title: Şehrazat

abstract: Şehrazat Kemali Söylemezoğlu, known by her stage name Şehrazat or Şehro, is a Turkish television personality, businesswoman, philanthropist, composer, songwriter, record producer, occasional jazz, and pop music singer.

text:
# Şehrazat

**Şehrazat Kemali Söylemezoğlu** (born 3 September 1952), known by her stage name **Şehrazat** or **Şehro**, is a Turkish television personality, businesswoman, philanthropist, composer, songwriter, record producer, occasional jazz, and pop music singer.

## Life and career

### Early life and family

Her father S. Siham Kemali Söylemezoğlu (d. 13 April 1981; Vienna) was a notable businessman and was considered to be the first mining magnate of Turkey. Her grandfather is Süleyman Şefik Pasha, the son of the Beylerbey of Rumelia Ali Kemali Pasha who is the only brother of Edhem Pertev Pasha and one of the former governors of Konya. Her mother Sevinç Tevs was the sister of artist Sevim Tevs and the daughter of the Turkish ambassador to the Republic of Albania. She was the first internationally known jazz singer of Turkey and described by the authorities as having one of the most wondrous voices of the 20th century. She was regarded as a diva since she surpassed Sarah Vaughan and won the 1948 Miami Jazz Festival, with the song "For You" that was composed by their family friend Arif Mardin, the 12-time Grammy Award winning Turkish-American music producer. She graduated from the International School of Choueifat, in Beirut, Lebanon in 1970. It was her parents' wish that she attend it for the sake of a better education. Prior to this, she spent the vast majority of her childhood in Turkey. Şehrazat is exceedingly fluent in Turkish, Arabic, French, and English.

As an only child from an affluent family, Şehrazat has received a large amount of mass media's attention due to her wealth and lifestyle. However, she has a half-brother Süleyman Şefik Söylemezoğlu named after their paternal grandfather, who is the son of Aynur Bıyıktay-Söylemezoğlu (the daughter of Ömer Halis Bıyıktay and the niece of Kâzım Karabekir, from her mother's side). Şehrazat's maternal great-grandfather is the most widely recognized composer of Turkish Classical Music, Hammamizade İsmail Dede Efendi. Having been married to the daughter of diplomat and author Galip Kemali Söylemezoğlu, the great uncle of Şehrazat, Hüsrev Gerede is her uncle by marriage. In addition to this, among her uncles are Cevdet Çağla, a famous composer of Turkish music and Prof. Dr. Hamit Kemali Söylemezoğlu, the architect of Anıtkabir and Taşkışla. Besides, journalist Mithat Perin (preceptor of Abdi İpekçi), diplomat Özer F. Tevs, politician Selim Sarper, and diplomat Yüksel Söylemez are also her close relatives. Some of the grandsons and granddaughters of His Imperial Majesty Mehmet V Reshad, the Emperor of the Ottomans and the Caliph of the Faithful such as HH Prince Cengiz Osmanoğlu, HH Prince Ömer Fevzi Osmanoğlu, HH Mihrimah Sultana are Şehrazat's cousins. Thus, Şehrazat's aunt Perizat Söylemezoğlu-Perin, formerly HH Princess Perizat Söylemezoğlu-Osmanoğlu, was the spouse of HH Prince Mehmet Nazım Osmanoğlu—the eldest son of HIH Prince Mehmed Ziyaeddin Efendi—and is the mother of HH Prince Cengiz Osmanoğlu. Another aunt of Şehrazat is Belkız Rufa Kemali Söylemezoğlu, the socialite. Moreover, Şehrazat's nephew is the former goalkeeper of Galatasaray football club Turgay Şeren and her niece is Hülya Koçyiğit who is a Turkish actress and is considered to be one of Turkish cinema's most famous female leads. Almost everybody in her family has graduated from Galatasaray High School, the most influential school in Turkey.

### Music career

The owner of thousands of Turkish hit works, Şehrazat's first hit song is "Yaz Yaz Yaz" that was sung by Turkish superstar Ajda Pekkan. This song was a reform in Turkish pop music. More recently, Bengü's "Kocaman Öpüyorum" and "Sırada Sen Varsın" are also hits written by Şehrazat. Demet Sağıroğlu's debut "Kınalı Bebek" in 1994, was another very popular song by Şehrazat. Additionally, even though she has a very rare and wondrous voice like her mother does, she is commonly known for her music productions and compositions rather than active performances. Hence, in the late 1970s and the early 1980s, she was known for singing arrangements, most notably, "Aşk Bir Kumarsa" (ABBA's "The Winner Takes It All" cover), "İki Gölge" (Sandy Posey's "All Hung up in Your Green Eyes" cover), "İmkânsız Aşk" (Dusty Springfield's "I Close My Eyes and Count to Ten" cover), and Kelebek (Engelbert Humperdinck's "Free as the Wind (Theme from Papillon)" cover). During the period 1975–87, due to her polyglotism and eclectic, wide-ranging repertoire of contemporary and narrative songs in English, Şehrazat, as a soloist, managed to perform periodically in Playboy and Gala, which were VIP locations featuring Turkey's leading performance artists. With a wealth of great songs and stage presence, her intense show was really appreciated by the audience and the media, however, she decided to quit performing but to keep on songwriting. Her voice is likely to be classified as contralto with a strong lower register since she possesses a significant vocal agility and endurance. That is why Şehrazat is able to sing the high soprano notes and the low baritone notes as well.

Şehrazat was also the producer of superstar Ajda Pekkan, Sibel Tüzün, the former Eurovision Song Contest participant, Yıldız Kaplan, Reyhan Karaca, Zeliha Sunal, and Band AF. Sezen Aksu, another Turkish pop music singer, songwriter and producer who sold over 40 million albums worldwide, is the closest colleague of Şehrazat.

On 2 February 1985, Şehrazat as a special guest star performed in the music feast of a monthly TV-show "Do-Re-Mi", called "Jazz and Dance Night", with the song "Break Me". At the night, there was also a Coşkun Demir-Şehrazat duet "Baby Come to Me". She concurrently appeared in Cem Özer's Star TV show "Laf Lafı Açıyor" on 19 June 1992 and on 3 May 1996 when the show transferred to Kanal D.

### 30th anniversary tribute

On 24 January 2004, Şehrazat celebrated her 30-year anniversary as a lyricist and composer, which took place in the form of a huge concert named "Şehrazat Şarkıları" and given in Istanbul at the Levent İş Sanat Cultural Center in association with Türkiye İş Bankası. She sang some of her greatest hits and had guests such as Sezen Aksu, Nilüfer, Ajda Pekkan, Aşkın Nur Yengi, Emel Müftüoğlu, and Muazzez Abacı join her on stage. At the instance of Şehrazat, all proceeds from this concert as well as profits from the sales of each ticket sold for the event was donated to the TSK Elele Foundation of the General Staff of the Republic of Turkey. Apart from this, "Şehrazat Şarkıları" was also aired by the ATV Television Network in 2005.

## Discography

### Extended Play: 1968

* *İki Gölge* (A-side)
* *Dün Gece* (B-side)

### Arrangements: 1969

* *Beni Unutma*
* *İmkânsız Aşk*

### 45 rpm records: 1970s

* *Kelebek* (2:58)
* *Dili Dost, Kalbi Düşman* (1974)
* *Söz Sevgilim, Söz* (04:06; A 1974 45rpm in collaboration with Cömert Baykent)
* *Kolkola* (Dalida cover; Turkish lyrics by Ümit Yaşar Oğuzcan)
* *Ne Kapımı Çalan Var*
* *Nerede olsan*

### Maxi single: 1980

* *Sevemedim Karagözlüm* (considered the first maxi-single (MCD) of Turkey)

### Extended Play: 1980

* *Sevemedim Karagözlüm* (A-side 4:49)
* *Hürüm Artık* (A-side 3:52)
* *Bahşiş* (B-side 3:26)
* *Seni Sevmişim* (B-side 3:22)

### Long Play: 1981

* *Sevdim Genç Bir Adamı*
* *Kendim Ettim, Kendim Buldum (Eyvah)*
* *Yanında*
* *Aşk Bir Kumarsa*
* *Kulakların Çınlasın*
* *Lay la, Lay la (Yaşamaya Bak Sen)*

