title: Vivian Chow

abstract: Vivian Chow Wai-man is a Hong Kong-based Cantopop singer-songwriter and actress.

text:
# Vivian Chow

**Vivian Chow Wai-man** (Chinese: 周慧敏, born 10 November 1967) is a Hong Kong-based Cantopop singer-songwriter and actress.

## Life and career

Vivian Chow is the only child in her family. Her father died before her birth due to heart disease. She was brought up by her mother and grandmother. Chow graduated from St. Stephen's Church College and gained 6th grade in piano.

Born and raised in Hong Kong, Chow entered the New Talent Singing Awards which held by TVB and Capital Artists in 1985. She began her singing and acting career by becoming the first runner-up at a freelance DJ competition held by RTHK in 1986.

### Sancity Record (1988–1991)

In 1988, Chow was invited by TVB to hosted the TV music program *Jade Solid Gold*. Chow starred in her first movie *Heart to Heart* and was nominated for "Best New Performer" of Hong Kong Film Awards for her role in this movie. Chow also joined Sancity Record in the same year and released her debut platinum single, "Vivian", which got a platinum award.

Chow won "Best New Prospect Exceptional Award" of Top 10 Gold Songs Award in 1989. Later, she hosted the young-oriented current-affairs program "Modern Era" of RTHK Television with Joe Nieh.

In 1990, Chow acted in her first TV drama *The Hunter's Prey* and released her first and second solo album *Vivian* and "情迷".

### Polygram (1991–1992)

Chow resigned from RTHK and started to focus on her career as a singer and actress in 1991. Chow joined Polygram and released her third Cantonese album "A Long and Lasting Love" in November.

In 1992, Chow was named as one of "Ten Artists with Healthy Image" by Commercial Radio Hong Kong. Her fourth and fifth Cantonese album *Endless Dream* and *Winter Romance* were released in the same year.

### Polygram + Linfair (1992–1996)

Chow joined Linfair Record Taiwan and broke into the Taiwan market with releasing her song "Rumor" successfully in 1992. Her first Mandarin debut album "Rumor" was released in November and sold a total of more than 300,000 copies.

In 1993, Chow won 3rd place in the "Next Magazine TV Awards for Most Popular Artists" (first place of female artists) for her role on the TV drama *The Greed of Man*. Her second Mandarin album was released in May and got 6 platinum awards. Chow was chosen as the "Most Popular Female Artist" by Taiwan media. Later, Chow released her sixth Cantonese album "Most Love" which got double platinum award. The Cantonese featured album and the third Mandarin album *Vivian & Her Mind* were released in the end of year. Chow won Metro Hit Radio's "Best Female Singer-Bronze Award" and Japan NHK's "Most Popular Foreign Female Singer Award". Chow released her Japanese debut album *Love Legend* to broke into the Japanese market in April 1994. At the same month, Chow released her seventh Cantonese album *Growing up*. The fourth Mandarin album *Leaving the habit of depression*, eighth Cantonese album *The time of red leaves drifting* and Mandarin compilation album *Know yourself and your enemies* were also released in this year. Chow got a breakthrough in her singer career for the total selling of these Cantonese and Mandarin albums got 8 platinum awards. She was also awarded the "Most Popular Hong Kong Female Singer Award" by Japanese media.

Chow's Taiwan concert tour started at ChangHua Stadium on 11 June 1994, and continued at KaoHsiung Stadium on June 18, 1994, and Taipei Stadium on 25 June 1994. Chow returned to Hong Kong in the second half of the year, she holds 4 shows in Hong Kong Coliseum at Oct 7–8 and 14–15.

In 1995, Chow won the award of "TVB JSG Top Ten 94 New Generation Performance (Silver)". She released her ninth Cantonese debut album *A little more love* in May. Her first Japanese EP was released in June. The Japanese duet "今を抱きしめて", sung with Japanese singer Asaku Yoshida, was also included in the Japanese EP and the Fifth Mandarin debut album "處處留情" which was released in July. Chow was named as one of "Asian Pop Divas" by Japanese music critics along with Faye Wong, Sandy Lam and Sally Yip and one of the "Top 10 Most Popular Performers" in China.

In 1996, Chow released her last Cantonese debut album "熱敏" in May, last Mandarin debut album *Time* in October and the first Mandarin featured album "周慧敏的敏感地帶" in December before her semi-retirement. She has also been elected as one of the "Top 10 worldwide celebrities on the Internet" by internet users.

### Polygram + Taurus Records (1997–1998)

Chow joined Taurus Records in 1997 and released the second EP "逢いにゆきたいの" in February. She was voted as one of "Top 10 celebrities on the internet" (The #1 Chinese celebrity on the poll results). After Chow announced she would not take any entertainment jobs when she held the concert in Atlantic City in November, Polygram Hong Kong released the featured album "回憶從今天開始" which included the new song "男女之間", Japanese song "逢いにゆきたいの" and 15 Chow's Hit Songs to summarize Chow's music.

At the beginning of 1998, Taurus Records released the Japanese version of the featured album "あの日から始まった", included 18 Chow's 18 best hits including "自動自覺" and "真愛在明天".

### Semi-retirement (1998–2003)

After leaving the entertainment scene, Chow moved to Vancouver with Joe Nieh and appeared in public places occasionally. She is obsessed with painting, writing and playing pool. Her painting "Old Man from San Geung" and "Looking Towards the Future" won many painting awards.

Chow and Nieh returned to Hong Kong with their cats in 2003 because the outbreak of SARS stopped them from returning to Canada. Chow revealed the reason she stopped her entertainment career in 1997 in TVB talk show "Queen's Feast". "My TV, movie, agency and record contracts all expired in 1997, so she tried to gain life experiences outside of the entertainment and music industries.

### Back to stage (2004–)

In 2004, Chow launched her first book *My Cat Son Pal Chow* which quickly sold more than 20,000 books and was also in the top 10 best-selling books for several months. Chow was also invited to be Shiseido spokesperson for the Asia region in the same year. After back to entertainment scene, Chow works as part-time and obsesses with community services. She worked with World Vision Hong Kong, Oxfam, Hong Kong Aid Foundation, Cancer Fund, Society for Abandoned Animals Limited (SAA) and Non-Profit Making Veterinary Service Society (NPV) to promote taking care of the social vulnerable group through her social influence.

Chow returned to the Hong Kong Coliseum to perform in her "Back for Love" concert on 25–27 May 2006 after she stepped on this stage twelve years ago. She donated all of the rewards she got for the 3 concerts to NPV to raise money for establishing a veterinary clinic which grand opened on Chow's birthday in the same year.

### 25th anniversary of debut (2011–2013)

Chow held the concert "Deep V.25" on 19–20 March 2011 at Hong Kong Coliseum and released the anniversary EP "Potted Plants" to celebrate her 25th anniversary of debut. The appearance of Sean Lau in the concert surprised Chow and the audiences because it was the first reunion of this pair of main characters in famous TV drama *The Greed of Man*. It was a few days after Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster and 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, when Yoshie Kashiwabara came to Hong Kong as one of her special guests, Chow also decided to sell her CD's and the souvenirs designed by Leo Ku, with all proceeds given to charity for the Japanese Relief Funds. Chow's cat sons Pal Chow and Chu Jai were passed away a month before the concert.

After the concert in Hong Kong, Chow started the world tour "Vivian Chow Journey of Love".

In 2013, Chow started her own talent agency, V Vision Workshop Limited. Her agent is Lorraine Chan (Leo Ku's wife) a talent agent.

### Film and gospel album (2014–)

In 2014, Chow starred in Taiwanese movie *Cafe. Waiting. Love* which was released on 15 August 2014 in Hong Kong and Taiwan. The movie had a positive reception in both places. The box office reached 20 million in Hong Kong and 200 million in Taiwan. Chow was invited to sing the theme song "咖啡在等一個人" which was included in the movie soundtrack.

Chow's first gospel album *HIM* was released on 18 December 2014. The album was produced by Chow and issued by Emperor Group Music and Linfair Record Limited. The English song "A Love Like This" was composed by Chow is about how her faith changed her life. Chow started to participate in different forms of sermons to share Christian testimony after the album's release.

## Personal life

Chow's first love was her high school colleague. She started a relationship with the vocalist of Raidas, Chan Duk Cheung, when she worked in RTHK. This lasted for a few years. Later, Chow met Joe Nieh, the son of famous novelist Ni Kuang in a RTHK television programme in 1989 and they parted amicably in 1992. Chow met Ka Sen when she was in a Kao advertising shooting. After a two-year long-distance relationship, they broke up in 1995. Chow and Joe Nieh were back together in 1997 and married on 5 January 2009. They both become Christians in 2010 and joined an English-speaking local church in Hong Kong.

## Filmography

### Television (TVB)

| Year | Title | Role | Co-Star | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1990 | *The Hunter's Prey*
烏金血劍 | 唐劍兒 | Canti Lau, Gallen Lo, Eddie Cheung, Gordon Liu, Stella Wang |  |
| 1991 | *The Commandments*
武林幸運星 | 曲楚楚 | Deric Wan, Cutie Mui, Lisa Lui, Tsui Ga Bo, Wong Yat Fei |  |
| 1992 | *Greed of Man* | 阮 梅
台：小猶太 | Adam Cheng, Sean Lau, David Siu, Yammie Lam, Amy Kwok |  |
| | *Rage and Passion* | 程若詩 (Guest appearance) | Ekin Cheng, Gallen Lo, Eddie Kwan, Wayne Lai, Fiona Leung |  |
| 1995 | *A Stage of Turbulence*
刀馬旦 | 周玉茹／沈菊仙 | Sunny Chan, Patrick Tam, Roman Tam, Joyce Koi, Fiona Leung |  |
|

### Television (Taiwan)

| Year | Title | Role | Co-Star | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1994 | 新包青天之滴血紅梅 | (Guest appearances) | Jin Chao-chun, Kenny Ho, Leo Ku, Esther Kwan |  |
|

