title: Tynong North and Frankston murders

abstract: The Tynong North and Frankston Murders refers to the deaths of six girls and women who, in the period between May 1980 and October 1981, were taken, murdered, and dumped in remote scrub in the Tynong North and Frankston areas south-east of Melbourne, Australia. Later, the suburb of Frankston came to national attention again as a result of the Frankston serial killings in mid-1993. In 2017, increased rewards were offered for each of the cold cases.

text:
# Tynong North and Frankston murders

The **Tynong North and Frankston Murders** (alternatively, the **Frankston and Tynong North Serial Killer**) refers to the deaths of six girls and women who, in the period between May 1980 and October 1981, were taken, murdered, and dumped in remote scrub in the Tynong North and Frankston areas south-east of Melbourne, Australia. Later, the suburb of Frankston came to national attention again as a result of the Frankston serial killings in mid-1993. In 2017, increased rewards were offered for each of the cold cases.

## Frankston murders

The first known victim, Allison Rooke (59), disappeared on 30 May 1980, after experiencing trouble with her car. She had told neighbours she was taking a bus to Frankston Shopping Centre to go grocery shopping and see a realtor. The buses travelled along the Frankston-Dandenong Road, which was where Rooke was waiting when she disappeared. On Saturday 5 July, five weeks later, a man walking his dogs found Rooke’s naked body in a shallow grave, partially hidden by scrubland, on McClelland Drive in Frankston, and a $50,000 reward was soon posted by the police.

On Friday 9 October 1981, Frankston North resident Joy Summers (55), heading out for her weekly shopping trip, was waiting for a bus on Frankston-Dandenong Road around 1:20pm when she also vanished. It was the same stretch of road where Rooke had been waiting when she disappeared. Summers' naked corpse was found in scrub by a man collecting firewood near the intersection of McClelland Drive and Skye Road, Frankston, six weeks later on Sunday 22 November.

## Tynong North murders

The skeletal remains of Bertha Miller (73), Catherine Headland (14), and Ann-Marie Sargent (18), were found on 6 December 1980 in a sand quarry by men dumping lamb offal on a secluded bush track leading from Brew Road, Tynong North. Miller was fully clothed, but the younger victims were both naked. Miller, a regular churchgoer, had disappeared on Sunday 10 August 1980 on her way to church, while heading to a tram-stop in Glen Iris. Headland (born 1965), an immigrant who had moved to Australia from England in 1966, lived in Berwick when she disappeared on Thursday 28 August while walking to a bus stop for the 11:20am bus to her part-time job at Coles in the Fountain Gate shopping complex. Sargent, unemployed, lived in Cranbourne, when she disappeared on 6 October after travelling from her mother's house to a nearby CES office in Dandenong to claim a benefits cheque.

On Thursday 3 February 1983, more human remains were found in Tynong North scrubland, by a man who had stopped to repair a tyre, and a search of the area revealed concealed bones from a badly decomposed and stripped body. The bones were of Narumol Stephenson (34), a Thai mother-of-two who had married an Australian farmer in Thailand in 1978. Arriving in Australia in August 1979, they lived together in Deans Marsh. On a visit to Melbourne, Narumol disappeared from their car parked in Brunswick around dawn on 30 November 1980, following an argument with her husband.

## Investigation

Initially, the two investigations were treated separately, although the cases were later linked based on case and MO similarities. Similarities were also drawn to the recent Truro murders in South Australia. According to police at the time, all of the victims were on foot, with most of them planning to use public transport at the time they disappeared. A few may have tried to hitchhike. Given the lack of eyewitnesses to anything suspicious, authorities assumed that the victims probably knew or trusted their abductor. Causes of death could not be identified, and most bodies were stripped of possessions. Around 2000 interviews were held regarding the case, and later investigators speculated the possibility of two or three separate offenders.

The prime suspect in the case, Harold Janman, who "often offered women lifts on the Frankston-Dandenong Road", continued to maintain his innocence. Janman died aged 88 in August 2020. No-one has been charged regarding the murders, which remain unsolved. In October 2017, the police announced six separate $1 million rewards (up from the original $50,000) for any information that resulted in an arrest in any of the cases.

## Timeline

* 30 May 1980 - Rooke disappears
* 5 July 1980 - Rooke's body found
* 10 August 1980 - Miller disappears
* 28 August 1980 - Headland disappears
* 6 October 1980 - Sargent disappears
* 30 November 1980 - Stephenson disappears
* 6 December 1980 - Miller's, Headland's, and Sargent's bodies found
* 9 October 1981 - Summers disappears
* 22 November 1981 - Summers' body found
* 3 December 1981 - Janman first interviewed (no other cases after this date)
* 3 February 1983 - Stephenson's body found


title: Mary Pitcaithly

abstract: Mary Pitcaithly OBE is a Scottish civil servant who served as Chief Executive of Falkirk Council and the Convener of the Electoral Management Board for Scotland. The Scottish Independence Referendum Bill identifies the Convener of the Electoral Management Board for Scotland as the Chief Counting Officer for a referendum and thus she was Chief Counting Officer for the 2014 Scottish Independence Referendum.

text:
# Mary Pitcaithly

**Mary Pitcaithly** OBE is a Scottish civil servant who served as Chief Executive of Falkirk Council and the Convener of the Electoral Management Board for Scotland. The Scottish Independence Referendum Bill identifies the Convener of the Electoral Management Board for Scotland as the Chief Counting Officer for a referendum and thus she was Chief Counting Officer for the 2014 Scottish Independence Referendum.

## Biography

Pitcaithly was born in Camelon, Scotland and attended Falkirk High School before going to the University of Edinburgh where she studied law. She initially worked in private practice in Falkirk before joining the public sector in 1995, becoming assistant to Walter Weir, chief executive of the newly formed Falkirk Council. In 1998, she became the first woman to hold the post of chief executive in any of Scotland's 32 councils and, at 41, one of the youngest.

She is a former Chair of the Scottish Branch of the Society of Local Authority Chief Executives and Senior Managers and has represented local government on a number of national bodies, including the Resilience Advisory Board for Scotland. She is a former member of the Arbuthnott Commission set up to consider boundary differences and voting systems in Scotland.

Pitcaithly has been a Returning Officer since 1998 and has been involved with Scottish, UK and European Parliaments and Falkirk Council elections. She was a Depute Returning Officer for the Referendum held in Scotland in 1997 and was the Regional Counting Officer for Scotland in the 2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum.

Mary Pitcaithly received an OBE for services to local government in 2005.

She was married to the late Euan Pitcaithly, former chief photographer of The Falkirk Herald, and has a daughter.


title: William Fung

abstract: William Fung Kwok Lun OBE JP is a Hong Kong billionaire businessman who is the group managing director of Li & Fung Group, one of the largest trading companies in Hong Kong.

text:
# William Fung

**William Fung Kwok Lun** OBE JP (Chinese: 馮國綸) (born 21 February 1949) is a Hong Kong billionaire businessman who is the group managing director of Li & Fung Group, one of the largest trading companies in Hong Kong.

## Early life

Fung was born in 1949 in Hong Kong. He attended Princeton University in its class of 1970, majoring in electrical engineering. He subsequently earned an MBA from Harvard Business School in 1972.

Fung is one of two sons of Fung Hon-chu, former head of Li & Fung, and grandson of Fung Pak Liu, founder of the family firm. He is the younger brother of Victor Fung Kwok King, the chairman of the group.

## Career

Fung joined the family firm, and helped it expand to Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore and China.

Fung is a non-executive director of HSBC Holdings, CLP Holdings Limited, VTech Holdings Limited, Shui On Land Limited and Singapore Airlines.

Fung served as the international chair of the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council from 1999 to 2001.

## Philanthropy

Fund endowed the "Fung Scholarship" at his alma mater, Princeton University. In 2009, he was appointed to the university's board of trustees.

## Personal

Fung is married with three children and, like his brother Victor, holds American citizenship.

## InfoBox

| William Fung | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1949-02-21) 21 February 1949
Hong Kong |
| Nationality | Chinese/American |
| Education | Princeton University
Harvard Business School |
| Occupation | businessman |
| Spouse | Sylvia Chou Siu Mei |
| Children | 3 |
| Parent | Fung Hon-chu |
| Relatives | Victor Fung (brother) |


title: List of Palestinian women writers

abstract: This is a list of women writers who were born in Palestine or whose writings are closely associated with that region.

text:
# List of Palestinian women writers

This is a **list of women writers** who were born in Palestine or whose writings are closely associated with that region.

## A

## B

* Liana Badr (born 1950), novelist, short story writer
* Ibtisam Barakat, Palestinian-American memoirist, poet, educator, author of *Tasting the Sky: A Palestinian Childhood* (2007)

## D

* Selma Dabbagh (born 1970), British-Palestinian short story writer, novelist, playwright with a strong focus on Palestine

## E

* Laila el-Haddad (born 1978), Kuwaiti-born Palestinian journalist, non-fiction writer
* Noura Erakat, contemporary Palestinian-American legal scholar

## F

* Najwa Kawar Farah (1923–2015), educator, short story writer, playwright, children's writer, novelist
* Leila Farsakh (born 1967), non-fiction writer, educator

## G

## H

* Nejmeh Khalil Habib (born 1946), novelist and non-fiction writer
* Salha Hamadin Hans Christian Andersen Award winner
* Suheir Hammad (born 1973), Palestinian-American poet, non-fiction writer
* Sheikha Helawy (born 1968), Arabic short story writer and poet
* Nadia Hijab (fl. 1988), Syrian-born Palestinian analyst, journalist, living in the United States
* Huzama Habayeb (born 1965), Kuwaiti-born Palestinian novelist, short-story writer, columnist, poet, and translator

## J

## K

## M

## R

## S

## T

## Z

* May Ziadeh (1886–1941), Lebanese-Palestinian poet, essayist, journalist, salonist, translator


title: Marina García Polo

abstract: Marina García Polo is a Spanish synchronised swimmer.

text:
# Marina García Polo

**Marina García Polo** (born 5 December 2004) is a Spanish synchronised swimmer.

## Career

She was part of the Spanish team that won the bronze medal at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris.

