title: List of public art in Oxfordshire

abstract: This is a list of public art in Oxfordshire, in England. This list applies only to works of public art accessible in an outdoor public space. For example, this does not include artwork visible inside a museum.

text:
# List of public art in Oxfordshire

This is a **list of public art in Oxfordshire**, in England. This list applies only to works of public art accessible in an outdoor public space. For example, this does not include artwork visible inside a museum.

## Oxford

| Image | Title / subject | Location and
coordinates | Date | Artist / designer | Type | Material | Dimensions | Designation | Owner / administrator | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | *The Oxford Ox* | Park End Street. OX1 1HS

51°45′13″N 1°16′09″W / 51.753512°N 1.269079°W / 51.753512; -1.269079 | 2001 (2001) | Olivia Musgrave | Sculpture | Bronze | \>3m tall. |  | unknown | Commissioned to celebrate the opening of the Saïd Business School. |
|  | *Inspire* | Oxford Castle. OX1 1AY

51°45′05″N 1°15′46″W / 51.751442°N 1.262796°W / 51.751442; -1.262796 | 2006 (2006) | Alan Wilson | Sculpture | Bronze and stainless steel | 4m tall. |  | unknown | Commissioned by the Trevor Osborne Partnership, this sculpture references ancient obelisks and their relationship with the arc of the sun. The overall shape reflects the huge ancient window on one side of the square while the mix of bronze and stainless steel pays homage to the ancient and modern buildings that make up the space. |
|  | *View through the Window* | Elizabeth Jennings Way. OX2 7BW

51°46′25″N 1°16′10″W / 51.773577°N 1.269548°W / 51.773577; -1.269548 | 2007 (2007) | Tim Shutter |  | Bath stone, Stoke Ground base bed | 244 x 357 x 155 cm |  | Berkeley Homes, Oxford and Chiltern Ltd. | The form of the bay window doubles as a temple-like folly. The mullions represent car parts in reference to the Morris Oxford factory that used to be on this site. |
|
More images | *"Another Time XI", known locally as "The Iron Man"* | on the roof of Blackwell’s Art and Poster shop at the corner of Broad Street and Turl Street, Oxford.

51°45′15″N 1°15′23″W / 51.754195°N 1.256496°W / 51.754195; -1.256496 | 2009 (2009) | Anthony Gormley | Statue | Iron | 2.1m tall |  | Exeter College, Oxford | The statue was placed on the roof of Blackwell’s Art and Poster shop at 9.30am on Sunday 15 February 2009. It weighs half a tonne, and is part of Gormley's "Another Time II" series of figures. An anonymous benefactor provided the funds for Exeter College to secure the sculpture. |
|
More images | *"Knowledge and Understanding", known locally as "Books"* | Bonn Square, Oxford. OX1 1LQ

51°45′06″N 1°15′36″W / 51.751728°N 1.260055°W / 51.751728; -1.260055 | 2009 (2009) | Diana Bell | Sculpture | Bronze | 1m tall |  | Oxford City Council | A gift to Oxford in 2009 to commemorate 60 years of twinning with the German city, 'Books' is inscribed with the words Knowledge, Understanding, Friendship and Trust (Wissen, Verständigung, Freundschaft, Vertrauen). The book theme continues on selected benches in the square. |
|  | *The Space of Reading* | Weston Library, Broad Street, OX1 3BG

51°45′17″N 1°15′18″W / 51.75485°N 1.25493°W / 51.75485; -1.25493 | 2019 (2019) | Tania Kovats | Sculpture |  |  |  | Bodleian Libraries | sculpture created from casts of 21 books |
|
More images | *The Great Debate* | Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, OX1 3PW

51°45′31″N 1°15′22″W / 51.75870°N 1.25620°W / 51.75870; -1.25620 | 2010 (2010) | Alec Peever | Plinth | Limestone | H 121 x W 42.5 x D 43 cm; Plinth: H (?) x W 105 x D (?) cm |  | Oxford University Museum of Natural History | Lists the names present in 1860: Thomas Henry Huxley, Samuel Wilberforce and others Charles Darwin's Origin of Species in the Museum. 1860-2010. |

## Abingdon

| Image | Title / subject | Location and
coordinates | Date | Artist / designer | Type | Material | Dimensions | Designation | Owner / administrator | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
More images | *Queen Victoria* | Abbey Gardens, Abingdon

51°40′15″N 1°16′42″W / 51.67092°N 1.27840°W / 51.67092; -1.27840 | 1887 (1887) |  | Statue on pedestal | Bronze and stone |  | Grade II | Vale of White Horse District Council | It was presented to the town of Abingdon by Edwin James Trendell in commemoration of Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee year in 1887. |
|  | *Corn Exchange sculpture* | Wall above Pablo Lounge, Market Place, Abingdon

51°40′13″N 1°16′55″W / 51.67040°N 1.28192°W / 51.67040; -1.28192 | 1966 (1966) |  | Sculpture |  |  |  | Vale of White Horse District Council | Was the site of the Corn Exchange in Abingdon. The sculpture is near the entrance to the Bury Street precinct. |
|  | *Octagons* | The Old Gaol facing the River Thames, Abingdon

51°40′08″N 1°16′50″W / 51.66878°N 1.28049°W / 51.66878; -1.28049 | December 13, 2021 (2021-12-13) | Tim Ward | Sculpture | Steel | 2800 mm tall |  | Vale of White Horse District Council | Three interlocking octagons relating to the distinctive octagon construction of the Old Gaol. The Abingdon Gaol was built between 1805 and 1818. It was used as a gaol for only 57 years. Auctioned in 1874, it was converted into a corn store, until 1971. It was then used as a sports centre from 1976 to 2002. Converted into apartments from 2021. |

## Bicester

| Image | Title / subject | Location and
coordinates | Date | Artist / designer | Type | Material | Dimensions | Designation | Owner / administrator | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
More images | *Turning* | Bicester Arc, Oxford Road, Bicester

51°53′30″N 1°09′46″W / 51.89165°N 1.16271°W / 51.89165; -1.16271 | March 30, 2016 (2016-03-30) | Charlotte Mayer | Sculpture | Bronze | H 300 x W (?) x D (?) cm |  | Cherwell District Council | An abstract sculpture of undulating wing like bronze ribs. It changes shape when viewed from different directions suggesting the twists and turns of a journey through life. The work was cast and fabricated at Pangolin Editions and Pangolin London. |

## Faringdon

| Image | Title / subject | Location and
coordinates | Date | Artist / designer | Type | Material | Dimensions | Designation | Owner / administrator | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | *Dali's Diver* | Market Place, Church Street

51°39′31″N 1°35′01″W / 51.658531°N 1.583487°W / 51.658531; -1.583487 | 2014 | Tim Shutter |  | Bath stone, Stoke Ground base bed | Diver 100 x 52 x 51 cm |  | Faringdon Town Council | Celebrating the friendship between the local eccentric Lord Berners and Salvador Dali. Includes a carved Berners quotation"Mistrust a man who never has an occasional flash of silliness". |

## Wantage

| Image | Title / subject | Location and
coordinates | Date | Artist / designer | Type | Material | Dimensions | Designation | Owner / administrator | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | *King Alfred* | Market Square, Wantage | 1877 | Prince Victor of Hohenlohe-Langenburg |  | Sicilian Marble on a granite block. |  |  | Wantage Town Council |  |
|  | *John Betjeman* | Church Street, Wantage | 2016 | Martin Jennings |  | Bronze Bust |  |  | Wantage Town Council |  |

## Witney

| Image | Title / subject | Location and
coordinates | Date | Artist / designer | Type | Material | Dimensions | Designation | Owner / administrator | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | *Buttercross Needle* | Marriotts Walk, Witney

51°47′17″N 1°29′12″W / 51.78793°N 1.48672°W / 51.78793; -1.48672 | 2019 (2019) | Michael Fairfax | Obelisk | stainless steel, glass & fibre optic lights |  |  | West Oxfordshire District Council | A contemporary narrow pyramidal obelisk on a geometric steel base. At night, fibre optic lights illuminate it through thin glass strips. It reflects the spire of nearby St Mary's Church and the roof of the Buttercross. |


title: Indra Lesmana

abstract: Indra Lesmana is an Indonesian arranger, composer, songwriter, and jazz musician of mixed Dutch, Javanese, Minangkabau, and Madurese descent. He is the father of an Indonesian actress and singer-songwriter, Eva Celia Lesmana.

text:
# Indra Lesmana

**Indra Lesmana** (born in Jakarta, Indonesia, on 28 March, 1966) is an Indonesian arranger, composer, songwriter, and jazz musician of mixed Dutch, Javanese, Minangkabau, and Madurese descent. He is the father of an Indonesian actress and singer-songwriter, Eva Celia Lesmana.

## Biography

Lesmana grew up in a house of music and musicians. His father was jazz guitarist Jack Lesmana and his mother Nien Lesmana was a singer. He began playing piano when he was nine. A year later, he played in his father's band. He attended the New South Wales Conservatorium of Music in Australia.

In 1981, he and his father formed the Jack and Indra Lesmana Quartet with Karim Suweileh and James Morrison. The album *Children of Fantasy* was recorded in Indonesia and released by Queen Records. When he returned to Australia, he formed the Latin jazz fusion band Children of Fantasy with Jack Lesmana, Steve Brien, Dale Barlow, Tony Thijssen, and Harry Rivers. In 1982 he started Nebula with Andy Evans, Vince Genova, Carlinhos Goncalves, Steve Hunter, and Ken James. The album *No Standing*, with four compositions by Lesmana, was released in Australia by Jasmine and in Indonesia by Jackson. In 1983, he joined Tony Buck, Sandy Evans, and Steve Elphick to form the modern jazz band Women and Children First and recorded their first album in 1983.

Zebra, an affiliate of MCA signed him to a contract and released *No Standing* as his solo album. The album was remastered by Bernie Grundman before being released in the U.S.

Lesmana moved to California in 1985 and recorded *For Earth and Heaven* (1986) with Vinnie Colaiuta, Charlie Haden, Jimmy Haslip, Tootie Heath, Michael Landau, Airto Moreira, and Bobby Shew. His singles "No Standing" (*No Standing*) and "Stephanie" (*For Earth and Heaven*) entered the *Billboard* magazine jazz chart. He formed a 17-piece big band in March 2002. He wrote his first big band arrangement for the soundtrack to the film *Rumah Ke Tujuh* produced by his sister, Mira Lesmana.

## Audio engineering

Lesmana has deep interest in audio technology. His album *Tragedi* (1984) was first as a sound designer. In 1998 he produced *Sabda Prana* album by Java Jazz. In 1999 he decided to establish a mixing and mastering house specializing in jazz. He has mixed and mastered more than 20 albums by Indonesian acts such as Andien, Dewa Budjana, Chlorophyl, Delon, Simak Dialog, The Groove, Humania, Ermy Kullit, Maliq & D'Essentials, Rieka Roeslan, Donny Suhendra. He was nominated for Best Mixing Engineer for the album *Rumah Ke Tujuh* at AMI Awards 2003.

## Other work

In early 2004, with his wife Hanny Trihandojo Lesmana and Aksan Syuman, organized a weekly program in South Jakarta to encourage young people to explore music and dance. In March 2004, Lesmana was hired by Fremantle Media and RCTI to be a judge on *Indonesian Idol*. He was a judge in the first *Asian Idol* held in Indonesia.

