title: Pteris tripartita

abstract: Pteris tripartita is a species of fern native to tropical Africa, south and southeast Asia, Malesia, Papuasia, Queensland, and the South Pacific islands.

text:
# Pteris tripartita

***Pteris tripartita*** is a species of fern native to tropical Africa, south and southeast Asia, Malesia, Papuasia, Queensland, and the South Pacific islands.

## Subspecies

Three subspecies are accepted.

* *Pteris tripartita* var. *marquesensis* E.D.Br.Marquesas (Hiva Oa and Fatu Hiva)
* *Pteris tripartita* var. *raivavensis* E.D.Br.Tubuai Islands (Raivavae)
* *Pteris tripartita* var. *tripartita* – tropical Africa, south and southeast Asia, Malesia, Papuasia, Queensland, and the South Pacific islands.

## InfoBox

| *Pteris tripartita* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| Division: | Polypodiophyta |
| Class: | Polypodiopsida |
| Order: | Polypodiales |
| Family: | Pteridaceae |
| Genus: | *Pteris* |
| Species: | ***P. tripartita*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pteris tripartita***<br>Sw. (1801) | |
|
| Subspecies | |
| * *Pteris tripartita* var. *marquesensis* E.D.Br. * *Pteris tripartita* var. *raivavensis* E.D.Br. * *Pteris tripartita* var. *tripartita* | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Litobrochia tripartita* (Sw.) C.Presl (1836) | |


title: UnPAY

abstract: UnPAY is a one-stop aggregation payment platform. It made its official launch in Singapore in April 2018.

text:
# UnPAY

**UnPAY** is a one-stop aggregation payment platform. It made its official launch in Singapore in April 2018.

## Background

UnPAY aims to solve the fragmented payment channels faced by merchants today. This is done by providing an Application Programming Interface (API). Additionally, Merchants are offered a simplified one-stop portal or dashboard for their accounting needs. It was founded by Zhang Zhenghua. Headquartered in Singapore, UnPAY has offices in Hong Kong, Indonesia, India, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. In October 2018, UnPAY and the Tencent Research Institute jointly published the first of a series of papers on the payment landscape focusing on Southeast Asia. This centred on the Singapore market, was developed to help Chinese payment companies looking to venture overseas, have a better understanding of the local regulations and policies.

## Awards

### November 2018

**Fortune China Innovation Award at The Fortune Global Tech Forum.** First convened in 2017, this event taps into the strength of two ongoing Fortune powerhouse conferences: the Fortune Global Forum and Brainstorm TECH conference, which for the past seventeen summers has brought together the smartest, most innovative people in tech, media, entertainment, and finance in Aspen, Colorado. The Fortune Global Tech Forum explored the innovation revolution unfolding in China. The 2018 theme is “Innovation in the Age of AI.”In addition to providing insights into fast-moving trends, through the second Annual Fortune China Innovation awards, a competition between high-potential start-up companies in a variety of fields, which culminated in the naming of the Fortune China Innovation Company of the year.

### September 2018

**ASEAN Payment Summit 2018.** The ASEAN Payment Summit which is dedicated to the state of payment in ASEAN, is an ASEAN edition of The Annual Payment China Summit. Established in 2006, The Annual Payment China Summit is a highly anticipated event that aims to bring together industry experts and leaders in the payment industry.

### July 2018

**Fintech Influential Brand Award** at 2018 China Finance Summit. This was based on the positive evaluation and feedback garnered from the public, as well as its influence in the industry.

### January 2019

Outstanding Cross-border e-Commerce Financial Services Enterprise Award by The Shenzhen Cross-border e-Commerce Association.

## International Cooperation

### November 2018

UnPAY and Zhejiang China Commodity City Group Co., Ltd., jointly announced that they have signed a partnership agreement to develop the city of Yiwu into the leading cross-border financial centre in China.

UnPAY and the President of Lithuania, Dalia Grybauskaitė, met at The China-Lithuania Economic Cooperation Forum and the China-Lithuania Financial Science and Technology Cooperation. UnPAY founder and CEO Zhang Zhenghua, was invited as a representative from one of the world's leading fintech companies.

### June 2018

UnPAY was the only e-payment business from China to be invited to the Dubai Smart City Innovation Conference. The three parties have also reached preliminary agreement on possible collaborations.

## Certifications

### July 2018

UnPAY attained the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 (PCI DSS) validation on 20 June.

## InfoBox

UnPAY Global (Asia Pacific) Pte Ltd
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Financial services, E-payment |
| Founded | 2018 |
| Founder | Zhang Zhenghua |
| Headquarters | Singapore |
| Area served | Southeast Asia |
| Key people | Zhang Zhenghua |
| Subsidiaries | Indonesia and China |
| Website | https://www.unpay.com/ |


title: Thomas Windsor, 1st Viscount Windsor

abstract: Lieutenant-General Thomas Windsor, 1st Viscount Windsor, styled The Honourable Thomas Windsor until 1699, was a British Army officer, landowner and Tory politician who sat in the English and British House of Commons between 1685 and 1712. He was then elevated to the British House of Lords as one of Harley's Dozen.

text:
# Thomas Windsor, 1st Viscount Windsor

Lieutenant-General **Thomas Windsor, 1st Viscount Windsor** (c.1670  8 June 1738), styled **The Honourable Thomas Windsor** until 1699, was a British Army officer, landowner and Tory politician who sat in the English and British House of Commons between 1685 and 1712. He was then elevated to the British House of Lords as one of Harley's Dozen.

## Life

Windsor was the second son of Thomas Hickman-Windsor, 1st Earl of Plymouth, by his second wife Ursula Widdrington, daughter and co-heiress of Sir Thomas Widdrington, Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer, and Frances Fairfax.

He was made a Page of Honour to James II in 1685 (a post he held until the king was deposed in 1688) and a few months later was returned to Parliament for Droitwich, despite being only around sixteen at the time. Lord Willoughby de Eresby wanted both him and Peter Legh (died 1744) expelled as minors. Windsor took no part in the proceedings of Parliament and was not re-elected in 1687.

During the Monmouth Rebellion of 1685 Windsor had served as a cornet in Lord Plymouth's Horse under his father. He continued to serve in the Army as a captain in Sir John Fenwick's Regiment in 1687, as a lieutenant-colonel in Viscount Colchester's Regiment between 1690 and 1694, as a colonel of horse between 1694 and 1697, 1702 and 1707 and 1711 and 1712 and of the 3rd Dragoon Guards between 1712 and 1717. He was promoted to brigadier in 1702, to major-general in 1704 and to lieutenant-general in 1710.

In 1692 he was appointed Groom of the Bedchamber in King William's private household, serving until the King's death in 1702. In 1699 he was elevated to the Peerage of Ireland as **Viscount Windsor**, of Blackcastle. This being an Irish peerage he was still eligible for election to the English House of Commons, and in 1705 he was once again returned to Parliament for Bramber, a seat he held until 1708. Between 1708 and 1712 he represented Monmouthshire. The latter year he was created an English peer as **Baron Mountjoy**, in the Isle of Wight, as one of twelve peers created to secure a Tory majority in the House of Lords.

Lord Windsor married Lady Charlotte Herbert, only daughter of Philip Herbert, 7th Earl of Pembroke, and Henriette de Kéroualle (sister of Louise de Kéroualle, the principal mistress to King Charles II of England), and widow of John Jeffreys, 2nd Baron Jeffreys, in 1703. In 1709, they brought a petition to the House of Lords (which adjudicated on matters of noble titles and estates) seeking permission to sell the Jeffreys estates in order to pay their debts.

They had six children: two sons and at least four daughters:

* Hon.Thomas Philip (baptised 6.2.1706 St.Luke's, Chelsea)
* Herbert Windsor, 2nd Viscount Windsor (1707–1758) ⚭ 1735 Alice Clavering
* Hon. Ursula Windsor ⚭ 1736 John Wadman
* Hon. Charlotte Windsor ⚭ 1736 John Kent
* Hon. Catharine Windsor (1716–1742) ⚭ Mattheus Lestevenon (1715–1797),
* a daughter who died at a young age

Charlotte died in November 1733. Lord Windsor died in June 1738 and was succeeded in his titles by his son, Herbert.

He inherited the Lower Avon Navigation from his father, who had acquired the rights to it from the future King James II of England.


title: Luisa Sigea de Velasco

abstract: Luisa Sigea de Velasco, also known as Luisa Sigeia, Luisa Sigea Toledana and in the Latinized form Aloysia Sygaea Toletana, was a poet and intellectual, one of the major figures of Spanish humanism, who spent a good part of her life in the Portuguese court in the service of Maria of Portugal (1521–1577), as her Latin teacher. André de Resende wrote the following epitaph for her: Hic sita SIGAEA est: satis hoc: qui cetera nescit | Rusticus est: artes nec colit ille bonas.

text:
# Luisa Sigea de Velasco

**Luisa Sigea de Velasco** (1522 in Tarancón – October 13, 1560 in Burgos), also known as **Luisa Sigeia**, **Luisa Sigea Toledana** and in the Latinized form **Aloysia Sygaea Toletana**, was a poet and intellectual, one of the major figures of Spanish humanism, who spent a good part of her life in the Portuguese court in the service of Maria of Portugal (1521–1577), as her Latin teacher. André de Resende wrote the following epitaph for her: Hic sita SIGAEA est: satis hoc: qui cetera nescit | Rusticus est: artes nec colit ille bonas (loosely translated: 'Here lies Sigea; no more need be said; anyone who does not know the rest is an uneducated fool').

## Early years

Luisa Sigea de Velasco was born in 1522 in Tarancón, the fourth child of the Spanish noblewoman, Francisca Velasco, and Diogo Sigeo, a Frenchman. She had a sister, Ângela, and two brothers, Diogo and António. Her father had moved to Spain as a boy and was educated at University of Alcalá, where he learnt Latin, Ancient Greek and Hebrew. In 1522, he was connected to the failed revolution in Castile led by Juan de Padilla and known as the 'Revolt of the Comuneros'. Diogo fled to Portugal where he became tutor to the children of the Duke of Bragança, bringing his family to join him in around 1536. Luisa was then educated by her father, along with the rest of her siblings. As women were excluded from all European Universities at the time, this meant the Sigea girls received an education rarely afforded to other contemporary women, and almost never outside a monastic context. The family was relatively poor and of dubious reputation after Diogo's flight from Spain. As such, neither of the Sigea girls would be able to make a particularly advantageous marriage. Their unique education was therefore a means for them to make their way in the world and is directly linked to their ultimate social standing.

## The Court of Maria of Portugal (1521–1577)

The Infanta Maria's father died when she was six months old and her mother remarried and left for France three years later, being forced to leave the infant Maria behind. This, coupled with her enormous fortune, was one of the reasons why Maria was able never to marry and establish a court for herself. She surrounded herself with humanist writers and artists, of whom Luisa was one. Luisa taught the princess Latin and was paid 16,000 reis a year. Luisa wrote her most famous works during this time. Despite this, Sigea wrote in Latin to her brother-in-law, Alfonso de Cuevas, saying that after thirteen years' hard work, she had not even been given her promised salary. Yet the Infanta's regard for Luisa can be seen in the fact that her will bestows an annuity of 12,000 reis to Luisa's daughter, Juana.

