title: The New Cambridge History of Islam

abstract: The New Cambridge History of Islam is a six volume history of Islam published by Cambridge University Press in 2010. The general editor is Michael Cook. The history replaced the original Cambridge History of Islam which was published in 1970. As well as being greatly expanded from the earlier history, which was of two volumes, the new history introduces more thematic sections and covers wider ground by, for instance, a detailed examination of Sufism. It also cautiously questions the narrative of the history of Islam believed by Muslims which it finds lacks reliable textual evidence for the earliest period.

text:
# The New Cambridge History of Islam

***The New Cambridge History of Islam*** is a six volume history of Islam published by Cambridge University Press in 2010. The general editor is Michael Cook.

The history replaced the original *Cambridge History of Islam* which was published in 1970. As well as being greatly expanded from the earlier history, which was of two volumes, the new history introduces more thematic sections and covers wider ground by, for instance, a detailed examination of Sufism. It also cautiously questions the narrative of the history of Islam believed by Muslims which it finds lacks reliable textual evidence for the earliest period.

## Volumes

* *Volume 1, The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries*. Edited by Chase F. Robinson, 2010.
* *Volume 2, The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries*. Edited by Maribel Fierro, 2010.
* *Volume 3, The Eastern Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries*. Edited by David O. Morgan, Anthony Reid, 2010.
* *Volume 4, Islamic Cultures and Societies to the End of the Eighteenth Century*. Edited by Robert Irwin. 2010.
* *Volume 5, The Islamic World in the Age of Western Dominance*. Edited by Francis Robinson, 2010.
* *Volume 6, Muslims and Modernity: Culture and Society since 1800*.Edited by Robert W. Hefner, 2010.


title: The Munich Eye

abstract: The Munich Eye is an English language weekly newspaper published in Munich, Germany.

text:
# The Munich Eye

***The Munich Eye*** is an English language weekly newspaper published in Munich, Germany.

## History and profile

The paper was started in July 2013 with the name *The Munich Times* and was later renamed as *The Munich Eye*. It is published every Thursday and is staffed by native English-language editors living in Germany. It is part of the Eye Newspapers.

The paper, of which the editor-in-chief is William Smyth, serves English-speaking people in Munich and in the Bavarian region. It offers international and national news, sports and events. The paper's website is updated daily.

## InfoBox

The Munich Eye
| Type | Weekly newspaper |
| --- | --- |
| Format | Broadsheet |
| Owner(s) | William Smyth |
| Publisher | The Eye Newspapers |
| Editor-in-chief | William Smyth |
| Founded | July 2013 |
| Language | English |
| Headquarters | Munich |
| Country | Germany |
| Sister newspapers | * *The Germany Eye* * *The Russia Eye* * *The Brazil Eye* * *Buenos Aires Eye* * *The Barcelona Eye* |
| Website | *The Munich Eye* |
|  | |


title: The Munekata Sisters

abstract: The Munekata Sisters is a 1950 Japanese drama film directed by Yasujirō Ozu and starring Kinuyo Tanaka and Hideko Takamine. It is based on a novel by Jirō Osaragi.

text:
# The Munekata Sisters

***The Munekata Sisters*** (宗方姉妹, *Munekata shimai*) is a 1950 Japanese drama film directed by Yasujirō Ozu and starring Kinuyo Tanaka and Hideko Takamine. It is based on a novel by Jirō Osaragi.

## Synopsis

Setsuko is unhappily married to Mimura, an engineer with no job and a bad drinking habit. She supports Mimura and herself by running a bar in Tokyo, where her younger sister Mariko is also working. Setsuko had always been in love with Hiroshi, but both of them failed to propose when Hiroshi left for France a few years ago. Now he is back and Mariko tries to reunite them. Mariko too is secretly in love with Hiroshi.

## Cast

## Further reading

* Thomson, David (2010). *The New Biographical Dictionary of Film: Completely Updated and Expanded*. Knopf. pp. 733, 950. ISBN 9780307594617.
* Sharp, Jasper (2011). *Historical Dictionary of Japanese Cinema*. Scarecrow Press. pp. 196, 221, 234. ISBN 9780810875418.

## InfoBox

| The Munekata Sisters | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Yasujirō Ozu |
| Screenplay by |  |
| Based on |  |
| Produced by | * Hiroshi Higo * Hideo Koi |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Jōji Ohara |
| Edited by | Toshio Goto |
| Music by | Ichirō Saitō |
| Production<br>company | Shintoho |
| Distributed by | Shintoho |
| Release date | * 8 August 1950 (1950-08-08) (Japan) |
| Running time | 112 minutes |
| Country | Japan |
| Language | Japanese |


title: The Mystery of the Silver Spider

abstract: The Mystery of the Silver Spider is a book in the Three Investigators series by Robert Arthur Jr.

text:
# The Mystery of the Silver Spider

***The Mystery of the Silver Spider*** is a book in the *Three Investigators* series by Robert Arthur Jr.

## Plot

In this episode, the Three Investigators almost run into Prince Djaro with their car. Djaro is the soon-to-be ruler of the fictional European state of Varania, a country which is still very conscious of old traditions and fashions (around the 17th to 19th century). The Investigators form an instant friendship with him. Soon afterwards, they are asked by the United States Secret Service to travel to Varania to keep an eye on Djaro; there are rumors and indications that Djaro is to be dethroned. An important role in the plot is played by the title's Silver Spider, a piece of jewelry which is the most treasured item of Varanian history (comparable to the English Crown Jewels).

Soon, the Investigators find themselves actively involved, as the conspirators—headed by Duke Stefan, an ambitious nobleman and interim ruler of Varania—attempt to frame them for stealing the Spider, and by implication sully the name of Prince Djaro and endanger his coronation. Djaro cannot be crowned unless he is wearing the Silver Spider around his neck; Stefan and his men have stolen the real Silver Spider and left an imitation in its place. Bob suffers amnesia in their subsequent flight, and the Silver Spider goes missing. The Three Investigators and a pair of Djaro loyalists hide out, while scheming to expose Stefan's plot and help Djaro to prevail.

Despite the fact that all seems hopeless, they finally prevail when Jupe recalls an important piece of Varanian history, which allows them to alert and rally Varania's loyal citizenry. The effort is wrapped up when Jupiter finds the Silver Spider as "nothing more than a spider", hidden ingeniously by Bob in a real spider's web.

## Foreign publications

* The German version (titled: *Die drei ??? und die silberne Spinne*), first published in 1981, vastly changes the story's background: the name of the Varanian characters are altered into Swedish; the adventure is set in a place called Magnusstad in Texas; the local traditions (also patterned after Sweden) are passed off as mere tourist attractions; and the historical facts which lead to the happy ending are changed to accounts from a fictional novel, leading to logical plot holes. This alteration was effected by translator Leonore Puschert because of her personal affection for the Swedish language.

1. Three Investigators Books: *The Mystery of the Silver Spider*
2. "Interview with Leonore Puschert" (in German). Rocky-Beach.com. Spring 2004. Retrieved May 10, 2018.


title: The Night Is Still Young (Sandra song)

abstract: "The Night Is Still Young" is a 2009 song performed by German singer Sandra featuring Thomas Anders. The song was written by Toby Gad and Audrey Martells, and produced by Jens Gad. It was released in May 2009 as the second single from Sandra's ninth studio album Back to Life and was moderately successful on the German singles chart. The CD single also includes Sandra's solo version of the song as well as the English-French track "Redis moi" available only on the digital edition of Back to Life. The music video for "The Night Is Still Young" was filmed in Ibiza by Susanne Sigi.

text:
# The Night Is Still Young (Sandra song)

"**The Night Is Still Young**" is a 2009 song performed by German singer Sandra featuring Thomas Anders. The song was written by Toby Gad and Audrey Martells, and produced by Jens Gad. It was released in May 2009 as the second single from Sandra's ninth studio album *Back to Life* and was moderately successful on the German singles chart. The CD single also includes Sandra's solo version of the song as well as the English-French track "Redis moi" available only on the digital edition of *Back to Life*. The music video for "The Night Is Still Young" was filmed in Ibiza by Susanne Sigi.

## Track listing

1. "The Night Is Still Young" – 3:22
2. "The Night Is Still Young" (Casa Sylt Mix) – 4:45
3. "The Night Is Still Young" (Solo Version) – 3:22
4. "Redis moi" – 3:45

## Charts

| Chart (2009) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Germany (Media Control) | 46 |
| Poland (ZPAV) | 32 |
| Russian Airplay(Tophit) | 135 |

## InfoBox

| "The Night Is Still Young" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Sandra and Thomas Anders | |
| from the album  *Back to Life* | |
| B-side | "Redis moi" |
| Released | 8 May 2009 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 3:22 |
| Label | Virgin |
| Songwriter(s) | Toby Gad, Audrey Martells |
| Producer(s) | Jens Gad |
| Sandra singles chronology | |
| "In a Heartbeat"
(2009) "**The Night Is Still Young**"
(2009) "Maybe Tonight"
(2012) | |
|  | |
| Thomas Anders singles chronology | |
| "Kisses for Christmas"
(2008) "**The Night Is Still Young**"
(2009) "Why Do You Cry"
(2010) | |
| Music video | |
| "The Night Is Still Young" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: The Real Life of Sebastian Knight

abstract: The Real Life of Sebastian Knight is the first English-language novel by Vladimir Nabokov, written from late 1938 to early 1939 in Paris and first published in 1941. A work centred on language and its inability to convey any satisfactory definition, it has been identified as a forerunner of the postmodernist novel.

text:
# The Real Life of Sebastian Knight

***The Real Life of Sebastian Knight*** is the first English-language novel by Vladimir Nabokov, written from late 1938 to early 1939 in Paris and first published in 1941. A work centred on language and its inability to convey any satisfactory definition, it has been identified as a forerunner of the postmodernist novel.

## A new start

Nabokov's first major work in English was written hastily in Paris while the author sat in the bathroom, his valise set across a bidet as a writing desk. It had been preceded by nine earlier novels in Russian, written under the pen name V. Sirin, and shares with them a preoccupation with the problems of living in exile and of adaptation. This, Nabokov's first novel under his own name, was published by New Directions Publishers in 1941 and sold slowly. After the success of *Lolita* it was republished in 1959, this time to wide critical acclaim.

## Plot summary

The narrator, V., is absorbed in the composition of his first literary work, a biography of his half-brother, the Russian-born English novelist Sebastian Knight (1899–1936). In the course of his quest he tracks down Sebastian's contemporaries at Cambridge and interviews other friends and acquaintances. In the course of his work V. also surveys Sebastian's books (see below) and attempts to refute the views of the "misleading" *The Tragedy of Sebastian Knight*, a biography by Knight's former secretary Mr. Goodman, who maintains that Knight was too aloof and cut off from real life.

V. concludes that, after a long-running romantic relationship with Clare Bishop, Sebastian's final years were embittered by a love affair with another woman — a Russian whom he presumably met at a hotel in Blauberg, where Sebastian spent time recuperating from a heart ailment in June 1929. V. leaves for Blauberg, where, with the help of a private detective, he acquires a list of the names of four women who were staying at the hotel at the same time as Sebastian and tracks down each to interview them. After dismissing the possibility of Helene Grinstein in Berlin, his search leads him to Paris and the list narrows to two candidates: Mme de Rechnoy and Mme von Graun.