## Discography

* 1978 *Ayahku Sahabatku*
* 1981 *Children of Fantasy*
* 1982 *No Standing*
* 1982 *Nostalgia*
* 1982 *Latin Jazz Fusion* (Special Edition)
* 1983 *Women and Children First*
* 1984 *Tragedi*
* 1984 *Yang Pertama Yang Bahagia*
* 1986 *For Earth and Heaven*
* 1986 *Karina*
* 1986 *Gemilang*
* 1986 *Jack & Indra Lesmana Various*
* 1987 *La Samba Primadona*
* 1987 *Semakin Menawan*
* 1988 *Ekspresi*
* 1989 *Titi DJ 1989*
* 1989 *Kau Datang*
* 1990 *Aku Ingin*
* 1990 *Dunia Boleh Tertawa*
* 1991 *Adegan*
* 1991 *Cerita Lalu*
* 1992 *Selangkah Di Depan*
* 1992 *Hanya Untukmu*
* 1993 *Biarkan Aku Kembali*
* 1994 *Tiada Kata*
* 1994 *Waktu Berjalan*
* 1994 *Kehadiran*
* 1994 *Bulan Di Atas Asia*
* 1994 *Ayah*
* 1995 *Kabut Di Kaki Langit*
* 1995 *Jalan Yang Hilang*
* 1996 *Romantic Piano*
* 1996 *Jalan Hidupmu*
* 1996 *Menari-Nari*
* 1997 *Lost Forest*
* 1997 *Selamat Tinggal*
* 1998 *Kedua*
* 1998 *Sabda Prana*
* 1999 *Saat Yang Terindah*
* 2000 *Interaksi*
* 2000 *Reborn*
* 2001 *The Birds*
* 2002 *Kinanti*
* 2002 *Rumah Ke Tujuh*
* 2003 *Gelatik*
* 2005 *Silver*
* 2006 *Jalinan Kasih*
* 2007 *Kayon – Tree of life*
* 2008 *Kembali Satu*
* 2009 *Dream Hope and Faith*
* 2010 *Joy Joy Joy*
* 2011 *Love Life Wisdom* – featuring LLW (Indra Lesmana, Barry Likumahuwa & Sandy Winarta)
* 2012 *Indra Lesmana 11:11* ( iOS app album )
* 2013 *Loose Loud Whiz* – featuring LLW (Lesmana Likumahuwa Works)
* 2013 *Adriana OST*
* 2014 *Stars*
* 2014 *Ring P.I.G Tone ( P.I.G)*
* 2015 *Mutual Affection*
* 2015 *Change*
* 2015 *Frangipani*
* 2015 *Eclipse*
* 2016 *About Jack*
* 2017 *Chapter One (Krakatau Reunion)*
* 2017 "Distance" (single)
* 2018 *Surya Sewana*
* 2018 *Sacred Geometry*

## Awards

* Best Jazz/Pop Keyboards Instrumentalist – Gadis \[1989\]
* Best Pop Selling Album: *Aku Ingin* – BASF Awards \[1990\]
* Diamond Achievement Awards – De Beers Diamond \[1995\]
* Best Jazz/Fusion Album – producer: *Ermi Kullit – Saat Yang Terindah* – 4th AMI Awards \[2000\]
* Best Jazz Vocalist – News Music Awards \[2001\]
* Best Keyboardist – News Music Awards \[2001\]
* Best Instrumental Song: "Reborn" – 5th AMI Awards \[2001\]
* Best Jazz/Contemporary Jazz Album – producer: *Andien – Kinanti* – 6th AMI Awards \[2002\]
* Best Score/Soundtrack: *Rumah Ke Tujuh* – Festival Film Bandung \[2003\]
* Best Jazz/Contemporary Jazz Artist – 7th AMI Awards \[2003\]
* Best Jazz Song: "Mimpi & Rumah ke Tujuh" – 7th AMI Awards \[2003\]
* Best Jazz Arranger: "Mimpi & Rumah ke Tujuh" – 7th AMI Awards \[2003\]
* Best Jazz Producer: "OST Rumah ke Tujuh" – 7th AMI Awards \[2003\]
* Most Radical Musician: Nokia 7600 \[2004\]
* *Rolling Stone* magazine Indonesia – 41st Best Indonesian Album of All Time: *Reborn* \[2007\]
* Most Favorite Jazz Player: JAK JAZZ \[2008\]
* *Rolling Stone* magazine Indonesia – 68th Best Indonesian Song (1950–2008): "Aku Ingin" \[2009\]
* Most Prominent Jazz Musician: 33rd Jazz Goes to Campus – 4th JGTC Award \[2010\]
* Australian Alumni Award for Cultural & Art \[2010\]
* Best Jazz Artist Instrumental Performance: 14th AMI Awards \[2011\]
* Most Influential Indonesian Musician on Twitter: \[2011\]
* Brand Personality Award – Contribution to the World of Jazz Music: Asia Pacific Brand Foundation at Kuala Lumpur International Jazz Festival \[2012\]

## InfoBox

| Indra Lesmana | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1966-03-28) 28 March 1966
Jakarta, Indonesia |
| Genres | Jazz |
| Occupation(s) | Arranger
musician
songwriter
record producer |
| Instrument | Keyboards |
| Years active | 1976–present |
| Labels | Jackson
Union Artis
BMG Musik Indonesia
Sony BMG |
|  | |
| Website | indralesmana.com |


title: Legions of the Undead

abstract: Legions of the Undead is an unreleased action role-playing video game that was in development by Rebellion Developments and originally planned to be published by Atari Corporation on a scheduled Q3, 1995 release date for the Atari Jaguar. It was also intended to be released for the Windows and PlayStation. When an ancient evil known as Centurion Gargath manifested himself into the human realm with plans to consume the souls of those under his range, it is up to the player to find and kill Gargath by traversing through the dungeons where he resides, while collecting weapons and solving puzzles along the way. Legions of the Undead was one of the many titles Rebellion originally had under development for the Jaguar and it used an enhanced version of the engine found in Alien vs Predator.

text:
# Legions of the Undead

***Legions of the Undead*** is an unreleased action role-playing video game that was in development by Rebellion Developments and originally planned to be published by Atari Corporation on a scheduled Q3, 1995 release date for the Atari Jaguar. It was also intended to be released for the Windows and PlayStation.

When an ancient evil known as Centurion Gargath manifested himself into the human realm with plans to consume the souls of those under his range, it is up to the player to find and kill Gargath by traversing through the dungeons where he resides, while collecting weapons and solving puzzles along the way. *Legions of the Undead* was one of the many titles Rebellion originally had under development for the Jaguar and it used an enhanced version of the engine found in *Alien vs Predator*.

## Gameplay

*Legions of the Undead* is an action role-playing game that takes place from a first-person perspective presented with two-dimensional digitized sprites on a three-dimensional environment, similar to other titles in the genre such as *Ultima Underworld: The Stygian Abyss*. The player would be tasked with entering multiple dungeons in order to find and kill an ancient evil known as Centurion Gargath, who manifested himself on the human plane and consumes the souls of those within his range. As the game used an enhanced version of the engine found in *Alien vs Predator* on the Jaguar, the player has the ability to look up and down in the environment. Players would also need to collect weapons and solve puzzles during their journey.

## History

The project was first revealed and announced in early 1994 for the Atari Jaguar under the name *Dungeon*, along with concept artwork and model figures from the game. It was being developed in tandem with other titles Rebellion had under development for the Jaguar such as *Alien vs Predator*, *Checkered Flag* (then titled *Checkered Flag II* and later *Redline Racing*) and *Skyhammer* (then titled *Hammerhead*), however, it was revealed on Atari Explorer Online's March 1994 newsletter that the title of the game was changed to *Legions of the Undead* and that it would be published by Atari Corporation. In two 1994 interviews by both *GameFan* and *GamePro*, Rebellion revealed more info about the project such as using an enhanced version of the game engine found in *Alien vs Predator*. Although the game was being developed for the Jaguar, Rebellion also stated that they had plans to release it on the then-upcoming Atari Jaguar CD as well with more features than the cartridge version. *Legions of the Undead* was then previewed as 25 percent complete in *Ultimate Future Games*, touting it for an early 1995 release and discussing the features the game would have. Most of the game's development team consisted of the same staff who previously worked on both *Alien vs Predator* and *Checkered Flag* such as artists Stuart Wilson, Toby Harrison-Banfield, and Justin Rae, with Dan Mitchell and Jamie Lokier being the programmers of title.

Despite kept being advertised and featured in magazines during 1995, internal documents from Atari Corporation listed the project's development as terminated on December of the same year, suggesting that the game was cancelled for the Jaguar. On June 27, 1996, the game's trademark which revealed its subtitle was abandoned. It was also briefly mentioned on a special feature article dedicated to the system by German magazine Video Games in 1999. In recent years, Jason Kingsley has stated that some of the model figures used during the development of the game still reside within the company. Jason also stated that some of the work done for *Legions of the Undead* may still reside inside the company.

## InfoBox

| Legions of the Undead | |
| --- | --- |
| Developer(s) | Rebellion Developments |
| Publisher(s) | Atari Corporation (Jaguar) |
| Director(s) | Jason Kingsley |
| Programmer(s) | Dan Mitchell
Jamie Lokier |
| Artist(s) | Justin Rae
Stuart Wilson
Toby Harrison-Banfield |
| Engine | AVP (Jaguar) |
| Platform(s) | Atari Jaguar
Windows
PlayStation |
| Release | Unreleased |
| Genre(s) | Action role-playing, dungeon crawler, first-person |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Legions of the North

abstract: Legions of the North is the seventh studio album by the Viking metal band Månegarm. It was released in 2013.

text:
# Legions of the North

***Legions of the North*** is the seventh studio album by the Viking metal band Månegarm. It was released in 2013.

## Track listing

*Legions of the North* track listing
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Arise" (Intro) | 2:26 |
| 2. | "Legions of the North" | 4:43 |
| 3. | "Eternity Awaits" | 5:16 |
| 4. | "Helvegr" ("Path to the Underworld") | 0:16 |
| 5. | "Hordes of Hel" | 5:06 |
| 6. | "Tor Hjälpe" | 5:04 |
| 7. | "Vigverk" | 0:36 |
| 8. | "Sons of War" | 5:35 |
| 9. | "Echoes from the Past" | 6:40 |
| 10. | "Fallen" | 5:21 |
| 11. | "Forged in Fire" | 6:13 |
| 12. | "Raadh" | 3:16 |
| Total length: | | 50:42 |

## Charts

Chart performance for *Legions of the North*
| Chart (2021) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Swedish Hard Rock Albums (Sverigetopplistan) | 18 |
| Swedish Vinyl Albums (Sverigetopplistan) | 9 |

## InfoBox

| Legions of the North | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Månegarm | |
| Released | 26 June 2013 |
| Genre | Viking metal |
| Length | 50:42 |
| Label | Napalm |
| Månegarm chronology | |
| *Nattväsen*
(2009) ***Legions of the North***
(2013) *Månegarm*
(2015) | |


title: Legs to Make Us Longer

abstract: Legs to Make Us Longer is the second album by American guitarist Kaki King, released in 2004. The songs "Frame" and "Doing the Wrong Thing" were featured in the film Into the Wild (2007).

text:
# Legs to Make Us Longer

***Legs to Make Us Longer*** is the second album by American guitarist Kaki King, released in 2004.

The songs "Frame" and "Doing the Wrong Thing" were featured in the film *Into the Wild* (2007).

