title: Mowhaugh

abstract: Mowhaugh is a hamlet and farm steading near the Calroust Burn and the Bowmont Water, near Morebattle, in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland, and in the former Roxburghshire. It is situated about 5 miles (8 km) from the Anglo-Scottish Border.

text:
# Mowhaugh

**Mowhaugh** is a hamlet and farm steading near the Calroust Burn and the Bowmont Water, near Morebattle, in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland, and in the former Roxburghshire. It is situated about 5 miles (8 km) from the Anglo-Scottish Border.

## History

The recorded history of 'Mow' or 'Molle' dates back to the 7th century, when it was granted with other lands and settlements on the Bowmont Water to Lindisfarne. In the Middle Ages it was a substantial settlement with a large population, a peel tower, and many farmsteads around it. The monks of Kelso Abbey held fourteen cottages, each of which rented for two shillings yearly and six days' work.

The church of Molle stood on the summit of high ground on the right bank of the Bowmont Water. It was recorded as early as the 12th century, but by 1607 was said to be ruinous. Today, all that remains is a small graveyard.

Mow Parish is now Morebattle parish, and Mowhaugh, the remains of Mow Tower, and the hill of Mow Law, are marked on OS maps. The area is part of the Roxburghe Estate Farms.

* Old Yetholm, Morebattle, Hownam and Mowhaugh, by Roy G. Perkins
* Scottish landform examples - 8: Solifluction sheets in the Bowmont Valley, Cheviot Hills. Author: Stephan Harrison, Scottish Geographical Journal, Volume 109, Issue 2, September 1993, pages 119–122.

* Historic Environment Scotland. "Mowhaugh (160254)". *Canmore*.
* Historic Environment Scotland. "Mowhaugh Schoolhouse (59355)". *Canmore*.
* Morebattle BorderNet: The former parish of Mow or Molle
* Geograph image: Looking up the Bowmont Water near Mowhaugh
* Amazon link
* Old Roads of Scotland: Mowhaugh

55°28′50″N 2°17′35″W / 55.4805°N 2.2930°W / 55.4805; -2.2930


title: The Way the World Is

abstract: The Way the World Is: Christian Perspective of a Scientist is a book first published in 1983 by the John Polkinghorne, who was a Professor of Mathematical Physics at the University of Cambridge in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics. It is a short volume which was written in response to the surprise of a number of working scientists when Polkinghorne quit academic research in 1979 to train for ordination in the Church of England. He subsequently returned to Trinity Hall, Cambridge, as Dean in 1986, and later as the President of Queens' College, Cambridge.

text:
# The Way the World Is

***The Way the World Is: Christian Perspective of a Scientist*** is a book first published in 1983 by the John Polkinghorne, who was a Professor of Mathematical Physics at the University of Cambridge in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics.

It is a short volume which was written in response to the surprise of a number of working scientists when Polkinghorne quit academic research in 1979 to train for ordination in the Church of England. He subsequently returned to Trinity Hall, Cambridge, as Dean in 1986, and later as the President of Queens' College, Cambridge.

## Synopsis

The first part of the book goes through the familiar territory of the scientist's 'Standard Model' of the universe from the Big Bang to the development of human life on Earth. Whilst discussing these the book gives an overview of quantum theory and indeterminism, which Polkinghorn believes represent a challenge to metaphysical naturalism. The book asserts that aspects of human experiences cannot be reduced to physics and biology.

The remaining chapters consider core Christian beliefs, New Testament history and how they fit into this perspective.

## Publication data

* *The Way the World Is: Christian Perspective of a Scientist* (2nd ed.). Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. 1992. ISBN 0-281-04597-6.


title: Weigel (crater)

abstract: Weigel is a small lunar impact crater that is located in the southwestern part of the Moon. It lies to the west-southwest of the slightly larger crater Rost, and due south of the elongated Schiller. To the west is Segner. The rim of this crater is slightly eroded, with a small crater across the northern edge and the satellite crater Weigel A and another smaller craterlet intruding slightly into the eastern face. The crater Weigel B, actually slightly larger than Weigel, is attached to the southwestern exterior. This satellite crater is overlain by multiple impacts along its northern and western rim. The inner walls of Weigel have only some minor irregularities, and generally slope straight down to the bottom. The interior floor is a level, nearly featureless plain. Weigel lies within the southeast portion of the Schiller-Zucchius Basin.

text:
# Weigel (crater)

**Weigel** is a small lunar impact crater that is located in the southwestern part of the Moon. It lies to the west-southwest of the slightly larger crater Rost, and due south of the elongated Schiller. To the west is Segner.

The rim of this crater is slightly eroded, with a small crater across the northern edge and the satellite crater Weigel A and another smaller craterlet intruding slightly into the eastern face. The crater Weigel B, actually slightly larger than Weigel, is attached to the southwestern exterior. This satellite crater is overlain by multiple impacts along its northern and western rim.

The inner walls of Weigel have only some minor irregularities, and generally slope straight down to the bottom. The interior floor is a level, nearly featureless plain.

Weigel lies within the southeast portion of the Schiller-Zucchius Basin.

## Satellite craters

By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Weigel.

| Weigel | Latitude | Longitude | Diameter |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| A | 58.6° S | 37.8° W | 17 km |
| B | 58.8° S | 41.1° W | 37 km |
| C | 59.5° S | 41.9° W | 10 km |
| D | 58.0° S | 41.6° W | 16 km |
| E | 56.9° S | 42.3° W | 11 km |
| F | 57.5° S | 40.9° W | 7 km |
| G | 57.7° S | 35.3° W | 7 km |
| H | 58.2° S | 40.6° W | 15 km |

* Andersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A. (1982). *NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature*. NASA RP-1097.
* Blue, Jennifer (July 25, 2007). "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature". USGS. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
* Bussey, B.; Spudis, P. (2004). *The Clementine Atlas of the Moon*. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81528-4.
* Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). *Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature*. Tudor Publishers. ISBN 978-0-936389-27-1.
* McDowell, Jonathan (July 15, 2007). "Lunar Nomenclature". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 2007-10-24.
* Menzel, D. H.; Minnaert, M.; Levin, B.; Dollfus, A.; Bell, B. (1971). "Report on Lunar Nomenclature by the Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU". *Space Science Reviews*. **12** (2): 136–186. Bibcode:1971SSRv...12..136M. doi:10.1007/BF00171763. S2CID 122125855.
* Moore, Patrick (2001). *On the Moon*. Sterling Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-304-35469-6.
* Price, Fred W. (1988). *The Moon Observer's Handbook*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33500-3.
* Rükl, Antonín (1990). *Atlas of the Moon*. Kalmbach Books. ISBN 978-0-913135-17-4.
* Webb, Rev. T. W. (1962). *Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes* (6th revised ed.). Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-20917-3.
* Whitaker, Ewen A. (1999). *Mapping and Naming the Moon*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62248-6.
* Wlasuk, Peter T. (2000). *Observing the Moon*. Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-193-1.

## InfoBox

Weigel
| Lunar Orbiter 4 image | |
| --- | --- |
| Coordinates | 58°12′S 38°48′W / 58.2°S 38.8°W / -58.2; -38.8 |
| Diameter | 69 km |
| Depth | 4.2 km |
| Colongitude | 420° at sunrise |
| Eponym | Erhard Weigel |


abstract: Zajezierze is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Małdyty, within Ostróda County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south-west of Małdyty, 28 km (17 mi) north-west of Ostróda, and 54 km (34 mi) west of the regional capital Olsztyn.

text:
# Zajezierze, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship

**Zajezierze** \[zajɛˈʑɛʐɛ\] (German *Seegertswalde*) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Małdyty, within Ostróda County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south-west of Małdyty, 28 km (17 mi) north-west of Ostróda, and 54 km (34 mi) west of the regional capital Olsztyn.

## InfoBox

| Zajezierze | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Zajezierze | |
| Coordinates: 53°54′N 19°43′E / 53.900°N 19.717°E / 53.900; 19.717 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Warmian-Masurian |
| County | Ostróda |
| Gmina | Małdyty |


abstract: The World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control is a treaty adopted by the 56th World Health Assembly held in Geneva, Switzerland on 21 May 2003. It became the first World Health Organization treaty adopted under article 19 of the WHO constitution. The treaty came into force on 27 February 2005. It had been signed by 168 countries and is legally binding in 182 ratifying countries. There are currently 14 United Nations member states that are non-parties to the treaty. The FCTC, one of the most quickly ratified treaties in United Nations history, is a supranational agreement that seeks "to protect present and future generations from the devastating health, social, environmental and economic consequences of tobacco consumption and exposure to tobacco smoke" by enacting a set of universal standards stating the dangers of tobacco and limiting its use in all forms worldwide. To this end, the treaty's provisions include rules that govern the production, sale, distribution, advertisement, and taxation of tobacco. FCTC standards are, however, minimum requirements, and signatories are encouraged to be even more stringent in regulating tobacco than the treaty requires them to be. The FCTC represents a watershed moment for international public health; not only was the treaty the first to be adopted under WHO's Article 19, but it also marks one of the first multilateral, binding agreements regarding a chronic, non-communicable disease. The FCTC was furthermore a watershed moment for the European Union. According to Mamudu and Studlar, since the adoption of the FCTC in 2003, "shared sovereignty through multilevel governance has become the norm in the tobacco control policy area for EU members, including having one international organization negotiate within the context of another." Worldwide tobacco control set a precedent for EU Commission participation and negotiation in multilateral treaties, and further defined the powers and capabilities of the EU as a supranational entity. The perceived success of the FCTC has fueled calls for many other global health treaties, although a recent review of 90 quantitative impact evaluations of international treaties broadly raises questions about their real-world impact. Four criteria have been put forward to guide the development of follow-on global health treaties.

text:
# WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control

The **World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control** (**WHO FCTC**) is a treaty adopted by the 56th World Health Assembly held in Geneva, Switzerland on 21 May 2003. It became the first World Health Organization treaty adopted under article 19 of the WHO constitution. The treaty came into force on 27 February 2005. It had been signed by 168 countries and is legally binding in 182 ratifying countries. There are currently 14 United Nations member states that are non-parties to the treaty (eight which have not signed and six of which have signed but not ratified).

The FCTC, one of the most quickly ratified treaties in United Nations history, is a supranational agreement that seeks "to protect present and future generations from the devastating health, social, environmental and economic consequences of tobacco consumption and exposure to tobacco smoke" by enacting a set of universal standards stating the dangers of tobacco and limiting its use in all forms worldwide. To this end, the treaty's provisions include rules that govern the production, sale, distribution, advertisement, and taxation of tobacco. FCTC standards are, however, minimum requirements, and signatories are encouraged to be even more stringent in regulating tobacco than the treaty requires them to be.

The FCTC represents a watershed moment for international public health; not only was the treaty the first to be adopted under WHO's Article 19, but it also marks one of the first multilateral, binding agreements regarding a chronic, non-communicable disease.

The FCTC was furthermore a watershed moment for the European Union. According to Mamudu and Studlar, since the adoption of the FCTC in 2003, "shared sovereignty through multilevel governance has become the norm in the tobacco control policy area for EU members, including having one international organization negotiate within the context of another." Worldwide tobacco control set a precedent for EU Commission participation and negotiation in multilateral treaties, and further defined the powers and capabilities of the EU as a supranational entity.

The perceived success of the FCTC has fueled calls for many other global health treaties, although a recent review of 90 quantitative impact evaluations of international treaties broadly raises questions about their real-world impact. Four criteria have been put forward to guide the development of follow-on global health treaties.