### Compilation album: 2002

* *Bak Bir Varmış Bir Yokmuş: 60'lı ve 70'li Yılların Orijinal Kayıtları*

### Compilation album: 2007

* *Our Golden Songs*

### Compilation album: 2008

## Songwriting credits

List of Şehrazat's most-widely known songwriting credits
| Year | Artist | Album | Song | Co-written with |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1989 | Ajda Pekkan | *Ajda 90* | "Yaz Yaz Yaz" |  |
| | | | "Yazık Olur" |  |
| | Aşkın Nur Yengi | *Sevgiliye...* | "Sevgiliye" |  |
| 1990 | Zerrin Özer | *İşte Ben* | "Yalan Olur" |  |
| | | | "Var mı Sende O Yürek?" |  |
| 1991 | Ajda Pekkan | *Seni Seçtim* | "Sevgide Seni Seçtim" |  |
| | | | "Yalnızlığa Hüküm Giydim" |  |
| | | | "Ölüm Yok Ya Sonunda" |  |
| | | | "Oyun Etti Gözlerim" | Garo Mafyan (composer) |
| | | | "İnanılır Gibi Değil" | Garo Mafyan (composer) |
| | | | "Eline Gözüne Dizine Dursun" | Garo Mafyan (composer) |
| | | | "Dönüyorum" | Garo Mafyan (composer) |
| | | | "Kabus Gibi Gelme Üstüme" |  |
| | | | "Haydi Durma" |  |
| | | | "Bu Bahar" | Garo Mafyan (composer) |
| | | | "Yalancı Dünya" | Anuş Bakış (lyricist along with Şehrazat) |
| | Aşkın Nur Yengi | *Hesap Ver* | "Hesap Ver" |  |
| | Ayşegül Aldinç | *Sorma – Benden Söylemesi* | "Delip de Geçer" |  |
| | Zerrin Özer | *Sevildiğini Bil* | "Geri Almaya Geldim" 4:25 | Seda Akay (lyricist) |
| | | "Yok Deme" 5:06 |  |
| 1992 | Nil Burak | *İşte Banko* | "İşte Banko" | Uğur Dikmen (composer) |
| | | | "Yiğidim" | Uğur Dikmen (composer) |
| | | | "İlle de Yâr" |  |
| | | | "Duman Oldum" | Nil Burak (composer) |
| | Nilüfer | *Yine Yeni Yeniden* | "Çarem Benim" |  |
| | Emel Müftüoğlu | *Faka Bastın* | "Faka Bastın" |  |
| | | "İşine Gelirse" | Greg (composer) |
| | | "Sev de Nasıl Seversen Sev" |  |
| | | "Yerin Dolmuyor" | Mustafa Sandal (composer) |
| | Gökben | *Aşka Çeyrek Var* | "Aşka Çeyrek Var" |  |
| | Ferdi Özbeğen | *Davacı Değilim* | "Eline, Gözüne, Dizine Dursun" | Garo Mafyan (composer) |
| 1993 | Sezen Aksu | *Deli Kızın Türküsü* | "Kalbim Ege'de Kaldı" | Sezen Aksu and Yelda Karataş (lyricists along with Şehrazat),
Atilla Özdemiroğlu (composer) |
| | | | "Dert Faslı" | Sezen Aksu and Yelda Karataş (lyricists along with Şehrazat),
Sezen Aksu (composer), Özkan Uğur (composer) |
| | Aşkın Nur Yengi | *Sıramı Bekliyorum* | "Pembe dizi" | Nikos Antipas (composer) |
| | | "Yüreğim ağlıyor" |  |
| 1994 | Demet Sağıroğlu | *Kınalı Bebek* | "Kınalı bebek" 4:06 | Rony Uzay Heparı (composer) |
| | | | "Yağızım" 3:00 | Sezen Aksu (lyricist) |
| | | | "Biçare" 3:20 | Rony Uzay Heparı (composer) |
| | | | "Bu Saatten Sonra" 5:05 |  |
| | | | "Oyunbozan" 4:22 |  |
| | | | "Yadigâr" 5:30 | Demet Sağıroğlu (composer) |
| | | | "Benden vazgeçme" 2:42 |  |
| | | | "Kınalı bebek (Pop mix)" 4:14 | Ozan Doğulu (remixer) |
| | | | "Kınalı bebek (Undertech mix)" 4:42 | Sarp Özdemiroğlu (remixer) |
| | | | "Kınalı bebek (Club mix)" 5:48 | Tansel Doğanay (remixer) |
| | Ayşegül Aldinç | *Alev Alev* | "Aşk Denen İllet" | Mustafa Sandal (composer), Sarp Özdemiroğlu (composer) |
| | Emel Müftüoğlu | *Emelce* | "Gözümün Feri" | Murat Yeter (composer), Bülent Sert (composer) |
| | | "Sevmek En Büyük Devlet" |  |
| | | "Ah Bu Sevda" | Bülent Sert (composer) |
| 1995 | Nil Burak | *Nil Burak'95: Akdeniz Rüzgârı* | "E, Neyse Ne" | Anonymous (composer) |
| | Nâlân | *Cansuyum* | "Cansuyum" |  |
| 1996 | Ayşegül Aldinç | *Söze Ne Hacet* | "Alimallah" | Aykut Gürel (composer) |
| | | | "Bekletme" | Aykut Gürel (composer) |
| 1997 | Aşkın Nur Yengi | *Haberci* | "Yabani" | Adil Omar (composer), Amr Tantawy (composer) |
| | | | "Haberci" |  |
| | | | "Kanım Akmaz" | Manos Loïzos (composer) |
| | Nilüfer | *Nilüfer'le* | "Bırak Beni" |  |
| | | "Namussuz Akşamlar" |  |
| | | "Hasret Çığlıkları" |  |
| | Kerim Tekin | *Haykırsam Dünyaya* | "Motor" | Fedon (lyricist along with Şehrazat), Hakan Demir (composer) |
| | | "Vay O Zaman" | Ozan Doğulu (composer) |
| | | "Dilber" | Kerim Tekin (composer along with Şehrazat) |
| 1998 | Demet Sağıroğlu | *Sımsıcak* | "Yarın olmaz" 4:58 | Emre Irmak (composer along with Şehrazat) |
| | | | "Ukte" 4:13 | Emre Irmak (composer along with Şehrazat) |
| 1999 | Gülben Ergen | *Kör Aşık* | "Gümbür Gümbür" |  |
| | | | "Kim Ne Derse Desin" |  |
| | | | "Kurşuni" | Ercan Saatchi (composer) |
| | Sibel Turnagöl | *Can Bu* | Elli Yıllık Aşk | Bülent Yetiş |
| 2000 | Ajda Pekkan | *Diva* | "Mutlu Bütün Şarkılar (Quand s'arrêtent les violons)" | J.D. Bonny (composer), Roger Candiotti (composer) |
| | | | "Aşka İnanma (Dov'è l'amore)" | Paul Michael Barry (composer), Mark Taylor (composer) |
| | Bengü | *Hoş Geldin* | "Hoş Geldin" |  |
| | | "Akşama Görüşürüz" | Emre Irmak (composer) |
| 2001 | Bengü | *Sen Bir Çiçeksin Özel...* | "Hoş Geldin (remix)" |  |
| | Sertab Erener | *Turuncu* | "Bahçede" 5:00 |  |
| | | "Yağmurdan Sonra Gelen Toprağın Kokusu" 4:45 |  |
| | Kenan Doğulu | *Ex Aşkım* | "Kime Ne" |  |
| | Nilüfer | *Büyük Aşkım* | "Beni mi Buldun?" |  |
| | | "Çok Büyüksün" |  |
| | | "Her şey Bir An" |  |
| 2002 | Gülben Ergen | *Sade ve Sadece* | "Sade ve Sadece (Elveda)" 4:15 | Emre Irmak (composer along with Şehrazat) |
| | | | "Teşekkür Ederim" 3:31 | Bülent Yetiş (composer) |
| | | | "Abayı Yaktım" 4:39 |  |
| | | | "Ne Zaman" 4:10 | Taşkın Sabah (composer) |
| 2003 | Ajda Pekkan | *Sen İste (single)* | "Sen İste" |  |
| | | | "Sen İste (remix)" |  |
| | | | "Sen İste (ballad)" |  |
| 2004 | Gülben Ergen | *Uçacaksın* | "Uçacaksın" 3:24 |  |
| | | | "Ayrılmam" 4:40 |  |
| | | | "Git" 3:20 |  |
| | Aşkın Nur Yengi | *Yasemin Yağmurları* | "Kardelen" | Oğuz Gökoğlu (lyricist and composer along with Şehrazat) |
| 2005 | Gülben Ergen | *Fıkır Fıkır 9+1* | "Fıkır Fıkır" |  |
| | | | "Uçacaksın No. 2" |  |
| | | | "Ayrılmam No. 2" |  |
| | | | "Git No. 2" |  |
| | Yıldız Kaplan | *Işıl Işıl* | "Sayende" | Anna Vissi (composer) |
| 2006 | Gülben Ergen | *Gülben Ergen* | "Amor" |  |
| | | | "Belki" |  |
| 2007 | Aşkın Nur Yengi | *Aşk'ın Şarkıları* | "Hesap Ver" |  |
| | Tuğba Özerk | *Yıkıldı Duvarlarım* | "Yastık" 4:41 |  |
| | Zerrin Özer | *Ömür Geçiyor* | "Katmer Katmer" 5:00 |  |
| 2008 | Ajda Pekkan | *Aynen Öyle* | "Aynen Öyle" |  |
| | | | "Flu Gibi" |  |
| | | | "Gerisi Hikâye" |  |
| | | | "Hiçbir Şey Eskisi Gibi Olamaz" |  |
| | | | "Flu Gibi (remix)" |  |
| | Ayşe Özyılmazel | *Uzay Heparı – Sonsuza* | "Biçare" | Rony Uzay Heparı (composer) |
| | Yıldız Kaplan | *Motive* | "Motive" and "Motive (remix)" | Bülent Yetiş (lyricist along with Şehrazat), Bülent Yetiş (composer) |
| 2009 | Bengü | *İki Melek* | "Kocaman Öpüyorum" |  |
| | Sibel Can | *Benim Adım Aşk* | "Kalbimin Kıyıları" |  |
| 2010 | Bengü | *Sırada Sen Varsın (maxi single)* | "Sırada Sen Varsın" 3:51 |  |
| | | | "Sırada Sen Varsın (club mix)" 5:13 |  |
| | | | "Sırada Sen Varsın (Volga Tamöz version)" 4:18 | Volga Tamöz (remixer) |
| | | | "Yalansın" 4:16 |  |
| | | | "Yalansın (piano version)" 4:46 |  |
| | Gökhan Özen | *Başka* | "Teslim Al" 4:07 | Bülent Yetiş (composer along with Şehrazat) |
| | | "Ezdirmem" 4:33 |  |
| | Reyhan Karaca | *Yeniden* | "Yeniden" 3:36 |  |
| 2011 | Bengü | *Dört Dörtlük* | "Kadar (pop version by Volga Tamöz)" 05:13 | Volga Tamöz (remixer) |
| | | | "Dört Dörtlük" 05:05 |  |
| | | | "Kadar (slow version by Volga Tamöz)" 03:56 | Volga Tamöz (remixer) |
| 2012 | Mustafa Ceceli | *Es* | "Aşk Döşeği" 4:39 |  |
| | Reyhan Karaca | *Yaz (maxi single)* | "Sevmek En Büyük Devlet" |  |

## Awards

* Runner-up in Hey Magazine's List of Bests and Most Promising Female Singers in 1970 (969 votes)
* Yekta Okur Honorary Award of the 4th Kral TV Video and Music Awards (23 February 1998)
* Song of the Year Award of the 9th Kral TV Video and Music Awards, with the song "Abayı Yaktım" written and composed by Şehrazat (24 March 2003)

## Ancestors

## InfoBox

| Şehrazat | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Şehrazat Kemali Söylemezoğlu |
| Also known as | Şehro, Scheherazade, Şehrazad |
| Born | (1952-09-03) 3 September 1952
Ankara, Turkey |
| Origin | Istanbul, Ankara |
| Genres | Vocal jazz, Turkish music, traditional pop, third stream, synthpop, swing revival, soft rock, schlager, rhythm and blues, ragtime, psychedelic music, power pop, pop rock, jump blues, Italo disco, indie pop, glam rock, Europop, Euro disco, easy listening, disco house, deep house, dance-pop, cool jazz, chanson, Britpop, bebop, avant-garde jazz, Arabesque, Americana, a cappella |
| Occupation(s) | Businesswoman, celebutante, composer, lyricist, performance artist, record producer, singer-songwriter, soloist, television personality, vocalist |
| Instrument | Vocals |
| Years active | 1967–present |
| Labels | Odeon Records, EMI Music, Sony BMG Music Entertainment, Şehrazat Music, Disco Plak by Selahattin Beyazıt and Antuan Şoriz, İstanbul Gelişim Orchestra, Süheyl Denizci Orchestra, ... |


title: Niclas Jonasson

abstract: Niclas Jonasson is a Swedish orienteering competitor and world champion. He received a gold medal in sprint at the 2004 World Orienteering Championships, and gold medal in relay in 2003, as a member of the Swedish winning team. He received bronze medals in relay at the 2004 and 2006 world championships, and a gold medal in relay at the European Orienteering Championships in 2006.

text:
# Niclas Jonasson

**Niclas Jonasson** (born 14 June 1976) is a Swedish orienteering competitor and world champion.

He received a gold medal in *sprint* at the 2004 World Orienteering Championships, and gold medal in *relay* in 2003, as a member of the Swedish winning team. He received bronze medals in *relay* at the 2004 and 2006 world championships, and a gold medal in *relay* at the European Orienteering Championships in 2006.

## InfoBox

Niclas Jonasson
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | Swedish |
| Born | (1976-06-14) 14 June 1976 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Orienteering |
| Medal record      Men's orienteering  Representing  Sweden  World Championships  2003 Rapperswil-Jona  Relay  2004 Västerås  Sprint  2004 Västerås  Relay  2006 Aarhus  Relay  World Games  2001 Akita  Relay  European Championships  2006 Otepää  Relay | |


title: Leitchfield, Kentucky

abstract: Leitchfield is the county seat of Grayson County, Kentucky, United States. Leitchfield is a home rule-class city with a population of 6,404 as of the 2020 census.

text:
# Leitchfield, Kentucky

**Leitchfield** is the county seat of Grayson County, Kentucky, United States. Leitchfield is a home rule-class city with a population of 6,404 as of the 2020 census.

## History

The town was named for Major David Leitch, an aide to Gen. George Washington and the original owner of much land in the county, including the town site, at the eastern end of his holdings. The city was formally incorporated by the state assembly in 1866.

## Geography and Geology

Leitchfield lies in the Clifty Area, the sandstone-dominated belt that is usually classified as part of the West Kentucky Coal Field but separates the coalfield from the limestone-rich Pennyroyal Plateau. A fault running through the area puts limestone at or near the surface, and there are quarries west of town. The city is located along the Western Kentucky Parkway at the junction of Kentucky Route 259. U.S. Route 62 intersects 259 near the middle of town. Leitchfield is situated between Rough River Lake to the north and Nolin River Lake to the south.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 10.9 square miles (28.2 km2), of which 10.8 square miles (28.1 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km2), or 0.38%, is water.

### Climate

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Leitchfield has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1860 | 226 |  |  |
| 1870 | 314 |  | 38.9% |
| 1880 | 491 |  | 56.4% |
| 1890 | 821 |  | 67.2% |
| 1900 | 914 |  | 11.3% |
| 1910 | 1,053 |  | 15.2% |
| 1920 | 1,077 |  | 2.3% |
| 1930 | 950 |  | −11.8% |
| 1940 | 1,146 |  | 20.6% |
| 1950 | 1,312 |  | 14.5% |
| 1960 | 2,982 |  | 127.3% |
| 1970 | 2,983 |  | 0.0% |
| 1980 | 4,533 |  | 52.0% |
| 1990 | 4,965 |  | 9.5% |
| 2000 | 6,139 |  | 23.6% |
| 2010 | 6,699 |  | 9.1% |
| 2020 | 6,404 |  | −4.4% |
| 2022 (est.) | 6,432 |  | 0.4% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 6,139 people, 2,485 households, and 1,615 families residing in the city. The population density was 700.1 inhabitants per square mile (270.3/km2). There were 2,797 housing units at an average density of 319.0 per square mile (123.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.63% White, 1.56% African American, 0.26% Native American, 0.18% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.33% from other races, and 1.03% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.96% of the population.

There were 2,485 households, out of which 33.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.1% were married couples living together, 17.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.0% were non-families. 30.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.89.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.5% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 15.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.8 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $26,108, and the median income for a family was $32,398. Males had a median income of $27,958 versus $18,958 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,033. About 17.5% of families and 21.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.5% of those under age 18 and 16.1% of those age 65 or over.

## Education

Public education in Leitchfield is administered by Grayson County Public Schools, which operates Grayson County Middle School, H.W. Wilkey Elementary School, Oran P. Lawler Elementary School, and Grayson County High School. Leitchfield Christian Academy is a private institution.

In 1871 and 1872 there was a school in town for black students supported by the Freedmen's Aid Society.

Leitchfield has a lending library, the Grayson County Public Library.

## Arts and culture

The annual Twin Lakes National Fiddler Championship is held each year on the Court Square. Fiddlers from all over the state and region come to Leitchfield to compete for prize money. Thousands attended in the event that was held on July 20, 2013. For more information visit *Twin Lakes National Fiddler Championship*

Every year, Leitchfield hosts to the Grayson County Fair, which begins the week before Labor Day. The fair features a variety of festivities, including a demolition derby, carnival rides, truck and tractor pulls, field crop contests, and a beauty pageant. The County Fair officially concludes with an annual Labor Day parade.

What started as an ice cream social on the county square in 1992 has turned into a weekend-long festival. Every July, the Ice Cream Festival, now planned and operated by K105, features a beauty pageant, rides, games, a mixed doubles tennis tournament and the largest fireworks show in the area. At 6pm on the Saturday of the festival, free cups of ice cream are given to festival attendees. Each year, the fireworks show is given a theme. Recent themes include "Stars and Stripes Forever" and "Television Classics". In 2009, the event was replaced by Freedom Fest, which was hyped by the newspapers.

Each July, the Grayson County Agricultural Recreation Park in Leitchfield hosts the Grayson County 4-H and FFA Ag Fair. The event features farm and youth events and exhibits such as tractor driving contests, homemaker exhibits, and sheep, hog, horse, dairy and beef shows.

A Memorial Day Parade and Ceremony is held each year on the Saturday before Memorial Day. Hundreds march from the Leitchfield firehouse to the county square holding signs of local veterans who died in various conflicts. The ceremony consists of several speeches, the roll call of local veterans who died in the previous year, and the singing of the National Anthem and Amazing Grace. A cookout is held after the ceremony.

## Media

The city of Leitchfield is served by two newspapers, the *Grayson County News-Gazette* and *The Record*.

Leitchfield's radio stations are 104.9 WKHG-FM, a.k.a. K105, a Top 40 station, and 870 WMTL-AM, which plays country music and also 103.9 fm The Moose, which is a country channel that plays popular sports talk show Kentucky Sports Radio hosted by Matt Jones. Both stations are owned by Heritage Media of Kentucky. Also, WKHG carries the radio sports broadcasts for Grayson County High School, the University of Kentucky, and the Tennessee Titans.

## InfoBox

| Leitchfield, Kentucky | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Motto: City of Twin Lakes | |
| Location of Leitchfield in Grayson County, Kentucky. | |
| Coordinates: 37°29′1″N 86°17′38″W / 37.48361°N 86.29389°W / 37.48361; -86.29389 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kentucky |
| County | Grayson |
| Incorporated | 1866 |
| Named for | David Leitch |
| Government | |
| Type | Mayor-Council |
| Mayor | Harold Miller |
| Area | |
| Total | 10.79 sq mi (27.96 km2) |
| Land | 10.76 sq mi (27.86 km2) |
| Water | 0.04 sq mi (0.10 km2) |
| Elevation | 745 ft (227 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 6,404 |
| Estimate (2022) | 6,432 |
| Density | 595.33/sq mi (229.85/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP codes | 42726, 42054, 42755 |
| Area code(s) | 270 & 364 |
| FIPS code | 21-44686 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0496280 |
| Website | www.leitchfield.org |


title: Turtle Lake (Tbilisi)

abstract: Turtle Lake is a direct English translation of Kus Tba, a small lake at the outskirts of Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia. The other, less frequently used name of this lake is K'ork'i.

text:
# Turtle Lake (Tbilisi)

**Turtle Lake** is a direct English translation of **Kus Tba** (Georgian: კუს ტბა, romanized: k'us t'ba), a small lake at the outskirts of Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia. The other, less frequently used name of this lake is K'ork'i (ქორქის ტბა).

## Overview

Turtle Lake - or Kork Lake - is a lake in Georgia, in the city of Tbilisi. It is located southwest of the city center, on the northern slope of the Mtatsminda ridge, at an altitude of 686.7 m above sea level. Surface area 0.034 km, basin area 0.4 km, maximum depth 2.6 m, average depth 1.7 m. The length of the lake is 180 m and the width is 50 m. Placed in a small pan, it was formed by exotectonics - mainly as a result of landslide rocks.

Water from the Varaziskhevi river flows into the lake. In addition, Turtle Lake is fed by rain and groundwater. It is poor in fish. Vake Park joins the green massif of Turtle Lake and later the green area of the lake merges with Mtatsminda Park in a joint green massif. It is characterized by hilly plateau relief.

Turtle Lake and its surroundings are well maintained. Sports events are often held there. With the onset of summer, the swimming season on the lake begins. Along with the beach and open-air summer cafes and bars, Turtle Lake has a sports-recreational and cultural-recreational complex, including a mini-football stadium, a children's playground, a boating and professional concert stage with a pontoon, where various events are held during the season.

Turtle Lake is one of the most popular places for recreation and entertainment for Tbilisians, notably for its mild, continental, moderately dry climate, with winter mild, and light snow. In the northern part of the slope of Turtle Lake there is an open-air ethnographic museum, which is a miniature model of Georgia.

The cable car that connected Lake Turtle to the city center was built in the second half of the 20th century and operated until 2009. In 2016, an updated ropeway was opened. Two gondolas were launched on the new ropeway on Turtle Lake. It is possible to get to Turtle Lake from Ilia Chavchavadze Avenue in 6 minutes. Each gondola can accommodate 10-12 people, including one permanent dispenser. Gondolas and stations are adapted for people with disabilities.

It is noteworthy that in 2016, Gambusia fish were released into Turtle Lake to eat mosquitoes that spread the Zika virus. Within the framework of the memorandum signed between the Ministry and the Georgian Fishermen's Club, the members of the club transported Gambusia fish from western Georgia, in particular from Abasha, and dropped them into Turtle Lake.

## InfoBox

| Turtle Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| კუს ტბა (Georgian) | |
|  | |
| Turtle Lake | |
| Location | Outskirts of Tbilisi |
| Coordinates | 41°42′01″N 44°45′15″E / 41.70028°N 44.75417°E / 41.70028; 44.75417 |
| Type | Lake |
| Primary inflows | Varazis-Khevi River |
| Catchment area | 0.4 km2 (0.15 sq mi) |
| Basin countries | Georgia |
|  | |
| Max. length | 0.18 km (0.11 mi) |
| Max. width | 0.05 km (0.031 mi) |
| Surface area | 0.034 km2 (0.013 sq mi) |
| Max. depth | 2.6 m (8 ft 6 in) |
| Surface elevation | 686.7 m (2,253 ft) |


title: Something Wild (album)

abstract: Something Wild is the debut studio album by Finnish melodic death metal band Children of Bodom, released in 1997 in Finland, and in 1998 worldwide. Upon release, the album was met with universal acclaim. In 2020, it was named one of the 20 best metal albums of 1997 by Metal Hammer magazine.

text:
# Something Wild (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| Metalitalia | 9/10 |
| Metal Reviews | 85.25% |
| Ultimate Guitar | 8.4/10 |
| Metal.de | 10/10 |
| Metalfan | 91% |
| Metal1.info | 8.5/10 |

***Something Wild*** is the debut studio album by Finnish melodic death metal band Children of Bodom, released in 1997 in Finland, and in 1998 worldwide. Upon release, the album was met with universal acclaim. In 2020, it was named one of the 20 best metal albums of 1997 by *Metal Hammer* magazine.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Deadnight Warrior" | 3:22 |
| 2. | "In the Shadows" | 6:01 |
| 3. | "Red Light in My Eyes, Pt 1" | 4:28 |
| 4. | "Red Light in My Eyes, Pt 2" | 3:50 |
| 5. | "Lake Bodom" | 4:02 |
| 6. | "The Nail" | 6:18 |
| 7. | "Touch Like Angel of Death" (4:05 on reissues) | 7:57 |
| Total length: | | 35:57 |

Reissue
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 8. | "Silent Scream" (Slayer cover) | 3:17 |
| 9. | "Don't Stop at the Top" (Scorpions cover) | 3:24 |
| 10. | "Mass Hypnosis" (Sepultura cover) | 7:18 |

Spinefarm digipak reissue bonus tracks
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 8. | "Children of Bodom (Original Single Version)" | 5:10 |
| 9. | "Mass Hypnosis" (Sepultura cover) | 7:18 |

## Personnel

Production * Produced by Anssi Kippo, Alexi Laiho, Jaska Raatikainen, and Children of Bodom
* Recorded and mixed by Anssi Kippo
* Assistant engineer – Jokke Ryhanen
* Assistant mixing engineer – Pasi Karppa
* Cover photo by Graham French
* Band photography by Toni Harkonen
* Cover artwork by Flo V. Schwarz (aka Flea Black)

## Charts

| Chart (2021) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista) | 3 |

## InfoBox

| Something Wild | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Children of Bodom | |
| Released | 16 November 1997 |
| Recorded | JulyAugust 1997 |
| Studio | Astia-Studios |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 35:57 |
| Label | Spinefarm, Nuclear Blast |
| Producer | Anssi Kippo, Children of Bodom |
| Children of Bodom chronology | |
| ***Something Wild***
(1997) *Hatebreeder*
(1999) | |


title: Mawé people

abstract: The Mawé, also known as the Sateré or Sateré-Mawé, are an indigenous people of Brazil living in the state of Amazonas. They have an estimated population of about 13,350. The Sateré-Mawé were the first to domesticate and cultivate guaraná, a popular stimulant.

text:
# Mawé people

The **Mawé**, also known as the **Sateré** or **Sateré-Mawé**, are an indigenous people of Brazil living in the state of Amazonas. They have an estimated population of about 13,350. The Sateré-Mawé were the first to domesticate and cultivate guaraná, a popular stimulant.