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

In his review for Allmusic, critic Thom Jurek summarized that "King is a major talent, an iconoclastic figure who is this era's only new voice on the acoustic guitar, even as she explores other compelling sonic and musical avenues."

## Track listing

All tracks written by Kaki King

1. "Frame" – 2:04
2. "Playing With Pink Noise" – 3:02
3. "Ingots" – 3:53
4. "Doing the Wrong Thing" – 5:04
5. "Solipsist" – 2:30
6. "Neanderthal" – 4:28
7. "Can the Gwot Save Us?" – 4:20
8. "Lies" – 4:55
9. "All the Landslides Birds Have Seen Since the Beginning of the World" – 2:42
10. "Magazine" – 4:08
11. "My Insect Life" – 10:34

## Personnel

## Production

* Producer – David Torn
* Executive Producer – Jeff Patrick Krasno
* Engineer – Hector Castillo
* Assistant Engineers – Nishiki Ichiho, James Reagan
* Mixing – Hector Castillo, David Torn
* Mixing Assistants – Nishiki Ichiho, James Reagan
* Mastering – Greg Calbi
* A&R – Kaz Utsunomiya
* Assistants – Chris Powers, Sean Price
* Product Manager – Scott Greeg
* Arranger – David Torn
* Art direction – Brian Ponto
* Photography – Ian Allen

## InfoBox

| Legs to Make Us Longer | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Kaki King | |
| Released | October 5, 2004 |
| Genre | Instrumental rock |
| Length | 47:40 |
| Label | Red Ink |
| Producer | David Torn |
| Kaki King chronology | |
| *Everybody Loves You*
(2003) ***Legs to Make Us Longer***
(2004) *...Until We Felt Red*
(2006) | |


title: Leisure Air

abstract: Leisure Air was an American airline based in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Beginning as a charter airline, the company expanded to offer scheduled service to major cities as a discount carrier. It operated from 1992 until 1995, when it filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection and then ceased operations.

text:
# Leisure Air

**Leisure Air** was an American airline based in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Beginning as a charter airline, the company expanded to offer scheduled service to major cities as a discount carrier. It operated from 1992 until 1995, when it filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection and then ceased operations.

## History

Leisure Air was established in 1992 with its base in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. It flew charter flights using five leased Airbus A320s, four McDonnell Douglas DC-10s and two Boeing 757s. The charter flights were operated to the southwest United States, Mexico and the Caribbean. Also it operated charters from Los Angeles and San Francisco to Hawaii using the DC-10s, Oakland to Mexico and Chicago using the A320s. Those DC-10s were also used for charter flights to Europe during the summer of 1994, for World Cup soccer fans, including flights to Shannon and Dublin, Ireland; Amsterdam, Netherlands and Brussels, Belgium.

After beginning with charter service, Leisure Air expanded to offering scheduled service to several domestic and international destinations. It operated as a discount airline, selling coast-to-coast seats for as little as $99 one way. Part of its strategy was to control costs by contracting out its reservations service and renting airport counter space from other carriers for $150 a flight. One of its gimmicks to keep costs low was to offer turkey sandwiches for every meal. The airline carried 1,000 to 1,200 passengers a day on seven to eight flights.

Harold J. (Hap) Pareti started Leisure Air. He previously was one of the founders of People Express.

### Scheduled services in 1994

According to the September 15, 1994 edition of the Official Airline Guide (OAG), Leisure Air was operating scheduled flights on these routes with the following jet aircraft types:

* Airbus A320: New York Kennedy Airport (JFK) - St. Lucia, West Indies (UVF) - Antigua, West Indies (ANU), Boston (BOS) - Orlando (MCO), Hartford (BDL) - West Palm Beach (PBI), Hartford (BDL) - Orlando (MCO) - West Palm Beach (PBI), and Detroit (DTW) - Orlando (MCO), Detroit - Cancun, Mexico (CUN), Boston (BOS) - Ft. Myers (RSW) - Ft.Lauderdale (FLL)
* Boeing 757-200: Boston (BOS) - Las Vegas (LAS), Boston (BOS) - Los Angeles (LAX), Boston (BOS) - Orlando (MCO), and Boston (BOS) - San Francisco (SFO)
* McDonnell Douglas DC-10: Los Angeles (LAX) - Maui (OGG) - Honolulu (HNL) - (LAX), San Francisco (SFO) - Maui (OGG) - Honolulu (HNL) - (SFO), New York Kennedy Airport (JFK) - Port of Spain, Trinidad (POS) - Georgetown, Guyana (GEO), and Boston (BOS) - San Francisco (SFO), San Francisco (SFO) - London Stansted, UK (STN), San Francisco (SFO) - Newark (EWR)

Also according to the OAG, none of the above flights were operated on a daily basis and in most cases were only operated once a week on the above routes.

### Safety concerns

When the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) found irregularities in the maintenance records of the McDonnell Douglas DC-10s, the operating license for the DC-10s and Boeing 757s were withdrawn. Due to this, only the Airbus A320s continued to operate but at a much reduced scale.

The safety violations were found during an inspection relating to the airline's planned move from Winston-Salem to McLean, Virginia. The airline stated that the safety concerns involved missing documents for two of its leased aircraft.

Flights were suspended on November 18, 1994, after the airline was unable to demonstrate compliance with FAA safety regulations. On November 25, 1994, the FAA announced it had allowed Leisure Air to resume flying some of its planes, and said it would closely monitor the airline to assure safe operations.

### Collapse

The airline filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in January 1995. Two weeks later, it suspended operations.

In February 1995, following the safety concerns and aircraft restrictions, Leisure Air finally ceased all operations.

## Fleet

The Leisure Air fleet consisted of the following aircraft throughout operations:

**Leisure Air Fleet**
| Aircraft | In Fleet | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Airbus A320-200 | 8 | 1 leased from ILFC
4 leased from ORIX
2 leased from Translift Airways |
| Boeing 757-200 | 2 | 1 leased from AWAS
1 leased from ILFC |
| McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10 | 2 | Leased from United Airlines |
| McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 | 3 | 1 leased from Dormacken Ltd
2 leased from Polaris Aircraft Leasing Corporation |
| **Total** | **15** |  |

1. WOODYARD, CHRIS (1995-01-15). "The Cheap Seats : Americans who like flying for peanuts are helping a new generation of low-cost carriers reshape the industry from the ground up". *Los Angeles Times*. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2016-09-29.
2. Dillon, Mark (November 22, 1994). "Leisure Air problems 'systemic,' FAA says" (PDF). *Winston-Salem Journal*. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
3. Sept. 15, 1994 OAG Desktop Flight Guide, North American Edition
4. "Leisure Air Back in Service". *The New York Times*. 1994-11-26. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-09-29.
5. "Some Planes of Leisure Air Win FAA's OK". *Los Angeles Times*. Reuters. 1994-11-26. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2016-09-29.
6. "Leisure Air Files Under Chapter 11". Archived from the original on October 11, 2016. Retrieved 2016-09-29.
7. "Valujet thrives as other US start-ups hit trouble". 1995-02-15. Retrieved 2016-09-29.
8. Airlines Remembered by BI Hengi, Publisher Midland Publishing
9. Leisure Air Fleet History

## InfoBox

Leisure Air
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| IATA ICAO Call sign  L8 LWD LEISURE WORLD | |
| Founded | 1992 |
| Ceased operations | February 1995 |
| Operating bases |  |
| Fleet size | 15 (during operations) |
| Destinations | *Various scheduled (see below) as well as charter* |
| Headquarters | Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States |


title: William B. Pettit

abstract: William B. Pettit was a Virginia lawyer who served a term as president of The Virginia Bar Association, and was a delegate to the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1901. In 1851, Pettit married Arabella Speairs. During the Civil War, Pettit served in the Confederate Army, as an artillery sergeant in the unit from his home county. A collection of the wartime correspondence between Pettit and his wife has been published. After the War, Pettit practice law in Fluvanna County. He also "had such a wide law practice at the court of Louisa that his portrait was hung in the courtroom." Pettit was elected Commonwealth's Attorney for Fluvanna County in 1874. Pettit bought "Glen Burnie," now a historic landmark at Palmyra, Virginia, in 1878. Pettit was the tenth president of the Virginia State Bar Association, for the term of 1897–1898. In 1901–02, Pettit was a delegate to the Virginia Constitutional Convention, including a stint as temporary chairman. "Each member of the convention received a pin oak seedling, and this oak still stands at Glen Burnie." William and Arabella Pettit, and several of their children, are buried in the cemetery at Glen Burnie.

text:
# William B. Pettit

**William B. Pettit** (October 10, 1825 – January 11, 1905) was a Virginia lawyer who served a term as president of The Virginia Bar Association, and was a delegate to the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1901.

In 1851, Pettit married Arabella Speairs. During the Civil War, Pettit served in the Confederate Army, as an artillery sergeant in the unit from his home county. A collection of the wartime correspondence between Pettit and his wife has been published.

After the War, Pettit practice law in Fluvanna County. He also "had such a wide law practice at the court of Louisa that his portrait was hung in the courtroom." Pettit was elected Commonwealth's Attorney for Fluvanna County in 1874.

Pettit bought "Glen Burnie," now a historic landmark at Palmyra, Virginia, in 1878.

Pettit was the tenth president of the Virginia State Bar Association, for the term of 1897–1898. In 1901–02, Pettit was a delegate to the Virginia Constitutional Convention, including a stint as temporary chairman. "Each member of the convention received a pin oak seedling, and this oak still stands at Glen Burnie."

William and Arabella Pettit, and several of their children, are buried in the cemetery at Glen Burnie.

## InfoBox

| William B. Pettit | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 10th President of the Virginia Bar Association | |
| **In office**
August 5, 1897  July 7, 1898 | |
| Preceded by | William Wirt Henry |
| Succeeded by | John Goode |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | William Beverly Pettit
(1825-10-10)October 10, 1825 |
| Died | January 11, 1905(1905-01-11) (aged 79) |
| Spouse | Arabella Speairs (m. 1851) |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Confederate States |
| Branch/service | Confederate States Army |
| Rank | Sergeant |
| Battles/wars | American Civil War |
|  | |


title: Leisure Books

abstract: Leisure Books was a mass market paperback publisher specializing in horror and thrillers that operated from 1957 to 2010. In the company's early years, it also published fantasy, science fiction, Westerns, and the Wildlife Treasury card series. Leisure Books offered a book sales club service. Typically, two free books were provided as an initial inducement. After that two books were sent on a monthly basis. Readers would have ten days to keep or return. If kept there would be a discount on the purchase price. From around 1982 onward, Leisure Books was an imprint of Dorchester Publishing, shifting the company's focus away from fantasy and science fiction and more towards horror. As such, Leisure published novels and collections by a number of horror's notable authors, including Douglas Clegg, Stacy Dittrich, Ray Garton, J. F. Gonzalez, Brian Keene, Jack Ketchum, Richard Laymon, Deborah LeBlanc, Edward Lee, Ronald Malfi, Graham Masterton, T. V. Olsen, and Sarah Pinborough. Leisure horror titles won numerous awards, including the Bram Stoker Award and the International Horror Guild Award. In addition, a Leisure title was given the 2002 World Fantasy Award.

text:
# Leisure Books

**Leisure Books** was a mass market paperback publisher specializing in horror and thrillers that operated from 1957 to 2010. In the company's early years, it also published fantasy, science fiction, Westerns, and the Wildlife Treasury card series.

