title: Portal of I

abstract: Portal of I is the debut studio album by Australian progressive metal band Ne Obliviscaris. It was released on May 7, 2012, via Code666 Records.

text:
# Portal of I

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metal Injection | 9.5/10 |
| Metal Obsession | 10/10 |
| Sputnikmusic |  |
| Heavy Blog Is Heavy |  |

***Portal of I*** is the debut studio album by Australian progressive metal band Ne Obliviscaris. It was released on May 7, 2012, via Code666 Records.

## Track listing

All music by Ne Obliviscaris. All lyrics by Xenoyr.

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Tapestry of the Starless Abstract" | 12:00 |
| 2. | "Xenoflux" | 9:58 |
| 3. | "Of the Leper Butterflies" | 5:53 |
| 4. | "Forget Not" | 12:02 |
| 5. | "And Plague Flowers the Kaleidoscope" | 11:32 |
| 6. | "As Icicles Fall" | 9:24 |
| 7. | "Of Petrichor Weaves Black Noise" | 10:41 |
| Total length: | | 71:40 |

## Personnel

Ne Obliviscaris * Tim Charles – clean vocals, violin, production
* Xenoyr – harsh vocals, lyrics, cover art
* Matt Klavins – guitar
* Benjamin Baret – guitar
* Brendan "Cygnus" Brown – bass
* Daniel Presland – drums

Additional personnel

## InfoBox

| Portal of I | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Ne Obliviscaris | |
| Released | May 7, 2012 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 71:40 |
| Label | Code666 |
| Ne Obliviscaris chronology | |
| ***Portal of I***
(2012) *Citadel*
(2014) | |


title: Portal of Medical Data Models

text:
# Portal of Medical Data Models

The portal for medical data models is a German and European medical research infrastructure. It is an open-access metadata-repository initiated for scientific purposes that can generate, analyse, release and reuse medical forms.

## Background

Each day large amounts of data are gathered by electronic health records. Because health care information systems are not compatible among themselves in general, structured data cannot easily be exchanged in between different institutions. Only a small part of all medical forms are openly available. Through this shortness of transparency, data-models adjustment processes in health care are being vastly interfered. Know-how of current or terminated studies and clinical documentation cannot be reused.

## Goals and target audience

Primary goals for medical data models are releasing reliable medical forms and data models, establishing transparent and interoperable standards for medical research and raising efficiency in the design of case report files. Besides improving the quality of documentation forms by reusing reliable forms and data-models (Secondary Use, Best Practise), the comparability of research outcomes shall be enhanced. The portal is mainly established for medical professionals, for example:

* Medical doctors
* Medical Information Scientist
* Data manager
* Medical information specialist

## Features

Currently, the portal contains more than 20.000 forms with more than 350.000 active data elements, making it Europe’s largest open-access portal for medical forms (March 2019). Available forms are: clinical research forms (Case Report Forms, Register-Items), routine documentation (e. g. EHR-forms) and quality assurance (e.g. data from the AQUA-Institute). Coded via UMLS-Metathesaurus, much content is available for semantic analyses. The content of the forms are provided in the standard data type for medical research (CDISC ODM) and, besides the original format, available in various data types, for example REDCap, MACRO, CDA, CSV, ADL as well as in Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) Questionnaire Format. As concluded by the FDA, the CDISC ODM-XML-Format for documentation in pharmaceutical research will be mandatory within the next two years, the portal already meets state of the art demands.

## Sustainability

In collaboration with the university and regional library in Münster, all gathered files are archived and allocated to every German library, securing a sustainable use of this meta-data-repository. The medical-data-portal is known as German (RIsources) and European research infrastructure (MERIL) and is developed by the Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Münster, Germany.

## Funding

The project is funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG, grant no. DU 352/11-1)


title: Port operations simulator

abstract: Port operations simulators are applications of simulation technology used to determine the outcomes of potential changes to factors affecting ports, security policies, traffic patterns, port expansion or growth, natural disasters, inclement weather, or terrorist activity.

text:
# Port operations simulator

**Port operations simulators** are applications of simulation technology used to determine the outcomes of potential changes to factors affecting ports, security policies, traffic patterns, port expansion or growth, natural disasters, inclement weather, or terrorist activity.

## NISAC Port Operations Simulator

The National Infrastructure Simulation Analysis Center, a program within the Department of Homeland Security, has developed a **Port Operations Simulator**, which is designed to model, simulate, and analyze the effects on port economic health as a result of potential shipping container and port security policies. There is also a companion program, the Economic Simulator, which analyzes the long-term economic impact of security policies in the port. The simulator was originally designed specifically for ports in Portland, Seattle, and Houston, but it can be modified to apply to other ports as well. The Houston adaptation has built-in scenarios, including loss of electric power, loss of telecommunications, labor disruptions, and major security threats. Users have the ability to direct controls in order to determine the best response and recovery plans to these types of scenarios.

## SimPort

**SimPort** is a serious game simulation in which the users must plan and manage a port expansion called the Second Maasvlakte at the Port of Rotterdam in the Netherlands. Each team in the game is given three laptops and each user is given a role from the options of General Director, Commercial Director, or Director of Infrastructure and Management. The game consists of four one-hour rounds: Round 1 consists of defining strategies and creating an allocation plan; the subsequent rounds each represent ten years of management of the site.

The game is targeted primarily at actual Port of Rotterdam staff, but is considered applicable to others in training and education settings.

According to the official website, the Port of Rotterdam has three aims in the use of this game:

1. Gain better insight into any unforeseen, undesirable and unintentional effects of one or more development strategies and design variations in the medium term (10–30 years) as a result of exogenous uncertainties (economic, market, technological) and due to strategic behavior of the parties involved.
2. Stimulate holistic and multidisciplinary thinking within the Port of Rotterdam on commercial and technical/infrastructural considerations, interests and choices.
3. Improve the results of negotiations with respect to contracts (customers) and equipment (infrastructure) in the port area.


title: Potters Crouch

abstract: Potters Crouch is a small hamlet in Hertfordshire, England, south-west of St Albans near Chiswell Green. It is in the civil parish of St Michael.

text:
# Potters Crouch

**Potters Crouch** is a small hamlet in Hertfordshire, England, south-west of St Albans near Chiswell Green. It is in the civil parish of St Michael.

## History

It is believed by historians that the area around Potters Crouch was originally a part of the Roman Britain town of Verulamium following evidence of 1st century AD Roman debris being found in the area. The name of Potters Crouch is believed to have originated in the 13th century as the home of a potter working in the area. It is speculated that this potter was Richard Le Pottere, who was succeeded by his son William Pottere in the trade. In 1344, it was referred to as Le Pottercrouch. The village was originally owned by the Earls of Verulam until 1931 when it was handed over to The Crown and managed as part of The Crown Estates.

Since 1977, Potters Crouch and its surrounding area was formally designated a conservation area by St Albans City and District council. The village is served by the M1 motorway. In 2012, it was revealed that Potters Crouch had a problem with water pressure following a fire in the same year whereby the Hertfordshire Fire and Rescue Service required use of the local water supply, which led to a lower quality of water services provided to local houses.

## Pub

Potters Crouch has a pub, the Holly Bush, which was constructed in the 17th century. It became a grade II listed building in 1981. The pub has been featured in the Good Pub Guide several times as well as in other pub guides, which have also promoted visiting Potters Crouch.

## InfoBox

| Potters Crouch | |
| --- | --- |
| The 'Holly Bush' at Potters Crouch | |
| Potters CrouchLocation within Hertfordshire | |
| OS grid reference | TL114052 |
| Civil parish |  |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | ST ALBANS |
| Postcode district | AL2 |
| Dialling code | 01727 |
|  | |
| Police | Hertfordshire |
| Fire | Hertfordshire |
| Ambulance | East of England |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Potters Bar Brook

abstract: Potters Bar Brook is a 3.3 km (2.0 mi) long stream (brook) in Hertfordshire, England, that is a tributary to the Mimmshall Brook. Rising in the town of Potters Bar, Potters Bar Brook flows a northwesterly course through the former golf course Potters Bar Golf Club until flowing under the East Coast Main Line via a culvert. Then, it flows a westerly course through Warrengate Farm until flowing into Mimmshall Brook.

text:
# Potters Bar Brook

**Potters Bar Brook** is a 3.3 km (2.0 mi) long stream (brook) in Hertfordshire, England, that is a tributary to the Mimmshall Brook.

Rising in the town of Potters Bar, Potters Bar Brook flows a northwesterly course through the former golf course Potters Bar Golf Club until flowing under the East Coast Main Line via a culvert. Then, it flows a westerly course through Warrengate Farm until flowing into Mimmshall Brook.

51°42′24″N 0°13′04″W / 51.70668°N 0.21791°W / 51.70668; -0.21791


title: Pouteria torta

abstract: Pouteria torta is a species of tree native to Central and South America. It is found largely in the Brazilian cerrado and is commonly called guapeva and grão-de-galo.

text:
# Pouteria torta

***Pouteria torta*** is a species of tree native to Central and South America. It is found largely in the Brazilian cerrado and is commonly called **guapeva** and grão-de-galo.

## InfoBox

| *Pouteria torta* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Ericales |
| Family: | Sapotaceae |
| Genus: | *Pouteria* |
| Species: | ***P. torta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pouteria torta***<br>(Mart.) Radlk. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Lucuma torta* (Mart.) A.DC. * *Labatia torta* Mart. * *Guapeba torta* (Mart.) Pierre | |


title: Portland Museum of Modern Art

abstract: Portland Museum of Modern Art (PMOMA) in Portland, Oregon, was founded in 2012. It was located in the basement of Mississippi Records and was founded by curator Libby Werbel. The Museum was staffed by Mississippi Records employees.

text:
# Portland Museum of Modern Art

**Portland Museum of Modern Art** (PMOMA) in Portland, Oregon, was founded in 2012. It was located in the basement of Mississippi Records and was founded by curator Libby Werbel. The Museum was staffed by Mississippi Records employees.

## History

At its founding, Werbel called the PMOMA "her fake museum." OPB noted that PMOMA is "a tiny space that wittily challenges ideas about the nature of museums and the art-watching experience." The project has received recognition in Artforum, among others, and has been supported by the Precipice Fund, The Calligram Foundation, The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts and the Regional Arts & Culture Council.

In September 2016, PMOMA hosted a residency series, Houseguest, on Pioneer Courthouse Square. The PMOMA showcases contemporary folk art.

In 2017, the museum was officially closed after 5 years of operation.

