title: Tel Beit Shemesh

abstract: Tel Beit Shemesh is a small archaeological tell northeast of the modern city of Beit Shemesh. It was identified in the late 1830s as Biblical Beth Shemesh – it then was known as Ain Shams – by Edward Robinson. The tel was excavated in numerous phases during the 20th century.

text:
# Tel Beit Shemesh

31°45′2″N 34°58′30″E / 31.75056°N 34.97500°E / 31.75056; 34.97500

**Tel Beit Shemesh** is a small archaeological tell northeast of the modern city of Beit Shemesh.

It was identified in the late 1830s as Biblical Beth Shemesh – it then was known as **Ain Shams** – by Edward Robinson. The tel was excavated in numerous phases during the 20th century.

## Etymology

Beit Shemesh means "house of the sun" or "temple of the sun" in Hebrew. The Bronze-Age city was originally named after the Canaanite sun-goddess Shapash, sometimes called Shemesh, who was worshipped there in antiquity.

The name Beth-Shemesh was shared by (at least) two other places in Israel, and one more in Egypt, presumably the site known in Greek as Heliopolis, bearing the same meaning.

## History

### Canaanite and Israelite town

The Canaanites of Beit Shemesh named the city after Shapash/Shemesh, the sun-goddess they worshipped. The ruins of the ancient biblical city of the Canaanites and Israelites are located at a site called Tel Beit Shemesh in Modern Hebrew and Tell er-Rumeileh in Arabic, a tell (archaeological mound) situated immediately west of modern Beit Shemesh, and Moshav Yish'i, right on the west side of Highway 38.

The earliest mention of Beit Shemesh is found in Egyptian execration texts, dating several hundred years earlier than its mention in Hebrew canonical books.

### Hebrew Bible

Beit Shemesh is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible in the Book of Joshua (Joshua 15:10), as a city in the territory of the tribe of Judah on the border with the tribe of Dan. In Joshua 21:16, this city was set aside as one of the 13 Kohanic cities for the priests of the tribe of Levi, the Kohanim.

Another city by the same name, Beit Shemesh, is later mentioned in Joshua 19:38, being situated in the territory of the tribe of Naphtali.

The city located in the territorial bounds of the tribe of Judah is mentioned in the 6th chapter of 1 Samuel as being the first city encountered by the Ark of the Covenant on its way back from Philistia after having been captured by the Philistines in battle (1 Samuel 6:12–21). According to the chapter, the people of Beit Shemesh looked into the Ark, and God struck them dead. The stone on which the Ark was placed is recorded as still being located there at the time of writing the Books of Samuel. In the King James Version this stone is described as "the great stone of Abel" (1 Samuel 6:18).

In 2 Kings 14, Beit Shemesh is again mentioned as being the site of the battle between King Amaziah of Judea and King Jehoash of Israel.

### Iron Age to Persian period

During the 10th century BCE, Beit Shemesh emerged as an Israelite governmental center in the Sorek Valley.

An archaeomagnetic study has dated a destruction layer at the site to the first half of the 8th century BCE, correlating with the time when King Jehoash of Israel is recorded as having defeated King Amaziah of Judah in a battle fought there (2 Kings 14:11–13).

After the destruction of much of Judah by Sennacherib in 701 BCE, the city was abandoned for a while, but there seems to have been an attempt by a group of Judahites at resettling Beth Shemesh, judging by the refurbishing of the water reservoir in the 7th century BCE. However, after the Babylonian conquest of Judah in the early 580s, either the new Babylonian rulers, or the nearby Philistine metropolis of Ekron favoured by them, apparently put an end to the initiative by sealing and covering over the vital water reservoir, which was not uncovered until 2004. During the first Jewish return, at the beginning of the Second Temple period, there was no lasting revival of the city, as opposed to many other places in the vicinity such as Beit Guvrin, Maresha, and others.

In the rescue excavations at the site, a rectangular gas-fired structure was discovered which was identified by the excavators as a synagogue from the Second Temple period. The synagogue is supposed to be moved to another location to clear the area for road 38, which is planned to be paved in the area. Boaz Gross, the head of the excavation expedition at the Tel on behalf of the Israel Institute of Archaeology, believed that the structure is not Hasmonean but probably from the Herodian period. The village around him, he believes, was abandoned during the Bar Kokhba revolt. According to him, purification bowls found near the building, its architectural design, as well as a bench identified inside, strengthen the assumption that it is a synagogue.

### Byzantine period

A monastery and other remains from the Byzantine period have been found in the area.

### Ottoman period

The small Arab towns of Dayr Aban and Dayr Rafat used rocks for building from Tell er-Rumeileh (Tel Beit Shemesh).

In the late 19th century the area was known as 'Ain Shems or Khirbet 'Ain Shems and was used as a temporary harvest-time residence by local Arabs. The small mosque of Abu Mizar stood there.

### State of Israel

During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Egyptian Army invaded the area and set up a fortified post, called "Mishlat" in Hebrew, on a hill overlooking Beit Shemesh, within the Arab village Dayr Aban. The post changed hands several times during fighting. The Harel Brigade occupied part of the post for several months, giving rise to the name "the joint post" or the "Mishlat HaMeshutaf", with 60 meters dividing them and the enemy forces. The Mishlat was finally taken by the Harel force in the Ha-Har offensive, during the night of 19–20 October 1948.

Beit Shemesh is the point from which the so-called Convoy of 35 set out to bring provisions to besieged Gush Etzion. On 15 January 1948, a group of 38 Palmach volunteers left Hartuv near Beit Shemesh. After one member of the group sprained his ankle and returned, accompanied by two others, the group, now numbering 35, continued on its way. Their presence was discovered by two Arab women who encountered two scouts of the group near Surif. (An earlier version, that the soldiers were discovered by an Arab shepherd who they graciously let go, was based on a eulogy written by Ben-Gurion and is apparently apocryphal). The *Convoy of 35* was subsequently killed in fighting with Arab villagers and militiamen.

## Archaeology

From 1911 to 1913 the site was excavated by a Palestine Exploration Fund team led by Duncan Mackenzie.

The site was excavated from 1928 to 1933 by a Haverford College, Pennsylvania team led by Elihu Grant. A fractured Late Bronze Age cuneiform tablet was found.

Work resumed from 1990 to 1996 led by Shlomo Bunimovitz and Zvi Lederman under the auspices of the Department of the Land of Israel Studies at Bar-Ilan University and the Department of Bible and Ancient Near Eastern Studies at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.

### Late Bronze and Iron Age

The most ancient iron workshop in the world was discovered in Beit Shemesh in 2003. The only remnants of a fortified city with an advanced water system, from the time of the early Kingdom of Judah was found here. The bones of animals found in the 12th–11th centuries BCE layer indicate a diet typical of the Israelites who inhabited the hill country in this period. These together with the pottery finds indicate the cultural influences on the inhabitants of this border town. However, it is not possible to determine their specific ethnic identity, which could be Canaanite, Philistine, or Israelite.

In August 2012, archaeologists from Tel Aviv University announced the discovery of a circular stone seal, approximately 15 millimetres in diameter. The seal was found on the floor of a house at Beit Shemesh and is dated to the 12th century BCE. According to Haaretz, "excavation directors Prof. Shlomo Bunimovitz and Dr. Zvi Lederman of Tel Aviv University say they do not suggest that the human figure on the seal is the biblical Samson. Rather, the geographical proximity to the area where Samson lived, and the time period of the seal, show that a story was being told at the time of a hero who fought a lion, and that the story eventually found its way into the biblical text and onto the seal."

Animal bones found nearby may also be a clue to boundary disputes between different cultures. Pig bones have been found a few kilometers from Beit Shemesh, but only a few have been found actually at Beit Shemesh and at some point during the 11th century BCE it appears that the local population stopped eating pig. Haaretz reports that "According to Bunimovitz, when the pork-eating Philistines arrived in the country from the Aegean, the local people stopped eating pork to differentiate themselves from the newcomers."

As part of the works to expand a nearby road, Route 38, many archaeological finds were uncovered in Tel Beit Shemesh, the Beit Shemesh Municipality promoted the transformation of the complex into a visitor center and park with an investment of tens of millions of shekels. National Roads Company of Israel agreed to significantly reduce the width of Route 38, which crosses Tel Beit Shemesh, after archaeologists warned that it might bury rare and unusual artifacts from the First Temple period that were discovered there.

In these excavations, an impressive settlement from the end of the days of the biblical Kingdom of Judah was discovered, whose very existence challenges the accepted view regarding the history of the Kingdom of Judah during the reign of Assyria. So far it has been claimed that the city of Beit Shemesh was destroyed during the campaign to suppress Hezekiah's rebellion by the Assyrian king Sennacherib in 701 BC, and that the lowland area was torn from the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Judah. However, the new discoveries showed that after its destruction the settlement was re-founded on the eastern slopes of the tel, and was used As an important administrative and economic center of the Kingdom of Judah under the rule of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.

### Later history

In the excavations, they also discovered a dense system of public buildings, storage rooms, and agricultural industrial facilities, including 14 oil mills for the storage of olive oil from the days of the Kingdom of Judah. Next to one of the canvas houses, a large cellar was discovered with plastered floors and walls. Also, more than 44 royal seals identified with the period of King Hezekiah were discovered in the hundreds of structures that were uncovered. According to Lederman's hypothesis, the site west of Beit Shemesh was a row of royal agricultural farms, which Hezekiah established mainly to produce olive oil. The salvage excavation indicates that, contrary to the accepted view, according to which the Judean plain was emptied of its Jewish population in the seventh century BC, Beit Shemesh had a high-level built settlement with a sophisticated and profitable industry.

Calcite alabaster was quarried in ancient times in the cave known today as the Twins Cave near Beit Shemesh. Herod used this alabaster for baths in his palaces during the 1st century BCE.

In 2014, archaeologists Irene Zilberbod and Tehila Libman announced the nearby discovery of a large compound from the Byzantine period that was most probably a monastery. It comprised a residential area and an industrial area with wine and olive presses. The remains of buildings with two or three stories and impressive mosaic floors were discovered. The compound ceased to function in the early Muslim period and was subsequently occupied by other residents. The excavations were continuing with additional finds through late 2017.


title: Tarrafal, Cape Verde (municipality)

abstract: Tarrafal is a concelho (municipality) of Cape Verde. It is situated in the northern part of the island of Santiago. Its seat is the town Tarrafal. Its population was 18,565 at the 2010 census, and its area is 120.8 km⁲.

text:
# Tarrafal, Cape Verde (municipality)

**Tarrafal** is a *concelho* (municipality) of Cape Verde. It is situated in the northern part of the island of Santiago. Its seat is the town Tarrafal. Its population was 18,565 at the 2010 census, and its area is 120.8 km2.

## Subdivisions

The municipality consists of one *freguesia* (civil parish), **Santo Amaro Abade**. The *freguesia* is subdivided into the following settlements (population data from the 2010 census):

## History

The municipality was created in 1917, when two northern parishes of the older Municipality of Santa Catarina were split off to become the Municipality of Tarrafal. In 1997, the southeastern part of the municipality was split off to become the Municipality of São Miguel. Under Salazar the Tarrafal Concentration Camp was built on the plain south of town (Chão Bom) to contain opponents of the political regime.