Leisure Books offered a book sales club service. Typically, two free books were provided as an initial inducement. After that two books were sent on a monthly basis. Readers would have ten days to keep or return. If kept there would be a discount on the purchase price.

From around 1982 onward, Leisure Books was an imprint of Dorchester Publishing, shifting the company's focus away from fantasy and science fiction and more towards horror. As such, Leisure published novels and collections by a number of horror's notable authors, including Douglas Clegg, Stacy Dittrich, Ray Garton, J. F. Gonzalez, Brian Keene, Jack Ketchum, Richard Laymon, Deborah LeBlanc, Edward Lee, Ronald Malfi, Graham Masterton, T. V. Olsen, and Sarah Pinborough.

Leisure horror titles won numerous awards, including the Bram Stoker Award and the International Horror Guild Award. In addition, a Leisure title was given the 2002 World Fantasy Award.

## History

Harry Shorten founded Leisure Books in 1957.

Leisure's Westerns line notably featured re-issues of the work of Max Brand, among others. The company published six titles in Nelson DeMille (as Jack Cannon)'s Joe Ryker Series in 1975–1976.

Leisure Books published the Wildlife Treasury educational animal encyclopedia for young children between 1975 and 1981.

Beginning in 1976, Leisure Books published Gardner Fox's fantasy series featuring the barbarian Kyrik: *Warlock Warrior*, *Kyrik Fights the Demon World*, *Kyrik and the Wizard's Sword*, and *Kyrik and the Lost Queen*.

By the year 2000, Leisure Books was the only American publisher with a line of horror books.

Effective September 2010, Leisure Books, along with the remainder of Dorchester's mass market paperback lines, were canceled as print publications. Future titles were slated to be available only as e-books. After pushback from authors over cancelled and unfulfilled contracts, Leisure suspended operations entirely; the parent company Dorchester shortly went out of business.

## Selected list of titles by author

### 1957–1981

* R. V. Fodor and G. J.Taylor, :
    + *Impact!* (1979) ISBN 0-8439-0648-0

* Gardner Fox:
    + Kyrik Series:
        - *Kyrik: Warlock Warrior* (1975)
        - *Kyrik Fights the Demon World* (1975)
        - *Kyrik and the Wizard's Sword* (1976)
        - *Kyrik and the Lost Queen* (1976)

* Lloyd Kropp:
    + *The Drift* (Doubleday, 1969; mass market paperback reprints in 1971 \[Belmont Books\] and 1979 \[Leisure Books\])

### 1982–2010

* Douglas Clegg:
    + *The Halloween Man* (1998)
    + *The Nightmare Chronicles* (1999)
    + *You Come When I Call You* (2000)
    + *Mischief* (2000)
    + *The Infinite* (2001) — sequel to *The Nightmare House* (which was published by Cemetery Dance)
    + *Naomi* (2001)

* John Everson:
    + *Covenant* (Delirium Books, 2004; Leisure Books, 2008)
    + *Sacrifice* (Delirium Books, 2007; Leisure Books, 2009)
    + *The 13th* (Necro Publications, 2009; Leisure Books, 2009)
    + *Siren* (Bad Moon Books, 2010; Leisure Books, 2010)

* Brian James Freeman:
    + (as James Kidman) *Black Fire* (Cemetery Dance Publications, hardcover, and Leisure Books, paperback 2004)

* Nate Kenyon:
    + *Bloodstone* (Five Star Publishing, 2006; Leisure Books, 2008)
    + *The Reach* (2008)
    + *The Bone Factory* (July 2009)
    + *Sparrow Rock* (May 2010)

* Deborah LeBlanc:
    + *Family Inheritance* (2004)
    + *Grave Intent* (2005)
    + *A House Divided* (2006)
    + *Morbid Curiosity* (2007)
    + *Water Witch* (2008)

* Edward Lee:
    + *Infernal Angel* (2003): Cemetery Dance Publications. Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 750-copy limited hardcover. (January 2004): Leisure Books. Published as a Mass Market Paperback.
    + *Messenger* (August 2004): Leisure Books. Published as a Mass Market Paperback.
    + *The Backwoods* (October 2005): Leisure Books. Published as a Mass Market Paperback.
    + *Flesh Gothic* (February 2005): Leisure Books. Published as a Mass Market Paperback.
    + *Gast* (2007) (October 2009): Leisure Books. Revised, retitled *Black Train*, and published as a Mass Market Paperback.
    + *House Infernal* (October 2007): Leisure Books. Published as a Mass Market Paperback.
    + *Brides of the Impaler* (September 2008): Leisure Books. Published as a Mass Market Paperback.
    + *Golemesque* (March 2009): Necro Publications. Published as a 26-copy leather-bound hardcover and 300-copy limited hardcover. (April 2009): Leisure Books. Published as *Golem* as a Mass Market Paperback.

* Al Sarrantonio:
    + The Orangefield Cycle
        - *Halloweenland* (Leisure Books Mass Market Paperback 2007; Cemetery Dance limited edition hardcover, 2009; Crossroad Press e-book, 2012) - A novel length book that includes elements of *The Baby* and much more new material (the Leisure paperback also includes the original version of *The Baby* as a bonus).

* John Skipp:
    + *The Long Last Call* (2006, Cemetery Dance Publications; Limited edition hardcover / Leisure Books, 2007; paperback)

* T. M. Wright:
    + *Sleepeasy* (Victor Gollancz 1993, Leisure, 2001)

## InfoBox

Leisure Books
| Parent company | Dorchester Publishing (c. 1982–2010) |
| --- | --- |
| Status | Defunct (September 2010) |
| Founded | 1957 |
| Founder | Harry Shorten |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Headquarters location | New York City |
| Key people | Jean Marie Stine (book acquisitions & development editor)<br>Don D'Auria (Executive Editor, 1995–2010) |
| Publication types | Books |
| Fiction genres | Horror, Thriller, Westerns |


title: William B. Poole

abstract: William B. Poole (1833–1904) was an American sailor who received the Medal of Honor for valor in action during the American Civil War. Poole was born in Maine in 1833. On June 19, 1864, he was serving as a quartermaster on the sloop of war USS Kearsarge when she sank the commerce raider CSS Alabama off Cherbourg, France. He was awarded his Medal of Honor for gallantry under fire exhibited while steering the ship. Poole died on August 15, 1904 and is buried in Pine Grove Cemetery in Lynn, Massachusetts. Fellow Civil War Medal of Honor recipient John G. B. Adams is buried in the same cemetery.

text:
# William B. Poole

**William B. Poole** (18331904) was an American sailor who received the Medal of Honor for valor in action during the American Civil War.

Poole was born in Maine in 1833. On June 19, 1864, he was serving as a quartermaster on the sloop of war USS *Kearsarge* when she sank the commerce raider CSS *Alabama* off Cherbourg, France. He was awarded his Medal of Honor for gallantry under fire exhibited while steering the ship.

Poole died on August 15, 1904 and is buried in Pine Grove Cemetery in Lynn, Massachusetts. Fellow Civil War Medal of Honor recipient John G. B. Adams is buried in the same cemetery.

## Medal of Honor citation

Rank and organization: Quartermaster, U.S. Navy. Born: 1833 Maine. Accredited to: Maine. G.O. No.: 45, December 31, 1864.

**Citation:**

> Service as quartermaster on board the U.S.S. Kearsarge when she destroyed the Alabama off Cherbourg, France, 19 June 1864. Stationed at the helm, Poole steered the ship during the engagement in a cool and most creditable manner and was highly commended by his divisional officer for his gallantry under fire.

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army Center of Military History.

## InfoBox

| William B. Poole | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1833 (1833)
Cape Elizabeth, Maine |
| Died | August 1904 (aged 7071)
Lynn, Massachusetts |
| Buried | Pine Grove Cemetery
Lynn, Massachusetts |
| Allegiance | United States of America
Union |
| Service/branch | United States Navy
Union Navy |
| Rank |  |
| Unit | USS *Kearsarge* |
| Battles/wars | American Civil War
Battle of Cherbourg (1864) |
| Awards | Medal of Honor |


title: Lempty

abstract: Lempty is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France.

text:
# Lempty

**Lempty** is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France.

## InfoBox

| Lempty | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Town hall | |
|  | |
| Location of Lempty | |
| LemptyLempty | |
| Coordinates: 45°49′42″N 3°19′56″E / 45.8283°N 3.3322°E / 45.8283; 3.3322 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes |
| Department | Puy-de-Dôme |
| Arrondissement | Thiers |
| Canton | Lezoux |
| Intercommunality | Entre Dore et Allier |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Deolinda De Freitas |
| Area**1** | 4.76 km2 (1.84 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 405 |
| Density | 85/km2 (220/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 63194 /63190 |
| Elevation | 308–372 m (1,010–1,220 ft)
(avg. 320 m or 1,050 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: William B. Pine

abstract: William Bliss Pine was an American businessman who served as United States Senator from Oklahoma. Born in Illinois, he moved to Kansas and finally Oklahoma, where he became a prominent businessman and oil producer. As a senator, he was economically conservative, but considered progressive in his agricultural positions. With the onset of the Great Depression, he and many other Republican politicians were turned out of office.

text:
# William B. Pine

**William Bliss Pine** (December 30, 1877  August 25, 1942) was an American businessman who served as United States Senator from Oklahoma. Born in Illinois, he moved to Kansas and finally Oklahoma, where he became a prominent businessman and oil producer. As a senator, he was economically conservative, but considered progressive in his agricultural positions. With the onset of the Great Depression, he and many other Republican politicians were turned out of office.

## Early life and career

Born in Bluffs, Illinois, Pine graduated from a high school in Naples, Illinois in 1896 and taught school for three years while selling harvesters during the summer. He became a traveling salesman with the D. M. Osborne Company, which took him to Neosho County, Kansas, where he got caught up in oil fever.

He moved to Chanute, Kansas, and was employed in the oil producing business; he moved to Oklahoma in 1904 and continued in the oil industry. In 1909 he located in Okmulgee, Oklahoma, where he eventually became extensively engaged in the production of oil.

Pine married his high school sweetheart, Laura M. Hamilton, in 1912.

He became one of the state's leading independent oil producers and a prominent Okmulgee businessman.

## Political career

Pine was elected as a Republican to the U.S. Senate and served from March 4, 1925, to March 4, 1931; he was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1930, after which he resumed his former business pursuits.

Called a "regular Republican" for his positions on the economy, the senator sided with the "Progressive" part of his party on matters related to agriculture and foreign affairs. He supported protective legislation for the petroleum industry and fought to bring federal road projects to Oklahoma.

In 1924, William Shelly Rogers, the Cyclops of the Tulsa Klan, travelled to Kansas City to pledge the votes of the Klan to Pines' Senate bid. At the time, many Klansmen identified with the policies of the Southern Democrats and crossed party lines for the first time. *The Indian Journal* charged him as a "Republican Klansman."

The Great Depression virtually destroyed the Republican Party in Oklahoma, one of the reasons Pine was not reelected.

He was an unsuccessful candidate for governor in 1934.

## Death

Pine died in Okmulgee in 1942; at the time of his death, he was the Republican nominee for the U.S. Senate. Interment was in Okmulgee Cemetery.

## Bibliography

### Inline references

### General references

1. William B. Pine Collection at the Carl Albert Center
2. "William B. Pine". *Biographical Directory of the United States Congress* (id: P000360). United States Congress.

## InfoBox

| William B. Pine | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| United States Senator
from Oklahoma | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1925  March 4, 1931 | |
| Preceded by | Robert L. Owen |
| Succeeded by | Thomas Gore |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | William Bliss Pine
(1877-12-30)December 30, 1877
Bluffs, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | August 25, 1942(1942-08-25) (aged 64)
Okmulgee, Oklahoma, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Laura M. Hamilton |
|  | |


title: William C. Camp

abstract: William C. Camp was an American politician. Camp was born in Chicago, Illinois. He moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico, with his family. Camp served in the United States Army Reserve and was commissioned a major. He received his bachelor's and master's degrees from University of New Mexico. Camp owned a restaurant in Albuquerque. He served in the New Mexico House of Representatives from 1984 to 1988. Camp died in Scottsdale, Arizona.

text:
# William C. Camp

**William C. Camp** (February 20, 1946  March 19, 2022) was an American politician.

Camp was born in Chicago, Illinois. He moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico, with his family. Camp served in the United States Army Reserve and was commissioned a major. He received his bachelor's and master's degrees from University of New Mexico. Camp owned a restaurant in Albuquerque. He served in the New Mexico House of Representatives from 1984 to 1988. Camp died in Scottsdale, Arizona.


title: William Henry Duignan

abstract: William Henry Duignan was a solicitor who lived in and around the town of Walsall for his entire life. He was better known as an antiquarian, writer, historian and local politician and wrote a number of books and pamphlets about local history and especially on the etymology of place naming, many of which are still available today.

text:
# William Henry Duignan

**William Henry Duignan** (16 August 1824 – 27 March 1914) was a solicitor who lived in and around the town of Walsall for his entire life. He was better known as an antiquarian, writer, historian and local politician and wrote a number of books and pamphlets about local history and especially on the etymology of place naming, many of which are still available today.

## Life

Duignan was born of Irish descent in Walsall in 1824; his grandfather, latterly a master at Walsall Grammar School, had emigrated to England from County Longford. He had three children, Florency-Mary, Ernest-Henry, and George-Stubbs, by Mary Minors, of Fisherwick, whom he married in 1850; and a further three children, Bernard, Carl, and Oscar, by Jenny Petersen, of Stockholm, whom he married in 1868. An antiquarian and etymologist, he wrote three histories of place names and a monograph on Rushall Hall, where he had lived for 29 years. He travelled widely around Britain and Ireland, earning the nickname "the man on a tricycle" after his preferred mode of travel. He was often accompanied in his travels by the Staffordshire businessman and writer Willam Henry Robinson.

## Works

Duignan's most widely known works are his three etymologies of place names in the West Midlands, *Notes on Staffordshire Place Names* (1902), *Worcestershire Place Names* (1905), and *Warwickshire Place Names* (1912); all are still available in reproduction form today.

## Arms

Coat of arms of William Henry Duignan
| NotesConfirmed 6 November 1891 by Sir John Bernard Burke, Ulster King of Arms. CrestAn owl at gaze Proper. EscutcheonArgent on a mount in base Vert an oak tree the stem entwined with two serpents interwoven and erect respecting each other all Proper. MottoHistoria Magistra Vitae |
| --- |

* O'Hart, John (1989). *Irish Pedigrees: Origin and Stem of the Irish Nation* (5th ed.). Genealogical Publishing Company. ISBN 9780806307374.
* Ball, Stephen, ed. (2008). *Dublin Castle and the First Home Rule Crisis: Volume 33: The Political Journal of Sir George Fottrell, 18841887*. Camden Fifth Series. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521519212.
* Hall, N. John; Burgis, Nina, eds. (1983). *The letters "of Anthony Trollope"*. Vol. 1 (1835–1870). Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804710763.
* Browne, Harry (1974). *Joseph Chamberlain, radical and imperialist*. Seminar studies in history (5th ed.). Longman. ISBN 9780582352148.

## Bibliography

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| William Henry Duignan | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1824-08-16)August 16, 1824
Walsall, England |
| Died | March 27, 1914(1914-03-27) (aged 89)
Walsall |
| Nationality | British |
| Occupation | Solicitor |
| Known for | Antiquarian, writer, local politician |


title: Lempäälä

abstract: Lempäälä is a municipality in Finland, located in the Pirkanmaa region. It lies south of the regional capital, Tampere. The population of Lempäälä is approximately 25,000, while the metropolitan area has a population of approximately 421,000. It is the 41st most populous municipality in Finland. The municipality covers an area of 307.06 square kilometres (118.56 sq mi) of which 37.51 km⁲ (14.48 sq mi) is water. The population density is 92.14 inhabitants per square kilometre (238.6/sq mi). The centre of Lempäälä lies on an isthmus between Lakes Vanajavesi and Pyhäjärvi, which are connected by the Kuokkalankoski Rapids and the Lempäälä Canal, which was built in the 1870s and is still in use. The first written reference to the parish of Lempäälä dates from 1430. The oldest building in the town is a medieval church named after Saint Birgitta, built in 1504. The only surviving item from the Middle Ages in the church is a wooden crucifix carved from birch. Finnish writer Yrjö Kokko lived in Lempäälä and is buried in the cemetery. Ideapark, the second largest shopping centre in the Nordic countries, is located in Lempäälä along the Helsinki-Tampere motorway (E12).

text:
# Lempäälä

**Lempäälä** (Finnish: \[ˈlempæːlæ\]) is a municipality in Finland, located in the Pirkanmaa region. It lies south of the regional capital, Tampere. The population of Lempäälä is approximately 25,000, while the metropolitan area has a population of approximately 421,000. It is the 41st most populous municipality in Finland.

The municipality covers an area of 307.06 square kilometres (118.56 sq mi) of which 37.51 km2 (14.48 sq mi) is water. The population density is 92.14 inhabitants per square kilometre (238.6/sq mi).

The centre of Lempäälä lies on an isthmus between Lakes Vanajavesi and Pyhäjärvi, which are connected by the Kuokkalankoski Rapids and the Lempäälä Canal, which was built in the 1870s and is still in use.

The first written reference to the parish of Lempäälä dates from 1430. The oldest building in the town is a medieval church named after Saint Birgitta, built in 1504. The only surviving item from the Middle Ages in the church is a wooden crucifix carved from birch.

Finnish writer Yrjö Kokko lived in Lempäälä and is buried in the cemetery.

Ideapark, the second largest shopping centre in the Nordic countries, is located in Lempäälä along the Helsinki-Tampere motorway (E12).

## Kuokkala

Kuokkala is a neighbourhood to the north of Lempäälä town which houses a ’museoraitti’ (museum trail). Several buildings now house collections of historical items, including a shop museum (also a shop and information office), hairdressers & barbers, cobblers, WW2 memorabilia, household equipment, blacksmiths, carpenters, a 19th-century Finnish dwelling, and a special exhibit relating to the ex-Finnish region of Sakkola.

## Politics

In the 2023 parliamentary elections, Lempäälä voted as such:

## International relations

### Twin towns — Sister cities

Lempäälä is twinned with:

## Villages

Media related to Lempäälä at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Lempäälä | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| *Lempäälän kunta*
*Lempäälä kommun* | |
| Aerial view of Lempäälä | |
|  | |
| Location of Lempäälä in Finland | |
| Coordinates: 61°19′N 023°45′E / 61.317°N 23.750°E / 61.317; 23.750 | |
| Country | Finland |
| Region | Pirkanmaa |
| Sub-region | Tampere sub-region |
| Metropolitan area | Tampere metropolitan area |
| Charter | 1866 |
| Government | |
| Municipality manager | Heidi Rämö |
| Area (2018-01-01) | |
| Total | 307.06 km2 (118.56 sq mi) |
| Land | 269.58 km2 (104.09 sq mi) |
| Water | 37.51 km2 (14.48 sq mi) |
| Rank | 241st largest in Finland |
| Population (2024-08-31) | |
| Total | 24,838 |
| Rank | 41st largest in Finland |
| Density | 92.14/km2 (238.6/sq mi) |
| Population by native language | |
| Finnish | 96.5% (official) |
| Swedish | 0.3% |
| Others | 3.2% |
| Population by age | |
| 0 to 14 | 22.3% |
| 15 to 64 | 60.8% |
| 65 or older | 16.9% |
| Time zone | UTC+02:00 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+03:00 (EEST) |
| Website | www.lempaala.fi |


title: Lennestadt

abstract:
Lennestadt lies in the Sauerland in southeast North Rhine-Westphalia and is a community in Olpe district. It is the district's most populous municipality.
Lennestadt itself is not an actual town but a community which comprises several towns and villages.

text:
# Lennestadt

**Lennestadt** (occasionally also *die Lennestadt*) lies in the Sauerland in southeast North Rhine-Westphalia and is a community in Olpe district. It is the district's most populous municipality. Lennestadt itself is not an actual town but a community which comprises several towns and villages.

## Geography

Lennestadt lies at the common point of the Ebbegebirge (in the west), Homert and Rothaargebirge (in the east) Nature Parks and is crossed by the river Lenne, a tributary to the Ruhr. Besides the Hundem, which empties into the Lenne in the outlying centre of Altenhundem, the Veischede also feeds this river.

Lennestadt's position is 51° 03' to 51° 12' N, 7° 58' to 8° 15' E. The town's highest point is the Härdler (756 m), and its lowest is on the Lenne near Borghausen (239 m).

### Neighbouring communities

Lennestadt borders in the north on the communities of Eslohe and Finnentrop, in the east on Schmallenberg and Bad Berleburg, in the south on Kirchhundem, and in the west on the towns of Attendorn and Olpe.

### Constituent communities

Within Lennestadt's municipal area lie the following centres:

Altenhundem, Altenvalbert, Bilstein, Bonzel, Bonzelerhammer, Brenschede, Bruchhausen, Burbecke, Elspe, Elsperhusen, Einsiedelei, Germaniahütte, Gleierbrück, Grevenbrück, Habbecke, Hachen, Haus Hilmecke, Haus Valbert, Halberbracht, Hengstebeck, Hespecke, Kickenbach, Kirchveischede, Kracht, Langenei, Maumke, Meggen, Melbecke, Milchenbach, Oberelspe, Obermelbecke, Obervalbert, Oedingen, Oedingermühle, Oedingerberg (formerly Berge), Saalhausen, Sporke, Stöppel, Theten and Trockenbrück.

The fact that there is not a physical town of Lennestadt, but that Lennestadt is an aggregation of the smaller towns listed above, often leads to confusion among visitors.

## History

The town of Lennestadt was founded on 1 July 1969 as legal successor to the *Amt* of Bilstein out of seven former communities and outlying centres.

The earliest traces of settlers in the current municipal area date to the Early Middle Ages. The centres of Elspe and Oedingen were first mentioned in a document in 1000 that Emperor Otto III had issued. This makes them the oldest places in Olpe district.

In the 19th century, parts of the current town area were characterized by mining, ironworking and metalworking.

### Amalgamations

In 1975, Milchenbach was joined with Lennestadt. It had formerly belonged to the community of Lenne (now part of Schmallenberg).