## InfoBox

Marina García
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Marina García Polo |
| National team | Spain |
| Born | (2004-12-05) 5 December 2004 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Swimming |
|  | |
| Strokes | Synchronised swimming |
|  | |
| Medal record      Women's synchronised swimming  Representing  Spain  Olympic Games  2024 Paris Team | |


title: Marián Kovačócy

abstract: Marián Kovačócy is a Slovak sports shooter. He competed in the men's trap event at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Marián Kovačócy

**Marián Kovačócy** (born 17 September 1984) is a Slovak sports shooter. He competed in the men's trap event at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Marián Kovačócy
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Slovak |
| Born | (1984-09-17) 17 September 1984<br>Trnava, Czechoslovakia |
| Height | 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) |
| Weight | 90 kg (198 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Country | Slovakia |
| Sport | Sports shooting |
| Event | Trap |
| Club | SCP Bratislava |
| Coached by | Branislav Slamka |
| Medal record      Men's shooting  Representing  Slovakia  World Championships  2009 Maribor Trap  2023 Baku Trap  ISSF World Cup  2018 Siggiewi Trap  European Games  2023 Kraków-Małopolska Trap team  European Championships  2015 Maribor Trap team  2021 Osijek Trap team  2013 Suhl Trap team | |


title: Mangalyasootram

abstract: Mangalyasootram is a 1995 Indian Malayalam film, directed by Sajan and produced by P. T. Xavier. The film stars Jagathy Sreekumar, Kalpana, Murali and A. C. Zainuddin in the lead roles. The film has musical score by C. Rajamani and songs by Berny-Ignatius.

text:
# Mangalyasootram

***Mangalyasootram*** is a 1995 Indian Malayalam film, directed by Sajan and produced by P. T. Xavier. The film stars Jagathy Sreekumar, Kalpana, Murali and A. C. Zainuddin in the lead roles. The film has musical score by C. Rajamani and songs by Berny-Ignatius.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by Berny-Ignatius and the lyrics were written by Gireesh Puthenchery.

| No. | Song | Singers | Lyrics | Length (m:ss) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Akkuthikkuthaana" | Chorus, Swarnalatha | Gireesh Puthenchery |  |
| 2 | "Etho Venalkkinaavin" | K. S. Chithra | Gireesh Puthenchery |  |
| 3 | "Etho Venalkkinaavin" | Unni Menon | Gireesh Puthenchery |  |
| 4 | "Oro Narumozhi" | M. G. Sreekumar | Gireesh Puthenchery |  |
| 5 | "Vellaaram Kilikal" | P. Jayachandran, Sujatha Mohan | Gireesh Puthenchery |  |

## InfoBox

| Mangalyasootram | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Sajan |
| Produced by | P. T. Xavier |
| Starring | Jagathy Sreekumar
Kalpana
Murali
A. C. Zainuddin |
| Cinematography | Saloo George |
| Music by | Berny-Ignatius |
| Production
company | Vijaya Movie Productions |
| Distributed by | Vijaya Movie Productions |
| Release date | * 3 March 1995 (1995-03-03) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Malayalam |


title: Man of Many Faces

abstract: Man of Many Faces is a manga by Clamp about a nine-year-old boy named Akira Ijyuin who steals beautiful and valuable objects to please his two mothers and is known to the public as the dashing, clever thief named the Man of 20 Faces. The manga took inspiration from the works of Edogawa Ranpo, most notably from The Fiend with Twenty Faces. The storyline of Man of Many Faces occurs simultaneously with both Clamp School Detectives and Duklyon: Clamp School Defenders, as demonstrated by a conversation between Nokoru and Suō which also takes place in Clamp School Detectives, while in Duklyon: Clamp School Defenders Akira and Utako appear at their age as they do in Man of Many Faces. The manga is published in English by Tokyopop (formerly) and Viz Media (currently), retaining its right to left format.

text:
# Man of Many Faces

***Man of Many Faces*** (20面相におねがい!!, *Nijū Mensō ni Onegai!!*, lit. ***20 Faces, Please!!***) is a manga by Clamp about a nine-year-old boy named Akira Ijyuin who steals beautiful and valuable objects to please his two mothers and is known to the public as the dashing, clever thief named the *Man of 20 Faces*. The manga took inspiration from the works of Edogawa Ranpo, most notably from The Fiend with Twenty Faces.

The storyline of *Man of Many Faces* occurs simultaneously with both *Clamp School Detectives* and *Duklyon: Clamp School Defenders*, as demonstrated by a conversation between Nokoru and Suō which also takes place in *Clamp School Detectives*, while in *Duklyon: Clamp School Defenders* Akira and Utako appear at their age as they do in *Man of Many Faces*.

The manga is published in English by Tokyopop (formerly) and Viz Media (currently), retaining its right to left format.

## Plot summary

By day nine-year-old Akira Ijuyin is a normal student at Clamp School, but at night he becomes the mysterious thief 20 Masks. His thefts are usually subject to the whims of his two mothers, which Akira pulls off without any true objections or interactions. One night Akira ducks into the room of five-year-old Utako Ōkawa in an attempt to hide from the police.

Although the pair shares a four-year age difference, they find themselves quickly falling for each other even as Akira finds himself being increasingly more involved with thefts, some of which include Utako's family. This as well as several other obstacles give the young couple's budding relationship a fair amount of difficulty.

## Characters

### Akira Ijyuin

*Ijūin Akira* (伊集院 玲)

* Gender: Male
* Age: 9
* Birthday: December 24

He is an elementary-school boy with a double life. During the day, he is a fourth-grader of the elementary division of the CLAMP school campus, and also the Treasurer of the Elementary Division Student Council. At night, he becomes a mysterious thief who steals things in order to please his two mothers.

Although he is only 9 years old at the beginning of the story, he has already mastered the great skills in disguise and thievery. Our protagonist is the successor of the renowned thief 20 Faces, who was also Akira's father. After his father disappears, Akira takes his place and inherits the name 20 Faces.

Akira is so pure that he still believes in Santa Claus – this fact really surprises Nokoru and Suō. Akira is also very good at cooking and housework. His cooking is said to be equivalent to the top cooks of the world, while his grace in housework makes him the most wanted bachelor.

He is also said to be the top student in his grade. However good he is, Akira is still an innocent boy in love. Akira proposes to Utako when he is 20 and marries her at the age of 22. He is trying to become a pediatrician like his uncle, who happens to be the doctor at CLAMP school's infirmary.

The only time Akira gets angry is the time his mothers try doing something risky in order to help him.

In the two last chapters, and the cover of volume 2, Utako and Akira are shown in their adult form.

### Utako Okawa

*Ōkawa Utako* (大川 詠心)

* Gender: Female
* Age: 5

The second daughter of the Zaibatsu Okawa. When she meets Akira at the beginning of the story, she is heartbroken by her kindergarten teacher who refuses her love confession because of their 22 years difference in age. However, she quickly finds herself attracted to the mysterious thief who just breaks into her room to hide from the police. Akira's kindness helps ease Utako's anger. And that's when Utako decides that Akira will be the man of her life.

Utako is not good at cooking and housework – she even mistakes salt for sugar, for example. However, she has been trying her best ever since she met 20 Faces, because she wants to be the best wife in the world.

Utako seems to be more mature than those at her age, even more mature than those that are older than she is. She gets engaged to Akira at her 16th birthday and claims that his proposal is the best birthday present she ever had. She marries Akira at the age of 18.

Her future career is a kindergarten teacher.

In the next-to-last chapter is the only time in any CLAMP manga or anime that Nagisa Azuya – a friend of Utako, and girlfriend of *Clamp School Detectives'*s Suoh Takamura – is shown in her adult, as opposed to her child form.

### Akira's Mothers

(お母さんA/B)

* Gender: Female

They are referred to, when it is necessary to differentiate, as "Mother A" and "Mother B". They seem to be identical twins. They are said to be extremely wealthy and very beautiful, however, their personalities are childlike. The reason on why Akira has two mothers is still a mystery that Clamp has not yet revealed.

Although seemingly very rich, they have always coerced their husband – the original 20 Faces – and, later, their son Akira – to steal anything they like by claiming that they desperately need it.

Although they seem selfish, they really care about Akira. Once they even attempt to help by arriving at the scene in disguise (as bunny girls); however, they only mess everything up and this results in angering Akira, though their sincere apology makes him unable to remain angry for very long.

They also seem to be playful, and make Akira clean up most of their mess. They also seem to be extremely unskilled, or at least extremely unwilling to do housework, which makes Akira the only one to do all the cooking and cleaning.

### Ryūsuke Kobayashi

*Kobayashi Ryūsuke* (小林 龍佑)

* Gender: Male
* Age: 16

A high school student in Clamp School's year 1, Z division. His dream is to be a police detective and to capture 20 Faces. As such, he's always at the center of every heist 20 Faces, commanding police officers despite the fact that he is in high school. He is unaware that Akira is in fact 20 Faces, though he gets along with the boy very well otherwise.

In his later years, Ryūsuke succeeds in becoming a detective though his personality did not change much since high school.

### Shigetaka Akechi

*Akechi Shigetaka* (明智茂貴)

* Gender: Male
* Age: 25

Akira's uncle. He works at Clamp School's infirmary as a pediatrician. A kind-hearted individual, he seems to be fully aware that Akira is in fact 20 Faces. He will often show up at the crime scenes to give out half-hearted advice to Ryūsuke and the police, but for the most part cheers Akira on.

## Crossovers

## Media

There were two drama CDs released.

* 20 Faces, Please!! SHINING STAR (20面相におねがい!! SHINING STAR, *20 Mensou ni Onegai!! SHINING STAR*)

* 20 Faces, Please!! Not a Great Musical about Love (20面相におねがい!! 恋ほど素敵なミュージカルはない, *20 Mensou ni Onegai!! Koi hodo Suteki na Myūjikaru wa nai*)

The cast consisted of:

*Note:* Akira's mothers do not appear in the drama CD.

## InfoBox

| Man of Many Faces | |
| --- | --- |
| 20面相におねがい!!<br>(*Nijū Mensō ni Onegai!!*) | |
| Manga | |
| Written by | Clamp |
| Published by | Kadokawa Shoten |
| English publisher |  |
| Magazine | *Newtype* |
| Demographic | *Shōnen* |
| Original run | 19901991 |
| Volumes | 2 |


title: Petaluma Baseball Team

abstract: The city of Petaluma, California was the home to minor league baseball teams in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The first team, known as the Petaluma Poison Oaks played in the California Players' League in 1894. A second team played in the California State League in 1903. The third and final team was the Petaluma Incubators who played in the Central California League in 1910. This team moved to Elmhurst, California during the 1910 season and was renamed as the Elmhurst Incubators and then in 1911 became the Elmhurst Tildens. The team moved again, during the 1911 season to Oakland Carroll, California as the Oakland Carroll Emery Arms. They shut down at that point and no further teams have played in any of these cities.

text:
# Petaluma Baseball Team

The city of Petaluma, California was the home to minor league baseball teams in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The first team, known as the **Petaluma Poison Oaks** played in the California Players' League in 1894. A second team played in the California State League in 1903. The third and final team was the **Petaluma Incubators** who played in the Central California League in 1910. This team moved to Elmhurst, California during the 1910 season and was renamed as the **Elmhurst Incubators** and then in 1911 became the **Elmhurst Tildens**. The team moved again, during the 1911 season to Oakland Carroll, California as the **Oakland Carroll Emery Arms**. They shut down at that point and no further teams have played in any of these cities.