### Film

*Based on the title name in Cantonese:*

| Year | Title | Role | Co-Star | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1988 | *Goodbye Hero*
玩命雙雄 | 孟冬的妹妹 | David Wu, Derek Yee, Petrina Fung | Taiwan: 虎鷹特勤組 |
| | *Heart to Hearts*
三人世界 | 毛慧敏
Vivian | George Lam, Carol Cheng, Michael Chow, Rosamund Kwan |  |
| 1989 | *Happy Together* | Candy | Lawrence Cheng, Kenny Chung, Cherie Chung, Chingmy Yau |  |
| | *The Yuppie Fantasia* |  | Lawrence Cheng, Carol Cheng, Cherie Chung, Elizabeth Lee | Guest appearance |
| | *Path of Glory*
沖天小子 |  | Adam Cheng, Wilson Lam, Max Mok, Christopher Chen |  |
| | *The Romancing Star III* | 阿 敏 | James Wong, Andy Lau, Sharla Cheung, Chingmy Yau |  |
| 1990 | *Unmatchable Match*
風雨同路 | 周文麗
Mandy | Stephen Chow, Charlie Chan, Shing Fui On, Karel Wong |  |
| | *Heart Into Hearts*
三人新世界 | 毛慧敏
Vivian | George Lam, Carol Cheng, Maggie Cheung, Suki Kwan |  |
| | *Girls Without Tomorrow 1992* | 方小玲 | Carina Lau, May Lo, Pauline Chan, Petrina Fung | Taiwan: 現代應召女郎 |
| 1991 | *Devil's Vendetta*
妖魔道 | 彩 衣 | Stanley Fung, Joe Nieh, Sharla Cheung, Michelle Sze |  |
| | *The Perfect Match* | Philidonna | Jacky Cheung, George Lam, Maggie Cheung, Lydia Shum |  |
| | *Fruit Punch*
Yes!一族 | Yoko | Leon Lai, Hacken Lee, The Grasshopper | Taiwan: 菜鳥大亨 |
| 1992 | *Fun and Fury*
痴情快婿 | 馬青霞 | Leon Lai, Kent Cheng, Frankie Chan, Sharon Kwok | Taiwan: 賊探世家 |
| | *Heart Against Hearts*
三人做世界 | 毛慧敏
Vivian | George Lam, Carol Cheng, Maggie Cheung, Rosamund Kwan |  |
| | *Arrest the Restless*
藍江傳之反飛組風雲 | 梁小敏 | Leslie Cheung, Charles Heung, Deanie Ip, Alex To | Taiwan: 整人探長：藍江傳 |
| | *Angel Hunter*
女校風雲之邪教入侵 | Vivian Chow | Sean Lau, Anthony Wong, Ng Man Tat, Carrie Ng |  |
| | *Summer Lover*
夏日情人 | 阿 敏 | Max Mok, Alfred Cheung, Loletta Lee, Veronica Yip |  |
| | *Stone Man*
石頭記 | 紅 伶 | Wilson Lam, Ng Ma, Paul Chun, Lau Shun | Taiwan: 紅伶名劍 |
| 1993 | *Tom, Dick and Hairy* | Francis | Tony Leung, Lawrence Cheng, Anita Yuen, Athena Chu | Guest appearance |
| | *No Regret, No Return*
走上不歸路 | 方思維 | Max Mok, Kenneth Tsang, Karel Wong, Ridley Tsui |  |
| 1994 | *The Kung Fu Scholar* | 程 晴 | Dicky Cheung, Aaron Kwok, Ng Mang Tat, Bryan Leung | Taiwan: 流氓狀元 |
| | *Family Affairs*
清官難審 | 小 查 | Kenny Ho, Jin Chao-chun, Karen Mok, Rain Lau |  |
| | *To Love Ferrari*
我愛法拉利 | 周小敏 | David Siu, 朱永龍, Mark Kwok, 趙繼純 |  |
| 1996 | *Top Banana Club*
金裝香蕉俱樂部 | Jenny | Anthony Wong, Dayo Wong, Cheung Tat Ming, Esther Kwan |  |
| | *Out of the Blur*
廢話小說 | 巴士乘客 | Jacky Cheung, Leon Lai, Shirley Kwan, William So | Guest appearance |
| 2010 | *All About Love* | Anita | Sandra Ng, William Chan, Eddie Cheung | Leading Actress |
| 2011 | *Wasao* | 節子 |  | Voice Acting |
| 2014 | *Café. Waiting. Love* | 老闆娘 | Vivian Sung, Hung Chih Han, Megan Lai | Guest appearance |

### Television film

| Year | Title | Role | Co-Star | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1991 | *Fire On Ice*
血染黎明 |  | Eddie Kwan, 劉秀萍 |  |
| 1992 | *Tulips in August*
八月鬱金香 |  | Sean Lau, Brian Wong, Joseph Lee |  |
|

### Musical television film

| Year | Title | Role | Co-Star | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1993 | 驀然回首 | 阿欣 (Hacken Lee's younger sister) | Anita Yuen, Gordon Lam, Dickson Li, Lawrence Cheng, Jacky Cheng, Cally Kwong | Guest appearance in Hacken Lee's musical television film |
| 2006 | 愛得太遲 | 花店東主 | Leo Ku, Kathy Chow, Jan Lamb, Danny Chan |  |
|

### Special Edition (TV)

| Year | Title |
| --- | --- |
| 2011 | 周慧敏·最愛V25》(Leo Ku, Linda Wong, William So, Louis Yuen as guests) |
|

### Radio drama

| Year | Title |
| --- | --- |
| May 1992 | 兩個他 (RTHK) |
| July 1994 | 蘭茜夫人劇場：讓我愛你一個夏天 (Commercial Radio Hong Kong) |
| August 1994 | 終站 (RTHK) |

### Radio DJ／TV show host

#### RTHK

| *Year* | Title |
| --- | --- |
| 1987 | 青春新幹線 |
| | 青春交響曲 |
| | 青春太陽族 |
| | 70200 DJ 大本營 |
| | 開心隊 |
| 1988 | 輕談淺唱不夜天 |
| 1989 | 摩登時代 |
| | 二人世界 |
| | 青蔥歲月 |
| 1990 | 十大中文金曲 |
|  | 兩小無賴 |
|  | 攴攴齋叱咤榜 |
|  | 妹寶妹寶 |
|  | 敏感時間 |
|  | 話點就點 |
|  | 彩雲曲 |
|  | 兩顆心 |
|

#### TVB

| Year | Title |
| --- | --- |
| 1989 | 十大勁歌金曲 |
| | 勁歌金曲 |
| 1992 | 兒歌金曲頒獎典禮 |
|

### TV show

| Year |
| --- |
| 1995 | RTHK》, 《TVB》（群星匯正音 1995）第2, 4–5集 |
| 7 Oct, 2004 | 中天綜合台》（Kangsi Coming）接近仙女的玉女 |
| 2 Mar, 2012 | 中天綜合台》（Kangsi Coming）永遠不老的周慧敏又來了 |
| 7 Oct, 2012 | 中天綜合台》（Kangsi Coming）接近仙女的玉女 周慧敏 |
| 1 Sept, 2014 | 中天綜合台》（Kangsi Coming）玉女掌門人老闆娘初體驗 |
| 23 Feb, 2015 | 中天綜合台》（Kangsi Coming）90年代我們一起追的偶像 |
| 22 Aug, 2015 | 快樂大本營 |
| 14 Oct, 2018 | ViuTV *Goodnight Show - King Maker Final Competition* \- Judge |

## Discography

### Album

## Painting

* 2001: Chow's painting "Old Man from San Geung" won the "New Vision Award" in the "New Vision: Water Based Media Painting" exhibition.
* 2002: Water-color painting "Looking Towards the Future" was selected to be in the first "China Water Color Painting of People Exhibition"
* 2002: Chow's three water-color paintings "Looking for Dreams", "Back Alley" and "The Movement of the Waves" were on display at the "Scenes of Yau Ma Tai, Tsim Sha Tsui and Mongkok – Hong Kong Water Color Painting Exhibition".
* 2003: Painting "Old Home" painted in "Tai O Hut" was on displayed at the exhibition hall of Hong Kong City Hall