45°33′38.0″N 122°40′29.2″W / 45.560556°N 122.674778°W / 45.560556; -122.674778

## InfoBox

ortland Museum of Modern Art
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 2012 |
| Location | Portland, Oregon, U.S. |
| Type | Art |
| Founder | Libby Werbel |
| Website | portlandmuseumofmodernart.com |


title: Port Lions, Alaska

abstract: Port Lions is a city located on Kodiak Island in the Kodiak Island Borough of the U.S. state of Alaska. As of the 2010 census, the population of the city was 194, down from 256 in 2000. Port Lions was built to house the inhabitants of Ag'waneq from the neighboring island of Afognak and Port Wakefield from Raspberry Island, after their villages were destroyed by the Good Friday earthquake in 1964. Port Lions was built with help from the United States government and the Lions Club. It was named in honor of the club.

text:
# Port Lions, Alaska

**Port Lions** (*Masiqsirraq* in Alutiiq) is a city located on Kodiak Island in the Kodiak Island Borough of the U.S. state of Alaska. As of the 2010 census, the population of the city was 194, down from 256 in 2000.

Port Lions was built to house the inhabitants of Ag'waneq from the neighboring island of Afognak and Port Wakefield from Raspberry Island, after their villages were destroyed by the Good Friday earthquake in 1964. Port Lions was built with help from the United States government and the Lions Club. It was named in honor of the club.

## Geography

Port Lions is located at 57°52′5″N 152°52′48″W / 57.86806°N 152.88000°W / 57.86806; -152.88000 (57.868070, -152.880047).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 10.1 square miles (26 km2), of which, 6.3 square miles (16 km2) of it is land and 3.7 square miles (9.6 km2) of it (36.98%) is water.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1970 | 227 |  |  |
| 1980 | 215 |  | −5.3% |
| 1990 | 222 |  | 3.3% |
| 2000 | 256 |  | 15.3% |
| 2010 | 194 |  | −24.2% |
| 2020 | 170 |  | −12.4% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

Port Lions first appeared on the 1970 U.S. Census, having previously incorporated in 1966.

As of the census of 2000, there were 256 people, 89 households, and 76 families residing in the city. The population density was 40.3 inhabitants per square mile (15.6/km2). There were 106 housing units at an average density of 16.7 units per square mile (6.4 units/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 34.77% White, 63.28% Native American, and 1.95% from two or more races. 1.95% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 89 households, out of which 44.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.2% were married couples living together, 7.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 14.6% were non-families. 13.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.88 and the average family size was 3.11.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 33.2% under the age of 18, 3.9% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 26.2% from 45 to 64, and 7.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 113.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.0 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $39,107, and the median income for a family was $42,656. Males had a median income of $41,250 versus $30,625 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,492. About 12.7% of families and 12.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.0% of those under the age of eighteen and 10.7% of those 65 or over.

## Communications

Stanford University operates a remote scientific radio receiver in Port Lions to study very low frequency radio signals.

## Education

The Port Lions School, a K-12 rural school, is operated by the Kodiak Island Borough School District.

## InfoBox

| Port Lions Masiqsirraq | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| A radio scientist from Stanford University at the Port Lions post office. | |
| Port LionsLocation in Alaska | |
| Coordinates: 57°52′5″N 152°52′48″W / 57.86806°N 152.88000°W / 57.86806; -152.88000 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Alaska |
| Borough | Kodiak Island |
| Incorporated | January 24, 1966 |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Dorinda Kewan |
| State senator | Gary Stevens () |
| State rep. | Louise Stutes (R) |
| Area | |
| Total | 8.73 sq mi (22.60 km2) |
| Land | 4.99 sq mi (12.91 km2) |
| Water | 3.74 sq mi (9.69 km2) |
| Elevation | 98 ft (30 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 170 |
| Density | 34.10/sq mi (13.16/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-9 (Alaska (AKST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-8 (AKDT) |
| ZIP code | 99550 |
| Area code | 907 |
| FIPS code | 02-63610 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1408218 |


title: Poznań, Lublin Voivodeship

abstract: Poznań is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Serokomla, within Łuków County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south-west of Serokomla, 28 km (17 mi) south of Łuków, and 52 km (32 mi) north of the regional capital Lublin.

text:
# Poznań, Lublin Voivodeship

**Poznań** (Polish pronunciation: \[ˈpɔznaj̃\]) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Serokomla, within Łuków County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south-west of Serokomla, 28 km (17 mi) south of Łuków, and 52 km (32 mi) north of the regional capital Lublin.

## InfoBox

| Poznań | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Poznań | |
| Coordinates: 51°40′43″N 22°17′57″E / 51.67861°N 22.29917°E / 51.67861; 22.29917 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Łuków |
| Gmina | Serokomla |


title: Prakash Rajguru

abstract: Prakash Rajguru was an Indian cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and right-arm off-break bowler who played for Maharashtra. He was born in Poona and died in India. Rajguru made his cricketing debut for Maharashtra Schools during the 1956-57 Cooch Behar Trophy season - later playing for the victorious West Zone Schools team during the same campaign. Rajguru made three appearances for Poona University in the Rohinton Baria Trophy between January and December 1963. Rajguru's only first-class appearance came during the 1965–66 season, against Saurashtra. He scored 4 runs in the first innings in which he batted, and 21 runs in the second, as Maharashtra won the match by a comfortable margin.

text:
# Prakash Rajguru

**Prakash Rajguru** (24 December 1939 – 23 June 2006) was an Indian cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and right-arm off-break bowler who played for Maharashtra. He was born in Poona and died in India.

Rajguru made his cricketing debut for Maharashtra Schools during the 1956-57 Cooch Behar Trophy season - later playing for the victorious West Zone Schools team during the same campaign.

Rajguru made three appearances for Poona University in the Rohinton Baria Trophy between January and December 1963.

Rajguru's only first-class appearance came during the 1965–66 season, against Saurashtra. He scored 4 runs in the first innings in which he batted, and 21 runs in the second, as Maharashtra won the match by a comfortable margin.

## InfoBox

Prakash Rajguru
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1939-12-24)December 24, 1939
Poona, India |
| Died | June 23, 2006(2006-06-23) (aged 66)
India |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm off-break |
| Role | All-rounder |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1965/66 | Maharashtra |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 1  Runs scored 25  Batting average 25.00  100s/50s 0/0  Top score 21  Catches/stumpings 0/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 15 May 2024 | |


title: Prakash Reddy

abstract: G. Prakash Reddy is an Indian anthropologist who specializes in studying villages, both in India and in Denmark.

text:
# Prakash Reddy

**G. Prakash Reddy** is an Indian anthropologist who specializes in studying villages, both in India and in Denmark.

## India

Reddy studied Indian villages and tribal communities, including the hunting and gathering and horticultural communities of the Andaman and Nicobar islands.

## Denmark

Reddy's observations during his stay in the village of Hvilsager in East Jutland around 1990 have been the basis for several of his publications, in particular the book *Sådan er danskerne! En indisk antropologs perspektiv på det danske samfund*., published in 1991 by Grevas, which was translated in English as *Danes are like that! Perspectives of an Indian Anthropologist on the Danish Society*. His field work was the subject of the documentary film *Brev til Indien* (*Letter to India*). This work was published academically as *Research processen in cross-cultural context : an indian anthropologist looks at a Danish village community* in 1990. In 1997, he published *"Har du været på højskole?" : en indisk antropolog ser på et mini-Danmark* (*"Have you been to high school? ": An Indian anthropologist looks at a mini-Denmark*) with Poul Pedersen, and in 1998 *Danske dilemmaer*, translated in English as *Danish dilemmas : perspectives of an Indian anthropologist on values in Danish society*. He also contributed to *Foreningslivet i Danmark : nye vilkår i en zappertid* og *Danskere : 17 tanker om danskere og danskheden*. His work was covered by the mainstream press at the time as well as by the specialised press, and has entered Danish culture.

## InfoBox

| G. Prakash Reddy | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1940 |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Education | Andhra University |
| Occupation | Anthropologist |
| Known for | *Danes are like that! Perspectives of an Indian Anthropologist on the Danish Society* |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | Andhra University<br>Sri Venkateswara University |
|  | |


title: Powadra

abstract: Powadra is a village in Jalandhar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 3 km from postal head office in Bilga, 12 km from Nurmahal, 14 km from Phillaur, 41.3 km from district headquarter Jalandhar and 127 km from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by a sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per Panchayati raj (India).

text:
# Powadra

**Powadra** is a village in Jalandhar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 3 km from postal head office in Bilga, 12 km from Nurmahal, 14 km from Phillaur, 41.3 km from district headquarter Jalandhar and 127 km from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by a sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per Panchayati raj (India).

## Transport

Nurmahal railway station is the nearest train station however, Phillaur Junction train station is 15.7 km away from the village. The village is 44.7 km away from domestic airport in Ludhiana and the nearest international airport is located in Chandigarh also Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport is the second nearest airport which is 137 km away in Amritsar.

## InfoBox

| Powadra | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| PowadraLocation in Punjab, IndiaPowadraPowadra (India) | |
| Coordinates: 31°00′59″N 75°36′58″E / 31.0165089°N 75.616021°E / 31.0165089; 75.616021 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Punjab |
| District | Jalandhar |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayat raj |
| Body | Gram panchayat |
| Elevation | 240 m (790 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 2,221 |
|  | Sex ratio 1099/1122 / |
| Languages | |
| Official | Punjabi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 144036 |
| Telephone | 01826 |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-PB |
| Vehicle registration | PB\- 37 & 08 |
| Post Office | Powadra |
| Website | jalandhar.nic.in |


title: Prem Amar 2

abstract: Prem Amar 2 is a 2019 Indian Bengali Indo-Bangladesh joint production romantic drama film. The film was written and directed by Bidula Bhattacharjee It was shot primarily in Murshidabad, with some scenes shot in Sylhet. Prem Amar 2 was then released on February 8, 2019.

text:
# Prem Amar 2

***Prem Amar 2*** is a 2019 Indian Bengali Indo-Bangladesh joint production romantic drama film. The film was written and directed by Bidula Bhattacharjee It was shot primarily in Murshidabad, with some scenes shot in Sylhet. Prem Amar 2 was then released on February 8, 2019.

## Plot

Two young people, Apurba (Pujja Cherry Roy) and Joy (Adrit Roy), long for each other after they meet and fall deeply in love in college. Incidentally, they turn out to be neighbors.

## Cast

## Release

The official trailer of the film was released by SVF on January 4, 2019.

## Soundtrack

| Prem Amar 2 | |
| --- | --- |
| Soundtrack album by Savvy | |
| Released | 10 January 2019 |
| Recorded | 2018 |
| Genre | Feature film soundtrack |
| Language | Bengali |
| Label | SVF Music |
| Savvy chronology | |
| *Hoichoi Unlimited*
(2018) ***Prem Amar 2***
(2019) *Shahenshah*
(2019) | |
| External audio  Audio song on YouTube | |

The soundtrack was composed by Savvy, and the lyrics were written by Anyaman and Ritam Sen. The songs are sung by Kunal Ganjawala, Adrit Roy, Imran (Bangladesh), and Kona (Bangladesh).

## InfoBox

| Prem Amar 2 | |
| --- | --- |
| Official film poster | |
| Directed by | Bidula Bhattacharjee |
| Written by | Raj Chakraborty |
| Screenplay by | Arpita Roychowdhury |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Ramyadip Saha |
| Edited by | Md. Kalam |
| Music by | Savvy Fuad |
| Production
company | Raj Chakraborty Productions |
| Distributed by | Jaaz Multimedia
Shree Venkatesh Films |
| Release date | * 8 February 2019 (2019-02-08) |
| Running time | 129 minutes |
| Countries | Bangladesh
India |
| Language | Bengali |


title: Prem Anand

abstract: Prem Anand is an Indian music director and composer. He usually works in Odia film and television industry. In 2006, he started his career as a music director through the Odia movie Tu Eka Ama Saha Bharasa and worked as a music director in more than 60 Odia films. Apart from Odia films, he composed music for Odia daily shops, Bhajans and Jatra songs. In 2009, Anand worked as a music director for the Hindi film Dekha Bhai Dekh in 2019, he composed music for Bollywood film Luv U Turn. Apart from Odia and Hindi films, he composed music for Marathi and Bengali films. He composed the 2023 Men's FIH Hockey World Cup anthem.

text:
# Prem Anand

**Prem Anand** (Odia: ପ୍ରେମ ଆନନ୍ଦ) is an Indian music director and composer. He usually works in Odia film and television industry. In 2006, he started his career as a music director through the Odia movie Tu Eka Ama Saha Bharasa and worked as a music director in more than 60 Odia films. Apart from Odia films, he composed music for Odia daily shops, Bhajans and Jatra songs. In 2009, Anand worked as a music director for the Hindi film Dekha Bhai Dekh in 2019, he composed music for Bollywood film Luv U Turn. Apart from Odia and Hindi films, he composed music for Marathi and Bengali films. He composed the 2023 Men's FIH Hockey World Cup anthem.

## Early life and education

Anand was born on 23 January 1975 at Saanagaan in Kendrapara district of Odisha to a Hindu family. He was the middle child of the family with an elder brother and a sister. His family was against his music career since childhood, but somehow he managed to learn harmonium from his village.

After passing out from the Gopinathpur Sanskrit Vidyalaya in the early 1990s, Prem Anand joined the Utkal Sangeet Mahavidyalaya to learn music and trained himself in the Odissi. He honed his skills there under gurus like late Bhikari Bal, Gopala Chandra Panda, and Ramahari Das.

He graduated in history in 1997 from the Marshaghai College and later trained himself in Hindustani classical music. Then he joined a school in Raygada as a music teacher, but later resigned from that post and started traveling from village to village and composing for plays and small opera troupes.

## Career

After school, Anand was composing music for small theaters and plays, but in 1993, he got a chance to compose one song for Janani Gananaatya, one of the famous Opera companies in Odisha. There he composed a song for the play named *Naalu Bhai Ra Mo Naali Gaamuchhaa*. Later, he worked for many other Opera troupes like Parbati Gananaatya, Kalinga Gananatya, Tulasi Ganantya, Gouri Gananatya, Trinaatha Gananaatya, Shivani Ganantya, Tarapur Opera, and Indrabhubana Gananaatya.

In 1996 his 1st album *Maa Gojabayani* was released which is a devotional song. Later his album *Anamika Nayika* under Sarthak Music had made him famous. He has composed more than 200 Odia albums. Some of his popular albums are Janha Re, Hey Priyatama, Manini, Kanya Kumari, Malliphula Gajara, Shila I Love You, Michhei Jhia, Lotani Para, Tu Besi Paduchu Mane, Nali Tikili, Rangani Phula, Premi and Sei Jhiati.

In 2005 he got a chance to work in the Odia film industry as a music director. His first Odia movie was Tu Eka Ama Saha Bharasa starring Siddhanta Mahapatra, Jyoti Mishra, and Mihir Das in the lead role. This film was released in 2006. Later he worked for more than 60 Odia films like Rasika Nagara, Love dot Com, Aailare Odia Pua, Chandini I Miss You, Hata Dahri Chalutha, Something Something 2, Gapa Hele bi Sata, Agastya, Kabula Barabula, Happy Lucky, Prem Kumar: Salesman of the year, Nimki and Biju Babu.

In 2009 Anand worked as a music composer in a Hindi film Dekh Bhai Dekh. In 2019 he composed another song for Bollywood film Luv U Turn.

Anand composed music for some Odia daily shops like Nua Bohu, Sankha Sindura, Swabhima for Tarang TV, To Pain Mun, Samparka Hrudayara, Jibana Satha for Zee Sarthak. Ahuti for ETV Odia, Khusi for DD Odia and Abhinetri for Zee Kalinga. Apart from serials, he has composed music for shows like Srimati Kam Nuhanti, Sampurna, Chal Pherijiba Gaon ku.

He also worked as a judge some Odia musical reality shows. He judged Amari Swara on ETV Odia in 2008 along with Tansen Singh and Nijam. Later he judged Zee Sarthak's musical reality shows Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Swara Ra Mahamancha and Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Little Champs.

A patriotic song titled Ae maati Odisha, ae jaati Odia was released on 1 April 2021 in the occasion of Utkla Dibasa. Fifteen popular singers contributed their voice to that song along with the Chief Minister Odisha, Naveen Patnaik and Governor of Odisha, Ganeshi Lal. Governor personally visited the studio to lend his voice for this song.

In 2021, Premanand has composed the music for Odia TV Series Srimandira based on Kanchi Abhiyan of Purushottama Deva starring Buddhaditya Mohanty. The title track was composed with the A cappella music format and 15 than 15 singers has sung this song. A cappella was for the 1st time in the Odia musical industry.

He composed the 2023 Men's FIH Hockey World Cup anthem named *Jai Ho Hindustan Ki*. This was written by Sameer Anjaan and sung by Sukhvinder Singh. In early 2024, during the 2024 Indian General Election, he worked the BJP election campaign video named, *Phir Aayega Modi*.

## Personal life

Premanand is married to Saswati Acharya, a software engineer by profession. This couple has two sons.

## Filmography

| Year | Name | Note(s) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2024 | *Tike tike Achinha* | Odia |
| | *Ashiq Surrender Hela* | |
| 2023 | *Tu Sei Nilanayana* | |
| 2022 | *Titli* | |
| | *Tora Mora Kati* | |
| | *Mahabahu* | |
| | *Rudrani* | |
| | *Oye Anjali* | |
| | *Dil Mora Manena* | |
| 2021 | *Bijayini* | |
| 2020 | *Tike Love Tike Twist* | |
| 2019 | *Luv U Turn* | Hindi |
| | *From Me To You* | Odia |
| | | *Chhabirani* |
| | | *Tu Mo Lovestory 2* |
| | | *Biju Babu* |
| | | *Nimki* |
| | | *Ajab Sanju Ra Gajab Love* |
| | | *Saathi tu Feria* |
| 2018 | | *Prem Kumar: Salesman of the year* |
| | | *Ishq Puni Thare* |
| | | *BlackMail* |
| | | *4 Idiots* |
| | | *Love Promise* |
| | | *Ole Ole Dil Bole* |
| | | *Dipu, The Dance Boy* |
| | | *Happy Lucky* |
| 2017 | | *Bajrangi* |
| | | *Shiba not Out* |
| | | *Kabula Barabula* |
| | | *Romeo Juliet* |
| | | *Abhaya* |
| | | *Tu Mo Love Story* |
| | | *Katha deli Matha Chhuin* |
| 2016 | | *Baby* |
| | | *Bhaina Kana Kala Se* |
| | | *Jhiata Bigidi gala* |
| | | *Agastya* |
| | | *Hela Mate Prema Jara* |
| | | *Gote Sua Gote Sari* |
| 2015 | *Shortcut* | Marathi |
| | *Galpa Nuhe Alpa Dina ra* | Odia |
| | | *Jaga Hatare Pagha* |
| | | *Pilata Bigidigala* |
| | | *Love You Hamesha* |
| | | *Gapa Hele bi Sata* |
| 2014 | | *Tame Thiile Saathire* |
| | | *Mental* |
| | | *Something Something 2* |
| | | *To Bata Chahinchi Rati Sara* |
| | | *Tu Mo Dehara Chhai* |
| 2013 | | *Mita Basichhi Mun Bhuta Sathire* |
| | | *Gadbad* |
| | | *Bachelor* |
| | | *Hata Dahri Chalutha* |
| | | *Paribeni kehi alaga kari* |
| 2012 | | *Chanda Na Tame tara* |
| | | *Raja jhia sanghe hei gala bhaba* |
| | | *Something Something* |
| 2011 | | *Katak* |
| | | *Chandini I Miss You* |
| | | *Hi Darling* |
| | | *Kemiti E Bandhana* |
| | | *Prem Weds Priya* |
| 2010 | | *Tate Bhala Pauchi Boli* |
| | | *Aalo Mora Kandhei* |
| | | *Pagal Karichhi Paunji Tora* |
| 2009 | *Dekh Bhai Dekh* | Hindi |
| | *Love dot com* | Odia |
| | | *Abhimanyu* |
| | | *Aailare Odia Pua* |
| | | *Dhire Dhire Prema Hela* |
| | | *Tu Mori Paiin* |
| 2007 | | *Rasika Nagara* |
| 2006 | | *I Love my India* |
| | | *Tu Eka Ama Saha Bharasa* |

## Awards

## InfoBox

| Prem Anand | |
| --- | --- |
| ପ୍ରେମ ଆନନ୍ଦ | |
|  | |
| Born | Prem Anand Samal
(1975-01-23) 23 January 1975
Saanagaan, Kendrapara, Odisha, India |
| Other names | Premanand |
| Alma mater | Utkal Sangeet Mahavidyalaya |
| Occupations | * Music director * composer |
| Years active | 1993 – present |
| Known for | Pilata Bigidigala, Abhaya, Tu Mo Lovestory, Abhimanyu, Ajab Sanju ra Gajab Love, Raja Jhia Sange Heigala Bhaba |
| Spouse | Saswati Acharya |
| Parent(s) | Nrusingha Charan Samal
Malati Devi |
| Awards | Odisha State Film Awards, 2011 |


title: Prasanta Bihari Mukharji

abstract: Prasanta Bihari Mukharji was the 16th Chief Justice of the Calcutta High Court. He served as Chief Justice between 1970 and 1972. He authored numerous books mainly on law and philosophy. Mukharji also held the Tagore Law Professorship at the Calcutta University.

text:
# Prasanta Bihari Mukharji

**Prasanta Bihari Mukharji** (1909 - 1984) was the 16th Chief Justice of the **Calcutta High Court**. He served as Chief Justice between 1970 and 1972. He authored numerous books mainly on law and philosophy. Mukharji also held the Tagore Law Professorship at the Calcutta University.

## Family

Mukharji was the eldest son of Rai Bahadur Bejoy Bihari Mukharji. His youngest brother, Sabyasachi Mukharji, later became Chief Justice of India. Prasanta Bihari Mukharji was married to Gita Mukharji, who won the Indian Red Cross Society Medal in 1964.

## Career

As a young lawyer he had been part of the legal team in the famous Bhawal case. Mukharji was the youngest lawyer in British India to have become a High Court judge. Mukharji was also a noted constitutional scholar and authored several books on the subject. Amongst his books on the subject were The Critical Problems of the Indian Constitution (1967), Three Elemental Problems of the Indian Constitution (1972) and The Indian Constitution: Change and Challenge (1976). Aside from works on law and the constitution, Mukharji also authored books on Bengali literature and Vedantic philosophy. These included Bankim Sahitya Samaj O Sadhana \[ Bankimchandra Chatterjee 's Writings: Society and Striving\] (1967) and The Panorama of the Life, Message and Philosophy of Shankara (1977).


title: Power flash

abstract: A power flash is a flash of light caused by arcing electrical discharges from damaged electrical equipment, most often severed or arcing power lines. They are often caused by strong winds, especially those from tropical cyclones and tornadoes, and occasionally by intense downbursts and derechoes. Storm spotters and meteorologists use these flashes to spot tornadoes which would otherwise be invisible due to rain or darkness. They can be distinguished from lightning by the fact that they originate at ground level, the blue or green color of the flash, and depending on distance, the sound of high-voltage lines shorting out. Power flashes can cause power outages.

text:
# Power flash

A **power flash** is a flash of light caused by arcing electrical discharges from damaged electrical equipment, most often severed or arcing power lines. They are often caused by strong winds, especially those from tropical cyclones and tornadoes, and occasionally by intense downbursts and derechoes. Storm spotters and meteorologists use these flashes to spot tornadoes which would otherwise be invisible due to rain or darkness. They can be distinguished from lightning by the fact that they originate at ground level, the blue or green color of the flash, and depending on distance, the sound of high-voltage lines shorting out. Power flashes can cause power outages.


title: Pramod Chandra Bhattacharya

abstract: Pramod Chandra Bhattacharya was a linguist, folklorist and educationist known for his significant contributions to Assamese and Bodo language and literature.

text:
# Pramod Chandra Bhattacharya

**Pramod Chandra Bhattacharya** was a linguist, folklorist and educationist known for his significant contributions to Assamese and Bodo language and literature.

## Career

A researcher with a deep interest in folk culture, he made a lasting impact on the study and preservation of indigenous traditions in Assam. Through his book A Descriptive Analysis of Bodo Language, Bhattacharya played a key role in advancing the Bodo language, contributing to its recognition as a Modern Indian Language (MIL) at the college and university level. His efforts led to Bodo gaining the status of an honor subject, significantly promoting the language within academic institutions and preserving its cultural importance and value.

Bhattacharya began his career as a teacher before becoming the principal of B. Borooah College. He was born in Digheli, Nalbari, and was later awarded an honorary D.Litt by Gauhati University in recognition of his scholarly contributions. For his work, he received the Upendranath Brahma Award.

Bhattacharya's legacy continues to influence scholars and literary enthusiasts in the fields of Assamese and Bodo studies.

## InfoBox

| Pramod Chandra Bhattacharya | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | February 16, 1925 |
| Died | November 12, 2018 |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Occupation(s) | Linguist, folklorist, educationist |
| Known for | Folklore |
| Awards | Upendranath Brahma Award, Dr. Lila Gogoi Award, Dr. Krishna Kanta Handique Award, Kamrup Ratna Award, Pragya-Bhusan Honour, Kalpadrum Award, Bhasacharya Honour, Bodofa Upendra Nath Brahma Award, Kalicharan Brahma Award, Sramik-Pran Award |


title: Pramod Boro

abstract: Pramod Boro is an Indian politician serving as the president of the United People's Party Liberal (UPPL) since 2020 and the 2nd and current Chief Executive Member of the Bodoland Territorial Council since 2020 representing Koklabari. He was the former president of All Bodo Students Union from 2009 to 2020.

text:
# Pramod Boro

**Pramod Boro** (born 1 March 1975) is an Indian politician serving as the president of the United People's Party Liberal (UPPL) since 2020 and the 2nd and current Chief Executive Member of the Bodoland Territorial Council since 2020 representing Koklabari. He was the former president of All Bodo Students Union from 2009 to 2020.

## Political career

After stepping down as the President from ABSU, he formally joined the United People's Party Liberal (UPPL) on 21 February 2020 at the Fourth Annual Convention held at Bijni, Chirang District of Assam; the UPPL was formed on 5 August in 2015 under the banner of Bodoland Movement groups at that time headed by Urkhao Gwra Brahma as the Founder President of the Party.

Currently, Pramod Boro is the president of the United People's Party Liberal. Under his leader, UPPL has come to power in BTC Election, 2020 with alliance from BJP and GSP. He has become the Chief Executive Member (CEM) of the Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC) since 15 December 2020 by over throwing Shri Hagrama Mohilary.

Pramod Boro played a key role in signing the historic BTR Peace Accord, 2020, a tripartite accord signed in New Delhi, among all NDFB factions, ABSU and Government, while he was the President of ABSU.

## Early life and education

Pramod Boro hails from a very struggling agrarian family, had an economically challenging life during schooling and the time of his studies. He went to his village school during the lower primary stage and later on he went to Tamulpur HS School for his upper primary-Matriculation.

After completion of his Higher Secondary, he shifted to Guwahati College for higher studies, due to economic constraints he left college to earn a living, he used to work as a daily wager worker and rickshaw puller. He even went to coal mining at Meghalaya with his friends. After a few months, he returned to pursue his studies at Rangia College and completed his degree in 1994.After that he joined in politics in the name of ABSU.

## Early political career

### Bodoland Movement and Pramod Boro

Since the time of his school days, he was active with the Bodo Student's Union and their activities in various social-political movements in Assam. During that time of his school days, there was the beginning of the 'Great Mass Movement' for the separation of Bodoland as a state, under the leadership of then-President of ABSU, Late Upendra Nath Brahma since 1987. As an active student leader in the field of social movements, he had actively joined the movement along with the fellow students.

His involvement with the mass movement didn't end there, in the latter days when he joined college, he was elected as the President of ABSU, Kamrup District Committee in the year 1997. He was given greater responsibility as a Central Committee member of All Bodo Students Union. He actively worked as the Assistant General Secretary and as the Vice President of the Union before he was elevated to the position of President in the All Bodo Students Union (ABSU). Before he became the President he had actively worked with the Union at the forefront carrying out massive Educational awareness amongst the mass of Bodo people in the entire Assam. During the presidency of Rwn Gwra Narzary at the central, they started a program called ‘Year of Education’ in 2006, later it continued as the ‘Mission Quality Education’ from 2007. Extensively with an action plan to improve the standard, accessibility, and quality education among the Bodo students in the state.

### Pramod Boro as ABSU President

He was elected as the President of the All Bodo Students Union in 2009, at the Annual Conference held at Thelamara in Sonitpur district of Assam. Ever since he became the President of the Union, he tirelessly dedicated himself to serve the society with a voluntary zeal. His prime importance towards his responsibility was to bring permanent peace to the Bodoland region and to bring change in the society where every human being can live with full freedom and have the right to education and development.

His focus was to establish peace in the region ever since he got the momentum with the observance of 'Arms and Violence Free Society's foundation day observed by ABSU on 15 February 2009. Connecting all the major events observed by the Union as 'Anti Terrorism Day' on 30 July (Since 1996). However, the Bodos being stricken by many education-socio-economic and political issues the Bodo community was not free from various movements in the state.

In December 2010, when the Congress-led UPA II government announced to create a separate state as Telangana, under the presidency of Pramod Boro the ABSU raised its voice, "If Telangana why not Bodoland". Under the leadership of Pramod Boro as the President, from 2010 onwards the agitation to revive the Bodoland Statehood was decided, and started again as the third phase from 2 March 2010, with a huge mass gathering at Kajalgaon Rural Stadium.

He spearheaded this third phase of the Bodoland Movement, where he got a huge response from the Mass. He proposed the Bodoland region boundary from Sonkosh in the West to Sadiya in the East.

## Biography

He has become the fifth Chief Executive Member (CEM) of BTC. He became the longest-serving President of ABSU from 2009 to 2020 (Feb). Under his leadership, in the long Bodoland Movement, there were many upheavals in Bodo politics, ABSU faced many criticisms and threats. Despite such situations, Pramod Boro has boldly continued the effort to bring permanent peace in the region.

## Positions held

* 2020–present: Elected as the Chief Executive Member (CEM) of the Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC).
* 2020–present: Elected as the president of The United People's Party Liberal (UPPL).
* 2009-2020: Elected as the president of All Bodo Students’ Union (ABSU).

## Role in signing BTR Accord 2020

Since 2005, the NDFB has come to a ceasefire with the Government of India and joined the peace process. Unfortunately, in 2008 it was split into two factions NDFB (P) and NDFB (S). Further in continuation of the peace process, the NDFB(P) headed the process of negotiation with the Government of India. During this process of negotiation, the momentum for a Separate Statehood for the Bodos as Bodoland by this armed revolutionary faction got air once again.

Pramod Boro continued to lead the movement along with other leaders of the NDFB(P) in democratic ways such as Mass Gatherings, Seminars, Railway and National Highway Blocked and Indefinite Hunger Strikes. All events were held in the Bodoland region as well as in New Delhi at different times.

This development for a solution to the issue has culminated in the signing of the third Bodo Accord on 27 January 2020 along with all the factions of NDFB. This accord has paved the new dawn of hope for the Bodos and people of Assam.

This was a very historic moment for the Bodos and its leaderships coming into a Memorandum of Settlement with the Government of India and Assam. This Accord was welcomed from all sections of people and organizations across the country. A hope for permanent peace was foreseen through this accord as all four factions of the armed revolutionary NDFB had signed this MoS and decided to shun the armed revolution and return to the mainstream.

This MoS was welcomed by more than 7 lakhs people on 7 February 2020 at Kokrajhar, where the Hon’ble Prime Minister Narendra Modi took part and expressed the willingness to implement fully this historic third Bodo Accord and he asserted it to be as the Peace Accord also. In this massive gathering, the Prime Minister of India stated the MoS as the National Commitment to the people of the Bodoland Territorial Region.

## InfoBox

| Pramod Boro | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 2nd Chief Executive Member of the Bodoland Territorial Council | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
15 December 2020 | |
| Preceded by | Hagrama Mohilary |
| Constituency | Koklabari |
| President of All Bodo Students Union | |
| **In office**
2009–2015 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1975-03-01) 1 March 1975
Tamulpur, Assam, India |
| Political party | United People's Party Liberal |
| Other political
affiliations | National Democratic Alliance
North-East Democratic Alliance |
| Parent | Ghanashyam Boro (Father) |
| Website | upplofficial.com |
|  | |


abstract: The presumption of validity refers to the fact that, once a patent has been issued, the courts will presume that it is valid, unless there is evidence to the contrary.

text:
# Presumption of validity in Canadian patent law

The **presumption of validity** refers to the fact that, once a patent has been issued, the courts will presume that it is valid, unless there is evidence to the contrary.

## Canada

Section 43(2) of the *Patent Act* creates the presumption of validity:

*After the patent is issued, it shall, in the absence of any evidence to the contrary, be valid and avail the patentee and the legal representatives of the patentee for the term mentioned in section 44 or 45, whichever is applicable.*

In *Diversified Products Corp v Tye-Sil Corp*, the Federal Court of Appeal held that the presumption of validity merely gives rise to an evidential burden on a balance of probabilities.


title: Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver

abstract: The AN/PSN-11 Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver is a ruggedized, hand-held, single-frequency GPS receiver fielded by the United States Armed Forces. It incorporates the Precise Positioning Service — Security Module (PPS-SM) to access the encrypted P(Y)-code GPS signal. Introduced in January 1990, and extensively fielded until 2004 when it was replaced by its successor, the Defense Advanced GPS Receiver (DAGR). In that time period more than 165,000 PLGRs were procured worldwide, and despite being superseded by the DAGR, large numbers remain in unit inventories and it continues to be the most widely used GPS receiver in the United States military. The PLGR measures 9.5 by 4.1 by 2.6 inches and weighs 2.75 pounds (1.25 kg) with batteries. It was originally delivered to the United States military with a six-year warranty; however, this was extended to ten years in June 2000.

text:
# Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver

The **AN/PSN-11 Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver** (**PLGR**, colloquially "**plugger**") is a ruggedized, hand-held, single-frequency GPS receiver fielded by the United States Armed Forces. It incorporates the Precise Positioning Service — Security Module (PPS-SM) to access the encrypted P(Y)-code GPS signal.

Introduced in January 1990, and extensively fielded until 2004 when it was replaced by its successor, the Defense Advanced GPS Receiver (DAGR). In that time period more than 165,000 PLGRs were procured worldwide, and despite being superseded by the DAGR, large numbers remain in unit inventories and it continues to be the most widely used GPS receiver in the United States military.

The PLGR measures 9.5 by 4.1 by 2.6 inches (24 cm × 10 cm × 7 cm) and weighs 2.75 pounds (1.25 kg) with batteries. It was originally delivered to the United States military with a six-year warranty; however, this was extended to ten years in June 2000.

## Versions

* *AN/PSN-11* — NSN 5825-01-374-6643, an early version (tan case)
* *AN/PSN-11(V)1* "Enhanced PLGR" — NSN 5825-01-395-3513, an upgraded version (green case)


title: Precision Nanomedicine

abstract: Precision Nanomedicine (ISSN 2639-9431) is a platinum open-access peer-reviewed medical journal covering nanomedicine. It is published by Andover House Inc. and the editor-in-chief is Lajos P. Balogh. The journal was established in March 2018 with the support of the European Foundation for Clinical Nanomedicine. Articles cover original research as well as replication studies and negative results in the form of communications, reviews, editorials, perspectives, opinions, case studies, technical notes, and letters to the editor. There are no article processing charges.

text:
# Precision Nanomedicine

***Precision Nanomedicine*** (ISSN 2639-9431) is a platinum open-access peer-reviewed medical journal covering nanomedicine. It is published by Andover House Inc. and the editor-in-chief is Lajos P. Balogh. The journal was established in March 2018 with the support of the European Foundation for Clinical Nanomedicine. Articles cover original research as well as replication studies and negative results in the form of communications, reviews, editorials, perspectives, opinions, case studies, technical notes, and letters to the editor. There are no article processing charges.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus and the Directory of Open Access Journals


title: Type II supernova

abstract:
A Type II supernova or SNII results from the rapid collapse and violent explosion of a massive star. A star must have at least eight times, but no more than 40 to 50 times, the mass of the Sun (M☉) to undergo this type of explosion. Type II supernovae are distinguished from other types of supernovae by the presence of hydrogen in their spectra. They are usually observed in the spiral arms of galaxies and in H II regions, but not in elliptical galaxies; those are generally composed of older, low-mass stars, with few of the young, very massive stars necessary to cause a supernova. Stars generate energy by the nuclear fusion of elements. Unlike the Sun, massive stars possess the mass needed to fuse elements that have an atomic mass greater than hydrogen and helium, albeit at increasingly higher temperatures and pressures, causing correspondingly shorter stellar life spans. The degeneracy pressure of electrons and the energy generated by these fusion reactions are sufficient to counter the force of gravity and prevent the star from collapsing, maintaining stellar equilibrium. The star fuses increasingly higher mass elements, starting with hydrogen and then helium, progressing up through the periodic table until a core of iron and nickel is produced. Fusion of iron or nickel produces no net energy output, so no further fusion can take place, leaving the nickel–iron core inert. Due to the lack of energy output creating outward thermal pressure, the core contracts due to gravity until the overlying weight of the star can be supported largely by electron degeneracy pressure. When the compacted mass of the inert core exceeds the Chandrasekhar limit of about 1.4 M☉, electron degeneracy is no longer sufficient to counter the gravitational compression. A cataclysmic implosion of the core takes place within seconds. Without the support of the now-imploded inner core, the outer core collapses inwards under gravity and reaches a velocity of up to 23% of the speed of light, and the sudden compression increases the temperature of the inner core to up to 100 billion kelvins. Neutrons and neutrinos are formed via reversed beta-decay, releasing about 10⁴⁶ joules (100 foe) in a ten-second burst. The collapse of the inner core is halted by the repulsive nuclear force and neutron degeneracy, causing the implosion to rebound and bounce outward. The energy of this expanding shock wave is sufficient to disrupt the overlying stellar material and accelerate it to escape velocity, forming a supernova explosion. The shock wave and extremely high temperature and pressure rapidly dissipate but are present for long enough to allow for a brief period during which the
production of elements heavier than iron occurs. Depending on initial mass of the star, the remnants of the core form a neutron star or a black hole. Because of the underlying mechanism, the resulting supernova is also described as a core-collapse supernova. There exist several categories of Type II supernova explosions, which are categorized based on the resulting light curve—a graph of luminosity versus time—following the explosion. Type II-L supernovae show a steady (linear) decline of the light curve following the explosion, whereas Type II-P display a period of slower decline in their light curve followed by a normal decay. Type Ib and Ic supernovae are a type of core-collapse supernova for a massive star that has shed its outer envelope of hydrogen and helium. As a result, they appear to be lacking in these elements.

text:
# Type II supernova

A **Type II supernova** or **SNII** (plural: *supernovae*) results from the rapid collapse and violent explosion of a massive star. A star must have at least eight times, but no more than 40 to 50 times, the mass of the Sun () to undergo this type of explosion. Type II supernovae are distinguished from other types of supernovae by the presence of hydrogen in their spectra. They are usually observed in the spiral arms of galaxies and in H II regions, but not in elliptical galaxies; those are generally composed of older, low-mass stars, with few of the young, very massive stars necessary to cause a supernova.

Stars generate energy by the nuclear fusion of elements. Unlike the Sun, massive stars possess the mass needed to fuse elements that have an atomic mass greater than hydrogen and helium, albeit at increasingly higher temperatures and pressures, causing correspondingly shorter stellar life spans. The degeneracy pressure of electrons and the energy generated by these fusion reactions are sufficient to counter the force of gravity and prevent the star from collapsing, maintaining stellar equilibrium. The star fuses increasingly higher mass elements, starting with hydrogen and then helium, progressing up through the periodic table until a core of iron and nickel is produced. Fusion of iron or nickel produces no net energy output, so no further fusion can take place, leaving the nickel–iron core inert. Due to the lack of energy output creating outward thermal pressure, the core contracts due to gravity until the overlying weight of the star can be supported largely by electron degeneracy pressure.

When the compacted mass of the inert core exceeds the Chandrasekhar limit of about 1.4 , electron degeneracy is no longer sufficient to counter the gravitational compression. A cataclysmic implosion of the core takes place within seconds. Without the support of the now-imploded inner core, the outer core collapses inwards under gravity and reaches a velocity of up to 23% of the speed of light, and the sudden compression increases the temperature of the inner core to up to 100 billion kelvins. Neutrons and neutrinos are formed via reversed beta-decay, releasing about 1046 joules (100 foe) in a ten-second burst. The collapse of the inner core is halted by the repulsive nuclear force and neutron degeneracy, causing the implosion to rebound and bounce outward. The energy of this expanding shock wave is sufficient to disrupt the overlying stellar material and accelerate it to escape velocity, forming a supernova explosion. The shock wave and extremely high temperature and pressure rapidly dissipate but are present for long enough to allow for a brief period during which the production of elements heavier than iron occurs. Depending on initial mass of the star, the remnants of the core form a neutron star or a black hole. Because of the underlying mechanism, the resulting supernova is also described as a core-collapse supernova.

There exist several categories of Type II supernova explosions, which are categorized based on the resulting light curve—a graph of luminosity versus time—following the explosion. Type II-L supernovae show a steady (linear) decline of the light curve following the explosion, whereas Type II-P display a period of slower decline (a plateau) in their light curve followed by a normal decay. Type Ib and Ic supernovae are a type of core-collapse supernova for a massive star that has shed its outer envelope of hydrogen and (for Type Ic) helium. As a result, they appear to be lacking in these elements.

## Formation

Stars far more massive than the sun evolve in complex ways. In the core of the star, hydrogen is fused into helium, releasing thermal energy that heats the star's core and provides outward pressure that supports the star's layers against collapse – a situation known as stellar or hydrostatic equilibrium. The helium produced in the core accumulates there. Temperatures in the core are not yet high enough to cause it to fuse. Eventually, as the hydrogen at the core is exhausted, fusion starts to slow down, and gravity causes the core to contract. This contraction raises the temperature high enough to allow a shorter phase of helium fusion, which produces carbon and oxygen, and accounts for less than 10% of the star's total lifetime.

In stars of less than eight solar masses, the carbon produced by helium fusion does not fuse, and the star gradually cools to become a white dwarf. If they accumulate more mass from another star, or some other source, they may become Type Ia supernovae. But a much larger star is massive enough to continue fusion beyond this point.

The cores of these massive stars directly create temperatures and pressures needed to cause the carbon in the core to begin to fuse when the star contracts at the end of the helium-burning stage. The core gradually becomes layered like an onion, as progressively heavier atomic nuclei build up at the center, with an outermost layer of hydrogen gas, surrounding a layer of hydrogen fusing into helium, surrounding a layer of helium fusing into carbon via the triple-alpha process, surrounding layers that fuse to progressively heavier elements. As a star this massive evolves, it undergoes repeated stages where fusion in the core stops, and the core collapses until the pressure and temperature are sufficient to begin the next stage of fusion, reigniting to halt collapse.

Core-burning nuclear fusion stages for a 25-solar mass star
| Process | Main fuel | Main products | 25  star | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Temperature
() | Density
(g/cm3) | Duration |
| hydrogen burning | hydrogen | helium | 7×107 | 10 | 107 years |
| triple-alpha process | helium | carbon, oxygen | 2×108 | 2000 | 106 years |
| carbon-burning process | carbon | Ne, Na, Mg, Al | 8×108 | 106 | 1000 years |
| neon-burning process | neon | , Mg | 1.6×109 | 107 | 3 years |
| oxygen-burning process | oxygen | Si, , Ar, Ca | 1.8×109 | 107 | 0.3 years |
| silicon-burning process | silicon | nickel (decays into iron) | 2.5×109 | 108 | 5 days |

## Core collapse

The factor limiting this process is the amount of energy that is released through fusion, which is dependent on the binding energy that holds together these atomic nuclei. Each additional step produces progressively heavier nuclei, which release progressively less energy when fusing. In addition, from carbon-burning onwards, energy loss via neutrino production becomes significant, leading to a higher rate of reaction than would otherwise take place. This continues until nickel-56 is produced, which decays radioactively into cobalt-56 and then iron-56 over the course of a few months. As iron and nickel have the highest binding energy per nucleon of all the elements, energy cannot be produced at the core by fusion, and a nickel-iron core grows. This core is under huge gravitational pressure. As there is no fusion to further raise the star's temperature to support it against collapse, it is supported only by degeneracy pressure of electrons. In this state, matter is so dense that further compaction would require electrons to occupy the same energy states. However, this is forbidden for identical fermion particles, such as the electron – a phenomenon called the Pauli exclusion principle.

When the core's mass exceeds the Chandrasekhar limit of about 1.4 , degeneracy pressure can no longer support it, and catastrophic collapse ensues. The outer part of the core reaches velocities of up to 70000 km/s (23% of the speed of light) as it collapses toward the center of the star. The rapidly shrinking core heats up, producing high-energy gamma rays that decompose iron nuclei into helium nuclei and free neutrons via photodisintegration. As the core's density increases, it becomes energetically favorable for electrons and protons to merge via inverse beta decay, producing neutrons and elementary particles called neutrinos. Because neutrinos rarely interact with normal matter, they can escape from the core, carrying away energy and further accelerating the collapse, which proceeds over a timescale of milliseconds. As the core detaches from the outer layers of the star, some of these neutrinos are absorbed by the star's outer layers, beginning the supernova explosion.

For Type II supernovae, the collapse is eventually halted by short-range repulsive neutron-neutron interactions, mediated by the strong force, as well as by degeneracy pressure of neutrons, at a density comparable to that of an atomic nucleus. When the collapse stops, the infalling matter rebounds, producing a shock wave that propagates outward. The energy from this shock dissociates heavy elements within the core. This reduces the energy of the shock, which can stall the explosion within the outer core.

The core collapse phase is so dense and energetic that only neutrinos are able to escape. As the protons and electrons combine to form neutrons by means of electron capture, an electron neutrino is produced. In a typical Type II supernova, the newly formed neutron core has an initial temperature of about 100 billion kelvins, 104 times the temperature of the Sun's core. Much of this thermal energy must be shed for a stable neutron star to form, otherwise the neutrons would "boil away". This is accomplished by a further release of neutrinos. These 'thermal' neutrinos form as neutrino-antineutrino pairs of all flavors, and total several times the number of electron-capture neutrinos. The two neutrino production mechanisms convert the gravitational potential energy of the collapse into a ten-second neutrino burst, releasing about 1046 joules (100 foe).

Through a process that is not clearly understood, about 1%, or 1044 joules (1 foe), of the energy released (in the form of neutrinos) is reabsorbed by the stalled shock, producing the supernova explosion. Neutrinos generated by a supernova were observed in the case of Supernova 1987A, leading astrophysicists to conclude that the core collapse picture is basically correct. The water-based Kamiokande II and IMB instruments detected antineutrinos of thermal origin, while the gallium-71-based Baksan instrument detected neutrinos (lepton number = 1) of either thermal or electron-capture origin.

When the progenitor star is below about 20 M – depending on the strength of the explosion and the amount of material that falls back – the degenerate remnant of a core collapse is a neutron star. Above this mass, the remnant collapses to form a black hole. The theoretical limiting mass for this type of core collapse scenario is about 40–50 M. Above that mass, a star is believed to collapse directly into a black hole without forming a supernova explosion, although uncertainties in models of supernova collapse make calculation of these limits uncertain.

## Theoretical models

The Standard Model of particle physics is a theory which describes three of the four known fundamental interactions between the elementary particles that make up all matter. This theory allows predictions to be made about how particles will interact under many conditions. The energy per particle in a supernova is typically 1–150 picojoules (tens to hundreds of MeV). The per-particle energy involved in a supernova is small enough that the predictions gained from the Standard Model of particle physics are likely to be basically correct. But the high densities may require corrections to the Standard Model. In particular, Earth-based particle accelerators can produce particle interactions which are of much higher energy than are found in supernovae, but these experiments involve individual particles interacting with individual particles, and it is likely that the high densities within the supernova will produce novel effects. The interactions between neutrinos and the other particles in the supernova take place with the weak nuclear force, which is believed to be well understood. However, the interactions between the protons and neutrons involve the strong nuclear force, which is much less well understood.

The major unsolved problem with Type II supernovae is that it is not understood how the burst of neutrinos transfers its energy to the rest of the star producing the shock wave which causes the star to explode. From the above discussion, only one percent of the energy needs to be transferred to produce an explosion, but explaining how that one percent of transfer occurs has proven extremely difficult, even though the particle interactions involved are believed to be well understood. In the 1990s, one model for doing this involved convective overturn, which suggests that convection, either from neutrinos from below, or infalling matter from above, completes the process of destroying the progenitor star. Heavier elements than iron are formed during this explosion by neutron capture, and from the pressure of the neutrinos pressing into the boundary of the "neutrinosphere", seeding the surrounding space with a cloud of gas and dust which is richer in heavy elements than the material from which the star originally formed.

Neutrino physics, which is modeled by the Standard Model, is crucial to the understanding of this process. The other crucial area of investigation is the hydrodynamics of the plasma that makes up the dying star; how it behaves during the core collapse determines when and how the shockwave forms and when and how it stalls and is reenergized.

In fact, some theoretical models incorporate a hydrodynamical instability in the stalled shock known as the "Standing Accretion Shock Instability" (SASI). This instability comes about as a consequence of non-spherical perturbations oscillating the stalled shock thereby deforming it. The SASI is often used in tandem with neutrino theories in computer simulations for re-energizing the stalled shock.

Computer models have been very successful at calculating the behavior of Type II supernovae when the shock has been formed. By ignoring the first second of the explosion, and assuming that an explosion is started, astrophysicists have been able to make detailed predictions about the elements produced by the supernova and of the expected light curve from the supernova.

## Light curves for Type II-L and Type II-P supernovae

When the spectrum of a Type II supernova is examined, it normally displays Balmer absorption lines – reduced flux at the characteristic frequencies where hydrogen atoms absorb energy. The presence of these lines is used to distinguish this category of supernova from a Type I supernova.

When the luminosity of a Type II supernova is plotted over a period of time, it shows a characteristic rise to a peak brightness followed by a decline. These light curves have an average decay rate of 0.008 magnitudes per day; much lower than the decay rate for Type Ia supernovae. Type II is subdivided into two classes, depending on the shape of the light curve. The light curve for a Type II-L supernova shows a steady (linear) decline following the peak brightness. By contrast, the light curve of a Type II-P supernova has a distinctive flat stretch (called a plateau) during the decline; representing a period where the luminosity decays at a slower rate. The net luminosity decay rate is lower, at 0.0075 magnitudes per day for Type II-P, compared to 0.012 magnitudes per day for Type II-L.

The difference in the shape of the light curves is believed to be caused, in the case of Type II-L supernovae, by the expulsion of most of the hydrogen envelope of the progenitor star. The plateau phase in Type II-P supernovae is due to a change in the opacity of the exterior layer. The shock wave ionizes the hydrogen in the outer envelope – stripping the electron from the hydrogen atom – resulting in a significant increase in the opacity. This prevents photons from the inner parts of the explosion from escaping. When the hydrogen cools sufficiently to recombine, the outer layer becomes transparent.

## Type IIn supernovae

The "n" denotes narrow, which indicates the presence of narrow or intermediate width hydrogen emission lines in the spectra. In the intermediate width case, the ejecta from the explosion may be interacting strongly with gas around the star – the circumstellar medium. The estimated circumstellar density required to explain the observational properties is much higher than that expected from the standard stellar evolution theory. It is generally assumed that the high circumstellar density is due to the high mass-loss rates of the Type IIn progenitors. The estimated mass-loss rates are typically higher than 10−3 M per year. There are indications that they originate as stars similar to luminous blue variables with large mass losses before exploding. SN 1998S and SN 2005gl are examples of Type IIn supernovae; SN 2006gy, an extremely energetic supernova, may be another example.

Some supernovae of type IIn show interactions with the circumstellar medium, which leads to an increased temperature of the cirumstellar dust. This warm dust can be observed as a brightening in the mid-infrared light. If the circumstellar medium extends further from the supernova, the mid-infrared brightening can cause an infrared echo, causing the brightening to last more than 1000 days. These kind of supernovae belong to the rare 2010jl-like supernovae, named after the archetypal SN 2010jl. Most 2010jl-like supernovae were discovered with the decommissioned Spitzer Space Telescope and the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (e.g. SN 2014ab, SN 2017hcc).

## Type IIb supernovae

A Type IIb supernova has a weak hydrogen line in its initial spectrum, which is why it is classified as a Type II. However, later on the H emission becomes undetectable, and there is also a second peak in the light curve that has a spectrum which more closely resembles a Type Ib supernova. The progenitor could have been a massive star that expelled most of its outer layers, or one which lost most of its hydrogen envelope due to interactions with a companion in a binary system, leaving behind the core that consisted almost entirely of helium. As the ejecta of a Type IIb expands, the hydrogen layer quickly becomes more transparent and reveals the deeper layers. The classic example of a Type IIb supernova is SN 1993J, while another example is Cassiopeia A. The IIb class was first introduced (as a theoretical concept) by Woosley et al. in 1987, and the class was soon applied to SN 1987K and SN 1993J.


title: Taschen Basic Art

abstract: Taschen Basic Art is a best selling art collection books, published by Taschen, starting in 1985. Each book looks at a different artist, with a biography, and illustrations of their work. The books are published as affordable hardcover books of 21 x 26 cm. As of 2022, 78 titles had been published. Similar series entitled Taschen Basic Architecture, Taschen Basic Cinema and Taschen Basic Photographies were started after the success of the Basic Art series. In the spring of 2014, Taschen's Basic Art series received major criticism in Swedish media for its focus on male artists. The series then consisted of 95 books, only five of which were of female artists. The artists Ditte Ejlerskov and EvaMarie Lindahl highlighted the disparity with an art installation at Malmö Konsthall in Sweden.

text:
# Taschen Basic Art

**Taschen Basic Art** is a best selling art collection books, published by Taschen, starting in 1985. Each book looks at a different artist, with a biography, and illustrations of their work. The books are published as affordable hardcover books of 21 x 26 cm. As of 2022, 78 titles had been published. Similar series entitled Taschen Basic Architecture, Taschen Basic Cinema and Taschen Basic Photographies were started after the success of the Basic Art series.

In the spring of 2014, Taschen's Basic Art series received major criticism in Swedish media for its focus on male artists. The series then consisted of 95 books, only five of which were of female artists. The artists Ditte Ejlerskov and EvaMarie Lindahl highlighted the disparity with an art installation at Malmö Konsthall in Sweden.

1. "Basic Art Series: Art, Architecture and History. TASCHEN Books". *TASCHEN*. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
2. info@konsthall.malmo.se. "Malmö Konsthall". Konsthall.malmo.se. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
3. NODE, André Pahl (25 April 2014). "Kunstkritikk — Taschen under Fire". Kunstkritikk.com. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
4. "About: Blank Pages – feminist history in the making at Malmö Konsthall". Culturenordic.com. 5 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
5. "Storverk av systerskapet". *www.aftonbladet.se* (in Swedish). 20 November 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
* Taschen Basic Art Series


title: Xuefei Yang

abstract: Xuefei Yang is a Chinese classical guitarist.

text:
# Xuefei Yang

**Xuefei Yang** (simplified Chinese: 杨雪霏; traditional Chinese: 楊雪霏; pinyin: *Yáng Xuěfēi*; born March 15, 1977) is a Chinese classical guitarist.

## Early years

Yang was born in Beijing in 1977, and began playing the guitar when she was seven. Three years later, she started studying under Chen Zhi, the Chairman of the China Classical Guitar Society. She made a public debut at the First China International Guitar Festival. At her debut, Masaru Kohno presented her a guitar, Pepe by Aria; it was her first foreign-made guitar. She won second prize at the Beijing Senior Guitar competition when she was eleven.

In her youth, Yang played extensively in China, Hong Kong, Macau, Spain, and Australia, and giving concert tours in Taiwan, Japan and Portugal. At twelve, she played in Tokyo for the first time, and was given a special award by the Guitar Alliance of Japan. Masaru Kohno took Yang to his studio and asked her to take any guitar with her. She played the Kohno guitar, made of cedar and jacaranda, regularly over the next five years. During her Madrid debut at age 14, the composer Joaquín Rodrigo was in the audience; in 1995, after John Williams listened to her performance in Beijing, he was so impressed that he loaned two of his own Greg Smallman guitars to her conservatory, for her and other top students to play.

## Further education

After completing her secondary schooling, Yang completed her studies in Beijing, becoming the first guitarist to enter a music school in China, and obtaining a Bachelor of Arts from the Central Conservatory of Music. She was the first guitarist from China to study in the United Kingdom and the first guitarist to receive an international scholarship from the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music for her postgraduate programme at the Royal Academy of Music in London.

She moved to London in 2000, studying under Michael Lewin, John Mills and Timothy Walker and performing at many solo recitals and concert performances in the UK and Europe. She graduated with distinction in 2002, achieving a Recital Diploma and receiving the Royal Academy of Music Principal's prize for exceptional all-round studentship.

## Awards

Yang has won numerous prizes in music competitions including the Stotsenberg International Classical Guitar Competition, the San Francisco International Guitar Competition and the Young Concert Artist International competition in the United States, and the Darwin International Guitar Competition in Australia. She was awarded first prize in the Ivor Mairants Guitar Award by the City of London's Worshipful Company of Musicians, and won the Dorothy Grinstead Prize for a recital at Fairfield Hall, Croydon.

## Performances

Yang has performed in the United Kingdom, the U.S., Germany, France, Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Finland, Australia, China, Japan and Singapore. Concert appearances have included playing Rodrigo's *Fantasía para un gentilhombre* with the BBC Concert Orchestra and *Concierto de Aranjuez* with the Royal Academy of Music Symphony Orchestra at Duke's Hall. She has featured on radio as part of the BBC Proms London Composer Portrait series, and performed at 54 concerts for the "Night of the Proms Tour" in 2003/2004. In January 2011 she appeared in Ireland for the first time, at the National Concert Hall in Dublin.

## Recordings

*Si Ji* (Four Seasons) contains a number of compositions by Chinese composers, some of which imitate the sounds of traditional Chinese musical instruments. *Romance de Amor* comprises primarily Spanish repertoire.

## Reception

* "It was great to hear you play! I wish you every success in future and hope you will have the opportunity you very much deserve to play in many countries." (John Williams, 1995)
* "The enthusiastic reviews that have appeared in the press about this far-eastern prodigy do not seem in the slightest exaggerated after hearing this concert. Xuefei Yang is already among the best guitarists in the world." (Badische Zeitung, 9 July 2002)
* "…she left the audience completely enraptured." (Oberbadisches Volksblatt, 9 July 2002)
* "But the star of the evening was the Chinese guitarist Xuefei Yang. In Xiaoyong Chen’s Static and Rotation she turned sweet, chiming overtones into a wild sound like a hailstorm on a window. And, playing with similar brilliance in Robert Saxton’s Night Dance, Timothy Salter’s Equipoise premiere and Britten's Nocturnal after John Dowland, Yang’s easeful virtuosity won the day." (Matthew Connolly, The Times, January 14, 2003)

## Discography

* *Classical Guitar by Xuefei Yang*, 1999 (先恒, Xianheng Nanjing)
* *Si Ji (Four Seasons)*, 2005 (GSP)
* *Romance de Amor*, 2006 (EMI)
* *40 Degrees North*, 2008 (EMI)
* *Concierto de Aranjuez*, 2010 (EMI), with Barcelona Symphony Orchestra and National Orchestra of Catalonia
* *J.S.Bach: Concertos & Transcriptions*, 2012 (EMI), with Elias String Quartet
* *Britten Songs*, 2013 (EMI), with Ian Bostridge
* *Sojourn - The Very Best of Xuefei Yang*, 2013 (Warner), with Elias String Quartet
* *Heartstrings*, 2015 (Decca/Universal)
* *Colours of Brazil*, 2016 (Decca/Universal)
* *Songs from Our Ancestors*, 2016 (Globe Music), with Ian Bostridge
* *Milonga Del Angel*, 2018 (Deutsche Grammophon), with Mengla Huang
* *One Day in November (EP)*, 2019 (Apple Music)
* *Sketches of China*, 2020 (Decca/Universal), with Xiamen Philharmonic Orchestra, Weiliang Zhang, Sha Yuan
* *Summertime (EP)*, 2021 (Apple Music)
* *Winter Songs (EP)*, 2021 (Apple Music)
* *Magna Carta: The Complete Works for Guitar and Orchestra of John Brunning*, 2022 (Prima Facie), with Royal Liverpool Philharmonic
* *Guitar Favourites*, 2022 (Decca/Universal)
* *Striking a Chord*, 2022 (Warner)
* *X Culture*, 2023 (Apple Music)
* *Songs of Joy and Sorrow*, 2024 (Apple Music), with Johannes Moser

### Interviews

### Audio and video

## InfoBox

| Xuefei Yang | |
| --- | --- |
| Xuefei Yang performing the *Concierto de Aranjuez* in Barcelona, 2008 | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1977-03-15) March 15, 1977 <br>Beijing, China |
| Genres | Classical |
| Occupation | Classical guitarist |
| Instrument | Guitar |
| Years active | *fl. ca.* 1988-*present* |
| Labels | GSP, EMI |
|  | |
| Website | www.xuefeiyang.com |


title: Myidae

abstract: Myidae, common name the softshell clams, is a taxonomic family of marine bivalve molluscs in the order Myida.

text:
# Myidae

**Myidae**, common name the **softshell clams**, is a taxonomic family of marine bivalve molluscs in the order Myida.

## Genera

Genera within the family Myidae include:

* "Myidae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.