## InfoBox

| Petaluma Baseball Team | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Minor league affiliations | |
| Previous classes | Class D |
| Previous leagues |  |
| Team data | |
| Previous names | * Oakland Carroll Emery Arms (1911) * Elmhurst Tildens (1910–1911) * Elmhurst Incubators (1910) * Petaluma Incubators (1910) * Petaluma (1903) * Petaluma Poison Oaks (1894) |


title: Wyton, East Riding of Yorkshire

abstract:
Wyton is a hamlet in the civil parish of Bilton, in the East Riding of Yorkshire, It is situated approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) east of Kingston upon Hull city centre. Wyton leads from Bilton through to Sproatley. Wyton was formerly a township in the parish of Swine, in 1866 Wyton became a separate civil parish, on 1 April 1935 the parish was abolished and merged with Bilton. In 1931 the parish had a population of 111. Wyton is a small farming village with few houses, it is used for farming because of its rich soil, and large, open space. Its history is small, but was a Quaker village in the 17th century. There are still signs of the Quakers, such as buried ploughing machines, buried clothes and the remains of the houses.
Wyton contains a Grade II listed Wesleyan Methodist Church, a milestone and a hall but there are no schools, public houses, post offices, hotels, public telephones or sports centres.
Wyton is usually called a hamlet because it is even smaller than a village.

text:
# Wyton, East Riding of Yorkshire

**Wyton** is a hamlet in the civil parish of Bilton, in the East Riding of Yorkshire, It is situated approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) east of Kingston upon Hull city centre. Wyton leads from Bilton through to Sproatley.

Wyton was formerly a township in the parish of Swine, in 1866 Wyton became a separate civil parish, on 1 April 1935 the parish was abolished and merged with Bilton. In 1931 the parish had a population of 111.

Wyton is a small farming village with few houses, it is used for farming because of its rich soil, and large, open space. Its history is small, but was a Quaker village in the 17th century. There are still signs of the Quakers, such as buried ploughing machines, buried clothes and the remains of the houses (more on the Sproatley track, leading from Sproatley to Coniston). Wyton contains a Grade II listed Wesleyan Methodist Church, a milestone and a hall but there are no schools, public houses, post offices, hotels, public telephones or sports centres. Wyton is usually called a hamlet because it is even smaller than a village.

* *Gazetteer  AZ of Towns Villages and Hamlets*. East Riding of Yorkshire Council. 2006. p. 12.

## InfoBox

| Wyton | |
| --- | --- |
| The Methodist chapel in Wyton | |
| WytonLocation within the East Riding of Yorkshire | |
| OS grid reference | TA177332 |
| Civil parish |  |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | HULL |
| Postcode district | HU11 |
| Dialling code | 01482 |
|  | |
| Police | Humberside |
| Fire | Humberside |
| Ambulance | Yorkshire |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Tyrone (UK Parliament constituency)

abstract: County Tyrone is a former UK Parliament constituency in Ireland, returning two Members of Parliament (MPs).

text:
# Tyrone (UK Parliament constituency)

**County Tyrone** is a former UK Parliament constituency in Ireland, returning two Members of Parliament (MPs).

## Boundaries

This constituency comprised the whole of County Tyrone, except the parliamentary borough of Dungannon.

It returned two MPs from 1801 to 1885. It was an original constituency represented in Parliament when the Union of Great Britain and Ireland was created on 1 January 1801.

In the redistribution, which took effect in 1885, County Tyrone was divided into four single-member constituencies: East Tyrone, Mid Tyrone, North Tyrone and South Tyrone.

## Politics

The constituency electorate was predominantly Tory/Conservative during most of this period.

Catholics were excluded from taking seats in Parliament until 1829 and there was a restrictive property based franchise. It was not until the electoral reforms which took effect in 1885 that most adult males became voters. See Catholic emancipation for further details.

In these circumstances most MPs came from a limited number of Protestant aristocratic and gentry families. There were few contested elections.

It was only in 1880, at the end of the period when this constituency existed, that the Liberals first won a seat in the county.

## Members of Parliament

| Election | First MP | | | | Second MP | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Name | | Born | Died | Name | | Born | Died |
| 1801 co-option |  | Somerset Corry (Tory) | 11 July 1774 | 18 April 1841 |  | James Stewart
(affiliation uncertain) | 1742 | 18 January 1821 |
| 1802 by-election |  | Rt Hon John Stewart (Tory) | *ca* 1758 | 22 June 1825 | | | | |
| 1806 |  | Hon Thomas Knox (Ind) | 5 August 1754 | 26 April 1840 | | | | |
| 1812 |  | Rt Hon John Stewart, Bt (Tory) | *ca* 1758 | 22 June 1825 |  | Hon Thomas Knox (Tory) | 19 April 1786 | 21 March 1858 |
| 1818 | | | | |  | William Stewart (Whig) | 1780 | *ca* October 1850 |
| 1825 by-election | | | | |  | Rt Hon Henry Lowry-Corry
(Tory, Con, Peelite) | 9 March 1803 | 6 March 1873 |
| 1830 | | | | |  | Sir Hugh Stewart, Bt (Tory) | 14 May 1792 | 19 November 1854 |
| 1835 |  | | | |  | Lord Claud Hamilton (Con) | 27 July 1813 | 3 June 1884 |
| 1837 | | | | |  | James Alexander (Con) | 27 July 1812 | 30 June 1855 |
| 1839 by-election | | | | |  | Rt Hon Lord Claud Hamilton
(Con, Peelite) | 27 July 1813 | 3 June 1884 |
| 1847 |  | | | |  |
| 1852 by-election |  | | | |  |
| 1873 by-election |  | | | | Hon Henry Lowry-Corry (Con) | 30 June 1845 | 6 May 1927 |
| 1874 | | | | |  | John Ellison-Macartney (Con) | 1818 | 13 February 1904 |
| 1880 | | | | |  | Edward Falconer Litton (Lib) | 1827 | 27 November 1890 |
| 1881 by-election | | | | |  | Thomas Alexander Dickson (Lib) | 1833 | 17 June 1909 |
| 1885 | *Constituency partitioned into East, Mid, North and South parts by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885.* | | | | | | | |

*Notes:*

* Stooks Smith does not specify any party allegiances for this constituency before 1818. This does not necessarily mean that the MPs were not associated with a Party in Parliament.
* From 1832 Lowry-Corry and Stewart are classified as Conservatives.
* In 1847 Lowry-Corry and Hamilton contested the general election as Peelite Liberal Conservatives, but were again Conservatives by 1852.

## Elections

The single-member elections in this constituency took place using the first past the post electoral system. Multi-member elections used the Plurality-at-large voting system.

There was no election in 1801. The representatives of the county in the former Parliament of Ireland became members of the 1st Parliament of the United Kingdom.

After 1832, when registration of voters was introduced, a turnout figure is given for contested elections. In two-member elections this is calculated by dividing the number of votes by two. To the extent that voters did not use both their votes this will be an underestimate of turnout. If the electorate figure is unknown the last known electorate figure is used to provide an estimate of turnout.

Where a party had more than one candidate in one or both of a pair of successive elections change is calculated for each individual candidate, otherwise change is based on the party vote.

### Elections in the 1800s

Co-option 1 January 1801: Tyrone (2 seats)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Non Partisan** | **James Stewart** | **Co-opted** | ***N/A*** | ***N/A*** |
|  | **Non Partisan** | **Viscount Corry** | **Co-opted** | ***N/A*** | ***N/A*** |

By-Election 1 March 1802: Tyrone
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Non Partisan | **John Stewart** | ***Unopposed*** | | |

General election 19 July 1802: Tyrone (2 seats)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Non Partisan | **James Stewart** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | Non Partisan | **John Stewart** | ***Unopposed*** | | |

General election 18 November 1806: Tyrone (2 seats)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Non Partisan | **James Stewart** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | Non Partisan | **Thomas Knox** | ***Unopposed*** | | |

General election 25 May 1807: Tyrone (2 seats)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Non Partisan | **James Stewart** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | Non Partisan | **Thomas Knox** | ***Unopposed*** | | |

### Elections in the 1810s

General election 20 October 1812: Tyrone (2 seats)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Non Partisan | **Thomas Knox** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | Non Partisan | **John Stewart** | ***Unopposed*** | | |

General election 1 July 1818: Tyrone (2 seats)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Tory** | **John Stewart** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | **Whig** | **William Stewart** | ***Unopposed*** | | |

### Elections in the 1820s

General election 22 March 1820: Tyrone (2 seats)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Tory** | **John Stewart** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | **Whig** | **William Stewart** | ***Unopposed*** | | |

* *Death of John Stewart*

By-Election 27 June 1825: Tyrone
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Tory** | **Henry Lowry-Corry** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | Tory **hold** | | | | |

General election 20 June 1826: Tyrone (2 seats)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Whig** | **William Stewart** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | **Tory** | **Henry Lowry-Corry** | ***Unopposed*** | | |

### Elections in the 1830s

General election 9 August 1830: Tyrone (2 seats)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Tory** | **Henry Lowry-Corry** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | **Tory** | **Hugh Stewart** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
| Registered electors | | | 773 |  |
|  | Tory **hold** | | | | |
|  | Tory **gain** from Whig | | | | |

General election 14 May 1831: Tyrone (2 seats)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Tory** | **Henry Lowry-Corry** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | **Tory** | **Hugh Stewart** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
| Registered electors | | | 773 |  |
|  | Tory **hold** | | | | |
|  | Tory **hold** | | | | |

General election 17 December 1832: Tyrone (2 seats)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Tory** | **Hugh Stewart** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | **Tory** | **Henry Lowry-Corry** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
| Registered electors | | | 1,151 |  |
|  | Tory **hold** | | | | |
|  | Tory **hold** | | | | |

General election 20 January 1835: Tyrone (2 seats)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Claud Hamilton** | **1,057** | **47.8** |
|  | **Conservative** | **Henry Lowry-Corry** | **627** | **28.4** |
|  | Conservative | James Alexander | 510 | 23.1 |
|  | Conservative | Charles Eccles | 17 | 0.8 |
| Majority | | | 117 | 5.3 |
| Turnout | | | c.1,106 | c.88.5 |
| Registered electors | | | 1,250 |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | | |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | | |

General election 7 August 1837: Tyrone (2 seats)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Henry Lowry-Corry** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | **Conservative** | **James Alexander** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
| Registered electors | | | 2,602 |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | | |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | | |

By-Election 6 May 1839: Tyrone
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Claud Hamilton** | **218** | **72.7** |
|  | Conservative | John Humphreys | 81 | 27.0 |
|  | Conservative | James Alexander Boyle | 1 | 0.3 |
| Majority | | | 137 | 45.7 |
| Turnout | | | 300 | c.11.5 |
| Registered electors | | | c.2,602 |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | | |

### Elections in the 1840s

General election 9 July 1841: Tyrone (2 seats)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Henry Lowry-Corry** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | **Conservative** | **Claud Hamilton** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
| Registered electors | | | 2,493 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | | |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | | |

By-election, 23 September 1841: Tyrone
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Henry Lowry-Corry** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | | |

General election 10 August 1847: Tyrone (2 seats)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Peelite** | **Henry Lowry-Corry** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | **Peelite** | **Claud Hamilton** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
| Registered electors | | | 5,026 |  |  |
|  | Peelite **gain** from Conservative | | | | |
|  | Peelite **gain** from Conservative | | | | |

### Elections in the 1850s

By-election, 12 March 1852: Tyrone
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Claud Hamilton** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | Conservative **gain** from Peelite | | | | |

General election 29 July 1852: Tyrone (2 seats)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Henry Lowry-Corry** | **3,271** | **43.8** | ***N/A*** |
|  | **Conservative** | **Claud Hamilton** | **3,221** | **43.1** | ***N/A*** |
|  | Whig | Hugh Brabazon Higgins | 982 | 13.1 | *N/A* |
| Majority | | | 2,239 | 30.0 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 4,228 (est) | 74.3 (est) | *N/A* |
| Registered electors | | | 5,692 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **gain** from Peelite | | Swing | *N/A* |  |
|  | Conservative **gain** from Peelite | | Swing | *N/A* |  |

General election, 4 April 1857: Tyrone (2 seats)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Henry Lowry-Corry** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | **Conservative** | **Claud Hamilton** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
| Registered electors | | | 7,393 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | | |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | | |

By-election, 11 March 1858: Tyrone
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Claud Hamilton** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | | |

General election 10 May 1859: Tyrone (2 seats)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Henry Lowry-Corry** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | **Conservative** | **Claud Hamilton** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
| Registered electors | | | 7,592 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | | |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | | |

### Elections in the 1860s

General election 18 July 1865: Tyrone (2 seats)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Henry Lowry-Corry** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | **Conservative** | **Claud Hamilton** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
| Registered electors | | | 8,421 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | | |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | | |

By-Election 18 July 1866: Tyrone
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Henry Lowry-Corry** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
| Registered electors | | | 8,421 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | | |

By-Election 20 July 1866: Tyrone
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Claud Hamilton** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
| Registered electors | | | 8,421 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | | |

By-Election 21 March 1867: Tyrone
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Henry Lowry-Corry** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | | |

General election 24 November 1868: Tyrone (2 seats)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Henry Lowry-Corry** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | **Conservative** | **Claud Hamilton** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
| Registered electors | | | 8,878 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | | |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | | |

### Elections in the 1870s

* *Death of Lowry Corry*

By-election, 16 April 1873: Tyrone
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Henry Lowry-Corry** | **3,139** | **50.3** | ***N/A*** |
|  | Conservative | John Ellison-Macartney | 3,103 | 49.7 | *N/A* |
| Majority | | | 36 | 0.6 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 6,242 | 72.2 | *N/A* |
| Registered electors | | | 8,643 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | *N/A* |  |

General election 11 February 1874: Tyrone (2 seats)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **John Ellison-Macartney** | **4,710** | **44.3** | ***N/A*** |
|  | **Conservative** | **Henry Lowry-Corry** | **3,171** | **29.8** | ***N/A*** |
|  | Conservative | Claud Hamilton | 2,752 | 25.9 | *N/A* |
| Majority | | | 419 | 3.9 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 5,317 (est) | 59.9 (est) | *N/A* |
| Registered electors | | | 8,883 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | *N/A* |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | *N/A* |  |

### Elections in the 1880s

General election 8 April 1880: Tyrone (2 seats)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **John Ellison-Macartney** | **3,829** | **35.4** | **8.9** |
|  | **Liberal** | **Edward Falconer Litton** | **3,511** | **32.5** | ***New*** |
|  | Conservative | Claud Hamilton | 3,470 | 32.1 | +6.2 |
| Turnout | | | 7,161 (est) | 81.7 (est) | +21.8 |
| Registered electors | | | 8,762 |  |  |
| Majority | | | 318 | 2.9 | 1.0 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | *N/A* |  |
| Majority | | | 41 | 0.4 | *N/A* |
|  | Liberal **gain** from Conservative | | Swing | *N/A* |  |

* *Litton appointed Land Commissioner*

By-election 7 September 1881: Tyrone
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal** | **Thomas Alexander Dickson** | **3,168** | **44.3** | **+11.8** |
|  | Conservative | William Knox | 3,084 | 43.1 | 24.4 |
|  | Home Rule | Harold Rylett | 907 | 12.7 | *New* |
| Majority | | | 84 | 1.2 | +0.8 |
| Turnout | | | 7,159 | 82.5 | +0.8 |
| Registered electors | | | 8,674 |  |  |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing | +18.1 |  |

## Sources

### See also

## InfoBox

| County Tyrone | |
| --- | --- |
| Former county constituency
for the House of Commons | |
| County | County Tyrone |
| 18011885 | |
| Seats | 2 |
| Created from | County Tyrone (IHC) |
| Replaced by |  |


title: Vexillum trophonium

abstract: Vexillum trophonium is a species of small sea snail, marine gastropod mollusk in the family Costellariidae, the ribbed miters.

text:
# Vexillum trophonium

***Vexillum trophonium*** is a species of small sea snail, marine gastropod mollusk in the family Costellariidae, the ribbed miters.

## Description

The shell grows to a length of 20 mm, its diameter 6.75 mm.

(Original description) The shell is elongated. The protoconch contains five or more whorls, acute, yellowish brown, polished, glassy. The teleoconch contains about eight normal moderately rounded whorls. The body whorl forms more than half the shell. The sculpture consists of about (on the body whorl) fourteen sharp little-elevated ridges, which are rounder on the earliest whorls and obsolete on the last half of the (adult) body whorl. Incremental lines are irregularly prominent. The spiral sculpture consists of fine faint grooves, most visible between the ridges, three or four ill-defined distant revolving ridges on the anterior part of the body whorl which make a sort of arch in the transverse ridges when the latter cross them, and two to four ridges on the siphonal canal corresponding to the plaits. The siphonal fasciole is prominent and well marked. The suture is distinct, not deep, waved by the ends of the transverse ridges. The aperture is narrow. The outer lip is thin, sharp, with faint fine lirae in the throat. A small callus occurs at the posterior angle on the body whorl. The columella contains four plaits, the first rather small. The siphonal canal is nearly as wide as the aperture and is somewhat recurved.

The color of the shell goes from pale yellow to deep orange, with a narrow opaque white band a little way behind the suture, which swells a little where it crosses the transverse crests, and may in some specimens be represented by a series of spots on the crests. The surface is rather glossy.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Atlantic Ocean from Florida to Brazil

* Turner H. 2001. *Katalog der Familie Costellariidae* Macdonald, 1860. Conchbooks. 1–100-page(s): 65

* "*Vexillum (Costellaria) trophonium*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 11 February 2011.

## InfoBox

| *Vexillum trophonium* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Vexillum trophonium* (lectotype at the Smithsonian Institution) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Costellariidae |
| Genus: | *Vexillum* |
| Species: | ***V. trophonium*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Vexillum trophonium***<br>(Dall, 1889) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Mitra (Costellaria) trophonia* Dall, 1889 * *Vexillum (Costellaria) trophonium* (Dall, 1889) | |


title: William Cary (instrument maker)

abstract: William Cary was an English scientific-instrument maker. Trained under Jesse Ramsden, he produced numerous scientific instruments including mechanical calculators, measuring instruments, telescopes, microscopes, navigation and survey equipment. William Cary was born to George and Mary Cary. He had three brothers, the eldest George was a haberdasher while the second brother John, was a mapmaker who also worked with William and the last, Francis was an engraver. Cary learnt the skills for producing instruments as an apprentice of Jesse Ramsden (1735-1800). The instruments made by William Cary were used around the world including Russia and India. He also made instruments for the English chemist William Hyde Wollaston. After his death in 1825, the firm was taken over by Charles Gould who may have trained briefly under William Cary.

text:
# William Cary (instrument maker)

**William Cary** (1759–16 November 1825) was an English scientific-instrument maker. Trained under Jesse Ramsden, he produced numerous scientific instruments including mechanical calculators, measuring instruments, telescopes, microscopes, navigation and survey equipment.

William Cary was born to George and Mary Cary. He had three brothers, the eldest George (ca. 1753-1830) was a haberdasher while the second brother John, was a mapmaker who also worked with William and the last, Francis (ca. 1756-1836) was an engraver. Cary learnt the skills for producing instruments as an apprentice of Jesse Ramsden (1735-1800).

The instruments made by William Cary were used around the world including Russia and India. He also made instruments for the English chemist William Hyde Wollaston. After his death in 1825, the firm was taken over by Charles Gould who may have trained briefly under William Cary.


title: Marina Svetlova

abstract: Marina Svetlova was a French and American ballerina and ballet instructor.

text:
# Marina Svetlova

**Marina Svetlova** (born **Yvette von Hartmann**; 3 May 1922  11 February 2009) was a French and American ballerina and ballet instructor.

## Biography

Svetlova was born in Paris, France, with the name Yvette von Hartmann to Russian parents. She began studying dance as a young child and made her professional debut as a child performer in Paris in 1931 with the experimental ballet troupe of Ida Rubinstein. In Paris, she studied under Vera Trefilova, Lubov Egorova, and various other Russian emigres. In her late teens she became a soloist with the *Original Ballet Russe*, dancing with that company for three seasons. While there she notably created roles in David Lichine's *Graduation Ball* and George Balanchine's *Balustrade*.

After leaving the *Ballet Russe*, Svetlova came to the United States to dance as a guest artist with the American Ballet Theatre in New York City. She then joined the Metropolitan Opera Ballet, where she appeared for seven seasons, beginning in 1943–44. In 1951 she danced with the New York City Opera Ballet as a featured soloist for one season. From 1944 to 1969 Svetlova led her own touring dance concert group and made guest appearances in Europe with Guido Lauri.

Svetlova's accomplishments as a ballerina were later eclipsed by her second career as a dance teacher and choreographer at the Southern Vermont Arts Center (1959–64); the Svetlova Dance Center in Dorset, VT (1965–95); and Indiana University where she was professor of ballet and chairwoman of the ballet department (1969–92). She died in Bloomington, Indiana in 2009.


abstract: Marie Françoise de Brancas (1650-1715), Princess of Harcourt and Marquise of Maubec, was a French aristocrat and courtier during the reign of Louis XIV. She was a lady-in-waiting to Queen Marie Thérèse and later became an intimate friend of Madame de Maintenon, the King's morganatic second wife.

text:
# Marie Françoise de Brancas, Princess of Harcourt

**Marie Françoise de Brancas** (1650-1715), **Princess of Harcourt** and Marquise of Maubec, was a French aristocrat and courtier during the reign of Louis XIV. She was a lady-in-waiting to Queen Marie Thérèse and later became an intimate friend of Madame de Maintenon, the King's morganatic second wife.