## Advertisements

### Commercials

### Public service ad and activities

* 1987–1992: (Participated in some charity activities)
* 1993: "World Vivsion's FAMINE HOUR 30", Taiwan "Disaster Mitigation and Poverty Alleviation" event, Fund Raising Activity for Guangzhou Police Force, RTHK's "Solar Project" event, "Love Fills Tung Wah – Tung Wah Stars), "Give Children a Rick Dream" for fund raising for abandoned children in Taiwan, benefit concert "Warm Current Action" initiated by the Methodist Church, "Satrlight Charity Night Benefit Concert", and performed in the 25 anniversary fund raising concert for Chow's Alma Mater. St. Stephen's Church College.
* 1994: "Anti-Piracy Action" event, "Spreading Love and Joy" charity concert, "Hong Kong Warm Current Promotion Concert" for elderly Program, RTHK's "Solar Project 1994" event, "Ultimate Thousands" charity show, held 3 concerts and donated part of the ticket sales to charity organizations, "Tung Wah Charity Show", and Helping Hands Association's "Concern For the Elderly: Warm Current Action Benefit Concert".
* 1995: "Starlight Charity Night Benefit Concert", "Illumining the Light of Heart " Charity Benefit Concert, "Neighborhood Watch", Oxfam charity events as "Poverty & Wealth Banquet Star", "World Vivsion's FAMINE HOUR 30", "Anti-Piracy Fund" raising charity bazaar event, "All for One Charity Show", "Ambassador of Etiquette" for Singapore, "Against Fraudulence by Dishonest Trader Action" in Consumer Rights and Interests Protection Organization Pledge Convention, "Po Leung Kuk's Gala Spectacular" charity show, RTHK's "Solar Project" event, "Fighting against AIDS Action Concert" and "Tung Wah Charity Show".
* 1996: "Warm Current From Hong Kong for China" as part of "Elderly Famine 8 Hours" event, RTHK's "Solar Project" event, Ultimate Thousands for the Elderly" charity show, Hong Kong Years and Days" concert to raise fund for Guangdong "Initiate Hope" education plan and "Tung Wah Charity Show"
* 1999: Chow was appointed as the ambassador for the Society for Abandoned Animals (SAA), and shot promo posters
* 2000: Chow attended SAA fundraising event
* 2002: Donated clothing for Tung Wah charity sale, visited SAA for promotional event, and Invited by RTHK to create a card for the community project "Angel of Life".
* 2003: invited to be the ambassador for the "Non-Smokers' Movement of HK" and wrote a public letter to the Ex-Chief Executive Mr. Tung Chee Hwa, petitioning for the health hazards of smoking that are imposed on non-smokers.
* 2004: Donated all book royalties for "My Cat Son Pal Chow" to SAA (Society for Abandoned Animals) for their operation funds use, visited SAA again for promotional event, assisted in promoting women's American Pool game and brought about women pool fever in Hong Kong.
* 2005: Named as the 'Hong Kong Smoke Free Workplace Leading Company Ambassador' and participated in activities of propagandizing the health hazards of smoking, attended Po Leung Kuk's pledging ceremony for the " Caring Elderly Services Plan" and visited elderly who lived alone, attended the "Olympian City Denmark Christmas lighting event" as a guest star and promoted gift collection plan for the children accepting aid from Po Leung Kuk.
* 2006: Attended a makeup marathon charity event for Shiseido and raised money for Po Leung Kuk's "Caring and Serving the Elderly: University Experience Plan" , donated all of the rewards she got for the 3 concerts of "Vivian Chow – Back for Love 2006" to Non-Profit making Veterinary Service Society (NPV) to raise money for establishing a veterinary clinic, the guest star at Po Leung Kuk's "Caring and Serving the Elderly: University Experience Plan" commencement ceremony, invited to be Pink Ambassador for Hong Kong Cancer Fund (HKCF) to communicate the prevention and cure information of breast cancer and to promote events of international month of breast cancer, invited to be the guest for Festival Walk Christmas lighting event and autographed on a crystal butterfly certificate for auction, the money raised from which was donated to Make-A-Wish funds to help children with foul diseases.
* 2007: Invited to be Pink Ambassador again for Hong Kong Cancer Fund (HKCF) and to shoot a TV promo as well as posters to communicate the prevention and cure information of breast cancer to public, worked with World Vision again and went to Congo in Africa to visit the impoverished children and promoted the 'Child Sponsorship Program' and hosted TV program "Sponsor a Child, Make Christmas Merrier", attended Shiseido marathon make-up fundraising activity to help raise money for Po Leung Kuk's Elderly Services, invited to be the "Innocence Ambassador" to advocate for the sorrow coaching service program of EQ Ambassador Society, invited to be the "Computer Recycling Ambassador" by Environmental Protection Department and attended the Computer Recycling Plan Start-up event, attended NPV One Year Anniversary Celebration event as a donor and the guest star.
* 2008: Invited to make a presentation at the "Farewell to My Beloved Pet" event by Society for Abandoned Animals, attended the "Love My China 2008 New Entertainment Charity Stars Event" in Shanghai and received the "2008 Most Influential Charitable Star" award, invited by the HK government and Mainland affairs office to be ambassador for the campaign promoting HK citizens to register as a voter and shot a TV promo ad and posters, invited by Tobacco Control Office to be the host for tobacco control short promotional video, invited by Oxfam to be the ambassador for the China Development Fund and visited the impoverished villagers in Yunnan, China, participated in the Oxfam Rice Sale fundraising event for the Sichuan earthquake victims as Oxfam ambassador, participated in "Artistes 512 Fundraising Campaign" concert for the Sichuan earthquake victims, invited to be Pink Ambassador again for Hong Kong Cancer Fund (HKCF) for the third time and attended Pink Revolution Press Conference, attended "Pink Revolution" event co-organized by Shiseido Singapore and Cancer Fund as the special guest and Vivian's painting "The Movement of the Waves" was printed on shopping bags for charity sale, invited to be "Love and Care" Ambassador for China AIDS Initiative and went to Fuyang and Kunming, China to visit AIDS patients and to propagandize the prevention and treatment of AIDS, participated in fund-raising event for China Education for Girls Foundation co-organized by Shiseido and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), invited to be the Love Ambassador by Sowers Action and attend the "Love Soup Can Design Contest" award ceremony as the judge and award-presenting guest.
* 2009: Invited by World Vision and Commercial Radio to visit Nepal as Famine Child Sponsorship Ambassador, attend the China AIDS Initiative Check Handover Ceremony as the "Love and Care" Ambassador, attend "30 Hour Famine" Closing concert as Famine Child Sponsorship Ambassador and hosted the TV program "Sponsor and Rescue Hungry Children", private donation to fund the 2nd non-profit making veterinary clinics, personal donation to imbrue the establishment for the 2nd Non-Profit making Veterinary clinic, visited orphanage in Luoyang of Henan, China to learn about the Family Anew Movement organized by the orphanage and HK CEO Foundation, invited to be the judge for "Children and Teenager T-Shirt Design Competition" by HK CEO Foundation and presented the award ceremony, participate in the photo shoot for a photo exhibition "We Unite" which was organized to raise money for AIDS Concern, attend and perform in "Artistes 88 Fund Raising Campaign" at Asia World-Expo to raise money for flood victims in Taiwan, invited to be Pink Ambassador again for Hong Kong Cancer Fund (HKCF) for the fourth time and attended the annual Pink Revolution event, invited to be the ambassador for Make-A-Wish organization and participated in check handover and the award ceremony for the event of "In Full Support of Hong Kong 2009 East Asian Games: Cycling Charity Race, invited by Hong Kong AIDS Foundation to interview AIDS patient and write a chapter for the book "Positive Lives" as the "Love and Care" Ambassador for China AIDS Initiative, named as The Celeb who Made us Care by Cosmopolitan Hong Kong for Cosmopolitan Fun Fearless Awards 2009, attend "Hachiko: Christmas Party for Love" check handover ceremony as Non-Profit making Veterinary Service Society (NPV) donor and announced that NPV founded the Homeless Animals Medical Treatment Fund
* 2010: Attended NPV's charity premier for the movie Hachi: A Dog's Tale as a donor and addressed on promoting TNR (Trap-Neuter-Return) program for homeless animals, invited by China AIDS Initiative and Hong Kong AIDS Foundation, visited Gansu, China as the "Love and Care" Ambassador and hosted the inauguration ceremony for Clinics in Jinjizhen, Qingshui county, visited Dien Bien, Vietnam as a child sponsor for the World Vision Hong Kong and hosted TV Special "Sponsor a Child, Respond to the Silence and Hunger", attended the fund raising dinner held by Hong Kong AIDS Foundation and China AIDS Initiative as the "Love and Care" Ambassador and gave a benefit performance by singing "Moonlight in Town", invited to attend the "Listen to the Children: A 30-Hour Famine Sharing Session" as a child sponsor for the World Vision Hong Kong, received an award for "Philanthropist of the Year" of JeansWest Entertainment Awards and also invited to present the "Actor/Actress of the Year" awards, attend and sing in the Fundraising TV Programme \[Artistes 414 Fundraising Campaign\] for the victims of the earthquake in Yushu, China.
* 2011: Acting a "Chinese Love Ambassador"to attend the grand opening ceremony of 中國國際會館 and the charity dinner auction for Care in Yunnan and Disaster Areas in Japan. Vivan auctioned her personal collections in the dinner event and raised funds of HK$200,000, acting a "World Vision Child Sponsor" to attend the sharing session of Child Sponsorship in the"30-Hour Famine", acting a "Music Ambassador" to sing in a charity fundraising dinner event held at the Crossroads Global Distribution, invited to participate the dubbing of Japanese film "Wasao" in the Hong Kong version, sound interpretation of actress "Jie ji" and donated all of reward to NPV, invited by "HK Blood Foundation" to shoot a promotional video, hosted the TV special "Sponsor a child, I can do it" as a child sponsor for World Vision Hong Kong, attended the activities "charitable treatment day" held by group of Deo Derm to appeal for Africa Hunger Relief as Elyze spokesperson and a child sponsor for World Vision Hong Kong, invited by RTHK as presenter of "Touch the heart Award"in "Gala Extraordinaire – Stage of Ability"so as to promote United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities’, Visit Outer Mongolia as a child sponsor for the World Vision Hong Kong, Invited as the guest of honor to host the light-up ceremony at "New Town Plaza Starlight Garden"and also promote to sponsor a child for World Vision Hong Kong, invited by Hong Kong AIDS Foundation as "Love and Care"ambassador to make a speech in Musical theater at Sheung Wan Civic Centre (Theatre), hosted the TV special "Sponsor a child, gave the Life" as a child sponsor for World Vision Hong Kong, invited by the Hong Kong AIDS Foundation as "Love and Care" ambassador to sing at "20th Anniversary Charity Dinner".
* 2012: Invited by HK Cancer Fund to shoot a promotional video and photo, helped The Amity Foundation China recording the theme Choral song "Strong Smile", helped The Amity Foundation China recording the encourage video "同燃童心夏令營", attended "Used Book Recycling Campaign 2012"which can help constructing new school at Shanxi China, invited as "Love and Care"ambassador to attend "Love under the sun – Shenzhen and Hong Kong Summer Camp 2012" which co-organised by the Chinese Association of STD/AIDS Prevention and Control and Hong Kong Committee for China AIDS Initiative, appointed as The 2nd of "Guangzhou voluntary Hall of Fame", "Caring Ambassador of Voluntary Service canton Fair" and "Honor consultant of Guangzhou volunteer art troupe".
* 2013: Attended ACE Foundation Event to promote marine conservation, recorded theme song and music video "Everything is Possible" for Hong Kong charity SEDH Amity Foundation, invited by Medecins Sans Frontieres as principal Guest appearance at MSF Day, invited by NGO Green Monday as International Ambassador and participated in Green Monday's print advertisement as well as attending Green Monday's press conference at Hong Kong International Airport, Travelled with World Vision Hong Kong to Sri Lanka. The entire trip was filmed for TV programme to promote Child Sponsorship, as a special guest appearance at "Vivian Lai All For Love" charity concert.
* 2014: Invited by Early Psychosis Foundation to shoot the 2015 Calendar
* 2015: Published an articles for refugees after visited Syrian refugees in Jordan and Lebanon with World Vision Hong Kong, invited to be a performing guest for Love Foundation to support the Chinese Children, Invited to be a performing guest for "快樂玉米關愛兒童全國巡迴演唱會" in Dong Guan.
* 2016: Invited as a performing guest for Sasa with Suisse Programme Po Leung Kuk Annual Charity Ball, invited as officiating guest for "Run for Syrian Children" of the World Vision to raise awareness for Syrian children, attended "Sing To Celebrate 25th Anniversary Charity Dinner" hold by Hong Kong AIDS foundation.
* 2017: Visited Kolkata India with World Vision Hong Kong, invited by World Vision Hong Kong to shoot the campaign "We Are Sponsors" for promoting child sponsorship, invited as a performing guest for "莎莎邁向40美麗承存慈善演唱會".

## Publication

### Photo albums

* 1992: "Vivian Chow DREAMS"
* 1993: Pocket photo album (Included in the Album "浪漫" which released in Taiwan)
* 1993: "美不勝收"
* 1993: "Secrets"
* 1993: Pocket photo album II (Included in the Album "最愛" which released in Taiwan)
* 1993: "Vivian Chow Beautiful Cares"
* 1994: "周慧敏94寫真集"
* 1994: "周慧敏寫真集 – 成長"
* 1995: "周慧敏 – 純美的化身"

### Prose

| **Year** | **Title** | **Publication** | **ISBN** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2004 | "我的貓兒子周慧豹" | Crown | ISBN 9624517940 |

## Awards and nominations

* 1986: RTHK's (Radio Television Hong Kong) DJ competition – 1st Runner up
* 1988: Hong Kong Film Awards – nominated for "Best New Performer"
* 1989: RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards – "Best New Prospect Exceptional Award"
* 1992: Metro Hit Radio Hong Kong – "Attractive lips award"
* 1992: Commercial Radio Hong Kong – "Ten Artists with Healthy Image"
* 1992: Metro Hits Radio Hong Kong – "Top Ten Hit Artists"
* 1992: Hong Kong "Best Wife Award" (Winner)
* 1993: Min Sheng Daily Taiwan – 1992 Top Ten Hong Kong Actor/Actress (Winner)
* 1993: Chinatimes Taiwan – 1992 Top Ten Singers and Album (Winner)
* 1993: Next Magazine TV Awards – "Most Popular Artists" (Winner)"
* 1993: TVB – Jade Solid Gold The Most Popular Duet Song (Silver)
* 1993: Metro Hit Radio Hong Kong – Top Hit Female Singers (Bronze)
* 1993: Hong Kong "Best Wife Award" (2nd runner up)
* 1993: Taiwanese Media – "Hong Kong Star Lover in the Army"
* 1993: NHK Japan – "Most Popular Foreign Female Singer"
* 1993: Taiwanese Media – "Most Popular Hong Kong Female Artist"
* 1994: Hong Kong "Golden Rainbow Star"
* 1994: TVB Jade Solid Gold Best 10 Awards – Best Performance in New Generation (Silver)
* 1994: Hong Kong "The Most Ideal Mother"
* 1994: Sunday Weekly Magazine – Best photograph sales among all the female artists
* 1994: RTHK – "Ten Stars with Loving Hearts" appraisals
* 1994: Commercial Radio Hong Kong – "Ten Fittest Stars"
* 1994: Japanese Media – "Most Popular Hong Kong Female Singer"
* 1995: Sunday Weekly Magazine – Best photograph sales among all the female artists
* 1995: Voted by middle school students – "the No. 1 Dream Girl"
* 1995: Chosen as the new successor
* 1995: Most popular cover characters by appearing on 15 magazines in a year
* 1995: Named as one of "Asian Pop Divas" by Japanese critics along with Faye Wong and Sandy Lam
* 1995: Taiwanese Media – "Top 10 Dream Girls of Military Men"
* 1995: Chinese Media – "Top 10 Most Popular Performers"
* 1995: Great News Taiwan – "Top Ten Star Lovers"
* 1995: Japanese Media – "Kansai Pop Diva"
* 1996: Apple Daily Hong Kong – The most favorite female artist under 18 and the second most favorite female artist above 18
* 1996: Famous Japanese new magazine "SAPIO" – "No.1 Popular Female Pop Singer of Hong Kong"
* 1996: The first Chinese female singer appeared on the cover of Japanese popular comic magazine "SUPER JUMP"
* 1996: "Top Ten Celebrities on Internet" – First ranking among Chinese artists
* 2001: Taiwanese Media – "Most Wanted for a Comeback"
* 2001: Chow's painting "Old Man from San Geung" won the "New Vision Award" in the "New Vision: Water Based Media Paintings" exhibition
* 2002: Chow's water-color painting "Looking at the Past, Looking Towards the Future" was selected to be the best five of Hong Kong in the first "China Water Color Painting of People Exhibition."
* 2004: Chow released her first book "My Cat Son Pal Chow," which quickly sold more than 20,000 books and was also in the top 10 best-selling books for months
* 2004: Played in the "First Official Pool Billiards Team League in Hong Kong"
* 2005: Leo Ku invited Chow to sing a duet "Love too late" with him, the song became the most popular song in Karaoke for months
* 2006: Voted by the readers of Cosmopolitan Magazine Hong Kong – My Favorite Spokesperson
* 2006: Voted by the readers of magazine "Fashion & Beauty" – My Favorite Spokesperson
* 2006: Metro Hit Radio Hong Kong – "The Best Hit Karaoke Song of 2006" ("Love too late" – Duet Version)
* 2007: Chinese fashion magazine "Good Housekeeping" – "Most Feminine Chinese Lady"
* 2007: Voted by the readers of Cosmopolitan Magazine Hong Kong – My Favorite Spokesperson in "Best of The Best Beauty Awards"
* 2008: Voted by the readers of More Magazine – My Favorite Brand Ambassador of Cosmetics Brands of Forever Love Beauty Awards
* 2008: Shanghai Media – "Most Influential Artist for Charity in 2008"
* 2009: Shiseido China confers on people who've made outstanding contribution in the domains of cosmetic & makeup, societal culture and environment the title of "Shiseido Star of City" on July 31, 2009. Vivian is given the title of "Expo Star of City" in the domain of cosmetic & makeup
* 2009: Voted by the readers of Weekend Weekly – My Favorite Brand Ambassador (Elyze) of Cosmetic Service Awards
* 2009: Bazaar China – "The Most Beautiful 40 years-old with Bazaar Style" in December issue
* 2009: Cosmopolitan Hong Kong – The Celeb Who Made Us Care representative person of Fun Fearless Awards 2009 in charity field
* 2010: Voted by the male readers of Esquire China – The no.1 of "The Legend of Beauty – The most beautiful Hong Kong Actress in two decades"
* 2010: Beijing Media – "Philanthropist in 2010" award
* 2010: Bazaar China – "The Best Face award" in September issue
* 2010: Voted by Hong Kong lesbian – "Top Dream Lover"
* 2010: Voted by internet users – "The Best Wife in Town" (fourth place)
* 2010: Cosmopolitan China – "Asian Charming Looks Awards" of Beauty Awards 2010
* 2011: One of winner of "The 23rd of top 10 Best Dressed Personalities Award – Fashion Visionaries"
* 2012: Mr. Magazine Hong Kong – "The Ten Most Attractive Woman"
* 2012: Voted by Korean internet user – "the youngest face beautiful woman"
* 2015: The character Chow played in the 90's famous drama "The Greed of Man" touched a lot of television viewers while the drama re-released again on TVB
* 2015: TVB Drama Awards – The Most Popular Classic Drama – "The Greed of Man"
* 2015: Voted by Hong Kong internet users – "The No.1 Goddess"

