title: William Henry Robertson (physician)

abstract: William Henry Robertson was an English physician and a leading figure behind the development of Buxton as a Victorian spa resort.

text:
# William Henry Robertson (physician)

**William Henry Robertson** (15 September 1810 – 15 July 1897) was an English physician and a leading figure behind the development of Buxton as a Victorian spa resort.

## Biography

He was born in London and graduated in medicine at the University of Edinburgh in 1830. After practising as a doctor for a short time at Chesterfield, he settled permanently in Buxton, Derbyshire.

William married Eliza Gill in 1836 and they had a daughter Elizabeth and two sons, William and Gordon.

## Water medicine in Buxton

Robertson came to Buxton in 1835. He wrote the definitive tourist guidebook to Buxton in 1854.

He studied the effects of the local mineral waters on disease and promoted their value in the treatment of gout, rheumatism, sciatica, etc. His *Guide To The Use Of The Buxton Waters* ran to 24 editions.

He was appointed as an honorary physician to the Buxton Bath Charity in 1836 alongside Sir Charles Scudamore. From 1865 he became the chairman of trustees and board of management of the Devonshire Hospital and Buxton Bath Charity.

He was elected as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1872.

In 1881, the Buxton Bath Charity trustees (under his chairmanship) persuaded William Cavendish (7th Duke of Devonshire) to give them the use of the whole Devonshire stables building in exchange for providing new stables elsewhere in the town. The clock tower of the Devonshire Dome (by Robert Rippon Duke) was named in his honour.

## Life in Buxton

He lived and practised at No. 6 The Square from 1861 until his death in 1897.

He was chairman of the Buxton Improvements Company and of the trustees of Buxton College. He was also churchwarden at St John the Baptist Church for 30 years.

He qualified as a magistrate in 1867 and served on the bench in Buxton for 30 years.

Robertson Road in Buxton was named after him.

## Selected publications


title: William Henry Rodes Green

abstract: Major-General Sir William Henry Rodes Green was a British Indian Army officer and colonial official. Green was the son of Vice-Admiral Sir Andrew Pellatt Green. He attended the Addiscombe Military Seminary and King's College, London. He was commissioned into the Scinde Horse of the East India Company. During the Crimean War, Green was seconded to the Ottoman Empire to train Turkish Irregular Cavalry forces. He was promoted to Major in May 1855. For his work in Turkey he was invested as a member of the Order of the Medjidie, in which he was subsequently promoted several times. He was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel in March 1868, having transferred to the Bombay Staff Corps. On 24 May 1866, he was invested as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India in recognition of his service as Political Superintendent in Upper Scinde. In 1875, he was promoted to the rank of Major-General in the Staff Corps. He saw service in the Second Anglo-Afghan War and wrote a book regarding the Battle of Kandahar, which was published in 1881. In 1868, he married Louisa Dunn, daughter of John Henry Dunn, Receiver General for Upper Canada. His son was the British Army officer Henry Green.

text:
# William Henry Rodes Green

Major-General **Sir William Henry Rodes Green** KCSI CB (31 May 1823 – 9 September 1912) was a British Indian Army officer and colonial official.

Green was the son of Vice-Admiral Sir Andrew Pellatt Green. He attended the Addiscombe Military Seminary and King's College, London. He was commissioned into the Scinde Horse of the East India Company. During the Crimean War, Green was seconded to the Ottoman Empire to train Turkish Irregular Cavalry forces. He was promoted to Major in May 1855. For his work in Turkey he was invested as a member of the Order of the Medjidie, in which he was subsequently promoted several times. He was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel in March 1868, having transferred to the Bombay Staff Corps. On 24 May 1866, he was invested as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India in recognition of his service as Political Superintendent in Upper Scinde. In 1875, he was promoted to the rank of Major-General in the Staff Corps. He saw service in the Second Anglo-Afghan War and wrote a book regarding the Battle of Kandahar, which was published in 1881.

In 1868, he married Louisa Dunn, daughter of John Henry Dunn, Receiver General for Upper Canada. His son was the British Army officer Henry Green.

## InfoBox

| Sir William Green | |
| --- | --- |
| William Henry Rodes Green, 1861 photograph (probable identification, National Portrait Gallery, London) | |
| Born | 31 May 1823
Witham, Essex, England |
| Died | 9 September 1912(1912-09-09) (aged 89)
Harrogate, Yorkshire |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | British Indian Army |
| Rank | Major-General |
| Battles/wars | Crimean War
Second Anglo-Afghan War |
| Awards | Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India, Companion of the Order of the Bath |


title: William Henry Sawtelle

abstract: William Henry Sawtelle was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and previously was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Arizona.

text:
# William Henry Sawtelle

**William Henry Sawtelle** (August 27, 1868 – December 17, 1934) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and previously was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Arizona.

## Education and career

Born in Tuscumbia, Alabama, Sawtelle read law in 1886 and was in private practice of law in Tuscumbia from 1886 to 1903. He was a solicitor for the Alabama 8th Judicial Circuit from 1892 to 1898, and for the Alabama 11th Judicial Circuit from 1898 to 1903. He was in private practice in Tucson, Arizona Territory (State of Arizona from February 14, 1912) from 1903 to 1913.

## Federal judicial service

Sawtelle was nominated by President Woodrow Wilson on August 6, 1913, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Arizona vacated by Judge Richard Elihu Sloan. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on August 18, 1913, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on February 6, 1931, due to his elevation to the Ninth Circuit.

Sawtelle was nominated by President Herbert Hoover on January 8, 1931, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit vacated by Judge Frank Sigel Dietrich. He was confirmed by the Senate on January 22, 1931, and received his commission on January 29, 1931. His service terminated on December 17, 1934, due to his death of a fall down the stairs at his home in San Francisco, California.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| William Henry Sawtelle | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit | |
| **In office**
January 29, 1931  December 17, 1934 | |
| Appointed by | Herbert Hoover |
| Preceded by | Frank Sigel Dietrich |
| Succeeded by | Clifton Mathews |
| Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Arizona | |
| **In office**
August 18, 1913  February 6, 1931 | |
| Appointed by | Woodrow Wilson |
| Preceded by | Richard Elihu Sloan |
| Succeeded by | Albert Morris Sames |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | William Henry Sawtelle
(1868-08-27)August 27, 1868
Tuscumbia, Alabama |
| Died | December 17, 1934(1934-12-17) (aged 66)
San Francisco, California |
| Education | read law |
|  | |


title: William Mayrant

abstract: William Mayrant was a U.S. Representative from South Carolina. William Mayrant was elected in 1814 as a Democratic-Republican to the Fourteenth Congress and served until his resignation on October 21, 1816. He was elected to his first and only term as a member of the US House of Representatives, from his home at Stateburg, near what is now Sumter. He represented South Carolina's 9th congressional district. Mayrant voted in favor of the Tariff of 1816, which most southerners opposed because they believed it placed them at a financial disadvantage by unfairly raising prices on northern and European made finished goods, while lowering the price of southern raw materials, especially cotton. As a result of this vote, Mayrant lost his 1816 bid for reelection. He resigned before the completion of his first term. Though his name was placed on the ballot again for the election of 1816, he was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection. Mayrant was succeeded by Nullifier Stephen Decatur Miller, who advocated tariff repeal. After leaving Congress, Mayrant returned to his business and plantation interests. He also served as member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1818 to 1821. Born at Charleston, to a prominent family from South Carolina, William Woodrop Mayrant was the son of John Mayrant and Ann Woodruff or Woodrup. Soon after the American Revolution, Mayrant studied law and became an attorney. He was a successful businessman and plantation owner, with interests in rice farming and one of South Carolina's first textile factories. Mayrant held the rank of Colonel in the South Carolina militia. After his 1787 marriage to Ann Richardson Mayrant (1771-1840) he established a Stateburg home he called "Ararat" which subsequent owners renamed "Argyle House". He later owned and operated a plantation called "High Hills". William Mayrant died in 1832 and was buried at Church of the Holy Cross, near his home in Stateburg, Sumter County.

text:
# William Mayrant

**William Mayrant** (March 8, 1765  January 23, 1832) was a U.S. Representative from South Carolina.

William Mayrant was elected in 1814 as a Democratic-Republican to the Fourteenth Congress and served until his resignation on October 21, 1816 (March 4, 1815-October 21, 1816). He was elected to his first and only term as a member of the US House of Representatives, from his home at Stateburg, near what is now Sumter. He represented South Carolina's 9th congressional district. Mayrant voted in favor of the Tariff of 1816, which most southerners opposed because they believed it placed them at a financial disadvantage by unfairly raising prices on northern and European made finished goods, while lowering the price of southern raw materials, especially cotton. As a result of this vote, Mayrant lost his 1816 bid for reelection. He resigned before the completion of his first term. Though his name was placed on the ballot again for the election of 1816, he was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection. Mayrant was succeeded by Nullifier Stephen Decatur Miller, who advocated tariff repeal.

After leaving Congress, Mayrant returned to his business and plantation interests. He also served as member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1818 to 1821.

Born at Charleston, to a prominent family from South Carolina, William Woodrop Mayrant was the son of John Mayrant and Ann Woodruff or Woodrup. Soon after the American Revolution, Mayrant studied law and became an attorney. He was a successful businessman and plantation owner, with interests in rice farming and one of South Carolina's first textile factories. Mayrant held the rank of Colonel in the South Carolina militia. After his 1787 marriage to Ann Richardson Mayrant (1771-1840) he established a Stateburg home he called "Ararat" which subsequent owners renamed "Argyle House". He later owned and operated a plantation called "High Hills".

William Mayrant died in 1832 and was buried at Church of the Holy Cross, near his home in Stateburg, Sumter County.

## Sources

* United States Congress. "William Mayrant (id: M000288)". *Biographical Directory of the United States Congress*.

## Notes and references

## Further reading

* Mayrant, William; Lander, Ernest M. (1953). "Two Letters by William Mayrant on His Cotton Factory, 1815". *The South Carolina Historical Magazine*. **54** (1): 1–5. JSTOR 27565884.

## InfoBox

| William Mayrant | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from South Carolina's 9th district | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1815  October 21, 1816 | |
| Preceded by | John Kershaw |
| Succeeded by | Stephen D. Miller |
| Member of the South Carolina House of Representatives | |
| **In office**
1818  1821 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1765-03-08)March 8, 1765
Charleston, Province of South Carolina, British America |
| Died | January 23, 1832(1832-01-23) (aged 66)
Stateburg, South Carolina, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic-Republican |
| Profession | planter |
|  | |


title: William McAdam (British politician)

abstract: William McAdam was a British politician. McAdam was educated in Ecclefechan, then became a worker on the railways. He served in the British Army during World War I, then returned to his former career, becoming active in the National Union of Railwaymen (NUR). He rose to become branch secretary, then a member of the union's National Executive Committee, and also its district auditor. McAdam also became active in the Labour Party, standing unsuccessfully in the 1935 Edinburgh West by-election, and in Salford North at the 1935 United Kingdom general election. However, he won the seat at the 1945 United Kingdom general election, serving until 1950, when he retired. He also spent time on the Scottish Executive of the Labour Party.

text:
# William McAdam (British politician)

**William McAdam** (7 August 1886 – 22 April 1952) was a British politician.

McAdam was educated in Ecclefechan, then became a worker on the railways. He served in the British Army during World War I, then returned to his former career, becoming active in the National Union of Railwaymen (NUR). He rose to become branch secretary, then a member of the union's National Executive Committee, and also its district auditor.

