title: Spring Creek, Brooklyn

abstract: Spring Creek, previously called Spring Creek Basin, is a neighborhood within the East New York section of Brooklyn in New York City. It roughly comprises the southern portions of East New York between Flatlands Avenue to the north, and Jamaica Bay and the Gateway National Recreation Area to the south, with the Brooklyn neighborhood of Canarsie to the west and the Queens neighborhood of Howard Beach to the east. It is named after Spring Creek, one of several creeks that formerly ran through the area and drained into Jamaica Bay. For most of its history, the neighborhood of Spring Creek was considered the place where "the city came to an end", consisting of undeveloped marshland used as illegal dumping grounds, and hosting several large landfills and an incinerator during the 20th century. Much of the area was designated as the Fresh Creek Urban Renewal Area in 1967. The area has since seen several major development and restoration projects, including the Starrett City apartment complex, the Gateway Center shopping complex, several affordable housing communities, and Spring Creek Park. Spring Creek had the largest net gain in population in Brooklyn between 1940 and 2010, an increase of 330%. Spring Creek is part of Brooklyn Community District 5, and its primary ZIP Codes are 11207, 11208, and 11239.

text:
# Spring Creek, Brooklyn

**Spring Creek**, previously called **Spring Creek Basin**, is a neighborhood within the East New York section of Brooklyn in New York City. It roughly comprises the southern portions of East New York between Flatlands Avenue to the north, and Jamaica Bay and the Gateway National Recreation Area to the south, with the Brooklyn neighborhood of Canarsie to the west and the Queens neighborhood of Howard Beach to the east. It is named after Spring Creek, one of several creeks that formerly ran through the area and drained into Jamaica Bay.

For most of its history, the neighborhood of Spring Creek was considered the place where "the city came to an end", consisting of undeveloped marshland used as illegal dumping grounds, and hosting several large landfills and an incinerator during the 20th century. Much of the area was designated as the *Fresh Creek Urban Renewal Area* in 1967. The area has since seen several major development and restoration projects, including the Starrett City apartment complex, the Gateway Center shopping complex, several affordable housing communities, and Spring Creek Park. Spring Creek had the largest net gain in population in Brooklyn between 1940 and 2010, an increase of 330%.

Spring Creek is part of Brooklyn Community District 5, and its primary ZIP Codes are 11207, 11208, and 11239.

## Location

Spring Creek comprises the southeastern section of East New York, located to the south of New Lots. It is bounded to the north by Flatlands Avenue, to the east by Fountain Avenue (at the former drainage basin of Spring Creek and Betts Creek on the Brooklyn-Queens border), and to the west by Schenck Avenue, Gateway Drive and Hendrix Creek. To the south is the Shore Parkway portion of the Belt Parkway, the Gateway National Recreation Area, and Jamaica Bay. Including Starrett City (which is physically separated by Hendrix Creek), the neighborhood extends west to Louisiana Avenue and Fresh Creek at the boundary with Canarsie. Several areas north to Linden Boulevard, between Fountain Avenue to the west and 78th Street to the east, are also considered part of Spring Creek; this area was formerly known as *Plunders Neck*. Linden Boulevard was previously considered the northern boundary of Spring Creek.

To the south of the Belt Parkway are the Pennsylvania Avenue and Fountain Avenue Landfills (PAL/FAL). The two landfills were 130-foot (40 m) high man-made peninsulas created from former marshland and open water. The 110-acre (45 ha) Pennsylvania Avenue Landfill opened in 1956 while the 297-acre (120 ha) Fountain Avenue Landfill was opened in 1961 respectively. The Fountain Avenue Landfill (also simply called the Spring Creek Landfill) served as one of five major city facilities for regular refuse during its operation, along with the Fresh Kills and Brookefield Landfills in Staten Island; a facility in Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx; and another one in Edgemere, Queens. The landfills closed around 1985. The two sites have since undergone restoration and are now part of Shirley Chisholm State Park and Spring Creek Park.

Most of Spring Creek and Starrett City fall under the 11239 ZIP Code, but some portions of Spring Creek north of Flatlands Avenue, as well as the Brooklyn Developmental Center, fall under the 11207, and 11208 ZIP Codes.

## History

### Early settlement

Prior to European colonization, what is now Spring Creek consisted of salt marshes and several creeks, which drained into Jamaica Bay. The namesake creek itself ran north as far as Atlantic Avenue and Eldert Lane, near Highland Park (at the north end of Brooklyn) and Forest Park, forming the border of Brooklyn and Queens. The northern shores of Jamaica Bay were inhabited by the Jameco, Canarsee, and Rockaway Native American groups (for whom the Jamaica, Canarsie, and Rockaway areas would be named). In the 1650s, Dutch colonists began settling in the eastern sections of Brooklyn, forming the towns of Flatbush and New Lots (the latter the predecessor to East New York). The area, along with the rest of Brooklyn and modern New York City, was ceded to the British Empire in 1664.

The first development in the Spring Creek area took place in the 1890s, a 30-acre (12 ha) farm built by the Cozine family, the likely namesake of Cozine Avenue. This farm included a house and stable at the modern-day intersection of Elton Street and Vandalia Avenue. Plunders Neck, then a peninsula between Betts and Spring Creeks, took its name from pirates who occupied the waters and "plundered." In the late 19th century it hosted a small community of wooden houses housing around 50 families who fished and farmed in the area. A hotel was erected along Mill Pond, near the basin of the creeks, at what was called Forbell's Landing. Otherwise, the area remained uninhabited.

### Early development

Various landfilling operations in the Spring Creek area in 1973

Beginning in the 1920s, the city planned to develop a large ship and rail terminal along Jamaica Bay, particularly along the Paerdegat Basin in nearby Canarsie, to relieve port operations in the greater New York Harbor. The project would have included construction of new rail facilities to connect with the Long Island Rail Road, New York Connecting Railroad, and a proposed rail tunnel to Staten Island. Around this time, a street grid was mapped in Spring Creek, though most of the streets had yet to be constructed. In 1930, Spring Creek Park and the Shore Parkway portion of the Belt Parkway were proposed by Robert Moses, along with several other parks and highways. Land for both projects along Jamaica Bay in the area was acquired via eminent domain in 1938, and Shore Parkway opened in 1940, with an interchange to the south end of Pennsylvania Avenue. This put an end to the proposed Jamaica Bay seaport. Later plans by Robert Moses in the 1950s called for Spring Creek Park to extend to Cross Bay Boulevard in Howard Beach, Queens and include a new beach and boat basin.

The Milford Street Landfill began operations in the 1930s, occupying much of the area where the Gateway Center now sits. The Milford Street Landfill was closed in 1950. This area later became known as the Vandalia Dunes due to its sandy landscape, and became a habitat for the Henslow's sparrow and other bird species. The South Shore Incinerator at Forbell Street and Wortman Avenue was dedicated on June 30, 1954, and the Pennsylvania and Fountain Avenue Landfills were opened in 1956 and 1961 respectively, on land previously earmarked for Spring Creek Park. Ash from the incinerator was used as additional fill for the marshes. A sewage treatment plant adjacent to Hendrix Creek was also opened around this time, while refuse was used to landfill the future Spring Creek Park.

In spite of the new highway, Spring Creek Basin, as the area was then called, continued to remain undeveloped while other local areas were extensively built up. This was in part due to its remoteness from the city's focal points (such as Manhattan and Downtown Brooklyn), its distance away from the nearest rapid transit lines, the presence of the landfills, incinerator, and water treatment plant in the area, and noise from the nearby Idlewild Airport (since renamed as John F. Kennedy International Airport). A 1943 city profile called the area "Brooklyn's least populated district", with many paper streets remaining as mapped but not constructed. Smoke and odor from the incinerator and landfills, meanwhile, were reported to extend to the Queens neighborhoods of Howard Beach and Ozone Park. The remoteness of the area led it to be used as an illegal dumping ground for waste. The territory, particularly the landfills, is also said to have been used for dumping corpses, most notably by Murder, Inc. and the Gambino crime family; human remains from modern incidents have been unearthed as recently as 2013.

### Urban renewal and development

In 1967, the area south of Flatlands Avenue between Schenck and Fountain Avenues (on the peninsula between Hendrix and Spring Creeks) was designated as the Fresh Creek Urban Renewal Area (FCURA). During this time, the remaining 19th-century buildings in this vicinity were demolished. That year, a major development project was proposed, which would include a state mental health facility, several intermediate schools, a high school, a community college, a shopping center, a branch library, an expansion of Spring Creek Park, and several thousand housing units including 8,000 middle-income condominium-style units. In preparation for the development, in 1968 under the city's Program for Action, it was proposed to extend the IRT New Lots Line and the BMT Canarsie Line of the New York City Subway to the Spring Creek area; the New Lots Line would have been extended to Flatlands Avenue near Elton and Linwood Streets. These extensions were canceled in the mid-1970s, largely due to the city's fiscal crisis at the time. Under the 1967 FCURA plan, the mental health facility (called the Brooklyn Developmental Center) was opened in 1973, the rental complex (the Starrett City apartment complex) opened in 1974, and the Spring Creek branch of the Brooklyn Public Library opened in the summer of 1977. The area was officially given the name Spring Creek in 1973 by Brooklyn borough president Sebastian Leone.

Following community protests, and seepage of contaminated oil into Jamaica Bay, the Pennsylvania and Fountain landfills ceased municipal waste operations in 1979 and 1985 respectively, after which they were absorbed into the Gateway National Recreation Area. On June 25, 1996, the New York City Council amended the original Fresh Creek Urban Renewal Plan to facilitate the Gateway Estates plan, a massive mixed-use proposal to redevelop 227 acres of landfill south of Flatlands Avenue. Expanding on the 1967 plan, it proposed to construct a 640,000-square-foot (59,000 m2) retail development and 2,385 units of affordable housing. Ground broke on the Gateway Center shopping mall on November 16, 2000, and it opened on October 1, 2002. Restoration of the Pennsylvania and Fountain Avenue Landfills meanwhile began in March 2002.

In early 2007, the second phase of the Gateway Estates project (Gateway Estates II) was proposed, which included a 605,000 square feet (56,200 m2) expansion of the Gateway Center, 2,385 additional affordable housing units, and a new public school facility. The school facility, Spring Creek Educational Campus, opened in fall 2012. Gateway Center II opened in stages beginning in late 2014.

## Housing

### Starrett City

Starrett City (also known as Spring Creek Towers) is the largest subsidized rental apartment complex in the United States. Its boundaries, starting from the north and moving clockwise are: Flatlands Avenue to the north, Hendrix Street to the east, Jamaica Bay to the south and the Fresh Creek Basin. Opened in 1974, the Starrett City site spanned over 153 acres (0.62 km2) before being subdivided in 2009 as part of a refinancing. The housing development contains 5,881 apartment units in 46 buildings. The residential site also includes eight parking garages and a community center. The area contains a shopping center as well. A number of parcels of undeveloped land totaling 13 acres (5.3 ha) were separated out from the residential site as part of the refinancing.

