title: Stream bed

abstract: A streambed or stream bed is the bottom of a stream or river (bathymetry) and is confined within a channel, or the banks of the waterway. Usually, the bed does not contain terrestrial (land) vegetation and instead supports different types of aquatic vegetation, depending on the type of streambed material and water velocity. Streambeds are what would be left once a stream is no longer in existence. The beds are usually well preserved even if they get buried because the banks and canyons made by the stream are typically hard, although soft sand and debris often fill the bed. Dry, buried streambeds can actually be underground water pockets. During times of rain, sandy streambeds can soak up and retain water, even during dry seasons, keeping the water table close enough to the surface to be obtainable by local people. The nature of any streambed is always a function of the flow dynamics and the local geologic materials. The climate of an area will determine the amount of precipitation a stream receives and therefore the amount of water flowing over the streambed. A streambed is usually a mix of particle sizes which depends on the water velocity and the materials introduced from upstream and from the watershed. Particle sizes can range from very fine silts and clays to large cobbles and boulders. In general, sands move most easily, and particles become more difficult to move as they increase in size. Silts and clays, although smaller than sands, can sometimes stick together, making them harder to move along the streambed. In streams with a gravel bed, the larger grain sizes are usually on the bed surface with finer grain sizes below. This is called armoring of the streambed.The streambed is very complex in terms of erosion and deposition. As the water flows downstream, different sized particles get sorted to different parts of a streambed as water velocity changes and sediment is transported, eroded and deposited on the streambed. Deposition usually occurs on the inside of curves, where water velocity slows, and erosion occurs on the outside of stream curves, where velocity is higher. This continued erosion and deposition of sediment tends to create meanders of the stream. In streams with a low to moderate grade, deeper, slower water pools and faster shallow water riffles often form as the stream meanders downhill. Pools can also form as water rushes over or around obstructions in the waterway. Under certain conditions a river can branch from one streambed to multiple streambeds. For example, an anabranch may form when a section of stream or river goes around a small island and then rejoins the main channel. The buildup of sediment on a streambed may cause a channel to be abandoned in favor of a new one. A braided river may form as small threads come and go within a main channel.

text:
# Stream bed

A **streambed** or **stream bed** is the bottom of a stream or river (bathymetry) and is confined within a channel, or the banks of the waterway. Usually, the bed does not contain terrestrial (land) vegetation and instead supports different types of aquatic vegetation (aquatic plant), depending on the type of streambed material and water velocity. Streambeds are what would be left once a stream is no longer in existence. The beds are usually well preserved even if they get buried because the banks and canyons made by the stream are typically hard, although soft sand and debris often fill the bed. Dry, buried streambeds can actually be underground water pockets. During times of rain, sandy streambeds can soak up and retain water, even during dry seasons, keeping the water table close enough to the surface to be obtainable by local people.

The nature of any streambed is always a function of the flow dynamics and the local geologic materials. The climate of an area will determine the amount of precipitation a stream receives and therefore the amount of water flowing over the streambed. A streambed is usually a mix of particle sizes which depends on the water velocity and the materials introduced from upstream and from the watershed. Particle sizes can range from very fine silts and clays to large cobbles and boulders (grain size). In general, sands move most easily, and particles become more difficult to move as they increase in size. Silts and clays, although smaller than sands, can sometimes stick together, making them harder to move along the streambed. In streams with a gravel bed, the larger grain sizes are usually on the bed surface with finer grain sizes below. This is called armoring of the streambed.

The streambed is very complex in terms of erosion and deposition. As the water flows downstream, different sized particles get sorted to different parts of a streambed as water velocity changes and sediment is transported, eroded and deposited on the streambed. Deposition usually occurs on the inside of curves, where water velocity slows, and erosion occurs on the outside of stream curves, where velocity is higher. This continued erosion and deposition of sediment tends to create meanders of the stream. In streams with a low to moderate grade, deeper, slower water pools (stream pools) and faster shallow water riffles often form as the stream meanders downhill. Pools can also form as water rushes over or around obstructions in the waterway.

Under certain conditions a river can branch from one streambed to multiple streambeds. For example, an anabranch may form when a section of stream or river goes around a small island and then rejoins the main channel. The buildup of sediment on a streambed may cause a channel to be abandoned in favor of a new one (avulsion (river)). A braided river may form as small threads come and go within a main channel.

## Climate change

The intensity and frequency of both drought and rain events are expected to increase with climate change. Floods, or flood stage, occur when a stream overflows its banks. In undisturbed natural areas, flood water would be able to spread out within a floodplain and vegetation of either grassland or forest, would slow and absorb peak flows. In such areas, streambeds should remain more stable and exhibit minimal scour. They should retain rich organic matter and, therefore continue to support a rich biota (river ecosystem). The majority of sediment washed out in higher flows is "near-threshold" sediment that has been deposited during normal flow and only needs a slightly higher flow to become mobile again. This shows that the streambed is left mostly unchanged in size and shape over time. In urban and suburban areas with little natural vegetation, high levels of impervious surface, and no floodplain, unnaturally high levels of surface runoff can occur. This causes an increase in flooding and watershed erosion which can lead to thinner soils upslope. Streambeds can exhibit a greater amount of scour, often down to bedrock, and banks may be undercut causing bank erosion. This increased bank erosion widens the stream and can lead to an increased sediment load downstream.


title: The Three Stooges Scrapbook

abstract: The Three Stooges Scrapbook is an unaired 1960 television miniseries starring The Three Stooges. In the opening title and Hollywood trade advertisements, the show's title is spelled without "The," including a promotional photograph of the Stooges holding an oversized scrapbook. The first episode's plot finds the men evicted from a rooming house and finding refuge in the home of a mad inventor. The second and final episode features the trio presenting an animated short called The Spain Mutiny that imagines them as part of Christopher Columbus’ crew. The Three Stooges Scrapbook was filmed in color and produced by Norman Maurer, who hoped to establish a weekly program for children’s television. When no network wished to pursue the project as a series, Maurer divided the pilot into two short films that were released to theaters in 1963. Maurer also reprinted the live-action scenes in black and white and incorporated them into the 1962 feature film The Three Stooges in Orbit. Bradley Server, the youngest grandson of Curly Howard, has restored a 35-mm print of a portion of the second episode and made it available on YouTube.

text:
# The Three Stooges Scrapbook

***The Three Stooges Scrapbook*** is an unaired 1960 television miniseries starring The Three Stooges (Moe Howard, Larry Fine and Curly-Joe DeRita). In the opening title and Hollywood trade advertisements, the show's title is spelled without "The," including a promotional photograph of the Stooges holding an oversized scrapbook. The first episode's plot finds the men evicted from a rooming house and finding refuge in the home of a mad inventor (played by Emil Sitka). The second and final episode features the trio presenting an animated short called *The Spain Mutiny* that imagines them as part of Christopher Columbus’ crew.

*The Three Stooges Scrapbook* was filmed in color and produced by Norman Maurer (Moe Howard’s son-in-law), who hoped to establish a weekly program for children’s television. When no network wished to pursue the project as a series, Maurer divided the pilot into two short films that were released to theaters in 1963. Maurer also reprinted the live-action scenes in black and white and incorporated them into the 1962 feature film *The Three Stooges in Orbit*.

Bradley Server, the youngest grandson of Curly Howard, has restored a 35-mm print of a portion of the second episode and made it available on YouTube.

## Episodes

|  | Episode title | Directed by | Written by | Airdate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Pilot" | Sidney Miller | Elwood Ullman | Unaired (Unaired) |
| 2 | "The Spain Mutiny" | Sidney Miller | Elwood Ullman | Unaired (Unaired) |

## Cast

## Credits

* Director: Sidney Miller
* Writer: Elwood Ullman
* Producer: Norman Maurer
* Starring: Larry Fine, Moe Howard, Joe DeRita
* Featuring: Emil Sitka, Marjorie Eaton, Don Lamond, Edward Innes, Albert Grazier
* Music Composer and Conductor: Paul Dunlap
* Title Song: George Dunning (music) and Stanley Styne (lyrics)
* Vocals: The Eligibles
* Director of Photography: Hal McAlpin
* Film Editor: Chuck Gladden
* Assistant Director: Harry Slott
* Associate Producer: Pat Somerset
* Chief Electrician: Robert Petzoldt
* Sound Recorder: Leon Leon
* Property Master: Chick Chicetti
* Set Decorator: Frank Lombardo
* Script Supervisor: Joe Franklin
* Makeup: Ted Coodley
* Costumer: Jack Angel
* Grip: Tex Hayes
* Laboratory: Consolidated Film Industries
* Sound: Glen Glenn
* Costume Designer: Sascha Brastoff

## Book

*The Three Stooges Scrapbook* is also the title of a 1982 book written by Three Stooges experts Jeff and Greg Lenburg and Joan Howard Maurer (Moe Howard's daughter and Norman Maurer's wife).

* Kook's Tour – another unaired Three Stooges pilot from 1970 that was initially released through the home-movie market and later on VHS and DVD.

## InfoBox

| *The Three Stooges Scrapbook* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Sitcom
Comedy |
| Based on | The Three Stooges |
| Written by | Elwood Ullman |
| Directed by | Sidney Miller |
| Starring | Moe Howard
Larry Fine
Joe DeRita
Emil Sitka
Marjorie Eaton
Edward Innes
Albert Grazier |
| Narrated by | Don Lamond |
| Theme music composer | George Duning
Stanley Styne |
| Opening theme | "I Want to Be a Stooge" |
| Ending theme | "I Want to Be a Stooge" |
| Composer | Paul Dunlap |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of episodes | 2 |
| Production | |
| Producer | Norman Maurer |
| Editor | Chuck Gladden |
| Running time | 25 minutes |
| Production companies | Normandy Productions, Inc. |
| Original release | |
| Release | Unaired (Unaired) |


title: The Three Strangers (play)

abstract: The Three Strangers is an 1825 stage melodrama by the British writer Harriet Lee. It was based on one of her own works, Kruitzner, co-written as part of The Canterbury Tales with her sister Sophia. It premiered at the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden on 10 December 1825. The cast included James Prescott Warde as Kruitzner, Daniel Egerton as Baron Stralenheim, Charles Kemble as Conrad, John Cooper as the Hungarian, George Bartley as Idenstein, William Blanchard as the Intendant, William Claremont as Weilberg, William Chapman as Herman, Louisa Chatterley as Josephine and Julia Glover as Mrs Weilberg. A relative disappointment, the play was performed four times and Lee retired after this.