## InfoBox

| Vivian Chow | |
| --- | --- |
| Chow in 2011 | |
| Born | (1967-11-10) 10 November 1967
Hong Kong |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, actress |
| Years active | 1986–1997, 2004–present |
| Spouse | Joe Nieh (2009–present) |
| Awards | New Talent Singing Awards – 1986 Radio Hong Kong Radio Amateur DJ Competition runner-up

 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Zhōu Huìmǐn  Yue: Cantonese  Jyutping Zau1 Wai6-man5 | |
|  | |
|  | |
| **Musical career** | |
| Origin | Hong Kong |
| Genres | Cantopop, Mandopop, Japanese pop, Gospel |
| Instrument | Piano |
| Labels | PolyGram (1991–1997) |
|  | |


title: Los Ángeles de Charly

abstract: Los Angeles de Charly is a Mexican cumbia group led by vocalist Carlos Becies. The group was formed in 1999, after Charly Becies and fellow vocalists Guillermo "Memo" Palafox and Jonathan Martínez left the popular group Los Ángeles Azules and became one of leading exporters of the romantic Mexican cumbia genre. In 2000, the group's ten-track album Un Sueño peaked at No. 29 on the Billboard Independent Albums chart. Their follow-up album Te Voy a Enamorar was released in 2001 and went on to be number one on the Billboard Top Latin Albums chart.

text:
# Los Ángeles de Charly

**Los Angeles de Charly** is a Mexican cumbia group led by vocalist Carlos Becies. The group was formed in 1999, after Charly Becies and fellow vocalists Guillermo "Memo" Palafox and Jonathan Martínez left the popular group Los Ángeles Azules and became one of leading exporters of the romantic Mexican cumbia genre. In 2000, the group's ten-track album *Un Sueño* peaked at No. 29 on the *Billboard* Independent Albums chart. Their follow-up album *Te Voy a Enamorar* was released in 2001 and went on to be number one on the *Billboard* Top Latin Albums chart.

## Discography

* *La Magia Del Amor* • 1999
* *Un Sueño • 2000*
* *Te Voy A Enamorar* • 2001
* *Bonita Mujer* • 2002
* *Recuerdos* • 2003
* *Carta De Amor* • 2004
* *Cuando Te Enamoras* • 2005
* *Un Tiempo, Un Estilo, Un Amor* • 2006
* *Mi eterno Amor Secreto* • 2007
* *Luna Desnuda* • 2008
* *De Amores y Recuerdos* • 2011
* *Romántico* • 2019

## Studio albums

## Direct albums

## Compilations

## Official Video Clips

* Me Vas A Recordar (1999)
* Amor Secreto (1999)
* Mentiras (1999)
* Un sueño (2000)
* Toda (2000)
* Me Volvi A Acordar De Ti (2001)
* Que levante la mano (2001)
* Por Un Minuto De Tu Amor (2002)
* !Y Qué! (2004)
* Cuando te enamoras (Univision music group (2005)
* Ya me enteré (2020) Gerencia 360


title: Ficus albipila

abstract: Ficus albipila, the abbey tree, is a species of flowering plant in the family Moraceae, native to India, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, the Lesser Sunda Islands, New Guinea, and Queensland. It is a widespread rainforest tree reaching 35 m (115 ft).

text:
# Ficus albipila

***Ficus albipila***, the **abbey tree**, is a species of flowering plant in the family Moraceae, native to India, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, the Lesser Sunda Islands, New Guinea, and Queensland. It is a widespread rainforest tree reaching 35 m (115 ft).

## InfoBox

| *Ficus albipila* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Trunk | |
|  | |
| Foliage | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Moraceae |
| Genus: | *Ficus* |
| Species: | ***F. albipila*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ficus albipila***
(Miq.) King | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| List * + *Covellia albipila* Miq.     + *Ficus albipila* var. *glabra* Corner     + *Ficus colossea* F.Muell. ex Benth.     + *Ficus mallotoides* Valeton ex Backer     + *Ficus microtricherinos* Backer     + *Ficus mollis* var. *albipila* (Miq.) Miq.     + *Morus leucophylla* Miq. | |


title: Lost Boy (musical)

abstract: Lost Boy is a 2013 musical by Phil Willmott. The plot follows the characters of the original 1904 play Peter Pan as young adults on the eve of the First World War.

text:
# Lost Boy (musical)

**Lost Boy** is a 2013 musical by Phil Willmott. The plot follows the characters of the original 1904 play Peter Pan as young adults on the eve of the First World War.

## Production

The show premiered at Finborough Theatre on 31 December 2013, and ran until 11 January 2014. It was directed by Phil Willmott and choreographed by Racky Plews, with music provided the three onstage musicians. The show then transferred to Charing Cross Theatre, where it opened on 13 January 2014, and ran until March 29.

## Premise

Captain George Llewellyn Davies, dreaming while near a battlefield in the midst of the First World War, dreams of the Peter Pan characters.

Now in 1914, Peter Pan has returned to England to rejoin Wendy. He becomes a soldier, quickly rising through the ranks. Meanwhile, Tinkerbell, who has been rejected by Peter, frequents the brothels and opium dens of the East End, while Tiger Lily is a Parisian trouper.

Wendy's brother, Michael, has become a trapeze artist struggling with the stigma surrounding his homosexuality. John, the youngest sibling, has become a psychiatrist.

## Reception

The show was criticized for its density, but its cast were generally praised for their performances, as was the choreography, lighting, and set design. The show's humor was also noted positively.


title: The Way the Wind Blows

abstract: The Way the Wind Blows is the third studio album by A Hawk and a Hacksaw, released in 2006 on The Leaf Label.

text:
# The Way the Wind Blows

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | link |
| Drowned In Sound | 8/10 link |

***The Way the Wind Blows*** is the third studio album by A Hawk and a Hacksaw, released in 2006 on The Leaf Label.

## Track listing

1. "In the River"
2. "The Way the Wind Blows"
3. "Song for Joseph"
4. "Fernando's Giampari"
5. "God Bless the Ottoman Empire"
6. "Waltz for Strings and Tuba"
7. "Oporto"
8. "Gadje Sirba"
9. "The Sparrow"
10. "Salt Water"
11. "There Is a River in Galisteo"

## Personnel

* Jeremy Barnes – Accordion, Piano, Percussion, Vocals
* Heather Trost – Violin, Viola
* Ariel Muniz – Cello
* Dan Clucas – Cornet
* Constantin 'Sulo' Calin – Euphonium
* Joseph Garcia – Oud
* Daniel Ivancea – Alto Saxophone
* Costica 'Cimai' Trifan – Trumpet
* Zach Condon – Trumpet ("In the River", "Fernando's Giampari")
* Constantin 'Pinca' Cantea – Tuba
* Mark Weaver – Tuba
* Additional Vocals by Griffin Rodriguez, Ian Scroggins, James Duddy, Joseph Williams, Matthew Taylor, Otto Barthel, Robbie Mueller
* Artwork by Laurie Latham

## External sources

Leaf Label site

## InfoBox

| The Way the Wind Blows | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by A Hawk and a Hacksaw | |
| Released | October 10, 2006 |
| Label | The Leaf Label |
| A Hawk and a Hacksaw chronology | |
| *Darkness at Noon*
(2005) ***The Way the Wind Blows***
(2006) *A Hawk and a Hacksaw and the Hun Hangár Ensemble*
(2007) | |


title: Long Island Association

abstract: The Long Island Association (LIA) is an organization representing businesses in the Long Island region. The LIA's members together employ two-thirds of Long Island's workforce. The LIA was founded in July 1926 as the Long Island Chamber of Commerce to promote business relocation from New York City. The LIA headquarters remained in Manhattan until 1949; it is now based in Melville. Former presidents included William J. Casey, later CIA Director under President Ronald Reagan, and James Lacrocca, former New York State Commissioner of Energy and Transportation. As of November 2023, it is led by Matt Cohen.

text:
# Long Island Association

The **Long Island Association** (**LIA**) is an organization representing businesses in the Long Island region. The LIA's members together employ two-thirds of Long Island's workforce. The LIA was founded in July 1926 as the Long Island Chamber of Commerce to promote business relocation from New York City. The LIA headquarters remained in Manhattan until 1949; it is now based in Melville.

Former presidents included William J. Casey, later CIA Director under President Ronald Reagan, and James Lacrocca, former New York State Commissioner of Energy and Transportation. As of November 2023, it is led by Matt Cohen.


abstract: The 1974 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship was the 80th staging of the Limerick Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Limerick County Board. Kilmallock were the defending champions. On 17 November 1974, Kilmallock won the championship after a 2–09 to 3–05 defeat of Patrickswell in the final. It was their fourth championship title overall and their second title in succession.

text:
# 1974 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship

The **1974 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship** was the 80th staging of the Limerick Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Limerick County Board.

Kilmallock were the defending champions.

On 17 November 1974, Kilmallock won the championship after a 2–09 to 3–05 defeat of Patrickswell in the final. It was their fourth championship title overall and their second title in succession.

## Results

### Final

| 17 November 1974 Final | **Kilmallock** | **2-09 - 3-05** | **Patrickswell** | Gaelic Grounds, Limerick |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

## InfoBox

1974 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
| Champions | Kilmallock (4th title) |
| --- | --- |
| Runners-up | Patrickswell |
| 1973 (Previous) (Next) 1975 | |


title: Porvoo Hunters

abstract: Porvoo Hunters is an ice hockey club based in Porvoo, Finland. The team played the 2018–19 season in Suomi-sarja (the third top league in Finland after Liiga and Mestis. During the 2018-2019 season they finished 2nd overall and qualified for the promotion playoffs against Peliitat.

text:
# Porvoo Hunters

**Porvoo Hunters** is an ice hockey club based in Porvoo, Finland. The team played the 2018–19 season in Suomi-sarja (the third top league in Finland after Liiga and Mestis. During the 2018-2019 season they finished 2nd overall and qualified for the promotion playoffs (for the first time) against Peliitat.