The development was designed by Herman Jessor, organized in the towers in the park layout. The buildings utilize a simple "foursquare" design. The residential portion of the property has eight "sections" each including several buildings, its own field, recreational area (jungle gym, park, handball court, basketball court) and a five-story parking garage for residents in that section. These sections are Ardsley, Bethel, Croton, Delmar, Elmira, Freeport, Geneva, and Hornell; each named after municipalities in New York State. The community had its own newspaper, known as the *Spring Creek Sun*.

### Nehemiah Spring Creek

Nehemiah Spring Creek, or Spring Creek Nehemiah, is one of two affordable housing developments built under the Gateway Estates plan (along with Gateway Elton). Located south of Flatlands Avenue and north of Gateway Center II between Elton and Erskine Streets, the neighborhood consists of modular prefabricated one-to-three family rowhouses assembled at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. The houses were designed by Soho-based architect Alexander Gorlin. Nehemiah, operated by East Brooklyn Congregations (EBC), previously constructed other developments in the East New York and Brownsville areas in the 1980s.

The land was originally assigned by the city to the Starrett Housing Corporation for development in 1989; the project was known as Spring Creek Estates. EBC began competing with Starrett for the site in 1992. The name was changed to Gateway Estates in 1994. By the project's groundbreaking in August 2006, Starrett Housing had backed out of the plan, and the name was changed to Nehemiah Spring Creek Houses at Gateway Estates. The first phase of the development was completed in 2008. Residents of the community apply for housing via a lottery; some applied during the project's planning in the 1990s.

### Gateway Elton

Gateway Elton Street sits at the west end of Nehemiah Spring Creek, on Elton Street between Flatlands Avenue and the Gateway Center. The three-phase affordable-housing project features six-story apartment buildings with retail space on the ground level. The buildings utilize electricity from solar panels affixed to the roofing. The first phase of the project, featuring 197 rental units, was completed in 2012. The second phase broke ground on May 2, 2013. Construction on the third phase started on January 15, 2015. and a housing lottery for the project was held upon its completion in July 2016.

### Spring Creek Gardens

Spring Creek Gardens is a third low-income housing complex in the northeast corner of Spring Creek near the border with Lindenwood, Queens, one block south of Linden Boulevard. Located at 902 Drew Street, it is bound by Loring Avenue to the north, Stanley Avenue and the remnants of Spring Creek to the south, Forbell Street to the west, and Emerald Street to the east. The community is gated, with the primary entrance situated at Drew Street. It was opened in 1989, developed by General Atlantic Realty Corporation, and paid for by Federal Low Income Housing Tax Credits and the city's 421a tax-abatement certificates. It was sold to the Domain Companies and the Arker Companies in 2006.

## Industry and commerce

Several industrial and commercial structures are located in the northeastern portion of the area east of Fountain Avenue and south of Linden Boulevard, the former Plunders Neck area. At 803 Forbell Street in this part of the neighborhood, the South Shore Incinerator, also known as the Forbell Street Incinerator, was active from 1954 to the 1980s. Other structures in this area include:

Other structures in the rest of Spring Creek include:

* 26th Ward Water Pollution Control Plant, also operated by the NYCDEP, in Starrett City on the shore of Hendrix Creek. It was opened in the 1950s.
* Flatlands Fairfield Industrial Park, north of Flatlands Avenue.

## Parks and recreation

A plaque at an inaccessible section of Spring Creek Park at Flatlands and Fountain AvenuesThe athletic complex for Thomas Jefferson High School

Moe Finklestein Athletic Complex (also known as the Thomas Jefferson High School Field), located on Flatlands Avenue between Essex Street and Erskine Street, is used by the schools of Thomas Jefferson Educational Campus and other schools in PSAL competition. The complex was created as part of the Fresh Creek Renewal Plan.

Berriman Playground, a .96-acre (0.39 ha) park on Berriman Street between Vandalia Avenue and Schroeders Avenue, opened in 2019. Its design allows rain water from the playground to collect in a rain garden.

Spring Creek Park is operated by both the city and the federal government. It consists of man-made parkland, marshland along the Jamaica Bay Shore, and the former Pennsylvania and Fountain Avenue Landfills.

Shirley Chisholm State Park, a 407-acre (165 ha) state park, is located atop the Pennsylvania and Fountain Avenue Landfills south of the Belt Parkway. The Pennsylvania Avenue section opened in July 2019, and the Fountain Avenue expansion is expected to open in 2021.

## Retail

There are two major shopping malls in the area:

* Gateway Center, located on Erskine Street and Gateway Drive across from the Brooklyn Developmental Center. The two-part suburban-style complex was built as the retail component of Gateway Estates. The southern portion opened in 2002, and the northern (Gateway Center II) in 2014.
* Spring Creek Towers Shopping Center, located in Starrett City.

## Schools

A branch of the New York School of Career and Applied Studies, part of Touro College, is located in Starrett City. There are four elementary schools located in the neighborhood:

* Abe Stark Elementary School (PS 346)
* Gateway Intermediate School (IS 364)
* Frederick Douglass Academy VIII Middle School (located on the 4th floor of PS 346)
* Be'er Hagolah, a religious (Jewish) school

Other schools in the area include:.

* P.S. 273 Wortman, on Jerome Street and Cozine Avenue.
* P.S. 224 Hale A Woodruff, on Wortman and Autumn Avenues near the Postal Facility
* George Gershwin Junior High School, on Linden Boulevard and Van Siclen Avenue, also housing the Achievement First Linden Elementary School and The UFT Charter High School.
* Spring Creek Educational Campus, opened in fall 2012 at Flatlands Avenue and Elton Street during Gateway Estates II, at a cost of $73 million. It features the Academy for Young Writers (a high school), and Spring Creek Community School (a grade 6–12 school)

The William H. Maxwell Vocational High School and Thomas Jefferson Educational Campus (formerly Thomas Jefferson High School) are located on Pennsylvania Avenue in the northern portions of East New York. Additionally, the Canarsie and South Shore Campuses (also formerly high schools) are located in the adjacent Canarsie neighborhood.

## Transportation

The B6, B13, B14, B15, B20, B82, B82 SBS, B83, B84 and Q8 local buses serve the Spring Creek area, while the BM2 and BM5 provide express service to Midtown and Lower Manhattan. The B13, B83, B84 and Q8 serve the area around Gateway Mall and the Brooklyn Developmental Center; the B13, B83 and Q8 were extended to the area following the opening of Gateway in 2002, while the B84 was created in 2013 to serve as a connector to local subway service. The B82, B82 SBS, B83, BM2, and BM5 serve the Starrett City neighborhood along Pennsylvania Avenue, while the B13, B14, B15, B20, and BM5 serve the area around Spring Creek Gardens and the Brooklyn Postal Facility.

The closest New York City Subway stations to the area are New Lots Avenue in East New York, served by the , , , and  trains (connected to Spring Creek by the B6 and B84 buses), and Rockaway Parkway in Canarsie, served by the  train (connected by the B6 and B82/B82 SBS). Residents also use the Euclid Avenue station served by the  and  trains on Pitkin Avenue at the north end of East New York (connected by the B13 and Q8).

## InfoBox

| Spring Creek | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighborhood of Brooklyn | |
| Houses of the Nehemiah Spring Creek development under construction in 2008. | |
| Location in New York City | |
| Coordinates: 40°39′32″N 73°52′30″W / 40.659°N 73.875°W / 40.659; -73.875 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| City | New York City |
| Borough | Brooklyn |
| Community District | Brooklyn 5 |
| Designated | 1967 |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (Eastern) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| ZIP Codes | 11207, 11208, 11239 |
| Area codes | 718, 347, 929, and 917 |


title: Liechtenstein and the United Nations

abstract: The Principality of Liechtenstein is a member state of the United Nations. The Principality of Liechtenstein joined the United Nations on September 18, 1990. It has never been a member of the Security Council. The Principality of Liechtenstein is a part of the Group of Western European and Other States (WEOG).

text:
# Liechtenstein and the United Nations

The **Principality of Liechtenstein** is a member state of the **United Nations.** The Principality of Liechtenstein joined the United Nations on September 18, 1990. It has never been a member of the Security Council. The Principality of Liechtenstein is a part of the Group of Western European and Other States (WEOG).

## History

The Principality of Liechtenstein was admitted to the United Nations in 1990 by United Nations Security Council Resolution 663.

In 2022, Liechtenstein introduced a resolution requiring the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council to justify a veto.

## Permanent Representative

The current Permanent Representative of Liechtenstein to the United Nations is Christian Wenaweser, during his tenure as Permanent Representative of the Principality of Liechtenstein to the United Nations he has served as:

Before becoming Permanent Representative of the Principality of Liechtenstein to the United Nations he served as a:

## Contributions

The Principality of Liechtenstein contributed 292,533 United States dollars to the United Nations in 2023.

1. Mac Dougall, David (April 26, 2022). "Little Liechtenstein takes on the world's most powerful countries at the UN". *Euronews*. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
2. "Clottey interview with Ambassador Christian Wenaweser, president of the Assembly of State Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC". *VOA*. 2011-11-30. Retrieved 2023-08-13.
3. "H.E. Mr. Christian Wenaweser | Department of Economic and Social Affairs". *sdgs.un.org*. Retrieved 2023-08-13.
4. "CHRISTIAN WENAWESER OF LIECHTENSTEIN CHAIRMAN OF THIRD COMMITTEE". *UN Press*. September 11, 2002. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
5. "H.E. Mr. Christian Wenaweser". Retrieved 2023-08-13.
6. "Contributions received for 2023 for the UN Regular Budget - Committee on Contributions - UN General Assembly". *www.un.org*. Retrieved 2023-08-13.

Permanent Mission of Liechtenstein to the UN Facebook profile

Permanent Mission of Liechtenstein to the UN (Liechtenstein UN) Twitter account

## InfoBox

Principality of Liechtenstein
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| United Nations membership | |
| Membership | Full member |
| Since | 20 September 1990 |
| Permanent Representative | H.E. Christian Wenaweser |


title: Wade Istchenko

abstract: Wade Istchenko is a Canadian politician, who was elected to in the Yukon Legislative Assembly in the 2011, 2016 and 2021 elections. A former cabinet minister, he currently represents the rural Yukon district of Kluane as a member of the opposition Yukon Party caucus.

text:
# Wade Istchenko

**Wade Istchenko** is a Canadian politician, who was elected to in the Yukon Legislative Assembly in the 2011, 2016 and 2021 elections. A former cabinet minister, he currently represents the rural Yukon district of Kluane as a member of the opposition Yukon Party caucus.

## Political career

### 33rd Assembly

Istchenko was elected in November 2011 as a member of the Yukon Party caucus in the rural Yukon riding of Kluane. The riding had been held since 1996 by long-time New Democrat-turned-Liberal Gary McRobb, who had retired that year. Istchenko was sworn in as a member of the Executive Council (Cabinet) of Premier Darrell Pasloski on November 5, 2011, and served as Minister of Highways and Public Works until being appointed Minister of Environment in January 2015. During the 33rd Legislative Assembly, he also served as a member of the Standing Committee on Statutory Instruments.

