# List of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1983

This is a list of fellows and foreign members of the Royal Society elected in 1983.

## Fellows

1. Ian Graham Gass
2. William Wilton Douglas
3. Charles David Marsden
4. Dennis W. Sciama
5. Ian Sneddon
6. Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar
7. Ted Paige
8. Anthony Trafford James
9. Christopher Polge
10. Sir Philip Randle
11. John Lawson (d. 2008)
12. Alan Sargeson
13. Felix Weinberg (d. 2012)
14. Margaret Thatcher (under Statute 12)
15. George William Gray (1926–2013)
16. Martin Aitken
17. Sir David Attenborough (under Statute 12)
18. Sir Patrick Bateson
19. Edward Cocking
20. Pierre Deslongchamps
21. Reginald John Ellis
22. Malcolm Ferguson-Smith
23. Sir Alan Fersht
24. William Alexander Gambling
25. Ian Read Gibbons
26. Ray Guillery
27. Richard Henderson
28. Peter Higgs
29. Christopher Hooley
30. Peter Lawrence
31. George Lusztig
32. Donald Metcalf
33. Sir Keith O'Nions
34. Sir Michael Pepper
35. Michael J. D. Powell
36. Ivan Roitt
37. Sir Edwin Southern
38. Brian Spalding
39. Nigel Unwin
40. Ian Macmillan Ward
41. John Westcott
42. Dudley Howard Williams

## Foreign members

1. George Evelyn Hutchinson
2. Jean Leray
3. Henry Stommel
4. Charles Weissmann
5. Frank Westheimer


title: Margaret Meagher

abstract: Blanche Margaret Meagher, was a Canadian diplomat who became the nation's first-ever appointed female ambassador. She served as Canadian Ambassador to Israel from 1958 to 1961, Austria from 1962 to 1966, and Sweden from 1969 to 1973. She was also High Commissioner to Cyprus, Uganda and Kenya, and chaired the International Atomic Energy Agency Board of Governors from 1964 to 1965.

text:
# Margaret Meagher

**Blanche Margaret Meagher**, OC (January 27, 1911  February 25, 1999) was a Canadian diplomat who became the nation's first-ever appointed female ambassador. She served as Canadian Ambassador to Israel from 1958 to 1961, Austria from 1962 to 1966, and Sweden from 1969 to 1973. She was also High Commissioner to Cyprus, Uganda and Kenya, and chaired the International Atomic Energy Agency Board of Governors from 1964 to 1965.

## Early life

Meagher was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, the fifth of six children of John Nicholas and Blanche (née Seals) Meagher.

## Education

Meagher attended Dalhousie University on an academic scholarship, where she earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science in 1932. Outside the classroom, she was also an active member of the campus’ League of Nations Society. In 1935, she earned a Masters of Arts in French and German Literature from Dalhousie University and later took post-graduate studies in political science from 1937 to 1938.

## Career

### Early career

From 1932 to 1942, Meagher was a junior high school teacher at St. Thomas Aquinas School in Halifax.

### Diplomatic career

In 1942, in response to the Canadian wartime effort in World War II, the Department of External Affairs held special competitions as an "emergency measure" to recruit educated women as clerks to temporarily replace the officers who had left to fight in Europe. Meagher was one of twelve women who passed the foreign service entrance examination and became the first female diplomats to join the department. These women served in the roles of junior foreign service officers but were paid as grade-four clerks.

In 1944–45, Meagher was temporarily posted to Washington, D.C., to replace various diplomats who were recalled to assist in the repatriation of Canadian troops toward the end of the war. In 1945, she was posted to the Embassy of Canada in Mexico City, serving under Hugh Llewellyn Keenleyside. There, she formally acted as Third Secretary, but her position was described as "local rank", meaning she was considered a foreign secretary abroad but maintained her status and salary as a clerk in Ottawa.

In 1947, when the Canadian government lifted its ban on hiring female officers, Meagher passed the necessary exams and was officially appointed to Second Secretary rank in the Canadian Foreign Service. After finishing her term in Mexico, she served in Ottawa from 1949 to 1953, and attended several United Nations conferences during that time. She was then transferred to London, serving under Norman Alexander Robertson, and appointed to the rank of First Secretary (1953–1955) on the Canadian High Commission, and later to the position of Counselor (1955–1956).

### Ambassadorial career

In 1957, Meagher was appointed to Israel as *chargé d’affaires*, and then as the full-time resident Canadian ambassador to Israel in 1958. In this appointment, which she held until 1961, Meagher became the first Canadian woman to hold an ambassadorial position. She simultaneously served as High Commissioner to Cyprus from April to December 1961.

Meagher next became the Canadian ambassador to Austria from 1962 to 1966, and in this position was the first and only female ambassador in Vienna. During this time, she was also the Canadian representative on the International Atomic Energy Agency, of which she was later chair between 1964 and 1965. In 1967, Meagher took on the role of Canadian High Commissioner to Uganda and Kenya. She broke ground with the terms she served in Israel, Austria, Kenya, Uganda, and Cyprus, as she was the first female head of mission in each of these countries.

She later worked as Canada's ambassador to Sweden from 1969 until her retirement in 1973. During this time, she actively conducted negotiations with the People’s Republic of China and played a key role in establishing Sino-Canadian diplomatic relations by assisting in "\[ironing\] out Canada's recognition of communist China."

## Later life and death

After retirement from her diplomatic career, Meagher continued to serve in various capacities internationally and locally. In 1973, she became External Affairs’ first female foreign service visitor to Dalhousie University. In November 1974, she represented Canada at the United Nations World Food Conference, which addressed the global problem of food insecurity.

Meagher also served as a member of the National museums of Canada's board of trustees on several occasions, acting as the representative on behalf of the Atlantic Canada region. At the local level, she served in several board of governors of Nova Scotian post-secondary institutions, including the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design from 1984 to 1989, as well as the Atlantic School of Theology.

Meagher died in 1999 at the age of 88.

## Legacy

In light of her gender and social circumstances, Meagher's work in the Canadian Foreign Service is generally considered to have been significant in paving the way for women in diplomacy. Many believe that her career proved that women could perform diplomatically at the same level as men, which pressured the Foreign Service to continue to incorporate more women into their traditionally male-dominated diplomatic corps.

Meagher was conscious of her unique and influential position in Canadian foreign affairs. In an interview, she stated:

> “Not only was I the only woman head of mission everywhere I went, there were very few women members of any rank in the diplomatic corps. \[...\] I was, after all, blazing a trail and whether I performed well, or fell flat on my face might have had some influence, at least for a time, on the appointment of other women.”

Because she remained single throughout her life, Meagher was able to pursue a full-time career in the Foreign Service, which would otherwise not have been permitted due to government-imposed restrictions on married women holding federal civil service jobs.

## Awards and honours

In 1974, Meagher was appointed an officer of the Order of Canada for her "career in diplomacy and contribution to international affairs". Some of these contributions include her diplomatic service as the first female Canadian ambassador, first woman to chair a board of governors and first female Canadian high commissioner.

Meagher had received several honorary degrees from Nova Scotian post-secondary institutions. In 1970, she was awarded the degree of Doctor of Civil Law *honoris causa* by Dalhousie University, her alma mater. She had also been awarded two honorary doctorates from St. Francis Xavier University and Saint Mary's University in 1974 and 1975, respectively.

Dalhousie University also developed the Margaret Meagher Fellowship in Political Science, awarded to a student entering the Master of Arts program in the field of international relations.

1. Joanne Laucius, “Canada's first female ambassador did it with quiet competence: Career spanned 4 decades,” *National Post*, February 27, 1999, A14.
2. Sandy Ramos, National Archives of Canada, *Margaret Meagher Fonds*, \[Ottawa\], 2003, 3, http://data2.collectionscanada.ca/pdf/pdf001/p000000997.pdf (accessed March 1, 2019).
3. Claire Turenne-Sjolander, “Margaret Meagher and the Role of Women in the Foreign Service: Groundbreaking or Housekeeping?,” in *Architects and Innovators: Building the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, 1909–2009*, eds. Greg Donaghy and Kim Richard Nossal (Montréal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2009), 225.
4. Lloyd Bochner, “1958: Canada appoints first woman ambassador,” Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, https://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/1958-canada-appoints-first-woman-ambassador0 (accessed March 1, 2019).
5. Turenne-Sjolander, “Margaret Meagher and the Role of Women,” 226-7.
6. Bochner, “1958: Canada appoints first woman ambassador.”
7. Turenne-Sjolander, “Margaret Meagher and the Role of Women,” 227.
8. Turenne-Sjolander, “Margaret Meagher and the Role of Women,” 229.
9. Bochner, “1958: Canada appoints first woman ambassador.”
10. Norman Hillmer, “Blanche Margaret Meagher,” The Canadian Encyclopedia, December 16, 2013, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/blanche-margaret-meagher (accessed March 1, 2019).
11. Ramos, *Margaret Meagher Fonds*, 3.
12. Turenne-Sjolander, “Margaret Meagher and the Role of Women,” 229.
13. Turenne-Sjolander, “Margaret Meagher and the Role of Women,” 225.
14. Turenne-Sjolander, “Margaret Meagher and the Role of Women,” 229.
15. Turenne-Sjolander, “Margaret Meagher and the Role of Women,” 225.
16. Turenne-Sjolander, “Margaret Meagher and the Role of Women,” 225.
17. Laucius, "Canada's first female ambassador did it with quiet competence: Career spanned 4 decades", A14.
18. Turenne-Sjolander, “Margaret Meagher and the Role of Women,” 225.
19. Margaret K. Weiers, *Envoys Extraordinary: Women of the Canadian Foreign Service* (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1995), 60.
20. Weiers, *Envoys Extraordinary*, 60.
21. Laucius, “Canada's first female ambassador did it with quiet competence: Career spanned 4 decades,” A14.
22. Weiers, *Envoys Extraordinary*, 61.
23. Weiers, *Envoys Extraordinary*, 61.
24. Turenne-Sjolander, “Margaret Meagher and the Role of Women,” 231.
25. The Governor General of Canada, "Ms. Margaret Meagher, O.C., M.A., D.C.L." http://www.gg.ca/en/distinctions/recipiendaires/146-13716 (accessed March 1, 2019).
26. Weiers, *Envoys Extraordinary*, 61.
27. Dalhousie University, “Prizes and Scholarships,” https://www.dal.ca/faculty/arts/politicalscience/programs/graduate-programs/pizes-and-scholarships.html (accessed March 1, 2019).

## InfoBox

| Blanche Margaret Meagher, OC | |
| --- | --- |
| Meagher with Israeli President Yizhak Ben-Zvi on Independence Day, 1959. | |
| Born | (1911-01-27)January 27, 1911
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada |
| Died | February 25, 1999(1999-02-25) (aged 88)
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada |
| Education | Dalhousie University (BA, MA) |
| Occupation | Diplomat |
| Known for | Canada's first female ambassador |


title: Vin jaune

abstract: Vin jaune is a special and characteristic type of white wine made in the Jura region in eastern France. It is similar to dry fino Sherry and gets its character from being matured in a barrel under a film of yeast, known as the voile, on the wine's surface. Vin jaune shares many similarities with Sherry, including some aromas, but unlike Sherry, it is not a fortified wine. The wine is made from the Savagnin grape, with some of the most premium examples coming from the marl based vineyards in the Château-Chalon AOC. In other French wine regions, there has been experimentation in producing similar style wines from Chardonnay and other local grape varieties using cultured yeast such as the vin de voile wine produced in the Gaillac.

text:
# Vin jaune

***Vin jaune*** (French for "yellow wine") is a special and characteristic type of white wine made in the Jura region in eastern France. It is similar to dry fino Sherry and gets its character from being matured in a barrel under a film of yeast, known as the *voile*, on the wine's surface. *Vin jaune* shares many similarities with Sherry, including some aromas, but unlike Sherry, it is not a fortified wine. The wine is made from the Savagnin grape, with some of the most premium examples coming from the marl based vineyards in the Château-Chalon AOC. In other French wine regions, there has been experimentation in producing similar style wines from Chardonnay and other local grape varieties using cultured yeast such as the *vin de voile* wine produced in the Gaillac.