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# The Three Strangers (play)

***The Three Strangers*** is an 1825 stage melodrama by the British writer Harriet Lee. It was based on one of her own works, *Kruitzner*, co-written as part of *The Canterbury Tales* with her sister Sophia.

It premiered at the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden on 10 December 1825. The cast included James Prescott Warde as Kruitzner, Daniel Egerton as Baron Stralenheim, Charles Kemble as Conrad, John Cooper as the Hungarian, George Bartley as Idenstein, William Blanchard as the Intendant, William Claremont as Weilberg, William Chapman as Herman, Louisa Chatterley as Josephine and Julia Glover as Mrs Weilberg. A relative disappointment, the play was performed four times and Lee retired after this.

## Bibliography

* Burwick, Frederick Goslee, Nancy Moore & Hoeveler Diane Long. *The Encyclopedia of Romantic Literature*. John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
* Franceschina, John C. *Sisters of Gore: Seven Gothic Melodramas by British Women, 1790-1843*. Routledge, 2014.
* Nicoll, Allardyce. *A History of Early Nineteenth Century Drama 1800-1850*. Cambridge University Press, 1930.

## InfoBox

| The Three Strangers | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Written by | Harriet Lee |
| Date premiered | 10 December 1825 |
| Place premiered | Theatre Royal, Covent Garden, London |
| Original language | English |
| Genre | Melodrama |
| Setting | Germany, Present day |


title: The Silent Witness (1932 film)

abstract: The Silent Witness is a 1932 American mystery film directed by Marcel Varnel and starring Lionel Atwill, Greta Nissen, and Helen Mack. It was adapted from a play by Jack DeLeon and Jack Celestin. The film's sets were designed by the art director Duncan Cramer who worked on many Fox Film productions of the era.

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# The Silent Witness (1932 film)

***The Silent Witness*** is a 1932 American mystery film directed by Marcel Varnel and starring Lionel Atwill, Greta Nissen, and Helen Mack. It was adapted from a play by Jack DeLeon and Jack Celestin. The film's sets were designed by the art director Duncan Cramer who worked on many Fox Film productions of the era.

## Plot

An Englishman takes the blame for his son who he believes guilty of murdering his lover. The real truth surrounding the case is only revealed by a silent witness.

## Cast

## Release

*International Photographer*, which gave the film a good review, posited that Atwill might be a hard sell to movie audiences despite his obvious talent and years of stage experience: "The difficulty of the exhibitor will be to get his patrons to see Atwill. Once he has them started the rest will be easy."

## Critical Response

*International Photographer* described the film as playing more like a stage production than a film but still called it "gripping."

1. BFI.org. Accessed April 6, 2023.
2. *The Silent Witness*, afi.com. Accessed April 6, 2023.
3. Goble, p. 954
4. Blaisdell, George. "Looking In on Just a Few New Ones." *The International Photographer* Vol. 3 No. 12 p32. February, 1932. Accessed 7 May 2023.
5. Blaisdell, George. "Looking In on Just a Few New Ones." *The International Photographer* Vol. 3 No. 12 p32. February, 1932. Accessed 7 May 2023.

## Bibliography

* Goble, Alan. *The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film*. Walter de Gruyter, 1999.
* Turim, Maureen. *Flashbacks in Film: Memory & History*. Routledge, 2013.

## InfoBox

| The Silent Witness | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Marcel Varnel |
| Written by | Jack DeLeon (play)
Jack Celestin (play)
Douglas Z. Doty |
| Starring | Lionel Atwill
Greta Nissen
Helen Mack |
| Cinematography | Joseph H. August |
| Edited by | Jack Murray |
| Production
company | Fox Film Corporation |
| Distributed by | Fox Film Corporation |
| Release date | * February 7, 1932 (1932-02-07) |
| Running time | 73 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: The Torture Never Stops (song)

abstract: "The Torture Never Stops" is a song by Frank Zappa from the 1976 album Zoot Allures. Other versions appear on Zappa in New York, Thing-Fish, You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 1, You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 4, The Best Band You Never Heard in Your Life, FZ:OZ, Cheap Thrills, Buffalo, Philly '76, and Hammersmith Odeon. Zappa played "The Torture Never Stops" in concert from 1975 to 1978, in 1981 and again in 1988. The song debuted in 1975 as "Why Doesn't Somebody Get Him a Pepsi?" though few of the instrument parts were similar to the album version. Critics have written that while performing the song, Zappa comes off as calm yet passive-aggressive. Michel Delville, in his essay Frank Zappa, Captain Beefheart and the Secret History of Maximalism contrasted the tone of "The Torture Never Stops" with Brian Eno's album Ambient 1: Music for Airports.

text:
# The Torture Never Stops (song)

"**The Torture Never Stops**" is a song by Frank Zappa from the 1976 album *Zoot Allures*. Other versions appear on *Zappa in New York*, *Thing-Fish*, *You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 1*, *You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 4*, *The Best Band You Never Heard in Your Life*, *FZ:OZ*, *Cheap Thrills*, *Buffalo*, *Philly '76*, and *Hammersmith Odeon*.

Zappa played "The Torture Never Stops" in concert from 1975 to 1978, in 1981 and again in 1988.

The song debuted in 1975 as "Why Doesn't Somebody Get Him a Pepsi?" though few of the instrument parts were similar to the album version. Critics have written that while performing the song, Zappa comes off as calm yet passive-aggressive. Michel Delville, in his essay *Frank Zappa, Captain Beefheart and the Secret History of Maximalism* contrasted the tone of "The Torture Never Stops" with Brian Eno's album *Ambient 1: Music for Airports*.

## Rat Tomago

| "Rat Tomago" | |
| --- | --- |
| Song by Frank Zappa | |
| from the album  *Sheik Yerbouti* | |
| Recorded | 1978 |
| Genre | Rock, Instrumental rock |
| Length | 5:17 |
| Songwriter(s) | Frank Zappa |

A live solo from the song, called "**Rat Tomago**", was put on the 1979 album *Sheik Yerbouti*. Like "The Torture Never Stops", it contains the same basic structure, bass line, and female moaning. "Rat Tomago" was nominated for the inaugural Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance in 1980, but lost to Paul McCartney and Wings' "Rockestra Theme".

## Personnel

**Studio version**

## InfoBox

| "The Torture Never Stops" | |
| --- | --- |
| Song by Frank Zappa | |
| from the album  *Zoot Allures* | |
| Recorded | 1976 |
| Genre | Blues rock |
| Length | 9:45 |
| Songwriter(s) | Frank Zappa |


title: The Tiny Star

abstract: The Tiny Star is a 2019 children's picture book by Mem Fox and illustrated by Freya Blackwood. It is about a star falling to Earth, turning into a baby, living a loving fulfilling life, dying, than returning to the heavens as a star.

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# The Tiny Star

***The Tiny Star*** is a 2019 children's picture book by Mem Fox and illustrated by Freya Blackwood. It is about a star falling to Earth, turning into a baby, living a loving fulfilling life, dying, than returning to the heavens as a star.

## Development

According to Fox, it took her five years to write.

## Publication history

## Reception

A reviewer for the *Reading Time* wrote "*The Tiny Star* is a valuable, uplifting and poignant story for the young to make sense of, and find comfort in, heartbreaking loss", and recommended it as a best book of the year. *Publishers Weekly* called it a "meditation".

*The Tiny Star* has also been reviewed by *Kirkus Reviews*, *Books+Publishing*, and StoryLinks.

## Awards

## InfoBox

The Tiny Star
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Mem Fox |
| Illustrator | Freya Blackwood |
| Cover artist | Freya Blackwood |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Children's picture book |
| Published | 2019 (Puffin Books) |
| Publication place | Australia |
| Media type | Print (hardback) |
| Pages | 40 (unpaginated) |
| ISBN | 9780670078127 |
| OCLC | 906797819 |


title: The Singles Box

abstract: Alanis Morissette – The Singles Box, commonly abbreviated simply as The Singles Box, is a compilation box set by Alanis Morissette, released on April 8, 1997, by Maverick. The set includes five of her six singles from 1995's Jagged Little Pill: "Ironic", "Hand in My Pocket", "Head over Feet", "You Learn" and "You Oughta Know", as well as live tracks and alternate versions of JLP tracks spread across five maxi-CDs. Also included in the box set is a short booklet of Alanis photos and other extras, including a note to her fans written by Morissette herself. The Singles Box was released only in Europe and Australia in limited quantities. Morissette's sixth single, "All I Really Want", is the only single that wasn't given a disc in The Singles Box. "All I Really Want" and "Mary Jane" are the only tracks from Jagged Little Pill that didn't appear in the set in any form.

text:
# The Singles Box

***Alanis Morissette – The Singles Box***, commonly abbreviated simply as ***The Singles Box***, is a compilation box set by Alanis Morissette, released on April 8, 1997, by Maverick. The set includes five of her six singles from 1995's *Jagged Little Pill*: "Ironic", "Hand in My Pocket", "Head over Feet", "You Learn" and "You Oughta Know", as well as live tracks and alternate versions of JLP tracks spread across five maxi-CDs. Also included in the box set is a short booklet of Alanis photos and other extras, including a note to her fans written by Morissette herself.

*The Singles Box* was released only in Europe and Australia in limited quantities.

Morissette's sixth single, "All I Really Want", is the only single that wasn't given a disc in *The Singles Box*. "All I Really Want" and "Mary Jane" are the only tracks from *Jagged Little Pill* that didn't appear in the set in any form.

## Track listing

All lyrics written by Alanis Morissette. All music written by Alanis Morissette and Glen Ballard.

### CD 1: "You Oughta Know"

1. "You Oughta Know" – 4:09
2. "You Oughta Know" (Clean Album Version) – 4:08
3. "Perfect" (Studio Acoustic Version) – 3:06
4. "You Oughta Know" (Live at the 1996 Grammys) – 3:48

### CD 2: "Ironic"

1. "Ironic" – 3:50
2. "Forgiven" (Live from Tokyo) – 6:10
3. "Not the Doctor" (Modern Rock Live from L.A.) – 6:05
4. "Wake Up" (Modern Rock Live from L.A.) – 5:06

### CD 3: "You Learn"

1. "You Learn" – 4:00
2. "Your House" (Live from Tokyo) – 3:06
3. "Wake Up" (Modern Rock Live from L.A.) – 5:06
4. "Hand in My Pocket" – 3:42

### CD 4: "Hand in My Pocket"

1. "Hand in My Pocket" (Clean Version) – 3:42
2. "Head Over Feet" (Live from Holland) – 4:11
3. "Not the Doctor" (Live from Holland) – 3:58

### CD 5: "Head Over Feet"

1. "Head Over Feet" – 4:27
2. "You Learn" (Live from Michigan) – 4:15
3. "Right Through You" (Live from Michigan) – 3:12
4. "Hand in My Pocket" (Live from Brisbane) – 4:29
5. "Ironic" (Live from Sydney) – 4:35

## Credits

## InfoBox

| The Singles Box | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Box set by Alanis Morissette | |
| Released | April 8, 1997 |
| Length | 1:22:05 |
| Label | Maverick, Warner Bros. |
| Producer | Glen Ballard |
| Alanis Morissette chronology | |
| *Space Cakes*
(1995) ***The Singles Box***
(1997) *Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie*
(1998) | |


abstract: The Singles Collection is the second greatest hits album by American singer Britney Spears. It was released on November 10, 2009, through Jive Records to commemorate her ten-year anniversary since entering the music industry. The compilation was released in many different formats, including a one-disc edition, a CD+DVD edition and a box set, which contained twenty-nine singles, each packaged in its own slip case with original cover art. The CD+DVD edition, as well as the box set, contains a DVD with Spears's music videos. The Singles Collection received widespread acclaim from the music critics, who noted Spears's impact and influence on pop music during her first decade in the music industry. The album entered the top ten in Japan, and peaked at number twenty-two on the US Billboard 200. It is Spears' longest-charting album on the UK Albums Chart, due both to its initial chart run and resurgent success beginning in 2021. "3" was released as the sole single from the album. In the United States, it debuted atop the Billboard Hot 100. The only new song on the album, it was produced by Max Martin and Shellback.

text:
# The Singles Collection (Britney Spears album)

***The Singles Collection*** is the second greatest hits album by American singer Britney Spears. It was released on November 10, 2009, through Jive Records to commemorate her ten-year anniversary since entering the music industry. The compilation was released in many different formats, including a one-disc edition, a CD+DVD edition and a box set, which contained twenty-nine singles, each packaged in its own slip case with original cover art. The CD+DVD edition, as well as the box set, contains a DVD with Spears's music videos.

*The Singles Collection* received widespread acclaim from the music critics, who noted Spears's impact and influence on pop music during her first decade in the music industry. The album entered the top ten in Japan, and peaked at number twenty-two on the US *Billboard* 200. It is Spears' longest-charting album on the UK Albums Chart, due both to its initial chart run and resurgent success beginning in 2021.

"" was released as the sole single from the album. In the United States, it debuted atop the *Billboard* Hot 100. The only new song on the album, it was produced by Max Martin and Shellback.

## Release

On July 12, 2009, Spears confirmed through her Twitter account that she had begun recording new material, stating she was going into the studio with Swedish songwriter and producer Max Martin. On September 23, 2009, Jive Records officially announced the release of a greatest hits titled *The Singles Collection* through Spears's official website, in celebration of Spears's ten-year anniversary in the music industry. The album followed her previous greatest hits album *Greatest Hits: My Prerogative* (2004). The release date was confirmed to be November 24, 2009 and the album included a new song titled "", produced by Martin. The compilation was available in two main editions, a standard edition as well as a box set. The standard version contained a single CD with seventeen tracks, including "3". The boxset contained her twenty-nine singles including "3", with each single packaged in its own slip case with original cover art, accompanied by an original b-side or remix. It also included a booklet featuring iconic images and facts about each track as well as a DVD featuring all of Spears's music videos to date in chronological order.

On October 14, 2009, Jive Records announced in a new press release that the date for the standard edition was moved up to November 10, 2009. The date for the release of the box set remained the same. The following day, a CD+DVD edition was announced to be released on November 10, 2009, outside North America. This edition included the standard edition track listing as well as the single "I'm Not a Girl, Not Yet a Woman".

## Singles

"" was confirmed as the only single from the album, released on October 6, 2009, along with the announcement of *The Singles Collection*. It was released to radio stations on September 29, 2009. The song received positive reviews from critics, and debuted at number one on the US *Billboard* Hot 100, breaking many chart records. It made Spears the first artist in over three years to debut at the top position and the only non-*American Idol* artist in eleven years to do so. It was the sixteenth song in the chart history to debut at the top position and also the shortest title for a song reaching the top of the chart. "3" also debuted at number one in Canada and reached the top ten in Australia, Belgium (Wallonia), Czech Republic, Finland, France, Ireland, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Digital Spy* |  |
| IGN | 8.2/10 |
| *PopMatters* | 6/10 |

The compilation album received universal critical acclaim. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic gave the collection five stars and compared it to *Greatest Hits: My Prerogative*, saying that although they had the same length, they were "different listening experiences". He also noted that the more recent tracks "help push *The Singles* away from teen pop and toward pure dance-pop bliss. \[...\] It does result in a stronger overall listen, since there are no slow patches here, just a parade of relentless hooks and rhythms that wound up defining the sound of a decade". Mayer Nissim of *Digital Spy* also gave the album five stars stating that "\[it\] perfectly captures the career of one of the best singles artists of the last ten years. Running from '...Baby One More Time' to 'Radar', you get a single-disc timeline that shows a progression in style and substance from school uniform-wearing pop ingénue to sultry motorik saucepot. \[...\] The only arguable weak link is the Madonna-featuring 'Me Against the Music', but in this context what once looked like a respectful passing of the baton now seems like an unconditional surrender of pop Queendom to its rightful heir." The reviewer also noted the impact on popular culture and pop music of Spears, highlighting "Oops!... I Did It Again", "Toxic" and "Stronger".

Brian Linder of IGN commented "2004's *Greatest Hits: My Prerogative* \[...\] captured the highlights from Britney's heyday, but lacks the more mature club-oriented material that she's churned out in recent years. That helps make this collection a justifiable fan purchase". Mike Diver of BBC Online called it "the definitive Britney album" and added that "these songs don't just make a mark, lingering in the memory – they are essential pieces of the past ten years of pop history, and deserve better than dismissal by so-called discerning listeners". Evan Sawdey of *PopMatters* called the album "a high-gloss collection of tunes that selectively sums up the career of one of the biggest female pop singers of the past decade. It's a disc that's light on filler \[...\] and heavy on Spears' more high-energy cuts, which, without question, play to her strengths as a performer".

## Commercial performance

In the United States, *The Singles Collection* debuted at number 22 on the *Billboard* 200, selling 26,800 copies in its first week. The album has sold over 250,000 copies in the United States. In Canada, the album was certified gold by the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA) for sales over 40,000 copies. The album debuted at number 15 in Mexico and was certified gold by the Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas (AMPROFON) for shipments over 30,000 units. On November 23, 2009, the album debuted on the Australian Albums Chart at number twenty-three. The same week, it debuted at number 22 in New Zealand. The album reached the top forty in Belgium (Wallonia), Denmark, Greece, New Zealand and Norway, and also charted in Belgium (Flanders), Finland, Spain and the Netherlands. In January 2011, *The Singles Collection* re-entered the charts in Ireland and the United Kingdom, at numbers 51 and 47, respectively.

In 2021, the album saw a resurgence in popularity on the UK Albums Chart, charting for 39 consecutive weeks throughout the year. Its resurgence in the United Kingdom has proven lasting, with the album continuing to regularly chart in subsequent years. In the week of June 27–July 3, 2024, the album made its 156th overall appearance on the UK Albums Chart, marking a cumulative three years of chart placement. It is Spears's longest-charting album on the UK Albums Chart, and one of only two albums by her to spend 100 or more weeks on that chart (the other being her debut, *...Baby One More Time*).

## Track listing

### Greatest hits album

*The Singles Collection* – North American edition
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "" |  | * Martin * Shellback | 3:25 |
| 2. | "...Baby One More Time" | Martin |  | 3:31 |
| 3. | "(You Drive Me) Crazy" (The Stop Remix!) |  | * Magnusson * Kreuger * Martin | 3:17 |
| 4. | "Born to Make You Happy" (radio edit) |  |  | 3:35 |
| 5. | "Oops!... I Did It Again" | * Martin * Rami | * Martin * Rami | 3:31 |
| 6. | "Stronger" | * Martin * Rami | * Martin * Rami | 3:23 |
| 7. | "I'm a Slave 4 U" |  | The Neptunes | 3:25 |
| 8. | "Boys" (The Co-Ed Remix) (featuring Pharrell Williams) | * Hugo * Williams | The Neptunes | 3:46 |
| 9. | "Me Against the Music" (featuring Madonna) |  |  | 3:45 |
| 10. | "Toxic" |  | Bloodshy & Avant | 3:20 |
| 11. | "Everytime" |  | Guy Sigsworth | 3:50 |
| 12. | "Gimme More" |  |  | 4:11 |
| 13. | "Piece of Me" |  | Bloodshy & Avant | 3:32 |
| 14. | "Womanizer" |  | The Outsyders | 3:43 |
| 15. | "Circus" |  |  | 3:11 |
| 16. | "If U Seek Amy" |  | Martin | 3:36 |
| 17. | "Radar" |  |  | 3:48 |
| Total length: | | | | 60:58 |

*The Singles Collection* – International edition
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 8. | "I'm Not a Girl, Not Yet a Woman" |  | * Martin * Rami | 3:51 |
| 9. | "Boys" (The Co-Ed Remix) (featuring Pharrell Williams) |  |  | 3:46 |
| 10. | "Me Against the Music" (featuring Madonna) |  |  | 3:45 |
| 11. | "Toxic" |  |  | 3:20 |
| 12. | "Everytime" |  |  | 3:50 |
| 13. | "Gimme More" |  |  | 4:11 |
| 14. | "Piece of Me" |  |  | 3:32 |
| 15. | "Womanizer" |  |  | 3:43 |
| 16. | "Circus" |  |  | 3:11 |
| 17. | "If U Seek Amy" |  |  | 3:36 |
| 18. | "Radar" |  |  | 3:48 |
| Total length: | | | | 64:49 |

*The Singles Collection* iTunes Store deluxe edition (bonus tracks)
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19. | "Lucky" | * Martin * Rami * Kronlund | * Martin * Rami | 3:24 |
| 20. | "Sometimes" | Elofsson | * Magnusson * Kreuger * Elofsson | 3:55 |
| 21. | "Overprotected" | * Martin * Rami | * Martin * Rami | 3:18 |
| 22. | "Don't Let Me Be the Last to Know" |  | Lange | 3:50 |
| 23. | "Break the Ice" | * Hills * Washington * Hilson * Araica | * Danja * Jim Beanz | 3:15 |
| Total length: | | | | 81:01 |

