traversing the McCullough Range, it descends into Ivanpah Valley, missing Primm in its north and crossing Interstate 15 again; shortly thereafter, it enters California.

Path 27 cuts across isolated, oft-rugged tracts of the High Desert while also encountering CA 127 north of Baker. Now in the Inland Empire, the line proceeds through Victor Valley where it crosses Interstate 15 once more near Yermo, as well as old U.S. 66 and Interstate 40 between Daggett and Newberry Springs. It then encounters CA 247 south of Barstow. Around Bell Mountain, Path 27 meets with Interstate 15 one last time, and then old U.S. 66 a second instance and U.S. 395 near Oro Grande before reaching Adelanto, where the line arrives at its final destination of the Adelanto Converter Station.

Numerous AC transmission lines parallel Path 27 throughout its course. A 345-kV circuit runs beside the DC line interlinking the IPP and a wind farm near Milford. A second 345-kV circuit leading to the Harry Allen Generating Station joins Path 27 near Cedar City. North of Mesquite, both are joined by a 500-kV line connecting the decommissioned Navajo Generating Station; the three travel somewhat within eyeshot of Interstate 15 until a solar park near Crystal. An assortment of 500-kV transmission corridors then follow Path 27 through Las Vegas Valley toward another collection of solar farms outside Boulder City. From Ivanpah Valley onward, two more 500-kV circuits and a third of 287 kV accompany Path 27 across the desert—these three constitute WECC Path 46. By Victorville, Path 27 splits from the three AC routes but is once again shadowed by others of various voltages before culminating in Adelanto. Stringing multiple circuits on the same right-of-way is often favored, as it consumes less land per mile.

## Future

The coal-firing powerhouses at the IPP site are to be retired by 2027; this adheres to LADWP's wishes for reducing its dependence on fossil fuels in favor of greener energy. The plant will be replaced with a gas-powered facility specially tailored for harvesting hydrogen by 2025, and paired with at least two solar farms on nearby parcels. The sources will beget 840 MW and 300 MW at peak, respectively, or 1,140 MW when combined, still lower than Path 27's maximal capacity. This "renewal project" also calls for both converter stations to be replaced and activated by June 2026, as well as improvements to Path 27 to lengthen the power line's service life.

### Notes

1. *Asea* and Brown, Boveri & Cie were merged to ABB on January 1, 1988.
2. The symbol ± denotes a dual voltage power supply for a bipolar system of 500,000 V and -500,000 V.
3. More formally the **Intermountain Power Project Direct Current** (**IPP DC**) **Line**.
4. The circuit length is twice the value at 976 miles (1,571 km).
5. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) classifies 500 kV as "extra-high voltage" along with 345 kV and 765 kV.
6. Calculated by: *A* = *W* ÷ *V*, where *A* = amperes, *W* = watts, and *V* = volts.
7. From an investment standpoint, constructing overhead AC lines is cheaper than HVDC lines when the length is below 400 miles (600 km). Up to 500 miles (800 km) and beyond, however, makes HVDC a more attractive option. This range is called a "break-even distance." *See also: AC network interconnectors.*
8. In 1977, Governor Scott M. Matheson signed into law an amendment to the Utah Interlocal Cooperation Act aimed at streamlining the creation of IPA, which soon asserted control of the IPP in 1980.
9. The IPA requested an additional $900 million in 1983, one of the largest outlays by an inter-regional collateral in U.S. history.
10. Two HVDC lines had originally been slated, and the project would have allocated an estimated 24,400 acres of land, not counting access and service roads.
11. *Asea* and Brown, Boveri & Cie were merged on January 1, 1988 and ABB was created.
12. Hardware in place is by MACH2.
13. Lightning storms frequently take place between July and August in parts of the Mojave Desert that Path 27 traverses. This weather pattern is due to moist air migrating from Baja California during the monsoon season.
14. That amounts to 165,888 thyristors for Path 27.
15. This process is found in most rechargeable battery appliances.
16. The *inverter* on a solar power system uses this process.
17. Adelanto's converter connects to a 500-kV bank, so the transformers here merely act as a buffer against overvoltages. They are reputedly the largest ever manufactured to the U.S. by ABB Group.
18. The distance between Path 27's grounding nodes is approximately 361 miles (581 km).
19. By comparison, that grounding site is about 21 miles (34 km) east-northeast of central Barstow.
20. The rods themselves are elements divided into segments interlaced with smaller cables. This allows the elements to expand and contract.

### Sources

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Path 27 | |
| --- | --- |
| Path 27 as seen on U.S. Route 50 in Utah. An AC transmission line has since been built alongside this segment of the HVDC line. | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Utah, Nevada, California |
| General direction | Southwest |
| From | Intermountain Power Plant near Delta, UT
39°30′27″N 112°34′49″W / 39.50750°N 112.58028°W / 39.50750; -112.58028 |
| Passes through | Southern Nevada |
| To | Adelanto Converter Station in Adelanto, CA
34°33′4″N 117°26′14″W / 34.55111°N 117.43722°W / 34.55111; -117.43722 |
| Ownership information | |
| Owner | Intermountain Power Agency (IPA) |
| Operator | IPA |
| Construction information | |
| Manufacturer of substations | Asea,
ABB Group (2011 upgrade) |
| Construction started | May 1, 1984 |
| Construction cost | $1.1 billion |
| Commissioned | September 16, 1985 |
| Technical information | |
| Type | overhead transmission line |
| Type of current | high-voltage direct current |
| Total length | 488 mi (785 km) |
| Power rating | 2,400 MW |
| DC voltage | ±500 kV |
| No. of poles |  |
| No. of circuits | 1 |
| Website | https://www.ipautah.com/ |


title: Listen to the Silence

abstract: Listen to the Silence is a live album by George Russell originally recorded in 1971 and released on the Concept label in 1973, featuring a performance by Russell with Stanton Davis, Jan Garbarek, Terje Rypdal, Arild Andersen, and Jon Christensen with vocal chorus.

text:
# Listen to the Silence

***Listen to the Silence*** is a live album by George Russell originally recorded in 1971 and released on the Concept label in 1973, featuring a performance by Russell with Stanton Davis, Jan Garbarek, Terje Rypdal, Arild Andersen, and Jon Christensen with vocal chorus.

## Reception

The Allmusic review awarded the album 3 stars.

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide* |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* |  |

## Track listing

*All compositions by George Russell - Text Credits: "Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee" by Dee Brown, "The Mark" by Maurice Nicoll, "Duino Elegies" by Rainer Maria Rilke* 1. "Event I" - 6:31
2. "Event II" - 8:19
3. "Event III" - 16:18
4. "Event IV" - 13:56

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Listen to the Silence | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by George Russell | |
| Released | 1973 |
| Recorded | June 26, 1971 |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 45:04 |
| Label | Concept Records |
| Producer | George Russell |
| George Russell chronology | |
| *Trip to Prillarguri*
(1970) ***Listen to the Silence***
(1973) *Living Time*
(1972) | |


title: Oncidium spectatissimum

abstract: Oncidium spectatissimum is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae, native to Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela. It was first described by John Lindley in 1852 as Odontoglossum spectatissimum.

text:
# Oncidium spectatissimum

***Oncidium spectatissimum*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae, native to Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela. It was first described by John Lindley in 1852 as ***Odontoglossum spectatissimum***.

## InfoBox

| *Oncidium spectatissimum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Epidendroideae |
| Genus: | *Oncidium* |
| Species: | ***O. spectatissimum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oncidium spectatissimum***<br>(Lindl.) M.W.Chase & N.H.Williams | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Odontoglossum spectatissimum* Lindl. * *Odontoglossum spectatissimum var. cinctum* (Rchb.f.) Bockemühl * *Odontoglossum triumphans* Rchb.f. & Warsz. * *Odontoglossum triumphans var. aureum* B.S.Williams * *Odontoglossum triumphans var. cinctum* Rchb.f. * *Oncidium spectatissimum var. cinctum* (Rchb.f.) J.M.H.Shaw | |


title: PULSE (computer system)

abstract: PULSE is a computer system used by the Garda Síochána, the police force of the Republic of Ireland. The system was introduced in November 1999. The contract for the system was awarded to Andersen Consulting and is managed by a directorate of three senior Gardaí and an Accenture consultant. The system is run by the PULSE Project teams of the IT section of the Garda Síochána. The system cost €98.3 million originally and between 2001 and 2006 €12.88 million was spent on updating and maintaining it. The system is available in 519 of 565 Garda stations. Under data protection legislation, it is possible to request personal data held on the system, unless that information would identify someone else or if disclosing the personal data is being held in order to prevent, investigate or detect crime or is being used for prosecuting or arresting offenders.

text:
# PULSE (computer system)

**PULSE** (**Police Using Leading Systems Effectively**) is a computer system used by the Garda Síochána, the police force of the Republic of Ireland. The system was introduced in November 1999.

The contract for the system was awarded to Andersen Consulting (now Accenture) and is managed by a directorate of three senior Gardaí and an Accenture consultant. The system is run by the PULSE Project teams of the IT section of the Garda Síochána.

The system cost €98.3 million originally and between 2001 and 2006 €12.88 million was spent on updating and maintaining it. The system is available in 519 of 565 Garda stations.

Under data protection legislation, it is possible to request personal data held on the system, unless that information would identify someone else or if disclosing the personal data is being held in order to prevent, investigate or detect crime or is being used for prosecuting or arresting offenders.

## Insurance investigation

In 2007 between 40 and 50 Gardaí were questioned as part of an internal inquiry into allegations that Gardaí had supplied confidential information to insurance companies in order to settle road traffic claims. The PULSE system was included in the investigation.

## Reliability

PULSE has been the subject of complaints by the Association of Garda Sergeants and Inspectors and the Garda Representative Association on grounds that it is unreliable and has caused backlogs in bringing cases to court. Kathleen O'Toole criticised the system for being difficult to use and not being user-friendly.


title: Married By Mom and Dad

abstract: Married by Mom and Dad is a reality show on TLC. It premiered on December 13, 2015. It produced two seasons with a total of 20 episodes. Its last show premiered on February 6, 2017.

text:
# Married By Mom and Dad

***Married by Mom and Dad*** is a reality show on TLC. It premiered on December 13, 2015. It produced two seasons with a total of 20 episodes. Its last show premiered on February 6, 2017.

## Episodes

* Episode 1: *Meet the Parents* premiered on December 13, 2015
* Episode 2: *Date My Parents* premiered on December 20, 2015
* Episode 3: *Cut the Bull$#!%* premiered on December 27, 2015
* Episode 4: *Cold Feet* premiered on January 3, 2016
* Episode 5: *Red Flags* premiered on January 10, 2016
* Episode 6: *I'm Done* premiered on January 17, 2016
* Episode 7: *The Big Reveal* premiered on January 24, 2016
* Episode 8: *it's Over* premiered on January 31, 2016
* Episode 9: *Second Thoughts* premiered on February 14, 2016
* Episode 10: *Happily Ever After?* premiered on February 21, 2016

## InfoBox

| *Married By Mom and Dad* | |
| --- | --- |
| Starring | the Sargents
the Rollysons
the Coultrips
the Febiars |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 2 |
| No. of episodes | 20 |
| Production | |
| Production company | Thinkfactory Media |
| Original release | |
| Network | TLC |
| Release | December 13, 2015 (2015-12-13)
February 5, 2017 (2017-02-05) |


title: Lillian Glacier

abstract: Lillian Glacier was located in the Olympic Mountains in Olympic National Park in the U.S. state of Washington. The remnants of the glacier are in a cirque below McCartney Peak. Between 1905 and 2010, the Lillian Glacier melted away most likely because of global warming.

text:
# Lillian Glacier

**Lillian Glacier** was located in the Olympic Mountains in Olympic National Park in the U.S. state of Washington. The remnants of the glacier are in a cirque below McCartney Peak. Between 1905 and 2010, the Lillian Glacier melted away most likely because of global warming.

## InfoBox

| Lillian Glacier | |
| --- | --- |
| Aerial view | |
| Lillian Glacier | |
| Type | Mountain glacier |
| Location | McCartney Peak, Olympic National Park, Jefferson County, Washington, USA |
| Coordinates | 47°51′09″N 123°22′38″W / 47.85250°N 123.37722°W / 47.85250; -123.37722 |
| Length | .04 mi (0.064 km) |
| Terminus | Talus |
| Status | Retreating/extinct |


title: Xinjiangovenator

abstract: Xinjiangovenator is a genus of coelurosaurian dinosaurs, possibly part of the group Maniraptora, which lived during the Early Cretaceous period, sometime between the Valanginian and Albian stages. The remains of Xinjiangovenator were found in the Lianmuqin Formation of Wuerho, Xinjiang, China, and were first described by Dong Zhiming in 1973. The genus is based on a single specimen, an articulated partial right lower leg, containing the tibia, three pieces of the fibula, the calcaneum and the astragalus. This specimen, IVPP V4024-2, is the holotype of the genus. The holotype was originally thought to be another specimen of Phaedrolosaurus. However, Phaedrolosaurus is based only on a non-diagnostic tooth, so the hindlimb bones were given their own genus by Oliver Rauhut and Xu Xing in 2005. The type species is Xinjiangovenator parvus. The generic name is derived from the autonomous region of Xinjiang and Latin venator, "hunter". The specific name parvus means "small" in Latin. The lower leg has a length of 312 millimeters. Gregory S. Paul estimated in 2010 that Xinjiangovenator individuals had a length of 3 meters and a mass of 70 kg. Rauhut & Xu (2005) established two autapomorphies that could be used to characterize Xinjiangovenator. First, the lateral condyle at the lower end of the tibia extends further backwards than the outer edge of the portion of the tibia near the knee. Secondly, the proximal part of the fibula has a longitudinal groove along its front edge.

text:
# Xinjiangovenator

***Xinjiangovenator*** (meaning "Xinjiang hunter") is a genus of coelurosaurian dinosaurs, possibly part of the group Maniraptora, which lived during the Early Cretaceous period, sometime between the Valanginian and Albian stages. The remains of *Xinjiangovenator* were found in the Lianmuqin Formation of Wuerho, Xinjiang, China, and were first described by Dong Zhiming in 1973. The genus is based on a single specimen, an articulated partial right lower leg, containing the tibia, three pieces of the fibula, the calcaneum and the astragalus. This specimen, IVPP V4024-2, is the holotype of the genus.

The holotype was originally thought to be another specimen of *Phaedrolosaurus*. However, *Phaedrolosaurus* is based only on a non-diagnostic tooth, so the hindlimb bones were given their own genus by Oliver Rauhut and Xu Xing in 2005. The type species is *Xinjiangovenator parvus*. The generic name is derived from the autonomous region of Xinjiang and Latin *venator*, "hunter". The specific name *parvus* means "small" in Latin.

The lower leg (tibia plus ankle bones) has a length of 312 millimeters (12.3 inches). Gregory S. Paul estimated in 2010 that *Xinjiangovenator* individuals had a length of 3 meters and a mass of 70 kg. Rauhut & Xu (2005) established two autapomorphies (unique derived traits) that could be used to characterize *Xinjiangovenator*. First, the lateral condyle (outer ankle joint) at the lower end of the tibia extends further backwards than the outer edge of the portion of the tibia near the knee. Secondly, the proximal part of the fibula (near the knee) has a longitudinal groove along its front edge.

## Classification

Rauhut & Xu (2005) originally placed *Xinjiangovenator* within the coelurosaur subgroup Maniraptora using a phylogenetic analysis. It was considered to be more closely related to paravians such as dromaeosaurids and birds, rather than oviraptorosaurians and therizinosaurs. This placement was justified by the presence of a tall and wide ascending process of the astragalus bone. In addition, the fibular condyle of the femur expanded backwards and the fibula tapered drastically towards the ankle. These characteristics were also found to be present in the coelurosaur *Bagaraatan,* and Rauhut & Xu (2005) suggested that *Xinjiangovenator* and *Bagaraatan* were sister taxa.

The 2010 description of *Zuolong* by Jonah Choiniere, James M. Clark, Catherine Forster, & Xu Xing found a different position for *Xinjiangovenator* in their phylogenetic analysis. Due to its fragmentary nature, *Xinjiangovenator* was found to have an unstable position within Coelurosauria. Some, but not all, of the phylogenetic trees found *Xinjiangovenator* as the sister taxon to *Ornitholestes* based on the proximal part of the tibia being just as wide along its front edge as its rear edge. When *Xinjiangovenator* was removed from the analysis, *Ornitholestes* was found to be a basal maniraptoran.

## InfoBox

| *Xinjiangovenator*
Temporal range: Early Cretaceous | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Illustration of the holotype tibiotarsus | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| *Clade*: | Dinosauria |
| *Clade*: | Saurischia |
| *Clade*: | Theropoda |
| *Clade*: | Avetheropoda |
| *Clade*: | Coelurosauria |
| Genus: | *Xinjiangovenator*
Rauhut & Xu, 2005 |
| Species: | ***X. parvus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xinjiangovenator parvus***
Rauhut & Xu, 2005 | |
|


title: Sylvi Kekkonen

abstract: Sylvi Kekkonen was a Finnish writer and the longest-serving First Lady of Finland.

text:
# Sylvi Kekkonen

**Sylvi Kekkonen** (née **Uino**; 12 March 1900 — 2 December 1974) was a Finnish writer and the longest-serving First Lady of Finland.

## Personal life and family

Sylvi Uino was born to a middle-class family, as the fourth child of a chaplain (later vicar), Kauno Uino, and Emilia Salome née Stenberg.

After her father's death, the family moved to Mikkeli, where she went to school. She later moved to Helsinki with the intention of studying law, but dropped out and took a job instead.

In 1926, she married Urho Kekkonen; they had met while working at a central law enforcement agency *Etsivä keskuspoliisi* (now the Finnish Security Intelligence Service). Two years later, the couple had twin sons, Matti and Taneli.

She was a small and fragile person physically, but known for her strength of character.

She died at Meilahti Tower Hospital on 2 December 1974.

## First Lady of Finland

Sylvi Kekkonen considered her main duty as the First Lady to support her husband, the President.

She was also active as a patron of various events and other initiatives, although in later life her health deteriorated and she was forced to cut down on her public appearances.

She is the longest-serving First Lady, with 18 years in the role, and is likely to remain so as the tenure of Presidents of Finland is now limited to a maximum of two consecutive six-year-terms.

## Writing career

Kekkonen's main literary output comprises two novels, *Käytävä* (1955) and *Amalia* (1958); and two short story collections, *Kotikaivolla* (1952) and the autobiographical *Lankkuaidan suojassa* (1968) which is considered to be her best in literary terms. Of these, *Amalia* was translated into eight languages.

Her writing often deals with impressionist themes and juvenile perspectives.

She also wrote essays; her debut publication, *Kiteitä* (1949), was an essay collection.

She is also known to have edited and critiqued many of her husband's writings.

To commemorate her, an annual literary symposium, *Sylvi Symposiumi*, has been held since 2000 in Pieksämäki, where there is also a park named after her.

## InfoBox

| Sylvi Kekkonen | |
| --- | --- |
| Sylvi Kekkonen in 1961 | |
| Born | Sylvia Salome Uino
(1900-03-12)12 March 1900
Pieksämäki, Grand Duchy of Finland, Russian Empire |
| Died | 2 December 1974(1974-12-02) (aged 74)
Helsinki, Finland |
| Occupation | Writer |
| Known for | First Lady of Finland (1956 — her death) |
| Spouse | Urho Kekkonen (m. 1926) |
| Children | 2 (twins): Matti, Taneli |


title: Leonie Ebert

abstract: Leonie Ebert is a German fencer. She competed in the women's foil event at the 2020 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Leonie Ebert

**Leonie Ebert** (born 4 October 1999) is a German fencer. She competed in the women's foil event at the 2020 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Leonie Ebert
| Leonie Ebert in 2015 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | German |
| Born | (1999-10-04) 4 October 1999 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Fencing |
| Medal record      Women's foil  Representing  Germany  European Games  2023 Kraków–Małopolska Team  European Championships  2022 Antalya Individual  2017 Tbilisi Team  2022 Antalya Team  2023 Kraków Team | |


title: Trikkur

abstract: Trikkur is a village in Thrissur district in the state of Kerala, India. It is situated on the eastern bank of Manali river.

text:
# Trikkur

**Trikkur**  is a village in Thrissur district in the state of Kerala, India. It is situated on the eastern bank of Manali river.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Trikkur had a population of 10,572 with 5,221 males and 5,351 females.

## Trikkur Mahadeva Temple

Trikkur Mahadeva Temple, a protected monument under the Department of Archaeology, Govt of Kerala, is located in this village. Similarly, Mathikkunnu Bhagavathi Temple located at Mathikkunnu is also a popular temple in Trikkur.

## Noted residents

* Swami Ranganathananda, president of the Ramakrishna Mission
* Shri M.D Dinesh Nair, poet
* Shri Anoop Sankar, Playback Singer

## InfoBox

| Trikkur | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Kerala |
| District | Thrissur |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 10,572 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Malayalam, English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 680314 |
| Vehicle registration | KL 45- |


title: Path 26

abstract: Path 26 is a set of three Southern California Edison (SCE) 500 kV power lines, located primarily in Los Angeles County, and extending into Kern and Ventura counties, all in California. Path 26 is part of the Western Electricity Coordinating Council's links of electrical intertie paths in the western United States. The Path 26 lines are located in: the San Joaquin Valley of the southern Central Valley; the Tehachapi Mountains and other central Transverse Ranges; and the Antelope Valley section of the Mojave Desert.

text:
# Path 26

**Path 26** is a set of three Southern California Edison (SCE) 500 kV power lines, located primarily in Los Angeles County, and extending into Kern and Ventura counties, all in California. Path 26 is part of the Western Electricity Coordinating Council's links of electrical intertie paths in the western United States. The Path 26 lines are located in: the San Joaquin Valley of the southern Central Valley; the Tehachapi Mountains and other central Transverse Ranges; and the Antelope Valley section of the Mojave Desert.

Path 26 forms Southern California Edison's (SCE) intertie (link) with Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E) to the north. Since PG&E's power grid and SCE's grid both have interconnections to elsewhere, in the Pacific Northwest (PG&E) and the Southwestern United States (SCE), Path 26 is a southern extension of Path 15 and Path 66, and a crucial link between the two regions' grids.

## Transmission lines

The path consists of three transmission lines, MidwayVincent No. 1, MidwayVincent No. 2 and MidwayWhirlwind. MidwayWhirlwind was part of what was called MidwayVincent No. 3 before Whirlwind was built, as part of the Tehachapi Renewable Transmission Project.

## Power transmission capacity

The three Path 26 500 kV lines can transmit 3,700 MW of electrical power north to south. The capacity for south to north power transmission is 3,000 MW.

## Expansion

There have been talks about constructing a fourth line, but no one has done anything about it. Although power from Oregon, Washington, and other regions in the Pacific Northwest could be transmitted to Northern California, the energy could not easily continue down into the Southern California region as the limited capacity of the path forms a bottleneck. Also, since California's only remaining nuclear power plant is on the northern side, now that SCE's San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station has stopped operation, the California Independent System Operator says that an improvement would decrease prices south of the path but increase prices to north of it, so it was not considered economical.

## Route

### Path 26 - Vincent to Midway

The Path, starting from the south, originates at the large Vincent substation close to State Route 14 and Soledad Pass near Acton east of the Santa Clarita Valley. The same Vincent substation is linked to Path 46 and Path 61 via two SCE 500 kV lines that head southeast to Lugo substation. As for these SCE 500 kV wires, like Path 15 to the north, the three 500 kV wires are never built together for the entire length of the route. From the substation, all three lines head north-northwest. The westernmost SCE 500 kV line splits away and runs to the west of the other two SCE 500 kV lines.

After crossing State Route 14, two 500 kV transmission lines constructed by Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) join the eastern two SCE 500 kV lines. Some point west of Palmdale, one of the SCE lines continues northwest while the other three (one SCE, two LADWP) head west. The lone SCE line continues northwest (with 230 kV lines) runs close to the Antelope Valley California Poppy Reserve, famed for its California Poppy flowers. The one SCE line which ran west of the other two SCE lines (now separated) re-joins the single SCE 500 kV running west along with the two LADWP lines. The four 500 kV lines run together for some distance until, at some point in the mountains, the two SCE lines continue to head west while the two LADW&P lines turn southwest and head for the Rinaldi Receiving Station in the San Fernando Valley near Sylmar just south of the Sylmar Converter Station which is the southern terminus of the Pacific DC Intertie HVDC line). The two SCE lines heading west meet up with Interstate 5 on the arid foothills of the Sierra Pelona Mountains to the east of Pyramid Lake. These lines run parallel to the I-5 as they travel over the Tejon Pass (running on the eastern foothills of Frazier Mountain) and are out of sight from the freeway for a while as they cross the high woodlands of the northern San Emigdio Mountains at their highest point at around 5,350 ft (1,630 m).

As for the third line, north of Lancaster and State Route 138, it runs through a remote area of the Tehachapi Mountains with two other 230 kV lines. Although it runs across sparse to dense oak woodlands at around 5,300 ft (1,615 m), it is not easily visible on Google Earth since its right of way is not as clear cut as Path 15 and Path 66 to the north. Due to this, the line is not readily visible again until it crosses State Route 184 as a PG&E power line. Somewhere the Tehachapi mountains west of Stallion Springs, the line changes from a SCE transmission tower design to a PG&E tower design before turning west. By the time the all three lines are visible again from the Interstate 5, they roughly parallel each other until all three lines, two SCE and one PG&E, terminate at the massive Midway substation in Buttonwillow in the San Joaquin Valley west of Bakersfield. Two pairs of PG&E 500 kV lines originating from Midway, one heading north through the Central Valley to Gates Substation, and the other southwest to Diablo Canyon Power Plant form a segment of Path 15.

### Connecting wires to Path 46 - Vincent to Lugo

Adjacent to the Path 26 wires, two other SCE 500 kV power lines originate from the Vincent substation. These two lines head northeast from Vincent and meet up with LADWP's two other 500 kV lines originating from the Rinaldi receiving station in Sylmar. All four lines head east through the Antelope Valley and along the northern foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains. Another LADWP 500 kV line from the Toluca receiving station near Burbank joins the four-line transmission corridor, resulting in a large path of five 500kv power transmission lines. However, one LADWP line from Rinaldi splits off from the other four lines after passing the Pearlblossom Pumping Station and heads southeast towards Victorville. Shortly afterward near Llano, the SCE lines also splits away from the remaining two LADWP lines which continue eastward towards Adelanto and heads southeast. They cross over the lone LADWP Rinaldi-Victorville line that split away earlier, the LADWP Hoover Dam-Victorville-Century 287 kV lines, and the Interstate 15 as they head to the Lugo substation northeast of Cajon Pass near Hesperia. The lines end at Lugo, where one SCE Path 61 500 kV line, two SCE Path 46 500 kV lines, and three other SCE 500 kV lines also terminate.

## InfoBox

| Path 26 | |
| --- | --- |
| Southern California Edison's two 500 kV as they cross Interstate 5. Pacific Gas & Electric's in the distant background. | |
| Location | |
| State | California |
| Province | Los Angeles |
| Coordinates | 34°29′11″N 118°07′11″W / 34.4865°N 118.1197°W / 34.4865; -118.1197 |
| From | Vincent Substation |


title: Oncidium tripudians

abstract: Oncidium tripudians is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae, endemic to Colombia. It was first described in 1852 as Odontoglossum spectatissimum.

text:
# Oncidium tripudians

***Oncidium tripudians*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae, endemic to Colombia. It was first described in 1852 as ***Odontoglossum spectatissimum***.

## InfoBox

| *Oncidium tripudians* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Epidendroideae |
| Genus: | *Oncidium* |
| Species: | ***O. tripudians*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oncidium tripudians***<br>(Rchb.f. & Warsz.) M.W.Chase & N.H.Williams | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Odontoglossum tripudians* Rchb.f. & Warsz. * *Odontoglossum tripudians var. oculatum* Rchb.f. * *Odontoglossum tripudians var. xanthoglossum* Rchb.f. | |


title: PEN Centre Germany

abstract: PEN Centre Germany is part of the worldwide association of writers founded in London in 1921, now known as PEN International. One of over 140 autonomous PEN centres around the world, PEN Centre Germany is based in Darmstadt, Hesse.

text:
# PEN Centre Germany

**PEN Centre Germany** is part of the worldwide association of writers founded in London in 1921, now known as PEN International. One of over 140 autonomous PEN centres around the world, PEN Centre Germany is based in Darmstadt, Hesse.

## Work

PEN Centre Germany upholds the objectives of PEN International in protecting the freedom of intellectual expression throughout the world. PEN Centre Germany supports two main programmes: Writers in Prison and Writers in Exile. Founded in 1999, Writers in Exile is a programme supporting international writers who are given the opportunity to live and work in safety, with accommodation provided in Berlin, Cologne, Hamburg and Munich together with living expenses.

Since 1985 PEN Centre Germany has awarded the Hermann Kesten Prize for outstanding services to persecuted authors.

PEN Centre Germany is also a participant in the annual Writers for Peace Committee founded in 1984.

## History of PEN Centre Germany

### Weimar Republic

The German branch of International PEN was founded in 1924 under the direction of Ludwig Fulda. This was supported by the founding president of PEN, John Galsworthy. PEN Centre Germany arranged its first international conference in Berlin in 1926 and the organisation flourished until the rise of Nazism.

### Under Nazism

In 1933 the then president, Alfred Kerr fled into exile as soon as the Nazis took power and in January 1935, under difficult political circumstances, PEN Centre Germany became known as the Union of National Writers. This organisation was supportive of Nazism and heavily criticised by PEN International for its failure to condemn the burning of books by the Nazis in 1933. In response to these circumstances, in 1934 a PEN centre was set up for German writers in exile based in London, with Heinrich Mann as president.

### After World War II

In 1948 PEN Centre Germany was re-founded in Göttingen. Soon afterwards, when East and West Germany were created as separate states in 1949, PEN split into two organisations to reflect the new political reality. This split continued until after German Reunification and a united PEN Centre Germany was finally established in 1998.


title: Valette Island

abstract: Valette Island is an island, 0.2 nautical miles (0.4 km) long, lying in the west side of the entrance to Mill Cove on the south side of Laurie Island, in the South Orkney Islands. Charted by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, 1902–1904, under Bruce, who named it for L.H. Valette, Argentine meteorologist at the Laurie Island station during 1904.

text:
# Valette Island

**Valette Island** (60°46′S 44°36′W / 60.767°S 44.600°W / -60.767; -44.600) is an island, 0.2 nautical miles (0.4 km) long, lying in the west side of the entrance to Mill Cove on the south side of Laurie Island, in the South Orkney Islands. Charted by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, 1902–1904, under Bruce, who named it for L.H. Valette, Argentine meteorologist at the Laurie Island station during 1904.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Valette Island". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey.


title: Lillian Goodner

abstract: Lillian Goodner was an American blues singer who performed in the classic female blues style popular during the 1920s. She was billed as "Sister Lillian: Queen of the Sepias".

text:
# Lillian Goodner

**Lillian Goodner** (née **Paige**; 1896–1994) was an American blues singer who performed in the classic female blues style popular during the 1920s. She was billed as "Sister Lillian: Queen of the Sepias".

## Biography

She was born in Montgomery, Alabama and grew up in Chicago, Illinois. Her abilities as a vocalist were recognized early. She entered and won amateur contests before embarking on a professional career, in which she toured the country with her childhood friend, Mae Crowder, in an act billed as the Creole Sisters. She was in the cast of the revue *Put and Take*, which opened in New York in 1921 and subsequently toured.

In 1923–24, Goodner recorded six sides for Ajax Records in New York City. Some of these recordings are notable because they reveal a contradiction in the roles women sang about playing in early blues. In one song, "Gonna Get Somebody's Daddy," Goodner sings about having an affair with a married man, boasting "I'm gonna get somebody's daddy for my own, for my own, for my own." However, in another song recorded in the very same session, "Four Flushing Papa," Goodner scolds an unfaithful lover, with "I'm the only queen you can have in your jack."

In the 1920s, she toured major cities in the United States, Canada, Europe and Australia. In the early 1930s she performed with Duke Ellington and his band. After marrying William Penn she settled in Minneapolis and continued to work in nightclubs in the American Midwest. During World War II, Goodner performed in U.S.O. shows in Detroit and Oakland, California; in 1942 she appeared at Maxwell Field in Montgomery with Glenn Miller. She continued to play club dates in the 1950s and performed on WTCN-TV in Minneapolis.

By 1960, after the death of her husband, she had returned to Alabama. She occasionally performed at private parties until the 1970s, when she entered a nursing home. In 1994, a few months before Goodner's death, her collection of publicity photos of entertainers was found in a storage shed. These photographs, many of which she had taken herself, included images of Josephine Baker, Cab Calloway, Bessie Smith, Valaida Snow, Glenn Miller, Etta Moten, and many others whose names are less familiar. According to writer Marc Bankert, "in some cases, Lillian's photographs represent the only known images of the once-celebrated performers of her era".

## Recordings

Recorded for Ajax Records in December 1923, accompanied by Her Jazzin' Trio

* "Chicago Blues"
* "No One Can Toddle Like My Cousin Sue"

Recorded for Ajax Records in February 1924, accompanied by Grainger's Novelty Three (assumed to be Porter Grainger)

* "Awful Moanin' Blues"
* "Ramblin' Blues"

Recorded for Ajax Records in February 1924, accompanied by Her Sawin' Three (James "Bubber" Miley, cornet; Bob Fuller, alto sax; Lou Hooper, piano)

* "Four Flushing Papa (You've Got To Play Me Straight)"
* "Gonna Get Somebody's Daddy (Just Wait And See)"

## Discography

Goodner's complete recorded works were reissued by Document Records on the compilation album *Female Blues Singers, Vol. 6: E/F/G (1922–1929)* (DOCD-5510).

**Other sources**


title: Xylocopa tenuiscapa

abstract: Xylocopa tenuiscapa, or the slender-scaped carpenter bee, is a species of carpenter bee found only in South Asian and Southeast Asian countries. Like most bees, X. tenuiscapa has a diurnal activity cycle, but in the Western Ghats of Southern India, the species flies in moonlit nights and has been observed as pollinator of nocturnally flowering trees. Males of the species perch on exposed sites close to nests or in the landscape waiting for occasions to mate.

text:
# Xylocopa tenuiscapa

***Xylocopa tenuiscapa***, or the **slender-scaped carpenter bee**, is a species of carpenter bee found only in South Asian and Southeast Asian countries.

Like most bees, *X. tenuiscapa* has a diurnal activity cycle, but in the Western Ghats of Southern India, the species flies in moonlit nights and has been observed as pollinator of nocturnally flowering trees. Males of the species perch on exposed sites close to nests or in the landscape waiting for occasions to mate.

## Further reading

* Ruggiero M. (project leader), Ascher J. et al. (2013). ITIS Bees: World Bee Checklist (version Sep 2009). In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 11 March 2013 (Roskov Y., Kunze T., Paglinawan L., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Hernandez F., De Wever A., eds). Digital resource at www.catalogueoflife.org/col/. Species 2000: Reading, UK.
* John Ascher, Connal Eardley, Terry Griswold, Gabriel Melo, Andrew Polaszek, Michael Ruggiero, Paul Williams, Ken Walker, and Natapot Warrit.

## InfoBox

| *Xylocopa tenuiscapa* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Xylocopa tenuiscapa* (male, top) as depicted in Jardine's *The Naturalist's Library* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Apidae |
| Genus: | *Xylocopa* |
| Subgenus: | *Platynopoda* |
| Species: | ***X. tenuiscapa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xylocopa tenuiscapa***<br>Westwood, 1840 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Xylocopa latreillei*  Lepeletier, 1841 * *Xylocopa viridipennis* Lepeletier, 1841 * *Xylocopa lativentris* Blanchard, 1844 * *Xylocopa albo-fasciata* Sichel, 1867 * *Xylocopa albofasciata* Sichel, 1867 * *Xylocopa tenuicornis* Ashmead, 1904 | |


title: Szczodrowo, Pomeranian Voivodeship

abstract: Szczodrowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Skarszewy, within Starogard County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Skarszewy, 19 km (12 mi) north-west of Starogard Gdański, and 35 km (22 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk. It is located within the ethnocultural region of Kociewie in the historic region of Pomerania. The settlement Przerębska Huta is part of the village. Szczodrowo was a royal village of the Polish Crown, administratively located in the Tczew County in the Pomeranian Voivodeship. During the occupation of Poland, many Poles from Szczodrowo were murdered by the Germans in 1939 in large massacres in the forest between Skarszewy and Więckowy.

text:
# Szczodrowo, Pomeranian Voivodeship

**Szczodrowo** \[ʂt͡ʂɔˈdrɔvɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Skarszewy, within Starogard County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Skarszewy, 19 km (12 mi) north-west of Starogard Gdański, and 35 km (22 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk. It is located within the ethnocultural region of Kociewie in the historic region of Pomerania.

The settlement Przerębska Huta is part of the village.

Szczodrowo was a royal village of the Polish Crown, administratively located in the Tczew County in the Pomeranian Voivodeship.

During the occupation of Poland (World War II), many Poles from Szczodrowo were murdered by the Germans in 1939 in large massacres in the forest between Skarszewy and Więckowy.

## InfoBox

| Szczodrowo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Szczodrowo | |
| Coordinates: 54°6′7″N 18°22′4″E / 54.10194°N 18.36778°E / 54.10194; 18.36778 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Starogard |
| Gmina | Skarszewy |
| Population | 382 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Trikkur Mahadeva Temple

abstract: Trikkur Mahadeva Temple is a rock-cut cave temple in Trikkur village in Thrissur District in Kerala believed to have been built in the 7th or 8th century. Being a cave temple, Buddhist and Jain monks used the site to meditate alongside the Hindu monks. It is a protected monument under the Department of Archaeology, Govt of Kerala since 1966. The temple and its premises are now owned by Paliyam Trust which is managed by Kshetra Samrakshana Samiti. The main deity of this temple is Lord Shiva a.k.a. Mahadeva, as the name suggests. It is believed that the huge Shivalinga here was consecrated by Lord Agni. Thus, it is believed that Lord Agni always worships Lord Shiva, and he accompanies him. Due to this belief, the idol is not carried outside for processions on rainy days. The temple is located on the top of the hillock inside a 30 feet long and 12 feet broad natural cave. The huge Shiva Linga is at the southern end of the cave, just above this there is a waterhole that never dries even in the hottest days during summers. The Shiva Linga faces the east, but the door of the Garbhagriha is faced towards North. The Linga is in the center, fixed on to a rectangular pedestal. There is an evergreen pond on the top of the rock. Since 1966, the temple is a protected monument under the Department of Archaeology.

text:
# Trikkur Mahadeva Temple

**Trikkur Mahadeva Temple** is a rock-cut cave temple in Trikkur village in Thrissur District in Kerala believed to have been built in the 7th or 8th century. Being a cave temple, Buddhist and Jain monks used the site to meditate alongside the Hindu monks. It is a protected monument under the Department of Archaeology, Govt of Kerala since 1966. The temple and its premises are now owned by Paliyam Trust which is managed by Kshetra Samrakshana Samiti (Temple Protection Committee).

The main deity of this temple is Lord Shiva a.k.a. Mahadeva, as the name suggests. It is believed that the huge Shivalinga here was consecrated by Lord Agni. Thus, it is believed that Lord Agni always worships Lord Shiva, and he accompanies him. Due to this belief, the idol is not carried outside for processions on rainy days.

The temple is located on the top of the hillock inside a 30 feet long and 12 feet broad natural cave. The huge Shiva Linga is at the southern end of the cave, just above this there is a waterhole that never dries even in the hottest days during summers. The Shiva Linga faces the east, but the door of the Garbhagriha is faced towards North. The Linga is in the center, fixed on to a rectangular pedestal. There is an evergreen pond on the top of the rock. Since 1966, the temple is a protected monument under the Department of Archaeology.

## Architecture

The Sanctum of the temple is located inside the cave which is 12 feet long and 8 feet wide. In front of the sanctum, there is a Mugha mandapa, entirely carved in the rock with beautiful artistry. Although the deity looks east during Darshan, the devotees can only see the right side of the Lingam. (“Parshwa Darshan”.)

The goddess Parvathi also resides there, perpetually to Lord Shiva, personifying knowledge. Lord Ganapathi's image is carved on the wall of the cave towards the west side of the sanctuary. The rock-laden soil and the Namasakara Mandapa, built from 16 pillars made of rock, present a large number of beautiful sculptures. To the north of the temple is a hall where Saraswati Pooja and Chakyar Koothu are led during Navratri and many religious events respectively.

## InfoBox

| Thrikkur Mahadeva Cave Temple | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Hinduism |
| District | Thrissur |
| Deity | Shiva |
| Festivals | Makaram ulsavam
Shivarathri
Kalabhabhishekam |
| Location | |
| Location | Trikkur |
| State | Kerala |
| Country | India |
| Mahadeva Temple, Trikkur, Thrissur, Kerala | |
| Geographic coordinates | 10°27′43″N 76°16′15″E / 10.461857°N 76.270936°E / 10.461857; 76.270936 |
| Architecture | |
| Type | Architecture of Kerala |
| Specifications | |
| Temple(s) | One |
| Elevation | 61.79 m (203 ft) |


title: Parotis amboinalis

abstract: Parotis amboinalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Charles Swinhoe in 1906. It is found on Indonesia's Ambon Island.

text:
# Parotis amboinalis

***Parotis amboinalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Charles Swinhoe in 1906. It is found on Indonesia's Ambon Island.

## InfoBox

| *Parotis amboinalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Parotis* |
| Species: | ***P. amboinalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Parotis amboinalis***<br>(C. Swinhoe, 1906) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cenocnemis amboinalis* C. Swinhoe, 1906 | |


title: Oltacola

abstract: Oltacola is a genus of ammotrechid camel spiders, first described by Carl Friedrich Roewer in 1934.

text:
# Oltacola

***Oltacola*** is a genus of ammotrechid camel spiders (which aren't spiders), first described by Carl Friedrich Roewer in 1934.

## Species

As of October 2022, the World Solifugae Catalog accepts the following four species:

## InfoBox

| *Oltacola* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Solifugae |
| Family: | Ammotrechidae |
| Genus: | *Oltacola*
Roewer, 1934 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Oltacola gomezi*
Roewer, 1934 | |
| Species | |
| 4, see text | |


title: Pachybrachis caelatus

abstract: Pachybrachis caelatus is a species of case-bearing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Pachybrachis caelatus

***Pachybrachis caelatus*** is a species of case-bearing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 6: Chrysomeloidea*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-26091-7.

## InfoBox

| *Pachybrachis caelatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Chrysomelidae |
| Genus: | *Pachybrachis* |
| Species: | ***P. caelatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pachybrachis caelatus***<br>(Valenciennes, 1840) | |
|


title: Valmadrera

abstract: Valmadrera is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Lecco in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) northeast of Milan and about 3 kilometres (2 mi) west of Lecco. Valmadrera borders the following municipalities: Canzo, Civate, Galbiate, Lecco, Malgrate, Mandello del Lario, Valbrona.

text:
# Valmadrera

**Valmadrera** (Lecchese: *La Val*) is a *comune* (municipality) in the Province of Lecco in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) northeast of Milan and about 3 kilometres (2 mi) west of Lecco.

Valmadrera borders the following municipalities: Canzo, Civate, Galbiate, Lecco, Malgrate, Mandello del Lario, Valbrona.

## Twin towns — sister cities

Valmadrera is twinned with:

## InfoBox

| Valmadrera | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Città di Valmadrera | |
| Valmadrera | |
|  | |
| Location of Valmadrera | |
| ValmadreraLocation of Valmadrera in ItalyValmadreraValmadrera (Lombardy) | |
| Coordinates: 45°51′N 9°22′E / 45.850°N 9.367°E / 45.850; 9.367 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Lombardy |
| Province | Lecco (LC) |
| *Frazioni* | Caserta, Belvedere, Ceppo, Parè, San Dionigi, Trebbia |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Antonio Rusconi |
| Area | |
| Total | 12.6 km2 (4.9 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 237 m (778 ft) |
| Population (1 January 2016) | |
| Total | 11,659 |
| Density | 930/km2 (2,400/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Valmadreresi |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 23868 |
| Dialing code | 0341 |
| Patron saint | Saint Anthony Abbot |
| Saint day | January 17 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Lima Christian School

abstract: Lima Christian School is a private Christian school located in Lima, New York. It serves grades kindergarten through 12. The school was founded in 1974 by Lima Baptist Church Pastor Noah Stoltzfus.

text:
# Lima Christian School

**Lima Christian School** is a private Christian school located in Lima, New York. It serves grades kindergarten through 12.

The school was founded in 1974 by Lima Baptist Church Pastor Noah Stoltzfus.

## InfoBox

| Lima Christian School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 1574 Rochester Street
Lima, New York 14485
United States | |
| Coordinates | 42°54′58″N 77°36′47″W / 42.9162°N 77.6130°W / 42.9162; -77.6130 |
| Information | |
| Website | http://www.limachristian.org/ |


title: Xylocoris

abstract: Xylocoris is a genus of bugs in the monotypic tribe Xylocorini of the family Anthocoridae. There are approximately 50 described species in Xylocoris worldwide. Nearly 30 species occur in the Palaearctic Region, 10 are known from the Nearctic Region, and 6 from the Oriental Region. They occur in various habitats, often found under plant litter and under tree bark where they feed on small arthropods. Certain species inhabit stored food facilities.

text:
# Xylocoris

***Xylocoris*** is a genus of bugs in the monotypic tribe **Xylocorini** of the family Anthocoridae. There are approximately 50 described species in *Xylocoris* worldwide. Nearly 30 species occur in the Palaearctic Region, 10 are known from the Nearctic Region, and 6 from the Oriental Region. They occur in various habitats, often found under plant litter and under tree bark where they feed on small arthropods. Certain species (*X. afer*, *X. cerealis*, *X. cursitans*, *X. flavipes*, *X. galactinus*, *X. hyalinipennis*, *X. queenslandicus*, *X. sordidus*, *X. vicarius*) inhabit stored food facilities.

## Species

## Further reading

* Arnett, Ross H. (2000). *American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico*. CRC Press.
* Henry, Thomas J.; Froeschner, Richard C., eds. (1988). *Catalog of the Heteroptera, or True Bugs, of Canada and the Continental United States*. E. J. Brill. ISBN 0-916846-44-X.
* Henry, Thomas J.; Froeschner, Richard C. (1988). *Catalog of the Heteroptera, True Bugs of Canada and the Continental United States*. Brill Academic Publishers.

## InfoBox

| *Xylocoris* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Xylocoris galactinus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Heteroptera |
| Family: | Anthocoridae |
| Tribe: | Xylocorini |
| Genus: | *Xylocoris*<br>Dufour, 1831 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * Piezostethus  Fieber, 1860 | |


title: Sympistis semicollaris

abstract: Sympistis semicollaris is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Smith in 1909. It is found in western North America in the vicinity of the Gulf of Georgia and east of the Cascades from south-central British Columbia to central Oregon. The wingspan is about 31 mm.

text:
# Sympistis semicollaris

***Sympistis semicollaris*** is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Smith in 1909. It is found in western North America in the vicinity of the Gulf of Georgia and east of the Cascades from south-central British Columbia to central Oregon.

The wingspan is about 31 mm.

## InfoBox

| *Sympistis semicollaris* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Sympistis* |
| Species: | ***S. semicollaris*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sympistis semicollaris***<br>Smith, 1909 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Oncocnemis semicollaris* | |


title: Leptosteges parthenialis

abstract: Leptosteges parthenialis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1917. It has been recorded from the US states of Florida, Louisiana and Oklahoma. The wingspan is about 13 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing from May to August.

text:
# Leptosteges parthenialis

***Leptosteges parthenialis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1917. It has been recorded from the US states of Florida, Louisiana and Oklahoma.

The wingspan is about 13 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing from May to August.

## InfoBox

| *Leptosteges parthenialis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Leptosteges* |
| Species: | ***L. parthenialis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Leptosteges parthenialis***<br>(Dyar, 1917) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Patissa parthenialis* Dyar, 1917 | |


title: Tritonoharpa beui

abstract: Tritonoharpa beui is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cancellariidae, the nutmeg snails.

text:
# Tritonoharpa beui

***Tritonoharpa beui*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cancellariidae, the nutmeg snails.

* Verhecken, A. (1997). Mollusca, Gastropoda: Arafura Sea Cancellariidae collected during the KARUBAR Cruise. in: Crosnier, A. et al. (Ed.) Résultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM 16. Campagne Franco-Indonésienne KARUBAR. Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle. Série A, Zoologie. 172: 295–324.
* Ma Xiutong & Zhang Suping. (2000). Study on Colubrariidae from China seas,with descriptions of two new species. Studia Marina Sinica. 42: 146–152.
* Verhecken A. (2020). New and poorly known species of Cancellariidae (Neogastropoda: Cancellarioidea) from the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific. Gloria Maris. 59(2): 40–89.
* Verhecken A. (2011) The Cancellariidae of the Panglao Marine Biodiversity Project 2004 and the Panglao 2005 and Aurora 2007 deep sea cruises in the Philippines, with description of six new species (Neogastropoda, Cancellarioidea). Vita Malacologica 9: 1-60.

## InfoBox

| *Tritonoharpa beui* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Tritonoharpa beui* (holotype at MNHN, Paris) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Cancellariidae |
| Subfamily: | Plesiotritoninae |
| Genus: | *Tritonoharpa* |
| Species: | ***T. beui*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tritonoharpa beui***<br>Verhecken, 1997 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Colubraria tchangsii* X.-T. Ma & S.-P. Zhang, 2000 | |


title: Parotis

abstract: Parotis is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

text:
# Parotis

***Parotis*** is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

## Species

## Former species

## InfoBox

| *Parotis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Tribe: | Margaroniini |
| Genus: | *Parotis*<br>Hübner, 1831 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cenocnemis* Warren, 1896 * *Chloauges* Lederer, 1863 * *Enchocnemidia* Lederer, 1863 * *Pachyarches* Lederer, 1863 | |


title: Omalocarpus

abstract: Omalocarpus macrophyllus is a species of flowering plant in family Sapindaceae. It is endemic to Madagascar. It is the sole species in genus Omalocarpus.

text:
# Omalocarpus

***Omalocarpus macrophyllus*** is a species of flowering plant in family Sapindaceae. It is endemic to Madagascar. It is the sole species in genus ***Omalocarpus***.

## InfoBox

| *Omalocarpus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Sapindaceae |
| Genus: | *Omalocarpus*
Choux (1926) |
| Species: | ***O. macrophyllus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Omalocarpus macrophyllus***
Choux (1926) | |
|


title: Paddy Ryan

abstract: Patrick Ryan was an Irish American boxer, and became the bare-knuckle American heavyweight champion on 30 May 1880, after he won the title from Joe Goss. He retained the title until losing it to the exceptional John L. Sullivan on 7 February 1882. Ryan fought only ten major bouts, but as many as twenty-five exhibitions including many Sullivan in his late career. Exhibitions brought him income, but with fewer rounds and less risk.

text:
# Paddy Ryan

**Patrick Ryan** (15 March 1851 – 14 December 1900) was an Irish American boxer, and became the bare-knuckle American heavyweight champion on 30 May 1880, after he won the title from Joe Goss. He retained the title until losing it to the exceptional John L. Sullivan on 7 February 1882.

Ryan fought only ten major bouts, but as many as twenty-five exhibitions including many Sullivan in his late career. Exhibitions brought him income, but with fewer rounds and less risk.

## Early life and career

Ryan was born in Thurles, County Tipperary, Ireland on 14 March 1851. After moving to America, he lived in the Troy, New York area and was consequently nicknamed the "Trojan Giant". He may have apprenticed as a blacksmith in an early career, but was definitely working in the profession by the time he lived in Troy. As a stout youth, Ryan worked on the construction of the Erie Canal before pursuing his boxing career. After opening a Troy saloon in 1874, he caught the attention of the athletic director of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Jim Killoran. Killoran saw Ryan dealing with troublemakers and drunks at the saloon and decided to train him as a prizefighter.

Ryan's first match was in 1877. He was as much an all-around fighter, grappler or wrestler as he was a boxer. Under the London Prize Ring rules of that era, several of his wrestling moves could be used in the ring. Some boxing historians believe he was a better wrestler than boxer, and would have benefited from more specialized boxing training.

## American heavyweight champion, 1880

Former heavyweight champion Jem Mace had been inactive for many years, and was believed to have vacated the title, making it open for contention. According to several sources, the fight with Goss was Ryan's first real prize fight, though he had done combat before to decide disputes, sometimes with established boxers. On their arrival to the working capital of Pennsylvania, the Mayor of Pittsburgh made it clear to both parties that the illegal fight would not take place in his city, so the combatants moved to a more remote spot in West Virginia.

In the most significant win of his career, Ryan defeated bare-knuckle heavyweight championship Joe Goss on 30 May 1880, in Collier's Station, West Virginia. In the 87th round, Goss was unable to continue and the contest was stopped after 90 minutes. Ryan's final blow was a right that knocked out Goss. Up until that time, the fight was tight and well-contested. Goss's seconds claimed a foul in the 87th, and with him being unable to continue, the judges awarded the bout to Ryan. His opponent appeared winded, but Ryan was terribly battered around the face and body. Ryan was nearly twenty pounds heavier and nearly six inches taller than Goss, a discrepancy which would have never been allowed in today's boxing, and may have made the difference in the match.

### Exhibitions, 1881

In 1881, Ryan fought eight exhibition bouts primarily in the New York area, in which he fought Goss again on 18 May, and then fought John Dwyer on 2 July. He later faced Captain James Dalton on 1 October, a well-known regional opponent.

## Losing American heavyweight title, 1882

John L. Sullivan and Ryan arrived in New Orleans on 6 February 1882, to determine who would hold the American heavyweight championship. Louisiana Governor Samuel D. McEnery had declared the fight illegal, so Sullivan, Ryan and their respective parties moved the fight to Mississippi.

Governor Lowry of Mississippi issued a proclamation ordering all local sheriffs to do whatever was necessary to stop the illegal fight. The next day, the fight crowd moved to Mississippi City, Mississippi where a ring was set up in front of the Barnes Hotel in a grove of live oaks. The local sheriff was not present, and the fight took place in Mississippi anyway, where there was actually no written statute that outlawed boxing. Sullivan, the proud Irishman, wore green pants and stockings, to Ryan's white pants and stockings with spiked boxing shoes. The fight was to be a bare-knuckle contest governed by the London Prize Ring Rules, and fought on dirt in a 24-foot ring. The championship contest may well have been Sullivan's first bare-knuckle bout. Each side put up $2,500 with an additional $1,000 put up for each side. Richard K. Fox, owner of the boxing magazine *Police Gazette*, was the backer for Ryan. James Keenan, of Boston, was the backer for Sullivan. This made the winner's stake $3,500, one of the larger American purses to date. There were about 2,000 spectators present.

Ryan was six years older, at least ten pounds lighter, but an inch or two taller, which gifted him with greater reach. His advantage in reach was apparently offset by less sophisticated defensive skills and speed, and somewhat inferior conditioning. Sullivan's seconds were Billy Madden and Joe Goss. His umpire was James Shannon. There was a dispute over the selection of a referee which was finally settled by the appointment of two referees: Alexander Brewster of New Orleans and Jack Hardy of Vicksburg. Considered ancient for a modern boxer, the thirty-seven year old Ryan knew he was battered from his long career and admitted, "I meant to have retired before, but you know how it is. When you whip somebody there is always somebody else turning up that wants to try his hand, and that’s the way I am caught this time."

Following an old tradition, Sullivan threw his hat in the ring at 11:45 am. Ryan came into the ring at 11:57 with the crowd estimated at 5,000. The men then approached the scratch line in the center of the ring and shook hands.

The *New York Herald* wrote that from the first round, Sullivan appeared superior. His rights were devastating and Ryan had difficulty recovering from them. Early in the fight, Sullivan decked Ryan with his famed right. Countering quickly, the reigning champion wrestled Sullivan to the ground to end round two. But the exertion of the maneuver sapped Ryan's energy and he found himself thrown about in clinches thereafter, despite his wrestling background. After nine rounds and only twenty minutes, Sullivan knocked Ryan out with a final right-handed punch which landed under Ryan's left ear. Ryan left the ring with his jaw visibly swollen. This was the last time the heavyweight championship would be won in a bare knuckle fight in history. Ryan fought Sullivan on many occasions afterward, but never won. After the bout, Sullivan was a frequent sparring partner of Ryan's. Sullivan's fame and his acceptance among both American aristocracy and the lower classes was unique and new in the boxing world, and would help both boxers draw large crowds to the exhibitions they would later stage in the Northeast.

In Ryan's era, boxing titles were informal, as there were no globally recognized sanctioning bodies to bestow legitimacy to a world title. Some sources refer to him as the "Heavyweight Champion of America" while others call him a world champion. To a large extent, he was recognized as the world champion of boxing while he held the title, as heavyweights held reign over other weight classes at the time, and had larger followings.

### Meeting fewer boxing opponents, 1883-1886

Ryan was less active in boxing in 1883 when he knocked out Montana champion Jack Waite in a three-round exhibition on 21 October. The results of several fights he scheduled that year failed to appear in the press. He continued to meet few opponents in 1884–1885, though on 19 January 1885, Ryan fought a no contest bout with Sullivan at New York's Madison Square Garden. Some sources report Ryan lost, but in any event, police intervened in the first round and stopped the fight.

Ryan was one of a party of gentlemen entertained by Robert Emmet Odlum, brother of women's rights activist Charlotte Smith, on the morning of 19 May 1885, the day he jumped from the Brooklyn Bridge and was killed, though his intention was merely to prove that the jump could be made safely. Ryan assisted in unsuccessful resuscitation efforts.

Ryan fought a two-round draw with Frank Glover on 13 September 1886, in Chicago. Ryan fought at 210, above his normal fighting weight and was described as too "fleshy" by a Wisconsin paper. The referees split on a decision, so a draw was called, when a dozen police officers intervened and stopped the fight in the second round. The bout was fought on a boat in the rain using the London Prize Rules and close to 1,500 spectators had huddled nearby to see the match.

The new Queensbury rules banned all forms of wrestling, which may have hurt Ryan in his next fight against the superior scientific boxer, Jack McCaulliffe. Queensbury's fixed three minute rounds and longer one minute rest interval helped boxers regain their strength and sustain more energy, and a fixed ten second count allowed an injured boxer some time to recover as well. A prohibition on hitting an opponent in the back of the head or in their back added a modicum of safety to the more lax and dangerous London Prize Ring Rules.

### Late career and exhibitions, 1886-1897

Ryan lived for a few years in San Francisco in the late '80s. On 13 November 1886, before a crowd of 8,000, Ryan had a non-title rematch with Sullivan, at the Mechanic's Pavilion in San Francisco, California; he lost by knockout in a 3-round contest. He was down in the first from a short arm to the chin, though both boxers appeared to have traded some solid blows to the face before the round ended. Ryan was down again in the second, before a second knockdown in the third ended the fight. The fight was fought with gloves and adhered to the Marquess of Queensbury Rules, first published in 1867.

Ryan lost to Joe McAuliffe, who knocked him out in three rounds on 23 December 1887, in San Francisco. The fight was fought with gloves using the new Queensbury Rules, which necessitated their use. McCauliffe had a thirteen-year age advantage, and was known as a powerful man and a strong puncher. In a fight not fought to the satisfaction of the spectators, Ryan was down twice in the first round and McCauliffe balked at hitting a groggy Ryan in the second. In the opening of the fourth round, Ryan's seconds threw up the sponge, ending the bout.

Ryan was arrested on a charge of grand larceny of $100 on 21 21 February 1888, in San Francisco, where he was still living at the time, though once the charge was found to be fraudulent, he was quickly acquitted and released.

Several newspapers reported that Ryan lost to John Donner on 4 May 1888, in Duluth, Minnesota, by knockout, though a reliable source reported the boxer was not Paddy Ryan the ex-champion and that Ryan was living in San Francisco.

Ryan performed in a series of lucrative and well-attended exhibitions with Sullivan, primarily in New England, from 1891 to 1897, before retiring from boxing. In their three-round exhibition in March 1896, in Visalia, California, 230 miles southeast of San Francisco, Sullivan was described as "beefy and far from looking like a pugilist, while Ryan was said to still be in good form."

On 5 March 1899, Ryan refereed the Alt Allen vs. Fred Wyatt match in Plattsburgh, New York.

## Death

Returning to New York after boxing retirement, he refereed a few fights and worked in Albany.

In his last months, Ryan lost his speech and suffered from Bright's disease. A subscription was started for his benefit, contributed to generously by Sullivan, and a benefit in his honor was given at Madison Square Garden. Ryan died from his disease on 14 December 1900 in Green Island, New York, aged 49. He was buried in St. Mary's Cemetery. He was survived by a daughter.

Ryan was elected to *The Ring* magazine's Hall of Fame in 1973.

## Selected fights

## InfoBox

| Paddy Ryan | |
| --- | --- |
| Paddy Ryan, 1887 | |
| Born | Patrick Ryan
(1851-03-15)15 March 1851
Thurles, County Tipperary, Ireland
Settled in Troy, NY. by 1872
Lived in San Francisco, 1886-8 |
| Died | 14 December 1900(1900-12-14) (aged 49)
Green Island, New York, near Troy |
| Nationality | Irish American
Settled in America as a youth |
| Other names | The Trojan Giant |
| **Statistics** | |
| Weight(s) | Heavyweight |
| Height | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) |
| Stance | Orthodox (right-handed)
Used London Prize Ring Rules 1877-86 |
|  | |
| **Boxing record** | |
| Total fights | 10
Major fights only
Exhibitions excluded |
| Wins | 2 |
| Wins by KO | 1 |
| Losses | 7 |
| Draws | 3 |
|  | |