title: Zhou Bing

abstract: Zhou Bing is a Chinese documentary director. He holds a PhD from the College of History at Nankai University. Zhou has been named "Best Documentary Film Director" three times and has created over 100 documentaries and other productions. His works include Palace, Dun Huang, and Road of Millennia Bodhi. All three aired on CCTV, National Geographic, SKY TV, the History Channel, Arte, and NDR. Currently, he runs the Beijing Oriental Elites Culture Development Co. Ltd and works with Tiong Hiew King, the Datuk of Tan Sri, Malaysia, at Sun Media International Co. Ltd. and Zero Media International Co. Ltd. Throughout his career, Zhou has attempted to combine the industrialized process of documentary film making with the identity of independent directors. Zhou is also an adjunct professor in the Department of Media and Communication at the City University of Hong Kong. Zhou aspires to broadcast Chinese culture to the world through photographs and images.

text:
# Zhou Bing

**Zhou Bing** (周兵; born 1 April 1968) is a Chinese documentary director. He holds a PhD from the College of History at Nankai University. Zhou has been named "Best Documentary Film Director" three times and has created over 100 documentaries and other productions. His works include *Palace*, *Dun Huang,* and *Road of Millennia Bodhi*. All three aired on CCTV, National Geographic, SKY TV, the History Channel, Arte, and NDR. Currently, he runs the Beijing Oriental Elites Culture Development Co. Ltd and works with Tiong Hiew King, the Datuk of Tan Sri, Malaysia, at Sun Media International Co. Ltd. and Zero Media International Co. Ltd. Throughout his career, Zhou has attempted to combine the industrialized process of documentary film making with the identity of independent directors. Zhou is also an adjunct professor in the Department of Media and Communication at the City University of Hong Kong. Zhou aspires to broadcast Chinese culture to the world through photographs and images.

## Biography

* From 1993 to 1995, Zhou created and produced the shows *Masters of Chinese Art*, *Masters of Arts and Crafts*, and *Chinese Scholars*. People featured in these shows included the artists Zhu Qizhan and Wu Zuoren, masters such as Gao Gongbo and Li Bosheng, and scholars like Ji Xianlin and Fei Xiaotong. Zhou also produced about a hundred episodes of *Oriental Sons*. *Oriental Sons featured people such as Bing Xin and Chen-Ning Yang.*
* In August 1995, Zhou directed and produced China's first series of experimental programs for "Representation of Reality", called *Unforgettable*.
* In 1996, he served as Writer-Director of a full-length documentary called *Zhou Enlai*. This documentary was awarded the Special Award of Documentary Academic Committee, Five-One Project Awards and Special Awards from China TV Golden Eagle Awards.
* In 1997, Zhou directed *Mei Lanfang 1930*. Starting from this program, he began producing documentaries of people through “*representation of reality*” as the major film and television exploring means. He also tried producing TV programs by cinematic techniques and operation modes. This program won the Second Level Award from Chinese Documentary Academic Committee.
* In July 1999, Zhou served as the Chief Writer-Director of *Memories*, a full-length documentary jointly produced by Oriental Time and Space and China Television Media Co. Ltd.
* Zhou sorted prominent Chinese figures of the 20th century and produced them into television programs, including 30 historical and cultural celebrities such as Huang Xing, Cai E, Lu Xun, Mei Lanfang, Liang Sicheng, Shen Congwen, A Bing, Yan Yangchu, Soong Ching-ling (also Song Qingling), and Lu Zuofu. These TV programs received positive responses both from the TV theory field and the public audiences after broadcasting. In September 2000, Zhou worked as the producer of *Oriental Time and Space and Chronicle*. During this time, he planned and organized the broadcasting of over a hundred episodes of documentaries.
* In May 2002, Zhou was in charge of planning, organizing and hosting a large academic activity, "*Review and Screen the Past Two Decades of Chinese TV Documentary*." Some comments said that this meeting was one of the 'Top 3 Meetings of Chinese TV Documentary in Two Decades.' In the same year, he acted as the keynote speaker at a Report Meeting of CCTV's Research Projects hosted by the Research Bureau of CCTV's Chief Editing Office.
* In May 2003, Zhou served as the chief director of *Imperial Palace*, a full-length documentary. This was the first time that the Imperial Palace fully and openly cooperated with CCTV, and was a prominently large-scale television production through jointly and solidly sorting China's history, culture, and art.
* In 2004, Zhou planned a full-length documentary called *War of Resistance*. His documentary won numerous awards, including Best Full-length Documentary and Best Cinematography in the category of Humanity and Social Class from the International “Gold Panda” Awards, and Best Writer-Director and Best Cinematography of the 23rd China TV “Golden Eagle.” The documentary was also rated as Best Writing and Top 10 Documentaries of China TV.
* In 2005, Zhou directed the full-length documentary *Mei Lanfang*. *Mei Lanfang* was nominated as a Top 10 Documentary and won Academy Award.
* In 2005, Zhou also served as Chief Director of *Dunhuang*, a full-length documentary. *Dunhuang* won Special Jury Award of Golden Panda in the category of humanity class in 2009 and First Level Award of Program for Documenting China 2009.
* In 2006, Zhou acted as Producer and Art Director for *KunQu*. *KunQu* won Outstanding Documentary Award of 24th China TV Golden Eagle Awards.
* During the period from 2005 to 2007, Zhou took part in the joint production of the international edition of *The Imperial Palace*, whose name became *Decoding of The Forbidden City*. It was broadcast in 26 languages among 164 countries in the world, with 290 million families watching.
* In 2007, Zhou served as one of the Chief directors of *When the Louvre Meets the Forbidden City.* This was the first time the Louvre Museum opened its gate to Chinese film crews at such a large scale. *When the Louvre Meets the Forbidden City* won the Top Ten Documentaries Award, and has been named as an Official Selection of the Second Annual Macao, China International Digital Cinema Festivals film competition.
* The Documentary *Dunhuang*, with Zhou as the Chief Director, was introduced and broadcast by the main media in places such as Japan, Thailand, Hong Kong and Taiwan.
* The documentary *The Bund*, directed by Zhou, was officially released by CCTV in 2010. Transcending the traditional form of the documentaries, the film not only showed the life in previous Shanghai through recreating the scenes, but also invited celebrities to talk about the vicissitudes of the bund. The film premiered at the Shanghai International Film Festival and aired on the National Geographic Channel. Instead of elaborating on a straight historical timeline of the Bund, the movie is divided into four acts. The first three explore the lives of six individuals, and the last act concludes how their fates have been associated with the ups and downs of the Bund. The film was as appraised to be one of the Classic Works of China TV Documentaries by China Television Artists’ Association, and was also awarded the Special Award of the Outstanding TV Documentaries, and the 29th Session of the "Star and Flower Prize" of the Central New Pictures Group.
* In 2010, Zhou lead the team of *The Forbidden City* to once again produce a full-length high-definition documentary - *A Century with Cars.* It was released by CCTV10. *A Century with Cars* is a full-length documentary on the car and an epic on the evolution of human society. The 12-episode full-length HD TV program was the first film in China regarding the 100-year development history of cars as a clue, reflecting the endeavor of mankind for the ideals. The film was awarded the second prize of the “Record· China” Excellence Comment by China Radio and Television Association.
* At the end of 2013, historical and cultural documentary *South of the Ocean*, directed by Zhou, was broadcast on CCTV. The shooting of this documentary lasted for five years, and nearly 20,000 minutes of materials were captured in it, showing the development experiences of Chinese people in the Southeast Asian countries and their lives in different periods.  *South of the Ocean* was first shown on the United States History Channel (with coverage in Southeast Asia), and received numerous praise in Southeast Asia. In the ceremony of the "Golden Kapok Award" during the 2013 Guangzhou International Documentary Film Festival, *South of the Ocean* was awarded the Best Documentary Series Program.
* In 2015, *Snow Leopard,* a documentary, was played in CCTV-9 Documentary Channel, it was a scheme for natural environment for the first transition of Zhou, the general director who was skilled in human history documentary and made contact with the animal that was the most uncooperative with the shoot. It was awarded as the first prize of the excellence creation review & appraisal (nature) item of the 9th session of "Records. China" by China Alliance of Radio, Film, and Television.
* In 2017, *Understanding Asia China: The Legacy Of Cixi* directed by Zhou was released on the NewsAsia Channel. Through the eyes of Cixi, the episode examines the influences that have shaped the Chinese people's characteristics through the historical stories of Cixi - the Empress Dowager of the last Chinese dynasty.

## Filmography

| year | English title | Chinese title | Occupation | notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1995 | *Unforgettable* | 忘不了 | writer-director |  |
| 1996 | *Zhou Enlai* | 周恩来 | writer-director |  |
| 1997—2000 | *Memories* | 《东方时空》特别系列节目《记忆》 | chief director |  |
| 2000—2004 | *Oriental Time and Space and Chronicle* | 《东方时空·纪事》 | chief producer |  |
| 2003 | *The Imperial Palace* | 《故宫》 | chief director |  |
| 2005 | *Mei Lanfang* | 《梅兰芳》 | chief director |  |
| 2005 | *Dunhuang* | 《敦煌》 | chief director |  |
| 2006 | *IN SEARCH OF BODHI* | 大型纪录片《千年菩提路—中国名寺高僧》 | chief director |  |
| 2007 | *When the Louvre meets the Forbidden City* | 《当卢浮宫遇见紫禁城》 | chief director |  |
| 2008 | *The Emperor’s Secret Garden* | 中英合拍高清纪录片（《皇帝的秘密花园》） | director |  |
| 2008 | *Documentary Film, People are the Most Supreme-Documentary of 5·12 Wenchuan Earthquake* | 纪录电影《人民至上——5·12大地震纪实》 | planner |  |
| 2008 | *Homeland* | 《家园》 | planner |  |
| 2009 | *The Bund* | 2009年系列高清纪录片《外滩》及纪录电影《外滩佚事》 | chief director |  |
| 2009 | National Palace Museum in Taipei | 《台北故宫》 | chief director |  |
| 2010 | *Yellow Emperor* | 《黄帝》 | chief director |  |
| 2010 | *Traditional Chinese Medicine* | 《中医》 | chief director |  |
| 2010 | *A century with cars* | 《汽车百年》 | chief director |  |
| 2010 | *The Huangpu Military Academy* | 《黄埔军校》 | producer |  |
| 2013 | *South of the Ocean* | 《下南洋》 | chief director |  |
| 2014 | *Trade War* | 《商战》 | chief director |  |
| 2014 | *A Century With Nanjing* | 《百年南京》 | chief director |  |
| 2015 | *Snow Leopard* | 《雪豹》 | chief director |  |
| 2017 | *Understanding Asia China:The Legacy Of Cixi* | 《理解亚洲：慈禧的遗产》 | chief director |  |

## Published works

| year | English title | Publisher | Occupation | notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | *The Imperial Palace* | Published by Forbidden City Press | Chief Editor |  |
| 2008 | *KunQu (Kun Opera) of Six Centuries* | Published by China Youth Publishing House | Chief Editor |  |
| 2008 | *Cinematic Record-Mei Lanfang* | Published by Contemporary China Publishing House | Chief Editor |  |
| 2009 | *National Palace Museum in Taipei* | Published by Jincheng Publishing House | Author |  |
| 2010 | *Dunhuang* | Published by Communication University of China Press | Associate Editor |  |
| 2011 | *Eminent Monks of Chinese Famous Temples- Bodhi Road of A Thousand Years* | Published by International Culture Publishing Company | Author |  |
| To be published | *Where do Records Start* | Renmin University of China Press | Author |  |

## Awards

| Time Awarded | Awards |
| --- | --- |
| 1996 | Special Award from Documentary Academic Committee, Five-One Project Award (National Level) |
| 1996 | Special Award in China Golden Eagle TV Festival (National Level) |
| 1997 | Second Level Award from China Documentary Academic Committee |
| 2002 | “Magnolia” Best Documentary Award in Shanghai International TV Festival (International Level) |
| 2004-2005 | The Imperial Palace was awarded as Best Writing for China Full-length TV Documentaries, and Top 10 China Full-length Documentaries |
| 2005-2006 | Be awarded China Film and TV Award by SARFT ( The State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television) of China (National Level) |
| 2005 | “Golden Panda” Award and Best Cinematography Award for Best Full-length Documentary on Humanities and Social Science in the 8th Sichuan International TV Festival (International Level) |
| 2006 | The documentary of The Imperial Palace was awarded Best Writer-Director and Best Cinematography of the 23rd China TV “Golden Eagle” for Documentaries (National Level) |
| 2006 | The documentary of Mei Lanfang was awarded Full-length Documentary Award at the 23rd Golden Eagle Festival |
| 2006 | Be awarded Academic Award and Top 10 Documentary Award of the 11th China TV Documentaries |
| 2006 | Be awarded the title of “Top 10 Documentaries” and Single Music and Sound Award in Picture-choosing Meeting of International Documentaries held by Radio and Television Association |
| 2006 | Be awarded the annual award for Film and TV Works, China Film and TV “Academy Award” from China Institutions of Higher Education Film and TV Association (National Level) |
| 2006 | In the annual activity for selection of the director of “Real China” 2005-2006 held by Documentary Work Committee of China Association of Radio and Television, the Documentary Channel of Shanghai Wenguang News Media Group, was awarded as the title of Annual Best Director of “Real China”. |
| 2007 | The documentaries of The Imperial Palace and Mei Lanfang were awarded Classic Award for 20 Years of Chinese Documentary Films 1987-2007 (National Level) |
| 2007-2008 | National Palace Museum in Taipei was awarded Top 10 Works Award for the series of China TV documentary 2008-2009 in “Humanities in China” Documentary Forum |
| 2008 | The documentary of KunQu (Kun Opera) of Six Centenaries was awarded Excellent Documentary Award at the 24th TV Golden Eagle Festival 2008 (National Level) |
| 2009 | The full-length documentary Dunhuang was awarded “Golden Panda” Award and Special Jury Award on Humanities in Sichuan International TV Festival (International Level) |
| 2009 | China Documentaries·2009 was awarded First Level Award for Excellent Program from Documentary Work Committee of China Association of Radio and Television |
| 2009 | National Palace Museum in Taipei was awarded the title of the 3rd “China Documentary” Golden Prize held by Documentary Work Committee of China Association of Radio and Television in 2009 |
| 2010 | Be selected in China Documentary 2010 of Report of Development Research of China's Documentaries 2010 |
|  |  |
| 2010 | Be awarded TV Literature and Art Special Program Award of the 21st "Starlight" Award 2010 (National Level) |
| 2010 | In 2010, the documentary of The Imperial Palace was awarded "Top 10 Documentary in 10 Years" Award during the period from 2000 to 2010 (National Level) |
| 2010 | The HD documentary with 12 episodes of National Palace Museum in Taipei was awarded Special Award of the 21st "Starlight" Award. (National Level) |
| 2010 | The HD documentary with 5 episodes of The Bund was awarded the title of "Works 2010 of China TV Documentary" in the award ceremony for China TV Documentary. |
| 2010 | Anecdote of the Bund was awarded "Starlight" Award of the 22nd TV Literature and Art Documentary Award (National Level) by Xinying Group. |
| 2010 | Anecdote of the Bund was awarded "Xinhua" Award of the 28th TV Literature and Art Special Program Award. |
| 2010 | Anecdote of the Bund was selected in China Documentary Works 2010 of Report of Development Research of China's Documentaries 2010 |
| 2010 | Anecdote of the Bund was selected as the opening film for "Shanghai International Documentary Award Exhibition" in Shanghai TV Festival 2010. |
| 2009 | When Louvre Meeting with The Forbidden City was awarded First Level Award of the 5th "China Documentary". |
| 2009 | The HD documentary with 12 episodes of When Louvre Meeting with The Forbidden City was awarded the 22nd China TV Literature and Art Documentary Award of "Starlight" Award. |
| 2009 | The HD documentary with 12 episodes of When Louvre Meeting with The Forbidden City was awarded the 29th Special Jury Award of "Xinghua" Award by Xinying Group. |
| 2010 | When Louvre Meeting with The Forbidden City was selected in Best Director Award. |
| 2010 | When Louvre Meeting with The Forbidden City was selected in Works 2010 of China Documentary of Report of Development Research of China's Documentaries 2010. |
| 2010 | Be awarded the title of “Top 10 Works of series of China TV Documentaries 2010” in the award ceremony of China TV documentaries |
| 2010 | Be awarded the title of “Annual Celebrity for China TV Documentaries 2010” by China TV Artist Association, TV Documentary Academic Committee in 2010 |
| 2013 | Instinct of Decoding was awarded Golden Panda Award, CCTV-Documentary Award of Energetic China in Sichuan International Documentary Festival 2013. |
| 2013 | Going to Southeast Asia was awarded the “Series of Best Documentary Award” of Golden Hongmian Award in Guangzhou International Documentary Festival. \[3\] |
| 2013 | Going to Southeast Asia was awarded First Level Award of Xinghua Award. |
| 2013 | Dazu Rock Carvings was awarded Second Level Award of Xinghua Award by Xinying Group. |

5.\< Nanyang odyssey\> -China Daily Asia

9.I Love Documentary: Interview of Director ZHOU Bing

## InfoBox

| Zhou Bing | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1968-04-01) 1 April 1968 |
| Occupation(s) | Director, producer, professor |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Chinese | 周兵 |
|
| Hanyu Pinyin | Zhōu Bing |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Zhou Botong

abstract: Zhou Botong is a fictional character in the wuxia novels The Legend of the Condor Heroes and The Return of the Condor Heroes by Jin Yong. A member of the Quanzhen School, he is highly-skilled in martial arts, having been trained by his senior, Wang Chongyang, the school's founder. Although he is already in his old age, he is still known for behaving childishly and constantly seeking fun, hence he is nicknamed "Old Imp". At the end of the second novel, he takes the central position of the Five Greats, the five most powerful martial artists in the jianghu, to replace his deceased senior.

text:
# Zhou Botong

| Zhou Botong | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 周伯通 |
| Simplified Chinese | 周伯通 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Zhōu Bótōng  Yue: Cantonese  Jyutping Zau1 Baak3-tung1 | |
|  | |

**Zhou Botong** (Chinese: 周伯通) is a fictional character in the wuxia novels *The Legend of the Condor Heroes* and *The Return of the Condor Heroes* by Jin Yong. A member of the Quanzhen School, he is highly-skilled in martial arts, having been trained by his senior, Wang Chongyang, the school's founder. Although he is already in his old age, he is still known for behaving childishly and constantly seeking fun, hence he is nicknamed "Old Imp" (老頑童; *lǎowántóng*). At the end of the second novel, he takes the central position of the Five Greats, the five most powerful martial artists in the *jianghu* (martial artists' community), to replace his deceased senior.

## Fictional character biography

### *The Legend of the Condor Heroes*

Zhou Botong makes his first appearance when the protagonist, Guo Jing, visits Peach Blossom Island, where Zhou Botong has been trapped for 15 years in the midst of a conflict with the island's master, Huang Yaoshi. He meets Guo Jing by chance, tells him about the history of the *jianghu* (martial artists' community) and the highly coveted martial arts book *Nine Yin Manual*. He becomes sworn brothers with Guo Jing and teaches him two of his skills, the Seventy-two Styles Vacant Fist and Technique of Ambidexterity, and makes Guo Jing memorise part of the *Nine Yin Manual*. With the help of Guo Jing and Huang Yaoshi's daughter Huang Rong, Zhou Botong resolves his conflict with Huang Yaoshi, and leaves the island with them.

Towards the end of the novel, it is revealed that Zhou Botong had a secret affair with Duan Zhixing's concubine, Liu Ying, and had impregnated her. However, he broke up with her without knowing about her pregnancy after Wang Chongyang forced him to. Liu Ying gave birth to an unnamed son, who was murdered by a masked Qiu Qianren. When Zhou Botong finds out the truth from Liu Ying, he runs away and disappears to avoid dealing with this troubling matter.

### *The Return of the Condor Heroes*

Zhou Botong makes brief appearances in the second novel. He meets Xiaolongnü by chance and teaches her the Technique of Ambidexterity when both of them are trapped in a cave by the villain, Jinlun Guoshi. In return, Xiaolongnü teaches him how to control the jade bees and cures him after he is poisoned by Jinlun Guoshi's ice spiders.

Later, with help from the protagonist Yang Guo, Zhou Botong meets Liu Ying, Duan Zhixing and Qiu Qianren again. He forgives a dying Qiu Qianren for killing his infant son, and reconciles his past differences with Liu Ying and Duan Zhixing. He also briefly participates in the Battle of Xiangyang against Mongol invaders.

## Martial arts and skills

* Seventy-two Styles Vacant Fist (七十二路空明拳; *qīshíèrlù kōngmíngquán*): Zhou Botong created this skill to counter Hong Qigong's Eighteen Subduing Dragon Palms. He teaches Guo Jing this skill.
* Technique of Ambidexterity (雙手互搏; *shuāngshoǔ hùbó*): Zhou Botong created this skill when he was trapped on the island. Feeling bored, he decided to fight with himself by using a different martial art technique for each hand. In the process, he trained himself to be ambidextrous, which proves useful in dealing with multiple opponents. He teaches Guo Jing and Xiaolongnü this skill.
* Nine Yin Manual : Zhou Botong was forbidden by his senior Wang Chongyang from practicing the skills in the Nine Yin Manual. However, when he met Guo Jing he decided to read the manual and teach Guo Jing in order to counter Huang Yaoshi, who imprisoned him on the Peach Blossom Island for 15 years. Since Guo Jing required demonstrations and Zhou Botong was a fast learner, he learned the skills in the manual without intending to do so. Years later, he apparently forgot these skills after making an effort to do so, believing them to be too dangerous.

## In other media

Notable actors/actresses who have portrayed Zhou Botong in films and television series include Philip Kwok (1977–1981), Carina Lau (1993), Liu Kai-chi (1993) and Wayne Lai (1994–1995).

Zhou Botong was a playable character in the 2008 PC fighting game *Street Fighter Online: Mouse Generation*.

## InfoBox

| Zhou Botong | |
| --- | --- |
| *Condor Trilogy* character | |
| Zhou Botong, as he appeared in the 2021 mobile game adaptation *The Legend of the Condor Heroes* | |
| Created by | Jin Yong |
| In-universe information | |
| Nicknames | * "Old Imp" (老頑童) * "Central Imp" (中頑童) |
| Gender | Male |
| Affiliation | Quanzhen School |
| Significant other | Liu Ying |
| Children | Unnamed son |


title: Zeynep Oka

abstract: Zeynep Oka is a Turkish sport shooter. She competed in rifle shooting events at the 1988 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Zeynep Oka

**Zeynep Oka** (born 15 July 1966) is a Turkish sport shooter. She competed in rifle shooting events at the 1988 Summer Olympics.

## Olympic results

| Event | 1988 |
| --- | --- |
| 10 metre air rifle (women) | T-28th |

## InfoBox

Zeynep Oka
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Turkish |
| Born | (1966-07-15) 15 July 1966<br>Turkey |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Sports shooting |


title: Zoigl

abstract: Zoigl is a type of German beer brewed in the Oberpfalz, eastern Bavaria, between Franconia and the Czech Republic. The name is believed to be derived from a Windischeschenbacher dialect pronunciation of the German word zeigen or Zeichen meaning "sign", the symbol used to advertise that the beer is available at an establishment. Its logo is composed of two component triangles represent the joining of six beer ingredients: the first triangle denoting water, fire and air; the second and inverted triangle denoting malted barley, hops, water.

text:
# Zoigl

**Zoigl** is a type of German beer brewed in the Oberpfalz, eastern Bavaria, between Franconia and the Czech Republic.

The name is believed to be derived from a Windischeschenbacher dialect pronunciation of the German word *zeigen* or *Zeichen* meaning "sign", the symbol used to advertise that the beer is available at an establishment. Its logo is composed of two component triangles represent the joining of six beer ingredients: the first triangle denoting water, fire and air; the second and inverted triangle denoting malted barley, hops, water.

## History

The first documented example of the word "zeigl" occurs in a 1508 document at Neustadt an der Waldnaab, having derived from the German "Zeichen" meaning sign, or "zeigen" meaning show. It was pronounced "zeigel" in the Oberpfalz region. Today the word "Zoigl" is still in use and has given its name to this style of beer production.

Zoigl has been brewed for centuries in communal breweries, owned either by the town or by an association of homebrewers. Zoigl was only found in Windischeschenbach and Neuhaus until about 2000. The name and mark have been pilfered because they were not trademarked, leading to the over-advertising of Zoigl beer across Germany. The original comes from Windischeschenbach and Neuhaus, and people have their favorites, because each brewer has their own recipes.

## Process

First wood is chopped, the fire started to cook the water and barley to temp, it is cooled over copper, then the wort is distributed to the brewers' private cellars, where the fermentation takes place. The method used is bottom fermenting yeast and lagering. About two weeks later the beer is brought to these home pubs where it is tapped directly from the lagering tank. It is then sold in the brewer's house, which effectively becomes a pub until all the beer has been drunk. The pub that has Zoigl from that Friday through Monday then attaches the Zoigl-Star to the corner of his house to show he has beer available. Only about 9 or 10 people have "das Braurecht" in Windischeschenbach at one time.

1. "Zoiglbier". germanbeerinstitute.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
2. "Zoigl-History - What is Zoigl?". zoigl.de. Retrieved 11 October 2016.


title: Zoila Martínez

abstract: Zoila V. Martínez Guante is a lawyer, prosecutor and diplomat from the Dominican Republic. Martínez Guante graduated as Juris Doctor in 1967. Martínez was prosecutor attorney of the National District, and ambassador to the Republic of Korea. As prosecutor, she was part of the investigation team that probed the murder of José Rafael Llenas Aybar in 1996. She was the Ombudsman of the Dominican Republic from 29 May 2013 to 14 June 2021 when she was succeeded by Pablo Ulloa. Martínez has been awarded by the Republic of Korea with the Order of Diplomatic Service Merit's Gwanghwa Medal, and by her own country with the Order of Merit of Duarte, Sánchez and Mella's Grand Cross with Silver Breast Star.

text:
# Zoila Martínez

**Zoila V. Martínez Guante** is a lawyer, prosecutor and diplomat from the Dominican Republic.

Martínez Guante graduated as Juris Doctor in 1967.

Martínez was prosecutor attorney of the National District, and ambassador to the Republic of Korea (South Korea). As prosecutor, she was part of the investigation team that probed the murder of José Rafael Llenas Aybar in 1996. She was the Ombudsman of the Dominican Republic from 29 May 2013 to 14 June 2021 when she was succeeded by Pablo Ulloa.

Martínez has been awarded by the Republic of Korea with the Order of Diplomatic Service Merit's Gwanghwa Medal, and by her own country with the Order of Merit of Duarte, Sánchez and Mella's Grand Cross with Silver Breast Star.

## InfoBox

| The HonourableZoila Martínez | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 1st Ombudsman of the Dominican Republic | |
| **In office**
29 May 2013 (2013-05-29)  14 June 2021 | |
| Deputy | Carlos Hernández Cabrera |
| Preceded by | office created |
| Succeeded by | Pablo Ulloa |
| Prosecutor of the National District | |
| Dominican Republic Ambassador to the Republic of Korea | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Zoila Violeta Martínez Guante
(1941-07-13) 13 July 1941
la isabela, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic |
| Political party | resigned from Social Christian Reformist Party after its leader Joaquin Balaguer died |
| Children | César, Diógenes, Flor, Zoila Medina Martínez |
| Parents | * Joaquin Martinez Acevedo (father) * Marina Caridad Guante (mother) |
| Residence | Santo Domingo |
| Alma mater | UASD |
| Profession | Lawyer |
| Awards |  |
|  | |


title: Zoila Quiñones

abstract: Zoila Quiñones was a Mexican actress and comedian.

text:
# Zoila Quiñones

**Zoila Quiñones** (16 April 1940 – 24 March 2024) was a Mexican actress and comedian.

## Biography

Zoila Quiñones was born in Mexico City, Mexico on 16 April 1940.

Quiñones is remembered as the character Adalina in the comedy *Mi secretaria (English: My Secretary)* which was on air between 1978 and 1986. Zoila portrayed a sweet-toothed, energetic secretary who maintained a great friendship with Lupita, the protagonist (played by Lupita Lara).

Additionally, she acted in various telenovelas from the 60s, on programs such as *Lágrimas amargas (English: Bitter Tears)*, *Ana del aire (English: Ana of the Air)*, *Mañana será otro día (English: Tomorrow's Another Day)*, *Más allá del puente (English: Beyond the Bridge)*, *Soñadoras (English: Dreamers)*, *Amigas y rivales (English: Friends and Rivals)*, *La otra (English: The Other Woman)* and *En nombre del amor (English: In the Name of Love)*, among others.

Quiñones also stood out in dubbing, where she lent her voice to movies such as *Tarzan's Greatest Adventure*, *Bus Stop*, *Quo Vadis*, and the 1949 version of *Little Women*. She was the voice of Marcia Brady in the series *The Brady Bunch* and the second voice of Agent 99 in the series *Get Smart*.

Quiñones died on 24 March 2024, at the age of 83.

## Filmography

### Telenovelas and series

## Dubbing

### Films

### Television series

### Episodic characters

### Animated series

Zoila Quiñones at IMDb


title: Zoila Ugarte de Landívar

abstract: Zoila Ugarte de Landívar, also known by her pseudonym Zarelia, was an Ecuadorian writer, journalist, librarian, suffragist, and feminist. She was the first female journalist in Ecuador. Together with Hipatia Cárdenas de Bustamante, she was a key defender of women's suffrage in Ecuador. As an early figure in the realm of female Ecuadorian journalists, her career began in the late 1880s. She began to use the journalistic pseudonym Zarella in the weekly publication Tesoro del Hogar. She also became the first female director and editor of the political newspaper La Prensa in 1911.

text:
# Zoila Ugarte de Landívar

**Zoila Ugarte de Landívar**, also known by her pseudonym **Zarelia**, (June 27, 1864 – November 16, 1969) was an Ecuadorian writer, journalist, librarian, suffragist, and feminist. She was the first female journalist in Ecuador. Together with Hipatia Cárdenas de Bustamante, she was a key defender of women's suffrage in Ecuador.

As an early figure in the realm of female Ecuadorian journalists, her career began in the late 1880s. She began to use the journalistic pseudonym Zarella in the weekly publication *Tesoro del Hogar*. She also became the first female director and editor of the political newspaper *La Prensa* in 1911.

## Early life

Ugarte was born in 1864 in El Guabo, Ecuador, to Juan de Dios Ugarte Benavides and Juana Seas Pérez. She was the fifth of 11 siblings.

After the death of her parents, she moved to Guayaquil, where she became a supporter of the liberal cause and began working as a journalist in the late 1880s. She began to use the pseudonym Zarelia in the weekly *Tesoro del Hogar*, founded by Lastenia Larriva de Llona, which was published between 1887 and 1893.

## Career

During Ugarte's early years contributing poems and short prose pieces to *Tesoro del Hogar*, she befriended various figures in Guayaquil's intellectual movement, such as Dolores Sucre and Numa Pompilio.

### *La Mujer*

Between 1895 and 1912 there was a boom of feminist writing in Ecuador, and Zoila Ugarte was one of the major figures of that movement. In 1905 she founded *La Mujer*, the country's first women's magazine. The magazine, which cost 40 cents at the time, contained articles about women's rights and their political, social, and workplace accomplishments. It also published stories, essays, and feminist articles written by women.

The first editions of the magazine included contributions from such intellectuals of the period as Mercedes González de Moscoso, Ana María Albornoz, and Lastenia Larriva de Llona. Some of the authors contributed to the first issue anonymously, but beginning with the second issue the magazine's leaders pushed for them to write under their real names, with the goal of promoting writing by women in public spaces. In the first issue of *La Mujer*, Ugarte wrote:

> "Ignorance is not a guarantee of bliss, no matter what they say—we will never be convinced that an educated woman is incapable of domestic virtues; it seems impossible to us that she who is able to comprehend that which is abstract cannot serve any such role, which does not require talent but only a little will. We women, like men, possess a conscious soul, a thinking mind, more or less brilliant."

In the second edition of the magazine, Ugarte wrote a historical essay about the Battle of Pichincha. The issue also included poems and stories, as well as an article titled "La broma" ("The Joke") as a response to the negative comments made in response to the publication of *La Mujer*.

The magazine was shut down on various occasions because of its progressive messages and writing in favor of social and political rights for women.

### National Library

From 1911 until 1920, Ugarte worked as the director of the National Library of Ecuador in Quito. Much of her literary and historical work was published in the bulletin of this institution, known as *El Boletín*, which she founded in 1918. She also carried out a restructuring of library's administrative policies.

During this period, Ugarte oversaw the collection of documents pertaining to the Battle of Huachi, the colonization of Zamora, and the Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino, now known as the Central University of Ecuador. She also worked to preserve and catalogue documents from the Quito archives and historic documents from the Real Audiencia of Quito, the early Ecuadorian republic, and various presidential correspondences.

### Sculpture

Ugarte complemented her passion for literature with another artistic endeavor: sculpture. In 1906, she enrolled in the Quito school of fine arts, which was founded during the presidency of Eloy Alfaro. There, she studied drawing, sculpture, lithography, and art history. Her work was reviewed in the Quito magazines *Espejo* and *Revista de Bellas Artes*, the latter of which she also contributed to, writing articles on aesthetics and art. In 1910 she held an exhibition of her work.

### Teaching

Ugarte taught at various schools in Quito including the Liceo Fernández Madrid girls' school and the Manuela Cañizares school.

## Activism

### Liberalism

In the magazines *La Mujer*, *La Prensa*, and *El Girto del Pueblo*, Ugarte expressed her inclination toward liberalism and her criticism of social and political problems of the day.

On May 3, 1910, she published in the Quito newspaper *La Patria* an open letter directed to Ana Paredes de Alfaro, the wife of then-President Eloy Alfaro, in which she suggested Ana inform her husband that it would be prudent for him to leave power in order to prevent a lamentable situation for the Ecuadorian people.

In 1912 she continued publishing articles in favor of liberalism in the newspapers *La Prensa* and *La Patria*.

### Feminism

Ugarte was one of the earliest figures in Ecuador's liberal feminist movement in the early 20th century, as well as the growing workers' movement and broader class struggle. She was designated as an honorary member of the newspaper *El Tipógrafo* in 1905, and she wrote for the magazines *El hogar cristiano*, *la Ondina del Guayas*, and *Alas*, all of which formed part of the booming women's intellectual movement of the era. She founded the Anti-Clerical Feminist Center and fought for that movement alongside fellow feminists such as Hipatia Cárdenas de Bustamante, Mercedes Gonzáles de Moscoso, and Delia Ibarra.

She not only fought for women's right to education, equality, and economic emancipation, but also for their right to vote and hold political office.

In 1922, Ugarte founded the Light of Pichincha Feminist Society (*Sociedad Feminista Luz del Pichincha*) alongside María Angélica Idrobo; she also served as the president of the organization. Through this organization, she created a primary school and a night school for women, both of which were free to attend. She also visited various women's prisons, whose conditions she decried in her publications.

In 1930, she invited feminists from the Spanish activist Belén de Sárraga's workshop to come speak at the Instituto Nacional Mejía in Quito. They subsequently traveled to various cities across the country, promoting women's rights. Ugarte then invited Belén de Sárraga herself to give a conference on feminism at the Guayas Workers' Confederation.

Ugarte represented Ecuador at the international feminist organization of the Committee of the Americas and at the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom in the 1940s.

## Personal life

In 1893, she married the colonel Julio Landívar, with whom she had her only son, Jorge Landívar Ugarte. He would later become a journalist and forerunner of the old Ecuadorian Socialist Party.

## Final years and recognition

During the final years of her life, Ugarte participated in various Quito cultural institutions, including serving as president of the city's Press Circle. She continued publishing articles in the newspaper *El Universo* and worked for both *El Telégrafo* and *Espejo*. After the death of her son Jorge Landívar in 1962, she moved into a nursing home in Quito.

She died in Quito on November 16, 1969, at nearly 105 years old.

Ugarte received a medal of honor from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1937. Her journalistic work was also honored by the Zoila Ugarte Committee, overseen by the journalist Tulio Henriquez Cestaris in Guayaquil, which compiled an autograph album full of words of appreciation and recognition from her intellectual contemporaries. She was also honored by the Press Circle in 1966.

## InfoBox

| Zoila Ugarte de Landívar | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | El Guabo, Ecuador |
| Died | Quito |
| Pen name | Zarelia |
| Language | Spanish |
| Signature | |
|  | |


title: Zorka Grandov

abstract: Zorka Grandov was a Serbian doctor of economics, professor emeritus and writer.

text:
# Zorka Grandov

**Zorka Grandov** (6 March 1947 – 18 September 2021) was a Serbian doctor of economics, professor emeritus and writer.

## Education

She graduated in economics from the University of Belgrade Faculty of Economics in 1969 and went on to get a magister degree. She finished her PhD studies in 1987 at the Faculty of Economics in Subotica, which belongs to the University of Novi Sad.

## Career

Grandov started her career in economy in 1970. She started working for the Serbian Chamber of Commerce and in the Ministry of economy in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1986.

She soon started her teaching career, teaching at universities in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Spain. While working as a professor, she has mentored a couple of dozen masters, magisters and doctors theses and has been a member of the Scientific Society of Economists of Serbia since 2002.

Grandov has participated in and organised many research programs. While working as a professor, she had participated in many exchange programs and took part in many conferences abroad. She went to Santiago and Seoul in 1997 and Singapore in 2001.

She became the editor-in-chief of the economy magazine *EMC Review* in 2011 and still held that position. She was also the president of the program board of the international scientific conference *Economic development and Standard of living EDASOL*, which takes place every year in Banja Luka.

She was the president of the program board at the scientific conference *Power of Communication POWERCOMM*, which was held in Belgrade in 2012.

Zorka worked as the manager in accreditation of many universities and study programs, including Union University.

## Writing

Zorka Grandov has published over a hundred important articles in the fields of international and business economics in national and international scientific papers. She also wrote a number of books in economic globalization, international business and trade.

Grandov also published an autobiography, *A traveler without a path* (Serbian: *Пешак у беспућу*; *Pešak u bespuću*).

### Books

* Grandov, Z.: Jugoslovenska trgovina u tržišnoj privredi, IPC-JU, Beograd, 1990.
* Grandov, Z.: Spoljnotrgovinsko poslovanje, prvo izdanje, Trgovačko društvo BTO, Beograd, 1997. ID 58244364
* Grandov, Z.: Trgovinsko poslovanje, Trgovačko društvo BTO, Beograd, 2000., ID 88487948
* Grandov, Z.: Pregovaranje u međunarodnom biznisu, Trgovačko društvo BTO, Beograd. Zorka Grandov
* Grandov, Z.: Spoljnotrgovinsko poslovanje u globalnom okruženju, Trgovačko društvo BTO, Beograd.Zorka Grandov
* Grandov, Z.: Međunarodni biznis i trgovina, Trgovačko društvo BTO, Beograd. Zorka Grandov
* Grandov, Z.: Međunarodna ekonomija i globalizacija, Trgovačko društvo BTO, Beograd. Zorka Grandov
* Grandov, Z. Đokić, M.: Strategije planiranja i budžetiranje, Trgovačko društvo BTO, Beograd, (Naučna knjiga). Zorka Grandov
* Grandov, Z. Đokić, M., Laketa, M: Planiranje i budžetiranje, Trgovačko društvo BTO, Beograd, (Naučna knjiga). Zorka Grandov
* Grandov, Z. Đokić, M.: Trgovinski marketing menadžment, Trgovačko društvo BTO, Beograd, (Naučna knjiga). Zorka Grandov
* Grandov Z., Đokić M.: Trgovinski marketing menadžment, Panevropski univerzitet Apeiron, Banja Luka. Zorka Grandov
* Grandov Z., Đokić M.: Međunarodni biznis i trgovina, Panevropski univerzitet Apeiron, Banja Luka. Zorka Grandov

### Articles

* Grandov, Z., Vidas-Bubanja, M.: Ekonomski odnosi u regionu, u svetlu povećanja izvoza, Ekonomski anali, tematski broj/10/2002., Beograd
* Grandov, Z., Vidas-Bubanja, M.: Tranzicija tržišnih institucija – dve godine posle, Ekonomski anali, tematski broj/01/2003., Beograd
* Grandov, Z.: Carinski sistem i stope kao podsticaj spoljnotrgovinskoj razmeni, Ekonomski anali, tematski broj/09/2003., Beograd
* Grandov, Z.: Spoljnotrgovinski deficit i process stabilizacije i pridruživanja SCG Evropskoj Uniji, Ekonomski anali, tematski broj/09/2004., Beograd
* Grandov, Z.: Trgovinska politika i process stabilizacije i pridruživanja EU, Ekonomski anali, tematski broj/04/2005., Beograd
* Grandov, Z.: Ekonomska kretanja u Beogradu indikacija za Srbiju, Ekonomski anali, tematski broj/12/2003., Beograd
* Grandov, Z., Đokić, M.:Značaj investicionog okruženja za plasman sranih direktnih investicija", Pravo-teorija i praksa, 7-8/ 2010, Novi Sad. . str. 23–38 UDK 339.727.22(4) BIBLID:0352-3713(2010);26;(7-8): 23–37
* Grandov, Z., Đokić, M.: Oglašavanje i zaštita potrošača, Pravo-teorija i praksa, 11-12/ 2009, Novi Sad. . str. 67- 79, UDK 336.5 BIBLID:0352-3713(2009);26;(11-12):67-79
* Grandov, Z., Ogrizović, Ž., Đokić, M.: Small and medium enterprises management, Zbornik radova, FIMEK, 2. str. 36–41., ISSN 1820-9165, UDK 65.017.2/.32
* Grandov Z., Jovanović R.: Zaštita potrošača – komparativna analiza srbije i susednih zemalja, Časopis za ekonomiju i tržišne komunikacije EMC Review, Banja Luka, 2011. UDK:33, ISSN 2232-8823. str. 9–27
* Grandov Z., Stankov B., Đokić M.: Primena statističke metode linearanog trenda na izračunavanje vrednosti ulaznih tokova SDI u Srbiji i Hrvatskoj, Časopis za ekonomiju i tržišne komunikacije EMC Review, Godina III, broj II, (2013). str. 164–178
* Grandov Z., Stankov, B., Roganović M.: Uporedna analiza faktora koji podstiču inostrane investitore na direktna ulaganja u Srbiji i Rumuniji, Visoka poslovna škola Novi Sad, Škola biznisa, naučno-stručni časopis, 2014. ISSN 1451-6551. str. 141–169
* Grandov Z., Stankov B., Đokić M.: Istraživanje zadovoljstva potrošača uslugama Delhaize grupe u Srbiji, EMC Review, Godina V, broj II, 2015. ISSN 2232-8823. str. 168–193

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Zorka Grandov | |
| --- | --- |
| Grandov presenting her book, 2016 | |
| Born | 6 March 1947
Grdanovci, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia |
| Died | 18 September 2021
Barcelona, Spain |
|  | |
| Academic career | |
| Field | International economics, business economics, economic globalization and international business |
|  | |


title: Zieria minutiflora

abstract: Zieria minutiflora, commonly known as twiggy zieria, is a plant in the citrus family Rutaceae and is endemic to eastern Australia. It is a small, erect, twiggy shrub with leaves composed of three leaflets, and clusters of small white flowers with four petals and four stamens. It usually grows as an understorey shrub in eucalypt woodland.

text:
# Zieria minutiflora

***Zieria minutiflora***, commonly known as **twiggy zieria**, is a plant in the citrus family Rutaceae and is endemic to eastern Australia. It is a small, erect, twiggy shrub with leaves composed of three leaflets, and clusters of small white flowers with four petals and four stamens. It usually grows as an understorey shrub in eucalypt woodland.

## Description

*Zieria minutiflora* is an erect, twiggy shrub which grows to a height of about 1 m (3 ft). The branches are hairy at first but become glabrous with age. Its leaves are composed of three leaflets with the middle leaflet 6–10.5 mm (0.2–0.4 in) long and 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) wide. The leaf stalk is 1.5–2 mm (0.06–0.08 in) long. The upper surface of the leaves has scattered hairs and the lower surface is covered with soft hairs. The leaflets have a rounded or sometimes a notched end .

The flowers are white to pale pink or cream-coloured and are arranged singly or in groups of up to three in leaf axils. The groups are shorter than the leaves. The four sepal lobes are about 0.5 mm (0.02 in) long and the four petals are 1.5–2 mm (0.06–0.08 in) long and covered with short, branched hairs. In common with other zierias there are only four stamens. Flowering occurs from November to May and is followed by fruit which is a glabrous follicle composed of up to four sections joined at the base and which burst open to release their seeds when ripe.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Zieria minutiflora* was first formally described in 1926 by Karel Domin from a specimen collected near the Glasshouse Mountains. (The species was first described by Ferdinand von Mueller as *Boronia minutiflora* but the name was not validly published.) The specific epithet (*minutiflora*) is derived from the Latin words *minutus* meaning "little" or "small" and *flora* meaning "flowers".

Two subspecies have been described:

* *Zieria minutiflora*  Dominsubsp. *minutiflora* which has a glabrous ovary and fruit;
* *Zieria minutiflora* subsp. *trichocarpa* J.A.Armstr.  which has a hairy ovary and fruit and only occurs in Queensland.

## Distribution and habitat

Twiggy zieria mainly occurs north from Coffs Harbour in New South Wales and as far north in Queensland as Danbulla National Park and State Forest on the Atherton Tableland. It usually grows in eucalypt forest and woodland but also occurs in rocky coastal areas.

## InfoBox

| Twiggy zieria | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Z. minutiflora* leaves and flowers | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Rutaceae |
| Genus: | *Zieria* |
| Species: | ***Z. minutiflora*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Zieria minutiflora***<br>Domin | |
|


title: Zharchikhite

abstract: Zharchikhite is a halide mineral, a hydroxyl fluoride of aluminium; formula AlF(OH)2. It forms colourless, transparent crystals. Discovered in 1968, it is named after its original locality, the Zharchinskoya Deposit, which is in Buryatia, Russia.

text:
# Zharchikhite

**Zharchikhite** is a halide mineral, a hydroxyl fluoride of aluminium; formula AlF(OH)2. It forms colourless, transparent crystals. Discovered in 1968, it is named after its original locality, the Zharchinskoya Deposit, which is in Buryatia, Russia.

## InfoBox

| Zharchikhite | |
| --- | --- |
| General | |
| Category | Halide mineral |
| Formula
(repeating unit) | AlF(OH)2 |
| IMA symbol | Zha |
| Strunz classification | 3.AC.05 |
| Crystal system | Monoclinic, pseudo-orthorhombic |
| Identification | |
| Colour | Colorless |
| Crystal habit | Elongated prismatic cryatals, massive, drusy coatings |
| Cleavage | Perfect (010) |
| Tenacity | Very brittle |
| Mohs scale hardness | 4.5 |
| Luster | Vitreous |
| Diaphaneity | Transparent |
| Specific gravity | 2.81 |
| Optical properties | Biaxial (-) |
| Refractive index | nα = 1.532 nβ = 1.552 nγ = 1.567 |
| Birefringence | δ = 0.035 |
| 2V angle | 80° (calculated) |
| References |  |


title: Zharen

abstract: Zharen, also Zaring or Zharencun is a small town and township-level division of Amdo County in the Nagqu Prefecture of the Tibet Autonomous Region, in China. It is located at the side of the G109 road, 41.9 kilometres (26.0 mi) south of Amdo Town on the road from Nagchu Town, and approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of the southern tip of Cona Lake. It has a population of 7875, living in 1479 households.

text:
# Zharen

**Zharen**, also **Zaring** or **Zharencun** (Chinese: 扎仁镇) is a small town and township-level division of Amdo County in the Nagqu Prefecture of the Tibet Autonomous Region, in China. It is located at the side of the G109 road, 41.9 kilometres (26.0 mi) south of Amdo Town on the road from Nagchu Town, and approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of the southern tip of Cona Lake. It has a population of 7875, living in 1479 households.

## History

Zharen township was established in 1962, and in 2002 it received Town status. It has jurisdiction over 12 village committees, with 219 natural villages.

## Administrative divisions

The township-level division contains nine village committees and one neighborhood which are as follows:

* Nase Neighborhood (纳色居委会)
* Mailong Village (麦龙村)
* Zaisong Village (再松村)
* Lamucuo Village (拉姆措村)
* Guojia Village (果加村)
* Cuogou Luoma Village (措沟洛玛村)
* Reta Village (热塔村)
* Nimalong Village (尼玛龙村)
* Cagao Gongma Village (擦高工玛村)
* Ouchi Village (欧赤村)

## Economy

The economy is mainly based on animal husbandry, with locals raising yak, sheep and goats. There are primary schools and health centres.

## InfoBox

| Zharen | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| ZharenLocation within Tibet | |
| Coordinates: 31°49′04″N 91°44′01″E / 31.81778°N 91.73361°E / 31.81778; 91.73361 | |
| Country | China |
| Region | Tibet |
| Prefecture | Nagqu Prefecture |
| County | Amdo County |
| Population | |
| Total | 7,875 |
| Major Nationalities | Tibetan |
| Regional dialect | Tibetan language |
| Time zone | +8 |


title: Scutellastra barbara

abstract: Scutellastra barbara is a species of sea snail, a true limpet, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Patellidae, one of the families of true limpets.

text:
# Scutellastra barbara

***Scutellastra barbara*** is a species of sea snail, a true limpet, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Patellidae, one of the families of true limpets.

## Description

Species has been found to measure around 100 mm. Different populations of *Patella barbara* are both morphologically indistinguishable and genetically homogenous along the coast of South Africa.

## Distribution

The bearded limpet, *Scutellastra barbara*, is distributed throughout the east and west coasts of South Africa, between Port Nolloth and Umpangazi. The juveniles prefer substrates made of *Haliotis midae* shells, and they are usually found in intertidal areas at low densities.

## InfoBox

| *Scutellastra barbara* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Five views of a shell of *Scutellastra barbara* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Patellogastropoda |
| Family: | Patellidae |
| Genus: | *Scutellastra* |
| Species: | ***S. barbara*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Scutellastra barbara***<br>(Linnaeus, 1758) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Patella* (*Scutellastra*) *barbara* Linnaeus, 1758 * *Patella barbara* Linnaeus, 1758 | |


title: Zriba

abstract: Zriba is a town and commune in the Zaghouan Governorate, Tunisia. As of 2004, it had a population of 9,022.

text:
# Zriba

**Zriba** is a town and commune in the Zaghouan Governorate, Tunisia. As of 2004, it had a population of 9,022.

36°20′N 10°15′E / 36.333°N 10.250°E / 36.333; 10.250

## InfoBox

| Hammem Zriba Zriba Hammem | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune and town | |
|  | |
| Country | Tunisia |
| Governorate | Zaghouan Governorate |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Ibrahim Ben Amor (Nidaa Tounes) |
| Population (2014) | |
| Total | 11,849 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |


title: Zilwaukee, Michigan

abstract: Zilwaukee is a city in Saginaw County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The 2020 census places the population at 1,534. The city is adjacent to and was created from Zilwaukee Township. It is the home of the Zilwaukee Bridge.

text:
# Zilwaukee, Michigan

**Zilwaukee** is a city in Saginaw County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The 2020 census places the population at 1,534. The city is adjacent to and was created from Zilwaukee Township. It is the home of the Zilwaukee Bridge.

## History

Zilwaukee was founded in 1848 when Daniel and Solomon Johnson, two brothers from New York City, built a saw mill there.

The provenance of the town's name is unknown, but local legends hold that it was a deliberate attempt to attract immigrants who thought they were heading for the larger Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.37 square miles (6.14 km2), of which 2.21 square miles (5.72 km2) is land and 0.16 square miles (0.41 km2) is water.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1880 | 915 |  |  |
| 1970 | 2,072 |  |  |
| 1980 | 2,201 |  | 6.2% |
| 1990 | 1,850 |  | −15.9% |
| 2000 | 1,799 |  | −2.8% |
| 2010 | 1,658 |  | −7.8% |
| 2020 | 1,534 |  | −7.5% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 1,658 people, 671 households, and 442 families living in the city. The population density was 750.2 inhabitants per square mile (289.7/km2). There were 723 housing units at an average density of 327.1 per square mile (126.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 92.3% White, 3.7% African American, 0.5% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 1.6% from other races, and 1.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.7% of the population.

There were 671 households, of which 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.1% were married couples living together, 10.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.1% were non-families. 27.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.97.

The median age in the city was 40 years. 22.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.8% were from 25 to 44; 25.6% were from 45 to 64; and 16.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.8% male and 50.2% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,799 people, 711 households, and 509 families living in the city. The population density was 810.7 inhabitants per square mile (313.0/km2). There were 729 housing units at an average density of 328.5 per square mile (126.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.94% White, 1.78% African American, 0.44% Native American, 0.50% Asian, 2.61% from other races, and 0.72% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.23% of the population.

There were 711 households, out of which 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.8% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.3% were non-families. 22.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 2.98.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.5% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 31.2% from 25 to 44, 24.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $42,014, and the median income for a family was $47,981. Males had a median income of $37,292 versus $25,586 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,491. About 5.7% of families and 6.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.4% of those under age 18 and 5.8% of those age 65 or over.

## Notable people

* John Baird (1860–1934), state senator and state representative, director of Michigan Conservation Department
* Bernard C. Wetzel (1876–1952), Detroit architect

43°28′35″N 83°55′14″W / 43.47639°N 83.92056°W / 43.47639; -83.92056

## InfoBox

| Zilwaukee, Michigan | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Location within Saginaw County | |
| ZilwaukeeLocation within the state of Michigan | |
| Coordinates: 43°28′35″N 83°55′14″W / 43.47639°N 83.92056°W / 43.47639; -83.92056 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Michigan |
| County | Saginaw |
| Founded | 1848 |
| Government | |
| Type | Council–manager |
| Mayor | Eugene Jolin |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.37 sq mi (6.13 km2) |
| Land | 2.21 sq mi (5.73 km2) |
| Water | 0.16 sq mi (0.40 km2) |
| Elevation | 584 ft (178 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 1,534 |
| Density | 693.80/sq mi (267.89/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code(s) | 48604 (Saginaw)
48724 (Carrollton) |
| Area code | 989 |
| FIPS code | 26-89320 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1616929 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Zwardoń

abstract: Zwardoń is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rajcza, within Żywiec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in the Żywiec Beskids mountain range in southern Poland, on the border with Slovakia. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) west of Rajcza, 25 km (16 mi) south-west of Żywiec, and 82 km (51 mi) south of the regional capital Katowice. The village is mostly known for mountain tourism and as a border crossing point. In 1884, a railway line to Čadca was opened. Although Zwardoń belongs nowadays to the Silesian Voivodeship, historically it lay in Lesser Poland.

text:
# Zwardoń

**Zwardoń** \[ˈzvardɔɲ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rajcza, within Żywiec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in the Żywiec Beskids mountain range in southern Poland, on the border with Slovakia. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) west of Rajcza, 25 km (16 mi) south-west of Żywiec, and 82 km (51 mi) south of the regional capital Katowice. The village is mostly known for mountain tourism and as a border crossing point. In 1884, a railway line to Čadca was opened. Although Zwardoń belongs nowadays to the Silesian Voivodeship, historically it lay in Lesser Poland.

## Location and transport

Zwardoń, located at the elevation of 690 meters above sea level, is placed between three mountain passes \- *Przysłop*, *Zwardońska* and *Graniczne*. Until 1975, the village was administratively tied with Kraków and Lesser Poland. In 1975 - 1999, it belonged to Bielsko-Biala Voivodeship, and after the territorial reform of Poland in 1999, it became part of the Silesian Voivodeship, even though historically it does not belong to Silesia. Zwardoń has a rail station along the historic Galician Transversal Railway, which connects Żywiec and other Polish cities with Slovak town of Žilina, and further on, Vienna. Since the construction of the line, Zwardoń has been a border station, and the crossing was closed down in 2007, due to Schengen Agreement. The village is also located on the Expressway S69, which goes from Bielsko-Biała to Slovakia.

## History

Zwardoń is a relatively young village. It is not known exactly when it was established, most probably some time in the 17th century. Its oldest district is the settlement called *Myto*, which was probably established by shepherds, who came to this area from the overcrowded villages around Węgierska Górka. The name Zwardoń appears on the maps for the first time in the late 18th century. The village belonged to Lesser Poland, in its extreme southwest corner, near the border with the Kingdom of Hungary. In the late 18th century, after the Partitions of Poland, and the creation of Galicia, Emperor Joseph II ordered the construction of a road along the Przysłop mountain pass. Zwardoń belonged to Żywiec County, and it remained a small village until 1884, when the rail line was opened from Żywiec to Cadca. By 1889, the population grew to 124, in 1891 a post office was opened here, and in 1901, an elementary school.

In the 1930s Zwardoń, which belonged to Kraków Voivodeship, became a popular skiing location. Enjoying good climate, snowy winters, treeless slopes and good rail connections, the village prospered. New houses were built, in winter, special trains from Warsaw would bring tourists and skiers. In 1930, a ski jumping hill was opened. During World War II Zwardoń was directly annexed by the Third Reich. Its 356 Polish residents were expelled, and replaced by the Germans. After the war, Zwardoń remained a popular tourist center, due to well-developed skiing infrastructure, guest houses and several trails.

## InfoBox

| Zwardoń | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| General view | |
| Zwardoń | |
| Coordinates: 49°31′N 18°59′E / 49.517°N 18.983°E / 49.517; 18.983 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Silesian |
| County | Żywiec |
| Gmina | Rajcza |
| Elevation | 690 m (2,260 ft) |
| Population | 1,000 |


title: Zuñeda

abstract: Zuñeda is a municipality located in the province of Burgos, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2021 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 56 inhabitants.

text:
# Zuñeda

**Zuñeda** is a municipality located in the province of Burgos, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2021 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 56 inhabitants.

42°36′N 3°13′W / 42.600°N 3.217°W / 42.600; -3.217

## InfoBox

| Zuñeda | |
| --- | --- |
| municipality | |
| Houses and church in Zuñeda | |
|  | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile and León |
| Province | Burgos |
| Area | |
| Total | 12 km2 (5 sq mi) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 58 |
| Density | 4.8/km2 (13/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Zwicky (crater)

abstract: Zwicky is a lunar impact crater that is located on the far side of the Moon. It lies to the west of the crater Aitken, and is attached to the western rim of Vertregt. Attached to the northern end of Zwicky is Heaviside. Zwicky is a considerably eroded formation with an irregular rim and interior. Portions of the southern rim still survive, but the remainder has been almost completely eradicated. The satellite crater Zwicky N, located in the midst of the interior of Zwicky, has a relatively dark floor by comparison with the surrounding terrain. This smaller crater has a polygonal outline with relatively smooth inner walls. The interior floor is a lower albedo material that has a cracked surface. It is thought that this is caused by the cooling of molten material, or possibly tectonic movement. This is referred to informally as a "turtleback crater floor". The crater is named after astronomer Fritz Zwicky (1898–1974), a professor at Caltech, Pasadena and pioneer in the study of supernovae and of galaxy clusters. The minor planet 1803 Zwicky is also named in his honour.

text:
# Zwicky (crater)

**Zwicky** is a lunar impact crater that is located on the far side of the Moon. It lies to the west of the crater Aitken, and is attached to the western rim of Vertregt. Attached to the northern end of Zwicky is Heaviside. Zwicky is a considerably eroded formation with an irregular rim and interior. Portions of the southern rim still survive, but the remainder has been almost completely eradicated.

The satellite crater Zwicky N, located in the midst of the interior of Zwicky, has a relatively dark floor by comparison with the surrounding terrain. This smaller crater has a polygonal outline with relatively smooth inner walls. The interior floor is a lower albedo material that has a cracked surface. It is thought that this is caused by the cooling of molten material, or possibly tectonic movement. This is referred to informally as a "turtleback crater floor".

The crater is named after astronomer Fritz Zwicky (1898–1974), a professor at Caltech, Pasadena and pioneer in the study of supernovae and of galaxy clusters. The minor planet 1803 Zwicky is also named in his honour.

## Satellite craters

By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Zwicky. Zwicky N crater had the proposed name of *Ibn Hayyan*, but this was not approved by the IAU.

| Zwicky | Coordinates | Diameter, km |
| --- | --- | --- |
| N | 15°55′S 167°34′E / 15.92°S 167.57°E / -15.92; 167.57 (Zwicky N) | 29.6 |
| R | 18°08′S 163°35′E / 18.13°S 163.59°E / -18.13; 163.59 (Zwicky R) | 29.0 |
| S | 16°05′S 162°47′E / 16.09°S 162.79°E / -16.09; 162.79 (Zwicky S) | 45.6 |

* LTO-85C3, Ibn Hayyan, Lunar Topographic Orthophotomap (LTO) Series, Defense Mapping Agency, Scale: 1:250,000

## InfoBox

Zwicky
| Crater *Zwicky* (big eroded crater in the bottom and center of the image) as seen by a mapping camera attached to the Service Module of Apollo 17 | |
| --- | --- |
| Coordinates | 16°10′S 167°38′E / 16.17°S 167.64°E / -16.17; 167.64 |
| Diameter | 126 km |
| Depth | 4.0 km (2.5 mi) |
| Colongitude | 192° at sunrise |
| Eponym | Fritz Zwicky (astronomer) |


title: Zwicky's Triplet

abstract: Zwicky's Triplet is a group of three galaxies visible in the constellation Hercules.

text:
# Zwicky's Triplet

**Zwicky's Triplet** (Arp 103) is a group of three galaxies visible in the constellation Hercules.

## The other Zwicky's Triplet

IC 3481 at 12h 32m, +11° 24' (2000.0) in Virgo, which is connected to PGC 41646 ("IC 3481A") as the system Arp 175, but probably not connected to IC 3483, is sometimes called Zwicky's Triplet, but this name is more often applied to the system at 16h 49m, +45° 30' (2000.0) in Hercules.

## InfoBox

| Zwicky's Triplet | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Observation data (Epoch ) | |
| Constellation(s) | Hercules |
| Right ascension | 16h 49m 28.3s |
| Declination | +45° 27 40 |
| Brightest member | NGC 6241 |


title: Zoo/Flora station

abstract: Zoo/Flora is a station on the Cologne Stadtbahn line 18, located in the Cologne district of Nippes. The station lies on Riehler Straße, adjacent to nearby Cologne Zoological Garden and Flora & Botanischer Garten, after which the station is named. Also within walking distance lies a station of the Cologne Cable Car (Seilbahn). The station was opened in 1974, substantially renovated in 2010, and consists of two side platforms with two rail tracks.

text:
# Zoo/Flora station

**Zoo/Flora** is a station on the Cologne Stadtbahn line 18, located in the Cologne district of Nippes. The station lies on Riehler Straße, adjacent to nearby Cologne Zoological Garden and Flora & Botanischer Garten, after which the station is named. Also within walking distance lies a station of the Cologne Cable Car (Seilbahn).

The station was opened in 1974, substantially renovated in 2010, and consists of two side platforms with two rail tracks.

## InfoBox

| Zoo/Flora | |
| --- | --- |
| Zoo/Flora station in 2011 | |
| General information | |
| Coordinates | 50°57′27″N 6°58′25″E / 50.95750°N 6.97361°E / 50.95750; 6.97361 |
| Owned by | Kölner Verkehrs-Betriebe (KVB) |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | At-grade |
| Accessible | Yes |
| History | |
| Opened | 1974 (1974) |
| Rebuilt | 2010 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Cologne Stadtbahn Following station  Reichenspergerplatztowards Bonn Hbf  Line 18  Boltensternstraßetowards Thielenbruch | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | |


title: Zoo Bar (Halifax, West Yorkshire)

abstract: The Empire Bar and Zoo Bar were two adjoining night clubs in Halifax, West Yorkshire, England. First called The Zoo Bar, followed by the Rock Shed founded by Local Rock DJ - Jon Ingle, in the early 1980s, Ian Dobbs sold the venue in the latter part of the 1980s and then became "Theo's Zoo bar", in the early 1990s, and named after the head bouncer, the original venue was a standalone nightclub. The Tramshed and Zoo Bar were brought to national attention by the media as a "haven" for underage drinkers, when they became among the first establishments to be closed under the auspices of the Licensing Act 2003, which came into effect in England and Wales at midnight on 23 November 2005.

text:
# Zoo Bar (Halifax, West Yorkshire)

The Empire Bar **and Zoo Bar** were two adjoining night clubs in Halifax, West Yorkshire, England. First called The Zoo Bar, followed by the Rock Shed founded by Local Rock DJ - Jon Ingle, in the early 1980s, Ian Dobbs sold the venue in the latter part of the 1980s and then became "Theo's Zoo bar", in the early 1990s, and named after the head bouncer, the original venue was a standalone nightclub. The Tramshed and Zoo Bar were brought to national attention by the media as a "haven" for underage drinkers, when they became among the first establishments to be closed under the auspices of the Licensing Act 2003, which came into effect in England and Wales at midnight on 23 November 2005.

## Background

Originally named the zoo bar ( Hopwood Lane entrance) and Empire night club ( Lord Street entrance), it was founded by a local Rock DJ called Jon Ingle to serve the local bikers and heavy rock fans, the two night clubs were merged by Jon Ingle into one venue called the Rock Shed; The owner of the premises (Ian Dobbs) sold the business in the latter part of the 1980s when it was renamed "Theo's Zoo bar" after the head bouncer and before the reputation of an underage venue the Zoo bar was one of the first "indie" clubs in Halifax. It was classed as an alternative club where people classed the customers as slightly weird. The Djs played classics like the Doors' "Light My Fire" and the Rolling Stones' "Sympathy for the Devil" etc. later filling the dance-floor to tunes by the latest indie gods such as Suede, Pulp etc. Characters always filled the club. There was "roller guy" who wore roller boots and took photos all night, "daddy Acid" who used to walk around with a bowl of fruit (apparently laced with acid tabs). It was a real hive and buzzing place of individual clubbers.

The tramshed which opened later was home to the upcoming dance scene and often played hours of trance with old black and white movies playing on a huge screen.

Drugs became a huge problem within the clubs and that was the start of the demise. Theo sold up and it was then that the clubs took on a new crowd mainly underage drinkers.

The Tramshed and Zoo Bars were side-by-side nightclubs in Halifax featuring rock, emo, indie, punk and ska music. They were located on Lord Street close to the former site of Samuel Webster's Fountain Head Brewery. The property the clubs were located in has now been demolished and the land used for social housing.

Police officers raided the nightclub on 18 November 2005. During the raid, police reportedly identified 420 of the 500 people in the club to be underage drinkers. More than a dozen youths were arrested following scuffles with the police. A 28-day temporary closure order was applied for by the police on 27 November 2005.

This 2005 incident was cited as the third such raid of the Tramshed and Zoo Bar in which under-age drinking was proven. Previous occasions included December 2003, when almost half of the 150 revellers were found to be under 18. At that time the youngest was 13 and a member of the bar staff was 15. In July 2004, more under-age drinkers were found. Immediately after that incident, attempts to revoke the license under the old licensing laws failed. A local inspector said that, "We have tried to engage with the licensee on numerous occasions without success... It is the most serious breach of under-age drinking we have come across and there is historical evidence it has happened there before."

## Effects

After it was closed, the Halifax Zoo Bar incident became an international lightning rod in Europe, as one paper cited it as a "notorious kiddie boozer" where "legless" youths could do whatever they wanted. The nightclub was identified in an American study regarding youths and alcohol, as it was the topic of an alcohol advertisement.

Two years after its closure, consequences of the Licensing Act 2003 are still being felt. Another establishment in Halifax, Fagins Bar, was also closed for underage drinking, after being raided in December 2005, this has since reopened with merit. The Trax night club in Havering was raided at 9 pm on 25 November for drug dealing and its licence revoked. Cardiff City has also implemented its usage to close down clubs.

In the first year of the Licensing Act 2003 being passed, 100 establishments in England and Wales had their licenses revoked, with some temporarily suspended and others having conditions of use attached.

The building which housed the Tramshed and Zoo Bar has been sold to developers and is currently undergoing a renovation that will convert the spaces into flats.

## Live music performances

The Rock Shed / Zoo Bar (and later the Tram-Shed) nightclubs would host live bands particularly on a Saturday night with varying frequency. Many of the artists came from the West Yorkshire area and usually performed the Punk, Ska or Indie genres of music. The bands that performed have gone on to receive varying degrees of national acclaim.

Bands which have performed at The Zoo Bar include well known acts such as The Prophecy, Old Man's Child, thesevenmachine, Worm and Lymph.

For an extended period during 20042005, in response to the increased attendances on Friday nights (and as a result the decreased popularity of the club on a Saturday) a stage was set up and bands encouraged to perform on Saturdays. The night was sponsored by local music shop First Floor Music.

The Tram-Shed part of the nightclub has also previously played host to the heats of 2005 The Pulse of West Yorkshire battle of the bands.


title: Zoulikha

abstract: Hassina Louadj, known mononymously as Zoulikha, was an Algerian singer of Chaoui music popular in the 1970s. Like the singer Teldja, active at the same period, she revived traditional Berber songs for a new generation.

text:
# Zoulikha

**Hassina Louadj** (6 December 1957 – 15 November 1994), known mononymously as **Zoulikha**, was an Algerian singer of Chaoui music popular in the 1970s.

Like the singer Teldja, active at the same period, she revived traditional Berber songs for a new generation.

## InfoBox

| Zoulikha | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Hassina Louadj
6 December 1957
Khenchela, Algeria |
| Died | 15 November 1994
Kouba, Algeria |
| Resting place | Khenchela |
| Nationality | Algerian |
| Occupation | Singer |
| Years active | 1967 - 1993 |
| Known for | chaoui music |


title: Ángel Sánchez Mendoza

abstract: Ángel Sánchez Mendoza was an Ecuadorian journalist, news director of Ecuavisa, TC Televisión and Gamavisión as well as director of communication of Guayas Prefecture and the University of Guayaquil.

text:
# Ángel Sánchez Mendoza

**Ángel Sánchez Mendoza** (Guayaquil, 1963 – 30 March 2020) was an Ecuadorian journalist, news director of Ecuavisa, TC Televisión and Gamavisión as well as director of communication of Guayas Prefecture and the University of Guayaquil.

## Biography

Sánchez was born in 1963, and developed an interest in journalism since an early age.

He started working for Ecuavisa in the technical area, carrying lights and cables, in 1982, when he was 18 years old, also starting as a camera assistant. His first opportunity to do journalism came with Nila Velázquez in  *Televistazo Dominical* , around 1984. He subsequently held various intermediate positions such as editor, producer, area manager, manager, among others, until he became the director of news and co-publisher of reports. He worked alongside Tania Tinoco for about thirty years, with María Teresa Arboleda with whom he had a great friendship, with the journalist Melania Quichimbo whom he married and had a daughter with, and with many of the channel's journalists for decades. Journalists Xavier Alvarado Roca, Fernando Aguayo, Teresa Arboleda, and Alberto Borges contributed to his journalistic training.

During the rebellion of the military bases of Manta, Quito and Taura, in 1986, and the kidnapping of President León Febres Cordero, Sánchez, then a production assistant, accompanied reporter María Teresa Arboleda who entered the rebel-held base; mutinous soldiers later opened fire as they were leaving. In 1997 he covered the overthrow of President Abdalá Bucaram; in 2001, while covering the September 11 attacks and the start of the US invasion of Afghanistan, he developed gastritis from overwork, and had to be hospitalized for seventeen days.

On 15 September 2011, he retired from his position as news director, as had been agreed the previous year; the channel's directors, however, required Sánchez's presence again, due to the changes of the new general manager, Mexican sociologist Luis Beltrán, who came from TC Televisión. Sánchez returned to Ecuavisa for some time, managing the news program *Ecuavisa Informa*, but left for good in 2013.

He then worked as news producer for TC Televisión, as well as a communications consultant and later part of the GamaTV team as producer and news director.

After spending 34 years in the media, he became director of communication for the Guayas Prefecture, since the assumption of Carlos Luis Morales, and director of communication for the University of Guayaquil.

## Private life

He had two children from his first marriage. He married for the second time with Melania Quichimbo, Radio City host and journalist for *El Universo*, with whom he had a daughter.

## Death

Sánchez died in the afternoon of 30 March 2020, at the age of 56, in the Guasmo Sur hospital, due to complications of the COVID-19 disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, during the pandemic in Ecuador.


title: Zygosaccharomyces

abstract: Zygosaccharomyces is a genus of yeasts in the family Saccharomycetaceae. It was first described under the genus Saccharomyces, but in 1983, it was reclassified to its current name in the work by Barnett et al. The yeast has a long history as a well-known spoilage yeast within the food industry, because several species in this genus are significantly resistant to many of the common food preservation methods. For example, the biochemical properties Z. bailii possesses to achieve this includes high sugar tolerance (50-60%), high ethanol tolerance, high acetic acid tolerance (2.0-2.5%), very high sorbic and benzoic acid tolerance, high molecular SO2 tolerance, and high xerotolerance.

text:
# Zygosaccharomyces

***Zygosaccharomyces*** is a genus of yeasts in the family Saccharomycetaceae. It was first described under the genus *Saccharomyces*, but in 1983, it was reclassified to its current name in the work by Barnett *et al*. The yeast has a long history as a well-known spoilage yeast within the food industry, because several species in this genus are significantly resistant to many of the common food preservation methods. For example, the biochemical properties *Z. bailii* possesses to achieve this includes high sugar tolerance (50-60%), high ethanol tolerance (up to 18%), high acetic acid tolerance (2.0-2.5%), very high sorbic and benzoic acid tolerance (up to 800–1000 mg/L), high molecular SO2 tolerance (greater than 3 mg/L), and high xerotolerance.

## InfoBox

| *Zygosaccharomyces* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Cells of the food spoilage yeast *Zygosaccharomyces bailii* . The bright field image was taken at 100x magnification, using the epifluorescence microscope Zeiss Axiovert 135 TV. The cells were suspended in a Sabouraud medium at room temperature | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Saccharomycetes |
| Order: | Saccharomycetales |
| Family: | Saccharomycetaceae |
| Genus: | *Zygosaccharomyces*
Barnet et al., 1983 |
|
| Species | |
| *Z. bailii*
*Z. bisporus*
*Z. cidri*
*Z. fermentati*
*Z. florentinus*
*Z. kombuchaensis*
*Z. lentus*
*Z. mellis*
*Z. microellipsoides*
*Z. mrakii*
*Z. pseudorouxii*
*Z. rouxii* | |


title: Zymophilus paucivorans

abstract: Zymophilus paucivorans is a species of anaerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria first isolated from spoilt beer. It is the type species of its genus.

text:
# Zymophilus paucivorans

***Zymophilus paucivorans*** is a species of anaerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria first isolated from spoilt beer. It is the type species of its genus.

## Further reading

* Sneath, Peter HA, et al. Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Volume 3. Williams & Wilkins, 2012.
* Dworkin, Martin, and Stanley Falkow, eds. The Prokaryotes: Vol. 4: Bacteria: Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria. Vol. 4. Springer, 2006.
* Juvonen, Riikka. "DNA-based detection and characterisation of strictly anaerobic beer-spoilage bacteria." VTT Publications (2009).
* Priest, Fergus G., and Iain Campbell, eds. Brewing microbiology. Chapman & Hall, 1996.

## InfoBox

| *Zymophilus paucivorans* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Bacillota |
| Class: | Negativicutes |
| Order: | Selenomonadales |
| Family: | Veillonellaceae |
| Genus: | *Zymophilus* |
| Species: | ***Z. paucivorans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Zymophilus paucivorans***<br>Schleifer et al. 1990 | |
|


title: Écoles Sans Frontières

abstract:
Écoles Sans Frontières is a French non-governmental organisation (NGO) with volunteers and offices throughout the world who endeavour to:
  - "defend the basic right to education in the respect of human dignity. To develop education and human resources for the underprivileged populations and to contribute to the safeguard of their culture of origin. To facilitate, by teaching, the search for durable solutions for the refugees". The motto of the organisation is L'instruction, c'est l'espoir.
ESF volunteers work to help underprivileged in refugee camps throughout South East Asia, Haiti and Guatemala.

text:
# Écoles Sans Frontières

**Écoles Sans Frontières** ("Schools Without Borders") is a French non-governmental organisation (NGO) with volunteers and offices throughout the world who endeavour to:

"defend the basic right to education in the respect of human dignity. To develop education and human resources for the underprivileged populations and to contribute to the safeguard of their culture of origin. To facilitate, by teaching, the search for durable solutions for the refugees".

The motto of the organisation is *L'instruction, c'est l'espoir* ("Education is hope"). ESF volunteers work to help underprivileged in refugee camps throughout South East Asia, Haiti and Guatemala.


title: École supérieure du bois

abstract: École supérieure du bois (ESB) a French engineering College created in 1934. The education provided concerns wood trades and techniques, but also human sciences, management, law, business policy and foreign languages. Located in Nantes since 1993, the ESB is a private higher education institution of general interest recognised by the State. The school is a member of the Union of Independent Grandes Écoles (UGEI).

text:
# École supérieure du bois

**École supérieure du bois** (**ESB**) a French engineering College created in 1934.

The education provided concerns wood trades and techniques, but also human sciences, management, law, business policy and foreign languages.

Located in Nantes since 1993, the ESB is a private higher education institution of general interest recognised by the State. The school is a member of the Union of Independent Grandes Écoles (UGEI).

## InfoBox

École supérieure du bois
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Private |
| Established | 1934 |
| Students | 400 |
| Location | Nantes, France<br>47°17′N 1°31′W / 47.28°N 1.51°W / 47.28; -1.51 |
| Affiliations | Union of Independent Grandes Écoles |
| Website | esb-campus.fr |
| Location in NantesÉcole supérieure du bois (France) | |


abstract: École supérieure des techniques aéronautiques et de construction automobile (ESTACA) is a French engineering School, so called "Grande École", created in 1925. ESTACA is an Engineering school that trains engineers in aeronautics & aerospace engineering, naval engineering, automotive engineering and railway engineering. In addition to its training activities, the school also conducts applied research in the aeronautics, automotive, space, guided transport and naval sectors. Located in Montigny-le-Bretonneux, Bordeaux and Laval, the school is recognised by the Commission des Titres d'Ingénieur. On 25 September 2012, it joined the ISAE Group.

text:
# École supérieure des techniques aéronautiques et de construction automobile

**École supérieure des techniques aéronautiques et de construction automobile** (ESTACA) is a French engineering School, so called "Grande École", created in 1925.

ESTACA is an Engineering school that trains engineers in aeronautics & aerospace engineering, naval engineering, automotive engineering and railway engineering. In addition to its training activities, the school also conducts applied research in the aeronautics, automotive, space, guided transport and naval sectors.

Located in Montigny-le-Bretonneux, Bordeaux and Laval, the school is recognised by the Commission des Titres d'Ingénieur. On 25 September 2012, it joined the ISAE Group.

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

École supérieure des techniques aéronautiques et de construction automobile
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Grande École d'Ingénieurs |
| Established | 1925 |
| Parent institution | ISAE |
| Students | 2160 |
| Location | Montigny-le-Bretonneux, Laval, and Bordeaux<br>48°47′16″N 2°02′28″E / 48.7877894°N 2.0410886°E / 48.7877894; 2.0410886 |
| Affiliations | Grande École d'Ingénieurs, Union of Independent Grandes Écoles |
| Website | estaca.fr |


title: Ülejõe, Türi Parish

abstract: Ülejõe is a village in Türi Parish, Järva County in central Estonia.

text:
# Ülejõe, Türi Parish

**Ülejõe** is a village in Türi Parish, Järva County in central Estonia.

58°53′11″N 25°27′30″E / 58.88628°N 25.45833°E / 58.88628; 25.45833

## InfoBox

| Ülejõe | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | Estonia |
| County | Järva County |
| Parish | Türi Parish |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Ülemiste Tunnel

abstract: The Ülemiste Tunnel is a road tunnel in Tallinn, Estonia. It is located southeast of the city centre near the Lake Ülemiste. The tunnel connects Peterburi road with Järvevana road. It opened on 9 October 2013. The tunnel is 320 m (1,050 ft) long and consists of two parts divided by a thick concrete wall. It is the only road tunnel of its kind in Estonia.

text:
# Ülemiste Tunnel

The **Ülemiste Tunnel** is a road tunnel in Tallinn, Estonia. It is located southeast of the city centre near the Lake Ülemiste. The tunnel connects Peterburi road (Tallinn–Narva Road, part of E20) with Järvevana road (part of the inner beltway). It opened on 9 October 2013. The tunnel is 320 m (1,050 ft) long and consists of two parts divided by a thick concrete wall. It is the only road tunnel of its kind in Estonia.

## InfoBox

Ülemiste Tunnel
| The eastern portal | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Location | Tallinn, Estonia |
| Coordinates | 59°25′14″N 24°46′6″E / 59.42056°N 24.76833°E / 59.42056; 24.76833 |
| Status | Active |
| Route | Järvevana tee |
| Operation | |
| Opened | 2013 |
| Character | road |
| Technical | |
| Length | 320 metres (1,050 ft) |
| No. of lanes | 4 |


title: Ælfhelm of York

abstract: Ælfhelm was the ealdorman of Northumbria, in practice southern Northumbria, from about 994 until his death. An ealdorman was a senior nobleman who governed a province—a shire or group of shires—on behalf of the king. Ælfhelm's powerful and wealthy family came from Mercia, a territory and former kingdom incorporating most of central England, and he achieved his position despite being an outsider. Ælfhelm first appears in charters as dux ("ealdorman") in about 994. Most of Ælfhelm's subsequent historical appearances record him as a witness to charters, although one notable exception is the will of his brother, Wulfric Spot. According to a 12th-century tradition, Ælfhelm was murdered and his sons blinded in 1006, by Eadric Streona with the connivance of King. Ælfhelm's daughter, Ælfgifu, married Cnut the Great, King of England between 1016 and 1035, as a result of which Ælfhelm became the grandfather of future English king Harold Harefoot.

text:
# Ælfhelm of York

**Ælfhelm** (died 1006) was the ealdorman of Northumbria, in practice southern Northumbria (the area around York), from about 994 until his death. An ealdorman (or earl) was a senior nobleman who governed a province—a shire or group of shires—on behalf of the king. Ælfhelm's powerful and wealthy family came from Mercia, a territory and former kingdom incorporating most of central England, and he achieved his position despite being an outsider. Ælfhelm first appears in charters as *dux* ("ealdorman") in about 994.

Most of Ælfhelm's subsequent historical appearances record him as a witness to charters, although one notable exception is the will of his brother, Wulfric Spot. According to a 12th-century tradition, Ælfhelm was murdered and his sons blinded in 1006, by Eadric Streona with the connivance of King (Æthelred II). Ælfhelm's daughter, Ælfgifu, married Cnut the Great, King of England between 1016 and 1035, as a result of which Ælfhelm became the grandfather of future English king Harold Harefoot.

## Origins

Ælfhelm was a Mercian, son of Wulfrun, a rich noblewoman who founded Burton Abbey. His father is unknown, but it is thought that he was of lower rank than Wulfrun as Wulfric Spot, Ælfhelm's brother, is called "Wulfric son of Wulfrun", suggesting that his status derived mainly from his mother. Wulfric Spot founded Burton Abbey, but little is known about Ælfhelm's sister, Ælfthryth.

Wulfrun also founded the Minster of St Mary's at Wolverhampton, a settlement which took her name ("Wulfrun's chief settlement"). Her earliest association is with Tamworth, when she is mentioned as the only hostage taken when the place was seized by Olaf Guthfrithson in 940. It is thought that her lands were mostly in Staffordshire, while most of Wulfric Spot's lands were in Staffordshire, Derbyshire, and western Warwickshire.

## Ealdorman of southern Northumbria

Ælfhelm begins witnessing charters as *dux*, i.e. ealdorman, in 994. He was thought by historian Simon Keynes to have been the same as Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England (PASE) "Ælfhelm 15", who witnesses charters as *minister*, i.e. thegn, from 982 to 990. Charter appearances earlier, during the reign of Edgar the Peaceable, are possible, but it is impossible to show definitively that earlier thegns with the name Ælfhelm are the same as the future ealdorman of southern Northumbria, the latter only being positively identifiable by his title, *dux*.

Ælfhelm's apparent promotion in 994 is thought by some historians, for instance Richard Fletcher, to have been due to the Scandinavian attack on Northumbria in 993. Under the year 993, the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle* relates that Vikings had invaded Northumbria and sacked Bamburgh, whereupon the southern English raised an army:

> Bamburgh was sacked and much booty was captured there, and after that the army came to the mouth of the Humber and did great damage there, both in the Kingdom of Lindsey and in Northumbria. Then a very large English army was collected, and when they should have joined battle, the leaders Fræna, Godwine and Frythegyst, first started the flight.

Fletcher speculated that Ælfhelm's predecessor Thored, who disappeared from the records at this time, was removed from office and replaced by Ælfhelm by King Æthelred II as a result of his failure against the Scandinavians. Another historian, William Kapelle, believed Thored was removed because of his Scandinavian descent, an argument based on the *Worcester Chronicle'*s claim, added to the text borrowed from the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle*, that Fræna, Godwine and Frythegyst fled because "they were Danish on their father's side".

## Wulfric Spot's will

Ælfhelm's brother, Wulfric Spot, left a will written in Old English, which provides many of the details we know about Ælfhelm. For instance, it gives the names of his two sons, Wulfheah and Ufegeat. It dates to between 1002 and 1004, and survives in a 12th-century manuscript.

Wulfric granted the lands "between the Ribble and the Mersey, and in the Wirral" to Ælfhelm and his son Wulfheah, on condition that they each pay Burton Abbey 3,000 shad at shad season. Wulfric left Ælfhelm Rolleston (Staffordshire), Harlaston (Staffordshire), and Conisbrough (Yorkshire), the last on condition that he gave Burton one third of the fish there. Wulfheah received Barlaston (Staffordshire), Marchington (Staffordshire), and Alvaston (Derbyshire), while Ælfhelm's other son Ufegeat was given Norton (Derbyshire) "in the hope that he may be a better friend and supporter of the monastery \[of Burton\]". Ælfhelm is asked to protect Burton Abbey and the possessions of Wulfric's daughter.

## Death and legacy

Little else is recorded about Ealdorman Ælfhelm's career before his death. Notice of the latter, with the blinding of his two sons, comes in the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle*, which related under the year 1006:

> In this year Archbishop Ælfric died and Bishop Ælfheah succeeded him to the archiepiscopal see. In the same year Wulfgeat was deprived of all his property, and Wulfheah and Ufegeat were blinded and Ealdorman Ælfhelm killed.

The *Worcester Chronicle*, which for this period consists of entries taken from the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle* supplemented with extra information, gives an expanded saga-like version of this account, attributing Ælfhelm's death to Eadric Streona:

> The crafty and treacherous Eadric Streona, plotting to deceive the noble ealdorman Ælfhelm, prepared a great feast for him at Shrewsbury at which, when he came as a guest, Eadric greeted him as if he were an intimate friend. But on the third or fourth day of the feast, when an ambush had been prepared, he took him into the wood to hunt. When all were busy with the hunt, one Godwine Porthund (which means the town dog) a Shrewsbury butcher, whom Eadric had dazzled long before with great gifts and many promises so that he might perpetrate the crime, suddenly leapt out from the ambush, and execrably slew the ealdorman Ælfhelm. After a short space of time his sons, Wulfheah and Ufegeat, were blinded, at King Æthelred’s command, at Cookham, where he himself was then staying.

This material in the *Worcester Chronicle* seems to have been part of a lost saga about Eadric Streona, not extant but used by various surviving 11th- and 12th-century sources. Kapelle thought Ælfhelm's murder, conducted without King Æthelred's displeasure, was the result of suspect loyalty in the face of Scandinavian invasions.

The sources appear to indicate that Ælfhelm's successor was Uhtred of Bamburgh, the first magnate in decades to govern northern and southern Northumbria together. The text known as *De obsessione Dunelmi* ("On the siege of Durham"), relates that Uhtred took power after defeating a Scottish invasion.

As well as his two sons Ælfhelm left a daughter, Ælfgifu of Northampton, by a lady named Wulfrun; Ælfgifu's territorial appellation is taken as further evidence that Ælfhelm had territory in the eastern Danelaw. At some time between 1013 and 1016, she married Cnut, son of Sweyn Forkbeard, future King of the English. Her son was Harold Harefoot, King of the English.


title: Čeljadinići

abstract: Čeljadinići is a village in the municipality of Pale-Prača, Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to the 2013 census, the village has a population of 48.

text:
# Čeljadinići

**Čeljadinići** is a village in the municipality of Pale-Prača, Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to the 2013 census, the village has a population of 48.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 48, all Bosniaks.

## InfoBox

| Čeljadinići | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Čeljadinići | |
| Coordinates: 43°44′41″N 18°48′25″E / 43.74472°N 18.80694°E / 43.74472; 18.80694 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Canton | Bosnian-Podrinje Goražde |
| Municipality | Pale-Prača |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.49 sq mi (6.46 km2) |
| Population (2013) | |
| Total | 48 |
| Density | 19/sq mi (7.4/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |