title: Little Ships of Dunkirk

abstract: The Little Ships of Dunkirk were about 850 private boats that sailed from Ramsgate in England to Dunkirk in northern France between 26 May and 4 June 1940 as part of Operation Dynamo, helping to rescue more than 336,000 British, French, and other Allied soldiers who were trapped on the beaches at Dunkirk during the Second World War.

text:
# Little Ships of Dunkirk

The **Little Ships of Dunkirk** were about 850 private boats that sailed from Ramsgate in England to Dunkirk in northern France between 26 May and 4 June 1940 as part of Operation Dynamo, helping to rescue more than 336,000 British, French, and other Allied soldiers who were trapped on the beaches at Dunkirk during the Second World War.

## Overview

The situation of the troops, who had been cut off from their advance into France by a pincer movement from the German army, was regarded by the British prime minister Winston Churchill as the greatest military defeat for centuries; it appeared likely to cost Britain the war, as the majority of the British Expeditionary Force was trapped, leaving the country vulnerable to invasion by Germany. Because of the shallow waters, British destroyers were unable to approach the beaches, and soldiers were having to wade out to the boats, many of them waiting hours in shoulder-deep water.

On 27 May, the small-craft section of the British Ministry of Shipping telephoned boat builders around the coast, asking them to collect all boats with "shallow draught" that could navigate the shallow waters. Attention was directed to the pleasure boats, private yachts and launches moored on the River Thames and along the south and east coasts. Some of them were taken with the owners' permission – and with the owners insisting they would sail them – while others were requisitioned by the government with no time for the owners to be contacted. The boats were checked to make sure they were seaworthy, fuelled, and taken to Ramsgate to set sail for Dunkirk. They were crewed by Royal Navy officers, ratings and experienced volunteers. Very few owners sailed their own vessels, apart from fishermen and one or two others.

When they reached France, some of the boats acted as shuttles between the beaches and the destroyers, ferrying soldiers to the warships. Others carried hundreds of soldiers each back to Ramsgate, England, protected by the Royal Air Force from the attacks of the Luftwaffe.

According to the Association of Dunkirk Little Ships, the term "Little Ship" applies to all craft that were originally privately owned and includes commercial vessels such as barges, fishing vessels and pleasure steamers; the Association does include some ex-Service vessels, which are now privately owned, and ex-lifeboats.

## Notable vessels

* MV *Royal Daffodil* (1939) – Already in use for transporting troops on the 23 May Requisitioned from the General Steam Navigation Company of London, evacuated 7,461 service personnel from Dunkirk in five trips between 28 May and 2 June, among them the French historian Marc Bloch, who served as a French army captain in the campaign. This was the largest number evacuated by a single passenger vessel in the operation. On 2 June, she was attacked by six German aircraft. A bomb dropped by one of them penetrated two of her decks and blew a hole below the water line, but she managed to limp back to port.
* *Medway Queen* – serving in the 10th Mine-sweeping Flotilla, the paddle steamer made the most round trips – seven – rescuing 7,000 men and earning herself the nickname "Heroine of Dunkirk". Restored and rededicated in 2013, she can now be visited at the Gillingham Pier in Kent.
* *Massey Shaw* – the London-based fireboat initially went to Dunkirk to help fight fires. It ended up making three trips across the channel rescuing over 500 troops, including 30 from the *Emil de Champ*, which had hit a mine.
* *Sundowner* – a motor yacht owned by Charles Lightoller, former second officer of the *Titanic,* was requisitioned by the Admiralty on 30 May. Lightoller insisted that, if anyone was going to take her to Dunkirk, it would be him and his eldest son, Roger, together with Sea Scout Gerald Ashcroft. The men transported 127 soldiers back to Ramsgate, reportedly packed together like sardines, almost capsizing when they reached the shore. She is a museum ship at the Ramsgate Maritime Museum.
* *Bluebird of Chelsea* – the yacht made two round trips to Kent, carrying hundreds of men.
* *Tamzine* – a fishing boat less than 15 feet (4.6 m) in length; the smallest boat to take part in the evacuation and now preserved by the Imperial War Museum.
* *Marchioness* – built in 1923, in 1989 she was involved in a collision with *Bowbelle* on the River Thames with the loss of 51 lives.
* *Endeavour* – one of six cockle boats in Leigh-on-Sea to be acquired by the Navy to be part of the evacuation.
* *Firefly* – a 26 ft wooden motor yacht, built in 1923 by Cole & Wiggins Ltd. of Leigh-on-Sea, Essex. In May 1940 Firefly was under the charge of Commander Bowen. Corporal Denis Kinnell (1918–2008) was one of those rescued from Dunkirk in 1940 by Firefly. Notable as one of the smaller vessels to have taken part in the evacuation and one of few to have an eyewitness account of her involvement (Kinnell).

## RNLI lifeboats

See also individual stations for more information in many cases.

## Thames sailing barges

Thirteen Thames sailing barges made the crossing, six from R & W Paul Ltd, grain and agricultural merchants of Harwich.

* *Ena* \- On the Dunkirk beaches, her crew were ordered to abandon her. She was beached but then refloated by Lt Colonel W G McKay and men of the 19th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, and taken back to Ramsgate without assistance.
* *Greta* \- Built in 1892, she is thought to be the oldest Little Ship still active.

## Dutch coasters

Thirty-nine Dutch coasters had escaped the occupation of the Netherlands by the Germans on 10 May 1940 and were asked by the Dutch shipping bureau in London or by the Royal Navy to assist. Approaching the beaches very closely due to their flat bottoms, they rescued 22,698 men.

The MV *Rian*, a 35-metre (115 ft) ship of 300 tons dwt built in 1934 in the province of Groningen, saved 2,542 men between 28 and 31 May 1940 under Captain D. Buining, the most men saved amongst the Dutch coasters. The vessel had already saved the crew of the British coaster SS *Highwave* on 30 January 1940. Other Dutch coasters that saved more than 1,000 men each were:

Of these ships, seven were lost at Dunkirk or during the evacuation nearer the British coast.

## Belgian ships

The Belgian Army, commanded by King Leopold III, had surrendered to the Germans on 28 May. Numerous ships from the fishing fleet and small *Corps de Marine* were involved in Operation Dynamo. In total, 65 Belgian ships participated, including 54 fishing boats, four *Corps de Marine* units, four tugs and two patrol vessels. The Belgian fishing fleet itself transported 4,300 British and French soldiers to the English coast.

Among the Belgian ships were Patrol vessel A5, Z25 *De Ruyter* and Belgian ship H75.

## Results

In nine days, 192,226 British and 139,000 French soldiers – more than 331,000 total – were rescued by the 700 little ships and around 220 warships. The rescue operation turned a military disaster into a story of heroism which served to raise the morale of the British.

It was in describing the success of the operation to the House of Commons on 4 June 1940 that Churchill made his famous "we shall fight on the beaches" speech:

> We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender ...

## Legacy

The phrase "Dunkirk spirit" is still used to describe courage and solidarity in adversity.

The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships (ADLS) is an association for owners of Dunkirk Little Ships, founded in 1965. The Association organises a memorial crossing of Little Ships to Dunkirk every five years, escorted by the Royal Navy. Its flag is the St George's Cross defaced with the arms of Dunkirk flown from the jack staff, known as the Dunkirk Jack. The 2020 Return was postponed with the hope that the fleet would cross instead in May 2021 but the ADLS had to cancel the visit due to the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the plans of the authorities in Dunkirk.

The **Dunkirk Little Ships Restoration Trust** is a registered charity established in 1993 to preserve and restore Dunkirk Little Ships. Its collection includes the steam tug ST *Challenge*, a vessel in the National Historic Fleet.

At least twelve actual Little Ships were used in the 2017 film *Dunkirk*.

One of the Little Ships, the Red Funnel paddle steamer PS *Princess Elizabeth*, is now owned by the City of Dunkirk and is permanently moored in the harbour as a floating conference centre.

1. "BBC History – Britain retreats from France".
2. Birkett, Peter (3 June 2000). "Once more unto the beach for ships that saved an army"". *The Independent*. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008.
3. "The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships". Retrieved 1 April 2008.
4. Safire, William. *Lend Me Your Ears: Great Speeches in History*. W. W. Norton & Company, 2004, p. 146.
5. Kindell, Don, "Naval Events, May 1940 (Part 4 of 4) Wednesday 22nd – Friday 31st", *British and Other Navies in World War 2 Day-by-Day*, naval-history.net
6. Fink, Carole (1991). *Marc Bloch: A Life in History*. Cambridge University Press. p. 229. ISBN 0-521-40671-4.
7. "Rebuilt Medway Queen Journey To Kent". GMB Newsroom. 21 October 2013. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
8. "Visit and Contact". *The Medway Queen Preservation Society*. Archived from the original on 14 May 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
9. "Sundowner". *The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships*. 4 December 2008. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 1 April 2008.
10. Association of Dunkirk Little Ships (2009–2010). "Tamzine". *adls.org.uk*. Archived from the original on 24 July 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
11. "When Endeavour played key role in biggest evacuation in military history". 30 August 2020.
12. Association of Dunkirk Little Ships. "Firefly".
13. "The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships". *Abdy Beauclerk*. Association of Dunkirk Little Ships. Archived from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
14. "The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships". *The Cecil and Lilian Philpott*. Dunkirk Little Ships. Archived from the original on 24 July 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
15. "The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships". *The Lord Southborough*. Dunkirk Little Ships. Archived from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
16. "The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships". Association of Dunkirk Little Ships. Archived from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
17. "The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships". *The Cyril and Lilian Bishop*. Dunkirk Little Ships. Archived from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
18. "The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships". Association of Dunkirk Little Ships. Archived from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
19. "The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships". Association of Dunkirk Little Ships. Archived from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
20. "The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships". Association of Dunkirk Little Ships. Archived from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
21. "RNLI lifeboats used in the Dunkirk evacuation". Halifax Lifeboat. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
22. "The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships". *The Jane Holland Lifeboat*. Dunkirk Little Ships. Archived from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
23. Morris, Jeff; Hendy, Dave (2006). *The story of the Eastbourne lifeboats*. RNLI. pp. 13–14. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
24. "The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships". Association of Dunkirk Little Ships. Archived from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
25. "The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships". *Lucy Lavers*. Association of Dunkirk Little Ships. Archived from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
26. "The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships". *The Lord Southborough*. Dunkirk Little Ships. Archived from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
27. "The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships". Association of Dunkirk Little Ships. Archived from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
28. "The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships". Association of Dunkirk Little Ships. Archived from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
29. "The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships". Association of Dunkirk Little Ships. Archived from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
30. "Poole Lifeboat at Dunkirk". Poole Lifeboat. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
31. "The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships". *The Viscountess Wakefield*. Dunkirk Little Ships. Archived from the original on 24 July 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
32. "Ena". *www.nationalhistoricships.org.uk*. National Historic Ships UK. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
33. "Name Greta". *www.nationalhistoricships.org.uk*. National Historic Ships UK. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
34. "Operation Dynamo" (in Dutch). wivonet.nl. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
35. "Dunkerque". KLM-MRA Séction Marine. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
36. "Royal Navy Section Belge". KLM-MRA. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
37. Churchill, Winston (4 June 1940). "We shall fight on the beaches". *House of Commons*.
38. Knowles, David J (30 May 2000). "The 'miracle' of Dunkirk"". *BBC News*.
39. "ADLS website".
40. "The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships". *History of The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships*. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
41. "The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships". *The Association of D*. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
42. "*Dunkirk Little Ships Restoration Trust, registered charity no. 1021088*". Charity Commission for England and Wales.
43. "ST Challenge official website".
44. "National Historic Ships Register".
45. Vincent, Alice (21 July 2017). "The real Little Ships seen in Christopher Nolan's Dunkirk, and the stories behind them". *The Telegraph*. Retrieved 10 May 2018.(subscription required)
46. "Princess Elizabeth". *Association of Dunkirk Little Ships*. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.

## Further reading

* Barker, A. J. (1977). *Dunkirk: The Great Escape*. London: Dent.
* Knowles, David J. (2000). *Escape From Catastrophe: 1940 – Dunkirk*. Knowles Publishing.

### Ships


title: Little Shell Band of Chippewa Indians

abstract: The Little Shell Band of Chippewa are a historic sub-band of the Pembina Band of Chippewa Indians led by Chief Little Shell in the nineteenth century. Based in North Dakota around the Pembina River, they are part of the Ojibwe, one of the Anishinaabe peoples, who occupied territory west of the Great Lakes by that time. Many had partial European ancestry from intermarriage by French-Canadian fur traders and trappers. Some began to identify as Métis, today recognized as one of the Indigenous Peoples of Canada. Located in the 17th century in the areas around the Great Lakes, they gradually moved west into North Dakota and Montana. Recognized successor apparent bands include the federally recognized Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians, based in North Dakota, and the Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Montana.

text:
# Little Shell Band of Chippewa Indians

The **Little Shell Band of Chippewa** are a historic sub-band of the Pembina Band of Chippewa Indians led by Chief Little Shell in the nineteenth century. Based in North Dakota around the Pembina River, they are part of the Ojibwe, one of the Anishinaabe peoples, who occupied territory west of the Great Lakes by that time. Many had partial European ancestry from intermarriage by French-Canadian fur traders and trappers. Some began to identify as Métis, today recognized as one of the Indigenous Peoples of Canada. Located in the 17th century in the areas around the Great Lakes, they gradually moved west into North Dakota and Montana.

Recognized successor apparent bands include the federally recognized Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians, based in North Dakota, and the Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Montana.

## History

The Ojibwe, also known as Chippewa, an Indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands, lived near the Great Lakes at the time of European and African contact. Some of them migrated from present-day Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota into the northern Great Plains beginning in the 17th century. There they adopted the use of horses, and gradually modeled some of their culture on other Plains tribes.

European-American encroachment pushed these Ojibwe bands westward from Minnesota into present-day North Dakota. Many settled in the area around the Pembina River in northeastern North Dakota, where the Little Shell Band of Chippewa were living in the nineteenth century. Due to intermarriage with French-Canadian fur trappers over the years, this settlement became a center for the Métis people, who developed their own culture, related to, but separate from, the French and Ojibwe. They have been since recognized as an independent First Nation by Canada.

European-American settlement pressure continued and many descendants of the band continued to migrate west to Montana. Chippewa live on both sides of the Canadian-US border.

## Successors

### Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians

The federally recognized Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians of North Dakota has a reservation in north-central North Dakota along the US-Canada border, in the Turtle Mountains where the Chippewa had long lived, along with off-Reservation trust parcels across western North Dakota, eastern Montana and northern South Dakota, making the Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation one of the most spread out in the United States.

### Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Montana

The Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Montana is the only Chippewa band to be recognized by that state; they gained federal recognition in December 2019. The Montana Ojibwe have been well-established in that area for more than a century. Some of its members were associated with the Louis Riel North-West Rebellion, as described in Joseph Kinsey Howard's *Strange Empire.* Riel and some of his lieutenants were captured and executed for treason by the Canadian (British) army and legal system. See Trial of Louis Riel.

## Sovereign Citizen claims

The so-called "Little Shell Pembina Band of North America," based in North Dakota, is a sovereign citizens group founded by one family descended from the historical Little Shell Chippewa Band and made up mostly of white militia members. It claims to be a successor apparent of the Pembina Band of Chippewa Indians, but it is not recognized as a Native American tribe by the US federal government nor by North Dakota. It is classified as an extremist organization by the Anti-Defamation League.

1. "Extremism in America: Little Shell". Adl.org. Archived from the original on 2011-05-23. Retrieved 2011-04-25.
2. McLaughlin, Kathleen (21 Dec 2019). "A big moment finally comes for the Little Shell: Federal recognition of their tribe". *Washington Post*. Retrieved 21 December 2019.


title: Lists of Légion d'honneur recipients

abstract: The French government gives out the Legion of Honour awards, to both French and foreign nationals, based on a recipient's exemplary services rendered to France, or to the causes supported by France. This award is divided into five distinct categories, i.e. three ranks: Knight, Officer, Commander, and two titles: Grand Officer and Grand Cross. Knight is the most common and is awarded for either at least 20 years of public service or acts of military or civil bravery. The rest of the categories have a quota for the number of years of service in the category below before they can be awarded. The Office rank requires a minimum of eight years as a Knight, and the Commander, the highest civilian category for a non-French citizen, requires a minimum of five years as an Officer. The Grand Officer and the Grand Cross each require three years' service in their respective immediately lower rank. The awards are traditionally published and promoted on 14 July. The following is a non-exhaustive list of recipients of the Legion of Honour awards, since the first ceremony in July 1804. 2,550 individuals can be awarded the insignia every year. The total number of awards is close to 1 million, with some 92,000 recipients alive today. Only in 2008 was gender parity achieved amongst the yearly list of recipients, with the total number of women recipients since the award's establishment only reaching 59 at the end of the second French empire and only 26,000 in 2021.

text:
# Lists of Légion d'honneur recipients

The French government gives out the Legion of Honour awards, to both French and foreign nationals, based on a recipient's exemplary services rendered to France, or to the causes supported by France. This award is divided into five distinct categories (in ascending order), i.e. three ranks: Knight, Officer, Commander, and two titles: Grand Officer and Grand Cross. Knight is the most common and is awarded for either at least 20 years of public service or acts of military or civil bravery. The rest of the categories have a quota for the number of years of service in the category below before they can be awarded. The Office rank requires a minimum of eight years as a Knight, and the Commander, the highest civilian category for a non-French citizen, requires a minimum of five years as an Officer. The Grand Officer and the Grand Cross each require three years' service in their respective immediately lower rank. The awards are traditionally published and promoted on 14 July.

The following is a non-exhaustive list of recipients of the Legion of Honour awards, since the first ceremony in July 1804. 2,550 individuals can be awarded the insignia every year. The total number of awards is close to 1 million (estimated at 900,000 in 2021, including over 3,000 Grand Cross recipients), with some 92,000 recipients alive today. Only in 2008 was gender parity achieved amongst the yearly list of recipients, with the total number of women recipients since the award's establishment only reaching 59 at the end of the second French empire and only 26,000 in 2021.

## Foreign recipients


title: Listeria seeligeri

abstract: Listeria seeligeri is a Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, motile, nonspore-forming, bacillus-shaped species of bacteria. It is not pathogenic. The species was first isolated from plants, soil, and animal feces in Europe, was first proposed in 1983, and is named after Heinz P. R. Seeliger. Seeliger first proposed the species L. ivanovii and L. innocua, and published extensively on members of the genus Listeria. L. seeligeri is one of only three species of Listeria that is hemolytic, along with L. ivanovii and L. monocytogenes.

text:
# Listeria seeligeri

***Listeria seeligeri*** is a Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, motile, nonspore-forming, bacillus-shaped species of bacteria. It is not pathogenic. The species was first isolated from plants, soil, and animal feces in Europe, was first proposed in 1983, and is named after Heinz P. R. Seeliger. Seeliger first proposed the species *L. ivanovii* and *L. innocua*, and published extensively on members of the genus *Listeria*.

*L. seeligeri* is one of only three species of *Listeria* that is hemolytic, along with *L. ivanovii* and *L. monocytogenes*.

## InfoBox

| *Listeria seeligeri* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Bacillota |
| Class: | Bacilli |
| Order: | Bacillales |
| Family: | Listeriaceae |
| Genus: | *Listeria* |
| Species: | ***L. seeligeri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Listeria seeligeri***<br>Rocourt et al. 1983 | |
|


title: Littlewood–Richardson rule

abstract:
In mathematics, the Littlewood–Richardson rule is a combinatorial description of the coefficients that arise when decomposing a product of two Schur functions as a linear combination of other Schur functions. These coefficients are natural numbers, which the Littlewood–Richardson rule describes as counting certain skew tableaux. They occur in many other mathematical contexts, for instance as multiplicity in the decomposition of tensor products of finite-dimensional representations of general linear groups, or in the decomposition of certain induced representations in the representation theory of the symmetric group, or in the area of algebraic combinatorics dealing with Young tableaux and symmetric polynomials. Littlewood–Richardson coefficients depend on three partitions, say λ, μ, ν, of which λ and μ describe the Schur functions being multiplied, and ν gives the Schur function of which this is the coefficient in the linear combination; in other words they are the coefficients c λ, μ ν such that
  - s λ s μ = ∑ ν c λ, μ ν s ν. The Littlewood–Richardson rule states that c λ, μ ν is equal to the number of Littlewood–Richardson tableaux of skew shape ν / λ and of weight μ.

text:
# Littlewood–Richardson rule

In mathematics, the **Littlewood–Richardson rule** is a combinatorial description of the coefficients that arise when decomposing a product of two Schur functions as a linear combination of other Schur functions. These coefficients are natural numbers, which the Littlewood–Richardson rule describes as counting certain skew tableaux. They occur in many other mathematical contexts, for instance as multiplicity in the decomposition of tensor products of finite-dimensional representations of general linear groups, or in the decomposition of certain induced representations in the representation theory of the symmetric group, or in the area of algebraic combinatorics dealing with Young tableaux and symmetric polynomials.

