title: Vidhya Venkatesh

abstract: Vidhya Venkatesh is an Indian actress, who has appeared in Tamil and Kannada language films. After making her debut with Kamal Haasan in the Tamil film Panchathanthiram (2002), she won critical acclaim for her performances in Kannada movies like Chigurida Kanasu (2003) and Nenapirali (2005). Her performance in Nenapirali won her Best Actress Award at 53rd Filmfare Awards South.

text:
# Vidhya Venkatesh

**Vidhya Venkatesh** is an Indian actress, who has appeared in Tamil and Kannada language films. After making her debut with Kamal Haasan in the Tamil film *Panchathanthiram* (2002), she won critical acclaim for her performances in Kannada movies like *Chigurida Kanasu* (2003) and *Nenapirali* (2005). Her performance in *Nenapirali* won her Best Actress Award at 53rd Filmfare Awards South.

## Career

Vidhya Venkatesh did a degree a BA Literature at Ethiraj College, Chennai before beginning work as a part of the Sheraton Hotels and Resorts franchise. She then spent two and a half years working as an air hostess for Singapore Airlines, flying predominantly between Singapore and Russia. Vidhya was interested in acting in films and approached K. S. Ravikumar for a role in the Kamal Haasan-starrer *Panchathanthiram* (2002), and was able to successfully audition for the role of Sriman's Telugu wife in the film. She then appeared in the low-budget film *Kalatpadai* (2003) alongside several newcomers and won positive reviews for her portrayal, with a reviewer noting that she is "excellent in her role" and that "she comes into her own as the movie proceeds". Her modelling co-ordinator subsequently put her pictures through to Kannada director Nagabharana and she next appeared in *Chigurida Kanasu* (2003). She followed it up with a critically acclaimed performance in *Nenapirali* (2005), for which she won the Filmfare Award for Best Kannada Actress.

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Role | Language | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2002 | *Panchathantiram* | Reddy's wife | Tamil |  |
| 2003 | *Kalatpadai* | Priya | Tamil |  |
| | *Chigurida Kanasu* | Varalakshmi | Kannada |  |
| 2005 | *Nenapirali* | Indushree | Kannada | Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada |

## InfoBox

| Vidhya Venkatesh | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Salem, Tamil Nadu, India |
| Other names | Vidya Venkatesh |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 2002–2006 |


title: Tyler Davis (placekicker)

abstract: Tyler Dale Davis is an American former football placekicker. He played college football at Penn State of the Big Ten Conference.

text:
# Tyler Davis (placekicker)

**Tyler Dale Davis** (born September 29, 1994) is an American former football placekicker. He played college football at Penn State of the Big Ten Conference.

## Early life

Davis went to St. Charles North High School in St. Charles, Illinois, but did not participate in football. However, he played for his high school soccer team, and participated at the U.S. Soccer Development Academy. During his sophomore year of high school, he had to sit out the year due to a car crash. He came back in his junior year and scored a school record with 25 goals.

## College career

Davis started his college career at Bradley University, where he did not play football but soccer. After a year at Bradley, Tyler transferred to Penn State, where he walked on to the football team as a placekicker.

During the 2015 season, Davis went a perfect 8 for 8 on field goals and 11 for 11 for extra points. He shared kicking duties that year with freshman Joey Julius. During his junior season, he went 22 for 24 on FGs (both misses being blocked), and remained perfect with extra points going 55/55. He finished the regular season with 121 points in total and received All-Big Ten honors.

In his senior season, Davis struggled only going 9 of 17 and only making two kicks from 40 yards or beyond. In the Fiesta Bowl, Penn State was up a touchdown and Davis had a chance to secure the Penn State win with a 45-yard field goal, but pulled the kick. Penn State went on to win the game.

## Professional career

Pre-draft measurables
| Height | Weight | Arm length | Hand span |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5 ft 9+78 in
(1.77 m) | 192 lb
(87 kg) | 28+18 in
(0.71 m) | 8+78 in
(0.23 m) |
| All values from Pro Day | | | | | | | | | | | | |

After going undrafted in the 2018 NFL draft, Davis signed with the Buffalo Bills as an undrafted free agent on May 11, 2018. He was waived on August 21, 2018.

## InfoBox

Tyler Davis
| No. 9 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Placekicker |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1994-09-29) September 29, 1994
St. Charles, Illinois, U.S. |
| Height: | 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) |
| Weight: | 192 lb (87 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | St. Charles North
(St. Charles, Illinois) |
| College: | Penn State |
| Undrafted: | 2018 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Wait, My Youth

abstract: Wait, My Youth is a 2019 Chinese television series starring Zhao Yi Qin, Li Jiaqi, Li Ge Yang, Leo Dong, Stephanie Xu, and Vincent Wei. The drama was aired on Youku Original Network from March 2019 to April 18, 2019.

text:
# Wait, My Youth

***Wait, My Youth*** (Chinese: 等等我的青春; pinyin: *Děng děng wǒ de qīngchūn*) is a 2019 Chinese television series starring Zhao Yi Qin, Li Jiaqi, Li Ge Yang, Leo Dong, Stephanie Xu, and Vincent Wei. The drama was aired on Youku Original Network from March 2019 to April 18, 2019.

## Synopsis

**Wait, My Youth** is a story about warmth of family, friendship, and love. This story mainly revolves around the love and friendship of Su Can Can. Su Can Can has a secret crush on her classmate Lin Jia Ze but soon falls in love with Lan Tian Ye, who's the best friend of Lin Jia Ze.

## Cast

### Main

| Actor | Character Name | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Zhao Yiqin | Lan Tianye | Tall, cold, and handsome, the top student who always sleeps in class. He loves playing the guitar and eventually joined the Radio Club with Lin Jiaze. Became deskmate with Su Cancan and secretly fell in love for her. |
| Li Jiaqi | Su Cancan | A kind and innocent girl, she is secretly in love with Lin Jiaze, the most handsome boy in high school, but never confessed her feelings. She become deskmates with Lan Tianye in second year and has a different spark with him. |
|

### Supporting

| Actor | Character Name | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Li Ge Yang | Lin Jiaze | The most handsome boy in high school. Top student in class and excels in piano. Su Cancan has a crush on him from junior high to college. He is best friends with Lan Tianye. |
| Stephanie Xu (Xu Mengyuan) | Xu Meili | Su Cancan's best friend since high school. She becomes Tang Xingyi's girlfriend in college and later become his wife. |
| Leo Dong (Dong Yanlei) | Tang Xingyi | Lan Tian Ye's college roommate. Addicted to online games, where he met Xu Meili and eventually fall in love with her. |
| Wu Shuangyi | Tao Yi Ting | School goddess and also Su Cancan's cousin. Top student in high school and excels with the cello. Received many love letters and secret admirers but set her eye on the Music teacher, Lin Zhou. Eventually a successful lawyer in Beijing. |
|
| Vincent Wei | Lin Zhou | Music teacher in high school who created the Radio Station Club and recruited Lin Jia Ze, Lan Tian Ye, Su Can Can, and Xu Mei Li. |
|

## Soundtrack

| No. | Title | Singer | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Occasionally" (偶爾) | Xin Ge Ge & Momo Zhang Xinlei & Xi Xi | 2:55 |
| 2. | "Wait My Youth" (等等啊我的青春) | Victor Wong | 3:43 |
| 3. | "Cotton Candy" (棉花糖) | Stella Seah | 3:18 |
| 4. | "Find Your Way Home" | Zhang Yi Hao | 2:54 |
| 5. | "Find Your Way Home" | Zhang Yi Hao | 4:01 |
| 6. | "Further In The Distance" (更遠的遠方) | Bai Jing Chem & Wang Wen Ting | 3:59 |
| 7. | "Good thing" (大好事) | Zhang Yi Hao | 3:56 |
| 8. | "Time Flies" (时光荏苒) | Lovmu | 4:01 |
| 9. | "Happiness Is Here" (幸福在這里) | Hinson Chou | 4:18 |
| 10. | "Adventurer" (冒險家) |  | 3:41 |

## InfoBox

| *Wait, My Youth* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Life
Romance |
| Written by | Tiantian Qian |
| Directed by | Qinyuan Shen |
| Starring | Li Jiaqi, Zhao Yiqin |
| Composer | Dong Dong-Dong |
| Country of origin | China |
| Original language | Mandarin |
| No. of episodes | 24 |
| Production | |
| Producer | Wang Jian |
| Running time | 45 mins |
| Original release | |
| Network | Youku |
| Release | March 27 (2019-03-27)
May 18, 2019 (2019-05-18) |


title: Winthrop W. Smith

abstract: Winthrop W. Smith is an American physicist. Smith studied physics at Amherst College, completing his degree in 1958, and subsequently pursued a doctorate in the subject at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, which he earned in 1963. Smith began teaching at Columbia University as an instructor, and was appointed to an assistant professorship before he joined the University of Connecticut faculty as an associate professor in 1969. From 1975 to 2009, Smith held a full professorship at UConn. Upon retirement, he was granted emeritus status. In 1973, Smith was elected a fellow of the American Physical Society.

text:
# Winthrop W. Smith

**Winthrop W. Smith** (born 1944) is an American physicist.

Smith studied physics at Amherst College, completing his degree in 1958, and subsequently pursued a doctorate in the subject at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, which he earned in 1963. Smith began teaching at Columbia University as an instructor, and was appointed to an assistant professorship before he joined the University of Connecticut faculty as an associate professor in 1969. From 1975 to 2009, Smith held a full professorship at UConn. Upon retirement, he was granted emeritus status. In 1973, Smith was elected a fellow of the American Physical Society.


title: War resister

abstract: A war resister is a person who resists war. The term can mean several things: resisting participation in all war, or a specific war, either before or after enlisting in, being inducted into, or being conscripted into a military force.

text:
# War resister

A **war resister** is a person who resists war. The term can mean several things: resisting participation in all war, or a specific war, either before or after enlisting in, being inducted into, or being conscripted into a military force.

## History, evolution and etymology of the term

Early usage of the term "war resister" is found in the name of the War Resisters League which was formed in 1923 by men and women who had opposed World War I. The War Resisters League is a section of the London-based War Resisters' International which was founded in Bilthoven, Netherlands, in 1921 under the name "Paco".

In 1975, the Committee on South African War Resistance, an organisation of exiled conscientious objectors, pacifists, anti-militarists and deserters from the South African Defence Force (SADF), was formed in the aftermath of Operation Savannah and the Soweto uprising the following year. Its aim was to raise international awareness about the role of the SADF and to provide support to objectors in exile.

