abstract:
The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit is the U.S. federal court of appeals that has appellate jurisdiction over the U.S. district courts for the following federal judicial districts:
  - District of Alaska
  - District of Arizona
  - Central District of California
  - Eastern District of California
  - Northern District of California
  - Southern District of California
  - District of Hawaii
  - District of Idaho
  - District of Montana
  - District of Nevada
  - District of Oregon
  - Eastern District of Washington
  - Western District of Washington The Ninth Circuit also has appellate jurisdiction over the territorial courts for the District of Guam and the District of the Northern Mariana Islands. Additionally, it sometimes handles appeals that originate from American Samoa, which has no district court and partially relies on the District of Hawaii for its federal cases. Headquartered in San Francisco, California, the Ninth Circuit is by far the largest of the 13 U.S. Courts of Appeals, covering a total of nine states and two territories and with 29 active judgeships. The court's regular meeting places are Seattle at the William Kenzo Nakamura United States Courthouse, Portland at the Pioneer Courthouse, San Francisco at the James R. Browning U.S. Court of Appeals Building, and Pasadena at the Richard H. Chambers U.S. Court of Appeals. Panels of the court occasionally travel to hear cases in other locations within the circuit. Although the judges travel around the circuit, the court arranges its hearings so that cases from the northern region of the circuit are heard in Seattle or Portland, cases from southern California and Arizona are heard in Pasadena, and cases from northern California, Nevada, Hawaii, and the Pacific territories are heard in San Francisco. Additionally, the court holds yearly sittings in Anchorage and Honolulu. For lawyers who must come and present their cases to the court in person, this administrative grouping of cases helps to reduce the time and cost of travel. Ninth Circuit judges are also appointed by the United States Secretary of the Interior to serve as temporary acting Associate Justices for non-federal appellate sessions at the High Court of American Samoa in Fagatogo.

text:
# United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit

The **United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit** (in case citations, **9th Cir.**) is the U.S. federal court of appeals that has appellate jurisdiction over the U.S. district courts for the following federal judicial districts:

The Ninth Circuit also has appellate jurisdiction over the territorial courts for the District of Guam and the District of the Northern Mariana Islands. Additionally, it sometimes handles appeals that originate from American Samoa, which has no district court and partially relies on the District of Hawaii for its federal cases.

Headquartered in San Francisco, California, the Ninth Circuit is by far the largest of the 13 U.S. Courts of Appeals, covering a total of nine states and two territories and with 29 active judgeships. The court's regular meeting places are Seattle at the William Kenzo Nakamura United States Courthouse, Portland at the Pioneer Courthouse, San Francisco at the James R. Browning U.S. Court of Appeals Building, and Pasadena at the Richard H. Chambers U.S. Court of Appeals.

Panels of the court occasionally travel to hear cases in other locations within the circuit. Although the judges travel around the circuit, the court arranges its hearings so that cases from the northern region of the circuit are heard in Seattle or Portland, cases from southern California and Arizona are heard in Pasadena, and cases from northern California, Nevada, Hawaii, and the Pacific territories are heard in San Francisco. Additionally, the court holds yearly sittings in Anchorage and Honolulu. For lawyers who must come and present their cases to the court in person, this administrative grouping of cases helps to reduce the time and cost of travel. Ninth Circuit judges are also appointed by the United States Secretary of the Interior to serve as temporary acting Associate Justices for non-federal appellate sessions at the High Court of American Samoa in Fagatogo.

## History

| Year | Jurisdiction | Total population | Pop. as % of nat'l pop. | Number of active judgeships |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1891 | California, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Washington | 2,087,000 | 3.3% | 2 |
| 1900 | Territory of Hawaii added | 2,798,000 | 3.7% | 3 |
| 1912 | Arizona added | 7,415,000 | 6.7% | 3 |
| 1940 |  | 11,881,000 | 9.0% | 7 |
| 1960 | Alaska and Guam added | 22,607,000 | 12.6% | 9 |
| 1980 | Northern Mariana Islands added | 37,170,000 | 16.4% | 23 |
| 2000 |  | 54,575,000 | 19.3% | 28 |
| 2007 |  | 60,400,000 | 19.9% | 28 |
| 2009 |  | 61,403,307 | 19.72% | 29 |
| 2010 |  | 61,742,858 | 19.99% | 29 |
| 2020 |  | 66,848,869 | 20.17% | 29 |

The Ninth Circuit's large size is due to the dramatic increases in both the population of the western states and the court's geographic jurisdiction that have occurred since the U.S. Congress created the Ninth Circuit in 1891. The court was originally granted appellate jurisdiction over federal district courts in California, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington. As new states and territories were added to the federal judicial hierarchy in the twentieth century, many of those in the West were placed in the Ninth Circuit: the newly acquired Territory of Hawaii in 1900, Arizona upon its admission to the Union in 1912, the Territory of Alaska in 1948, Guam in 1951, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in 1977.

The Ninth Circuit also had jurisdiction over certain American interests in China, in that it had jurisdiction over appeals from the United States Court for China during the existence of that court from 1906 through 1943.

However, the Philippines was never under the Ninth Circuit's jurisdiction. Congress never created a federal district court in the Philippines from which the Ninth Circuit could hear appeals. Instead, appeals from the Supreme Court of the Philippines were taken directly to the Supreme Court of the United States.

In 1979, the Ninth Circuit became the first federal judicial circuit to set up a Bankruptcy Appellate Panel as authorized by the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978.

The cultural and political jurisdiction of the Ninth Circuit is just as varied as the land within its geographical borders. In a dissenting opinion in a rights of publicity case involving the *Wheel of Fortune* star Vanna White, Circuit Judge Alex Kozinski sardonically noted that "\[f\]or better or worse, we are the Court of Appeals for the Hollywood Circuit." Judges from more remote parts of the circuit note the contrast between legal issues confronted by populous states such as California and those confronted by rural states such as Alaska, Idaho, Montana, and Nevada.

Judge Andrew J. Kleinfeld, who maintains his judicial chambers in Fairbanks, Alaska, wrote in a letter in 1998: "Much federal law is not national in scope....It is easy to make a mistake construing these laws when unfamiliar with them, as we often are, or not interpreting them regularly, as we never do."

## Criticism

### Rate of overturned decisions

From 1999 to 2008, of the Ninth Circuit Court rulings that were reviewed by the Supreme Court, 20% were affirmed, 19% were vacated, and 61% were reversed; the median reversal rate for all federal appellate courts was 68.29% for the same period. From 2010 to 2015, of the cases it accepted to review, the Supreme Court reversed around 79% of the cases from the Ninth Circuit, ranking its reversal rate third among the circuits; the median reversal rate for all federal circuits for the same time period was around 70 percent.

Some argue the court's high percentage of reversals is illusory, resulting from the circuit hearing more cases than the other circuits. This results in the Supreme Court reviewing a smaller proportion of its cases, letting stand the vast majority of its cases.

However, a detailed study in 2018 reported by Brian T. Fitzpatrick, a law professor at Vanderbilt University, looked at how often a federal circuit court was reversed for every thousand cases it terminated on the merits between 1994 and 2015. The study found that the Ninth Circuit's decisions were reversed at a rate of 2.50 cases per thousand, which was by far the highest rate in the country, with the Sixth Circuit second as 1.73 cases per thousand. Fitzpatrick also noted that the 9th Circuit was unanimously reversed more than three times as often as the least reversed circuits and over 20% more often than the next closest circuit.

### Size of the court

Many commentators have argued that the Ninth Circuit faces several adverse consequences of its large size, such as "unwieldly size, procedural inefficiencies, jurisprudential unpredictability, and unusual *en banc* process."

Chief among these is the Ninth Circuit's unique rules concerning the composition of an *en banc* court. In other circuits, *en banc* courts are composed of all active circuit judges, plus (depending on the rules of the particular court) any senior judges who took part in the original panel decision. By contrast, in the Ninth Circuit it is impractical for 29 or more judges to take part in a single oral argument and deliberate on a decision en masse. The court thus provides for a limited *en banc* review by the Chief Judge and a panel of 10 randomly selected judges. This means that *en banc* reviews may not actually reflect the views of the majority of the court and indeed may not include any of the three judges involved in the decision being reviewed in the first place. The result, according to detractors, is a high risk of *intracircuit* conflicts of law where different groupings of judges end up delivering contradictory opinions. That is said to cause uncertainty in the district courts and within the bar. However, *en banc* review is a relatively rare occurrence in all circuits and Ninth Circuit rules provide for full *en banc* review in limited circumstances.

All recently proposed splits would leave at least one circuit with 21 judges, only two fewer than the 23 that the Ninth Circuit had when the limited *en banc* procedure was first adopted. In other words, after a split at least one of the circuits would still be using limited *en banc* courts.

In March 2007, Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy and Clarence Thomas testified before a House Appropriations subcommittee that the consensus among the justices of the Supreme Court of the United States was that the Ninth Circuit was too large and unwieldy and should be split.

Congressional officials, legislative commissions, and interest groups have all submitted proposals to divide the Ninth Circuit such as:

* Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals Reorganization Act of 1993, H.R. 3654
* Final Report of the Commission on Structural Alternatives for the Federal Courts of Appeals
* Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals of Reorganization Act of 2003, S. 562
* Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals Judgeship and Reorganization Act of 2003, H.R. 2723
* Ninth Circuit Judgeship and Reorganization Act of 2004, S. 878 (reintroduced as the Ninth Circuit Judgeship and Reorganization Act of 2005, H.R. 211, and co-sponsored by House Majority Leader Tom DeLay)
* Circuit Court of Appeals Restructuring and Modernization Act of 2005, S. 1845
* Circuit Court of Appeals Restructuring and Modernization Act of 2007, S. 525
* Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals Judgeship and Reorganization Act of 2017, H.R. 196

The more recent proposals have aimed to redefine the Ninth Circuit to cover California, Hawaii, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands, and to create a new Twelfth Circuit to cover Alaska, Arizona, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington.

## Current composition of the court

As of November 15, 2023:

