abstract: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1717 was adopted unanimously on October 13, 2006; after recalling resolutions 955 (1995), 1165 (1998), 1329 (2000), 1411 (2002), 1431 (2002), 1449 (2002), 1503 (2003) and 1534 (2004) on Rwanda, the Council extended the terms of temporary judges at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR).

text:
# United Nations Security Council Resolution 1717

**United Nations Security Council Resolution 1717** was adopted unanimously on October 13, 2006; after recalling resolutions 955 (1995), 1165 (1998), 1329 (2000), 1411 (2002), 1431 (2002), 1449 (2002), 1503 (2003) and 1534 (2004) on Rwanda, the Council extended the terms of temporary judges at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR).

## Resolution

### Observations

The Council recalled that 18 temporary judges were elected to the ICTR by the United Nations General Assembly on June 25, 2003. It also recalled Resolution 1684 (2006) that extended the terms of permanent judges serving at the ICTR.

### Acts

The following 18 *ad litem* judges had their terms extended until December 31, 2008:

* Aydin Sefa Akay (Turkey)
* Florence Rita Arrey (Cameroon)
* Solomy Balungi Bossa(Uganda)
* Robert Fremr (Czech Republic)
* Taghrid Hikmet (Jordan)
* Karin Hökborg (Sweden)
* Vagn Joensen (Denmark)
* Gberdao Gustave Kam (Burkina Faso)
* Flavia Lattanzi (Italy)
* Kenneth Machin (United Kingdom)
* Joseph Edward Chiondo Masanche (Tanzania)
* Tan Sri Dato’ Hj. Mohd. Azmi Dato’ Hj. Kamaruddin (Malaysia)
* Lee Gacuiga Muthoga (Kenya)
* Seon Ki Park (South Korea)
* Mparany Mamy Richard Rajohnson (Madagascar)
* Emile Francis Short (Ghana)
* Albertus Henricus Johannes Swart (Netherlands)
* Aura E. Guerra de Villalaz (Panama)

States were requested to ensure that their nationals serving as judges at the ICTR were available to serve until December 31, 2008.

## InfoBox

| UN Security Council<br>Resolution 1717 | |
| --- | --- |
| Rwandan refugee camp in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo | |
| Date | 13 October 2006 |
| Meeting no. | 5,550 |
| Code | S/RES/1717 (Document) |
| Subject | **International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda** |
| Voting summary | * **15 voted for** * **None voted against** * **None abstained** |
| Result | Adopted |
| Security Council composition | |
| Permanent members |  |
| Non-permanent members |  |
|  | |


title: Yllenus

abstract: Yllenus is a genus of jumping spiders that was first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1868. Until 2019, it was considered a senior synonym of Pseudomogrus, and many of the species formerly placed here were transferred to new genera Logunyllus and Marusyllus by Jerzy Prószyński in 2016. Y. arenarius is peculiar in building silken nests under the sand surface of sandy dunes it inhabits.

text:
# Yllenus

***Yllenus*** is a genus of jumping spiders that was first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1868. Until 2019, it was considered a senior synonym of *Pseudomogrus*, and many of the species formerly placed here were transferred to new genera *Logunyllus* and *Marusyllus* by Jerzy Prószyński in 2016.

*Y. arenarius* is peculiar in building silken nests under the sand surface of sandy dunes it inhabits.

## Species

As of September 2019 it contains eighteen species, found from central Europe to China:

## InfoBox

| *Yllenus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Salticidae |
| Subfamily: | Salticinae |
| Genus: | *Yllenus*
Simon, 1868 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Y. arenarius*
Simon, 1868 | |
| Species | |
| 18, see text | |


title: Marshallville Commercial District

abstract:
The Marshallville Commercial District in Marshallville, Georgia is a 7.5 acres (3.0 ha) historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. It includes 15 contributing buildings and runs along Main Street in Marshallville. All of the buildings are one- and two-story brick buildings. It was deemed notable as "a cohesive group of Victorian commercial buildings. Although none are outstanding individually, collectively they gain significance as a well-preserved architectural group typical of rural communities." Three more significant ones are:
  - Johnson's Farm Service, formerly the Central of Georgia Depot
  - Garrett's Pharmacy, formerly the Citizen's Bank
  - Elberta Hotel

text:
# Marshallville Commercial District

The **Marshallville Commercial District** in Marshallville, Georgia is a 7.5 acres (3.0 ha) historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

It includes 15 contributing buildings and runs along Main Street in Marshallville.

All of the buildings are one- and two-story brick buildings.

It was deemed notable as "a cohesive group of Victorian commercial buildings. Although none are outstanding individually, collectively they gain significance as a well-preserved architectural group typical of rural communities."

Three more significant ones are:

* Johnson's Farm Service, formerly the Central of Georgia Depot
* Garrett's Pharmacy, formerly the Citizen's Bank
* Elberta Hotel

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Marshallville Commercial District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Main St., Marshallville, Georgia |
| Coordinates | 32°27′23″N 83°55′24″W / 32.45639°N 83.92333°W / 32.45639; -83.92333 |
| Area | 7.5 acres (3.0 ha) |
| Built | 1851 |
| Architectural style | Late Victorian, Romanesque |
| MPS | Marshallville and Vicinity MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 80004452 |
| Added to NRHP | November 25, 1980 |


title: Fretter

abstract: Fretter was an electronics and major appliance retailer based in Detroit, founded in the 1950s by Oliver "Ollie" Fretter.

text:
# Fretter

**Fretter** was an electronics and major appliance retailer based in Detroit, founded in the 1950s by Oliver "Ollie" Fretter.

## History

The company's founder and spokesman, Ollie Fretter, became known in the Detroit area in the 1970s and 1980s via TV commercials in which he promised, "I’ll give you five pounds of coffee if I can't beat your best deal. The competition knows me. You should too!" When occasionally he had to make good on the whimsical offer, Fretter gave away one-pound cans of coffee that had been relabeled "net weight — 5 pounds".

The company paid its salespeople on a draw against commissions program, although they were paid spiffs instead of pure commission. Spiffs were calculated based on profit margin and other incentives, not based on the price of the product. Salespeople were not encouraged to sell the more expensive unit, but a model not carried by the competition which couldn't be directly price compared and therefore had a higher mark-up. Salespeople learned that the coin endings of the products directed them to which item to sell. Products with a .97 ending were high margin items and paid well; while .86 were not as profitable, and .75 were advertised items that paid very little. Clearance items were priced with repeating numbers like .66, .55, and .33 depending on the age of the item. Special order and hard to find items were priced with .71 endings and while they paid comparable to a .97 item a salesperson may get burned when the item was not in stock and/or delays in new stock arriving.

Fretter maintained its marketing strategy as a low-cost retailer, even hiring outside research companies to compare prices with competitors and making that information available to sales people at their point-of-sale terminals. The move did little to sway public opinion since the chain sold higher end goods than its competitors but did not make that point clear in its advertising. While Fretter and its competitors both sold a brand, they rarely sold the same models within the brand.

Fretter owned a small chain of mobile electronics retailers, DASH Concepts, that installed car audio, security, and other similar products. Serving Detroit and Cleveland areas it had its main warehouse in Dearborn, Michigan, in the same building as one of the Fretter stores.

The Detroit electronics retailing market was upended when the largest company, Highland Superstores, ceased operation in 1993. Best Buy saw this as an opportunity to move into new territory, areas it previously felt were oversaturated by Highland and other major competitors like Fretter. Fretter management had been working to compete with the superstore model by becoming one of its own. It bought employee-owned Fred Schmid stores, giving the chain hold of markets in the mountain states. Fretter moved its corporate offices to Colorado and oversaw the merger from there. In 1993, Fretter also acquired their biggest competition of the time Silo Electronics, a company that had previously not turned a profit since the 1980s. This was an attempt by Fretter to compete with its new major competition, electronic superstores Circuit City and Best Buy, which were larger than Fretter's stores. The merger temporarily made Fretter the second largest retailer in this category, after Circuit City and larger than Best Buy, based on previous store sales, but Fretter immediately began closing redundant locations; where the company now had two or more stores in the same neighborhood. Fretter returned its main office to the Detroit area, to Brighton, Michigan. The company wanted to rebrand itself as YES! (Your Electronics Superstore) but this move did not make it to any of the stores; they all retained their original designations of Silo, Fretter, Fred Schmid, DASH Concepts, and other.

The acquisition, assumption of Silo debt and lack of liquid assets, lead the company into Chapter 11 bankruptcy, forcing the chain to close many locations. All Silo Electronics stores closed by 1995, with all Fretter locations closing by May 1996.

Oliver Fretter died on June 29, 2014, at the age of 91.

## InfoBox

Fretter
| Company type | Electronics & appliance retailer |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1950s |
| Defunct | May 1996 |
| Fate | Bankrupt |
| Headquarters | Detroit, Michigan |
| Key people | Oliver Fretter, founder |


title: United States at the Winter Olympics

text:
# United States at the Winter Olympics

The United States of America has sent athletes to every celebration of the Winter Olympic Games. The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee (USOPC) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States.

## Hosted Games

The United States has hosted the Winter Games on **four** occasions, more than any other nation. It is scheduled to host for a **fifth** time in 2034.

| Games | Host city | Dates | Nations | Participants | Events |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1932 Winter Olympics | Lake Placid, New York | February 7–15 | 17 | 252 | 14 |
| 1960 Winter Olympics | Squaw Valley, California | February 2–20 | 30 | 665 | 27 |
| 1980 Winter Olympics | Lake Placid, New York | February 13–24 | 37 | 1,072 | 38 |
| 2002 Winter Olympics | Salt Lake City, Utah | February 8–24 | 77 | 2,399 | 78 |
| 2034 Winter Olympics | Salt Lake City, Utah | February 10–26 | TBA | TBA | TBA |

## Medal tables

Host country

### Medals by Winter Games

| Games | Athletes | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total | Gold medals | Total medals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1924 Chamonix | 24 | 1 | 2 | 1 | **4** |  |  |
| 1928 St. Moritz | 24 | 2 | 2 | 2 | **6** |  |  |
| 1932 Lake Placid | 64 | 6 | 4 | 2 | **12** |  |  |
| 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen | 55 | 1 | 0 | 3 | **4** |  |  |
| 1948 St. Moritz | 69 | 3 | 4 | 2 | **9** |  |  |
| 1952 Oslo | 65 | 4 | 6 | 1 | **11** |  |  |
| 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo | 67 | 2 | 3 | 2 | **7** |  |  |
| 1960 Squaw Valley | 79 | 3 | 4 | 3 | **10** |  |  |
| 1964 Innsbruck | 89 | 1 | 2 | 4 | **7** |  |  |
| 1968 Grenoble | 95 | 1 | 5 | 1 | **7** |  |  |
| 1972 Sapporo | 103 | 3 | 2 | 3 | **8** |  |  |
| 1976 Innsbruck | 106 | 3 | 3 | 4 | **10** |  |  |
| 1980 Lake Placid | 101 | 6 | 4 | 2 | **12** |  |  |
| 1984 Sarajevo | 107 | 4 | 4 | 0 | **8** |  |  |
| 1988 Calgary | 118 | 2 | 1 | 3 | **6** |  |  |
| 1992 Albertville | 147 | 5 | 4 | 2 | **11** |  |  |
| 1994 Lillehammer | 147 | 6 | 5 | 2 | **13** |  |  |
| 1998 Nagano | 186 | 6 | 3 | 4 | **13** |  |  |
| 2002 Salt Lake City | 202 | **10** | 13 | 11 | **34** |  |  |
| 2006 Turin | 211 | 9 | 9 | 7 | **25** |  |  |
| 2010 Vancouver | 216 | 9 | **15** | **13** | **37** |  |  |
| 2014 Sochi | 222 | 9 | 9 | 10 | **28** |  |  |
| 2018 Pyeongchang | 241 | 9 | 8 | 6 | **23** |  |  |
| 2022 Beijing | 224 | 9 | 9 | 7 | **25** |  |  |
| 2026 Milano Cortina | *Future event* | | | | | | |
| 2030 French Alps | *Future event* | | | | | | |
| 2034 Salt Lake City | *Future event* | | | | | | |
| Total | | 114 | 121 | 95 | 330 |  |  |

### Best results

### Medals by winter sport

**Leading in that sport**

| Sport | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Speed skating | 30 | 22 | 19 | 71 |
| Alpine skiing | 17 | 21 | 10 | 48 |
| Figure skating | 17 | 16 | 21 | 54 |
| Snowboarding | 17 | 8 | 10 | 35 |
| Freestyle skiing | 11 | 13 | 9 | 33 |
| Bobsleigh | 8 | 11 | 9 | 28 |
| Ice hockey | 4 | 12 | 2 | 18 |
| Short track speed skating | 4 | 7 | 9 | 20 |
| Skeleton | 3 | 4 | 1 | 8 |
| Nordic combined | 1 | 3 | 0 | 4 |
| Cross-country skiing | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| Curling | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| Luge | 0 | 3 | 3 | 6 |
| Ski jumping | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (14 entries) | 114 | 122 | 96 | 332 |

*Updated on December 31, 2021*

**This table includes two medals – one silver awarded in the ice hockey and one bronze awarded in the figure skating events at the 1920 Summer Olympics.*

The United States has never won an Olympic medal in the following current winter sport: biathlon.