*The Singles Collection* – International limited edition (bonus DVD)
| No. | Title | Director(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "...Baby One More Time" | Nigel Dick | 3:59 |
| 2. | "(You Drive Me) Crazy" (The Stop Remix!) | Dick | 3:20 |
| 3. | "Born to Make You Happy" | Bille Woodruff | 3:39 |
| 4. | "Oops!... I Did It Again" | Dick | 4:12 |
| 5. | "Stronger" | Joseph Kahn | 3:38 |
| 6. | "I'm a Slave 4 U" | Francis Lawrence | 3:24 |
| 7. | "I'm Not a Girl, Not Yet a Woman" | Wayne Isham | 3:49 |
| 8. | "Me Against the Music" (featuring Madonna) | Paul Hunter | 4:03 |
| 9. | "Toxic" | Kahn | 3:33 |
| 10. | "Everytime" | David LaChapelle | 4:07 |
| 11. | "Gimme More" | Jake Sarfaty | 4:01 |
| 12. | "Piece of Me" | Isham | 3:10 |
| 13. | "Womanizer" | Kahn | 3:46 |
| 14. | "Circus" | Lawrence | 3:34 |
| 15. | "If U Seek Amy" | Jake Nava | 3:46 |
| 16. | "Radar" | Dave Meyers | 3:41 |
| Total length: | | | 60:18 |

### Box set

*The Singles Collection* – Disc one
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "...Baby One More Time" | Martin | * Martin * Rami | 3:30 |
| 2. | "Autumn Goodbye" | Eric Foster White | White | 3:40 |

*The Singles Collection* – Disc two
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Sometimes" (Radio edit) | Elofsson | * Magnusson * Kreuger * Elofson\[a\] | 3:55 |
| 2. | "I'm So Curious" | * Spears * White | White | 3:35 |

*The Singles Collection* – Disc three
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "(You Drive Me) Crazy" (The Stop Remix!) | * Elofsson * Magnusson * Kreuger * Martin | * Martin * Rami | 3:16 |
| 2. | "I'll Never Stop Loving You" | * Jason Blume * Steve Diamond | * Magnusson * Kreuger | 3:41 |

*The Singles Collection* – Disc four
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Born to Make You Happy" (Radio edit) | * Carlsson * Lundin | Lundin | 3:35 |
| 2. | "Born to Make You Happy" (Bonus remix) | * Carlsson * Lundin | Lundin | 3:40 |

*The Singles Collection* – Disc five
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "From the Bottom of My Broken Heart" (Radio Edit) | White | White | 4:34 |
| 2. | "Thinkin' About You" | * Mikey Bassie * White | White | 3:35 |

*The Singles Collection* – Disc six
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Oops!... I Did It Again" | * Martin * Rami | * Martin * Rami | 3:30 |
| 2. | "Deep in My Heart" | * Magnusson * Kreuger * Carlsson | * Magnusson * Kreuger | 3:34 |

*The Singles Collection* – Disc seven
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Lucky" | * Martin * Rami * Kronlund | * Martin * Rami | 3:24 |
| 2. | "Heart" |  | * Steve Lunt * Larry "Rock" Campbell | 3:00 |

*The Singles Collection* – Disc eight
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Stronger" | * Martin * Rami | * Martin * Rami | 3:23 |
| 2. | "Walk on By" | * Elofsson * Kreuger | * Magnusson * Kreuger | 3:34 |

*The Singles Collection* – Disc nine
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Don't Let Me Be the Last to Know" | * Lange * Twain * Scott | Lange | 3:50 |
| 2. | "Don't Let Me Be the Last to Know" (Hex Hector Radio Mix) | * Lange * Twain * Scott |  | 3:50 |

*The Singles Collection* – Disc ten
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "I'm a Slave 4 U" | * Hugo * Williams | The Neptunes | 3:23 |
| 2. | "Intimidated" |  | Jerkins | 3:17 |

*The Singles Collection* – Disc eleven
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Overprotected" | * Martin * Rami | * Martin * Rami | 3:19 |
| 2. | "Overprotected" (The Darkchild Remix) | * Martin * Rami | * Martin * Rami * Jerkins\[c\] | 3:18 |

*The Singles Collection* – Disc twelve
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "I'm Not a Girl, Not Yet a Woman" | * Martin * Rami * Dido | * Martin * Rami | 3:51 |
| 2. | "I Run Away" | * Schwartz * Kierulf | * Kierulf * Schwartz | 4:05 |

*The Singles Collection* – Disc thirteen
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" |  | Jerkins | 3:05 |
| 2. | "I'm Not a Girl, Not Yet a Woman" (Metro Remix — Radio Edit) | * Martin * Rami * Dido |  | 3:29 |

*The Singles Collection* – Disc fourteen
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Boys" (The Co-Ed Remix) (featuring Pharrell Williams of N.E.R.D.) | * Hugo * Williams | The Neptunes | 3:45 |
| 2. | "Boys" (Album version) | * Hugo * Williams | The Neptunes | 3:26 |

*The Singles Collection* – Disc fifteen
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Me Against the Music" (Video mix) (featuring Madonna) | * Spears * Madonna * Stewart * Nikhereanye * Magnet * Nash * O'Brien | * Trixster * Magnet\[a\] | 3:44 |
| 2. | "Me Against the Music" (Passengerz vs. the Club) (featuring Madonna) | * Spears * Madonna * Stewart * Nikhereanye * Magnet * Nash * O'Brien | * Trixster * Magnet\[a\] * Sean Gill\[c\] * Josh Harrison\[c\] * Omar Galeano\[c\] | 7:34 |

*The Singles Collection* – Disc sixteen
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Toxic" | * Dennis * Karlsson * Winnberg * Jonback | Bloodshy & Avant | 3:19 |
| 2. | "Toxic" (Bloodshy & Avant's Intoxicated Remix) | * Dennis * Karlsson * Winnberg * Jonback | Bloodshy & Avant | 5:35 |

*The Singles Collection* – Disc seventeen
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Everytime" | * Spears * Stamatelatos | Sigsworth | 3:50 |
| 2. | "Everytime" (Above & Beyond's Club Mix) | * Spears * Stamatelatos | * Sigsworth * Jono Grant\[c\] * Tony McGuinness\[c\] * Paavo Siljamäki\[c\] | 8:46 |

*The Singles Collection* – Disc eighteen
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Outrageous" | R. Kelly |  | 3:20 |
| 2. | "Outrageous" (Junkie XL's Dancehall Mix) | Kelly |  | 2:55 |

*The Singles Collection* – Disc nineteen
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "My Prerogative" |  | Bloodshy & Avant | 3:34 |
| 2. | "My Prerogative" (Armand Van Helden Remix) | * Brown * Griffin * Riley |  | 7:48 |

*The Singles Collection* – Disc twenty
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Do Somethin'" | * Karlsson * Winnberg * Jonback * Angela Hunte | Bloodshy & Avant | 3:23 |
| 2. | "Do Somethin'" (Thick Vocal Mix) | * Karlsson * Winnberg * Jonback * Hunte | * Bloodshy & Avant * E Smoove aka Thick Dick\[c\] | 7:59 |

*The Singles Collection* – Disc twenty-one
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Someday (I Will Understand)" | Spears | Sigsworth | 3:37 |
| 2. | "Mona Lisa" |  | Bloodshy & Avant | 3:26 |

*The Singles Collection* – Disc twenty-two
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Gimme More" | * Hills * Washington * Hilson * Araica |  | 4:11 |
| 2. | "Gimme More" (Paul Oakenfold Mix) | * Hills * Washington * Hilson * Araica |  | 6:08 |

*The Singles Collection* – Disc twenty-three
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Piece of Me" | * Karlsson * Winnberg * Åhlund | Bloodshy & Avant | 3:31 |
| 2. | "Piece of Me" (Bloodshy & Avant's Böz O Lö Remix) | * Karlsson * Winnberg * Åhlund | Bloodshy & Avant | 4:53 |

*The Singles Collection* – Disc twenty-four
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Break the Ice" | * Hills * Washington * Hilson * Araica |  | 3:16 |
| 2. | "Everybody" |  | J.R. Rotem | 3:16 |

*The Singles Collection* – Disc twenty-five
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Womanizer" | * Briscoe * Akinyemi | The Outsyders | 3:43 |
| 2. | "Womanizer" (Kaskade Remix) | * Briscoe * Akinyemi |  | 5:31 |

*The Singles Collection* – Disc twenty-six
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Circus" | * Gottwald * Kelly * Levin | * Dr. Luke * Blanco | 3:12 |
| 2. | "Circus" (Tom Neville's Ringleader Remix) | * Gottwald * Kelly * Levin | * Dr. Luke * Blanco * Tom Neville\[c\] | 7:52 |

*The Singles Collection* – Disc twenty-seven
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "If U Seek Amy" | * Martin * Shellback * Kotecha * Kronlund | Martin | 3:37 |
| 2. | "If U Seek Amy" (Crookers Remix) | * Martin * Shellback * Kotecha * Kronlund |  | 4:29 |

*The Singles Collection* – Disc twenty-eight
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Radar" | * Karlsson * Winnberg * Jonback * Muhammad * Nelson * Lewis * Smith | * Bloodshy & Avant * The Clutch\[a\] | 3:49 |
| 2. | "Radar" (Bloodshy & Avant Remix) | * Karlsson * Winnberg * Jonback * Muhammad * Nelson * Lewis * Smith | * Bloodshy & Avant * The Clutch\[a\] | 5:43 |

*The Singles Collection* – Disc twenty-nine
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "3" | * Martin * Shellback * Amber | * Martin * Shellback | 3:33 |
| 2. | "3" (Groove Police Club Mix) | * Martin * Shellback * Amber | * Martin * Shellback * Matt Masurka\[c\] | 7:12 |

