title: Wenceslao Sarmiento

abstract: Wenceslao Alfonso Sarmiento, also known as W.A. Sarmiento, was a Peruvian-born American modernist architect. Sarmiento studied in various locations in South America, for eighteen months in the office of Oscar Niemeyer, before coming to the United States. In 1951 while visiting his sister-in-law in Missouri he rear ended an architect who worked for the St. Louis based Bank Building & Equipment Corporation of America. He was hired soon after and served as the head designer for the corporation from 1951 through 1961, after which he founded his own sixty-person Sarmiento Associates office based in St. Louis, Missouri. He relocated to Santa Monica California in the 1970s. He retired in 1980. Sarmiento designed hundreds of banks and other buildings in the postwar years of bank modernization in downtowns, and the construction of new suburban bank towers. His larger work appears as crisp International Style with a visible influence from Niemeyer, perhaps most obvious in his largest project, the 1968 Phoenix Financial Center on Central Avenue in Phoenix, Arizona. The smaller branch banks tend to be more playful, eye-catching, Googie projects. Sarmiento lived in Santa Monica, California and was still active in the preservation of his buildings until his death in 2013.

text:
# Wenceslao Sarmiento

**Wenceslao Alfonso Sarmiento** (September 28, 1922  24 November 2013), also known as **W.A. Sarmiento**, was a Peruvian-born American modernist architect.

Sarmiento studied in various locations in South America, for eighteen months in the office of Oscar Niemeyer, before coming to the United States. In 1951 while visiting his sister-in-law in Missouri he rear ended an architect who worked for the St. Louis based Bank Building & Equipment Corporation of America. He was hired soon after and served as the head designer for the corporation from 1951 through 1961, after which he founded his own sixty-person Sarmiento Associates office based in St. Louis, Missouri. He relocated to Santa Monica California in the 1970s. He retired in 1980.

Sarmiento designed hundreds of banks and other buildings in the postwar years of bank modernization in downtowns, and the construction of new suburban bank towers. His larger work appears as crisp International Style with a visible influence from Niemeyer, perhaps most obvious in his largest project, the 1968 Phoenix Financial Center on Central Avenue in Phoenix, Arizona. The smaller branch banks tend to be more playful, eye-catching, Googie projects.

Sarmiento lived in Santa Monica, California and was still active in the preservation of his buildings until his death in 2013.

## Major works

* Central Bank of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras (1952)
* Pioneer Savings Bank Building, 3245 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, California (1953) - Now Consulate General of the Republic of Korea.
* Newport Balboa Savings, 3366 Via Lido, Newport Beach California, (1954) - Significantly altered.
* First Security Bank Building, 405 S. Main Street, Salt Lake City, Utah (1955) - Now Ken Garff Building, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
* American Investment Co. of Illinois, 8251 Maryland Avenue, Clayton Missouri (1955)
* Hibernia National Bank, New Orleans, Louisiana (1955)
* Jefferson Bank and Trust Building, 2600 Washington Avenue, St. Louis Missouri (1956)
* Fidelity Federal Savings & Loan Building, 225 E. Broadway, Glendale California (1956) - Now Hollywood Production Center.
* Bank Building & Equipment Corporation of America Headquarters, 1130 Hampton Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri (1957) - Now Salvation Army Midland Division.
* Great Western Savings Bank, 8201 Van Nuys Boulevard, Panorama City, California, (1957) - Now LA Furniture Center.
* Crenshaw Savings & Loan, 4401 Crenshaw Boulevard, Los Angeles, California (1958) - now Chase Bank)
* Firestone Bank, 1115 S. Main Street, Akron, Ohio (1958) - Now Verge Building.
* Glendale Federal Savings and Loan, 401 N. Brand Boulevard, Glendale, California (1959) - Now Hollywood Production Center.
* Liberty National Bank & Trust Building, 416 W. Jefferson Street, Louisville, Kentucky (1960) - Now Chase Bank.
* Security Federal Savings & Loan, (Skyline Building) 2600 Dr. M.L.K. Jr. N. Street, St. Petersburg, Florida (1961)
* Salinas Valley Savings & Loan, 425 Main Street, Salinas, California (1962) - Now Chase Bank.
* Salinas Valley Savings & Loan, 1725 Saratoga Avenue, San Jose, California (1962) - Now Chase Bank.
* Newport Balboa Savings Headquarters Building, 3366 Via Lido, Newport Beach, California (1963) - Significantly altered.
* Phoenix Financial Center, 3443 N. Central Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona (1964-1968)
* Chancery Building, on the grounds of the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis, 4445 Lindell Boulevard, St. Louis Missouri (circa 1965)
* Ozarks Federal Savings, 2 E. Columbia Street, Farmington, Missouri (1970)
* Clayton Federal Savings and Loan, 135 N Meramec Avenue, Clayton, Missouri (1970) - Now Midwest Regional Bank.
* First National Bank and Trust Building, 233 S 13th Street, Lincoln, Nebraska (1970) - In association with Russell McCaleb. Now US Bank Tower.
* Lemay Bank and Trust Co. 2568 Telegraph Road, St. Louis, Missouri (1972) - Demolished.
* Western Savings at El Con, 3480 E. Broadway Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona (1972) Now Bank of America.
* Western Savings at Metrocenter, 10005 Metro Parkway N., Phoenix, Arizona (1974) - Now Tombstone Tactical.
* Lemay Bank and Trust Co. 5575 Telegraph Road, St. Louis, Missouri (1976) - Now Midwest BankCentre
* American Automobile Association Building, 3940 Lindell Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri (1977)

## InfoBox

| Wenceslao Sarmiento | |
| --- | --- |
| Sarmiento in 1958 | |
| Born | September 28, 1922
Peru |
| Died | November 24, 2013 (aged 91)
Santa Monica, California |
| Other names | W.A. Sarmiento |
| Occupation | Architect |
|  | |
| Practice | Sarmiento Associates |
| Buildings | First Security Bank Building, Phoenix Financial Center |
|  | |


title: Wenceslao Paunero (general)

abstract: Wenceslao Paunero was a 19th-century Argentine General, politician and diplomat of Uruguayan origin. He was born within the Banda Oriental and would go on to be a major member of the Unitarian Party. He was also the Minister of War and Navy of Argentina and the provisional Governor of Córdoba.

text:
# Wenceslao Paunero (general)

**Wenceslao Paunero** was a 19th-century Argentine General, politician and diplomat of Uruguayan origin. He was born within the Banda Oriental and would go on to be a major member of the Unitarian Party. He was also the Minister of War and Navy of Argentina and the provisional Governor of Córdoba.

## Early years

He was born in Colonia del Sacramento in modern-day Uruguay, then part of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, on September 28, 1805, as the son of Juan Paunero Caballero, who settled there at the end of the 18th century, and Manuela Delgado Martínez, both of Spanish origin.

For a short time, he attended the Royal College of San Carlos in Buenos Aires, but the lack of materials meant that his family had no fortune which forced him to dedicate himself to earning a living, postponing his studies.

He joined the Argentine Army in 1825, and the government put him in command of the contingent of the Corrientes Province for the Cisplatine War. Under the command of José María Paz he participated in the Battle of Ituzaingó. Returning from the northern front, he was assigned to the troops besieging Colonia, which had not yet been evacuated by the Brazilians, and was taken prisoner by the besieged. He was sent to a prison in Rio de Janeiro but he was exchanged for an imperial officer.

He returned in January 1829 to Buenos Aires, where he was appointed captain by Unitary General Juan Lavalle, who had just usurped the government of the province after assassinating the Buenos Aires Federalist governor Manuel Dorrego. He joined the forces with which Paz invaded Córdoba Province, and took part in the battles of San Roque, La Tablada and Oncativo, in which the federalist leaders Juan Bautista Bustos and Juan Facundo Quiroga were defeated. Between these last two battles, he was promoted to major and sent by Paz to start talks with Quiroga. He fought against the Federalists of Santiago del Estero under the command of Román Deheza and crossed the border with the Native Americans. Paunero took Paz prisoner and defeated his army at the Battle of La Ciudadela under the orders of General Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid, he had to flee to Bolivia.

In 1843, he married Petrona Manuela de Arrea y Segurola, daughter of the second marriage of Isidora de Segurola y Rojas, and granddaughter of Brigadier General Sebastián de Segurola as well as a half-sister of President José Ballivián and she diplomatically represented the territory of her birth in Bolivia. He founded the newspaper *La Época* in La Paz and directed it until he transferred it to Chile. During his exile he met and forged a close friendship with the Buenos Aires Unitarian Bartolomé Mitre who was also exiled. When Ballivián was deposed, he moved to Peru and then to Chile where he made contact with Domingo Faustino Sarmiento and with Juan Bautista Alberdi, among others. He wanted to depose Urquiza so he embarked for Buenos Aires, with Sarmiento and Mitre.

At the end of 1851 he enlisted as a colonel in the Colorado troops campaigning against federal governor Juan Manuel de Rosas and fought in the Battle of Caseros. He was later appointed General Commander of Arms and Chief of Staff of the Army of the State of Buenos Aires. He served on the frontier against the Natives and made an unsuccessful expedition to Salinas Grandes and he was also a commander in San Nicolás de los Arroyos.

## After Pavón

He fought in the Battle of Cepeda and was incorporated into the Argentine Confederate Army. Urquiza named him comptroller together with Juan Saá in the San Juan Province, but he had serious disagreements with Saá, who, considering that he defended the revolutionary government, sent him back to Buenos Aires. Shortly thereafter, Saá invaded San Juan, and his bloody victory led to war again. At the head of the infantry, he had a notable performance in the Battle of Pavón in 1861 which was why General Bartolomé Mitre promoted him to colonel major, which was equivalent to a one-star general, on the same battle.

He was sent to Córdoba at the head of an expedition that was to ensure the change of the federal governments of all the provinces. After a few weeks of anarchy in that province, Paunero entered it and appointed Marcos Paz as governor. Paz resigned in January and Paunero occupied the position of provisional governor. He ordered elections to be held in which, despite his claims to be elected incumbent governor, Justiniano Posse was elected.

From Córdoba he sent a division under the command of Sarmiento, who changed the governments of San Luis and Mendoza and had himself elected governor of San Juan. In these actions against the populations of the interior he had as one of his main lieutenants the bloodthirsty Ambrosio Sandes. After a campaign of several months against the caudillo Ángel Vicente "El Chacho" Peñaloza, he signed a peace treaty, with pardon and amnesty for the defeated parties. But the peace offer wasn't respected and Peñaloza took up arms again. El Chacho came to occupy Córdoba, but Paunero defeated him at the Battle of Las Playas on the outskirts of the city. A few months later, Colonel Pablo Irrazábal assassinated him, when Peñaloza had already surrendered and was unarmed.

He remained a few more years in Córdoba, during which he actively participated in successive political conflicts and managed the installation or reinforcement of forts on the borders that existed at that time with the indigenous people.

## Paraguayan War

In 1865 he joined the army that participated in the Paraguayan War. His first action was to attack the Paraguayans in the Battle of Corrientes, a city they had occupied. He managed to occupy the city, but had to evacuate it due to the enormous numerical superiority of the enemy. For that action he was decorated by the national government.

He moved his troops to the southeast of the province, in a heroic march, and under the command of Venancio Flores he fought in the battle of Yatay and participated in the Siege of Uruguaiana. On the Humaitá campaign, he fought at the battles of Paso de Patria, Estero Bellaco, Tuyutí, Yataytí Corá and Curuzú.

In 1867 he was again sent to war against the Federalist Montoneras, but the rapidity of General Juan Saá 's movements forced him to withdraw. The head of his vanguard, José Miguel Arredondo, attacked and defeated Saá at the Battle of San Ignacio, thus ending the civil war in Cuyo. In July 1867 he was promoted to brigadier general.

At the end of the Mitre government, he was appointed the Minister of War and Navy, and on the presidential elections of 1868 he was a vice-presidential candidate in the official formula headed by Rufino de Elizalde. They were defeated by Sarmiento, who appointed him-among other reasons of state to alleviate his dire financial situation-Minister Plenipotentiary to the Empire of Brazil but died at Rio de Janeiro on June 7, 1871, at the age of 65. During his role as minister plenipotentiary, he was assisted by Leandro N. Alem, who served, for a short time, as secretary of the Argentine Legation. Years later he would write a brief biography of Paunero, whom he had met during the Paraguayan War.

His remains were taken to Buenos Aires in 1891 and rest in the Recoleta Cemetery.

### Bibliography

* Bischoff, Efraín, *Historia de Córdoba*, Éd. Plus Ultra, Buenos Aires, 1989. ISBN 950-21-0106-5
* Cutolo, Vicente, *Nuevo diccionario biográfico argentino*, 7 volúmenes, Éd. Elche, Buenos Aires, 1968–1985.
* Díaz Gavier, Mario, *En tres meses en Asunción*, Ediciones del Boulevard, Córdoba, 2005. ISBN 987-556-118-5
* Rosa, José María, *La guerra del Paraguay y las montoneras argentinas*, Éd. Hyspamérica, 1986. ISBN 950-614-362-5 BnF 34992974v
* Lascano Quintana, Guillermo V. "Brigadier General Wenceslao Paunero. Un héroe desconocido", Éd. Lumière, Buenos Aires, 2008

## InfoBox

| Wenceslao Paunero | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Minister of War and Navy | |
| **In office**
February 1, 1868  October 12, 1868 | |
| President | Bartolomé Mitre |
| Vice President | Marcos Paz |
| Preceded by | Juan Andrés Gelly y Obes |
| Succeeded by | Martín de Gainza |
| Provisional Governor of Córdoba | |
| **In office**
January 28, 1862  March 17, 1862 | |
| Preceded by | Marcos Paz |
| Succeeded by | Justiniano Posse |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1805
Colonia del Sacramento, Río de la Plata, Spanish Empire |
| Died | 1871(1871-00-00) (aged 65–66)
Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Empire of Brazil |
| Spouse | Petrona Manuela de Arrea y Segurola  (m. 18431871) |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United Provinces
Argentine Confederation
State of Buenos Aires
Argentina |
| Branch | Argentine Army |
| Years of service | 1825 – 1871 |
| Rank | General |
| Battles/wars | List |
|  | |


title: Welshire, Delaware

abstract: Welshire is an unincorporated community in New Castle County, Delaware, United States. Welshire is located northeast of the intersection of Shipley Road and Baynard Boulevard to the northeast of Wilmington.

text:
# Welshire, Delaware

**Welshire** is an unincorporated community in New Castle County, Delaware, United States. Welshire is located northeast of the intersection of Shipley Road and Baynard Boulevard to the northeast of Wilmington.

## InfoBox

| Welshire, Delaware | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| WelshireWelshire | |
| Coordinates: 39°47′05″N 75°30′59″W / 39.78472°N 75.51639°W / 39.78472; -75.51639 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Delaware |
| County | New Castle |
| Elevation | 276 ft (84 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Area code | 302 |
| GNIS feature ID | 217099 |


title: Wecock Farm

abstract: Wecock Farm is a 1970s council estate on the western edges of Waterlooville originally built by Portsmouth City Council. Its lineage can be traced back to the 16th century and is described as 'a place called Wycock' in 1591

text:
# Wecock Farm

**Wecock Farm** is a 1970s council estate on the western edges of Waterlooville originally built by Portsmouth City Council. Its lineage can be traced back to the 16th century and is described as 'a place called Wycock' in 1591

## InfoBox

| Wecock Farm | |
| --- | --- |
| Wecock FarmLocation within Hampshire | |
| Population | Approx 5000 |
| OS grid reference | SU680110 |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Waterlooville |
| Postcode district | PO8 |
| Dialling code | (023) |
|  | |
| Police | Hampshire and Isle of Wight |
| Fire | Hampshire and Isle of Wight |
| Ambulance | South Central |
|  | |
|


title: Welfreighter

abstract: The Welfreighter was a Second World War British midget submarine developed by the Special Operations Executive (SOE) for the purpose of landing and supplying agents behind enemy lines. It only saw action once and was not particularly successful.

text:
# Welfreighter

The **Welfreighter** was a Second World War British midget submarine developed by the Special Operations Executive (SOE) for the purpose of landing and supplying agents behind enemy lines. It only saw action once and was not particularly successful.

## Design

After the success of the X class midget submarines, an attempt was made by SOE's technical division, Inter Services Research Bureau (ISRB) under the command of Lt. Colonel John Dolphin to design a submersible craft for covert missions. These would include the landing and supplying agents behind enemy lines, intelligence gathering work off hostile coastlines, and delivering explosive depth charges to enemy shipping routes. This design became the Welfreighter. It was intended that the Welfreighter could travel surfaced by night towards an enemy-held coastline, submerging as and when necessary to avoid detection. The special agents would then be disembarked and go ashore along with their equipment, stored in the special containers. The Welfreighter would then sail out to sea and submerge itself to wait until the next night. At a pre-arranged time, or upon receiving a sound signal from the landing party (made by a mechanical device) it would surface again and pick up the agents, before heading out to sea either to rendezvous with a larger surface vessel or return to base under its own power.

The initial concept was a true miniature submarine which could from a distance be mistaken for a conventional motor boat and which could hold two agents along with its crew of two men, and which could also carry up to one ton of supplies in sealed containers. The designed range was to be up to 600 miles (970 km) on the surface, with a range of 200 miles (320 km) at speeds of up to 8 knots (15 km/h). While submerged it was to be capable of diving to a depth of 130 feet (40 m) and travelling up to 40 miles (64 km) underwater.

Design work began towards the end of 1942 with the building of a 1/4 scale model which was used for tests in an experimental tank at Vickers' plant at St. Albans. By February 1943 the tests had produced several alterations to the original design including modifications to the hull form to make it stable under tow at speeds of 10 knots (19 km/h) \- 15 knots (28 km/h).

### Prototypes

Following the model tests, permission was granted for the construction of a full size prototype at the SOE establishment known as *The Frythe* in Welwyn.

The first prototype had little resemblance to the later versions. When launched at Staines in May 1943 it permitted further tests but showed flaws in that it was not stable under tow at speeds over 7 knots (13 km/h) and lacked freeboard. A second prototype was begun in June and was tested throughout the autumn and winter.

A third prototype was begun in September 1943. Its surface range - 1,000 miles (1,600 km) \- exceeded the specification, but at the expense of reducing the storage capacity by 240 pounds (110 kg). Its speed was less than the specification, at 6 knots (11 km/h) maximum while surfaced, with a mere 2 knots (3.7 km/h) submerged. It did however perform satisfactorily when pressure tested to a depth of 130 feet (40 m).

## Production

In early 1944 a specification for a final Mk III version was proposed by SOE, which eventually entered series production. The range was now specified as 1,000 miles (1,600 km), with an additional 1,000 miles (1,600 km) using disposable tanks (which however meant a loss of the diving capability). A further 600 miles (970 km) could be added if part of the storage capacity was used. The accommodation had also been enlarged; as well as the two crewmen, 4 passengers could be carried on short voyages, or 3 for longer trips. The cargo capacity had also been enhanced to enable between 1.5 and 2 tons to be carried.

Underwater endurance had also been augmented, the craft now being capable of supporting 6 persons for up to 40 hours submerged. Finally, surface speed had been increased to 5.5 knots (10.2 km/h) cruising speed, or 7 knots (13 km/h) maximum. Even the electric propulsion was upgraded: it could deliver 2-3 knots. By now it was apparent that it was unlikely that the Welfreighter would be needed in Europe, therefore consideration was given to its use in the Far East.

Due to the urgency of production it was not possible to create a dedicated factory. As had happened with the Welman submarine the year before, production was contracted out to specialised engineering firms already engaged in production of war material. In mid-1944, the Letchworth company of Shelvoke and Drewry Ltd. was awarded a contract to produce Welfreighters. By early September an order for up to 34 Welfreighters was placed for delivery as soon as possible after 1 October. The company had no experience of ship construction, and was 75 miles (121 km) from the sea. Security surrounding the production of the Welfreighter was tight, and few non-vetted employees knew the truth until after the end of the war.

Completed craft were transported at night under canvas covers to Station IX at Welwyn, where they were fitted out, the compass and periscope and secret equipment fitted. The craft were then balanced, trimmed, and pressure tested in the establishment's water tank. They were then transported onwards to Fishguard in Wales, for sea trials.

## Appearance

The Welfreighter outwardly resembled a conventional 37 feet (11 m) motor boat. While surfaced it was propelled by a Gardner 4LW 44 hp (33 kW) diesel omnibus engine driving a 4-bladed propeller, while underwater propulsion was provided by two 2 hp (1.5 kW) electric motors, driving a pair of small propellers. Two "masts" on the craft's foredeck housed a Barr and Stroude periscope and a magnetic compass. A dummy mast and sail could be attached to these masts to help disguise the craft as a fishing smack. The foredeck was raised up to give some headroom inside the craft, and was fitted with small square viewports.

To the rear of the main structure was a raised deck, beneath which were housed 6 high pressure air cylinders. To the rear of this area was a cargo well, fitted at the stern with a drop-down tailgate. This could house seven cylindrical drums of cargo. Carefully loaded so as to give a slight positive buoyancy, these drums could hold equipment for use by agents or saboteurs and could be floated out through the tailgate and towed ashore by agents, either swimming or using an inflatable boat.

Each Welfreighter was manned by a Sub Lieutenant RNVR as Commander, and a Naval Engine Room Artificer (ERA) or Army mechanic (REME). Up to four special agents could travel as passengers, although two would be more usual. These would commonly be Army personnel, who would be expected to assist with handling the craft while on the surface.

## Service

### Europe

Before the Welfreighter became properly operational the secret war in Europe was nearly over. In late 1944 plans were discussed to deploy the craft to the Adriatic, to assist operations in the Balkans, where SOE was involved in supporting partisans in northern Greece, Albania, and Yugoslavia.

It was also suggested that Welfreighters could be used to plant mines in the entrances to German ports, but this was dropped when it was demonstrated that a suitable charge would have to weigh over 224 pounds (102 kg), which would be too much for the craft's buoyancy and trim.

Trained Welfreighter crews were ready for operations through the autumn of 1944, but neither Combined Operations HQ or SOE ever required anything of them.

### Far East

Two Welfreighters were shipped to Fremantle, Australia, in late 1944, to become part of the clandestine Services Reconnaissance Department (commonly known as Z Special Unit). Extensive trials were conducted, including towing trials and exercises using high-powered motor launches and Motor Torpedo Boats. One source suggests that 12 were sent to Australia in 1945.

## Citations

## InfoBox

| Model of a Welfreighter mark III, about 1944. National Maritime Museum, London. | |
| --- | --- |
| Class overview | |
| Name | Welfreighter |
| Operators | SOE  United Kingdom |
| Completed | 100+ |
| General characteristics Welfreighter | |
| Type | midget submarine |
| Length | 37 ft (11 m) |
| Propulsion | * Surfaced: Gardner 4LW 44 hp bus engine * Submerged: 2 x 2 hp electric motors |
| Speed | * 5.5 knots (10.2 km/h) cruising speed * 7 knots (13 km/h) maximum. |
| Range | 1,000 mi (1,600 km) |
| Test depth | 130 ft (40 m) |
| Crew | 2 |


title: 1991 Atlantic hurricane season

abstract: The 1991 Atlantic hurricane season was the first season since 1984 in which no hurricanes developed from tropical waves, which are the source for most North Atlantic tropical cyclones. The hurricane season officially began on June 1, and ended on November 30. It was the least active in four years due to higher than usual wind shear across the Atlantic Ocean. The first storm, Ana, developed on July 2 off the southeast United States and dissipated without causing significant effects. Two other tropical storms in the season – Danny and Erika – did not significantly affect land. Danny dissipated east of the Lesser Antilles, and Erika passed through the Azores before becoming extratropical. In addition, there were four non-developing tropical depressions. The second depression of the season struck Mexico with significant accompanying rains. The most significant storm of the season was Hurricane Bob, which at the time was among the ten costliest United States hurricanes. After brushing the Outer Banks of North Carolina and Long Island in New York, the hurricane made landfall on Rhode Island. It caused $1.5 billion in damage (1991 USD), mostly in Massachusetts, and 17 fatalities. The strongest hurricane of the season was Claudette, which reached peak winds of 130 mph (210 km/h) near Bermuda. It passed near the island but did not cause any damage. Fabian was the only tropical storm to move over or near Cuba or Florida, producing heavy rainfall but no damage. Hurricane Grace, the final named storm of the season, provided the energy that led to the development of a powerful nor'easter known as the Perfect Storm. Originating from an extratropical storm, the Perfect Storm intensified while moving westward toward New England, leaving $200 million in damage and causing coastal damage from Puerto Rico to Florida and northward through Canada. It later transitioned into a hurricane over the Gulf Stream, finally dissipating over Nova Scotia on November 2.

text:
# 1991 Atlantic hurricane season

The **1991 Atlantic hurricane season** was the first season since 1984 in which no hurricanes developed from tropical waves, which are the source for most North Atlantic tropical cyclones. The hurricane season officially began on June 1, and ended on November 30. It was the least active in four years due to higher than usual wind shear across the Atlantic Ocean. The first storm, Ana, developed on July 2 off the southeast United States and dissipated without causing significant effects. Two other tropical storms in the season – Danny and Erika – did not significantly affect land. Danny dissipated east of the Lesser Antilles, and Erika passed through the Azores before becoming extratropical. In addition, there were four non-developing tropical depressions. The second depression of the season struck Mexico with significant accompanying rains.

The most significant storm of the season was Hurricane Bob, which at the time was among the ten costliest United States hurricanes. After brushing the Outer Banks of North Carolina and Long Island in New York, the hurricane made landfall on Rhode Island. It caused $1.5 billion in damage (1991 USD), mostly in Massachusetts, and 17 fatalities. The strongest hurricane of the season was Claudette, which reached peak winds of 130 mph (210 km/h) near Bermuda. It passed near the island but did not cause any damage. Fabian was the only tropical storm to move over or near Cuba or Florida, producing heavy rainfall but no damage. Hurricane Grace, the final named storm of the season, provided the energy that led to the development of a powerful nor'easter known as the Perfect Storm. Originating from an extratropical storm, the Perfect Storm intensified while moving westward toward New England, leaving $200 million in damage and causing coastal damage from Puerto Rico to Florida and northward through Canada. It later transitioned into a hurricane over the Gulf Stream, finally dissipating over Nova Scotia on November 2.

## Seasonal forecasts

Predictions of tropical activity in the 1991 season
| Source | Date | Named
storms | Hurricanes | Major
hurricanes |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| CSU | April | \<10 | \<6 | Unknown |  |
| WRC | April | 9–10 | 6 | 5 |  |
| CSU | June | 8 | 4 | 1 |  |
| CSU | August | 7 | 3 | Unknown |  |
| *Record high activity* | | 30 | 15 | (Tie) |
| *Record low activity* | |  | (tie) | 0 |
| Actual activity | | 8 | 4 | 2 |

Before the start of the season, hurricane expert William M. Gray released his forecast for the year's activity, a yearly practice that he began in 1984. In early April, Gray anticipated a "mild" season with fewer than ten tropical storms, of which less than six would become hurricanes. Later that month, the Weather Research Center forecast ten named storms and six hurricanes, of which five would become major hurricanes while three would hit the United States. In early June, Gray released an updated report that predicted the formation of eight tropical storms, four hurricanes, and one major hurricane. The revised June total was very close to the actual season activity, with the exception of forecasting one fewer major hurricane. However, a later revision in August incorrectly anticipated less activity, when Gray predicted seven storms and three hurricanes.

## Seasonal summary

*For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the 1991 Atlantic hurricane season*

Overall activity in 1991 was below normal. This was partially due to decreased tropical cyclogenesis from African tropical waves, which are troughs that move across the ocean with associated convection. In most seasons, the majority of storms develop from tropical waves. Of the season's twelve tropical cyclones, only five originated from tropical waves; in addition, only three of the eight tropical storms were from tropical waves, and none had the characteristics of a Cape Verde-type hurricane. From late April to late November, there were 73 tropical waves that exited the west coast of Africa. The total was higher than average, although many of them were poorly defined and had little thunderstorm activity. The waves traversed the Atlantic Ocean further south than normal, typically not becoming convectively active until moving across northern South America. Cyclogenesis was also suppressed by higher than normal wind shear, as well as low rainfall amounts across the Sahel. There were also no tropical storms in the Gulf of Mexico for only the third time in the 20th century, after 1927 and 1962. The season produced twelve tropical depressions, which was the lowest in five years. The eight tropical storms was the lowest amount in four years. Four of the storms developed into hurricanes, although for the first time in over 24 years, none of the hurricanes originated from tropical waves.

The season's activity was reflected with a low cumulative accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 36. ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. ACE is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 34 knots (39 mph; 63 km/h) or tropical storm strength. Although officially, subtropical cyclones are excluded from the total, the figure above includes periods when storms were in a subtropical phase.

## Systems

### Tropical Storm Ana

| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | July 2 – July 5 |
| Peak intensity | 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min);
1000 mbar (hPa) |

The first storm of the season was Ana, which originated from a cold-core low that persisted east of Jacksonville, Florida, by June 25. The system moved in a clockwise motion around an anticyclone located over Florida. The cold-core low gradually developed to the surface, and on June 29, a low pressure area formed within a surface trough over the Bahamas. It moved westward across southern Florida, dropping heavy rainfall along its path. Punta Gorda recorded a statewide peak of 7.86 in (200 mm) of precipitation. The low moved northwestward and later curved northeastward, exiting into the Atlantic Ocean near Saint Augustine by early on July 2. Although it was initially disorganized as it moved offshore, the convection quickly developed in organization, and by 1800 UTC that day it had developed into Tropical Depression One about 85 mi (137 km) south of Charleston, South Carolina.

As the depression moved northeastward parallel to the southeast United States coastline, it dropped light rainfall, although portions of Virginia recorded more than 5 inches (130 mm). Late on July 3, a buoy reported sustained winds of 38 mph (61 km/h) over a period of eight and a half minutes. As a result, the National Hurricane Center upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Ana. The storm accelerated east-northeastward toward a stalled frontal zone, entering an area of increased wind shear. Despite these hostile conditions, Ana strengthened slightly, reaching peak winds of 50 mph (80 km/h). Moving over cooler waters and interacting with the frontal zone, the circulation became broad as the thunderstorms diminished. On July 5, Ana became extratropical in the northern Atlantic Ocean about 680 mi (1,090 km) to the south of Cape Race.

### Tropical Depression Two

| Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | July 5 – July 7 |
| Peak intensity | 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
1007 mbar (hPa) |

A tropical wave emerged off the coast of Africa on June 20, and no significant development occurred until it became Tropical Depression Two in the western Gulf of Mexico on July 5. On its first advisory, a tropical storm watch was issued for from Baffin Bay, Texas, southward to Tampico, Tamaulipas. Nearing the coast of Mexico, the depression attained its peak intensity with winds of 35 mph (56 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 1,007 mbar (29.7 inHg). Failing to intensify further, Tropical Depression Two made landfall near La Pesca, Tamaulipas, on July 6. The National Hurricane Center issued the final advisory on July 7, although the circulation persisted until July 9 southwest of Texas. The depression had only minor impacts in Mexico and Texas, other than rainfall. Precipitation was heaviest in the state of San Luis Potosí, where the rainfall peaked at 17.47 in (444 mm) in Tamazunchale.

### Hurricane Bob

| Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | August 16 – August 20 |
| Peak intensity | 115 mph (185 km/h) (1-min);
950 mbar (hPa) |

Hurricane Bob originated from a decaying cold front, developing into a tropical depression early on August 16 near the Bahamas. It produced an area of organized convection, and the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Bob roughly 18 hours after forming. It gradually organized over the Gulf Stream, and based on reports from the Hurricane Hunters, Bob attained hurricane status on August 17. Shortly thereafter, the hurricane began to turn towards the north-northeast in response to a subtropical ridge over the Atlantic and the trough over the southeastern United States. After further intensification off the Carolinas, Bob reached peak winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) to the east of Virginia on August 19, making it a major hurricane. Significantly cooler sea surface temperatures resulted in weakening. After brushing Long Island, the center of Bob moved over Block Island, Rhode Island. About 40 minutes later it struck Newport, Rhode Island, with winds of 100 mph (160 km/h), making it a Category 2 hurricane. It rapidly weakened to tropical storm intensity while moving through the remainder of New England, hitting Rockport, Maine, early on August 20. After crossing New Brunswick, Bob became extratropical in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and lasted another nine days before dissipating west of Portugal.

The hurricane first affected the Carolinas, spawning four confirmed and nine unconfirmed tornadoes in North Carolina. One person each died in North and South Carolina, and about 10% of houses in the Outer Banks sustained minor roof damage. As the storm moved up the coast, heavy rain fell on the western side of the center. High winds left 300,000 people without power on Long Island. In neighboring Connecticut, strong winds downed trees across the region, with damage heaviest in the southeastern portion near the coast. Damage was heaviest as Bob made its final landfall, with wind gusts of 105 mph (169 km/h) reported on Block Island, Rhode Island. The hurricane produced extensive beach erosion which destroyed coastal roads in the state. Monetary damage was greatest in Massachusetts, and along Bob's path through southeastern New England more than 60% of people were left without power. High tides and strong winds destroyed boats and houses along the Massachusetts coastline. The heaviest rainfall from the hurricane fell at the Portland International Jetport in Maine, where 8.24 in (209 mm) fell during its passage. Across the United States, damage totaled $1.5 billion (1991 USD), including over $1 billion in Massachusetts. The high damage total made Bob among the ten costliest U.S. hurricanes at the time. In addition, there were 15 fatalities in the country. In Canada, high waves killed two people. In Fredericton, New Brunswick, tropical storm-force winds downed trees and power lines.

### Tropical Depression Four

| Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | August 24 – August 26 |
| Peak intensity | 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
1009 mbar (hPa) |

One of the few vigorous tropical waves of the season emerged from the western coast of Africa with a large area of convection in late August. On August 24 it developed into a tropical depression near Cape Verde. Upon first forming, the depression had a circular area of convection near the center. It was initially well-organized, but the depression was not expected to intensify due to marginal water temperatures; tropical cyclones generally require warm waters to develop. By August 25, the system lost much of its deep convection, and on August 26 the depression dissipated to the west-southwest of the Cape Verde islands.

### Tropical Depression Five

| Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | August 28 – August 31 |
| Peak intensity | 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
Unknown mbar (hPa) |

Around the same time as the previous system dissipated, another tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on August 26. On August 28 it formed into a tropical depression about 560 mi (900 km) southwest of Cape Verde. Upon developing, the depression had a small area of convection with a spiral rainband, and the NHC anticipated slow strengthening to tropical storm status. With a ridge to the north, the depression maintained a general westward track. Ultimately, the depression failed to organize significantly. By August 29, it had a broad and poorly organized circulation with only scattered convection. Due to cool water temperatures, the system was unable to maintain deep convection, and on August 31 the depression degenerated into a tropical wave about 400 miles (640 km) east of the Lesser Antilles.

### Hurricane Claudette

| Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | September 4 – September 12 |
| Peak intensity | 130 mph (215 km/h) (1-min);
944 mbar (hPa) |

The origins of Claudette were non-tropical, developing on September 4 about 650 mi (1,050 km) southeast of Bermuda from an upper-level disturbance. Following its formation, it developed slowly while moving southwestward, and on September 5 it intensified into Tropical Storm Claudette. Conditions were favorable for development, with low wind shear and a large anticyclone providing outflow, or the outward wind flow from a storm. On September 6 at 0600 UTC, Claudette attained hurricane status. It underwent rapid intensification, and early on September 7 a reconnaissance flight reported that Claudette attained major hurricane status with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). Based on satellite estimates, Hurricane Claudette attained its peak intensity with winds of 130 mph (210 km/h) and a minimum pressure 944 mbar (27.9 inHg).

After peaking, Claudette began steady weakening. Around that time, a hurricane watch was issued for the island of Bermuda, which was later upgraded to a warning. The hurricane turned to the northwest, passing 136 miles (219 km) east of Bermuda as a Category 1 hurricane on September 8. Winds on the island peaked at 23 mph (37 km/h), with gusts to 32 mph (51 km/h), and waves reached up to 8 ft (2.4 m) in height. By September 10, Claudette weakened to tropical storm status as it accelerated eastward. The next day it deteriorated further to tropical depression status, and the next day Claudette became extratropical to the southwest of the Azores. It persisted two more days until dissipating over the Azores.

### Tropical Storm Danny

| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | September 7 – September 11 |
| Peak intensity | 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min);
998 mbar (hPa) |

One of the most vigorous tropical waves of the season (which also led to the formation of Hurricane Jimena in the eastern Pacific) was first observed in western Africa on September 2. Three days later it emerged from the coast at Dakar, moving into the tropical Atlantic Ocean with rainbands around its convection. By early on September 7, the system organized into Tropical Depression Seven about 300 mi (480 km) south-southwest of Cape Verde. Upon developing, the depression had a broad circulation, located in an environment generally favorable for intensification. With a strong ridge to the north, the depression tracked steadily westward. After remaining a tropical depression for about 36 hours, the system became better organized and developed well-defined banding features. Based on satellite intensity estimates, the NHC upgraded it to Tropical Storm Danny on September 8.

Upon becoming a tropical storm, only slow strengthening was forecast, due to the presence of an upper-level trough to its west. The storm ultimately reached peak winds of 50 mph (80 km/h), which it maintained for about 36 hours. On September 10 it attained its organizational maximum after developing a central dense overcast. Later that day, an upper-level low increased wind shear over the storm, which exposed the circulation from the deep convection. As Danny approached the Lesser Antilles, it weakened to tropical depression status on September 11. Later that day, a Hurricane Hunters flight was unable to locate a closed circulation, which indicated that Danny degenerated into a tropical wave about 150 mi (240 km) east of the Lesser Antilles. The remnants tracked to the northwest and later to the north before being absorbed by a frontal system.

### Tropical Storm Erika

| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | September 8 – September 12 |
| Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min);
997 mbar (hPa) |

The origins of Tropical Storm Erika were from a tropical wave that exited the coast of Africa on September 2. It moved northwestward, passing through Cape Verde the following day. The system had most of the thunderstorms along the southern portion of the wave as it maintained a very large low-level circulation. Thunderstorms began developing on September 7, and the system organized into Tropical Depression Eight the following day about 920 mi (1,480 km) northeast of the Lesser Antilles; at the same time, it was located about midway between Hurricane Claudette and Tropical Storm Danny. Initially the center was difficult to locate on satellite imagery, but despite the proximity with Claudette, conditions were generally favorable for intensification. By late on September 9, the depression had become much better organized, and based on satellite estimates the NHC upgraded it to Tropical Storm Erika.

Upon becoming a tropical storm, Erika began a motion to the northeast. There was initial uncertainty whether Erika or nearby Claudette would become the dominant system through their interaction. On September 10, the storm developed a central dense overcast as it attained its peak winds of 60 mph (97 km/h). It accelerated east-northeastward toward the Azores along the northern periphery of a ridge, briefly interacting with Claudette. By September 11, the convection had diminished, leaving the center exposed as Erika underwent extratropical transition. Shortly thereafter it passed through the Azores, striking São Miguel Island. Nearby Santa Maria Island reported tropical storm force winds with gusts to 67 mph (108 km/h), prompting the closure of the airfield for several hours. On September 12, Erika weakened to a tropical depression before completing the transition into an extratropical cyclone. It dissipated later that day.

### Tropical Storm Fabian

| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | October 15 – October 16 |
| Peak intensity | 45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min);
1002 mbar (hPa) |

The origins of Fabian were from a tropical wave and a cold front that entered the northwestern Caribbean Sea on October 12, which produced an area of thunderstorms in the Gulf of Honduras. At 1300 UTC on October 15, a Hurricane Hunters flight observed sustained winds of 40 mph (64 km/h) to the southwest of the Isle of Youth. Based on the report, the NHC designated the system as Tropical Storm Fabian. although the NHC later assessed that the system developed as a tropical depression earlier that day. With a high pressure area to the north, there was already a large pressure gradient that had produced tropical storm force winds over the area. Initially the storm was disorganized, with its strongest winds located primarily east of the center. An eastward-moving upper-level trough imparted a northeast motion as well as unfavorable wind shear. After reaching peak winds of 45 mph (72 km/h), Fabian crossed the Isle of Youth before crossing western Cuba. By early on October 16, the center was becoming difficult to locate as Fabian moved through the Florida Straits. The storm later moved through the Bahamas and became extratropical as it interacted with an approaching front.

When Fabian first formed, the government of Cuba issued a tropical storm warning from Havana to Ciego de Ávila Province, as well as the Isle of Youth. There was also a tropical storm watch for the Florida Keys, as well as a tropical storm warning for the Bahamas. Before the storm hit the Cuban mainland, it produced wind gusts to 40 mph (64 km/h) in Cayo Largo del Sur. Its primary form of impact was from heavy rainfall in a 24‑hour period, peaking at 6.2 inches (160 mm) in Caonao on the south coast of Cuba. In a six-hour period, Punta del Este recorded 5 in (130 mm). Prior to the storm's passage, two state parks were closed in the Florida Keys, and a few storm shelters were opened in Dade County. As it passed east of the state, it dropped rainfall near the coast that peaked at 4.19 in (106 mm) in Conch Key. In the Florida Keys, the National Weather Service Office in Key West recorded sustained winds of 28 mph (45 km/h) with gusts to 32 mph (51 km/h). Only isolated flooding happened from the precursor system to Fabian. In South Florida, Homestead Air Force Base reported rainfall of 3.68 inches (93 mm), but this too was attributed to the precursor frontal system, rather than Fabian itself.

### Tropical Depression Ten

| Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | October 24 – October 25 |
| Peak intensity | 30 mph (45 km/h) (1-min);
1009 mbar (hPa) |

A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on October 19. Moving westward, it developed a weak circulation on October 23. Despite the presence of strong shear, the system was upgraded to a tropical depression at 2200 UTC on October 24 about 1,100 miles (1,800 km) east of the Lesser Antilles. This was based on a rating of 1.5 on the Dvorak technique, which is a method of estimating the intensity of tropical cyclones via satellite. At the time of development, the depression had a small area of convection near and east of the center, and due to the wind shear it was never expected to intensify. By October 25, the circulation had become dissociated from the convection. The depression dissipated soon after without affecting land.

### Hurricane Grace

| Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | October 25 – October 29 |
| Peak intensity | 105 mph (165 km/h) (1-min);
980 mbar (hPa) |

On October 23 a mid-level low formed south of Bermuda. By two days later it had become a surface low, and on October 26 it developed into a subtropical storm. The system was labeled as such due to the initial lack of deep convection over the center, although following an increase in thunderstorms the NHC reclassified it as Tropical Storm Grace late on October 27. By that time, the storm had executed a path generally to the northwest. Grace continued to intensify and organize, and based on Hurricane Hunter reports the storm was upgraded to a hurricane early on October 28. Shortly thereafter, Grace turned sharply to the east due to the influence of a rapidly intensifying extratropical cyclone off the New England coast. An eye developed in the center of Grace, despite shallow convection.

As the hurricane accelerated eastward, it attained a peak intensity of 100 mph (160 km/h) on October 29. The rapid motion caused an asymmetry in the wind field, and the center passed approximately 50 mi (80 km) south of Bermuda without significantly affecting the island. A rapidly approaching cold front absorbed Grace on October 29, contributing moisture to the developing extratropical storm that was eventually known as the Perfect Storm. As a tropical cyclone, Grace produced squally conditions across Bermuda, but no damage was reported. The hurricane generated large swells along the East Coast of the United States, causing minor beach erosion.

### Unnamed hurricane

| Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | October 31 – November 2 |
| Peak intensity | 75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min);
980 mbar (hPa) |

The precursor of the season's final storm was a strong extratropical cyclone commonly known as the *Perfect Storm*. It evolved from an area of low pressure that developed off Atlantic Canada on October 28. The system moved southward and westward due to a ridge to its north, and reached its peak intensity. The storm lashed the East Coast of the United States with high waves and coastal flooding, before turning to the southwest and weakening. Moving over warmer waters, the system transitioned into a subtropical cyclone before becoming a tropical storm. It executed a loop off the Mid-Atlantic states and turned toward the northeast. On November 1 the system evolved into a full-fledged hurricane with peak winds of 75 mph (120 km/h). The tropical system weakened, striking Nova Scotia as a tropical storm before dissipating.

Damage totaled over $200 million (1991 USD) and the death toll was thirteen. Most of the damage occurred while the storm was extratropical, after waves up to 30 ft (9.1 m) struck the coastline from Canada to Florida and southeastward to Puerto Rico. In Massachusetts, where damage was heaviest, over 100 homes were destroyed or severely damaged. To the north, more than 100 homes were affected in Maine, including the vacation home of George H. W. Bush, the president at the time. More than 38,000 people were left without power, and along the coast high waves inundated roads and buildings. In portions of New England, damage was worse than had occurred from Hurricane Bob two months prior. However, aside from tidal flooding along rivers, the storm's effects were primarily along the coastline. A buoy off the coast of Nova Scotia reported a wave height of 100.7 ft (30.7 m), the highest ever recorded in the province's offshore waters. In the middle of the storm, the *Andrea Gail* sunk, claiming the lives of its crew of six, which later inspired the book as well as the movie *The Perfect Storm*. Off the coast of New York, a Coast Guard helicopter ran out of fuel and crashed, and although four members of its crew were rescued, one was killed. Two people died after their boat sank off Staten Island. High waves swept a person to their death in both Rhode Island and Puerto Rico, and another person was blown off a bridge in New York. The tropical cyclone that formed late in the storm's duration caused little impact, limited to power outages and slick roads; one person was killed in Newfoundland from a traffic accident related to the storm.

## Storm names

The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Atlantic in 1991. This is the same list used for the 1985 season, with the exception of the names *Erika* and *Grace*, which replaced the names *Elena* and *Gloria* after that season. Both *Erika* and *Grace* were used for the first time in 1991.

### Retirement

The World Meteorological Organization retired the name *Bob* from the Atlantic hurricane name lists following the 1991 season due to its high impact. The name was replaced with *Bill* for the 1997 season.

## Season effects

This is a table of all of the storms that formed in the 1991 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their name, duration, peak classification and intensities, areas affected, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 1991 USD.

| Saffir–Simpson scale | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| TD | TS | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 |

1991 North Atlantic tropical cyclone season statistics
| Storm
name | Dates active | Storm category
at peak intensity | Max 1-min
wind
mph (km/h) | Min.
press.
(mbar) | Areas affected | Damage
(USD) | Deaths | Ref(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ana | July 2 – 5 | Tropical storm | 50 (85) | 1000 | South Carolina, Florida, Southeastern United States | Minimal | None |  |
| Two | July 5 – 7 | Tropical depression | 35 (55) | 1007 | Mexico | Unknown | None |  |
| Bob | August 16 – 20 | Category 3 hurricane | 115 (185) | 950 | North Carolina, Mid-Atlantic States, New England, Atlantic Canada, Iberian Peninsula | $1.47 billion | 15 (2) |  |
| Four | August 24 – 26 | Tropical depression | 35 (55) | 1009 | none | None | None |  |
| Five | August 28 – 31 | Tropical depression | 35 (55) | Unknown | none | None | None |  |
| Claudette | September 4 – 14 | Category 4 hurricane | 130 (215) | 944 | Bermuda | Minimal | None |  |
| Danny | September 7 – 11 | Tropical storm | 50 (85) | 998 | none | None | None |  |
| Erika | September 8 – 12 | Tropical storm | 60 (95) | 997 | none | None | None |  |
| Fabian | October 15 – 16 | Tropical storm | 45 (75) | 1002 | Cuba, Florida | Minimal | None |  |
| Ten | October 24 – 25 | Tropical depression | 30 (45) | 1009 | none | None | None |  |
| Grace | October 25 – 29 | Category 2 hurricane | 105 (165) | 980 | none | None | None |  |
| Unnamed | October 31 – November 2 | Category 1 hurricane | 75 (120) | 972 | East Coast of the United States, Atlantic Canada | $200 million | 13 |  |
| Season aggregates | | | | | | | | | | |
| 11 systems | July 2 – November 2 |  | 130 (215) | 946 |  | ~$1.7 billion | 30 |  |

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## InfoBox

| 1991 Atlantic hurricane season | |
| --- | --- |
| Season summary map | |
| Seasonal boundaries | |
| First system formed | July 2, 1991 |
| Last system dissipated | November 2, 1991 |
| Strongest storm | |
|  | |
| Name | Claudette |
| Maximum winds | 130 mph (215 km/h)
(*1-minute sustained*) |
| Lowest pressure | 944 mbar (hPa; 27.88 inHg) |
|  | |
| Seasonal statistics | |
| Total depressions | 12 |
| Total storms | 8 |
| Hurricanes | 4 |
| Major hurricanes
(Cat. 3+) | 2 |
| Total fatalities | 30 total |
| Total damage | ~ $1.77 billion (1991 USD) |
| Related articles | |
|  | |
|


title: National Foreign Exchange Association

abstract:
The National Foreign Exchange Association is a non-commercial association of commercial banks, currency exchanges, brokerage firms, and others dedicated to the development and improvement of a high standard foreign exchange market and money market in Russia. Founded in Moscow in 1999, the association had 74 members as of 2005. Among other activities, the National Foreign Exchange Association coordinates with the Bank of Russia in daily setting the Russian Overnight Index Average (Ruonia), which operates similarly to the European Eonia. In 2010, members of the National Monetary Association were 69 financial organizations, including
  - Commercial banks:
    - ABN AMRO
    - Alfa-Bank
    - Bank of Moscow
    - Gazprombank
    - ING-Eurasia and others
    - JPMorgan Chase
    - Raiffeisen Zentralbank
    - Sberbank of Russia
    - VEB.RF
    - VTB Bank
  - Currency exchanges, including MICEX
  - Brokerage firms, bank associations and other organizations.

text:
# National Foreign Exchange Association

The **National Foreign Exchange Association** is a non-commercial association of commercial banks, currency exchanges, brokerage firms, and others dedicated to the development and improvement of a high standard foreign exchange market and money market in Russia. Founded in Moscow in 1999, the association had 74 members as of 2005. Among other activities, the National Foreign Exchange Association coordinates with the Bank of Russia in daily setting the Russian Overnight Index Average (Ruonia), which operates similarly to the European Eonia.

In 2010, members of the National Monetary Association were 69 financial organizations, including


title: WKGV

abstract: WKGV is a Contemporary Christian radio station licensed to Swansboro, North Carolina, United States. It is an affiliate of K-Love and is owned by Educational Media Foundation.

text:
# WKGV

**WKGV** (104.1 FM) is a Contemporary Christian radio station licensed to Swansboro, North Carolina, United States. It is an affiliate of K-Love and is owned by Educational Media Foundation.

## History

Jack Lee, manager of WFAI in Fayetteville, North Carolina from 1960 to 1971, was general manager of WZXS when it played adult standards.

WWTB "Unforgettable Radio" signed off in January 2004 when new owner Sea-Comm announced the station would begin airing the same programming as WLTT "The Big Talker".

In 2007, Educational Media Foundation agreed to buy WWTB from Sea-Comm for $900,000. WWTB moved its frequency from 103.9 to 104.1, and its city of license from Topsail Beach to Swansboro. The former WBNE became WNTB, taking over the WLTT simulcast.

1. "Call Sign History". Retrieved 2010-06-02.
2. "Facility Technical Data for WKGV". *Licensing and Management System*. Federal Communications Commission.
3. Michael Futch, "Vic Dawson's Vision Changed Fayetteville Radio," *The Fayetteville Observer*, December 1, 1995.
4. Amy Hotz, "Station Bought - Format Changing," *Star-News*, January 29, 2004.
5. "Deals". *Broadcasting & Cable*. 2007-01-21. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
6. "Close encounter in Philadelphia". *Radio Business Report*. 2007-01-15. Retrieved 2010-06-02.

## InfoBox

WKGV
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Wilmington, North Carolina |
| Frequency | 104.1 MHz |
| Branding | K-Love |
| Programming | |
| Format | Contemporary Christian |
| Affiliations | K-LOVE |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Educational Media Foundation |
| History | |
| First air date | November 15, 1990 |
| Former call signs | WZXS (11/15/1990-3/4/2003)<br>WWTB (3/4/2003-11/29/2007) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 67339 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | 5,400 watts |
| HAAT | 105.3 meters |
| Transmitter coordinates | 34°43′26″N 77°14′57″W / 34.72389°N 77.24917°W / 34.72389; -77.24917 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | klove.com |


title: Mariënhof

abstract: Mariënhof is a defunct restaurant in Amersfoort, in the Netherlands. It was a fine dining restaurant that was awarded one Michelin star in 1996 and retained that rating until 2001. Head chef of Mariënhof was Jon Sistermans. The restaurant ended due to the transfer of ownership of the former monastery from insurance company "Amersfoortse Verzekeringen" to the "Van den Tweel Horeca Groep". The new owners changed course and wanted the restaurant to leave the fine dining and move into a lower class. After Sistermans left, the restaurant was closed. Restaurant Mariënhof and its chef Jon Sistermans were at the centre of a big row around the restaurant review magazine Lekker in the year 2000. He accused Lekker of deliberately damaging restaurants and staff without reason. Sistermans started the campaign "Lekker Beest 2001" and an advertiser boycott, to let the magazine change course. The magazine gave in and appointed a new chief editor with a culinary background and softened its language. Head chef Sistermans was also culinary responsible for the Michelin starred De Rôtisserie in the same complex, although Mandy the Jong was the head chef in charge. Shortly after being burned down by “Lekker”, De Rôtisserie was awarded its own Michelin star.

text:
# Mariënhof

***Mariënhof*** is a defunct restaurant in Amersfoort, in the Netherlands. It was a fine dining restaurant that was awarded one Michelin star in 1996 and retained that rating until 2001.

Head chef of *Mariënhof* was Jon Sistermans.

The restaurant ended due to the transfer of ownership of the former monastery from insurance company "Amersfoortse Verzekeringen" to the "Van den Tweel Horeca Groep". The new owners changed course and wanted the restaurant to leave the fine dining and move into a lower class. After Sistermans left, the restaurant was closed.

Restaurant *Mariënhof* and its chef Jon Sistermans were at the centre of a big row around the restaurant review magazine *Lekker* in the year 2000. He accused *Lekker* of deliberately damaging restaurants and staff without reason. Sistermans started the campaign "Lekker Beest 2001" and an advertiser boycott, to let the magazine change course. The magazine gave in and appointed a new chief editor with a culinary background and softened its language.

Head chef Sistermans was also culinary responsible for the Michelin starred De Rôtisserie in the same complex, although Mandy the Jong was the head chef in charge. Shortly after being burned down by “Lekker”, De Rôtisserie was awarded its own Michelin star.

52°9′12.02″N 5°23′25.58″E / 52.1533389°N 5.3904389°E / 52.1533389; 5.3904389

## InfoBox

| Mariënhof | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Restaurant information | |
| Established | 1993 |
| Closed | 2001 |
| Head chef | Jon Sistermans |
| Food type | French |
| Rating | Michelin Guide |
| Street address | Kleine Haag 2 |
| City | Amersfoort |
| Postal/ZIP Code | 3811 HE |
| Country | Netherlands |


title: Scotia, Arkansas

abstract: Scotia is an unincorporated community in Pope County, Arkansas, United States.

text:
# Scotia, Arkansas

**Scotia** is an unincorporated community in Pope County, Arkansas, United States.

## InfoBox

| Scotia, Arkansas | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Scotia, ArkansasPosition in Arkansas | |
| Coordinates: 35°19′52″N 93°17′33″W / 35.33111°N 93.29250°W / 35.33111; -93.29250 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Arkansas |
| County | Pope |
| Elevation | 115 m (377 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| GNIS feature ID | 73495 |


title: William Amos (cricketer)

abstract: William Amos was an Australian cricketer from Adelaide. He played two first-class matches for South Australia between 1890 and 1893.

text:
# William Amos (cricketer)

**William Amos** (20 April 1860  14 May 1935) was an Australian cricketer from Adelaide. He played two first-class matches for South Australia between 1890 and 1893.

## InfoBox

William Amos
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1860-04-20)20 April 1860
Glen Osmond, South Australia |
| Died | 14 May 1935(1935-05-14) (aged 75)
North Adelaide, South Australia |
| Bowling | Right-arm leg break |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1890/91–1892/93 | South Australia |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 2  Runs scored 18  Batting average 4.50  100s/50s 0/0  Top score 9  Balls bowled 210  Wickets 1  Bowling average 129.00  5 wickets in innings 0  10 wickets in match 0  Best bowling 1/87  Catches/stumpings 0/ | |
|  | |
| Source: ESPNcricinfo, 16 February 2022 | |


abstract: The Sri Lanka women's national under-20 football team is the national under-20 team of Sri Lanka that represents the Sri Lanka in international football competitions including the SAFF U-18 Women's Championship, the AFC U-19 Women's Championship and the FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup, as well as any other under-20 international football tournaments. The team is governed by the Football Federation of Sri Lanka and is a member of the Asian Football Confederation (AFC).

text:
# Sri Lanka women's national under-20 football team

The **Sri Lanka women's national under-20 football team** is the national under-20 team of Sri Lanka that represents the Sri Lanka in international football competitions including the SAFF U-18 Women's Championship, the AFC U-19 Women's Championship and the FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup, as well as any other under-20 international football tournaments. The team is governed by the Football Federation of Sri Lanka and is a member of the Asian Football Confederation (AFC).

## Home stadium

The Sri Lanka women's national under-20 football team plays their home matches on the Sugathadasa Stadium.

## Players

| No. | Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Club |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1GK | Tharindi Janithya | (2004-01-06) 6 January 2004 |  |
| 2 | 2DF | Chinthani Vishmika Banfara | (2003-02-08) 8 February 2003 |  |
| 3 | 3MF | Tharindi Ranshari | (2003-09-29) 29 September 2003 |  |
| 4 | 2DF | Rashmi Kavisha | (2003-07-08) 8 July 2003 |  |
| 5 | 3MF | Irohani Sewmali | (2004-09-20) 20 September 2004 |  |
| 6 | 3MF | Jokitha Uruthirakumar | (2004-02-09) 9 February 2004 |  |
| 7 | 3MF | Uthpala Kavindi Jayakodi | (2003-12-02) 2 December 2003 |  |
| 8 | 3MF | Maleeka Shaahaani Amith | (2004-05-29) 29 May 2004 |  |
| 10 | 4FW | Kirushanthini Rakuthas | (2004-03-27) 27 March 2004 |  |
| 11 | 4FW | Geethma Senuri Bandara | (2003-02-22) 22 February 2003 |  |
| 12 | 4FW | Sanduni Nisandala Kumarihami | (2004-08-02) 2 August 2004 |  |
| 13 | 3MF | Senuri Kavindya Gallage | (2004-07-10) 10 July 2004 |  |
| 15 | 4FW | Pabasara Methmini Ekanayake | (2004-03-12) 12 March 2004 |  |
| 16 | 2DF | Hasini Kawshalya Jayasekarage | (2004-06-17) 17 June 2004 |  |
| 17 | 3MF | Imesha Warnakulasuriya *(Captain)* | (2004-02-07) 7 February 2004 |  |
| 18 | 2DF | Tharmika Sivaneswaran | (2004-07-26) 26 July 2004 |  |
| 19 | 3MF | Amavi Anuththara Kahatapitiya | (2004-09-20) 20 September 2004 |  |
| 20 | 3MF | Valantina Mariyanayakam | (2004-02-15) 15 February 2004 |  |
| 21 | 2DF | Nimesha Sadaruwani Bandara | (2004-11-02) 2 November 2004 |  |
| 22 | 1GK | Onethra Sankalani Bandara | (2004-01-02) 2 January 2004 |  |
| 23 | 1GK | Jayasundara Mudiyanselage | (2004-08-07) 7 August 2004 |  |

## Fixtures and results

legend

**W**in   **D**raw   **L**oss   Fixture

### 2021

### 2014

| 7 November 2014 (2014-11-07) | **Sri Lanka** | **0–0** | **Palestine** | City Football Complex, Colombo |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:30 |  | Report |  | Attendance: 300
Referee: Li Juan (China) |

| 9 November 2014 (2014-11-09) | **Iran** | **4–1** | **Sri Lanka** | City Football Complex, Colombo |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:30 | Behesht  20', 33', 89'
Khodabakhshi  24' | Report | Aberathna  71' | Attendance: 100
Referee: Kate Jacewicz (Australia) |

## Competitive record

### FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup

| FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup record | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Host | Result | Position | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA |
| 2002 | *Did not qualify* | | | | | | | | |
| 2004 | |
| 2006 | |
| 2008 | |
| 2010 | |
| 2012 | |
| 2014 | |
| 2016 | |
| 2018 | |
| 2022 | *Did not qualify* | | | | | | | | | |
| 2024 | *Did not enter* | | | | | | | | | |
| 2026 | *To be determined* | | | | | | | | | |
| **Total** | 0/12 | **0 Titles** | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |

*\*Draws include knock-out matches decided on penalty kicks.*

### AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup

| AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup record | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Host | Result | Position | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA |
| 2002 | *Did not qualify* | | | | | | | | | |
| 2004 | *Did not qualify* | | | | | | | | | |
| 2006 | *Did not qualify* | | | | | | | | | |
| 2007 | *Did not qualify* | | | | | | | | | |
| 2009 | *Did not qualify* | | | | | | | | | |
| 2011 | *Did not qualify* | | | | | | | | | |
| 2013 | *Did not qualify* | | | | | | | | | |
| 2015 | *Did not qualify* | | | | | | | | | |
| 2017 | *Did not qualify* | | | | | | | | | |
| 2019 | *Did not qualify* | | | | | | | | | |
| ~~2022~~ | *Cancelled* | | | | | | | | | |
| **Total** | 0/11 | **0 Titles** | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |

*\*Draws include knock-out matches decided on penalty kicks.*

### AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup qualification

## InfoBox

Sri Lanka Women's U-20
| Association | Football Federation of Sri Lanka |
| --- | --- |
| Confederation | AFC (Asia) |
| Sub-confederation | SAFF (South Asia) |
| Head coach | Manjula Chaminda |
| Captain | Imesha Warnakulasuriya |
| FIFA code | SRI |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| First international | |
| Sri Lanka  0–0  Palestine
(Colombo, Sri Lanka; 7 November 2014) | |
| Biggest defeat | |
| Sri Lanka  0–12  Bangladesh
(Dhaka, Bangladesh; 19 December 2021) | |
| FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup | |
| Appearances | 0 |
| AFC U-19 Women's Championship | |
| Appearances | 0 |
| SAFF U-18 Women's Championship | |
| Appearances | 1 (*first in 2021*) |


title: Mounir Dhahri

abstract: Mounir Ben Mohamed Dhahri is a Tunisian citizen residing in Stockholm, Sweden, who was arrested in Denmark in 2010 over a suspected terror plot against the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten. Dhahri came to Sweden from Tunisia in August 1993 and received a permanent residence permit in Sweden in January 1996. He has unsuccessfully applied for Swedish citizenship. Dhahri is divorced and has two children with two different women. Dhahri has been treated for drug abuse and has been convicted several times for assault. In 2000 he was convicted for assault against his then spouse, illegal threat and resisting arrest. In 2004 he was convicted by the Stockholm district court for assault, illegal threat and drugs crime. In March 2004 Dhahri was convicted by the Stockholm district court for having threatened to kill two employees in a 7-Eleven store in Stockholm in April 2003, after he was denied a request to borrow a telephone.

text:
# Mounir Dhahri

**Mounir Ben Mohamed Dhahri** (born 2 February 1966 in Tunisia) is a Tunisian citizen residing in Stockholm, Sweden, who was arrested in Denmark in 2010 over a suspected terror plot against the Danish newspaper *Jyllands-Posten*.

Dhahri came to Sweden from Tunisia in August 1993 and received a permanent residence permit in Sweden in January 1996. He has unsuccessfully applied for Swedish citizenship. Dhahri is divorced and has two children with two different women.

Dhahri has been treated for drug abuse and has been convicted several times for assault. In 2000 he was convicted for assault against his then spouse, illegal threat and resisting arrest. In 2004 he was convicted by the Stockholm district court for assault, illegal threat and drugs crime.

In March 2004 Dhahri was convicted by the Stockholm district court for having threatened to kill two employees in a 7-Eleven store in Stockholm in April 2003, after he was denied a request to borrow a telephone.