## Production

Vin jaune is made from late harvest Savagnin grapes, a white variety in the Traminer family which is less aromatic than the better-known Gewürztraminer. The grapes are usually harvested in late October when the sugars have developed enough to have a potential alcohol level of 13–15% for the finished wine. The grapes are fermented slowly and then kept in small old oak casks that hold 228 liters (60 gallons). The casks are not topped up, as they are with most wines, so evaporation creates an air gap above the wine. A film of yeast grows over the wine, protecting it partially (but not totally) from oxidation. In Jura, this film is called the *voile* (veil), but it is similar to the "flor" familiar from Sherry production. The *voile* yeast has many similar properties to "flor" but thrives better in a lower alcohol environment and develops less heavily and thickly than "flor" does.

The *voile* typically takes two to three years to develop fully. While the *voile* is incomplete, the wine is exposed to slight levels of oxidation that provoke chemical changes, producing acetaldehyde (as well as ethanol, standard alcohol) and sotolon, an aroma compound. These compounds contribute to the unique flavors and aromas associated with vin jaune. Winemakers must carefully observe the wine throughout the aging process as there is a risk of it developing the wine fault of volatile acidity.

The wine acquires its characteristic yellow color and nutty flavors as it ages for the requisite time of six years and three months, the time that must elapse between harvest and bottling, although at certain points during this time the wine is not necessarily in the cask. After the allotted time, only about 62% of the original wine remains. The *vin jaune* is then bottled in special squat bottles that hold 62 cl (21 ounces), called *clavelins*. Historically the bottle size alludes to the amount of wine that remains from each litre after six years of aging and evaporation.

## Wine regions

The *Appellation d'origine contrôlée* regions permitted to produce vin jaune include Château-Chalon AOC, Arbois Vin Jaune AOC, Cotes du Jura vin Jaune AOC and Vin Jaune de L'Etoile. Those protected "appellations" have existed since 1936. There are also a few other vin jaune-style wines made in France outside the Jura region, such as Gaillac. The term *vin de voile* referring to the yeast film, thus indicates this style of wine.

## Wine style and serving

Vin jaune is often served at cellar temperature 13–15 °C (55–60 °F) and the wine is sometimes decanted, exposing it to more oxygen prior to serving in order to stimulate the wine's unique aromas. The wine can be paired with savory food dishes with local Jura cuisine often including chicken recipes where the wine is cooked with the chicken itself and as a sauce component. Another common pairing is the local Comté cheese that is produced in the Franche-Comté region.

## La Percée du Vin Jaune

A festival called *La Percée du Vin Jaune* (Opening of the Yellow Wine) is held in the last week of January or the first week of February each year to celebrate release of the newly released vintage, which due to the legal requirements for aging will be the one harvested in the autumn seven years earlier. Recent events, including tasting sessions, have attracted over 30,000 visitors. Each year, a different venue is chosen. They are as follows:

## Chemical composition

Vin jaune is marked by the formation of sotolon from alpha-ketobutyric acid.

## Connection with medieval wines

Vin jaune has been found to be produced from grapes that possess identical DNA to grape seeds unearthed in archaeological digs of medieval sites.


title: Morgan Est

abstract: Morgan Est plc was a British based construction company specialising in infrastructure services headquartered in Rugby, Warwickshire, England. It merged with the sister company Morgan Ashurst to form combined infrastructure and construction company Morgan Sindall, which is itself part of the Morgan Sindall Group.

text:
# Morgan Est

**Morgan Est plc** was a British based construction company specialising in infrastructure services headquartered in Rugby, Warwickshire, England. It merged with the sister company Morgan Ashurst to form combined infrastructure and construction company Morgan Sindall, which is itself part of the Morgan Sindall Group.

## History

Morgan Est's roots can be traced back to the acquisition of the Miller group, and was born out of the acquisitions of Miller Civil Engineering Services Ltd by Morgan Sindall plc in 2001. In 2002, Morgan Est also entered the utility sector with the acquisition of Pipeline Constructors Ltd and in 2006 entered the rail sector with the acquisition of Gleeson MCL. In July 2007, the company bought the civil engineering part of Amec DPS, followed by Elec Track Installations (ETI) in January 2008.

In April 2010, Morgan Sindall announced that it would merge Morgan Est with Morgan Ashurst and that the merged business would trade under the Morgan Sindall name.

## Operations

The Company carried out the following activities:

* Infrastructure Services
* Capital Projects
* Tunnelling Services
* Utility Services

## InfoBox

Morgan Est plc
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Construction, Civil engineering |
| Founded | 1985 |
| Headquarters | Rugby, Warwickshire, UK |
| Parent | Morgan Sindall Group |
| Website | www.morganest.com |


# United Kingdom European Constitution referendum

A referendum was expected to take place in the United Kingdom in 2006 to decide whether the country should ratify the proposed Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe. However, following the rejection of the Constitution by similar referendums in France in May 2005 and the Netherlands in June 2005, the UK vote was postponed indefinitely. The question was thought to have been settled when the constitution was superseded by the Treaty of Lisbon, which Parliament ratified in 2008 without holding a referendum.

## Announcement

As negotiations finalising the text of the proposed constitution drew to a close in early 2004, Prime Minister, Tony Blair, had consistently denied the need for a referendum on its ratification. However, on 20 April 2004, he announced in the House of Commons that a referendum would in fact be held in due course assuming the treaty was accepted by the European Council.

Initial reaction amongst the opposition was three-fold. Firstly, the Conservatives were pleased as they felt they had forced Tony Blair into a U-turn. For example, Michael Howard, the Leader of the Opposition, said "Who will ever trust you again?" in his response to Blair's statement. In response, opponents of Howard have said that he himself has done a U-turn by asking for a referendum at all. Howard was a member of the Conservative Government that rejected calls for a referendum on the Maastricht Treaty in 1993. This treaty conferred many new competences on the Union, something that the proposed constitution did not do; this led some commentators to argue that it was inconsistent to demand a referendum on the constitutional treaty when one was not held on the Maastricht Treaty.

Secondly, the Conservative Party repeated its opposition to such a constitution which it saw as involving an unacceptable loss of sovereignty (See Controversy over the new constitution).

The Conservatives also wanted to know about the timing of the referendum and the precise wording of its question. Commentators expected that a referendum would not be held until after the 2005 general election. They suggested that the Labour Party would seek to minimise the impact of the issue of Europe on the election campaign by saying "we can discuss that at the referendum".

Supporters of the Government said that a referendum could only be held after sufficient parliamentary time had been devoted to analysing the text, thus forcing a delay until after the election. The Conservatives rejected this, saying that sufficient scrutiny could be given, and a referendum held, in the autumn and winter of 2004.

The Conservatives also suggested that if the Treaty were rejected, the Blair government would repeat the referendum until it got its desired result. In the days after the announcement of the vote, government policy was not immediately clear on this issue: it initially said that the UK would then be in the same position as Ireland was after it rejected the Nice treaty. Ireland subsequently adopted that treaty after a second referendum, suggesting that Britain might attempt to do the same. Denmark also held two referendums before accepting the Maastricht Treaty.

However, at his usual monthly news conference on 22 April, Blair said: "If the British people vote 'no', they vote 'no'. You can't keep bringing it back until they vote 'yes'." BBC Radio 4 and *The Times* subsequently reported some back-tracking on this issue from "Number 10" (presumably the press office).

## Proposed referendum question

The proposed referendum question was included in Part 3 of the European Union Bill 2004–2005. The question to appear on ballot papers would have been as follows:

> **Should the United Kingdom approve the Treaty establishing a Constitution for the European Union?**

and in Welsh:

> **A ddylai’r Deyrnas Unedig dderbyn y Cytuniad a fyddai’n sefydlu Cyfansoddiad i’r Undeb Ewropeaidd?**

permitting a simple **YES**/**NO** answer

## Preparations

Following the agreement of the final constitution draft, Blair announced his full support for it, claiming that it protected the national veto on sensitive issues such as tax, social policy, defence and foreign policy.

On 29 October 2004, the Foreign Secretary Jack Straw ruled out holding a referendum in 2005 as this would have coincided with the UK holding the rotating presidency of the Council of the European Union. He said that the referendum would be held in early 2006, providing Labour were re-elected in the 2005 general election.

A bill authorising the referendum was announced in the Queen's Speech of 23 November 2004 and was introduced to Parliament in January 2005 as the European Union Bill 2005.

On 26 January 2005 the government announced that the question asked in the referendum would be: *"Should the United Kingdom approve the treaty establishing a constitution for the European Union?"* Theresa May, Shadow Secretary of State for the Family, described the question as "fair".

### Electoral Commission rules

The rules governing how British referendums are held were determined by the Electoral Commission. The commission was to judge whether the question asked was clear and unbiased and make recommendations, but Parliament would make the final decision. Caps were also placed on the amount that can be spent by each side of the debate with two "designated organisations", one for each side of the debate, would be able to spend at most £5m campaigning, of which up to £600,000 could come from public funds, and would also be entitled to free broadcasts and mail shots. All other interested parties would be able to spend at most £500,000 and would have to be registered with the Commission if they receive any single donation in excess of £10,000. Furthermore, the Government was permitted to publish information publicising its view, with no spending limit, until 28 days compared to 70 days for all other participants.

## Opinion polls

Every opinion poll on how people would vote in a referendum pointed to a "no" vote.

ICM asked 1,000 voters in the third week of May 2005: "If there were a referendum tomorrow, would you vote for Britain to sign up to the European Constitution or not?”: 57% said no, 24% said yes, and 19% said that they did not know.

## Cancellation

Following the French and Dutch rejection of the treaty, Jack Straw announced on 6 June 2005, to the House of Commons, that the plans for the referendum in early 2006 had been shelved.

The matter became one of only hypothetical interest following the replacement of the proposed constitution with the agreement of the text of the Treaty of Lisbon on 19 October 2007.

## InfoBox

United Kingdom European Constitution referendum
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
| Should the United Kingdom approve the Treaty establishing a Constitution for the European Union? | |


title: Yerecoin, Western Australia

abstract: Yerecoin is a small town located in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia, in the Shire of Victoria Plains,156 kilometres (97 mi) north-northeast of the state capital, Perth. The surrounding areas produce wheat and other cereal crops. The town is a receival site for the CBH Group.

text:
# Yerecoin, Western Australia

**Yerecoin** is a small town located in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia, in the Shire of Victoria Plains,156 kilometres (97 mi) north-northeast of the state capital, Perth.

The surrounding areas produce wheat and other cereal crops. The town is a receival site for the CBH Group.

