title: Murcia del Carmen railway station

abstract: Murcia del Carmen railway station is the main railway station in the Spanish city of Murcia.

text:
# Murcia del Carmen railway station

**Murcia del Carmen railway station** is the main railway station in the Spanish city of Murcia.

## Services

The Cercanías Murcia/Alicante commuter rail network connects Murcia del Carmen with Alicante railway station and Águilas through lines C-1 and C-2. AVE and Avlo high speed services use the Madrid–Levante high-speed rail network to connect Murcia to Madrid. Talgo services also operate to Valencia Nord and Barcelona Sants.

| Preceding station | Renfe Operadora | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Orihuela-Miguel Hernándeztowards Madrid Puerta de Atocha |  | AVE |  | *Terminus* |
| Orihuela-Miguel Hernándeztowards Madrid Chamartín | | | | |
| |  | Avlo |  | |
| Archena-Fortunatowards Madrid Chamartín |  | Intercity |  | Balsicas-Mar Menortowards Cartagena |
| Orihuela-Miguel Hernándeztowards Barcelona Sants | | | | *Terminus* |
| | | | | Balsicas-Mar Menortowards Cartagena |
| | | | | Alhama de Murciatowards Lorca-Sutullena |
| Albacete-Los Llanostowards Madrid Chamartín |  | Intercity |  | Alhama de Murciatowards Águilas |
| Benieltowards Miraflores | | | | Balsicas-Mar Menortowards Cartagena |
| Orihuela-Miguel Hernándeztowards Alicante |  | Media Distancia43 |  | Librillatowards Lorca-Sutullena |
| Benieltowards Valencia Nord |  | Media Distancia44 |  | Balsicas-Mar Menortowards Cartagena |
| Preceding station | Cercanías Murcia/Alicante | | | Following station |
| *Terminus* |  | C-1 |  | Benieltowards Alicante |
| Alcantarilla-Los Romanostowards Águilas |  | C-2 |  | *Terminus* |

## Future

Since 20 December 2022 the AVE high-speed rail system is serving Murcia via the Madrid–Levante high-speed rail network and construction works are ongoing for the Murcia–Almería high-speed rail line with extensive modifications for the train station in order platforms and track to be relocated underground. In October 2017, protesters against the underground alignment blocked the track leading to the station, leading to multiple train cancellations. The new station is expected to be finished by 2024 at a cost of 11 million euros.

## InfoBox

| Murcia del Carmen | |
| --- | --- |
| The station exterior, built in 1863 | |
| General information | |
| Coordinates | 37°58′29″N 1°07′53″W / 37.9748°N 1.1315°W / 37.9748; -1.1315 |
| Owned by | Adif |
| Operated by | Renfe |
| Line(s) | Chinchilla–Cartagena |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| 2018 | 1,788,607 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Murfreesboro, Arkansas

abstract: Murfreesboro is a city in and the county seat of Pike County, Arkansas, United States. Its population was 1,641 at the 2010 census. The Crater of Diamonds State Park is located approximately 1 mile southeast of the city.

text:
# Murfreesboro, Arkansas

**Murfreesboro** is a city in and the county seat of Pike County, Arkansas, United States. Its population was 1,641 at the 2010 census. The Crater of Diamonds State Park is located approximately 1 mile southeast of the city.

## History

In 1906, diamonds were found on a local farm. It was determined that an 80-acre (32 ha) volcanic formation was the source of the diamonds. The property was eventually sold to the state of Arkansas, which opened the 37-acre Crater of Diamonds State Park to the public. As a tourist attraction a daily fee ($10 in 2021) is charged to search for diamonds.

Also located in Murfreesboro is the 1,000-year-old Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village and museum dedicated to it, which offers a field that can be excavated for authentic arrowheads.

Murfreesboro was featured in the TV series Reacher, season 2, episode 1.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.0 square miles (5.2 km2), all land.

### Climate

| Climate data for Murfreesboro, Arkansas (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1970–present) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 78
(26) | 86
(30) | 86
(30) | 93
(34) | 95
(35) | 104
(40) | 108
(42) | 109
(43) | 108
(42) | 92
(33) | 86
(30) | 80
(27) | 109
(43) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 70.4
(21.3) | 73.9
(23.3) | 80.3
(26.8) | 84.1
(28.9) | 88.1
(31.2) | 92.8
(33.8) | 97.3
(36.3) | 98.0
(36.7) | 94.3
(34.6) | 87.2
(30.7) | 77.6
(25.3) | 71.1
(21.7) | 99.5
(37.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 51.4
(10.8) | 56.0
(13.3) | 64.3
(17.9) | 72.0
(22.2) | 78.9
(26.1) | 86.0
(30.0) | 90.4
(32.4) | 90.7
(32.6) | 84.9
(29.4) | 74.3
(23.5) | 62.5
(16.9) | 53.8
(12.1) | 72.1
(22.3) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 40.0
(4.4) | 43.8
(6.6) | 51.4
(10.8) | 59.0
(15.0) | 67.6
(19.8) | 75.2
(24.0) | 79.1
(26.2) | 78.9
(26.1) | 72.5
(22.5) | 61.1
(16.2) | 50.1
(10.1) | 42.4
(5.8) | 60.1
(15.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 28.6
(−1.9) | 31.6
(−0.2) | 38.5
(3.6) | 46.0
(7.8) | 56.3
(13.5) | 64.3
(17.9) | 67.7
(19.8) | 67.0
(19.4) | 60.0
(15.6) | 47.8
(8.8) | 37.7
(3.2) | 30.9
(−0.6) | 48.0
(8.9) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | 14.1
(−9.9) | 19.4
(−7.0) | 23.2
(−4.9) | 31.1
(−0.5) | 42.0
(5.6) | 55.6
(13.1) | 61.2
(16.2) | 60.1
(15.6) | 47.1
(8.4) | 32.3
(0.2) | 23.6
(−4.7) | 17.6
(−8.0) | 11.4
(−11.4) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −1
(−18) | −13
(−25) | 13
(−11) | 22
(−6) | 33
(1) | 46
(8) | 52
(11) | 51
(11) | 33
(1) | 21
(−6) | 9
(−13) | −2
(−19) | −13
(−25) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 4.24
(108) | 4.39
(112) | 5.90
(150) | 5.99
(152) | 6.41
(163) | 3.80
(97) | 4.50
(114) | 3.86
(98) | 4.13
(105) | 5.22
(133) | 4.65
(118) | 5.26
(134) | 58.35
(1,482) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 0.8
(2.0) | 0.4
(1.0) | 0.1
(0.25) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.1
(0.25) | 1.4
(3.6) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 9.2 | 8.8 | 9.8 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 7.6 | 7.3 | 6.6 | 6.3 | 7.8 | 8.6 | 9.2 | 99.2 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 |
| Source: NOAA | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1880 | 84 |  |  |
| 1890 | 159 |  | 89.3% |
| 1900 | 200 |  | 25.8% |
| 1910 | 516 |  | 158.0% |
| 1920 | 730 |  | 41.5% |
| 1930 | 733 |  | 0.4% |
| 1940 | 835 |  | 13.9% |
| 1950 | 1,079 |  | 29.2% |
| 1960 | 1,096 |  | 1.6% |
| 1970 | 1,350 |  | 23.2% |
| 1980 | 1,883 |  | 39.5% |
| 1990 | 1,542 |  | −18.1% |
| 2000 | 1,764 |  | 14.4% |
| 2010 | 1,641 |  | −7.0% |
| 2020 | 1,495 |  | −8.9% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2020 census

Murfreesboro racial composition
| Race | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- |
| White (non-Hispanic) | 1,269 | 84.88% |
| Black or African American (non-Hispanic) | 75 | 5.02% |
| Native American | 13 | 0.87% |
| Asian | 2 | 0.13% |
| Other/Mixed | 82 | 5.48% |
| Hispanic or Latino | 54 | 3.61% |

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 1,495 people, 769 households, and 511 families residing in the city.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,764 people, 732 households, and 485 families residing in the city. The population density was 906.5 inhabitants per square mile (350.0/km2). There were 830 housing units at an average density of 426.5 per square mile (164.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 89.23% White, 7.31% Black or African American, 1.08% Native American, 0.11% Asian, 0.91% from other races, and 1.36% from two or more races. 1.36% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 732 households, out of which 30.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.5% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.7% were non-families. 31.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.89.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.4% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 26.0% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 20.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $26,806, and the median income for a family was $33,456. Males had a median income of $26,300 versus $18,523 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,124. About 11.0% of families and 14.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.7% of those under age 18 and 16.3% of those age 65 or over.

## Education

Public education for elementary and secondary school students is provided by South Pike County School District, which includes:

* Murfreesboro Elementary School, serving prekindergarten through grade 6.
* Murfreesboro High School, serving grades 7 through 12.

On July 1, 2010, the Murfreesboro School District and the Delight School District merged to form the South Pike County School District. The Murfreesboro district absorbed the Delight district and then changed its name to South Pike County School District.

## InfoBox

| Murfreesboro, Arkansas | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Location of Murfreesboro in Pike County, Arkansas. | |
| Coordinates: 34°03′38″N 93°41′40″W / 34.06056°N 93.69444°W / 34.06056; -93.69444 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Arkansas |
| County | Pike |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.71 sq mi (9.61 km2) |
| Land | 3.68 sq mi (9.52 km2) |
| Water | 0.03 sq mi (0.09 km2) |
| Elevation | 345 ft (105 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 1,495 |
| Density | 406.69/sq mi (157.01/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 71958 |
| Area code | 870 |
| FIPS code | 05-48290 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2404341 |
| Website | mboroarkansas.com |


title: Music Industry 3. Fitness Industry 1.

abstract: Music Industry 3. Fitness Industry 1. is the twelfth EP by Scottish post-rock band Mogwai. It was released on 1 December 2014 through Rock Action Records and Sub Pop. It consists of three original tracks recorded during the sessions that produced the band's album Rave Tapes and three tracks from that album, remixed by different artists.

text:
# Music Industry 3. Fitness Industry 1.

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 68/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Drowned in Sound* | 6/10 |
| The Line of Best Fit |  |
| *NME* | 6/10 |
| Pitchfork Media | 6.8/10 |
| *The Skinny* |  |

***Music Industry 3. Fitness Industry 1.*** is the twelfth EP by Scottish post-rock band Mogwai. It was released on 1 December 2014 through Rock Action Records and Sub Pop. It consists of three original tracks recorded during the sessions that produced the band's album *Rave Tapes* and three tracks from that album, remixed by different artists.

## Track listing

12", CD and download
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Teenage Exorcists" | 3:29 |
| 2. | "History Day" | 5:48 |
| 3. | "HMP Shaun William Ryder" | 5:29 |
| 4. | "Re-Remurdered (Blanck Mass remix)" | 5:03 |
| 5. | "No Medicine For Regret (Pye Corner Audio remix)" | 7:13 |
| 6. | "The Lord Is Out Of Control (Nils Frahm remix)" | 4:54 |

## Performers

## InfoBox

| Music Industry 3.
Fitness Industry 1. | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Mogwai | |
| Released | 1 December 2014 |
| Recorded | Castle of Doom Studios, Glasgow, Scotland |
| Genre | Post-rock |
| Length | 31:39 |
| Label | Rock Action Records, Sub Pop |
| Producer | Paul Savage |
| Mogwai chronology | |
| *Rave Tapes*
(2014) ***Music Industry 3.
Fitness Industry 1.***
(2014) *Central Belters*
(2015) | |


abstract: Multi-parametric surface plasmon resonance (MP-SPR) is based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR), an established real-time label-free method for biomolecular interaction analysis, but it uses a different optical setup, a goniometric SPR configuration. While MP-SPR provides same kinetic information as SPR, it provides also structural information. Hence, MP-SPR measures both surface interactions and nanolayer properties.

text:
# Multi-parametric surface plasmon resonance

**Multi-parametric surface plasmon resonance** (**MP-SPR**) is based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR), an established real-time label-free method for biomolecular interaction analysis, but it uses a different optical setup, a goniometric SPR configuration. While MP-SPR provides same kinetic information as SPR (equilibrium constant, dissociation constant, association constant), it provides also structural information (refractive index, layer thickness). Hence, MP-SPR measures both surface interactions and nanolayer properties.

## History

The goniometric SPR method was researched alongside focused beam SPR and Otto configurations at VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland since 1980s by Dr. Janusz Sadowski. The goniometric SPR optics was commercialized by Biofons Oy for use in point-of-care applications. Introduction of additional measurement laser wavelengths and first thin film analyses were performed in 2011 giving way to MP-SPR method.

## Principle

The MP-SPR optical setup measures at multiple wavelengths simultaneously (similarly to spectroscopic SPR), but instead of measuring at a fixed angle, it rather scans across a wide range of θ angles (for instance 40 degrees). This results in measurements of full SPR curves at multiple wavelengths providing additional information about structure and dynamic conformation of the film.

## Measured values

The measured full SPR curves (x-axis: angle, y-axis: reflected light intensity) can be transcribed into sensograms (x-axis: time, y-axis: selected parameter such as peak minimum, light intensity, peak width). The sensograms can be fitted using binding models to obtain kinetic parameters including on- and off-rates and affinity. The full SPR curves are used to fit Fresnel equations to obtain thickness and refractive index of the layers. Also due to the ability of scanning the whole SPR curve, MP-SPR is able to separate bulk effect and analyte binding from each other using parameters of the curve.

| Molecular interactions | Layer properties |
| --- | --- |
| Kinetics, PureKinetics (kon, koff) | Refractive index (n) |
| Affinity (KD) | Thickness (d) |
| Concentration (c) | Extinction coefficient (k) |
| Adsorption/Absorption | Density (ρ) |
| Desorption | Surface coverage (Γ) |
| Adhesion | Swelling (Δd) |
| Electrochemistry (E, I, omega) | Optical dispersion (n(λ)) |

While QCM-D measures wet mass, MP-SPR and other optical methods measure dry mass, which enables analysis of water content of nanocellulose films.

## Applications

The method has been used in life sciences, material sciences and biosensor development. In life sciences, the main applications focus on pharmaceutical development including small-molecule, antibody or nanoparticle interactions with target with a biomembrane or with a living cell monolayer. As first in the world, MP-SPR is able to separate transcellular and paracellular drug uptake in real-time and label-free for targeted drug delivery. In biosensor development, MP-SPR is used for assay development for point-of-care applications. Typical developed biosensors include electrochemical printed biosensors, ELISA and SERS. In material sciences, MP-SPR is used for optimization of thin solid films from Ångströms to 100 nanometers (graphene, metals, oxides), soft materials up to microns (nanocellulose, polyelectrolyte) including nanoparticles. Applications including thin film solar cells, barrier coatings including anti-reflective coatings, antimicrobial surfaces, self-cleaning glass, plasmonic metamaterials, electro-switching surfaces, layer-by-layer assembly, and graphene.


title: Murray v United Kingdom

abstract: Murray v United Kingdom was a legal case heard by the European Court of Human Rights in 1994 to determine if part of the United Kingdom's anti-terrorism laws were in violation of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The case was referred to the Court on 7 April 1993 from an application lodged on 28 September 1988 relating to events occurring in 1982. The case was heard in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 24 January 1994 and the Chamber delivered their judgement on 28 October 1994. The applicants were six Irish citizens, all members of the same family: Margaret Murray, Thomas Murray, Mark Murray, Allana Murray, Michaela Murray and Rosena Murray. In June 1982 two brothers of Margaret Murray were convicted in the United States in connection with the supplying of weapons to the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA). Mrs Murray, her husband Thomas, and their four children were then residing in Belfast. On the morning of 26 July, Margaret Murray was taken into custody by the Army on suspicion of fund-raising for the Provisional IRA in connection with her brothers' activities and taken to the Springfield Road screening centre. The style and procedure of her arrest was under section 14 of the Northern Ireland Act 1978, her suspected offences were contained with section 21 of the act and also section 10 of the Prevention of Terrorism Act 1976. At Springfield Road, Mrs Murray gave her name but refused to answer any other questions and she also declined to be photographed or to submit to an examination by a medical orderly. She sat through two short interviews and was also photographed without her knowledge or consent. She was released after two hours without being charged; the "screening proforma" record form did not list any offence. On 9 February 1984 Mrs Murray brought an action before the High Court against the Ministry of Defence for false imprisonment and other torts, arguing that her arrest and detention were illegal on a number of grounds - notably that they had been without genuine suspicion that she had committed an offence or any genuine intention to question her, it had been a "fishing expedition" for improper purposes. In his judgment of 25 October 1985 the judge dismissed all the plaintiff's arguments. Mrs Murray took her case to the Court of Appeal, which unanimously rejected her claims on 20 February 1987. The case was appealed to the House of Lords – on the manner of the arrest, the use of the screening proforma, and the length of detention – and was unanimously rejected on 25 May 1988. The Murrays applied to the ECHR, as previously noted, in 1988. Mrs Murray stating that her arrest and detention were a violation of Article 5 and that the photograph and record taking was in breach of Article 8. Her family also applied under the same parts of Article 5 because they had been required to assemble in a single room of their house while Mrs Murray prepared to leave with the Army. They also applied under Article 8 in regard to the recording and retention of personal details. The entire family also applied that under Article 8 regarding the entry and visual search of their home and under Article 13 that no effective remedies existed under domestic law. In February 1993 the Commission supported the Murrays' application in part. There had been a violation of Article 5, but no violation of Article 8, or of Article 13 in regard to the entry and search, or the taking and keeping of a photograph and personal details, or concerning the lack of remedies in domestic law. The case went to a public hearing on 24 January 1994. At the hearing the Court gave significant weight to the need for a democratic society to protect itself against the threat of organised terrorism and to the problems involved in the arrest and detention of persons suspected of terrorist-linked offences. The Court dismissed Mrs Murray's claims against her arrest and detention under 5(1)(c); dismissed her contention that she had not been informed promptly of the reasons for the arrest and of any charge (5). Since there had been no violation of 5(1) or 5(2) in the Court's opinion there could be no consideration of 5(5). The Court decided that there had been no violation of Article 8 as the Army's action had been in accordance with the law, as contained in paragraph two of the Article, and had not been disproportionate to the aim pursued. The Court dismissed the Murrays' claims of a violation of Article 13. The Court's decisions were by majority – 14–4 in regard of Article 5(1), 13–5 in regard of Article 5(2), 13–5 in regard of Article 5(5), 15–3 in regard of Article 8, and unanimous in regard of Article 13.

text:
# Murray v United Kingdom

***Murray v United Kingdom*** was a legal case heard by the European Court of Human Rights in 1994 to determine if part of the United Kingdom's anti-terrorism laws were in violation of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.

The case was referred to the Court on 7 April 1993 from an application lodged on 28 September 1988 relating to events occurring in 1982. The case was heard in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 24 January 1994 and the Chamber delivered their judgement on 28 October 1994.

The applicants were six Irish citizens, all members of the same family: Margaret Murray, Thomas Murray, Mark Murray, Allana Murray, Michaela Murray and Rosena Murray.

In June 1982 two brothers of Margaret Murray were convicted in the United States in connection with the supplying of weapons to the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA). Mrs Murray, her husband Thomas, and their four children were then residing in Belfast.

On the morning of 26 July, Margaret Murray was taken into custody by the Army on suspicion of fund-raising for the Provisional IRA in connection with her brothers' activities and taken to the Springfield Road screening centre. The style and procedure of her arrest was under section 14 of the Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1978, her suspected offences were contained with section 21 of the act and also section 10 of the Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1976.

At Springfield Road, Mrs Murray gave her name but refused to answer any other questions and she also declined to be photographed or to submit to an examination by a medical orderly. She sat through two short interviews and was also photographed without her knowledge or consent. She was released after two hours without being charged; the "screening proforma" record form did not list any offence.

On 9 February 1984 Mrs Murray brought an action before the High Court against the Ministry of Defence for false imprisonment and other torts, arguing that her arrest and detention were illegal on a number of grounds - notably that they had been without genuine suspicion that she had committed an offence or any genuine intention to question her, it had been a "fishing expedition" for improper purposes. In his judgment of 25 October 1985 the judge dismissed all the plaintiff's arguments. Mrs Murray took her case to the Court of Appeal, which unanimously rejected her claims on 20 February 1987. The case was appealed to the House of Lords – on the manner of the arrest, the use of the screening proforma, and the length of detention – and was unanimously rejected on 25 May 1988.

The Murrays applied to the ECHR, as previously noted, in 1988. Mrs Murray stating that her arrest and detention were a violation of Article 5 (paragraphs 1, 2 and 5) and that the photograph and record taking was in breach of Article 8. Her family also applied under the same parts of Article 5 because they had been required to assemble in a single room of their house while Mrs Murray prepared to leave with the Army. They also applied under Article 8 in regard to the recording and retention of personal details. The entire family also applied that under Article 8 regarding the entry and visual search of their home and under Article 13 that no effective remedies existed under domestic law.

In February 1993 the Commission supported the Murrays' application in part. There had been a violation of Article 5, but no violation of Article 8, or of Article 13 in regard to the entry and search, or the taking and keeping of a photograph and personal details, or concerning the lack of remedies in domestic law. The case went to a public hearing on 24 January 1994.

At the hearing the Court gave significant weight to the need for a democratic society to protect itself against the threat of organised terrorism and to the problems involved in the arrest and detention of persons suspected of terrorist-linked offences.

The Court dismissed Mrs Murray's claims against her arrest and detention under 5(1)(c); dismissed her contention that she had not been informed promptly of the reasons for the arrest and of any charge (5(2)). Since there had been no violation of 5(1) or 5(2) in the Court's opinion there could be no consideration of 5(5). The Court decided that there had been no violation of Article 8 as the Army's action had been in accordance with the law, as contained in paragraph two of the Article, and had not been disproportionate to the aim pursued. The Court dismissed the Murrays' claims of a violation of Article 13.

The Court's decisions were by majority – 14–4 in regard of Article 5(1), 13–5 in regard of Article 5(2), 13–5 in regard of Article 5(5), 15–3 in regard of Article 8, and unanimous in regard of Article 13.


title: Museo Botero

abstract: The Museo Botero, also known as the Botero Museum, is an art museum located in La Candelaria neighborhood of Bogotá, Colombia. It houses mostly works by Colombian artist Fernando Botero, however it also includes artwork by other international artist that were of Botero's own private art collection. The museum sees over 500,000 visitors annually, including 2,000 students per month. The museum is managed by the cultural branch of the Bank of the Republic and is part of La Candelaria cultural complex along with the Gold Museum, the Luis Ángel Arango Library, the Miguel Urrutia Art Museum, and the Museo Casa de Moneda.

text:
# Museo Botero

The **Museo Botero**, also known as the **Botero Museum**, is an art museum located in La Candelaria neighborhood of Bogotá, Colombia. It houses mostly works by Colombian artist Fernando Botero, however it also includes artwork by other international artist that were of Botero's own private art collection.

The museum sees over 500,000 visitors annually, including 2,000 students per month. The museum is managed by the cultural branch of the Bank of the Republic and is part of La Candelaria cultural complex along with the Gold Museum, the Luis Ángel Arango Library, the Miguel Urrutia Art Museum, and the Museo Casa de Moneda.

## History

Since the late 1960s, Colombian artist Fernando Botero had been a noted art collector, initially of pre-Columbian pieces, later of colonial art and more recently of drawing, painting and universal modern sculpture. Until 1999, all of his collections were scattered throughout his properties in New York, Paris, Monte Carlo and Pietrasanta, as well as in a Swiss bank deposit in Bogotá.

Since the mid-1990s, Botero had raised the possibility of donating his entire art collection to the Museum of Antioquia in Medellín. However, the slowness in making decisions by the Antioquia authorities led him to accept the proposal of the then mayor of Bogotá, Enrique Peñalosa, to donate his collection to the nation via its central bank.

In the year of 2000, the Colombian artist Fernando Botero donated 208 art pieces, 123 of his own making and 85 of other international artists, to the Bank of the Republic. The museum is administered by Banrepcultural. With this collection, the Botero Museum was founded in the neighborhood of La Candelaria, the historic center of Bogotá, in a colonial mansion that was acquired by the Bank of the Republic and made suitable to house the art collection by Fernando Botero himself. Since November 1, 2000, the museum has been open to the public free of charge.

In the same year, Botero's collection arrived in Colombia after an exhibition at the *Fundación Santander Central Hispano* in Madrid (Spain). After donating these works to Bogotá, at the request of the Antioquia authorities, the artist also decided to donate a significant set of pieces of his authorship to the Museum of Antioquia, in addition to a set of sculptures for the Botero Plaza (in front of said Museum), in Medellin. Although most of the collection of international artists had been donated by Botero to Bogotá, he decided to put together a new set of about 21 pieces (Matta, Lam, Stella, Rodin, among others), to donate to the Museum of Antioquia.

Per the Ministry of Culture Resolution 565, of 16 April 2012, the entirety of the collection donated by Fernando Botero was voted on by the National Council of Cultural Heritage of Colombia as an asset of cultural interest for the nation.

During the funeral ceremonies of Fernando Botero in Colombia, the coffin of the artist laid in repose in the courtyard of the museum.

## Collection

The museum consists 123 works of Fernando Botero and 85 of other artists for a total of 208 works of art. Highlights of the permanent collection include works by Balthus, Georges Braque, Marc Chagall, Salvador Dalí, Joan Miró, Pablo Picasso, Sonia Delaunay, Claude Monet, and Henri Matisse.

### The collection of works made by Fernando Botero

The collection of works by Fernando Botero includes numerous oil paintings, drawings, pastels, sanguines and sculptures made by him, especially during the most recent decades. His earliest production (in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s) is not represented in this museum. Works from his initial artistic periods can be found in the permanent exhibition of the Colombian National Museum, also in Bogotá.

The collection includes a Boterian version of Leonardo da Vinci's *Mona Lisa*, identified by the Ministry of Culture of Colombia as one of the most important Botero paintings. The collection also includes a part of the first series on violence in Colombia (*Pablo Escobar*, *Tirofijo*, *Carrobomba*, *La massacre de Mejor Esquina*, etc.), among others. The latest series on violence in Colombia is part of the collection of the National Museum of Colombia.

### Fernando Botero's Private Collection

In addition to the donation of his own work, Botero donated the entirety of his private art collection that included works by 85 different artists that include:

1. "Museo Botero". banrepcultural.org.
2. "Botero Museum". *Bogota D.C. Travel - www.bogotadc.travel/en*. Bogotá, Colombia. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
3. "Museo Botero: 22 años de arte en el corazón de Bogotá (Botero Museum: 22 years of art in the heart of Bogotá)". *Radio Nacional de Colombia - www.radionacional.co* (in Spanish). Bogotá, Colombia: RTVC Sistema de Medios Públicos. 19 April 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
4. "About Banco de la República´s Cultural Labor". *Banrepcultural - www.banrepcultural.org*. Bogotá, Colombia: Banco de la República de Colombia. 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
5. A. Durán (24 April 2021). "Visita al museo Botero de Bogotá (Visit to the Botero Museum in Bogotá)". *Xixerone - www.xixerone.com* (in Spanish). Spain: Xixerone. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
6. https://www.mincultura.gov.co/areas/patrimonio/patrimonio-cultural-en-Colombia/bienes-de-interes-cultural-BICNAL/Documents/BIENES%20DE%20INTER%c3%89S%20CULTURAL%20DEL%20%c3%81MBITO%20NACIONAL\_octubre2023.pdf
7. https://www.banrepcultural.org/noticias/ultimo-adios-al-maestro-fernando-botero
8. "La Colección - banrepcultural.org".
9. "Bienvenidos al Museo Botero del Banco de la República (Welcome to the Botero Museum of the Bank of the Republic)". *Banrepcultural - www.banrepcultural.org* (in Spanish). Bogotá, Colombia: Banco de la República de Colombia. 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
10. "Estas son las 5 obras claves del maestro Fernando Botero, según MinCulturas". *Infobae - www.Infobae.com* (in Spanish). Bogotá, Colombia: Infobae. 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2023.

## InfoBox

Botero Museum
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Main patio of the museum | |
| Interactive fullscreen map | |
| Established | 2000 |
| Location | Calle 11 # 4-41 <br>Bogotá |
| Coordinates | 4°35′48″N 74°04′24″W / 4.59665°N 74.07323°W / 4.59665; -74.07323 |
| Type | Art museum |
| Public transit access | Museo del Oro station |
| Website | www.banrepcultural.org/museo-botero |


title: Mussy-sous-Dun

abstract: Mussy-sous-Dun is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

text:
# Mussy-sous-Dun

**Mussy-sous-Dun** (French pronunciation: \[mysi su dœ̃\]) is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

## InfoBox

| Mussy-sous-Dun | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The Mussy viaduct | |
| Location of Mussy-sous-Dun | |
| Mussy-sous-DunMussy-sous-Dun | |
| Coordinates: 46°14′06″N 4°19′50″E / 46.235°N 4.3306°E / 46.235; 4.3306 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Saône-et-Loire |
| Arrondissement | Charolles |
| Canton | Chauffailles |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20222026) | Jean-Pierre Bonin |
| Area**1** | 10 km2 (4 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 333 |
| Density | 33/km2 (86/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 71327 /71170 |
| Elevation | 338–705 m (1,109–2,313 ft)
(avg. 410 m or 1,350 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Must've Been Live

abstract: Must've Been Live is a live country music album by the American rock and roll band Supersuckers. It was released in November 2001 on Mid-Fi Recordings.

text:
# Must've Been Live

***Must've Been Live*** is a live country music album by the American rock and roll band Supersuckers. It was released in November 2001 on Mid-Fi Recordings.

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| Robert Christgau |  |
| *No Depression* | (unfavorable) |

## Track listing

1. "Dead in the Water" – 2:23
2. "Good Livin'" – 2:12
3. "Roamin' Round" – 3:02
4. "Roadworn and Weary" – 4:07
5. "The Captain" – 4:22
6. "Hangin' Out With Me" – 2:20
7. "Barricade" – 3:28
8. "Drivin' Nails in My Coffin" – 3:04
9. "Cowpoke" – 2:34
10. "Don't Go Blue" – 5:16
11. "Must've Been High" – 4:25
12. "One Cigarette Away" – 2:59
13. "Alabama, Louisiana or Maybe Tennessee" – 4:36
14. "Hungover Together" – 5:02
15. "Non-Addictive Marijuana" – 4:55
16. "Ice Cold Beer Only" – 0:54
17. "The Image of Me" – 4:27
18. "Peace in the Valley" – 4:11
19. "Blow You Away" – 1:59

## InfoBox

| Must've Been Live | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Supersuckers | |
| Released | May 21, 2002 |
| Recorded | Dallas, Texas, Austin, Texas and San Diego, California |
| Genre | Rock and Roll |
| Length | 66:16 |
| Label | \[Mid-Fi Recordings |
| Supersuckers chronology | |
| *Splitsville 1*
(2002) ***Must've Been Live***
(2002) *Fan Club CD Vol. 2*
(2002) | |


title: Must

abstract: Must is freshly crushed fruit juice that contains the skins, seeds, and stems of the fruit. The solid portion of the must is called pomace and typically makes up 7–23% of the total weight of the must. Making must is the first step in winemaking. Because of its high glucose content, typically between 10 and 15%, must is also used as a sweetener in a variety of cuisines. Unlike commercially sold grape juice, which is filtered and pasteurized, must is thick with particulate matter, opaque, and comes in various shades of brown and purple.

text:
# Must

**Must** (from the Latin *vinum mustum*; lit.'young wine') is freshly crushed fruit juice (usually grape juice) that contains the skins, seeds, and stems of the fruit. The solid portion of the must is called pomace and typically makes up 7–23% of the total weight of the must. Making must is the first step in winemaking. Because of its high glucose content, typically between 10 and 15%, must is also used as a sweetener in a variety of cuisines. Unlike commercially sold grape juice, which is filtered and pasteurized, must is thick with particulate matter, opaque, and comes in various shades of brown and purple.

## Winemaking

The length of time the pomace stays in the juice is critical for the final character of the wine. When the winemaker judges the time to be right, the juice is drained off the pomace, which is then pressed to extract the juice retained by the matrix. Yeast is added to the juice to begin the fermentation, while the pomace is often returned to the vineyard or orchard for use as fertilizer. A portion of selected unfermented must may be kept as Süssreserve, to be added as a sweetening component before bottling. Some winemakers create a second batch of wine from the used pomace by adding a quantity of water equivalent to the juice removed, letting the mixture sit for 24 hours, and draining off the liquid. This wine may be used as a drink for the employees of the winemaker or as a basis for some pomace brandies. Grappa, however, must by law be produced only from the pomace solids, with no water added.

### Balsamico

The must is also an essential ingredient for the production of traditional balsamic vinegar, the special aged vinegar from the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy, protected under the European protected designation of origin system. Selected bacterial colonies or the lenta in superficie (slow surface) or lenta a truciolo (slow wood shavings) methods are used for acetification, and then there is a maturation phase. Both the acetification and the maturation take place in precious sessile oak (*Quercus petraea*), chestnut, oak, mulberry, and juniper barrels. After a minimum maturation period of 60 days, a group of expert technicians will test the resulting product analytically as well as organoleptically (via taste, aroma, the palette and other senses).

### Mead

This term is also used by meadmakers for the unfermented honey-water mixture that becomes mead. The analogous term in beer brewing is wort.

## In cookery

In ancient Greece, must condensed by boiling was called siraion (σίραιον) and was used as a sweetener in the kitchen in various recipes (and as a syrup over teganitai (pancakes)). From the Greeks, the Romans in ancient Rome also used the condensed must in cooking, as a sweetener. Must was boiled in lead or bronze kettles into a milder concentrate called defrutum or a stronger concentrate called sapa. It was often used as a souring agent and preservative, especially in fruit dishes.

Currently, reduced must is used in Greek, other Balkan countries, French and Middle Eastern cookery as a syrup known as petimezi, *pekmez* or *dibis*. In Greece, petimezi is a basic ingredient for a must-custard known as *moustalevria*, and a sweet-meal known as *soutzoukos*, *churchkhela*. The *Moustokoúloura* or "must cookies" are also popular Greek cookies, which are based on a sweet dough made by kneading flour, olive oil, spice, and must. They are made in various shapes and sizes, and they are dark brown in color because of the must and the spice in them. In the wine making areas of South Africa must is used to make a sweet bun known as *mosbolletjies*.

The term petimezi is a Hellenized word of the Armenian/Trebizond term petmez. Petmez was a type of syrup that was made with berries of the White Mulberry tree; petmez was used in Byzantium (Trebizond was part of the Byzantine Empire), where White Mulberries grew in abundance, for their berries and for the silk worms that feed exclusively on Mulberry leaves.

### Roman lead poisoning hypothesis

Geochemist Jerome Nriagu published an article in the *New England Journal of Medicine* in 1983 hypothesizing that defrutum and *sapa* may have contained enough lead acetate to be toxic to those who consumed them regularly.

## In Christian liturgy

In Catholic Eucharistic liturgy, must may be substituted for sacramental wine, on condition that the ordinary has granted permission for the benefit of a priest or lay person who should not, usually because of alcoholism, ingest wine; but in normal circumstances it may not be used in place of wine.

Official Catholic documents define must (*mustum* in Latin) precisely as "grape juice that is either fresh or preserved by methods that suspend its fermentation without altering its nature (for example, freezing)", and it excludes pasteurized grape juice.

This teaching goes back at least to Pope Julius I (337–352), who is quoted in Thomas Aquinas's *Summa Theologica* as having declared that in case of necessity, but only then, juice pressed from a grape could be used. Aquinas himself declared that it is forbidden to offer fresh must in the chalice, because this is unbecoming owing to the impurity of the must; but he added that in case of necessity it may be done.

Aquinas himself declared:

> Must has already the species of wine, for its sweetness \["Aut dulcis musti Vulcano decoquit humorem"; Virgil, *Georg.* i, 295\] indicates fermentation, which is "the result of its natural heat" (*Meteor.* iv); consequently this sacrament can be made from must. ... It is forbidden to offer must in the chalice, as soon as it has been squeezed from the grape, since this is unbecoming owing to the impurity of the must. But in case of necessity it may be done: for it is said by the same Pope Julius, in the passage quoted in the argument: "If necessary, let the grape be pressed into the chalice."

### Liturgical norms

The latest document from the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith on the matter, issued on 24 July 2003, gave the following norms, which simplify those previously in force:

> The ordinary is competent to give permission for an individual priest or layperson to use mustum for the celebration of the Eucharist. Permission can be granted habitually, for as long as the situation that occasioned the granting of permission continues (e.g., the priest is an alcoholic).
>
> When the principal celebrant at a concelebration has permission to use mustum, a chalice of normal wine is to be prepared for the concelebrants.
>
> Given the centrality of the celebration of the Eucharist in the life of a priest, one must proceed with great caution before admitting to Holy Orders those candidates unable to ingest alcohol without serious harm.
>
> Attention should be paid to medical advances in the area of alcoholism and encouragement given to the production of unaltered mustum.

## Further reading

* Baldy, Marian W. *The University Wine Course: A Wine Appreciation Text & Self Tutorial*, 2nd Edition. San Francisco: The Wine Appreciation Guild, 1995. ISBN 0-932664-69-5.
* Gozzini Giacosa, Ilaria. *A Taste of Ancient Rome*. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994. ISBN 0-226-29032-8.
* Herbst, Ron, and Sharon Tyler Herbst. *Wine Lover's Companion*. Hauppauge, N.Y.: Barron's, 1995. ISBN 0-8120-1479-0.
* Nriagu, Jerome O. "Saturnine Gout Among Roman Aristocrats: Did Lead Poisoning Contribute to the Fall of the Empire?" *New England Journal of Medicine* 11, no. 308 (17 March 1983): 660–3. doi:10.1056/NEJM198303173081123.
* Whittaker, John. *Winemaking Made Easy*. Edmonton: Lone Pine Publishing, 1993. ISBN 1-55105-030-7.


title: Municipal Mutual Insurance

abstract: Municipal Mutual Insurance (MMI) is an insurance company registered in the United Kingdom. It was established by local authorities, and was formally incorporated on 13 March 1903. Over the following decades it became responsible for insuring most public sector bodies, including councils, police and fire authorities. Between 1990 and 1992, the company suffered substantial losses, and its assets were reduced to below the minimum level for solvency. In 1993, it was bought by Zurich Insurance, although MMI itself continues to pay all its outstanding liabilities.

text:
# Municipal Mutual Insurance

**Municipal Mutual Insurance** (MMI) is an insurance company registered in the United Kingdom. It was established by local authorities, and was formally incorporated on 13 March 1903.

Over the following decades it became responsible for insuring most public sector bodies, including councils, police and fire authorities. Between 1990 and 1992, the company suffered substantial losses, and its assets were reduced to below the minimum level for solvency. In 1993, it was bought by Zurich Insurance, although MMI itself continues to pay all its outstanding liabilities.


title: Municipal Museum of the City (Rosario)

abstract: The Museum of the City is a museum in Rosario, Argentina. It is located at 2300 Oroño Boulevard on a corner of the Parque de la Independencia, and is administered by the municipal government of Rosario. It was created on 24 August 1981 during the administration of mayor Alberto Natale. The museum was originally located at 1540 Oroño Bvld. in a property intended to be the mayor's residence. In the 1990s, the museum was moved to a new location: a building constructed in 1902 to house the park's administration and the Gardener's Apprentice School. The building was restored and adapted for its new function before officially re-opening on 27 August 1993. The museum's collection is composed of more than 7,000 objects, mostly everyday items as well as photographs and printed documents, books and periodicals; from the late 19th century to present.

text:
# Municipal Museum of the City (Rosario)

32°57′44″S 60°39′25″W / 32.96222°S 60.65694°W / -32.96222; -60.65694

The **Museum of the City** (in Spanish, ***Museo de la Ciudad***) is a museum in Rosario, Argentina. It is located at 2300 Oroño Boulevard on a corner of the Parque de la Independencia, and is administered by the municipal government of Rosario. It was created on 24 August 1981 during the administration of mayor Alberto Natale.

The museum was originally located at 1540 Oroño Bvld. in a property intended to be the mayor's residence. In the 1990s, the museum was moved to a new location: a building constructed in 1902 to house the park's administration and the Gardener's Apprentice School. The building was restored and adapted for its new function before officially re-opening on 27 August 1993.

The museum's collection is composed of more than 7,000 objects, mostly everyday items as well as photographs and printed documents, books and periodicals; from the late 19th century to present.

## Historical exhibitions

* Julio Vanzo and his city
* Presidential visits to Rosario
* Joaquín Chiavazza, witness of the city
* Attended by their owners
* Emilia Bertolé
* Discover and value. Transformations of the urban landscape
* Plague. Epidemic in Rosario
* City without borders
* Pharmacy Denmark

## Schedules

* From the Library and Archive: from Tuesday to Friday from 9 to 14.
* Guided school visits: Tuesday through Friday from 9 to 15, during the school year. We request shifts to Cons. of Ernesto Aguirre Museum.


title: Music for Pleasure (band)

abstract: Music for Pleasure were a new wave band from Leeds, England, active in the first half of the 1980s. Music for Pleasure were founded in 1979 by Martin King, Alan Peace, Sean Wheatley (drums) and David Whitaker (keyboards). The band were originally signed to Rockburgh Records and contributed the song "The Human Factor" to Rockburgh's seminal Northern bands compilation Hicks from the Sticks (1980). In 1980, Peace and Wheatley were replaced by Mark Copson and Christopher Oldroyd. This line-up released a couple of singles on the indie label Rage Records – a re-recorded version of "The Human Factor" (1980) and the John Leckie produced "Fuel to the Fire" (1981). King was replaced by Ivor Roberts in 1982, and Music for Pleasure then signed to Polydor Records. The first Polydor release was the single "Switchback" (1982) produced by Mike Hedges, followed by the band's first album Into the Rain (1982) which was co-produced by Hedges and the band. The band released two more singles from the album, "Light" (1982) and a re-recorded version of "Time" (1983), followed by the Hedges produced single "Dark Crash" (1983), before being dropped by Polydor. Without having a record deal, Music for Pleasure continued to release records on their own Whirlpool label, the Colin Richardson co-produced single "Disconnection" (1984), the John Porter produced EP Chrome Hit Corrosion (1984) and the album Blacklands (1985). However, following the release of Blacklands the band disbanded. Keyboard player Whitaker went on to join the Danse Society (1985–1986), while drummer Oldroyd appeared on Red Lorry Yellow Lorry's second album Paint Your Wagon (1987).

text:
# Music for Pleasure (band)

**Music for Pleasure** were a new wave band from Leeds, England, active in the first half of the 1980s.

Music for Pleasure were founded in 1979 by Martin King (bass guitar), Alan Peace (lead vocal), Sean Wheatley (drums) and David Whitaker (keyboards). The band were originally signed to Rockburgh Records and contributed the song "The Human Factor" to Rockburgh's seminal Northern bands compilation *Hicks from the Sticks* (1980).

In 1980, Peace and Wheatley were replaced by Mark Copson (lead vocal) and Christopher Oldroyd (drums – formerly a member of fellow Leeds band Girls at Our Best!). This line-up released a couple of singles on the indie label Rage Records – a re-recorded version of "The Human Factor" (1980) and the John Leckie produced "Fuel to the Fire" (1981).

King was replaced by Ivor Roberts (bass guitar) in 1982, and Music for Pleasure then signed to Polydor Records. The first Polydor release was the single "Switchback" (1982) produced by Mike Hedges, followed by the band's first album *Into the Rain* (1982) which was co-produced by Hedges and the band. The band released two more singles from the album, "Light" (1982) and a re-recorded version of "Time" (1983), followed by the Hedges produced single "Dark Crash" (1983), before being dropped by Polydor.

Without having a record deal, Music for Pleasure continued to release records on their own Whirlpool label, the Colin Richardson co-produced single "Disconnection" (1984), the John Porter produced EP *Chrome Hit Corrosion* (1984) and the album *Blacklands* (1985). However, following the release of *Blacklands* the band disbanded.

Keyboard player Whitaker went on to join the Danse Society (1985–1986), while drummer Oldroyd appeared on Red Lorry Yellow Lorry's second album *Paint Your Wagon* (1987).

## Discography

### Albums

### Singles

### EPs

* *Chrome Hit Corrosion* (1984)

### Compilation appearances

All discography information from Discogs.

## InfoBox

| Music for Pleasure | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Leeds, England |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 1979–1985 |
| Labels |  |
|  | |
| Past members | * Mark Copson * Martin King * Christopher Oldroyd * Alan Peace * Ivor Roberts * Sean Wheatley * David Whitaker |


title: Xavier Tito-Harris

abstract: Xavier Tito-Harris is a New Zealand professional rugby union player who plays as a full back and wing. He plays for Auckland and the New Zealand national sevens team.

text:
# Xavier Tito-Harris

**Xavier Tito-Harris** (born 5 January 2005) is a New Zealand professional rugby union player who plays as a full back and wing. He plays for Auckland and the New Zealand national sevens team.

## Early life

He attended Kelston Boys' High School. He played rugby league as well as featuring at the World Schools Sevens tournament.

## Club career

He scored a hat trick on debut for Auckland in the National Provincial Championship against Rugby Southland. During the 2022-2023 season he played at full back and as a winger.

## International career

In January 2023, he signed a two-year contract with the New Zealand national rugby sevens team. He made his international debut at the Hong Kong Sevens in March 2023. He scored two tries at the London Sevens Series tournament in May 2023 at Twickenham after being called-up as a late injury replacement. He featured as New Zealand won the Hong Kong Sevens in April 2024.

## Honours

New Zealand U20

## InfoBox

Xavier Tito-Harris
| Date of birth | (2005-01-05) 5 January 2005 |
| --- | --- |
| Height | 1.89 m (6 ft 2 in) |
| Weight | 95 kg (209 lb; 14 st 13 lb) |
| School | Kelston Boys' High School |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Full back, Wing  **Current team** Auckland  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2022– Auckland   ()  Correct as of 8 April 2024  National sevens team  **Years** **Team**  **Comps**  2023– New Zealand | |


title: Musselburgh railway station (1847)

abstract: Musselburgh railway station served the town of Musselburgh, Scotland. Services were provided by trains on the Musselburgh Branch. An existing station also named Musselburgh had opened a year earlier in 1846, on the East Coast Main Line, this station was renamed as Inveresk railway station when the 1847 Musselburgh station opened.

text:
# Musselburgh railway station (1847)

**Musselburgh railway station** served the town of Musselburgh, Scotland. Services were provided by trains on the Musselburgh Branch.

An existing station also named **Musselburgh** had opened a year earlier in 1846, on the East Coast Main Line, this station was renamed as Inveresk railway station when the 1847 Musselburgh station opened.

## History

The station was opened by the North British Railway in 1847 on the newly constructed Musselburgh Branch which crossed over the river Esk into the centre of the town.

The line passed on to the London and North Eastern Railway in 1923 and finally the Scottish Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948.

The station was closed to passengers in 1964 and to freight in 1970. Most of the former trackbed has now been converted for road use. The station site is now a car park.

## Replacement

A new Musselburgh railway station was opened by British Rail in 1988. However, unlike the previous station, it was opened on the existing East Coast Main Line on the western outskirts of the town.

## InfoBox

| Musselburgh | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Location | Musselburgh, East Lothian<br>Scotland |
| Coordinates | 55°56′26″N 3°03′27″W / 55.94065°N 3.05738°W / 55.94065; -3.05738 |
| Grid reference | NT34057246 |
| Platforms | 1 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Disused |
| History | |
| Original company | North British Railway |
| Pre-grouping | North British Railway |
| Post-grouping | London and North Eastern Railway |
| Key dates | |
| 14 July 1847 | Station opened |
| 9 September 1964 | Station closed (passengers) |
| 7 December 1970 | Station closed (freight) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Musselfork, Missouri

abstract: Musselfork is an unincorporated community in Chariton County, in the U.S. state of Missouri. The community is located on Missouri Route DD approximately eight miles (13 km) north-northeast of Keytesville. The stream Mussel Fork flows past approximately two miles to the west.

text:
# Musselfork, Missouri

**Musselfork** (also known as **Muscle Fork**) is an unincorporated community in Chariton County, in the U.S. state of Missouri. The community is located on Missouri Route DD approximately eight miles (13 km) north-northeast of Keytesville. The stream Mussel Fork flows past approximately two miles to the west.

## History

Musselfork was founded in the 1870s, and named after nearby Mussel Fork creek. A post office called Muscle Fork was established in 1870, the name was changed to Musselfork in 1895, and the post office closed in 1939.

39°33′05″N 92°52′32″W / 39.55139°N 92.87556°W / 39.55139; -92.87556


title: Mwanza, Malawi

abstract: Mwanza is a town in Malawi on the border with Mozambique. It is the administrative headquarters for Mwanza District.

text:
# Mwanza, Malawi

**Mwanza** is a town in Malawi on the border with Mozambique. It is the administrative headquarters for Mwanza District.

## Location

Mwanza is the largest commercial, political and administrative urban centre of Mwanza District, in the Southern Region of Malawi. It lies on the important road from Blantyre to Tete in Mozambique, approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi), by road, northwest of Blantyre, Malawi's commercial capital. The geographical coordinates of Mwanza, Malawi are:15°35'55.0"S, 34°31'04.0"E (Latitude:-15.598611; Longitude:34.517778). The town sits at an average elevation of 626 metres (2,054 ft) above sea level.

## Population

The national census and household survey conducted in 2018, enumerated the population of Mwanza, Malawi at 18,039 inhabitants. The majority of people in the town and the district belong to the Chewa ethnic group.

## Economy

The town is a market town for local produce, including honey, as well as a distribution market for commercial products and processed foods, such as maize flour. Mwanza also acts as a transshipment point for goods going down the Zambeze River via Tete. It is also a centre for smuggling. In 2007, Ethiopian illegal immigrants were discovered hidden in an oil tanker at Mwanza, Malawi, at the border with Mozambique, on their way to South Africa. In July 2012, 49 Ethiopian and Somali nationals drowned in Lake Malawi when the boat in which they were attempting to cross the lake capsized. The group which started in Tanzania, had intended to cross into Mozambique and finally to South Africa.

## Infrastructure

Mwanza has an airstrip with a 1,000 metres (3,281 ft) long runway. It has both primary and secondary schools as well as a hospital. Mwanza District Hospital serves not only the local district, but also neighbouring Chikwawa District and Neno District in Malawi and the town of Zobue and Moatize District across the border in Mozambique.

The town has a railway station on the Nacala railway, under concession of Central East African Railways. The town of Mwanza has one of the most important railway stations on the Nacala railway, linking Moatize and Cana-Cana (west) to Nkaya and Port of Nacala (east).

## InfoBox

| Mwanza | |
| --- | --- |
| MwanzaLocation in Malawi | |
| Coordinates: 15°35′55″S 34°31′04″E / 15.59861°S 34.51778°E / -15.59861; 34.51778 | |
| Country | Malawi |
| Region | Southern Region |
| District | Mwanza District |
| Elevation | 2,054 ft (626 m) |
| Population (2018 Census) | |
| Total | 18,039 |
| Time zone | +2 |
| Climate | Aw |


title: Xiangying rifle

abstract: The Xiangying rifle also known as the Xiangying Type rifle, was a Chinese semi automatic rifle developed near the end of World War II and produced by the Jin-Sui District Arsenal.

text:
# Xiangying rifle

The **Xiangying rifle** (Chinese: 向应式步枪, Pinyin: xiàng yìng shì bùqiāng) also known as the Xiangying Type rifle, was a Chinese semi automatic rifle developed near the end of World War II and produced by the Jin-Sui District Arsenal.

## History

The Xiangying rifle was designed by Wen Chengding (Chinese: 温承鼎) in 1944. Wen was a member of the Eighth Route Army. The rifle originally had no name but was later named after the 120th Division's political officer Guan Xiangying, who had died of an illness in 1946. Between 4 and 7 rifles were manufactured. One surviving rifle is currently on display at the Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution.

## Design

The Xiangying rifle was made from captured Type 38 rifle parts. For example, the barrel, the sling mount hardware and the bayonet mount. However, the receiver, the bolt and the stock are all originally made parts. Unlike the regular Type 38 rifle, the Xiangying rifle lacked the Arisaka's distinctive dust cover; however, it still had a bayonet mount like the Type 38 rifle and was chambered in the same round (6.5×50mmSR Arisaka). The Xiangying rifle is modified with an external gas piston on the right side of the rifle. The gas piston, with the return spring nested outside of it, is connected to the base of the bolt handle. It also had a recoil compensator. Its bolt, operated by a long stroke gas system, can be described as a wedge lock, not dissimilar to earlier designs such as the General Liu rifle or the Mannlicher 1886-88 lines.

## InfoBox

| Xiangying rifle | |
| --- | --- |
| The Xiangying rifle (bottom) on display | |
| Type | Semi-automatic rifle |
| Place of origin | Republic of China |
| Service history | |
| Used by | China |
| Wars | Second Sino-Japanese war
World War II
Chinese Civil War |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Wen Chengding |
| Designed | 1944 |
| Manufacturer | Jin-Sui District Arsenal No.2 |
| Produced | 1944-1949 |
| No. built | 7 |
| Specifications | |
| Length | 45.3 inches (115 centimetres) |
| --- | |
| Cartridge | 6.5x50mm Arisaka |
| Caliber | 6.5mm |
| Action | Gas-operated, Wedge-lock |
| Feed system | 5-round internal box magazine |
| Sights | Adjustable open sight |


title: Xanthichthys mento

abstract: Xanthichthys mento, the redtail triggerfish, blue-throat triggerfish, or crosshatch triggerfish, is a species of triggerfish from the Pacific. It inhabits outer-reef areas at depths of 6–131 m (20–430 ft), and feeds on zooplankton. Xanthichthys mento grows to a size of 29 cm (11 in) in length and occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade.

text:
# Xanthichthys mento

***Xanthichthys mento***, the **redtail triggerfish**, **blue-throat triggerfish**, or **crosshatch triggerfish**, is a species of triggerfish from the Pacific. It inhabits outer-reef areas at depths of 6–131 m (20–430 ft), and feeds on zooplankton. *Xanthichthys mento* grows to a size of 29 cm (11 in) in length and occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade.

## InfoBox

| Redtail Triggerfish | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Tetraodontiformes |
| Family: | Balistidae |
| Genus: | *Xanthichthys* |
| Species: | ***X. mento*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xanthichthys mento***
(D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1882) | |
|


title: Xicoténcatl Leyva Mortera

abstract:
Xicoténcatl Leyva Mortera was a Mexican politician, member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party, who was the Governor of Baja California from 1983 to 1989. Xicoténcatl Leyva was related to Miguel Alemán Valdés who was the President of Mexico from 1946 to 1952. He held the positions of Assistant Secretary of Secretariat of Finance and Public Credit under Antonio Ortiz Mena, then Administrative Assistant Director of the National Institute of Youth from 1971. Then he became a delegate from the same organization to Tijuana, where he lived thereafter; there he became Undersecretary of Baja California's State Committee of the PRI and in 1978 was elected Mayor of Tijuana.
In 1983 he was nominated and elected Governor of Baja California. His government was controversial because he was accused of promoting accelerated growth without order, that made areas that were border towns into big cities without planning. In the 1988 election he was unable to avoid having to recognize the landslide victory of Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Solórzano in the state as a candidate for the presidency against Carlos Salinas de Gortari, the PRI candidate. This may have cost him politically and make him take a leave as governor on January 5, 1989, and thereafter remain retired from politics.

text:
# Xicoténcatl Leyva Mortera

**Xicoténcatl Leyva Mortera** (April 4, 1940 – September 30, 2021) was a Mexican politician, member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party, who was the Governor of Baja California from 1983 to 1989.

Xicoténcatl Leyva was related to Miguel Alemán Valdés who was the President of Mexico from 1946 to 1952. He held the positions of Assistant Secretary of Secretariat of Finance and Public Credit under Antonio Ortiz Mena, then Administrative Assistant Director of the National Institute of Youth from 1971. Then he became a delegate from the same organization to Tijuana, where he lived thereafter; there he became Undersecretary of Baja California's State Committee of the PRI and in 1978 was elected Mayor of Tijuana. In 1983 he was nominated and elected Governor of Baja California. His government was controversial because he was accused of promoting accelerated growth without order, that made areas that were border towns into big cities without planning. In the 1988 election he was unable to avoid having to recognize the landslide victory of Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Solórzano in the state as a candidate for the presidency against Carlos Salinas de Gortari, the PRI candidate. This may have cost him politically and make him take a leave as governor on January 5, 1989, and thereafter remain retired from politics.

## InfoBox

| Xicoténcatl Leyva Mortera | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 8th Governor of Baja California | |
| **In office**
November 1, 1983  January 5, 1989 | |
| Preceded by | Roberto de la Madrid |
| Succeeded by | Oscar Baylón Chacón |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1940-04-04)April 4, 1940
Jalapa, Veracruz |
| Died | September 30, 2021(2021-09-30) (aged 81) |
| Political party | Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) |
| Profession | Attorney |
|  | |


title: Music & Arts Center

abstract: Music & Arts is an American musical instrument retailer chain specializing in band and orchestra instrument sales and rentals, guitars, keyboards, sheet music and accessories, musical instrument repairs and private music lessons. It is the largest school music dealer in the United States, with 253 retail locations. Originally founded in 1952, the company has operated as a subsidiary of Guitar Center since its acquisition in 2005.

text:
# Music & Arts Center

**Music & Arts** is an American musical instrument retailer chain specializing in band and orchestra instrument sales and rentals, guitars, keyboards, sheet music and accessories, musical instrument repairs and private music lessons. It is the largest school music dealer in the United States, with 253 retail locations. Originally founded in 1952, the company has operated as a subsidiary of Guitar Center since its acquisition in 2005.

## History

The first Music & Arts Center was founded by Benjamin O'Brien in a small house in Bethesda, Maryland in 1952. That first store offered music lessons, music and art supplies, and dance lessons — thus the name Music & Arts. The company gradually expanded in Maryland and Virginia, later opening retail stores in Atlanta, the Philadelphia area, the Carolinas, Nashville, Denver, and the Northeastern United States. Music & Arts Center eventually became one of the largest chain of musical instrument retail stores serving school band and orchestra programs, with 62 stores throughout the Mid-Atlantic, Southeast, Northeast regions of the U.S. as well as Colorado. In 1998, the corporate headquarters moved from Rockville to Frederick, Maryland.

By 2005, Music & Arts Center was operating 60 retail locations and 7 educational support centers throughout the mid-Atlantic and Southeast. On February 9, 2005, Guitar Center announced the acquisition of Music & Arts Center and its plans to merge Music & Arts Center with its American Music Group division of band and orchestral instrument stores. The new company, operating as Music & Arts Center, included 82 retail music store locations spanning the United States, 1,500 employees, 330 affiliate dealers, and over 150,000 annual musical instrument rentals.

Music & Arts has become the largest school music dealer in the United States, with over 260 retail locations, over 200 educational representatives, and over 300 affiliate locations. The retailer has been characterized as the largest private music lesson program in the United States, as its independently contracted music educators conduct over 1.5 million private music lessons with students each year.

## InfoBox

Music & Arts
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Musical instruments |
| Founded | 1952 (1952) in Bethesda, Maryland, United States |
| Founder | Benjamin O'Brien |
| Headquarters | Frederick, Maryland, United States |
| Number of locations | 253 |
| Area served | United States |
| Key people | Jeff Gottlieb, President |
| Products | Musical instruments, sheet music |
| Services | Musical instrument rentals and repairs, private music lessons |
| Number of employees | 1,500 (2005) |
| Parent | Guitar Center, Inc. |
| Website | musicarts.com |


title: Xanthophyllum brevipes

abstract: Xanthophyllum brevipes is a tree in the family Polygalaceae. The specific epithet brevipes is from the Latin meaning 'short foot', referring to the short petiole of the leaves.

text:
# Xanthophyllum brevipes

***Xanthophyllum brevipes*** is a tree in the family Polygalaceae. The specific epithet **brevipes** is from the Latin meaning 'short foot', referring to the short petiole of the leaves.

## Description

*Xanthophyllum brevipes* grows up to 30 metres (100 ft) tall with a trunk diameter of up to 40 centimetres (16 in). The bark is yellowish brown and smooth. The flowers are white drying to orange-brown. The brown or blackish fruits are pear-shaped to ovoid and measure up to 5 cm (2 in) in diameter.

## Distribution and habitat

*Xanthophyllum brevipes* is endemic to Borneo. Its habitat is mixed dipterocarp forests from sea-level to 100 metres (300 ft) altitude.

## InfoBox

| *Xanthophyllum brevipes* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Polygalaceae |
| Genus: | *Xanthophyllum* |
| Species: | ***X. brevipes*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xanthophyllum brevipes***<br>Meijden | |
|


title: Mutee Head

abstract: Mutee Head is a headland about 20 km west of Bamaga at the north of Cape York Peninsula in the Shire of Torres, Queensland, Australia.

text:
# Mutee Head

**Mutee Head** is a headland about 20 km west of Bamaga at the north of Cape York Peninsula in the Shire of Torres, Queensland, Australia.

## History

In 1943 during World War II, the RAAF built a radar station at Mutee Head, known as RAAF 52 Radar Station. It closed in September 1945 and the buildings were given to the people of Saibai Island. It is historically significant as it is the only Queensland radar station with its radar tower and aerial still intact and in situ.

10°54′34″S 142°14′58″E / 10.90944°S 142.24944°E / -10.90944; 142.24944

1. "Mutee Head – cape in the Shire of Torres (entry 23674)". *Queensland Place Names*. Queensland Government. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
2. "RAAF 52 Radar Station". *Queensland WWII Historic Places*. Queensland Government. 30 June 2014. Archived from the original on 18 March 2024. Retrieved 4 April 2024.


title: Xing Zhaotang

abstract: Xing Zhaotang (1894–1961) original name Guangzu, courtesy name Zhaotang, was a People's Republic of China politician. He was born in Tongwei County, Gansu Province. A veteran of the Second Zhili–Fengtian War, he was a regiment commander in the Guominjun. In 1927, he became a division commander in the National Revolutionary Army's 6th Division. Xing joined the opposition to Chiang Kai-shek. After the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Xing and Sun Dianying created a guerrilla force in northern Hebei Province and Chahar Province. This was absorbed into the National Revolutionary Army in 1939 as the New 5th Army, with Xing as deputy army commander. During the Chinese Civil War, Xing sided with the Chinese Communist Party against the Kuomintang due to opposition to Chiang. He was made vice chairman of Ningxia in 1949, chairman in 1952 and vice governor of Henan Province in 1955.

text:
# Xing Zhaotang

**Xing Zhaotang** (Chinese: 邢肇棠) (1894–1961) original name Guangzu (Chinese: 光祖), courtesy name Zhaotang (Chinese: 照堂), was a People's Republic of China politician. He was born in Tongwei County, Gansu Province. A veteran of the Second Zhili–Fengtian War, he was a regiment commander in the Guominjun. In 1927, he became a division commander in the National Revolutionary Army's 6th Division. Xing joined the opposition to Chiang Kai-shek. After the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Xing and Sun Dianying created a guerrilla force in northern Hebei Province and Chahar Province. This was absorbed into the National Revolutionary Army in 1939 as the New 5th Army, with Xing as deputy army commander. During the Chinese Civil War, Xing sided with the Chinese Communist Party against the Kuomintang due to opposition to Chiang. He was made vice chairman of Ningxia in 1949, chairman in 1952 and vice governor of Henan Province in 1955.


title: Xerom Civil

abstract: Xerom Civil is a Spanish rugby union player who plays as a hooker for Bassin d'Arcachon in the Nationale 2. He also has caps playing for the Spanish National Rugby Union side. Although born in France, Civil holds dual nationality with Spain.

text:
# Xerom Civil

**Xerom Civil** (born 13 April 1996) is a Spanish rugby union player who plays as a hooker for Bassin d'Arcachon in the Nationale 2. He also has caps playing for the Spanish National Rugby Union side. Although born in France, Civil holds dual nationality with Spain.

## Rugby Union Career

Civil began playing rugby at Union Bordeaux Bègles, where he rose to prominence as a rugby union prop in their youth side. He made his full senior debut during the 2016-17 Top 14 season. Civil dropped down a division to play for Carcassonne in Pro D2 the following season. Civil was signed by Agen for the 2018-19 Top 14 season. After just one Top 14 season Civil returned to Carcassonne ahead of the 2019-2020 French rugby union season.

Civil holds dual nationality and could have played for France but opted for Spain. He made his international debut on 21 November 2015 in Spain against Chile at Torrelavega.

## InfoBox

Xerom Civil
| Date of birth | (1994-04-02) 2 April 1994 |
| --- | --- |
| Place of birth | Bordeaux, France |
| Height | 1.82 m (6 ft 0 in) |
| Weight | 118 kg (18 st 8 lb) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Hooker  **Current team** Bassin d'Arcachon  Youth career  -  Union Bordeaux Bègles  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2015–2017
2017–2018
2018–2019
2019-2021
2021- Union Bordeaux Bègles
Carcassonne
Agen
Carcassonne
Bassin d'Arcachon  7
20
13
9
-  (0)
(10)
(0)
(10)
(-)  Correct as of 21 July 2024  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2015– Spain  13  0  Correct as of 21 July 2024 | |


title: Music of the Maldives

text:
# Music of the Maldives

The Maldives is an island nation in the Indian Ocean, and its music is marked mainly by Indian, East African, and Arab influences.

## Traditional performances

The most widely known form of indigenous music is called *boduberu*. It is also the most popular, especially in the Northern Atolls. It is said to have appeared in the Maldives in about the 11th century, and that it may have East African origins. It is a dance music, performed by about fifteen people, including a lead singer and three percussionists, as well as a bell and a small stick of bamboo with horizontal grooves called an *onugandu*.

*Boduberu* songs begin with a slow beat, which eventually enters a frenetic crescendo accompanied by frenetic dancing. Lyrics can be about any number of subjects, and often include vocables (meaningless syllables).

*Thaara* music is performed by about 22 people seated in two rows opposite each other. It is performed only by men, and is somewhat religious in nature. Like *boduberu*, *thaara* songs begin slowly and come to a peak. *Thaara* is said to have arrived with Arabs who came from the Persian Gulf in the middle of the 17th century.

*Gaa odi lava* is a special type of song performed after the completion of manual labor. It was said to have been invented during the reign of Sultan Mohamed Imadudeen I (1620–1648), for the workers who built defenses for the city of Malé.

In the early 20th century, Sultan Muhammad Shamsuddeen III ruled the Maldives and the youth developed a form of music called *langiri*, using *thaara* as the major source and modifying its performance.

The *bolimalaafath neshun* is a dance performed by women on special occasions or when giving gifts to the sultan. These gifts, most often shells, are kept in an intricately decorated box or vase called the *kurandi malaafath*. About twenty-four women typically participate, in small groups of two to six. They march towards the sultan singing songs of patriotism or loyalty. Since becoming a republic in 1968, this dance is no longer performed for any sultan, since one no longer exists.

Another women's dance is called *maafathi neshun*, which is similar to *langiri*. It is performed by women dancing in two rows of ten each, carrying a semi-circular string with fake flowers attached.

A dance called *fathigandu jehun* is performed by either one person or a group of men, using two pieces of short bamboo sticks to accompany the dancers and a drummer, who also sings. These songs are typically epics, most famously one called *Burunee Raivaru*.

*Bandiyaa jehun* is perhaps related to the Indian pot dance, and is performed by women. Dancers mark the beat with a metal water pot, while wearing metal rings. Modern groups perform either standing or sitting, and have added drums and harmonicas.

Kulhudhuffushi (on Haa Dhaalu Atoll) is known for *kadhaamaali*, which is performed with numerous drums and a *kadhaa*, which is made of a copper plate and rod. About thirty men take part, dressed in costumes of evil spirits (*maali*). *Kadhaamaali* is associated with a traditional walk around the island late at night by the elders, in order to ward of *maali*. This walk lasted for three days, followed by music and dancing.

Maldivians feel some affinity to Northern India through their language, which is related to the languages of North India. Most older generation or traditional Maldivians like to watch Hindi movies from the 1960s or 70s, and like to listen to the songs of those movies. The reason is that out of a similar language, similar rhythms and cadences develop. In fact, it is very easy for Maldivians to fit local lyrics to a Hindi tune because of this cultural closeness. For example, the Hindi words *Ek din* ("one day") are changed to *E kudin* (those kids) in Dhivehi, and in this manner a new local song develops.

Before cable TV, the most popular radio programmes from the Voice of Maldives (VOM) were those broadcasting older Hindi songs, like *Vakivumuge kurin* ("Before the breakup"). On rural islands, Hindi songs are still the most popular songs, especially the older ones from Mohammed Rafi, Mukesh, Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhonsle, Hemant Kumar and Kishore Kumar. Therefore, most popular Maldivian songs are based in (or influenced by) Hindi songs.

Similarly, the few popular local dances are based on North Indian dances, especially *Kathak*.

The favorite musical instrument of Maldivians, besides the drum, is the *bulbul tarang*, a kind of horizontal accordion. This instrument is also used to accompany devotional songs, like *Maadhaha*. Singers like Naifaru Dohokko became famous through songs with *bulbul* music in the background. The first *bulbuls* were brought from Calcutta in the early 19th century. Influences from North Indian music and dances date back to that time. They did not begin broadcasting Hindi songs by radio until the 1960s and 1970s.

There are also female singers producing traditional songs; among them, the most popular were **Fareeda Hasan** and **Jēmuge Donkamanaa**, whose songs continue to be cherished by Maldivians, although both women have died.

## Religious songs

Formerly in the islands of Maldives, there was a festival called *Maulūdu*, where religious songs were sung by groups of males within a pavilion (*haruge*) specially built for the occasion. When a *Maulūd* was arranged, local islanders had to build a large, open-sided pavilion with wooden poles. They would thatch it with coconut-palm fronds, and decorate it with oil lamps and special patchwork draperies. The day of the event, special food would be prepared, and beautifully displayed for the benefit of the *Maulūd* singers and a great number of guests coming from their rival island (or village), in their best dresses, on festively decorated boats. Here the host islanders had to prove themselves hospitable in the preparations and accommodation, in order to be able to compare favorably when it was their own turn to receive hospitality in the rival island on a similar occasion. Another name for religious songs is *madhaha* .

## Modern music

Hussain Shihab, formerly a musician and now the minister of state for arts, wrote a song to a foreign tune. This song was named *hiy Adhu Roneeyey Nudhashey*, which he admitted in a program broadcast on the anniversary of Television Maldives (TVM). Western music is more popular in the capital, as in any global city.

However, popular music has shifted from plagiarizing to more original concepts. The Dhivehi band Zero Degree Atoll released an album named *Dhoni* ("Traditional Maldivian Boat"). This album had roots in folk and ancient arts such as *Raivaru*, a type of traditional poetry, where letters are swapped to be sung in a certain melody. The album was a huge success, followed by its remake with few new songs in 1997, the album titled *Island Pulse* recorded in France. The band had a huge impact on the local population, which unofficially claimed it as the saviors of traditional Dhivehi musical art and the pioneers of modern Dhivehi music.

Another famous band is the Trio Band. Trio Band first performance on Dhanberu Live show known by Chaaley song, raarukuga and Ey manjey. Trio band has its own unique style as a young band. Lately they become boduberu style. Trio Band Lead Vocal is Moosa Shifau.

Many other bands and local performers have kept up tradition. It is believed that the state sponsored radio and TV grew more in favor of foreign music, when most quintessential Dhivehi musicians started including political content in their lyrics.

Such lyricists include Easa of Sea Child, who was jailed for drug related issues. Although Easa is not regarded professionally, many of his songs have been stolen and sung. While serving time at Maafushi, he is said to have written more than a hundred songs. Songs such as *Jamalegge Soora* ("face of a camel"), *Filavalhu* ("lesson"), *Fangivinun* (a collaboration of folk and an original *Raivaru*), *Insaana* ("the Human") and *Govaali Adu* are very prominent among musicians, and in the underground music scene.

* Clarence Maloney. People of the Maldive Islands.
* Xavier Romero-Frias, The Maldive Islanders, A Study of the Popular Culture of an Ancient Ocean Kingdom. Barcelona 1999, ISBN 84-7254-801-5


title: My Aunt from Honfleur (1923 film)

abstract: My Aunt from Honfleur is a 1923 French silent comedy film directed by Robert Saidreau and starring Jane Loury, Armand Bernard and Marcel Vallée. It is based on the 1914 play My Aunt from Honfleur by Paul Gavault.

text:
# My Aunt from Honfleur (1923 film)

***My Aunt from Honfleur*** (French: ***Ma tante d'Honfleur***) is a 1923 French silent comedy film directed by Robert Saidreau and starring Jane Loury, Armand Bernard and Marcel Vallée. It is based on the 1914 play *My Aunt from Honfleur* by Paul Gavault.

## Cast

1. Goble p.849

## Bibliography

* Goble, Alan. *The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film*. Walter de Gruyter, 1999.

## InfoBox

| My Aunt from Honfleur | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Robert Saidreau |
| Based on | *My Aunt from Honfleur* by Paul Gavault |
| Produced by | Henri Diamant-Berger |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | René Guichard |
| Production
company | Les Films Diamant |
| Distributed by | Agence Générale Cinématographique |
| Release date | * 16 November 1923 (1923-11-16) |
| Running time | 60 minutes |
| Country | France |
| Languages | Silent
French intertitles |


title: Museum of Irish Industry

abstract: The Museum of Irish Industry, founded in 1854, originally an extension of the Museum of Economic Geology, was a museum dedicated to the exhibition of the various, display-worthy materials from, and donated by, the industries of mining and manufacturing established in Ireland. In addition, the museum gave lectures on the subject, and related subject matters, to the general public.

text:
# Museum of Irish Industry

The **Museum of Irish Industry**, founded in 1854, originally an extension of the Museum of Economic Geology, was a museum dedicated to the exhibition of the various, display-worthy materials from, and donated by, the industries of mining and manufacturing established in Ireland. In addition, the museum gave lectures on the subject, and related subject matters, to the general public.

## Overview

Overseen by the Board of Trade, Department of Science and Art, the museum grew to challenge (in its areas of expertise) the previous monopolisers of scientific study and instruction in Ireland, Trinity College Dublin and the Royal Dublin Society. The museum had an education faculty of sorts which was divided into two separate institutions, and they were both largely dissimilar in their areas of academic focus.

The abolition of the museum was recommended in 1862, with several parties claiming that it should be ultimately reorganised to be broader in scope, to encompass all areas of science related to agriculture and industry, rather than simply relating to the mining subject matter. As a result of this recommendation, the museum was abolished to make way for the Royal College of Science for Ireland, which was wider in sight. The document detailing and authenticating the abolishment of the museum was appointed in February 1866, and was signed in July of the same year.

## InfoBox

Museum of Irish Industry
| The Museum of Irish Industry was located at 51 St Stephen's Green | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Established | 1854 |
| Dissolved | 1866 |
| Location | 51 St Stephens Green |
| Coordinates | 53°20′19″N 6°15′42″W / 53.338741°N 6.261563°W / 53.338741; -6.261563 |
| Type | mining museum |


title: Xtra AM

abstract: Xtra AM was an Independent Local Radio station which was on the air between 1989 and 1998. It was broadcast to much of Birmingham, Coventry and Warwickshire and was the 'oldies' station which took over the mediumwave frequencies of both BRMB and Mercia FM. The programming came from the BRMB studios in Aston, Birmingham, and the signal was relayed from the Langley Mill transmitter (Birmingham) and Shilton (Coventry). The Coventry station was acquired in 1993 by GWR Group and replaced by Classic Gold, while the Birmingham station continued until 1998 when it was replaced by Capital Gold.

text:
# Xtra AM

**Xtra AM** was an Independent Local Radio station which was on the air between 1989 and 1998. It was broadcast to much of Birmingham, Coventry and Warwickshire and was the 'oldies' station which took over the mediumwave frequencies of both BRMB (serving Birmingham) and Mercia FM (Coventry and Warwickshire). The programming came from the BRMB studios in Aston, Birmingham, and the signal was relayed from the Langley Mill transmitter (Birmingham) and Shilton (Coventry). The Coventry station was acquired in 1993 by GWR Group and replaced by Classic Gold, while the Birmingham station continued until 1998 when it was replaced by Capital Gold.

## History

The station was launched on the morning of 4 April 1989, as a response to government disapproval of the simulcasting of programming on FM and medium wave. Xtra AM became a 'gold' station and targeted listeners in the 35 to 50 age range, while BRMB and Mercia both began to cater for a younger audience. The new AM service was launched to much fanfare with its inaugural host, Les Ross, conducting a spoof interview with Elvis Presley as part of its publicity.

Xtra AM quickly became popular with its audience and was soon rivalling its FM counterparts. Despite this, however, BRMB maintained the larger proportion of the audience share. One of the key ingredients in this success was the appointment of Les Ross as the station's breakfast host: a well liked and respected broadcaster in the region, when Ross left BRMB to move to Xtra AM, he took many of his listeners with him. He remained with the station for four years, before making a return to BRMB following a programming shake-up in 1993.

As well as playing what it termed 'classic hits', Xtra AM also carried a mini playlist of 12 songs from the current Top 40 which were deemed to fit with its music profile. Regional news, weather, events and community information, as well as local advertising were separate for the Birmingham and Coventry areas, but programming was simulcast in both areas. BRMB's well respected sports coverage was moved over to the new station, where Tom Ross continued to cover the region's sports events.

Presenters on the station included many who were already established personalities in the West Midlands region. During Xtra AM's nine years on air, besides Ross, these included Annie Othen, Ted Elliott, Tony Butler, Adrian Stewart, Dave Hickman, Mick Wright, Guy Jogoo and Noddy Holder (who hosted a popular Sunday afternoon show playing music from the 1970s). Jimmy Savile was also heard on the station, presenting a syndicated oldies show (also taken by a number of other commercial stations) based on his previous BBC Radio 1 show. Mike Hollis had been on BRMB before going to Radio Luxembourg and returned to Xtra AM after Luxembourg's English service closed.

## Closure

Capital Radio acquired Midlands Radio plc in 1993, and then decided to sell off the majority of the stations that belonged to the group. Capital retained BRMB, but Mercia FM was included in those to be sold. Consequently, the two Xtra AM frequencies experienced a parting of the ways. GWR Group purchased the Coventry station and as a result it was announced that Xtra AM in Coventry was to close, with the 1359 kHz frequency joining the Classic Gold Network. Xtra AM continued in Birmingham, however, on 1152 kHz, and the presenters urged Coventry listeners to retune to that frequency; this contributed to GWR pulling the plug on Xtra AM using 1359, earlier than provisionally agreed.

With the 1994 launch of 100.7 Heart FM, listeners were given greater choice, while the quality of broadcasting on the FM services was preferable to the poor reception often experienced on the mediumwave band. Ratings for Xtra AM gradually fell throughout the mid-1990s before the end finally came in April 1998. The majority of the Xtra AM team were made redundant, the station renamed Capital Gold Birmingham, and the bulk of programming was switched to London and simulcast from Capital Gold. The only local programming to remain was a four-hour afternoon show and Tom Ross's sports coverage.

On 3 August 2007, the station, along with the rest of the Capital Gold network, was replaced by a new network called simply Gold, the result of the merger of the Classic Gold and Capital Gold networks under one owner, GCap Media.

## InfoBox

Xtra AM
| Broadcast area | Birmingham and Coventry |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | 1152 kHz in Birmingham<br>1359 kHz in Coventry |
| Programming | |
| Format | Oldies |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Midlands Radio plc |
| History | |
| First air date | 4 April 1989 |
| Last air date | April 1998 |


title: X-mini

abstract: Xmi Private Limited, is a Singapore technological company founded in 2006 by brothers Ryan Lee and Reuben Lee together with Barry Choo. Ryan Lee is also the current CEO of the company. Xmi focuses on multimedia products, including small portable speaker with high-quality sound. Xmi is more commonly known as X-mini which is the brand name of its products. The main products that the company offers are compact and portable capsule speakers that have in-built rechargeable batteries which work mainly with smartphones, tablets and other smart devices. The newer capsule speakers produced by Xmi include Bluetooth capabilities which allow wireless connection with smart devices. Xmi managed to break-even on all first year expenses within three months of launching of its first X-mini™ Capsule Speakers. As of 2012, Xmi has sold close to three million units of the X-mini™ Capsule Speakers.

text:
# X-mini

**Xmi Private Limited**, is a Singapore technological company founded in 2006 by brothers Ryan Lee and Reuben Lee together with Barry Choo. Ryan Lee is also the current CEO of the company. Xmi focuses on multimedia products, including small portable speaker with high-quality sound. Xmi is more commonly known as X-mini which is the brand name of its products.

The main products that the company offers are compact and portable capsule speakers that have in-built rechargeable batteries which work mainly with smartphones, tablets and other smart devices. The newer capsule speakers produced by Xmi include Bluetooth capabilities which allow wireless connection with smart devices. Xmi managed to break-even on all first year expenses within three months of launching of its first X-mini™ Capsule Speakers. As of 2012, Xmi has sold close to three million units of the X-mini™ Capsule Speakers.

## Products

Xmi introduced their first X-mini speakers in 2007. The X-mini speakers had built-in rechargeable batteries to provide a direct energy source for the speakers.

In 2009, Xmi launched the second generation speakers with a new function called "buddyjack" which enables users to connect multiple capsule speakers to a single source of music.

In 2011, Xmi invested approximately $1million in a manufacturing plant in Shenzhen, China to help produce components and research new ideas and improvements for its X-mini™ products. The plant employs about 180 engineers and assembly workers.

## Overseas Market

Xmi currently sells in over 80 countries across regions like Asia Pacific, Australia, Europe, Latin America, Middle East and North America. In 2014, international sales of Xmi's products accounted for 95% of its total revenue. Since Xmi was established, it had taken a proactive stance on selling on the global market so as to have a larger consumer population. Lee understood that Xmi has to produce in large quantities to survive as a business. Xmi USA was officially incorporated in Los Angeles, California on 27 April 2012 which will serve the markets in North America and South America. After Xmi USA's incorporation, Xmi has managed to double its revenue in 2012.

## InfoBox

Xmi Pte Ltd
| Company type | Private company |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Electrical/Electronic Manufacturing, Audio |
| Founded | Singapore
(August 2006 (2006-08)) |
| Headquarters | Singapore |
| Key people | Ryan Lee
(Founder, CEO) |
| Products | Capsule speakers |
| Website | x-mini.com// |


title: Xylocopa amethystina

abstract: Xylocopa amethystina, or Xylocopa (Nodula) amethystina, is a species of carpenter bee. It is distributed in South Asian countries such as, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

text:
# Xylocopa amethystina

***Xylocopa amethystina***, or ***Xylocopa (Nodula) amethystina***, is a species of carpenter bee. It is distributed in South Asian countries such as, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

## Subspecies

* *Xylocopa amethystina amethystina* (Fabricius, 1793)
* *Xylocopa amethystina phanerocephala* Cockerell, 1920

## Further reading

* Ruggiero M. (project leader), Ascher J. et al. (2013). ITIS Bees: World Bee Checklist (version Sep 2009). In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 11 March 2013 (Roskov Y., Kunze T., Paglinawan L., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Hernandez F., De Wever A., eds). Digital resource at www.catalogueoflife.org/col/. Species 2000: Reading, UK.
* Hurd, P.D. and J.S. Moure. 1963. A Classification of the Large Carpenter Bees (Xylocopine) (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). University of California Publications in Entomology (Vol. 29). Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 365 pp.

## InfoBox

| *Xylocopa amethystina* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Suborder: | Apocrita |
| Superfamily: | Apoidea |
| Family: | Anthoporidae |
| Subfamily: | Xylocopinae |
| Tribe: | *Xylocopini* |
| Genus: | *Xylocopa* |
| Subgenus: | *Nodula* |
| Species: | ***Xylocopa amethystina***<br>(Fabricius, 1793) |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Apis amethystina* Fabricius, 1793 * *Xylocopa ignita* Smith 1874 * *Xylocopa amethystina sigiriana* Cockerell, 1911 | |


title: Xylaria mali

abstract: Xylaria mali is a plant pathogen that causes black rot on apple.

text:
# Xylaria mali

***Xylaria mali*** is a plant pathogen that causes black rot on apple.

## InfoBox

| *Xylaria mali* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Several *Xylaria mali* fungi growing at Montgomery, Alabama | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Order: | Xylariales |
| Family: | Xylariaceae |
| Genus: | *Xylaria* |
| Species: | ***X. mali*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xylaria mali***<br>Fromme, (1928) | |
|