## Flagbearers

Winter Olympics
| Games | Athlete | Sport |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1924 Chamonix | Clarence Abel | Ice hockey |
| 1928 St. Moritz | Godfrey Dewey | Cross-country skiing (team manager) |
| 1932 Lake Placid | Billy Fiske | Bobsleigh |
| 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen | Rolf Monsen | Cross-country skiing |
| 1948 St. Moritz | Jack Heaton | Skeleton & Bobsleigh |
| 1952 Oslo | Jim Bickford | Bobsleigh |
| 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo | Jim Bickford | Bobsleigh |
| 1960 Squaw Valley | Don McDermott | Speed skating |
| 1964 Innsbruck | Bill Disney | Speed skating |
| 1968 Grenoble | Terry McDermott | Speed skating |
| 1972 Sapporo | Dianne Holum | Speed skating |
| 1976 Innsbruck | Cindy Nelson | Alpine skiing |
| 1980 Lake Placid | Scott Hamilton | Figure skating |
| 1984 Sarajevo | Frank Masley | Luge |
| 1988 Calgary | Lyle Nelson | Biathlon |
| 1992 Albertville | Bill Koch | Cross-country skiing |
| 1994 Lillehammer | Cammy Myler | Luge |
| 1998 Nagano | Eric Flaim | Speed skating |
| 2002 Salt Lake City | Amy Peterson | Short track speed skating |
| 2006 Turin | Chris Witty | Speed skating |
| 2010 Vancouver | Mark Grimmette | Luge |
| 2014 Sochi | Todd Lodwick | Nordic combined |
| 2018 Pyeongchang | Erin Hamlin | Luge |
| 2022 Beijing | Brittany Bowe | Speed skating |
| | John Shuster | Curling |

## Medals by winter sport

### Current sports

#### Ice hockey

| Games | **Gold** | **Silver** | **Bronze** | **Total** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1920 Antwerp | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1924 Chamonix | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1928 St Moritz | *did not participate* | | | | | | |
| 1932 Lake Placid | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1948 St Moritz | *participated unofficially* | | | | | | |
| 1952 Oslo | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1960 Squaw Valley | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 1964 Innsbruck | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1968 Grenoble | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1972 Sapporo | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1976 Innsbruck | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1980 Lake Placid | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 1984 Sarajevo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1988 Calgary | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1992 Albertville | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1994 Lillehammer | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1998 Nagano | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 2002 Salt Lake City | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2006 Turin | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2010 Vancouver | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2014 Sochi | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2018 Pyeongchang | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 2022 Beijing | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Total | 4 | 12 | 2 | 18 |

## Russia–United States rivalry

Russia (in all its incarnations) and the United States each have won more Olympic medals than any other nation. Russia topped the overall medal count at 7 Summer Olympics and 8 Winter Olympics, while the United States placed first at 19 Summer Olympics and 1 Winter Olympics.

Medal totals of the Soviet Union/Unified Team/Russia/OAR/ROC and the United States since 1956, when the Soviet Union started to compete, are presented below.

Overall, the United States (1924–present) has won 114 gold and 330 total medals, and Russia (1956–present) has won 140 gold and 386 total medals.

### Ice hockey

The 1980 hockey game between the U.S. and USSR was dubbed the "Miracle on Ice", when American college players defeated the heavily favored seasoned professionals from the Soviet Union on the way to a gold medal at the Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York. The Soviet Union had won the gold medal in five of the six previous Winter Olympic Games, and were the favorites to win once more. Though ice hockey is not a major sport in most areas of the United States, the "Miracle" is often listed as one of the all-time greatest American sporting achievements. The U.S. also won the gold medal in the 1960 Games at Squaw Valley, California, defeating the Soviet Union, Canada, Czechoslovakia, and Sweden along the way. However, since this victory is not as well known as the 1980 win, it has come to be known as the "Forgotten Miracle".

The U.S. and the Soviet Union next met at the Olympics in 1988. As in 1980, the Soviets were represented by their star-studded veterans, while the Americans fielded a team of college players. The Soviets won the encounter 7–5 and went on to win the gold medal, while the U.S. placed seventh.

The two teams met again at the 1992 Olympics in a semi-final match. There, the Unified Team (the successor to the Soviet Union) won 5–2. While some stars had left the Soviet Union to play in the NHL, the Unified Team still boasted many veterans from their domestic professional league, while the Americans were represented primarily by college players. The Unified Team eventually won the gold medal, while the U.S. placed fourth.

The U.S. and Russia (the successor to the Unified Team) met twice at the 1996 World Cup of Hockey. The Americans won both games 5–2 en route to the tournament championship.

The U.S., coached by Herb Brooks, and Russia, coached by Slava Fetisov, met twice in the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, which included a 2–2 round-robin draw and a 3–2 semi-final win for the Americans. The semi-final match was played 22 years to the day after the "Miracle on Ice" game. The U.S. eventually won silver, while Russia won bronze.

The two teams met in the quarterfinals of the 2004 World Cup of Hockey, with the U.S. earning a decisive 5–3 victory.

The U.S. and Russia played each other in a round-robin game at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. The game was tied 2–2 after overtime before the Americans prevailed in an eight-round shootout, with T. J. Oshie scoring on 4 of 6 attempts for the United States. The match has been dubbed by some as the "Marathon on Ice" due to its length. Both teams, however, failed to medal; the Americans finished fourth (losing in the semis to Canada and to Finland in the bronze medal game), while the Russians placed fifth (losing to Finland in the quarterfinals).

## InfoBox

| United States at the
Winter Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
| Flag of the United States | |
| IOC code | USA |
| NOC | United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee |
| Medals
Ranked 2nd | Gold 114 Silver 121 Bronze 95 Total 330 |
| Winter Olympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


# List of justices of the Supreme Court of Hawaii

Following is a list of justices of the Supreme Court of Hawaii.

## Current justices

| Title | Name | Served on court since | Current term |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chief Justice | Mark E. Recktenwald | May 11, 2009 | September 14, 2010 – September 13, 2030 |
| Justice | Sabrina McKenna | March 3, 2011 | March 3, 2011 – March 2, 2021 |
| Justice | Todd W. Eddins | December 11, 2020 | December 11, 2020 – December 10, 2030 |
| Justice | Lisa M. Ginoza | January 12, 2024 | January 12, 2024 - January 11, 2034 |
| Justice | Vladimir Devens | January 12, 2024 | January 12, 2024 - January 11, 2034 |

## Past justices

From October 8, 1840, to January 15, 1848, the court was known as the Supreme Court of the Kingdom of Hawaii.

* This early Supreme Court was head by the King, the Kuhina Nui, and four other chiefs elected by the representative body to serve as Judges. The four judges of the Supreme Court were not associate justices but served that capacity as assistants to the chief justice, i.e. the King.

From January 15, 1848, to December 6, 1852, it was known as the Superior Court of the Kingdom of Hawaii.
From December 6, 1852, to January 17, 1893, it was known as the Supreme Court of the Kingdom of Hawaii.
From January 17, 1893, to July 4, 1898, it was known as the Supreme Court of the Republic of Hawaii.
From July 4, 1898, to August 21, 1959, it was known as the Supreme Court of the Territory of Hawaii.
From August 21, 1959, to the present, it is known as the Supreme Court of Hawaii.

### Pre-statehood courts

| Name | Portrait | Appointment | Term End | Chief Justice Appointment | Chief Justice Term End |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Kamehameha III |  | October 8, 1840 | January 15, 1848 | October 8, 1840 | January 15, 1848 |
| Kekāuluohi |  | October 8, 1840 | June 7, 1845 |  |  |
| Keoni Ana |  | June 10, 1845 | January 15, 1848 |  |  |
| Zorobabela Kaʻauwai |  | May 10, 1842 | November, 1846 (resigned) |  |  |
| Pākī |  | May 10, 1842 | by January 15, 1848 |  |  |
| Charles Kanaʻina |  | May 10, 1842 | by January 15, 1848 |  |  |
| Jonah Kapena |  | May 10, 1842 | by January 15, 1848 |  |  |
| Joshua Kaeo |  | November, 1846 | by January 15, 1848 |  |  |
| Lorrin Andrews |  | January 15, 1848 | January 10, 1855 |  |  |
| John Papa ʻĪʻī |  | January 15, 1848 | February 16, 1864 |  |  |
| William Little Lee |  | January 16, 1848 | May 28, 1857 | January 16, 1848 | May 28, 1857 |
| George Morison Robertson* |  | January 10, 1855 | December 24, 1863 |  |  |
| Elisha Hunt Allen |  | June 4, 1857 | February 22, 1877 | June 4, 1857 | February 1, 1877 |
| George Morison Robertson* |  | February 16, 1864 | March 12, 1867 |  |  |
| Robert Grimes Davis |  | February 16, 1864 | July 8, 1868 |  |  |
| James W. Austin |  | July 10, 1868 | July 10, 1869 |  |  |
| Alfred S. Hartwell* |  | September 30, 1868 | February 18, 1874 |  |  |
| Hermann A. Widemann |  | July 10, 1869 | February 18, 1874 |  |  |
| Charles Coffin Harris |  | February 18, 1874 | July 2, 1881 | February 1, 1877 | July 2, 1881 |
| Albert Francis Judd |  | February 18, 1874 | May 20, 1900 | November 5, 1881 | May 20, 1900 |
| Lawrence McCully |  | February 1, 1877 | April 10, 1892 |  |  |
| Benjamin H. Austin |  | November 7, 1881 | July 5, 1885 |  |  |
| Edward Preston |  | July 7, 1885 | January 17, 1890 |  |  |
| Richard F. Bickerton |  | December 29, 1886 | December 10, 1895 |  |  |
| Abraham Fornander |  | December 27, 1886 | November 1, 1887 |  |  |
| Sanford B. Dole |  | December 28, 1887 | January 17, 1893 |  |  |
| Walter F. Frear |  | March 7, 1893 | August 15, 1907 | July 5, 1900 | August 15, 1907 |
| William Austin Whiting |  | January 11, 1896 | July 14, 1900 |  |  |
| Antonio Perry* |  | July 5, 1900 | June 15, 1904 |  |  |
| Clinton A. Galbraith |  | June 30, 1900 | June 15, 1904 |  |  |
| Alfred S. Hartwell* |  | June 15, 1904 | March 9, 1911 | August 15, 1907 | March 9, 1911 |
| Francis March Hatch |  | June 15, 1904 | January 31, 1905 |  |  |
| Arthur A. Wilder |  | February 13, 1905 | January 25, 1910 |  |  |
| Sidney M. Ballou |  | August 15, 1907 | May 6, 1909 |  |  |
| Antonio Perry* |  | May 6, 1909 | April 2, 1914 |  |  |
| John T. DeBolt |  | 1910 | 1914 |  |  |
| Alexander George Morison Robertson |  | March 9, 1911 | January 1, 1918 | March 9, 1911 | January 1, 1918 |
| Edward Minor Watson Jr. |  | March 19, 1914 | December 15, 1916 |  |  |
| Ralph P. Quarles |  | April 2, 1914 | September 12, 1918 |  |  |
| James Leslie Coke* |  | January 13, 1917 | April 17, 1922 | March 7, 1918 | April 17, 1922 |
| Samuel B. Kemp* |  | March 7, 1918 | April 17, 1922 |  |  |
| William S. Edings |  | September 26, 1918 | October 10, 1922 |  |  |
| Antonio Perry* |  | April 17, 1922 | July 3, 1934 | February 26, 1926 | July 3, 1934 |
| Emil C. Peters* |  | April 17, 1922 | December 21, 1925 | April 17, 1922 | December 21, 1925 |
| Alexander Lindsay Jr. |  | October 10, 1922 | September 5, 1926 |  |  |
| James J. Banks |  | 1926 | 1938 |  |  |
| Charles Francis Parsons |  | 1926 | 1935 |  |  |
| James Leslie Coke* |  | July 3, 1934 | March 22, 1941 | July 3, 1934 | March 22, 1941 |
| Emil C. Peters* |  | 1935 | 1949 |  |  |
| Samuel B. Kemp* |  | 1938 | June 30, 1950 | June 20, 1941 | June 30, 1950 |
| Louis LeBaron |  | 1942 | 1955 |  |  |
| Albert Moses Cristy |  | 1949 | 1950 |  |  |
| Edward Armstrong Towse |  | April 18, 1950 | April 6, 1956 | October 15, 1951 | April 6, 1956 |
| Ingram Stainback |  | October 15, 1951 | 1959 |  |  |
| Philip L. Rice |  | February 7, 1955 | July 27, 1959 | March 29, 1956 | July 27, 1959 |
| Masaji Marumoto |  | 1956 | 1959 |  |  |