## Background

The WHO has long been active in preventing the myriad health issues that result from tobacco consumption. As the leading cause of preventable death globally, tobacco has seen an upsurge in both its consumption and its fatality rate worldwide with the increasing interconnectedness of the global economy. Thus, while tobacco related-diseases differ from the communicable diseases that have traditionally been the concern of the WHO, the effects of globalization have made tobacco increasingly relevant for such intergovernmental authorities.

Under the auspices of tobacco activist and UCLA professor Ruth Roemer, the WHO urged individual countries throughout the 1980s and 1990s to adopt national laws that have been shown to reduce tobacco use. The FCTC, however, marked the first time that the WHO went so far as to enact its international legal powers to address the problem. In fact, Roemer herself was among the original group of academics and tobacco activists who supported the idea of a framework-convention protocol approach (the rest of the group included Allyn Taylor, Derek Yach, and Judith Mackay).

The idea for a multilateral treaty regarding tobacco control gained traction in 1994 at the Ninth World Conference on Tobacco or Health in Paris, France, when Roemer and Taylor presented their strategy for international legal action. Roemer and Allyn, along with Judith Mackay, were successful, and their proposal was adopted as one of the conference's first resolutions.

In 1995, the World Health Assembly (WHA), in Resolution 48.11, requested that the director general "report to the 49th World Health Assembly on the feasibility of developing an international instrument, such as guidelines, a declaration or an international convention on tobacco control to be adopted by the United Nations". In compliance with Resolution 48.11, the WHO employed Roemer and Taylor to draft a background paper on the various mechanisms available to the WHO in effectively controlling tobacco use worldwide. This background paper provided a concrete recommendation for a framework convention, as opposed to alternative international legal action. According to it proponents, a framework convention would "promote global cooperation and national action for tobacco control".

Roemer and Taylor's proposal was met with some skepticism. Allan M. Brandt, the esteemed Harvard University historian of the tobacco industry, reports, "some considered it unrealistic, impractical, and overly ambitious, and preferred a nonbinding 'code of conduct'". However, with the support of Derek Yach, head of the Policy Coordination Committee at the WHO, the proposal gained momentum. Derek Yach became the first Director of the Tobacco Free Initiative in 1998 and steered development of the FCTC from then until its adoption in March 2003. Subsequently, Gro Harlem Brundtland was elected director general of the WHO in 1998. Brundtland, a Norwegian medical doctor with a Master of Public Health degree from Harvard University, threw her full support behind the idea for a binding multilateral treaty on tobacco control. Alongside malaria treatment and prevention, the nascent Framework Convention rose to the top of her agenda at the WHO.

## Negotiation, drafting, and economic implications

It took three years for negotiators to come to an agreement on the terms of the FCTC. After being adopted by the World Health Assembly, the policy-making arm of the WHO, it officially went into effect in February 2005.

A framework convention is typically justified for problems that necessitate international cooperation to effectively formulate policy. Prior to the FCTC, the majority of framework conventions addressed "environmental issues that were outside the control of individual nations". Thus, in proving that a framework convention was needed for tobacco control, treaty advocates invoked tobacco-related issues that could not be resolved by the actions of individual countries, such as the smuggling of tobacco and the leakage of tobacco advertisements from countries which lacked stringent regulation to those with restrictions on where and to whom tobacco companies could market their products. This initial justification of the framework convention is manifested in the preamble of the final version of the FCTC, which states the following issues as central to the treaty's aims:

> * the dramatic increase in worldwide tobacco consumption;
> * the escalation in smoking and other forms of tobacco consumption by children and adolescents
> * the impact of all forms of advertising, promotion, and sponsorship aimed at encouraging tobacco use

The treaty is notable for its unprecedented inclusion of nongovernmental organizations throughout the negotiation and drafting processes. According to Elinor Wilson, the past vice-president of World Heart Federation, "the FCTC is an excellent example of government/non-governmental collaboration through the Framework Convention Alliance resulting in global public health gains". Such collaboration between NGOs and the WHO forever changed the way that the WHO treats nongovernmental organizations, and in 2002 the WHO constitution was amended to reflect this shift in relations.

Much of the groundwork for the economic justification for the FCTC was laid by the World Bank. In order to counter concerns that international tobacco control legislation would unduly harm economies of which tobacco farming, manufacturing, and sale were an important part, the WHO cited a landmark World Bank publication entitled *Curbing the Epidemic: Governments and the Economics of Tobacco Control (CTE)*, which asserted that tobacco control would not harm economies, other than a select few agrarian countries that were unusually dependent on tobacco production. Mamudu, Hammond, and Glantz reveal that "as a financial institution with substantial influence in developing countries, the Bank's publication of CTE threatened to undermine the tobacco companies' economic arguments" about the harmful effects of tobacco control.

Indeed, even before the treaty was publicly released, tobacco industry representatives embarked upon a concerted effort to thwart the efforts of FCTC drafters, in addition to participating policy-makers from individual WHO member states. Unable to argue against the overwhelming scientific evidence about tobacco's harmful health effects, the tobacco industry seized upon the FCTC's potential for economic harm. In response to the World Bank's *CTE*, the industry made a number of attempts to discredit the report, especially through the public relations efforts of the International Tobacco Growers' Association (ITGA) and by employing non-World Bank economists to release their own analyses. Between 4–16 March of the year 2000, the ITGA, financed by the tobacco industry, set out on what they dubbed a "Roadshow", during which ITGA representatives spoke to policy-makers in the developing countries of India, Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, and Zimbabwe, in addition to two "mini-Roadshows" in Argentina and Brazil, in order to voice ITGA opposition to the FCTC on the grounds that the *CTE* had underestimated the threat that tobacco control would pose to developing economies. Once negotiations for the FCTC were underway, the tobacco industry again made attempts to lessen the blow of international legislation on their business by lobbying delegates at the convention in Geneva. According to Mamudu, Hammond, and Glantz, however, "these efforts... did not undermine acceptance of *CTE* during the FCTC negotiations and *CTE* remained an authoritative economic analysis of global tobacco control".

Nevertheless, the FCTC acknowledges that its agenda will inevitably hurt farmers who currently depend on tobacco for their livelihoods. To that end, the treaty encourages Parties to help tobacco farmers make the transition from tobacco to alternative crops. Article 17 of the Framework Convention states: "Parties shall, in cooperation with each other and with competent international and regional intergovernmental organizations, promote, as appropriate, economically viable alternatives for tobacco workers, growers and, as the case may be, individual sellers". In particular, the FCTC favors sustainable development options over tobacco farming. To achieve this, Party governments and tobacco control advocates are encouraged to invest in better infrastructure, especially transportation, to ease farmers' access to new and foreign markets when making the transition, while simultaneously improving farmers' access to credit that may be necessary in converting their existing facilities.

## Requirements

The Convention defines tobacco control as comprising demand, supply, and harm reduction (Article 1d). Significant provisions of the treaty require that parties implement the following measures:

| Topic | Measure | Articles |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Lobbying | Call for a limitation in the interactions between lawmakers and the tobacco industry. | Article 5.3 |
| Demand reduction | Tax and other measures to reduce tobacco demand. | Article 6 & 7 |
| Passive smoking | Obligation to protect all people from exposure to tobacco smoke in indoor workplaces, public transport and indoor public places. | Article 8 |
| Regulation | The contents and emissions of tobacco products are to be regulated and ingredients are to be disclosed. | Article 10 |
| Packaging and labeling | Large health warning (at least 30% of the packet cover, 50% or more recommended), plain packaging is recommended; deceptive labels ("mild", "light", etc.) are prohibited. | Article 9 & 11 |
| Awareness | Public awareness for the consequences of smoking. | Article 12 |
| Tobacco advertising | Comprehensive ban, unless the national constitution forbids it. | Article 13 |
| Addiction | Addiction and cessation programs. | Article 14 |
| Smuggling | Action is required to eliminate illicit trade of tobacco products. | Article 15 |
| Minors | Restricted sales to minors. | Article 16 |
| Research | Tobacco-related research and information sharing among the parties. | Articles 20, 21, & 22 |

World Map Status

## Non-parties

The United States is a non-party to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. When the signed treaty was put up for ratification, President George W. Bush failed to send the FCTC to the United States Senate for consideration, thereby preventing the full participation of the U.S. in the implementation of the Framework Convention.

Furthermore, the U.S. has sought to change certain provisions of the FCTC, but with limited success. Among the provisions opposed successfully were a mandatory ban on the distribution of free tobacco samples (which is now optional), a narrow definition of the term "minor" regarding the sale of tobacco (which now refers to domestic or national law) and broad limitations concerning the tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship (which were seen as violating free speech, and are now subject to constitutional limitations). Among the provisions unsuccessfully opposed by the U.S. were the requirement for warning labels to be written in the language of the country where the tobacco products are being sold, and the ban on deceptive and misleading descriptions such as "low tar" or "ultra-light", which might infringe on trademark protections.

As of October 2022, there are 14 non-party states that are members of the UN: six that have signed but not yet ratified (Argentina, Cuba, Haiti, Morocco, Switzerland, and the United States); and eight that have not signed (Dominican Republic, Eritrea, Indonesia, Liechtenstein\*, Malawi, Monaco, Somalia, and South Sudan).

* *Note*: Liechtenstein, although not a WHO Member State, is eligible to become a Party to the WHO FCTC as a UN Member State.

## Governance

The FCTC established two principal bodies to oversee the functioning of the treaty: the Conference of the parties and the permanent Secretariat. In addition, there are over 50 different intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations who are official observers to the Conference of the Parties.

## Implementation, oversight, and future direction

According to the FCTC in 2010, "most parties have now passed or are renewing and strengthening national legislation and policies to meet their obligations under the treaty" and that 80% of parties facilitated public information and/ or education programs on the dangers of tobacco and curb underage tobacco consumption through laws that forbid retailers from selling tobacco products to minors. Furthermore, 70% of parties made "large, clear and visible health warnings" mandatory for tobacco packaging. However Haik Nikogosian warns that the treaty's effectiveness hinges on how parties implement the guidelines. FCTC implementation proves most difficult for developing and transition economies, due to a rift between their need for tobacco control and the resources they can access in meeting FCTC guidelines. This also proves to be difficult for the European Union, and Australia.

In 2008, the FCTC advised to introduce plain tobacco packaging, which in 2012 subsequently was adopted in Australia .

### Criticism

Recent attempts to evaluate the implementation and efficacy of FCTC showed that actual state compliance with the framework is quite low, and that its implementation infrastructure is ridden with errors. For instance, when Hoffman *et al.* compared WHO's FCTC implementation database with national implementation reports they found that 32% of country responses were misreported in the database; 3% were obvious errors, 24% were missing despite being reported by countries, and 5% were misinterpreted by the WHO staff. In some cases, the FCTC has been actively undermined. These findings highlighted the need for a stronger WHO infrastructure to track and record state compliance with policies. Additionally, Corporate Europe Observatory recommends to "proactively list all meetings \[...\] between Commission officials and the tobacco industry and/or their representatives".

Reporters and the public were forcibly removed from the October 2014 convention which occurred in Moscow (COP6). *Washington Times* reported that the FCTC delegates were discussing a global tobacco tax in secret.

### Future direction – FCTC 2030 Project

In 2017, the Convention Secretariat started a new project to help parties to strengthen treaty implementation.

The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development reflects the importance of tobacco control in promoting development, including specific reference to WHO FCTC implementation in target 3.a. Given the impact of tobacco on development, the implementation of the convention will play an important role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

The *FCTC 2030* project aims to support Parties to the WHO FCTC that are eligible to receive official development assistance (ODA) to achieve the SDGs by advancing implementation of the convention. The project will run from April 2017 until March 2021.

Through the *FCTC 2030* project, technical support will be provided to national governments of these countries to:

* implement the requirements of Article 5 of the WHO FCTC, to improve tobacco control governance and protect tobacco control policies from the vested and commercial interests of the tobacco industry;
* strengthen tobacco tax;
* implement WHO FCTC time-bound measures for:
* comprehensive ban on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship;
* effective health warnings on tobacco packaging; and
* smokefree work and public places;
* implement other Articles of the WHO FCTC according to national priorities; and
* promote overall implementation of the WHO FCTC as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and to support Parties to incorporate the implementation of the WHO FCTC into their national health and development agendas.

Through the *FCTC 2030* project, the Convention Secretariat will promote WHO FCTC implementation as part of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) agenda and provide general support and materials for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in the areas set out above. This will include workshops, toolkits, online training on tobacco control, south-south and triangular cooperation, and other forms of assistance to national governments to accelerate treaty implementation.

The Convention Secretariat will also be able to provide intensive support up to 15 selected countries that are Parties to the WHO FCTC, are eligible to receive ODA and have demonstrated the motivation and commitment to advance treaty implementation. This will include the provision of direct, demand-driven expert advice, technical assistance and peer support to build domestic capacity to improve tobacco control in line with available resources.

## Protocol

In 2012, a supplementary Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products to the convention was concluded in Seoul, South Korea. The Protocol will enter into force after it has been ratified by 40 states that have ratified the convention. In July 2017, there are 28 signatures and the Protocol is reuniting more countries every year.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

FCTC
| WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control | |
| --- | --- |
| Parties  Signatories  Non-signatories or not member | |
| Effective | 27 February 2005 (2005-02-27) |
| Signatories | 168 |
| Parties | 182 |
| Depositary | Secretary-General of the United Nations |


title: Schoof's algorithm

abstract: Schoof's algorithm is an efficient algorithm to count points on elliptic curves over finite fields. The algorithm has applications in elliptic curve cryptography where it is important to know the number of points to judge the difficulty of solving the discrete logarithm problem in the group of points on an elliptic curve. The algorithm was published by René Schoof in 1985 and it was a theoretical breakthrough, as it was the first deterministic polynomial time algorithm for counting points on elliptic curves. Before Schoof's algorithm, approaches to counting points on elliptic curves such as the naive and baby-step giant-step algorithms were, for the most part, tedious and had an exponential running time. This article explains Schoof's approach, laying emphasis on the mathematical ideas underlying the structure of the algorithm.

text:
# Schoof's algorithm

**Schoof's algorithm** is an efficient algorithm to count points on elliptic curves over finite fields. The algorithm has applications in elliptic curve cryptography where it is important to know the number of points to judge the difficulty of solving the discrete logarithm problem in the group of points on an elliptic curve.

The algorithm was published by René Schoof in 1985 and it was a theoretical breakthrough, as it was the first deterministic polynomial time algorithm for counting points on elliptic curves. Before Schoof's algorithm, approaches to counting points on elliptic curves such as the naive and baby-step giant-step algorithms were, for the most part, tedious and had an exponential running time.

This article explains Schoof's approach, laying emphasis on the mathematical ideas underlying the structure of the algorithm.

## Introduction

Let $E$ be an elliptic curve defined over the finite field $\mathbb {F} \_{q}$, where $q=p^{n}$ for $p$ a prime and $n$ an integer $\geq 1$. Over a field of characteristic $\neq 2,3$ an elliptic curve can be given by a (short) Weierstrass equation

$$y^{2}=x^{3}+Ax+B$$

with $A,B\in \mathbb {F} \_{q}$. The set of points defined over $\mathbb {F} \_{q}$ consists of the solutions $(a,b)\in \mathbb {F} \_{q}^{2}$ satisfying the curve equation and a point at infinity $O$. Using the group law on elliptic curves restricted to this set one can see that this set $E(\mathbb {F} \_{q})$ forms an abelian group, with $O$ acting as the zero element. In order to count points on an elliptic curve, we compute the cardinality of $E(\mathbb {F} \_{q})$. Schoof's approach to computing the cardinality $\\#E(\mathbb {F} \_{q})$ makes use of Hasse's theorem on elliptic curves along with the Chinese remainder theorem and division polynomials.

## Hasse's theorem

Hasse's theorem states that if $E/\mathbb {F} \_{q}$ is an elliptic curve over the finite field $\mathbb {F} \_{q}$, then $\\#E(\mathbb {F} \_{q})$ satisfies

$$\mid q+1-\\#E(\mathbb {F} \_{q})\mid \leq 2{\sqrt {q}.}$$

This powerful result, given by Hasse in 1934, simplifies our problem by narrowing down $\\#E(\mathbb {F} \_{q})$ to a finite (albeit large) set of possibilities. Defining $t$ to be $q+1-\\#E(\mathbb {F} \_{q})$, and making use of this result, we now have that computing the value of $t$ modulo $N$ where $N\>4{\sqrt {q}}$, is sufficient for determining $t$, and thus $\\#E(\mathbb {F} \_{q})$. While there is no efficient way to compute $t{\pmod {N}}$ directly for general $N$, it is possible to compute $t{\pmod {l}}$ for $l$ a small prime, rather efficiently. We choose $S=\\{l\_{1},l\_{2},...,l\_{r}\\}$ to be a set of distinct primes such that $\prod l\_{i}=N\>4{\sqrt {q}}$. Given $t{\pmod {l\_{i}}}$ for all $l\_{i}\in S$, the Chinese remainder theorem allows us to compute $t{\pmod {N}}$.

In order to compute $t{\pmod {l}}$ for a prime $l\neq p$, we make use of the theory of the Frobenius endomorphism $\phi $ and division polynomials. Note that considering primes $l\neq p$ is no loss since we can always pick a bigger prime to take its place to ensure the product is big enough. In any case Schoof's algorithm is most frequently used in addressing the case $q=p$ since there are more efficient, so called $p$ adic algorithms for small-characteristic fields.

## The Frobenius endomorphism

Given the elliptic curve $E$ defined over $\mathbb {F} \_{q}$ we consider points on $E$ over $\bar {\mathbb {F} }\_{q}$, the algebraic closure of $\mathbb {F} \_{q}$; i.e. we allow points with coordinates in $\bar {\mathbb {F} }\_{q}$. The Frobenius endomorphism of $\bar {\mathbb {F} }\_{q}$ over $\mathbb {F} \_{q}$ extends to the elliptic curve by $\phi :(x,y)\mapsto (x^{q},y^{q})$.

This map is the identity on $E(\mathbb {F} \_{q})$ and one can extend it to the point at infinity $O$, making it a group morphism from $E({\bar {\mathbb {F} }\_{q})}$ to itself.

The Frobenius endomorphism satisfies a quadratic polynomial which is linked to the cardinality of $E(\mathbb {F} \_{q})$ by the following theorem:

**Theorem:** The Frobenius endomorphism given by $\phi $ satisfies the characteristic equation

$\phi ^{2}-t\phi +q=0,$ where $t=q+1-\\#E(\mathbb {F} \_{q})$

Thus we have for all $P=(x,y)\in E$ that $(x^{q^{2},y^{q^{2})+q(x,y)=t(x^{q},y^{q})}}$, where + denotes addition on the elliptic curve and $q(x,y)$ and $t(x^{q},y^{q})$ denote scalar multiplication of $(x,y)$ by $q$ and of $(x^{q},y^{q})$ by $t$.

One could try to symbolically compute these points $(x^{q^{2},y^{q^{2})}}$, $(x^{q},y^{q})$ and $q(x,y)$ as functions in the coordinate ring $\mathbb {F} \_{q}\[x,y\]/(y^{2}-x^{3}-Ax-B)$ of $E$ and then search for a value of $t$ which satisfies the equation. However, the degrees get very large and this approach is impractical.

Schoof's idea was to carry out this computation restricted to points of order $l$ for various small primes $l$. Fixing an odd prime $l$, we now move on to solving the problem of determining $t\_{l}$, defined as $t{\pmod {l}}$, for a given prime $l\neq 2,p$. If a point $(x,y)$ is in the $l$-torsion subgroup $E\[l\]=\\{P\in E({\bar {\mathbb {F} \_{q})\mid lP=O\\}}}$, then $qP={\bar {q}P}$ where $\bar {q}$ is the unique integer such that $q\equiv {\bar {q}{\pmod {l}}}$ and $\mid {\bar {q}\mid \<l/2}$. Note that $\phi (O)=O$ and that for any integer $r$ we have $r\phi (P)=\phi (rP)$. Thus $\phi (P)$ will have the same order as $P$. Thus for $(x,y)$ belonging to $E\[l\]$, we also have $t(x^{q},y^{q})={\bar {t}(x^{q},y^{q})}$ if $t\equiv {\bar {t}{\pmod {l}}}$. Hence we have reduced our problem to solving the equation

$$(x^{q^{2},y^{q^{2})+{\bar {q}(x,y)\equiv {\bar {t}(x^{q},y^{q}),}}}}$$

where $\bar {t}$ and $\bar {q}$ have integer values in $\[-(l-1)/2,(l-1)/2\]$.

## Computation modulo primes

The lth division polynomial is such that its roots are precisely the x coordinates of points of order l. Thus, to restrict the computation of $(x^{q^{2},y^{q^{2})+{\bar {q}(x,y)}}}$ to the l-torsion points means computing these expressions as functions in the coordinate ring of E *and* modulo the lth division polynomial. I.e. we are working in $\mathbb {F} \_{q}\[x,y\]/(y^{2}-x^{3}-Ax-B,\psi \_{l})$. This means in particular that the degree of X and Y defined via $(X(x,y),Y(x,y)):=(x^{q^{2},y^{q^{2})+{\bar {q}(x,y)}}}$ is at most 1 in y and at most $(l^{2}-3)/2$ in x.

The scalar multiplication $\bar {q}(x,y)$ can be done either by double-and-add methods or by using the $\bar {q}$th division polynomial. The latter approach gives:

$$\bar {q}(x,y)=(x\_{\bar {q},y\_{\bar {q})=\left(x-{\frac {\psi \_{{\bar {q}-1}\psi \_{{\bar {q}+1}{\psi \_{\bar {q}^{2},{\frac {\psi \_{2{\bar {q}{2\psi \_{\bar {q}^{4}\right)}}}}}}}}}}}}}}$$

where $\psi \_{n}$ is the nth division polynomial. Note that $y\_{\bar {q}/y}$ is a function in x only and denote it by $\theta (x)$.

We must split the problem into two cases: the case in which $(x^{q^{2},y^{q^{2})\neq \pm {\bar {q}(x,y)}}}$, and the case in which $(x^{q^{2},y^{q^{2})=\pm {\bar {q}(x,y)}}}$. Note that these equalities are checked modulo $\psi \_{l}$.

### Case 1: $(x^{q^{2},y^{q^{2})\neq \pm {\bar {q}(x,y)}}}$

By using the addition formula for the group $E(\mathbb {F} \_{q})$ we obtain:

$$X(x,y)=\left({\frac {y^{q^{2}-y\_{\bar {q}{x^{q^{2}-x\_{\bar {q}\right)^{2}-x^{q^{2}-x\_{\bar {q}.}}}}}}}}}$$

Note that this computation fails in case the assumption of inequality was wrong.

We are now able to use the x-coordinate to narrow down the choice of $\bar {t}$ to two possibilities, namely the positive and negative case. Using the y-coordinate one later determines which of the two cases holds.

We first show that X is a function in x alone. Consider $(y^{q^{2}-y\_{\bar {q})^{2}=y^{2}(y^{q^{2}-1}-y\_{\bar {q}/y)^{2}}}}$. Since $q^{2}-1$ is even, by replacing $y^{2}$ by $x^{3}+Ax+B$, we rewrite the expression as

$$(x^{3}+Ax+B)((x^{3}+Ax+B)^{\frac {q^{2}-1}{2}-\theta (x))}$$

and have that

$$X(x)\equiv (x^{3}+Ax+B)((x^{3}+Ax+B)^{\frac {q^{2}-1}{2}-\theta (x)){\bmod {\psi }\_{l}(x).}}$$

Here, it seems not right, we throw away $x^{q^{2}-x\_{\bar {q}}}$?

Now if $X\equiv x\_{\bar {t}^{q}{\bmod {\psi }\_{l}(x)}}$ for one $\bar {t}\in \[0,(l-1)/2\]$ then $\bar {t}$ satisfies

$$\phi ^{2}(P)\mp {\bar {t}\phi (P)+{\bar {q}P=O}}$$

for all l-torsion points P.

As mentioned earlier, using Y and $y\_{\bar {t}^{q}}$ we are now able to determine which of the two values of $\bar {t}$ ( $\bar {t}$ or $-{\bar {t}}$) works. This gives the value of $t\equiv {\bar {t}{\pmod {l}}}$. Schoof's algorithm stores the values of $\bar {t}{\pmod {l}}$ in a variable $t\_{l}$ for each prime l considered.

### Case 2: $(x^{q^{2},y^{q^{2})=\pm {\bar {q}(x,y)}}}$

We begin with the assumption that $(x^{q^{2},y^{q^{2})={\bar {q}(x,y)}}}$. Since l is an odd prime it cannot be that $\bar {q}(x,y)=-{\bar {q}(x,y)}$ and thus $\bar {t}\neq 0$. The characteristic equation yields that $\bar {t}\phi (P)=2{\bar {q}P}$. And consequently that $\bar {t}^{2}{\bar {q}\equiv (2q)^{2}{\pmod {l}}}$. This implies that q is a square modulo l. Let $q\equiv w^{2}{\pmod {l}}$. Compute $w\phi (x,y)$ in $\mathbb {F} \_{q}\[x,y\]/(y^{2}-x^{3}-Ax-B,\psi \_{l})$ and check whether $\bar {q}(x,y)=w\phi (x,y)$. If so, $t\_{l}$ is $\pm 2w{\pmod {l}}$ depending on the y-coordinate.

If q turns out not to be a square modulo l or if the equation does not hold for any of w and $-w$, our assumption that $(x^{q^{2},y^{q^{2})=+{\bar {q}(x,y)}}}$ is false, thus $(x^{q^{2},y^{q^{2})=-{\bar {q}(x,y)}}}$. The characteristic equation gives $t\_{l}=0$.

### Additional case $l=2$

If you recall, our initial considerations omit the case of $l=2$. Since we assume q to be odd, $q+1-t\equiv t{\pmod {2}}$ and in particular, $t\_{2}\equiv 0{\pmod {2}}$ if and only if $E(\mathbb {F} \_{q})$ has an element of order 2. By definition of addition in the group, any element of order 2 must be of the form $(x\_{0},0)$. Thus $t\_{2}\equiv 0{\pmod {2}}$ if and only if the polynomial $x^{3}+Ax+B$ has a root in $\mathbb {F} \_{q}$, if and only if $\gcd(x^{q}-x,x^{3}+Ax+B)\neq 1$.

## The algorithm

```
    Input:
        1. An elliptic curve $E=y^{2}-x^{3}-Ax-B$.
        2. An integer q for a finite field $F_{q}$ with $q=p^{b},b\geq 1$.
    Output:
        The number of points of E over $F_{q}$.
    Choose a set of odd primes S not containing p such that $N=\prod _{l\in S}l>4{\sqrt {q}.}$
    **Put** $t_{2}=0$ **if** $\gcd(x^{q}-x,x^{3}+Ax+B)\neq 1$, **else** $t_{2}=1$.
    Compute the division polynomial $\psi _{l}$.
    All computations in the loop below are performed in the ring $\mathbb {F} _{q}[x,y]/(y^{2}-x^{3}-Ax-B,\psi _{l}).$
    **For** $l\in S$ **do**:
        **Let** $\bar {q}$ be the unique integer such that  $q\equiv {\bar {q}{\pmod {l}}}$ and $\mid {\bar {q}\mid <l/2}$.
        Compute $(x^{q},y^{q})$, $(x^{q^{2},y^{q^{2})}}$ and $(x_{\bar {q},y_{\bar {q})}}$.
        **if** $x^{q^{2}\neq x_{\bar {q}}}$ **then**
            Compute $(X,Y)$.
            **for** $1\leq {\bar {t}\leq (l-1)/2}$ **do**:
                **if** $X=x_{\bar {t}^{q}}$ **then**
                    **if** $Y=y_{\bar {t}^{q}}$ **then**
                        $t_{l}={\bar {t}}$;
                    **else**
                        $t_{l}=-{\bar {t}}$.
        **else if** q is a square modulo l **then**
            compute w with $q\equiv w^{2}{\pmod {l}}$
            compute $w(x^{q},y^{q})$
            **if** $w(x^{q},y^{q})=(x^{q^{2},y^{q^{2})}}$ **then**
                $t_{l}=2w$
            **else if** $w(x^{q},y^{q})=(x^{q^{2},-y^{q^{2})}}$ **then**
                $t_{l}=-2w$
            **else**
                $t_{l}=0$
        **else**
            $t_{l}=0$
    Use the Chinese Remainder Theorem to compute t modulo N
        from the equations $t\equiv t_{l}{\pmod {l}}$, where $l\in S$.
    Output $q+1-t$.
```

## Complexity

Most of the computation is taken by the evaluation of $\phi (P)$ and $\phi ^{2}(P)$, for each prime $l$, that is computing $x^{q}$, $y^{q}$, $x^{q^{2}}$, $y^{q^{2}}$ for each prime $l$. This involves exponentiation in the ring $R=\mathbb {F} \_{q}\[x,y\]/(y^{2}-x^{3}-Ax-B,\psi \_{l})$ and requires $O(\log q)$ multiplications. Since the degree of $\psi \_{l}$ is $\frac {l^{2}-1}{2}$, each element in the ring is a polynomial of degree $O(l^{2})$. By the prime number theorem, there are around $O(\log q)$ primes of size $O(\log q)$, giving that $l$ is $O(\log q)$ and we obtain that $O(l^{2})=O(\log ^{2}q)$. Thus each multiplication in the ring $R$ requires $O(\log ^{4}q)$ multiplications in $\mathbb {F} \_{q}$ which in turn requires $O(\log ^{2}q)$ bit operations. In total, the number of bit operations for each prime $l$ is $O(\log ^{7}q)$. Given that this computation needs to be carried out for each of the $O(\log q)$ primes, the total complexity of Schoof's algorithm turns out to be $O(\log ^{8}q)$. Using fast polynomial and integer arithmetic reduces this to $\tilde {O}(\log ^{5}q)$.

## Improvements to Schoof's algorithm

In the 1990s, Noam Elkies, followed by A. O. L. Atkin, devised improvements to Schoof's basic algorithm by restricting the set of primes $S=\\{l\_{1},\ldots ,l\_{s}\\}$ considered before to primes of a certain kind. These came to be called Elkies primes and Atkin primes respectively. A prime $l$ is called an Elkies prime if the characteristic equation: $\phi ^{2}-t\phi +q=0$ splits over $\mathbb {F} \_{l}$, while an Atkin prime is a prime that is not an Elkies prime. Atkin showed how to combine information obtained from the Atkin primes with the information obtained from Elkies primes to produce an efficient algorithm, which came to be known as the Schoof–Elkies–Atkin algorithm. The first problem to address is to determine whether a given prime is Elkies or Atkin. In order to do so, we make use of modular polynomials, which come from the study of modular forms and an interpretation of elliptic curves over the complex numbers as lattices. Once we have determined which case we are in, instead of using division polynomials, we are able to work with a polynomial that has lower degree than the corresponding division polynomial: $O(l)$ rather than $O(l^{2})$. For efficient implementation, probabilistic root-finding algorithms are used, which makes this a Las Vegas algorithm rather than a deterministic algorithm. Under the heuristic assumption that approximately half of the primes up to an $O(\log q)$ bound are Elkies primes, this yields an algorithm that is more efficient than Schoof's, with an expected running time of $O(\log ^{6}q)$ using naive arithmetic, and $\tilde {O}(\log ^{4}q)$ using fast arithmetic. Although this heuristic assumption is known to hold for most elliptic curves, it is not known to hold in every case, even under the GRH.

## Implementations

Several algorithms were implemented in C++ by Mike Scott and are available with source code. The implementations are free (no terms, no conditions), and make use of the MIRACL library which is distributed under the AGPLv3.

* Schoof's algorithm implementation for $E(\mathbb {F} \_{p})$ with prime $p$.
* Schoof's algorithm implementation for $E(\mathbb {F} \_{2^{m})}$.

* R. Schoof: Elliptic Curves over Finite Fields and the Computation of Square Roots mod p. Math. Comp., 44(170):483–494, 1985. Available at http://www.mat.uniroma2.it/~schoof/ctpts.pdf
* R. Schoof: Counting Points on Elliptic Curves over Finite Fields. J. Theor. Nombres Bordeaux 7:219–254, 1995. Available at http://www.mat.uniroma2.it/~schoof/ctg.pdf
* G. Musiker: Schoof's Algorithm for Counting Points on $E(\mathbb {F} \_{q})$. Available at http://www.math.umn.edu/~musiker/schoof.pdf
* V. Müller : Die Berechnung der Punktanzahl von elliptischen kurven über endlichen Primkörpern. Master's Thesis. Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, 1991. Available at http://lecturer.ukdw.ac.id/vmueller/publications.php
* A. Enge: Elliptic Curves and their Applications to Cryptography: An Introduction. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1999.
* L. C. Washington: Elliptic Curves: Number Theory and Cryptography. Chapman & Hall/CRC, New York, 2003.
* N. Koblitz: A Course in Number Theory and Cryptography, Graduate Texts in Math. No. 114, Springer-Verlag, 1987. Second edition, 1994


abstract: William Keppel Barrington, 6th Viscount Barrington, styled The Honourable from 1814 until 1829, was a British businessman and politician.

text:
# William Barrington, 6th Viscount Barrington

**William Keppel Barrington, 6th Viscount Barrington** (6 October 1793 – 9 February 1867), styled **The Honourable** from 1814 until 1829, was a British businessman and politician.

## Early life

Born in London on 6 October 1793, Barrington was the eldest son of fifteen children born to the Reverend George Barrington, 5th Viscount Barrington, by his wife Elizabeth, second daughter of Robert Adair and Lady Caroline Keppel (the second daughter of Willem van Keppel, 2nd Earl of Albemarle), a descendant of Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond.

Like his father, he was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1814.

## Career

Barrington succeeded in the viscountcy on the death of his father in 1829. However, as this was a title in the Peerage of Ireland, it did not entitle him to a seat in the House of Lords. In 1837 he was instead elected to the House of Commons as one of three representatives for Berkshire, a seat he held until 1857. He was also Chairman of the Great Western Railway between 1856 and 1857.

## Personal life

On 21 April 1823, Lord Barrington married the Hon. Jane Elizabeth Liddell (1804–1883), fourth daughter of Thomas Liddell, 1st Baron Ravensworth and the former Maria Susannah Simpson (daughter and co-heiress of John Simpson of Bradley Hall and Lady Anne Lyon, the second daughter of Thomas Lyon, 8th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne). His wife served as a Lady of the Bedchamber to the Dowager Queen Adelaide. They lived at Beckett Hall, Shrivenham, Berkshire which he had built in 1830–1831.

They were the parents of five sons and five daughters:

Lord Barrington died at Shrivenham in February 1867, aged 73, and was succeeded in the viscountcy by his eldest son, George. He was buried in St. Andrews Church, Shrivenham. Lady Barrington died 22 March 1883, aged 78.

### Descendants

Through his eldest son, he was a grandfather of three girls: Hon. Constance Mary Barrington (1847–1926), who married Lawrence Palk, 2nd Baron Haldon, Hon. Evelyn Laura Barrington (1848–1924), who married George Craven, 3rd Earl of Craven, and Hon. Florence Isabel Barrington, a Sister of the Community of St Mary the Virgin.

Through his daughter Adelaide, he was a grandfather of Charles Barrington Balfour (a first cousin of Arthur Balfour, who served as Prime Minister from 1902 to 1905), an army officer and MP for Hornsey who later served as the Lord Lieutenant of Berwickshire. He married Lady Helena McDonnell, daughter of Alexander MacDonnell, 5th Earl of Antrim.

## InfoBox

| The Right HonourableThe Viscount Barrington | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament for Berkshire | |
| **In office**
1837–1857 | |
| Preceded by | Robert Palmer
John Walter
Philip Pusey |
| Succeeded by | Robert Palmer
George Henry Vansittart
Hon. Philip Pleydell-Bouverie |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1793-10-06)6 October 1793
London, England |
| Died | 9 February 1867(1867-02-09) (aged 73) |
| Spouse | Hon. Jane Elizabeth Liddell
(m. 1823) |
| Relations | John Barrington (grandfather) |
| Parent(s) | George Barrington, 5th Viscount Barrington
Elizabeth Adair |
| Residence | Beckett Hall |
| Education | Westminster School |
| Alma mater | Christ Church, Oxford |
|  | |


abstract: The 1990–91 St. John's Redmen basketball team represented St. John's University during the 1990–91 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team was coached by Lou Carnesecca in his 23rd year at the school. St. John's home games are played at Alumni Hall and Madison Square Garden and the team is a member of the Big East Conference.

text:
# 1990–91 St. John's Redmen basketball team

1990–91 Big East men's basketball standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | PCT |  |  | W |  | L |  | PCT |
| No. 7 Syracuse | 12 |  | 4 |  | .750 |  |  | 26 |  | 6 |  | .813 |
| No. 20 St. John's | 10 |  | 6 |  | .625 |  |  | 23 |  | 9 |  | .719 |
| Connecticut | 9 |  | 7 |  | .563 |  |  | 20 |  | 11 |  | .645 |
| No. 13 Seton Hall | 9 |  | 7 |  | .563 |  |  | 25 |  | 9 |  | .735 |
| Pittsburgh | 9 |  | 7 |  | .563 |  |  | 21 |  | 12 |  | .636 |
| Georgetown | 8 |  | 8 |  | .500 |  |  | 19 |  | 13 |  | .594 |
| Providence | 7 |  | 9 |  | .438 |  |  | 19 |  | 13 |  | .594 |
| Villanova | 7 |  | 9 |  | .438 |  |  | 17 |  | 15 |  | .531 |
| Boston College | 1 |  | 15 |  | .063 |  |  | 11 |  | 19 |  | .367 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1991 Big East tournament winner
As of April 1, 1991
Rankings from AP Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **199091 St. John's Redmen basketball team** represented St. John's University during the 1990–91 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team was coached by Lou Carnesecca in his 23rd year at the school. St. John's home games are played at Alumni Hall and Madison Square Garden and the team is a member of the Big East Conference.

## Off season

### Departures

| Name | Number | Pos. | Height | Weight | Year | Hometown | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Boo Harvey | 3 |  | 5'11" |  | Senior |  | Graduated. Entered 1990 NBA draft |
| Darrell Aiken | 4 |  | 6'0" |  | Senior |  | Graduated |
| Jayson Williams | 11 |  | 6'10" |  | Senior |  | Graduated. Entered 1990 NBA draft |
| Barry Milhaven | 13 | / | 6'5" |  | Senior |  | Graduated |

### Class of 1990 signees

US college sports recruiting information for high school athletes
| Name | Hometown | High school / college | Height | Weight | Commit date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Shawnelle Scott**
 | New York, NY | All Hallows High School | 6 ft 11 in (2.11 m) | N/A |  |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Rivals: *N/A*   247Sports: *N/A* | | | | | | |
| **Sergio Luyk**
*SF* | Spain, Europe | University Heights Academy | 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) | N/A |  |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Rivals: *N/A*   247Sports: *N/A* | | | | | | |
| **Lee Green**
*PG* | New York, NY | Cheshire Academy | 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) | N/A |  |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Rivals: *N/A*   247Sports: *N/A* | | | | | | |
| **Overall recruiting rankings:** | | | | | | |
| * *Note*: In many cases, Scout, Rivals, 247Sports, and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height and weight. * In these cases, the average was taken. ESPN grades are on a 100-point scale.  *Sources:*
* "1990 Team Ranking". Rivals.com. | | | | | | |

### Incoming Transfers

| Name | Number | Pos. | Height | Weight | Year | Hometown | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Lamont Middleton | 31 | PF | 6'6" |  | Junior | Bronx, NY | Transferred from Hartford. Under NCAA transfer rules, Middleton had to redshirt for the 1990–91 season with two years of remaining eligibility. |

## Roster

| 1990–91 St. John's Red Storm men's basketball team | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| Pos. # Name Height Weight Year Previous school Hometown  3 Sergio Luyk 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)  Fr University Heights Madrid, Spain  10 Terence Mullin 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)  Jr Xaverian Brooklyn, NY  11 David Cain 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)  So Adlai E. Stevenson Bronx, NY  12 Jason Buchanan 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)  Jr Nottingham Syracuse, NY  13 Lee Green **(I)** 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)  Fr Cheshire Academy Bronx, NY  30 Carl Beckett 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)  So Christ the King Queens, NY  31 Lamont Middleton  6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)  Jr Walton/Hartford Bronx, NY  G/F 22 Chucky Sproling 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)  Jr Manual Denver, CO  33 Billy Singleton 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)  Sr Adlai E. Stevenson Bronx, NY  41 Robert Werdann 6 ft 11 in (2.11 m)  Jr Archbishop Molloy Sunnyside, NY  42 Shawnelle Scott 6 ft 11 in (2.11 m)  Fr All Hallows New York, NY  45 Ron DeQueiroz 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)  Fr Xaverian Rio de Janeiro, Brazil  F/C 50 Sean Muto 7 ft 0 in (2.13 m)  Sr Mechanicsburg Mechanicsburg, PA  21 Malik Sealy 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)  Jr St. Nicholas of Tolentine Bronx, NY | Head coach Assistant coach(es)   ---  Legend* **(C)** Team captain * **(S)** Suspended * **(I)** Ineligible * **(W)** Walk-on |

## Schedule and results

| Date
time, TV | Rank# | Opponent# | Result | Record | Site
city, state |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Regular season | | | | | | | | |
| 11/23/90*
 | No. 25 | Monmouth
*Lapchick Tournament Opening Round* | **W** 85-60 | 1-0
 | Alumni Hall
Queens, NY |
| 11/24/90*
 | No. 25 | Central Connecticut State
*Lapchick tournament championship* | **W** 135-92 | 2-0
 | Alumni Hall
Queens, NY |
| 11/30/90*
 | No. 21 | vs. Niagara | **W** 66-49 | 3-0
 | Niagara Falls Convention Center
Niagara Falls, NY |
| 12/05/90*
 | No. 17 | vs. No. 20 Georgia Tech
*ACC-Big East Challenge* | **W** 73-72 OT | 4-0
 | Capital Centre
Landover, MD |
| 12/07/90*
 | No. 17 | vs. George Mason
*Cougar Classic Semifinal* | **W** 76-65 | 5-0
 | Marriott Center
Provo, UT |
| 12/08/90*
 | No. 17 | at Brigham Young
*Cougar Classic Championship* | **W** 67-62 | 6-0
 | Marriott Center
Provo, UT |
| 12/11/90*
 | No. 14 | Brooklyn College | **W** 57-47 | 7-0
 | Alumni Hall
Queens, NY |
| 12/15/90*
 | No. 14 | Howard | **W** 78-65 | 8-0
 | Alumni Hall
Queens, NY |
| 12/22/90*
 | No. 13 | Fordham | **W** 74-62 | 9-0
 | Alumni Hall
Queens, NY |
| 01/02/91
 | No. 9 | at No. 3 Syracuse | **L** 86-92 OT | 9-1 (0-1)
 | Carrier Dome
Syracuse, NY |
| 01/05/91
 | No. 9 | Boston College | **W** 75-68 | 10-1 (1-1)
 | Alumni Hall
Queens, NY |
| 01/09/91
 | No. 10 | at Seton Hall | **L** 62-74 | 10-2 (1-2)
 | Meadowlands Arena
East Rutherford, NJ |
| 01/13/91
 | No. 10 | at No. 9 Connecticut | **W** 72-59 | 11-2 (2-2)
 | Gampel Pavilion
Storrs, CT |
| 01/15/91
 | No. 10 | Providence | **W** 85-72 OT | 12-2 (3-2)
 | Alumni Hall
Queens, NY |
| 01/19/91
 | No. 10 | No. 16 Pittsburgh | **W** 73-71 | 13-2 (4-2)
 | Alumni Hall
Queens, NY |
| 01/22/91
 | No. 10 | No. 19 Connecticut | **W** 65-62 | 14-2 (5-2)
 | Madison Square Garden
New York, NY |
| 01/26/91
 | No. 10 | at Villanova | **W** 58-55 | 15-2 (6-2)
 | The Spectrum
Philadelphia, PA |
| 01/30/91
 | No. 5 | at No. 18 Georgetown | **L** 53-59 | 15-3 (6-3)
 | Capital Centre
Landover, MD |
| 02/02/91
 | No. 5 | No. 25 Seton Hall | **W** 81-65 | 16-3 (7-3)
 | Madison Square Garden
New York, NY |
| 02/05/91
 | No. 8 | Villanova | **L** 51-61 | 16-4 (7-4)
 | Madison Square Garden
New York, NY |
| 02/09/91
 | No. 8 | at Providence | **L** 64-75 | 16-5 (7-5)
 | Providence Civic Center
Providence, RI |
| 02/13/91
 | No. 13 | at Boston College | **W** 66-60 | 17-5 (8-5)
 | Silvio O. Conte Forum
Chestnut Hill, MA |
| 02/16/91
 | No. 13 | at No. 16 Pittsburgh | **L** 83-94 | 17-6 (8-6)
 | Fitzgerald Field House
Pittsburgh, PA |
| 02/20/91
 | No. 18 | No. 5 Syracuse | **W** 77-72 | 18-6 (9-6)
 | Madison Square Garden
New York, NY |
| 02/23/91*
 | No. 18 | Notre Dame | **W** 57-55 | 19-6
 | Madison Square Garden
New York, NY |
| 02/25/91
 | No. 18 | No. 25 Georgetown | **W** 68-58 | 20-6 (10-6)
 | Madison Square Garden
New York, NY |
| 03/02/91*
 | No. 17 | at DePaul | **L** 69-79 | 20-7
 | Rosemont Horizon
Rosemont, IL |
| Big East tournament | | | | | | | | |
| 03/08/91
 | No. 20 | vs. Providence
*Big East tournament Quarterfinal* | **L** 64-72 | 20-8
 | Madison Square Garden
New York, NY |
| NCAA tournament | | | | | | | | |
| 03/15/91
 | No. 20 | vs. (13) Northern Illinois
*NCAA first round* | **W** 75-68 | 21-8
 | University of Dayton Arena
Dayton, OH |
| 03/17/91
 | No. 20 | vs. No. 23 (5) Texas
*NCAA second round* | **W** 84-76 | 22-8
 | University of Dayton Arena
Dayton, OH |
| 03/22/91
 | No. 20 | vs. No. 5 (1) Ohio State
*NCAA regional semifinal* | **W** 91-74 | 23-8
 | Pontiac Silverdome
Pontiac, MI |
| 03/24/91
 | No. 20 | vs. No. 6 (2) Duke
*NCAA Regional Final* | **L** 61-78 | 23-9
 | Pontiac Silverdome
Pontiac, MI |
| *Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses. | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| 1990–91 St. John's Redmen men's basketball | |
| --- | --- |
| Lapchick Memorial Champions
Cougar Classic Champions | |
| NCAA men's Division I tournament, Elite Eight | |
| Conference | Big East Conference |
| Ranking | |
| Coaches | No. 19 |
| AP | No. 20 |
| Record | 23–9 (10–6 Big East) |
| Head coach |  |
| Assistant coaches |  |
| Home arena | Alumni Hall
Madison Square Garden |
|


title: 1991 Ondo State gubernatorial election

abstract: The 1991 Ondo State gubernatorial election occurred on December 14, 1991. SDP candidate Bamidele Olumilua won the election.

text:
# 1991 Ondo State gubernatorial election

The **1991 Ondo State gubernatorial election** occurred on December 14, 1991. SDP candidate Bamidele Olumilua won the election.

## Conduct

The gubernatorial election was conducted using an open ballot system. Primaries for the two parties to select their flag bearers were conducted on October 19, 1991.

The election occurred on December 14, 1991. SDP candidate Bamidele Olumilua won the election.

## InfoBox

Ondo gubernatorial election
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Nominee Bamidele Olumilua    Party SDP | |
| ---  **Elected Governor**
Bamidele Olumilua
SDP | |


title: 1991 PBA First Conference

abstract: The 1991 Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) First Conference was the opening conference of the 1991 PBA season. It started on February 17 and ended on May 19, 1991. The tournament allows one-import each per team.

text:
# 1991 PBA First Conference

The **1991 Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) First Conference** was the opening conference of the 1991 PBA season. It started on February 17 and ended on May 19, 1991. The tournament allows one-import each per team.

## Format

The following format will be observed for the duration of the conference:

* The teams were divided into 2 groups.

* Teams in a group will play against each other once and against teams in the other group twice; 11 games per team; Teams are then seeded by basis on win–loss records. Ties are broken among point differentials of the tied teams. Standings will be determined in one league table; teams do not qualify by basis of groupings.
* The top five teams after the eliminations will advance to the semifinals.
* Semifinals will be two round robin affairs with the remaining teams. Results from the elimination round will be carried over. A playoff incentive for a finals berth will be given to the team that will win at least five of their eight semifinal games.
* The top two teams (or the top team and the winner of the playoff incentive) will face each other in a best-of-seven championship series. The next two teams will qualify for a best-of-five playoff for third place.

## Elimination round

### Team standings

| Pos | Team | W | L | PCT | GB | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Shell Rimula X | 8 | 3 | .727 |  | Semifinal round |
| 2 | San Miguel Beermen | 7 | 4 | .636 | | 1 |
| 3 | Purefoods Tender Juicy Hotdogs | 6 | 5 | .545 | | 2 |
| 4 | Diet Sarsi Sizzlers | 6 | 5 | .545 | | 2 |
| 5 | Ginebra San Miguel | 5 | 6 | .455 | | 3 |
| 6 | Presto Tivolis | 4 | 7 | .364 | 4 |  |
| 7 | Alaska Milkmen | 4 | 7 | .364 | | 4 |
| 8 | Pepsi Hotshots | 4 | 7 | .364 | | 4 |

Source:

## Semifinal round

### Team standings

## Third place playoffs

| **Diet Sarsi Sizzlers** 131, Purefoods Hotdogs 122 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| ***Diet Sarsi wins series, 3–0*** | | |

## Finals

| **Ginebra San Miguel** 104, Shell Rimula X 102 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| ***Ginebra wins series, 4–3*** | | |

1. "San Miguel battles Shell, Sarsi takes on Pepsi". *Manila Standard*.
2. "Surging Gins outplay Shell". *Manila Standard*.

## InfoBox

| 1991 PBA First Conference | |
| --- | --- |
| Duration | February 17 – May 19, 1991 |
| TV partner(s) | Vintage Sports (PTV) |
| Finals | |
| Champions | Ginebra San Miguel |
| Runners-up | Shell Rimula X |
| Awards | |
| Best Import | Bobby Parks<br>(Shell Rimula X) |
| PBA First Conference chronology | |
| \< 1990 1992 \> | |
| PBA conference chronology | |
| \< 1990 Third 1991 All-Filipino \> | |


title: 1991–92 Romanian Hockey League season

abstract: The 1991–92 Romanian Hockey League season was the 62nd season of the Romanian Hockey League. Five teams participated in the league, and Steaua Bucuresti won the championship.

text:
# 1991–92 Romanian Hockey League season

The **1991–92 Romanian Hockey League season** was the 62nd season of the Romanian Hockey League. Five teams participated in the league, and Steaua Bucuresti won the championship.

## Regular season

| Team | GP | W | T | L | GF | GA | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Steaua Bucuresti | 20 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 191 | 54 | 40 |
| SC Miercurea Ciuc | 20 | 9 | 4 | 7 | 82 | 78 | 22 |
| Dunarea Galati | 20 | 8 | 5 | 7 | 76 | 76 | 21 |
| CS Sportul Studenţesc Bucharest | 20 | 7 | 2 | 11 | 64 | 98 | 16 |
| Imasa Sfantu Gheorghe | 20 | 0 | 1 | 19 | 44 | 151 | 1 |


title: 1991–92 Rochdale A.F.C. season

text:
# 1991–92 Rochdale A.F.C. season

The 1991–92 season saw Rochdale compete in their 18th consecutive season in the Football League Fourth Division.

## Statistics

| No. | Pos | Nat | Player | Total | | Division 4 | | F.A. Cup | | League Cup | | A.M. Cup | | Lancashire Cup | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
|  | DF | ENG | John Ryan | 42 | 5 | 29+3 | 2 | 2+0 | 0 | 4+0 | 2 | 1+0 | 0 | 3+0 | 1 |
|  | DF | ENG | Tony Brown | 30 | 0 | 18+0 | 0 | 3+0 | 0 | 4+0 | 0 | 2+0 | 0 | 3+0 | 0 |
|  | DF | ENG | Alan Reeves | 43 | 4 | 33+1 | 3 | 1+0 | 0 | 4+0 | 0 | 1+0 | 0 | 3+0 | 1 |
|  | DF | ENG | Alex Jones | 23 | 0 | 12+1 | 0 | 2+0 | 0 | 4+0 | 0 | 1+0 | 0 | 3+0 | 0 |
|  | MF | ENG | Mark Payne | 41 | 3 | 32+2 | 2 | 2+0 | 0 | 1+1 | 0 | 1+0 | 0 | 2+0 | 1 |
|  | MF | WAL | Steve Doyle | 37 | 0 | 27+0 | 0 | 2+0 | 0 | 4+0 | 0 | 1+0 | 0 | 3+0 | 0 |
|  | FW | ENG | Andy Flounders | 54 | 19 | 42+0 | 17 | 3+0 | 1 | 4+0 | 0 | 2+0 | 0 | 3+0 | 1 |
|  | FW | ENG | Andy Milner | 45 | 15 | 28+5 | 10 | 2+1 | 1 | 3+1 | 3 | 2+0 | 1 | 3+0 | 0 |
|  | MF | SCO | John Halpin | 42 | 2 | 22+9 | 1 | 3+0 | 1 | 3+0 | 0 | 2+0 | 0 | 3+0 | 0 |
|  | FW | ENG | Steve Whitehall | 45 | 12 | 20+14 | 8 | 1+2 | 0 | 2+2 | 2 | 1+0 | 1 | 1+2 | 1 |
|  | MF | WAL | Steve Morgan | 14 | 0 | 1+11 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+2 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | Jimmy Graham | 39 | 0 | 29+2 | 0 | 2+0 | 0 | 4+0 | 0 | 1+0 | 0 | 1+0 | 0 |
|  | DF | ENG | Paul Butler | 30 | 0 | 22+3 | 0 | 0+2 | 0 | 1+1 | 0 | 1+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 |
|  | FW | ENG | Mark Hilditch | 3 | 0 | 0+2 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+1 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 |
|  | GK | ENG | Kevin Dearden | 2 | 0 | 2+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 |
|  | GK | ENG | Gareth Gray | 12 | 0 | 6+0 | 0 | 2+0 | 0 | 3+0 | 0 | 1+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 |
|  | DF | ENG | Malcolm Brown | 25 | 1 | 18+0 | 1 | 3+0 | 0 | 2+0 | 0 | 2+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 |
|  | GK | ENG | David Williams | 7 | 0 | 6+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 1+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 |
|  | MF | ENG | Jon Bowden | 36 | 7 | 25+6 | 6 | 3+0 | 1 | 0+0 | 0 | 2+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 |
|  | MF | ENG | Leigh Palin | 3 | 0 | 3+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 |
|  | MF | ENG | Steve Kinsey | 8 | 1 | 3+3 | 1 | 1+1 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 |
|  | GK | ENG | Kevin Rose | 30 | 0 | 28+0 | 0 | 1+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 1+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 |
|  | MF | ENG | Andy Kilner | 3 | 0 | 3+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 |
|  | DF | ENG | Barry Cowdrill | 15 | 1 | 15+0 | 1 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 |
|  | MF | ENG | Carl Parker | 6 | 1 | 5+1 | 1 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 |
|  | MF | ENG | John Stiles | 4 | 0 | 2+2 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 |
|  | FW | ENG | Mark Leonard | 9 | 1 | 9+0 | 1 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 |
|  | GK | NIR | Phil Hughes | 3 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 3+0 | 0 |

## Final League Table

| Pos | Team | Pld | HW | HD | HL | HGF | HGA | AW | AD | AL | AGF | AGA | GD | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6 | Crewe Alexandra | 42 | 12 | 6 | 3 | 33 | 20 | 8 | 4 | 9 | 33 | 31 | +15 | 70 | Participated in play-offs |
| 7 | Barnet | 42 | 16 | 1 | 4 | 48 | 23 | 5 | 5 | 11 | 33 | 38 | +20 | | 69 |
| 8 | Rochdale | 42 | 12 | 6 | 3 | 34 | 22 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 23 | 31 | +4 | 67 |  |
| 9 | Cardiff City | 42 | 13 | 3 | 5 | 42 | 26 | 4 | 12 | 5 | 24 | 27 | +13 | 66 | Welsh Cup winners, qualified for the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1992–93 First round |
| 10 | Lincoln City | 42 | 9 | 5 | 7 | 21 | 24 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 29 | 20 | +6 | 62 |  |

Source:
Notes:

## Competitions

### Football League Fourth Division

| 17 August  1991 (1991 -08-17) 1 | **Rochdale** | **1–1** | **York City** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Tutill  90' (o.g.) | Report | Naylor  43' | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 2247
Referee: JW Lloyd |

| 31 August  1991 (1991 -08-31) 2 | **Rochdale** | **1–0** | **Lincoln City** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Flounders  16' (pen.)
Doyle  75' | Report | Brown  15' | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 2086
Referee: B Coddington |

| 3 September  1991 (1991 -09-03) 3 | **Walsall** | **1–3** | **Rochdale** | Walsall |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | McDonald  62' | Report | Flounders  14', 53' (pen.)
Milner  29' | Stadium: Bescot Stadium
Attendance: 3111
Referee: RM Wiseman |

| 7 September  1991 (1991 -09-07) 4 | **Cardiff City** | **1–2** | **Rochdale** | Cardiff |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Pike  64' | Report | Ryan  41'
Reeves  90' | Stadium: Ninian Park
Attendance: 4029
Referee: PA Durkin |

| 14 September  1991 (1991 -09-14) 5 | **Rochdale** | **1–0** | **Northampton Town** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Milner  67' | Report |  | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 2631
Referee: JA Kirkby |

| 17 September  1991 (1991 -09-17) 6 | **Rochdale** | **1–1** | **Rotherham United** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Whitehall  40' | Report | Hutchings  50' (pen.) | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 4033
Referee: PL Wright |

| 21 September  1991 (1991 -09-21) 7 | **Burnley** | **0–1** | **Rochdale** | Burnley |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report | Milner  70' | Stadium: Turf Moor
Attendance: 8633
Referee: IA Hendrick |

| 28 September  1991 (1991 -09-28) 8 | **Rochdale** | **1–1** | **Doncaster Rovers** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Bowden  32' | Report | Whitehurst  38'
Milner  72', o.g.' | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 2653
Referee: TE West |

| 12 October  1991 (1991 -10-12) 9 | **Rochdale** | **0–2** | **Mansfield Town** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report | Holland  60'
Stant  88' | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 3871
Referee: MG Peck |

| 19 October  1991 (1991 -10-19) 10 | **Maidstone United** | **1–1** | **Rochdale** | Dartford |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Sandeman  48' | Report | M. Brown  50' | Stadium: Watling Street
Attendance: 1016
Referee: G Poll |

| 26 October  1991 (1991 -10-26) 11 | **Rochdale** | **1–0** | **Halifax Town** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Flounders  26' | Report |  | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 2323
Referee: KA Cooper |

| 2 November  1991 (1991 -11-02) 12 | **Rochdale** | **3–3** | **Chesterfield** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Flounders  6'
Halpin  45'
Kinsey  62' | Report | Turnbull  12' (pen.), 75'
McGugan  60 ' | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 1852
Referee: RF Nixon |

| 5 November  1991 (1991 -11-05) 13 | **Scunthorpe United** | **6–2** | **Rochdale** | Scunthorpe |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Hamilton  4'
A. Brown  10' (o.g.)
Lister  42'
Helliwell  59'
Alexander  85'
Hill  89' | Report | Bowden  50', 79' | Stadium: Glanford Park
Attendance: 2331
Referee: JM Key |

| 9 November  1991 (1991 -11-09) 14 | **Hereford United** | **1–1** | **Rochdale** | Hereford |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Brain  45' | Report | Judge  58' (o.g.) | Stadium: Edgar Street
Attendance: 2942
Referee: J Rushton |

| 23 November  1991 (1991 -11-23) 15 | **Rochdale** | **1–0** | **Barnet** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Bowden  45' | Report |  | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 3033
Referee: R Poulain |

| 30 November  1991 (1991 -11-30) 16 | **Scarborough** | **3–2** | **Rochdale** | Scarborough |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Himsworth  9'
Fletcher  52', 59' | Report | Flounders  48'
Milner  69' | Stadium: Athletic Ground
Attendance: 1643
Referee: R Shepherd |

| 14 December  1991 (1991 -12-14) 17 | **Rochdale** | **4–2** | **Blackpool** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Flounders  12'
Milner  20'
Whitehall  80', 88' | Report | Garner  13'
Rodwell  48' | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 2892
Referee: JL Watson |

| 26 December  1991 (1991 -12-26) 18 | **York City** | **0–1** | **Rochdale** | York |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report | Flounders  89' | Stadium: Bootham Crescent
Attendance: 2788
Referee: A Dawson |

| 28 December  1991 (1991 -12-28) 19 | **Lincoln City** | **0–3** | **Rochdale** | Lincoln |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report | Whitehall  26'
Milner  38'
Flounders  44' | Stadium: Sincil Bank
Attendance: 2916
Referee: P Taylor |

| 1 January  1992 (1992 -01-01) 20 | **Rochdale** | **1–1** | **Walsall** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Flounders  86' (pen.) | Report | McDonald  22' | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 3001
Referee: KA Lupton |

| 11 January  1992 (1992 -01-11) 21 | **Carlisle United** | **0–0** | **Rochdale** | Carlisle |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report |  | Stadium: Brunton Park
Attendance: 2494
Referee: JW Lloyd |

| 18 January  1992 (1992 -01-18) 22 | **Rochdale** | **1–0** | **Crewe Alexandra** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Flounders  8' | Report |  | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 2965
Referee: SJ Lodge |

| 8 February  1992 (1992 -02-08) 23 | **Halifax Town** | **1–1** | **Rochdale** | Halifax |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Cooper  41' | Report | Flounders  50' | Stadium: The Shay
Attendance: 2213
Referee: WA Flood |

| 11 February  1992 (1992 -02-11) 24 | **Rochdale** | **2–2** | **Scarborough** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Flounders  66' (pen.)
Reeves  90' | Report | A. Brown  16' (o.g.)
Mooney  25' | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 2069
Referee: PS Danson |

| 15 February  1992 (1992 -02-15) 25 | **Blackpool** | **3–0** | **Rochdale** | Blackpool |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Gouck  28'
Groves  34'
Eyres  41' | Report |  | Stadium: Bloomfield Road
Attendance: 4632
Referee: MJ Brandwood |

| 22 February  1992 (1992 -02-22) 26 | **Rochdale** | **3–1** | **Carlisle United** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Milner  12'
Bowden  44'
Whitehall  54' | Report | Watson  39' | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 1691
Referee: WC Burns |

| 29 February  1992 (1992 -02-29) 27 | **Wrexham** | **2–1** | **Rochdale** | Wrexham |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Jones  59'
Thackeray  84' | Report | Whitehall  61' | Stadium: Racecourse Ground
Attendance: 3458
Referee: KP Barratt |

| 3 March  1992 (1992 -03-03) 28 | **Crewe Alexandra** | **1–1** | **Rochdale** | Crewe |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Clarkson  83' | Report | Flounders  52' | Stadium: Gresty Road
Attendance: 3870
Referee: JA Kirkby |

| 7 March  1992 (1992 -03-07) 29 | **Rochdale** | **2–1** | **Gillingham** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Flounders  52'
Milner  74' | Report | Crown  6' | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 1941
Referee: IG Cruikshanks |

| 10 March  1992 (1992 -03-10) 30 | **Rochdale** | **2–0** | **Scunthorpe United** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Milner  37'
Lister  60' (o.g.) | Report |  | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 2036
Referee: D Shadwell |

| 14 March  1992 (1992 -03-14) 31 | **Chesterfield** | **0–1** | **Rochdale** | Chesterfield |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report | Whitehall  14' | Stadium: Saltergate Recreation Ground
Attendance: 3231
Referee: MD Reed |

| 17 March  1992 (1992 -03-17) 32 | **Gillingham** | **0–0** | **Rochdale** | Gillingham |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Smith  64' | Report |  | Stadium: Priestfield Stadium
Attendance: 2322
Referee: PL Foakes |

| 21 March  1992 (1992 -03-21) 33 | **Rochdale** | **3–1** | **Hereford United** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Payne  19'
Whitehall  76'
Flounders  83' (pen.) | Report | Jones  48' | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 2122
Referee: PW Vanes |

| 28 March  1992 (1992 -03-28) 34 | **Barnet** | **3–0** | **Rochdale** | Chipping Barnet |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Bull  10', 78' (pen.)
Carter  21' | Report |  | Stadium: Underhill Stadium
Attendance: 3099
Referee: A Gunn |

| 31 March  1992 (1992 -03-31) 35 | **Northampton Town** | **2–2** | **Rochdale** | Northampton |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Angus  37'
McClean  41', 61' | Report | Cowdrill  45'
Bowden  46' | Stadium: County Ground
Attendance: 2010
Referee: AN Buksh |

| 4 April  1992 (1992 -04-04) 36 | **Rochdale** | **2–0** | **Cardiff City** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Reeves  24'
Milner  84' | Report |  | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 2651
Referee: A Bennett |

| 7 April  1992 (1992 -04-07) 37 | **Rochdale** | **1–2** | **Maidstone United** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Flounders  18' | Report | Sandeman  53'
Lillis  72' | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 2248
Referee: SD Bell |

| 11 April  1992 (1992 -04-11) 38 | **Rotherham United** | **2–0** | **Rochdale** | Rotherham |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Goodwin  7'
Goater  33' | Report |  | Stadium: Millmoor
Attendance: 5112
Referee: KJ Breen |

| 20 April  1992 (1992 -04-20) 39 | **Doncaster Rovers** | **2–0** | **Rochdale** | Doncaster |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Worboys  14'
Jeffrey  49' | Report |  | Stadium: Belle Vue
Attendance: 2255
Referee: AB Wilkie |

| 22 April  1992 (1992 -04-22) 40 | **Rochdale** | **2–1** | **Wrexham** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Parker  9'
Leonard  76' | Report | Watkin  55' | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 1944
Referee: DT Phillips |

| 2 May  1992 (1992 -05-02) 41 | **Mansfield Town** | **2–1** | **Rochdale** | Mansfield |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Stringfellow  48'
Stant  73' | Report | Payne  88' | Stadium: Field Mill
Attendance: 5671
Referee: R Shepherd |

| 5 May  1992 (1992 -05-05) 42 | **Rochdale** | **1–3** | **Burnley** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Ryan  13' | Report | Measham  31'
Conroy  41'
Painter  67' | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 8175
Referee: VG Callow |

#### Expunged

| 4 October  1991 (1991 -10-04) (9) | **Aldershot** | **1–1** | **Rochdale** | Aldershot |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Bertschin  76' |  | Halpin  10' | Stadium: Recreation Ground
Attendance: 2443 |

### F.A. Cup

| 16 November  1991 (1991 -11-16) 1 | **Gretna** | **0–0** | **Rochdale** | Gretna |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report |  | Stadium: Raydale Park
Attendance: 2037
Referee: KA Redfern |

| 27 November  1991 (1991 -11-27) 1 | **Rochdale** | **3–1** | **Gretna** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Bowden  15'
Milner  22'
Flounders  44' | Report | Hynds | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 4300
Referee: KA Redfern |

| 7 December  1991 (1991 -12-07) 2 | **Rochdale** | **1–2** | **Huddersfield Town** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Halpin  30' | Report | Roberts  74'
Onuora  81' | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 5776
Referee: KA Lupton |

### League Cup (Rumbelows League Cup)

| 20 August  1991 (1991 -08-20) 1 | **Rochdale** | **5–1** | **Carlisle United** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Milner  11', 89'
Ryan  27'
Whitehall  48', 57' | Report | Barnsley  21' | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 1650
Referee: SD Bell |

| 27 August  1991 (1991 -08-27) 1 | **Carlisle United** | **1–1**
(**2–6** agg.) | **Rochdale** | Carlisle |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Barnsley  79' | Report | Ryan  82' | Stadium: Brunton Park
Attendance: 1572
Referee: IG Cruikshanks |

| 25 September  1991 (1991 -09-25) 2 | **Coventry City** | **4–0** | **Rochdale** | Coventry |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Rosario  1', 22'
Gallacher  75'
McGrath  89' | Report |  | Stadium: Highfield Road
Attendance: 5982
Referee: MJ Brandwood |

| 8 October  1991 (1991 -10-08) 2 | **Rochdale** | **1–0**
(**1–4** agg.) | **Coventry City** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Milner  88' | Report |  | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 2288
Referee: CC Trussell |

### Associate Members' Cup (Autoglass Trophy)

| 22 October  1991 (1991 -10-22) PR | **Rochdale** | **1–1** | **Preston North End** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Whitehall  61' | Report | Joyce  62' | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 1255
Referee: G Singh |

| 10 December  1991 (1991 -12-10) PR | **Bolton Wanderers** | **4–1** | **Rochdale** | Bolton |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Reeves  62', 69', 73'
Philliskirk  83' | Report | Milner  65' | Stadium: Burnden Park
Attendance: 1507
Referee: PS Danson |

### Lancashire Cup

| 5 August  1991 (1991 -08-05) | **Bolton Wanderers** | **0–1** | **Rochdale** | Bolton |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  | Payne | Stadium: Burnden Park |

| 7 August  1991 (1991 -08-07) | **Rochdale** | **2–3** | **Wigan Athletic** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Whitehall
Reeves |  |

 | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 953 |

| 10 August  1991 (1991 -08-10) | **Rochdale** | **2–1** | **Blackpool** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Ryan
Flounders |  |  | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 950 |

1. Rochdale AFC: The Official History 1907–2001 by Steven Phillipps. ISBN 1874427097
2. "The English National Football Archive". Enfa.co.uk. Retrieved 27 April 2022.