In 2008 and 2009, the Parliament of Canada officially adopted the term "war resister" to include those who are not necessarily opposed to all war, but who selectively refused to participate in the Iraq War. This practice was also adopted by various media in Canada at various times.

On January 24, 2010, the term "War Resisters" was the name of a nine-minute documentary on Global Television Network television program *16:9*. Carolyn Jarvis interviewed war resisters Robin Long and Rodney Watson, and Canadian Member of Parliament Gerard Kennedy on his Bill C-440 regarding Iraq war resisters in Canada.

On November 9, 2010, Canadian writer Peter Smollett referred to people opposing World War I as "war resisters." Among the people he mentioned were Albert Goodwin and Siegfried Sassoon.

## Terminology and semantics of the term

War resisters have been referred to using various related terms: "deserter", "conscientious objector", or "refugee". However, it is important to recognize that each of those terms has a very specific meaning in legal English, whereas each of those terms carries a broader semantic meaning in Standard English.

#### International law

In international law, specifically the *Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status* of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there is discussion of "refugee status after desertion" as being legitimate under international law. The Handbook states:

> 171. Not every conviction, genuine though it may be, will constitute a sufficient reason for claiming refugee status after desertion or draft-evasion. It is not enough for a person to be in disagreement with his government regarding the political justification for a particular military action. Where, however, the type of military action, with which an individual does not wish to be associated, is condemned by the international community as contrary to basic rules of human conduct, punishment for desertion or draft-evasion could, in the light of all other requirements of the definition, in itself be regarded as persecution.

#### Canadian law

The federal law-making body of Canada is the Parliament of Canada. The term "war resister" is used in the official documents of the Parliament of Canada: On November 22, 2007, a Canadian Parliamentary Committee "commenced its study of Iraq war resisters" This Committee work resulted in a motion which also used the term "war resisters" and which was passed twice by the House of Commons of Canada: on June 3, 2008, and on March 30, 2009. After the motion passed the first time, the media began to use the term "war resister," also.

There was some controversy when the Canadian Supreme Court refused to hear the appeals of two American army deserters, Jeremy Hinzman and Brandon Hughey, whose requests for refugee status were denied. Both had deserted to Canada in 2004 after learning they were to be deployed to Iraq. The high court, as usual, gave no reasons for its refusal.

Earlier the Federal Court and the Federal Court of Appeal upheld the Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB) findings that the two did not qualify as Convention refugees. Both faced court martial and up to five years in jail as deserters if returned. Lawyer Faisal Kutty argued that the IRB and the court appear to have danced around the politically sensitive issues and existing case law. Their arguments that they did not want to participate in an illegal war and that they would be punished for acting on their conscience was rejected by the IRB. The adjudicators held that they were not conscientious objectors (because they were not opposed to wars in general); the U.S. was willing and able to protect them; and that their treatment would not amount to persecution.

Paragraph 171 of UN Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Convention Refugee Status provides that where the type of military action with which an individual does not wish to be associated is condemned by the international legal community as contrary to rules of human conduct, punishment for desertion could be regarded as persecution.

In denying both claims, the adjudicators opined that the legal status of the war in Iraq had no bearing on the analysis of paragraph 171. This determination was one of the issues on which the matters were appealed to the Federal Court, but Justice Anne Mactavish, noted in separate decisions (Hughey v. Canada \[2006\] F.C. 421 and Hinzman v. Canada \[2006\] F.C. 420) that this question was not an issue before her and did not have to be decided.

The duo's lawyer, Jeffrey House, says the decisions at both levels were also based on the erroneous view that American jurisprudence gives war resisters the right to seek a remedy if they question the legality of a war. In fact, he argues that this is not true. The leading case on the "political questions doctrine" which revolves around whether people can challenge the legality of war based on their conscience and international law was turned down by the United States Supreme Court in Callan v. Bush. Given this situation, the U.S. is not in a position to provide protection to resisters, notes House. House himself was a war resister.

The existing case law from the Federal Court of Appeal, Al-Maisri v. Canada \[1995\] F.C. J. No. 642, appears on point and yet was rejected by Justice Mactavish as being of "limited assistance." The case involved a Yemeni who was denied status by the IRB. Al-Maisri acknowledged he was prepared to fight for Yemen to protect it from aggression, but was not prepared to fight for Iraq against Kuwait. Yemen was an Iraqi supporter. The Court of Appeal held that "non-defensive incursion into foreign territory" was within the ambit of paragraph 171 and overturned the IRB decision. "What is wrong for Saddam Hussein should be wrong for the Americans as well," says House, a Vietnam-era draft dodger.

Justice Mactavish held that the legality of the conflict is irrelevant when analyzing paragraph 171 when "one is considering the claim of a low-level 'foot soldier'." Yet, Al-Maisri was also a 'foot soldier.' Justice Mactavish admitted that "given the decision of the Court of Appeal in Al-Maisri, it is fair to say that the issue is not entirely free from doubt," and proceeded to certify this question, which gave the two an automatic right of appeal to the Court of Appeal.

Authorities in Canada and the U.S closely monitored the politically sensitive case. Indeed, the case became the proverbial public relations "hot potato" for the U.S. At the initial hearing, a former U.S. Marine testifying in Hinzman's support stated that American soldiers in Iraq routinely violated international law by killing unarmed civilians, including women and children. Affidavits from two international law professors confirming the illegality of the war and reports from Human Rights Watch and the International Committee of the Red Cross documenting the abuses and violations were also filed.

## Further reading

* *Northern Passage: American Vietnam War Resisters in Canada*, by John Hagan, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2001.


title: Mohammad Umar (Sindh cricketer)

abstract: Mohammad Umar is a Pakistani cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Karachi Whites in the 2018–19 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy on 1 September 2018. He made his List A debut for Karachi Whites in the 2018–19 Quaid-e-Azam One Day Cup on 6 September 2018. He made his Twenty20 debut on 21 February 2021, for Multan Sultans in the 2021 Pakistan Super League.

text:
# Mohammad Umar (Sindh cricketer)

**Mohammad Umar** (born 27 December 1999) is a Pakistani cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Karachi Whites in the 2018–19 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy on 1 September 2018. He made his List A debut for Karachi Whites in the 2018–19 Quaid-e-Azam One Day Cup on 6 September 2018. He made his Twenty20 debut on 21 February 2021, for Multan Sultans in the 2021 Pakistan Super League.

## InfoBox

Mohammad Umar
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1999-12-27) 27 December 1999<br>Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan |
| Height | 6 ft (183 cm) |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm medium |
| Role | Bowler |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 2020/21 | Sindh |
| 2021 | Multan Sultans *(squad no. 3)* |
| 2022 | Peshawar Zalmi *(squad no. 11)* |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 4 February 2022 | |


title: Starburst (symbol)

abstract: A starburst is graphic design or typographical element that resembles diverging rays of light or consists of a star-like image with rays emanating from it. One is notably used as the current logo of the American retailer Walmart. In Unicode, there are various star and asterisk symbols. The ones most commonly associated with the idea of a starburst are the "sixteen pointed asterisk" U+273A (✺) and the "combining Cyrillic millions" character U+0489 (  ҉ ).

text:
# Starburst (symbol)

A **starburst** is graphic design or typographical element that resembles diverging rays of light or consists of a star-like image with rays emanating from it. One is notably used as the current logo of the American retailer Walmart.

In Unicode, there are various star and asterisk symbols. The ones most commonly associated with the idea of a starburst are the "sixteen pointed asterisk" U+273A () and the "combining Cyrillic millions" character U+0489 (   ).


title: The Rail Network

abstract: The Rail Network (TRN) is the first television and radio network broadcasting digital video with multiple channels of some audio to passengers on mass transit subway and rail systems. TRN launched its network in 2005 on Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA) rail cars which enables the delivery of digital video and audio content including news, sports, weather, music and entertainment programs – broadcast in multiple languages and updated regularly throughout the day.

text:
# The Rail Network

**The Rail Network** (**TRN**) is the first television and radio network broadcasting digital video with multiple channels of some audio to passengers on mass transit subway and rail systems. TRN launched its network in 2005 on Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA) rail cars which enables the delivery of digital video and audio content including news, sports, weather, music and entertainment programs – broadcast in multiple languages and updated regularly throughout the day.

## Overview

TRN furnishes each rail car with multiple flat screen televisions displaying a digital picture with closed captioning. The news programming is provided by a local network affiliate in each market. The television broadcast follows the same format as any half-hour of network television: 20.5 minutes of content and 9.5 minutes of advertising dispersed throughout the half-hour.

Audio is accessible wirelessly through any FM radio receiver tuned to TRN's on-board FM network. Passengers can choose to listen to the news in English or Spanish, music channels playing different genres, or a dedicated station that the local transit authority uses to provide updated travel, operations, and emergency information. TRN will provide free FM radios to passengers throughout the launch period in each market.

TRN has a ten-year exclusive agreement with MARTA to install, maintain, and operate TRN's network on MARTA trains while providing this service at no cost to the passengers or MARTA. TRN is also in discussions with several other transit authorities regarding the implementation of the network on their systems.

## Acquisition by CBS Corporation

CBS Corporation acquired The Rail Network, Inc. in July 2007, renaming it CBS Outdoor Rail Network.

* "MARTA Partners with First Television and Radio Network for Rail Passengers" (Press release). Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority. February 24, 2005. Retrieved 2006-05-18.


title: The Sixth Day and Other Tales

abstract: The Sixth Day and Other Tales, written by Primo Levi, is a collection of short stories, originally published in Storie naturali and Vizio di forma. Unlike the author's earlier and better-known works, these stories may be considered science fiction.

text:
# The Sixth Day and Other Tales

***The Sixth Day and Other Tales***, written by Primo Levi, is a collection of short stories, originally published in *Storie naturali* and *Vizio di forma*. Unlike the author's earlier and better-known works, these stories may be considered science fiction.

