title: Official culture

abstract: Official culture is the culture that receives social legitimation or institutional support in a given society. Official culture is usually identified with bourgeoisie culture. For revolutionary Guy Debord, official culture is a "rigged game", where conservative powers forbid subversive ideas to have direct access to the public discourse, and where such ideas are integrated only after being trivialized, and sterilized. A widespread observation is that a great talent has a free spirit. For instance Pushkin, regarded by some scholars as Russia's first great writer, infuriated Russian officialdom and particularly the Tsar, since instead of being a good servant of the state in the rank and file of the administration and extolling conventional virtues in his vocational writings, composed extremely arrogant and extremely independent and extremely wicked verse in which a dangerous freedom of thought was evident in the novelty of his versification, in the audacity of his sensual fancy, and in his propensity for making fun of major and minor tyrants.

text:
# Official culture

**Official culture** is the culture that receives social legitimation or institutional support in a given society. Official culture is usually identified with bourgeoisie culture. For revolutionary Guy Debord, official culture is a "rigged game", where conservative powers forbid subversive ideas to have direct access to the public discourse, and where such ideas are integrated only after being trivialized, and sterilized.

A widespread observation is that a great talent has a free spirit. For instance Pushkin, regarded by some scholars as Russia's first great writer, infuriated Russian officialdom and particularly the Tsar, since

> instead of being a good servant of the state in the rank and file of the administration and extolling conventional virtues in his vocational writings (if write he must), composed extremely arrogant and extremely independent and extremely wicked verse in which a dangerous freedom of thought was evident in the novelty of his versification, in the audacity of his sensual fancy, and in his propensity for making fun of major and minor tyrants.

* Lisa A. Lewis (1992) *The Adoring audience: fan culture and popular media*. Published by Routledge, 1992 ISBN 0-415-07821-0, ISBN 978-0-415-07821-4, 245 pages.
* Guy Debord (1957) *Report on the Construction of Situations*. Paris.
* Hal Foster *Postmodern Culture By*. Pluto Press. ISBN 0-7453-0003-0, ISBN 978-0-7453-0003-0


title: Official function

abstract: An official function is either an event, such as a convention, that has an official purpose for one's employment, vocation or profession-whether run by a person, institution or governmental agency-or an official duty. Attending events with official purposes is one of the duties of many persons in many organizations. Attending such events fall into categories of networking, protocol, information gathering, among others. Networking may involve an economic network, an entrepreneurial network, an old boy network, a social network, and a value network. Protocol deals with etiquette and other forms of intercultural competence that should be followed to show respect for those with whom one is networking. Information may be gained as a message, a pattern, or an input. Attending events with official purposes helps one build an augmented social network, a community of practice, and a network of practice. Such attendance increases occupational competence and achievement. Official duties are those performed to facilitate the achievement of one's assignments as an employee. They may include duties that are performed in a routine manner and duties whose performance demonstrates innovation and leadership. They may include duties that are commonly performed, and duties that must be performed because of new circumstances.

text:
# Official function

An **official function** is either an event, such as a convention, that has an official purpose for one's employment, vocation or profession-whether run by a person, institution or governmental agency-or an official duty.

Attending events with official purposes is one of the duties of many persons in many organizations. Attending such events fall into categories of networking, protocol, information gathering, among others. Networking may involve an economic network, an entrepreneurial network, an old boy network, a social network, and a value network. Protocol deals with etiquette and other forms of intercultural competence that should be followed to show respect for those with whom one is networking. Information may be gained as a message, a pattern, or an input.

Attending events with official purposes helps one build an augmented social network, a community of practice, and a network of practice. Such attendance increases occupational competence and achievement.

Official duties are those performed to facilitate the achievement of one's assignments as an employee. They may include duties that are performed in a routine manner and duties whose performance demonstrates innovation and leadership. They may include duties that are commonly performed, and duties that must be performed because of new circumstances.

## Books

* Diane Darling, THE NETWORKING SURVIVAL GUIDE: GET THE SUCCESS YOU WANT BY TAPPING THE PEOPLE YOU KNOW (2003)
* Paul Hildreth; Chris Kimble (2004). *Knowledge Networks: Innovation through Communities of Practice*. Hershey: IGI Global. ISBN 978-1-59140-200-8. OCLC 54448243. OL 8854707M. Wikidata Q104813481.
* Harvey Mackay, DIG YOUR WELL BEFORE YOU'RE THIRSTY: THE ONLY NETWORKING BOOK YOU'LL EVER NEED (1999)
* Wenger, Etienne (1998), *Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity*, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-66363-2
* Etienne Wenger, Richard McDermott, and William M. Snyder, CREATING COMMUNITIES OF PRACTICE (2002)


title: Occupational science

abstract: Occupational science is a discipline dedicated to the study of humans as "doers" or "occupational beings". As used here, the term "occupation" refers to the intentional or goal-directed activities that characterize daily human life as well as the characteristics and patterns of purposeful activity that occur over lifetimes.

text:
# Occupational science

**Occupational science** is a discipline dedicated to the study of humans as "doers" or "occupational beings". As used here, the term "occupation" refers to the intentional or goal-directed activities that characterize daily human life as well as the characteristics and patterns of purposeful activity that occur over lifetimes.

## History

Occupational science evolved as a loosely organized effort by many scholars in different disciplines to understand human time use. It was named and given additional impetus in 1989 by a team of faculty at the University of Southern California (USC) led by Dr. Elizabeth Yerxa, who had been influenced by the work of graduate students under the supervision of Mary Reilly at the same university. Since its formal beginning at that time, which coincided with the establishment of a Ph.D. program in Occupational Science at USC; occupational science has evolved as an additional source of research to expand empirical knowledge underlying the profession of occupational therapy.

Occupational science was developed by scholars (mainly from the profession of occupational therapy) who drew from original ideas predating the founding of occupational therapy. It may thus be considered as a developing or emerging academic discipline. The substrates (or underlying dimensions) of occupation (*form*, *function*, and *meaning*) are difficult to observe and quantify, and thus require and benefit from a multidisciplinary approach. While both occupational science and occupational therapy are rooted in systems theory and holistic views of human agency, the methods for observing and understanding an occupation's ***form*** (how something is done), ***function*** (its purpose), and ***meaning*** (how it is understood and experienced by the doer) are not always holistic in approach. For instance, disciplines such as biomechanics and psychology inform occupational science but, individually, are not necessarily concerned about how their explanations contribute to an integrated understanding of the factors collectively influencing a person's daily life. Professional practice in occupational therapy can prompt new ideas and spark potential research within the discipline of occupational science; although typically, knowledge from academic disciplines precedes the application of such knowledge in applied fields. Occupational science has the capacity to provide insight into the primary modality of occupational therapy (occupation) through studying the consequences of participation in occupation and its therapeutic benefits. Reciprocally, occupational therapy research may provide insights into how human agency and the factors influencing it change under conditions of illness, disability or therapeutic intervention. Additional viewpoints about these relationships may be found in documents describing relationships between occupational science and occupational therapy that have been published by the World Federation of Occupational Therapists (WFOT) and the Society for the Study of Occupation in the United States (SSO:USA). Research has been reported that begins to delineate key or essential concepts from occupational science as they pertain to the practice of occupational therapy. Further refinement of this work may help focus research initiatives in occupational science to guide educators, scientists, and practitioners to advance the evidence-based use of occupation in occupational therapy practice.

## Relationships between human occupation and health and well-being

Beyond the well-documented benefits of regular physical activity, occupations that engender purpose, competence and self esteem may provide psychological benefits related to satisfying needs for meaning. Living sitations that limit or restrict participation in meaningful occupations (such as geographic isolation, refugeeism or incarceration) or lead to participation in harmful occupations, (such as substance abuse, deviant or risky behaviors), can lead to "illness, isolation and despair," or even death. However, participation in occupations shown to be beneficial or restorative can enhance health. Through participation in engaging or restorative occupations, the mental state of individuals can be improved and result in feelings of regeneration. Sleep, an area of occupation, not only regenerates physical and cognitive processes, but also is required for satisfactory occupational functioning. Participating in other relaxing or tension-reducing occupations, such as (for example) reading a book, getting a massage, going for a walk, exercising, or pursuing an engaging hobby; may provide physical, cognitive and mental restoration, and stress reduction.

Empirical research linking the perceived psychological and physiological benefits of participation in different types of daily human occupation is ongoing. Questions about the nature of different dimensions of human occupation and their influences on human identity, behavior and states of being are viewed by occupational scientists as suitable areas of investigation. Developmental theorists have long hypothesized that the occupations of childhood and activity related events characteristic of different stages of adulthood are critical factors in physical, cognitive and psychological growth and maturation.

Similarly, there is ongoing interest in how patterns of daily time use, including habits, routines, and lifestyles, may be related to states of well being. Adolf Meyer, a prominent early psychiatrist and advocate for occupational therapy in the United States, was among the first to speculate that a regular pattern, rhythm or flow of daily occupations contributed to mental health. Meyer also postulated that the life history of his patients could be used to identify situational conditions and events that helped explain their disorders, thus providing an avenue for prevention through community interventions to promote public health (mental hygiene).

## Academic application

The development of occupational science as an academic discipline has been advanced through the creation of several university-based programs of study leading to undergraduate and graduate degrees in the field. Disciplines within which occupational scientists can be found include architecture, engineering, education, marketing, psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, occupational therapy, public health, and geography. There are several national, regional and international societies dedicated to promoting the evolution of this specialized area of human science. Academic journals containing content directly relevant to occupational science include the *Journal of Occupational Science,* *OTJR: Occupational Therapy Journal of Research, Journal of Happiness Studies, 'Quality of Life Research, *Applied Research in Quality of Life*, Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, The Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, the American Journal of Occupational Therapy* and various other occupational therapy journals.

