title: PEN Center USA

abstract: PEN Center USA was a branch of PEN, an international literary and human rights organization. It was one of two PEN International Centers in the United States, the other being the PEN America in New York City. On March 1, 2018, PEN Center USA unified under the PEN America umbrella as the PEN America Los Angeles office. PEN Center USA was founded in 1943 and incorporated as a nonprofit association in 1981. Much of PEN Center USA's programming continues out of the PEN America Los Angeles office, including the Emerging Voices Fellowship, PEN In the Community writing residencies and guest speaker program, and the PEN Presents conversation series.

text:
# PEN Center USA

**PEN Center USA** was a branch of PEN, an international literary and human rights organization. It was one of two PEN International Centers in the United States, the other being the PEN America in New York City. On March 1, 2018, PEN Center USA unified under the PEN America umbrella as the PEN America Los Angeles office. PEN Center USA was founded in 1943 and incorporated as a nonprofit association in 1981. Much of PEN Center USA's programming continues out of the PEN America Los Angeles office, including the Emerging Voices Fellowship, PEN In the Community writing residencies and guest speaker program, and the PEN Presents conversation series.

## History

The organization was originally established in 1943. In 1952 PEN International granted it the right to become **PEN Los Angeles Center**, able to set up its chapters. In 1981 it was incorporated as a Non-profit organization. In 1988 it requested a name change, and eventually, it was renamed to **PEN USA Center West**. On March 1, 2018, PEN Center USA unified under the PEN America banner.

## Mission statement

PEN Center USA's mission is to stimulate and maintain interest in the written word, to foster a vital literary culture, and to defend freedom of expression domestically and internationally.

## Freedom To Write Programming

PEN Center USA offers Freedom to Write programming, manifested in four channels of action: the FTW Advocacy Network, the Emerging Voices Fellowship, PEN in the Community, and the annual Literary Awards. Each of these programs pursue the goals of the essential Freedom to Write idea—to support writers' freedom of expression and to promote access to their writing globally.

### Freedom to Write Advocacy Network

Freedom to Write Advocacy Network is a worldwide, collaborative effort to support free speech and to defend writers whose civil and human rights have been violated. In 1948, International PEN members helped to craft Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which guarantees that "everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression… and to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers." PEN holds Category A status at UNESCO and consultative status with the United Nations.

As a member of International PEN's Writers in Prison Committee, PEN Center USA members visit their colleagues in prison in other parts of the world and deliver aid in the form of letters and financial assistance. PEN Center USA's Freedom to Write Committee, made up of more than 200 volunteer writers, investigates regional and country-specific problems. Past efforts include the Nigeria Initiative, aimed at publicizing the link between oil politics and the silencing of dissent in Nigeria, and a coordinated campaign to end violent attacks against journalists in Latin America.

As a member of the Rapid Action Network of PEN International, the PEN Center USA receives and responds to reports of arrests, attacks, and threats to more than 700 writers currently at risk around the world.

### PEN in the Community

A PEN In the Community (PITC) writing residency is a generative writing workshop that takes place in a classroom, community center, nonprofit organization, shelter, or reservation. Written work collected during the residency is published by PEN Center USA in PITC anthologies, which are windows into participant's lives—their struggles, hopes, and experiences. PITC instructors are selected from PEN Center USA's diverse membership to best match the needs of the community where they will teach.

In preparation for a PITC writing residency, PITC instructors and community leaders attend a mandatory orientation session at the PEN Center USA office. Then, working with the community leader, the PITC instructor develops a curriculum, to help the participants complete a solid body of creative writing work. A PITC writing residency consists of twelve in-class writing workshops, the publication of a participant anthology, and a final public reading. Throughout the semester, the PITC program coordinator makes visits to each community center and communicates with all PITC instructors and community leaders weekly.

### Emerging Voices Fellowship

Emerging Voices is a literary fellowship that aims to provide new writers, who lack access, with the tools they will need to launch a professional writing career. The eight-month fellowship includes:

PROFESSIONAL MENTORSHIP: Emerging Voices Mentors are carefully chosen from PEN Center USA's membership and from professional writers based in Los Angeles. The Mentor-Fellow relationship is expected to challenge the fellow's work and compel significant creative progress. Throughout the fellowship, Emerging Voices Fellows and Mentors should meet three times in person and be in contact at least once a month. In these three meetings, Mentors will offer written feedback on the Emerging Voices Fellows' work in progress. Authors who have been mentors in the past include Ron Carlson, Harryette Mullen, Chris Abani, Ramona Ausubel, Meghan Daum, and Sherman Alexie.

CLASSES AT THE UCLA EXTENSION WRITERS' PROGRAM: Participants will attend two free courses (a 12-week writing course and a one-day workshop) at UCLA Extension, donated by the Writers' Program. Program Manager will assist the Emerging Voices Fellows with course selection.

AUTHOR EVENINGS: Every Monday, fellows will meet with a visiting author, editor or publisher and ask questions about craft. Fellows must read each visiting author's book before the evening. A schedule of Author Evenings will be distributed at the first Emerging Voices orientation meeting. Authors who have participated in the past have included Jonathan Lethem, Percival Everett, Maggie Nelson, Cynthia Bond, Aimee Bender, Jerry Stahl, and Bruce Bauman, senior editor of the literary magazine *Black Clock*.

MASTER CLASSES: After completing the UCLA Extension Writers' Program courses, Emerging Voices Fellows will enroll in a Master Class. The Master Class is a genre-specific workshop with a professional writer that allows fellows to exchange feedback on their works in progress. Previous Master Class Instructors have included Diana Wagman, Alex Espinoza, and Paul Mandelbaum.

VOLUNTEER PROJECT: All Emerging Voices Fellows are expected to complete a 25-hour volunteer project that is relevant to the literary community. A few of the organizations that have participated included WriteGirl, 826LA, Cedars-Sinai Hospital, and STARS – San Diego Youth Services.

VOICE INSTRUCTION CLASS: The Fellowship will provide a one-day workshop with Dave Thomas, a professional voice actor. The Emerging Voices Fellows will read their work in a recording studio and receive instruction on reading their work publicly.

PUBLIC READINGS: Fellows will participate in three public readings, The Welcome Party, Tongue & Groove Salon, and the Final Reading. Fellows have read in various venues and events including the Los Angeles Times Festival of Books, Silver Lake Jubilee, Skylight Bookstore, The Standard, Downtown LA, and Hotel Café. For the past five years, the fellowship has culminated in a Final Reading held in Hammer Museum's Billy Wilder Theater, showcasing the progress each fellow has made in his or her work.

STIPEND: The fellowship includes a $1,000 stipend, given in $500 increments.

Participants need not be published, but the fellowship is directed toward poets and writers of fiction and creative nonfiction with clear ideas of what they hope to accomplish through their writing.

The program is directed towards new writers who lack financial or creative access and writers from immigrant, minority, and other underserved communities.

### Literary awards and festival

PEN Center USA's annual awards program, established in 1982, is a unique, regional competition that recognizes literary excellence in eleven categories: fiction, creative nonfiction, research nonfiction, poetry, children's literature, graphic literature, translation, journalism, drama, teleplay, and screenplay. Past award winners include Barbara Kingsolver, Maxine Hong Kingston, T. C. Boyle, and Paul Thomas Anderson. Each year, PEN Center USA calls for submissions of work produced or published during one calendar year by writers living west of the Mississippi River. Entries in the eleven categories are reviewed and judged by panels of distinguished writers, critics, and editors. Winners are announced the following fall, and each receives a $1,000 cash prize, a free year of membership with PEN Center USA, and an invitation to the Annual Literary Awards Festival in Los Angeles.

The Literary Awards Festival is held in Beverly Hills and includes a dinner, a silent auction or raffle, and the presentation of The Literary Awards and honoree awards. This gala is the only one of its scope on the West Coast and is attended by more than 400 prominent members of the literary community. Past recipients of the Award of Honor and Lifetime Achievement Award include Ray Bradbury, Elmore Leonard, Norman Lear, Carolyn See, Gore Vidal, and Billy Wilder. The evening also features the presentation of the prestigious First Amendment Award, given to a candidate who has done work in the domestic United States to protect the First Amendment, as well as the Freedom to Write Award, given to a candidate who has fought for freedom of expression internationally. Both awards honor men and women who have produced exceptional work in the face of extreme adversity, who have been punished for exercising their freedom of expression, or who have fought against censorship and defended the right to publish freely.

## Membership

PEN Center USA's membership consists of over 700 published authors (Professional members), as well as literary community supporters (Distinguished Patron and Patron members), students (Student members), and booksellers (Bookseller members). The annual dues of membership, which vary by type, provide significant financial support that allows members to carry out the work of PEN Center USA.

## Literary events

PEN Center USA produces a variety of events and original programming every year, including smaller staged readings, regular reading series, and large-scale special events for literary occasions.

## See also.

## InfoBox

PEN Center USA
|
|  |
| Abbreviation | EA |
| Formation | 1943 |
| Type | Non-profit, Literary society, Human Rights Campaigning |
| Legal status | Association |
| Purpose | Advocacy, Programs, Events |
| Headquarters | London, UK |
| Location |  |
| Region served | Western Half of USA |
| Official language | English |
| Executive Director | Michelle Franke |
| Key people | Board of Directors |
| Main organ | PEN America |
| Parent organization | International PEN |
| Website | penusa.org |
| Remarks | PEN Center USA was a branch of PEN International, the world's leading international literary and human rights organization. PEN Center USA operated in the western United States, and officially unified under the PEN America banner as the Los Angeles office on March 1, 2018. |
| Formerly called | PEN Center USA |


title: The Childballads

abstract: The Childballads was a indie rock project led by singer, lyricist, and poet Stewart Lupton, best known as the former lead singer of Jonathan Fire*Eater. After the breakup of Jonathan Fire*Eater, Lupton studied poetry at George Washington University—concentrating mainly on the High Middle Ages and Modernism—reconnecting with his early passion for literature.The band name derived from the Child Ballads, a collection of 305 ballads from Scotland and England put together by Francis James Child in the late 19th century. The Childballads' sound was reminiscent of Royal Trux—a band that Lupton cites as an influence—and their musical performances are interspersed with recitations of poetry. For example, in a solo gig at the Luna Lounge, Lupton read from John Ashbery. Traces of Ashbery can be found in Lupton's poetry and lyrics, as can be elements of Eliot and Dante. Similarly, in 2007, Lupton read from, and sang about, Lord Byron. The project toured Paris and London and was an opening act for Cat Power. Stewart Lupton died on May 28, 2018, at the age of 43.

text:
# The Childballads

**The Childballads** was a indie rock project led by singer, lyricist, and poet Stewart Lupton, best known as the former lead singer of Jonathan Fire\*Eater.

After the breakup of Jonathan Fire\*Eater, Lupton studied poetry at George Washington University—concentrating mainly on the High Middle Ages and Modernism—reconnecting with his early passion for literature.The band name derived from the Child Ballads, a collection of 305 ballads from Scotland and England put together by Francis James Child in the late 19th century.

The Childballads' sound was reminiscent of Royal Trux—a band that Lupton cites as an influence—and their musical performances are interspersed with recitations of poetry. For example, in a solo gig at the Luna Lounge, Lupton read from John Ashbery. Traces of Ashbery can be found in Lupton's poetry and lyrics, as can be elements of Eliot and Dante. Similarly, in 2007, Lupton read from, and sang about, Lord Byron.

The project toured Paris and London and was an opening act for Cat Power.

Stewart Lupton died on May 28, 2018, at the age of 43.

## Discography

* *Cheekbone Hollows* EP (Gypsy Eyes Records, 2006)


title: SmartDrive

abstract: SmartDrive is a disk caching program shipped with MS-DOS versions 4.01 through 6.22 and Windows 3.0 through Windows 3.11. It improves data transfer rates by storing frequently accessed data in random-access memory (RAM). Early versions of SmartDrive were loaded through a CONFIG.SYS device driver named SMARTDRV.SYS. Versions 4.0 and later were loaded through an executable file named SMARTDRV.EXE, which could be run at user's discretion or at boot time via AUTOEXEC.BAT. However, SMARTDRV.EXE also includes a double-buffering driver that should be loaded through CONFIG.SYS. Version 4.0 also introduced 32-bit disk access and could reduce its footprint in conventional memory by running in upper memory area. A cloaked variant of SmartDrive utilizing the Helix Cloaking API was available from Helix Software. On Intel 80386 processors, it could run in protected mode to reduce its footprint in conventional memory. Microsoft suggests SmartDrive to be used when installing Windows 2000 or Windows XP from MS-DOS to reduce installation time. SmartDrive has been superseded by VCache, which was introduced in Windows for Workgroups 3.11 and carried over to Windows 95, Windows 98/Windows 98 SE and Windows Me. The main advantage of VCache over SmartDrive is its ability to adjust cache size dynamically. However, it tended to take too much RAM in Windows 95; this aspect was improved in Windows 98.

text:
# SmartDrive

**SmartDrive** (or **SMARTDRV**) is a disk caching program shipped with MS-DOS versions 4.01 through 6.22 and Windows 3.0 through Windows 3.11. It improves data transfer rates by storing frequently accessed data in random-access memory (RAM).

Early versions of SmartDrive were loaded through a CONFIG.SYS device driver named SMARTDRV.SYS. Versions 4.0 and later were loaded through an executable file named SMARTDRV.EXE, which could be run at user's discretion or at boot time via AUTOEXEC.BAT. However, SMARTDRV.EXE also includes a double-buffering driver that should be loaded through CONFIG.SYS. Version 4.0 also introduced 32-bit disk access and could reduce its footprint in conventional memory (the first 640 kilobytes of memory which was critical to DOS) by running in upper memory area (the 384 kilobytes of memory located beyond the conventional memory).

A cloaked variant of SmartDrive utilizing the Helix Cloaking API was available from Helix Software. On Intel 80386 processors, it could run in protected mode to reduce its footprint in conventional memory.

Microsoft suggests SmartDrive to be used when installing Windows 2000 or Windows XP from MS-DOS to reduce installation time.

SmartDrive has been superseded by VCache, which was introduced in Windows for Workgroups 3.11 and carried over to Windows 95, Windows 98/Windows 98 SE and Windows Me. The main advantage of VCache over SmartDrive is its ability to adjust cache size dynamically. However, it tended to take too much RAM in Windows 95; this aspect was improved in Windows 98.

## InfoBox

SmartDrive
| Developer(s) | Microsoft |
| --- | --- |
| Initial release | November 1988 (1988-11) |
| Operating system | MS-DOS, Windows |
| License | Proprietary commercial software |


title: Weabonga, New South Wales

abstract: Weabonga is a small village on Swamp Oak Creek, about 37 km south west of Walcha, 33 km (21 mi) south-southeast of Limbri, New South Wales, Australia. It is in the ridges of the Great Dividing Range and is part of the Tamworth Regional Council local government area and Parry County. The winding Limbri road to Weabonga follows Swamp Oak Creek, which continues on to just northeast of Kootingal where it joins the Cockburn River. Weabonga, situated 749 metres above sea level, has a temperate climate and an average rainfall of 750 to 850 mm per annum. The countryside varies from open undulating valleys to steep hills. Some abandoned mines may be seen in the region. Native apples, box trees, gums, ironbark, peppermint and stringybark trees are common across the area.

text:
# Weabonga, New South Wales

**Weabonga** is a small village on Swamp Oak Creek, about 37 km south west of Walcha, 33 km (21 mi) south-southeast of Limbri, New South Wales, Australia. It is in the ridges of the Great Dividing Range and is part of the Tamworth Regional Council local government area and Parry County.

The winding Limbri road to Weabonga follows Swamp Oak Creek, which continues on to just northeast of Kootingal where it joins the Cockburn River. Weabonga, situated 749 metres above sea level, has a temperate climate and an average rainfall of 750 to 850 mm (30 to 33 in) per annum.

The countryside varies from open undulating valleys to steep hills. Some abandoned mines may be seen in the region. Native apples, box trees (*Eucalyptus melliodora*), gums, ironbark, peppermint and stringybark (*Eucalyptus caliginosa*) trees are common across the area.

## History

The area later known as Weabonga lies within the traditional lands of the Kamilaroi people. Weabonga, meaning "swampgum", was previously named Rywung, the "resting place", or Swamp Oak.

By 1848 Peter Brodie held a depasturing licence for the 51,200-acre (207 km2) Swamp Oak Creek run which had an estimated carrying capacity of 1,000 cattle and 8,000 sheep. In 1851 this licence was transferred to his wife and following Peter's death it went to John Gill. Swamp Oak Creek run's head station was where Limbri now stands. As usual other outstations were utilised for the day-to-day management and raising of the sheep. The natural geographic features of this country made it sound grazing country for sheep and there was plenty of shelter for the protection of young lambs.

Some alluvial gold was found on the Mulla Creek and Rywung (now Weabonga) on Swamp Oak Creek in the early 1850s. The Tamworth Observer, of 5 August 1890, reported that about 25 men were working for gold on Swamp Oak and Mulla Creeks and Spring Gully. The three main reefs in the Swamp Oak field were ‘the Alpine, the Rainbow and the Storm King lines of reefs’ (Town and Country Journal, 10 January 1891). Up to 50 shafts were sunk into the ground around here and there were 400 to 500 people working here in January 1891.

During December 1890 Swamp Oak Creek Station shore their 20,000 sheep to produce a high quality clip. In January 1891 more miners and their families began to move into the gold diggings further up this creek to Top Station (an outstation of the old Swamp Oak run and now known as Rywung) and Bungendore (another outstation of Swamp Oak run). The mining onslaught then necessitated the removal of the livestock from this region.

Swamp Oak, also known as Rywung, was gazetted as a township on 24 January 1891. Three stores, two butcheries, a bakery, blacksmith and several boarding houses were operating before the end of January 1891. During the following month a post office opened and a mail service was commenced. The 1891 census recorded that there were 130 dwellings, 188 males and 24 females in the town. A police station and Court of Petty Sessions was established at Swamp Oak in 1891. The Rywung public school was completed in December 1891. In 1892 a slaughter yard was built by Charles Rowlings at Swamp Oak to provide meat for the miners and their families. Thirty-nine crushing plants were operating at Swamp Oak in 1897.

Most of the gold mining here was in quartz reefs, which necessitated the miners making holes for blasting in the walls and ceiling of mine shafts using a steel rod drill and sledgehammer. Packing the holes with gunpowder, they attached long fuses before igniting the explosives from a safe distance. After rock was blasted from the mine face, miners raised the rock to the surface with a hand-operated windlass before placing it into a crusher to be processed. Gold was mined here until at least 1922 when 3 ounces was recorded as having been found by three miners. It was all heavy tiresome work, often for little reward. Manganese and rhodonite were also mined in significant amounts in the Weabonga area.

In 1912 the Weabonga Church of England was built and dedicated as St George's. From 1914 to 1929 the NSW Bush Nursing Association formed a branch at Swamp Oak and provided a qualified nurse to administer assistance as required. A public hall was erected in 1916 after fund raising during World War I produced enough money to complete the construction. In 1917 the name of the township of Swamp Oak was changed to Weabonga. There were 120 electors for Weabonga and the surrounding district recorded in the 1928 Tamworth Electoral Roll. A timber Catholic Church was constructed in 1929. The police station was closed in 1944 and the policing is now under the Walcha Road patrol. Rural power was connected to eight Weabonga consumers in 1966. Peter O'Brien taught at the Weabonga (formerly Rywung) State School from 1960-61, and recalled his time there in a memoir, *Bush Schoo*l. In 1968 the school closed owing to a dwindling population.

Some devastating flood damage occurred in the upper reaches of Mulla Creek and around Weabonga when the area was flooded on 28 November 2008, just hours after these photos were taken. The Limbri to Weabonga Road is still cut at the Limbri end and two bridges have been bypassed owing to damage. The Sherrin Bridge on this road was very badly damaged.

## Sports

Tennis courts were erected below the Royal Standard Hotel in 1893 for the local players. Two public courts were also constructed in the 1920s, but have since fallen into disrepair.

Cricket teams played against local villages from 1891. A jockey club was formed at Swamp Oak in January 1893 and racing was held at several locations in the region.

The village has the Weabonga Hall and Recreation Ground Committee, caring for the hall and recreation ground. The area is served by the Weabonga Rural Fire Service.

It is now an agricultural based village, with sheep and cattle breeding the main pursuits.

## InfoBox

| Weabonga
New South Wales | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Weabonga | |
| Coordinates | 31°21′S 151°32′E / 31.350°S 151.533°E / -31.350; 151.533 |
| Population | 49 (2006 census) |
| Postcode(s) | 2340 |
| Elevation | 734 m (2,408 ft) |
| Location |  |
| LGA(s) | Tamworth Regional Council |
| County | Parry |
| Parish | Loftus |
| State electorate(s) | Tamworth, Northern Tablelands |
| Federal division(s) | New England |


title: The Fisherman's Granddaughter

abstract: The Fisherman's Granddaughter is a 1910 American silent film produced by Kalem Company and directed by Sidney Olcott.

text:
# The Fisherman's Granddaughter

***The Fisherman's Granddaughter*** is a 1910 American silent film produced by Kalem Company and directed by Sidney Olcott.

## Plot summary

The *New York Dramatic Mirror* summarized the plot: "The old fisherman's granddaughter runs off with a stranger and is married. The old man is at first unforgiving, but his love at last prompts him to put a light in the window for the wayward girl should she ever return. She has a rough time of it, poor girl, her husband deserting her because his wealthy parents object to the marriage. At last she turns her face homeward and the light welcomes her in. The grandfather's heart softens when he sees her and the babe she carries in her arms, and we may suppose that a peaceful future is in store for her."

## Production notes

The movie was filmed in Roseland, Florida and included "beautiful scenery" shot along the Saint John's River. The New York–based Kalem Company was the first film studio to do winter production in Florida.

## Critical reception

*The Moving Picture World* said that *The Fisherman's Granddaughter* had a "strongly dramatic quality" and that the film was "clearly photographed and admirably acted". The *New York Dramatic Mirror* described the film: "A simple story, but well told, with good expression and heart interest, is presented in this picture." A reviewer for *Variety* stated that the film's story, about a romance between a woman of an unnamed island and a sailor, was "an old and familiar one without any action or especial merit".

## InfoBox

| The Fisherman's Granddaughter | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Sidney Olcott |
| Produced by | Sidney Olcott |
| Production
company | Kalem Company |
| Distributed by | General Film Company |
| Release date | * February 16, 1910 (1910-02-16) |
| Running time | 950 ft |
| Country | United States |
| Languages | Silent film
(English intertitles) |


title: Wald, Bern

abstract: Wald is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

text:
# Wald, Bern

**Wald** (German pronunciation: \[valt\] ) is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## History

In January 2004 it incorporated the two independent municipalities of Zimmerwald and Englisberg.

Englisberg is first mentioned in 1166 as *Endlisperc*.

Zimmerwald was first mentioned in 1296 as *Zymmerwalt*. Until 1902 it was officially known as *Obermuhlern und Zimmerwald*.

### Englisberg

Englisberg first appears in a historic record with the Kyburg Ministerialis (unfree knights in the service of a feudal overlord) family of Englisberg. By the 15th century Bernese patrician families owned the village and surrounding *Herrschaft*. The right to hold court in the *Herrschaft* was sold to the villagers in 1570 and then split into 70 shares. This situation remained until the 18th century, when Bernese patricians bought the majority of the shares back. It was originally part of the parish of Belp, but in 1699 became an independent parish.

The village economy always relied on agriculture. However, by 1900 fewer workers were needed on the farms and the population began to decline. A poorhouse opened in 1890 and eventually became the Kühlewil nursing home, which is now a major employer in the village.

### Zimmerwald

The oldest trace of a settlement in the area are several neolithic artifacts found at Äppenacker. Roman era artifacts and a lime kiln have been discovered scattered around the municipal area. The village and surrounding lands were owned by several Bernese families as well as Interlaken Monastery, Köniz and Münchenbuchsee Commanderys and the Obere Spital in Bern. In 1528 Bern adopted the new faith of the Protestant Reformation, secularized the monasteries and acquired their estates, including Zimmerwald. The village was combined to form the court of Obermuhlern and Zimmerwald in the Seftigen District. Until 1697 it was part of the large parish of Belp, then it formed an independent parish with the parish church in Zimmerwald.

In 1641 the wealthy Bernese Werdt family built a hunting lodge in the village. In 1860 the Pension Beau Séjour was built in the park near the lodge. The Pension became famous, when in 1915, the Zimmerwald Conference was held there. The Zimmerwald Conference was the first of three international socialist conferences convened by anti-militarist socialist parties from countries that were originally neutral during World War I. The Zimmerwald movement grew out of the conferences. The delegates included Lenin and Leon Trotsky. Eventually the Pension was demolished and no trace remains of the building.

In 1956 the University of Bern opened the Zimmerwald Observatory in the municipality. In 1988 a satellite monitoring station was added. Today, the village economy still relies mostly on farming and raising livestock.

## Geography

Wald has an area of 13.3 km2 (5.14 sq mi). As of 2012, a total of 9.9 km2 (3.8 sq mi) or 74.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while 2.55 km2 (0.98 sq mi) or 19.2% is forested. The rest of the municipality is 0.83 km2 (0.32 sq mi) or 6.3% is settled (buildings or roads).

During the same year, housing and buildings made up 3.9% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.1%. A total of 17.5% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.7% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 40.1% is used for growing crops and 32.7% is pasturage, while 1.7% is used for orchards or vine crops.

On 1 January 2004 the former municipalities of Englisberg and Zimmerwald merged into the municipality of Wald (BE).

On 31 December 2009 Amtsbezirk Seftigen, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Verwaltungskreis Bern-Mittelland.

## Demographics

Wald has a population (as of December 2020) of 1,160. As of 2012, 5.7% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Between the last 2 years (2010-2012) the population changed at a rate of 0.8%. Migration accounted for -0.3%, while births and deaths accounted for 0.9%.

Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (97.7%) as their first language, French is the second most common (0.6%) and Italian is the third (0.5%).

As of 2008, the population was 48.9% male and 51.1% female. The population was made up of 550 Swiss men (46.8% of the population) and 24 (2.0%) non-Swiss men. There were 568 Swiss women (48.3%) and 33 (2.8%) non-Swiss women.

As of 2012, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 20.2% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 59.0% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 20.9%.

As of 2010, there were 118 households that consist of only one person and 33 households with five or more people. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2013, was 0.9%. In 2011, single family homes made up 48.5% of the total housing in the municipality.

## Historic population

The historical population is given in the following chart:

## Politics

In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 36.5% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP) (18.0%), the Social Democratic Party (SP) (12.5%) and the Green Party (7.8%). In the federal election, a total of 812 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 59.8%.

## Economy

As of  2011, Wald had an unemployment rate of 1.04%. As of 2011, there were a total of 498 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 164 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 59 businesses involved in this sector. 16 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 8 businesses in this sector. 318 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 63 businesses in this sector.

In 2008 there were a total of 343 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 122, of which 113 were in agriculture and 9 were in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 10 of which 9 or (90.0%) were in manufacturing and 1 was in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 211. In the tertiary sector; 10 or 4.7% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 6 or 2.8% were in the movement and storage of goods, 10 or 4.7% were in a hotel or restaurant, 3 or 1.4% were technical professionals or scientists, and 160 or 75.8% were in health care. Of the working population, 18.9% used public transportation to get to work, and 45.5% used a private car.

In 2011 the average local and cantonal tax rate on a married resident, with two children, of Wald making 150,000 CHF was 12.7%, while an unmarried resident's rate was 18.7%. For comparison, the average rate for the entire canton in the same year, was 14.2% and 22.0%, while the nationwide average was 12.3% and 21.1% respectively.

In 2009 there were a total of 533 tax payers in the municipality. Of that total, 188 made over 75,000 CHF per year. There were 5 people who made between 15,000 and 20,000 per year. The average income of the over 75,000 CHF group in Wald was 119,159 CHF, while the average across all of Switzerland was 130,478 CHF.

In 2011 a total of 0.4% of the population received direct financial assistance from the government.

## Religion

In 2000 about 83.2% of the population belonged to a Protestant church, 9.4% were Roman Catholic and 5.2% had no religious affiliation.

## Education

In Wald about 57.6% of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 27% have completed additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*).

The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2011–12 school year, there were a total of 84 students attending classes in Wald. There was one kindergarten class with a total of 18 students in the municipality. Of the kindergarten students, 11.1% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 5.6% have a different mother language than the classroom language. The municipality had 3 primary classes and 66 students. Of the primary students, 6.1% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 10.6% have a different mother language than the classroom language.

## Prominent citizens

## InfoBox

| Wald | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Wald | |
| WaldWald | |
| Coordinates: 46°53′N 7°28′E / 46.883°N 7.467°E / 46.883; 7.467 | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | Bern |
| District | Bern-Mittelland |
| Area | |
| Total | 13.3 km2 (5.1 sq mi) |
| Elevation (Zimmerwald) | 840 m (2,760 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2018) | |
| Total | 1,177 |
| Density | 88/km2 (230/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (Central European Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time) |
| Postal code(s) | 3086 |
| SFOS number | 0888 |
| ISO 3166 code | CH-BE |
| Localities | Englisberg (with Kühlewil and Unterer Wald), Zimmerwald (with Willishalten, "Bei der Kirche", Niederhäusern, Winzenried, Oberer Wald, Waldhof, Obermuhlern, Egg, Bumishus) |
| Surrounded by | Belp, Kehrsatz, Köniz, Niedermuhlern, Oberbalm, Toffen |
| Website | http://www.wald-be.ch
SFSO statistics |


title: Trombidium daunium

abstract: Trombidium daunium is a species of mite in the genus Trombidium in the family Trombidiidae. It is found in Italy.

text:
# Trombidium daunium

***Trombidium daunium*** is a species of mite in the genus *Trombidium* in the family Trombidiidae. It is found in Italy.

* Synopsis of the described Arachnida of the World: Trombidiidae

## InfoBox

| *Trombidium daunium* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Trombidiformes |
| Family: | Trombidiidae |
| Genus: | *Trombidium* |
| Species: | ***T. daunium*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trombidium daunium***<br>(Paoli, 1937) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Metathrombidium daunium* | |


title: WACG-FM

abstract: WACG-FM is a radio station licensed to Augusta, Georgia. The station is owned by Georgia Public Broadcasting, and is an affiliate of GPB's radio network. WACG-FM began broadcasting June 2, 1970, and was originally owned by Augusta College.

text:
# WACG-FM

**WACG-FM** (90.7 FM) is a radio station licensed to Augusta, Georgia. The station is owned by Georgia Public Broadcasting, and is an affiliate of GPB's radio network. WACG-FM began broadcasting June 2, 1970, and was originally owned by Augusta College.

## InfoBox

WACG-FM
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Frequency | 90.7 MHz (HD Radio) |
| Branding | Georgia Public Broadcasting |
| Programming | |
| Format | Public radio |
| Subchannels | HD2: Classical "GPB Classical" |
| Affiliations | National Public Radio
American Public Media
Public Radio Exchange |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |  |
| History | |
| First air date | June 2, 1970 |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 23922 |
| Class | C2 |
| ERP | 3,700 watts |
| HAAT | 420.8 meters (1,380.6 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 33°24′18.5″N 81°50′14.4″W / 33.405139°N 81.837333°W / 33.405139; -81.837333 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Stream |
| Website | gpb.org |


title: VR Class Sm1

abstract: The electric multiple unit Sm1 is a class of commuter train equipment that was in active use by VR from 1969–2016. Fifty Sm1 units were built between 1968 and 1973 at Valmet airplane factory in Tampere. They were put into use on the first electrified Finnish railway line between Helsinki and Kirkkonummi on January 26, 1969 with five units in operation. All Sm1s were thoroughly renovated between 1994 and 2000. Commercial service ended in April 2016.

text:
# VR Class Sm1

The electric multiple unit **Sm1** is a class of commuter train equipment that was in active use by VR from 1969–2016. Fifty Sm1 units were built between 1968 and 1973 at Valmet airplane factory in Tampere. They were put into use on the first electrified Finnish railway line between Helsinki and Kirkkonummi on January 26, 1969 with five units in operation. All Sm1s were thoroughly renovated between 1994 and 2000. Commercial service ended in April 2016.

## Technical information

Each Sm1 unit consists of two cars: the Sm1 is the motored car of the multiple unit, while the other car, the driving trailer, is a part of the Eio class. There is a driver's cabin at either end of the unit, which enables the train to be driven in both directions without turning it around. This is a major advantage compared to locomotive-pulled trains in commuter traffic. The two-car unit has 191 seats combined, including fourteen foldable seats.

Six Sm1 units can be coupled together in total, but the length of the commuter train platforms limits the maximum length to five in commercial traffic. Six unit trains can be seen in depot traffic between Helsinki Central Station and Ilmala depot. The units use Scharfenberg couplers.

The maximum speed of the Sm1 is 120 km/h (75 mph). The electric systems were developed and built by Strömberg at their plant in Pitäjänmäki, Helsinki.

The Sm1 is technically very similar to the newer Sm2 EMU, although there are also some differences, such as the Sm1 having steel spring suspension and strengthening creases on the sides.

The units are numbered between 6001 and 6050 for the Sm1 car and 6201 and 6250 for the Eioc driving trailer.

Literature  * Eonsuu, Tapio; Honkanen, Pekka; Pölhö, Eljas (1995). *Suomen veturit osa 2. Moottorikalusto*. Elokuvan Maailma. pp. 92–93. ISBN 952-5060-02-0.

## InfoBox

| VR Class Sm1 | |
| --- | --- |
| Two Sm1 units at Helsinki central railway station. The one at the background, 6086, is of the newer Sm2 class. | |
| The renovated interior of an Sm1. | |
| In service | 26 January 1969 – 9 April 2016 |
| Manufacturer | Valmet, Strömberg |
| Built at | Tampere, Finland |
| Constructed | 1968–1973 |
| Refurbished | 1994–2000 |
| Number built | 50 |
| Number scrapped | 48 |
| Fleet numbers | 6001+6201 – 6050+6250 |
| Capacity | 191 passengers |
| Operators | VR Group |
| Lines served | Helsinki commuter rail |
| Specifications | |
| Train length | 53.25 m (174 ft 8 in) |
| Car length | 26,625 mm (87 ft 4.2 in) |
| Maximum speed | 120 km/h (75 mph) |
| Weight | * 58.6 t (57.7 long tons; 64.6 short tons) (Sm1) * 35.6 t (35.0 long tons; 39.2 short tons) (Eiob) |
| Axle load | 18.8 t (18.5 long tons; 20.7 short tons) |
| Prime mover(s) | Strömberg GHAU H7226 |
| Power output | 4 × 215 kW (288 hp) |
| Safety system(s) | ATP-VR/RHK |


title: Thurston Towle

abstract: Edward Thurston Towle was an American football player. Towle was born in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, in 1905 and attended the Moses Brown School in Providence. He then attended Brown University. He played for the 1926 Brown Bears football team that compiled a 9–0–1 and became known as the "Iron Men" due to playing without substitution in key games. Towle played all but two minutes against Yale, Dartmouth, and Harvard. He was hired as Brown's ends coach in the fall of 1928. He continued in that post at least through the 1935 season. He also played one game in the National Football League (NFL) with the Boston Bulldogs during the 1929 season. Towle was later inducted into the Brown Athletics Hall of Fame. Towle died in 1960 at age 46.

text:
# Thurston Towle

**Edward Thurston Towle** (January 1, 1905  October 19, 1960) was an American football player.

Towle was born in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, in 1905 and attended the Moses Brown School in Providence. He then attended Brown University. He played for the 1926 Brown Bears football team that compiled a 9–0–1 and became known as the "Iron Men" due to playing without substitution in key games. Towle played all but two minutes against Yale, Dartmouth, and Harvard.

He was hired as Brown's ends coach in the fall of 1928. He continued in that post at least through the 1935 season.

He also played one game in the National Football League (NFL) with the Boston Bulldogs during the 1929 season.

Towle was later inducted into the Brown Athletics Hall of Fame.

Towle died in 1960 at age 46.

## InfoBox

Thurston Towle
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born: | (1905-01-01)January 1, 1905
Pawtucket, Rhode Island, U.S. |
| Died: | October 19, 1960(1960-10-19) (aged 55)
Providence, Rhode Island, U.S. |
| Height: | 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) |
| Weight: | 160 lb (73 kg) |
| Career information | |
| College: | Brown University |
| Position: | End |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Mimalblymoroides heinrichi

abstract: Mimalblymoroides heinrichi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1973. It is known from Papua New Guinea.

text:
# Mimalblymoroides heinrichi

***Mimalblymoroides heinrichi*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1973. It is known from Papua New Guinea.

## InfoBox

| *Mimalblymoroides heinrichi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Mimalblymoroides*** |
| Species: | ***M. heinrichi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mimalblymoroides heinrichi***<br>Breuning, 1973 | |
|


title: Pachybrachis calidus

abstract: Pachybrachis calidus is a species of case-bearing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in Central and North America.

text:
# Pachybrachis calidus

***Pachybrachis calidus*** is a species of case-bearing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in Central and North America.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 6: Chrysomeloidea*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-26091-7.

## InfoBox

| *Pachybrachis calidus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Chrysomelidae |
| Genus: | *Pachybrachis* |
| Species: | ***P. calidus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pachybrachis calidus***<br>Fall, 1915 | |
|


title: Daria Bannister

abstract: Daria Bannister is an Australian rules footballer with Essendon in the AFL Women's (AFLW). Bannister was drafted by the Western Bulldogs with their fourth selection and nineteenth overall in the 2017 AFL Women's draft. She made her debut in the 26-point win against Fremantle at VU Whitten Oval in the opening round of the 2018 season. She suffered a knee injury in the fourth quarter of that match, later revealed to be a ruptured anterior cruciate ligament. The resulting surgery would see and end to her AFLW season and carry an estimated 12 months of recovery. In May 2018, Bannister signed with expansion club North Melbourne to play with the club in the 2019 AFLW season. It was revealed she signed on with the club for two more seasons on 17 June 2021, tying her to the club until the end of 2023; however, in May 2022, she joined expansion club Essendon.

text:
# Daria Bannister

**Daria Bannister** (born 20 April 1999) is an Australian rules footballer with Essendon in the AFL Women's (AFLW). Bannister was drafted by the Western Bulldogs with their fourth selection and nineteenth overall in the 2017 AFL Women's draft. She made her debut in the 26-point win against Fremantle at VU Whitten Oval in the opening round of the 2018 season. She suffered a knee injury in the fourth quarter of that match, later revealed to be a ruptured anterior cruciate ligament. The resulting surgery would see and end to her AFLW season and carry an estimated 12 months of recovery. In May 2018, Bannister signed with expansion club North Melbourne to play with the club in the 2019 AFLW season. It was revealed she signed on with the club for two more seasons on 17 June 2021, tying her to the club until the end of 2023; however, in May 2022, she joined expansion club Essendon.

## Statistics

*Statistics are correct to the end the 2023 AFLW season*

**Legend**
| G | Goals | K | Kicks | D | Disposals | T | Tackles |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| B | Behinds | H | Handballs | M | Marks |

| Season | Team | No. | Games | Totals | | | | | | | Averages (per game) | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | G | B | K | H | D | M | T | G | B | K | H | D | M | T |
| 2018 | Western Bulldogs | 20 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.0 | 1.0 | 5.0 | 3.0 | 2.0 |
| 2019 | North Melbourne | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 3.0 | 0.0 | 3.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 |
| 2020 | North Melbourne | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 2.0 |
| 2021 | North Melbourne | 2 | 10 | 6 | 7 | 37 | 23 | 60 | 15 | 11 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 3.7 | 2.3 | 6.0 | 1.5 | 1.1 |
| 2022 S6 | North Melbourne | 2 | 11 | 7 | 5 | 50 | 17 | 67 | 17 | 12 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 4.5 | 1.5 | 6.1 | 1.5 | 1.1 |
| 2022 S7 | Essendon | 3 | 9 | 8 | 4 | 67 | 29 | 96 | 24 | 32 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 7.4 | 3.2 | 10.7 | 2.7 | 3.6 |
| 2023 | Essendon | 3 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 34 | 21 | 55 | 20 | 21 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 5.7 | 3.5 | 9.2 | 3.3 | 3.5 |
| Career | | | 40 | 25 | 20 | 198 | 93 | 291 | 81 | 84 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 5.0 | 2.3 | 7.3 | 2.0 | 2.1 |

## InfoBox

| Daria Bannister | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bannister with North Melbourne in March 2021 | | | |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1999-04-20) 20 April 1999 | | |
| Original team(s) | Launceston (TWL) | | |
| Draft | No. 19, 2017 AFL Women's draft | | |
| Debut | Round 1, 2018, Western Bulldogs vs. Fremantle, at VU Whitten Oval | | |
| Height | 162 cm (5 ft 4 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Club information | | | |
| Current club | Essendon | | |
| Number | 3 | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 2018 | Western Bulldogs | 01 0(0) |
| 2019–2022 | North Melbourne | 24 (14) |
| S7 (2022)– | Essendon | 15 (11) |
| Total |  | **40 (25)** |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of the 2023 season. | | | |
| Source: AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Slough bus station

abstract: Slough bus station is a bus station in Slough, United Kingdom. The bus station is situated adjacent to Slough railway station.

text:
# Slough bus station

**Slough bus station** is a bus station in Slough, United Kingdom. The bus station is situated adjacent to Slough railway station.

## History

Partial demolition of the former 1970s Slough bus station along with Compair House, a disused office block, began in February 2010 to allow for the construction of the new bus station, which started in March 2010. Services transferred from the old bus station to the new bus station on 28 May 2011.

The bus station was seriously damaged by a fire on 29 October 2022 which started from a parked bus and spread across the roof of the station, damaging three other buses that were being stored overnight and forcing bus operators to arrange temporary bus stands nearby. It remains closed as of May 2024.

1. "Bus station set for £400m revamp". *BBC News*. 2009-05-18. Retrieved 2023-02-09.
2. "Slough sheds 'The Office' image". *BBC News*. 2010-02-17. Retrieved 2023-02-09.
3. "Heart of Slough beats faster". *Slough Observer*. 2010-03-24. Retrieved 2023-02-09.
4. "New Slough bus station opens". *BBC News*. 2011-05-28. Retrieved 2023-02-09.
5. "Slough bus station fire spread across whole roof". *BBC News*. 29 October 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
6. "Planning your journey by bus, coach and train". *Slough Borough Council*. Retrieved 18 December 2023.

51°30′41″N 0°35′34″W / 51.5115°N 0.5928°W / 51.5115; -0.5928


title: Slough rail accident

abstract: The Slough rail accident happened on 16 June 1900 at Slough railway station on the Great Western Main Line when an express train from London Paddington to Falmouth Docks ran through two sets of signals at danger, and collided with a local train heading for Windsor & Eton Central. Five passengers were killed; 35 were seriously injured, and 90 complained of shock or minor injuries Significant consequences of the accident were the adoption of improved vacuum braking systems on locomotives and passenger rolling stock, and the introduction of Automatic Train Control (ATC) in 1908.

text:
# Slough rail accident

The **Slough rail accident** happened on 16 June 1900 at Slough railway station on the Great Western Main Line when an express train from London Paddington to Falmouth Docks ran through two sets of signals at danger, and collided with a local train heading for Windsor & Eton Central. Five passengers were killed; 35 were seriously injured, and 90 complained of shock or minor injuries

Significant consequences of the accident were the adoption of improved vacuum braking systems on locomotives and passenger rolling stock, and the introduction of Automatic Train Control (ATC) in 1908.

## The trains

The local train pulled by a 'four-coupled bogie passenger engine' (i.e. a 4-4-0 tender engine) should have left London Paddington at 13:05. Due to the large crowds expected to travel to Windsor Racecourse it had been augmented by two extra coaches but an additional eighth coach was added at Paddington, delaying departure until 13:28. Its only stop before Windsor was Slough, and when it arrived at the down main platform at 13:37 it was eight minutes late. It was held there for longer than usual; tickets for Windsor trains had to be collected at Slough and there were many more passengers than normal. Signals were set to danger behind it.

Meanwhile, behind the local train, the 13:15 express from Paddington to Falmouth Docks was running a couple of minutes late. It comprised GWR 3031 Class engine No. 3015 *Kennet* pulling ten coaches and was not booked to stop at Slough; its first stop was to be at Reading. The lines through Slough are straight and level and it was travelling at full speed – between 50 and 60 mph (80 and 97 km/h) – when it approached Slough.

## Block working

Block working was in force on the line; one train was allowed to occupy each section of track. The section including the station was controlled by Slough East signal box; the previous section was controlled by Dolphin signal box. Both sets of signals were set at danger behind the Windsor train. A "warning arrangement" allows Slough East to accept a train from Dolphin by giving the "Section clear but station blocked" signal to Dolphin. The latter would then stop the train at his home signal and verbally warn the driver that the line through the station is blocked. The driver is then allowed to proceed.

## Collision

The driver of the 13:15 Falmouth express passed Dolphin box at full speed, ignoring the distant and home signals. The Dolphin signalman immediately tried to telephone Slough East but was unable to get a reply. The Slough East signalman said he had not heard the telephone; the first he knew of the problem was when he heard the 13:15 approaching, much sooner than he had expected. He waved a red flag from the window and shouted to the platform to get the passengers off the Windsor train.

The subsequent investigation found that Henry Woodman, the driver of the express had failed to see the Dolphin signals. He also missed the Slough East distant signal. It was the fireman who finally noticed the Slough East home signal was at danger and applied the brakes. The train managed to slow to between 25 and 30 mph when it struck the rear of the standing train, driving it forwards 15 yards. The two rear carriages were "completely destroyed", "the last but one being thrown up to the roof of the station and falling back on to the engine of the second train". Two compartments of the next carriage were "completely smashed".

Five passengers were killed; 35 were seriously injured, and 90 complained of shock or minor injuries. The death toll would have been far higher had most of the 450 passengers on board not managed to jump clear in response to the shouted warnings. In addition the brakes of the standing train had been released in preparation for its imminent departure, so the shock of the collision was lessened.

## Investigation

In the subsequent enquiry Woodman could offer no explanation for his inattention: "I cannot say in what position the Dolphin signals were. I did not see them. I am at a loss to say how it was that I failed to do so", "I cannot recollect passing Dolphin signal-box. I do not remember seeing the distant signal for Slough East box", "I was in my usual health, I did not feel the least sleepy. I had nothing particular to occupy my thoughts that I am aware of", "I can give no explanation other than that I seem to have lost myself".

The enquiry ruled that a primary cause of the accident was the poor physical condition of the driver, due to his age (59 years) and fatigue; he had started duty at 05:00 that morning. It recommended that drivers be medically examined at age 55 (rather than 60) and each succeeding year thereafter.

The fireman and guard of the express were also criticised. To the fireman's credit he did act decisively when he spotted the Slough East home signal at danger; but it was one of his duties to "carefully observe all signals" which he did not do earlier. The guard claimed that he was too busy attending to luggage and mailbags to look out for signals; his priorities were supported by the officers of the company but the enquiry pointed out that according to the regulations the "safe working of the train" should have been his first consideration.

Inquests held at Slough and Paddington absolved the driver of blame, but the jury at Windsor found him culpably negligent; he was charged with manslaughter and sent for trial at Reading assizes where the jury verdict of not guilty was met with cheers from the public gallery.

## Automatic Train Control

The enquiry concluded with a response to press suggestions that "some mechanical contrivance working in conjunction with the semaphore signals should be adopted, to render it impossible for a driver to pass a danger signal without becoming aware of the fact". It warned that the introduction of such a system would lead drivers to rely on it, so paying less heed to the signals themselves. At the time of the accident, several such systems were under consideration by railway companies but had "not yet emerged from the experimental stage".

As a result of this accident the Great Western Railway worked to introduce by 1908 a system of Automatic Train Control in which a horn was sounded on the footplate when a Distant signal was passed at caution. If the driver did not acknowledge the warning then the brakes were automatically applied.

## Braking systems

As a direct result of the accident, the prototype Saint class locomotive no. 100 – the first of the GWR's many successful 4-6-0 designs – was fitted with vacuum brakes on all wheels of the locomotive and tender, rather than just the locomotive's steam brake. While the steam brake on a locomotive was very powerful, it took time to build up pressure on the initial application when the metal surfaces were cold; on a second application it was far more rapid, but this would not occur in an emergency.

The GWR had prided itself on their version of the vacuum brake, considering it superior to any other than in use. However, the findings of the accident enquiry dented this pride and the company immediately started experiments into improved vacuum braking systems. In 1903 a revised brake cylinder was introduced, that included 'accelerating valves' allowing air directly into the cylinder in an emergency application.

51°30′45″N 0°35′37″W / 51.51238°N 0.59358°W / 51.51238; -0.59358

## InfoBox

| Slough rail accident | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Details | |
| Date | 16 June 1900 <br>13:41 |
| Location | Slough railway station |
| Country | England |
| Line | Great Western Main Line |
| Operator | Great Western Railway |
| Cause | Signal passed at danger |
| Statistics | |
| Trains | 2 |
| Deaths | 5 |
| Injured | 90 minor injuries and 35 serious injuries |
| List of UK rail accidents by year | |


title: Smooth coarea formula

abstract:
In Riemannian geometry, the smooth coarea formulas relate integrals over the domain of certain mappings with integrals over their codomains. Let M, N be smooth Riemannian manifolds of respective dimensions m ≥ n. Let F : M ⟶ N be a smooth surjection such that the pushforward (differential) of F is surjective almost everywhere. Let φ : M ⟶ [ 0, ∞ ) a measurable function. Then, the following two equalities hold:
  - ∫ x ∈ M φ d M = ∫ y ∈ N ∫ x ∈ F − 1 φ 1 N J F d F − 1 d N
  - ∫ x ∈ M φ N J F d M = ∫ y ∈ N ∫ x ∈ F − 1 φ d F − 1 d N where N J F is the normal Jacobian of F, i.e. the determinant of the derivative restricted to the orthogonal complement of its kernel. Note that from Sard's lemma almost every point y ∈ N is a regular point of F and hence the set F − 1 is a Riemannian submanifold of M, so the integrals in the right-hand side of the formulas above make sense.

text:
# Smooth coarea formula

In Riemannian geometry, the **smooth coarea formulas** relate integrals over the domain of certain mappings with integrals over their codomains.

Let $\scriptstyle M,\\,N$ be smooth Riemannian manifolds of respective dimensions $\scriptstyle m\\,\geq \\,n$. Let $\scriptstyle F:M\\,\longrightarrow \\,N$ be a smooth surjection such that the pushforward (differential) of $\scriptstyle F$ is surjective almost everywhere. Let $\scriptstyle \varphi :M\\,\longrightarrow \\,\[0,\infty )$ a measurable function. Then, the following two equalities hold:

$$\int \_{x\in M}\varphi (x)\\,dM=\int \_{y\in N}\int \_{x\in F^{-1}(y)}\varphi (x){\frac {1}{NJ\\;F(x)}\\,dF^{-1}(y)\\,dN}$$

$$\int \_{x\in M}\varphi (x)NJ\\;F(x)\\,dM=\int \_{y\in N}\int \_{x\in F^{-1}(y)}\varphi (x)\\,dF^{-1}(y)\\,dN$$

where $\scriptstyle NJ\\;F(x)$ is the normal Jacobian of $\scriptstyle F$, i.e. the determinant of the derivative restricted to the orthogonal complement of its kernel.

Note that from Sard's lemma almost every point $\scriptstyle y\\,\in \\,N$ is a regular point of $\scriptstyle F$ and hence the set $\scriptstyle F^{-1}(y)$ is a Riemannian submanifold of $\scriptstyle M$, so the integrals in the right-hand side of the formulas above make sense.

* Chavel, Isaac (2006) *Riemannian Geometry. A Modern Introduction. Second Edition*.


title: Smooth completion

abstract: In algebraic geometry, the smooth completion of a smooth affine algebraic curve X is a complete smooth algebraic curve which contains X as an open subset. Smooth completions exist and are unique over a perfect field.

text:
# Smooth completion

In algebraic geometry, the **smooth completion** (or **smooth compactification**) of a smooth affine algebraic curve *X* is a complete smooth algebraic curve which contains *X* as an open subset. Smooth completions exist and are unique over a perfect field.

## Examples

An affine form of a hyperelliptic curve may be presented as $y^{2}=P(x)$ where $(x,y)\in \mathbb {C} ^{2}$ and P(x) has distinct roots and has degree at least 5. The Zariski closure of the affine curve in $\mathbb {C} \mathbb {P} ^{2}$ is singular at the unique infinite point added. Nonetheless, the affine curve can be embedded in a unique compact Riemann surface called its smooth completion. The projection of the Riemann surface to $\mathbb {C} \mathbb {P} ^{1}$ is 2-to-1 over the singular point at infinity if $P(x)$ has even degree, and 1-to-1 (but ramified) otherwise.

This smooth completion can also be obtained as follows. Project the affine curve to the affine line using the *x*-coordinate. Embed the affine line into the projective line, then take the normalization of the projective line in the function field of the affine curve.

## Applications

A smooth connected curve over an algebraically closed field is called **hyperbolic** if $2g-2+r\>0$ where *g* is the genus of the smooth completion and *r* is the number of added points.

Over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0, the fundamental group of *X* is free with $2g+r-1$ generators if *r*\>0.

(Analogue of Dirichlet's unit theorem) Let *X* be a smooth connected curve over a finite field. Then the units of the ring of regular functions *O(X)* on *X* is a finitely generated abelian group of rank *r* -1.

## Construction

Suppose the base field is perfect. Any affine curve *X* is isomorphic to an open subset of an integral projective (hence complete) curve. Taking the normalization (or blowing up the singularities) of the projective curve then gives a smooth completion of *X*. Their points correspond to the discrete valuations of the function field that are trivial on the base field.

By construction, the smooth completion is a projective curve which contains the given curve as an everywhere dense open subset, and the added new points are smooth. Such a (projective) completion always exists and is unique.

If the base field is not perfect, a smooth completion of a smooth affine curve doesn't always exist. But the above process always produces a regular completion if we start with a regular affine curve (smooth varieties are regular, and the converse is true over perfect fields). A regular completion is unique and, by the valuative criterion of properness, any morphism from the affine curve to a complete algebraic variety extends uniquely to the regular completion.

## Generalization

If *X* is a separated algebraic variety, a theorem of Nagata says that *X* can be embedded as an open subset of a complete algebraic variety. If *X* is moreover smooth and the base field has characteristic 0, then by Hironaka's theorem *X* can even be embedded as an open subset of a complete smooth algebraic variety, with boundary a normal crossing divisor. If *X* is quasi-projective, the smooth completion can be chosen to be projective.

However, contrary to the one-dimensional case, there is no uniqueness of the smooth completion, nor is it canonical.

## Bibliography


title: Smooth functor

abstract:
In differential topology, a branch of mathematics, a smooth functor is a type of functor defined on finite-dimensional real vector spaces. Intuitively, a smooth functor is smooth in the sense that it sends smoothly parameterized families of vector spaces to smoothly parameterized families of vector spaces. Smooth functors may therefore be uniquely extended to functors defined on vector bundles. Let Vect be the category of finite-dimensional real vector spaces whose morphisms consist of all linear mappings, and let F be a covariant functor that maps Vect to itself. For vector spaces T, U ∈ Vect, the functor F induces a mapping
  - F : H o m V e c t → H o m V e c t, where Hom is notation for Hom functor. If this map is smooth as a map of infinitely differentiable manifolds then F is said to be a smooth functor. Common smooth functors include, for some vector space W:
  - F(W) = ⊗nW, the nth iterated tensor product;
  - F(W) = Λn(W), the nth exterior power; and
  - F(W) = Symn(W), the nth symmetric power. Smooth functors are significant because any smooth functor can be applied fiberwise to a differentiable vector bundle on a manifold. Smoothness of the functor is the condition required to ensure that the patching data for the bundle are smooth as mappings of manifolds. For instance, because the nth exterior power of a vector space defines a smooth functor, the nth exterior power of a smooth vector bundle is also a smooth vector bundle. Although there are established methods for proving smoothness of standard constructions on finite-dimensional vector bundles, smooth functors can be generalized to categories of topological vector spaces and vector bundles on infinite-dimensional Fréchet manifolds.

text:
# Smooth functor

In differential topology, a branch of mathematics, a **smooth functor** is a type of functor defined on finite-dimensional real vector spaces. Intuitively, a smooth functor is smooth in the sense that it sends smoothly parameterized families of vector spaces to smoothly parameterized families of vector spaces. Smooth functors may therefore be uniquely extended to functors defined on vector bundles.

Let **Vect** be the category of finite-dimensional real vector spaces whose morphisms consist of all linear mappings, and let *F* be a covariant functor that maps **Vect** to itself. For vector spaces *T*, *U***Vect**, the functor *F* induces a mapping

$$F:\mathrm {Hom} \_{\mathbf {Vect} }(T,U)\rightarrow \mathrm {Hom} \_{\mathbf {Vect} }(F(T),F(U)),$$

where Hom is notation for Hom functor. If this map is smooth as a map of infinitely differentiable manifolds then *F* is said to be a **smooth functor**.

Common smooth functors include, for some vector space *W*:

*F*(*W*) = *n**W*, the *n*th iterated tensor product; *F*(*W*) = Λ*n*(*W*), the *n*th exterior power; and *F*(*W*) = Sym*n*(*W*), the *n*th symmetric power.

Smooth functors are significant because any smooth functor can be applied fiberwise to a differentiable vector bundle on a manifold. Smoothness of the functor is the condition required to ensure that the patching data for the bundle are smooth as mappings of manifolds. For instance, because the *n*th exterior power of a vector space defines a smooth functor, the *n*th exterior power of a smooth vector bundle is also a smooth vector bundle.

Although there are established methods for proving smoothness of standard constructions on finite-dimensional vector bundles, smooth functors can be generalized to categories of topological vector spaces and vector bundles on infinite-dimensional Fréchet manifolds.

1. Antonelli 2003, p. 1420; Kriegl & Michor 1997, p. 290. Lee 2002, pp.122–23 defines smooth functors over a different category, whose morphisms are linear isomorphisms rather than all linear mappings.
2. Kriegl & Michor 1997, p. 290
3. Kriegl & Michor 1997 have developed an infinite-dimensional theory for so-called "convenient vector spaces" – a class of locally convex spaces that includes Fréchet spaces.
* Antonelli, P. L. (2003), *Handbook of Finsler geometry*, Springer, p. 1420, ISBN 1-4020-1556-9.
* Kriegl, Andreas; Michor, Peter W. (1997), *The convenient setting of global analysis*, AMS Bookstore, p. 290, ISBN 0-8218-0780-3.
* Lee, John M. (2002), *Introduction to smooth manifolds*, Springer, pp. 122–23, ISBN 0-387-95448-1.


title: Snow, moon and flowers

abstract: Snow, Moon and Flowers is a Japanese expression and theme in art and design originating from a poem by Tang dynasty poet Bai Juyi. It became popular in the late Edo period. It is a Japanese metonym for beautiful sceneries in nature.

text:
# Snow, moon and flowers

**Snow, Moon and Flowers** (雪月花, *setsu-getsu-ka or setsu gekka*) is a Japanese expression and theme in art and design originating from a poem by Tang dynasty poet Bai Juyi. It became popular in the late Edo period. It is a Japanese metonym for beautiful sceneries in nature.

## Introduction

This threefold theme usually refers to the seasons of the year: snow refers to winter, moon refers to autumn and flowers refers to spring. But one could also think it as representations of three whites: blue-white refers to winter, yellow-white refers to autumn and pink-white refers to spring.

Ukiyo-e artists liked to sell prints in series, sometimes even scrolls were painted to be hanged together. Artists liked to combine it with three women, three well known landscapes (moon always with reflecting water) etc.

"Snow, Moon and flowers" appear also as decoration on boxes, backside of traditional mirrors etc.

| Katsukawa Shunshō (1726–1793) | Sakai Hōitsu (1761–1828) |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |
| from left to right:
--- Sei Shōnagon (winter)
------- Murasaki Shikibu (autumn)
------------ Ono no Komachi (spring) | Snow Moon Flowers |

* Prints by Shiba Kōkan, signed as Suzuki Harushige (1747–1818)

### Literature

* In the *Unbreakable Machine-Doll* light novel, the Setsugetsuka Trilogy is composed of three female automaton sisters; Irori, the eldest sister, representing the snow, Yaya, the second eldest sister, representing the moon, and Komurasaki, the youngest sister, representing the flower.

### Comics

* In the *Unbreakable Machine-Doll* manga, the Setsugetsuka Trilogy is composed of three female automaton sisters; Irori, the eldest sister, representing the snow, Yaya, the second eldest sister, representing the moon, and Komurasaki, the youngest sister, representing the flower.

### Video games

* In the *Yakuza* series, there exists an enka song called Kamuro Setsugekka (神室雪月花), often localized as Kamurocho Lullaby, which talks about the Snow, Moon and Flowers in Kamurochō, one of the main locations in the franchise. The song first appears in *Yakuza 2*, as sung by a singer called Chikamatsu in the mission The Enka Life. In *Yakuza 3*, *Yakuza 4*, *Yakuza 5* and the spin-off game *Yakuza: Dead Souls*, the protagonist Kazuma Kiryu can sing Kamurocho Lullaby in the karaoke minigame. The song also appears as background music in restaurants and other locations in multiple games, including *Yakuza 0*, and in Yakuza 4, Daisaku Minami sings it before his battle with Shun Akiyama.
* The Japanese title of *Fire Emblem: Three Houses* is in reference to the theme, as the player spends a full year teaching at the Officer's Academy.
* The critically acclaimed JRPG *Final Fantasy XIV'*s samurai class is based around the three seals of Snow, Moon and Flowers. With the three, the player may execute an attack named Midare Setsugekka.
* The Tokyo RPG Factory games *I am Setsuna*, *Lost Sphear* and *Oninaki* are each themed after a component of this phrase.
* In 2018 there was a Collaboration for the mobile game Uta no☆Prince-sama♪ Shining Live: Uta no☆Prince-sama♪ Eternal Song CD "Setsugekka" song collaboration featuring the 11 idols in units Yuki, Tsuki, & Hana. A music video for the song "Setsugetsuka" was also released.

### Radio, animation, and television

* In the *Unbreakable Machine-Doll* anime, the Setsugetsuka Trilogy is composed of three female automaton sisters; Irori, the eldest sister, representing the snow, Yaya, the second eldest sister, representing the moon, and Komurasaki, the youngest sister, representing the flower.
* In the anime *Joran: The Princess of Snow and Blood* three of the main characters are named Yuki, Hana, and Tsuki (Japanese for "snow", "flower", and "moon" respectively)

1. 雪月花時最憶君: *At the time of snow, moon and flowers, I think of you.*
2. The short hot summer is skipped.
3. Hiroshige uses whirlpools to imitate flowers


title: Snow angel

abstract: A snow angel is a design, made in fresh snow, by lying on one's back and moving one's arms up and down, and one's legs from side to side, to form the shape of an angel.

text:
# Snow angel

A **snow angel** is a design, made in fresh snow, by lying on one's back and moving one's arms up and down, and one's legs from side to side, to form the shape of an angel.

## Technique

The creation of the snow angel is a simple process. The first step is to find an undisturbed plane of fresh snow. The next step is to lie with arms and legs outstretched, on the snow. The limbs are then swept back and forth, creating a trough through the snow. When it is finished, the snow angel should have the appearance of a stylized angel, the movement of the arms having formed wings, and that of the legs having formed a gown. Fresh, light, powdery snow makes the best snow angel rather than heavy, sticky snow.

## Current world record

On March 28, 2007, Guinness World Records confirmed that North Dakota holds the world record for the most snow angels made simultaneously in one place. The event occurred on February 17, 2007, when 8,962 snow angels were created by people on the state capitol grounds in Bismarck.

Previously, the record was held by Michigan Technological University with 3,784 students, locals, and alumni making snow angels on the school football field.

## Non-human snow angels

Some birds (e.g. pheasants) leave on the snow a figure similar to a snow angel. Weddell seals often leave outlines of themselves, similar to a snow angel, melted into the ice; additionally, these seals can thumb their nose at the cold, leaving images called *seal shadows*.

* In the 1970 film *Love Story* one of the characters played by Ali MacGraw, opposite Ryan O'Neal, creates a snow angel whilst larking about in the snow.


title: Snow World

abstract: Snow World is an amusement park located in Hyderabad, Telangana, India within an area of about 2 acres (0.81 ha). Located beside Indira Park and along the Hussain Sagar lake, the park was inaugurated on 28 January 2004.

text:
# Snow World

**Snow World** is an amusement park located in Hyderabad, Telangana, India within an area of about 2 acres (0.81 ha). Located beside Indira Park and along the Hussain Sagar lake, the park was inaugurated on 28 January 2004.

## Background

Ocean Park Multitech Ltd. took the 2 acres (0.81 ha) plot on a 33-year lease from the Government of Andhra Pradesh at the rate of 3.6 million (US$43,000) per year. The lease amount was to go up by 5% every year. Constructed at a cost of 20 million (US$240,000), the 17,000 square feet (1,600 m2) facility was designed by Nitish Roy, a well-known Indian art director, production designer and architect. The facility, which was built in collaboration with the local tourism department, is India's first and the biggest in the world and was only the third such snow park after the ones in Malaysia and Singapore.

On 28 January 2004, the then Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh Chandrababu Naidu inaugurated the facility. Though it was not intended to be open for visitors on that day, some of them ventured into the facility. They experienced giddiness from inhaling excess nitrogen in the air, which is used to produce snow. Some of them also got swollen hands, feet and faces due to the snow and air

## Facilities

A gigantic 200 tonnes of artificial snow was laid on the layered flooring which was specially prepared to avoid seepage or melting. Every day, the top layer of snow is cleaned and an additional two to three tonnes of snow, which is generated within the facility, is used to top the snow spread. The artificial snow is made using a patented technology from Australia. The snow is made from water that is filtered four times so it won't harm children if they consume it, as they are prone to in other such locations.

The park can accommodate a total of 2,400 visitors in a day. Every visitor gets acclimatised to lower temperatures in a step-wise manner, 20 °C (68 °F), then 0 °C, and then a sub zero temperature. This method is approved internationally. In addition, visitors are given protective clothing like extra-warm sweaters and jackets and snow caps and a steaming cup of soupy broth for consumption to help them acclimatise to the rapidly but gradual temperature change. The internal area, also called as the Cryo Zone, maintains a constant temperature of – 5 °C. For 1 hour, a maximum of 300 visitors at a time can explore the different facilities such as kids snow play area, snow wars, snow tube slide, sleigh slide, ice-bumping cars, merry-go-round and an ice skating rink.

A few months after its inauguration, a snowfall feature was added. Said to be the first of its kind at any show theme park or snow dome in India, the visitors are exposed to snowfall for five minutes just before a session ends. A 40,000 square feet (3,700 m2) kart racing, built at a cost of 25 million (US$300,000), was open to public. 300 workers took one year to construct the thematic indoor go karting arena. The indoor resemble a cave that was uniquely designed using plaster of paris. With an exhaust system and a fresh air system to ensure uninterrupted supply of fresh air, the facility sought certification from the Motor Sports Association of India.

## InfoBox

Snow World
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Lower Tank Bund Road, Hyderabad, Telangana, India |
| Coordinates | 17°30′54″N 78°28′51″E / 17.514877°N 78.48087°E / 17.514877; 78.48087 |
| Opened | 28 January 2004 |
| Owner | Ocean Park Multitech Ltd. |
| Operating season | All year |
| Area | 2 acres (0.81 ha) |


title: Smiddyburn

abstract: Smiddyburn is a 1981 folk album recorded by Dave Swarbrick and named after the farm in Aberdeenshire where Swarbrick lived at the time. The tracks are mostly renditions of traditional folk tunes, and Swarbrick is assisted by his erstwhile colleagues from Fairport Convention as well as his early mentor, Beryl Marriott.

text:
# Smiddyburn

***Smiddyburn*** is a 1981 folk album recorded by Dave Swarbrick and named after the farm in Aberdeenshire where Swarbrick lived at the time. The tracks are mostly renditions of traditional folk tunes, and Swarbrick is assisted by his erstwhile colleagues from Fairport Convention as well as his early mentor, Beryl Marriott.

## Track listing

### Side one

1. "Wat Ye Wha I Met the Streen"/"The Ribbons of the Redheaded Girl"/"Ril Gan Ainm" (4:48)
2. "Sir Charles Coote"/"Smiths" (2:43)
3. "I Have a Wife of My Own"/"Lady Mary Haye's Scotch Measure" (3:37)
4. "Wishing"/"The Victor's Return"/"The Gravel Walk" (5:15)

### Side two

1. "When The Battle is Over" (3:37)
2. "Sword Dance"/"The Young Black Crow" (4:18)
3. "Sean O'Dwyer of the Glen"/"The Hag With The Money"/"Sleepy Maggie" (4:52)
4. "It Suits Me Well" - (Sandy Denny) (5:48)

## Personnel

Tracks 1, 4, 6 and 8 are with Fairport Convention and Richard Thompson

## InfoBox

| Smiddyburn | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Dave Swarbrick | |
| Released | July 1981 |
| Recorded | Regal Sound Recorders, Hitchin, 1981 |
| Genre | Folk rock |
| Label | Logo |
| Producer | John Wood |


title: Smidary

abstract: Smidary is a municipality and village in Hradec Králové District in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,600 inhabitants.

text:
# Smidary

**Smidary** is a municipality and village in Hradec Králové District in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,600 inhabitants.

## Administrative parts

The villages of Červeněves, Chotělice, Křičov and Loučná Hora are administrative parts of Smidary.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 3,395 |  |
| 1880 | 3,587 | +5.7% |
| 1890 | 3,626 | +1.1% |
| 1900 | 3,682 | +1.5% |
| 1910 | 3,796 | +3.1% |
| 1921 | 3,371 | −11.2% |
| 1930 | 3,038 | −9.9% |
| 1950 | 2,264 | −25.5% |
| 1961 | 2,245 | −0.8% |
| 1970 | 1,933 | −13.9% |
| 1980 | 1,735 | −10.2% |
| 1991 | 1,559 | −10.1% |
| 2001 | 1,507 | −3.3% |
| 2011 | 1,516 | +0.6% |
| 2021 | 1,526 | +0.7% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## InfoBox

| Smidary | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Centre of Smidary | |
|  | |
| SmidaryLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 50°17′29″N 15°28′38″E / 50.29139°N 15.47722°E / 50.29139; 15.47722 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | Hradec Králové |
| District | Hradec Králové |
| First mentioned | 1332 |
| Area | |
| Total | 27.97 km2 (10.80 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 238 m (781 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 1,563 |
| Density | 56/km2 (140/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 503 53 |
| Website | www.smidary.cz |


title: Sod Solutions

abstract: Sod Solutions, a sod company founded in 1994, develops, conducts research on, and markets patented and trademarked grasses. The company markets various sod brands like Celebration, and Discovery.

text:
# Sod Solutions

**Sod Solutions**, a sod company founded in 1994, develops, conducts research on, and markets patented and trademarked grasses.

The company markets various sod brands like Celebration, and Discovery.

## Turfgrass for sports fields

On May 30, 2012, a partnership was announced between 21 Florida sod producers from the Florida Sod Growers Cooperative and University of Florida turfgrass researchers. To find new and improved zoysiagrass varieties. Testing will evaluate varieties for their resistance to disease, response to drought and shade, their ability to retain color in cooler weather, and their resistance to pests such as billbug, armyworm and sod webworm. The program expects to have new grasses ready by 2017.

Sod Solutions is coordinating this partnership and will license and market those new grasses.

## InfoBox

Sod Solutions, Inc.
| Company type | Private |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Sod |
| Headquarters | Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, United States |
| Key people | Tobey Wagner |
| Owner | Tobey Wagner |
| Website | sodsolutions.com |


title: Sod's law

abstract: Sod's law, a British culture axiom, states that "if something can go wrong, it will". The law sometimes has a corollary: that the misfortune will happen at "the worst possible time". The term is commonly used in the United Kingdom. The phrase seems to derive, at least in part, from the colloquialism an "unlucky sod"; a term for someone who has had some bad (unlucky) experience, and is usually used as a sympathetic reference to the person. A slightly different form of Sod's law states that "the degree of failure is in direct proportion to the effort expended and to the need for success." An alternative expression, again in British culture, is "hope for the best, expect the worst".

text:
# Sod's law

**Sod's law**, a British culture axiom, states that "if something *can* go wrong, it will". The law sometimes has a corollary: that the misfortune will happen at "the worst possible time" (Finagle's law). The term is commonly used in the United Kingdom (while in many parts of North America the phrase "Murphy's law" is more popular).

The phrase seems to derive, at least in part, from the colloquialism an "unlucky sod"; a term for someone who has had some bad (unlucky) experience, and is usually used as a sympathetic reference to the person.

A slightly different form of Sod's law states that "the degree of failure is in direct proportion to the effort expended and to the need for success."

An alternative expression, again in British culture, is "hope for the best, expect the worst".

## Comparison with Murphy's law

Sod's law is a more extreme version of Murphy's law. While Murphy's law says that anything that can go wrong, will go wrong (eventually), Sod's law requires that it will *always* go wrong with the worst possible outcome or at the worst time. Belief in Sod's law can be viewed as a combination of the law of truly large numbers and the psychological effect of the law of selection. The former says we should expect things to go wrong now and then, and the latter says the exceptional events where something went wrong stand out in memory, but the great number of mundane events where nothing exceptional happened fall into obscurity. Sod’s law is also explained as a form of the natural human negativity bias, the survival trait of being extra alert to negative events.

## Examples

Some examples are traffic lights turning red when a driver is in a hurry, or email software crashing at the exact moment the user attempts to send an important message. Sod's law has also been applied to individuals, such as the composer Beethoven losing his hearing or Def Leppard drummer Rick Allen losing an arm in a car crash.

Other examples are dropped bread always landing butter side down, or it raining just after one has washed the car and on the weekend one goes to the beach.

A discrediting example is a coin toss resulting in tails the more strongly that one wishes the result to be heads. Richard Dawkins said that this shows the idea of Sod's law is "nonsense", as the coin is unaware of the person's wish and has no desire to thwart it.


title: Smoko (song)

abstract: "Smoko" is a song by Australian punk rock band The Chats. It was initially released on their EP Get This in Ya!! on 31 July 2017, before being released as a single on 14 August. The song gained international attention following the release of its viral music video on YouTube on 3 October 2017. The song was certified gold in Australia in May 2021.

text:
# Smoko (song)

"**Smoko**" is a song by Australian punk rock band The Chats. It was initially released on their EP *Get This in Ya!!* on 31 July 2017, before being released as a single on 14 August.

The song gained international attention following the release of its viral music video on YouTube on 3 October 2017. The song was certified gold in Australia in May 2021.

## Background

Eamon Sandwith, bassist of the Chats, explained to Red Bull that the song originated in December 2016:

> I was walking to the bakery from my dad’s house. The words of the chorus just got stuck in my head while I was walking, and when I got home I wrote the song. Josh \[Price, guitarist\] and Matt \[Boggis, drums\] helped me make it sound better.

The song was included as the opening track to their second EP, *Get This in Ya!!*, released on 31 July 2017. The music video for the song was released on 3 October 2017 on YouTube, and it immediately began garnering an unexpected amount of attention, ultimately culminating in more than 19 million views by October 2023.

## Music video

The music video for the song, shot by Matisse Langbein (who also did the artwork for *Get This In Ya!!*) at Peregian Beach, mostly adheres to the lyrics in the song, depicting Chats bassist Eamon Sandwith wearing a lifeguard shirt, approaching a tradesman on a construction site (played by Josh Price) eating a sausage roll while sitting on a milk crate (referred to in the song as a 'milk crate throne'). During the chorus, it cuts to the band playing on the same construction site. During the second verse, Eamon rises from his bed, drinks a can of beer and opens a laptop to see a piece of paper pasted on the laptop screen saying "CENNO: ZERO BUCKS" (referencing the lyric "So it's Tuesday morning/And my Centrelink hasn't come through)". It then cuts to him on the phone calling Centrelink with drummer Matt Boggis playing a Centrelink employee, who leaves him hanging until he picks up the phone and yells the chorus of the song, leaving Eamon banging the doorway in anger, and then puts down the phone. It then cuts to Eamon on a beach with binoculars, seeing what appears to be a woman having trouble in the ocean, but then checks his (non-existent) watch and realizes it's 'smoko'. It then cuts to the band playing in a different area nearby the same ocean, where the video ends shortly afterwards.

## Reception

Triple J Unearthed described "Smoko" in their biography of The Chats as being "a perfectly put together punk song protesting the drudgery of dole queue angst, minimum wage life and work-place hierarchies." The song and its video became popular in late 2017. The song also drew attention from musicians such as Dave Grohl, Josh Homme, Alex Turner, and Iggy Pop.

## Personnel

* Eamon Sandwith – vocals
* Josh Price – guitar
* Tremayne McCarthy – bass, backing vocals
* Matt Boggis – drums

## Certifications

Certifications for "Smoko"
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | Gold | 35,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "Smoko" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by The Chats | |
| from the album  *Get This in Ya!!* | |
| Released | 14 August 2017 |
| Recorded | 2017 |
| Genre | Punk rock |
| Length | 3:00 |
| Songwriter(s) | The Chats |
| Producer(s) | Fin Wegener |
| The Chats singles chronology | |
| "**Smoko**"
(2017) "Do What I Want"
(2018) | |


title: Soft book

abstract: A soft book is a type of children's book intended for pre-readers aimed primarily at babies. Soft books are typically made of fabric, although they can also be made of soft plastic and used in the bath. They may also have an auditory component, such as cellophane sheets, to provide a crinkly sound. They may contain other features, including teething components, mirrors, flaps or different textures. Soft books typically feature no or very few words.

text:
# Soft book

A **soft book** is a type of children's book intended for pre-readers aimed primarily at babies. Soft books are typically made of fabric, although they can also be made of soft plastic and used in the bath. They may also have an auditory component, such as cellophane sheets, to provide a crinkly sound. They may contain other features, including teething components, mirrors, flaps or different textures. Soft books typically feature no or very few words.


title: Soft and Sentimental

abstract: Soft and Sentimental is a 1955 album by Jo Stafford.

text:
# Soft and Sentimental

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Soft and Sentimental*** is a 1955 album by Jo Stafford.

## Track listing

1. "September in the Rain" (Harry Warren, Al Dubin) – 2:58
2. "Early Autumn" (Ralph Burns, Woody Herman, Johnny Mercer) – 2:48
3. "I'm Always Chasing Rainbows" (Harry Carroll, Joseph McCarthy) – 3:06
4. "Don't Worry 'bout Me" (Rube Bloom, Ted Koehler) – 3:09
5. "Smoking My Sad Cigarette" (Bee Walker, Don George) – 3:11
6. "Love Is Here to Stay" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin) – 3:38

## InfoBox

| Soft and Sentimental | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Jo Stafford | |
| Released | January 1, 1955 |
| Genre | Traditional pop |
| Label | Columbia |
| Jo Stafford chronology | |
| *Memory Songs*
(1955) ***Soft and Sentimental***
(1955) *Songs of Scotland*
(1955) | |


title: Society of Toxicology

abstract: The Society of Toxicology (SOT) is a learned society based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of toxicology.

text:
# Society of Toxicology

The **Society of Toxicology** (SOT) is a learned society (professional association) based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of toxicology.

## Goals

The SOT is committed to creating a safer and healthier world by advancing the science of toxicology. The Society promotes the acquisition and utilization of knowledge in toxicology, aids in the protection of public health, and facilitates disciplines. SOT's definition of toxicology is 'the study of the adverse effects of chemical, physical or biological agents on living organisms and the ecosystem, including the prevention and amelioration of such adverse effects.'

The society organizes an annual meeting (usually in the early spring) and several smaller colloquia via its special interest sections and groups. It publishes the journal *Toxicological Sciences*, as well as public position papers and guidelines on conflicts of interest in toxicology.

## Membership

Full membership of the society is restricted to people with significant published work and/or professional experience in toxicology and members are bound by a Code of Ethics. There are also several categories of associate and student membership for people who do not fulfill the professional requirements for full membership. The Society has more than 8,000 members from 70 countries.

## Leadership

SOT is run by a team of full-time board members, called councilors. The councilors are selected by other full SOT members and other SOT members who manage the affairs of SOT. The elections are made by ballot.

## InfoBox

Society of Toxicology
|
|  |
| Formation | 1961 |
| Headquarters | Reston, Virginia |
| Location |  |
| Official language | English |
| President | John B. Morris |
| Website | http://www.toxicology.org/ |


title: Society of Twentieth Century Wargamers

abstract: The Society of Twentieth Century Wargamers (SOTCW) is an international body established in 1989 to promote all aspects of wargaming 20th century periods. Membership of the Society is on a subscription basis, with society members receiving copies of society magazine The Journal.

text:
# Society of Twentieth Century Wargamers

The **Society of Twentieth Century Wargamers** (**SOTCW**) is an international body established in 1989 to promote all aspects of wargaming 20th century periods. Membership of the Society is on a subscription basis, with society members receiving copies of society magazine *The Journal*.

## Activities

Until 2019, the society produced a journal, featuring reviews, articles, scenarios, rules, letters, advertisements, traders' comments and offers. Many traders offer discounts to society members. In 2014, the society started offering PDF-only subscriptions on Wargame Vault, to complement the existing paper Journal. In 2019, the Journal was discontinued, content being posted to the website. Users may subscribe to get email notifications of new articles.

The society also operates a web forum.

In 2014, the society partnered with Shilka Publishing to publish a compendium of World War I-related articles. All profits from this compendium are donated to The Royal British Legion.

* Society of Twentieth Century Wargamers (SOTCW)
* SOTCW Forum
* Baber, Richard (2014). *The SOTCW World War I Compendium*. Shilka Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9927-6485-2.


abstract: The 4th Society of Texas Film Critics Awards were given by the Society of Texas Film Critics (STFC) on December 29, 1997. Founded in 1994, the Society of Texas Film Critics members included film critics working for print and broadcast outlets across the state of Texas.

text:
# Society of Texas Film Critics Awards 1997

The **4th Society of Texas Film Critics Awards** were given by the Society of Texas Film Critics (STFC) on December 29, 1997. Founded in 1994, the Society of Texas Film Critics members included film critics working for print and broadcast outlets across the state of Texas.

## Winners

## InfoBox

| 4th Society of Texas Film Critics Awards | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | December 29, 1997 (1997-12-29) |
| Location | San Antonio, Texas |
| Country | United States |
| Presented by | Society of Texas Film Critics |
|