Shortly before being sworn into Cabinet, Istchenko made headlines when he admitted to falsifying documents in 2008 to obtain a wilderness tourism operator permit. He apologized, and cited the incident as a lapse in judgment and admitted to paying a fine.

Istchenko once again drew controversy in 2015, this time after a photo emerged of him drinking a beer while in the driver's seat of a parked all-terrain vehicle. He later apologized for the incident.

### 34th Assembly

Istchenko was re-elected in the 2016 Yukon election for the district of Kluane, defeating former Kluane First Nation chief and Liberal candidate Mathieya Alatini. The Yukon Party was defeated by the Yukon Liberal Party in that election, however, so Istchenko returned to the legislature as a member of the Opposition. He is currently the Yukon Party caucus critic for the Department of Environment, the Yukon Housing Corporation, the Yukon Liquor Corporation (including the Yukon Lottery Commission), the Yukon Energy Corporation and the Yukon Development Corporation. He is also a member of the Standing Committee on Public Accounts.

### 35th Assembly

As of September 29, 2024, Istchenko serves as the Official Opposition critic for Environment and Rural Services.

## Personal life

Istchenko was born in Whitehorse and raised in Haines Junction, where he currently lives. He is a veteran of the Canadian Armed Forces, which he joined in 1984, and served with NATO in Germany. He continues to be active in the Canadian Rangers as a Ranger Sergeant.

Prior to entering the politics, Istchenko ran an outdoor adventure company, Kluane Ridin' Adventure Tours. He also served on the Kluane Park Management Board.

Istchenko is the grandson of Hilda Watson, former MLA for the same electoral district of Kluane, and the first woman to lead a political party in Canada.

## Electoral record

### 2021 general election

| 2021 Yukon general election: Kluane | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Yukon Party | Wade Istchenko | 352 | 45.01 | +1.7% |
|  | Liberal | Luke Campbell | 219 | 28 | -9.1% |
|  | New Democratic | Dave Weir | 211 | 26.98 | +7.8% |
| Total valid votes | | | 782 |
| Total rejected ballots | | |  |
| Turnout | | |  |
| Eligible voters | | |  |
|  | Yukon Party **hold** | | Swing | | -8.51 |
| Source(s) "Unofficial Election Results 2021". Elections Yukon. Retrieved 24 April 2021. | | | | | | |

### 2016 general election

Kluane
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Yukon Party | **Wade Istchenko** | 338 | 43.3% | +5.4% |
|  | Liberal | Mathieya Alatini | 289 | 37.1% | +8.1% |
|  | NDP | Sally Wright | 153 | 19.2% | -9.8% |
| Total | | | **780** | **100.0%** |  |

### 2011 general election

Kluane
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Yukon Party | **Wade Istchenko** | 287 | 37.9% | +8.3% |
|  | NDP | Eric Stinson | 220 | 29.0% | +15.2% |
|  | Liberal | Timothy Cant | 219 | 28.9% | -24.4% |
|  | First Nations Party | Gerald Dickson | 32 | 4.2% | +4.2% |
| Total | | | **759** | **100.0%** |  |

## InfoBox

| Wade IstchenkoMLA | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Yukon Legislative Assembly
for Kluane | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
October 11, 2011 | |
| Preceded by | Gary McRobb |
| Minister of the Environment | |
| **In office**
January 16, 2015  December 3, 2016 | |
| Preceded by | Currie Dixon |
| Succeeded by | Pauline Frost |
| Minister of Highways and Public Works | |
| **In office**
November 5, 2011  January 16, 2015 | |
| Preceded by | Archie Lang |
| Succeeded by | Scott Kent |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Yukon Party |
| Residence(s) | Haines Junction, Yukon |
|  | |


title: The Next Corner

abstract: The Next Corner is a 1924 American silent romantic melodrama film directed by Sam Wood. The film starred Dorothy Mackaill and Lon Chaney. Based on the romance novel of the same name by Kate Jordan, the film was produced by Famous Players–Lasky and distributed by Paramount Pictures. Throughout the years, The Next Corner has been cited as a Chaney picture but, according to the American Film Institute Catalog, his character has little screen time. In fact, of all Chaney's feature films of the 1920s, this picture seems to have less of him on screen than any other feature he made. A still exists showing Chaney in his role as Juan Serafin and it shows how little makeup he wore in this picture. Another still of Chaney can be seen here. This film was Chaney's only Paramount film of the 1920s, the last having been Treasure Island, and was one of the last films he appeared in as a freelance artist before signing a multiple picture deal with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The leading character is portrayed by Dorothy Mackaill, then an up-and-coming young star. The novel was remade in sound in 1931 at RKO as Transgression starring Kay Francis and Nance O'Neil, with Ricardo Cortez returning to the same role.

text:
# The Next Corner

***The Next Corner*** is a 1924 American silent romantic melodrama film directed by Sam Wood. The film starred Dorothy Mackaill and Lon Chaney. Based on the romance novel of the same name by Kate Jordan, the film was produced by Famous Players–Lasky and distributed by Paramount Pictures.

Throughout the years, *The Next Corner* has been cited as a Chaney picture but, according to the *American Film Institute Catalog*, his character has little screen time. In fact, of all Chaney's feature films of the 1920s, this picture seems to have less of him on screen than any other feature he made. A still exists showing Chaney in his role as Juan Serafin and it shows how little makeup he wore in this picture. Another still of Chaney can be seen here.

This film was Chaney's only Paramount film of the 1920s, the last having been *Treasure Island*, and was one of the last films he appeared in as a freelance artist before signing a multiple picture deal with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

The leading character is portrayed by Dorothy Mackaill, then an up-and-coming young star. The novel was remade in sound in 1931 at RKO as *Transgression* starring Kay Francis and Nance O'Neil, with Ricardo Cortez returning to the same role.

## Plot

Elsie Maury (Dorothy Mackaill) and her wealthy American husband Robert (Conway Tearle) spend their honeymoon in Paris, where she becomes acquainted with the smarmy Don Arturo (Ricardo Cortez), who plots to seduce her. When her husband rushes off to Argentina on a business trip, she and her mother remain in Paris to await his return. Elsie accept an invitation to attend a house party that is to held at Don Arturo's home. She is accompanied only by Juan Serafin (Lon Chaney), one of Arturo's aides, and when she arrives, she is surprised to find they are the only guests. Don Arturo attempts to seduce her, but before she succumbs to his charms, she is compelled to write a letter addressed to her husband in which she confesses that she and Arturo are now lovers.

Before the letter can be mailed however, Don Arturo manages to open the envelope and substitute two sheets of blank paper in place of the letter, and then reseal it again. Soon after, a stranger arrives at the house and shoots Don Arturo dead for having seduced his peasant daughter on an earlier occasion. Elsie, thinking the letter was mailed, returns to Paris and tells her mother to help her intercept the missive. Juan Serafin, thinking his master's death was Elsie's fault, takes it upon himself to maliciously deliver the letter to Robert in person.

Elsie feels she has no choice but to come clean now, and confesses the whole affair to her husband. But when he opens the envelope, all he finds are the two blank sheets of paper that Don Arturo had substituted. He forgives Elsie nonetheless and embraces her. Later Juan Serafin is found shot to death, clutching one of Elsie's handkerchiefs in his hand.

## Cast

"Old fashioned in theme and characterization and conventional in treatment is this picture which carries very little entertaining qualities. Any faithful filmgoer will recognize the plot as belonging to a threadbare formula--one which has done yeoman service on the screen. The best feature of the picture is Dorothy Mackaill's vital performance...Conway Tearle as the husband and Ricardo Cortez as the other man are also effective, while Lon Chaney's personality is buried in a small role...It is a finely mounted production, but the story is weak." ---Motion Picture News

"Well it was fearfully cold and the radio must have been good, as we had no crowd at all to see this one, and we were glad, as it is a very poor show. Lay off. Poor audience appeal." ---Moving Picture World

"An unintentionally funny melodrama which may amuse but will not impress intelligent audiences...Why Lon Chaney consented to appear in such a foolish role as that of foster-brother Serafin remains an unsolved problem." ---Exhibitors Trade Review

"Slow draggy development and poor direction....Lon Chaney's great ability is completely lost in this". ---Film Daily

"Just a programme picture, that's all... Conway Tearle and Lon Chaney have little to do". ---Photoplay

"(The film) has a silly story. Lon Chaney has a weak part and gets into the fore now and then in subordinate situations where he has very little to build on". ---Variety

## Preservation

With no copies of *The Next Corner* located in any film archives, it is a lost film.

## Taglines

"THE story of a youthful wife who couldn't discern between real and artificial love. And paid in heartache and remorse to learn. It's a big theme, powerfully told."

"The daring story of a young married woman who played with the fire of forbiiden love and was caught in the flames!.... A theme of sensational surprise building to an astounding climax!" (one-sheet blurb)

"Lover or Husband... Which? The story of a wife who strayed!" (one-sheet blurb)

## InfoBox

| The Next Corner | |
| --- | --- |
| Daybill poster | |
| Directed by | Sam Wood |
| Written by | Monte Katterjohn (screenplay) |
| Based on | *The Next Corner*
by Kate Jordan |
| Produced by | Adolph Zukor
Jesse J. Lasky |
| Starring | Dorothy Mackaill
Lon Chaney
Conway Tearle
Louise Dresser
Ricardo Cortez |
| Cinematography | Alfred Gilks |
| Production
company | Famous Players–Lasky |
| Distributed by | Paramount Pictures |
| Release date | * February 18, 1924 (1924-02-18) |
| Running time | 70 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | Silent (English intertitles) |


title: Nostalgia (1971 film)

abstract: Nostalgia, styled (nostalgia), is a 1971 American experimental film by artist Hollis Frampton. It is part of his Hapax Legomena series.

text:
# Nostalgia (1971 film)

***Nostalgia***, styled ***(nostalgia)***, is a 1971 American experimental film by artist Hollis Frampton. It is part of his *Hapax Legomena* series.

## Summary

The film is composed of black-and-white still photographs taken by Frampton during his early artistic explorations which are slowly burned on the element of a hot plate, while the soundtrack offers personal comments on the content of the images, read by fellow artist Michael Snow. Each comment/story is heard in succession before the related photograph appears onscreen, thus causing the viewer to actively engage with the 'past' and 'present' moments as presented within the film.

## Legacy

In 2003, *Nostalgia* was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". The Librarian of Congress, James H. Billington described it (along with *Film Portrait* by Jerome Hill) as "avant-garde classics considered eloquent and evocative explorations of memory and family". The film is part of Anthology Film Archives' Essential Cinema Repertory collection.

It is available on the DVD collection *Treasures IV: American Avant-Garde Film, 1947-1986* (2008), as well as in a Hollis Frampton box set from the Criterion Collection *A Hollis Frampton Odyssey* (2012).