### Succession of seats (1900–1959)

### Courts since statehood

| Name | Portrait | Appointment | Term End | Chief Justice Appointment | Chief Justice Term End |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Charles E. Cassidy |  | October 5, 1959 | May 8, 1967 |  |  |
| Cable A. Wirtz |  | October 5, 1959 | May 8, 1967 |  |  |
| Rhoda Valentine Lewis |  | October 5, 1959 | May 8, 1967 |  |  |
| Masaji Marumoto* |  | October 5, 1959 | September 15, 1960 |  |  |
| Wilfred Tsukiyama |  | October 5, 1959 | December 31, 1965 | October 5, 1959 | December 31, 1965 |
| Jack Mizuha |  | April 28, 1961 | June 28, 1968 |  |  |
| William S. Richardson |  | March 25, 1966 | October 30, 1982 | March 25, 1966 | October 30, 1982 |
| Kazuhisa Abe |  | May 8, 1967 | December 28, 1973 |  |  |
| Bernard H. Levinson |  | May 8, 1967 | August 31, 1974 |  |  |
| Masaji Marumoto* |  | May 8, 1967 | December 28, 1973 |  |  |
| Bert T. Kobayashi |  | July 17, 1969 | December 29, 1978 |  |  |
| Thomas Shoichi Ogata |  | February 5, 1974 | December 30, 1981 |  |  |
| Benjamin Menor |  | April 16, 1974 | December 30, 1981 |  |  |
| Homer Baird Kidwell |  | July 1, 1975 | February 28, 1979 |  |  |
| Herman T. F. Lum |  | January 28, 1980 | March 31, 1993 | April 26, 1983 | March 31, 1993 |
| Edward Nakamura |  | March 24, 1980 | December 28, 1989 |  |  |
| Yoshimi Hayashi |  | March 30, 1982 | March 31, 1992 |  |  |
| Frank D. Padgett |  | March 30, 1982 | March 31, 1992 |  |  |
| James H. Wakatsuki |  | September 7, 1983 | September 22, 1992 |  |  |
| Robert G. Klein |  | March 31, 1992 | February 4, 2000 |  |  |
| Steven Levinson |  | April 7, 1992 | December 30, 2008 |  |  |
| Paula A. Nakayama |  | April 22, 1993 | April 21, 2023 |  |  |
| Mario R. Ramil |  | May 13, 1993 | December 31, 2002 |  |  |
| Ronald Moon |  | March 9, 1990 | March 30, 2010 | March 31, 1993 | March 30, 2010 |
| James E. Duffy |  | June 27, 2003 | July 1, 2012 |  |  |
| Simeon R. Acoba Jr. |  | May 19, 2000 | February 29, 2014 |  |  |
| Richard W. Pollack |  | August 6, 2012 | June 2, 2020 |  |  |
| Mark E. Recktenwald |  | May 5, 2009 | September 14, 2010 | September 14, 2010 | Incumbent |
| Sabrina McKenna |  | March 3, 2011 |  |  |  |
| Michael D. Wilson |  | April 17, 2014 | March 31, 2023 |  |  |
| Todd W. Eddins |  | December 11, 2020 |  |  |  |

* Indicates served non-consecutive terms as either an Associate Justice or Chief Justice.


title: Margaret Mead Award

abstract: Margaret Mead Award is an award in the field of anthropology presented (solely) by the Society for Applied Anthropology from 1979 to 1983 and jointly with the American Anthropological Association afterwards. This award was named after anthropologist Margaret Mead, who had a particular talent for bringing anthropology fully into the light of public attention. It is awarded annually but once became every-other-year from 1991 to 1999. The Margaret Mead Award is presented to a younger scholar for a particular accomplishment such as a book, film, monograph, or service, which interprets anthropological data and principles in ways that make them meaningful and accessible to a broadly concerned public. The award is designed to recognize a person clearly associated with research and/or practice in anthropology. The awardee's activity will exemplify skills in broadening the impact of anthropology, the skills for which Margaret Mead was admired widely.

text:
# Margaret Mead Award

**Margaret Mead Award** is an award in the field of anthropology presented (solely) by the Society for Applied Anthropology from 1979 to 1983 and jointly with the American Anthropological Association afterwards. This award was named after anthropologist Margaret Mead, who had a particular talent for bringing anthropology fully into the light of public attention. It is awarded annually but once became every-other-year from 1991 to 1999.

The Margaret Mead Award is presented to a younger scholar for a particular accomplishment such as a book, film, monograph, or service, which interprets anthropological data and principles in ways that make them meaningful and accessible to a broadly concerned public. The award is designed to recognize a person clearly associated with research and/or practice in anthropology. The awardee's activity will exemplify skills in broadening the impact of anthropology, the skills for which Margaret Mead was admired widely.

## Recipients

The recipients of the award are as follows.

1979 - John Ogbu

1980 - Brigitte Jordan

1981 - Nancy Scheper-Hughes

1982 - Mary Linsday Elmendorf

1983 - Ruthann Knudson

1984 - Sue E. Estroff

1985 - Susan C.M. Scrimshaw

1986 - Jill Korbin

1987 - Myra Bluebond-Langner

1988 - Alex Stepick III

1989 - Mark Nichter

1990 - Wenda Trevathan

1991 - Will Roscoe

1993 - Leo R. Chavez

1995 - Katherine Ann Dettwyler

1997 - Philippe Bourgois

1999 - Paul Farmer

2000 - Kathryn M. Dudley

2001 - Mimi Nichter

2002 - Tobias Hecht

2003 - Marc Sommers

2004 - Donna Goldstein

2005 - Luke Eric Lassiter

2007 - João Biehl

2008- Daniel Jordan Smith

2009 - Sverker Finnström

2010 - Jessaca Leinaweaver

2011 - Frances Norwood

2012 - Erin Finley

2013 - Sera Young

2014 - Seth M. Holmes

2015 - Mark Schuller

2016 - Jason De Leon

2017 - Sameena Mulla

2018 - Jennifer Mack

2019 - Claudio Sopranzetti

2020 - Narges Bajoghli and Ashanté M. Reese (co-winners)

2021- Amber R. Reed

2022- Michael Crawley

2023- Darren Byler


title: Mateo (2014 film)

abstract: Mateo is a 2014 Colombian drama film directed by Maria Gamboa and starring Carlos Hernández. The Spanish-language film was selected as the Colombian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 87th Academy Awards, but was not nominated.

text:
# Mateo (2014 film)

***Mateo*** is a 2014 Colombian drama film directed by Maria Gamboa and starring Carlos Hernández. The Spanish-language film was selected as the Colombian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 87th Academy Awards, but was not nominated.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Mateo | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Maria Gamboa |
| Written by | Maria Gamboa |
| Starring | Carlos Hernández |
| Release date | * 31 May 2014 (2014-05-31) (Czech Republic) |
| Running time | 86 minutes |
| Country | Colombia |
| Language | Spanish |


title: Moretti Motor Company

abstract: Moretti S.p.A. is a former Italian automobile manufacturer. It was founded in 1925 and ceased automobile production in December 1989. Today, many of its sports car models can still be found at various European auto shows. Moretti Motors produced a variety of models at various times including motorcycles, microcars, and several commercial vehicles.

text:
# Moretti Motor Company

**Moretti S.p.A.** is a former Italian automobile manufacturer. It was founded in 1925 and ceased automobile production in December 1989. Today, many of its sports car models can still be found at various European auto shows. Moretti Motors produced a variety of models at various times including motorcycles, microcars, and several commercial vehicles.

## History

### Own constructions

Moretti Motor Company was founded in 1925 by Giovanni Moretti in order to design and build motorcycles, both of his own design and with agreements with other companies. Using the same motorcycle engines, Giovanni Moretti also dabbled in microcars in the late 1920s and early 1930s. During World War II, Moretti found success constructing various commercial vehicles, most notably a range of electric powered small trucks and a 5- or 7-seat electric car. In 1946, with the war over and thus demand for their commercial vehicles wavering, Moretti began production of conventional cars.

The first conventional car model released by Moretti Motors was the 'Cita'. Shortly afterwards Moretti came out with the '600'. Then, in 1953, the '750' was released. Various versions of the '750' were built during the 1950s including estates, taxis, berlinas, coupes, single seat racing cars and commercial vehicles. Some competitive success was achieved in the 1950s with the 600 and 750 models.

### Special-bodied Fiats

A major shift in Moretti Motors' operations came in the latter part of the 1950s when they ceased designing and building complete cars. In an effort to reduce costs and overhead, the company switched to using Fiat mechanicals and chassis for all of its conventional automobiles. Despite offering a full range of model versions based on their own "750" (saloon, coupé, spider, estate and more), Moretti had been unable to compete with Fiat's 600, which cost almost half the price and consequently dominated the marketplace. Mass production of all models were subsequently slashed due to continued low sales and financial struggles. However, thanks to the friendship between Giovanni Moretti and Gianni Agnelli, Moretti Motors was able to strike a favorable agreement with Fiat to continue using Fiat chassis for a series of special/low volume models. By late 1961, Moretti had reduced their lineup to custom-bodied coupés and spiders using the mechanicals from various Fiats, including the Fiat 1100/103 H. They soon expanded to provide sporty versions of most of the Fiat range, up to the large Fiat 2300. In this vein, sporty-looking coupés with very similar bodywork utilizing 127, 128, 124, and 132 underpinnings continued to be built in the late sixties and early seventies.

In 1967 Moretti produced only 2,600 cars, in 1973 only 3,292 were produced, and by 1974 production was down to only 1,071. In the seventies, Moretti switched to building mini-offroaders and beach cars on Fiat-basis. The Fiat 500-based "Minimaxi" first appeared in 1970, and was later adapted to take 126 underpinnings. The 127-based "Midimaxi" appeared in 1971. There was also a stretched pickup and van on 127-basis, called the "Paguro", which arrived 1977. In 1979 the Fiat Campagnola-based Moretti Sporting appeared, with a 2.5 liter diesel engine. The very luxurious "127 Vip" and "Ritmo Gold" arrived in 1980. The Panda Rock, which was presented in 1983, was a roofless and rollbar-equipped Panda 4x4 intended for off-roading purposes. A "Midimaxi III serie" was also presented in 1983, based on the most recent version of the 127. In a continuing effort to occupy ever narrower niches left vacant by Fiat themselves, Moretti also offered panel van ("Furgonetta") versions of the Uno and Panda 4x4.

Later, as production continued to fall, Moretti turned to producing personalised conversions of various Fiats such as the Uno, Panda and Regata. At the 1983 Bologna Motor Show a "cabriolet" version of the Fiat Uno was presented. It was actually a cabrio coach rather than a full convertible, retaining the door rails and rear side windows. Equipped with series engines (including a diesel option), it was sold directly through select Fiat dealers in Italy.