## InfoBox

| Myidae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| The soft-shell clam, *Mya arenaria* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Bivalvia |
| Order: | Myida |
| Superfamily: | Myoidea |
| Family: | Myidae<br>Lamarck, 1809 |
|
| Genera | |
| See text | |


title: Zoila

abstract: Zoila is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Cypraeidae, the cowries.

text:
# Zoila

***Zoila*** is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Cypraeidae, the cowries.

## Species

Species within the genus *Zoila* include:

Species brought into synonymy * *Zoila atrata* Sulliotti, G.R., 1924: synonym of *Mangelia decipiens* E.A. Smith, 1888
* *Zoila caputavisensis* Beets, 1987 : synonym of † *Afrozoila caputavisensis* (Beets, 1987)
* *Zoila delicatura* Chandler & DuRoss, 1997: synonym of *Zoila eludens delicatura* Chandler & DuRoss, 1997
* *Zoila episema* Iredale, 1939: synonym of *Zoila venusta episema* Iredale, 1939
* *Zoila kendengensis* F. A. Schilder, 1941 : synonym of † *Afrozoila kendengensis* (F. A. Schilder, 1941)
* *Zoila schilderi* Dey, 1941 : synonym of † *Afrozoila schilderi* (Dey, 1941)

* Jousseaume F. (1884). Division des Cypraeidae. Le Naturaliste. 6(52): 414–415. page(s): 414

## InfoBox

| *Zoila* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| shell of *Zoila friendii* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Cypraeidae |
| Genus: | *Zoila*
Jousseaume, 1884 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Cypraea scottii* Broderip, 1831
 | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Umbilia (Gigantocypraea)* Schilder, 1927 * *Zoila (Zoila)* Jousseaume, 1884 | |


title: Visconti Citadel (Bergamo)

abstract: The Visconti Citadel of Bergamo is a medieval fortification in Bergamo, Lombardy, northern Italy. It was built in the 14th century by the Visconti of Milan and later expanded by the Colleoni of Bergamo. It lies in the western sector of Bergamo's Città Alta.

text:
# Visconti Citadel (Bergamo)

The **Visconti Citadel of Bergamo** is a medieval fortification in Bergamo, Lombardy, northern Italy. It was built in the 14th century by the Visconti of Milan and later expanded by the Colleoni of Bergamo. It lies in the western sector of Bergamo's *Città Alta* (Upper Town).

## History

In 1355, Bernabò Visconti initiated the construction of the Citadel to consolidate his power over Bergamo. The Citadel incorporated a pre-existing fortress and part of the nearby medieval walls. It belonged to the defensive system of the Città Alta of Bergamo, strengthening the western sector on San Giovanni Hill and integrating the fortification in the eastern sector on Sant'Eufemia Hill. The Citadel comprised an enclosure fortified with towers. It was closed to the north by the Hospitio Magnum, the seat of a military garrison.

Under the Venetian domination, the defensive strategy of Bergamo was modified, and the Citadel's role changed. No longer needed as a fortress, the Citadel was abandoned and put up for sale in lots. This transition caused the obliteration of the original Visconti structure, marking a significant shift in the Citadel's history.

In 1958, restorations began, reasserting the Citadel's historical importance. The surviving parts of the ancient fortified nucleus of La Crotta, including the imposing Adalberto tower, were recovered. The *Hospitio Magnum* building, the arched portico, and the tower at the entrance (*Torre della Campanella*) featuring the Citadel Clock were also restored. The typical Visconti lozenge decorations and frescoes of the 14th and 15th centuries came out during the works. Further restorations from 1985 to 1988 uncovered the remains of the Salt Tower and other parts of the complex, ensuring the preservation of the historical site.

## Today

The Citadel hosts municipal services with social and cultural interest, such as the La Crotta public garden, the Civic Museum of Natural Sciences, the Civic Archaeological Museum, the Pocket Theater, the Institute of Geology, and the Montessori Center.

## Sources

* Conti, Flavio; Hybsch, Vincenzo; Vincenti, Antonello (1993). *I castelli della Lombardia. Provincie di Bergamo e Brescia* (in Italian). Novara: Istituto Geografico de Agostini. ISBN 9788841501610. OCLC 635677243.
* Vincenti, Antonello (1981). *I Castelli viscontei e sforzeschi* (in Italian). Milan: Rusconi Libri S.p.A. Immagini. OCLC 8446824.

## InfoBox

| Visconti Citadel (Bergamo) | |
| --- | --- |
| *Cittadella Viscontea di Bergamo* | |
| Bergamo, Lombardia, Northern Italy | |
| The tower at the entrance of the Citadel (*Torre della Campanella*) | |
| Visconti Citadel (Bergamo) | |
| Coordinates | 45°42′20″N 9°39′33″E / 45.70556°N 9.65917°E / 45.70556; 9.65917 |
| Type | Citadel |
| Site information | |
| Owner | Bergamo municipality |
| Open to<br>the public | Yes |
| Condition | Good |
| Site history | |
| Built | 14th century |
| Built by | Bernabò Visconti |
| Materials | Bricks, Stone |


title: Schistura tirapensis

abstract: Schistura tirapensis is a species of ray-finned fish, a stone loach, in the genus Schistura. It can be found in hill streams with pebble beds in the Tirap District in Arunachal Pradesh, India.

text:
# Schistura tirapensis

***Schistura tirapensis*** is a species of ray-finned fish, a stone loach, in the genus *Schistura*. It can be found in hill streams with pebble beds in the Tirap District in Arunachal Pradesh, India.

## InfoBox

| *Schistura tirapensis* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Nemacheilidae |
| Genus: | *Schistura* |
| Species: | ***S. tirapensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Schistura tirapensis***
Kottelat, 1990 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Nemacheilus arunachalensis* Menon, 1987 * *Noemacheilus arunachalensis* Menon, 1987 * *Noemacheilus dattai* Menon, 1999 | |


title: Westruther

abstract: Westruther is a village on the B6465, in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland, on the lower slopes of the Lammermuir Hills, in the former Berwickshire. The largest town nearby is Gordon. Places nearby include Duns, Greenlaw, the Lammermuir Hills, Longformacus and the Watch Water Reservoir. The ruined kirk dates from 1649 and contains the tombs of the Spottiswoode family. A prominent member of the family was Alicia Ann Spottiswoode a.k.a. Lady John Scott of "Annie Laurie" fame. There is a stained glass window in her honour in the "new" kirk dating from 1834. Very Rev William Wilson (1808-1888) Moderator of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland in 1866 was born and raised in the village. Westruther was the name of the Spottiswoode family home, taken down between the First and Second World War.

text:
# Westruther

**Westruther** is a village on the B6465, in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland, on the lower slopes of the Lammermuir Hills, in the former Berwickshire. The largest town nearby is Gordon.

Places nearby include Duns, Greenlaw, the Lammermuir Hills, Longformacus and the Watch Water Reservoir.

The ruined kirk dates from 1649 and contains the tombs of the Spottiswoode family. A prominent member of the family was Alicia Ann Spottiswoode a.k.a. Lady John Scott of "Annie Laurie" fame. There is a stained glass window in her honour in the "new" kirk dating from 1834.

Very Rev William Wilson (1808-1888) Moderator of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland in 1866 was born and raised in the village.

Westruther was the name of the Spottiswoode family home, taken down between the First and Second World War.

## InfoBox

| Westruther | |
| --- | --- |
| The village of Westruther | |
| WestrutherLocation within the Scottish Borders | |
| OS grid reference | NT633500 |
| Council area |  |
| Lieutenancy area |  |
| Country | Scotland |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | GORDON |
| Postcode district | TD3 |
|  | |
| Police | Scotland |
| Fire | Scottish |
| Ambulance | Scottish |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
| Scottish Parliament |  |
|


title: Mir-374 microRNA precursor family

abstract: In molecular biology mir-374 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms.

text:
# Mir-374 microRNA precursor family

In molecular biology **mir-374 microRNA** is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms.

## Further reading

* Gong Y, Renigunta V, Himmerkus N, Zhang J, Renigunta A, Bleich M, Hou J (April 2012). "Claudin-14 regulates renal Ca⁺⁺ transport in response to CaSR signalling via a novel microRNA pathway". *The EMBO Journal*. **31** (8): 1999–2012. doi:10.1038/emboj.2012.49. PMC 3343334. PMID 22373575.
* Milenkovic D, Deval C, Gouranton E, Landrier JF, Scalbert A, Morand C, Mazur A (2012). Krahe R (ed.). "Modulation of miRNA expression by dietary polyphenols in apoE deficient mice: a new mechanism of the action of polyphenols". *PLOS ONE*. **7** (1): e29837. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...729837M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029837. PMC 3254631. PMID 22253797.
* Chang SJ, Weng SL, Hsieh JY, Wang TY, Chang MD, Wang HW (September 2011). "MicroRNA-34a modulates genes involved in cellular motility and oxidative phosphorylation in neural precursors derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells". *BMC Medical Genomics*. **4**: 65. doi:10.1186/1755-8794-4-65. PMC 3195087. PMID 21923954.
* Delić D, Dkhil M, Al-Quraishy S, Wunderlich F (May 2011). "Hepatic miRNA expression reprogrammed by Plasmodium chabaudi malaria". *Parasitology Research*. **108** (5): 1111–21. doi:10.1007/s00436-010-2152-z. PMID 21085987. S2CID 37782043.
* Miko E, Czimmerer Z, Csánky E, Boros G, Buslig J, Dezso B, Scholtz B (October 2009). "Differentially expressed microRNAs in small cell lung cancer". *Experimental Lung Research*. **35** (8): 646–64. doi:10.3109/01902140902822312. PMID 19895320. S2CID 21878474.

## InfoBox

| mir-374 | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | mir-374 |
| Rfam | RF00840 |
| miRBase family | MIPF0000288 |
| Other data | |
| RNA type | microRNA |
| Domain(s) | *Eukaryota;* |
| PDB structures | PDBe |


title: Premio Eusebio Lorenzo Baleirón

abstract: The poetry prize Premio Eusebio Lorenzo Baleirón was created in 1988 by the city of Dodro, Spain, with the objective of contributing to the reaffirmation of Galician poetry and to honor the poet Eusebio Lorenzo Baleirón. The winning poems have been published, since 1992, are published in a book titled Colección de poesía Eusebio Lorenzo Baleirón, which is released by Edicións do Castro.

text:
# Premio Eusebio Lorenzo Baleirón

The poetry prize **Premio Eusebio Lorenzo Baleirón** was created in 1988 by the city of Dodro, Spain, with the objective of contributing to the reaffirmation of Galician poetry and to honor the poet Eusebio Lorenzo Baleirón. The winning poems have been published, since 1992, are published in a book titled Colección de poesía Eusebio Lorenzo Baleirón, which is released by Edicións do Castro.

## Winners