## InfoBox

| (nostalgia) | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Hollis Frampton |
| Narrated by | Michael Snow |
| Release date | * 1971 (1971) |
| Running time | 38 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


abstract: The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1898 was an election for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 8, 1898. Republicans took an open Democratic seat and defeated the two Populist incumbents.

text:
# 1898 United States House of Representatives elections in California

The **United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1898** was an election for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 8, 1898. Republicans took an open Democratic seat and defeated the two Populist incumbents.

## Overview

| United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1898 | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Votes | Percentage | Seats | +/– |
|
|  | Republican | 139,382 | 51.0% | 6 | +3 |
|  | Democratic | 86,927 | 31.8% | 1 | -1 |
|  | Populist | 41,179 | 15.1% | 0 | -2 |
|  | Socialist Labor | 4,979 | 1.8% | 0 | 0 |
|  | Independent | 594 | 0.2% | 0 | 0 |
| **Totals** | | **273,061** | **100.0%** | **7** |  |

## Delegation Composition

| **Pre-election** | | **Seats**
 |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Republican-Held | 3 |
|  | Democratic-Held | 2 |
|  | Populist-Held | 2 |
|

| **Post-election** | | **Seats**
 |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Republican-Held | 6 |
|  | Democratic-Held | 1 |
|

## Results

### District 1

California's 1st congressional district election, 1898
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **John All Barham (incumbent)** | **19,598** | **51.8** |
|  | Democratic | Emmet Seawell | 18,244 | 48.2 |
| Total votes | | | **37,842** | **100.0** |
| Turnout | | |  |  |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | |

### District 2

California's 2nd congressional district election, 1898
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Marion De Vries (incumbent)** | **25,196** | **55.3** |
|  | Republican | Frank D. Ryan | 20,400 | 44.7 |
| Total votes | | | **45,596** | **100.0** |
| Turnout | | |  |  |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### District 3

California's 3rd congressional district election, 1898
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Victor H. Metcalf** | **20,592** | **57.3** |
|  | Democratic | John A. Jones | 14,051 | 39.1 |
|  | Socialist Labor | Thomas F. Burns | 1,309 | 3.6 |
| Total votes | | | **35,952** | **100.0** |
| Turnout | | |  |  |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | |

### District 4

California's 4th congressional district election, 1898
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Julius Kahn** | **13,695** | **50.0** |
|  | Democratic | James H. Barry | 12,084 | 44.1 |
|  | Socialist Labor | W. J. Martin | 1,006 | 3.7 |
|  | Independent | Joseph P. Kelly | 594 | 2.2 |
| Total votes | | | **27,379** | **100.0** |
| Turnout | | |  |  |
|  | Republican **gain** from Democratic | | | | | |

### District 5

California's 5th congressional district election, 1898
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Eugene F. Loud (incumbent)** | **20,254** | **51.8** |
|  | Democratic | William Craig | 17,352 | 44.3 |
|  | Socialist Labor | E. T. Kingsley | 1,532 | 3.9 |
| Total votes | | | **39,138** | **100.0** |
| Turnout | | |  |  |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | |

### District 6

California's 6th congressional district election, 1898
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Russell J. Waters** | **24,050** | **52.6** |
|  | Populist | Charles A. Barlow (incumbent) | 20,499 | 44.9 |
|  | Socialist Labor | James T. Van Ransselaer | 1,132 | 2.5 |
| Total votes | | | **45,681** | **100.0** |
| Turnout | | |  |  |
|  | Republican **gain** from Populist | | | | | |

### District 7

California's 7th congressional district election, 1898
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **James C. Needham** | **20,793** | **50.1** |
|  | Populist | Curtis H. Castle (incumbent) | 20,680 | 49.9 |
| Total votes | | | **41,473** | **100.0** |
| Turnout | | |  |  |
|  | Republican **gain** from Populist | | | | | |

## InfoBox

United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1898
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  All 7 California seats to the United States House of Representatives | |
| Majority party Minority party Third party   Party Republican Democratic Populist  Last election 3 2 2  Seats won 6 1 0  Seat change 3 1 2  Popular vote 139,382 86,927 41,179  Percentage 51.0% 31.8% 15.1% | |
| ---  Election results by district. | |


title: Tyvek

abstract: Tyvek is a brand of synthetic flashspun high-density polyethylene fibers. The name Tyvek is a registered trademark of the American multinational chemical company DuPont, which discovered and commercialized Tyvek in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Tyvek's properties—such as being difficult to tear but easily cut, and waterproof against liquids while allowing water vapor to penetrate—have led to it being used in a variety of applications. Tyvek is often used as housewrap, a synthetic material used to protect buildings during construction, or as personal protective equipment (PPE).

text:
# Tyvek

**Tyvek** (/ˈt.vɛk/) is a brand of synthetic flashspun high-density polyethylene fibers. The name *Tyvek* is a registered trademark of the American multinational chemical company DuPont, which discovered and commercialized Tyvek in the late 1950s and early 1960s.

Tyvek's properties—such as being difficult to tear but easily cut, and waterproof against liquids while allowing water vapor to penetrate—have led to it being used in a variety of applications. Tyvek is often used as housewrap, a synthetic material used to protect buildings during construction, or as personal protective equipment (PPE).

## History

Tyvek is a nonwoven product consisting of spun bond olefin fiber. It was first discovered in 1955 by a researcher for the DuPont textile company working in an experimental lab, who noticed a type of white fluff coming out of a pipe. That fluff was a form of polyethylene, which DuPont requested a patent for within a year of the discovery. After technologies improved during the next few years, in 1959 DuPont discovered that when the fluff was spun at high speeds it produced a durable fabric that could be cut with a blade. While the product Tyvek was used since 1959, DuPont did not trademark the actual brand until 1965, making it available for commercial purposes in April 1967. By 1970, Tyvek had reached the mainstream construction industry on both a national and global scale. Its products were often used for the construction of houses due to its ability to keep out liquid, while allowing vapor through. In 1972, DuPont released Tyvek packaging for sterile instruments that were to be used by surgeons and doctors in the medical field.

### 21st century

In 2017, the DuPont company merged with another chemical company, The Dow Chemical Company to form DowDuPont. DowDuPont currently manufactures Tyvek at the Spruance plant in Richmond, Virginia, and in Sandweiler-Contern, Luxembourg. In 2018, DowDuPont announced plans to expand the Tyvek production capacity of the Sandweiler-Contern factory.

## Scientific characteristics and properties

### Adhesion and bonding

To bond Tyvek to both itself and a variety of substrates, DuPont recommends starch, dextrin, casein, and animal-based adhesives over most synthetic-based adhesives, emphasizing the effectiveness of water-based and quick-drying glues. DuPont also claims that the following adhesives are highly effective:

Heat sealing can be used to melt Tyvek and cause it to bond to itself, but this form of bonding tends to create puckers in the otherwise flat material. Dielectric bonding can be effective in some circumstances, as is ultrasonic welding.

### Recycling

Though Tyvek superficially resembles paper (for example, it can be written and printed on), it is plastic, and it cannot be recycled with paper. Some Tyvek products are marked with the #2 resin-code for HDPE, and can be collected with plastic bottles as part of some municipal curbside recycling programs. DuPont runs a program in the United States where disposable clothing, coveralls, lab coats, medical packaging and other non-hazardous Tyvek disposable garments can be recycled, as well as providing a mail-in recycling program for envelopes.

As plastic bag recycling has become more prevalent in the United States, the American Chemistry Council has recommended that plastic film drop-off recycling locations should be able to accept Tyvek.

### Properties of Tyvek

According to DuPont's website, Tyvek fibers are 0.5–10 μm (2.0×10<sup>−5</sup>–0.000394 in) (compared to 75 μm (0.0030 in) for a human hair). The nondirectional fibers (plexifilaments) are first spun and then bonded by heat and pressure, without binders.

Tyvek is also:

* Lightweight
* Has a Class 1 flammability rating. "When exposed to a flame, Tyvek (R) shrinks away rapidly. If the flame is made to follow the shrinking sheet, Tyvek (R) will melt at 275 F (135 C)" and will burn at 750°F (400°C)
* Chemical-resistant
* Dimensionally stabilized
* Opaque
* Has a neutral pH
* Tear-resistant

## Uses

### Construction/engineering

* Large sheets of Tyvek are frequently used as housewrap to provide an air barrier between the outer cladding of a structure and the frame, insulation, etc., allowing water vapor to pass but restricting air infiltration.
* Tyvek was used to cover and protect the Reaction Control System (RCS) thruster ports from water and debris, while the shuttle stack was exposed on the launchpad during the latter years of the Space Shuttle program. The Tyvek covers were dislodged shortly after ignition and before the shuttle cleared the tower, posing no strike risk as the shuttle was travelling below 100 mph (160 km/h).
* Tom Sachs used Tyvek for the outer shell of the spacesuits used in his Space Program series of artworks.

### Shipping

### Government use

### Banknotes

### Fashion/personal use

* Race bibs, or race numbers are often produced on Tyvek paper, so they are less likely to rip during competition.
* Tyvek is often used in garment and other textile labeling due to high durability and washability.
* Tyvek wristbands are used at festivals, conventions, and events where admission and security are concerns, as well as hospitals, resorts, nightclubs, schools, and reunions.
* In 2011, fashion retailer and manufacturer American Apparel included white Tyvek shorts as part of its range.
* In 1976, fashion house Fiorucci made an entire collection out of Tyvek.
* The ultralight backpacking community has begun to use Tyvek for the construction of extremely light yet durable backpacks. In 2012, The Open Company released a foldable city map made of one of the stiffer variants of Tyvek.
* Increasingly, reused Tyvek material is being used by home crafters. Protective sleeves for CDs and DVDs, tote bags, and origami wallets also use Tyvek-containing materials.
* Tyvek is also used as a durable fabric in shoes.

### Medical

* Tyvek is extensively used for laboratory and medical packaging as the material withstands conditions such as gamma irradiation or ethylene oxide gas which are used to sterilize equipment and surgical devices.
* NSW Police, Australia uses Tyvek overalls to preserve the integrity of forensic evidence at a crime scene, while also protecting "the wearer from the risk of exposure to biological substances, dirt and liquid splashes."

### Personal protective equipment (PPE)

* Tyvek coveralls are one-piece garments used for personal protective equipment. They are usually white, commonly worn by mechanics, oil industry workers, painters, insulation installers, and laboratory and cleanroom workers where disposable, one-time use coverall is needed. They are also used for some light HAZMAT applications, such as asbestos and radiation work, but do not provide the protection of a full hazmat suit. Tychem is a sub-brand of Tyvek rated for a higher level of liquid protection, especially from chemicals. DuPont makes Tyvek clothing in different styles from laboratory coats and aprons to complete head-to-toe coveralls with hoods and booties. The latter was notably used by the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force as emergency limited CBRN gear during the Fukushima nuclear incident.
* Tyvek coveralls, coats or bodysuits are often used during pandemics, for example in the 2013–2016 Western African Ebola virus epidemic, and in the COVID-19 pandemic, to protect health care workers from infection. The Tyvek suits which are most frequently used during the COVID-19 pandemic are sold between $5-$15 USD per piece. Due to a lack of sufficient stock of adequate PPE during the coronavirus crisis, Tyvek PPE became scarce in many places. Tyvek bodysuits are generally meant for one-time use. However, Tychem suits contaminated with the virus SARS-CoV-2 can be disinfected and reused a limited number of times.