## Later life

In 1552, Sigea married Francisco de Cuevas, a nobleman from Burgos, Spain. Shortly after this, Luisa left court to live in Burgos and the couple had one daughter, Juana de Cuevas Sigea. In 1558, Luisa and her husband found work at the court of Mary of Hungary, the daughter of Philip I of Spain. Francisco worked as a secretary and Luisa as a Latinist, but the post lasted only a few months, as Queen Maria died shortly afterwards. The rest of Luisa'a life was spent trying to gain another position at court, but to no avail. She died in Burgos on 13 October 1560.

## Literary works

Luisa wrote her most famous literary works during her time at the court of Maria of Portugal (1521–1577), and later at her house. These include *Syntra*, a Latin poem dedicated to Maria, which was published in France in 1566 by her father and *Duarum Virginum Colloquium de vita aulica et privata (Dialogue between two Virgins on Court Life and Private Life)*, a bucolic dialogue, which was also published in France, in 1562, by the intervention of the French ambassador in Portugal. Aside from these works, we also have many of Luisa's letters. These include a number sent to Pope Paul III, written in several different languages.

In 1553, Maria was briefly married to Philip I of Portugal, later Philip II of Spain. The marriage was annulled 24 hours later, but Luisa wrote *Syntra* for the occasion. *Syntra* refers to the forest of Sintra, near Lisbon. In the poem, a nymph gives a prophecy relating to Maria's marriage to a powerful man who will rule the world. The poem contains learned allusions to Ovid, Virgil and Homer, with some also suggesting connections to the works of female classical poets, Sappho and Sulpicia. Despite the mistaken prophecy, this poem had a positive effect on Luisa's reputation at court.

*Duarum Virginum Colloquium de vita aulica et privata* is a dialogue between two women on whether it is better to live at court or in a private home, a well-trodden humanism theme. In this work, Luisa thanks Maria for giving her the time and space to work, acknowledging the unique position she finds herself in as a member of the Infanta's court. Although the immediate reception was positive, the work then fell into comparative obscurity until the early twentieth century.

## Letters

Luisa's letters paint a rich picture of her intellectual life and clearly display her proficiency as a humanist writer. They are written to a large number of key figures of contemporary European politics and contain an abundance of Classics references. They also serve as a useful source on what classical texts were available in Portugal, at the time.

## *Satyra Sotadica* – the hoax

In 1680 an erotic work was published, entitled *Aloysiæ Sigeæ Toletanæ satyra sotadica de arcanis amoris et veneris: Aloysia hispanice scripsit: latinitate donavit J. Meursius*. The title translates as "Luisa Sigea Toledana's Sotadic satire, on the secrets of love and sex; Luisa wrote it in Spanish; it has here been translated into Latin by J. Meursius." Johannes Meursius (1579–1639) was a Dutch classical scholar and antiquary. "Sotadic" refers to Sotades, the 3rd-century BC Greek poet who was the chief representative of a group of writers of obscene, and sometimes pederastic, satirical poetry.

This is widely considered the first-ever fully pornographic work written in Latin, and it contains among other things a defence of tribadism (i.e. lesbianism). The attribution to Sigea (as well as the attribution to Meursius) was a hoax, as was first demonstrated by Bruno Lavignini in his edition of the poem (Italy, 1905). It is believed that the true author was the Frenchman Nicolas Chorier. The work was translated into many other languages, including English, under the title *Dialogues of Luisa Sigea*.

1. Corbalán, María Regla Prieto (2007). *Luisa Sigea*. Madrid: Akal. Clásicos latinos medievales, 21.
2. Sigea, Luisa (1566). *Syntra Aloisiae Sygçae toletanae, aliq ́aue eiusdem, ac non- nullorum praetereà doctorum virorum ad eandem epigrammata: quibus accessit Pauli III. p.m. epistola de singulari eius doctrina, ac ingenij praestantia*. Paris: D. à Prato.
3. Tocco, Valeria (1992). *'Una umanista Spagnola in Portogallo: Luisa Sigea e il suo poema SINTRA', in Il confronto letterario*. Fasano di Puglia: Schena. pp. 99–117.
4. Stevenson, Jane (2005). *Women Latin Poets: Language, Gender, and Authority*. Oxford: OUP.
5. Frade, Sofia (2016). "Hic sita Sigea est: satis hoc Luisa Sigea and the Role of D. Maria, Infanta of Portugal, in Female Scholarship". In Wyles, Rosie; Hall, Edith (eds.). *Women Classical Scholars: Unsealing the Fountain from the Renaissance to Jacqueline de Romilly*. Oxford: OUP. pp. 48–60.
6. Chorier, Nicholas (1890). *The dialogues of Luisa Sigea: (Aloisiae Sigeae Satyra sotadica de arcanis amoris et veneris)*. Paris: I. Liseux.

## Bibliography

* *Sintra*, in António Maria Vasco de Melo César e Meneses, conde de Sabugosa, *O Paço de Cintra, apontamentos historicos e archeologicos*, Câmara Municipal de Sintra, 1989–1990, facsimile edition of that published by the Imprensa Nacional de Lisboa in 1903
* *Dialogue de deux jeunes filles sur la vie de cour et la vie de retraite (1552)*; edition and commentary by Odette Sauvage. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1970
* Sigea, Luisa (1566) Syntra Aloisiae Sygçae toletanae, aliq ́aue eiusdem, ac non- nullorum praetereà doctorum virorum ad eandem epigrammata: quibus acces- sit Pauli III. p.m. epistola de singulari eius doctrina, ac ingenij praestantia. Paris: D. à Prato.
* Sofia Frade, "Hic sita Sigea est: satis hoc: Luisa Sigea and the Role of D. Maria, Infanta of Portugal, in Female Scholarship." Women Classical Scholars: Unsealing the Fountain from the Renaissance to Jacqueline de Romilly. : Oxford University Press, November 17, 2016.

## Further reading

* Henry Gardiner Adams, ed. (1857). "Aloysia, Sigea". *A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography*: 32. Wikidata Q115631879.
* Ana Maria Alves, *Comunicazione e silenzio in un diálogo umanistico. A propósito di Luísa Sigea*, in Davide Bigalli e Guido Canziani (eds.), *Il diálogo filosófico nel '500 europeo*, Atti del Convegno internazionale di studi (Milano, 28–30 maggio 1987), Milano, FrancoAngeli, 1990
* André de Resende, *Ludovicae Sigaeae tumulus*, Rio de Janeiro, 1981 (facsimile edition reproducing the edition Lisboa, 1561), ISBN 85-7017-016-5
* Carolina Michaëlis de Vasconcellos, *A Infanta D. Maria de Portugal (1521–1577) e as suas damas*, Edição facsímile, Lisboa, CNCDP, 1994
* Edward V. George, "Luisa Sigea (1522–1560): Iberian Scholar – Poet", in: Laurie J. Churchill, ed. *Women Writing in Latin: from Roman Antiquity to Early Modern Europe*. 3 vols. New York: Routledge, 2002; Vol. 3, pp. 167–187
* Edward V. George, "Sly Wit and Careful Concession: Luisa Sigea’s Dialogue on Court versus Private Life", in: *Studia Philologica Valentina*, 4 n.s. 1 (2000), pp. 173–192
* Ismael García Ramila, "Nuevas e interesantes noticias, basadas en fe documental, sobre la vida y descendencia familiar burgalesa de la famosa humanista, Luisa de Sigea, la 'Minerva' de los renacentistas", in *Boletín de la Institución Fernán González*, XXXVIII, 144 (1958), pp. 309–321; XXXVIII, 145 (1959), pp. 465–492; XXXVIII, 147 (1959), pp. 565–593
* José Silvestre Ribeiro, *Luiza Sigéa: breves apontamentos histórico-literários*, Lisboa, Academia Real das Ciências de Lisboa, 1880
* Manuel Serrano y Sanz, "Apuntes para una biblioteca de escritoras españolas, desde el año 1401 al 1833", Tomo II, Madrid, *Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos*, 1905, pág. 394
* María Regla Prieto Corbalán (2007) Luisa Sigea. Madrid: Akal. Clásicos latinos medievales, 21.
* Nicolas Chorier, *Aloisiæ Sigeæ Toletanæ Satyra Sotadica de Arcanis Amoris et Veneris. Aloisa Hispanice scripsit, Latinitate donavit Joannes Meursius (or rather by Nicolas Chorier)*, Parisiis, 1885. 8vo. xxxvi+342 pp.
* Paul-Auguste Allut, *Aloysia Sygea et Nicolas Chorier*. Lyon: N. Scheuring, 1862.
* Raúl Amores Pérez, Biografía de Luisa Sigea Toledana. Una taranconera del siglo XVI en la corte portuguesa y española, in Seminario de Estudios Medievales y Renacentistas (SEMYR). Pérez Priego, M. A. (coord.). Melchor Cano y Luisa Sigea. Dos figuras del Renacimiento español. Tarancón: Ayuntamiento /Centro Asociado de la UNED, 2008, pp. 167–265.
* Sira Lucía Garrido Marcos, *Luisa Sigea Toledana*, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (unpublished dissertation), 1955 (658 pp., T-7298)
* Sofia Frade, "Hic sita Sigea est: satis hoc: Luisa Sigea and the Role of D. Maria, Infanta of Portugal, in Female Scholarship." Women Classical Scholars: Unsealing the Fountain from the Renaissance to Jacqueline de Romilly. : Oxford University Press, November 17, 2016.
* Sol Miguel Prendes, "A Specific Case of the Docta Foemina: Luisa Sigea and her Duarum Virginum Colloquium de Vita Aulica et Privata", in: *Acta Conventus Neo-Latini Abulensis: Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of NeoLatin Studies*, (Ávila, 1997), Tempe, Ariz. : Arizona Center for Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 2000
* Susanne Thiemann, *Vom Glück der Gelehrsamkeit: Luisa Sigea, Humanistin im 16. Jahrhundert*, (Ergebnisse der Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung an der Freien Universität Berlin; No 9.), Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3-8353-0018-0

## InfoBox

| Luisa Sigea de Velasco | |
| --- | --- |
| Oil portrait of Luisa Sigea de Velasco, a Spanish humanist | |
| Born | 1522 (1522)
Tarancón, Province of Cuenca, Castilla-La Mancha |
| Died | October 13, 1560(1560-10-13) (aged 37–38)
Burgos, Spain |
| Occupation | Poet, classicist and intellectual |
| Literary movement | Humanism |


title: Fish diseases and parasites

abstract: Like humans and other animals, fish suffer from diseases and parasites. Fish defences against disease are specific and non-specific. Non-specific defences include skin and scales, as well as the mucus layer secreted by the epidermis that traps microorganisms and inhibits their growth. If pathogens breach these defences, fish can develop inflammatory responses that increase the flow of blood to infected areas and deliver white blood cells that attempt to destroy the pathogens. Specific defences are specialised responses to particular pathogens recognised by the fish's body, that is adaptative immune responses. In recent years, vaccines have become widely used in aquaculture and ornamental fish, for example vaccines for commercial food fishes like Aeromonas salmonicida, furunculosis in salmon and Lactococcosis\Streptococcosis in farmed grey mullet, Tilapia and koi herpes virus in koi. Some commercially important fish diseases are VHS, ICH, and whirling disease.

text:
# Fish diseases and parasites

This gizzard shad has VHS, a deadly infectious disease which causes bleeding. It affects over 50 species of freshwater and marine fish in the northern hemisphere.This flatfish *Limanda limanda* has an outgrowth called a xenoma. It is caused by a microsporidian fungal parasite in its intestines.

Like humans and other animals, fish **suffer from diseases and parasites**. Fish defences against disease are specific and non-specific. Non-specific defences include skin and scales, as well as the mucus layer secreted by the epidermis that traps microorganisms and inhibits their growth. If pathogens breach these defences, fish can develop inflammatory responses that increase the flow of blood to infected areas and deliver white blood cells that attempt to destroy the pathogens.

Specific defences are specialised responses to particular pathogens recognised by the fish's body, that is adaptative immune responses. In recent years, vaccines have become widely used in aquaculture and ornamental fish, for example vaccines for commercial food fishes like Aeromonas salmonicida, furunculosis in salmon and Lactococcosis\Streptococcosis in farmed grey mullet, Tilapia and koi herpes virus in koi.

Some commercially important fish diseases are VHS, ICH, and whirling disease.

## Parasites

The isopod Anilocra gigantea parasitising the snapper *\[Pristipomoides filamentosus\]**Cymothoa exigua* is a parasitic crustacean which enters a fish through its gills and destroys the fish's tongue. Velvet disease*Oodinium*, a genus of parasitic dinoflagellates, causes velvet disease in fish Adult Siamese fighting fish (*Betta splendens*) with velvet disease

Parasites in fish are a common natural occurrence. Parasites can provide information about host population ecology. In fisheries biology, for example, parasite communities can be used to distinguish distinct populations of the same fish species co-inhabiting a region. Additionally, parasites possess a variety of specialized traits and life-history strategies that enable them to colonize hosts. Understanding these aspects of parasite ecology, of interest in their own right, can illuminate parasite-avoidance strategies employed by hosts.

Usually parasites (and pathogens) need to avoid killing their hosts, since extinct hosts can mean extinct parasites. Evolutionary constraints may operate so parasites avoid killing their hosts, or the natural variability in host defensive strategies may suffice to keep host populations viable. Parasite infections can impair the courtship dance of male threespine sticklebacks. When that happens, the females reject them, suggesting a strong mechanism for the selection of parasite resistance.

However, not all parasites want to keep their hosts alive, and there are parasites with multistage life cycles who go to some trouble to kill their host. For example, some tapeworms make some fish behave in such a way that a predatory bird can catch it. The predatory bird is the next host for the parasite in the next stage of its life cycle. Specifically, the tapeworm *Schistocephalus solidus* turns infected threespine stickleback white, and then makes them more buoyant so that they splash along at the surface of the water, becoming easy to see and easy to catch for a passing bird.

Parasites can be internal (endoparasites) or external (ectoparasites). Some internal fish parasites are spectacular, such as the philometrid nematode *Philometra fasciati* which is parasitic in the ovary of female Blacktip grouper; the adult female parasite is a red worm which can reach up to 40 centimetres in length, for a diameter of only 1.6 millimetre; the males are tiny. Other internal parasites are found living inside fish gills, include encysted adult didymozoid trematodes, a few trichosomoidid nematodes of the genus *Huffmanela*, including *Huffmanela ossicola* which lives within the gill bone, and the encysted parasitic turbellarian *Paravortex*. Various protists and Myxosporea are also parasitic on gills, where they form cysts.

Fish gills are also the preferred habitat of many external parasites, attached to the gill but living out of it. The most common are monogeneans and certain groups of parasitic copepods, which can be extremely numerous. Other external parasites found on gills are leeches and, in seawater, larvae of gnathiid isopods. Isopod fish parasites are mostly external and feed on blood. The larvae of the Gnathiidae family and adult cymothoidids have piercing and sucking mouthparts and clawed limbs adapted for clinging onto their hosts. *Cymothoa exigua* is a parasite of various marine fish. It causes the tongue of the fish to atrophy and takes its place in what is believed to be the first instance discovered of a parasite functionally replacing a host structure in animals.

Other parasitic disorders, include *Gyrodactylus salaris*, *Ichthyophthirius multifiliis*, cryptocaryon, velvet disease, *Brooklynella hostilis*, Hole in the head, *Glugea*, *Ceratomyxa shasta*, *Kudoa thyrsites*, *Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae*, *Cymothoa exigua*, leeches, nematode, flukes, carp lice and salmon lice.

Although parasites are generally considered to be harmful, the eradication of all parasites would not necessarily be beneficial. Parasites account for as much as or more than half of life's diversity; they perform an important ecological role (by weakening prey) that ecosystems would take some time to adapt to; and without parasites organisms may eventually tend to asexual reproduction, diminishing the diversity of sexually dimorphic traits. Parasites provide an opportunity for the transfer of genetic material between species. On rare, but significant, occasions this may facilitate evolutionary changes that would not otherwise occur, or that would otherwise take even longer.

Below are some life cycles of fish parasites:

## Cleaner fish

Some fish take advantage of cleaner fish for the removal of external parasites. The best known of these are the bluestreak cleaner wrasses of the genus *Labroides* found on coral reefs in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean. These small fish maintain so-called "cleaning stations" where other fish, known as hosts, will congregate and perform specific movements to attract the attention of the cleaner fish. Cleaning behaviours have been observed in a number of other fish groups, including an interesting case between two cichlids of the same genus, *Etroplus maculatus*, the cleaner fish, and the much larger *Etroplus suratensis*, the host.

More than 40 species of parasites may reside on the skin and internally of the ocean sunfish, motivating the fish to seek relief in a number of ways. In temperate regions, drifting kelp fields harbour cleaner wrasses and other fish which remove parasites from the skin of visiting sunfish. In the tropics, the *mola* will solicit cleaner help from reef fishes. By basking on its side at the surface, the sunfish also allows seabirds to feed on parasites from their skin. Sunfish have been reported to breach more than ten feet above the surface, possibly as another effort to dislodge parasites on the body.

## Mass die offs

Some diseases result in mass die offs. One of the more bizarre and recently discovered diseases produces huge fish kills in shallow marine waters. It is caused by the ambush predator dinoflagellate *Pfiesteria piscicida*. When large numbers of fish, like shoaling forage fish, are in confined situations such as shallow bays, the excretions from the fish encourage this dinoflagellate, which is not normally toxic, to produce free-swimming zoospores. If the fish remain in the area, continuing to provide nourishment, then the zoospores start secreting a neurotoxin. This toxin results in the fish developing bleeding lesions, and their skin flakes off in the water. The dinoflagellates then eat the blood and flakes of tissue while the affected fish die. Fish kills by this dinoflagellate are common, and they may also have been responsible for kills in the past which were thought to have had other causes. Kills like these can be viewed as natural mechanisms for regulating the population of exceptionally abundant fish. The rate at which the kills occur increases as organically polluted land runoff increases.

## Wild salmon

According to Canadian biologist Dorothy Kieser, protozoan parasite *Henneguya salminicola* is commonly found in the flesh of salmonids. It has been recorded in the field samples of salmon returning to the Queen Charlotte Islands. The fish responds by walling off the parasitic infection into a number of cysts that contain milky fluid. This fluid is an accumulation of a large number of parasites.

*Henneguya* and other parasites in the myxosporean group have a complex lifecycle where the salmon is one of two hosts. The fish releases the spores after spawning. In the *Henneguya* case, the spores enter a second host, most likely an invertebrate, in the spawning stream. When juvenile salmon out-migrate to the Pacific Ocean, the second host releases a stage infective to salmon. The parasite is then carried in the salmon until the next spawning cycle. The myxosporean parasite that causes whirling disease in trout, has a similar lifecycle. However, as opposed to whirling disease, the *Henneguya* infestation does not appear to cause disease in the host salmon — even heavily infected fish tend to return to spawn successfully.

According to Dr. Kieser, a lot of work on *Henneguya salminicola* was done by scientists at the Pacific Biological Station in Nanaimo in the mid-1980s, in particular, an overview report which states that "the fish that have the longest fresh water residence time as juveniles have the most noticeable infections. Hence in order of prevalence coho are most infected followed by sockeye, chinook, chum and pink." As well, the report says that, at the time the studies were conducted, stocks from the middle and upper reaches of large river systems in British Columbia such as Fraser, Skeena, Nass and from mainland coastal streams in the southern half of B.C. "are more likely to have a low prevalence of infection." The report also states "It should be stressed that *Henneguya*, economically deleterious though it is, is harmless from the view of public health. It is strictly a fish parasite that cannot live in or affect warm blooded animals, including man".

According to Klaus Schallie, Molluscan Shellfish Program Specialist with the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, "*Henneguya salminicola* is found in southern B.C. also and in all species of salmon. I have previously examined smoked chum salmon sides that were riddled with cysts and some sockeye runs in Barkley Sound (southern B.C., west coast of Vancouver Island) are noted for their high incidence of infestation."

Sea lice, particularly *Lepeophtheirus salmonis* and a variety of *Caligus* species, including *Caligus clemensi* and *Caligus rogercresseyi*, can cause deadly infestations of both farm-grown and wild salmon. Sea lice are ectoparasites which feed on mucous, blood, and skin, and migrate and latch onto the skin of wild salmon during free-swimming, planktonic *naupli* and *copepodid* larval stages, which can persist for several days. Large numbers of highly populated, open-net salmon farms can create exceptionally large concentrations of sea lice; when exposed in river estuaries containing large numbers of open-net farms, many young wild salmon are infected, and do not survive as a result. Adult salmon may survive otherwise critical numbers of sea lice, but small, thin-skinned juvenile salmon migrating to sea are highly vulnerable. On the Pacific coast of Canada, the louse-induced mortality of pink salmon in some regions is commonly over 80%.

## Farmed salmon

In 1972, *Gyrodactylus salaris*, also called salmon fluke, a monogenean parasite, spread from Norwegian hatcheries to wild salmon, and devastated some wild salmon populations.

In 1984, infectious salmon anemia (ISAV) was discovered in Norway in an Atlantic salmon hatchery. Eighty per cent of the fish in the outbreak died. ISAV, a viral disease, is now a major threat to the viability of Atlantic salmon farming. It is now the first of the diseases classified on List One of the European Commission’s fish health regime. Amongst other measures, this requires the total eradication of the entire fish stock should an outbreak of the disease be confirmed on any farm. ISAV seriously affects salmon farms in Chile, Norway, Scotland and Canada, causing major economic losses to infected farms. As the name implies, it causes severe anemia of infected fish. Unlike mammals, the red blood cells of fish have DNA, and can become infected with viruses. The fish develop pale gills, and may swim close to the water surface, gulping for air. However, the disease can also develop without the fish showing any external signs of illness, the fish maintain a normal appetite, and then they suddenly die. The disease can progress slowly throughout an infected farm and, in the worst cases, death rates may approach 100 per cent. It is also a threat to the dwindling stocks of wild salmon. Management strategies include developing a vaccine and improving genetic resistance to the disease.

In the wild, diseases and parasites are normally at low levels, and kept in check by natural predation on weakened individuals. In crowded net pens they can become epidemics. Diseases and parasites also transfer from farmed to wild salmon populations. A recent study in British Columbia links the spread of parasitic sea lice from river salmon farms to wild pink salmon in the same river. The European Commission (2002) concluded "The reduction of wild salmonid abundance is also linked to other factors but there is more and more scientific evidence establishing a direct link between the number of lice-infested wild fish and the presence of cages in the same estuary." It is reported that wild salmon on the west coast of Canada are being driven to extinction by sea lice from nearby salmon farms. Antibiotics and pesticides are often used to control the diseases and parasites.

## Coral reef fish

*Philometra fasciati* (Nematoda), a roundworm parasitic of the ovary of the blacktip grouperMonogenean parasite on the gill of a grouper

Coral reef fish are characterized by high biodiversity. As a consequence parasites of coral reef fish show tremendous variety. Parasites of coral reef fish include nematodes, Platyhelminthes (cestodes, digeneans, and monogeneans), leeches, parasitic crustaceans such as isopods and copepods, and various microorganisms such as myxosporidia and microsporidia. Some of these fish parasites have heteroxenous life cycles (i.e. they have several hosts) among which sharks (certain cestodes) or molluscs (digeneans). The high biodiversity of coral reefs increases the complexity of the interactions between parasites and their various and numerous hosts. Numerical estimates of parasite biodiversity have shown that certain coral fish species have up to 30 species of parasites. The mean number of parasites per fish species is about ten. This has a consequence in term of co-extinction. Results obtained for the coral reef fish of New Caledonia suggest that extinction of a coral reef fish species of average size would eventually result in the co-extinction of at least ten species of parasites.

## Aquarium fish

Ornamental fish kept in aquariums are susceptible to numerous diseases.

In most aquarium tanks, the fish are at high concentrations and the volume of water is limited. This means that communicable diseases can spread rapidly to most or all fish in a tank. An improper nitrogen cycle, inappropriate aquarium plants and potentially harmful freshwater invertebrates can directly harm or add to the stresses on ornamental fish in a tank. Despite this, many diseases in captive fish can be avoided or prevented through proper water conditions and a well-adjusted ecosystem within the tank. Ammonia poisoning is a common disease in new aquariums, especially when immediately stocked to full capacity.

Due to their generally small size and the low cost of replacing diseased or dead aquarium fish, the cost of testing and treating diseases is often seen as more trouble than the value of the fish.

## Immune system

Immune organs vary by type of fish. In the jawless fish (lampreys and hagfish), true lymphoid organs are absent. These fish rely on regions of lymphoid tissue within other organs to produce immune cells. For example, erythrocytes, macrophages and plasma cells are produced in the anterior kidney (or pronephros) and some areas of the gut (where granulocytes mature.) They resemble primitive bone marrow in hagfish. Cartilaginous fish (sharks and rays) have a more advanced immune system. They have three specialized organs that are unique to chondrichthyes; the epigonal organs (lymphoid tissue similar to mammalian bone) that surround the gonads, the Leydig's organ within the walls of their esophagus, and a spiral valve in their intestine. These organs house typical immune cells (granulocytes, lymphocytes and plasma cells). They also possess an identifiable thymus and a well-developed spleen (their most important immune organ) where various lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages develop and are stored. Chondrostean fish (sturgeons, paddlefish and bichirs) possess a major site for the production of granulocytes within a mass that is associated with the meninges (membranes surrounding the central nervous system.) Their heart is frequently covered with tissue that contains lymphocytes, reticular cells and a small number of macrophages. The chondrostean kidney is an important hemopoietic organ; where erythrocytes, granulocytes, lymphocytes and macrophages develop.

Like chondrostean fish, the major immune tissues of bony fish (or teleostei) include the kidney (especially the anterior kidney), which houses many different immune cells. In addition, teleost fish possess a thymus, spleen and scattered immune areas within mucosal tissues (e.g. in the skin, gills, gut and gonads). Much like the mammalian immune system, teleost erythrocytes, neutrophils and granulocytes are believed to reside in the spleen whereas lymphocytes are the major cell type found in the thymus. In 2006, a lymphatic system similar to that in mammals was described in one species of teleost fish, the zebrafish. Although not confirmed as yet, this system presumably will be where naive (unstimulated) T cells accumulate while waiting to encounter an antigen.

## Spreading disease and parasites

The capture, transportation and culture of bait fish can spread damaging organisms between ecosystems, endangering them. In 2007, several American states, including Michigan, enacted regulations designed to slow the spread of fish diseases, including viral hemorrhagic septicemia, by bait fish. Because of the risk of transmitting *Myxobolus cerebralis* (whirling disease), trout and salmon should not be used as bait. Anglers may increase the possibility of contamination by emptying bait buckets into fishing venues and collecting or using bait improperly. The transportation of fish from one location to another can break the law and cause the introduction of fish and parasites alien to the ecosystem.

## Eating raw fish

Though not a health concern in thoroughly cooked fish, parasites are a concern when human consumers eat raw or lightly preserved fish such as sashimi, sushi, ceviche, and gravlax. The popularity of such raw fish dishes makes it important for consumers to be aware of this risk. Raw fish should be frozen to an internal temperature of 20 °C (4 °F) for at least seven days to kill parasites. It is important to be aware that home freezers may not be cold enough to kill parasites.

Traditionally, fish that live all or part of their lives in fresh water were considered unsuitable for sashimi due to the possibility of parasites (see Sashimi article). Parasitic infections from freshwater fish are a serious problem in some parts of the world, particularly Southeast Asia. Fish that spend part of their life cycle in salt water, like salmon, can also be a problem. A study in Seattle, Washington showed that 100% of wild salmon had roundworm larvae capable of infecting people. In the same study farm-raised salmon did not have any roundworm larvae. Historically, parasite infection of humans eating raw fish has been rare in the developed world, though a 2020 meta-analysis of available data shows that since 1980 there has been a sharp increase of parasites in the types of marine fish that are eaten uncooked.

There are three main kinds of parasites: Clonorchis sinensis (a trematode/fluke), Anisakis (a nematode/roundworm) and Diphyllobothrium (a cestode/tapeworm). Infection by the fish tapeworm *Diphyllobothrium latum* is seen in countries where people eat raw or undercooked fish, such as some countries in Asia, Eastern Europe, Scandinavia, Africa, and North and South America. Infection risk of anisakis is particularly higher in fishes which may live in a river such as salmon (*shake*) in Salmonidae, mackerel (*saba*). Such parasite infections can generally be avoided by boiling, burning, preserving in salt or vinegar, or freezing overnight. Even Japanese people never eat raw salmon or ikura (salmon roe), and even if they seem raw, these foods are not raw but are frozen overnight to prevent infections from parasites, particularly anisakis.

Below are some life cycles of fish parasites that can infect humans:

## Citations

## General and cited references

## Further reading


title: Loš i mlad

abstract: Loš i mlad is the first studio album by the Serbian new wave band Bulevar, released by PGP RTB in 1981. The album was remastered and released on CD in 2006 on the compilation album Nestašni dečaci by PGP RTS, the successor of PGP RTB.

text:
# Loš i mlad

***Loš i mlad*** (*Bad and young*) is the first studio album by the Serbian new wave band Bulevar, released by PGP RTB in 1981. The album was remastered and released on CD in 2006 on the compilation album *Nestašni dečaci* by PGP RTS, the successor of PGP RTB.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Loš i mlad" (Bad and young) | 3:40 |
| 2. | "Vesele devojčice" (Cheerful girls) | 3:35 |
| 3. | "Kad smo na putu" (When we are on the road) | 2:51 |
| 4. | "Lepo je biti s tobom" (It's nice being with you) | 3:05 |
| 5. | "Rano jutro" (Early morning) | 3:22 |
| 6. | "Evropa" (Europe) | 2:58 |
| 7. | "Meni treba nešto vruće" (I need something hot) | 4:02 |
| 8. | "Bane Brk" (Bane The Whisker) | 3:39 |
| 9. | "Da li je to čudo" (Is it a miracle) | 4:41 |
| 10. | "Gasim TV i odlazim" (I'm turning the TV off and leaving) | 4:07 |

## Personnel

### Bulevar

* Nenad Stamatović — guitar, arranged by (tracks 1, 2 and 9), music by (tracks 1, 2, 4, 9 and 10)
* Predrag Jakovljević — drums, arranged by (track 10)
* Dejan Cukić — vocals, lyrics by (tracks 3, 6, 7 and 8), music by (track 3), arranged by (track 4)
* Branko Isaković — bass, arranged by (track 6)
* Dragan Mitrić — keyboards, arranged by (tracks 7 and 8), music by (tracks 5, 6, 7 and 8), lyrics by (track 4 and 5)

### Additional personnel

* Jugoslav Vlahović — artwork by \[design\], photography
* Bebi Dol — backing vocals
* Marina Tucaković — lyrics by (tracks 1, 2, 4 and 9)
* Vita Blažić — photography
* Tahir Durkalić — recorded by
* Momčilo Bajagić — lyrics by (track 2)
* Oliver Mandić — backing vocals (track 8)

## InfoBox

| Loš i mlad | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Bulevar | |
| Released | 1981 |
| Recorded | 1981, PGP RTB studio 5, Belgrade |
| Genre | New wave, punk rock, symphonic rock |
| Length | 35:18 |
| Label | PGP RTB
2320126 |
| Producer | Bulevar |
| Bulevar chronology | |
| ***Loš i mlad***
(1981) *Mala noćna panika*
(1982) | |


title: Probabilistic relevance model

abstract: The probabilistic relevance model was devised by Stephen E. Robertson and Karen Spärck Jones as a framework for probabilistic models to come. It is a formalism of information retrieval useful to derive ranking functions used by search engines and web search engines in order to rank matching documents according to their relevance to a given search query. It is a theoretical model estimating the probability that a document dj is relevant to a query q. The model assumes that this probability of relevance depends on the query and document representations. Furthermore, it assumes that there is a portion of all documents that is preferred by the user as the answer set for query q. Such an ideal answer set is called R and should maximize the overall probability of relevance to that user. The prediction is that documents in this set R are relevant to the query, while documents not present in the set are non-relevant. s i m = P P

text:
# Probabilistic relevance model

The **probabilistic relevance model** was devised by Stephen E. Robertson and Karen Spärck Jones as a framework for probabilistic models to come. It is a formalism of information retrieval useful to derive ranking functions used by search engines and web search engines in order to rank matching documents according to their relevance to a given search query.

It is a theoretical model estimating the probability that a document *dj* is relevant to a query *q*. The model assumes that this probability of relevance depends on the query and document representations. Furthermore, it assumes that there is a portion of all documents that is preferred by the user as the answer set for query *q*. Such an ideal answer set is called *R* and should maximize the overall probability of relevance to that user. The prediction is that documents in this set *R* are relevant to the query, while documents not present in the set are non-relevant.

$sim(d\_{j},q)={\frac {P(R|{\vec {d}\_{j})}{P({\bar {R}|{\vec {d}\_{j})}}}}}$

There are some limitations to this framework that need to be addressed by further development:

* There is no accurate estimate for the first run probabilities
* Index terms are not weighted
* Terms are assumed mutually independent

To address these and other concerns, other models have been developed from the probabilistic relevance framework, among them the Binary Independence Model from the same author. The best-known derivatives of this framework are the Okapi (BM25) weighting scheme and its multifield refinement, BM25F.


title: Pseudonocardia oroxyli

abstract: Pseudonocardia oroxyli is a soil-dwelling actinomycete that was isolated from the roots of the South-East Asia tree Oroxylum indicum.

text:
# Pseudonocardia oroxyli

***Pseudonocardia oroxyli*** is a soil-dwelling actinomycete that was isolated from the roots of the South-East Asia tree *Oroxylum indicum*.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudonocardia oroxyli* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Actinomycetota |
| Class: | Actinomycetia |
| Order: | Pseudonocardiales |
| Family: | Pseudonocardiaceae |
| Genus: | *Pseudonocardia* |
| Species: | ***P. oroxyli*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudonocardia oroxyli***<br>Gu et al. 2006 | |
|


title: Manolita Arriola

abstract: Manuela Arriola Rubio, known by her stage names Manolita Arriola and Manuelita Arriola, was a Mexican singer and actress. Known for her versatility as a singer, she was nicknamed La Versátil.

text:
# Manolita Arriola

**Manuela Arriola Rubio** (6 March 1919  27 November 2004), known by her stage names **Manolita Arriola** and **Manuelita Arriola** (and their alternate spellings, **Manolita Arreola** and **Manuelita Arreola**, respectively), was a Mexican singer and actress. Known for her versatility as a singer, she was nicknamed *La Versátil* (The Versatile Woman).

## Biography

Manuolita Arriola recorded more than 150 songs in various genres, such as ranchera, bolero, corrido, tropical, and tango. She was the first performer of the famous Pedro Flores bolero "Amor perdido". She recorded for the RCA Víctor, Peerless, Columbia, and Coro labels. She also collaborated with the noted Mexican tenor Nestor Mesta Chayres and the Los Panchos Trio for CBS Radio on La Cadena de las Americas (Network of the Americas) for the *Viva America* program in 1946.

## Discography

### Compilation albums

* *Serenata tropical* (Eco Records, 1967)
* *Boleros del recuerdo* (Coro Records, 1967)
* *Manolita Arreola* (Eco Records, 1974)

## InfoBox

| External images | |
| --- | --- |
| Photograph of Manolita Arriola and Nestor Chayres on "Viva America" in 1946
**Here on Getty images** | |
| Photograph of Manolita Arriola and Los Panchos Trio oon "Viva America" in 1946
**Here on Getty Images** | |


title: Trubatsa longicornis

abstract: Trubatsa longicornis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

text:
# Trubatsa longicornis

***Trubatsa longicornis*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 8.6 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Guadeloupe.

* Houart, R, Buge, B. & Zuccon, D. (2021). A taxonomic update of the Typhinae (Gastropoda: Muricidae) with a review of New Caledonia species and the description of new species from New Caledonia, the South China Sea and Western Australia. Journal of Conchology. 44(2): 103–147.

## InfoBox

| *Trubatsa longicornis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Trubatsa longicornis* (holotype at MNHN, Paris) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Genus: | *Trubatsa* |
| Species: | ***T. longicornis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trubatsa longicornis***<br>(Dall, 1888) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Siphonochelus (Trubatsa) longicornis* (Dall, 1888) * *Siphonochelus longicornis* (Dall, 1888) * *Typhis (Trubatsa) longicornis* Dall, 1888 * *Typhis longicornis* Dall, 1888 (original combination) | |


title: Trochocarpa laurina

abstract: Trochocarpa laurina, commonly known as tree heath, axebreaker, sandberry, wheel-fruit or waddy wood, is a species of flowering plant of the family Ericaceae and is endemic to eastern Australia. It is a compact shrub to crooked tree with elliptic leaves at the ends of branches, tube-shaped white flowers arranged singly or in spikes at the ends of branches, and purple to black drupes.

text:
# Trochocarpa laurina

***Trochocarpa laurina***, commonly known as **tree heath**, **axebreaker**, **sandberry**, **wheel-fruit** or **waddy wood**, is a species of flowering plant of the family Ericaceae and is endemic to eastern Australia. It is a compact shrub to crooked tree with elliptic leaves at the ends of branches, tube-shaped white flowers arranged singly or in spikes at the ends of branches, and purple to black drupes.

## Description

*Trochocarpa laurina* is a compact shrub to crooked tree that typically grows to a height of up to 13 m (43 ft) and has grey to brownish black bark. Its leaves are arranged alternately or in pseudowhorls at the ends of branches, and are elliptic to broadly elliptic, 50–70 mm (2.0–2.8 in) long and 20–30 mm (0.79–1.18 in) wide on a petiole 3–6 mm (0.12–0.24 in) long, and pink at first. The leaves have 5 to 7 more or less longitudinal veins and the lower surface is a paler shade of green. The flowers are arranged singly or in spikes 20–40 mm (0.79–1.57 in) long on the ends of branches. The flowers are white with bracteoles about 0.4 mm (0.016 in) long and sepals about 1 mm (0.039 in) long. The petals are joined at the base forming a tube 2–3 mm (0.079–0.118 in) long with a bearded throat and erect, bearded lobes. Flowering occurs from December to January and the fruit is a purple to black drupe.

## Taxonomy

This species was first formally described in 1807 by Edward Rudge who gave it the name *Cyathodes laurina* in the *Transactions of the Linnean Society of London* from specimens collected near Port Jackson. In 1810, Robert Brown transferred the species to *Trochocarpa* as *T. laurina*.

## Distribution and habitat

Tree heath grows in gullies, amongst rock and on creekbanks and escarpments in warm-temperate, sub-tropical and sometimes dry rainforest on the coast and nearby ranges in New South Wales and Queensland. In August 1990, the then-largest known specimen was documented in the Sydney suburb of Eastwood; it stood 13.4 m (44 ft) tall.

## Ecology

The fruit is dispersed by mammals, birds and flowing water, but germination is slow and may take up to 2 years. The plants can resprout after fire. The fruit is eaten by Lewin's honeyeater and the pied currawong. Host to the parasitic mistletoe *Korthasella rubra* ("korthal mistletoe"). Host tree for epiphytes including bird's-nest fern and elk horn fern. Used by Aboriginal Australians for waddies.

## InfoBox

| *Trochocarpa laurina* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| In the Australian National Botanic Gardens | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Ericales |
| Family: | Ericaceae |
| Genus: | *Trochocarpa* |
| Species: | ***T. laurina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trochocarpa laurina***<br>(Rudge) R.Br. | |
|


title: Proctor, North Carolina

abstract: Proctor is a former town located in Swain County, North Carolina, U.S.A. It was on Hazel Creek. It is named after Moses Proctor, the first European-American settler to this area. The town was flooded by Fontana Lake, which was created by the construction of the Fontana Dam in 1944 during World War II. It remains submerged unless lake levels are very low. While the Proctor mine offices were flooded, much of the town and cemetery are above the water line. There is one home left and remains of the lumber mill. Former residents were promised a road along the north side of the lake, but only seven miles were built because of various issues: the former town became part of Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the National Park Service opposed the road, and funding was short for this after the war. The NPS did provide ferry boats to allow visits to the former town cemeteries, which are accessible only by trails. The town of Proctor is mentioned in an episode of ASY TV’s It Happened to Me, in which hiker John Vineyard recalls an ill-fated trek through the town that featured bear encounters, rattlesnakes and paranormal activity.

text:
# Proctor, North Carolina

**Proctor** is a former town located in Swain County, North Carolina, U.S.A. It was on Hazel Creek. It is named after Moses Proctor, the first European-American settler to this area. The town was flooded by Fontana Lake, which was created by the construction of the Fontana Dam in 1944 during World War II. It remains submerged unless lake levels are very low.

While the Proctor mine offices were flooded, much of the town and cemetery are above the water line. There is one home left and remains of the lumber mill.

Former residents were promised a road along the north side of the lake, but only seven miles were built because of various issues: the former town became part of Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the National Park Service opposed the road, and funding was short for this after the war. The NPS did provide ferry boats to allow visits to the former town cemeteries, which are accessible only by trails. 35°28′24″N 83°43′35″W / 35.47333°N 83.72639°W / 35.47333; -83.72639

The town of Proctor is mentioned in an episode of ASY TV’s *It Happened to Me*, in which hiker John Vineyard recalls an ill-fated trek through the town that featured bear encounters, rattlesnakes and paranormal activity.

* Judson, another town submurged by Fontana Lake.


title: 1985 World Shotgun Championships

abstract: The 1985 World Shotgun Championships was the 17th edition of the global shooting competition World Shotgun Championships, organised by the International Shooting Sport Federation.

text:
# 1985 World Shotgun Championships

The **1985 World Shotgun Championships** was the 17th edition of the global shooting competition World Shotgun Championships, organised by the International Shooting Sport Federation.

## Results

### Men

#### Trap

| **Evento** | **Gold** | | **Silver** | | **Bronze** | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | **Athlete** | **Results** | **Athlete** | **Results** | **Athlete** | **Results** |
| Individual | Miroslav Bednařík | 197 | Daniele Cioni | 196 | Aleksandr Lavrinenko | 194 |
| Team | Italy
Silvano Basagni
Daniele Cioni
Luciano Giovannetti | 434 | Soviet Union
Aleksandr Asanov
Rustam Yambulatov
Aleksandr Lavrinenko | 428 | Czechoslovakia
Miroslav Bednařík
Josef Machan
Jindrich Paroubek | 428 |

#### Skeet

| **Evento** | **Gold** | | **Silver** | | **Bronze** | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | **Athlete** | **Results** | **Athlete** | **Results** | **Athlete** | **Results** |
| Individual | Bernhard Hochwald | 196 | Sin Nam-Ho | 195 | Björn Thorwaldson | 195 |
| Team | United States
Dean Clark
Joseph Dickson
Michael Schmidt | 433 | Italy
Andrea Benelli
Celso Giardini
Luca Scribani Rossi | 433 | Czechoslovakia
Lubos Adamec
Bronislav Bechynsky
Stanislav Klofonda | 432 |

### Women

#### Trap

| **Evento** | **Gold** | | **Silver** | | **Bronze** | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | **Athlete** | **Results** | **Athlete** | **Results** | **Athlete** | **Results** |
| Individual | Li Li | 188 | Elena Shishirina | 182 | Frances Strodtman | 176 |
| Team | China
Gao E
Li Li
Yujin Wang | 383 | Italy
Paola Tattini
Pia Baldisserri
Wanda Gentiletti | 377 | Canada
Susan Nattrass
Anne Mc Garvey
Lisa Salt | 366 |

#### Skeet

| **Evento** | **Gold** | | **Silver** | | **Bronze** | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | **Athlete** | **Results** | **Athlete** | **Results** | **Athlete** | **Results** |
| Individual | Terry Carlisle | 190 | Liu Ling | 185 | Shao Weiping | 184 |
| Team | China
Liu Ling
Wu Jie
Shao Weiping | 412 | United States
Terry Carlisle
Ellen Dryke
Eva Funes | 405 | Italy
Rossane Bernardini
Sonia Garagnani
Bianca Rosa Hansberg | 386 |

## Medal table

| # | Country |  |  |  | Tot. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | China | 3 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| 2 | United States | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| 3 | Italy | 1 | 3 | 1 | 5 |
| 4 | Czechoslovakia | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| 5 | East Germany | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 6 | Soviet Union | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 7 | North Korea | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 8 | Canada | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Sweden | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |

## InfoBox

| 1985 World Shotgun Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Host city | Montecatini Terme, Italy |
| Level | Senior |
| Events | 53 |
| 1983 1987 | |


title: Michael Cognata

abstract: Michael Joseph Cognata is an American actor from Boston, Massachusetts. He played Julian Robbins in NBC's Chicago Fire and Tito in Showtime's Shameless

text:
# Michael Cognata

**Michael Joseph Cognata** (born May 5, 1988) is an American actor from Boston, Massachusetts. He played Julian Robbins in NBC's *Chicago Fire* and Tito in Showtime's *Shameless*

## Career

Cognata attended the Boston Arts Academy (2006) where he majored in theatre. In 2008, Cognata made his television debut in a national commercial for Subway and performed with the poetic entertainment group called ARTiculation. The Boston Herald writes in a 2009 article, "Give the creativity and enthusiasm of this highly talented group of young poets a chance. Their performance is good enough to make even a cynic believe in the power of art." Cognata then moved to New York City and Los Angeles to obtain television roles including Julian Robbins, brother-in-law to battalion chief Wallace Boden on NBC's *Chicago Fire* (2018), and recurring as Tito, Lip's intern on Showtime's *Shameless* (2016). He appeared in Hallmark's *Romance at Reindeer Lodge* (2017). In addition to his work in film and TV, Cognata represented his hometown in the Edinburgh Festival Fringe (2006), where he performed the play *A More Perfect Union*.

## Filmography

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2015 | *The Young and the Restless* | Rescue Worker | 4 episodes |
| | *The Last Ship* | Firefighting Sailor | Season 2, episode 12 |
| 2016 | *Castle* | Darren Ives | Season 8, episode 16 |
| | *Shameless* | Tito | 2 episodes |
| 2017 | *Life in Pieces* | Realtor Don | Season 2, episode 10 |
| 2018 | *Chicago Fire* | Julian Robbins | 2 episodes |
| 2019 | *Grown-ish* | Officer Dickson | Season 2, episode 3 |
| | *Taking Stock* | Kevin | 3 episodes |
| | *9-1-1* | Officer Crawford | Season 2, Episode 13 |
| | *The Fix* | Andre Spencer | Season 1, episode 9 |
| 2020 | *Good Trouble* | Derrick | Season 2, episode 12 |
| 2023 | *Julia* | Martin | Season 2, episode 1 |
|

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Director | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | *Breakdance Academy* | Kyle | Jon Artigo |  |
| 2012 | *A Deadly Obsession* | Kellen | John Stimpson |  |
| 2013 | *Worldly Pursuits* | Brian Higgins | Hugh Guiney | Short Film |
| | *Sins of the Preacher* | Police Officer | John Stimpson |  |
| | *Hatfields & McCoys* | Ernie Rivas | Michael Mayer |  |
| 2014 | *The Assault* | Jordan | Jason Winn |  |
| 2016 | *Downpour Summer* | Brendan | Diante Singley |  |
| | *Trash Bags* | Miles | Diante Singley |  |
| 2017 | *Slamma Jamma* | Lizare | Timothy A. Chey | Platform Release |
| | *Romance at Reindeer Lodge* | Greg | Colin Theys |  |
| | *Remote Capture* | Elijah/Day 9,145 | Diante Singley |  |
| 2019 | *A True Crime* | Detective Myers | Marques Green |  |
| 2020 | *Nothing and No One* | Ernie | Diante Singley |  |
| 2021 | *Killer Whales* | Father T-Dale | William J.L. Hamilton | Post-Production |

## Discography

Cognata has released several singles.

List of singles as a lead artist
| Title | Year |
| --- | --- |
| *Silvasurf* | 2020 |
| *I Might Be* | 2021 |
| | *Bad Man* |
| | *King Burial (Instrumental)* |
|

## InfoBox

| Michael Cognata | |
| --- | --- |
| Cognata backstage at the Strand Theatre for ARTiculation's One Night Only | |
| Born | Michael Joseph Cognata
(1988-05-05) May 5, 1988
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Other names | * Mike Cognata * Mikey Fwesh |
| Education | Boston Arts Academy |
| Occupation | * Actor |
| Years active | 2007–present |
| Television | *Chicago Fire*
*Shameless*
*9-1-1* |
| **Musical career** | |
| Origin | North Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Genres |  |
| Labels | * Twelfth Dimension |
|  | |
| Website | www.mikecognata.com |


title: Pterophylla marquesana

abstract: Pterophylla marquesana, formerly known as Weinmannia marquesana, is a species of plant in the family Cunoniaceae. It is a shrub or tree endemic to the Marquesas Islands of French Polynesia.

text:
# Pterophylla marquesana

***Pterophylla marquesana***, formerly known as *Weinmannia marquesana*, is a species of plant in the family Cunoniaceae. It is a shrub or tree endemic to the Marquesas Islands of French Polynesia.

## Description

*Pterophylla marquesana* is a shrub to a small tree, rarely a subshrub, (0.6-) 1.5 – 10 meters tall, with a trunk up to 35 cm in diameter. Its growth habit varies with elevation and exposure. Its crown is sometimes umbrella-shaped when it grows as a small tree. Leaves are elliptical or sometimes ovate, (2.5–) 3.3–7.5 (–9.6) cm long by (1–) 1.3–3.6 (–4.4) cm wide. Flowers are greenish-white to cream, with a greenish-red calyx and white corolla and stamens. Young fruits are green to bright carmine red. Its bark is smooth and grey, brown, or reddish in color. Its sapwood is white or pinkish, and its heartwood is red and fragrant.

## Range and habitat

*Pterophylla marquesana* grows on the islands of Fatu Hiva, Hiva Oa, Nuku Hiva, Tahuata, Ua Huka, and Ua Pou. It grows at mid- to high-elevations, typically above 500 to 600 meters elevation except on Nuku Hiva, where found from 790–1180 m.

It is common in mid-elevation forests, which occur between 300 and 800 meters elevation on the larger islands. It a canopy tree, which together with *Hibiscus tiliaceus, Pandanus tectorius*, and *Alphitonia marquesensis*, forms the 20-meter high forest canopy. On Nuku Hiva it is the co-dominant canopy tree in montane forests above 790 meters elevation.

It also occurs in dry scrub on rocky ridges and hilltops with the fern *Dicranopteris*, and in savannas and dry forest with *Dicranopteris* and *Metrosideros* trees.

## Varieties

There are three accepted varieties:

* ***Pterophylla marquesana* var. *angustifolia*** (Lorence & W.L.Wagner) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins – endemic to Tahuata.
* ***Pterophylla marquesana* var. *marquesana*** – the most widespread variety, it is found on Fatu Hiva, Hiva Oa, Nuku Hiva, Tahuata, Ua Huka, and Ua Pou.
* ***Pterophylla marquesana* var. *myrsinites*** (Fosberg & Sachet) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins – found only on Hiva Oa, where it generally grows as a shrub 0.6 to 1.5 m high, and less often as a small tree up to 2 m high. Its flowers are white, its young fruits are red, and its inflorescences are much shorter than those of var. *marquesana*. It is common in summit scrub (*maquis sommital*) on high, windswept slopes and ridges on the dry side of island, and in cloud forest on the windward side of the island, from 800 to 1300 metres elevation.

## InfoBox

| *Pterophylla marquesana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Pterophylla marquesana* var. *angustifolia* | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Oxalidales |
| Family: | Cunoniaceae |
| Genus: | *Pterophylla* |
| Species: | ***P. marquesana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pterophylla marquesana***
(F.Br.) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Weinmannia marquesana* F.Br.
*Weinmannia parviflora* var. *marquesana* (F.Br.) Fosberg | |


title: WZOZ

abstract: WZOZ is an American local radio station broadcasting a classic hits format. Licensed to Oneonta, New York, the station is currently owned by Townsquare Media.

text:
# WZOZ

**WZOZ** (103.1 FM) is an American local radio station broadcasting a classic hits format. Licensed to Oneonta, New York, the station is currently owned by Townsquare Media.

## InfoBox

WZOZ
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | 103.1 MHz |
| Branding | *WZOZ 103.1 FM* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Classic hits |
| Affiliations | Compass Media Networks |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |  |
| Sister stations | WBKT, WDHI, WDLA, WDLA-FM, WDOS, WIYN, WKXZ, WSRK, WTBD-FM |
| History | |
| First air date | November 28, 1972 (as WIEZ) |
| Former call signs | WIEZ (1972–1982) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 66664 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | 2,000 watts |
| HAAT | 110 meters |
| Transmitter coordinates | 42°25′28″N 75°04′36″W / 42.42444°N 75.07667°W / 42.42444; -75.07667 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | wzozfm.com |


title: Fish counter

abstract: Automatic fish counters are automatic devices for measuring the number of fish passing along a particular river in a particular period of time. Usually one particular species is of interest. One important species studied by fish counters are Atlantic salmon. This species is of interest owing to its ecologically vulnerable status and anadromous lifestyles.

text:
# Fish counter

Automatic **fish counters** are automatic devices for measuring the number of fish passing along a particular river in a particular period of time. Usually one particular species is of interest.

One important species studied by fish counters are Atlantic salmon. This species is of interest owing to its ecologically vulnerable status and anadromous lifestyles.

## Methods of operation

Fish counters can be divided into three principal types: resistive counters, optical counters, and hydroacoustic counters.

### Resistive counters

A resistive counter is associated with an in-river structure, an example constituting a Crump weir. The resistivity of a fish is lower than that of water. So, as fish cross this barrier, they pass embedded electrodes, and the difference in resistivity disturbs the field established in the vicinity of the electrodes, altering inter-electrode resistance. With three electrodes these disturbances can then be measured by a Wheatstone bridge, or other means, to detect the size and direction of travel of the fish.

Fish counters of this type are used widely in Scotland to census populations of Atlantic salmon, where comparison with closed-circuit television shows around a 97% detection rate.

### Optical counters

An optical counter is also associated with an in-river structure. However, rather than pass electrodes, in an optical counter the fish interrupt some of a number of vertically arranged beams of light. The pattern of beam-breaks can be used to determine the size, profile, and direction of motion of the fish.

Infrared light is used for minimizing the disturbance of the fish as they will not see the light when passing through the counter. When a fish swims through the net of light beams, the resulting silhouette image is used for counting as well as estimating the size of each fish. Each individual image is memorized in the control unit so that the counting can be verified afterwards.

Some systems such as the Riverwatcher use the infrared scanner to trigger a digital camera to capture between 1 and 5 photos or a short video clip of each fish. The computer then automatically links the images to other information contained in the database for that individual fish such as size, passing hour, speed, silhouette image, temperature etc.

The camera is installed in a special tunnel that contains both the camera and lights providing constant light, and same distance from the camera for the fish. That way, it is possible to get good images of the fish regardless of time of day.

The performance of optical counters has been determined by studies, under various conditions, to be greater than 90%. Optical counters can also distinguish the size of fish more accurately than other counter types and so are particularly useful where a mixture of species inhabit a river (for example rivers where salmon mix with sea trout).

The key disadvantage of optical counters is the small penetration of the beams through the water, restricting their use to narrow river features or in-river structures, an example being fish ladders.

### Hydroacoustic counters

Hydroacoustic counters operate using the principles of sonar. A fish is insonified by a sound source and reflections from the fish are detected by an underwater microphone. The reflection occurs because of the sudden change in impedance to sound waves within the fish, particularly at the swimbladder (90% of the reflection).

Hydroacoustic counters do not require in-river structures, but require skilled installation and operators. Without skilled installation at ideal sites hydroacoustic counters can be inaccurate. Studies typically indicate detection rates of 50% to 80%, though one study found detection rates as low as 3%. Careful planning and pre-siting study must be used to determine effectiveness.

The lack of a requirement for any in-river structure makes the counters an attractive proposition. Generally used for short-term or seasonal studies, some situations require a long-term count which is accurate in absolute terms, not only in relative change (for example, no hydroacoustic sensors are routinely used in the detection of Scottish Atlantic salmon). In these instances resistivity or optical sensors tend to be preferred. Such methods usually require significant habitat modification, such as construction of a weir to funnel the fish through the counter.

Recent advances in automated hydroacoustic monitoring systems has allowed continuous monitoring for periods exceeding 18 months. These systems include intelligent monitoring and real-time data processing, ensuring proper operation and publication of status and results (e.g. fish counts) on a routine basis.

## Siting counters

### In river structures

Resistivity and (particularly) optical fish counters require in-river structures to direct the fish through the detection aperture of the counter. Fish ladders and Borland fish passes are effective structures for this purpose and occasionally a natural restriction within the river may be used for a similar purpose. However, for most counters a custom in-river structure will be required. One of the most effective such structures is the Crump weir, a triangular profile weir designed to ensure rapid planar flow over the detector.

### Siting within the river system

A species of anadromous fish, such as the Atlantic salmon, may return to a particular breeding ground throughout its life. This means that within the larger rivers a number of quite distinct populations may cross a counter together, in aggregate. A population which uses a particular tributary may collapse whilst the overall numbers are not clearly affected. Issues with the management of that particular tributary and population therefore go unnoticed. Counters should be placed to count individual populations, rather than the species in aggregate, in order that population collapses and recoveries can be detected.

## Alternative methods

The results of automatic fish counters can be supplemented, confirmed, or replaced by a number of alternative techniques, varying in accuracy, cost, complexity, and skew effects.

* Electrofishing
* Traps
* Net and rod counts
* Redd counts (disturbances in gravel caused by mating activities of some fish)

1. "Crump weir" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2008-07-20.
* Eatherley, D.M.R., Thorley, J.L., Stephen, A.B., Simpson, I., MacLean, J.C. & Youngson, A.F. (2005). Trends in Atlantic salmon: the role of automatic fish counter data in their recording. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 100 (ROAME No. F01NB02).
* The Estimation of Individual Fish Size Using Broadband Acoustics with Free-swimming Salmonids, Thomas J. McKeever. Masters Thesis in Aquaculture, University of Newfoundland, 1998.


title: Thorius narismagnus

abstract: Thorius narismagnus is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to the San Martin Tuxtla volcano, in the Sierra de los Tuxtlas range in southern Veracruz state, Mexico. Its common name is San Martin pigmy salamander. Natural habitats of Thorius narismagnus are lowland and intermediate tropical forests. It occurs under rotten logs and among leaf-litter, and especially under fallen bromeliads. This species had not been seen since 1970s, until it was rediscovered in 2012. It has suffered from habitat loss, but this might not suffice to explain the disappearance of this species.

text:
# Thorius narismagnus

***Thorius narismagnus*** is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to the San Martin Tuxtla volcano, in the Sierra de los Tuxtlas range in southern Veracruz state, Mexico. Its common name is **San Martin pigmy salamander**. Natural habitats of *Thorius narismagnus* are lowland and intermediate tropical forests. It occurs under rotten logs and among leaf-litter, and especially under fallen bromeliads.

This species had not been seen since 1970s, until it was rediscovered in 2012. It has suffered from habitat loss, but this might not suffice to explain the disappearance of this species.

## InfoBox

| *Thorius narismagnus* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Urodela |
| Family: | Plethodontidae |
| Genus: | *Thorius* |
| Species: | ***T. narismagnus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Thorius narismagnus***
Shannon & Werler, 1955 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Thorius pennatulus narismagnus* Shannon and Werler, 1955 | |


title: Trubatsa lozoueti

abstract: Trubatsa lozoueti is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

text:
# Trubatsa lozoueti

***Trubatsa lozoueti*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Description

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off New Caledonia.

* Houart, R, Buge, B. & Zuccon, D. (2021). A taxonomic update of the Typhinae (Gastropoda: Muricidae) with a review of New Caledonia species and the description of new species from New Caledonia, the South China Sea and Western Australia. Journal of Conchology. 44(2): 103–147

## InfoBox

| *Trubatsa lozoueti* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Trubatsa lozoueti* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Genus: | *Trubatsa* |
| Species: | ***T. lozoueti*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trubatsa lozoueti***<br>Houart, 1991 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Siphonochelus (Siphonochelus) lozoueti* Houart, 1991 (basionym) * *Siphonochelus (Trubatsa) lozoueti* Houart, 1991 * *Siphonochelus lozoueti* Houart, 1991 (original combination) | |


title: Luigi Meneghello

abstract: Luigi Meneghello was an Italian contemporary writer and scholar.

text:
# Luigi Meneghello

**Luigi Meneghello** (16 February 1922 – 26 June 2007) was an Italian contemporary writer and scholar.

## Biography

Luigi Meneghello was born in Malo, a small town in the countryside near Vicenza, on 16 February 1922. His father was a craftsman and his mother was a teacher. Meneghello entered in 1939 the University of Padua to study philosophy. From 1940 to 1942 worked for Paduan newspaper *Il Veneto*. In the early Forties, he had his first contacts with anti-fascism and, after a short time in the Army, entered the Partito d'azione and became active in the resistance movement in 1943. Of his early life, he said:

> My studies, at Vicenza and Padua, were absurdly 'brilliant', but useless and partly damaging. I was exposed, as a youth, to the effects of a fascist education, and then somehow was re-educated during the war and the civil war, under the protective wings of the Partito d'Azione (Party of Action). I expatriated in 1947-48 and settled in England with my wife Katia. We have no children. My encounter with the culture of the English, and the shock of their language, were for me a determining factor.
>
> Luigi Meneghello, *The Guardian, 17/08/07*

In 1945 Meneghello graduated *cum laude* with a thesis on the philosophy of Benedetto Croce. In 1947 he moved to the University of Reading (England) with a one-year British Council scholarship and afterwards he began teaching aspects of the Italian Renaissance in the English Department. In 1948 he married Katia Bleier, a survivor of Auschwitz. In 1955 a separate Italian section was formed followed by the founding of a Department of Italian Studies in 1961, headed by himself until his retirement in 1980. He was offered, and accepted, a chair as Professor in Italian Literature. After an intense academic activity and as a translator (often with the pseudonym Ugo Varnai), in 1963 he published his first book, part novel part autobiography, *Libera nos a Malo* (English translation titled *Deliver Us*) about the narrow-minded but vital milieu of his home town, Malo. The title is a pun on the Latin words for *deliver us from evil* and the name of the town. One year later he published *I piccoli maestri* (literally, "The Little Teachers"). This book was translated into English in 1967, and published as *The Outlaws*. This book was considered "one of the few non-rhetorical, and therefore all the more effective, memoirs of the Italian resistance, which is true in every detail" (L. and G. Lepschy, in the "Guardian obituary"). A film version with the same title was directed in 1998 by Daniele Luchetti.

In 1980 Meneghello retired from the University of Reading, to devote his time to writing. He lived in London and later in Thiene (near Vicenza), where he moved permanently after his wife's death in 2004. He died there in June 2007.

## Bibliography

* *Libera nos a Malo* (1963, translated into English as *Deliver Us* by Frederika Randall, Northwestern University Press, 2011)
* *I piccoli maestri* (1964, translated into English in 1967 as *The Outlaws* by Raleigh Trevelyan)
* *Pomo Pero* (1974)
* *Fiori italiani* (1976)
* *L’acqua di Malo* (1986)
* *Il Tremaio. Note sull’interazione tra lingua e dialetto nelle scritture letterarie* (1986)
* *Jura* (1987)
* *Bau-Sète!* (1988)
* *Leda e la schioppa* (1989)
* *Rivarotta* (1989)
* *Che fate quel giovane?* (1990)
* *Maredè, Maredè* (1991)
* *Il dispatrio* (1993)
* *Promemoria* (1994)
* *Il Turbo e il Chiaro* (1996)
* *La materia di Reading* (1997)
* *Le Carte. Volume I: Anni sessanta* (1999)
* *Le Carte. Volume II: Anni settanta* (2000)
* *Le Carte. Volume III: Anni ottanta* (2001)
* *Trapianti. Dall'inglese al vicentino* (2002)
* *Quaggiù nella biosfera. Tre saggi sul lievito poetico delle scritture* (2004)
* *La materia di Reading e altri reperti* (2005)

* it:Luigi Meneghello
* Foreword from Meneghello, Luigi (2006). Tullio De Mauro (ed.). *Fiori italiani--con un mazzo di nuovi Fiori* (in Italian). Milan: Rizzoli. ISBN 88-17-01252-1.
* Obituary, *The Guardian*, 17 August 2007 (see External links)

## InfoBox

| Luigi Meneghello | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1922-02-16)16 February 1922
Malo, Italy |
| Died | 26 June 2007(2007-06-26) (aged 85)
Thiene, Italy |
| Occupation | novelist, essayist, academic |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Period | 19632004 |
| Subject | recent Italian history, the Italian Resistance, teaching |


title: Proctor, West Virginia

abstract: Proctor is an unincorporated community in northwestern Wetzel County, West Virginia, United States. It lies on West Virginia Route 2 along the Ohio River, north of the city of New Martinsville, the county seat of Wetzel County. Its elevation is 630 feet (192 m). Because the community has borne multiple names, the Board on Geographic Names officially designated it "Proctor" in 1980. It has a post office with the ZIP code 26055. The community was named after a pioneer settler named Proctor.

text:
# Proctor, West Virginia

**Proctor** (also referred to as **Austinville** or **Proctors**) is an unincorporated community in northwestern Wetzel County, West Virginia, United States. It lies on West Virginia Route 2 along the Ohio River, north of the city of New Martinsville, the county seat of Wetzel County. Its elevation is 630 feet (192 m). Because the community has borne multiple names, the Board on Geographic Names officially designated it "Proctor" in 1980. It has a post office with the ZIP code 26055.

The community was named after a pioneer settler named Proctor.

## InfoBox

| Proctor | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| ProctorLocation within the state of West VirginiaProctorProctor (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 39°42′42″N 80°49′25″W / 39.71167°N 80.82361°W / 39.71167; -80.82361 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | West Virginia |
| County | Marshall |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP codes | 26055 |


title: Michael Patrick Shiels

abstract: Michael Patrick Shiels is a radio personality and author from the US state of Michigan. He is the host of Michigan's Big Show Starring Michael Patrick Shiels, heard on twelve Michigan radio stations. He is also known for authoring books with Donald Trump, Larry King, Arthur Hills, and Ben Wright.

text:
# Michael Patrick Shiels

**Michael Patrick Shiels** is a radio personality and author from the US state of Michigan. He is the host of *Michigan's Big Show Starring Michael Patrick Shiels*, heard on twelve Michigan radio stations. He is also known for authoring books with Donald Trump, Larry King, Arthur Hills, and Ben Wright.

## Media career

### Writing

Shiels has written for newspapers and magazines on golf and travel. His articles have appeared in publications including the *Los Angeles Times*, *Cigar Aficionado*, *Travel + Leisure*, AAA *Michigan Living*, Singapore's *SC Magazine*, *Bermuda Royal Gazette*, *Honolulu Star-Bulletin*, *Automotive News*, *Traverse Magazine*, *Lake Magazine*, *Traverse City Record-Eagle*, Booth Newspapers, *The Detroit News*, *Detroit Free Press*, Heritage Newspapers, *Sports Illustrated*, *Golf Magazine*, and more.

### Radio

Shiels was the long-time producer for Detroit's legendary radio host, J.P. McCarthy at WJR. He began hosting the Michigan Talk Network's morning show in 2005 until his departure from WJIM and MTN in February 2012. Just over two months later, Shiels returned to radio as host of "Michigan's Big Show Starring Michael Patrick Shiels", a production of Spotlight Media Marketing and Productions, which is owned by former WJIM Account Executive Suzanne Huard.

Since 2012, "Michigan's Big Show Starring Michael Patrick Shiels" has continued to grow, and now airs on twelve radio station signals throughout the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. The program continues to make headlines with newsmaker interviews with Michigan politicians.

'MPS' won the "Network Radio Personality of the Year" award from the Michigan Association of Broadcasters in both 2007 and 2008.

## Bibliography

Non-Fiction * Shiels, Michael Patrick (1997). *J.P. McCarthy... Just Don't Tell 'em Where I Am*. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Sleeping Bear Press. ISBN 978-1-886947-24-5.
* ——— (1999). *Good Bounces and Bad Lies - The Biography of Ben Wright*. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Sleeping Bear Press. ISBN 978-1-886947-22-1.
* ——— (2000). *Speak Wright: A Literary Guide to the Game of Golf*. New York: Clocktower Press. ISBN 978-1-58536-008-6.
* ——— (2003). *Works of Art: Golf Course Designs by Arthur Hills*. Virginia Beach, Virginia: Donning Publishers. ISBN 978-1-57864-233-5.
* ——— (2005). *Golf's Short Game For Dummies*. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley Publications. ISBN 978-0-7645-6920-3.
* ——— (2008). *Secrets of the Great Golf Course Architects: A Treasury of the World's Greatest Golf Courses by History's Master Designers*. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60239-326-4.


title: Thorius smithi

abstract: Thorius smithi, commonly known as Smith's salamander, is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to Mexico and only known from near the towns of Vista Hermosa and Metates in Sierra Juárez, Oaxaca. Its natural habitats are cloud and tropical forests where it occurs on the ground under rocks and logs. It is a very rare species known only from two locations, despite attempts to find it. Presumably, habitat loss caused by logging and expanding agricultural development are threats to its forest habitat.

text:
# Thorius smithi

***Thorius smithi***, commonly known as **Smith's salamander**, is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to Mexico and only known from near the towns of Vista Hermosa and Metates in Sierra Juárez, Oaxaca. Its natural habitats are cloud and tropical forests where it occurs on the ground under rocks and logs. It is a very rare species known only from two locations, despite attempts to find it. Presumably, habitat loss caused by logging and expanding agricultural development are threats to its forest habitat.

## InfoBox

| *Thorius smithi* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Urodela |
| Family: | Plethodontidae |
| Genus: | *Thorius* |
| Species: | ***T. smithi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Thorius smithi***
Hanken & Wake, 1994 | |
|


title: Pterophylla rapensis

abstract: Weinmannia rapensis is a species of plant in the family Cunoniaceae. It is a tree endemic to Rapa Iti in the Tubuai Islands of French Polynesia.

text:
# Pterophylla rapensis

***Weinmannia rapensis*** is a species of plant in the family Cunoniaceae. It is a tree endemic to Rapa Iti in the Tubuai Islands of French Polynesia.

## InfoBox

| *Pterophylla rapensis* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Oxalidales |
| Family: | Cunoniaceae |
| Genus: | *Pterophylla* |
| Species: | ***P. rapensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pterophylla rapensis***
(F.Br.) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Weinmannia rapensis* F.Br. | |


title: Thorius omiltemi

abstract: Thorius omiltemi is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to the area around Omiltemi in the Sierra Madre del Sur of Guerrero, Mexico, at elevations of 2,500–2,950 m (8,200–9,680 ft) asl. It is a terrestrial salamander that inhabits pine-oak-fir cloud forest and pine-oak forest. It lives under the bark of fallen tree logs. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by agriculture, logging, and human settlement.

text:
# Thorius omiltemi

***Thorius omiltemi*** is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to the area around Omiltemi in the Sierra Madre del Sur of Guerrero, Mexico, at elevations of 2,500–2,950 m (8,200–9,680 ft) asl.

It is a terrestrial salamander that inhabits pine-oak-fir cloud forest and pine-oak forest. It lives under the bark of fallen tree logs. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by agriculture, logging, and human settlement.

## InfoBox

| *Thorius omiltemi* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Urodela |
| Family: | Plethodontidae |
| Genus: | *Thorius* |
| Species: | ***T. omiltemi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Thorius omiltemi***
Hanken, Wake & Freeman, 1999 | |
|


title: True Love (Fumiya Fujii song)

abstract: "True Love" is a single by Japanese recording artist Fumiya Fujii. It was released on November 10, 1993. It was number-one on the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart. It was the 29th best-selling single in Japan in 1993, with 806,000 copies sold, the 11th best-selling single in Japan in 1994, with 1.213 million copies sold and it is the 20th best-selling physical single in Japan, having sold a total of 2.023 million copies. The song was used as the theme for the Japanese television series, Ordinary People, starring SMAP member Takuya Kimura. The original Japanese name of the drama is Asunaro Hakusho.

text:
# True Love (Fumiya Fujii song)

"**True Love**" (styled "**TRUE LOVE**") is a single by Japanese recording artist Fumiya Fujii. It was released on November 10, 1993. It was number-one on the *Oricon* Weekly Singles Chart. It was the 29th best-selling single in Japan in 1993, with 806,000 copies sold, the 11th best-selling single in Japan in 1994, with 1.213 million copies sold and it is the 20th best-selling physical single in Japan, having sold a total of 2.023 million copies.

The song was used as the theme for the Japanese television series, Ordinary People, starring SMAP member Takuya Kimura. The original Japanese name of the drama is *Asunaro Hakusho*.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "True Love" |  |
| 2. | "Eien ni Shinumade (永遠に死ぬまで)" |  |
| 3. | "True Love" |  |

## Weekly charts

| Chart (1993) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Japan Singles Chart (Oricon) | 1 |

## InfoBox

| "True Love" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Fumiya Fujii | |
| from the album  **Angel** | |
| Released | November 10, 1993 (1993-11-10) |
| Label | Pony Canyon |
| Composer(s) | Fumiya Fujii |
| Lyricist(s) | Fumiya Fujii |
| Fumiya Fujii singles chronology | |
| ""Mother's Touch""
(1988) "**True Love**"
(1993) "女神 (エロス)"
(1994) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "True Love" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Pseudochromis erdmanni

abstract: Pseudochromis erdmanni, also known as Erdmann's dottyback, is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Pseudochromidae. It is found in the Pacific Ocean around Indonesia.

text:
# Pseudochromis erdmanni

***Pseudochromis erdmanni***, also known as **Erdmann's dottyback**, is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Pseudochromidae. It is found in the Pacific Ocean around Indonesia.

## Description

*Pseudochromis erdmanni* reaches a standard length of 8.1 cm (3.2 in).

## Etymology

The fish is named for Mark Erdmann of Conservation International, Indonesia, who collected the type specimens.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudochromis erdmanni* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Family: | Pseudochromidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudochromis* |
| Species: | ***P. erdmanni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudochromis erdmanni***<br>A.C. Gill & G. R. Allen, 2011 | |
|


title: Thorsten Trimpop

abstract: Thorsten Trimpop is a German-American documentary filmmaker and professor. He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2019.

text:
# Thorsten Trimpop

**Thorsten Trimpop** is a German-American documentary filmmaker and professor. He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2019.

## Life and career

Thorsten was born in Lüdenscheid, Germany. He is an alum of University of Siegen and the Konrad Wolf Film University of Babelsberg.

In 2016, Thorsten's directed the documentary film, *Furusato*, which premiered at DOK Leipzig and won the Golden Dove Award. He taught at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Harvard University, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is currently an associate professor in the Department of Critical Media Practices at the University of Colorado Boulder.

### *The Irrational Remains*

Thorsten wrote and directed his first feature documentary, *The Irrational Remains* (German: *Der irrationale Rest*), shot on 35mm. The film tells the story of three young friends from East Berlin, two of whom attempted to escape the GDR only to be caught and imprisoned in 1987. Sixteen years later, the trio, all of whom remained in Berlin after the wall fell but never tried to find one another, are finally ready to see each other again. As they take turns telling their stories, they return to their pasts—the frontier forest through which they fled, the prison cells in which they were tortured—and confront feelings of betrayal, by their country, their families, and each other. The viewer is left to judge for his or herself the motivations and justifications of the three protagonists. Thorsten was still in film school when *The Irrational Remains* premiered at the Berlin International Film Festival in 2006, where it won the International Federation of Film Societies prize. It had a cinematic release in Germany and screened at the Vienna International Film Festival, Marseille International Film Festival, Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema, International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam and more.

## Personal life

Thorsten lives in Boulder, Colorado with his wife, the art critic Megan O’Grady.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Contribution | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2002 | *Swimming Underground* | Director | Documentary short |
| 2003 | *The Last Day* | Director and writer | Documentary short |
| 2006 | *The Irrational Remains* | Director and writer | Documentary |
| 2008 | *24 Hours Berlin* | Director | Documentary |
| 2016 | *Furusato* | Director, writer, cinematographer and producer | Documentary |
|

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Result | Award | Category | Work | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1997 | Won | Berlin International Film Festival | Don Quixote Award | *The Irrational Remains* |  |
| 2016 | Won | Dok Leipzig | Golden Dove Award | *Furusato* |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Thorsten Trimpop | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Lüdenscheid, Germany |
| Occupation(s) | Director, writer, cinematographer, producer |
| Years active | 2002–present |