title: 1989–90 Dundee F.C. season

text:
# 1989–90 Dundee F.C. season

The 1989–90 season was the 88th season in which Dundee competed at a Scottish national level, playing in the Scottish Premier Division. Dundee would finish in 10th place and would be relegated to the Scottish First Division. Dundee would also compete in both the Scottish League Cup and the Scottish Cup, where they were knocked out by Dunfermline Athletic in the 3rd round of the League Cup, and by inter-city rivals Dundee United in the 3rd round of the Scottish Cup.

## Scottish Premier Division

*Statistics provided by Dee Archive.*

| Match Day | Date | Opponent | H/A | Score | Dundee Scorer(s) | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 12 August | Dunfermline Athletic |  | 1–2 | Beedie | 8,987 |
| 2 | 19 August | Dundee United |  | 4–3 | Wright (3), McBride | 13,616 |
| 3 | 26 August | Aberdeen |  | 0–1 |  | 12,500 |
| 4 | 9 September | Heart of Midlothian |  | 2–2 | Wright, Harvey | 8,440 |
| 5 | 16 September | Rangers |  | 2–2 | Craig, Wright | 35,836 |
| 6 | 23 September | Hibernian |  | 0–0 |  | 6,876 |
| 7 | 30 September | Motherwell |  | 0–3 |  | 4,463 |
| 8 | 4 October | St Mirren |  | 2–3 | Wright, Dodds | 3,587 |
| 9 | 14 October | Celtic |  | 1–3 | Craib | 16,215 |
| 10 | 21 October | Dunfermline Athletic |  | 1–2 | Dodds (pen.) | 7,058 |
| 11 | 28 October | Dundee United |  | 0–0 |  | 11,529 |
| 12 | 4 November | Aberdeen |  | 1–1 | Dodds | 7,041 |
| 13 | 11 November | Heart of Midlothian |  | 3–6 | Saunders, Dodds (2) | 11,869 |
| 14 | 18 November | Rangers |  | 0–2 |  | 14,536 |
| 15 | 25 November | Hibernian |  | 2–3 | Beedie, Dodds | 5,644 |
| 16 | 2 December | Motherwell |  | 2–1 | Dodds (pen.), Craig | 4,099 |
| 17 | 9 December | St Mirren |  | 3–3 | Dodds (pen.), Chisholm, Forsyth | 4,043 |
| 18 | 16 December | Celtic |  | 1–4 | Beedie | 17,860 |
| 19 | 26 December | Dunfermline Athletic |  | 0–1 |  | 9,282 |
| 20 | 30 December | Dundee United |  | 1–1 | Chisholm | 12,803 |
| 21 | 2 January | Aberdeen |  | 2–5 | Wright, D. Campbell | 16,054 |
| 22 | 6 January | Heart of Midlothian |  | 0–1 |  | 8,300 |
| 23 | 13 January | Rangers |  | 0–3 |  | 36,993 |
| 24 | 27 January | Hibernian |  | 2–0 | Wright, Chisholm | 5,723 |
| 25 | 3 February | Celtic |  | 0–0 |  | 14,100 |
| 26 | 10 February | St Mirren |  | 0–0 |  | 5,010 |
| 27 | 17 February | Motherwell |  | 1–3 | Dodds | 5,508 |
| 28 | 3 March | Rangers |  | 2–2 | A. Campbell, Dodds | 12,743 |
| 29 | 10 March | Dunfermline Athletic |  | 1–0 | Dodds | 7,243 |
| 30 | 24 March | Dundee United |  | 2–1 | Wright, Shannon | 11,918 |
| 31 | 31 March | Aberdeen |  | 1–1 | Wright | 8,071 |
| 32 | 4 April | Heart of Midlothian |  | 0–0 |  | 10,761 |
| 33 | 14 April | St Mirren |  | 1–2 | A. Campbell | 7,415 |
| 34 | 21 April | Celtic |  | 1–1 | Dodds (pen.) | 15,115 |
| 35 | 28 April | Hibernian |  | 1–1 | Dodds | 4,665 |
| 36 | 5 May | Motherwell |  | 1–2 | Wright | 2,846 |

### League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6 | Motherwell | 36 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 43 | 47 | 4 | 34 |  |
| 7 | Hibernian | 36 | 12 | 10 | 14 | 34 | 41 | 7 | | 34 |
| 8 | Dunfermline Athletic | 36 | 11 | 8 | 17 | 37 | 50 | 13 | | 30 |
| 9 | St Mirren | 36 | 10 | 10 | 16 | 28 | 48 | 20 | | 30 |
| 10 | Dundee (R) | 36 | 5 | 14 | 17 | 41 | 65 | 24 | 24 | Relegation to the 1990–91 Scottish First Division |

Source: RSSSF
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
(R) Relegated

## Scottish League Cup

*Statistics provided by Dee Archive.*

| Match Day | Date | Opponent | H/A | Score | Dundee Scorer(s) | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2nd round | 15 August | Clyde |  | 5–1 | McBride (2), Wright, Harvey (2) | 3,033 |
| 3rd round | 23 August | Dunfermline Athletic |  | 0–1 |  | 8,076 |

## Scottish Cup

*Statistics provided by Dee Archive.*

| Match Day | Date | Opponent | H/A | Score | Dundee Scorer(s) | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 3rd round | 20 January | Dundee United |  | 0–0 |  | 14,276 |
| 3R replay | 23 January | Dundee United |  | 0–1 |  | 16,228 |

## Player statistics

| No. | Pos | Nat | Player | Total | | First Division | | Scottish Cup | | League Cup | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
|  | DF | SCO | Arthur Albiston | 12 | 0 | 9+1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
|  | MF | SCO | Ian Angus | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | Kevin Bain | 1 | 0 | 0+1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | MF | SCO | Stuart Beedie | 23 | 3 | 19+2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
|  | FW | IRL | Alan Campbell | 17 | 2 | 8+7 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0+2 | 0 |
|  | FW | SCO | Duncan Campbell | 15 | 1 | 6+9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | Stevie Campbell | 2 | 0 | 0+2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | GK | SCO | Tam Carson | 18 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | Gordon Chisholm | 38 | 3 | 34 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | Mark Craib | 26 | 1 | 20+2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1+1 | 0 |
|  | MF | SCO | Albert Craig | 24 | 2 | 12+8 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | Alan Dinnie | 24 | 0 | 21+1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | FW | SCO | Billy Dodds | 32 | 13 | 29+1 | 13 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | Jim Duffy | 8 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | MF | SCO | Derek Ferguson | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | Stewart Forsyth | 38 | 1 | 33+1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | Stephen Frail | 8 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0+1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
|  | GK | SCO | Bobby Geddes | 14 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
|  | FW | SCO | Graham Harvey | 8 | 3 | 4+2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
|  | DF | SCO | John Holt | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | DF | ENG | Willie Jamieson | 14 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | MF | SCO | Michael Kerr | 2 | 0 | 0+2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | GK | SCO | Paul Mathers | 8 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | MF | SCO | Joe McBride | 20 | 3 | 10+7 | 1 | 0+1 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
|  | DF | SCO | George McGeachie | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | MF | SCO | Gordon McLeod | 29 | 0 | 24+3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | MF | SCO | Grant McMartin | 4 | 0 | 3+1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | John McQuillan | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | MF | SCO | Shaun McSkimming | 9 | 0 | 6+1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | DF | ENG | Wes Saunders | 9 | 1 | 7+2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | Rab Shannon | 40 | 1 | 36 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
|  | MF | SCO | Jim Smith | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | FW | SCO | Keith Wright | 38 | 12 | 34 | 11 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 |

## InfoBox

Dundee
| 1989–90 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Manager | Gordon Wallace |
| Premier Division | 10th (relegated) |
| Scottish Cup | 3rd round |
| League Cup | 3rd round |
| Top goalscorer | League: Billy Dodds (13)<br>All: Billy Dodds (13) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Painaw, Myanmar

abstract: Painaw is a village in Hsawlaw Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Myanmar.

text:
# Painaw, Myanmar

**Painaw**  is a village in Hsawlaw Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Myanmar.

1. Maplandia world gazetteer

## InfoBox

| Painaw | |
| --- | --- |
| PainawLocation in Myanmar | |
| Coordinates: 26°20′N 98°17′E / 26.333°N 98.283°E / 26.333; 98.283 | |
| Country | Myanmar |
| State | Kachin State |
| District | Myitkyina District |
| Township | Hsawlaw Township |
| Population | |
| Religions | Buddhism |
| Time zone | UTC+6.30 (UTC \+ 6:30) |


title: Nuccio Rinaldis

abstract: Nuccio Rinaldis was an Italian sound engineer.

text:
# Nuccio Rinaldis

**Nuccio Rinaldis** (Milan 1943 - Milan 2015) was an Italian sound engineer.

## Biography

Nuccio Rinaldis is best known in Italian pop music business for being lead sound engineer of Italian singer Mina for several years.

Rinaldis's work can be traced in almost the singer's complete discography, both albums and singles from 1967 onwards, with the many hits he was involved in, first at Carlo Alberto Rossi's Fonorama Studio and later, for more than 10 years since the founding of PDU, at the La Basilica Studio in Milan, owned by Mina herself.

It should be mentioned that it was thanks to the test recording proposed by Rinaldis, that the record *Mina Live '78* was made and released as a double album. It constitutes the only audio record of Mina's last public concert.

## Discography with Mina (selected)

Studio Albums *Live* Singles

## InfoBox

| Nuccio Rinaldis | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1943
Milan, Italy |
| Died | 2015
Milan, (italy) |
| Genres |  |
| Occupation | sound engineer |
| Labels | PDU |
|  | |
| Website | pduproductions.com/studio-basilica/ |


title: Oscar Krackow von Wickerode

abstract: Oscar Krackow Graf von Wickerode (1826–1871) was a German animal painter. Wickerode was born at Thine in Pomerania. At the age of seventeen he entered the studio of Wilhelm Krause. In 1849 he went to Munich, in order to pursue his studies under Albert Zimmermann; during 1856–59 he lived in Paris; he then travelled in to Tyrol, Switzerland, Italy, and Russia, where he spent nine months in the forest of Bielowicz, studying the habits of the buffalo. At the close of these travels he settled in Berlin, where he died in 1871. As a passionate sportsman Wickerode loved to depict game, a talent which Zimmerman pointed out to him. Among his works are The Crags of the Lauteschthal, Tyrol, Evening on the Banks of the Narewka, Buffalo Hunt, and A Buffalo Cow Defending her Calf Against Wolves.

text:
# Oscar Krackow von Wickerode

**Oscar Krackow Graf von Wickerode** (1826–1871) was a German animal painter.

Wickerode was born at Thine in Pomerania. At the age of seventeen he entered the studio of Wilhelm Krause. In 1849 he went to Munich, in order to pursue his studies under Albert Zimmermann; during 1856–59 he lived in Paris; he then travelled in to Tyrol, Switzerland, Italy, and Russia, where he spent nine months in the forest of Bielowicz, studying the habits of the buffalo. At the close of these travels he settled in Berlin, where he died in 1871.

As a passionate sportsman Wickerode loved to depict game, a talent which Zimmerman pointed out to him. Among his works are *The Crags of the Lauteschthal, Tyrol*, *Evening on the Banks of the Narewka*, *Buffalo Hunt*, and *A Buffalo Cow Defending her Calf Against Wolves*.

Regarding personal names: Until 1919, *Graf* was a title, translated as *Count*, not a first or middle name. The female form is *Gräfin*. In Germany, it has formed part of family names since 1919.

* *Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, Vol III H-M*, London, George Bell and Sons, 1904


title: Utricularia andongensis

abstract: Utricularia andongensis is a small, probably perennial, carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. It is endemic to tropical Africa, where it can be found in Angola, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, and Zambia. U. andongensis grows as a terrestrial or lithophytic plant on wet, bare rocks or among mosses in grasslands at altitudes from 240 m (787 ft) to 1,800 m (5,906 ft). It was originally named by Friedrich Welwitsch but formally described and published by William Philip Hiern in 1900.

text:
# Utricularia andongensis

***Utricularia andongensis*** is a small, probably perennial, carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus *Utricularia*. It is endemic to tropical Africa, where it can be found in Angola, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, and Zambia. *U. andongensis* grows as a terrestrial or lithophytic plant on wet, bare rocks or among mosses in grasslands at altitudes from 240 m (787 ft) to 1,800 m (5,906 ft). It was originally named by Friedrich Welwitsch but formally described and published by William Philip Hiern in 1900.

## InfoBox

| *Utricularia andongensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lentibulariaceae |
| Genus: | *Utricularia* |
| Subgenus: | *Utricularia* subg. *Bivalvaria* |
| Section: | *Utricularia sect. Oligocista* |
| Species: | ***U. andongensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Utricularia andongensis***
Welw. ex Hiern | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * \[*U. conferta* Kamieński\] * *U. prehensilis* var. *parviflora* Oliv. * *U. tortilis* var. *andongensis*
(Welw. ex Hiern) Kamieński | |


title: Legislative Council of Saint Helena

abstract: The Legislative Council of Saint Helena is the unicameral legislature of Saint Helena, a constituent part of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. The council itself is often referred to as "LegCo" by islanders. The Legislative Council consists of 15 members: 12 elected members who serve a four-year term and are elected by popular vote; a Speaker and Deputy Speaker, chosen by the elected members; and one ex officio member, the Attorney General. Members of the Council use the suffix "MLC", and are sometimes referred to as Councillors.

text:
# Legislative Council of Saint Helena

The **Legislative Council of Saint Helena** is the unicameral legislature of Saint Helena, a constituent part of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. The council itself is often referred to as "LegCo" by islanders.

The Legislative Council consists of 15 members: 12 elected members who serve a four-year term and are elected by popular vote; a Speaker and Deputy Speaker, chosen by the elected members; and one *ex officio* member, the Attorney General. Members of the Council use the suffix "MLC" (Member of the Legislative Council), and are sometimes referred to as Councillors.

## Election summary

The twelve elected members of the 2021-2025 Legislative Council are:

1. **Julie Thomas** (888 votes)
2. **Andrew James Turner** (834 votes)
3. **Corinda Sebastiana Stuart Essex** (827 votes)\*
4. **Martin Dave Henry** (750 votes)\*
5. **Jeffrey Robert Ellick** (688 votes)
6. **Ronald Arthur Coleman** (678 votes)
7. **Karl Gavin Thrower** (611 votes)
8. **Gillian Ann Brooks** (561 votes)
9. **Christine Scipio-O'Dean** (533 votes)\*
10. **Mark Alan Brooks** (532 votes)
11. **Robert Charles Midwinter** (485 votes)
12. **Rosemary June Bargo** (456 votes)

An **asterisk** (\*) denotes a sitting incumbent MLC who was duly re-elected.

## Electoral divisions

Saint Helena is divided into eight districts, each with a community centre. The districts also serve as statistical subdivisions and electoral areas. Currently, all twelve elected MLCs represent the entire island as a single constituency. Previously, there were two constituencies (electoral districts) – "the East" and "the West", and each constituency had six Elected Members. Prior to that there were eight constituencies. The four most populated districts (i.e., Half Tree Hollow, Jamestown, Longwood, and St Paul's) each sent two representatives to the Legislative Council. The remaining districts (i.e., Alarm Forest, Blue Hill, Levelwood, and Sandy Bay) sent one representative each.

Electoral districts of Saint Helena
| District | Area | Pop. (1998) | Pop. (2008) | Pop.
2016 | Pop. density (km2, 2016) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Alarm Forest | 5.4 kilometres (3.4 mi) | 289 | 276 | 383 | 70.4 |
| Blue Hill | 36.8 kilometres (22.9 mi) | 177 | 153 | 158 | 4.3 |
| Half Tree Hollow | 1.6 kilometres (0.99 mi) | 1,140 | 901 | 984 | 633.2 |
| Jamestown | 3.9 kilometres (2.4 mi) | 884 | 716 | 629 | 161.9 |
| Levelwood | 14.8 kilometres (9.2 mi) | 376 | 316 | 369 | 25.0 |
| Longwood | 33.4 kilometres (20.8 mi) | 960 | 715 | 790 | 23.6 |
| Sandy Bay | 16.1 kilometres (10.0 mi) | 254 | 205 | 193 | 12.0 |
| Saint Paul's | 11.4 kilometres (7.1 mi) | 908 | 795 | 843 | 74.0 |
|

## Speakers of the Legislative Council

## InfoBox

| Legislative Council of Saint Helena | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type | |
| Type | Unicameral |
| Sovereign | Monarch of the United Kingdom |
| Leadership | |
| Speaker | Cyril Gunnel, Independent
since 25 October 2021 |
| Chief Minister | Julie Thomas, Independent
since 25 October 2021 |
| Structure | |
| Seats | 15 |
| Political groups | **Speaker & Deputy Speaker (2)*** Independent (2)  **Government (5)**
**Official Opposition (7)**
**Ex officio (1)**
*Ex officio* (1) |
| Elections | |
| Voting system | Plurality block voting (12), ex officio members (1) |
| Last election | 13 October 2021 |
| Meeting place | |
| Legislative Council Building, Jamestown | |
| Website | |
| www.sainthelena.gov.sh/government/legislative-council/ | |


title: Super Cholita

abstract: Súper Cholita is a Bolivian comic book character created by Rolando Valdez and Santos Callisaya in 2007. She is the eponymous heroine of a popular comic inspired by local female wrestlers and Japanese comics, "perhaps... the best-selling title in the history of Bolivian comics." Her humorous, ironic adventures are written by Valdez and illustrated by Callisaya and Gladys Castro Mamani.

text:
# Super Cholita

**Súper Cholita** is a Bolivian comic book character created by Rolando Valdez and Santos Callisaya in 2007. She is the eponymous heroine of a popular comic inspired by local female wrestlers and Japanese comics, "perhaps ... the best-selling title in the history of Bolivian comics." Her humorous, ironic adventures are written by Valdez and illustrated by Callisaya and Gladys Castro Mamani.

## Character portrayal

Súper Cholita is portrayed as "a folksy incarnation of a female superhero rooted in a combination of Japanese aesthetics, Mexican cultural tradition, and Bolivian politics." Her super powers, including that of flight, emanate from the sacred temple of Tiwanaku, and she is costumed in the heavy blanket skirts of the Altiplano. In her civilian identity, she is the Aymara woman Francisca Pizzaro Mamani, daughter of a *cholita* and a nameless *pepino* (a traditional carnival clown often deemed responsible for fatherless children), and granddaughter of a mythical highland frog. Her love interest is a policeman.

While Súper Cholita uses her powers to help the poor, her behavior is not always as exemplary as that of most superheroes. She has been shown as a boastful, strident complainer, inclined to stuff herself with *rellenos de papa*, who is not above pilfering from a female potato vendor or bribing a policeman to avoid arrest. She possesses strong views, detesting imperialism and corrupt *politicos*, criticizing looters, and standing against the autonomy movements threatening Bolivia's unity.

## InfoBox

| Súper Cholita | |
| --- | --- |
| Súper Cholita, from the first issue of the comic | |
| Publication information | |
| Publisher | Republica |
| First appearance | *Súper Cholita* #1 (May 2007) |
| Created by | Rolando Valdez<br>Santos Callisaya |
| In-story information | |
| Alter ego | Francisca Pizzaro Mamani |
| Abilities | Flight, strength, toughness, wrestling skills |


title: Wizard (novel)

abstract: Wizard is a 1980 science fiction novel by American writer John Varley. It is the second book in his Gaea Trilogy. It was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1981.

text:
# Wizard (novel)

***Wizard*** is a 1980 science fiction novel by American writer John Varley. It is the second book in his Gaea Trilogy. It was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1981.

## Plot summary

*Wizard* takes place in 2100, seventy-five years after the events in *Titan*. Cirocco has become an alcoholic, apparently due to the strain of being the *Wizard*. Gaby Plauget has taken up the slack, carrying out special projects for Gaea such as building the Circum-Gaea Highway, in return for which she gets some of the benefits Cirocco enjoys, including apparently perpetual youth. Gaea herself is bored, spending her time in the hub with her sycophants and watches old movies.

Gaea provides miracle cures to those who come to her from Earth and prove themselves worthy by doing something "heroic" – for example, travel once round the circumference of the great wheel. This provides Gaea with entertainment, as she arranges hazards for them to overcome or die trying; and by providing cures for diseases, Gaea proves her value to humanity so that they do not turn on her and destroy her.

Chris Major and Robin the Nine-Fingered are two pilgrims looking for a cure. Chris suffers from psychotic episodes which are often accompanied by paranormal "luck". Robin is a member of a group of latter day witches living in an O'Neill orbital habitat who has a strange epilepsy that only manifests in gravity higher than the Moon's. She claims that she bit off one of her fingers to drive away the fits, though it is later revealed she cut it off.

The two meet with Gaea in the hub. She explains the requirement to do something heroic and drops both through a trap door in the hub. They take about an hour to fall to the rim, reaching a high but survivable terminal velocity in the dense atmosphere. Robin is rescued by one of the Angels who live in the spokes. Chris blacks out during the fall it is implied that his "luck" causes him to fall onto one of the blimps that travel around the rim. His next memory is of the Titanide festival.

Robin, Chris, Gaby, Cirocco and four Titanides set out on a heroic trek. Gaby and Cirocco have a hidden agenda: they want to canvass the regional brains in order to overthrow Gaea, whom they see as being irretrievably insane.

During the trip, the cause of Cirocco's alcoholism is revealed. As the price for the discontinuation of the Angel/Titanide War, Gaea has made the Titanides dependent on Cirocco to have children. Only her saliva can activate the eggs they produce, so that they can be implanted in a host mother to grow. The responsibility for an entire race's survival is more than Cirocco can bear; with resignation from her position as Wizard impossible and suicide ruled out by her love for the Titanides, her only release is alcohol-fueled oblivion.

The hazards of the trip include *buzz-bombs*, living creatures with pulsejet engines that live high up on the support cables. They attack living beings, including humans and Titanides, attempting to capture them as food, and present a particular threat to pilgrims with their barbed noses and razor-sharp wings. Slowly the journey reduces the crew, killing first one of the Titanides and then, in an attack plotted by the crazed crewmember Gene, Gaby, too, is killed. All are separated. Cirocco and her Titanide companion Hornpipe are left on the Rim surface, while Robin and Chris are trapped underground, with the Titanide Valiha, who is not only pregnant but has been badly injured. Eventually Robin has to climb back to the surface for help and leave Chris to tend Valiha. She finds herself in one of the Arctic cold zones of the habitat, and almost dies before being rescued.

Cirocco undergoes a complete transformation. She musters her considerable powers to rescue all the remaining expedition members. Robin and Chris, thinking they have earned their cure but been forsaken, go to confront Gaea, only to be told she has already cured them, and they can get lost. Robin discovers that Gaea has also restored her missing finger. Cirocco also confronts Gaea, who offers to restore Gaby to life. Cirocco considers this, but realizes that the result would be a puppet of Gaea. She shoots and kills the body Gaea has been using to talk to people, then burns it. As Gaea is in reality an intelligence living in the hub itself, the death of this body does not kill her; but it is Cirocco's way of resigning. Hereinafter, she is no longer the Wizard; she is the *Demon*. She escapes by falling through a spoke, to be rescued by her friends the Angels. Gaea's response is to bombard the rim with the cathedrals that she had been replicating with human help.

## InfoBox

Wizard
| First edition cover (hardcover) | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | John Varley |
| Cover artist | Tony Russo |
| Language | English |
| Series | Gaea trilogy |
| Genre | Science fiction |
| Publisher | Berkley Books |
| Publication date | 1980 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (hardback & paperback) |
| Pages | 338 |
| ISBN | 0-399-12472-1 |
| OCLC | 5726669 |
| Dewey Decimal | 813/.5/4 |
| LC Class | PS3572.A724 W58 |
| Preceded by | *Titan* |
| Followed by | *Demon* |


title: 1989–90 South Midlands League

abstract: The 1989–90 South Midlands League season was 61st in the history of South Midlands League.

text:
# 1989–90 South Midlands League

The **1989–90 South Midlands League** season was 61st in the history of South Midlands League.

## Premier Division

The Premier Division featured 17 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with 2 new clubs:

### League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Pitstone & Ivinghoe (C) | 36 | 22 | 8 | 6 | 72 | 33 | +39 | 74 |  |
| 2 | Thame United | 36 | 20 | 8 | 8 | 70 | 43 | +27 | | 68 |
| 3 | Leighton Town | 36 | 19 | 9 | 8 | 67 | 34 | +33 | | 66 |
| 4 | Hoddesdon Town | 36 | 18 | 10 | 8 | 74 | 41 | +33 | | 64 |
| 5 | Biggleswade Town | 36 | 20 | 4 | 12 | 64 | 42 | +22 | | 64 |
| 6 | Totternhoe | 36 | 18 | 9 | 9 | 72 | 47 | +25 | | 63 |
| 7 | Shillington | 36 | 17 | 7 | 12 | 59 | 43 | +16 | | 58 |
| 8 | Electrolux | 36 | 16 | 9 | 11 | 72 | 49 | +23 | | 57 |
| 9 | Milton Keynes/Wolverton Town | 36 | 16 | 7 | 13 | 67 | 55 | +12 | | 55 |
| 10 | Welwyn Garden City | 36 | 15 | 10 | 11 | 59 | 48 | +11 | | 55 |
| 11 | New Bradwell St. Peter | 36 | 13 | 7 | 16 | 57 | 57 | 0 | | 46 |
| 12 | Milton Keynes Borough | 36 | 14 | 3 | 19 | 51 | 66 | 15 | | 45 |
| 13 | Pirton | 36 | 13 | 5 | 18 | 44 | 48 | 4 | | 44 |
| 14 | Brache Sparta | 36 | 9 | 13 | 14 | 47 | 68 | 21 | | 40 |
| 15 | The 61 FC Luton | 36 | 9 | 10 | 17 | 53 | 72 | 19 | | 37 |
| 16 | Langford | 36 | 9 | 10 | 17 | 37 | 59 | 22 | | 37 |
| 17 | Winslow United | 36 | 10 | 7 | 19 | 53 | 92 | 39 | | 37 |
| 18 | Welwyn Garden United | 36 | 8 | 8 | 20 | 45 | 96 | 51 | 32 | Left the league |
| 19 | Shefford Town (R) | 36 | 2 | 4 | 30 | 34 | 104 | 70 | 10 | Relegation to Division One |

Source: nonleaguematters
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
(C) Champions; (R) Relegated

## Division One

South Midlands League
Division One
| Season | 1989–90 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Harpenden Town |
| Promoted | Harpenden Town<br>Wingate |
| Relegated | None |
| 1988–89 1990–91 | |

The Division One featured 11 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with 5 new clubs:

### League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Harpenden Town (C, P) | 30 | 21 | 7 | 2 | 74 | 19 | +55 | 70 | Promotion to Premier Division |
| 2 | Wingate (P) | 30 | 20 | 6 | 4 | 96 | 37 | +59 | | 66 |
| 3 | Caddington | 30 | 18 | 5 | 7 | 52 | 31 | +21 | 59 |  |
| 4 | Buckingham Athletic | 30 | 16 | 3 | 11 | 59 | 38 | +21 | | 51 |
| 5 | Ashcroft | 30 | 13 | 7 | 10 | 55 | 49 | +6 | | 46 |
| 6 | Cranfield United | 30 | 13 | 6 | 11 | 53 | 46 | +7 | | 45 |
| 7 | Stony Stratford Town | 30 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 40 | 30 | +10 | | 41 |
| 8 | Shenley & Loughton | 30 | 11 | 8 | 11 | 38 | 49 | 11 | | 41 |
| 9 | Tring Athletic | 30 | 10 | 9 | 11 | 42 | 56 | 14 | | 39 |
| 10 | Bedford United | 30 | 11 | 4 | 15 | 49 | 57 | 8 | | 37 |
| 11 | Walden Rangers | 30 | 9 | 9 | 12 | 41 | 44 | 3 | | 36 |
| 12 | Toddington Rovers | 30 | 8 | 9 | 13 | 41 | 60 | 19 | | 33 |
| 13 | Delco Products | 30 | 8 | 7 | 15 | 46 | 55 | 9 | | 31 |
| 14 | Ickleford | 30 | 8 | 7 | 15 | 33 | 62 | 29 | | 31 |
| 15 | Risborough Rangers | 30 | 4 | 9 | 17 | 32 | 64 | 32 | | 21 |
| 16 | Sandy Albion | 30 | 4 | 5 | 21 | 41 | 95 | 54 | | 17 |

Source: nonleaguematters
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
(C) Champions; (P) Promoted

## InfoBox

South Midlands League
Premier Division
| Season | 1989–90 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Pitstone & Ivinghoe |
| Promoted | None |
| Relegated | Shefford Town |
| 1988–89 1990–91 | |


title: Tiyaan

abstract: Tiyaan is a 2017 Indian Malayalam-language socio-political action thriller film written by Murali Gopy and directed by Jiyen Krishnakumar. It features Prithviraj Sukumaran and Indrajith Sukumaran in a double role, with Murali Gopy, Suraj Venjaramoodu, Ananya, Paris Laxmi, Rahul Madhav, Shine Tom Chacko, Padmapriya, Ranjeet, John Kokken and Amit Tiwari in supporting roles. Music was composed by Gopi Sundar. The filming started on 27 July 2016 at Ramoji Film City, Hyderabad. Other locations include Pune, Mumbai, and Nasik. It was released on 7 July 2017 and received mixed reviews from critics.

text:
# Tiyaan

***Tiyaan*** (lit.'The above-mentioned person') is a 2017 Indian Malayalam-language socio-political action thriller film written by Murali Gopy and directed by Jiyen Krishnakumar. It features Prithviraj Sukumaran and Indrajith Sukumaran in a double role, with Murali Gopy, Suraj Venjaramoodu, Ananya, Paris Laxmi, Rahul Madhav, Shine Tom Chacko, Padmapriya, Ranjeet, John Kokken and Amit Tiwari in supporting roles. Music was composed by Gopi Sundar. The filming started on 27 July 2016 at Ramoji Film City, Hyderabad. Other locations include Pune, Mumbai, and Nasik. It was released on 7 July 2017 and received mixed reviews from critics.

## Plot

Pattabhiraman Giri is a Malayali Brahmin teacher living in North India. He is ordered to leave his house by Mahashay Bhagavan, a godman for building his ashram and giving the surroundings for a land mafia. The house was built by followers of Adi Shankara, ancestors of Giri by institution of a Chola king in North India. The house has a well, which has water throughout the year used by all of the villagers. Giri lives with his wife, Amba and daughter Arya teaching Sanskrit to aspirants. He is well respected as a pandit.

Giri gets warned by an unknown middle aged man about the consequences he will have to face by going against the God man. However, he chooses to fight. He is asked to look upwards to the fire on the hill if he needs help. The Godman plays dirty and poisons Giri's daughter and she dies. Giri's own friends and supporters goes against him and joins the Godman fooled by his fake miracles.

Mahashay Bhagavan and his followers visits Giri at night asking him to leave. He says whomsoever have the guts to kill a Brahmin can take over his land. After many attempts the Godman and troops fails and leaves. Giri and his house are attacked by men with guns. However, they are unable to bring any damage to the house. The Godman makes the attack is by maoists and thus Giri is forbidden from entering his house. He goes up to the hill in search of the unknown man but doesn't find him. He learns from Jameel that the unknown man is Jameel's brother Azlan Muhammed, who lived in Mumbai.

Azlan Muhammed was a well respected priest, who attacks and kills all kind of violence in his area. He is married to a Hindu woman, Parineeti and used to live happily fighting for his people. Azlan's sister, Jaseela was attacked by a rowdy with his brother, a don named Khan Sahib. The rowdy whips Jaseela and her lover in the streets and Azlan kills him. A money greed madman Ramnath Gujjan promises to kill Azlan and bring his head. With blessings from his Babaji, who is none other than Mahashay Bhagavan, Gujjan attacks Azlan and his people at night. Azlan's sister, wife and daughter are killed by taking bullets for Azlan. However, Azlan survives his wounds because his heart is in the other side (dextrocardia) alongside Jameel, and he killed Gujjan. Azlan leaves the place listening to a priest's advice without knowing where he is going. The Khan Sahib kills himself Azlan met him and said something, before leaving the place. When Azlan lay dehydrated and unconscious in the desert of an unknown land, a bunch of yogis, who seek no manly pleasures, saves him. His pilgrimage with the yogis to different places showed him real values of life and wisdom. He walked out as a living weapon and stayed to fulfil his life purpose of dharma.

A mother runs into the Ashram of Mahashay Bhagvan with the dead body of her daughter asking if he can bring her back to life (reference of Kisa Gotami's story). She had fed her child with whatever the Godman had given her ignoring doctor's warnings. She brings the deadbody of the child to Giri who has been sitting outside Mahashay Bhagvan's ashram for days in an effort to meet him. Giri touches the dead body of the girl child and suddenly she comes back alive. People start to believe in him and ask for his blessings. This causes distress to the self proclaimed godman Mahashay Bhagvan as he starts to lose his power. The Godman's troops attacks Giri and Azlan makes an entrance. Giri fights back and wins them over single handedly. He is astonished by his own powers and changes in him. Mahashay secretly tries to meet Azlan at night. He is scared by the visions of Vasundara Devi (Padmapriya Janakiraman), whom he killed in greed of money and power.

The Godman decides to show his power in front of people because of the push from his investors. He asks Giri to show his powers and do whatever he is doing to prove his power. However, he gets a vision of Azlan who makes him weak and unable to perform his own fake magic. He burns himself unable to find his remote in the stampede paying for his own sins. Baba and Giri has had recurrent dreams with two lookalikes about an ancient war of Battle of Raichur 1520 A.D.. It seems to be that in their fighting with two soldiers in Ramaraja-1 and Ramaraja-2 two lives they were brothers can helped each other at war.

## Cast

## Critical response

The film received mixed reviews. Sanjith Sidhardhan of *The Times of India* rated the movie (3.5/5) and wrote: "Murali delivers with an intense script packed with potent dialogues, not just in Malayalam but in Hindi and Sanskrit too. The initial half wraps a relevant take on the current religiopolitical scenario of the country as an entertainer set in a hamlet, inhabited by people of various sects, religions, and languages." In his review for manoramaonline.com, G. Ragesh said "Be it the theme or the setting, Sukumaran-brothers starring Tiyaan is an attempt to explore lesser known terrains. The film, set in a sleepy and parched village in the Hindi heartland, addresses burning issues such as sale of divinity and associated crimes, and tries to go deeper in search of the soul of Indian spirituality". Manoj Kumar R of *The Indian Express* rated the movie (2.5/5) and wrote: Unless you have a stomach for a drama told in a socio-political thriller format that unfolds with backstories in an extent of nearly 2 hours 50 minutes, you may not find Tiyaan entertaining. Baradwaj Rangan of Film Companion South wrote "Tiyaan comes off like AR Murugadoss meets your average Telugu star vehicle, high-concept mumbo-jumbo fused with lowbrow pleasures. And that is valid reason for a film’s being.

## InfoBox

| Tiyaan | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Jiyen Krishnakumar |
| Written by | Murali Gopy |
| Produced by | Haneef Mohammed |
| Starring | Prithviraj Sukumaran
Indrajith Sukumaran |
| Narrated by | *Mohanlal* |
| Cinematography | Satheesh Kurup |
| Edited by | Manoj |
| Music by | Gopi Sundar |
| Production
company | Red Rose Creations |
| Release date | * 7 July 2017 (2017-07-07) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Malayalam |
| Budget | 20 crore |


title: Paindapur

abstract: Paindapur is a village in Unchahar block of Raebareli district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located 36 km from Raebareli, the district headquarters. As of 2011, it has a population of 593 people, in 114 households. The 1961 census recorded Paindapur as comprising 3 hamlets, with a total population of 192 people, in 45 households and 45 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 197 acres. The 1981 census recorded Paindapur as having a population of 226 people, in 53 households, and having an area of 76.89 hectares. The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.

text:
# Paindapur

**Paindapur** is a village in Unchahar block of Raebareli district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located 36 km from Raebareli, the district headquarters. As of 2011, it has a population of 593 people, in 114 households.

The 1961 census recorded Paindapur as comprising 3 hamlets, with a total population of 192 people (101 male and 91 female), in 45 households and 45 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 197 acres.

The 1981 census recorded Paindapur as having a population of 226 people, in 53 households, and having an area of 76.89 hectares. The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.

## InfoBox

| Paindapur Pāindāpur | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Map showing Paindapur (#219) in Unchahar CD block | |
| PaindapurLocation in Uttar Pradesh, India | |
| Coordinates: 25°56′56″N 81°18′39″E / 25.948953°N 81.310861°E / 25.948953; 81.310861 | |
| Country India | India |
| State | Uttar Pradesh |
| District | Raebareli |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.77 km2 (0.30 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 593 |
| Density | 770/km2 (2,000/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | UP-35 |


title: Nuccio Bertone

abstract:
Giuseppe Bertone, also called "Nuccio", was an automobile designer and constructor. He took over Carrozzeria Bertone from his father, Giovanni after World War II, growing the small business to a car building and designing powerhouse. After racing Fiat, O.S.C.A., Maserati, and Ferrari, Bertone moved to construction, agreeing to build his first car, a series of 200 MGs, at the 1952 Turin Motor Show. He drew attention at the Paris Motor Show that year with an Abarth concept, and was chosen to design the replacement for the Alfa Romeo Disco Volante. These so-called BAT cars used the Alfa Romeo 1900 Sprint chassis. Bertone is also responsible for designing the famous Lambretta GP/DL range of scooters and the Luna line of scooters. Two years later at Turin, Bertone introduced the Storm Z concept based on a Dodge chassis alongside his latest BAT concept and a prototype of the Alfa Romeo Giulietta Sprint, which would become the company's main product for the coming years. Bertone built more than 31,000 bodies in 1960, including Fiat 850 Spiders, Fiat Dinos, Simca 1200S coupes, the Alfa Romeo Montreal, and Lamborghinis. His 100th design was a special Ford Mustang, introduced at the 1965 New York Auto Show and commissioned by Automobile Quarterly. From 1972 to 1989 built the Fiat X1/9. Bertone summed up his philosophy when introducing the Fiat 850:
  - "Our role is the production of car bodywork on which we impose the styling trends, build prototypes, develop the design, the production methods, and the tooling. Naturally, we produce them in quantity." When Bertone designed Ferraris, penned by Giorgetto Giugiaro, this was a radical departure for Ferrari that drew the ire of rival design house Pininfarina, which Ferrari had so far often worked with. However, his two 250 GT SWBs only foreshadowed the controversial Dino 308 GT4 of the 1970s, designed by Marcello Gandini, who had by that time designed several stand-out models for Ferrari's rival Lamborghini. Bertone was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 2006. and the European Automotive Hall of Fame. He was married to Lilli and had two daughters.

text:
# Nuccio Bertone

**Giuseppe Bertone**, also called "Nuccio", (4 July 1914, in Turin – 26 February 1997, in Turin) was an automobile designer and constructor. He took over Carrozzeria Bertone from his father, Giovanni after World War II, growing the small business to a car building and designing powerhouse. After racing Fiat, O.S.C.A., Maserati, and Ferrari, Bertone moved to construction, agreeing to build his first car, a series of 200 MGs, at the 1952 Turin Motor Show. He drew attention at the Paris Motor Show that year with an Abarth concept, and was chosen to design the replacement for the Alfa Romeo Disco Volante. These so-called BAT (Berlina Aerodinamica Tecnica) cars used the Alfa Romeo 1900 Sprint chassis. Bertone is also responsible for designing the famous Lambretta GP/DL range of scooters and the Luna line of scooters.

Two years later at Turin, Bertone introduced the Storm Z concept based on a Dodge chassis alongside his latest BAT concept and a prototype of the Alfa Romeo Giulietta Sprint, which would become the company's main product for the coming years. Bertone built more than 31,000 bodies in 1960, including Fiat 850 Spiders, Fiat Dinos, Simca 1200S coupes, the Alfa Romeo Montreal, and Lamborghinis. His 100th design was a special Ford Mustang, introduced at the 1965 New York Auto Show and commissioned by Automobile Quarterly. From 1972 to 1989 built the Fiat X1/9.

Bertone summed up his philosophy when introducing the Fiat 850:

"Our role is the production of car bodywork on which we impose the styling trends, build prototypes, develop the design, the production methods, and the tooling. Naturally, we produce them in quantity."

When Bertone designed Ferraris, penned by Giorgetto Giugiaro, this was a radical departure for Ferrari that drew the ire of rival design house Pininfarina, which Ferrari had so far often worked with. However, his two 250 GT SWBs only foreshadowed the controversial Dino 308 GT4 of the 1970s, designed by Marcello Gandini, who had by that time designed several stand-out models for Ferrari's rival Lamborghini.

Bertone was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 2006. and the European Automotive Hall of Fame. He was married to Lilli and had two daughters.


title: Ososo language

abstract: Ososo is an Edoid language of Nigeria.

text:
# Ososo language

**Ososo** is an Edoid language of Nigeria.

## InfoBox

| Ososo | |
| --- | --- |
| Ọ̀sọ́sọ̀ | |
| Native to | Nigeria |
| Region | Edo State |
| Ethnicity | Ososo |
| Native speakers | 19,000 (2000) |
| Language family | Niger–Congo? * Atlantic–Congo     + Volta–Niger         - yeai             * Edoid                 + North-Central                     - Yekhee                         * **Ososo** |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | `oso` |
| *Glottolog* | `osos1238` |


title: Marie Fleming

abstract: Marie Fleming was an Irish campaigner for assisted suicide.

text:
# Marie Fleming

**Marie Fleming** (26 December 1953 – 20 December 2013) was an Irish campaigner for assisted suicide.

## Personal life and family

Marie Fleming was born Eileen Mary Brolly in Lifford, County Donegal on 26 December 1953. Her parents were Daniel, a painter and decorator, and Annette Brolly (née Maxwell). She was the eldest of five children, with one sister and three brothers. In 1969, Fleming's mother left the family following an affair with Paddy McGowan, a local Fianna Fáil senator and businessman. This resulted in Fleming leaving school to care for her siblings. Fleming became pregnant at age 16 by her boyfriend, Johnny 'Jumbo' McNally. She was sent to Belfast to a mother and baby home. Despite pressure to place the baby up for adoption from her father and the parish priest, Fleming left the home with her daughter, Corrinna. She married McNally, and the couple moved into a council house in Strabane. They split up after a short amount of time, with Fleming going to work as a supervisor in a clothing manufacturer to support the family. Following her divorce in 1977, she met Alan Fleming, who she married in 1981. The couple had one son, Simon.

Fleming returned to education, enrolling in a technical college in Strabane. The family moved to Derry, and Fleming worked on a scheme teaching industrial sewing to unemployed young people, and then from 1983 as an administrator at Magee College. At this time she started studying part-time for a degree in business. While on a holiday in Gran Canaria in September 1987, Fleming experienced dizziness, intense light sensitivity and disorientation. When she returned to Northern Ireland, she was given a diagnosis of suspected multiple sclerosis (MS). After her husband lost his job in Dungannon, the family moved to Swansea where he had found a new job. Here Fleming received confirmation of the MS diagnosis. Fleming continued to work, working full-time at the University of Wales and studying for an MBA part-time. Three years after her initial diagnosis, her MS attacks worsened, but she hide these as short-term illnesses from her colleagues and friends. In 1993, she separated from her husband and returned to Ireland to work in University College Dublin. She lived at the family's former holiday cottage in Woodenbridge, County Wicklow with her son. Hiding her condition for as long as possible, she resigned from UCD and took up a position lecturing on women's studies in Arklow as part of a back-to-school programme for adults.

Fleming met her life partner, Tom Curran, in 1995. She had her worst MS attack in 1997, and was admitted to St Vincent's Hospital, Dublin. This attack left her with a slight limp in her left leg, and with the attacks that followed becoming more severe, she was forced to stop working. Curran left his IT consultancy job to become her full-time carer in 2003. Fleming was dependent on a wheelchair by 2004, was in pain constantly and had begun to lose feeling in her hands.

## Campaigning

In the knowledge that her health would continue to decline, Fleming contemplated her death, foreseeing it as "prolonged, painful and undignified". This led her to the conclusion that she wished to end her own life, and she began researching her options. Her first plan was to travel to Dignitas, Switzerland, an assisted suicide organisation, but this was cancelled when it became clear her family could be prosecuted for aiding her travel there. At this point, Curran made assurances that he would find the means to help her die at home with her loved ones. Concerned that Curran would be prosecuted, Fleming and Curran took a case to the High Court. They argued that if Fleming could legally take her own life, but was unable to do so without physical assistance, then refusing this assistance was discrimination against her as a disabled person and thus contravened the European Convention on Human Rights Act 2003. They eventually found lawyers willing to take the case, and received support from the International Committee for Human Rights and the Irish Human Rights Commission.

The case commenced on 4 December 2012, was heard by three judges, and lasted 6 days. Having given testimony on the first day, Fleming remained at home for the duration of the case until the judgement was read on 10 January 2013. All three judges rejected her case to amend the law which would have allowed her assisted death. They ruled that her human rights were not affected by the law, and that she could legally participate in her own death by refusing life-saving treatment. They asserted that assistance from another party was another issue and remained an illegal act. Mr Justice Nicholas Kearns, president of the High Court, stated that any dilution of the ban on assisted suicide could result in too high a risk of abuse.

In February 2013, the case was brought to a panel of 7 judges at the Supreme Court. They considered three submissions: one from Fleming's legal team, a second from the Irish Human Rights Commission, and a third from the Irish State. Ultimately, the Supreme Court upheld the High Court ruling. Curran appeared on *The Late Late Show* on Friday 3 May 2013, where he read out a short statement from Fleming. This broadcast received the second highest rating in the show's history at that time, and there was widespread newspaper coverage of Fleming's story.

## Death

From 2013, Fleming's health continued to decline, leaving her largely confined to her home. She attended her son's wedding in August 2013. Fleming died on 20 December 2013 at home with Curran in Arklow. She is buried at the churchyard of Church of the Holy Trinity, Castlemacadam, County Wicklow.

In February 2014, her memoir *An act of love: one woman's remarkable life story and her fight for the right to die with dignity* was published posthumously. Curran has continued their campaign for legislation on assisted suicide and euthanasia with the organisation Exit International and co-founded Right to Die Ireland. In 2016, he publicly confirmed that he had assisted Fleming in her death, in accordance with her wishes. This led to the Gardaí launching an investigation into Curran.

## InfoBox

| Marie Fleming | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Eileen Mary Brolly
26 December 1953
Lifford, County Donegal, Ireland |
| Died | 20 December 2013(2013-12-20) (aged 59)
Arklow, County Wicklow, Ireland |


title: Lennik

abstract:
Lennik is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant. The municipality comprises the towns of Sint-Kwintens-Lennik, Sint-Martens-Lennik, Eizeringen and Gaasbeek. It is also situated in the Pajottenland. On January 1, 2006, Lennik had a total population of 8,694. The total area is 30.80 km⁲ which gives a population density of 282 inhabitants per km⁲. On its territory is the national Gaasbeek Castle museum.
A 4 metre high statue of Prince stands on the Market Place.

text:
# Lennik

**Lennik** (Dutch pronunciation: \[ˈlɛnɪk\]) is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant. The municipality comprises the towns of Sint-Kwintens-Lennik, Sint-Martens-Lennik, Eizeringen and Gaasbeek. It is also situated in the Pajottenland. On January 1, 2006, Lennik had a total population of 8,694. The total area is 30.80 km2 which gives a population density of 282 inhabitants per km2.

On its territory is the national Gaasbeek Castle museum. A 4 metre high statue of Prince (a Belgian Draught, draught horse) stands on the Market Place.

## InfoBox

| Lennik | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Lennik's town hall | |
|  | |
| Location of Lennik | |
| LennikLocation in Belgium Location of Lennik in Flemish Brabant | |
| Coordinates: 50°48′N 04°09′E / 50.800°N 4.150°E / 50.800; 4.150 | |
| Country | Belgium |
| Community | Flemish Community |
| Region | Flemish Region |
| Province | Flemish Brabant |
| Arrondissement | Halle-Vilvoorde |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Irina De Knop (LB) |
| Governing party/ies | LB, CD&V, Groen |
| Area | |
| Total | 31.12 km2 (12.02 sq mi) |
| Population (2018-01-01) | |
| Total | 9,024 |
| Density | 290/km2 (750/sq mi) |
| Postal codes | 1750 |
| NIS code | 23104 |
| Area codes | 02, 054 |
| Website | www.lennik.be |


title: Suttons Bay station

abstract: The Leelanau Transit Company Suttons Bay Depot, also known as the Suttons Bay Railroad Depot, is a railroad station located at 101 South Cedar Street in Suttons Bay, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.

text:
# Suttons Bay station

The **Leelanau Transit Company Suttons Bay Depot**, also known as the **Suttons Bay Railroad Depot**, is a railroad station located at 101 South Cedar Street in Suttons Bay, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.

## History

The main track through Suttons Bay was laid down in 1903 by the Traverse City, Leelanau, and Manistique Railroad, to access a Northport-Manistique car ferry. A siding was built a few years later; however, the railway was immediately unsuccessful and the ferry was discontinued by 1908. In 1919, a successor company, the Leelanau Transit Company was organized to take over ownership of the tracks. They leased the line to the Manistee and North-Eastern Railroad and built this depot between the main line and siding in Suttons Bay as a passenger and freight station.

In the 1960s, the tracks north of Suttons Bay were abandoned. The track section between Suttons Bay and Traverse City were used by the Leelanau Scenic Railroad between 1989 and 1995. In 1996, the track were torn up and a rail trail put in its place. The depot is used as a law office.

## Description

The Suttons Bay Railroad Depot is a single-story Arts-and-Crafts-inspired structure with a hip roof, built of rounded cobblestones. The roof overhangs widely on all sides of the building, sheltering the walls and the trackside platform.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Leelanau Transit Company Suttons Bay Depot | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Michigan State Historic Site | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 101 S. Cedar St.,<br>Suttons Bay, Michigan |
| Coordinates | 44°58′26″N 85°39′3″W / 44.97389°N 85.65083°W / 44.97389; -85.65083 |
| Area | 0.1 acres (0.040 ha) |
| Architectural style | Bungalow/craftsman |
| NRHP reference No. | 97000929 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | August 21, 1997 |
| Designated MSHS | September 4, 1997 |


title: Wizard (song)

abstract: "Wizard" is a song by Dutch DJs and record producers Martin Garrix and Jay Hardway. It was released as a digital download on 2 December 2013 on iTunes. The song peaked at number 6 in Belgium, number 7 in the United Kingdom, and number 17 in the Netherlands. The song was written and produced by Garrix and Hardway.

text:
# Wizard (song)

"**Wizard**" is a song by Dutch DJs and record producers Martin Garrix and Jay Hardway. It was released as a digital download on 2 December 2013 on iTunes. The song peaked at number 6 in Belgium, number 7 in the United Kingdom, and number 17 in the Netherlands. The song was written and produced by Garrix and Hardway.

## Composition

The song leads with a "spooky melody" and has similar elements to Garrix's previous single Animals".

## Music video

A music video to accompany the release of "Wizard" was first released onto YouTube on 19 November 2013 at a total length of three minutes and thirty-seven seconds (actual length is three minutes and thirty-one seconds due to the record label's introduction). The clip features clips of Garrix and Hardway performing together as well as clips of people dancing to the song. The video has over 200 million views. Garrix's Vevo channel had also uploaded its music video on 13 February 2014 but not available for worldwide.

## Track listing

Digital download
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Wizard" (radio edit) | 3:22 |
| 2. | "Wizard" (original mix) | 4:41 |

Remixes
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Wizard" (Tchami Remix) | 5:36 |
| 2. | "Wizard" (Mike Hawkins Remix) | 3:35 |
| 3. | "Wizard" (Yellow Claw Remix) | 3:38 |
| 4. | "Wizard" (Tom and Jame Remix) | 4:45 |
| Total length: | | 17:34 |

## Charts

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Netherlands | 2 December 2013 | Digital download | Spinnin' |
| Germany
Austria
Switzerland | 14 February 2014 | | |
| United Kingdom | 23 March 2014 | | |
|

## InfoBox

| "Wizard" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Martin Garrix and Jay Hardway | |
| from the EP  *Gold Skies* | |
| Released | 2 December 2013 |
| Genre | Big room house |
| Length | 4:41 |
| Label | Spinnin' |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | * Martin Garrix * Jay Hardway |
| Martin Garrix singles chronology | |
| "Animals"
(2013) "**Wizard**"
(2013) "Helicopter"
(2014) | |
|  | |
| Jay Hardway singles chronology | |
| "Error 404"
(2013) "**Wizard**"
(2013) "Bootcamp"
(2014) | |
|  | |


title: List of newspapers in Angola

abstract: This is a list of newspapers in Angola.

text:
# List of newspapers in Angola

This is a **list of newspapers in Angola**.

| Newspaper | Location | First issued | Publisher | Website | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Actual* |  | 1994 or 2003 |  |  | Weekly |
| *Agora* | Luanda | 1996 |  |  | Weekly |
| *O Angolense* | Luanda | 1997 |  |  | Privately owned weekly newspaper |
| *O Apostolado* | Luanda |  |  |  | Catholic monthly newspaper |
| *A Capital* | Luanda | 2003 |  |  | Biweekly or weekly |
| *Comercio Actualidade* |  | 1994 |  |  |  |
| *Correio da Semana* | Luanda |  |  |  | Weekly |
| *Diario de Luanda* | Luanda |  | Agencia de Noticias de Informacoes |  |  |
| *Diario da Republica* | Luanda |  |  |  | Government bulletin |
| *Era Nova* | Luanda |  |  |  | Weekly |
| *Expansão* | Luanda |  |  |  |  |
| *Folha 8* | Luanda | 1994 |  | Website | Private weekly (formerly biweekly) |
| *O Independente* | Luanda |  |  |  | Weekly |
| *Jornal de Angola* | Luanda |  | Agencia Angola Press | Website | Government newspaper |
| *Jornal de Benguela* | Benguela | 1912 |  |  |  |
| *Jornal de Congo* | Uíge |  |  |  | Publication status unknown. |
| *Jornal do Rangel* | Luanda | 1997 |  |  | Neighborhood paper |
| *Novo Jornal* | Luanda |  |  | Website | Private weekly |
| *O Pais* | Luanda |  |  | Website | Private weekly |
| *Palanca News and Business* | Luanda | 31 January 2003 |  |  | Targeted at South Africans living in Angola. |
| *A Palavra* | Luanda | 2003 |  |  | Weekly |
| *Semanário Angolense* |  | 2003 |  |  | Weekly |
| *Tempos Novos* |  | 1995 |  |  |  |
|

## Bibliography


title: 1989–90 Southern Africa Tour

abstract: The 1989–90 Southern Africa Tour was the 19th season of the Southern Africa Tour, the main professional golf tour in South Africa since it was formed in 1971.

text:
# 1989–90 Southern Africa Tour

The **1989–90 Southern Africa Tour** was the 19th season of the Southern Africa Tour, the main professional golf tour in South Africa since it was formed in 1971.

## Season outline

A variety of local golfers had success at the beginning of the season. South African Des Terblanche won the inaugural event, the Railfreight Bloemfontein Classic. It was his first victory on his home tour. The next tournament was the Minolta Copiers Match Play, a medal match play event, held at Sun City Golf Course. In the quarterfinals, Fulton Allem tied the course record with a 65 to defeat competitor Hugh Baiocchi. In the following two rounds Allem defeated "\[t\]ournament favourite" David Frost and John Bland to win the event. Frost, however, came back and won the next event, the unofficial Nedbank Million Dollar Challenge. Baiocchi, meanwhile, won the next official tournament on the calendar, the Twee Jonge Gezellen Masters. In mid-January, the Lexington PGA Championship was held, hosted by Wanderers Golf Course. Allem opened with a course record 61 to take the lead. He would go on to win the event.

In the middle of the season, a newly turned professional from America named John Daly had much success. Daly won the seventh tournament of the year, AECI Charity Classic by one over Northern Irishman David Feherty. Two weeks later, Daly won again at the Hollard Royal Swazi Sun Classic defeating South African John Bland by two strokes.

At the end of the season, there was a three-horse race to win the Order of Merit between Bland, the leader, with Wayne Westner directly behind him, and Tony Johnstone in third. The top two would receive automatic entries in the 1990 Open Championship. Bland won the 11th event of the season, the Dewar's White Label Trophy, "to clinch the circuit Order of Merit title."

## Schedule

The following table lists official events during the 1989–90 season.

| Date | Tournament | Location | Purse
() | Winner | OWGR
points | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 18 Nov | Railfreight Bloemfontein Classic | Orange Free State | 250,000 | Des Terblanche (1) | 8 |  |
| 24 Nov | Minolta Copiers Match Play | Transvaal | 250,000 | Fulton Allem (6) | 8 |  |
| 17 Dec | Twee Jonge Gezellen Masters | Cape | 250,000 | Hugh Baiocchi (11) | 8 |  |
| 13 Jan | ICL International | Transvaal | 250,000 | Gavan Levenson (5) | 8 |  |
| 20 Jan | Lexington PGA Championship | Transvaal | 250,000 | Fulton Allem (7) | 8 |  |
| 27 Jan | Protea Assurance South African Open | Transvaal | 280,000 | Trevor Dodds (2) | 8 |  |
| 3 Feb | AECI Charity Classic | Transvaal | 250,000 | John Daly (1) | 8 |  |
| 10 Feb | Goodyear Classic | Cape | 250,000 | Philip Jonas (1) | 8 |  |
| 18 Feb | Hollard Royal Swazi Sun Classic | Swaziland | 250,000 | John Daly (2) | 8 |  |
| 24 Feb | Palabora Classic | Transvaal | 250,000 | Tony Johnstone (12) | 8 |  |
| 3 Mar | Dewar's White Label Trophy | Natal | 250,000 | John Bland (14) | 8 |  |
| 10 Mar | Trustbank Tournament of Champions | Transvaal | 250,000 | Trevor Dodds (3) | 8 | Tour Championship |

### Unofficial events

The following events were sanctioned by the Southern Africa Tour, but did not carry official money, nor were wins official.

| Date | Tournament | Location | Purse
() | Winner | OWGR
points | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 10 Dec | Nedbank Million Dollar Challenge | Transvaal | US$2,500,000 | David Frost | 14 | Limited-field event |

## Order of Merit

The Order of Merit was based on prize money won during the season, calculated in South African rand.

| Position | Player | Prize money () |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | John Bland | 180,893 |
| 2 | Wayne Westner | 135,094 |
| 3 | Trevor Dodds | 133,359 |
| 4 | John Daly | 123,704 |
| 5 | Tony Johnstone | 119,225 |

1. "Rest of the News in Sport". *Sunday Telegraph*. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
2. "Allem shoots 65 to equal course record". *The Daily Telegraph*. 25 November 1989. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
3. Lancaster, Alex (27 November 1989). "90,000 jackpot for Strange". *The Daily Telegraph*. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
4. "Frost wins Million Dollar Challenge". *Florida Today*. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
5. "Ogle three clear to take victory". *The Daily Telegraph*. 18 December 1989. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
6. McLean, Bill (18 January 1990). "Allem steals show with record round". *The Daily Telegraph*. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
7. Rodgers, Justin (22 January 1990). "Rafferty counts the calories and cash". *The Daily Telegraph*. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
8. "Rest of the News in Sport". *Sunday Telegraph*. 4 February 1990. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
9. "Norman's eagle foils Faldo". *The Daily Telegraph*. 19 February 1990. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
10. "Traffic is reduced on Old Course". *The Daily Telegraph*. 28 February 1990. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
11. James, Richard (5 March 1990). "Woosnam recovers to win". *The Daily Telegraph*. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
12. "1990 Tournament schedule". Sunshine Tour. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
13. Wilson, Mark (1991). *The Royal & Ancient Golfer's Handbook 1991*. Macmillan. pp. 97–98. ISBN 0333547330. Retrieved 23 December 2023  via Archive.org.
14. Berkovitz, Anton; Samson, Andrew (1993). *South Africa and international sports factfinder*. D. Nelson. p. 96. ISBN 1868061019. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
15. "Woosnam recovers to win". *The Daily Telegraph*. London, United Kingdom. 5 March 1990. p. 33. Retrieved 6 October 2023  via Newspapers.com.

## InfoBox

1989–90 Southern Africa Tour season
| Duration | 15 November 1989 (1989-11-15) – 10 March 1990 (1990-03-10) |
| --- | --- |
| Number of official events | 12 |
| Most wins | Fulton Allem (2)
John Daly (2)
Trevor Dodds (2) |
| Order of Merit | John Bland |
| 1988–89 1990–91 | |


abstract: To Add One Meter to an Anonymous Mountain is a collective performance art work done by Chinese artist Zhang Huan in 1995. Ten Beijing East-Village artists, Wang Shihua, Cang Xin, Gao Yang, Zuoxiao Zuzhou, Ma Zongyin, Duan Yingmei, Zhu Ming, Ma Liuming, Zhang Binbin and Zhang Huan himself, laid their naked body on top of each other until they added another meter to the Miaofeng Mountain, which is on the outskirts of Beijing. The work was originally photographed by Lv Nan. The ten artists involved in the work each kept a photographic negative that slightly differs from the other artists' negatives—either a participant faced a different direction or someone's leg lifted up a little.

text:
# To Add One Meter to an Anonymous Mountain

***To Add One Meter to an Anonymous Mountain*** (Chinese: 为无名山增高一米; pinyin: *wèi wú míng shān zēng gāo yì mǐ*) is a collective performance art work done by Chinese artist Zhang Huan in 1995. Ten Beijing East-Village artists, Wang Shihua, Cang Xin, Gao Yang, Zuoxiao Zuzhou, Ma Zongyin, Duan Yingmei, Zhu Ming, Ma Liuming, Zhang Binbin and Zhang Huan himself, laid their naked body on top of each other until they added another meter to the Miaofeng Mountain, which is on the outskirts of Beijing.

The work was originally photographed by Lv Nan. The ten artists involved in the work each kept a photographic negative that slightly differs from the other artists' negatives—either a participant faced a different direction or someone's leg lifted up a little.

## Social context

In the mid-1980s, under the influence of western modernist and postmodernist art forms which were introduced to China after the Chinese economic reform, a group of Chinese visual artists started to experiment with conceptual performance art. Through such art form, they showed their intention to “move out of the state-controlled gallery system” and "act out" their art in the public sphere.

In the early 1990s, an avant-garde artistic community called “the Beijing East-Village” emerged on the urban edge of Beijing. Living in shelters built up for migrant workers, the small group of artists from different parts of China gathered and created collaborative performance work in and around the area. Zhang Huan, Zhu Ming and Ma Liuming, the leading artists of the community, mainly focused their works on exploring and reflecting “gender, sexuality, and physical and psychological endurance.*To Add One Meter to an Anonymous Mountain* is one of the performance works done by Zhang Huan during this time period.

## Creation

*To Add One Meter to an Anonymous Mountain* was created on May 11, 1995. According to Zhang Huan's associate Kong Bu, the project began at 13:00 with two surveyors, Jin Kui and Xiong Wen, setting up their equipment to measure the height of the Miaofeng Mountain, which was 86.393 meters. Then the ten naked artists lined up by ascending weight, and with the heaviest at the very bottom, they lay on top of each other in the form of a pyramid. The artists eventually constituted five layers: three people in the bottom layer, two people in each of the three middle layers, and one person lying at the top. In the meantime, the surveyors kept tracking the total height. Between 13:26 and 13:38 that afternoon, their measurement came to 87.393 meters, precisely one meter higher than the original height.

## Ideology

*To Add One Meter to an Anonymous Mountain* gains its meaning in the discussion of body art in modern China. According to Zhang Huan, the work explored a new approach to "feel and experience the existence of the body under the pressures of environment."

In a conversation with *Art Journal*, Zhang Huan said that the form of performance art is closely associated with his earlier life experience, in which he often found himself in physical conflict with the external world around him, both in terms of behaviors and dressing style. As a result, human body is used as the basic medium and language in the creation of *To Add One Meter to an Anonymous Mountain*. Through the physical contact of naked body and the environment, the inescapable nature of external pressure is embodied and the existence of "self" is emphasized. And such experience goes beyond a certain kind of personal feeling. As art historian Qian Zhijian said, the work also forced the audiences to be aware of the cruel reality as witnessed in Zhang Huan's performance.

## Public Reception

There are political readings about Zhang Huan's performance art. An audience of SFMOMA’s exhibition “Art and China after 1989” commented that *To Add One Meter to an Anonymous Mountain* reminded her of "the piles of dead, naked Jewish people in the Holocaust." After the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests, exhibitions of contemporary art were completely banned by Chinese officials until the late 1990s. From her point of view, the work captured Chinese people at their worst situation as they were under the oppression opinions that could happen to anybody, anywhere.

Many people also understand Zhang Huan’s work in a more spiritual manner. According to Yu Yeon Kim, an independent curator of many distinguished international exhibitions of contemporary art, To Add One Meter to an Anonymous Mountain deals with complex issues of identity, spiritualism, vulnerability, and transgression. She commented that "the spectrum of Zhang Huan’s performance art spans subjecting his flesh to extreme hardships to sly poetic alchemy." Zhuang Huan’s associate Kong Bu said that “the works of this period were extremely masochistic, showing Zhang Huan's abnormally excited posture and a wisdom and romanticism hinted at by his extreme bodily language.”

From 1996, Zhang Huan’s work continued to gain international attention and had chance to be displayed in various places overseas. *To Add One Meter to an Anonymous Mountain* received international acclaim at the 48th Venice Biennial in 1999 and is still considered "a monumental work in the history of Chinese performance art."

## Response

Zuoxiao Zuzhou, one of the Beijing East-Village artists involved in *To Add One Meter to an Anonymous Mountain*, reproduced the performance art work in 2007 by replacing the nudity with pigs. The work is named *I Love Contemporary Art Too* (我也爱当代艺术), and is used as the cover of his 2008 album *You Know Where the East Is*.

In 2015, Zhang Huan and his associate Kong Bu were interviewed about their reflection on *To Add One Meter to an Anonymous Mountain* 20 years after the creation of the work. They told the interviewer that over the years, they found another layer of meaning contained in the work, which is the limitation of life: "when we left the mountain, it looked the same way before our arrival. We tried to add one meter to its height, but our effort turned out to be useless."

## InfoBox

| External image | |
| --- | --- |
| *I Love Contemporary Art Too* | |


title: Pakistan Railways Police

abstract: The Pakistan Railways Police is a federal law enforcement agency in Pakistan that is responsible for maintaining law and order within the jurisdiction of Pakistan Railways.

text:
# Pakistan Railways Police

The **Pakistan Railways Police** is a federal law enforcement agency in Pakistan that is responsible for maintaining law and order within the jurisdiction of Pakistan Railways.

## History

The Pakistan Railways Police was founded according to the *Pakistan Railways Police Act, 1977*, which outlines the formation and governance of this law enforcement agency. The act along with the accompanying Rules, 1980, grant authority to the Chief Executive and the Inspector General, and these regulations are relevant to the employees within the Pakistan Railways Police, who are considered civil servants.

In February 2022, a decision was made by the government to enhance the pay scale of Pakistan Railways police personnel. This decision was unprecedented in the nation's history and was driven by the goal of reducing discrepancies in pay among officials from various departments and fostering a sense of professionalism within the Pakistan Railways police department.

## Achievements and initiatives

### Digital Transformation

In the beginning of 2023, the Pakistan Railways Police initiated a digital transformation. Key police stations nationwide have implemented a digital system with support from the Punjab Information Technology Board (PITB). This endeavor is aimed at modernizing the work environment and enhancing service provision.

### Advanced control room

In July 2023, Rao Sardar Ali Khan, the Inspector General of Pakistan Railways Police, officially opened a state-of-the-art control center at the Central Police Office Railways in Lahore. This control room is a vital component of the technology-driven efforts and encompasses various areas such as the Criminal Record Office (CRO), Criminal Record Management System (CRMS), Police Station Record Management System (PSRMS), Wireless Control, CCTV monitoring, and Social Media.

## e-Police mobile app

In December 2022 the Pakistan Railways Police introduced a contemporary E-Police mobile app for easy access to criminal records. This application was created in collaboration with the Punjab Information Technology Board (PITB) and linked to criminal records from various police services, such as the Punjab Police and Sindh Police.

## Crime prevention

The Pakistan Railways Police apprehended approximately 3,720 individuals for breaking rules and laws. They filed about 3,454 cases against them in a year across eight Railways divisions.

## Inspector Generals

* Rao Sardar Ali Khan (23-07-2022 to date)
* Faisal Shahkar (29-10-2021 to 23–07–2022)
* Inam Ghani (08-09-2021 to 29–10–2021)
* Arif Nawaz Khan (16-04-2020 to 27–08–2021)
* Mushtaq Ahmad Mehr (04-12-2019 to 29–02–2020)
* Wajid Zai (24-12-2018 to 30–11–2019)
* Dr. Mujeeb ur Rehman (15-09-2017 to 24–12–2018)
* Munir Ahmad Chisti (28-08-2014 to 30–07–2017)
* Syed Ibne Hussain (18-04-2011 to 27 -08-2014)
* M. Ali Mirza (01-07-2008 to 02–01–2009)
* Syed Asghar Raza Garadzi (02-01-2009 to 05–04–2011)
* Maj. R Mian Zaheer Ahmad (28-01-2006 to 15–11–2007)
* Asif Nawaz (26-11-2007 to 07–07–2008)
* Ahmad Naseem (12-12-2002 to 20–07–2005)
* Jahangeer Mirza (21-07-2005 to 30–12–2005)
* M. R. Zia (08-11-1999 to 23–07–2001)
* Shahid Hassan Quershi (23-07-2001 to 12–11–2002)
* Khalid Masud (02-12-1998 to 08–11–1999)
* M. Habib Khan (04-08-1998 to 28–11–1998)
* Ch. M. Amin (12-04-1997 to 01–08–1998)
* G Asghar Malik (11-11-1996 to 10–04–1997)
* Khawar Zaman (01-06-1994 to 11–11–1996)
* Nisaar Ahmad Cheema (03-01-1990 to 31–05–1994)
* Laiq Ahmad Khan (01-09-1986 to 07–01–1990)
* Arbab Mukhtair Ahmad (13-11-83 to 30–06–1986)
* M. M. Hassan (30-10-1977 to 03–11–1983)
* Sheikh Sageer Hussain (25-10-1976 to 30–10–1977)

## InfoBox

| Pakistan Railways Police | |
| --- | --- |
| Common name | Railways Police |
| Abbreviation | PRP |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | 1977 |
| Jurisdictional structure | |
| Operations jurisdiction | Pakistan |
| Legal jurisdiction | Pakistan Railways |
| Constituting instrument | * Pakistan Railways Police Act, 1977 |
| General nature |  |
| Operational structure | |
| Overseen by Federal Ministry | Ministry of Railways (Pakistan) |
| Headquarters | Lahore, Pakistan |
| Agency executives |  |
| Facilities | |
| Stations | 49 |
| Website | |
| www.pakrailwayspolice.gov.pk | |


title: Nyxen

abstract: Chelsea Lester, known by her stage name Nyxen, is an Australian singer-songwriter, musician, DJ, and music producer. She was born in Tokyo. Nyxen has performed at a range of Australian music festivals including Listen Out, Field Day, Yours and Owls, and Splendour in the Grass. She supported Australian deep house producer Golden Features on his national tour. Nyxen received high rotation for her songs "In The City" and "Chains" on Australian radio station triple j.

text:
# Nyxen

**Chelsea Lester**, known by her stage name **Nyxen**, is an Australian singer-songwriter, musician, DJ, and music producer. She was born in Tokyo. Nyxen has performed at a range of Australian music festivals including Listen Out, Field Day, Yours and Owls, and Splendour in the Grass. She supported Australian deep house producer Golden Features on his national tour. Nyxen received high rotation for her songs "In The City" and "Chains" on Australian radio station triple j.

## Discography

### Extended plays

* *You* (2016)

### Singles

* "Running" (2017)
* "Monster" (2017)
* "Is It Love" (2017)
* "In The City" (2017)
* "Chains" (2018)
* "The Monologue" Featuring Coda Conduct (2019)
* "Insomnia" (2019)
* "Red P-Plates" (2019)
* "Nightmare" (2020)
* "Tunnels" (2021)
* "PXNK" (2022)
* "Silence in Motion" (2022)

### Albums

* *PXNK* (2022)

## InfoBox

| Nyxen | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Sydney |
| Genres |  |
| Instruments |  |
| Years active | 2016–present |
| Labels | Unknown Records |
|  | |
| Website | http://nyxenmusic.com.au/ |


title: Osoto gaeshi

abstract: Osoto Gaeshi (大外返) is one of the techniques adopted by the Kodokan into their Shinmeisho No Waza (newly accepted techniques) list. It is categorized as a foot technique, Ashi-waza. It is essentially a counter throw or reversal for Osoto gari. Osoto Gaeshi (大外返) is one of the techniques adopted by the Kodokan into their Shinmeisho No Waza list. It is categorized as a foot technique, Ashi-waza. It is essentially a counter throw or reversal for Osoto gari.

text:
# Osoto gaeshi

**Osoto Gaeshi** (大外返) is one of the techniques adopted by the Kodokan into their Shinmeisho No Waza (newly accepted techniques) list. It is categorized as a foot technique, Ashi-waza. It is essentially a counter throw or reversal for Osoto gari.

## Technique Description

As the opponent steps in to attempt an Osoto Gari, the tori defends himself by drawing back his trailing foot, and twist his own torso, in doing so cutting down the uke using the same throw.

## Bibliography

* Ohlenkamp, Neil (2006). *Judo Unleashed*. New York City: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-147534-1. OCLC 68813868.

## InfoBox

| Osoto gaeshi | |
| --- | --- |
| Classification | Nage-waza |
| Sub classification | Ashi-waza |
| Kodokan | Yes |
| Technique name | |
| Rōmaji | Osoto gaeshi |
| Japanese | 大外返 |
| English | Big outer reap counter |


title: Margaret Kennedy (singer)

abstract: Margaret Kennedy was a contralto singer and actress. She was best known for her performances in male roles, especially in the operas of Thomas Arne.

text:
# Margaret Kennedy (singer)

**Margaret Kennedy** (née **Doyle**; died 23 January 1793) was a contralto singer and actress. She was best known for her performances in male roles, especially in the operas of Thomas Arne.

## Early career (17761779)

Kennedy was born with the name Margaret Doyle, but the place and date of her birth are not known. She had Irish ancestry, and she may have been born in Ireland or possibly in London.

Kennedy married a Mr. Farrell in August 1774, before she made her singing debut, and she appeared under the name "Mrs Farrell" in her early career. She may have studied music with Gaetano Quilici. She was discovered by Thomas Arne while performing as a singer at an inn in St Giles, London. She studied under Arne and sang at the Haymarket Theatre in three concerts organised by Arne for his pupils in 1775, appearing in another pupils' concert in early 1776. She appeared in Arne's *Comus* at Covent Garden in March 1776.

She was a principal singer at the Royal Opera House from 6 December 1776 in Arne's opera *Caractacus*. Her performances were praised by *The Morning Post*, particularly a duet with Leoni. Her contralto pitch and relatively heavy build suited her for breeches roles, and she played the title role in Arne's *Artaxerxes* on 25 January 1777, Belford in Thomas Hull's *Love Finds the Way*, Colin in Charles Dibdin's *Rose and Colin*, and most notably Captain Macheath in John Gay's *The Beggar's Opera* where in 1777 she was the first person to sing "A-Hunting We Will Go", a song written by Arne for that performance. Her debut performance in *The Beggar's Opera* was greeted by protests because a woman was playing the role of a lead character.

She sang at Ranelagh Gardens in 1777 and 1778, in the theatre, and at festivals in Manchester, Oxford, and Winchester.

## Mid-career (17791789)

After the death of her first husband, she married the Irish physician Morgan Hugh Kennedy on 24 January 1779. She subsequently appeared as "Mrs Kennedy".

After 1779, Kennedy performed as Young Meadows in *Love in a Village* and Don Carlos in Richard Brinsley Sheridan's *The Duenna*. She completed her career at Covent Garden. While there, she performed in many roles, including Don Alfonso in Thomas Arnold's *The Castle of Andalusia*, Patrick in John O'Keeffe's *The Poor Soldier* and Mrs Casey in his *Fontainebleau*, Margaret and then Allen-a-Dale in William Shield's *Robin Hood*, as well as parts in Shield's *Rosina* and *Omai*, and also in Henry Fielding's *Tom Thumb*, William Kenrick's *Lady of the Manor*, and Dibdin's *The Islanders*. Kennedy also sang at concerts in Vauxhall Gardens from 1781 to 1785, in the Drury Lane oratorios (1778–84), and in the Handel commemorations of 1784, 1786, and 1791.

She retired from public performance in 1789, appearing for the last time on the theatre stage in the role of William in Shield's *Rosina* on 2 April 1789.

## Later life (1790sdeath)

Kennedy's health declined and she died in Bayswater in January 1793, where her husband was practising at a lying-in hospital. She was buried at St Anne's Church, Soho, on 3 February 1793.

## InfoBox

| Margaret Kennedy | |
| --- | --- |
| Kennedy as Captain Macheath in the 1777 London production of *The Beggar's Opera* | |
| Born | Margaret Doyle |
| Died | (1793-01-23)23 January 1793<br>Bayswater, London |
| Other names | Margaret Farrell |
| Occupations | * Contralto singer * Actress |
| Years active | 1776–1790 |


title: Lek mating

abstract: A lek is an aggregation of male animals gathered to engage in competitive displays and courtship rituals, known as lekking, to entice visiting females which are surveying prospective partners with which to mate. It can also refer to a space used by displaying males to defend their own share of territory for the breeding season. A lekking species is characterised by male displays, strong female mate choice, and the conferring of indirect benefits to males and reduced costs to females. Although most prevalent among birds such as black grouse, lekking is also found in a wide range of vertebrates including some bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and arthropods including crustaceans and insects. A classical lek consists of male territories in visual and auditory range of each other. An exploded lek, as seen in the kākāpō, has more widely separated territories, but still in auditory range. Lekking is associated with an apparent paradox: strong sexual selection by females for specific male traits ought to erode genetic diversity by Fisherian runaway, but diversity is maintained and runaway does not occur. Many attempts have been made to explain it away, but the paradox remains.

text:
# Lek mating

A **lek** is an aggregation of male animals gathered to engage in competitive displays and courtship rituals, known as **lekking**, to entice visiting females which are surveying prospective partners with which to mate. It can also refer to a space used by displaying males to defend their own share of territory for the breeding season. A lekking species is characterised by male displays, strong female mate choice, and the conferring of indirect benefits to males and reduced costs to females. Although most prevalent among birds such as black grouse, lekking is also found in a wide range of vertebrates including some bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and arthropods including crustaceans and insects.

A classical lek consists of male territories in visual and auditory range of each other. An exploded lek, as seen in the kākāpō (the owl parrot), has more widely separated territories, but still in auditory range. Lekking is associated with an apparent paradox: strong sexual selection by females for specific male traits ought to erode genetic diversity by Fisherian runaway, but diversity is maintained and runaway does not occur. Many attempts have been made to explain it away, but the paradox remains.

## Etymology

The term derives from the Swedish *lek* (\[leːk\] ), a noun which typically denotes pleasurable and less rule-bound games and activities ("play", as by children), or from the Swedish verb "leka", to play. Written English use of *lek* dates from the late 1860s and early 1870s. Llewelyn Lloyd's *The Game birds and wild fowl of Sweden and Norway* (1867) introduces it (capitalised and in single quotes, as 'Lek') explicitly as a Swedish term.

## Taxonomic range

Lekking was originally described in the Tetraonidae (grouse, boldface in cladogram), in particular the black grouse (Swedish: "orrlek") and capercaillie (Swedish: "tjäderlek"), but it is widely distributed phylogenetically among other birds, and in many other animal groups within the vertebrates and the arthropods, as shown in the cladogram.

The presence of a group name means that *some* species in that group lek; groups with no lekking members are not shown.

## Lekking behaviour

### Types

There are two types of lekking arrangement: classical and exploded. In the classic lekking system, male territories are in visual and auditory range of their neighbours. In an exploded lek, males are further away from one another than they would be in a classical lek. Males in an exploded lek are outside visual range of one another, but they stay within earshot. Exploded lek territories are much larger than classic systems and more variable in size. A well-known example of exploded leks is the "booming" call of the kākāpō, the males of which position themselves many kilometres apart from one another to signal to potential mates.

### Stability

Lek territories of different taxa are stable and do not vary in terms of size and location. Males often return to the same mating sites because of female fidelity. Avian females such as the black grouse and great snipe are faithful to males and not to mating sites. Successful males congregate in the same area as the previous breeding season because it is familiar to them, while females return to reunite with their males. Females do not return to a mating site if their male partner is not present. Another possible explanation for lek stability is from male hierarchies within a lek. In some species of manakin, subordinate betas may inherit an alpha's display site, increasing the chances of female visitation. Rank may also contribute to the stability of lek size, as lower ranking males may congregate to achieve a perceived optimal size to attract females.

### Female mating preferences

A meta analysis of 27 species found that qualities such as lekking size, male display rate, and the rate of male aggression exhibit positive correlation with male success rates. A positive correlation was also found between attendance, magnitude of exaggerated traits, age, frequency of fights, and mating success. This female preference leads to mating skew, with some males being more successful at copulating with females. The variation in mating success is quite large in lek mating systems with 70–80% of matings being attributed to only 10–20% of the males present.

## Costs and benefits

The main benefit for both sexes is mating success. For males, the costs stem from females' preferences. The traits that are selected for may be energetically costly to maintain and may cause increased predation. For example, increased vocalization rate caused a decrease in the mass of male great snipes. Other costs can derive from male combat. For example, male great snipes regularly fight to display dominance or defend their territory, with females preferring victorious males. Aggressive male black grouse are preferred over non-aggressive males and when the males fight they tear feathers from each other's tails. Lekking is associated with sexual dimorphism across a range of bird taxa.

At first glance, it may seem that females receive no direct benefits from lekking, since the males are only contributing genes to the offspring in the absence of parental care or other benefits. However, lekking reduces the cost of female searching because the congregating of males makes mate selection easier. Females do not have to travel as far, since they are able to evaluate and compare multiple males within the same vicinity. Further, having the males in one place may reduce the amount of time a female is vulnerable to predators. When under predatory pressure, female marbled reed frogs consistently choose leks near their release sites; high male calling rates were observed to reduce female search time.

## The lek paradox

Since sexual selection by females for specific male trait values should erode genetic diversity, the maintenance of genetic variation in lekking species constitutes a paradox in evolutionary biology. Many attempts have been made to explain it away, but the paradox remains. There are two conditions in which the lek paradox arises. The first is that males contribute only genes and the second is that female preference does not affect fecundity. Female choice should lead to directional runaway selection, resulting in a greater prevalence for the selected traits. Stronger selection should lead to impaired survival, as it decreases genetic variance and ensures that more offspring have similar traits. However, lekking species do not exhibit runaway selection. In a lekking reproductive system, what male sexual characteristics can signal to females is limited, as the males provide no resources to females or parental care to their offspring. This implies that a female gains indirect benefits from her choice in the form of "good genes" for her offspring.

Amotz Zahavi argued that male sexual characteristics only convey useful information to the females if these traits confer a handicap on the male. Zahavi's handicap principle may offer a resolution to the lek paradox, for if females select for the condition of male ornaments, then their offspring have better fitness. Another potential resolution to the lek paradox is Rowe and Houle's theory that sexually selected traits depend on physical condition, which might in turn, summarize many genetic loci. This is the genic capture hypothesis, which describes how a significant amount of the genome is involved in shaping the traits that are sexually selected. There are two assumptions in the genic capture hypothesis: the first is that sexually selected traits are dependent upon condition, and the second is that general condition is attributable to high genetic variance. In addition, W. D. Hamilton and Marlene Zuk proposed that sexually selected traits might signal resistance to parasites. One resolution to the lek paradox involves female preferences and how preference alone does not cause a drastic enough directional selection to diminish the genetic variance in fitness. Another conclusion is that the preferred trait is not naturally selected for or against and the trait is maintained because it implies increased attractiveness to the male.

## Evolution

Several possible mechanisms have been proposed as to why males cluster into leks, including the hotshot, hotspot, black hole, kin selection, and predation protection hypotheses, as described below.

### Hotshot hypothesis

The hotshot hypothesis is the only model that attributes males as the driving force behind aggregation. The hotshot model hypothesizes that attractive males, known as hotshots, garner both female and male attention. Females go to the hotshots because they are attracted to these males. Other males form leks around these hotshots as a way to lure females away from the hotshot. A manipulative experiment using the little bustard, *Tetrax tetrax*, was done to test the various lek evolution models. The experiment involved varying the size and sex ratio of leks using decoys. To test whether or not the presence of a hotshot determined lek formation, a hotshot little bustard decoy was placed within a lek. After the fake hotshot was added to the lek, both male and female visitation to the lek increased, giving weight to the hypothesis.

### Hotspot model

The hotspot model considers the female density to be the catalyst for the clustering of males. This model predicts that leks will form where females tend to reside as a way to increase female interaction. Female manakin traffic has been observed to be concentrated around leks, bathing sites, and fruiting areas, with males aggregated near the most visited fruiting resources. The hotspot model also predicts that lek size is dependent upon the number of females inhabiting a patch of land. To test if the number of females affects lek formation, a group of female little bustard decoys were added to a lek. The presence of these female decoys did not have an effect on lek size, tending to refute the hypothesis.

### Blackhole model

The blackhole model proposes that females have a preference for neither size nor type of male, but rather that females tend to be mobile and mate wherever leks may be located. This model predicts that female mobility is a response to male harassment. This prediction is difficult to test, but there was a negative correlation found between male aggressiveness and female visitation in the little bustard population, suggesting that the model might be correct. Evidence supporting the black hole model is mainly found in ungulates.

### Kin selection

An alternative hypothesis for lekking is kin selection, which assumes that males within a lek are related to one another. As females rarely mate outside of leks, it is advantageous for males to form leks. Although not all males within a lek mate with a female, the unmated males still receive fitness benefits. Kin selection explains that related males congregate to form leks, as a way to attract females and increase inclusive fitness. In some species, the males at the leks show a high degree of relatedness, but this does not apply as a rule to lek-forming species in general. In a few species such as peacocks and black grouse, leks are composed of brothers and half-brothers. The lower-ranking males gain some fitness benefit by passing their genes on through attracting mates for their brothers, since larger leks attract more females. Peacocks recognize and lek with their brothers, even if they have never met before.

### Predation protection

Another hypothesis is predation protection, or the idea that there is a reduction in individual predation risk in a larger group. This could work both for the males within the group and any female who visits the lek. Protection also explains the presence of mixed leks, when a male of one species joins a lek of another species for protection from a common set of predators. This occurs with manakins, as well as other birds such as grouse species.


title: Suttonia

abstract: - In plants, Suttonia is a junior synonym of the colicwood genus, Myrsine. Suttonia is a genus of marine ray-finned fish, related to the groupers and classified within the subfamily Epinephelinae of the family Serranidae.

text:
# Suttonia

*In plants,* Suttonia *is a junior synonym of the colicwood genus,* Myrsine.

***Suttonia*** is a genus of marine ray-finned fish, related to the groupers and classified within the subfamily Epinephelinae of the family Serranidae.

## Species

There are currently 3 recognized species in this genus:

## InfoBox

| *Suttonia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Perciformes |
| Family: | Serranidae |
| Subfamily: | Epinephelinae |
| Tribe: | Grammistini |
| Genus: | *Suttonia*
J. L. B. Smith, 1953 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Suttonia suttoni*
J.L.B. Smith, 1953 | |


title: Wiśniówek, Podlaskie Voivodeship

abstract: Wiśniówek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wysokie Mazowieckie, within Wysokie Mazowieckie County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Wysokie Mazowieckie and 54 km (34 mi) south-west of the regional capital Białystok.

text:
# Wiśniówek, Podlaskie Voivodeship

**Wiśniówek** \[viɕˈɲuvɛk\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wysokie Mazowieckie, within Wysokie Mazowieckie County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Wysokie Mazowieckie and 54 km (34 mi) south-west of the regional capital Białystok.

## InfoBox

| Wiśniówek | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Wiśniówek | |
| Coordinates: 52°55′N 22°26′E / 52.917°N 22.433°E / 52.917; 22.433 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Podlaskie |
| County | Wysokie Mazowieckie |
| Gmina | Wysokie Mazowieckie |