## Name

The name "Sateré-Mawé" comes from *Sateré*, meaning "caterpillar of fire", and *Mawé*, meaning "intelligent and curious parrot".

They are also called Maué, Mawé, Mabue, Maragua, Sataré, Andira, Arapium.

## Language

The Mawé speak the Sateré-Mawé language, which belongs to the Tupian family. A grammar book was developed for the language in 1986.

## Initiation rites

The Sateré-Mawé people intentionally use bullet ant stings as part of their initiation rites to become a warrior. The ants are first rendered unconscious by submerging them in a natural sedative and then hundreds of them are woven into a glove made out of leaves (which resembles a large oven mitt), stinger facing inward. When the ants regain consciousness, the boy slips the glove onto his hand. The goal of this initiation rite is to keep the glove on for a full ten minutes. When finished, the boy's hand and part of his arm are temporarily paralyzed due to the ant venom. In addition to suffering intense pain, he may hallucinate and shake uncontrollably for days. The only "protection" provided is a coating of charcoal on the hands, supposedly to confuse the ants and inhibit their stinging. To fully complete the initiation, however, the boys must go through the ordeal a total of 20 times over the course of several months.

## Further reading

* Alvarez, Gabriel O. Pós-dradiviano: parentesco e ritual. : sistem de parentesco e rituais de afinabilidade os sateré-mawé. Série Antropologia (Brasília, Brazil), no.403. Brasília: Departamento de Antropologia, Universidade de Brasília, 2006.
* Garfield, S. (2022). *Guaraná: How Brazil Embraced the World’s Most Caffeine-Rich Plant*. University of North Carolina Press.
* Gordon, Nick, Hildy Rubin, and Jessica Siegel. Gremlins Faces in the Forest. Nature video library. South Burlington, VT: WNET/Thirteen, 1998. (video - Satere Mawe customs involving marmosets)
* Groes-Green, Christian. Courageous Caterpillars and Images of the Whiteman: Storytelling and Exchange as Indigenous Strategies in the Face of Discrimination in Manaus, Brazil. MA Thesis, Department of Anthropology. Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen (Denmark), 2002.
* Lattas, Andrew. "Anthropological Knowledge, Secrecy and Bolivip, Papua New Guinea: Exchanging Skin." *Ethnos* 74.3 (2009): 433-435. doi:10.1080/00141840903305075
* Lorenz, Sônia da Silva. Sateré-Mawé: os filhos do guaraná. Coleção Projetos, 1. São Paulo, SP, Brasil: Centro de Trabalho Indigenista, 1992.
* Salzano F. M., T.A. Weimer, M.H.L.P. Franco, and M.H. Hutz. "Demography and Genetics of the Sateré-Mawé and their Bearing on the Differentiation of the Tupi Tribes of South America." *Journal of Human Evolution* 14.7 (1985): 647-655. doi:10.1016/S0047-2484(85)80073-7
* Vilaça, Aparecida, and Robin Wright. *Native Christians: Modes and Effects of Christianity Among Indigenous Peoples of the Americas*. Vitality of indigenous religions. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate, 2008.
* Uggé, Henrique. *Mitología sateré-maué.* Quito, Ecuador: Ediciones ABYA-YALA, 1991.

## InfoBox

Mawé
| Guaraná (*Paullinia cupana*), which the Sateré-Mawé are known for domesticating | |
| --- | --- |
| Total population | |
| 13,350 (2012) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Brazil ( Amazonas) | |
| Languages | |
| Sateré-Mawé, Portuguese | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity | |


abstract: The Cyclopedia Talislanta Volume II: The Seven Kingdoms is a supplement published by Bard Games in 1989 for the fantasy role-playing game Talislanta.

text:
# The Cyclopedia Talislanta Volume II: The Seven Kingdoms

***The Cyclopedia Talislanta Volume II: The Seven Kingdoms*** is a supplement published by Bard Games in 1989 for the fantasy role-playing game *Talislanta*.

## Contents

*The Cyclopedia Talislanta Volume II: The Seven Kingdoms* is a campaign setting supplement that details the seven kingdoms, with information on new regional types and two adventure scenarios.

## Publication history

Bard Games published the role-playing game *Talislanta* in 1987. Over the next three years, the company published six volumes of supplemental information about the setting in their *Cyclopedia Talislanta* series. The second in the series, *The Cyclopedia Talislanta Volume II: The Seven Kingdoms*, was written by Thomas M. Kane, Anthony Pryor, Curtis M. Scott, and Craig Sheeley, and edited by W.G. Armintrout and Stephan Michael Sechi. Artwork was by Ron Spencer, Patty Sechi, Richard Thomas, and Stephan Michael Sechi. It was published by Bard Games in 1989 as a 72-page softcover book.

## Reception

Stewart Wieck reviewed the product in the February–March 1990 issue of *White Wolf*. He praised its illustrations and "wondrous array of material" while noting its adventures were "short and a little too sketchy". He rated it overall at a 4 out of 5 possible points.

## Reviews

## InfoBox

The Cyclopedia Talislanta
| Cover art, 1989 | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Role-playing games |
| Publisher | Bard Games |
| Publication date | 1990 |
| Media type | book |


title: Viernau

abstract: Viernau is a village and a former municipality in the district Schmalkalden-Meiningen, in Thuringia, Germany. Since 1 January 2019, it is part of the town Steinbach-Hallenberg.

text:
# Viernau

**Viernau** is a village and a former municipality in the district Schmalkalden-Meiningen, in Thuringia, Germany. Since 1 January 2019, it is part of the town Steinbach-Hallenberg.

## InfoBox

| Viernau | |
| --- | --- |
| Ortsteil of Steinbach-Hallenberg | |
|  | |
| Location of Viernau | |
| Viernau Viernau | |
| Coordinates: 50°39′59″N 10°33′13″E / 50.66639°N 10.55361°E / 50.66639; 10.55361 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Thuringia |
| District | Schmalkalden-Meiningen |
| Town | Steinbach-Hallenberg |
| Area | |
| Total | 15.85 km2 (6.12 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 400 m (1,300 ft) |
| Population (2017-12-31) | |
| Total | 1,926 |
| Density | 120/km2 (310/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 98547 |
| Dialling codes | 036847 |
| Vehicle registration | SM |
| Website | www.viernau.de |


title: Muszynka

abstract: Muszynka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krynica-Zdrój, within Nowy Sącz County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland, close to the border with Slovakia. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south-east of Krynica-Zdrój, 37 km (23 mi) south-east of Nowy Sącz, and 110 km (68 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kraków.

text:
# Muszynka

**Muszynka** \[muˈʂɨŋka\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krynica-Zdrój, within Nowy Sącz County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland, close to the border with Slovakia. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south-east of Krynica-Zdrój, 37 km (23 mi) south-east of Nowy Sącz, and 110 km (68 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kraków.

## InfoBox

| Muszynka | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Saint John the Evangelist Church | |
| Muszynka | |
| Coordinates: 49°23′N 21°3′E / 49.383°N 21.050°E / 49.383; 21.050 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lesser Poland |
| County | Nowy Sącz |
| Gmina | Krynica-Zdrój |
| Population | 410 |


title: North Yelm, Washington

abstract: North Yelm is a census-designated place (CDP) in Thurston County, Washington, United States. The population was 3,140 at the 2020 census. The community borders Yelm and is situated near the intersection of Washington State Route 507 and SR 510.

text:
# North Yelm, Washington

**North Yelm** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Thurston County, Washington, United States. The population was 3,140 at the 2020 census. The community borders Yelm and is situated near the intersection of Washington State Route 507 and SR 510.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.4 square miles (8.8 km2), all of it land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1990 | 2,075 |  |  |
| 2000 | 2,793 |  | 34.6% |
| 2010 | 2,906 |  | 4.0% |
| 2020 | 3,140 |  | 8.1% |
| U.S. Decennial Census
2020 Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,793 people, 1,006 households, and 751 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 825.6 people per square mile (319.0/km2). There were 1,100 housing units at an average density of 325.2/sq mi (125.7/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 89.5% White, 1.0% African American, 2.2% Native American, 1.5% Asian, 0.8% Pacific Islander, 1.2% from other races, and 3.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.0% of the population.

There were 1,006 households, out of which 36.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.0% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.3% were non-families. 19.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.11.

In the CDP, the age distribution of the population shows 29.2% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 30.4% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 11.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.7 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $36,833, and the median income for a family was $39,678. Males had a median income of $30,763 versus $22,310 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $17,765. About 12.5% of families and 15.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.0% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

## InfoBox

| North Yelm, Washington | |
| --- | --- |
| CDP | |
| Location of North Yelm, Washington | |
| Coordinates: 46°57′32″N 122°35′48″W / 46.95889°N 122.59667°W / 46.95889; -122.59667 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Washington |
| County | Thurston |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.4 sq mi (8.8 km2) |
| Land | 3.4 sq mi (8.8 km2) |
| Water | 0.0 sq mi (0.0 km2) |
| Elevation | 295 ft (90 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 3,140 |
| Density | 825.6/sq mi (318.8/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-8 (Pacific (PST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-7 (PDT) |
| ZIP code | 98597 |
| Area code(s) | 360, 564 |
| FIPS code | 53-50210 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1867625 |


title: Čečkovice

abstract: Čečkovice is a municipality and village in Havlíčkův Brod District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 90 inhabitants. Čečkovice lies approximately 21 kilometres (13 mi) north of Havlíčkův Brod, 44 km (27 mi) north of Jihlava, and 96 km (60 mi) east of Prague.

text:
# Čečkovice

**Čečkovice** (Czech pronunciation: \[ˈtʃɛtʃkovɪtsɛ\]) is a municipality and village in Havlíčkův Brod District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 90 inhabitants.

Čečkovice lies approximately 21 kilometres (13 mi) north of Havlíčkův Brod, 44 km (27 mi) north of Jihlava, and 96 km (60 mi) east of Prague.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 200 |  |
| 1880 | 215 | +7.5% |
| 1890 | 204 | −5.1% |
| 1900 | 161 | −21.1% |
| 1910 | 179 | +11.2% |
| 1921 | 189 | +5.6% |
| 1930 | 179 | −5.3% |
| 1950 | 142 | −20.7% |
| 1961 | 157 | +10.6% |
| 1970 | 143 | −8.9% |
| 1980 | 111 | −22.4% |
| 1991 | 103 | −7.2% |
| 2001 | 97 | −5.8% |
| 2011 | 84 | −13.4% |
| 2021 | 87 | +3.6% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## InfoBox

| Čečkovice | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Municipal office | |
|  | |
| ČečkoviceLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 49°47′5″N 15°39′50″E / 49.78472°N 15.66389°E / 49.78472; 15.66389 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | Vysočina |
| District | Havlíčkův Brod |
| First mentioned | 1542 |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.43 km2 (0.94 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 405 m (1,329 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 90 |
| Density | 37/km2 (96/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 583 01 |
| Website | www.ceckovice.cz |


title: Nicholas J. J. Smith

abstract:
Nicholas Jeremy Josef Smith is an Australian philosopher and Professor of Philosophy at the University of Sydney.
He is a fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities and a former President of the Australasian Association for Logic.
Smith is known for his research on logics. He is a lecturer for the popular PHIL1012: Introductory Logic course at the University of Sydney, which broke records in 2021 as the largest course by enrolments in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences.

text:
# Nicholas J. J. Smith

**Nicholas Jeremy Josef Smith** (born 1972) is an Australian philosopher and Professor of Philosophy at the University of Sydney. He is a fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities and a former President of the Australasian Association for Logic. Smith is known for his research on logics. He is a lecturer for the popular PHIL1012: Introductory Logic course at the University of Sydney, which broke records in 2021 as the largest course by enrolments in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences.