*The Singles Collection* – Disc thirty (DVD)
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Director(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "...Baby One More Time" | Martin | Dick | 3:59 |
| 2. | "Sometimes" | Elofsson | Dick | 3:53 |
| 3. | "(You Drive Me) Crazy" (The Stop Remix!) | * Elofsson * Magnusson * Kreuger * Martin | Dick | 3:20 |
| 4. | "Born to Make You Happy" | * Carlsson * Lundin | Woodruff | 3:39 |
| 5. | "From the Bottom of My Broken Heart" | White | Gregory Dark | 4:30 |
| 6. | "Oops!... I Did It Again" | * Martin * Rami | Dick | 4:12 |
| 7. | "Lucky" | * Martin * Rami * Kronlund | Meyers | 4:08 |
| 8. | "Stronger" | * Martin * Rami | Kahn | 3:38 |
| 9. | "Don't Let Me Be the Last to Know" | * Lange * Twain * Scott | Herb Ritts | 3:52 |
| 10. | "I'm a Slave 4 U" | * Hugo * Williams | Lawrence | 3:24 |
| 11. | "Overprotected" (The Darkchild Remix) | * Martin * Rami | Chris Applebaum | 3:35 |
| 12. | "I'm Not a Girl, Not Yet a Woman" | * Martin * Rami * Dido | Isham | 3:49 |
| 13. | "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" | * Hooker * Merrill | Applebaum | 3:07 |
| 14. | "Me Against the Music" (featuring Madonna) | * Spears * Madonna * Stewart * Nikhereanye * Magnet * Nash * O'Brien | Hunter | 4:03 |
| 15. | "Toxic" | * Dennis * Karlsson * Winnberg * Jonback | Kahn | 3:33 |
| 16. | "Everytime" | * Spears * Stamatelatos | LaChapelle | 4:07 |
| 17. | "My Prerogative" | * Brown * Griffin * Riley | Nava | 3:48 |
| 18. | "Do Somethin'" | * Karlsson * Winnberg * Jonback * Hunte | Woodruff | 3:22 |
| 19. | "Someday (I Will Understand)" | Spears | Michael Haussman | 3:42 |
| 20. | "Gimme More" | * Hills * Washington * Hilson * Araica | Sarfaty | 4:01 |
| 21. | "Piece of Me" | * Karlsson * Winnberg * Åhlund | Isham | 3:10 |
| 22. | "Break the Ice" | * Hills * Washington * Hilson * Araica | Robert Hales | 3:21 |
| 23. | "Womanizer" | * Briscoe * Akinyemi | Kahn | 3:46 |
| 24. | "Circus" | * Gottwald * Kelly * Levin | Lawrence | 3:34 |
| 25. | "If U Seek Amy" | * Martin * Shellback * Kotecha * Kronlund | Nava | 3:46 |
| 26. | "Radar" | * Karlsson * Winnberg * Jonback * Muhammad * Nelson * Lewis * Smith | Meyers | 3:41 |
| Total length: | | | | 97:54 |

Notes * **^a**  signifies a co-producer
* **^b**  signifies a vocal producer
* **^c**  signifies a remixer

## Charts

## Certifications and sales

Certifications and sales for *The Singles Collection*
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | Gold | 35,000 |
| Canada (Music Canada) | 6× Platinum | 480,000 |
| Japan |  | 48,495 |
| Mexico (AMPROFON) | Gold | 30,000^ |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Platinum | 300,000 |
| United States |  | 268,000 |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## Release history

List of release dates, showing region, edition(s), format(s), record label(s) and reference(s).
| Region | Date | Edition(s) | Format(s) | Label(s) | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Canada | November 10, 2009 | Standard |  | Sony Music |  |
| | | | United States | Jive |  |
| Australia | November 13, 2009 | Limited | CD+DVD | Sony Music |  |
| Germany | | | | November 20, 2009 |  |
| | Deluxe | 29×CD+DVD | |  |
| | Standard | * CD * digital download | |  |
| | | United Kingdom | November 23, 2009 | RCA |  |
| | | Limited | CD+DVD |  |
| | | Deluxe | 29×CD+DVD |  |
| | | Canada | Sony Music |  |
| | | United States | Jive |  |
| Japan | November 25, 2009 | * Standard * limited | * CD * CD+DVD | Sony Music Japan |  |

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## InfoBox

| The Singles Collection | |
| --- | --- |
| One-disc edition cover artwork | |
| Greatest hits album and box set by Britney Spears | |
| Released | November 10, 2009 (2009-11-10) |
| Recorded | 1997–July 2009 |
| Genre | Dance-pop |
| Length | 60:58 |
| Label | RCA/Jive |
| Producer |  |
| Britney Spears chronology | |
| *Circus*
(2008) ***The Singles Collection***
(2009) *Femme Fatale*
(2011) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *The Singles Collection* | |
| 1. ""
Released: September 29, 2009 | |
|  | |


title: The Summerlad

abstract: The Summerlad were a band from Calgary, Alberta, Canada, formed by singer-guitarist Garrett McClure in 1999 after the demise of The Primrods. McClure was joined by guitarist Sean Grier, bassist Arran Fisher, and drummer Dean Martin. Their first album, 2001's Distance Will Be Swept Up, was released on Calgary's Catch and Release label, and received coverage in publications like exclaim!. Between 2001 and 2005, they released two singles projects, Mandarin Hand and The Golden Hammers Project. The song "Golden Hammers", which had been remixed by artists such as Jace Lasek of The Besnard Lakes in The Golden Hammers Project, reappeared on The Summerlad's second full-length album, Themes: International, released in 2005 on Saved By Radio. Themes:International received significant airplay on Canadian campus radio stations, and The Summerlad appeared at festivals such as North by Northeast in support of the album. In 2005, The Summerlad also debuted their epic ensemble piece City of Noise, a depiction of a day in the life of an unspecified city, at One Yellow Rabbit's High Performance Rodeo festival; the piece featured 20 performers in addition to the core quartet. City of Noise was released on CD and double vinyl LP in 2007 on Saved By Radio/Saved By Vinyl. Around this time, guitarist Sean Grier left the band, while keyboardist Liz Collins joined.

text:
# The Summerlad

**The Summerlad** were a band from Calgary, Alberta, Canada, formed by singer-guitarist Garrett McClure in 1999 after the demise of The Primrods. McClure was joined by guitarist Sean Grier, bassist Arran Fisher, and drummer Dean Martin. Their first album, 2001's *Distance Will Be Swept Up*, was released on Calgary's Catch and Release label, and received coverage in publications like *exclaim!*. Between 2001 and 2005, they released two singles projects, *Mandarin Hand* and *The Golden Hammers Project*. The song "Golden Hammers", which had been remixed by artists such as Jace Lasek of The Besnard Lakes in *The Golden Hammers Project*, reappeared on The Summerlad's second full-length album, *Themes: International*, released in 2005 on Saved By Radio. *Themes:International* received significant airplay on Canadian campus radio stations, and The Summerlad appeared at festivals such as North by Northeast in support of the album.

In 2005, The Summerlad also debuted their epic ensemble piece *City of Noise*, a depiction of a day in the life of an unspecified city, at One Yellow Rabbit's High Performance Rodeo festival; the piece featured 20 performers in addition to the core quartet. *City of Noise* was released on CD and double vinyl LP in 2007 on Saved By Radio/Saved By Vinyl. Around this time, guitarist Sean Grier left the band, while keyboardist Liz Collins joined.

## Discography

### Albums

* *Distance Will Be Swept Up* (1999)
* *Themes: International* (2005)
* *City of Noise* (double album) (2007)
* *Blue Skinned* (2010)

### Singles

* "Mandarin Hand"
* "The Golden Hammers Project" (2003)
* "Carnus Magi" / "Everyone Scolds The Wolf" (2006)

## InfoBox

| The Summerlad | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Calgary, Alberta, Canada |
| Genres | Alternative rock |
| Years active | 1999 (1999)present |
| Labels | Saved By Radio, Catch And Release |
|  | |
| Past members | Garrett McClure
Arran Fisher
Sean Grier
Dean Martin
Liz Collins |


title: The Three Witch Maidens

abstract: The Three Witch Maidens was originally published in the United Kingdom in 1972, by Methuen & Co. Ltd. The 1977 paperback version was published by The Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd. under its Beaver Books imprint. The book is an anthology of 15 fairy tales from around the world that have been collected and retold by Ruth Manning-Sanders. It is one in a long series of such anthologies by Manning-Sanders. The back cover states: "Magical characters and strange devices — a Swedish genie, a young African girl for whom the sun means disaster, an apple which rolls across a silver dish to reveal the whole world — wait to be discovered in this collection of folk and fairy tales from many lands. For readers of all ages."

text:
# The Three Witch Maidens

***The Three Witch Maidens*** was originally published in the United Kingdom in 1972, by Methuen & Co. Ltd. The 1977 paperback version was published by The Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd. under its Beaver Books imprint.

The book is an anthology of 15 fairy tales from around the world that have been collected and retold by Ruth Manning-Sanders. It is one in a long series of such anthologies by Manning-Sanders.

The back cover states: "Magical characters and strange devices — a Swedish genie, a young African girl for whom the sun means disaster, an apple which rolls across a silver dish to reveal the whole world — wait to be discovered in this collection of folk and fairy tales from many lands. For readers of all ages."

## Table of contents

* 1. The Three Witch Maidens (Transylvania)
* 2. The Good Oum-Aly (Valley of the Nile)
* 3. The Cow (Pomerania)
* 4. Lassy my Boy! (Sweden)
* 5. Walker by Moonlight (Africa)
* 6. The Giants in the Valley (Bohemia)
* 7. A Game of Cards with the King of Demons (India)
* 8. The Tailor, the Devil, and the Frogs (Czechoslovakia)
* 9. The Nine Ravens (Hungarian Gypsy)
* 10. The Silver Dish (Russia)
* 11. Tawhaki (New Zealand)
* 12. The Sneezing Ring (Greece)
* 13. The King of the Vultures (South America)
* 14. The Eighteen Soldiers (Hartz Mountains)
* 15. The Goat in Bed (Sicily)

## InfoBox

The Three Witch Maidens
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Ruth Manning-Sanders |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Fairy tales |
| Publisher | Methuen & Co. Ltd. |
| Publication date | 1972 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print |
| Pages | 162 pp |
| ISBN | 0-416-66550-0 |
| OCLC | 59232103 |


title: The Trumpets are Blowing

abstract: The Trumpets are Blowing is a 1926 German silent film directed by Carl Boese and starring Bruno Kastner, Hugo Fischer-Köppe, and Eddie Seefeld.

text:
# The Trumpets are Blowing

***The Trumpets are Blowing*** (German: ***Es blasen die Trompeten***) is a 1926 German silent film directed by Carl Boese and starring Bruno Kastner, Hugo Fischer-Köppe, and Eddie Seefeld.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Hans-Michael Bock and Tim Bergfelder. *The Concise Cinegraph: An Encyclopedia of German Cinema*. Berghahn Books, 2009.

## InfoBox

| The Trumpets are Blowing | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Carl Boese |
| Written by | Paul Oskar Höcker (novel)
Friedrich Stein |
| Starring | Bruno Kastner
Hugo Fischer-Köppe
Eddie Seefeld |
| Cinematography | Alfred Hansen |
| Production
company | Terra Film |
| Distributed by | Terra Film |
| Release date | * 30 March 1926 (1926-03-30) |
| Country | Germany |
| Languages | Silent
German intertitles |


title: The Secret Life of Us

abstract: The Secret Life of Us is an Australian television drama series set in the beachside neighbourhood of St Kilda, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is primarily a drama with some comedic moments. The series was produced by Southern Star Group and screened in Australia from 2001 to 2005 on Network Ten and on Channel 4 in the UK. Initially co-funded by the two networks, Channel 4 pulled out after the third series and the fourth series was not aired in the UK. The series won three silver Logie Awards. It has been shown in other countries such as New Zealand (TV3) where it is rated R16 in New Zealand for offensive language and sex scenes; Ireland, Canada (SuperChannel3), the Netherlands (Yorin), France, Estonia, Norway (NRK), Serbia, Russia, Israel, South Africa (M-Net), and the United States (Hulu).

text:
# The Secret Life of Us

***The Secret Life of Us*** is an Australian television drama series set in the beachside neighbourhood of St Kilda, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is primarily a drama with some comedic moments. The series was produced by Southern Star Group and screened in Australia from 2001 to 2005 on Network Ten and on Channel 4 in the UK. Initially co-funded by the two networks, Channel 4 pulled out after the third series and the fourth series was not aired in the UK. The series won three silver Logie Awards.

It has been shown in other countries such as New Zealand (TV3) where it is rated R16 in New Zealand for offensive language and sex scenes; Ireland (RTÉ Two), Canada (SuperChannel3), the Netherlands (Yorin), France (Canal Plus, France 4), Estonia (ETV, Kanal 11), Norway (NRK), Serbia (B92, TV Avala), Russia (TNT, Muz TV), Israel (Channel 2), South Africa (M-Net), and the United States (Hulu).

## Plot

The show revolves around a group of friends in their mid 20s to early 30s who live in a St Kilda block of flats. Their interaction with one another, relationships with other friends, and romantic interests, along with their personal and career developments, are featured.

The actual block is 14A Acland Street, St. Kilda and the rooftop is at the Belvedere Flats on the Esplanade in the same suburb.

## History and popularity

The series had its genesis in a telemovie; a 22-episode first season was commissioned by the Ten Network before the movie screened. As its popularity rose, issues arose between the show's creators and Network Ten, which saw higher ratings when it screened before 9:30. This necessitated cutting scenes with sexual themes.

The inclusion of a prominent Aboriginal character (Kelly Lewis, played by Deborah Mailman) attracted comment at the time of the series' broadcast, and has since been cited as a landmark in the history of media representations of Indigenous Australians.

The series has been noted as significant for its inclusion of a central, gay coming out narrative in its first season (Richie Blake, played by Spencer McLraren).

The show's ratings began to dwindle following the departure of several key actors and the introduction of new characters and cast members. This began in the second season with the departure of Joel Edgerton and Damian De Montemas. It was the third season that featured a particularly high character turnover, and included the departure of key original cast members Claudia Karvan and Abi Tucker.

Five main cast members  Sibylla Budd, Spencer McLaren, Dan Spielman, Nina Liu, and Gigi Edgley  left at the end of season three and original lead Samuel Johnson left early in season four, followed by Michael Dorman three episodes later. Original cast members Deborah Mailman and David Tredinnick continued, and seven new regular characters were added for season four. The changes were part of a larger overhaul which had the arrival of a new producer, a new script producer, and a new writing team.

## Cast

## Episodes

| Series | Episodes | | Originally aired | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | First aired | Last aired |
|  | 22 | | 16 July 2001 (2001-07-16) | 26 November 2001 (2001-11-26) |
|  | 22 | | 18 February 2002 (2002-02-18) | 5 August 2002 (2002-08-05) |
|  | 22 | | 10 February 2003 (2003-02-10) | 11 August 2003 (2003-08-11) |
|  | 20 | | 18 February 2004 (2004-02-18) | 28 December 2005 (2005-12-28) |

## Series ratings

| Season | Episodes | Originally aired | | Viewership | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Season premiere | Season finale | Viewers *(millions)* | Rating | Drama Rank |
| **1** | 22 | 23 July 2001 | 26 November 2001 | 0.977 | 7.4 | #10 |
| **2** | 22 | 18 February 2002 | 5 August 2002 | 1.177 | 8.9 | #7 |
| **3** | 22 | 10 February 2003 | 11 August 2003 | 0.994 | 7.4 | #9 |
| **4** | 20 | 18 February 2004 | 28 December 2005 | 0.581 | 4.3 | #7 |

## Cancellation

Production ended in 2004 with the completion of the fourth season. The decision had been made to discontinue production after the first three episodes of the fourth season aired in Australia to disastrously low ratings. At that time, the program was removed from its primetime slot. The unscreened episodes from that final season were broadcast with little publicity in late 2005.

## Home media

| Season | Release date | | | Special
features |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Region 2 | Region 4 | Region 4
(re-issue) | |
| Season 1 | 27 October 2003 | 8 March 2004 | 2 September 2012 |  |
| Season 2 | 22 January 2007 | 8 October 2004 | 2 September 2012 |  |
| Season 3 | 20 August 2007 | 11 October 2004 | 2 September 2012 |  |
| Season 4 |  | 2006 | 2 September 2012 |  |
| Complete Series |  | 10 November 2010 | 7 October 2020 |

* Behind the Scenes Documentary: 'The Secret Life of The Secret Life of Us' * Interviews: Talking with Claudia Karvan, Talking with Joel Edgerton, Talking with Judi McCrossin, Talking with Spencer McClaren and David Tredinnick, Talking with Deborah Mailman, Talking with Sibylla Budd and Damien de Montemas * Exclusive Interview with Samuel Johnson, Exclusive Interview with Abi Tucker * Photo gallery |

## InfoBox

| *The Secret Life of Us* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 1 title card | |
| Genre | Melodrama
Comedy drama |
| Created by | John Edwards
Amanda Higgs |
| Starring | Claudia Karvan
Samuel Johnson
Deborah Mailman
Abi Tucker
Joel Edgerton
Sibylla Budd
David Tredinnick
Spencer McLaren
Damian De Montemas
Michael Dorman |
| Narrated by | Samuel Johnson
Deborah Mailman |
| Country of origin | Australia |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 4 |
| No. of episodes | 86 (List of episodes) |
| Production | |
| Executive producers | John Edwards
Amanda Higgs |
| Production locations | St Kilda, Melbourne, Victoria |
| Running time | 45 minutes |
| Production company | Southern Star Entertainment |
| Original release | |
| Network | Network Ten |
| Release | 16 July 2001 (2001-07-16)
28 December 2005 (2005-12-28) |


title: The Twilight Zone Companion

abstract: The Twilight Zone Companion is a book by Marc Scott Zicree published in 1982.

text:
# The Twilight Zone Companion

***The Twilight Zone Companion*** is a book by Marc Scott Zicree published in 1982.

## Contents

*The Twilight Zone Companion* is a book about the original *The Twilight Zone* series.

## Reception

Dave Pringle reviewed *The Twilight Zone Companion* for *Imagine* magazine, and stated that it "is excellent value for anyone who holds the 25-year-old TV series in high esteem. It is a well-illustrated 447-page book. The solid text contains interviews with many of the writers and directors who worked on the series, including Richard Matheson."

## Reviews


title: The Virtuoso Pianist in 60 Exercises

abstract: The Virtuoso Pianist by Charles-Louis Hanon, is a compilation of sixty exercises meant to train the pianist in speed, precision, agility, and strength of all of the fingers and flexibility in the wrists. First published in Boulogne, in 1873, The Virtuoso Pianist is Hanon's most well-known work, and is still widely used by piano instructors and pupils. However, the applicability of these nineteenth-century exercises has been questioned by some piano instructors today.

text:
# The Virtuoso Pianist in 60 Exercises

**The Virtuoso Pianist** (*Le Pianiste virtuose*) by Charles-Louis Hanon (1819 – 1900), is a compilation of sixty exercises meant to train the pianist in speed, precision, agility, and strength of all of the fingers and flexibility in the wrists. First published in Boulogne, in 1873, *The Virtuoso Pianist* is Hanon's most well-known work, and is still widely used by piano instructors and pupils. However, the applicability of these nineteenth-century exercises has been questioned by some piano instructors today.

## Overview

The exercises are intended to address common problems which could hamper the performance abilities of a student. These include "crossing of the thumb", strengthening of the fourth and fifth fingers, and quadruple- and triple-trills. The exercises are meant to be individually mastered and then played consecutively in the sections they are placed in. Apart from increasing technical abilities of the student, when played in groups at higher speeds, the exercises will also help to increase endurance. The exercises are divided in three parts:

1. Exercises 1 - 20: Labeled "preparatory exercises", these are also the most famous exercises, and are used to develop finger strength and independence. Each exercise contains a sequence of 8 semiquavers, beginning on , which is then repeated starting on , and so on across two octaves. The exercise is then repeated in reverse down two octaves to the starting C. The exercises are intended to be practiced in groups of three, except for the first two which are practiced together.
2. Exercises 21 - 43: Labeled "further exercises for the development of a virtuoso technique." This more difficult section is meant to be played after the pianist has fully mastered Part 1. Part 2 includes scales and arpeggios.
3. Exercises 44 - 60: Labeled "virtuoso exercises for mastering the greatest technical difficulties." Since this section is considerably more difficult, Hanon recommends the mastery of both previous parts before proceeding to this one. This part includes repeated notes, repeated double notes, scales in thirds and octaves, tremolos, and more.

After all three parts are mastered, Hanon recommends all exercises be played through daily to retain technique.

## Criticisms

Some detractors, such as Abby Whiteside have dismissed the very notion of finger independence which they are intended to encourage, insisting instead that only a technique based on the use of the humerus can be effective.

Hao Huang believes that "Hanon, Schmitt or Czerny have been useful for beginning pianists, affording variety as an alternative to endless practicing of scales and arpeggios" but warns against "the idea of technical exercises as panacea":

> There is nothing more dulling than hours spent mindlessly going over finger patterns. This does not prepare you to be either a pianist or a musician. Too often, teachers assign technical exercises as a shortcut to technical mastery. It is easier to assign pages from an exercise book than to analyze and break down the physical elements in a specific difficult passage of music... Dorothy Taubman is one of the well known pedagogues who campaigns against technical exercises, asserting that they do far more damage than good. Certainly, indiscriminate practicing of exercises can damage a pianist just as forcing repetition of a difficult piece. In my mind, the question should not be whether or not to use technical exercises, as much as how to think physically at the piano.

## In other media

* The pianist and songwriter Bruce Hornsby wrote a song titled "Spider Fingers" which uses the technique from Exercise 47. Hornsby makes a reference to the technique in the lyrics: "It's just a little hand trick/A little prestidigitation/Better get out your Hanon/A little practice and repetition"

1. Huang, Hao (2015-01-30). "Technique Matters - Technical Exercises - To be or not to be?". The Piano Education Page. Retrieved 2015-12-08.
2. Hornsby, Bruce (1995-07-18). "Spider Fingers Lyrics". Genius. Retrieved 2024-01-10.


title: The Virtuoso (film)

abstract: The Virtuoso is a 2021 American neo-noir crime thriller film directed and produced by Nick Stagliano. The film stars Anson Mount, Abbie Cornish, Eddie Marsan, Richard Brake, David Morse, and Anthony Hopkins. It follows a professional assassin who must track down and kill his latest target to satisfy an outstanding debt to his mentor.

text:
# The Virtuoso (film)

***The Virtuoso*** is a 2021 American neo-noir crime thriller film directed and produced by Nick Stagliano. The film stars Anson Mount, Abbie Cornish, Eddie Marsan, Richard Brake, David Morse, and Anthony Hopkins. It follows a professional assassin who must track down and kill his latest target to satisfy an outstanding debt to his mentor.

## Summary

An assassin is given a strange assignment by his mentor wherein he must kill a hitman. He is armed just with time and location of hitman, he must find, who really is his target.

## Cast

## Production

Filming occurred in January 2019 in Santa Ynez, California. Filming also occurred in Scranton, Pennsylvania in late March and early April 2019.

## Release

In March 2021, Lionsgate Films acquired the North American and U.K. distribution rights to the film, which was simultaneously released in theaters and on VOD and digital on April 30, 2021.

It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on May 4, 2021, by Lionsgate Home Entertainment.

## Reception

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 18%, based on 55 reviews, with an average rating of 4.1/10. The website's consensus reads, "Don't let the title -- or the talented cast -- fool you: *The Virtuoso* falls far shy of even base level competency in its attempts to wring fresh excitement from a threadbare assassin thriller setup." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 24 out of 100, based on 7 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".

Leslie Felperin of *The Guardian* gave the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote:

> "When it’s all over and the big twist you saw coming in the first 15 minutes has been revealed, you feel empty, a bit depressed, and like you need another cup of coffee."

## InfoBox

| The Virtuoso | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Nick Stagliano |
| Written by | James C. Wolf |
| Produced by | Nick Stagliano |
| Starring | Anson Mount
Abbie Cornish
Anthony Hopkins |
| Cinematography | Frank Prinzi |
| Edited by | James LeSage |
| Music by | Brooke Blair
Will Blair |
| Production
companies | Nazz Productions
120dB Films
Double Dutch International |
| Distributed by | Lionsgate Films |
| Release date | * April 30, 2021 (2021-04-30) |
| Running time | 110 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: The Universe (student newspaper)

abstract: The Universe is the official student newspaper for Brigham Young University (BYU) and was started in 1956.

text:
# The Universe (student newspaper)

***The Universe*** (formerly ***The Daily Universe***) is the official student newspaper for Brigham Young University (BYU) and was started in 1956.

## History

BYU's student-published newspaper was first titled *White and Blue* (1898–1921), later becoming the *Y News* (1921–1948). In 1948, the title was changed to the *Brigham Young Universe* (1948–1956), and in 1956 this was updated to simply *The Daily Universe*. *The Universe* is part of a larger news organization called BYU NewsNet, which was one of the first integrated (web, radio, newspaper, and television) news organization in the world.

The paper was printed Monday through Friday, except during school breaks and some holidays. It was distributed free of charge on BYU campus and is sent around the world to alumni and friends of the university for a small fee. On January 12, 2012, the BYU College of Fine Arts and Communications announced the newspaper's move to digital. Beginning in 2012, content would continue to be published online daily, while the print newspaper would only be published once a week.

In 2017, *The Universe* partnered with *HuffPost* on a series called *Listen to America* to investigate issues facing Mormon millennials. In 2020 a satirical website was launched by BYU students called *The Alternate Universe,* mimicking *The Onion* on issues related to BYU and students.

## Operations

The editors, writers, photographers and copy editors are all students, some paid, some reporting for a journalism class. These students are overseen by a collection of school professors and other full-time staff, who help train students and maintain professional standards. The opinion pieces in the paper are overseen by an editorial board which includes student staff, professional staff, university professors and local professionals. Limitations on what the paper can publish has been an issue in years past with debate over content appropriate for the campus audience. Student editors are required to avoid any topic that is critical of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), including examinations of polygamy and segregation in church history. Rules about content were established in 1970 and forbade coverage of drugs, sex education, birth control, and specifically, acid rock music. One student editor said there were many spoken and unspoken rules about what topics were permitted.

One of the paper's most popular features is the letter to the editor section, which routinely becomes a forum for campus issues or ideas. *Police Beat* is a popular ongoing round-up of eccentric reports to campus police.

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

The Universe
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Online daily student newspaper |
| Format | Digital |
| Owner(s) | Brigham Young University |
| Founded | 1956 (1956) |
| Language | English |
| Headquarters | 770 E University Pkwy,<br>Provo, Utah 84604 |
| Circulation | 18,500 |
| Website | The Digital Universe |


abstract: The Uniform Standards for Federal Land Acquisition (UASFLA), also known as the "Yellow Book", are the US federal Standards for Appraisals performed in connection to most Federal land acquisitions, exchanges, and/or dispensations. The standards are jointly published by The Appraisal Foundation and the US Department of Justice (DOJ). The UASFLA provides the following details regarding its production and publication:"The Uniform Appraisal Standards for Federal Land Acquisitions have been developed, revised, approved, adopted and promulgated on behalf of the Interagency Land Acquisition Conference. The Conference is solely and exclusively responsible for the content of the Standards. The Appraisal Foundation provided editing and technical assistance to the Standards, but neither undertakes nor assumes any responsibility whatsoever for the content of the Standards. The Appraisal Foundation has published the Uniform Appraisal Standards for Federal Land Acquisitions on behalf of the Conference and in cooperation with the United States Department of Justice."

text:
# The Uniform Standards for Federal Land Acquisition

**The Uniform Standards for Federal Land Acquisition (UASFLA)**, also known as the "Yellow Book", are the US federal Standards for Appraisals performed in connection to most Federal land acquisitions, exchanges, and/or dispensations. The standards are jointly published by The Appraisal Foundation and the US Department of Justice (DOJ). The UASFLA provides the following details regarding its production and publication:

> "The Uniform Appraisal Standards for Federal Land Acquisitions have been developed, revised, approved, adopted and promulgated on behalf of the Interagency Land Acquisition Conference. The Conference is solely and exclusively responsible for the content of the Standards. The Appraisal Foundation provided editing and technical assistance to the Standards, but neither undertakes nor assumes any responsibility whatsoever for the content of the Standards. The Appraisal Foundation has published the Uniform Appraisal Standards for Federal Land Acquisitions on behalf of the Conference and in cooperation with the United States Department of Justice."


title: The Theatre and Its Double

abstract: The Theatre and Its Double is a 1938 collection of essays by French poet and playwright Antonin Artaud. It contains his most famous works on the theatre, including his manifestos for a Theatre of Cruelty.

text:
# The Theatre and Its Double

***The Theatre and Its Double*** (*Le Théâtre et son Double*) is a 1938 collection of essays by French poet and playwright Antonin Artaud. It contains his most famous works on the theatre, including his manifestos for a Theatre of Cruelty.

## Composition and publication history

*The Theatre and Its Double* was originally published 1 February 1938 as part of Gallimard's Métamorpheses Collection in an edition limited to 400 copies.:51 The books consists of Artaud's collected essays on theatre dating from the early thirties, many of which were published in Nouvelle Revue Française (NRF). Artaud was in "a near catatonic state in the mental hospital of Sainte-Anne" in Paris when the book was finally published.:51 He had been able to correct the text's proofs between his journeys to Ireland and Mexico.:104

### Chronological release

| Title | Date | Publication | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| On the Balinese Theatre | 1931 | NRF | Part 1 was published as 'The Balinese Theatre at the Colonial Exhibition' in NRF (no. 217, Oct. 1931):106 |
| Production and Metaphysics | 1932 | NRF | Originally presented as a lecture at the Sorbonne (10 Dec 1931). Published in NRF (no. 221, 1st Feb. 1932).:105 |
| Alchemist Theatre'/'El teatro alquemico | 1932 | *Sur* | Published in Spanish in the Buenos Aires-based magazine *Sur* (no. 6, Sept. 1932):106 |
| The Theatre of Cruelty | 1932 | NRF | Published in NRF (no. 229, 1st Oct. 1932).:105 |
| Second Manifesto of The Theatre of Cruelty | 1933 | Éditions Denoël | Originally published as a sixteen-page booklet by Éditions Denoël (Fontenay-Au-Roses, 1933).:111 |
| Theatre and the plague | 1933/34 | NRF | Originally presented as a lecture at the Sorbonne (6 April 1933), it was revised and published in NRF (no. 253, 1st Oct. 1934).:105 Artaud developed the essay while undergoing acupuncture therapy. He was 'surprised and amazed' at how the treatment pinpointed 'with precision and remarkable accuracy the deep, debilitating and demoralizing troubles that have afflicted \[him\] for so long', something he related to 'the "exteriorization" of "latent cruelty" causing the "organic disorder" (OC 4: 33) in plague-victims'. |

## Themes

Artaud looked to revitalize life through theatre, bringing about a transformation of the audience and society. His work was an attack on theatrical convention and theater's overemphasis on written and spoken language. For example, in *No More Masterpieces*, Artaud attacks what he believed to be the elitism of an irrelevant, outdated literary/theatrical canon, calling for theatre "to finally do away with the idea of masterpieces reserved for the so-called elite, but incomprehensible to the masses".:53

Two key themes are the "double" and "cruelty".:49 For Artaud, "the double consisted of those things which can bring about a glimpse into *real* life, that which is not corrupted by culture and civilisation.":49 Cruelty, was "a violent rigour" and "extreme concentration of stage elements" that would restore to audiences "an impassioned, convulsive concept of life to theatre".:50

Artaud expressed the importance of recovering "the notion of a kind of unique language half-way between gesture and thought".