## InfoBox

| Porvoo Hunters | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| City | Porvoo, Finland |
| League | Suomi-sarja |
| Founded | 1997 (1997) |
| Home arena | **Porvoon jäähalli** (capacity 1,500) |
| Colours |  |
| General manager | Markku Välimäki |
| Head coach | Sami Ryhänen |
| Captain | Miika Runsala |
| Website | porvoohunters.fi |


title: Proeulia apospasta

abstract: Proeulia apospasta is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Chile. The length of the forewings is about 10 mm. The forewings are ochreous, slightly ferruginous ochreous in external portion, and strongly ochreous at the wing base. The hindwings are light fuscous with a slightly brassy hue.

text:
# Proeulia apospasta

***Proeulia apospasta*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Chile.

The length of the forewings is about 10 mm. The forewings are ochreous, slightly ferruginous ochreous in external portion, and strongly ochreous at the wing base. The hindwings are light fuscous with a slightly brassy hue.

## InfoBox

| *Proeulia apospasta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Proeulia* |
| Species: | ***P. apospasta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Proeulia apospasta***<br>Obraztsov, 1964 | |
|


title: Wang Ping (Three Kingdoms)

abstract: Wang Ping, courtesy name Zijun, was a military general of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China. Originally a military officer serving under the warlord Cao Cao. In 219, he defected to Cao Cao's rival Liu Bei during the Hanzhong Campaign. Although he was a talented orator, Wang Ping never learned to read because he joined the army at a young age. However, he did not let this disadvantage stop him and had his clerk help him with his reports. Known for his self discipline, he steadily rose through the ranks to become a senior general. During his career, he defeated Zhang He, quelled Wei Yan's alleged rebellion and was the leading commander of the Shu forces during the Battle of Xingshi. The highest position he reached was Senior General Who Guards the North (鎮北大將軍).

text:
# Wang Ping (Three Kingdoms)

**Wang Ping** (died 248), courtesy name **Zijun**, was a military general of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China. Originally a military officer serving under the warlord Cao Cao. In 219, he defected to Cao Cao's rival Liu Bei during the Hanzhong Campaign. Although he was a talented orator, Wang Ping never learned to read because he joined the army at a young age. However, he did not let this disadvantage stop him and had his clerk help him with his reports. Known for his self discipline, he steadily rose through the ranks to become a senior general. During his career, he defeated Zhang He, quelled Wei Yan's alleged rebellion and was the leading commander of the Shu forces during the Battle of Xingshi. The highest position he reached was Senior General Who Guards the North (鎮北大將軍).

## Early life

Wang Ping was born in Dangqu County, Baxi Commandery (巴西郡), which is present-day Qu County, Sichuan. A native from the same commandery as another Shu Han general, Ju Fu. He was raised by his maternal family, whose family name was He (), so he was also known as **He Ping**. He presumably changed his family name back to Wang in his later years because historical records show no consistency in recording his name. It could also be possible that his name was changed to Wang Ping posthumously.

## Service under Cao Cao

Wang Ping started his career under two local tribe leaders, Du Huo (杜濩) and Pu Hu (朴胡). In 215, after the Battle of Yangping, Zhang Lu fled to them for help and better surrendering terms with Cao Cao. After Zhang Lu's surrender, Cao Cao enfeoffed Du Huo and Pu Hu as Marquis with the mission of defending Badong (巴東) and Baxi (巴西) commanderies. However Du Huo and Pu Hu were defeated by Huang Quan and forced to abandon the Ba region. After this, Wang Ping accompanied them to visit the Han imperial court, Luoyang where he was appointed as an acting Colonel (校尉) under Xiahou Yuan.

During the Hanzhong Campaign, Wang Ping fought with Cao Cao's forces to counter Liu Bei's invasion. In 219, Liu Bei killed Xiahou Yuan at the battle of Mount Dingjun, from then on he would occupy the strategic passes, refusing engagement that could jeopardize the campaign and concentrate on a war of attrition against Cao Cao's forces. With each day, more and more of Cao Cao's soldiers would die or desert. Wang Ping was among the latter. Liu Bei welcomed Wang Ping and appointed him as an Officer of the Standard (牙門將) and Major General (裨將軍).

## Service under Shu

In 228, when Zhuge Liang, launched the first of a series of military campaigns against Shu's rival state Cao Wei, Wang Ping served as a subordinate of Ma Su, who led the vanguard force to attack the enemy at the Battle of Jieting. As Ma Su's subordinate, Wang Ping advised his superior against camping on top of a hill away from water sources. Although Ma Su rejected Wang Ping's advice, he still put Wang Ping in command of a detachment of troops and let him set up a camp below the hill. As Wang Ping foresaw, the Wei general Zhang He led his troops to cut off the Shu army's access to water sources and surround them on the hill.

Upon receiving news of Ma Su's dire situation, Wang Ping led his 1,000 troops to the hill and ordered them to beat their drums loudly to create the impression that reinforcements had arrived. Zhang He mistook the drum sounds as a signal for ambush units, so he did not attack in Wang Ping's direction and pulled back. Wang Ping was thus able to regroup Ma Su's remaining troops and gather the Shu army's scattered supplies. In the aftermath of the loss of Jieting, Zhuge Liang had Ma Su executed for his blunder. Li Sheng (李盛) and Zhang Xiu (張休) were also put to death while Huang Xi (黃襲) along with others were relieved of the command of their soldiers. However, Wang Ping actions were met with honour and praise. Zhuge Liang appointed Wang Ping as Army Advisor with the task of managing military and camp affairs. Wang Ping was furthermore promoted to the rank of General Who Attacks Bandits (討寇將軍) and enfeoffed as a Marquis (亭侯).

In 231, when Zhuge Liang launched the fourth campaign against Wei, he tasked Wang Ping by ordering him to guard a hill located south of a Shu fortress at Lucheng (鹵城). While Sima Yi led his forces to attack Zhuge Liang, Zhang He led his soldiers to attack Wang Ping. However, Wang Ping firmly defended his position, managed to hold off the attack then drive back Zhang He.

After Zhuge Liang's death in 234, Wei Yan and Yang Yi entered into a power struggle with Wei Yan blocking the retreat route of the Shu forces to keep up the campaign against Wei. When they met in battle Yang Yi ordered Wang Ping to lead the soldiers, before the battle started Wang Ping came forward and called out to Wei Yan: "His Excellency (Zhuge Liang) had just died and his body had yet to turn cold, and now you dare to do something like this!". Wei Yan's soldiers knew that their commander was in the wrong therefore they soon scattered.

In one battle, Wei Yan's alleged mutiny was quelled and this was Wang Ping's achievement. Therefore, he was appointed as Rear Controller of the Army (後典軍), General Who Pacifies Han (安漢將軍) and as Administrator of Hanzhong (漢中太守) under the supervision of a senior Shu general, General of Chariots and Cavalry (車騎將軍), Wu Yi. Following Wu Yi's death in 237, Wang Ping replaced him as Area Commander of Hanzhong (漢中都督). The Shu emperor Liu Shan also enfeoffed Wang Ping as the Marquis of Anhan.

Thereafter, in 238 Jiang Wan led his troops to station at Mianyang and appointed Wang Ping as the Vanguard Protector of the Army (前護軍). Wang Ping was also given responsibility to manage his office affairs. In 243, however due to his poor health, Jiang Wan had to abandon his plan for a large campaign against Wei and relocate his base to Fu County (涪縣; present-day Mianyang, Sichuan). Nevertheless, he did promote Wang Ping to Vanguard Supervisor of the Army (前監軍), Senior General Who Guards the North (鎮北大將軍) and relocated him as Area Commander of Hanzhong again.

## Battle of Xingshi

In 244, the Wei regent Cao Shuang led an army of more than 100,000 soldiers with mixed cavalry and infantry to attack Hanzhong Commandery. While Hanzhong Commandery had less than 30,000 men and Wang Ping's subordinates, feeling intimidated by the sheer size of the enemy force in comparison to them, urged their general to vacate the area for a more concentrated defence to the rear.

An officer in Wang Ping's staff said: "For the moment, our strength is not sufficient to face such a strong enemy hence we should firmly retreat and defend the two cities of Hancheng and Luocheng. When the enemy come, we should let them go through the passes then when we are strong enough, the Fu army will be enough to defeat them and rescue the pass."

However Wang Ping answered: "I disagree with your plan. From Hanzhong to Fu, there is nearly a distance of a thousand *li*. It would allow the enemy to take the passes, from then they could easily defend it. Afterward, they could use it as a base for their next invasion. Here? we could risk a disaster. But now, the right course of action is to first send Liu Min and the Army Advisor Du to occupy the Xingshi's mountain while I will serve as the rear guard. If the enemy send a division toward Huangjin valley then I will lead a thousand men down there to defeat them. I will defend this position until the Fu army arrive. This is the best plan."

Among Wang Ping's officers, the General Who Protects the Army (護軍將軍) Liu Min insisted on following the defence arrangements previously set up by Wei Yan (when he was in charge of Hanzhong Commandery) to resist Wei invasions. Wang Ping agreed with Liu Min and ordered the troops to advance to Xingshi and occupy the mountains. Although he had only less than 30,000 troops at the time, the enemy did not know the strength of his army. Liu Min also ordered the Shu troops to erect a flow of flags and streamers across the mountain to create the impression of a larger army. When Cao Shuang led his army far into Shu's territory, Wang Ping's forces held the high ground and the mountains to solidify their defences and therefore stopped their advance. Later, Shu reinforcements from Fu and also Chengdu led by Fei Yi showed up at Xingshi. Thus, the Wei army ordered a retreat just as Wang Ping had originally planned.

## Appraisal and death

Chen Shou, who wrote Wang Ping's biography in the *Records of the Three Kingdoms* (*Sanguozhi*), appraised him as follows: "Wang Ping was loyal and brave yet lived a strict lifestyle... Along with Huang Quan, Li Hui, Lü Kai, Ma Zhong, Zhang Ni, It was thanks to their qualities that they were all well known through the empire and because they seized the opportunity given to them that they left strong legacies."

As Wang Ping came from a humble background and spent most of his life in the military, he received very little education. He could not write a single word and could read only a mere 10 words or so. Whenever he needed to write reports, he would dictate it to his clerk yet the reports were all rational and insightful. As he feared that others would ridicule him for his inability to read, he looked down on himself and belittle his own achievements and reputation. However, in his free time; he liked having others read him the *Shiji* and *Hanshu*’s various Annals and Biographies and could discuss them fluently.

Wang Ping was known to strictly obey the law and for his discipline. He never cracked jokes or took situation lightly. From morning until dusk, his conduct was upright. Never, he would not appear as a military general. At the time, Wang Ping was in the north, Deng Zhi was in the east and Ma Zhong was in the south. The three of them had outstanding achievements and reputation.

Wang Ping died in 248. His son, Wang Xun (王訓), inherited his father's title and became the next Marquis of Anhan (安漢侯).

## In *Romance of the Three Kingdoms*

In the 14th-century historical novel *Romance of the Three Kingdoms*, Wang Ping was given a fictionalised and more prominent role in the Hanzhong Campaign, opposing Xu Huang's tactics and defecting. Xu Huang wanted his army to cross the Han River and battle Liu Bei's forces on the other side. Wang Ping warned that it would be impossible to retreat once they crossed the river, as the river would significantly slow down the retreat and they would be vulnerable to enemy fire. Xu Huang claimed that the soldiers would fight to the death and have no need to retreat if they were in a dire situation (in conjunction with the tactic by legendary Western Han dynasty general Han Xin, where he purposely placed his army near a river in order to unleash their full potential).

