abstract: The men's Greco-Roman flyweight competition at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki took place from 24 July to 27 July at Messuhalli. Nations were limited to one competitor. Flyweight was the lightest category, including wrestlers weighing up to 52 kilograms (114.6 lb).

text:
# Wrestling at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman flyweight

The **men's Greco-Roman flyweight** competition at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki took place from 24 July to 27 July at Messuhalli. Nations were limited to one competitor. Flyweight was the lightest category, including wrestlers weighing up to 52 kilograms (114.6 lb).

## Competition format

This Greco-Roman wrestling competition continued to use the "bad points" elimination system introduced at the 1928 Summer Olympics for Greco-Roman and at the 1932 Summer Olympics for freestyle wrestling, removing the slight modification introduced in 1936 and used until 1948 (which had a reduced penalty for a loss by 2–1 decision). Each round featured all wrestlers pairing off and wrestling one bout (with one wrestler having a bye if there were an odd number). The loser received 3 points. The winner received 1 point if the win was by decision and 0 points if the win was by fall. At the end of each round, any wrestler with at least 5 points was eliminated. This elimination continued until the medal rounds, which began when 3 wrestlers remained. These 3 wrestlers each faced each other in a round-robin medal round (with earlier results counting, if any had wrestled another before); record within the medal round determined medals, with bad points breaking ties.

## Results

### Round 1

Bouts

| Winner | Nation | Victory Type | Loser | Nation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Heini Weber | Germany | Fall | Werner Zimmer | Saar |
| Béla Kenéz | Hungary | Decision, 3–0 | Fahrettin Akbaş | Turkey |
| Boris Gurevich | Soviet Union | Decision, 3–0 | Borivoj Vukov | Yugoslavia |
| Svend Aage Thomsen | Denmark | Decision, 3–0 | Josef Zeman | Czechoslovakia |
| Maurice Mewis | Belgium | Decision, 3–0 | Dumitru Pîrvulescu | Romania |
| Bengt Johansson | Sweden | Decision, 3–0 | Franz Brunner | Austria |
| Ignazio Fabra | Italy | Decision, 3–0 | Edmond Faure | France |
| Mahmoud Omar Fawzy | Egypt | Fall | Frithjof Clausen | Norway |
| Leo Honkala | Finland | Bye | *N/A* | *N/A* |

Points

| Rank | Wrestler | Nation | Start | Earned | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Mahmoud Omar Fawzy | Egypt | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | Leo Honkala | Finland | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | Heini Weber | Germany | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 4 | Ignazio Fabra | Italy | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4 | Boris Gurevich | Soviet Union | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4 | Bengt Johansson | Sweden | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4 | Béla Kenéz | Hungary | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4 | Maurice Mewis | Belgium | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4 | Svend Aage Thomsen | Denmark | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 10 | Fahrettin Akbaş | Turkey | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 10 | Franz Brunner | Austria | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 10 | Frithjof Clausen | Norway | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 10 | Edmond Faure | France | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 10 | Dumitru Pîrvulescu | Romania | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 10 | Borivoj Vukov | Yugoslavia | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 10 | Josef Zeman | Czechoslovakia | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 10 | Werner Zimmer | Saar | 0 | 3 | 3 |

### Round 2

Clausen withdrew.

Bouts

| Winner | Nation | Victory Type | Loser | Nation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Leo Honkala | Finland | Fall | Werner Zimmer | Saar |
| Heini Weber | Germany | Decision, 3–0 | Fahrettin Akbaş | Turkey |
| Borivoj Vukov | Yugoslavia | Fall | Béla Kenéz | Hungary |
| Boris Gurevich | Soviet Union | Fall | Svend Aage Thomsen | Denmark |
| Maurice Mewis | Belgium | Fall | Josef Zeman | Czechoslovakia |
| Dumitru Pîrvulescu | Romania | Decision, 3–0 | Franz Brunner | Austria |
| Bengt Johansson | Sweden | Decision, 3–0 | Edmond Faure | France |
| Ignazio Fabra | Italy | Fall | Mahmoud Omar Fawzy | Egypt |

Points

| Rank | Wrestler | Nation | Start | Earned | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Leo Honkala | Finland | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2 | Ignazio Fabra | Italy | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2 | Boris Gurevich | Soviet Union | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2 | Maurice Mewis | Belgium | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2 | Heini Weber | Germany | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 6 | Bengt Johansson | Sweden | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 7 | Mahmoud Omar Fawzy | Egypt | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 7 | Borivoj Vukov | Yugoslavia | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 9 | Béla Kenéz | Hungary | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| 9 | Dumitru Pîrvulescu | Romania | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| 9 | Svend Aage Thomsen | Denmark | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| 12 | Frithjof Clausen | Norway | 3 | 0 | 3\* |
| 13 | Fahrettin Akbaş | Turkey | 3 | 3 | 6 |
| 13 | Franz Brunner | Austria | 3 | 3 | 6 |
| 13 | Edmond Faure | France | 3 | 3 | 6 |
| 13 | Josef Zeman | Czechoslovakia | 3 | 3 | 6 |
| 13 | Werner Zimmer | Saar | 3 | 3 | 6 |

### Round 3

Bouts

| Winner | Nation | Victory Type | Loser | Nation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Leo Honkala | Finland | Decision, 2–1 | Heini Weber | Germany |
| Boris Gurevich | Soviet Union | Decision, 3–0 | Béla Kenéz | Hungary |
| Borivoj Vukov | Yugoslavia | Decision, 3–0 | Svend Aage Thomsen | Denmark |
| Bengt Johansson | Sweden | Decision, 3–0 | Maurice Mewis | Belgium |
| Ignazio Fabra | Italy | Decision, 3–0 | Dumitru Pîrvulescu | Romania |
| Mahmoud Omar Fawzy | Egypt | Bye | *N/A* | *N/A* |

Points

| Rank | Wrestler | Nation | Start | Earned | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Leo Honkala | Finland | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | Ignazio Fabra | Italy | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 2 | Boris Gurevich | Soviet Union | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 4 | Mahmoud Omar Fawzy | Egypt | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 4 | Bengt Johansson | Sweden | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 6 | Maurice Mewis | Belgium | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| 6 | Borivoj Vukov | Yugoslavia | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| 6 | Heini Weber | Germany | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| 9 | Béla Kenéz | Hungary | 4 | 3 | 7 |
| 9 | Dumitru Pîrvulescu | Romania | 4 | 3 | 7 |
| 9 | Svend Aage Thomsen | Denmark | 4 | 3 | 7 |

### Round 4

Bouts

| Winner | Nation | Victory Type | Loser | Nation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Leo Honkala | Finland | Decision, 3–0 | Mahmoud Omar Fawzy | Egypt |
| Heini Weber | Germany | Decision, 3–0 | Borivoj Vukov | Yugoslavia |
| Boris Gurevich | Soviet Union | Decision, 3–0 | Maurice Mewis | Belgium |
| Ignazio Fabra | Italy | Decision, 3–0 | Bengt Johansson | Sweden |

Points

| Rank | Wrestler | Nation | Start | Earned | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Leo Honkala | Finland | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 2 | Ignazio Fabra | Italy | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 2 | Boris Gurevich | Soviet Union | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 4 | Heini Weber | Germany | 4 | 1 | 5 |
| 5 | Mahmoud Omar Fawzy | Egypt | 3 | 3 | 6 |
| 5 | Bengt Johansson | Sweden | 3 | 3 | 6 |
| 7 | Maurice Mewis | Belgium | 4 | 3 | 7 |
| 7 | Borivoj Vukov | Yugoslavia | 4 | 3 | 7 |

### Medal rounds

Bouts

| Winner | Nation | Victory Type | Loser | Nation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Boris Gurevich | Soviet Union | Decision, 3–0 | Leo Honkala | Finland |
| Ignazio Fabra | Italy | Decision, 3–0 | Leo Honkala | Finland |
| Boris Gurevich | Soviet Union | Decision, 3–0 | Ignazio Fabra | Italy |

Points

| Rank | Wrestler | Nation | Wins | Losses | Start | Earned | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Boris Gurevich | Soviet Union | 2 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 5 |
|  | Ignazio Fabra | Italy | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 7 |
|  | Leo Honkala | Finland | 0 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 8 |

**General**

## InfoBox

| Men's Greco-Roman flyweight<br>at the Games of the XV Olympiad | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Messuhalli |
| Dates | 24–27 July |
| Competitors | 17 from 17 nations |
| Medalists | |
| Boris Gurevich  Soviet Union  Ignazio Fabra  Italy  Leo Honkala  Finland | |
|


title: Woodbury, New Zealand

abstract: Woodbury is a small township in the Canterbury Region in the South Island of New Zealand. It is about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) inland from Geraldine and is the gateway to the nearby Waihi and Orari River Gorges and the Four Peaks. The township is home to various small local businesses.

text:
# Woodbury, New Zealand

**Woodbury** is a small township in the Canterbury Region in the South Island of New Zealand. It is about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) inland from Geraldine and is the gateway to the nearby Waihi and Orari River Gorges and the Four Peaks. The township is home to various small local businesses.

## History

The early history of Woodbury is centred around the timber industry and farming. The town was first established by Robert Taylor and Frederick Flatman in 1866 as a saw milling and farming settlement. The town enjoyed rapid growth in its early years and was home to a large general store, two butchers shops, a shoemaker, a creamery, a blacksmith and a two-storeyed wooden hotel, that would later blow down in a gale.

The settlement was originally known as Waihi Bush, however, was renamed Woodbury after the birthplace Elizabeth Flatman (Frederick Flatman's wife) in Gloucestershire, England.

## Demographics

The area is described as a rural settlement by Statistics New Zealand, and covers 0.26 km2 (0.10 sq mi). It had an estimated population of 110 as of June 2023, with a population density of 423 people per km2. Woodbury is part of the larger Arundel statistical area.

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 | 96 |  |
| 2013 | 96 | +0.00% |
| 2018 | 105 | +1.81% |
| Source: | | |

Woodbury had a population of 105 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 9 people (9.4%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 9 people (9.4%) since the 2006 census. There were 48 households, comprising 57 males and 51 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.12 males per female. The median age was 56.5 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 15 people (14.3%) aged under 15 years, 6 (5.7%) aged 15 to 29, 60 (57.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 27 (25.7%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 91.4% European/Pākehā, 2.9% Pasifika, 5.7% Asian, and 5.7% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 51.4% had no religion, and 45.7% were Christian.

Of those at least 15 years old, 21 (23.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 9 (10.0%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $34,600, compared with $31,800 nationally. 12 people (13.3%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 42 (46.7%) people were employed full-time, 18 (20.0%) were part-time, and 3 (3.3%) were unemployed.

## Education

The original Waihi Bush school was opened in 1872, the school would later be moved to its current location and renamed in 1881. Woodbury school continues to operate today as a four teacher contributing primary school serving years 1 to 6, with a roll of 112 students as of August 2024. The school's principal is Mike De Joux.

## Buildings

### Eleanor Tripp Library

A small wooden library built as a memorial to Eleanor Tripp is still run by locals today and doubles as a museum. Outside the library is the area War Memorial.

### St Thomas's Church

The original wooden church was consecrated in 1879, however population growth in the region ensured that a new, larger church was needed. The church was rebuilt by Oswald Scott and Bert Cooling using Norman styling and stones from the local river, it was completed in 1938. The interior of the church features stained glass windows made by Veronica Whall, Joseph Nuttgens and Stephen Bélanger-Taylor as well as carving by Frederick Gurnsey. The church is still used today for services and is a popular wedding location.

### Woodbury Domain

Land was reserved for the domain in 1883 and the Woodbury Hall was built in 1911 in celebration of the coronation of King George V. The domain consists of a cricket pavilion, tennis courts, children's playground, public toilets and BBQ. Adjacent to the domain is the cemetery that has been used since 1879.

## Notable residents

## InfoBox

| Woodbury | |
| --- | --- |
| Rural settlement | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 44°02′S 171°12′E / 44.033°S 171.200°E / -44.033; 171.200 | |
| Country | New Zealand |
| Region | Canterbury |
| Territorial authority | Timaru District |
| Ward | Geraldine |
| Community | Geraldine |
| Electorates |  |
| Government | |
| Territorial authority | Timaru District Council |
| Regional council | Environment Canterbury |
| Mayor of Timaru | Nigel Bowen |
| Waitaki MP | Miles Anderson |
| Te Tai Tonga MP | Tākuta Ferris |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.26 km2 (0.10 sq mi) |
| Population (June 2023) | |
| Total | 110 |
| Density | 420/km2 (1,100/sq mi) |


title: Woodstock (Natchez, Mississippi)

abstract: Woodstock in Natchez, Mississippi is a Greek Revival building built in 1851. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. The house stands 12 miles (19 km) from the Natchez city center.

text:
# Woodstock (Natchez, Mississippi)

**Woodstock** in Natchez, Mississippi is a Greek Revival building built in 1851. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. The house stands 12 miles (19 km) from the Natchez city center.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Woodstock | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Natchez, Mississippi |
| Coordinates | 31°25′33″N 91°19′30″W / 31.42583°N 91.32500°W / 31.42583; -91.32500 |
| Built | 1851 |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 89000782 |
| Added to NRHP | June 29, 1989 |


title: Woodstock (Trenton, Kentucky)

abstract: Woodstock, in Todd County, Kentucky near Trenton, Kentucky was the center of a 3,000 acres (12 km⁲) farm which extended across the state line into Montgomery County, Tennessee. Its main house was built in 1896. That and a second contributing building, a smokehouse, on 7.4 acres (3.0 ha) of land all in Todd County, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010. The house was deemed significant for associations with three women: it was a home of the famous author Dorothy Dix and is also associated with "two other interesting and important female members of the Meriwether family, Caroline Ferguson Gordon (1895–1981), and Caroline Meriwether Goodlett (1833–1914), who also gained national reputations in their respective fields." Dorothy Dix wrote of it:How can one describe the place in which one was born any more than one could paint for a stranger the portrait of one’s own mother? So much of childish impressions, when home was grander than any storied castle, goes into the picture, so much of love and loyalty, so many tender recollections, that it all becomes blurred in a golden haze of memory in which it is impossible to distinguish between reality and fancy. / So is Woodstock to me. The old home. The house that my grandfather built. In which my father was born and in which his gay and debonair young manhood was spent, and where my own baby feet, with those of many other little grandchildren, pattered across the floor. But before I try to tell you of it I must first sketch in a bit of background.... "Woodstock" was the name used for the farm from 1821 on. It stayed in the Meriwether family until 1918. The main house has 7,400 square feet (0.069 ha) of floor area. It is located about 6 miles (9.7 km) southwest of Trenton, and is just a few hundred yards north of the state line of Kentucky.

text:
# Woodstock (Trenton, Kentucky)

**Woodstock**, in Todd County, Kentucky near Trenton, Kentucky was the center of a 3,000 acres (12 km2) farm which extended across the state line into Montgomery County, Tennessee. Its main house was built in 1896. That and a second contributing building, a smokehouse, on 7.4 acres (3.0 ha) of land all in Todd County, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.

The house was deemed significant for associations with three women: it was a home of the famous author Dorothy Dix (actually Elizabeth Meriwether Gilmer (1861–1951)) and is also associated with "two other interesting and important female members of the Meriwether family, Caroline Ferguson Gordon (1895–1981), and Caroline Meriwether Goodlett (1833–1914), who also gained national reputations in their respective fields."

Dorothy Dix wrote of it:

> How can one describe the place in which one was born any more than one could paint for a stranger the portrait of one’s own mother? So much of childish impressions, when home was grander than any storied castle, goes into the picture, so much of love and loyalty, so many tender recollections, that it all becomes blurred in a golden haze of memory in which it is impossible to distinguish between reality and fancy. / So is Woodstock to me. The old home. The house that my grandfather built. In which my father was born and in which his gay and debonair young manhood was spent, and where my own baby feet, with those of many other little grandchildren, pattered across the floor. But before I try to tell you of it I must first sketch in a bit of background....

"Woodstock" was the name used for the farm from 1821 on. It stayed in the Meriwether family until 1918.

The main house has 7,400 square feet (0.069 ha) of floor area.

It is located about 6 miles (9.7 km) southwest of Trenton, and is just a few hundred yards north of the state line of Kentucky.

## History

In 1809, Dr. Charles Meriwether of Albemarle County, Virginia bought 13,000 acres of farmland in Montgomery County, Tennessee and Todd County, Kentucky at a price of $1 per acre. The doctor bequeathed a portion of the land to each of his three sons. His son Charles Nicholas Minor Meriwether inherited a portion of his father's land and built a mansion house on the land in 1830, which became Woodstock.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Woodstock | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Trenton, Kentucky |
| Coordinates | 36°38′40″N 87°18′44″W / 36.64441°N 87.31234°W / 36.64441; -87.31234 |
| Area | 7.4 acres (3.0 ha) |
| Built | 1830 |
| Architectural style | Federal |
| NRHP reference No. | 10000904 |
| Added to NRHP | November 10, 2010 |


title: Woundfin

abstract: The woundfin is a species of minnow endemic to the Virgin River of the southwestern United States. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Plagopterus.

text:
# Woundfin

The **woundfin** (***Plagopterus argentissimus***) is a species of minnow endemic to the Virgin River of the southwestern United States. It is the only species in the monotypic genus ***Plagopterus***.

## Description

The woundfin is a small slender, silvery minnow, with a flattened head and belly, long snout, leathery skin, and no scales. There are barbels on the corners of its lips, and its common name likely comes from the first spinous ray of its dorsal fin, which is sharp-pointed. Its maximum length is rarely more than 7.5 cm (3.0 in). It can be distinguished from spikedace and spinedace by presence of barbels.

## Distribution

Historically, the woundfin occupied much of the lower Colorado River basin, including two tributaries, the Virgin River and part of the Gila River; however, habitat destruction through dams and water development has led to its extirpation from these regions. In addition, several introduced species, most notably the red shiner (*Cyprinella lutrensis*) have contributed to a decrease in the woundfin's Virgin River population. The woundfin is currently federally listed as an endangered species, while the United States Fish and Wildlife Service lists the population status as "declining."

## Habitat

The woundfin tolerates highly mineralized, turbid waters. It is typically found in warm, swift streams of high turbidity, preferring a stream speed of one to two feet per second and a depth of eight to eighteen inches. Woundfin lives in part of salty streams, avoiding clear waters and rarely can be found in quieter pools.

## Food

The woundfin is omnivorous, and depending on availability will feed on detritus, algae, seeds, and aquatic insects and their larvae.

## Conservation status

Historically, the woundfin also occupied the lower Colorado River from the Virgin to Yuma, Arizona, and the Gila River from Yuma to its confluence with the Salt River, but habitat destruction through water development (including eight major dams which alter flow) and the introduction of several species (particularly the red shiner (*Cyprinella lutrensis*), which competes for food and is known to prey upon the woundfin's eggs and young) have led to its extirpation in these regions as well as a decline in population in the Virgin River. Since 1970, the woundfin has been listed as an endangered species. Other listings include "Vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List and "Critically Imperiled" (the most critical classification) by NatureServe. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service lists the population status as "declining." The Dexter National Fish Hatchery in Dexter, New Mexico studies the woundfin in an effort to help conserve the species, and has successfully spawned the fish in captivity. However, efforts to transplant the species into other rivers and creeks have failed due to reproduction not taking place. On July 11, 2007, approximately 50 woundfin were released into the Hassayampa River near Wickenburg, Arizona. The hatchery-raised fish were from wild Virgin River stock. The only wild population of the species is in the Virgin River. An aggressive program to eradicate red shiner from the Virgin River in Utah has all but removed red shiner from reaches previously dominated by red shiner. Fish barriers have been erected to prevent re-colonization by red shiner, and has allowed the reintroduction of hatchery raised woundfin. Several thousand of hatchery-raised woundfin were released in the fall of 2007 and 2008. With red shiner no longer a threat, low flows and high temperatures are the biggest threats still facing woundfin. Another minnow, the Virgin River chub (*Gila seminuda*), has much of the same range as the woundfin and thus faces the same threats of extinction, particularly competition from the red shiner and a decrease in water quality as the result of agricultural runoff.

## InfoBox

| Woundfin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
|
Critically Imperiled  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Cyprinidae |
| Subfamily: | Leuciscinae |
| Genus: | *Plagopterus*
Cope, 1874 |
| Species: | ***P. argentissimus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Plagopterus argentissimus***
Cope, 1874 | |
|


title: Wrigley Building

abstract: The Wrigley Building is a skyscraper located at 400–410 North Michigan Avenue on Chicago's Near North Side. It is located on the Magnificent Mile directly across Michigan Avenue from the Tribune Tower. Its two towers in an elaborate style were built between 1920 and 1924 to house the corporate headquarters of the Wrigley Company. Its bright white facade is covered in terra cotta.

text:
# Wrigley Building

The **Wrigley Building** is a skyscraper located at 400–410 North Michigan Avenue on Chicago's Near North Side. It is located on the Magnificent Mile directly across Michigan Avenue from the Tribune Tower. Its two towers in an elaborate style were built between 1920 and 1924 to house the corporate headquarters of the Wrigley Company. Its bright white facade is covered in terra cotta.

## History

When ground was broken for the Wrigley Building in 1920, there were no major office buildings north of the Chicago River. The Michigan Avenue Bridge, which spans the river just south of the building, was still under construction. The land was selected by chewing gum magnate William Wrigley Jr. for the headquarters of his company. The building was designed by the architectural firm of Graham, Anderson, Probst & White using the shape of the Giralda tower of Seville's Cathedral combined with French Renaissance details. The 425-foot (130 m) south tower was completed in September 1921 and the north tower in May 1924. Walkways between the towers were added at the ground level and the third floor. In 1931, another walkway was added at the fourteenth floor to allow for a rearrangement of Wrigley's offices. The two towers, not including the levels below Michigan Avenue, have a combined area of 453,433 square feet (42,125.3 m2).

The two towers are of differing heights, with the south tower rising to 30 stories and the north tower to 21 stories. On the south tower is a clock with faces pointing in all directions. Each face is 19 feet 7 inches (5.97 m) in diameter. The building is clad in glazed terra-cotta, which provides its gleaming white façade. On occasion, the entire building is hand washed to preserve the terra cotta. At night, the building is brightly lit with floodlights.

The Wrigley Building was Chicago's first air-conditioned office building. If one walks through the center doors, one will enter a secluded park area overlooking the Chicago River.

In the 1957 science fiction film *Beginning of the End*, giant grasshoppers attack downtown Chicago, and in one scene are shown climbing up the side of the Wrigley Building.

The Wrigley Building was sold in 2011 to a group of investors that includes Zeller Realty Group and Groupon co-founders Eric Lefkofsky and Brad Keywell. The new owners made the building more attractive to businesses by adding a Walgreens, a coffee shop, a fitness center and a nursing room for mothers.

## Tenants

Addresses at 400 North Michigan Avenue:

Addresses at 410 North Michigan Avenue:

* Chicagoland Chamber of Commerce, housed in Suite 900.
* EZCall, a division of Kronos Incorporated, housed in Suite 660.
* Capax Global US Headquarters, housed in Suite 650.
* Perkins and Will

## InfoBox

| Wrigley Building | |
| --- | --- |
| Chicago's Wrigley Building | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | commercial offices |
| Location | 400-410 N. Michigan Ave
Chicago, Illinois |
| Country | United States |
| Coordinates | 41°53′23″N 87°37′29″W / 41.889707°N 87.624861°W / 41.889707; -87.624861 |
| Construction started | 1920 |
| Completed | September 1921 |
| Opening | May 1924 (both towers) |
| Height | |
| Antenna spire | 438 ft (134 m) |
| Roof | 425 ft (130 m) |
| Top floor | 21 (North Tower)
30 (South Tower) |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Graham, Anderson, Probst & White |
| Developer | William Wrigley Jr. |


title: Wooster Township, Wayne County, Ohio

abstract: Wooster Township is one of the sixteen townships of Wayne County, Ohio, United States. The 2020 census found 4,615 people in the township.

text:
# Wooster Township, Wayne County, Ohio

**Wooster Township** is one of the sixteen townships of Wayne County, Ohio, United States. The 2020 census found 4,615 people in the township.

## Geography

Located in the central part of the county, it borders the following townships:

Much of Wooster Township is occupied by the city of Wooster, the county seat of Wayne County. Honeytown is an unincorporated community in the east of the township, just north of Apple Creek.

## Name and history

It is the only Wooster Township statewide.

## Government

The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.

## InfoBox

| Wooster Township, Wayne County, Ohio | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| This old schoolhouse is on Route 226 | |
| Location of Wooster Township in Wayne County | |
| Coordinates: 40°46′53″N 81°56′34″W / 40.78139°N 81.94278°W / 40.78139; -81.94278 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Ohio |
| County | Wayne |
| Area | |
| Total | 20.3 sq mi (52.7 km2) |
| Land | 20.3 sq mi (52.5 km2) |
| Water | 0.1 sq mi (0.2 km2) |
| Elevation | 850 ft (259 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 4,615 |
| Density | 227.3/sq mi (87.9/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 44691 |
| Area code | 330 |
| FIPS code | 39-86562 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1087164 |


title: Woosuk University

abstract: Woosuk University is a private university located in Wanju County, North Jeolla Province and Jincheon County, North Chungcheong Province, Republic of Korea.

text:
# Woosuk University

| Woosuk University | |
| --- | --- |
| Hangul | 우석대학교 |
| Hanja | 又石大學校 |
| Revised Romanization | *Useok Daehakgyo* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Usŏk Taehakkyo* |

**Woosuk University** (**WU**; Korean: 우석대학교; Hanja: 又石大學校) is a private university located in Wanju County, North Jeolla Province and Jincheon County, North Chungcheong Province, Republic of Korea.

## History

The origins of Woosuk University began with the establishment of Woosuk Academy. Founder Wooseok Dr. Seo Sang-sang took over Hanjin Academy, which operated Dongsan Middle School at the time, and renamed it Wooseok Academy named after his pseudonym 'Wooseok', and established and operated Dongsan Comprehensive High School together with Dongsan Middle School did On January 10, 1979, Woosuk University was established under the name of Jeonju Woosuk Women's University with approval from the Ministry of Education at the time.

When it was established in 1979, it started as a women's college, but on October 2, 1980, it changed its name to Jeonju Woosuk University**,** and in 1981, it switched to a coeducational system from freshmen. In 1982, it moved to the current comprehensive campus (Samrye-eup, Wanju County), and in a short period of time, including the establishment of a graduate school in 1983, it began to take shape as a prestigious local private school. On March 15, 1992, the Ministry of Education recognized the elevation to a comprehensive university.

In addition to the currently operating Jeonju Campus, Woosuk University established and opened the Jincheon Campus consisting of 2 colleges and 14 departments in Jincheon, North Chungcheong Province in March 2014.

## Academics & Education

### Domestic Ranking

According to EduRank, Woosuk University holds the 79th position among 193 universities in South Korea.

### World Ranking

According to EduRank, on a global scale, Woosuk University is positioned at 4007th among 14,131 evaluated institutions. While its international ranking is moderate, it maintains a respectable presence in Asia, holding the 1355th spot out of 5,830 universities. The university's research contributions are noteworthy, with 1,951 academic publications and 27,947 citations associated with its name. This research productivity is reflected in its ranking across various subject areas. Additionally, Woosuk University ranks 3615th for Alumni Impact and falls within the top 50% in eight other subject categories.

## Notable alumni

35°54′45.5″N 127°4′0.1″E / 35.912639°N 127.066694°E / 35.912639; 127.066694

## InfoBox

Woosuk University
| 우석대학교 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type | Private |
| Established | 1979 (1979) |
| President | Ra Jong-yil |
| Undergraduates | 7,784 |
| Postgraduates | 610 |
| Location | Wanju County, South Korea |
| Campus | Urban |
| Website | english.woosuk.ac.kr |
|  | |


title: Wristband

abstract: Wristbands are encircling strips worn on the wrist or lower forearm. The term may refer to a bracelet-like band, similar to that of a wristwatch, to the cuff or other part of a sleeve that covers the wrist, or decorative or functional bands worn on the wrist for many different reasons. Wristbands are often worn and used similarly to event passes such as lanyards to information or allow people entry to events. These wristbands are made from loops of plastic that are placed around the wrist and are used for identification purposes. Another type of wristband is the sweatband; usually made of a towel-like terrycloth material. These are usually used to wipe sweat from the forehead during sport but have been known to be used as a badge or fashion statement. A practice common in mid-1980s punk subculture was to cut the top off of a sock and fashion the elastic into this type of wristband.

text:
# Wristband

**Wristbands** are encircling strips worn on the wrist or lower forearm. The term may refer to a bracelet-like band, similar to that of a wristwatch, to the cuff or other part of a sleeve that covers the wrist, or decorative or functional bands worn on the wrist for many different reasons. Wristbands are often worn and used similarly to event passes such as lanyards to information or allow people entry to events. These wristbands are made from loops of plastic that are placed around the wrist and are used for identification purposes (demonstrating the wearer's authorization to be at a venue, for example).

Another type of wristband is the sweatband; usually made of a towel-like terrycloth material. These are usually used to wipe sweat from the forehead during sport but have been known to be used as a badge or fashion statement. A practice common in mid-1980s punk subculture was to cut the top off of a sock and fashion the elastic into this type of wristband.

## Silicone wristbands

In the early-to-mid-2000s (decade), bracelets often made of silicone became popular. They are worn to demonstrate the wearer's support of a cause or charitable organization, similar to awareness ribbons. Such wristbands are sometimes called awareness bracelets to distinguish them from other types of wristbands. In early 2007 they became an increasingly popular item being sold as merchandise at concerts & sporting events worldwide. The wristbands bearing official logos or trademarks enabled the seller to offer a low price point merchandise option to fans. Silicone wristbands may also be called gel wristbands, jelly wristbands, rubber wristbands and fundraising wristbands. All of these wristbands are made from the same silicone material.

## UV ultra violet wristbands

UV Ultra Violet Sensitive silicone wristbands appear clear/white when out of UV light, but when exposed to ultra violet light such as sunlight the wristbands' color changes to blue or fuchsia. These bands can be used as reminders for people to apply sunscreen or stay in the shade on hot summer days.

## Hospital wristbands

Hospital wristbands are a commonly used safety device for identifying patients undergoing medical care (see patient safety and medical identification tag). Available in a variety of sizes to accommodate patients as small as newborns and as large as obese adults, hospital wristbands can be handwritten, embossed, laser-printed or thermal-imaged with names, pictures, medical record numbers, barcodes and other personal identifiers.

Laser printing and thermal imaging—the most advanced technologies for personalizing hospital wristbands—support fonts, colors and barcodes for improved patient safety through electronic patient and medication tracking. Handwritten and embossed wristbands remain in widespread use, however, despite findings on compromised safety reported in 2007. The National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA) found that as many as 2,900 patients each year were receiving the wrong medical care because of the hospital staff's inability to read damaged or otherwise illegible patient information on handwritten and embossed wristbands.

## Event wristbands

Colored wristbands are often given to people attending events such as music festivals and gigs as an access control measure. Counterfeit wristbands are increasingly common.

Silicone wristbands (sometimes referred to as gel bracelets) are popular for fundraising or showing support for a cause. An event organizer might create a custom wristband to give out or sell to those interested in an event or supporting a cause. Some people keep the wristbands as souvenirs or wear the wristbands after the event to show what events they went to.

Further uses for wristbands include event ticketing at music festivals, and sporting events may include an NFC (near field communication) chip that would allow contactless payment at the concessions and turnstiles. Wristbands are ideal to use for dark environments such as nightclubs and bars, or outdoor venues where patrons can be far away, such as festivals and theme parks.

In addition, these styles of colored wristbands are used alongside hospital patient bands to serve as an extra safety reminder and alert for allergies. They will have a standard color and clearly written labeling, such as "Fall Risks" (which may come from medical conditions, injuries and/or medications used), "Allergies" (to cover allergic reactions), or "Latex Allergies" (to make sure medical safety gloves are not made of latex), amongst several other important cautions that would help protect the patient by preventing iatrogenic mistakes.


title: Wright Potato House

abstract: The Wright Potato House was a small 1+1⁄2-story building near Laurel, Delaware that was built to store harvested sweet potatoes. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. Sweet potatoes were a dominant crop in Sussex County, Delaware, and numerous potato houses were built to store them. After a blight in the 1940s, the crop became less important and many potato houses were allowed to deteriorate or were converted to other use. The frame building was about 20.17 feet (6.15 m) by 30.25 feet (9.22 m) in plan on a concrete and brick foundation. Windows were confined to the ends of the building, as are doors. The original "triple sheathing" was covered by asphalt shingles. The triple sheathing system consisted of wood weatherboards over diagonal wood sheathing on wood studs with straw insulation, and an interior sheathing of horizontal beaded tongue and groove boards. A wood shingle roof was likewise covered with asphalt shingles. The Wright Potato House was typical of its kind, with a center aisle between potato bins on both levels. A sliding trap door provided ventilation between levels. A chimney was provided to allow the house to be heated sufficiently to avoid freezing the stored crop. It is listed on the Delaware Cultural and Historic Resources GIS system as destroyed or demolished.

text:
# Wright Potato House

The **Wright Potato House** was a small 1+12-story building near Laurel, Delaware that was built to store harvested sweet potatoes. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

Sweet potatoes were a dominant crop in Sussex County, Delaware, and numerous potato houses were built to store them. After a blight in the 1940s, the crop became less important and many potato houses were allowed to deteriorate or were converted to other use.

The frame building was about 20.17 feet (6.15 m) by 30.25 feet (9.22 m) in plan on a concrete and brick foundation. Windows were confined to the ends of the building, as are doors. The original "triple sheathing" was covered by asphalt shingles. The triple sheathing system consisted of wood weatherboards over diagonal wood sheathing on wood studs with straw insulation, and an interior sheathing of horizontal beaded tongue and groove boards. A wood shingle roof was likewise covered with asphalt shingles.

The Wright Potato House was typical of its kind, with a center aisle between potato bins on both levels. A sliding trap door provided ventilation between levels. A chimney was provided to allow the house to be heated sufficiently to avoid freezing the stored crop. It is listed on the Delaware Cultural and Historic Resources GIS system as destroyed or demolished.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Wright Potato House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Southwest of junction of Delaware Route 24 and Road 510, near Laurel, Delaware |
| Coordinates | 38°31′57″N 75°36′35″W / 38.53250°N 75.60972°W / 38.53250; -75.60972 |
| Area | 0.1 acres (0.040 ha) |
| Architectural style | Potato house |
| MPS | Sweet Potato Houses of Sussex County MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 90001702 |
| Added to NRHP | November 15, 1990 |


title: World Malaria Day

abstract: World Malaria Day (WMD) is an international observance commemorated every year on 25 April and recognizes global efforts to control malaria. Globally, 3.3 billion people in 106 countries are at risk of malaria. In 2012, malaria caused an estimated 627,000 deaths, mostly among African children. Asia, Latin America, and to a lesser extent the Middle East and parts of Europe are also affected. World Malaria Day sprang out of the efforts taking place across the African continent to commemorate Africa Malaria Day. WMD is one of 11 official global public health campaigns currently marked by the World Health Organization (WHO), along with World Health Day, World Blood Donor Day, World Immunization Week, World Antimicrobial Awareness Week, World Patient Safety Day, World Tuberculosis Day, World Chagas Disease Day, World No Tobacco Day, World Hepatitis Day and World AIDS Day. According to the most recent World Malaria Report, the global tally of malaria reached 429,000 malaria deaths and 212 million new cases in 2015. The rate of new malaria cases fell by 21 per cent globally between 2010 and 2015, and malaria death rates fell by 29 per cent in the same period. In sub-Saharan Africa, case incidence and death rates fell by 21 per cent and 31 per cent, respectively.

text:
# World Malaria Day

**World Malaria Day** (**WMD**) is an international observance commemorated every year on 25 April and recognizes global efforts to control malaria. Globally, 3.3 billion people in 106 countries are at risk of malaria. In 2012, malaria caused an estimated 627,000 deaths, mostly among African children. Asia, Latin America, and to a lesser extent the Middle East and parts of Europe are also affected.

World Malaria Day sprang out of the efforts taking place across the African continent to commemorate **Africa Malaria Day**. WMD is one of 11 official global public health campaigns currently marked by the World Health Organization (WHO), along with World Health Day, World Blood Donor Day, World Immunization Week, World Antimicrobial Awareness Week, World Patient Safety Day, World Tuberculosis Day, World Chagas Disease Day, World No Tobacco Day, World Hepatitis Day and World AIDS Day.

According to the most recent World Malaria Report, the global tally of malaria reached 429,000 malaria deaths and 212 million new cases in 2015. The rate of new malaria cases fell by 21 per cent globally between 2010 and 2015, and malaria death rates fell by 29 per cent in the same period. In sub-Saharan Africa, case incidence and death rates fell by 21 per cent and 31 per cent, respectively.

## History

World Malaria Day was established in May 2007 by the 60th session of the World Health Assembly, WHO's decision-making body. The day was established to provide "education and understanding of malaria" and spread information on "year-long intensified implementation of national malaria-control strategies, including community-based activities for malaria prevention and treatment in endemic areas." Prior to the establishment of WMD, **Africa Malaria Day** was held on April 25. Africa Malaria Day began in 2001, one year after the historic *Abuja Declaration* was signed by 44 malaria-endemic countries at the African Summit on Malaria. World Malaria Day allows for corporations (such as ExxonMobil), multinational organizations (such as Malaria No More) and grassroots organizations (such as Mosquitoes Suck Tour) globally to work together to bring awareness to malaria and advocate for policy changes.

## Themes

Each World Malaria Day focuses on a specific theme. Current and past themes include the following:

* World Malaria Day 2024: "Accelerating the fight against malaria for a more equitable world",
* World Malaria Day 2023: “Time to deliver zero malaria: invest, innovate, implement
* World Malaria Day 2022: "Harness innovation to reduce the malaria disease burden and save lives."
* World Malaria Day 2019-2020-2021: "Zero malaria starts with me"
* World Malaria Day 2018: "Ready to beat malaria"
* World Malaria Day 2017: "LETS Close The Gap"
* World Malaria Day 2016: "End Malaria For Good"
* World Malaria Day 2013-2014-2015: "Invest in the future: defeat malaria"
* World Malaria Day 2012: "Sustain Gains, Save Lives: Invest in Malaria"
* World Malaria Day 2011: "Achieving Progress and Impact"
* World Malaria Day 2009-2010: "Counting malaria out"
* World Malaria Day 2008: "Malaria: a disease without borders"

## Global Events

### Europe

Leading to World Malaria Day 2014, the European Vaccine Initiative announced sixteen new projects for the acceleration of malaria vaccine development. The projects were to be undertaken by an international consortium involving partners from the public and private sectors from Europe, USA and Africa.

### India

For World Malaria Day 2017, efforts across India included a series of measures to control the spread of this vector-borne disease. The coastal city of Mangaluru identified open water resources to target for eliminating mosquitos that spread malaria.

### Nigeria

Events marking World Malaria Day 2014 in Nigeria included a demonstration of anti-malarial bed nets, testing and distribution of anti-malarial drugs, seminars on progress in combating and controlling malaria, and the inclusion of African footballers in the campaign to combat malaria.

As of 2016, the Federal Ministry of Health has pledged to end Malaria. The U.S. Ambassador to Nigeria, James F. Entwistle, has pledged continued support and noted the possibility of ending Malaria in Nigeria.

### United States

April 25 was designated as *Malaria Awareness Day* in 2007 by President George W. Bush, who called on Americans to join in on the goal to eradicate malaria on the African continent. President Bush described it as a day when "we focus our attention on all who suffer from this terrible disease -- especially the millions on the continent of Africa. We remember the millions more who died from this entirely preventable and treatable disease." President Bush shared the White House's strategic plan against malaria, which included endeavors to distribute bed nets with the New York-based nonprofit group Malaria No More.

Other former U.S. Presidents are involved in anti-malaria efforts. Former President Bill Clinton's Clinton Foundation includes an anti-malaria component that, according to director Inder Singh has distributed anti-malaria drugs to millions in Africa and Asia.

Many prominent companies, organizations, and celebrities have declared initiatives to join the fight against malaria to mark this day. These include a $3 million "challenge grant" announced by ExxonMobil to match donations dollar by dollar to Malaria No More, as part of the "Idol Gives Back" episodes of *American Idol*, which was aired on Malaria Awareness Day. Major League Soccer Commissioner Don Garber also announced that the league would promote malaria awareness and bed net fundraising promotions in the month of April leading up to Malaria Awareness Day. Actress Ashley Judd announced the April launch of a new initiative called "5 & Alive", which will focus on the devastating effects of malaria on children under 5. The Boys & Girls Clubs of America announced their own national campaign called "Malaria Prevention: Deadly Disease. Simple Solution", which will partner with Malaria No More to approach all 4.7 Million Club members worldwide to ask for $10 bed net donations.

The movement is not without its critics, such as the African economist Dambisa Moyo, who warns that the short term benefits of aid such as mosquito nets can have long term detrimental effects to the sustainability of African economies. When the markets are flooded with foreign nets then this puts African entrepreneurs out of business.

