title: Politics of Harry Potter

abstract: There are many published theories about the politics of the Harry Potter novels by J. K. Rowling, which range from them containing criticism of racism to anti-government sentiment. The books have been argued to contain both liberal and conservative themes and viewpoints. According to Inside Higher Ed, doctoral theses have been devoted to the Harry Potter books. There are also several university courses centred on analysis of the Potter series, including an upper division political science course. Time magazine noted the political and social aspects of Harry Potter in their 2007 Person of the Year issue, where Rowling placed third behind politicians Vladimir Putin and Al Gore. Harry Potter's potential social and political impact was called similar to the 19th-century phenomenon of Harriet Beecher Stowe's popular, but critically maligned, book, Uncle Tom's Cabin, which fuelled the abolitionist movement leading up to the American Civil War. When asked about the politics and message in Harry Potter, Rowling explained, "I wanted Harry to leave our world and find exactly the same problems in the wizarding world. So you have the intent to impose a hierarchy, you have bigotry, and this notion of purity, which is this great fallacy, but it crops up all over the world. People like to think themselves superior and that if they can pride themselves in nothing else they can pride themselves on perceived purity. [...] It wasn't really exclusively that. I think you can see in the Ministry even before it's taken over, there are parallels to regimes we all know and love." She also said, "You should question authority and you should not assume that the establishment or the press tells you all of the truth." The Wall Street Journal compared Neville Chamberlain to Rowling's Cornelius Fudge, saying both were eager to help their constituents look the other way to avoid war. "Throughout the '30s, Chamberlain, fearing that Churchill was out for his job, conducted a campaign against his fellow Tory. Chamberlain tried evading war with Germany, and ridiculed Churchill as a 'warmonger'. He used The Times—the government's house organ—to attack Churchill and suppress dispatches from abroad about the Nazis that would have vindicated him." Rowling confirmed Chamberlain was her inspiration in the Spanish newspaper magazine XLSemanal. Rowling also told the Dutch newspaper de Volkskrant that Voldemort was modeled on Hitler and Stalin, as a megalomaniac and paranoid figure, and that she was influenced by the Second World War, which is "anchored in all our minds". Discussing Draco Malfoy, she claimed, "Draco Malfoy does indeed stand for that type of boy. He wouldn't have killed Dumbledore, he couldn't. As long as things are imaginary, okay, but once it becomes reality, the thing becomes more difficult." She also stated, "No, that I gave him that light blonde hair is not because I wanted to make him into a scary Nazi. You give your characters the appearance that you find attractive; that is why I gave my hero dark hair, green eyes and glasses. I'm married to a man who looks like that."

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# Politics of Harry Potter

There are many published theories about the politics of the *Harry Potter* novels by J. K. Rowling, which range from them containing criticism of racism to anti-government sentiment. The books have been argued to contain both liberal and conservative themes and viewpoints. According to *Inside Higher Ed*, doctoral theses have been devoted to the *Harry Potter* books. There are also several university courses centred on analysis of the *Potter* series, including an upper division political science course.

*Time* magazine noted the political and social aspects of *Harry Potter* in their 2007 Person of the Year issue, where Rowling placed third behind politicians Vladimir Putin and Al Gore. *Harry Potter*'s potential social and political impact was called similar to the 19th-century phenomenon of Harriet Beecher Stowe's popular, but critically maligned, book, *Uncle Tom's Cabin*, which fuelled the abolitionist movement leading up to the American Civil War.

When asked about the politics and message in *Harry Potter*, Rowling explained, "I wanted Harry to leave our world and find exactly the same problems in the wizarding world. So you have the intent to impose a hierarchy, you have bigotry, and this notion of purity, which is this great fallacy, but it crops up all over the world. People like to think themselves superior and that if they can pride themselves in nothing else they can pride themselves on perceived purity. \[...\] It wasn't really exclusively that. I think you can see in the Ministry even before it's taken over, there are parallels to regimes we all know and love." She also said, "You should question authority and you should not assume that the establishment or the press tells you all of the truth."

The *Wall Street Journal* compared Neville Chamberlain to Rowling's Cornelius Fudge, saying both were eager to help their constituents look the other way to avoid war. "Throughout the '30s, Chamberlain, fearing that Churchill was out for his job, conducted a campaign against his fellow Tory. Chamberlain tried evading war with Germany, and ridiculed Churchill as a 'warmonger'. He used *The Times*—the government's house organ—to attack Churchill and suppress dispatches from abroad about the Nazis that would have vindicated him." Rowling confirmed Chamberlain was her inspiration in the Spanish newspaper magazine *XLSemanal*.

Rowling also told the Dutch newspaper *de Volkskrant* that Voldemort was modeled on Hitler and Stalin, as a megalomaniac and paranoid figure, and that she was influenced by the Second World War, which is "anchored in all our minds". Discussing Draco Malfoy, she claimed, "Draco Malfoy does indeed stand for that type of boy. He wouldn't have killed Dumbledore, he couldn't. As long as things are imaginary, okay, but once it becomes reality, the thing becomes more difficult." She also stated, "No, that I gave him that light blonde hair is not because I wanted to make him into a scary Nazi. You give your characters the appearance that you find attractive; that is why I gave my hero dark hair, green eyes and glasses. I'm married to a man who looks like that."

## Education versus indoctrination

*Entertainment Weekly* noted that the post-9/11 generation's "ideas about war, about leadership, about the dangers of consolidation of power and of dictatorship, about the importance of dissent, and about heroism and sacrifice, have been shaped at least in part by Rowling," and that their concept of freedom of speech has been influenced by Rowling's weathering of her books' everyday challenges.

Bill O'Reilly joined in the political fray over Harry Potter character Albus Dumbledore's outing by asking if it was part of a "gay agenda" to indoctrinate children. He called J. K. Rowling a provocateur for telling fans about Dumbledore's sexuality after the books were written. His guest, *Entertainment Weekly* Senior Editor Tina Jordan, called his "indoctrination" claims "a shallow argument", saying "indoctrination is a very strong word" because "we all know gay people, whether we know it or not." O'Reilly continued the following day, saying that the real problem was that Rowling was teaching "tolerance" and "parity for homosexuals with heterosexuals". His guest, Dennis Miller, said that tolerance was good and didn't think you could indoctrinate a child into being gay.

Zenit, a news agency dedicated to promoting the message of the Catholic Church, accused Rowling of betraying her readers by disclosing Dumbledore's sexuality and said that Rowling was the wealthiest woman in Britain thanks to the lack of political, social, or moral propaganda in her books. An op-ed said that one parent's perception of indoctrination was another's education, countering charges that Rowling promoted homosexuality in her books. Discussing the controversy, Rowling told the BBC that "Christian fundamentalists were never my base" and thought it ridiculous to question if a gay person could be a moral compass in the 21st century.

Discussing the values and morality of her characters Draco and Dudley, Rowling explained that both were indoctrinated with their parent's beliefs. "The moment Draco got what he thought he wanted, to become a Death Eater, and given a mission by Lord Voldemort, as he did in *Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince,* reality finally hit him," Rowling said, because his dream was "so very different". She said that there was a real moral cowardice to Draco, but that he was not wholly bad.

## Racism and totalitarianism

Timothy Snyder in his book *On Tyranny* recommends reading *The Deathly Hallows* for its anti-totalitarianism in addition to classics from authors like George Orwell.

Analysts note the criticism of racism in J. K. Rowling's texts. When asked about the theme of racism and if her books have changed how people think, Rowling said, "I do not think I am pessimistic but I think I am realistic about how much you can change deeply entrenched prejudice, so my feeling would be that if someone were a committed racist, possibly *Harry Potter* is not going to have an effect."

When asked in a post-*Deathly Hallows* webchat about Hermione's future, Rowling said, "Hermione began her post-Hogwarts career at the Department for the Regulation and Control of Magical Creatures where she was instrumental in greatly improving life for house-elves and their ilk. She then moved to the Department of Magical Law Enforcement where she was a progressive voice who ensured the eradication of oppressive, pro-pureblood laws."

After the publication of *Deathly Hallows*, Rowling responded to queries about metaphors in the books for ethnic cleansing: "Well, it is a political metaphor. But... I didn't sit down and think, 'I want to recreate Nazi Germany', in the—in the wizarding world. Because—although there are—quite consciously overtones of Nazi Germany, there are also associations with other political situations. So I can't really single one out." Rowling also compared her character Voldemort to paranoid megalomaniacs like Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin.

In her 2007 book tour Rowling further discussed the topic, stating "It wasn't really exclusively that. I think you can see in the Ministry even before it's taken over, there are parallels to regimes we all know and love." She prefaced the remark, saying "People like to think themselves superior and that if they can pride themselves in nothing else they can pride themselves on perceived purity."

Rowling stated on her website that the *Harry Potter* phrases 'pure-blood', 'half-blood' and 'Muggle-born' compared to "some of the real charts the Nazis used to show what constituted 'Aryan' or 'Jewish' blood. I saw one in the Holocaust Museum in Washington when I had already devised the 'pure-blood', 'half-blood' and 'Muggle-born' definitions, and was chilled to notice the similarity."

Christopher Hitchens noted in *The New York Times* that the lightning bolt—the shape of the scar which Harry received as a result of Voldemort's curse, now considered to be emblematic of the series—is also the symbol of Sir Oswald Mosley's British Union of Fascists, a prominent group of Nazi sympathisers during the 1930s and 1940s. The Nazis themselves, in their SS, made use of the symbol too. In the same article, Hitchens noted that "\[t\]he prejudice against bank-monopoly goblins is modeled more or less on anti-Semitism and the foul treatment of elves is meant to put us in mind of slavery". In an article in the magazine *Moment*, Stephen Richer wrote, "Perhaps the goblin character has its origins in anti-Semitism, but Rowling can hardly be convicted of unjust commentary for using a now-familiar Western literary character."

J. K. Rowling mentions in an article that Mosley was married to Diana Mitford, sister of her heroine, Jessica Mitford. Jessica, after whom Rowling named her daughter, never forgave Diana's Nazi sympathies. Oswald and Diana married in 1936, in the Berlin home of Nazi chief Joseph Goebbels with Adolf Hitler as a guest. J. K. Rowling also noted that Mitford's other sister Unity, to whom Jessica was closest in youth, became an arch-fascist and favourite of Adolf Hitler's.

Jessica's story may have thus inspired a part of Harry's story: Narcissa Black (analogue to Diana Mosley) married a Death Eater, Lucius Malfoy (Oswald Mosley). Her sister, Bellatrix (Unity Mitford), was herself a Death Eater, and a favourite of Lord Voldemort (Adolf Hitler). Andromeda (Jessica Mitford) married the Muggle-born Ted Tonks against her family's wishes (as Jessica eloped with her cousin Esmond Romilly) and was blasted out of the family-tree tapestry. These parallels were noted in *People's World*.

In an act commemorating the Holocaust, actor Daniel Radcliffe, whose mother is Jewish, donated his first pair of Harry Potter glasses to an art exhibition inspired by a famous World War II photo of a mangled mountain of spectacles of victims of ethnic cleansing. Radcliffe's *Potter* co-star Jason Isaacs, who played Lucius Malfoy in the films, himself a Jewish Briton, was due to participate in the commemorations on National Holocaust Memorial Day, leading a service at Liverpool's Philharmonic Hall.