## History

Yerecoin was the Aboriginal name for a nearby well, first recorded by a surveyor in 1879. It was first established as a railway station on a new line north from Toodyay, which was approved in 1914 and was extended from Bolgart to Calingiri in 1917 and further to Piawaning (10 km north of Yerecoin) in 1919. The surrounding land was owned by the Midland Railway Company, and was not subdivided by the company until 1925. The company also set aside 200 acres (0.81 km2) for a townsite at Yerecoin, but the land was sold to one owner, and development of the townsite area was slow. A school was opened in 1927, and was followed by other community buildings. The town was gazetted in 1966.

## InfoBox

| Yerecoin
Western Australia | |
| --- | --- |
| Yerecoin | |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 30°55′00″S 116°23′00″E / 30.91667°S 116.38333°E / -30.91667; 116.38333 |
| Population | 67 (SAL 2021) |
| Established | 1920s |
| Postcode(s) | 6571 |
| Area | 161.2 km2 (62.2 sq mi) |
| Location |  |
| LGA(s) | Shire of Victoria Plains |
| State electorate(s) | Moore |
| Federal division(s) | Durack |


abstract: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1724, adopted unanimously on November 29, 2006, after recalling previous resolutions on the situation in Somalia, particularly resolutions 733 (1992), 1519 (2003), 1558 (2004), 1587 (2005), 1630 (2006) and 1676 (2006), the Council re-established a group to monitor the arms embargo against the country for a further six months and condemned an increase in the flow of weapons to the country. The text, proposed by Qatar, was adopted as Council members debated another resolution partially lifting the arms embargo in order to allow forces from the Intergovernmental Authority on Development to be deployed in Somalia. Resolution 1725 authorised the latter mission to take place.

text:
# United Nations Security Council Resolution 1724

**United Nations Security Council Resolution 1724**, adopted unanimously on November 29, 2006, after recalling previous resolutions on the situation in Somalia, particularly resolutions 733 (1992), 1519 (2003), 1558 (2004), 1587 (2005), 1630 (2006) and 1676 (2006), the Council re-established a group to monitor the arms embargo against the country for a further six months and condemned an increase in the flow of weapons to the country.

The text, proposed by Qatar, was adopted as Council members debated another resolution partially lifting the arms embargo in order to allow forces from the Intergovernmental Authority on Development to be deployed in Somalia. Resolution 1725 authorised the latter mission to take place.

## Observations

The Security Council urged Somali leaders to continue political dialogue and for the Transitional Federal Government to continue to establish governance over the country. It condemned the illegal flow of weapons into and through Somalia in violation of the arms embargo, calling for improvements to be made to the monitoring of the embargo and urging states to enforce the restrictions.

## Acts

Acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, the Council stressed that all countries should comply with the embargo and announced it would consider further actions to ensure compliance. The Secretary-General Kofi Annan was asked to re-establish a monitoring group to monitor the implementation of the arms embargo against Somalia, update lists on those violating the sanctions, to co-operate with a Committee established in Resolution 751 (1992), make recommendations based on its findings and suggest ways of improving the capacity of regional states to implement the embargo. The committee was also asked to make recommendations on ways of improving the effectiveness of the embargo.

Finally, the committee was requested to consider a visit to Somalia to demonstrate the council's determination to enforce the arms embargo.

## InfoBox

| UN Security Council<br>Resolution 1724 | |
| --- | --- |
| Somalia | |
| Date | 29 November 2006 |
| Meeting no. | 5,575 |
| Code | S/RES/1724 (Document) |
| Subject | **The situation in Somalia** |
| Voting summary | * **15 voted for** * **None voted against** * **None abstained** |
| Result | Adopted |
| Security Council composition | |
| Permanent members |  |
| Non-permanent members |  |
|  | |


title: Matagi Island

abstract: Matagi, sometimes written Matangi, is an island the Vanua Levu Group in northern Fiji, situated 16°44 South 179° West. It is one of three tiny volcanic islands grouped to the east of Thurston Point on the island of Taveuni, the others being Qamea and Laucala. The horseshoe-shaped islet of 97 hectares lies 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) east of Thurston Point. Inaccessible until recently, this privately owned island has been turned into an up-market resort. Apart from diving, activities include fishing, windsurfing, sailing, water-skiing, and snorkelling. There is a speedboat link between Matagi and Taveuni. The beach forest and flooded volcanic caldera of the island contribute to its national significance as outlined in Fiji's Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan.

text:
# Matagi Island

**Matagi** (pronounced \[maˈtaŋi\]), sometimes written **Matangi**, is an island the Vanua Levu Group in northern Fiji, situated 16°44 South 179° West. It is one of three tiny volcanic islands grouped to the east of Thurston Point on the island of Taveuni, the others being Qamea and Laucala. The horseshoe-shaped islet of 97 hectares (240 acres) lies 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) east of Thurston Point. Inaccessible until recently, this privately owned island has been turned into an up-market resort. Apart from diving, activities include fishing, windsurfing, sailing, water-skiing, and snorkelling. There is a speedboat link between Matagi and Taveuni.

The beach forest and flooded volcanic caldera of the island contribute to its national significance as outlined in Fiji's Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan.

## History

It is believed the Fiji Islands were first settled about 3,500 years ago. In 1643, Dutch Navigator Abel Tasman was the first European to discover Fiji's Northern group of islands including Matagi Island. A whole century had passed before the next explorer came into contact with the “Cannibal Isles”, as Fiji was known then. During this period, conflict and warfare between Fiji's indigenous tribes, and attempts by the nearby Tongan islanders to occupy the Eastern part of Fiji were rife. Early settlers at this time were a mixture of shipwrecked sailors, whalers, “Blackbirders”, missionaries and traders of mostly sandalwood, sea cucumber and turtle shell.

In 1874, an offer of cession by the Fijian Chiefs at that time was accepted, and Fiji was proclaimed a possession and dependency of the British Crown. In 1878, The Island was owned by Frederick Mitchell who at that time owned half of Qamea, laucala island and Matagi island. Frederick Mitchell an immigrant and businessman from Australia used the island as a copra farm and on the island of Qamea used that as a cotton plantation. Mr. Mitchell was at Levuka at the time of the vere vakabau deception and imprisoned of the people of Lovoni Village in Levuka. The people of lovoni was put in inhuman of ways and paraded around Levuka town as barbarians, the captured people of Lovoni were sold to slavery to rich planters around the country out of Ovalau. Mr. Mitchell at this time was in levuka and he bought slaves and one of the ladies was to become his wife. She was the daughter of the Tui Wailevu of lovoni – Adi Matila Nakaiviwa. they had 3 children – Flora Mitchell, Frank Mitchell and Ella Mitchell – When Freddrick Mitchell died, all the land was willed to his wife and when she died the land was given to her three children. Frank got Qamea Island, Flora who married Joseph Smith got Silana in Levuka and Ella the youngest Daughter got Matagi island – because Ella and her Husband did not have Children the land was given to Flora's son Stanley who was brought up on matagi and was Ella's husband's namesake Stanley Smith who came from England. Two brothers Smith married the two Mitchell ladies. Over the years, Stanley Smith sold the island to his brother Fredrick Smith who married Zillah Whitcombe and the couple created a copra (coconut) plantation on the island. They had two daughters, Flora and Penelope (known as Chick), who are the current trustees of the island. Flora Smith married Noel Douglas, a 4th generation Taveuni planter of Scottish and Irish descent. In 1986 Noel and Flora discontinued the plantation and developed the 240-acre Matangi Private Island Resort.

## Climate

Climate is warm and tropical year-round, even in the islands’ “winter” months. The average temperature in Fiji is 25 °C (77 °F), but it can climb to above 30 °C (86 °F) in summer (December and January) and sink to 18 °C (64 °F) in winter (July and August). The trade winds, which blow from the southeast, usually prevail from May to October (the drier winter months). In December and January, the winds often shift and come from the east, bringing rainfall with them.

16°44′0″S 179°45′3″W / 16.73333°S 179.75083°W / -16.73333; -179.75083


title: Martköy, Şabanözü

abstract: Martköy is a village in the Şabanözü District of Çankırı Province in Turkey. Its population is 195 (2021).

text:
# Martköy, Şabanözü

**Martköy** is a village in the Şabanözü District of Çankırı Province in Turkey. Its population is 195 (2021).

## InfoBox

| Martköy | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| MartköyLocation in TurkeyMartköyMartköy (Turkey Central Anatolia) | |
| Coordinates: 40°26′N 33°24′E / 40.433°N 33.400°E / 40.433; 33.400 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Çankırı |
| District | Şabanözü |
| Population (2021) | 195 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Fretterans

abstract: Fretterans is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

text:
# Fretterans

**Fretterans** (French pronunciation: \[fʁɛtʁɑ̃\]) is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

## InfoBox

| Fretterans | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church and surroundings in Fretterans | |
| Location of Fretterans | |
| FretteransFretterans | |
| Coordinates: 46°55′18″N 5°17′26″E / 46.9217°N 5.2906°E / 46.9217; 5.2906 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Saône-et-Loire |
| Arrondissement | Louhans |
| Canton | Pierre-de-Bresse |
| Area**1** | 10.27 km2 (3.97 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 286 |
| Density | 28/km2 (72/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 71207 /71270 |
| Elevation | 178–186 m (584–610 ft)
(avg. 184 m or 604 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: United Kingdom Election Results

abstract: United Kingdom Election Results is an e-book and former website written by David Boothroyd, first published in 1994. Boothroyd also wrote The History of British Political Parties, published in 2001. The website includes material about elections in the United Kingdom, including election results, resources for further information and links to relevant websites. Boothroyd used a minimalist approach for the site's design, avoiding "flashy graphics" and placing an emphasis on "authoritative unbiased information". Boothroyd's website has been cited by several organisations and authors, including the United Nations Development Programme and the Parliament of Australia. Boothroyd's site is listed as a resource by the website of the Parliamentary Library of the Parliament of Australia, and the Gilbert + Tobin Centre of Public Law at The University of New South Wales. The Data & Information Services Center of the University of Wisconsin said that Boothroyd maintains "an emphasis on including the entire range of parties", and The University of York library said that the "site maintained by David Boothroyd provides detailed results data for all UK Parliamentary Elections since 1983".

text:
# United Kingdom Election Results

***United Kingdom Election Results*** is an e-book and former website written by David Boothroyd, first published in 1994. Boothroyd also wrote *The History of British Political Parties*, published in 2001. The website includes material about elections in the United Kingdom, including election results, resources for further information and links to relevant websites. Boothroyd used a minimalist approach for the site's design, avoiding "flashy graphics" and placing an emphasis on "authoritative unbiased information".

Boothroyd's website has been cited by several organisations and authors, including the United Nations Development Programme and the Parliament of Australia. Boothroyd's site is listed as a resource by the website of the Parliamentary Library of the Parliament of Australia, and the Gilbert + Tobin Centre of Public Law at The University of New South Wales. The Data & Information Services Center of the University of Wisconsin said that Boothroyd maintains "an emphasis on including the entire range of parties", and The University of York library said that the "site maintained by David Boothroyd provides detailed results data for all UK Parliamentary Elections since 1983".