## Early life and ancestry

Marie Françoise was the eldest daughter of Count Charles de Brancas (1618-1681) and his wife, Susanne Garnier (1630-1685), widow of François de Brézé, Seigneur d’Isigny en Normandie. Her father was a *Chevalier d'honneur* to Queen Anne of Austria, the mother of Louis XIV.

## Career at Versailles

The Princess of Harcourt was one of the *dames d'honneur* to Queen Marie-Thérèse. Like many influential courtiers at Versailles, the Princesse d'Harcourt sold favors and offices to those who could pay for them. She was paid a large amount of money by Louis Phélypeaux, marquis de La Vrillière, to broker a marriage between him and a daughter of Anne-Marie-Francoise de Sainte-Hermine, Dame d'atours. The Princess also secured de la Vrillière the venal post held by his new wife's father as part of the deal. Harcourt sold invitations to the king's residence at Marly for £6,000 each.

In his memoirs, the Duke of Saint-Simon paints an unflattering picture of the Princess d'Harcourt, calling her "a blonde Fury, nay more, a harpy: she had all the effrontery of one, and the deceit and violence; all the avarice and audacity...". He described her as "a tall fat creature, mightily brisk in her movements, with a complexion like milk-porridge, great ugly thick lips, and hair like tow, always sticking out and hanging down in disorder, like all the rest of her fittings-out. Dirty, slatternly, always intriguing, pretending, enterprising, quarrelling..." Harcourt was hated by Marie Adélaïde of Savoy, Duchess of Burgundy, who was the wife of the Dauphin Louis. The Duchess tormented the Princess d'Harcourt with practical jokes like setting off firecrackers under her chair, or bombarding her with snowballs in her bed.

## Later life

The Princess undertook extensive renovations at the Château d'Harcourt, where she filled in some of the moats and demolished the eastern outer wall. She also undertook to build a hospital in the village of Harcourt, the *Hospice des Augustines*, which was in operation until 2012. In 1702, she purchased the Countship of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis.

## Marriage and issue

De Brancas married Prince Alphonse Henri of Lorraine, Count of Harcourt, member of the junior branch of the House of Lorraine, on 21 February 1667 in Paris. Upon her marriage, she held the title of Princesse étranger. The couple had 9 children together.

* Charles de Lorraine (born 1673, died young)
* Anne-Marie-Joseph de Lorraine, Count of Harcourt (1679-1739)
* François de Lorraine, Prince of Montlaur (1684-1705)
* François-Marie de Lorraine, Prince of Maubec, (1686-1706), wounded and taken prisoner at the Battle of Blenheim in 1704, died from illness at Guastalla two years later.
* Anne de Lorraine-Elbeuf, demoiselle d'Harcourt, (1668-1671)
* Marie de Lorraine-Elbeuf, demoiselle de Montlaur, (1669-1671)
* Anne de Lorraine-Elbeuf, demoiselle de Maubec, (1670-1671)
* Anne-Marguerite de Lorraine, (born 1675, died young)
* Susanne de Lorraine-Elbeuf, (1668-1671)

## InfoBox

| Marie Françoise de Brancas | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1650 |
| Died | (1715-04-13)April 13, 1715<br>Clermont-en-Beauvaisis, France |
| Nationality | French |
| Spouse | Alphonse Henri, Count of Harcourt  (m. 16671715) |
| Children | 9, including Joseph, Count of Harcourt, François Marie de Lorraine, Count of Maubec |


title: Union Springs, New York

abstract: Union Springs is a village in Cayuga County, New York, United States. The population was 1,197 at the 2010 census. The name is derived from the mineral springs near the village. Union Springs is in the western part of the town of Springport and is southwest of Auburn.

text:
# Union Springs, New York

**Union Springs** is a village in Cayuga County, New York, United States. The population was 1,197 at the 2010 census. The name is derived from the mineral springs near the village. Union Springs is in the western part of the town of Springport and is southwest of Auburn.

## History

The village is south of the current village of Cayuga and north of the former Cayuga Nation village of *Gwau-gwah* (Cayuga Castle), which became a Jesuit mission. The native village was a target of the Sullivan Expedition of 1779. After the war, a reservation was established for the Cayuga who returned, but they gave up their land rights before 1800. The village was incorporated in 1848.

Mineral springs near the village made the village an important health spa.

In 2023 the mayor of Union Springs was Bud Shattuck. His term expired in March 2023. Robert Thurston Jr. ran unopposed for a two-year term, and was elected in March that year.

Union Springs is the location of Union Springs Academy \- a Seventh-day Adventist boarding school.

The Peter Yawger House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. The Almeron Durkee House, Charles Howland-William H. Chase House, and William Richardson House were listed in 2005.

## Geography

Union Springs is located at 42°50′35″N 76°41′35″W / 42.84306°N 76.69306°W / 42.84306; -76.69306 (42.843046, -76.692996).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.8 square miles (4.7 km2), of which 1.8 square miles (4.7 km2) is land and 0.55% is water.

The village is located on the east shore of Cayuga Lake on New York State Route 90. New York State Route 326 intersects NY-90 north of the village.

Frontenac Island, ceremonially important to the Cayuga, is located near the village in Cayuga Lake. This is the only naturally occurring island in the Finger Lakes. In 1859, nearly one third of the island was removed for use as an embankment for the nearby New York Central Railroad along the east shore of the lake without regard for artifacts. In the mid-20th Century, the island was scientifically excavated for study and display by the Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1870 | 1,150 |  |  |
| 1880 | 1,210 |  | 5.2% |
| 1890 | 1,066 |  | −11.9% |
| 1900 | 994 |  | −6.8% |
| 1910 | 798 |  | −19.7% |
| 1920 | 642 |  | −19.5% |
| 1930 | 794 |  | 23.7% |
| 1940 | 905 |  | 14.0% |
| 1950 | 957 |  | 5.7% |
| 1960 | 1,066 |  | 11.4% |
| 1970 | 1,183 |  | 11.0% |
| 1980 | 1,201 |  | 1.5% |
| 1990 | 1,142 |  | −4.9% |
| 2000 | 1,074 |  | −6.0% |
| 2010 | 1,197 |  | 11.5% |
| 2020 | 1,075 |  | −10.2% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,074 people, 429 households, and 293 families residing in the village. The population density was 597.0 inhabitants per square mile (230.5/km2). There were 486 housing units at an average density of 270.1 per square mile (104.3/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 97.77% White, 1.21% African American, 0.19% Native American, 0.19% Asian, and 0.65% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.65% of the population

There were 429 households, out of which 30.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.1% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.5% were non-families. 25.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.02.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 26.0% under the age of 18, 5.8% from 18 to 24, 26.7% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 17.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.9 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $42,778, and the median income for a family was $49,667. Males had a median income of $31,917 versus $23,750 for females. The per capita income for the village was $18,783. About 5.2% of families and 6.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.2% of those under age 18 and 13.8% of those age 65 or over.

Historic photos and maps:

## InfoBox

| Union Springs, New York | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Aerial view of Union Springs from south by southwest, 2013. The village is on the cove of Cayuga Lake just above the center of the photo. | |
| Motto: "Beauty by the lake" | |
| Union SpringsLocation within the state of New York | |
| Coordinates: 42°50′35″N 76°41′35″W / 42.84306°N 76.69306°W / 42.84306; -76.69306 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| County | Cayuga |
| Town | Springport |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.76 sq mi (4.57 km2) |
| Land | 1.75 sq mi (4.53 km2) |
| Water | 0.01 sq mi (0.04 km2) |
| Elevation | 410 ft (125 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 1,075 |
| Density | 614.99/sq mi (237.42/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 13160 |
| Area code | 315 |
| FIPS code | 36-76155 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0968217 |
| Website | unionspringsny.com |


title: Uchon

abstract: Uchon is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

text:
# Uchon

**Uchon** (French pronunciation: \[yʃɔ̃\]) is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 89 |  |
| 1975 | 73 | −2.79% |
| 1982 | 67 | −1.22% |
| 1990 | 55 | −2.44% |
| 1999 | 85 | +4.96% |
| 2007 | 96 | +1.53% |
| 2012 | 102 | +1.22% |
| 2017 | 98 | −0.80% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Uchon | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Town hall | |
| Location of Uchon | |
| UchonUchon | |
| Coordinates: 46°48′48″N 4°15′19″E / 46.8133°N 4.2553°E / 46.8133; 4.2553 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Saône-et-Loire |
| Arrondissement | Autun |
| Canton | Autun-2 |
| Intercommunality | Grand Autunois Morvan |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Guy Federspield |
| Area**1** | 11.86 km2 (4.58 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 88 |
| Density | 7.4/km2 (19/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 71551 /71190 |
| Elevation | 309–681 m (1,014–2,234 ft)
(avg. 683 m or 2,241 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Petaluma Municipal Airport

abstract: Petaluma Municipal Airport is a public airport one mile (1.6 km) northeast of Petaluma, in Sonoma County, California, United States. It covers 220 acres (89 ha) and has one runway measuring 3601 x 75 feet. It is used for general aviation. FedEx feeder flies Cessna Caravan 208Bs into Petaluma.

text:
# Petaluma Municipal Airport

**Petaluma Municipal Airport** (FAA LID: **O69**) is a public airport one mile (1.6 km) northeast of Petaluma, in Sonoma County, California, United States. It covers 220 acres (89 ha) and has one runway measuring 3601 x 75 feet. It is used for general aviation. FedEx feeder flies Cessna Caravan 208Bs into Petaluma.

## General information

Founded in 1915, the Petaluma Municipal Airport is a class G general aviation airport located on Skyranch Drive in Petaluma, California. The airport accommodates 60,000 takeoffs and landings each year. It has one runway of heading 110 and 290, with 290 being the primary runway due to typical wind conditions in the area. The airport is non-towered, and aircraft with radios are required to communicate on frequency 122.7. Departure procedures require that all aircraft climb to 1500 feet above sea level. All arrivals are required to follow noise abatement procedures due to roads and residences adjacent to the airfield.

## Airport facilities

The Petaluma Municipal Airport is operated by the city of Petaluma 24 hours a day, and is staffed from Monday through Friday 0800-1700, and Saturday through Sunday 0800-1600. It is staffed on all holidays.

### Aircraft storage

Hangars and tie-down spaces are available for rent on a limited basis. Aircraft hangars are available in multiple sizes, and tie down spaces are available for both single and twin engine aircraft.