## InfoBox

Tyvek
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Product type | Flashspun nonwoven HDPE fiber |
| Owner | DuPont |
| Country | United States |
| Introduced | April 1967 (1967-04) |
| Related brands | YUPO synthetic paper |
| Markets | Construction, Packaging and labeling |
| Tagline | What do you need to protect? |
| Website | dupont.com/Tyvek |


abstract: The Office of the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for Yemen is a United Nations office created in 2012 to assist the Secretary-General for Yemen.

text:
# Office of the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for Yemen

The **Office of the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for Yemen** is a United Nations office created in 2012 to assist the Secretary-General for Yemen.

## List of envoys

**Jamal Benomar**: The first Special Envoy to Yemen was Jamal Benomar who began representing the Secretary General in Yemen during the summer of 2011 but was only formally appointed as a Special Envoy on 1 August 2012. Benomar is from Morocco. Benomar was credited with helping Yemen avert civil war in 2011 and for helping organise the National Dialogue Conference. By the end of 2014 and the start of 2015, a full blown conflict had started in Yemen, which Benomar tried to mediate. Benomar resigned in April 2015 after failing to prevent the conflict.

**Ismail Ould Cheikh Ahmed**: On 25 April 2015, Ismail Ould Cheikh Ahmed was appointed Special Envoy to Yemen. Ahmed is from Mauritania. Ahmed studied economics at Maastricht University and Montpellier University and also studied human resources at Manchester University. Between 2008 and 2012, Ahmed was a UN resident humanitarian and development co-ordinator in Syria. From 2012 to 2014, he occupied the same position in Yemen. In June 2017, the Houthis accused Mr. Ahmed of having abandoned his neutrality and warned him never to come to Yemen again. Ahmed left his post on 22 January 2018. In June 2018, he was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs in Mauritania.

**Martin Griffiths**: On 16 February 2018, Martin Griffiths was appointed Special Envoy to Yemen. Griffiths is British and is a career diplomat. Griffiths previously served as the first executive director of the European Institute of Peace from 2016 to September 2018. In 1999, he helped launch the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue in Geneva. On 12 May 2021, United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres announced that he had appointed Griffiths as Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator, Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).

**Hans Grundberg**: On 6 August 2021, Hans Grundberg was appointment by António Guterres as his Special Envoy for Yemen. Grundberg who is from Sweden has served as ambassador of the European Union to Yemen since 2019.


title: Natalie Smith (actress)

abstract: Natalie Smith is a Brazilian actress, producer, director and screenwriter who became known for acting in productions like The Stripper., Melhor Amiga da Noiva, Poesias Para Gael and Chicas Carioca

text:
# Natalie Smith (actress)

**Natalie Smith** (born 9 December 1991) is a Brazilian actress, producer, director and screenwriter who became known for acting in productions like The Stripper., Melhor Amiga da Noiva, Poesias Para Gael and Chicas Carioca

## Career

Natalie started as an actress in 2005 in the theater starring in the play "A Noiva Cadaver", in 2012 she acted in "O Recruta Dennis", in 2017 she acted in the series "Perigosos" and in the film "Poesias Para Gael" as Eline, the antagonist of the plot. In 2018, she acted in the feature film "Chicas Cariocas", directed by Wolf Maia, playing the character Paula. In 2017 she starred in the series "Melhor Amiga da Noiva", the most watched LGBT series in Latin America on YouTube. From 2019 she started to star in the series "The Stripper". In 2022, she and also director Priscilla Pugliese have been directing Stupid Wife which has been a successful webseries around the world.

## Filmography

Television
| Year | Title | Role |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2019–present | *The Stripper* | Camila / Karla |
| 2017 - 2018 | *Poesias Para Gael* | Eline |
|
| 2020 | *Poesias Para Gael 2* | Eline |
| 2014 | *Perigosos* | Giovanna |
| 2017 | *Chicas Carioca* | Paula |
| 2016 | *Entre Duas Linhas* | Lauren |
|

## InfoBox

| Natalie Smith | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1991-12-09) 9 December 1991<br>Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo, Brazil |
| Occupation | Actress |


title: Spring Cove School District

abstract: The Spring Cove School District is a small rural, public school district in Blair County, Pennsylvania. It serves the boroughs of Roaring Spring and Martinsburg plus the townships of North Woodbury, Huston, Taylor, and Freedom. Spring Cove School District encompasses approximately 99 square miles (260 km⁲). According to 2004 local census data, it serves a resident population of 13,333. In 2009, Spring Cove School District residents’ per capita income was $16,356, while the median family income was $41,619. In the Commonwealth, the median family income was $49,501 and the United States median family income was $49,445, in 2010.

text:
# Spring Cove School District

The **Spring Cove School District** is a small rural, public school district in Blair County, Pennsylvania. It serves the boroughs of Roaring Spring and Martinsburg plus the townships of North Woodbury, Huston, Taylor, and Freedom. Spring Cove School District encompasses approximately 99 square miles (260 km2). According to 2004 local census data, it serves a resident population of 13,333. In 2009, Spring Cove School District residents’ per capita income was $16,356, while the median family income was $41,619. In the Commonwealth, the median family income was $49,501 and the United States median family income was $49,445, in 2010.

## Schools

The district operates four schools: Central High School (Gr. 9–12), Spring Cove Middle School (Gr. 6–8) and two Elementary Schools: Martinsburg Elementary School(Gr. 3–5) and Spring Cove Elementary School (Gr.k–2). Additionally, the district operates Spring Cove Cyber School (K–12).

## Extracurriculars

The district offers a variety of clubs, activities and many sports.

The list below is the activities according to PIAA directory report in July 2012.

### Athletics

Middle School Sports

## InfoBox

| Spring Cove School District | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
| 1100 East Main Street Roaring Spring, Pennsylvania, 16673
United States | |
| District information | |
| Type | Public |
| Students and staff | |
| District mascot | Dragons |
| Colors | Scarlet and Grey |
| Other information | |
| Website | http://springcove.schoolnet.com/ |


title: Liberty Orchards

abstract: Liberty Orchards is a packaged food products company located in Cashmere, Washington. Founded as an apple farm in 1918 by Armenian business partners Armen Tertsagian and Mark Balaban, the company moved into canning and then confectionery during the 1930s and 1940s. On March 16, 2021, Liberty Orchards president Greg Taylor announced that the company would close permanently on June 1, 2021. The company was sold to KDV Group, a Russian food conglomerate, in late May.

text:
# Liberty Orchards

**Liberty Orchards** is a packaged food products company located in Cashmere, Washington. Founded as an apple farm in 1918 by Armenian business partners Armen Tertsagian and Mark Balaban, the company moved into canning and then confectionery during the 1930s and 1940s.

On March 16, 2021, Liberty Orchards president Greg Taylor announced that the company would close permanently on June 1, 2021. The company was sold to KDV Group, a Russian food conglomerate, in late May.

## Product line

Aplets & Cotlets are Liberty Orchards' oldest and best known products. These two types of confection are mainly sold together in a single box; they are produced from a recipe for locoum using local apples and apricots.

Other flavors produced by the company include pineapple with macadamia nuts, strawberry with walnuts, orange with walnuts, peach with pecans, blueberry with pecans, and raspberry with pecans. They also produce sugar-free, nut-free and chocolate-covered varieties, as well as a number of traditional filled chocolates (truffle, caramel, and mint, for example). In 2009, the company has introduced a cherry-pecan locoum, as well as four varieties (mango, strawberry, watermelon and papaya) dusted with a sweet-sour-spicy coating.

Although many of these confections are marketed under American-style brand-names, they are referred to on product packaging as "Rahat Locoum." Since 2012, the company has also marketed a line of confections with special packaging under the name "Turkish Delights," which includes traditional Middle Eastern flavors such as rose-pistachio, orange-blossom-walnut, mint, and rose-lemon.

## Local community interaction

Liberty Orchard products are widely distributed via national chain stores and on the internet.

In September 1997 Liberty Orchards was criticized for threatening to move production out of Cashmere unless the town met certain demands that the company hoped would increase their brand profile. These were reported by *The New York Times* at the time:

"They want all road signs and official correspondence by the city to say 'Cashmere, Home of Aplets and Cotlets'. They have asked that one of the two main streets in town be changed to Cotlets Avenue, and the other one be renamed Aplets Avenue. The candy maker also wants the Mayor and Council to sell City Hall to them, build new parking lots and possibly go to the bond market to start a tourism campaign on behalf of the worldwide headquarters of a company that says its story is 'America in a nutshell'."

## InfoBox

Liberty Orchards
| Company type | Private |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Wholesale – Packaged Food Manufacture |
| Founded | Cashmere, Washington (1918) |
| Headquarters | Cashmere, Washington, United States |
| Products | Candy, Confections, Fruit products |
| Revenue | $8,100,000 |
| Number of employees | 80 |
| Website | www.libertyorchards.com |


title: Wabash Township, Clark County, Illinois

abstract: Wabash Township is one of fifteen townships in Clark County, Illinois, USA. As of the 2020 census, its population was 2,081 and it contained 966 housing units.

text:
# Wabash Township, Clark County, Illinois

**Wabash Township** is one of fifteen townships in Clark County, Illinois, USA. As of the 2020 census, its population was 2,081 and it contained 966 housing units.

## Geography

According to the 2021 census gazetteer files, Wabash Township has a total area of 73.11 square miles (189.35 km2), of which 72.97 square miles (188.99 km2) (or 99.81%) is land and 0.14 square miles (0.36 km2) (or 0.19%) is water.

### Cities, towns, villages

### Unincorporated towns

(This list is based on USGS data and may include former settlements.)

### Cemeteries

The township contains these eleven cemeteries: Asbury, Big Creek, Black, Cumberland, Dean, Dennison, Farris, Liffick, Livingston, Mackey and Thompson.

### Major highways

### Airports and landing strips

* Kibler Airport

## Demographics

As of the 2020 census there were 2,081 people, 709 households, and 603 families residing in the township. The population density was 28.46 inhabitants per square mile (10.99/km2). There were 966 housing units at an average density of 13.21 per square mile (5.10/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 96.44% White, 0.00% African American, 0.19% Native American, 0.62% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.29% from other races, and 2.45% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.96% of the population.

There were 709 households, out of which 29.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.89% were married couples living together, 2.26% had a female householder with no spouse present, and 14.95% were non-families. 12.80% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.47.