## Demography

Population of Tarrafal (1940—2010)
| Year | Population |
| --- | --- |
| 1940 | 18,840 |
| 1950 | 13,222 |
| 1960 | 19,140 |
| 1970 | 26,251 |
| 1980 | 24,202 |
| 1990 | 11,626 |
| 2000 | 18,059 |
| 2010 | 18,565 |

## Politics

At the federal level, it belongs to the constituency of Santiago North. Since 2004, the Movement for Democracy (MpD) is the ruling party of the municipality. The results of the latest elections, in 2016:

| Party | Municipal Council | | Municipal Assembly | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes% | Seats | Votes% | Seats |
| MpD | 53.70 | 7 | 54.22 | 10 |
| PAICV | 43.11 | 0 | 42.54 | 7 |

## Notable people

## International relations

Tarrafal is twinned with the following municipalities in Portugal:

## InfoBox

| Tarrafal | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Municipal hall of Tarrafal | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 15°16′N 23°43′W / 15.26°N 23.71°W / 15.26; -23.71 | |
| Country | Cape Verde |
| Island | Santiago |
| Area | |
| Total | 120.8 km2 (46.6 sq mi) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 18,565 |
| Density | 150/km2 (400/sq mi) |
| Postal code | 7100 |
| ID | 71 |
| Website | http://www.cmt.cv/ |


title: Tarrafal, Cape Verde

abstract: Tarrafal is a city in the northern part of the island of Santiago, Cape Verde. In 2010 its population was 6,656. It is a fishing port situated on the northwestern coast. It constitutes the seat of the Tarrafal Municipality.

text:
# Tarrafal, Cape Verde

**Tarrafal** (also: *Mangui* or *Mangue*) is a city in the northern part of the island of Santiago, Cape Verde. In 2010 its population was 6,656. It is a fishing port situated on the northwestern coast. It constitutes the seat of the Tarrafal Municipality.

## Geography

The city is situated by the Baía de Tarrafal, at the foot of 643 m high Monte Graciosa. Tarrafal is at the northern end of two main roads to Praia in the south, one leading through Assomada and São Domingos (EN1-ST01), the other along the east coast through Calheta de São Miguel and Pedra Badejo (EN1-ST02).

## History

The origin of the toponym “Tarrafal” is the Portuguese word *“tarrafal”*, which means a plantation of the indigenous plant *“tarrafe”*, *Tamarix senegalensis*. The settlement was mentioned in the 1747 map by Jacques-Nicolas Bellin as "Terrafal". In 1917, the municipality of Tarrafal was separated from Santa Catarina, and the town Tarrafal became its seat. Between 1936 and 1974, political prisoners were held at the Tarrafal camp, south of the city. At least 32 prisoners died in the camp, which now houses a museum.

## Demographics

| Year | Population |
| --- | --- |
| 23 June 1990, census | 3,626 |
| 16 June 2000, census | 5,785 |
| 1 January 2005, estimate | 6,463 |
| 2010, census | 6,656 |

## InfoBox

| Tarrafal | |
| --- | --- |
| Settlement | |
| View of the town of Tarrafal | |
| Tarrafal | |
| Coordinates: 15°16′41″N 23°45′07″W / 15.278°N 23.752°W / 15.278; -23.752 | |
| Country | Cape Verde |
| Island | Santiago |
| Municipality | Tarrafal |
| Civil parish | Santo Amaro Abade |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 6,656 |
| ID | 71120 |


title: Telefónica Blue

abstract: Telefónica Blue is a Volvo Open 70 yacht.

text:
# Telefónica Blue

***Telefónica Blue*** (also ***Sanya Lan***, now ***Ocean Breeze***) is a Volvo Open 70 yacht.

## Career

She finished third in the 2008–09 Volvo Ocean Race skippered by Bouwe Bekking.

She finished sixth in the 2011–12 Volvo Ocean Race skippered by Mike Sanderson.

3. https://oceanbreeze.eu

## InfoBox

Telefónica Blue
| *Sanya Lan* during the 2011–12 Volvo Ocean Race. | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | *Sanya Lan* |
| Nation | Spain
China |
| Class | Volvo Open 70 |
| Racing career | |
| Skippers | Bouwe Bekking
Mike Sanderson |


title: Telefónica SA v Commission

abstract: Telefónica SA v Commission (2014) C-295/12 is a European competition law case relevant for UK enterprise law, concerning telecommunications.

text:
# Telefónica SA v Commission

***Telefónica SA v Commission*** (2014) C-295/12 is a European competition law case relevant for UK enterprise law, concerning telecommunications.

## Facts

Telefonica appealed against a Commission fine of €151m for abuse of dominance for wholesale ADSL broadband in Spain from 2001-2006. Telefonica had a statutory monopoly on retail provision of landlines before 1998. It was the only company with a nationwide fixed telephone network. It provided wholesale broadband to other telecomms companies, and its own retail services. The Commission found Telefonica imposed unfair prices through a margin squeeze on competitors, so the difference between their wholesale prices and its retail prices were not enough to make a profit. It assessed Telefonica’s downstream costs using LRAIC as the standard.

The General Court held that to establish a margin squeeze there was no need to show excessive or predatory prices: the abuse was in the spread available. The test was whether an equally efficient competitor, based on the dominant undertaking’s own costs could survive.

## Judgment

The CJEU upheld the General Court's decision in its entirety, so that Telefonica still had to pay a fine for abuse of a dominant position.

> 9. The General Court summarised the background to the dispute at paragraphs 3 to 29 of the judgment under appeal as follows:
>
> > \[...\]
> >
> > 26 ... the Commission assessed the gravity and the impact of the infringement and also the size of the relevant geographic market. First of all, as regards the gravity of the infringement, the Commission considered that it was dealing with a clear-cut abuse on the part of an undertaking holding what was virtually a monopoly position, that must be qualified as “very serious” under the 1998 Guidelines (recitals 739 to 743 to the contested decision). At recitals 744 to 750 to the contested decision, the Commission distinguished the present case from Commission Decision 2003/707/EC of 21 May 2003 relating to a proceeding under Article \[102 TFEU\] (Case COMP/C 1/37.451, 37.578, 37.579 — *Deutsche Telekom AG*) (OJ 2003 L 263, p. 9; “*the Deutsche Telekom decision*”), in which the abuse on the part of Deutsche Telekom, which also concerned a margin squeeze, had not been qualified as “very serious” within the meaning of the 1998 Guidelines. Next, so far as the impact of the infringement found was concerned, the Commission took account of the fact that the relevant markets were of considerable economic importance, that they played a crucial role in the creation of the information society and that the impact of Telefónica’s abuse on the retail market had been significant (recitals 751 and 753 to the contested decision). Last, as regards the size of the relevant geographic market, the Commission observed, in particular, that the Spanish broadband market was the fifth largest national broadband market in the European Union (EU) and that, while margin squeeze cases were necessarily limited to a single Member State, it prevented operators from other Member States from entering a fast-growing market (recitals 754 and 755 to the contested decision).
> >
> > 27 According to the contested decision, the starting amount of the fine, EUR 90 000 000, takes account of the fact that the gravity of the abusive practice became clear over the period under consideration and, more particularly, after the adoption of the Deutsche Telekom decision (recitals 756 and 757). A multiplier of 1.25 was applied to that amount to take account of Telefónica’s significant economic capacity and to ensure that the fine was sufficiently deterrent, and the starting amount of the fine was thus increased to EUR 112 500 000 (recital 758).
> >
> > 28 Second, as the infringement had lasted from September 2001 until December 2006, that is to say, for five years and four months, the Commission increased the starting amount of the fine by 50%. The basic amount of the fine was thus increased to EUR 168 750 000 (recitals 759 to 761 to the contested decision).
> >
> > 29 Third, on the basis of all the evidence available, the Commission considered that the existence of certain attenuating circumstances could be recognised in this case, since the infringement had at least been committed as a result of negligence. A reduction of 10% of the amount of the fine was thus granted to Telefónica, which reduced the amount of the fine to EUR 151 875 000 (recitals 765 and 766 to the contested decision).’
>
> \[...\]
>
> 74 By the third part of their first ground of appeal, the appellants maintain that, at paragraph 182 of the judgment under appeal, the General Court distorted the facts and infringed their rights of defence by finding that they had not relied on the non‑essential nature of wholesale products when assessing the effects of their conduct.
>
> 75 That argument is ineffective, as pointed out by the Advocate General at point 27 of his Opinion, since the appellants’ reliance on the non-essential nature of wholesale products formed part of a broader argument in which the General Court was invited to apply the criteria established by the Court of Justice in *Bronner* (Case C‑7/97 EU:C:1998:569) in connection with a refusal to supply amounting to abuse. As is apparent from paragraphs 180 and 181 of the judgment under appeal, the abusive conduct of which the appellants stand accused, which took the form of a margin squeeze, constitutes an independent form of abuse distinct from that of refusal to supply, so that the criteria established in *Bronner* (EU:C:1998:569) were not applicable in the present case (Case C‑52/09 *TeliaSonera Sverige* EU:C:2011:83, paragraphs 55 to 58).
>
> \[...\]
>
> 124... in order to establish that a practice such as margin squeeze is abusive, that practice must have an anti-competitive effect on the market, although the effect does not necessarily have to be concrete, it being sufficient to demonstrate that there is a potential anti‑competitive effect which may exclude competitors who are at least as efficient as the dominant undertaking (see *TeliaSonera Sverige* EU:C:2011:83, paragraph 64) and, second, the General Court found at paragraph 282 of the judgment under appeal, in its assessment of the facts, that the Commission had demonstrated that there were such potential effects.

*

## InfoBox

| Telefónica SA v Commission | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Court | Court of Justice |
| Citation | (2014) C-295/12 |
| Keywords | |
| Telecommunications | |


title: Telefónica (yacht)

abstract: Telefónica is a Volvo Open 70 yacht. She finished fourth in the 2011–12 Volvo Ocean Race skippered by Iker Martínez.

text:
# Telefónica (yacht)

***Telefónica*** (also ***Black Jack***) is a Volvo Open 70 yacht. She finished fourth in the 2011–12 Volvo Ocean Race skippered by Iker Martínez.

## InfoBox

Telefónica
| *Telefónica* during the 2011–12 Volvo Ocean Race. | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | *Black Jack* "Kraken" |
| Nation | Spain |
| Class | Volvo Open 70 |
| Racing career | |
| Skippers | Iker Martínez Lance Shepherd |


title: Technology Professionals Canada

abstract: Technology Professionals Canada (TPC) is an organization that advocates for the professions of technicians, applied science technologists and engineering technologists within the provinces of their member organizations.

text:
# Technology Professionals Canada

**Technology Professionals Canada** (TPC) is an organization that advocates for the professions of technicians, applied science technologists and engineering technologists within the provinces of their member organizations.

## History

It was founded in 2010 as a partnership between associations of technology professions in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Ontario.

The organization came about when several associations of certified engineering technology ceased their membership with the Canadian Council of Technicians and Technologists (CCTT). The professional associations of Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland and Labrador remained in CCTT until 2021 when CCTT joined TPC.

## Accreditation

TPC has created a new standard accreditation model, called Technology Accreditation Canada, based on a comprehensive review of current technology accreditation practices conducted by the Canadian Standards Association.

This accreditation model is being set up under a different organization, called Technology Accreditation Canada.

## International transferability of title

As of June 2023, TPC is a signatory to the Dublin and Sydney accords as well as the mobility agreements for technicians and technologists.

## Membership

TPC consists of 9 of the 10 provincial associations of certified engineering technicians and technologists in Canada, and represents over 85% of the certified engineering technicians and technologists in Canada.

Membership consists of the Applied Science Technologists and Technicians of British Columbia, Association of Science and Engineering Technology Professionals of Alberta, Ontario Association of Certified Engineering Technicians and Technologists, and Saskatchewan Applied Science Technologists and Technicians, Certified Technicians and Technologists Association of Manitoba, New Brunswick Society of Certified Engineering Technicians and Technologists, Island Technology Professionals, Technova, and Association of Engineering Technicians and Technologists of Newfoundland and Labrador

## InfoBox

Technology Professionals Canada
| Founded | 2010 |
| --- | --- |
| Focus | Certification of engineering technicians and technologists |
| Website | www.technologyprofessionals.ca |


title: Tee Ferguson

abstract: James C. 'Tee' Ferguson was an American politician, attorney and circuit judge from Spartanburg. Ferguson was a Democratic member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from the 31st District, serving from 1983 to 1989. He served on the Advisory Committee on the Commission of Higher Education. Ferguson lost his seat as a result of Operation Lost Trust.

text:
# Tee Ferguson

**James C. 'Tee' Ferguson** (November 3, 1950 - October 7, 2011 ) was an American politician, attorney and circuit judge from Spartanburg.

Ferguson was a Democratic member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from the 31st District, serving from 1983 to 1989. He served on the Advisory Committee on the Commission of Higher Education.

Ferguson lost his seat as a result of Operation Lost Trust.

## Post-legislative career

Ferguson was co-owner of a medical equipment and supply business in North Carolina.

In 2004, Ferguson ran for U. S. Senate under the United Citizens Party. The election was won by Republican candidate Jim DeMint.

## Death

Ferguson died in 2011.

## InfoBox

| Tee Ferguson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the South Carolina House of Representatives
from the 31st district | |
| **In office**
1983–1989 | |
| Preceded by | Hudson L. Barksdale Sr. |
| Succeeded by | Donald W. Beatty |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | November 3, 1950
Spartanburg, South Carolina, United States |
| Died | October 7, 2011 |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Education | Wofford College University of South Carolina School of Law |
| Occupation | Attorney and businessman |
|  | |


title: Teinoptera

abstract: Teinoptera is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

text:
# Teinoptera

***Teinoptera*** is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Teinoptera* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Calpinae |
| Genus: | *Teinoptera*<br>Calberla, 1891 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Copiphana* Hampson, 1906 | |


title: Teinoptera oliva

abstract: Teinoptera oliva is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Greece, Turkey, Syria, Armenia and Transcaucasia. Adults are on wing from May to July.

text:
# Teinoptera oliva

***Teinoptera oliva*** is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Greece, Turkey, Syria, Armenia and Transcaucasia.

Adults are on wing from May to July.

## InfoBox

| *Teinoptera oliva* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Genus: | *Teinoptera* |
| Species: | ***T. oliva*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Teinoptera oliva***<br>(Staudinger, 1895) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Copiphana oliva* (Staudinger, 1895) * *Cleophana oliva* Staudinger, 1895 | |


title: Tempo (motorcycle manufacturer)

abstract: Tempo was a Norwegian motorcycle and moped brand. Jonas Øglænd made the rolling chassis and most of the parts thereof, and Fichtel & Sachs AG made the engines for the majority of the models. After 1972 the company made mopeds only.

text:
# Tempo (motorcycle manufacturer)

**Tempo** was a Norwegian motorcycle and moped brand. Jonas Øglænd made the rolling chassis and most of the parts thereof, and Fichtel & Sachs AG made the engines for the majority of the models. After 1972 the company made mopeds only.

## The early years

In 1868 Jonas Øglænd started his business with mounting and selling bicycles. One of the brands was "The World", initially made in USA, starting licence production in Sandnes, Norway in 1906. In the early 30s the idea of putting an engine in the frame of one of these bicycles was born, and serial production of the motorized "The World" started in 1931 continuing to 1934. Øglænd also sold Ner-A-Car motorcycles in the 1920s. Engine kits for bicycles was also sold, but no complete motorcycle of in-house manufacture until 1931

## The first Tempo

The first motorcycle to carry the Tempo brand was the Sachs 98cc engined **Standard**, made from 1934-39. In 1936 the models **Sport** and **Luxus**, and the 3 wheeled **Transport** joined the program, and in 1937 the **Villiers**, initially sporting a 98cc Villiers 9D engine.

## The first moped

The first Tempo moped ever manufactured was the bicycle-like 1951 Tempo **Handy**. It looked like a bicycle, but where the pedals normally would be it carried a Sachs 49 cc, 1 hp engine with pedals and two gears, shifted with the left side twist grip. It had a three-litre gasoline tank and weighed around 28 kilograms. To start the moped, one put the engine in neutral (the start gear) and used the pedals as a kick starter. To pedal the bike, e.g. in the event of running out of petrol, the clutch lever was kept depressed by means of a small locking device and the transmission put in first or second gear. The engine was stopped by pressing a small switch that grounded the magneto. This moped sold well and was very cheap, but eventually more luxuries were needed and from 1957 Tempo made the rear suspensioned **Comfort** and **Swing** (same construction, the latter utilizing a swingarm front fork hence the name.) mopeds using the same engine before introducing the **Corvette** in 1960. Upgraded versions of the Sachs hand-shifted pedal engine had 1,6 hp and 3 gears.

## Corvette era

The small and easy driven **Corvette** was a small underbone moped manufactured from 1960 until 1994 (from the early 1980s produced in Portugal). It had a 49-cubic-centimetre (3.0 cu in) Sachs engine, initially the same pedal engine as the earlier mopeds, later a foot-shifted 2.5 hp Sachs engine with three or four gears and fan cooling. A two-speed automatic version was designated **Saxonette**.

The combination of German engines and Norwegian frames was cheap and reliable, with few errors. Tempo-Lett mopeds were especially popular during the 1960s and the 1970s. Carrying a 5-litre gasoline tank, one filling of 4% petroil mix gives a considerable range. The engine is started by selecting neutral between first and 2. gear, then hitting the kickstarter. The Corvette was very reliable; one just tipped the gas dipper until the carb overflowed, a bit throttle and kick, and the Corvette would start.

The Tempo made mopeds were easy to acquire, as they were sold at grocery marts, bicycle and sports stores and some other places too. In rural places, a store or business could (and still can) have a broader range of goods and services than usually found in those of a city.

To circumvent regulations on produced units of one brand, CKD kits (on which there were no restrictions) were sold to dealers that put the bikes together and put their own brand on the tank. Some examples of such brands are **Trygg**, **Svithun** and **Tambar-Sachs**.

In Norway before 1987, a driver's licence for a moped was not required but the driver had to be 16 years old and "have the needed skills" to drive a moped. Later, youth between 16 and 20 years of age needed a moped pass. Since 2005 a drivers licence is mandatory but those being 20 years or older at the time the requirement was settled can obtain one without going through any formal training.

Although the Corvette sold well, its appeal was mostly its more practical sides rather than being a show off piece. Øglænd turned towards the younger and more sporty generation when they introduced the motorcycle like Tempo **Panter** in 1966. This moped was also a big success, initially with the same fan-cooled engine as the Corvette but eventually sporting an all new wind cooled Sachs 50 cc engine. The Corvette and Panter was the best known Tempo mopeds, but many other models were made over the years. Other examples of mopeds include, amongst others, the models **Avanti**, **Victoria**, **Hercules**, **RE**, **RT** and **Tiger**, the two latter sporting the trouble-prone Minarelli P4 engine.

## Motorcycles

Tempo also made motorcycles. The smallest one was actually a Corvette with a full effect version of the fan cooled 49 cc engine producing 4,3 hp. Sold as the **Comet**, this small motorcycle had a longer seat allowing two persons to ride. Similar versions of the Panter was sold as**Trigger** and **Sprint**, sporting a 5,2 hp full effect version of the wind cooled engine and somewhat different styling.

Some other examples:

* **The World**

1931-1934

98cc Sachs

Tank shifter and pedals.

First motorcycle produced by Øglænd.

* **Standard**

(98 cc with pedals made from 1934 to 1939 not to be confused with the 50s Standard)

1951-59

98, 125, 150 or 175cc Sachs

From 1953 with 2 seats.

* **Villiers**

1937-49

98, 125 or 150cc Villers engines.

Engine models used were 9D, 9DF, 10D, 10DF, 12D, and 30C .

* **Sport**

(1936-39 98 cc not to be confused with 60s model)

1959-66

125, 150 or 175cc Sachs.

* **Luxus**

1936-49

98cc

Kickstart and 11 liter chrome tank, twin exhaust from 1938

* **CZ**

1956 only

150 cc CZ engine.

* **Swing**

1957-59

125, 150 or 175 cc Sachs

First model with rear suspension and saddle for two instead of seats.

* **Taifun**

1960-68

125, 150 or 175 cc Sachs

Came in three versions : Taifun (color black only), Taifun Military (olive green with a slightly tuned 175cc Sachs engine, made for the Norwegian armed forces) and the "Blåtaifun" ("blue Taifun", sport model in blue only.)

* **Cross**

1958-66

125, 150 or 175 cc Sachs

Scrambler with raised suspension and upswept exhaust.

* **Sprint**

1967-72

50 or 100 cc Sachs

* **Fighter**

1969-72

100 or 125cc Sachs

Delivered in blue only

Last Tempo motorcycle produced, sold until 1973.

## The End of Tempo

Eventually, Tempo did not sell to well, due to the invasion of Japanese mopeds and motorcycles. Production of the Tempo Corvette and Panter in Norway ceased in 1983, but the Corvette was produced in Portugal until 1994, still sporting the fan cooled Sachs MLKAX engine. In an effort to survive in the 1980s and 1990s Tempo made mopeds with Minarelli engines, but they never sold as well as their Japanese counterparts partly due to having quality problems with the engines.

Today, the Tempo mopeds and motorcycles are in the focus of enthusiasts, and collected and restored around the country. Some models fetch sky high prices in the same range or higher than equivalent new bikes when sold among these enthusiasts.

## InfoBox

Tempo
|
|  |
| Founded | 1931 |
| Defunct | 1994 |
| Headquarters | Sandnes, Norway |
| Products | Motorcycles |


title: Tek Lal Mahto

abstract: Tek Lal Mahto was a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He was one of the founders and key members of the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (JMM) political party, and served five terms in the Jharkhand state legislature. He was a delegate to the Bihar assembly in 1985, represented the Giridih constituency in the Lok Sabha between 2004 and 2009, and JMM from Mandu Assembly constituency at the time of his death. He died of a cardiac arrest at the hospital of Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences where he was admitted the day before. He was survived by wife, two sons Ram Prakash Bhai Patel and Jai Prakash Bhai Patel with three daughters.

text:
# Tek Lal Mahto

**Tek Lal Mahto** (15 February 1945 – 27 September 2011) was a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He was one of the founders and key members of the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (JMM) political party, and served five terms in the Jharkhand state legislature. He was a delegate to the Bihar assembly in 1985, represented the Giridih constituency in the Lok Sabha between 2004 and 2009, and JMM from Mandu Assembly constituency at the time of his death. He died of a cardiac arrest at the hospital of Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences where he was admitted the day before. He was survived by wife, two sons Ram Prakash Bhai Patel and Jai Prakash Bhai Patel with three daughters.

## InfoBox

| Tek Lal Mahto | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| MP | |
| Constituency | Giridih 2004-2009 |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1945-02-15)15 February 1945
Hazaribagh, Bihar, (Now in Jharkhand), India |
| Died | 27 September 2011(2011-09-27) (aged 66)
Jharkhand, India |
| Political party | JMM |
| Spouse | Lakheshwari Devi |
| Children | Ram Prakash Bhai Patel, Jai Prakash Bhai Patel and 3 daughters |
| Residence | Hazaribagh |
|  | |


title: Temporal styloid process

abstract: The temporal styloid process is a slender bony process of the temporal bone extending downward and forward from the undersurface of the temporal bone just below the ear. The styloid process gives attachments to several muscles, and ligaments.

text:
# Temporal styloid process

The **temporal styloid process** is a slender bony process of the temporal bone extending downward and forward from the undersurface of the temporal bone just below the ear. The styloid process gives attachments to several muscles, and ligaments.

## Structure

The styloid process is a slender and pointed bony process of the temporal bone projecting anteroinferiorly from the inferior surface of the temporal bone just below the ear. Its length normally ranges from just under 3 cm to just over 4 cm. It is usually nearly straight, but may be curved in some individuals.

Its *proximal* (*tympanohyal*) *part* is ensheathed by the tympanic part of the temporal bone *(vaginal process), whereas* its *distal (stylohyal)* *part* gives attachment to several structures.

### Attachments

The styloid process gives attachments to several muscles, and ligaments. It serves as an anchor point for several muscles associated with the tongue and larynx.

### Relations

The parotid gland is situated laterally to the styloid process, the external carotid artery passes by its apex, the facial nerve crosses its base, and the attachment of the stylopharyngeus muscle separates it from the internal jugular vein medially.

## Development

The styloid process arises from endochondral ossification of the cartilage from the second pharyngeal arch.

## Clinical significance

A small percentage of the population will suffer from an elongation of the styloid process and stylohyoid ligament calcification. This condition is also known as Eagle syndrome. The tissues in the throat rub on the styloid process during the act of swallowing with resulting pain along the glossopharyngeal nerve. There is also pain upon turning the head or extending the tongue. Other symptoms may include voice alteration, cough, dizziness, migraines, occipital neuralgia, pain in teeth and jaw and sinusitis or bloodshot eyes.

## Additional images

*This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 145 of the 20th edition of* Gray's Anatomy *(1918)*

## InfoBox

| Temporal styloid process | |
| --- | --- |
| Right side of the skull. Styloid process shown in red | |
| Right temporal bone and mandible (styloid process labeled at bottom) | |
| Details | |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | *processus styloideus ossis temporalis* |
| TA98 | A02.1.06.047 |
| TA2 | 683 |
| FMA | 52877 |
| Anatomical terms of bone | |


title: The Best of Tevin Campbell

abstract: The Best of Tevin Campbell is a greatest hits album for R&B singer Tevin Campbell, released in 2001 by Qwest Records.

text:
# The Best of Tevin Campbell

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***The Best of Tevin Campbell*** is a greatest hits album for R&B singer Tevin Campbell, released in 2001 by Qwest Records.

## Track listing

1. Can We Talk – 4:44
2. I'm Ready – 4:45
3. Shhh – 4:54
4. Always in My Heart – 5:38
5. Back to the World – 4:59
6. Could You Learn to Love – 4:08
7. Goodbye – 4:16
8. Round and Round (Soul Mix Edit) – 4:54
9. Tell Me What You Want Me to Do – 5:02
10. One Song – 4:25
11. Another Way – 4:54
12. Don't Say Goodbye Girl – 4:30
13. What Do I Say – 4:55
14. Brown Eyed Girl – 4:01
15. Tell Me Where – 4:28

## InfoBox

| The Best of Tevin Campbell | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Greatest hits album by Tevin Campbell | |
| Released | 2001 |
| Recorded | 1990–1999 |
| Genre | R&B |
| Length | 67:20 |
| Label | Qwest |
| Producer | Various |
| Tevin Campbell chronology | |
| *Tevin Campbell*
(2000) ***The Best of Tevin Campbell***
(2001) | |


title: Mes premières vraies vacances

abstract: France Gall, commonly called Mes premières vraies vacances after the opening track, is the first 12-inch album by French singer France Gall. It was released on a 12-inch LP in August 1964.

text:
# Mes premières vraies vacances

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Forces Parallèles* |  |

***France Gall***, commonly called ***Mes premières vraies vacances*** after the opening track, is the first 12-inch album by French singer France Gall. It was released on a 12-inch LP in August 1964.

## Track listing

Side A
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Mes premières vraies vacances" | Maurice Vidalin | Jacques Datin | 2:14 |
| 2. | "Jazz à gogo" | Robert Gall | Alain Goraguer | 2:27 |
| 3. | "Soyons sages" | Robert Gall | Guy Magenta | 2:33 |
| 4. | "Les rubans et la fleur" | Robert Gall | André Popp | 2:53 |
| 5. | "Pense à moi" | Robert Gall and France Gall | Alain Goraguer | 2:39 |
| 6. | "Ça va je t'aime" (adaptation of "Hip-Huggers") | French adaptation by André Salvet and Claude Carrère | Edna Lewis & Robert H. Moseley | 2:18 |

Side B
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "La cloche" (adaptation of "My Boyfriend Got a Beatle Haircut") | French adaptation by André Salvet | Jack Wolf and Maurice "Bugs" Bower | 2:07 |
| 2. | "N'écoute pas les idoles" | Serge Gainsbourg | Serge Gainsbourg | 1:49 |
| 3. | "J'entends cette musique" | Robert Gall | Jacques Datin, based on the adagio by Remo Giazotto | 2:38 |
| 4. | "Ne dis pas aux copains" | Maurice Tézé | Guy Magenta | 2:38 |
| 5. | "Ne sois pas si bête" (adaptation of "Stand a Little Closer") | French adaptation by Pierre Delanoë | Jack Wolf and Maurice "Bugs" Bower | 2:22 |
| 6. | "Si j'étais garçon" | Pierre Cour | Jean Claudric | 2:11 |

1. "France GALL : MES PREMIERES VRAIES VACANCES (1964)".

## InfoBox

| Mes premières vraies vacances | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by France Gall | |
| Released | August 1964 (1964-08) |
| Genre | Yéyé, chanson |
| Length | 28:49 |
| Label | Philips B 77.805 L |
| Producer | Denis Bourgeois |
| France Gall chronology | |
| *N'écoute pas les idoles*
(1964) ***Mes premières vraies vacances***
(1964) *Sacré Charlemagne*
(1964) | |


title: Todd Erdos

abstract: Todd Michael Erdos is an American former middle-relief pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the San Diego Padres, New York Yankees and Boston Red Sox in a span of six seasons from 1997 to 2001. Listed at 6' 1", 205 lb., Erdos batted and threw right-handed. He was born in Washington, Pennsylvania. The Padres selected Erdos in the 9th round of the 1992 MLB Draft out of the Meadville Area Senior High School in Pennsylvania, where he played for the Bulldog baseball team.

text:
# Todd Erdos

**Todd Michael Erdos** (born November 21, 1973) is an American former middle-relief pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the San Diego Padres, New York Yankees and Boston Red Sox in a span of six seasons from 1997 to 2001. Listed at 6' 1", 205 lb., Erdos batted and threw right-handed. He was born in Washington, Pennsylvania.

The Padres selected Erdos in the 9th round of the 1992 MLB Draft out of the Meadville Area Senior High School in Pennsylvania, where he played for the Bulldog baseball team.

## Career

In a five-season career, Erdos posted a 2–0 record with a 5.57 earned run average and two saves in 63 pitching appearances, including 58 strikeouts, 45 walks, 21 games finished, and 93+13 innings of work.

Following his majors career, Erdos played in the International League from 2002 through 2004 with the Pawtucket Red Sox, Rochester Red Wings and Indianapolis Indians, before joining the Long Island Ducks of the Atlantic League from 2005 to 2006. Erdos had a record of 5–5 in his two seasons for the Ducks while registering a club record 40 saves and a 4.28 ERA in 86+13 innings, earning a berth in the AL All-Star team in the 2005 season. During the 2006 midseason, Long Island announced that his contract had been purchased by the Brother Elephants of the Chinese League.

In between, Erdos played winter ball for the Navegantes del Magallanes and Tigres de Aragua clubs of the Venezuelan League in part of five seasons from 2000–01 to 2005–06.

In 2011, Erdos was named head coach for the baseball team of Butler High School in Pennsylvania, where former big leaguer Milt Graff have coached their baseball team. At the time, Erdos rejoined Matt Clement, also a former Major League pitcher who coached the school's basketball team. They had been teammates in the Padres minor league system as well, making the school a rarity in having two former major leaguers as coaches at the same time.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Todd Erdos | |
| --- | --- |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:**  (1973-11-21) November 21, 1973<br>Washington, Pennsylvania, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| June 8, 1997, for the San Diego Padres | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| October 5, 2001, for the Boston Red Sox | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 2–0 |
| Earned run average | 5.57 |
| Strikeouts | 58 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Ophonus sabulicola

abstract: Ophonus sabulicola is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae, genus Ophonus, and subgenus Ophonus (Ophonus).

text:
# Ophonus sabulicola

***Ophonus sabulicola*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae, genus Ophonus, and subgenus Ophonus (Ophonus).

## InfoBox

| *Ophonus sabulicola* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Subfamily: | Harpalinae |
| Tribe: | Harpalini |
| Genus: | *Ophonus* |
| Species: | ***O. sabulicola*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ophonus sabulicola***<br>Panzer, 1796 | |
|


title: USS Loggerhead

abstract: USS Loggerhead (SS-374/AGSS-374), a Balao-class submarine, was a ship of the United States Navy named for the loggerhead, Caretta caretta, a very large, carnivorous sea turtle common in the warmer parts of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. Loggerhead (SS-374) was laid down on 1 April 1944 by Manitowoc Shipbuilding Co., Manitowoc, Wisc.; launched 13 August 1944; sponsored by Mrs. Barbara Fox; and commissioned on 9 February 1945. Loggerhead emerged from the Manitowoc River into Lake Michigan on 1 March 1945 and headed via Chicago to Lockport, Ill., where she entered a floating drydock and was towed down the Mississippi River. She arrived at New Orleans 7 March and departed 5 days later transiting the Panama Canal and arriving at Pearl Harbor on 8 April. Loggerhead's first war patrol started 15 May when she departed Hawaii and headed via Saipan for the Luzon Straits and the South China Sea. Patrolling along the east coast of Hainan Island, she sighted an enemy hospital ship 11 June and allowed it to pass unharmed. Three days later, Loggerhead bombarded a suspected radar installation at Gap Rock south of Hong Kong, causing severe damage to the tower. Much time was devoted to lifeguard duty during this patrol. Changing patrol areas and briefly stopping at Subic Bay 1 July for fuel, the submarine headed for an assigned lifeguard station south of Hong Kong. She stopped numerous native boats, questioned their crews, and learned that the Japanese were commandeering all native boats in the ports which they controlled. On 13 July the submarine fired five torpedoes at enemy ships in Semarang Roadstead. The next day, the submarine headed for Australia, transiting Lombok Straits between Bali and Lombok Island during daylight on 14 July. While Loggerhead passed between these islands, the enemy shore batteries surprised her with hot fire. Evading the bursts of the Japanese shells through skillful maneuvers, Loggerhead escaped undamaged. She arrived at Fremantle on 19 July. The end of hostilities on 15 August found Loggerhead two days out of Fremantle heading for the Gulf of Siam on her second war patrol. She put in Subic Bay on 22 August, departed for the United States 31 August via Pearl Harbor, and arrived at San Francisco 22 September 1945. Loggerhead was decommissioned at Mare Island Navy Yard 16 June 1946 and was placed in the Pacific Reserve Fleet. In 1960 she was assigned as a US Naval Reserve Training Ship and towed to Portland, Oregon. In December 1962 she was reclassified an auxiliary submarine, AGSS-374, and she continued to serve as a reserve training submarine in Portland until 30 June 1967 when she was relieved by auxiliary submarine Rasher (SS-269). Struck from the Naval Vessel Register on the same date, Loggerhead was sold for scrap in early 1969.

text:
# USS Loggerhead

**USS *Loggerhead* (SS-374/AGSS-374)**, a *Balao*-class submarine, was a ship of the United States Navy named for the loggerhead, *Caretta caretta*, a very large, carnivorous sea turtle common in the warmer parts of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.

*Loggerhead* (SS-374) was laid down on 1 April 1944 by Manitowoc Shipbuilding Co., Manitowoc, Wisc.; launched 13 August 1944; sponsored by Mrs. Barbara Fox; and commissioned on 9 February 1945.

*Loggerhead* emerged from the Manitowoc River into Lake Michigan on 1 March 1945 and headed via Chicago to Lockport, Ill., where she entered a floating drydock and was towed down the Mississippi River. She arrived at New Orleans 7 March and departed 5 days later transiting the Panama Canal and arriving at Pearl Harbor on 8 April.

*Loggerhead'*s first war patrol started 15 May when she departed Hawaii and headed via Saipan for the Luzon Straits and the South China Sea. Patrolling along the east coast of Hainan Island, she sighted an enemy hospital ship 11 June and allowed it to pass unharmed. Three days later, *Loggerhead* bombarded a suspected radar installation at Gap Rock south of Hong Kong, causing severe damage to the tower.

Much time was devoted to lifeguard duty during this patrol. Changing patrol areas and briefly stopping at Subic Bay 1 July for fuel, the submarine headed for an assigned lifeguard station south of Hong Kong. She stopped numerous native boats, questioned their crews, and learned that the Japanese were commandeering all native boats in the ports which they controlled.

On 13 July the submarine fired five torpedoes at enemy ships in Semarang Roadstead. The next day, the submarine headed for Australia, transiting Lombok Straits between Bali and Lombok Island during daylight on 14 July. While *Loggerhead* passed between these islands, the enemy shore batteries surprised her with hot fire. Evading the bursts of the Japanese shells through skillful maneuvers, *Loggerhead* escaped undamaged. She arrived at Fremantle on 19 July.

The end of hostilities on 15 August found *Loggerhead* two days out of Fremantle heading for the Gulf of Siam on her second war patrol. She put in Subic Bay on 22 August, departed for the United States 31 August via Pearl Harbor, and arrived at San Francisco 22 September 1945. *Loggerhead* was decommissioned at Mare Island Navy Yard 16 June 1946 and was placed in the Pacific Reserve Fleet.

In 1960 she was assigned as a US Naval Reserve Training Ship and towed to Portland, Oregon. In December 1962 she was reclassified an auxiliary submarine, **AGSS-374**, and she continued to serve as a reserve training submarine in Portland until 30 June 1967 when she was relieved by auxiliary submarine *Rasher* (SS-269). Struck from the Naval Vessel Register on the same date, *Loggerhead* was sold for scrap in early 1969.

## InfoBox

| *Loggerhead* (SS-374), during sea trials on Lake Michigan, winter 1944. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Builder | Manitowoc Shipbuilding Company, Manitowoc, Wisconsin |
| Laid down | 1 April 1944 |
| Launched | 13 August 1944 |
| Commissioned | 9 February 1945 |
| Decommissioned | 16 June 1946 |
| Stricken | 30 June 1967 |
| Fate | Sold for scrap, 29 August 1969 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Balao* class diesel-electric submarine |
| Displacement | * 1,526 tons (1,550 ) surfaced * 2,424 tons (2,463 t) submerged |
| Length | 311 ft 9 in (95.02 m) |
| Beam | 27 ft 3 in (8.31 m) |
| Draft | 16 ft 10 in (5.13 m) maximum |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | * 20.25 knots (38 km/h) surfaced * 8.75 knots (16 km/h) submerged |
| Range | 11,000 nautical miles (20,000 km) surfaced at 10 knots (19 km/h) |
| Endurance | * 48 hours at 2 knots (3.7 km/h) submerged * 75 days on patrol |
| Test depth | 400 ft (120 m) |
| Complement | 10 officers, 70–71 enlisted |
| Armament |  |


abstract: The Senate Banking Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Protection is one of five subcommittees within the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs.

text:
# United States Senate Banking Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Protection

The **Senate Banking Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Protection** is one of five subcommittees within the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs.

## Jurisdiction

The Subcommittee on Financial Institutions oversees banks, savings associations, credit unions and other financial institutions, including deposit insurance, and e-commerce. It also oversees the Federal Home Loan Bank System, regulatory activities of the Federal Reserve System, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and the Office of Thrift Supervision within the Treasury Department, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), and the National Credit Union Administration.

## Members, 118th Congress

| Majority | Minority |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |
| *Ex officio* | |
|  |  |

## Historical subcommittee rosters

### 117th Congress

| Majority | Minority |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |
| *Ex officio* | |
|  |  |


title: University of Queensland Press

abstract: University of Queensland Press (UQP) is an Australian publishing house based in Brisbane, Queensland. Founded in 1948 as a wholly-owned subsidiary of the University of Queensland and a traditional university press, UQP now publishes books for general readers across fiction, non-fiction, and poetry, and includes works for children and young adults.

text:
# University of Queensland Press

**University of Queensland Press** (**UQP**) is an Australian publishing house based in Brisbane, Queensland. Founded in 1948 as a wholly-owned subsidiary of the University of Queensland and a traditional university press, UQP now publishes books for general readers across fiction, non-fiction, and poetry, and includes works for children and young adults.

## History

The University of Queensland Press was founded in 1948 as a wholly-owned subsidiary of the University of Queensland.

Established as a publisher of scholarly works, UQP made its transition into trade publishing in the late-1960s, largely through poetry and the *Paperback Poets* series. Considered revolutionary at the time, *Paperback Poets* was a series of poetry editions in paperback format and priced at $1. The series was established after poet and novelist David Malouf expressed a desire to produce a new poetry format that was affordable and had mass appeal. Alongside Malouf's debut collection *Bicycle and Other Poems*, the *Paperback Poets* series published volumes by writers such as Rodney Hall and Michael Dransfield.

In 1990, UQP was the first mainstream Australian publisher to set up a list specifically for Indigenous Australian authors in 1990 with the *Black Australian Writers* series. In 2023, UQP created the *First Nations Classics* series, a collection of UQP's award-winning titles by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander writers reissued with introductions from contemporary authors. The series set out to celebrate the legacy of Indigenous Australian writing in the publisher's backlist and bring renewed attention to the featured titles. Preceding this series,

In 2021, UQP became a signatory to the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact, and, in 2023, was the first Australian trade publisher to be climate neutral or positive.

Today, UQP publishes books for general readers across fiction, non-fiction, poetry, and children’s and YA. As of 2024, UQP is Queensland’s only major publishing house with domestic and international distribution.

## UQP Awards

UQP established the David Unaipon Award for an Emerging Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander Writer in 1988 in honour of Ngarrindjeri author, inventor and activist David Unaipon, and it remains the most prestigious national award for unpublished Indigenous authors today. The award established the careers of hailed Australian writers such as Doris Pilkington Garimara, Samuel Wagan Watson, Larissa Behrendt, Tara June Winch and Ellen van Neerven.

UQP established the UQP Quentin Bryce Award in 2020 in honour of Dame Quentin Bryce to recognise a book in its list each year that celebrates women’s lives and/or promotes gender equality. The inaugural recipient of the award was van Neerven’s poetry collection *Throat*, which went on to be recognised in multiple prizes, including winning Book of the Year at the 2021 NSW Premier’s Literary Awards.

In partnership with Arts Queensland, UQP supports the Thomas Shapcott Poetry Prize. Established in 2003 and named in honour of the distinguished Queensland poet Thomas Shapcott, the prestigious prize discovers and celebrates emerging Queensland poets and offers them a publishing contract with UQP. Previous winners of the prize include celebrated poets Holland-Batt, Felicity Plunkett, Gavin Yuan Gao and Rae White.

UQP also supports the Glendower Award for an Emerging Queensland Writer Queensland Literary Award. The award was established in 1999 with the aim to mentor Queensland writers in the early stages of their careers. The winner receives a publishing contract with UQP.

## Recognition

Since 2019, UQP authors have won significant national acclaim, with award wins in all of Australia's most prestigious literature prizes including the Miles Franklin Award, the Stella Prize, the Prime Minister’s Literary Awards, and others.

In 2021, 2022, and 2023, UQP was awarded Small Publisher of the Year by the Australian Book Industry Awards.

## InfoBox

University of Queensland Press
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Parent company | University of Queensland |
| Founded | 1948 |
| Country of origin | Australia |
| Headquarters location | Brisbane, Queensland |
| Key people | Ben James, director |
| Publication types | Books |
| No. of employees | 19 |
| Official website | www.uqp.com.au |


title: Uppland Runic Inscription 35

abstract: This memorial runestone, listed as U 35 under Rundata, is located in Svartsjö, Uppland, Sweden, and dates from the Viking Age.

text:
# Uppland Runic Inscription 35

This memorial runestone, listed as **U 35** under Rundata, is located in Svartsjö, Uppland, Sweden, and dates from the Viking Age.

## Description

The inscription on this granite runestone, which is three meters in height, has two fanged beasts surrounded by a runic serpent text band. The name of the runemaster is unknown, and the stone is classified as being in runestone style Pr2, which is also known as the Ringerike style.

The name Adils or Aðísl from the runic text appears to have been a rather rare name, during both the Viking Age and the Middle Ages. It does not appear in any other Swedish runic inscription. The name does appear in *Ynglingatal*, Norse sagas, and *Beowulf* as belonging to a Swedish king during the sixth century named Eadgils. It also appears on one of the Manx Runestones, Kirk Michael MM 130.

The runic text states that the stone is a memorial by three sons to their father Vigisl, who is described as being the husband of Ärnfrids. By referring to her in this manner, the text is probably indicating that she was also deceased when the stone was raised.

## Inscription

A transliteration of the runic text into Latin letters is:

**aþisl : auk : ays- : auk : ---fr : þaiʀ : litu : raisa : stain : þinsa : at : uikisl : faþur : sin : boanta : irfriþaʀ**

## Photographs

59°21′48″N 17°43′59″E / 59.36333°N 17.73306°E / 59.36333; 17.73306

## InfoBox

| Uppland Runic Inscription 35 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Created | eleventh century |
| Discovered | Svartsjö, Uppland, Sweden |
| Rundata ID | U 35 |
| Runemaster | Unknown |
| Text – Native | |
| Old Norse : Aðisl ok As\[l\]/Ǫs\[l\] ok \[Ola\]fʀ þæiʀ letu ræisa stæin þennsa at Vigisl, faður sinn, boanda Ærnfriðaʀ. | |
| Translation | |
| Adils and Ösel(?) and Olov(?) they let raise this stone after Vigisl, their father, husband of Ärnfrids. | |


title: Uppland Runic Inscription 227

abstract: Uppland Runic Inscription 227 or U 227 is the Rundata catalog designation for a Viking Age memorial runestone that is located in Grana, which is about 4 kilometers west of Vallentuna, Stockholm County, Sweden, and in the historic province of Uppland.

text:
# Uppland Runic Inscription 227

**Uppland Runic Inscription 227** or **U 227** is the Rundata catalog designation for a Viking Age memorial runestone that is located in Grana, which is about 4 kilometers west of Vallentuna, Stockholm County, Sweden, and in the historic province of Uppland.

## Description

This inscription consists of runic text in the younger futhark carved on a serpent that circles and then becomes intertwined with other serpents in the center. A Christian cross is at the top of the granite stone, which is 1.45 meters in height. The inscription is classified as being carved in runestone style Pr4, which is also known as Urnes style. This runestone style is characterized by slim and stylized animals that are interwoven into tight patterns. The animal heads are typically seen in profile with slender almond-shaped eyes and upwardly curled appendages on the noses and the necks.

The runic inscription states that the stone is a memorial raised by Ulfkell in memory of his brother Freysteinn, and possibly in a damaged section mentions the name of the father of Freysteinn. The name Ulfkell is a shortened form of the name Ulfketill, which combines two common Viking Age name elements that mean "Wolf Cauldron." The brother's name, Freysteinn, contains the name of the Norse pagan god Freyr as a theophoric name element and means "Freyr's Stone."

## Inscription

### Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters

× u(l)\[k\]il × lit × raisa × istain × iftiʀ × fraistain × bruþur isin × a\[uk × k\]u\[ntru\] × ifti sun sin ×

### Transcription into Old Norse

Ulfkell let ræisa stæin æftiʀ Frøystæin, broður sinn, ok \<kuntru\> æftiʀ sun sinn.

### Translation in English

Ulfkell had the stone raised in memory of Freysteinn, his brother; and \<kuntru\> in memory of his son.


title: Upright Women Wanted

abstract: Upright Women Wanted is a 2020 Western LGBT novella by Sarah Gailey, their third published novella. In the novella, Esther escapes from an arranged marriage after her lover Beatriz is executed. She joins the Librarians, a group of women who distribute government propaganda to rural settlements, and finds that they are more than they seem. The work was nominated for the 2020 Hugo Award for Best Novella and 2020 Locus Award for Best Novella.

text:
# Upright Women Wanted

***Upright Women Wanted*** is a 2020 Western LGBT novella by Sarah Gailey, their third published novella. In the novella, Esther escapes from an arranged marriage after her lover Beatriz is executed. She joins the Librarians, a group of women who distribute government propaganda to rural settlements, and finds that they are more than they seem. The work was nominated for the 2020 Hugo Award for Best Novella and 2020 Locus Award for Best Novella.

## Plot

After her lover Beatriz is executed for the possession of Unapproved Materials, Esther flees an arranged marriage and stows away in the wagon of a group of Librarians. The Librarians distribute Approved Materials to rural settlements, but Esther soon learns that her group of Librarians is a front for an anti-censorship resistance group. She learns that Bet and Leda, two of the Librarians, are a lesbian couple; Esther confronts her own internalized homophobia. The Librarians agree to transport three women to a sanctuary in Utah. They are attacked by a sheriff's posse, and Esther learns that one of the women, Amity, is wanted for murder.

Esther falls in love with Cye, a non-binary Librarian who must pretend to be female in order to survive in the State. Esther and Cye deliver Amity safely. Bet and Leda retire; Esther and Cye take their place.

## Major themes

The story takes place in a future United States in which the government has devolved and now resembles the Old West. The futuristic setting is used to reflect the modern-day issues of homophobia, fascism, and post-truth society when taken to their logical extremes.

After the collapse of society, America devolves into white and male supremacy. This reflects one possible end to the current American trends of income inequality, misogyny, and homophobia. The male characters are almost exclusively villains, while queer female and non-binary characters are shown in a positive light. The story uses Esther's character arc as a means to explore sexual liberation and domestic violence. Esther's relationship with Beatriz and her initial reason for joining the Librarians are used to explore internalized homophobia.

## Reception

The novella received positive critical reviews. A reviewer for NPR called it "lively, exquisitely crafted, and unrelentingly fun". *Publishers Weekly* gave the novella a starred review, praising the "gorgeous writing and authentic characters". Reviews have praised the novella for blending the Western genre with modern social commentary. Writing for *Locus Magazine*, author Liz Bourke praised the concept, characterization, and writing style, while criticizing the novella's brevity and price.

It was nominated for the 2021 Hugo Award for Best Novella and the 2021 Locus Award for Best Novella.

## InfoBox

Upright Women Wanted
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Sarah Gailey |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Western fiction; Dystopian fiction |
| Set in | American Southwest |
| Publisher | Tor.com |
| Publication date | February 4, 2020 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Pages | 176 (hardcover) |
| ISBN | 1250213584 |


title: Upston Edwards

abstract: Upston Junior Edwards is a Jamaican international footballer who plays for Central F.C., as a defender.

text:
# Upston Edwards

**Upston Junior Edwards** (born 12 October 1989) is a Jamaican international footballer who plays for Central F.C., as a defender.

## Career

### Club

Edwards has played club football for Portmore United. Edwards played for Waterhouse while on loan in 2014. In 2015, he was loaned to Central F.C. in Trinidad.

### International

He made his international debut for Jamaica in 2013.

## InfoBox

Upston Edwards
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Upston Junior Edwards | | |
| Date of birth | (1989-10-12) 12 October 1989 | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Central F.C. | | |
| Number | 29 | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2011– | Portmore United | 52 | (1) |
| 2014 | Waterhouse F.C. (loan) | 5 | (0) |
| 2015 | Central F.C. | 0 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2013– | Jamaica | 4 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 8 June 2014<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 8 June 2014 | | | |


title: Upstate South Carolina

abstract: The Upstate, historically known as the Upcountry, is a region of the U.S. state of South Carolina, comprising the northwesternmost area of the state. Although loosely defined among locals, the general definition includes the 10 counties of the commerce-rich I-85 corridor in the northwest corner of South Carolina. This definition coincided with the Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson, SC Combined Statistical Area, as first defined by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in 2015. In 2023, the OMB issued its most updated definition of the CSA that coincides again with the 10-county region. The region's population was 1,487,610 as of 2020. Situated between Atlanta and Charlotte, the Upstate is the geographical center of the Charlanta megaregion. After BMW's initial investment, foreign companies, including others from Germany, have a substantial presence in the Upstate; several large corporations have established regional, national, or continental headquarters in the area. Greenville is the largest city in the region; it has a population of 72,227 and an urban-area population of 387,271, and it is the base of most commercial activity. Greer and Spartanburg are next in population.

text:
# Upstate South Carolina

**The Upstate,** historically known as **the Upcountry**, is a region of the U.S. state of South Carolina, comprising the northwesternmost area of the state. Although loosely defined among locals, the general definition includes the 10 counties of the commerce-rich I-85 corridor in the northwest corner of South Carolina. This definition coincided with the Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson, SC Combined Statistical Area, as first defined by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in 2015. In 2023, the OMB issued its most updated definition of the CSA that coincides again with the 10-county region.

The region's population was 1,487,610 as of 2020. Situated between Atlanta and Charlotte, the Upstate is the geographical center of the Charlanta megaregion. After BMW's initial investment, foreign companies, including others from Germany, have a substantial presence in the Upstate; several large corporations have established regional, national, or continental headquarters in the area. Greenville is the largest city in the region; it has a population of 72,227 and an urban-area population of 387,271, and it is the base of most commercial activity. Greer and Spartanburg are next in population.

## Counties

Ten counties are included in the Upstate of South Carolina: Greenville, Spartanburg, Anderson, Pickens, Oconee, Greenwood, Laurens, Cherokee, Union, Abbeville.

Upstate South Carolina

| County | 2021 Estimate | 2020 Census | Change |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Greenville County | 533,834 | 525,534 | +1.58% |
| Spartanburg County | 335,864 | 327,997 | +2.40% |
| Anderson County | 206,908 | 203,718 | +1.57% |
| Pickens County | 132,229 | 131,404 | +0.63% |
| Oconee County | 79,203 | 78,607 | +0.76% |
| Greenwood County | 69,241 | 69,351 | −0.16% |
| Laurens County | 67,803 | 67,539 | +0.39% |
| Cherokee County | 56,052 | 56,216 | −0.29% |
| Union County | 27,016 | 27,244 | −0.84% |
| Abbeville County | 24,299 | 24,295 | +0.02% |
| **Total** | **1,532,449** | **1,511,905** | **+1.36%** |

## Metropolitan, micropolitan, and combined statistical areas

As of 2023, the Greenville–Spartanburg–Anderson CSA includes all ten counties in the Upstate. Within the CSA are a total of two metropolitan statistical areas and three micropolitan statistical areas.

As of the 2020 Census, the Greenville–Spartanburg–Anderson CSA had a population of 1,511,105.

| MSA | County | Population (2020) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Greenville–Anderson | Greenville, Anderson, Pickens, Laurens | 928,195 |
| Spartanburg | Spartanburg, Union | 355,241 |
|  | **Total:** | **1,283,436** |

| μSA | County | Population (2020) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Seneca | Oconee | 78,607 |
| Greenwood | Greenwood, Abbeville | 93,646 |
| Gaffney | Cherokee | 56,216 |
|  | **Total:** | **228,469** |

## Communities

The following population rankings are based on the 2010 Census.

### Primary cities

Greenville, Spartanburg, Anderson, Greer, Mauldin, and Greenwood,

The OMB labels all these cities as principal cities in their respective MSAs and μSA.

### Other communities with more than 20,000 residents

Cities: Easley, Simpsonville

CDPs: Taylors, Wade Hampton

### Communities with more than 10,000 residents

Cities: Clemson, Gaffney, and Fountain Inn, South Carolina.

Gaffney is a principal city in its μSA. If students from Clemson University are included, Clemson has close to 30,000 residents.

CDP's: Berea, Five Forks, Gantt, Parker, Boiling Springs

### Communities with fewer than 10,000 residents

Communities in the Upstate with under 10,000 residents include:

Cities:

Towns:

Seneca is a principal city in its μSA. According to the 2010 Census, no town in the Upstate has a population greater than 6000.

CDPs:

## Institutions of higher education

The following table shows the major institutions of higher education in the Upstate.

| Name | Type | Enrollment |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Anderson University | Private Senior | 2,000 |
| Bob Jones University | Private Senior | 5,000 |
| Clemson University | Public Senior | 25,822 |
| Converse College | Private Senior | 1,938 |
| Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine – Carolinas | Private Professional | 600 |
| Erskine College | Private Senior | 750 |
| Furman University | Private Senior | 2,660 |
| Greenville Technical College | Public Technical | 14,338 |
| Greenville Presbyterian Theological Seminary | Private Professional |  |
| Lander University | Public Senior | 3,000 |
| Limestone College | Private Senior | 3,000 |
| North Greenville University | Private Senior | 2,071 |
| Piedmont Technical College | Public Technical | 4,600 |
| Presbyterian College | Private Senior | 1,200 |
| Sherman College of Chiropractic | Private Professional | 200 |
| Southern Wesleyan University | Private Senior | 2,414 |
| Spartanburg Methodist College | Private Senior | 1,025 |
| Spartanburg Community College | Public Technical | 4,300 |
| Tri-County Technical College | Public Technical | 6,000 |
| University Center – Greenville | Public Two-Year | N/A |
| University of South Carolina School of Medicine – Greenville | Public Professional | 400 |
| University of South Carolina-Upstate | Public Senior | 4,851 |
| University of South Carolina-Union | Public Two-Year | 363 |
| Wofford College | Private Senior | 1,600 |

In 2008, *U.S. News* ranked Furman as the 37th-best liberal arts college, Wofford College as the 59th-best, and Presbyterian College as the 101st-best. Also, they ranked Clemson University as the 67th-best national university. According to the Bob Jones University, its Museum and Gallery constitutes the largest collection of religious art in the Western Hemisphere.

## Economy

The majority of business and commerce in the Upstate takes place in Greenville County. Greenville has the largest concentration of businesses and financial institutions in its downtown area. In fact, the Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson MSA was ranked seventh in the nation by site consultants considering the top markets for economic development. Many financial institutions have regional offices located in downtown Greenville. These include Bank of America and the now-defunct Wachovia. Other major industries of commerce in the Upstate include the auto industry, which is concentrated mainly along the corridor between Greenville and Spartanburg around the BMW manufacturing facility in Greer.

The other major industry in the Upstate is the healthcare and pharmaceuticals. Greenville Hospital System and Bon Secours St. Francis Health System are the area's largest in the healthcare sector, while the pharmaceutical corporation of Bausch & Lomb has set up regional operations alongside smaller recently developed local companies such as IRIX Manufacturing and Pharmaceutical Associates. The Upstate is also home to a large number of private-sector and university-based research including R&D facilities for Michelin, Fuji, and GE Vernova and research centers to support the automotive, life sciences, plastics, and photonics industries. Clemson University, BMW, IBM, Microsoft, and Michelin have combined their resources to create Clemson University International Center for Automotive Research, a research park that specializes in the development of automotive technology.

### Corporations based in or with a major presence in the Upstate

These corporations have a major presence in the Upstate: Adidas, Advance America, Bank of America, BMW of North America, Bon Secours St. Francis Health System Bon Secours | Bringing Health Care and Good Help to Those in Need, Bosch North America, Denny's Restaurants, Dunlop Sport, Ernst & Young, Fluor Corporation, Freightliner, GE Vernova, Prisma Health , IBM, Kemet Corporation, Liberty Corporation, Spartanburg Regional Healthcare System, Michelin of North America, Microsoft, Milliken & Company, Spartanburg Regional Health System, Spectrum Communications, SunTrust, Ovation Brands, Perrigo Company of South Carolina, Techtronic Industries, Toronto-Dominion Bank, and Verizon.

• BMW's only North American manufacturing plant is located in Spartanburg County, with an investment of $3.7 billion.

Fujifilm located their first manufacturing facility in the U.S. in Greenwood County.

• Michelin North America's headquarters is located in Greenville, along with seven manufacturing plants, R&D facility, and test track located in the Upstate. Michelin employs more than 7,800 in South Carolina.

• Walgreens has their southeastern distribution center located in Anderson County, which employs mentally disabled workers as nearly 40% of their workforce.

## Transportation

The Upstate is served by two major interstate highways, I-85 and I-26. Other major interstate spurs include I-185, I-385, and I-585. The major airport in the region is Greenville-Spartanburg International Airport, located nearly halfway between Greenville and Spartanburg in suburban Greer. Greenville, Spartanburg, Anderson, Clemson, Pickens, Union, and Gaffney each have smaller airfields. Amtrak service along the Crescent Line stops in Spartanburg, Greenville, and Clemson.

## Media

The Upstate region is served by three regional newspapers: *The Greenville News*, the (Spartanburg) *Herald-Journal*, and the *Anderson Independent-Mail*, each of which serves its individual city and surrounding area. *The Post and Courier* recently opened expansion newsrooms in Greenville and Spartanburg for coverage of the Upstate, including Clemson.

The Upstate is part of the vastly larger Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson-Asheville designated market area, which extends into western North Carolina and northeastern Georgia. These television stations serve the region:

34°43′N 82°11′W / 34.717°N 82.183°W / 34.717; -82.183

## InfoBox

| Greenville–Spartanburg
Metropolitan Area | |
| --- | --- |
| CSA | |
| Greenville–Spartanburg–Anderson, SC
Combined Statistical Area | |
|  | |
| Map of Greenville–Spartanburg–Anderson, SC CSA | |
| Country | United States |
| State | South Carolina |
| Principal cities | \- Greenville
\- Spartanburg
\- Anderson
\- Mauldin
\- Easley
\- Clemson
\- Gaffney
\- Greer
\- Greenwood
\- Seneca |
| Area | |
| Total | 6,168 sq mi (15,980 km2) |
| Land | 6,008 sq mi (15,560 km2) |
| Water | 141 sq mi (370 km2)  2.2% |
| Population (2020) | |
| CSA | 1,487,610 (39th) |
| GDP | |
| MSA | $57.403 billion (2022) |
| CSA | $76.888 billion (2022) |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| Area codes | 864 and 821 |


title: Urania fulgens

abstract: Urania fulgens, the urania swallowtail moth or green page moth, is a day-flying moth of the family Uraniidae. The species was first described by Francis Walker in 1854. It is found from Veracruz, Mexico, through Central America to northwestern South America. It is highly migratory and has been recorded as a vagrant to the US state of Texas. It is sometimes confused with the similar U. leilus, but that species is found east of the Andes in South America, is slightly larger, and has more white to the "tail". The two have been treated as conspecific. As appears to be the case for all Urania, the larvae of U. fulgens feed exclusively on the toxic Omphalea species.

text:
# Urania fulgens

***Urania fulgens***, the **urania swallowtail moth** or **green page moth**, is a day-flying moth of the family Uraniidae. The species was first described by Francis Walker in 1854. It is found from Veracruz, Mexico, through Central America to northwestern South America (west of the Andes and south to Ecuador). It is highly migratory and has been recorded as a vagrant to the US state of Texas.

It is sometimes confused with the similar *U. leilus*, but that species is found east of the Andes in South America, is slightly larger, and has more white to the "tail". The two have been treated as conspecific.

As appears to be the case for all *Urania*, the larvae of *U. fulgens* feed exclusively on the toxic *Omphalea* species.

## InfoBox

| Urania swallowtail moth | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Upperside | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Uraniidae |
| Genus: | *Urania* |
| Species: | ***U. fulgens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Urania fulgens***<br>(Walker, 1854) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cydimon cacica* Guenee, 1857 | |


title: Urmas Välbe

abstract: Urmas Välbe is a former Estonian cross-country skier. He currently works in a service team of the Russian national cross-country skiing team. Urmas Välbe was married to Russian cross-country skier Yelena Välbe. He remarried and got the daughter Vibeke Marie Välbe, who competes in biathlon.

text:
# Urmas Välbe

**Urmas Välbe** (born 8 November 1966 in Antsla) is a former Estonian cross-country skier. He currently works in a service team of the Russian national cross-country skiing team.

Urmas Välbe was married to Russian cross-country skier Yelena Välbe. He remarried and got the daughter Vibeke Marie Välbe, who competes in biathlon.

## Achievements

| Year | Tournament | Venue | Sport | Event | Rank | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Representing  Estonia | | | | | |
| 1992 | Olympic Games | Albertville, France | Cross-country skiing | Men's 10 kilometres | 28 | 30:20.1 |
| | | | | Men's 30 kilometres | 33 | 1-29:44.3 |
| | | | | Men's 10/15 kilometres Pursuit | 41 | 43:38.4 |
| | | | | Men's 4×10 kilometres Relay | 10 | 27:26.0 |
| 1994 | Olympic Games | Lillehammer, Norway | Cross-country skiing | Men's 10 kilometres | 42 | 26:58.4 |
| | | | | Men's 30 kilometres | 41 | 1-21:02.5 |
| | | | | Men's 10/15 kilometres Pursuit | DNF |  |
|


title: V. Arumugam (Indian politician)

abstract: V. Arumugam was an Indian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as an Indian National Congress candidate from Tiruchendur constituency in 1952 election. He was one of the two elected members from that constituency, the other being S. P. Adithanar from Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party.

text:
# V. Arumugam (Indian politician)

**V. Arumugam** was an Indian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as an Indian National Congress candidate from Tiruchendur constituency in 1952 election. He was one of the two elected members from that constituency, the other being S. P. Adithanar from Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party.

## InfoBox

| V. Arumugam | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Occupation | Politician |


title: V. Anusuya Bai

abstract: V. Anusuya Bai is an Indian former track and field athlete. She won the Arjuna Award in 1975 and four gold medals at International Athletics Meet in Pakistan in 1976. She was born in Chennai, India. She represented India at the 1973 Summer Universiade Moscow, competing in sprinting events and the discus throw. She retired as a Deputy Chief Personnel Officer (Welfare), Southern Railway of Chennai, in August, 2013. The Hindu erroneously reported that she represented Asia at the World Athletics Championships in Düsseldorf, West Germany in 1977. The World Athletics Championships were not inaugurated until 1983; the event Bai had competed at was the 1977 IAAF World Cup, she did not feature in the results. She was the first woman from Tamil Nadu to receive the Arjuna Award – India's top national honour for sport.

text:
# V. Anusuya Bai

**V. Anusuya Bai** (born 23 August 1953) is an Indian former track and field athlete. She won the Arjuna Award in 1975 and four gold medals at International Athletics Meet in Pakistan in 1976. She was born in Chennai, India. She represented India at the 1973 Summer Universiade Moscow, competing in sprinting events and the discus throw. She retired as a Deputy Chief Personnel Officer (Welfare), Southern Railway of Chennai, in August, 2013.

*The Hindu* erroneously reported that she represented Asia at the World Athletics Championships in Düsseldorf, West Germany in 1977. The World Athletics Championships were not inaugurated until 1983; the event Bai had competed at was the 1977 IAAF World Cup, she did not feature in the results.

She was the first woman from Tamil Nadu to receive the Arjuna Award – India's top national honour for sport.

## InfoBox

| V. Anusuya Bai | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1953-08-23) 23 August 1953<br>Chennai, India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Occupation | Athlete |
| Known for | Arjuna Award |


title: Uroleptus musculus

abstract: Uroleptus musculus is a species of ciliates.

text:
# Uroleptus musculus

***Uroleptus musculus*** is a species of ciliates.

## Description

The organism is either white or rose-coloured. The collar extends from ventral files, that extends a short distance along the right side of the body. The body is also elongated and has a tail-like portion, that has 3 frontals and 2-4 rows of ventral cirri. It has no transverse cirri. The oral area is not U-shaped.

## InfoBox

| *Uroleptus musculus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| (unranked): | SAR |
| (unranked): | Alveolata |
| Phylum: | Ciliophora |
| Class: | Spirotrichea |
| Order: | Stichotrichida |
| Family: | Urostylina |
| Genus: | *Uroleptus* |
| Species: | ***U. musculus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Uroleptus musculus***<br>(Müller, 1786) | |
|


title: Uroleptus lamella

abstract: Uroleptus lamella is a species of ciliates.

text:
# Uroleptus lamella

***Uroleptus lamella*** is a species of ciliates.

## Description

The organism is green coloured, and is hairy. Just like *Uroleptus musculus*, it is U-shaped and has an elongated body with 3 frontals, and 2-4 rows of ventral cirri. It has no transverse cirri, and its "collar" can extend a short distance along right side of the body.

## InfoBox

| *Uroleptus lamella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| (unranked): | SAR |
| (unranked): | Alveolata |
| Phylum: | Ciliophora |
| Class: | Spirotrichea |
| Order: | Stichotrichida |
| Family: | Urostylina |
| Genus: | *Uroleptus* |
| Species: | ***U. lamella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Uroleptus lamella***<br>Ehrenberg, 1831 | |
|


title: VSI Tampa Bay FC (W-League)

abstract: VSI Tampa Bay FC was an American women's soccer team based in Plant City, Florida, that played in the United Soccer Leagues USL W-League from 2012 to 2013. The team was owned by VisionPro Sports Institute and was affiliated with the VSI Tampa Bay FC professional men's team in USL Pro, the VSI Tampa Bay FC amateur men's team in the USL Premier Development League (PDL), and the youth team in the Super-20 League. All the teams folded after the 2013 season.

text:
# VSI Tampa Bay FC (W-League)

**VSI Tampa Bay FC**  was an American women's soccer team based in Plant City, Florida, that played in the United Soccer Leagues USL W-League from 2012 to 2013. The team was owned by VisionPro Sports Institute and was affiliated with the VSI Tampa Bay FC professional men's team in USL Pro, the VSI Tampa Bay FC amateur men's team in the USL Premier Development League (PDL), and the youth team in the Super-20 League. All the teams folded after the 2013 season.

## History

The VSI Tampa Flames were established in 2011 as part of a broader move by the English *football* development academy, VisionPro Sports Institute, to build a foundation for youth and professional soccer in the United States. VSI partnered with the local Brandon, Florida, area youth soccer organization, West Florida Flames, to build "the perfect platform for vertical progression, giving talented youngsters the opportunity to progress from junior soccer all the way through to the professional game," according to VSI's CEO, Simon Crane.

The USL W-League Team started play in 2012. The PDL Team finished with a record of 3 Wins, 7 Losses and 2 Ties. The team played their matches at JC Handly Sports Complex.

On November 22, 2012, the team's parent club changed its name to "VSI Tampa Bay FC" and the W-League team followed suit. The team folded after the 2013 season.

## Record

### Year-by-year

| Year | Division | League | Regular Season | Playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | 4 | W-League | 4th, Southeast Division | *Did not qualify* |
| 2013 | 4 | W-League | 5th, Southeast Division | *Did not qualify* |

## InfoBox

VSI Tampa Bay FC (W-League)
| Full name | VisionPro Sports Institute Tampa Bay Football Club |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | *Flames* |
| Founded | 2011 |
| Dissolved | 2013 |
| Ground | Plant City Stadium<br>Plant City, Florida |
| Capacity | 6,700 |
| General Manager | Alex Miranda |
| Head Coach | George Fotopoulos |
| League | USL W-League |
| 2013 | 5th, Southeast Division |
| Website | Club website |
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title: Utah's 2nd State Senate district

abstract: The 2nd Utah Senate District is located in Salt Lake County, Utah and includes Utah House Districts 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31, 33 and 35. The previous State Senator representing the 2nd district was Derek Kitchen. Kitchen was elected to the Utah Senate in 2018 to replace Jim Dabakis.

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# Utah's 2nd State Senate district

The **2nd Utah Senate District** is located in Salt Lake County, Utah and includes Utah House Districts 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31, 33 and 35. The previous State Senator representing the 2nd district was Derek Kitchen. Kitchen was elected to the Utah Senate in 2018 to replace Jim Dabakis.

## Previous Utah State Senators (District 2)

| Name | Party | Term |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Derek Kitchen | Democrat | 2018–present |
| Jim Dabakis | Democrat | 2012–2018 |
| Ben McAdams | Democrat | 2009–2012 |
| Scott D. McCoy | Democrat | 2005–2009 |
| Paula Julander | Democrat | 2003–2005 |
|
| Alicia Suazo | Democrat | 2001–2002 |
| Pete Suazo | Democrat | 1997–2001 |
|
| W. Rex Black | Democrat | 1973–1997 |
|
| Richard V. Evans | Democrat | 1967–1972 |
|
| Reed Bullen | Republican | 1955–1966 |
|
| Vern B. Muir | Republican | 1951–1954 |
|
| Hyrum Gibbons | Republican | 1947–1950 |
|
| James A. McMurrin | Democrat | 1939–1946 |
|
| William H. Griffin | Republican | 1927–1938 |
| Clarence L. Funk |  | 1923–1926 |
| Joseph E. Quinney |  | 1921–1922 |
| James W. Funk |  | 1911–1920 |
|
| Herschel Bullen | Republican | 1907–1910 |
|
| Alonzo G. Barber | Democrat | 1903–1906 |
|
| Joseph Howell | Republican | 1899–1902 |
|
| Joseph Monson | Democrat | 1897–1898 |
|
| Warrun Noble | Democrat | 1896 |

## Election results

Utah State Senate election, 2014
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | Jim Dabakis | 16,446 | 74.18 |  |
|  | Republican | Jacquie Nielsen | 5,724 | 25.82 |  |

Utah State Senate election, 2010
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | Ben McAdams | 13,663 | 73.59 |  |
|  | Republican | Melvin D. Nimer | 4,863 | 26.19 |  |

In December 2009, Scott McCoy resigned from his position because he "simply cannot find the necessary time to be a successful attorney and give the time and energy to fully represent the residents of my district." This resulted in the appointment of Ben McAdams to represent the district. In 2010, Ben McAdams was elected to a four-year term.

Utah State Senate election, 2006
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | Scott D. McCoy | 12,614 | 68.58 |  |
|  | Republican | Joseph Q. Jarvis | 4,999 | 27.18 |  |
|  | Personal Choice | Ken Larsen | 443 | 2.41 |  |
|  | Constitution | Ken A. Bowers | 322 | 1.75 |  |


title: Urda (journal)

abstract: Urda was a Norwegian antiquities and history journal published from 1834 to 1849 by the University Museum of Bergen, which wanted to convey what the museum had collected since its opening in 1825. Its editorial board included the Storting representative and attorney Wilhelm Frimann Koren Christie, Bishop Jacob Neumann, and the educator Lyder Sagen. The first volume of the journal was produced in four issues from 1834 to 1837, containing 39 articles altogether. Volume two appeared in 1842 with four issues containing 31 articles. The journal was printed by the company Chr. Dahl R.S., headed by Christopher Dahl, who in 1820 had taken over the press previously owned by his father, Rasmus Dahl. The expensive paper for the journal, which was imported from Copenhagen, and problems with the primitive printing technology resulted in the failure of the third issue. An important reason for the journal's failure also lay in the fact that the members of the journal's editorial team, who were also the most important contributors to Urda, had retired. A further problem for the journal was the high cost of distributing it to its subscribers, which included the king in Stockholm and to the Ministry of Church and Education in Kristiania.

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# Urda (journal)

***Urda*** was a Norwegian antiquities and history journal published from 1834 to 1849 by the University Museum of Bergen, which wanted to convey what the museum had collected since its opening in 1825. Its editorial board included the Storting representative and attorney Wilhelm Frimann Koren Christie, Bishop Jacob Neumann, and the educator Lyder Sagen.

The first volume of the journal was produced in four issues from 1834 to 1837, containing 39 articles altogether. Volume two appeared in 1842 with four issues containing 31 articles. The journal was printed by the company Chr. Dahl R.S., headed by Christopher Dahl, who in 1820 had taken over the press previously owned by his father, Rasmus Dahl. The expensive paper for the journal, which was imported from Copenhagen, and problems with the primitive printing technology resulted in the failure of the third issue. An important reason for the journal's failure also lay in the fact that the members of the journal's editorial team, who were also the most important contributors to *Urda*, had retired. A further problem for the journal was the high cost of distributing it to its subscribers, which included the king in Stockholm and to the Ministry of Church and Education in Kristiania.

* *Urda*, volume 1, 1837
* *Urda*, volume 2, 1842


title: Urda Arneberg

abstract: Urda Arneberg was a Norwegian actress. Arneberg made her stage debut at Det Norske Teatret in 1948. She was employed at Riksteatret and Folketeatret 1953 to 1960, and then at Fjernsynsteatret 1960 to 1962. After that, she was employed at the National Theatre from 1962 to 1974, the Trøndelag Teater from 1974 to 1976 and the National Theatre again from 1976. She appeared in at least 17 films and television shows between 1949 and 1989. A notable appearance was the film Ut av mørket, which was entered into the 8th Berlin International Film Festival.

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# Urda Arneberg

**Urda Arneberg** (26 January 1929  14 May 2000) was a Norwegian actress.

Arneberg made her stage debut at Det Norske Teatret in 1948. She was employed at Riksteatret and Folketeatret 1953 to 1960, and then at Fjernsynsteatret 1960 to 1962. After that, she was employed at the National Theatre from 1962 to 1974, the Trøndelag Teater from 1974 to 1976 and the National Theatre again from 1976.

She appeared in at least 17 films and television shows between 1949 and 1989. A notable appearance was the film *Ut av mørket*, which was entered into the 8th Berlin International Film Festival.

## Selected filmography

## InfoBox

| Urda Arneberg | |
| --- | --- |
| Arneberg in the television film *Bernardas hus* (1964) | |
| Born | (1929-01-26)26 January 1929<br>Oslo, Norway |
| Died | 14 May 2000(2000-05-14) (aged 71) |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1949-1989 |