title: Long-tailed mockingbird

abstract: The long-tailed mockingbird is a species of bird in the family Mimidae. It is found in Ecuador and Peru.

text:
# Long-tailed mockingbird

The **long-tailed mockingbird** (***Mimus longicaudatus***) is a species of bird in the family Mimidae. It is found in Ecuador and Peru.

## Taxonomy and systematics

The long-tailed mockingbird has four subspecies, the nominate *Mimus longicaudatus longicaudatus*, *M. l. platensis*, *M. l. albogriseus*, and *M. l. maranonicus*.

## Description

The long-tailed mockingbird is 27 to 29.5 cm (10.6 to 11.6 in) long and weighs 54 to 79 g (1.9 to 2.8 oz) with an average of 66.6 g (2.35 oz). Males are slightly larger than females. Adults of the nominate subspecies have a broad white supercilium and a black stripe through the eye that touches a black patch on the white cheek. Their crown and upperparts are brownish gray with darker streaks. The wings and long tail are mostly dusky brown, with patches of white that show conspicuously in flight. The throat, belly, and vent area are white and the breast and flanks buff to dull brown. Juveniles are similar to adults with the addition of streaks on the chest.

*M. l. albogriseus* is smaller and grayer than the nominate, and the white on its tail tips is more extensive. *M. l. platensis* is similar to *albogriseus* but closer to the nominate in size and has a longer bill. *M. l. maranonicus* is very similar to the nominate and may not truly be a separate subspecies from it.

## Distribution and habitat

The long-tailed mockingbird is found mostly along the Pacific coasts of Ecuador and Peru. The nominate *M. l. longicaudatus* inhabits most of the length of western Peru. *M. l. albogriseus* is in southwestern Ecuador, from central Manabí Province to Peru. *M. l. platensis* is found only on Isla de la Plata, about 30 km (19 mi) off the coast of Manabi. *M. l. maranonicus* is the anomaly; it is found inland along the upper Río Marañón in northwestern Peru.

The long-tailed mockingbird inhabits coastal desert scrub, arid woodland, and hedgerows and tree groves in agricultural areas. It is also found in gardens and parks. The coastal subspecies range from sea level to 1,900 m (6,200 ft), while *M. l. maranonicus* is found as high as 2,450 m (8,040 ft).

## Behavior

### Feeding

The long-tailed mockingbird primarily forages on the ground and hops and glides between feeding sites. It is omnivorous, feeding on invertebrates (both terrestrial and marine), fruits, and berries. It occurs in loose groups in the non-breeding season.

### Breeding

The long-tailed mockingbird nests from late December to July in southwestern Ecuador, where its breeding phenology has been most studied. The species is territorial but the previous brood's young may still be present. Its nest is a rough cup constructed of thorny twigs and lined with finer plant material and hair. It is typically placed in a spiny bush or cactus up to 5 m (16 ft) above ground but usually lower. The clutch size is three or four; the eggs are greenish with reddish brown spots and blotches. The nests are commonly parasitized by shiny cowbirds (*Molothrus bonariensis*).

### Vocalization

The long-tailed mockingbird's song is "a fairly slow-paced series of variable rich whistled notes, churrs, rattles, squawks, and other noises, often with phrases repeated. Its calls are a throaty "garr!" and rapsing "gaawrr". It is not known to mimic other birds.

## Status

The IUCN has assessed the long-tailed mockingbird as being of Least Concern. The two mainland coastal subspecies are common but their distribution is patchy due to discontinuous habitat. The island home of *M. l. platensis*, though small, is partially protected by a national park. *M. l. maranonicus* also has a small range.

## InfoBox

| Long-tailed mockingbird | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Mimidae |
| Genus: | *Mimus* |
| Species: | ***M. longicaudatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mimus longicaudatus***
Tschudi, 1844 | |
|
|  | |


title: Lodhipur

abstract: Lodhipur is a village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) away from postal branch office Amargarh, 6.4 kilometres (4.0 mi) from Nawanshahr, 3.8 kilometres (2.4 mi) from district headquarter Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar and 100 kilometres (62 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.

text:
# Lodhipur

**Lodhipur** is a village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) away from postal branch office Amargarh, 6.4 kilometres (4.0 mi) from Nawanshahr, 3.8 kilometres (2.4 mi) from district headquarter Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar and 100 kilometres (62 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.

## Demography

As of 2011, Lodhipur has a total number of 261 houses and population of 1193 of which 590 include are males while 603 are females according to the report published by Census India in 2011. The literacy rate of Lodhipur is 74.10%, lower than the state average of 75.84%. The population of children under the age of 6 years is 135 which is 11.32% of total population of Lodhipur, and child sex ratio is approximately 824 as compared to Punjab state average of 846.

Most of the people are from Schedule Caste which constitutes 70.75% of total population in Lodhipur. The town does not have any Schedule Tribe population so far.

As per the report published by Census India in 2011, 354 people were engaged in work activities out of the total population of Lodhipur which includes 340 males and 14 females. According to census survey report 2011, 99.44% workers describe their work as main work and 0.56% workers are involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months.

## Education

The village has a Punjabi medium, co-ed primary school founded in 1959. The schools provide mid-day meal as per Indian Midday Meal Scheme. As per Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act the school provide free education to children between the ages of 6 and 14.

KC Engineering College and Doaba Khalsa Trust Group Of Institutions are the nearest colleges. Industrial Training Institute for women (ITI Nawanshahr) is 9.8 kilometres (6.1 mi). The village is 79 kilometres (49 mi) away from Chandigarh University, 56 kilometres (35 mi) from Indian Institute of Technology and 42 kilometres (26 mi) away from Lovely Professional University.

## Transport

Nawanshahr train station is the nearest train station however, Garhshankar Junction railway station is 23 kilometres (14 mi) away from the village. Sahnewal Airport is the nearest domestic airport which located 60 kilometres (37 mi) away in Ludhiana and the nearest international airport is located in Chandigarh also Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport is the second nearest airport which is 150 kilometres (93 mi) away in Amritsar.

## InfoBox

| Lodhipur | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| LodhipurLocation in Punjab, IndiaLodhipurLodhipur (India) | |
| Coordinates: 31°07′02″N 76°02′56″E / 31.117175°N 76.0487759°E / 31.117175; 76.0487759 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Punjab |
| District | Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayat raj |
| Body | Gram panchayat |
| Elevation | 251 m (823 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,193 |
|  | Sex ratio 590/603 / |
| Languages | |
| Official | Punjabi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 144513 |
| Telephone code | 01823 |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-PB |
| Post office | Amargarh (B.O) |
| Website | nawanshahr.nic.in |


title: London Film Critics Circle Awards 1994

abstract: The 15th London Film Critics Circle Awards, honouring the best in film for 1994, were announced by the London Film Critics Circle in 1995.

text:
# London Film Critics Circle Awards 1994

**15th London Film Critics Circle Awards**

1995

---

Film of the Year:
**Schindler's List**

---

British Film of the Year:
**Four Weddings and a Funeral**

The **15th London Film Critics Circle Awards**, honouring the best in film for 1994, were announced by the London Film Critics Circle in 1995.

## Winners

**Film of the Year**

**British Film of the Year**

**Foreign Language Film of the Year**

**Director of the Year**

**British Director of the Year**

**Screenwriter of the Year**

**British Screenwriter of the Year**

**Actor of the Year**

**Actress of the Year**

**British Actor of the Year**

**British Actress of the Year**

**Newcomer of the Year**

**British Newcomer of the Year**

**British Technical Achievement of the Year**

**British Producer of the Year**

**Special Achievement Award**

**Dilys Powell Award**


title: Lončarjev Dol

abstract: Lončarjev Dol is a settlement in the hills east of Sevnica in east-central Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Styria. The entire Municipality of Sevnica is now included in the Lower Sava Statistical Region.

text:
# Lončarjev Dol

**Lončarjev Dol** (pronounced \[lɔnˈtʃaːɾjeu̯ ˈdoːl\]) is a settlement in the hills east of Sevnica in east-central Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Styria. The entire Municipality of Sevnica is now included in the Lower Sava Statistical Region.

## InfoBox

| Lončarjev Dol | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Lončarjev DolLocation in Slovenia | |
| Coordinates: 46°0′44.76″N 15°20′35.66″E / 46.0124333°N 15.3432389°E / 46.0124333; 15.3432389 | |
| Country | Slovenia |
| Traditional region | Styria |
| Statistical region | Lower Sava |
| Municipality | Sevnica |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.6 km2 (0.6 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 194 m (636 ft) |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 209 |
|  | |


title: London Mets

abstract: The London Mets Baseball and Softball Club are a British baseball club who field several teams in the British Baseball Federation league system, including 2 teams in the top tier National Baseball League, the synonymously-nicknamed Mets and the London Capitals.

text:
# London Mets

The **London Mets Baseball and Softball Club** are a British baseball club who field several teams in the British Baseball Federation league system, including 2 teams in the top tier National Baseball League, the synonymously-nicknamed Mets and the **London Capitals**.

## History

The club began as an adult softball team in 1988 and were initially called the London Millions, after the name of the company which sponsored them. The adult club began organising and training a separate baseball programme for young people in the Park in 1995 under the name London Meteorites. The London Mets remains a very popular and successful softball club.

The London Mets Youth Baseball Club has rapidly expanded in the past few years. The club organises free training sessions for young people aged from 7 to 25 years old and has three youth teams that play in the Southern Division of the BBF national youth baseball league. They were the only British club to field two Bronco (under 13's) teams in 2007. The London Mets Pony (under-16's) team won their BBF National Championship in 2007. The Club won a national CCPR Sports Club of the Year award and the local Haringey Sports Club of the Year award in 2007.

In 2007 the club's popularity - along with the need to provide development opportunities for older club members - meant that they were able to start a senior team for the first time, which was entered into the BBF National Baseball League - the highest level baseball league in Britain.

In this first season in the National Baseball League the London Mets had a W20 L6 record for the season. They played the Croydon Pirates in the 2007 BBF National Championship Final 4. The Mets won the best of three final series 2-0 to be crowned National Champions.

The London Mets NBL team maintained a W23 L1 record through the 2008 season, losing only to Croydon. The London Mets faced the Richmond Flames in the 2008 BBF National Championship Final 4, winning the 9-inning final 11-4 to regain their National Championship title.

The 2007 and 2008 team included MLB on five analyst Josh Chetwynd.

In 2008 the London Mets expanded with a second senior team, the London Metros, in the BBF AAA League. In their first season the London Metros finished in 2nd place in the AAA South Group B and won the Wild Card spot in the 2008 BBF National Championship Final 4 with a W18 L8 record. The London Metros lost 12-6 to the Oxford Kings in the semi-final round to take 3rd place.

For 2009, the club has added a third senior team, the London Marauders, which will play in the BBF A League.

The Club is the first British youth baseball club to field two Bronco teams for two consecutive seasons.

## Affiliated club teams

The London Mets Youth Baseball Club train and play in Finsbury Park, Harringay, North London, where they have a clubhouse and two diamonds.

| Level | Team |
| --- | --- |
| NBL | London Mets |
| NBL | London Capitals |
| AAA | London Metros |
| AA | London Sidewinders |
| AA | London Meteors |
| AA | London Mustangs |
| A | London Mercury |
| A | London Minotaurs |
| WBL | London Mayhem |

## InfoBox

| London Mets Baseball and Softball Club | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Information | |
| League | BBF National League (Mets and Capitals) |
| Location | London |
| Ballpark | Finsbury Park, Harringay, North London |
| Founded | 1988 |
| Nickname(s) | Mets |
| League championships | 2007, 2008, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023 |
| Former name(s) | London Millions, London Meteors |


title: Trigonulina

abstract: Trigonulina is a genus of small carnivorous bivalves in the family Verticordiidae. It was first named by Alcide d'Orbigny with the type taxon T. ornata in 1853, though T. novemcostata was named first originally as Hippagus novemcostatus in 1850 which is now unaccepted. Trigonulina shells are known to be extremely small, ranging from about 1-3.6 millimeters long. They live at depths of 18-850 meters below the ocean's surface and burrow under sand to feed on microscopic crustaceans using adapted inhalant siphons. T. ornata lives in the western Atlantic Ocean while T. novemcostata is native to the South China Sea.

text:
# Trigonulina

***Trigonulina*** is a genus of small carnivorous bivalves in the family Verticordiidae. It was first named by Alcide d'Orbigny with the type taxon *T. ornata* in 1853, though *T. novemcostata* was named first originally as *Hippagus novemcostatus* in 1850 which is now unaccepted. Trigonulina shells are known to be extremely small, ranging from about 1-3.6 millimeters long. They live at depths of 18-850 meters below the ocean's surface and burrow under sand to feed on microscopic crustaceans using adapted inhalant siphons. *T. ornata* lives in the western Atlantic Ocean while *T. novemcostata* is native to the South China Sea.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Trigonulina* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Bivalvia |
| Family: | Verticordiidae |
| Genus: | *Trigonulina*<br>d'Orbigny, 1853 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Verticordia (Trigonulina)*  d'Orbigny, 1853 | |


title: Lophogyne

abstract:
Lophogyne is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Podostemaceae. Its native range is Northern South America to Brazil. Species:
  - Lophogyne aripuanensis (A.S.Tav.) C.T.Philbrick & C.P.Bove
  - Lophogyne ceratophylla (Engl.) C.T.Philbrick & C.P.Bove
  - Lophogyne divertens (Went) C.T.Philbrick & C.P.Bove
  - Lophogyne fimbriata (P.Royen) C.T.Philbrick & C.P.Bove
  - Lophogyne fimbrifolia (P.Royen) C.T.Philbrick & C.P.Bove
  - Lophogyne goeldiana (A.S.Tav.) C.T.Philbrick & C.P.Bove
  - Lophogyne isoetifolia (P.Royen) C.T.Philbrick & C.P.Bove
  - Lophogyne lacunosa (Gardner) C.P.Bove & C.T.Philbrick
  - Lophogyne paraensis (A.S.Tav.) C.T.Philbrick & C.P.Bove
  - Lophogyne royenella C.P.Bove & C.T.Philbrick
  - Lophogyne tridactylitifolia (Engl.) C.T.Philbrick & C.P.Bove
  - Lophogyne varians (Engl.) C.T.Philbrick & C.P.Bove

text:
# Lophogyne

***Lophogyne*** is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Podostemaceae.

Its native range is Northern South America to Brazil.

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Lophogyne* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Podostemaceae |
| Genus: | *Lophogyne*<br>Tul. |
|


abstract: The 1970 San Diego State Aztecs football team represented San Diego State College during the 1970 NCAA University Division football season as a member of the Pacific Coast Athletic Association. The team was led by head coach Don Coryell, in his tenth year, and played home games at San Diego Stadium in San Diego, California. They finished the season as co-champions of the conference, with a record of nine wins and two losses.

text:
# 1970 San Diego State Aztecs football team

1970 Pacific Coast Athletic Association football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| San Diego State \+ | 5 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 9 |  | 2 |  | 0 |
| Long Beach State \+ | 5 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 9 |  | 2 |  | 1 |
| Fresno State | 4 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 8 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Pacific (CA) | 2 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
| San Jose State | 2 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 2 |  | 9 |  | 0 |
| UC Santa Barbara | 1 |  | 5 |  | 0 |  |  | 2 |  | 9 |  | 0 |
| Cal State Los Angeles | 0 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 1 |  | 9 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * \+  Conference co-champions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1970 San Diego State Aztecs football team** represented San Diego State College during the 1970 NCAA University Division football season as a member of the Pacific Coast Athletic Association. The team was led by head coach Don Coryell, in his tenth year, and played home games at San Diego Stadium in San Diego, California. They finished the season as co-champions of the conference, with a record of nine wins and two losses (9–2, 5–1 PCAA).

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Rank | Site | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 12 | at Northern Illinois* |  |  | W 35–3 | 9,116 |  |
| September 19 | at North Texas State* |  |  | W 23–0 | 14,300 |  |
| September 26 | Cal State Los Angeles |  |  | W 35–0 | 34,717 |  |
| October 3 | BYU* |  | * San Diego Stadium * San Diego, CA | W 31–11 | 36,830 |  |
| October 10 | Southern Miss* |  | * San Diego Stadium * San Diego, CA | W 41–14 | 32,963 |  |
| October 17 | San Jose State |  | * San Diego Stadium * San Diego, CA | W 32–6 | 28,216 |  |
| October 31 | Fresno State | No. 17 | * San Diego Stadium * San Diego, CA (rivalry) | W 56–14 | 46,294 |  |
| November 7 | at Pacific (CA) | No. 14 |  | W 14–13 | 15,000 |  |
| November 14 | UC Santa Barbara | No. 14 | * San Diego Stadium * San Diego | W 65–7 | 26,015 |  |
| November 20 | at Long Beach State | No. 14 |  | L 11–27 | 39,005 |  |
| November 28 | Iowa State* |  | * San Diego Stadium * San Diego, CA | L 22–28 | 31,810 |  |
| * \*Non-conference game * Rankings from AP Poll released prior to the game | | | | | | |

## Team players in the NFL

The following were selected in the 1971 NFL draft.

| Player | Position | Round | Overall | NFL team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ken Burrow | Wide receiver | 2 | 33 | Atlanta Falcons |
| Henry Allison | Guard – Tackle | 2 | 50 | Philadelphia Eagles |
| Tom Shellabarger | Tackle | 5 | 108 | Philadelphia Eagles |
| Tom Hayes | Defensive back | 6 | 137 | Atlanta Falcons |
| Leon Van Gorkum | Defensive end | 8 | 195 | San Diego Chargers |
| Lindsey James | Running back | 16 | 397 | Atlanta Falcons |
|

The following finished their SDSU career in 1970, were not drafted, but played in the NFL.

| Player | Position | First NFL team |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Terry Mendenhall | Linebacker | 1971 Oakland Raiders |
|

## Team awards

| Award | Player |
| --- | --- |
| Most Valuable Player
(John Simcox Memorial Trophy) | Tim Delaney |
| Outstanding Offensive & Defensive Linemen
(Byron H. Chase Memorial Trophy) | Henry Allison, Off
Leon Van Gorkum, Def |
| Team captains
Dr. R. Hardy / C.E. Peterson Memorial Trophy | Tim Delaney, Off
Leon Van Gorkum, Def |
| Most Inspirational Player | Tim Delaney,
Terry Mendenhall |

1. Pierce White (September 13, 1970). "San Diego State Routs Northern, 35-3". *Chicago Tribune*. Chicago, Illinois. p. 2-2. Retrieved January 16, 2017  via Newspapers.com.
2. "Aztecs Win Another". *The Fresno Bee*. Fresno, California. September 20, 1970. p. 1-B. Retrieved January 16, 2017  via Newspapers.com.
3. "Aztecs Rip LA State For 15th In Row". *The Fresno Bee*. Fresno, California. September 27, 1970. p. 6-D. Retrieved January 16, 2017  via Newspapers.com.
4. "San Diego Passes Beat BYU, 31-11". *Arizona Daily Star*. Tucson, Arizona. October 4, 1970. p. B-2. Retrieved January 16, 2017  via Newspapers.com.
5. "Aztecs Crush Southerners". *The Fresno Bee*. Fresno, California. October 11, 1970. p. 3-D. Retrieved January 16, 2017  via Newspapers.com.
6. "Aztecs Bomb San Jose St. By 32-6". *Santa Cruz Sentinel*. Santa Cruz, California. October 18, 1970. p. 11. Retrieved January 16, 2017  via Newspapers.com.
7. Bruce Farris (November 1, 1970). "San Diego Express Derails FSC Freight". *The Fresno Bee*. Fresno, California. p. 1-B. Retrieved January 16, 2017  via Newspapers.com.
8. "Pacific Scares San Diego". *Independent Press-Telegram*. Long Beach, California. November 8, 1970. pp. 5–8. Retrieved January 16, 2017  via Newspapers.com.
9. "Aztecs Ramble Past Santa Barbara 64-7". *The Fresno Bee*. Fresno, California. November 15, 1970. p. 1-B. Retrieved January 16, 2017  via Newspapers.com.
10. Jim McCormack (November 21, 1970). "49ers Slay The Giant, 27-11". *Independent Press-Telegram*. Long Beach, California. p. 1-B. Retrieved January 16, 2017  via Newspapers.com.
11. "San Diego State Loses Second in Row, 28-22". *The Los Angeles Times*. November 29, 1970. p. D-12. Retrieved January 16, 2017  via Newspapers.com.
12. "San Diego State 1970 Schedule". Retrieved December 6, 2016.
13. "San Diego State 2016 Football Media Guide". Archived from the original on October 18, 2016. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
14. "1971 NFL Draft". Archived from the original on December 21, 2007. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
15. "San Diego St. Players/Alumni". Retrieved December 8, 2016.

## InfoBox

| 1970 San Diego State Aztecs football | |
| --- | --- |
| PCAA co-champion | |
| Conference | Pacific Coast Athletic Association |
| Record | 9–2 (5–1 PCAA) |
| Head coach |  |
| Offensive coordinator | Rod Dowhower (3rd season) |
| Home stadium | San Diego Stadium |
|


title: Syzygium firmum

abstract: Syzygium firmum is a species of plant in the family Myrtaceae. It is endemic to Sri Lanka.

text:
# Syzygium firmum

***Syzygium firmum*** is a species of plant in the family Myrtaceae. It is endemic to Sri Lanka.

## InfoBox

| *Syzygium firmum* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Syzygium* |
| Species: | ***S. firmum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Syzygium firmum***
Thwaites | |
|


title: National Visa Center

abstract: The National Visa Center (NVC) is a center that is part of the U.S. Department of State that plays the role of holding United States immigrant visa petitions approved by the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services until an immigrant visa number becomes available for the petition, at which point it arranges for the visa applicant(s) to take the visa interview at a consulate abroad. It is located in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. It was established on July 26, 1994, on the site of an Air Force base that was closed down by The Pentagon. In most cases, the person or entity that files the original USCIS petition differs from the person on whose behalf the petition is filed. The beneficiaries are the persons who may subsequently apply for a visa based on the approved petition, and NVC's communication is with the beneficiary. In this article, the terms "beneficiary" and "visa applicant" are both used based on context.

text:
# National Visa Center

The **National Visa Center** (**NVC**) is a center that is part of the U.S. Department of State that plays the role of holding United States immigrant visa petitions (as well as Form I-129F petitions for K-1/K-3 visas) approved by the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services until an immigrant visa number becomes available for the petition, at which point it arranges for the visa applicant(s) (the petition beneficiaries) to take the visa interview at a consulate abroad. It is located in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. It was established on July 26, 1994, on the site of an Air Force base that was closed down by The Pentagon.

In most cases, the person or entity that files the original USCIS petition (also known as the petitioner) differs from the person (or persons) on whose behalf the petition is filed (also known as the beneficiary or beneficiaries). The beneficiaries are the persons who may subsequently apply for a visa based on the approved petition, and NVC's communication is with the beneficiary (with the petitioner getting a notification at the beginning). In this article, the terms "beneficiary" and "visa applicant" are both used based on context.

## Petitions that go through the NVC

### Form I-130 petitions

Form I-130, Petition for Alien Relative, is used by United States citizens and permanent residents to petition for immigrant status for their immediate relatives. The IR subcategory in the Form I-130 category is uncapped, and therefore the NVC immediately begins processing the application. However, the F subcategory has numerical limits, and is generally backlogged, and therefore applications in this category may have to wait. Note that wait times depend both on the type of visa in the F category, and the country of chargeability.

### Form I-140 petitions

Form I-140, Immigrant Petition for Alien Worker, is used by United States businesses (and in some cases, by the immigrant beneficiary himself or herself) to petition for immigrant worker status for the beneficiary in one of the categories EB-1, EB-2, and EB-3. All the categories are numerically capped. For any given country of chargeability, EB-1 gets higher priority (and therefore has lesser backlog and a shorter wait time) than EB-2, which in turn has higher priority than EB-3. For some combinations of country of chargeability and category, the priority date may be current, in which case NVC begins processing immediately, whereas for others, applications in the category may have to wait.

### Other immigrant visa petitions that go through NVC

The following immigrant status petitions also get sent to NVC:

* Forms I-600, I-600A, I-800, and I-800A, used for adoption of an orphan by a United States citizen (the IR-3 and IR-4 categories).
* Form I-360, used for the EB-4 visa as well as some other special immigrant categories.
* Form I-526, for the EB-5 visa

### Form I-129F petitions

Form I-129F is a non-immigrant visa petition intended for the fiancé(e) and children of the fiancé(e) of a United States citizen, with the intention of marriage with the fiancé(e). The corresponding visa category is the K visa.

If the petitioner and beneficiary fiancé(e) marry within three months, the fiancé(e) can undergo Adjustment of Status. This is a rare case of a non-immigrant visa category with explicit immigrant intent. There are no cutoff dates for these petitions.

### Provisional Unlawful Presence Waiver (Form I-601A)

A Provisional Unlawful Presence Waiver is a waiver provided by the USCIS indicating that it waives unlawful presence in the United States as a ground of inadmissibility for a given applicant. It is obtained by applying with Form I-601A to the USCIS. It is used by people currently unlawfully present in the United States prior to departing the United States for a consular interview. USCIS notifies NVC once the Form I-601A is approved and the Provisional Unlawful Presence Waiver is granted, so that NVC can process any visa application for the applicant based on a petition listing him or her as a beneficiary. The approval of a Form I-601A is automatically revoked, and therefore no longer valid, if the applicant travels overseas for the immigrant visa interview and the consular Department of State officer identifies any grounds of inadmissibility other than unlawful presence as applicable.

### Petitions and visa categories that do not go through the NVC

Form I-129 petitions for non-immigrant workers do not go through the NVC. For these petitions, once the petition is approved by the USCIS, the beneficiary may directly apply for a visa at a United States consulate or embassy abroad. Some of the Form I-129 categories have numerical limits, but these limits are taken care of by the USCIS at the time it receives the application. Moreover, due to a limit of six months for receiving the petition (i.e., the petition can be received at most six months before the proposed start date) there cannot be huge backlogs; in case more petitions are received than the numerical limits the additional petitions are rejected and the petition must be filed next year.

Among immigrant visa categories, the Diversity Immigrant Visa does not go through the NVC. The program is managed by the Kentucky Consular Center of the U.S. Department of State.

## Distinction between immigrant visa applications outside the United States and Adjustment of Status applications

There are two ways to become a United States Lawful Permanent Resident.

1. Have an immigrant status petition listing one as a beneficiary approved and then use that to apply for an immigrant visa from outside the United States. In this case, after receiving the immigrant visa, the beneficiary can apply for a Green Card for delivery to their United States address, and then enter on the immigrant visa and transition to LPR status upon entry.
2. Be in the United States in another status and then file a Form I-485 petition for Adjustment of Status either concurrently with or after receiving approval for the immigrant status petition. In this case, the approval of Form I-485 transitions the beneficiary to Lawful Permanent Resident status.

The key difference between the two methods is that for (1), the key decision to approve the beneficiary's transition is made by a consular officer employed by the U.S. Department of State and stationed in another country, whereas for (2), the final decision is made by a USCIS Field Officer.

The National Visa Center is involved only for method (1). In case method (2) is being used, the NVC will not receive the petition at all if the Adjustment of Status application (Form I-485) is filed concurrently with the petition. If, however, the petition is filed as a standalone petition, the NVC may contact the beneficiary, and the beneficiary must indicate to the NVC in response that he or she is adjusting status and does not intend to apply for a visa. In this case, the NVC holds on to the petition until it is requested by a USCIS Field Office. If the applicant does not respond, the NVC continues processing it for a visa application.

However, the numerical limits apply to all petitions regardless of whether method (1) or method (2) is used, and are managed by the Visa Reporting and Control Division of the Department of State.

For Form I-130 and I-360, in some cases, another option called Direct Consular Filing (that bypasses the NVC) is available; however, this applies only to categories with no numerical limits.

## Steps

### The petition is received by the USCIS

When the USCIS receives a petition, it puts it in a processing queue handled by USCIS and marks the date of receipt of the petition. If approved, and in the case that the category is numerically capped, the petition's Priority Date will be set to this date of receipt. Note that for I-140 petitions that require Permanent Labor Certification, the Priority Date is set as the date that the application for labor certification is received.

The USCIS may take some time to approve the petition. The USCIS publishes both its processing time goals and its current processing times, which are approximately 7 months. For some petitions, the USCIS may issue a Request For Evidence or Notice of Intent to Deny. The USCIS may deny the petition and the denial may be appealed. For Form I-140 petitions, it is also possible to speed up the process by availing of the Premium Processing Service. Throughout the process, the NVC is not involved.

It is only if and after the USCIS approves the petition that the petition is forwarded to the NVC in Portsmouth, New Hampshire.

As soon as it receives the petition from the USCIS, NVC gives the petition a case number through which the status of the petition may be tracked and contacts the applicant confirming that the petition was received. Note that this case number differs from the USCIS case number and also from the immigrant visa number (that, for capped categories, may not be immediately available).

### For numerically limited visas, the National Visa Center may hold the petition until a visa number becomes available

For visas in numerically limited categories, the date that the petition is received by the USCIS is treated as the Priority Date for the application, with the exception of petitions that require Permanent Labor Certification. For petitions requiring labor certification (as is the case for some Form I-140 petitions) the Priority Date is the date the application for labor certification was received by the U.S. Department of Labor.

Applications are processed from earlier to later Priority Dates. At any given point in time, the cutoff date (also known as the Qualifying Date) for current processing for each combination of category and country of chargeability is available, and published in the Visa Bulletin.

If the Priority Date is earlier than the cutoff date for that category at the time NVC receives the petition, it immediately starts processing the application. However, if the Priority Date is later than the cutoff date, NVC holds the application until the cutoff date is about to approach the Priority Date. At this point, NVC contacts the beneficiary and starts the processing. An application whose Priority Date is earlier than the cutoff date is termed "current".

NVC is *not* responsible for managing the queue of applications or updating the cutoff dates. That responsibility lies with the Visa Reporting and Control Division of the U.S. Department of State, that also publishes the Visa Bulletin and issues immigrant visa numbers. Moreover, the applications that go through the NVC are not the only ones in the queue; the queue also includes Adjustment of Status applications.

Some implications of the way Priority Dates work:

* The time taken by the USCIS to process the petition affects the total time taken to obtain the visa *only* if it is in an uncapped category *or* it exceeds the NVC wait times. This is because the Priority Date for a petition is set as the date that the USCIS receives the petition, not the date it starts or finishes processing the petition.
* There can be a considerable period of time during which a person outside the United States is the beneficiary of an approved visa petition but cannot enter the United States in immigrant status because the Priority Date has not yet become current. Under these conditions, it can be difficult to enter the United States in non-immigrant status because of the clearly demonstrated immigrant intent; however, it may still be possible to use a B visa by demonstrating that one's visit will be short and that one does not intend to apply for Adjustment of Status.

### NVC processes the application, arranging for a consular interview

NVC does the following to move forward on the beneficiary's visa application:

1. It invoices the beneficiary for visa application fees
2. It collects the visa application and supporting documentation
3. It holds the visa petition until an interview can be scheduled with a consular officer at a U.S. Embassy or Consulate.

NVC's first communication with the visa applicant, even before collecting fees, asks the applicant to choose an agent to represent him or her in communication with the NVC. The applicant may do so online through Form DS-261, Choice of Address and Agent. There is also an outdated equivalent form called Form DS-3032, that is filed by paper.

### The NVC hands things off to the consulate or embassy interviewing the applicant

After the NVC schedules the interview and forwards the materials to the consulate, the responsibility for further processing belongs to the consulate.

If the consular officer adjudicating the beneficiary's visa application believes the underlying USCIS petition was approved in error or is no longer approvable the officer may return the petition to USCIS for revocation/reconsideration. This communication occurs directly between the consulate and the USCIS. NVC is no longer involved.

### Termination of registration

The registration of an immigrant visa petitions is terminated if the beneficiary fails to apply for an immigrant visa within a year of notice of immigrant visa availability. However, the petition may be reinstated if, within two years of notice of visa availability, the alien establishes that the failure to apply was for reasons beyond the alien's control.


title: USA-10

abstract: USA-10, also known as Navstar 11, GPS I-11 and GPS SVN-11, was an American navigation satellite launched in 1985 as part of the Global Positioning System development programme. It was the last of eleven Block I GPS satellites to be launched.

text:
# USA-10

**USA-10**, also known as **Navstar 11**, **GPS I-11** and **GPS SVN-11**, was an American navigation satellite launched in 1985 as part of the Global Positioning System development programme. It was the last of eleven Block I GPS satellites to be launched.

## Background

Global Positioning System (GPS) was developed by the U.S. Department of Defense to provide all-weather round-the-clock navigation capabilities for military ground, sea, and air forces. Since its implementation, GPS has also become an integral asset in numerous civilian applications and industries around the globe, including recreational used (e.g., boating, aircraft, hiking), corporate vehicle fleet tracking, and surveying. GPS employs 24 spacecraft in 20,200 km circular orbits inclined at 55°. These vehicles are placed in 6 orbit planes with four operational satellites in each plane.

## Spacecraft

The first eleven spacecraft (GPS Block 1) were used to demonstrate the feasibility of the GPS system. They were 3-axis stabilized, nadir pointing using reaction wheels. Dual solar arrays supplied over 400 watts. They had S-band communications for control and telemetry and Ultra high frequency (UHF) cross-link between spacecraft. They were manufactured by Rockwell Space Systems, were 5.3 meters across with solar panels deployed, and had a design life expectancy of 5 years. Unlike the later operational satellites, GPS Block 1 spacecraft were inclined at 63°.

## Launch

USA-10 was launched at 02:53 UTC on 9 October 1985, atop an Atlas E launch vehicle with an SGS-2 upper stage. The Atlas used had the serial number 55E, and was originally built as an Atlas E. The launch took place from Space Launch Complex 3W at Vandenberg Air Force Base, and placed USA-10 into a transfer orbit. The satellite raised itself into medium Earth orbit using a Star-27 apogee motor.

## Mission

By 8 November 1985, USA-10 had been raised to an orbit with a perigee of 19,829 km (12,321 mi), an apogee of 20,532 km (12,758 mi), a period of 717.90 minutes, and 63.40° of inclination to the equator. The satellite had a design life of 5 years and a mass of 758 kg (1,671 lb). It broadcast the PRN 03 signal in the GPS demonstration constellation, and was retired from service on 14 April 1994.

## InfoBox

USA-10
| Names | Navstar 11
GPS I-11
GPS SVN-11 |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mission type | Navigation
Technology |
| Operator | U.S. Air Force |
| COSPAR ID | 1985-093A |
| SATCAT no. | 16129 |
| Mission duration | 5 years (planned)
8.5 years (achieved) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft | Navstar |
| Spacecraft type | GPS Block I |
| Manufacturer | Rockwell Space Systems |
| Launch mass | 758 kg (1,671 lb) |
| Dimensions | 5.3 meters of long |
| Power | 400 watts |
|  | |
|  | |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | 9 October 1985, 02:53 UTC |
| Rocket | Atlas E / SGS-2
(Atlas-55E) |
| Launch site | Vandenberg, SLC-3W |
| Contractor | Convair
General Dynamics |
| Entered service | 8 November 1985 |
|  | |
|  | |
| End of mission | |
| Deactivated | 14 April 1994 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric orbit |
| Regime | Medium Earth orbit
(Semi-synchronous) |
| Perigee altitude | 19,829 km (12,321 mi) |
| Apogee altitude | 20,532 km (12,758 mi) |
| Inclination | 63.40° |
| Period | 717.90 minutes |
|  | |
| Global Positioning System | |


title: Shitoro ware

abstract: Shitoro ware is a type of Japanese pottery traditionally from Shimada, Shizuoka.

text:
# Shitoro ware

**Shitoro ware** (志戸呂焼, *Shitoro-yaki*) is a type of Japanese pottery traditionally from Shimada, Shizuoka.

## History

The roots of Shitoro ware go back to the Muromachi period, to potters in the town of Mino, in Gifu Prefecture, an area of Japan with quality clay deposits for making pottery. During the 15th century Tenshou era, the shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu recommended the ceramic ware being made in the area as a "specialty good". Shitoro ware was admired by Kobori Enshu and others who practiced the tea ceremony. Shitoro ware pots are moisture resistant and are strong and sturdy.


title: Yasmine Belmadi

abstract: Yasmine Belmadi was a French actor of Algerian parents. He appeared in 13 films, and had completed his final role, in a television production, the day before his death.

text:
# Yasmine Belmadi

**Yasmine Belmadi** (26 January 1976 – 18 July 2009) was a French actor of Algerian parents. He appeared in 13 films, and had completed his final role, in a television production, the day before his death.

## Biography

Belmadi grew up in the northern Paris suburb of Aubervilliers. His first screen appearance was in 1997, when he played a young gay beur in the short film *Les Corps ouverts*, directed by Sébastien Lifshitz. The film was a critical success, winning two awards (the Prix Kodak and the Prix Jean Vigo) in the category of short film in 1998. Other notable films in which Belmadi appeared include *Les Amants criminels*, *Wild Side*, *Beur blanc rouge* and *Grande École*.

Belmadi played a lead rôle in the 2009 film *Adieu Gary*, directed by Nassim Amaouche, which won the Critics' Week Grand Prix at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival. *Adieu Gary* went on general release in France on 22 July 2009, four days after Belmadi's death. Belmadi's last rôle was in *Pigalle*, a production for French television channel Canal+, which he completed on 17 July 2009.

## Death

On 18 July 2009, at 6 a.m., the scooter which Belmadi was riding collided with a lamp post at the intersection of the Pont de Sully and the Boulevard Henri IV in Paris. He was taken to the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, where he died from his injuries, aged 33.

## Filmography

## InfoBox

| Yasmine Belmadi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1976-01-26)26 January 1976
Aubervilliers, France |
| Died | 18 July 2009(2009-07-18) (aged 33)
Paris, France |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1997–2009 |


title: Xikou, Chiayi

abstract: Xikou Township or Sikou Township is a rural township in Chiayi County, Taiwan.

text:
# Xikou, Chiayi

23°35′41.0″N 120°23′41.2″E / 23.594722°N 120.394778°E / 23.594722; 120.394778

**Xikou Township** or **Sikou Township** (Chinese: 溪口鄉; pinyin: *Xīkǒu Xiāng*) is a rural township in Chiayi County, Taiwan.

## Name

Xikou's former name (Chinese: 雙溪口; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: *Siang-khe-kháu*; lit. 'two river mouth') refers to the confluence of two rivers, which are Huasing River (華興溪) and Sandie River (三疊溪) coming from the northwest and southwest respectively.

## History

Han Chinese firstly settled around the area of Xikou Township since more than 200 years ago. In early 1980s, its population peaked at 21,000 but has been declining since then.

## Geography

It has a population total of 13,658 and an area of 33.0463 km2. It is the smallest area of any city or township of Chiayi County. The township land is generally well-watered and flat.

## Administration

The township consists of 14 villages, which are Bencuo, Chailin, Deisi, Linjiao, Liougou, Meibei, Meinan, Miaolun, Pingding, Sibei, Sidong, Sisi, Youdong and Yousi.

## Economy

Agriculture is the predominant industry in the county. Crops include tomatoes and muskmelon. There are only a few factories in the area.

## Tourist attractions

## Notable natives

## InfoBox

| Xikou Township 溪口鄉Sikou | |
| --- | --- |
| Rural township | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Country | Taiwan |
| Area | |
| Total | 33 km2 (13 sq mi) |
| Population (May 2022) | |
| Total | 13,658 |
| Density | 410/km2 (1,100/sq mi) |


title: Mine for Me

abstract:
"Mine for Me" is a song written by Paul and Linda McCartney. It was recorded by Rod Stewart as a track for his 1974 album Smiler. When released as a single that year, the track became a minor hit in the United States, reaching number 91 on the Billboard Hot 100. Cash Box said that "the song is a sensitive tune and Rod’s interpretation is excellent" and that "the instrumentation is mellow and Rod’s vocal textures do much to bring life to this vibrant tune." Record World said that the song "breezes along
with tropical climes suggested by steel drums."

text:
# Mine for Me

"**Mine for Me**" is a song written by Paul and Linda McCartney. It was recorded by Rod Stewart as a track for his 1974 album *Smiler*. When released as a single that year, the track became a minor hit in the United States, reaching number 91 on the *Billboard* Hot 100.

*Cash Box* said that "the song is a sensitive tune and Rod’s interpretation is excellent" and that "the instrumentation is mellow and Rod’s vocal textures do much to bring life to this vibrant tune." *Record World* said that the song "breezes along with tropical climes suggested by steel drums."

## InfoBox

| "Mine for Me" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Rod Stewart | |
| from the album  *Smiler* | |
| B-side | "Farewell" |
| Released | 4 November 1974 |
| Length | 4:34 |
| Label | Mercury |
| Songwriter(s) | Paul McCartney, Linda McCartney |
| Rod Stewart singles chronology | |
| "Farewell"
(1974) "**Mine for Me**"
(1974) "Sailing"
(1975) | |


title: Minuscule 274

abstract: Minuscule 274, ε 1024 (Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 10th century. It has marginalia.

text:
# Minuscule 274

**Minuscule 274** (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 1024 (Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 10th century. It has marginalia.

## Description

The codex contains the text of the four Gospels on 232 parchment leaves (22 cm by 16 cm) with some lacunae. The texts of Mark 1:1-17; 6:21-54; John 1:1-20; 3:18-4:1; 7:23-42; 9:10-27; 18:12-29 were supplied by a later hand on a paper. The text is written in one column per page, in 26 lines per page.

The text is divided according to the κεφαλαια (*chapters*) whose numbers are given at the margin, and their τιτλοι (*titles of chapters*) at the top of the pages. There is also another division according to the smaller Ammonian Sections (in Mark 239 sections, the last in 16:17), but without references to the Eusebian Canons.

It contains lectionary markings at the margin, incipits, music notes, Synaxarion, Menologion, and pictures.

## Text

The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Hermann von Soden included it to the textual family Kx. Aland did not place it in any Category.

According to the Claremont Profile Method it represents textual family Kx in Luke 1 and Luke 20. In Luke 10 no profile was made.

The passage Matthew 16:2b–3 is excluded. The manuscript has two endings to the Gospel of Mark (as in codices  099 0112 579 Lectionary 1602).

## History

The manuscript once belonged to Maximus Panagiotes. The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Scholz (1794-1852). Dean Burgon regarded it as a specimen between uncial and cursive writing. It was examined and described by Paulin Martin. C. R. Gregory saw the manuscript in 1885.

The manuscript is currently housed at the Bibliothèque nationale de France (Suppl. Gr. 79) at Paris.

## Further reading

* Jean-Pierre-Paul Martin, *Description technique des manuscrits grecs, relatif au Nouveau Testament, conservé dans les bibliothèques des Paris* (Paris 1883), pp. 63–65

## InfoBox

Minuscule **274**
| **New Testament manuscript** | |
| --- | --- |
| Text | Gospels |
| Date | 10th century |
| Script | Greek |
| Now at | Bibliothèque nationale de France |
| Size | 23.8 cm by 16.6 cm |
| Type | Byzantine text-type |
| Category | none |
| Note | Kx |


title: Minisink

abstract: The Minisink or Minisink Valley is a loosely defined geographic region of the Upper Delaware River valley in northwestern New Jersey, northeastern Pennsylvania and New York. The name was derived by Dutch colonists from the Munsee name for the area, as bands of their people took names after geographic places which they inhabited as territory throughout the mid-Atlantic area. Originally inhabited by Munsee, the northern branch of the Lenape or Delaware Indians, the area's first European settlers arrived in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries and were Dutch and French Huguenot families from colonial New York's Hudson River Valley. The term "Minisink" is not used often today. It is preserved because of its historical relevance concerning the early European settlement of the region during the American colonial period and as an artifact of the early "first contact" between Native Americans and early European explorers, traders and missionaries in the seventeenth century. Much of the historical Minisink region has been incorporated into the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area after defeat of a controversial dam project proposed to be built by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers on the Delaware River near Tocks Island.

text:
# Minisink

The **Minisink** or (more recently) **Minisink Valley** is a loosely defined geographic region of the Upper Delaware River valley in northwestern New Jersey (Sussex and Warren counties), northeastern Pennsylvania (Pike and Monroe counties) and New York (Orange and Sullivan counties).

The name was derived by Dutch colonists from the Munsee name for the area, as bands of their people took names after geographic places which they inhabited as territory throughout the mid-Atlantic area. Originally inhabited by Munsee, the northern branch of the Lenape or Delaware Indians, the area's first European settlers arrived in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries and were Dutch and French Huguenot families from colonial New York's Hudson River Valley. The term "Minisink" is not used often today. It is preserved because of its historical relevance concerning the early European settlement of the region during the American colonial period and as an artifact of the early "first contact" between Native Americans and early European explorers, traders and missionaries in the seventeenth century.

Much of the historical Minisink region has been incorporated into the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area after defeat of a controversial dam project proposed to be built by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers on the Delaware River near Tocks Island.

## Meaning of the name "Minisink"

The name **Minisink** comes from the Munsee dialect of Lenape, a group of similar Algonquian dialects that were spoken by the various groups of Lenape, or Delaware Indians who inhabited the region before European colonization. *Minisink* means "at the island" from the Algonquin root word *minis*, meaning island.

During the colonial period, the Minisink was also an area of significant skirmishes and raids between British and French-allied forces in the French and Indian War (the North American front of the Seven Years' War). In response to attacks by larger forces of Delaware, Benjamin Franklin ordered the construction of a series of forts along the Pennsylvanian side of the Delaware River. These forts included Fort Hyndshaw, Fort Dupuy, Fort Norris, and Fort Hamilton, among others.

Earlier historians posited that Minisink meant "people of the stony country" or "where the stones are gathered together." However, Smithsonian linguist Ives Goddard states that any of the attempts to derive either *Minisink* or *Munsee* from words meaning "stone" or "mountain," as proposed by these writers (including Lenape scholar Daniel G. Brinton), are incorrect.

## Geology and geography

### Defining the Minisink area

The Minisink has never been known as a region with distinct, set boundaries. It generally has been conceived as the valley of the Delaware River going northward from the Delaware Water Gap and including the valley of the Neversink River (a tributary entering the Delaware near Port Jervis, New York). According to Vosburgh, "The 'Minisink county' consists of the valley of the Neversink west of the Shawangunk Mountains, and the Delaware valley, as far as the Delaware Water Gap." Some sources imply that it was confined to the width of valley of the Delaware and its surrounding hillsides.

Other sources define the region as an area extending for 20–30 miles to the east and west of the river. This latter definition would include parts or all of the Kittatinny Valley to the east of Kittatinny Mountain in New Jersey, and westward deep into northeastern Pennsylvania. East of the Shawangunk ridge, in New York are the Town of Greenville and the Town of Minisink, both often included as part of the Minisink region. Their residents attend Minisink Valley Central School District.

### Course of the Delaware River

The Delaware River was often referred to as the *Minisink River* in early Dutch colonial documents and on early maps. The Delaware River constitutes part of the boundary between Pennsylvania and New York, and the entire boundary between New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The middle section of the Delaware River's course, roughly between Port Jervis, New York and the Delaware Water Gap (a break in Kittatinny Mountain where the river runs through) constitutes the north and southern points of the Minisink or Minisink Valley. The river flows down a broad Appalachian valley. The Minisink is a buried valley, where the Delaware flows in a bed of glacial till that buried the eroded bedrock during the last glacial period.

At Port Jervis, New York, the river enters the Port Jervis trough. At this point, the Walpack Ridge deflects the Delaware into the Minisink Valley. It follows the southwest strike of the eroded Marcellus Formation beds along the Pennsylvania–New Jersey state line for 25 miles (40 km) to the end of the ridge at Walpack Bend in Walpack Township, New Jersey in the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area. It skirts the Kittatinny ridge, which it crosses at the Delaware Water Gap, between nearly vertical walls of sandstone, quartzite, and conglomerate.

### Appalachian Mountains

The features of the Ridge and Valley province were created approximately 300–400 million years ago during the Ordovician period and Appalachian orogeny—a period of tremendous pressure and rock thrusting that caused the creation of the Appalachian Mountains. This physiographic province occupies approximately two-thirds of the county's area—the county's western and central sections. Its contour is characterized by long, even ridges with long, continuous valleys in between that generally run parallel from southwest to northeast. This region is largely formed by sedimentary rock.

Kittatinny Mountain is the dominant geological feature in the parts of the Minisink located within New Jersey. It is part of the Appalachian Mountains, and part of a ridge that continues as the Blue Ridge or Blue Mountain in Eastern Pennsylvania, and as Shawangunk Ridge in New York. It begins in New Jersey as the eastern half of the Delaware Water Gap, and runs northeast to southwest along the Delaware River. Elevations range from 1,200 to 1,800 feet and attains a maximum elevation of 1,803 feet at High Point, in Montague Township. Between Kittatinny Mountain and the Delaware River is the Walpack Ridge, with elevations of 500 to 800 feet. It is a smaller ridge that parallels Kittatinny Mountain between the Walpack Bend and Port Jervis, New York, and encloses the watershed of the Flat Brook which is also called Walpack Valley.

The Kittatinny Valley lies to the east of Kittatinny Mountain and ends with the Highlands in the east. It is largely a region of rolling hills and flat valley floors. Elevations in this valley range from 400 to 1,000 feet. It is part of the Great Appalachian Valley running from eastern Canada to northern Alabama. This valley is shared by three major watersheds—the Wallkill River, with its tributaries Pochuck Creek and Papakating Creek flowing north; and the Paulins Kill watershed and Pequest River watershed flowing southwest.

Kittatinny's valley floor is part of the Ordovician Martinsburg Formation (shale and slate) which make up most of the valley—and the Jacksonburg Formation (mostly limestone). The mountain is of the Silurian Shawangunk Conglomerate which is mainly composed of quartz. Due to the hardness of the quartz, the mountain is extremely resistant to weathering.

## History

### The Lenape and other cultures

This area was occupied for thousands of years by succeeding cultures of indigenous peoples. At the time of European encounter, the historic **Lenape** (/ˈlɛnəp/ or /ləˈnɑːpi/), a Native American people, also called **Delaware Indians** after their historic territory along the Delaware River, inhabited the mid-Atlantic coastal areas and inland along the Hudson and Delaware rivers. As a result of disruption following the French and Indian War (1756–1763), the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), and later Indian removals from the eastern United States, the main groups now live in Ontario (Canada), and Wisconsin and Oklahoma in the United States. In Canada, they are enrolled in the Munsee-Delaware Nation, the Moravian of the Thames First Nation, and the Delaware of Six Nations. In the United States, they are enrolled in three federally recognized tribes, the Delaware Nation and the Delaware Tribe of Indians located in Oklahoma, and the Stockbridge-Munsee Community, located in Wisconsin. The Ramapough Mountain Indians and the Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape, recognized as tribes by the state of New Jersey, identify as Lenape descendants.

### Settlement by Dutch and Huguenot families

### Condemnation

The Delaware River is prone to floods—some resulting from seasonal snow melt or rain run-off from heavy rainstorms. However, record flooding occurred in August 1955 in the aftermath of two separate hurricanes (Hurricane Connie and Hurricane Diane) that passed over the area within the span of one week. On 19 August 1955, the river gauge at Riegelsville, Pennsylvania recorded that the Delaware River reached a crest of 38.85 feet (11.84 m) above flood stage.

A project to dam the river near Tocks Island was in the works before the 1955 floods. But several deaths and severe damages resulting from these floods brought the issue of flood control to the national level. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers proposed the construction of the dam which would have created a 37-mile (60-km) long lake between Pennsylvania and New Jersey, with depths of up to 140 feet. The area around the lake would be established as the *Tocks Island National Recreation Area* under the oversight of the National Park Service to offer recreation activities such as hunting, hiking, fishing, and boating. In addition to flood control and recreation, the dam would be used to generate hydroelectric power, and provide a clean water supply to New York City and Philadelphia.

Starting in 1960, the present day area of the Recreation Area was acquired for the Army Corps of Engineers through eminent domain. Approximately 15,000 people were displaced by the condemnation of personal property along the Delaware River and the surrounding area through eminent domain. An estimated 3,000 to 5,000 dwellings and outbuildings were demolished in preparation for the dam project and subsequent flooding of the valley. This included many irreplaceable historical sites and structures connected with the valley's colonial and Native American heritage. The plan was embroiled in controversy and protest by environmental groups and embittered displaced residents. Because of considerable opposition from environmental activists, the unavailability of government funding, and a geological assessment of the dam's safety given its location near active fault lines, the federal government transferred the property to the National Park Service in 1978 and the project's land holdings were reorganized to create the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area.

41°05′36″N 74°59′32″W / 41.093454°N 74.992247°W / 41.093454; -74.992247


title: Mir Younus Aziz Zehri

abstract: Mir Younus Aziz Zehri is a Pakistani politician who had been a member of the Provincial Assembly of the Balochistan from August 2018 to August 2023.

text:
# Mir Younus Aziz Zehri

**Mir Younus Aziz Zehri** is a Pakistani politician who had been a member of the Provincial Assembly of the Balochistan from August 2018 to August 2023.

## Political career

He was elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Balochistan as a candidate of Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA) from Constituency PB-39 (Khuzdar-II) in 2018 Pakistani general election. Following his successful election, MMA nominated him for the office of Chief Minister of Balochistan. On 18 August 2018, he received 20 votes and lost the seat to Jam Kamal Khan who secured 39 votes.

## InfoBox

| Mir Younus Aziz Zehri | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Provincial Assembly of the Balochistan | |
| **In office**<br>13 August 2018  12 August 2023 | |
| Constituency | PB-39 Khuzdar-II |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Nationality | Pakistani |
| Political party | Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal |
|  | |


title: Mirages (Tim Hecker album)

abstract: Mirages is the third studio album by Canadian electronic music musician Tim Hecker, released on September 21, 2004 on Alien8 Recordings. It is described on the Alien8 website as "an ambient-death-metal classic in waiting." The album is composed primarily of heavily distorted and processed guitar. The track "The Truth of Accountants" is a reference to the philosophy of director Werner Herzog. In 1999, Herzog made a declaration at the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis, writing, "By dint of declaration the so-called Cinema Verité is devoid of verité. It reaches a merely superficial truth, the truth of accountants.". Herzog continues to use this phrase to distance himself from the idea that facts create truth.

text:
# Mirages (Tim Hecker album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | link |
| AlmostCool.org | link |
| Pitchfork | 7.9/10 |
| *Stylus* | (B-) 10/5/2004 |

***Mirages*** is the third studio album by Canadian electronic music musician Tim Hecker, released on September 21, 2004 on Alien8 Recordings. It is described on the Alien8 website as "an ambient-death-metal classic in waiting." The album is composed primarily of heavily distorted and processed guitar.

The track "The Truth of Accountants" is a reference to the philosophy of director Werner Herzog. In 1999, Herzog made a declaration at the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis, writing, "By dint of declaration the so-called *Cinema Verité* is devoid of *verité*. It reaches a merely superficial truth, the truth of accountants.". Herzog continues to use this phrase to distance himself from the idea that facts create truth.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Tim Hecker

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Acéphale" | 4:57 |
| 2. | "Neither More Nor Less" | 3:10 |
| 3. | "Aerial Silver" | 3:37 |
| 4. | "Celestina" | 4:31 |
| 5. | "Counter Attack" | 2:13 |
| 6. | "The Truth of Accountants" | 2:21 |
| 7. | "Aerial Light-Pollution Orange" | 3:09 |
| 8. | "Non Mollare" | 1:10 |
| 9. | "Kaito" | 3:08 |
| 10. | "Balkanize-You" | 8:37 |
| 11. | "Incurably Optimistic!" | 10:40 |
| Total length: | | 47:41 |

## Production notes

## InfoBox

| Mirages | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Tim Hecker | |
| Released | September 21, 2004 |
| Recorded | November 2002 and March 2004 in Montréal and Ottawa |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 47:41 |
| Label | Alien8 |
| Tim Hecker chronology | |
| *Radio Amor*
(2003) ***Mirages***
(2004) *Mort Aux Vaches*
(2005) | |


title: Miriam Michelson

abstract: Miriam Michelson (1870–1942) was an American journalist and writer.

text:
# Miriam Michelson

**Miriam Michelson** (1870–1942) was an American journalist and writer.

## Biography

Miriam Michelson was born in the mining town Murphy's Camp in Calaveras, California, in 1870. She was the seventh of eight children of Samuel and Rosalie (*née* Przylubska) Michelson, who immigrated to the United States from Poland in 1855 after fleeing Strzelno to evade anti-Semitic persecution. Eventually, her parents moved west to Virginia City, Nevada where Michelson and her siblings were raised. Her parents were successful merchants who sold supplies to miners in the midst of the Gold Rush. Her oldest brother, physicist Albert A. Michelson, was the first American citizen to win a Nobel Prize for science; and the youngest, journalist Charles Michelson, became a close assistant to Franklin D. Roosevelt. Michelson began her writing career in 1895–1902 by writing journalism. She worked as a reporter for the *San Francisco Call* and *San Francisco Bulletin* and later, in Philadelphia, for the *North American*. The topics of her articles included race, gender relations, cross-ethnic relations, ethno-religious identity, nationalism, and imperialism. She was known for supporting suffrage causes and addressing gender and political issues in her work. An example of such writing is her review of Charlotte Perkins Stetson's sociological study of gender and power relations in *Women and Economics* (1898). In her review, Michelson's lighthearted and conversational tone of writing allow her to praise *Women and Economics* while also educating her readers that Charlotte Perkins Stetson's “radical views” were likely to provoke the male audience regarding gender relations. Charlotte Perkins Stetson's study would eventually become a declaration for the first-wave women's movement and Michelson's review of Charlotte Perkins Stetson's study would bring publicity to the matter. Beginning in 1904, she began concentrating on fiction-writing. Michelson died on May 28, 1942.

## Career and literary works

Michelson maintained a 40-year career as a writer. She spent the beginning of her career as a journalist for the *San Francisco Call*. Her work as a journalist was quite notable, especially considering she wrote in the 1800s, a time when women of her profession were usually limited to Society reporting. The Women's Page section often consisted of content aimed toward the stereotypical American housewife, such as fashion, food, etc., but Michelson's work subverted the gender norms of her career and era by covering topics such as crime and politics. Michelson's newspaper writing began in 1895 with *Arthur McEwen’s Letter*. Her articles were featured as a part of San Francisco's top daily newspapers (i.e., *San Francisco Bulletin* and *San Francisco Call*) and Philadelphia's *North American*. Michelson mainly addressed gender relations, but she also wrote about progressive culture. Topics on progressive culture included critiques about imperialism, racism, temperance, suffrage, and debates about women's education, voting, and marriage status. When Michelson moved from the *Call* to the *Bulletin* in 1898, she was assigned to what she called “the Chinatown detail”. Michelson was a part of a team of reporters covering the corruption in San Francisco's Chinatown in California more broadly, which was controlled by the Southern Pacific Railroad.

***In the Bishop's Carriage***

Subsequent to her profession as a journalist, Michelson pursued a career as a fictional writer. The first chapter of *In the Bishop’s Carriage* appeared as a short story in Ainslee's Magazine in 1903; afterward she was approached by the Bobbs-Merrill Company with an offer to expand and publish it as a full-length novel, which was released in 1904, with illustrations by Harrison Fisher and cover design by Margaret Armstrong. Although this was the first of Michelson's many novels, her literary talent is evident in the novel's immediate popularity. The style of her novels was progressive as the settings of the novels take place in Michelson's time, but her characters challenged the way in which women's roles were viewed by exploring female victimhood and agency. *In the Bishop's Carriage* inspired a play by Channing Pollock and two Hollywood films; one was also titled *In the Bishop's Carriage* (1913) and starred Mary Pickford, and the other was retitled *She Couldn't Help It* (1920) and starred Bebe Daniels. Michelson's success as a writer stemmed from her ability to create bold and interesting female protagonists who were not restricted by gender conventions. *In the Bishop’s Carriage* is no exception in that the novel revolves around a female protagonist placed in the unconventional role of a pick-pocket. Michelson's characters often reflect her own qualities and values. Her characters do not allow their gender to place limits on who they are or what they do professionally. Michelson's characters often break traditional and stereotypical roles for women in that they are not housewives or submissive to a male protagonist but rather are characters who are independent with bold attitudes and mannerisms.

***A Yellow Journalist***

Another of Michelson's better-known works of fiction is *A Yellow Journalist*, published in 1905. The novel features another unconventional character that closely resembles Michelson. The protagonist, a successful female reporter, breaks gender constraints within journalism just like Michelson. The novel was published as part of a collection of stories in the Saturday Evening Post, an iconic American weekly magazine.

**Other notable works**

Michelson published several other books including:

* *Anthony Overman* (1906), a romance involving a pure-minded reformist and determined female reporter
* *The Awakening of Zojas* (1910), a collection of four novellas, including a science fiction story
* *Petticoat King* (1929), a historical fiction about Queen Elizabeth I
* *The Wonderlode of Silver and Gold* (1934), a non-fiction and Michelson's final book

Although these works were not nearly as popular as *In a Bishop's Carriage* and *A Yellow Journalist*, they demonstrated her ability to sense the social realities at the time. Her use of female characters reveals Michelson's own journalistic experiences that required her to challenge gender stereotypes, women's roles in politics and society, and the responsibility of women in a professional setting such as journalism.

## Popularity

Merging her skills in newspaper journalism and fiction-writing contributed to Michelson's success as a writer. Her writing is characterized by her creativity in formulating quick-paced plots, using slang in character dialogue, and featuring young female characters as heroines in her novels. She also employed the first-person in her articles, reminding the audience of her role as a reporter and the sympathetic subjectivity she acknowledges as an “outsider” to the events and stories she experiences. Michelson's presence as a journalist was emphasized by her name appearing in many headlines and bylines of her work, despite most published newspaper articles at the time going unsigned by the author.

Michelson's journalism and writing were media that enabled her to express the growing presence of women's involvement in the political sphere. Michelson helped to promote the activism of suffragist leaders (e.g., Susan B. Anthony and Charlotte Perkins Stetson) by writing about their activism. She also wrote about progressive issues ranging from the prejudices experienced by black soldiers in the Spanish–American War and conditions at Indian boarding school. She knew how to draw in her audience in by using a light-hearted approach when addressing women's issues. In effect, writing about the diversity of women's experiences in a vivid and entertaining style appealed to a broad range of audiences, but her articles especially appealed to the young, independent-minded women trying to make it in male-dominated professional environments.

## Absence from scholarly discourse

Michelson's celebrity was gained through her work and literary techniques as a journalist, yet these achievements were not deemed worthy of preservation. The emotional and strategic effects of her writing, its documentation of racial and ethnic diversity, and passion for championing societal prejudices were not considered sophisticated. Renowned critics such as H. L. Mencken admired the literary prowess of Michelson's plots in novels such as *Michael Thwaite’s Wife*, but he dismissed her work as a “literary joy ride”, as he failed to recognize the complex feminist tone of the writing. Although her work remains in obscurity, her popularity and success at the time suggest that women/writers’ voices were not silenced to the same degree as Michelson's literary fore-mothers. That is, minority writers such as Michelson were given a voice as suffrage was an issue-selling topic that publishers wanted to benefit from. Michelson's work in both fiction and non-fiction gave her the platform she needed to address a progressive mindset that was not limited to suffrage, exposing women's political and social issues such as prejudice against the merits of “a single life and an independent career”, and the economic status of housewives.

## Works

* (1904). *In the Bishop's Carriage*, Bobbs-Merrill Company.
* (1904). *The Madigans*, The Century Co.
* (1905). *Yellow Journalist*, D. Appleton and Company.
* (1906). *Anthony Overman*, Doubleday, Page & Company.
* (1909). *Michael Thwaites's Wife*, Doubleday, Page & Company.
* (1910). *The Awakening of Zojas*, Doubleday, Page & Company.
* (1934). *The Wonderlode of Silver and Gold*, The Stratford Company.

**Short stories**

**Articles**

**Other**

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Miriam Michelson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Calaveras, California |
| Occupation | Novelist, journalist |
| Subject | Literature |


title: Miriam Mills

abstract: Miriam Kosiner Mills was a scholar of public administration and political science. She was a professor of public administration at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, where in 1992 she held an Endowed Chair in Public Management. Her research focused on health policy and public administration in developing countries.

text:
# Miriam Mills

**Miriam Kosiner Mills** (*née* **Kosiner**, May 22, 1938 – March 13, 1992) was a scholar of public administration and political science. She was a professor of public administration at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, where in 1992 she held an Endowed Chair in Public Management. Her research focused on health policy and public administration in developing countries.

## Life and career

Mills was born on May 22, 1938, in Leipzig, Germany. On August 31, 1939, Mills and her family were on the final train to leave Germany for France before the beginning of World War II. She lived for the next several years in England, before moving to the United States in 1945.

Mills attended the City College of New York, studying health care administration, and she worked in that field until 1978. She then attended graduate school at New York University, obtaining a master's degree and then a PhD in public administration. After completing her PhD she became a professor of public administration at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, where she remained until her death in 1992. In 1992 she was named to a newly created Endowed Chair in Public Management, which was named for her.

Mills's research was largely concerned with health policy, decision-making, and public administration in developing countries. She was an author or editor of 17 books during her lifetime. In addition to substantial work on health policy and health care administration, Mills's publications included books on public policy in China (*Public Policy, Public Administration, and the People's Republic of China* in 1992), policy analysis in developing countries (*Developing Nations and Super-Optimum Policy Analysis* 1993), and dispute resolution (*Alternative dispute resolution in the public sector* 1991).

In addition to her academic publications, Mills published a book in 1991 about living with cancer called *The Penny Diary: Countering Illness*. She also wrote a poetry collection, *The kites of hope*, published in 1966.

Mills died on March 13, 1992. She has been the namesake for multiple awards. The Miriam K. Mills Endowed Chair in Public Management was created by the trustees of the New Jersey Institute of Technology in 1992, and Mills herself held that chair shortly before her death. Mills was also the namesake of the annual Best Book Award given by the Urban Politics Section of the American Political Science Association, called the Miriam Mills Award. The Policy Studies Organization also awarded a Miriam K. Mills Award, given for contributions to the field of policy studies. As well, following her death, the University of Illinois hosted a Miriam K. Mills Research Center for Super-Optimizing Analysis and Developing Nations.

## Selected works

Mills's work includes the following books:

* *The Kites of Hope* (1966)
* *The Penny Diary: Countering Illness* (1991)
* *Alternative Dispute Resolution in the Public Sector* (1991)
* *Health Insurance and Public Policy* (1992)
* *Public Administration in China*, edited with Stuart S. Nagel (1993)

## InfoBox

| Miriam Kosiner Mills | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | May 22, 1938<br>Leipzig, Germany |
| Died | March 13, 1992 |
| Alma mater |  |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields |  |
| Institutions |  |
|  | |