Aviva Chomsky (daughter of Noam Chomsky) in *The Providence Journal* suggests that *Harry Potter* is a parable on immigration rights, noting that US "immigration, citizenship and naturalization laws are based explicitly on discrimination on the basis of national origin. Where you were born, and what passport you carry, determine whether you have the right to come here, to visit, to work, or to live here."

## Evils of war

On the *Harry Potter* series, Rowling said on her United States book tour in October 2007, "I very consciously wanted to show what is one of the great evils of war, which is that totally innocent people are slaughtered... Another great evil of war is that children lose their families."

## Progressive values and diversity

*Time* magazine said in 2005, "Rowling adapts an inherently conservative genre for her own progressive purposes. Her Hogwarts is secular and sexual and multicultural and multiracial and even sort of multimedia, with all those talking ghosts." To mark the French publication of *Deathly Hallows*, prominent French center-left paper *Liberation* devoted the front cover and two more pages to answering the question "Why Harry Potter is of the Left".

In 2007, responding to a question from a child about Albus Dumbledore's love life, Rowling revealed, "I always saw Dumbledore as gay." Filling in a few more details, she said, "Dumbledore fell in love with Grindelwald.... Don't forget, falling in love can blind us. \[He\] was very drawn to this brilliant person. This was Dumbledore's tragedy."

Melissa Anelli, webmaster of the fan site The Leaky Cauldron, told The Associated Press, "Jo Rowling calling any Harry Potter character gay would make wonderful strides in tolerance toward homosexuality.... By dubbing someone so respected, so talented and so kind, as someone who just happens to be also homosexual, she's reinforcing the idea that a person's gayness is not something of which they should be ashamed." Of the ensuing controversy, Rowling said, "I know that it was a positive thing that I said it, for at least one person, because one man 'came out' at Carnegie Hall." *Entertainment Weekly*'s Mark Harris said "her choice to make a beloved professor-mentor gay in a world where gay teachers are still routinely slandered as malign influences was, I am certain, no accident." Harris also says that there is a drastic underrepresentation of gays in the population, and it is a failure of decency and nerve on the entertainment industry— "including the tremendous number of gay producers, writers, and executives who sacrifice their convictions so they don't look too *strident* or *political.*"

Think Progress, a progressive news site, reported on several conservative blogs that said that Rowling's revelation about Dumbledore vindicates Jerry Falwell's attacks on homosexuality in children's media that were lambasted by the mass media. "What's stopping her from saying that \[Harry's friend\] Neville grows up to be a paedophile?" said David Baggett, an associate philosophy professor at Falwell's Liberty University's School of Religion. Baggett, who coauthored the book *Harry Potter and Philosophy: If Aristotle Ran Hogwarts*, says he was taken aback not only by Rowling's announcement, but by the fact that it came on the heels of her confirming many Potter fans' belief that the series had Christian themes.

*Slate Magazine* quotes an attendee of the book talk who said, "It was clear that JKR didn't plan to out Dumbledore. She just cares about being true to her readers." Mike Thomas of the *Orlando Sentinel* said that upon reflection, Dumbledore was gay from the beginning, and that this neatly explains the behaviour of his character and his relationship with Grindelwald. Thomas notes the skill Rowling displays in writing a gay character without having to put a gay label on him.

According to Reuters, Rowling was surprised over the fuss and declined to say whether her "outing" of Dumbledore might alienate those who disapprove of homosexuality. "It has certainly never been news to me that a brave and brilliant man could love other men. He is my character. He is what he is and I have the right to say what I say about him," she said. Reaction has been mainly supportive on fans' websites, such as The Leaky Cauldron and MuggleNet.

Actor David Thewlis (Remus Lupin) said that he was surprised about Dumbledore's sexuality, because while he was filming *Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban* director Alfonso Cuarón had the idea that "Lupin was gay, and he described my character like a 'gay junkie'."

Catholic fantasy author Regina Doman wrote an essay titled "In Defense of Dumbledore", in which she argued that the books actually support Catholic teaching on homosexuality because Dumbledore's relationship with the dark wizard Grindelwald leads to obviously terrible results, as he becomes interested in dark magic himself, neglects his responsibilities towards his younger sister and ultimately causes her death.

The South Florida *Sun-Sentinel*'s book reviewer Chauncey Mabe says that it was wrong for Rowling to disclose Dumbledore's sexual orientation. Mabe was clear that this was not due to Dumbledore's being gay, but to his own objections to authors continuing to talk about their books after they are written. He called for Rowling to "please be quiet, please" in "public gatherings", which is contrary to the massive popularity of Rowling's book talks and her fans' thirst for more information about characters in the Harry Potter books. Mabe notes that 1,000 children attended the "reading" before they were given autographed books. Robin Berkowitz, *Sun-Sentinel* Entertainment Editor says of Rowling's comments, and other revelations she might make about her characters "We don't need to know any of them to appreciate the books fully," "Don't ask, don't spell" a reference to the U.S. military's former policy on homosexuality, Don't ask, don't tell. These sentiments are mirrored by Jeffrey Weiss in his article, "Harry Potter and the author who wouldn't shut up", published in the *Dallas Morning News*.

The *Washington Post*'s Michael Gerson says "tolerance is one of the main themes of the Harry Potter books. In a marvelous social comparison, lycanthropy is treated as a kind of chronic disease, with werewolves subject to discrimination as if they had AIDS."

## Social activism

According to Philip Nel of Kansas State University, the Potter series can be seen as "political novels that critique racism and racial superiority. Rowling, who worked for Amnesty International, evokes her social activism through Hermione's passion for oppressed elves and the formation of her "Society for the Promotion of Elfish Welfare." Dobby the house elf has been compared to the labour lawyer Dobby Walker who introduced Rowling's heroine, Jessica Mitford, to the Communist Party. Hermione is depicted as starting a campaign to emancipate the enslaved House elves, using the methods of real-world campaigns on social and political issues such as badges with slogans. She persists in this campaigning also when it is considered quixotic even by her close friends and not much appreciated even by most of the House elves themselves. But in *Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows*, the campaign turns out to have had enormous unforeseen results, with House elves joining the struggle and making several indispensable contributions to Voldemort's final defeat, including saving the main protagonists' lives.

## Subversive and anarchistic message

Gerson of the *Washington Post* also described what he considered to be the very subversive nature of the Harry Potter books in the answer they offer to death. Voldemort believes that death must be mastered and "beaten". In contrast, Harry accepts the necessity of his own death for the sake of love. Gerson also suggests that some will ask the book series about tolerance also be a book series about religion. He answers that many others "believe – not in spite of their faith but because of it – that half-bloods, werewolves and others should be treated with kindness and fairness. Above all, believers are called to love, even at the highest cost."

In a 1999 interview with Rowling, *The Guardian Unlimited*'s Joanna Carey said, "JK Rowling is every bit as witty and subversive as you'd expect. Rowling described her admiration of Jessica Mitford since age 14, her time at Exeter University "not quite the chance to be the 'radical' I planned", and said the later books dealing with Harry's hormones, and deaths would be unlike other children's series like the Famous Five. When Carey suggested a parallel between Harry Potter and Prince Harry, Rowling laughed it off, saying that a friend warned her to "never let the press make you discuss the royal family."

James Morone wrote in the *American Prospect* in 2001, "Magical headmaster Albus Dumbledore practically awards bonus points for breaking rules. Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry is unruly, even slightly anarchic. Harry's classmate Hermione 'had become a bit more relaxed about breaking the rules,' writes Rowling near the end of *Philosopher's Stone*, 'and she was much nicer for it.' There's more than a touch of anarchy when all the students sing to their own tune. In her books, the kids are the central agents of their own lives. They make choices. Weigh judgments. Wrestle with freedom."

Isabelle Smadja of *Le Monde* wrote that Harry Potter is the first fictional hero of the anti-globalist, anti-capitalist, pro-Third World, "Seattle" generation. She wrote that "Examination of the text suggests that they are, in fact, a ferocious critique of consumer society and the world of free enterprise."

## Conservative objections to liberal and socialist values

The right-wing U.S. John Birch Society has objected to Rowling's books and her public statements. In his article for the John Birch Society's magazine *The New American*, Constitution Party Communications Director Steve Bonta compared *Harry Potter* negatively to *The Lord of the Rings*, saying, "The Potter books read in places like diatribes against the modern middle class, especially whenever Harry confronts his ludicrously dysfunctional and downright abusive adopted family, the Dursleys."

## Accusations of conservative and sexist themes

The critic Anthony Holden wrote in *The Observer* on his experience of judging *Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban* for the 1999 Whitbread Awards. His overall view of the series was negative—"the Potter saga was essentially patronising, very conservative, highly derivative, dispiritingly nostalgic for a bygone Britain." A review in *The Guardian* echoed this interpretation and stated that "despite all of the books' gestures to multiculturalism and gender equality, Harry Potter is a conservative; a paternalistic, One-Nation Tory, perhaps, but a Tory nonetheless." Salon.com critic Christine Schoefer has also criticised the books as sexist, claiming that the series presents a patriarchal world filled with stereotypes and adherence to "the conventional assumption that men do and should run the world".

When an interviewer suggested her books portrayed a conservative world, Rowling replied, "So I'm told repeatedly. The two groups of people who are constantly thanking me are Wiccans and boarding schools. And really, don't thank me. I'm not with either of them. New ageism leaves me completely cold, and \[my daughter\] would never go to boarding school. I went to a comprehensive."

Rowling says she gets frustrated with the "conservative world thing". She made Hogwarts a boarding school so that action could happen in the middle of the night and to create a sense of community among the characters. Harry also reflects the modern world, she argues, in that he is mixed racehis father being pure-blood, his mother being Muggle-born. She also says her feminist conscience is saved by Hermione, "who's the brightest character" and is a "very strong female character".

## Neoliberal and capitalist values

Literary scholar Ilias Yocaris argued that *Harry Potter* "probably unintentionally ... appears as a summary of the social and educational aims of neoliberal capitalism." According to Yocaris' analysis, all life at Hogwarts is dominated by a culture of competition: "competition among students to be prefect; competition among Hogwarts houses to gain points; competition among sorcery schools to win the Triwizard tournament; and, ultimately, the bloody competition between the forces of Good and Evil." The free market plays a prominent and positive role, while the state (the Ministry of Magic) is presented as inefficient and bureaucratic. In this "pitiless jungle", education only aims to "give students an immediately exploitable practical knowledge that can help them in their battle to survive," while artistic subjects and social sciences are useless or absent. Yocaris concludes that "like Orwellian totalitarianism, this capitalism tries to fashion not only the real world, but also the imagination of consumer-citizens," producing literature that suggests that no alternative is possible. Michael Ostling also argued that the series depicts a modern capitalist and consumerist society, where the role of gadgetry is played by magic.

## Class distinctions

*O: The Oprah Magazine* noted that Rowling admires Roddy Doyle and Jane Austen, saying "both of whom write about class distinctions," and asked if the reason Rowling wrote about class was a conscious decision. Rowling replied, "kids are acutely aware of money—before they're aware of class. A kid isn't really going to notice how another kid holds his knife and fork. But a kid will be acutely aware that he doesn't have pocket money. Or that he doesn't have as much pocket money. I think back to myself at 11. Kids can be mean, very mean. So it was there in Ron not having the proper length robes, you know? And not being able to buy stuff on the trolley. He's got to have sandwiches his mum made for him, even though he doesn't like the sandwiches. Having enough money to fit in is an important facet of life—and what is more conformist than a school?"