Littlewood–Richardson coefficients depend on three partitions, say $\lambda ,\mu ,\nu $, of which $\lambda $ and $\mu $ describe the Schur functions being multiplied, and $\nu $ gives the Schur function of which this is the coefficient in the linear combination; in other words they are the coefficients $c\_{\lambda ,\mu }^{\nu }$ such that

$$s\_{\lambda }s\_{\mu }=\sum \_{\nu }c\_{\lambda ,\mu }^{\nu }s\_{\nu }.$$

The Littlewood–Richardson rule states that $c\_{\lambda ,\mu }^{\nu }$ is equal to the number of Littlewood–Richardson tableaux of skew shape $\nu /\lambda $ and of weight $\mu $.

## History

> Unfortunately the Littlewood–Richardson rule is much harder to prove than was at first suspected. The author was once told that the Littlewood–Richardson rule helped to get men on the moon but was not proved until after they got there.

Gordon James (1987)

The Littlewood–Richardson rule was first stated by D. E. Littlewood and A. R. Richardson (1934,theorem III p. 119) but though they claimed it as a theorem they only proved it in some fairly simple special cases. Robinson (1938) claimed to complete their proof, but his argument had gaps, though it was so obscurely written that these gaps were not noticed for some time, and his argument is reproduced in the book (Littlewood 1950). Some of the gaps were later filled by Macdonald (1995). The first rigorous proofs of the rule were given four decades after it was found, by Schützenberger (1977) and Thomas (1974), after the necessary combinatorial theory was developed by C. Schensted (1961), Schützenberger (1963), and Knuth (1970) in their work on the Robinson–Schensted correspondence. There are now several short proofs of the rule, such as (Gasharov 1998), and (Stembridge 2002) using Bender-Knuth involutions. Littelmann (1994) used the Littelmann path model to generalize the Littlewood–Richardson rule to other semisimple Lie groups.

The Littlewood–Richardson rule is notorious for the number of errors that appeared prior to its complete, published proof. Several published attempts to prove it are incomplete, and it is particularly difficult to avoid errors when doing hand calculations with it: even the original example in D. E. Littlewood and A. R. Richardson (1934) contains an error.

### Littlewood–Richardson tableaux

A Littlewood–Richardson tableau is a skew semistandard tableau with the additional property that the sequence obtained by concatenating its reversed rows is a lattice word (or lattice permutation), which means that in every initial part of the sequence any number $i$ occurs at least as often as the number $i+1$. Another equivalent (though not quite obviously so) characterization is that the tableau itself, and any tableau obtained from it by removing some number of its leftmost columns, has a weakly decreasing weight. Many other combinatorial notions have been found that turn out to be in bijection with Littlewood–Richardson tableaux, and can therefore also be used to define the Littlewood–Richardson coefficients.

### Example

Consider the case that $\lambda =(2,1)$, $\mu =(3,2,1)$ and $\nu =(4,3,2)$. Then the fact that $c\_{\lambda ,\mu }^{\nu }=2$ can be deduced from the fact that the two tableaux shown at the right are the only two Littlewood–Richardson tableaux of shape $\nu /\lambda $ and weight $\mu $. Indeed, since the last box on the first nonempty line of the skew diagram can only contain an entry 1, the entire first line must be filled with entries 1 (this is true for any Littlewood–Richardson tableau); in the last box of the second row we can only place a 2 by column strictness and the fact that our lattice word cannot contain any larger entry before it contains a 2. For the first box of the second row we can now either use a 1 or a 2. Once that entry is chosen, the third row must contain the remaining entries to make the weight (3,2,1), in a weakly increasing order, so we have no choice left any more; in both case it turns out that we do find a Littlewood–Richardson tableau.

### A more geometrical description

The condition that the sequence of entries read from the tableau in a somewhat peculiar order form a lattice word can be replaced by a more local and geometrical condition. Since in a semistandard tableau equal entries never occur in the same column, one can number the copies of any value from right to left, which is their order of occurrence in the sequence that should be a lattice word. Call the number so associated to each entry its index, and write an entry *i* with index *j* as *i*\[*j*\]. Now if some Littlewood–Richardson tableau contains an entry $i\>1$ with index *j*, then that entry *i*\[*j*\] should occur in a row strictly below that of $(i-1)\[j\]$ (which certainly also occurs, since the entry *i*  1 occurs as least as often as the entry *i* does). In fact the entry *i*\[*j*\] should also occur in a column no further to the right than that same entry $(i-1)\[j\]$ (which at first sight appears to be a stricter condition). If the weight of the Littlewood–Richardson tableau is fixed beforehand, then one can form a fixed collection of indexed entries, and if these are placed in a way respecting those geometric restrictions, in addition to those of semistandard tableaux and the condition that indexed copies of the same entries should respect right-to-left ordering of the indexes, then the resulting tableaux are guaranteed to be Littlewood–Richardson tableaux.

## An algorithmic form of the rule

The Littlewood–Richardson as stated above gives a combinatorial expression for individual Littlewood–Richardson coefficients, but gives no indication of a practical method to enumerate the Littlewood–Richardson tableaux in order to find the values of these coefficients. Indeed, for given $\lambda ,\mu ,\nu $ there is no simple criterion to determine whether any Littlewood–Richardson tableaux of shape $\nu /\lambda $ and of weight $\mu $ exist at all (although there are a number of necessary conditions, the simplest of which is $|\lambda |+|\mu |=|\nu |$); therefore it seems inevitable that in some cases one has to go through an elaborate search, only to find that no solutions exist.

Nevertheless, the rule leads to a quite efficient procedure to determine the full decomposition of a product of Schur functions, in other words to determine all coefficients $c\_{\lambda ,\mu }^{\nu }$ for fixed λ and μ, but varying ν. This fixes the weight of the Littlewood–Richardson tableaux to be constructed and the "inner part" λ of their shape, but leaves the "outer part" ν free. Since the weight is known, the set of indexed entries in the geometric description is fixed. Now for successive indexed entries, all possible positions allowed by the geometric restrictions can be tried in a backtracking search. The entries can be tried in increasing order, while among equal entries they can be tried by *decreasing* index. The latter point is the key to efficiency of the search procedure: the entry *i*\[*j*\] is then restricted to be in a column to the right of $i\[j+1\]$, but no further to the right than $i-1\[j\]$ (if such entries are present). This strongly restricts the set of possible positions, but *always leaves at least one valid position for $i\[j\]$*; thus every placement of an entry will give rise to at least one complete Littlewood–Richardson tableau, and the search tree contains no dead ends.

A similar method can be used to find all coefficients $c\_{\lambda ,\mu }^{\nu }$ for fixed λ and ν, but varying μ.

## Littlewood–Richardson coefficients

The Littlewood–Richardson coefficients *c**ν*
*λμ*   appear in the following interrelated ways:

$$s\_{\lambda }s\_{\mu }=\sum c\_{\lambda \mu }^{\nu }s\_{\nu }$$

or equivalently *c**ν*
*λμ*   is the inner product of *s**ν* and *s**λ**s**μ*.

$$s\_{\nu /\lambda }=\sum \_{\mu }c\_{\lambda \mu }^{\nu }s\_{\mu }.$$

* The *c**ν*
*λμ*   appear as intersection numbers on a Grassmannian:

$$\sigma \_{\lambda }\sigma \_{\mu }=\sum c\_{\lambda \mu }^{\nu }\sigma \_{\nu }$$

where *σ**μ* is the class of the Schubert variety of a Grassmannian corresponding to *μ*. * *c**ν*
*λμ*   is the number of times the irreducible representation *V**λ*  *V**μ* of the product of symmetric groups *S*|*λ*| × *S*|*μ*| appears in the restriction of the representation *V**ν* of *S*|*ν*| to *S*|*λ*| × *S*|*μ*|. By Frobenius reciprocity this is also the number of times that *V**ν* occurs in the representation of *S*|*ν*| induced from *V**λ*  *V**μ*.
* The *c**ν*
*λμ*   appear in the decomposition of the tensor product (Fulton 1997) of two Schur modules (irreducible representations of special linear groups)

$$E^{\lambda }\otimes E^{\mu }=\bigoplus \_{\nu }(E^{\nu })^{\oplus c\_{\lambda \mu }^{\nu }.}$$

* *c**ν*
*λμ*   is the number of standard Young tableaux of shape *ν*/*μ* that are jeu de taquin equivalent to some fixed standard Young tableau of shape *λ*.
* *c**ν*
*λμ*   is the number of Littlewood–Richardson tableaux of shape *ν*/*λ* and of weight *μ*.
* *c**ν*
*λμ*   is the number of pictures between μ and ν/λ.

## Special cases

### Pieri's formula

Pieri's formula, which is the special case of the Littlewood–Richardson rule in the case when one of the partitions has only **one part**, states that

$$S\_{\mu }S\_{n}=\sum \_{\lambda }S\_{\lambda }$$

where *S**n* is the Schur function of a partition with one row and the sum is over all partitions λ obtained from μ by adding *n* elements to its Ferrers diagram, no two in the same column.

### Rectangular partitions

If both partitions are **rectangular** in shape, the sum is also multiplicity free (Okada 1998). Fix *a*, *b*, *p*, and *q* positive integers with *p* $\geq $ *q*. Denote by $(a^{p})$ the partition with *p* parts of length *a*. The partitions indexing nontrivial components of $s\_{(a^{p})}s\_{(b^{q})}$ are those partitions $\lambda $ with length $\leq p+q$ such that

* $\lambda \_{q+1}=\lambda \_{q+2}=\cdots =\lambda \_{p}=a,$
* $\lambda \_{q}\geq \mathrm {max} (a,b)$
* $\lambda \_{i}+\lambda \_{p+q-i+1}=a+b,\quad {i=1,\dots ,q}.$

For example,

.

## Generalizations

### Reduced Kronecker coefficients of the symmetric group

The reduced Kronecker coefficient of the symmetric group $\bar {C}\_{\lambda ,\mu ,\nu }$ is a generalization of $c\_{\lambda ,\mu }^{\nu }$ to three arbitrary Young diagrams $\lambda ,\mu ,\nu $, which is symmetric under permutations of the three diagrams.

### Skew Schur functions

Zelevinsky (1981) extended the Littlewood–Richardson rule to skew Schur functions as follows:

$$s\_{\lambda }s\_{\mu /\nu }=\sum \_{\geq j})\in P}s\_{\lambda +\omega (T)$$

where the sum is over all tableaux *T* on μ/ν such that for all *j*, the sequence of integers λ+ω(*T**j*) is non-increasing, and ω is the weight.

### Newell-Littlewood numbers

Newell-Littlewood numbers are defined from Littlewood–Richardson coefficients by the cubic expression

$$N\_{\mu ,\nu ,\lambda }=\sum \_{\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma }c\_{\alpha ,\beta }^{\mu }c\_{\alpha ,\gamma }^{\nu }c\_{\beta ,\gamma }^{\lambda }$$

Newell-Littlewood numbers give some of the tensor product multiplicities of finite-dimensional representations of classical Lie groups of the types $B,C,D$.