## Books

## InfoBox

| **Nick Smith** | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1972 |
| Education | Princeton University (PhD), University of Sydney (BA) |
| Awards | Australian Academy of the Humanities fellowship |
|  | |
| Era | 21st-century philosophy |
| Region | Western philosophy |
| School | Analytic |
| Institutions | University of Sydney |
| Thesis | *Vagueness* (2001) |
| Doctoral advisor | Gideon Rosen, John P. Burgess |
| Main interests | philosophy of language, logic |
| Notable ideas | degree-based theory of vagueness |
|  | |


title: Lenni Brenner

abstract: Lenni Brenner, formerly known as Leonard Glaser or Lenny Glaser, is an American Trotskyist writer. In the 1960s, Brenner was a prominent civil rights movement activist and vocal opponent of the Vietnam War. Since the 1980s, his activism has focused on anti-Zionism. He has published widely on the history of Zionism, in particular asserting that the movement collaborated with the Nazis.

text:
# Lenni Brenner

**Lenni Brenner** (born 1937), formerly known as **Leonard Glaser** or **Lenny Glaser**, is an American Trotskyist writer. In the 1960s, Brenner was a prominent civil rights movement activist and vocal opponent of the Vietnam War. Since the 1980s, his activism has focused on anti-Zionism. He has published widely on the history of Zionism, in particular asserting that the movement collaborated with the Nazis.

## Early life

Brenner was born into an Orthodox Jewish family in 1937. He says he developed an early interest in history from reading Hendrik Willem van Loon's *The Story of Mankind* at age seven, which his brother had received as a bar mitzvah present. He had no interest in Jewish issues until around 1973, since, Brenner has remarked, he hailed from a milieu that frequented the synagogue only until the bar mitzvah rite was completed.

## Political activity

Brenner has recounted that his involvement with the Civil Rights Movement began when he met James Farmer of the Congress of Racial Equality, later the organizer of the Freedom Rides of the early 1960s. He also worked with Bayard Rustin, later the organizer of Martin Luther King Jr.'s 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Brenner was arrested three times during civil rights sit-ins in the San Francisco Bay Area, In an article in the San Francisco Examiner Brenner, together with Mike Myerson, was identified as a member of the W.E.B. Du Bois youth wing of the Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA) within the *Ad Hoc Committee to End Discrimination* (AHCED).

### Berkeley 1964, arrest and imprisonment

Brenner, then known as Glaser, came to Berkeley in 1962. A bid to enroll in the orthodox Trotskyist Socialist Workers Party was rejected though he was permitted to join its youth branch, from which he was expelled for ignoring an order that he desist from talking about drug reform at street rallies. In February 1964, he was arrested on a drug charge and put on probation for marijuana possession.

Though a non-student, Brenner at UC had become by this time a long-time campus orator, a familiar if solitary figure on the Berkeley campus (UC), where he delivered passionate tirades to passing students while protesting issues like Kennedy's handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis and the papal opposition to birth control, while also advocating for the legalization of marijuana. On the missile crisis he once delivered a non-stop speech from noon to midnight at Bancroft and Telegraph Avenue in 1962. That venue was not thought to be on University property. The UC, under Chancellor Clark Kerr, who believed Communist influence lay behind the Free Speech Movement (FSM), had recently banned political activities on campus, and speakers were obliged to address passers-by outside, on city-owned property, though card-tables with leaflets were permitted a few steps inside. On September 14, 1964, the University administration extended its ban, in effect from the 21st., to these card tables on the 26 foot brick walkway, technically also University property, just outside the campus entrance. The tightening of this regulation triggered a wave of defiance, with students challenging the order by moving the card-tables inside the campus grounds.

On October 1, 1964, Jack Weinberg a student of mathematics who had graduated with great distinction, challenged the ruling by setting up one such card table in Sproul Plaza. He was collecting funds for Congress of Racial Equality(CORE): a number of campus activists at the time, including philosophy student Mario Savio, were spending their summers aiding the civil rights movement to get Afro-Americans to register for a vote in the face of Ku Klux Klan violence.

After Weinberg refused to identify himself to emissaries of the dean, a lieutenant from the campus police was called in and informed him of the infraction. Outnumbered, the policeman then left and came back with three more officers who arrested Weinberg for trespass and for violating the regulation against political activity. Weinberg, using a passive disobedience technique, went limp and had to be hauled to a police car, which was almost immediately encircled by hundreds of students. Brenner, In what has been described as an "historic event," is generally reported to have been the first in the crowd to try and physically block the exit of the police vehicle detaining Weinberg by Weinberg by rolling under it. Several hundred joined him and the car remained "entrapped" for 32 hours. In response, 643 police were assembled on the campus by 2 October. The hood of the car was turned into a platform where Savio, and one source claims Brenner himself, made speeches and Joan Baez sang before a growing student crowd of thousands.

Brenner, though present, later stated he was opposed to the ensuing demonstration, and that he had approached the car and asked Weinberg if he wanted to get out. Weinberg replied negatively saying that his presence there was of symbolic value. The University authorities regarded Brenner as a trouble-maker. Some days after the incident, the University police contacted Brenner's probation officer expressing concern that his exceptional rhetorical talents might induce "mob action or violence" on the campus. According to David Goines, Brenner was then arrested when a policemen observed him accepting a beer from a passer-by and charged him with drinking in public. This charge signified legally that he had violated the terms of his three year probation.

Lewis Feuer frequently referred to Brenner (Glaser) as the nihilistic Nechayev of the FSM, the evil genius behind the movement. The UC sent a representative to testify against Brenner's probation while Brenner was denied the right to call witnesses on his own behalf. The court ruling revoked his probation on the grounds that he had obstructed police in the execution of their duties. He was sentenced to 1 to 10 years' imprisonment. Brenner's appeal against his conviction was turned down by Judge Richard Sims who however, according to Brenner, wrote that he was troubled by Judge Dieden's ruling. For Sims, Brenner was not a felon. If he were mentally ill, referral to an appropriate institution would have been proper. Were he a trespassing social malcontent, he should have been judged for a normal misdemeanour.

UC faculty scholar William Petersen wrote an extensive report on the incident which, on 17 May 1965, was read into a Senate inquiry into putative Communist influence on American universities into internal security laws. In it Petersen described Brenner as a convicted narcotics user who assaulted police. Brenner subsequently spent 39 months in jail at California Men's Colony. In the Oakland lockup, while waiting to be sent to the state penitentiary, he met and had intense discussions with Huey Newton. He recalls that his time in prison enabled him to read widely in the library, enjoy free medical care, and engage with some of the "most impressive & intelligent people" he encountered in the 60s decade.

Brenner was released on January 22, 1968, after serving a term of 3 years and 3 months. In a memoir of the period, one of the FSM leaders, Michael Rossman argued that the movement, in failing to stand by Brenner when he was targeted by the authorities, had effectively betrayed him and his distinctive campus voice.

## Latter activism

Brenner joined in the Free Speech Movement when it emerged on campus in the mid-1960s. He was an anti-war activist during the Vietnam War. In 1968 he co-founded the *National Association for Irish Justice*, the American affiliate of the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association.

In the 1990s, he and the Black Power leader Kwame Ture (aka Stokely Carmichael) co-founded a *Committee against Zionism and Racism*. They also published *The Anti-War Activist*. In the early 2000s, he also became active in endeavouring to organize a *Coalition for Narcotic Law Reform* in the US.

Brenner spoke at an Israeli Apartheid Week event in 2011 at Berlin, Connecticut.

## Writing

His books have been widely translated and reviewed in 11 languages. His books have been reviewed in the London *Times*, the *London Review of Books*, *Booklist* magazine, and the *Washington Report on Middle East Affairs*.

His articles have also appeared in publications related to the Middle East and identifying with the political left, including *The Nation*, *Amsterdam News*, *Atlanta Constitution*, *Washington Report on Middle East Affairs*, *Middle East Policy*, *Journal of Palestine Studies*, *New Statesman*, *Al-Fajr* and *United Irishman*.

The Institute for Historical Review, a Holocaust denial platform, has cited, promoted, and sold Brenner's work. Brenner has opposed his work being used by those on the far right, and those engaged in Holocaust denial. Antisemitism scholar Kenneth S. Stern has described Brenner as antisemitic. Brenner says that since he is Jewish, rather than being called an "anti-Semite", he is often called a "self-hating Jew".

Anti-Zionist activist Uri Davis positively reviewed both *Zionism in the Age of the Dictators* (1983) and *The Iron Wall* (1984) for *Race and Class*. He said that both works contained invaluable information and documentation, but had uneven quality. In Davis's view, the former book was an important "work informed by the moral and the political insight of the author as an anti-Zionist scholar". Davis found the thrust of the latter study, despite its impeccable documentation, somewhat weakened by passages of "pseudo-Freudian causal explanations" that Brenner wrote to supplement his political analysis. Secondly Davis says that Brenner makes "repeated irresponsible political statements verging on the nonsensensical", such as Brenner's notion that, were it not for the presence of the British army, the tiny Zionist yishuv would have been driven into the sea.

In 2016, British socialist politician Ken Livingstone praised Brenner's book *Zionism in the Age of the Dictators* while defending comments he made about Adolf Hitler which were widely considered antisemitic, helping to spark a controversy about Antisemitism in the UK Labour Party. Historian of Nazi Germany Michael Burleigh said that Brenner and Livingstone "strain\[ed\] the objectively episodic and marginal into something maliciously significant".

## Bibliography

Brenner has authored, co-authored and edited a number of books:

* *Zionism in the Age of the Dictators* – which argued that many Zionist leaders collaborated with fascism, particularly Nazi Germany in order to build up the Jewish presence in Palestine. First printed in 1983, reprinted in 2014. It has been translated into Japanese: *Fuashizumu jidai no shionizumu,* by Shiba Kensuke (芝健介), Hōsei Daigaku 2001, German (in a revised edition), as *Zionismus und Faschismus: über die unheimliche Zusammenarbeit von Zionisten und Faschisten,* tr. Verena Gajewski Homilius, Kai, Berlin 2007, and Spanish as *Sionismo y Fascismo,* by Luis César Bou, Bósforo Libros, Madrid, 2010.
* *The Iron Wall: Zionist Revisionism from Jabotinsky to Shamir*, first published in 1984 by Zed Books, London.
* *Jews in America Today*
* *The Lesser Evil* (1988) – a study of the United States Democratic Party
* *51 Documents: Zionist Collaboration with the Nazis* (2002) Barricade Books – This book has been translated to Spanish by Luis César Bou as *51 Documentos Sobre la Colaboración Sionista con los Nazis* Editorial Canaán, Buenos Aires, 2012. – translations of many of the documents quoted in *Zionism in the Age of the Dictators* and *The Iron Wall*
* *Jefferson & Madison On Separation of Church and State: Writings on Religion and Secularism*
* *Black Liberation and Palestine Solidarity* (2013)– a collection of selected essays that "discusses the historical response of African American freedom movements to the colonial settler state of Israel and its role in American Imperialism in the Middle East."

## Wider views

* Brenner is said to have read legal works extensively during his incarceration, and to have become contemptuous of law generally and the Supreme Court in particular (making an exception of the Fourth Chief Justice of the United States, John Marshall. In his view
> The wind blows a piece of paper into the law courts and it takes a yoke of oxen to get it out.
* In protesting the ban on marijuana use, Brenner framed his case in terms of the United States Constitution. The personal use of marijuana was a widespread, "trivial" and customary habit and, he argued, therefore was protected by the unenumerated rights alluded to in the 9th Amendment, according to which, "(t)he enumeration in the constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the People."

