title: Wappocomo (Romney, West Virginia)

abstract: Wappocomo is a late 18th-century Georgian mansion and farm overlooking the South Branch Potomac River north of Romney, Hampshire County, West Virginia, USA. It is located along Cumberland Road and the South Branch Valley Railroad. The original section of the mansion at Wappocomo was built in 1774 by Nicholas Casey (1745–1833), using bricks that had been used as ballast to stabilize ships loading tobacco in the James River. The Wappocomo property had been a part of the South Branch Survey of Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron's Northern Neck Proprietary. The Parsons family, prominent in Virginia and West Virginia politics in the 18th and 19th centuries, acquired Wappocomo and continue to maintain ownership of the property into the 21st century. Wappocomo was involved in two slavery-related disputes that caused friction between the governments of Pennsylvania and Virginia. In 1788, Nicholas Casey purchased a freed slave by the name of John, who had been kidnapped in Pennsylvania and returned into slavery in Virginia. Pennsylvania Governor Thomas Mifflin demanded that the Governor of Virginia punish the three Virginia residents responsible for the abduction and re-enslavement of a freedman, however, Virginia's governor cited the absence of such a clause in the United States Constitution. In August 1855, a fugitive slave named Jacob Green escaped from Wappocomo with several other slaves to Pennsylvania. Col. Isaac Parsons (1814–62) and his nephews went north to pursue the escapees, resulting in the arrest of his nephew, James "Zip" Parsons III (1831–93). Parsons' trial caused a further dispute between the states of Virginia and Pennsylvania over the latter's refusal to execute the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. The mansion at Wappocomo is unique among the historic residences along the South Branch Potomac River, in that its formal façade faces toward the road and the western flanks of South Branch Mountain rather than toward the river. The original 1774 portion of the mansion is a square two-story Georgian-style structure, an architectural style prevalent in Virginia at the time of Wappocomo's construction. The bricks used to build the 1774 structure were manufactured in England, and used as ballast to stabilize ships loading tobacco in the James River. The interior of the 1774 structure contains a grand stairway in the center hall and all the original handmade woodworking. A stone addition to the mansion with two stories of deep verandas was completed in 1861. The principal passenger depot for the Potomac Eagle Scenic Railroad, Wappocomo Station, is located at the farm.

text:
# Wappocomo (Romney, West Virginia)

**Wappocomo** is a late 18th-century Georgian mansion and farm overlooking the South Branch Potomac River north of Romney, Hampshire County, West Virginia, USA. It is located along Cumberland Road (West Virginia Route 28) and the South Branch Valley Railroad.

The original section of the mansion at Wappocomo was built in 1774 by Nicholas Casey (1745–1833), using bricks that had been used as ballast to stabilize ships loading tobacco in the James River. The Wappocomo property had been a part of the South Branch Survey of Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron's Northern Neck Proprietary. The Parsons family, prominent in Virginia and West Virginia politics in the 18th and 19th centuries, acquired Wappocomo and continue to maintain ownership of the property into the 21st century.

Wappocomo was involved in two slavery-related disputes that caused friction between the governments of Pennsylvania and Virginia. In 1788, Nicholas Casey purchased a freed slave by the name of John, who had been kidnapped in Pennsylvania and returned into slavery in Virginia. Pennsylvania Governor Thomas Mifflin demanded that the Governor of Virginia punish the three Virginia residents responsible for the abduction and re-enslavement of a freedman, however, Virginia's governor cited the absence of such a clause in the United States Constitution. In August 1855, a fugitive slave named Jacob Green escaped from Wappocomo with several other slaves to Pennsylvania. Col. Isaac Parsons (1814–62) and his nephews went north to pursue the escapees, resulting in the arrest of his nephew, James "Zip" Parsons III (1831–93). Parsons' trial caused a further dispute between the states of Virginia and Pennsylvania over the latter's refusal to execute the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850.

The mansion at Wappocomo is unique among the historic residences along the South Branch Potomac River, in that its formal façade faces toward the road and the western flanks of South Branch Mountain rather than toward the river. The original 1774 portion of the mansion is a square two-story Georgian-style structure, an architectural style prevalent in Virginia at the time of Wappocomo's construction. The bricks used to build the 1774 structure were manufactured in England, and used as ballast to stabilize ships loading tobacco in the James River. The interior of the 1774 structure contains a grand stairway in the center hall and all the original handmade woodworking. A stone addition to the mansion with two stories of deep verandas was completed in 1861. The principal passenger depot for the Potomac Eagle Scenic Railroad, Wappocomo Station, is located at the farm.

## History

### Background and construction

The land upon which Wappocomo is located was originally part of the Northern Neck Proprietary, a land grant that the exiled Charles II awarded to seven of his supporters in 1649 during the English Interregnum. Following the Restoration in 1660, Charles II finally ascended to the English throne. Charles II renewed the Northern Neck Proprietary grant in 1662, revised it in 1669, and again renewed the original grant favoring original grantee Thomas Colepeper, 2nd Baron Colepeper and Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington in 1672. In 1681, Bennet sold his share to Lord Colepeper, and Lord Colepeper received a new charter for the entire land grant from James II in 1688. Following the deaths of Lord Colepeper, his wife Margaret, and his daughter Katherine, the Northern Neck Proprietary passed to Katherine's son Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron in 1719.

Lord Fairfax selected a portion of the proprietary for his manor. This tract, known as the South Branch Survey of the Northern Neck Proprietary, extended from the north end of the Trough to the junction of the North and South Branches of the Potomac River. In 1748, Fairfax commissioned James Genn to survey the South Branch Potomac River lowlands for sale and lease, with lots ranging in size from 300 to 400 acres (120 to 160 ha).

Prominent Hampshire County pioneer Peter Casey (1715–87) received the Wappocomo parcel, known as Lot Number 21 of the South Branch Survey, from Lord Fairfax. Peter Casey's son, Nicholas (1745–1833), married Grace Foreman (1762–1796), the daughter of another Hampshire County pioneer and colonial military officer William Foreman. Nicholas Casey inherited Lot Number 21 from his father, and in 1774, Nicholas built the present mansion at Wappocomo.

The bricks used in the construction of Casey's mansion were manufactured in England, and used as ballast to stabilize ships loading tobacco in the James River. These bricks were then transported overland through the Blue Ridge Mountains and Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians in bullock carts. During this time, the mansion was named Wappocomo, which was derived from the Native American toponym "Wappatomaka" for the South Branch Potomac River.

In 1788, while residing at his Wappocomo residence, Casey purchased a freed slave named John, who had been residing in Washington County, Pennsylvania. Virginia residents Francis McGuire, Baldwin Parsons, and Absalom Wells seized John and transported him to Virginia, where they sold him back into slavery to Casey. Such an act was illegal in Pennsylvania, and the Pennsylvania Abolition Society petitioned Pennsylvania Governor Thomas Mifflin to demand punishment of the three men by the Governor of Virginia. Virginia's governor refused, citing the absence of a provision in the United States Constitution calling for such an action. Governor Mifflin petitioned the United States Congress, and a bill was introduced that provided against such an occurrence.

On December 4, 1789, Casey was appointed by an act of the Virginia General Assembly as a trustee of Romney. Casey served as a trustee alongside Isaac Parsons and Andrew Wodrow. Casey and his fellow trustees were given authority by the Virginia General Assembly to settle disputes regarding the town's land lots and to "open and clear" the town's "streets and lanes" in accordance with the original survey and plan for Romney.

### Parsons family acquisition

Nicholas Casey's daughter, Mary Catherine Casey (1773–1846), married James Gregg Parsons (1773–1847) of Hampshire County in 1795. Parsons was the eldest son of Isaac Parsons (1752–1796) and his wife Mary Ellender Gregg. The Parsons were a prominent family whose ancestors arrived at the Thirteen Colonies from England in 1635, and relocated to Hampshire County around 1740. Isaac Parsons represented Hampshire County as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1789 until his death on August 25, 1796. By 1778, Parsons owned 161 acres (65 ha) of Lot Number 16 and all of Lot Number 17, which was adjacent to the Wappocomo property.

James Gregg Parsons and his wife Catherine inherited Wappocomo from her father, and they raised their 12 children there. Following his wife's death, Parsons acquired sole ownership in Wappocomo plantation. After his death on January 25, 1847, his will, dated November 7, 1846, and probated February 22, 1847, devised Lot Number 21 including Wappocomo (referred to in the will as the Casey Tract) to his son Colonel Isaac Parsons (1814–62). On May 18, 1836, Col. Parsons married Susan Blue (1817–89), the daughter of Uriah Blue Jr. and his wife M. Elizabeth Donaldson Blue. Col. Parsons served as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates representing Hampshire County from 1854 to 1857. James "Big Jim" Parsons, Jr. (1798–1858) inherited the Collins Tract (Lot Number 20), which later became Valley View, and his son David C. Parsons (1803–1860) inherited Lot Number 13. James Gregg Parsons' sons also inherited the nearby "Jake Sugar Rum Tract, the McGuire Tract, and five town lots in Romney."

### Jacob Green affair

In August 1855, Jacob Green, a slave owned by Col. Parsons, escaped from Wappocomo farm with four other slaves from neighboring plantations. In October of that year, he returned to Col. Parsons' plantation in Romney, and persuaded four or five slaves from neighboring farms owned by Parsons family relatives to escape with him to Pennsylvania.

A party of eight to ten men, including Col. Parsons and two of his nephews, James "Zip" Parsons III (1831–93) and a Mr. Stump, went north in pursuit of the escapees. In the course of the pursuit, they captured two of Stump's escaped slaves, who were sent back to Hampshire County. With information obtained from the two recaptured slaves, Col. Parsons went to Johnstown, James Parsons III to Hollidaysburg, and Stump to Altoona, where they hoped to intercept Green as he headed west on the Allegheny Portage Railroad and Main Line Canal toward Pittsburgh. James Parsons III intercepted Green at Hollidaysburg, but local abolitionists thwarted his attempt to capture Green, and Parsons was arrested and arraigned for kidnapping.

Upon learning of the arrest of his nephew, Col. Parsons sought the assistance of Charles James Faulkner, a prominent Martinsburg lawyer and United States House Representative from Virginia's 8th congressional district, and of James Murray Mason, a United States Senator from Virginia. Faulkner and Mason both offered their legal services for James Parsons III's defense. The Virginia General Assembly pledged its support to Parsons and to Virginia's slaveowners in defending their constitutional rights and to protect them from prosecution. Virginia Governor Henry A. Wise appointed John Randolph Tucker to attend Parsons' trial as a "special commissioner" of Virginia. The dispute between Virginia and Pennsylvania escalated, and on January 31, 1856, an article published in the *New York Herald* read "Threatened Civil War between Virginia and Pennsylvania."

Col. Parsons, Faulkner, and Tucker traveled to Hollidaysburg for James Parsons III's trial. Faulkner provided for Parsons' legal defense, leading to his acquittal as having acted legally under the provisions of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850.

In September 1856, Faulkner billed Col. Parsons $150 for his legal services. Parsons disputed the charge. In a series of articles in the *Virginia Argus and Hampshire Advertiser*, he declared that Faulkner had originally offered his services at no cost; that he had been lauded publicly for his generosity in doing so without ever denying that he had been working *pro bono*; and that he was practicing "duplicity and deception" in trying to win a reputation in his district through "specious acts of munificence".

Faulkner later served as United States Minister to France; following the American Civil War, he again served as a member of the United States House of Representatives, from West Virginia's 2nd congressional district. James Parsons III and his brother William Miller Parsons (born 1835) were later proprietors of the *Virginia Argus*.

### Social events

Following its construction by Col. Parsons in 1861, the ballroom in the upper story of Wappocomo's stone addition served as the scene of many events and parties. According to tradition, as many as 100 couples have danced on the ballroom's wooden floor since its construction in 1861. It was the custom of the Parsons family to allow guests who were visiting the mansion for the first time to write their names and the date of their visit on the mortar between the addition's stone blocks; many of these signatures are still legible.

### American Civil War

During the American Civil War, Col. Parsons received permission from the Confederate States government to raise an independent company of mounted infantry to provide defense along the border. He set about enrolling volunteers and, within a short period of time, enlisted approximately 30 men. Following its organization, the company became known as the Huckleberry Rangers of the Confederate States Army's 13th Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Parsons traveled to Richmond with a supply of cattle, and returned to his company's camp on the North River in Hampshire County around November 15, 1861. Throughout 1861, Col. Parsons "gratuitously" provided Confederate soldiers with food at his table and horses from his stables at his Wappocomo plantation.

Parsons was anxious to learn about the condition of his family and property at Wappocomo; he also needed an additional change of clothing and a blanket. Accompanied by Lieutenant Blue and Adam Parrish, he traveled west along the Northwestern Turnpike to around Pleasant Dale, then followed a series of roads and paths until nighttime, when they reached Sugar Hollow two miles north of Romney. Parsons stayed behind in the hollow, while Blue and Parrish started out for Wappocomo to retrieve a set of Parsons' clothes. Knowing that the Union Army kept a 24-hour guard at the main house, Blue circled around to the rear of the mansion and knocked on the window of his uncle, Garrett W. Blue, who was residing with the Parsons family. Garrett Blue warned his nephew about the Union Army soldiers possibly stationed on the home's front porch, and he subsequently fetched Parsons' daughter, Kate, who provided Lt. Blue with a parcel for her father.

Lt. Blue and Parrish returned to Sugar Hollow where Parsons was awaiting them, and Parsons set about locating pine from which to make torches to light their way out of the hollow. Parsons carried with him a small hatchet, and began splitting pine in the darkness to fashion a torch. He accidentally struck himself in the knee with his hatchet, and Blue applied a handkerchief to his wound to stop its bleeding. The three men traveled through the dark and rain to the nearby home of Frank Carter, where they ate and dried their clothes by the fire. The following morning, they mounted their horses and traveled to Rev. Harris' home, where Parsons and Blue parted with Parrish. Parsons and Blue continued east over Town Hill and reached George Thompson's residence on the Little Cacapon River, which had risen due to the previous night's rainfall. They remained with Thompson for two days until the river subsided, then traveled to Blue's Gap, where they set up camp. There, Lt. Blue received orders from Col. Angus William McDonald to carry out an expedition for General Stonewall Jackson to ascertain the number of Union Army infantry, cavalry, and artillery present in and around Romney; he was accompanied on this expedition by Col. Parsons' son, Isaac Parsons, Jr., and by W. V. Parsons.

### Post-war ownership

Col. Parsons died on April 24, 1862, while the American Civil War was still in progress. On April 26, 1862, acting Quartermaster Lt. F. H. Morse of the Union Army completed his death certificate, in which he noted Parsons' "very fine house near Romney." Following his death, the plantation was inherited by Col. Parsons' wife, Susan Blue Parsons, for the purpose of raising and educating their children.

In 1884, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's South Branch line, connecting Green Spring and Romney, was completed. The line bisected the Wappocomo property and traversed the mansion's front lawn.

Susan Blue Parsons died on October 2, 1889. On December 20, 1890, Col. Parsons' son, Garrett Williams Parsons (1852–1935), acquired Wappocomo for $16,885.72 (~$522,688 in 2023), which he paid to Col. Parsons's other heirs for their shares in the property. On November 12, 1878, he married Mary Avery Covell (1852–1914), the daughter of West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind principal John Collins Covell (1823–87). After the death of Garrett Williams Parsons on September 29, 1935, Wappocomo was inherited by his son Charles Heber Parsons (1886–1952), who resided on the farm with his wife Gertrude L. Parsons (1895–1968) and engaged in farming on the property. He subsequently bequeathed the mansion and farm to his only child, Charles Heber Parsons, Jr. (1932–2002) and his wife Kathryn Anne Cole Parsons (1935–2004).

In 1972, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's South Branch line, located on the Wappocomo property, became part of the Chessie System. In 1978, ownership of the line was transferred to the West Virginia State Rail Authority, after which the old Baltimore and Ohio Railroad South Branch line became known as the South Branch Valley Railroad.

In 1991, the Potomac Eagle Scenic Railroad began operating on the South Branch Valley Railroad in 1991, running between Wappocomo Station and Petersburg via The Trough. Its principal depot is Wappocomo Station, located on the Wappocomo farm; the station consists of a ticket office housed in a red 1940 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad caboose, numbered C2507; the caboose is owned by the Chesapeake and Ohio Historical Society and leased by the Potomac Eagle Scenic Railroad.

Part of Wappocomo's original land tract, located near the city limits of Romney, was sold for residential building lots and for the Fruit Growers Storage facility, a refrigerated storage plant for fruit stands along the South Branch Valley Railroad near the mansion. The Fruit Growers Storage facility also provided refrigerated storage for fruit that was to be shipped as freight on the South Branch Valley Railroad.

Charles Heber Parsons, Jr.'s son, Charles "Chuck" Heber Parsons III (1955–2012), inherited the farm at Wappocomo and carefully restored and maintained the property. Parsons was a prominent member of the Romney community and served as Assistant Chief of the Romney Volunteer Fire Department. He also served in the United States Air Force and worked as an engineer for Dyno Nobel, a manufacturer of explosives. Parsons was an avid bowler, and competed in local, state, and national bowling tournaments. In October 2013, the first annual Chuck Parsons Memorial Bowling Tournament was held in his honor, with the proceeds benefitting the Hampshire County Parks and Recreation Department summer youth programs. Following Parsons' passing in 2012, Wappocomo was inherited by his children, Charles "Chip" Heber Parsons IV and Jillyn Marie Parsons.

## Architecture

### Exterior

The original 1774 portion of the mansion is a square two-story Georgian-style structure with a basement and attic, an architectural style prevalent in Virginia at the time of Wappocomo's construction. This part of the mansion is built of large weighted ballast bricks, with walls that measure 1 foot 6 inches (0.46 m) in depth, allowing for deep inset windows. It also features two inside chimneys on either side, which once stood higher above its steep roof. The mansion's formal entrance is covered by a small portico supported with wooden columns and engaged columns at the wall.

Other historic homes located along the South Branch Potomac River face the river; the mansion at Wappocomo is unique in that its formal façade faces toward Cumberland Road (West Virginia Route 28) and the western flanks of South Branch Mountain. This may be due in part to the house's distance from the river, approximately 0.5 miles (0.80 km). The house's second-floor rear windows offer a scenic view of the South Branch Potomac River.

### Interior

The home's wooden sill plates and joists were sawed by hand and the "rot nails" used for their construction were manufactured in the blacksmith shop on the Wappocomo plantation. The residence at Wappocomo also features unusually high fireplace mantelpieces, wide grooved window moldings and casings with base panels, solid paneled doors, and interior woodworking throughout, all of which were handmade. Every room of the main structure originally contained a corner fireplace.

Both of the mansion's two floors consist of four large rooms with high ceilings, and each of these rooms is exactly the same size and shape. A grand stairway is located at the end of the mansion's central hall, extending from the first floor to the attic. The stairway's handrail is crafted of walnut, and it is connected to the stairway's shallow steps by a balustrade consisting of three small balusters per step.

The basement rooms at Wappocomo are located almost entirely aboveground. The house's foundation is constructed of large stone blocks, into which was crafted a large open fireplace that once exhibited a swinging iron chimney crane. The space around this large open fireplace within the mansion's basement formerly served as a kitchen, where most of the cooking and food preparation took place. Entry into the home's basement is accessible through a wide and heavy exterior door.

### Stone addition

In 1861, a stone addition to the original 1774 Georgian structure was built. The large stone blocks used for the construction of the addition were quarried from the plantation's Mill Creek Mountain, a ridge located across the South Branch Potomac River to the west of the mansion. The stone blocks were hewed by sawyers, then transported across the river to the mansion, and lifted upon the addition's scaffolding with wheelbarrows. A Mr. Ferrybe supervised and managed the stone addition's construction.

The 1861 stone addition's two floors consisted of two large rooms on each floor, with 12-foot (3.7 m) ceilings. The two upstairs rooms were transformed into a large ballroom, while the two downstairs rooms were used as a dining room and kitchen.

The stone addition exhibits two stories of deep verandas extending across its eastern front façade. These verandas were once supported by tall columns rising from the addition's ground-level porch, to the roof of the second-story porch. An exterior stairway once connected the lower porch to the upper porch.

## Geography

Wappocomo farm is located within the relatively flat floodplain of the South Branch Potomac River valley, to the north of Romney. The farm's property adjoins the Valley View farm and Romney corporate limits to the southwest, the South Branch Potomac River to the west and north, and the South Branch Valley Railroad line and Cumberland Road (West Virginia Route 28) to the east. Mill Creek Mountain, a narrow anticlinal mountain ridge, rises to the west of the opposite riverbank of the South Branch Potomac River, and the western foothills of South Branch Mountain rise to the east. Mill Creek and South Branch Mountains contain Appalachian-Blue Ridge forests of hardwoods and pine. Hanging Rocks, cliffs of stratified Oriskany sandstone and limestone layers, are located within a gap where the South Branch Potomac River cuts through Mill Creek Mountain approximately 3 miles (4.8 km) north of Wappocomo farm. The unincorporated area at Hanging Rocks is known similarly as Wapocomo (or Wappocomo).

Big Run, a tributary stream of the South Branch Potomac River, flows north bisecting the Wappocomo property, bordered by dense foliage. Shortly before it enters Wappocomo farm, Big Run flows alongside ledges of gray shale known to contain *Chonetes* and *Camarotoechia* fossils. A smaller unnamed stream flows through the front lawn of the house at Wappocomo before curving northwest toward its confluence with Big Run. Corn is the primary crop produced in Wappocomo's agricultural fields along the South Branch Potomac River, which consist of rich alluvial soils.

### Washington Place

On November 7, 1874, Col. Parsons' widow, Susan Blue Parsons, conveyed 2 acres (0.81 ha) of Wappocomo's land to freedman William Washington, his wife Ann, and their children. Washington had previously worked on Washington Bottom Farm, from which he took the surname of his owner, George William Washington. This deed enabled the Washington family to reside on that land lot as long as any of the individuals specified in the deed lived there. On September 17, 1892, Garrett Williams Parsons and his wife, Mary Avery Covell Parsons, conveyed to Washington an additional 3 acres (1.2 ha) of land. The old log house built by Washington on this former Wappocomo land lot is presently known as Washington Place, and it is thought to be one of the first residences built by freed slaves in Hampshire County.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Wappocomo | |
| --- | --- |
| Wappocomo viewed from Cumberland Road (West Virginia Route 28) in July 2013. | |
| Wappocomo | |
| General information | |
| Type | Residential |
| Architectural style | Georgian |
| Location | Cumberland Road<br>(West Virginia Route 28),<br>Romney, West Virginia |
| Country | United States |
| Coordinates | 39°21′37″N 78°45′10″W / 39.360345°N 78.752835°W / 39.360345; -78.752835 |
| Completed | 1774 (main house)<br>1861 (stone addition) |
| Client | Nicholas Casey (1774)<br>Col. Isaac Parsons (1861) |
| Owner | Peter Casey<br>Nicholas Casey<br>James Gregg Parsons<br>Col. Isaac Parsons<br>Susan Blue Parsons<br>Garrett Williams Parsons<br>Charles Heber Parsons<br>Charles Heber Parsons, Jr.<br>Charles Heber Parsons III<br>Charles Heber Parsons IV<br>Garrett Timothy Parsons Jr. |


title: Lintong, Xi'an

abstract: Lintong District, formerly Lintong County, is one of 11 urban districts of the prefecture-level city of Xi'an, the capital of Shaanxi Province, Northwest China. The district was approved to establish from the former Lintong County (临潼县) by the Chinese State Council on June 25, 1997. The Terracotta Army and the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was discovered in March 1974 near this district. The district borders the prefecture-level cities of Xianyang to the northwest and Weinan to the east, Gaoling County to the northeast, Baqiao District to the southeast, Lianhu and Xincheng Districts to the south, and Chang'an District to the southwest. Artifacts from the tomb of Qin Shi Huang, China's first emperor, can be viewed at the Emperor Qinshihuang's Mausoleum Site Museum (秦始皇帝陵博物院) in Lintong District. The National Time Service Center, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (中国科学院国家授时中心), formerly known as Shaanxi Astronomical Observatory (陕西天文台), was established in 1966 in Lintong responsible for the time standard in mainland China. It was renamed to its present name in 2001. The name of the district comes from two rivers. Lin river is on the east side and Tong river is on the west side of the district. Lintong is headquarters of the 47th Group Army of the People's Liberation Army, one of the two group armies that comprise the Lanzhou Military Region responsible for defending China's northwest borders.

text:
# Lintong, Xi'an

**Lintong District** (Chinese: 临潼区; pinyin: *Líntóng Qū*), formerly **Lintong County**, is one of 11 urban districts of the prefecture-level city of Xi'an, the capital of Shaanxi Province, Northwest China. The district was approved to establish from the former *Lintong County* (临潼县) by the Chinese State Council on June 25, 1997. The Terracotta Army and the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was discovered in March 1974 near this district. The district borders the prefecture-level cities of Xianyang to the northwest and Weinan to the east, Gaoling County to the northeast, Baqiao District to the southeast, Lianhu and Xincheng Districts to the south, and Chang'an District to the southwest.

Artifacts from the tomb of Qin Shi Huang, China's first emperor, can be viewed at the Emperor Qinshihuang's Mausoleum Site Museum (秦始皇帝陵博物院) in Lintong District.

The National Time Service Center, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (中国科学院国家授时中心), formerly known as Shaanxi Astronomical Observatory (陕西天文台), was established in 1966 in Lintong responsible for the time standard in mainland China. It was renamed to its present name in 2001.

The name of the district comes from two rivers. Lin river is on the east side and Tong river is on the west side of the district.

Lintong is headquarters of the 47th Group Army of the People's Liberation Army, one of the two group armies that comprise the Lanzhou Military Region responsible for defending China's northwest borders.

## Administrative divisions

As 2020, Lintong District is divided to 23 subdistricts.

Subdistricts

## Climate

| Climate data for Lintong District, elevation 425 m (1,394 ft), (1991–2020 normals) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 5.1
(41.2) | 9.6
(49.3) | 15.9
(60.6) | 22.4
(72.3) | 27.3
(81.1) | 32.0
(89.6) | 32.9
(91.2) | 30.7
(87.3) | 25.6
(78.1) | 19.6
(67.3) | 12.7
(54.9) | 6.6
(43.9) | 20.0
(68.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.0
(32.0) | 3.9
(39.0) | 9.7
(49.5) | 15.8
(60.4) | 20.7
(69.3) | 25.6
(78.1) | 27.2
(81.0) | 25.2
(77.4) | 20.1
(68.2) | 14.1
(57.4) | 7.3
(45.1) | 1.5
(34.7) | 14.3
(57.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −4.1
(24.6) | −0.7
(30.7) | 4.4
(39.9) | 9.8
(49.6) | 14.3
(57.7) | 19.3
(66.7) | 22.1
(71.8) | 20.7
(69.3) | 15.8
(60.4) | 9.8
(49.6) | 3.0
(37.4) | −2.6
(27.3) | 9.3
(48.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 5.8
(0.23) | 10.5
(0.41) | 23.5
(0.93) | 43.8
(1.72) | 61.9
(2.44) | 67.4
(2.65) | 92.6
(3.65) | 93.4
(3.68) | 98.9
(3.89) | 59.9
(2.36) | 27.2
(1.07) | 5.1
(0.20) | 590
(23.23) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 3.7 | 4.1 | 5.7 | 7.0 | 8.5 | 8.1 | 9.7 | 9.3 | 11.5 | 9.2 | 5.7 | 3.0 | 85.5 |
| Average snowy days | 4.2 | 3.0 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.2 | 2.8 | 12.6 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 61 | 60 | 59 | 61 | 61 | 59 | 70 | 76 | 79 | 77 | 72 | 63 | 67 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 126.4 | 130.0 | 169.8 | 202.1 | 215.2 | 218.5 | 220.9 | 192.6 | 141.5 | 125.2 | 125.4 | 130.0 | 1,997.6 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 40 | 42 | 45 | 51 | 50 | 51 | 51 | 47 | 39 | 36 | 41 | 43 | 45 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Lintong 临潼区Lintung | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| The Terracotta Army | |
| Coordinates: 34°22′31″N 109°13′04″E / 34.3754°N 109.2177°E / 34.3754; 109.2177 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Shaanxi |
| Sub-provincial city | Xi'an |
| Area | |
| Total | 915.97 km2 (353.66 sq mi) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 675,961 |
| Density | 716.04/km2 (1,854.5/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 7106XX |
| Xi'an district map | Subdivisions of Xi'an, Shaanxi  **1****2****3****4****5****6****7****8****9****10****11****12****13**  **Districts**  1 Xincheng  2 Beilin  3 Lianhu  4 Baqiao  5 Weiyang  6 Yanta  7 Yanliang  8 Lintong  9 Chang'an  13 Gaoling  **Counties**  10 Lantian  11 Zhouzhi  12 Huyi |
| Website | lintong.gov.cn |


title: OR6S1

abstract: Olfactory receptor 6S1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OR6S1 gene. Olfactory receptors interact with odorant molecules in the nose, to initiate a neuronal response that triggers the perception of a smell. The olfactory receptor proteins are members of a large family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) arising from single coding-exon genes. Olfactory receptors share a 7-transmembrane domain structure with many neurotransmitter and hormone receptors and are responsible for the recognition and G protein-mediated transduction of odorant signals. The olfactory receptor gene family is the largest in the genome. The nomenclature assigned to the olfactory receptor genes and proteins for this organism is independent of other organisms.

text:
# OR6S1

**Olfactory receptor 6S1** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *OR6S1* gene.

Olfactory receptors interact with odorant molecules in the nose, to initiate a neuronal response that triggers the perception of a smell. The olfactory receptor proteins are members of a large family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) arising from single coding-exon genes. Olfactory receptors share a 7-transmembrane domain structure with many neurotransmitter and hormone receptors and are responsible for the recognition and G protein-mediated transduction of odorant signals. The olfactory receptor gene family is the largest in the genome. The nomenclature assigned to the olfactory receptor genes and proteins for this organism is independent of other organisms.

## Further reading

*This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.*

## InfoBox

| OR6S1 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | OR6S1, OR14-37, OR6S1Q, olfactory receptor family 6 subfamily S member 1 | | |
| External IDs | MGI: 3030584; HomoloGene: 19719; GeneCards: OR6S1; OMA:OR6S1 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_001001968   NM\_207558   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001001968   NP\_997441   Location (UCSC) Chr 14: 20.64 – 20.64 Mb Chr 14: 51.3 – 51.31 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: 1938 Tschammerpokal final

abstract: The 1938 Tschammerpokal Final decided the winner of the 1938 Tschammerpokal, the 4th season of Germany's knockout football cup competition. It was played on 8 January 1939 at the Olympiastadion in Berlin. Rapid Wien won the match 3–1 against FSV Frankfurt, to claim their 1st cup title.

text:
# 1938 Tschammerpokal final

The **1938 Tschammerpokal Final** decided the winner of the 1938 Tschammerpokal, the 4th season of Germany's knockout football cup competition. It was played on 8 January 1939 at the Olympiastadion in Berlin. Rapid Wien won the match 3–1 against FSV Frankfurt, to claim their 1st cup title.

## Route to the final

The Tschammerpokal began the final stage with 78 teams in a single-elimination knockout cup competition. Midway through the competition, Austrian teams were merged into the competition following the *Anschluss*. There were a total of six rounds leading up to the final for the German teams, and a total of three for the Austrian teams. Teams were drawn against each other, and the winner after 90 minutes would advance. If still tied, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a replay would take place at the original away team's stadium. If still level after 90 minutes, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a second replay would take place at the original home team's stadium. If still level after 90 minutes, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a drawing of lots would decide who would advance to the next round.

*Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away).*

| FSV Frankfurt | | Round | Rapid Wien | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Opponent | Result | 1938 Tschammerpokal | Opponent | Result |
| CSC 03 Kassel (A) | 1–0 | Round 1 | *Bye* | |
| BC Hartha (H) | 3–1 | Round 2 | |
| Fortuna Düsseldorf (H) | 3–1 | Round of 16 | |
| VfB Mühlburg (H) | 3–1 | Quarter-finals (split) | Amateure Fiat Wien (H) | 5–1 |
| 1860 Munich (A) | 2–1 (a.e.t.) | Quarter-finals (combined) | Waldhof Mannheim (A) | 3–2 |
| Wiener Sport-Club (H) | 3–2 | Semi-finals | 1. FC Nürnberg (H) | 2–0 |

## Match

### Details

| FSV Frankfurt | 1–3 | Rapid Wien |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Dosedzal  17' | Report |  |

Olympiastadion, BerlinAttendance: 40,000Referee: Fritz Rühle (Merseburg)

| GK **1**  Hans Wolf  RB   Willy May  LB   Heinrich Schweinhardt  RH   Arthur Böttgen  CH   Heinrich Dietsch  LH   Fritz Fend  OR   Bubi Armbruster ()  IR   Karl Heldmann  CF   Franz Dosedzal  IL   Franz Faust  OL   Heini Wörner  **Manager:**  Martin Eiling |  | GK **1**  Rudolf Raftl  RB   Heribert Sperner  LB   Rudolf Schlauf  RH   Franz Wagner  CH   Johann Hofstätter  LH   Stefan Skoumal  OR   Franz Hofer  IR   Georg Schors  CF   Franz Binder ()  IL   Wilhelm Holec  OL   Hans Pesser  **Manager:**  Leopold Nitsch |
| --- | --- | --- |

## InfoBox

1938 Tschammerpokal Final
| Match programme cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Event | 1938 Tschammerpokal |
|  | |
| Date | 8 January 1939 (1939-01-08) |
| Venue | Olympiastadion, Berlin |
| Referee | Fritz Rühle (Merseburg) |
| Attendance | 40,000 |
|


title: The Rover (Led Zeppelin song)

abstract: "The Rover" is a song by English rock band Led Zeppelin written by guitarist Jimmy Page and singer Robert Plant. Although mostly recorded years earlier, it was released on the group's 1975 double album, Physical Graffiti.

text:
# The Rover (Led Zeppelin song)

"**The Rover**" is a song by English rock band Led Zeppelin written by guitarist Jimmy Page and singer Robert Plant. Although mostly recorded years earlier, it was released on the group's 1975 double album, *Physical Graffiti*.

## Recording and release

Writing for the song began in 1970 at Bron-Yr-Aur, a rustic retreat in South Snowdonia, Wales. Initially an acoustic piece, it took on a hard rock arrangement when recorded at Stargroves during the sessions for the *Houses of the Holy* album in 1972. The song was not included on the album, but after Jimmy Page added several guitar overdubs in 1974, it was added to Led Zeppelin's following album, *Physical Graffiti*. As the liner notes state, for the song, the "Guitar \[was\] lost courtesy of \[engineer Ron\] Nevison \[and\] salvaged by the grace of \[Keith\] Harwood". Nevison has disputed this, claiming the band never brought tapes from previous sessions to him for playback and that "The Rover" wasn't one of the songs he recorded with them at Headley Grange.

## Reception

In a contemporary review of *Physical Graffiti*, Jim Miller of *Rolling Stone* gave "The Rover" a mixed review, saying that while Page and Bonham "mount a bristling attack", the track "suffers from Plant's indefinite pitch."

In a retrospective review of *Physical Graffiti (Deluxe Edition)*, Jon Hadusek of *Consequence of Sound* described Jimmy Page's guitar lines in "The Rover" as some of his most underrated guitar lines he's ever recorded.

## Live performances

"The Rover" was never played live in its entirety at Led Zeppelin concerts, although the band played the opening bars as an introduction to "Sick Again" throughout their 1977 North American tour. However, the song was rehearsed in full, as can be heard on bootleg recordings of the band's soundcheck rehearsal at the Chicago Stadium on 6 July 1973. This rehearsal took place before the opening date of the second leg of the band's 1973 North American tour.

## Personnel

According to Jean-Michel Guesdon and Philippe Margotin:

**Citations**

**References**

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| "The Rover" | |
| --- | --- |
| Song by Led Zeppelin | |
| from the album  *Physical Graffiti* | |
| Released | 24 February 1975 (1975-02-24) |
| Recorded | May 1972; February 1974 (?); April–May 1974 |
| Studio | Rolling Stones Mobile Studio, Stargroves, Newbury, Berkshire; Ronnie Lane Mobile Studio, Headley Grange, Hampshire; Ronnie Lane Mobile Studio, Headley Grange, Hampshire |
| Genre | Hard rock |
| Length | 5:44 |
| Label | Swan Song |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Jimmy Page |


title: Okayama College

abstract: Okayama College is a private junior college in Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan. The junior college opened in April 1951 as a women's college. It became coeducational in 2000.

text:
# Okayama College

**Okayama College** (岡山短期大学, *Okayama Tanki Daigakubu*) is a private junior college in Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan. The junior college opened in April 1951 as a women's college. It became coeducational in 2000.

## InfoBox

Okayama College
| 岡山短期大学 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type | Private |
| Established | 1951 |
| Location | Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan |
| Website | http://www.owc.ac.jp/oc/oc\_gakka.html |


title: St. Roch, New Orleans

abstract: St. Roch is a neighborhood of the U.S. city of New Orleans. A subdistrict of the Bywater District Area, its boundaries as defined by the City Planning Commission are: Lafreniere Street, Paris Avenue, I-610, Benefit Street, and Dahlia Walk to the north; People's and Almonaster Avenues to the east; St. Claude Avenue to the south; Elysian Fields Avenue, Hope, Frenchmen, Duels, St. Anthony, Industry, Allen, & Agriculture Streets, A.P. Tureaud Avenue, Abundance, Republic, Treasure, & Dugue Streets, and Florida & St. Bernard Avenues to the west.

text:
# St. Roch, New Orleans

**St. Roch** is a neighborhood of the U.S. city of New Orleans. A subdistrict of the Bywater District Area, its boundaries as defined by the City Planning Commission are: Lafreniere Street, Paris Avenue, I-610, Benefit Street, and Dahlia Walk to the north; People's and Almonaster Avenues to the east; St. Claude Avenue to the south; Elysian Fields Avenue, Hope, Frenchmen, Duels, St. Anthony, Industry, Allen, & Agriculture Streets, A.P. Tureaud Avenue, Abundance, Republic, Treasure, & Dugue Streets, and Florida & St. Bernard Avenues to the west.

## History

The city of New Orleans was founded by the French in the early 1700s, ruled for 40 years by the Spanish, and declared territory of the United States in 1803 with the Louisiana Purchase. New Orleans is known for its Creole culture and history. During the Spanish period, starting in 1763, the laws allowed for a free people of color or gens de colour. Being near many waterways, New Orleans was able to easily import and export goods to and from the Caribbean, South America, and Europe. With New Orleans' growth as a major port city in the 19th century, many neighborhoods began to develop as people migrated to the more promising areas.

One of the neighborhoods that came into play was the St. Roch neighborhood. Originally called Faubourg Franklin, the neighborhood began to develop in 1830 when the Pontchartrain Railroad connected the Faubourg Marigny with the settlement of Milneburg on the shore of Lake Pontchartrain. “The area has a proud history as home to one of the country's largest populations of free people of color before the Civil War.” GNOCDC. By the 20th century, St. Roch had grown considerably with new technologies of sewerage and water services. By the late 1920s, St. Roch was considered a “low-key”, serene, racially mixed residential section of New Orleans.

The early St. Roch neighborhood had many recreational aspects. A huge baseball field is remembered for its many baseball enthusiasts. St. Roch was known historically for its blacksmith shops, dairies, and small farms. As a racially diverse area, St. Roch was home to many Creole and black families, which led to various private and parochial schools being established for the area's children.

Although the neighborhood has lost some of its diversity—now being prominently African American because of highway construction for the splitting of Interstate-10—it is home to Independence Square and the St. Roch Playground, which was renamed the Harold Sampson Jr., St. Roch Playground in honor of the late coach of the New Orleans Recreation Department. One feature of the neighborhood is the St. Roch Market, previously an open air seafood fish market, has now been turned into an upscale food court with several local vendors.

St. Roch got its current name in 1867 with the dedication of the St. Roch shrine and cemetery. In 1867 as the yellow fever epidemic was on the rise, a German priest, Rev. Peter Leonard Thevis, arrived in New Orleans, turning to Saint Roch, the patron of good health. Promising that if no one in the parish died from the epidemic, he would build a chapel in honor of Saint Roch, Rev. Thevis brought healing to the community. Nobody from the Holy Trinity parish died from the fever in either the epidemic of 1867 or the one in 1878. To give his thanks, Thevis built a chapel as a shrine, and a cemetery as a final resting place for his parishioners. The St. Roch shrine, cemetery, and chapel have served as landmarks and places for many New Orleanians to continue traditions.

## Geography

St. Roch is located at 29°59′06″N 90°03′13″W / 29.98500°N 90.05361°W / 29.98500; -90.05361 and has an elevation of 0 feet (0.0 m). According to the United States Census Bureau, the district has a total area of 1.25 square miles (3.2 km2). 1.25 square miles (3.2 km2) of which is land and 0.00 square miles (0.0 km2) (0.0%) of which is water.

St. Roch is part of the district of the Bywater. In the early years of St. Roch, the boundaries were never clearly defined. As time went on, the city of New Orleans placed clear boundaries on the neighborhood. The City Planning Commission now defines the boundary of St. Roch using several streets which include Elysian Fields (west), St. Claude Avenue (south), Franklin Avenue (east), and Florida Avenue (north). In the past, citizens knew of the whereabouts of the western, eastern, and southern boundaries; however, it was not until recent years that the city clearly defined a northern boundary for this neighborhood. Some of the neighborhoods that surround this neighborhood are Gentilly Terrace, St. Claude, Faubourg Marigny, and the 7th Ward of New Orleans. Also, the I-10, the most frequented highway in this city, cuts right through the heart of this neighborhood. According to the United States Census Bureau, “this district has a total areas of 1.25 square miles.” All of these square miles are on land which means that St. Roch does not have any bodies of water in its boundaries. St. Roch is home to several landmarks which includes parks and churches. The most famous of these locations are the St. Roch Park, the St. Roch Market, and the St. Roch Church and Cemetery. Both of these played an important role in the creation of the neighborhood. These landmarks and their importance to the establishment of St. Roch will be further discussed in the Landmarks section of this page.

### Adjacent neighborhoods

### Boundaries

The City Planning Commission defines the boundaries of St. Roch as these streets: Lafreniere Street, Paris Avenue, I-610, Benefit Street, Dahlia Walk, People's Avenue, Almonaster Avenue, St. Claude Avenue, Elysian Fields Avenue, Hope Street, Frenchmen Street, Duels Street, St. Anthony Street, Industry Street, Allen Street, Agriculture Street, A.P. Tureaud Avenue, Abundance Street, Republic Street, Treasure Street, Dugue Street, Florida Avenue and St. Bernard Avenue.

## Landmarks

### St. Roch Market

The St. Roch neighborhood of New Orleans has many landmarks that can be considered to hold significant historical value. One of the older landmarks of St. Roch is the market in the neighborhood known simply as the St. Roch Market. It was built in 1875 as an open-air market on St. Claude Avenue and began to struggle by the time the Great Depression had come around. During 1903, it was valued at only $2,000. By the 1930s, the city-owned market was designated for demolition because the building was in disrepair. In response to this, the residents of the area protested heavily in order to stop the city from tearing down the market. Their protests worked and in 1932, Sam Stone Jr. & Co. was issued to renovate the market. These renovations included full enclosures, refrigeration, and plumbing.

The market was further improved in 1937 by the Works Progress Administration. It was later turned over to private ownership and housed Lama's Seafood Market for several years. The market was doing well, selling fresh seafood for years and having one portion used as a restaurant as the Chinese immigrants who operated it desired, until it was practically destroyed in 2005 by Hurricane Katrina. The interior and exterior of the building were damaged significantly. Years after the destruction, the city of New Orleans began their attempts to rebuild the market to restore it to its previous state or better.

In recent times, the market underwent a $3.7-million renovation. These renovations were expected to be finished by the end of March and would extend beyond the market's backdoor and on the St. Roch neutral ground. The restoration includes roofing replacing, exterior masonry repair, and replacement of electrical, plumbing, and mechanical systems. The flooring of the market would also be replaced as well as the exterior doors, interior doors, and windows. Businessmen from several different companies came together to create St. Roch Community Partners Inc. and made it known that they had an idea for the St. Roch market. They wanted to use a dozen stalls in order to provide space so local vendors could sell their fresh foods along with kitchen staples at affordable prices. They would also like to open a restaurant in the back of the market. They have a non-profit structure for the market and would invest revenues into the market themselves for things such as maintenance. The goal the group is trying to achieve is to create a market that will be open six days a week where residents of the St. Roch neighborhood and the surrounding area could go buy both seasonal local produce. The market reopened in April, 2015 featuring a variety of venues offering fresh juice, Nigerian food, seafood, sweets, Creole food, cocktails, coffee and fresh produce among others. Despite its lofty ideals, it has come under fire since opening for failing to provide groceries, charging excessive rents to vendors, being prohibitively expensive for the overwhelming majority of local residents, and exploiting federal relief money for the enrichment of its private founders. This objection is proof positive as of now 8/2019

### Cemetery/chapel

The St. Roch chapel is located in the cemetery. It is filled with prosthetics, crutches, and other ex-votos of those who visit the chapel to ask St. Roch for healing. In addition to being an important religious site, St. Roch chapel is also a popular site for tourists as it exemplifies the "exotic" Catholicism of New Orleans.

## Schools/education

The St. Roch neighborhood is home to the Our Lady Star of the Sea School. It is a Catholic institution with the majority of its students being of African American descent.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 11,975 people, 4,336 households, and 2,885 families residing in the neighborhood. The population density was 9,580 /mi2 (3,742 /km2).

As of the census of 2010, there were 6,632 people, 2,604 households, and 1,505 families residing in the neighborhood.

Although it was once a racially diverse neighborhood, the majority of the population of St. Roch is African American. The total area of is 1.255 square miles with a population of 6,575 with 5,239 individuals being African American based on the 2011 census. The population consisted of 3,097 males and 3,478 females; with the median age of males being 34.7 and females 39.5. The average household size is 2.3 people with the percentage of family households being 34.4%. The percentage of married families is 19.6% while the percentage of married families with children is 17.7% and the percentage of single mother households is a significantly larger 39.0%. Percentage of never married males 15 years and older in the area is 24.8% while the percentage of never married females 15 years and older is 30.2%. Although most of St. Roch is African American, there is 1.1% of the population that do not speak English well or at all. The percentage of individuals that live in St. Roch and were born in New Orleans is 87.8%, with foreign born residents being 2.6% of the St. Roch population. The education attainment of the neighborhood fluctuates as the level of education increases. The percentage of residents that achieved less than a high school education is 42.3%. Residents that achieve a high school education or equivalent is 8.5%, less than one year of college is 6.6%, 1 or more years of college is 12.1%, percentage of residents that have an associate degree stands at a 2.3%, bachelor's degree is at 6.9%, residents who have a master's degree is 9.6% professional degrees stand at a 9.6% as well, and residents who have attained a doctorates degree in the area is at 2.2%.

## Recent developments

Raising several million dollars to renovate most of the landmarks in the neighborhood, they have already spent over $3 million working on the St. Roch Market which is now complete. The St. Roch Market was devastated by the flood waters of Hurricane Katrina, but in July 2012, Mayor Mitch Landrieu initiated the remodeling of the abandoned marketplace. Hurricane Katrina did much structural damage to the building and the foundation itself. This damage had to be repaired before the contractors could begin remodeling the structure. Also, the electrical and plumbing systems had to be replaced, because they were severely damaged by the flood waters. The market was originally opened in 1875, and it was where farmers went to sell their fresh fruits and vegetables. Over the years, farmers have stopped going to the market to sell their good; other vendors such as crawfish sellers and po-boy makers have taken their place. The newly renovated marketplace will also feature an art walk which guides visitors to the St. Roch Park. Now, St. Roch Market is a southern food hall featuring several food and beverage purveyors.

The city of New Orleans is also trying to revitalize the St. Roch Park, which has become desolate and bare in recent years. During the months after Hurricane Katrina, the park was converted into a parking lot which housed FEMA trailers. After the FEMA trailers were removed, the park was left abandoned. However, in early 2013, Mayor Landrieu cleared almost $2 million to renovate and restore the park. On July 1, 2013, the mayor led a ribbon cutting ceremony which officially reopened the park. The St. Roch park now has a new baseball diamond and a repaved basketball court.

After the I-10 was built through the center of St. Roch, and after it was hit by one of the worst hurricanes the city had seen, St. Roch experienced a period of great decline. The wind and flood waters from Hurricane Katrina damaged most of the structures in the neighborhood. The City of New Orleans has begun several projects to repair the damage done to this neighborhood by Hurricane Katrina. The majority of these projects involve cleaning up this neighborhood and ridding it of the debris left by Hurricane Katrina. The city plans on repaving the roads in St. Roch because the flood waters left the pavement uneven with countless potholes. There are also organizations, such St. Roch CDC, which are helping to restore old buildings in the neighborhood. The organization has already helped restore several old houses and office buildings in the last few years. Also, the City of New Orleans has hired landscapers to plant flowers and trees through the neighborhood in an attempt to return this neighborhood to its original state.

The city is also doing everything in its power to help reduce the amount of crime that the neighborhood has been experiencing recently. In the last few years, the amount of crime and number of murders in this neighborhood has increased greatly. Many people do not let their children play at the St. Roch park because of the amount of violence happening in the area lately. Many are also confused as to what has caused this recent increase in violence. The NOPD has finally decided it is time to work on reducing the amount of crime in this area. They have teamed up with other law agencies to try to find any pattern of violence or anything that can link these crimes together. They have also increased police detail in the area to try to prevent any criminal actions from taking place. They are not having much success, but the citizens of this neighborhood still have hope that one day the amount of crime in this area will decrease.

The population of St. Roch decreased by 56 percent between 2000 and 2010. Most of the houses in this area are vacant. Many of the residents of this neighborhood moved out after evacuating for Hurricane Katrina. The City of New Orleans believes that by restoring and cleaning up this neighborhood, people will want to return. The city is also in the process of performing restoration of some landmarks in the neighborhood. The city has decided to clean up the St. Roch Firehouse and the St. Roch Cemetery and Chapel.

## Politics

The St. Roch neighborhood is in District 7/Bywater district. The Senator of District 7 is David Heitmeier. The Bywater district is located along the Mississippi River down from the French Quarter and the Faubourg Marigny. Its boundaries are a bit unclear. People of the New Orleans area usually describe the area as being bordered by the St. Claude Avenue, the Industrial Canal, and Press Street. The bywater district is also known as the Upper Ninth Ward.

New Orleans is also in the 2nd Congregational district. Representative Troy Carter represents this district. Carter began serving as representative in 2021.

## InfoBox

| St. Roch | |
| --- | --- |
| New Orleans neighborhood | |
| The Shrine and Cemetery of Saint Roch gave the neighborhood its name | |
| Coordinates: 29°59′06″N 90°03′13″W / 29.98500°N 90.05361°W / 29.98500; -90.05361 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Louisiana |
| City | New Orleans |
| Planning District | District 7, Bywater District |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.25 sq mi (3.2 km2) |
| Land | 1.25 sq mi (3.2 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.0 km2) |
| Elevation | 0 ft (0 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 3,255 |
| Density | 2,600/sq mi (1,000/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code | 504 |


title: Nel Büch

abstract: Petronella "Nel" Büch was a Dutch sprinter. She competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics in the 100 m and 4 × 100 m relay and finished in sixth place in the relay. Between 1950 and 1954 she won five national titles in the 4 × 100 m relay with the team of her club Sagitta.

text:
# Nel Büch

**Petronella "Nel" Büch** (6 December 1931, **de Vos** – 5 February 2013) was a Dutch sprinter. She competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics in the 100 m and 4 × 100 m relay and finished in sixth place in the relay. Between 1950 and 1954 she won five national titles in the 4 × 100 m relay with the team of her club Sagitta.

## InfoBox

Nel Büch
| Nel Büch, Gré de Jongh, Fanny Blankers-Koen and Ina van Vooren in 1950 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | 6 December 1931
Amsterdam, the Netherlands |
| Died | 5 February 2013 (aged 81)
Amsterdam, the Netherlands |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Sprint |
| Club | Sagitta, Amsterdam |


title: USS Luiseno

abstract: USS Luiseno (ATF-156) was an Abnaki-class fleet ocean tug built for the United States Navy during World War II. Named after the Luiseño peoples, she was the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name.

text:
# USS Luiseno

**USS *Luiseno* (ATF-156)** was an *Abnaki*-class fleet ocean tug built for the United States Navy during World War II. Named after the Luiseño peoples (the southernmost division of the Shoshone Indians of California, who received their name from Mission San Luis Rey de Francia, the most important Spanish mission in their territory), she was the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name.

## Construction

*Luiseno* was laid down on 7 November 1944 by the Charleston Shipbuilding & Drydock Company of Charleston, South Carolina; launched on 17 March 1945; sponsored by Mrs. William J. Roth, Jr.; and commissioned on 16 June 1945.

## Service history

### US Navy service

After shakedown, *Luiseno* operated out of Norfolk, Virginia and Boston before sailing for Florida 28 July. For the rest of the year she performed salvage and target towing services in the Florida/Cuba area. During the summer of 1946 the fleet tug made a cruise to Bremerhaven, Germany to tow a 350-ton crane to Cristóbal in the Canal Zone, arriving there 20 September. From 1946 *Luiseno* performed miscellaneous duties including target towing, salvage operations, and other vital services, along the east coast, in the Caribbean and from her home port, Newport, Rhode Island.

During the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962 she operated out of the Guantanamo Naval Base, ready to perform any duty for which she would be called. *Luiseno* removed aircraft wreckage from the 1966 Palomares B-52 crash for dumping in the Atlantic.

*Luiseno* received the Navy Unit Commendation, Navy Expeditionary Medal (2-Cuba), American Campaign Medal, World War II Victory Medal, National Defense Service Medal, and the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal (1-Cuba).

### Argentine Navy service

Decommissioned and struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 July 1975, *Luiseno* was subsequently transferred to Argentina under terms of the Security Assistance Program and renamed **ARA *Francisco de Gurruchaga* (A-3)**. She was still in service with the Argentine Navy as of 2009.

#### *Gurruchaga* incident

On 19 February 1982, six weeks before the beginning of the Falklands War, an incident occurred that could have sparked a full-fledged war between Chile and Argentina during the Papal mediation in the Beagle conflict. ARA *Gurruchaga* was anchored at Deceit Island inside the Beagle zone under mediation in Vatican, ostensibly providing support for sports boats participating in the Rio de Janeiro-Sydney boat race. The *Quidora* torpedo Boat approached and ordered the Argentine ship to leave the area. She fired several warning shots when the Argentine craft refused to move, as other Chilean ships converged to the scene. Although originally ordered not to leave the area and to wait for Argentine warships to arrive, the Argentine patrol boat received new orders to proceed to port as it became obvious that the Chilean navy had no intentions of backing down.

#### Falklands war

During the Falklands war, *Gurruchaga* was assigned to support Task Group 79.3, centered around the cruiser ARA *General Belgrano*. When *Belgrano* was torpedoed by the British submarine HMS *Conqueror* on 2 May 1982, she sailed from Ushuaia to participate in rescue operations. From a total of 770 crewmembers rescued, 365 were saved by *Gurruchaga*, whose powerful searchlights and low freeboard proved particularly useful in recovering survivors from their liferafts.

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*.*

* "*Luiseno*". *Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. Retrieved 3 August 2007.
* "ATF-156 *Luiseno*". *Amphibious Photo Archive*. Retrieved 3 August 2007.
* Melson, Lewis B., CAPT USN (June 1967). "Contact 261". United States Naval Institute Proceedings. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Luiseno* |
| Builder | Charleston Shipbuilding & Drydock Co. |
| Laid down | 7 November 1944 |
| Launched | 17 March 1945 |
| Commissioned | 16 June 1945 |
| Decommissioned | 1 July 1975 |
| Stricken | 1 July 1975 |
| Fate | Transferred to Argentina, 1 July 1975 |
|  | |
| History | |
| Argentina | |
| Name | ARA *Francisco de Gurruchaga* (A-3) |
| Status | In active service as of 2017 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Abnaki*-class fleet ocean tug |
| Displacement | * 1,205 long tons (1,224 t) light * 1,646 long tons (1,672 t) full |
| Length | 205 ft (62 m) |
| Beam | 38 ft 6 in (11.73 m) |
| Draft | 17 ft (5.2 m) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 16.5 knots (19.0 mph; 30.6 km/h) |
| Complement | 8 officers, 68 enlisted men |
| Armament |  |


title: Waterhouse's leaf-nosed bat

abstract: Waterhouse's leaf-nosed bat is a species of big-eared bat in the family Phyllostomidae. It is found in the Greater Antilles in the Cayman Islands, Cuba, Hispaniola and Jamaica, as well as Mexico south to Guatemala.

text:
# Waterhouse's leaf-nosed bat

**Waterhouse's leaf-nosed bat** (***Macrotus waterhousii***) is a species of big-eared bat in the family Phyllostomidae. It is found in the Greater Antilles (excluding Puerto Rico) in the Cayman Islands, Cuba, Hispaniola (the Dominican Republic and Haiti) and Jamaica, as well as Mexico (from Sonora to Hidalgo) south to Guatemala.

## Behavior

This species roosts primarily in caves, but also in mines and buildings. The species is insectivorous, primarily consuming insects of the order Lepidoptera and Orthoptera.

*M. waterhousii* does not require complete darkness in its roosting place, and can often be found near the entrance of a cave (with in 10–30 meters), or even partially lit buildings. It is possible to find this species in groups, but not as common as other bats; they are almost never in direct contact with one another. They typically leave their roost about 30 minutes after sundown.

## Reproduction

### Sperm cycle

Male *M. waterhousii* have an interesting cycle in their sperm production and peak times for successful mating. From December to early June, there are no mature sperm found within the male's reproductive tract. Starting in June, the spermatogenic cycle begins, leading to sperm being available (for mating) in August. Mature sperm can be found in the reproductive tract of males from August to early December. However, starting around September, a decrease in testes size can be observed.

### Delayed development

Observed during the pregnancy of female *M. waterhousii*, there seems to be a delay in the development of the offspring. It is possible that this is controlled by levels of Plasma Thyroxine (T4). During the first two trimester of pregnancy, levels of T4 are relatively low. But during the last trimester (and lactation), levels of T4 more than double typically. These corresponds in the observed delayed development of the offspring, as much of the development happen in that last trimester.

## Echolocation and foraging

Like many bats, this species uses echolocation as a means to locate their prey. In particular, *Macrotus waterhousii* uses a low intensity, broadband-like call to aide in their search for food. The maximum frequency of a call is 73.65 kHz with a minimum of 46.19 kHz, creating a bandwidth of 27.46 kHz. The call ranges from about 1 second to 3 seconds. In addition, to echolocation, *M. waterhousii* uses the sound made by the prey itself to locate it. This type of foraging behavior leads to a preference for a cluttered habitat. As *M. waterhousii* is hunting, the frequency of calls decreases as it approaches its prey.

## Parasites

The nematode *Torrestrongylus tetradorsalis* was described in 2015. It is a parasite of the small intestine of the Waterhouse's leaf-nosed bat in Central Mexico. It was collected from bats from the Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve in the state of Morelos.

## InfoBox

| Waterhouse's leaf-nosed bat | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Chiroptera |
| Family: | Phyllostomidae |
| Genus: | *Macrotus* |
| Species: | ***M. waterhousii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Macrotus waterhousii***
Gray, 1843 | |
|
|  | |


abstract: The 1918 All-Big Ten Conference football team consists of American football players selected to the All-Big Ten Conference teams chosen by various selectors for the 1918 Big Ten Conference football season.

text:
# 1918 All-Big Ten Conference football team

The **1918 All-Big Ten Conference football team** consists of American football players selected to the All-Big Ten Conference teams chosen by various selectors for the 1918 Big Ten Conference football season.

## All Big-Ten selections

### Ends

* Clarence A. MacDonald, Ohio State (HP, WE-1)
* Robert Reed, Iowa (HP, WE-1)
* Robert J. Dunne, Michigan (MF)
* George C. Bucheit, Illinois (MF, WE-2)
* Carl E. Zanger, Northwestern (WE-2)

### Tackles

* Burt Ingwersen, Illinois (HP, MF, WE-1)
* Angus Goetz, Michigan (HP, MF, WE-1)
* Berthold Mann, Wisconsin (WE-2)
* Eugene D. McLaughlin, Northwestern (MF \[guard\], WE-2)

### Guards

* Albert W. T. Mohr, Jr., Illinois (HP, WE-1)
* Harry Hunzelman, Iowa (WE-1)
* Miller, Chicago (HP)
* Wallace, Minnesota (MF)
* Fred R. Hanschmann, Illinois (WE-2)
* F. W. Jordan, Minnesota (WE-2)

### Centers

### Quarterbacks

* Marshall Underhill, Northwestern (HP, WE-1)
* Robert H. Fletcher, Illinois (MF)
* William S. Kelly, Iowa (WE-2)

### Halfbacks

* Jesse B. Kirkpatrick, Illinois (HP, WE-1)
* Frank Steketee, Michigan (HP, WE-1)
* Thomas C. Davies, Ohio State (MF)
* Ralph E. Fletcher, Illinois (MF)
* Gus Eckberg, Minnesota (WE-2)
* Elton, Chicago (WE-2)

### Fullbacks

* Norman Kingsley, Minnesota (HP, WE-1)
* William K. Kopp, Illinois (MF)
* Fred Lohman, Iowa (WE-2)

## Key

HP = Howard Pearson, sporting editor of the *Detroit Journal*

MF = Matt Foley in *Chicago Herald and Examiner*

WE = Walter Eckersall in *Chicago Tribune*


title: Liometophilus

abstract: Liometophilus is a genus of hidden snout weevils in the beetle family Curculionidae. There are at least two described species in Liometophilus.

text:
# Liometophilus

***Liometophilus*** is a genus of hidden snout weevils in the beetle family Curculionidae. There are at least two described species in *Liometophilus*.

## Species

These two species belong to the genus *Liometophilus*:

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Liometophilus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Curculionidae |
| Subtribe: | Cryptorhynchina |
| Genus: | *Liometophilus*<br>Fall, 1912 |
|


title: Oak Forest Site

abstract: The Oak Forest Site (11Ck-53) is located in Oak Forest, Cook County, Illinois, near the city of Chicago. It is classified as a late prehistoric to Protohistoric/Early Historic site with Upper Mississippian Huber affiliation.

text:
# Oak Forest Site

**The Oak Forest Site (11Ck-53)** is located in Oak Forest, Cook County, Illinois, near the city of Chicago. It is classified as a late prehistoric to Protohistoric/Early Historic site with Upper Mississippian Huber affiliation.

## History of archaeological investigations

In 1958 archaeological remains were noted during construction of a new road by the Oak Forest Hospital. Excavations were carried out in 1958 as a salvage project under the auspices of the Illinois Archaeological Survey.

In 1978, during construction of two new buildings by the Illinois Department of Transportation more archaeological material was noted. A team from Northwestern University conducted a salvage excavation in 1979.

## Results of data analysis

Excavations at the site yielded prehistoric to Protohistoric and early Historic artifacts, house structures, pit features, plant remains (1979 excavations only) and animal bone.

### Features

A total of 8 house structures and 17 features were identified during the 1958 excavations. The house structures ranged from 25 to 47.5 feet long and 12–15 feet wide. Some of the houses had pit features as well (fire pits and refuse pits).

Most of the features had ash and carbonized material within their fill, and are classified as fire pits. Feature 15 was a bell-shaped storage pit that contained a fragment of iron interpreted by the excavators to be early European in origin.

An additional 55 features were identified in the 1979 excavations. They noted little variation in most of the pits and they may be interpreted as fire, storage or refuse pits. Feature 125 in particular was noted to be a roasting pit similar to those found at other Upper Mississippian-affiliated sites of Zimmerman, Rader, Knoll Spring, Schwerdt, Elam, Griesmer and Moccasin Bluff. At Griesmer the carbonized remains of white water lily (Nymphaea odorata) tubers were recovered and at Schwerdt and Elam, the carbonized remains of American Lotus (Nelumbo lutea)tubers were recovered from this type of roasting pit.

### Plant Remains

No plant remains were reported from the 1958 excavations. This is because flotation data recovery techniques were not in wide use among archaeologists of that era. The 1979 excavations took 42 samples for flotation analysis (24 from features and 18 from midden contexts) and as a result a wide variety of plant remains (wood charcoal, nutshell, maize, seeds and bulbs) were found which contribute immensely to our knowledge of Upper Mississippian subsistence.