## Contents

* "The Mnemogogues": a doctor collects the scents of past places and events.
* "Angelic Butterfly": are humans trapped in the pupal stage? If so what happens when they pupate?
* "Order on the Cheap": NATCA’s Mr Simpson shows off the Mimer. Like the replicator from *Star Trek*, anything can be reproduced.
* "Man’s Friend": tapeworms communicate through patterns on their bodies. They are aware they live inside us.
* "Some Applications of the Mimer": Gilberto duplicates his wife. But the two Emmas slowly develop as different women.
* "Versamina": a drug turns pain into pleasure. The consequence is that people will hurt themselves.
* "The Sleeping Beauty in the Fridge: A Winter’s Tale": Peter defrosts Patricia regularly. Sometimes for special events, sometimes for her regular checkups. But also sometimes for his own reasons. Patricia has been in the deep freeze for over a hundred years, but can stand it no more. She recruits Baldur to help her escape.
* "The Measure of Beauty": a NATCA device for the objective measurement of beauty. But does it work? Of course it can be made to show the owner is beautiful.
* "Full Employment": Simpson learns to communicate with the bees who help him to communicate with other insects. He enters into deals with them. Dragonflies pick berries for him, ants clean his garden, they can also manufacture small electronic components and help with microsurgery. But someone arranges for the eels to smuggle drugs.
* "The Sixth Day": The committee agonises over how to design the human. But after all their argument management imposes an arbitrary design.
* "Retirement Fund": NATCA develop something resembling a virtual reality set, but it replays the experiences that someone else recorded. Their elation and excitement are in the playback. It is, of course, addictive.
* "Westward": Why do lemmings march to the sea? Researchers find out it is not hunger as is widely thought, but chemical. A form of alcohol is found that will suppress the desire for suicide.
* "Seen from Afar": Aliens watch our planet, they cannot see the detail, but try to guess what things are and why the things they observe occur. Why are there streams of white and red lights in some places when darkness falls. They assume that ships are creatures travelling in straight lines.
* "The Hard-Sellers": people came to a man to convince him to be born. They show him all the advantages of being alive, but he is sceptical. They say he is needed in the world of the living.
* "Small Red Lights": everything in his life is governed by red lights, thousands of them.
* "For a Good Purpose": the telephone network develops intelligence when it is connected to the French and German networks. Slowly it experiments with its powers.
* "Psychophant": a device creates an object that symbolises the person who touches it.
* "Recuenco: The Nurse": the starving have their mythology about the creature in the sky that comes to feed them.
* "Recuenco: The Rafter": the team on board the aircraft that delivers the food to the starving have their mythology about the recipients.
* "His Own Blacksmith: To Italo Calvino": a man can remember everything, even the memories of his ancestors, all the way back to when they first developed self-awareness. He sees that our development ceased once we had learned to use tools.
* "The Servant": the story of a golem.
* "Mutiny: To Mario Rigoni Stern": it features a garden that has a mind of its own.
* "Excellent Is the Water": a story dealing with what happens when the water’s viscosity begins to creep up. All life is affected.

## InfoBox

The Sixth Day and Other Tales
| Hardback cover - published by Summit Books. | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Primo Levi |
| Original title | *Vizio di forma and Storie naturali* |
| Translator | Raymond Rosenthal |
| Language | Italian |
| Publisher | Summit |
| Publication date | 1990 |
| Publication place | Italy |
| Media type | Print (hardcover) |
| Pages | 222 |
| ISBN | 0-671-62617-5 |
| OCLC | 21372291 |
| Dewey Decimal | 853/.914 20 |
| LC Class | PQ4872.E8 A6 1990 |


title: The Rose Hotel

abstract: The Rose Hotel is an album by American folk music artist Robert Earl Keen. It was released on September 29, 2009 by Lost Highway Records. The album peaked at number 17 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart.

text:
# The Rose Hotel

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***The Rose Hotel*** is an album by American folk music artist Robert Earl Keen. It was released on September 29, 2009 by Lost Highway Records. The album peaked at number 17 on the *Billboard* Top Country Albums chart.

## Track listing

All songs written by Robert Earl Keen except where noted.

1. "The Rose Hotel" – 3:47
2. "Flyin' Shoes" (Townes Van Zandt) – 4:00
3. "Throwin' Rocks" – 5:49
4. "10,000 Chinese Walk Into a Bar" – 4:17
5. "Something I Do" – 4:17
6. "The Man Behind the Drums" (Keen, Bill Whitbeck) – 4:00
7. "Goodbye Cleveland" (Keen, Whitbeck) – 4:29
8. "Laughing River" (Greg Brown) – 4:25
9. "On and On" – 4:37
10. "Village Inn" – 3:51
11. "Wireless in Heaven" – 4:34

## Chart performance

| Chart (2009) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| U.S. *Billboard* Top Country Albums | 17 |
| U.S. *Billboard* Rock Albums | 35 |
| U.S. *Billboard* 200 | 83 |

## InfoBox

| The Rose Hotel | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Robert Earl Keen | |
| Released | September 29, 2009 (2009-09-29) |
| Genre | Folk |
| Length | 48:06 |
| Label | Lost Highway |
| Producer | Lloyd Maines |
| Robert Earl Keen chronology | |
| *Marfa After Dark*
(2008) ***The Rose Hotel***
(2009) *Ready for Confetti*
(2011) | |


abstract: The People's Charter for Change, Peace and Progress was a proposed legal document which would have complemented the 1997 Constitution of Fiji. It would have established compulsory guidelines for any government policy in Fiji over the coming years. The People's Charter was due to be completed and come into force prior to the scheduled 2014 general election. A draft version of the Charter was released to the public in early August 2008. Input from the public was to be received in August and September. Council member Filimoni Kau stated that objections would be considered, but that the Charter would go ahead in any case.

text:
# People's Charter for Change, Peace and Progress

The **People's Charter for Change, Peace and Progress** (initially, People's Charter for Change and Progress) was a proposed legal document which would have complemented the 1997 Constitution of Fiji. It would have established compulsory guidelines for any government policy in Fiji over the coming years. The People's Charter was due to be completed and come into force prior to the scheduled 2014 general election.

A draft version of the Charter was released to the public in early August 2008. Input from the public was to be received in August and September. Council member Filimoni Kau stated that objections would be considered, but that the Charter would go ahead in any case.

## Context

The People's Charter was the brainchild of interim Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama, head of the Republic of Fiji Military Forces, who overthrew the elected Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase in December 2006. Bainimarama alleged that Qarase was corrupt and racist, and declared that a People's Charter was necessary in order to prevent corruption and racism within future elected governments.

## Content and aims of the Charter

### Stated objective

In April 2007, a draft version of the Charter was published. The draft, intended as a general presentation of the future Charter's aims, began with a statement that "Fiji’s politics and overall governance have been dominated by and deeply mired in divisive, race-based politics, policies, and institutions". Consequently, the text authors state, "Fiji needs to become a more progressive and a truly democratic nation; a country in which its leaders, at all levels, emphasize national unity, racial harmony and the social and economic advancement of all communities regardless of race or ethnic origin."

The overall objective of the Charter is defined as follows:

*To rebuild Fiji into a non-racial, culturally-vibrant and united, well-governed, truly democratic nation that seeks progress, and prosperity through merit-based equality of opportunity, and peace.*

Much emphasis is laid on the necessity to prioritise national unity over the politics of separate ethnic communities.

In August 2008, shortly before the Charter was due to be released to the public, it was announced that it recommended a change in the name of Fiji's citizens. If the proposal were adopted, all citizens of Fiji, whatever their ethnicity, would be called "Fijians". At present, the word "Fijian" does not denote a nationality, and refers exclusively to indigenous Fijians. Citizens of Fiji are referred to as "Fiji Islanders". The proposal would change the English name of indigenous Fijians from "Fijians" to *itaukei*, the Fijian word for indigenous Fijians.

Archbishop Petero Mataca summed up the Charter by saying it would "reinforce the quality and sustainability of democracy in Fiji" and "provide a clearer vision of the principles and values we want to live by".

### Short-term consequences

Commodore Bainimarama said that the People's Charter would prevent any candidate for the 2009 general election from campaigning on racist and divisive policies. Such candidates would be barred from taking part in the election.

*"That will be taken care of by the charter so if anybody with Qarase-like policies comes in, the charter will automatically remove them."*

Asked by a journalist whether Qarase would be allowed to take part in the election, Bainimarama said he would: "That is also in the commitment we had yesterday and that was \[sic\] always been there".

In May 2008, Bainimarama added that the military would enforce future governments' compliance with the provisions of the Charter.

### Methodology

The Charter was prepared by a **National Council for Building a Better Fiji (NCBBF)**, supposed to be "broadly representative of Fiji society (including leaders and representatives from the civil society including NGOs, the private sector, religious and community organisations, employers/workers and youth organisations, and the political parties)".

The NCBBF held its first meeting on January 16, 2008. It reportedly began with an "in depth" assessment of the state of the nation.

Officially, the NCBBF's work on the Charter is overseen by an independent monitoring group, which reports directly to President Ratu Josefa Iloilo. The monitoring group was chaired by Sela Molisa, a member of the Parliament of Vanuatu. Reverend Amy Chambers is also a member of the monitoring group. The NCBBF itself is composed of three task teams, one (co-chaired by Ratu Josefa Serulagilagi and Attorney General Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum) tasked with focusing on good governance, another (co-chaired by Ratu Josateki Nawalowalo and Finance Minister Mahendra Chaudhry) on economic growth, and the third (co-chaired by Loraini Tevi and Health Minister Dr. Jiko Luveni) on "social cultural identity and nation building."

On June 24, 2008, the NCBBF made several recommendations, all of them in line with Bainimarama's original aims. These included:

* abolishing communal electoral rolls, and replacing them with proportional representation
* abolishing compulsory voting
* reducing the voting age to 18
* new anti-discrimination laws.

The NCBBF advocated implementing electoral reforms before holding any election. A representative of the Council stated: "The NCBBF is of the firm view that change is long overdue and that Fiji urgently needs a new electoral system based on equal suffrage - that is one person, one vote, equal value."

On August 5, 2008, the NCBBF announced that it had endorsed a draft Charter document, which was to be released shortly thereafter. Fijilive reported that the NCBBF planned to "gauge the views of the people on the draft Charter via a public awareness campaign over the next six weeks". Meetings would be held in public venues, the Charter would be advertised in the media, and there would be "consultations by public relations teams at grassroots level in all the villages and settlements throughout the country".

#### Implementation

It was unclear how the People's Charter would be officially implemented. The interim government announced that the public would be consulted, but no official reference to a referendum was made. Legally, if the Charter was deemed to alter the Constitution, it could only be adopted by a two-thirds majority of elected members of Parliament, which was not in session, having been dismissed after the coup. Deposed Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase, who opposed the Charter, however, stated that a referendum would constitute legal validation. In the end, the abrogation of the Constitution in 2009 made the question redundant, and much of the essence of the People's Charter was included in the new constitution promulgated by the interim government in 2013.

