title: Lithotripsy

abstract: Lithotripsy is a procedure involving the physical destruction of hardened masses like kidney stones, bezoars or gallstones, which may be done non-invasively. The term is derived from the Greek words meaning "breaking stones".

text:
# Lithotripsy

**Lithotripsy** is a procedure involving the physical destruction of hardened masses like kidney stones, bezoars or gallstones, which may be done non-invasively. The term is derived from the Greek words meaning "breaking (or pulverizing) stones" (litho- \+ τρίψω \[tripso\]).

## Uses

Lithotripsy is a non-invasive procedure used to break up hardened masses like kidney stones, bezoars or gallstones.

## Contraindications

Commonly cited absolute contraindications to shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) include pregnancy, coagulopathy or use of platelet aggregation inhibitors, aortic aneurysms, severe untreated hypertension, and untreated urinary tract infections.

## Techniques

## History

Surgery was the only method to remove stones too large to pass until French surgeon and urologist Jean Civiale in 1832 invented a surgical instrument (the lithotrite) to crush stones inside the urinary bladder without having to open the abdomen. To remove a calculus, Civiale inserted his instrument through the urethra and bored holes in the stone. Afterwards, he crushed it with the same instrument and aspirated the resulting fragments or let them flow normally with urine.

Lithotripsy replaced using lithotrites as the most common treatment beginning in the mid 1980s. In extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), external shockwaves are focused at the stone to pulverize it. Ureteroscopic methods use a rigid or flexible scope to reach the stone and direct mechanical or light energy at it. Endoscopy can use lasers as well as other modes of energy delivery: ultrasound or electrohydraulics.

ESWL was first used on kidney stones in 1980. It is also applied to gallstones and pancreatic stones. External shockwaves are focused and pulverize the stone which is located by imaging. The first shockwave lithotriptor approved for human use was the Dornier HM3 (human model 3) derived from a device used for testing aerospace parts. Second generation devices used piezoelectricity or electromagnetism generators. American Urological Association guidelines consider ESWL a potential primary treatment for stones between 4 mm and 2 cm.

Electrohydraulic lithotripsy is an industrial technique for fragmenting rocks by using electrodes to create shockwaves. It was applied to bile duct stones in 1975. It can damage tissue and is mostly used in biliary tract specialty centers. Pneumatic mechanical devices have been used with endoscopes, commonly for large and hard stones.

Laser lithotripsy was introduced in the 1980s. Pulsed dye lasers emit 504 nm (cyan-colored) light that is delivered to the stone by optical fibers through a scope. Holmium:YAG lasers were developed more recently and produce smaller fragments.

Endovascular lithotripsy is an angioplasty procedure using a ballon internally fitted with an ultrasound generator. It can be used in the reduction of very calcified coronary arteries, with or without the combined usage of stents.

## InfoBox

| Lithotripsy | |
| --- | --- |
| ICD-9-CM | 98 |
| MeSH | D008096 |
| MedlinePlus | 007113 |


title: Pleurotomella gibbera

abstract: Pleurotomella gibbera is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.

text:
# Pleurotomella gibbera

***Pleurotomella gibbera*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 5 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Madeira and also in the central and western Mediterranean Sea.

* Bouchet, P.; Warén, A. (1980). Revision of the North-East Atlantic bathyal and abyssal Turridae (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Journal of Molluscan Studies. Suppl. 8: 1-119
* Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca. in: Costello, M.J. et al. (eds), European Register of Marine Species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Patrimoines Naturels. 50: 180-213

* Gofas, S.; Luque, Á. A.; Templado, J.; Salas, C. (2017). A national checklist of marine Mollusca in Spanish waters. Scientia Marina. 81(2) : 241-254, and supplementary online material
* Tucker, J.K. (2004). "Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" (PDF). *Zootaxa*. **682**: 1–1295.
* Serge GOFAS, Ángel A. LUQUE, Joan Daniel OLIVER,José TEMPLADO & Alberto SERRA (2021) - The Mollusca of Galicia Bank (NE Atlantic Ocean); European Journal of Taxonomy 785: 1–114
* Gastropods.com: *Pleurotomella gibbera*

## InfoBox

| *Pleurotomella gibbera* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Raphitomidae |
| Genus: | *Pleurotomella* |
| Species: | ***P. gibbera*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pleurotomella gibbera***<br>Bouchet & Warén, 1980 | |
|


title: Post Office Savings Bank (New Zealand)

abstract: Post Office Savings Bank, or very briefly PostBank, was a bank owned by the New Zealand Government as the government's postal savings system. The bank was established in 1867. It became PostBank in 1987 and was disestablished and the branches were rebranded when it was acquired by Australia and New Zealand Banking Group (ANZ) in 1989.

text:
# Post Office Savings Bank (New Zealand)

**Post Office Savings Bank**, or very briefly **PostBank** (trading name of **Post Office Bank Limited**), was a bank owned by the New Zealand Government as the government's postal savings system. The bank was established in 1867. It became PostBank in 1987 and was disestablished and the branches were rebranded when it was acquired by Australia and New Zealand Banking Group (ANZ) in 1989.

## History

The Post Office Savings Bank was set up in 1867 to encourage thrift by ordinary people, and was immediately successful. One of the benefits of the Post Office Savings Bank was that customers could deposit and withdraw money at any branch of the bank. Business was conducted from post offices which were located in towns and cities all over New Zealand. By the 1910s customers were asking for the ability to withdraw their funds by cheque but successive postmasters-general refused to allow this, stating that the Post Office Savings Bank was not the same as a commercial bank, having as its objective thrift and regular deposits, not convenience. This had the effect of making it easy to deposit money but harder to withdraw it. However the bank eventually moved with the times and cheques were introduced in 1958. During its long history the Post Office Savings Bank introduced various other products including school banking (the 'Squirrel' savings accounts) and Bonus Bonds.

## PostBank

PostBank was formed when the New Zealand Post Office (a former Government Department) was split up by the *Postal Services Act 1987* into Post Office Bank Ltd (trading as PostBank), New Zealand Post Ltd (a postal services company) and Telecom Corporation of New Zealand Ltd (a telecommunications company). It purchased the assets of the former Post Office Savings Bank.

PostBank was sold two years after it was formed to ANZ, with the PostBank brand being absorbed and finally removed by the late 1990s.

PostBank shared many operating characteristics with the later Kiwibank, a bank which initially operated as a wholly owned subsidiary of the state-owned enterprise, New Zealand Post Limited. Later, Kiwibank and New Zealand Post started a process of no longer co-locating, with Kiwibank opening 13 stand-alone premises.

## InfoBox

Post Office Bank Limited
|
|  |
| Company type | State owned enterprise |
| Predecessor | New Zealand Post Office |
| Founded | 24 February 1987 (foundations set in 1867) |
| Defunct | 1989 (1989) |
| Fate | Acquired by ANZ |
| Headquarters | New Zealand |
| Products | Postal banking |


title: Menashe Kadishman

abstract: Menashe Kadishman was an Israeli sculptor and painter.

text:
# Menashe Kadishman

**Menashe Kadishman** (Hebrew: מנשה קדישמן; August 21, 1932 – May 8, 2015) was an Israeli sculptor and painter.

## Biography

Menashe Kadishman was born in Mandate Palestine to two Zionists, Bilha and Ben-Zion Kadishman. His father died when he was 15 years old. He left school to help his mother and provide for the family.

From 1947 to 1950, Kadishman studied with the Israeli sculptor Moshe Sternschuss at the Avni Institute of Art and Design under Aharon Avni in Tel Aviv, and in 1954 with the Israeli sculptor Rudi Lehmann in Jerusalem.

In 1950, Kadishman joined the Nahal infantry brigade and he worked as a shepherd on Kibbutz Ma'ayan Baruch for the next three years. This experience with nature, sheep and shepherding had a significant impact on his later artistic work and career.

In 1959, Kadishman moved to London to study at Saint Martin's School of Art and the Slade School of Art. In 1959-1960 he also studied with Anthony Caro and Reg Butler. He had his first one-man show there in 1965 at the Grosvenor Gallery. In 1972, he returned to Israel.

On May 8, 2015 Kadishman died at Sheba Medical Center in Tel Hashomer.

## Art career

In the 1960s, Kadishman's sculptures were Minimalist in style, and so designed as to appear to defy gravity. This was achieved either through careful balance and construction, as in *Suspense* (1966), or by using glass and metal so that the metal appeared unsupported, as in *Segments* (1968). The glass allowed the environment to be part of the work.

The first major appearance of sheep in his work was at the 1978 Venice Biennale, where Kadishman presented a flock of colored live sheep as living art. In 1995, he began painting portraits of sheep by the hundreds, and even thousands, each one different from the next. These instantly-recognizable sheep portraits soon became his artistic "trademark".

## Awards and recognition

* 1960 the America-Israel Cultural Foundation Scholarship.
* 1961, the Sainsbury Scholarship, London.
* 1967 first prize for sculpture, 5th Paris Biennale.
* 1978 Sandberg Prize recipient
* 1980 America-Israel Cultural Foundation Scholarship
* 1981 Eugene Kolb Prize for Israeli Graphic Arts, Tel Aviv Museum Prize of the Jury
* 1981 Norwegian International Print Biennale, Fredrikstad.
* 1984 Mendel Pundik Prize for Israeli Art, Tel Aviv Museum
* 1990 the Dizengoff Prize for Sculpture.
* 1995 the Israel Prize, for sculpture.
* 2002 the Honorary Fellowship Award from the Tel Aviv Museum of Art.

## Sculptures and public installations

### United States

New York * 'Suspended', 1977, Storm King Art Center, Mountainville
* 'Eight Positive Trees', 1977, Storm King Art Center, Mountainville
* 'Sheep', 1979, The Jewish Museum, New York, NY
* 'Untitled', 1981, The Jewish Museum, New York, NY
* 'Shepherdess', 1984, The Jewish Museum, New York, NY
* 'The Sacrifice of Isaac', 1985, Hebrew Home at Riverdale, Bronx, NY

Oklahoma * 'The Sacrifice of Isaac', 1985, Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art, Norman
* 'Negative Tree', 2001, Philbrook Museum of Art, Tulsa
* 'Tree #1 (Positive)', 2001, Quartz Mountain Arts & Conference Center, Lone Wolf
* 'Tree #2 (Negative)', 2001, Quartz Mountain Arts & Conference Center, Lone Wolf

Pennsylvania * 'Three Discs', 1967, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove
* 'The Sacrifice of Isaac', 1986, Lehigh University, Bethlehem

Texas * 'Segments', 1968, Nasher Sculpture Center, Dallas
* 'The Forest', 1970, Nasher Sculpture Center, Dallas
* 'Om', 1969, University of Houston, Houston

### Canada

* 'Three Discs', 1967, High Park, Toronto

### Costa Rica

* MADC Museo de Arte y Diseño Contemporáneo, San José

### Italy

### Germany

* 'Falling Leaves', Jewish Museum, Berlin
* 'Pieta', Dominikanerkloster, Braunschweig
* 'Negative Trees', 1974, Wedau Sports Park, Duisburg

### Israel

* 1957 "The Dog", Artist Private Collection | 2015 China, Sculptor Maty Grunberg, recreating Kadishman "The Dog 1957" in granite stone, under M. Kadishman's instruction
* 1960 Tension, Israel Museum, Jerusalem

* 1964 Uprise, a heavy steel sculpture near the Theatre and Performing Arts Center stage. Tel Aviv
* 1966 In Suspense, Israel Museum, Jerusalem
* 1967 In Suspense, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot
* 1967-74 The Tree Circles, Tel Aviv
* 1975 In Suspense, University of Tel Aviv, TelAviv
* 1975 In Suspense, Tel Aviv Museum of Art, Tel Aviv-Yafo
* 1977 Circles, The Hebrew University, Har Hatsofim, Jerusalem
* 1979 Continuum, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot
* 1982-1985 Akedat Issac, Tel Aviv Art Museum, Tel Aviv
* 1984 - Hill of the Sheep, The Tefen Open Museum of Israeli Art, Galilee
* 1985 Akedat Issac, University of Tel, Tel Aviv-Yafo
* 1985, Trees Israel Museum Billy Rose Sculpture Art Garden, Jerusalem, Israel
* 1989 Birth, The Open Museum of Israeli Art, Galilee
* 1990 Trees, Rehavia, Jerusalem
* 1990 Birth, near the Herzliya Museum of Contemporary Art. Herzliya
* 1994 Motherland, Lola Beer Ebner Sculpture Garden, Tel Aviv Museum of Art, Tel Aviv-Yafo
* 1995 The Family Plaza, The International School for Holocaust Studies, Yad Veshem, Jerusalem
* 1998 Scream, Lola Beer Ebner Sculpture Garden, Tel Aviv Museum of Art, Tel Aviv-Yafo
* 2004 Portrait of Shimon Finkel on the facade of Tel Aviv City Hall
* 2006 Memorial monument for the Etzel, Haganah and Lehi underground organizations, Ramat Gan

### Japan

### The Netherlands

* 'Dream', 1993, Buddingh'plein, Dordrecht
* ‘Sacrifice of Isaac’, Vlaszak, Breda.

### United Kingdom

* Tate Britain, London (England)
* Hollyfield, Harlow (England)

## Private collections (selection)

* Herta & Paul Amir, Los Angeles, USA
* Lizi & Zeev Aram, London, UK
* Frank Cohen, London, UK
* Muriel & Phil Berman, Allentown, USA
* Irma & Norman Braman, Miami, USA
* Gabi & Ami Brown, Tel Aviv
* Nicki & Peter De Swan, Amsterdam, Holland
* Pina & Giuliano Gori, Villa Celle, Pistoia, Italy
* Rachel & Dov Gottesman, Te- Aviv, Israel
* Joseph Hackmey, Tel Aviv, Israel
* Ziva & Yoram Lazar, Nairobi, Kenya
* Rita & Simon Levit, Tulsa, USA
* Hans Mayer, Dusseldorf, Germany
* Nils Seethaler, Berlin, Germany
* Herbert Gerisch, Neumünster, Germany
* Romey & Adam Nan, Tel Aviv, Israel
* Patsy & Ray Nasher, Dallas, USA
* Sue Rowan Pittman, Bushnami Sculpture Garden, Burton, Texas, USA
* Teddy Reitman, London, England
* Sharon & Fred Stein, New York, USA
* Ellen & Jerome Stern, New York, USA
* Vera Silvia & Arturo Schwarz, Italy

## Other works

* 'Horse'
* 'Motherland'
* 'Child and Horse'
* 'Kissing Birds'
* 'Homage to Young Couples'
* 'Homage to Barnett Newman'
* 'The Flock'
* 'Cracked Earth'

## InfoBox

| Menashe Kadishman | |
| --- | --- |
| Menashe Kadishman, 1979 | |
| Born | (1932-08-21)August 21, 1932
Tel Aviv, Mandatory Palestine |
| Died | May 8, 2015(2015-05-08) (aged 82)
Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel |
| Nationality | Israeli |
| Education | Avni Institute of Art and Design |
| Known for | Sculptor and painter. |
| Website | kadishman.com |


title: Vicarage Meadows

abstract: Vicarage Meadows is a Site of Special Scientific Interest near Abergwesyn, Powys, Wales. The 3.6 hectares site, located close to the Nant Irfon National Nature Reserve, has unimproved acid grassland on which grow the small-white orchid, the fragrant orchid, the Greater Butterfly orchid and the Wood Bitter-vetch. The site is grazed by Exmoor ponies.

text:
# Vicarage Meadows

**Vicarage Meadows** is a Site of Special Scientific Interest near Abergwesyn, Powys, Wales.

The 3.6 hectares (8.9 acres) site, located close to the Nant Irfon National Nature Reserve, has unimproved acid grassland on which grow the small-white orchid, the fragrant orchid (*Gymnadenia conopsea*), the Greater Butterfly orchid (*Platanthera chlorantha*) and the Wood Bitter-vetch (*Vicia orobus*). The site is grazed by Exmoor ponies.

52°09′36″N 3°41′00″W / 52.15988°N 3.68325°W / 52.15988; -3.68325


title: Loellingite

abstract: Loellingite, also spelled löllingite, is an iron arsenide mineral with formula FeAs2. It is often found associated with arsenopyrite (FeAsS) from which it is hard to distinguish. Cobalt, nickel and sulfur substitute in the structure. The orthorhombic lollingite group includes the nickel iron arsenide rammelsbergite and the cobalt iron arsenide safflorite. Leucopyrite is an old synonym for loellingite. It forms opaque silvery white orthorhombic prismatic crystals often exhibiting crystal twinning. It also occurs in anhedral masses and tarnishes on exposure to air. It has a Mohs hardness of 5.5 to 6 and a quite high specific gravity of 7.1 to 7.5. It becomes magnetic after heating. Loellingite was first described in 1845 at the Lölling district in Carinthia, Austria, for which it was named. It occurs in mesothermal ore deposits associated with skutterudite, native bismuth, nickeline, nickel-skutterudite, siderite and calcite. It has also been reported from pegmatites.

text:
# Loellingite

**Loellingite**, also spelled **löllingite**, is an iron arsenide mineral with formula FeAs2. It is often found associated with arsenopyrite (FeAsS) from which it is hard to distinguish. Cobalt, nickel and sulfur substitute in the structure. The orthorhombic lollingite group includes the nickel iron arsenide rammelsbergite and the cobalt iron arsenide safflorite. **Leucopyrite** is an old synonym for loellingite.

It forms opaque silvery white orthorhombic prismatic crystals often exhibiting crystal twinning. It also occurs in anhedral masses and tarnishes on exposure to air. It has a Mohs hardness of 5.5 to 6 and a quite high specific gravity of 7.1 to 7.5. It becomes magnetic after heating.

Loellingite was first described in 1845 at the Lölling district in Carinthia, Austria, for which it was named.

It occurs in mesothermal ore deposits associated with skutterudite, native bismuth, nickeline, nickel-skutterudite, siderite and calcite. It has also been reported from pegmatites.

## Further reading

* Schumann, Walter (1991). *Mineralien aus aller Welt*. BLV Bestimmungsbuch (2 ed.). p. 223. ISBN 3-405-14003-X.

## InfoBox

| Loellingite | |
| --- | --- |
| Sharp, lustrous loellingite (and/or arsenopyrite) crystals to 4 mm on gossan matrix. Locality: Broken Hill Ore Deposit, New South Wales, Australia. Size: 2.4 × 2.2 × 2.0 cm. | |
| General | |
| Category | Arsenide mineral |
| Formula
(repeating unit) | FeAs2 |
| IMA symbol |  |
| Strunz classification | 2.EB.15a |
| Crystal system | Orthorhombic |
| Crystal class | Dipyramidal (mmm)
H-M symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| Space group | *Pnnm* |
| Unit cell | a = 5.16, b = 5.93
c = 3.05 \[Å\]; Z = 2 |
| Identification | |
| Color | Steel grey to silvery white |
| Crystal habit | Prismatic to pyramidal crystals, massive |
| Twinning | On {001}, possibly trillings, polysynthetic on {101} |
| Cleavage | Rare, distinct on {010}, {101} |
| Fracture | Uneven |
| Mohs scale hardness | 5–5.5 |
| Luster | Metallic |
| Streak | Grayish black |
| Specific gravity | 7.1–7.5 |
| Optical properties | Distinctly anisotropic in reflected light |
| References |  |


title: Tyvis Powell

abstract: Tyvis Chansey Powell is an American former professional football safety. He played college football at Ohio State.

text:
# Tyvis Powell

**Tyvis Chansey Powell** (born February 16, 1994) is an American former professional football safety. He played college football at Ohio State.

## Early life

Powell attended Bedford High School in Bedford, Ohio. He was rated by Rivals.com as a three-star recruit and was scouted by several large NCAA Division I universities including, but not limited to: Michigan State, Minnesota, West Virginia and Ohio State. Immediately following the resignation of then-Ohio State head coach Jim Tressel, Powell committed to Ohio State on June 1, 2011.

## College career

Following his verbal commitment to Ohio State in June 2011, Powell accepted an athletic scholarship to play for coach Urban Meyer's Buckeyes in the fall of 2012. Powell was redshirted in 2012 and did not play during the season. This would save his eligibility to begin play the following year.

In 2013, Powell began his collegiate career as a backup safety to Corey Brown. Powell would appear in all 14 games with five starts as a redshirt freshman in 2013, including a starting appearance at safety in the Orange Bowl. He would conclude the season with 48 tackles and one interception. His one interception would come against Michigan as he would intercept Devin Gardner's late two-point conversion attempt to seal Ohio State's 42–41 win.

As a sophomore in 2014, he started all 15 games, recording 76 tackles and four interceptions. He was named the Defensive MVP of the 2015 College Football Playoff National Championship victory over Oregon Ducks after he had a game-high nine tackles.

As a junior in 2015, Powell started all 13 games and had 71 tackles and three interceptions. After the season, he entered the 2016 NFL draft.

### College statistics

| Season | Team | GP | Defense | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Cmb | TfL | PD | Int | FF |
| 2013 | Ohio State | 13 | 48 | 1.0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| 2014 | Ohio State | 15 | 76 | 2.0 | 4 | 4 | 1 |
| 2015 | Ohio State | 13 | 71 | 0.5 | 3 | 3 | 0 |
| Career | | 41 | 195 | 3.5 | 9 | 8 | 1 |

## Professional career

### Pre-draft

Powell was rated the 6th best safety in the 2016 NFL draft by NFLDraftScout.com.

Pre-draft measurables
| Height | Weight | 40-yard dash | 10-yard split | 20-yard split | 20-yard shuttle | Three-cone drill | Vertical jump | Broad jump | Bench press |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6 ft 3 in
(1.91 m) | 211 lb
(96 kg) | 4.46 s | 1.59 s | 2.62 s | 4.25 s | 7.03 s | 34+12 in
(0.88 m) | 10 ft 0 in
(3.05 m) | 15 reps |
| All values from NFL Combine | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Seattle Seahawks (first stint)

Powell signed with the Seattle Seahawks as an undrafted free agent following the 2016 NFL draft. He was released by the Seahawks on January 4, 2017.

### Cleveland Browns

On February 6, 2017, Powell was claimed off waivers by the Cleveland Browns. He was waived by the Browns on June 9, 2017.

### Indianapolis Colts

On June 12, 2017, Powell was claimed off waivers by the Indianapolis Colts. He was waived/injured on September 2, 2017 and was placed on injured reserve. He was released on September 12, 2017.

### Seattle Seahawks (second stint)

On September 19, 2017, Powell was signed to the Seahawks' practice squad. He was released on September 26, 2017 but re-signed a few days later. He was released on October 24, 2017.

### San Francisco 49ers (first stint)

On November 1, 2017, Powell was signed to the San Francisco 49ers' practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster on December 16, 2017.

On September 1, 2018, Powell was waived by the 49ers and was signed to the practice squad the next day. He was promoted to the active roster on September 22, 2018. He was waived on October 6, 2018 and was re-signed to the practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster on October 20, 2018. On November 1, 2018, he started at Free Safety in the 49ers' Week 9 game against the Oakland Raiders. Powell recorded three tackles in San Francisco's 34-3 win. He was waived on November 12, 2018.

### New York Jets

On December 4, 2018, Powell was signed to the New York Jets practice squad, but was released a week later.

### San Francisco 49ers (second stint)

On December 18, 2018, Powell signed with the 49ers.

### Houston Texans

On July 27, 2019, Powell signed with the Houston Texans. He was waived on August 3, 2019.

### Dallas Cowboys

On August 5, 2019, Powell was signed by the Dallas Cowboys. He was waived/injured during final roster cuts on August 31, and reverted to the team's injured reserve list the next day. He was waived from injured reserve with an injury settlement on September 6.

### Denver Broncos

On November 12, 2019, Powell was signed to the Denver Broncos practice squad. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Broncos on December 31, 2019. He was waived on April 27, 2020.

### BC Lions

Powell signed with the BC Lions of the CFL on June 16, 2021. On July 28, 2021, he was released.

## InfoBox

Tyvis Powell
| Powell with Ohio State in 2015 | |
| --- | --- |
| No. 40, 45, 30 | |
| Position: | Safety |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1994-02-16) February 16, 1994
Bedford, Ohio, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) |
| Weight: | 210 lb (95 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Bedford |
| College: | Ohio State (2012–2015) |
| Undrafted: | 2016 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
| CFL status: | American |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Total tackles: 14  Forced fumbles: 1 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Faruk Mahmud

abstract: Faruk Mahmud is a Bangladeshi poet and journalist, he won Bangla Academy Literary Award in 2022. He post graduated from Dhaka University.

text:
# Faruk Mahmud

**Faruk Mahmud** is a Bangladeshi poet and journalist, he won Bangla Academy Literary Award in 2022. He post graduated from Dhaka University.

## Born

He was born on 17 July 1952 in Kishoreganj, Bangladesh.

## Awards

* Sukumar Roy Sahitya Padak 2009
* Sonar Bangla Sahitya Award 2020
* Bangla Academy literary Award 2022

## InfoBox

| Faruk Mahmud | |
| --- | --- |
| Occupation | Poet and journalist |
| Subject | Poetry |
| Notable awards | Bangla Academy Literary Award 2022 |


title: The More Abundant Life

abstract: The More Abundant Life was a phrase of scriptural flavor used by the U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in his address before the Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Peace in Buenos Aires, Argentina, December 1, 1936, to signify the improved living conditions and enlarged cultural and economic opportunities available to the whole world through the maintenance in the Western Hemisphere of constitutional representative government based on faith in God. The phrase is taken from the saying of Jesus at John 10:10: "The thief cometh not, but for to steal, and to kill, and to destroy: I am come that they might have life, and that they might have it more abundantly." Roosevelt, an Episcopalian, would also have been familiar with a similar phrase used in the collect for the Fifth Sunday after the Epiphany in the Book of Common Prayer.

text:
# The More Abundant Life

***The More Abundant Life*** was a phrase of scriptural flavor used by the U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in his address before the Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Peace in Buenos Aires, Argentina, December 1, 1936, to signify the improved living conditions and enlarged cultural and economic opportunities available to the whole world through the maintenance in the Western Hemisphere of constitutional representative government based on faith in God.

The phrase is taken from the saying of Jesus at John 10:10: "The thief cometh not, but for to steal, and to kill, and to destroy: I am come that they might have life, and that they might have it more abundantly." Roosevelt, an Episcopalian, would also have been familiar with a similar phrase used in the collect for the Fifth Sunday after the Epiphany in the *Book of Common Prayer*.


title: 1963 Deptford by-election

abstract: The 1963 Deptford by-election was held on 4 July 1963 following the death of the incumbent Labour MP Sir Leslie Plummer on 15 April. The seat was comfortably retained by the future Cabinet Member John Silkin.

text:
# 1963 Deptford by-election

The **1963 Deptford by-election** was held on 4 July 1963 following the death of the incumbent Labour MP Sir Leslie Plummer on 15 April. The seat was comfortably retained by the future Cabinet Member John Silkin.

Deptford by-election, 1963
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | John Silkin | 12,209 | 58.25 | −3.70 |
|  | Liberal | David John Howard Penwarden | 4,726 | 22.55 | n/a |
|  | Conservative | John D Brimacombe | 4,023 | 19.20 | −18.85 |
| Majority | | | 7,483 | 35.70 | +11.80 |
| Turnout | | | 20,958 |  |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |


title: Lithotroph

abstract: Lithotrophs are a diverse group of organisms using an inorganic substrate to obtain reducing equivalents for use in biosynthesis or energy conservation via aerobic or anaerobic respiration. While lithotrophs in the broader sense include photolithotrophs like plants, chemolithotrophs are exclusively microorganisms; no known macrofauna possesses the ability to use inorganic compounds as electron sources. Macrofauna and lithotrophs can form symbiotic relationships, in which case the lithotrophs are called "prokaryotic symbionts". An example of this is chemolithotrophic bacteria in giant tube worms or plastids, which are organelles within plant cells that may have evolved from photolithotrophic cyanobacteria-like organisms. Chemolithotrophs belong to the domains Bacteria and Archaea. The term "lithotroph" was created from the Greek terms 'lithos' (rock) and 'troph' (consumer), meaning "eaters of rock". Many but not all lithoautotrophs are extremophiles. The last universal common ancestor of life is thought to be a chemolithotroph. Different from a lithotroph is an organotroph, an organism which obtains its reducing agents from the catabolism of organic compounds.

text:
# Lithotroph

**Lithotrophs** are a diverse group of organisms using an inorganic substrate (usually of mineral origin) to obtain reducing equivalents for use in biosynthesis (e.g., carbon dioxide fixation) or energy conservation (i.e., ATP production) via aerobic or anaerobic respiration. While lithotrophs in the broader sense include photolithotrophs like plants, chemolithotrophs are exclusively microorganisms; no known macrofauna possesses the ability to use inorganic compounds as electron sources. Macrofauna and lithotrophs can form symbiotic relationships, in which case the lithotrophs are called "prokaryotic symbionts". An example of this is chemolithotrophic bacteria in giant tube worms or plastids, which are organelles within plant cells that may have evolved from photolithotrophic cyanobacteria-like organisms. Chemolithotrophs belong to the domains Bacteria and Archaea. The term "lithotroph" was created from the Greek terms 'lithos' (rock) and 'troph' (consumer), meaning "eaters of rock". Many but not all lithoautotrophs are extremophiles.

The last universal common ancestor of life is thought to be a chemolithotroph (due to its presence in the prokaryotes). Different from a lithotroph is an organotroph, an organism which obtains its reducing agents from the catabolism of organic compounds.

## History

The term was suggested in 1946 by Lwoff and collaborators.

## Biochemistry

Lithotrophs consume reduced inorganic compounds (electron donors).

### Chemolithotrophs

A chemolithotroph is able to use inorganic reduced compounds in its energy-producing reactions. This process involves the oxidation of inorganic compounds coupled to ATP synthesis. The majority of chemolithotrophs are chemolithoautotrophs, able to fix carbon dioxide (CO2) through the Calvin cycle, a metabolic pathway in which CO2 is converted to glucose. This group of organisms includes sulfur oxidizers, nitrifying bacteria, iron oxidizers, and hydrogen oxidizers.

The term "chemolithotrophy" refers to a cell's acquisition of energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, also known as electron donors. This form of metabolism is believed to occur only in prokaryotes and was first characterized by Ukrainian microbiologist Sergei Winogradsky.

#### Habitat of chemolithotrophs

The survival of these bacteria is dependent on the physiochemical conditions of their environment. Although they are sensitive to certain factors such as quality of inorganic substrate, they are able to thrive under some of the most inhospitable conditions in the world, such as temperatures above 110 degrees Celsius and below 2 pH. The most important requirement for chemolithotropic life is an abundant source of inorganic compounds, which provide a suitable electron donor in order to fix CO2 and produce the energy the microorganism needs to survive. Since chemosynthesis can take place in the absence of sunlight, these organisms are found mostly around hydrothermal vents and other locations rich in inorganic substrate.

The energy obtained from inorganic oxidation varies depending on the substrate and the reaction. For example, the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur by ½O2 produces far less energy (50 kcal/mol or 210 kJ/mol) than the oxidation of elemental sulfur to sulfate (150 kcal/mol or 627 kJ/mol) by 3/2 O2,. The majority of lithotrophs fix carbon dioxide through the Calvin cycle, an energetically expensive process. For some low-energy substrates, such as ferrous iron, the cells must cull through large amounts of inorganic substrate to secure just a small amount of energy. This makes their metabolic process inefficient in many places and hinders them from thriving.

#### Overview of the metabolic process

There is a fairly large variation in the types of inorganic substrates that these microorganisms can use to produce energy. Sulfur is one of many inorganic substrates that can be used in different reduced forms depending on the specific biochemical process that a lithotroph uses. The chemolithotrophs that are best documented are aerobic respirers, meaning that they use oxygen in their metabolic process. The list of these microorganisms that employ anaerobic respiration though is growing. At the heart of this metabolic process is an electron transport system that is similar to that of chemoorganotrophs. The major difference between these two microorganisms is that chemolithotrophs directly provide electrons to the electron transport chain, while chemoorganotrophs must generate their own cellular reducing power by oxidizing reduced organic compounds. Chemolithotrophs bypass this by obtaining their reducing power directly from the inorganic substrate or by the reverse electron transport reaction. Certain specialized chemolithotrophic bacteria use different derivatives of the Sox system; a central pathway specific to sulfur oxidation. This ancient and unique pathway illustrates the power that chemolithotrophs have evolved to use from inorganic substrates, such as sulfur.

In chemolithotrophs, the compounds – the electron donors – are oxidized in the cell, and the electrons are channeled into respiratory chains, ultimately producing ATP. The electron acceptor can be oxygen (in aerobic bacteria), but a variety of other electron acceptors, organic and inorganic, are also used by various species. Aerobic bacteria such as the nitrifying bacteria, *Nitrobacter*, use oxygen to oxidize nitrite to nitrate. Some lithotrophs produce organic compounds from carbon dioxide in a process called chemosynthesis, much as plants do in photosynthesis. Plants use energy from sunlight to drive carbon dioxide fixation, but chemosynthesis can take place in the absence of sunlight (e.g., around a hydrothermal vent). Ecosystems establish in and around hydrothermal vents as the abundance of inorganic substances, namely hydrogen, are constantly being supplied via magma in pockets below the sea floor. Other lithotrophs are able to directly use inorganic substances, e.g., ferrous iron, hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur, thiosulfate, or ammonia, for some or all of their energy needs.

Here are a few examples of chemolithotrophic pathways, any of which *may* use oxygen or nitrate as electron acceptors:

| Name | Examples | Source of electrons | Respiration electron acceptor |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Iron bacteria | *Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans* | **Fe2+** (ferrous iron) → **Fe3+** (ferric iron) + e | **O
2** (oxygen) + 4H+ \+ 4e→ 2H
2O |
| Nitrosifying bacteria | *Nitrosomonas* | **NH3** (ammonia) + 2H
2O → **NO
2** (nitrite) + 7H+ \+ 6e | **O
2** (oxygen) + 4H+ \+ 4e → 2H
2O |
| Nitrifying bacteria | *Nitrobacter* | **NO
2** (nitrite) + H
2O → **NO
3** (nitrate) + 2H+ \+ 2e | **O
2** (oxygen) + 4H+ \+ 4e → 2H
2O |
| Chemotrophic purple sulfur bacteria | Halothiobacillaceae | **S2−
** (sulfide) → **S0
** (sulfur) + 2e | **O
2** (oxygen) + 4H+ \+ 4e→ 2H
2O |
| Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria | Chemotrophic Rhodobacteraceae
and Thiotrichaceae | **S0
** (sulfur) + 4H
2O → **SO2−
4** (sulfate) + 8H+ \+ 6e | **O
2** (oxygen) + 4H+ \+ 4e→ 2H
2O |
| Aerobic hydrogen bacteria | *Cupriavidus metallidurans* | **H2** (hydrogen) → 2H+ \+ 2e | **O
2** (oxygen) + 4H+ \+ 4e→ 2H
2O |
| Anammox bacteria | Planctomycetota | **NH+
4** (ammonium) → 1/2**N2** (nitrogen) + 4H+ \+ 3e | **NO
2** (nitrite) + 4H+ \+ 3e1/2**N2** (nitrogen) + 2H
2O |
| *Thiobacillus denitrificans* | *Thiobacillus denitrificans* | **S0
** (sulfur) + 4H
2O → **SO2−
4** \+ 8H+ \+ 6e | **NO
3** (nitrate) + 6H+ \+ 5e1/2**N2** (nitrogen) + 3H
2O |
| Sulfate-reducing bacteria: Hydrogen bacteria | *Desulfovibrio paquesii* | **H2** (hydrogen) → 2H+ \+ 2e | **SO2−
4** \+ 8H+ \+ 6e**S0
** \+ 4H
2O |
| Sulfate-reducing bacteria: Phosphite bacteria | *Desulfotignum phosphitoxidans* | **PO3−
3** (phosphite) + H
2O → **PO3−
4** (phosphate) + 2H+ \+ 2e | **SO2−
4** (sulfate) + 8H+ \+ 6e**S0
** (sulfur) + 4H
2O |
| Methanogens | Archaea | **H2** (hydrogen) → 2H+ \+ 2e | **CO2** \+ 8H+ \+ 8e**CH4** (methane) + 2H
2O |
| Carboxydotrophic bacteria | *Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans* | **CO** (carbon monoxide) + H
2O → **CO2** \+ 2H+ \+ 2e | 2H+ \+ 2e**H
2** (hydrogen) |

### Photolithotrophs

Photolithotrophs such as plants obtain energy from light and therefore use inorganic electron donors such as water only to fuel biosynthetic reactions (e. g., carbon dioxide fixation in lithoautotrophs).

### Lithoheterotrophs versus lithoautotrophs

Lithotrophic bacteria cannot use, of course, their inorganic energy source as a carbon source for the synthesis of their cells. They choose one of three options:

* Lithoheterotrophs do not have the ability to fix carbon dioxide and must consume additional organic compounds in order to break them apart and use their carbon. Only a few bacteria are fully lithoheterotrophic.
* Lithoautotrophs are able to use carbon dioxide from the air as a carbon source, the same way plants do.
* Mixotrophs will take up and use organic material to complement their carbon dioxide fixation source (mix between autotrophy and heterotrophy). Many lithotrophs are recognized as mixotrophic in regard to their C-metabolism.

### Chemolithotrophs versus photolithotrophs

In addition to this division, lithotrophs differ in the initial energy source which initiates ATP production:

* Chemolithotrophs use the above-mentioned inorganic compounds for aerobic or anaerobic respiration. The energy produced by the oxidation of these compounds is enough for ATP production. Some of the electrons derived from the inorganic donors also need to be channeled into biosynthesis. Mostly, additional energy has to be invested to transform these reducing equivalents to the forms and redox potentials needed (mostly NADH or NADPH), which occurs by reverse electron transfer reactions.
* Photolithotrophs use light as their energy source. These organisms are photosynthetic; examples of photolithotrophic bacteria are purple bacteria (e. g., Chromatiaceae), green bacteria (Chlorobiaceae and Chloroflexota), and "Cyanobacteria". Purple and green bacteria oxidize sulfide, sulfur, sulfite, iron or hydrogen. Cyanobacteria and plants extract reducing equivalents from water, i.e., they oxidize water to oxygen. The electrons obtained from the electron donors are not used for ATP production (as long as there is light); they are used in biosynthetic reactions. Some photolithotrophs shift over to chemolithotrophic metabolism in the dark.

## Geological significance

Lithotrophs participate in many geological processes, such as the formation of soil and the biogeochemical cycling of carbon, nitrogen, and other elements. Lithotrophs also associate with the modern-day issue of acid mine drainage. Lithotrophs may be present in a variety of environments, including deep terrestrial subsurfaces, soils, mines, and in endolith communities.

### Soil formation

A primary example of lithotrophs that contribute to soil formation is Cyanobacteria. This group of bacteria are nitrogen-fixing photolithotrophs that are capable of using energy from sunlight and inorganic nutrients from rocks as reductants. This capability allows for their growth and development on native, oligotrophic rocks and aids in the subsequent deposition of their organic matter (nutrients) for other organisms to colonize. Colonization can initiate the process of organic compound decomposition: a primary factor for soil genesis. Such a mechanism has been attributed as part of the early evolutionary processes that helped shape the biological Earth.

### Biogeochemical cycling

Biogeochemical cycling of elements is an essential component of lithotrophs within microbial environments. For example, in the carbon cycle, there are certain bacteria classified as photolithoautotrophs that generate organic carbon from atmospheric carbon dioxide. Certain chemolithoautotrophic bacteria can also produce organic carbon, some even in the absence of light. Similar to plants, these microbes provide a usable form of energy for organisms to consume. On the contrary, there are lithotrophs that have the ability to ferment, implying their ability to convert organic carbon into another usable form. Lithotrophs play an important role in the biological aspect of the iron cycle. These organisms can use iron as either an electron donor, Fe(II) → Fe(III), or as an electron acceptor, Fe (III) → Fe(II). Another example is the cycling of nitrogen. Many lithotrophic bacteria play a role in reducing inorganic nitrogen (nitrogen gas) to organic nitrogen (ammonium) in a process called nitrogen fixation. Likewise, there are many lithotrophic bacteria that also convert ammonium into nitrogen gas in a process called denitrification. Carbon and nitrogen are important nutrients, essential for metabolic processes, and can sometimes be the limiting factor that affects organismal growth and development. Thus, lithotrophs are key players in both providing and removing these important resource.

### Acid mine drainage

Lithotrophic microbes are responsible for the phenomenon known as acid mine drainage. Typically occurring in mining areas, this process concerns the active metabolism of pyrites and other reduced sulfur components to sulfate. One example is the acidophilic bacterial genus, *A. ferrooxidans*, that use iron(II) sulfide (FeS2) to generate sulfuric acid. The acidic product of these specific lithotrophs has the potential to drain from the mining area via water run-off and enter the environment.

Acid mine drainage drastically alters the acidity (pH values of 2–3) and chemistry of groundwater and streams, and may endanger plant and animal populations downstream of mining areas. Activities similar to acid mine drainage, but on a much lower scale, are also found in natural conditions such as the rocky beds of glaciers, in soil and talus, on stone monuments and buildings and in the deep subsurface.

## Astrobiology

It has been suggested that biominerals could be important indicators of extraterrestrial life and thus could play an important role in the search for past or present life on the planet Mars. Furthermore, organic components (biosignatures) that are often associated with biominerals are believed to play crucial roles in both pre-biotic and biotic reactions.

On January 24, 2014, NASA reported that current studies by the *Curiosity* and *Opportunity* rovers on Mars will now be searching for evidence of ancient life, including a biosphere based on autotrophic, chemotrophic and/or chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms, as well as ancient water, including fluvio-lacustrine environments (plains related to ancient rivers or lakes) that may have been habitable. The search for evidence of habitability, taphonomy (related to fossils), and organic carbon on the planet Mars is now a primary NASA objective.


title: Melvin Chrisco House

abstract: The Melvin Chrisco House is a historic house at 237 Alvin Brown Road in Damascus, Arkansas. It is a single-story wood-frame structure, with a gabled roof and an exterior of stone veneer with cream-colored brick trim. A multi-arched gabled-roofed porch shelters the front entrance. The house was built in 1947, its exterior finished by the regionally prominent African-American mason Silas Owens, Sr. It exhibits hallmarks of Owens's work, including herringbone patterning in the stone work, arched porch openings, and the use of cream brick in quoined patterns on corners and openings. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.

text:
# Melvin Chrisco House

The **Melvin Chrisco House** is a historic house at 237 Alvin Brown Road in Damascus, Arkansas. It is a single-story wood-frame structure, with a gabled roof and an exterior of stone veneer with cream-colored brick trim. A multi-arched gabled-roofed porch shelters the front entrance. The house was built in 1947, its exterior finished by the regionally prominent African-American mason Silas Owens, Sr. It exhibits hallmarks of Owens's work, including herringbone patterning in the stone work, arched porch openings, and the use of cream brick in quoined patterns on corners and openings.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Melvin Chrisco House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location in ArkansasLocation in United States | |
| Location | 237 Alvin Brown Rd., Damascus, Arkansas |
| Coordinates | 35°22′13″N 92°25′22″W / 35.37028°N 92.42278°W / 35.37028; -92.42278 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1947 (1947) |
| Built by | Silas Owens, Sr. (mason) |
| Architectural style | Bungalow/craftsman, Minimal Traditional |
| MPS | Mixed Masonry Buildings of Silas Owens, Sr. MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 05001082 |
| Added to NRHP | September 28, 2005 |


title: Verdun Auditorium

abstract: The Verdun Auditorium is an arena located in the borough of Verdun, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The building was constructed in 1938 and holds 4,114 seats. The largest arena in the west end of Montreal, the complex is also home to Arena Denis Savard, a small minor-hockey rink, attached to its side. The Auditorium has hosted various Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) teams, including the Verdun Juniors, Verdun Éperviers, and Verdun Collège Français. In 1993, it hosted the Montreal Dragons for their lone season in the short-lived National Basketball League. Since 2022, it has been the home to the Montreal Alliance of the Canadian Elite Basketball League (CEBL). The Auditorium was slated to become the home arena of Les Canadiennes de Montréal in 2019; however, the CWHL folded in May of that year. In November 2023, it was announced that Verdun Auditorium would become the new home of Montréal Victoire of the Professional Women's Hockey League (PWHL) starting in 2024. On January 25, 2008, the QMJHL approved the sale of the St. John's Fog Devils to Montreal businessman Farrel Miller, who relocated the team to Montreal, where it was known as the Montreal Junior Hockey Club. In Summer 2011, the team moved to Boisbriand to become the Blainville-Boisbriand Armada. The auditorium also hosted a concert by Nirvana on November 2, 1993. This was the band's last show in Montreal before frontman Kurt Cobain died five months later. The Verdun Auditorium has hosted professional wrestling events, including shows promoted by Johnny Rougeau's All Star Wrestling, the Vachon Brothers' Grand Prix Wrestling and Lutte Internationale, and was the location of the first World Wrestling Federation event to be held in Montreal, though that event drew poorly against the better-established Lutte Internationale. Major upgrades of the arena were undertaken in 2018 with plans for completion in 2020. These $42 million renovations made upgrades to the safety of the facility, as well as a restoration of the brick façade. In May 2022, the arena hosted the first home game of the CEBL's Montreal Alliance. The Alliance won 80-70 over the Scarborough Shooting Stars in front of a near-sell out crowd. On July 20, 2024, TNA Wrestling held their 2024 edition of their annual Slammiversary pay-per-view at the Verdun Auditorium followed by tapings for their Impact! and Xplosion weekly shows the following day.

text:
# Verdun Auditorium

The **Verdun Auditorium** (French: *Auditorium de Verdun*) is an arena located in the borough of Verdun, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The building was constructed in 1938 and holds 4,114 seats. The largest arena in the west end of Montreal, the complex is also home to Arena Denis Savard, a small minor-hockey rink, attached to its side. The Auditorium has hosted various Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) teams, including the Verdun Juniors, Verdun Éperviers, and Verdun Collège Français. In 1993, it hosted the Montreal Dragons for their lone season in the short-lived National Basketball League. Since 2022, it has been the home to the Montreal Alliance of the Canadian Elite Basketball League (CEBL). The Auditorium was slated to become the home arena of Les Canadiennes de Montréal in 2019; however, the CWHL folded in May of that year. In November 2023, it was announced that Verdun Auditorium would become the new home of Montréal Victoire of the Professional Women's Hockey League (PWHL) starting in 2024.

On January 25, 2008, the QMJHL approved the sale of the St. John's Fog Devils to Montreal businessman Farrel Miller, who relocated the team to Montreal, where it was known as the Montreal Junior Hockey Club. In Summer 2011, the team moved to Boisbriand to become the Blainville-Boisbriand Armada.

The auditorium also hosted a concert by Nirvana on November 2, 1993. This was the band's last show in Montreal before frontman Kurt Cobain died five months later.

The Verdun Auditorium has hosted professional wrestling events, including shows promoted by Johnny Rougeau's All Star Wrestling, the Vachon Brothers' Grand Prix Wrestling and Lutte Internationale, and was the location of the first World Wrestling Federation event to be held in Montreal, though that event drew poorly against the better-established Lutte Internationale.

Major upgrades of the arena were undertaken in 2018 with plans for completion in 2020. These $42 million renovations made upgrades to the safety of the facility, as well as a restoration of the brick façade.

In May 2022, the arena hosted the first home game of the CEBL's Montreal Alliance. The Alliance won 80-70 over the Scarborough Shooting Stars in front of a near-sell out crowd.

On July 20, 2024, TNA Wrestling held their 2024 edition of their annual *Slammiversary* pay-per-view at the Verdun Auditorium followed by tapings for their *Impact!* and *Xplosion* weekly shows the following day.

## InfoBox

Verdun Auditorium
| Auditorium de Verdun | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Address | 4110, boulevard LaSalle
Montreal, Quebec
H4G 2A5 |
| Coordinates | 45°27′45″N 73°33′43″W / 45.462448°N 73.561878°W / 45.462448; -73.561878 |
| Public transit | De L’Église |
| Owner | City of Montreal |
| Capacity | Hockey: 3,795 seated (4,114 total) |
| Opened | November 28, 1939 |
| Tenants | |
| Montreal Alliance (CEBL) 2022–present
Montréal Victoire (PWHL) 2024
Montreal Force (PHF) 2022–2023
Montreal Junior Hockey Club (QMJHL) 2008–2011
Verdun Dragons (LNAH) 2001–2006
Montreal Dragons (NBL) 1993
Verdun Collège Français (QMJHL) 1991–1994
Verdun Juniors (QMJHL) 1982–1984
Verdun Éperviers (QMJHL) 1977–1981
Verdun Maple Leafs (QMJHL) 1920s–1972 | |


title: Logbasis

abstract: Logbasis, a citizen of Selge in Pisidia. When Selge was attacked by Garsyeris, the general of Achaeus, in 218 BC, Logbasis, as having been guardian to Achaeus' wife Laodice, was deputed by his countrymen to treat with the enemy, and used the opportunity to make a treacherous agreement for the surrender of the city. His design, however, was detected on the very eve of its completion, and his fellow-citizens burst into his house, and slew him, together with his sons and the enemy's soldiers who were secreted there.

text:
# Logbasis

**Logbasis** (in Greek Λογβασις; killed in 218 BC), a citizen of Selge in Pisidia (today part of Turkey). When Selge was attacked by Garsyeris, the general of Achaeus, in 218 BC, Logbasis, as having been guardian to Achaeus' wife Laodice, was deputed by his countrymen to treat with the enemy, and used the opportunity to make a treacherous agreement for the surrender of the city. His design, however, was detected on the very eve of its completion, and his fellow-citizens burst into his house, and slew him, together with his sons and the enemy's soldiers who were secreted there.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870). *Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology*. `{{cite encyclopedia}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)


title: UEFA Euro 1976 qualifying Group 8

abstract: Group 8 of the UEFA Euro 1976 qualifying tournament was one of the eight groups to decide which teams would qualify for the UEFA Euro 1976 finals tournament. Group 8 consisted of four teams: West Germany, Greece, Bulgaria, and Malta, where they played against each other home-and-away in a round-robin format. The group winners were West Germany, who finished two points above Greece.

text:
# UEFA Euro 1976 qualifying Group 8

**Group 8** of the **UEFA Euro 1976 qualifying** tournament was one of the eight groups to decide which teams would qualify for the UEFA Euro 1976 finals tournament. Group 8 consisted of four teams: West Germany, Greece, Bulgaria, and Malta, where they played against each other home-and-away in a round-robin format. The group winners were West Germany, who finished two points above Greece.

## Final table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | West Germany | 6 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 14 | 4 | +10 | 9 | Advance to quarter-finals |  |  | 1–1 | 1–0 | 8–0 |
| 2 | Greece | 6 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 12 | 9 | +3 | 7 |  |  | 2–2 |  | 2–1 | 4–0 |
| 3 | Bulgaria | 6 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 12 | 7 | +5 | | 6 |  | 1–1 | 3–3 |  | 5–0 |
| 4 | Malta | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 20 | 18 | | 2 |  | 0–1 | 2–0 | 0–2 |  |

Source: UEFA
Rules for classification: Qualification tiebreakers

## Matches

| Bulgaria | 3–3 | Greece |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Bonev  2'
Denev  27', 29' |  | Antoniadis  28'
Papaioannou  86'
Glezos  88' |

Vasil Levski Stadium, SofiaAttendance: 14,291\*Referee: Alberto Michelotti\** (Italy)

***(\*)NOTE: Attendance also reported as 30,000.
(\**)NOTE: Referee also reported as Alberto Lattanzi.***

---

| Greece | 2–2 | West Germany |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Delikaris  13'
Eleftherakis  70' |  | Cullmann  51'
Wimmer  83' |

Karaiskakis Stadium, PiraeusAttendance: 11,425\*Referee: Nicolae Rainea (Romania)

***(\*)NOTE: Attendance also reported as 22,000***

---

| Greece | 2–1 | Bulgaria |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Sarafis  4'
Antoniadis  40' |  | Kolev  89' |

Karaiskakis Stadium, PiraeusAttendance: 22,328Referee: Paul Schiller (Austria)

---

| Malta | 0–1 | West Germany |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Cullmann  44' |

Empire Stadium, GżiraAttendance: 12,528Referee: Gyula Emsberger (Hungary)

---

| Malta | 2–0 | Greece |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Aquilina  33'
Magro  79' |  |  |

Empire Stadium, GżiraAttendance: 8,621Referee: Bob Matthewson (England)

---

| Bulgaria | 1–1 | West Germany |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Kolev  71' (pen.) |  | Ritschel  75' (pen.) |

Vasil Levski Stadium, SofiaAttendance: 47,200\*Referee: Jean Dubach (Switzerland)

***(\*)NOTE: Attendance also reported as 60,000.***

---

| Greece | 4–0 | Malta |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Mavros  32'
Antoniadis  34' (pen.)
Iosifidis  47'
Papaioannou  50' |  |  |

Stadio Toumbas, SalonikaAttendance: 16,545Referee: Marjan Rauš (Yugoslavia)

---

| Bulgaria | 5–0 | Malta |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Dimitrov  2'
Denev  22'
Panov  25'
Bonev  68' (pen.)
Milanov  71' |  |  |

Vasil Levski Stadium, SofiaAttendance: 27,560Referee: Michal Jursa (Czechoslovakia)

---

| West Germany | 1–1 | Greece |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Heynckes  68' |  | Delikaris  78' |

Rheinstadion, DüsseldorfAttendance: 61,252Referee: Clive Thomas (Wales)

---

| West Germany | 1–0 | Bulgaria |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Heynckes  64' |  |  |

Neckarstadion, StuttgartAttendance: 68,819Referee: Alistair McKenzie (Scotland)

---

| Malta | 0–2 | Bulgaria |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Panov  69'
Iordanov  83' |

Empire Stadium, GżiraAttendance: 7,174Referee: Norbert Rolles (Luxembourg)

---

| West Germany | 8–0 | Malta |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Worm  5', 27'
Heynckes  34', 58'
Beer  41' (pen.), 77'
Vogts  82'
Hölzenbein  87' |  |  |

Westfalenstadion, DortmundAttendance: 52,248Referee: Marian Kustoń (Poland)

## Goalscorers

There were 40 goals scored in 12 matches, for an average of 3.33 goals per match.

**4 goals**

**3 goals**

**2 goals**

**1 goal**

* "1976 UEFA European Championship". uefa.com. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
* "European Championship 1976". *RSSSF*. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
* Robinson, J. (1996). *The European Football Championships 1958-1996*. Soccer Book Publishing. ISBN 0-947808-69-8.


title: Paracoptops toxopoei

abstract: Paracoptops toxopoei is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1926.

text:
# Paracoptops toxopoei

***Paracoptops toxopoei*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1926.

## InfoBox

| *Paracoptops toxopoei* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Paracoptops* |
| Species: | ***P. toxopoei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Paracoptops toxopoei***<br>Aurivillius, 1926 | |
|


title: The Moultrie Observer

abstract: The Moultrie Observer is a weekly newspaper published in Moultrie, Georgia. The paper is distributed on Wednesdays and is owned by Carpenter Media Group.

text:
# The Moultrie Observer

***The Moultrie Observer*** is a weekly newspaper published in Moultrie, Georgia. The paper is distributed on Wednesdays and is owned by Carpenter Media Group.

## History

*The Moultrie Observer* was first published in 1894. Gannett acquired the paper with its acquisition of Multimedia in 1995. Thomson acquired the paper from Gannett in 1997 and sold it to Community Newspaper Holdings in 2000. The paper was sold again in May 2024 to Carpenter Media Group.

## InfoBox

The Moultrie Observer
| Type | Weekly newspaper |
| --- | --- |
| Format | Broadsheet |
| Owner(s) | Carpenter Media Group |
| Editor | (Managing) Kevin C. Hall |
| Founded | 1894 |
| Headquarters | 25 North Main Street, Moultrie, Georgia 31768 USA |
| Circulation | 4,795 (as of 2013) |
| Website | moultrieobserver.com |


abstract: The 1956–57 National Football League was the 26th staging of the National Football League (NFL), an annual Gaelic football tournament for the Gaelic Athletic Association county teams of Ireland. Galway beat Kerry in the final, which was remembered as one of the greatest games for years. Kerry lead 0-5 to 0-4 at half-time. The "goal of the century", created by Seán Purcell and scored by Frank Stockwell, secured victory.

text:
# 1956–57 National Football League (Ireland)

The **1956–57 National Football League** was the 26th staging of the National Football League (NFL), an annual Gaelic football tournament for the Gaelic Athletic Association county teams of Ireland.

Galway beat Kerry in the final, which was remembered as one of the greatest games for years. Kerry lead 0-5 to 0-4 at half-time. The "goal of the century", created by Seán Purcell and scored by Frank Stockwell, secured victory.

## Format

## Results

### Finals

| Galway | 1-8  0-6 | Kerry |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Frank Stockwell goal |  | Tadhgie Lyne, Paudie Sheehy 0-2 each; Mick Murphy, Tom Long 0-1 each |

Croke Park, DublinReferee: Peter McDermott (Meath)

## InfoBox

1956–57 National Football League
| League details | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | October 1956 – 18 May 1957 |
| League champions | |
| Winners | Galway (2nd win) |
| Captain | Jack Mahon |
| League runners-up | |
| Runners-up | Kerry |
| Captain | Jerome O'Shea |
| 1955–56  1957–58 | |


title: Verticordia sect. Cooloomia

abstract: Verticordia sect. Cooloomia is a section that describes a single species in the flowering plant genus Verticordia. The section is one of seven in the subgenus, Verticordia subg. Chrysoma. The characteristics of this section includes leaves that differ in shape, depending on their position on the plant and very small sepals. In most other respects, the one plant in this section is similar to those in section Verticordia sect. Chrysoma. When Alex George reviewed the genus in 1991, he described the section and gave it the name Cooloomia after Verticordia cooloomia, the only species it contains.

text:
# Verticordia sect. Cooloomia

***Verticordia* sect. *Cooloomia*** is a section that describes a single species in the flowering plant genus *Verticordia*. The section is one of seven in the subgenus, *Verticordia* subg. *Chrysoma*. The characteristics of this section includes leaves that differ in shape, depending on their position on the plant and very small sepals. In most other respects, the one plant in this section is similar to those in section *Verticordia* sect. *Chrysoma*.

When Alex George reviewed the genus in 1991, he described the section and gave it the name *Cooloomia* after *Verticordia cooloomia*, the only species it contains.

## InfoBox

| *Verticordia sect. Cooloomia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Verticordia* |
| Subgenus: | *Verticordia* subg. *Chrysoma* |
| Section: | *Verticordia sect. Cooloomia*
A.S.George |
|
| Type species | |
| *Verticordia cooloomia*
 | |


title: Lochmere Archeological District

abstract: The Lochmere Archeological District is a large archeological area on the banks of the Winnipesaukee River in Belknap County, New Hampshire, near the village of Lochmere. The area, part of which is now preserved by the state as the Brennick Lochmere Archaeological Site, is a multi-component site with evidence of human occupation from the Middle Archaic through the Late Woodland periods. The site was occupied in historic times by the Winnipesaukee sub-tribe of the Pennacook people, and is near Aquadoctan, one of the largest native towns of prehistoric New Hampshire. The district also encompasses a number of archaeologically sensitive historic sites that were developed by white settlers and later residents to take advantage of the river's water power for industrial purposes. These uses began as early as the 1770s and continued into the 19th century, when the proprietors of the area's mills contested with the wealthier owners of downstream mills in Manchester, New Hampshire, Lowell, Massachusetts, and other sites on the Merrimack River for control over the river's flow. These well-funded interests eventually purchased all of the major water rights in the area, and shut the smaller area mills down, and by 1882 most of them lay in ruins. About 90 acres (36 ha) of the area was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, an area that includes 13 prehistoric and 18 historic sites. Some of the archaeologically sensitive areas have been partially compromised by home construction in the area, and by the state in the dredging and widening the river channel.

text:
# Lochmere Archeological District

The **Lochmere Archeological District** is a large archeological area on the banks of the Winnipesaukee River in Belknap County, New Hampshire, near the village of Lochmere. The area, part of which is now preserved by the state as the **Brennick Lochmere Archaeological Site**, is a multi-component site with evidence of human occupation from the Middle Archaic through the Late Woodland periods. The site was occupied in historic times by the Winnipesaukee sub-tribe of the Pennacook people, and is near Aquadoctan (aka The Weirs), one of the largest native towns of prehistoric New Hampshire.

The district also encompasses a number of archaeologically sensitive historic sites that were developed by white settlers and later residents to take advantage of the river's water power for industrial purposes. These uses began as early as the 1770s and continued into the 19th century, when the proprietors of the area's mills contested with the wealthier owners of downstream mills in Manchester, New Hampshire, Lowell, Massachusetts, and other sites on the Merrimack River for control over the river's flow. These well-funded interests eventually purchased all of the major water rights in the area, and shut the smaller area mills down, and by 1882 most of them lay in ruins.

About 90 acres (36 ha) of the area was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, an area that includes 13 prehistoric and 18 historic sites. Some of the archaeologically sensitive areas have been partially compromised by home construction in the area, and by the state in the dredging and widening the river channel.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Lochmere Archeological District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| The Winnipesaukee River, between Lake Winnisquam and Silver Lake | |
| Nearest city | Tilton, New Hampshire |
| Area | 90 acres (36 ha) |
| NRHP reference No. | 82000615 |
| Added to NRHP | November 1, 1982 |


abstract: Macedonia participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 with the song "Nešto što kje ostane" written by Jovan Jovanov, Damjan Lazarov and Elvir Mekić. The song was performed by the duo Next Time. The Macedonian broadcaster Macedonian Radio Television (MRT) organised Skopje Fest 2009 in order to select the Macedonian entry for the 2009 contest in Moscow, Russia. 32 entries competed in the competition which consisted of three shows: two semi-finals and a final. Sixteen songs competed in each semi-final and the top eight from each semi-final qualified to the final. In the final, "Nešto što kje ostane" performed by Next Time was selected following the combination of votes from a twelve-member jury panel and a public televote. Macedonia was drawn to compete in the first semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest which took place on 12 May 2009. Performing during the show in position 13, "Nešto što kje ostane" was not announced among the 10 qualifying entries of the first semi-final and therefore did not qualify to compete in the final. It was later revealed that Macedonia placed tenth out of the 18 participating countries in the semi-final with 45 points.

text:
# Macedonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009

Macedonia (officially under the provisional appellation "former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", abbreviated "FYR Macedonia") participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 with the song "Nešto što kje ostane" written by Jovan Jovanov, Damjan Lazarov and Elvir Mekić. The song was performed by the duo Next Time. The Macedonian broadcaster Macedonian Radio Television (MRT) organised *Skopje Fest 2009* in order to select the Macedonian entry for the 2009 contest in Moscow, Russia. 32 entries competed in the competition which consisted of three shows: two semi-finals and a final. Sixteen songs competed in each semi-final and the top eight from each semi-final qualified to the final. In the final, "Nešto što kje ostane" performed by Next Time was selected following the combination of votes from a twelve-member jury panel and a public televote.

Macedonia was drawn to compete in the first semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest which took place on 12 May 2009. Performing during the show in position 13, "Nešto što kje ostane" was not announced among the 10 qualifying entries of the first semi-final and therefore did not qualify to compete in the final. It was later revealed that Macedonia placed tenth out of the 18 participating countries in the semi-final with 45 points.

## Background

Prior to the 2009 contest, Macedonia had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest eight times since its first entry in 1998. The nation's best result in the contest to this point was twelfth, which it achieved in 2006 with the song "Ninanajna" performed by Elena Risteska. Following the introduction of semi-finals for the 2004, Macedonia had featured in four finals.

The Macedonian national broadcaster, Macedonian Radio Television (MRT), broadcasts the event within Macedonia and organises the selection process for the nation's entry. Macedonia had previously selected their entry for the Eurovision Song Contest through both national finals and internal selections. Despite rumours of a withdrawal due to financial difficulties which could have ended in bankruptcy or liquidation of MRT, the broadcaster confirmed their intentions to participate at the 2009 Eurovision Song Contest on 6 November 2008 and held weekly debate programs to as a platform for discussion on how the selection process for the Macedonian entry can be fair and successful. In 2008, Macedonia selected their entry using the national final *Skopje Fest* but failed to qualify to the final. For 2009, the broadcaster again opted to select the Macedonian entry through *Skopje Fest*.

## Before Eurovision

### Skopje Fest 2009

*Skopje Fest 2009* was a song contest organised by MRT that served as Macedonia's national final to select their entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2009. Thirty-two entries participated in the competition which consisted of two semi-finals on 18 and 19 February 2009 leading to a sixteen-song final on 20 February 2009. All three shows took place at the Universal Hall in Skopje, hosted by Zoran Ljutkov and Biljana Gjorgjiovska and were broadcast on MTV 1, MTV Sat and Macedonian Radio.

#### Format

The format of the competition included two semi-finals on 19 and 20 February 2009 and a final on 21 February 2009. Sixteen songs competed in each semi-final and the top eight from each semi-final qualified to complete the sixteen song lineup in the final. The results of the semi-finals and the final were determined by the 50/50 combination of votes from an expert jury panel and public televoting. The public could vote through telephone and SMS.

#### Competing entries

A submission period was opened for interested artists and composers to submit their entries between 26 November 2008 and 25 December 2008. MRT received 142 submissions at the closing of the deadline and thirty-two entries were selected by a six-member committee consisting of Gordana Andrashevska (MTV), Ljupčo Mirkovski (artistic director of Skopje Fest), Meri Popova (MTV), Radica Mitić (MR 2), Ariton Krliu (MR 2) and Danail Darkovski (composer and instrumentalist). The thirty-two competing songs were announced on 6 January 2009, while their artists were announced on 15 January 2009. On 23 January 2009, MRT announced that "Ti peam pesna", written by Kire Kostov and performed by Aleksandar Belov was withdrawn from the competition and replaced with the song "Isto što i ti" by Treta dimenzija, while Stefan Cvetkovski would replace Naum Petreski as the performer of the song "Zemi se".

| Artist | Song | Songwriter(s) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Aleksandar Belov | "Zastani, solzi izbriši" (Застани, солзи избриши) | Grigor Koprov |
| Amir Ibraimovski | "Otvori go srceto" (Отвори го срцето) | Jovan Vasilevski |
| Ana Simonovska | "Dobar kraj" (Добар краj) | Ana Simonovska |
| Andrijana Janevska | "Drvo bez koren" (Дрво без корен) | Andrijana Janevska |
| Bravo Band | "Devojko" (Девоjко) | Simon Trpčeski, Jovan Trpčeski |
| Daniel | "Sila na ljubovta" (Сила на љубовта) | Aleksandar Masevski |
| Dejan Trifunovski | "Ljubovta doagja" (Љубовта доаѓа) | Lazar Cvetkovski, Milan Milanov |
| Dimitar Andonovski | "Me pronajde ti" (Ме пронаjде ти) | Hari Kotlarovski |
| Emilija Gievska | "Patuvam niz vremeto" (Патувам низ времето) | Zoran Ilievski |
| Filip Jordanovski | "Volšebnik" (Волшебник) | Blaže Temelkov |
| Jane Dulimaglovski | "Gledaš, ne sum sam" (Гледаш, не сум сам) | Vladimir Dojčinovski |
| Jasmina Dimitrovska | "Na moe mesto" (На мое место) | Bojan Gjoševski |
| Kostadin Papa | "Za nea postojam" (За неа постоjам) | Kostadin Papa |
| Kristijan Jovanov | "Nema da zboram" (Нема да зборам) | Vančo Dimitrov |
| Lili | "Za kraj" (За краj) | Davor Jordanovski |
| Nade Talevska | "Dali misliš na nas" (Дали мислиш на нас) | Goce Simonovski |
| Naum Petreski and Kaliopi | "Rum Dum Dum" (Рум Дум Дум) | Kire Kostov, Miodrag Vrčakovski |
| Next Time | "Nešto što kje ostane" (Нешто што ќе остане) | Damjan Lazarov, Jovan Jovanov, Elvir Mekić |
| Pampersi | "Zboguvanje" (Збогување) | Daniel Mitrevski |
| Patnici and Dijana Trajkoski | "Nasmej se" (Насмеj се) | Zdravka Mirčevska |
| Proekt Makedonija | "Pomalku naivno" (Помалку наивно) | Nikola Perevski, Vladimir Krstevski |
| Risto Samardžiev and Zoran Džorlev | "103 beli lebedi" (103 бели лебеди) | Grigor Koprov, Risto Samardžiev |
| Rok Agresori | "Ding Dong" (Динг Донг) | Zoran Trpkov |
| Sleng | "Gengsta oro" (Генгста оро) | Daniel Joveski |
| Stefan Cvetkovski | "Zemi se" (Земи се) | Ljupčo Trajkovski |
| Treta dimenzija | "Isto što i ti" (Исто што и ти) | Duško Temelkovski |
| Venera | "Povtorno ljubena" (Повторно љубена) | Stevče Grozdanov |
| Verica Pandilovska | "Severno od mene, južno od tebe" (Северно од мене, jужно од тебе) | Kaliopi Bukle |
| Vlatko Ilievski | "Najbogat na svet" (Наjбогат на свет) | Vladimir Dojčinovski, Vesna Malinova |
| Vlatko Lozanoski | "Blisku do mene" (Блиску до мене) | Lazar Cvetkovski, Darko Dimitrov |
| Vodolija | "Mojot TV" (Моjот ТВ) | Risto Apostolov |
| Žarmena | "Igra so nas" (Игра со нас) | Dimče Kitrozoski |

#### Shows

#### Semi-finals

The two semi-finals took place on 19 and 20 February 2009. Sixteen entries competed in each semi-final and top eight entries qualified to the final by a 50/50 combination of public televoting and a twelve-member jury panel. In addition to the performances of the competing entries, the first semi-final featured a guest performance by 2005 Macedonian Eurovision representative Martin Vučić, while the second semi-final featured guest performances by DJ Pancho, Rebis and participants of the project *Kirilitso ispeana*.

Semi-final 1 – 19 February 2009
| Draw | Artist | Song | Jury | Televote | Total | Place |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Kostadin Papa | "Za nea postojam" | 0 | 8 | 8 | 6 |
| 2 | Ana Simonovska | "Dobar kraj" | 4 | 0 | 4 | 10 |
| 3 | Andrijana Janevska | "Drvo bez koren" | 8 | 0 | 8 | 6 |
| 4 | Treta dimenzija | "Isto što i ti" | 0 | 3 | 3 | 12 |
| 5 | Vodolija | "Mojot TV" | 0 | 1 | 1 | 13 |
| 6 | Verica Pandilovska | "Severno od mene, južno od tebe" | 6 | 0 | 6 | 8 |
| 7 | Dimitar Andonovski | "Me pronajde ti" | 1 | 4 | 5 | 9 |
| 8 | Risto Samardžiev and Zoran Džorlev | "103 beli lebedi" | 12 | 7 | 19 | 2 |
| 9 | Lili | "Za kraj" | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 |
| 10 | Žarmena | "Igra so nas" | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 |
| 11 | Sleng | "Gengsta oro" | 5 | 10 | 15 | 3 |
| 12 | Emilija Gievska | "Patuvam niz vremeto" | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 |
| 13 | Proekt Makedonija | "Pomalku naivno" | 7 | 5 | 12 | 4 |
| 14 | Daniel | "Sila na ljubovta" | 3 | 6 | 9 | 5 |
| 15 | Next Time | "Nešto što kje ostane" | 10 | 12 | 22 | 1 |
| 16 | Jane Dulimaglovski | "Gledaš, ne sum sam" | 2 | 2 | 4 | 10 |

Semi-final 2 – 20 February 2009
| Draw | Artist | Song | Jury | Televote | Total | Place |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Dejan Trifunovski | "Ljubovta doagja" | 0 | 5 | 5 | 8 |
| 2 | Stefan Cvetkovski | "Zemi se" | 0 | 1 | 1 | 12 |
| 3 | Jasmina Dimitrovska | "Na moe mesto" | 2 | 0 | 2 | 11 |
| 4 | Filip Jordanovski | "Volšebnik" | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 |
| 5 | Vlatko Ilievski | "Najbogat na svet" | 7 | 6 | 13 | 5 |
| 6 | Venera | "Povtorno ljubena" | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 |
| 7 | Patnici and Dijana Trajkoski | "Nasmej se" | 1 | 2 | 3 | 10 |
| 8 | Aleksandar Belov | "Zastani, solzi izbriši" | 5 | 10 | 15 | 3 |
| 9 | Naum Petreski and Kaliopi | "Rum Dum Dum" | 12 | 12 | 24 | 1 |
| 10 | Amir Ibraimovski | "Otvori go srceto" | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 |
| 11 | Bravo Band | "Devojko" | 8 | 7 | 15 | 4 |
| 12 | Vlatko Lozanoski | "Blisku do mene" | 10 | 8 | 18 | 2 |
| 13 | Pampersi | "Zboguvanje" | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 |
| 14 | Rok Agresori | "Ding Dong" | 3 | 4 | 7 | 7 |
| 15 | Nade Talevska | "Dali misliš na nas" | 4 | 0 | 4 | 9 |
| 16 | Kristijan Jovanov | "Nema da zboram" | 6 | 3 | 9 | 6 |

#### Final

The final took place on 21 February 2009. Sixteen entries competed and a 50/50 combination of public televoting and a twelve-member jury panel selected "Nešto što kje ostane" performed by Next Time as the winner. In addition to the performances of the competing entries, the competition featured guest performances by 2006 Macedonian Eurovision representative Elena Risteska, 2009 Belarusian Eurovision representative Petr Elfimov, 2009 Montenegrin Eurovision representative Andrea Demirović and 2009 Bosnian Eurovision representative Regina.

Final – 21 February 2009
| Draw | Artist | Song | Jury | Televote | | Total | Place |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | Votes | Points | | |
| 1 | Vlatko Ilievski | "Najbogat na svet" | 4 | 1,608 | 4 | 8 | 6 |
| 2 | Dejan Trifunovski | "Ljubovta doaga" | 0 | 537 | 0 | 0 | 14 |
| 3 | Risto Samardžiev and Zoran Džorlev | "103 beli lebedi" | 10 | 3,151 | 7 | 17 | 3 |
| 4 | Bravo Band | "Devojko" | 0 | 1,011 | 3 | 3 | 10 |
| 5 | Aleksandar Belov | "Zastani, solzi izbriši" | 1 | 2,595 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| 6 | Next Time | "Nešto što kje ostane" | 7 | 4,176 | 12 | 19 | 1 |
| 7 | Rok Agresori | "Ding Dong" | 0 | 985 | 2 | 2 | 11 |
| 8 | Verica Pandilovska | "Severno od mene, južno od tebe" | 0 | 108 | 0 | 0 | 14 |
| 9 | Daniel | "Sila na ljubovta" | 5 | 528 | 0 | 5 | 9 |
| 10 | Proekt Makedonija | "Pomalku naivno" | 0 | 972 | 1 | 1 | 13 |
| 11 | Naum Petreski and Kaliopi | "Rum Dum Dum" | 12 | 3,055 | 6 | 18 | 2 |
| 12 | Kostadin Papa | "Za nea postojam" | 0 | 738 | 0 | 0 | 14 |
| 13 | Vlatko Lozanoski | "Blisku do mene" | 8 | 3,402 | 8 | 16 | 4 |
| 14 | Andrijana Janevska | "Drvo bez koren" | 6 | 218 | 0 | 6 | 8 |
| 15 | Sleng | "Gengsta oro" | 3 | 4,168 | 10 | 13 | 5 |
| 16 | Kristijan Jovanov | "Nema da zboram" | 2 | 621 | 0 | 2 | 12 |

### Promotion

Next Time made several appearances across Europe to specifically promote "Nešto što kje ostane" as the Macedonian Eurovision entry. On 1 March, Next Time performed "Nešto što kje ostane" during the presentation show of the 2009 Bosnian Eurovision entry, *BH Eurosong Show 2009*. Next Time also performed the song during the semi-final of the Serbian Eurovision national final *Beovizija 2009* on 7 March.

## At Eurovision

According to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country and the "Big Four" (France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom) are required to qualify from one of two semi-finals in order to compete for the final; the top nine songs from each semi-final as determined by televoting progress to the final, and a tenth was determined by back-up juries. The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) split up the competing countries into six different pots based on voting patterns from previous contests, with countries with favourable voting histories put into the same pot. On 30 January 2009, a special allocation draw was held which placed each country into one of the two semi-finals. Macedonia was placed into the first semi-final, to be held on 12 May 2009. The running order for the semi-finals was decided through another draw on 16 March 2009 and Macedonia was set to perform in position 13, following the entry from Iceland and before the entry from Romania.

The two semi-finals and final were broadcast in Macedonia on MTV 1 and MTV Sat with commentary by Karolina Petkovska and Aleksandra Jovanovska. The Macedonian spokesperson, who announced the Macedonian votes during the final, was Frosina Josifovska.

### Semi-final

Next Time took part in technical rehearsals on 4 and 7 May, followed by dress rehearsals on 11 and 12 May. The Macedonian performance featured the members of Next Time performing together with two guitarists and two drummers. The background LED screens displayed metallic elements and glass patterns with single white flashing lights being used on stage. The performance also featured several effects including fire and silver pyrotechnics. The four musicians that joined Next Time on stage were the co-composer of "Nešto što kje ostane" Damjan Lazarov, Goran Mihajlovski, Maja Balevska and Mario Stanković.

At the end of the show, Macedonia was not announced among the 10 qualifying entries in the first semi-final and therefore failed to qualify to compete in the final. It was later revealed that Macedonia placed tenth in the semi-final, receiving a total of 45 points; and whilist it would have been enough to qualify in previous and upcoming years, in 2008 and 2009 only the top nine places qualified automatically and the tenth place was decided based on the votes of the backup juries, and this time, juries chose Finland to qualify over Macedonia.

### Voting

The voting system for 2009 involved each country awarding points from 1–8, 10 and 12, with the points in the final being decided by a combination of 50% national jury and 50% televoting. Each nation's jury consisted of five music industry professionals who are citizens of the country they represent. This jury judged each entry based on: vocal capacity; the stage performance; the song's composition and originality; and the overall impression by the act. In addition, no member of a national jury was permitted to be related in any way to any of the competing acts in such a way that they cannot vote impartially and independently.

Below is a breakdown of points awarded to Macedonia and awarded by Macedonia in the first semi-final and grand final of the contest. The nation awarded its 12 points to Turkey in the semi-final and the final of the contest.

#### Points awarded to Macedonia

|
|  |
Points awarded to Macedonia (Semi-final 1)
| Score | Country |
| --- | --- |
| 12 points |  |
| 10 points |  |
| 8 points | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| 7 points |  |
| 6 points |  |
| 5 points |  |
| 4 points |  |
| 3 points | Czech Republic |
| 2 points | Romania |
| 1 point |  |

#### Points awarded by Macedonia

#### Detailed voting results

The following members comprised the Macedonian jury:

* Rade Spasovski
* Vanco Dimitrov
* Maja Trpčanovska
* Radica Mitić
* Liljana Avtovska

|
|  |
Detailed voting results from Macedonia (Final)
| Draw | Country | Results | | | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Jury | Televoting | Combined | |
| 01 | Lithuania |  |  |  |  |
| 02 | Israel |  |  |  |  |
| 03 | France |  |  |  |  |
| 04 | Sweden |  |  |  |  |
| 05 | Croatia | 3 | 7 | 10 | 4 |
| 06 | Portugal |  |  |  |  |
| 07 | Iceland | 4 | 1 | 5 | 2 |
| 08 | Greece |  | 4 | 4 |  |
| 09 | Armenia | 5 |  | 5 | 1 |
| 10 | Russia |  | 2 | 2 |  |
| 11 | Azerbaijan | 2 | 3 | 5 | 3 |
| 12 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 10 | 8 | 18 | 10 |
| 13 | Moldova | 1 |  | 1 |  |
| 14 | Malta |  |  |  |  |
| 15 | Estonia |  |  |  |  |
| 16 | Denmark |  |  |  |  |
| 17 | Germany |  |  |  |  |
| 18 | Turkey | 8 | 10 | 18 | **12** |
| 19 | Albania |  | 12 | 12 | 7 |
| 20 | Norway | 7 | 6 | 13 | 8 |
| 21 | Ukraine |  |  |  |  |
| 22 | Romania | 6 | 5 | 11 | 5 |
| 23 | United Kingdom | 12 |  | 12 | 6 |
| 24 | Finland |  |  |  |  |
| 25 | Spain |  |  |  |  |

## InfoBox

| Eurovision Song Contest 2009 | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Macedonia |
| National selection | |
| Selection process | Skopje Fest 2009 |
| Selection date(s) | **Semi-finals:**
19 February 2009
20 February 2009
**Final:**
21 February 2009 |
| Selected artist(s) | Next Time |
| Selected song | "Nešto što kje ostane" |
| Selected songwriter(s) |  |
| Finals performance | |
| Semi-final result | *Failed to qualify* (10th) |
| Macedonia in the Eurovision Song Contest | |
| ◄2008 **2009** 2010► | |


title: Paracordylodontidae

abstract: Paracordylodontidae is an extinct family of conodonts in the clade Prioniodontida, also known as the "complex conodonts".

text:
# Paracordylodontidae

**Paracordylodontidae** is an extinct family of conodonts in the clade Prioniodontida, also known as the "complex conodonts".

## Genera

Genera are:

## InfoBox

| Paracordylodontidae | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Conodonta |
| *Clade*: | Prioniodontida |
| Family: | Paracordylodontidae<br>Bergström, 1981 |
|
| Genera | |
|  | |


title: The Mouldy Lovers

abstract: The Mouldy Lovers are a Queensland Music Award–nominated musical group with seven members, which formed in early 2010. They perform gypsy-influenced ska music with punk, reggae, Romani music and Klezmer elements. The band came to prominence in 2011 with the release of their second extended play, Kakistocracy, and frequent performances and festival appearances in Queensland and New South Wales. Their debut album, Yonder Ruckus, was released in January 2013, receiving national Australian airplay on Triple J and charting at number one for multiple weeks on 4ZZZ. The band exhibits gender and cultural diversity in their membership and have close ties with the Brisbane suburb of West End, often cited as 'West End favourites'. The group regularly busk and play at West End community events such as Laura Street Festival and West End Block Party and stores such as Jet Black Cat Music. In addition to musical collaborations, The Mouldy Lovers have also worked with local street theatre and circus cabaret performers. In 2011, the group collaborated with community circus group The Ice Cream Factory to hold 'The Mouldy Lovers Fresh Flesh Cabaret', a cabaret, circus, acrobatics and music event. In the same year, collaborated with street theatre troupe The Gremlins in a performance exhibition event, and again in 2012, at Woodford Folk Festival. The band has performed with international acts such as The Skatalites, Babylon Circus, Neville Staple, Kenta Hayashi, and Hot 8 Brass Band.

text:
# The Mouldy Lovers

**The Mouldy Lovers** are a Queensland Music Award–nominated musical group with seven members, which formed in early 2010. They perform gypsy-influenced ska music with punk, reggae, Romani music and Klezmer elements. The band came to prominence in 2011 with the release of their second extended play, *Kakistocracy*, and frequent performances and festival appearances in Queensland and New South Wales. Their debut album, *Yonder Ruckus,* was released in January 2013, receiving national Australian airplay on Triple J and charting at number one for multiple weeks on 4ZZZ.

The band exhibits gender and cultural diversity in their membership and have close ties with the Brisbane suburb of West End, often cited as 'West End favourites'. The group regularly busk and play at West End community events such as Laura Street Festival and West End Block Party and stores such as Jet Black Cat Music.

In addition to musical collaborations, The Mouldy Lovers have also worked with local street theatre and circus cabaret performers. In 2011, the group collaborated with community circus group The Ice Cream Factory to hold 'The Mouldy Lovers Fresh Flesh Cabaret', a cabaret, circus, acrobatics and music event. In the same year, collaborated with street theatre troupe The Gremlins in a performance exhibition event, and again in 2012, at Woodford Folk Festival.

The band has performed with international acts such as The Skatalites, Babylon Circus, Neville Staple, Kenta Hayashi, and Hot 8 Brass Band.

## History

The Mouldy Lovers began in early 2010 in the Brisbane suburb of West End as a folk trio, composed of Louis Whelan, Jade Channells, and Matt Hsu, regularly performing at markets and venues. Seeking to expand their sound, the group enlisted Jen Horn, Nicholas Downing, Henri Paternoster, and Caroline Townsend later in 2010.

Following the departure of Jade Channells and Henri Paternoster in March 2012, the group recruited Gavin Cook, guitarist and vocalist for The Vulture St Family Skiffle Band. In September 2012, Jessica McFadyen (daughter of Ian McFadyen) and Queensland Greens Councillor Jonathan Sriranganathan (then known as Sri) joined. In 2015, Brisbane musicians Kathryn Bermingham and Steph McIntyre joined the group.

Since 2011 the group has begun playing at music festivals in Queensland and New South Wales, including Caloundra Music Festival, Island Vibe Festival, and Surfing the Coldstream Festival. The group returned to many of these festivals in 2012, with the addition of Snowy Mountains of Music, 2 High Festival, Wallaby Creek Festival and Woodford Folk Festival.

In 2016 the group performed at Falls Festival. In 2017, The Mouldy Lovers were nominated for a QMusic Queensland Music Award in the world music category.

## Members

Former members:

* Jade Channells – guitar/banjo uke
* Henri Paternoster – tenor saxophone
* Nicholas Downing – drum kit/percussion
* Jen Horn – piano/electronic organ
* Jessica McFadyen – trumpet
* Bodie Howell – trombone
* Laura Kirkwood – drum kit

## InfoBox

| The Mouldy Lovers | |
| --- | --- |
| The Mouldy Lovers, West End, May 2016. Photo by Blake Gannon. | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | West End, Queensland, Australia |
| Genres | Ska punk, ska, Eco-ska |
| Years active | 2010 (2010)–present |
|  | |
| Members | Matt Hsu
Louis Whelan
Caroline Townsend
Gavin Cook
Jonathan Sriranganathan
Kathryn Bermingham
Steph McIntyre |
|  | |
| Past members | Jade Channells
Henri Paternoster
Nicholas Downing
Jen Horn
Jessica McFadyen
Bodie Howell
Laura Kirkwood |


title: 1965 Argentine Primera División

abstract: The 1965 Argentine Primera División was the 74th season of top-flight football in Argentina. The season began on April 18 and ended on December 19. There were 18 teams in the tournament, who competed in a single double round-robin tournament. Boca Juniors won its 16th league title with no teams relegated.

text:
# 1965 Argentine Primera División

The **1965 Argentine Primera División** was the 74th season of top-flight football in Argentina. The season began on April 18 and ended on December 19.

There were 18 teams in the tournament, who competed in a single double round-robin tournament. Boca Juniors won its 16th league title with no teams relegated.

## Standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Boca Juniors | 34 | 19 | 12 | 3 | 55 | 30 | +25 | 50 |
| 2 | River Plate | 34 | 22 | 5 | 7 | 55 | 24 | +31 | 49 |
| 3 | Vélez Sarsfield | 34 | 14 | 12 | 8 | 48 | 32 | +16 | 40 |
| 4 | Ferro Carril Oeste | 34 | 11 | 15 | 8 | 41 | 33 | +8 | 37 |
| 5 | Racing | 34 | 10 | 16 | 8 | 39 | 35 | +4 | 36 |
| 6 | Estudiantes (LP) | 34 | 13 | 10 | 11 | 41 | 39 | +2 | 36 |
| 7 | Platense | 34 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 37 | 30 | +7 | 35 |
| 8 | San Lorenzo | 34 | 12 | 10 | 12 | 41 | 35 | +6 | 34 |
| 9 | Banfield | 34 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 34 | 32 | +2 | 34 |
| 10 | Rosario Central | 34 | 9 | 14 | 11 | 37 | 39 | 2 | 32 |
| 11 | Newell's Old Boys | 34 | 9 | 14 | 11 | 29 | 40 | 11 | 32 |
| 12 | Independiente | 34 | 8 | 15 | 11 | 30 | 31 | 1 | 31 |
| 13 | Huracán | 34 | 11 | 9 | 14 | 45 | 54 | 9 | 31 |
| 14 | Atlanta | 34 | 9 | 11 | 14 | 33 | 42 | 9 | 29 |
| 15 | Lanús | 34 | 9 | 11 | 14 | 31 | 43 | 12 | 29 |
| 16 | Argentinos Juniors | 34 | 10 | 8 | 16 | 41 | 51 | 10 | 28 |
| 17 | Gimnasia y Esgrima (LP) | 34 | 9 | 7 | 18 | 31 | 57 | 26 | 25 |
| 18 | Chacarita Juniors | 34 | 5 | 14 | 15 | 32 | 53 | 21 | 24 |

Source:
Notes:   1. Argentina 1965 by Osvaldo Gorgazzi at RSSSF.com

## InfoBox

Primera División
| Boca Juniors, champions | |
| --- | --- |
| Season | 1965 |
| Champions | Boca Juniors (16th title) |
| Promoted | Lanús
Platense |
| Relegated | (none) |
| 1966 Copa Libertadores | Boca Juniors
River Plate |
| Top goalscorer | Juan Carlos Carone (19 goals) |
| 1964 1966 | |


title: Little Tobago

abstract: Little Tobago is a small island off the north-eastern coast of Tobago, and part of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago.

text:
# Little Tobago

**Little Tobago** (or **Bird of Paradise Island**) is a small island off the north-eastern coast of Tobago, and part of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago.

## Environment

The sea between Tobago and Little Tobago is shallow, and glass-bottomed boats enable the attractive corals and brightly coloured tropical fish to be seen on the crossing. It is a popular area for snorkelling and diving, especially on Angel Reef in front of Goat Island.

Little Tobago is covered with dry forest. The island is an important breeding site for seabirds such as red-billed tropicbirds, Audubon's shearwaters, brown boobies, laughing gulls, brown noddies, sooty and bridled terns. A few pairs of white-tailed tropicbirds also nest there. It is also a good site from which to see birds which breed on neighbouring islets, including red-footed boobies and magnificent frigatebirds. The latter species is frequently seen harassing the tropicbirds, boobies and terns. The island has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because, as well as breeding seabirds, it supports significant populations of rufous-vented chachalacas and copper-rumped hummingbirds.

A few species of reptiles have been recorded on Little Tobago. Among them are lizards such as green iguanas, giant ameivas, rainbow whiptails, Antilles leaf-toed geckos, turnip-tailed geckos, eyespot geckos, Mole's geckos and Allen's bachias. Snakes include Boddaert's tropical racers and Oliver's parrot snakes.

Among the more conspicuous of the invertebrate fauna on the island are large terrestrial hermit crabs.

## History

In 1908 the British politician and businessman Sir William Ingram purchased Little Tobago in order to turn it into a bird sanctuary. The next year he introduced the greater bird of paradise (*Paradisaea apoda*) to the island in an attempt to save the species from overhunting for the plume trade in its native New Guinea. The bird's plumage was particularly fashionable in women's hats. Forty-seven juvenile birds were introduced to the island, having been transported on a German ocean liner.

After Ingram's death in 1924 his heirs deeded the island to the Government of Trinidad and Tobago as a wildlife sanctuary. The birds survived on the island until at least 1958 when they were filmed by a *National Geographic* crew. There are no reliable records after 1963 when Hurricane Flora hit the island and the population is presumed to be extinct.

## InfoBox

Little Tobago
| View of Saint Giles Island from Little Tobago | |
| --- | --- |
| Little TobagoLocation of Little Tobago | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Caribbean Sea |
| Coordinates | 11°18′N 60°31′W / 11.300°N 60.517°W / 11.300; -60.517 |
| Archipelago | Lesser Antilles |
| Adjacent to | Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean |
| Area | 1 km2 (0.39 sq mi) |
| Length | 1.9 km (1.18 mi) |
| Width | 1.4 km (0.87 mi) |
| Highest elevation | 37 m (121 ft) |
| Administration | |
| **Trinidad and Tobago** | |
| Ward | Tobago |
| Parish | St. John |
| Additional information | |
| Time zone |  |