Plant analysis of flotation data is based primarily on carbonized remains; on plant material that was burned in a fire pit or hearth but not completely consumed. The carbonized materials are rendered much more resistant to decay and thus are often available for the archaeologist to examine. Not all of the carbonized plant remains are from food items; some of the small seeds recovered may have been intrusive due to the normal seed dispersal process (i.e. the wind just blew them into the fire). Plant material that was not carbonized was of course subject to the normal process of decay and would not be available to the archaeologist except under extraordinary conditions.

**Summary of Findings:**

### Animal Remains

Remains from several species were recovered from the site. The main species present were deer and fish; also present were turtle, dog, bald eagle, sandhill crane, otter and others. These remains were not modified into tools like the bone tools described in the Artifacts section below, and may be considered food remains or, in the case of the dog, the remains of ceremonial activities. Dog sacrifice and dog meat consumption was observed to have ceremonial and religious implications in early Native American tribes. In addition, bald eagles, sandhill cranes and otters were known to have spiritual significance in historic Native American religious groups/ceremonies such as the Midewiwin.

### Artifacts

Artifacts recovered from the site included:

* Pottery \- total of 1,270 sherds were recovered in the 1958 excavations, and another 3,347 were recovered in 1979. The pottery artifacts will be discussed in more detail below.
* Stone artifacts - including projectile points, scrapers (including humpback scrapers), gravers, graver drills, knives, cores, utilized flakes and a chopper. Of the projectile points, the most numerous category was the small triangular Madison point.
* Ground stone artifacts - including grinding stones, hammerstones/manos, metates, abraders and a piece of hematite that may be a rubstone.
* Bone and antler tools - including scapula hoes, an antler wrench and a harpoon.
* Seashell \- a unique duck effigy pendant made out of seashells was present at the site.
* Early Historic artifacts - in 1958, a single iron fragment was found which was thought to be an early Historic artifact of European manufacture. In 1979 many more such remains were found due largely to the use of flotation; including 2 tubular sheet brass hair pipes (similar to the copper specimens found at the Dumaw Creek site), 3 fragments of crumpled sheet brass, 15 iron pieces (6 nails, 1 bolt, 1 washer, a strap with pendant tabs, 2 sheet fragments and 4 unidentified fragments), and a single white glass bead similar to those found at Iroquoian sites in Ontario and New York State (where they have been dated to the early 1600s).

The non-pottery artifacts found at an archaeological site can provide useful cultural context as well as a glimpse into the domestic tasks performed at a site; ceremonial or religious activities; recreational activities; and clothing or personal adornment.

Some of the most prominent and diagnostic non-pottery artifacts are presented here in more detail:

| Material | Description | Image | Qty | Function / use | Comments / associations |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chipped stone | Small triangular points (aka Madison points) |  | 33 | Hunting/fishing/warfare | Also known as “arrowheads”; are thought to be arrow-tips for bows-and-arrows. The usage of the bow-and-arrow seems to have greatly increased during the Late Woodland, probably as a result of increased conflict. |
| Chipped stone | Biface blades/knives |  | 6 | Domestic function / cutting applications | Typical of Upper Mississippian sites, particularly Huber and Oneota (Orr focus) |
| Chipped stone | Humpback end scraper |  | 22 | Domestic function / processing wood or hides | Typical of Upper Mississippian sites, particularly Huber and Oneota (Orr focus); present at Moccasin Bluff in Michigan where they are called "thick steep-edge" scrapers |
| Chipped stone | Drills |  | 2 expanding-base, 5 double pointed | Domestic function / processing wood or hides | 2 types are present; expanding base (left) and double pointed (right), which are both common types in Upper Mississippian contexts |
| Stone | Arrow shaft straightener |  | 3 | Domestic function / straightening arrow shafts for bows-and-arrows | Typical at Upper Mississippian sites |
| Antler | Antler wrench |  | 1 | Domestic function / specific use unknown | Similar artifacts were found at the nearby Anker site |
| Bone | Bone harpoon |  | 1 | Fishing function | Similar harpoons made of antler were recovered from the Fisher and Fifield sites |
| Bone | Scapula hoes |  | 28 (fragmentary) | Domestic function / Agricultural-horticultural or general digging tool | Common at Fisher and Oneota sites; they may have been used to dig out the pit features present at Oak Forest. |
| Marine shell | Marine shell duck effigy pendant |  | 4 | Art work / Personal Adornment and/or Ceremonial application | Well-made, unique artifact; found in a burial nearby copper bangles that were probably suspended from it at one time. |
|

### Upper Mississippian Huber Pottery

Archaeologists often find pottery to be a very useful tool in analyzing a prehistoric culture. It is usually very plentiful at a site and the details of manufacture and decoration are very sensitive indicators of time, space and culture.

Although the Huber tradition was well-known by archaeologists for decades following the original excavations at the Huber site in 1929, a formalized typology was not developed until Charles Faulkner devised one in his 1972 report on the Griesmer site in northwestern Indiana, just to the east of Chicago.

Huber pottery is characterized by shell-tempered, plain surface pottery with globular vessel shape and restricted orifices with everted rims. Some vessels also have strap handles. Decoration (when present) usually consists of vertical or obliquely applied incised lines generally running from the lip to the shoulder. Rarely, surfaces are cordmarked or smoothed over cordmarked. The top of the lip is either plain or decorated with fine to wide notching. A minority also have punctate decoration, mostly in combination with the trailed lines.

The 1958 excavations recovered 1,270 sherds, almost all of it Huber ware. Surface was plain on 98% of sherds and cordmarked on 2%. Half of the lips were unnotched. The most common rim profile reported was everted with flat lip and either wide-notched or unnotched lip. Rarely, sherds were red-slipped on the exterior and/or interior.

An additional 3,347 sherds were recovered in the 1979 excavations, of very similar attributes. None of these sherds were reported to be cordmarked except for 3 sherds that were classified as Danner series. 45% of the rims were unnotched and of the decorated sherds, 93% were incised with fine lines.

Following Faulkner’s typology, this is the proportion of the pottery types at the site:

* Huber Plain - 88%, characterized by a plain surface
* Huber Trailed - 7%, characterized by a plain surface decorated with fine incised lines
* Huber Bold - 2%, characterized by a plain surface decorated with wide lines, possibly finger-trailed
* Huber Cordmarked - 2.5%, characterized by a cordmarked surface
* Fisher - 0%
* Other types - 0.5%

## Chronology of Oak Forest pottery within the Huber sequence

The trends in certain pottery traits are very time-sensitive and can be used as indicators of relative age. Based on information on other Huber sites in the area, archaeologists have determined early Huber pottery is more likely to have cordmarked surface finish; wide-trailed decoration; and notched lips. Early Huber sites have also been observed to have significant amounts of Fisher Ware as well. Late Huber pottery has predominately plain surface finish; fine-line incised decoration; and unnotched lips. A minority also have punctate decoration, mostly in combination with the trailed lines.

In the Oak Forest site assemblage, only 2.5% of sherds are cordmarked, Wide-line decoration is reported to be rare. Also, about half of the lips are unnotched. There is also no Fisher Ware at all in the Oak Forest assemblage; but Danner Ware is present, which has been found in early Historic contexts at the Zimmerman site in northwestern Illinois. This combination of traits indicates a relatively later time placement for Oak Forest within the Huber sequence. This is supported by 6 radiocarbon dates which indicate the occupation of Oak Forest took place between a range of A.D. 1425-1625.

## Huber within the Upper Mississippian culture

Huber ware (and Huber culture) are often mentioned together with Fisher. Both Fisher and Huber are Upper Mississippian cultures which existed in the southern Lake Michigan region in the states of northern Illinois and Indiana and southwest Michigan. Both have shell-tempered pottery but Huber is predominantly plain surface with fine-line decoration and Fisher is predominantly cordmarked surface with wide-line decoration.

The relationship of Huber and Fisher both with each other and with other Upper Mississippian cultures in the area has long been a matter of debate and speculation among archaeologists. James Griffin, upon examining the artifacts from the original 1929 excavations, felt that Huber was a Component of the Oneota Aspect based on the form and design of the pottery, close to the Orr and Lake Winnebago foci, and that Fisher was part of a separate focus. Since that date, we’ve obtained a great deal more information and now we know that Fisher is the older of the two and Huber is the one that survived to the Historic period. Nevertheless, both Fisher and Huber coexist at the same sites seemingly at the same time. Hoxie Farm, Griesmer and Moccasin Bluff are examples of this.

Most archaeologists now believe that both Fisher and Huber are taxonomically-related phases within the Oneota tradition. The relationship between the two is time-related in that Huber is derived from Fisher; but there are also late Fisher sites like Fifield, where Fisher pottery is associated with late prehistoric artifacts, so it is possible that Fisher also survived until the Protohistoric or early Historic period.

## Significance

There is direct evidence of cultivated plants at Oak Forest. The remains of maize were found along with squash and the common bean. Sunflower and wild rice were also recovered. Also, the recovery of knotweed, little barley and goosefoot indicates the Huber culture participated in the Eastern Agricultural Complex. Deer bone was also present in abundance, along with arrowheads for bows-and-arrows, indicating the site residents still relied on hunting; and fish and turtle were also present in the animal bone remains, so they were also exploiting food resources of the nearby marshes and creeks.

With regards to seasonality of occupation, based on the presence of several house structures, and supported by an analysis of the animal bone and plant remains, the researchers determined the site functioned as a permanent to semi-permanent agricultural village.

Along with the Palos site, Oak Forest had some European-made trade articles included in the assemblage. This indicates the Huber culture lasted until European contact and therefore was one of the Historic Native American tribes encountered by the early explorers and fur traders. It has not been conclusively demonstrated which tribe exactly made the Huber pottery. However, the Potawatomi, Illinois and Miami have been recorded as present in the lower shores of Lake Michigan in the early historic period, and all have been suggested as the tribe corresponding to the Huber culture.

## Further reading

* James A. Brown, ed. (1990), *At The Edge of Prehistory: Huber Phase Archaeology in the Chicago Area*, Center for American Archaeology, Kampsville, Illinois

## InfoBox

| Oak Forest Site | |
| --- | --- |
| Location in IllinoisLocation in United States | |
| Location | in Oak Forest near Chicago, Illinois |
| Coordinates | 41°44′01″N 87°40′01″W / 41.73361°N 87.66694°W / 41.73361; -87.66694 |
| Area | 20 acres |
|  | |


abstract: The 1938 U.S. National Championships was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor grass courts at the West Side Tennis Club, Forest Hills in New York City, United States. The tournament was scheduled to be held from Thursday September 8 until Saturday September 17 but was prolonged until Saturday September 24 due to poor weather caused by the 1938 New England hurricane. It was the 58th staging of the U.S. National Championships and the fourth Grand Slam tennis event of the year. American Don Budge won the men's singles title and became the first tennis player to win the Grand Slam i.e. winning all four Major tennis tournaments in a single calendar year. Budge also won the doubles and mixed doubles title.

text:
# 1938 U.S. National Championships (tennis)

The **1938 U.S. National Championships** (now known as the US Open) was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor grass courts at the West Side Tennis Club, Forest Hills in New York City, United States. The tournament was scheduled to be held from Thursday September 8 until Saturday September 17 but was prolonged until Saturday September 24 due to poor weather caused by the 1938 New England hurricane. It was the 58th staging of the U.S. National Championships and the fourth Grand Slam tennis event of the year.

American Don Budge won the men's singles title and became the first tennis player to win the Grand Slam i.e. winning all four Major tennis tournaments (Australian Championships, French Championships, Wimbledon Championships, and U.S. National Championships) in a single calendar year. Budge also won the doubles and mixed doubles title.

## Finals

### Men's singles

Don Budge defeated  Gene Mako 6–3, 6–8, 6–2, 6–1

### Women's singles

Alice Marble defeated  Nancye Wynne Bolton 6–0, 6–3

### Men's doubles

Don Budge /  Gene Mako defeated  Adrian Quist /  John Bromwich 6–3, 6–2, 6–1

### Women's doubles

Sarah Palfrey Cooke /  Alice Marble defeated  Simonne Mathieu /  Jadwiga Jędrzejowska 6–8, 6–4, 6–3

### Mixed doubles

Alice Marble /  Don Budge defeated  Thelma Coyne Long /  John Bromwich 6–1, 6–2

1. Collins, Bud (2010). *The Bud Collins History of Tennis* (2nd ed.). \[New York\]: New Chapter Press. pp. 61–63. ISBN 978-0942257700.
2. Collins, p. 477
3. Collins, p. 479
4. Collins, p. 482

## InfoBox

| 1938 U.S. National Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | August 22–27
September 8–24 |
| Edition | 58th |
| Category | Grand Slam (ITF) |
| Surface | Grass |
| Location | Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
Forest Hills, Queens, New York City
United States |
| Venue | Longwood Cricket Club
West Side Tennis Club |
| Champions | |
| Men's singles | |
| Don Budge | |
| Women's singles | |
| Alice Marble | |
| Men's doubles | |
| Don Budge /  Gene Mako | |
| Women's doubles | |
| Sarah Palfrey Cooke /  Alice Marble | |
| Mixed doubles | |
| Alice Marble /  Don Budge | |
|  | |


title: The Rover (novel)

abstract: The Rover is the last complete novel by Joseph Conrad, written between 1921 and 1922. It was first published in 1923, and adapted into the 1967 film of the same name. Modern critique of the novel is mixed: many critics find worth in it, but do not consider it one of Conrad's better novels.

text:
# The Rover (novel)

***The Rover*** is the last complete novel by Joseph Conrad, written between 1921 and 1922. It was first published in 1923, and adapted into the 1967 film of the same name.

Modern critique of the novel is mixed: many critics find worth in it, but do not consider it one of Conrad's better novels.

## Plot summary

The story takes place in the south of France, against the backdrop of the French Revolution, Napoleon's rise to power, and the French-English rivalry in the Mediterranean. **Peyrol** (a master-gunner in the French republican navy, pirate, and for nearly fifty years "rover of the outer seas") attempts to find refuge in an isolated farmhouse (Escampobar) on the Giens Peninsula near Hyères.

The story is about Peyrol's attempt at withdrawal from an action- and blood-filled life; his involvement with the pariahs of Escampobar; the struggle for his identity and allegiance, which is resolved in his last voyage.

The plotline involving Escampobar is a retelling of the tale of Acis and Galatea. The young maiden, Arlette, is made to marry the murderer of her parents, Scevola; Scevola desires to kill Peyrol after mistaking him for Réal, his rival in love for Arlette.

## Trivia

Conrad placed on the title page an epigraph taken from Edmund Spenser's *The Faerie Queene*:

*Sleep after toyle, port after stormie seas,* *Ease after warre, death after life, does greatly please*

This also became Conrad's epitaph.


title: Ola Snortheim

abstract:
Ola Snortheim is a Norwegian artist and record producer. Snortheim is the son of the folk-musician Olav Snortheim. Known as one of the most important drummers on the Norwegian rock-scene of the 1980s and 1990s, he has played in many bands, often together with guitarist Jørn Christensen. The most famous of the rock-bands Snortheim have played in was De Press. The group won the prize Spellemannprisen in the class New Rock in 1981, after releasing the album Block to Block. Snortheim is the founder of the electronica-group Langsomt Mot Nord. Ola Snortheim has played in the following Norwegian bands:
  - Blaupunkt
  - Cirkus Modern
  - De Press
  - Langsomt Mot Nord
  - Lonely Crowd
  - Montasje
  - Norske Gutter
  - Spastisk Ekstase
  - Sterk, Naken og Biltyvene
  - Streethawks
  - The Tourettes

text:
# Ola Snortheim

**Ola Snortheim** (born December 3, 1954, Harpefoss) is a Norwegian artist and record producer.

Snortheim is the son of the folk-musician Olav Snortheim. Known as one of the most important drummers on the Norwegian rock-scene of the 1980s and 1990s, he has played in many bands, often together with guitarist Jørn Christensen.

The most famous of the rock-bands Snortheim have played in was De Press. The group won the prize Spellemannprisen in the class *New Rock* in 1981, after releasing the album Block to Block.

Snortheim is the founder of the electronica-group Langsomt Mot Nord.

Ola Snortheim has played in the following Norwegian bands:

## Sources in Norwegian


title: St Catharine's Convent, Augsburg

abstract: St Catharine's Convent in Augsburg, Germany was a community of Dominican nuns. It was founded in the Am Gries suburb of the city in 1243 before moving into the city centre eight years later. It was dissolved in 1802, and the nuns vacated the monastery in 1807. In 1834, some of the convent buildings were re-used to house the Königliche Polytechnische Schule and a trade school. In 1835, the former convent church was converted into the Staatsgalerie Altdeutscher Meister, a branch of the Bavarian State Painting Collections, which is still there today. In 1877, the building was taken over by a district primary school, now known as the Holbein-Gymnasium.

text:
# St Catharine's Convent, Augsburg

**St Catharine's Convent** in Augsburg, Germany was a community of Dominican nuns.

It was founded in the Am Gries suburb of the city in 1243 before moving into the city centre eight years later. It was dissolved in 1802, and the nuns vacated the monastery in 1807. In 1834, some of the convent buildings were re-used to house the Königliche Polytechnische Schule and a trade school. In 1835, the former convent church was converted into the Staatsgalerie Altdeutscher Meister, a branch of the Bavarian State Painting Collections, which is still there today. In 1877, the building was taken over by a district primary school, now known as the Holbein-Gymnasium.

1. (in German) Hans Pörnbacher: Maria Königin der Engel. Kunstverlag Josef Fink, Lindenberg 1999, ISBN 3-933784-09-3, S. 1.


title: Nel Centro

abstract: Nel Centro was a restaurant in downtown Portland, Oregon. The restaurant opened in 2009 and closed in 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic.

text:
# Nel Centro

**Nel Centro** was a restaurant in downtown Portland, Oregon. The restaurant opened in 2009 and closed in 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic.

## History

The restaurant opened in 2009. Baker Lee Posey left in 2009. John Eisenhart became executive chef in 2015. In 2020, chef and restaurateur David Machado closed Nel Centro and his four other Portland restaurants permanently, including Altabira City Tavern, during the COVID-19 pandemic.

## InfoBox

| Nel Centro | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Entrance, 2020 | |
|  | |
| Restaurant information | |
| Established | 2009 (2009) |
| Closed | May 2020 (2020-05) |
| City | Portland |
| State | Oregon |
| Coordinates | 45°30′51″N 122°40′51″W / 45.5142°N 122.6809°W / 45.5142; -122.6809 |


title: USS Lucille Ross

abstract: USS Lucille Ross (SP-1211) was a United States Navy tug in commission from 1917 to 1919. Lucille Ross was built in 1893 as a wooden commercial steam tug of the same name by the Brewster Shipbuilding Company at Baltimore, Maryland. On 17 April 1917, the U.S. Navy chartered her from her owner, the Richmond Cedar Works of Richmond, Virginia, for use during World War I. Delivered to the Navy on 18 April 1917 and assigned the section patrol number 1211, she was commissioned at Norfolk, Virginia, as USS Lucille Ross (SP-1211) on 24 April 1917. She was enrolled in the Naval Coast Defense Reserve on 20 August 1917. Assigned to the 5th Naval District and based at Norfolk, Lucille Ross served as a shore and harbor patrol boat, assisted during customs inspections, sealed ships' radios, and performed occasional towing services. In addition she steamed the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean while carrying supplies to coastal lightvessels. During September and October 1918 she also provided towing service for the United States Army Transport Service. The Navy returned Lucille Ross to the Richmond Cedar Works on 3 June 1919.

text:
# USS Lucille Ross

**USS *Lucille Ross* (SP-1211)** was a United States Navy tug in commission from 1917 to 1919.

*Lucille Ross* was built in 1893 as a wooden commercial steam tug of the same name by the Brewster Shipbuilding Company at Baltimore, Maryland. On 17 April 1917, the U.S. Navy chartered her from her owner, the Richmond Cedar Works of Richmond, Virginia, for use during World War I. Delivered to the Navy on 18 April 1917 and assigned the section patrol number 1211, she was commissioned at Norfolk, Virginia, as USS *Lucille Ross* (SP-1211) on 24 April 1917. She was enrolled in the Naval Coast Defense Reserve on 20 August 1917.

Assigned to the 5th Naval District and based at Norfolk, *Lucille Ross* served as a shore and harbor patrol boat, assisted during customs inspections, sealed ships' radios, and performed occasional towing services. In addition she steamed the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean while carrying supplies to coastal lightvessels. During September and October 1918 she also provided towing service for the United States Army Transport Service.

The Navy returned *Lucille Ross* to the Richmond Cedar Works on 3 June 1919.

## InfoBox

| USS *Lucille Ross* (SP-1211) sometime between 1917 and 1919. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Lucille Ross* |
| Namesake | Previous name retained |
| Builder | Brewster Shipbuilding Company, Baltimore, Maryland |
| Completed | 1893 |
| Acquired | * Chartered 17 April 1917 * Delivered 18 April 1917 |
| Commissioned | 24 April 1917 |
| Fate | Returned to owner 3 June 1919 |
| Notes | Operated as commercial tug *Lucille Ross* 1893-1917 and from 1919 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Tug |
| Tonnage | 24 or 49 Gross register tons |
| Length | 70 ft 7 in (21.51 m) |
| Beam | 15 ft 5 in (4.70 m) |
| Draft | 8 ft (2.4 m) |
| Propulsion | Steam engine |
| Speed | 10 knots |
| Complement | 9 |
| Armament | None |