## Contents

The site contained information and resources related to UK elections, including election results, lists of candidates and maps of election districts. It also contained resources such as links to relevant websites covering politics and those of political parties. In an introduction to the website, Boothroyd wrote: "Unlike some other political sites, this site doesn't go in for minimising the information to 'major parties' only, using flashy graphics that distract from the content, compromising its impartiality by accepting sponsorship, or including irrelevant party propaganda. On these pages you will find authoritative unbiased information and nothing else."

Data on parliamentary elections in the UK since 1983 were on the website. It also included results of the Labour Party National Executive Committee elections, European Parliamentary elections from 1994 onwards, a list of members expelled since the 1660 Restoration, and recent regional elections for the National Assembly for Wales, the Northern Ireland Assembly, and the Greater London Authority. The earliest snapshot of the website in the archival database Internet Archive is from 1996. The website was located at www.election.demon.co.uk. As of 2021, it is offline.

## Reception

> "David Boothroyd maintains this site of British Parliamentary Election results, going back in some cases as far as 1983, with an emphasis on including the entire range of parties."

University of Wisconsin

Several authors and organisationsincluding United Nations Development Programme (2004), the Politics and Public Administration Group of the Parliament of Australia (2002), and Scott L. Greer (2005)have cited Boothroyd's website in their works. Oonag Gay and Patricia Leopold used information about parliamentary expulsion from the site in their book *Conduct Unbecoming:The Regulation of Parliamentary Behaviour* (2004); they wrote, "As the author, David Boothroyd, makes clear, expulsion was no bar to further parliamentary career in the eighteenth century." *The Guardian* referenced the site in a 2007 article about politics of education in the UK.

In their 2008 book *The Politics of Electoral Systems*, Michael Gallagher and Paul Mitchell wrote that Boothroyd's site "Has detailed results of elections at all levels of government." The website of the Parliamentary Library of the Parliament of Australia lists Boothroyd's site as a resource, as does the Gilbert + Tobin Centre of Public Law at The University of New South Wales. The Data & Information Services Center of the University of Wisconsin said that Boothroyd maintains "an emphasis on including the entire range of parties". RBA (Rhodes-Blakeman Associates) website maintained by Karen Blakeman describes Boothroyd's resource as a "fast-loading, no-nonsense site". The University of York library said that the "site maintained by David Boothroyd provides detailed results data for all UK Parliamentary Elections since 1983". "Scottish Politics", the website of the Scottish Politics Research Institute, Alba Publishing said, "Those interested in election results and analysis from England & Wales are encouraged to consult David Boothroyd's inspirational United Kingdom Election Results site."

## Further reading

## InfoBox

United Kingdom Election Results
| Screenshot of first page | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | David Boothroyd |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Elections in the United Kingdom |
| Genre | Non-fiction |
| Publisher | D. Boothroyd |
| Publication date | 1994 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| OCLC | 51544846 |
| Followed by | *The History of British Political Parties (2001)* |


abstract: United Nations Security Council resolution 1596, adopted unanimously on 18 April 2005, after recalling all previous resolutions on the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, including resolutions 1493 (2003), 1533 (2004), 1552 (2004), 1565 (2004) and 1592 (2005), the council expanded the arms embargo to include all recipients of weapons in the country, and imposed a travel ban and asset freeze on those violating the embargo. The resolution was drafted by France.

text:
# United Nations Security Council Resolution 1596

**United Nations Security Council resolution 1596**, adopted unanimously on 18 April 2005, after recalling all previous resolutions on the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, including resolutions 1493 (2003), 1533 (2004), 1552 (2004), 1565 (2004) and 1592 (2005), the council expanded the arms embargo to include all recipients of weapons in the country, and imposed a travel ban and asset freeze on those violating the embargo.

The resolution was drafted by France.

## Resolution

### Observations

In the preamble of the resolution, the security council expressed concern at the presence of armed groups and militia in the east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, particularly in North and South Kivu and Ituri Province, while at the same time welcoming that some of the groups had begun submitting an inventory of weapons and materiel in their possession. It expressed readiness to review provisions within resolutions 918 (1994), 997 (1995) and 1011 (1995). The council also condemned the flow of weapons into and within the country.

Meanwhile, the council recalled the need for the transitional government to implement the integration of the armed forces. It welcomed political efforts to bring about peace and stability in the Democratic Republic of the Congo by the secretary-general, African Union and others.

### Acts

Acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, the council expanded the arms embargo against armed groups and militias to all recipients of weapons in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, except the military and police that have completed integration, and non-lethal equipment destined for humanitarian or protective use. The United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC) was requested to continue monitoring operations in North and South Kivu and Ituri provinces. Parties in those regions were urged to adhere to the disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration of foreign and Congolese ex-combatants.

Meanwhile, Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda and other states in the African Great Lakes region were called upon to monitor air traffic and prevent aircraft flying in contravention to the Chicago Convention, with the Congolese government monitoring airfields in the provinces of North Kivu, South Kivu and Ituri. Countries bordering the three provinces were asked to increase border controls.

The resolution also emphasised that individuals identified by a committee to be acting in violation of the sanctions were to have their assets frozen and a travel ban imposed upon them. States in the region had to report within 45 days on measures they had taken to implement the security council's demands. Finally, the Secretary-General Kofi Annan was requested to re-establish an expert group to monitor the implementation of the sanctions for a period until 31 July 2005.

## InfoBox

| UN Security Council
Resolution 1596 | |
| --- | --- |
| 12 – South Kivu;
13 – North Kivu;
14 – Ituri | |
| Date | 18 April 2005 |
| Meeting no. | 5,163 |
| Code | S/RES/1596 (Document) |
| Subject | **The situation concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo** |
| Voting summary | * **15 voted for** * **None voted against** * **None abstained** |
| Result | Adopted |
| Security Council composition | |
| Permanent members |  |
| Non-permanent members |  |
|  | |


title: Unconscious State

abstract: Unconscious State is the debut studio album by American rapper Jon Connor. The album was released on July 2, 2013 by Connor's All Varsity Music. In early 2013, Jon Connor revealed that he was working on various projects including, his debut studio album Unconscious State along with his second studio album. The album featured guest appearances by Danny Brown, Chris Webby, Freddie Gibbs, Royce da 5'9", Talib Kweli, Willie the Kid and Smoke DZA among others. Production was handled by Connor himself, Mr. Porter, Brix and Optiks among others. Upon its release the album peaked at number 35 on the US Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and number seven on the Billboard Heatseekers Albums charts.

text:
# Unconscious State

***Unconscious State*** is the debut studio album by American rapper Jon Connor. The album was released on July 2, 2013 by Connor's All Varsity Music. In early 2013, Jon Connor revealed that he was working on various projects including, his debut studio album *Unconscious State* along with his second studio album. The album featured guest appearances by Danny Brown, Chris Webby, Freddie Gibbs, Royce da 5'9", Talib Kweli, Willie the Kid and Smoke DZA among others. Production was handled by Connor himself, Mr. Porter, Brix and Optiks among others. Upon its release the album peaked at number 35 on the US *Billboard* Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and number seven on the *Billboard* Heatseekers Albums charts.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllHipHop | 8.8/10 |
| HipHopDX |  |
| Laut.de |  |

*Unconscious State* was met with critical acclaim from music critics. Shad of AllHipHop stated, "Overall, this is a great addition to Jon Connor’s already impressive catalogue of previous material. It’s only a matter of time before Unconscious State propels Jon Connor further into the Hip-Hop audience’s consciousness than he has ever been before." *XXL* said, "By this point, Connor was known as one of the most lyrical MCs in the game, but *Unconscious State*—with its features from Royce, Kweli, Freddie Gibbs, Danny Brown and Smoke DZA, to name just a few—proved that he could stand his ground amongst his peers in the game. Connor may have made his name through his mixtapes—calling himself The People's Rapper, he's been known to cater to his fanbase but consistently delivering top-notch music for free—but *Unconscious State* established him as a rapper with more than just technical ability on his side." Jesse Fairfax of HipHopDX said, "*Unconscious State* is a change of pace from Jon Connor, reflecting both growth and regression. At times he sacrifices artistry in the chase for recognition."

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Unconscious State Prelude" | Jon Connor | 2:04 |
| 2. | "Unconscious State" | Block Symfany | 1:23 |
| 3. | "Take the World" (featuring Lia Mack, Lyric Da Queen and Jenna Noelle) | Jon Connor | 3:40 |
| 4. | "Connor 25:17" | AP | 3:11 |
| 5. | "The Sarah Song (Tour Life The Sequel)" | Jon Connor | 3:18 |
| 6. | "Michigan Shit" (featuring Royce da 5'9") | Brix | 3:08 |
| 7. | "Over & Over" | Jon Connor | 3:18 |
| 8. | "F'N Right" (featuring Freddie Gibbs) | K. Wills | 4:33 |
| 9. | "When I Was Young" (featuring Chris Webby and Smoke DZA) | Neo Tempus | 3:44 |
| 10. | "Under Oath" | Jon Connor | 4:08 |
| 11. | "In My Sleep" (featuring Tito Lopez and Chelsea Blare) | Jon Connor | 4:09 |
| 12. | "2 Week Notice" | Jon Connor | 3:50 |
| 13. | "The Porn Song" (featuring D.Wayne and Caas Swift) | Jon Connor | 4:17 |
| 14. | "Let Us Pray" (featuring Willie the Kid and 40 Da Great) | K. Wills | 3:56 |
| 15. | "Rise Up" (featuring Talib Kweli) | Optiks | 3:47 |
| 16. | "This Time" (featuring Kevin George, Craig Owens, Yobi and Jenna Noelle) | Jon Connor | 4:12 |
| 17. | "Judge & Jury" | Jon Connor | 3:07 |
| 18. | "My Life" (featuring Justin Daye and Caas Swift) | Block Symfany | 3:58 |
| 19. | "Vodka & Weed" (featuring Danny Brown) | Block Symfany | 3:06 |
| 20. | "Running Away" (featuring Jenna Noelle) | Optiks | 4:30 |
| 21. | "American Pie" (featuring Lia Mack) | Jon Connor | 3:58 |
| 22. | "Outro" | Jon Connor | 2:13 |

## Charts

| Chart (2013) | Peak<br>position |
| --- | --- |
| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (*Billboard*) | 35 |
|

## InfoBox

| Unconscious State | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Jon Connor | |
| Released | July 2, 2013 (2013-07-02) |
| Recorded | 2013 |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Label | All Varsity Music |
| Producer |  |


abstract: The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit is one of the 13 United States courts of appeals. It has appellate jurisdiction over certain categories of specialized cases in the U.S. federal court system. Specifically, it has exclusive appellate jurisdiction over all U.S. federal cases involving patents, trademark registrations, government contracts, veterans' benefits, public safety officers' benefits, federal employees' benefits, and various other types of cases. The Federal Circuit has no jurisdiction over criminal, bankruptcy, immigration, or U.S. state law cases. It is headquartered at the Howard T. Markey National Courts Building in Washington, DC. The Federal Circuit was created in 1982 with passage of the Federal Courts Improvement Act, which merged the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals and the appellate division of the United States Court of Claims, making the judges of the former courts into circuit judges. In addition to the Markey Building, the court also occupies the adjacent Benjamin Ogle Tayloe House, former Cosmos Club building, and the Cutts-Madison House in Washington, D.C., on Lafayette Square. The court sits from time to time in locations other than Washington, and its judges can and do sit by designation on the benches of other courts of appeals and federal district courts. As of 2016, Washington and Lee University School of Law's Millhiser Moot Courtroom had been designated as the continuity of operations site for the court.

text:
# United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

The **United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit** (in case citations, **Fed. Cir.** or **C.A.F.C.**) is one of the 13 United States courts of appeals. It has appellate jurisdiction over certain categories of specialized cases in the U.S. federal court system. Specifically, it has exclusive appellate jurisdiction over all U.S. federal cases involving patents, trademark registrations, government contracts, veterans' benefits, public safety officers' benefits, federal employees' benefits, and various other types of cases. The Federal Circuit has no jurisdiction over criminal, bankruptcy, immigration, or U.S. state law cases. It is headquartered at the Howard T. Markey National Courts Building in Washington, DC.

The Federal Circuit was created in 1982 with passage of the Federal Courts Improvement Act, which merged the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals and the appellate division of the United States Court of Claims, making the judges of the former courts into circuit judges. In addition to the Markey Building, the court also occupies the adjacent Benjamin Ogle Tayloe House, former Cosmos Club building, and the Cutts-Madison House in Washington, D.C., on Lafayette Square. The court sits from time to time in locations other than Washington, and its judges can and do sit by designation on the benches of other courts of appeals and federal district courts. As of 2016, Washington and Lee University School of Law's Millhiser Moot Courtroom had been designated as the continuity of operations site for the court.

## Jurisdiction

The Federal Circuit is unique among the courts of appeals in that its jurisdiction is based wholly upon subject matter, not geographic location. The Federal Circuit is an appellate court with jurisdiction generally given in 28 U.S.C. § 1295. The court hears certain appeals from all of the United States District Courts, appeals from certain administrative agencies, and appeals arising under certain statutes. Among other things, the Federal Circuit has exclusive jurisdiction over appeals from:

Although the Federal Circuit typically hears all appeals from any United States District Court where the original action included a complaint arising under the patent laws, the Supreme Court decided in *Holmes Group, Inc. v. Vornado Air Circulation Systems, Inc.* (2002) that the Federal Circuit did not have jurisdiction if the patent claims arose solely as counterclaims by the defendant. However, the force of law of *Holmes* ended following passage of the America Invents Act of 2011, which requires the Federal Circuit to hear all appeals where the original action included a complaint or compulsory counterclaim arising under the patent laws.

The decisions of the Federal Circuit, particularly in regard to patent cases, are unique in that they are binding precedent throughout the U.S. within the bounds of the court's subject-matter jurisdiction. This is unlike the other courts of appeals as the authority of their decisions is restricted by geographic location and thus there may be differing judicial standards depending on location. Decisions of the Federal Circuit are only superseded by decisions of the Supreme Court or by applicable changes in the law. Also, review by the Supreme Court is discretionary, so Federal Circuit decisions are often the final word, especially since there are no circuit splits given the Federal Circuit's exclusive subject-matter jurisdiction. In its first decision, the Federal Circuit incorporated as binding precedent the decisions of its predecessor courts, the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals and the appellate division of the United States Court of Claims.

Because the Court is one of national jurisdiction, panels from the court may sit anywhere in the country. Typically, once or twice a year, the court will hold oral arguments in a city outside of its native Washington D.C. The panels may sit in Federal courthouses, state courthouses, or even at law schools.

## Composition

The Federal Circuit may have a total of 12 active circuit judges sitting at any given time, who are required to reside within 50 miles of the District of Columbia, as set by 28 U.S.C. § 44. Judges on senior status are not subject to this restriction. As with other federal judges, they are nominated by the President and must be confirmed by the Senate. Their terms last during the "good behavior" of the judges, which typically results in life tenure. When eligible, judges may elect to take senior status. This allows a senior judge to continue to serve on the court while handling fewer cases than an active service judge. Each judge in active service employs a judicial assistant and up to four law clerks, while each judge in senior status employs a judicial assistant and one law clerk.

## Current composition of the court

As of March 16, 2022:

| # | Title | Judge | Duty station | Born | Term of service | | | Appointed by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | Active | Chief | Senior | |
| 31 | Chief Judge | Kimberly A. Moore | Washington, D.C. | 1968 | 2006–present | 2021–present |  | G.W. Bush |
| 16 | Circuit Judge | Pauline Newman | Washington, D.C. | 1927 | 1984–present |  |  | Reagan |
| 22 | Circuit Judge | Alan David Lourie | Washington, D.C. | 1935 | 1990–present |  |  | G.H.W. Bush |
| 29 | Circuit Judge | Timothy B. Dyk | Washington, D.C. | 1937 | 2000–present |  |  | Clinton |
| 30 | Circuit Judge | Sharon Prost | Washington, D.C. | 1951 | 2001–present | 2014–2021 |  | G.W. Bush |
| 33 | Circuit Judge | Jimmie V. Reyna | Washington, D.C. | 1952 | 2011–present |  |  | Obama |
| 35 | Circuit Judge | Richard G. Taranto | Washington, D.C. | 1957 | 2013–present |  |  | Obama |
| 36 | Circuit Judge | Raymond T. Chen | Washington, D.C. | 1968 | 2013–present |  |  | Obama |
| 37 | Circuit Judge | Todd M. Hughes | Washington, D.C. | 1966 | 2013–present |  |  | Obama |
| 38 | Circuit Judge | Kara Farnandez Stoll | Washington, D.C. | 1968 | 2015–present |  |  | Obama |
| 39 | Circuit Judge | Tiffany P. Cunningham | Washington, D.C. | 1976 | 2021–present |  |  | Biden |
| 40 | Circuit Judge | Leonard P. Stark | Washington, D.C. | 1969 | 2022–present |  |  | Biden |
| 19 | Senior Circuit Judge | Haldane Robert Mayer | Washington, D.C. | 1941 | 1987–2010 | 1997–2004 | 2010–present | Reagan |
| 21 | Senior Circuit Judge | S. Jay Plager | Washington, D.C. | 1931 | 1989–2000 |  | 2000–present | G.H.W. Bush |
| 23 | Senior Circuit Judge | Raymond C. Clevenger | Washington, D.C. | 1937 | 1990–2006 |  | 2006–present | G.H.W. Bush |
| 25 | Senior Circuit Judge | Alvin Anthony Schall | Washington, D.C. | 1944 | 1992–2009 |  | 2009–present | G.H.W. Bush |
| 26 | Senior Circuit Judge | William Curtis Bryson | Washington, D.C. | 1945 | 1994–2013 |  | 2013–present | Clinton |
| 28 | Senior Circuit Judge | Richard Linn | Washington, D.C. | 1944 | 1999–2012 |  | 2012–present | Clinton |
| 34 | Senior Circuit Judge | Evan Wallach | Washington, D.C. | 1949 | 2011–2021 |  | 2021–present | Obama |

## List of former judges

| # | Judge | State | Born–died | Active service | Chief Judge | Senior status | Appointed by | Reason for
termination |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| 1 | Don Nelson Laramore | IN | 1906–1989 |  |  | 1982–1989 | Eisenhower / Operation of law | death |
| 2 | Giles Rich | NY | 1904–1999 | 1982–1999 |  |  | Eisenhower / Operation of law | death |
| 3 | J. Lindsay Almond | VA | 1898–1986 |  |  | 1982–1986 | Kennedy / Operation of law | death |
| 4 | Oscar Hirsh Davis | DC | 1914–1988 | 1982–1988 |  |  | Kennedy / Operation of law | death |
| 5 | Arnold Wilson Cowen | TX | 1905–2007 |  |  | 1982–2007 | L. Johnson / Operation of law | death |
| 6 | Philip Nichols Jr. | DC | 1907–1990 | 1982–1983 |  | 1983–1990 | L. Johnson / Operation of law | death |
| 7 | Byron George Skelton | TX | 1905–2004 |  |  | 1982–2004 | L. Johnson / Operation of law | death |
| 8 | Phillip Baldwin | TX | 1924–2002 | 1982–1986 |  | 1986–1991 | L. Johnson / Operation of law | retirement |
| 9 | Howard Thomas Markey | IL | 1920–2006 | 1982–1991 | 1982–1990 |  | Nixon / Operation of law | retirement |
| 10 | Marion T. Bennett | MO | 1914–2000 | 1982–1986 |  | 1986–2000 | Nixon / Operation of law | death |
| 11 | Shiro Kashiwa | HI | 1912–1998 | 1982–1986 |  |  | Nixon / Operation of law | retirement |
| 12 | Jack Richard Miller | IA | 1916–1994 | 1982–1985 |  | 1985–1994 | Nixon / Operation of law | death |
| 13 | Daniel Mortimer Friedman | DC | 1916–2011 | 1982–1989 |  | 1989–2011 | Carter / Operation of law | death |
| 14 | Edward Samuel Smith | MD | 1919–2001 | 1982–1989 |  | 1989–2001 | Carter / Operation of law | death |
| 15 | Helen W. Nies | DC | 1925–1996 | 1982–1995 | 1990–1994 | 1995–1996 | Carter / Operation of law | death |
| 17 | Jean Galloway Bissell | SC | 1936–1990 | 1984–1990 |  |  | Reagan | death |
| 18 | Glenn L. Archer Jr. | DC | 1929–2011 | 1985–1997 | 1994–1997 | 1997–2011 | Reagan | death |
| 20 | Paul Redmond Michel | PA | 1941–present | 1988–2010 | 2004–2010 |  | Reagan | retirement |
| 24 | Randall Ray Rader | VA | 1949–present | 1990–2014 | 2010–2014 |  | G.H.W. Bush | retirement |
| 27 | Arthur J. Gajarsa | MD | 1941–present | 1997–2011 |  | 2011–2012 | Clinton | retirement |
| 32 | Kathleen M. O'Malley | OH | 1956–present | 2010–2022 |  |  | Obama | retirement |

## Chief judges

| Chief Judges | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Markey | 1982–1990 |
| Nies | 1990–1994 |
| Archer, Jr. | 1994–1997 |
| Mayer | 1997–2004 |
| Michel | 2004–2010 |
| Rader | 2010–2014 |
| Prost | 2014–2021 |
| **Moore** | 2021–present |

Chief judges have administrative responsibilities with respect to their circuits, and preside over any panel on which they serve, unless the circuit justice (the Supreme Court justice responsible for the circuit) is also on the panel. Unlike the Supreme Court, where one justice is specifically nominated to be chief, the office of chief judge rotates among the circuit judges.

To be chief, a judge must have been in active service on the court for at least one year, be under the age of 65, and have not previously served as chief judge. A vacancy is filled by the judge highest in seniority among the group of qualified judges, with seniority determined first by commission date, then by age. The chief judge serves for a term of seven years, or until age 70, whichever occurs first. If no judge qualifies to be chief, the youngest judge over the age of 65 who has served on the court for at least one year shall act as chief until another judge qualifies. If no judge has served on the court for more than a year, the most senior judge shall act as chief. Judges can forfeit or resign their chief judgeship or acting chief judgeship while retaining their active status as a circuit judge.

When the office was created in 1948, the chief judge was the longest-serving judge who had not elected to retire, on what has since 1958 been known as senior status, or declined to serve as chief judge. After August 6, 1959, judges could not become or remain chief after turning 70 years old. The current rules have been in operation since October 1, 1982. Notwithstanding the foregoing, when the court was initially created, Congress had to resolve which chief judge of the predecessor courts would become the first chief judge. It was decided that the chief judge of the predecessor court who had the most seniority, as chief judge, would be the new chief judge. This made Howard T. Markey, former chief judge of the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals, the first chief judge.

## Succession of seats

The court has twelve seats for active judges, numbered in alphabetical order by their occupant at the time the court was formed, with the sole vacant seat being numbered last. Judges who retire into senior status remain on the bench but leave their seat vacant. That seat is filled by the next circuit judge appointed by the President.

## Citations

1. USCAFC Court Jurisdiction
2. "Federal Courts Improvement Act of 1982". *History or the Federal Judiciary*. Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
3. Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 97–164 §165, 96 Stat. 50.
4. "U.S. Appeals Court for the Federal Circuit to Hear Cases at W&L Law". March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
5. "History of the Federal Circuit".
6. Holmes Group, Inc. v. Vornado Air Circulation Systems, Inc., 535 U.S. 826 (2002).
7. *Holmes Group, Inc. v. Vornado Air Circulation Systems, Inc.*, 2002.
8. *South Corp. v. United States*, 690 F.2d 1368 (Fed. Cir. 1982)
9. "A 96-year-old federal judge is barred from hearing cases in a bitter fight over her mental fitness". *AP News*. September 20, 2023.
10. "Federal Circuit Extends Judge Newman's Suspension Another Year". *Bloomberg Law*. September 6, 2024.
11. Reassigned from the United States Court of Claims pursuant to the Federal Courts Improvement Act of 1982, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 97–164 §165, 96 Stat. 50.
12. Reassigned from the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals pursuant to the Federal Courts Improvement Act of 1982, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 97–164 §165, 96 Stat. 50.
13. 28 U.S.C. § 45
14. 62 Stat. 871, 72 Stat. 497, 96 Stat. 51
15. Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 97–164 §166, 96 Stat. 50.

## General references

* "OSCAR". *Federal Law Clerk Information System*. Retrieved May 21, 2008.
    + Source for the duty stations for senior judges
* "U. S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit". *History of the Federal Judiciary*. Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
    + Source for the state, lifetime, term of active judgeship, term of chief judgeship, term of senior judgeship, appointer, termination reason, and seat information

## Further reading

* Abramson, Bruce D. (2007). *The Secret Circuit: The Little-Known Court Where the Rules of the Information Age Unfold*. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-5281-4.
* *United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit: A History: 1990–2002 / compiled by members of the Advisory Council to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in celebration of the court's twentieth anniversary*. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. 2004. LCCN 2004050209.
* Bennett, Marion T. (1991). *The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit: A History, 1982–1990*. Washington, D.C.: United States Judicial Conference Committee on the Bicentennial of the Constitution of the United States. LCCN 91601231.
* Flanders, Steven (2010). *The Federal Circuit – a Judicial Innovation : Establishing a U.S. Court of Appeals*. Twelve Tables Press. ISBN 978-0-9747-2866-7. LCCN 2011290640.
* Henry, Matthew D.; Turner, John L. (2006). "The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit's Impact on Patent Litigation". *Journal of Legal Studies*. **35** (1): 85–117. doi:10.1086/498834. JSTOR 498834. S2CID 222321525.

## InfoBox

| United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit | |
| --- | --- |
| (Fed. Cir.) | |
|  | |
| Location | Howard T. Markey National Courts Building(717 Madison Place, NW
Washington, D.C.) |
| Established | October 1, 1982 |
| Judges | 12 |
| Circuit Justice | John Roberts |
| Chief Judge | Kimberly A. Moore |
| cafc.uscourts.gov | |


title: United States Court House (El Paso)

abstract: The El Paso U.S. Courthouse, also known as El Paso Federal Building or the U.S. Court House, is a historic building in El Paso, Texas. It is a courthouse of the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas. The building was completed in 1936 and served historically as a courthouse and as a government office building. It is located at 511 East San Antonio Avenue. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.

text:
# United States Court House (El Paso)

The **El Paso U.S. Courthouse**, also known as **El Paso Federal Building** or the **U.S. Court House**, is a historic building in El Paso, Texas. It is a courthouse of the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas. The building was completed in 1936 and served historically as a courthouse and as a government office building. It is located at 511 East San Antonio Avenue. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.

## Significance

The Courthouse gives the Federal Government a strong, tangible presence in downtown El Paso. Designed and built in the mid-1930s the building is similar in size, style and construction to government buildings of this era across the country. The architects were Percy McGhee, Guy L. Frazer, and Thomas P. Lippincott. The Neo-Classical Revival facades and durable materials of the blocklike exterior communicate the importance of the functions housed therein to the citizens of the community. The government commissioned artist Thomas C. Lea, III to paint a mural (*Pass of the North*) in the courthouse in 1938.

The basic plan layout is also fairly typical for buildings of this size and era, with spaces configured between and around two large interior courtyards. This arrangement provides light and air to interior rooms, in a way appropriate to the hot, dry climate of Southwest Texas. Originally designed to house two Courts along with offices for related branches of government, growth of the Courts has generated most of the plan changes over time. As of 2010, there were seven courtrooms in the U.S. Courthouse, with an eighth in the planning stage.

## Architectural description

The United States Courthouse is a rectilinear Neo-Classical Revival composition with Art Deco influences. The plan is rectangular and biaxially symmetrical with respect to the exterior facades, except for a service door on the west side. Rooms are for the most part arranged on either side of an interior corridor around two Light Courts. The elevations are composed of a flat fossilized limestone base, repetitive limestone pilasters separated by windows and a windowless limestone architrave with terra cotta ornament and coping concealing the fifth floor and a flat roof. The dressed stone base extends from grade to the first floor window sill height, where tall casement windows are spanned with limestone panels. The second, third and fourth floor double hung windows are treated as a continuous vertical element between pilasters separated by cast aluminum spandrels. The windowless fifth floor was designed and built with skylights which have now been abandoned. On the facades outside this level the stone architrave is set off with a repeating stylized eagle terra cotta frieze. The fluted pilasters run between the base and architrave, and have no base or capital of their own. The exterior of the building has been largely unaltered with the exception of a limestone faced ramp added for the handicapped. This ramp is compatible with the original building, if less well detailed.

Inside the Courthouse additions and alterations have been generally less sensitive. The East Light Court has been enclosed at the first level to accommodate a new courtroom. A second large courtroom was added on the second floor at the west end, two floors below one of the two original courts. These spaces have no historical significance but are adequate and appropriate for their new use. Three other courts have been added to the building, which are of insufficient size and deficient shape for their purpose. Except for the Clerk's Office, functions not directly tied to the Courtrooms have been relocated to renovated spaces, lessening the logic and integrity of the building.

Much of the usable basement level has been sacrificed to accommodate hvac ductwork, while the remainder is in original condition. The first floor has been altered to an extent but retains much of its original details and finishes. Almost all of the wood and glass partitions that defined interior spaces and determined their character have been replaced by gypsum board walls. The main public spaces have been best preserved on this level, including the south lobby with its large, important mural across the north wall. The second and third floors retain little of their original character, but the fourth floor retains in largely unaltered form its two courtrooms and its public spaces. The fifth floor was originally toplit and used for storage and a laboratory. With the skylights closed off, it is now dark and confining, housing two Immigration Courts and their related functions. Throughout the building most of the terrazzo flooring, Art Deco hardware, paneled doors with transoms and period light fixtures are still in place.

## Attribution

Media related to United States Court House (El Paso) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| El Paso US Courthouse | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| US Courthouse in El Paso, Texas | |
| El Paso US CourthouseEl Paso US Courthouse | |
| Location | 511 E. San Antonio Ave., El Paso, Texas |
| Coordinates | 31°45′33″N 106°29′0″W / 31.75917°N 106.48333°W / 31.75917; -106.48333 |
| Area | 1 acre (0.40 ha) |
| Built | 1936 (1936) |
| Architect | Percy McGhee, Guy L. Fraser, et al. |
| Architectural style | Moderne |
| NRHP reference No. | 01000434 |
| Added to NRHP | April 25, 2001 |


abstract: United States Coast Guard officer rank insignia describes an officer's pay-grade. Rank is displayed on collar devices, shoulder boards, and on the sleeves of dress uniforms.

text:
# United States Coast Guard officer rank insignia

**United States Coast Guard officer rank insignia** describes an officer's pay-grade. Rank is displayed on collar devices, shoulder boards, and on the sleeves of dress uniforms.

## Commissioned officer ranks

Commissioned officers in the Coast Guard are line officers, unlike the Navy, which has a staff corps to identify certain career fields. Coast Guard officers hold pay grades ranging from O-1 to O-10 and have the same rank structure as the Navy. Officers holding the rank of ensign (O-1) through lieutenant commander (O-4) are considered junior officers, commanders (O-5) and captains (O-6) are considered senior officers, and rear admirals (O-7) through admirals (O-10) are considered flag officers. The Commandant of the Coast Guard and the Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard are the only members of the Coast Guard authorized to hold the rank of admiral.

The Coast Guard does not have medical officers or chaplains of its own. Instead, chaplains from the U.S. Navy, as well as officers from the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps are assigned to the Coast Guard to perform chaplain-related functions and medical-related functions, respectively. These officers wear Coast Guard uniforms but replace the Coast Guard insignia with that of their own service.

The Navy and Coast Guard share identical officer rank insignia except that Coast Guard officers wear a gold Coast Guard Shield in lieu of a line star or staff corps officer insignia.

**Commissioned officer grade structure of the United States Coast Guard**
|
|  |
| **US DoD Pay Grade** | O-10 | O-9 | O-8 | O-7 | O-6 | O-5 | O-4 | O-3 | O-2 | O-1 |
|
| **NATO Code** | OF-9 | OF-8 | OF-7 | OF-6 | OF-5 | OF-4 | OF-3 | OF-2 | OF-1 | |
| **Insignia** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| **Title** | Admiral | Vice admiral | Rear admiral
(Upper Half) | Rear admiral
(Lower Half) | Captain | Commander | Lieutenant
commander | Lieutenant | Lieutenant
(junior grade) | Ensign |
| **Abbreviation** | ADM | VADM | RADM | RDML | CAPT | CDR | LCDR | LT | LTJG | ENS |

## Warrant officer ranks

Highly qualified enlisted personnel in pay grades E-6 through E-9 with a minimum of eight years' experience can compete each year for appointment as warrant officers (WO). Successful candidates are chosen by a board and then commissioned as chief warrant officer two (CWO2) in one of twenty-one specialties. Over time, chief warrant officers may be promoted to chief warrant officer three (CWO3) and chief warrant officer four (CWO4). The ranks of warrant officer (WO1) and chief warrant officer five (CWO5) are not currently used in the Coast Guard. Chief warrant officers may also compete for the Chief Warrant Officer to Lieutenant Program. If selected, the warrant officer will be promoted to lieutenant (O-3E). The "E" designates over four years' active duty service as a warrant officer or enlisted member and entitles the member to a higher rate of pay than other lieutenants.

**Warrant officer grade structure of the United States Coast Guard**
| US DoD Pay Grade | W-4 | W-3 | W-2 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **NATO Code** | WO-4 | WO-3 | WO-2 |
| **Insignia** |  |  |  |
| **Title** | Chief warrant officer 4 | Chief warrant officer 3 | Chief warrant officer 2 |
| **Abbreviation** | CWO-4 | CWO-3 | CWO-2 |

## United States Coast Guard Auxiliary

The United States Coast Guard Auxiliary is the uniformed auxiliary service of the Coast Guard. The Auxiliary does not use the Coast Guard rank system but does use modified Coast Guard officer rank insignia to signify a member's position within the organization. For example, a Flotilla Commander wears insignia similar to a Lieutenant.

USCG Auxiliary officers wear silver braid insignia (referred to as "office insignia") instead of gold; with a "hollow" USCG shield above containing the letters "USCG" superimposed above a red "A" (to signify an appointed officer in an administrative position) or silver "A" (to signify an elected officer in a leadership position). Metal and sew-on insignia are identical to Coast Guard officer insignia, except that a red, blue, or black "A" is superimposed.

Auxiliarists generally do not use titles in direct address, with the exception of a few very senior leaders who are addressed as "Commodore."

| NATO code | OF-10 | | OF-9 | | OF-8 | | OF-7 | | OF-6 | | OF-5 | | OF-4 | | OF-3 | | OF-2 | | OF-1 | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| **United States
Coast Guard Auxiliary**
 |  | | | |  | |
 | |
 | |
 | |
 | |
 | |
 | |
 | | |  | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Elected positions | National Commodore (NACO) | | Vice National Commodore (VNACO)
Deputy National Commodore (DNACO) | | District Commodore (DCO) | | District Chief of Staff (DCOS)
District Captain (DCAPT) | | Division Commander (DCDR) | | Division Vice Commander (VCDR) | | Flotilla Commander (FC) | | Vice Flotilla Commander (VFC) | | |
| | Appointed positions |  | | Deputy National Commodore (DNACO) | | Assistant National Commodore (ANACO) | | Deputy Assistant National Commodore (ANACOd)
Director (DIR)
NACO Admin Assistant (N-A) | | District Directorate Chief (DDC)
Auxiliary Sector Coordinator (ASC)
Deputy Director (DIRd)
Division Chief (DVC)
NACO Aide (N-D) | | District Staff Officer (DSO)
DCO Admin Assistant (D-AA)
Branch Chief (BC) | | Assistant District Staff Officer (ADSO)
DCO Aide (D-AD)
Branch Assistant (BA)
Academy Admissions Partner | | Division Staff Officer (SO) | | | Flotilla Staff Officer (FSO)
Detachment Leader (DL) | | |


# United States at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships

The United States first competed at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships in 1958. They only sent a men's team; they finished seventh. In 1962 they sent both a men's team and a women's team; they finished sixth and eighth respectively. In 1970 Cathy Rigby became the first American to win a medal at the World Championships, winning a silver on the balance beam. In 1978 Kurt Thomas and Marcia Frederick became the first Americans to win a gold medal at the World Championships.

## Medalists

| Medal | Name | Year | Event |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Silver | Cathy Rigby | 1970 Ljubljana | Women's balance beam |
| Gold | Kurt Thomas | 1978 Strasbourg | Men's floor exercise |
| Gold | Marcia Frederick | | Women's uneven bars |
| Bronze | Kathy Johnson | | Women's floor exercise |
| Bronze | Kurt Thomas, Bart Conner, Jim Hartung, Larry Gerard, Tim LaFleur, Peter Vidmar, Mike Wilson | 1979 Fort Worth | Men's team |
| Silver | Kurt Thomas | | Men's all-around |
| Gold | Kurt Thomas | | Men's floor exercise |
| Silver | Kurt Thomas | | Men's pommel horse |
| Bronze | Bart Conner | | Men's vault |
| Gold | Bart Conner | | Men's parallel bar |
| Silver | Kurt Thomas | |
| Gold | Kurt Thomas | | Men's horizontal bar |
| Bronze | Julianne McNamara | 1981 Moscow | Women's uneven bars |
| Bronze | Tracee Talavera | | Women's balance beam |
| Silver | Brandy Johnson | 1989 Stuttgart | Women's vault |
| Silver | Shannon Miller, Kim Zmeskal, Betty Okino, Kerri Strug, Michelle Campi, Hilary Grivich | 1991 Indianapolis | Women's team |
| Gold | Kim Zmeskal | | Women's all-around |
| Silver | Shannon Miller | | Women's uneven bars |
| Bronze | Betty Okino | | Women's balance beam |
| Bronze | Kim Zmeskal | | Women's floor exercise |
| Silver | Betty Okino | 1992 Paris | Women's uneven bars |
| Gold | Kim Zmeskal | | Women's balance beam |
| Gold | Kim Zmeskal | | Women's floor exercise |
| Gold | Shannon Miller | 1993 Birmingham | Women's all-around |
| Gold | Shannon Miller | | Women's uneven bars |
| Silver | Dominique Dawes | |
| Silver | Dominique Dawes | | Women's balance beam |
| Gold | Shannon Miller | | Women's floor exercise |
| Silver | Amanda Borden, Amy Chow, Dominique Dawes, Larissa Fontaine, Shannon Miller, Jaycie Phelps, Kerri Strug | 1994 Dortmund | Women's team |
| Gold | Shannon Miller | 1994 Brisbane | Women's all-around |
| Silver | Paul O'Neill | | Men's rings |
| Gold | Shannon Miller | | Women's balance beam |
| Bronze | Shannon Miller, Dominique Moceanu, Kerri Strug, Donielle Thompson, Jaycie Phelps, Mary Beth Arnold, Teresa Kulikowski | 1995 Sabae | Women's team |
| Silver | Dominique Moceanu | | Women's balance beam |
| Bronze | Dominique Dawes | | 1996 San Juan |
| Silver | Raj Bhavsar, Paul Hamm, Stephen McCain, Brett McClure, Sean Townsend, Guard Young | 2001 Ghent | Men's team |
| Bronze | Mohini Bhardwaj, Katie Heenan, Ashley Miles, Tasha Schwikert, Rachel Tidd, Tabitha Yim | | Women's team |
| Bronze | Katie Heenan | | Women's uneven bars |
| Gold | Sean Townsend | | Men's parallel bars |
| Bronze | Paul Hamm | 2002 Debrecen | Men's floor exercise |
| Gold | Courtney Kupets | | Women's uneven bars |
| Gold | Ashley Postell | | Women's balance beam |
| Bronze | Samantha Sheehan | | Women's floor exercise |
| Silver | Raj Bhavsar, Jason Gatson, Morgan Hamm, Paul Hamm, Brett McClure, Blaine Wilson | 2003 Anaheim | Men's team |
| Gold | Terin Humphrey, Courtney Kupets, Chellsie Memmel, Carly Patterson, Tasha Schwikert, Hollie Vise | | Women's team |
| Gold | Paul Hamm | | Men's all-around |
| Silver | Carly Patterson | | Women's all-around |
| Gold | Paul Hamm | | Men's floor exercise |
| Gold | Chellsie Memmel | | Women's uneven bars |
| Gold | Hollie Vise | |
| Gold | Chellsie Memmel | 2005 Melbourne | Women's all-around |
| Silver | Nastia Liukin | | |
| Bronze | Alicia Sacramone | | Women's vault |
| Gold | Nastia Liukin | | Women's uneven bars |
| Silver | Chellsie Memmel | |
| Gold | Nastia Liukin | | Women's balance beam |
| Silver | Chellsie Memmel | |
| Gold | Alicia Sacramone | | Women's floor exercise |
| Silver | Nastia Liukin | |
| Silver | Jana Bieger, Natasha Kelley, Nastia Liukin, Chellsie Memmel, Ashley Priess, Alicia Sacramone | 2006 Aarhus | Women's team |
| Silver | Jana Bieger | | Women's all-around |
| Silver | Alicia Sacramone | | Women's vault |
| Silver | Nastia Liukin | | Women's uneven bars |
| Bronze | Alexander Artemev | | Men's pommel horse |
| Silver | Jana Bieger | | Women's floor exercise |
| Gold | Ivana Hong, Shawn Johnson, Nastia Liukin, Samantha Peszek, Alicia Sacramone, Shayla Worley | 2007 Stuttgart | Women's team |
| Gold | Shawn Johnson | | Women's all-around |
| Bronze | Alicia Sacramone | | Women's vault |
| Silver | Nastia Liukin | | Women's uneven bars |
| Gold | Nastia Liukin | | Women's balance beam |
| Gold | Shawn Johnson | | Women's floor exercise |
| Silver | Alicia Sacramone | |
| Gold | Bridget Sloan | 2009 London | Women's all-around |
| Silver | Rebecca Bross | | |
| Gold | Kayla Williams | | Women's vault |
| Bronze | Rebecca Bross | | Women's uneven bars |
| Bronze | Ivana Hong | | Women's balance beam |
| Silver | Rebecca Bross, Mackenzie Caquatto, Bridget Sloan, Mattie Larson, Aly Raisman, Alicia Sacramone | 2010 Rotterdam | Women's team |
| Bronze | Jonathan Horton | | Men's all-around |
| Bronze | Rebecca Bross | | Women's all-around |
| Gold | Alicia Sacramone | | Women's vault |
| Bronze | Rebecca Bross | | Women's uneven bars |
| Silver | Rebecca Bross | | Women's balance beam |
| Bronze | Jacob Dalton, Jonathan Horton, Danell Leyva, Steven Legendre, Alexander Naddour, John Orozco | 2011 Tokyo | Men's team |
| Gold | Gabby Douglas, McKayla Maroney, Aly Raisman, Alicia Sacramone, Sabrina Vega, Jordyn Wieber | | Women's team |
| Gold | Jordyn Wieber | | Women's all-around |
| Gold | McKayla Maroney | | Women's vault |
| Bronze | Jordyn Wieber | | Women's balance beam |
| Gold | Danell Leyva | | Men's parallel bars |
| Bronze | Aly Raisman | | Women's floor exercise |
| Gold | Simone Biles | 2013 Antwerp | Women's all-around |
| Silver | Kyla Ross | | |
| Silver | Jake Dalton | | Men's floor exercise |
| Gold | McKayla Maroney | | Women's vault |
| Silver | Simone Biles | |
| Silver | Kyla Ross | | Women's uneven bars |
| Bronze | Brandon Wynn | | Men's rings |
| Silver | Steven Legendre | | Men's vault |
| Silver | Kyla Ross | | Women's balance beam |
| Bronze | Simone Biles | |
| Bronze | John Orozco | | Men's parallel bars |
| Gold | Simone Biles | | Women's floor exercise |
| Bronze | Jacob Dalton, Danell Leyva, Sam Mikulak, Alexander Naddour, John Orozco, Donnell Whittenburg, *Paul Ruggeri* | 2014 Nanning | Men's team |
| Gold | Alyssa Baumann, Simone Biles, Madison Kocian, Ashton Locklear, Kyla Ross, MyKayla Skinner, *Madison Desch* | | Women's team |
| Gold | Simone Biles | | Women's all-around |
| Bronze | Kyla Ross | |
| Silver | Simone Biles | | Women's vault |
| Bronze | MyKayla Skinner | |
| Bronze | Jake Dalton | | Men's vault |
| Gold | Simone Biles | | Women's balance beam |
| Silver | Danell Leyva | | Men's parallel bars |
| Gold | Simone Biles | | Women's floor exercise |
| Gold | Simone Biles, Gabby Douglas, Brenna Dowell, Madison Kocian, Maggie Nichols, Aly Raisman, *MyKayla Skinner* | 2015 Glasgow | Women's team |
| Gold | Simone Biles | | Women's all-around |
| Silver | Gabby Douglas | |
| Bronze | Simone Biles | | Women's vault |
| Gold | Madison Kocian | | Women's uneven bars |
| Bronze | Donnell Whittenburg | | Men's vault |
| Gold | Simone Biles | | Women's balance beam |
| Gold | Simone Biles | | Women's floor exercise |
| Bronze | Maggie Nichols | |
| Silver | Danell Leyva | | Men's horizontal bar |
| Gold | Morgan Hurd | 2017 Montreal | Women's all-around |
| Bronze | Yul Moldauer | | Men's floor exercise |
| Silver | Jade Carey | | Women's vault |
| Silver | Morgan Hurd | | Women's balance beam |
| Silver | Jade Carey | | Women's floor exercise |
| Gold | Simone Biles, Kara Eaker, Morgan Hurd, Grace McCallum, Riley McCusker, *Ragan Smith* | 2018 Doha | Women's team |
| Gold | Simone Biles | | Women's all-around |
| Bronze | Morgan Hurd | |
| Gold | Simone Biles | | Women's vault |
| Silver | Simone Biles | | Women's uneven bars |
| Bronze | Simone Biles | | Women's balance beam |
| Gold | Simone Biles | | Women's floor exercise |
| Silver | Morgan Hurd | |
| Bronze | Sam Mikulak | | Men's horizontal bar |
| Gold | Simone Biles, Jade Carey, Kara Eaker, Sunisa Lee, Grace McCallum, *MyKayla Skinner* | 2019 Stuttgart | Women's team |
| Gold | Simone Biles | | Women's all-around |
| Gold | Simone Biles | | Women's vault |
| Silver | Jade Carey | |
| Bronze | Sunisa Lee | | Women's uneven bars |
| Gold | Simone Biles | | Women's balance beam |
| Gold | Simone Biles | | Women's floor exercise |
| Silver | Sunisa Lee | |
| Silver | Leanne Wong | 2021 Kitakyushu | Women's all-around |
| Bronze | Kayla DiCello | | |
| Gold | Stephen Nedoroscik | | Men's pommel horse |
| Bronze | Leanne Wong | | Women's floor exercise |
| Bronze | Brody Malone | | Men's horizontal bar |
| Gold | Skye Blakely, Jade Carey, Jordan Chiles, Shilese Jones, Leanne Wong, *Lexi Zeiss* | 2022 Liverpool | Women's team |
| Silver | Shilese Jones | | Women's all-around |
| Gold | Jade Carey | | Women's vault |
| Silver | Jordan Chiles | |
| Silver | Shilese Jones | | Women's uneven bars |
| Silver | Jordan Chiles | | Women's floor exercise |
| Bronze | Jade Carey | |
| Gold | Brody Malone | | Men's horizontal bar |
| Bronze | Asher Hong, Paul Juda, Yul Moldauer, Fred Richard, Khoi Young, *Colt Walker* | 2023 Antwerp | Men's team |
| Gold | Simone Biles, Skye Blakely, Shilese Jones, Joscelyn Roberson, Leanne Wong, *Kayla DiCello* | | Women's team |
| Bronze | Fred Richard | | Men's all-around |
| Gold | Simone Biles | | Women's all-around |
| Bronze | Shilese Jones | |
| Silver | Simone Biles | | Women's vault |
| Silver | Khoi Young | | Men's pommel horse |
| Bronze | Shilese Jones | | Women's uneven bars |
| Silver | Khoi Young | | Men's vault |
| Gold | Simone Biles | | Women's balance beam |
| Gold | Simone Biles | | Women's floor exercise |