### Two-Niner Diner

Named after ideal flying conditions (29.92 inches of mercury on the altimeter), the Two-Niner Diner is located at the end of runway 29. Opened in 1991, the restaurant is frequented by pilots flying into the airport from all over Sonoma County. It uses local ingredients and serves typical diner fare.

### Mangon Aircraft

Originally opened at Smith Ranch Airport, in 1969, Mangon Aircraft is an aircraft maintenance facility that has since relocated to the Petaluma Municipal Airport. Owned and operated by Ronald Mangon, Mangon Aircraft provides various services to many types of aircraft, and shares employees with the pilot training center.

## Petaluma Pilot Training Center

The Petaluma Pilot Training Center is a pilot training facility located at Petaluma Municipal Airport (O69). It provides instruction to those without a pilot license, and aircraft rental to those who are certified. It offers instruction to obtain a private pilot certificate, as well as an instrument rating and additional endorsements.

The center operates a fleet of five aircraft: a 1975 Cessna 150M, a 1974 Cessna 172M, a 1975 Cessna 172M, a 1974 Piper PA28R-200, and a 2007 Cessna 172SP, outfitted with a glass cockpit.

The pilot training center cooperates with personnel from the airport, as well as employees from Mangon Aircraft Repair.

## Accidents and incidents

* On January 4, 2002 a pilot flying a Cessna 152 fatally collided with mountains near the airfield, destroying the aircraft, owned and operated by Aeroventure. According to the owner of Aeroventure, the pilot was neither qualified nor endorsed by the school to fly the Cessna 152, and did not possess a license that allowed him to fly solo at night. Eyewitnesses said that the pilot began flying the aircraft without performing any preflight or departure checks. According to the Sonoma County Sheriff's Department, the pilot involved in the accident was under criminal investigation. Earlier that day, police had seized his computer for criminal investigation while he was flying a different aircraft. An autopsy report ruled the manner of death to be suicide.
* On April 3, 2015, a pilot was killed after his aircraft crashed into a rural area near the airport. The aircraft was a 1984 fixed wing, single engine lightweight similar to a glider. The aircraft crashed across the street from a PG&E power station located along the base leg of the traffic pattern of the airport.
* On July 3, 2022, a Cessna 182 Skylane crashed into a hangar at Petaluma during a landing attempt. The aircraft became wedged into the side of the structure, and a gas leak found at the scene was fixed. Though the aircraft was substantially damaged, the sole pilot was not injured. The incident is under investigation.

## Nearby airports

### Santa Rosa

Approximately 18 miles north of the Petaluma Municipal Airport is the Charles M Schulz airport (STS). It operates two runways: runway 14/32 and runway 2/20. The Santa Rosa airport operates in a class D tower controlled airspace during the hours of 1500-0400, and is a class G airspace at all other times. It is a popular destination for pilots departing from the Petaluma Municipal Airport. Pilots flying into the airfield during its attended hours are required to contact the Santa Rosa tower controller on radio frequency 118.5; during unattended hours, they must communicate on the UNICOM frequency 122.95.

### Gnoss Field

Located just south of the Petaluma Municipal Airport is Gnoss Field (DVO). It has one runway, 13/31, surrounded by ditches. It operates under a constant noise abatement procedure due to residences nearby. There are mountains and electrical towers in the vicinity of the runway, making approaches to the airfield challenging depending on wind conditions. Gnoss Field is frequently traveled to from the Petaluma Municipal Airport. Communications near this airport use the UNICOM frequency 123.075.

## InfoBox

| Petaluma Municipal Airport | |
| --- | --- |
| sign outside Petaluma Municipal Airport | |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Operator | City of Petaluma |
| Location | Petaluma |
| Elevation AMSL | 87 ft / 26.5 m |
| Coordinates | 38°15′28″N 122°36′20″W / 38.25778°N 122.60556°W / 38.25778; -122.60556 |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  11/29 3,601 1,097 Asphalt | |


title: Wytomyśl

abstract: Wytomyśl is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowy Tomyśl, within Nowy Tomyśl County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north-east of Nowy Tomyśl and 50 km (31 mi) west of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Wytomyśl

**Wytomyśl** \[vɨˈtɔmɨɕl\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowy Tomyśl, within Nowy Tomyśl County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north-east of Nowy Tomyśl and 50 km (31 mi) west of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Wytomyśl | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Saint Archangel Michael Church | |
| Wytomyśl | |
| Coordinates: 52°23′N 16°11′E / 52.383°N 16.183°E / 52.383; 16.183 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Nowy Tomyśl |
| Gmina | Nowy Tomyśl |
| Population | 512 |


title: Tú, sólo tú

abstract: "Tú, sólo tú" is a ranchera song written by Mexican songwriter Felipe Valdés Leal in 1949. That same year the song was recorded by Miguel Aceves Mejía, Pedro Infante, Luis Pérez Meza and Rosita Quintana. The song was also included in the films Pueblerina (1949), where it was performed by Roberto Cañedo and Columba Domínguez; Perdida (1950), where it was performed by La Torcacita; and Tú, solo tú (1950), where it was performed by Luis Aguilar.

text:
# Tú, sólo tú

"**Tú, sólo tú**" (You, Only You) is a ranchera song written by Mexican songwriter Felipe Valdés Leal in 1949. That same year the song was recorded by Miguel Aceves Mejía, Pedro Infante, Luis Pérez Meza and Rosita Quintana.

The song was also included in the films *Pueblerina* (1949), where it was performed by Roberto Cañedo and Columba Domínguez; *Perdida* (1950), where it was performed by La Torcacita; and *Tú, solo tú* (1950), where it was performed by Luis Aguilar.

## Linda Ronstadt version

Linda Ronstadt included this track on her album *Canciones de Mi Padre* in 1987.

## Selena version

Selena recorded a cover version with the Anglicized spelling "**Tu Solo Tu**". It is the second single (first in Spanish) released from the album *Dreaming of You*. Her version was originally recorded for the 1995 film *Don Juan DeMarco*. It was the first Spanish-language single to be released from Selena's recording projects following her death.

### Chart performance

The song debuted at number 3 on the *Billboard* Hot Latin Tracks for the week of July 15, 1995, and climbed to number 1 the following week where it remained for ten weeks, Selena's longest run at number 1.

The single, "I Could Fall In Love", was kept from reaching the top spot on the chart by "Tú sólo tú", but with this feat, Selena became the second performer ever to have singles in the top two spots of the Hot Latin Tracks chart in the same week (the first being Ana Gabriel).

On the *Billboard* Latin Regional Mexican Airplay chart, the single debuted and peaked at number one, spending nine weeks at the top.

### Charts

| Chart (1995–96) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot Latin Songs (*Billboard*) | 1 |
| US Regional Mexican Songs (*Billboard*) | 1 |
| Mexico Grupera Songs (*El Siglo de Torreón*) | 1 |
| Mexico Ranchero (*El Siglo de Torreón*) | 2 |

### Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United States (RIAA) | Platinum (Latin) | 60,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

### Personnel

## InfoBox

| "Tú, Sólo Tú" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Selena | |
| from the album  *Dreaming of You* | |
| Released | July 5, 1995 |
| Recorded | 1995 |
| Studio |  |
| Length | 3:10 |
| Label | EMI |
| Songwriter(s) | Felipe Valdés Leal |
| Producer(s) | José Hernàndez |
| Selena singles chronology | |
| "I Could Fall in Love"
(1995) "**Tú, Sólo Tú**"
(1995) "Dreaming of You"
(1995) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Tú, Solo Tú" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Mohare

abstract: Mohare is a village in Bailhongal Taluk, Belagavi District of Karnataka, India. It is located near the state border with Maharashtra, about 26 kilometres east of the district seat Belgaum, and 16 kilometres northwest of the taluk seat Bailhongal. As of 2011, it has a total population of 2,365.

text:
# Mohare

**Mohare** is a village in Bailhongal Taluk, Belagavi District of Karnataka, India. It is located near the state border with Maharashtra, about 26 kilometres east of the district seat Belgaum, and 16 kilometres northwest of the taluk seat Bailhongal. As of 2011, it has a total population of 2,365.

## Geography

Mohare is located to the north of Malaprabha River. It is bounded by Deshnur in the west and Koladur in the east. Its average elevation is 818 metres above the sea level.

## Climate

Mohare has a Tropical Savanna Climate (Aw). It sees the most rainfall in July, with 176 mm of average precipitation; and virtually no precipitation in February.

| Climate data for Mohare | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 28.2
(82.8) | 30.6
(87.1) | 33.4
(92.1) | 34.8
(94.6) | 33.3
(91.9) | 27
(81) | 24.8
(76.6) | 24.9
(76.8) | 26.2
(79.2) | 27.4
(81.3) | 27.7
(81.9) | 27.6
(81.7) | 28.8
(83.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 21.9
(71.4) | 23.9
(75.0) | 26.3
(79.3) | 27.5
(81.5) | 26.6
(79.9) | 23.4
(74.1) | 22.2
(72.0) | 22.1
(71.8) | 22.5
(72.5) | 23.1
(73.6) | 22.6
(72.7) | 21.7
(71.1) | 23.6
(74.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 15.6
(60.1) | 17.2
(63.0) | 19.6
(67.3) | 21.4
(70.5) | 21.8
(71.2) | 21.4
(70.5) | 20.8
(69.4) | 20.5
(68.9) | 20.2
(68.4) | 19.5
(67.1) | 17.8
(64.0) | 16.1
(61.0) | 19.3
(66.8) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 1
(0.0) | 0
(0) | 4
(0.2) | 20
(0.8) | 49
(1.9) | 165
(6.5) | 176
(6.9) | 141
(5.6) | 120
(4.7) | 107
(4.2) | 27
(1.1) | 6
(0.2) | 816
(32.1) |
| Source: Climate-Data.org | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Demographics

According to the 2011 Indian Census, there are 511 households within Mohare. Out of the total 2,365 residents, 1,168 are male and 1,197 are female. The total literacy rate is 61.61%, with 857 of the male population and 600 of the female population being literate.

## InfoBox

| Mohare | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| MohareMohare | |
| Coordinates: 15°54′55″N 74°45′06″E / 15.91528°N 74.75167°E / 15.91528; 74.75167 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Karnataka |
| District | Belagavi |
| Taluk | Bailhongal |
| Government | |
| Type | Sarpanch |
| Area | |
| Total | 17.91 km2 (6.92 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 818 m (2,684 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 2,365 |
| Density | 130/km2 (340/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Kannada |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 591147 |
| STD code | 08288 |
| Vehicle registration | KA-22 |


title: Mark Braverman

abstract: Mark Braverman is an American psychologist and activist for Palestinian rights. He is the executive director of Kairos USA, a pro-Palestinian group for American Christians.

text:
# Mark Braverman

**Mark Braverman** (born 1948) is an American psychologist and activist for Palestinian rights. He is the executive director of Kairos USA, a pro-Palestinian group for American Christians.