### Content

The People's Charter was released to the public on August 6, 2008. Among its key proposals were the following:

* addressing the root causes of coups through political, social and economic reform;
* toughening the sanctions against coups;
* building "conflict resolution mechanisms for groups and individuals affected by coups";
* empowering courts to penalise or dissolve political parties which "engage in activities that breach important values of the constitution";
* establishing "civic programmes to raise public awareness about the injustice and illegality coups and issues of democracy and good governance";
* ensuring a separation between Church and State;
* enhancing and facilitating "public participation in all aspects of governments";
* enacting a Code of Conduct for government leaders;
* reforming land legislation to facilitate general access to land use, while maintaining and enhancing indigenous landowners’ rights;
* officialising the military's role in overseeing the governing of the country;
* introducing a one-man, one-vote electoral system, to replace the communal electoral rosters.

In addition, specific proposals aimed at promoting national unity and reducing inter-ethnic divisiveness:

## Criticism and support

### Prior to publication

The proposed Charter received strong support from the head of the Roman Catholic Church in Fiji, Archbishop Petero Mataca, who became co-chair (with Commodore Bainimarama) of the National Council for Building a Better Fiji. However, others were more cautious, noncommittal or openly critical. Fiji Women's Crisis Centre coordinator Shamima Ali declined to comment. Fiji's Citizens Constitutional Forum continued to oppose the military coup, calling it unjustifiable, but in response to the proposed Charter, said there is "a serious need to re-look at problems to find solutions to move the country forward".

The National Federation Party and the Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua Party both opposed the idea of a People's Charter implemented by an unelected government. Fiji’s Methodist Church, to which a majority of indigenous Fijians belong, also opposed the Charter, stating that it had been instructed by God to do so. The Fiji Labour Party supported it. The Fiji Council of Churches offered cautious support, urging people not to oppose it outright, and suggesting that it provided "a window of opportunity for the nation to move forward".

Samisoni Pareti of the magazine *Islands Business* expressed doubt as to whether elections could be held as promised in early 2009 if the interim government insisted on having the People's Charter in place before the election. In Pereti's view, the Charter would not be completed in time, and Bainimarama might have to choose between postponing the election (and thus sparking the ire of the international community) or abandoning his People's Charter. Pareti's prediction turned out to be accurate: the election was postponed.

By contrast, New Zealander human rights activist Thakur Ranjit Singh expressed public support for the People's Charter, stating that fresh elections alone would not address the "fundamental problems in Fiji", such as "the agenda of the nationalists who want Fiji for Fijians and Fiji as a Christian state" or a "culture of corruption, nepotism and cronyism"; the People's Charter must therefore, in Singh's view, be implemented before any election takes place.

The responses of Indo-Fijian cultural and religious organisations were mixed. The Hindu organisations Arya Pratinidhi Sabha and Sanatan Dharam Pratinidhi Sabha supported the process and agreed to take part in the NCBBF. By contrast, Sangam, an organisation representing South Indians, refused to do so, as did the Fiji Muslim League, describing itself as non-political. On an individual basis, prominent Indo-Fijians such as Shamima Ali, Brij Lal, Imrana Jalal, Wadan Narsey and Richard Naidu refused to support the Charter.

In March 2008, an editorial in the *Fiji Daily Post* commented that "a one-sided ‘People’s Charter’ for Fiji may not have the ameliorative effect its enforcers hope for. To truly succeed, the charter, like the nation, must proceed by bipartisan agreements, by consultative dialogue that brings victors and vanquished to the table of compromise so that a just settlement is achieved".

The Pacific Islands Forum supported the proposed Charter.

In April 2008, a *Fiji Times* opinion poll found that public opinion was evenly split, with 46.2% disagreeing with the idea of the Charter, and 45.8% supporting it. The poll was taken in the context of a public debate over the Charter, during which it was supported by Joseva Serulagilagi (Chairman of the Tailevu Provincial Council), Lorine Tevi (President of the Fiji Council of Social Services), and Pundit Kamlesh Arya (President of the Arya Pratinidhi Sabha of Fiji), and opposed by Wadan Narsey (Professor of Economics at the University of the South Pacific), Richard Naidu (Senior Partner at the Munro Leys law firm) and Tupou Draunidalo (Former Vice-President of the Fiji Law Society).

### After publication

The People's Charter was released to the public on August 6, 2008. Deposed Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase was critical of its content. He dismissed as "unreasonable" its proposal to dissolve political parties which "engage in activities that breach important values of the Constitution". Qarase also opposed the proposed change in the country's demonym, which would enable all citizens of Fiji to refer to themselves as "Fijians": "That term \[Fijian\] is embedded into the indigenous population. It is a very sensitive issue and it will be opposed very strongly." Qarase stated that the Charter made a number of good suggestions, but that it would, on the whole, increase inter-ethnic tensions. He stated that "\[s\]ome of the key proposals in the charter, if implemented without the approval of an elected parliament, would be contrary to the provisions of the 1997 Constitution." He called upon the Charter to be voted on by an elected Parliament, and, alternately, suggested a referendum to decide the issue. He added:

*"The composition of the NCBBF is not representative of the people. It is biased in favour of the Labour party, the New Alliance Party, the interim Government and coup supporters. The intention of the interim Government to implement proposed electoral changes before the elections would be illegal and in contravention of the 1997 Constitution. \[...\] The intention of the IG to make the charter binding on future elected governments without the authority of Parliament would be illegal and contrary to democratic principles."*

Ousted Opposition leader Mick Beddoes also expressed his opposition to the Charter. The Fiji Labour Party, whose leader Mahendra Chaudhry is a member of the interim government, officially supported the Charter.

Academic Brij Lal, one of the authors of the Constitution, described the Charter as "too prescriptive", commenting that it appeared to aim at creating an unfeasible utopia. He added: "I think that for the charter and some of the recommendations to have credibility, they have to be endorsed through parliament."

The Methodist Church of Fiji and Rotuma confirmed its opposition to the Charter, both because it originated from a government that came to power by force (despite influential leaders of the Church having openly supported the coups of 1987 and 2000), and because the Church deemed it to be "an illegal, dangerous document that, if followed, will have a negative impact on the lives of Fiji citizens". Following a Church conference, Church general secretary Reverend Tuikilakila Waqairatu told the media:

*"While the charter proposes some noble principles, the Conference is of the view that the interim government and the National Council for Building a Better Fiji do not have any moral or legal authority to impose it on the people. \[...\] \[A\]ny attempt to impose and legitimise the charter outside the Constitution and by an authority which does not have the people's mandate is morally unacceptable. It defies God's authority because it lacks any legal basis and it limits the free choice of the people to act according to their conscience."*

The National Federation Party called upon citizens to boycott the charter consultation process, claiming that the Charter would disadvantage Indo-Fijians. Referring to the proposed abolition of the communal voting system, to be replaced by a "one man, one vote" electoral process, party secretary Pramod Rae stated:

*“We’re alarmed at the proposal to disenfranchise \[sic\] large sections of the Indo-Fijian community, which will really be left without representation in parliament. Currently our community is guaranteed 19 seats in parliament. This charter proposal proposes to remove those.”*

Ousted Vice-President and lawyer Ratu Joni Madraiwiwi sought to take a balanced and cautionary view:

*"There is a critical need for dialogue and engagement in fora in which the interim government and its political opponents can participate without preconditions. The National Council for Building a Better Fiji (NCBBF) can continue to develop the principles for a charter for good government. But there has to be another means for finding common ground. The onus is upon the regime, as the party holding the reins of power, to engage. Without this, the country will continue to drift, as divided and fractured as ever, with a charter and a new electoral system being imposed, and the constitution abrogated to allow the implementation of both. The implications, both internally and internationally, hardly bear thinking about. The tragedy is that many beneficial features in both the proposed charter and the electoral system would be discounted because of the manner of their implementation.* *The NCBBF must proceed with haste on the drafting of the charter. Given the determination of the commander and the military to implement what emerges from the consultations, so be it. \[...\] Let us see what emerges. The debate will centre on how the principles to be enshrined in the document are to be incorporated in the constitution. If the interim government wishes to force it and a new electoral system upon us, they have the backing of the military to silence dissent. But a new dispensation pushed on the people of this country will not be sustainable. In the long term, the will of the people will prevail.*"

Jone Dakuvula, of the Citizens' Constitutional Forum, commented favourably on the Charter:

*"The ‘People’s Charter’ is an attempt to build a stronger liberal and secular republican democratic framework in a multi-ethnic state that continues to be dominated by an ethno-Fijian nationalism. \[...\] The hardline pursuit of ethno-nationalist policies during the five years that the SDL and Conservative Alliance–Matanitu Vanua (CAMV) were in power sharpened conflicts within the indigenous Fijian community \[...\]. The draft People’s Charter is an attempt to further reform our liberal/republican state so that the exclusivist tendency of indigenous ethno-nationalism is moderated and reoriented towards a broader concept of a multicultural, multi-ethnic nation state that stresses the civic principles of the nation as the regulator of political discourse and other interactions, thus contributing to the stability needed for overall national development. \[...\] While, in the last 18 months, the opposition to the interim government has not presented a coherent alternative for the way forward to the people of Fiji, there has at least been a concession that the draft People’s Charter advances ‘noble principles’ they cannot disagree with. They only disagree with the fact that the draft People’s Charter has been initiated by a regime they regard as illegal and illegitimate. They have yet to answer the realistic question: Where do we go from here?"*

Bainimarama attacked some of his critics, labelling their objections self-serving:

*"They are trying to hang on to the last straw as we make in-roads in giving a real voice and say to ordinary people in the country. \[...\] Naturally, there are some power hungry ethno nationalist SDL Leaders and followers, supported by the leadership of the Methodist Church and some chiefs who would not want ordinary people to be empowered in terms of decision making and aspiring for better things in life. They want to continue to remain in power and in the process ensure that the common people remain disenfranchised."*

In October 2008, the Fijian Teachers Association objected to a proposal for the Charter to be presented to children at school, describing the idea as "propaganda".

## Basis for new Constitution

In July 2009, Bainimarama announced that his government would introduce a new Constitution by 2013, and that the Constitution would "derive its impetus from the recommendations under the Charter".


title: Pere Gimferrer

abstract: Pere Gimferrer Torrens is a Spanish poet, translator and novelist. He is twice winner of Spain's Premio Nacional de Poesía. He was born in Barcelona in 1945. He writes both in Castilian and Catalan. In Castilian, he has written the poetry collections Arde el mar, Amor en vilo (2006), Interludio azul (2006) and Tornado (2008). In Catalan, he has written the novel Fortuny, and the poetry collection El vendaval. For lifetime achievement, he won the Premio Nacional de las Letras Españolas in 1998 and the International Octavio Paz Prize for Poetry and Criticism in 2006. Gimferrer was elected to Seat O of the Real Academia Española on 18 April 1985, he took up his seat on 15 December the same year.

text:
# Pere Gimferrer

**Pere Gimferrer Torrens** (Catalan pronunciation: \[ˈpeɾə ʒimfəˈre\]; born 22 June 1945) is a Spanish poet, translator and novelist. He is twice winner of Spain's Premio Nacional de Poesía (National Poetry Prize).