The township's age distribution consisted of 20.2% under the age of 18, 0.0% from 18 to 24, 25.2% from 25 to 44, 32.8% from 45 to 64, and 21.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 50.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 118.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.3 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $88,234, and the median income for a family was $87,547. Males had a median income of $60,333 versus $42,778 for females. The per capita income for the township was $41,188. About 2.2% of families and 4.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | 2,257 |  |  |
| 2020 | 2,081 |  | −7.8% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

## School districts

* Marshall Community Unit School District #C-2

## Political districts

1. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Wabash Township}
2. "Explore Census Data". *data.census.gov*. Retrieved January 22, 2023.
3. Bureau, US Census. "Gazetteer Files". *Census.gov*. Retrieved January 22, 2023. `{{cite web}}`: `|last=` has generic name (help)
4. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.

## InfoBox

| Wabash Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Location in Clark County | |
| Clark County's location in Illinois | |
| Coordinates: 39°24′38″N 87°36′16″W / 39.41056°N 87.60444°W / 39.41056; -87.60444 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Illinois |
| County | Clark |
| Established | November 7, 1854 |
| Area | |
| Total | 73.11 sq mi (189.4 km2) |
| Land | 72.97 sq mi (189.0 km2) |
| Water | 0.14 sq mi (0.4 km2)  0.19% |
| Elevation | 558 ft (170 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 2,081 |
| Density | 28/sq mi (11/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP codes | 62423, 62441 |
| FIPS code | 17-023-78279 |
| GNIS feature ID | 429878 |


title: Magdalen Hill Cemetery

abstract: Magdalen Hill Cemetery, also known as Morn Hill Cemetery, is a cemetery principally serving the burial requirements of the unparished area of the city of Winchester but located on Magdalen Hill Down in the adjoining civil parish of Chilcomb. It is owned and managed by Winchester City Council and is Grade II listed in the parks and gardens category.

text:
# Magdalen Hill Cemetery

**Magdalen Hill Cemetery**, also known as **Morn Hill Cemetery**, is a cemetery principally serving the burial requirements of the unparished area of the city of Winchester but located on Magdalen Hill Down in the adjoining civil parish of Chilcomb. It is owned and managed by Winchester City Council and is Grade II listed in the parks and gardens category.

## History

Up until the early years of the 20th century, Winchester's principal burial ground was the privately run West Hill Cemetery to the west of the city centre. However, by 1906 this was almost full and in financial difficulties. The Winchester City Burial Board were tasked with coming up with a site for a new cemetery, and a 20 acres (8.1 ha) site at the eastern end of Magdalen Hill Down was chosen. The site lay outside the then boundaries of the city of Winchester, and was owned by the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. After acquisition of the land and several iterations of proposed layout, the cemetery was opened at the end of 1914.

During the First World War, the area around Magdalen Hill Down was occupied by an extensive military camp. This was largely used by members of the American Expeditionary Forces, and over 500 American servicemen were interred in the cemetery. However most of these were removed from the cemetery and returned to the United States after the end of the war. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission still tends 37 First World War burials in the cemetery, together with 65 from the Second World War.

Initially only the northern section of the site was laid-out and used, but after 1932 the burials were extended into the southern section. in 1974, the then city council merged with adjoining rural areas to create the City of Winchester, covering a much larger area than the traditional city boundaries. However it was agreed that, in the rural areas, burials would continue to be a parish responsibility, and that Magdalen Hill Cemetery would serve only the unparished original city area. In 2015, planning permission was granted to extend the cemetery on land acquired to the east of the existing cemetery, and the resulting extension was consecrated in 2017.

## InfoBox

| Magdalen Hill Cemetery | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Details | |
| Location | Magdalen Hill Down, Chilcomb, Hampshire, UK |
| Coordinates | 51°03′40″N 1°16′5″W / 51.06111°N 1.26806°W / 51.06111; -1.26806 |


title: Wald, Iowa

abstract: Wald is an unincorporated community in Cedar County, in the U.S. state of Iowa.

text:
# Wald, Iowa

**Wald** is an unincorporated community in Cedar County, in the U.S. state of Iowa.

## History

Wald was originally called Walden. The community was named for W. D. Walden, a railroad employee. A post office was established at Wald in 1896 and closed in 1898.

## InfoBox

| Wald, Iowa | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Wald, Iowa | |
| Coordinates: 41°50′16″N 91°07′57″W / 41.83778°N 91.13250°W / 41.83778; -91.13250 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Iowa |
| County | Cedar |
| Elevation | 846 ft (258 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code | 563 |
| GNIS feature ID | 464788 |


title: Machine (patent)

abstract: In United States patent law, a machine is one of the four principal categories of things that may be patented. The other three are a process, an article of manufacture, and a composition of matter. In United States patent law, that same terminology has been in use since the first patent act in 1790. In In re Nuitjen, 500 F.3d 1346, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said: The Supreme Court has defined the term "machine" as "a concrete thing, consisting of parts, or of certain devices and combination of devices." Burr v. Duryee, 68 U.S. 531, 570 (1863). This "includes every mechanical device or combination of mechanical powers and devices to perform some function and produce a certain effect or result." To this it might be added that the parts must interact with one another, for otherwise they might be parts of an article of manufacture. It has been considered grounds for rejecting or invalidating a machine claim as being directed to a "mere aggregation" if the parts were merely associated with one another without interacting functionally. An illustration of a mere aggregation would be the "combination" of a bathtub and a pencil sharpener. More recently, the "mere aggregation" ground of invalidity for a machine claim has been subsumed under obviousness. Examples of machines are steam engines, sewing machines, and TV sets. Electronic circuits have usually been considered machines, although they may lack moving parts.

text:
# Machine (patent)

In United States patent law, a **machine** is one of the four principal categories of things that may be patented. The other three are a process (also termed a *method*), an article of manufacture (also termed a *manufacture*), and a composition of matter. In United States patent law, that same terminology has been in use since the first patent act in 1790 (with the exception that processes were formerly termed "arts").

In *In re Nuitjen*, 500 F.3d 1346 (Fed. Cir. 2007), the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said:

> The Supreme Court has defined the term "machine" as "a concrete thing, consisting of parts, or of certain devices and combination of devices." *Burr v. Duryee*, 68 U.S. (1 Wall.) 531, 570 (1863). This "includes every mechanical device or combination of mechanical powers and devices to perform some function and produce a certain effect or result."
>
> *Corning v. Burden*, 56 U.S. 252, 267 (1854).

To this it might be added that the parts must interact (usually dynamically) with one another, for otherwise they might be parts of an article of manufacture. It has been considered grounds for rejecting or invalidating a machine claim as being directed to a "mere aggregation" if the parts were merely associated with one another without interacting functionally. An illustration of a mere aggregation would be the "combination" of a bathtub and a pencil sharpener. More recently, the "mere aggregation" ground of invalidity for a machine claim has been subsumed under obviousness.

Examples of machines are steam engines, sewing machines, and TV sets. Electronic circuits have usually been considered machines, although they may lack moving parts.


title: National Presbyterian Church in Chile

abstract: The church was a result of a split in the Presbyterian Church in Chile. The National Presbyterian Church in Chile was formed on July 2, 1944 in Santiago de Chile at the Holy Trinity Church. The attendance was about 500. At that time young Chilean leaders argued that the Presbyterian Church in Chile become an elitist church and not interested in growth and evangelism. In 1945 the church adopted the name of the National Evangelical Presbyterian Church. The church was supported by Dutch, Korean and Australian missionaries. In 1960 the church suffered a split, the National Fundamentalist Presbyterian Church was founded. The denomination has 25 congregations and approximately 1,500 members served by 14 pastors. The church recognise the Westminster Confession of Faith, Heidelberg catechism, Apostles Creed and Nicene Creed.

text:
# National Presbyterian Church in Chile

The church was a result of a split in the Presbyterian Church in Chile. The **National Presbyterian Church in Chile** was formed on July 2, 1944 in Santiago de Chile at the Holy Trinity Church. The attendance was about 500. At that time young Chilean leaders argued that the Presbyterian Church in Chile become an elitist church and not interested in growth and evangelism. In 1945 the church adopted the name of the National Evangelical Presbyterian Church. The church was supported by Dutch, Korean and Australian missionaries. In 1960 the church suffered a split, the National Fundamentalist Presbyterian Church was founded.

The denomination has 25 congregations and approximately 1,500 members served by 14 pastors. The church recognise the Westminster Confession of Faith, Heidelberg catechism, Apostles Creed and Nicene Creed.

35°25′59″S 71°40′24″W / 35.43298°S 71.67330°W / -35.43298; -71.67330


title: Waldman v. Canada

abstract: Waldman v. Canada was a case decided by the UN Human Rights Committee in 1999.

text:
# Waldman v. Canada

***Waldman v. Canada*** (Communication No. 694/1996) was a case decided by the UN Human Rights Committee in 1999.

## Facts

Under the *Education Act* of Ontario, every separate school was entitled to full public funding. Separate schools were defined as Roman Catholic schools or Protestant schools. The Education Act stated: "1. (1) "separate school board" means a board that operates a school board for Roman Catholics; ... 122. (1) Every separate school shall share in the legislative grants in like manner as a public school". As a result, Roman Catholic schools (and in some jurisdictions, Protestant schools) were the only religious schools entitled to the same public funding as the public secular schools. The Supreme Court of Canada confirmed the law in two cases, including *Adler v. Ontario*.

Mr. Waldman wished to provide his children with a Jewish education, and he faced therefore a financial hardship, which was not experienced by a Roman Catholic parent. He contended that the *Education Act* violated Articles 2, 18, 26, 27 of the Covenant.

## HRC views

The Committee held that "the Covenant does not oblige States parties to fund schools which are established on a religious basis. However, if a State party chooses to provide public funding to religious schools, it should make this funding available without discrimination. This means that providing funding for the schools of one religious group and not for another must be based on reasonable and objective criteria. In the instant case, the Committee concludes that the material before it does not show that the differential treatment between the Roman Catholic faith and the author's religious denomination is based on such criteria". Therefore, it has found violation of Article 26 (prohibition of discrimination) in the case. The Committee decided that in view of its conclusions in regard to article 26, no additional issue arises for its consideration under articles 18, 27 and 2.

Committee's member Martin Scheinin filed a concurring opinion, noting that "Providing for publicly funded education in minority languages for those who wish to receive such education is not as such discriminatory, although care must of course be taken that possible distinctions between different minority languages are based on objective and reasonable grounds. The same rule applies in relation to religious education in minority religions. In order to avoid discrimination in funding religious (or linguistic) education for some but not all minorities States may legitimately base themselves on whether there is a constant demand for such education".

## Relation with other case law

A day before *Waldman* decision, HRC rejected a similar complaint from several Canadians as inadmissible, pointing that "the authors while claiming to be victims of discrimination, do not seek publicly funded religious schools for their children, but on the contrary seek the removal of the public funding to Roman Catholic separate schools. Thus, if this were to happen, the authors' personal situation in respect of funding for religious education would not be improved. The authors have not sufficiently substantiated how the public funding given to the Roman Catholic separate schools at present causes them any disadvantage". Four HRC members, however, submitted a separate opinion, considering the case to be admissible and drawing parallel with *Waldman v. Canada*.

## Subsequent actions

In November 2005, HRC repeated that Canada should adopt steps in order to "eliminate discrimination on the basis of religion in the funding of schools in Ontario." This was later published in their concluding observations about Canada on April 20, 2006.


title: USS Bryce Canyon

abstract: USS Bryce Canyon (AD-36) was a Shenandoah-class destroyer tender, the only ship to be named for the Bryce Canyon National Park in Utah. Bryce Canyon was launched 7 March 1946 by Charleston Navy Yard and sponsored by Mrs. William J. Carter, wife of Rear Admiral Carter. Little additional work was done on her until after the outbreak of the Korean War. Charleston Naval Shipyard then completed the tender and she was commissioned 15 September 1950.

text:
# USS Bryce Canyon

**USS *Bryce Canyon* (AD-36)** was a *Shenandoah*-class destroyer tender, the only ship to be named for the Bryce Canyon National Park in Utah.

*Bryce Canyon* was launched 7 March 1946 by Charleston Navy Yard and sponsored by Mrs. William J. Carter, wife of Rear Admiral Carter. Little additional work was done on her until after the outbreak of the Korean War. Charleston Naval Shipyard then completed the tender and she was commissioned 15 September 1950.

## Service history

*Bryce Canyon* transited the Panama Canal 5 December and reported to the Pacific Fleet. On 26 March 1951 she got underway from San Diego, California for the Far East. Arriving at Yokosuka, Japan, 12 April 1951, she spent the next seven months in Japanese waters repairing and servicing vessels based at Yokosuka and Sasebo. *Bryce Canyon* left Japan 4 November 1951 and arrived at San Diego 18 November 1951.

She got underway, via Pearl Harbor, for her second Western Pacific cruise in June, 1952. This cruise was completed 16 February 1953 when she arrived at Long Beach, California. On 26 September 1953 she again sailed for Sasebo where she arrived 16 October. *Bryce Canyon* provided tender service in Sasebo, Yokosuka, Nagoya, and Kobe during this tour. She returned to the United States 17 June 1954.

Her fourth Western Pacific tour commenced 25 February 1955. She serviced vessels at Subic Bay, Luzon, between 16 March and 28 April and then proceeded to Yokosuka, arriving 11 May 1955. *Bryce Canyon* returned to Long Beach 11 August 1955. On 9 December 1955 she departed California on her fifth Western Pacific tour which ended at Long Beach on 26 October 1956. Between Far Eastern cruises *Bryce Canyon* has operated along the West Coast. Home Port Long Beach, California 6-month duration with 6 months at Pearl Harbor. Cruises to Pacific theatre every 4 years.

*Bryce Canyon* received one battle star for her services to the forces afloat in the Korean War. *Bryce Canyon* was decommissioned on 30 June 1981. She was sold for scrapping to National Metal and Steel, Terminal Island, Ca on 6 April 1982.

## Notable former crew

* Stan Hitchcock, mid 1950s, leader of the ship's band, "The Bryce Canyon Troubadours"

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*

* "*Bryce Canyon*". *Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. Retrieved 27 February 2007.
* "AD-36 *Bryce Canyon*". *Service Ship Photo Archive*. Retrieved 8 October 2007.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Bryce Canyon* |
| Namesake | Bryce Canyon National Park |
| Ordered | 8 November 1944 |
| Builder | Charleston Navy Yard |
| Laid down | 7 July 1945 |
| Launched | 7 March 1946 |
| Commissioned | 15 September 1950 |
| Decommissioned | 30 June 1981 |
| Stricken | 30 June 1981 |
| Nickname(s) | BC, Building 36 |
| Honours and<br>awards | 1 battle star (Korea) |
| Fate | Sold for scrapping 6 April 1982 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | *Shenandoah*-class destroyer tender |
| Displacement | 8,091 long tons (8,221 t) |
| Length | 492 ft (150 m) |
| Beam | 70 ft (21 m) |
| Draft | 28 ft (8.5 m) |
| Speed | 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph) |
| Complement | 859 officers and enlisted |
| Armament | 2 × 5 in (130 mm) guns |


title: Macroglossum kishidai

abstract: Macroglossum kishidai is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is found in Sulawesi.

text:
# Macroglossum kishidai

***Macroglossum kishidai*** is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is found in Sulawesi.

## InfoBox

| *Macroglossum kishidai* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Sphingidae |
| Genus: | *Macroglossum* |
| Species: | ***M. kishidai*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Macroglossum kishidai***<br>Cadiou, 1998 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Macroglossum haslami kishidai* Cadiou, 1998 | |


title: Waitangi, Chatham Islands

abstract: Waitangi is the main port and largest settlement of the Chatham Islands. It is situated on along the southern shore of Petre Bay, on the west coast of the archipelago's main island. With a population of 177 in the 2018 census, Waitangi is by far the largest settlement on the archipelago, accounting for about 27% of the group's population of 663.

text:
# Waitangi, Chatham Islands

**Waitangi** (originally called ***Waiteki*** by Moriori) is the main port and largest settlement of the Chatham Islands. It is situated on along the southern shore of Petre Bay, on the west coast of the archipelago's main island. With a population of 177 in the 2018 census, Waitangi is by far the largest settlement on the archipelago, accounting for about 27% of the group's population of 663.

## Geography

Waitangi is situated along the west coast of Chatham Island between the southern end of Waitangi Bay and the northern foothills of the island's southern plateau. The Nairn River flows north through the settlement before emptying into the bay. Lake Huro lies about 2 km (1.2 mi) to the east.

The town's antipode is the French town of Alzon.

### Climate

Waitangi experiences an oceanic climate with mild temperatures throughout the year. Precipitation can fall at any time throughout the year, with the highest percent of rain being centred during the winter.

| Climate data for Waitangi, Chatham Islands | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 17.8
(64.0) | 18.1
(64.6) | 17.3
(63.1) | 15.4
(59.7) | 13.4
(56.1) | 11.5
(52.7) | 10.9
(51.6) | 11.4
(52.5) | 12.3
(54.1) | 13.2
(55.8) | 14.6
(58.3) | 16.5
(61.7) | 14.4
(57.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 14.8
(58.6) | 15.1
(59.2) | 14.4
(57.9) | 12.5
(54.5) | 10.5
(50.9) | 8.8
(47.8) | 8.0
(46.4) | 8.6
(47.5) | 9.5
(49.1) | 10.6
(51.1) | 11.9
(53.4) | 13.7
(56.7) | 11.5
(52.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 11.9
(53.4) | 12.2
(54.0) | 11.5
(52.7) | 9.7
(49.5) | 7.6
(45.7) | 6.2
(43.2) | 5.2
(41.4) | 5.8
(42.4) | 6.7
(44.1) | 8.0
(46.4) | 9.3
(48.7) | 11.0
(51.8) | 8.8
(47.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 52
(2.0) | 56
(2.2) | 85
(3.3) | 74
(2.9) | 90
(3.5) | 93
(3.7) | 109
(4.3) | 79
(3.1) | 68
(2.7) | 56
(2.2) | 53
(2.1) | 71
(2.8) | 886
(34.9) |
| Source: http://en.climate-data.org/location/475472/ | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Demographics

Waitangi is described as a rural settlement by Statistics New Zealand, and covers 4.86 km2 (1.88 sq mi). It had an estimated population of 200 as of June 2023, with a population density of 41 people per km2.

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 | 189 |  |
| 2013 | 168 | −1.67% |
| 2018 | 177 | +1.05% |
| Source: | | |

Waitangi had a population of 177 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 9 people (5.4%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 12 people (−6.3%) since the 2006 census. There were 72 households, comprising 81 males and 96 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.84 males per female. The median age was 43.7 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 24 people (13.6%) aged under 15 years, 30 (16.9%) aged 15 to 29, 99 (55.9%) aged 30 to 64, and 21 (11.9%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 78.0% European/Pākehā, 66.1% Māori, 3.4% Pasifika, and 1.7% Asian. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 47.5% had no religion, 37.3% were Christian, 1.7% had Māori religious beliefs and 1.7% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 15 (9.8%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 39 (25.5%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $36,100, compared with $31,800 nationally. 30 people (19.6%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 90 (58.8%) people were employed full-time, and 30 (19.6%) were part-time.

## Arts and culture

Kōpinga Marae (Moriori for "Grove of Kopi Trees") is a large meeting house that sits atop Te Awapatiki, the traditional meeting ground of the Moriori. The meeting house opened in January 2005 and serves as both a cultural centre and more generally as a community centre for the people of Waitangi. When viewed from above, the complex takes on the shape of an albatross.

## Administration and services

Waitangi is the seat of Chatham Islands Council, which provides local administration equivalent to those of New Zealand's unitary authorities. The council hosts a visiting District Court Judge, and is the base of a local police constable. A doctor and two nurses staff a four-bedroom hospital facility.

The settlement hosts two primary schools that are served by the Ministry of Education: Te One School and Kaingaroa School. Most continue their secondary education in New Zealand.

Local services in Waitangi include Port Waitangi and Fish Processing Factory, an ANZ Bank and Post Office, liquor store, general store, burger cafe, and a hotel and pub. Local volunteers run radio station Radio Weka and rebroadcast New Zealand television. Broadband and 4G mobile phone coverage are available through Spark, 2degrees and One NZ; through a RCG network, as well as satellite and ADSL broadband services.

## InfoBox

| Waitangi | |
| --- | --- |
| Town of Waitangi on Chatham Island in May 2008. | |
| WaitangiWaitangi | |
| Coordinates: 43°57′05″S 176°33′40″W / 43.95139°S 176.56111°W / -43.95139; -176.56111 | |
| Country | New Zealand |
| Territorial authority | Chatham Islands |
| Electorates |  |
| Government | |
| Mayor of Chatham Islands | Monique Croon |
| Rongotai MP | Julie Anne Genter |
| Te Tai Tonga MP | Tākuta Ferris |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.86 km2 (1.88 sq mi) |
| Population (June 2023) | |
| Total | 200 |
| Density | 41/km2 (110/sq mi) |
| Time zone | Chatham Standard Time Zone |


title: Walnut Park West, St. Louis

abstract: Walnut Park West is a neighborhood of St. Louis, Missouri. The Walnut Park West neighborhood is situated in northwest St. Louis. It is bounded by West Florissant Avenue to the northeast, Riverview Boulevard to the southeast, Interstate Highway 70 (I-70) to the south, and the City limits to the west and northwest.

text:
# Walnut Park West, St. Louis

**Walnut Park West** is a neighborhood of St. Louis, Missouri. The Walnut Park West neighborhood is situated in northwest St. Louis. It is bounded by West Florissant Avenue to the northeast, Riverview Boulevard to the southeast, Interstate Highway 70 (I-70) to the south, and the City limits (St. Louis County and the City of Jennings) to the west and northwest.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1990 | 4,610 |  |  |
| 2000 | 4,235 |  | −8.1% |
| 2010 | 3,349 |  | −20.9% |
| 2020 | 2,561 |  | −23.5% |
| Sources: | | | |

In 2010 Walnut Park West's racial makeup was 95.1% Black, 0.8% White, 0.1% Asian, 0.2% American Indian, 3.4% Two or More Races, and 0.4% Some Other Race. 0.8% of the population was of Hispanic or Latino origin.

38°42′21″N 90°15′24″W / 38.7057°N 90.2567°W / 38.7057; -90.2567

## InfoBox

| Walnut Park West | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighborhood of St. Louis | |
| Walnut Park West houses near Goodfellow and Emma, May 2018 | |
| Location (red) of Walnut Park West within St. Louis | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Missouri |
| City | St. Louis |
| Wards | 27 |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.43 sq mi (1.1 km2) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 2,561 |
| Density | 6,000/sq mi (2,300/km2) |
| ZIP code(s) | Part of 63136 |
| Area code(s) | 314 |
| Website | stlouis-mo.gov |


title: Odonthalitus poas

abstract: Odonthalitus poas is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Costa Rica. The length of the forewings is 5–5.5 mm (0.20–0.22 in) for males and 6 mm (0.24 in) for females.

text:
# Odonthalitus poas

***Odonthalitus poas*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Costa Rica.

The length of the forewings is 5–5.5 mm (0.20–0.22 in) for males and 6 mm (0.24 in) for females.

## InfoBox

| *Odonthalitus poas* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Odonthalitus* |
| Species: | ***O. poas*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Odonthalitus poas***<br>Brown, 2000 | |
|


abstract: The U.S. Pro Women's Clay Court Championships is a tournament for professional female tennis players played on outdoor clay courts. The event is classified as a $100,000 ITF Women's Circuit tournament and has been held in Palm Harbor, Florida, United States, since 2012.

text:
# U.S. Pro Women's Clay Court Championships

The **U.S. Pro Women's Clay Court Championships** is a tournament for professional female tennis players played on outdoor clay courts. The event is classified as a $100,000 ITF Women's Circuit tournament and has been held in Palm Harbor, Florida, United States, since 2012.

## Past finals

### Singles

| Year | Champion | Runner-up | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2022 | **Katie Volynets** | Wang Xiyu | 6–4, 6–3 |
| 2020–21 | *tournament cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic* | | |
| 2019 | **Barbora Krejčíková** | Nicole Gibbs | 6–0, 6–1 |
| 2016–18 | *not held* | | |
| 2015 | **Katerina Stewart** | Maryna Zanevska | 1–6, 6–3, 2–0 ret. |
| 2014 | **Grace Min** | Nicole Gibbs | 7–5, 6–0 |
| 2013 (2) | **Julia Glushko** | Patricia Mayr-Achleitner | 2–6, 6–0, 6–4 |
| 2013 (1) | **Tadeja Majerič** | Ajla Tomljanović | 6–2, 6–3 |
| 2012 | **Grace Min** | Gail Brodsky | 2–6, 6–2, 6–4 |

### Doubles

| Year | Champions | Runners-up | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2022 | **Sophie Chang**
**Angela Kulikov** | Irina Bara
Lucrezia Stefanini | 6–4, 3–6, \[10–8\] |
| 2020–21 | *tournament cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic* | | |
| 2019 | **Quinn Gleason**
**Ingrid Neel** | Akgul Amanmuradova
Lizette Cabrera | 5–7, 7–5, \[10–8\] |
| 2016–18 | *not held* | | |
| 2015 | **Paula Cristina Gonçalves**
**Petra Krejsová** | María Irigoyen
Paula Ormaechea | 6–2, 6–4 |
| 2014 | **Gioia Barbieri**
**Julia Cohen** | Allie Kiick
Sachia Vickery | 7–6(7–5), 6–0 |
| 2013 (2) | **Ashleigh Barty**
**Alizé Lim** | Paula Cristina Gonçalves
María Irigoyen | 6–1, 6–3 |
| 2013 (1) | **Ulrikke Eikeri**
**Chieh-Yu Hsu** | Florencia Molinero
Adriana Pérez | 6–3, 6–0 |
| 2012 | **Darya Kustova**
**Raluca Olaru** | Gioia Barbieri
Nadejda Guskova | 6–3, 6–1 |

## InfoBox

| U.S. Pro Women's Clay Court Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| *2022 U.S. Pro Women's Clay Court Championships* | |
| ITF Women's Tour | |
| Event name | U.S. Pro Women's Clay Court Championships (2022–)
Innisbrook Open (2012–19) |
| Location | Palm Harbor, Florida, United States |
| Venue | Innisbrook Resort and Golf Club |
| Category | ITF Women's Circuit |
| Surface | Clay |
| Draw | 32S/24Q/16D |
| Prize money | $100,000 |
| Website | www.springtennisfestival.com |


title: Wall's keelback

abstract: Wall's keelback is a species of natricine snake endemic to Northeast India.

text:
# Wall's keelback

**Wall's keelback** (***Herpetoreas xenura***) is a species of natricine snake endemic to Northeast India.

## Geographic range

It is found in Khasi Hills in the Indian state of Meghalaya. It is also found in Myanmar.

## Further reading

* Smith, M.A. 1943. *The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III.  Serpentes.* Secretary of State for India. (Taylor and Francis, Printers). London. 583 pp. (*Natrix xenura*, p. 292.)
* Wall, F. 1907. Some new Asian snakes. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 17 (3): 612–618. (*Tropidonotus xenura*, p. 616.)

## InfoBox

| Wall's keelback | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Colubridae |
| Genus: | *Herpetoreas* |
| Species: | ***H. xenura*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Herpetoreas xenura***
(Wall, 1907) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Tropidonotus xenura*
Wall, 1907 * *Natrix xenurus*  Wall, 1923 * *Natrix xenura*
M.A. Smith, 1943 * *Paranatrix xenura*
Mahendra, 1984 * *Amphiesma xenura*
Das, 1996 * *Hebius xenura* | |


title: Târnava-Mică County

abstract: Târnava-Mică County was a county in the Kingdom of Romania, the successor to Kis-Küküllő County of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its capital was Diciosânmartin until 1926, and afterwards at Blaj.

text:
# Târnava-Mică County

**Târnava-Mică County** was a county (Romanian: *județ*) in the Kingdom of Romania, the successor to Kis-Küküllő County of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its capital was Diciosânmartin (now Târnăveni, in Mureș County) until 1926, and afterwards at Blaj.

## Geography

Târnava-Mică County covered 2,081 km2 and was located in central part of Greater Romania, in the centre of Transylvania. Currently, the territory that comprised the greater part of Târnava-Mică County is now part of Sibiu County, Mureș County, and Alba County. Its borders were as follows: Turda County to the northwest, Mureș County to the northeast, Alba County to the west, Sibiu County and Târnava-Mare County to the south, and Odorhei County to the east.

## History

Prior to World War I, the territory of the county belonged to Austria-Hungary and was identical with the Kis-Küküllő County of the Kingdom of Hungary. The territory of Târnava-Mică County was transferred to Romania from Hungary as successor state to Austria-Hungary in 1920 under the Treaty of Trianon. After the administrative unification law in 1925, the name of the county remained as it was, but the territory was reorganized. In 1940, a portion of the county was transferred back to Hungary with the rest of Northern Transylvania under the Second Vienna Award. Beginning in 1944, Romanian forces with Soviet assistance recaptured the ceded territory and annexed it to the rump county. Romanian jurisdiction over the entire county per the Treaty of Trianon was reaffirmed in the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947. The county was finally disestablished by the communist government of Romania in 1950.

## Administrative organization

Administratively, Târnava-Mică County was made up of three cities  Diciosânmartin, Ibașfalău (Elisabetopol, Elisabethstadt, Erzsébetváros), and Blaj  and initially four districts (*plăși*):

1. Plasa Blaj, headquartered at Blaj
2. Plasa Diciosânmartin, headquartered at Diciosânmartin
3. Plasa Dumbrăveni, headquartered at Dumbrăveni
4. Plasa Iernut, headquartered at Iernut

Later, a fifth district was established:

5. Plasa Valea Lungă, headquartered at Valea Lungă

## Population

Whilst still part of Austria-Hungary, in 1870, the population of Târnava-Mică County was 100,161. In 1891, the population of the county was 101,045, of which 49.1% were ethnic Romanians, 27.4% Hungarians, and 18.1% Germans, as well as other minorities.

According to the Romanian census of 1930 the population of Târnava-Mică County was 149,482, of which 53.9% were ethnic Romanians, 23.6% Hungarians, 16.1% Germans, 5.1% Romanies, and 1.1% Jews, as well as other minorities. Classified by religion: 40.7% were Greek-Catholic, 16.6% Orthodox Christian, 16.6% were Reformed (Calivinist), 16.2% Lutheran, 4.6% were Roman Catholic, 3.3% Unitarian, and 1.1% Jewish, as well as other minorities.

## Urban population

In 1930 the urban population of Târnava-Mică County included 45.6% Romanians, 37.3% Hungarians, 5.6% Jews, and 5.3% Germans by ethnicity, as well as other minorities. The religious mix of the urban population was 38.0% Greek-Catholic, 18.8% Reformed, 12.9% Roman Catholic, 11.0% Eastern Orthodox, 6.2% Unitarian, 6.0% Jewish, and 4.7% Lutheran, and 1.2% Adventist, as well as other minorities.

1. Portretul României Interbelice - Județul Târnava Mică
2. Recensământul general al populației României din 29 decemvrie 1930, Vol. II, pag. 442-447
3. Recensământul general al populației României din 29 decemvrie 1930, Vol. II, pag. 742-744

## InfoBox

| Județul Târnava-Mică | |
| --- | --- |
| County (*Județ*) | |
| Târnava-Mică County prefecture building in Diciosânmartin during the interwar period until 1926, when the capital of the county was moved to Blaj. | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Country | Romania |
| Historic region | Transylvania |
| Capital city (*Reședință de județ*) | Diciosânmartin and Blaj |
| Established | 1925 |
| Ceased to exist | Administrative reform of 1950 |
| Area | |
| Total | 2,081 km2 (803 sq mi) |
| Population (1930) | |
| Total | 149,482 |
| Density | 72/km2 (190/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Walkers of Warrington

abstract: Walkers of Warrington was a brewery in Warrington, England.

text:
# Walkers of Warrington

**Walkers of Warrington** was a brewery in Warrington, England.

## History

The company was established by Peter Walker in 1846, when he acquired Pemberton's Brewery in Warrington and, having admitted his son Andrew to the business, started trading as Peter Walker & Son. The company became Walkers of Warrington in 1864. It merged with Cains Brewery to form Walker Cains in 1921, and then with Joshua Tetley & Son to form Tetley Walker in 1960.

## Sources