## Anti-government interpretation

Libertarians Chris Van Landingham and Benjamin Barton see J. K. Rowling's portrayal of the bureaucratised Ministry of Magic and the oppressive measures taken by the Ministry in the later books (like making attendance at Hogwarts School compulsory and the "registration of Mudbloods" with the Ministry) as an allegory criticising the state. Barton says, "Rowling's scathing portrait of government is surprisingly strident and effective. This is partly because her critique works on so many levels: the functions of government, the structure of government, and the bureaucrats who run the show. All three elements work together to depict a Ministry of Magic run by self-interested bureaucrats bent on increasing and protecting their power, often to the detriment of the public at large. In other words, Rowling creates a public-interest scholar's dream—or nightmare—government."

## Characters compared to George Bush, Tony Blair, and Saddam Hussein

*Newsweek* magazine asked Alfonso Cuarón, director of the third film based on Rowling's *Prisoner of Azkaban* if the villainous wizard Voldemort still reminded him of George W. Bush. Cuarón confirmed, "In combination with Saddam. They both have selfish interests and are very much in love with power. Also, a disregard for the environment. A love for manipulating people. I read books four and five, and Fudge is similar to Tony Blair. He's the ultimate politician. He's in denial about many things. And everything is for the sake of his own persona, his own power. The way the Iraq thing was handled was not unlike the way Fudge handled affairs in book four."

Philosopher Jean-Claude Milner claimed "Harry Potter is a war machine against the Thatcherite-Blairist world and the 'American Way of Life'" in France's *Libération*.

*Slate Magazine* also says Rowling takes jabs at the Bush and Blair administrations suggesting the Ministry of Magic's security pamphlet recalls the much-scorned Operation TIPS (Terrorism Information and Prevention System). The author also suggests that Azkaban, the wizard penitentiary, is a stand-in for Guantanamo Bay.

The *People's World* claimed the books draw you "into the politics of the wizarding world—the 'Educational Decrees' from the toad-like Ministry of Magic representative, the high-level connections of 'war criminals' from the last rise of Voldemort, the predjudice \[*sic*\] against 'mudbloods' and 'half-breeds.'" They suggest connections "to the world we live in, to the similarities and differences between the Fudge administration and the Bush administration".

Rowling has never confirmed these interpretations in *Harry Potter*; however, when the then Chancellor Gordon Brown once asked her to endorse the Labour Party while Tony Blair was Prime Minister, Rowling refused. Rowling attacked the Blair government's policy on single parent families. She said that Labour could do "a good deal more" and then donated £500,000 to the One Parent Families charity to set an example. Rowling said that Brown's measures for children 'would have made a real difference to my family's life' when she was poor. Rowling donated £1 million to the Labour Party during the 2010 general election.

## Education reform in *The Order of the Phoenix*

*The Scotsman* cites "Delighted teachers who have hailed *Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix* as a blistering satire on years of politically motivated interference in the running of schools".

Rowling describes her character Dolores Umbridge, the Ministry-appointed headmistress of Hogwarts and under-secretary to the minister, Cornelius Fudge, saying "She has good contacts at the Ministry. She is one of those people, and they do exist in real life, who will always side with the established order. As far as she is concerned authority cannot be wrong so she doesn't question it, and I would go as far as to say that whatever happened and whoever took over at the Ministry, Umbridge would be there, she likes power. So she is going to side with the people who give her the authority."

Andrew Slack, founder of the Harry Potter Alliance, writes about the "Muggle Mindset" in which "Lindsay Lohan supersedes news about genocide, men assess their 'worth' by their paychecks, women's bodies are treated as commodities and our educational system preoccupies itself not with stimulating children's curiosity but rather getting them to efficiently regurgitate information on standardised tests."

Hungarian Secretary of State for Education Rózsa Hoffmann and her reforms received comparisons to Dolores Umbridge and her actions in the novels.

## Anti-terrorism

The Capitalism Magazine website says that, "With a long-term war in progress and threats of further terrorist attacks on American soil," *Harry Potter* isn't mere escapism and "shows a world in which happiness can be achieved, villains can be defeated, and the means of success can be learned."

*Time* magazine says that by *Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix*, "Harry is embroiled in a borderless, semi-civil war with a shadowy, hidden leader whose existence the government ignored until disaster forced the issue and who is supported by a secret network of sleeper agents willing to resort to tactics of shocking cruelty. The kids who grew up on Harry Potter—you could call them Generation Hex—are the kids who grew up with the pervasive threat of terrorism, and it's inevitable that on some level they'll make a connection between the two."

*Slate Magazine*'s Julia Turner compares *Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince* to the War on Terror in the context of the fight against Osama bin Laden saying Voldemort takes up terrorism by destroying bridges, murdering innocents, and forcing children to kill their elders. She also notes the parallels in the community's response saying Fred and George Weasley's shop makes a mint selling Shield Cloaks and the new Minister for Magic jails an innocent man, hoping to stave off panic and create the impression that he's taking action.

Steven Fielding argued that the changing portrayal of the Ministry of Magic – from incompetent to authoritarian – reflects Rowling's views on the War on terror.

Rowling said "I've never thought, 'It's time for a post-9/11 Harry Potter book,' no. But what Voldemort does, in many senses, is terrorism, and that was quite clear in my mind before 9/11 happened.... but there are parallels, obviously. I think one of the times I felt the parallels was when I was writing about the arrest of Stan Shunpike, you know? I always planned that these kinds of things would happen, but these have very powerful resonances, given that I believe, and many people believe, that there have been instances of persecution of people who did not deserve to be persecuted, even while we're attempting to find the people who have committed utter atrocities. These things just happen, it's human nature. There were some very startling parallels at the time I was writing it."

## *Harry Potter* used by political activists

### KidSPEAK!

In response to restricted access to the *Harry Potter* books children began a letter-writing campaign, forming clubs and organising petitions, which ultimately merged into an internet site called Muggles for Harry Potter. The site evolved into kidSPEAK!, a forum for children to tackle censorship in general, and to fight for Harry Potter specifically.

### The Harry Potter Alliance

Andrew Slack, an actor/comedian and Harry Potter aficionado, co-founded the Harry Potter Alliance to highlight the crisis in Sudan and social inequities. *In These Times* featured Slack in 2007, in an article about Muggle Activists where Slack said, "The Harry Potter parallel to Darfur is simple: With both the Ministry of Magic and the Daily Prophet (the Wizarding World's mainstream news source) in denial that Voldemort has returned and evil is afoot, Harry and his underground rebel group, 'Dumbledore's Army,' work with the adult group, 'The Order of the Phoenix,' to awake the world. We in the Alliance seek to be Dumbledore's Army for the real world, working with anti-genocide organisations, such as 'Fidelity Out of Sudan' and the 'Genocide Intervention Network,' to wake our governments, corporations and media up to the fact that 'never again' means 'never again.'"

When *Time* magazine asked about The Harry Potter Alliance, Rowling said, "It's incredible, it's humbling, and it's uplifting to see people going out there and doing that in the name of your character. What did my books preach against throughout? Bigotry, violence, struggles for power, no matter what. All of these things are happening in Darfur. So they really couldn't have chosen a better cause." Rowling awarded The Harry Potter Alliance a Fan Site Award in December 2007.

In February 2010, the HPA ran a massive fundraiser to support those in dire need after the tragic event of the Haiti earthquake. Live webcasts were held in which celebrities (especially those a part of the Harry Potter Fandom) performed and encouraged viewers to donate money. Donations came through an auction that did not guarantee you the prize. Some items that were up for bid were: a signed set of the Harry Potter books, a guitar signed by actor Tom Felton, handmade earrings from actress Evanna Lynch, and a one thousand word story about whatever the winner wishes it to be written by Maureen Johnson and John Green. The webcasts were rather successful, garnering over $125,000. The original plan of Helping Haiti Heal was to have three plane fulls of aid (each one dubbed: Harry, Hermione, and Ron) shipped off to Haiti. As of June the same year, five planes were sent to Haiti, Harry, Hermione, Ron, DFTBA (Don't Forget To Be Awesome) and the last being Dumbledore. On 28 June, there was a livestream video celebrating the landing of Dumbledore. Evanna Lynch was present at the stream and even answered questions asked by fans. Ophelia Dahl, the daughter of the late British author Roald Dahl was also present since she worked with Partners in Health, who the Harry Potter Alliance teamed up with for Helping Haiti Heal.

In March 2010, The Harry Potter Alliance had a campaign for people to send in their books to the Mississippi Delta which went to Rwanda. As of June, when the campaign ended, they donated over 40,000 books. In July 2010, The Harry Potter Alliance won $250,000 in the Chase Community Giving contest. The money will go towards literacy, LGBT rights, and online community building.

### Stop Big Media

Stop Big Media gained support from "Rocking Out Against Voldemedia", a compilation of ten original songs by ten Harry Potter-themed "Wizard Rock" bands. Andrew Slack and The Harry Potter Alliance compare media consolidation in the U.S. to the control of the Ministry of Magic over the *Daily Prophet* in the *Harry Potter* books, saying "Once Voldemort took over every form of media in the Wizarding World, Dumbledore's Army and the Order of the Phoenix formed an independent media movement called "Potterwatch". Now the HP Alliance and Wizard Rock have come together to fight for a Potterwatch movement in the real world to fight back against Big VoldeMedia from further pushing out local and foreign news, minority representation, and the right to a Free Press."

### Center for Science in the Public Interest

A worldwide campaign to "save Harry Potter from the clutches of the Coca-Cola Company" was launched by the nonprofit Center for Science in the Public Interest. The group says that by aggressively marketing sugar- and caffeine-laden drinks to young fans of the Harry Potter series, Coke is helping fuel the childhood obesity epidemic.

## Further reading


title: Primavera, Pernambuco

abstract: Primavera is a city located in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Located at 81.6 km away from Recife, capital of the state of Pernambuco. It has an estimated population of 15,101 inhabitants. Its name means spring in Portuguese.

text:
# Primavera, Pernambuco

**Primavera** is a city located in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Located at 81.6 km away from Recife, capital of the state of Pernambuco. It has an estimated (IBGE 2020) population of 15,101 inhabitants. Its name means *spring* in Portuguese.

## Geography

## Economy

The main economic activities in **Primavera** are largely dominated by the food & beverage industry (81%) and agribusiness, especially sugarcane, passion fruits and cattle.

### Economic indicators

| Population | GDP x(1000 R$). | GDP pc (R$) | PE |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 12.364 | 61.395 | 5.180 | 0.10% |
|

**Economy by Sector** 2006

| Primary sector | Secondary sector | Service sector |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 19.02% | 33.16% | 47.82% |
|

### Health indicators

| HDI (2000) | Hospitals (2007) | Hospitals beds (2007) | Children's Mortality every 1000 (2005) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0.632 | 1 | 4 | 14.0 |
|

8°20′16″S 35°21′18″W / 8.33778°S 35.35500°W / -8.33778; -35.35500


title: Mercy (The Walking Dead)

abstract: "Mercy" is the eighth season premiere of the post-apocalyptic horror television series The Walking Dead, which aired on AMC on October 22, 2017. The episode was written by Scott M. Gimple and directed by Greg Nicotero, and serves as the 100th episode overall of the series. This episode focuses on the combined attack, involving the communities of the Alexandria Safe-Zone, the Hilltop Colony and the Kingdom, against the Sanctuary, thus starting the "All Out War" story arc. It also introduces the character Siddiq, portrayed by Avi Nash, who plays a significant role in the upcoming story arcs in the comics.

text:
# Mercy (The Walking Dead)

"**Mercy**" is the eighth season premiere of the post-apocalyptic horror television series *The Walking Dead*, which aired on AMC on October 22, 2017. The episode was written by Scott M. Gimple and directed by Greg Nicotero, and serves as the 100th episode overall of the series.