He was born in Barcelona in 1945. He writes both in Castilian and Catalan. In Castilian, he has written the poetry collections *Arde el mar* (1966, National Prize for Poetry), *Amor en vilo* (2006), *Interludio azul* (2006) and *Tornado* (2008). In Catalan, he has written the novel *Fortuny* (1983, Ramon Llull Novel Award and Critica Prize), and the poetry collection *El vendaval* (1988, National Poetry Prize). For lifetime achievement, he won the Premio Nacional de las Letras Españolas (National Prize for Spanish Literature) in 1998 and the International Octavio Paz Prize for Poetry and Criticism in 2006.

Gimferrer was elected to Seat *O* of the Real Academia Española on 18 April 1985, he took up his seat on 15 December the same year.

1. Profile
2. Broch, Àlex (1991). *Literatura catalana dels anys vuitanta* \[*Catalan Literature of the 1980s*\] (in Catalan). Edicions 62. p. 47. ISBN 9788429732863. Retrieved 21 May 2019  via Google Books.
3. "Pere Gimferrer Torrens". Real Academia Española. Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2016.

## InfoBox

| The Most ExcellentPere Gimferrer | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Pere Gimferrer Torrens
(1945-06-22) 22 June 1945
Barcelona, Spain |
|  | |
|  | |
| Seat *O* of the Real Academia Española | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
15 December 1985 | |
| Preceded by | Vicente Aleixandre |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Pere Guerrero

abstract: Pere Guerrero Torrecilla is a Spanish slalom canoeist who competed in the 1990s. He finished 28th in the C1 event at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.

text:
# Pere Guerrero

**Pere Guerrero Torrecilla** (born June 5, 1973 in La Seu d'Urgell) is a Spanish slalom canoeist who competed in the 1990s. He finished 28th in the C1 event at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.

## World Cup individual podiums

| Season | Date | Venue | Position | Event |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1993** | 18 Jul 1993 | La Seu d'Urgell | 3rd | C1 |


title: Pere Gratacós

abstract: Pere Gratacós Boix is a Spanish retired football central defender and manager.

text:
# Pere Gratacós

**Pere Gratacós Boix** (born 14 February 1958) is a Spanish retired football central defender and manager.

## Playing career

Born in Besalú, Girona, Catalonia, Gratacós arrived at FC Barcelona's youth system in 1974 at the age of 16, going to play for several of its youth teams. He made his professional debut with Real Valladolid in the 1979–80 season, on loan, helping to a Segunda División promotion and returning to spend a further three years with *Barça'*s reserves, where he was awarded team captaincy.

Gratacós appeared in five official games with Barcelona's first team, but never in La Liga, leaving in 1983 and joining fellow top-division club CA Osasuna, only making two appearances in his first year in the top flight and none whatsoever in the second. In the 1985 off-season, he returned to his native region and signed for UE Figueres of Segunda División B, helping to an immediate promotion to the second tier.

Gratacós was first-choice for Figueres during his eight-year spell, when healthy – he started in all but seven of the league matches he appeared in. After suffering relegation in 1993, he retired from football aged 35.

## Coaching career

Gratacós started coaching one year after retiring, although he had already worked with Figueres in directorial capacities. After a brief spell as an interim manager, he was in charge of two amateur teams – also in Catalonia – for four and a half seasons, returning to his main club in 2001 and making history as it became the first in division three to reach the semi-finals of the Copa del Rey, eventually losing 2–1 on aggregate against Deportivo de La Coruña after previously ousting, amongst others, Barcelona and Osasuna.

Gratacós returned to Barcelona's reserves in 2003, leading them to two midtable finishes in the third tier. Subsequently, he coached the Catalonia national side in six friendlies.

In January 2010, Gratacós returned to Barcelona, being appointed director of its training ground and academy Ciutat Esportiva Joan Gamper. On 13 January 2017, he was sacked after he said of Lionel Messi: "Without Iniesta, Neymar and the others, he wouldn't be such a good player".

## InfoBox

Pere Gratacós
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Pere Gratacós Boix | | |
| Date of birth | (1958-02-14) 14 February 1958 | | |
| Place of birth | Besalú, Spain | | |
| Height | 1.81 m (5 ft 11+12 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Centre-back | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Besalú | | |
| 1974–1976 | Barcelona | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1976–1978 | Barcelona C |  |  |
| 1978–1983 | Barcelona B | 138 | (3) |
| 1979–1980 | Valladolid (loan) | 14 | (1) |
| 1983–1985 | Osasuna | 2 | (0) |
| 1985–1993 | Figueres | 244 | (5) |
| Total |  | **398** | **(9)** |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 1995 | Figueres (interim) | | |
| 1995–1997 | AE Roses | | |
| 1997–1999 | Girona | | |
| 2001–2003 | Figueres | | |
| 2003–2005 | Barcelona B | | |
| 2005–2009 | Catalonia | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Peter Alexander (Shakespearean scholar)

abstract: Peter Alexander, was a Scottish literary scholar. He was Regius Professor of English Language and Literature at the University of Glasgow and a noted Shakespearean scholar. His collected works of Shakespeare are known as "the Alexander text". In 1914, he joined the army as a private in the Cameron Highlanders but left in 1918 after he became an artillery officer. Alexander returned to the University of Glasgow to finish his studies and graduated in 1920 with an MA degree.

text:
# Peter Alexander (Shakespearean scholar)

**Peter Alexander**, CBE, FBA (19 September 1893 – 18 June 1969) was a Scottish literary scholar. He was Regius Professor of English Language and Literature at the University of Glasgow and a noted Shakespearean scholar. His collected works of Shakespeare are known as "the Alexander text". In 1914, he joined the army as a private in the Cameron Highlanders but left in 1918 after he became an artillery officer. Alexander returned to the University of Glasgow to finish his studies and graduated in 1920 with an MA degree.

## Selected publications


title: Perittia smaragdophanes

abstract: Perittia smaragdophanes is a moth in the family Elachistidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1932. It is found in Ecuador.

text:
# Perittia smaragdophanes

***Perittia smaragdophanes*** is a moth in the family Elachistidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1932. It is found in Ecuador.

## InfoBox

| *Perittia smaragdophanes* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Elachistidae |
| Genus: | *Perittia* |
| Species: | ***P. smaragdophanes*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Perittia smaragdophanes***<br>(Meyrick, 1932) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Aristoptila smaragdophanes* Meyrick, 1932 | |


title: Perittia unifasciella

abstract: Perittia unifasciella is a moth in the family Elachistidae. It was described by Sinev in 1992. It is found in the Russian Far East.

text:
# Perittia unifasciella

***Perittia unifasciella*** is a moth in the family Elachistidae. It was described by Sinev in 1992. It is found in the Russian Far East.

## InfoBox

| *Perittia unifasciella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Elachistidae |
| Genus: | *Perittia* |
| Species: | ***P. unifasciella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Perittia unifasciella***<br>Sinev, 1992 | |
|


title: Perittia tectusella

abstract: Perittia tectusella is a moth in the family Elachistidae. It was described by Sruoga in 1997. It is found in Central Asia, where it has been recorded from Tajikistan. The wingspan is 6.1-7.7 mm. The larvae feed on Lonirica korolkowii. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

text:
# Perittia tectusella

***Perittia tectusella*** is a moth in the family Elachistidae. It was described by Sruoga in 1997. It is found in Central Asia, where it has been recorded from Tajikistan.

The wingspan is 6.1-7.7 mm.

The larvae feed on *Lonirica korolkowii*. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

## InfoBox

| *Perittia tectusella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Elachistidae |
| Genus: | *Perittia* |
| Species: | ***P. tectusella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Perittia tectusella***<br>Sruoga, 1997 | |
|


title: Peter Brant II

abstract: Peter Mark Brant Jr. is an American socialite and model.

text:
# Peter Brant II

**Peter Mark Brant Jr.** (born December 30, 1993) is an American socialite and model.

## Life and career

Peter Mark Brant Jr. was born December 30, 1993, and raised in Greenwich, Connecticut. He is the son of art collector Peter M. Brant and model Stephanie Seymour. His paternal grandparents were Bulgarian Jewish immigrants.

In 2011, Brant publicly came out as gay.

In 2014, Brant was quoted in a *Harper's Bazaar* profile of him, his brother Harry and mother, Stephanie, about enjoying his clan's notoriety, "We had to do a report about our parents: where they were born, what they did, and all that. Everyone else had to do theirs as homework, but I finished mine before class ended using Wikipedia."

Brant attended Bard College in Annandale-on-Hudson, New York.

In 2015, Peter along with his younger brother Harry, in collaboration with Mac Cosmetics, launched a unisex cosmetics line aimed at the gender fluid youth movement.

In March 2016, Brant was arrested at John F. Kennedy International Airport after a "drunken ruckus", during which he assaulted a police officer. Brant's lawyer referred to him as an "idiot."

## InfoBox

| Peter Brant II | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Peter Mark Brant Jr.
(1993-12-30) December 30, 1993
New York City, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Bard College |
| Occupations | * Socialite * model |
| Parents |  |


title: Peter Dacre

abstract: Peter Dacre was a journalist on the Sunday Express whose work included show business features. He was a former chairman of the London Press Club.

text:
# Peter Dacre

**Peter Dacre** (8 June 1925 – 16 March 2003) was a journalist on the *Sunday Express* whose work included show business features. He was a former chairman of the London Press Club.

## Early life

Peter Dacre was born 8 June 1925 in Yorkshire, the son of a carpenter and joiner father who died in a building site accident when he was six. His mother later married the Welsh international rugby player Dai Jenkins. He was educated at Batley Grammar School.

## Career

Dacre's first job was at the *Doncaster Gazette*, shortly after leaving school at the age of 16. According to Michael White in *The Guardian*, Dacre spent World War II writing show business journalism. His obituary in *The Times* reports him as writing for the *News Review* at the age of 19, and his obituary in *The Daily Telegraph* confirms that he worked on the *News Review* around that time. He worked with the *Sunday Express* for over forty years, and was the first English journalist to interview Elvis Presley.