### Citations

1. Brenner 2014.
2. Brenner 2004a.
3. Deutsch 2010, p. 122.
4. Garson 1968, p. 3.
5. Brenner 2004b.
6. Heirich 1971, p. 150.
7. Wood 1980, p. 180.
8. Rossman 2002, pp. 210–213.
9. Cohen 2013, p. 552.
10. Freeman 2004, pp. 11, 144–145, 165–166, 195.
11. Rosenfeld 2012, pp. 153–154.
12. Freeman 2004, p. 154.
13. Hijiya 1988, p. 48.
14. Davidson 1997, p. 77.
15. Petersen 1966, p. 18.
16. Rorabaugh 1989, pp. 129–130.
17. Lipset 1972, p. 98.
18. Feuer 1969, p. 448.
19. Klein 1965.
20. Goines 1993, p. 185.
21. Kennedy 2016a.
22. Brenner 2005b.
23. Garson 1968, p. 1.
24. Fox 2008.
25. Sligo 2005a.
26. Brenner.
27. Quinn 2016.
28. Stern 1993, p. 56.
29. Davis 1985, pp. 91–96.
30. Davis 1985, p. 95.
31. Davis 1985, pp. 95–96.
32. Kennedy 2016b.
33. Stoetzler 2019, p. 23.
34. Burleigh 2016.
35. Mortimer 1984, p. 14.
36. Brenner & Quest 2013.

## Sources


title: Turtle Lake Lodge

abstract: Turtle Lake Lodge is a former organized hamlet of the Rural Municipality of Parkdale No. 498 that is now part of the Resort Village of Turtle View in Saskatchewan, Canada. It is located on the eastern shore of Turtle Lake, approximately 209 kilometres (130 mi) northwest of Saskatoon.

text:
# Turtle Lake Lodge

**Turtle Lake Lodge** is a former organized hamlet of the Rural Municipality of Parkdale No. 498 that is now part of the Resort Village of Turtle View in Saskatchewan, Canada. It is located on the eastern shore of Turtle Lake, approximately 209 kilometres (130 mi) northwest of Saskatoon.

## History

Turtle Lake Lodge amalgamated with the nearby Organized Hamlet of Indian Point – Golden Sands on January 1, 2020, to form the Resort Village of Turtle View.

## InfoBox

| Turtle Lake Lodge | |
| --- | --- |
| Former organized hamlet | |
| Turtle Lake LodgeTurtle Lake Lodge | |
| Coordinates: 53°18′50″N 108°24′50″W / 53.314°N 108.414°W / 53.314; -108.414 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Saskatchewan |
| Census division | 17 |
| Rural municipality | Parkdale No. 498 |
| Amalgamated | January 1, 2020 |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Area code | 306 |
| Highway(s) | Highway 697 |
| Waterway(s) | Turtle Lake |


title: Some of Tim's Stories

abstract: Some of Tim's Stories is a novel written by S.E Hinton, author of the award-winning novel The Outsiders. Published in 2007, Some of Tim’s Stories is a collection of 14 intertwined, short stories that explores the lives of two cousins-Mike and Terry. The title character, Tim, is a bartender and is also the author of these stories.

text:
# Some of Tim's Stories

***Some of Tim's Stories*** is a novel written by S.E Hinton, author of the award-winning novel *The Outsiders*. Published in 2007, *Some of Tim’s Stories* is a collection of 14 intertwined, short stories that explores the lives of two cousins-Mike and Terry. The title character, Tim, is a bartender and is also the author of these stories.

## Plot summary

Mike and Terry are cousins that are as close as brothers, whose fathers are killed in a car accident during their youth. When they are both 25, a drug deal goes wrong: Terry is imprisoned, but Mike gets away. Mike works as a bartender in Oklahoma. The short stories include flashbacks, remembering Mike's childhood and young adult life and shows how one tragedy changed their lives.

The second half of the book includes interviews with the author, S.E Hinton, in which she discusses her earlier novels, the movies based on the books, and her idea for the title of *Some of Tim’s Stories.*

## Short stories

* *The Missed Trip*-(Aged 10) Every October, since they were twelve years old, Mike and Terry's fathers have gone on a hunting trip. Mike and Terry want to go with them but they are not allowed to go for another two years; Mike's father even says: “Don’t be too anxious for this, Michael. It’s the beginning of the end of childhood.” Despite the fact Mike and Terry were not allowed to go, the trip turned out to be “the beginning of the end of \[their\] childhood” because their fathers were killed in a car accident.
* *Full Moon Birthday*\- (Aged 21) On Mike's twenty-first birthday Terry says: “It’s Friday the thirteenth, a full moon, and your twenty-first birthday. Anything could happen...” (p. 7) After Terry is caught kissing a girl in a bar, Mike and Terry have to run through the woods and jump into an icy river to avoid her boyfriend and his angry friends. A woman with a husky voice named Chris offers a shivering Mike and Terry a ride. She takes them back to her place and gives them some of her ex-husband's clothes.

It is alluded to that Terry and Chris have a sexual encounter; and Mike wishes on the full moon that he would “...see Terry get worried” The next morning, they return to the bar to retrieve their truck and grab lunch. The waitress there tells them that the city is the “...sex-change capital of the world.” He asks Terry he thinks Chris is actually a man. While revealing to the reader that he knows Chris is a woman, he celebrates the fact that he finally saw Terry worried.

* *Different Shorelines*-This story goes through four different seasons at the lake.

Spring 1987-Mike and Terry collapse onto the shore after a race which Mike won. They talk about how they skipped school for the day; and even though they could get home without being caught, Mike would rather stay and fish. “It was a real nice day for the lake.” Summer 1994-Mike and Terry speak about owning a boat and a truck. Terry reminds him that they will soon have enough money for both, but Mike seems uneasy about where the money will be coming from. Fall 1996-Mike is at the lake with his Aunt Jelly. Aunt Jelly reminisces about the days when she would take Mike and Terry there as children. Mike, however, could only think about where Terry was at that moment. Winter 1999-Mike walks along the shore alone. He threw a stick for his dog, Amos, to fetch. When Amos returned, he put his head on Mike’s knee and whined. Mike got up for work, knowing something was his fault. * *The Will*\- (Aged 23) Mike goes to the reading of his mother's will. Mike's relationship with his mother turned bitter after she was remarried; however, because of Terry's persistence, he still went to see her in the hospital before she died. To the shock of Mike and his step-father, Mike's mother had left the house to him. Mike tells his step-father he has 24 hours to move out of the house; “Those were the exact same words he had heard six years before, when he thought he had left that house forever.”
* *What’s Your Poison*-(Aged 28) Mike has been working as a bartender and bouncer at a bar for three years. In those three years, “He had gotten real good at knowing what people wanted.” His job was to give to “Give people what they were thirsty for” whether it was a beer or a listening ear.
* *The Girl Who Loved Movies*-The narrator is talking about the only girl who he was ever in love with. She loved movies, and while she would sit and talk about the actors and how each movie was made, he would sit and watch her.
* *Sentenced*-Because he feels so guilty, everything in Mike's life reminds him of Terry. He had even broken up with his girlfriend because Mike couldn't handle the idea of Terry being alone in jail. While visiting his Aunt Jelly, Mike recounts the day Terry was arrested. He and Terry had been waiting in a deserted parking lot for the drug dealers they were doing business with. Mike goes across the street to the Jiffy Mart for a slurpie. While waiting for the clerk to ring up his purchase, Mike sees the police lights down the alleyway where he had been moments before with Terry. When questioned, Mike said he was at home watching television; his alibi fit with Terry's story that he was alone in the drug deal. Mike did not go to Terry's sentencing.
* *After the Party*-Mike has thrown a bachelor party for his friend Cody. Everybody who had gone said it was a great party.
* *Jailed*-Ed arrives at Mike's house uninvited with a pizza and whiskey; the two talk about the events that took place the night before. Mike tries to throw an unruly customer out of the bar, but the man punches him. Mike and the man fight and Mike was put into handcuffs by a police officer. Ed assures him that the man will drop all the charges. Mike talks to Ed about Terry and Ed tells him that Terry may still come out of his sentence alright. Then, Mike passes out.
* *Class Time*-Mike has begun taking classes at a community college, and taking the suggestion of a good-looking woman, he signs up for the American Short Story class. He arrives at the first class to realize that the good-looking woman was the teacher of the class. He watched her and sometimes “he could feel her watching him” too.
* *Visit*-This story recounts the first time Mike went to visit Terry in prison. They talk for a bit but each discussion only ended in silence. They have always been able to share everything, and: “...they should be sharing this- but Mike was walking free.” Mike tries apologizing to Tim for getting out of the jail sentence, but Tim tells him he is thankful that Mike isn't with him.
* *The Sweetest Sound*-This story is a flashback to a night in Mike's childhood, in which he was woken up by shouts coming from his father while he slept. Mike's mother said he “...was having a bad dream.” Mike's father calls him over, and hugs him tightly and listens to his heartbeat; “It was the sweetest sound...” When he lets Mike go, Mike's father plays with military tags around his neck.
* *Homecoming*-(Aged 29) A party is thrown for Terry's release from prison and homecoming. Although Terry seems worn out, Mike is assured that“\[prison\] didn't break him.”
* *No White Light No Tunnel*-Mike is cleaning up the tables after closing at the bar when door opens. He turns to see a .38 gun being pointed at him, and the man holding it demands money. Next thing he knows, Mike is lying on the floor and “....felt like someone had slammed him in the chest with a tire iron.” Ed comes out of the back room and chases the robber out into the parking lot where he shoots him. Ed tries to keep Mike calm so they talk. Mike remembers and is comforted by his father’s idea of God; “God would like to help people...People make their own hell. God doesn’t send them there.” Ed tells Mike to focus on one thing he is afraid of but can “...handle if he concentrates” and Mike says he is afraid he is going to scream when the medics try to move him. Ed tells him to focus on that.

## Main characters

* Mike-narrator. Best friend and cousin of Terry; he works as a drug dealer until Terry is arrested. After the arrest, Mike works as a bartender. His guilt causes him to drink excessively and even breaks up with the woman he loves because he cannot handle the idea that he is happy while Terry is imprisoned.
* Terry-Best friend and cousin of Mike; he is very talkative and very rarely gets worried or anxious. He works as a drug dealer and is arrested in a drug bust.

## Minor characters (in order of appearance)

* Mike's father: appeared in *The Missed Trip* and *The Sweetest Sound*.
* Uncle TJ-Terry's father; appeared in *The Missed Trip*.
* Mike's Mother: appeared in *The Missed Trip*, *The Will*, and *The Sweetest Sound*.
* Aunt Jelly-Terry's mother; appeared in *The Missed Trip*, *Different Shorelines*, and *Sentenced*.
* Ed-Mike's older coworker at the bar; appeared in *What’s Your Poison*, *Jailed*, and *No White Light No Tunnel*.
* Amber-The girl who Mike fell in love with; appeared in *The Girl Who Loved Movies* and *Class Time*.

## Title explained

Although the collection is called *Some of Tim’s Stories*, Tim is never mentioned in any of the stories. In an interview conducted by Teresa Miller, founder and executive director of the Oklahoma Center for Poets and Writers, S.E Hinton explained: “Tim is the author of these stories. I took a roundabout way of writing in first person, using a narrator who writes his stories in third person...\[Tim\] went to a community college...got interested in short stories and decided to write about his life. But he disguised the stories.”