The non-vanishing condition on Young diagram sizes $c\_{\lambda ,\mu }^{\nu }\neq 0\implies |\lambda |+|\mu |=|\nu |$ leads to

$$N\_{\mu ,\nu ,\lambda }\neq 0\implies \left\\{{\begin{array}{l}||\lambda |-|\mu ||\leq |\nu |\leq |\lambda |+|\mu |\\\|\lambda |+|\mu |+|\nu |\in 2\mathbb {Z} \end{array}\right.}}$$

Newell-Littlewood numbers are generalizations of Littlewood–Richardson coefficients in the sense that

$$|\mu |+|\nu |=|\lambda |\implies N\_{\mu ,\nu ,\lambda }=c\_{\mu ,\nu }^{\lambda }$$

Newell-Littlewood numbers that involve a Young diagram with only one row obey a Pieri-type rule: $N\_{(k),\mu ,\nu }$ is the number of ways to remove $\frac {k+|\mu |-|\nu |}{2}$ boxes from $\mu $ (from different columns), then add $\frac {k-|\mu |+|\nu |}{2}$ boxes (to different columns) to make $\nu $.

Newell-Littlewood numbers are the structure constants of an associative and commutative algebra whose basis elements are partitions, with the product $\mu \times \nu =\sum \_{\lambda }N\_{\mu ,\nu ,\lambda }\lambda $. For example,

$$(1)\times (k)=(k-1)+(k+1)+(k,1)\quad {\text{(Newell–Littlewood)}}$$

$$(1)\times (k)=(k+1)+(k,1)\quad {\text{(Littlewood–Richardson)}}$$

## Examples

The examples of Littlewood–Richardson coefficients below are given in terms of products of Schur polynomials *S*π, indexed by partitions π, using the formula

$$S\_{\lambda }S\_{\mu }=\sum c\_{\lambda \mu }^{\nu }S\_{\nu }.$$

All coefficients with $|\nu |$ at most 4 are given by:

* *S*0*S*π = *S*π for any π. where *S*0=1 is the Schur polynomial of the empty partition
* *S*1*S*1 = *S*2 \+ *S*11
* *S*2*S*1 = *S*3 \+ *S*21
* *S*11*S*1 = *S*111 \+ *S*21
* *S*3*S*1 = *S*4 \+ *S*31
* *S*21*S*1 = *S*31 \+ *S*22 \+ *S*211
* *S*2*S*2 = *S*4 \+ *S*31 \+ *S*22
* *S*2*S*11 = *S*31 \+ *S*211
* *S*111*S*1 = *S*1111 \+ *S*211
* *S*11*S*11 = *S*1111 \+ *S*211 \+ *S*22

Most of the coefficients for small partitions are 0 or 1, which happens in particular whenever one of the factors is of the form *Sn* or *S*11...1, because of Pieri's formula and its transposed counterpart. The simplest example with a coefficient larger than 1 happens when neither of the factors has this form:

* *S*21*S*21 = *S*42 \+ *S*411 \+ *S*33 \+ 2*S*321 \+ *S*3111 \+ *S*222 \+ *S*2211.

For larger partitions the coefficients become more complicated. For example,

* *S*321*S*321 = *S*642 +*S*6411 +*S*633 +2*S*6321 +*S*63111 +*S*6222 +*S*62211 +*S*552 +*S*5511 +2*S*543 +4*S*5421 +2*S*54111 +3*S*5331 +3*S*5322 +4*S*53211 +*S*531111 +2*S*52221 +*S*522111 +*S*444 +3*S*4431 +2*S*4422 +3*S*44211 +*S*441111 +3*S*4332 +3*S*43311 +4*S*43221 +2*S*432111 +*S*42222 +*S*422211 +*S*3333 +2*S*33321 +*S*333111 +*S*33222 +*S*332211 with 34 terms and total multiplicity 62, and the largest coefficient is 4
* *S*4321*S*4321 is a sum of 206 terms with total multiplicity is 930, and the largest coefficient is 18.
* *S*54321*S*54321 is a sum of 1433 terms with total multiplicity 26704, and the largest coefficient (that of *S*86543211) is 176.
* *S*654321*S*654321 is a sum of 10873 terms with total multiplicity is 1458444 (so the average value of the coefficients is more than 100, and they can be as large as 2064).

The original example given by Littlewood & Richardson (1934, p. 122-124) was (after correcting for 3 tableaux they found but forgot to include in the final sum)

* *S*431*S*221 = *S*652 \+ *S*6511 \+ *S*643 \+ 2*S*6421 \+ *S*64111 \+ *S*6331 \+ *S*6322 \+ *S*63211 \+ *S*553 \+ 2*S*5521 \+ *S*55111 \+ 2*S*5431 \+ 2*S*5422 \+ 3*S*54211 \+ *S*541111 \+ *S*5332 \+ *S*53311 \+ 2*S*53221 \+ *S*532111 \+ *S*4432 \+ *S*44311 \+ 2*S*44221 \+ *S*442111 \+ *S*43321 \+ *S*43222 \+ *S*432211

with 26 terms coming from the following 34 tableaux:

```
....11 ....11 ....11 ....11 ....11 ....11 ....11 ....11 ....11
...22  ...22  ...2   ...2   ...2   ...2   ...    ...    ...
.3     .      .23    .2     .3     .      .22    .2     .2
       3             3      2      2      3      23     2
                                   3                    3

....1  ....1  ....1  ....1  ....1  ....1  ....1  ....1  ....1
...12  ...12  ...12  ...12  ...2   ...1   ...1   ...2   ...1
.23    .2     .3     .      .13    .22    .2     .1     .2
       3      2      2      2      3      23     23     2
                     3                                  3

....1  ....1  ....1  ....1  ....1  ....1  ....1  ....1
...2   ...2   ...2   ...    ...    ...    ...    ...
.1     .3     .      .12    .12    .1     .2     .2
2      1      1      23     2      22     13     1
3      2      2             3      3      2      2
              3                                  3

....   ....   ....   ....   ....   ....   ....   ....
...1   ...1   ...1   ...1   ...1   ...    ...    ...
.12    .12    .1     .2     .2     .11    .1     .1
23     2      22     13     1      22     12     12
       3      3      2      2      3      23     2
                            3                    3

```

Calculating skew Schur functions is similar. For example, the 15 Littlewood–Richardson tableaux for ν=5432 and λ=331 are

```
...11 ...11 ...11 ...11 ...11 ...11 ...11 ...11 ...11 ...11 ...11 ...11 ...11 ...11 ...11
...2  ...2  ...2  ...2  ...2  ...2  ...2  ...2  ...2  ...2  ...2  ...2  ...2  ...2  ...2
.11   .11   .11   .12   .11   .12   .13   .13   .23   .13   .13   .12   .12   .23   .23
12    13    22    12    23    13    12    24    14    14    22    23    33    13    34

```

so *S*5432/331 = Σ*c*ν
λμ  *S*μ = *S*52 \+ *S*511 \+ *S*4111 \+ *S*2221 \+ 2*S*43 \+ 2*S*3211 \+ 2*S*322 \+ 2*S*331 \+ 3*S*421 (Fulton 1997, p. 64).

* An online program, decomposing products of Schur functions using the Littlewood–Richardson rule


title: Lithophane ornitopus

abstract: Lithophane ornitopus, the grey shoulder-knot, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Johann Siegfried Hufnagel in 1766 and is found in most of the Palearctic realm from Ireland east to Siberia.

text:
# Lithophane ornitopus

***Lithophane ornitopus***, the **grey shoulder-knot**, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Johann Siegfried Hufnagel in 1766 and is found in most of the Palearctic realm from Ireland east to Siberia.

## Technical description and variation

The wingspan is 32–38 mm. Its forewings are grey white; a bifurcate black streak from base below cell; lines indistinct, pale with dotted edges; stigmata grey with partial black outlines and paler rings; the lower lobe of the reniform orange tinged; claviform sometimes connected by a black streak with outer line, and often a dark spot between the stigmata; submarginal line waved, white, preceded by dark marks; hindwing grey; the whiter forms are separated as ab. *pallida* Spul.

## Biology

Adults are on wing from late August to November and, after overwintering, again from the end of February to mid-May. The larvae are bluish green dotted with white; dorsal and subdorsal lines white; spiracular line yellowish white. The larvae feed on various deciduous trees, but mainly oak (*Quercus* species) and can be found from April to June. It overwinters as an adult.

## Subspecies

* *Lithophane ornitopus ornitopus*
* *Lithophane ornitopus pitzalisi* Hartig, 1976 (Sardinia)

## InfoBox

| *Lithophane ornitopus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Lithophane* |
| Species: | ***L. ornitopus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lithophane ornitopus***<br>(Hufnagel, 1766) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Phalaena ornitopus* Hufnagel, 1766 * *Lithophane pitzalisi* Hartig, 1976 * *Noctua rizolitha* Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775 * *Lithophane lactipennis* Dadd, 1911 | |


title: Little Accident

abstract: Little Accident was a 1928 Broadway three-act comedy written by Floyd Dell and Thomas Mitchell. It was based on Dell's 1927 novel An Unmarried Father. It was produced by Crosby Gaige and directed by Joseph Graham and Arthur Hurley running for 303 performances from October 9, 1928 to July 1929 at the Morosco Theatre and the Ambassador Theatre. It was included in Burns Mantle's The Best Plays of 1928-1929. The play and the novel were made into the 1930 film The Little Accident starring Douglas Fairbanks Jr. and Anita Page and the 1939 film Little Accident starring Hugh Herbert and Florence Rice. Both films were released by Universal Pictures.

text:
# Little Accident

***Little Accident*** was a 1928 Broadway three-act comedy written by Floyd Dell and Thomas Mitchell (who also played Norman Overbeck in the play). It was based on Dell's 1927 novel *An Unmarried Father*. It was produced by Crosby Gaige and directed by Joseph Graham and Arthur Hurley running for 303 performances from October 9, 1928 to July 1929 at the Morosco Theatre and the Ambassador Theatre. It was included in Burns Mantle's *The Best Plays of 1928-1929*.

The play and the novel were made into the 1930 film *The Little Accident* starring Douglas Fairbanks Jr. and Anita Page and the 1939 film *Little Accident* starring Hugh Herbert and Florence Rice. Both films were released by Universal Pictures.

