title: Wyver

abstract: Wyver is a locality within Belper civil parish, which is in the Amber Valley district of Derbyshire, England. The area takes up the western bank of the River Derwent just north of the former mills of Belper. Although overwhelmingly rural, the area has some notable associations within that industry and has been used for various activities throughout that time, and in recognition of these it has been made part of the wider UNESCO designated Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site.

text:
# Wyver

**Wyver** is a locality within Belper civil parish, which is in the Amber Valley district of Derbyshire, England. The area takes up the western bank of the River Derwent just north of the former mills of Belper. Although overwhelmingly rural, the area has some notable associations within that industry and has been used for various activities throughout that time, and in recognition of these it has been made part of the wider UNESCO designated Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site.

## Geography

### Location and extent

Wyver is surrounded by the following local places:

* Ambergate/Toadmoor to the north
* Bridgehill, Mount Pleasant and The Scotches is immediately to the south, alongside the town of Belper
* Broadholm to the east
* Belper Lane End to the west.

It is approximately 0.39 square miles (250 acres; 1.0 km2) in area, 1+14 miles (2.0 km) in length and 23 mile (1.1 km) in width, to the north of Belper parish, central in the Erewash district, and is to the centre south in the county of Derbyshire. The area is roughly bounded by land features such as the Belper to Belper Lane End road to the west and south, the River Derwent and the Midland Main Line railway (Derwent Valley Line branch) are to the east, and the Belper parish boundary is to the north.

### Environment

#### Landscape and ecology

The area is categorised within national biodiversity classifications as being within the Derbyshire lowlands and its Peak Fringe region, in local surveys it is known as the Wyver Acid Pastures due to its unimproved acid grassland. The wider parish has had several protected species visit and otters have been spotted in Wyver. From east to west, the area gently slopes upwards from its riverbank edge, and past Wyver Lane rises more steeply towards a hilltop near Belper Lane End. Much of the surrounding land is pasture or agricultural fields edged to the west by built development, with a few coppices including Wyver Wood to the north. Several footpaths lead into the area, primarily from Mount Pleasant, with other access from Belper Lane End and Alderwasley to the north. Only one paved route exists which is Wyver Lane, this is accessed via Mount Pleasant. The Wyver Lane Nature Reserve attracts many types of birds and landfowl.

#### Geology

Throughout much of the area surrounding the River Derwent, the bedrock consists of mudstones, siltstones and sandstones of Ashover Grit and Marsden formations, dating from 321–320 million years ago during the Carboniferous period. To the far north are sand and gravel deposits due to the geological feature known as the Allenton Terrace, which is the fluvial terrace of alluvium in the lower valley of the River Derwent that the area is built upon. The hilltop in the north west comprises Chatsworth grit made up of sandstone from the same era.

#### Hydrological features

The River Derwent forms nearly all the eastern edge of the area except for occasional incursions by the Midland Main Line in between meanders. Wyver Lane Nature Reserve is to the middle east of the area, it contains two shallow pools for migratory and wading birds. Wyver Lane Pond is a 2 acres (0.81 ha) members-only fishing pool to the south east.

#### Land elevation

Between Wyver Lane and the Derwent is low lying at 65 metres (213 ft). It then rises towards Belper Lane and Mount Pleasant, and most steeply to the north west by Wyver Wood, the peak height there being 167 metres (548 ft).

## History

### Medieval to Victorian period

Any prehistoric history is obscure, and artefactual finds have not been recorded locally. Although Wyver was not described in the 1086 Domesday Survey commissioned by the king of the period William the Conqueror, land in the surrounding areas of the Derwent at Shottle and Bradley was held pre-conquest by Gamal and Siward respectively, and both afterwards by Henry de Ferrers. Bradley was an earlier name for the manor of Belper, and more widely was also used to refer to the Wyver region. In 1266, the estates of Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby, a protagonist in the Second Barons' War, were confiscated by Henry III, and granted to his son the Earl of Leicester, known as Edmund Crouchback. From that period it remained in the hands of the Duchy of Lancaster which was a private holding of future monarchs, and became part of the Duffield Frith royal forest, within its Duffield (sometimes called Chevin) ward. The area was by medieval times in the Appletree hundred, within Duffield ancient parish and Belper chapelry. An early form of the Wyver name was first used in 1387 within documents of the estate, including Wybald(e)shagh and Wibald(e)shagh. The area remained occasionally referred to under this ownership through to the 17th century, and was considered during this period to be waste. In 1633, to maximise income to the Crown from unused royal forests, efforts were made to disafforest the Frith by means of land surveys, subsequent enclosure and the apportionment of plots to locals, although resistance from them due to concerns around the quantity and quality of the final plots caused Parliament to abandon the process and revert the Chevin ward to commons until 1786 when it was revisited and completed. From 1777 Jedediah Strutt, who was an associate of Richard Arkwright of Cromford Mill fame, began to purchase plots to develop cotton mills in Belper to the east of the Derwent, and also obtained land that controlled the river, including the Wyver area then being called Little Chevin. The Strutts country house, Bridge Hill was built in 1793–1795 and obtained stone from a number of local places, including Scotches quarry and others in Wyver. The Strutts dammed the River Derwent to help channel water to power the mill, and to avoid overflow, the riverbank alongside Wyver was raised. By the late 1820s, the family owned the vast majority of Wyver, except some land to the west and housing at the start of Wyver Lane. A windmill was in place during the 1800s along the lane, it is thought it was used to pump water from springs in the vicinity to Belper for residents. The North Midland Railway was built along the eastern edge of Wyver from 1838 and the line opened in 1840.

### Wyver Lane

Wyver Lane is a relatively modern period road, being formed as an easier route from Belper to Alderwasley Hall (the seat of the Hurt family with the Strutts having business and family ties) and eventually connecting to Whitewells Lane in Alderwasley parish. The original road to Wyver Farm branched off Belper Lane, and was later linked to this new route. Wyver Lane as a private coach road was developed by the Strutt family (probably alongside Hurt and Arkwright), and followed the west bank of the river north of Belper. It is shown on an estate plan of 1828, and is labelled 'the old Bradley Road and Coach Road to Cromford; now changed'. It was labelled New Bradley Road in 1791 enclosure maps, Lawn Farm Road and by the turn of the 19th century was renamed Wyver Lane. Weir Lodge at the start of Wyver Lane may have functioned as a gatehouse, allowing access to the road. This road was documented in texts of the time: 'A good road exists at present up the Vale of the Derwent, from Duffield to Belper-bridge, from whence it would be very important to the public that a good road should be made up the west side of the river to Cromford, nearly along the line of a private carriage-way, between these places, belonging to Messrs. Strutts, Charles Hurt, and Richard Arkwright'. Later however, a more popular route was created in 1817 with the Belper to Matlock turnpike road to the east of the Derwent, the lane then going into some disuse. Wyver Lane itself also changed slightly over time, the route originally leading to Wyver Farm, but in the 20th century was the name of the road instead to Lawn Cottage.

### Wyver Farm

This was explicitly mentioned in 1636 as a farm in Duchy of Lancaster records, although there are reports since the 14th century. The wider area was in the hands of numerous owners after 1791 enclosure activities, notable landowners including the Wards, Jodrells who were Lords of Belper manor, and the Hurt family of Alderwasley Hall, it gave the Strutts an opportunity to assure their labour needs and welfare of their workforce, and they systematically began to buy numerous plots of land, obtaining Wyver Farm in 1809 and having full ownership by 1818. It is unknown what state the farm was in by this time, although maps of the period indicate a more scattered farmstead with small buildings. At some stage the farm was rebuilt, becoming one of their model farms utilising notable building techniques such as fireproof ceiling and floors which was already in use at their mills, structured storage of cattle feed to allow efficient delivery, allowing feed such as grains, cereals or hay to be tipped into pits or carted into stores that allows access to the mixing room in the first floor above the cow byres. Another Strutt farm feature are the cow byres being well-ventilated. The core portion of the farm is within an L-shaped grouping recessed into the hillside, while a western range holds a stable block with stone floor and feed storage areas. A further range of buildings comprised a stable, wagon lodge and barn which is also constructed of stone and has a slate roof. Other subsidiary buildings are a cow-house, hen houses, piggeries and small stable. The produce would be used to supply the Strutt's workforce.

### Lawn Cottage

The area in the far north east was known in antiquity as part of a parkland called Bradley Laund with indications of being a farmstead since the 15th century. An old route called Wyver Street Moor leading to a ford at the Derwent ran close by in medieval times. Invariably, the farm was known under various titles as Highe Mill in 1681, Milley Laund House, Millhay Lawn and Lawn Cottage by the late 19th century. It was owned by the Ward family who were descended from the Bradleys, and there were relations to the Strutts. In the late 18th century, changes done to the Derwent river to improve the Strutt's mills output including the riverbank being raised adversely affected ground to the north of the weir used to retain water, Due to continual effects from the river to this property, the Wards litigated against the Strutt family for damages and a settlement involving an exchange was done whereby the land and farm was sold to the Strutts in 1810 for payment. The land primarily associated to it was the floodplain east of Wyver Lane but some was pasture, a small channel in the area couldn't discharge into the river to help drain the area, so a pumping station was built. This drained the land and allowed farming to continue for some years. A portion of the land was also used as the Strutt's musketry range. Lawn Cottage was not however classed as a model farm like Wyver Farm and was run as a traditional agricultural operation. The riverside floodplains was owned by the family until 1960, when these were sold to the then Belper Urban District Council. The cottage was sold at a later stage due to legal ownership dispute. Ownership of both eventually came under the succeeding authority Amber Valley District Council. It was sold in 2012 to a housing co-operative community and refurbished.

### Musketry Range

The Strutt family organised a private militia in the late 18th century, the Belper Volunteer Battalion which protected the mills, in case of attacks from Luddites, and even invasion, in an era of Napoleon Bonaparte and regional instability. In 1800, a firing range was provided for them on Chevin Hill south of Wyver. New rifle technology had made the range inadequate by the end of the 19th century, and the force by this time had been travelling to Derby each week, to use a more suitable range. In 1899, the Strutts decided that travelling to Derby was too inconvenient and offered to arrange for a larger range. The family provided the land south of Lawn Cottage which may have been in use previously for practice, and paid to have a local resident's cottage removed so that a target wall and formal range could be constructed. They also arranged facilities to allow the range to pass a government inspection including a munitions store, which was completed by April 1899. The Wyver Lane range was enlarged several times up to 1948 and is one of the largest in England. It was used in the training of troops during the early stages of World War I (1914–18) and was still in use by the Territorial Army until the 1970s. The old firing range can still be seen at the bottom of the lane; several buttresses are still visible – one is the island on the left-hand side of the main pool, another is barely visible on the right-hand side of the main pool, and others have now almost disappeared. The furthest buttress (west of Wyver Lane but in Alderwasley parish) was angled to face southeast to achieve a 1000 yards position, which was the effective range of a military rifle by the end of the 19th century. Shorter distances were marked at 800, 600, 300, 200 and 100 yards. The rise of the land behind the main buttress helped to contain bullets, although Whitewells Lane would be closed during sessions. To the left of the viewing mound is an old metal gatepost that was used by the Territorials: if there was a green flag on the gate it was safe to go through. If a red flag, then it wasn't. A little further down the lane is a bricked-up hut on the left-hand side, this is the former ammunition store. Because the reservists did not want water on the land they used to pump it into the river. The pumphouse is the brick building at the southern end of the reserve with the protruding pipe.

## Conservation and leisure

### Wyver Lane Nature Reserve

Map of Wyver Nature reserve

After the forces decommissioned the firing range, local authorities used it for landfill purposes from 1960 to 1982. The accumulations pushed water further up, creating bigger pools. As with most tips, it began to attract gulls, including visits from Iceland and glaucous gulls. The previous pumping of water from the land was stopped, which over time reverted the land to its wetland state which helped to diversify the bird population. Recognising the habitat and species within the area, the land was leased in 1990 by the district council and later landowners to a countywide interest group, the Derbyshire Wildlife Trust who now manage it as a local nature reserve also known as Wyver Lane Pool Reserve, becoming regarded as one of Derbyshire’s most important wetland locations and one of the few remaining areas of wet grassland in the Derwent valley. The reserve occupies 19 acres (7.7 ha; 0.030 sq mi; 0.077 km2) and comprises two pools surrounded by water meadows and reed beds. Local bird observers still sometimes pump out water into the river to keep the pools low to attract waders. Levels are now controlled by a sluice at the southern end of the main pool. There is also a pipe from the main pool to the river which is stopped up during winter to maintain the water levels for wintering wildfowl. In spring it is opened up; if there is a dry summer it should be low enough to attract waders in late summer or autumn.

To ensure that the many bird species continue to thrive there, there is no access onto the reserve, but there is a bird hide and viewing mound along Wyver Lane to enable observations. The many resident types of birds include tufted ducks, Canada geese and grebes, while in spring waders such as curlew and common sandpiper during migration pass through, and lapwings breed at this time. In summer there are swallows, house martins, and swifts, while nearby coppices provide an environment for firecrests, pied flycatchers, spotted flycatchers, crossbills, stonechats, and hawfinches. In winter, large flocks of black-headed, common, herring, lesser, and great black-backed gulls arrive from northern breeding grounds joined by ducks and other waterfowl including wigeon, goosanders, mallards, teal, and oystercatchers to roost and feed. Rarely seen birds such as water rails, jack snipes and bitterns have been spotted throughout the reedbeds.

### Wyver Lane Pond

The feature is to the south of the nature reserve and accessed via a private lane and car park, covering 2 acres (0.81 ha). It was owned by the Strutts in the 19th century and shown on various maps of the period including estate plans. Fishing rights for this and stretches of the Derwent were leased to the Belper and District Angling Society, who were first established in 1892. The pond was sold on to the group in the late 1970s.

### Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site

In 2001 the Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site was ratified by UNESCO, an agency of the United Nations, to internationally recognise the contributions of the cotton mills area between Cromford and Derby to the Industrial Revolution. The Wyver rural area along with Wyver Farm, Lawn Cottage, Wyver Nature Reserve and listed buildings at the start of Wyver Lane were included, in acknowledgement of their part to the Strutt Mill complex and their industry. A single field north of Lawn Cottage was placed outside the designated site, but lies within a surrounding heritage buffer zone. The overall site is overseen by a body, the Derwent Valley Trust.

### Derwent Valley Heritage Way and Cycleway

The Heritage Way is a long-distance footpath designated by the Derwent Valley Trust and running through much of the World Heritage site. The Cycleway is a long-distance route for cycling currently being proposed by the trust. At Wyver, the way is overlain onto Wyver Lane, which then branches off through fields to Whitewells Lane in Alderwasley parish. In 2020, the trust resurfaced the first section of Wyver Lane, creating a local cycleway segment.

### Other activities

An archery club is based in woods which are in Alderwasley parish, and accessed by means of Wyver Lane.

### Listed buildings

At Wyver Farm there are a number of listed buildings. Features include the main farmhouse, barns and outhouses.

A terrace of three stone houses and other standalone residences exist at the start of Wyver Lane in the Scotches area.

## InfoBox

| Wyver | |
| --- | --- |
| Wyver Lane Nature Reserve | |
| Map of Wyver | |
| WyverLocation within Derbyshire | |
| OS grid reference | SK342499 |
| London | 120 mi (190 km) SE |
| Civil parish |  |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | BELPER |
| Postcode district | DE56 |
|  | |
| Police | Derbyshire |
| Fire | Derbyshire |
| Ambulance | East Midlands |
|  | |
|


title: Leon Murray

abstract: Everett Leon Murray is a former American football quarterback of the Arena Football League (AFL), and is a college football coach. Murray attended Tennessee State University. In 2001 Murray was the backup quarterback on the Berlin Thunder team that won World Bowl IX. Murray is currently the quarterbacks coach at Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia.

text:
# Leon Murray

**Everett Leon Murray** (born January 10, 1977) is a former American football quarterback of the Arena Football League (AFL), and is a college football coach. Murray attended Tennessee State University. In 2001 Murray was the backup quarterback on the Berlin Thunder team that won World Bowl IX. Murray is currently the quarterbacks coach at Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia.

## InfoBox

Leon Murray
| No. 14 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Quarterback |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1977-01-10) January 10, 1977<br>Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) |
| Weight: | 210 lb (95 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Shreveport (LA) C. E. Byrd |
| College: | Tennessee State |
| Undrafted: | 2000 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
| Career Arena statistics | |
| Comp. / Att.: 772 / 1,295  Passing yards: 9,258  TDINT: 160–38  Passer rating: 100.21  Rushing TDs: 21 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **ArenaFan.com** | |
|  | |


abstract: Prior to the arrival of Europeans, Australian Aboriginal languages had been purely spoken languages, and had no writing system. On their arrival, Latin script became a standard for transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages, but the details of how the sounds were represented has varied over time and from writer to writer, sometimes resulting in a great many variant spellings of the same word or name.

text:
# Transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages

Prior to the arrival of Europeans, Australian Aboriginal languages had been purely spoken languages, and had no writing system. On their arrival, Latin script became a standard for **transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages**, but the details of how the sounds were represented has varied over time and from writer to writer, sometimes resulting in a great many variant spellings of the same word or name.

## Early writing

At first, most Australian languages were written following English orthography (or in a few cases, German orthography), as it sounded to the writer. This meant that sounds which were distinguished in Australian languages but not in English were written identically, while at the same time sounds which were allophones in Australian languages but distinct in English were written differently.

Most Aboriginal words used in English follow these early conventions, and therefore do not usually give a good idea of how the word was pronounced in the original language.

Transcriptions of Australian languages through time
| Language | Meaning | Early
spellings | Modern
spelling | Pronunciation (International Phonetic Alphabet) | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Guugu Yimithirr | *“tongue”* | unjar (1770)
ngandar (1901) | nganhdhaar (1979) | \[ŋan̪d̪aːɻ\] | Early spellings may miss the word-initial \[ŋ\], and fail to properly distinguish dental consonants. |
| Gamilaraay | *“honey”* | wuddul (1903) | warrul (1993) | \[waɾul\] | Early spellings may fail to distinguish between \[ɾ\] and \[d\], which are allophones in English but distinct in Australian languages. |

Writers with more linguistic knowledge sometimes employed symbols such as  or  for /ŋ/,  for /ɲ/, macrons ˉ or circumflexes ˆ for long vowels, breves ˘ for short vowels, but these were often applied inconsistently.

## Modern practical orthography

Linguists working with Australian languages today purposely use unambiguous phonemic orthographies based on detailed phonological analysis of the language in question. In orthographies of this kind each spoken word can only be written one way, and each written word can only be read one way.

Usually, but not always, practical orthographies use just the letters of the basic Roman alphabet. This necessitates the use of digraphs for sounds that do not have a standard character. In some cases this can lead to ambiguities, for example where the single sound /ŋ/ and the consonant cluster /nɡ/ could both be written as ng. These are commonly distinguished by writing the cluster n.g (inserting a full stop), n’g (inserting an apostrophe), or nk.

### Vowels and semivowels

Most Australian languages distinguish just three vowels, which are written i, a and u. Even though they may sound like e or o at times, they are not written e or o, e.g. the Martuthunira word *wirrirri* "flame" is pronounced as \[weɾeɾɪ\]. Long vowels are represented by double letters, i.e. ii /iː/, aa /aː/, uu /uː/.

The semivowels w and y are usually pronounced as in English. In some languages, w may not be pronounced next to u, and y next to i, but for various reasons a linguist may still choose to write them, so that e.g. Gamilaraay *yinarr* "woman" is actually pronounced \[inar\].

A handful of languages have a dental semivowel, which is written yh (see Place of articulation below).

### Rhotics

Most Australian languages have two rhotics or *r*-like sounds: a retroflex approximant, as in American English, written r; and a trill or flap (both of which are found in Spanish), written rr.

In languages that have only one of the two r's, it is simply written r.

### Place of articulation

The bilabial, velar and alveolar consonants are usually written the same as in English, i.e. p /p/, b /b/, m /m/, k /k/, g /ɡ/, ng /ŋ/, t /t/, d /d/, n /n/, l /l/. ng may also be written using the non-English letter ŋ, called eng. Note that ŋ sounds like the *ng* in *singer*, not as in *finger;* the latter would be written ŋg.

Palatal consonants are often represented by a digraph made of an alveolar consonant + j or y, i.e. /c ɟ ɲ ʎ/ can be written tj/ty, dj/dy, nj/ny, and lj/ly. c and j are other possible ways of writing the palatal stops.

Dental consonants are represented by a digraph made of an alveolar consonant + h, i.e. th /t̪/, dh /d̪/, nh /n̪/, lh /l̪/. Note that th is not a fricative as in Australian English, but a stop as in Irish English.

Retroflex consonants are usually represented by a digraph made of r \+ an alveolar consonant, i.e. rt /ʈ/, rd /ɖ/, rn /ɳ/, rl /ɭ/, as in Swedish. In some varieties, such as Pitjantjatjara, a digraph is not used and instead the alveolar consonant is underlined to indicate that it is retroflex thus: ,  and .

A handful of languages have palato-velar consonants, between palatal and velar. For Yanyuwa, these are written yk /ɡ̟/, nyk /ⁿɡ̟/ (a prenasalised stop—see Prenasalisation below), nyng /ŋ̟/.

### Voicing of stops

Most Australian languages do not distinguish between voiced and voiceless stops, so that e.g. *t* and *d* both occur as variants of the same sound. Both the voiced and voiceless allophone will usually be written the same way, but whether to use the voiceless symbol or the voiced symbol varies depending on which occurs more frequently in the language. Some languages have been written using the voiced symbols by one linguist and the voiceless symbols by another. Moreover, some linguists choose to use voiceless symbols for some consonants in a language and voiced symbols for others.

Some languages do distinguish between voiced and voiceless stops, however.

### Prenasalisation

Some languages have prenasalized consonants, a stop preceded by a nasal sound which is considered one consonant. In Yanyuwa these are written mb /ᵐb/, ngk /ᵑɡ/, nj /ᶮɟ/, nth /ⁿd̪/, nd /ⁿd/, rnd /ᶯɖ/.

## Other systems

### Russian system

Below is the Russian Wikipedia's transcription system for Indigenous Australian languages.

| Latin transcription | IPA | Russian transcription |
| --- | --- | --- |
| a | a, æ | а (э/е) |
| i, e | i, e | и (е) |
| u, o | u, ɯ, o | у (о) |
| aa |  | аа |
| ii |  | ии |
| uu |  | уу |
| oo | u | у |
| w | w | в |
| y | j | й |
| ya, yi, yu | ja, ji, ju | я, (й)и, ю |
| p, b | p, b | п |
| t, d | t, d | т |
| th, dh | t̪, | т |
| rt, rd, ṯ | ʈ, ɖ | т |
| tj, ty, dj, dy, c, j | tʲ, c, dʲ, ɟ | ть (тя, тьи, тю) |
| yk | k̟, ɡ̟ | кь |
| k, g | k, g | к |
| m | m | м |
| n | n | н |
| nh |  | н |
| rn, ṉ | ɳ | н |
| ny, nj, ñ | nʲ, ɲ | нь (ня, ньи, ню) |
| nyng, nyŋ | ŋ̟ | нгь |
| ng, ŋ, ġ | ŋ | нг |
| ngg, ŋg | ŋk, ŋg | нгк |
| n.g, n’g, nk | nk, ng | нк |
| l | l | л |
| lh |  | л |
| rl, ḻ | ɭ | л |
| ly, lj | lʲ, ʎ | ль (ля, льи, лю) |
| rr | r, ɾ | рр |
| r, ṟ | ɻ | р |
| rd | ɽ | р |

## Bibliography


title: Listed buildings in Gressingham

abstract: Gressingham is a civil parish in Lancaster, Lancashire, England. It contains 14 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these, one is listed at Grade I, the highest of the three grades, two are at Grade II*, the middle grade, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. Apart from the village of Gressingham and the settlement of Eskrigge, the parish is rural. Almost all the listed buildings are houses and associated structures, farmhouses, and farm buildings. Also listed are a church and a bridge crossing the River Lune on the boundary of the parish.

text:
# Listed buildings in Gressingham

Gressingham is a civil parish in Lancaster, Lancashire, England. It contains 14 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these, one is listed at Grade I, the highest of the three grades, two are at Grade II\*, the middle grade, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. Apart from the village of Gressingham and the settlement of Eskrigge, the parish is rural. Almost all the listed buildings are houses and associated structures, farmhouses, and farm buildings. Also listed are a church and a bridge crossing the River Lune on the boundary of the parish.

## Key

| Grade | Criteria |
| --- | --- |
| I | Buildings of exceptional interest, sometimes considered to be internationally important |
| II\* | Particularly important buildings of more than special interest |
| II | Buildings of national importance and special interest |
|

## Buildings

| Name and location | Photograph | Date | Notes | Grade |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| St John's Church
54°07′24″N 2°39′20″W / 54.12327°N 2.65557°W / 54.12327; -2.65557 (St John's Church) |  | 12th century | The church was partly rebuilt in Perpendicular style in 1734, and restored in 1862 by E. G. Paley. It is in sandstone with stone-slate roofs, and consists of a nave with a clerestory, a north aisle, a chancel with a north chapel, and a west tower. The tower is in three stages, with a west window, clasping pilaster strips, and a solid parapet with moulded coping. | I |
| Loyn Bridge
54°07′18″N 2°38′30″W / 54.12173°N 2.64159°W / 54.12173; -2.64159 (Loyn Bridge) |  | c. 1600 (possibly) | The bridge was built to replace an earlier one that had become dangerous, and carries Fleet Lane over the River Lune. It is in sandstone and consists of three segmental arches with cutwaters, and refuges for pedestrians. It has solid parapets with rounded coping. The bridge is also a scheduled monument. | II\* |
| Eskrigge Hall
54°07′04″N 2°39′37″W / 54.11766°N 2.66036°W / 54.11766; -2.66036 (Eskrigge Hall) |  | Late 17th century | This is a pebbledashed stone house with a slate roof in two storeys. The doorway has a rendered surround, and the windows are mullioned. | II |
| Low House Farmhouse
54°06′56″N 2°39′58″W / 54.11542°N 2.66600°W / 54.11542; -2.66600 (Low House Farmhouse) |  | Late 17th century | A stone house with a stone-slate roof in two storeys, with a main block of two bays. Some of the windows are mullioned, others are sashes. The doorway has a 20th-century porch, moulded jambs, and a chamfered lintel. To the right is an additional bay. | II |
| Gressingham Hall and stables
54°07′24″N 2°39′17″W / 54.12326°N 2.65484°W / 54.12326; -2.65484 (Gressingham Hall) |  | 1688 | A country house that was extended in the 18th century. It is in sandstone with a stone-slate roof, and has an L-shaped plan. The original block has two storeys and an attic, and a front of five bays. The windows are mullioned, and the door has a moulded surround and a shaped lintel. To the right is a two-bay extension that has mullioned and sash windows, and a porch with pilasters. Further to the right is a former coach house and stable, now incorporated into the house. | II\* |
| Crow Trees
54°07′22″N 2°39′26″W / 54.12272°N 2.65729°W / 54.12272; -2.65729 (Crow Trees) |  | 1690 | A stone house with a slate roof, in two storeys and four bays. The windows are mullioned. In the third bay is a porch behind which is a doorway with a moulded surround. Above it is a battlemented lintel inscribed with initials and the date, and over that is a shield carved with a horn. | II |
| Sandbeds Farmhouse
54°06′43″N 2°39′30″W / 54.11190°N 2.65846°W / 54.11190; -2.65846 (Sandbeds Farmhouse) |  | c. 1700 | A sandstone house with a slate roof, in a T-shaped plan. The house has two storeys, and the main block has three bays, sash windows, and a door with a moulded surround and a shaped lintel. Some of the windows in the cross-wing have retained their mullions. | II |
| Gate piers in garden,
Gressingham Hall
54°07′23″N 2°39′17″W / 54.12300°N 2.65473°W / 54.12300; -2.65473 (Gate piers in garden, Gressingham Hall) |  | Early 18th century | The gate piers are in the garden to the south of the hall, and are said to have been moved from The Biggins near Kirkby Lonsdale. They are in rusticated sandstone, with a square plan, and a moulded cornice. On the north face of each is an Ionic pilaster with a shell carved in the entablature. | II |
| Gate piers on roadside,
Gressingham Hall
54°07′24″N 2°39′17″W / 54.12344°N 2.65465°W / 54.12344; -2.65465 (Gate piers on roadside, Gressingham Hall) |  | Mid 18th century | The gate piers are at the entrance to the drive to the north of the hall. They are in sandstone with a square plan, and each pier has a pulvinated frieze, a moulded cornice, and a moulded base. | II |
| Eskrigge House
54°07′06″N 2°39′38″W / 54.11841°N 2.66042°W / 54.11841; -2.66042 (Eskrigge House) |  | Mid 18th century (probable) | The house contains remains from the 17th century, and it was altered later. It is in sandstone with a slate roof, and has two storeys and three bays. The windows are mullioned, and the former doorway, now converted into a window, has a battlemented lintel. The current doorway is to the right, and has a gabled stone porch. | II |
| Barn, Low House Farm
54°06′55″N 2°39′57″W / 54.11522°N 2.66594°W / 54.11522; -2.66594 (Barn, Low House Farm) |  | 1786 | The barn is in sandstone with a stone-slate roof. On the front is a wide entrance with a segmental arch, and a doorway to the right. Above the arch is a plaque inscribed with initials and the date. | II |
| Box Tree Farmhouse
54°07′24″N 2°39′34″W / 54.12333°N 2.65952°W / 54.12333; -2.65952 (Box Tree Farmhouse) |  | Early 19th century | A sandstone house with a slate roof in two storeys. The main part has two bays, sash windows, and a central door with a plain stone surround. To the left is an additional bay, possibly converted from an agricultural building. | II |
| Barn, Eskrigge House
54°07′06″N 2°39′38″W / 54.11824°N 2.66045°W / 54.11824; -2.66045 (Barn, Eskrigge House) |  | Early 19th century | The barn is in sandstone with a slate roof. On the north wall is a wide entrance and a doorway. Some of the quoins are carved with 'Celtic' heads. | II |
| Church Bank
54°07′24″N 2°39′23″W / 54.12343°N 2.65641°W / 54.12343; -2.65641 (Church Bank) |  | 1830 | A sandstone house with a slate roof, in two storeys and two bays. The windows are sashes. The doorway has a plain surround, and above it is an inscribed plaque in the shape of a shield. | II |
|

**Citations**

**Sources**


title: Passion Made Possible

abstract: Passion Made Possible is the destination brand of Singapore, jointly launched on 24 August 2017 by Singapore Tourism Board (STB) and Economic Development Board (EDB). Passion Made Possible marks the rebranding of the Singaporean brand, replacing the previous YourSingapore campaign. The brand strategy will be adopted by other statutory boards and agencies under the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI) and incorporated into their marketing campaigns and tradeshows when reaching out to international audiences.

text:
# Passion Made Possible

**Passion Made Possible** is the destination brand of Singapore, jointly launched on 24 August 2017 by Singapore Tourism Board (STB) and Economic Development Board (EDB). *Passion Made Possible* marks the rebranding of the Singaporean brand, replacing the previous *YourSingapore* campaign.

The brand strategy will be adopted by other statutory boards and agencies under the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI) and incorporated into their marketing campaigns and tradeshows when reaching out to international audiences.

## Evolution of previous tourism campaigns

Since the launch of the Uniquely Singapore destination brand in 2004, Singapore witnessed a 16.8% growth in visitor arrivals and a 55.1% growth in its tourism receipts. In order to keep tourism in Singapore competitive and relevant to its visitors, STB hopes to establish its digital presence given the high internet penetration in its key markets, hence embarking on the 2010 YourSingapore campaign to drive users to its online website and social media accounts.

YourSingapore was positioned as Singapore's ability to promise travelers a personal travel experience, given the degree of efficiency, control and comfort in the country. Such a promise further offers an emotional reward of empowerment and liberation to its visitors.

With a different approach from previous STB brand slogan *YourSingapore* and EDB's *Future Ready Singapore*, **Passion Made Possible** was derived in 2017 in the hope of showcasing the country's entrepreneurial and innovative strengths to the world, under a joint branding campaign between its tourism and business government agencies to market the country to tourists, consumers, investors and businesses.

## Digital media

The Passion Made Possible rebranding campaign continues to employ a drive-to-web strategy, driving visitors to VisitSingapore.com where they can explore Singapore online, plan their itineraries and share their travel experiences.

The VisitSingapore website is managed by STB's creative agency, TBWA Singapore. It has two different sites to cater to different audiences; the leisure travel site and the business travel site.

In line with the brand strategy, STB continues to engage users on social media.

The unified brand features a logo coined as the 'Singapore Mark'. It an emblem that is meant to represent Singapore's attributes as a place that is trusted to deliver, resembling a trust stamp that connotes quality.

The new logo was developed by TSLA Design, the branding and design practice of The Secret Little Agency (TSLA). TSLA was tasked with developing the new unified business and tourism brand identity, as well as the global branding guidelines for Singapore.

## Reactions

Reactions to the brand slogan were mixed, with some online internet users and academics describing the slogan as vague and not entirely representative of Singapore, while some suggest it is "generic enough to use in different contexts". Others contend that the slogan was identical to the title of a self-help book by Celeste Tomasulo, and was not worth the millions spent on branding and market research.

The shared branding between the EDB and the STB was deemed "ambitious" but could have a "synergistic effect" if the campaign is well-executed.


title: Oldhead Wood

abstract: Oldhead Wood Nature Reserve is a national nature reserve of approximately 42 acres (0.17 km⁲) located on Clew Bay, near Louisburgh, County Mayo, Ireland. It is managed by the Irish National Parks & Wildlife Service, part of the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht.

text:
# Oldhead Wood

**Oldhead Wood Nature Reserve** (Irish: *Anaclann-Dúlra Choill an tSéanchinn*) is a national nature reserve of approximately 42 acres (0.17 km2) located on Clew Bay, near Louisburgh, County Mayo, Ireland. It is managed by the Irish National Parks & Wildlife Service, part of the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht.

## Features

Oldhead Wood was legally protected as a national nature reserve by the Irish government in 1984. It is also a Special Area of Conservation under the EU Habitats Directive.

The name Oldhead or Old Head also refers to the townland in which the nature reserve is located. The woodlands consist of deciduous trees which have been used and changed by human usage. Its position on Clew Bay gives the area a humid climate, with diverse bryophyte flora. It is a semi-natural woodland with the most prominent tree species being oak, with some willow, birch and rowan. There is also some beech and sycamore that were introduced.

## InfoBox

| Oldhead Wood Nature Reserve | |
| --- | --- |
| Anaclann-Dúlra Choill an tSéanchinn | |
|  | |
| Oldhead WoodLocation of Oldhead Wood in Ireland | |
| Type | National |
| Location | near Louisburgh, County Mayo |
| Coordinates | 53°46′34″N 9°46′41″W / 53.776°N 9.778°W / 53.776; -9.778 |
| Area | 42 acres (0.17 km2) |
| Operated by | National Parks and Wildlife Service (Ireland) |
| Status | Open all year |


title: Ozarba corniculans

abstract: Ozarba corniculans is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Hans Daniel Johan Wallengren in 1860. It is found in Kenya, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Madagascar.

text:
# Ozarba corniculans

***Ozarba corniculans*** is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Hans Daniel Johan Wallengren in 1860. It is found in Kenya, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Madagascar.

## InfoBox

| *Ozarba corniculans* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Ozarba* |
| Species: | ***O. corniculans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ozarba corniculans***<br>(Wallengren, 1860) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Erastria corniculans* Wallengren, 1860 * *Erastria figurata* Walker, 1865 * *Ozarba figurata*  (Walker, 1865) | |


title: Mark Levinson No. 26

abstract: The Mark Levinson No. 26S Dual Monaural Preamplifiers used Teflon circuit boards to supposedly differentiate the No. 26 and the 26S models, produced between 1991 and 1994 by Madrigal Audio Laboratories. This unit utilizes Camac coaxial connectors, which were used in the medical industry as well, because they break hot before they break ground when unplugged. No shorting electronics means a safe preamp and safe ER patients. An external power block, the PLS-226, was used to keep interference to a minimum. The No. 26 came in three versions, a balanced audio version, a phono version, and a basic version that could do neither. There was only space for one expansion board inside the unit, so it was not possible to put in the phono and the balanced board. This made the phono and balanced inputs on the unit shared; only one set could be active in the unit based on which board was present. The 26S included both phono and one balanced input as standard.

text:
# Mark Levinson No. 26

The Mark Levinson **No. 26S** Dual Monaural Preamplifiers used Teflon circuit boards to supposedly differentiate the No. 26 and the 26S models, produced between 1991 and 1994 by Madrigal Audio Laboratories. This unit utilizes Camac coaxial connectors (except for the XLR balanced ones), which were used in the medical industry as well, because they break hot before they break ground when unplugged. No shorting electronics means a safe preamp and safe ER patients. An external power block, the PLS-226, was used to keep interference to a minimum.

The No. 26 came in three versions, a balanced audio version, a phono version, and a basic version that could do neither. There was only space for one expansion board inside the unit, so it was not possible to put in the phono and the balanced board. This made the phono and balanced inputs on the unit shared; only one set could be active in the unit based on which board was present. The 26S included both phono and one balanced input as standard.

## Specifications

* XLR Balanced Stereo Input and Output
* 3 Outputs: Main/Tape 1/Tape 2
* 6 Inputs: Tuner/Tape 1/Tape 2/CD/Aux 1/Phono or Aux 2
* 8 Selector knobs: Input/Output Level/Record/Monitor/Phase/Balanced 1/Balanced 2/Stereo, Mono
* Voltage can be adjusted internally: 100, 120, 200, 220, 240 VAC @ 50–60 Hz


title: Lim Kang Hoo

abstract: Lim Kang Hoo is a Malaysian businessman and investor. He is the founder, chairman and chief executive of Iskandar Waterfront Holdings and Ekovest Berhad. Both corporations manage infrastructure construction projects, as well as mega property development. Tan Sri Lim is also linked to other public listed companies in directorial roles; PLS plantations, holding 40,000 acres in palm oil plantations and Knusford Berhad and Tebrau Teguh Berhad. In 2014, Forbes estimates his stake in Ekovest – a construction firm for mid-sized infrastructure projects in the Klang Valley, and the construction vehicle for its Iskandar region developments – at US$1.1 billion, ranking him on the Malaysian Forbes Richest List. Later, in 2015, Forbes further estimated an additional stake in Iskandar Waterfront Holdings to be worth US$925 million. In January 2016, Tan Sri Lim succeeded on a bid on the Bandar Malaysia project worth $1.7 billion The Joint Venture partners are dedicated to developing an underground city project spanning over 15 years with a gross development value of US$53 billion. Tan Sri Lim is referred as 'helicopter-man' by the locals as he frequently commutes between his office in Kuala Lumpur and his project birthchild, Iskandar Malaysia privately via his rotorcrafts. Tan Sri Lim's Ekovest Berhad is also the 2016 sponsor for the Kuala Lumpur National Football Association.

text:
# Lim Kang Hoo

| Lim Kang Hoo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Traditional Chinese | 林剛河 |
| Simplified Chinese | 林刚河 |
|
| Hanyu Pinyin | Lín Gānghé |
| Jyutping | Lam4 Gong1 Ho4 |
| Hokkien POJ | Lîm Kong-hô |
| Tâi-lô | Lîm Kong-hô |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |

**Lim Kang Hoo** (Chinese: 林刚河, born 1956) is a Malaysian businessman and investor. He is the founder, chairman and chief executive of Iskandar Waterfront Holdings and Ekovest Berhad. Both corporations manage infrastructure construction projects, as well as mega property development. Tan Sri Lim is also linked to other public listed companies in directorial roles; PLS plantations, holding 40,000 acres in palm oil plantations and Knusford Berhad and Tebrau Teguh Berhad.

In 2014, Forbes estimates his stake in Ekovest – a construction firm for mid-sized infrastructure projects in the Klang Valley, and the construction vehicle for its Iskandar region developments – at US$1.1 billion, ranking him on the Malaysian Forbes Richest List. Later, in 2015, Forbes further estimated an additional stake in Iskandar Waterfront Holdings to be worth US$925 million.

In January 2016, Tan Sri Lim succeeded on a bid on the Bandar Malaysia project worth $1.7 billion (RM 7.41 billion) The Joint Venture partners are dedicated to developing an underground city project spanning over 15 years with a gross development value of US$53 billion.

Tan Sri Lim is referred as 'helicopter-man' by the locals as he frequently commutes between his office in Kuala Lumpur and his project birthchild, Iskandar Malaysia privately via his rotorcrafts. Tan Sri Lim's Ekovest Berhad is also the 2016 sponsor for the Kuala Lumpur National Football Association.

## Business

### Ekovest Berhad

A company that Lim co-founded, Ekovest, is known for its involvement of the construction of the Petronas Twin Towers, Kuala Lumpur International Airport, and main buildings within Putrajaya, the country's federal administrative centre. Other projects include highway construction projects e.g. DUKE highway, and its successive phases.

### Iskandar Waterfront Holdings

Iskandar Waterfront Holdings has a gross development value of RM 125 billion ($44 billion) in projects on the 4,000+ acres of land in the Iskandar region. Past collaborative investors in the Iskandar region include billionaires Robert Kwok, Peter Lim, Jeffery Cheah, as well as few of the largest real estate development companies from China (Country Garden Holdings, Greenland) and Australia.

On the west side of Iskandar, Tan Sri Lim has plans to convert Johor Bahru into a waterfront destination with cruise terminals, marina, residences, offices, hotels and convention centers. Here he has sold land to one of the top developers in China, Country Garden. Most of the current projects are being developed in a joint venture with his company, Iskandar WaterFront Holdings, in which he holds 60%, and has been scheduled for its initial public offering (IPO).

According to The Star, through this IPO, Iskandar Waterfront Holdings was "hoping to lock in some global names in the property and investment world as cornerstone investors" with procedural preparations nearing completion. It has been reported that the timing of the IPO has been delayed due to currently unfavourable market conditions - fears of a weakening market.

According to an article published in Deal Street Asia, Iskandar Waterfront is looking to revisit its IPO plans in 2016, with a potential dual listing in Kuala Lumpur as well as in Hong Kong.

### Bandar Malaysia

Tan Sri Lim's recent award on his bid for Bandar Malaysia - a joint venture with China Railway Engineering Corporation (M) Sdn Bhd is dedicated to developing an underground city project spanning over 15 years, with a gross development value of RM 150 billion ($53 billion)

On 23 March 2016, Tan Sri Lim announced the expected launch of Phase 1 of Bandar Malaysia (GDV US$37.2 billion) for 2017. CREC simultaneously announced their commitment to consolidate operations at a US$2 billion regional centre within the first phase of Bandar Malaysia. The Joint Venture partners are expected to place a joint bid for the US$9.91 billion High Speed Rail project \- connecting Thailand, Kuala Lumpur and Singapore.

## Awards and recognition

In 2012, Tan Sri Lim was recognized by Brand Laureate as the Property Man of the year.

In 2014, Tan Sri Lim was dubbed a member of the "ASEAN Business Club" among other notable entrepreneurs such as Tan Sri Tony Feranandes, Tan Sri Robert Kuok, Tan Sri Francis Yeoh, Tan Sri Lim Wee-Chai and Tan Sri Leong Hoy Kum. The ASEAN Business Club members are ambassadors advocating growth of regional networks and the forum serves to 'share-knowledge' among global and regional leaders.

In 2015 at the 22nd Fiabci Property Awards, Tan Sri Lim was dubbed the property man of the year award.

Also in 2015, Tan Sri Lim was recently conferred a Lifetime Achievement Award in China recognising individuals distinguishing themselves in government, business and civic. Previous recipients of the ward include Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak, YTL Corp chairman Tan Sri Yeoh Tiong Lay, Berjaya Group Founder Tan Sri Vincent Tan, Genting Malaysia chairman Tan Sri Lim Kok Thay and former CEO of SP Setia Group Tan Sri Liew Kee Sin.

## Honours

## InfoBox

| Yang Berbahagia Tan Sri Dato'Lim Kang HooPSM DIMP | |
| --- | --- |
| 林刚河 | |
| Born | 1955 |
| Occupation(s) | Chairman, Ekovest Berhad & Iskandar Waterfront Holdings |


title: Sylvia Wronski

abstract: Sylvia Wronski [Straka] was a pitcher who played for parts of two seasons in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Listed at 5 ft 2 in (1.57 m), 140 lb., she batted and threw right-handed. A member of the 1944 Milwaukee Chicks champion team, Sylvia Wronski played a solid role for them during her brief stint in the league. She was the dream of any manager, being a long reliever one day, volunteering to make an emergency start the next, or saving a game out the day after that. Born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Sylvia was one of seven children into the family of John and Anna Wronski. She was reared in a working-class family marked by hard work for a modest income. Her father labored as a machinist, while her mother was a devoted homemaker. At an early age, Sylvia accustomed to play football with her three older brothers, taking the arms, legs and heads off her dolls, in order to use the body as a kickball. She attended grade school at St. Casimir and high school at Milwaukee Riverside, where she finally started playing organized softball for the school team before going on to play in local leagues. In May 1944, Wronski attended an AAGPBL tryout held at Borchert Field in Milwaukee. She then went to the spring training in Peru, Illinois, and was chosen to pitch on her hometown team. After that, she was sent to the West Allis league for extended training and debuted with the Chicks in late June. Wronski joined Vivian Anderson on the team, making them the only two Milwaukee natives to play for their hometown Chicks. The Milwaukee team, managed by experienced Max Carey, had a strong pitching rotation headed by Josephine Kabick, Viola Thompson and Connie Wisniewski. Together, the trio would combine to collect 64 of the 70 victories of the team in the regular season. Wronski and Clara Cook pitched occasionally and both did a good job coming out of the bullpen. Wronski made her AAGPBL debut, pitching a scoreless final inning during an 8–2 loss to the Racine Belles at Borchert Field. ״Ronie״, as her teammates nicknamed her, finished with a 4–2 record and a 3.06 earned run average in 13 pitching appearances, including four complete games and 53 innings of work. Though not a regular starter, during the midseason Wronski came within one out of hurling a no-hitter against the Racine Belles, during a shortened seven-inning first game of a doubleheader. After retiring the first two Belles hitters in their last at-bat, she allowed a single to Edythe Perlick, who eventually scored an unearned run following two fielding errors. The final score was 4–1, while she was credited with the victory. Amazingly, the durable Wronski started the next day and beat the Belles again, 8–2, allowing seven hits in a nine-inning, complete game. Milwaukee won the pennant and defeated the Kenosha Comets in the championship series. Although the Chicks won the champion title, they had no local financial backing and could not compete with the American Association Milwaukee Brewers. In fact, the Chicks were forced to play all seven games of the series at Kenosha's Lake Front Stadium, because the Brewers were using Borchert Field for their league playoffs. In addition, the high ticket prices charged for AAGPBL games failed to encourage significant fan support. Due to lack of community support and skepticism of journalists, the team moved to Grand Rapids, Michigan prior to the 1945 season and was renamed Grand Rapids Chicks. Wronski accompanied the Chicks in Grand Rapids. She pitched in only four games and did not have a decision before being released during the season. She has the distinction of having pitched in the last Chicks game played at Borchert Field, on September 3, 1944. She threw a nine-inning, complete game six-hitter for a 4–2 win against Kenosha. Sylvia married Edward Straka in 1947. The couple fostered three children – Donald, Christine and Theresa –, before Edward died of cancer in 1954 at age 29. She then had to raise her children alone while working in different jobs. As a single mother in the 1950s, she became a waitress and bowling alley cleaner in order to be home when her children were. She later worked as a factory machine operator at Cutler-Hammer and Briggs & Stratton, often juggling three jobs at once. After retiring in 1990, she stayed physically fit later in life, playing bowling in two leagues, walking daily, and participating in water aerobics. In addition, she visited local Little League Baseball games and played catch with young ballplayers. Besides this, she stayed in her hometown and watched over her six grandchildren and five great-grandchildren. She is part of Women in Baseball, a permanent display based at the Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown, New York, which was unveiled in 1988 to honor the entire All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. I was the tomboy who made good, as she described herself in an interview. Sylvia, whose childhood home was only nine blocks from Borchert Field, added that Whoever would have guessed that a grubby kid from Hubbard Street would end up at Cooperstown? Sylvia Wronski Straka died of a respiratory failure in 1997, four days short of her 73rd birthday. She is buried at Holy Cross Cemetery in Milwaukee.

text:
# Sylvia Wronski

**Sylvia Wronski** \[**Straka**\] (December 2, 1924 – November 28, 1997) was a pitcher who played for parts of two seasons in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Listed at 5 ft 2 in (1.57 m), 140 lb., she batted and threw right-handed.

A member of the 1944 Milwaukee Chicks champion team, Sylvia Wronski played a solid role for them during her brief stint in the league. She was the dream of any manager, being a long reliever one day, volunteering to make an emergency start the next, or saving a game out the day after that.

Born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Sylvia was one of seven children into the family of John and Anna Wronski. She was reared in a working-class family marked by hard work for a modest income. Her father labored as a machinist, while her mother was a devoted homemaker. At an early age, Sylvia accustomed to play football with her three older brothers, taking the arms, legs and heads off her dolls, in order to use the body as a kickball. She attended grade school at St. Casimir and high school at Milwaukee Riverside, where she finally started playing organized softball for the school team before going on to play in local leagues.

In May 1944, Wronski attended an AAGPBL tryout held at Borchert Field in Milwaukee. She then went to the spring training in Peru, Illinois, and was chosen to pitch on her hometown team. After that, she was sent to the West Allis league for extended training and debuted with the Chicks in late June. Wronski joined Vivian Anderson on the team, making them the only two Milwaukee natives to play for their hometown Chicks.

The Milwaukee team, managed by experienced Max Carey, had a strong pitching rotation headed by Josephine Kabick, Viola Thompson and Connie Wisniewski. Together, the trio would combine to collect 64 of the 70 victories of the team in the regular season. Wronski and Clara Cook pitched occasionally and both did a good job coming out of the bullpen.

Wronski made her AAGPBL debut, pitching a scoreless final inning during an 8–2 loss to the Racine Belles at Borchert Field. ״Ronie״, as her teammates nicknamed her, finished with a 4–2 record and a 3.06 earned run average in 13 pitching appearances, including four complete games and 53 innings of work.

Though not a regular starter, during the midseason Wronski came within one out of hurling a no-hitter against the Racine Belles, during a shortened seven-inning first game of a doubleheader. After retiring the first two Belles hitters in their last at-bat, she allowed a single to Edythe Perlick, who eventually scored an unearned run following two fielding errors. The final score was 4–1, while she was credited with the victory. Amazingly, the durable Wronski started the next day and beat the Belles again, 8–2, allowing seven hits in a nine-inning, complete game.

Milwaukee won the pennant and defeated the Kenosha Comets in the championship series. Although the Chicks won the champion title, they had no local financial backing and could not compete with the American Association Milwaukee Brewers. In fact, the Chicks were forced to play all seven games of the series at Kenosha's Lake Front Stadium, because the Brewers were using Borchert Field for their league playoffs. In addition, the high ticket prices charged for AAGPBL games failed to encourage significant fan support. Due to lack of community support and skepticism of journalists, the team moved to Grand Rapids, Michigan prior to the 1945 season and was renamed Grand Rapids Chicks.

Wronski accompanied the Chicks in Grand Rapids. She pitched in only four games and did not have a decision before being released during the season. She has the distinction of having pitched in the last Chicks game played at Borchert Field, on September 3, 1944. She threw a nine-inning, complete game six-hitter for a 4–2 win against Kenosha.

Sylvia married Edward Straka in 1947. The couple fostered three children – Donald, Christine and Theresa –, before Edward died of cancer in 1954 at age 29. She then had to raise her children alone while working in different jobs. As a single mother in the 1950s, she became a waitress and bowling alley cleaner in order to be home when her children were. She later worked as a factory machine operator at Cutler-Hammer (eight years) and Briggs & Stratton (21 years), often juggling three jobs at once.

After retiring in 1990, she stayed physically fit later in life, playing bowling in two leagues, walking daily, and participating in water aerobics. In addition, she visited local Little League Baseball games and played catch with young ballplayers. Besides this, she stayed in her hometown and watched over her six grandchildren and five great-grandchildren.

She is part of *Women in Baseball*, a permanent display based at the Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown, New York, which was unveiled in 1988 to honor the entire All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. *I was the tomboy who made good*, as she described herself in an interview. Sylvia, whose childhood home was only nine blocks from Borchert Field, added that *Whoever would have guessed that a grubby kid from Hubbard Street would end up at Cooperstown?*

Sylvia Wronski Straka died of a respiratory failure in 1997, four days short of her 73rd birthday. She is buried at Holy Cross Cemetery in Milwaukee.

## Career statistics

**Pitching**

| GP |  |  | W-L% | ERA | IP |  | RA | ER | BB | SO | HBP | WP | WHIP |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 17 | 4 | 2 | .667 | 2.53 | 64 | 44 | 33 | 18 | 30 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0.83 |

**Batting**

| GP | AB |  |  | 2B | 3B | HR | RBI | SB | BB | SO | BA | OBP |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 17 | 22 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 10 | .045 | .125 |

**Fielding**

| GP | PO |  |  | TC | DP | FA |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 17 | 8 | 23 | 7 | 38 | 0 | .816 |

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Sylvia Wronski | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| All-American Girls Professional Baseball League | |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:** (1924-12-02)December 2, 1924
Milwaukee, Wisconsin | |
| **Died:** November 28, 1997(1997-11-28) (aged 72)
Milwaukee, Wisconsin | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
| * Women in Baseball – AAGPBL Permanent Display
at Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum (1988) | |


title: Xavier Brown

abstract: Xavier Brown is an American football defensive end. He played college football for C. W. Post, he was signed by the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League (CFL) as an undrafted free agent in 2011. He then played for the Chicago Rush and New Orleans VooDoo of the Arena Football League (AFL) from 2012 to 2014.

text:
# Xavier Brown

**Xavier Brown** (born February 19, 1988) is an American football defensive end. He played college football for C. W. Post, he was signed by the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League (CFL) as an undrafted free agent in 2011. He then played for the Chicago Rush and New Orleans VooDoo of the Arena Football League (AFL) from 2012 to 2014.

## Professional career

### Canadian Football League

Brown was signed by the Hamilton Tiger-Cats on June 6, 2011. He was released during final roster cuts on June 25, 2011.

### Arena Football League

Brown was assigned to the Chicago Rush of the Arena Football League in February 2012. On May 28, 2012, he was traded to the New Orleans VooDoo for cornerback Leslie Majors.

### National Football League

Brown was signed by the Philadelphia Eagles on August 4, 2012.

## InfoBox

Xavier Brown
| No. 96 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Defensive end |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1988-02-19) February 19, 1988 |
| Height: | 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) |
| Weight: | 265 lb (120 kg) |
| Career information | |
| College: | C.W. Post |
| Undrafted: | 2011 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
| Career Arena statistics | |
| Tackles: 56  Sacks: 15.5  Blocked kicks: 4 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **ArenaFan.com** | |
|  | |


title: Lesley Cooke

abstract: Lesley Cooke is an English cricketer and former member of the England women's cricket team. She played three Test matches against India in 1986, scoring 72 and 117 as an opening batsman on her debut at Wetherby. Only the second Englishwoman to score a century on her Test debut. She also appeared in three One Day Internationals against India in the same year. Cooke played domestic cricket for Sussex.

text:
# Lesley Cooke

**Lesley Cooke** (born 28 November 1963) is an English cricketer and former member of the England women's cricket team. She played three Test matches against India in 1986, scoring 72 and 117 as an opening batsman on her debut at Wetherby. Only the second Englishwoman to score a century on her Test debut. She also appeared in three One Day Internationals against India in the same year. Cooke played domestic cricket for Sussex.

## InfoBox

Lesley Cooke
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Lesley Cooke |
| Born | (1963-11-28) 28 November 1963<br>Brighton, Sussex, England |
| Nickname | cookie |
| Batting | Left-handed |
| Role | Batter |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
| Test debut (cap 98) | 26 June 1986 v India |
| Last Test | 12 July 1986 v India |
| ODI debut (cap 40) | 22 June 1986 v India |
| Last ODI | 27 July 1986 v India |
|  | |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1981–1989 | Sussex |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition WTest WODI WFC WLA  Matches 3 3 4 15  Runs scored 290 49 394 274  Batting average 48.33 16.33 56.28 18.26  100s/50s 1/2 0/0 1/3 0/1  Top score 117 24 117 73  Balls bowled 0 0 0 210  Wickets    2  Bowling average    59.00  5 wickets in innings    0  10 wickets in match    0  Best bowling    1/22  Catches/stumpings 0/– 0/– 0/– 1/– | |
|  | |
| Source: CricketArchive, 23 February 2021 | |


title: Tour of Romania

abstract: The Tour of Romania is a cycling competition held in Romania. It is organised as 2.1 race on the UCI Europe Tour. The tour is organized by the Romanian Cycling Federation.

text:
# Tour of Romania

The **Tour of Romania** (or "**Little Loop**") is a cycling competition held in Romania. It is organised as 2.1 race on the UCI Europe Tour. The tour is organized by the Romanian Cycling Federation.

## History

Inspired by Tour de France, the monthly publication "Car Magazine" held in August 1910 the first edition of "Circuit Wallachia". The competition took 12 riders at the start on the route BucharestSinaiaTârgovișteButimanuBucharest (approximately 300 km or 190 mi). The race lasted for three editions. Since 1934 the newspaper "Daily Sport", in collaboration with Romanian Cycling Federation has organized the Tour of Romania.

The route of first edition was 1,026 km (638 mi) long and included six stages.

## Statistics

* The longest route was the 3rd edition in 1936 at 2,242 km (1,393 mi).
* The shortest route was 430 km (270 mi), in the 29th edition of 1991.
* At the 19th edition of 1973, Cluj, a stage was held nocturnal on the 27.3 km (17.0 mi) distance.
* Rider Traian Chicomban of Brașov participated in the January edition (1934) until the 9th edition (1954), as the Tour's longest-running participation of Romania.
* 45th edition (2008) was the first edition which was featured in the calendar Union Cycliste Internationale.

## Winners

| Year | Country | Rider | Team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1934 | Bulgaria | Marin Nikolov | Bulgaria (national team) |
| 1935 | Poland | Daniel Zigmund | Poland (national team) |
| 1936 | France | Pierre Gallien | France (national team) |
| 1937
1945 | **No race** | | | |
| 1946 | Yugoslavia | August Prosenik | Yugoslavia (national team) |
| 1947
1949 | **No race** | | | |
| 1950 | Romania | Constantin Sandu | C.C.A. |
| 1951 | Romania | Marin Niculescu | Flamura Roșie București |
| 1952 | **No race** | | | |
| 1953 | Romania | Nicolae Vasilescu | CS Dinamo București |
| 1954 | Romania | Constantin Dumitrescu | CS Progresul București |
| 1955 | Romania | Constantin Dumitrescu | C.C.A. |
| 1956 | Romania | Constantin Dumitrescu | C.C.A. |
| 1957 | **No race** | | | |
| 1958 | Romania | Gabriel Moiceanu | CS Dinamo București |
| 1959 | Romania | Ion Cosma | CS Dinamo București |
| 1960 | Romania | Walter Ziegler | Romania (youth team) |
| 1961 | Romania | Ion Cosma | Romania (national team) |
| 1962
1965 | **No race** | | | |
| 1966 | Romania | Georghe Suciu | Romania (national team) |
| 1967 | Romania | Emil Rusu | Romania (national team) |
| 1968 | Romania | Walter Ziegler | CS Dinamo București |
| 1969 | East Germany | Jurgen Wanzlik | East Germany (national team) |
| 1970
1972 | **No race** | | | |
| 1973 | Romania | Vasile Teodor | Romania (national team) |
| 1974 | Romania | Mircea Romașcanu | Romania (youth team) |
| 1975
1982 | **No race** | | | |
| 1983 | Romania | Mircea Romașcanu | CS Dinamo București |
| 1984 | Romania | Constantin Căruțașu | Romania (national team) |
| 1985 | Romania | Mircea Romașcanu | Romania (national team) |
| 1986 | East Germany | Frank Schonherr | Vorw |
| 1987 | Romania | Valentin Constantinescu | Romania (national team) |
| 1988 | Romania | Vasile Mitrache | Romania (national team) |
| 1989 | Romania | Dănuț Cătană | Romania (national team) |
| 1990 | Romania | Vasie Apostol | CS Dinamo București |
| 1991 | Moldova | Svetoslav Riabuchenko | Viitorul Chișinău |
| 1992 | Ukraine | Vladimir Perelalsny | Bulgaria (national team) |
| 1993 | Germany | Jurgen Koberschinski | Germany (national team) |
| 1994 | Romania | Anton Stelian | Romania (national team) |
| 1995 | Ukraine | Igor Mitianin | Ukraine (national team) |
| 1996 | **No race** | | | |
| 1997 | Romania | Florin Privache | Romania (national team) |
| 1998 | Moldova | Igor Bonciucov | Moldova (national team) |
| 1999 | Kazakhstan | Sergey Tretyakov | Brisaspor |
| 2000 | Kazakhstan | Vadim Kravchenko | Brisaspor |
| 2001 | Ukraine | Leonid Timchenko | Ukraine (national team) |
| 2002 | Moldova | Alexandru Sabalin | Moldova (national team) |
| 2003 | Netherlands | Jelle Groezen | Netherlands (national team) |
| 2004 | Bulgaria | Vladimir Koev | Bulgaria (national team) |
| 2005 | Bulgaria | Ivaïlo Gabrovski | Hemus 1896-Aurora 2000 Berchi |
| 2006 | Bulgaria | Pavel Shumanov | Cycling Club Bourgas |
| 2007 | Romania | Daniel Anghelache | CS Dinamo București |
| 2008 | Hungary | Rida Cador | P-Nívó-Betonexpressz 2000-Corratec |
| 2009 | Russia | Alexey Shchebelin | SP Tableware-Gatsoulis Bikes |
| 2010 | Bulgaria | Vladimir Koev | Hemus 1896-Vivelo |
| 2011 | Romania | Andrei Nechita | Romania (national team) |
| 2012 | Croatia | Matija Kvasina | Ukraine (national team) |
| 2013 | Ukraine | Vitaliy Buts | Kolss Cycling Team |
| 2014
2017 | **No race** | | | |
| 2018 | Romania | Serghei Țvetcov | UnitedHealthcare |
| 2019 | Netherlands | Alex Molenaar | Parkhotel Valkenburg |
| 2020 | Romania | Eduard Grosu | Romania (national team) |
| 2021 | Poland | Jakub Kaczmarek | HRE Mazowsze Serce Polski |
| 2022 | Great Britain | Mark Stewart | Bolton Equities Black Spoke Pro Cycling |
| 2023 | **No race** | | | |
| 2024 | Kazakhstan | Ilkhan Dostiyev | Astana Qazaqstan Development Team |

By nationality
| Nationality | No. of wins |
| --- | --- |
| Romania | 28 |
| Bulgaria | 5 |
| Ukraine | 4 |
| Moldova | 3 |
| Kazakhstan | 3 |
| Netherlands | 2 |
| East Germany | 2 |
| Poland | 2 |
| France | 1 |
| Croatia | 1 |
| Russia | 1 |
| Germany | 1 |
| Yugoslavia | 1 |
| United Kingdom | 1 |
| Hungary | 1 |

## Classifications

The jerseys worn by the leaders of the individual classifications are:

* Yellow Jersey – Worn by the leader of the general classification.
* Red Jersey – Worn by the leader of the points classification.
* Green Jersey – Worn by the leader of the climber classification.
* White Jersey – Worn by the best rider under 23 years of age on the overall classification.
* Blue Jersey – Worn by the best Romanian rider of the overall classification.

## InfoBox

Tour of Romania
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Race details | |
| Date | September |
| Region | Romania |
| English name | Tour of Romania |
| Local name(s) | Turul României |
| Nickname(s) | Mica Buclă ("**Little Loop**") |
| Discipline | Road |
| Competition | UCI Europe Tour |
| Type | Stage race |
| Organiser | Romanian Cycling Federation |
| Web site | turulromaniei.com |
| History | |
| First edition | 1934 (1934) |
| Editions | 56 (as of 2024) |
| First winner | Marin Nikolov (BUL) |
| Most wins | Constantin Dumitrescu (ROU)
Mircea Romașcanu (ROU)
(3 wins) |
| Most recent | Ilkhan Dostiyev (KAZ) (2024) |


title: Listed buildings in Weeford

text:
# Listed buildings in Weeford

Weeford is a civil parish in the district of Lichfield, Staffordshire, England. The parish contains eight listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. All the listed buildings are designated at Grade II, the lowest of the three grades, which is applied to "buildings of national importance and special interest". The parish includes the village of Weeford and the surrounding countryside. The buildings in Weeford House Farm were at one time part of a large coach staging complex, and some of them are listed. The other listed buildings are a church, a farmhouse, and two lodges.

## Buildings

| Name and location | Photograph | Date | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Blackbrook Farmhouse
52°37′48″N 1°48′08″W / 52.63002°N 1.80215°W / 52.63002; -1.80215 (Blackbrook Farmhouse) |  | 18th century | A red brick farmhouse with a corbelled and dentilled eaves band, and a tile roof with verge parapets. It is in early Georgian style, and there are two storeys and an attic, a double depth plan, and a front of five bays. On the front is a doorway with a radial fanlight and a pediment, the windows are sashes with painted wedged segmental heads, the middle window in the upper floor with a raised keystone, and there are three gabled dormers. |
| St Mary's Church
52°37′57″N 1°47′33″W / 52.63255°N 1.79239°W / 52.63255; -1.79239 (St Mary's Church) |  | 1802 | The west bay, chancel and bell turret were added later in the 19th century. The church is built in sandstone with slate roofs, and consists of a nave, north and south transepts, a chancel, and a north vestry, with the bell turret at the west end. The bell turret has a square base, rising to an octagonal bell stage with a pyramidal cap, and the bell openings have Tudor arched heads. |
| Cartshed 120 metres northeast of Weeford House Farmhouse
52°37′59″N 1°47′35″W / 52.63297°N 1.79319°W / 52.63297; -1.79319 (Cartshed 120 metres northeast of Weeford House Farmhouse) |  | Early 19th century | The cartshed is in red brick with an eaves band and a tile roof. There is one storey and an attic, and the east front contains four segmental-headed cart entries. |
| Cartshed 150 metres northeast of Weeford House Farmhouse
52°37′59″N 1°47′35″W / 52.63314°N 1.79295°W / 52.63314; -1.79295 (Cartshed 150 metres northeast of Weeford House Farmhouse) |  | Early 19th century | The cartshed is in red brick with an eaves band, and a tile roof with a verge parapet on the left. There is a single storey, and the west front contains three segmental-headed cart entries. |
| Stable block east of Weeford House Farmhouse
52°37′58″N 1°47′33″W / 52.63279°N 1.79251°W / 52.63279; -1.79251 (Stable block east of Weeford House Farmhouse) |  | Early 19th century | The stable block is in red brick with an eaves band and a tile roof. There are two storeys, and a south front of 13 bays. In the centre is a square pavilion with a pyramidal roof surmounted by a timber dovecote. The front contains various openings, including a segmental-headed cart entry, with a round-arched opening above. |
| Stable and walls northeast of Weeford House Farmhouse
52°37′59″N 1°47′34″W / 52.63294°N 1.79281°W / 52.63294; -1.79281 (Stable and walls northeast of Weeford House Farmhouse) |  | Early 19th century | The stable is in red brick with string courses, and a tile roof with verge parapets and kneelers. There are two storeys, and a Classical front of three bays. In the centre is a segmental-arched opening, flanked by round-headed and rectangular blind openings. At the sides of the stable are walls of one-storey height and one bay wide. |
| Manley Lodge
52°37′40″N 1°49′00″W / 52.62781°N 1.81667°W / 52.62781; -1.81667 (Manley Lodge) |  | c. 1830–40 | The lodge is in brick with stone dressings on a chamfered plinth, with a floor band, and a slate roof with coped gables and kneelers. There are two storeys and an L-shaped plan. The porch is gabled and has a four-centred arch and mullioned windows on the sides. The windows are iron-framed casements with chamfered surrounds. On the gables are finials with ogee domical caps. |
| Weeford Lodge
52°38′01″N 1°48′09″W / 52.63351°N 1.80256°W / 52.63351; -1.80256 (Weeford Lodge) |  | 1830s | The lodge is in red brick with stone dressings, a string course, and a slate roof with coped verge parapets on corbelled kneelers with finials. It is in Tudor style, there are two storeys, the front facing the road has two bays, a small central gable, and it contains mullioned windows. On the front facing the drive is a gabled porch and a Tudor arched doorway. |
|

### Citations

### Sources

* Historic England, "Blackbrook Farmhouse, Weeford (1188402)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 28 July 2019
* Historic England, "Church of St. Mary, Weeford (1294756)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 28 July 2019
* Historic England, "Cartshed approximately 120 metres north-east of Weeford House Farmhouse, Weeford (1188421)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 28 July 2019
* Historic England, "Cartshed approximately 150 metres north-east of Weeford House Farmhouse, Weeford (1038846)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 28 July 2019
* Historic England, "Stable block of 75 metres east of Weeford House Farmhouse, Weeford (1188412)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 28 July 2019
* Historic England, "Stable and splay walls 100 metres north-east of Weeford House Farmhouse, Weeford (1038845)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 28 July 2019
* Historic England, "Manley Lodge, Weeford (1374276)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 28 July 2019
* Historic England, "Weeford Lodge, Weeford (1374292)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 28 July 2019
* Historic England, *Listed Buildings*, retrieved 28 July 2019
* Pevsner, Nikolaus (1974), *Staffordshire*, The Buildings of England, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-071046-9


title: Passion Like Fire

abstract: Passion Like Fire is the seventh studio album by Canadian singer Tamia. It was released on September 7, 2018 through Plus One Music Group and 21 Entertainment. Her first project to be distributed by eOne Music, its release marked twenty years since the release of her solo debut single "Imagination" and its eponymous parent album. A breakaway from her previous album Love Life (2015), the singer worked with a smaller team of collaborators on the album, involving longtime contributors Shep Crawford and Salaam Remi as well as songwriters Lundon Knighten and Jonas Myrin and chief producer Lil' Ronnie and his team. The album debuted at number 145 on the US Billboard 200, becoming her lowest-charting album yet, while reaching number 17 on Top R&B Albums chart. Its release was preceded by the singles "Leave It Smokin'" and "Today I Do", the former of which became her biggest hit in years, peaking at number two on Billboard's Adult R&B Songs. A third single, "It's Yours", reached the top ten on the same chart. In support of the album, Tamia embarked on the Passion Like Fire Tour which launched on September 18, 2018 and visited most of the major US cities as well as several international venues.

text:
# Passion Like Fire

***Passion Like Fire*** is the seventh studio album by Canadian singer Tamia. It was released on September 7, 2018 through Plus One Music Group and 21 Entertainment. Her first project to be distributed by eOne Music, its release marked twenty years since the release of her solo debut single "Imagination" and its eponymous parent album. A breakaway from her previous album *Love Life* (2015), the singer worked with a smaller team of collaborators on the album, involving longtime contributors Shep Crawford and Salaam Remi as well as songwriters Lundon Knighten and Jonas Myrin and chief producer Lil' Ronnie and his team.

The album debuted at number 145 on the US *Billboard* 200, becoming her lowest-charting album yet, while reaching number 17 on Top R&B Albums chart. Its release was preceded by the singles "Leave It Smokin'" and "Today I Do", the former of which became her biggest hit in years, peaking at number two on *Billboard*'s Adult R&B Songs. A third single, "It's Yours", reached the top ten on the same chart. In support of the album, Tamia embarked on the Passion Like Fire Tour which launched on September 18, 2018 and visited most of the major US cities as well as several international venues.

## Background

In 2015, Tamia signed a recording deal with Def Jam Recordings. Her contract marked her return to the major label rank after a decade of independent studio releases through her own label Plus One Music Group. *Love Life*, her first album with the Def Jam, saw Tamia consulting a diverse roster of collaborators, including production credits from Pop & Oak, The-Dream, Tricky Stewart, and Polow da Don as well as frequent collaborators The Stereotypes and Shep Crawford. Upon release, the critical response to album was highly positive. It debuted at number 24 on the US *Billboard* 200, selling 16,000 copies in its first week. It also topped the Top R&B Albums chart and reached number two on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, becoming Tamia's highest-charting album ever on both charts.

Following the termination of her one-record deal with Def Jam, Tamia began work her on her seventh album *Passion Like Fire* independently again under eOne Music and 21 Entertainment Group. In contrast to *Love Life*, she recruited a smaller team of collaborators for the album, including producer Lil' Ronnie who would contribute one half to the album's final track listing, leading to his executive producer status on the album. Tamia also reteamed with Salaam Remi, and Shep Crawford, and worked with duo Reyes Copello and Ryan Hawken on more songs. The album title *Passion Like Fire* borrows from the chorus lyrics of the album cut "Leave It Smokin'" in which she sings "I need passion like fire, leave it smokin'." When asked about what prompted her to name the album after that lyrics, Tamia remarked that it alludes to her longevity in music business about which she still feels passionate after twenty years.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |
| *Soul in Stereo* |  |

*Los Angeles Times* writer Gerrick D. Kennedy found that *Passion Like Fire* "is more of the sultry, grown-up R&B-soul Tamia has delivered effortlessly for two decades now \[...\] Despite a current R&B landscape that favors experimentation and hip-hop edge, Hill has remained one of the few steadfast talents who rebukes trend-chasing, and her new album sees the singer playing directly to her strengths." *SoulinStereo* wrote that *Passion Like Fire* "feels like such a love letter to Tamia’s fans. From the power ballads to the sultry singles to the playful odes to love lost and found, it revisits many of the sounds that build her career. I really wish we had a couple of tracks as strong as the lead single to really set this album apart in Tamia’s renowned catalog."

In his review for *Rolling Stone* magazine, Elias Light rated *Passion Like Fire* three out of five stars. He felt that while Tamia's "voice is always resplendent", she "doesn't find enough sharp songs" to include on the album. Complimenting her collaborations with Salaam Remi and Shep Crawford, he criticized her decision to work with Lil' Ronnie on the majority of the album, commenting that "these two never gel". *SoulTracks* editor Charles Melody felt that the album was lackluster compared to her previous work on *Love Life*, but "still demonstrates the lyrical depth, vocal range and uniquely sweet, saucy that keeps her in demand and a part of the post-90's mix." He remarked thath *Passion Like Fire* comes across as sort of a misnomer. The dominance of ballads and scattering of midtempos make it less of a buoyant listen overall, although still a worthy one." Matt Collar of AllMusic found that the album "showcases the singer's sophisticated and mature R&B sound."

## Commercial performance

In the United States, *Passion Like Fire* debuted at number 145 on the US *Billboard* 200 in the issue dated September 22, 2018, becoming Tamia's lowest debut as well as her first studio album to miss the upper half on the chart. It also reached number six on *Billboard*'s Independent Albums and number 20 on the Top Album Sales chart. *Passion Like Fire* also peaked at number 17 on the Top R&B Albums, marking her first project not to chart on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.

## Track listing

*Passion Like Fire* track listing
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "If I Had to Choose" |  |  | 3:12 |
| 2. | "Leave It Smokin'" |  | Remi | 3:54 |
| 3. | "It's Yours" | * Hill * Bethea * Jackson * Philip Lynah Jr. * Benjamin Singh Reynolds * Omar Walker | * Lil' Ronnie * Major Seven * King BNJMN | 4:37 |
| 4. | "Lost in You" | * Hill * Bethea * Bryant * Jackson * Lynah * Rafael Ishman | * Lil' Ronnie * Bryant\[A\] | 3:27 |
| 5. | "Today I Do" | * Hill * Bethea * Jackson | Lil' Ronnie | 3:29 |
| 6. | "When the Sun Comes Up" | * Hill * Bethea * Bryant * Jackson * Ishman | * Lil' Ronnie * Bryant | 2:51 |
| 7. | "Tell Me How" |  | * Crawford * Hawken | 4:18 |
| 8. | "Deeper" |  | Copello | 3.56 |
| 9. | "Stay" | * Hill * Copello * Nicolas de la Espriella * Hawken * Briana Martinez | * Copello * Hawken | 3:33 |
| 10. | "Not for Long" | * Hill * Bethea * Bryant * Jackson * Lynah * Ishman | * Lil' Ronnie * Bryant\[A\] | 3:38 |
| 11. | "Better" | * Hill * Hawken * Crawford | * Crawford * Hawken | 3:52 |
| 12. | "You Are Loved" | * Hill * Crawford | Crawford | 3:42 |
| Total length: | | | | 44:52 |

**Notes**

* **^\[A\]**  denotes co-producer

## Personnel

**Performance credits**

**Technical and production**

## Charts

Chart performance for *Passion Like Fire*
| Chart (2018) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 145 |
| US Top R&B Albums (*Billboard*) | 17 |

## Release history

*Passion Like Fire* release history
| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Various | September 7, 2018 |  | Plus One |  |

## InfoBox

| Passion Like Fire | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Tamia | |
| Released | September 7, 2018 |
| Length | 44:29 |
| Label |  |
| Producer |  |
| Tamia chronology | |
| *Love Life*
(2015) ***Passion Like Fire***
(2018) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Passion Like Fire* | |
| 1. "Leave It Smokin'"
Released: April 27, 2018 2. "Today I Do"
Released: July 24, 2018 3. "It's Yours"
Released: October 16, 2018 | |
|  | |


title: Olearia occidentissima

abstract: Olearia occidentissima is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae and is endemic to the extreme west of Western Australia. It is an erect or prostrate, wind-pruned shrub with narrowly elliptic leaves that are woolly-hairy on the lower surface, and white, daisy-like inflorescences.

text:
# Olearia occidentissima

***Olearia occidentissima*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae and is endemic to the extreme west of Western Australia. It is an erect or prostrate, wind-pruned shrub with narrowly elliptic leaves that are woolly-hairy on the lower surface, and white, daisy-like inflorescences.

## Description

*Olearia occidentissima* is an erect or prostrate, wind-pruned shrub that typically grows up to 20 cm (7.9 in) high, its stems and leaves densely hairy. The leaves are arranged alternately, scattered along the branchlets, narrowly elliptic, mostly 6–24 mm (0.24–0.94 in) long and 3–6 mm (0.12–0.24 in) wide. The upper surface of the leaves is greyish-green and the lower surface covered with woolly hairs. The heads or daisy-like "flowers" are arranged singly on the ends of branches, the leaves grading to the hemispherical involucre at the base. Each head is 25–30 mm (0.98–1.18 in) in diameter with ten to twelve white or pink ray florets, the ligule 7.4–11 mm (0.29–0.43 in) long, surrounding about 25 disc florets. Flowering occurs in September and the fruit is an achene 2.5–2.8 mm (0.098–0.110 in) long, the pappus with about 75 bristles.

## Taxonomy

*Olearia occidentissima* was first formally described in 1990 by Nicholas Sèan Lander in the journal *Nuytsia* from specimens collected by Alex George on Dirk Hartog Island in 1972. The specific epithet (*occidentissima*) means "most westerly", referring to this species having the most westerly distribution of *Olearia* species.

## Distribution and habitat

This daisy bush grows on shallow soil on coastal limestone cliffs in the Carnarvon and Yalgoo bioregions in the extreme west of Western Australia, including on Dirk Hartog Island and Francois Peron National Park.

## Conservation status

*Olearia occidentissima* is listed as "Priority Two" by the Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, meaning that it is poorly known and from only one or a few locations.

## InfoBox

| *Olearia occidentissima* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Priority Two — Poorly Known Taxa (DEC) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | *Olearia* |
| Species: | ***O. occidentissima*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Olearia occidentissima***
Lander | |
|


title: PWS-21

abstract: The PWS-21 was a Polish passenger aircraft for 4 passengers, built in PWS factory in 1930, that remained a prototype.

text:
# PWS-21

The **PWS-21** was a Polish passenger aircraft for 4 passengers, built in PWS factory in 1930, that remained a prototype.

## Development

The aircraft was developed for a contest for a successor of Junkers F-13 in LOT Polish Airlines. The first design of 1929, named **PWS-21**, developed by Stanisław Cywiński and Jarosław Naleszkiewicz, was a braced high-wing plane, but it was not realized because LOT demanded bigger passenger cab.

The next design, named **PWS-21bis**, was a cantilever high-wing plane, similar to Fokker F.VIIa/1m design. The only prototype (markings SP-AEC) first flew in the spring, probably April 1930 in Biała Podlaska. Its counterpart was Lublin R-XI.

The plane appeared not successful. It was too heavy, what resulted in poor speed, ceiling and range, and long take off. In 1931 it was evaluated in LOT airlines, but after a test flight it was returned to the factory. However, at that time there was its development, PWS-24 built, sharing the same lightweight wing, which was ordered by LOT.

## Description (PWS-21bis)

High-wing cantilever monoplane of mixed construction, with closed cab and single engine. A fuselage made of a steel frame, covered with canvas. Straight one-piece wooden wing, with elliptical endings, plywood covered, two-spar. Crew of two (pilot and mechanic), in a cabin before the wing, with twin controls. The cabin had a vertical front windshield and doors on both sides. Next and slightly below in a fuselage, under the wing, there was a cabin for 4 passengers, with a door on the left. The cabin had a toilet. The fifth passenger could be taken instead of the mechanic. 9 cylinder radial engine Skoda Wright Whirlwind J-5 (240 hp take-off power, 220 hp nominal power) in the fuselage front, fitted with a Townend ring. Two-blade metal propeller of a fixed pitch. Conventional landing gear, with a rear skid; struts with shock absorbers joined the main gear with wings. Fuel tanks 250 L in central wing section.

## Specifications (PWS-21bis)

*Data from* *Polish aircraft 1893-1939*

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** 1 (optionally 2)
* **Capacity:** 4 pax / 683 kg (1,505.8 lb)
* **Length:** 9.65 m (31 ft 8 in)
* **Wingspan:** 15 m (49 ft 3 in)
* **Height:** 3.2 m (10 ft 6 in)
* **Wing area:** 31.75 m2 (341.8 sq ft)
* **Empty weight:** 1,300 kg (2,866 lb)
* **Gross weight:** 2,000 kg (4,409 lb)
* **Powerplant:** 1 × Skoda-Wright Whirlwind J-5 9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 160 kW (220 hp)
* **Propellers:** 2-bladed AWK Type C fixed-pitch metal propeller

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 167 km/h (104 mph, 90 kn) at sea level

136 km/h (85 mph; 73 kn) at 1,000 m (3,300 ft) * **Stall speed:** 93 km/h (58 mph, 50 kn)
* **Service ceiling:** 1,300 m (4,300 ft)
* **Rate of climb:** 1.3 m/s (260 ft/min)
* **Wing loading:** 63.2 kg/m2 (12.9 lb/sq ft)
* **Power/mass:** 0.82 kW/kg (0.5 hp/lb)

**Related development**

**Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era**

## Further reading

* Andrzej Glass: "Polskie konstrukcje lotnicze 1893-1939" (*Polish aviation constructions 1893-1939*), WKiŁ, Warsaw 1977 (Polish language, no ISBN)

## InfoBox

| PWS-21 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Role | Passenger aircraft |
| Manufacturer | PWS |
| First flight | April 1930 |
| Status | prototype |
| Primary user | Polish civilian aviation (LOT Polish Airlines) |
| Number built | 1 |


title: Varvarin bridge bombing

abstract: The Varvarin bridge bombing was an aerial bombing executed by NATO as part of the Operation Allied Force. Ten people were killed and 17 were severely injured, all of them civilians.

text:
# Varvarin bridge bombing

The **Varvarin bridge bombing** was an aerial bombing executed by NATO as part of the Operation Allied Force. Ten people were killed and 17 were severely injured, all of them civilians.

## Events

On 30 May 1999, as part of the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, the NATO bombed a bridge crossing the Velika Morava river in Varvarin. It was Sunday and the streets were full of people going to the market or coming back from the Orthodox church service for the Holy Trinity that had just finished. Soon after noon, two low-flying NATO F-16 warplanes fired the first laser-guided bomb strike against the bridge, killing three people and severely injuring five more. A few minutes after the first strike, as people rushed to the bridge to help the injured, two more bombs were fired. In total, 10 civilians were killed and 17 were severely injured.

The 10 fatal victims were Sanja Milenković (15), Milan Savić (28), Vojkan Stanković (30), Zoran Marinković (33), Stojan Ristić (52), Ratibor Simonović (24), Ružica Simonović (55), Milivoje Ćirić (66), Dragoslav Terzić (67) and Tola Apostolović (74).

The pilots were American and the military purpose of the operation remains unclear.

## Reactions

NATO spokesperson Jamie Shea declared that the bridge was a military target. Locals said that the bridge was too narrow for tanks and it was attacked on a clear day instead of during the night, accusing NATO of deliberately killing civilians. After this incident, NATO changed its rules of engagement.

In 2003, families of the victims sued the German government in Germany. The claimants argued that Germany gave assistance to NATO air operations and claimed compensations. German courts dismissed the right of the families to seek compensations in Germany. First in the regional court of Bonn in 2003, then in the higher regional court of Cologne in 2005 and the Federal Court of Justice in 2006. The families filed a complaint to the Federal Constitutional Court in 2007 seeking to reverse previous court decisions. On 13 August 2013, Federal Constitutional Court dismissed the claims again, arguing that victims of military operations abroad did not have the right for individual compensations.

## Remembrance

Every year on May 30, an official remembrance ceremony is held in Serbia.

The "Sanja Milenković" Fund, established in memory of the youngest victim of the bombing, aimed to provide scholarships for talented students. The fund raised over 200,000 euros and awarded 44 scholarships, but it became inactive due to financial issues, including the bankruptcy of Beogradska Banka.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Varvarin bridge bombing | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of NATO bombing of Yugoslavia | |
| Bridge after reconstruction | |
| Location | Varvarin
43°43′29″N 21°22′26″E / 43.7247°N 21.37402°E / 43.7247; 21.37402 |
| Target | Varvarin bridge |
| Date | 30 May 1999 (1999-05-30)
Shortly after noon |
| Executed by | NATO |
| Casualties | * 10 killed * 17 severely injured |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Liberia Football Association

abstract: The Liberia Football Association is the governing body of football in Liberia. Its offices are located at Antoinette Tubman Stadium in Monrovia.

text:
# Liberia Football Association

The **Liberia Football Association** is the governing body of football in Liberia. Its offices are located at Antoinette Tubman Stadium in Monrovia.

## Clubs

### Liberian First Division League (2022–2023)

### 2nd Division (2022–2023)

* Almighty FC
* Nimba FC
* Since NPA FC
* PAGS FC
* Gardnersville FC
* Paynesville FC
* Margibi F C
* Stages F C
* Junior Professionals F C
* Muscat F C
* Tewor F C
* Global Pharma FC
* Life FC
* Tony F C
* National Port Authority (NPA) FC
* Black Man Warrior FC
* Angels FC

### Women Football Division (2019–2020)

* Blanco F C
* Earth Angels F C
* Determine Girls FC
* World Girls F C
* Hippo F C
* Professionals Sisters F C
* Senior Professionals F C
* Island Queens F C
* Ambassadors F C

## InfoBox

Liberia Football Association
| CAF | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Founded | 1936 |
| FIFA affiliation | 1964 |
| CAF affiliation | 1962 |
| President | Mustapha I. Raji |
| Website | lfa-lr.com |


title: Syllitus spinosus

abstract: Syllitus spinosus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gahan in 1915.

text:
# Syllitus spinosus

***Syllitus spinosus*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gahan in 1915.

## InfoBox

| *Syllitus spinosus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Syllitus* |
| Species: | ***S. spinosus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Syllitus spinosus***<br>Gahan, 1915 | |
|