## InfoBox

Rochdale
| 199192 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Manager | Dave Sutton |
| League Division Four | 8th |
| FA Cup | 2nd Round |
| League Cup | 2nd Round |
| Top goalscorer | League: Andy Flounders
All: Andy Flounders |
|  | |


title: 1990 Tour of the Basque Country

abstract: The 1990 Tour of the Basque Country was the 30th edition of the Tour of the Basque Country cycle race and was held from 2 April to 6 April 1990. The race started in Zestoa and finished at Barrendiola. The race was won by Julián Gorospe of the Banesto team.

text:
# 1990 Tour of the Basque Country

The **1990 Tour of the Basque Country** was the 30th edition of the Tour of the Basque Country cycle race and was held from 2 April to 6 April 1990. The race started in Zestoa and finished at Barrendiola. The race was won by Julián Gorospe of the Banesto team.

## General classification

| **Final general classification**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Julián Gorospe (ESP) Banesto 21h 01' 29"  2  Rolf Gölz (FRG) Buckler–Colnago–Decca \+ 20"  3  Miguel Induráin (ESP) Banesto \+ 22"  4  Iñaki Gastón (ESP) CLAS–Cajastur \+ 33"  5  Tom Cordes (NED) Buckler–Colnago–Decca \+ 34"  6  Stephen Roche (IRL) Histor–Sigma \+ 36"  7  Pello Ruiz Cabestany (ESP) ONCE \+ 39"  8  Raúl Alcalá (MEX) PDM–Concorde–Ultima \+ 41"  9  Jaanus Kuum (NOR) Teka \+ 46"  10  Erik Breukink (NED) PDM–Concorde–Ultima \+ 49" |
| --- |

## InfoBox

1990 Tour of the Basque Country
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 2–6 April 1990 |
| Stages | 5 |
| Distance | 824.5 km (512.3 mi) |
| Winning time | 21h 01' 29" |
| Results | |
| Winner  Julián Gorospe (ESP)  (Banesto)  Second  Rolf Gölz (FRG)  (Buckler–Colnago–Decca)  Third  Miguel Induráin (ESP)  (Banesto) | |
|


# 1992 NCAA Women's Gymnastics Championship

The 1992 NCAA Women's Gymnastics championship involved 12 schools competing for the national championship of women's NCAA Division I gymnastics. It was the eleventh NCAA gymnastics national championship and the defending NCAA Team Champion for 1991 was Alabama. The Competition took place in St. Paul, Minnesota in the St. Paul Civic Center. The 1991 Championship was won by the Utah Red Rocks.

## Team Results

| Position | Team |  |  |  |  | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Utah Red Rocks | 49.000 | 49.400 | 48.275 | 48.975 | 195.650 |
| 2 | Georgia Gym Dogs | 49.100 | 48.250 | 48.450 | 48.800 | 194.600 |
| 3 | Alabama Crimson Tide | 48.725 | 48.875 | 47.675 | 48.075 | 193.350 |
| 4 | Penn State Nittany Lions | 48.125 | 48.400 | 47.975 | 48.275 | 192.775 |
| 5 | Arizona Wildcats | 48.550 | 48.675 | 48.075 | 46.650 | 191.950 |
| 6 | Oregon State Beavers | 48.650 | 47.500 | 46.800 | 48.425 | 191.375 |
| 7 | Arizona State Sun Devils | 47.975 | 47.500 | 46.800 | 48.425 | 191.375 |
| 8 | Cal Golden Bears | 47.175 | 47.825 | 48.250 | 47.475 | 190.725 |
| 9 | UCLA Bruins | 47.175 | 48.400 | 46.300 | 47.950 | 189.825 |
| 10 | Stanford Cardinal | 47.425 | 47.675 | 46.725 | 47.275 | 189.100 |
| 11 | Florida Gators | 46.150 | 48.025 | 47.300 | 47.250 | 188.725 |
| 12 | BYU Cougars | 47.175 | 47.100 | 46.200 | 47.300 | 187.775 |
|

* Gym Results


title: Syracuse metropolitan area

abstract: The Syracuse Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area comprising three counties in central New York, with the city of Syracuse as its core. The three counties are Onondaga, Madison, and Oswego. According to the 2020 census, the population of the Syracuse MSA was 662,057; a slight difference from 662,577, in the 2010 census.

text:
# Syracuse metropolitan area

The **Syracuse Metropolitan Statistical Area**, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area comprising three counties in central New York, with the city of Syracuse as its core. The three counties are Onondaga, Madison, and Oswego. According to the 2020 census, the population of the Syracuse MSA was 662,057; a slight difference from 662,577, in the 2010 census.

## Counties

## Communities

### Places with more than 75,000 inhabitants

### Places with 25,000 to 75,000 inhabitants

### Places with 5,000 to 25,000 inhabitants

### Places with 1,000 to 5,000 inhabitants

### Places with less than 1,000 inhabitants

### Hamlets

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1900 | 168,735 |  |  |
| 1910 | 200,298 |  | 18.7% |
| 1920 | 241,465 |  | 20.6% |
| 1930 | 291,606 |  | 20.8% |
| 1940 | 295,108 |  | 1.2% |
| 1950 | 341,719 |  | 15.8% |
| 1960 | 563,781 |  | 65.0% |
| 1970 | 636,507 |  | 12.9% |
| 1980 | 642,971 |  | 1.0% |
| 1990 | 659,864 |  | 2.6% |
| 2000 | 650,154 |  | −1.5% |
| 2010 | 662,577 |  | 1.9% |
| 2020 | 662,057 |  | −0.1% |
| U.S. Decennial Census
 | | | |

As of the 2000 census, the Metropolitan Statistical Area(MSA) had a population of 650,154 people, 252,043 households, and 164,202 families residing within the MSA. The racial composition of the MSA was 88.36% White, 6.87% African American, 0.74% Native American, 1.61% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.74% from other races, and 1.65% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race made up 2.08% of the population.

The median household income in the MSA was $39,210, while the median family income was $47,862. Males had a median income of $35,698, compared to $25,373 for females. The per capita income for the MSA was $19,098.

## Combined Statistical Area

The **Syracuse–Auburn Combined Statistical Area** is made up of four counties in central New York. The statistical area includes one metropolitan area and one micropolitan area.

* **Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs)**
    + Syracuse (Onondaga, Oswego, and Madison counties)
* **Micropolitan Statistical Areas (μSAs)**

## Sports

### Current teams

| Club | Sport | League | Founded | Venue | League
titles | Championship years |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Syracuse Mets** | Baseball | IL | 1934 | NBT Bank Stadium | 8 | 1935, 1942, 1943, 1947, 1954, 1969, 1970, 1976 |
| **Syracuse Crunch** | Hockey | AHL | 1994 | Upstate Medical University Arena | 0 | N/A |

Professional teams in Syracuse include:

College teams in Syracuse include:

Syracuse University sports are by far the most attended sporting events in the Syracuse area. Basketball games often draw over 30,000 fans, and football games over 40,000. The university has bred dozens of famous professional players since starting an athletics program in the late nineteenth century, including all-time greats Jim Brown, Larry Csonka and Dave Bing, and present professional stars Marvin Harrison, Carmelo Anthony, Dwight Freeney, Jason Hart, and Donovan McNabb. Both teams play in the JMA Dome.

## Colleges and universities

## Notable Individuals

Several well-known individuals have ties to the Syracuse metropolitan area, including:

## InfoBox

| Syracuse Metropolitan Area | |
| --- | --- |
| Metropolitan Statistical Area | |
| Syracuse, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area | |
| The Syracuse area at 8:28:52 AM EDT on July 3, 2022, taken during Expedition 67 of the International Space Station. North is oriented to the right. | |
| Syracuse–Auburn, NY CSA | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| Largest city | Syracuse |
| Area | |
| Total | 2,800 sq mi (7,200 km2) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 662,057 |
| GDP | |
| Total | $49.281 billion (2022) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (DST) |


title: Sentinel Dome

abstract: Sentinel Dome is a granite dome in Yosemite National Park, United States. It lies on the south wall of Yosemite Valley, 0.8 miles (1.3 km) southwest of Glacier Point and 1.4 miles (2.3 km) northeast of Profile Cliff. The view from the top offers a 360 degree view of Yosemite Valley and surroundings. One can see Half Dome, El Capitan, Yosemite Falls, North Dome, Basket Dome, and much more. Sentinel Dome provides a 360 degree view of the night sky and it and nearby Glacier Point are popular places for stargazing.

text:
# Sentinel Dome

**Sentinel Dome** is a granite dome in Yosemite National Park, United States. It lies on the south wall of Yosemite Valley, 0.8 miles (1.3 km) southwest of Glacier Point and 1.4 miles (2.3 km) northeast of Profile Cliff.

The view from the top offers a 360 degree view of Yosemite Valley and surroundings. One can see Half Dome, El Capitan, Yosemite Falls, North Dome, Basket Dome, and much more. Sentinel Dome provides a 360 degree view of the night sky and it and nearby Glacier Point are popular places for stargazing.

## History

The original Native American name of Sentinel Dome, in the Southern Sierra Miwok language, was pronounced "Sak'-ka-du-eh". The Bunnell survey named it "South Dome", but the Whitney survey renamed it Sentinel Dome (from its likeness to a watch-tower).

## Hiking trail

The trail to the base of Sentinel Dome is a relatively easy 1.1-mile (1.8 km) hike. The trailhead, the same as the Taft Point trailhead, is located 6 miles (9.7 km) from Bridalveil Creek on the Glacier Point road. Once at the base, hikers traverse the less imposing northeast granite slope to the summit. In winter, Sentinel Dome can be reached from Badger Pass by a 10-miles ski tour.

Panoramic view from the top of Sentinel Dome. The Jeffrey Pine is visible at the center, collapsed.

## Jeffrey Pine

Sentinel Dome is known for a Jeffrey Pine that grew from its peak. The pine was photographed as early as 1867 by Carleton Watkins, and was the subject of a well-known photograph by Ansel Adams. The tree died during the drought of 1976, but remained standing until August 2003.

## InfoBox

| Sentinel Dome | |
| --- | --- |
| Sentinel Dome | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 8,127 ft (2,477 m)NAVD 88 |
| Prominence | 322 ft (98 m) |
| Parent peak | Illilouette Ridge |
| Coordinates | 37°43′23″N 119°35′03″W / 37.723094928°N 119.584304967°W / 37.723094928; -119.584304967 |
| Geography | |
| Sentinel DomeLocation in CaliforniaSentinel DomeSentinel Dome (the United States) | |
| Location | Yosemite National Park, Mariposa County, California, U.S. |
| Parent range | Sierra Nevada |
| Topo map | USGS Half Dome |
| Geology | |
| Age of rock | Cretaceous |
| Mountain type | Granite dome |
| Climbing | |
| Easiest route | Hike up northeast slope. |