| # | Title | Judge | Duty station | Born | Term of service | | | Appointed by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | Active | Chief | Senior | |
| 94 | Chief Judge | Mary H. Murguia | Phoenix, AZ | 1960 | 2011–present | 2021–present |  | Obama |
| 79 | Circuit Judge | Kim McLane Wardlaw | Pasadena, CA | 1954 | 1998–present |  |  | Clinton |
| 82 | Circuit Judge | Ronald M. Gould | Seattle, WA | 1946 | 1999–present |  |  | Clinton |
| 86 | Circuit Judge | Johnnie B. Rawlinson | Las Vegas, NV | 1952 | 2000–present |  |  | Clinton |
| 89 | Circuit Judge | Consuelo Callahan | Sacramento, CA | 1950 | 2003–present |  |  | G.W. Bush |
| 91 | Circuit Judge | Milan Smith | El Segundo, CA | 1942 | 2006–present |  |  | G.W. Bush |
| 92 | Circuit Judge | Sandra Segal Ikuta | Pasadena, CA | 1954 | 2006–present |  |  | G.W. Bush |
| 95 | Circuit Judge | Morgan Christen | Anchorage, AK | 1961 | 2012–present |  |  | Obama |
| 96 | Circuit Judge | Jacqueline Nguyen | Pasadena, CA | 1965 | 2012–present |  |  | Obama |
| 99 | Circuit Judge | John B. Owens | San Diego, CA | 1971 | 2014–present |  |  | Obama |
| 100 | Circuit Judge | Michelle Friedland | San Jose, CA | 1972 | 2014–present |  |  | Obama |
| 101 | Circuit Judge | Mark J. Bennett | Honolulu, HI | 1953 | 2018–present |  |  | Trump |
| 102 | Circuit Judge | Ryan D. Nelson | Idaho Falls, ID | 1973 | 2018–present |  |  | Trump |
| 103 | Circuit Judge | Eric D. Miller | Seattle, WA | 1975 | 2019–present |  |  | Trump |
| 104 | Circuit Judge | Bridget S. Bade | Phoenix, AZ | 1965 | 2019–present |  |  | Trump |
| 105 | Circuit Judge | Daniel P. Collins | Pasadena, CA | 1963 | 2019–present |  |  | Trump |
| 106 | Circuit Judge | Kenneth K. Lee | San Diego, CA | 1975 | 2019–present |  |  | Trump |
| 107 | Circuit Judge | Daniel Bress | San Francisco, CA | 1979 | 2019–present |  |  | Trump |
| 108 | Circuit Judge | Danielle J. Forrest | Portland, OR | 1977 | 2019–present |  |  | Trump |
| 109 | Circuit Judge | Patrick J. Bumatay | San Diego, CA | 1978 | 2019–present |  |  | Trump |
| 110 | Circuit Judge | Lawrence VanDyke | Reno, NV | 1972 | 2020–present |  |  | Trump |
| 111 | Circuit Judge | Lucy Koh | San Francisco, CA | 1968 | 2021–present |  |  | Biden |
| 112 | Circuit Judge | Jennifer Sung | Portland, OR | 1972 | 2021–present |  |  | Biden |
| 113 | Circuit Judge | Gabriel P. Sanchez | San Francisco, CA | 1976 | 2022–present |  |  | Biden |
| 114 | Circuit Judge | Holly A. Thomas | Pasadena, CA | 1979 | 2022–present |  |  | Biden |
| 115 | Circuit Judge | Salvador Mendoza Jr. | Richland, WA | 1971 | 2022–present |  |  | Biden |
| 116 | Circuit Judge | Roopali Desai | Phoenix, AZ | 1978 | 2022–present |  |  | Biden |
| 117 | Circuit Judge | Anthony Johnstone | Missoula, MT | 1973 | 2023–present |  |  | Biden |
| 118 | Circuit Judge | Ana de Alba | Fresno, CA | 1979 | 2023–present |  |  | Biden |
| 40 | Senior Circuit Judge | J. Clifford Wallace | San Diego, CA | 1928 | 1972–1996 | 1991–1996 | 1996–present | Nixon |
| 47 | Senior Circuit Judge | Mary M. Schroeder | Phoenix, AZ | 1940 | 1979–2011 | 2000–2007 | 2011–present | Carter |
| 54 | Senior Circuit Judge | Dorothy Wright Nelson | Pasadena, CA | 1928 | 1979–1995 |  | 1995–present | Carter |
| 55 | Senior Circuit Judge | William Canby | Phoenix, AZ | 1931 | 1980–1996 |  | 1996–present | Carter |
| 66 | Senior Circuit Judge | Diarmuid O'Scannlain | Portland, OR | 1937 | 1986–2016 |  | 2016–present | Reagan |
| 68 | Senior Circuit Judge | Stephen S. Trott | *inactive* | 1939 | 1988–2004 |  | 2004–present | Reagan |
| 69 | Senior Circuit Judge | Ferdinand Fernandez | Pasadena, CA | 1937 | 1989–2002 |  | 2002–present | G.H.W. Bush |
| 72 | Senior Circuit Judge | Andrew Kleinfeld | Fairbanks, AK | 1945 | 1991–2010 |  | 2010–present | G.H.W. Bush |
| 73 | Senior Circuit Judge | Michael Daly Hawkins | Phoenix, AZ | 1945 | 1994–2010 |  | 2010–present | Clinton |
| 74 | Senior Circuit Judge | A. Wallace Tashima | Pasadena, CA | 1934 | 1996–2004 |  | 2004–present | Clinton |
| 75 | Senior Circuit Judge | Sidney R. Thomas | Billings, MT | 1953 | 1996–2023 | 2014–2021 | 2023–present | Clinton |
| 76 | Senior Circuit Judge | Barry G. Silverman | Phoenix, AZ | 1951 | 1998–2016 |  | 2016–present | Clinton |
| 77 | Senior Circuit Judge | Susan P. Graber | Portland, OR | 1949 | 1998–2021 |  | 2021–present | Clinton |
| 78 | Senior Circuit Judge | M. Margaret McKeown | San Diego, CA | 1951 | 1998–2022 |  | 2022–present | Clinton |
| 80 | Senior Circuit Judge | William A. Fletcher | San Francisco, CA | 1945 | 1998–2022 |  | 2022–present | Clinton |
| 83 | Senior Circuit Judge | Richard Paez | Pasadena, CA | 1947 | 2000–2021 |  | 2021–present | Clinton |
| 84 | Senior Circuit Judge | Marsha Berzon | San Francisco, CA | 1945 | 2000–2022 |  | 2022–present | Clinton |
| 85 | Senior Circuit Judge | Richard C. Tallman | Coeur d'Alene, ID | 1953 | 2000–2018 |  | 2018–present | Clinton |
| 87 | Senior Circuit Judge | Richard Clifton | Honolulu, HI | 1950 | 2002–2016 |  | 2016–present | G.W. Bush |
| 88 | Senior Circuit Judge | Jay Bybee | Las Vegas, NV | 1953 | 2003–2019 |  | 2019–present | G.W. Bush |
| 90 | Senior Circuit Judge | Carlos Bea | San Francisco, CA | 1934 | 2003–2019 |  | 2019–present | G.W. Bush |
| 93 | Senior Circuit Judge | N. Randy Smith | Pocatello, ID | 1949 | 2007–2018 |  | 2018–present | G.W. Bush |
| 98 | Senior Circuit Judge | Andrew D. Hurwitz | Phoenix, AZ | 1947 | 2012–2022 |  | 2022–present | Obama |

## List of former judges

| # | Judge | State | Born–died | Active service | Chief Judge | Senior status | Appointed by | Reason for<br>termination |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| 1 | Lorenzo Sawyer | CA | 1820–1891 | 1891 |  |  | Grant / Operation of law | death |
| 2 | Joseph McKenna | CA | 1843–1926 | 1892–1897 |  |  | B. Harrison | resignation |
| 3 | William Ball Gilbert | OR | 1847–1931 | 1892–1931 |  |  | B. Harrison | death |
| 4 | Erskine Mayo Ross | CA | 1845–1928 | 1895–1925 |  | 1925–1928 | Cleveland | death |
| 5 | William W. Morrow | CA | 1843–1929 | 1897–1923 |  | 1923–1929 | McKinley | resignation |
| 6 | William Henry Hunt | MT | 1857–1949 | 1911–1928 |  | 1928 |  | resignation |
| 7 | Frank H. Rudkin | WA | 1864–1931 | 1923–1931 |  |  | Harding | death |
| 8 | Wallace McCamant | OR | 1867–1944 | 1925–1926 |  |  | Coolidge | not confirmed |
| 9 | Frank Sigel Dietrich | ID | 1863–1930 | 1927–1930 |  |  | Coolidge | death |
| 10 | Curtis D. Wilbur | CA | 1867–1954 | 1929–1945 |  | 1945–1954 | Hoover | death |
| 11 | William Henry Sawtelle | AZ | 1868–1934 | 1931–1934 |  |  | Hoover | death |
| 12 | Francis Arthur Garrecht | WA | 1870–1948 | 1933–1948 |  |  | F. Roosevelt | death |
| 13 | William Denman | CA | 1872–1959 | 1935–1957 | 1948–1957 | 1957–1959 | F. Roosevelt | death |
| 14 | Clifton Mathews | AZ | 1880–1962 | 1935–1953 |  | 1953–1962 | F. Roosevelt | death |
| 15 | Bert E. Haney | OR | 1879–1943 | 1935–1943 |  |  | F. Roosevelt | death |
| 16 | Albert Lee Stephens Sr. | CA | 1874–1965 | 1937–1961 | 1957–1959 | 1961–1965 | F. Roosevelt | death |
| 17 | William Healy | ID | 1881–1962 | 1937–1958 |  | 1958–1962 | F. Roosevelt | death |
| 18 | Homer Bone | WA | 1883–1970 | 1944–1956 |  | 1956–1970 | F. Roosevelt | death |
| 19 | William Edwin Orr | NV | 1881–1965 | 1945–1956 |  | 1956–1965 | Truman | death |
| 20 | Walter Lyndon Pope | MT | 1889–1969 | 1949–1961 | 1959 | 1961–1969 | Truman | death |
| 21 | Dal Millington Lemmon | CA | 1887–1958 | 1954–1958 |  |  | Eisenhower | death |
| 22 | Richard Harvey Chambers | AZ | 1906–1994 | 1954–1976 | 1959–1976 | 1976–1994 | Eisenhower | death |
| 23 | James Alger Fee | OR | 1888–1959 | 1954–1959 |  |  | Eisenhower | death |
| 24 | Stanley Barnes | CA | 1900–1990 | 1956–1970 |  | 1970–1990 | Eisenhower | death |
| 25 | Frederick George Hamley | WA | 1903–1975 | 1956–1971 |  | 1971–1975 | Eisenhower | death |
| 26 | Oliver Deveta Hamlin Jr. | CA | 1892–1973 | 1958–1963 |  | 1963–1973 | Eisenhower | death |
| 27 | Gilbert H. Jertberg | CA | 1897–1973 | 1958–1967 |  | 1967–1973 | Eisenhower | death |
| 28 | Charles Merton Merrill | NV | 1907–1996 | 1959–1974 |  | 1974–1996 | Eisenhower | death |
| 29 | Montgomery Oliver Koelsch | ID | 1912–1992 | 1959–1976 |  | 1976–1992 | Eisenhower | death |
| 30 | James R. Browning | CA | 1918–2012 | 1961–2000 | 1976–1988 | 2000–2012 | Kennedy | death |
| 31 | Benjamin C. Duniway | CA | 1907–1986 | 1961–1976 |  | 1976–1986 | Kennedy | death |
| 32 | Walter Raleigh Ely Jr. | CA | 1913–1984 | 1964–1979 |  | 1979–1984 | L. Johnson | death |
| 33 | James Marshall Carter | CA | 1904–1979 | 1967–1971 |  | 1971–1979 | L. Johnson | death |
| 34 | Shirley Hufstedler | CA | 1925–2016 | 1968–1979 |  |  | L. Johnson | resignation |
| 35 | Eugene Allen Wright | WA | 1913–2002 | 1969–1983 |  | 1983–2002 | Nixon | death |
| 36 | John Kilkenny | OR | 1901–1995 | 1969–1971 |  | 1971–1995 | Nixon | death |
| 37 | Ozell Miller Trask | AZ | 1909–1984 | 1969–1979 |  | 1979–1984 | Nixon | death |
| 38 | Herbert Choy | HI | 1916–2004 | 1971–1984 |  | 1984–2004 | Nixon | death |
| 39 | Alfred Goodwin | CA | 1923–2022 | 1971–1991 | 1988–1991 | 1991–2022 | Nixon | death |
| 41 | Joseph Tyree Sneed III | CA | 1920–2008 | 1973–1987 |  | 1987–2008 | Nixon | death |
| 42 | Anthony Kennedy | CA | 1936–present | 1975–1988 |  |  | Ford | elevation to Supreme Court |
| 43 | J. Blaine Anderson | ID | 1922–1988 | 1976–1988 |  |  | Ford | death |
| 44 | Procter Ralph Hug Jr. | NV | 1931–2019 | 1977–2002 | 1996–2000 | 2002–2017 | Carter | retirement |
| 45 | Thomas Tang | AZ | 1922–1995 | 1977–1993 |  | 1993–1995 | Carter | death |
| 46 | Betty Binns Fletcher | WA | 1923–2012 | 1979–1998 |  | 1998–2012 | Carter | death |
| 48 | Otto Richard Skopil Jr. | OR | 1919–2012 | 1979–1986 |  | 1986–2012 | Carter | death |
| 49 | Jerome Farris | WA | 1930–2020 | 1979–1995 |  | 1995–2020 | Carter | death |
| 50 | Arthur Alarcón | CA | 1925–2015 | 1979–1992 |  | 1992–2015 | Carter | death |
| 51 | Harry Pregerson | CA | 1923–2017 | 1979–2015 |  | 2015–2017 | Carter | death |
| 52 | Warren J. Ferguson | CA | 1920–2008 | 1979–1986 |  | 1986–2008 | Carter | death |
| 53 | Cecil F. Poole | CA | 1914–1997 | 1979–1996 |  | 1996–1997 | Carter | death |
| 56 | Robert Boochever | AK | 1917–2011 | 1980–1986 |  | 1986–2011 | Carter | death |
| 57 | William Albert Norris | CA | 1927–2017 | 1980–1994 |  | 1994–1997 | Carter | retirement |
| 58 | Stephen Reinhardt | CA | 1931–2018 | 1980–2018 |  |  | Carter | death |
| 59 | Robert R. Beezer | WA | 1928–2012 | 1984–1996 |  | 1996–2012 | Reagan | death |
| 60 | Cynthia Holcomb Hall | CA | 1929–2011 | 1984–1997 |  | 1997–2011 | Reagan | death |
| 61 | Charles E. Wiggins | CA | 1927–2000 | 1984–1996 |  | 1996–2000 | Reagan | death |
| 62 | Melvin T. Brunetti | NV | 1933–2009 | 1985–1999 |  | 1999–2009 | Reagan | death |
| 63 | Alex Kozinski | CA | 1950–present | 1985–2017 | 2007–2014 |  | Reagan | retirement |
| 64 | John T. Noonan Jr. | CA | 1926–2017 | 1985–1996 |  | 1996–2017 | Reagan | death |
| 65 | David R. Thompson | CA | 1930–2011 | 1985–1998 |  | 1998–2011 | Reagan | death |
| 67 | Edward Leavy | OR | 1929–2023 | 1987–1997 |  | 1997–2023 | Reagan | death |
| 70 | Pamela Ann Rymer | CA | 1941–2011 | 1989–2011 |  |  | G.H.W. Bush | death |
| 71 | Thomas G. Nelson | ID | 1936–2011 | 1990–2003 |  | 2003–2011 | G.H.W. Bush | death |
| 81 | Raymond C. Fisher | CA | 1939–2020 | 1999–2013 |  | 2013–2020 | Clinton | death |
| 97 | Paul J. Watford | CA | 1967–present | 2012–2023 |  |  | Obama | resignation |

## Chief judges

| Chief Judge | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Denman | 1948–1957 |
| Stephens, Sr. | 1957–1959 |
| Pope | 1959 |
| Chambers | 1959–1976 |
| Browning | 1976–1988 |
| Goodwin | 1988–1991 |
| Wallace | 1991–1996 |
| Hug, Jr. | 1996–2000 |
| Schroeder | 2000–2007 |
| Kozinski | 2007–2014 |
| S.R. Thomas | 2014–2021 |
| **Murguia** | 2021–present |

Chief judges have administrative responsibilities with respect to their circuits, and preside over any panel on which they serve, unless the circuit justice (the Supreme Court justice responsible for the circuit) is also on the panel. Unlike the Supreme Court, where one justice is specifically nominated to be chief, the office of chief judge rotates among the circuit judges.

To be chief, a judge must have been in active service on the court for at least one year, be under the age of 65, and have not previously served as chief judge. A vacancy is filled by the judge highest in seniority among the group of qualified judges, with seniority determined first by commission date, then by age. The chief judge serves for a term of seven years, or until age 70, whichever occurs first. If no judge qualifies to be chief, the youngest judge over the age of 65 who has served on the court for at least one year shall act as chief until another judge qualifies. If no judge has served on the court for more than a year, the most senior judge shall act as chief. Judges can forfeit or resign their chief judgeship or acting chief judgeship while retaining their active status as a circuit judge.

When the office was created in 1948, the chief judge was the longest-serving judge who had not elected to retire, on what has since 1958 been known as senior status, or declined to serve as chief judge. After August 6, 1959, judges could not become or remain chief after turning 70 years old. The current rules have been in operation since October 1, 1982.

## Succession of seats

The court has 29 seats for active judges, numbered in the order in which they were initially filled. Judges who assume senior status enter a kind of retirement in which they remain on the bench but vacate their seats, thus allowing the U.S. President to appoint new judges to fill their seats.

| Seat 1 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Established on December 10, 1869, by the Judiciary Act of 1869 as a circuit judgeship for the Ninth Circuit | | | |
| Reassigned to the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit by the Judiciary Act of 1891 | | | |
| Sawyer | CA | 1891 |
| McKenna | CA | 1892–1897 |
| Morrow | CA | 1897–1923 |
| Rudkin | WA | 1923–1931 |
| Garrecht | WA | 1933–1948 |
| Pope | MT | 1949–1961 |
| Browning | MT | 1961–2000 |
| **Ikuta** | CA | 2006–present |

| Seat 2 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Established on June 16, 1891, by the Judiciary Act of 1891 | | | |
| Gilbert | OR | 1892–1931 |
| Denman | CA | 1935–1957 |
| Hamlin Jr. | CA | 1958–1963 |
| Ely Jr. | CA | 1964–1979 |
| Norris | CA | 1980–1994 |
| W. Fletcher | CA | 1998–2022 |
| **H.A. Thomas** | CA | 2022–present |

| Seat 3 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Established on February 18, 1895, by 28 Stat. 665 | | | |
| Ross | CA | 1895–1925 |
| McCamant | OR | 1925–1926 |
| Dietrich | ID | 1927–1930 |
| Sawtelle | AZ | 1931–1934 |
| Mathews | AZ | 1935–1953 |
| Fee | OR | 1954–1959 |
| Koelsch | ID | 1959–1976 |
| Anderson | ID | 1976–1988 |
| T. Nelson | ID | 1990–2003 |
| N.R. Smith | ID | 2007–2018 |
| **R. Nelson** | ID | 2018–present |

| Seat 4 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Established as a temporary judgeship on March 1, 1929, by 45 Stat. 1414 | | | |
| Made permanent on June 16, 1933, by 48 Stat. 310 | | | |
| Wilbur | CA | 1929–1945 |
| Orr | NV | 1945–1956 |
| Barnes | CA | 1956–1970 |
| Choy | HI | 1971–1984 |
| Brunetti | NV | 1985–1999 |
| **Rawlinson** | NV | 2000–present |

| Seat 5 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Established on August 2, 1935, by 49 Stat. 508 | | | |
| Haney | OR | 1935–1943 |
| Bone | WA | 1944–1956 |
| Hamley | WA | 1956–1971 |
| Sneed III | CA | 1973–1987 |
| Trott | CA/ID | 1988–2004 |
| **Owens** | CA | 2014–present |

| Seat 6 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Established on April 14, 1937, by 50 Stat. 64 | | | |
| Stephens Sr. | CA | 1937–1961 |
| Duniway | CA | 1961–1976 |
| Hug Jr. | NV | 1977–2002 |
| Bybee | NV | 2003–2019 |
| **VanDyke** | NV | 2020–present |

| Seat 7 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Established on April 14, 1937, by 50 Stat. 64 | | | |
| Healy | ID | 1937–1958 |
| Merrill | NV | 1959–1974 |
| Kennedy | CA | 1975–1988 |
| Rymer | CA | 1989–2011 |
| Watford | CA | 2012–2023 |
| **de Alba** | CA | 2023–present |

| Seat 8 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Established on February 10, 1954, by 68 Stat. 871 | | | |
| Lemmon | CA | 1954–1958 |
| Jertberg | CA | 1958–1967 |
| Carter | CA | 1967–1971 |
| Wallace | CA | 1972–1996 |
| **Wardlaw** | CA | 1998–present |

| Seat 9 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Established on February 10, 1954, by 68 Stat. 871 | | | |
| Chambers | AZ | 1954–1976 |
| Tang | AZ | 1977–1993 |
| Hawkins | AZ | 1994–2010 |
| **Murguia** | AZ | 2011–present |

| Seat 10 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Established on June 18, 1968, by 82 Stat. 184 | | | |
| Hufstedler | CA | 1968–1979 |
| Boochever | AK | 1980–1986 |
| O'Scannlain | OR | 1986–2016 |
| **Forrest** | OR | 2019–present |

| Seat 11 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Established on June 18, 1968, by 82 Stat. 184 | | | |
| Wright | WA | 1969–1983 |
| Beezer | WA | 1984–1996 |
| **Gould** | WA | 1999–present |

| Seat 12 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Established on June 18, 1968, by 82 Stat. 184 | | | |
| Kilkenny | OR | 1969–1971 |
| Goodwin | OR | 1971–1991 |
| Kleinfeld | AK | 1991–2010 |
| **Christen** | AK | 2011–present |

| Seat 13 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Established on June 18, 1968, by 82 Stat. 184 | | | |
| Trask | AZ | 1969–1979 |
| Canby | AZ | 1980–1996 |
| Silverman | AZ | 1998–2016 |
| **Bade** | AZ | 2019–present |

| Seat 14 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Established on October 20, 1978, by 92 Stat. 1629 | | | |
| Schroeder | AZ | 1979–2011 |
| Hurwitz | AZ | 2012–2022 |
| **Desai** | AZ | 2022–present |

| Seat 15 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Established on October 20, 1978, by 92 Stat. 1629 | | | |
| Skopil Jr. | OR | 1979–1986 |
| Leavy | OR | 1987–1997 |
| Graber | OR | 1998–2021 |
| **Sung** | OR | 2021–present |

| Seat 16 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Established on October 20, 1978, by 92 Stat. 1629 | | | |
| B. Fletcher | WA | 1979–1998 |
| Tallman | WA | 2000–2018 |
| **Miller** | WA | 2019–present |

| Seat 17 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Established on October 20, 1978, by 92 Stat. 1629 | | | |
| Farris | WA | 1979–1995 |
| McKeown | WA/CA | 1998–2022 |
| **Mendoza Jr.** | WA | 2022–present |

| Seat 18 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Established on October 20, 1978, by 92 Stat. 1629 | | | |
| Alarcón | CA | 1979–1992 |
| Tashima | CA | 1996–2004 |
| **M.D. Smith** | CA | 2006–present |

| Seat 19 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Established on October 20, 1978, by 92 Stat. 1629 | | | |
| Pregerson | CA | 1979–2015 |
| **Collins** | CA | 2019–present |

| Seat 20 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Established on October 20, 1978, by 92 Stat. 1629 | | | |
| Ferguson | CA | 1979–1986 |
| Fernandez | CA | 1989–2002 |
| **Callahan** | CA | 2003–present |

| Seat 21 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Established on October 20, 1978, by 92 Stat. 1629 | | | |
| Poole | CA | 1979–1996 |
| Paez | CA | 2000–2021 |
| **Koh** | CA | 2021–present |

| Seat 22 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Established on October 20, 1978, by 92 Stat. 1629 | | | |
| D. Nelson | CA | 1979–1995 |
| S.R. Thomas | MT | 1996–2023 |
| **Johnstone** | MT | 2023–present |

| Seat 23 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Established on October 20, 1978, by 92 Stat. 1629 | | | |
| Reinhardt | CA | 1980–2018 |
| **Lee** | CA | 2019–present |

| Seat 24 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Established on July 10, 1984, by 98 Stat. 333 | | | |
| Wiggins | CA | 1984–1996 |
| Bea | CA | 2003–2019 |
| **Bumatay** | CA | 2019–present |

| Seat 25 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Established on July 10, 1984, by 98 Stat. 333 | | | |
| Hall | CA | 1984–1997 |
| Clifton | HI | 2002–2016 |
| **Bennett** | HI | 2018–present |

| Seat 26 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Established on July 10, 1984, by 98 Stat. 333 | | | |
| Kozinski | CA | 1985–2017 |
| **Bress** | CA | 2019–present |

| Seat 27 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Established on July 10, 1984, by 98 Stat. 333 | | | |
| Thompson | CA | 1985–1998 |
| Fisher | CA | 1999–2013 |
| **Friedland** | CA | 2014–present |

| Seat 28 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Established on July 10, 1984, by 98 Stat. 333 | | | |
| Noonan Jr. | CA | 1985–1996 |
| Berzon | CA | 2000–2022 |
| **Sanchez** | CA | 2022–present |

| Seat 29 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Established on January 21, 2009, by 121 Stat. 2543 | | | |
| **Nguyen** | CA | 2012–present |

1. Jenkins, Jr., William O. (September 18, 2008). American Samoa: Issues Associated with Some Federal Court Options (Report). United States Government Accountability Office. GAO-08-1124T. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
2. Frederick, David C. (1994). *Rugged justice: the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals and the American West, 1891–1941*. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520083813.
3. See, e.g., *Republic of China v. Merchants' Fire Ass'n of N.Y.*, 49 F.2d 862 (9th Cir. 1931). As the court noted, this bizarre insurance claim dispute arose directly from the "perplexing" civil war during China's warlord era, in which various groups of military officers claimed to be the representatives of the Republic's legitimate government.
4. Go, Julian (2003). "Introduction". In Go, Julian; Foster, Anne L. (eds.). *The American Colonial State in the Philippines: Global Perspectives*. Durham: Duke University Press. pp. 1–42. ISBN 9780822384519. (At p. 7.)
5. *Kepner v. United States*, 195 U.S. 100 (1904).
6. *White v. Samsung Elec. Am., Inc.*, 989 F.2d 1512, 1521 (9th Cir. 1993) (Kozinski, J., dissenting).
7. Kleinfeld, Andrew J. (May 22, 1998). "RE: Splitting the Ninth Circuit". Retrieved June 21, 2005.
8. Hofer, Roy E. (January–February 2010). "Supreme Court Reversal Rates: Evaluating the Federal Courts of Appeals" (PDF). *Landslide*. Vol. 2, no. 3. American Bar Association Intellectual Property Law Section. ISSN 1942-7239. LCCN 2008213101. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 10, 2023.
9. Carroll, Lauren (February 10, 2017). "No, the 9th Circuit isn't the 'most overturned court in the country,' as Hannity says". *PolitiFact*. Archived from the original on June 8, 2023.
10. Farris, Jerome, *The Ninth Circuit—Most Maligned Circuit in the Country Fact or Fiction?* 58 Ohio St. L.J. 1465 (1997) (noting that, in 1996, the Supreme Court let stand 99.7 percent of the Ninth Circuit's cases).
11. Williams, Carol J. (July 18, 2011). "U.S. Supreme Court again rejects most decisions by the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals". *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved August 4, 2012.
12. Fitzpatrick, Brian (July 31, 2018). "Written Testimony at Hearing on Oversight of the Structure of the Federal Courts" (PDF). *United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary*. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
13. Qiu, Linda (November 26, 2018). "Does the Ninth Circuit Have the Highest Reversal Rate in the Country?". *New York Times*. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
14. O'Scannlain, Diarmuid (October 2005). "Ten Reasons Why the Ninth Circuit Should Be Split" (PDF). *Engage*. **6** (2): 58–64. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved May 29, 2006.
15. Shapiro, Ilya; Harvey, Nathan (2019). "Break Up the Ninth Circuit". *George Mason Law Review*. **26** (4): 1299–1329.
16. Rule 35–3 http://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/uploads/rules/frap.pdf
17. "Statement of Circuit Judge Alex Kozinski to the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Courts". U.S. House of Representatives. October 21, 2003. Archived from the original on September 26, 2012. Retrieved February 6, 2012.
18. Schroeder, Mary M.; et al. (April 2006). "A Court United: A Statement of a Number of Ninth Circuit Judges" (PDF). *Engage*. **7** (1): 63–66. Retrieved June 6, 2006.
19. *America and the Courts*. C-SPAN. March 17, 2007. Event occurs at 48:30. Retrieved April 8, 2023.
20. Gribbin, Eric J. "47 Duke L.J. 351". *law.duke.edu*. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 6, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2009.
21. Final Report, Commission on Structural Alternatives for the Federal Courts of Appeals, December 18, 1998
22. Testimony of Circuit Judge Richard Tallman: U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Archived November 13, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, United States Senate: Committee on the Judiciary, October 26, 2005; retrieved November 19, 2007.
23. Govtrack.us S. 525—110th Congress (2007): Circuit Court of Appeals Restructuring and Modernization Act of 2007 (database of federal legislation): govtrack.us; retrieved February 18, 2008.
24. Govtrack.us; retrieved February 27, 2021,
25. "Wilbur Nominated for Judge Post", Woodland Daily Democrat, March 1, 1929 at p. 1 (noting, as the Coolidge Administration ended, that Coolidge nominated Wilbur for the new judgeship).
26. "Sentence Cut Out by Hoover", Oakland Tribune, 1929-03-04, Section D, p. 1 (noting that the Wilbur nomination was not acted upon before the 70th Congress ended).
27. 28 U.S.C. § 45
28. 62 Stat. 871, 72 Stat. 497, 96 Stat. 51
29. Court Security Improvement Act of 2007, Pub. L. 110–177 § 509(a)(2), 121 Stat. 2534, 2543, January 7, 2008

## InfoBox

| United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit | |
| --- | --- |
| (9th Cir.) | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | James R. Browning U.S. Court of Appeals Building(San Francisco, California)*More locations* |
| Appeals from |  |
| Established | March 3, 1891 |
| Judges | 29 |
| Circuit Justice | Elena Kagan |
| Chief Judge | Mary H. Murguia |
| www.ca9.uscourts.gov | |


title: Thurston Island

abstract:
Thurston Island is a largely ice-covered, glacially dissected island, 135 nautical miles long and 55 nautical miles wide, lying between Amundsen Sea and Bellingshausen Sea a short way off the northwest end of Ellsworth Land, Antarctica.
The island is separated from the mainland by Peacock Sound, which is occupied by the west portion of Abbot Ice Shelf.

text:
# Thurston Island

**Thurston Island** (72°6′S 99°0′W / 72.100°S 99.000°W / -72.100; -99.000 (Thurston Island)) is a largely ice-covered, glacially dissected island, 135 nautical miles (250 km; 155 mi) long and 55 nautical miles (102 km; 63 mi) wide, lying between Amundsen Sea and Bellingshausen Sea a short way off the northwest end of Ellsworth Land, Antarctica. The island is separated from the mainland by Peacock Sound, which is occupied by the west portion of Abbot Ice Shelf.

## Geography

Thurston Island is separated from the mainland by Peacock Sound, which is occupied by the western portion of Abbot Ice Shelf. It lies off the Eights Coast. Bellingshausen Sea lies the east and Amundsen Sea to the west. Sherman Island, Carpenter Island and Dustin Island in Seraph Bay lie to the south of Thurston Island. The Walker Mountains form the spine of the island. Peaks in that range include, from west to east, Landfall Peak, Mount Lopez, Mount Caldwell, Mount Kazukaitis, Mount Simpson, Mount Noxon, Mount Leech, Mount Hubbard, Smith Peak, Mount Borgesen, Guy Peaks, Mount Hawthorne, Mount Bramhall, Zuhn Bluff and Parker Peak.

The northwest side of the island consists of a series of capes, peninsulas and inlets. From west to east they include Cape Flying Fish, Cape Petersen, Williams Island, Jones Peninsula, Dyer Point, Cape Davies, Hughes Peninsula, Henry Inlet, Tinglof Peninsula, Wagoner Inlet, Starr Peninsula, Potaka Inlet, Kearns Peninsula, Peale Inlet, Glacier Bight, Noville Peninsula, Porters Pinnacles and Mount Palmer. Features of the north of the island include Sikorski Glacier, Mount Feury, Frankenfield Glacier, Mulroy Island, Black Crag, Pelter Glacier, Murphy Inlet, Linsley Peninsula, Ball Peninsula, Edwards Peninsula, Mount Bubier, Koether Inlet, Evans Peninsula, Cape Walden and Cape Braathen.

Features of the east coast include from north to south Cadwalader Inlet, Deadmond Glacier, Lofgren Peninsula, Cape Menzel, Barret Island, Morgan Inlet, Tierney Peninsula and Cape Annawan. Features of the southwest coast include, from west to east, Kannheiser Glacier, Craft Glacier, Hendersin Knob, Rochray Glacier, Cox Glacier, Hale Glacier, Myers Glacier, Sherman Island, Schwartz Cove, Williamson Peninsula, Trice Islands, O'Dowd Cove and Evans Point. Features of the southeast cost include, from west to east, Von der Wall Point, Boker Rocks, Mount Dowling, Belknap Nunatak, Prickly Ridge, Shelton Head, Long Glacier, Simpson Bluff, Baker Knob, Harrison Nunatak, Cape Walker and Savage Glacier.

## History

Thurston Island island was discovered by Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd and members of the United States Antarctic Service (USAS) in a flight from the *Bear* on 27 February 1940. Byrd named it for W. Harris Thurston, a New York textile manufacturer, designer of the windproof "Byrd Cloth" and contributor to the expedition. Originally charted as a peninsula, the feature was found to be an island by the USN Bellingshausen Sea Expedition in February 1960.

On 30 December 1946, Thurston Island was the site of Antarctica's first fatal plane crash. A Martin PBM-5 Mariner (59098) of the US Navy with the Byrd expedition hit a ridge and burned on the island, killing 3 of the 9 occupants. The 6 survivors were rescued 13 days later.

## Northwest features

### Cape Flying Fish

72°06′S 102°29′W / 72.100°S 102.483°W / -72.100; -102.483. An ice-covered cape which forms the west extremity of Thurston Island. Discovered by R. Admiral Byrd and members of the United States Antarctic Service (USAS) in a flight from the *Bear*, February 1940. Named by US-SCAN for the USEE ship *Flying Fish*, commanded by Lieutenant William M. Walker, United States Navy, which reached a point within 125 nautical miles (232 km; 144 mi) of this cape; the ship's position on the morning of 23 March 1839 was 70|00|S|100|16|W

### Cape Petersen

71°56′S 101°46′W / 71.933°S 101.767°W / -71.933; -101.767. A rounded ice-covered cape on the north side of Thurston Island, about 18 nautical miles (33 km; 21 mi) east-northeast of Cape Flying Fish. Delineated from air photos taken by United States Navy Operation Highjump in December 1946. Named by the United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Carl O. Petersen, radio engineer with the ByrdAE in 1928-30 and 1933-35.

### Williams Island

71°54′S 101°26′W / 71.900°S 101.433°W / -71.900; -101.433. Ice-covered island about 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) long, lying midway between Cape Petersen and Dyer Point and about 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) off the north coast of Thurston Island. Delineated from air photos taken by United States Navy Squadron VX-6 in January 1960. Named by US-ACAN for Frederick W. Williams, aviation machinist's mate with United States Navy Operation Highjump, who lost his life in a seaplane crash at Thurston Island on 30 December 1946.

### Jones Peninsula

71°55′00″S 100°50′00″W / 71.9166667°S 100.8333333°W / -71.9166667; -100.8333333 An ice-covered peninsula 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) west of Hughes Peninsula in northwest Thurston Island. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) after Ensign Robert H. Jones, navigator and second pilot of PBM Mariner aircraft in the Eastern Group of United States Navy Operation Highjump, which obtained aerial photographs of this peninsula and coastal areas adjacent to Thurston Island, 1946-47.

### Dyer Point

71°52′S 100°55′W / 71.867°S 100.917°W / -71.867; -100.917. Ice-covered point just west of Hughes Peninsula on the north coast of Thurston Island. First plotted from air photos taken by United States Navy Operation Highjump in December 1946. Named by US-ACAN for J.N. Dyer, radio engineer with the ByrdAE in 1933-35.

### Cape Davies

71°46′S 100°23′W / 71.767°S 100.383°W / -71.767; -100.383. Ice-covered cape at the northeast end of Hughes Peninsula. First delineated from air photos taken by United States Navy Operation Highjump in December 1946. Named by US-ACAN for Frank Davies, physicist with the ByrdAE in 1928-30.

### Hughes Peninsula

71°52′S 100°35′W / 71.867°S 100.583°W / -71.867; -100.583. Ice-covered peninsula about 18 nautical miles (33 km; 21 mi) long, lying west of Henry Inlet. Plotted from air photos taken by United States Navy Operation Highjump in December 1946. Named by US-ACAN for Jerry Hughes, photographer's mate with the United States Navy Bellingshausen Sea Expedition in February 1960, who took aerial photographs of Thurston Island from helicopters.

### Henry Inlet

71°54′S 100°20′W / 71.900°S 100.333°W / -71.900; -100.333. Narrow, ice-filled inlet about 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) long, indenting the north coast of Thurston Island immediately east of Hughes Peninsula. First plotted from air photos taken by United States Navy Operation Highjump, 1946-47. Named by US-ACAN for Robert Henry, photographer's mate with the United States Navy Bellingshausen Sea Expedition, who in February 1960 recorded features along Eights Coast from helicopters.

### Tinglof Peninsula

71°59′S 100°24′W / 71.983°S 100.400°W / -71.983; -100.400. An ice-covered peninsula, 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) long, between Henry and Wagoner Inlets on the north side of Thurston Island. Delineated from aerial photographs taken by United States Navy Operation Highjump in December 1946. Named by US-ACAN for Ivor Tinglof, tractor mechanic of the ByrdAE in 1933-35, who built at Little America the first heavy cargo sleds for use in the Antarctic.

### Smith Cliff

71°59′00″S 100°08′00″W / 71.9833333°S 100.1333333°W / -71.9833333; -100.1333333. A rock cliff midway along the ice-covered northern shore of Tinglof Peninsula. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) after Aviation Radioman William F. Smith, aircrewman in the Eastern Group of U.S. Navy (USN) Operation Highjump, which obtained aerial photographs of this cliff and coastal areas adjacent to Thurston Island, 1946-47.

### Wagoner Inlet

71°57′S 100°02′W / 71.950°S 100.033°W / -71.950; -100.033. An ice-filled inlet between Tinglof and Starr Peninsulas on the north side of Thurston Island. Delineated from aerial photos taken by United States Navy Operation Highjump in December 1946. Named by US-ACAN for Charles Wagoner, seaman on the USS *Glacier* during the United States Navy Bellingshausen Sea Expedition, a member of the field party engaged in scientific work on Thurston Island in February 1960.

### Starr Peninsula

71°56′S 99°46′W / 71.933°S 99.767°W / -71.933; -99.767. An ice-covered peninsula about 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) long, between Wagoner and Potaka Inlets on the north side of Thurston Island. Delineated from aerial photographs taken by United States Navy Operation Highjump in December 1946. Named by US-ACAN for Robert B. Starr, oceanographer aboard the USS *Glacier* in this area during the United States Navy Bellingshausen Sea Expedition in February 1960.

### Potaka Inlet

71°57′S 99°35′W / 71.950°S 99.583°W / -71.950; -99.583. Narrow ice-filled inlet about 8 nautical miles (15 km; 9.2 mi) long, indenting the north side of Thurston Island immediately east of Starr Peninsula. First delineated from air photos taken by United States Navy Operation Highjump in December 1946. Named by US-ACAN for Doctor Louis H. Potaka, medical officer with the ByrdAE, 1933-35.

### Kearns Peninsula

72°03′00″S 99°13′00″W / 72.05°S 99.2166667°W / -72.05; -99.2166667. A broad ice-covered peninsula between Potaka Inlet and Peale Inlet on the north side of Thurston Island. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) after Lieutenant (jg) William H. Kearns, United States Navy Reserve (United States Navy Reserve), co-pilot of the Operation Highjump PBM Mariner seaplane that crashed on adjacent Noville Peninsula, 30 December 1946. Kearns and five other survivors were rescued on 12 January 1947.

### Peale Inlet

71°55′S 99°12′W / 71.917°S 99.200°W / -71.917; -99.200. Ice-filled inlet about 16 nautical miles (30 km; 18 mi) long, lying immediately west of Neville Peninsula and indenting the north side of Thurston Island. Delineated from aerial photographs taken by United States Navy Operation Highjump in December 1946. Named by US-ACAN for Titian Ramsay Peale, noted artist−naturalist who served on the sloop of war Peacock of the USEE under Wilkes, 1838-42. The Peacock, accompanied by the tender Flying Fish, sailed along the edge of the pack ice to the north of Thurston Island for several days in March 1839.

### Glacier Bight

71°48′S 99°45′W / 71.800°S 99.750°W / -71.800; -99.750. An open embayment about 22 nautical miles (41 km; 25 mi) wide, indenting the north coast of Thurston Island between Hughes and Noville Peninsulas. First delineated from air photos taken by United States Navy Operation Highjump in December 1946. Named by US-ACAN for the icebreaker USS *Glacier* the first ship ever to make its way to this coastal area, in February 1960.

### Noville Peninsula

71°50′S 98°46′W / 71.833°S 98.767°W / -71.833; -98.767. High ice-covered peninsula about 30 nautical miles (56 km; 35 mi) long, between Peale and Murphy Inlets on the north side of Thurston Island. Delineated from aerial photographs made by United States Navy Operation Highjump in December 1946. Named for George O. Noville, executive officer of ByrdAE, 1933-35.

## Northeast features

### Mulroy Island

71°45′S 98°06′W / 71.750°S 98.100°W / -71.750; -98.100. Small island which lies just off Black Crag, the east extremity of Noville Peninsula. Discovered by the United States Navy Bellingshausen Sea Expedition in February 1960. Named by US-ACAN for Thomas B. Mulroy, fuel engineer with ByrdAE in 1928-30.

### Murphy Inlet

71°56′S 98°03′W / 71.933°S 98.050°W / -71.933; -98.050. Ice-filled inlet about 18 nautical miles (33 km; 21 mi) long, with two parallel branches at the head, lying between Noville and Edwards Peninsulas. Delineated from aerial photographs taken by United States Navy OpHjp in December 1946. Named by US-ACAN for Charles J.V. Murphy, assistant to R. Admiral Byrd after ByrdAE of 1928-30, and member of the wintering party of ByrdAE of 1933-35.

### Linsley Peninsula

72°03′S 98°11′W / 72.050°S 98.183°W / -72.050; -98.183. A broad, roughly rectangular ice-covered peninsula which protrudes into the south part of Murphy Inlet, dividing the inlet into two arms at the head. The peninsula was first plotted from air photos taken by United States Navy OpHjp, 1946-47. Named by US-ACAN for Lieutenant Commander Richard G. Linsley, United States Navy, pilot of LC-130 Hercules aircraft who made flights in support of the USARP geological party working at Thurston Island in the 1968-69 season.

### Ball Peninsula

72°08′00″S 98°03′00″W / 72.1333333°S 98.05°W / -72.1333333; -98.05. A broad ice-covered peninsula. It extends into Murphy Inlet between Noville Peninsula and Edwards Peninsula. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) after Lieutenant (jg) James L. Ball, PBM Mariner pilot in the Eastern Group of United States Navy (United States Navy) Operation Highjump, which obtained aerial photographs of this peninsula and adjacent coastal areas, 1946-47. Ball commanded the 11 January 1947 search plane which, after 12 days of uncertainty, found the burned wreck and survivors of the Mariner crash on Noville Peninsula.

### Edwards Peninsula

71°55′S 97°46′W / 71.917°S 97.767°W / -71.917; -97.767. Ice-covered peninsula about 20 nautical miles (37 km; 23 mi) long, between Murphy and Koether Inlets. Delineated from aerial photographs made by United States Navy OpHjp in December 1946 and by United States Navy Squadron VX-6 in January 1960. Named by US-ACAN for Lieutenant Donald L. Edwards, navigator of USS Burton Island on the United States Navy Bellingshausen Sea Expedition to this area in February 1960.

### Mount Bubier

71°51′S 97°48′W / 71.850°S 97.800°W / -71.850; -97.800. Mountain visible from seaward, its summit about 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) south of the north tip of Edwards Peninsula. First delineated from air photos taken by United States Navy OpHjp in December 1946. Named by US-ACAN for Kennard F. Bubier, aviation mechanic on ByrdAE in 1928-30.

### Koether Inlet

71°56′S 97°20′W / 71.933°S 97.333°W / -71.933; -97.333. Ice-filled inlet about 18 nautical miles (33 km; 21 mi) long, indenting the coast between Edwards Peninsula and Evans Peninsula. Delineated from air photos taken by United States Navy Squadron VX-6 in January 1960. Named by US-ACAN for Ens. Bernard Koether, navigator of USS *Glacier* on the United States Navy Bellingshausen Sea Expedition, who in February 1960 assisted in the charting of the Thurston Island coastline and in the accurate location of soundings.

### Evans Peninsula

71°58′S 96°42′W / 71.967°S 96.700°W / -71.967; -96.700. Ice-covered peninsula about 30 nautical miles (56 km; 35 mi) long, between Koether Inlet and Cadwalader Inlet. Discovered in flights from the USS *Burton Island* and *Glacier* by personnel of the United States Navy Bellingshausen Sea Expedition in February 1960. Named by US-ACAN for Commander Griffith Evans, Jr., commander of the icebreaker Burton Island during this expedition.

### Cape Walden

71°44′S 96°55′W / 71.733°S 96.917°W / -71.733; -96.917. Ice-covered cape at the northwest termination of Evans Peninsula, marking the east entrance of Koether Inlet. Delineated from air photos taken by United States Navy Squadron VX-6 in January 1960. Named by US-ACAN for Arthur T. Walden, dog driver and leader of the Queen Maud Mountains Supporting Party of the ByrdAE in 1928-30.

### Cape Braathen

71°48′S 96°05′W / 71.800°S 96.083°W / -71.800; -96.083. Ice-covered cape at the northwest termination of Evans Peninsula. Delineated from aerial photographs taken by United States Navy Squadron VX-6 in January 1960. Named by US-ACAN for Christoffer Braathen, ski expert and dog driver with the ByrdAE of 1928-30.

## Eastern features

### Cadwalader Inlet

72°04′S 96°18′W / 72.067°S 96.300°W / -72.067; -96.300. Ice-filled inlet about 22 nautical miles (41 km; 25 mi) long, indenting the northeast coast of Thurston Island between Evans and Lofgren Peninsulas. Discovered on helicopter flights from the USS *Burton Island* and *Glacier* by personnel of United States Navy Bellingshausen Sea Expedition in February 1960. Named by US-ACAN for Captain John Cadwalader, United States Navy, chief of staff to United States Antarctic Projects Officer and representative of Task Unit Commander aboard the Burton Island in February 1960.

### Lofgren Peninsula

72°08′S 96°00′W / 72.133°S 96.000°W / -72.133; -96.000. An ice-covered peninsula about 22 nautical miles (41 km; 25 mi) long, projecting between Cadwalader and Morgan Inlets on the northeast side of Thurston Island. Discovered in helicopter flights from the USS *Glacier* and *Burton Island* by personnel of the United States Navy Bellingshausen Sea Expedition in February 1960. Named by US-ACAN for Charles E. Lofgren, personnel officer with the ByrdAE, 1928-30.

### Morgan Inlet

72°12′S 96°00′W / 72.200°S 96.000°W / -72.200; -96.000. Ice-filled inlet about 18 nautical miles (33 km; 21 mi) long, with two branches, indenting the east end of Thurston Island between Lofgren and Tierney Peninsulas. Discovered in helicopter flights from USS *Glacier* and *Burton Island* by personnel of the United States Navy Bellingshausen Sea Expedition in February 1960. Named by US-ACAN for Lieutenant Commander Joseph R. Morgan, United States Navy, hydrographic and oceanographic officer of United States Navy Task Force 43 during this expedition.

### Ryan Point

72°18′S 95°51′W / 72.3°S 95.85°W / -72.3; -95.85. A bold coastal point in ice-filled Morgan Inlet at the east end of Thurston Island. The point forms the east extremity of the wedge-shaped promontory between Lofgren Peninsula and Tierney Peninsula. Named by US-ACAN after A.E. Ryan, Chief Photographer's Mate in the Eastern Group of U.S. Navy (USN) Operation Highjump, which obtained aerial photographs of Thurston Island and adjacent coastal areas, 1946-47.

### King Cliffs

72°14′S 96°10′W / 72.233°S 96.167°W / -72.233; -96.167. Ice-covered cliffs, with numerous rock exposures, forming the south side of the larger north arm of Morgan Inlet, on Thurston Island. The cliffs were first investigated by geologists with the United States Navy Bellingshausen Sea Expedition in February 1960. Named by US-ACAN for Charles E. King, geologist, member of the Ellsworth Land Survey which worked at the cliffs in the 1968-69 season.

### Tierney Peninsula

72°20′S 95°45′W / 72.333°S 95.750°W / -72.333; -95.750. An ice-covered peninsula about 14 nautical miles (26 km; 16 mi) long, between Savage Glacier and Morgan Inlet in.the east end of Thurston Island. Discovered on helicopter flights from the USS *Burton Island* and *Glacier* of the United States Navy Bellingshausen Sea Expedition in February 1960. Named by US-ACAN for J.Q. Tierney, oceanographer aboard the Burton Island on this expedition.

### Cape Annawan

72°18′S 95°24′W / 72.300°S 95.400°W / -72.300; -95.400. An ice-covered cape which marks the east extremity of Thurston Island and the northwest entrance to Seraph Bay. Discovered in helicopter flights from the USS *Burton Island* and *Glacier* by personnel of the United States Navy Bellingshausen Sea Expedition in February 1960. Named by US-ACAN for the ship Annawan, of the United States Expedition of 1829-31, which with the Penguin sailed west from the South Shetland Islands in February 1830, holding a course between 62°S and 58°S and exploring as far as 103°W, northward of this cape.

### Pallid Crest

72°23′00″S 96°13′00″W / 72.3833333°S 96.2166667°W / -72.3833333; -96.2166667. A solitary ice-covered ridge 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) west of the base of Tierney Peninsula. The feature is visible from a considerable distance and various directions. So named by US-ACAN because of its whitish appearance.

## Southwestern features

### Jordan Nunatak

72°09′S 101°16′W / 72.150°S 101.267°W / -72.150; -101.267. A nunatak standing between the heads of Rochray Glacier and Cox Glacier in the southwest part of Thurston Island. Mapped by USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for Specialist 6 Joe Jordan, United States Army Aviation Detachment, a helicopter mechanic on the Ellsworth Land Survey, 1968-69 season.

### Gould Knoll

72°14′00″S 100°35′00″W / 72.2333333°S 100.5833333°W / -72.2333333; -100.5833333. A mostly ice-covered rock knoll that rises on the east margin of Hale Glacier at the point the glacier enters Abbot Ice Shelf. Named by US-ACAN after William G. Gould, NOAA specialist, 1960s to the mid 1990s, in the archiving of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer satellite images of the world, including those used for AVHRR image maps of the Antarctic continent.

### Schwartz Cove

72°24′00″S 99°28′00″W / 72.4°S 99.4666667°W / -72.4; -99.4666667. An ice-filled cove of Abbot Ice Shelf located west of Williamson Peninsula on the south side of Thurston Island. Trice Islands lie at the cove entrance. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) after Commander Isidor J. Schwartz, Executive Officer of the seaplane tender USS Pine Island in the Eastern Group of United States Navy (United States Navy) Operation Highjump, 1946-47.

### Williamson Peninsula

72°27′S 99°18′W / 72.45°S 99.3°W / -72.45; -99.3. An ice-covered peninsula midway along the south side of Thurston Island. It extends southwest into Abbot Ice Shelf between Schwartz Cove and O'Dowd Cove. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) after Lieutenant Commander H. E. Williamson, Medical Officer of the seaplane tender Pine Island in the Eastern Group of United States Navy (United States Navy) Operation Highjump, 1946-47.

### O'Dowd Cove

72°30′00″S 98°55′00″W / 72.5°S 98.9166667°W / -72.5; -98.9166667. An ice-filled cove of Abbot Ice Shelf between Williamson Peninsula and Von der Wall Point on the south side of Thurston Island. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) after Commander William O'Dowd, Aviation Officer of the seaplane tender USS Pine Island in the Eastern Group of United States Navy (United States Navy) Operation Highjump, 1946-47.

### Evans Point

72°26′S 99°39′W / 72.433°S 99.650°W / -72.433; -99.650. An ice-covered point fronting on Peacock Sound, lying 15 nautical miles (28 km; 17 mi) west-northwest of Von der Wall Point. First plotted from air photos taken by United States Navy OpHjp in December 1946. Named by US-ACAN for Richard Evans, an oceanographer on the USS Burton Island in this area during the United States Navy Bellingshausen Sea Expedition, February 1960.

## Southeastern features

### Von der Wall Point

72°29′S 98°50′W / 72.483°S 98.833°W / -72.483; -98.833. A low ice-covered point on the south side of Thurston Island. It extends into Peacock Sound toward the northeast extremity of Sherman Island. Delineated from aerial photos taken by United States Navy OpHjp in December 1946. Named by US-ACAN for J.H. Von der Wall, tractor driver and mechanic with the ByrdAE in 1933-35.

### Boker Rocks

72°25′S 98°40′W / 72.417°S 98.667°W / -72.417; -98.667. A rocky exposure located 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) northeast of Von der Wall Point. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for Helmut C. Boker, meteorologist at Byrd Station, 1964-65.

### Mount Dowling

72°27′S 98°08′W / 72.450°S 98.133°W / -72.450; -98.133. Small mountain overlooking the south coast of Thurston Island, about 13 nautical miles (24 km; 15 mi) east of Von der Wall Point. Mapped by USGS from surveys and USN air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for Forrest L. Dowling, geophysicist at Byrd Station, 1960-61.

### Belknap Nunatak

72°26′S 97°45′W / 72.433°S 97.750°W / -72.433; -97.750. A nunatak about 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) west-northwest of Shelton Head, surmounting an ice-covered spur on the south coast of Thurston Island. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for William Belknap, field assistant at Byrd Station, 1964-65.

### Prickly Ridge

72°31′00″S 97°34′00″W / 72.5166667°S 97.5666667°W / -72.5166667; -97.5666667. A rounded ice-covered ridge 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) west of Shelton Head on the south side of Thurston Island. Belknap Nunatak is the largest outcrop on the ridge. The descriptive name was given by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN); small dispersed nunataks rise above the ice surface giving the feature a prickly appearance.

### Shelton Head

72°28′S 97°25′W / 72.467°S 97.417°W / -72.467; -97.417. A headland marked by exposed rock, located 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) west of Long Glacier on the south coast of Thurston Island. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for John A. Shelton meteorologist at Byrd Station, 1963-64.

### Long Bluff

72°32′00″S 96°46′00″W / 72.5333333°S 96.7666667°W / -72.5333333; -96.7666667. A conspicuous rock bluff on the west side of Long Glacier in southeast Thurston Island. Named by US-ACAN after W.A. Long, Chief Pharmacist's Mate in the Eastern Group of U.S. Navy (USN) Operation Highjump, 1946-47. Assigned to the 11 January 1947 search flight commanded by Lieutenant (jg) James L. Ball, Long was first to sight the wreck of PBM Mariner seaplane George One on Noville Peninsula, leading to the rescue of its survivors.

### Simpson Bluff

72°27′S 96°06′W / 72.45°S 96.1°W / -72.45; -96.1. A broad ice-covered bluff at the east end of Thurston Island. The bluff stands between Levko Glacier and Savage Glacier where they enter Seraph Bay. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) after Photographer's Mate R.M. Simpson, aircrewman in the Eastern Group of United States Navy (United States Navy) Operation Highjump, which obtained aerial photographs of Thurston Island and adjacent coastal areas, 1946-47.

### Baker Knob

72°30′00″S 96°01′00″W / 72.5°S 96.0166667°W / -72.5; -96.0166667. A small rounded coastal elevation which has an abrupt east face, standing 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) north of Harrison Nunatak at the east end of Thurston Island. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) after T.W. Baker, Photographer's Mate in the Eastern Group of United States Navy (United States Navy) Operation Highjump, which obtained aerial photographs of Thurston Island and adjacent coastal areas, 1946-47.

### Harrison Nunatak

72°29′S 96°05′W / 72.483°S 96.083°W / -72.483; -96.083. A snow-covered nunatak, with rock exposure to the SE, located 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) south of Savage Glacier in the extreme southeast part of Thurston Island. Discovered on helicopter flights from the USS *Burton Island* and *Glacier* during the United States Navy Bellinghausen Sea Expedition in February 1960. Named by US-ACAN for Henry T. Harrison, Jr., United States Weather Bureau meteorologist with the ByrdAE in 1928-30.

### Cape Walker

72°33′S 95°57′W / 72.55°S 95.95°W / -72.55; -95.95. An ice-covered cape which forms the southeast end of Thurston Island. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) after Captain Edward K. Walker, captain of the Canisteo, a tanker in the Eastern Group of United States Navy (United States Navy) Operation Highjump, 1946-47.

## Sources

## InfoBox

Thurston Island
| Satellite image of the island (northeast-up oriented) | |
| --- | --- |
| Map of Thurston Island | |
| Thurston IslandLocation of Thurston Island | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Antarctica |
| Coordinates | 72°6′S 99°0′W / 72.100°S 99.000°W / -72.100; -99.000 (Thurston Island) |
| Area | 15,700 km<sup>2</sup> (6,100 sq mi) |
| Area rank | 56th |
| Length | 215 km (133.6 mi) |
| Width | 90 km (56 mi) |
| Highest elevation | 750 m (2460 ft) |
| Highest point | Mount Howell |
| Administration | |
| Administered under the Antarctic Treaty System | |


title: Y Liver

abstract: Y Liver was a Paris based contemporary art duo created in 1999 by David Liver and Rugiada Cadoni. They ended their collaboration in 2013.

text:
# Y Liver

**Y Liver** was a Paris based contemporary art duo created in 1999 by David Liver (born in 1977 in Le Havre) and Rugiada Cadoni (born in 1977 in Italy). They ended their collaboration in 2013.

## Biography

After receiving their diplomas from Brera Milan School of Fine Arts in 2003, they decided to settle in Paris.

They have participated in several group exhibitions in Europe, such as the first Prague Biennale in 2003, the Nuit Blanche in Paris in 2004, and the 11th Venice Architecture Biennale in 2008, where they were invited to present a project in the Venezuela pavilion.

Their first real solo exhibition was in Rome in 2001, at the Pino Casagrande Studio, in which Y Liver closed off the exhibition space while letting the public wait in the hall of the gallery. In 2007 they collaborated with the stylist Antonio Marras, known for being the director of the Kenzo house. Together they produced a performance that will be filmed, and they signed a tallit (Jewish prayer shawl) that was shown in Berlin in 2008.

It was in Berlin at Bimal Projects that their exhibition "Jude" aroused the concern of passersby, shocked by the large Jewish star painted in broad daylight by David on the window looking out onto Zimmerstrasse, across from the old Gestapo headquarters. The intervention of the police raised the curiosity of the press, and vandalism became the subject of a conference-performance held in collaboration with the philosopher Otto Kallscheuer.


title: Yauli Province

abstract: The Yauli Province is one of the nine provinces in Peru that form the Junín Region. It is bordered to the north by the Pasco Region and the Junín Province, to the east by the Tarma Province, to the south by the Jauja Province and to the west by the Lima Region. The population of the province was estimated at 66,093 inhabitants in 2002. The capital of the Yauli Province is La Oroya.

text:
# Yauli Province

The **Yauli Province** is one of the nine provinces in Peru that form the Junín Region. It is bordered to the north by the Pasco Region and the Junín Province, to the east by the Tarma Province, to the south by the Jauja Province and to the west by the Lima Region. The population of the province was estimated at 66,093 inhabitants in 2002. The capital of the Yauli Province is La Oroya.

## Geography

The Paryaqaqa and Puwaq Hanka mountain ranges traverse the province. Some of the highest mountains of the province are listed below:

Some of the largest lakes of the province are Llaksaqucha, Markapumaqucha, Markaqucha, Pumaqucha, Putkaqucha, P'ukruqucha, Tuqtuqucha, Waqraqucha, Waskhaqucha (Carhuacayan) and Waskhaqucha (Morococha).

## Political division

The Province of Yauli this divided into ten districts:

## Archaeology

The archaeological site of Iskuqucha was declared a National Cultural Heritage in 2010.

11°31′17″S 75°54′33″W / 11.521514°S 75.909273°W / -11.521514; -75.909273

## InfoBox

| Yauli | |
| --- | --- |
| Province | |
| *Ferrocarril Central Andino* near Antikuna pass | |
| Location of Yauli in the Junín Region | |
| Country | Peru |
| Region | Junín |
| Capital | La Oroya |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Saturnino Mc Gerson Camargo Zavala
(2019-2022) |
| Area | |
| Total | 3,617.35 km2 (1,396.67 sq mi) |
| Population | |
| Total | 40,390 |
| Density | 11/km2 (29/sq mi) |
| UBIGEO | 1208 |


title: Yadavaran Field

abstract:
The Yadavaran Field is an oil field in Khuzestan, Iran. Discovered by the NIOC, it is made up of two former fields, Koushk and Hosseinieh. After researchers discovered that the two fields were actually connected, the field was renamed as the Yadavaran Field. The field is estimated to have reserves of up to 17 billion barrels (2.7 km⁳) of oil, with 3 billion barrels (0.5 km⁳) considered to be recoverable. On October 29, 2004, Iran negotiated a $70 billion deal with Sinopec, giving the Chinese company a 51% stake in the field's development. As part of the deal, China agreed to buy 10 million metric tons of liquefied natural gas (LNG) from Iran per annum for 25 years. In December 2007, NIOC and Sinopec signed the final agreement for development of Yadavaran oil field. Based on the contract field will reach to the 180,000 bbl/d (29,000 m⁳/d) of production capacity. Sinopec will be operator with a 51% stake in the project and NIOC holding the remaining interest. Total project cost at around US$2 billion.
In a third phase the field is expected to reach 300,000 bbl/d (48,000 m⁳/d) of production capacity. The field will be developed under an enhanced Iranian buyback contract. The most significant revision in terms from earlier versions is that the partners will only agree the target capital cost of the development following receipt of construction tender submissions. This should reduce the contractors’ exposure to value erosion through cost inflation. The oil field is currently at an early production of 16,000 bbl/d (2,500 m⁳/d) after 16 months development by the Chinese contractor.

text:
# Yadavaran Field

The **Yadavaran Field** is an oil field in Khuzestan, Iran. Discovered by the NIOC, it is made up of two former fields, Koushk (discovered in 2000) and Hosseinieh (discovered in 2002). After researchers discovered that the two fields were actually connected, the field was renamed as the Yadavaran Field.

The field is estimated to have reserves of up to 17 billion barrels (2.7 km3) of oil, with 3 billion barrels (0.5 km3) considered to be recoverable.

On October 29, 2004, Iran negotiated a $70 billion deal with Sinopec, giving the Chinese company a 51% stake in the field's development. As part of the deal, China agreed to buy 10 million metric tons of liquefied natural gas (LNG) from Iran per annum for 25 years.

In December 2007, NIOC and Sinopec signed the final agreement for development of Yadavaran oil field. Based on the contract field will reach to the 180,000 bbl/d (29,000 m3/d) of production capacity. Sinopec will be operator with a 51% stake in the project and NIOC holding the remaining interest. Total project cost at around US$2 billion. In a third phase the field is expected to reach 300,000 bbl/d (48,000 m3/d) of production capacity.

The field will be developed under an enhanced Iranian buyback contract. The most significant revision in terms from earlier versions is that the partners will only agree the target capital cost of the development following receipt of construction tender submissions. This should reduce the contractors’ exposure to value erosion through cost inflation.

The oil field is currently at an early production of 16,000 bbl/d (2,500 m3/d) after 16 months development by the Chinese contractor.

30°59′18″N 48°02′32″E / 30.988352°N 48.042355°E / 30.988352; 48.042355


title: Yakuplar, Çerkeş

abstract: Yakuplar is a village in the Çerkeş District of Çankırı Province in Turkey. Its population is 151 (2021).

text:
# Yakuplar, Çerkeş

**Yakuplar** is a village in the Çerkeş District of Çankırı Province in Turkey. Its population is 151 (2021).

## InfoBox

| Yakuplar | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| YakuplarLocation in TurkeyYakuplarYakuplar (Turkey Central Anatolia) | |
| Coordinates: 40°43′54″N 32°52′05″E / 40.7317°N 32.868°E / 40.7317; 32.868 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Çankırı |
| District | Çerkeş |
| Population (2021) | 151 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Yberg

abstract: The Yberg is a mountain of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Surrounding places include Baden-Baden, Geroldsau, Sinzheim, Steinbach, and Varnhalt. Yburg Castle is situated at the summit of the mountain.

text:
# Yberg

The **Yberg** is a mountain of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Surrounding places include Baden-Baden, Geroldsau, Sinzheim, Steinbach, and Varnhalt.

Yburg Castle is situated at the summit of the mountain.

48°43′50″N 8°12′01″E / 48.73056°N 8.20028°E / 48.73056; 8.20028

## InfoBox

| Yberg | |
| --- | --- |
| View from Fremersberg (525.1 m) to the Yberg (center left) with the Hornisgrinde mountain (1164.4 m) in the background in the south. | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 514.5 m (1,688 ft) |
| Geography | |
|  | |
| Location | Baden-Württemberg, Germany |


title: Yasufumi Yamamoto

abstract: Yasufumi Yamamoto is a former professional tennis player from Japan.

text:
# Yasufumi Yamamoto

**Yasufumi Yamamoto** (born 3 May 1971) is a former professional tennis player from Japan.

## Biography

Yamamoto, who comes from Shizuoka, played on the professional tour in the 1990s and featured in seven Davis Cup ties for Japan. Most of his ATP Tour main draw appearances were in his home country, including the Japan Open where he competed in singles on six occasions. He represented Japan at the Hopman Cup in both 1992 and 1993. At the 1994 Asian Games he was a member of the bronze medal-winning Japanese men's team.

## InfoBox

Yasufumi Yamamoto
| Full name | Yasufumi Yamamoto |
| --- | --- |
| Country (sports) | Japan |
| Born | (1971-05-03) 3 May 1971<br>Shizuoka, Japan |
| Height | 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) |
| Plays | Right-handed (one handed backhand) |
| Prize money | $89,348 |
| Singles | |
| Career record | 0–12 |
| Highest ranking | No. 291 (11 July 1994) |
| Doubles | |
| Career record | 0–2 |
| Highest ranking | No. 489 (30 November 1992) |


title: Yamoussoukro Department

abstract: Yamoussoukro Department is a department of Ivory Coast. The department houses the political capital of Ivory Coast, Yamoussoukro, and is one of two departments in the Yamoussoukro Autonomous District.

text:
# Yamoussoukro Department

**Yamoussoukro Department** is a department of Ivory Coast. The department houses the political capital of Ivory Coast, Yamoussoukro, and is one of two departments in the Yamoussoukro Autonomous District.

## Population and sub-prefectures

In the 2014 census, Yamoussoukro Department had a population of 310,056. The department is divided into two sub-prefectures, Yamoussoukro and Kossou.

## History

Yamoussoukro Department was established in 1988 as first-level subdivision by dividing Bouaké Department. In 1997, regions were introduced as new first-level subdivisions of Ivory Coast; as a result, all departments were converted into second-level subdivisions. Yamoussoukro Department was included in Lacs Region.

In 1998, Yamoussoukro Department was divided in order to create Tiébissou Department. Yamoussoukro Department was divided again in 2009 to create Attiégouakro Department.

In 2011, districts were introduced as new first-level subdivisions of Ivory Coast. At the same time, regions were reorganised and became second-level subdivisions and all departments were converted into third-level subdivisions. At this time, Yamoussoukro Department became part of Yamoussoukro Autonomous District, one of two districts in the country with no regions.

## InfoBox

| Yamoussoukro Department *Département de Yamoussoukro* | |
| --- | --- |
| Department | |
| Location in Ivory Coast. Yamoussoukro Department has had these boundaries since 2009. | |
| Country | Ivory Coast |
| District | Yamoussoukro |
| 1988 | Established as a first-level subdivision via division of Bouaké Dept |
| 1997 | Converted to a second-level subdivision |
| 1998 | Divided to create Tiébissou Dept |
| 2009 | Divided to create Attiégouakro Dept |
| 2011 | Converted to a third-level subdivision |
| 2011 | Transferred from Lacs Region to Yamoussoukro Autonomous District |
| Departmental seat | Yamoussoukro |
| Government | |
| Prefect | André Ekponon Assomou |
| Area | |
| Total | 1,270 km2 (490 sq mi) |
| Population (2021 census) | |
| Total | 372,559 |
| Density | 290/km2 (760/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (GMT) |


title: Yamoussa Camara (footballer)

abstract: Yamoussa Camara is a Guinean professional footballer who plays for Smorgon.

text:
# Yamoussa Camara (footballer)

**Yamoussa Camara** (born 26 April 2000) is a Guinean professional footballer who plays for Smorgon.

## InfoBox

Yamoussa Camara
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (2000-04-26) 26 April 2000 | | |
| Place of birth | Conakry, Guinea | | |
| Height | 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Smorgon | | |
| Number | 89 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Académie Sainte-Marie de Dixinn | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2021–2022 | Rukh Brest | 0 | (0) |
| 2021 | Smorgon (loan) | 29 | (0) |
| 2022 | BATE Borisov (loan) | 2 | (0) |
| 2022 | Isloch Minsk Raion | 9 | (0) |
| 2023 | Energetik-BGU Minsk | 1 | (0) |
| 2023– | Smorgon | 36 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 12 July 2024 | | | |


title: Yirrganydji

abstract: The Yirrganydji (Irrukandji) people are an Indigenous Australian people of Queensland who trace their descent from the Irukandji and, as such, are the original custodians of a narrow coastal strip within Djabugay country that runs northwards from Cairns, Queensland to Port Douglas. Their traditional lifestyle was that of fishers along this coastal strip and around the river mouths, islands and seas between the Barron River and Port Douglas.

text:
# Yirrganydji

The **Yirrganydji** (**Irrukandji**) people are an Indigenous Australian people of Queensland who trace their descent from the *Irukandji* and, as such, are the original custodians of a narrow coastal strip within Djabugay country that runs northwards from Cairns, Queensland to Port Douglas. Their traditional lifestyle was that of fishers along this coastal strip and around the river mouths, islands and seas between the Barron River and Port Douglas.

## Language

The Irukandji spoke *Yirrgay*, one of the five dialects of the language group generally known as Djabugay. These dialects indicate that Djabugay was genetically related to Yidiny, with a lexical overlap of 53%.

## Country

Irukandji country, according to Norman Tindale, extended over some 200 square miles (520 km2), running along the narrow coastal strip from Cairns to the Mowbray River at Port Douglas. Their inland extension went some 7 miles northwest of Cairns, around the tidal waters of the Barron River around Redlynch. Dialects defined tribal distinctions, and the Irukandji dialect Yirrgay, was the southernmost of the group, with the Yidinji people to their immediate south, while, northwards, one encountered, in geographic order, Guluy, Ngakali and finally Djabugay. The Bulway-speakers lay to their west, from Woree to Mareeba.

## History

The Irukandji as a distinct tribal identity were close to extinction by the end of the 19th century. William Parry-Okeden, in a short report on Queensland Aboriginal people written in his capacity as Police Commissioner, wrote in 1897 that he counted 6 *Yettkie*, a name now thought to refer to a remnant of the Irukandji. The following year Billy Jagar, leader of the Irukandji, received a King plate, designating him as 'King of Barron', a gesture repeated in 1906 with a second plate bearing the same inscription. Jagar died at the age of 60 in 1930 in his traditional *payu* hut at the northern end of the Cairns Esplanade. Writing in 1974 Tindale stated:

> 'The term Irukandji for the people on the coast near Redlynch in the area around Cairns has been in dispute because of their early demise as a tribe. By 1952 remembrance of their existence had almost died out and a mixed Tjapukai and Mamu group, from higher up the Barron River, and from the south had usurped their territory. They call themselves the Djumbandji. The coastal Irukandji were said to have been a taller people than the rain forest dwellers. In 1964 Jack Doolan questioned several informants, none from the Cairns area, who believed the Irukandji did not exist. They based their ideas on information that *irukandji* meant “from the north.” They suggested that if a Keramai (Giramai) or a Mamu was questioned about the country from which a northern stranger might have come he would simply refer to him as an Irukandji, that is, a “northerner.” In similar fashion he might refer to a man from the west as *gambilbara*, a rain forest man, or from the east as a *djindigal* (Jindigal).'

## Modern times

In recent times there have been clashes in claims advanced respectively by the Yirrganydji Aboriginal Tribal Corporation (*Dawul Wuru Aboriginal Corporation*) and the Djabugay Aboriginal Tribal Corporation, the former insisting that any development projects by the Djabugay in the historic territories of their Irukandji forebears, require their consent and participation.

The Irukandji jellyfish are named after Irrukandji country.

## Alternative names

* *Irakanji, Yirkandji, Yirkanji*
* *Yirgay*
* *Yettkie.* (Parry-Okeden 1897, misreading of *Yerrkie*)
* *Illagona*
* *Wongulli* (camp toponym, at Cairns' southern city limit (1974)
* *Dungara* (horde on Lower Barron River)
* *Tingaree*
* *Dungarah*
* *Dingal*

### Citations

1. Bottoms 1999, p. ?.
2. Dixon 2002, p. xxxii.
3. Dixon 1977, pp. 6–7.
4. Tindale 1974, p. 169.
5. Dixon 1977, p. 5.
6. McConnel 1939, p. 67.
7. Parry-Okeden 1897.
8. Cairns Post 1930, p. 4.
9. Tindale 1974, p. 123.
10. Henry 2012, p. 201.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Yirrganydji people | |
| --- | --- |
| **Aka:** **Irukandji** | |
| Wet Tropics bioregion | |
| Language | |
| Language Family: | Pama–Nyungan |
| Language Branch: | Yidinic |
| Language Group: | Djabugay |
| Group Dialect: | **Yirrgay** |
| Area (approx. 500 km²) | |
| BioRegion: | Wet Tropics |
| Location: | Far North Queensland |
| Coordinates: | 16°45′S 145°40′E / 16.750°S 145.667°E / -16.750; 145.667 |
| Rivers |  |
| Other Geological: |  |
| Urban Areas: |  |


title: Yereance–Berry House

abstract: The Yereance–Berry House is a stone house built in the early 19th century in what is now Rutherford, in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 10, 1983, and is currently home to the Meadowlands Museum. The house, 91 Crane Avenue at the corner of Meadow Road at the edge of the New Jersey Meadowlands, was inventoried by the Historic American Buildings Survey of the Library of Congress in 1938. At that time, the house was believed to have been built in 1804 and was known variously as the John W. Berry House or the Juria Jurianson House. The Yereance name came from the Yereance family, which at one time owned much of the property in the vicinity of the house. However, Rutherford historian Frederick Bunker, in a 1979 report to the Meadowlands Museum, indicated that there was no evidence that a Yereance had ever owned the house. The Historic American Buildings Survey report (#6-468) said that the house was built by John W. Berry, a direct descendant of Major John Berry, who obtained land grants from Governor of New Jersey Philip Carteret in 1668. Berry had previously lived in Barbados and named his grants New Barbadoes, a name that remained in official use until 1826. Berrys Creek is also named after Major Berry. Bunker undertook a deed search of the property at the museum's request. While Bunker was unable to determine an actual construction date, he concluded that the house was likely built in 1818 by Brant Van Blarcom and his wife, the former Getty Van Riper, a daughter of the previous landowner Jacob Van Riper, who died on or about July 8, 1807. The Van Riper homestead was near the Passaic River, across a ridge from Meadow Road. Getty Van Blarcom received the property in 1817 as the result of an orphan's court proceeding that divided Jacob's property. William Berry, who was a direct descendant of John Berry, purchased the property in 1867 for his son Stephen and his wife Margaret. Stephen died in 1872 and Margaret died in 1882; the house was sold at auction in 1891 and was owned by Charles Smithson at the time of the Historic American Buildings Survey. By that time, a new kitchen had been built on the west side of the house, replacing a kitchen that was removed because it was in the right of way of Crane Avenue, which was officially extended east to Meadow Road in the 1930s. The house was purchased by the Rutherford Museum in 1974, and the museum has maintained the house in addition to commissioning research on its provenance. In 1983, the house was re-surveyed for the Bergen County Stone House Survey (#0256-1), through which it achieved its placement on the National Register of Historic Places. The structure is composed of a brownstone foundation, with brownstone extending up to the water table and brick above it. The interior walls are brick, covered with plaster, and there are interior chimneys made of brick. The house has a gambrel roof.

text:
# Yereance–Berry House

The **Yereance–Berry House** is a stone house built in the early 19th century in what is now Rutherford, in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 10, 1983, and is currently home to the Meadowlands Museum.

The house, 91 Crane Avenue at the corner of Meadow Road at the edge of the New Jersey Meadowlands, was inventoried by the Historic American Buildings Survey of the Library of Congress in 1938. At that time, the house was believed to have been built in 1804 and was known variously as the *John W. Berry House* or the *Juria Jurianson House*. The *Yereance* name came from the Yereance family, which at one time owned much of the property in the vicinity of the house. (There is a now-decommissioned Yereance Avenue two blocks north of the house.) However, Rutherford historian Frederick Bunker, in a 1979 report to the Meadowlands Museum, indicated that there was no evidence that a Yereance had ever owned the house.

The Historic American Buildings Survey report (#6-468) said that the house was built by John W. Berry, a direct descendant of Major John Berry, who obtained land grants from Governor of New Jersey Philip Carteret in 1668. Berry had previously lived in Barbados and named his grants *New Barbadoes*, a name that remained in official use until 1826. Berrys Creek is also named after Major Berry.

Bunker undertook a deed search of the property at the museum's request. While Bunker was unable to determine an actual construction date, he concluded that the house was likely built in 1818 by Brant Van Blarcom and his wife, the former Getty Van Riper, a daughter of the previous landowner Jacob Van Riper, who died on or about July 8, 1807. The Van Riper homestead was near the Passaic River, across a ridge from Meadow Road. Getty Van Blarcom received the property in 1817 as the result of an orphan's court proceeding that divided Jacob's property.

William Berry, who was a direct descendant of John Berry, purchased the property in 1867 for his son Stephen and his wife Margaret. Stephen died in 1872 and Margaret died in 1882; the house was sold at auction in 1891 and was owned by Charles Smithson at the time of the Historic American Buildings Survey. By that time, a new kitchen had been built on the west side of the house, replacing a kitchen that was removed because it was in the right of way of Crane Avenue, which was officially extended east to Meadow Road in the 1930s.

The house was purchased by the *Rutherford Museum* (now the Meadowlands Museum) in 1974, and the museum has maintained the house in addition to commissioning research on its provenance. In 1983, the house was re-surveyed for the Bergen County Stone House Survey (#0256-1), through which it achieved its placement on the National Register of Historic Places.

The structure is composed of a brownstone foundation, with brownstone extending up to the water table and brick above it. The interior walls are brick, covered with plaster, and there are interior chimneys made of brick. The house has a gambrel roof.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Yereance–Berry House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| New Jersey Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The Yereance–Berry House | |
|  | |
| Location | 91 Crane Avenue Rutherford, New Jersey |
| Coordinates | 40°48′56″N 74°6′16″W / 40.81556°N 74.10444°W / 40.81556; -74.10444 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| MPS | Stone Houses of Bergen County TR |
| NRHP reference No. | 83001594 |
| NJRHP No. | 670 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | January 10, 1983 |
| Designated NJRHP | October 3, 1980 |


title: Yorkie (chocolate bar)

abstract: Yorkie is a chocolate bar made by Nestlé. It was originally made by York-based company Rowntree's, hence the name.

text:
# Yorkie (chocolate bar)

**Yorkie** is a chocolate bar made by Nestlé. It was originally made by York-based company Rowntree's, hence the name.

## History

In 1976, Eric Nicoli of Rowntree's spotted a gap in the confectionery market for a "manly" chocolate bar, and so the company launched Yorkie as a chunkier competitor to Cadbury's Dairy Milk. Production was at York and Norwich until 1994.

The Yorkie bar has historically been marketed towards men. From the bar's launch until 1992, the "Yorkie bar trucker" was the famous "rough, tough star" of the brand's television adverts. Another prominent ad from this period was a billboard at York railway station with the words "Welcome to" and a picture of a half unwrapped Yorkie bar. Thus the advert read "Welcome to York". Further text beneath said "Where the men are hunky and the chocolate's chunky".

In 2002, the bar's relaunch campaign made this positioning more explicit, with the addition of a wrapper tagline reading "It's not for girls!", as well as associated £3 million television and print advertisements that featured a variety of sexist slogans. One of these campaigns provoked 97 complaints to the Advertising Standards Agency on grounds of sexism in its first year, but the ASA eventually ruled that these complaints were not justified. However, an associated promotional campaign in which free sample bars were handed out exclusively to men was banned by Liverpool's and Birmingham's councils. In 2006, a pink-wrapped special edition was released as an ironic play on the "not for girls" branding, with this edition marketed towards women. In 2011, the "It's Not for Girls!" slogan was dropped, and standard Yorkie bars became available in three packs.

Aside from the original milk chocolate bar, several variants are available, including a "raisin and biscuit" flavour, "honeycomb" flavour, and Yorkie ice cream. A special version for use in Ministry of Defence ration packs was also produced, with its tagline reading "It's not for civvies".

### Size changes

Yorkie bars were originally composed of six chunks of chocolate each marked *Rowntree*; they were wrapped in both foil and an outer paper wrapper and weighed 58 g (2.0 oz). The wrapping was later switched to a single plastic foil wrapper. More recently, in an effort to reduce costs, the number of chunks was reduced to five with "Yorkie" moulded into each chunk. The weight of the bar has decreased over the years. In 2002, Yorkie bars were 70 g (2.5 oz). This had been reduced to 64.5 g (2.28 oz) by 2010, and was reduced further to 61 g (2.2 oz) in 2011 and then 55 g (1.9 oz) later that year. It was shrunk again in November 2014 to 46 g (1.6 oz). In January 2015, UK, Raisin & Biscuit Yorkies were 44 g (1.6 oz). Limited edition Yorkie Peanut was 43 g (1.5 oz). Yorkie King size bars have also reduced in size.

## Flavours

* Original (milk chocolate)
* Raisin & Biscuit
* Honeycomb
* Orange ('Limited Edition' launched on 10 May 2021)
* Peanut (discontinued, relaunched as a 'Limited Edition' on 13 October 2014, now discontinued again)
* Almond (discontinued)
* "The Nutter" (mixed nuts – discontinued)
* Yorkie Blue Ice (crunchy mint flavoured chips – discontinued)
* Yorkie Hot Stuff Hot Rum (rum flavour Christmas limited edition)
* Biscuit (biscuit made with Yorkie original chocolate) – discontinued in 2024
* Yorkie Pro (protein chocolate with crispy pieces – protein: 24.7 g per 100 g / 10.5 g per serving)

## Other information

Yorkie sponsored the Stealth roller coaster at Thorpe Park.

## Further reading

* Chrystal, Paul; Dickinson, Joe (2012), *A History of Chocolate in York*, Remember When, ISBN 978-1844681235

## InfoBox

Yorkie
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Product type | Chocolate bar |
| Owner | Nestlé |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Introduced | 1976 (1976) |
| Previous owners | Rowntree's |
| Website | nestle.co.uk/yorkie |


title: Yiling Yangtze River Bridge

abstract: The Yiling Yangtze River Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge over the Yangtze River in the city-center of Yichang, Hubei. It has 3 towers and two main spans, with a total of 4 spans including the side spans. It is a road bridge which carries four lanes of roadway and has a toll booth at one end. The bridge has a singular cable tension system, which carries the deck from the center. The Bridge crosses the Yangtze River, near Dagongqiao in Yichang. The main spans are 346 meters each. At the end of the bridge, to the south there is a cloverleaf interchange after the toll booth which is and exchange for the road. The bridge is 6.4 kilometers downriver from the Three Gorges Dam.

text:
# Yiling Yangtze River Bridge

The **Yiling Yangtze River Bridge** (Chinese: 夷陵长江大桥) is a cable-stayed bridge over the Yangtze River in the city-center of Yichang, Hubei. It has 3 towers and two main spans, with a total of 4 spans including the side spans. It is a road bridge which carries four lanes of roadway and has a toll booth at one end. The bridge has a singular cable tension system, which carries the deck from the center. The Bridge crosses the Yangtze River, near Dagongqiao in Yichang. The main spans are 346 meters each. At the end of the bridge, to the south there is a cloverleaf interchange after the toll booth which is and exchange for the road.

The bridge is 6.4 kilometers downriver from the Three Gorges Dam.

## InfoBox

| Yiling Yangtze River Bridge
夷陵长江大桥 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 30°41′03″N 111°17′22″E / 30.684131°N 111.289515°E / 30.684131; 111.289515 |
| Carries | Road/Motor Traffic (Four Lanes of roadway) |
| Crosses | Yangtze River |
| Locale | Wujiagang District, Hubei, China |
| Official name | 夷陵长江大桥 |
| Other name(s) | Yiling Yangtze Bridge |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | Cable-stayed |
| Total length | 936 m (3,071 ft) |
| Width | 23 metres (75 ft) |
| Height | 130 metres (430 ft) |
| Longest span | North Span – 346 m (1,135 ft)
South Span – 346 m (1,135 ft) |
| No. of spans | 2 |
| History | |
| Construction cost | 610 million |
| Opened | 20 December 2001 |
| Location | |
|  | |


abstract: "You Know That I Love You" is a pop song written and produced by Terry Britten and recorded by Australian pop singer Christie Allen. The song was released in September 1978 as Allen's debut single and lead single from Allen's debut studio album, Magic Rhythm (1979). The song peaked at number 67 on the Kent Music Report in Australia.

text:
# You Know That I Love You (Christie Allen song)

"**You Know That I Love You**" is a pop song written and produced by Terry Britten and recorded by Australian pop singer Christie Allen. The song was released in September 1978 as Allen's debut single and lead single from Allen's debut studio album, *Magic Rhythm* (1979). The song peaked at number 67 on the Kent Music Report in Australia.

## Track listing

**7"** (K 7248)

* Side A – "You Know That I Love You"
* Side B – "Nashville Tennessee"

## Charts

| Chart (1978) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Kent Music Report | 67 |
|

## InfoBox

| "You Know That I Love You" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Christie Allen | |
| from the album Magic Rhythm | |
| B-side | "Nashville Tennessee" |
| Released | September 1978 |
| Studio | Slater Sound Studios |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 3:20 |
| Label | Mushroom Records |
| Songwriter(s) | Terry Britten |
| Producer(s) | Terry Britten |
| Christie Allen singles chronology | |
| "**You Know That I Love You**"
(1978) "Falling in Love with Only You"
(1979) | |


title: You Know That I Love You (Santana song)

abstract: "You Know That I Love You" is a song by Latin rock group Santana. It was released as a single in 1979 from their album Marathon. The song scratched the Top 40 on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at #35.

text:
# You Know That I Love You (Santana song)

"**You Know That I Love You**" is a song by Latin rock group Santana. It was released as a single in 1979 from their album *Marathon*.

The song scratched the Top 40 on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at #35.

## Charts

| Chart (1980) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Singles (Kent Music Report) | 89 |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 35 |

## InfoBox

| "You Know That I Love You" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Santana | |
| from the album  *Marathon* | |
| Released | 1979 |
| Recorded | 1979 |
| Genre | Rock |
| Length | 4:26 |
| Label | Columbia |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Santana singles chronology | |
| "Open Invitation"
(1979) "**You Know That I Love You**"
(1979) "Aqua Marine"
(1979) | |