### Population development

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1998 | 27,846 |  |
| 1999 | 28,013 | +0.60% |
| 2000 | 28,026 | +0.05% |
| 2001 | 28,046 | +0.07% |
| 2002 | 28,072 | +0.09% |
| 2003 | 28,084 | +0.04% |
| 2004 | 27,953 | −0.47% |
| 2005 | 27,831 | −0.44% |
| 2019 | 25,308 | −0.68% |
| 2022 | 25 411 |  |

## Politics

### Town council

| ***Municipal election results**, 25 May 2014* | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Party** | **Votes** | **± as against 2009** | **Seats** |
| CDU | 50.6% | -9.0% | 20 |
| SPD | 30.5% | +2.4% | 11 |
| Grüne | 10.9% | -0.2% | 4 |
| Free Voters | 7.1% | +7.1% | 3 |
| Other | 0.9% | -0.3% | - |

### Mayor

Until 1997, Lennestadt's chief administrator bore the title *Stadtdirektor* (“Town Director”). The *Bürgermeister*, or Mayor, was an honorary office and was mainly ceremonial. The current mayor is Tobias Puspas, of the CDU.

### National and regional elections

| Party | 2009 election | 2013 election | 2010 state election | 2012 state election |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| CDU | 42.3% | 47.7% | 46.2% | 37.7% |
| SPD | 27.2% | 31.3% | 32.0% | 37.6% |
| FDP | 13.5% | 4.5% | 5.4% | 6.6% |
| Grüne | 6.4% | 4.2% | 7.6% | 4.8% |
| Linke | 6.5% | 4.3% | 4.1% | 1.6% |
| AfD | - | 3.9% |  |  |
| Pirate Party | - | - | 0.8% | 6.2% |
| Other | 4.1% | 4.1% | 3.9% | 3.5% |

### Coat of arms

The town's arms were conferred on 31 December 1971. The gold and green bars in the background were taken from the arms formerly borne by the *Amt* of Bilstein. The wavy bend stands for the river Lenne, the town's namesake, and the rose comes from the outlying centre of Oedingen.

### Town patron

Town council decided in 1995 to name Sir Thomas More as the town's patron. Since 2001, the town has been awarding the *Thomas-Morus-Preis* to citizens “who in their acts have let themselves be led by the convictions of their conscience and who without regard to possible personal disadvantages through bravery and moral courage have thereby become examples to the good of others and our society.”

## Twin towns – sister cities

Lennestadt is twinned with:

## Culture and sightseeing

### Theatre

The *Kulturgemeinde Hundem-Lenne*, founded in 1946, offers a cultural programme in the *Pädagogisches Zentrum* (PZ, “Educational Centre”), a venue with 480 seats at the Anne-Frank-Hauptschule in Meggen.

### Museum

In Grevenbrück is found the town museum, the *Museum der Stadt Lennestadt* in whose building the town's homeland and regional studies library and the town archive are also to be found.

Since 1998, the *Förderverein Bergbaudenkmäler Lennestadt* (“Lennestadt Mining Monument Development Association”) has run the *Bergbaumuseum Siciliaschacht* (“Sicilia Mineshaft Mining Museum”) in Meggen, which recalls the town's mining tradition.

### Buildings

Among well known buildings in Lennestadt are Bilstein Castle (*Burg Bilstein*), the Peperburg castle ruins, many timber frame houses, the so-called *Sauerlandpyramiden*, the *Sicilia* Mineshaft and the Hohe Bracht viewing tower. On *Bundesstraße* 55 between Oedingen and Eslohe, the *Madonna der Straße* (“Madonna of the Road”) roadside shrine is to be found.

### Parks

A spa is to be found in the outlying centre of Saalhausen, which is a recognized *Luftkurort* (“air spa resort”).

### Regular events

The Elspe Festival in Elspe (Lennestadt), based on the stories by Karl May, attracts about 200,000 spectators every year. The festival area (12 hectares) includes an indoor festival hall, a copy of a Western saloon and some restaurants. Among the town's regular events is the traditional Schützenfest (“fair featuring shooting matches”) that is held in all of the bigger centres each year. Furthermore, every August there is a town festival lasting several days which since 2005 has been held together with the *Sauerländer Straßenmusiker-Festival* (“Sauerland Street Musicians’ Festival”) in Altenhundem.

## Economy and infrastructure

### Economy

Lennestadt is home to a variety of small and middle-sized businesses, mainly in the manufacturing field. Most prevalent are companies in the metal-working, machine building, automotive parts supply, and electrical industry.

### Public institutions

Lennestadt's town hall is located in the central constituent community of Altenhundem.

The local court, the *Amtsgericht Lennestadt*, is located in the outlying centre of Grevenbrück.

### Transport

#### Local public transport

With its *Altenhundem*, *Grevenbrück (Westf.)* and *Lennestadt-Meggen* stations, Lennestadt lies on the Ruhr-Sieg line from Hagen to Siegen.

Furthermore, buslines of the *Verkehrsbetriebe Westfalen-Süd* (VWS, “Westphalia-South Transport Services”) and *Busverkehr Ruhr-Sieg* (BRS, “Ruhr-Sieg Bus Transport”) run to Kirchhundem, Olpe, Hilchenbach, Finnentrop, Schmallenberg, Meschede and Attendorn.

##### Historical

Until 1944 there was another railway connection to Erndtebrück by the Altenhundem–Birkelbach railway line, whose bridges, however, were blown up by retreating units of the German army in the Second World War. Parts of the tunnels are still preserved.

The line to Wenholthausen was still run until the mid-1960s. At this time, Altenhundem was said to be a railway village.

#### Private transport

The Federal Highways (*Bundesstraßen*) B 55 and B 517 run through the town.

#### Cycle transport

Lennestadt is connected to the North Rhine-Westphalia Cycle Transport Network (*Radverkehrsnetz NRW*) and furthermore lies on the *Lenneroute* running from the Lenne's source on the Kahler Asten down to its mouth at the Hohensyburg (castle).

### Media

The *Westfalenpost* and the *Westfälische Rundschau* each have a local edition in Lennestadt and appear as daily newspapers. As well, the advertising sheets *Sauerlandkurier* and *Sauerländer Wochenanzeiger* come out on Wednesdays and Sundays.

Lennestadt belongs to the *Westdeutscher Rundfunk* Siegen studio area. News from the South Sauerland is broadcast on WDR 2 and in local broadcasts on WDR Fernsehen.

### Education

Lennestadt is home to many elementary schools, one special school whose emphasis is on learning, Hauptschulen, Realschulen and two Gymnasien. Both the Gymnasium der Stadt Lennestadt as well as the Gymnasium Maria Königin are located in Altenhundem. Moreover, there is a folk high school and a professional college. Lennestadt furthermore lies in the feeder area of the University of Siegen.

## Notable people

### Honorary citizens

* Paul Tigges, writer

## InfoBox

| Lennestadt | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Bilstein Castle | |
|  | |
| Location of Lennestadt within Olpe district | |
| Lennestadt Lennestadt | |
| Coordinates: 51°7′25″N 8°4′5″E / 51.12361°N 8.06806°E / 51.12361; 8.06806 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | North Rhine-Westphalia |
| Admin. region | Arnsberg |
| District | Olpe |
| Subdivisions | 48 |
| Government | |
| Mayor (202025) | Tobias Puspas (CDU) |
| Area | |
| Total | 135.06 km2 (52.15 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 410 m (1,350 ft) |
| Population (2023-12-31) | |
| Total | 25,275 |
| Density | 190/km2 (480/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 57368 |
| Dialling codes | 02721, 02723, 02972 u. 02725 |
| Vehicle registration | OE |
| Website | www.lennestadt.de |


title: William Henry Duncan

abstract: William Henry Duncan, also known as Doctor Duncan, was an English doctor who worked in Liverpool as its first Medical Officer of Health.

text:
# William Henry Duncan

**William Henry Duncan** (27 January 1805 – 23 May 1863), also known as **Doctor Duncan**, was an English doctor who worked in Liverpool as its first Medical Officer of Health.

## Early life and career

Duncan was born on Seel Street, Liverpool on 27 January 1805 to Scottish parents. He was the nephew of James Currie, an earlier influential Liverpool physician.

He was also the nephew of Henry Duncan of Ruthwell and received his early education in Scotland, under Henry Duncan's protection.

William Henry Duncan qualified as a medical doctor in Edinburgh in 1829, returning to Liverpool to work in general practice on Rodney Street, the heart of the medical quarter and as a physician at the Liverpool Royal Infirmary.

He became a lecturer in the theory of medical law and theory (Jurisprudence) at the Royal Institution and worked at three local dispensaries, which were set up to treat patients who could not afford to pay for medical bills.

During this time, he developed strong sympathies with the neglected downtrodden section of the community and he campaigned against terrible living conditions of his patients and to improve the sanitation of Liverpool.

## Campaign work and acting on data

Duncan challenged the commonly held conception that it was the fault of the poor themselves that they became ill, he viewed social poverty as the cause, not individuals and looked to things like improving housing and sanitation to help the situation.

Housing in Liverpool was dark, poorly ventilated, damp and overcrowded, with no provision for human or other waste. Liverpool had not only the worst type of cellar dwelling, but also a larger proportion of its inhabitants living in cellars than any other town. The population living in court housing generally made use of privies and it was common practice to dispose of the contents by spreading them over the courts, so many of the cellar dwellers were frequently knee deep in sewage.

In 1822 a commission of sewers was established and over the next 20 years built 30 miles of sewers, but these were for surface water drainage only, houses did not connect to their drains.

In 1840 Dr Duncan was one of the numerous medical practitioners who submitted reports – including the Report on the Sanitary State of the Labouring Classes in Liverpool as evidence to Edwin Chadwick’s Poor Law Commission.

> His evidence is given in vol 2, 31st August 1840, where Duncan remarked, “There can be little doubt that the causes of the unusual prevalence of this disease in Liverpool are to be found principally in the condition of the dwellings of the labouring classes, who are almost exclusively its victims; but partly also in some circumstances connected with the habits of the poor.
>
> With regard to their dwellings I would point out as the principal circumstances affecting the health of the poor:
>
> 1. Imperfect ventilation
> 2. Want of places of deposit for vegetable and animal refuse
> 3. Imperfect drainage and sewerage
> 4. Imperfect system of scavenging and cleansing
>
> The circumstances derived from their habits most prejudicial to their health I conceive to be:
>
> 1. Their tendency to congregate in too large numbers under the same roof etc.
> 2. Want of cleanliness
> 3. Indisposition to be removed to the hospital when ill with fever".

In 1843 Dr Duncan gave two lectures to the Literary and Philosophical Society – On The Physical Causes Of The High Rate of Mortality in Liverpool.

The lecture was also published as a pamphlet which had an immediate effect upon the Council, who realised that something had to be done.

> Council Minutes 2nd August 1843 ‘…they have been deeply impressed by the novel and appalling statements made in a pamphlet recently published by their respected and able Townsman Dr W H Duncan by which it appears that Liverpool so far away from one of the healthiest as they had thought is actually the most unhealthy town in England owing to the extreme density in which the lower classes of its population are crowded together in confined Courts and Cellars constructed without due regard to ventilation and drainage and without adequate arrangements for the removal of filth.’

His lecture and pamphlet effectively inspired the Council to compile and pass the Liverpool Sanitary Act 1846, which in turn, acknowledged that a medical person was needed to tackle the many complex issues.

Duncan used statistics compiled by William Farr to demonstrate that the average age of death in the rural communities of Rutland and Wiltshire was 36.5 years, while in Liverpool it was 19.5 years.