## Medal tables

### By gender

| Gender | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Women | 56 | 43 | 31 | 130 |
| Men | 10 | 12 | 16 | 38 |

### By event

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Women's individual all-around | 14 | 8 | 5 | 27 |
| Women's floor exercise | 10 | 7 | 7 | 24 |
| Women's balance beam | 9 | 7 | 7 | 23 |
| Women's team | 9 | 4 | 2 | 15 |
| Women's uneven bars | 7 | 9 | 6 | 22 |
| Women's vault | 7 | 8 | 4 | 19 |
| Men's parallel bars | 3 | 2 | 1 | 6 |
| Men's floor exercise | 3 | 1 | 2 | 6 |
| Men's horizontal bar | 2 | 1 | 2 | 5 |
| Men's pommel horse | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| Men's individual all-around | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| Men's team | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 |
| Men's vault | 0 | 2 | 3 | 5 |
| Men's rings | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |

## Junior World medalists

| Medal | Name | Year | Event |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bronze | Sydney Barros, Skye Blakely, Kayla DiCello, *Konnor McClain* | 2019 Győr | Girls' team |
| Gold | Kayla DiCello | | Girls' vault |
| Bronze | Kayla DiCello | | Girls' balance beam |
| Silver | Jayla Hang, Hezly Rivera, Izzy Stassi, *Kieryn Finnell* | 2023 Antalya | Girls' team |
| Silver | Hezly Rivera | | Girls' floor exercise |

## InfoBox

| United States at the<br>World Artistic Gymnastics Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Flag of the United States | |
| IOC code | USA |
| Website | www.usagym.org |
| Medals | Gold 66 Silver 55 Bronze 47 Total 168 |


# List of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1986

This is a list of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1986.

## Fellows of the Royal Society

1. Adrian Edmund Gill (1937–1986)
2. Thomas Nelson Marsham (1923–1989)
3. Allan Charles Wilson (1934–1991)
4. Dennis Chapman (1927–1999)
5. Michael Smith (1932–2000)
6. Nicholas Harold Lloyd Ridley (1906–2001)
7. Vulimiri Ramalingaswami (1921–2001)
8. John Marmion Edmond (1943–2001)
9. Sir William Mitchell (1925–2002)
10. John Argyris (1916–2004)
11. Gordon Richard Wray (1928–2005)
12. Michael Augustine Raftery (1936–2007)
13. Peter Berners Fellgett (1936–2008)
14. Sir William Ian Axford (1933–2010)
15. Sir Gabriel Horn (1927–2012)
16. Martin Fleischmann (1927–2012)
17. Sir Roy Malcolm Anderson
18. Sir Alec Broers, Baron Broers
19. Geoffrey Burnstock (1929–2020)
20. John Clarke
21. Peter Day
22. Richard Newland Dixon
23. Simon Kirwan Donaldson
24. John Derek Dowell
25. Charon Robin Ganellin
26. John Rodney Guest
27. Werner Israel
28. Sir Alec Jeffreys
29. Allen Kerr
30. Chris J. Leaver
31. George Huntly Lorimer
32. Robert Hall Michell
33. Henry Keith Moffatt
34. Peter Damian Richardson
35. Raymond Edward Smallman
36. Charles James Matthew Stirling
37. Sir John Sulston
38. Dame Jean Olwen Thomas
39. Sir David James Wallace
40. Elizabeth Kerr Warrington

## Foreign members

1. Piet Borst
2. Albert Jakob Eschenmoser
3. Antonio Garcia-Bellido
4. Joseph Bishop Keller
5. Edwin Herbert Land (1909–1991)
6. Shosaku Numa (1929–1992)

## Elected under Statute 12

1. Roger Makins, 1st Baron Sherfield (1904–1996)


title: Margaret McWilliams Award

abstract: The Margaret McWilliams Awards are an annual literary award in Manitoba, Canada presented by the Manitoba Historical Society. The society awards prizes in the categories of Scholarly History Book, Popular History Book, and Local History Book. Inaugurated in 1955, the award is among the oldest literary prizes in Canada and named after historian and author Margaret Stovel McWilliams. Past winners include Sarah Klassen, James Urry, Royden Loewen, Maurice Mierau, Roland Penner, Carol Matas and many others.

text:
# Margaret McWilliams Award

The **Margaret McWilliams Awards** are an annual literary award in Manitoba, Canada presented by the Manitoba Historical Society. The society awards prizes in the categories of Scholarly History Book, Popular History Book, and Local History Book. Inaugurated in 1955, the award is among the oldest literary prizes in Canada and named after historian and author Margaret Stovel McWilliams. Past winners include Sarah Klassen, James Urry, Royden Loewen, Maurice Mierau, Roland Penner, Carol Matas and many others.


title: Viola alba

abstract: Viola alba, commonly known as white violet, is a species of violet in the family Violaceae.

text:
# Viola alba

**Viola alba**, commonly known as **white violet**, is a species of violet in the family Violaceae.

* Berichte der Bayerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft zur Erforschung der heimischen Flora 8:257. 1902

## InfoBox

| *Viola alba* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Violaceae |
| Genus: | *Viola* |
| Species: | ***V. alba*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Viola alba***<br>Besser | |
|


title: Morgan Eva GT

abstract: The Morgan Eva GT was a proposed 2+2 grand tourer to be developed by Morgan Motor Company of Malvern, Worcestershire, United Kingdom. Launched at the 2010 Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance show in California with a display of a clay mockup, it was to share the chassis of the Aeromax SuperSports, but with an elongated body. The car also was to have a 302 bhp (225 kW) twin-turbo straight six, making the car Euro 6-emissions compliant. The car's official press release noted it was expected to achieve 40 mpg and would have been offered with a 6-speed automatic or 6-speed manual transmission, and rear wheel drive only. With aluminum body panels, Morgan expected the car to weigh 1,250 kg (2,756 lb). Along with these specifications it was speculated the Eva GT would accelerate from 0-60 mph in 4.5 seconds, with a top speed of 170 mph (274 km/h). The car is named after Charles Morgan's daughter Eva. It was expected to be priced between £70,000-£85,000, deposits were originally taken for delivery in 2012. However, in 2012, the Company announced that its deliveries would be delayed to 2014 to allow for the use of magnesium alloy technology. The company reported that they had spent £1.4 million in such development. In early 2013, dealers confirmed that the model had been cancelled. Customer's £5000 deposits would be returned when requested or could be used for the purchase of a different model.

text:
# Morgan Eva GT

The **Morgan Eva GT** was a proposed 2+2 grand tourer to be developed by Morgan Motor Company of Malvern, Worcestershire, United Kingdom.

Launched at the 2010 Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance show in California with a display of a clay mockup, it was to share the chassis of the Aeromax SuperSports, but with an elongated body. The car also was to have a 302 bhp (225 kW) twin-turbo straight six, making the car Euro 6-emissions compliant. The car's official press release noted it was expected to achieve 40 mpg and would have been offered with a 6-speed automatic or 6-speed manual transmission, and rear wheel drive only. With aluminum body panels, Morgan expected the car to weigh 1,250 kg (2,756 lb). Along with these specifications it was speculated the Eva GT would accelerate from 0-60 mph (97 km/h) in 4.5 seconds, with a top speed of 170 mph (274 km/h). The car is named after Charles Morgan's daughter Eva.

It was expected to be priced between £70,000-£85,000, deposits were originally taken for delivery in 2012.

However, in 2012, the Company announced that its deliveries would be delayed to 2014 to allow for the use of magnesium alloy technology. The company reported that they had spent £1.4 million in such development.

In early 2013, dealers confirmed that the model had been cancelled. Customer's £5000 deposits would be returned when requested or could be used for the purchase of a different model.

## InfoBox

| Morgan Eva GT | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Morgan Motor Company |
| Body and chassis | |
| Body style | Grand tourer |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | BMW N54 |
| Transmission | 6-speed manual or automatic |
| Dimensions | |
| Kerb weight | 1,250 kg (2,756 lb) |