This episode focuses on the combined attack, involving the communities of the Alexandria Safe-Zone, the Hilltop Colony and the Kingdom, against the Sanctuary, thus starting the "All Out War" story arc. It also introduces the character Siddiq, portrayed by Avi Nash, who plays a significant role in the upcoming story arcs in the comics.

## Plot

The Militia, a coalition of people from the Alexandria Safe-Zone, the Hilltop Colony and the Kingdom, prepare for war in an alliance to fight the Saviors. Rick, Maggie, and King Ezekiel lead the respective communities in an assault on the Sanctuary. Meanwhile, Carol, Morgan, Tara, and Daryl lead a large horde of walkers toward the Sanctuary via controlled distractions.

Shortly after, Rick's convoy arrives at the Sanctuary and simultaneously fire warning shots. Negan steps out with his lieutenants—Dwight, Simon, Gavin, Regina (Traci Dinwiddie), and Eugene. After being taunted by Negan, Rick tells the lieutenants that he will let them live if they surrender, but reminds Negan that he will kill him. After none of the lieutenants accept Rick's offer, Negan tells Rick that he lacks the numbers to win a fight against the Saviors and instructs Gregory, the leader of the Hilltop, to come out. Subsequently, Gregory steps out and asserts that the Hilltop stands with Negan, and the punishment to any Hilltop resident for fighting against the Sanctuary is banishment for the offenders and their families. Jesus, speaking for all the Hilltop soldiers there, shouts that the Hilltop "stands with Maggie", refuting Gregory's power. Infuriated, Simon, after deciding he's no longer useful, aggressively pushes Gregory down a set of stairs.

On the road, a Savior caravan unintentionally activates a tripwire and sets off an explosion, which is heard at the Sanctuary. Rick tells Negan's lieutenants to make up their minds, but they don't respond. Rick starts a countdown, but ends it early, firing at the walls and windows of the Sanctuary, creating noise to draw the incoming walkers. Negan runs off as his lieutenants run back inside for cover. In the midst of the mayhem, Rick's fighters continue to spray bullets at the Sanctuary, but eventually retreat to their cars for evacuation. With signals sent by Carol's group, Gabriel positions their RV, rigged with explosives, in front of the Sanctuary fence and exits as it continues slowly moving forward. Rick uses a garage door opener to detonate the explosives, successfully breaching the gate.

Limping, Negan takes cover behind a sheet of metal as Rick, intent on killing Negan, continues firing at him, but Gabriel urges Rick to evacuate as well, reminding him of the plan. Before he goes, Rick uses an instant camera to snap a picture of Negan at the scene. As the herd closes in on the Sanctuary, Gabriel sees a wounded Gregory and, compelled to help, pulls him to shelter. Gregory panics and takes off, driving away in the car Gabriel was to leave in. With no other way out and surrounded by walkers, Gabriel finds shelter in a box trailer, but Negan is revealed to be there too.

Interspersed throughout, the episode cuts to four different scenes, but are not established when they occur relative to present events. In one, Rick and Carl are scavenging for gas when they encounter Siddiq (Avi Nash), a man of Middle Eastern descent, rambling to himself and begging for food. Carl tries to approach him carefully, but Rick fires a warning shot, scaring him off. Carl scolds Rick, but Rick insists the man could have been a spy for Negan. Carl later returns alone and leaves food for Siddiq, while Siddiq watches him from the nearby bushes. A second scene has Rick, alone, crying to himself against a tree in a forest in the light refracted through a stained glass piece, muttering "My mercy prevails over my wrath". A third has him mourning over two gravesites at the Hilltop. In the final scene, an older, grey-haired and bearded Rick wakes up in a bed, and with a cane, walks to a living space, and happily greets Carl, Michonne and an older Judith, who leads him outside to an invigorated Alexandria preparing for a festival.

## Production

Executive producer Greg Nicotero (*left*) served as director of "Mercy", which was written by series showrunner and executive producer Scott M. Gimple (*right*)

For the 100th episode, Nicotero wanted to bring callbacks from the show's premiere episode, "Days Gone Bye". The scene of Rick and Carl at the gas station was an attempt to recreate shot-for-shot the first scene of the series, though with Carl in Rick's shoes for this episode. This included the secret casting of Addy Miller, the young girl walker Rick encountered in "Days Gone Bye" but now a teenager, performing as a walker in a similar outfit. Miller's role in the scene was shot separately from Lincoln's, and she had been kept away from Lincoln during the filming, as the production crew were afraid of Lincoln spoiling this should he recognize her. The "flashforward" scenes were also filmed to mirror Rick waking up from his coma in "Days Gone Bye". Nicotero brought back Joe Giles, one of the actors that played a walker that followed Rick off a bus in Atlanta as one of walkers used by a Savior watchtower for this episode. Other easter eggs include Carl using the orange backpack that he, Rick, and Michonne collected from a dead hitchhiker from the season three episode "Clear", and Negan starting a conversation with Rick using the line "Let me ask you somethin', Rick", which Shane had frequently used in the first two seasons of the show.

The scene where the combined groups have gathered and making final preparations for the attack uses a directorial style which Nicotero called their *Goodfellas*' moment, where the camera pans through several small groups and picks up various conversations throughout as well as providing some visual storytelling elements. Nicotero wanted this scene to make the audience feel part of the group while also conveying a lot of information at the same time.

This episode also introduces the colored armbands to better distinguish between the residents of each of the three communities participating in the fight against the Saviors. Those fighting from Alexandria have white armbands, meanwhile those from the Hilltop have green bands and the Kingdom have orange ones.

The episode's "flashforward" to an older Rick uses the song "Another One Rides the Bus", by "Weird Al" Yankovic (a parody of "Another One Bites the Dust" by Queen). Gimple wanted a song during these scenes that was jarring for the audience and that would be something that Rick's daughter Judith would be into but would be distinctive, partially inspired by a toddler that was in Gimple's life that was obsessed with the song. He didn't want a "cool" song for these scenes, and felt that with Yankovic's music, "that there’s no worry about cool", making the song a perfect fit.

A small number of journalists were invited by AMC to watch filming of this episode, which took place in May 2017.

The episode was dedicated to John Bernecker, a stuntman that died from an accident during filming in July 2017 for the show. It was also dedicated to filmmaker George A. Romero, known as the father of the zombie genre, who had died in July 2017. Gimple said that the success of *The Walking Dead* "owes a great debt" to Romero.

A special two-hour *Talking Dead* live show was held at the Greek Theatre in Los Angeles following the broadcast of the episode as part of celebrating both the season premiere and 100th episode milestone. Along with host Chris Hardwick, all twenty of the main cast for the season and the showrunners were present along with former stars Sonequa Martin-Green (Sasha Williams), Emily Kinney (Beth Greene), Scott Wilson (Hershel Greene), IronE Singleton (T-Dog), and Michael Rooker (Merle Dixon), while Steven Yeun (Glenn Rhee) and Sarah Wayne Callies (Lori Grimes) provided video messages.

## Reception

### Critical reception

"Mercy" received positive reviews from critics, with several critics describing the episode as a return to form for the series. On Rotten Tomatoes, it holds a 91% with an average rating of 7.34 out of 10, based on 32 reviews. The site's consensus reads: "Mercy" mixes mysterious time-hopping sequences with explosive action to create a more hopeful premiere than previous seasons of *The Walking Dead*.

Matt Fowler of IGN gave the episode a 7.3/10, saying in its verdict "This was a good set-up episode, but because we were only given the initial stages of this conflict, the stakes fell a bit flat."

### Ratings

Initial Nielsen viewership numbers estimated that the premiere was watched by 11.44 million viewers with 6.5 million in the 18-49 age bracket, the lowest numbers that a season premiere episode of *The Walking Dead* had had in five years. However, it was still the most-watched programming outside of NFL games.

## InfoBox

| "**Mercy**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *The Walking Dead* episode | |
| Rick and the Militia use warning shots to call out Negan at the Sanctuary | |
| Episode no. | Season 8<br>Episode 1 |
| Directed by | Greg Nicotero |
| Written by | Scott M. Gimple |
| Featured music | "Another One Rides the Bus" by "Weird Al" Yankovic |
| Original air date | October 22, 2017 (2017-10-22) |
| Running time | 47 minutes |
| Guest appearances | |
|  | |
|
|


title: Vinu Jose

abstract: Vinu Jose is an Indian former football player who took part in the FIFA World Cup 2006 for the India national team. He played for India four times. Vinu Jose was also part of Kerala's winning team in the 57th Santosh Trophy.

text:
# Vinu Jose

**Vinu Jose** is an Indian former football player who took part in the FIFA World Cup 2006 for the India national team. He played for India four times. Vinu Jose was also part of Kerala's winning team in the 57th Santosh Trophy.

## Early life

Vinu Jose was born in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. In addition to football, Vinu represented his school in athletics. Vinu did his early schooling in Sarvodaya Vidyalaya, and later in St.Joseph's High School. He moved to Tata Football Academy where he was groomed into a professional football player.

## InfoBox

Vinu Jose
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1981-03-17) 17 March 1981 | | |
| Place of birth | Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2008-2009 | Mohammedan SC |  |  |
| 2006-2008 | Churchill Brothers |  |  |
| 2005-2006 | Sporting Clube |  |  |
| 2004-2005 | Vasco |  |  |
| 2000-2004 | State Bank of Travancore |  |  |
| 1998-1999 | FC Kochin |  |  |
| 1997-1998 | Tata Football Academy |  |  |
| International career | | | |
|  | India | 4 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Long Lake Seaplane Base (Naples, Maine)

abstract: Long Lake Seaplane Base is a privately owned, public use seaplane base on Long Lake in Cumberland County, Maine, United States. It is located one nautical mile (2 km) northeast of the central business district of Naples, Maine.

text:
# Long Lake Seaplane Base (Naples, Maine)

**Long Lake Seaplane Base** (FAA LID: **76B**) is a privately owned, public use seaplane base on Long Lake in Cumberland County, Maine, United States. It is located one nautical mile (2 km) northeast of the central business district of Naples, Maine.

## Facilities and aircraft

Long Lake Seaplane Base has one seaplane landing area designated 16/34 with a water surface measuring 15,000 by 3,960 feet (4,572 x 1,207 m). For the 12-month period ending August 13, 2010, the airport had 260 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 21 per month.

1. FAA Airport Form 5010 for 76B PDF. Federal Aviation Administration. Effective May 31, 2012.

## InfoBox

| Long Lake Seaplane Base | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public use |
| Owner | James M. Build |
| Serves | Naples, Maine |
| Elevation AMSL | 268 ft / 82 m |
| Coordinates | 43°59′13″N 070°37′06″W / 43.98694°N 70.61833°W / 43.98694; -70.61833 |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  16/34 15,000 4,572 Water | |
| Statistics (2010) | |
| Aircraft operations 260 | |
| Source: Federal Aviation Administration | |


title: Maid (book)

abstract: Maid: Hard Work, Low Pay, and a Mother's Will to Survive is the first book by Stephanie Land, published by Hachette Books on January 22, 2019. The book—an elaboration of an article Land wrote for Vox in 2015—debuted at number three on The New York Times Best Seller list. The book was adapted to the Netflix television miniseries Maid (2021).

text:
# Maid (book)

***Maid: Hard Work, Low Pay, and a Mother's Will to Survive*** is the first book by Stephanie Land, published by Hachette Books on January 22, 2019. The book—an elaboration of an article Land wrote for *Vox* in 2015—debuted at number three on *The New York Times* Best Seller list. The book was adapted to the Netflix television miniseries *Maid* (2021).

## Reviews

The book received positive but mixed reviews. In *USA Today*, Sharon Peters praised the book's honesty, writing that it fills the "with much candid detail about the frustrations with the limitations of programs she relied on. It is a picture of the soul-robbing grind through poverty that millions live with every day." Emily Cooke of *The New York Times* summed up her review by focusing on the clarity of Land's suffering in the work: "Land’s memoir is not particularly artful. The narration advances with some circularity; the language is often stale. But her book has the needed quality of reversing the direction of the gaze.... It’s worth listening to." In *The Washington Post*, Jenny Rogers writes, "*Maid* isn’t about how hard work can save you but about how false that idea is. It’s one woman’s story of inching out of the dirt and how the middle class turns a blind eye to the poverty lurking just a few rungs below—and it’s one worth reading."*Kirkus Reviews* concludes that *Maid* is "\[a\]n important memoir that should be required reading for anyone who has never struggled with poverty." On the other hand, Nancy Rommelmann from *Newsday* asserted, "Land may be living on one side of the divide while trying to get to the other — she badly wants to become a writer and writes during the margins of time she has available — but her method of calling close attention to personal affronts can grown wearying." The book was the January 2022 selection of the *L.A. Times* *Book Club*.

## Scholarship

Feminist, Marxist, and cultural studies scholars have used *Maid* as evidence for arguments about economic and reproductive justice. In a survey of women's memoirs written in the wake of the 2016 MeToo movement, Leigh Gilmore notes that *Maid* “contributes to a missing archive of knowledge. Land uses life narrative to cast a steady gaze—empathetic, self-aware, feminist—on the invisibility of white working poor mothers and the stigma they face as they struggle to secure a stable life for their children.”

Roseanne Kennedy explores *Maid* and the *This American Life* episode “Three Miles” through the lens of “domestic humanitarianism,” a term she has coined to describe the “cultural turn toward humanitarian rhetorics, ad hoc gestures, and individual solutions to supplement the nation’s failure to provide adequately for its citizens and residents in the face of widening economic disparity.” Kennedy argues that works like *Maid* may distract readers from larger, systemic problems of inequity, inadvertently preventing necessary collective work for economic justice.

Drawing on Kennedy's work, Katrina Powell considers the ways that Land's memoir can be viewed as “testimony,” noting that “it is critical to understand the form, function, reception, and contexts of particular testimonies.” Powell agrees with Kennedy's argument that tropes like “needy victim” and “heroic rescuer” can distract from a larger discussion of societal failure to provide sustainable livelihoods for all citizens.

Discussing the release of the Netflix series based on Land's memoir in her review of working class narratives, Kathy Newman writes that *“Maid* is an outlier in television on a number of counts. It is centered on women—including women of color. It is written and produced by a woman head writer, Molly Smith Metzler, and based on source material written by a woman, Stephanie Land,” who, Newman notes, chose a more fictionalized account of her story so that she could integrate more women of color into the narrative.

In the 2019 co-written analysis “Short Takes: Stephanie Land’s Maid,” some feminist scholars note that *Maid* centers a white woman in a situation that is far more common for women of color. Land's response acknowledges this concern: “It \[Maid\] is my very personal story of survival. And a privileged one at that. I have often wondered…if people are grasping onto my story because I look like them. I could be their sister, or neighbor. Because I’m plain-faced, and white.”

## InfoBox

Maid
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Stephanie Land |
| Publication date | January 22, 2019 |
| ISBN | 0-316-50511-0 |


title: Park Dome Kumamoto

abstract: Park Dome Kumamoto is a multi-purpose indoor arena in Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Japan. The capacity of the arena is 2,000 and was opened in 1997. Games were played here during the 1997 World Men's Handball Championship.

text:
# Park Dome Kumamoto

**Park Dome Kumamoto** is a multi-purpose indoor arena in Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Japan. The capacity of the arena is 2,000 and was opened in 1997. Games were played here during the 1997 World Men's Handball Championship.

## InfoBox

Park Dome Kumamoto
| Park Dome Kumamoto in December 2007 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | 2974 Hirayama-cho, Higashi-ku, Kumamoto, Japan |
| Coordinates | 32°50′21″N 130°48′09″E / 32.839158°N 130.802461°E / 32.839158; 130.802461 |
| Owner | City of Kumamoto |
| Operator | Kumamoto Sports Promotion Agency |
| Capacity | 2,000 |
| Construction | |
| Opened | 1997 |
| Architect | Daiichi-Kobo Associates<br>Fujita |


title: The Three Gates

abstract: The Three Gates is a novel by Philippe Ebly published in France in 1977. Looking for a shelter in a stormy night, two young trekkers, Thierry and Didier stop by a cosy inn which was supposed to be unfriendly. Thierry lies unashamedly to the owner, pretending that they have booked a room. The con works, much to the surprise of Didier. The morning after, back on the road, the two boys realized that they are no more on the map, and that the milestones have vanished. There are no more traces of civilization, but that's only at the twilight that they meet Xhenn, a very small guy. Xhenn told them that they have arrived in the land of Ganeom. Unless someone leads them to one of the three gates that can lead them back to the realm of the men, they will never return to their home.

text:
# The Three Gates

***The Three Gates*** (*Les trois portes* : The Time Runaways #01) is a novel by Philippe Ebly published in France in 1977.

Looking for a shelter in a stormy night, two young trekkers, Thierry and Didier stop by a cosy inn which was supposed to be unfriendly. Thierry lies unashamedly to the owner, pretending that they have booked a room. The con works, much to the surprise of Didier.

The morning after, back on the road, the two boys realized that they are no more on the map, and that the milestones have vanished. There are no more traces of civilization, but that's only at the twilight that they meet Xhenn, a very small guy.

Xhenn told them that they have arrived in the land of Ganeom. Unless someone leads them to one of the three gates that can lead them back to the realm of the men, they will never return to their home.


title: Lojze Zupanc

abstract: Lojze Zupanc was a Slovene writer, poet, playwright and journalist best known for his short stories based on folktales and other traditional stories. Zupanc was born in Ljubljana in 1906. He trained as a teacher in Ljubljana and Maribor and worked as a teacher in Štrekljevec and numerous other places in White Carniola and the Kočevje area. During the Second World War he participated in the National Liberation Struggle and was imprisoned by the Italian Fascist authorities in 1943. His experiences of imprisonment are described in the autobiographical tale Sonce je umrlo. After the war he worked in Gornji Grad and Škofja Loka, where he retired in 1965 and lived until his death in 1973. He won the Levstik Award twice, in 1957 for his collection of stories Povodni mož v Savinji and in 1971 for his collection of stories Zlato pod Blegošem.

text:
# Lojze Zupanc

**Lojze Zupanc** (21 September 1906 – 2 June 1973) was a Slovene writer, poet, playwright and journalist best known for his short stories based on folktales and other traditional stories.

Zupanc was born in Ljubljana in 1906. He trained as a teacher in Ljubljana and Maribor and worked as a teacher in Štrekljevec and numerous other places in White Carniola and the Kočevje area. During the Second World War he participated in the National Liberation Struggle and was imprisoned by the Italian Fascist authorities in 1943. His experiences of imprisonment are described in the autobiographical tale *Sonce je umrlo* (The Sun Has Died). After the war he worked in Gornji Grad and Škofja Loka, where he retired in 1965 and lived until his death in 1973.

He won the Levstik Award twice, in 1957 for his collection of stories *Povodni mož v Savinji* (The River Merman in the Savinja) and in 1971 for his collection of stories *Zlato pod Blegošem* (Gοld Under Mount Blegoš).

## Published works

### Fairy tales and fables

* *Belokranjske pripovedke* (Tales form White Carniola), 1932
* *Bili so trije velikani* (There Were Once Three Giants), 1932
* *Dedek, povej* (Tell Me Grandpa), 1939
* *Čudežni rog* (The Magic Horn), 1944
* *Jezerka* (The River Maiden), 1944
* *Svirel povodnega moža in druge belokranjske pripovedke* (The River Neck and Other Tales from White Carniola), 1944
* *Velikan Nenasit* (Neverful the Giant), 1944
* *Zaklad na Kučarju* (The Treasure on Kučar), 1956
* *Povodni mož v Savinji* (The River Merman in the Savinja), 1957
* *Deklica in kač* (The Girl and the Snake, 1959
* *Čudežni studenec* (The Miraculous Spring), 1960
* *Kamniti most* (The Stone Bridge), 1964
* *Sto belokranjskih* (A Hundred from White Carniola), 1965
* *Zlato pod Blegošem* (Gold under Mount Blegoš), 1971
* *Sinček palček* (The Tiny Son), 1979
* *Deklica s tremi lešniki* (The Girl With Three Hazelnuts), 1984
* *Pripovedke o Škofji Loki* (Tales of Škofja Loka), 2008

### Novels

* *Pod križem* (Under the Cross), 1944
* *Mlini stoje* (The Mills Stand Still), 1945

* *Stari Hrk* (Old Hrk), 1934
* *Tretji rod* (The Third Generation), 1938
* *Turjačani* (Lords of Turjak), 1938
* *Vklenjena mladost* (A Chained Youth), 1943
* *Sonce je umrlo* (The Sun Has Died), 1964
* *Anka Mikoljeva* (Anka Mikol), 1979

## InfoBox

| Lojze Zupanc | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1906-09-21)21 September 1906
Ljubljana, Austria-Hungary (now in Slovenia) |
| Died | 2 June 1973(1973-06-02) (aged 66)
Škofja Loka, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (now in Slovenia) |
| Occupation | * Writer * poet * playwright |
| Notable works | Zlato pod Blegošem, Povodni mož v Savinji, Sonce je umrlo |
| Notable awards | Levstik Award
1957 *for Povodni mož v Savinji*
Levstik Award
1971 *for Zlato pod Blegošem*
 |


title: 1972 NAIA Division II football season

abstract: The 1972 NAIA Division II football season was the 17th season of college football sponsored by the NAIA and the third season of play of the NAIA's lower division for football. The season was played from August to November 1972 and culminated in the 1972 NAIA Division II Football National Championship, played on December 9, 1972, in Joplin, Missouri on the campus of Missouri Southern State College. The Missouri Southern Lions defeated the Northwestern Red Raiders in the championship game, 21–14, to win their first NAIA national title. As of 2015, this was the earliest championship to feature a team that remains a NAIA member.

text:
# 1972 NAIA Division II football season

The **1972 NAIA Division II football season** was the 17th season of college football sponsored by the NAIA and the third season of play of the NAIA's lower division for football.

The season was played from August to November 1972 and culminated in the **1972 NAIA Division II Football National Championship**, played on December 9, 1972, in Joplin, Missouri on the campus of Missouri Southern State College.

The Missouri Southern Lions defeated the Northwestern Red Raiders in the championship game, 21–14, to win their first NAIA national title. As of 2015, this was the earliest championship to feature a team that remains a NAIA member.