## Early life and education

Braverman was born in 1948 to a Conservative Jewish family in Philadelphia, United States.

He has written that his grandfather was "a fifth-generation Palestinian Jew" who "was born in the Old City of Jerusalem" and was "a direct descendant of the Lubavicher Rebbe." The grandfather emigrated to the U.S. early in the 20th century.

He has said that he was brought up a Zionist. “Zionism was mother's milk,” he has written, “together with love for and connection with my family, almost all of whom live in Israel. I was raised as a Conservative Jew – I was a product of Solomon Schechter Day School, President of Philadelphia Region USY and National Vice President, and a camper and then counselor at Camp Ramah.”

He has described his grandmother as “a sweet woman with a big heart” who got her family through the Great Depression and struggled with “a tyrannical father and an equally tyrannical husband.” She also, according to him, harbored a deep contempt for gentiles and was a member of Hadassah, the women's Zionist organization. For her, he has maintained, “there were no Palestinians and there was no Nakba. There was only this precious reality of Israel, this wondrous repository of Jewish culture, this bulwark against the Nations Who Seek to Destroy Us.” He has said that this grandmother was “a product of her upbringing and of her times,” which “for the Jews of America...were simpler times.”

## Evolving views of Israel

Braverman has written that he first traveled to Israel in the early 1960s with other people from Camp Ramah. Elsewhere, he has written that he “fell in love” with Israel when he first visited Israeli relatives at age 17. But though those relatives “warmly embraced me,” he has said, he “noticed the fear and sense of superiority in the way they talked about 'the Arabs.'” It reminded him, he has maintained, of white racists in the U.S. talking about people of color in the years before the Civil Rights era, and it was then that he saw “that there was a fundamental flaw in the Zionist project.”

Still, his “love for Israel stayed strong,” and after college he lived on Kibbutz Sasa, “ignoring the implications of the pre-1948 Palestinian homes turned into Jewish housing and the abandoned olive groves on the edges of the newly-planted apple orchards.” Over the years, he has written, his “concerns about Israel increased in direct proportion to the pace of illegal settlement-building;” the “pictures of Israeli bulldozers uprooting three hundred year-old olive trees and Jewish soldiers restraining Arab villagers crying hysterically over the destruction of their groves” changed his view of the Israeli tree-planting of his youth. Yet, he has said, he continued to cling to “the Zionist narrative: the Occupation, although lamentably abusive of human rights, was the price of security.”

But when he went to the West Bank in 2006, his view of Israel changed entirely. He “saw the hillsides denuded of trees to build concrete Jewish settlement cities” and “saw Arab houses leveled and gardens taken to make way for a 30 foot-high concrete wall cutting through Palestinian cities and village fields.” He decided that the argument that the wall's purpose was to defend Israel was “a lie.” And he “realized that, no matter what rationales were advanced in justification of Israel’s current policies, these actions would never lead to peace and security for Israel. I saw that the role of occupier was leading Israel down a road of political disaster, and the Jewish people down a road of spiritual peril.”

These observations, plus his personal encounters with Palestinians during the same 2006 trip, “fundamentally changed” his views of Israel, Braverman has maintained. A profile of him recounted his daily walks, during that visit, “from Israeli West Jerusalem to Arab East Jerusalem,” where the director of Sabeel, a Palestinian aid organization, called herself a follower of Jesus, whom she described as “a Palestinian Jew who said, ‘Love your enemies.’” “This,” according to the profile, “all made sense to him.”

Braverman has since “devoted himself full-time to the Israel-Palestine conflict,” which he has called “the greatest crisis in Jewish history since the Babylonian exile.”

## Current views

Braverman has written that while he “grew up believing that Israel was the key to Jewish survival,” he now feels that “our task is to rescue Judaism from an ideology that has hijacked the faith, continues to fuel global conflict, and has produced one of the most systematic and longstanding violations of human rights in the world today.” He rejects the idea that Zionism has liberated Jews “from the powerlessness and humiliation of the ghetto,” arguing that “in reality Zionism has served to keep Jews trapped in an isolationist, exclusivist past” and “yoked...to a theology of territoriality and tribal privilege.”

Braverman has asserted that “Palestine is being destroyed. Israel has all the power. The Palestinian people — a good, patient people — are being ground into the dirt, their leaders killed, imprisoned or exiled, their young people impoverished and robbed of a future. Any possibility for nonviolent protest is made all but impossible by a brutal military occupation.” Jews, he has said, have “blood on our hands.” As for Palestinian terror, “we must look to the cause.”

Braverman has called on Christians not to “give the Jewish people a free pass,” as he puts it, “out of a sense of guilt for anti-Semitism.”

Braverman has said that “by and large the Palestinians are a peaceful, patient people – and at this pass an angry, humiliated and pained people.” He attributes their plight largely to a “relative lack of organization...in the face of the highly organized and effective Zionist colonial project.”

In a letter to an American rabbi who disagreed with his views, Braverman insisted: “We are doing wrong. We have blood on our hands.” He said that “for most of my adult life” he had chosen “to ignore this truth. Then I saw it with my eyes. Rabbi, you must go and see.” Describing the “Separation Wall” as consisting of a “sanitized Israeli section” and a “real” section which “snak\[es\] through the West Bank on stolen land, separating Palestinians from Palestinians,” he denied that its real purpose is security, and argued that the checkpoints perpetrate “baseless humiliation and oppression...in our name.”

While acknowledging to the rabbi that the Hamas Charter is “an ugly thing,” he insisted that it “has to be seen in the context of the idiom it uses, and in the political context of a response to the secular PLO regime which was not working.” He further denied that Hamas, since its 2006 electoral victory, had vowed to destroy Israel, and he rejected the claim that there is widespread anti-Semitism in Gaza.

The only way for Israel to be compelled to obey international law and “behave...decently toward the people of Palestine,” Braverman told the rabbi, is for the U.S. “to change its policy of an unconditional green light.” He dismissed concerns about what would happen if Israel became a non-Jewish state: “What if Israel no longer had a Jewish majority...? So what?” He also waved away concerns that “Israel, with the best Army in the world and the full backing of the US, is on the verge of destruction by a ragtag popular movement with basement bombs,” saying that such concerns are “our victim complex talking...the legacy of the trauma of the Holocaust.”

He has written: “I am a proud Jew. I love Israel. And I am heartsick about her.”

## Career

### Psychologist and consultant

Braverman has extensive experience as a clinical psychologist with an expertise in “traumatic stress and its effect on individuals in disasters, mass violence, organizational change, conflict, and critical incidents.” He describes himself as an “organizational consultant” with a specialty in “corporate crisis management and employment issues related to mental health, work-related stress, organizational change, and conflict and violence in the workplace.”

He has “worked with private corporations, government agencies and public entities across the globe in the prevention, response, mitigation and recovery from disasters, violence and potentially business-ending crises -- providing training, policy development, and acute crisis intervention services.” He has also worked as a consultant and trainer for various federal agencies in connection with “workplace violence policy, workplace traumatic stress, and occupational health issues,” and testified in 1992 before a joint U.S. Congressional Subcommittee on “the causes of violence in the U.S. Postal Service.”

### CMG Associates / Braverman Group

Braverman and his wife, Susan, founded the founded Crisis Management Group (CMG Associates) in 1988. Seeking “to respond to the needs of companies, communities and public entities that had experienced a traumatic event,” the Bravermans “developed the industry’s first Workplace Psychological Trauma Intervention Program for Digital Equipment Corporation – a program that has served as a model for the subsequent development of employee-focused critical incident intervention in the workplace.” CMG, later the Braverman Group, gradually expanded its scope, offering “a range of innovative Employee Assistance Programs, providing plans to meet the needs of each client organization.”

### Kairos USA

Braverman is currently the executive director of Kairos USA, an American Christian movement that was inspired by Kairos Palestine and that has issued its own statement, entitled “Call to Action: a U.S. Christian response to the Palestine Kairos document.”

Founded in June 2011 by American Christian clerics, theologians, and laypersons, Kairos USA describes itself as having been founded in response to “the 2009 call of our Palestinian sisters and brothers in Christ to stand with them in their struggle for their fundamental human rights.” Kairos USA describes itself as “taking a bold, prophetic stand for justice in the Holy Land” and as “expressing our love for our sisters and brothers in Israel who for their entire history as a state have been suffering from the social, psychological and spiritual costs of militarization and war itself.”

### Friends of Tent of Nations North America

Braverman co-founded Friends of Tent of Nations North America (FOTONNA), a 501(c)3 corporation that is partly dedicated to helping the family of Palestinian Christian Daoud Nassar to safeguard its land on the West Bank, which Israeli sought to acquire. Braverman was involved in Nassar's 2007 U.S. speaking tour.

### Other groups

Braverman serves on the advisory board of Friends of Sabeel North America, as well as of the Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions, USA (ICAHD USA). He is a consultant to the Israel Palestine Mission Network of the Presbyterian Church USA and to Evangelicals for Middle East Understanding. He is also a charter member of American Jews for a Just Peace and has also been involved with Jewish Voice for Peace.

In mid-2008, a year and a half before the publication of the Kairos Palestine document, Braverman publicly supported the Presbyterian Church USA in its deliberations regarding the possibility of divesting from Israel. Addressing the people of the Presbyterian Church, he wrote: “I honor your struggle. You may not have found the answer yet, but you are grappling with the issue. And the issue is justice.”

In a 2010 article, Braverman recounted his experience at the 219th General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church USA in Minneapolis, to which he had been invited by the PCUSA's Israel Palestine Mission Network. He described a report, “Break Down the Walls,” which was produced by the Church's Middle East Study Committee, and which examined “the Israeli occupation’s impact on Palestinian society” and urged the U.S. government to make military aid to Israel contingent on ending the occupation,” as “a precious and faithful document.” Noting that the Simon Wiesenthal Center had called the report “poisonous,” “a declaration of war on Israel,” and an assault on the very “foundations of interfaith relations,” Braverman dismissed these charges as representative of “the tack that has been taken for years by the mainstream Jewish community” toward “questions about Israel’s policies or the Zionist project itself.”

“Sixty five years ago,” wrote Braverman in connection with the PCUSA report, “the Christian world stood before the ovens of Auschwitz-Birkenau and said, “What have we done?” Since then, Christian-Jewish relations have been driven by the Jewish desire for safety and protection on the one hand and the powerful Christian drive for penitence for millennia of anti-Jewish doctrine and behavior on the other.”