## Plot

## Cast

* Geraldine Wall as Doris Overbeck
* Malcolm Williams as J.J. Overbeck
* Katherine Carrington as Lucinda Overbeck
* Susanne Jackson as Mrs. Overbeck
* Thomas Mitchell as Norman Overbeck
* Katharine Alexander as Isabel Drury
* Patricia Barclay as Monica Case
* Clare Woodbury as Mrs. Case
* Madelaine Barr as Katie
* Florence Brinton as Janet Parke
* Elizabeth Bruce as Miss Hemingway
* John Butler as Hicks
* Elvia Enders as Madge Ferris
* Harry Forsman as Rev. Doctor Gifford
* Olga Hanson as Miss Clark
* Desmond Kelley as Doctor Zernecke
* Helen Myrnes as Emily Crane
* Adrian Rosely as Rudolpho Amendelaro
* Fleming Ward as Gilbert Rand
* Emory Parnell as Policeman

## InfoBox

| Little Accident | |
| --- | --- |
| Written by | Floyd Dell and Thomas Mitchell |
| Date premiered | October 9, 1928 |
| Place premiered | Morosco Theatre,
New York City, New York |
| Original language | English |
| Genre | Comedy |
| Setting | Overbeck home,
Ellen Harris Hospital reception room in Chicago,
Mrs. Case's Boarding House, Chicago |


title: Little Acre, Indiana

abstract: Little Acre is an unincorporated town in Redding Township, Jackson County, Indiana.

text:
# Little Acre, Indiana

**Little Acre** is an unincorporated town in Redding Township, Jackson County, Indiana.

1. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Little Acre, Indiana
2. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.

## InfoBox

| Little Acre, Indiana | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated town | |
| Little AcreLittle Acre | |
| Coordinates: 39°02′10″N 85°52′58″W / 39.03611°N 85.88278°W / 39.03611; -85.88278 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Indiana |
| County | Jackson |
| Township | Redding |
| Elevation | 584 ft (178 m) |
| ZIP code | 47274 |
| FIPS code | 18-44316 |
| GNIS feature ID | 452457 |


title: Mind sport

abstract: A mind sport is a game of skill based on intellectual ability.

text:
# Mind sport

A **mind sport** is a game of skill based on intellectual ability.

## Etymology

The first major use of the term was as a result of the Mind Sports Olympiad in 1997. The phrase had been used prior to this event such as backgammon being described as a mind sport by Tony Buzan in 1996; Tony Buzan was also a co-founder of the Mind Sports Olympiad. Bodies such as the World Memory Sports Council use the term retrospectively.

It is a term that became fixed from games trying to obtain equal status to sports. For example, from 2002 British Minister for Sport, Richard Caborn said:

> ...I believe we should have the same obligation to mental agility as we do to physical agility. Mind sports have to form UK national bodies and get together with the government to devise an acceptable amendment to the 1937 Act that clearly differentiates mind sports from parlour board games.

Many of the games' official bodies which had come together for the Mind Sports Olympiad, formed larger organisations such as the Mind Sports Council and International Mind Sports Association (IMSA). With IMSA organising the World Mind Sports Games in Beijing 2008 for contract bridge, chess, go, draughts and xiangqi many other bodies have lobbied for inclusion such as the International Federation of Poker, which won provisional membership at the annual congress of SportAccord in Dubai in 2009.

The term also includes mental calculation or memory disciplines as presented in International competitions such as the Mental Calculation World Cup (held bi-annually since 2004) and the World Memory Championships (held annually since 1991).

## Games called mind sports

As well as board and card games, other disciplines that have been described as mind sports are speed reading, competitive programming, and cybersecurity wargames. Other events that have been included where the physical element is comparable to the mental component such as when the official Mind Sports South Africa accepted speed-texting as a mind sport.


abstract: The 1962 All-Ireland Intermediate Hurling Championship was the second staging of the All-Ireland Intermediate Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1961. The championship ran from 8 April to 9 September 1962. Wexford entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were beaten by Kilkenny in the Leinster Championship. The All-Ireland final was played at Wexford Park on 9 September 1962 between Carlow and London, in what was their first ever championship meeting. Carlow won the match by 6-15 to 3-03 to claim their first ever All-Ireland title.

text:
# 1962 All-Ireland Intermediate Hurling Championship

The **1962 All-Ireland Intermediate Hurling Championship** was the second staging of the All-Ireland Intermediate Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1961. The championship ran from 8 April to 9 September 1962.

Wexford entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were beaten by Kilkenny in the Leinster Championship.

The All-Ireland final was played at Wexford Park on 9 September 1962 between Carlow and London, in what was their first ever championship meeting. Carlow won the match by 6-15 to 3-03 to claim their first ever All-Ireland title.

## Leinster Intermediate Hurling Championship

### Leinster quarter-finals

| 8 April 1962 Quarter-final | **Offaly** | **4-06 - 1-07** | **Laois** | St. Brendan's Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | N Dooley 2-1, M Healion 2-0, M Dooley 0-2, J Claffey 0-2, J Lambe 0-1. |  | P Bates 1-5, M Fitzgerald 0-1, W Bennett 0-1. |  |

| 8 April 1962 Quarter-final | **Wexford** | **2-08 - 4-09** | **Kilkenny** | O'Kennedy Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  | D White 1-1, J Lynch 1-0, L Brophy 1-0, F Aylward 1-0, P Walsh 0-3, A Comerford 0-3, M Brophy 0-1, N Murphy 0-1. |  |

| 22 April 1962 Quarter-final | **Carlow** | **8-15 - 1-03** | **Westmeath** | Dr. Cullen Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | P Brophy 4-0, Mulhall 1-2, Red W Walsh 0-4, W Hogan 0-4, M Morrissey 1-0, M O'Brien 0-2, E Gladney 0-2, Black W Walsh 0-2. |  | P McDonnell 1-0, Loughlin 0-2. |  |

| 27 May 1962 Quarter-final | **Meath** | **4-08 - 3-12** | **Dublin** | Páirc Tailteann |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

### Leinster semi-finals

| 3 June 1962 Semi-final | **Kilkenny** | **7-10 - 5-13** | **Offaly** | Nowlan Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 10 June 1962 Semi-final | **Dublin** | **3-05 - 7-08** | **Carlow** | Croke Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | M Bermingham 1-1, L Barry 1-0, M Dempsey 1-0, M Lamb 0-2, C Daly 0-2. |  | Black W Walsh 3-0, Red W Walsh 2-1, W Hogan 2-1, T Nolan 0-2, M Morrissey 0-2, E Gladney 0-1, P O'Connell 0-1. |  |

### Leinster final

| 24 June 1962 Final | **Carlow** | **2-11 - 2-03** | **Kilkenny** | O'Kennedy Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Red W Walsh 1-3, Black W Walsh 1-0, M Morrissey 0-3, M O'Brien 0-2, P O'Connell 0-1, L Hogan 0-1, E Gladney 0-1. |  | E Doyle 1-0, M Morrissey 1-0, P Freaney 0-2, E Murphy 0-1. |  |

## Munster Intermediate Hurling Championship

### Munster quarter-finals

| 29 April 1962 Quarter-final | **Cork** | **2-11 - 2-03** | **Tipperary** | Páirc Mac Gearailt |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | G Allen 1-2, V Barrett 0-5, L O'Driscoll 1-1, B Ahern 0-1, S Daly 0-1, D O'Driscoll 0-1. |  | J McCarthy 1-2, O'Meara 1-0, Heffernan 0-1. |  |

| 29 April 1962 Quarter-final | **Kerry** | **3-03 - 5-05** | **Waterford** | Castleisland Grounds |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | M Hennessy 2-1, T Costello 1-0, B McCarthy 0-1, P Hennessy 0-1. |  | J Whelan 3-1, V Long 1-1, J Hobbart 1-0, JB McCarthy 0-2, P Kennelly 0-1. |  |

| 6 May 1962 Quarter-final | **Clare** | **0-09 - 1-10** | **Limerick** | Gaelic Grounds |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | P Ryan 0-4, C Ryan 0-2, P Mullins 0-1, S McKenna 0-1, J McGrath 0-1. |  | M Noone 1-1, M Treacy 0-3, M McKenna 0-1, M O'Donoghue 0-1, B Hartigan 0-1, M O'Brien 0-1, P Kiely 0-1, J Shanahan 0-1. |  |

### Munster semi-finals

| 14 May 1962 Semi-final | **Waterford** | **2-02 - 4-09** | **Galway** | Walsh Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | V Long 1-1, T Geary 1-0, J Whelan 0-1. |  | J O'Donoghue 3-2, M King 1-1, L Marmion 0-3, P Mitchell 0-1, M Curtin 0-1, P Egan 0-1. |  |

| 3 June 1962 Semi-final | **Limerick** | **4-03 - 4-18** | **Cork** | Gaelic Grounds |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | M Treacy 1-1, J Begley 1-0, B McLoughlin 1-0, P Kiely 1-0, B Hartigan 0-2. |  | C Nyhan 2-4, V Barrett 0-10, M O'Brien 1-1, DJ Daly 1-1, R Sisk 0-1, P Behan 0-1. |  |

### Munster final

| 24 June 1962 Final | **Galway** | **5-04 - 4-06** | **Cork** | Gaelic Grounds |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | J O'Donoghue 2-0, S Devlin 1-3, P Egan 1-0, L Marmion 1-0, M King 0-1. |  | V Barrett 3-3, P Behan 1-0, S Daly 0-1, M O'Brien 0-1, L O'Driscoll 0-1. | Referee: A Murphy (Tipperary) |

## All-Ireland Intermediate Hurling Championship

### All-Ireland home final

| 26 August 1961 Home final | **Carlow** | **3-09 - 2-05** | **Galway** | St. Brendan's Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | M Morrissey 1-3, Black W Walsh 2-0, Red W Walsh 0-3, P Connell 0-2, W Hogan 0-1. |  | M Curtin 2-3, P Egan 0-1, K O'Shaughnessy 0-1. | Referee: S Spain (Offaly) |

### All-Ireland final

| 9 September 1961 Final | **Carlow** | **6-15 - 3-03** | **London** | Wexford Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Black W Walsh 2-3, W Hogan 2-2, Red W Walsh 0-5, E Gladney 1-0, C Hynes 1-0, T Nolan 0-2, M Morrissey 0-2, P Nolan 0-1. |  | T Morrissey 2-0, W Dargan 1-1, T Cleary 0-1, P Spillane 0-1. | Referee: G Fitzgerald (Limerick) |

## InfoBox

1962 All-Ireland Intermediate Hurling Championship
| Championship Details | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 8 April – 9 September 1962 |
| Teams | 16 |
| All Ireland Champions | |
| Winners | Carlow (1st win) |
| Captain | Pat Somers |
| All Ireland Runners-up | |
| Runners-up | London |
| Provincial Champions | |
| Munster | Galway |
| Leinster | Carlow |
| Ulster | Not Played |
| Connacht | Not Played |
| 1961  1963 | |


title: Symphony No. 28 (Mozart)

abstract: The Symphony No. 28 in C major, K. 200/189k, by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is his last piece in the "Salzburg series". The exact date of composition is uncertain because of Mozart's unclear handwriting; the month is clearly November, but the day can be read as 12 or 17, and the year has been read as 1774, but more recent research points to 1773. The symphony was written early in Mozart's oeuvre, following the example of the twenty-fifth symphony.

text:
# Symphony No. 28 (Mozart)

The **Symphony No. 28** in C major, K. 200/189k, by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is his last piece in the "Salzburg series". The exact date of composition is uncertain because of Mozart's unclear handwriting; the month is clearly November, but the day can be read as 12 or 17, and the year has been read as 1774, but more recent research points to 1773.