In 1989 Moretti produced the "Ital Uno Turbo" which was imported in limited numbers to USA by M.I.K Automotive in North Hollywood, California. The car was based on the Fiat Uno Turbo with a 1.3 L turbo engine and with anti-skid braking system, the car was also fitted with TOYO 13" tires.

Finally, after several years of decline, in December 1989 the Moretti Motor Company officially ceased operations.

### Other brands

Moretti showed an estate version of the Alfa Romeo Giulietta in 1978. The conversion had a tailgate which reached all the way down to the bumper, even though it retained the original rear doors as well as taillights.

## Main models

Own constructions Fiat-based

## InfoBox

Moretti Motor Company
|
|  |
| Industry | Automotive |
| Founded | 1925 |
| Headquarters | Turin,, Italy |
| Key people | Giovanni Moretti, founder |
| Products | Automobiles |


title: Ylli Lama

abstract: Ylli Lama is a member of the Assembly of the Republic of Albania for the Democratic Party of Albania.

text:
# Ylli Lama

**Ylli Lama** is a member of the Assembly of the Republic of Albania for the Democratic Party of Albania.

1. "Parliamentary group". pd.al.
2. "List of elected members". Albanian parliament.

## InfoBox

| Ylli Lama | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Albanian parliament | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office** <br>2009 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Democratic Party |
|  | |


title: Mary Wilkinson Streep

abstract: Mary Wolf Streep was an American fine artist and art editor. She was the mother of actress Meryl Streep.

text:
# Mary Wilkinson Streep

**Mary Wolf Streep** (née **Wilkinson**; July 30, 1915  September 29, 2001) was an American fine artist and art editor. She was the mother of actress Meryl Streep.

## Life and career

Mary Wolf Wilkinson was born in Brooklyn, New York, as the second daughter and fourth of six children of Mary Agnes (née Wolf) and Harry Rockefellow Wilkinson. Her brothers were Harry, Harry Rockefeller Jr., and David Preis Wilkinson, while her sisters were Jane and Margaret May Wilkinson.

She grew up in Madison, New Jersey, graduating from Madison High School, she then studied fine art at the Art Students League in New York.

Streep trained as a fine artist and became the art-editor for *Home Furnishings Magazine* and also did commercial artwork on a freelance basis. Mary had an art studio in the back of her home. She married pharmaceutical company executive Harry Wilbur Streep Jr. and had a daughter, Meryl, and two sons, Dana Streep and Harry Wilbur Streep III (husband of actress Maeve Kinkead). She is also the grandmother of Streep's children, musician Henry Wolfe, actresses Mamie Gummer and Grace Gummer, and model Louisa Gummer. Her son-in-law, Don Gummer, is also an artist, a sculptor.

Meryl Streep has often stated in interviews that her mother has been the inspiration for some of her characters she has played on the screen. Mary enrolled her daughter in voice lessons at the age of twelve after noticing her daughter's need to perform.

## Death

Streep died at Cornell Medical Center from complications of heart disease after a short illness. Her husband died two years later on July 22, 2003, aged 93. They were residents of Mason's Island, Connecticut.

## InfoBox

| Mary Wilkinson Streep | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Mary Wolf Wilkinson
(1915-07-30)July 30, 1915
Brooklyn, New York |
| Died | September 29, 2001(2001-09-29) (aged 86)
New York, New York |
| Spouse | Harry Wilbur Streep Jr. |
| Children | 3, including Meryl Streep |
| Relatives |  |


title: Martin of Soure

abstract: Martin of Soure or Martin Arias was a Portuguese captive canon.

text:
# Martin of Soure

**Martin of Soure** or Martin Arias (b. 11th century, Auranca, Portugal; d. 31 January 1146 in Córdoba, Al-Andalus) was a Portuguese captive canon.

## Life

Arias was the son of Manuel Aires and Argia. He entered clerical service under the care of Bishop Maurice of Coimbra. Bishop Maurice was the cousin of Martinho's father, who requested he oversee his son's training.

Martinho lived and trained in the house of the bishop (in Fradelos, Albergaria-a-Velha, Aveiro District). Later in life, Martinho served as the canon of the Cathedral of Coimbra.

As an ordained priest, Martinho led an exemplary life and was admired for his virtue and charity. Around 1124 he moved to the border town of Soure with his brother Mendo. He established an ecclesiastical chapter to restore the church and give spiritual assistance to people who had been attacked by Muslims in 1117.

In 1144, the Muslim governor of Santarém Abu Zakaria occupied and destroyed Soure, dispersing a large part of the population to Santarém. There, he predicted the conquest of the city by Afonso I of Portugal and was sent to Évora, Seville, and Córdoba, where he was tortured and died in prison by Abu Zakaria's order in 1146.

The monk Salvado de Santa Cruz wrote about the life of Saint Martinho de Soure around 1150.

## Bibliography

de NASCIMENTO, Aires A.. Hagiografia de Santa Cruz de Coimbra: vida de D. Telo, vida de D. Teotónio, vida de Martinho de Soure (em português). \[S.l.: s.n.\]. Página visitada em 12/08/2012.

* Soure O Ltimo Ataque Muulana
* "Patrono » AGRUPAMENTO DE ESCOLAS MARTINHO ÁRIAS, SOURE". 2015-07-08. Archived from the original on 2015-07-08. Retrieved 2022-07-04.


title: Freshly Squeezed (comic strip)

abstract: Freshly Squeezed was an American comic strip, written and illustrated by Ed Stein, also the cartoonist of Denver Square comic strip for the Rocky Mountain News. Freshly Squeezed began in 2010 — chronicling the life of an inter-generational family which has united after the economic collapse — and ended in October 2014.

text:
# Freshly Squeezed (comic strip)

***Freshly Squeezed*** was an American comic strip, written and illustrated by Ed Stein, also the cartoonist of *Denver Square* comic strip for the *Rocky Mountain News*. *Freshly Squeezed* began in 2010 — chronicling the life of an inter-generational family which has united after the economic collapse — and ended in October 2014.

## Publication history

The main inspiration for Stein to start *Freshly Squeezed* was the rising tide of multi-generational families. The comic was in a way a sequel to *Denver Square* (which ran from January 12, 1997, to May 21, 2008). Most of the characters were directly taken from that strip. However, Ed Stein has restyled them.

*Freshly Squeezed* was syndicated by United Features Syndicate. It started running on September 20, 2010, on the syndicate's website, Comics.com.

On Sunday, October 19, 2014, *Freshly Squeezed* ended. "Well, I’ve decided to quit drawing *Freshly Squeezed*; after 36 years of meeting daily deadlines it’s time to do something on my own schedule.” noted Stein. He has now begun working on a new project called *Sleeper Ave*, while *Freshly Squeezed* continues in re-runs on GoComics.com.

## Story and characters

After the 2008 economic collapse, the number of multi-generational families was on the rise, with over 49 million Americans living in such families (as of 2008). *Freshly Squeezed* is relevant to this topic and on the humor exchanged between these inter-generational family members.

Liz and Sam are the main couple of this cartoon. Nate, is their pre-teen son who loves the fact that his grandparents are moving into his house. Sarah is the grandmother of Nate and the mother of Liz. She is described as strong willed woman who is never ready to accept that her daughter can do things rightly. Grandpa Irv is a Korean War veteran, who loves watching TV programs and spoiling his own grandson Nate.

## InfoBox

| Freshly Squeezed | |
| --- | --- |
| Author(s) | Ed Stein |
| Website | EdSteinInk.com |
| Current status/schedule | Conclude daily strip; reruns |
| Launch date | September 20, 2010 |
| End date | October 19, 2014 |
| Syndicate(s) | United Features Syndicate |
| Genre(s) | Humor |
| Preceded by | *Denver Square* |
| Followed by | *Sleeper Ave* |


title: United States balance of trade

text:
# United States balance of trade

The balance of trade of the United States moved into substantial deficit from the late 1990s, especially with China and other Asian countries. This has been accompanied by a relatively low savings ratio and high levels of government and corporate debt. Debate continues over the causes and impacts of this trade deficit, and the nature of any measures required in response.

## History

The 1920s marked a decade of economic growth in the United States following a classical supply side policy. U.S. President Warren Harding signed the Emergency Tariff of 1921 and the Fordney–McCumber Tariff of 1922. Harding's policies reduced taxes and protected U.S. business and agriculture. Following the Great Depression and World War II, the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference brought the Bretton Woods currency agreement followed by the economy of the 1950s and 1960s. In 1971, President Richard Nixon ended U.S. ties to Bretton Woods, leaving the U.S. with a floating fiat currency.

Over the long run, nations with trade surpluses tend also to have a savings surplus. The U.S. generally has developed lower savings rates than its trading partners, which have tended to have trade surpluses. Germany, France, Japan, and Canada have maintained higher savings rates than the U.S. over the long run.

## Impacts

The notion that bilateral trade deficits are bad in and of themselves is overwhelmingly rejected by trade experts and economists. Some economists note that the trade deficit increases when the U.S. economy grows and Americans are able to buy the goods and services they want from abroad. But many also worry that a persistent trade deficit could lead to lower employment and economic growth in the United States.

Wealth-producing sector jobs in the U.S. such as those in manufacturing and computer software have often been replaced by lower-paying wealth-consuming service sector jobs such as those in retail and government when the economy recovered from recessions. Some economists contend that the U.S. is borrowing to fund consumption of imports while accumulating unsustainable amounts of debt.

In 2006, the primary economic concerns focused on: high national debt ($9 trillion), high non-bank corporate debt ($9 trillion), high mortgage debt ($9 trillion), high financial institution debt ($12 trillion), high unfunded Medicare liability ($30 trillion), high unfunded Social Security liability ($12 trillion), high external debt (amount owed to foreign lenders) and a serious deterioration in the United States net international investment position (NIIP) (−24% of GDP), high trade deficits, and a rise in illegal immigration.

These issues have raised concerns among economists and unfunded liabilities were mentioned as a serious problem facing the United States in the President's 2006 State of the Union address. On June 26, 2009, Jeff Immelt, the CEO of General Electric, called for the U.S. to increase its manufacturing base employment to 20% of the workforce, commenting that the U.S. has outsourced too much in some areas and can no longer rely on the financial sector and consumer spending to drive demand.

In 1985, the U.S. had just begun a growing trade deficit with China. During the 1990s, U.S. trade deficit became a more excessive long-run trade deficit, mostly with Asia. By 2012, the U.S. trade deficit, fiscal budget deficit, and federal debt increased to record or near record levels following accompanying decades of the implementation of broad unconditional or unilateral U.S. free trade policies and formal trade agreements. The overall U.S. trade deficit widened 12.2 percent in 2022 to nearly $1 trillion as Americans bought large volumes of foreign machinery, pharmaceuticals, industrial supplies and car parts, according to new data released by the Commerce Department.

The US last had a trade surplus in 1975. However, recessions may cause short-run anomalies to rising trade deficits.


title: Urban renaissance

abstract: Urban renaissance was a policy aim for England introduced from 1999 to address urban decline, and may also refer to the subsequent period of repopulation and regeneration of many British cities, following a period of widespread inner city urban decay and suburbanisation during the mid-20th century. Cities considered to have gone through an urban renaissance include Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff, Glasgow, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, as well as parts of London. Urban renaissance has some similarities with the New Urbanism movement in North America.

text:
# Urban renaissance

**Urban renaissance** was a policy aim for England introduced from 1999 to address urban decline, and may also refer to the subsequent period of repopulation and regeneration of many British cities, following a period of widespread inner city urban decay and suburbanisation during the mid-20th century.

Cities considered to have gone through an urban renaissance include Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff, Glasgow, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, as well as parts of London.

Urban renaissance has some similarities with the New Urbanism movement in North America.

## Strategies

Urban renaissance deals with the negative impact of major factors driving change in urban areas such as technical revolution, ecological threat and social transformation. A number of initiatives were put in place, including tax incentives, the lifting of some urban planning restrictions, as well as state incentives encouraging business and residents back into city centre areas. Redundant land, such as 17th and 18th-century canals and docks, railway yards and derelict industrial sites have often been the focus of regeneration 'urban renewal companies' and regional development agencies.