1. Zemke, R. & Clark, F.(1996). *Occupational Science: The evolving discipline*. Philadelphia, F.A. Davis.
2. Christiansen, C.H. & Townsend, E.A. (Eds) *An introduction to occupation: The art and science of living*.(2nd Ed).Upper Saddle River, NJ, Pearson
3. Yerxa, E.; Clark, F.; Jackson, J.; Parham, D.; Pierce, D.; Stein, C.; et al. (1989). "An introduction to occupational science, A foundation for occupational therapy in the 21st century". *Occupational Therapy in Health Care*. **6** (4): 1–17. doi:10.1080/j003v06n04\_04. PMID 23931133.
4. Reilly, M (1962). "Occupational therapy can be one of the great ideas of 20th Century medicine". *American Journal of Occupational Therapy*. **16**: 1–9. PMID 14491211.
5. Hocking, C.; Wright-St Clair, V. (2011). "Occupational science: Adding value to occupational therapy". *New Zealand Journal of Occupational Therapy*. **58** (1): 29–35.
6. Glover, J (2009). "The literature of occupational science: A systematic, quantitative examination of peer-reviewed publications from 1996-2006". *Journal of Occupational Science*. **16** (2): 92–103. doi:10.1080/14427591.2009.9686648. S2CID 144481077.
7. Wilcock, A (2005). "Occupational science: Bridging occupation and health". *Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy*. **72** (1): 5–12. doi:10.1177/000841740507200105. PMID 15727043. S2CID 28506513.
8. Christiansen, C; Townsend, E (2009). *Introduction to Occupation: The Art and Science of Living* (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. pp. 359–384. ISBN 978-0131999428.
9. Yerxa, E (1993). "Occupational Science: A new source of power for participants in occupational therapy". *Journal of Occupational Science*. **1** (1): 3–9. doi:10.1080/14427591.1993.9686373.
10. Schell, B; Gillen, G (2019). *Willard & Spackman's Occupational Therapy* (13th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer. pp. 124–140. ISBN 9781975106584.
11. Pierce, D (2014). *Occupational Science for Occupational Therapy*. Thorofare, NJ: Slack Inc. ISBN 9781556429330.
12. Howell, D; Pierce, D (2000). "Exploring the forgotten restorative dimension of occupation: Quilting and quilt use". *Journal of Occupational Science*. **7** (2): 68–72. doi:10.1080/14427591.2000.9686467. S2CID 143897295.
13. Backman, C; Christiansen, C; Hooper, B; Pierce, D; Price, P (2021). "Occupational science concepts essential to occupation-based practice: development of expert consensus". *American Journal of Occupational Therapy*. **75** (6): 7506205120. doi:10.5014/ajot.2021.049090. PMID 34817600. S2CID 244529438.
14. Bize, R; Johnson, J; Plotnikoff, R (2007). "Physical activity level and health related quality of life in the general adult population: A systematic review". *Preventive Medicine*. **45** (6): 401–415. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.07.017. PMID 17707498.
15. Baumeister, R; Wilson, B (1996). "Life stories and the four needs for meaning". *Psychological Inquiry*. **7** (4): 322–325. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0704\_2.
16. Whiteford, G (1997). "Occupational deprivation and incarceration". *Journal of Occupational Science*. **4** (3): 126–130. doi:10.1080/14427591.1997.9686429.
17. Tester, N; Jackson, J (2017). "Sleep as an occupational need". *Am J Occup Ther*. **72** (1): 7201347010p1–7201347010p4. doi:10.5014/ajot.2018.020651. PMID 29280728. S2CID 3645061.
18. Clark, F (1993). "Occupation embedded in real life: Interweaving occupational science and occupational therapy". *Am J Occup Ther*. **47** (12): 1067–1078. doi:10.5014/ajot.47.12.1067. PMID 8285206.
19. Christiansen, C (1999). "Defining Lives: Occupation as identity: An essay on competence, coherence and the creation of meaning". *Am J Occup Ther*. **53** (6): 547–558. doi:10.5014/ajot.53.6.547. PMID 10578432.
20. Piaget, J (2000). *The Psychology of the Child*. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0465095001.
21. Vygotsky, L; Cole, M (1978). *Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes*. Boston: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674576292.
22. Erikson, E; Erikson, J (1998). *The Life Cycle Completed*. Norton. ISBN 978-0393317725.
23. Matuska, K; Christiansen, C (2009). *Life Balance: Multidisciplinary Theories and Research*. Thorofare, NJ/Bethesda, MD: Slack/AOTA Press. ISBN 978-1556429064.
24. Eklund, M; Orban, K; Argentzell, E; Bejerholm, U; Tjornstrand, C; Erlandsson, L-K; Hakansson, C (2017). "The linkage between patterns of daily occupations and occupational balance: Applications within occupational science and occupational therapy practice". *Scand J Occup Ther*. **1** (24): 41–56. doi:10.1080/11038128.2016.1224271. PMID 27575654.
25. Christiansen, C (2007). "Adolf Meyer Revisited: Connections between lifestyles, resilience and illness". *Journal of Occupational Science*. **14** (2): 63–76. doi:10.1080/14427591.2007.9686586. S2CID 143957625.
26. Dreyer, B (1976). "Adolf Meyer and Mental Hygiene: An ideal for Public Health". *American Journal of Public Health*. **66** (10): 998–1003. doi:10.2105/AJPH.66.10.998. PMC 1653447. PMID 788532.


title: Official statistics

abstract:
Official statistics are statistics published by government agencies or other public bodies such as international organizations as a public good. They provide quantitative or qualitative information on all major areas of citizens' lives, such as economic and social development, living conditions, health, education, and the environment. During the 15th and 16th centuries, statistics were a method for counting and listing populations and State resources. The term statistics comes from the Neo-Latin statisticum collegium and refers to science of the state. According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), official statistics are statistics disseminated by the national statistical system, excepting those that are explicitly not to be official". Governmental agencies at all levels, including municipal, county, and state administrations, may generate and disseminate official statistics. This broader possibility is accommodated by later definitions. For example:
Almost every country in the world has one or more government agencies that supply decision-makers and other users including the general public and the research community with a continuing flow of information (...). This bulk of data is usually called official statistics. Official statistics should be objective and easily accessible and produced on a continuing basis so that measurement of change is possible. Official statistics result from the collection and processing of data into statistical information by a government institution or international organization. They are then disseminated to help users develop their knowledge about a particular topic or geographical area, make comparisons between countries or understand changes over time. Official statistics make information on economic and social development accessible to the public, allowing the impact of government policies to be assessed, thus improving accountability.

text:
# Official statistics

**Official statistics** are statistics published by government agencies or other public bodies such as international organizations as a public good. They provide quantitative or qualitative information on all major areas of citizens' lives, such as economic and social development, living conditions, health, education, and the environment.

During the 15th and 16th centuries, statistics were a method for counting and listing populations and State resources. The term *statistics* comes from the Neo-Latin *statisticum collegium* (council of state) and refers to *science of the state*. According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), official statistics are statistics disseminated by the national statistical system, excepting those that are explicitly not to be official".

Governmental agencies at all levels, including municipal, county, and state administrations, may generate and disseminate official statistics. This broader possibility is accommodated by later definitions. For example:

> Almost every country in the world has one or more government agencies (usually national institutes) that supply decision-makers and other users including the general public and the research community with a continuing flow of information (...). This bulk of data is usually called official statistics. Official statistics should be objective and easily accessible and produced on a continuing basis so that measurement of change is possible.

Official statistics result from the *collection and processing of data* into statistical information by a government institution or international organization. They are then disseminated to help users develop their knowledge about a particular topic or geographical area, make comparisons between countries or understand changes over time. Official statistics make information on economic and social development accessible to the public, allowing the impact of government policies to be assessed, thus improving accountability.

## Aim

Official statistics provide a picture of a country or different phenomena through data, and images such as graph and maps. Statistical information covers different subject areas (economic, demographic, social etc.). It provides basic information for decision making, evaluations and assessments at different levels.

The goal of statistical organizations is to produce relevant, objective and accurate statistics to keep users well informed and assist good policy and decision-making.

## Various categories

*The Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics* were adopted in 1992 by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, and subsequently endorsed as a global standard by the United Nations Statistical Commission. According to the first Principle "Official statistics provide an indispensable element in the information system of a democratic society, serving the government, the economy and the public with data about the economic, demographic, social and environmental situation".

The categorization of the domains of official statistics has been further developed in the Classification of Statistical Activities, endorsed by the Conference of European Statisticians and various other bodies.

## Most common indicators used in official statistics

Statistical indicators provide an overview of the social, demographic and economic structure of the society. Moreover, these indicators facilitate comparisons between countries and regions.

For **population**, the main indicators concern demographics, such as:

The **gender** statistics include:

In the **employment** category:

There are various indicators for the **economy** such as:

For **trade** indicators we find:

**Environment** indicators include:

For the **energy** field:

## Users

Official statistics are intended for a wide range of users including governments (central and local), research institutions, professional statisticians, journalists and the media, businesses, educational institutions and the general public. There are three types of users: those with a general interest, business interest or research interest. Each of these user groups has different needs for statistical information.

### Users with a general interest

Users with a general interest include the media, schools and the general public. They use official statistics in order to be informed on a particular topic, to observe trends within the society of a local area, country, region of the world.

### Users with a business interest

Users with a business interest include decision makers and users with a particular interest for which they want more detailed information. For them, official statistics are an important reference, providing information on the phenomena or circumstances their own work is focusing on. For instance, those users will take some official statistics into consideration before launching a product, or deciding on a specific policy or on a marketing strategy. As with the general interest users, this group does not usually have a good understanding of statistical methodologies, but they need more detailed information than the general users.

### Users with a research interest

Users with a research interest are universities, consultants and government agencies. They generally understand something about statistical methodology and want to dig deeper into the facts and the statistical observations; they have an analytical purpose in inventing or explaining interrelations of causes and effects of different phenomena. In this field, official statistics are also used to assess a government's policies.

One common point for all these users is their need to be able to *trust* the official information. They need to be confident that the results published are authoritative and unbiased. Producers of official statistics must maintain a reputation of professionalism and independence.

The statistical system must be free from interference that could influence decisions on the choice of sources, methods used for data collection, the selection of results to be released as official, and the timing and form of dissemination. Statistical business processes should be transparent and follow international standards of good practice.

Statistical programs are decided on an annual or multi-annual basis by governments in many countries. They also provide a way to judge the performance of the statistical system.

## Producers at the national level

Official statistics are collected and produced by national statistical organizations (NSOs), or other organizations (e.g. central banks) that form part of the national statistical system in countries where statistical production is de-centralized. These organizations are responsible for producing and disseminating official statistical information, providing the highest quality data. Quality in the context of official statistics is a multi-faceted concept, consisting of components such as relevance, completeness, timeliness, accuracy, accessibility, clarity, cost-efficiency, transparency, comparability and coherence.

The core tasks of NSOs, for both centralized and decentralized systems, are determining user needs and filtering these for relevance. Then they transform the relevant user needs into measurable concepts to facilitate data collection and dissemination. The NSO is in charge of the coordination between statistical producers and of ensuring the coherence and compliance of the statistical system to agreed standards. The NSO has a coordination responsibility as its President/Director General represents the entire national system of official statistics, both at the national and at international levels.

## Production process

The production process of official statistics comprises 8 phases, as documented in the Generic Statistical Business Process Model (GSBPM):

* Specify Needs
* Design
* Build
* Collect
* Process
* Analyze
* Disseminate
* Evaluate

## Data revision

Even after they have been published, some official statistics may be revised. Policy-makers may need preliminary statistics quickly for decision-making purposes, but eventually it is important to publish the best available information, so official statistics are often published in several vignettes.

In order to understand the accuracy of economic data and the possible impact of data errors on macroeconomic decision-making, the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia has published a dataset that records both initial real-time data estimates, and subsequent data revisions, for a large number of macroeconomic series. A similar dataset for Europe has been developed by the Euro-Area Business Cycle Network.

## Data Sources

There are two sources of data for statistics. Primary, or "statistical" sources are data that are collected primarily for creating official statistics, and include statistical surveys and censuses. Secondary, or "non-statistical" sources, are data that have been primarily collected for some other purpose (administrative data, private sector data etc.).

### Statistical survey or sample survey

A statistical survey or a sample survey is an investigation about the characteristics of a phenomenon by means of collecting data from a sample of the population and estimating their characteristics through the systematic use of statistical methodology. The main advantages are the direct control over data collection and the possibility to ask for data according to statistical definitions. Disadvantages include the high cost of data collection and the quality issues relating to non-response and survey errors. There are various survey methods that can be used such as direct interviewing, telephone, mail, online surveys.

### Census

A census is a complete enumeration of a population or groups at a point in time with respect to well-defined characteristics (population, production). Data are collected for a specific reference period. A census should be taken at regular intervals in order to have comparable information available, therefore, most statistical censuses are conducted every 5 or 10 years. Data are usually collected through questionnaires mailed to respondents, via the Internet, or completed by an enumerator visiting respondents, or contacting them by telephone. An advantage is that censuses provide better data than surveys for small geographic areas or sub-groups of the population. Census data can also provide a basis for sampling frames used in subsequent surveys. The major disadvantage of censuses is usually the high cost associated with planning and conducting them, and processing the resulting data.

In 2005, the United Nations Economic and Social Council adopted a resolution urging: "Member States to carry out a population and housing census and to disseminate census results as an essential source of information for small area, national, regional and international planning and development; and to provide census results to national stakeholders as well as the United Nations and other appropriate intergovernmental organizations to assist in studies on population, environment, and socio-economic development issues and programs".

### Register

A register is a database that is updated continuously for a specific purpose and from which statistics can be collected and produced. It contains information on a complete group of units. An advantage is the *total coverage* even if collecting and processing represent *low cost*. It allows producing more detailed statistics than using surveys. Different registers can be combined and linked together on the basis of defined keys (personal identification codes, business identification codes, address codes etc.). Moreover, individual administrative registers are usually of high quality and very detailed. A disadvantage is the *possible under-coverage* that can be the case if the incentive or the cultural tradition of registering events and changes are weak, if the classification principles of the register are not clearly defined or if the classifications do not correspond to the needs of statistical production to be derived from them.

There are different types of registers:

* *Administrative registers* or *records* can help the NSI in collecting data. Using the existing administrative data for statistical production may be approved by the public because it can be seen as a cost efficient method; individuals and enterprises are less harassed by a response burden; data security is better as fewer people handle it and data have an electronic format.
* *Private registers* such as registers operated by insurance companies and employer organizations can also be used in the production process of official statistics, providing there is an agreement or legislation on this.
* *Statistical registers* are frequently based on combined data from different administrative registers or other data sources.
* For businesses, it is often legally indispensable to be registered in their country to a *business register* which is a system that makes business information collection easier.
* It is possible to find *agricultural registers* and *registers of dwellings*.

Even though different types of data collection exist, the best estimates are based on a combination of different sources providing the strengths and reducing the weakness of each individual source.

## Official Statistics presentation

Official statistics can be presented in different ways. Analytical texts and tables are the most traditional ways. Graphs and charts summarize data highlighting information content visually. They can be extremely effective in expressing key results, or illustrating a presentation. Sometimes a picture is worth a thousand words. Graphs and charts usually have a heading describing the topic.

There are different types of graphic but usually the data determine the type that is going to be used.

* To illustrate changes over time, a line chart would be recommended. This is usually used to display variables whose values represent a regular progression.

* For categorical data, it is better to use a bar graph either vertical or horizontal. They are often used to represent percentages and rates and also to compare countries, groups or illustrate changes over time. The same variable can be plotted against itself for two groups. An example of this is the age pyramid.
* Pie chart can be used to represent share of 100 per cent. Pie charts highlight the topic well only when there are few segments.
* Stacked bar charts, whether vertical or horizontal, are used to compare compositions across categories. They can be used to compare percentage composition and are most effective for categories that add up to 100 per cent, which make a full stacked bar chart. Their use is usually restricted to a small number of categories.
* Tables are a complement to related texts and support the analysis. They help to minimize numbers in the description and also eliminate the need to discuss small variables that are not essential. Tables rank data by order or other hierarchies to make the numbers easily understandable. They usually show the figures from the highest to the lowest.
* Another type of visual presentation of statistical information is thematic map. They can be used to illustrate differences or similarities between geographical areas, regions or countries. The most common statistical map that is used is called the choropleth map where different shades of a color are used to highlight contrasts between regions; darker color means a greater statistical value. This type of map is best used for ratio data but for other data, proportional or graduated symbol maps, such as circles, are preferred. The size of the symbol increases in proportion to the value of the observed object.

## Release

Official statistics are part of our everyday life. They are everywhere: in newspapers, on television and radio, in presentations and discussions. For most citizens, the media provide their only exposure to official statistics. Television is the primary news source for citizens in industrialized countries, even if radio and newspapers still play an important role in the dissemination of statistical information. On the other hand, newspapers and specialized economic and social magazines can provide more detailed coverage of statistical releases as the information on a specific theme can be quite extensive. Official statistics provides us with important information on the situation and the development trends in our society.

Users can gather information making use of the services of the National Statistical Offices. They can easily find it on the agency's website. The development of computing technologies and the Internet has enabled users - businesses, educational institutions and households among others- to have access to statistical information. The Internet has become an important tool for statistical producers to disseminate their data and information. People are able to access information online. The supply of information from statistical agencies has increased. Today the advanced agencies provide the information on their websites in an understandable way, often categorized for different groups of users. Several glossaries have been set up by different organizations or statistical offices to provide more information and definitions in the field of statistics and consequently official statistics.

## Quality criteria to be respected

The quality criteria of a national statistical office are the following: relevance, impartiality, dissemination, independence, transparency, confidentiality, international standards . There principles apply not only to the NSO but to all producers of official statistics. Therefore, not every figure reported by a public body should be considered as official statistics, but those produced and disseminated according to the principles. Adherence to these principles will enhance the credibility of the NSO and other official statistical producers and build public trust in the reliability of the information and results that are produced.

### Relevance

Relevance is the first and most important principles to be respected for national statistical offices. When releasing information, data and official statistics should be relevant in order to fulfil the needs of users as well as both public and private sector decision makers. Production of official statistics is relevant if it corresponds to different user needs like public, governments, businesses, research community, educational institutions, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and international organizations or if it satisfies basic information in each area and citizen's right to information.

### Impartiality

Once the survey has been made, the NSO checks the quality of the results and then they have to be disseminated no matter what impact they can have on some users, whether good or bad. All should accept the results released by the NSO as authoritative. Users need to perceive the results as unbiased representation of relevant aspects of the society. Moreover, the impartiality principle implies the fact that NSOs have to use understandable terminology for statistics' dissemination, questionnaires and material published so that everyone can have access to their information.

### Dissemination

In order to maximize dissemination, statistics should be presented in a way that facilitates proper interpretation and meaningful comparisons. To reach the general public and non-expert users when disseminating, NSOs have to add explanatory comments to explain the significance of the results released and make analytical comments when necessary. There is a need to identify clearly what the preliminary, final and revised results are, in order to avoid confusion for users. All results of official statistics have to be publicly accessible. There are no results that should be characterized as official and for the exclusive use of the government. Moreover, they should be disseminated simultaneously.

### Independence

Users can be consulted by NSOs but the decisions should be made by statistical bodies. Information and activities of producers of official statistics should be independent of political control. Moreover, NSOs have to be free of any political interference that could influence their work and thus, the results. They should not make any political advice or policy-perspective comments on the results released at any time, even at press conferences or in interviews with the media.

### Transparency

The need for transparency is essential for NSOs to gain the trust of the public. They have to expose to the public the methods they use to produce official statistics, and be accountable for all the decisions they take and the results they publish. Also, statistical producers should warn users of certain interpretations and false conclusions even if they try to be as precise as possible. Furthermore, the quality of the accurate and timely results must be assessed prior to release. But if errors in the results occur before or after the data revision, they should be directly corrected and information should be disseminated to the users at the earliest possible time. Producers of official statistics have to set analytical systems in order to change or improve their activities and methods.

### Confidentiality

All data collected by the national statistical office must protect the privacy of individual respondents, whether persons or businesses. But on the contrary, government units such as institutions cannot invoke statistical confidentiality. All respondents have to be informed about the purpose and legal basis of the survey and especially about the confidentiality measures. The statistical office should not release any information that could identify an individual or group without prior consent. After data collection, replies should go back directly to the statistical producer, without involving any intermediary. Data processing implies that filled-in paper and electronic form with full names should be destroyed.

### International standards

The use of international standards at the national level aims to improve international comparability for national users and facilitate decision-making, especially when controversial. Moreover, the overall structure, including concepts and definitions, should follow internationally accepted standards, guidelines or good practices. International recommendations and standards for statistical methods approved by many countries provide them with a common basis like the two standards of the International Monetary Fund, SDDS for Special Data Dissemination Standard (SDDS) and General Data Dissemination System (GDDS). Their aim is to guide countries in the dissemination of their economic and financial data to the public. Once approved, these standards have to be observed by all producers of official statistics and not only by the NSO.

## Further reading

## External sources


title: Office of Professional Medical Conduct

abstract: The Office of Professional Medical Conduct (OPMC) is a branch of the New York State Department of Health. The OPMC is charged with investigating complaints against physicians, unlicensed and licensed residents, and physician assistants in New York. In 1976, the Board for Professional Medical Conduct (BPMC) was created under the auspices of the State Health Department, and has continued in that capacity since that time. The mission of the OPMC is to "protect the public from medical negligence, incompetence and illegal or unethical practice by physicians.", The OPMC's hierarchical structure is such that the program falls under the control of the Commissioner of Health, currently Howard A. Zucker. Arthur S. Hengerer is the current Chairman of the Board for Professional Medical Conduct. Keith Servis is the director of the Office of Professional Medical Conduct. Based on the 2008-2009 Annual Report, the OPMC investigated 9,103 complaints in 2009. About 51% of these complaints were generated by the public. There were 154 serious sanctions against licenses in 2009, with 88 censure and reprimands.

text:
# Office of Professional Medical Conduct

The **Office of Professional Medical Conduct** (**OPMC**) is a branch of the New York State Department of Health. The OPMC is charged with investigating complaints against physicians, unlicensed and licensed residents, and physician assistants in New York. In 1976, the Board for Professional Medical Conduct (BPMC) was created under the auspices of the State Health Department, and has continued in that capacity since that time. The mission of the OPMC is to "protect the public from medical negligence, incompetence and illegal or unethical practice by physicians.",

The OPMC's hierarchical structure is such that the program falls under the control of the Commissioner of Health, currently Howard A. Zucker. Arthur S. Hengerer is the current Chairman of the Board for Professional Medical Conduct. Keith Servis is the director of the Office of Professional Medical Conduct.

Based on the 2008-2009 Annual Report, the OPMC investigated 9,103 complaints in 2009. About 51% of these complaints were generated by the public. There were 154 serious sanctions against licenses in 2009, with 88 censure and reprimands.


title: Office of Professional Responsibility

abstract: The Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR), part of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) and supervised by the FBI, is responsible for investigating lawyers employed by the Department of Justice who have been accused of misconduct or crime in the exercise of their professional functions.

text:
# Office of Professional Responsibility

The **Office of Professional Responsibility** (**OPR**), part of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) and supervised by the FBI, is responsible for investigating lawyers employed by the Department of Justice who have been accused of misconduct or crime in the exercise of their professional functions.

## History

The OPR was established in 1975 by order of then Attorney General Edward Levi, following revelations of ethical abuse and serious misconduct by senior DOJ officials during the Watergate scandal. The order directed OPR to "receive and review any information concerning conduct by a Department employee that may be in violation of law, regulations or orders, or applicable standards of conduct."

## Mission

OPR's primary mission is to ensure that DOJ attorneys perform their duties in accordance with professional standards.

The OPR promulgates independent standards of ethical and criminal conduct for DOJ attorneys, while the DOJ's Office of the Inspector General (OIG) has jurisdiction of non-attorney DOJ employees.

The OPR receives reports of allegations of misconduct made against DOJ attorneys from many sources. Nearly half of all such allegations are reported to OPR by DOJ sources, such as the attorney involved. The remaining complaints come from a variety of sources, including private attorneys, defendants and civil litigants, other federal agencies, state or local government officials, judicial and congressional referrals, and media reports. OPR gives expedited attention to judicial findings of misconduct.

The OPR reviews each allegation and determines whether further investigation is warranted. The determination is a matter of investigative judgment that weighs many factors, including the nature of the allegation, its apparent credibility, its specificity, its susceptibility to verification, and the source of the allegation. A decision to open a matter does not give rise to a presumption of misconduct, nor shift the burden of proof to the accused person. The OPR's investigations involve a wide range of allegations, and the investigative methods used vary accordingly.

In many cases, the OPR notifies the accused attorney and requests a written response. Sometimes, the OPR also makes on-site investigations. The OPR reports the results of the investigation to the component head concerned and to the Office of the Deputy Attorney General. The OPR also advises the complainant and the accused attorney of its conclusion.

## List of directors

| No. | Director | | Term | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Portrait | Name | Took office | Left office | Term length |
| 1 |  | Shaheen, Michael**Michael Shaheen** | December 8, 1975 | December 30, 1997 | 22 years, 22 days |
|  |  | Rogers, Richard**Richard Rogers**
*Acting* | December 30, 1997 | May 21, 1998 | 142 days |
| 2 |  | Jarrett, H. Marshall**H. Marshall Jarrett** | May 21, 1998 | April 8, 2009 | 10 years, 322 days |
|  |  | Brown, H. Mary Patrice**Mary Patrice Brown**
*Acting* | April 8, 2009 | December 23, 2010 | 1 year, 259 days |
| 3 |  | Ashton, Robin**Robin Ashton** | December 23, 2010 | September 2018 | c. 7 years, 266 days |
| 4 |  | Amundson, Corey**Corey Amundson** | October 2, 2018 | September 30, 2019 | 363 days |
|  |  | Ragsdale, Jeffrey**Jeffrey Ragsdale**
*Acting* | September 30, 2019 | May 19, 2020 | 232 days |
| 5 |  | Ragsdale, Jeffrey**Jeffrey Ragsdale** | May 19, 2020 | *Incumbent* | 4 years, 141 days |

## InfoBox

Office of Professional Responsibility
| Seal of the DOJ's Office of Professional Responsibility | |
| --- | --- |
| Office overview | |
| Formed | December 8, 1975 (1975-12-08) |
| Jurisdiction | Department of Justice |
| Headquarters | 950 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C., U.S.
38°53′35.52″N 77°1′30″W / 38.8932000°N 77.02500°W / 38.8932000; -77.02500 |
| Office executive | * Jeffrey R. Ragsdale, Director and Chief Counsel |
| Parent department | Department of Justice |
| Website | justice.gov/opr |


title: Oh Lately It's So Quiet

abstract: "Oh Lately It's So Quiet" is the third single released by the band OK Go, from their second album Oh No. It was released for US radio stations only. An acoustic version of the song was released on the previous single in the UK, "Do What You Want". No video was produced to promote the song. It was later released as a live version on their album Live from the Fillmore – New York at Irving Plaza. The song was featured in an episode of One Tree Hill.

text:
# Oh Lately It's So Quiet

"**Oh Lately It's So Quiet**" is the third single released by the band OK Go, from their second album *Oh No*. It was released for US radio stations only. An acoustic version of the song was released on the previous single in the UK, "Do What You Want". No video was produced to promote the song. It was later released as a live version on their album *Live from the Fillmore – New York at Irving Plaza*. The song was featured in an episode of *One Tree Hill*.

## Track listing

### U.S. promo CD single

1. "Oh Lately It's So Quiet" (edit)
2. "Oh Lately It's So Quiet" (album version)

## InfoBox

| "Oh Lately It's So Quiet" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by OK Go | |
| from the album  *Oh No* | |
| Released | May 2006 |
| Recorded | 2004–2005 |
| Genre | Alternative rock |
| Length | 3:00 |
| Label | Capitol |
| Songwriter(s) | Damian Kulash |
| Producer(s) | Tore Johansson |
| OK Go singles chronology | |
| "Do What You Want"
(2006) "**Oh Lately It's So Quiet**"
(2006) "Invincible"
(2006) | |


title: Official Subscription Plays Chart

abstract: The Official Subscription Plays Chart was a music chart based on the number of plays of songs on subscription-based services in the United Kingdom. It was compiled weekly by the Official Charts Company (OCC), until November 2013. Each week's number one was published on a dedicated webpage of the OCC's official website—this webpage first went live in mid-2009.

text:
# Official Subscription Plays Chart

The **Official Subscription Plays Chart** was a music chart based on the number of plays of songs on subscription-based services in the United Kingdom. It was compiled weekly by the Official Charts Company (OCC), until November 2013. Each week's number one was published on a dedicated webpage of the OCC's official website—this webpage first went live in mid-2009.

## History

The Official Subscription Plays Chart was launched for the first time on 22 September 2008, for a trial period of six months. Initially, it was solely based on digital plays from the subscription services HMV, MusicStation, Napster and the Nokia Music Store, all of which charged users a monthly fee. The data that these services supplied was compiled into a record chart of the 500 most-played tracks—each week also featured top-line market statistics.

When first launched, the Official Subscription Plays Chart tracked between 3 million and 3.5 million digital plays per week (with a weekly average of more than 3.2 million), across a library of approximately 340,000 unique tracks. The first song to top the chart was "I Kissed a Girl" by Katy Perry. As well as songs that were charting high in the companion UK Singles Chart, the first ever Official Subscription Plays Chart also featured album tracks from records by bands such as Elbow, The Verve and Glasvegas. According to the British Phonographic Industry, "the Official Subscription Plays Chart underlines the greater tendency to experiment among users of subscription services".

In May 2012, the OCC launched the Official Audio Streaming Chart which was (according to the OCC Facebook page) "a much broader panel of the biggest streaming services including Spotify and Deezer. It also counts all audio streams whether that be ad-funded (e.g. free Spotify accounts), and premium subscription account streams." The two charts ran alongside each other until November 2013 when the Subscription Plays Chart was scrapped and audio streams counted towards the Official Singles Chart from July 2014.


title: Ofuda

abstract: Jingū taima In Shinto and Buddhism in Japan, an ofuda or gofu (護符) is a talisman made out of various materials such as paper, wood, cloth or metal. Ofuda are commonly found in both Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples and are considered to be imbued with the power of the deities (kami) or Buddhist figures revered therein. Certain kinds of ofuda are intended for a specific purpose and may be kept on one's person or placed on other areas of the home. Paper ofuda may also be referred to as kamifuda (紙札), while those made of wood may be called kifuda (木札). Omamori, another kind of Japanese talisman, shares the same origin as and may be considered as a smaller and portable version of ofuda. A specific type of ofuda is a talisman issued by a Shinto shrine on which is written the name of the shrine or its enshrined kami and stamped with the shrine's seal. Such ofuda, also called shinsatsu (神札), go-shinsatsu (御神札) or shinpu (神符), are often placed on household Shinto altars (kamidana) and revered both as a symbol of the shrine and its deity – containing the kami's essence or power by virtue of its consecration – and a medium through which the kami in question can be accessed by the worshiper. In this regard they are somewhat similar to goshintai, physical objects which serve as repositories for kami in Shinto shrines. In a similar vein, Buddhist ofuda are regarded as imbued with the spirit and the virtue of buddhas, bodhisattvas, or other revered figures of the Buddhist pantheon, essentially functioning in many cases as a more economic alternative to Buddhist icons and statuary.

text:
# Ofuda

In Shinto and Buddhism in Japan, an ***ofuda*** (お札/御札, honorific form of *fuda*, 'slip \[of paper\], card, plate') or ***gofu*** (護符) is a talisman made out of various materials such as paper, wood, cloth or metal. *Ofuda* are commonly found in both Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples and are considered to be imbued with the power of the deities (*kami*) or Buddhist figures revered therein.

Certain kinds of *ofuda* are intended for a specific purpose (such as protection against calamity or misfortune, safety within the home, or finding love) and may be kept on one's person or placed on other areas of the home (such as gates, doorways, kitchens, or ceilings). Paper *ofuda* may also be referred to as *kamifuda* (紙札), while those made of wood may be called *kifuda* (木札). *Omamori*, another kind of Japanese talisman, shares the same origin as and may be considered as a smaller and portable version of *ofuda*.

A specific type of *ofuda* is a talisman issued by a Shinto shrine on which is written the name of the shrine or its enshrined *kami* and stamped with the shrine's seal. Such *ofuda*, also called *shinsatsu* (神札), *go-shinsatsu* (御神札) or *shinpu* (神符), are often placed on household Shinto altars (*kamidana*) and revered both as a symbol of the shrine and its deity (or deities) – containing the *kami*'s essence or power by virtue of its consecration – and a medium through which the *kami* in question can be accessed by the worshiper. In this regard they are somewhat similar to (but not the same as) *goshintai*, physical objects which serve as repositories for *kami* in Shinto shrines.

In a similar vein, Buddhist *ofuda* are regarded as imbued with the spirit and the virtue of buddhas, bodhisattvas, or other revered figures of the Buddhist pantheon, essentially functioning in many cases as a more economic alternative to Buddhist icons and statuary.

## History

The origins of Shinto and Buddhist *ofuda* may be traced from both the Taoist *lingfu*, introduced to Japan via Onmyōdō (which adopted elements of Taoism), and woodblock prints of Buddhist texts and images produced by temples since the Nara and Heian periods. During the medieval period, the three shrines of Kumano in Wakayama Prefecture stamped their paper talismans on one side with intricate designs of stylized crows and were called *Kumano Goōfu* (熊野牛王符, 'Kumano Ox King Talismans') or the *Goōhōin* (牛王宝印). At the time, these and similar *gofu* were often employed in oath taking and contract drafting, with the terms of the oath or agreement being written on the blank side of the sheet.

The *shinsatsu* currently found in most Shinto shrines meanwhile are modeled after the talisman issued by the Grand Shrines of Ise (Ise Jingū) called *Jingū Taima* (神宮大麻). *Jingū Taima* were originally purification wands (祓串, *haraegushi*) that wandering preachers associated with the shrines of Ise (御師, *oshi or onshi*) handed out to devotees across the country as a sign and guarantee that prayers were conducted on their behalf. These wands, called *Oharai Taima* (御祓大麻), were contained either in packets of folded paper – in which case they are called *kenharai* (剣祓) (also *kenbarai*), due to the packet's shape resembling a sword blade (, *ken*) – or in boxes called *oharaibako* (御祓箱). The widespread distribution of *Oharai Taima* first began in the Muromachi period and reached its peak in the Edo period: a document dating from 1777 (An'ei 6) indicates that eighty-nine to ninety percent of all households in the country at the time owned an Ise talisman.

In 1871, an imperial decree abolished the *oshi* and allotted the production and distribution of the amulets, now renamed *Jingū Taima*, to the shrine's administrative offices. It was around this time that the talisman's most widely known form – a wooden tablet containing a sliver of cedar wood known as *gyoshin* (御真, "sacred core") wrapped in paper on which is printed the shrine's name (*Tenshō Kōtai Jingū* (天照皇大神宮)) and stamped with the seals of the shrine (*Kōtai Jingū Gyoji* (皇大神宮御璽)) and its high priest (*Daijingūji no In* (大神宮司之印)) – developed. In 1900, a new department, the *Kanbesho* (神部署, Department of Priests), took over production and distribution duties. The distribution of *Jingū Taima* was eventually delegated to the National Association of Shinto Priests (全国神職会, *Zenkoku Shinshokukai*) in 1927 and finally to its successor, the Association of Shinto Shrines, after World War II. The Association nowadays continues to disseminate *Jingū Taima* to affiliated shrines throughout Japan, where they are made available alongside the shrines' own amulets.

## Varieties and usage

*Ofuda* come in a variety of forms. Some are slips or sheets of paper, others like the *Jingū Taima* are thin rectangular plaques (*kakubarai/kakuharai* (角祓)) enclosed in an envelope-like casing (which may further be covered in translucent wrapping paper), while still others are wooden tablets (*kifuda*) which may be smaller or larger than regular *shinsatsu*. Some shrines distribute *kenharai*, which consists of a sliver of wood placed inside a fold of paper. The *Oharai Taima* issued by the shrines of Ise before the Meiji period were usually in the form of *kenharai*; while the *kakuharai* variety is currently more widespread, *Jingū Taima* of the *kenharai* type are still distributed in Ise Shrine.

*Ofuda* and *omamori* are available year round in many shrines and temples, especially in larger ones with a permanent staff. As these items are sacred, they are technically not 'bought' but rather 'received' (授かる, *sazukaru*) or *ukeru* (受ける), with the money paid in exchange for them being considered to be a donation or offering (初穂料, *hatsuhoryō*, literally 'first fruit fee'). One may also receive a wooden talisman called a *kitōfuda* (祈祷札) after having formal prayers or rituals (*kitō* (祈祷)) performed on one's behalf in these places of worship.

### Shinto

*Shinsatsu* such as *Jingū Taima* are enshrined in a household altar (*kamidana*) or a special stand (*ofudatate*); in the absence of one, they may be placed upright in a clean and tidy space above eye level or attached to a wall. *Shinsatsu* and the *kamidana* that house them are set up facing east (where the sun rises), south (the principal direction of sunshine), or southeast.

The Association of Shinto Shrines recommends that a household own at least three kinds of *shinsatsu*:

1. *Jingū Taima*
2. The *ofuda* of the tutelary deity of one's place of residence (*ujigami*)
3. The *ofuda* of a shrine one is personally devoted to *sūkei jinja* (崇敬神社)

In a 'three-door' style (三社造, *sansha-zukuri*) altar, the *Jingū Taima* is placed in the middle, with the *ofuda* of one's local *ujigami* on its left (observer's right) and the *ofuda* of one's favourite shrine on its right (observer's left). Alternatively, in a 'one-door' style (一社造, *issha-zukuri*) *kamidana*, the three talismans are laid on top of one another, with the *Jingū Taima* on the front. One may own more *shinsatsu*; these are placed on either side of or behind the aforementioned three. Regular (preferably daily) worship before the *shinsatsu* or *kamidana* and offerings of rice, salt, water, and/or *sake* to the *kami* (with additional foodstuffs being offered on special occasions) are recommended. The manner of worship is similar to those performed in shrines: two bows, two claps, and a final bow, though a prayer (*norito*) – also preceded by two bows – may be recited before this.

Other *ofuda* are placed in other parts of the house. For instance, *ofuda* of patron deities of the hearth – Sanbō-Kōjin in Buddhism, Kamado-Mihashira-no-Kami (the 'Three Deities of the Hearth': Kagutsuchi, Okitsuhiko and Okitsuhime) in Shinto – are placed in the kitchen. In toilets, a talisman of the Buddhist wrathful deity Ucchuṣma (Ususama Myōō), who is believed to purify the unclean, may be installed. Protective *gofu* such as *Tsuno Daishi* (角大師, 'Horned Great Master'), a depiction of the Tendai monk Ryōgen in the form of a yaksha or an *oni* are placed on doorways or entrances.

Japanese spirituality lays great importance on purity and pristineness (*tokowaka* (常若, lit.'eternal youth')), especially of things related to the divine. It is for this reason that periodic (usually annual) replacement of *ofuda* and *omamori* are encouraged. It is customary to obtain new *ofuda* before the end of the year at the earliest or during the New Year season, though (as with *omamori*) one may purchase one at other times of the year as well. While ideally, old *ofuda* and *omamori* are to be returned to the shrine or temple where they were obtained as a form of thanksgiving, most Shinto shrines in practice accept talismans from other shrines. (Buddhist *ofuda* are however not accepted in many shrines and vice versa.) Old *ofuda* and *omamori* are burned in a ceremony known either as *Sagichō* (左義長) or *Dondoyaki* (どんど焼き), also *Dontoyaki* or *Tondoyaki*) held during the Little New Year (January 14th or 15th), the end of the Japanese New Year season.

## Explanatory notes

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2. Wen, Benebell (2016). *The Tao of Craft: Fu Talismans and Casting Sigils in the Eastern Esoteric Tradition*. North Atlantic Books. p. 55. ISBN 978-1623170677.
3. Hida, Hirofumi (火田博文) (2017). *日本人が知らない神社の秘密 (Nihonjin ga shiranai jinja no himitsu)*. Saizusha. p. 22. Archived from the original on 2022-04-07. Retrieved 2020-05-23.
4. Mitsuhashi, Takeshi (三橋健) (2007). *神社の由来がわかる小事典 (Jinja no yurai ga wakaru kojiten)*. PHP Kenkyūsho. p. 115. ISBN 9784569693965. Archived from the original on 2022-05-05. Retrieved 2020-05-23.
5. Chijiwa, Itaru (千々和到) (2010). *日本の護符文化 (Nihon no gofu bunka)*. Kōbundō. pp. 33–34.
6. Machida City Museum of Graphic Arts, ed. (1994). *大和路の仏教版画―中世・勧進・結縁・供養 (Yamatoji no bukkyō hanga: chūsei, kanjin, kechien, kuyō)*. Tokyo Bijutsu. pp. 4–9, 94. ISBN 4-8087-0608-3.
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27. "Ofuda (talisman)". *Green Shinto*. 30 July 2011. Archived from the original on 2020-05-29. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
28. "お神札（ふだ）のまつり方 (Ofuda no matsurikata)". *Association of Shinto Shrines (Jinja Honchō)*. Archived from the original on 2020-05-21. Retrieved 2020-05-23.
29. "お神札・神棚について". *Tokyo Jinjachō* (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2020-04-27. Retrieved 2020-05-23.
30. Toyozaki, Yōko (2007). *「日本の衣食住」まるごと事典 (Who Invented Natto?)*. IBC Publishing. pp. 59–61. ISBN 9784896846409. Archived from the original on 2022-05-05. Retrieved 2020-05-23.
31. "神棚と神拝作法について教えて下さい。". *武蔵御嶽神社 (Musashi Mitake Jinja)* (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2020-09-26. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
32. "神棚の祀り方と参拝方法". *熊野ワールド【神々の宿る熊野の榊】* (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2019-10-29. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
33. "奥津彦命・奥津姫命のご利益や特徴". *日本の神様と神社* (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2021-04-15. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
34. "奥津日子神". *神魔精妖名辞典*. Archived from the original on 2020-12-01. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
35. "烏枢沙摩明王とは". *うすさま.net* (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2020-02-19. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
36. Matsuura, Thersa (2019-11-24). "The Great Horned Master (Tsuno Daishi) (Ep. 43)". *Uncanny Japan*. Archived from the original on 2022-07-29. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
37. Groner, Paul (2002). *Ryōgen and Mount Hiei: Japanese Tendai in the Tenth Century*. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 297–298. ISBN 9780824822606. Archived from the original on 2022-07-29. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
38. Reader, Ian; Tanabe, George J. (1998). *Practically Religious: Worldly Benefits and the Common Religion of Japan*. University of Hawaii Press. p. 196. ISBN 9780824820909. Archived from the original on 2022-07-29. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
39. "御神札について教えてください。". *武蔵御嶽神社 (Musashi Mitake Jinja)* (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2020-12-01. Retrieved 2020-05-23.
40. "お守りの扱い方". *由加山蓮台寺 (Yugasan Rendai-ji)* (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2018-08-30. Retrieved 2020-05-23.
41. "知っているようで知らない 神社トリビア②". *Jinjya.com*. Archived from the original on 2020-09-19. Retrieved 2020-05-23.
42. "どんど焼き". *菊名神社 (Kikuna Jinja)* (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2021-03-03. Retrieved 2020-05-23.
43. "どんど焼き【どんと祭り】古いお札やお守りの処理の仕方". *豆知識PRESS* (in Japanese). 22 December 2019. Archived from the original on 2020-09-30. Retrieved 2020-05-23.
44. "霊験無比なる「太上秘法鎮宅霊符」". *星田妙見宮 (Hoshida Myōken-gū)* (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2020-03-25. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
45. 国書刊行会 (Kokusho Hankōkai), ed. (1915). *信仰叢書 (Shinkō-sōsho)* (in Japanese). 国書刊行会 (Kokusho Hankōkai). pp. 354–363. Archived from the original on 2022-07-29. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
46. "京のおまじない「逆さ札」と天下の大泥棒・石川五右衛門". *WebLeaf* (in Japanese). 2 December 2019. Archived from the original on 2020-08-04. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
47. "「十二月廿五日」五右衛門札貼り替え 嘉穂劇場". *Mainichi Shimbun* (in Japanese). 2017-12-26. Archived from the original on 2022-07-29. Retrieved 2020-05-25.

## Further reading

* Nelson, Andrew N., *Japanese-English Character Dictionary*, Charles E. Tuttle Company: Publishers, Tokyo, 1999, ISBN 4-8053-0574-6
* Masuda Koh, *Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary*, Kenkyusha Limited, Tokyo, 1991, ISBN 4-7674-2015-6


title: Ogden Air Logistics Complex

abstract: The Ogden Air Logistics Complex (OO-ALC) performs programmed depot maintenance on a number of US Air Force weapon systems. Specifically it supports A-10 Thunderbolt II, B-2 Spirit, F-16 Fighting Falcon, and LGM-30G Minuteman III systems. Additionally, the center is responsible for landing gear systems, conventional munitions, solid propellants, and composite materials. It is located at Hill Air Force Base. The former Ogden Air Logistics Center was re-designated as the Ogden Air Logistics Complex on 12 July 2012. Since 2012 the Complex has supervised the 309th Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base.

text:
# Ogden Air Logistics Complex

The **Ogden Air Logistics Complex** (**OO-ALC**) performs programmed depot maintenance on a number of US Air Force weapon systems. Specifically it supports A-10 Thunderbolt II, B-2 Spirit, F-16 Fighting Falcon, and LGM-30G Minuteman III systems. Additionally, the center is responsible for landing gear systems, conventional munitions, solid propellants, and composite materials. It is located at Hill Air Force Base.

The former Ogden Air Logistics Center was re-designated as the Ogden Air Logistics Complex on 12 July 2012.

Since 2012 the Complex has supervised the 309th Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base.

## Lineage

* Established as Ogden Air Depot Control Area Command on 19 January 1943. Activated on 1 February 1943.
* Redesignated:

Ogden Air Service Command on 17 May 1943; Ogden Air Technical Service Command on 14 November 1944; Ogden Air Materiel Area on 2 July 1946; Ogden Air Logistics Center on 1 April 1974; Ogden Air Logistics Complex, 12 July 2012.

## List of commanders

## InfoBox

| Ogden Air Logistics Complex | |
| --- | --- |
| Complex badge | |
| Active | 1943 (1943)–present |
| Country | United States |
| Branch | United States Air Force |
| Type | Air Logistics Complex |
| Role | Logistics, support, maintenance and distribution |
| Size | 8,100 personnel |
| Part of | Air Force Sustainment Center |
| Headquarters | Hill Air Force Base, Utah |
| Commanders | |
| Current<br>commander | Major General Kenyon Bell |


title: Old Carthusians F.C.

abstract: Old Carthusians Football Club is an association football club whose players are former pupils of Charterhouse School in Godalming, Surrey, England. The club was established in 1876 and won the FA Cup in 1881, as well as the FA Amateur Cup in 1894 and 1897. The club currently plays in the Arthurian League and have won the 'double' of league and Arthur Dunn Cup in 2006, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017 and 2019.

text:
# Old Carthusians F.C.

**Old Carthusians Football Club** is an association football club whose players are former pupils of Charterhouse School in Godalming, Surrey, England. The club was established in 1876 and won the FA Cup in 1881, as well as the FA Amateur Cup in 1894 and 1897. The club currently plays in the Arthurian League and have won the 'double' of league and Arthur Dunn Cup in 2006, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017 and 2019.

## History

The club was formed from the former pupils of Charterhouse School in Godalming, Surrey, during 1876. Reports in the press of games taking place at the school had appeared since March 1853 and Charterhouse had been one of the founding teams of The Football Association. It was one of several clubs formed from the old boys of public schools in England during the 19th century. Other clubs formed in similar circumstances include Old Etonians and Old Westminsters. Other former members of the school had previously founded Stoke-on-Trent F.C. in 1867, which would go on to be known as Stoke City. Old Carthusians entered the FA Cup for the first time in 1879–80. At the time of the founding of the Football League in 1888, Old Carthusians was the most southern team to be interested in joining the Northern dominated league, but were never added to the league. Old Carthusians became one of only four clubs to win the FA Cup in the first eleven years it was awarded when they won the trophy in 1881, defeating the aforementioned Old Etonians.

In 1883, they reached the semi-finals once more, and lost to Blackburn Olympic in a game which marked a change in football during the late 19th century away from the old boys clubs that had been so successful over the game's first real decade, to that of the working man's clubs. In comparison, while the Carthusians were made up of educated men, the professions of the players among the Olympic side included a dentist, a plumber, iron-foundry workers and three weavers. The *Athletic News* promoted the game as "patricians" versus "plebeians".

Following the introduction of the FA Amateur Cup in 1893, Old Carthusians won the title twice, in 1894 and 1897, and reached the final a total of three times out of the first four occasions in which it was awarded. Prior to the first final, where they defeated Casuals 2–1, an argument broke out over the use of penalties. An Old Carthusian spokesman said, "Penalties are an unpleasant indication that our conduct and honesty are not all it should be." In 1894 they were invited to join the newly formed Southern League along with a number of team including fellow old boys club Old Westminsters. The old boys teams refused to join the new league and tried to convince the 2nd Scots Guards to leave the league as well.

Following the use of amateur sides as proving grounds for future professional players, the old boys clubs became isolated and broke away from the FA Amateur Cup to form the Arthur Dunn Cup in 1902–03. As of 2012, the club continues to enter the Arthur Dunn Cup, and reached the final during the competition's centenary in 2002–03, being defeated by Old Salopians. This was a replay of the very first title in 1903, when the Carthusians and Salopians shared the title after a drawn replay. By the time of the centenary, the Old Carthusians were the most successful team in the competition having won it on 19 occasions out of 24 finals reached and have since gone on to win it a further 5 times, making it 24 occasions out of 30 finals reached.

During 2008, the club took part in a tournament featuring several former winners of the FA Cup including Royal Engineers and Old Etonians.

Along with Wimbledon, and Royal Engineers the Old Carthusians are one of only three teams to have ever won both the FA Cup and the FA Amateur Cup.

In 2011 the Old Carthusians reached the final of the AFA Senior Cup, a historic achievement for a 'closed club'. However, having been two goals up at half time, they went on to lose the game to the Old Salesians 3–2. Old Carthusians went on to win another two Arthurian League title and Arthur Dunn Cup doubles.

Following their 1–0 win over long-time rivals Lancing Old Boys in the 2015 Arthur Dunn Cup Final, the Old Carthusians made Arthurian League history by finally winning the 'Treble-Double' – winning the Arthurian League Premier Division and the Arthur Dunn Cup in the same year for three successive years. The 'Treble-Double' had only been achieved by one team before – Lancing Old Boys in the 1980s. The Old Carthusians, however, added an additional trophy to the traditional 'Double' in each such year by also winning the Jim Dixson Trophy, meaning that the Old Carthusians had eclipsed the Lancing Old Boys team of the 1980s and achieved the unique accolade of having won the 'Treble-Treble'.

## Colours

The club originally played in pink and dark blue, but added cerise in 1885.

## England internationals

Nine Old Carthusians were capped for England.

The full list of England players (with the number of caps received whilst registered with Old Carthusians F.C.) is:

## Titles

1881 1894, 1897 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1908, 1910, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1936, 1939, 1947, 1949, 1951, 1954, 1962, 1977, 1982, 2001, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 2019 1979, 1982, 1988, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2022  1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1908, 1910, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1936, 1939, 1947, 1949, 1951, 1954, 1962, 1977, 1982, 2001, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 1894–95, 1895–96, 1896–97, 1898–99

## Bibliography

* Dunning, Eric (2005). *Barbarians, Gentlemen and Players*. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-8290-7.
* Gilnert, Ed (2008). *London Football Companion*. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-7475-9516-8.

51°11′41.17″N 0°37′48.22″W / 51.1947694°N 0.6300611°W / 51.1947694; -0.6300611

## InfoBox

Old Carthusians
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Old Carthusians Football Club |
| Founded | 1876 (1876) |
| Ground | Charterhouse School <br>Playing fields |
| League | Arthurian League Premier Division |
| 2019–20 | Arthurian League Premier Division, 1st (champions) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Old Mill State Park

abstract: Old Mill State Park is a small Minnesota state park on the Middle River between Argyle and Newfolden on an ancient beach of glacial Lake Agassiz in Marshall County in the northwestern part of the state. It is a 406-acre (164 ha) park.

text:
# Old Mill State Park

**Old Mill State Park** is a small Minnesota state park on the Middle River between Argyle and Newfolden on an ancient beach of glacial Lake Agassiz in Marshall County in the northwestern part of the state.

It is a 406-acre (164 ha) park.

## History

The park area was originally homesteaded by the Larson Family in 1882. A series of water\- and wind-powered mills were soon built in the area. Eventually a steam-powered mill replaced the older technology. The state bought the area in 1937 and rebuilt the steam engine in 1958. Every year as part of the park's special events and interpretive programs, the old mill is run as it had been years ago.

## Wildlife

Many species are attracted to the river that runs through the park. Deer and moose are the largest animals that frequent the park. Beaver, raccoon, white-tailed jackrabbits and snowshoe hares are common. A bird migration route runs through the park adding more wildlife especially in the spring and fall. The ground-nesting marsh hawk is a common summer resident. Owls and the occasional eagle have been sighted in the park.

## National Register of Historic Places

A 25-acre (10 ha) historic district including eight contributing buildings and structures, built by the Works Progress Administration, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Larson Mill is listed separately on the National Register of Historic Places.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Old Mill State Park WPA/Rustic Style Historic Resources | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Marshall County, Minnesota, Off Co. Hwy. 39 E of Argyle |
| Nearest city | Argyle, Minnesota |
| Coordinates | 48°21′41″N 96°34′13″W / 48.361364°N 96.570329°W / 48.361364; -96.570329 |
| Area | 25 acres (10 ha) |
| Built | 1937 |
| Architect | Multiple |
| Architectural style | NPS rustic architecture |
| Visitation | 14,465 (2006) |
| MPS | Minnesota State Park CCC/WPA/Rustic Style MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 89001667 |
| Added to NRHP | October 25, 1989 |


title: Old Milwaukee

abstract: Old Milwaukee is a brand of American dry lager owned by the Pabst Brewing Company. The brand currently consists of three different brews: Old Milwaukee Lager, Old Milwaukee Light, and Old Milwaukee Non-Alcoholic. Old Milwaukee is brewed throughout the United States and various packages are currently distributed in all 50 U.S. states, many Canadian provinces, and in select international markets.

text:
# Old Milwaukee

**Old Milwaukee** is a brand of American dry lager owned by the Pabst Brewing Company. The brand currently consists of three different brews: Old Milwaukee Lager, Old Milwaukee Light, and Old Milwaukee Non-Alcoholic. Old Milwaukee is brewed throughout the United States and various packages are currently distributed in all 50 U.S. states, many Canadian provinces, and in select international markets.

## History

Old Milwaukee Beer was first brewed in the 1930s as a value-priced beer by the Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company. In 1982, the Schlitz Brewing Company and the Old Milwaukee brand were acquired by Stroh Brewery Company of Detroit. In 2000, Stroh's and all of its beer brands and recipes were acquired by Pabst Brewing Company, where the brand currently resides.

Canada is one exception: in 1999, Sleeman Breweries of Guelph, Ontario (a division of Sapporo Breweries) acquired Stroh Canada, becoming the Canadian manufacturer and distributor of Old Milwaukee. The purchase doubled Sleeman's volumes, although the Old Milwaukee brand competes on lower margins than premium beers.

## Accolades

All three Old Milwaukee brews have won top honors at the Great American Beer Festival and the World Beer Cup.

Old Milwaukee Light was awarded the Gold medal in the category American-Style Light Lager at the 2008 World Beer Cup.

All three brews have won numerous awards at the Great American Brew Festival including:

### Old Milwaukee Lager

* 1997 GABF – American-Style Lager – Bronze
* 1998 GABF – American-Style Lager – Silver
* 1999 GABF – American-Style Lager – Gold
* 2003 GABF – American Style Lager – Gold
* 2004 GABF – American Style Lager – Gold
* 2010 GABF – American Style Lager – Silver

### Old Milwaukee Light:

* 1997 GABF – American-Style Light Lager – Gold
* 1999 GABF – American-Style Light Lager – Gold
* 2003 GABF – American-Style Light Lager – Bronze
* 2004 GABF – American Style Light Lager – Silver
* 2005 GABF – American Style Light Lager – Gold
* 2006 GABF – American Style Light Lager – Gold
* 2007 GABF – American Style Light Lager – Gold
* 2008 GABF – American Style Light Lager – Silver
* 2011 GABF – American Style Light Lager – Gold

### Old Milwaukee NA:

* 1995 GABF Non-Alcoholic Malt Beverage – Bronze
* 1999 GABF – Non-Alcoholic Malt Beverage – Gold
* 2002 GABF – Non-Alcoholic Malt Beverage – Silver
* 2004 GABF – Non-Alcoholic Malt Beverage – Gold

## Advertising

In 1991, Old Milwaukee ran TV ads featuring the fictional "Swedish Bikini Team".

In 2013, Will Ferrell recorded a series of ads for the company.

In 2014, Old Milwaukee teamed up with the Packard Brothers to create the Pass Me a Beer series. The latest release features Nick Packard and Tim Higgins completing challenging and comedic beer tosses for the Pass Me a Beer Summer Finale.

## Alcohol content

| Type | % ABV |
| --- | --- |
| Old Milwaukee Lager | 4.9 |
| Old Milwaukee Light | 4.0 |
|
| Old Milwaukee Non-Alcoholic | \< 0.5 |

## InfoBox

Old Milwaukee Beer
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | American-style lager |
| Manufacturer | Pabst Brewing Company |
| Introduced | 1934 (1934) |
| Alcohol by volume | 4.9% |
| Website | oldmilwaukee.com |


title: Ohio State Route 739

abstract: State Route 739 (SR 739) is a 35.50-mile (57.13 km) long north–south state highway in the central portion of the U.S. state of Ohio. The route's southern terminus is at an interchange with U.S. Route 33 (US 33) nearly 5.25 miles (8.45 km) northeast of North Lewisburg at an interchange that doubles as the eastern terminus of SR 287. The northern terminus of SR 739 is near downtown Marion, where it meets SR 4 and SR 423.

text:
# Ohio State Route 739

**State Route 739** (**SR 739**) is a 35.50-mile (57.13 km) long northsouth state highway in the central portion of the U.S. state of Ohio. The route's southern terminus is at an interchange with U.S. Route 33 (US 33) nearly 5.25 miles (8.45 km) northeast of North Lewisburg at an interchange that doubles as the eastern terminus of SR 287. The northern terminus of SR 739 is near downtown Marion, where it meets SR 4 and SR 423.

## Route description

SR 739 starts near the Honda Marysville Auto Plant, then passes through the western and northern portions of Union County, including the communities of Raymond, York Center, Byhalia, Arbela, West Jackson, and Essex. It continues through Green Camp and into Marion in the southwestern part of Marion County. No part of this state route is included within National Highway System (NHS), a network of highways deemed to be most important for the economy, mobility and defense of the nation.

## History

SR 739 made its debut in 1937. Since its inception, it has utilized the same routing through portions of Union and Marion Counties.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Union | Allen Township | 0.00 | 0.00 |
US 33 / SR 287 west | Interchange; eastern terminus of SR 287 |
| | Liberty Township | 5.94 | 9.56 |
SR 347 west | Southern end of SR 347 concurrency |
| | 6.06 | 9.75 |
SR 347 east | Northern end of SR 347 concurrency |
| | York Township | 11.37 | 18.30 | SR 47 |  |
| | Washington Township | 14.13 | 22.74 |
SR 31 south | Southern end of SR 31 concurrency |
| | 14.74 | 23.72 |
SR 31 north | Northern end of SR 31 concurrency |
| | Jackson Township | 22.68 | 36.50 |
SR 37 west | Southern end of SR 37 concurrency |
| | 22.93 | 36.90 |
SR 37 east | Northern end of SR 37 concurrency |
| Marion | Green Camp Township | 31.28 | 50.34 | SR 203 |  |
| | Marion | 35.50 | 57.13 | SR 4 / SR 423 |  |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Ohio State Route 739KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Route 739 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by ODOT | |
| Length | 35.50 mi (57.13 km) |
| Existed | 1937–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | US 33 / SR 287 near North Lewisburg |
| North end | SR 4 / SR 423 in Marion |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Ohio |
| Counties | Union, Marion |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **Ohio State Highway System** | |
| SR 736   SR 741 | |


title: Old Nicolet High School

abstract: The Old Nicolet High School is a historic school located in De Pere, Wisconsin, USA.

text:
# Old Nicolet High School

The **Old Nicolet High School** is a historic school located in De Pere, Wisconsin, USA.

## History

The building was a public high school until 1958. That year, it was purchased by the Norbertines and it was reopened as the Catholic boys' school **Abbot Pennings High School** in 1959. In 1990, the building was bought by the nearby Norbertine institution St. Norbert College and has since been used for classrooms and offices. Abbot Pennings High School was closed and consolidated with two other local single-sex Catholic high schools to form the coeducational Notre Dame Academy.

The building was added to the State and the National Register of Historic Places in 2015. It was listed on the National Register as **Nicolet High School**.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Nicolet High School | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Old Nicolet High School | |
| Location | 111 3rd St.<br>De Pere, Wisconsin |
| Coordinates | 44°26′48″N 88°04′05″W / 44.44667°N 88.06806°W / 44.44667; -88.06806 |
| Area | 1.586 acres (0.642 ha) |
| Built | 1923 |
| Architect | Foeller, Schober, and Stephenson |
| Architectural style | Neo-Classical Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 15000703 |
| Added to NRHP | October 15, 2015 |


title: Okahao Constituency

abstract: Okahao Constituency is an electoral constituency in the Omusati Region of Namibia. It had 26,035 inhabitants in 2004 and 12,390 registered voters in 2020. Its district capital is the town of Okahao the birth place of Namibia's Founding Father Sam Nujoma. Okahao Constituency was created in 1998 from existing constituencies of Omusati, following a recommendation of the Second Delimitation Commission of Namibia, and in preparation of the 1998 general election.

text:
# Okahao Constituency

**Okahao Constituency** is an electoral constituency in the Omusati Region of Namibia. It had 26,035 inhabitants in 2004 and 12,390 registered voters in 2020. Its district capital is the town of Okahao the birth place of Namibia's Founding Father Sam Nujoma. Okahao Constituency was created in 1998 from existing constituencies of Omusati, following a recommendation of the *Second Delimitation Commission of Namibia*, and in preparation of the 1998 general election.

## Villages

* Uutsathima, 80 kilometres (50 mi) away from Okahao. It is home to Uutsathima Combined School, a school predominantly for San people with 12 teachers and more than 300 pupils.

## Politics

Like all other constituencies in Omusati, Okahao constituency is traditionally a stronghold of the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) party. The 2004 regional election was won by SWAPO politician Isai Paulus Kapenambili. He received 6,039 of the 6,104 votes cast.

In the 2015 local and regional elections SWAPO candidate Leonard Shikulo won uncontested and became councillor after no opposition party nominated a candidate. Councillor Shikulo (SWAPO) was reelected in the 2020 regional election. He obtained 4,694 votes, far ahead of the only opposition candidate, Erastus Shipopyeni of the Independent Patriots for Change (IPC, an opposition party formed in August 2020), who obtained 396 votes.

17°53′S 15°6′E / 17.883°S 15.100°E / -17.883; 15.100


title: Oingo Boingo (EP)

abstract: Oingo Boingo is the debut EP by American new wave band Oingo Boingo, released in 1980 by I.R.S. Records.

text:
# Oingo Boingo (EP)

***Oingo Boingo*** is the debut EP by American new wave band Oingo Boingo, released in 1980 by I.R.S. Records.

## Background

The EP was originally recorded as a promotional record—known as the *Demo EP*—distributed by the band on 10-inch vinyl prior to being signed by a record label. It was largely produced by Michael Boshears, with the exception of "Only a Lad," produced by Jo Julian. It was limited to 130 copies, each sleeve hand-painted by the band's team. The Demo EP and EP logos were designed by Charlie Unkeless. Sean Riley brought his artistic talents, and they collectively painted the covers using airbrushes, stencils, water sprayers, and mesh bags. They were able to create 130 separate signed and numbered covers.

The EP was then picked up by I.R.S. Records and released publicly as the *Oingo Boingo* EP, with the track "Forbidden Zone" (recorded for the then-unreleased movie of the same name) replaced by a ska cover of Willie Dixon's "Violent Love". An edited version of "Forbidden Zone" was later released on the film's soundtrack album, but the complete original recording, as included on the *Demo EP*, has never been re-released.

*Oingo Boingo* was initially issued on 10-inch vinyl, but later reissued on 12-inch vinyl and cassette. The cover features an illustration of a cat by artist Louis Wain. The 12-inch reissue replaced "Ain't This the Life" with a new recording. The song "Only a Lad" was subsequently re-recorded for the band's first album, *Only a Lad* (1981).

The 2021 Rubellan Remasters CD of the *Only a Lad* album contains the 10-inch EP, as well as the re-recorded "Ain't This the Life", as bonus tracks. In 2023, Rubellan reissued the EP on vinyl, which also included all five tracks.

## Track listing

All songs written by Danny Elfman, except "Violent Love", by Willie Dixon.

**Side one**

1. Only a Lad – 4:18
2. Violent Love – 2:38

**Side two**

1. Ain't This the Life – 3:30
2. I'm So Bad – 3:56

## Personnel

**Oingo Boingo**

**Additional musicians**

* David Eagle – drums (12-inch version of "Ain't This the Life")

Credits adapted from 2023 Rubellan Remasters reissue, except where noted:

**Technical**

* Jo Julian – producer ("Only a Lad", "Violent Love", "Ain't This the Life" 10-inch version)
* Michael Boshears – producer ("Ain't This the Life" 12-inch version, "I'm So Bad")
* Jim Cypherd – engineer, re-mixing
* Frank DeLuna – mastering
* Bob Walter – re-mixing
* Rick Bowls – re-mixing
* Jed the Fish – "electromagnetic rejuvenation"
* Carl Grasso – art direction
* Louis Wain – front cover painting

## InfoBox

| Oingo Boingo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Oingo Boingo | |
| Released | September 17, 1980 |
| Recorded | October 1979 (A1, B2)
June 1980 (A2, B1) |
| Studio | * Sound Arts (Los Angeles) * Indigo Ranch (Malibu) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 10-inch – 14:05
12-inch – 13:49 |
| Label | I.R.S. |
| Producer | Michael Boshears, Jo Julian |
| Oingo Boingo chronology | |
| ***Oingo Boingo***
(1980) *Only a Lad*
(1981) | |


title: Okikatsu Arao

abstract: Okikatsu (Koko) Arao Colonel Okikatsu (Koko) Arao was one of the original plotters in a scheme to prevent the Emperor's declaration of surrender at the end of World War II. He was the chief of the War Affairs section of the Military Affairs Bureau of the Imperial Japanese Army.

text:
# Okikatsu Arao

Colonel **Okikatsu (Koko) Arao** (荒尾 興功, *Arao Okikatsu*, 18 March 1902 – 22 August 1974) was one of the original plotters in a scheme to prevent the Emperor's declaration of surrender at the end of World War II. He was the chief of the War Affairs section of the Military Affairs Bureau of the Imperial Japanese Army.

## Conspiracy

Given his relatively high station, Arao acted as the representative of the plotters to some extent, hoping to enlist the aid of Minister of War Korechika Anami. Meeting with Anami on the night of August 13 (two days before the surrender), Arao was informed that the Minister stood behind the Emperor's decisions, and that in any case, Japan could not afford to continue fighting. Unthinkable as it was, surrender was the only option.

As one of his chief contributions to the *coup*, Arao drafted an 'Instruction to the Troops' which was to be broadcast to all of Japan's soldiers, encouraging them to keep fighting. This was originally supported and approved by General Anami; however, while he spoke with the War Minister, several of the more rash members of the conspiracy broadcast an earlier, more inflammatory, draft.

The following morning, Arao and the other conspirators met to plot the actual details of their plan to take over the Imperial Palace, placing the Emperor under house arrest, and preventing the surrender speech from being delivered. Arao drafted the orders that were to be given to those elements of the Imperial Guards Division and other groups involved in the *coup*. The conspirators then met with Anami once more; the Minister, having wavered back and forth several times in his support of their plan, once again told them the *coup* would have to be abandoned. He said that Army Chief of Staff Yoshijirō Umezu felt that employment of armed forces within the Palace grounds would be sacrilege.

Though he was one of the original conspirators, Arao in the end turned his back on the *coup*, and helped write the generals' agreement document stating that those military commanders who signed swore to abide by the Emperor's decision.

Unlike many of the other conspirators, Arao survived through the events of August 15, 1945, and would, many years later, continue to admire General Anami, and the devotion and strength it took to bring the war to an end in the way he did.

* Brooks, Lester (1968). "Behind Japan's Surrender: The Secret Struggle That Ended an Empire." New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.