The symphony was written early in Mozart's oeuvre, following the example of the twenty-fifth symphony.

## Structure

This symphony is scored for 2 oboes; 2 horns in C and F; 2 trumpets in C, silent in the second movement; and strings.

It is written in four movements:

1. Allegro spiritoso, **3**
**4**
2. Andante in F major, **2**
**4**
3. Menuet – Trio, Allegretto **3**
**4**
4. Presto, **2**
**2**


title: Zodarion hamatum

abstract: Zodarion hamatum is a European ant-eating spider in the family Zodariidae. Like the closely related Z. italicum, it is nocturnal and captures various ant species. Body length of males is 1.8–2.3 mm (0.1–0.1 in) and of females 2.3–3.8 mm (0.1–0.1 in).

text:
# Zodarion hamatum

***Zodarion hamatum*** is a European ant-eating spider in the family Zodariidae. Like the closely related *Z. italicum*, it is nocturnal and captures various ant species. Body length of males is 1.8–2.3 mm (0.1–0.1 in) and of females 2.3–3.8 mm (0.1–0.1 in).

## Distribution

It is found in Italy, Austria, Slovenia, and Croatia.

## InfoBox

| *Zodarion hamatum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Zodariidae |
| Genus: | *Zodarion* |
| Species: | ***Z. hamatum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Zodarion hamatum***<br>Wiehle, 1964 | |
|


title: Třibřichy

abstract: Třibřichy is a municipality and village in Chrudim District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.

text:
# Třibřichy

**Třibřichy** is a municipality and village in Chrudim District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 429 |  |
| 1880 | 407 | −5.1% |
| 1890 | 437 | +7.4% |
| 1900 | 492 | +12.6% |
| 1910 | 489 | −0.6% |
| 1921 | 455 | −7.0% |
| 1930 | 494 | +8.6% |
| 1950 | 338 | −31.6% |
| 1961 | 340 | +0.6% |
| 1970 | 331 | −2.6% |
| 1980 | 304 | −8.2% |
| 1991 | 270 | −11.2% |
| 2001 | 285 | +5.6% |
| 2011 | 274 | −3.9% |
| 2021 | 299 | +9.1% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## InfoBox

| Třibřichy | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Northern part of Třibřichy | |
|  | |
| TřibřichyLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 49°57′55″N 15°44′21″E / 49.96528°N 15.73917°E / 49.96528; 15.73917 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | Pardubice |
| District | Chrudim |
| First mentioned | 1415 |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.15 km2 (1.60 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 253 m (830 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 286 |
| Density | 69/km2 (180/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 537 01 |
| Website | obectribrichy.cz |


abstract: The men's 10 metre air rifle competition at the 2022 Asian Games in Hangzhou, China was held on 25 September 2023 at the Fuyang Yinhu Sports Centre.

text:
# Shooting at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's 10 metre air rifle

The **men's 10 metre air rifle** competition at the 2022 Asian Games in Hangzhou, China was held on 25 September 2023 at the Fuyang Yinhu Sports Centre.

## Schedule

All times are China Standard Time (UTC+08:00)

| Date | Time | Event |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Monday, 25 September 2023 | 09:00 | Qualification |
| | 11:30 | Final |

## Records

Prior to this competition, the existing world, Asian and Games records were as follows.

| Qualification | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **World Record** | Sheng Lihao (CHN) | **637.9** | Baku, Azerbaijan | 12 May 2023 |
| **Asian Record** | Yang Haoran (CHN) | **632.9** | Changwon, South Korea | 22 April 2018 |
| **Games Record** | Yang Haoran (CHN) | **632.9** | Palembang, Indonesia | 20 August 2018 |
| Final | | | | |
| **World Record** | Yu Haonan (CHN) | **252.8** | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 30 August 2019 |
| **Asian Record** | Yu Haonan (CHN) | **252.8** | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 30 August 2019 |
| **Games Record** | Yang Haoran (CHN) | **249.1** | Palembang, Indonesia | 20 August 2018 |

## Results

### Qualification

| Rank | Athlete | Series | | | | | | Total | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | | |
| 1 | Sheng Lihao (CHN) | 105.2 | 106.2 | 105.7 | 105.1 | 106.0 | 106.3 | **634.5** | Q, **GR** |
| 2 | Park Ha-jun (KOR) | 104.1 | 105.2 | 105.4 | 106.3 | 106.0 | 105.8 | **632.8** | Q |
| 3 | Rudrankksh Patil (IND) | 104.8 | 106.1 | 103.8 | 105.5 | 106.7 | 105.6 | **632.5** | Q |
| 4 | Napis Tortungpanich (THA) | 105.2 | 106.3 | 105.1 | 104.9 | 106.6 | 103.7 | **631.8** | Q |
| 5 | Aishwary Pratap Singh Tomar (IND) | 104.1 | 105.5 | 105.3 | 105.7 | 105.7 | 105.3 | **631.6** | Q |
| 6 | Nyantain Bayaraa (MGL) | 105.4 | 104.4 | 105.6 | 104.9 | 105.9 | 104.2 | **630.4** | Q |
| 7 | Du Linshu (CHN) | 104.6 | 103.8 | 105.4 | 105.8 | 105.1 | 105.3 | **630.0** | Q |
| 8 | Divyansh Singh Panwar (IND) | 104.8 | 104.3 | 104.6 | 104.7 | 106.3 | 104.9 | **629.6** |  |
| 9 | Islam Satpayev (KAZ) | 104.6 | 105.2 | 105.5 | 104.6 | 105.4 | 104.3 | **629.6** | Q |
| 10 | Pouria Norouzian (IRI) | 104.9 | 104.0 | 105.5 | 105.6 | 104.5 | 104.7 | **629.2** |  |
| 11 | Kim Sang-do (KOR) | 104.4 | 105.6 | 104.5 | 105.1 | 105.2 | 104.3 | **629.1** |  |
| 12 | Amir Mohammad Nekounam (IRI) | 103.8 | 104.3 | 104.8 | 104.6 | 106.1 | 105.2 | **628.8** |  |
| 13 | Nam Tae-yun (KOR) | 103.4 | 105.8 | 105.1 | 105.7 | 104.8 | 103.4 | **628.2** |  |
| 14 | Masaya Endoh (JPN) | 104.9 | 103.1 | 105.3 | 105.4 | 104.0 | 105.3 | **628.0** |  |
| 15 | Javokhir Sokhibov (UZB) | 104.6 | 106.0 | 104.2 | 104.0 | 105.1 | 103.9 | **627.8** |  |
| 16 | Atsushi Shimada (JPN) | 104.6 | 103.9 | 105.2 | 105.2 | 103.6 | 105.2 | **627.7** |  |
| 17 | Mahyar Sedaghat (IRI) | 104.0 | 103.7 | 104.9 | 105.0 | 105.1 | 104.9 | **627.6** |  |
| 18 | Arnab Sharar (BAN) | 104.2 | 104.2 | 105.1 | 103.4 | 104.6 | 104.7 | **626.2** |  |
| 19 | Konstantin Malinovskiy (KAZ) | 103.9 | 102.9 | 104.6 | 104.8 | 105.3 | 104.4 | **625.9** |  |
| 20 | Tang Hong An (SGP) | 105.0 | 105.1 | 104.5 | 104.8 | 103.8 | 102.6 | **625.8** |  |
| 21 | Lionel Wong (SGP) | 104.5 | 104.6 | 103.8 | 104.2 | 103.7 | 104.9 | **625.7** |  |
| 22 | Md Tamjid Bin Alam (BAN) | 104.8 | 103.3 | 104.1 | 104.6 | 105.0 | 103.7 | **625.5** |  |
| 23 | Fathur Gustafian (INA) | 104.3 | 103.6 | 103.9 | 103.5 | 105.4 | 104.4 | **625.1** |  |
| 24 | Mesfer Al-Ammari (KSA) | 102.3 | 103.9 | 103.2 | 104.1 | 105.2 | 105.8 | **624.5** |  |
| 25 | Issam Al-Balushi (OMA) | 104.8 | 103.7 | 103.7 | 103.5 | 103.8 | 105.0 | **624.5** |  |
| 26 | Pongsaton Panyatong (THA) | 103.4 | 104.9 | 103.0 | 104.1 | 104.9 | 104.2 | **624.5** |  |
| 27 | Lu Shao-chuan (TPE) | 103.7 | 105.6 | 104.1 | 103.2 | 104.1 | 103.7 | **624.4** |  |
| 28 | Md Robiul Islam (BAN) | 104.8 | 103.2 | 103.3 | 104.7 | 103.9 | 104.0 | **623.9** |  |
| 29 | Yu Haonan (CHN) | 105.2 | 103.1 | 104.8 | 102.8 | 103.0 | 104.8 | **623.7** |  |
| 30 | Chanon Binmad (THA) | 102.3 | 104.1 | 103.6 | 104.1 | 104.7 | 104.0 | **622.8** |  |
| 31 | Ghufran Adil (PAK) | 103.7 | 103.9 | 102.0 | 105.5 | 103.7 | 103.9 | **622.7** |  |
| 32 | Haritz Iklil Hessly Hafiz (MAS) | 103.6 | 104.0 | 104.1 | 102.7 | 104.0 | 104.2 | **622.6** |  |
| 33 | Mahmood Haji (BRN) | 102.1 | 104.9 | 104.5 | 103.7 | 103.3 | 103.9 | **622.4** |  |
| 34 | Batbayar Erkhembayar (MGL) | 103.6 | 103.8 | 103.6 | 103.9 | 104.0 | 103.4 | **622.3** |  |
| 35 | Chen Chun-an (TPE) | 103.9 | 102.9 | 104.0 | 104.7 | 102.8 | 103.8 | **622.1** |  |
| 36 | Ibrahim Abdulla (UAE) | 103.9 | 102.7 | 104.9 | 103.8 | 103.0 | 103.7 | **622.0** |  |
| 37 | Sung Chia-yen (TPE) | 103.9 | 102.6 | 102.5 | 103.9 | 103.7 | 105.3 | **621.9** |  |
| 38 | Akihito Shimizu (JPN) | 103.6 | 102.7 | 105.5 | 103.4 | 103.7 | 102.0 | **620.9** |  |
| 39 | Khalid Al-Doseri (BRN) | 104.7 | 103.1 | 101.4 | 103.9 | 103.7 | 103.7 | **620.5** |  |
| 40 | Davin Rosyiid Wibowo (INA) | 102.7 | 102.4 | 104.2 | 103.9 | 103.6 | 103.2 | **620.0** |  |
| 41 | Ali Al-Mutairi (KUW) | 101.3 | 103.7 | 102.2 | 103.5 | 103.6 | 104.0 | **618.3** |  |
| 42 | Jayson Valdez (PHI) | 103.5 | 102.0 | 104.0 | 102.0 | 101.5 | 104.4 | **617.4** |  |
| 43 | Ali Al-Muhannadi (QAT) | 102.2 | 103.6 | 103.3 | 104.3 | 101.6 | 102.1 | **617.1** |  |
| 44 | Aqib Latif (PAK) | 101.7 | 102.8 | 101.2 | 103.2 | 104.0 | 103.8 | **616.7** |  |
| 45 | Husain Ali (BRN) | 102.7 | 104.0 | 101.5 | 102.4 | 103.1 | 103.0 | **616.7** |  |
| 46 | Yuriy Yurkov (KAZ) | 103.3 | 101.6 | 103.3 | 104.6 | 101.5 | 102.0 | **616.3** |  |
| 47 | Bader Al-Otibi (KSA) | 103.7 | 103.4 | 101.6 | 103.9 | 101.7 | 101.5 | **615.8** |  |
| 48 | Abdullah Al-Harbi (KUW) | 103.3 | 105.0 | 100.0 | 103.8 | 101.6 | 101.6 | **615.3** |  |
| 49 | Vadim Skorovarov (UZB) | 103.9 | 103.4 | 102.4 | 101.4 | 100.4 | 103.6 | **615.1** |  |
| 50 | Hussain Al-Harbi (KSA) | 102.9 | 102.2 | 102.8 | 103.0 | 100.9 | 102.7 | **614.5** |  |
| 51 | Saud Al-Subaiei (KUW) | 102.1 | 100.3 | 103.3 | 104.1 | 100.8 | 103.0 | **613.6** |  |
| 52 | Tsedevdorj Munkh-Erdene (MGL) | 102.2 | 101.2 | 101.5 | 102.4 | 100.0 | 104.1 | **611.4** |  |
| 53 | Zeeshan Farid (PAK) | 101.7 | 97.3 | 100.7 | 103.6 | 102.8 | 102.3 | **608.4** |  |
| 54 | Ibrahim Shifan (MDV) | 98.4 | 102.8 | 101.8 | 99.4 | 101.1 | 99.9 | **603.4** |  |
|  | Abdullah Al-Sunaidi (QAT) |  |  |  |  |  |  | **DNS** |  |