## Conference standings

| 1972 College Conference of Illinois and Wisconsin football standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  No. 6 Carthage $  7   1   0   8   1   0  No. 16 Millikin 6   2   0   7   2   0  Augustana (IL) 5   3   0   6   3   0  Carroll (WI) 5   3   0   6   3   0  Elmhurst 5   3   0   6   3   0  Illinois Wesleyan 4   4   0   4   5   0  North Park 2   5   1   2   6   1  Wheaton (IL) 1   7   0   1   8   0  North Central (IL) 0   7   1   0   7   2   * $  Conference champion Rankings from NAIA Division II poll | 1972 Frontier Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  Montana Tech \+  3   1   0   6   3   0  Carroll (MT) \+  3   1   0   4   3   0  Western Montana 2   2   0   3   5   0  Rocky Mountain 1   3   0   2   6   0  Eastern Montana 1   3   0   2   7   0   * \+  Conference co-champions | 1972 Gateway Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  Northland \+  1   0   2    ?    ?   0  Northwestern (WI) \+  1   0   2    ?    ?   0  Lakeland 1   1   1   4   5   1  Milton 0   2   1   4   5   1   * $  Conference champion |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1972 Heart of America Athletic Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  No. 11 Ottawa $  6   1   0   9   1   0  No. T–18 Missouri Valley 5   2   0   8   2   0  No. T–18 Graceland 5   2   0   7   2   0  Central Methodist 5   2   0   7   3   0  William Jewell 4   3   0   6   5   0  Tarkio 2   5   0   2   7   0  College of Emporia 1   6   0   2   8   0  Baker 0   7   0   0   9   0   * $  Conference champion Rankings from NAIA Division II poll | 1972 Hoosier–Buckeye Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  Bluffton $  5   2   0   5   4   0  Findlay 4   2   1   5   3   1  Manchester (IN) 4   3   0   5   5   0  Wilmington (OH) 4   3   0   5   4   0  Taylor 3   2   2   3   4   2  Defiance 3   4   0   5   4   0  Anderson (IN) 2   4   1   4   4   1  Hanover 2   5   0   4   5   0  Earlham 1   6   0   2   8   0   * $  Conference champion | 1972 Iowa Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  No. 5 William Penn \+  6   1   0   10   1   0  No. T–14 Buena Vista \+  6   1   0   7   2   0  Central (IA) 5   2   0   6   3   0  Dubuque 3   3   1   5   4   1  Luther 3   4   0   3   6   0  Simpson (IA) 1   4   2   2   5   2  Upper Iowa 1   5   1   4   5   1  Wartburg 1   6   0   3   6   0   * \+  Conference co-champions Rankings from NAIA Division II poll |
| 1972 Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  Friends $  6   1   1   6   3   1  Sterling 5   2   1   5   3   1  St. Mary of the Plains 5   3   0   5   4   0  Bethany (KS) 4   3   1   4   4   1  Southwestern (KS) 4   4   0   4   5   0  Kansas Wesleyan 3   4   1   3   5   1  Tabor 3   5   0   3   6   0  Bethel (KS) 3   5   0   3   7   0  McPherson 1   7   0   1   9   0   * $  Conference champion | 1972 Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association football standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  No. 8 Alma \+  4   1   0   8   1   0  Adrian \+  4   1   0   5   4   0  Hope 3   1   1   6   2   1  Olivet 2   3   0   3   6   0  Kalamazoo 1   3   1   2   5   1  Albion 0   5   0   2   7   0   * \+  Conference co-champions Rankings from NAIA Division II poll | 1972 Midwest Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  Monmouth (IL) $  8   0   0   9   0   0  Cornell (IA) 6   2   0   6   3   0  Knox 5   3   0   6   3   0  St. Olaf 5   3   0   6   3   0  Ripon 5   3   0   5   3   0  Coe 5   3   0   5   4   0  Carleton 3   5   0   3   5   0  Lawrence 1   6   1   1   6   1  Grinnell 1   7   0   2   7   0  Beloit 0   7   1   0   8   1   * $  Conference champion |
| 1972 Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  Gustavus Adolphus $  6   1   0   6   4   0  No. 14 Saint John's (MN) 5   2   0   7   2   0  Concordia–Moorhead 4   3   0   6   3   0  Minnesota–Duluth 4   3   0   5   4   0  St. Thomas (MN) 3   4   0   6   4   0  Augsburg 3   4   0   5   4   0  Hamline 3   4   0   5   4   0  Macalester 0   7   0   0   9   0   * $  Conference champion Rankings from NAIA Division I poll | 1972 Nebraska Intercollegiate Athletic Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  No. 3 Doane $^  5   0   0   10   1   0  Concordia (NE) 4   1   0   7   2   0  Midland 3   2   0   7   2   0  Nebraska Wesleyan 2   3   0   4   5   0  Hastings 1   4   0   3   6   0  Dana 0   5   0   2   6   0   * $  Conference champion * ^ – NAIA Division II playoff participant Rankings from NAIA Division II poll | 1972 North Dakota College Athletic Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  Minot State \+  4   1   0   6   3   0  Valley City State \+  4   1   0   5   4   0  Jamestown 3   2   0   5   4   0  Wahpeton Science 2   3   0    ?    ?    ?  Dickinson State 1   4   0   2   7   0  Mayville State 0   5   0   1   7   0   * \+  Conference co-champions |
| 1972 Northwest Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  Linfield $  6   0   0   6   3   0  No. 8 Pacific (OR) 5   1   0   8   1   0  Pacific Lutheran 4   2   0   6   3   0  Lewis & Clark 2   3   0   3   6   0  Willamette 2   4   0   3   6   0  College of Idaho 1   5   0   3   6   0  Whitman 0   5   0   0   8   0  Whitworth *           7   2   0   * $  Conference champion * * Played only two conference games, ineligible for championship Rankings from NAIA Division II poll | 1972 South Dakota Intercollegiate Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  Northern State $  6   0   0   8   2   0  Huron 4   2   0    ?    ?    ?  Dakota State 3   3   0   4   5   0  Dakota Wesleyan 3   3   0   3   6   0  South Dakota Tech 3   3   0   3   6   0  South Dakota–Springfield 2   4   0    ?    ?    ?  Black Hills State 0   6   0   1   9   0   * $  Conference champion | 1972 Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  No. 17 Whittier $  5   0   0   7   2   1  Redlands 4   1   0   5   5   0  La Verne 3   2   0   6   3   0  Claremont-Mudd 1   4   0   3   6   0  Occidental 1   4   0   2   7   0  Pomona-Pitzer 1   4   0   2   7   0   * $  Conference champion Rankings from NAIA Division II poll |
| 1972 Tri-State Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  No. 2 Northwestern (IA) $^  5   0   0   10   1   0  Westmar 4   1   0   5   4   0  Concordia (MN) 2   3   0   4   4   0  Bethel (MN) 2   3   0   3   6   0  Sioux Falls 1   4   0   5   4   0  Yankton 1   4   0   2   7   0   * $  Conference champion * ^ – NAIA Division II playoff participant Rankings from NAIA Division II poll | 1972 NAIA Division II independents football records Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  No. 1 Missouri Southern ^           12   0   0  No. 12 Geneva          8   1   0  No. 7 Westminster (PA)          7   1   0  No. 4 Franklin (IN) ^           8   3   0  Cal Lutheran          5   5   0  Simon Fraser          4   5   0  Eureka          2   5   1  Missouri Western          3   7   0  Texas Lutheran          3   7   0  Iowa Wesleyan          2   6   1  Azusa Pacific          2   7   0  Georgetown (KY)          2   7   0  Austin          1   8   0  Waynesburg          1   8   0  Grove City          0   8   0  Oklahoma Panhandle State          0   11   0   * ^ – NAIA Division II playoff participant Rankings from NAIA Division II poll |

## Postseason

|  | **Semifinals**
November 25, 1972 | | |  |  | **Championship**
December 9, 1972
Joplin, MO | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Doane | | 6 |  |  | | | | |
|  | || | |
|  | **Missouri Southern*** | | **24** |  | |
|  | |  | | | **Missouri Southern*** | | **21** |  |
|  | | |  | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | Northwestern (IA) | | 14 |  |
|  | **Northwestern (IA)** | | | | | | **13** |  |
|  | |  | | | | | | |
|  | | Franklin (IN)* | | 6 |  |

## InfoBox

| 1972 NAIA Division II football season | |
| --- | --- |
| Regular season | August–November 1972 |
| Postseason | November 25–December 9, 1972 |
| National Championship | Joplin, MO |
| Champions | Missouri Southern |
|


title: Polyembryony

abstract: Polyembryony is the phenomenon of two or more embryos developing from a single fertilized egg. Due to the embryos resulting from the same egg, the embryos are identical to one another, but are genetically diverse from the parents. The genetic difference between the offspring and the parents, but the similarity among siblings, are significant distinctions between polyembryony and the process of budding and typical sexual reproduction. Polyembryony can occur in humans, resulting in identical twins, though the process is random and at a low frequency. Polyembryony occurs regularly in many species of vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants.

text:
# Polyembryony

**Polyembryony** is the phenomenon of two or more embryos developing from a single fertilized egg. Due to the embryos resulting from the same egg, the embryos are identical to one another, but are genetically diverse from the parents. The genetic difference between the offspring and the parents, but the similarity among siblings, are significant distinctions between polyembryony and the process of budding and typical sexual reproduction. Polyembryony can occur in humans, resulting in identical twins, though the process is random and at a low frequency. Polyembryony occurs regularly in many species of vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants.

## Evolution of polyembryony

The evolution of polyembryony and the potential evolutionary advantages that may entail have been studied. In parasitoid wasps, there are several hypotheses surrounding the evolutionary advantages of polyembryony, one of them being that it allows female wasps that are small in size to increase the number of potential offspring in comparison to wasps that are mono embryonic. There are limitations to monoembryony, but with this method of development, multiple embryos can be derived from each of the individual eggs that are laid.

The potential advantages of polyembryony in competing invasive plant species has been studied as well.

## Vertebrates

Armadillos are the most well studied vertebrate that undergoes polyembryony, with six species of armadillo in the genus *Dasypus* that are always polyembryonic. The nine banded armadillo, for instance, always gives birth to four identical young. There are two conditions that are expected to promote the evolution of polyembryony: the mother does not know the environmental conditions of her offspring as in the case of parasitoids, or a constraint on reproduction. It is thought that nine banded armadillos evolved to be polyembryonic because of the latter.

## Invertebrates

A more striking example of the use of polyembryony as a competitive reproductive tool is found in the parasitoid Hymenoptera, family Encyrtidae. The progeny of the splitting embryo develop into at least two forms, those that will develop into adults and those that become a type of soldier, called precocious larvae. These latter larvae patrol the host and kill any other parasitoids they find with the exception of their siblings, usually sisters.

Obligately polyembryonic insects fall in two classes: Hymenoptera (certain wasps), and Strepsiptera. From one egg, these insects can produce over thousands of offspring. Polyembryonic wasps from the Hymenoptera group can be further subdivided into four families including Braconidae (*Macrocentrus*), Platygastridae (*Platygaster*), Encyrtidae (*Copidosoma*), and Dryinidae.

Polyembryony also occurs in Bryozoa. Through genotype analysis and molecular data, it has been suggested that polyembryony happens in the entire bryozoan order Cyclostomatida.

## Plants

The term is also used in botany to describe the phenomenon of seedlings emerging from one embryo. Around 20 genera of gymnospores undergo polyembryony, termed "cleavage polyembryony," where the original zygote splits into many identical embryos. In some plant taxa, the many embryos of polyembryony eventually gives rise to only a single offspring. The mechanism underlying the phenomenon of a resulting single (or in some cases a few) offspring is described in *Pinus sylvestris* to be programmed cell death (PCD), which removes all but one embryo. Originally, all embryos have equal opportunity to develop into full seeds, but during the early stages of development, one embryo becomes dominant through competition, and therefore the now dormant seed, while the other embryos are destroyed through PCD.

The genus *Citrus* has a number of species that undergo polyembryony, where multiple nucellar-cell-derived embryos exist alongside sexually-derived embryos. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek first described polyembryony in 1719 when the seed in *Citrus* was observed to have two germinating embryos. In *Citrus*, polyembryony is genetically controlled by a shared polyembryony locus among the species, determined by single-nucleotide polymorphism in the genotypes sequenced. The variation within the species of citrus is based on the amount of embryos that develop, the impact of the environment, and gene expression. As with other species, due to the many embryos developing in close proximity, competition occurs, which can cause variation in seed success or vigor.


abstract: The Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Period Costumes is presented as part of the Primetime Emmy Awards. In 2015, categories for period/fantasy and contemporary costumes were created. The categories were divided in 2018 for period and fantasy/sci-fi costumes. They replaced the retired categories for Outstanding Costumes for a Miniseries, Movie, or Special and Outstanding Costumes for a Series. Rules require that nominations are distributed proportionally among regular series and limited series/movies, based on the number of submissions of each. For instance, if two-fifths of submissions are limited series/movies then two of the five nominees will be limited series/movies.

text:
# Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Period Costumes

The **Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Period Costumes** is presented as part of the Primetime Emmy Awards. In 2015, categories for period/fantasy and contemporary costumes were created. The categories were divided in 2018 for period and fantasy/sci-fi costumes. They replaced the retired categories for Outstanding Costumes for a Miniseries, Movie, or Special and Outstanding Costumes for a Series.

Rules require that nominations are distributed proportionally among regular series and limited series/movies, based on the number of submissions of each. For instance, if two-fifths of submissions are limited series/movies then two of the five nominees will be limited series/movies.

## Winners and nominations

### 2010s

| Year | Program | Episode | Nominees | Network |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | Outstanding Costumes for a Miniseries, Movie or Special | | | |
| | *Return to Cranford* | "Part 2" | Jenny Beavan and Alison Beard | PBS |
| | *Emma* | "Part 2" | Rosalind Ebbutt and Amanda Keable | PBS |
| | *Georgia O'Keeffe* | | Michael Dennison and Frances Vega | Lifetime |
| | *The Pacific* | "Part 3" | Penny Rose and Ken Crouch | HBO |
| | *You Don't Know Jack* | | | Rita Ryack and Maria Tortu |
| | Outstanding Costumes for a Series | | | |
| | *The Tudors* | "As It Should Be" | Joan Bergin and Susan O'Connor Cave | Showtime |
| | *Glee* | "The Power of Madonna" | Lou Eyrich and Marisa Aboitiz | Fox |
| | *The Good Wife* | "Crash" | Daniel Lawson, Jennifer Rogien Faletti and Daniele Hollywood | CBS |
| | *Mad Men* | "Souvenir" | Janie Bryant and Le Dawson | AMC |
| | *30 Rock* | "I Do Do" | Tom Broecker and Remy Pearce, Joanna Brett | NBC |
| 2011 | Outstanding Costumes for a Miniseries, Movie or Special | | | |
| | *Downton Abbey* | "Part 1" | Susannah Buxton and Caroline McCal | PBS |
| | *Cinema Verite* | | Suttirat Anne Larlarb and Joseph T. Mastrolia | HBO |
| | *Mildred Pierce* | "Part 2" | | Ann Roth, Michelle Matland and Patrick Wiley |
| | *Upstairs, Downstairs* | "The Fledgling" | Amy Roberts and Giles Gale | PBS |
| | Outstanding Costumes for a Series | | | |
| | *The Borgias* | "Lucrezia's Wedding" | Gabriella Pescucci and Uliva Pizzetti | Showtime |
| | *Boardwalk Empire* | "Anastasia" | John Dunn, Courtney McClain and Chris Peterson | HBO |
| | *Game of Thrones* | "The Pointy End" | | Michele Clapton and Rachael Webb-Crozier |
| | *Glee* | "New York City" | Lou Eyrich and Marisa Aboitiz | Fox |
| | *Mad Men* | "The Beautiful Girls" | Janie Bryant and Le Dawson | AMC |
| 2012 | Outstanding Costumes for a Miniseries, Movie or Special | | | |
| | *Great Expectations* | | Annie Symons and Yvonne Duckett | PBS |
| | *American Horror Story* | "Halloween" | Chrisi Karvonides and Conan Castro | FX |
| | *Hatfields & McCoys* | "Part 2" | Karri Hutchinson and Adina Bucur | History |
| | *Hemingway & Gellhorn* | | Ruth Myers and William McPhail | HBO |
| | *Sherlock: A Scandal in Belgravia* | | Sarah Arthur and Ceri Walford | PBS |
| | *Treasure Island* | "Part 1" | Lorna Marie Mugan and Rhona McGuirke | Syfy |
| | Outstanding Costumes for a Series | | | |
| | *Game of Thrones* | "The Prince of Winterfell" | Michele Clapton, Alexander Fordham and Chloe Aubry | HBO |
| | *Boardwalk Empire* | "21" | John Dunn and Maria Zamansky | HBO |
| | *The Borgias* | "The Confession" | Gabriella Pescucci and Uliva Pizzetti | Showtime |
| | *Downton Abbey* | "Episode One" | Susannah Buxton | PBS |
| | *Once Upon a Time* | "Hat Trick" | Eduardo Castro and Monique McRae | ABC |
| 2013 | Outstanding Costumes for a Miniseries, Movie or Special | | | |
| | *Behind the Candelabra* | | Ellen Mirojnick and Robert Q. Matthews | HBO |
| | *American Horror Story: Asylum* | "Madness Ends" | Lou Eyrich and Marcy Lavender | FX |
| | *The Girl* | | Diana Cilliers and Melissa Moritz | HBO |
| | *Killing Lincoln* | | Amy Andrews Harrell and Renee Jones | Nat Geo |
| | *Parade's End* | "Episode 3" | Sheena Napier and Jenna McGranaghan | HBO |
| | *Phil Spector* | | | Debra McGuire and Lorraine Calvert |
| | Outstanding Costumes for a Series | | | |
| | *The Borgias* | "The Gunpowder Plot" | Gabriella Pescucci, Uliva Pizzetti and Gábor Homonnay | Showtime |
| | *Boardwalk Empire* | "Resolution" | John Dunn and Maria Zamansky | HBO |
| | *Downton Abbey* | "Episode Four" | Caroline McCall and Dulcie Scott | PBS |
| | *Game of Thrones* | "Walk of Punishment" | Michele Clapton, Alexander Fordham and Chloe Aubry | HBO |
| | *Once Upon a Time* | "Queen of Hearts" | Eduardo Castro and Monique McRae | ABC |
| 2014 | Outstanding Costumes for a Miniseries, Movie or Special | | | |
| | *American Horror Story: Coven* | | Lou Eyrich, Elizabeth Macey and Ken Van Duyne | FX |
| | *House of Versace* | | Claire Nadon and Nicole Magny | Lifetime |
| | *The Normal Heart* | | Daniel Orlandi, Gail A. Fitzgibbons, Hartsell Taylor and Maria Tortu | HBO |
| | *Sherlock: His Last Vow* | | Sarah Arthur and Ceri Walford | PBS |
| | *The White Queen* | "Long Live the King" | Nic Ede, Raissa Hans and Elizabeth Healy | Starz |
| | Outstanding Costumes for a Series | | | |
| | *Game of Thrones* | "The Lion and the Rose" | Michele Clapton, Sheena Wichary, Alexander Fordham and Nina Ayres | HBO |
| | *Boardwalk Empire* | "New York Sour" | John Dunn, Lisa Padovani and Joseph La Corte | HBO |
| | *Downton Abbey* | "Episode Eight" | Caroline McCall, Heather Leat and Poli Kyriacou | PBS |
| | *Mad Men* | "Time Zones" | Janie Bryant, Tiffany White Stanton and Stacy Horn | AMC |
| | *Once Upon a Time* | "A Curious Thing" | Eduardo Castro and Monique McRae | ABC |
| 2015
 | Outstanding Costumes for a Period/Fantasy Series, Limited Series or Movie | | | |
| | *American Horror Story: Freak Show* | "Monsters Among Us" | Lou Eyrich, Elizabeth Macey and Ken Van Duyne | FX |
| | *Boardwalk Empire* | "Golden Days for Boys and Girls" | John Dunn, Maria Zamansky, James Hammer and Joseph La Corte | HBO |
| | *Downton Abbey* | "A Moorland Holiday" | Anna Robbins, Michael Weldon and Kathryn Tart | PBS |
| | *Game of Thrones* | "The Dance of Dragons" | Michele Clapton, Alex Fordham, Nina Ayres and Sheena Wichary | HBO |
| | *Wolf Hall* | "Anna Regina" | Joanna Eatwell, T.K. Lang and Clare Vyse | PBS |
| 2016
 | *Game of Thrones* | "The Winds of Winter" | Michele Clapton, Chloe Aubry and Sheena Wichary | HBO |
| | *Downton Abbey* | "Episode Eight" | Anna Mary Scott Robbins, Kathryn Tart and Michael Weldon | PBS |
| | *Outlander* | "Not in Scotland Anymore" | Terry Dresbach, Elle Wilson, Nadine Powell and Anna Lau | Starz |
| | *The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story* | "Marcia, Marcia, Marcia" | Hala Bahmet, Marina Ray and Elinor Bardach | FX |
| | *Roots* | "Night One" | Ruth E. Carter, Diana Cilliers, Megan "Bijou" Coates, Hetta Burger, Meagan McLaughlin Luster and Gillian Gregg | History |
| 2017
 |
| | *The Crown* | "Wolferton Splash" | Michele Clapton, Alex Fordham, Emma O'Loughlin and Kate O'Farrell | Netflix |
| | *Feud: Bette and Joan* | "And the Winner Is... (The Oscars of 1963)" | Lou Eyrich, Hannah Jacobs and Katie Saunders | FX |
| | *Genius* | "Einstein: Chapter Seven" | Sonu Mishra, Martina Hejlova and Petia Krckova | Nat Geo |
| | *The Handmaid's Tale* | "Offred" | Ane Crabtree and Sheena Wichary | Hulu |
| | *Westworld* | "The Original" | Trish Summerville, Jo Kissack Folsom and Lynda Foote | HBO |
| 2018
 | Outstanding Period Costumes | | | |
| | *The Crown* | "Dear Mrs. Kennedy" | Jane Petrie, Emily Newby, Basia Kuznar and Gaby Spanswick | Netflix |
| | *The Alienist* | "A Fruitful Partnership" | Michael Kaplan, Rudy Mance, Beáta Merkovits and Andrew Hunt | TNT |
| | *Genius: Picasso* | "Chapter One" | Sonu Mishra, Eudald Magari and Balazs Labancz | Nat Geo |
| | *The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel* | "The Disappointment of the Dionne Quintuplets" | Donna Zakowska, Marina Reti, Ginnie Patton and Sheila Grover | Prime Video |
| | *Outlander* | "Freedom & Whisky" | Terry Dresbach, Nadine Powell and Anna Lau | Starz |
| 2019
 |
| | *The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel* | "We're Going to the Catskills!" | Donna Zakowska, Marina Reti and Tim McKelvey | Prime Video |
| | *Chernobyl* | "Please Remain Calm" | Odile Dicks-Mireaux, Daiva Petrulyte, Holly McLean, Anna Munro and Sylvie Org | HBO |
| | *Fosse/Verdon* | "Life Is a Cabaret" | Melissa Toth, Joseph La Corte, Catherine Crabtree, Isabelle Simone, Kristin Isola and Virginia Patton | FX |
| | *GLOW* | "Every Potato Has a Receipt" | Beth Morgan, Alexandra Casey and Sharon Taylor Sampson | Netflix |
| | *Pose* | "Pilot" | Lou Eyrich, Analucia Mcgorty, Amy Ritchings and Kevin Ritter | FX |
|

### 2020s

| Year | Program | Episode | Nominees | Network |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020
 |
| | *The Crown* | "Cri de Coeur" | Amy Roberts, Sidonie Roberts and Sarah Moore | Netflix |
| | *Hollywood* | "A Hollywood Ending" | Lou Eyrich, Sarah Evelyn, Tiger Curran and Suzy Freeman | Netflix |
| | *The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel* | "It's Comedy or Cabbage" | Donna Zakowska, Marina Reti, Sheila Grover and Ginnie Patton | Prime Video |
| | *Mrs. America* | "Shirley" | Bina Daigeler, Erin Byrne, Bettina Seifert, Erika Larner, Mila Hermanovski and Eileen Kennedy | FX |
| | *Pose* | "Acting Up" | | Analucia McGorty, Nicky Smith, Alexa DeFazio and Linda Giammarese |
| 2021
 |
| | *The Queen's Gambit* | "End Game" | Gabriele Binder, Gina Krauss, Katrin Hoffmann, Nanrose Buchmann and Sparka Lee Hall | Netflix |
| | *Bridgerton* | "Diamond of the First Water" | Ellen Mirojnick, John W. Glaser III, Sanaz Missaghian and Kenny Crouch | Netflix |
| | *The Crown* | "Terra Nullius" | | Amy Roberts, Sidonie Roberts and Giles Gale |
| | *Halston* | "Versailles" | | Jeriana San Juan, Catherine Crabtree, Cailey Breneman and Anne Newton-Harding |
| | *Ratched* | "Pilot" | | Lou Eyrich, Rebecca Guzzi, Allison Agler and Betsy Glick |
| 2022
 |
| | *The Great* | "Five Days" | Sharon Long, Viveene Campbell, Anna Cavalerie and Bobbie Edwards | Hulu |
| | *Angelyne* | "Glow in the Dark Queen of the Universe" | Danny Glicker, Jessica Fasman and Adam Girardet | Peacock |
| | *Bridgerton* | "Harmony" | Sophie Canale, Dougie Hawkes, Sarah June Mills, Charlotte Armstrong, Sanaz Missaghian and Kevin Pratten-Stone | Netflix |
| | *The First Lady* | "Cracked Pot" | Signe Sejlund, Felicia Jarvis, Matthew Hemesath, Paula Truman, Stephen Oh and Jessica Trejos | Showtime |
| | *The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel* | "Maisel vs. Lennon: The Cut Contest" | Donna Zakowska, Moria Sine Clinton, Ben Philipp, Ginnie Patton, Dan Hicks and Mikita Thompson | Prime Video |
| 2023 | Outstanding Period Costumes for a Series | | | |
| | *The Great* | "Choose Your Weapon" | Sharon Long, Claire Tremlett, Basia Kuznar and Anna Lau | Hulu |
| | *The Crown* | "Mou Mou" | Amy Roberts, Sidonie Roberts and Christof Roche-Gordon | Netflix |
| | *The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel* | "Susan" | Donna Zakowska, Katie Hartsoe, Ben Philipp, Amanda Seymour, Claire Aquila and Marie Seifts | Prime Video |
| | *Perry Mason* | "Chapter Ten" | Catherine Adair, David J. Matwijkow and Nanrose Buchman | HBO |
| | *Queen Charlotte: A Bridgerton Story* | "Crown Jewels" | Lyn Elizabeth Paolo, Laura Frecon, Jovana Gospavic and Alex Locke | Netflix |
| | Outstanding Period Costumes for a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie | | | |
| | *Daisy Jones & the Six* | "Track 8: Looks Like We Made It" | Denise Wingate and Derek Sullivan | Prime Video |
| | *Dahmer – Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story* | "Please Don't Go" | Rudy Mance, Monica Chamberlain, Desmond Smith and Suzy Freeman | Netflix |
| | *George & Tammy* | "We're Gonna Hold On" | Mitchell Travers, Mitchel Wolf, Laurel Rose, Aileen Abercrombie, Susan Russell and Charles Carter | Showtime |
| | *Guillermo del Toro's Cabinet of Curiosities* | "Dreams in the Witch House" | Luis Sequeira, Ann Steel and Heather Crepp | Netflix |
| | *Welcome to Chippendales* | "Leeches" | Peggy Schnitzer, Derek Bulger and Julie Heath | Hulu |
| 2024 | Outstanding Period Costumes for a Series | | | |
| | *Shōgun* | "Ladies of the Willow World" | Carlos Rosario, Carole Griffin, Kristen Bond, Kenichi Tanaka and Paula Plachy | FX |
| | *The Gilded Age* | "You Don't Even Like Opera" | Kasia Walicka Maimone, Patrick Wiley, Isabelle Simone, Denise Andres and Rebecca Levin Lore | HBO |
| | *The New Look* | "What a Day This Has Been" | Karen Muller Serreau, Catherine Boisgontier and Emmanuelle Pertus | Apple TV+ |
| | *Palm Royale* | "Maxine Throws a Party" | | Alix Friedberg, Carolyn Dessert, Leigh Bell, Lindsay Newton and Valerie Keiser |
| | *Winning Time: The Rise of the Lakers Dynasty* | "What Is and What Should Never Be" | Emma Potter, Maressa Richtmyer and Shannon Moore | HBO |
| | Outstanding Period Costumes for a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie | | | |
| | *Feud: Capote vs. The Swans* | "Pilot" | Lou Eyrich, Leah Katznelson, Emily O'Connor, Laura McCarthy, Hanna Shea and Miwa Ishii | FX |
| | *Griselda* | "Paradise Lost" | Safowa Bright Bitzelberger, Joseph Castellanos, Jennifer Marlin, Serena Duffin and Joanne Mills Trotta | Netflix |
| | *Lessons in Chemistry* | "Little Miss Hastings" | Mirren Gordon-Crozier, Jen Kennedy and Kelli Hagen | Apple TV+ |
| | *Mary & George* | "Not So Much as Love as by Awe" | Annie Symons, Cédric Andries, Courtney McClain, Jovana Gospavic and Jason Airey | Starz |
| | *Ripley* | "IV La Dolce Vita" | Maurizio Millenotti, Gianni Casalnuovo, Ernest Camilleri, Teresa D'Arienzo and Francesco Morabito | Netflix |

## Programs with multiple wins

## Programs with multiple nominations

Totals include nominees for Outstanding Costumes for a Series.

1. Petski, Denise (December 12, 2017). "TV Academy Reclassifies Variety Special Emmy Categories; Splits Some Costume, Directing & Sound Editing Fields". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
2. "69th Primetime Emmy Awards, 2016–2017 Rules and Procedures" (PDF). Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
3. "Nominees/Winners". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
4. "Nominees/Winners". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
5. "Nominees/Winners". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
6. "Nominees/Winners". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
7. "Nominees/Winners". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
8. "Nominees/Winners". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
9. "Nominees/Winners". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
10. "Nominees/Winners". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
11. "Nominees/Winners". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
12. "Nominees/Winners". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
13. "Nominees/Winners". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved July 5, 2016.
14. "Nominees/Winners". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
15. "Nominees/Winners". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
16. "Nominees/Winners". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
17. "Nominees/Winners". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved July 16, 2019.
18. "Nominees/Winners". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
19. "Nominees/Winners". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
20. "Nominees/Winners". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
21. "Nominees/Winners". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved July 12, 2023.
22. "Nominees/Winners". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved July 12, 2023.
23. "Nominees/Winners". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved July 19, 2024.
24. "Nominees/Winners". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved July 19, 2024.

## InfoBox

| Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Period Costumes | |
| --- | --- |
| Awarded for | Outstanding Period Costumes |
| Country | United States |
| Presented by | Academy of Television Arts & Sciences |
| First awarded | 2015 |
| Currently held by | *Shōgun* and *Feud: Capote vs. The Swans* (2024) |
| Website | emmys.com |


title: MermaidFX

abstract: MermaidFX is a visual effects company that creates mermaid tails and other aquatic costumes for television shows, films and commercials. The company's prosthetic mermaid tail rentals have been most widely seen in Hercules: The Legendary Journeys, worn by actors Angela Dotchin and Michael Hurst. MermaidFX was founded in 2001 by photographer and costume designer Jove deRenzy with the company's head seamstress Debbie Pelfrey. The company opened its official website in 2004. MermaidFX also does businesses under the trademark name MerTails LLC.

text:
# MermaidFX

**MermaidFX** is a visual effects company that creates mermaid tails and other aquatic costumes for television shows, films and commercials. The company's prosthetic mermaid tail rentals have been most widely seen in *Hercules: The Legendary Journeys*, worn by actors Angela Dotchin and Michael Hurst. MermaidFX was founded in 2001 by photographer and costume designer Jove deRenzy with the company's head seamstress Debbie Pelfrey. The company opened its official website in 2004. MermaidFX also does businesses under the trademark name MerTails LLC.


abstract: Long Lake Seaplane Base is a privately owned, public use seaplane base on Long Lake in Aroostook County, Maine, United States. It is located at the Long Lake Sporting Club, three nautical miles (6 km) northeast of the central business district of Sinclair, Maine.

text:
# Long Lake Seaplane Base (Sinclair, Maine)

**Long Lake Seaplane Base** (FAA LID: **92B**) is a privately owned, public use seaplane base on Long Lake in Aroostook County, Maine, United States. It is located at the Long Lake Sporting Club, three nautical miles (6 km) northeast of the central business district of Sinclair, Maine.

## Facilities and aircraft

Long Lake Seaplane Base has two seaplane landing areas on the water: 15/33 is 25,000 by 4,000 feet (7,620 x 1,219 m) and 7/25 is 15,800 by 2,640 feet (4,816 x 805 m). For the 12-month period ending August 13, 2009, the airport had 25 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 2 per month.

1. FAA Airport Form 5010 for 92B PDF. Federal Aviation Administration. Effective May 31, 2012.
2. "Long Lake Sporting Club".

## InfoBox

| Long Lake Seaplane Base | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Owner | Ken Martin |
| Serves | Sinclair, Maine |
| Elevation AMSL | 581 ft / 177 m |
| Coordinates | 47°11′35″N 068°13′53″W / 47.19306°N 68.23139°W / 47.19306; -68.23139 |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  15/33 25,000 7,620 Water  7/25 15,800 4,816 Water | |
| Statistics (2009) | |
| Aircraft operations 25 | |
| Source: Federal Aviation Administration | |