## Reviews

*The New York Times*-“*Some of Tim’s Stories*, is a compact set of vignettes...Hinton trims her prose close to the bone...and carves it into...sharp, concise observation\[s\]...\[that are\] admirably direct...Hinton may never top *The Outsiders*. But by telling it like it was, she left a record of the way things were—a record that can’t be revised or erased, even after we’ve crushed that last Marlboro box and left it behind forever.”

*Publishers Weekly*-“Hinton is clearly aiming for terse, but what's here feels bare bones; interviews with the author take up more space than these plainspoken tales.”

*Booklist*-“Readers curious about a beloved writer's mature output won't want to skip the novella, aimed at an adult audience, where linked vignettes about male cousins form a smooth continuum with Hinton's gritty, guy-dominated YA novels...Hinton's fan base extends beyond regional and generational boundaries, warranting broader attention for this title than is suggested by the series' regional focus.”

1. Hinton, S. E.. "The Missed Trip." Some of Tim's stories. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. 3-6. Print.
2. Hinton, S. E.. "Full Moon Birthday." Some of Tim's stories. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. 7-11. Print.
3. Hinton, S. E.. "Different Shorelines." Some of Tim's stories. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. 12-16. Print.
4. Hinton, S. E.. "The Will." Some of Tim's stories. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. 17-19. Print.
5. Hinton, S. E.. "What's Your Poison." Some of Tim's stories. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. 20-24. Print.
6. Hinton, S. E.. "The Girl Who Loved Movies." Some of Tim's stories. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. 25-28. Print.
7. Hinton, S. E.. "Sentenced." Some of Tim's stories. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. 29-35. Print.
8. Hinton, S. E.. "After the Party." Some of Tim's stories. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. 36-40. Print.
9. Hinton, S. E.. "Jailed." Some of Tim's stories. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. 41-45. Print.
10. Hinton, S. E.. "Class Time." Some of Tim's stories. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. 46-49. Print.
11. Hinton, S. E.. "Visit." Some of Tim's stories. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. 50-53. Print.
12. Hinton, S. E.. "The Sweetest Sound." Some of Tim's stories. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. 54-57. Print.
13. Hinton, S. E.. "Homecoming." Some of Tim's stories. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. 58-62. Print.
14. Hinton, S. E.. "No White Light No Tunnel." Some of Tim's stories. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. 63-67. Print.
15. Miller, Teresa. "Interviews with S.E Hinton: Tim." Some of Tim's stories. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. 138. Print.
16. Zacharek, Stephanie (May 13, 2007). "Adult Themes". *The New York Times*. Archived from the original on 2012-09-05. Retrieved June 17, 2022.`{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
17. "Amazon.com: Some of Tim's Stories (The Oklahoma Stories & Storytellers Series): SE Hinton: Books." Amazon.com: Online Shopping for Electronics, Apparel, Computers, Books, DVDs & more. Publishers Weekly, n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2011. \<https://www.amazon.com/Some-Tims-Stories-Oklahoma-Storytellers/dp/B003JTHU4I\>
18. Mattson, Jennifer. " Some of Tim's Stories, by S. E. Hinton | Booklist Online ." Best Books for Public Libraries and School Libraries - Book Reviews from the ALA | Booklist Online . N.p., 1 Mar. 2007. Web. 9 Nov. 2011. \<http://www.booklistonline.com/Some-of-Tim-s-Stories-S-E-Hinton/pid=1888977\>


title: Peralasseri

abstract: Peralasseri is a census town and Panchayat headquarters in Kannur district in the Indian state of Kerala, situated on the Kannur-Kuthuparamba State Highway 38 (Kerala), 12 km from Kannur city, on the bank of Anjarakandy river.

text:
# Peralasseri

**Peralasseri** is a census town and Panchayat headquarters in Kannur district in the Indian state of Kerala, situated on the Kannur-Kuthuparamba State Highway 38 (Kerala), 12 km from Kannur city, on the bank of Anjarakandy river.

## Geography

Peralasseri is 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) from the district headquarters Kannur. The nearest town and railway stations are Thalassery which is 14 km (8.7 mi) and Kannur which is 15 km (9.3 mi) away. It is surrounded by 4 panchayats: Kadambur, Vengad, Anjarakandi, and Pinarayi.

## Demographics

As of 2011 Census, Peralasseri had a population of 16,821 which constitutes 7,687 (45.7%) males and 9,134 (54.3%) females. Peralasseri census town spreads over an area of 10.76 km2 (4.15 sq mi) with 3,830 families residing in it. The male female sex ratio was 1,188 higher than state average of 1,084. In Peralasseri, 10.3% of the population is under 6 years of age. Peralasseri had an overall literacy of 97.9% higher than state average of 94%. The male literacy stands at 98.8% and female literacy was 97%.

## Religion

As of 2011 census, Peralasseri census town had total population of 16,821, which constitutes 79.4% Hindus, 20.4% Muslims and 0.2% others.

## Transportation

Kannur - Kuthuparamba state highway passes through Peralasser, which is about 14 km from Kannur International Airport.

The bridge of Peralasseri across the Anjarakandy River is one of the few hanging bridges in Kannur district.

## Education

* AKG Smaraka Govt.Higher secondary school
* Viswabharathi Public School, Mavilayi

## InfoBox

| Peralasseri | |
| --- | --- |
| Census Town | |
| Temple Pond in Peralassery | |
| PeralasseriLocation in Kerala, IndiaPeralasseriPeralasseri (India) | |
| Coordinates: 11°50′57″N 75°29′10″E / 11.849140°N 75.486010°E / 11.849140; 75.486010 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Kerala |
| District | Kannur |
| Taluk | Kannur |
| Government | |
| Body | Peralasseri Grama Panchayat |
| Area | |
| Total | 10.76 km2 (4.15 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 16,821 |
| Density | 1,600/km2 (4,000/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Malayalam, English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-KL |


title: The Dreaming Child

abstract: The Dreaming Child is a screenplay by Harold Pinter (1930–2008), the 2005 Nobel Laureate in Literature, which he completed in 1997 and published in volume 3 of his Collected Screenplays (2000). It has not yet been filmed but was produced as a radio play by Feelgood Films for BBC Radio Four's Unmade Movies series in 2015. It is an adaptation of the short story "The Dreaming Child" by Danish author Karen Blixen. Pinter's manuscripts for this work are housed in The Harold Pinter Archive in the British Library.

text:
# The Dreaming Child

***The Dreaming Child*** is a screenplay by Harold Pinter (1930–2008), the 2005 Nobel Laureate in Literature, which he completed in 1997 and published in volume 3 of his *Collected Screenplays* (2000). It has not yet been filmed but was produced as a radio play by Feelgood Films for BBC Radio Four's Unmade Movies series in 2015. It is an adaptation of the short story "The Dreaming Child" by Danish author Karen Blixen (aka Isak Dinesen). Pinter's manuscripts for this work are housed in The Harold Pinter Archive in the British Library.

## Background

The co-editor of *The Pinter Review* Francis X. Gillen discusses the genesis of Pinter's unpublished screenplay, based on materials in the Archive, in his essay on this work, focusing on Pinter's "political vision" in his adaptation of Blixen's short story to the film medium.

According to his official website and correspondence in the Archive cited by Gillen, Pinter's screen adaptation was commissioned by actress Julia Ormond, who wanted to produce and to direct a film of this work:

> Julia Ormond commissioned this Pinter screenplay -- a 19th-century tale of a mother's failure to love her adopted child -- as part of her 20th Century Fox development deal as producer/director. Her first offering as producer was the television documentary Calling the Ghost based on two women's suffering in Bosnia. Talking about Pinter she told the Evening Standard in October 1997, "Working with him is the highlight of my career. I think he has done a brilliant script and I hope we will get the green light soon."

At the time of Pinter's death, 24 December 2008, the film had still not been made. The screenplay was first broadcast as a radio play on BBC Radio 4 on 5 March 2015.

In *Harold Pinter* his official authorised biographer Michael Billington quotes Pinter's comment, "I had enormous respect for both Julia and her vision … but she was intent on directing, as well as producing, the film and in the end it was this that brought the project to its knees. The money-men simply wouldn't give her the chance" (398). Billington, who describes the screenplay as "remarkable", adds, "Which is sad because Pinter's screenplay is on a level with his work for Joseph Losey. It \[Pinter's comment\] is also a perfect riposte to the sceptics who argue that Pinter's political engagement has diluted his aesthetic sensibility," as he finds "Pinter's keen awareness of mortality and compensating hunger for life" to be "also apparent" in this "remarkable" screenplay (398).

## Plot summary

Billington summarizes Blixen's story in some detail, stating that it

> > concerns a slum child, Jens, who is endowed awith an extra-sensory imaginative power. Adopted by the wealthy but childless Jakob and Emilie, Jens emobodies a totality of vision: he is both instinctively at home in the grand house and yet retains vivid memories of his slum origins. But it is ony through Jens's death that Emilie, who before her marriage had rejected an impassioned lover, is regenerated: it is as if the spirit of the dreaming child \[Jens\] has passed into her and she is able to become a poetic fabulist like him. (398)

## Critical analysis

Billington concludes, "It is an intriguing story and you can see why Ormond and Pinter were attracted to it. But Blixen, who married her baronial cousin and later lived on a Kenyan coffee plantation"—made famous in the 1985 film adaptation of her memoir *Out of Africa*, starring Meryl Streep and Robert Redford—"clings to a conservative belief in fate." In contrast, Billington finds, "Pinter … retains the source's narrative structure while investing it with new meaning," one which Billington acknowledges that Gillen develops in the latter's prior comparative analysis of Pinter's manuscript of the screenplay (398–99).

Gillen finds that Pinter achieves in the unpublished version of the screenplay, "both a faithful rendering and an enlargement of political consciousness" (110). Extending Gillen's perspective, Billington argues that "Pinter enriches the story by heightening its social context; and, in so doing, he demolishes the convenient myth that his political fervour has somehow diluted the art" (398–99).

## Works cited and further reading

* Billington, Michael. *Harold Pinter*. London: Faber and Faber, 2007. ISBN 978-0-571-23476-9 (13). Updated 2nd ed. of *The Life and Work of Harold Pinter*. 1996. London: Faber and Faber, 1997. ISBN 0-571-17103-6 (10). Print.
* Gale, Steven H. *Sharp Cut: Harold Pinter's Screenplays and the Artistic Process*. Lexington, KY: The UP of Kentucky, 2003. ISBN 0-8131-2244-9 (10). ISBN 978-0-8131-2244-1 (13). Print.
* –––, ed. and introd. *The Films of Harold Pinter*. Albany: SUNY P, 2001. ISBN 0-7914-4932-7. ISBN 978-0-7914-4932-5. Print. \[A collection of essays.\]
* Gillen, Francis X. "Isak Dinesen with a Contemporary Social Conscience: Harold Pinter's Film Adaptation of 'The Dreaming Child'." Chap. 10 in Gale, *The Films of Harold Pinter* 147–58. \[In Gillen's articles "All references are to the unpublished manuscript," provided in advance of its publication by Harold Pinter for purposes of Gillen's research.\]
* –––. " 'My Dark House': Harold Pinter's Political Vision in His Screen Adaption of Karen Blixen's 'The Dreaming Child'." *The Pinter Review: Collected Essays: 1997 and 1998*. Ed. Francis Gillen and Steven H. Gale. Tampa: U of Tampa P, 1998. 110–22.
* Pinter, Harold. *The Dreaming Child*. *Collected Screenplays*. In 3 vols. London: Faber, 2000. 3: 441–551.

* "The Dreaming Child 1997" in "Films by Harold Pinter" at *HaroldPinter.org*: *The Official Website of the International Playwright Harold Pinter*


title: Viernes Rojo

abstract: Viernes Rojo in Venezuela refers to Friday, 17 August 2018, when President Nicolás Maduro announced a series of economic reforms known as "Program of Recovery, Growth and Economic Prosperity", in response to increasing hyperinflation. This event is also known as Paquetazo Rojo or Madurazo by some media outlets. These reforms include the introduction of the a new currency with five fewer zeros, increase the minimum wage based on the Petro and increase VAT to 16%. According to President Maduro, these reforms have the goal of recovering the population's salary in two years through the Economic Recovery of Growth and Prosperity program, to eliminate the fiscal deficit and to eliminate the use of paper money. Economists and experts argued that the economic measures lacked coherence and would contribute with increasing hyperinflation, indicating that they would have a much greater impact than the Black Friday of 1983 under President Luis Herrera Campins, El Gran Viraje of President Carlos Andrés Pérez in 1989 or Agenda Venezuela of President Rafael Caldera in 1996.

text:
# Viernes Rojo

***Viernes Rojo*** (Red Friday) in Venezuela refers to Friday, 17 August 2018, when President Nicolás Maduro announced a series of economic reforms known as "Program of Recovery, Growth and Economic Prosperity", in response to increasing hyperinflation. This event is also known as ***Paquetazo Rojo*** (Red Package) or **Madurazo** by some media outlets. These reforms include the introduction of the a new currency with five fewer zeros, increase the minimum wage based on the Petro and increase VAT to 16%. According to President Maduro, these reforms have the goal of recovering the population's salary in two years through the Economic Recovery of Growth and Prosperity program, to eliminate the fiscal deficit and to eliminate the use of paper money.

Economists and experts argued that the economic measures lacked coherence and would contribute with increasing hyperinflation, indicating that they would have a much greater impact than the Black Friday of 1983 under President Luis Herrera Campins, *El Gran Viraje* of President Carlos Andrés Pérez in 1989 or *Agenda Venezuela* of President Rafael Caldera in 1996.

## History

Venezuela's hyperinflation began in November 2016. Inflation of Venezuela's hard bolívar (VEF) in 2014 reached 69% and was the highest in the world. In 2015, inflation was 181%, the highest in the world and the highest in the country's history at that time, 800% in 2016 and over 4,000% in 2017 with Venezuela spiraling into hyperinflation. While the Venezuelan government "has essentially stopped" producing official inflation estimates as of early 2018, one estimate of the rate at that time was 5,220%, according to inflation economist Steve Hanke of Johns Hopkins University.

Inflation has affected Venezuelans so much that in 2017, some people became video game gold farmers and could be seen playing games such as *RuneScape* to sell in-game currency or characters for real currency. In many cases, these gamers made more money than salaried workers in Venezuela even though they were earning just a few dollars per day. During the Christmas season of 2017, some shops would no longer use price tags since prices would inflate so quickly, so customers were required to ask staff at stores how much each item was.

The Bs.F 2 and Bs.F 5 notes were no longer found in circulation due to the inflation, but remain legal tender until they were demonetized in August 2018. By early-December 2016, the Bs.F 100 note, Venezuela's largest denomination of currency, was only worth about US$0.23 on the black market.

### Recent solutions to counter inflation

On 7 December 2016, a new series of banknotes (recolors of the previous notes) in denominations of Bs.F 500, Bs.F 1,000, Bs.F 2,000, Bs.F 5,000, Bs.F 10,000, and Bs.F 20,000 was unveiled to the Venezuelan public. In November 2017, a Bs.F 100,000 note was unveiled which is similar to the Bs.F 100 note of the 2007 series and the Bs.F 20,000 of the 2016 series, but with the denomination spelled out in full instead of adding an additional three zeros to the number 100. This denomination was worth US$2.42 through black market exchange rates at the date of its release, but by July 2018 increasing hyperinflation had reduced its value by 99.9%, to less than US$0.01.

On 11 December 2016, President Nicolás Maduro wrote into law that the Bs.F 100 would be pulled from circulation within 72 hours because "mafias" were allegedly storing those particular notes to drive inflation. With more than 6 billion Bs.F 100 notes issued consisting of 46% of Venezuela's issued currency, Maduro enacted an exchange for Venezuelan citizens to transfer all Bs.F 100 notes for Bs.F 100 coins while also blocking international travel to prevent the return of the bolívares that were supposedly stockpiled. The government justified the move claiming that the United States was working with crime syndicates to spirit away Venezuela's paper money to warehouses in Europe to cause the fall of the government. The government was thwarting this threat by withdrawing the notes from circulation.

## Measures and reforms

### Sovereign bolívar

The Maduro government launched the new sovereign bolívar currency, with one sovereign bolívar worth Bs.F 100,000. New coins in denominations of Bs.S 0.50 and Bs.S 1, and new banknotes in denominations of Bs.S 2, Bs.S 5, Bs.S 10, Bs.S 20, Bs.S 50, Bs.S 100, Bs.S 200 and Bs.S 500 were introduced. Under the country's official fixed exchange rate to the US dollar the new currency was devalued by roughly 95% compared to the old hard bolivar. The day was declared a bank holiday to allow the banks to adjust to the new currency. Initially, during a transition period the sovereign bolívar was to be run alongside the hard bolívar. However, from the start of the transition, on 20 August, hard bolívar notes of Bs.F 500 and less could not be used; only deposited at banks.

President Maduro also announced that after the currency redenomination has carried out on 20 August 2018, old denominations with a face value of Bs.F 1,000 or higher will circulate in parallel with the new series of sovereign bolívar notes and will continue to be used for a limited time. Banknotes with a face value below Bs.F 1,000 will be withdrawn from circulation and cease to be legal tender on 20 August 2018.

On 30 November 2018, it was announced that the remaining denominations of the old currency (Bs.F 1,000 or higher) will be withdrawn from circulation and cease to be legal tender on 5 December 2018.

### Minimum wage

The minimum wage was raised from Bs.F 392,646 to Bs.F 180 million (or Bs.S 1,800) per month, a 3,000% or 33-fold increase. The new minimum wage became effective from 1 September 2018.

The new wage is estimated around US$30 per month at the black market rate. According to Bloomberg, the wage reform has caused employers to fire as many workers while some of them are restructuring costs, rearranging pay scales and negotiating settlements with workers.

Given the excessive wage increases, the Maduro government will assume for the next 90 days the differential of the payroll of small and medium-sized enterprises for "that there is no impact on inflation". President Maduro stressed that the new minimum wage will include public and private companies so that there are no excuses to want to increase prices.

### Sales tax

Sales tax (VAT) increased from 12% to 16% in order to have greater money collection and "reach the zero fiscal deficit".

### Petro

The new sovereign bolívar has a fixed exchange rate to the petro, with a rate of Bs.S 3,600 (or Bs.F 360 million) to one petro. The petro's fixed exchange to barrels of oil is one to one (the market value was approximately US$60 at the time of the reforms). As part of the reforms, Venezuelans will be paid at least half a petro per month.

By the end of August 2018, there is no evidence that the cryptocurrency is being traded. Petro is regarded by many as a scam.

### Bonuses

Holders of the *Carnet de la patria* are entitled to receive a Bs.S 600 (US$15) bonus. The bonus payment is deposited through the digitized system.

According to ABC, the Homeland card serves a political and social control and that the Venezuelan opposition qualifies as an instrument of blackmail, will only benefit a third of the Venezuelan population.

### Fuel pricing

The new fuel prices are transpired from sources of the oil industry and gas stations that the government is considering a gradual quarterly increase to reach Bs.S 0.90 per liter, that is, to Bs.F 90,000, when it costs Bs.S 6 (US$0.000002) currently.

## Analysis

> "\[President\] Maduro today destroyed the bolivar. Until a few minutes ago he could save himself. No longer. Stop telling stories: as of Monday, sell what you sell, set your prices in dollars at the exchange rate, not the day but the time"

Venezuelan Economist Ángel García Banchs

Economist JL Saboín García pointed out that "the Venezuelan economy faces the strongest macroeconomic adjustment in its history", calling President Maduro's economic reforms as "the Red Friday."

Asdrúbal Oliveros indicated that the announcements have no relation with *El Gran Viraje* or the Agenda Venezuela that "with their mistakes were much better structured plans regarding goals and policy instruments". Carrying out three considerations, he maintained that the announcements record "a recognition of the black market", an aggressive increase in the minimum wage, which has a significant fiscal cost and a heavy burden on the private sector, as well as an impact on the structure of costs and, therefore, prices »and that, in spite of raising the goal of zero fiscal deficit and announcing new taxes, it is also announced "a rise in current expenses (via salaries and bonuses)", noting that Venezuela's fiscal deficit consists of 20% of its GDP.

Econometrica director Henkel García, defined the salary increase as "crazy", declaring that there will be "the highest daily inflation in our history, I do not know if the whole economic history of the world" and adding that he estimated that next week there would be two variables that would have a huge increase next week, prices and the monetary base.

National Assembly deputy and economist José Guerra said that on the night of the announcements a "mega devaluation " was recorded, explaining that "the official exchange rate jumped in a day from Bs.F 240,000 (Bs.S 2.40) per US$1 to Bs.F 6,000,000 (Bs.S 60) per US$1."

## Effects

Following the reform, Reuters investigated the petro six months after its ICO. When visiting the Venezuelan Ministry of Finance headquarters in Caracas, the Superintendent of Cryptocurrencies did not have an office there and their promoted website did not exist. The Atapirire parish, where President Maduro specifically decreed the petro's value would be linked to oil reserves in the area, has seen no petroleum-related activities and the oil rigs in the area appeared small, old and abandoned. Experts in economics stated that it was impossible to link the petro to the sovereign bolívar because no one knows its legitimate value. Though "reservations" were sold by the Venezuelan government to obtain petros, no petros had been released by the Venezuelan government.

On August 25, 2018, the National Superintendence for the Defense of Socioeconomic Rights (SUNDDE) reported that at least 200 people have been arrested and at least 500 businesses sanctioned for violating President Maduro's economic reforms.

By January 2019, the monthly minimum wage was the equivalent of US$5.50 (Bs.S 18,000)—less than the price of a Happy Meal at McDonald's. Ecoanalitica estimated that prices jumped by 465% in the first two-and-a-half months of 2019. *The Wall Street Journal* stated in March 2019 that the "main cause of hyperinflation is the central bank printing money to fund gaping public spending deficits", reporting that a teacher can buy a dozen eggs and two pounds of cheese with a month's wages.

### Sovereign bolivar

Following the introduction of the sovereign bolívar, inflation increased from 61,463 per cent on 21 August 2018 to 65,320 per cent on 22 August 2018. By 24 August 2018, the introduction of the sovereign bolívar had not prevented hyperinflation. According to inflation analyst Steve Hanke, between 18 August and 21 August 2018, the inflation rate increased from 48,760 percent to 65,320 percent.

On 22 August, DolarToday estimated the free market exchange rate at Bs.S 71.20 per US dollar. AirTM's reported exchange rate was 75.6 VES/USD.

By December 2018, four months after entry into circulation, the Bs.S 2 (about US$0.002 at that time), began being refused in shops and state banks, as its value has significantly declined since redenomination.

As of 21 January 2019, the estimated exchange rate is 2,700 VES/USD in Venezuela's free market according to DolarToday. The rate may vary for other references, with AirTM's exchange rate being 2,200 VES/USD.

By June 2019, further inflation of the sovereign bolivar since redenomination has resulted in the entry of Bs.S 10,000, Bs.S 20,000 and Bs.S 50,000 banknotes into circulation effective on 13 June. The Central Bank of Venezuela said in a statement that the introduction of the new banknotes will "make the payment system more efficient and facilitate commercial transactions." The highest denomination banknote (Bs.S 50,000) is worth US$8 on the black market and is more than the minimum wage of Bs.S 40,000 per month.