V. first suspects Mme de Rechnoy of being the mystery woman, based on a compelling description from her ex-husband, Pahl Palich Rechnoy. Mme de Rechnoy has left her husband and cannot be located, leaving V. unsatisfied. However, after meeting Mme von Graun's friend, Mme Nina Lecerf, and hearing stories of von Graun's unflattering affair with a Russian, V. becomes convinced that Helene von Graun is the woman in question. Nina invites V. to visit her in the country, where Helene von Graun will be staying with her. Finding that Helene has not yet arrived, V. mentions to Nina a letter introducing himself to Mme von Graun, which angers her. By chance, V. learns that it is Nina Lecerf herself, and not Helene, who was Sebastian's final romance. Nina was, in fact, the Mme de Rechnoy whom V. had originally suspected but never met.

The final chapters of the narration deal with *The Doubtful Asphodel*, Sebastian's final novel, which is centered on a dying man and his slow decay. V.'s description of the novel reveals similarities and coincidence not only with Sebastian's life, but with V.'s own investigative adventures. V. tries to account for Sebastian's final years, including a last letter from Sebastian asking V. to visit him at a hospital outside Paris. As V. makes the trip (from Marseilles, where he is temporarily stationed by his firm), his ties to his own life become increasingly visible for their tenuousness: his employer hampers his ability to travel, he struggles to remember necessary details such as the hospital name, he even lacks sufficient money to travel efficiently. V. finally arrives at the hospital and listens to his sleeping brother's breathing from a separate room, only to discover that the sleeping man is not his brother, but another man. Sebastian Knight had died the night before.

The novel concludes with a philosophical reconciliation of Sebastian's life and a final implication that V. himself is Sebastian Knight, or at least his incarnation.

## Composition

*The Real Life of Sebastian Knight* is a biographical metafiction which is in some ways an anticipation of postmodernism. Although there are elements of the detective story in its description of a quest to ascertain facts about a very private and evasive novelist, its subject cannot be grasped through the medium of language, even though Sebastian Knight is only knowable through his own medium. Instead, the book spins “a texture of words around an empty point, an absence”, according to Giorgio Manganelli. By the end of the second chapter it has become clear, anyway, that the projected book will not be about Knight's life but his brother V's attempt to write it.

What complicates the process of getting to know the real Sebastian Knight is the interlayering of a subjective account of the quest with a variety of texts. There is firstly the hastily written and poorly researched biography by Mr Goodman, Knight's ignominiously dismissed secretary, largely written to fit a simplistic thesis. Then there is Knight's own “memoir”, supported by passages from his novels, both as stylistic demonstrations and illustrative of V's subjective reading of their biographical significance. Finally there are V's own novelistic interpolations, making clear the difference between Knight's linguistic mastery and the literary devices used by hack authors. “Who is speaking of Sebastian Knight?” asks a sudden voice in the Cambridge mist at the end of chapter 5, only to be disavowed immediately. In a similar way, V prepares a speech to unmask the deception of Madame Lecerf at the end of chapter 17 but then refrains. “She will be sent a copy of this book and will understand.”

Such tricks continue the perception in Nabokov's earlier novel *Despair* that “the first person is as fictitious as all the rest”. It is also open to the reader to play the detective himself, noting in what ways the novel reflects Nabokov's own biography. He too was a Russian émigré who was educated at Cambridge, his relationship with his brother Sergei was always at arm's length, and an unwise emotional entanglement had just endangered his domestic arrangements.

## Books by Sebastian Knight

The narrator discusses the following (fictitious) works by Knight:

* *The Prismatic Bezel*, Sebastian's first novel, "a rollicking parody of the setting of a detective tale"
* *Success,* Sebastian's second novel, traces "the exact way in which two lines of life were made to come into contact"
* *Lost Property*, Sebastian's memoir. "A counting of the things and souls lost" on SK's "literary journey of discovery"
* *The Funny Mountain*, the collective title of a volume of three short stories: "The Funny Mountain", "Albinos in Black", and "The Back of the Moon"
* *The Doubtful Asphodel*, a final book in which "A man is dying, and he is the hero of the tale . . . The man is the book; the book itself is heaving and dying, and drawing up a ghostly knee".

* An archive devoted to Nabokov's works Archived 2020-11-12 at the Wayback Machine
* Meyer, Priscilla. *Nabokov and Uncertainty: The Case of* The Real Life of Sebastian Knight. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2018.
* Rimmon, Shlomith: "Problems of Voice in Nabokov’s *The Real Life of Sebastian Knight*." In Phyllis A. Roth (ed.), *Critical Essays on Vladimir Nabokov*, 109–129. Boston: G.K. Hall & Co, 1984.
* Vernon, David. *Ada to Zembla: The Novels of Vladimir Nabokov* (Edinburgh: Endellion Press, 2022).


title: The Night of Suspects

abstract: The Night of Suspects is a 1960 French crime film directed by Víctor Merenda and starring Geneviève Kervine, Christine Carère and Elina Labourdette. Based on the play Huit femmes by Robert Thomas it was shot in 1957 but its release was delayed for several years. The film's sets were designed by the art director Claude Bouxin. It is also known by the alternative title Eight Women in Black.

text:
# The Night of Suspects

***The Night of Suspects*** (French: ***La nuit des suspectes***) is a 1960 French crime film directed by Víctor Merenda and starring Geneviève Kervine, Christine Carère and Elina Labourdette. Based on the play  *Huit femmes* by Robert Thomas it was shot in 1957 but its release was delayed for several years. The film's sets were designed by the art director Claude Bouxin. It is also known by the alternative title ***Eight Women in Black*** (French: ***Huit femmes en noir***).

## Synopsis

An industrialist is shot dead at his home. He lived surrounded by eight women, his various relatives and servants, and the investigating police inspector has to work out which of the woman killed him.

## Cast

1. Rège p.714
2. Bessy & Chirat p.189

## Bibliography

* Bessy, Maurice & Chirat, Raymond. *Histoire du cinéma français: 1956-1960*. Pygmalion, 1990.
* Rège, Philippe. *Encyclopedia of French Film Directors, Volume 1*. Scarecrow Press, 2009.

## InfoBox

| The Night of Suspects | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Víctor Merenda |
| Written by | Robert Thomas
Frédéric Dard |
| Based on | *Huit femmes*
by Robert Thomas |
| Produced by | Albert Caraco
Marius Lesoeur |
| Starring | Geneviève Kervine
Christine Carère
Elina Labourdette |
| Cinematography | Quinto Albicocco |
| Edited by | Georges Arnstam |
| Music by | Philippe-Gérard |
| Production
companies | Gamma Film
Sopadec |
| Distributed by | Sopadec |
| Release date | * 30 August 1960 (1960-08-30) |
| Running time | 90 minutes |
| Country | France |
| Language | French |


title: The Princess of Cleve

abstract: The Princess of Cleve is a 1680 tragedy by the English writer Nathaniel Lee, inspired by the recent French novel La Princesse de Clèves by Madame de La Fayette set during the sixteenth century. It premiered at the Dorset Garden Theatre in London, staged by the Duke's Company. The original cast included Joseph Williams as Prince of Cleve, Thomas Betterton as Duke Nemours, Anthony Leigh as St. Andre, Thomas Gillow as Vidam of Chartres, James Nokes as Poltrot, Elizabeth Barry as Princess of Cleve, Mary Slingsby as Marguerite, Elinor Leigh as Tournon and Mary Betterton as Elianor. Incidental music was composed by Thomas Farmer. The play was not published until 1689.

text:
# The Princess of Cleve

***The Princess of Cleve*** is a 1680 tragedy by the English writer Nathaniel Lee, inspired by the recent French novel *La Princesse de Clèves* by Madame de La Fayette set during the sixteenth century. It premiered at the Dorset Garden Theatre in London, staged by the Duke's Company. The original cast included Joseph Williams as Prince of Cleve, Thomas Betterton as Duke Nemours, Anthony Leigh as St. Andre, Thomas Gillow as Vidam of Chartres, James Nokes as Poltrot, Elizabeth Barry as Princess of Cleve, Mary Slingsby as Marguerite, Elinor Leigh as Tournon and Mary Betterton as Elianor. Incidental music was composed by Thomas Farmer. The play was not published until 1689.

## Bibliography

* Van Lennep, W. *The London Stage, 1660-1800: Volume One, 1660-1700*. Southern Illinois University Press, 1960.

## InfoBox

| The Princess of Cleve | |
| --- | --- |
| Written by | Nathaniel Lee |
| Date premiered | September 1680 |
| Place premiered | Dorset Garden Theatre, London |
| Original language | English |
| Genre | Tragedy |


title: The Princess in the Chest

abstract: The Princess in the Chest, also known as The Princess in the Coffin is a Danish fairy tale. Andrew Lang included it in The Pink Fairy Book. Another tale of this type is La Ramée and the Phantom.

text:
# The Princess in the Chest

**The Princess in the Chest**, also known as **The Princess in the Coffin** (Danish: *Prinsessen i Kisten*) is a Danish fairy tale. Andrew Lang included it in *The Pink Fairy Book*.

Another tale of this type is *La Ramée and the Phantom*.

## Synopsis

A king left his queen because they were childless and told her if she did not have a child by the time he returned, in a year, he would part with her. An old woman advised her to eat a bud from a bush. She would have a daughter. The old woman would give her a nurse, who must raise the girl without anyone else seeing her until she was fourteen. The queen did as she said, but when the fourteen years were one day short of complete, the king went to see her. The princess said that now she would die. The king had his choice of a pestilence, a long and bloody war, or putting her body in a wooden coffin and setting a sentinel over it every day for a year. He did not believe it, but chose the coffin. The next morning, she was dead. He did as she directed, but every night, the sentinel vanished. Soon, the story was that the princess's ghost ate whoever it was, and soldiers deserted rather than take on the duty. The king got more by offering rewards, but no one ever received it.

One day, a smith named Christian came to the capital looking for work. Soldiers got him to agree to the job, because he had gotten drunk. When the drink wore off, he tried to flee, but a little man stopped him and told him to stay in the pulpit until the coffin lid slammed. He went into the pulpit, and at midnight, the princess came out and howled, demanding the sentinel. She saw him in the pulpit but could not get up after him. Finally, she had to go back to the coffin.

The next day, the king gave him a reward and a good meal, where he had plenty to drink, until the king offered twice the gold, and Christian agreed to stay the next night, too. He tried to flee, and the little man stopped him again, telling him to stay in front of the altar and hold the prayer book there. The princess rushed up to the pulpit that night; when she did not find him, she shrieked that war and pestilence would begin, but then she saw him and could not reach him. She had to go back to the coffin, but she was less ugly that night than the one before.

The third day, Christian agreed when drunk again, but only for half the kingdom. He tried to sneak off again, this time earlier to avoid the little man, and through a window. The little man still stopped him, but this time he was to lie down by the coffin and climb inside as soon as she left it. She came out at midnight and shrieked that war and pestilence would come. She eventually found him in the coffin but was unable to reach him. Despite her attempts to threaten and coax him out of the coffin, he did not move. Then she went away and soft music came. Christian heard a mass of thanksgiving being said for the deliverance. At dawn he came out and found the princess alive. She told him the curse was broken and if he agreed, they would marry. If not, she would go to a convent and he could never marry another as long as she lived (for the service he'd heard was a marriage ceremony of the dead). Christian agreed to marry. The king consented and made good on his promise to give Christian half his kingdom, eventually inheriting its entirety on the king's death.

## Analysis

### Tale type

The tale is classified in the Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index as tale type ATU 307, "The Princess in the Shroud" or "The Princess in the Coffin": a cursed princess or woman comes out of her grave or coffin at night to attack people. These tales are, according to scholarship, more commonly collected among East European populations, especially in Russia.

German scholar Kurt Ranke supposed that the tale type originated from Eastern European legends about vampirism.

### Distribution

The tale type is also present in the Ukrainian tale corpus, with a number between 22 and 28 variants collected under the banner *The Princess Rising from the Grave*.

According to professor Jūratė Šlekonytė, type 307 is "popular all over Lithuania", with 222 variants registered.

1. J. Grant Cramer, Danish Fairy Tales "The Princess in the Coffin"
2. Grundtvig, Sven. *Danske Folkeaeventyr: Efter Utrykte Kilder*. Kjøbenhaven: C. A. Reitzel. 1876. pp. 142-158.
3. Andrew Lang, *The Pink Fairy Book*, "The Princess in the Chest"
4. Thompson, Stith (1977). *The Folktale*. University of California Press. pp. 40-41. ISBN 0-520-03537-2
5. Haney, Jack V.; with Sibelan Forrester. *The Complete Folktales of A. N. Afanas'ev*. Volume III. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. 2021. p. 536.
6. Delarue, Paul. *The Borzoi Book of French Folk-Tales*. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1956. p. 386.
7. Ranke, Kurt. *Folktales of Germany*. University of Chicago Press. p. 206. ISBN 9788130400327.
8. Andrejev, Nikolai P. "A Characterization of the Ukrainian Tale Corpus". In: *Fabula* 1, no. 2 (1958): 233. https://doi.org/10.1515/fabl.1958.1.2.228
9. Šlekonytė, Jūratė. *Lithuanian Folk Narrative: Tales of Magic*. Vol. 1. 2017. p. 721.


title: The Project on Forward Engagement

abstract: Forward Engagement is a term coined by Leon Fuerth, former National Security Advisor to Vice President Al Gore, to describe the process of thinking systematic about long-range issues in governance. As a concept, Forward Engagement draws heavily on the fields of Futures Studies and Complex Systems Research.

text:
# The Project on Forward Engagement

**Forward Engagement** is a term coined by Leon Fuerth, former National Security Advisor to Vice President Al Gore, to describe the process of thinking systematic about long-range issues in governance. As a concept, Forward Engagement draws heavily on the fields of Futures Studies and Complex Systems Research.

## Concept

Forward Engagement asserts: (1) that major social change is accelerating at a rate fast enough to challenge the adaptive capacity of whole societies; (2) that governments ought to address such possibilities as far in advance as possible; and (3) that there needs to be a system to help governments visualize more consistently what may be approaching in order to deliberate sufficiently about responses.

Further, Forward Engagement makes the proposition that there has been a shift in the nature of the major problems societies face: they increasingly interact with other problems, blur the lines between foreign and domestic, produce unplanned consequences, and mutate into new problems as parts of continuing processes. Such "complex" societal problems call for interdisciplinary and anticipatory approaches to problem solving.

## Project

Forward Engagement has been the subject of a project funded by the George Washington University and the Rockefeller Brothers Fund and directed by Leon Fuerth since 2001. The project recently examined three massive global contingencies—anthropogenic climate change, a geopolitical power-shift to Asia, and the attainment of means to rapidly and drastically alter human evolution through technology—through a series of working groups led by Fuerth, along with Clyde V. Prestowitz Jr., Philip Rubin, and others. Forward Engagement is additionally the subject of a graduate course at the Elliott School of International Affairs.

* Forward Engagement, The New America Foundation
* NYU Brademas Center for the Study of the Congress

* Project on Forward Engagement Official Site


title: The Roar of '74

abstract: The Roar of '74 is a studio album by Buddy Rich, with his big band, released on the Groove Merchant Records label in the United States. The album was released in the UK in 1974 on the Mooncrest label by B & C Records.

text:
# The Roar of '74

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***The Roar of '74*** is a studio album by Buddy Rich, with his big band, released on the Groove Merchant Records label in the United States. The album was released in the UK in 1974 on the Mooncrest label by B & C Records.

## Track listing

LP side A

1. "Nutville" (Horace Silver) – 4:47
2. "Kilimanjaro Cookout" (Manny Albam) – 6:14
3. "Big Mac" (Ernie Wilkins) – 5:54
4. "Backwoods Sideman" (John La Barbera) – 4:29

LP side B

1. "Time Check" (Don Menza) – 3:45
2. "Prelude to a Kiss" (Duke Ellington, Mack Gordon, Irving Mills) – 3:32
3. "Waltz of the Mushroom Hunters" (Greg Hopkins) – 7:16
4. "Senator Sam" (Wilkins) – 4:40

## Personnel

The Buddy Rich big band  * Groove Merchant 528
* Mooncrest Crest 7

## InfoBox

| The Roar of '74 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Buddy Rich | |
| Released | 1974 |
| Recorded | October 6 & 13, 1973 |
| Studio | Bell Sound, New York City |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 40:37 |
| Label | Groove Merchant |
| Producer | Sonny Lester |
| Buddy Rich chronology | |
| *Stick It*
(1972) ***The Roar of '74***
(1974) *Very Live at Buddy's Place*
(1974) | |


title: The Path of Glory

abstract: The Path of Glory is a 1934 British comedy film directed by Dallas Bower and starring Maurice Evans, Valerie Hobson, Felix Aylmer, Henry Daniell and Athole Stewart. Two European countries plan a war, both hoping to lose it. A "quota quickie", The Path of Glory is currently missing from the BFI National Archive, and is listed as one of the British Film Institute's "75 Most Wanted" lost films.

text:
# The Path of Glory

***The Path of Glory*** is a 1934 British comedy film directed by Dallas Bower and starring Maurice Evans, Valerie Hobson, Felix Aylmer, Henry Daniell and Athole Stewart. Two European countries plan a war, both hoping to lose it.

A "quota quickie", *The Path of Glory* is currently missing from the BFI National Archive, and is listed as one of the British Film Institute's "75 Most Wanted" lost films.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| The Path of Glory | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Dallas Bower |
| Produced by | Dallas Bower |
| Starring | Maurice Evans
Valerie Hobson
Felix Aylmer |
| Production
company | Triumph Film Company |
| Release date | * 1934 (1934) |
| Running time | 68 or 73 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: The River View

abstract: The River View is a historic home located at Oakley, St. Mary's County, Maryland, United States. It is a 1+1⁄2-story, Flemish bond brick house that is one of the best preserved examples of its type in Lower Southern Maryland. It was built by the Gardiner family in the early 18th century, then purchased by Ignatius Fenwick, a prominent military figure in Maryland's Revolutionary War Navy. Also on the property are a number of early domestic dependencies that comprise the largest single collection of such buildings in St. Mary's County. The River View was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

text:
# The River View

**The River View** is a historic home located at Oakley, St. Mary's County, Maryland, United States. It is a 1+12-story, Flemish bond brick house that is one of the best preserved examples of its type in Lower Southern Maryland. It was built by the Gardiner family in the early 18th century, then purchased by Ignatius Fenwick, a prominent military figure in Maryland's Revolutionary War Navy. Also on the property are a number of early domestic dependencies that comprise the largest single collection of such buildings in St. Mary's County.

The River View was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

## References

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| The River View | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Oakley, Maryland |
| Coordinates | 38°15′47″N 76°43′50″W / 38.26306°N 76.73056°W / 38.26306; -76.73056 |
| Built | 1816 |
| NRHP reference No. | 76002170 |
| Added to NRHP | May 4, 1976 |


title: The Quiet American (1958 film)

abstract: The Quiet American is a 1958 American drama romance thriller war film. It was the first film adaptation of Graham Greene's bestselling 1955 novel of the same name, and one of the first films to deal with the geo-politics of Indochina. It was written and directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz, and stars Audie Murphy, Michael Redgrave, and Giorgia Moll. It was critically well-received, but was not considered a box-office success. The film flips the plot of the novel on its head; it turns a cautionary tale about foreign intervention into an anticommunist advocacy of the use of American power abroad. In writing the script, Mankiewicz received uncredited input from CIA officer Edward Lansdale, who was often said to have been Greene’s inspiration for the American character he had called "Pyle" in the novel.. However, in fact, Greene did not meet Lansdale until after completing much of the novel. According to Greene, the inspiration for the character of Pyle was Leo Hochstetter, an American serving as public affairs director for the Economic Aid Mission in Indochina who was assumed by the French to “belong to the CIA”; they had lectured him during the “long drive back to Saigon on the necessity of finding a ‘third force in Vietnam.’” The film stirred up controversy. Greene was furious that his anti-war message had been excised from the film, and he disavowed it as a "propaganda film for America." (The Quiet American was remade in 2002. That version, directed by Phillip Noyce and starring Brendan Fraser and Michael Caine, was more faithful to the plot of Greene's novel.)

text:
# The Quiet American (1958 film)

***The Quiet American*** is a 1958 American drama romance thriller war film. It was the first film adaptation of Graham Greene's bestselling 1955 novel of the same name, and one of the first films to deal with the geo-politics of Indochina. It was written and directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz, and stars Audie Murphy, Michael Redgrave, and Giorgia Moll. It was critically well-received, but was not considered a box-office success.

The film flips the plot of the novel on its head; it turns a cautionary tale about foreign intervention into an anticommunist advocacy of the use of American power abroad. In writing the script, Mankiewicz received uncredited input from CIA officer Edward Lansdale, who was often said to have been Greene’s inspiration for the American character he had called "Pyle" in the novel. (In the 1958 film, this character, though unnamed, was played by Murphy). However, in fact, Greene did not meet Lansdale until after completing much of the novel. According to Greene, the inspiration for the character of Pyle was Leo Hochstetter, an American serving as public affairs director for the Economic Aid Mission in Indochina who was assumed by the French to “belong to the CIA”; they had lectured him during the “long drive back to Saigon on the necessity of finding a ‘third force in Vietnam.’”

The film stirred up controversy. Greene was furious that his anti-war message had been excised from the film, and he disavowed it as a "propaganda film for America."

(*The Quiet American* was remade in 2002. That version, directed by Phillip Noyce and starring Brendan Fraser and Michael Caine, was more faithful to the plot of Greene's novel.)

## Plot

In Saigon in 1952, as Vietnamese insurgents are delivering major strikes against the French colonial rulers, an innocent and enigmatic young American economist (Audie Murphy), who is working for an international aid organization, gets caught between the Communists and the colonialists as he tries to win the "hearts and minds" of the Vietnamese people. By promising marriage, he steals away a young Vietnamese woman (Giorgia Moll) from an embittered and cynical English newspaperman (Michael Redgrave), who retaliates by spreading the word that the American is actually covertly selling arms to the anti-Communists.

## Cast

## Production

Filming of *The Quiet American* began in Saigon on January 28, 1957, then moved to Rome, where it finished in late April. It was the first time a feature film had been shot in Vietnam. The crew had some difficulty filming there: they had to avoid shooting at midday because of the harsh shadows; they had trouble getting permission to shoot inside a Buddhist temple because of religious scruples related to the phase of the moon; and they inadvertently helped a political protest take place that would otherwise have been shut down by the police, because the authorities assumed it had been staged for the film. In addition, filming was interrupted when Audie Murphy fell ill with appendicitis during a weekend shopping trip to Hong Kong and had to have emergency surgery.

It was reported that Humphrey Bogart had been considered for the lead role; in fact it was offered to Montgomery Clift, with Laurence Olivier set to play "Fowler". But Clift withdrew for health reasons, and Olivier then also left the project; Clift was replaced by Audie Murphy.

Graham Greene had been a war correspondent in Indochina, and was critical of the growing American involvement there. Joseph L. Mankiewicz, the writer, director, and producer of the film, significantly diluted the political impact of Greene's story by making the character of Pyle an aid worker and private citizen rather than a representative of the American government, and by focusing on the love-triangle aspects of the story rather than the geo-politics of the war. These changes led Greene to disavow the film. He stated that "one could almost believe that the film was made deliberately to attack the book and the author".

The character of Phuong, a young Vietnamese woman, was portrayed by actress Giorgia Moll, an Italian.

Audie Murphy said that he never would have participated in the movie if the story’s tone had not been changed from anti-American to pro-American, and he called his part "one of the greatest I've ever had".

## Critical response

The film's obscuring of Greene's political points was mentioned by some critics, but the acting was nevertheless noted for its high quality, especially the performance by Michael Redgrave. Also praised were the locations. In *The New York Times*, Bosley Crowther wrote: "Scenes shot in the streets of Saigon have a vivid documentary quality and, indeed, the whole film has an aroma of genuine friction in the seething Orient."

## InfoBox

| The Quiet American | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Joseph L. Mankiewicz |
| Screenplay by | Joseph L. Mankiewicz
Edward Lansdale (uncredited) |
| Based on | *The Quiet American*
1955 novel
by Graham Greene |
| Produced by | Joseph L. Mankiewicz *(uncredited)* |
| Starring | Audie Murphy
Michael Redgrave |
| Cinematography | Robert Krasker |
| Edited by | William Hornbeck |
| Music by | Mario Nascimbene |
| Color process | Black and white |
| Production
company | Figaro |
| Distributed by | United Artists |
| Release date | * February 5, 1958 (1958-02-05) |
| Running time | 122 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $1.5 million |


title: The Quicksilver Meat Dream

abstract: The Quicksilver Meat Dream is the fourth album by the Canadian alternative rock band I Mother Earth, released by Universal on April 8, 2003. It is allegedly a concept album, though the details on the concept are left to the fans. The album retained the instrumental jams and cryptic lyrics of prior albums, but largely strayed from the band's psychedelic past. Instead, it offered a dark modern metal sound with industrial elements, and at times the band's greatest emphasis on progressive rock to date.

text:
# The Quicksilver Meat Dream

***The Quicksilver Meat Dream*** is the fourth album  by the Canadian alternative rock band I Mother Earth, released by Universal on April 8, 2003. It is allegedly a concept album, though the details on the concept are left to the fans.

The album retained the instrumental jams and cryptic lyrics of prior albums, but largely strayed from the band's psychedelic past. Instead, it offered a dark modern metal sound with industrial elements, and at times the band's greatest emphasis on progressive rock to date.

## Personnel

## Track listing

(All songs written by Jagori and Christian Tanna)

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "0157:H7" | 3:47 |
| 2. | "Choke" | 4:18 |
| 3. | "I is Us" | 5:42 |
| 4. | "God Rocket (Into the Heart of Las Vegas)" | 6:49 |
| 5. | "Like the Sun" | 4:16 |
| 6. | "Hell & Malfunction" | 7:01 |
| 7. | "Soft Bomb Salad" | 7:38 |
| 8. | "Juicy" | 4:11 |
| 9. | "No Coma" | 4:28 |
| 10. | "Meat Dreams * I. Umbilical Transmissions * II. We Be Nine * III. That's Quite an Erection, Eric * IV. Blondes and Bluster" | 8:19 |
| 11. | "Passenger" (Actual track ends at 3:33, and after four minutes of silence continues with an instrumental hidden track at 7:22.) | 9:00 |
| Total length: | | 65:33 |

### Footnotes

1. EMI released *Earth, Sky and Everything in Between*, an album of B-sides and live recordings, against the band's wishes in 2001. It is technically the fourth I Mother Earth album though not considered part of the discography.

## InfoBox

| The Quicksilver Meat Dream | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by I Mother Earth | |
| Released | April 8, 2003 |
| Recorded | 2002 |
| Genre | Alternative metal |
| Length | 65:33 |
| Label | Universal |
| Producer | David Bottrill, Jagori Tanna |
| I Mother Earth chronology | |
| *Earth, Sky, and Everything in Between*
(2001) ***The Quicksilver Meat Dream***
(2003) | |


abstract: The Philosophical Anarchism of William Godwin is a 1977 book by John P. Clark on the philosophy of the moral philosopher and political theorist William Godwin.

text:
# The Philosophical Anarchism of William Godwin

***The Philosophical Anarchism of William Godwin*** is a 1977 book by John P. Clark on the philosophy of the moral philosopher and political theorist William Godwin.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

The Philosophical Anarchism of William Godwin
| Author | John P. Clark |
| --- | --- |
| Subject | Philosophy |
| Publisher | Princeton University Press |
| Publication date | 1977 |
| Pages | 343 |
| ISBN | 9780691072173 |


title: The Raiders (1921 film)

abstract: The Raiders is a 1921 Australian silent film directed by B.A Melville. The film was shot in Brisbane about eight miles from the Indooroopilly Railway Station and is considered a lost film

text:
# The Raiders (1921 film)

***The Raiders*** is a 1921 Australian silent film directed by B.A Melville. The film was shot in Brisbane about eight miles from the Indooroopilly Railway Station and is considered a lost film

## Plot

A story of the Australian bush, played by Australians, with May Bradford Shepherd in a leading role.

## Cast

## Production

The Raiders was the first entirely locally made Brisbane film. The establishment of the film was documented on page 3 of the Telegraph Brisbane Newspaper of 15 November 1920: Brisbane "Kinema: Club. Attention is called to an advertisement elsewhere in these columns of the meeting to be held for the purpose of establishing the picture producing industry in Brisbane. The Brisbane Kinema Club have made the Lyceum Theatre their headquarters, where all particulars as to membership, objects, etc., may be obtained from the manager of the theatre. Operations have already commenced, and the first Queensland production is now in progress. The cast includes Miss May Bradford, an excellent type of Australian sportswoman, whose action in the piece calls for expert horse management. The heavy lead is taken by Mr. Armand Lionello, (late of Cines Film Company, Rome). Mr. Arthur Keighley, who plays the hero was formerly a member of J.C. Williamson and Julius Knight Companies. Several "Diggers" are included in the cast, and give promise of their performances. The location chosen has been placed at the disposal of the players by Mr. C. O'Brien, of Moggil, and embraces some grand scenery, so near to Brisbane, yet so little known, being situated about eight miles from Indoorpilly Railway station. Mr. B. Kirwan is in charge of the camera, and Mr. B.A. Melville is director.

## Reception

On 19 October 1921 the Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser carried an article about a film to be shown at a local cinema: The Raiders was screened last night before a fairly large house. The picture, which ran the gauntlet of many critical eyes, was generally classed as a fine production. It proved, too, the possibilities of the cinema in Queensland, and the industry, once commenced, should receive every encouragement. It opens up many possibilities.

## InfoBox

| The Raiders | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | B.A.Melville |
| Starring | Armand Lionello, May Bradford |
| Cinematography | B.Kirwan |
| Release date | * 20 October 1921 (1921-10-20) |
| Country | Australia |
| Languages | Silent film <br>English intertitles |


title: Weather pains

abstract: Weather pains, weather-related pain, or meteoropathy is a phenomenon that occurs when people with conditions such as arthritis or limb injuries claim to feel pain, particularly with changes in barometric pressure, humidity or other weather phenomena. Scientific evidence, however, does not support a connection between weather and pain, and concludes that it is largely or entirely due to perceptual errors such as confirmation bias, with the possible exception being headaches and migraines.

text:
# Weather pains

**Weather pains**, **weather-related pain**, or **meteoropathy** is a phenomenon that occurs when people with conditions such as arthritis or limb injuries claim to feel pain, particularly with changes in barometric pressure, humidity or other weather phenomena. Scientific evidence, however, does not support a connection between weather and pain, and concludes that it is largely or entirely due to perceptual errors such as confirmation bias, with the possible exception being headaches and migraines.

## Historic beliefs

A hypothetical relationship between changes in weather and pain has been documented since the classical Roman age, with Hippocrates in about 400 B.C. perhaps being the first to claim a connection. Anecdotal evidence provided by people such as Monica Seles and widely used expressions such as "aches and pain, coming rains", "feeling under the weather", and "ill health due to evil winds" reinforce the popular opinion that this effect is real, despite the lack of scientific evidence supporting this contention.

## Scientific evaluation

The first publication to document a change in pain perception associated with the weather was the *American Journal of the Medical Sciences* in 1887. This involved a single case report describing a person with phantom limb pain, and it concluded that "approaching storms, dropping barometric pressure and rain were associated with increased pain complaint."

Most investigations examining the relationship between weather and pain have studied people diagnosed with arthritis. After reviewing many case reports, Rentshler reported in the *Journal of the American Medical Association* in 1929 that there was strong evidence that "warm weather is beneficial and barometric pressure changes are detrimental to patients with arthritis."

Countering the 1929 barometric pressure claim, in a 2016 article entitled "Do Your Aches, Pains Predict Rain?" professor of atmospheric sciences Dennis Driscoll is reported as stating: "People need to realize that the pressure changes associated with storms are rather small." Driscoll observes that the changes associated with a storm are about equivalent to what a person experiences in going up an elevator in a tall building. So far, there have not been many reports of people with arthritis hobbled by elevator rides in the medical literature.

A study published in the *British Medical Journal* in 2017 examined reports of joint or back pain from millions of doctor visits between 2008 and 2012 as recorded by Medicare, the U.S. health system for the elderly. It compared these to rain data as recorded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, but found no correlation at all. The study concluded that:

> Data on millions of outpatient visits of older Americans linked to data on daily rainfall showed no relation between rainfall and outpatient visits for joint or back pain... This was the case both among the older overall population and among patients with rheumatoid arthritis in particular.

According to the Mayo clinic, migraines may be triggered by certain changes in the weather. The NHS says "...weather changes are thought to trigger chemical and electrical changes in the brain. This irritates nerves, leading to a headache." A 2023 study published in the journal of the American Headache Society found that "low barometric pressure, barometric pressure changes, higher humidity, and rainfall were associated with an increased number of headache occurrences".

* Climatotherapy – medical practice


title: Shooting Guns

abstract: Shooting Guns are a Canadian heavy metal band from Saskatoon, SK. Releasing albums and recordings since 2011, they have been nominated for the JUNO Award and Polaris Prize. Their style is influenced by Black Sabbath and kraut rock. Shooting Guns scored the soundtrack to Canadian horror-comedy film WolfCop and released the Official Soundtrack in 2014 in partnership with One Way Static, RidingEasy Records, and Cinecoup. Their sophomore LP, Brotherhood of the Ram, released in 2013 through RidingEasy Records was nominated for the Juno Awards of 2015 Metal/Hard Album of the Year and the 2014 Polaris Music Prize. Their debut LP, Born To Deal in Magic: 1952-1976, was also nominated for the 2012 Polaris Music Prize.

text:
# Shooting Guns

**Shooting Guns** are a Canadian heavy metal band from Saskatoon, SK. Releasing albums and recordings since 2011, they have been nominated for the JUNO Award and Polaris Prize. Their style is influenced by Black Sabbath and kraut rock.

Shooting Guns scored the soundtrack to Canadian horror-comedy film *WolfCop* and released the Official Soundtrack in 2014 in partnership with One Way Static, RidingEasy Records, and Cinecoup. Their sophomore LP, *Brotherhood of the Ram*, released in 2013 through RidingEasy Records was nominated for the Juno Awards of 2015 Metal/Hard Album of the Year and the 2014 Polaris Music Prize. Their debut LP, *Born To Deal in Magic: 1952-1976*, was also nominated for the 2012 Polaris Music Prize.

## InfoBox

| Shooting Guns | |
| --- | --- |
| Official logo | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Saskatoon, SK, Canada |
| Genres | Heavy metal |
|  | |
| Website | shootingguns.ca |


title: Tom Pyszczynski

abstract:
Tom Pyszczynski is an American social psychologist.
He is notable, together with Jeff Greenberg and Sheldon Solomon, for founding the field of Terror Management Theory (TMT). TMT is a theory that is based on the writings of Ernest Becker, along with other existential thinkers such as Søren Kierkegaard, Otto Rank, and Heidegger. At the heart of TMT is the notion that human beings have a unique capacity for self-awareness, which makes them realize that death is inevitable. This realization, which conflicts with people's instinctive need for self-preservation, gives rise to a potential for existential anxiety, or terror, that is greater than that in other animals. To manage this potential for terror, people have constructed cultural worldviews, which assure people of either a literal form of afterlife or a symbolic form of death transcendence. When people live up to the standards implied by their cultural worldviews, they attain a sense of positive self-esteem. Thus, TMT suggests that one major psychological function of self-esteem lies in protecting people against existential anxiety. TMT was explicitly formulated to be open to empirical testing. Indeed, since TMT was first conceived in the 1980s, the theory has inspired hundreds of experiments that were designed to test core ideas of TMT. For instance, in support of TMT, many experiments have shown that reminding people of their own mortality leads people to defend their cultural worldviews more vigorously. For instance, people who are briefly reminded of death are more dismissive of someone who criticizes their culture.

text:
# Tom Pyszczynski

**Tom Pyszczynski** (/pɪzˈɪnsk/) is an American social psychologist. He is notable, together with Jeff Greenberg and Sheldon Solomon, for founding the field of Terror Management Theory (TMT). TMT is a theory that is based on the writings of Ernest Becker, along with other existential thinkers such as Søren Kierkegaard, Otto Rank, and Heidegger. At the heart of TMT is the notion that human beings have a unique capacity for self-awareness, which makes them realize that death is inevitable. This realization, which conflicts with people's instinctive need for self-preservation, gives rise to a potential for existential anxiety, or terror, that is greater than that in other animals. To manage this potential for terror, people have constructed cultural worldviews, which assure people of either a literal form of afterlife (e.g., heaven, nirvana) or a symbolic form of death transcendence (e.g., being remembered after one has died). When people live up to the standards implied by their cultural worldviews, they attain a sense of positive self-esteem. Thus, TMT suggests that one major psychological function of self-esteem lies in protecting people against existential anxiety. TMT was explicitly formulated to be open to empirical testing. Indeed, since TMT was first conceived in the 1980s, the theory has inspired hundreds of experiments that were designed to test core ideas of TMT. For instance, in support of TMT, many experiments have shown that reminding people of their own mortality (versus a neutral or aversive control topic) leads people to defend their cultural worldviews more vigorously. For instance, people who are briefly reminded of death are more dismissive of someone who criticizes their culture.

1. Tom Pyszczynski (Winter 2004). "What are we so afraid of? A terror management theory perspective on the politics of fear". Social Research. Retrieved 2008-01-18.
2. "Relationship Between Fear of Death and Political Preferences". Medical News Today. 26 October 2004. Retrieved 2008-01-18.
3. Sheldon Solomon, Jeff Greenberg, Tom Pyszczynski (26 May 2004). "Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology". Guilford Press. ISBN 9781593850401. Retrieved 2008-01-18.`{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
4. Shankar Vedantam (December 24, 2007). "Reminders of Mortality Bring Out the Charitable Side". *Washington Post*. pp. A03. Retrieved 2008-01-18.


title: Origins Vol. 1

abstract: Origins Vol. 1 is the fifth studio album by American guitarist Ace Frehley, released on April 13, 2016 in Japan and April 15 in the United States. It is a covers album which features guest appearances from Slash, Lita Ford, John 5, Mike McCready, and Frehley's former Kiss bandmate Paul Stanley. The album was announced on February 11, 2016.

text:
# Origins Vol. 1

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| Blabbermouth.net | 8/10 |
| *Classic Rock* |  |
| *New Noise* |  |
| *PopMatters* |  |

***Origins Vol. 1*** is the fifth studio album by American guitarist Ace Frehley, released on April 13, 2016 in Japan and April 15 in the United States. It is a covers album which features guest appearances from Slash, Lita Ford, John 5, Mike McCready, and Frehley's former Kiss bandmate Paul Stanley. The album was announced on February 11, 2016.

## Album information

In addition to covers of tracks by Cream and Thin Lizzy, *Origins Vol. 1* features newly recorded versions of several Kiss songs which were written but not sung by Frehley, such as "Cold Gin" and "Parasite", as well as a new version of the Kiss song "Rock and Roll Hell" from the *Creatures of the Night* album, which he never performed on, as he was leaving the band at the time.

In a 2016 interview with The Pods & Sods Network, Ace described other songs that were considered, recorded and about plans for *Origins Vol. 2*.

## Reception

The album entered the *Billboard* 200 chart at number 23 selling 16,113 in its first week, but totaling 16,386 copies including streams and tracks.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Original artist/arranger | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "White Room" | Jack Bruce, Pete Brown | Cream | 5:04 |
| 2. | "Street Fighting Man" | Mick Jagger, Keith Richards | The Rolling Stones | 4:01 |
| 3. | "Spanish Castle Magic" (featuring John 5) | Jimi Hendrix | The Jimi Hendrix Experience | 3:35 |
| 4. | "Fire and Water" (featuring Paul Stanley) | Andy Fraser, Paul Rodgers | Free | 4:11 |
| 5. | "Emerald" (featuring Slash) | Phil Lynott, Brian Robertson, Brian Downey, Scott Gorham | Thin Lizzy | 4:29 |
| 6. | "Bring It On Home" | Willie Dixon | Led Zeppelin | 4:26 |
| 7. | "Wild Thing" (featuring Lita Ford) | Chip Taylor | The Troggs | 3:45 |
| 8. | "Parasite" (featuring John 5) | Frehley | Kiss | 4:03 |
| 9. | "Magic Carpet Ride" | Rushton Moreve, John Kay | Steppenwolf | 3:43 |
| 10. | "Cold Gin" (featuring Mike McCready) | Frehley | Kiss | 5:18 |
| 11. | "Till the End of the Day" | Ray Davies | The Kinks | 2:27 |
| 12. | "Rock and Roll Hell" | Gene Simmons, Bryan Adams, Jim Vallance | Kiss | 6:31 |

## Personnel

*Source: CD booklet*

* Ace Frehley  – lead vocals (all, except 4); rhythm, additional and lead guitars (all); bass guitar (1, 6–7, 9, 11–12), engineer (4), producer
* Chris Wyse – bass guitar (2–5, 8, 10)
* Scot Coogan – drums (1, 3, 5–11); lead vocals (1, 6)
* Matt Starr – drums (2, 4, 12)
* Ray Brandis – percussion (2, 6, 9, 11)
* Warren Huart – harmony lead guitar (5)

Special Guests * John 5  – guitar solo and lead guitar (3, 8)
* Paul Stanley  – lead vocals and co-producer (4)
* Slash  – guitar solo and lead guitar (5)
* Lita Ford  – lead guitar and lead vocals (7)
* Mike McCready  – additional guitar (10)

Production * Warren Huart – producer (3, 7, 12), engineer, mixing
* Ken Gullic – producer (12)
* Sam Martin – engineer, mixing assistant
* Alex Salzman – engineer
* Mike Everett – engineer (2)
* Josh Evans – overdubs engineer (10)
* Greg Collins – vocals engineer (4)
* Jonathan Burns – mixing assistant (4)
* Pablo Valda, Eric Gonzales – mixing assistants
* Adam Ayan – mastering

## Charts

| Chart (2016) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) | 51 |
| Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) | 111 |
| Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) | 99 |
| Canadian Albums (*Billboard*) | 35 |
| Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) | 58 |
| Japanese Albums (Oricon) | 96 |
| Norwegian Albums (VG-lista) | 15 |
| Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) | 22 |
| Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) | 44 |
| UK Albums (OCC) | 170 |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 23 |
|

```
The album reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hard Rock Albums Chart, and No. 4 on the Billboard Rock Album Charts.
```

## InfoBox

| Origins Vol. 1 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album of cover songs by Ace Frehley | |
| Released | April 13, 2016 |
| Recorded | 2015 |
| Studio | * The Creation Lab, Turlock, CA * Signature Sound, San Diego, CA * Ace in the Hole Studios West, San Diego, CA * The Nook, Studio City, CA * Spitfire Studio, Los Angeles, CA * Mike's Home Studio, Seattle, WA |
| Genre | Hard rock, heavy metal |
| Length | 51:33 |
| Label | Entertainment One Music |
| Producer | Ace Frehley, Warren Huart, Ken Gullic, Paul Stanley |
| Ace Frehley chronology | |
| *Space Invader*
(2014) ***Origins Vol. 1***
(2016) *Spaceman*
(2018) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Origins Vol. 1* | |
| 1. "White Room"
Released: February 11, 2016 | |
|  | |


title: Ulmus parvifolia 'Yatsubusa'

abstract: The Chinese Elm cultivar Ulmus parvifolia 'Yatsubusa' is a dwarf variety.

text:
# Ulmus parvifolia 'Yatsubusa'

The **Chinese Elm** cultivar ***Ulmus parvifolia*** '**Yatsubusa'**  is a dwarf variety.

## Description

The name is used both to identify a cultivar and as a group name  for particularly small-leaved variants specifically raised for bonsai culture .

## Pests and diseases

The species and its cultivars are highly resistant, but not immune, to Dutch elm disease, and unaffected by the Elm Leaf Beetle *Xanthogaleruca luteola*.

## Etymology

'Yatsubusa' is the Japanese word for 'dwarf'.

## Accessions

### North America

### Europe

## Nurseries

### North America

(Widely available)

### Europe

(Widely available)

## InfoBox

| *Ulmus parvifolia* 'Yatsubusa' | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Species | *Ulmus parvifolia* |
| Cultivar | 'Yatsubusa' |


title: Vijay Sales

abstract: Vijay Sales (India) Pvt. Ltd., doing business as Vijay Sales, is an Indian retail chain of consumer electronics, headquartered in Jogeshwari, Mumbai. Vijay Sales started as a small TV showroom in Mumbai by Nanu Gupta in 1967. It currently operates 132 stores across the regions of Maharashtra, Haryana, UP, Gujarat, Delhi, Andhra Pradesh, & Telangana.

text:
# Vijay Sales

**Vijay Sales (India) Pvt. Ltd.**, doing business as **Vijay Sales**, is an Indian retail chain of consumer electronics, headquartered in Jogeshwari, Mumbai. Vijay Sales started as a small TV showroom in Mumbai by Nanu Gupta in 1967. It currently operates 132 stores across the regions of Maharashtra, Haryana, UP, Gujarat, Delhi, Andhra Pradesh, & Telangana.

## History

Nanu Gupta was born in Punjab Province, India in 1942. He moved to Bombay in 1954 and started working as a distributor for Usha electric fans.

Vijay Sales was founded in 1967 as a small television showroom by Nanu Gupta in Mahim, as Vijay Television Store. In 1981 the name was changed to the present name. Vijay Sales has since long evolved into one of India's leading chain of retailers. From 2010, Vijay Sales expanded from Maharashtra to Gujarat and the National Capital Region. In 2019, Vijay Sales acquired a chain of consumer durable retail stores in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh under the name of TMC (Tirumala Music Center) and has now re-branded TMC to Vijay Sales. Vijay Sales has more than 5,000 Products to choose from and is located in prime locations all across India and has 35 stores in Mumbai, 15 stores in Pune, 22 stores in Gujarat, 25 stores in Delhi, 6 stores in Haryana, 4 stores in Uttar Pradesh, 8 stores in Andhra Pradesh, and 26 stores in Telangana. The electronics retail chain also aims to take its total stores to 200 by 2025 from the 141 at present.

## Corporate structure

Vijay Sales' corporate headquarters is based in Mumbai. It is headed by Nanu Gupta who is the Founder and Chairman of Vijay Sales and is followed by his two sons Nilesh Gupta and Ashish Gupta and grandson Karan Gupta who are Managing Directors of the company. By January 2021, Vijay Sales had more than 4,000 employees and a well-connected supply chain and warehouses at its disposal.

## InfoBox

Vijay Sales
|
|  |
| Formerly | Vijay Sales (India) Pvt. Ltd. |
| Company type | Private Limited Company |
| Industry | Retail |
| Founded | 1967 |
| Headquarters | Mumbai, Maharashtra |
| Area served | India |
| Key people | Nanu Gupta (chairman and founder)<br>Nilesh Gupta, Ashish Gupta and Karan Gupta (managing directors) |
| Products | Consumer electronics |
| Revenue | Approx 7,000 crores |
| Number of employees | Approx 4,000, Dec 2022 |
| Website | Official Website |


title: The Boat Race 1935

abstract: The 87th Boat Race took place on 6 April 1935. Held annually, the Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames. Umpired by former Oxford rower Robert Bourne, Cambridge won by four and a half lengths in a time of 19 minutes 48 seconds. The record twelfth consecutive victory took the overall record in the event to 46–40 in Cambridge's favour.

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# The Boat Race 1935

The 87th Boat Race took place on 6 April 1935. Held annually, the Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames. Umpired by former Oxford rower Robert Bourne, Cambridge won by four and a half lengths in a time of 19 minutes 48 seconds. The record twelfth consecutive victory took the overall record in the event to 4640 in Cambridge's favour.

## Background

The Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing competition between the University of Oxford (sometimes referred to as the "Dark Blues") and the University of Cambridge (sometimes referred to as the "Light Blues"). The race was first held in 1829, and since 1845 has taken place on the 4.2-mile (6.8 km) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London. The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities; it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and, as of 2014, broadcast worldwide. Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions, having won the 1934 race by four and a quarter lengths, and led overall with 45 victories to Oxford's 40 (excluding the "dead heat" of 1877).

Cambridge's coaches were D. H. E. McCowen (who had rowed in the 1932 race) and, according to the rowing correspondent for *The Times*, "two eminent Metropolitan coaches" in R. A. Nisbet and C. H. Rew. Oxford were coached by Francis Escombe and Peter Haig-Thomas, both of whom previously coached the Light Blues, and former Light Blue rower Kenneth Payne (who rowed for Cambridge in the 1932 and 1934 races). The race was umpired by former Oxford rower and boat club president Robert Bourne who had stroked the Dark Blues to four consecutive victories between 1909 and 1912, while the finishing judge was C. W. Kent. Both boats were made by Sims and both crews used Ayling's oars.

The rowing correspondent for *The Times* noted that "neither crew is exceptionally fast" and suggested that Oxford's heavier crew would out-perform Cambridge, who he claimed "will be seen at their best in calm conditions". As a result of Oxford's practice rows during the period running up to the race, former Dark Blue rower E. P. Evans, writing in *The Manchester Guardian*, stated "Cambridge are now at the zenith of their power and are not likely to improve, whilst Oxford are still in the stages of reaching perfection".

## Crews

The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 13 lb (81.9 kg), 4.375 pounds (2.0 kg) per rower more than their opponents. Cambridge saw four participants with Boat Race experience return to the crew, including cox Noel Duckworth. The Light Blue crew also included a pair of brothers in Annesely and Desmond Kingsford. Oxford's crew also contained four former Blues, including P. R. S. Bankes and John Couchman, both of whom were rowing in their third consecutive race. All of the race participants were registered as British.

| Seat | Cambridge
 | | | Oxford
 | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Name | College | Weight | Name | College | Weight |
| Bow | T. R. M. Bristow | Pembroke | 12 st 4 lb | R. Hope | New College | 12 st 2 lb |
| 2 | E. A. Szilagyi | Jesus | 12 st 3 lb | D. M. de R. Winser | Corpus Christi | 11 st 9.5 lb |
| 3 | A. D. Kingsford | Pembroke | 12 st 4 lb | E. E. D. Tomlin | University | 12 st 5 lb |
| 4 | J. H. C. Powell | 3rd Trinity | 12 st 0 lb | P. R. S. Bankes | Christ Church | 14 st 3 lb |
| 5 | D. G. Kingsford | Pembroke | 12 st 0 lb | D. R. B. Mynors | New College | 13 st 0 lb |
| 6 | M. P. Lonnon | 3rd Trinity | 12 st 8 lb | J. M. Couchman | Christ Church | 12 st 13.5 lb |
| 7 | J. H. T. Wilson | Pembroke | 12 st 13 lb | B. J. Sciortino | University | 12 st 10 lb |
| Stroke | W. G. R. M. Laurie | Selwyn | 13 st 7 lb | A. V. Suitcliffe | Trinity | 14 st 5 lb |
| Cox | J. N. Duckworth | Jesus | 7 st 13 lb | C. G. F. Bryan | Worcester | 7 st 13 lb |
| Source:
(P)  boat club president | | | | | | |

## Race

Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station, handing the Middlesex side of the river to Oxford. The umpire Bourne started the race at 2:48 p.m. in strong and gusty wind, and rough water. The Light Blues made the quicker start, out-rating Oxford by three strokes within the first minute, and led by half a length. Thirty seconds later, Cambridge were clear and were further ahead by Craven Steps. By the end of the Fulham Wall, Duckworth steered directly towards the Surrey shore in an attempt to find shelter from the conditions. A spurt from the Dark Blues made no difference to the gap and Cambridge passed the Mile Post almost two lengths ahead. Another spurt from Oxford at Harrods Furniture Depository once again made no impact on the deficit and Cambridge passed below Hammersmith Bridge with a lead of three lengths.

Intelligent steering from C. G. F. Bryan, the Oxford cox, saw the Dark Blues "hugging the Surrey bank" to reduce the Cambridge lead to about a length by Chiswick Eyot. It was short-lived however, as Bryan steered back over towards the Middlesex side of the river, losing his crew a length in doing so and moving into rougher water, and by Chiswick Steps, the Light Blues were four and a half lengths ahead. Cambridge's stroke Ran Laurie called for a spurt and by the time they passed under Barnes Bridge they were five lengths ahead. They crossed to the Middlesex side of the river before passing the finishing post with a lead of four and a half lengths in a time of 19 minutes 48 seconds. It was a record twelfth victory for the Light Blues and took the overall record in the event to 46–40 in their favour. Former Oxford rower E. P. Evans, writing in *The Manchester Guardian*, stated that Cambridge "won in the easiest manner possible, having led from start to finish" and described the race as a "fiasco". The rowing correspondent for *The Times* suggested that "never was it so obvious after the first few strokes that there was only one crew in the race ... Oxford's form was too bad to be true."

**Notes**

**Bibliography**

## InfoBox

| 87th Boat Race | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 6 April 1935 (1935-04-06) |
| Winner | Cambridge |
| Margin of victory | 4 1/2 lengths |
| Winning time | 19 minutes 48 seconds |
| Overall record
(CambridgeOxford) | 46–40 |
| Umpire | Robert Bourne
(Oxford) |
| Other races | |
| Women's winner | Oxford |
|  | |


title: Terrence Whitehead

abstract: Terrence Harrell Whitehead is a former American football running back. He was signed by the Cincinnati Bengals as an undrafted free agent in 2006. He played college football at Oregon. Whitehead has also been a member of the BC Lions and Las Vegas Locomotives.

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# Terrence Whitehead

**Terrence Harrell Whitehead** (born May 31, 1983) is a former American football running back. He was signed by the Cincinnati Bengals as an undrafted free agent in 2006. He played college football at Oregon.

Whitehead has also been a member of the BC Lions and Las Vegas Locomotives.

## InfoBox

Terrence Whitehead
| No. 30 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Running back |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1983-05-31) May 31, 1983<br>Gardena, California, U.S. |
| Height: | 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) |
| Weight: | 205 lb (93 kg) |
| Career information | |
| College: | Oregon |
| Undrafted: | 2006 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Masiakasaurus

abstract: Masiakasaurus is a genus of small predatory noasaurid theropod dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. In Malagasy, masiaka means "vicious"; thus, the genus name means "vicious lizard". The type species, Masiakasaurus knopfleri, was named after the musician Mark Knopfler, whose music inspired the expedition crew. It was named in 2001 by Scott D. Sampson, Matthew Carrano, and Catherine A. Forster. Unlike most theropods, the front teeth of M. knopfleri projected forward instead of straight down. This unique dentition suggests that they had a specialized diet, perhaps including fish and other small prey. Other bones of the skeleton indicate that Masiakasaurus were bipedal, with much shorter forelimbs than hindlimbs. M. knopfleri was a small theropod, reaching 1.8–2.1 m (5.9–6.9 ft) long and weighing 20 kg (44 lb). Masiakasaurus lived from 72.1 to 66 million years ago, along with animals such as Majungasaurus, Rapetosaurus, and Rahonavis. Masiakasaurus was a member of the group Noasauridae, small predatory ceratosaurs found primarily in South America.

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# Masiakasaurus

***Masiakasaurus*** is a genus of small predatory noasaurid theropod dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. In Malagasy, *masiaka* means "vicious"; thus, the genus name means "vicious lizard". The type species, ***Masiakasaurus knopfleri***, was named after the musician Mark Knopfler, whose music inspired the expedition crew. It was named in 2001 by Scott D. Sampson, *Matthew Carrano*, and Catherine A. Forster. Unlike most theropods, the front teeth of *M. knopfleri* projected forward instead of straight down. This unique dentition suggests that they had a specialized diet, perhaps including fish and other small prey. Other bones of the skeleton indicate that *Masiakasaurus* were bipedal, with much shorter forelimbs than hindlimbs. *M. knopfleri* was a small theropod, reaching 1.8–2.1 m (5.9–6.9 ft) long and weighing 20 kg (44 lb).

*Masiakasaurus* lived from 72.1 to 66 million years ago, along with animals such as *Majungasaurus*, *Rapetosaurus*, and *Rahonavis*. *Masiakasaurus* was a member of the group Noasauridae, small predatory ceratosaurs found primarily in South America.

## History

Remains of *Masiakasaurus* have been found in the Late Cretaceous Maevarano Formation in northwestern Madagascar and were first described in the journal *Nature* in 2001. Fragmentary bones comprising around 40% of the skeleton were collected near the village of Berivotra. Several parts of the skull, including the distinctive teeth, were found. The humerus (upper arm bone), pubis, hindlimbs, and several vertebrae were also collected.

In 2011, additional specimens of *Masiakasaurus* were described. The braincase, premaxilla, facial bones, ribcage, portions of the hands and pectoral girdle (coracoid), and much of the cervical and dorsal vertebral column were described for the first time. The discovery of this new material clarified many aspects of noasaurid anatomy and made the genus among the best known dinosaurs. The new finds did however not allow for a detailed study of its evolutionary relationships among ceratosaurs. With the new material, around 65% of the skeleton is currently known.

## Description

### Skull

The most distinctive characteristic of *Masiakasaurus* is the forward-projecting, or procumbent, front teeth. The teeth are heterodont, meaning that they have different shapes along the jaw. The first four dentary teeth of the lower jaw project forward, with the first tooth angled only 10° above the horizontal. These teeth are long and spoon-shaped with hooked edges. They have carinae, or sharp edges, that are weakly serrated. Serrations are more evident along the rear edge the posterior teeth in the back of the jaw, which are also recurved and laterally compressed (flattened from the side), resembling the less unusual teeth of other carnivorous dinosaurs. The margin of the dentary curves downward so that the alveoli (tooth sockets) of the front teeth are directed forward. In fact, the alveolus of the first tooth is actually situated lower than the bottom edge of the rest of the lower jaw. The lower part of the rear edge of the dentary has a long prong, known as a ventral process. This differs from the situation in abelisaurids, which have a much shorter ventral process. On the other hand, the upper part of the rear edge of the dentary is very similar to that of abelisaurids such as *Majungasaurus* and *Carnotaurus*. This part of the bone possesses an array of four small structures, three of which line a socket which connects to the surangular bone at the back of the lower jaw. Although the surangular bone is not preserved, several other bones of the lower jaw are, including a triangular angular bone, a gently curving prearticular bone, and a damaged yet notably concave articular bone. The angular and prearticular formed the lower edge of a large and rounded in the lower jaw (known as a mandibular fenestra) while the articular bone formed the lower part of the jaw joint. A long and tapering hyoid (tongue bone) has also been preserved. The front teeth of the upper jaw are also procumbent, and the margin of the premaxilla curves slightly upward to direct them outward. Unlike the skulls of abelisaurids, which are very deep, the skull of *Masiakasaurus* is long and low. The lacrimal and postorbital bones around the eye are textured with bumpy projections. Not including the highly modified jaws and teeth, the skull of *Masiakasaurus* possesses many general ceratosaurian characteristics. Overall, its morphology is intermediate between abelisaurids and more basal ceratosaurs.

### Vertebrae

The neck is relatively narrow in comparison to abelisaurids and bear stout neck ribs. While many theropods have s-shaped necks, the ribs would make the neck rather stiff in *Masiakasaurus*, and the back of the neck is positioned almost horizontally, giving it only a slighter curve. Like those of other abelisauroids, the vertebrae are heavily pneumaticized, or hollowed, and have relatively short neural spines. Pneumaticity is limited to the neck and foremost back vertebrae, however. Pneumatic cavities are also present in the braincase.

### Forelimbs

As in other ceratosaurs, the shoulder blade (scapula) and shoulder girdle fuse into a single bone, the scapulocoracoid. This bone is very large and broad, even compared to the condition in other ceratosaurs. The scapula portion (above the glenoid, or arm socket) tapers towards the back while the coracoid portion (below the glenoid) is expanded into a curved blade-like structure. While abelisaurids have arms that are extremely reduced in size, *Masiakasaurus* and other noasaurids had longer forelimbs. The humerus is slender and known bones of the hand are relatively short. The related genus *Noasaurus* has a large and curved raptorial ungual (claw) which was originally interpreted as a sickle-like foot claw as in dromaeosaurids such as *Velociraptor*. More recently, this has been re-evaluated as a claw of the hand. The penultimate phalanx, the finger bone that immediately precedes the raptorial ungual in *Noasaurus*, is also known in *Masiakasaurus* and has a similar appearance. The enlarged ungual, however, is unknown in *Masiakasaurus*. It is assumed that members of this genus had four fingers, with the middle two fingers being the longest as in other ceratosaurians.

## Classification

In its initial 2001 description, *Masiakasaurus* was classified as a basal abelisauroid related to *Laevisuchus* and *Noasaurus*, two poorly known genera named in 1933 and 1980, respectively. In the following year, Carrano *et al.* (2002) placed *Masiakasaurus* along with *Laevisuchus* and *Noasaurus* in the family Noasauridae. They conducted a phylogenetic analysis of abelisauroids using characteristics from *Masiakasaurus*. Below is a cladogram from an updated version of their analysis showing the phylogenetic placement of *Masiakasaurus*.

## Paleobiology

Carrano *et al.* (2002) distinguished two forms of *Masiakasaurus*, a robust form and a gracile form. The robust morph includes specimens with thicker bones and more pronounced projections for the attachment of ligaments and muscles. The gracile form includes specimens that are more slender and have less pronounced muscle attachments. It also has unfused tibiae, unlike the fused tibiae of the robust form. These two varieties may be an indication of sexual dimorphism in *Masiakasaurus*, but they may also represent two distinct populations.

One specimen of *Masiakasaurus*, a right scapulocoracoid, bears holes that may be puncture marks from predation or scavenging. *Majungasaurus*, a large abelisaurid from the Maevarano Formation, may have preyed upon *Masiakasaurus*. The holes may also have been the result of an infection.

### Diet

The procument front teeth of *Masiakasaurus* were likely an adaptation for grasping small prey. They would have been unsuitable for tearing larger food apart. In the front of the jaws, carinae are restricted to the base of the teeth and would not have been used to tear prey. The back teeth, however, share the same general characteristics as those of most other theropods, suggesting that they served a similar function in *Masiakasaurus* such as cutting and slicing.

Several feeding behaviors have been proposed for *Masiakasaurus* on the basis of its unusual dentition. Because the front teeth would have been well suited for grasping, *Masiakasaurus* may have consumed small vertebrates, invertebrates, and possibly even fruits.

### Growth

In 2013, Lee and O'Connor observed that *Masiakasaurus* would be a good subject for an analysis of theropod growth, considering that there is an abundance of fossil material to examine from a broad range of ontogenetic stages. The study showed that *Masiakasaurus* grew determinately, and reached full maturity at a small body size. Competing theories that *Masiakasaurus* specimens represent the juvenile form of a larger-bodied theropod were not supported by the data. *Masiakasaurus* took 8 to 10 years to grow the size of a large dog. This indicates a rate of growth that is 40% slower than that of comparably sized non-avian theropods, a finding that is supported by the unusual prominence of parallel-fibered bone which is known to be associated with relatively slow growth. However, individuals in this genus grew 40% faster than crocodylians. Lee and O'Connor noted that the evolution of slow growth gave this dinosaur the advantage of minimizing the nutritional investment allocated toward structural growth while living in a semiarid and seasonally stressful environment.

## InfoBox

| *Masiakasaurus*
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Reconstructed skeleton, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Canada | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| *Clade*: | Dinosauria |
| *Clade*: | Saurischia |
| *Clade*: | Theropoda |
| *Clade*: | Abelisauria |
| Family: | Noasauridae |
| Subfamily: | Noasaurinae |
| Genus: | *Masiakasaurus*
Sampson *et al.*, 2001 |
| Species: | ***M. knopfleri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Masiakasaurus knopfleri***
Sampson *et al.*, 2001 | |
|


title: Mason City YMCA

abstract: The Mason City YMCA is a historic building located in Mason City, Iowa, United States. The local YMCA was organized in 1892 and it was housed in a variety of places in the city. Various attempts were made to build their own building and properties were acquired and traded before this location was acquired from St. John's Episcopal Church. Charles McNider, a local community leader, led the campaign to build this structure. The Minneapolis architectural firm of Tyrie and Chapman designed the Colonial Revival style building that was built by Madsen Construction Company, also of Minneapolis. Many of the materials used in its construction were produced locally. Even though it was completed late in 1926 it sat empty until all the pledges to complete its construction were fulfilled. The building contained room for athletic facilities, a restaurant, offices, and dormitory rooms on the upper floors. Local legend has it that two members of John Dillinger's gang stayed here while they cased the city before, Dillinger, Baby Face Nelson, John Hamilton and Tommy Carroll robbed the First National Bank in 1934, which was owned by McNider. Track star Jesse Owens starred in a basketball exhibition held here in 1937. It was also the host of a variety of community activities over the years, including weekend teen dances held in the 1940s nicknamed "Hi-Dive." The building was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002, and as a contributing property in the Mason City Downtown Historic District in 2005.

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# Mason City YMCA

The **Mason City YMCA** is a historic building located in Mason City, Iowa, United States. The local YMCA was organized in 1892 and it was housed in a variety of places in the city. Various attempts were made to build their own building and properties were acquired and traded before this location was acquired from St. John's Episcopal Church. Charles McNider, a local community leader, led the campaign to build this structure. The Minneapolis architectural firm of Tyrie and Chapman designed the Colonial Revival style building that was built by Madsen Construction Company, also of Minneapolis. Many of the materials used in its construction were produced locally. Even though it was completed late in 1926 it sat empty until all the pledges to complete its construction were fulfilled. The building contained room for athletic facilities, a restaurant, offices, and dormitory rooms on the upper floors.

Local legend has it that two members of John Dillinger's gang stayed here while they cased the city before, Dillinger, Baby Face Nelson, John Hamilton and Tommy Carroll robbed the First National Bank in 1934, which was owned by McNider. Track star Jesse Owens starred in a basketball exhibition held here in 1937. It was also the host of a variety of community activities over the years, including weekend teen dances held in the 1940s nicknamed "Hi-Dive." The building was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002, and as a contributing property in the Mason City Downtown Historic District in 2005.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Mason City YMCA | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district
Contributing property | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 15 N. Pennsylvania
Mason City, Iowa |
| Coordinates | 43°09′08.8″N 93°11′51.1″W / 43.152444°N 93.197528°W / 43.152444; -93.197528 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1926 |
| Built by | Madsen Construction Company |
| Architect | Tyrie and Chapman |
| Architectural style | Colonial Revival |
| Part of | Mason City Downtown Historic District (ID05000956) |
| NRHP reference No. | 02000426 |
| Added to NRHP | May 2, 2002 |


title: The Raider of the Copper Hill

abstract: "The Raider of the Copper Hill" or "The King of the Copper Hill" is a 1993 Scrooge McDuck comic by Don Rosa. It is the fourth of the original 12 chapters in the series The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck. The story takes place from 1884 to 1885. The story was first published in the Danish Anders And & Co. #1993-02; the first American publication was in Uncle Scrooge #288, in October 1994.

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# The Raider of the Copper Hill

"**The Raider of the Copper Hill**" or "**The King of the Copper Hill**" is a 1993 Scrooge McDuck comic by Don Rosa. It is the fourth of the original 12 chapters in the series *The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck*. The story takes place from 1884 to 1885.

The story was first published in the Danish *Anders And & Co.* #1993-02; the first American publication was in *Uncle Scrooge* #288, in October 1994.

## Storyline

The competition in the cattle business in the Montana Territory is growing bigger, and less profitable. Sixteen-seventeen year old teenager Scrooge McDuck's employer, Murdo MacKenzie decides to quit, and therefore has to let Scrooge go. Scrooge is not sad, but decides to try his luck as a silver prospector. There is no luck in it, but he does find some copper. Eating dinner in town at night with Marcus Daly, owner of the shut down Anaconda Silver Mine which has found tonnes of copper, he does find out that the government is putting up electric wire, made of copper, making the price skyrocket.

Thus he again starts prospecting, but doesn't know how to dig the best way, until Howard Rockerduck gives him some help. They find a small copper vein, that is the same as that off the Anaconda Mine, which is making a lot of money. Rockerduck does know of the Apex law and due to this, Scrooge becomes the owner of the Anaconda Mine. He is however forced to sell it back to Marcus Daly for ten thousand dollars, as he receives a telegram from his father, asking him to come home, since there is a "terrible crisis for the Clan McDuck" going on.

Scrooge leaves for Scotland after five years in America, and as the ship sets sail from New York City he thinks to himself that a statue should be placed there, to welcome people seeking a chance to succeed on their own terms. Behind him - where he can't see it - the Statue of Liberty is under construction.

## InfoBox

| "Raider of the Copper Hill" | |
| --- | --- |
| Original cover of *Raider of the Copper Hill*. Art by Don Rosa. | |
| Story code | D 92083 |
| Alternative title | "The King of the Copper Hill" |
| Story | Don Rosa |
| Ink | Don Rosa |
| Hero | Scrooge McDuck |
| Pages | 15 |
| Layout | 4 rows per page |
| Appearances | Scrooge McDuck
Howard Rockerduck
Murdo MacKenzie (historical)
Marcus Daly (historical) |


title: The Race for Space (film)

abstract: The Race for Space is a 1959 American documentary film directed by David L. Wolper. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. The film was a coproduction between Wolper Productions, the U.S. Department of Defense, and the U.S.S.R. Ministry of Culture.

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# The Race for Space (film)

***The Race for Space*** is a 1959 American documentary film directed by David L. Wolper. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. The film was a coproduction between Wolper Productions, the U.S. Department of Defense, and the U.S.S.R. Ministry of Culture.

## Cast

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| The Race for Space | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | David L. Wolper |
| Written by | * Laurence E. Mascott * David L. Wolper |
| Produced by |  |
| Narrated by | Mike Wallace |
| Cinematography | * Michael Nebbia * Jerry Reeves |
| Edited by | Philip R. Rosenberg |
| Music by | Elmer Bernstein |
| Production<br>company | Wolper Inc. |
| Distributed by | Universal Pictures |
| Release date | * 1959 (1959) |
| Running time | 55 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: The Raspberry Reich

abstract: The Raspberry Reich is a 2004 film by director Bruce LaBruce which explores what LaBruce calls "terrorist chic", cult dynamics, and the "innate radical potential of homosexual expression". It is about a contemporary terrorist group who set out to continue the work of the Red Army Faction (RAF), also known as the Baader-Meinhof Gang. The group consists of several young men and a female leader named Gudrun. All of the characters are named after either original members of the Baader-Meinhof Gang or revolutionaries such as Che Guevara. They call themselves the "Sixth Generation of the Baader-Meinhof Gang" and "The Raspberry Reich". "Reich" is a reference to communist sexologist Wilhelm Reich. In addition, the term "Raspberry Reich" was coined by RAF leader Gudrun Ensslin to refer to the oppression of consumer society. An "uncut" version of the film has been released, titled The Revolution Is My Boyfriend, edited by the gay pornographic film company Cazzo Film to include erotic scenes edited out in the original version.

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# The Raspberry Reich

***The Raspberry Reich*** is a 2004 film by director Bruce LaBruce which explores what LaBruce calls "terrorist chic", cult dynamics, and the "innate radical potential of homosexual expression". It is about a contemporary terrorist group who set out to continue the work of the Red Army Faction (*RAF*), also known as the Baader-Meinhof Gang. The group consists of several young men and a female leader named Gudrun (after Gudrun Ensslin). All of the characters are named after either original members of the Baader-Meinhof Gang or revolutionaries such as Che Guevara.

They call themselves the "Sixth Generation of the Baader-Meinhof Gang" and "The Raspberry Reich". "Reich" is a reference to communist sexologist Wilhelm Reich. In addition, the term "Raspberry Reich" was coined by RAF leader Gudrun Ensslin to refer to the oppression of consumer society. An "uncut" version of the film has been released, titled *The Revolution Is My Boyfriend*, edited by the gay pornographic film company *Cazzo Film* to include erotic scenes edited out in the original version.

## Plot

The core plot begins with the kidnapping of Patrick (Andreas Stitch), the son of a wealthy industrialist. Sexual and romantic entanglements push the drama forward. At the film's climax, Gudrun delivers a soliloquy on the importance of personal life in revolution. She puts particular emphasis on the breaking of heterosexual and possessive sexual norms, urging her comrades to join "The Homosexual Intifada".

The pressure of Gudrun's controlling personality causes the group to break up. Most of the urban guerrillas escape into the night. In the dénouement, the characters are visited some time later. Several have found happiness in the homosexual relationships established during their revolutionary activities. Che has become a terrorist trainer in the Middle East. Patrick escapes with Clyde, where they embark on a spree of bank robberies. This action is reminiscent of Patty Hearst's actions with the SLA. Gudrun and Holger settle down and have a child named Ulrike (after Ulrike Meinhof), whom Gudrun believes could embody the next generation of the Red Army Faction.

## Cast

* Susanne Sachße as Gudrun (credited as Susanne Sachsse)
* Daniel Bätscher as Holger (credited as Tim Vinzent)
* Andreas Stich as Patrick (credited as Andreas Rupprecht)
* Dean Monroe as Andreas (credited as Dean Stathis)
* Anton Z. Risan as Clyde (credited as Anton)
* Daniel Fettig as Che (credited as Damion)
* Gerrit as Helmut
* Joeffrey as Horst
* Ulrike Schirm as Neighbour 1 (credited as Ulrike S.)
* Keith Levy as Drag Queen Stage (credited as Sherry Vine)
* Stephan Dilschneider as Neighbour 2
* Pünktchen as Drag Queen Door
* Sven Reinhard as Policeman
* Genesis P-Orridge as TV Personality
* Naushad as Muslim
* Huseyin Gunus as Arab Terrorist 1 (credited as Huseyin Günus)
* Alfredo Holz as Arab Terrorist 2
* Claus Matthes as Arab Terrorist 3 / Additional Voice
* Rafael Caba as Arab Terrorist 4
* Mischka Kral as Diplomat
* Marco Volk as Chauffeur / Additional Voice
* Darius Sautter Aschkanpour as Baby
* Christoph Glaubacker as Patrick (voice)
* Andreas Stadler as Che (voice)
* Ralf Grawe as Helmut (voice)
* Mario Mentrup as Horst (voice)
* David Arnold as Additional Voice (voice)
* Daniel Hendricksen as Additional Voice (voice)

## Style

The film's style is propagandistic. The actors are placed in rooms wallpapered with photographs of Gudrun Ensslin, Ulrike Meinhof, Andreas Baader, and Che Guevara. This symbolises the historical connection to the RAF. At several points during the film, the action pauses while the characters recite long passages from Vaneigem's *The Revolution of Everyday Life*, as though they are speaking from their own thoughts. Onscreen titles are also used to convey and enhance political messages.

Pornography plays a large visual role in the film. The opening sequence features a montage of sexual acts involving the two main characters, Gudrun and Andreas. There are also plot-driven sex scenes involving the characters of Patrick and Clyde engaging in real explicit onscreen oral and anal sex acts with each other. The pornographic scenes are intended to not only arouse, but also present themes of satire and to advance character development. Dean Monroe, who played Andreas, is a longstanding gay porn star, working in the porn industry since 2000 and winning a Grabby Award in 2012.

### Slogans

Slogans are used frequently to convey the politics of the Raspberry Reich. They are both an extension and parody of the slogans used by political organisations. Slogans used in the film include:

### Satire

Humour and satire are employed to explore the gap between reality and ideals in the terrorist world. For example, some of the kidnappers—avowed vegetarians for political reasons ("meat is counter-revolutionary")—purchase burgers at a multinational corporate fast food chain drive through with their victim still in the trunk.

## InfoBox

| The Raspberry Reich | |
| --- | --- |
| U.S. release DVD cover art | |
| Directed by | Bruce LaBruce |
| Written by | Bruce LaBruce |
| Produced by | Jürgen Brüning |
| Starring | Susanne Sachsse
Daniel Bätscher
Andreas Rupprecht
Dean Monroe
Anton Dickson
Daniel Fettig
Ulrike Schirm
Sherry Vine |
| Cinematography | James Carman
Kristian Petersen |
| Edited by | Jörn Hartmann |
| Distributed by | Peccadillo Pictures (UK) |
| Release date | * 2004 (2004) |
| Running time | 90 minutes |
| Country | Germany/Canada |
| Language | English |
| Box office | $31,211 |