title: Yil language

abstract: Yil is a Torricelli language of Papua New Guinea spoken in twelve villages in Sundaun province.

text:
# Yil language

**Yil** is a Torricelli language of Papua New Guinea spoken in twelve villages in Sundaun province.

## Phonology

This section follows Martens and Tuominen (1977). Yil has a small inventory of ten consonants:

|  | Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Stop | p | t | k |
| Fricative |  | s | ɣ |
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ |
| Trill |  | r |  |
| Lateral |  | l |  |

And seven vowels:

|  | Front | | Central | Back |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | unrounded | rounded | | |
| Close | i | y | ə~ɵ | u |
| Mid | ɛ~æ | |  | o |
| | Open |  | a |  |

In addition there are the diphthongs /ai̯ au̯ ay̯ ei̯/. /i u/ have non-syllabic allophones \[j w~β\] in onset or coda position. /ɣ/ is devoiced to \[x\] word-finally, e.g. /uəmaɣ/ \[wəmax\] 'hawk'.

### Phonotactics

Maximum syllable structure is (C) (C) V (C) (C). Syllables with two-consonant codas only occur word-finally. Distribution of phonemes in different syllable types is shown in the table below.

| Syllable type | Phoneme distribution | Example(s) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| V | *Any vowels may occur* | /i/ "I" |
| CV | *Any consonant or vowel may occur* | /ni/ "water" |
| | CVC | /sak/ "pig" |
| VC | V: /i ə o ɛ a/ C: /p s m n ŋ l r u i/ | /an/ "he" /ar/ "she" |
| C₁C₂VC₃ | C₁: /p t k/ C₂: /r/ V: /u o a/ C₃: /p k r/ | /prok/ "quickly" /trok/ "thigh" /krup/ "white bird" |
| C₁VC₂C₃ | C₁: *any consonant may occur* V: /u o a/ C₂: /ɣ m n ŋ l r/ C₃: /p t k ɣ r/ | /lank/ "night" /na**kalp**/ "back of house" /nama**ŋalk**/ "bird" |
| VC₁C₂ | *Rarely observed* | /ark/ "termite" |
| \*C₁C₂VC₃C₄ | *Not observed* | |

Stress usually falls on the first syllable, although it is contrastive in some verb forms, e.g. /əˈŋati/ "I bury a man" vs. /ˈəŋati/ "I hurry"

## InfoBox

| Yil | |
| --- | --- |
| Native to | Papua New Guinea |
| Region | Sandaun Province |
| Native speakers | 2,500 (2000 census) |
| Language family | Torricelli |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | `yll` |
| *Glottolog* | `yill1241` |
| ELP | Yil |


title: Union Station

abstract: A union station is a type of railroad station used by more than one railroad company, line, or service provider, typically found in North America. Union Station, Union Terminal, Union Depot, or Union Passenger Station may refer to:

text:
# Union Station

A **union station** is a type of railroad station used by more than one railroad company, line, or service provider, typically found in North America.

**Union Station**, **Union Terminal**, **Union Depot**, or **Union Passenger Station** may refer to:

## Railway stations

### Australia

### Canada

#### Ontario

#### Manitoba

#### Saskatchewan

### United States

#### Alabama

#### Arizona

#### Arkansas

#### California

#### Colorado

#### Connecticut

#### Florida

#### Georgia

#### Illinois

#### Indiana

#### Iowa

#### Kansas

#### Kentucky

#### Louisiana

#### Maine

#### Maryland

#### Massachusetts

#### Michigan

#### Minnesota

#### Mississippi

#### Missouri

#### Nebraska

#### New Hampshire

#### New Jersey

#### New Mexico

#### New York

#### North Carolina

#### Ohio

#### Oklahoma

#### Oregon

#### Pennsylvania

#### Rhode Island

#### South Carolina

#### Tennessee

#### Texas

#### Utah

#### Vermont

#### Virginia

#### Washington

#### Washington, D.C.

#### Wisconsin

### United Arab Emirates

## Art, entertainment, and media

## Communities and districts

## Enterprises


title: Zwaring-Pöls

abstract: Zwaring-Pöls was a municipality in Austria which merged in January 2015 into Dobl-Zwaring in the Graz-Umgebung District of Styria, Austria.

text:
# Zwaring-Pöls

**Zwaring-Pöls** was a municipality in Austria which merged in January 2015 into Dobl-Zwaring in the Graz-Umgebung District of Styria, Austria.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 1,243 |  |
| 1880 | 1,264 | +1.7% |
| 1890 | 1,274 | +0.8% |
| 1900 | 1,207 | −5.3% |
| 1910 | 1,211 | +0.3% |
| 1923 | 1,204 | −0.6% |
| 1934 | 1,212 | +0.7% |
| 1939 | 1,351 | +11.5% |
| 1951 | 1,189 | −12.0% |
| 1961 | 1,114 | −6.3% |
| 1971 | 1,222 | +9.7% |
| 1981 | 1,281 | +4.8% |
| 1991 | 1,348 | +5.2% |
| 2001 | 1,363 | +1.1% |
| 2007 | 1,497 | +9.8% |
| 2014 | 1,552 | +3.7% |

## InfoBox

| Zwaring-Pöls | |
| --- | --- |
| Former municipality | |
| Zwaring | |
|  | |
| Location within Graz-Umgebung district | |
| Zwaring-PölsLocation within Austria | |
| Coordinates: 46°54′37″N 15°24′46″E / 46.91028°N 15.41278°E / 46.91028; 15.41278 | |
| Country | Austria |
| State | Styria |
| District | Graz-Umgebung |
| Area | |
| Total | 23.98 km2 (9.26 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 312 m (1,024 ft) |
| Population (2014-01-01) | |
| Total | 1,552 |
| Density | 65/km2 (170/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 8142, 8504 |
| Area code | 03136 |
| Vehicle registration | GU |
| Website | www.zwaring-poels.at |


title: Sembiyankandiyur

abstract: Sembiyankandiyur is an archaeological site in Nagapattinam district in Tamil Nadu, India.

text:
# Sembiyankandiyur

**Sembiyankandiyur** is an archaeological site in Nagapattinam district in Tamil Nadu, India.

## Archaeological excavations

### Excavations in 2006

In early 2006, a polished Neolithic celt (tool) that had engravings resembling the Indus script was found by a school teacher V. Shanmuganathan. The celt, a polished hand-held stone axe, has four Indus Valley signs on it. The artefact with the script was dated to 1500 B.C.

The four signs were identified by epigraphists of the Tamil Nadu Department of Archaeology, according to its Special Commissioner, T. S. Sridhar. Iravatham Mahadevan, one of the world's foremost experts on the Indus script, believed that this discovery was very strong evidence that the Neolithic people of Tamil Nadu and the Indus Valley people "shared the same language, which can only be Dravidian and not Indo-Aryan." He added that before this discovery, the southernmost occurrence of the Indus script was at Daimabad, Maharashtra on the Pravara River in the Godavari Valley. The possibility of the celt coming from North India was also ruled out as the material of this stone was of peninsular origin.

Suggestions that the Indus script were used to record a language are disputed. It is not clear if these symbols constitute a script used to record a language, and the subject of whether the Indus symbols were a writing system is controversial. In spite of many attempts at decipherment, it is undeciphered, and no underlying language has been identified. There is no known bilingual inscription. The script does not show any significant changes over time.

The discovery of this celt caused a stir in archaeological circles. Subsequently, the Archaeological Survey of India decided to excavate the Sembiyankandiyur site to find out its antiquity and fix the chronology.

Four trenches were laid at the place where the celt with the engravings were found. Important findings from the trenches were bowls, dishes, broken urns, full-size urns and other articles. Eight urns were found to be aligned in a particular manner, three of them with human bones. Some urns had ritual pots inside. Some pots and sherds have thumb-nail impressions on them.

Full-shape pots had the graffiti depicting a fish, a ‘damaru’, sun, star and a swastika. Geometric designs and marks depicting fish, sun and star and graffiti marks are often found on black-and-red ware and black ware, with the symbols sometimes repeated.

### Excavations in 2008

During excavations by the ASI in April-May 2008, megalithic pottery with graffiti symbols that have a strong resemblance to a sign in the Indus script were found.

Iravatham Mahadevan says that what is striking about the arrow-mark graffiti on the megalithic pottery found at Sembiyankandiyur and Melaperumpallam villages is that they are always incised twice and together, just as they are in the Indus script.

ASI had previously found several pots at Melaperumpallam near Poompuhar during an excavation. Some of these had the same arrow-like symbol occurring twice on them, and always adjacent to each other.

According to Mr. Mahadevan, seals unearthed at Mohenjodaro (now in Pakistan) in the 1920s have similar arrow-like signs that also occur twice and always together. There are several seals with the Indus script and engravings of a bull or a unicorn where the arrow-like sign always occurs in pairs.

While the megalithic/Iron Age pottery in Tamil Nadu is datable between the third century B.C. and third century A.D., the Indus script belongs to the period 2600 B.C. to 1900 B.C. of the mature Harappan period.

## InfoBox

| Sembiyankandiyur | |
| --- | --- |
| Location in Tamil Nadu, India | |
| Location | Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu, India |
| Coordinates | 11°05′06″N 79°51′16″E / 11.0851°N 79.8545°E / 11.0851; 79.8545 |
|  | |


title: Semblante Urbano

abstract: Semblante Urbano is the name of the sixth album from El Roockie and the first one under Mas Flow Inc. The album was released on February 12, 2008. The album combines the dimensions of his experiences with urban rhythms such as reggaeton, dancehall, hip hop & reggae. It was considered one of the most anticipated albums in the reggaeton in the Hispanophone world. Luny of the production duo said in an interview that Banista "...has lyrics that can cut veins." Semblante Urbano: La Otra Cara De La Calle is the re-edition of the original album set to be released sometime in 2009. This re-edition will contain the original 14 tracks from the standard edition plus 2 remixes and an additional 5 new songs. It will also contain a DVD with the music videos from the singles plus an interview with El Roockie.

text:
# Semblante Urbano

***Semblante Urbano*** is the name of the sixth album from El Roockie and the first one under Mas Flow Inc. The album was released on February 12, 2008. The album combines the dimensions of his experiences with urban rhythms such as reggaeton, dancehall, hip hop & reggae. It was considered one of the most anticipated albums in the reggaeton in the Hispanophone world. Luny of the production duo said in an interview that Banista "...has lyrics that can cut veins." ***Semblante Urbano: La Otra Cara De La Calle*** is the re-edition of the original album set to be released sometime in 2009. This re-edition will contain the original 14 tracks from the standard edition plus 2 remixes and an additional 5 new songs. It will also contain a DVD with the music videos from the singles plus an interview with El Roockie.

## Track listing

### Standard Edition

| # | Title | Production credits | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Intro - Semblante Urbano" (featuring Mr. Phillips) |  | 2:28 |
| 2 | "Parece Sincera" | Luny Tunes & Predikador | 3:03 |
| 3 | "Tell Me Why" | Miki "La Mano Bionica" & Noriega | 3:00 |
| 4 | "Martes de Galería" (featuring De La Ghetto) | Predikador | 4:27 |
| 5 | "Vengo de la Casa de Ella (Semblante)" | Miki "La Mano Bionica" | 2:53 |
| 6 | "Delirando" (featuring Baby Ranks) | Sensei | 5:03 |
| 7 | "Sigue Bailando Mi Amor" | Predikador | 3:23 |
| 8 | "Por Ahi Dicen" (featuring Mr. Phillips & Yazid) | Tainy | 4:43 |
| 9 | "Volverás" | Miki "La Mano Bionica" | 3:56 |
| 10 | "Me Fallaste" (featuring Deevani) | Predikador | 3:37 |
| 11 | "Vigilia de un Santo" | Luny Tunes & Tainy | 3:18 |
| 12 | "Ayer Soñaba (Barrio de Chacales)" |  | 4:03 |
| 13 | "Dejame Oirte" | Miki "La Mano Bionica" | 2:56 |
| 14 | "Giales del Ghetto" | Luny Tunes, Yazid & Gaby | 3:24 |

## InfoBox

| Semblante Urbano | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by El Roockie | |
| Released | February 12, 2008
March 2009 (re-edition) |
| Recorded | 2006–2008 |
| Genre | Reggaeton |
| Label | Machete Music
Mas Flow Inc. |
| Producer | Luny Tunes (Exec.)
Predikador
Miki "La Mano Bionica"
Noriega
Tainy
Yazid & Gaby |
| El Roockie chronology | |
| *Humanidad*
(2005) ***Semblante Urbano***
(2008) *TBA El Roockie's 7th studio album*
(2009) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Semblante Urbano* | |
| 1. "Parece Sincera"
Released: 2007 2. "Martes de Galería"
Released: 2008 3. "Sigue Bailando Mi Amor"
Released: 2008 | |
|  | |


title: Seok Eun-mi

abstract: Seok Eun-Mi is a female South Korean table tennis player who competed in the 2004 Summer Olympics. She won the silver medal in the women's doubles competition together with Lee Eun-sil.

text:
# Seok Eun-mi

| **Korean name** | |
| --- | --- |
| Hangul | 석은미 |
| Hanja |  |
| Revised Romanization | *Seok Eun-mi* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Sŏk ŭn-mi* |

**Seok Eun-Mi** (born December 25, 1976) is a female South Korean table tennis player who competed in the 2004 Summer Olympics.

She won the silver medal in the women's doubles competition together with Lee Eun-sil.

## InfoBox

Seok Eun-mi
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | South Korea |
| Born | (1976-12-25) 25 December 1976 |
| Medal record      Women's table tennis  Representing  South Korea  Olympic Games  2004 Athens  Doubles  World Championships  2000 Kuala Lumpur  Team  2001 Osaka  Team  2003 Paris  Doubles  Asian Games  2002 Busan  Doubles | |


title: Sepak takraw at the 2005 SEA Games

abstract: Sepak takraw at the 2005 SEA Games took place in the Gymnasium of the University of San Carlos in Cebu City, Philippines. The event was held from November 27 to December 4.

text:
# Sepak takraw at the 2005 SEA Games

**Sepak takraw** at the 2005 SEA Games took place in the Gymnasium of the University of San Carlos in Cebu City, Philippines. The event was held from November 27 to December 4.

## Medal table

*   Host nation (Philippines)

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Myanmar | 3 | 0 | 3 | 6 |
| 2 | Thailand | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 |
| 3 | Malaysia | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 4 | Vietnam | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 5 | Indonesia | 0 | 1 | 5 | 6 |
| 6 | Philippines* | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Totals (6 entries) | | 6 | 6 | 12 | 24 |

## Medalists

### Men

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Double regu | Myanmar
Aung Cho Myint
Maung Maung
Si Thu Lin | Indonesia
Husni Uba
Jusri Pakke
Yudi Purnomo | Thailand
Pornchai Kaokaew
Suriyan Peachan
Rawat Parbchompoo |
| | | | Malaysia
Mohd Azlan
Mohd Saiful Nizam
Zulhafizazudin Rosslan |
| Regu | Malaysia
M Azman Nasrudin
M Normanizam Ahmad
M Putra Abdul Ghani
M Saifudin Hussin
M Zulkarnain Mohd Arif | Thailand
Pornchai Kaokaew
Prasert Pongpung
Sarawut Inlek
Suebsak Phunsueb
Suriyan Peachan | Myanmar
Aung Cho Myint
Aung Hein
Maung Maung
Si Thu Lin
Thein Zaw Min |
| | | | Indonesia
Husni Uba
Jusri Pakke
Mohammad Nasrum
Wisnu Dwi Suhantoro
Yudi Purnomo |
| Hoop | Myanmar
Aung Hlaing Moe
Aung Hlaing Moe
Aung Zaw
Maung Maung Sein
Than Zaw Oo
Thein Zaw Min | Thailand
Ekachai Masuk
Rawat Parbchompoo
Saharat Wonumpai
Sarawut Inlek
Suriyan Peachan
Worapot Thongsai | Philippines
Danilo Alipan
Harrison Castañares
Hector Memarion
Joel Carbonilla
Metodio Suico
Michael Jose |
| | | | Indonesia
Edy Suwarno
Hadi Mulyono
Husni Uba
Muhammad Nasrum
Suko Hartono
Wisnu Dwi Suhantoro |

### Women

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Double regu | Thailand
Areerat Takan
Payom Srihongsa
Tidawan Daosakul | Vietnam
Lê Thị Hạnh
Lưu Thị Thanh
Nguyễn Hải Thảo | Myanmar
Khin Cho Latt
Kyu Kyu Thinh
May Zin Phyoe |
| | | | Indonesia
Jumasiah
Mawarni Pilsora
Suriama |
| Regu | Thailand
Arrerat Takan
Narumon Sarakarn
Nitinadda Kaewkamsai
Payom Srihongsa
Tidawan Daosakul | Vietnam
Lưu Thị Thanh
Nguyễn Đức Thu Hiền
Nguyễn Hải Thảo
Nguyễn Thị Bích Thủy
Nguyễn Thịnh Thu Ba | Myanmar
Khin Cho Latt
Khin Nu Nu Phyoe
Kyu Kyu Thinh
Mar Mar Win
May Zin Phyoe |
| | | | Indonesia
Albertin Suryani
Jumasiah
Mawarni Pilsora
Mersi Pabarung
Suriama |
| Hoop | Myanmar
Khin Nu Nu Phyoe
Kyu Kyu Thinh
Mar Mar Win
May Zin Phyoe
Naing Naing Win
Soe Sint Sint Aung | Philippines
Deseree Autor
Eden Bernardo
Gelyn Evora
Irene Apdon
Rhea Padrigo
Sarah Catain | Thailand
Arrerat Takan
Chotika Boonthong
Nitinadda Kaewkamsai
Payom Srihongsa
Pinporn Klongbungkar
Varee Nantasing |
| | | | Indonesia
Albertin Suryani
Jumasiah
Mawarni Pilsora
Mersi Pabarung
Suriama
Wa Ode Daano |

## InfoBox

| Sepak Takraw
at the 2005 SEA Games | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Venue | USC Gymnasium |
| Location | Cebu City, Cebu |
| Date | November 27 – December 4 |
|


title: Self-care

abstract: Self-care has been defined as the process of establishing behaviors to ensure holistic well-being of oneself, to promote health, and actively manage illness when it occurs. Individuals engage in some form of self-care daily with food choices, exercise, sleep, and hygiene. Self-care is not only a solo activity, as the community—a group that supports the person performing self-care—overall plays a role in access to, implementation of, and success of self-care activities. Routine self-care is important when someone is not experiencing any symptoms of illness, but self-care becomes essential when illness occurs. General benefits of routine self-care include prevention of illness, improved mental health, and comparatively better quality of life. Self-care practices vary from individual to individual. Self-care is seen as a partial solution to the global rise in health care costs that is placed on governments worldwide. A lack of self-care in terms of personal health, hygiene and living conditions is referred to as self-neglect. Caregivers or personal care assistants may be needed. There is a growing body of knowledge related to these home care workers. Self-care and self-management, as described by Lorig and Holman, are closely related concepts. In their spearheading paper, they defined three self-management tasks: medical management, role management, and emotional management; and six self-management skills: problem solving, decision making, resource utilization, the formation of a patient–provider partnership, action planning, and self-tailoring.

text:
# Self-care

**Self-care** has been defined as the process of establishing behaviors to ensure holistic well-being of oneself, to promote health, and actively manage illness when it occurs. Individuals engage in some form of self-care daily with food choices, exercise, sleep, and hygiene. Self-care is not only a solo activity, as the community—a group that supports the person performing self-care—overall plays a role in access to, implementation of, and success of self-care activities.

Routine self-care is important when someone is not experiencing any symptoms of illness, but self-care becomes essential when illness occurs. General benefits of routine self-care include prevention of illness, improved mental health, and comparatively better quality of life. Self-care practices vary from individual to individual. Self-care is seen as a partial solution to the global rise in health care costs that is placed on governments worldwide.

A lack of self-care in terms of personal health, hygiene and living conditions is referred to as self-neglect. Caregivers or personal care assistants may be needed. There is a growing body of knowledge related to these home care workers.

Self-care and **self-management**, as described by Lorig and Holman, are closely related concepts. In their spearheading paper, they defined three self-management tasks: medical management, role management, and emotional management; and six self-management skills: problem solving, decision making, resource utilization, the formation of a patient–provider partnership, action planning, and self-tailoring.

## History

While the concept of self care has received increased attention in recent years, it has ancient origins. Socrates has been credited with founding the self-care movement in ancient Greece, and care are of oneself and loved ones has been shown to exist since human beings appeared on earth.

Self-care has also been connected to the Black feminist movement through civil rights activist and poet Audre Lorde. Self-care was used to preserve black feminist's identities, energize their activism, and preserve their minds during the civil rights movement.

Self-care remains a primary form of personal and community healthcare worldwide; self-care practices vary greatly around the world.

## Self-care and illness

Chronic illness (a health condition that is persistent and long lasting, often impacts one's whole life, e.g., heart failure, diabetes, high blood pressure) requires behaviors that control the illness, decrease symptoms, and improve survival such as medication adherence and symptom monitoring. An acute illness like an infection (e.g., COVID) requires the same types of self-care behaviors required of people with a chronic illness, but the medication adherence and symptom monitoring behaviors associated with an acute illness are typically short lived. Routine health maintenance self-care behaviors that individuals engage in (e.g., adequate sleep) are still required of those dealing with acute or chronic illness.

For the majority of people with a chronic illness, time spent having that illness managed by a health professional is vastly outweighed by time spent in self-care. It has been estimated that most people with a chronic illness spend only about 0.001% or 10 hours per year of their time with a healthcare provider. In people with chronic illness, self-care is associated with fewer symptoms, fewer hospitalizations, better quality of life, and longer survival compared to individuals in whom self-care is poor. Self-care can be physically and mentally difficult for those with chronic illness, as their illness is persistent and treated in a vastly different manner from an acute illness.

## Factors influencing self-care

There are numerous factors that affect self-care. These factors can be grouped as personal factors (e.g., person, problem, and environment), external factors, and processes.

Personal factors:

* Lack of motivation: when one doesn’t have enough energy. This can be caused by stress, anxiety, or other mental health illnesses**.**
* Cultural beliefs: this includes traditional gender roles, family relationships, collectivism. This can also affect self care behaviors.
* Self-efficacy or confidence: one’s confidence can positively or negatively affect their mental state.
* Functional and cognitive abilities: by not being perfect humans, one tends to focus on their weakness.
* Support from others: such as from family or friends can be crucial to have a healthy and positive mindset to do self-care.
* Access to care: depending on the self-care some require specific resources or objects in order to carry out.

External factors:

* Living situation: can greatly affect an individual’s self-care.
* Surrounding environment: must be safe and promote self-care for all residents.
* Proximity of health care facilities: are important to have at a close radius from one’s household. As well as office/clinic opening hours and affordability must be taken into consideration.

Processes:

Self-care practices are shaped by what are seen as the proper lifestyle choices of local communities. Social determinants of health play an important role in self-care practices. Internal personal factors such as motivation, emotions, and cognitive abilities also influence self-care maintenance behaviors. Motivation is often the driving force behind performing self-care maintenance behaviors. Goal setting is a practice associated with motivated self care. A person with depression is more likely to have a poor dietary intake low in fruits and vegetables, reduced physical activity, and poor medication adherence. An individual with impaired cognitive or functional abilities (e.g., memory impairment) also has a diminished capacity to perform self-care maintenance behaviors such as medication adherence which relies on memory to maintain a schedule.

Self-care is influenced by an individual's attitude and belief in his or her self-efficacy or confidence in performing tasks and overcoming barriers. Cultural beliefs and values may also influence self-care. Cultures that promote a hard-working lifestyle may view self-care in contradictory ways Personal values have been shown to have an effect on self-care in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Social support systems can influence how an individual performs self-care maintenance. Social support systems include family, friends, and other community or religious support groups. These support systems provide opportunities for self-care discussions and decisions. Shared care can reduce stress on individuals with chronic illness.

There are numerous self-care requisites applicable to all individuals of all ages for the maintenance of health and well-being. The balance between solitude or rest, and activities such as social interactions is a key tenet of self-care practices. The prevention and avoidance of human hazards and participation in social groups are also requisites. The autonomous performance of self-care behaviors is thought to aid elderly patients. Perceived autonomy, self-efficacy and adequate illness representation are additional elements of self-care, which are said to aid people with chronic conditions.

## Measurement of self-care behaviors

A variety of self-report instruments have been developed to allow clinicians and researchers to measure the level of self-care in different situations for both patients and their caregivers: These instruments are freely available in numerous languages. Many of these instruments have a caregiver version available to encourage dyadic research.

* Self-Care Heart Failure Index
* Self-Care of Hypertension Inventory
* Self-Care of Diabetes Inventory
* Self-Care of Coronary Heart Disease Inventory
* Self-Care of Chronic Illness Inventory
* Self-care of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

## Middle-range theory of self-care of chronic illness

According to the middle-range theory of chronic illness, these behaviors are captured in the concepts of self-care maintenance, self-care monitoring, and self-care management. Self-care maintenance refers to those behaviors used to maintain physical and emotional stability. Self-care monitoring is the process of observing oneself for changes in signs and symptoms. Self-care management is the response to signs and symptoms when they occur. The recognition and evaluation of symptoms is a key aspect of self-care.

Below these concepts are discussed both as general concepts and as specific self-care behaviors are (e.g., exercise).

### Self-care maintenance

Self-care maintenance refers to those behaviors performed to improve well-being, preserve health, or to maintain physical and emotional stability. Self-care maintenance behaviours include illness prevention and maintaining proper hygiene.

Specific illness prevention measures include tobacco avoidance, regular exercise, and a healthy diet. Taking medication as prescribed by a healthcare provider and receiving vaccinations are also important specific self-care behaviors. Vaccinations provide immunity for the body to actively prevent an infectious disease. Tobacco use is the largest preventable cause of death and disease in the US. Overall health and quality of life have been found to improve, and the risk of disease and premature death are reduced due to the decrease in tobacco intake.

The benefits of regular physical activity include weight control; reduced risk of chronic disease; strengthened bones and muscles; improved mental health; improved ability to participate in daily activities; and decreased mortality. The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends two hours and thirty minutes of moderate activity each week, including brisk walking, swimming, or bike riding.

Another aspect of self-care maintenance is a healthy diet consisting of a wide variety of fresh fruits and vegetables, lean meats, and other proteins. Processed foods including fats, sugars, and sodium are to be avoided, under the practice of self-care.

Hygiene is another important part of self-care maintenance. Hygienic behaviors include adequate sleep, regular oral care, and hand washing. Getting seven to eight hours of sleep each night can protect physical and mental health. Sleep deficiency increases the risk of heart disease, kidney disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, excess weight, and risk-taking behaviour. Tooth brushing and personal hygiene can prevent oral infections.

Health-related self-care topics include;

Objective Measures of Specific Self-Care Maintenance Behaviors:

### Interventions to improve maintenance behaviors

Self-care is considered to be a continuous learning process. Knowledge is essential but not sufficient to improve self-care. Multifaceted interventions that tailor education to the individual are more effective than patient education alone.

* "Teach-back" is used to gauge how much information is retained after patient teaching. Teach-back occurs when patients are asked to repeat information that was given to them. The educator checks for gaps in the patient's understanding, reinforces messages, and creates a collaborative conversation with the patient. It is important for individuals with a chronic illness to comprehend and recall information received about their condition. Teach-back education can both educate patients and assess learning. For example, a provider can initiate teach-back is by asking, "I want to make sure that I explained everything clearly. If you were talking to your neighbor, what would you tell her/him we talked about today". This phrase protects the patient's self-esteem while placing responsibility for understanding on both the provider and patient. One study performed showed that patients with heart failure who received teach-back education had a 12% lower readmission rate compared to patients who did not receive teach-back. Although the teach-back method is effective in the short-term, there is little evidence to support its long-term effect. Long-term knowledge retention is crucial for self-care, so further research is needed on this approach.
* Habits are automatic responses to commonly encountered situations such as handwashing after restroom use. A habit is formed when environmental cues result in a behavior with minimal conscious deliberation.
* Behavioral economics is a subset of the study of economics that examines how cognitive, social, and emotional factors play in role in an individual's economic decisions. Behavioral economics is now influencing the design of healthcare interventions aimed at improving self-care maintenance. Behavioral economics takes into account the complexity and irrationality of human behavior.
* Motivational interviewing is a way to engage critical thinking in relation to self-care needs. Motivational interviewing uses an interviewing style that focuses on the individual's goals in any context. Motivational interviewing is based on three psychological theories: cognitive dissonance, self-perception, and the transtheoretical model of change. Motivational interviewing is intended to enhance intrinsic motivation for change.
* Health coaching is a method of promoting motivation to initiate and maintain behavioral change. The health coach facilitates behavioral change by emphasizing personal goals, life experiences, and values.

## Monitoring

Self-care monitoring is the process of surveillance that involves measurement and perception of bodily changes, or "body listening". It can be helpful to understand the concept of bodymind when monitoring self-care. Effective self-care monitoring also requires the ability to label and interpret changes in the body as normal or abnormal. Recognizing bodily signs and symptoms, understanding disease progression, and their respective treatments allow competency in knowing when to seek further medical help.

Self-care monitoring consists of both the perception and measurement of symptoms. Symptom perception is the process of monitoring one's body for signs of changing health. This includes body awareness or body listening, and the recognition of symptoms relevant to health.

Changes in health status or body function can be monitored with various tools and technologies. The range and complexity of medical devices used in both hospital and home care settings are increasing. Certain devices are specific to a common need of a disease process such as glucose monitors for tracking blood sugar levels in diabetic patients. Other devices can provide a more general set of information, such as a weight scale, blood pressure cuff, pulse oximeter, etc. Less technological tools include organizers, charts, and diagrams to trend or keep track of progress such as the number of calories, mood, vital sign measurements, etc.

### Barriers to monitoring

The ability to engage in self-care monitoring impacts disease progression. Barriers to monitoring can go unrecognized and interfere with effective self-care. Barriers include knowledge deficits, undesirable self-care regimens, different instructions from multiple providers, and limitations to access related to income or disability. Psychosocial factors such as motivation, anxiety, depression, confidence can also serve as barriers.

* High costs may prevent some individuals from acquiring monitoring equipment to keep track of symptoms.
* Lack of knowledge on the implications of physiological symptoms such as high blood glucose levels may reduce an individual's motivation to practice self-care monitoring.
* Fear of outcomes/fear of using equipment such as needles may deter patients from practicing self-care monitoring due to the resulting anxiety, or avoidant behaviors.
* Lack of family support may affect consistency in monitoring self-care due to the lack of reminders or encouragement.

The presence of co-morbid conditions makes performing self-care monitoring particularly difficult. For example, the shortness of breath from COPD can prevent a diabetic patient from physical exercise. Symptoms of chronic illnesses should be considered when performing self-care maintenance behaviors.

### Interventions to improve monitoring behaviors

Because self-care monitoring is conducted primarily by patients, with input from caregivers, it is necessary to work with patients closely on this topic. Providers should assess the current self-care monitoring regimen and build off this to create an individualized plan of care. Knowledge and education specifically designed for the patient's level of understanding has been said to be central to self-care monitoring. When patients understand the symptoms that correspond with their disease, they can learn to recognize these symptoms early on. Then they can self-manage their disease and prevent complications.

Additional research to improve self-care monitoring is underway in the following fields:

* Mindfulness: Mindfulness and meditation, when incorporated into a one-day education program for diabetic patients, have been shown to improve diabetic control in a 3-month follow-up in comparison to those who received the education without a focus on mindfulness.
* Decision-making: How a patient's decision making capacity can be encouraged/improved with the support of their provider, leading to better self-care monitoring and outcomes.
* Self-efficacy: Self-efficacy has been shown to be more closely linked to a patient's ability to perform self-care than health literacy or knowledge.
* Wearable technology: How self-care monitoring is evolving with technology like wearable activity monitors.

## Management

Self-care management is defined as the response to signs and symptoms when they occur. Self-care management involves the evaluation of physical and emotional changes and deciding if these changes need to be addressed. Changes may occur because of illness, treatment, or the environment. Once treatment is complete, it should be evaluated to judge whether it would be useful to repeat in the future. Treatments are based on the signs and symptoms experienced. Treatments are usually specific to the illness.

Self-care management includes recognizing symptoms, treating the symptoms, and evaluating the treatment. Self-care management behaviors are symptom- and disease-specific. For example, a patient with asthma may recognize the symptom of shortness of breath. This patient can manage the symptom by using an inhaler and seeing if their breathing improves. A patient with heart failure manages their condition by recognizing symptoms such as swelling and shortness of breath. Self-care management behaviors for heart failure may include taking a water pill, limiting fluid and salt intake, and seeking help from a healthcare provider.

Regular self-care monitoring is needed to identify symptoms early and judge the effectiveness of treatments. Some examples include:

* Inject insulin in response to high blood sugar and then re-check to evaluate if blood glucose lowered
* Use social support and healthy leisure activities to fight feelings of social isolation. This has been shown to be effective for patients with chronic lung disease

### Barriers to management

#### Access to care

Access to care is a major barrier affecting self-care management. Treatment of symptoms might require consultation with a healthcare provider. Access to the health-care system is largely influenced by providers. Many people with a chronic illness do not have access to providers within the health-care system for several reasons. Three major barriers to care include: insurance coverage, poor access to services, and being unable to afford costs. Without access to trained health care providers, outcomes are typically worse.

#### Financial constraints

Financial barriers impact self-care management. The majority of insurance coverage is provided by employers. Loss of employment is frequently accompanied by loss of health insurance and inability to afford health care. In patients with diabetes and chronic heart disease, financial barriers are associated with poor access to care, poor quality of care, and vascular disease. As a result, these patients have reduced rates of medical assessments, measurements of Hemoglobin A1C (a marker that assesses blood glucose levels over the last 3 months), cholesterol measurements, eye and foot examinations, diabetes education, and aspirin use. Research has found that people in higher social classes are better at self-care management of chronic conditions. In addition, people with lower levels of education often lack resources to effectively engage in self-management behaviors.

#### Age

Elderly patients are more likely to rate their symptoms differently and delay seeking care longer when they have symptoms. An elderly person with heart failure will experience the symptom of shortness of breath differently than someone with heart failure who is younger. Providers should be aware of the potential delay in provider-seeking behavior in elderly patients which could worsen their overall condition.

#### Prior experience

Prior experience contributes to the development of skills in self-care management. Experience helps the patient develop cues and patterns that they can remember and follow, leading to reasonable goals and actions in repeat situations. A patient who has skills in self-management knows what to do during repeated symptomatic events. This could lead to them recognizing their symptoms earlier, and seeking a provider sooner.

#### Health care literacy

Health care literacy is another factor affecting self-care management. Health care literacy is the amount of basic health information people can understand. Health care literacy is the major variable contributing to differences in patient ratings of self-management support. Successful self-care involves understanding the meaning of changes in one's body. Individuals who can identify changes in their bodies are then able to come up with options and decide on a course of action. Health education at the patient's literacy level can increase the patient's ability to problem solve, set goals, and acquire skills in applying practical information. A patient's literacy can also affect their rating of healthcare quality. A poor healthcare experience may cause a patient to avoid returning to that same provider. This creates a delay in acute symptom management. Providers must consider health literacy when designing treatment plans that require self-management skills.

#### Co-morbid conditions

A patient with multiple chronic illnesses (multimorbidity) may experience compounding effects of their illnesses. This can include worsening of one condition by the symptoms or treatment of another. People tend to prioritize one of their conditions. This limits the self-care management of their other illnesses. One condition may have more noticeable symptoms than others. Or the patient may be more emotionally connected to one illness, for example, the one they have had for a long time. If providers are unaware of the effect of having multiple illnesses, the patient's overall health may fail to improve or worsen as a result of therapeutic efforts.

### Interventions to improve management

There are many ways for patients and healthcare providers to work together to improve patients and caregivers' self-care management. Stoplight and skill teaching allow patients and providers to work together to develop decision-making strategies.

#### Stoplight

Stoplight is an action plan for the daily treatment of a patient's chronic illness created by the healthcare team and the patient. It makes decision making easier by categorizing signs and symptoms and determining the appropriate actions for each set. It separates signs and symptoms into three zones:

* *Green* is the safe zone, meaning the patient's signs and symptoms are what is typically expected. The patient should continue with their daily self-care tasks, such as taking daily medications and eating a healthy diet.
* *Yellow* is the caution zone, meaning the patient's signs and symptoms should be monitored as they are abnormal, but they are not yet dangerous. Some actions may need to be taken in this zone to go back to the green zone, for instance taking additional medication. The patient may need to contact their healthcare team for advice.
* *Red* is the danger zone, meaning the patient's signs and symptoms show that something is dangerously wrong. If in this category the patient needs to take actions to return to the green category, such as taking an emergency medication, as well as contact their healthcare team immediately. They may also need to contact emergency medical assistance.

The stoplight plan helps patients to make decisions about what actions to take for different signs and symptoms and when to contact their healthcare team with a problem. The patient and their provider will customize certain signs and symptoms that fit in each stoplight category.

#### Skills teaching

Skills teaching is a learning opportunity between a healthcare provider and a patient where a patient learns a skill in self-care unique to his or her chronic illness. Some of these skills may be applied to the daily management of the symptoms of a chronic illness. Other skills may be applied when there is an exacerbation of a symptom.

A patient newly diagnosed with persistent asthma might learn about taking oral medicine for daily management, control of chronic symptoms, and prevention of an asthma attack. However, there may come a time when the patient might be exposed to an environmental trigger or stress that causes an asthma attack. When unexpected symptoms such as wheezing occur, the skill of taking daily medicines and the medicine that is taken may change. Rather than taking oral medicine daily, an inhaler is needed for quick rescue and relief of symptoms. Knowing to choose the right medication and knowing how to take the medicine with an inhaler is a skill that is learned for the self-care management of asthma.

In skills teaching, the patient and provider need to discuss skills and address any lingering questions. The patient needs to know when and how a skill is to be implemented, and how the skill may need to be changed when the symptom is different from normal. See the summary of tactical and situational skills above. Learning self-care management skills for the first time in the care of a chronic illness is not easy, but with patience, practice, persistence, and experience, personal mastery of self-care skills can be achieved.

Support can include:

## Self-care in philosophy

### Black feminist philosophy

The notion of self-care as a revolutionary act in the context of social trauma was developed as a social justice practice in Black feminist thought in the US. Notably, civil rights activist and poet Audre Lorde wrote that in the context of multiple oppressions as a black woman, "caring for myself is not self-indulgence, it is self-preservation, and that is an act of political warfare." Lorde’s philosophy states that as an oppressed community member, the preservation of her identity through acts that energize and sustain her is a form of activism and resistance. This self-care focuses on any acts which are healing and beneficial to one’s survival and thereby enable resistance.

This initial interpretation of self-care differs from the popularized version seen today. With the rise in social media and capitalist marketing, a more whitewashed and commercialized interpretation has shifted what is normally considered self-care. Differing from Lorde’s definition, new self-care interpretations center on the indulgence of self in accordance with white beauty standards and trends. Examples of this can be the purchasing of feminine beauty goods or sharing of activities or dietary fads. In addition to this difference, modern day self-care as advertised on social media ignores the communal aspect of care which Lorde thought to be essential. With the rise of the term in the medical usages, for instance, to combat anxiety, as well as the commercialization of products with linkages with self-care, the association of the term with black feminism has fallen away in clinical and popular usage. However, in feminist and queer theory, the link to Lorde and other scholars is retained.

### Western philosophy

In one interpretation, French philosopher Michel Foucault understood the art of living (French *art de vivre*, Latin *ars vivendi*) and the care of self (French *le souci de soi*) to be central to philosophy. The third volume of his three-volume study *The History of Sexuality,* published in 1976, is dedicated to this notion. For Foucault, the notion of *care for the self* (*epimeleia heautou,*) following a traditionally Western (Ancient Greek and Roman) interpretation of self-care comprises an attitude towards the self, others, and the world, as well as a certain form of attention. For Foucault, the pursuit of the care for one's own well-being also comprises self-knowledge (gnōthi seauton).

Later on, the self-care deficit nursing theory was developed by Dorothea Orem between 1959 and 2001. This popular Western theory centers on the medical facet of self-care, and explores the use professional care and an orientation towards resources. Under Orem's model self-care has limits when its possibilities have been exhausted therefore making professional care legitimate. These deficits in self-care are seen as shaping the best role a nurse may provide. There are two phases in Orem's self-care: the investigative and decision-making phase, and the production phase. Under this theory, Orem begins to assess the importance of others and support in a more communal form of self-care, while still centering on the physical and medical aspects of care as opposed to the more spiritual or radical political resistance theories. This idea of communal care was pioneered by the Black feminist community in an effort to preserve themselves and resist oppression.

## InfoBox

| Self-care | |
| --- | --- |
| Walking is beneficial for the maintenance of good health. | |
| MeSH | D012648 |


title: Sentinel Records

abstract: Sentinel Records (Sentinel) is an independent record label & webstore. Previously a record store based in Temple Bar, Dublin, Ireland, in two locations, Cope Street & Upper Fownes Street. Sentinel was founded in August 2000 with the initial intention of releasing a compilation of Irish Metal bands from across the country and then to continue to develop into a Record Label. An Irish Metal mail-order was established to stock and sell everything released by Irish Metal bands from demos to CDs and LPs and also stock shirts, fanzines and any other related merchandise. Later this was expanded to world-wide metal and an on-line store was created. The webstore and label has had somewhat of a resurrection in recent years and expanded their stock greatly. In December 2004 Sentinel Records, the shop, opened for business at Cope Street, the old premises of Comet Records, Temple Bar, Dublin 2 and later moved to the basement of Flip in Fownes Street Upper, Dublin 2. The record store closed for good on 10 June 2010 although Sentinel Records was involved in Into The Void Records, from 11 February 2001 to 30 December 2014.

text:
# Sentinel Records

**Sentinel Records** (Sentinel) is an independent record label & webstore. Previously a record store based in Temple Bar, Dublin, Ireland, in two locations, Cope Street & Upper Fownes Street. Sentinel was founded in August 2000 with the initial intention of releasing a compilation of Irish Metal bands from across the country and then to continue to develop into a Record Label. An Irish Metal mail-order was established to stock and sell everything released by Irish Metal bands from demos to CDs and LPs and also stock shirts, fanzines and any other related merchandise. Later this was expanded to world-wide metal and an on-line store was created. The webstore and label has had somewhat of a resurrection in recent years and expanded their stock greatly.

In December 2004 Sentinel Records, the shop, opened for business at Cope Street, the old premises of Comet Records, Temple Bar, Dublin 2 and later moved to the basement of Flip in Fownes Street Upper, Dublin 2. The record store closed for good on 10 June 2010 although Sentinel Records was involved in Into The Void Records, from 11 February 2001 to 30 December 2014.

## Releases

GOK001 : V/A - In Unison - DCD
GOK002 : Abaddon Incarnate \- Nadir - CD
GOK003 : Mourning Beloveth \- Dust - CD
GOK004 : Abaddon Incarnate \- Dark Crusade - CD
GOK005 : Mourning Beloveth / Lunar Gate \- Picture disc 7"
GOK006 : Primordial / Mael Mordha \- Picture disc 7"
GOK007 : Scavenger \- Madness to our Method - CD
GOK008 : Arcane Sun \- Arcane Sun - to be released
GOK009 : Mourning Beloveth / Wreck Of The Hesperus (band) \- 10" (to be released)
GOK010 : Sol Axis – ... To Mark The Ages – CD GOK011 : For Ruin \- December - CD
GOK012 : Primordial \- The Gathering Wilderness - Picture disc LP
GOK013 : Morphosis – Rise of the Bastard Deities - CD
GOK014 : Mourning Beloveth – Somnolent Harmony – DMC
GOK015 : Pagan Altar – Mythical & Magical – MC
GOK016 : Asphyxia – Conflagration – MC
GOK017 : On Pain Of Death – Year Naught Doom – LP
GOK018 : Pagan Altar – Lords of Hypocrisy – MC
GOK019 : Pagan Altar – Judgement of the Dead – MC
GOK020 : Graveyard Dirt – Of Romance & Fire – 10″
GOK021 : Graveyard Dirt – Shadows of Old Ghosts – 12″
GOK022 : Solstice – To Sol a Thane – MC
GOK023 : Solstice – Lamentations – MC
GOK024 : Solstice – Halcyon – MC
GOK025 : Solstice – New Dark Age – MC
GOK026 : Solstice – Death's Crown Is Victory – MCC
GOK027 : Solstice – Never Surrender – MC Boxset
GOK028 : Apostate Viaticum – Before the Gates of Gomorrah – MC

## Artists

Abaddon Incarnate
Apostate Viaticum
Arcane Sun
Asphyxia
For Ruin
Graveyard Dirt
Lunar Gate
Mael Mórdha
Morphosis
Mourning Beloveth
On Pain of Death
Pagan Altar
Primordial
Scavenger
Sol Axis
Solstice
Wreck Of The Hesperus

## InfoBox

| Sentinel Records | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2000 |
| Founder | BT |
| Status | Active |
| Distributor(s) | * ? |
| Genre |  |
| Country of origin | Ireland |
| Location | Dublin, Ireland |
| Official website | www.sentinelrecords.com |


title: Senga District

abstract: Senga District is a district of Northern Province, Zambia. It was separated from Mbala District in 2016. As of the 2022 Zambian Census, the district had a population of 126,308 people.

text:
# Senga District

**Senga District** is a district of Northern Province, Zambia. It was separated from Mbala District in 2016. As of the 2022 Zambian Census, the district had a population of 126,308 people.

## Climate

The district is situated in the tropics, with an average elevation of 1,500 meters above sea level. The climate is similar to a Mediterranean climate, characterized by mild, temperate conditions. The area receives an annual average rainfall of approximately 1,240 mm, with the rainy season lasting from November to April. The district also has vast expanses of undeveloped land, offering significant potential for farm block development.

## Infrastructure

* **Electricity:** The district is not connected to the national electricity grid.
* **Healthcare:** Senga Hill has a mini-hospital that is equipped with essential medical facilities.
* **Water Supply:** Senga Hill relies on boreholes and open wells for water supply, as it is not connected to a piped water system.

## InfoBox

| Senga District | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| District location in Zambia | |
| Country | Zambia |
| Province | Northern Province |
| Area | |
| Total | 5,183.7 km2 (2,001.4 sq mi) |
| Population (2022) | |
| Total | 126,308 |
| Density | 24/km2 (63/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (CAT) |


title: Tsukui District, Kanagawa

abstract: Tsukui District was a district located in the far northwestern corner of Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. From 2007 it merged into the city of Sagamihara. Prior to its merger it consisted of four towns, with a total area of 238.44 square kilometers and a population of 72,871. The district was located in the Tanzawa Mountains.

text:
# Tsukui District, Kanagawa

**Tsukui District** (津久井郡, *Tsukui-gun*) was a district located in the far northwestern corner of Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan.

From 2007 it merged into the city of Sagamihara. Prior to its merger it consisted of four towns (Shiroyama, Tsukui, Sagamiko, Fujino), with a total area of 238.44 square kilometers and a population of 72,871. The district was located in the Tanzawa Mountains.

## History

Tsukui District was regarded as a portion of Aikō District until the Meiji period, although as a regional name, “Tsukui” appears in Kamakura period and Sengoku period documents. During the Edo period, the area was largely *tenryō* territory controlled directly by the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo, although ruled as a patchwork of small fiefs held by various *hatamoto,* except for the brief period from 1663 to 1684, when the entire district was ruled by Sekiyado Domain. A portion of the district was also controlled by Odawara Domain.

After the Meiji restoration, the Shogunal and *hatamoto* holdings became part of the short-lived Nirayama Prefecture, which merged with Kanagawa Prefecture in 1869. The Odawara-ruled portion became part of the equally short-lived Odawara Prefecture, which merged into Ashigaru Prefecture in 1871, and then into Kanagawa Prefecture in 1876.

In 1889, Tsukui District was organized into one town, 21 villages and 2 post stations.

## Towns and villages

Prior to its abolition, Tsukui District consisted of two towns:

## Mergers

### Merger problems

* On February 19, 2006, the current mayor of Shiroyama was recalled for denying to join Sagamiko, Tsukui, and Fujino (scheduled to be merged with Sagamihara in the future) to merged into Sagamihara. **Tsukui District** failed to dissolve as a result of this recall election.
* The official dissolved date of this district was March 11, 2007, when Shiroyama and Fujino were merged into Sagamihara.

1. "総務省｜令和2年版 地方財政白書｜資料編 〔附属資料〕 昭和60年度以降の市町村合併の実績" \[Record of Municipal Mergers Since Showa 60\]. *総務省* (in Japanese). Retrieved 2024-02-28.


abstract: Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, 586 U.S. ___ (2018), was a United States Supreme Court case. It dealt with the designation of 1544 acres of private land in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana as "critical habitat" for the dusky gopher frog by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service under the Endangered Species Act of 1973. In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court vacated the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals decision that upheld the designation and sent the case back for further review.

text:
# Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service

***Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service***, 586 U.S. \___ (2018), was a United States Supreme Court case. It dealt with the designation of 1544 acres of private land in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana as "critical habitat" for the dusky gopher frog by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service under the Endangered Species Act of 1973. In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court vacated the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals decision that upheld the designation and sent the case back for further review.

## Background

The dusky gopher frog is critically endangered due to habitat loss, numbering 135 as of 2015; the frog needs ephemeral ponds for breeding, and is only found around one pond in De Soto National Forest, Mississippi. In 2012, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service designated 1544 acres of land ("Unit 1") situated more than 50 miles from the pond in Mississippi where the frog resides as "critical habitat". The land, owned in part by timber company Weyerhaeuser and with the rest leased to them for harvesting timber, was last known to have the frogs in the 1960s. Under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, land that is not inhabited by a species but is "essential for the conservation of the species" can be classed as "critical habitat".

Unit 1 has five ephemeral ponds, which are of "remarkable quality" according to the Fish and Wildlife Service, but does not have open canopies, another required characteristic for it to be a habitat for the frogs. Weyerhaeuser argued that the land only has one of the required characteristics for being a habitat for the frog and that "Vast portions of the United States could be designated as critical habitat if a single feature used by an endangered species is present". The government, by contrast, said that it is feasible to transform Unit 1 into a habitat for the frogs and that there is no immediate impact of the designation, and cited multiple scientific studies to say that the land was vital for the conservation of the frog. It also argued that since the frog is only found in one area, transplanting the frog to other areas is necessary to prevent the extinction of the frog.

As the designation could cause $33 million in devaluation of the land over 20 years due to implications on possible future development, Weyerhaeuser and the land owner challenged the decision. Pacific Legal Foundation represented Markle Interests, the owner of some of the land that was leased to Weyerhaeuser and whose case was joined to Weyerheuser's before the Supreme Court. The Eastern District Court of Louisiana upheld the designation in 2013, and the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed it 2-1 in 2016, holding that the Fish and Wildlife Service was not arbitrarily designating Unit 1 as "critical habitat", and that while under the Endangered Species Act, the Fish and Wildlife Service "may exclude any area from critical habitat if \[it\] determines that the benefits of such exclusion outweigh the benefits of specifying such area as part of the critical habitat", a decision not to exclude based on economic impact was not subject to judicial review.

## Supreme Court

The Supreme Court agreed to hear the case in January 2018. Oral hearings occurred on October 1, 2018, prior to Justice Brett Kavanaugh's appointment to the Court.

The Court issued its unanimous decision on November 27, 2018, vacating the Appeals Court decision and sending the case back for further review. Chief Justice John Roberts, writing for the Court, instructed that the Court of Appeal must review the case in light of how the terms "habitat" and "critical habitat" are defined by the Endangered Species Act and the nature of how much degree of modification needs to be made to make a habitat a critical habitat, and to review the Service's decision not to exclude Area 1 from its cost and benefits analysis, as such decisions are eligible for judicial review.

## InfoBox

| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| --- | --- |
| Argued October 1, 2018
Decided November 27, 2018 | |
| Full case name | *Weyerhaeuser Company, Petitioner v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, et al.* |
| Docket no. | 17-71 |
| Citations | 586 U.S. \___ (*more*)139 S. Ct. 361; 202 L. Ed. 2d 269 |
| Case history | |
| Prior | *Markle Interests, LLC v. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Serv.*, 40 F. Supp. 3d 744 (E.D. La. 2014); affirmed, 827 F.3d 452 (5th Cir. 2016); rehearing denied, 848 F.3d 635 (5th Cir. 2017); cert. granted, 138 S. Ct. 924 (2018). |
| Questions presented | |
| Whether the Endangered Species Act prohibits designation of private land as unoccupied critical habitat that is neither habitat nor essential to species conservation. Whether an agency decision not to exclude an area from critical habitat because of the economic impact of designation is subject to judicial review. | |
| Holding | |
| An area is eligible for designation as “critical habitat” under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 only if it is habitat for the listed species; and the decision by the secretary of the U.S. Department of the Interior not to exclude an area from critical habitat under 16 U. S. C. §1533(b)(2) is subject to judicial review. | |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice John Roberts  Associate Justices Clarence Thomas **·**  Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Stephen Breyer **·**  Samuel Alito
Sonia Sotomayor **·**  Elena Kagan
Neil Gorsuch **·**  Brett Kavanaugh | |
| Case opinion | |
| Majority | Roberts, joined by Thomas, Ginsburg, Breyer, Alito, Sotomayor, Kagan, Gorsuch |
| Kavanaugh took no part in the consideration or decision of the case. | |


title: Psacadonotus insulanus

abstract: Psacadonotus insulanus is a species of insect in the family Tettigoniidae. It is endemic to Australia. The insects are known to frequently inhabit Nuytsia farms in Western Australia.

text:
# Psacadonotus insulanus

***Psacadonotus insulanus*** is a species of insect in the family Tettigoniidae. It is endemic to Australia. The insects are known to frequently inhabit Nuytsia farms in Western Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Psacadonotus insulanus* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Ensifera |
| Family: | Tettigoniidae |
| Genus: | *Psacadonotus* |
| Species: | ***P. insulanus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Psacadonotus insulanus***
Rentz, 1993 | |
|


title: Vishwaroopam (soundtrack)

abstract: Vishwaroopam is the soundtrack album, composed by the music trio Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy, for the Tamil film of the same name, directed by Kamal Haasan. The album features five tracks, with lyrics penned by Vairamuthu and Kamal Hassan himself. The soundtrack's Hindi version Vishwaroop, has lyrics penned by Javed Akhtar.

text:
# Vishwaroopam (soundtrack)

***Vishwaroopam*** is the soundtrack album, composed by the music trio Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy, for the Tamil film of the same name, directed by Kamal Haasan. The album features five tracks, with lyrics penned by Vairamuthu and Kamal Hassan himself. The soundtrack's Hindi version *Vishwaroop*, has lyrics penned by Javed Akhtar.

## Production

Initially, Yuvan Shankar Raja was rumored to compose the film's musical score since the film was supposed to be directed by director Selvaraghavan, a frequent collaborator of Raja. However, later Kamal was confirmed to direct the film himself and signed in the musical trio Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy to compose music for the trilingual, who had, in their early days, composed music for his trilingual *Aalavandhan*. Lyricist Vairamuthu was confirmed for the Tamil version of the film, after Kamal Haasan had approached him and narrated the entire plot, to which he immediately agreed to work upon. Javed Akhtar has penned lyrics for the Hindi version, while Ramajogayya Shastry has done the lyrics for the dubbed Telugu version.

## Release

The audio was initially expected to release on 7 November 2012, coinciding with Haasan's birthday. The audio launch was planned to be launched simultaneously in Chennai, Coimbatore and Madurai. However, due to Cyclone Nilam, it was postponed. The film's audio rights were sold to Sony Music.

The album was released on 7 December 2012, at Chennai on a grand event at *YMCA Royapettah*, after launching the audio in Madurai and Coimbatore. The first copy of the audio was released by Ilayaraja, who had collaborated with Kamal on his previous productions. The function was attended by various celebrities including Andrea Jeremiah, Pooja Kumar, Bharathiraja, A.R. Murugadoss, K.S. Ravikumar, Vasanth, Suresh Krishna, Prabhu Solomon, Dharani, Gautami, Lingusamy, Jayaram, Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy, Karthik, Karunas, and Prabhu.

## Track list

Tamil
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Singer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Vishwaroopam" | Vairamuthu | Suraj Jagan | 4:22 |
| 2. | "Thuppaki Engal Tholile" | Vairamuthu
English lyrics by *Asif Ali Beg* | Kamal Haasan & Benny Dayal | 4:42 |
| 3. | "Unnai Kaanadhu Naan" | Kamal Haasan | Kamal Haasan & Shankar Mahadevan | 5:35 |
| 4. | "Anu Vidhaiththa Boomiyile" | Kamal Haasan | Kamal Haasan & Nikhil D'Souza | 4:16 |
| 5. | "Vishwaroopam (Remix)" | Vairamuthu | Remixed by Shane Mendonsa | 4:23 |
| Total length: | | | | 23:25 |

Hindi
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Singer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Vishwaroop" | Javed Akhtar | Suraj Jagan | 4:24 |
| 2. | "Jung Hai" | Javed Akhtar
English lyrics by *Asif Ali Beg* | Shankar Mahadevan, Benny Dayal | 4:46 |
| 3. | "Main Radha Tu Shaam" | Javed Akhtar | Kamal Haasan & Shankar Mahadevan | 5:39 |
| 4. | "Koi Kahin" | Javed Akhtar | Kamal Haasan & Nikhil D'Souza | 4:19 |
| 5. | "Vishwaroop (Remix)" | Javed Akhtar | Remixed by Shane Mendonsa | 4:27 |
| Total length: | | | | 23:35 |

Telugu
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Singer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Vishwaroopam" | Ramajogayya Sastry | Suraj Jagan | 4:22 |
| 2. | "Thupakee Thone Jeevitham" | Ramajogayya Sastry
English lyrics by *Asif Ali Beg* | Shankar Mahadevan & Benny Dayal | 4:42 |
| 3. | "Undalaenandhi Naa Kannu" | Ramajogayya Sastry | Kamal Haasan & Shankar Mahadevan | 5:35 |
| 4. | "Anu Vinasa Varshamidhi" | Ramajogayya Sastry | Kamal Haasan & Nikhil D'Souza | 4:16 |
| 5. | "Vishwaroopam (Remix)" | Ramajogayya Sastry | Remixed by Shane Mendonsa | 4:23 |
| Total length: | | | | 23:25 |

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Musicperk |  |
| Music Aloud |  |
| Behindwoods |  |
| Tamil Music Review |  |
| Haihoi |  |
| IndiaGlitz |  |
| Rediff |  |
| Thamarai |  |

The soundtrack was met with positive response from music critics upon release. Musicperk.com noted, "SEL are one of the very few versatile composers around the country and that explains Kamal’s choice for their music. This album would rank as one of the best albums of SEL...The songs are quite ahead of its time & by the passage of time, will get even better recognition.". Music Aloud's review called the album "a must listen" Pavithra Srinivasan of *Rediff* described the album as "a pleasant listening experience" *Behindwoods* said, "\[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy\] bring their A-game to the party and it’s a highly focused effort with absolutely no room for fillers. Seriously good!" *IndiaGlitz* praised the album saying,"\[The\] album draws a fine line between top-notch music and director-friendly music that prioritizes the storyline above everything else". *Thamarai.com* praised the album for its "exquisitely-penned lyrics and brilliant vocal performances". Charulatha Mani describes "Unnai Kaanadhu Naan" as the "piece-de-resistance of raga Jaijaivanti" in Tamil film music.

The soundtrack, within hours of its release, climbed up to #3 in iTunes Chart.

## InfoBox

| Vishwaroopam/ Vishwaroop | |
| --- | --- |
| Hindi album cover | |
| Soundtrack album by Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy | |
| Released | 7 December 2012 (2012-12-07) (Tamil)
28 December 2012 (2012-12-28) (Hindi) |
| Recorded | 2012 |
| Genre | Feature film soundtrack |
| Length | 23:25
23:35 (Hindi) |
| Language | Tamil
Hindi |
| Label | Sony Music India |
| Producer | Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy |
| Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy chronology | |
| *Chittagong*
(2012) ***Vishwaroopam/ Vishwaroop***
(2012) *Bhaag Milkha Bhaag*
(2013) | |


title: Ángel Torres (baseball)

abstract: Ángel Rafael Torres Ruiz, is a former Major League Baseball pitcher who played in 1977 with the Cincinnati Reds. He batted and threw left-handed. Torres had a 0–0 record, with a 2.16 ERA, in five games, in his one-year career. He was signed by the St. Louis Cardinals in 1971 as an amateur free agent. He was traded along with Bill Greif and Sam Mejías from the Cardinals to the Montreal Expos for Tony Scott, Steve Dunning and Pat Scanlon on November 8, 1976. He was then dealt to the Reds early in the 1977 season.

text:
# Ángel Torres (baseball)

**Ángel Rafael Torres Ruiz** (born October 24, 1952), is a former Major League Baseball pitcher who played in 1977 with the Cincinnati Reds. He batted and threw left-handed. Torres had a 0–0 record, with a 2.16 ERA, in five games, in his one-year career. He was signed by the St. Louis Cardinals in 1971 as an amateur free agent. He was traded along with Bill Greif and Sam Mejías from the Cardinals to the Montreal Expos for Tony Scott, Steve Dunning and Pat Scanlon on November 8, 1976. He was then dealt to the Reds early in the 1977 season.

## InfoBox

| Ángel Torres | |
| --- | --- |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:**  (1952-10-24) October 24, 1952<br>La Ciénaga, Dominican Republic | |
| **Batted:** Left**Threw:** Left | |
| MLB debut | |
| September 12, 1977, for the Cincinnati Reds | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| October 2, 1977, for the Cincinnati Reds | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 0–0 |
| Earned run average | 2.16 |
| Strikeouts | 8 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Álvaro Jiménez (Guatemalan footballer)

abstract: Álvaro José Jiménez Soto is a Guatemalan former football defender. He last played for Aurora F.C. in the Guatemalan second division.

text:
# Álvaro Jiménez (Guatemalan footballer)

**Álvaro José Jiménez Soto** (born 24 November 1974) is a Guatemalan former football defender. He last played for Aurora F.C. in the Guatemalan second division.

## Club career

Jiménez had two spells at Guatemalan giants CSD Comunicaciones. He also played for Jalapa and had a short spell at Mictlán.

## International career

Jiménez made his debut for Guatemala in a February 1999 friendly match against Ecuador and has earned a total of 25 caps, scoring no goals. He did, however, score a goal in a non-official match against a Cameroun IX in January 2002. He has never represented his country in a FIFA World Cup qualification match but played at the 2001 and 2003 UNCAF Nations Cups, as well as at the 2002 CONCACAF Gold Cup.

Jiménez's final international was an October 2006 friendly match against Honduras.

## InfoBox

Álvaro Jiménez
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Álvaro José Jiménez Soto | | |
| Date of birth | (1974-11-24) November 24, 1974 | | |
| Place of birth | Antigua Guatemala, Guatemala | | |
| Height | 1.82 m (5 ft 11+12 in) | | |
| Position(s) | defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2000–2004 | CSD Comunicaciones | 25 | (2) |
| 2004–2006 | Jalapa | 72 | (0) |
| 2007 | Deportivo Mictlán | 13 | (0) |
| 2007–2009 | Comunicaciones |  |  |
| 2009–present | Aurora F.C. |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1999–2006 | Guatemala | 25 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 23 July 2010<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 23 July 2010 | | | |


title: Zoo Biology

abstract: Zoo Biology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal "concerned with reproduction, demographics, genetics, behavior, medicine, husbandry, nutrition, conservation and all empirical aspects of the exhibition and maintenance of wild animals in wildlife parks, zoos, and aquariums." It is published by Wiley-Liss. The executive editor is Bethany L. Krebs. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 1.421, ranking it 79th out of 146 journals in the category "Veterinary Sciences" and 91st out of 175 journals in the category "Zoology".

text:
# Zoo Biology

***Zoo Biology*** is a peer-reviewed scientific journal "concerned with reproduction, demographics, genetics, behavior, medicine, husbandry, nutrition, conservation and all empirical aspects of the exhibition and maintenance of wild animals in wildlife parks, zoos, and aquariums." It is published by Wiley-Liss. The executive editor is Bethany L. Krebs (San Francisco Zoological Society).

According to the *Journal Citation Reports*, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 1.421, ranking it 79th out of 146 journals in the category "Veterinary Sciences" and 91st out of 175 journals in the category "Zoology".

## InfoBox

*Zoo Biology*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Discipline | Zoology, veterinary medicine |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Bethany L. Krebs |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1982-present |
| Publisher | Wiley-Liss |
| Frequency | Bimonthly |
| Impact factor | 1.421 (2020) |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Zoo Biol.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| CODEN | ZOBIDX |
| ISSN | 0733-3188 (print)
1098-2361 (web)
 |
| LCCN | 83640984 |
| OCLC no. | 08563882 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Ángel Talamantes Ponce

abstract: Ángel Talamantes Ponce was a Mexican politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party. He served as Municipal President of Aguascalientes from 1972 to 1974.

text:
# Ángel Talamantes Ponce

**Ángel Talamantes Ponce** (born 22 December 1917) was a Mexican politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party. He served as Municipal President of Aguascalientes from 1972 to 1974.

## InfoBox

| Ángel Talamantes Ponce | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Municipal President of Aguascalientes | |
| **In office**
1 January 1972  31 December 1974 | |
| Preceded by | Carlos Macias Arellano |
| Succeeded by | Felipe Reynoso Jiménez |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1917-12-22)22 December 1917
Parral, Chihuahua, Mexico |
| Political party | Institutional Revolutionary |
| Parent(s) | Gustavo L. Talamantes
Carmen Ponce |
| Education | National Autonomous University of Mexico |
|  | |


title: Édouard Belin

abstract: Édouard Belin was a French photographer and inventor. In 1907 Belin invented a phototelegraphic apparatus called the Bélinographe (télestéréographe)—a system for receiving photographs over telephone wires via telegraphic networks. Belin's invention had been used for journalistic photos since 1914, and the process was improved by 1921 to enable transmission of images by radio waves. From 1926, Belin worked on a television apparatus. In 1926, with Holweg, he tested the capacity for the eye to perceive pictures proposed at a very high speed, using a mirror drum. Belin was born in Vesoul, Haute-Saône, France, and died, aged 86, in Territet, Canton of Vaud, Switzerland.

text:
# Édouard Belin

**Édouard Belin** (5 March 1876 – 4 March 1963) was a French photographer and inventor. In 1907 Belin invented a phototelegraphic apparatus called the Bélinographe (télestéréographe)—a system for receiving photographs over telephone wires via telegraphic networks.

Belin's invention had been used for journalistic photos since 1914, and the process was improved by 1921 to enable transmission of images by radio waves.

From 1926, Belin worked on a television apparatus. In 1926, with Holweg, he tested the capacity for the eye to perceive pictures proposed at a very high speed, using a mirror drum.

Belin was born in Vesoul, Haute-Saône, France, and died, aged 86, in Territet, Canton of Vaud, Switzerland.

## Bélinographe

In this apparatus, the transmitter traverses the original image point by point. At each point a measurement of light intensity is made with an electric eye. The measurement is conveyed to the receiver. There, a variable intensity light source reproduces the light measured by the electric eye, while carrying out same displacements exactly. By doing this, it exposes the photographic paper and makes it possible to obtain a copy of the original image.

Other scientists such as Arthur Korn had also been developing technology to transmit images over long distances.

Modern telecopiers and photocopiers use the same principle. With these devices, the source light intensity sensor was replaced by a CMOS sensor. The destination device that makes the photographic impression is based on either light or laser technology.

## Legacy

Belin gave his name to a high school of Vesoul, Haute-Saône, France.


title: Écoles Belges au Maroc

abstract: Écoles Belges au Maroc (EBM) is a Belgian international school network in Morocco. It consists of École Belge de Casablanca, with a primary school location in Tamaris, Dar Bouazza, Nouaceur Province; and a secondary school location in Ouled Azzouz; and the École Belge de Rabat in Rabat. The network serves ages 2 1/2-18 and operates under the authority of the French Community of Belgium, also known as the Federation Wallonia-Brussels (FWB). It is a part of the Association des écoles à programme belge à l'étranger (AEBE).

text:
# Écoles Belges au Maroc

**Écoles Belges au Maroc** (**EBM**) is a Belgian international school network in Morocco. It consists of **École Belge de Casablanca**, with a primary school location in Tamaris, Dar Bouazza, Nouaceur Province; and a secondary school location in Ouled Azzouz; and the **École Belge de Rabat** in Rabat.

The network serves ages 2 1/2-18 and operates under the authority of the French Community of Belgium, also known as the Federation Wallonia-Brussels (FWB). It is a part of the Association des écoles à programme belge à l'étranger (AEBE).

## History

The Casablanca school had 524 students in 2014, when it opened, with its initial campus in Dar Bouazza. Its enrollment was above projections. By 2015 enrollment was up to 528 students, with 22% of the students being Belgian. That year, there were 42 Belgian and 23 Moroccan teachers. The new secondary campus for the Casablanca school was scheduled to open in 2017.

The Rabat campus was scheduled to open in 2018. Groundbreaking occurred in January 2017. It opened the following year with 250 students.

## Campuses

The Tamaris campus is about 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) from the Morocco Mall.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Ecole Belge de Casablanca | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
|  | |
| Tamaris, Morocco | |
| Coordinates | 33°32′26″N 7°46′25″W / 33.5405°N 7.7736°W / 33.5405; -7.7736 |


abstract:
The École Supérieure Internationale de Bruxelles (ÉSIB), is a private European institution of higher education, and an educational branch of the Fundación Dharma. It was constituted by Royal Decree 6/CH/15.372, published in the Moniteur Belge 13/09/06. ÉSIB offers educational courses leading to Certificates, Diplomas and Degrees up to Doctorate levels like a university affiliated with the University of Panama International University-Universidad Internacional Euroamericana (UIE). ÉSIB is part of the educational project of the Spanish organization Fundación Dharma, accredited under the Ministry of Education and Social Politics registration number 03-0070, Ministerial decree of December 30, 2002, and a member of the Spanish Agency of International Cooperation of the Foreign Office and Cooperation, registered center of Social Services in the Department of Welfare, Regional Government. Fundación Dharma is a member of the Consejo Iberoamericano that has received the International prize for Educational Excellence and the French Humanitarian Work Gold Medal, International Prize of Human Rights. The Fundación Dharma along with their international subsidiary, Dharma College University Foundation, manages and directs the programs of the ESIB and the UIE. These three institutions are the educational division of the Foundation. International University - International University Euroamericana is an institution online and onsite private higher education in Panama, founded on 27 March 2000 and accredited and approved officially in the Republic of Panama through Executive Decree No. 225 of 29 May 2003, signed by the President of the Republic and the Minister of Education and its qualifications are recognized by the Panamanian State and all States signatories to the Convenio Andres Bello, including: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Uruguay, Venezuela, and the United States and Spain as observers. Moreover, being a university officially created and overseen by the Panamanian State Titles are also recognized by the International Business by UNESCO and the governments and the best universities in America, Europe and Asia.
Institutions of the Fundación Dharma International Education Network are Accredited by the Organization of American States in a letter signed by the Chairman of the Permanent Council
Fundación Dharma an educational institution with headquarters in Spain, is an associate of the Cátedra UNESCO Education for Peace and International Comprehension, an educational initiative of the Latin American Council, and member of the European Association for International Education EAIE. The Fundación Dharma is integrated in India with FFLV working in 11 countries, and supports a center of 1200 students, with a new university upper school in India. The Fundación Dharma seeks to develop the first free online university for students with scarce economic resources. The ÉSIB’ headquarters for Europe and installations are located in Monòver, Spain. University courses and vocational training for the financially less fortunate are offered. ÉSIB and UIE, as educational projects of the Fundación Dharma, seek funds to financially assist students and scholars of India, Spain, Panama and other countries of Spanish America. Scholarships are offered to further educational advancement at universities in Spain, the Columbus University and other associated countries, and official representative for Spain of the Cátedra UNESCO. ÉSIB represents a unique educational initiative which, provides an educational hope for thousands of students everywhere.

text:
# École supérieure internationale de Bruxelles

The **École Supérieure Internationale de Bruxelles** (ÉSIB), is a private European institution of higher education, and an educational branch of the Fundación Dharma. It was constituted by Royal Decree 6/CH/15.372, published in the Moniteur Belge 13/09/06. ÉSIB offers educational courses leading to Certificates, Diplomas and Degrees up to Doctorate levels like a university affiliated with the University of Panama International University-Universidad Internacional Euroamericana (UIE).

ÉSIB is part of the educational project of the Spanish organization Fundación Dharma, accredited under the Ministry of Education and Social Politics registration number 03-0070, Ministerial decree of December 30, 2002, and a member of the Spanish Agency of International Cooperation of the Foreign Office and Cooperation, registered center of Social Services in the Department of Welfare, Regional Government (Generalitat Valenciana).

Fundación Dharma is a member of the Consejo Iberoamericano that has received the International prize for Educational Excellence and the French Humanitarian Work Gold Medal, International Prize of Human Rights. The Fundación Dharma along with their international subsidiary, Dharma College University Foundation, manages and directs the programs of the ESIB and the UIE. These three institutions are the educational division of the Foundation. International University - International University Euroamericana is an institution online and onsite private higher education in Panama, founded on 27 March 2000 and accredited and approved officially in the Republic of Panama through Executive Decree No. 225 of 29 May 2003, signed by the President of the Republic and the Minister of Education and its qualifications are recognized by the Panamanian State and all States signatories to the Convenio Andres Bello (23 countries in Latin), including: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Uruguay, Venezuela, and the United States and Spain as observers . Moreover, being a university officially created and overseen by the Panamanian State Titles are also recognized by the International Business by UNESCO and the governments and the best universities in America, Europe and Asia. Institutions of the Fundación Dharma International Education Network are Accredited by the Organization of American States in a letter signed by the Chairman of the Permanent Council Fundación Dharma an educational institution with headquarters in Spain, is an associate of the Cátedra UNESCO Education for Peace and International Comprehension, an educational initiative of the Latin American Council, and member of the European Association for International Education EAIE.

The Fundación Dharma is integrated in India with FFLV working in 11 countries, and supports a center of 1200 students, with a new university upper school in India. The Fundación Dharma seeks to develop the first free online university for students with scarce economic resources.

The ÉSIB’ headquarters for Europe and installations are located in Monòver, Spain. University courses and vocational training for the financially less fortunate are offered.

ÉSIB and UIE, as educational projects of the Fundación Dharma, seek funds to financially assist students and scholars of India, Spain, Panama and other countries of Spanish America. Scholarships are offered to further educational advancement at universities in Spain, the Columbus University and other associated countries, and official representative for Spain of the Cátedra UNESCO.

ÉSIB represents a unique educational initiative which, provides an educational hope for thousands of students everywhere.


title: Éric Laurent (journalist)

abstract: Éric Laurent is a French journalist who is best known for his work on the finance and geopolitics of the oil business, and for his work on Morocco and its government. According to Edwin McDowell, writing in the "Book Notes" column of The New York Times, Pierre Salinger and Éric Laurent's 1991 book Secret Dossier: The Hidden Agenda Behind the Gulf War, was "already a bestseller in France" at the time, and that the book "contends that the United States Government helped undercut efforts by King Hussein of Jordan to find a nonmilitary solution after President Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait. It also claims to show how war could have been avoided." According to Aurelian Breeden, writing for The New York Times, Laurent has "established a reputation" as a "fierce critic" of the Moroccan leadership. He was arrested in August 2015 for allegedly accepting a bribe to not publish books about the Moroccan leadership ever again. Both authors "do not deny that a financial transaction took place", but that it was either "a trap" or "a private transaction." On March 15, 2023, Éric Laurent and Catherine Graciet, were sentenced in Paris to a one-year suspended prison sentence and a fine of 10,000 euros.

text:
# Éric Laurent (journalist)

**Éric Laurent** (born 1947) is a French journalist who is best known for his work on the finance and geopolitics of the oil business, and for his work on Morocco and its government.

According to Edwin McDowell, writing in the "Book Notes" column of *The New York Times*, Pierre Salinger and Éric Laurent's 1991 book *Secret Dossier: The Hidden Agenda Behind the Gulf War*, was "already a bestseller in France" at the time, and that the book "contends that the United States Government helped undercut efforts by King Hussein of Jordan to find a nonmilitary solution after President Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait. It also claims to show how war could have been avoided."

According to Aurelian Breeden, writing for *The New York Times*, Laurent has "established a reputation" as a "fierce critic" of the Moroccan leadership. He was arrested in August 2015 (along with co-author Catherine Graciet) for allegedly accepting a bribe to not publish books about the Moroccan leadership ever again. Both authors "do not deny that a financial transaction took place", but that it was either "a trap" or "a private transaction."

On March 15, 2023, Éric Laurent and Catherine Graciet, were sentenced in Paris to a one-year suspended prison sentence and a fine of 10,000 euros.

## Books

* *Secret Dossier; The Hidden Agenda Behind the Gulf War*, 1991, with Pierre Salinger
* *Hassan II: la memoire d'un roi: Entretiens avec Eric Laurent* 1993
* *Bush's Secret World: Religion, Big Business and Hidden Networks*, 2004
* *La face cachée du 11 Septembre*, 2004
* *Le roi prédateur*, 2012, with Catherine Graciet


title: Ælfgar of Selwood

abstract: Ælfgar (Algar), according to 16th-century antiquarian John Leland, was a saint venerated at a chapel in the forest of Selwood, three miles from Mells, Somerset. Leland wrote that at the chapel "be buryed the bones of S. Algar, of late tymes superstitiously soute of by the folische commune people". There is no other surviving information on the saint, and it is presumed he was an Anglo-Saxon hermit.

text:
# Ælfgar of Selwood

**Ælfgar** (*Algar*), according to 16th-century antiquarian John Leland, was a saint venerated at a chapel in the forest of Selwood, three miles from Mells (near Frome), Somerset. Leland wrote that at the chapel "be buryed the bones of S. Algar, of late tymes superstitiously soute of by the folische commune people". There is no other surviving information on the saint, and it is presumed he was an Anglo-Saxon hermit.

* Blair, John (2002), "A Handlist of Anglo-Saxon Saints", in Thacker, Alan; Sharpe, Richard (eds.), *Local Saints and Local Churches in the Early Medieval West*, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 495–565, ISBN 0-19-820394-2


title: Ælfgifu of Exeter

abstract: Ælfgifu of Exeter was an Anglo-Saxon saint, whose relics were held by Exeter Cathedral. She is mentioned in the Old English Exeter relic-list as "the holy servant of Christ... who would daily perform her confession before she went into church". It is possible that she is the 10th-century royal abbess, Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury wife of Edmund I, but it is "more likely" according to historian John Blair that she was not.

text:
# Ælfgifu of Exeter

**Ælfgifu of Exeter** was an Anglo-Saxon saint, whose relics were held by Exeter Cathedral. She is mentioned in the Old English Exeter relic-list as "the holy servant of Christ ... who would daily perform her confession before she went into church". It is possible that she is the 10th-century royal abbess, Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury wife of Edmund I (as one 12th-century writer believed), but it is "more likely" according to historian John Blair that she was not.

* Blair, John (2002), "A Handlist of Anglo-Saxon Saints", in Thacker, Alan; Sharpe, Richard (eds.), *Local Saints and Local Churches in the Early Medieval West*, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 495–565, ISBN 0-19-820394-2


title: Ælfheah the Bald

abstract: Ælfheah the Bald is the commonly used name for Ælfheah, the first English Bishop of Winchester of that name. He is sometimes known as Alphege, an older translation of his Old English name.

text:
# Ælfheah the Bald

**Ælfheah the Bald** is the commonly used name for **Ælfheah** (died 12 March 951), the first English Bishop of Winchester of that name. He is sometimes known as **Alphege**, an older translation of his Old English name.

## Life

Ælfheah began his career as a monk and was made Bishop of Winchester in 934 or 935 . He was a relative of Dunstan, and took the young man into his service, and later ordained him priest. Ælfheah was an early mover towards the monastic reforms of the next generation and was tutor of Aethelwold. He died on 12 March 951 and was buried in Old Minster in Winchester. He was subsequently revered as a saint. Following the Norman conquest, Archbishop Lanfranc downgraded a number of Anglo-Saxon saints, including Ælfheah, to bring the liturgical calendar more in line with that of Bec. However, under Anselm's influence, he was subsequently reinstated.

## Citations

* Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). *Handbook of British Chronology* (Third revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.
* Walsh, Michael *A New Dictionary of Saints: East and West* London: Burns & Oates 2007 ISBN 0-86012-438-X

## InfoBox

| Ælfheah the Bald | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Winchester | |
| Appointed | 934 or 935 |
| Term ended | 12 March 951 |
| Predecessor | Byrnstan |
| Successor | Ælfsige I |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 934 or 935 |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Ælfheah |
| Died | 12 March 951 |
| Buried | Old Minster in Winchester |
| Denomination | Christian |
| Sainthood | |
| Feast day | 12 March |