McAdam also became active in the Labour Party, standing unsuccessfully in the 1935 Edinburgh West by-election, and in Salford North at the 1935 United Kingdom general election. However, he won the seat at the 1945 United Kingdom general election, serving until 1950, when he retired. He also spent time on the Scottish Executive of the Labour Party.


title: William Grey, 1st Baron Grey of Werke

abstract: William Grey, 1st Baron Grey of Werke was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1621 to 1622. He supported the Parliamentary cause in the English Civil War.

text:
# William Grey, 1st Baron Grey of Werke

**William Grey, 1st Baron Grey of Werke** (1593 - 1674) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1621 to 1622. He supported the Parliamentary cause in the English Civil War.

## Early life

Grey was the son of Sir Ralph Grey, of Chillingham, Northumberland and his wife Jane, daughter of WilIiam Ardlington, of Ardlington, Berkshire. He was created baronet on 15 June 1619. In 1621, he was elected Member of Parliament for Northumberland. He succeeded to the estates of Chillingham and Werke on the death of his father and was created Baron Grey of Werke on 11 February 1624.

## Career

Grey was commander of parliamentarian forces in the east in 1642. He was imprisoned for refusing to go as commissioner to Scotland in 1643. He was speaker of House of Lords in 1643 and was one of the Lay Assessors at the Westminster Assembly from 1643 to 1649. In 1648 he was appointed a commissioner of great seal but refused the engagement in 1649. He was pardoned at Restoration.

## Personal life

Grey married Cecilia Wentworth, eldest daughter of Sir John Wentworth, 1st Baronet, of Gosfield. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Ralph Grey, 2nd Baron Grey of Werke. His daughter Katherine married Sir Edward Mosley, 2nd Baronet.

## InfoBox

| Sir William Grey, 1st Baron Grey of Werke | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal details | |
| Born | August 1593
Chillingham, Northumberland, England |
| Died | 29 July 1674
Epping, Essex, England |
| Spouse | Lady Cecilia Wentworth |
| Children | 1. Lady Mary Elisabeth Grey
2. Thomas Grey
3. Sir Ralph Grey
4. Elizabeth Grey
5. Talbot Grey
6. Edward Grey

7. Dame Catharine Grey
 |
| Parent(s) | Sir Ralph Grey of Chillingham
Lady Jane Arthington |
| Residence(s) | Epping Manor
Chillingham Castle |
| Occupation | Politician |
|  | |


title: William J. Webb

abstract: William J. Webb is a theologian, ordained Baptist minister and former professor of New Testament at Heritage Seminary, Ontario. He is currently adjunct professor at Tyndale Seminary in Toronto. He is notable for developing the "redemptive-movement" hermeneutic in his book Slaves, Women & Homosexuals: Exploring the Hermeneutics of Cultural Analysis (2001). This book argues for full role equality of men and women in the church and family while concluding that homosexuality is not a biblically sanctioned lifestyle. Craig Blomberg argues that Webb's "proposals concerning redemptive trajectories are among the more influential of new twenty-first century North American hermeneutical methods to emerge."

text:
# William J. Webb

**William J. Webb** is a theologian, ordained Baptist minister and former professor of New Testament at Heritage Seminary, Ontario. He is currently adjunct professor at Tyndale Seminary in Toronto. He is notable for developing the "redemptive-movement" hermeneutic in his book *Slaves, Women & Homosexuals: Exploring the Hermeneutics of Cultural Analysis* (2001). This book argues for full role equality of men and women in the church and family while concluding that homosexuality is not a biblically sanctioned lifestyle. Craig Blomberg argues that Webb's "proposals concerning redemptive trajectories are among the more influential (and controversial) of new twenty-first century North American hermeneutical methods to emerge."

## Bibliography

* *The Pelargonium Family: The Species of Pelargonium, Monsonia and Sarcocaulon* (Routledge Kegan & Paul, 1984).
* *Returning Home (Journal for the Study of the New Testament Supplement)* (Sheffield, 1993).
* *Slaves, Women & Homosexuals: Exploring the Hermeneutics of Cultural Analysis* (InterVarsity Press, 2001).
* *Corporal Punishment in the Bible: A Redemptive-Movement Hermeneutic for Troubling Texts* (InterVarsity Press, 2011).
* (With Gordon K. Oeste) *Bloody, Brutal, and Barbaric?: Wrestling with Troubling War Texts* (IVP Academic, 2019).


title: William Ridley-Colborne

abstract: The Hon. William Ridley-Colborne was a British politician, who represented Richmond from 1841 until his death in 1846. Ridley-Colborne was born in 1814, the only son of the politician Nicholas Ridley-Colborne and his wife Charlotte. His grandfathers, Sir Matthew White Ridley, 2nd Baronet, and Thomas Steele, were both also Members of Parliament. He became heir to a title when his father was created Baron Colborne in 1839. In the 1841 general election he was elected as a Whig for Richmond, There had been some local opposition to his nomination, and a rumour that the seat was being held open by its patron as a safe seat for Lord John Russell should he be defeated in London, but in the event he was returned along with John Dundas, a fellow Whig, in an unopposed election. Other than a by-election to fill a vacancy in 1839, the seat had not been contested for over a century, and was dominated by the Dundas family. In Parliament, Ridley-Colborne voted against repeal of the Corn Laws. He died in office after a sudden illness at the age of 32, on 28 March 1846.

text:
# William Ridley-Colborne

The Hon. **William Ridley-Colborne** (24 July 1814 - 23 March 1846) was a British politician, who represented Richmond from 1841 until his death in 1846.

Ridley-Colborne was born in 1814, the only son of the politician Nicholas Ridley-Colborne and his wife Charlotte (née Steele). His grandfathers, Sir Matthew White Ridley, 2nd Baronet, and Thomas Steele, were both also Members of Parliament. He became heir to a title when his father was created Baron Colborne in 1839.

In the 1841 general election he was elected as a Whig for Richmond, There had been some local opposition to his nomination, and a rumour that the seat was being held open by its patron as a safe seat for Lord John Russell should he be defeated in London, but in the event he was returned along with John Dundas, a fellow Whig, in an unopposed election. Other than a by-election to fill a vacancy in 1839, the seat had not been contested for over a century, and was dominated by the Dundas family.

In Parliament, Ridley-Colborne voted against repeal of the Corn Laws. He died in office after a sudden illness at the age of 32, on 28 March 1846.


abstract: William Ridley was an English Presbyterian missionary who studied Australian Aboriginal languages, particularly Gamilaraay.

text:
# William Ridley (Presbyterian missionary)

**William Ridley** (14 September 1819 – 26 September 1878) was an English Presbyterian missionary who studied Australian Aboriginal languages, particularly Gamilaraay.

## Early life and education

Ridley was born in Hartford End, Essex, England. He was educated at King's College and University of London where he graduated B.A. Dr. John Lang brought him to Australia and he arrived on the *Clifton* in Sydney on 19 March 1850. Ridley taught languages at the Australian College.

## Career

Ridley was ordained in the Scots Church by Lang in 1850, the following year he was appointed to Dungog, New South Wales. In 1853 he began an itinerant ministry in the New England region. This was extended in 1855 to include Moreton Bay where he formed the Moreton Bay Aborigines Friends' Society in February. In the same year he published *Report … of a Journey Along the Condamine, Barwan and Namoi Rivers* , and in 1856 published *Gurre Kamilaroi: or Kamilaroi Sayings*.

In 1857 Ridley resumed parish work with the United Presbyterian Church of Victoria at Portland, Victoria, the next year he returned to Sydney and in 1861 became a journalist. He was assistant editor of the *Empire*, then editor of the *Evening News* in 1873, and the *Australian Town and Country Journal*. He also helped edit the *Australian Witness* for two years and also wrote for the *Sydney University Magazine*. In conjunction with Dr. Robert Steel he obtained government aid for the Maloga mission. Ridley published *Kamilaroi, Dippil, and Turrubul: Languages Spoken by Australian Aborigines* in 1866, revised and enlarged as *Kamilaroi and Other Australian Languages* in 1875, which was well received. Ridley also contributed to the works of R. B. Smyth and E. M. Curr.

In 1861 he provided an opinion to the Select Committee on the Native Police Force of Queensland. This was regarding "considerations as to the means to be adopted for civilizing the Aborigines of Australia, suggested by a three-years' mission among that people."


title: William Rathje

abstract: William Laurens Rathje was an American archaeologist. He was professor emeritus of anthropology at the University of Arizona, with a joint appointment with the Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology, and was consulting professor of anthropological sciences at Stanford University. He was the longtime director of the Tucson Garbage Project, which studied trends in discards by field research in Tucson, Arizona, and in landfills elsewhere, pioneering the field now known as garbology. Rathje received his PhD in anthropology from Harvard University in 1971. His academic interests have been archaeology, early civilizations, modern material culture studies, and Mesoamerica. He first became known as director of the National Geographic-sponsored Cozumel Archaeological Project --which established Cozumel's significance as an Olmec and Mayan port of trade. With his students at the University of Arizona, Rathje began Le Projet du Garbàge in 1973, sorting waste at Tucson's landfill. Early results showed that Tucson residents discarded 10 per cent of the food they purchased and that middle-income households wasted more food than the poor or wealthy. He received the 1990 Award for Public Understanding of Science and Technology from the American Association for the Advancement of Science for "his innovative contributions to public understanding of science and its societal impacts by demonstrating with his creative 'Garbage Project' how the scientific method can document problems and identify solutions." Except for several years in the early 2000s, during his tenure at Stanford, Rathje lived in Tucson, Arizona.

text:
# William Rathje

**William Laurens Rathje** (July 1, 1945 – May 24, 2012) was an American archaeologist. He was professor emeritus of anthropology at the University of Arizona, with a joint appointment with the Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology, and was consulting professor of anthropological sciences at Stanford University. He was the longtime director of the Tucson Garbage Project, which studied trends in discards by field research in Tucson, Arizona, and in landfills elsewhere, pioneering the field now known as garbology.

Rathje received his PhD in anthropology from Harvard University in 1971. His academic interests have been archaeology, early civilizations, modern material culture studies, and Mesoamerica. He first became known as director of the National Geographic-sponsored Cozumel Archaeological Project (Harvard/U of Arizona: Feb–June 1973) --which established Cozumel's significance as an Olmec and Mayan port of trade.

With his students at the University of Arizona, Rathje began *Le Projet du Garbàge* in 1973, sorting waste at Tucson's landfill. Early results showed that Tucson residents discarded 10 per cent of the food they purchased and that middle-income households wasted more food than the poor or wealthy.

He received the 1990 Award for Public Understanding of Science and Technology from the American Association for the Advancement of Science for "his innovative contributions to public understanding of science and its societal impacts by demonstrating with his creative 'Garbage Project' how the scientific method can document problems and identify solutions."

Except for several years in the early 2000s, during his tenure at Stanford, Rathje lived in Tucson, Arizona.