### Final

| Rank | Athlete | Series | | | | | | | | | S-Off | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | | |
|  | Sheng Lihao (CHN) | 52.2 | 105.3 | 126.9 | 147.8 | 168.6 | 190.0 | 211.0 | 232.3 | **253.3** |  | **WR** |
|  | Park Ha-jun (KOR) | 53.4 | 104.9 | 125.8 | 146.8 | 167.2 | 188.6 | 209.4 | 230.5 | **251.3** |  |  |
|  | Aishwary Pratap Singh Tomar (IND) | 52.0 | 104.5 | 125.4 | 145.7 | 166.8 | 188.0 | 208.7 | **228.8** |  | 10.8 |  |
| 4 | Rudrankksh Patil (IND) | 51.9 | 104.2 | 125.2 | 145.9 | 166.9 | 187.4 | **208.7** |  |  | 10.5 |  |
| 5 | Nyantain Bayaraa (MGL) | 51.5 | 104.4 | 125.6 | 146.4 | 166.7 | **187.1** |  |  |  |  |  |
| 6 | Islam Satpayev (KAZ) | 51.8 | 103.5 | 124.5 | 145.4 | **165.9** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 7 | Napis Tortungpanich (THA) | 51.7 | 102.6 | 123.5 | **144.5** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 8 | Du Linshu (CHN) | 50.8 | 101.7 | **122.9** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## InfoBox

| Men's 10 metre air rifle <br>at the 2022 Asian Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Fuyang Yinhu Sports Centre |
| Dates | 25 September 2023 |
| Competitors | 54 from 24 nations |
| Medalists | |
| China  South Korea  India | |
|


title: Yagi Akiko

abstract: Yagi Akiko (1895–1983) was a Japanese anarchist writer and activist. She wrote for anarchist women's arts journals Fujin Sensen and Nyonin Geijutsu on topics including Bolshevism, the commercial commodification of women, and the imperial founding of Manchukuo, a puppet state that she described as a slave, having traded one imperial ruler for another. Her travelogue "Letters from a Trip to Kyushu", written with Fumiko Hayashi, tells of their drinking and meeting men, as two modern women outré for the time period.

text:
# Yagi Akiko

**Yagi Akiko** (1895–1983) was a Japanese anarchist writer and activist. She wrote for anarchist women's arts journals *Fujin Sensen* (The Women's Front) and *Nyonin Geijutsu* (Women's Arts) on topics including Bolshevism, the commercial commodification of women, and the imperial founding of Manchukuo, a puppet state that she described as a slave, having traded one imperial ruler for another. Her travelogue "Letters from a Trip to Kyushu", written with Fumiko Hayashi, tells of their drinking and meeting men, as two modern women outré for the time period.

## Further reading

* Libertaire Group (1979). *A Short History of the Anarchist Movement in Japan*. Idea Pub. House. p. 214–.
* Mackie, Vera (July 13, 1997). *Creating Socialist Women in Japan: Gender, Labour and Activism, 1900-1937*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-55137-3.

## InfoBox

| Yagi Akiko | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1895 |
| Died | 1983(1983-00-00) (aged 87–88) |
| Occupation | Writer |


title: Xylocopinae

abstract: The subfamily Xylocopinae occurs worldwide, and includes the large carpenter bees, the small carpenter bees, the allodapine bees, and the relictual genus Manuelia.

text:
# Xylocopinae

The subfamily **Xylocopinae** (family Apidae) occurs worldwide, and includes the large carpenter bees (tribe Xylocopini), the small carpenter bees (tribe Ceratinini), the allodapine bees (tribe Allodapini), and the relictual genus *Manuelia* (tribe Manueliini).

## Subdivisions

The Tribes of Xylocopinae are:

* The Xylocopini comprise a single genus, *Xylocopa*, and occur in worldwide distribution, on all continents except Antarctica.
* The Ceratinini comprise a single genus, *Ceratina*, with a worldwide distribution.
* The Manueliini comprise a single genus, *Manuelia*, with only three species, which are restricted to Chile and the Lakes Region in Argentina.
* The Allodapini are restricted to sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar, Southeast Asia, and Australasia, with a rare genus *Exoneuridia* also occurring in montane regions of the Middle East.
* The Boreallodapini is extinct, and known from specimens in amber.

## Description

Some Xylocopinae have a cavity between the thorax and abdomen, called acarinarium, which provides accommodation for a colony of predatory mites, cleaning their hosts of external parasites.

The vast majority of the Xylocopinae species make nests in dead wood, stems, or pith, and while many are solitary, many are also communal or primitively social. Some genera of Allodapines commonly form eusocial colonies.

## InfoBox

| Xylocopinae
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Xylocopa* sp. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Apidae |
| Subfamily: | Xylocopinae
Latreille, 1802 |
|
| Tribes | |
| Allodapini \- allodapine bees
Boreallodapini
Ceratinini \- small carpenter bees
Manueliini
Xylocopini \- carpenter bees | |


title: Mind the Acoustic Pieces

abstract: Mind the Acoustic Pieces is the first studio album by Maiden uniteD. It is an all-acoustic reinterpretation of the 1983 Iron Maiden album Piece of Mind with rearranged music for an acoustic setting

text:
# Mind the Acoustic Pieces

***Mind the Acoustic Pieces*** is the first studio album by Maiden uniteD. It is an all-acoustic reinterpretation of the 1983 Iron Maiden album *Piece of Mind* with rearranged music for an acoustic setting

## Background

Joey Bruers and Ruud Jolie rewrote the entire *Piece of Mind* album for their Maiden uniteD project. Maiden uniteD is a project that plays Iron Maiden songs acoustically with new arrangements, featuring guest musicians from different bands.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Where Eagles Dare" | Steve Harris | 5:08 |
| 2. | "The Trooper" | Harris | 5:57 |
| 3. | "Quest for Fire" | Harris | 3:50 |
| 4. | "Still Life" | Dave Murray, Harris | 4:21 |
| 5. | "Revelations" | Bruce Dickinson | 6:32 |
| 6. | "Die with Your Boots On" | Dickinson, Smith, Harris | 4:35 |
| 7. | "Flight of Icarus" | Dickinson, Adrian Smith | 5:06 |
| 8. | "Sun and Steel" | Dickinson, Smith | 3:34 |
| 9. | "To Tame a Land" | Harris | 6:07 |

## Single and different album versions

The single "The Trooper" was released on November 20, 2010 featuring an alternate version of "Sun and Steel" with Anneke van Giersbergen on vocals.
*Mind the Acoustic Pieces* was released on CD December 9, 2010.
On April 1, 2011, Maiden uniteD released a limited vinyl edition of the album featuring the alternate version of "Sun and Steel" with Anneke van Giersbergen on vocals.

## Personnel

Damian Wilson: Vocals
Ruud Jolie: Guitar
Joey Bruers: Bass
Marco Kuypers: Piano
Mike Coolen: Drums
Anneke van Giersbergen: Guest vocals on "To Tame a Land" and on "Sun and Steel" (vinyl edition)

## InfoBox

| Mind the Acoustic Pieces | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Maiden uniteD | |
| Released | 9 December 2010 |
| Recorded | 6 D.C. Studio, Sandlane Studios and Audiocult. |
| Genre | Acoustic rock |
| Length | 45:10 |
| Language | English |
| Producer | Ruud Jolie and Joey Bruers |


title: 1970 Campeonato Carioca

abstract: The 1970 edition of the Campeonato Carioca kicked off on June 27, 1970 and ended on September 20, 1970. It was organized by FCF. Twelve teams participated. Vasco da Gama won the title for the 13th time. no teams were relegated.

text:
# 1970 Campeonato Carioca

The 1970 edition of the **Campeonato Carioca** kicked off on June 27, 1970 and ended on September 20, 1970. It was organized by FCF (Federação Carioca de Futebol, or Carioca Football Federation). Twelve teams participated. Vasco da Gama won the title for the 13th time. no teams were relegated.

## System

The tournament would be divided in two stages:

* **First round**: The twelve teams all played in a single round-robin format against each other. The eight best teams qualified to the Second round.
* **Final phase**: The remaining eight teams all played in a single round-robin format against each other. The team with the most points won the title.

## Championship

### First round

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Fluminense | 11 | 8 | 2 | 1 | 25 | 8 | +17 | 18 | Qualified |
| 2 | América | 11 | 8 | 1 | 2 | 27 | 13 | +14 | | 17 |
| 3 | Vasco da Gama | 11 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 15 | 8 | +7 | | 17 |
| 4 | Botafogo | 11 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 19 | 8 | +11 | | 15 |
| 5 | Flamengo | 11 | 6 | 2 | 3 | 15 | 8 | +7 | | 14 |
| 6 | Olaria | 11 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 11 | 8 | +3 | | 13 |
| 7 | Madureira | 11 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 9 | 17 | 8 | | 8 |
| 8 | Campo Grande | 11 | 1 | 6 | 4 | 10 | 20 | 10 | | 8 |
| 9 | Bangu | 11 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 14 | 20 | 6 | 7 |  |
| 10 | São Cristóvão | 11 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 14 | 9 | | 7 |
| 11 | Bonsucesso | 11 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 17 | 9 | | 6 |
| 12 | Portuguesa | 11 | 0 | 2 | 9 | 6 | 23 | 17 | | 2 |

Updated to match(es) played on August 16, 1970. Source: RSSSF.com
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) wins; 4) number of goals scored.

### Final round

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GR | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Vasco da Gama | 7 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 15 | 6 | 2.500 | 12 | Champions |
| 2 | Fluminense | 7 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 12 | 4 | 3.000 | 10 |  |
| 3 | Botafogo | 7 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 10 | 5 | 2.000 | | 9 |
| 4 | América | 7 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 10 | 8 | 1.250 | | 7 |
| 5 | Flamengo | 7 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 11 | 9 | 1.222 | | 7 |
| 6 | Olaria | 7 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 8 | 12 | 0.667 | | 6 |
| 7 | Madureira | 7 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 13 | 0.308 | | 3 |
| 8 | Campo Grande | 7 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 4 | 21 | 0.190 | | 2 |

Updated to match(es) played on September 20, 1970. Source: RSSSF.com
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goal average; 4) wins.

## Taça Guanabara

### First phase

#### Group A

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | América | 5 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 1 | +6 | 9 | Qualified |
| 2 | Botafogo | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 3 | +3 | | 7 |
| 3 | Flamengo | 5 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 3 | +3 | | 5 |
| 4 | Bonsucesso | 5 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 4 | +1 | | 5 |
| 5 | Portuguesa | 5 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 7 | 1 | 4 |  |
| 6 | São Cristóvão | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 14 | 12 | | 0 |

Updated to match(es) played on April 4, 1970. Source: RSSSF.com
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) wins; 4) number of goals scored.

#### Group B

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Fluminense | 5 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 5 | +3 | 8 | Qualified |
| 2 | Bangu | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 3 | +4 | | 7 |
| 3 | Olaria | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 3 | +2 | | 6 |
| 4 | Vasco da Gama | 5 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 1 | | 5 |
| 5 | Madureira | 5 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 |  |
| 6 | Campo Grande | 5 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 9 | 6 | | 1 |

Updated to match(es) played on April 4, 1970. Source: RSSSF.com
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) wins; 4) number of goals scored.

### Second phase

#### Group A

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | América | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 3 | +5 | 5 | Qualified |
| 2 | Flamengo | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 2 | | 5 |
| 3 | Botafogo | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | | 4 |
| 4 | Bonsucesso | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 8 | 7 | 0 |  |

Updated to match(es) played on May 3, 1970. Source: RSSSF.com
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) wins; 4) number of goals scored.

#### Group B

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Vasco da Gama | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | +2 | 6 | Qualified |
| 2 | Bangu | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 4 | +2 | | 5 |
| 3 | Fluminense | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 4 | +3 | | 4 |
| 4 | Olaria | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 3 |  |

Updated to match(es) played on May 3, 1970. Source: RSSSF.com
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) wins; 4) number of goals scored.

### Third phase

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Flamengo | 5 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 3 | +7 | 9 | Champions |
| 2 | Fluminense | 5 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 1 | +7 | 8 |  |
| 3 | Botafogo | 5 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 7 | 1 | | 5 |
| 4 | Vasco da Gama | 5 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 2 | | 5 |
| 5 | América | 5 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 3 | | 3 |
| 6 | Bangu | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 10 | 8 | | 0 |

Updated to match(es) played on May 31, 1970. Source: RSSSF.com
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) wins; 4) number of goals scored.

## InfoBox

Campeonato Carioca
| Season | 1970 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Vasco da Gama |
| Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa | Vasco da Gama
Flamengo
Fluminense
América
Botafogo |
| Matches played | 94 |
| Goals scored | 238 (2.53 per match) |
| Top goalscorer | Flávio (Fluminense) - 18 goals |
| Biggest home win | Fluminense 4-0 Bonsucesso (July 11, 1970)
Fluminense 5-1 Madureira (August 29, 1970)
América 4-0 Olaria (September 7, 1970) |
| Biggest away win | Bonsucesso 1-5 Flamengo (August 9, 1970)
Campo Grande 0-4 Vasco da Gama (September 10, 1970)
América 0-4 Flamengo (September 10, 1970) |
| Highest scoring | Fluminense 6-3 Campo Grande (June 28, 1970) |
| 1969 1971 | |


title: New Forms (sculpture)

abstract: New Forms is an outdoor 1991–1992 bronze sculpture by British artist Tony Cragg, installed at the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston's Lillie and Hugh Roy Cullen Sculpture Garden, in the U.S. state of Texas. It was commissioned by the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston and donated by the Schissler Foundation.

text:
# New Forms (sculpture)

***New Forms*** is an outdoor 1991–1992 bronze sculpture by British artist Tony Cragg, installed at the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston's Lillie and Hugh Roy Cullen Sculpture Garden, in the U.S. state of Texas. It was commissioned by the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston and donated by the Schissler Foundation.

## InfoBox

| New Forms | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | Tony Cragg |
| Type | Sculpture |
| Medium | Bronze |
| Location | Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Houston, Texas, United States |
| Coordinates | 29°43′36″N 95°23′25″W / 29.72673°N 95.39027°W / 29.72673; -95.39027 |
| Owner | Museum of Fine Arts, Houston |


title: Symphony No. 5 (Wirén)

abstract: The Symphony No. 5, Op. 38, is a four-movement orchestral composition written from 1963 to 1964 by the Swedish composer Dag Wirén. Despite its numbering, the Fifth Symphony represents Wirén's fourth, and final, contribution to the form as a professional, arriving twelve years after its predecessor, the Symphony No. 4. Swedish conductor Sixten Ehrling premiered the new symphony with the Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra in Stockholm on 5 December 1964.

text:
# Symphony No. 5 (Wirén)

The **Symphony No. 5**, Op. 38, is a four-movement orchestral composition written from 1963 to 1964 by the Swedish composer Dag Wirén. Despite its numbering, the Fifth Symphony represents Wirén's fourth, and final, contribution to the form as a professional (the composer withdrew the Symphony No. 1, Op. 3—a 1932 experimental "study work" from his student years in Paris—and prohibited its performance), arriving twelve years after its predecessor, the Symphony No. 4. Swedish conductor Sixten Ehrling premiered the new symphony with the Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra in Stockholm on 5 December 1964.

## Structure

The Fifth Symphony is in four movements. They are as follows:

1. Moderato
2. Andante
3. Perpetuum mobile: Presto
4. Andante

A transparency score is archived at The Music and Theatre Library of Sweden.

## Orchestration

## Recordings

To date, there is one commercial recording of the Fifth Symphony, which cpo released in 1998:

| Conductor | Orchestra | Recorded | Duration | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Thomas Dausgaard | Norrköping Symphony Orchestra | 1997 | 22:37 | cpo (999563-2) |

The Dausgaard recording has received generally positive reviews. ClassicsToday.com's David Hurwitz, for example, praises the Fifth Symphony (and its disc partner, the Symphony No. 4) as "truly memorable" works by "a grossly underrated composer", in particular applauding Wirén for his "exceptional ingenuity" in variation technique and for his "staggeringly efficient and colorful orchestration". Hurwitz concludes: "These symphonies are magnificent mosaics so beautifully sculpted and so easy to follow that they truly deserve the widest dissemination among music lovers". *Fanfare's* Paul Snook, describing the Fifth as a "somewhat darker and slightly more expansive work" than the Fourth, labels the disc "an excellent introduction" to Wirén and his "severely enigmatic late style". The *American Record Guide's* David Raymond, in contrast to Hurwitz and Snook, dismisses the Symphonies Nos. 4 and 5 as "strange music curiously lacking in character and exud\[ing\] little emotional warmth or individuality".

### References

### Sources

**CD liner notes**

* Jacobsson, Stig (1998). *Dag Wirén: Symphonies Nos. 4 and 5, Oscarsbalen ballet suite* (booklet). Thomas Dausgaard & Norrköping Symphony Orchestra. Germany: cpo. p. 15–23. 999563-2.
* Jacobsson, Stig (2000). *Dag Wirén: Symphonies Nos. 2 and 3, Concert Overtures* (booklet). Thomas Dausgaard & Norrköping Symphony Orchestra. Germany: cpo. p. 17–27. 999677-2.

**Websites**

**Music criticism**

* Hurwitz, David (2018). "Major Discoveries: Wirén's Exquisite Fourth and Fifth Symphonies". *ClassicsToday.com*. (subscription required)
* Raymond, David (1998). "Wirén: Symphonies 4+5; Oscarsbalen Suite". *American Record Guide*. **61** (6): 243. (subscription required)
* Snook, Paul (1999). "Wirén Symphonies: No. 4; No. 5. Oscarbalen: Ballet Suite". *Fanfare Magazine*. **22** (3): 275–76. (subscription required)

## InfoBox

| Symphony No. 5 | |
| --- | --- |
| by Dag Wirén | |
| The composer, c. 1940s | |
| Opus | 38 |
| Composed | 1963 (1963)–1964 |
| Dedication | none |
| Publisher | Gehrmans Musikförlag<br>(1965) |
| Duration | Approx. 22 minutes |
| Movements | 4 |
| Premiere | |
| Date | 5 December 1964 (1964-12-05) |
| Location | Stockholm, Sweden |
| Conductor | Sixten Ehrling |
| Performers | Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra |