title: United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind

abstract: United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, 261 U.S. 204 (1923), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States decided that Bhagat Singh Thind, an Indian Sikh man who identified himself as an Aryan, was ineligible for naturalized citizenship in the United States. In 1919, Thind filed a petition for naturalization under the Naturalization Act of 1906 which allowed only "free white persons" and "aliens of African nativity and persons of African descent" to become United States citizens by naturalization. After his petition was granted, government attorneys initiated a proceeding to cancel Thind's naturalization and a trial followed in which the government presented evidence of Thind's political activities as a founding member of the Ghadar Party, an Indian independence movement headquartered in San Francisco. Thind did not challenge the constitutionality of the racial restrictions. Instead, he attempted to be classified as a "free white person" within the meaning of the Naturalization Act based on the fact that Indians and Europeans share common descent from Proto-Indo-Europeans. Thind was represented by a fellow Indian American, Sakharam Ganesh Pandit, a California attorney. The Court unanimously rejected Thind's argument, adding that Thind did not meet a "common sense" definition of white, ruling that Thind could not become a naturalized citizen. The Court concluded that "the term 'Aryan' has to do with linguistic, and not at all with physical characteristics, and it would seem reasonably clear that mere resemblance in language, indicating a common linguistic root buried in remotely ancient soil, is altogether inadequate to prove common racial origin."

text:
# United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind

***United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind***, 261 U.S. 204 (1923), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States decided that Bhagat Singh Thind, an Indian Sikh man who identified himself as an Aryan, was ineligible for naturalized citizenship in the United States. In 1919, Thind filed a petition for naturalization under the Naturalization Act of 1906 which allowed only "free white persons" and "aliens of African nativity and persons of African descent" to become United States citizens by naturalization.

After his petition was granted, government attorneys initiated a proceeding to cancel Thind's naturalization and a trial followed in which the government presented evidence of Thind's political activities as a founding member of the Ghadar Party, an Indian independence movement headquartered in San Francisco. Thind did not challenge the constitutionality of the racial restrictions. Instead, he attempted to be classified as a "free white person" within the meaning of the Naturalization Act based on the fact that Indians and Europeans share common descent from Proto-Indo-Europeans.

Thind was represented by a fellow Indian American, Sakharam Ganesh Pandit, a California attorney.

The Court unanimously rejected Thind's argument, adding that Thind did not meet a "common sense" definition of white, ruling that Thind could not become a naturalized citizen. The Court concluded that "the term 'Aryan' has to do with linguistic, and not at all with physical characteristics, and it would seem reasonably clear that mere resemblance in language, indicating a common linguistic root buried in remotely ancient soil, is altogether inadequate to prove common racial origin."

## Background

Bhagat Singh Thind had come to the United States in 1913 for higher studies after obtaining a bachelor's degree in India. He enlisted in the United States Army, became a Sergeant and served in World War I. He was discharged honorably with his character designated as "excellent". Thind was granted citizenship in the state of Washington in July 1918 but his citizenship was rescinded in just four days. Thind then applied for citizenship a second time while working in Oregon on May 6, 1919. He received his citizenship in the state of Oregon in November 1920 after the Bureau of Naturalization was unsuccessful in its efforts to stall it in Oregon court. The case then reached the Supreme Court, where Sakharam Ganesh Pandit, a California attorney and fellow immigrant, represented Thind.

## Argument

Thind argued that Indo-Aryan languages are indigenous to the Aryan part of India in the same way that Aryan languages are indigenous to Europe, highlighting the linguistic ties between Indo-Aryan speakers and Europeans, as most European languages including English are similar to Indo-Aryan languages such as Hindi.

Three months earlier, the *Ozawa v. United States* court case had decided that the meaning of white people for the purposes of the Court were people who were members of the Caucasian race. With this in mind, Thind argued that he was a white person by arguing that he was a member of the Caucasian race. Thind argued using "a number of anthropological texts" that people in Punjab and other Northwestern Indian states belonged to the "Aryan race", and Thind cited scientific authorities such as Johann Friedrich Blumenbach as classifying Aryans as belonging to the Caucasian race. Thind argued that, although some racial mixing did indeed occur between the Indian castes, the caste system had largely succeeded in India at preventing race-mixing. Thind argued that by being a "high-caste, of full Indian blood" he was a "Caucasian" according to the anthropological definitions of his day.

Thind's lawyers argued that Thind had a revulsion to marrying an Indian woman of the "lower races" when they said, "The high-caste Hindu regards the aboriginal Indian Mongoloid in the same manner as the American regards the Negro, speaking from a matrimonial standpoint." Thind's lawyers argued that Thind had a revulsion to marrying a woman of the Mongoloid race. This would characterize Thind as being both white and someone who would be sympathetic to the existing anti-miscegenation laws in the United States.

## Verdict

Associate Justice George Sutherland said that authorities on the subject of race were in disagreement over which people were included in the scientific definition of the Caucasian race, so Sutherland instead chose to rely on the common understanding of race rather than the scientific understanding of race. Sutherland found that, while Thind may claim to have "purity of Aryan blood" due to being "born in Village Taragarh Talawa near Jandiala Guru, Amritsar, Punjab", he was not Caucasian in the "common understanding", so he could not be included in the "statutory category as white persons".

The Court reiterated its holding in *Ozawa v. United States*, explaining that the words "free white person" in the naturalization act were "synonymous with the word 'Caucasian' only as that word is popularly understood," pointing out that the statutory language was to be interpreted as "words of common speech and not of scientific origin, ... written in the common speech, for common understanding, by unscientific men." Justice Sutherland wrote in his summary:

> The eligibility of this applicant for citizenship is based on the sole fact that he is of high caste Hindu stock, born in village Taragarh Talawa, Amritsar district, Punjab, one of the extreme north western districts of India, and classified by certain scientific authorities as of the Caucasian or Aryan race ... In the Punjab and Rajputana, while the invaders seem to have met with more success in the effort to preserve their racial purity, intermarriages did occur producing an intermingling of the two and destroying to a greater or less degree the purity of the "Aryan" blood. The rules of caste, while calculated to prevent this intermixture, seem not to have been entirely successful ... the given group cannot be properly assigned to any of the enumerated grand racial divisions. The type may have been so changed by intermixture of blood as to justify an intermediate classification. Something very like this has actually taken place in India. Thus, in Hindustan and Berar there was such an intermixture of the "Aryan" invader with the dark-skinned Dravidian.

The 1910 Encyclopædia Britannica entry on "Hinduism" that Justice Sutherland cites as his sole source for this history contradicts his conclusion about the Aryans of Thind's birthplace in the Punjab and explicitly refers to the Aryans of India as part of "the white race."

The Court nonetheless also concluded that "the term 'Aryan' has to do with linguistic, and not at all with physical, characteristics, and it would seem reasonably clear that mere resemblance in language, indicating a common linguistic root buried in remotely ancient soil, is altogether inadequate to prove common racial origin."

The Court argued that the exclusion of non-whites was based on the idea of racial difference rather than the idea that one race is superior or inferior to another race. The Court argued that the racial difference between Indians and whites was so great that the "great body of our people" would reject assimilation with Indians.

In conclusion, the Court also noted that "Congress, by the Act of February 5, 1917, 39 Stat. 874, c. 29, § 3, has now excluded from admission into this country all natives of Asia within designated limits of latitude and longitude, including the whole of India," suggesting its intention that natives of India also be excluded from eligibility for naturalized citizenship.

## Aftermath

As a result of the U.S. Supreme Court decision finding that no person of Indian origin could become a naturalized American, the first person from the Indian subcontinent to become an American citizen, A. K. Mozumdar, had his citizenship revoked. A decision on his appeal to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld that revocation.

Not only were new applicants from India denied the privilege of naturalization, but the new racial classification suggested that the retroactive revocation of United States citizenship granted to Asian Indian Americans, of which there were many, might be supported by the Court's decision, a point that some courts upheld when United States attorneys petitioned to cancel the citizenship previously granted to many Asian Indian Americans. Up to fifty Indian Americans had their citizenship revoked between 1923 and 1927 as a consequence of the Thind ruling. As they had given up citizenship elsewhere to become naturalized United States citizens, when their United States citizenship was revoked, these Indian Americans became stateless. Even Thind's own lawyer, Sakharam Ganesh Pandit, was targeted for denaturalization. However, Pandit successfully argued before the Ninth Circuit that revoking his citizenship would do him and his wife unfair harm under the equitable estoppel doctrine. His citizenship was upheld, and the Bureau of Naturalization subsequently cancelled its pending denaturalization cases against Indian American citizens.

Some of the consequences of revoked naturalized status are illustrated by the example of some Indian American naturalized citizen landowners living in California who found themselves under the jurisdiction of the California Alien Land Law of 1913. Specifically, Attorney General Ulysses S. Webb was very active in revoking their land purchases; in a bid to strengthen the Asiatic Exclusion League, he promised to prevent Indian Americans from buying or leasing land. Under intense pressure, and with Immigration Act of 1917 preventing fresh immigration to strengthen the fledgling Indian American community, many Indian Americans left the United States, leaving only half their original American population, 2,405, by 1940.

Thind petitioned for naturalization a third time in 1935 after the Congress passed the Nye-Lea Act, which made World War I veterans eligible for naturalization regardless of race. Based on his status as a veteran of the United States military during World War I, he was finally granted United States citizenship nearly two decades after he first petitioned for naturalization.

As public support for Asian Indians grew throughout World War II, and as India's independence came closer to reality, Indians argued for an end to their legislative discrimination. The repeal of Chinese exclusion laws in 1943 and the granting of naturalization privileges to Chinese encouraged Asian Indians to hope for similar gains. Hurdling over many members of Congress and the American Federation of Labor, which vehemently opposed removing legislative measures barricading Indian immigration and naturalization, the Asian Indian community finally succeeded in gaining support among several prominent congressmen, as well as President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The support culminated in the signing into law by President Harry S. Truman on July 2, 1946, of the Luce–Celler Act. This Act reversed the Thind decision by explicitly extending racial eligibility for naturalization to natives of India, and set a token quota for their immigration at 100 per year.

## InfoBox

| United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued January 11–12, 1923
Decided February 19, 1923 | |
| Full case name | *United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind* |
| Citations | 261 U.S. 204 (*more*)43 S. Ct. 338; 67 L. Ed. 616; 1923 U.S. LEXIS 2544 |
| Case history | |
| Prior | *In re Bhagat Singh Thind*, 268 F. 683 (D. Or. 1920) |
| Holding | |
| People of Indian descent are not white, and hence are not eligible for naturalization. | |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice William H. Taft  Associate Justices Joseph McKenna **·**  Oliver W. Holmes Jr.
Willis Van Devanter **·**  James C. McReynolds
Louis Brandeis **·**  George Sutherland
Pierce Butler **·**  Edward T. Sanford | |
| Case opinion | |
| Majority | Sutherland, joined by *unanimous* |
| Superseded by | |
| Luce-Celler Act | |


title: Street Rap

abstract: "Street Rap" is a single by New Zealand hip-hop artist Mareko which features Wu-Tang Clan member Inspectah Deck and was released in 2003.

text:
# Street Rap

"**Street Rap**" is a single by New Zealand hip-hop artist Mareko which features Wu-Tang Clan member Inspectah Deck and was released in 2003.

## Track listing

* Side A

1. "Street Rap" (Clean) featuring Inspectah Deck
2. "Street Rap" (Street) featuring Inspectah Deck
3. "Street Rap" (Instrumental)

* Side B

1. "Don't Need Protection" (Clean) featuring Scram Jones & Roc Raida
2. "Don't Need Protection" (Street) featuring Scram Jones & Roc Raida
3. "Don't Need Protection" (Instrumental)

1. "ASCAP Songview repertory entry for this song". Retrieved 15 December 2023.
2. "Mareko – Street Rap". Discogs. Retrieved 18 October 2013.

## InfoBox

| "Street Rap" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Mareko | |
| B-side | "Don't Need Protection" |
| Released | 12 December 2003 (2003-12-12) |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Label | Dawn Raid Entertainment |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | V.I.C. |
| Mareko singles chronology | |
| "Stop Drop & Roll"
(2003) "**Street Rap**"
(2003) "I Do Believe (Tha Remix)"
(2006) | |


abstract: The 1972 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place on November 7, 1972, and was part of the 1972 United States presidential election. Voters chose 27 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. Pennsylvania strongly voted for the Republican nominee, President Richard Nixon, over the Democratic nominee, Senator George McGovern. Nixon won Pennsylvania by a large margin of 19.98%, winning every county except for Philadelphia. This result nonetheless was over 3% more Democratic than the nation at-large. As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last election in which Allegheny County voted Republican, as well as the last time when the Republican presidential nominee carried the state by double digits.

text:
# 1972 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania

The **1972 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania** took place on November 7, 1972, and was part of the 1972 United States presidential election. Voters chose 27 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Pennsylvania strongly voted for the Republican nominee, President Richard Nixon, over the Democratic nominee, Senator George McGovern. Nixon won Pennsylvania by a large margin of 19.98%, winning every county except for Philadelphia. This result nonetheless was over 3% more Democratic than the nation at-large. As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last election in which Allegheny County voted Republican, as well as the last time when the Republican presidential nominee carried the state by double digits.

## Results

| 1972 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Electoral votes |
|  | **Republican** | **Richard Nixon (incumbent)** | **2,714,521** | **59.11%** | **27** |
|  | Democratic | George McGovern | 1,796,951 | 39.13% | 0 |
|  | Constitution | John G. Schmitz | 70,593 | 1.54% | 0 |
|  | Socialist Workers | Linda Jenness | 4,639 | 0.10% | 0 |
|  | Write-ins | Write-ins | 2,715 | 0.06% | 0 |
|  | Communist | Gus Hall | 2,686 | 0.06% | 0 |
|
| **Totals** | | | **4,592,106** | **100.0%** | **27** |
| Voter Turnout (Voting age/Registered) | | | | | 56%/78% |

### Results by county

| County | Richard Nixon
Republican | | George McGovern
Democratic | | John G. Schmitz
Constitutional | | Various candidates
Other parties | | Margin | | Total votes cast |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | |
| Adams | 13,593 | 70.19% | 5,529 | 28.55% | 227 | 1.17% | 16 | 0.08% | 8,064 | 41.64% | 19,365 |
| Allegheny | 371,737 | 55.60% | 282,496 | 42.26% | 12,491 | 1.87% | 1,811 | 0.27% | 89,241 | 13.34% | 668,535 |
| Armstrong | 17,557 | 61.61% | 10,490 | 36.81% | 412 | 1.45% | 39 | 0.14% | 7,067 | 24.80% | 28,498 |
| Beaver | 43,637 | 56.42% | 31,570 | 40.82% | 1,718 | 2.22% | 412 | 0.53% | 12,067 | 15.60% | 77,337 |
| Bedford | 11,243 | 73.30% | 3,836 | 25.01% | 227 | 1.48% | 32 | 0.21% | 7,407 | 48.29% | 15,338 |
| Berks | 66,172 | 62.35% | 36,563 | 34.45% | 3,130 | 2.95% | 262 | 0.25% | 29,609 | 27.90% | 106,127 |
| Blair | 33,126 | 75.10% | 10,023 | 22.72% | 913 | 2.07% | 48 | 0.11% | 23,103 | 52.38% | 44,110 |
| Bradford | 15,050 | 73.57% | 5,204 | 25.44% | 179 | 0.87% | 25 | 0.12% | 9,846 | 48.13% | 20,458 |
| Bucks | 99,684 | 62.28% | 56,784 | 35.48% | 3,245 | 2.03% | 346 | 0.22% | 42,900 | 26.80% | 160,059 |
| Butler | 29,665 | 65.09% | 14,695 | 32.24% | 1,075 | 2.36% | 139 | 0.30% | 14,970 | 32.85% | 45,574 |
| Cambria | 43,825 | 60.05% | 27,950 | 38.30% | 894 | 1.23% | 306 | 0.42% | 15,875 | 21.75% | 72,975 |
| Cameron | 1,935 | 68.45% | 828 | 29.29% | 48 | 1.70% | 16 | 0.57% | 1,107 | 39.16% | 2,827 |
| Carbon | 11,639 | 59.05% | 7,774 | 39.44% | 274 | 1.39% | 25 | 0.13% | 3,865 | 19.61% | 19,712 |
| Centre | 20,683 | 60.48% | 13,194 | 38.58% | 273 | 0.80% | 47 | 0.14% | 7,489 | 21.90% | 34,197 |
| Chester | 72,726 | 68.44% | 31,118 | 29.29% | 2,281 | 2.15% | 134 | 0.13% | 41,608 | 39.15% | 106,259 |
| Clarion | 10,073 | 67.96% | 4,509 | 30.42% | 193 | 1.30% | 46 | 0.31% | 5,564 | 37.54% | 14,821 |
| Clearfield | 16,780 | 63.54% | 9,246 | 35.01% | 299 | 1.13% | 84 | 0.32% | 7,534 | 28.53% | 26,409 |
| Clinton | 8,205 | 62.54% | 4,772 | 36.37% | 107 | 0.82% | 35 | 0.27% | 3,433 | 26.17% | 13,119 |
| Columbia | 14,187 | 63.59% | 7,222 | 32.37% | 857 | 3.84% | 43 | 0.19% | 6,965 | 31.22% | 22,309 |
| Crawford | 18,393 | 64.38% | 9,371 | 32.80% | 760 | 2.66% | 45 | 0.16% | 9,022 | 31.58% | 28,569 |
| Cumberland | 42,099 | 72.87% | 14,562 | 25.20% | 1,010 | 1.75% | 104 | 0.18% | 27,537 | 47.67% | 57,775 |
| Dauphin | 54,307 | 69.38% | 22,587 | 28.86% | 1,270 | 1.62% | 106 | 0.14% | 31,720 | 40.52% | 78,270 |
| Delaware | 175,414 | 63.91% | 94,144 | 34.30% | 4,502 | 1.64% | 391 | 0.14% | 81,270 | 29.61% | 274,451 |
| Elk | 7,900 | 61.20% | 4,710 | 36.49% | 245 | 1.90% | 53 | 0.41% | 3,190 | 24.71% | 12,908 |
| Erie | 61,542 | 58.22% | 42,022 | 39.75% | 1,986 | 1.88% | 163 | 0.15% | 19,520 | 18.47% | 105,713 |
| Fayette | 27,288 | 54.06% | 22,475 | 44.52% | 649 | 1.29% | 67 | 0.13% | 4,813 | 9.54% | 50,479 |
| Forest | 1,374 | 71.75% | 509 | 26.58% | 21 | 1.10% | 11 | 0.57% | 865 | 45.17% | 1,915 |
| Franklin | 24,093 | 70.01% | 9,456 | 27.48% | 808 | 2.35% | 58 | 0.17% | 14,637 | 42.53% | 34,415 |
| Fulton | 2,515 | 66.24% | 1,192 | 31.39% | 86 | 2.26% | 4 | 0.11% | 1,323 | 34.85% | 3,797 |
| Greene | 7,790 | 57.52% | 5,562 | 41.07% | 151 | 1.11% | 40 | 0.30% | 2,228 | 16.45% | 13,543 |
| Huntingdon | 9,606 | 72.68% | 3,394 | 25.68% | 203 | 1.54% | 13 | 0.10% | 6,212 | 47.00% | 13,216 |
| Indiana | 18,122 | 61.90% | 10,833 | 37.01% | 290 | 0.99% | 29 | 0.10% | 7,289 | 24.89% | 29,274 |
| Jefferson | 11,631 | 68.92% | 5,024 | 29.77% | 204 | 1.21% | 17 | 0.10% | 6,607 | 39.15% | 16,876 |
| Juniata | 4,412 | 66.32% | 2,156 | 32.41% | 61 | 0.92% | 24 | 0.36% | 2,256 | 33.91% | 6,653 |
| Lackawanna | 58,838 | 56.11% | 45,465 | 43.35% | 495 | 0.47% | 71 | 0.07% | 13,373 | 12.76% | 104,869 |
| Lancaster | 81,036 | 75.64% | 24,223 | 22.61% | 1,760 | 1.64% | 119 | 0.11% | 56,813 | 53.03% | 107,138 |
| Lawrence | 23,712 | 56.06% | 17,595 | 41.60% | 832 | 1.97% | 158 | 0.37% | 6,117 | 14.46% | 42,297 |
| Lebanon | 25,008 | 77.38% | 6,683 | 20.68% | 573 | 1.77% | 56 | 0.17% | 18,325 | 56.70% | 32,320 |
| Lehigh | 58,023 | 62.39% | 33,325 | 35.83% | 1,518 | 1.63% | 136 | 0.15% | 24,698 | 26.56% | 93,002 |
| Luzerne | 81,358 | 60.89% | 51,128 | 38.27% | 973 | 0.73% | 147 | 0.11% | 30,230 | 22.62% | 133,606 |
| Lycoming | 28,913 | 68.70% | 11,999 | 28.51% | 1,058 | 2.51% | 117 | 0.28% | 16,914 | 40.19% | 42,087 |
| McKean | 11,958 | 71.72% | 4,513 | 27.07% | 176 | 1.06% | 26 | 0.16% | 7,445 | 44.65% | 16,673 |
| Mercer | 27,961 | 59.37% | 18,087 | 38.40% | 985 | 2.09% | 67 | 0.14% | 9,874 | 20.97% | 47,100 |
| Mifflin | 9,989 | 72.10% | 3,667 | 26.47% | 169 | 1.22% | 30 | 0.22% | 6,322 | 45.63% | 13,855 |
| Monroe | 12,701 | 67.51% | 5,619 | 29.87% | 450 | 2.39% | 44 | 0.23% | 7,082 | 37.64% | 18,814 |
| Montgomery | 173,662 | 64.31% | 91,959 | 34.06% | 3,960 | 1.47% | 437 | 0.16% | 81,703 | 30.25% | 270,018 |
| Montour | 4,386 | 69.64% | 1,755 | 27.87% | 152 | 2.41% | 5 | 0.08% | 2,631 | 41.77% | 6,298 |
| Northampton | 41,822 | 56.30% | 32,335 | 43.53% | 93 | 0.13% | 31 | 0.04% | 9,487 | 12.77% | 74,281 |
| Northumberland | 25,912 | 64.16% | 13,885 | 34.38% | 541 | 1.34% | 47 | 0.12% | 12,027 | 29.78% | 40,385 |
| Perry | 8,082 | 73.31% | 2,731 | 24.77% | 197 | 1.79% | 15 | 0.14% | 5,351 | 48.54% | 11,025 |
| Philadelphia | 344,096 | 43.89% | 431,736 | 55.07% | 5,925 | 0.76% | 2,213 | 0.28% | -87,640 | -11.18% | 783,970 |
| Pike | 4,568 | 74.79% | 1,385 | 22.68% | 143 | 2.34% | 12 | 0.20% | 3,183 | 52.11% | 6,108 |
| Potter | 4,422 | 70.91% | 1,710 | 27.42% | 81 | 1.30% | 23 | 0.37% | 2,712 | 43.49% | 6,236 |
| Schuylkill | 44,071 | 61.56% | 26,077 | 36.42% | 1,261 | 1.76% | 186 | 0.26% | 17,994 | 25.14% | 71,595 |
| Snyder | 7,308 | 78.20% | 1,834 | 19.63% | 190 | 2.03% | 13 | 0.14% | 5,474 | 58.57% | 9,345 |
| Somerset | 19,739 | 68.44% | 8,743 | 30.31% | 303 | 1.05% | 56 | 0.19% | 10,996 | 38.13% | 28,841 |
| Sullivan | 1,886 | 67.17% | 885 | 31.52% | 32 | 1.14% | 5 | 0.18% | 1,001 | 35.65% | 2,808 |
| Susquehanna | 9,476 | 67.79% | 4,154 | 29.72% | 328 | 2.35% | 21 | 0.15% | 5,322 | 38.07% | 13,979 |
| Tioga | 10,028 | 72.05% | 3,733 | 26.82% | 142 | 1.02% | 15 | 0.11% | 6,295 | 45.23% | 13,918 |
| Union | 6,905 | 73.57% | 2,278 | 24.27% | 158 | 1.68% | 44 | 0.47% | 4,627 | 49.30% | 9,385 |
| Venango | 13,991 | 67.28% | 6,302 | 30.31% | 474 | 2.28% | 27 | 0.13% | 7,689 | 36.97% | 20,794 |
| Warren | 10,018 | 66.05% | 4,877 | 32.16% | 252 | 1.66% | 20 | 0.13% | 5,141 | 33.89% | 15,167 |
| Washington | 42,587 | 54.00% | 34,781 | 44.10% | 1,119 | 1.42% | 375 | 0.48% | 7,806 | 9.90% | 78,862 |
| Wayne | 8,948 | 74.51% | 2,733 | 22.76% | 311 | 2.59% | 17 | 0.14% | 6,215 | 51.75% | 12,009 |
| Westmoreland | 75,085 | 54.60% | 59,322 | 43.13% | 2,814 | 2.05% | 306 | 0.22% | 15,763 | 11.47% | 137,527 |
| Wyoming | 6,423 | 74.42% | 2,112 | 24.47% | 86 | 1.00% | 10 | 0.12% | 4,311 | 49.95% | 8,631 |
| York | 63,606 | 68.19% | 27,520 | 29.50% | 1,953 | 2.09% | 201 | 0.22% | 36,086 | 38.69% | 93,280 |
| Totals | 2,714,521 | 59.11% | 1,796,951 | 39.13% | 70,593 | 1.54% | 10,040 | 0.22% | 917,570 | 19.98% | 4,592,105 |

#### Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

1. Sullivan, Robert David; ‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’; *America Magazine* in *The National Catholic Review*; June 29, 2016
2. David Leip. "1972 Presidential General Election Results – Pennsylvania". Dave Leip’s U.S. Election Atlas. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
3. "PA US President Race, November 02, 1976". Our Campaigns.

## InfoBox

1972 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Richard Nixon** George McGovern   Party Republican Democratic  Home state California South Dakota  Running mate **Spiro Agnew** Sargent Shriver  Electoral vote **27** 0  Popular vote **2,714,521** 1,796,951  Percentage **59.11%** 39.13% | |
| ---  County Results | |
| ---  **President before election**
Richard Nixon
Republican **Elected President**
Richard Nixon
Republican | |


title: Thyavanige

abstract: Thyavanige is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Nallur taluk of Davanagere district.

text:
# Thyavanige

**Thyavanige**  is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Nallur taluk of Davanagere district.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Thyavanige had a population of 5382 with 2792 males and 2590 females.

## InfoBox

| Thyavanige | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Nallur Karnataka |
| District | Davanagere |
| Talukas | Nallur |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 5,382 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Kannada |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


title: Otohiko Ichiki

abstract: Otohiko Ichiki was a Japanese businessman, central banker and the 10th Governor of the Bank of Japan (BOJ).

text:
# Otohiko Ichiki

**Otohiko Ichiki** (市来 乙彦, *Ichiki Otohiko*, May 7, 1872  February 19, 1954) was a Japanese businessman, central banker and the 10th Governor of the Bank of Japan (BOJ).

## Early life

Ichiki was born in Kagoshima Prefecture.

## Career

In 1922-1923, Ichiki was briefly Finance Minister in the cabinet of Katō Tomosaburō. As head of the Ministry of Finance, he was cautious in response to unsettled financial situation. Ichiki was Governor of the Bank of Japan from September 5, 1923 through May 10, 1927.

* Metzler, Mark. (2006). *Lever of Empire: the International Gold Standard and the Crisis of Liberalism in Prewar Japan.* Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520244207; OCLC 469841628

## InfoBox

| Otohiko Ichiki | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 10th Governor of the Bank of Japan | |
| **In office**
September 5, 1923  May 10, 1927 | |
| Preceded by | Junnosuke Inoue |
| Succeeded by | Junnosuke Inoue |
| Minister of Finance of Japan | |
| **In office**
June 12, 1922  September 2, 1923 | |
| Prime Minister | Katō Tomosaburō |
| Preceded by | Korekiyo Takahashi |
| Succeeded by | Junnosuke Inoue |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1872-05-07)May 7, 1872
Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan |
| Died | February 19, 1954(1954-02-19) (aged 81) |
| Alma mater | Tokyo Imperial University |
|  | |


title: Nine-spotted moth

abstract: The nine-spotted moth or yellow belted burnet is a moth in the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae.

text:
# Nine-spotted moth

The **nine-spotted moth** or **yellow belted burnet** (*Amata phegea*, formerly *Syntomis phegea*) is a moth in the family Erebidae ("tiger moths"). The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of *Systema Naturae*.

## Distribution and habitat

The nine-spotted moth is chiefly found in southern Europe but also seen up to northern Germany, and in the east to Anatolia and the Caucasus, and there are some populations in the south-eastern Dutch nature reserves of Leudal and Meinweg. It does not breed in the United Kingdom, but it is a very rare immigrant. It is also found In india these days. The species prefers drier areas, open ranges with shrubs and trees as well as open forests and warm, sunny slopes.

## Description

*Amata phegea* reaches a wingspan of 35–40 millimetres (1.4–1.6 in). Males are smaller than females and have thicker antennae. Wings are blueish black or greenish black with white spots and metallic sheen. The number and the size of spots are quite variable. Usually there are six white spots on the forewings and two or three spots on the hindwings. The body is quite long, with a yellow spot on the second segment of the abdomen. A further feature is the prominent yellow ring at the sixth segment of the abdomen. The black thread-like antennae have white tips. The caterpillars can reach a length of about 5 centimetres (2.0 in). They are gray black with thick dark brown, fluffy hairs that grow from small growths. The head is reddish brown.

Similar-looking moths include *Amata ragazzii* (Turati, 1917) and *Zygaena ephialtes* (Linnaeus, 1758). *Z. ephialtes* is in the family Zygaenidae and is unpalatable to birds. The nine-spotted moth imitates its appearance (Müllerian mimicry). Both moths are an example of aposematism.

## Biology

This species has one generation per year (univoltine). Females lay eggs on a variety of herbs. The larvae hatch in early August and are polyphagous, feeding on a range of herbaceous plants (*Plantago*, *Rumex*, *Galium*, *Gramineae*, *Taraxacum* and other low plants). The caterpillar hibernates in a silken nest and pupates in May in cocoons on the ground. Adults of this diurnal moth fly on warm sunny days from late May to August, depending on location.

## Bibliography

* Collectif d'entomologistes amateurs, *Guide des papillons nocturnes de France*, Paris, Delachaux et Niestlé, 2007, 288 p. (ISBN 978-2-603-01429-5), p. 97, n. 849
* Kükenthal, W. (Ed.), *Handbuch der Zoologie* \[Handbook of Zoology\], Band 4: Arthropoda - 2. Hälfte: Insecta - Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies, in Kristensen, N. P., Handbuch der Zoologie, Fischer, M. (Scientific Editor), Teilband/Part 35: Vol. 1: Evolution, systematics, and biogeography, Berlin, New York, Walter de Gruyter, 1999, pp. x + 491, ISBN 978-3-11-015704-8, OCLC 174380917.
* P.C. Rougeot, P. Viette, *Guide des papillons nocturnes d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord*, Delachaux et Niestlé, Lausanne 1978.
* Scoble, M. J., *The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity*, 2nd ed., London, Oxford University Press & Natural History Museum, 2011 \[1992\], pp. xi, 404, ISBN 978-0-19-854952-9, LCCN 92004297, OCLC 25282932.
* Stehr, F. W. (Ed.), *Immature Insects*, Dubuque, Iowa, Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co., 1991, pp. ix, 754, ISBN 978-0-8403-3702-3, LCCN 85081922, OCLC 13784377.

## InfoBox

| Nine-spotted moth | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Male | |
|  | |
| Female, ventral view | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Amata* |
| Species: | ***A. phegea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Amata phegea***<br>(Linnaeus, 1758) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| List * *Sphinx phegea* Linnaeus, 1758 * *Syntomis phegea* (Linnaeus, 1758) * *Sphinx ligata* Allioni, 1766 * *Zygaena quercus* Fabricius, 1793 * *Sphinx iphimedia* Esper, \[1804\] * *Spinx cloelia* Esper, 1783 * *Spinx cloelia* Esper, \[1804\] * *Syntomis phegea bessarabica* Stauder, 1924 * *Amata phegea bessarabica* nat. *kijevana* Obraztsov, 1936 * *Amata* (*Syntomis*) *phegea phegea* nat. *ukrainica* Obraztsov, 1966 * *Syntomis phegea orientalis* Daniel, 1950 | |


abstract: This article lists census-designated places (CDPs) in the U.S. state of Utah. At the 2010 census, there were 81 CDPs in Utah. That number dropped to 79 in 2016 when first Dutch John then Millcreek incorporated, and to 74 when five in Salt Lake County became metro townships.

text:
# List of census-designated places in Utah

This article lists **census-designated places (CDPs)** in the U.S. state of **Utah**. At the 2010 census, there were 81 CDPs in Utah. That number dropped to 79 in 2016 when first Dutch John then Millcreek incorporated, and to 74 when five in Salt Lake County became metro townships.

## Census-Designated Places

| CDP | Population | County |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Aneth | 501 | San Juan |
| Avon | 367 | Cache |
| Benjamin | 1,145 | Utah |
| Benson | 1,485 | Cache |
| Beryl Junction | 197 | Iron |
| Bluebell | 293 | Duchesne |
| Bluff | 258 | San Juan |
| Bonanza | 1 | Uintah |
| Cache | 38 | Cache |
| Carbonville | 1,567 | Carbon |
| Central | 613 | Washington |
| Clear Creek | 4 | Carbon |
| Cove | 460 | Cache |
| Dammeron Valley | 803 | Washington |
| Deseret | 353 | Millard |
| Dugway | 795 | Tooele |
| Echo | 56 | Summit |
| Eden | 600 | Weber |
| Elberta | 256 | Utah |
| Enterprise | 605 | Morgan |
| Flaming Gorge | 83 | Daggett |
| Fort Duchesne | 714 | Uintah |
| Fremont | 145 | Wayne |
| Garden | 181 | Rich |
| Granite | 1,932 | Salt Lake |
| Halchita | 266 | San Juan |
| Halls Crossing | 6 | San Juan |
| Hoytsville | 607 | Summit |
| Jensen | 412 | Uintah |
| Kenilworth | 180 | Carbon |
| La Sal | 395 | San Juan |
| Lake Shore | 817 | Utah |
| Liberty | 1,257 | Weber |
| Maeser | 3,601 | Uintah |
| Marion | 685 | Summit |
| Mexican Hat | 31 | San Juan |
| Montezuma Creek | 335 | San Juan |
| Mountain Green | 2,309 | Morgan |
| Navajo Mountain | 354 | San Juan |
| Neola | 461 | Duchesne |
| Newcastle | 247 | Iron |
| Oasis | 75 | Millard |
| Oljato–Monument Valley | 674 | San Juan |
| Palmyra | 491 | Utah |
| Peoa | 253 | Summit |
| Peter | 324 | Cache |
| Pine Valley | 186 | Washington |
| Randlett | 220 | Uintah |
| Riverside | 760 | Box Elder |
| Samak | 287 | Summit |
| Silver Summit | 3,632 | Summit |
| Snyderville | 5,612 | Summit |
| South Willard | 1,571 | Box Elder |
| Spanish Valley | 491 | San Juan |
| Spring Glen | 1,126 | Carbon |
| Spring Lake | 458 | Utah |
| Stansbury Park | 5,145 | Tooele |
| Summit | 160 | Iron |
| Summit Park | 7,775 | Summit |
| Sutherland | 165 | Millard |
| Teasdale | 191 | Wayne |
| Thatcher | 789 | Box Elder |
| Thompson Springs | 39 | Grand |
| Timber Lakes | 607 | Wasatch |
| Tselakai Dezza | 109 | San Juan |
| Veyo | 483 | Washington |
| Wanship | 400 | Summit |
| West Mountain | 1,186 | Utah |
| West Wood | 844 | Carbon |
| White Mesa | 242 | San Juan |
| Whiterocks | 289 | Uintah |
| Wolf Creek | 1,336 | Weber |
| Woodland | 343 | Summit |


title: Oosterparkbuurt

abstract: The Oosterparkbuurt is a neighbourhood of Amsterdam, Netherlands. The neighbourhood derives its name from the Oosterpark. Three of its main streets were also named after the park. The neighbourhood was built late in the 19th century. Until World War II, it was home to many working-class Jews. During urban renewal operations of the 1970s and 1980s, many of the original 19th-century housing was demolished and replaced.

text:
# Oosterparkbuurt

The **Oosterparkbuurt** is a neighbourhood of Amsterdam, Netherlands. The neighbourhood derives its name from the Oosterpark. Three of its main streets (the Eerste Oosterparkstraat, Tweede Oosterparkstraat and Derde Oosterparkstraat) were also named after the park. The neighbourhood was built late in the 19th century. Until World War II, it was home to many working-class Jews. During urban renewal operations of the 1970s and 1980s, many of the original 19th-century housing was demolished and replaced.

## Landmarks

52°21′33″N 4°55′05″E / 52.35917°N 4.91806°E / 52.35917; 4.91806

## InfoBox

| Oosterparkbuurt | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood of Amsterdam | |
| Derde Oosterparkstraat | |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Province | North Holland |
| COROP | Amsterdam |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |


title: United States v. Beach

abstract: United States v. Carmen Beach, 324 U.S. 193 (1945), was a Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the Mann Act's criminalization of human transportation involving interstate or foreign commerce "with intent that such individual engage in prostitution" applies even within the jurisdiction of the District of Columbia.

text:
# United States v. Beach

**United States v. Carmen Beach**, 324 U.S. 193 (1945), was a Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the Mann Act's criminalization of human transportation involving interstate or foreign commerce "with intent that such individual engage in prostitution" applies even within the jurisdiction of the District of Columbia.

## Historical Context

This case begins with the indictment of Carmen Beach, the owner of a prostitution house within Washington, D.C., after she "transported" an "inmate" of the prostitution home to the nearby Hamilton Hotel to engage in prostitution. The transportation alleged happened when Beach paid for a taxi to pick her and her companion up at her business to take them to the hotel. Beach was found guilty by a jury, and she appealed the district court's decision to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, which granted a writ of certiorari on December 11, 1944.

### Court of Appeals

The U.S. Court of Appeals held oral arguments for this case on March 9, 1944, and released its opinion on July 24, 1944. Chief Judge Duncan Groner wrote the majority opinion, in which Justice Thurman Arnold concurred, with Justice Henry Edgerton writing a dissenting opinion. The majority opinion reversed Beach's conviction, even bringing up transcripts of congressional debate on whether the Mann Act applied to the District of Columbia. In summary, the Court said as follows,

> "It is, we think, too clear for argument that Congress in the enactment of these local laws designed and intended them to cover the entire local field, and neither at the time of the passage of the Mann Act, nor since, considered it — except in its interstate aspect — to apply to the District of Columbia. Any other conclusion would, it seems to us, convict Congress of doing the wholly useless and unnecessary thing of repeatedly giving thought and attention to the passage of local laws parallelling in every essential aspect the provisions of the Mann Act, and in many respects going well beyond its provisions."

The majority opinion also put considerable thought to whether the law was even needed or warranted. The opinion makes an argument that other federal laws and local laws already took care of the issue of prostitution, and that it simply need not apply here. Justice Edgerton's dissent had the following arguments,

> "The court makes a case for the proposition that the inclusion of the District of Columbia in the Mann Act is unfortunate, but that is not the question. I submit this dissent not in defense of the Mann Act but in defense of the authority of Congress. Courts have often construed statutes in novel and questionable ways, but they have not often read an entire phrase completely out of a statute. They did not do so in any of the cases which this court cites. No euphemism can obscure the fact that this court does so when it imposes upon clear and simple words a construction which allows them no effect. It thereby substitutes for a constitutional and relatively democratic legislative process one that is neither democratic nor constitutional."

The United States appealed the verdict to the Supreme Court, which granted certiorari.

## Supreme Court Decision

The United States Supreme Court granted certiorari, and held oral arguments on February 9, 1945, and handed down its opinion on February 26, 1945. The *per curiam* decision ruled in favor of the United States, reversing the Court of Appeal's decision, and upholding Beach's conviction. The Court states that the historical evidence had it believe that,

> "\[Congress\] specifically and repeatedly includes in its prohibition, such transportation "in any Territory or in the District of Columbia." Congress, in enacting the Mann Act, made it perfectly plain by its Committee Reports on the proposed legislation that it was intended to apply to transportation taking place wholly within the District of Columbia."

The decision rejected the argument that the law would be unnecessary, stating,

> "\[w\]hether the District was already adequately protected from the evils of prostitution without the added prohibition of transportation for that purpose was for Congress, not the courts, to decide. The prohibition was deliberately adopted by Congress..."

## InfoBox

| United States v. Beach | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued February 9, 1945
Decided February 26, 1945 | |
| Full case name | *United States v. Carmen Beach* |
| Docket no. | 620 |
| Citations | 324 U.S. 193 (*more*) |
| Case history | |
| Prior | Beach v. United States, 144 F.2d 533 (D.C. Cir. 1944) |
| Holding | |
| The Mann Act is applicable to cases in which the transportation involved happens exclusively within the District of Columbia. | |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice Harlan F. Stone  Associate Justices Owen Roberts **·**  Hugo Black
Stanley F. Reed **·**  Felix Frankfurter
William O. Douglas **·**  Frank Murphy
Robert H. Jackson **·**  Wiley B. Rutledge | |
| Case opinion | |
| **Per curiam** | |
| Laws applied | |
| The Mann Act | |


title: William Alanson White

abstract: William Alanson White was an American neurologist and psychiatrist.

text:
# William Alanson White

**William Alanson White** (24 January 1870 – 7 March 1937) was an American neurologist and psychiatrist.

## Biography

He was born in Brooklyn, New York to parents Alanson White and Harriet Augusta Hawley White. He attended public school in Brooklyn. A young White was influenced by philosopher Herbert Spencer; After White's death, one writer recalled that White "was never seriously shaken from Spencer's hopeful evolutionary catechism, which at the age of 13 he had accepted as the key to all knowledge".

At 15, White entered Cornell, studying there from 1885 to 1889. In 1891, White graduated with an M.D. from the Long Island College Hospital. After serving as an intern for a year, for nine years he was an assistant physician at the Binghamton (New York) State Hospital. There he collaborated with Boris Sidis.

On October 1, 1903, White became superintendent of the "Government Hospital for the Insane", later named St. Elizabeths Hospital, in Washington, D.C. There he spent the rest of his career. Also in 1903, he accepted the post of professor of nervous and mental diseases at Georgetown University, and in 1904 a similar chair at George Washington University, lecturing besides at the Army Medical School.

In 1913, White co-founded *The Psychoanalytic Review*. From 1915 to 1917, White was president of the American Psychoanalytical Society; he returned to role from 1927 to 1929. In 1917, the hospital was formally renamed St. Elizabeth's.

In March 1918, White married Lola Thurston, the widow of Senator John Mellen Thurston. White was president of the American Psychopathological Society in 1922, of the American Psychiatric Association in 1924–25. He took an interest in forensic psychology, and worked for better cooperation between the American Psychiatric Association and the American Bar Association. He testified for the defense in the Leopold and Loeb trial.

In December 1922, St. Elizabeth's became the first hospital in the US to employ pyrotherapy for the treatment of late-state syphilis. White approved the use of insulin shock therapy at St. Elizabeth's.

In 1930, St. Elizabeth's was the only mental hospital in the United States with an American Medical Association-accredited internship. St Elizabeth's was investigated by Congress three different times: first in 1906, again in 1917-18, and finally in 1926.

In 1934, he was the main speaker at the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Papers summarized: "Man's future lays in a new understanding of the meaning of heredity and environment in the application of new scientific discoveries in physics, chemistry and biology to the fields of psychology, and in the significant way in which man's 'very highly developed self-regard functions'". He was followed by a speech by Albert Einstein.

Lola (Purman) Thurston, whom he married in 1918, and a stepdaughter survived him when he died in Washington in March 1937.

## Works

* *Mental Mechanisms* (1911)
* *Outlines of Psychiatry* (fifth edition, revised, 1915)
* *Diseases of the Nervous System* (1915) Done in collaboration with Smith Ely Jelliffe.
* *The Principles of Mental Hygiene* (1917)
* *Mechanisms of Character Formation* (1920)
* *Foundations of Psychiatry* (1921)
* *Essays in Psychopathology* (1925)
* *The Meaning of Disease* (1926)

## Legacy

During White's tenure as superintendent, St. Elizabeths, which served Federal employees, military personnel, and residents of the District of Columbia, underwent significant reforms. What previously had operated as a warehouse for the insane came to provide occupational therapy and psychotherapy. White did away with straitjackets for restraint and opened a beauty parlor for the female patients. For two years in the 1920s, White opened the doors of St. Elizabeths to Alfred Korzybski, enabling Korzybski to directly study mental illness, research that contributed heavily to Korzybski's 1933 *Science and Sanity: An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics.* Korzybski characterized White as "extremely brilliant, very \[well\] read, very creative, very human, very warm, and very much interested in the future of psychiatry altogether."

White is the namesake of the William Alanson White Institute psychoanalytic clinic in New York City.


title: Three Daring Daughters

abstract: Three Daring Daughters is a 1948 American Technicolor musical film directed by Fred M. Wilcox and starring Jeanette MacDonald, Jane Powell and Edward Arnold. It was produced and released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The screenplay was written by Albert Mannheimer, Frederick Kohner, Sonya Levien and John Meehan.

text:
# Three Daring Daughters

***Three Daring Daughters*** (UK title: ***The Birds and the Bees***) is a 1948 American Technicolor musical film directed by Fred M. Wilcox and starring Jeanette MacDonald, Jane Powell and Edward Arnold. It was produced and released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The screenplay was written by Albert Mannheimer, Frederick Kohner, Sonya Levien and John Meehan.

## Plot

It's Tess's graduation day from Miss Drake's School for Girls. During the choir's performance at the ceremony, Tess notices that her beautiful divorcée mother, Louise Rayton Morgan, isn't there. Louise, an editor for *Modern Design* magazine, is in Dr. Cannon's office after fainting due to being overworked and stressed.

At home after the graduation ceremony, Dr. Cannon has a talk with Louise's three daughters, Tess, Ilka and Alix. He tells them that their mother needs a vacation badly, but the only way she can relax is if she goes without the girls. Louise is reluctant, but the girls convince her to go. They see their mother off on a one-month Cuban cruise. The girls then discuss whether they could bring their father back home and make their mom happy and healthy again.

In reality, Louise has kept the truth about their father from them. He was actually a very uncaring man, who left Louise to raise the girls on her own. They go to see their father's boss, Robert Nelson, to locate their father. Meanwhile, on Louise's cruise, she meets famed pianist and conductor José Iturbi. José is immediately taken by Louise, but she plays hard to get, while having the time of her life. When Louise finally returns home, she has a secret to tell the girls.

## Cast

## Reception

The film earned $4,010,000 at the box office.

## InfoBox

| Three Daring Daughters | |
| --- | --- |
| VHS cover | |
| Directed by | Fred M. Wilcox |
| Screenplay by | Albert Mannheimer
Frederick Kohner
Sonya Levien
John Meehan |
| Produced by | Joe Pasternak |
| Starring | Jeanette MacDonald
José Iturbi
Jane Powell
Edward Arnold
Harry Davenport |
| Cinematography | Ray June |
| Edited by | Adrienne Fazan |
| Music by | Herbert Stothart
Lothar Perl |
| Production
company | Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer |
| Distributed by | Loew's Inc. |
| Release date | * March 5, 1948 (1948-03-05) |
| Running time | 115 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $2,538,000 |
| Box office | $2,659,000 (Domestic earnings)
$1,351,000 (Foreign earnings) |


title: Osmond Gilles

abstract: Osmond Gilles was a settler, pastoralist, mine owner and the Colony of South Australia’s first colonial treasurer. Born in London of Huguenot descent, in 1816 he went into partnership with Philip Oakden in Hamburg, Germany as a merchant, where in 1825 he married Patience Oakden, Philip's sister. They returned to England, where his wife died in 1833. They had no children, and Gilles never remarried, but took on several protegees, including his nephew John Jackson Oakden. Gilles was struck by Robert Gouger, the first Colonial Secretary, leading to the latter's suspension. Gilles migrated to the new Australian colony on HMS Buffalo in 1836 accompanied by his ward Emily Blunden, sister of Dr John Blunden, and acted as the Colonial Treasurer. He was a prominent businessman and land owner, with the largest holdings of any settler in 1837. He was, with his secretary William Finke, and a few others, the fortunate ticket-holder in the ballot for the purchase of city acres at Glenelg, of which he took full advantage. He sat on the Street Naming Committee on 23 May 1837. Gilles was a major benefactor, and at times sustained the colony's treasury with his own funds.

text:
# Osmond Gilles

**Osmond Gilles** (24 August 1788 – 25 September 1866) was a settler, pastoralist, mine owner and the Colony of South Australia’s first colonial treasurer.

Born in London of Huguenot descent, in 1816 he went into partnership with Philip Oakden in Hamburg, Germany as a merchant, where in 1825 he married Patience Oakden, Philip's sister. They returned to England, where his wife died in 1833. They had no children, and Gilles never remarried, but took on several protegees, including his nephew John Jackson Oakden. Gilles was struck by Robert Gouger, the first Colonial Secretary, leading to the latter's suspension.

Gilles migrated to the new Australian colony on HMS *Buffalo* in 1836 accompanied by his ward Emily Blunden (referred to as Blundell on the passenger list), sister of Dr John Blunden, and acted as the Colonial Treasurer. He was a prominent businessman and land owner, with the largest holdings of any settler in 1837. He was, with his secretary William Finke, and a few others, the fortunate ticket-holder in the ballot for the purchase of city acres at Glenelg, of which he took full advantage. He sat on the Street Naming Committee on 23 May 1837. Gilles was a major benefactor, and at times sustained the colony's treasury with his own funds.

## Named for Gilles

### Citations

### Sources

## InfoBox

| Osmond Gilles | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Treasurer of South Australia | |
| **In office**
28 December 1836  1 October 1839 | |
| Governor | Sir John Hindmarsh |
| Preceded by | *office established* |
| Succeeded by | John Jackson |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Osmond Gilles
(1788-08-24)24 August 1788
London, England |
| Died | 25 September 1866(1866-09-25) (aged 78)
Glen Osmond, South Australia |
| Spouse | Patience Oakden |
| Residence(s) | *Woodley*, Glen Osmond |
| Occupation | Grazier, landowner |
|  | |


title: Nishitetsu 8000 series

abstract: Nishitetsu 8000 series The Nishitetsu 8000 series (西鉄8000形) was an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type that was operated by the private railway operator Nishi-Nippon Railroad (Nishitetsu) in Japan on the Nishitetsu Tenjin Ōmuta Line from 1989 to 2017.

text:
# Nishitetsu 8000 series

The **Nishitetsu 8000 series** (西鉄8000形) was an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type that was operated by the private railway operator Nishi-Nippon Railroad (Nishitetsu) in Japan on the Nishitetsu Tenjin Ōmuta Line from 1989 to 2017.

## Design

Six 8000 series trains were built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries in 1989; the first three sets were constructed in February 1989, with the other three sets constructed in April the same year.

Unlike most trains made during this period, the 8000 series uses resistor control, something which would have been classified as obsolete during the time due to the advent of the variable-frequency drive. Initially, there were plans for the 8000 series to use a control method other than resistor control, but due to a combination of factors, the idea was soon dropped.

## Operations

The 8000 series trains operated on the Nishitetsu Tenjin Ōmuta and Dazaifu Lines and were mainly used on limited express services.

## Formations

The six six-car sets are formed as follows with four motored ("M") cars and two trailer ("Tc") cars, with car number 1 facing the Ōmuta end and car number 6 facing the Nishitetsu Fukuoka (Tenjin) or Dazaifu end.

| Car No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Designation | Tc | M | M | M | M | Tc |
| Numbering | 80x1 | 80x2 | 80x3 | 80x4 | 80x5 | 80x6 |
| Weight (t) | 29.3 | 37.2 | 35.6 | 37.2 | 35.5 | 29.3 |
| Capacity (Seated/total) | 50/116 | 60/130 | 59/128 | 60/130 | 60/130 | 50/116 |

Cars 2 and 5 have two lozenge-type pantographs each.

## Interior

Passenger accommodation consists of 2+2 transverse bucket seating with a seat width of 900 mm (35 in) per person; seats closer to the doors are bench seats. Both types of seats have the same wine-colored upholstery with a checkered pattern.

## Conversions

### *Tabito* excursion train

This was a six-car set converted from 8000 series set 8051 in 2014. The *Tabito* set differs from a normal 8000 series set by its livery and certain changes to its interior, such as the addition of a cabinet and a table with some leaflets in car number 3. This set entered service on 22 March 2014, and was withdrawn from service on 16 September 2017; the set was replaced with a 3000 series set with a similar livery. A handing over ceremony was later held at Fukuoka (Tenjin) Station after the 8000 series *Tabito* set completed its last run.

Following its retirement from the *Tabito* service, the special livery it used was removed and it was returned to its original colors of beige with red accents, and was almost fully restored back to its original condition. The set was then used for a few more special runs before being finally withdrawn on 15 October 2017.

### *Suito* excursion train

This was a six-car set converted from 8000 series set 8061 in 2015. The *Suito* set differs from a normal 8000 series set by its livery and certain changes to its interior, such as the addition of a table with commemorative stamp pads and a cabinet displaying antiques in car number 3. This set entered service on 4 October 2015 and was retired on 22 July 2017 due to aging; the set was replaced by a 3000 series set with a similar livery. As with the *Tabito* set, the *Suito* set was used for a special final run from Chikushi to Fukuoka (Tenjin) on 22 July 2017, with a handing over ceremony taking place at Fukuoka (Tenjin). After its final run, the set made its way to the Chikushi Depot.

## History

The trains were constructed in 1989 as the third generation of limited express trains on the Nishi-Nippon Railroad, following in the footsteps of the older 1000 series and 2000 series, with the latter already being 15 years old by the time the 8000 series were introduced.

Two sets were converted to excursion trains in 2014 and 2015, and were used until 2017. The last remaining set, 8051, was used for a special final run on 15 October 2017, from Nishitetsu Fukuoka (Tenjin) to Chikushi Station, following which, the 8000 series was officially withdrawn. After its run from Nishitetsu Fukuoka (Tenjin) to Chikushi, the set made its way to the *Nishitetsu Train Festival* at Chikushi Depot, where it was exhibited. No 8000 series cars have been preserved.

## InfoBox

| Nishitetsu 8000 series | |
| --- | --- |
| An 8000 series set in April 2011 | |
| In service | March 1989 – October 2017 |
| Manufacturer | Kawasaki Heavy Industries |
| Constructed | 1989 |
| Entered service | 10 March 1989 |
| Number built | 36 vehicles (6 sets) |
| Number in service | None |
| Number preserved | None |
| Number scrapped | 36 vehicles (6 sets) |
| Formation | 6 cars per trainset |
| Fleet numbers | 8011 – 8061 |
| Operators | Nishi-Nippon Railroad |
| Depots | Chikushi |
| Lines served | Nishitetsu Tenjin Ōmuta Line
Dazaifu Line |
| Specifications | |
| Car body construction | Steel |
| Car length | 19,500 mm (64 ft 0 in) |
| Width | 2,716 mm (8 ft 10.9 in) |
| Height | 4,170 mm (13 ft 8 in) |
| Doors | 2 pairs per side |
| Maximum speed | 110 km/h (70 mph) |
| Traction system | Resistor control |
| Acceleration | 2.5 km/h/s |
| Deceleration | 3.5 km/h/s (service brake)
4.0 km/h/s (emergency brake) |
| Power supply | 1,500 V DC |
| Current collector(s) | Overhead catenary |
| Bogies | KW60A (powered cars)
KW61A (trailer cars) |
| Braking system(s) | Electronically controlled pneumatic brakes with dynamic braking |
| Safety system(s) | Nishitetsu ATS |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) |


# List of deputy prime ministers of Northern Cyprus

This is a chronological list of the deputy prime ministers of Northern Cyprus. A new number is allocated to each new deputy prime minister.

## List of deputy prime ministers of Northern Cyprus (1975–present)

### Deputy prime ministers of the Turkish Federated State of Cyprus (1975–1983)

This list gives all deputy prime ministers after the founding of the Turkish Federated State of Cyprus, which was intended as an autonomous part of Cyprus, but was rejected by the government of the Republic of Cyprus.

| Name | | Term of office | | Political party at the time of appointment | Other ministerial offices |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Vedat Çelik | 5 July 1976 | 7 July 1977 | National Unity Party | Minister of Defence and Foreign Affairs |
|

### Deputy prime ministers of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (1983–present)

This list gives all deputy prime ministers after Northern Cyprus' unilateral declaration of independence in 1983, which followed after the refusal of the government of the Republic of Cyprus to recognize the Turkish Federated State of Cyprus.

| Name | | Term of office | | Political party and position at the time of appointment | Other ministerial offices |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Özker Özgür | 1 January 1994 | 11 December 1995 | Leader of the Republican Turkish Party | Minister of State |
|  | Mehmet Ali Talat | 11 December 1995 | 16 August 1996 | Leader of the Republican Turkish Party | Minister of State |
|  | Serdar Denktaş | 16 August 1996 | 30 December 1998 | Leader of the Democratic Party | Minister of State
*Minister of Labour and Settlement (acting)* |
|  | Mustafa Akıncı | 30 December 1998 | 8 June 2001 | Leader of the Communal Liberation Party | Minister of Tourism |
|  | Salih Coşar | 8 June 2001 | 28 February 2003 | Leader of the Democratic Party | Minister of State Responsible for Economy |
|  | Serdar Denktaş | 28 February 2003 | 13 July 2004 | Leader of the Democratic Party | Minister of State Responsible for Tourism |
|  | Serdar Denktaş | 13 July 2004 | 25 September 2006 | Leader of the Democratic Party | Minister of Foreign Affairs
*Prime Minister (acting)* |
|  | Turgay Avcı | 25 September 2006 | 5 May 2009 | Leader of the Freedom and Reform Party | Minister of Foreign Affairs |
| *Office not in use* | | | 5 May 2009 – 30 August 2013 | |  | |
|  | Serdar Denktaş | 30 August 2013 | 22 May 2015 | Leader of the Democratic Party-National Forces | Minister of Economy, Tourism, Culture and Sport
*Minister of National Education (acting)* |
|  | *Hasan Taçoy (acting)* | 22 May 2015 | 29 May 2015 | Secretary General of the Democratic Party-National Forces | Minister of Transport and Public Works
*Minister of Economy, Tourism, Culture and Sport (acting)* |
|  | Menteş Gündüz | 29 May 2015 | 16 July 2015 | Deputy Secretary General of the Democratic Party-National Forces | Minister of Economy, Tourism, Culture and Sport |
| *Office not in use* | | | 16 July 2015 – 16 April 2016 | |  | |
|  | Serdar Denktaş | 16 April 2016 | 2 February 2018 | Leader of the Democratic Party | Minister of Finance
*Minister of National Education and Culture (acting)* |
|  | Kudret Özersay | 2 February 2018 | 9 December 2020 | Leader of the People's Party | Minister of Foreign Affairs |
|  | Erhan Arıklı | 9 December 2020 | 5 November 2021 | Leader of the Rebirth Party | Minister of Economy and Energy |
| *Office not in use* | | | 5 November 2021 – 8 November 2021 | |  | |
|  | Fikri Ataoğlu | 8 November 2021 | **Present** | Leader of the Democratic Party | Minister of Tourism and Environment |
|


title: Oosterpark (Amsterdam)

abstract: The Oosterpark is the first large park laid out by the municipality of Amsterdam. Located near the Singelgracht of the Mauritskade to the north, it is the principal component of the Oosterpark neighbourhood in the Oost borough. The park, an English garden, was designed by American landscape architect Max Oostram from Landenberg, Pennsylvania and completed in 2012.

text:
# Oosterpark (Amsterdam)

The **Oosterpark** (English: Eastern Park) is the first large park laid out by the municipality of Amsterdam. Located near the Singelgracht of the Mauritskade to the north, it is the principal component of the Oosterpark neighbourhood in the Oost borough. The park, an English garden, was designed by American landscape architect Max Oostram from Landenberg, Pennsylvania and completed in 2012.

## Construction

In order to create the Oosterpark, a centuries-old cemetery behind the Tropical Museum had to be relocated. There were a lot of protests at the time when the municipality of Amsterdam suggested the new plans. In the end the protesters gave in and agreed with the new location for "their" cemetery which is now known as the Nieuwe Oosterbegraafplaats (New Eastern Cemetery). In the park is a pond with a small island. The park also contains a part of the former cemetery.

## National Slavery Monument

The park contains the National Slavery Monument, which commemorates the abolition of slavery in the Netherlands in 1863. The monument was unveiled on 1 July 2002 in the presence of Her Majesty Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands. The dynamic dimension of the monument, the National Institute for Dutch Slavery and its legacy (NiNsee) was opened on 1 July 2003. Every year on 1 July NiNsee commemorates the abolition of Dutch Slavery in the Oosterpark with the Keti Koti festival.

## Memorial

The Oosterpark also contains a memorial to Theo van Gogh, a film maker and controversial columnist who in 2004 was murdered nearby by a Muslim extremist.

## Plants and animals

Along the park towards Linnaeusstraat (close to the Royal Tropical Institute) there are a number of grey heron nests.

The streets lining the southern and western borders of the park are also called Oosterpark. Originally these streets were called Eerste Parkstraat ("First Park Street").

52°21′35″N 4°55′15″E / 52.35972°N 4.92083°E / 52.35972; 4.92083

## InfoBox

| Oosterpark | |
| --- | --- |
| A field of grass in the Oosterpark | |
|  | |
| Type | Urban park |
| Location | Amsterdam-Oost, Netherlands |
| Status | Open all year |


title: 1978–79 Football League Cup

abstract: The 1978–79 Football League Cup was the 19th season of the Football League Cup, a knockout competition for England's top 92 football clubs. The competition started on 12 August 1978 and ended with the final on 17 March 1979. The final was contested by First Division teams Nottingham Forest and Southampton at Wembley Stadium in London.

text:
# 1978–79 Football League Cup

The **1978–79 Football League Cup** was the 19th season of the Football League Cup, a knockout competition for England's top 92 football clubs. The competition started on 12 August 1978 and ended with the final on 17 March 1979.

The final was contested by First Division teams Nottingham Forest and Southampton at Wembley Stadium in London.

## First round

### First leg

| Home Team | Score | Away Team | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Aldershot | 0–1 | Millwall | 12 August 1978 |
| Barnsley | 1–2 | Chesterfield | 12 August 1978 |
| Bournemouth | 0–1 | Exeter City | 12 August 1978 |
| Bradford City | 2–0 | Lincoln City | 12 August 1978 |
| Bristol Rovers | 2–1 | Hereford United | 12 August 1978 |
| Cambridge United | 2–2 | Northampton Town | 12 August 1978 |
| Cardiff City | 1–2 | Oxford United | 12 August 1978 |
| Carlisle United | 2–2 | Blackpool | 12 August 1978 |
| Colchester United | 2–3 | Charlton Athletic | 12 August 1978 |
| Crewe Alexandra | 1–0 | Rochdale | 12 August 1978 |
| Doncaster Rovers | 0–1 | Sheffield Wednesday | 12 August 1978 |
| Grimsby Town | 2–0 | York City | 12 August 1978 |
| Hull City | 0–1 | Peterborough United | 12 August 1978 |
| Mansfield Town | 0–1 | Darlington | 12 August 1978 |
| Newport County | 2–1 | Swansea City | 12 August 1978 |
| Plymouth Argyle | 1–1 | Torquay United | 12 August 1978 |
| Port Vale | 0–3 | Chester | 12 August 1978 |
| Portsmouth | 0–0 | Swindon Town | 12 August 1978 |
| Preston North End | 3–0 | Huddersfield Town | 12 August 1978 |
| Reading | 3–1 | Gillingham | 12 August 1978 |
| Rotherham United | 5–0 | Hartlepool United | 12 August 1978 |
| Scunthorpe United | 0–1 | Notts County | 12 August 1978 |
| Shrewsbury Town | 1–0 | Stockport County | 14 August 1978 |
| Southend United | 1–0 | Wimbledon | 12 August 1978 |
| Tranmere Rovers | 1–1 | Wigan Athletic | 12 August 1978 |
| Walsall | 2–1 | Halifax Town | 12 August 1978 |
| Watford | 4–0 | Brentford | 12 August 1978 |
| Wrexham | 2–0 | Bury | 12 August 1978 |

### Second leg

| Home Team | Score | Away Team | Date | Agg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Blackpool | 2–1 | Carlisle United | 16 August 1978 | 4–3 |
| Brentford | 1–3 | Watford | 15 August 1978 | 1–7 |
| Bury | 1–2 | Wrexham | 15 August 1978 | 1–4 |
| Charlton Athletic | 0–0 | Colchester United | 15 August 1978 | 3–2 |
| Chester | 1–1 | Port Vale | 16 August 1978 | 4–1 |
| Chesterfield | 0–0 | Barnsley | 16 August 1978 | 2–1 |
| Darlington | 2–2 | Mansfield Town | 15 August 1978 | 3–2 |
| Exeter City | 1–1 | Bournemouth | 15 August 1978 | 2–1 |
| Gillingham | 1–2 | Reading | 15 August 1978 | 2–5 |
| Halifax Town | 0–2 | Walsall | 15 August 1978 | 1–4 |
| Hartlepool United | 1–1 | Rotherham United | 15 August 1978 | 1–6 |
| Hereford United | 4–0 | Bristol Rovers | 16 August 1978 | 5–2 |
| Huddersfield Town | 2–2 | Preston North End | 15 August 1978 | 2–5 |
| Lincoln City | 1–1 | Bradford City | 16 August 1978 | 1–3 |
| Millwall | 1–0 | Aldershot | 16 August 1978 | 2–0 |
| Northampton Town | 2–1 | Cambridge United | 16 August 1978 | 4–3 |
| Notts County | 3–0 | Scunthorpe United | 15 August 1978 | 4–0 |
| Oxford United | 2–1 | Cardiff City | 16 August 1978 | 4–2 |
| Peterborough United | 1–2 | Hull City | 15 August 1978 | 2–2 |
| Rochdale | 2–4 | Crewe Alexandra | 14 August 1978 | 2–5 |
| Sheffield Wednesday | 0–1 | Doncaster Rovers | 15 August 1978 | 1–1 |
| Stockport County | 3–1 | Shrewsbury Town | 16 August 1978 | 3–2 |
| Swansea City | 5–0 | Newport County | 15 August 1978 | 6–2 |
| Swindon Town | 4–2 | Portsmouth | 15 August 1978 | 4–2 |
| Torquay United | 1–2 | Plymouth Argyle | 16 August 1978 | 2–3 |
| Wigan Athletic | 2–1 | Tranmere Rovers | 16 August 1978 | 3–2 |
| Wimbledon | 4–1 | Southend United | 15 August 1978 | 4–2 |
| York City | 0–3 | Grimsby Town | 15 August 1978 | 0–5 |

### Replays

| Home Team | Score | Away Team | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Doncaster Rovers | 0–1 | Sheffield Wednesday | 22 August 1978 |
| Hull City | 0–1 | Peterborough United | 22 August 1978 |

## Second round

| Home Team | Score | Away Team | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Aston Villa (1) | 1–0 | Sheffield Wednesday (3) | 30 August 1978 |
| Birmingham City (1) | 2–5 | Southampton (1) | 29 August 1978 |
| Blackpool (3) | 2–0 | Ipswich Town (1) | 30 August 1978 |
| Bolton Wanderers (1) | 2–1 | Chelsea (1) | 29 August 1978 |
| Brighton & Hove Albion (2) | 1–0 | Millwall (2) | 29 August 1978 |
| Bristol City (1) | 1–2 | Crystal Palace (2) | 29 August 1978 |
| Burnley (2) | 1–1 | Bradford City (4) | 29 August 1978 |
| Chester (3) | 2–1 | Coventry City (1) | 30 August 1978 |
| Crewe Alexandra (4) | 2–0 | Notts County (2) | 30 August 1978 |
| Everton (1) | 8–0 | Wimbledon (4) | 29 August 1978 |
| Exeter City (3) | 2–1 | Blackburn Rovers (2) | 29 August 1978 |
| Fulham (2) | 2–2 | Darlington (4) | 29 August 1978 |
| Leicester City (2) | 0–1 | Derby County (1) | 30 August 1978 |
| Orient (2) | 1–2 | Chesterfield (3) | 29 August 1978 |
| Luton Town (2) | 2–0 | Wigan Athletic (4) | 29 August 1978 |
| Manchester City (1) | 2–0 | Grimsby Town (4) | 29 August 1978 |
| Manchester United (1) | 3–2 | Stockport County (4) | 30 August 1978 |
| Middlesbrough (1) | 0–0 | Peterborough United (3) | 29 August 1978 |
| Northampton Town (4) | 0–0 | Hereford United (4) | 29 August 1978 |
| Oldham Athletic (2) | 0–0 | Nottingham Forest (1) | 29 August 1978 |
| Oxford United (3) | 1–1 | Plymouth Argyle (3) | 30 August 1978 |
| Preston North End (2) | 1–3 | Queens Park Rangers (1) | 29 August 1978 |
| Reading (4) | 1–0 | Wolverhampton Wanderers (1) | 30 August 1978 |
| Rotherham United (3) | 3–1 | Arsenal (1) | 29 August 1978 |
| Sheffield United (2) | 1–0 | Liverpool (1) | 28 August 1978 |
| Sunderland (2) | 0–2 | Stoke City (2) | 30 August 1978 |
| Swansea City (3) | 2–2 | Tottenham Hotspur (1) | 29 August 1978 |
| Walsall (3) | 1–2 | Charlton Athletic (2) | 29 August 1978 |
| Watford (3) | 2–1 | Newcastle United (2) | 29 August 1978 |
| West Bromwich Albion (1) | 0–0 | Leeds United (1) | 29 August 1978 |
| West Ham United (2) | 1–2 | Swindon Town (3) | 30 August 1978 |
| Wrexham (2) | 1–3 | Norwich City (1) | 29 August 1978 |

### Replays

| Home Team | Score | Away Team | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bradford City | 2–3 | Burnley | 5 September 1978 |
| Darlington | 1–0 | Fulham | 5 September 1978 |
| Hereford United | 0–1 | Northampton Town | 6 September 1978 |
| Leeds United | 0–0 | West Bromwich Albion | 6 September 1978 |
| Nottingham Forest | 4–2 | Oldham Athletic | 6 September 1978 |
| Peterborough United | 1–0 | Middlesbrough | 5 September 1978 |
| Plymouth Argyle | 1–2 | Oxford United | 5 September 1978 |
| Tottenham Hotspur | 1–3 | Swansea City | 6 September 1978 |

### 2nd Replay

| Home Team | Score | Away Team | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| West Bromwich Albion | 0–1 | Leeds United | 2 October 1978 |

## Third round

| Home Team | Score | Away Team | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Aston Villa | 1–1 | Crystal Palace | 4 October 1978 |
| Blackpool | 1–1 | Manchester City | 4 October 1978 |
| Burnley | 1–3 | Brighton & Hove Albion | 3 October 1978 |
| Chester | 0–2 | Norwich City | 4 October 1978 |
| Chesterfield | 4–5 | Charlton Athletic | 4 October 1978 |
| Everton | 1–0 | Darlington | 3 October 1978 |
| Exeter City | 2–1 | Bolton Wanderers | 4 October 1978 |
| Luton Town | 2–1 | Crewe Alexandra | 3 October 1978 |
| Manchester United | 1–2 | Watford | 4 October 1978 |
| Northampton Town | 1–3 | Stoke City | 3 October 1978 |
| Oxford United | 0–5 | Nottingham Forest | 4 October 1978 |
| Peterborough United | 1–1 | Swindon Town | 3 October 1978 |
| Queens Park Rangers | 2–0 | Swansea City | 3 October 1978 |
| Rotherham United | 2–2 | Reading | 3 October 1978 |
| Sheffield United | 1–4 | Leeds United | 10 October 1978 |
| Southampton | 1–0 | Derby County | 3 October 1978 |

### Replays

| Home Team | Score | Away Team | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Crystal Palace | 0–0 | Aston Villa | 10 October 1978 |
| Manchester City | 3–0 | Blackpool | 10 October 1978 |
| Reading | 1–0 | Rotherham United | 10 October 1978 |
| Swindon Town | 0–2 | Peterborough United | 10 October 1978 |

### 2nd Replay

| Home Team | Score | Away Team | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Aston Villa | 3–0 | Crystal Palace | 16 October 1978 |

## Fourth round

| Home Team | Score | Away Team | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Aston Villa | 0–2 | Luton Town | 8 November 1978 |
| Brighton & Hove Albion | 1–0 | Peterborough United | 7 November 1978 |
| Charlton Athletic | 2–3 | Stoke City | 7 November 1978 |
| Everton | 2–3 | Nottingham Forest | 7 November 1978 |
| Exeter City | 0–2 | Watford | 8 November 1978 |
| Norwich City | 1–3 | Manchester City | 8 November 1978 |
| Queens Park Rangers | 0–2 | Leeds United | 7 November 1978 |
| Reading | 0–0 | Southampton | 8 November 1978 |

### Replay

| Home Team | Score | Away Team | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Southampton | 2–0 | Reading | 14 November 1978 |

## Fifth Round

| Home Team | Score | Away Team | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Leeds United | 4–1 | Luton Town | 13 December 1978 |
| Nottingham Forest | 3–1 | Brighton & Hove Albion | 13 December 1978 |
| Southampton | 2–1 | Manchester City | 12 December 1978 |
| Stoke City | 0–0 | Watford | 13 December 1978 |

### Replay

| Home Team | Score | Away Team | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Watford | 3–1 | Stoke City | 9 January 1979 |

## Semi-finals

### First leg

| Home Team | Score | Away Team | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Leeds United | 2–2 | Southampton | 24 January 1979 |
| Nottingham Forest | 3–1 | Watford | 17 January 1979 |

### Second leg

| Home Team | Score | Away Team | Date | Agg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Southampton | 1–0 | Leeds United | 30 January 1979 | 3–2 |
| Watford | 0–0 | Nottingham Forest | 30 January 1979 | 1–3 |

## Final

### Match details

| **Nottingham Forest**
Red shirts/White shorts/Red socks | **3 — 2**
(final score after 90 minutes) | **Southampton**
Yellow shirts/Blue shorts/Yellow socks |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Manager:* Brian Clough *Team:*
**1** Peter Shilton (GK)
**2** Colin Barrett
**3** Frank Clark
**4** John McGovern ()
**5** Larry Lloyd
**6** David Needham
**7** Martin O'Neill
**8** Archie Gemmill
**9** Garry Birtles
**10** Tony Woodcock
**11** John Robertson
**12** Ian Bowyer
*Scorers:* | **Half-time:**
0–1
**Competition:**
Football League Cup (Final)
**Date:**
15.00 GMT Saturday 17 March 1979
**Venue:**
Wembley Stadium, London
**Attendance:**
96,952
**Referee:**
Peter Reeves
**Match rules**:
90 minutes.
30 minutes extra-time if necessary.
Match replayed if scores still level.
One named substitute.
 | *Manager:* Lawrie McMenemy *Team:*
**1** Terry Gennoe (GK)
**2** Ivan Golac
**3** David Peach
**4** Steve Williams
**5** Chris Nicholl
**6** Malcolm Waldron
**7** Alan Ball ()
**8** Phil Boyer
**9** Austin Hayes  83'
**10** Nick Holmes
**11** Terry Curran
**12** Tony Sealy  83' *Scorers:* |

### General

* "English League Cup 1978/1979". Soccerbase. Retrieved 3 February 2009.
* "England League Cup Full Results 1960–1996". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Archived from the original on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 3 February 2009.
* "English League Cup 1978–1979 : Results". Statto. Archived from the original on 22 December 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2012.

### Specific

## InfoBox

1978–79 Football League Cup
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | England
Wales |
| Teams | 92 |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Nottingham Forest |
| Runner-up | Southampton |
|  | |


title: Mantissa (band)

abstract: Mantissa were an Australian hard rock band which formed as Killing Time in 1989. Killing Time included Nina Grant on bass guitar and vocals, Chris Paine on guitar, and Adam Pringle on lead vocals. In February 1991 they issued an extended play, Ruby's Mind, which reached the Top 100 on the ARIA Singles Chart. Their Dream Alone extended play, peaked in the Top 30. Killing Time supported national tours by Jane's Addiction, Mudhoney, Scatterbrain and Baby Animals. In August 1992 Killing Time changed their name to Mantissa and followed with their debut album, Mossy God, in October on Red Eye Records / Polydor Records, which appeared in the Top 50 ARIA Albums Chart. Their second album, Thirst, appeared in August 1995 and the group disbanded in 1996.

text:
# Mantissa (band)

**Mantissa**  were an Australian hard rock band which formed as **Killing Time** in 1989. Killing Time included Nina Grant on bass guitar and vocals, Chris Paine on guitar, and Adam Pringle on lead vocals. In February 1991 they issued an extended play, *Ruby's Mind*, which reached the Top 100 on the ARIA Singles Chart. Their *Dream Alone* (March 1992) extended play, peaked in the Top 30. Killing Time supported national tours by Jane's Addiction, Mudhoney, Scatterbrain and Baby Animals. In August 1992 Killing Time changed their name to Mantissa and followed with their debut album, *Mossy God*, in October on Red Eye Records / Polydor Records, which appeared in the Top 50 ARIA Albums Chart. Their second album, *Thirst*, appeared in August 1995 and the group disbanded in 1996.

## History

Mantissa had formed in 1989 as Killing Time in Melbourne with Nina Grant (ex-Good and Evil) on bass guitar and vocals; Chris Paine (Utter Stench) on guitar; Adam Pringle (Compressed Heads) on lead vocals; and Arnie Prazz on drums. By year's end Prazz was successively replaced by Russell Hopkinson and Tubby Wadsworth (aka Alex Nikolzew). Initially the group performed "Stooges-style grunge". In June 1990 Jed Starr (aka Darren McCormack) joined on lead guitar and the band used a "more adventurous contemporary hard rock stance". The group gained a "fanatical live following" and after a bidding war were signed to Red Eye Records. Their first extended play, *Ruby's Mind*, appeared in February 1991 and reached No. 72 on the ARIA Singles Chart in August 1991. According to Australian rock music historian, Ian McFarlane, "\[w\]ith its crunching guitar riffs and funkified bass lines, the anthemic 'Ruby's Mind' launched Killing Time as a band with enormous potential and crossover appeal". At the end of 1991 Wadsworth was sacked and eventually replaced by Syd Green (ex-Scoundrel). One of the intervening drummers, Hopkinson, was later a member of You Am I. In February 1992 another EP, *Dream Alone*, was released which peaked at No. 23 on the ARIA Singles Chart. Soon after Starr left and was replaced by Chris Collins (ex-Greg Brady Overdrive). Killing Time supported national tours by Jane's Addiction, Mudhoney, Scatterbrain and Baby Animals.

In August 1992 Killing Time changed their name to Mantissa due to American and Japanese bands of that name. The new name was chosen from the 1982 John Fowles novel, *Mantissa*. In October 1992 they issued their debut album, *Mossy God*, (produced by Mantissa and Terry Date), on Red Eye Records / Polydor Records, which reached No. 47. McFarlane noted "The album mixed grinding, heavy riffs, Grant's rumbling bass lines and Pringle's dramatic vocals with a mystical feel and all manner of psychedelic touches". The two singles from the album, "Mary Mary" (November) and "Land of the Living" (March 1993), peaked at No. 55 and No. 60 respectively. Mantissa supported Red Hot Chili Peppers' national tour followed by their own national tours to promote their releases. In 1993 Mantissa spent nine months touring the US to promote the American release of *Mossy God*, including a support for Mindfunk. Mantissa returned to Australia by 1994 and opened for Pantera in November, they played at the January 1995 Big Day Out festival then released another EP, *Inter Alia*, that month. In August that year they released their second album, *Thirst* (produced by Mantissa and Michael Letho), which did not chart. After one last national tour Mantissa broke up in 1996.

On 16 November 2015, founding member and rhythm guitarist Chris Paine died in Melbourne. The news was broken to fans on the band's Facebook page.

## Discography

### Studio albums

List of albums, with selected details and chart positions
| Title | Album details | Peak chart
positions |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | AUS
 |
| *Mossy God* | * Released: 1992 * Format: CD, cassette * Label: Polydor (517233 2) | 47 |
| *Thirst* | * Released: August 1995 * Format: CD, cassette * Label: Polydor (527671 2) |  |

### EPs

| Title | Details | Peak chart
positions |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | AUS
 |
| *Ruby's Mind*
(as Killing Time) | * Released: 1991 * Format: CD, cassette, LP * Label: Red Eye, Polydor (867059-2) | 72 |
| *Mystery Line/Dream Alone*
(as Killing Time) | * Released: 1992 * Format: CD, cassette, LP * Label: Red Eye, Polydor (865483-2) | 23 |
| *The Mandlebroth Set*
(as Killing Time) | * Released: 1992 * Format: CD, LP * Label: Red Eye, Polydor (867840 2) |  |

### Singles

List of singles, with selected chart positions
| Title | Year | Peak chart
positions |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | AUS
 |
| "Mary Mary" | 1992 | 55 |
| "Land of the Living" | 1993 | 60 |
| "Sanctify" | 1994 |  |
| "Inter Alia" | 1995 |  |

* Mathieson, Craig (2001). *The Sell-in: How the Music Business Seduced Alternative Rock*. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 9781865084121.
* McFarlane, Ian (1999). *Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop*. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86448-768-2.

## InfoBox

| Mantissa | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Melbourne, Victoria, Australia |
| Genres | Hard rock, funk metal, alternative rock |
| Years active | 1989 (1989)–1996 (1996) |
| Labels | Red Eye, Polydor |
|  | |
| Past members | Nina Grant
Chris Paine
Adam Pringle
Arnie Prazz
Russell Hopkinson
Tubby Wadsworth
Jed Starr
Syd Green
Chris Collins |


title: Strategy Markup Language

abstract: Strategy Markup Language (StratML) is an XML-based standard vocabulary and schema for the information commonly contained in strategic and performance plans and reports. StratML Part 1 specifies the elements of strategic plans, including: mission, vision, values, goals, objectives, and stakeholders. Part 2 extends Part 1 to include the additional elements required for performance plans and reports, including stakeholder roles and performance indicators. Originally adopted as an American national standard Part 1, Strategic Plans, was published as an international standard on February 11, 2015, with minor changes from the ANSI version. On November 13, 2015, the ANSI version of Part 1 was replaced with the ISO version. On January 9, 2017, the ISO changes and several additional enhancements were approved for incorporation into Part 2, Performance Plans and Reports. Internationalization of Part 2 will depend upon sufficient support from other nations in the ISO process. The vision of the StratML standard is: "A worldwide web of intentions, stakeholders, and results." Its more explicit purposes include enabling strategic alignment through literal linkages between performance objectives and the business records supporting them. Although the initial focus has been on the plans and reports that U.S. federal agencies are required to compile and maintain under the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA), the standard has been specified generically so as to be applicable not only to all organizations, worldwide, but also to individuals who choose to lead mission/goal-directed lives. Section 10 of the GPRA Modernization Act (GPRAMA) requires U.S. federal agencies to publish their strategic and performance plans and reports in machine-readable format. StratML is such a format. In February 2022 the Data Foundation transmitted to the President's Management Council (PMC) a letter with the following conclusion: "Applying international standards as intended by Section 10 of GPRA modernization will not only comply with the statute, but will also enable the U.S. performance infrastructure to be a model for countries around the world looking for leadership on how to communicate performance information in the 21st Century."

text:
# Strategy Markup Language

**Strategy Markup Language** (**StratML**) is an XML-based standard vocabulary and schema for the information commonly contained in strategic and performance plans and reports. StratML Part 1 specifies the elements of strategic plans, including: mission, vision, values, goals, objectives, and stakeholders. Part 2 extends Part 1 to include the additional elements required for performance plans and reports, including stakeholder roles and performance indicators.

Originally adopted as an American national standard (ANSI/AIIM 21:2009) Part 1, Strategic Plans, was published as an international standard (ISO 17469–1) on February 11, 2015, with minor changes from the ANSI version. On November 13, 2015, the ANSI version of Part 1 was replaced with the ISO version (ANSI/AIIM/ISO 17469-1). On January 9, 2017, the ISO changes and several additional enhancements were approved for incorporation into Part 2, Performance Plans and Reports (ANSI/AIIM 22). Internationalization of Part 2 will depend upon sufficient support from other nations in the ISO process.

The vision of the StratML standard is: "A worldwide web of intentions, stakeholders, and results." Its more explicit purposes include enabling strategic alignment through literal linkages between performance objectives and the business records supporting them. Although the initial focus has been on the plans and reports that U.S. federal agencies are required to compile and maintain under the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA), the standard has been specified generically so as to be applicable not only to all organizations, worldwide, but also to individuals who choose to lead mission/goal-directed lives.

Section 10 of the GPRA Modernization Act (GPRAMA) requires U.S. federal agencies to publish their strategic and performance plans and reports in machine-readable format. StratML is such a format.

In February 2022 the Data Foundation transmitted to the President's Management Council (PMC) a letter with the following conclusion: "Applying international standards as intended by Section 10 of GPRA modernization will not only comply with the statute, but will also enable the U.S. performance infrastructure to be a model for countries around the world looking for leadership on how to communicate performance information in the 21st Century."

1. ISO 17469-1, Document management -- Strategy markup language (StratML) -- Part 1: StratML core elements
2. Strategy Markup Language - Part 1: StratML core elements
3. ANSI/AIIM 22: 2017, Standard Recommended Practice - Strategy Markup Language - Part 2: Performance Plans and Reports
4. GPRA Modernization Act (P.L. 111–352)
5. Publication of Quadrennial Federal Agency Strategic Plans in Standard Machine-Readable Formats, February 25, 2022
* StratML.us home page
* OMB Circular A-11, section 230.18, July 2017 - How should agencies publish Strategic Plans and deliver them to Congress? The GPRA Modernization Act of 2010 requires agencies to make the Strategic Plan available on both the public website of the agency as well as on a central website (e.g., Performance.gov) in machine readable format, and notify the President and Congress of its availability.


title: William Alanson White Institute

abstract: The William Alanson White Institute (WAWI), founded in 1943, is an institution for training psychoanalysts and psychotherapists that also offers general psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. It is located in the Clara Thompson building of the Upper West Side of New York, New York. It was founded as a protest against the mainstream of American psychoanalytic thought, which was thought to be sterile, dogmatic, and constrictive by the psychoanalysts who founded the institute. WAWI also offers continuing education, through conferences, lectures, and symposia, and publishes Contemporary Psychoanalysis.

text:
# William Alanson White Institute

The **William Alanson White Institute** (WAWI), founded in 1943, is an institution for training psychoanalysts and psychotherapists that also offers general psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. It is located in the Clara Thompson building of the Upper West Side of New York, New York. It was founded as a protest against the mainstream of American psychoanalytic thought, which was thought to be sterile, dogmatic, and constrictive by the psychoanalysts who founded the institute. WAWI also offers continuing education, through conferences, lectures, and symposia, and publishes *Contemporary Psychoanalysis*.

## Background

William Alanson White was an American psychiatrist who became superintendent of the "Government Hospital for the Insane", later named St. Elizabeths Hospital, in Washington, D.C. He was known for humanizing the treatment of the mentally ill, doing away with restraints, and offering occupational therapy to patients. The founders of WAWI are Erich Fromm and Clara Thompson, joined by Harry Stack Sullivan, Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, David Rioch and Janet Rioch.

WAWI takes an unashamedly progressive political stance on many issues. It emphasizes psychoanalytic activism in relation to issues of importance in culture and society, and addresses problems of living which are considered to be beyond the scope of classical psychoanalysis. WAWI is strongly influenced by the work of Sándor Ferenczi, a member of Freud's inner circle who pioneered the analyst's authentic use of himself in the consulting room, emphasizing the mutuality of the relationship between therapist and client.

## Achievements

In 2001, the American Psychoanalytic Association presented its first Psychoanalytic Community Clinic of the Year Award to the Clinical Service of the William Alanson White Institute. WAWI publishes the journal *Contemporary Psychoanalysis*. The journal reports advances in the application of psychotherapy and psychoanalysis to depression, personality disorders, conflicts about sex and gender, and other psychological problems.


title: Ningare

abstract: Ningare is a town in the Tenkodogo Department of Boulgou Province in south-eastern Burkina Faso. As of 2005, the town has a population of 2,160.

text:
# Ningare

**Ningare** is a town in the Tenkodogo Department of Boulgou Province in south-eastern Burkina Faso. As of 2005, the town has a population of 2,160.

11°41′N 0°21′W / 11.683°N 0.350°W / 11.683; -0.350

## InfoBox

| Ningare | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Burkina Faso |
| Region | Centre-Est Region |
| Province | Boulgou Province |
| Department | Tenkodogo Department |
| Population (2005 est.) | |
| Total | 2,160 |