In the absence of all but the most rudimentary vital statistics, Duncan collected data comparing sickness absence rates between the wealthy and the less wealthy neighbourhoods - an early example of inequalities in health research.

## The Liverpool Sanitary Act 1846

The Liverpool Sanitary Act 1846 laid down minimum standards for the construction of dwellings and outlawed the practice of living in cellars, the act also acknowledged that a medical person was needed to tackle the many complex issues; it led directly to the appointment of Britain’s first medical officer of health.

The Liverpool Sanitary Act 1846 was promoted by the local authority, not central government; it led the way and influenced the drafting of the Public Health Act 1848 (11 & 12 Vict. c. 63).

This act created a sanitary code and established that public health was an essential activity of local government.

## Appointment as Medical Officer for Health

Duncan was appointed Medical Officer of Health on 1 January 1847 and he was the first person to hold the post in both the city and the country.

When appointed as Medical Officer of Health there was no precedent for the role and no resources for him to make use of. He had to organise a Public Health Department from scratch and lay down rules of administration and procedure, train staff and fit himself and activities into the framework of the Town Council organization.

Originally employed as Medical Officer of Health on a part time basis on a salary of £300 a year, in 1848 the post was made full time with a salary of £750. By comparison the town clerk was paid £2000 and the Inspector of Nuisances £170.

## Liverpool's first public health team

Duncan formed Liverpool’s first Public Health Team, with Thomas Fresh whose job title was Inspector of Nuisances, a forerunner of the environmental health officer role, and James Newlands, Borough Engineer who instigated the first integrated sewerage system in the town and worked to improve the water supply.

They are a celebrated trio of pioneering officers appointed under a private act (the Liverpool Sanatory Act 1846) by the Borough's Health of the Town Committee and worked to identify insanitary dwellings and practices, with Duncan then able to take court action to have the dwellings cleansed and the practices stopped or moved.

## Outbreaks and health inequalities

One of Duncan’s first challenges faced as Medical Officer for Health came with the influx of immigrants arriving in Liverpool due to the Great Famine of Ireland.

Beginning in 1845 the famine carried on throughout 1846 and 1847, with thousands arriving in Liverpool weakened by starvation and malnutrition. With a steady rise of ‘pauper immigration’ Liverpool saw previously vacated cellars once again used out of desperation - causing cholera and typhus to spread rapidly.

In 1847 when Liverpool had a population of 250,000, 5,845 people died of ‘Fever’ and 2,589 died of ‘Diarrhoea’ This was the highest mortality rate ever seen in Liverpool.

It was not possible to clinically distinguish between Typhus, Typhoid and other Fevers, and at this time they were frequently referred to as ‘Irish Famine Fever’.

Duncan did request an embargo on the landing of Irish immigrants in Liverpool, but this was not sanctioned by law. A modified system of quarantine was adopted in July 1847, but he recorded that the only practical effects of this were to transfer those actively suffering with fever to the Hospital ships on the Mersey.

Medical Officer for Health William Mowll Frazer writes in his History of English Public Health 1834-1939 that:

> “The Health Committee of 1847, faced with epidemics which they rightly thought arose out of the appalling conditions under which most of the population of the borough lived, strove with the help of their officers to improve the sanitary condition of Liverpool, and in their efforts to this end they achieved a large measure of success. More than that, they perfected an administrative machine that would be used, as the years went by, to effect further improvements…. Perhaps the most important of these steps – and there were many of them – were housing, education, personal hygiene, National Health Insurance, and a general improvement in the standard of living. By the end of the 19th century the sanitary work of the reformers had been largely completed and Liverpool and the majority of the larger towns had reached relatively satisfactory standards of communal cleanliness.”

Duncan worked with the Health Committee, reporting to them, and they supported him as he worked with his team to improve the sanitation of Liverpool. He made use of the powers of the Sanitary Act to enforce necessary improvements in sanitation and dwellings, involving the magistrates to persuade owners to take corrective measures.

A team of twenty medical practitioners assisted Duncan in making daily house visits to cholera districts and directing the cleansing and whitewashing of over 3000 houses and this process was outlined by Duncan in his report to the Health Committee in 1851 and was applauded by a professor of hygiene a century later in unambiguous terms: ‘this statement of fundamental principles could hardly be bettered’

He continued to go into the homes of the sick and poor and requests a clerk to help him with office duties so he can concentrate on visiting the stricken area with Duncan stating "I should visit every house in the worst-conditioned districts".

By 1851 10,000 cellars had been cleared of their inhabitants.

## Legacy in the city

Duncan made an enormous difference to the life expectancy of the most vulnerable in Liverpool by his meticulous work

Duncan lived a modest life and died while on holiday in Scotland, aged 57.

Duncan is buried in Westpark, Elgin.

A blue plaque on Seel Street is still in place honouring his contribution to the city and a pub in Liverpool called Doctor Duncan's is named in his honour.

One of the buildings of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Liverpool is named after William Henry Duncan, The William Henry Duncan Building, whose entrance is off West Derby Street. The building houses the Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, research groups from the Institute of Translational Medicine and the Liverpool Biobank. Part funded by the EDRF the building also houses the Liverpool BioInnovation Hub.

A pub, Dr Duncan's, and lecture are named for him.

## InfoBox

| William Henry Duncan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 27 January 1805<br>Liverpool, England |
| Died | 23 May 1863 (aged 57) |
| Nationality | British |
| Known for | Medical Officer of Health |


title: Lennie von Graevenitz

abstract: Lennie von Graevenitz was a South African boxer. He competed in the men's bantamweight event at the 1952 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Lennie von Graevenitz

**Lennie von Graevenitz** (3 January 1935  9 September 2010) was a South African boxer. He competed in the men's bantamweight event at the 1952 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Lennie von Graevenitz
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | South African |
| Born | (1935-01-03)3 January 1935
Johannesburg, South Africa |
| Died | 9 September 2010(2010-09-09) (aged 75)
Pretoria, South Africa |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Boxing |


title: William Blackledge

abstract: William Blackledge was a Democratic-Republican U.S. Congressman from North Carolina between 1803 and 1809 and between 1811 and 1813. Born in Craven County, North Carolina, Blackledge was a member of the North Carolina House of Commons from 1797 to 1799 before being elected to the 8th United States Congress in 1802. He served three consecutive terms, during which he was one of the House managers for the impeachment of John Pickering. He ran unsuccessfully for re-election in 1808, but served briefly in the state house in 1809 and returned to serve one more term in the 12th United States Congress from 1811 to 1813. He ran for Congress unsuccessfully one final time before retiring from politics. He owned a thousand acres of land and six slaves. Blackledge died in Spring Hill, North Carolina in 1828. He was also the father of William Salter Blackledge, who served one term in the 17th United States Congress in the 1820s.  This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

text:
# William Blackledge

**William Blackledge** (c.1767  October 19, 1828) was a Democratic-Republican U.S. Congressman from North Carolina between 1803 and 1809 and between 1811 and 1813.

Born in Craven County, North Carolina, Blackledge was a member of the North Carolina House of Commons from 1797 to 1799 before being elected to the 8th United States Congress in 1802. He served three consecutive terms, during which he was one of the House managers for the impeachment of John Pickering. He ran unsuccessfully for re-election in 1808, but served briefly in the state house in 1809 and returned to serve one more term in the 12th United States Congress from 1811 to 1813. He ran for Congress unsuccessfully one final time before retiring from politics.

He owned a thousand acres of land and six slaves.

Blackledge died in Spring Hill, North Carolina in 1828. He was also the father of William Salter Blackledge, who served one term in the 17th United States Congress in the 1820s.

This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

### Biographies

## InfoBox

| William Blackledge | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from North Carolina's 4th district | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1811  March 3, 1813 | |
| Preceded by | John Stanly |
| Succeeded by | William Gaston |
| **In office**
March 4, 1803  March 3, 1809 | |
| Preceded by | Richard Stanford |
| Succeeded by | John Stanly |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1767
Craven County, North Carolina, U.S. |
| Died | October 19, 1828 (aged 61)
Spring Hill, North Carolina, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic-Republican |
|  | |


title: William J. Lyons Jr.

abstract: William J. Lyons Jr. was an American businessman and politician. Born in Norwalk, Connecticut, Lyons went to the University of Notre Dame. He then served in the United States Army in Europe during World War II. Lyons owned Lyons Construction Company in Norwalk. He served one term in the Connecticut State Senate from 1973 to 1975 as a Republican.

text:
# William J. Lyons Jr.

**William J. Lyons Jr.** (May 30, 1921  April 11, 2014) was an American businessman and politician.

Born in Norwalk, Connecticut, Lyons went to the University of Notre Dame. He then served in the United States Army in Europe during World War II. Lyons owned Lyons Construction Company in Norwalk. He served one term in the Connecticut State Senate from 1973 to 1975 as a Republican.

## InfoBox

| William J. Lyons Jr. | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Connecticut State Senate
from the 25th district | |
| **In office**
1973–1975 | |
| Preceded by | Jacob Rudolf |
| Succeeded by | Louis Ciccarello |
| Member of the Connecticut House of Representatives
from the 149th district | |
| **In office**
1971–1973 | |
| Preceded by | Bernard Breeman |
| Succeeded by | Abijah Upson Fox |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1921-05-30)May 30, 1921
Norwalk, Connecticut |
| Died | April 11, 2014(2014-04-11) (aged 92)
Norwalk, Connecticut |
| Resting place | St. John's Cemetery, Norwalk, Connecticut |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Patricia Russell Lyons |
| Alma mater | Oratory Preparatory School, Notre Dame University |
| Military service | |
| Unit | Third Army |
| Battles/wars | Battle of the Bulge |
|  | |


title: William J. Lhota Building

abstract: The William J. Lhota Building is a historic office building on High Street in downtown Columbus, Ohio. The building is primarily known as the headquarters of the Central Ohio Transit Authority (COTA), the city's transit system. It is owned by COTA, with some office space leased to other organizations. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places as part of the High and Gay Streets Historic District in 2014.

text:
# William J. Lhota Building

The **William J. Lhota Building** is a historic office building on High Street in downtown Columbus, Ohio. The building is primarily known as the headquarters of the Central Ohio Transit Authority (COTA), the city's transit system. It is owned by COTA, with some office space leased to other organizations. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places as part of the High and Gay Streets Historic District in 2014.

## Attributes

The building is also known by its address, 33 N. High Street, and as the New First National Bank Building. The Central Ohio Transit Authority is headquartered here. The 80,000-square-foot (7,400 m2) building holds its administrative offices, a bus operator check-in, pass sales offices, and ticket machines. The building was designed and built for a bank on the first floor and office tenants above. It has always housed offices in its upper floors, mostly for law and insurance companies.

The building was chosen as COTA's headquarters due to its location near the center of downtown (at Broad and High streets) and at the center of the agency's transit network, which still operates predominantly under a hub-and-spoke model. It gives greater prominence to the agency, and better convenience and accessibility to riders. It was intended to demonstrate the agency's commitment to downtown, which has been suffering economically in recent decades. The building also includes no employee parking, motivating COTA staff to take the bus over driving.

The building has a LEED silver rating from the U.S. Green Building Council, granted in 2012 for the building's recent interior renovation.