## English translation and influence

The first English edition of *The Theatre and Its Double* was translated by M.C. Richards and published by Grove Press in 1958. Richards encountered Artaud's name in Jean-Louis Barrault's memoir *Reflections on the Theatre* (1951).:35 Prior to beginning the translation, Richards had collaborated in a close reading of the text with John Cage and David Tudor at Black Mountain College. Cage credited this close reading as the impetus for *Theater Piece No.1*, a 1951 performance art event regarded as the first Happening. Participants included Robert Rauschenberg, Charles Olson, David Tudor and Merce Cunningham. Afterwards, Tudor encouraged Richards to begin translating the text.

Richards' translation introduced Artaud to the avant-garde scene in America, and is still considered to be the definitive English translation of the text. It is still read, and strongly influenced the directing philosophies of such renowned avant-garde and contemporary groups and figures as Peter Brook, The Living Theatre, The Open Theatre and La Mama's Great Jones Repertory Company, most notably in their production of The Trojan Women directed by Andrei Serban and composed by Elizabeth Swados.


title: UNIK

abstract:
The University Graduate Center (UNIK) is a research foundation at Kjeller in Norway. UNIK has four focus areas
  - Network, Information Security and Signalprocessing for Communication,
  - Electronics and Photonics
  - Cybernetics and Industrial Mathematics
  - Energy and the Environment UNIK was founded in 1987 in order to foster the co-operation between the research institutes at Kjeller and to support master and PhD education. UNIK has a supplementary education as compared to the University of Oslo UiO and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU, which is based on the collaboration with the Research Institutes at Kjeller. The core founding members were FFI, IFE, Telenor R&I, and UiO. NTNU joined in 1995. Focus of UNIK is towards applications, thus the strong relation to the Institutes at Kjeller and other relevant industry. UNIK's main cooperation partner today is FFI. Telenor R&I, Kongsberg Defense Communications, Thales and Thrane Norway support education at UNIK through their staff members. In 2007 UNIK started together with IFE and the University College of Akershus (HiAk) a study within Energi and Environment. UNIK is co-located with NORSAR at Kjeller close to Lillestrøm, 25 km east of Oslo. The building hosts the first termination of the ARPANET in Europe, back in 1973. The start of the Internet in Europe and the mobile phone development is closely related to people teaching at UNIK:
  - Pål Spilling, who brought the Internet to Europe
  - Torleiv Maseng, who contributed to the development of GSM
  - Øivind Kure, who influenced the research directions of Telenor as being research director and who is a partner in the Q2S center of excellency at NTNU

text:
# UNIK

**The University Graduate Center** (UNIK) is a research foundation at Kjeller in Norway. UNIK has four focus areas

UNIK was founded in 1987 in order to foster the co-operation between the research institutes at Kjeller and to support master and PhD education. UNIK has a supplementary education as compared to the University of Oslo UiO and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU, which is based on the collaboration with the Research Institutes at Kjeller. The core founding members were FFI, IFE, Telenor R&I, and UiO. NTNU joined in 1995. Focus of UNIK is towards applications, thus the strong relation to the Institutes at Kjeller and other relevant industry.

UNIK's main cooperation partner today is FFI. Telenor R&I, Kongsberg Defense Communications, Thales and Thrane Norway support education at UNIK through their staff members. In 2007 UNIK started together with IFE and the University College of Akershus (HiAk) a study within Energi and Environment.

UNIK is co-located with NORSAR at Kjeller close to Lillestrøm, 25 km east of Oslo. The building hosts the first termination of the ARPANET in Europe, back in 1973.

The start of the Internet in Europe and the mobile phone development is closely related to people teaching at UNIK:

* Pål Spilling, who brought the Internet to Europe
* Torleiv Maseng, who contributed to the development of GSM
* Øivind Kure, who influenced the research directions of Telenor as being research director and who is a partner in the Q2S center of excellency at NTNU

## UNIK's 25 anniversary

UNIK celebrated 25 years of higher academic education on Master and Phd level on 22. March 2012 . Vinton Cerf contributed with a video note mentioning the contribution of the people at Kjeller and UNIK in extending the ARPANET outside of the US.

59°58′31″N 11°02′40″E / 59.9752°N 11.0445°E / 59.9752; 11.0445


title: Vilafrancada

abstract: Vilafrancada was an uprising led by Prince Miguel in Vila Franca de Xira on 27 May 1823.

text:
# Vilafrancada

**Vilafrancada** was an uprising led by Prince Miguel in Vila Franca de Xira on 27 May 1823.

## Origins

The liberal regime established in Portugal by the Liberal Revolution of 1820 did not enjoy the confidence of more traditional elements of society, which demanded the return of absolutism. At the head of this tendency stood Queen Carlota Joaquina, wife of John VI of Portugal, who had been exiled to Queluz after refusing to swear allegiance to the Constitution of 1822 and her third son, Prince Miguel.

## The uprising

The year 1823 gave the absolutists the opportunity they sought to end the liberal regime in Portugal. In that year the Holy Alliance authorised a French invasion of Spain to bring down the liberal government in Madrid and restore Ferdinand VII of Spain. This encouraged an absolutist uprising by the count of Amarante in the north of Portugal and led the party of the Queen to open revolt, confident of French support. On 23 May Prince Miguel went to Vila Franca where he was joined by the 23rd Regiment of Infantry that had been sent to Almeida to reinforce the frontier town against being taken by the rebels.

With the Queen and Prince Miguel prepared to force him to abdicate if necessary, John VI eventually decided to take command of the revolt himself, encouraged by the rising of the 18th Infantry Regiment which presented itself at Bemposta Palace to acclaim him as absolute ruler. He left for Vila Franca, obliged Prince Miguel to submit, and returned to Lisbon in triumph.

The Cortes disbanded and various liberal politicians went into exile as the absolutist regime was restored. The King managed to prevent the ultra-reactionary faction from coming to power, but the Queen’s party continued its intrigues, and less than a year later a new absolutist rebellion broke out, the April Revolt, which ended with Prince Miguel going into exile.

## The proclamation

On 27 May 1823, at the beginning of the uprising, Prince Miguel issued the following proclamation from Vila Franca:

*”Men of Portugal:* It is time to break the iron yoke in which we live ... The strength of national ills, already without limits, leaves me no choice (...)” *In place of the long-established national rights which they promised you would recover on August 24, 1820, they gave you ruin and the King has been reduced to a mere ghost; (...) that to which you owe your glory in the lands of Africa and the seas of Asia, has been reduced to baseness and stripped of the brilliance that had once possessed from royal recognition; religion and its ministers, mocked and scorned (...).* *I find myself in the midst of valiant and brave Portuguese, determined as I am to die or to restore to His Majesty his freedom and authority.* *Do not hesitate, churchmen and citizens of all classes. Come and help the cause of religion, royalty and of you all, and swear not to kiss the royal hand again, until after His Majesty is restored to his authority.*

## The medal of loyalty

To commemorate the uprising a "Medal of Loyalty to King and Country" was instituted, humorously referred to by Liberals as the “medal of dust.” The medal was intended to honour those who had joined John VI at Vila Franca or Prince Miguel At Santarém, or who had joined the forces of Manuel da Silveira Pinto da Fonseca Teixeira, Count of Amarante, later made marquês de Chaves.


title: Wang Feng discography

text:
# Wang Feng discography

The discography of Chinese recording artist Wang Feng consists of twelve studio albums, five live albums and two soundtracks.

## Studio albums

| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | CHN<br> |
| *Fireworks* (花火) | * Released: October 10, 2000 (CHN) * July 11, 2001 (TWN) * Label: Warner Music * Formats: CD, VCD, digital download |  |
| *Love is a Happy Bullet* (爱是一颗幸福的子弹) | * Released: October 10, 2002 * Label: Warner Music * Formats: CD, digital download |  |
| *Crying with Laughter* (笑着哭) | * Released: May 5, 2004 * Label: Warner Music * Formats: CD, digital download |  |
| *A Blooming Life* (怒放的生命) | * Released: December 28, 2005 * Label: Chuang Meng Music * Formats: CD, digital download |  |
| *Brave Heart* (勇敢的心) | * Released: June 26, 2007 * Label: Music Nation Group * Formats: CD, digital download |  |
| *Belief Flies in the Wind* (信仰在空中飘扬) | * Released: July 25, 2009 * Label: Music Nation Group * Formats: CD, digital download | 9 |
| *Life Asks for Nothing* (生无所求) | * Released: November 16, 2011 * Label: Rock Forward Entertainment * Formats: CD, digital download | 5 |
| *Born in Hesitation* (生来彷徨) | * Released: December 2, 2013 * Label: Rock Forward Entertainment * Formats: CD, digital download | 1 |
| *The River* (河流) | * Released: November 18, 2015 * Label: Shanghai Bifeng Yizhu Media * Formats: CD, digital download |  |
| *29, Guoling Lane* (果岭里29号) | * Released: December 8, 2017 * Label: With Faith Music * Formats: CD, digital download |  |
| *2020* | * Released: December 18, 2019 * Label: With Faith Music * Formats: CD, digital download |  |
| *Maybe I Can Ignore Death* (也许我可以无视死亡) | * Released: August 24, 2022 * Label: With Faith Music * Formats: CD, digital download |  |

## Live albums

| Title | Album details |
| --- | --- |
| *2004 Fly Higher Concert Live in Beijing* | * Released: February 22, 2005 * Label: Warner Records * Formats: CD, VCD, DVD |
| *2006 Super Live in Beijing* | * Released: January 25, 2008 * Label: Chuang Meng Music * Formats: VCD, DVD |
| *2010 Shouting Faith Concert* | * Released: 2010 * Label: Music Nation Group * Formats: DVD |
| *2011 Nothing For Life in Beijing* | * Released: September 1, 2012 * Label: Starsing Music * Formats: DVD |
| *2013 Existence·Super Tour in Shanghai* | * Released: February 3, 2015 * Label: Starsing Music * Formats: DVD |

## Soundtrack appearances

| Title | Year |
| --- | --- |
| "Beijing Bicycle" (十七岁的单车) | 2001 |
| "Wolf Totem" (沧浪之歌) | 2015 |

## InfoBox

| Wang Feng discography | |
| --- | --- |
| Wang in 2015 | |
| Studio albums | 12 |
| Live albums | 5 |
| Soundtracks | 2 |