## Personal life

Dacre was the father of the British journalists Nigel and Paul from his first marriage to Joan Hill. Later, in September 1979, Dacre married Ann Elizabeth Jarvis; both of his wives survived him.

## InfoBox

| Peter Dacre | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 8 June 1925 |
| Died | 16 March 2003 (aged 77) |
| Nationality | British |
| Education | Batley Grammar School |
| Occupation | Journalist |
| Children | 5, including Paul Dacre |
| Relatives | James Dacre (grandson)<br>Dai Jenkins (stepfather) |


title: Peter Hemmings

abstract: Peter Hemmings OBE was an English opera administrator, impresario and singer. As a singer, he was an accomplished chorister in his youth and had a fine bass voice. He was educated at Mill Hill School and began his administrative career as president of the Cambridge University Opera Group. That company's success led to the founding of the New Opera Company in 1957 with Hemmings as general manager. In 1966, he became the chief administrator of Scottish Opera, a position he held for almost 20 years. In 1977, he was appointed general manager of the Australian Opera, but clashed with the music director, Richard Bonynge. In that difficult time his most significant contribution to opera in Australia was the commissioning of the opera Voss from Richard Meale. Later, he managed the London Symphony Orchestra for four years, then accepted a position as the general director of the Los Angeles Opera in 1984. He remained the company's general director until he returned to the UK in 2000 to take up a position on the board of the Royal Opera. He was survived by his wife Jane, two daughters, two sons and one stepdaughter.

text:
# Peter Hemmings

**Peter Hemmings** OBE (10 April 1934  4 January 2002) was an English opera administrator, impresario and singer.

As a singer, he was an accomplished chorister in his youth and had a fine bass voice. He was educated at Mill Hill School and began his administrative career as president of the Cambridge University Opera Group. That company's success led to the founding of the New Opera Company in 1957 with Hemmings as general manager. In 1966, he became the chief administrator of Scottish Opera, a position he held for almost 20 years. In 1977, he was appointed general manager of the Australian Opera, but clashed with the music director, Richard Bonynge. In that difficult time his most significant contribution to opera in Australia was the commissioning of the opera *Voss* from Richard Meale. Later, he managed the London Symphony Orchestra for four years, then accepted a position as the general director of the Los Angeles Opera in 1984. He remained the company's general director until he returned to the UK in 2000 to take up a position on the board of the Royal Opera. He was survived by his wife Jane (née Kearns), two daughters, two sons and one stepdaughter.


title: Peter Hofstede

abstract: Peter Hofstede is a retired football striker from the Netherlands, who made his professional debut in the 1990-1991 season for De Graafschap. Later on he played for Roda JC, FC Utrecht, Helmond Sport, FC Emmen, and ADO Den Haag.

text:
# Peter Hofstede

**Peter Hofstede** (born January 28, 1967, in Oosterbeek, Gelderland) is a retired football striker from the Netherlands, who made his professional debut in the 1990-1991 season for De Graafschap. Later on he played for Roda JC, FC Utrecht, Helmond Sport, FC Emmen, and ADO Den Haag.

## InfoBox

Peter Hofstede
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1967-01-18) January 18, 1967 | | |
| Place of birth | Oosterbeek, Gelderland | | |
| Position(s) | Striker | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Ostrabeke | | |
| Number | 11 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | OVC'85 (Oosterbeek) | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 19901992 | De Graafschap | 66 | (35) |
| 19921994 | Roda JC | 66 | (28) |
| 19941997 | FC Utrecht | 57 | (13) |
| 19971999 | Helmond Sport | 51 | (30) |
| 19992001 | FC Emmen | 66 | (31) |
| 20012004 | ADO Den Haag | 77 | (23) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Peter Rodon

abstract: Peter Clive Rodon was a Welsh professional footballer who played as a centre forward.

text:
# Peter Rodon

**Peter Clive Rodon** (5 February 1945 – July 2000) was a Welsh professional footballer who played as a centre forward.

## Career

Born in Swansea, after playing youth football with Swansea City, Rodon began his professional career with Bradford City, scoring 15 goals in 64 appearances in the Football League between 1964 and 1967. He later returned to Wales, playing with Merthyr Tydfil.

## Later and personal life

Rodon's son Chris, and grandson Joe have also played football professionally. Another son, Keri, father of Joe, played basketball for Wales.

Rodon died in Swansea in July 2000.

## InfoBox

Peter Rodon
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Peter Clive Rodon | | |
| Date of birth | 5 February 1945 | | |
| Place of birth | Swansea, Wales | | |
| Date of death | July 2000(2000-07-00) (aged 55) | | |
| Place of death | Swansea, Wales | | |
| Position(s) | Centre forward | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 19xx–1964 | Swansea City | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1964–1967 | Bradford City | 64 | (15) |
|  | Merthyr Tydfil |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Peter Rodriguez and companions

abstract: Peter Rodriguez and Companions were a group of 7 Spanish martyrs, who were members of the Knights of Santiago of Portugal. They were captured by Moors and martyred.

text:
# Peter Rodriguez and companions

**Peter Rodriguez and Companions** were a group of 7 Spanish martyrs, who were members of the Knights of Santiago of Portugal. They were captured by Moors and martyred.

## InfoBox

| Saints Peter Rodriguez and companions | |
| --- | --- |
| Martyrs | |
| Born | Spain |
| Died | 1242 |
| Venerated in | Roman Catholic Church |
| Feast | 11 June |


title: Peter Jilemnický

abstract: Peter Jilemnický was a Slovak writer, journalist, educator and Communist politician of Czech origin.

text:
# Peter Jilemnický

**Peter Jilemnický** (pseudonyms: **Al Arm**, **Peter Malý**, **Peter Hron**) (March 18, 1901 – May 19, 1949) was a Slovak writer, journalist, educator and Communist politician of Czech origin.

## Biography

Jilemincký was born in Kyšperk (today Letohrad), in Eastern Bohemia. His father was a train conductor and he had two siblings. He received his education at a primary school in Kyšperk and Červená Voda, then continued at the Secondary Agricultural School in Chrudim, but graduated from the Teacher Training Institute in Levice in southern Slovakia.

After graduating, he worked as a teacher in Slovakia.

In 1922 he joined the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and in 1926 he travelled to the Soviet Union where he worked as a teacher in the Interhelpo. In 1927 he was accepted into the Soviet All-Union Communist Party and studied at the Moscow State Institute of Journalism. In 1928 he returned to the Czechoslovak Republic and until 1929 he worked together with Eduard Urx in Moravská Ostrava in the editorial office of *Pravda*, the central body of the Communist Party of Slovakia.

From 1936 he was a teacher in the town of Svätý Jur near Bratislava, in 1939 he moved to Bohemia to the village of Poříčí near Litomyšl, and taught at various village schools.

During the German occupation, Jilemnický took part in the anti-fascist struggle. He was a member of an illegal communist resistance organization in Eastern Bohemia. Jilemnický's brother was executed in November 1941. On October 27, 1942, he was investigated by the Gestapo in Poříčí and arrested the next day during an interrogation in Pardubice. He was imprisoned in Pardubice for eight months and in mid-June 1943 he was transferred to the Terezín Small Fortress. He was subsequently transferred to the Litoměřice Prison and sentenced to eight years in prison in October. He spent prison in the Griebo labor camp near the town of Coswig near Dessau in Saxony-Anhalt At the end of April 1945, he managed to leave the camp under the name of a Polish prisoner who died there. He returned to Poříčí on May 25, 1945.

After the liberation he was elected a member of the Interim National Assembly for the Communist Party of Slovakia. In 1945, as a senior official in the Board of Trustees, he became the head of the Department for Children and Youth under Commission of Education and Awareness. In 1947 he was appointed permanent delegate of the All-Slavic Committee in Belgrade and in 1948 he became the cultural attaché of the Czechoslovak Embassy in Moscow, where he died on May 19, 1949.

He was posthumously awarded the order of National Artist. Several schools and dozens of streets were named after him. In 1954, his second wife opened a museum dedicated to his life and works in his former villa.

## Works

Jile began his literary work during his high school studies in 1919. He began writing poetry as well as prose and published his works in the magazine *Mladé proudy.* In his early works you can observe elements of Expressionism, however he later adopted the style of Socialist realism, but also poetry and descriptions of natural beauties. Much of his work remained in manuscript form. He published in left-wing magazines such as *Proletárka*, *Hlas ľudu*, *Pravda chudoby*, *Pravda* and *DAV.*

* 1921 – *Devadesátdevět koní bílých*, prozaická prvotina
* 1924 – 1925 – *Červená sedma*, výber z prozaickej tvorby z týchto rokov zhrnutý do tejto zbierky (poviedky: *Vražda v aeropláne A-71, Život po smrti, Zakryté karty*)
* 1925 – *Štrajk*, proletárska dráma
* 1929 – *Víťazný pád*, románová prvotina
* 1929 – *Dva roky v kraji Sovietov*
* 1930 – *Zuniaci krok*
* 1932 – *Pole neorané*
* 1934 – *Kus cukru*
* 1937 – *Kompas v nás*
* 1938 – *Návrat*
* 1947 – *Kronika*
* 1947 – *Cesta*
* 1951 – *Prečo som sa stal komunistom*
* 1955 – *Tri rozprávky*, próza pre deti
* *Pěšinky*, zbierka (rukopis)
* *Oheň majáků*, cyklus (rukopis)

## InfoBox

| Peter Jilemnický | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1901-03-18)18 March 1901
Kyšperk, Austria-Hungary |
| Died | 19 March 1949(1949-03-19) (aged 48)
Moscow, Soviet Union |
| Occupation | Writer, poet, diplomat, educator |
| Literary movement | Socialist realism |
| Notable awards | National Artist |
| Spouse | Růžena Jilemnická |


title: Petra Soukupová

abstract: Petra Soukupová is contemporary Czech author, playwright, and screenwriter.

text:
# Petra Soukupová

**Petra Soukupová** (born 25 July 1982) is contemporary Czech author, playwright, and screenwriter.

## Life and career

Petra Soukupová was born on 25 July 1982 in Česká Lípa, Czechoslovakia. She studied screenwriting and dramaturgy at the Film and TV School of the Academy of Performing Arts (FAMU) in Prague. She is the author of five books for adults and two children's books. She was a screenwriter on the sitcom Comeback (2008-2010) and the series Kosmo (2016). Petra Soukupová lives and works in Prague.

## Awards

## Bibliography

* *K moři*. Brno: Host, 2007. ISBN 9788072942343
* *Zmizet*. Brno: Host, 2009. ISBN 9788072943173.
* *Marta v roce vetřelce*. Brno: Host, 2011. ISBN 9788072945214
* *Pod sněhem*. Brno: Host, 2015. ISBN 9788074914935
* *Nejlepší pro všechny*. Brno: Host, 2017. ISBN 9788075774002

**Children's Books**


title: Peter Weston

abstract: Peter Weston was a British science fiction fan from Birmingham, UK. Weston made many contributions in fan writing, fanzine editing, convention-running and in local science fiction clubs. His 1960s pseudonym "Malcolm Edwards" caused some confusion several years later, when a real Malcolm Edwards began contributing to British fanzines. They met in 1970. He produced the first issue of the science fiction fanzine Zenith in 1963 and he edited the Andromeda series of original anthologies from 1975 until 1977. In 2006, following the success of his Hugo-nominated memoir With Stars in My Eyes, Weston relaunched his fanzine Prolapse, after a 23-year hiatus. He was rewarded with a pair of Nova Awards the following year, for "best fanzine" and "best fan". As well as organising a series of science fiction symposia in Birmingham inspired by Speculation, Weston co-founded the Birmingham Science Fiction Group (BSFG) in 1971 and helped originate the convention Novacon later that same year. He later chaired Seacon '79, the third Worldcon to be held in the UK, and in October 2008 ran Cytricon V at the George Hotel in Kettering, a sequel to and commemoration of the event at which the modern British Science Fiction Association was created. At the last, a surprise ceremony was held, inducting him and fellow science fiction fan Rog Peyton into the long-dormant "fannish" organisation the Knights of Saint Fantony. Since 1984, the Hugo Awards have been cast by the car-parts factory which Weston owned and managed until he retired.

text:
# Peter Weston

**Peter Weston** (19 October 1943 – 5 January 2017) was a British science fiction fan from Birmingham, UK.

Weston made many contributions in fan writing, fanzine editing, convention-running and in local science fiction clubs. His 1960s pseudonym "Malcolm Edwards" caused some confusion several years later, when a real Malcolm Edwards began contributing to British fanzines. They met in 1970.

He produced the first issue of the science fiction fanzine *Zenith* (later *Speculation*) in 1963 and he edited the *Andromeda* series of original anthologies from 1975 until 1977. In 2006, following the success of his Hugo-nominated memoir *With Stars in My Eyes*, Weston relaunched his fanzine *Prolapse* (re-titled *Relapse* in 2009), after a 23-year hiatus. He was rewarded with a pair of Nova Awards the following year, for "best fanzine" and "best fan" (the latter being a committee award).

As well as organising a series of science fiction symposia in Birmingham inspired by *Speculation*, Weston co-founded the Birmingham Science Fiction Group (BSFG) in 1971 and helped originate the convention Novacon later that same year. He later chaired Seacon '79, the third Worldcon to be held in the UK, and in October 2008 ran Cytricon V at the George Hotel in Kettering, a sequel to and commemoration of the event at which the modern British Science Fiction Association was created. At the last, a surprise ceremony was held, inducting him and fellow science fiction fan Rog Peyton into the long-dormant "fannish" organisation the Knights of Saint Fantony.

Since 1984, the Hugo Awards (modelled in the shape of rockets and presented at the annual Worldcon) have been cast by the car-parts factory which Weston owned and managed until he retired.

## Awards and honours

He has been an official guest at a number of conventions, including:


title: Peter Westman

abstract: Peter Westman is a retired Swedish football goalkeeper.

text:
# Peter Westman

**Peter Westman** (born 12 July 1972) is a retired Swedish football goalkeeper.

## InfoBox

Peter Westman
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1972-07-12) 12 July 1972 | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2000–2010 | Örebro SK |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Petra Thümer

abstract: Petra Thümer is a former swimmer from East Germany. She won gold medals in the 400 m and 800 m freestyle at the 1976 Summer Olympics and the 1977 European Aquatics Championships. During her career she set five world records in the 400 m and 800 m freestyle. In 1987 she was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame. Later she admitted to using performance-enhancing drugs as part of the East German training system. For this reason she missed the 1978 World Championships – coaches feared she would not pass the doping test and excluded her from the East German team, officially explaining her absence by injuries. In 1979 she retired from swimming and worked as a photographer. She was married to the German Olympic athletes Klaus Katzur (swimmer) and Alf-Gerd Deckert.

text:
# Petra Thümer

**Petra Thümer** (later **Deckert** then **Katzur**, born 29 January 1961) is a former swimmer from East Germany. She won gold medals in the 400 m and 800 m freestyle at the 1976 Summer Olympics and the 1977 European Aquatics Championships. During her career she set five world records in the 400 m and 800 m freestyle. In 1987 she was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame.

Later she admitted to using performance-enhancing drugs as part of the East German training system. For this reason she missed the 1978 World Championships – coaches feared she would not pass the doping test and excluded her from the East German team, officially explaining her absence by injuries.

In 1979 she retired from swimming and worked as a photographer.

She was married to the German Olympic athletes Klaus Katzur (swimmer) and Alf-Gerd Deckert (cross-country skier).

## InfoBox

Petra Thümer
| Petra Thümer in 1976 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | East German |
| Born | (1961-01-29) 29 January 1961<br>Karl-Marx-Stadt, Sachsen, East Germany (now Chemnitz, Saxony, Germany) |
| Height | 1.74 m (5 ft 9 in) |
| Weight | 62 kg (137 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Swimming |
|  | |
| Strokes | Freestyle |
| Club | SC Karl-Marx-Stadt |
|  | |
| Medal record      Women's swimming  Representing  East Germany  Olympic Games  1976 Montreal  400 m freestyle  1976 Montreal  800 m freestyle  European Championships  1977 Jönköping  200 m freestyle  1977 Jönköping  400 m freestyle  1977 Jönköping  800 m freestyle | |


title: Petronet LNG

abstract: Petronet LNG Limited is an Indian oil and gas company formed by the Government of India to import liquefied natural gas (LNG) and set up LNG terminals in the country. It is a joint venture company promoted by the Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL), Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC), Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOC) and Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL). Petronet LNG Limited, one of the companies in the Indian energy sector, has set up the country's first LNG receiving and regasification terminal in Dahej, Gujarat, and another terminal in Kochi, Kerala. While the Dahej terminal has a nominal capacity of 17.5 million tonnes per year, the Kochi terminal has a capacity of 5 million tonnes per year. Plans to build a third LNG terminal in Gangavaram, Andhra Pradesh were dropped in October 2019. Formed as a joint venture by the Government of India to import LNG and set up LNG terminals in the country, it involves India's leading oil and natural gas industry players. Its promoters are GAIL (India) Limited (GAIL), Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC), Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) and Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL). The authorized capital is Rs. 3,000 crore. The company selected Gaz de France as its strategic partner. The company has also signed an LNG sale and purchase agreements with QatarEnergy LNG for the supply of 8.5 MTPA LNG to India. Petronet LNG Ltd has set up its first LNG terminal in Dahej in Gujarat with the capacity of 15 million metric tons per year. Capacity of Dahej Terminal will expand to 17.5 million tons per year till 2019. Another terminal with capacity 5 million tons per year is commissioned in Kochi (Kerala) and started its operations in August 2013. Petronet LNG is planning to set up its third LNG terminal with capacity 5 million tons per year probably in Andhra Pradesh. Kochi LNG Terminal is situated in the Special Economic Zone (SEZ) of Puthuvypeen near the entrance to Cochin Port, Kerala. The jetty facility at Kochi terminal is designed to receive LNG tankers of capacity from 65,000 m⁳ up to 216,000 m⁳, with possibility of receiving suitable smaller ships. There are various services offered by Petronet LNG Limited, like regasification, storage and reloading, bunkering, gassing-up and cooling-down facilities and LNG truck loading facilities. In September 2019, PetroNet signed an MoU with United States–based Tellurian Inc to purchase a stake in the latter's Driftwood project in Louisiana and to import 5 million tonnes of LNG annually. The deal was initially expected to be finalized by 31 March 2020, but the non-binding agreement was instead terminated in November 2020 due to low LNG prices adversely affecting the investment case. On 6 February 2024, Petronet LNG signed a supply deal with QatarEnergy for 7.5 million metric tons a year of LNG from 2028 to 2048. The agreement was to renew an existing deal with QatarEnergy that expires in 2028 for the same amount of yearly LNG deliveries. On 20 August 2024, MoU was signed between Sri Lanka's LTL Holdings Limited and India's Petronet LNG Limited for the infrastructure development of the Sobadhanavi Combined Cycle Power Plant at Kerawalapitiya, north Colombo.

text:
# Petronet LNG

**Petronet LNG Limited** is an Indian oil and gas company formed by the Government of India to import liquefied natural gas (LNG) and set up LNG terminals in the country. It is a joint venture company promoted by the Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL), Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC), Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOC) and Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL). Petronet LNG Limited, one of the companies in the Indian energy sector, has set up the country's first LNG receiving and regasification terminal in Dahej, Gujarat, and another terminal in Kochi, Kerala. While the Dahej terminal has a nominal capacity of 17.5 million tonnes per year (equivalent to 70 million cubic metre per day of natural gas at standard conditions), the Kochi terminal has a capacity of 5 million tonnes per year (equivalent to 20 million cubic metre per day of natural gas). Plans to build a third LNG terminal in Gangavaram, Andhra Pradesh were dropped in October 2019.

Formed as a joint venture by the Government of India to import LNG and set up LNG terminals in the country, it involves India's leading oil and natural gas industry players. Its promoters are GAIL (India) Limited (GAIL), Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC), Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) and Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL). The authorized capital is Rs. 3,000 crore ($420 million approx).

The company selected Gaz de France as its strategic partner. The company has also signed an LNG sale and purchase agreements with QatarEnergy LNG for the supply of 8.5 MTPA LNG to India.

Petronet LNG Ltd has set up its first LNG terminal in Dahej in Gujarat with the capacity of 15 million metric tons per year. Capacity of Dahej Terminal will expand to 17.5 million tons per year till 2019. Another terminal with capacity 5 million tons per year is commissioned in Kochi (Kerala) and started its operations in August 2013. Petronet LNG is planning to set up its third LNG terminal with capacity 5 million tons per year probably in Andhra Pradesh.

Kochi LNG Terminal is situated in the Special Economic Zone (SEZ) of Puthuvypeen near the entrance to Cochin Port, Kerala. The jetty facility at Kochi terminal is designed to receive LNG tankers of capacity from 65,000 m3 up to 216,000 m3, with possibility of receiving suitable smaller ships.

There are various services offered by Petronet LNG Limited, like regasification, storage and reloading, bunkering, gassing-up and cooling-down facilities and LNG truck loading facilities.

In September 2019, PetroNet signed an MoU with United States–based Tellurian Inc to purchase a stake in the latter's Driftwood project in Louisiana and to import 5 million tonnes of LNG annually. The deal was initially expected to be finalized by 31 March 2020, but the non-binding agreement was instead terminated in November 2020 due to low LNG prices adversely affecting the investment case.

On 6 February 2024, Petronet LNG signed a supply deal with QatarEnergy for 7.5 million metric tons a year of LNG from 2028 to 2048. The agreement was to renew an existing deal with QatarEnergy that expires in 2028 for the same amount of yearly LNG deliveries.

On 20 August 2024, MoU was signed between Sri Lanka's LTL Holdings Limited and India's Petronet LNG Limited for the infrastructure development of the Sobadhanavi Combined Cycle Power Plant at Kerawalapitiya, north Colombo.

## Listings and shareholding

| Shareholder | Shareholding |
| --- | --- |
| Public and FIIs | 50.00% |
| Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) | 12.50% |
| Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) | 12.50% |
| Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL) | 12.50% |
| Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC) | 12.50% |

## InfoBox

Petronet LNG Limited
|
|  |
|
| Company type | Public |
| Traded as |  |
| Industry | Oil and gas |
| Founded | 1998 (1998) |
| Headquarters | New Delhi, India |
| Key people | Pankaj Jain (Non-Executive Chairman)
Akshay Kumar Singh (MD & CEO) |
| Products | Liquefied natural gas |
| Revenue | 52,729 crore (US$6.3 billion)(FY24) |
| Operating income | 4,947 crore (US$590 million)(FY24) |
| Net income | 3,527 crore (US$420 million)(FY24) |
| Total assets | 25,523 crore (US$3.1 billion) (FY24) |
| Total equity | 17,410 crore (US$2.1 billion) (FY24) |
| Owner | Government of India |
| Number of employees | 508 (2020) |
| Website | www.petronetlng.in |


title: Petronella van Woensel

abstract: Petronella van Woensel was a Dutch painter and a graphic artist. Woensel was born in Raalte and became a pupil of the flower painters Georgius Jacobus Johannes van Os and Jan van Os. She is known for her flower paintings and from 1822 was an honorary member of the Koninklijke Academie voor Beeldende Kunsten. There exist also sets of drawings and etchings by her hand, many of them are copy after other masters. She died in the arms of her best friend and colleague, Maria Margaretha van Os. Woensel died in The Hague.

text:
# Petronella van Woensel

**Petronella van Woensel** (14 May 1785 – 12 November 1839) was a Dutch painter and a graphic artist.

Woensel was born in Raalte and became a pupil of the flower painters Georgius Jacobus Johannes van Os and Jan van Os. She is known for her flower paintings and from 1822 was an honorary member of the Koninklijke Academie voor Beeldende Kunsten. There exist also sets of drawings and etchings by her hand, many of them are copy after other masters. She died in the arms of her best friend and colleague, Maria Margaretha van Os.

Woensel died in The Hague.

## InfoBox

| Petronella van Woensel | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 14 May 1785
Raalte |
| Died | 12 November 1839
The Hague |
| Nationality | Dutch |


title: Phaecasiophora confixana

abstract: Phaecasiophora confixana, the macramé moth, is a species of tortricid moth in the family Tortricidae. The MONA or Hodges number for Phaecasiophora confixana is 2771.

text:
# Phaecasiophora confixana

***Phaecasiophora confixana***, the **macramé moth**, is a species of tortricid moth in the family Tortricidae.

The MONA or Hodges number for *Phaecasiophora confixana* is 2771.

## Further reading

* Beadle, David; Leckie, Seabrooke (2012). *Peterson Field Guide to Moths of Northeastern North America*. Virginia Museum of Natural History. ISBN 0547238487.
* Covell, Charles V. Jr. (2005). *A Field Guide to Moths of Eastern North America*. Special Publication Number 12. Virginia Museum of Natural History. ISBN 1-884549-21-7.
* Grote, Aug.R.; Robinson, C.T. (1868). *List of the Lepidoptera of North America*. American Entomological Society.
* Heppner, J.B. (2003). "Lepidoptera of Florida. Part 1. Introduction and catalog" (PDF). *Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Areas*. **17**. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. ISSN 0066-8036. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-04-23. Retrieved 2018-04-07.
* Hodges, Ronald W., ed. (1983). *Check List of the Lepidoptera of America North of Mexico: Including Greenland*. E.W. Classey and The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation. ISBN 9780860960164.
* Pohl, Greg; Patterson, Bob; Pelham, Jonathan (2016). Annotated taxonomic checklist of the Lepidoptera of North America, North of Mexico (Report). doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.2186.3287.
* Powell, Jerry A.; Opler, Paul A. (2009). *Moths of Western North America*. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520251977.

## InfoBox

| *Phaecasiophora confixana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Phaecasiophora* |
| Species: | ***P. confixana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phaecasiophora confixana***<br>Walker, 1863 | |
|


title: Phaecadophora

abstract: Phaecadophora is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily Olethreutinae of the family Tortricidae.

text:
# Phaecadophora

***Phaecadophora*** is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily Olethreutinae of the family Tortricidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Phaecadophora* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Tribe: | Olethreutini |
| Genus: | *Phaecadophora*<br>Walsingham, 1900 |
|


title: Phaecasiophora pertexta

abstract: Phaecasiophora pertexta is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Vietnam and India.

text:
# Phaecasiophora pertexta

***Phaecasiophora pertexta*** is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Vietnam and India.

## InfoBox

| *Phaecasiophora pertexta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Phaecasiophora* |
| Species: | ***P. pertexta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phaecasiophora pertexta***<br>(Meyrick, 1920) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Argyroploce pertexta* Meyrick, 1920 * *Phaecasiophora guttulosa* Diakonoff, 1973 | |


title: Phaea mariae

abstract: Phaea mariae is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Chemsak in 1999. It is known from Guatemala.

text:
# Phaea mariae

***Phaea mariae*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Chemsak in 1999. It is known from Guatemala.

## InfoBox

| *Phaea mariae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Phaea* |
| Species: | ***P. mariae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phaea mariae***<br>Chemsak, 1999 | |
|


title: Phalanta

abstract: Phalanta is a genus of butterflies, called leopards, in the family Nymphalidae. The genus ranges from Africa to northern Australia.

text:
# Phalanta

***Phalanta*** is a genus of butterflies, called **leopards**, in the family Nymphalidae. The genus ranges from Africa to northern Australia.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Phalanta* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Phalanta phalantha* in Bangalore, India | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Nymphalidae |
| Tribe: | Vagrantini |
| Genus: | *Phalanta*<br>Horsfield, \[1829\] |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Atella* Doubleday, 1847 * *Albericia* Dufrane, 1945 | |


title: Phenomics

abstract: Phenomics is the systematic study of traits that make up an organisms phenotype, which changes over time, due to development and aging or through metamorphosis such as when a caterpillar changes into a butterfly. The term phenomics was coined by UC Berkeley and LBNL scientist Steven A. Garan. As such, it is a transdisciplinary area of research that involves biology, data sciences, engineering and other fields. Phenomics is concerned with the measurement of the phenotype where a phenome is a set of traits that can be produced by a given organism over the course of development and in response to genetic mutation and environmental influences. An organism's phenotype changes with time. The relationship between phenotype and genotype enables researchers to understand and study pleiotropy. Phenomics concepts are used in functional genomics, pharmaceutical research, metabolic engineering, agricultural research, and increasingly in phylogenetics. Technical challenges involve improving, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the capacity to measure phenomes.

text:
# Phenomics

**Phenomics** is the systematic study of traits that make up an organisms phenotype, which changes over time, due to development and aging or through metamorphosis such as when a caterpillar changes into a butterfly. The term phenomics was coined by UC Berkeley and LBNL scientist Steven A. Garan. As such, it is a transdisciplinary area of research that involves biology, data sciences, engineering and other fields. Phenomics is concerned with the measurement of the phenotype where a phenome is a set of traits (physical and biochemical traits) that can be produced by a given organism over the course of development and in response to genetic mutation and environmental influences.

An organism's phenotype changes with time. The relationship between phenotype and genotype enables researchers to understand and study pleiotropy. Phenomics concepts are used in functional genomics, pharmaceutical research, metabolic engineering, agricultural research, and increasingly in phylogenetics.

Technical challenges involve improving, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the capacity to measure phenomes.

## Applications

### Plant sciences

In plant sciences, phenomics research occurs in both field and controlled environments. Field phenomics encompasses the measurement of phenotypes that occur in both cultivated and natural conditions, whereas controlled environment phenomics research involves the use of glass houses, growth chambers, and other systems where growth conditions can be manipulated. The University of Arizona's Field Scanner in Maricopa, Arizona is a platform developed to measure field phenotypes. Controlled environment systems include the Enviratron at Iowa State University, the Plant Cultivation Hall under construction at IPK, and platforms at the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, and elsewhere.

## Standards, methods, tools, and instrumentation

A Minimal Information About a Plant Phenotyping Experiment (MIAPPE) standard is available and in use among many researchers collecting and organizing plant phenomics data. A diverse set of computer vision methods exist to analyze 2D and 3D imaging data of plants. These methods are available to the community in various implementations, ranging from end-user ready cyber-platforms in the cloud such as DIRT and PlantIt to programming frameworks for software developers such as PlantCV. Many research groups are focused on developing systems using the Breeding API, a Standardized RESTful Web Service API Specification for communicating Plant Breeding Data.

The Australian Plant Phenomics Facility (APPF), an initiative of the Australian government, has developed a number of new instruments for comprehensive and fast measurements of phenotypes in both the lab and the field.

## Research coordination and communities

The International Plant Phenotyping Network (IPPN) is an organization that seeks to enable exchange of knowledge, information, and expertise across many disciplines involved in plant phenomics by providing a network linking members, platform operators, users, research groups, developers, and policy makers. Regional partners include, the European Plant Phenotyping Network (EPPN), the North American Plant Phenotyping Network (NAPPN), and others.

The European research infrastructure for plant phenotyping, EMPHASIS, enables researchers to use facilities, services and resources for multi-scale plant phenotyping across Europe. EMPHASIS aims to promote future food security and agricultural business in a changing climate by enabling scientists to better understand plant performance and translate this knowledge into application.

## Further reading