title: List of districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

abstract: The province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the third-largest province of Pakistan by population and the smallest province by area, is divided into 38 districts and seven divisions. Below, you will find a detailed overview of the history of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's districts and divisions, a map showing each district, the divisions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and their districts, and a list showing each district's name, the division the district belongs to, the district's area, the location of the district's headquarters, the district's population and population density, the average annual population growth rate of each district, and a map showing each district's location.

text:
# List of districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

The province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the third-largest province of Pakistan by population and the smallest province by area, is divided into 38 districts and seven divisions.

Below, you will find a detailed overview of the history of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's districts and divisions, a map showing each district, the divisions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and their districts, and a list showing each district's name, the division the district belongs to, the district's area, the location of the district's headquarters, the district's population and population density (in 2017), the average annual population growth rate of each district (between 1998 and 2017), and a map showing each district's location.

## History

### 1901 to 2010

Districts have formed an integral part of civil administration in the subcontinent since colonial times. When the North-West Frontier Province (the former name of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) formed in November 1901, it was divided into five "settled districts": Bannu, Dera Ismail Khan, Hazara, Kohat, and Peshawar, and a "trans-border tract" of land which encompassed five "Political Agencies": Khyber, Kurram, Malakand, Tochi, and Wano. The four districts Bannu, Dera Ismail Khan, Kohat, and Peshawar were considered "Trans-Indus" districts.

By the time of the 1941 census of British India, Tochi Agency had been renamed "North Waziristan Agency", Wana Agency had been renamed "South Waziristan Agency", and two tehsils of Peshawar District (Mardan and Swabi) were split off to form Mardan District, which became the fifth "Trans-Indus" district. The six districts of the North-West Frontier Province had also all been given their own "Frontier Regions", which were tribal areas that were under the control of the deputy commissioner of an adjacent district.

### 1947 to 1954

Upon the independence of Pakistan, the six districts of the North-West Frontier Province retained their borders and status within the province, but the five tribal agencies and six frontier regions all split off from the province, creating the Federally Administered Tribal Areas. The Federally Administered Tribal Areas was an administrative unit of Pakistan governed from Islamabad which had an area larger than the province itself.

In 1951, parts of Malakand Agency were split off to create the Mohmand Agency in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas.

### 1954 to 1972

In 1954, the One Unit policy that consolidated all of West Pakistan into one province began. From 1954 to 1970, the North-West Frontier Province ceased to exist. The death of the province brought the rise of the area's first divisions (divisions had already existed in Punjab and East Bengal, but none of the other provinces had any divisions until One Unit). The area that once covered the North-West Frontier Province and Federally Administered Tribal Areas was split among two divisions: Dera Ismail Khan Division and Peshawar Division. Dera Ismail Khan Division covered Bannu District, Dera Ismail Khan District, North Waziristan Agency, and South Waziristan Agency, and Peshawar Division covered Hazara District, Kohat District, Mardan District, Peshawar District, Kurram Agency, Khyber Agency, Malakand Agency, and Mohmand Agency. The frontier regions which had previously existed were absorbed into their respective districts at this time.

The One Unit policy ended in 1970 and the provinces returned with their original forms (which also meant that the Federally Administered Tribal Areas and the North-West Frontier Province were separate once more, and that the Frontier Regions regained their status as administrative units). The divisions that had been created as a result of the policy stayed in the North-West Frontier Province, but were abolished entirely in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas.

By the time of the 1972 Census of Pakistan, many changes had been made to the administrative map:

* Malakand Division had been created between 1961 and 1972 using the area that covered most of the now-defunct Malakand Agency, and was split up into the districts of Chitral, Dir, Malakand, Shangla and Swat;
* The districts of Hazara and Mardan had absorbed their frontier regions;
* The Bajaur Agency was created out of the areas of the now-defunct Malakand Agency that were not placed in Malakand Division.

This meant that at the North-West Frontier Province was divided into three divisions and ten districts, while the Federally Administered Tribal Areas were divided into six Political Agencies and four Frontier Regions. The administrative divisions of the region were as follows (districts and divisions which do not exist anymore are in *italic*):

Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (1954–1972)
| Province/territory | Divisions | Districts |
| --- | --- | --- |
| North-West Frontier Province | Dera Ismail Khan Division |  |
| | Malakand Division |  |
| | Peshawar Division |  |
| Federally Administered Tribal Areas | Political Agencies |  |
| | Frontier Regions |  |

### 1972 to 1981

Throughout the years between 1972 and 1981, new divisions and districts kept on being divided and created and changes kept on being made to the administrative map:

Hazara Division was created out of the area that covered the now-defunct Hazara District and parts of Swat District, in Malakand Division. Hazara Division was split up into three districts, which were Abbottabad District (formed out of Abbottabad, Amb, and Haripur Tehsils of Hazara District), Kohistan District (formed out of six tehsils of Swat District and eight union councils of Batagram Tehsil (in Hazara District), and Mansehra District (formed out of Batagram Tehsil (exc. eight union councils which were given to Kohistan District) and Mansehra Tehsil in Hazara District).

The agency of Orakzai was created out of parts of the Frontier Region Kohat (which still existed, but was smaller) in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas.

This meant that by the time of the 1981 Census of Pakistan, the North-West Frontier Province had 12 districts (two more than in 1972) organized into four divisions (one more than in 1972) and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas had seven Political Agencies (one more than in 1972) and four Frontier Regions. You can find a list of them below (districts and divisions which do not exist anymore are in *italic*):

Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (1972–1981)
| Province/territory | Divisions | Districts |
| --- | --- | --- |
| North-West Frontier Province | Dera Ismail Khan Division |  |
| | Hazara Division |  |
| | Malakand Division |  |
| | Peshawar Division |  |
| Federally Administered Tribal Areas | Political Agencies |  |
| | Frontier Regions |  |

### 1981 to 1998

Between the 1981 and 1998 censuses of Pakistan, many changes to the administrative map of the North-West Frontier Province:

Dir District was split up into Lower Dir District (formed out of the sub-divisions of Dir and Wari) and Upper Dir District (formed out of the sub-divisions of Timergara and Jandool); the sub-divisions of Daggar/Buner and Alpuri were split off of Swat District to form the districts of Buner and Shangla respectively;

Batagram Tehsil was separated from Mansehra District to form the new Batagram District and many union councils which were once part of Abbottabad District (most of which were part of Amb Tehsil before 1981) were absorbed into Mansehra District; what was left of Abbottabad District was divided into Haripur District (formed of Haripur Tehsil and portions of Abbottabad Tehsil) and Abbottabad District (formed of Abbottabad Tehsil excluding the portions taken by Haripur District);

Mardan Division was formed out of Mardan District (formerly in Peshawar Division) and was split into the districts of Mardan (covering the area of Mardan Tehsil, part of Mardan District) and Swabi (covering the area of Swabi Tehsil, part of Mardan District);

Kohat Division was formed out of Kohat District (formerly in Peshawar Division) and was split into the districts of Karak (covering the areas of Karak Tehsil and parts of Hangu and Kohat Tehsils, all of which were formerly part of Kohat District), Kohat (covering the areas of Kohat Tehsil, minus the parts of the tehsil that were absorbed into Karak District), and Hangu (covering the areas of Hangu Tehsil minus the parts of the tehsil that were absorbed into Karak District);

Peshawar District was split into three districts, Charsadda (upgraded from Charsadda Tehsil), Nowshera (made from most of the area of Nowshera Tehsil), and Peshawar (made from Peshawar Tehsil and parts of the area of Nowshera Tehsil);

Bannu Division was formed out of Bannu District (formerly in Dera Ismail Khan Division), and was split into the districts of Bannu (covering most of the areas of Bannu Tehsil) and Lakki Marwat (covering the area of Lakki Marwat Tehsil, along with parts of Bannu Tehsil);

Dera Ismail Khan District was bifurcated into Dera Ismail Khan District (created from Dera Ismail Khan Tehsil) and Tank District (created from Tank Tehsil).

As for the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, the agencies remained the same and retained the exact same borders they had in 1981, but two more frontier regions were created: Frontier Region Lakki Marwat and Frontier Region Tank. These two frontier regions were created from parts of Frontier Region Dera Ismail Khan, which was, in 1981, split up into two non-contiguous sections. The northern section was divided into Frontier Region Lakki Marwat and Frontier Region Tank upon the creation of Lakki Marwat and Tank Districts, but Frontier Region Dera Ismail Khan retained the southern section.

This meant that by the time of the 1998 Census of Pakistan, the North-West Frontier Province had 24 districts (twelve more than in 1981) organized into seven divisions (three more than in 1981) and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas had seven Political Agencies and six Frontier Regions (two more than in 1981). You can find a list of them below (districts and divisions which do not exist anymore are in *italic*):

Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (1981–1998)
| Province/territory | Divisions | Districts |
| --- | --- | --- |
| North-West Frontier Province | Bannu Division |  |
| | Dera Ismail Khan Division |  |
| | Hazara Division |  |
| | Kohat Division |  |
| | Malakand Division |  |
| | Mardan Division |  |
| | Peshawar Division |  |
| Federally Administered Tribal Areas | Political Agencies |  |
| | Frontier Regions |  |

### 1998 to 2017

In August 2000, all of the divisions throughout Pakistan were abolished, but were reinstated in their exact previous forms eight years later after the elections of 2008.

On the other hand, no changes occurred to the 1998 district setup for over a decade, until 2010, when the North-West Frontier Province was renamed Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. One year later, in 2011, Kala Dhaka Tehsil was separated from Mansehra District to become Torghar District, the 25th district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. These 25 districts (the 24 districts dating to 1998 and Torghar) were the only districts recorded as a part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa during the 2017 Census.

This meant that by the time of the 2017 Census of Pakistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa had 25 districts (one more than in 1998) organized into seven divisions and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas had seven Political Agencies and six Frontier Regions. You can find a list of them below (districts and divisions which do not exist anymore are in *italic*):

Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (1998–2017)
| Province/territory | Divisions | Districts |
| --- | --- | --- |
| North-West Frontier Province
(renamed to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2010) | Bannu Division |  |
| | Dera Ismail Khan Division |  |
| | Hazara Division |  |
| | Kohat Division |  |
| | Malakand Division |  |
| | Mardan Division |  |
| | Peshawar Division |  |
| Federally Administered Tribal Areas | Political Agencies |  |
| | Frontier Regions |  |

### 2017 to present

In 2014, Kohistan District was bifurcated into Upper Kohistan District and Lower Kohistan District, but tensions on the bifurcation did not resolve until late 2017 (after the 2017 census), when Kolai-Palas District was formed as well. This meant that Kohistan District was still legally one administrative unit until after the time of the 2017 census (the bifurcation was delayed in light of the political tensions, and did not go through until late 2017, when Kohistan district was split into three districts).

On 31 May 2018, the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan was put into force. This amendment merged the Federally Administered Tribal Areas with the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and changes the province's borders and layout drastically. Each of the seven agencies in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (Bajaur, Kurram, Khyber, Mohmand, North Waziristan, Orakzai, and South Waziristan) was made into its own district and added into an adjacent division (Bajaur District became a part of Malakand Division, Khyber and Mohmand Districts joined Peshawar Division, Kurram and Orakzai Districts joined Kohat Division, North Waziristan District joined Bannu Division, and South Waziristan District joined Dera Ismail Khan Division). The six Frontier Regions joined the districts they were adjacent to (Frontier Region Bannu was incorporated into Bannu District, Frontier Region Kohat was incorporated into Kohat District etc.).

In late 2018, Chitral District, formerly the largest district in the province by area, was bifurcated into Upper Chitral District, from Mastuj Tehsil, and Lower Chitral District, from Chitral Tehsil. In 2022, South Waziristan district was bifurcated into Upper South Waziristan headquarter Spinkai Karzai and Lower South Waziristan headquarter Wana.This raised the number of districts in the province to 37, where it stands to this day. You can observe the current setup in the maps and lists below.

## List of districts

Below you will find a list of all 38 districts in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, along with the division it belongs to, the area of the district, the population and population density of the district, the average annual population growth rate of each district (between 1998 and 2017), and a map showing its location. The districts are initially listed in alphabetical order, but they can be sorted in different ways by clicking the headers of the table.

| Name | Division | Population (2017) | Total Area | Population Density (2017) | Average Annual Population Growth Rate (1998 - 2017) | Map |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Abbottabad District | Hazara Division | 1,332,912 | 1,967 km2 (759 sq mi) | 677.64/km2 (1,755.1/sq mi) | 2.20% |  |
| Allai District | Hazara Division | 180,414 | 521 km2 (201 sq mi) | 350/km2 (900/sq mi) |  |  |
| Bajaur District | Malakand Division | 1,093,684 | 1,290 km2 (500 sq mi) | 847.82/km2 (2,195.8/sq mi) | 3.25% |  |
| Bannu District | Bannu Division | 1,211,006 | 1,972 km2 (761 sq mi) | 614.10/km2 (1,590.5/sq mi) | 2.96% |  |
| Battagram District | Hazara Division | 476,612 | 1,301 km2 (502 sq mi) | 366.34/km2 (948.8/sq mi) | 2.33% |  |
| Buner District | Malakand Division | 897,319 | 1,865 km2 (720 sq mi) | 481.14/km2 (1,246.1/sq mi) | 3.05% |  |
| Central Dir District | Malakand Division | 595,227 | 1,483 km2 (573 sq mi) | 400/km2 (1,000/sq mi) |  |  |
| Charsadda District | Peshawar Division | 1,616,198 | 996 km2 (385 sq mi) | 1,622.69/km2 (4,202.7/sq mi) | 2.43% |  |
| Dera Ismail Khan District | Dera Ismail Khan Division | 1,695,688 | 9,334 km2 (3,604 sq mi) | 181.67/km2 (470.5/sq mi) | 3.43% |  |
| Hangu District | Kohat Division | 518,798 | 1,097 km2 (424 sq mi) | 472.92/km2 (1,224.9/sq mi) | 2.66% |  |
| Haripur District | Hazara Division | 1,003,031 | 1,725 km2 (666 sq mi) | 581.47/km2 (1,506.0/sq mi) | 1.97% |  |
| Karak District | Kohat Division | 706,299 | 3,371 km2 (1,302 sq mi) | 209.52/km2 (542.7/sq mi) | 2.63% |  |
| Khyber District | Peshawar Division | 986,973 | 2,576 km2 (995 sq mi) | 383.14/km2 (992.3/sq mi) | 3.15% |  |
| Kohat District | Kohat Division | 1,112,452 | 2,991 km2 (1,155 sq mi) | 371.93/km2 (963.3/sq mi) | 2.85% |  |
| Kolai-Palas District | Hazara Division | 275,461 | 1,238 km2 (478 sq mi) | N/A | 2.71% |  |
| Kurram District | Kohat Division | 619,553 | 3,380 km2 (1,310 sq mi) | 183.30/km2 (474.7/sq mi) | 1.71% |  |
| Lakki Marwat District | Bannu Division | 902,541 | 3,296 km2 (1,273 sq mi) | 273.83/km2 (709.2/sq mi) | 3.18% |  |
| Lower Chitral District | Malakand Division | 278,122 | 6,458 km2 (2,493 sq mi) | 43.06/km2 (111.5/sq mi) | 2.17% |  |
| Lower Dir District | Malakand Division | 1,435,917 | 1,583 km2 (611 sq mi) | 907.09/km2 (2,349.4/sq mi) | 3.71% |  |
| Lower Kohistan District | Hazara Division | 202,913 | 850 km2 (330 sq mi) | N/A | 2.70% |  |
| Lower South Waziristan District | Dera Ismail Khan Division |  |  |  |  |  |
| Malakand District | Malakand Division | 720,295 | 952 km2 (368 sq mi) | 756.61/km2 (1,959.6/sq mi) | 2.47% |  |
| Mansehra District | Hazara Division | 1,556,460 | 4,125 km2 (1,593 sq mi) | 377.32/km2 (977.3/sq mi) | 2.47% |  |
| Mardan District | Mardan Division | 2,373,061 | 1,632 km2 (630 sq mi) | 1,454.08/km2 (3,766.0/sq mi) | 2.58% |  |
| Mohmand District | Peshawar Division | 466,984 | 2,296 km2 (886 sq mi) | 203.39/km2 (526.8/sq mi) | 1.77% |  |
| North Waziristan District | Bannu Division | 543,254 | 4,707 km2 (1,817 sq mi) | 115.41/km2 (298.9/sq mi) | 2.17% |  |
| Nowshera District | Peshawar Division | 1,518,540 | 1,748 km2 (675 sq mi) | 868.73/km2 (2,250.0/sq mi) | 2.94% |  |
| Orakzai District | Kohat Division | 254,356 | 1,538 km2 (594 sq mi) | 165.38/km2 (428.3/sq mi) | 0.64% |  |
| Peshawar District | Peshawar Division | 4,333,770 | 1,518 km2 (586 sq mi) | 2,854.92/km2 (7,394.2/sq mi) | 3.93% |  |
| Shangla District | Malakand Division | 757,810 | 1,586 km2 (612 sq mi) | 477.81/km2 (1,237.5/sq mi) | 2.96% |  |
| Swabi District | Mardan Division | 1,624,616 | 1,543 km2 (596 sq mi) | 1,052.89/km2 (2,727.0/sq mi) | 2.44% |  |
| Swat District | Malakand Division | 2,309,570 | 5,337 km2 (2,061 sq mi) | 432.75/km2 (1,120.8/sq mi) | 3.24% |  |
| Tank District | Dera Ismail Khan Division | 428,274 | 2,900 km2 (1,100 sq mi) | 147.68/km2 (382.5/sq mi) | 2.54% |  |
| Torghar District | Hazara Division | 171,395 | 454 km2 (175 sq mi) | 377.52/km2 (977.8/sq mi) | -0.10% |  |
| Upper Chitral District | Malakand Division | 169,240 | 8,392 km2 (3,240 sq mi) | 20.17/km2 (52.2/sq mi) | 1.24% |  |
| Upper Dir District | Malakand Division | 946,421 | 3,699 km2 (1,428 sq mi) | 255.86/km2 (662.7/sq mi) | 2.64% |  |
| Upper Kohistan District | Hazara Division | 306,337 | 4,158 km2 (1,605 sq mi) | 73.67/km2 (190.8/sq mi) | 2.69% |  |
| Upper South Waziristan District | Dera Ismail Khan Division |  |  |  |  |  |
|