## Works

* *A Study of Changing Pre-Columbian Commercial Systems,* with Jeremy A Sabloff and Judith G Connor, Cambridge, Mass.: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, 1975. ISBN 0-87365-902-3
* Rathje, William *Rubbish!*, The Atlantic Monthly, December 1989
* Rathje, William & Cullen Murphy (1992). *Rubbish! The archaeology of garbage*. New York: HarperCollins.
* *Use Less Stuff: Environmentalism for Who We Really Are,* with Robert M Lilienfeld, New York: Ballantine Pub. Group, 1998. ISBN 0-449-00168-7


title: William Rowley (Royal Navy officer)

abstract: Admiral of the Fleet Sir William Rowley KB was a Royal Navy officer. He distinguished himself by his determination as commander of the vanguard at the Battle of Toulon in February 1744 during the War of the Austrian Succession. He went on to be Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet in August 1744 and successfully kept the Spanish and French fleets out of the Mediterranean area but was relieved of his command following criticism of his decision as presiding officer at a court-martial. Rowley later became a Lord Commissioner of the Admiralty on the Board of Admiralty. He was a Member of Parliament for Taunton and then for Portsmouth.

text:
# William Rowley (Royal Navy officer)

Admiral of the Fleet **Sir William Rowley** KB (c. 1690 – 1 January 1768) was a Royal Navy officer. He distinguished himself by his determination as commander of the vanguard at the Battle of Toulon in February 1744 during the War of the Austrian Succession. He went on to be Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet in August 1744 and successfully kept the Spanish and French fleets out of the Mediterranean area but was relieved of his command following criticism of his decision as presiding officer at a court-martial.

Rowley later became a Lord Commissioner of the Admiralty on the Board of Admiralty. He was a Member of Parliament for Taunton and then for Portsmouth.

## Early career

Born the second son of William Rowley and his wife, Elizabeth Rowley (née Baldwin), Rowley joined the Royal Navy as a volunteer in 1704. He was assigned to the third-rate HMS *Orford*, commanded by Captain John Norris, and saw action in the Mediterranean during the War of the Spanish Succession. Having passed his exams for lieutenant on 15 September 1708, he transferred to the third-rate HMS *Somerset* in December 1708. After carrying out diplomatic duties for King George I in Paris in early 1716, he was promoted to captain on 26 June 1716 and given command of HMS *Bideford* at Gibraltar and was involved in naval action against pirates. He transferred to the command of the sixth-rate HMS *Lively* in the Irish Sea in September 1719 and then went on half-pay in June 1728.

## Senior command

Rowley was recalled and appointed to command second-rate HMS *Barfleur* in 1741. Promoted to rear-admiral on 7 December 1743, he hoisted his flag in HMS *Barfleur* and distinguished himself by his determination as commander of the vanguard at the Battle of Toulon in February 1744 during the War of the Austrian Succession. Promoted to vice-admiral on 23 June 1744, he became Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet in August 1744 and successfully kept the Spanish and French fleets out of the Mediterranean area.

Rowley was asked to preside over a court-martial of Captain Richard Norris (son of Admiral Sir John Norris) on the second-rate HMS *Torbay* in relation to Norris's conduct at the Battle of Toulon. Rowley found the court incompetent to try the case and Norris escaped censure. Rowley was suspected of showing favour to the son of an old colleague and relieved of his command in May 1745.

Promoted to full admiral on 15 July 1747, Rowley became Rear-Admiral of Great Britain on 4 July 1749. He entered Parliament as Whig member for Taunton in 1750. He also bought Tendring Hall in Stoke-by-Nayland in Suffolk in 1750: the house was subsequently rebuilt to a design by Sir John Soane and remained in the Rowley family until it was demolished in 1955.

Rowley joined the Board of Admiralty led by Lord Anson as Senior Naval Lord in June 1751. He was appointed a Knight Companion of the Order of the Bath on 12 December 1753 and was elected as Member of Parliament for Portsmouth in May 1754. When the First Newcastle Ministry fell in November 1756 he left office but then returned, briefly, as Senior Naval Lord again, during the caretaker ministry which lasted from April to July 1757.

Promoted to Admiral of the Fleet on 17 December 1762, Rowley died on 1 January 1768 and is presumed to have been buried at St Mary's Church in Stoke-by-Nayland in Suffolk.

## Family

William Rowley married Arabella Dawson and had five children: four sons and one daughter. Several of his descendants reached high positions in the Navy including his son Vice Admiral Sir Joshua Rowley, his grandson Admiral Sir Josias Rowley, his grandson Admiral Sir Charles Rowley and his grandson Admiral of the Fleet Sir George Martin.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Admiral of the Fleet
Sir William Rowley | |
| --- | --- |
| Sir William Rowley | |
| Born | 1690 |
| Died | 1 January 1768 (aged 7778) |
| Buried | St Mary's Church, Stoke-by-Nayland |
| Allegiance | Kingdom of Great Britain |
| Service/branch | Royal Navy |
| Years of service | 1704–1768 |
| Rank | Admiral of the Fleet |
| Commands | HMS *Bideford*
HMS *Lively*
HMS *Barfleur*
Mediterranean Fleet |
| Battles/wars | War of the Austrian Succession |
| Awards | Knight of the Order of the Bath |


title: William Rowland (film director)

abstract: William Rowland (1898–1983) was an American film director, producer and screenwriter. He was involved in the production of several Spanish-language films.

text:
# William Rowland (film director)

**William Rowland** (1898–1983) was an American film director, producer and screenwriter. He was involved in the production of several Spanish-language films.

## Selected filmography

## Bibliography

* Bradley, Edwin M. *Unsung Hollywood Musicals of the Golden Era: 50 Overlooked Films and Their Stars, 1929–1939*. McFarland, 2016.
* De las Carreras, María Elena & Horak, Jan-Christopher. *Hollywood Goes Latin: Spanish-Language Cinema in Los Angeles*. Indiana University Press, 2019.
* Groppa, Carlos G. *The Tango in the United States: A History*. McFarland, 2018.

## InfoBox

| William Rowland | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | September 10, 1898
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States |
| Died | February 14, 1983 (aged 84)
United States |
| Occupation(s) | Director, producer, screenwriter |
| Years active | 1932–1989 (film) |


title: Thomas Wentworth Beaumont

abstract: Thomas Wentworth Beaumont of Bretton Hall, Wakefield in Yorkshire, and of Bywell Hall in Northumberland, was a British politician and soldier. In 1831, at the time he inherited his mother's estate, he was the richest commoner in England.

text:
# Thomas Wentworth Beaumont

**Thomas Wentworth Beaumont** (5 November 1792 – 20 December 1848) of Bretton Hall, Wakefield in Yorkshire, and of Bywell Hall in Northumberland, was a British politician and soldier. In 1831, at the time he inherited his mother's estate, he was the richest commoner in England.

## Origins

Thomas Wentworth B Beaumont was born on 5 November 1792 in Old Burlington Street in Mayfair, London, the eldest son of Thomas Richard Beaumont by his wife Diana Wentworth, daughter of Sir Thomas Wentworth, 5th Baronet. He was educated at Eton College and St John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1813.

## Career

He served as lieutenant-colonel of the Northumberland Militia, but resigned in 1824. In 1826, he fought a duel with John Lambton later 1st Earl of Durham. He was president of the Literary Association of the Friends of Poland and a member of the Royal Yacht Squadron.

In 1816 Beaumont stood as Member of Parliament (MP) for Northumberland, the same constituency his father had represented before. He lost this seat in 1826, however was successful for Stafford in a by-election in 1826. After the general election of 1830 Beaumont was returned again for Northumberland, until in 1832, the constituency was split into a north and south division. Beaumont was elected for the latter, and sat then for South Northumberland until his retirement from politic in 1837. Initially a Tory, he was considered a Liberal from 1820.

## Marriage and progeny

On 22 November 1827 Beaumont married Henrietta Jane Emma Hawks Atkinson, daughter of John Atkinson, by whom he had two daughters and four sons, including:

## Death and burial

Beaumont died at the age of 56 at Bournemouth and was buried at his seat Bretton Hall, Wakefield, Yorkshire.

## InfoBox

| Thomas Wentworth Beaumont | |
| --- | --- |
| Thomas Wentworth Beaumont | |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament for Northumberland | |
| **In office**
1818–1826Serving with Sir Charles Monck (1818-1820)
Charles John Brandling (1820-1826) | |
| Preceded by | Sir Charles Monck
Thomas Richard Beaumont |
| Succeeded by | Matthew Bell
Henry Liddell |
| Member of Parliament for Stafford | |
| **In office**
1826–1830Serving with Ralph Benson | |
| Preceded by | Richard Ironmonger
Ralph Benson |
| Succeeded by | John Campbell
Thomas Gisborne |
| Member of Parliament for Northumberland | |
| **In office**
18301832Serving with Matthew Bell (1830-1831)
Henry Grey (1831-1832) | |
| Preceded by | Matthew Bell
Henry Liddell |
| Succeeded by | *Constituency abolished* |
| Member of Parliament for South Northumberland | |
| **In office**
18321837Serving with Matthew Bell | |
| Preceded by | *Constituency established* |
| Succeeded by | Matthew Bell
Christopher Blackett |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1792-11-05)5 November 1792
Old Burlington Street, Mayfair, London |
| Died | 20 December 1848(1848-12-20) (aged 56)
Bournemouth, Dorset, England |
| Resting place | Bretton Hall, West Yorkshire |
| Political party | Tory |
| Spouse | Henrietta Jane Emma Hawks Atkinson  (m. 1827) |
| Children | 6 |
| Parents |  |
| Relatives | Wentworth Beaument (son)
Somerset Beaumont (son) |
| Education | Eton College |
| Alma mater | St John's College, Cambridge |
|  | |
| Military career | |
| Allegiance | Great Britain |
| Service/branch | British Army |
| Rank | Lieutenant-colonel |
| Unit | Northumberland Militia |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Xiangyang railway station

abstract: Xiangyang railway station is a railway station in Fancheng District, Xiangyang, Hubei, China. It is a railway station on the Xiangyang–Chongqing railway, the Jiaozuo–Liuzhou railway and the Hankou–Danjiangkou railway.

text:
# Xiangyang railway station

**Xiangyang railway station** (Chinese: 襄阳站) is a railway station in Fancheng District, Xiangyang, Hubei, China. It is a railway station on the Xiangyang–Chongqing railway, the Jiaozuo–Liuzhou railway and the Hankou–Danjiangkou railway.

## History

The construction of Fancheng railway station (樊城站) started in 1958 and was completed in 1960. The station was renamed to Xiangfan railway station (襄樊站) in 1966, and to Xiangyang railway station on 8 June 2011, following the renaming of the city.

## InfoBox

| Xiangyang
襄阳 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Fancheng District, Xiangyang, Hubei
China |
| Coordinates | 32°3′21″N 112°9′20″E / 32.05583°N 112.15556°E / 32.05583; 112.15556 |
| Operated by | CR Wuhan |
| Line(s) |  |
| Platforms | 4 |
| Other information | |
| Station code | * 29450 (TMIS code) * XFN (telegraph code) * XYA (Pinyin code) |
| Classification | Class 1 station (一等站) |
| History | |
| Opened | 1960 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: WEC 48

abstract: UFC Presents: Aldo vs. Faber, also referred to as WEC 48: Aldo vs. Faber was a mixed martial arts event held by World Extreme Cagefighting that took place on April 24, 2010 at ARCO Arena in Sacramento, California. This was WEC's first and only event on pay-per-view before their merger with the Ultimate Fighting Championship later that year.

text:
# WEC 48

***UFC Presents: Aldo vs. Faber***, also referred to as ***WEC 48: Aldo vs. Faber*** was a mixed martial arts event held by World Extreme Cagefighting that took place on April 24, 2010 at ARCO Arena in Sacramento, California. This was WEC's first and only event on pay-per-view before their merger with the Ultimate Fighting Championship later that year.

## Background

The event was first announced by WEC President Reed Harris on the Dave and Mahoney Show.

Jamie Varner was expected to face Kamal Shalorus at this event, but that bout was called off due to an injury sustained by Shalorus. The match was later rescheduled for WEC 49 on June 20, where both men fought to a split draw.

A bout between Alex Karalexis and Zach Micklewright was due to take place at this event, but Micklewright suffered a broken ankle and was later replaced by Anthony Pettis.

Antonio Banuelos was scheduled to face Damacio Page at the event, but Page was forced off the card with an injury. Banuelos ending up facing Scott Jorgensen, in a rematch of their bout from WEC 41 which Banuelos won via split decision.

Cub Swanson was scheduled to face WEC newcomer Chan Sung Jung at this event, but Swanson was forced from the card with an injury. He was replaced by Leonard Garcia.

Mackens Semerzier was scheduled to face Anthony Morrison at this event, but Semerzier was forced from the card with an injury and was replaced by Chad Mendes.

Veteran UFC commentators Mike Goldberg and Joe Rogan handled broadcast duties for the event. Bruce Buffer handled the fighter introductions.

Two of the night's preliminary fights aired on Spike TV, marking the only time that Spike would air live WEC fights before their dissolution.

The advertising & live broadcasts for WEC 48 omitted virtually all references to the WEC brand, with the only exceptions being early versions of the poster, one mention during the broadcast by Joe Rogan, and the WEC logo on the championship belts themselves. During the broadcasts, the announcers referred only to "the organization" while the WEC logo was removed from the cage and the fighters' gloves.

## Results

| Main card | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Weight class |  |  |  | Method | Round | Time | Notes |
| Featherweight | José Aldo (c) | def. | Urijah Faber | Decision (unanimous) (50-45, 49-46, 49-45) | 5 | 5:00 |  |
| Lightweight | Benson Henderson (c) | def. | Donald Cerrone | Submission (guillotine choke) | 1 | 1:57 |  |
| Featherweight | Manvel Gamburyan | def. | Mike Brown | KO (punches) | 1 | 2:22 |  |
| Lightweight | Shane Roller | def. | Anthony Njokuani | Submission (rear-naked choke) | 1 | 3:21 |  |
| Bantamweight | Scott Jorgensen | def. | Antonio Banuelos | Decision (unanimous) (29-28, 29-28, 29-28) | 3 | 5:00 |  |
| Preliminary card (Spike) | | | | | | | |
| Featherweight | Leonard Garcia | def. | Chan Sung Jung | Decision (split) (29-28, 28-29, 29-28) | 3 | 5:00 |  |
| Lightweight | Anthony Pettis | def. | Alex Karalexis | Submission (triangle choke) | 2 | 1:35 |  |
| Preliminary card | | | | | | | |
| Bantamweight | Takeya Mizugaki | def. | Rani Yahya | Decision (unanimous) (29-28, 30-27, 29-28) | 3 | 5:00 |  |
| Featherweight | Chad Mendes | def. | Anthony Morrison | Submission (guillotine choke) | 1 | 2:13 |  |
| Bantamweight | Brad Pickett | def. | Demetrious Johnson | Decision (unanimous) (30-27, 30-27, 29-28) | 3 | 5:00 |  |
| Featherweight | Tyler Toner | def. | Brandon Visher | TKO (elbows) | 1 | 2:36 |  |

## Bonus Awards

Fighters were awarded $65,000 bonuses.

* **Fight of the Night**:  **Leonard Garcia** vs.  **Chan Sung Jung**
* **Knockout of the Night**:  **Manvel Gamburyan**
* **Submission of the Night**:  **Benson Henderson**

## Reported payout

The following is the reported payout to the fighters as reported to the California State Athletic Commission. It does not include sponsor money or "locker room" bonuses often given by the WEC and also do not include the WEC's traditional "fight night" bonuses.

* **José Aldo:** $40,000 (includes $20,000 win bonus) def. Urijah Faber: $28,000
* **Benson Henderson:** $26,000 ($13,000 win bonus) def. Donald Cerrone: $14,000
* **Manvel Gamburyan:** $36,000 ($18,000 win bonus) def. Mike Brown: $21,000
* **Shane Roller:** $28,000 ($14,000 win bonus) def. Anthony Njokuani: $7,000
* **Scott Jorgensen:** $21,000 ($10,500 win bonus) def. Antonio Banuelos: $7,000
* **Leonard Garcia:** $28,000 ($14,000 win bonus) def. Chan Sung Jung: $5,000
* **Anthony Pettis:** $8,000 ($4,000 win bonus) def. Alex Karalexis: $10,000
* **Brad Pickett:** $8,000 ($4,000 win bonus) def. Demetrious Johnson: $3,000
* **Chad Mendes:** $8,500 ($4,000 win bonus) def. Anthony Morrison: $4,000
* **Takeya Mizugaki:** $16,000 ($8,000 win bonus) def. Rani Yahya: $9,000
* **Tyler Toner:** $5,000 ($2,000 win bonus) def. Brandon Visher: $4,000

1. "WEC 48: Aldo vs. Faber". mmajunkie.com. 2010-04-28. Archived from the original on 2012-07-10. Retrieved 2012-07-10.
2. "CSAC: "WEC 48: Aldo vs. Faber" record gate of $954,635". mmajunkie.com. 2010-04-28. Archived from the original on 2012-07-10. Retrieved 2012-07-10.
3. "Pay-per-view". *mmapayout.com*.
4. "WEC: Aldo vs. Faber". WEC.tv. Retrieved 2010-02-03.
5. "Urijah Faber vs. Jose Aldo Will Be First WEC Pay-Per-View". MMA Fanhouse. Retrieved 2010-01-29.
6. "Jamie Varner vs. Kamal Shalorus likely for WEC 48 PPV main card". mmajunkie.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-12. Retrieved 2010-02-22.
7. "Kamal Shalorus Off WEC 48, Jamie Varner Likely to Return in June". mmarus.com. 2010-03-03.
8. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-07-11. Retrieved 2012-07-11.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
9. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-07-19. Retrieved 2012-07-19.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
10. "Jorgensen replaces injured Page, gets Banuelos rematch on WEC 48 PPV main card". mmajunkie.com. 2010-03-17.
11. "Cub Swanson set to welcome the 'Korean Zombie' to WEC 48 on April 24". mmamania.com. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
12. "Leonard Garcia Replaces Cub Swanson, Fights Jung at WEC 48 in April". mmafrenzy.com. Retrieved 2010-03-27.
13. ""Mack" and "Cheese" official for "WEC 48: Aldo vs. Faber" prelims in April". mmajunkie.com. 2010-03-24. Archived from the original on 2012-07-11. Retrieved 2012-07-11.
14. "Mackens Semerzier off WEC 48 card due to injury, replacement search underway". mmajunkie.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-10. Retrieved 2010-04-07.
15. "Chad Mendes replaces Mackens Semerzier, faces Anthony Morrison at WEC 48". mmajunkie.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-13. Retrieved 2010-04-08.
16. "Joe Rogan says he and Mike Goldberg slated for "Aldo vs. Faber" broadcast". mmajunkie.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-14. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
17. "Bruce Buffer to announce WEC 48: 'Aldo vs Faber'". mmamania.com. Retrieved 2010-04-16.
18. "What We Learned from WEC 48". sportsillustrated.cnn.com. 2010-04-25. Archived from the original on April 29, 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
19. "White reveals that Versus, Spike TV agreements reason for brandless fight card". mmajunkie.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-10. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
20. "WEC 48 Fighter Bonuses: $65,000". MMA Weekly. 2010-04-24. Archived from the original on 2010-04-28. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
21. "WEC 48 fighter salaries: Jose Aldo leads $336,500 payroll with $40,000 payday". mmajunkie.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-11. Retrieved 2010-04-28.

## InfoBox

| WEC 48: Aldo vs. Faber | |
| --- | --- |
| The poster for WEC 48: Aldo vs. Faber | |
| Promotion | World Extreme Cagefighting |
| Date | April 24, 2010 |
| Venue | ARCO Arena |
| City | Sacramento, California |
| Attendance | 12,555 |
| Total gate | $954,635 |
| Buyrate | 175,000 |
| Event chronology | |
| WEC 47: Bowles vs. Cruz WEC 48: Aldo vs. Faber WEC 49: Varner vs. Shalorus | |


title: Method Man & Redman

abstract: Method Man & Redman are an American hip hop duo, composed of East Coast rappers Method Man and Redman. They are signed to Def Jam Recordings both as solo artists and as a duo. While they had been collaborating since 1994, it was not until 1999 that they released a full-length collaborative effort, Blackout!. The follow-up album, Blackout! 2, was released in 2009. Method Man often gives a shout out to Redman on tracks that do not feature Redman; this usually comes in the form of "What up, Doc!" referring to Redman's alias "Funk Doctor Spock". In 2001, they starred alongside each other as leading roles in the stoner film How High. In 2004, the duo also starred in a short-lived Fox sitcom, titled Method & Red, however they later disowned the series due to lack of creative control.

text:
# Method Man & Redman

**Method Man & Redman** (also referred to as **Meth & Red**, **Red & Mef**, **John Blaze and Funk Doc** or **Funk Doctor Spock and Johnny Blaze**) are an American hip hop duo, composed of East Coast rappers Method Man (of Wu-Tang Clan) and Redman (of Def Squad). They are signed to Def Jam Recordings both as solo artists and as a duo. While they had been collaborating since 1994, it was not until 1999 that they released a full-length collaborative effort, *Blackout!*. The follow-up album, *Blackout! 2*, was released in 2009.

Method Man often gives a shout out to Redman on tracks that do not feature Redman; this usually comes in the form of "What up, Doc!" referring to Redman's alias "Funk Doctor Spock". In 2001, they starred alongside each other as leading roles in the stoner film *How High*. In 2004, the duo also starred in a short-lived Fox sitcom, titled *Method & Red*, however they later disowned the series due to lack of creative control.

## History

The duo have known each other for a long time before signing with Def Jam. While at Def Jam, they reunited in 1994 on tour and met again in 1995 in the recording studio of West Coast hip hop legend Tupac "2Pac" Shakur. They recorded "Got My Mind Made Up" for Shakur's multi-platinum album *All Eyez on Me* (1996). After this they had friendly battles freestyling with each other on *Yo! MTV Raps*, which ultimately led to their collaborative debut single "How High". In 1999, the two rappers appeared together on "Rap Phenomenon" from The Notorious B.I.G. posthumous album *Born Again*.

On May 7, 2009, in promotion for their second studio album, Method Man & Redman released a mixtape titled *Lights Out*, which was hosted by DJ Green Lantern. In 2013, Method Man and Redman previewed a new track called "Lookin’ Fly Too" featuring Ehikmostz.

## Discography

### Studio albums

List of studio albums, with selected chart positions, sales figures and certifications
| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | | | | | | | | | Sales | Certifications |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US
 | US
R&B
 | US Rap
 | CAN
 | FRA
 | GER
 | NLD
 | SWI
 | UK
 | | |
| *Blackout!* |  | 3 | 1 | 12 | 3 | 33 | 36 | 36 |  | 45 |  |  |
| *Blackout! 2* |  | 7 | 2 | 2 | 10 | 67 | 66 |  | 6 |  |  |  |
| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Soundtracks

List of studio albums, with selected chart positions, sales figures and certifications
| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | | Sales | Certifications |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US | US
R&B | | |
| *How High: The Soundtrack* | * Released: December 11, 2001 (US) * Label: Def Jam * Formats: CD, LP, cassette | 38 | 6 |  |  |
| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. | | | | | | |

### Mixtapes

List of mixtapes
| Title | Album details |
| --- | --- |
| *Lights Out* |  |

### Singles

List of singles as lead artist, with selected chart positions and certifications, showing year released and album name
| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | | | | | | | Certifications | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US
 | US
R&B
 | US
Rap
 | FRA
 | GER
 | SWI
 | UK
 | | |
| "How High" | 1995 | 13 | 10 | 2 |  |  |  |  |  | *The Show* (soundtrack) |
| "Da Rockwilder" | 1999 |  | 51 | 14 | 181 |  |  |  |  | Blackout! |
| | "Tear It Off" |  | 52 | 16 |  |  |  |  |  | Blackout! / In Too Deep (soundtrack) |
| "Y.O.U." | 2000 |  | 69 | 18 |  |  |  |  |  | Blackout! |
| "Part II"
(featuring Toni Braxton) | 2001 | 72 | 28 | 5 |  | 23 | 54 | 98 |  | *How High* (soundtrack) |
| "A-Yo"
(featuring Saukrates) | 2009 |  | 113 |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Blackout! 2* |
| | "City Lights"
(featuring Bun B) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |  |
| | "Mrs. International" (featuring Erick Sermon) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |  |
| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

List of singles as featured artist, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name
| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | | | | | | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US
 | US
R&B
 | US
Rap
 | BEL
(WA)
 | FRA
 | SWI
 | |
| "4, 3, 2, 1"
(LL Cool J featuring Method Man & Redman, Master P, Canibus and DMX) | 1997 | 75 | 24 | 10 |  |  |  | *Phenomenon* |
| "Symphony 2000" (EPMD featuring Lady Luck, Method Man & Redman | 1999 |  |  |  |  |  |  | Out of Business |
| "Left & Right"
(D'Angelo featuring Method Man & Redman) | 2000 | 70 | 18 |  |  |  |  | *Voodoo* |
| "Noble Art"
(IAM featuring Method Man & Redman) | 2003 |  |  |  | 66 | 34 | 81 | *Revoir un Printemps* |
| "Ol' Thang Back"
(Juelz Santana featuring Jadakiss, Busta Rhymes, Method Man & Redman) | 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  | TBA |
| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Appearances together

List of non-single guest appearances, with other performing artists, showing year released and album name
| Title | Year | Other artist(s) | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| "Freestyle" | 1995 | Funkmaster Flex | *The Mix Tape Volume 1 (60 Minutes of Funk)* |
| "Got My Mind Made Up" | 1996 | 2Pac, Tha Dogg Pound | *All Eyez on Me* |
| | "Do What Ya Feel" |  | *Muddy Waters* |
| "Big Dogs" | 1998 |  | *Tical 2000: Judgement Day* |
| | "Well All Rite Cha" |  | *Doc's da Name 2000* |
| "Simon Says" (Remix) | 1999 | Pharoahe Monch, Lady Luck, Shabaam Sahdeeq, Busta Rhymes | *Internal Affairs* |
| | "Rap Phenomenon" | The Notorious B.I.G. | *Born Again* |
| "Buck 50" | 2000 | Ghostface Killah, Cappadonna | *Supreme Clientele* |
| | "Fuhgidabowdit" | LL Cool J, DMX | *G.O.A.T.* |
| | "2 Tears in a Bucket" | Ruff Ryders, Sheek Louch | *Ryde or Die Vol. 2* |
| | "Rollin' (Urban Assault Vehicle)" | Limp Bizkit, DMX | *Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water/The Fast and the Furious (soundtrack)* |
| | "Get It Up (Remix)" | Sticky Fingaz, Xzibit | Get It Up **single** |
| "Dog in Heat" | 2001 | Missy Elliott | *Miss E... So Addictive* |
| | "Who You Be" | Outsidaz | *The Bricks* |
| | "Enjoy da Ride" | Saukrates, Streetlife | *Malpractice* |
| | "Cisco Kid" | Cypress Hill, War | How High (soundtrack) |
| | | "America's Most" |  |
| | | "Let's Do It" |  |
| | "Red, Meth & Bee" | Cypress Hill | *Stoned Raiders* |
| | "I Get It Started" | Mystikal | *Tarantula* |
| "Good Times (I Get High Remix)" | 2002 | Styles P, Jin |  |
| | "Rock & Roll" | Naughty by Nature | *IIcons* |
| "Lyrical 44" | 2003 | Damian Marley | *Def Jamaica* |
| "We Some Dogs" | 2004 | Snoop Dogg, Kon Artis | *Tical 0: The Prequel* |
| | "Redman & Method Man, Pt. 1" | Sway & King Tech | *Wake Up Show: Freestyles, Vol. 8* |
| | | "Redman & Method Man, Pt. 2" |
| "Walk On" | 2006 |  | *4:21... The Day After* |
| "Blow Treez" | 2007 | Ready Roc | *Red Gone Wild: Thee Album* |
| | "Funk Doc & Mef Tical" |  | *Hiero Meets Wu: From Oakland to Shaolin* |
| | "Wait a Minute" | The Soundscannerz | *The Resume* |
| "Self Construction"" | 2008 | KRS-One, Talib Kweli, Busta Rhymes, David Banner, Nelly, Styles P, The Game, Ne-Yo |  |
| "Troublemakers" | 2010 | Ghostface Killah, Raekwon | *Apollo Kids* |
| | "Lite 1 Witcha Boi" | Bun B | *Reggie* |
| "Look" | 2011 | Erick Sermon | *Breath of Fresh Air* |
| | "Welcome to the Academy" | The Academy | *Terminal 3 Presents: The Academy* |
| "Cypher" | 2013 | Hit-Boy, Kent M$NEY, Audio Push, B Mac The Queen, Raekwon, Casey Veggies, Xzibit, Rick Ross, Schoolboy Q | *All I’ve Ever Dreamed Of* |
| | "Let's Go" | Tony Touch, Erick Sermon | *The Piece Maker 3: Return of the 50 MC's* |
| | "Rite" | Loaded Lux | *You Gon Get This Work* |
| "Straight Gutta" | 2015 | Hanz On, Streetlife | *The Meth Lab* |
| | "Clutch" | Erick Sermon | E.S.P. |
| "Mount Kushmore" | 2017 | Snoop Dogg, B-Real | *Neva Left* |
| | "Hood Go Bang" | Wu-Tang Clan | The Saga Continues |
| | "Therapy" | Masta Killa | *Loyalty Is Royalty* |
| "Episode 5 – Wild Cats" | 2018 | Streetlife, Hanz On | *Meth Lab Season 2: The Lithium* |
| "Keep on Gassin'" | 2019 | E-40, Bosko | *Practice Makes Paper* |
| "Bad Name" (Remix) | 2020 | Gang Starr |  |
| "Alright" | 2021 | Nefertitti Avani | *Snoop Dogg Presents Algorithm* |
| "Live from the Meth Lab" | 2022 | KRS-One, JoJo Pellegrino | *Meth Lab Season 3: The Rehab* |

* 1994: Buddha Brotherz Freestyle
* 1994: Freestyle
* 1995: Double Deuces (St. Ide's Malt Liquor Commercial)
* 1995: "Tonight's Da Night Freestyle"
* 1995: Yo! MTV Raps (Last Episode Freestyle) (with Craig Mack, Large Pro, & Special Ed)
* 1996: Funk Flex Freestyle
* 1999: "Redman Freestyle" from Drunken Master's *Drunken Style*
* 2000: "Rap City Freestyle" (Feat. Big Tigger)
* 2003: Brownsugar Freestyle
* 2004: "Method & Red TV Show Theme Song"
* 2005: "Pixie Rap" from the TV show *The Fairly OddParents*, special School's Out! The Musical as the rapping voices of Head Pixie and Sanderson respectively.
* 2008: "Broken Language 2008"

## InfoBox

| Method Man & Redman | |
| --- | --- |
| Method Man (*left*) performing with Redman (*right*) in Germany in 2016 | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Northeastern United States |
| Genres | Hip hop |
| Years active | 1994–present |
| Labels | Def Jam |
| Spinoff of |  |
|  | |
| Members | Method Man
Redman |


abstract: Union Station/Northwest 6th & Hoyt and Union Station/Northwest 5th & Glisan are light rail stations on the MAX Green, Orange and Yellow Lines in Portland, Oregon. They are the first stops southbound on the Portland Transit Mall MAX extension. The Union Station/Northwest 6th & Hoyt Street station is served only by the Green and Yellow Lines, and the Union Station/Northwest 5th & Glisan Street station is served only by the Green and Orange Lines. Originally, from the opening of these stations in 2009 until 2015, the Yellow Line served both, but in September 2015 the then-new Orange Line replaced the Yellow Line at all southbound stations on the transit mall. The stations are built into the sidewalks of 5th and 6th Avenues, with the 5th Avenue platform used by southbound trains and the 6th Avenue platform by northbound trains. They are located next to Union Station, where there are connections to Amtrak and Greyhound buses. When opened on August 30, 2009, the stations were located in Fareless Square, which was renamed the Free Rail Zone four months later, but the fare-free zone was eliminated in 2012 when TriMet discontinued all use of fare zones.

text:
# Union Station/Northwest 6th & Hoyt and Union Station/Northwest 5th & Glisan stations

**Union Station/Northwest 6th & Hoyt** and **Union Station/Northwest 5th & Glisan** are light rail stations on the MAX Green, Orange and Yellow Lines in Portland, Oregon. They are the first stops southbound on the Portland Transit Mall MAX extension. The Union Station/Northwest 6th & Hoyt Street station is served only by the Green and Yellow Lines, and the Union Station/Northwest 5th & Glisan Street station is served only by the Green and Orange Lines. Originally, from the opening of these stations in 2009 until 2015, the Yellow Line served both, but in September 2015 the then-new Orange Line replaced the Yellow Line at all southbound stations on the transit mall.

The stations are built into the sidewalks of 5th and 6th Avenues, with the 5th Avenue platform used by southbound trains and the 6th Avenue platform by northbound trains. They are located next to Union Station, where there are connections to Amtrak and Greyhound buses.

When opened on August 30, 2009, the stations were located in Fareless Square (within fare zone 1), which was renamed the Free Rail Zone four months later, but the fare-free zone was eliminated in 2012 when TriMet discontinued all use of fare zones.

## InfoBox

| Union Station/
NW 6th & Hoyt  Union Station/
NW 5th & Glisan | |
| --- | --- |
| MAX Light Rail station | |
| Northwest 6th & Hoyt platform | |
| General information | |
| Location | NW 6th & Hoyt (northbound)
NW 5th & Glisan (southbound) |
| Coordinates | 45°31′37″N 122°40′34″W / 45.526978°N 122.676067°W / 45.526978; -122.676067 |
| Owned by | TriMet |
| Tracks | 1 per split |
| Bus routes | **TriMet:** FX2, 291 - Orange Night Bus |
| Connections | **Amtrak** (Union Station)  Amtrak *Cascades*  *Coast Starlight*  *Empire Builder***Trimet**
4, 8, 9, 17, 35, 44, 77 |
| Construction | |
| Accessible | Yes |
| History | |
| Opened | August 2009 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  TriMet Following station  **NW 6th & Hoyt Street**  Northwest 6th & DavisOne-way operation  Green Line  Rose Quarter Transit Centertowards Clackamas Town Center Transit Center  Yellow Line  Interstate/Rose Quartertowards Expo Center  **NW 5th & Glisan Street**  Northwest 5th & Couchtowards PSU South/Southwest 5th & Jackson  Green Line  Rose Quarter Transit CenterOne-way operation  Northwest 5th & Couchtowards Southeast Park Avenue  Orange Line  Interstate/Rose QuarterOne-way operation  *through to Orange Line*  Yellow Line | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Former services   Preceding station  TriMet Following station  **NW 6th & Hoyt Street**  Northwest 6th & DavisOne-way operation  Mall Shuttle*2009–2011*  *Terminus*  **NW 5th & Glisan Street**  Northwest 5th & Couchtowards PSU South/Southwest 5th & Jackson  Yellow Line*2009–2015*  Interstate/Rose QuarterOne-way operation  Northwest 5th & Couchtowards PSU Urban Center/Southwest 5th & Mill  Mall Shuttle*2009–2011*  *Terminus* | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | |


title: Tindacera

abstract: Tindacera is a genus of flies in the family Stratiomyidae.

text:
# Tindacera

***Tindacera*** is a genus of flies in the family Stratiomyidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Tindacera* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Stratiomyidae |
| Subfamily: | Pachygastrinae |
| Genus: | *Tindacera*
Lindner, 1961 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Tindacera quadrispinosa*
Lindner, 1961 | |


title: Mordella celebensis

abstract: Mordella celebensis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1923.

text:
# Mordella celebensis

***Mordella celebensis*** is a species of beetle in the genus *Mordella* of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1923.

## InfoBox

| *Mordella celebensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Mordellidae |
| Subfamily: | Mordellinae |
| Tribe: | Mordellini |
| Genus: | *Mordella* |
| Species: | ***M. celebensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mordella celebensis***<br>Píc, 1923 | |
|


title: Pink Dot SG

abstract: Pink Dot SG, known endonymously as Pink Dot, is a pride event that has occurred annually since 2009 in support of the LGBTQ community in Singapore. Attendees of Pink Dot events gather to form a "pink dot" to show support for inclusiveness, diversity and the freedom to love in the country. Pink Dot events typically include concert performances and booths sponsored by organizations that support the LGBT community and cause in addition to the event's name-brand formation. The success of Pink Dot in Singapore has inspired similar events in several other countries, leading to the event to become known as Pink Dot SG — SG being an initialism for Singapore. It has been held each year in Singapore from 2009 to 2019 at the Speakers' Corner in Hong Lim Park on a Saturday in the months of May, June or July. The 2020 and 2021 editions were held as online livestreams, in view of the global COVID-19 pandemic. The 2022 edition and subsequent editions were held in-person once again.

text:
# Pink Dot SG

**Pink Dot SG**, known endonymously as **Pink Dot**, is a pride event that has occurred annually since 2009 in support of the LGBTQ community in Singapore. Attendees of Pink Dot events gather to form a "pink dot" to show support for inclusiveness, diversity and the freedom to love in the country. Pink Dot events typically include concert performances and booths sponsored by organizations that support the LGBT community and cause in addition to the event's name-brand formation.

The success of Pink Dot in Singapore has inspired similar events in several other countries, leading to the event to become known as Pink Dot SG — SG being an initialism for Singapore. It has been held each year in Singapore from 2009 to 2019 at the Speakers' Corner in Hong Lim Park on a Saturday in the months of May, June or July. The 2020 and 2021 editions were held as online livestreams, in view of the global COVID-19 pandemic. The 2022 edition and subsequent editions were held in-person once again.

## History

In September 2008, the rules governing activities conducted at Singapore's Speakers' Corner at Hong Lim Park were relaxed, allowing demonstrations organised by Singaporeans to be held at the park, providing that all participants are either citizens or permanent residents. This allowed the first Pink Dot SG event to take place at the Speakers' Corner on 16 May 2009.

A total of sixteen Pink Dot events have been held in Singapore, occurring annually on Saturdays in May, June or July. Many organisations around the world modeled LGBT events after the Pink Dot concept, often borrowing the "Pink Dot" prefix. For distinction, the Singapore events became known as Pink Dot SG.

The design of the Pink Dot SG mascot "Pinkie", a personification of the pink dot, was provided by graphic designer Soh Ee Shaun.

## Events

Each event from 2009 to 2019 took place on a Saturday at Speakers' Corner in Hong Lim Park with the exception of the 2020 and 2021 editions where it was held online due to the global COVID-19 pandemic. Since 2022, events were held in-person once again.

### Pink Dot SG 2009

Pink Dot SG 2009 was held on 16 May, launched with a campaign video titled "RED + WHITE = PINK". It was Singapore's first public, open-air, pro-LGBT event and established the record at the time for the greatest turnout for a gathering at Speakers' Corner in Hong Lim Park since the venue's inception. The event was deemed a milestone for Singapore's LGBT community.

Ambassadors of the event were local celebrities: actor Timothy Nga, actress Neo Swee Lin and radio DJ Rosalyn Lee. During the event, formations of the words "LOVE" and "4All" were created by participants. The event concluded with the formation of the titular Pink Dot.

The pioneer Pink Dot SG event was given extensive coverage in both international and local media. Locally, *The Straits Times* and *TODAY* newspapers covered the event. However, reports regarding the number of attendees were inconsistent. Organisers estimated an attendance of 2,500, while *The Straits Times* reported a turnout of 1,000, and *TODAY* reported "at least 500". Internationally, the event was covered by the BBC and the *New York Times*, with reports syndicated to publications around the world through wire services the Associated Press and Agence France-Presse.

### Pink Dot SG 2010

Pink Dot SG 2010 was held on 15 May, with the theme: "Focusing on Our Families". There was a turnout of 4,000 participants and the event received local media coverage by Channel News Asia and *The Sunday Times*. The event was also reported internationally by the BBC, the Associated Press, Reuters and Agence France-Presse.

Ambassadors of the event were local celebrities: actor Adrian Pang, actress Tan Kheng Hua and DJ Bigkid.

### Pink Dot SG 2011

| External videos | |
| --- | --- |
| Campaign video for Pink Dot 2011, Youtube video | |

Pink Dot SG 2011 was held on 18 June with more than 10,000 participants. The event featured the theme song "I Want To Hold Your Hand" by the Beatles and a campaign video by Boo Junfeng.

The event had attracted Google as a corporate sponsor, and the multinational company continued to support the event in subsequent years. Local musical cabaret trio the Dim Sum Dollies made an appearance as the official ambassadors of the event.

Pink Dot SG 2011 was covered widely by local and international mainstream media. An aerial shot of Pink Dot SG was featured on xinmsn news for June's "2011 Year in Pictures". This was also the first time Pink Dot SG was featured in "Time Out Singapore" with a full article devoted to it. The event was also promoted in an article on CNNGo.

International Pink Dot events were held the same day in Anchorage, Alaska; Kaohsiung, Taiwan; and London, England.

### Pink Dot SG 2012

| External videos | |
| --- | --- |
| *Someday*, campaign video for Pink Dot 2012, Youtube video | |

Pink Dot SG 2012 was held on 30 June and had the campaign theme "Someday" and the theme song "True Colors". At this event, 15,000 participants formed a glowing pink dot with mobile phones, torches and flashlights.

The event added Barclays as an official corporate supporter, alongside Google. Celebrity ambassadors were former actress Sharon Au, actor Lim Yu-Beng and drag queen actor-comedian Kumar.

Pink Dot SG 2012 was widely reported in the mainstream media and by international media agencies, including *The Wall Street Journal*, Taiwan's lihpao, Thailand's PBS, and Egypt's bikyamasr. Singer Jason Mraz, who was giving a performance on 29 June in Singapore, made a shout-out in a video in support of Pink Dot 2012, prior to the event.

The 2012 event inspired the launch of Pink Dot Okinawa, which had its first event the following year.

### Pink Dot SG 2013

| External videos | |
| --- | --- |
| Music video for "Home", performed by Dick Lee, for Pink Dot 2013, Youtube video | |

Pink Dot 2013 was held the evening of 29 June. The event marked its fifth year under a campaign of "Home", the title of a local National Day song which doubled as the event's theme song. The campaign featured a video, directed by local filmmaker Boo Junfeng, depicting three individual true-life experiences. Like the previous year, the event included the formation of the Pink Dot with pink lights.

Pink Dot organisers claimed a record turnout of 21,000, which would make it the largest civil society gathering in the country. To accommodate the large number of participants, a second "satellite" focal point was created to channel traffic away from the busiest areas. Prior to the formation of the Pink Dot, participants were treated to a range of activities by more than 20 community groups and partners.

Pink Dot SG 2013's list of corporate contributors grew to include global financial firm JPMorgan Chase, local hotel Parkroyal on Pickering, contact lens specialist CooperVision and audio branding agency The Gunnery, in addition to Google and Barclays. Local actress Michelle Chia, theatre company W!LD RICE, artistic director Ivan Heng and sportscaster Mark Richmond were the event's ambassadors.

The event was covered by local and international media, including Indonesia-based Asia Calling, *The Economist*, the BBC, *The Guardian* and Reuters. The event was also featured in the YouTube-sponsored video "Proud to Love", a compilation of video clips supporting the LGBT community, equal rights and marriage equality. Additionally, before the event, the band Fun made a shout-out in a video in support of Pink Dot 2013.

### Pink Dot SG 2014

| External videos | |
| --- | --- |
| BBC report on pushback against Pink Dot by religious groups and the "Wear White" movement, Youtube video | |

Pink Dot SG 2014 was held the evening of 28 June with a turnout of 26,000. The event's theme, "For Family, For Friends, For Love", highlighted the LGBT community's contributions to society, and its theme song was "We Are Family". In addition to the traditional Pink Dot formation with torches, 2014's event included a blue heart formation within the Pink Dot. Pink Dot SG 2014 also featured a "Community Voices" segment, in which local LGBT individuals and straight allies were invited to speak and share their stories.

Ambassadors of the event included Broadway performer Sebastian Tan, actor Brendon Fernandez and Nominated Member of Parliament Janice Koh. Taiwan-based Singaporean Pop Idol Stefanie Sun also supported the event through a 20-second video. Local YouTube stars Tree Potatoes made a shout-out in a video. Pink Dot SG 2014 saw energy company giant BP and multinational banking firm Goldman Sachs join a growing list of corporate sponsors.

Pink Dot SG 2014 in particular drew strong criticism from Singapore's religious Muslim and Christian communities which counter-demonstrated in a "Wear White" event, in which participants dressed in white apparel. In response, and foreseeing possible unruly behaviour, Pink Dot organisers deployed security personnel and collaborated with the Singapore Police Force (SPF) for the first time; the event nevertheless proceeded without incident. Local media covered the controversy with full-page articles and the event itself was widely reported by foreign media.

### Pink Dot SG 2015

Pink Dot SG 2015 was held the evening of 13 June. The date was chosen to prevent a clash with the Islamic month of Ramadan. The event ran under the campaign title "Where Love Lives" and included a campaign video directed by local filmmaker Boo Junfeng. The event coincided with the launch of a pioneering LGBT support network for local universities.

The celebrity ambassadors for Pink Dot SG 2015 included local actor Patricia Mok, *Campus SuperStar* winner Daren Tan and local YouTube celebrities Munah Bagharib and Hirzi Zulkiflie. However, Munah did not appear at the event, for unknown reasons. Veteran actor Patricia Mok said she wanted the local older population to support the LGBT community.

The list of corporate sponsors grew to include three new companies – social network Twitter, movie exhibitor Cathay Organisation and financial news company Bloomberg – in addition to Google, JP Morgan, Barclay, Goldman Sachs and The Gunnery. However, PARKROYAL hotel on Pickering, which had sponsored previous events, discontinued its sponsorship, deciding to "\[channel\] resources to support other equally meaningful causes". Contact Lens specialist CooperVision also did not continue its support.

Pink Dot SG 2015 drew increased focus from both anti-LGBT and pro-LGBT groups. Both sides received wide coverage on local mainstream media. The event was attended by 28,000 people, a record.

### Pink Dot SG 2016

Pink Dot SG 2016 was held on 4 June at 3 pm. Organisers did not provide an estimate of crowd size, but said the number of participants exceeded the capacity of the park. The event's ambassadors were TV host Anita Kapoor, local hip-hop artist Shigga Shay, and getai singer Liu Lingling. The event had 18 corporate sponsors, adding major sponsors Apple, Microsoft, and Facebook.

### Pink Dot SG 2017

Pink Dot SG 2017 was held on 1 July. Ambassadors included singer Nathan Hartono, paralympian swimmer Theresa Goh and actor Ebi Shankara.

Since 2017, Singapore's Ministry of Home Affairs has banned foreign residents and entities from organising and participating in the event, stating that LGBT discourse in the country are to be restricted to its own citizens and permanent residents. In their view, it is said that this is to prevent foreign interference as well as to better gauge LGBT acceptance amongst its people.

Only Singaporean citizens and permanent residents were thereby permitted to attend the rally; the identity card of each participant was verified at police checkpoints as they entered the barricaded park. Organisers said that 20,000 Singaporeans and residents attended the event, a drop from 25,000 and above in previous years – likely due to the ban on foreigners.

In addition, foreign companies such as Airbnb, Apple Inc., Facebook, Goldman Sachs, Google, Microsoft, NBCUniversal, Salesforce.com, Twitter and Uber were not permitted to directly sponsor the event. Despite the new regulations, 120 Singaporean companies donated to the event, making up for the loss of contributions from the multinationals.

### Pink Dot SG 2018

Pink Dot SG 2018 (aka Pink Dot 10) was held on 21 July, celebrating its tenth edition with the message We Are Ready. Performers for the event included local singers Tabitha Nauser and Sezairi Sezali.

As part of the commemoration of this milestone, the first edition of Pink Fest was organised with several events across the few weekends leading up to Pink Dot.

### Pink Dot SG 2019

In 2019, during the 11th Pink Dot, Lee Hsien Yang, the brother of the Prime Minister of Singapore Lee Hsien Loong, his wife and second son Li Huanwu as well as Li's husband Heng Yirui attended the event.

### Pink Dot SG 2020

The 12th Pink Dot in 2020, supposed to be held on 27 June, was cancelled in view of the coronavirus pandemic, the first time it did so. In its place was a livestreaming session where people can tune in, with the theme Love Lives Here. Despite petitions by religious groups on Change.org calling for restrictions on this livestreaming event, Singapore's Ministry of Social and Family Development ruled that the event did not contravene any laws or regulations.

Performances involved local artistes like Joanna Dong and Charlie Lim. Instead of the usual massive light display at the end, a digital map of Singapore was unveiled displaying pink lights across the island, all representing messages of support sent in by members of the public.

### Pink Dot SG 2021

The 13th Pink Dot in 2021 was held on 12 June, again as a livestream due to ongoing COVID-19 restrictions. The event was hosted by Pam Oei and Harris Zaidi. Interviewees included pageant queen and LGBT activist Andrea Razali, and lawyer Remy Choo, one of the lawyers involved in the legal challenges to strike down Section 377A. Performers and artistes included Joshua Simon, Charlie Lim, and TheNeoKELELims (which consists of Neo Swee Lin and Lim Kay Siu). Like the previous year, members of the public could contribute with messages of support to a virtual light display that was unveiled at the end of the event.

### Pink Dot SG 2022

The 14th Pink Dot in 2022 was initially planned to be held over two days on 18 and 19 June, but the organisers ultimately decided to host it as a single day on just 18 June, marking its return as a physical event since the start of the global COVID-19 pandemic. Being a large scale event held during a pandemic, additional safety measures such as providing proof of vaccination and scanning the contact-tracing SafeEntry code were in place.

Unlike previous physical events, the pink dot formation involved white umbrellas and pink placards, and participants could write messages on these placards. A webpage was also set up for people to upload pink light-up pictures in support. Notable attendees include Member of Parliament (MP) Henry Kwek, which according to organisers, was the first time an MP from the governing People's Action Party (PAP) attended a Pink Dot event. MP Jamus Lim of the largest opposition Workers' Party (WP) was also present at the event.

Held from 3pm to 7pm, Pink Dot SG 2022 featured a concert with local acts, including singer Preeti Nair, dance group Limited Edition, and drag performance group Singapore Drag Royalty.

### Pink Dot SG 2023

The 15th Pink Dot was held on 24 June 2023, and was the first edition since Section 377A was repealed.

Politicians spotted attending the event included PAP's Eric Chua and Derrick Goh; WP's Louis Chua and He Ting Ru; and PSP's Hazel Poa along with several members.

Reverting to the traditional mass light formation of the pink dot, volunteers and attendees assembled to form a light display featuring the word "Family" at around 8.40pm. This theme reflected the shift in advocacy post-377A, championing the inclusion and support of families that do not fit the traditional mould.

### Pink Dot SG 2024

The 16th Pink Dot was held 29 June 2024. Attendees were encouraged to pen messages to newly sworn in Prime Minister Lawrence Wong.

Politicians spotted attending the event included PAP's Eric Chua, Darryl David, Carrie Tan, and Derrick Goh; WP's Jamus Lim, Louis Chua, and He Ting Ru; and PSP's Jeffrey Khoo and Lim Cher Hong.

The pink dot light formation for the finale featured the word "Equality".

## International events

Many LGBT organisations and individuals around the world were inspired by the event in Singapore to organise their own Pink Dot events. Three were held on the same day as Pink Dot SG 2011, and many others followed the success of this event. Pink Dot events have been organised in places such as Hong Kong, Montreal, Toronto, New York, Okinawa, Utah, Anchorage, London, Penang and Taiwan. Common to all events was the gathering of participants in a Pink Dot formation.

### Pink Dot Anchorage

As an Alaska PrideFest event, Pink Dot Anchorage organised a gathering on 18 June 2011 at the Anchorage Town Square. Approximately 100 participants attended and created a heart-shaped formation.

### Pink Dot Hong Kong

#### 2011

On 24 June 2011, Hong Kong's Pink Alliance organised a gathering at Psychic Jack Lounge in Central Hong Kong.

#### 2014

Inspired by Pink Dot Singapore, Pink Dot HK 2014 was held on 15 June in Tamar Park. Pink Dot HK was co-organized by the LGBT groups BigLove Alliance and Pink Alliance and ran under the theme "We Are Family: The Freedom to Love". The event included an outdoor picnic and funfair, as well as a closing concert featuring performers Denise Ho and Anthony Wong. The event was widely covered by local media, including the *Oriental Daily News*. Turnout was estimated at 12,000.

Before the event, the Bank of America Tower was decorated in pink to publicise the event.

#### 2015

Pink Dot HK 2015 was held on 20 September 2015, once again at Tamar Park in front of the Central Government Complex. Notable attendees included actor Gregory Wong, singer Anthony Wong, singer Denise Ho, United States Consul General Clifford Hart, and Chairman of the Equal Opportunities Commission York Chow. Turnout was estimated at more than 15,000.

### Pink Dot London

On 18 June 2011, Singaporeans in London organised a picnic at Hyde Park, London, in conjunction with the Pink Dot event occurring in Singapore that day.

### Pink Dot Montreal

Pink Dot events were held at Place Émilie-Gamelin in Montreal, Quebec, Canada from 2012 to 2014. The movement sought to promote trust and honesty between LGBT individuals and their friends and families, so that they could coming out of the closet and bring change through open conversations.

The first event on 18 August 2012, attracted nearly 300 participants. Prior to the event, a competition was held in which LGBT individuals were invited to submit their personal coming-out stories. The top three writers were sent an invitation to the event, and their stories were read in front of other participants.

On 17 August 2013, a second Pink Dot MTL event was held. The event had a one-page feature in the local gay magazine *Fugues*.

On 16 August 2014, a nighttime Pink Dot event was held. It began at 11 pm and featured glowsticks.

### Pink Dot New York

Pink Dot picnics were held on 7 June 2011, 6 October 2012 and 22 June 2013 in Central Park, New York City. Approximately 30 participants turned up for each event. Pink Dot NY did not continue in subsequent years.

### Pink Dot Okinawa

#### 2013

Pink Dot Okinawa was inspired by Singapore's Pink Dot. Pink Dot OK 2013 was the island's first LGBT event and was held on 14 July with a turnout of 800 people. The event was held in a park in Naha city, Okinawa, Japan due to its large tourist crowd and diverse culture.

Pink Dot OK 2013 featured pre-night club events, a pre-event beach party, an LGBT book fair and an after-party. The event was covered by local media, including the *Okinawa Times* and *Ryukyu Shimpo*. The mascot for the event was Pinkmaaru, a winking cartoon animal with the event's name, "Pink Dot OK".

#### 2014, 2015 and 2016

Pink Dot OK 2014 was held on 20 June in Naha city with an estimated turnout of 12,000. Star Trek actor George Takei made a shout-out to the event.

Pink Dot OK 2015 was held on 19 July at Tembusu Square on Kokusai street in Naha city.

Pink Dot OK 2016 was held on 17 July in Naha city.

### Pink Dot Penang

Pink Dot Penang was launched in 2011 in Penang and was well received in the local LGBTIQ community. A group called "Penang Freedom to Love" was formed after the event to continue spreading the idea of "love has no boundaries".

A 2014 Pink Dot event was planned to be held on 29 March at the 1926 Heritage Hotel in Penang, Malaysia by Penang Freedom to Love, SUARAM and other local groups. With the slogan "Sit in solidarity in the day, Dance together in the night", Pink Dot Penang was meant to be a two-part event, including a workshop during the day and a party at night. The event was cancelled on 16 March, however, due to religious pressure from Malaysia's Perkasa and other Muslim activists, who made police reports claiming the event was a "sex festival".

No Pink Dot events in Penang has been held ever since.

### Pink Dot Toronto

On 21 May 2016, ACAS (Asian Community AIDS Services) and the Chinese Canadian National Council's Toronto Chapter organised Pink Dot TO in Toronto, Ontario at Market 707 in support of LGBT Asians in Canada. The event featured speeches, a march and performances.

### Pink Dot Kaohsiung

#### 2011

A Pink Dot gathering was organised by the Taiwan Adolescent Association on Sexualities on 18 June 2011 in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Participants gathered at the Kaohsiung Cultural Center.

#### 2015

Pink Dot TW 2015 was held on 16, 17 and 30 May at Kaohsiung Aozihdi Park, National Cheng Kung University, and HuaShan Grand Green, respectively. Originally planned to be held on 20 May, the HuaShan event was postponed due to bad weather. The event's slogan was "Let's get closer, let the picnic be pinker", with a campaign video of the same title.

### Pink Dot Utah

Pink Dot Utah is a campaign inspired by the Singapore event with the theme "Support, Love, Courage". It aimed to engender an appreciation of Utah's diversity, including diversity of race, language, religion, sexual orientation, and gender identity or gender expression. The campaign encouraged individuals in the LGBT community to share their life stories, which are then featured on the campaign website. Pink Dot Utah was organised by the Support Love Courage Council.