### Architecture

It was designed by the Pittsburgh architects McCollum & Dowler, and it appears to be the only building in the city designed by them. It is one of the largest and most intact buildings, as well as the tallest in the High and Gay Streets Historic District. It is one of four historic bank buildings in the district, all of which are contributing properties. The Lhota Building has a typical early 20th century commercial design, with three parts to its overall design, details of classical architecture, and a decorative cornice. Its steel frame construction followed a trend beginning to appear throughout downtown. Many buildings downtown also were built to include commercial space, several with banks on the first floor and offices for rent above. The Lhota Building is prominent among these remaining buildings, with its top floor and decorative cornice visible from blocks away.

The building's main facade facing east has three bays, while its south facade has twenty-three. The building uses buff-colored brick on its exterior, and has terra cotta ornamentation. Its entranceway onto High Street is two stories tall, with stone pilasters. It originally featured columns and a pediment extending into the third story. Its third story has terra cotta ornamentation including pilasters between the windows, semi-engaged columns flanking the windows, and cornices above and below the level. The building's top level, the tenth floor, is the most decorative, with consoles under each window, terra cotta between the windows, and a bracketed and modillion block cornice. The building's first floor exterior and lobby were altered in 1964, renovated for Walker's Men's Store moving in. Much of the building's east facade details wrap around to one single bay on the building's Pearl Street facade, while the other 22 bays are more modestly designed. These bays have a grid of rectangular windows, modest cornices above the second, third, ninth, and tenth floors, and horizontal bands of brick on the third floor. The west facade, on Wall Street, is utilitarian, relatively without ornamentation. The north facade is also mostly bare, save for several windows; part of it is obscured by a building built against it.

## History

The Lhota Building was built in 1905. It was associated with many of the city's leading businessmen, as its directors included Nicholas Schlee (president of the Schlee Brewing Company), W.H. Jones (president of the Jones Witter Company), and James Kilbourne (president of the Kilbourne and Jacobs Manufacturing Co.). Around 1919, the building also housed the home offices of the Ohio State Life Insurance Company. Around the 1930s, the retail shop Kibler Men's Clothing occupied the first floor, which was then occupied by Walker's Men's Store from the early 1950s into the mid-1980s. The building's upper floors had several small professional offices. For a time, the building contained the headquarters of the Ohio Republican Party, and the office of noted Columbus architect David Riebel. The entire building was taken over by the URS Corporation in the late 20th century. COTA began searching for a new headquarters as their McKinley Avenue offices reached capacity. The agency purchased the building in 2008, and renovated it, giving it new floors, finishes, and workstations. Lighting, HVAC, and mechanical systems were also updated. COTA's ticket office and its operator sign-in station were also moved to the building, from their former location on Capitol Square at 60 E. Broad Street. The building was named for Lhota, COTA's former CEO, in 2012.

From July to November 2019, COTA renovated the first-floor lobby and information desk into a "customer experience center", at a cost of $2.3 million. Aiming to attract more riders inside, the agency installed a large overhead screen describing fares and COTA services, along with touch-screen information kiosks, digital ticket machines, and a new high ceiling and bright lighting. The renovation also included exterior work: improved accessible ramps, new doors, and windows.

## InfoBox

| William J. Lhota Building | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Address | 33 N. High Street, Columbus, Ohio, United States |
| Coordinates | 39°57′46.76″N 83°0′4.75″W / 39.9629889°N 83.0013194°W / 39.9629889; -83.0013194 |
| Completed | 1905 |
| Owner | Central Ohio Transit Authority |
| Height | 116 ft (35 m) |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 10 |
| Floor area | 80,000 square feet (7,400 m2) |
| Design and construction | |
| Architecture firm | McCollum & Dowler |
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| New First National Bank Building | |
| U.S. Historic district
Contributing property | |
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|  | |
| Part of | High and Gay Streets Historic District (ID14000041) |
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title: Lehn House

abstract: The Lehn House is a historic townhouse on Strandgade in the Christianshavn neighbourhood of central Copenhagen, Denmark. It is also known as the Tordenskjold House after Peter Jansen Wessel Tordenskiold commonly referred to as Tordenskjold, who for a while lived in the building. The Danish Authors' Society is now based in the property whose meeting facilities are also rented out for events. The rooms are notable for their lavish stucco ceilings and murals.

text:
# Lehn House

The **Lehn House** (Danish: Lehns Gård) is a historic townhouse on Strandgade in the Christianshavn neighbourhood of central Copenhagen, Denmark. It is also known as the **Tordenskjold House** (Danish: Tordenskjolds Gård) after Peter Jansen Wessel Tordenskiold commonly referred to as Tordenskjold, who for a while lived in the building. The Danish Authors' Society is now based in the property whose meeting facilities are also rented out for events. The rooms are notable for their lavish stucco ceilings and murals.

## History

### Origins

The first house at the site was probably built shortly after Christianshavn was established on reclaimed land in 1617-22.

### Lehn and Tordenskiold

Abraham Lehn Jr.Sophie Amalie Kehn, née Edinger

Abraham Lehn, a wealthy merchant, shipowner and director of the Danish East India Company, constructed a new building on the site in 1703.

Abraham Lehn's son Abraham Lehn Jr. was still a child when his father died in 1709 and the house was therefore rented out, Peter Tordenskjold, a friend of his, had his first home on land since his childhood on the first floor up until his early death in 1720. It has previously been believed that he resided in the small pavilion in the courtyard but this was not the case. Lehn Jr. made the house his family home in 1721. He later spent most of his time on Lolland where he became a major landowner after acquiring four estates.

### Reventlow and the Danish West India Company

In 1732, Lehn sold the house in Strandgade to Christian Ditlev Reventlow, whose son, Christian Ditlev Frederik Reventlow, a key figure in the Danish agricultural reforms of the 1770s, was born in there in 1748, From 1755, the building served as headquarters for the Danish West India Company. Reventlow's property was listed as No. 27 in the new cadastre of 1756.

### Peter Fenger

Peter FengerElse Fenger

In 1762, Peter Fenger purchased the property. In 1770, he established a soap manufactury in the yard. His widow Else Fenger kept the property after his death just four years later.

The property was home to 15 residents in the household at the time of the 1787 census. Else Fenger resided in the building with her eight children (aged 11 to 26), a housekeeper, a caretaker associated the adjacent Frederick's German Church, a coachman and three maids.

The property was home to 10 residents at the 1801 census. Else Fenger resided in the building with her sons Jørgen Fenger and Johannes Fenger, a housekeeper and two soap manufacturers. The staff consisted of a caretaker and three maids.

Johannes FengerChristine Lorenze Fenger, née Meinert

Else Fenger's property was listed as No. 55 in the new cadastre of 1806. The soap manufactury was continued by Johannes Fenger (1878-1920). He was married to a daughter of Andreas Ewald Meinert in the Behagen House.

Johannes Fenger's brother Rasmus Fenger (1761-1825) spent his last years as pastor of the Chirch of Our Saviour.

No. 55 was home to 49 residents in eight households at the 1840 census. Martha Helene Fenger (1775-1856), Rasmus Fenger's widow, resided in the building with three of their sons (aged 24 to 31), a housekeeper and a maid. One of the sons was the medical doctor and later politician C.E. Fenger.Georg Pedersen, a new soap manufacturer (*grosserer*), resided on the ground floor with his wife Elise Pedersen, their three children (aged one to six), his mother-in-law Oline Pedersen, his sister-in-law Laura Pedersen, soap master Frederik Pedersen, one maile servant and two maids. Caroline Hasberg, a widow employed with needlework, resided on the ground floor with her three children (aged four to seven). Maren Kirstine Meinert, a widow, resided on the first floor with her son Andreas Meinert (merchant, *grosserer*) and two maids. Helene Sich, another widow, was also resident on the first flor. Andreas Schusen, a master joiner, resided on the first floor with his wife Petrea Hegelund, their three children (aged two to six), three joiners and one maid. Marie Hammershaimp, a widow, resided with two sons on the first floor. Johan Enners, an instrumentmaker, resided on the first floor with his wife Marie Enners.

### 1850-1900

The property was home to 53 residents in 10 households at the 1855 census. N. C. Dyrlund, a wine merchant, resided on the first floor with his wife Emilie Dyrlund, their three children (aged five to nine), a lodger, a housekeeper and two maids. Dorthea Schleisner, an "institute manager" (*institutbestyrerinde*), resided on the ground floor with her three children (aged nine to 12) and one maid. Amalie Freund, widow of Hermann Ernst Freund, resided in a single-storey side wing with her two youngest daughters (aged 11 and 13), her son Georg Christian Freund, one lodger and one maid. I. Strünck, a customs official, resided on the first floor of another side wing with his wife Christine Strünck, their five children (aged two to 14) and one maid. Caroline Marie Hasberg, a widow employed with needlework, resided on the ground floor of the same side wing with her three children (aged 13 to 16). Helene Fick, another widow, resided in one of the side wings with the portrait painter Carl Ferdinand Pedersen (1803-1875) and the needleworker Cathrine Mørk. Karen Bressendorff, widow of a haulier, resided in the side wing with her 33-year-old son Peter Hansen Bressendorff (haulier and widower) and his four-year-old son. Carl Wilhelm Höyer, a machinist (*maskinmester*), resided in the side wing with his wife Juliane Marie Höyer and their four children (aged two to 11). Jens Anders Schou, a watchman, resided in the basement of the side wing with his wife Caroline Schou and their three children (aged 12 to 18).

In about 1850, the house was purchased by Peter F Heering, who already owned the Heering House close by and had acquired the quay in front of the building from Lehn in 1725.

In 1853, No. 55 was divided into No. 55 A (Strandgade 6), 55 B og 55 C

The property was home to 17 residents at the time of the 1860 census. Søren Jensen, a master cooper, resided on the ground floor with his wife Ane Madsine Jensen, their two children (aged eight and nine), one maid and three cooper's apprentices. Julius Henrick Schulz, a master blacksmith, resided in the building with his wife Amalie Josephine Schulz, their two-year-old son Alfred Johan Fdr. Schulz and two blacksmiths. Anders Frederik Schou, an "institute manager *(*institutbestyrer*, schoolmaster or the likes), resided in the building with his wife Martha Elisabeth Schou and two unmarried daughters (aged 33 and 40).*

### 20th century

The property was acquired by master mason Johan Jacob Bruun in 1893. Bruun was born ii Viborg in 1851. Gis wife Ella (1859-) was from Korsør. They had the four daughters Gudrun, Britha, Ella and Alice. Bruun resided in the building until 1917.

In 1983, the Danish Authors' Society rented the ground floor of the main wing. In 1993, they acquired their premises as well as part of the basement.

## Architecture

The original Baroque-style house was only two storeys high but it was extended to three storeys and adapted in the Late Neoclassical style in 1857-58. The half-timbered side wing was originally only one storey high but later extended with an extra floor.

The Danish Authors' Society's premises in the ground floor are decorated with murals from 1705 by Hendrik Krock featuring subjects from the Old Testament and mythology. The stucco ceilings also date from this time.

In the courtyard to the rear of the building is a small pavilion known as Tordenskjold's Pavilion. It dates from 1763.

https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/931172.pdf Tordenskiold og Lehn\]

## InfoBox

| Lehn House | |
| --- | --- |
| *Lehns Gård* | |
| The building seen from across the street | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Architectural style | Rococo |
| Location | Copenhagen, Denmark |
| Country | Denmark |
| Coordinates | 55°40′23″N 12°35′18″E / 55.67295°N 12.58840°E / 55.67295; 12.58840 |
| Completed | 1703 |
| Client | Abraham Lehn |
| Owner | Andelsforeningen Tordenskjolds Gård |