Braverman wrote a letter to the Christian Century protesting an article by Ted Smith and Amy-Jill Levine of Vanderbilt Seminary that had appeared in that magazine. Smith and Levine had argued that the PCUSA report “evokes old echoes of theological supersessionism and transposes them into a political key.” Referring to the supersessionism that is the basis of the report's argument and that had, in their view, long characterized Christian dialogue with Jews, Smith and Levine had written that “Old habits die hard”; in response, Braverman protested that “it is the habit of crying anti-Semitism whenever Jewish sensibilities are disturbed or the actions of the State of Israel are questioned that we must urgently confront.”

Noting the “sharp disagreement” over the report within the PCUSA, Braverman said that he “despaired that anyone who...had not seen the occupation with his or her own eyes would understand that the report was not biased” against Jews or Israel, and would not recognize “that it was simply telling the truth and recommending that the church respond accordingly.” While some PCUSA members were concerned that “Breaking Down the Walls” was anti-Semitic, Braverman insisted that it was, much to the contrary, an expression of Christians' love for Jews, “love in the deepest, truest sense – love as Jesus and Paul teach us to love – love the way Amos and Hosea, Isaiah and Jeremiah taught us when they spoke truth to power.”

While Braverman and several other Jews attended the PCUSA meeting to advocate for the passage of “Breaking Down the Walls,” another group of Jews, including members of the Simon Wiesenthal Center, the Jewish Council on Public Affairs, and the Institute for Christian and Jewish Studies, were there to oppose passage of the report. Braverman celebrated the failure of the latter coalition, writing that “I believe that they were surprised at this outcome – Jewish advocacy groups having the final say on Christian words and actions with respect to Israel and Zionism is a time-honored pursuit. It has been rewarded with success for generations.”

## Other events

Braverman has delivered a number of sermons in Christian churches. In 2006, for example, speaking at the First Congregational Church of Old Lyme, CT, he said that when he met the Palestinian Christian Daoud Nassar, founder of Tent of Nations, “my relationship to Israel changed forever. My witness began. I met the Living Stones of the Land.” He described Nassar's farm, which “stands, alone, ringed by Jewish settlements and the encroaching Separation Wall, the last holdout in a region earmarked for taking by the Jewish State. The government has offered millions for the land and safe passage out of Palestine, but the family remains steadfast. Daoud told us: 'We are not allowed to give up. This land is my mother. My mother is not for sale.'...'Peace is like a tree,' Daoud says, 'first you have to nurture it, give it lots of water until the roots are established, and then it can grow on its own.'”

In 2011, Braverman was the U.S. delegate to the Southern Africa-Palestine Encounter in Johannesburg, where he presented a lecture on “Kairos theology, interfaith politics, and the role of the church in bringing a just peace to Israel and Palestine.” In September 2011 he lectured and led workshops at the “Moment of Truth” conference of Kairos Netherlands at the Free University of Amsterdam. In May 2012, he delivered lectures on Kairos theology at the Iona Community in Argyle, Scotland.

A 2012 article in a University of Illinois student newspaper reported on a speech Braverman had given under the auspices of the university's Center for South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies. Although Braverman had been invited “to speak about peace in the Middle East,” the article maintained that the invitation had instead “opened a forum for anti-Semitic and anti-Israel hostilities.” Braverman, according to this account, had first described Zionism as “an integral part of Judaism,” and then called it racism. Thus, in his view, “Judaism is inherently racist.” The author of the article accused Braverman of using “his own Jewish faith” to legitimize anti-Israeli views and “hide...anti-Semitic feelings.” Braverman has responded to such charges over the years, saying that he has never equated Zionism with Judaism, or the Jewish people with the State of Israel. "Judaism is committed to human equality and to the principles of compassion and fairness that form the bedrock of Christianity and the best of Western civilization" Braverman has said. "Modern political Zionism was founded on similar principles, but in reality and in practice has effectively become something very different, and represents a dire threat to the character and soul of the Jewish religion and the Jewish people. When words such as racism and genocide are used in connection with Zionism, we must look at this squarely and not hold back from acknowledging when and where it fits. To not see where Zionism, as an ethnic nationalist ideology, has taken us, is foolish, risky, and suicidal."

## Writings

Braverman is the author of *Fatal Embrace: Christians, Jews and the Search for Peace in the Holy Land*. Braverman's website describes the book as showing “how the Jewish quest for safety and empowerment and the Christian endeavor to atone for centuries of anti-Semitism have united to suppress the conversations needed to bring peace....Describing the spiritual and psychological forces driving the discourse in America, in Israel, within the Jewish community, and within the church, Braverman turns to the prophets’ cry for justice and to Jesus’ transformative ministry to show the way forward.” He himself has said that Fatal Embrace was “written as a result of my shock, my horror, my sadness, and my anger at what is happening in historic Palestine” – namely, the “my people, in my name,” were “dispossessing and humiliating another people.” In the book, he says, he seeks to convince Jews that they have no right to “colonize” Palestine and to convince Christians that they have not only a right but an obligation to challenge this “colonization.”

Braverman published *A Wall in Jerusalem: Hope, Healing and the Struggle for Justice in Israel and Palestine* in 2013.

Author Sara Roy called Fatal Embrace “courageous, provocative, and greatly deserving of our attention.” Richard Falk, UN Special Rapporteur for Human Rights in the Occupied Palestinian Territories, called it “essential reading for all who genuinely care about the future of Israel and the suffering of the Palestinian people.” And Stephen Walt, co-author of The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy, said “Braverman points the way to a future that respects past tragedies but is not imprisoned by them,” maintaining that “both Jews and Christians have much to learn from this thoughtful, courageous, and deeply personal book.”

The foreword to Braverman's book, Fatal Embrace: Christians, Jews and the Search for Peace in the Holy Land, was written by Old Testament scholar Walter Brueggemann, a member of the United Church of Christ and professor emeritus at Columbia Theological Seminary. Brueggemann described the book as “a courageous, evocative book...with a critical edge and an urgent summons.” He noted that Braverman's central thesis is “that it is Israel's elemental conviction about being God's one chosen people...that is the root cause of the conflict” between it and the Palestinians.” In other words, the book is, at heart, “a critique of \[Jewish\] exceptionalism” as a tribal concept “that is no longer viable in a pluralistic world.”


title: Manorama News

abstract: Manorama News is an Indian Malayalam language Free-to-air news channel owned by Malayala Manorama, operated by Malayala Manorama Television (MMTV) the channel based at Aroor, Alappuzha, was launched on 17 August 2006. Johny Lukose is the current News Director of Manorama News. Romy Mathew is the Coordinating Editors of the channel. Malayala Manorama Group also operates the Malayalam OTT platform ManoramaMAX.

text:
# Manorama News

**Manorama News** is an Indian Malayalam language Free-to-air news channel owned by Malayala Manorama, operated by Malayala Manorama Television (MMTV) the channel based at Aroor, Alappuzha, was launched on 17 August 2006.

Johny Lukose is the current News Director of Manorama News. Romy Mathew is the Coordinating Editors of the channel (Heads the Input and Output Functions respectively).

Malayala Manorama Group also operates the Malayalam OTT platform ManoramaMAX.

## Programming

**Daily programs** Source:

* News
* Pularvela
* Counter Point
* Thiruva Ethirva
* Arogyam

**Weekly programs** Source:

* Parayathe Vayya
* Nere Chowe (interview)
* Gulf This Week
* Nallapadham
* Nattupacha
* Veedu

## InfoBox

Manorama News
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | India |
| Broadcast area | Kerala |
| Network | Malayala Manorama Television (MMTV) |
| Headquarters | Aroor, Alappuzha, Kerala |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | Malayalam |
| Picture format | 480i |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Malayala Manorama |
| Sister channels | Mazhavil Manorama |
| History | |
| Launched | 17 August 2006 (2006-08-17) |
| Links | |
| Website | manoramanews.com |
| Availability | |
|  | |
| Streaming media | |
| ManoramaMAX | (India) |
|  | |


title: Uchkus Inkañan

abstract: Uchkus Inkañan is an archaeological site in the Huancavelica Region in Peru. It is located in the Huancavelica Province, Yauli District.

text:
# Uchkus Inkañan

**Uchkus Inkañan** (Quechua *uchku* hole, opening *Inka* Inca, *ñan* road, route, hispanicized spellings *Uchcus Incañan, Uchkus Incanan*, *Uchkus Incañan*) is an archaeological site in the Huancavelica Region in Peru. It is located in the Huancavelica Province, Yauli District.

## InfoBox

Uchkus Inkañan
| Uchkus Inkañan | |
| --- | --- |
| Shown within Peru | |
| Location | Peru |
| Region | Huancavelica Region |
| Coordinates | 12°44′15″S 74°51′46″W / 12.7374°S 74.8629°W / -12.7374; -74.8629 |


title: Peter Rossborough

abstract: Peter Rossborough is a former a rugby union international who represented England from 1971 to 1975. He played club rugby for Coventry R.F.C. during the 1970s.

text:
# Peter Rossborough

**Peter Rossborough** (born 30 June 1948) is a former a rugby union international who represented England from 1971 to 1975. He played club rugby for Coventry R.F.C. during the 1970s.

## Personal life

A native of Coventry, Rossborough attended King Henry VIII School and played rugby for his school. He studied at Durham University, where he played for the university rugby team, graduating in 1971. Rossborough was for many years a teacher by profession, teaching English and French at Woodlands Comprehensive School, and reached the position of headmaster at Ashlawn School.

## Rugby union career

Rossborough made his international debut aged 22 on 16 January 1971 at Cardiff Arms Park in the Wales vs England match. Of the 7 matches he played for his national side he was on the winning side on 2 occasions. He played his final match for England on 1 February 1975 at Twickenham in the England vs France match.

As a Rugby sevens player, Peter had much success. He was a member of the England team that won the 1973 International Seven-A-Side Tournament, the first sevens tournament with national representative sides, and he went on to manage the England squad that won the inaugural World Cup Sevens held in 1993.

Rossborough was also a member of the Coventry R.F.C. team which won the John Player Cup in both 1973 and 1974.

## InfoBox

Peter Rossborough
| Birth name | Peter Alec Rossborough |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1948-06-30) 30 June 1948 |
| Place of birth | Coventry, England |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)**  Fullback  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  Coventry R.F.C.   ()  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1971–1975 England  7  (Pts:34;
Tries:1;
Conv:3;
Pens:7;
Drop:1) | |


title: Wąglin

abstract: Wąglin is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gomunice, within Radomsko County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) north-east of Radomsko and 71 km (44 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.

text:
# Wąglin

**Wąglin** \[ˈvɔŋɡlin\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gomunice, within Radomsko County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) north-east of Radomsko and 71 km (44 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.

## InfoBox

| Wąglin | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Wąglin | |
| Coordinates: 51°9′N 19°35′E / 51.150°N 19.583°E / 51.150; 19.583 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Radomsko |
| Gmina | Gomunice |