## InfoBox

| World Malaria day | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Observed by | All Member States of the World Health Organization |
| Date | April 25 |
| Next time | 25 April 2025 (2025-04-25) |
| Frequency | annual |


title: World Music (Taj Mahal album)

abstract: World Music is a compilation album by American blues artist Taj Mahal.

text:
# World Music (Taj Mahal album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Blues Recordings* |  |

***World Music*** is a compilation album by American blues artist Taj Mahal.

## Track listing

All tracks composed by Taj Mahal; except where indicated

1. "When I Feel the Sea Beneath My Soul" - 3:06 - from *Music Keeps Me Together* (1975)
2. "My Ancestors" - 4:05 - from *Music Keeps Me Together* (1975)
3. "Slave Driver" (Bob Marley) - 2:43 - from *Mo' Roots* (1974)
4. "West Indian Revelation" - 6:58 - from *Music Keeps Me Together* (1975)
5. "Kalimba" - 1:39 - from *Recycling The Blues & Other Related Stuff* (1972)
6. "Desperate Lover" - 2:44 - from *Mo' Roots* (1974)
7. "Clara (St. Kitts Woman)" - 4:02 - from *Mo' Roots* (1974)
8. "Cajun Waltz" - 6:03 - from *Mo' Roots* (1974)
9. "Roll, Turn, Spin" - 4:45 - from *Music Keeps Me Together* (1975)
10. "Johnny Too Bad" (The Slickers) - 3:15 - from *Mo' Roots* (1974)
11. "Brown Eyed Handsome Man" - 3:43 - from *Music Keeps Me Together* (1975)
12. "Blackjack Davey" - 3:37 - from *Mo' Roots* (1974)
13. "Music Keeps Me Together" (Earl Lindo) - 3:38 - from *Music Keeps Me Together* (1975)
14. "When I Feel the Sea Beneath My Soul (Reprise)" - 3:06

## InfoBox

| World Music | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Taj Mahal | |
| Released | June 1, 1993 |
| Genre | Blues, reggae, world music |
| Label | Columbia |
| Taj Mahal chronology | |
| *Taj's Blues*
(1992) ***World Music***
(1993) *Dancing the Blues*
(1993) | |


title: World Museum of Mining

abstract: The World Museum of Mining is a museum and memorial in Butte, Montana. Chartered in 1964 as a non-profit educational corporation, the Museum first opened its doors in July 1965. The site, an inactive silver and zinc mine named the Orphan Girl, includes 50 buildings on some 22 acres of land. Copper and zinc were the most common ores found in this mine.

text:
# World Museum of Mining

46°00′35″N 112°33′55″W / 46.00972°N 112.56528°W / 46.00972; -112.56528 The **World Museum of Mining** is a museum and memorial in Butte, Montana.

Chartered in 1964 as a non-profit educational corporation, the Museum first opened its doors in July 1965. The site, an inactive silver and zinc mine named the Orphan Girl, includes 50 buildings on some 22 acres of land. Copper and zinc were the most common ores found in this mine.


title: Wright system

abstract: The Wright system is a refinement of rules associated with proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV) electoral system. It was developed and written by Anthony van der Craats, a system analyst and life member of the Proportional Representation Society of Australia. It is described in a submission into a parliamentary review of the 2007 Australian federal election. The aim of the system is to provide an alternative to various methods of segmentation and distribution of preferences associated with the exclusion of a candidate from the count. It is named after Jack Wright, former president of the Proportional Representation Society of Australia.

text:
# Wright system

The **Wright system** is a refinement of rules associated with proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV) electoral system. It was developed and written by Anthony van der Craats, a system analyst and life member of the Proportional Representation Society of Australia. It is described in a submission into a parliamentary review of the 2007 Australian federal election.

The aim of the system is to provide an alternative to various methods of segmentation and distribution of preferences associated with the exclusion of a candidate from the count.

It is named after Jack Wright, former president of the Proportional Representation Society of Australia.

## Overview

The Wright System fulfills the first of the two principles identified by Brian Meek:

* ***Principle 1***. If a candidate is excluded from the count, all ballots are treated as if that candidate had never stood.
* ***Principle 2***. If a candidate has achieved the quota, they retain a fixed proportion of the value of every vote received, and transfers the remainder to the next non-excluded continuing candidate, the value of the retained total equaling the quota.

As regards the second principle it differs in not transferring surpluses to already-elected candidates, a procedure criticized by Meek, but which does make hand-counting more practical.

The system uses the Droop quota and the Gregory method of weighted surplus transfer value of the vote in calculating a candidate's surplus transfer value which is then multiplied by the value of each vote received by the candidates whose votes are to be redistributed, as is the case in the Western Australian upper-house elections.

Unlike the Western Australian upper-house electoral system, the Wright System uses a reiterative counting process that differs from the Meek's method as an alternative to the method of segmentation and distribution of excluded candidates' votes.

On every exclusion of a candidate from the count, the counting of the ballot is reset and all valid votes are redistributed to candidates remaining in the count initially at full value.

In each iteration of the count, votes are first distributed according to the voter's first available preference, with each vote assigned a value of one and the total number of votes tabulated for each candidate and the quota calculated on the value of the total number of valid votes using the Droop quota method.

Any candidate that has a total value equal or greater than the quota is provisionally declared elected and their surplus value distributed according to the voter's nominated subsequent preference. If the number of vacancies are filled on the first distribution the results of the election are declared with all provisionally declared candidates being declared the winner of the election.

If the number of candidates provisionally declared elected is less than the number of vacancies and all candidates' surplus votes have been distributed then the candidate with the lowest value of votes is excluded from the count. The ballot is reset and the process of redistribution restarted with ballot papers being redistributed again according to the voters next available preference allocated to any continuing candidate. This process repeats itself until all vacancies are filled in a single count without the need for any further exclusions.

The Wright System takes into account optional preferential voting in that any votes that do not express a valid preference for a continuing candidate are set aside without-value and the quota is recalculated on each iteration of the count following the distribution of the first available preference. Votes that exhaust as a result of a candidate's surplus transfer are set aside with the value associated with the transfer in which they exhausted.

The main advantage of the Wright System is that it limits the distortion and bias in the vote that arises from the adopted methods of segmentation and distribution of preferences of excluded candidates. Each vote has proportionally equal weight and is treated in the same manner as every other vote.

Under the current system used in the Australian Senate a voter whose first preference is for a minor candidate and their subsequent second preference for a major candidate that has been declared elected earlier in the count is denied the opportunity to have their second preference vote allocated to the candidate of their choice. With the reiterative counting system the voter's second preference forms part of the voter's alternative chosen candidate's surplus and is redistributed according to the voters nominated preference allocation.

## Definitions

**Continuing Candidate** means a candidate that has not been excluded from or declared not-elected in the process of the count

**Total Vote** (TV) is the total number of ballot papers that express a valid preference allocated to candidates remaining in the count

**Value of the Vote** (Vv) means the value allocated to each ballot paper as it progresses though the count.

**Candidate’s Total Value of votes** (Ctvv) means the aggregated sum of the value of each ballot paper allocated to the candidate.

**Surplus Value** (Sv) means the value calculated by subtracting the Quota (Q) from the Candidates Total Value’ of votes (Sv = Ctvv-Q)

**Surplus Transfer Value** (Stv) means the value calculated by the Surplus value (Sv) divided by the Candidate’s Total Value of votes (Ctvv) and then multiplied by the Value of vote (Vv) allocated to each ballot paper ((Stv = Sv/Ctvv)\*Vv)

**Ballot Paper** means a record of a voter’s intention and allocation, in ascending order of preference, of support for a nominated candidate for election. It also refers to a vote which is a record in electronic format representing information and preference allocations of a ballot paper.

**Vote** means a mathematical representation and record of a ballot paper

**Preference** means the number in ascending order that represents the order of voter’s preference attributed to a candidate for election as recorded on a ballot paper or data file.

**Electronic preference data file** means an electronic data file representing the allocation and record of preferences and all votes/ballot papers used in the calculation, distribution and determination of the results of the election.

**Remainders** represent the fractional part arising from a mathematical division recorded in double precision and are to be retained with and form part of the value of the vote and/or the total value attributed to a candidate

**Exhausted Votes** means the aggregated value attributed to any votes that do not express a valid preference for a candidate remaining within the count. The ballot paper and its attributed value are declared exhausted and a tally of all exhausted votes recorded.

**Bulk exclusion** means the method of determining the number of candidates which can be simultaneously excluded from the count

**Running Sum** means the progressive calculation the sum of all candidates total votes from lowest to highest in descending order

**Quota Breakpoint** means highest running sum value that is less than half of the *Quota*

**Running Breakpoint** means the candidate with a total vote value that is greater than the associated running sum of all candidates with a lower total vote.

**Applied Breakpoint** means the candidate with a highest total vote that is less than the associated running sum of all candidates with a lower total vote and less than the difference between the *Quota* and the value of the highest scoring candidate that is below *Quota*.

## Process of calculation of the results of the election

All ballot papers must be checked for formality and reconciled with the electoral roll and polling place returns following the completion of the data-entry process and prior to the commencement of the counting procedure outlined below. Any informal ballot papers must be set aside and recorded with no value.

### Distribution of Preferences and calculation of Quota

Ballot Papers are distributed according to the first available preference in ascending order that corresponds to a Continuing Candidate.

1. Any ballot paper that does not express a transferable preference for a continuing candidate is declared exhausted-without-value and recorded with a value of zero.
2. Assign each ballot paper allocated to a Continuing Candidate a Vote value of one.
3. Ascertain and assign the Candidate’s Total Value of the Vote (Ctvv) for each Continuing Candidate by aggregating the value of the votes allocated to each Continuing Candidate.
4. Ascertain and assign the Total Vote (TV) value by aggregating the total value of votes allocated to each candidate outlined in (c) above.
5. Calculate the Quota required to elect a candidate by dividing the Total Vote (TV) by 1 more than the number of candidates required to be elected and by increasing the quotient (disregarding any remainder) by 1 (Q = integer(TV/(1+No of Vacancies))+1).

### Provisional declaration of elected candidates

Any candidate who has received a Total value of votes (Ctvv) equal to or greater than the Quota (Q) is to be provisionally declared elected.

### Number of vacancies filled

If the number of candidates provisionally declared elected equals the number of vacancies to be filled then the count is concluded (Goto Conclusion of the count)

### Number of elected candidates less than vacancies

If the number of candidates provisionally declared elected is less than the number of vacancies to be elected and the number of all other Continuing Candidates is greater than the number of vacancies still remaining then the procedure of the count is as follows:-

### Calculation of the Candidate’s Surplus Value

In descending order of the Candidates' Total value of votes (Ctvv) for each provisionally elected candidate, starting from the candidate with the highest total value of votes whose surplus is to be distributed, calculate the Surplus value (Sv) of the candidate by subtracting the Quota from the Candidate’s Total Value of the Vote and then determine, distribute and allocate the Candidate's Surplus Transfer value according to the procedure outlined below (2.6 and 2.7 inclusive)

### Calculation of the Surplus Transfer Value and value of the vote

The candidate’s Surplus Transfer Value (Stv) is determined by calculating the quotient of the candidate’s Surplus value (Sv) divided by the Candidate’s Total Value of the Vote (Ctvv) and multiplying the result by the value of each ballot paper (Vv) allocated to the Candidate whose surplus is being considered. The resultant becomes the new Value of the vote allocated to each ballot paper the sum of which equals the Surplus value (Sv).

### Distribution of Candidate’s Surplus votes

All ballot papers allocated to the Candidate whose surplus is under consideration are to be redistributed according to the following procedure:

All ballot papers that express a preference greater than the preference allocated to the candidate whose surplus is to be distributed shall be distributed and re-allocated to the candidate that remains in the count (excluding any candidate that has already been provisionally declared elected) according to the next available sequentially highest preference recorded on the ballot paper.

#### Exhausted Ballot papers to be set aside

Any ballot paper that does not express a valid preference for a continuing candidate greater than the preference allocated to the candidates whose surplus is to be distributed shall be set aside and declared exhausted-with-value and its value added to the total value of exhausted ballot papers recorded for the relevant transaction in the count. Exhausted votes that form part of a candidates surplus remain in the count and form part of the initial candidate’s Total Vote and surplus.

#### Allocate value of quota to candidate whose surplus has been distributed

The Candidate whose Surplus has been distributed is allocated a Candidate’s Total Value of votes equal to the Quota.

#### Ascertain if any Candidates are to be provisionally elected as a result of the surplus transfer distribution

Any Continuing Candidate who has received a total value of votes equal to or greater than the quota on the completion of the transfer and distribution of all ballot papers associated with the surplus distribution shall be provisionally declared elected.

#### Number of Candidates provisionally elected equal the number of vacancies

If as a result of the completed surplus transfer the number of candidates provisionally declared elected equals the number of vacancies to be filled then the count is concluded (Goto Conclusion of the count)

#### Distribution of additional surplus votes

If the number of candidates provisionally declared elected is less than the number of vacancies to be filled and there remain candidates who have a surplus value that has not been transferred and distributed then the votes allocated to the candidate with the next highest surplus value is to be transferred and redistributed according to the procedure outlined above (2.6 and 2.7 inclusive)

### Exclusion of candidates

If the number of candidates provisionally declared elected is less than the number of vacancies to be filled and there are no further candidate surpluses to be distributed then the candidate with the lowest total value of votes is to be declared not-elected and excluded from the count.

#### Bulk Exclusion (option)

Two or more candidates may be excluded simultaneously by determining the *Applied Breakpoint*, if the aggregated value of all candidates to be excluded is less than the value of the next lowest candidate or the value required by a candidate to obtain a quota. The calculation of *Quota Break point* or the highest associated *Running Break Point* values associated with a continuing candidate. Breakpoints assists in the determination of applying a *Bulk Exclusion* process. If the *Quota*, *Applied* and *Running Breakpoints* converge then it is generally safe to apply a *Bulk Exclusion* process to the count. Careful consideration needs to be given to ensure that candidates with a lower total value are not capable of securing a higher total vote than the candidates remaining in the count.

#### Tie in the value of a candidates the vote

If there are two or more candidates of equal value with the lowest total value of the vote then the candidate to be excluded from the count shall be determined by lot and declared not-elected.

### Number of candidates declared elected and remaining in the count equal the number of vacancies

If as a result of any exclusion the number of candidates provisionally declared elected plus the number of remaining candidates equals the number of vacancies to be filled then the count is concluded and all candidates that remain in the count are all declared provisionally elected (Goto Conclusion of the count)

### Reset and continuation of the count

If the number of Continuing Candidates, including candidates that have been provisionally elected, is greater than the number of vacancies plus one following the exclusion of any candidate, the ballot shall be reset and the distribution of preferences shall be restarted according to the procedures outlined above in sections 2.1 to 2.10 excluding all candidates that have been declared not-elected and excluded from the count.

### Reiteration of the count

The count continues to proceed according to the procedures outlined above until either the number of provisionally declared elected candidates or the number of candidates remaining in the count equals the number of vacancies to be filled in which case all Continuing Candidates are declared provisionally elected.

### Conclusion of the count

At the conclusion of the reiterative count all candidates that have been provisionally elected in the final count reiteration are declared elected following the publication of the election results and a certified copy of the detailed electronic preference data file used in tabulating the results of the election.


title: Saleema Rehman

abstract: Saleema Rehman is an Afghan refugee medical doctor living in Pakistan. She is the first female Afghan Turkmen physician.

text:
# Saleema Rehman

**Saleema Rehman** (born 1991 or 1992) is an Afghan refugee medical doctor living in Pakistan. She is the first female Afghan Turkmen physician.

## Early life and education

Rehman is of Afghan Turkmen ethnicity, and was born in 1991 or 1992 in a refugee camp in Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan after her parents had fled from Afghanistan in 1979 during the Soviet–Afghan War. Her great-grandfather had also been a refugee, fleeing from Turkmenistan to northern Afghanistan in 1917 during the Russian Revolution. Her birth was complicated and medical assistance was limited, so the child was not expected to survive. Her father Abdul, a day-labourer, resolved that if she survived he would help her to get an education and become a doctor.

She was one of a small group of refugee girls in her class at primary school in Attock, near Islamabad, and, as a refugee, found it difficult to move on to higher education but eventually in 2009 won the single place reserved for a refugee at Rawalpindi Medical University, for her medical training. Throughout, she had to go against the norms of her culture which did not expect women to become educated or to have ambitions beyond carpet-weaving and marriage.

## Career

Rehman's first post was at the Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi, where her patients included both refugees and local residents. She decided to specialise in gynaecology, and again won the only training place available for a refugee, at Holy Family. During her training the hospital became a COVID-19 response centre and she was working with women who were giving birth while suffering from Covid. After qualification she had further difficulties in getting a licence to practice, because of her refugee status, but she was finally able to open a private clinic in Attock in June 2021. The clinic offers free care for refugee women.

Rehman is the first female medical doctor from the Afghan Turkmen community.

In January 2022 she was one of the speakers at a United Nations web event launching humanitarian appeals for Afghanistan and its region, along with Martin Griffiths, the Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator, and Filippo Grandi, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.

## Recognition

She was the Asian regional winner of the UNHCR's Nansen Refugee Award for 2021. The award was presented in September 2021 at the Swiss Embassy in Islamabad, by the Swiss Ambassador Bénédict de Cerjat, and the Chargée d'affaires of Norway, Elin Kylvåg.


title: Sal Viscuso

abstract: Sal Viscuso is an American actor. He is best known for the role of Father Timothy Flotsky in Soap (1977-1981).

text:
# Sal Viscuso

**Sal Viscuso** (born October 5, 1948 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American actor. He is best known for the role of Father Timothy Flotsky in *Soap* (1977-1981).

## Acting career

He is known for playing the character Father Timothy Flotsky on the television series *Soap*, a Roman Catholic priest struggling with his vow of celibacy. He appeared in the movies “Max Dugan Returns” (1983 as ‘Coach Roy’), *Spaceballs* and *The Taking of Pelham One Two Three*. Viscuso appeared in four different roles on the sitcom *Barney Miller*. He has appeared in *Diagnosis: Murder* alongside Dick Van Dyke. He also played several weeks of the game show *Pyramid* with Dick Clark from 1977 to 1981.

Viscuso was one of two regular public address announcers in the series *M\*A\*S\*H*. The more commonly heard voice was that of actor Todd Susman.

He played the recurring role of "Bobby Bigmouth" on the TV series, *Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman*

## Education

Viscuso is a graduate of Hiram W. Johnson High School in Sacramento, California. At Johnson, he participated in student government. He attended University of California, Davis where he was active in theater.

## InfoBox

| Sal Viscuso | |
| --- | --- |
| Cast of *The Montefuscos* (1975) Back row, L-R: Sal Viscuso, John Aprea, Linda Dano, Bill Cort. Middle row: Phoebe Dorin, Naomi Stevens, Joseph Sirola, Ron Carey. Front: Dominique Pinassi, Jeffrey Palladini, Damon Raskin and Robby Paris | |
| Born | Brooklyn, New York City, New York |
| Occupation | Actor |


abstract: The Salisbury Police Department is the primary law enforcement agency in the city of Salisbury, North Carolina in Rowan County. The city has a population of about 34,000. The Salisbury Police Department is a full-service, internationally-accredited police department by the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies.

text:
# Salisbury Police Department (North Carolina)

The **Salisbury Police Department** is the primary law enforcement agency in the city of Salisbury, North Carolina in Rowan County. The city has a population of about 34,000. The Salisbury Police Department is a full-service, internationally-accredited police department by the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies.

## Controversies

In April 2021, the local prosecutors declined charges against an officer after a video surfaced of him allegedly abusing his police dog the previous October. The officer subsequently was forced to resign.

In March 2021, a police officer was charged with insurance fraud.

In 2019, Salisbury police officers attempted to stop a 68-year old Black librarian for speeding ten miles over the limit. The librarian did not stop and led officers on a pursuit for 10 miles, resulting in the use of a tire deflation device. Once stopped, the officers then pulled her out the car after she refused to do so, by grabbing her hair. When she asked for medical attention, EMS was called and provided medical treatment. Body camera footage showed that police congratulated each other on their actions, with one saying "That’s good police work, baby" and another boasting of grabbing a "handful of dreads". The librarian stated she did not see the police cars that were attempting to pull her over or hear their sirens due to her listening to loud music; however, the librarian pled guilty to Failure to Heed to Blue Lights and Sirens

Two members of the department have died on duty, both in the early 20th century. In 1916, Special Officer Williamson Murray Linker was struck by a speeding car while directing traffic. In 1909, Policeman William A. Monroe was shot and killed when he intervened in a domestic disturbance.

## Organization

The department is headed by Jerry Stokes.

It is organized into a number of divisions:

* Administration Division

* Criminal Investigations Division
    + General Investigations,
    + Vice/Narcotic Unit,
    + Crime Lab and Evidence

* Operations Division
    + Patrol,
    + Parking Enforcement,
    + Youth Crime Prevention Officer,
    + Community Resource Officers,
    + School Resource Officer

## InfoBox

| Salisbury Police Department | |
| --- | --- |
| Jurisdictional structure | |
| Operations jurisdiction | Salisbury, North Carolina, North Carolina, USA |
| General nature |  |
| Operational structure | |
| Headquarters | Salisbury, North Carolina |
| Agency executive | * Jerry Stokes, Chief |
| Website | |
| salisburync.gov/Government/Police | |


title: Salida del Sol Estates, Texas

abstract: Salida del Sol Estates is a colonia and census-designated place (CDP) in Hidalgo County, Texas, United States. It was first listed as a CDP in the 2020 census. It is situated in the southwestern part of the county, 6 miles (10 km) north of U.S. Route 83 in Penitas and 18 miles (29 km) west of Edinburg, the county seat.

text:
# Salida del Sol Estates, Texas

**Salida del Sol Estates** is a colonia and census-designated place (CDP) in Hidalgo County, Texas, United States. It was first listed as a CDP in the 2020 census.

It is situated in the southwestern part of the county, 6 miles (10 km) north of U.S. Route 83 in Penitas and 18 miles (29 km) west of Edinburg, the county seat.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 6,496 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census
1850–1900 1910
1920 1930 1940
1950 1960 1970
1980 1990 2000
2010 2020 | | | |

Salida del Sol Estates first appeared as a census designated place in the 2020 U.S. Census.

### 2020 census

**Salida del Sol Estates CDP, Texas – Racial and ethnic composition**
*Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.*
| Race / Ethnicity (*NH = Non-Hispanic*) | Pop 2020 | % 2020 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| White alone (NH) | 55 | 0.85% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 2 | 0.03% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 1 | 0.02% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 1 | 0.02% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 0 | 0.00% |
| Other race alone (NH) | 5 | 0.08% |
| Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) | 7 | 0.11% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 6,425 | 98.91% |
| **Total** | **6,496** | **100.00%** |

## InfoBox

| Salida del Sol Estates, Texas | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| Salida del Sol EstatesSalida del Sol Estates | |
| Coordinates: 26°19′19″N 98°26′46″W / 26.32194°N 98.44611°W / 26.32194; -98.44611 ern | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Texas |
| County | Hidalgo |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.35 sq mi (6.09 km2) |
| Land | 2.35 sq mi (6.09 km2) |
| Water | 0.0 sq mi (0.0 km2) |
| Elevation | 230 ft (70 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP Code | 78576 (Penitas) |
| Area code | 956 |
| FIPS code | 48-64307 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2805793 |


title: Salida, Colorado

abstract: Salida is the statutory city that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Chaffee County, Colorado, United States. The population was 5,666 at the 2020 census.

text:
# Salida, Colorado

**Salida** (/səˈldə/ *sə-LY-də*; Spanish: \[saˈliða\], "exit") is the statutory city that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Chaffee County, Colorado, United States. The population was 5,666 at the 2020 census.

## History

A post office has been in operation at Salida since 1881. Salida, meaning "exit" in Spanish, was named on account of its location near the point where the Arkansas River flows out of the valley and into Bighorn Sheep Canyon, upstream from the Royal Gorge.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.77 square miles (7.2 km2), and the Arkansas River, which runs through the town, is the major source of water for local agriculture.

The Sawatch Range runs north and south and is located roughly 10 miles (16 km) west of Salida. The Mosquito Range parallels the Sawatch Range to the east, forming the Upper Arkansas Valley, and the southern terminus of the range, just east of Salida, is known locally as the Arkansas Hills. Methodist Mountain, which is a major feature on Salida's southern horizon, is the northernmost mountain in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. To the north of Salida is the Upper Arkansas Valley and the town of Buena Vista.

U.S. Route 50 runs along the southern edge of the city and leads east down the Arkansas River 58 miles (93 km) to Cañon City; to the west it leads 4 miles (6 km) to Poncha Springs and 63 miles (101 km) over the Continental Divide to Gunnison. Canon City and Pueblo lie to the east.

### Climate

According to the Köppen climate classification, Salida has a Cold semi-arid climate (BSk)

| Climate data for Salida, Colorado (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1897–1923, 1931–2017) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 65
(18) | 71
(22) | 77
(25) | 82
(28) | 93
(34) | 98
(37) | 103
(39) | 100
(38) | 94
(34) | 85
(29) | 80
(27) | 70
(21) | 103
(39) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 57.9
(14.4) | 60.0
(15.6) | 67.7
(19.8) | 75.3
(24.1) | 83.0
(28.3) | 91.1
(32.8) | 93.9
(34.4) | 89.9
(32.2) | 85.6
(29.8) | 78.2
(25.7) | 66.9
(19.4) | 58.0
(14.4) | 94.3
(34.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 43.4
(6.3) | 45.5
(7.5) | 54.0
(12.2) | 60.3
(15.7) | 70.2
(21.2) | 82.0
(27.8) | 85.8
(29.9) | 83.1
(28.4) | 77.0
(25.0) | 65.4
(18.6) | 52.7
(11.5) | 43.2
(6.2) | 63.6
(17.6) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 27.4
(−2.6) | 30.1
(−1.1) | 37.5
(3.1) | 44.0
(6.7) | 52.4
(11.3) | 62.7
(17.1) | 67.4
(19.7) | 65.1
(18.4) | 58.0
(14.4) | 47.1
(8.4) | 36.1
(2.3) | 27.9
(−2.3) | 46.3
(7.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 11.5
(−11.4) | 14.8
(−9.6) | 21.0
(−6.1) | 27.7
(−2.4) | 34.6
(1.4) | 43.4
(6.3) | 49.1
(9.5) | 47.2
(8.4) | 38.9
(3.8) | 28.9
(−1.7) | 19.5
(−6.9) | 12.6
(−10.8) | 29.1
(−1.6) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | −5.1
(−20.6) | −6.3
(−21.3) | 5.4
(−14.8) | 12.5
(−10.8) | 23.4
(−4.8) | 32.4
(0.2) | 40.6
(4.8) | 38.4
(3.6) | 26.6
(−3.0) | 14.0
(−10.0) | 1.6
(−16.9) | −7.3
(−21.8) | −15.7
(−26.5) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −35
(−37) | −33
(−36) | −21
(−29) | −8
(−22) | 13
(−11) | 23
(−5) | 30
(−1) | 31
(−1) | 14
(−10) | −4
(−20) | −20
(−29) | −31
(−35) | −35
(−37) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.31
(7.9) | 0.27
(6.9) | 0.69
(18) | 1.05
(27) | 0.96
(24) | 0.50
(13) | 1.36
(35) | 1.46
(37) | 0.67
(17) | 0.87
(22) | 0.25
(6.4) | 0.38
(9.7) | 8.77
(223) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 4.0
(10) | 4.1
(10) | 6.5
(17) | 8.0
(20) | 2.7
(6.9) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 2.6
(6.6) | 4.1
(10) | 4.7
(12) | 36.7
(93) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 2.3 | 2.4 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 5.0 | 4.3 | 8.3 | 9.9 | 5.1 | 4.9 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 56.9 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 2.3 | 3.0 | 16.3 |
| Source: NOAA (mean maxima/minima 19812010) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1890 | 2,586 |  |  |
| 1900 | 3,722 |  | 43.9% |
| 1910 | 4,425 |  | 18.9% |
| 1920 | 4,689 |  | 6.0% |
| 1930 | 5,065 |  | 8.0% |
| 1940 | 4,969 |  | −1.9% |
| 1950 | 4,553 |  | −8.4% |
| 1960 | 4,560 |  | 0.2% |
| 1970 | 4,355 |  | −4.5% |
| 1980 | 4,870 |  | 11.8% |
| 1990 | 4,737 |  | −2.7% |
| 2000 | 5,504 |  | 16.2% |
| 2010 | 5,236 |  | −4.9% |
| 2020 | 5,666 |  | 8.2% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

## Education

The city is served by Salida Public Schools. There are two public high schools, Salida High School and Horizons Exploratory Academy; and three middle schools, Salida Middle School, Salida Montessori Charter School, and the Crest Academy. Colorado Mountain College has a campus in Salida, which opened in 2019.

## Infrastructure

### Health care

Salida and surrounding Chaffee County are served by the Heart of the Rockies Regional Medical Center, located on the north side of town on Rush Drive.

### Transportation

Salida is part of Colorado's Bustang network. It is on both the Alamosa-Pueblo and the Crested Butte-Denver Outrider lines. Mountain Valley Transport offers hourly service between Salida and Buena Vista during the day, as well as local door-to-door service.

## Culture

The Salida Downtown Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. On March 30, 2012, downtown Salida was named one of two inaugural Certified Creative Districts in Colorado. Salida is also home to the Shavano Chapter of the Columbine Poets of Colorado, which is affiliated with the National Federation of State Poetry Societies (NFSPS). The group organizes workshops and festivals and offers poetry contests for both adults and students. On March 30, 2012, Colorado by Colorado Creative Industries, a division of the State's Office of Economic Development and International Trade, announced that the City of Salida's historic downtown was selected as one of only two inaugural “Certified Creative Districts” in Colorado.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Salida, Colorado | |
| --- | --- |
| Statutory city | |
| The Arkansas River Walk in downtown Salida. | |
| Nickname: **Heart of the Rockies** | |
| Motto(s): "Union, Justice, Safety" | |
| Location of the City of Salida in Chaffee County, Colorado. | |
| SalidaLocation of the City of Salida in the United States. | |
| Coordinates: 38°31′53″N 105°59′58″W / 38.53139°N 105.99944°W / 38.53139; -105.99944 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Colorado |
| County | Chaffee County |
| City | Salida |
| Founded | 1880 |
| Incorporated | March 23, 1891 |
| Government | |
| Type | Statutory city |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.77 sq mi (7.17 km2) |
| Land | 2.77 sq mi (7.17 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 7,094 ft (2,162 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 5,666 |
| Density | 2,000/sq mi (790/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−7 (Mountain (MST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−6 (MDT) |
| ZIP codes | 81201, 81227 (PO Box), 81237 |
| Area code | 719 |
| FIPS code | 08-67280 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2411766 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Salih Uglla Peshteri

abstract: Salih Uglla Peshteri was an Albanian performer of epic poetry from Ugao, in Pešter a sparsely populated region near Sjenica, modern day Sandžak.

text:
# Salih Uglla Peshteri

**Salih Uglla Peshteri** was an Albanian performer of epic poetry (Albanian: *lahutar* or *rapsod*) from Ugao, in Pešter a sparsely populated region near Sjenica, modern day Sandžak.

## Life

According to Robert Elsie, Salih Uglla Peshteri was born in 1866. According to Albanian sources he was a Catholic Albanian from the tribe of Kelmendi while Parry believes he was a Muslim Albanian from Shkodër. Up to the age of 30, he sang only in Albanian but began singing in Bosnian after he married a Bosnian woman. Uglla was able to sing in both languages for hours making him a popular *lahutar*. In 1934 he sang the "Song of Baghdad" in Novi Pazar and it is believed that this song was taught to him by another bard.

### Citations

### Bibliography


abstract: The Salt Lake City Public Library hostage incident occurred on March 5, 1994 in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States, when Clifford Lynn Draper held several hostages on the second floor in the former main branch of the Salt Lake City Public Library, which now houses The Leonardo, a culture and arts center.

text:
# Salt Lake City Public Library hostage incident

The **Salt Lake City Public Library hostage incident** occurred on March 5, 1994 in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States, when Clifford Lynn Draper held several hostages on the second floor in the former main branch of the Salt Lake City Public Library, which now houses The Leonardo, a culture and arts center.

## Incident

During a demonstration of a Tibetan sand painting ceremony, Draper leapt up on the service desk in the Fiction section brandishing a M1911 pistol and claiming to have a bomb. He ordered nearby people into a conference room, which was already occupied by a Toastmasters group: librarian Gwen Page, six civilians, and Salt Lake County Sheriff's Lt. Lloyd Prescott, who offered to change places with the last person who entered the conference room.

Lt. Prescott was in plain clothes at the time and had his pistol hidden on his person. After Draper and the others entered the room Page began to count hostages, as ordered, and began to have them line up facing the wall while Draper made demands and described his plans. A Toastmaster managed to inconspicuously slip several hostages out a second door in the conference room, inciting a run for more hostages to exit the commons. Page and others chose to stay in the room while Draper threatened but did not shoot.

### Staff response

The library staff acted quickly by calling 911 and evacuating the five-story building in under five minutes, by using the fire alarm. Several staff stayed on-site to provide police with floor plans and operating the telephone, security and power lines according to the wishes of the SWAT teams.

One librarian, Jenny Wright, hid a group of eight children and their parents from the Children's Section (located on the second floor near Draper) in another conference room until Draper was satisfied with the number of hostages and had closed the door and had lowered blinds over the room's glass walls. Another librarian arrived and the group was led to safety through an exit in the staff area of the building.

### Bomb

Draper placed what he claimed was a bomb on the table in the center of the conference room. It was equipped with a dead man's switch which would cause it to detonate if Draper released a hand-held button. For this reason, Lt. Prescott hesitated to use force, and the incident lasted more than six hours, during which Draper made demands for cash, gold and platinum bullion, back-pay for prior military service, and a full presidential pardon from President Bill Clinton.

At one point, Draper had one of the hostages put more duct tape on the homemade bomb because he feared the two contact points for the detonator would spontaneously close. After this, he announced that everyone would draw straws to determine the order in which they would be shot until his demands were met. Lt. Prescott decided to risk the chance that the thick oak table the bomb was situated on would be able to shield the hostages if they could get under it in time. Just as Draper was seen crouching with another hostage to check the bomb detonator, Lt. Prescott seized his chance. He drew his pistol and, while shouting at the other hostages to get on the floor, fired five times at Draper while SWAT members crashed through the glass walls of the conference room. Draper was hit by all five bullets and fell to the floor, mortally wounded. Despite the dead man's switch, the bomb did not detonate as Draper had overtaped the device's mechanism. Draper was rushed to nearby LDS Hospital where he was pronounced dead on arrival.

The bomb turned out to be real and was determined to be modeled after a Vietnam War-era anti-personnel claymore mine that would have been particularly deadly if it had gone off. The Salt Lake City Police Department's bomb squad deemed it too volatile to move, and it was detonated inside the conference room. None of the shrapnel penetrated the table, verifying Lt. Prescott's hypothesis.

## Legacy

The incident was dramatized in a 1996 episode of *Rescue 911*, a 2009 episode of *I Survived...*, a 2017 episode of the ABC series *In an Instant,* and a 2019 episode of I, Hostage.

40°45′32″N 111°53′05″W / 40.75889°N 111.88472°W / 40.75889; -111.88472


abstract: Sam Houston State University College of Osteopathic Medicine (SHSU-COM) is the medical school of Sam Houston State University in Conroe, Texas. Founded in 2019, the college confers the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) degree. The campus consists of a five-story, 107,000 square-foot building on 7.3 acres. SHSU-COM has received pre-accreditation from the American Osteopathic Association's (AOA) Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation (COCA). The college employs 20 full-time clinical faculty, 17 full-time biomedical science faculty, and 37 staff members. In its 2023-2024 Rankings, the medical school was unranked in research and primary care in the U.S. News & World Report of best medical schools.

text:
# Sam Houston State University College of Osteopathic Medicine

**Sam Houston State University College of Osteopathic Medicine** (**SHSU-COM**) is the medical school of Sam Houston State University in Conroe, Texas. Founded in 2019, the college confers the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) degree. The campus consists of a five-story, 107,000 square-foot building on 7.3 acres. SHSU-COM has received pre-accreditation from the American Osteopathic Association's (AOA) Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation (COCA). The college employs 20 full-time clinical faculty, 17 full-time biomedical science faculty, and 37 staff members.

In its 2023-2024 Rankings, the medical school was unranked in research and primary care in the U.S. News & World Report of best medical schools.

## History

Upon its founding in 2019, the college represented the third osteopathic medical school in the state of Texas and the 8th college at Sam Houston State University. In August 2019, the college earned pre-accreditation status from the AOA's Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation. Funding for the college included $85 million in privately raised capital and between $68 million and $93 million in federal funds. Construction began for the campus in 2018. In August 2020, the college hosted its first white coat ceremony with the inaugural class of 75 students. In November 2020, planning began for a $15 million parking structure. The same month, the medical school opened a medical clinic in Conroe, offering services in family medicine, internal medicine, pulmonology and sleep medicine, and osteopathic manipulative medicine.

## Academics

Prospective students apply through the Texas Medical & Dental Schools Application Service (TMDSAS). The college awards the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree (DO). The program consists of four years of curriculum, with years 1 and 2 consisting of on-campus didactic lectures, small group assignments laboratory and clinical experience, while years 3 and 4 are completed at selected clinical sites.

## Campus

The campus consists of a five-story, 107,000 square-foot building on 7.3 acres, located in Conroe, Texas. The land for the campus was donated to the Sam Houston State University by Johnson Development Corp.

30°16′01″N 95°27′32″W / 30.2670°N 95.4590°W / 30.2670; -95.4590

## InfoBox

Sam Houston State University College of Osteopathic Medicine
| Type | Public medical school |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 2019 |
| Parent institution | Sam Houston State University |
| Dean | Thomas J. Mohr |
| Academic staff | 37 full-time faculty |
| Doctoral students | 187 |
| Location | Conroe, Texas, United States |
| Website | www.shsu.edu/academics/osteopathic-medicine/ |


title: Sam Houston Terrell

abstract: Sam Houston Terrell was Texas State Comptroller from 1925 until 1930.

text:
# Sam Houston Terrell

**Sam Houston Terrell** (February 20, 1891  August 17, 1967) was Texas State Comptroller from 1925 until 1930.

## Early life

Terrell was born outside Waco, Texas on February 20, 1891. He was the son of Henry Berryman Terrell and Virginia Weaver. His father served as Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts from 1915 - 1919. The Terrells were a large and active political family whose patriarch, and great-grandfather of Sam Houston Terrell, George W. Terrell had served in numerous roles in the Republic of Texas, including as Secretary of State of the Republic of Texas and a Justice of the Texas Supreme Court.

## Career in public service

Terrell was elected as a Democrat to the office of Comptroller of Public Accounts in 1924. He was re-elected in 1926 and 1928. In 1929, the 41st Legislature created the first "State Auditor and Efficiency Expert" position in Texas state government. In 1930, the State Auditor filed his first report with the legislature and made strong allegations of misconduct against a number of state officials. Terrell was singled out for the most allegations with 24 specific violations of law identified, including inadequate and improper accounting, refusal to secure approval for accounts before presenting them to the State Treasurer for payment, and misappropriation of public funds. As the investigation unfolded in the legislature, pressure mounted on Terrell to resign, which he did on February 25, 1930.

## Sources


title: Salug River

abstract: The Salug River is a river in Bukidnon, Philippines. Its drainage area is located in the southern sections of San Fernando. It acts as an aquifer for said municipality. Salug is a tributary of the Davao River, an extensive river system of within the Davao river basin. The Matigsalug tribe is named after the river. Their oral tradition states that they first settled at the mouth of the Salug River and only moved upstream due to pressure from piracy.

text:
# Salug River

The **Salug River**  is a river in Bukidnon, Philippines. Its drainage area is located in the southern sections of San Fernando. It acts as an aquifer for said municipality. Salug is a tributary of the Davao River, an extensive river system of within the Davao river basin.

The Matigsalug tribe is named after the river. Their oral tradition states that they first settled at the mouth of the Salug River and only moved upstream due to pressure from piracy.

## InfoBox

| Salug River | |
| --- | --- |
| Salug River mouthSalug River (Philippines) | |
| Location | |
| Country | Philippines |
| Region |  |
| Province | Bukidnon |
| City/municipality |  |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Palacpacan, San Fernando |
|  | |
| Mouth | Davao River |
| coordinates | 7°41′15″N 125°22′49″E / 7.687625°N 125.380139°E / 7.687625; 125.380139 |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| location | Davao Gulf |
|  | |


title: Wiljani Conservation Park

abstract: Wiljani Conservation Park is a protected area in the Australian state of South Australia in the gazetted locality of Mount Pleasant located about 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) north-west of the town centre in Mount Pleasant. It was proclaimed under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 on 25 February 2016 in respect to a parcel of land in the cadastral unit of the Hundred of Para Wirra. The proclaimed land is not subject to access rights under the Mining Act 1971 or the Petroleum and Geothermal Energy Act 2000. As of December 2016, it covered an area of 1.8 square kilometres (0.69 sq mi). Wiljani is a clan name, i.e. a family group, belonging to the Peramangk aboriginal people who traditionally lived on the land within the vicinity of what is now the conservation park. The name was selected during 2015 after a process of “consultation and approval” involving the Peramangk people and the Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources The conservation park is classified as an IUCN Category VI protected area.

text:
# Wiljani Conservation Park

**Wiljani Conservation Park** is a protected area in the Australian state of South Australia in the gazetted locality of Mount Pleasant located about 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) north-west of the town centre in Mount Pleasant.

It was proclaimed under the *National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972* on 25 February 2016 in respect to a parcel of land in the cadastral unit of the Hundred of Para Wirra. The proclaimed land is not subject to access rights under the *Mining Act 1971* or the *Petroleum and Geothermal Energy Act 2000*. As of December 2016, it covered an area of 1.8 square kilometres (0.69 sq mi).

Wiljani is a clan name, i.e. a family group, belonging to the Peramangk aboriginal people who traditionally lived on the land within the vicinity of what is now the conservation park. The name was selected during 2015 after a process of “consultation and approval” involving the Peramangk people and the Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources

The conservation park is classified as an IUCN Category VI protected area.

## InfoBox

| Wiljani Conservation Park
South Australia | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category III (natural monument or feature) | |
| Wiljani Conservation Park | |
| Nearest town or city | Mount Pleasant |
| Coordinates | 34°45′05″S 139°01′27″E / 34.75148296°S 139.02421576°E / -34.75148296; 139.02421576 |
| Established | 25 February 2016 (2016-02-25) |
| Area | 1.8 km2 (0.7 sq mi) |
| Managing authorities | Department for Environment and Water |
| See also | Protected areas of South Australia |