## Outcomes

Large developments such as the London Docklands project have helped to encourage people back into the city, assisted by gentrification. The most common re-development is mixed use, with flats, townhouse and offices, often with public art and high-quality streetscapes. Derelict but attractive historical buildings have been converted into residential or commercial premises with generous grants or tax relief.

## Urban renaissance in the United States

Many American cities have seen at least a modest bounce in interest in core cities and older neighborhoods in recent years with a special emphasis on condominium projects, often in formerly non-residential structures. In the United States, efforts to revitalise urban areas often involve ideas of downtown/city centre as an art and cultural hub or arts district, somewhat akin to Richard Florida's concept of making the urban core friendly to the Creative Class. City leaders may promote events such as First Friday art walks and the construction of convention centers and theatres in order to attract visitors who live in suburbs. The word 'renaissance' was used by some cities in the USA in a similar period. For example, the city of Rochester, New York introduced *Rochester 2010 - The Renaissance Plan* in April 1999.

## Criticism

In a 2008 report, Policy Exchange argued that regeneration policies in general were of little use, saying the inescapable issue was that northern English towns which had "enjoyed the conditions for creating wealth in the coal-powered 19th-century are often poorly positioned today" which meant they would necessarily have to accept lower wages to attract economic opportunities. The report recommended that residents move to London and south east England instead, and thus that the government should focus its home-building efforts there. The report was criticised by a number of British politicians from all three major parties.


title: Violent Midnight

abstract: Violent Midnight is a 1963 American exploitation slasher film directed by Richard Hilliard and starring Lee Philips, Shepperd Strudwick, and Jean Hale. It focuses on a small New England town plagued by a series of slashing murders focused around a women's college. The film was initially titled Black Autumn, but released as Violent Midnight, premiering in Hartford, Connecticut in May 1963. It was later re-released under the title Psychomania in 1964.

text:
# Violent Midnight

***Violent Midnight*** is a 1963 American exploitation slasher film directed by Richard Hilliard and starring Lee Philips, Shepperd Strudwick, and Jean Hale. It focuses on a small New England town plagued by a series of slashing murders focused around a women's college.

The film was initially titled *Black Autumn*, but released as *Violent Midnight*, premiering in Hartford, Connecticut in May 1963. It was later re-released under the title *Psychomania* in 1964.

## Plot

Elliot Freeman, a war veteran with a family history of mental illness, becomes a pariah in his small town after his wealthy father suspiciously dies in a hunting accident with Elliot present. As a result, Elliot resides in isolation at his familial manor, and works as a portrait artist. While painting a model, Dolores Martello, Elliot is visited by his attorney, Adrian Benedict. Adrian presents paperwork for Elliot to sign regarding the payment of his sister Lynn's tuition.

Later at the local tavern, Elliot and Dolores's boyfriend Charlie get into a fight. Dolores leaves with Elliot, and in private she professes her love for him, recalling a previous sexual encounter they had six months prior. Elliot declines her, and she responds by telling him she is pregnant with Charlie's child; she threatens to spread rumors that the child is Elliot's. The two argue, and Elliot slaps her when she compares him to his "crazy" father. Later that night, Dolores is viciously stabbed to death by a cloaked figure.

Lynn arrives in town the next day from New York City to transfer to the local women's college. When Elliot brings Lynn to the college, he meets Carol Bishop, an instructor there and an old acquaintance who swiftly takes a liking to him. Meanwhile, police Lieutenant Palmer begins investigating Dolores's murder, questioning Elliot as well as Charlie, who is employed at the college as a handyman. Silvia, one of Charlie's side girlfriends, provides a false alibi for him. Adrian comes to Elliot's aid when police attempt to elicit a false confession from him. Later, while Charlie is working at the college, a female student, Alice St. Clair, makes sexual advances toward him, and the two have sex in a closet.

Lieutenant Palmer attempts to further close in on Elliot as a suspect in Dolores's murder, and Elliot confesses to Carol that he murdered his abusive father, and that Adrian helped get him acquitted. At the tavern that night, Charlie knocks Elliot unconscious before stealing his car to go skinny dipping at a lake with Alice. Silvia angrily witnesses Charlie leave with Alice. At the lake, Charlie admits he cannot swim, and Alice pulls him in the water anyway, resulting in them fighting. He punches her, rendering her unconscious, and subsequently drags her to the shore before fleeing in his car. When Alice regains consciousness, she is greeted by a cloaked figure who slashes her to death.

After news of Alice's murder is made public, Silvia becomes convinced Charlie murdered her, as well as Dolores. She calls Lieutenant Palmer and confesses she lied about Charlie's alibi, but before she can finish the call, Charlie attacks her, ripping out her earrings and beating her before fleeing on his motorcycle. A police chase ensues, but Charlie is apprehended. Elliot returns home and receives a phone call from Carol, but it is cut short when he is taken hostage by Adrian and his brutish chauffeur, Max, who are attempting to escort him to a mental institution. Carol arrives moments after they depart, and Elliot jumps from the moving car, managing to evade them by hiding in the woods. Searching for Elliot, Carol enters his mansion, followed by Adrian moments later.

In an upstairs room, Carol is confronted by the cloaked figure who attempts to stab her, but the attack is thwarted by Adrian and Elliot. Elliot chases after the assailant, who is revealed to be Lynn. Lynn crazedly explains that she committed the murders as she felt Elliot's attention was being taken away from her; she arrived in town the day before Dolores's murder, killed her, and then later mistakenly murdered Alice after seeing Elliot's car parked at the lake. She also admits to having fired the shot that killed their father, not Elliot. Later, with Lynn incarcerated, Elliot and Carol are able to reside happily.

## Cast

## Production

In writing the screenplay, Del Tenney was inspired by the case of Paula Jean Welden, a student at Bennington College who disappeared while Tenney's wife, Margot Hartman, was attending there. Filming for *Violent Midnight* took place in Stamford, Connecticut. Additional reshoots of sex scenes between James Farentino and Lorraine Rogers's characters was completed after principal photography and edited into the final cut.

Actress Candace Hilligoss was offered a role in the film, but turned it down in favor of a role in *Carnival of Souls*.

## Release

*Violent Midnight* had its world premiere at the E. M. Loew's theater in Hartford, Connecticut on May 22, 1963. It opened in Boston on July 31, 1963. It was later re-released under the title *Psychomania* in New York City on February 5, 1964, and grossed $34,200 during its first two weeks. It was re-released in Los Angeles under this title on December 9, 1964.

### Censorship

In some U.S. cities, such as Salina, Kansas, projectionists manually cut footage from the film which contained nudity, particularly that of Kaye Elhardt.

### Critical response

The *New York Daily News* lambasted the film for its depiction of sexuality and violence, with a review noting: "The quota of sexual abnormals is high, and their activities are grossly delineated on screen...  The film's potential as a likely mystery is abnegated by trickery, perversion and sensationalism." Kevin Thomas of the *Los Angeles Times* criticized the film for focusing more on the female students of the women's college than on Phillips's character of Elliot, as well as for its "awkward editing, poor sound and distracting music." Thomas also noted the sexuality depicted in the film as "gratuitous," but conceded "several first-rate performances \[and\] respectable camera work that makes the most of its rural setting."

Mark Deming of AllMovie awarded the film one and a half out of five stars, deeming it "a stark but interesting low-budget thriller." Glenn Erickson's review published in *DVD Talk* notes: "Tenney's film finds a sex angle by populating the film with a beautiful artist's model and a girls' school overflowing with man-crazy students. Add a *Psycho*\- inspired mix of mental aberration and gory killing, and Violent Midnight is a progressive exploitation show with multiple promotional handles."

### Home media

Dark Sky Films released *Violent Midnight* on DVD on March 28, 2006. This release features an audio commentary with writer and producer Del Tenney.

## InfoBox

| Violent Midnight | |
| --- | --- |
| Trade advertisement | |
| Directed by | Richard Hilliard |
| Screenplay by |  |
| Story by | Richard Hilliard |
| Produced by | Del Tenney |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Louis McMahon |
| Edited by | Robert Q. Lovett |
| Music by | Wilford Holcombe |
| Production<br>company | Del Tenney Productions |
| Distributed by | Victoria Films |
| Release dates |  |
| Running time | 93 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Mordella infranotata

abstract: Mordella infranotata is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1937.

text:
# Mordella infranotata

***Mordella infranotata*** is a species of beetle in the genus *Mordella* of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1937.

## InfoBox

| *Mordella infranotata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Mordellidae |
| Subfamily: | Mordellinae |
| Tribe: | Mordellini |
| Genus: | *Mordella* |
| Species: | ***M. infranotata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mordella infranotata***<br>Píc, 1937 | |
|


title: Manuel Montoya

abstract: Manuel Montoya Fernández was a Spanish handball coach and manager for both the Romanian and Iranian national teams. Montoya started at the Col·legi Pare Manyanet in Barcelona. He had a PhD in Physical Activity and Sport Sciences and was a professor at the INEFc University in Barcelona. On 14 September 2018, he signed a two-year contract to coach the Romania national team, replacing Xavier Pascual Fuertes who previously resigned. In August 2019, he was dismissed as coach of Romania and replaced by Rareş Fortuneanu. On 20 July 2021, he signed a contract to coach the Iran national team. He coached the Iran team until 2 February 2022 when he quit as their manager. Montoya died on 2 September 2024, at the age of 64.

text:
# Manuel Montoya

**Manuel Montoya Fernández** (18 October 1959 – 2 September 2024) was a Spanish handball coach and manager for both the Romanian and Iranian national teams.

Montoya started at the Col·legi Pare Manyanet in Barcelona. He had a PhD in Physical Activity and Sport Sciences and was a professor at the INEFc University in Barcelona.

On 14 September 2018, he signed a two-year contract to coach the Romania national team, replacing Xavier Pascual Fuertes who previously resigned. In August 2019, he was dismissed as coach of Romania and replaced by Rareş Fortuneanu. On 20 July 2021, he signed a contract to coach the Iran national team. He coached the Iran team until 2 February 2022 when he quit as their manager.

Montoya died on 2 September 2024, at the age of 64.

## International honours

### Manager

Granollers

### Assistant Manager

Qatar

2014 Asian Men's Handball Championship

Winner

2016 Asian Men's Handball Championship

Winner

2018 Asian Men's Handball Championship

Winner

2015 World Men's Handball Championship

**Runners-Up**

**Assistant manager**

**Spain** 2013 World Men's Handball Championship Winner

## InfoBox

| Manuel Montoya | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Manuel Montoya Fernández | | |
| Born | (1959-10-18)18 October 1959 | | |
| Died | 2 September 2024(2024-09-02) (aged 64) | | |
| Nationality | Spanish | | |
| Teams managed | | | |
| Years | **Team** |
| 1992–1997 | BM Granollers | | |
| 1997–1998 | Pilotes Posada Academia Octavio | | |
| 1998–2000 | Handbol Adrianenc | | |
| 2002–2007 | BM Granollers | | |
| 2004–2010 | Catalonia | | |
| 2010–2013 | Spain (assistant manager) | | |
| 2013–2018 | Qatar (assistant manager) | | |
| 2018–2019 | Romania | | |
| 2021–2022 | Iran | | |


title: Yllana Brosseau

abstract: Yllana Brosseau is a French rugby union player. She plays for the France women's national rugby union team as a prop forward.

text:
# Yllana Brosseau

**Yllana Brosseau** (born 5 September 2000) is a French rugby union player. She plays for the France women's national rugby union team as a prop forward.

## Career

Brosseau joined Stade Bordelais in 2021 from AC Bobigny 93 Rugby although agreed to move back to Bobigny in 2022.

She was named in France's team for the delayed 2021 Rugby World Cup in New Zealand.

## InfoBox

Yllana Brosseau
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (2000-09-05) 5 September 2000 |
| Rugby union career | |
| International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  France | |


title: Martin of Vertou

abstract: Saint Martin of Vertou (527–601) was a hermit and abbot, founder of Vertou Abbey, and the evangelist of the region around Nantes in Francia. He is sometimes known as the Apostle of the Herbauges.

text:
# Martin of Vertou

Saint **Martin of Vertou** (527601) was a hermit and abbot, founder of Vertou Abbey, and the evangelist of the region around Nantes in Francia. He is sometimes known as the Apostle of the Herbauges.

## Life

Martin was distinguished by his virtue, learning, and talent. He was ordained by Saint Felix, Bishop of Nantes, who also made him archdeacon of the church of Nantes and charged him with converting the inhabitants of the town and the surrounding area to Christianity.

In about 577, he withdrew into solitude in an area of wasteland on the right bank of the Sèvre Nantaise. Gradually, as people were drawn to him by his sanctity, he built a church and enlarged his hermitage, which became Vertou Abbey. He also founded other religious communities, including Durieu Abbey, where he died in 601 at the age of seventy-four.

There is a legend that he planted his pilgrim's staff in the middle of the abbey courtyard at Vertou and that it took root, growing into a yew tree, which appears on the arms of the commune of Vertou.

His feast day is 24 October.

## Sources


title: Freshly Squeezed... the Early Years

abstract: Freshly Squeezed... the Early Years is a semi-official compilation of the English rock band Pulp's early material recorded from 1983 to 1992 and originally released on the London independent label Fire. It was released in North America only.

text:
# Freshly Squeezed... the Early Years

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Freshly Squeezed... the Early Years*** is a semi-official compilation of the English rock band Pulp's early material recorded from 1983 to 1992 and originally released on the London independent label Fire. It was released in North America only.

## Track listing

All songs written by Pulp, except "My Lighthouse" written by Jarvis Cocker and Simon Hinkler.

1. "My Lighthouse" – 3:28
2. "My Legendary Girlfriend" – 6:48
3. "Don't You Want Me Anymore?" – 3:47
4. "She's Dead" – 5:05
5. "Little Girl (With Blue Eyes)" – 3:26
6. "Down by the River" – 3:38
7. "Blue Glow" – 3:04
8. "I Want You" – 4:41
9. "They Suffocate at Night" – 6:18
10. "Master of the Universe" – 3:20
11. "Countdown" (single version) – 4:39

## InfoBox

| Freshly Squeezed... the Early Years | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Pulp | |
| Released | 1 September 1998 |
| Recorded | 1983 – 1992 |
| Genre | Indie pop |
| Label | Velvel Music Group |
| Pulp chronology | |
| *This Is Hardcore*
(1998) ***Freshly Squeezed... the Early Years***
(1998) *We Love Life*
(2001) | |


title: Uniform polytope

abstract: In geometry, a uniform polytope of dimension three or higher is a vertex-transitive polytope bounded by uniform facets. Here, "vertex-transitive" means that it has symmetries taking every vertex to every other vertex; the same must also be true within each lower-dimensional face of the polytope. In two dimensions a stronger definition is used: only the regular polygons are considered as uniform, disallowing polygons that alternate between two different lengths of edges. This is a generalization of the older category of semiregular polytopes, but also includes the regular polytopes. Further, star regular faces and vertex figures are allowed, which greatly expand the possible solutions. A strict definition requires uniform polytopes to be finite, while a more expansive definition allows uniform honeycombs of Euclidean and hyperbolic space to be considered polytopes as well.

text:
# Uniform polytope

Convex uniform polytopes
| 2D | 3D |
| --- | --- |
|
Truncated triangle or uniform hexagon, with Coxeter diagram . |
Truncated octahedron, |
| 4D | 5D |
|
Truncated 16-cell, |
Truncated 5-orthoplex, |

In geometry, a **uniform polytope** of dimension three or higher is a vertex-transitive polytope bounded by uniform facets. Here, "vertex-transitive" means that it has symmetries taking every vertex to every other vertex; the same must also be true within each lower-dimensional face of the polytope. In two dimensions (and for two-dimensional faces of higher-dimensional polytopes) a stronger definition is used: only the regular polygons are considered as uniform, disallowing polygons that alternate between two different lengths of edges.

This is a generalization of the older category of *semiregular* polytopes, but also includes the regular polytopes. Further, star regular faces and vertex figures (star polygons) are allowed, which greatly expand the possible solutions. A strict definition requires uniform polytopes to be finite, while a more expansive definition allows uniform honeycombs (2-dimensional tilings and higher dimensional honeycombs) of Euclidean and hyperbolic space to be considered polytopes as well.

## Operations

Nearly every uniform polytope can be generated by a Wythoff construction, and represented by a Coxeter diagram. Notable exceptions include the great dirhombicosidodecahedron in three dimensions and the grand antiprism in four dimensions.

Equivalently, the Wythoffian polytopes can be generated by applying basic operations to the regular polytopes in that dimension. This approach was first used by Johannes Kepler, and is the basis of the Conway polyhedron notation.

### Rectification operators

Regular n-polytopes have *n* orders of rectification. The zeroth rectification is the original form. The (*n*1)-th rectification is the dual. A **rectification** reduces edges to vertices, a **birectification** reduces faces to vertices, a **trirectification** reduces cells to vertices, a **quadirectification** reduces 4-faces to vertices, a **quintirectification** reduced 5-faces to vertices, and so on.

An extended Schläfli symbol can be used for representing rectified forms, with a single subscript:

* *k*-th rectification = **tk**{p1, p2, ..., pn-1} = *k***r**.

### Truncation operators

Truncation operations that can be applied to regular *n*-polytopes in any combination. The resulting Coxeter diagram has two ringed nodes, and the operation is named for the distance between them. **Truncation** cuts vertices, **cantellation** cuts edges, **runcination** cuts faces, **sterication** cut cells. Each higher operation also cuts lower ones too, so a cantellation also truncates vertices.

1. **t0,1** or **t**: **Truncation** \- applied to polygons and higher. A truncation removes vertices, and inserts a new facet in place of each former vertex. Faces are truncated, doubling their edges. (The term, coined by Kepler, comes from Latin *truncare* 'to cut off'.)
    * There are higher truncations also: **bitruncation** **t1,2** or **2t**, **tritruncation** **t2,3** or **3t**, **quadritruncation** **t3,4** or **4t**, **quintitruncation** **t4,5** or **5t**, etc.
2. **t0,2** or **rr**: **Cantellation** \- applied to polyhedra and higher. It can be seen as rectifying its rectification. A cantellation truncates both vertices and edges and replaces them with new facets. Cells are replaced by topologically expanded copies of themselves. (The term, coined by Johnson, is derived from the verb *cant*, like *bevel*, meaning to cut with a slanted face.)
    * There are higher cantellations also: **bicantellation** **t1,3** or **r2r**, **tricantellation** **t2,4** or **r3r**, **quadricantellation** **t3,5** or **r4r**, etc.
    * **t0,1,2** or **tr**: **Cantitruncation** \- applied to polyhedra and higher. It can be seen as truncating its rectification. A cantitruncation truncates both vertices and edges and replaces them with new facets. Cells are replaced by topologically expanded copies of themselves. (The composite term combines cantellation and truncation)
        + There are higher cantellations also: **bicantitruncation** **t1,2,3** or **t2r**, **tricantitruncation** **t2,3,4** or **t3r**, **quadricantitruncation** **t3,4,5** or **t4r**, etc.
3. **t0,3**: **Runcination** \- applied to Uniform 4-polytope and higher. Runcination truncates vertices, edges, and faces, replacing them each with new facets. 4-faces are replaced by topologically expanded copies of themselves. (The term, coined by Johnson, is derived from Latin *runcina* 'carpenter's plane'.)
    * There are higher runcinations also: **biruncination** **t1,4**, **triruncination** **t2,5**, etc.
4. **t0,4** or **2r2r**: **Sterication** \- applied to Uniform 5-polytopes and higher. It can be seen as birectifying its birectification. Sterication truncates vertices, edges, faces, and cells, replacing each with new facets. 5-faces are replaced by topologically expanded copies of themselves. (The term, coined by Johnson, is derived from Greek *stereos* 'solid'.)
    * There are higher sterications also: **bisterication** **t1,5** or **2r3r**, **tristerication** **t2,6** or **2r4r**, etc.
    * **t0,2,4** or **2t2r**: **Stericantellation** \- applied to Uniform 5-polytopes and higher. It can be seen as bitruncating its birectification.
        + There are higher sterications also: **bistericantellation** **t1,3,5** or **2t3r**, **tristericantellation** **t2,4,6** or **2t4r**, etc.
5. **t0,5**: **Pentellation** \- applied to Uniform 6-polytopes and higher. Pentellation truncates vertices, edges, faces, cells, and 4-faces, replacing each with new facets. 6-faces are replaced by topologically expanded copies of themselves. (Pentellation is derived from Greek *pente* 'five'.)
    * There are also higher pentellations: **bipentellation** **t1,6**, **tripentellation** **t2,7**, etc.
6. **t0,6** or **3r3r**: **Hexication** \- applied to Uniform 7-polytopes and higher. It can be seen as trirectifying its trirectification. Hexication truncates vertices, edges, faces, cells, 4-faces, and 5-faces, replacing each with new facets. 7-faces are replaced by topologically expanded copies of themselves. (Hexication is derived from Greek *hex* 'six'.)
    * There are higher hexications also: **bihexication**: **t1,7** or **3r4r**, **trihexication**: **t2,8** or **3r5r**, etc.
    * **t0,3,6** or **3t3r**: **Hexiruncinated** \- applied to Uniform 7-polytopes and higher. It can be seen as tritruncating its trirectification.
        + There are also higher hexiruncinations: **bihexiruncinated**: **t1,4,7** or **3t4r**, **trihexiruncinated**: **t2,5,8** or **3t5r**, etc.
7. **t0,7**: **Heptellation** \- applied to Uniform 8-polytopes and higher. Heptellation truncates vertices, edges, faces, cells, 4-faces, 5-faces, and 6-faces, replacing each with new facets. 8-faces are replaced by topologically expanded copies of themselves. (Heptellation is derived from Greek *hepta* 'seven'.)
    * There are higher heptellations also: **biheptellation** **t1,8**, **triheptellation** **t2,9**, etc.
8. **t0,8** or **4r4r**: **Octellation** \- applied to Uniform 9-polytopes and higher.
9. **t0,9**: **Ennecation** \- applied to Uniform 10-polytopes and higher.

In addition combinations of truncations can be performed which also generate new uniform polytopes. For example, a *runcitruncation* is a *runcination* and *truncation* applied together.

If all truncations are applied at once, the operation can be more generally called an omnitruncation.

### Alternation

One special operation, called alternation, removes alternate vertices from a polytope with only even-sided faces. An alternated omnitruncated polytope is called a *snub*.

The resulting polytopes always can be constructed, and are not generally reflective, and also do not in general have *uniform* polytope solutions.

The set of polytopes formed by alternating the hypercubes are known as demicubes. In three dimensions, this produces a tetrahedron; in four dimensions, this produces a 16-cell, or *demitesseract*.

## Vertex figure

Uniform polytopes can be constructed from their vertex figure, the arrangement of edges, faces, cells, etc. around each vertex. Uniform polytopes represented by a Coxeter diagram, marking active mirrors by rings, have reflectional symmetry, and can be simply constructed by recursive reflections of the vertex figure.

A smaller number of nonreflectional uniform polytopes have a single vertex figure but are not repeated by simple reflections. Most of these can be represented with operations like alternation of other uniform polytopes.

Vertex figures for single-ringed Coxeter diagrams can be constructed from the diagram by removing the ringed node, and ringing neighboring nodes. Such vertex figures are themselves vertex-transitive.

Multiringed polytopes can be constructed by a slightly more complicated construction process, and their topology is not a uniform polytope. For example, the vertex figure of a truncated regular polytope (with 2 rings) is a pyramid. An omnitruncated polytope (all nodes ringed) will always have an irregular simplex as its vertex figure.

## Circumradius

Uniform polytopes have equal edge-lengths, and all vertices are an equal distance from the center, called the **circumradius**.

Uniform polytopes whose circumradius is equal to the edge length can be used as vertex figures for uniform honeycombs. For example, the regular hexagon divides into 6 equilateral triangles and is the vertex figure for the regular triangular tiling. Also the cuboctahedron divides into 8 regular tetrahedra and 6 square pyramids (half octahedron), and it is the vertex figure for the alternated cubic honeycomb.

## Uniform polytopes by dimension

It is useful to classify the uniform polytopes by dimension. This is equivalent to the number of nodes on the Coxeter diagram, or the number of hyperplanes in the Wythoffian construction. Because (*n*+1)-dimensional polytopes are tilings of *n*-dimensional spherical space, tilings of *n*-dimensional Euclidean and hyperbolic space are also considered to be (*n*+1)-dimensional. Hence, the tilings of two-dimensional space are grouped with the three-dimensional solids.

### One dimension

The only one-dimensional polytope is the line segment. It corresponds to the Coxeter family A1.

### Two dimensions

In two dimensions, there is an infinite family of convex uniform polytopes, the regular polygons, the simplest being the equilateral triangle. Truncated regular polygons become bicolored geometrically quasiregular polygons of twice as many sides, t{p}={2p}. The first few regular polygons (and quasiregular forms) are displayed below:

| Name | Triangle
(2-simplex) | Square
(2-orthoplex)
(2-cube) | Pentagon | Hexagon | Heptagon | Octagon | Enneagon | Decagon | Hendecagon |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Schläfli | {3} | {4}
t{2} | {5} | {6}
t{3} | {7} | {8}
t{4} | {9} | {10}
t{5} | {11} |
| Coxeter
diagram |  |
 |  |
 |  |
 |  |
 |  |
| Image |  |
 |  |
 |  |
 |  |
 |  |
| Name | Dodecagon | Tridecagon | Tetradecagon | Pentadecagon | Hexadecagon | Heptadecagon | Octadecagon | Enneadecagon | Icosagon |
| Schläfli | {12}
t{6} | {13} | {14}
t{7} | {15} | {16}
t{8} | {17} | {18}
t{9} | {19} | {20}
t{10} |
| Coxeter
diagram |
 |  |
 |  |
 |  |
 |  |
 |
| Image |
 |  |
 |  |
 |  |
 |  |
 |

There is also an infinite set of star polygons (one for each rational number greater than 2), but these are non-convex. The simplest example is the pentagram, which corresponds to the rational number 5/2. Regular star polygons, {p/q}, can be truncated into semiregular star polygons, t{p/q}=t{2p/q}, but become double-coverings if *q* is even. A truncation can also be made with a reverse orientation polygon t{p/(p-q)}={2p/(p-q)}, for example t{5/3}={10/3}.

| Name | Pentagram | Heptagrams | | Octagram | Enneagrams | | Decagram | ...n-agrams |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Schläfli | {5/2} | {7/2} | {7/3} | {8/3}
t{4/3} | {9/2} | {9/4} | {10/3}
t{5/3} | {*p/q*} |
| Coxeter
diagram |  |  |  |
 |  |  |
 |  |
| Image |  |  |  |
 |  |  |
 |  |

Regular polygons, represented by Schläfli symbol {p} for a p-gon. Regular polygons are self-dual, so the rectification produces the same polygon. The uniform truncation operation doubles the sides to {2p}. The snub operation, alternating the truncation, restores the original polygon {p}. Thus all uniform polygons are also regular. The following operations can be performed on regular polygons to derive the uniform polygons, which are also regular polygons:

| Operation | Extended
Schläfli
Symbols | | Regular
result | Coxeter
diagram | Position | | Symmetry |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | (1) | | | (0) ||
| **Parent** | {p} | t0{p} | {p} |  | {} | -- | \[p\]
(order 2p) |
| **Rectified**
(Dual) | r{p} | t1{p} | {p} |  | -- | {} | \[p\]
(order 2p) |
| **Truncated** | t{p} | t0,1{p} | {2p} |  | {} | {} | \[\[p\]\]=\[2p\]
(order 4p) |
| Half | h{2p} | | {p} |  | -- | -- | \[1+,2p\]=\[p\]
(order 2p) |
| **Snub** | s{p} | | {p} |  | -- | -- | \[\[p\]\]+=\[p\]
(order 2p) |

### Three dimensions

In three dimensions, the situation gets more interesting. There are five convex regular polyhedra, known as the Platonic solids:

| Name | Schläfli
{p,q} | Diagram
 | Image
(transparent) | Image
(solid) | Image
(sphere) | Faces
{p} | Edges | Vertices
{q} | Symmetry | Dual |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Tetrahedron
(3-simplex)
(Pyramid) | {3,3} |  |  |  |  | 4
{3} | 6 | 4
{3} | Td | (self) |
| Cube
(3-cube)
(Hexahedron) | {4,3} |  |  |  |  | 6
{4} | 12 | 8
{3} | Oh | Octahedron |
| Octahedron
(3-orthoplex) | {3,4} |  |  |  |  | 8
{3} | 12 | 6
{4} | Oh | Cube |
| Dodecahedron | {5,3} |  |  |  |  | 12
{5} | 30 | 20
{3}2 | Ih | Icosahedron |
| Icosahedron | {3,5} |  |  |  |  | 20
{3} | 30 | 12
{5} | Ih | Dodecahedron |

In addition to these, there are also 13 semiregular polyhedra, or Archimedean solids, which can be obtained via Wythoff constructions, or by performing operations such as truncation on the Platonic solids, as demonstrated in the following table:

|  | Parent | Truncated | Rectified | Bitruncated
(tr. dual) | Birectified
(dual) | Cantellated | Omnitruncated
(Cantitruncated) | Snub |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Tetrahedral
3-3-2 |
{3,3} |
(3.6.6) |
(3.3.3.3) |
(3.6.6) |
{3,3} |
(3.4.3.4) |
(4.6.6) |
(3.3.3.3.3) |
| Octahedral
4-3-2 |
{4,3} |
(3.8.8) |
(3.4.3.4) |
(4.6.6) |
{3,4} |
(3.4.4.4) |
(4.6.8) |
(3.3.3.3.4) |
| Icosahedral
5-3-2 |
{5,3} |
(3.10.10) |
(3.5.3.5) |
(5.6.6) |
{3,5} |
(3.4.5.4) |
(4.6.10) |
(3.3.3.3.5) |

There is also the infinite set of prisms, one for each regular polygon, and a corresponding set of antiprisms.

| # | Name | Picture | Tiling | Vertex
figure | Diagram
and Schläfli
symbols |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| P2p | Prism |  |  |  |
tr{2,p} |
| Ap | Antiprism |  |  |  |
sr{2,p} |

The uniform star polyhedra include a further 4 regular star polyhedra, the Kepler-Poinsot polyhedra, and 53 semiregular star polyhedra. There are also two infinite sets, the star prisms (one for each star polygon) and star antiprisms (one for each rational number greater than 3/2).

#### Constructions

The Wythoffian uniform polyhedra and tilings can be defined by their Wythoff symbol, which specifies the fundamental region of the object. An extension of Schläfli notation, also used by Coxeter, applies to all dimensions; it consists of the letter 't', followed by a series of subscripted numbers corresponding to the ringed nodes of the Coxeter diagram, and followed by the Schläfli symbol of the regular seed polytope. For example, the truncated octahedron is represented by the notation: t0,1{3,4}.

| Operation | Schläfli
Symbol | | | Coxeter
diagram | | Wythoff
symbol | Position: | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | |  |  | |  | |  |  |  |
| **Parent** | $\begin{Bmatrix}p,q\end{Bmatrix}$ | {p,q} | t0{p,q} |  | | q | 2 p | {p} | { } | -- | -- | -- | { } |
| Birectified
(or **dual**) | $\begin{Bmatrix}q,p\end{Bmatrix}$ | {q,p} | t2{p,q} |  | | p | 2 q | -- | { } | {q} | { } | -- | -- |
| Truncated | $t{\begin{Bmatrix}p,q\end{Bmatrix}}$ | t{p,q} | t0,1{p,q} |  | | 2 q | p | {2p} | { } | {q} | -- | { } | { } |
| Bitruncated
(or truncated dual) | $t{\begin{Bmatrix}q,p\end{Bmatrix}}$ | t{q,p} | t1,2{p,q} |  | | 2 p | q | {p} | { } | {2q} | { } | { } | -- |
| **Rectified** | $\begin{Bmatrix}p\\q\end{Bmatrix}$ | r{p,q} | t1{p,q} |  |  | 2 | p q | {p} | -- | {q} | -- | { } | -- |
| Cantellated
(or expanded) | $r{\begin{Bmatrix}p\\q\end{Bmatrix}}$ | rr{p,q} | t0,2{p,q} |  |  | p q | 2 | {p} | { }×{ } | {q} | { } | -- | { } |
| Cantitruncated
(or Omnitruncated) | $t{\begin{Bmatrix}p\\q\end{Bmatrix}}$ | tr{p,q} | t0,1,2{p,q} |  |  | 2 p q | | {2p} | { }×{} | {2q} | { } | { } | { } |

| Operation | Schläfli
Symbol | | | Coxeter
diagram | | Wythoff
symbol | Position: | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | |  |  | |  | |  |  |  |
| Snub rectified | $s{\begin{Bmatrix}p\\q\end{Bmatrix}}$ | sr{p,q} | |  |  | | 2 p q | {p} | {3}
{3} | {q} | -- | -- | -- |
| Snub | $s{\begin{Bmatrix}p,q\end{Bmatrix}}$ | s{p,2q} | ht0,1{p,q} |  | |  | s{2p} | {3} | {q} | -- | {3} |  |

|  |
Generating triangles |
| --- | --- |

### Four dimensions

In four dimensions, there are 6 convex regular 4-polytopes, 17 prisms on the Platonic and Archimedean solids (excluding the cube-prism, which has already been counted as the tesseract), and two infinite sets: the prisms on the convex antiprisms, and the duoprisms. There are also 41 convex semiregular 4-polytope, including the non-Wythoffian grand antiprism and the snub 24-cell. Both of these special 4-polytope are composed of subgroups of the vertices of the 600-cell.

The four-dimensional uniform star polytopes have not all been enumerated. The ones that have include the 10 regular star (Schläfli-Hess) 4-polytopes and 57 prisms on the uniform star polyhedra, as well as three infinite families: the prisms on the star antiprisms, the duoprisms formed by multiplying two star polygons, and the duoprisms formed by multiplying an ordinary polygon with a star polygon. There is an unknown number of 4-polytope that do not fit into the above categories; over one thousand have been discovered so far.

Every regular polytope can be seen as the images of a fundamental region in a small number of mirrors. In a 4-dimensional polytope (or 3-dimensional cubic honeycomb) the fundamental region is bounded by four mirrors. A mirror in 4-space is a three-dimensional hyperplane, but it is more convenient for our purposes to consider only its two-dimensional intersection with the three-dimensional surface of the hypersphere; thus the mirrors form an irregular tetrahedron.

Each of the sixteen regular 4-polytopes is generated by one of four symmetry groups, as follows:

* group \[3,3,3\]: the 5-cell {3,3,3}, which is self-dual;
* group \[3,3,4\]: 16-cell {3,3,4} and its dual tesseract {4,3,3};
* group \[3,4,3\]: the 24-cell {3,4,3}, self-dual;
* group \[3,3,5\]: 600-cell {3,3,5}, its dual 120-cell {5,3,3}, and their ten regular stellations.
* group \[31,1,1\]: contains only repeated members of the \[3,3,4\] family.

(The groups are named in Coxeter notation.)

Eight of the convex uniform honeycombs in Euclidean 3-space are analogously generated from the cubic honeycomb {4,3,4}, by applying the same operations used to generate the Wythoffian uniform 4-polytopes.

For a given symmetry simplex, a generating point may be placed on any of the four vertices, 6 edges, 4 faces, or the interior volume. On each of these 15 elements there is a point whose images, reflected in the four mirrors, are the vertices of a uniform 4-polytope.

The extended Schläfli symbols are made by a **t** followed by inclusion of one to four subscripts 0,1,2,3. If there is one subscript, the generating point is on a corner of the fundamental region, i.e. a point where three mirrors meet. These corners are notated as

* **0**: vertex of the parent 4-polytope (center of the dual's cell)
* **1**: center of the parent's edge (center of the dual's face)
* **2**: center of the parent's face (center of the dual's edge)
* **3**: center of the parent's cell (vertex of the dual)

(For the two self-dual 4-polytopes, "dual" means a similar 4-polytope in dual position.) Two or more subscripts mean that the generating point is between the corners indicated.

#### Constructive summary

The 15 constructive forms by family are summarized below. The self-dual families are listed in one column, and others as two columns with shared entries on the symmetric Coxeter diagrams. The final 10th row lists the snub 24-cell constructions. This includes all nonprismatic uniform 4-polytopes, except for the non-Wythoffian grand antiprism, which has no Coxeter family.

| A4 | BC4 | | D4 | F4 | H4 | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| \[3,3,3\]
 | \[4,3,3\]
 | | \[3,31,1\]
 | \[3,4,3\]
 | \[5,3,3\]
 | |
| 5-cell

{3,3,3} | 16-cell

{3,3,4} | tesseract

{4,3,3} | demitesseract

{3,31,1} | 24-cell

{3,4,3} | 600-cell

{3,3,5} | 120-cell

{5,3,3} |
| rectified 5-cell

r{3,3,3} | rectified 16-cell

r{3,3,4} | rectified tesseract

r{4,3,3} | rectified demitesseract

r{3,31,1} | rectified 24-cell

r{3,4,3} | rectified 600-cell

r{3,3,5} | rectified 120-cell

r{5,3,3} |
| truncated 5-cell

t{3,3,3} | truncated 16-cell

t{3,3,4} | truncated tesseract

t{4,3,3} | truncated demitesseract

t{3,31,1} | truncated 24-cell

t{3,4,3} | truncated 600-cell

t{3,3,5} | truncated 120-cell

t{5,3,3} |
| cantellated 5-cell

rr{3,3,3} | cantellated 16-cell

rr{3,3,4} | cantellated tesseract

rr{4,3,3} | cantellated demitesseract

2r{3,31,1} | cantellated 24-cell

rr{3,4,3} | cantellated 600-cell

rr{3,3,5} | cantellated 120-cell

rr{5,3,3} |
| runcinated 5-cell

t0,3{3,3,3} | runcinated 16-cell

t0,3{3,3,4} | runcinated tesseract

t0,3{4,3,3} |  | runcinated 24-cell

t0,3{3,4,3} | runcinated 600-cell
runcinated 120-cell

t0,3{3,3,5} | |
| bitruncated 5-cell

t1,2{3,3,3} | bitruncated 16-cell

2t{3,3,4} | bitruncated tesseract

2t{4,3,3} | cantitruncated demitesseract

2t{3,31,1} | bitruncated 24-cell

2t{3,4,3} | bitruncated 600-cell
bitruncated 120-cell

2t{3,3,5} | |
| cantitruncated 5-cell

tr{3,3,3} | cantitruncated 16-cell

tr{3,3,4} | cantitruncated tesseract

tr{4,3,3} | omnitruncated demitesseract

tr{3,31,1} | cantitruncated 24-cell

tr{3,4,3} | cantitruncated 600-cell

tr{3,3,5} | cantitruncated 120-cell

tr{5,3,3} |
| runcitruncated 5-cell

t0,1,3{3,3,3} | runcitruncated 16-cell

t0,1,3{3,3,4} | runcitruncated tesseract

t0,1,3{4,3,3} | runcicantellated demitesseract

rr{3,31,1} | runcitruncated 24-cell

t0,1,3{3,4,3} | runcitruncated 600-cell

t0,1,3{3,3,5} | runcitruncated 120-cell

t0,1,3{5,3,3} |
| omnitruncated 5-cell

t0,1,2,3{3,3,3} | omnitruncated 16-cell

t0,1,2,3{3,3,4} | omnitruncated tesseract

t0,1,2,3{3,3,4} |  | omnitruncated 24-cell

t0,1,2,3{3,4,3} | omnitruncated 120-cell
omnitruncated 600-cell

t0,1,2,3{5,3,3} | |
|  | alternated cantitruncated 16-cell

sr{3,3,4} |  | snub demitesseract

sr{3,31,1} | Alternated truncated 24-cell

s{3,4,3} |  |  |

#### Truncated forms

The following table defines 15 forms of truncation. Each form can have from one to four cell types, located in positions 0,1,2,3 as defined above. The cells are labeled by polyhedral truncation notation.

* An **n**-gonal prism is represented as : {n}×{ }.
* The green background is shown on forms that are equivalent to either the parent or the dual.
* The red background shows the truncations of the parent, and blue the truncations of the dual.

| Operation | Schläfli symbol | | Coxeter
diagram | Cells by position: | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | (3)
 | | (2)
 | (1)
 | (0)
 |
| **Parent** | {p,q,r} | t0{p,q,r} |  |
{p,q} |
-- |
-- |
-- |
| **Rectified** | r{p,q,r} | t1{p,q,r} |  |
r{p,q} |
-- |
-- |
{q,r} |
| Birectified
(or rectified dual) | 2r{p,q,r}
= r{r,q,p} | t2{p,q,r} |  |
{q,p} |
-- |
-- |
r{q,r} |
| Trirectifed
(or dual) | 3r{p,q,r}
= {r,q,p} | t3{p,q,r} |  |
-- |
-- |
-- |
{r,q} |
| Truncated | t{p,q,r} | t0,1{p,q,r} |  |
t{p,q} |
-- |
-- |
{q,r} |
| Bitruncated | 2t{p,q,r} | 2t{p,q,r} |  |
t{q,p} |
-- |
-- |
t{q,r} |
| Tritruncated
(or truncated dual) | 3t{p,q,r}
= t{r,q,p} | t2,3{p,q,r} |  |
{q,p} |
-- |
-- |
t{r,q} |
| Cantellated | rr{p,q,r} | t0,2{p,q,r} |  |
rr{p,q} |
-- |
{ }×{r} |
r{q,r} |
| Bicantellated
(or cantellated dual) | r2r{p,q,r}
= rr{r,q,p} | t1,3{p,q,r} |  |
r{p,q} |
{p}×{ } |
-- |
rr{q,r} |
| Runcinated
(or expanded) | e{p,q,r} | t0,3{p,q,r} |  |
{p,q} |
{p}×{ } |
{ }×{r} |
{r,q} |
| Cantitruncated | tr{p,q,r} | tr{p,q,r} |  |
tr{p,q} |
-- |
{ }×{r} |
t{q,r} |
| Bicantitruncated
(or cantitruncated dual) | t2r{p,q,r}
= tr{r,q,p} | t1,2,3{p,q,r} |  |
t{q,p} |
{p}×{ } |
-- |
tr{q,r} |
| Runcitruncated | et{p,q,r} | t0,1,3{p,q,r} |  |
t{p,q} |
{2p}×{ } |
{ }×{r} |
rr{q,r} |
| Runcicantellated
(or runcitruncated dual) | e3t{p,q,r}
= et{r,q,p} | t0,2,3{p,q,r} |  |
tr{p,q} |
{p}×{ } |
{ }×{2r} |
t{r,q} |
| Runcicantitruncated
(or omnitruncated) | o{p,q,r} | t0,1,2,3{p,q,r} |  |
tr{p,q} |
{2p}×{ } |
{ }×{2r} |
tr{q,r} |

#### Half forms

Half constructions exist with *holes* rather than ringed nodes. Branches neighboring *holes* and inactive nodes must be even-order. Half construction have the vertices of an identically ringed construction.

| Operation | Schläfli symbol | | Coxeter
diagram | Cells by position: | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | (3)
 | | (2)
 | (1)
 | (0)
 |
| Half
Alternated | h{p,2q,r} | ht0{p,2q,r} |  |
h{p,2q} |
-- |
-- |
-- |
| Alternated rectified | hr{2p,2q,r} | ht1{2p,2q,r} |  |
hr{2p,2q} |
-- |
-- |
h{2q,r} |
| Snub
Alternated truncation | s{p,2q,r} | ht0,1{p,2q,r} |  |
s{p,2q} |
-- |
-- |
h{2q,r} |
| Bisnub
Alternated bitruncation | 2s{2p,q,2r} | ht1,2{2p,q,2r} |  |
s{q,2p} |
-- |
-- |
s{q,2r} |
| Snub rectified
Alternated truncated rectified | sr{p,q,2r} | ht0,1,2{p,q,2r} |  |
sr{p,q} |
-- |
s{2,2r} |
s{q,2r} |
| Omnisnub
Alternated omnitruncation | os{p,q,r} | ht0,1,2,3{p,q,r} |  |
sr{p,q} |
{p}×{ } |
{ }×{r} |
sr{q,r} |

### Five and higher dimensions

In five and higher dimensions, there are 3 regular polytopes, the hypercube, simplex and cross-polytope. They are generalisations of the three-dimensional cube, tetrahedron and octahedron, respectively. There are no regular star polytopes in these dimensions. Most uniform higher-dimensional polytopes are obtained by modifying the regular polytopes, or by taking the Cartesian product of polytopes of lower dimensions.

In six, seven and eight dimensions, the exceptional simple Lie groups, E6, E7 and E8 come into play. By placing rings on a nonzero number of nodes of the Coxeter diagrams, one can obtain 39 new 6-polytopes, 127 new 7-polytopes and 255 new 8-polytopes. A notable example is the 421 polytope.

## Uniform honeycombs

Related to the subject of finite uniform polytopes are uniform honeycombs in Euclidean and hyperbolic spaces. Euclidean uniform honeycombs are generated by affine Coxeter groups and hyperbolic honeycombs are generated by the hyperbolic Coxeter groups. Two affine Coxeter groups can be multiplied together.

There are two classes of hyperbolic Coxeter groups, compact and paracompact. Uniform honeycombs generated by compact groups have finite facets and vertex figures, and exist in 2 through 4 dimensions. Paracompact groups have affine or hyperbolic subgraphs, and infinite facets or vertex figures, and exist in 2 through 10 dimensions.

* Coxeter *The Beauty of Geometry: Twelve Essays*, Dover Publications, 1999, ISBN 978-0-486-40919-1 (Chapter 3: Wythoff's Construction for Uniform Polytopes)
* Norman Johnson *Uniform Polytopes*, Manuscript (1991)
    + Norman Johnson: *The Theory of Uniform Polytopes and Honeycombs*, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Toronto, 1966 ONLINE
* A. Boole Stott: *Geometrical deduction of semiregular from regular polytopes and space fillings*, Verhandelingen of the Koninklijke academy van Wetenschappen width unit Amsterdam, Eerste Sectie 11,1, Amsterdam, 1910 PDF
* H.S.M. Coxeter:
    + H.S.M. Coxeter, M.S. Longuet-Higgins and J.C.P. Miller: *Uniform Polyhedra*, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Londne, 1954 PDF
    + H.S.M. Coxeter, *Regular Polytopes*, 3rd Edition, Dover New York, 1973
* *Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter*, edited by F. Arthur Sherk, Peter McMullen, Anthony C. Thompson, Asia Ivic Weiss, Wiley-Interscience Publication, 1995, ISBN 978-0-471-01003-6
* Marco Möller, *Vierdimensionale Archimedische Polytope*, Dissertation, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg (2004) (in German) ONLINE

|  | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Family | *A**n* | *B**n* | *I*2(p) / *D**n* | *E*6 / *E*7 / *E*8 / *F*4 / *G*2 | Hn |
| Regular polygon | Triangle | Square | p-gon | Hexagon | Pentagon |
| Uniform polyhedron | Tetrahedron | OctahedronCube | Demicube |  | DodecahedronIcosahedron |
| Uniform polychoron | Pentachoron | 16-cellTesseract | Demitesseract | 24-cell | 120-cell600-cell |
| Uniform 5-polytope | 5-simplex | 5-orthoplex5-cube | 5-demicube |  |  |
| Uniform 6-polytope | 6-simplex | 6-orthoplex6-cube | 6-demicube | 122221 |  |
| Uniform 7-polytope | 7-simplex | 7-orthoplex7-cube | 7-demicube | 132231321 |  |
| Uniform 8-polytope | 8-simplex | 8-orthoplex8-cube | 8-demicube | 142241421 |  |
| Uniform 9-polytope | 9-simplex | 9-orthoplex9-cube | 9-demicube |  |  |
| Uniform 10-polytope | 10-simplex | 10-orthoplex10-cube | 10-demicube |  |  |
| Uniform *n*-polytope | *n*-simplex | *n*-orthoplex*n*-cube | *n*-demicube | 1k22k1k21 | *n*-pentagonal polytope |
| Topics: Polytope familiesRegular polytopeList of regular polytopes and compounds | | | | | | | | | | | | |