Wang Ping then claimed that Han Xin only used that tactic because the opposition had no strategist to see through it, but Liu Bei's army had the support of Zhuge Liang, who would be able to easily see through this tactic. Xu Huang refused to listen and, as expected, suffered great defeat. He asked why Wang Ping did not come to his rescue, and Wang Ping replied, "If I came to rescue you with my portion of the army, then our main camp would have had no protection; I warned you multiple times against crossing the river, but you did not listen, which resulted in this defeat." Xu Huang was greatly angered by this and planned to kill Wang Ping that night. However, the plan was leaked out and Wang Ping set the camp on fire and defected to Liu Bei's side.

Right before Zhuge Liang died, he named Wang Ping, along with Liao Hua, Ma Dai, Zhang Ni and Zhang Yi, as the loyal generals of Shu who should be given greater responsibilities.

## InfoBox

| Wang Ping | |
| --- | --- |
| 王平 | |
| Statue of Wang Ping in the Zhuge Liang Memorial Temple in Chengdu, Sichuan | |
|  | |
| Senior General Who Guards the North
(鎮北大將軍) | |
| **In office**
243 (243)–248 (248) | |
| Monarch | Liu Shan |
| Area Commander of Hanzhong
(漢中都督) | |
| **In office**
243 (243)–248 (248) | |
| Monarch | Liu Shan |
| Succeeded by | Hu Ji |
| **In office**
237 (237)–238 (238) | |
| Monarch | Liu Shan |
| Preceded by | Wu Yi |
| General Who Pacifies Han
(安漢將軍) | |
| **In office**
234 (234)–238 (238) | |
| Monarch | Liu Shan |
| General Who Attacks Bandits
(討寇將軍) | |
| **In office**
228 (228)–234 (234) | |
| Monarch | Liu Shan |
| Chancellor | Zhuge Liang |
| Officer of the Standard
(牙門將) | |
| **In office**
219 (219)–228 (228) | |
| Monarch | Liu Bei / Liu Shan |
| Colonel
(校尉) | |
| **In office**
215 (215)–219 (219) | |
| Monarch | Emperor Xian of Han |
| Chancellor | Cao Cao |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Unknown
Qu County, Sichuan |
| Died | 248 |
| Children | Wang Xun |
| Occupation | General |
| Courtesy name | Zijun (子均) |
| Other name | He Ping (何平) |
| Peerage | Marquis of Anhan
(安漢侯) |
|  | |


title: Vu!

abstract: Vu!, also operating as Bell TV On Demand, is a Canadian English and French language pay-per-view and Video on Demand provider that launched in October 1999 and is owned by Bell Media. Vu! is the largest PPV service provider in Canada and is available on Telus Satellite TV, Bell Satellite TV, Bell Fibe TV, and Bell Aliant FibreOP. It not only offers pay-per-view content but also features pay-per-day, pay-per-month and pay-per-year on select programming.

text:
# Vu!

**Vu!**, also operating as **Bell TV On Demand**, is a Canadian English and French language pay-per-view and Video on Demand provider that launched in October 1999 and is owned by Bell Media. Vu! is the largest PPV service provider in Canada and is available on Telus Satellite TV, Bell Satellite TV, Bell Fibe TV, and Bell Aliant FibreOP. It not only offers pay-per-view content but also features pay-per-day, pay-per-month and pay-per-year on select programming.

## History

Vu! started operations in October 1999.

On July 5, 2013, Bell Canada's media arm (and Bell TV's sister company), Bell Media, acquired control of a competing pay-per-view service, Viewers Choice, which currently primarily serves cable companies, as part of their takeover of Astral Media. In July 2014, industry website Cartt.ca reported that Viewers Choice would be shutting down on September 30, 2014. Vu! was directly unaffected by the shutdown except that it also began to serve Bell Aliant customers in place of Viewers Choice after the channel shut down.

## Programming

Vu!'s programming consists of films, concerts, live boxing, Ultimate Fighting Championship, WWE and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, All Elite Wrestling, World Series of Poker and other special events. They also consist of select programming from AXS TV as well as various sports packages including NHL Centre Ice, NFL Sunday Ticket, NASCAR In Car, NCAA basketball, HPItv horse racing, and cricket.

## Red Carpet Vu!

In an effort to compete with the video on demand services offered by cable companies, Vu! has launched **Red Carpet Vu!**. This service features 8 channels with new releases and hit films playing all day with a film starting every 15 minutes.

## Venus

**Venus** is Bell Satellite TV's adult pornography pay-per-view service, operated separately from Vu! (but under the same licence) with more expensive prices. Bell receivers can access two channels, one in English and one in French, for information on how to block all pornographic channels, including Venus. There are 15 Venus pay-per-view channels:

* 11 English language PPV channels
* 3 French language PPV channels
* 1 PPV channel featuring gay pornography

## InfoBox

Vu!
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Canada |
| Broadcast area | National |
| Headquarters | Toronto, Ontario |
| Programming | |
| Picture format | 480i (SDTV)<br>1080i (HDTV) |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Bell Media |
| History | |
| Launched | October 1999 |
| Links | |
| Website | Vu! |


title: USS Randolph (CV-15)

abstract: USS Randolph (CV/CVA/CVS-15) was one of 24 Essex-class aircraft carriers built during World War II for the United States Navy. The second US Navy ship to bear the name, she was named for Founding Father Peyton Randolph, president of the First Continental Congress. Randolph was commissioned in October 1944, and served in several campaigns in the Pacific Theater of Operations, earning three battle stars. Decommissioned shortly after the end of the war, she was modernized and recommissioned in the early 1950s as an attack carrier (CVA), and then eventually became an antisubmarine carrier (CVS). In her second career she operated exclusively in the Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Caribbean. In the early 1960s she served as the recovery ship for two Project Mercury space missions, including John Glenn's historic first orbital flight. She was decommissioned in 1969 and sold for scrap in 1975.

text:
# USS Randolph (CV-15)

**USS *Randolph* (CV/CVA/CVS-15)** was one of 24 *Essex*-class aircraft carriers built during World War II for the United States Navy. The second US Navy ship to bear the name, she was named for Founding Father Peyton Randolph, president of the First Continental Congress. *Randolph* was commissioned in October 1944, and served in several campaigns in the Pacific Theater of Operations, earning three battle stars. Decommissioned shortly after the end of the war, she was modernized and recommissioned in the early 1950s as an attack carrier (CVA), and then eventually became an antisubmarine carrier (CVS).

In her second career she operated exclusively in the Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Caribbean. In the early 1960s she served as the recovery ship for two Project Mercury space missions, including John Glenn's historic first orbital flight. She was decommissioned in 1969 and sold for scrap in 1975.

## Construction and commissioning

*Randolph* was one of the "long-hull" *Essex*-class ships. She was laid down on 10 May 1943 in Shipway 10, at Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co., Newport News, Virginia. She was launched on 28 June 1944, sponsored by Rose Gillette (wife of Guy M. Gillette, a US Senator from Iowa). *Randolph* was commissioned on 9 October 1944.

## Service history

### World War II

Following shakedown off Trinidad, *Randolph* got underway for the Panama Canal and the Pacific. On 31 December, she reached San Francisco where Air Group 87 was detached and Air Group 12 reported on board for four months duty.

On 20 January 1945, *Randolph* departed San Francisco for Ulithi, from which she sortied on 10 February with Task Force 58 (TF 58). She launched attacks on 16–17 February against Tokyo airfields and the Tachikawa engine plant. The following day, she made a strike on the island of Chichi Jima. On 20 February, she launched three aerial sweeps in support of ground forces invading Iwo Jima and two against Haha Jima. During the next four days, further strikes hit Iwo Jima and combat air patrols were flown almost continuously. Three sweeps against airfields in the Tokyo area and one against Hachijo Jima followed on 25 February before the carrier returned to Ulithi.

Riding at anchor at Ulithi on 11 March, a Yokosuka P1Y1 "Frances" *kamikaze* hit *Randolph* on the starboard side aft just below the flight deck, killing 27 men, including four reported missing and five transferred to the hospital ship *Relief* where they later died, and wounding 105, during Operation Tan No. 2.

The initial damage assessment by the ship's captain and later confirmed by task force commander, Admiral Raymond Spruance, was that *Randolph*'s damage was beyond the repair capabilities at Pearl Harbor and the ship would have to return to Navy facilities on the US west coast, effectively taking *Randolph* out of action for some five months, including the upcoming invasion of Okinawa. At this point, *Randolph's* catapult officer was able to convince the captain and Spruance that repairs could be completed at sea utilizing USS *Jason* (AR-8), a repair ship in the immediate vicinity.

What ensued became the most extensive repair at sea ever performed by the US Navy. The captain's first act was to move number six (forward) arresting-gear catapult engine aft to replace the destroyed number one engine. This returned *Randolph*, very quickly, to an operational status. With *Randolph* able to launch and retrieve aircraft, and thus defend herself, repairs focused on the massive task, at the ship's stern, involving the replacement of structural steel components forming the hangar deck, aircraft elevator framework and flight deck support, all warped or destroyed by the fires ignited by the kamikaze hit. Some 29 tons of structural steel, including I-beams salvaged from a Japanese sugar mill on newly liberated Saipan, were utilized. An additional 7,500 board feet of lumber was required to repair *Randolph’s* flight deck. In the words of Cmdr. Charles Minter, assistant air officer on board *Randolph*, "That decision to remain in the forward area \[for repairs\] allowed us to complete the war in an operational status. I doubt anyone could estimate how long we would have been in the yard had we gone back to the States, and the loss of the *Randolph* at that particular time would have been crucial. Slingin' Sam (Lt. Cmdr. Samuel Humphreys) saved the day".

Working twenty four hours a day at sea off Ulithi, *Randolph’s* repairs, initiated after the fires from the 11 March kamikaze attack were extinguished, were completed by 1 April, the launch date of the Okinawa invasion. *Randolph* joined Task Force 58 on 7 April. Combat air patrols (CAP) were flown daily until 14 April, when strikes were sent against Okinawa, Ie Shima, and Kakeroma Island. The following day, an air support mission of fighters, bombers, and torpedo planes hit Okinawa and a fighter sweep struck an airfield in southern Kyūshū. Under daily air attack from 17 April on, *Randolph* continued to send her aircraft on CAP and support missions throughout the month.

In May, planes from the carriers hit the Ryukyu Islands and southern Japan, Kikai (Amami Islands) naval base and airfields, and Kyūshū airfields. Becoming the flagship of TF 58 on 15 May, *Randolph* continued her support of the occupation of Okinawa until 29 May, when she retired via Guam to the Philippines. On 7 June, while loading supplies in the Philippines, a P-38 Lightning practicing strafing runs lost control and crashed against the deck of the *Randolph*, killing thirteen sailors and destroying ten of Randolph's aircraft. USS *Jason* repaired *Randolph* in four days, due to the damage being far less severe than the Kamikaze attack.

On her next war cruise, as a part of Admiral Halsey's 3rd Fleet, *Randolph* made a series of strikes up and down the Japanese home islands. With Air Group 16 replacing Air Group 12, the ship launched eight raids on 10 July against airfields in the Tokyo area, principally those on the peninsula east of Tokyo Bay. On the 14th, her planes struck the airfields and shipping in and near Tsugaru Strait. In this attack, two of the important Honshū-Hokkaidō train ferries were sunk and three were damaged. Attacks on the Japanese home islands continued for the next few days, and on 18 July, the Japanese battleship *Nagato* – lying camouflaged alongside a pier at the Yokosuka Naval Basewas bombed.

Moving southwest, *Randolph* and other carriers were off the coast of Shikoku on 24 July, for an anti-shipping sweep of the Inland Sea, during which the carrier-battleship *Hyūga* was heavily damaged and airfields and industrial installations on Kyūshū, Honshū, and Shikoku were hit hard. *Randolph*'s pilots estimated that from 10 to 25 July they had destroyed 25 to 30 ships, ranging in size from small luggers to a 6000-ton freighter, and had damaged 35 to 40 others. *Randolph*'s strikes continued right up to the morning of the 15 August surrender, when her planes hit Kisarazu Airfield and surrounding installations.

### Post-war

Following the end of the war, *Randolph* headed home. Transiting the Panama Canal in late September, she arrived at Naval Station Norfolk on 15 October, where she was rigged for "Magic Carpet" service. Before the end of the year, she completed two trips to the Mediterranean area to return American servicemen. Then, in 1946, she became a training ship for reservists and midshipmen, and made a Mediterranean cruise in the latter half of the year. After another voyage to the Caribbean, she embarked midshipmen in the early summer of 1947 for a cruise to northern European waters. *Randolph* was placed out of commission, in reserve, 25 February 1948, and berthed at Philadelphia Naval Shipyard.

In June 1951, *Randolph* commenced her SCB-27A modernization program at Norfolk Naval Shipyard. To handle the new generation of carrier aircraft, the flight deck structure was reinforced. Stronger elevators, more powerful hydraulic catapults, and new arresting gear were installed. The island structure was rebuilt, the anti-aircraft turrets were removed, and blisters were added to the hull. Reclassified CVA-15 on 1 October 1952, *Randolph* recommissioned on 1 July 1953. After a shakedown cruise off Guantánamo Bay with Carrier Air Group 10, she took on Carrier Air Group 14, departed Norfolk for the Mediterranean, and joined the 6th Fleet on 3 February 1954, deployed for 6 months of Fleet and NATO exercises until 6 August 1954. *Randolph* entered the Norfolk Naval Shipyard on 18 June 1955 for the installation of an angled flight deck and other SCB-125 modernizations.

Leaving the yard in January 1956, *Randolph* conducted air operations off the East Coast for the next six months, and was the first Atlantic Fleet carrier to launch a Regulus guided missile from her flight deck. On 14 July 1956, *Randolph* again steamed east for a seven-month tour of duty with the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean. When Israel, Britain, and France invaded the United Arab Republic in October of that year, *Randolph* stood ready. Operating near the Suez Canal, her aircraft provided air cover and surface and air reconnaissance for the evacuation of U.S. nationals from Alexandria. She returned to the United States on 19 February 1957. After a few months operating off the East Coast, *Randolph* deployed to the Mediterranean again on 1 July 1957. Between August and December, as political turmoil in Syria threatened to further disturb the already turbulent Mideast, she patrolled the eastern Mediterranean. Back in the United States on 24 February 1958, the carrier made her fifth Mediterranean deployment from 2 September 1958 to 12 March 1959.

*Randolph* was reclassified CVS-15 on 31 March 1959, and conducted anti-submarine warfare (ASW) operations off the East Coast throughout that year and the next, receiving her fourth consecutive Battle Efficiency Award in September 1960. From October 1960 to March 1961, *Randolph* underwent the SCB-144 upgrade as part of the Fleet Rehabilitation and Modernization program. She received the new SQS-23 bow sonar, as well as improved displays in the Combat Information Center.

In the summer of 1962, *Randolph* again steamed to the Mediterranean. Returning to the western Atlantic as the Cuban Missile Crisis broke, she operated in the Caribbean from the end of October through November. On 27 October, *Randolph* and a group of eleven US Navy destroyers entrapped a nuclear-armed Soviet Foxtrot-class submarine *B-59* near Cuba and started dropping practice depth charges, explosives intended to force the submarine to come to the surface for identification. Reportedly, the captain of the submarine, Valentin Grigorievitch Savitsky, believing that a war might already have started, prepared to launch a retaliatory nuclear-tipped torpedo, but Second Captain Vasily Arkhipov persuaded the captain to surface to await orders from Moscow. After an overhaul at Norfolk, *Randolph* resumed her station in the Atlantic. Over the next five years, she made two Mediterranean cruises and a northern European cruise, while spending most of her time off the East Coast and in the Caribbean.

In July 1961, *Randolph* sailed for operations in the Caribbean and served as the recovery ship after splashdown for astronaut Virgil "Gus" Grissom on America's second manned space flight, a suborbital shot. In February 1962, *Randolph* was the primary recovery ship for astronaut John Glenn on his flight, the first American orbital voyage in space. After his historic three-orbit flight, he landed safely near the destroyer *Noa* from which he was transferred, by helicopter, to *Randolph*. On 1 April 1964, in an unusual accident, the Number Three deck elevator of *Randolph* tore loose from the ship during a vicious storm at night and fell into the Atlantic off Cape Henry, Virginia, taking with it a Grumman S-2D Tracker, five crewmen, and a tractor. Three crew were rescued by the destroyer *Holder*, but two were lost at sea.

### Decommissioning

On 7 August 1968, the Defense Department announced that it would inactivate *Randolph* and 49 other ships to reduce fiscal expenditures in 1969. *Randolph* was decommissioned on 13 February 1969 at Boston Navy Yard and laid up in the reserve fleet at Philadelphia Naval Shipyard. *Randolph* was stricken from the Navy List on 1 June 1973. In May 1975, the Defense Reutilization and Marketing Service sold the ship to Union Minerals & Alloys for $1,560,000. *Randolph* was towed to Kearny, New Jersey, and broken up for scrap. One of her anchors is located on the river front in Toms River, New Jersey. Another anchor was placed at a Naval Reserve unit in Kingsport, Tennessee. That building was later designated for decommissioning and destruction. With the blessing and approval of the Randolph Association, that anchor was kept in Kingsport and then relocated in 1990 to Sullivan North High School for representation of their newly commissioned NJROTC program. After the closing of that school, the anchor was moved on 7 June 2023 to its new home in Lebanon Missouri where it's being refurbished and being placed on display in the city's Veterans Park with a dedication on Veterans Day, 11 November 2023. Her binnacle is preserved at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard Museum.

## Awards

## Citations

* Coyle, Darcy C. (1989). *Censored Mail: A Personal Narrative of World War II Aboard the Aircraft Carriers, U.S.S. Ranger (CV-4) and U.S.S. Randolph (CV-15)*. Francetown, New Hampshire, USA: Marshall Jones Company. ISBN 978-0-833802-00-2.

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*

## InfoBox

| USS *Randolph* underway on 25 October 1959 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *Randolph* |
| Namesake | Peyton Randolph |
| Builder | Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company |
| Laid down | 10 May 1943 |
| Launched | 28 June 1944 |
| Commissioned | 9 October 1944 |
| Decommissioned | 25 February 1948 |
| Recommissioned | 1 July 1953 |
| Decommissioned | 13 February 1969 |
| Reclassified | * CVA-15, 1 October 1952 * CVS-15, 31 March 1959 |
| Stricken | 1 June 1973 |
| Fate | Scrapped, 24 May 1975 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Essex*-class aircraft carrier |
| Displacement | 27,100 long tons (27,500 ) standard |
| Length | 888 feet (271 m) overall |
| Beam | 93 feet (28 m) |
| Draft | 28 feet 7 inches (8.71 m) |
| Installed power | * 8 × boilers * 150,000 shp (110 MW) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 33 knots (61 km/h; 38 mph) |
| Complement | 3448 officers and enlisted |
| Armament |  |
| Armor | * Belt: 4 in (102 mm) * Hangar deck: 2.5 in (64 mm) * Deck: 1.5 in (38 mm) * Conning tower: 1.5 inch |
| Aircraft carried | 90–100 aircraft |


title: Ficus amazonica

abstract: Ficus amazonica is a species of flowering plant in the family Moraceae. It is found in Brazil, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela.

text:
# Ficus amazonica

***Ficus amazonica*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Moraceae. It is found in Brazil, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela.

## InfoBox

| *Ficus amazonica* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Moraceae |
| Genus: | *Ficus* |
| Subgenus: | *F.* subg. *Urostigma* |
| Species: | ***F. amazonica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ficus amazonica***
(Miq.) André | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Ficus surinamensis* Miq.
*Urostigma amazonicum* Miq.
*Urostigma angustifolium* Miq. | |


title: Lothlórien

abstract: In J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium, Lothlórien or Lórien is the fairest realm of the Elves remaining in Middle-earth during the Third Age. It is ruled by Galadriel and Celeborn from their city of tree houses at Caras Galadhon. The wood-elves of the realm are called Galadhrim. The realm, a broad woodland between the Misty Mountains and the River Anduin, is the Elven centre of resistance against the Dark Lord Sauron in The Lord of the Rings. Galadriel had one of the Three Elf-Rings, and used it to keep Sauron from seeing into Lothlórien. The Company of the Ring spent some time in Lothlórien after passing through Moria. Galadriel prepared them for their quest with individual gifts. Scholars have noted that Lothlórien represents variously an Earthly Paradise; an Elfland where time is different, reflecting the traditions of European folklore; and a land of light striving biblically with the darkness of evil.

text:
# Lothlórien

In J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium, **Lothlórien** or **Lórien** is the fairest realm of the Elves remaining in Middle-earth during the Third Age. It is ruled by Galadriel and Celeborn from their city of tree houses at Caras Galadhon. The wood-elves of the realm are called **Galadhrim**.

The realm, a broad woodland between the Misty Mountains and the River Anduin, is the Elven centre of resistance against the Dark Lord Sauron in *The Lord of the Rings*. Galadriel had one of the Three Elf-Rings, and used it to keep Sauron from seeing into Lothlórien. The Company of the Ring spent some time in Lothlórien after passing through Moria. Galadriel prepared them for their quest with individual gifts.

Scholars have noted that Lothlórien represents variously an Earthly Paradise; an Elfland where time is different, reflecting the traditions of European folklore; and a land of light striving biblically with the darkness of evil.

## Fictional description

### Names

Tolkien gave the forest many different names, reflecting its fictional history and the way it is perceived by the different peoples of Middle-earth.

| Name | Meaning | Origin |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Lindórinand | Valley of the Land of the Singers | Older Nandorin name of the area |
| Lórinand | Valley of Gold | Nandorin name after introduction of *mallorn* trees |
| Laurelindórenan | Valley of Singing Gold | Sindarin name after the introduction of *mallorn* trees |
| Lothlórien | The Dreamflower | Sindarin name in the Third Age |
| Lórien | Dream Land | Shortened form of Lothlórien matching the name of the
Gardens of Lórien in Aman |
| Dwimordene | Valley of illusions | Used in Rohan, from Old English *dwimor* "illusion", *denu*, "valley" |
| The Golden Wood |  | The Common Speech |

### History

Early in the First Age, some of the Eldar left the Great March to Valinor and settled in the lands east of the Misty Mountains. These elves became known as the Nandor, and later as the Silvan Elves. Galadriel made contact with an existing Nandorin realm, Lindórinand, in what became Lothlórien, and planted there the golden *mallorn* trees which Gil-galad had received as a gift from Tar-Aldarion.

The culture and knowledge of the Silvan elves was enriched by the arrival of Sindarin Elves from west of the Misty Mountains, and the Silvan language was gradually replaced by Sindarin. Amongst these arrivals was Amdír, who became their first lord, as well as Galadriel and Celeborn, who fled the destruction of Eregion during the War of the Elves and Sauron. In the Third Age, Amroth, the former Lord of Lothlórien, went to the south of Middle-earth with his beloved Nimrodel, but drowned in the Bay of Belfalas after she went missing in the *Ered Nimrais* and never returned. Control of Lothlórien passed to Galadriel and Celeborn. Galadriel's Ring of Power preserved the land from death and decay, and warded off Sauron's gaze.

As the War of the Ring loomed, the Company of the Ring, emerging from the dark tunnels of Moria and seeing their leader Gandalf perish, was brought through Lothlórien to Caras Galadhon, and there met the Lord and Lady of the Galadhrim. The Fellowship spent roughly a month in Lothlórien, though it seemed to them only a few days. Before they left, Galadriel allowed Samwise and Frodo to look in the Mirror of Galadriel, giving them a glimpse of events in the future or at other times; she also tested the loyalty of Fellowship members, and gave each of them a gift for their quest.

After the fall of Sauron, Galadriel and Celeborn rid Dol Guldur of Sauron's influence. Galadriel left for Valinor at the beginning of the Fourth Age, and Celeborn later followed her. The city slowly became depopulated and Lothlórien faded. By the time of the death of Queen Arwen, Celeborn and Galadriel's granddaughter, Lothlórien itself was deserted.

### Geography

Lothlórien lay in the west of Wilderland. To its west stood the Misty Mountains, with the Dwarf-realm of Moria, and on its east ran the great river Anduin. Across the Anduin lay the forest of Mirkwood and the fortress of Dol Guldur, which could be glimpsed from high points in Lothlórien. The river **Silverlode** or **Celebrant** flowed through Lothlórien and joined the Anduin; it had a tributary from the west, the river Nimrodel. The realm lay primarily to the north of the Silverlode, with a small strip of forested land to the south. The main part of the realm was the triangular region between the converging rivers Silverlode and Anduin, called the Naith (Sindarin for "spearhead") by the Elves or the Gore or Angle in the Common Speech. The tip of the Naith was called the Egladil (Sindarin for "elven-point").

Caras Galadhon (from *galadh* ("tree") was the city of Lothlórien and the main settlement of the Galadhrim in Middle-earth. Founded by Amroth in the Third Age, deep in the forest, the city's dwellings were atop tall *mallorn* trees; the mallorn had been brought to that land by Galadriel. The city was "some ten miles" from the point where the rivers Silverlode (Sindarin: *Celebrant*) and Anduin met, close to the eastern border of the realm. In the trees there were many tree-platforms, which could be elaborate dwellings or simple guard-posts. Stairways of ladders were built around the main trees, and at night the city was lit by "many lamps" – "green and gold and silver". The city's entrance was on the southern side.

## Analysis

### Land of light

The Tolkien scholar Paul H. Kocher writes that Galadriel perceives Sauron with Lothlórien's light, "but cannot be pierced by it in return". The good intelligence has the "imaginative sympathy" to penetrate the evil intelligence, but not *vice versa*. The Christian author Elizabeth Danna writes that the Elf Haldir's explanation of this \[from a *flet* or tree-platform high above Cerin Amroth\], "In this high place you may see the two powers that are opposed to one another, and ever they strive now in thought; but whereas the light perceives the very heart of the darkness, its own secret has not yet been discovered" echoes a biblical description: "The light shineth in darkness; and the darkness comprehended it not." The scholar of humanities Susan Robbins notes that Tolkien, a devout Roman Catholic, associated light as the Bible does with "holiness, goodness, knowledge, wisdom, grace, hope, and God's revelation", and that Galadriel was one of the bearers of that light.

### Earthly paradise

Lothlórien is a *locus amoenus*, an idyllic land that Tolkien describes as having "no stain". The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey notes that to get there, the Fellowship first wash off the stains of ordinary life by wading the River Nimrodel. He compares this perfect place to the Earthly Paradise that the dreamer speaks of in the Middle English poem *Pearl*. But then, Shippey writes, the Fellowship have to cross a rope-bridge over a second river, the Silverlode, which they must not drink from, and which the evil Gollum cannot cross. What place can they have come to then, he wonders: could they be "as if dead"?

Shippey notes however that it might be old England, the "'mountains green' of 'ancient time'" in William Blake's *Jerusalem*. As evidence, Shippey explains that when they come to the deepest part of Lothlórien, the Elf Haldir welcomes them, calling the area the *Naith* or "Gore", both unfamiliar words for the land between two converging rivers, the Hoarwell or *Mitheithel*, and the Loudwater or *Bruinen*, and then giving a third word with a special resonance: the "Angle". Shippey states that the name "England" comes from the Angle between the Flensburg Fjord and the River Schlei, in the north of Germany next to Denmark, the origin of the Angles among the Anglo-Saxons who founded England. He suggests that Frodo's feeling that he has "stepped over a bridge of time into a corner of the Elder Days, and was now walking in a world that was no more" may be exactly correct.

### Elfland where time is different

Shippey writes that in Lothlórien, Tolkien reconciles otherwise conflicting ideas regarding time-distortion in Elfland from European folklore, such as is exemplified in the medieval *Thomas the Rhymer*, who was carried off by the Queen of Elfland, and the Danish ballad *Elvehøj* (*Elf Hill*).

The Tolkien scholar Verlyn Flieger writes that the Fellowship debated how much time had passed while they were there, Sam Gamgee recalling that the moon was waning just before they arrived, and was new when they left, though they all felt they had only been there for a few days. She notes that Sam actually exclaims "Anyone would think that time did not count in there!", while Frodo sees Galadriel as "present and yet remote, a living vision of that which has already been left far behind by the flowing streams of Time" and Legolas, an Elf who ought to know how things work in Elven lands, says that time does not stop there, "but change and growth is not in all things and places alike. For Elves the world moves, and it moves both very swift and very slow. Swift, because they themselves change little, and all else fleets by. Slow, because they do not count the running years".

Shippey considers Legolas's explanation to resolve the apparent contradiction between the mortal and Elvish points of view about Elvish time. Flieger however writes that there is a definite contradiction between Frodo's position, that there is an actual difference in time between Lothlórien and everywhere else, and Legolas's, that it is a matter of perception. She considers Aragorn's view to reconcile these two positions, agreeing that time has passed as Legolas said, but that the Fellowship felt time as the Elves did while they were in Lothlórien. That is not, writes Flieger, the end of the matter, as she feels that Aragorn reintroduces the dilemma when he says that the moon carried on changing "in the world outside": this suggests once again that Lothlórien had its own laws of nature, as in a fairy tale.

Verlyn Flieger's analysis of the paradoxes of Elvish time in Lothlórien
| Source | Story | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Thomas the Rhymer* | Mortal enters Elfland.
Spends a few nights there.
Returns to find all friends dead,
dim memory of a man lost visiting Elfland. | flows much more slowly in Elfland. |
| *Elvehøj* (*Elf Hill*) | Elf-maiden sings: "the swift stream then stood still" | flows much faster in Elfland;
everything outside stops. |
| Frodo's view | Lothlórien "in a time that has elsewhere long gone by". | different epoch, long ago. |
| Legolas's view | Both fast and slow:
Elves change little,
"all else fleets by". | different perception of time's speed. |
| Aragorn's 1st view | Mortals feel time as Elves do while in Lothlórien. | different perception of time's speed. |
| Aragorn's 2nd view | But Moon went on changing
"in the world outside". | different actual flow of time
(as *Thomas the Rhymer*) |

Flieger writes that while time is treated both naturally and supernaturally throughout *The Lord of the Rings*, his "most mystical and philosophical deployment of time" concerns Elves. It is therefore "no accident", she writes, that Frodo has multiple experiences of altered time in Lothlórien, from feeling he has crossed "a bridge of Time" on entering that land, to seeing Aragorn on Cerin Amroth as he was as a young man, dressed in white. Flieger notes that in *The Monsters and the Critics* Tolkien writes "The human-stories of the elves are doubtless full of the Escape from Deathlessness". In her view, this explains the exploration of time in his mythology, death and deathlessness being the "concomitants" of time and timelessness.

### A remembered Warwickshire

The author John Garth writes of a possible Warwickshire connection for Lothlórien. The young Tolkien and his fiancée Edith Bratt visited Warwick; in 1915 he wrote a celebration of Warwickshire, *Kortirion Among the Trees*. Garth suggests that the central green hill of Cerin Amroth in Lothlórien recalls the grassy Motte of Warwick Castle, known as Ethelfleda's Mound and the happy time he spent there in his youth.

## Adaptations

Lothlórien's appearance in Peter Jackson's *The Lord of the Rings* film trilogy was based on the artwork of the conceptual designer Alan Lee. Some of the Lothlórien scenes were shot on locations in Paradise Valley near Glenorchy, New Zealand.

In *The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria*, Lorien was a region introduced to the game in March 2009, which allows players to visit Caras Galadhon and other places, and complete quests from the elves.

Enya's song "Lothlórien" on her album *Shepherd Moons* is an instrumental composition named for the Elvish realm.

The Dutch composer Johan de Meij wrote music inspired by the Lothlórien woods, as the second movement, "Lothlórien (The Elvenwood)", of his Symphony No. 1 "The Lord of the Rings".

### Primary

1. Tolkien 1980, Part 2, ch. 4 "History of Galadriel and Celeborn"
2. Tolkien 1955, Appendix A.I.v, "The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen"
3. Tolkien 1954, Book 3, ch. 6 "The King of the Golden Hall"
4. Tolkien 1954, Book 3, ch. 2 "The Riders of Rohan"
5. Tolkien 1980, Part 2, ch. 1 "A Description of Númenor"
6. Tolkien 1980, Part 2, ch. 4 "The History of Galadriel and Celeborn"
7. Tolkien 1955, Appendix B, "The Tale of Years (Chronology of the Westlands)"
8. Tolkien 1954a, Book 2, ch. 6 "Lothlórien", and ch. 7 "The Mirror of Galadriel"
9. Tolkien 1955, Appendix B, "The Great Years"
10. Tolkien 1955, Appendix A 1.v, "The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen"
11. Tolkien 1987, Etymologies, SNAS
12. Tolkien 1954a, Book 2, ch. 8 "Farewell to Lórien"
13. Tolkien 1954a, Book 2, ch. 6 "Lothlórien"
14. Tolkien 1954a, Book 2, ch. 7 "The Mirror of Galadriel"
15. Tolkien 1983, "On Fairy-stories", p. 153

### Secondary

1. Stanton 2006, pp. 394–395.
2. Hammond & Scull 2005, note for p. 335, Lothlórien
3. Foster 2003, "Dwimordene".
4. Danna, Elizabeth J. "*The Gospel of John* and *The Lord of the Rings*". Archived from the original on 13 February 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
5. Kocher 1974, p. 57.
6. *King James Bible*. Gospel of John 1:5
7. Robbins, Susan (2017). "The Biblical Symbol of Light in J.R.R. Tolkien's *The Silmarillion* and *The Lord of the Rings*" (PDF). *Societal Studies*. **9** (2). doi:10.13165/sms-17-9-2-05. ISSN 2029-2236.
8. Shippey 2001, pp. 198–199.
9. Hamerow, Helena. "The Origins of Wessex". University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 2 July 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
10. Shippey 2001, pp. 89–90.
11. Flieger, Verlyn B. (15 March 1990). "A Question of Time". *Mythlore*. **16** (3).
12. Flieger 2006, pp. 648–650.
13. Garth, John (2020). *The Worlds of J.R.R. Tolkien: The Places that Inspired Middle-earth*. Frances Lincoln Publishers & Princeton University Press. pp. 118–121. ISBN 978-0-7112-4127-5.
14. Lee, Alan (24 August 2018). "Fantasy to reality: The designer who brought Tolkien's Middle-earth to the screen". BBC Arts. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
15. "3 Most Photographed Lord of the Rings Locations". *Pure Glenorchy Scenic Film Location & Lord of the Rings Tours*. 18 December 2019. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
16. "Book 7: Leaves of Lorien". *Lotro*. Archived from the original on 21 March 2009. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
17. Ryan, Roma (2002). *Only Time — The Collection* (Booklet notes, pages 15–21). Enya. Warner Music. 0927 49211-2.
18. "Der Herr der Ringe, Johan de Meij - Sinfonie Nr.1". Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2021.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| *Lothlórien* | |
| --- | --- |
| *J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium* location | |
| In-universe information | |
| Other name(s) | *Lórien*
*Lórinand*
*Laurelindórenan*
*the Golden Wood*
*the Hidden Land*
*Dwimordene* |
| Type | realm of the Elves |
| Ruler | Amdír, Amroth (Second Age), Celeborn and Galadriel (Second and Third Ages) |
| Locations | Caras Galadhon, Cerin Amroth, Naith or Angle, the river Nimrodel, the river Silverlode |
| Geography | western Wilderland |
| Lifespan | Founded circa S.A. 1350
Abandoned by F.A. 119 |
| Capital | Caras Galadhon |