A.   In 2017 Bajaur District was not a district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, but was an agency in FATA. B.   In 2017 Bannu District was split into both the "Frontier Region Bannu" (a part of FATA) and "Bannu District". C.   In 2017 Dera Ismail Khan District was split into both the "Frontier Region Dera Ismail Khan" (a part of FATA) and "Dera Ismail Khan District". D.   In 2017 Khyber District was not a district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, but was an agency in FATA. E.   In 2017 Kohat District was split into both the "Frontier Region Kohat" (a part of FATA) and "Kohat District". F.   In 2017 Kolai-Palas District was not a district, but a part of the erstwhile Kohistan District. Today it occupies the area the Palas Tehsil used to occupy. Also, due to discrepancies in the source regarding the population of each of Kohistan's Tehsils (when the Tehsils are added one person is missing), a different and more up to date source is used for the districts covering the Kohistan region. G.   In 2017 Kurram District was not a district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, but was an agency in FATA. H.   In 2017 Lakki Marwat District was split into both the "Frontier Region Lakki Marwat" (a part of FATA) and "Lakki Marwat District". I.   In 2017 Lower Chitral District was not a district, but a part of the erstwhile Chitral District. Today it occupies the area the Chitral Tehsil (or Chitral Subdivision) used to occupy. J.   In 2017 Lower Kohistan District was not a district, but a part of the erstwhile Kohistan District. Today it occupies the area the Pattan Tehsil used to occupy. Also, due to discrepancies in the source regarding the population of each of Kohistan's Tehsils (when the Tehsils are added one person is missing), a different and more up to date source is used for the districts covering the Kohistan region. K.   In 2017 Mohmand District was not a district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, but was an agency in FATA. L.   In 2017 North Waziristan District was not a district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, but was an agency in FATA. M.   In 2017 Orakzai District was not a district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, but was an agency in FATA. N.   In 2017 Peshawar District was split into both the "Frontier Region Peshawar" (a part of FATA) and "Peshawar District". O.   In 2017 South Waziristan District was not a district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, but was an agency in FATA. P.   In 2017 Tank District was split into both the "Frontier Region Tank" (a part of FATA) and "Tank District". Q.   In 2017 Upper Chitral District was not a district, but a part of the erstwhile Chitral District. Today it occupies the area the Mastuj Tehsil (or Mastuj Subdivision) used to occupy. R.   In 2017 Upper Kohistan District was not a district, but a part of the erstwhile Kohistan District. Today it occupies the area the Dassu and Kandia Tehsils used to occupy (between 1998 Kandia Tehsil split off from Dassu Tehsil). Also, due to discrepancies in the source regarding the population of each of Kohistan's Tehsils (when the Tehsils are added one person is missing), a different and more up to date source is used for the districts covering the Kohistan region. S.   No area data is given for Kolai-Palas District and Lower Kohistan District because in the source (dated 1998), Palas Tehsil (which became Kolai-Palas) and Pattan Tehsil (which became Lower Kohistan), even though their populations were reported separately, the area that was given was the combined area of both tehsils. The combined area of both tehsils (which are today districts) is 3,334 km2 (1,287 sq mi).  1. "Census of India, 1911. Volume XIII. North-west Frontier Province" (PDF). *1911 - North West Frontier Province - Vol I and II.pdf*. Superintendent of Census Operations. 1912. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 August 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
2. Scott, I.D. "Census of India, 1941 Volume X" (PDF). *North-West Frontier Province, Volume X*. Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
3. "Census of Pakistan, 1951 Urban and Rural Population & Area (Tables 1 & 1A)" (PDF). *Census of Pakistan 1951 Urban & Rural Population & Area.pdf*. Office of the Census Commissioner Government of Pakistan, Ministry of the Interior Karachi . September 1952. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 August 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
4. "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa". *Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | province, Pakistan | Britannica*. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 26 August 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
5. "CENSUS OF PAKISTAN POPULATION 1961 VOLUME 1" (PDF). *1961 Population Census of Pakistan.pdf*. THE MINISTRY OF HOME & KASHMIR AFFAIRS (HOME AFFAIRS DIVISION) GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN. 1964. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 August 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
6. "1981 CENSUS REPORT OF PAKISTAN" (PDF). *Population Census of Pakistan 1981 PAKISTAN.pdf*. POPULATION CENSUS ORGANIZATION STATISTICS DIVISION GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN. December 1984. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 August 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
7. "1951 - 1998 POPULATION OF ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS (AS ON 1st MARCH 1998)" (PDF). *1951-98 Population of Administrative Units (As on 1 March 1998).pdf*. POPULATION CENSUS ORGANIZATION STATISTICS DIVISION GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN. January 2002. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 August 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
8. "Tor Ghar: Kala Dhaka becomes 25th K-P District". *Tor Ghar: Kala Dhaka becomes 25th K-P District - The Express Tribune*. The Express Tribune. 28 January 2011. Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
9. "TABLE - 1: PROVISIONAL PROVINCE WISE POPULATION BY SEX AND RURAL/URBAN CENSUS - 2017 PAKISTAN" (PDF). *DISTRICT\_WISE\_CENSUS\_RESULTS\_CENSUS\_2017.pdf*. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
10. "PROVINCE WISE PROVISIONAL RESULTS OF CENSUS - 2017" (PDF). *PAKISTAN TEHSIL WISE FOR WEB CENSUS\_2017.pdf*. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
11. "Kohistan bifurcated in lower and upper districts". *Kohistan bifurcated in lower and upper districts*. The News International. 16 January 2014. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
12. Nisar Ahmad Khan (24 January 2017). "People of Pales to seek review of SC's Kohistan bifurcation verdict". *People of Pales to seek review of SC’s Kohistan bifurcation verdict - Newspaper - DAWN.COM*. Dawn. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
13. "Kolai-Palas notified as new district". *Kolai-Palas notified as new district*. The News International. 26 August 2017. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
14. "Chitral bifurcated into two districts". *Chitral bifurcated into two districts - Chitral Today*. Chitral Today. 21 December 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
15. "KP govt notifies new divisions following FATA merger". *KP govt notifies new divisions following FATA merger | Pakistan Today*. Pakistan Today. 20 July 2018. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
16. "POPULATION AND HOUSEHOLD DETAIL FROM BLOCK TO DISTRICT LEVEL KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA (KOHISTAN DISTRICT)" (PDF). *KOHISTAN\_BLOCKWISE.pdf*. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. 3 January 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2020.

## InfoBox

| Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan |
| Number | 38 (as of Feb 2024) |
| Populations | 169,240 (Upper Chitral District) – 4,333,770 (Peshawar District) |
| Areas | 454 square kilometres (175 sq mi) (Torghar District) – 9,334 square kilometres (3,604 sq mi) (Dera Ismail Khan District) |
| Government |  |
| Subdivisions |  |


title: Matthew 8:25

abstract: Matthew 8:25 is a verse in the eighth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament.

text:
# Matthew 8:25

**Matthew 8:25** is a verse in the eighth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament.

## Content

In the original Greek according to Westcott-Hort this verse is:

Καὶ προσελθόντες οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ ἤγειραν αὐτόν, λέγοντες, Κύριε, σῶσον ἡμᾶς, ἀπολλύμεθα.

In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads:

And his disciples came to him, and awoke him, saying, Lord, save us: we perish.

The New International Version translates the passage as:

The disciples went and woke him, saying, "Lord, save us! We're going to drown!"

For a collection of other versions see BibleHub Matthew 8:25.

## Commentary from the Church Fathers

Adamantius (Pseudo-Origen): "Wonderful, stupendous event! He that never slumbereth nor sleepeth, is said to be asleep. He slept with His body, but was awake in His Deity, showing that He bare a truly human body which He had taken on Him, corruptible. He slept with the body that He might cause the Apostles to watch, and that we all should never sleep with our mind. With so great fear were the disciples seized, and almost beside themselves, that they rushed to Him, and did not modestly or gently rouse Him, but violently awakened Him, His disciples came to him, and awoke him, saying, Lord, save us, we perish."

Jerome: "Of this miracle we have a type in Jonah, who while all are in danger is himself unconcerned, sleeps, and is awakened."

| Preceded by
**Matthew 8:24** | **Gospel of Matthew
Chapter 8** | Succeeded by
**Matthew 8:26** |
| --- | --- | --- |

## InfoBox

| Matthew 8:25 | |
| --- | --- |
| 8:248:26 | |
| "Christ slept during the storm on the sea", by Joannes Bourgois, Vitae passionis et mortis Jesu Christi Somini nostri mysteria, Antwerpen Hendrick Aertssens, 1622. | |
| Book | Gospel of Matthew |
| Christian Bible part | New Testament |


title: Tripura Institute of Technology

abstract: Tripura Institute of Technology (TIT), formerly Polytechnic Institute, Narsingarh, is an engineering college located at Narsingarh in the West Tripura district of Tripura, India, 12 km from Agartala. It offers diploma and degree courses in Engineering and Technology.

text:
# Tripura Institute of Technology

**Tripura Institute of Technology** **(TIT**), formerly **Polytechnic Institute, Narsingarh**, is an engineering college located at Narsingarh in the West Tripura district of Tripura, India, 12 km from Agartala. It offers diploma and degree courses in Engineering and Technology.

## History

The institute started in 1958 as Polytechnic Institute, Narsingarh, with branches of Civil, Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, affiliated to the West Bengal State Council of Technical Education. Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering was started in 1995.

The Ministry of Human Resource and World Bank began the Tech. Ed.-III project for student capacity increase and quality improvement, in the period 2001 to 2007. The project resulted in new branches in Computer Science and Technology, Food Processing Technology, Automobile Engineering, Interior Decoration Handicrafts and Furniture Designing and Modern Office Practice and Management.

With the introduction of the degree module from the academic session 2007-08 the entire academic control of both degree and diploma came under Tripura University. The diploma level students already registered under West Bengal State Council of Technical Education up to the academic session 2006-07 remained with WBSCTE. The curricula and other academic control of the Tripura Institute of Technology both of diploma and degree, came under the control of Tripura University from June 2007.

## Departments

## Campus

TIT is located at its own campus at Narsingarh, a suburb of Agartala. The campus is situated 2 km from the Agartala Airport. As of now the institute runs two campus, one for the Diploma and the other for the Degree Module.

## Events

### Ishaanya

Ishaanya is an annual Techno-Cultural fest organised by the student body of Tripura Institute of Technology. Various cultural activities such as dances, music, dramas, etc are organised and participated by the students, apart from cultural activities, there are technical activities such as Quiz competition, designs, etc where students participate and compete at.

### FreshTech

FreshTech is a freshers party organised by the student body of Tripura Institute of Technology for first year students. Various cultural activities such as dances, music, dramas, etc are organised and participated by the first year students

## InfoBox

Tripura Institute of Technology
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Undergraduate college |
| Established | 1958 |
| Principal | Sekhar Datta |
| Location | Narsingarh, Tripura, India<br>23°54′23″N 91°14′49″E / 23.9063929°N 91.2469451°E / 23.9063929; 91.2469451 |
| Campus | Urban |
| Affiliations | Tripura University |
| Website | titagartala.ac.in |


title: Tenaturris concinna

abstract: Tenaturris concinna is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.

text:
# Tenaturris concinna

***Tenaturris concinna*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.

## Description

The length of the shell varies between 6 mm and 12 mm.

(Original description) The fusiform shell is white, tinged more or less with reddish brown. It shows numerous crowded small ribs, which become obsolete near the outer lip, and crowded spiral striae, which are finer on the spire. The: apex is cute. The spire shows moderately convex outlines:. The shell contains eight whorls. These are angular along the middle, with a moderately impressed suture. The aperture is very long and narrow. The outer lip is very much thickened a little behind the edge, with the sinus deep and very near the suture. The siphonal canal is scarcely distinct from the aperture.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Pacific Ocean off Panama.

* Tucker, J.K. (2004). "Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" (PDF). *Zootaxa*. **682**: 1–1295.
* "*Tenaturris concinna*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 16 January 2019.

## InfoBox

| *Tenaturris concinna* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Mangeliidae |
| Genus: | *Tenaturris* |
| Species: | ***T. concinna*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tenaturris concinna***<br>(C. B. Adams, 1852) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Pleurotoma concinna* Adams C. B., 1852 | |


title: Pediasia ochristrigella

abstract: Pediasia ochristrigella is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1896. It is found in the Punjab of what was British India, western Pakistan, Tunisia and Sri Lanka.

text:
# Pediasia ochristrigella

***Pediasia ochristrigella*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1896. It is found in the Punjab of what was British India, western Pakistan, Tunisia and Sri Lanka.

## Description

The wingspan is about 14–22 mm. Forewings with vein 11 becoming coincident with vein 12. Hindwings and often the forewings with veins 4 and 5 stalked. An ochreous moth. Forewings with interspaces irrorated (sprinkled) with fuscous scales, forming obscure streaks from base to beyond middle and obscure postmedial and submarginal series of short streaks. Two dark specks found on the margin below middle. Hindwings ochreous white.

## InfoBox

| *Pediasia ochristrigella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Pediasia* |
| Species: | ***P. ochristrigella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pediasia ochristrigella***<br>(Hampson, 1896) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Crambus ochristrigella* Hampson, 1896 * *Pediasia ochristrigellus* * *Crambus dumontellus* Hartig, 1953 | |


title: Peter Westervelt

abstract: Peter Westervelt was an American physicist, noted for his work in nonlinear acoustics, and Professor Emeritus of Physics at Brown University.

text:
# Peter Westervelt

**Peter Westervelt** (December 16, 1919 – January 24, 2015) was an American physicist, noted for his work in nonlinear acoustics, and Professor Emeritus of Physics at Brown University.

## Education

He received his BS in Physics from MIT in 1947, and his PhD in Physics from MIT in 1951, at which time he joined the Physics Department at Brown University.

## Career

Westervelt began his career in 1940-41 at the MIT Radiation Laboratory and the Harvard Underwater Sound Laboratory, where he worked with researchers including Frederick Vinton Hunt, Leo Beranek (National Medal of Science winner) and Phillip Morse during the Second World War.

During his long and distinguished career, he held responsible assignments with the National Academy of Sciences, and the National Research Council, and was elected Fellow of the American Physical Society, the Acoustical Society of America, and the American Astronomical Society. He served as Assistant Attache for Research, U.S. Navy, at the American Embassy in London, U.K., and as a Consultant to Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (now BBN Technologies). Westervelt also performed research at the University of Texas at Austin, where he developed new techniques, having widespread application, for the study of sound-by-sound scattering and the laser-excited thermoacoustics. Westervelt was awarded the Lord Rayleigh Medal in 1985, by the British Institute for Acoustics. He became Professor Emeritus at the Brown University Physics Department in 1989.

## Research

He is especially renowned for his application of the theory of Sir Michael James Lighthill, for his important contributions to the understanding of nonlinear scattering of sound by sound, and for his discoveries of the parametric array and the laser-excited thermoacoustic array. His lifetime of physics research spans other aspects of acoustics as well, include the contributions to the understanding of acoustic radiation pressure, which has applications to Acoustic levitation and other devices which exploit macrosonic phenomena and acoustic streaming, as well as to several other fields of Physics (with example references shown here), including General Relativity, (primarily in the area of gravitational waves), including Gravitational phenomena analogous to the parametric array, Cosmology, low temperature physics the Physics of Sound in Liquid Helium, and High Energy Particle Physics (primarily in the area of cosmic ray particle detectors.)

## Awards

Peter Westervelt was awarded the Rayleigh Medal by the British Institute of Acoustics in 1985. He also received the Silver Medal in Physical Acoustics from the Acoustical Society of America for his discovery and explanation of the Parametric Array in 2008.

## InfoBox

| Peter Westervelt | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1919-12-16)December 16, 1919 |
| Died | January 24, 2015(2015-01-24) (aged 95)<br>Warwick, Rhode Island, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Physics |
| Institutions | Brown University |
|  | |


title: Ulrich Han

abstract: Ulrich Han (1425–1479) was a German printer active in Italy. Ulrich was born in or about 1425 in Ingolstadt. He had a brother named Wolfgang (Lupus). They sometimes Latinized their surname to Gallus. Ulrich also went by Udalricus Barbatus and Ulricus Nicolai de Wienna. He became a citizen of Vienna. Ulrich settled in Rome and set up what was probably that city's first printing press. His edition of Juan de Torquemada's Meditationes, printed on 31 December 1466 or 1467, was the first Italian printing with woodcuts. The Missale Romanum he printed in 1476 was the first in Italy with printed music. Although his initial interest was the classics, after partnering with the merchant Simone Cardella he focused on legal, liturgical and theological works. Ulrich died in Rome in 1479.

text:
# Ulrich Han

**Ulrich Han** (1425–1479) was a German printer active in Italy.

Ulrich was born in or about 1425 in Ingolstadt. He had a brother named Wolfgang (Lupus). They sometimes Latinized their surname to Gallus. Ulrich also went by Udalricus Barbatus and Ulricus Nicolai de Wienna. He became a citizen of Vienna.

Ulrich settled in Rome and set up what was probably that city's first printing press. His edition of Juan de Torquemada's *Meditationes*, printed on 31 December 1466 or 1467, was the first Italian printing with woodcuts. The *Missale Romanum* he printed in 1476 was the first in Italy with printed music. Although his initial interest was the classics, after partnering with the merchant Simone Cardella he focused on legal, liturgical and theological works.

Ulrich died in Rome in 1479.

## Further reading


title: List of current German frigates

text:
# List of current German frigates

This is a list of frigates currently in service with the German Navy.

## F123 *Brandenburg* class

ASW frigates, 139m/4900t, in service since 1994

*Einsatzflottille 2*, *2. Fregattengeschwader*, Wilhelmshaven:

## F124 *Sachsen* class

AAW frigates, 143m/5690t, in service since 2004

*Einsatzflottille 2*, *2. Fregattengeschwader*, Wilhelmshaven:

## F125 *Baden-Württemberg* class

4 Multi-purpose frigates, optimized for long expeditionary peacemaking/peacekeeping missions, 149,5m/ 7200t, 4 planned to replace the F122 *Bremen* class


title: Matt Dzieduszycki

abstract: Matt Dzieduszycki is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre who last played for the Stoney Creek Generals in the Senior men's Allan Cup Hockey.

text:
# Matt Dzieduszycki

**Matt Dzieduszycki** (born April 8, 1980 in Calgary, Alberta) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre who last played for the Stoney Creek Generals in the Senior men's Allan Cup Hockey.

## Playing career

Dzieduszycki turned pro in 2002, playing 66 games for the American Hockey League's Syracuse Crunch and 10 games for the ECHL's Dayton Bombers. In 2003, he moved to the San Antonio Rampage of the AHL and also had spells in the ECHL for the Augusta Lynx and the Louisiana IceGators during their run in the playoffs. Dzieduszycki returned to the Lynx before moving to the Las Vegas Wranglers and also had a brief spell in France's Ligue Magnus for HC Morzine-Avoriaz. He moved to Germany in 2006, signing for Füchse Duisburg before moving to the Hannover Scorpions in 2007.

On April 27, 2011, Dzieduszycki left the Scorpions after four seasons and signed a two-year contract to remain in Germany with Grizzly Adams Wolfsburg.

On June 15, 2015, as a free agent Dzieduszycki left Germany and signed in Austria, on a one-year contract with the Vienna Capitals of the EBEL.

## Career statistics

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1996–97 | Mississauga Chargers | OPJHL | | 50 | 27 | 30 | 57 | 36 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1998–99 | U. of New Hampshire | HE | | 29 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 34 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1999–00 | U. of New Hampshire | HE | | 5 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 12 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1999–00 | Barrie Colts | OHL | | 46 | 22 | 26 | 48 | 23 | | 25 | 5 | 7 | 12 | 16 |
| 2000–01 | Barrie Colts | OHL | | 45 | 33 | 30 | 63 | 49 | | 5 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 4 |
| 2001–02 | U. of Western Ontario | CIS | | 28 | 21 | 28 | 49 | 60 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2001–02 | Syracuse Crunch | AHL | | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2002–03 | Dayton Bombers | ECHL | | 10 | 6 | 3 | 9 | 19 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2002–03 | Syracuse Crunch | AHL | | 66 | 12 | 10 | 22 | 38 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2003–04 | Augusta Lynx | ECHL | | 14 | 8 | 7 | 15 | 17 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2003–04 | San Antonio Rampage | AHL | | 60 | 3 | 12 | 15 | 34 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2003–04 | Louisiana IceGators | ECHL | |  |  |  |  |  | | 6 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| 2004–05 | Augusta Lynx | ECHL | | 49 | 20 | 19 | 39 | 69 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2004–05 | Las Vegas Wranglers | ECHL | | 8 | 5 | 2 | 7 | 10 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2005–06 | Morzine-Avoriaz | FRA | | 7 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 26 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2005–06 | Las Vegas Wranglers | ECHL | | 68 | 34 | 44 | 78 | 123 | | 12 | 4 | 5 | 9 | 31 |
| 2006–07 | Füchse Duisburg | DEL | | 51 | 21 | 21 | 42 | 94 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2007–08 | Hannover Scorpions | DEL | | 51 | 11 | 26 | 37 | 73 | | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 6 |
| 2008–09 | Hannover Scorpions | DEL | | 51 | 9 | 12 | 21 | 84 | | 11 | 4 | 3 | 7 | 8 |
| 2009–10 | Hannover Scorpions | DEL | | 50 | 21 | 17 | 38 | 90 | | 11 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 4 |
| 2010–11 | Hannover Scorpions | DEL | | 35 | 16 | 15 | 31 | 54 | | 5 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 6 |
| 2011–12 | Grizzly Adams Wolfsburg | DEL | | 41 | 15 | 22 | 37 | 50 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2012–13 | Grizzly Adams Wolfsburg | DEL | | 45 | 31 | 16 | 47 | 106 | | 12 | 1 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| 2013–14 | Grizzly Adams Wolfsburg | DEL | | 13 | 7 | 7 | 14 | 18 | | 8 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 |
| 2014–15 | Grizzly Adams Wolfsburg | DEL | | 44 | 13 | 16 | 29 | 87 | | 10 | 4 | 3 | 7 | 16 |
| 2015–16 | Vienna Capitals | EBEL | | 50 | 15 | 21 | 36 | 83 | | 5 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| DEL totals | | | | 381 | 144 | 152 | 296 | 656 | | 60 | 15 | 28 | 43 | 58 |

## InfoBox

| Matt Dzieduszycki | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dzieduszycki with the Vienna Capitals in 2016 | | | |
| Born | (1980-04-08) April 8, 1980
Calgary, Alberta, Canada | | |
| Height | 5 ft 11 in (180 cm) | | |
| Weight | 185 lb (84 kg; 13 st 3 lb) | | |
| Position | Centre | | |
| Shoots | Left | | |
| ACH team
Former teams | *Stoney Creek Generals*
Syracuse Crunch
San Antonio Rampage
Pingouins de Morzine-Avoriaz
Füchse Duisburg
Hannover Scorpions
Grizzly Adams Wolfsburg
Vienna Capitals | | |
| NHL draft | Undrafted | | |
| Playing career | 2002present | | |


title: Tripura Janasiksha Samiti

abstract: The Tripura Janasiksha Samiti was an organisation in the Indian state of Tripura which was created to set up schools and spread education among the children of the down-trodden people of that state. It was formed on 27 December 1945. At that time, the movement of the Janasiksha Samiti speedily transformed into a mass movement. The Samiti could establish 488 primary schools in different remote areas of the state with the active co-operation, financial help and labour of the mass people. Subsequently, in 1950–51, most of these schools were recognised by the State Government. The Samiti also published the first Kokborok Magazine "Kwtal Kothoma" in 1954 AD under Sudhanwa Debbarma.

text:
# Tripura Janasiksha Samiti

The **Tripura Janasiksha Samiti** was an organisation in the Indian state of Tripura (princely state) which was created to set up schools and spread education among the children of the down-trodden people of that state. It was formed on 27 December 1945.

At that time, the movement of the Janasiksha Samiti speedily transformed into a mass movement. The Samiti could establish 488 primary schools in different remote areas of the state with the active co-operation, financial help and labour of the mass people. Subsequently, in 1950–51, most of these schools were recognised by the State Government. The Samiti also published the first Kokborok Magazine "Kwtal Kothoma" in 1954 AD under Sudhanwa Debbarma.

## InfoBox

Tripura Janasiksha Samiti
| Formation | 27 December 1945 (1945-12-27) |
| --- | --- |
| Founders | Dasarath Deb, Sudhanwa Debbarma, Hemanta Debbarma, Aghore Debbarma, Biren Dutta, Nilmani Debbarma |
| Founded at | Durga Choudhury Para, Jirania |
| Purpose | Support Education and to spread Education among the tribals so that people can be educated and gathers knowledge. Besides, to ensure that no children should left uneducated and face hurdles in the future. |
| Origins | Tripura (princely state) |


title: List of St. Louis Cardinals no-hitters

abstract: The St. Louis Cardinals are a Major League Baseball franchise based in St. Louis Missouri. They play in the National League Central division. Also known in their early years as the "St. Louis Brown Stockings" (1882), "St. Louis Browns" (1883–1898), and "St. Louis Perfectos" (1899), pitchers for the Cardinals have thrown 10 no-hitters in franchise history. A no-hitter is officially recognized by Major League Baseball only "when a pitcher allows no hits during the entire course of a game, which consists of at least nine innings", though one or more batters "may reach base via a walk, an error, a hit by pitch, a passed ball or wild pitch on strike three, or catcher's interference". No-hitters of less than nine complete innings were previously recognized by the league as official; however, several rule alterations in 1991 changed the rule to its current form. A perfect game, a special subcategory of no-hitter, has yet to be thrown in Cardinals history. As defined by Major League Baseball, "in a perfect game, no batter reaches any base during the course of the game." Ted Breitenstein threw the first no-hitter in Cardinals franchise history on his first major league start on October 4, 1891 when the team was known as the "St. Louis Browns"; the most recent no-hitter was thrown by Bud Smith on September 3, 2001. Two left-handed pitchers have thrown no-hitters in franchise history, while seven were by right-handers. Four no-hitters were thrown at home and six on the road, whilst all ten have been pitched against different opponents. The Cardinals have thrown one no-hitter in April, one in June, one in July, two in August, four in September, and one in October. The longest interval between no-hitters was between the games pitched by Breitenstein and Jesse Haines, encompassing 32 years, 9 months, and 13 days from October 4, 1891 till August 17, 1924. Conversely, the shortest interval between no-hitters was between the games pitched by Jiménez and Smith, encompassing merely 2 years, 2 months, and 9 days from June 25, 1999 till September 3, 2001. In none of their ten no-hitters did the Cardinals allow any runs via errors, walks, hit batters or uncaught third strikes. The most baserunners allowed in a no-hitter was by Ray Washburn, who allowed five. Of the ten no-hitters, two have been won by a score of 2–0, 3–0, and 5–0, more common than any other results. The largest margin of victory in a no-hitter was an 11–0 win by Bob Gibson in 1971. The smallest margin of victory was a 1–0 win by Jiménez in 2001. The umpire is also an integral part of any no-hitter. The task of the umpire in a baseball game is to make any decision "which involves judgment, such as, but not limited to, whether a batted ball is fair or foul, whether a pitch is a strike or a ball, or whether a runner is safe or out… [the umpire's judgment on such matters] is final." Part of the duties of the umpire making calls at home plate includes defining the strike zone, which "is defined as that area over homeplate (sic) the upper limit of which is a horizontal line at the midpoint between the top of the shoulders and the top of the uniform pants, and the lower level is a line at the hollow beneath the kneecap." These calls define every baseball game and are therefore integral to the completion of any no-hitter. Eight different umpires presided over each of the franchise's ten no-hitters. The manager is another integral part of any no-hitter. The tasks of the manager is to determine the starting rotation as well as batting order and defensive lineup every game. Managers choosing the right pitcher and right defensive lineup at a right game at a right place at a right time would contribute to a no-hitter. Eight different managers have led to the franchise's ten no-hitters.

text:
# List of St. Louis Cardinals no-hitters

The St. Louis Cardinals are a Major League Baseball franchise based in St. Louis Missouri. They play in the National League Central division. Also known in their early years as the "St. Louis Brown Stockings" (1882), "St. Louis Browns" (1883–1898), and "St. Louis Perfectos" (1899), pitchers for the Cardinals have thrown 10 no-hitters in franchise history. A no-hitter is officially recognized by Major League Baseball only "when a pitcher (or pitchers) allows no hits during the entire course of a game, which consists of at least nine innings", though one or more batters "may reach base via a walk, an error, a hit by pitch, a passed ball or wild pitch on strike three, or catcher's interference". No-hitters of less than nine complete innings were previously recognized by the league as official; however, several rule alterations in 1991 changed the rule to its current form. A perfect game, a special subcategory of no-hitter, has yet to be thrown in Cardinals history. As defined by Major League Baseball, "in a perfect game, no batter reaches any base during the course of the game."

Ted Breitenstein threw the first no-hitter in Cardinals franchise history on his first major league start on October 4, 1891 when the team was known as the "St. Louis Browns"; the most recent no-hitter was thrown by Bud Smith on September 3, 2001.

Two left-handed pitchers have thrown no-hitters in franchise history, while seven were by right-handers. Four no-hitters were thrown at home and six on the road, whilst all ten have been pitched against different opponents. The Cardinals have thrown one no-hitter in April, one in June, one in July, two in August, four in September, and one in October. The longest interval between no-hitters was between the games pitched by Breitenstein and Jesse Haines, encompassing 32 years, 9 months, and 13 days from October 4, 1891 till August 17, 1924. Conversely, the shortest interval between no-hitters was between the games pitched by Jiménez and Smith, encompassing merely 2 years, 2 months, and 9 days from June 25, 1999 till September 3, 2001.

In none of their ten no-hitters did the Cardinals allow any runs via errors, walks, hit batters or uncaught third strikes. The most baserunners allowed in a no-hitter was by Ray Washburn (in 1968), who allowed five. Of the ten no-hitters, two have been won by a score of 2–0, 3–0, and 5–0, more common than any other results. The largest margin of victory in a no-hitter was an 11–0 win by Bob Gibson in 1971. The smallest margin of victory was a 1–0 win by Jiménez in 2001.

The umpire is also an integral part of any no-hitter. The task of the umpire in a baseball game is to make any decision "which involves judgment, such as, but not limited to, whether a batted ball is fair or foul, whether a pitch is a strike or a ball, or whether a runner is safe or out… \[the umpire's judgment on such matters\] is final." Part of the duties of the umpire making calls at home plate includes defining the strike zone, which "is defined as that area over homeplate *(sic)* the upper limit of which is a horizontal line at the midpoint between the top of the shoulders and the top of the uniform pants, and the lower level is a line at the hollow beneath the kneecap." These calls define every baseball game and are therefore integral to the completion of any no-hitter. Eight different umpires presided over each of the franchise's ten no-hitters.

The manager is another integral part of any no-hitter. The tasks of the manager is to determine the starting rotation as well as batting order and defensive lineup every game. Managers choosing the right pitcher and right defensive lineup at a right game at a right place at a right time would contribute to a no-hitter. Eight different managers have led to the franchise's ten no-hitters.

## List of no-hitters in Cardinals history

|  | Indicates a perfect game |
| --- | --- |
| £ | Pitcher was left-handed |
| * | Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum |

| # | Date | Pitcher | Final score | Base-
runners | Opponent | Catcher | Plate umpire | Manager | Notes | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | October 4, 1891 | Ted Breitenstein£ | 8–0 | 3 | Louisville Colonels | Jack Boyle | Hank O'Day (1) | Charlie Comiskey | * First career start * First game of a doubleheader on the final day of the season * First no-hitter in franchise history * First no-hitter at home in franchise history * First left-handed pitcher to throw a no-hitter in franchise history * Largest margin of victory in a franchise's no-hitter * Latest calendar date of franchise's no-hitter |  |
| 2 | July 17, 1924 | Jesse Haines* | 5–0 | 3 | Boston Braves | Mike González | Hank O'Day (2) | Branch Rickey | * Longest interval between franchise's no-hitters |  |
| 3 | September 21, 1934 | Paul Dean | 3–0 | 1 | @ Brooklyn Dodgers | Bill DeLancey | Bill Klem | Frankie Frisch | * Second game of a doubleheader. In the first game, Paul's brother Dizzy had a no-hitter for 8 innings but finished with a 3-hit shutout. If that game had ended with a no-hitter, Paul and Dizzy would have been the first brothers to each throw a no-hitter in MLB history. * First MLB no-hitter in 1140 days, the longest gap between no-hitters |  |
| 4 | August 30, 1941 | Lon Warneke | 2–0 | 2 | @ Cincinnati Reds | Walker Cooper | Jocko Conlan | Billy Southworth |  |  |
| 5 | September 18, 1968 | Ray Washburn | 2–0 | 5 | @ San Francisco Giants | Johnny Edwards | Bill Jackowski | Red Schoendienst (1) | * The previous day in the same park, the Giants no-hit the Cardinals * Most baserunners allowed in a franchise's no-hitters |  |
| 6 | August 14, 1971 | Bob Gibson* | 11–0 | 4 | @ Pittsburgh Pirates | Ted Simmons* (1) | Harry Wendelstedt (1) | Red Schoendienst (2) | * First no-hitter in Pittsburgh in 64 years * Largest margin of victory in a franchise's no-hitter |  |
| 7 | April 16, 1978 | Bob Forsch (1) | 5–0 | 3 | Philadelphia Phillies | Ted Simmons* (2) | Lee Weyer | Vern Rapp | * Earliest calendar date of no-hitter in franchise history |  |
| 8 | September 26, 1983 | Bob Forsch (2) | 3–0 | 2 | Montreal Expos | Darrell Porter | Harry Wendelstedt (2) | Whitey Herzog | * Only baserunners were hit by pitch and reached on error * Most recent no-hitter in St. Louis. |  |
| 9 | June 25, 1999 | José Jiménez | 1–0 | 3 | @ Arizona Diamondbacks | Alberto Castillo | Bruce Froemming | Tony La Russa (1) | * Smallest margin of victory in a franchise's no-hitter * Ten days later, Jiménez again shut out the Diamondbacks 1–0, allowing only two hits. Randy Johnson was the losing pitcher in both games. * First no-hitter at Chase Field |  |
| 10 | September 3, 2001 | Bud Smith£ | 4–0 | 4 | @ San Diego Padres | Eli Marrero | Phil Cuzzi | Tony La Russa (2) | * Most recent no-hitter in franchise history * Just the previous day, the Yankees' pitcher Mike Mussina lost his perfect game bid with two outs in the ninth inning when Red Sox batter Carl Everett singled. If Mussina had his perfect game, it would have been the fifth time in MLB history for no-hitters to happen two consecutive days (first time since 1968) and first time with one of them being a perfect game. * Shortest interval between no-hitters in franchise history |  |


title: Tert-Butyl alcohol

abstract: tert-Butyl alcohol is the simplest tertiary alcohol, with a formula of (CH3)3COH (sometimes represented as t-BuOH). Its isomers are 1-butanol, isobutanol, and butan-2-ol. tert-Butyl alcohol is a colorless solid, which melts near room temperature and has a camphor-like odor. It is miscible with water, ethanol and diethyl ether.

text:
# Tert-Butyl alcohol

***tert*-Butyl alcohol** is the simplest tertiary alcohol, with a formula of (CH3)3COH (sometimes represented as *t*-BuOH). Its isomers are 1-butanol, isobutanol, and butan-2-ol. *tert*-Butyl alcohol is a colorless solid, which melts near room temperature and has a camphor-like odor. It is miscible with water, ethanol and diethyl ether.

## Natural occurrence

*tert*-Butyl alcohol has been identified in beer and chickpeas. It is also found in cassava, which is used as a fermentation ingredient in certain alcoholic beverages.

## Preparation

*tert*-Butyl alcohol is derived commercially from isobutane as a coproduct of propylene oxide production. It can also be produced by the catalytic hydration of isobutylene, or by a Grignard reaction between acetone and methylmagnesium chloride.

Purification cannot be performed by simple distillation due to formation of an azeotrope with water, although initial drying of the solvent containing large amounts of water is performed by adding benzene to form a tertiary azeotrope and distilling off the water. Smaller amounts of water are removed by drying with calcium oxide (CaO), potassium carbonate (K2CO3), calcium sulfate (CaSO4), or magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), followed by fractional distillation. Anhydrous *tert*-butyl alcohol is obtained by further refluxing and distilling from magnesium activated with iodine, or alkali metals such as sodium or potassium. Other methods include the use of 4  molecular sieves, aluminium *tert*-butylate, calcium hydride (CaH2), or fractional crystallization under inert atmosphere.

## Applications

*tert*-Butyl alcohol is used as a solvent, ethanol denaturant, paint remover ingredient, and gasoline octane booster and oxygenate. It is a chemical intermediate used to produce methyl *tert*-butyl ether (MTBE) and ethyl *tert*-butyl ether (ETBE) by reaction with methanol and ethanol, respectively, and *tert*-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) by reaction with hydrogen peroxide.

## Reactions

Unlike other isomers of butanol, *tert*-butyl alcohol, as a tertiary alcohol, has no hydrogen atom next to hydroxy-group, which makes it resistant to oxidation to carbonyl compounds.

*tert*-Butyl alcohol is deprotonated with a strong base to give the alkoxide. Particularly common is potassium *tert*-butoxide, which is prepared by treating *tert*-butanol with potassium metal.

K + *t*-BuOH → *t*-BuOK+ \+ 1/2 H2

The *tert*-butoxide is a strong, non-nucleophilic base in organic chemistry. It readily abstracts acidic protons from substrates, but its steric bulk inhibits the group from participating in nucleophilic substitution, such as in a Williamson ether synthesis or an SN2 reaction.

*tert*-Butyl alcohol reacts with hydrogen chloride to form *tert*-butyl chloride.

O-Chlorination of tert-butyl alcohol with hypochlorous acid to give tert-butyl hypochlorite:

(CH3)3COH + HOCl → (CH3)3COCl + H2O

## Pharmacology and toxicology

There is limited data on the pharmacology and toxicology of tert-butanol in humans and other animals. Human exposure may occur due to fuel oxygenate metabolism. Tert-butanol is poorly absorbed through skin but rapidly absorbed if inhaled or ingested. Tert-butanol is irritating to skin or eyes. Toxicity of single doses is usually low but high doses can produce a sedative or anesthetic effect.

## InfoBox

*tert*-Butyl alcohol
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name 2-Methylpropan-2-ol | |
| Other names * *t*-Butyl alcohol * *tert*-Butanol * *t*-Butanol * *t*-BuOH * Trimethyl carbinol * Tertiary butanol * 2-Methyl-2-propanol * 2M2P | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| Beilstein Reference | 906698 |
| ChEBI |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| DrugBank |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.000.809 |
| EC Number | * 200-889-7 |
| Gmelin Reference | 1833 |
| MeSH | tert-Butyl+Alcohol |
| PubChem CID |  |
| RTECS number | * EO1925000 |
| UNII |  |
| UN number | 1120 |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C4H10O/c1-4(2,3)5/h5H,1-3H3 YKey: DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y | |
| SMILES * CC(C)(C)O | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C4H10O |
| Molar mass | 74.123 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | Colorless solid |
| Odor | Camphorous |
| Density | 0.775 g/mL |
| Melting point | 25 to 26 °C; 77 to 79 °F; 298 to 299 K |
| Boiling point | 82 to 83 °C; 179 to 181 °F; 355 to 356 K |
| Solubility in water | miscible |
| log *P* | 0.584 |
| Vapor pressure | 4.1 kPa (at 20 °C) |
| Acidity (p*K*a) | 16.54 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | 5.742×10−5 cm3/mol |
| Refractive index (*n*D) | 1.387 |
| Dipole moment | 1.31 D |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Heat capacity (*C*) | 215.37 J K−1 mol−1 |
| Std molar
entropy (*S*298) | 189.5 J K−1 mol−1 |
| Std enthalpy of
formation f*H*298) | −360.04 to −358.36 kJ mol−1 |
| Std enthalpy of
combustion c*H*298) | −2.64479 to −2.64321 MJ mol−1 |
| Hazards | |
| **GHS** labelling: | |
| Pictograms |  |
| Signal word | **Danger** |
| Hazard statements | H225, H319, H332, H335 |
| Precautionary statements | P210, P261, P305+P351+P338 |
| **NFPA 704** (fire diamond) |  |
| Flash point | 11 °C (52 °F; 284 K) |
| Autoignition
temperature | 480 °C (896 °F; 753 K) |
| Explosive limits | 2.4–8.0% |
| **Lethal dose** or concentration (LD, LC): | |
| LD50 (median dose) | 3559 mg/kg (rabbit, oral)
3500 mg/kg (rat, oral) |
| **NIOSH** (US health exposure limits): | |
| PEL (Permissible) | TWA 100 ppm (300 mg/m3) |
| REL (Recommended) | TWA 100 ppm (300 mg/m3) ST 150 ppm (450 mg/m3) |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | 1600 ppm |
| Safety data sheet (SDS) | inchem.org |
| Related compounds | |
| Related butanols | 2-Butanol
*n*-Butanol
Isobutanol |
| Related compounds | 2-Methyl-2-butanol
Trimethylsilanol
Nonafluoro-tert-butyl alcohol |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Čistá (Mladá Boleslav District)

abstract: Čistá is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 900 inhabitants.

text:
# Čistá (Mladá Boleslav District)

**Čistá** is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 900 inhabitants.

## Etymology

The name Čistá literally means 'clean', 'clear'. The name refers to the time when the village was cleansed from paying taxes after its foundation. It was a reward to the settlers for settling a new area and protecting a trade route.

## Geography

Čistá is located about 7 kilometres (4 mi) northwest of Mladá Boleslav and 46 km (29 mi) northeast of Prague. It lies in the Jizera Table.

## History

The first written mention of Čistá is in a deed of King Charles IV from 1351. In 1625, the village was acquired by Albrecht von Wallenstein, who annexed it to the Frýdlant estate.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year Pop. ±%  1869 452       1880 487 +7.7%  1890 568 +16.6%  1900 714 +25.7%  1910 780 +9.2% | Year Pop. ±%  1921 820 +5.1%  1930 1,007 +22.8%  1950 725 −28.0%  1961 756 +4.3%  1970 637 −15.7% | Year Pop. ±%  1980 601 −5.7%  1991 561 −6.7%  2001 614 +9.4%  2011 718 +16.9%  2021 858 +19.5% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## Transport

The I/38 road (the section from Mladá Boleslav to Česká Lípa) passes through the municipality.

## Sights

The main landmark of Čistá is the Church of Saint Lawrence. It was built in the Neoclassical style in 1697–1700 and reconstructed in 1897.

## InfoBox

| Čistá | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Church of Saint Lawrence | |
|  | |
| ČistáLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 50°28′22″N 14°50′42″E / 50.47278°N 14.84500°E / 50.47278; 14.84500 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | Central Bohemian |
| District | Mladá Boleslav |
| First mentioned | 1351 |
| Area | |
| Total | 8.99 km2 (3.47 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 275 m (902 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 893 |
| Density | 99/km2 (260/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 294 23 |
| Website | obeccista.cz |


title: Eve Sandler

abstract: Eve Sandler is an American painter, filmmaker and multi-media artist in the style of Abstract Expressionism. Sandler, born in Harlem, is the daughter of Harlem-based painter Alvin Sandler and sister of filmmaker Kathe Sandler. The artist began her professional career at the age of seventeen, first working with jewelry and metals before turning to relief painting in the 1990s. Sandler's multimedia installation "Mami Wata Crossing" was part of the 2008 exhibition, "Mami Wata: Arts for Water Spirits in Africa and Its Diasporas" at the Fowler Museum. The work examined connections between the pan-African water goddess Mami Wata, genealogy and the middle passage. Sandler was a part of the Black Women Artists group, along with Carole Byard, Nanette Carter and Howardena Pindell. Sandler was a 1990-1991 resident at the Studio Museum in Harlem. Her work has been exhibited in institutions such as The Bronx Museum of the Arts.

text:
# Eve Sandler

**Eve Sandler** is an American painter, filmmaker and multi-media artist in the style of Abstract Expressionism. Sandler, born in Harlem, is the daughter of Harlem-based painter Alvin Sandler and sister of filmmaker Kathe Sandler.

The artist began her professional career at the age of seventeen, first working with jewelry and metals before turning to relief painting in the 1990s.

Sandler's multimedia installation "Mami Wata Crossing" was part of the 2008 exhibition, "Mami Wata: Arts for Water Spirits in Africa and Its Diasporas" at the Fowler Museum. The work examined connections between the pan-African water goddess Mami Wata, genealogy and the middle passage.

Sandler was a part of the Black Women Artists group, along with Carole Byard, Nanette Carter and Howardena Pindell. Sandler was a 1990-1991 resident at the Studio Museum in Harlem. Her work has been exhibited in institutions such as The Bronx Museum of the Arts.


title: Petronilla, Countess of Bigorre

abstract: Petronilla of Bigorre or Petronilla of Comminges was ruling Countess of Bigorre between 1194 and 1251. She was the only child of Bernard IV, Count of Comminges, and his wife Stephanie-Beatrice IV, Countess of Bigorre. Petronilla succeeded her mother in 1194 as Countess of Bigorre; she was also Viscountess of Marsan and Nébouzan through further successions. She reigned as countess for fifty-seven years, in which time she was married five times.

text:
# Petronilla, Countess of Bigorre

**Petronilla of Bigorre** or **Petronilla of Comminges** (c. 1184 – 1251) was ruling Countess of Bigorre between 1194 and 1251. She was the only child of Bernard IV, Count of Comminges, and his wife Stephanie-Beatrice IV, Countess of Bigorre. Petronilla succeeded her mother in 1194 as Countess of Bigorre; she was also Viscountess of Marsan and Nébouzan through further successions. She reigned as countess for fifty-seven years, in which time she was married five times.

## Biography

### Early life

Petronilla was born around 1184 as the only child of her parents, and was therefore their heir. As a child, Petronilla was at the centre of political plans, first conducted by her father who acted as regent after the death of Stephanie-Beatrice. However, Petronilla's guardianship was soon handed over to Alfonso II of Aragon who had Petronilla betrothed and married to one of his allies Gaston VI, Viscount of Béarn in early 1196. Gaston ruled jointly with Petronilla over Bigorre. The couple remained childless. Gaston participated in the 45-year Albigensian Crusade, a time in which he lost favour. He was excommunicated by the Council of Vabres and his territories declared forfeit by the pope.

### Adulthood

Petronilla's husband Gaston died in 1214 leaving her a childless widow aged around thirty. The following year, Petronilla was married to Nuño Sánchez, a grandson of Petronilla of Aragon; however, the marriage was annulled by Pope Honorius III the very next year, in 1216. The leader of the ongoing crusade, Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester, who was at that time at the height of his power, had Petronilla in 1216 married to his own son Guy. The power of the Montfort family began to decline during the Albigensian Crusade. There was opposition by the local nobility in 1218, Simon de Montfort was killed at Toulouse and Guy himself was killed in 1220 when taking Castelnaudary. Petronilla was left with two daughters by this marriage.

Although her husband and father-in-law had died, Petronilla remained at their property in the camp of the northern French crusaders as her brother-in-law Amaury de Montfort succeeded and had his sister-in-law remarried to Aymor de Racon. This was followed by the failure of the papal crusade in 1224 and the death of Aymor, the couple having no children.

In 1228 Petronilla married for the fifth and final time, her latest husband being Boson of Mastas, Seigneur de Cognac. Petronilla spent the next few years on her husband's estates in Aquitaine as they had made themselves unpopular by their marriages with the Crusaders and their own people. In 1230, Petronilla returned to Bigorre with her husband where public order had collapsed, as a result of her many years of absence, and restored it. In 1232 they attacked Petronilla's half-brother Bernard V in order to inherit the Comminges as their father had died in 1225. Although the claim on Comminges could not be enforced, Petronilla did inherit large parts of the Nébouzan from her father. In 1242 Petronilla was reconciled with the nobility of Languedoc, who had turned against her because of her hostile northern French husband, Boson, after she and her husband were in the revolt of Count Raymond VII of Toulouse. The rebellion had failed and Boson lost favour with Louis IX of France and eventually died in 1251.

### Children

In total Petronilla had three children, two from her third marriage and one by her fifth marriage:

With Guy de Monfort she had two daughters:

* Alix (1217/1220 – 1255), succeeded her mother as Countess of Bigorre; she was married firstly to Jordan, Lord of Chabanais, by whom she had issue; and secondly to Raoul de Courtenay, with issue.
* Petronilla, married Raoul de la Roche-Tesson

With Boson of Mastas she had one daughter:

### Death and legacy

Near the end of her life, the Countess Petronilla relinquished the government of Bigorre to her brother-in-law, Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester and governor of Guyenne. Petronilla retired to an abbey and died in 1251.

Simon had interpreted Petronilla's act of relinquishing Bigorre to him as a gift and he was fought by Alix (Petronilla's daughter and heiress) assisted by Martha. To prevent Guyenne and Gascony from rebelling, Henry III of England recalled Simon de Montfort and appointed John Grailly in his place.

Petronilla's grandson was Eschivat de Chabanais who had succeeded his mother Alix without protest, but made the mistake of keeping land that Martha had in Bigorre. Martha's husband Gaston VII of Béarn then invaded the county, forcing Eschivat to defend it, seeking the assistance of Prince Edward of England and the alliance of Count Roger IV of Foix.

In 1258, war resumed in the region and Eschivat agreed to temporarily surrender the County of Bigorre to Simon de Montfort, this time to end the conflict. In doing so, he committed the same mistake as his grandmother, Petronilla, because Simon refused to return the county. Soon after, Simon de Montfort rebelled against King Henry III, and Eschivat helped Gaston VII regain Bigorre.

After his death, Petronilla's daughter Martha and her granddaughter by Alix, Laura, competed for the County of Bigorre. After this point the succession become disputed and whether the county owed allegiance to England or France was also fought over. In 1360, the Treaty of Brétigny made it decisively French. In 1407, it belonged to Bernard VII of Armagnac, who sold it that year to John I, Count of Foix, (a descendant of Petronilla through Martha). From then on it has been a subsidiary title of the counts of Foix.

* Dictionnaire de la conversation et de la lecture, 2nd Edition, Vol.3, Ed. William Duckett, Aux Comptoirs de la Direction, 1856.
* Andre Delpech: Pétronille de Bigorre. in 1996
* JR Maddicott: Simon de Montfort. in 1996

## InfoBox

| Petronilla | |
| --- | --- |
| Countess of Bigorre | |
|  | |
| Born | c.1184 |
| Died | 1251 |
| Spouse(s) | Gaston VI, Viscount of Béarn
Nuño Sánchez
Guy de Montfort
Aymor de Racon
Boson of Mastas, Seigneur de Cognac |
| Issue | Alice, Countess of Bigorre
Petronilla de la Roche-Tesson
Martha of Mastas |
| Father | Bernard IV, Count of Comminges |
| Mother | Stephanie-Beatrice IV, Countess of Bigorre |


title: Ulong, New South Wales

abstract: Ulong is a small village located on the Mid North Coast region, neighbouring the Northern Tablelands, of New South Wales, Australia. It has a community hall, public school, cafe-post office and an Ex-services Club.

text:
# Ulong, New South Wales

**Ulong** is a small village located on the Mid North Coast region, neighbouring the Northern Tablelands, of New South Wales, Australia. It has a community hall, public school, cafe-post office and an Ex-services Club.

## Facilities

The village is serviced by the Ulong Ex-services Club, cafe with rural transaction centre, and the Eastern Dorrigo Community Hall. The hall has camping facilities available with kitchen, BBQ and shower facilities available

Timms Park is situated on Ulong Creek with a picnic area including tables, bins and a toilet. The land surrounding the park was donated to the community by LEH Timms.

## Geography

The village lies inland from Coffs Harbour by 36 kilometres (22 mi). Whilst a short distance, it takes 45 minutes to drive to, through the mountainous rainforest. Ulong is on the Eastern Dorrigo Plateau and sits some 1,700 feet (520 m) AHD. Like the neighbouring village of Lowanna, the climate is markedly different from Coffs Harbour. Ulong is known as the "Village in the Valley".

## History

Once larger than Coffs Harbour, it was a centre for the timber industry. Dorrigo pine (*Araucaria cunninghamii*), tallowwood (*Eucalyptus microcorys*), blackbutt (*Eucalyptus pilularis*) and coachwood (*Ceratopetalum apetalum*) were milled extensively via the Dorrigo railway line. There was gold in the hills too. Georges Gold Mine was open on occasion as a tourist attraction before its closure in 2007

Ulong is on the road to Nymboida River and borders two of its tributaries, the Little Nymbodia and Bobo Rivers.

The Australian National series Enduro motorcycle Championships took place over two days in and around Ulong in 2007. On 9 September 2011 a special stage of the World Rally Championship was held in the area. These events make use of the roads within the extensive array of State and National parks in the area.

## Population

At the 2006 census, Ulong had a population of 131 people. By 2016, the population increased to 233.

Home of iconic actor Jack Thompson.

## Climate

The region surrounding Ulong, especially the higher area, has a Subtropical highland climate (*Cfb*) with warm, humid and wet summers and cool winters with frosty nights.

| Climate data for Bobo Nursery | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 26.2
(79.2) | 25.7
(78.3) | 24.6
(76.3) | 21.8
(71.2) | 19.1
(66.4) | 17.1
(62.8) | 16.5
(61.7) | 17.5
(63.5) | 20.5
(68.9) | 22.8
(73.0) | 25.1
(77.2) | 26.6
(79.9) | 15.1
(59.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 15.3
(59.5) | 13.9
(57.0) | 9.4
(48.9) | 5.3
(41.5) | 2.2
(36.0) | 0.6
(33.1) | 2.2
(36.0) | 4.4
(39.9) | 8.7
(47.7) | 11.4
(52.5) | 13.7
(56.7) | 13.7
(56.7) | 8.5
(47.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 207.2
(8.16) | 222.0
(8.74) | 258.0
(10.16) | 142.7
(5.62) | 100.1
(3.94) | 110.0
(4.33) | 97.4
(3.83) | 87.5
(3.44) | 66.1
(2.60) | 99.1
(3.90) | 128.4
(5.06) | 169.5
(6.67) | 1,667.6
(65.65) |
| Average precipitation days | 14.5 | 15.3 | 16.3 | 13.2 | 9.0 | 8.1 | 6.5 | 7.1 | 7.8 | 10.7 | 11.4 | 13.5 | 133.4 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 66 | 69 | 71 | 65 | 66 | 61 | 55 | 53 | 50 | 56 | 60 | 61 | 61 |
| Source: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Notes and references

## InfoBox

| Ulong
New South Wales | |
| --- | --- |
| Ulong railway station on the closed Dorrigo railway line | |
| Ulong | |
| Coordinates | 30°14′23″S 152°53′08″E / 30.23972°S 152.88556°E / -30.23972; 152.88556 |
| Population | 215 (2021 census) |
| Postcode(s) | 2450 |
| LGA(s) | City of Coffs Harbour |
| State electorate(s) | Coffs Harbour |
| Federal division(s) | Division of Cowper |


# List of current Comorian islands presidents

This is a list of the three current Comorian islands presidents.

## Presidents of the islands

| Island | Name | Since |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ngazidja (Grande Comore) | Mohamed Abdoulwahab | 30 Jun 2007 |
| Ndzuwani (Anjouan) | Moussa Toybou | Jul 2008 |
| Mwali (Mohéli) | Mohamed Ali Said | 1 Jul 2007 |


title: Vivian Onano

abstract: Vivian Onano is an African activist and social entrepreneur from Kenya who advocates for girls' education and end of child marriage in Africa. She is the founder and director of the Leading Light Initiative, an organization aimed at alleviating poverty by providing opportunities tailored to youth, women, and disabled individuals.

text:
# Vivian Onano

**Vivian Onano** (born 1991) is an African activist and social entrepreneur from Kenya who advocates for girls' education and end of child marriage in Africa. She is the founder and director of the Leading Light Initiative, an organization aimed at alleviating poverty by providing opportunities tailored to youth, women, and disabled individuals.

## Education

Vivian pursued her higher education at Carthage College in Kenosha, Wisconsin where she obtained her degree and furthered her academic pursuits by earning a Master of Public Affairs from Sciences Po in Paris. Her educational background equipped her with the knowledge and skills necessary to address complex social and developmental challenges.

## Career

Vivian was appointed Youth advisor to the United Nations Women Global Civil Society Advisory Group from 2014 to 2016. In 2019, she was appointed as a youth advisor to the Global Education Monitoring Report for UNESCO She is a member of the World Humanitarian Forum Youth Council, a Concordia Africa advisor, and Vice-Chairperson Global Youth Empowerment Fund.

Her expertise extends to public speaking on vital global issues such as education, gender equality, youth empowerment, and international development. She has delivered impactful speeches at the United Nations General Assembly, World Humanitarian Forum, Afreximbank Annual Forum, Reykjavik Global Forum, Africa Business Forum, Forbes Woman Africa Regional Forum, World Innovation Summit for Education, Concordia Summit, EurAfrican Forum and the Clinton Global Initiative. Vivian has also shared her insights through published articles in renowned media outlets worldwide.

Her contributions were instrumental in mobilizing young people's input during the formulation of the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015. She holds positions as a faculty member at DUKE Corporate Education, board director of Nutrition International, board director of Flying Kites, and a member of the African Women Leadership Network. She is recognized as a 2024 Young Leader of the Nizami Ganjavi International Center in Azerbaijan.

## Recognition

She was honoured as one of the global 100 Most Influential People of African Descent under 40 in 2022, and in 2016 she featured in New African Woman Magazine's "30 under 30 Faces Changing Africa Now." Also Forbes Woman Africa described her as "One to Watch.

## Awards

2017 New African Woman on the Rise Award

2016 MTV "Africa Re-Imagined" Youth Award.

2015 Mrs. Michelle Obama’s "Let Girls Learn" Award by MORE Magazine.

## Reference

1. "Africa Leadership Series". *Teach For All*. Retrieved 2024-04-17.
2. "Vivian Onano - Global Citizen Forum". *Global Citizen Forum*. 2021-11-15. Retrieved 2024-04-17.
3. "Vivian Onano". *Women Deliver*. Retrieved 2024-04-17.
4. "Kenyan Vivian Onano promotes girls access to education". *BusinessGhana*. 2020-04-09. Retrieved 2024-04-17.
5. Bisciglia, Sandra (2016-02-16). "Vivian Onano '14 speaks on "The Power of a Dream" TODAY". *Carthage College*. Retrieved 2024-04-17.
6. "The Role of Education in Upholding Universal Values". *Sciences Po* (in French). 2019-02-20. Retrieved 2024-04-17.
7. "Vivian Onano". *WISE*. Retrieved 2024-04-17.
8. "Vivian Onano | Eurafrican Forum". Retrieved 2024-04-17.
9. *International Day of Persons with Disabilities Podcast*, retrieved 2024-04-17
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## InfoBox

| Vivian Onano | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1991 (age 3233)
Kenya |
| Nationality | Kenyan |
| Education | Degree Carthage College in Kenosha, Wisconsin
Master's Sciences Po Paris |
| Occupation(s) | Activist, Social Entrepreneur |
| Known for | Founder of "Leading Light Initiative"
2016 MTV "Africa Re-Imagined" Youth Award |
| Awards | 2017 New African Woman on the Rise Award |
| Website | vivianonano.com/bio/ |


title: Lublin, Wisconsin

abstract: Lublin is a village in Taylor County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 118 at the 2010 census.

text:
# Lublin, Wisconsin

**Lublin** is a village in Taylor County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 118 at the 2010 census.

## History

The village is named after the city of Lublin in southeast Poland. Marvin Durski, a Chicago land agent who sold real estate in the area, came from that Polish city.

## Geography

Lublin is located at 45°5′N 90°43′W / 45.083°N 90.717°W / 45.083; -90.717 (45.0751, -90.7242), along the North Fork Eau Claire River near its headwaters.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.54 square miles (3.99 km2), all of it land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1920 | 209 |  |  |
| 1930 | 159 |  | −23.9% |
| 1940 | 148 |  | −6.9% |
| 1950 | 161 |  | 8.8% |
| 1960 | 160 |  | −0.6% |
| 1970 | 143 |  | −10.6% |
| 1980 | 142 |  | −0.7% |
| 1990 | 129 |  | −9.2% |
| 2000 | 110 |  | −14.7% |
| 2010 | 118 |  | 7.3% |
| 2019 (est.) | 113 |  | −4.2% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 118 people, 57 households, and 30 families living in the village. The population density was 76.6 inhabitants per square mile (29.6/km2). There were 80 housing units at an average density of 51.9 per square mile (20.0/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 98.3% White, 0.8% Asian, and 0.8% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.8% of the population.

There were 57 households, of which 17.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.4% were married couples living together, 5.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 47.4% were non-families. 40.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.07 and the average family size was 2.70.

The median age in the village was 49 years. 16.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 16.9% were from 25 to 44; 34.8% were from 45 to 64; and 26.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 57.6% male and 42.4% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 110 people, 59 households, and 32 families living in the village. The population density was 72.5 people per square mile (27.9/km2). There were 72 housing units at an average density of 47.5 per square mile (18.3/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 100.00% White.

There were 59 households, out of which 11.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.1% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.1% were non-families. 42.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.86 and the average family size was 2.45.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 13.6% under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 23.6% from 25 to 44, 31.8% from 45 to 64, and 25.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 49 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.7 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $20,938, and the median income for a family was $50,625. Males had a median income of $28,750 versus $23,750 for females. The per capita income for the village was $15,823. There were 24.1% of families and 27.2% of the population living below the poverty line, including 16.7% of under eighteens and 56.5% of those over 64.

## Notable person

* Joseph Sweda, Wisconsin State Representative and farmer, was born in Lublin.

## Major Religions

* Lublin was founded by polish immigrants in 1906, because of the polish connection most people in Lublin are catholic.

## InfoBox

| Lublin, Wisconsin | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Lublin's main junction, looking east | |
| Location of Lublin in Taylor County, Wisconsin. | |
| Coordinates: 45°5′N 90°43′W / 45.083°N 90.717°W / 45.083; -90.717 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Wisconsin |
| County | Taylor |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.52 sq mi (3.95 km2) |
| Land | 1.52 sq mi (3.95 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,286 ft (392 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 118 |
| Estimate (2019) | 113 |
| Density | 74.15/sq mi (28.63/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code(s) | 715 & 534 |
| FIPS code | 55-46150 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1579782 |