#### 2011

Pink Dot Utah 2011 was held on National Coming Out Day, 11 October, at the Spring Mobile Ball Park in Salt Lake City, Utah. More than 3,000 participants attended. Several community organisations and businesses were in attendance, including representatives from First Baptist Church and Utah's Latino community. Organisers invited Emmy award-winning composer Kurt Bestor and co-host of Fox News's Live at Five and News at Nine Newscasts Hope Woodside as celebrity ambassadors. The event was covered by local newspaper *The Salt Lake Tribune*.

#### 2012

A second Pink Dot Utah event was held on 22 September 2012 in Jordan Park, Salt Lake City, Utah. The event announced winners of a "Pinkdot Baby Contest", in which parents submitted photos of their babies with a "pink" theme. The event featured performances by celebrities and speeches by various speakers. The event was supported by Mormons Building Bridges, a group that encourages heterosexual members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints to offer love and support to their LGBT brothers and sisters. The event was mentioned on the LGBT blog JoeMyGod.com.

Another Pink Dot event, Pink Dot St. George, was held in Utah on 3 November 2012 in Vernon Worthen Park, Saint George, Utah, featuring speeches by three speakers. The programme received local media coverage by *Dixie Sun News*.

## Reception

### Counter-campaigns by religious groups

In 2014, Pink Dot SG drew strong opposition from some Muslim and Christian religious groups in Singapore. One response to the event was FamFest, or the Red Dot Family Movement, which was organised by LoveSingapore, a network of Singaporean churches. FamFest was initially planned to be held on the same day as Pink Dot 2014 at the Padang. However, the event was cancelled after its application was rejected by the Ministry of Social and Family Development, which deemed the location unsuitable. FamFest continued as a virtual rally on Facebook.

In response to the appearance of a Muslim woman in the Pink Dot SG 2014 campaign video, Islamic religious teacher Ustaz Noor Deros called for a Wear White campaign in defence of traditional Islamic values. Notably, an evening prayer marking the fasting month coincided with the Pink Dot SG 2014 event. Faith Community Baptist Church (FCBC) and the LoveSingapore network of churches also called on their members to join local Muslims in the campaign to dress in white, and worshipers at the mosque and the two churches were seen wearing white in the days following the event.

In light of possible unrest by these religious groups, security personnel of the Singapore Police Force (SPF) were deployed at Pink Dot SG 2014 for crowd management and protection purposes. The event managed to proceede without interference, with Wear White campaign organisers telling supporters to keep at a distance from the Pink Dot gathering and the FCBC announcing that its members did not intend to picket the event.

### Other religious groups and Pink Dot 2014

Leading up to Pink Dot SG 2014, and in response to other reactions about the event, other religious groups in Singapore made statements about their stands on LGBT issues.

On behalf of the Muslim community, the Islamic Religious Council of Singapore (MUIS) advised Muslims not to be confrontational towards the LGBT community. The MUIS indicated that it does not approve of the "pervasiveness" of the LGBT lifestyle, but cautioned against mosques being involved in the Pink Dot or Wear White initiatives. Minister-in-charge of Muslim Affairs Yaacob Ibrahim issued a statement saying that Singaporeans who wanted to express support for a cause or lifestyle choice should express it in a way that does not divide the community. He emphasized tolerance and the need "to keep the social fabric as tight as possible".

The National Council of Churches of Singapore (NCCS) stated: The council also wishes to state that while it does not condone homosexual or bi-sexual practices, it also does not condemn those who are struggling with their gender identity and sexual orientation.

On behalf of the Catholic Church, Archbishop William Goh stated:

> This kind of lifestyle should not be promoted by Catholics as it is detrimental to society, is not helpful to integral human development and contrary to Christian values. Thus, whilst the Church urges compassion, acceptance, patient understanding and mutual respect for these individuals, she believes that there are ways to ensure justice and the protection of their dignity without the risk of endangering the future of the marriage institution, family and society.

Goh later released a second statement apologising for any insensitivity in his previous statement and added that while the Church does not disapprove of non-sexual same-sex relationships, it is Catholic teaching that marriage is between a man and a woman and that sex before marriage is not allowed.

### Corporate sponsorship

Up until 2017, the Pink Dot SG events featured a growing number of corporate sponsors each year. The involvement of corporations in the local LGBT scene drew criticism from various socially conservative groups.

In 2015, furniture retailer IKEA, upon receiving feedback from pro-LGBT groups, announced a review of its support for a magic show staged by a pastor known for his views against homosexuality. The pastor was also responsible for previous anti-Pink Dot movements, while IKEA is known globally to be a supporter of the LGBT community. However, after the review, IKEA Singapore decided to continue support for the magic show. This decision has drawn criticism from pro-LGBT groups, including the organisers of Pink Dot, and support from socially conservative organisations.

### 2016 online threat

In 2016, a Christian member of the Facebook group "We Are Against Pinkdot in Singapore" threatened to "open fire" on the community. The post was widely shared on social media and attracted much attention. The individual later apologised and claimed his post was taken out of context and was meant to be figurative.

The Singaporean police investigated the individual, and the person later plead guilty to a lessened charge after a plea bargain of "making a threatening, abusive or insulting communication under the Protection from Harassment Act (POHA)", and was fined SGD$3,500 and given a conditional warning. If convicted of the original charge, making an electronic record containing an incitement to violence, they could have been sentenced to up to five years in jail.

### Pam Oei's Faghag Play

Pam Oei's one-woman cabaret show 'Faghag', staged by Wild Rice and directed by Ivan Heng, was part of Pink Dot SG's Pink Fest program, and it 'serves as a crash course on the history of LGBTQ+ activism in Singapore in the 2000s'.

'Faghag' became embroiled in controversy in 2021 when an LGBT+ community group The Bi+ Collective, called out Pam Oei for 'reclaiming a slur that was not a term for cis straight women to reclaim' and for riding on rainbow capitalism. This led to fierce responses from Pam Oei's supporters such as Alfian Saat and Ivan Heng, resulting in a heated debate on social media.

## Impact

### Human rights recognition

Pink Dot SG was deemed significant enough to be included in the US Department of State's Human Rights Reports for 2009, released on 11 March 2010:

> On May 16, a rally in support of "the freedom of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender persons in Singapore to love" took place at Speakers Corner. Participants held pink umbrellas aloft and arranged themselves to form a large pink dot when seen from nearby high‐rise buildings. The rally took place without disturbance.

Pink Dot SG was also featured in the 2011 documentary film *Courage Unfolds*, by the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission and the Lesbian Activism Project of the Philippines. The documentary film highlights the issues faced by LGBT people in Asia.

### Google's LGBT campaign

Google was notably the first major Pink Dot corporate sponsor and supported the event beginning in 2011. Google Singapore also launched a "Legalize Love" 2012 campaign seeking to promote a supportive culture for LGBT people in and outside the workplace. In Google Maps, Google presented a 360-degree panorama of Hong Lim Park featuring Pink Dot 2013 during both the day and night.

### Section 377A of the Penal Code of Singapore

In 2012, Tan Eng Hong brought a court challenge of the constitutionality of section 377A of the Penal Code of Singapore, a law dating back to the British colonial era which *de jure* criminalises, albeit *de facto* unenforced, sex between mutually consenting men. It is legal among women. The challenge garnered much public debate and, in response, Pink Dot SG made the following statement in 2013:

> WE RECOGNISE that the matter has been taken to the court, and we should let the law take its course. We understand the need to respect the sanctity of the Judiciary, and not undertake acts seen to pressure it, or prejudice a case that stands before it. WE ACKNOWLEDGE that a society as pluralistic and diverse as ours will have a multitude of viewpoints, which all of us have to respect and cherish, as it is this spectrum of opinions, beliefs and ideas that make Singapore strong, not the differences that seek to divide us from being truly, one united people.

#### Repealed

In February 2022, the Court of Appeal of the Supreme Court of Singapore reaffirmed that 377A cannot be used to prosecute men for having gay sex, and that it is "unenforcable in its entirety". In August 2022, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong announced that Section 377A would be repealed by the government, ending criminalisation both *de facto* and *de jure*.

In response to the repeal announcement, Pink Dot SG and various other LGBTQ community groups in Singapore released a community statement, praising the repeal as a "significant milestone and a powerful statement that state-sanctioned discrimination has no place in Singapore", and also acknowledging the repeal as "the first step on a long road towards full equality for LGBTQ+ people in Singapore". The bill was assented by President Halimah Yacob on 27 December 2022 and gazetted on 3 January 2023, thus officially repealing Section 377A, 16 years after it became *de jure* unenforced.

## InfoBox

| Pink Dot SG | |
| --- | --- |
| The LGBT community converging at Hong Lim Park in Singapore for Pink Dot SG in 2014 | |
| Status | Active |
| Genre | LGBTQ |
| Dates | * 16 May 2009 (2009-05-16) * 15 May 2010 (2010-05-15) * 18 June 2011 (2011-06-18) * 30 June 2012 (2012-06-30) * 29 June 2013 (2013-06-29) * 28 June 2014 (2014-06-28) * 13 June 2015 (2015-06-13) * 4 June 2016 (2016-06-04) * 1 July 2017 (2017-07-01) * 21 July 2018 (2018-07-21) * 29 June 2019 (2019-06-29) * 27 June 2020 (2020-06-27) * 12 June 2021 (2021-06-12) * 18 June 2022 (2022-06-18) * 24 June 2023 (2023-06-24) * 29 June 2024 (2024-06-29) |
| Frequency | Annual |
| Venue | Speakers' Corner, Singapore |
| Location(s) | Hong Lim Park, Singapore |
| Coordinates | 1°17′11.73″N 103°50′47.02″E / 1.2865917°N 103.8463944°E / 1.2865917; 103.8463944 |
| Country | Singapore |
| Years active | 15 |
| Inaugurated | 16 May 2009 (2009-05-16) |
| Most recent | 29 June 2024 (2024-06-29) |
| Previous event | 29 June 2024 (2024-06-29) |
| Next event | 28 June 2025 (2025-06-28) |
| Attendance | 20,000–30,000 |
| Activity | Support for the LGBT community in Singapore |
| Organised by | Pink Dot SG |
| Website | pinkdot.sg |


title: Pinch (film)

abstract: Pinch is a Canadian animated short film, directed by Diego Maclean and released in 2019. The film depicts a man who discovers a superpower that challenges his morality. The film received a Canadian Screen Award nomination for Best Animated Short at the 8th Canadian Screen Awards in 2020.

text:
# Pinch (film)

***Pinch*** is a Canadian animated short film, directed by Diego Maclean and released in 2019. The film depicts a man who discovers a superpower that challenges his morality.

The film received a Canadian Screen Award nomination for Best Animated Short at the 8th Canadian Screen Awards in 2020.

## InfoBox

| Pinch | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Diego Maclean |
| Written by | Diego Maclean |
| Produced by | Diego Maclean |
| Music by | Adam Lastiwka |
| Release date | * May 6, 2019 (2019-05-06) |
| Running time | 4 minutes |
| Country | Canada |


title: Pistull

abstract: Pistull is a settlement in the former Hajmel municipality, Shkodër County, northern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Vau i Dejës.

text:
# Pistull

**Pistull** is a settlement in the former Hajmel municipality, Shkodër County, northern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Vau i Dejës.

## InfoBox

| Pistull | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Pistull | |
| Coordinates: 41°58′6″N 19°35′11″E / 41.96833°N 19.58639°E / 41.96833; 19.58639 | |
| Country | Albania |
| County | Shkodër |
| Municipality | Vau i Dejës |
| Municipal unit | Hajmel |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |