abstract: The men's 5000 metres event at the 2015 Military World Games was held on 6 and 8 October at the KAFAC Sports Complex.

text:
# Track and field at the 2015 Military World Games – Men's 5000 metres

The **men's 5000 metres** event at the **2015 Military World Games** was held on 6 and 8 October at the KAFAC Sports Complex.

## Records

Prior to this competition, the existing world and CISM record were as follows:

| **World Record** | Kenenisa Bekele (ETH) | **12:37.35** | Hengelo, Netherlands | 31 May 2004 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **CISM World Record** | Mark Kiptoo (KEN) | **13:06.17** | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 23 July 2011 |

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Round |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 6 October 2015 | **10:00** | **Round 1** |
| 8 October 2015 | **15:35** | **Final** |

## Medalists

| **Gold** | **Silver** | **Bronze** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Albert Kibichii Rop
*Bahrain* | Zouhair Aouad
*Bahrain* | Emmanuel Kipsang
*Kenya* |

## Results

### Round 1

Qualification: First 5 in each heat (Q) and next 5 fastest (q) qualified for the final.

| Rank | Heat | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 2 | Albert Kibichii Rop | Bahrain | 13:50.29 | Q |
| 2 | 2 | Tariq Ahmed Al-Amri | Saudi Arabia | 13:53.35 | Q |
| 3 | 2 | G Lakshmanan | India | 13:54.79 | Q |
| 4 | 2 | Stephen Arita Omiso | Kenya | 14:03.24 | Q |
| 5 | 2 | Emmanuel Kipsang | Kenya | 14:03.92 | Q |
| 6 | 1 | Rabah Aboud | Algeria | 14:19.15 | Q |
| 7 | 1 | Benjamin Payne | United States | 14:19.54 | Q |
| 8 | 1 | Zouhair Aouad | Bahrain | 14:19.79 | Q |
| 9 | 1 | Abdullah Alsalhi | Saudi Arabia | 14:20.42 | Q |
| 10 | 1 | Pierre Urruty | France | 14:27.35 | Q |
| 11 | 1 | Ernesto Zamora | Uruguay | 14:27.91 | q |
| 12 | 2 | MohammadJavad Sayadi | Iran | 14:32.56 | q |
| 13 | 2 | Andreas Kempf | Switzerland | 14:35.21 | q |
| 14 | 2 | Nico Sonnenberg | Germany | 14:38.90 | q |
| 15 | 1 | Mihail Krassilov | Kazakhstan | 14:45.01 | q |
| 16 | 2 | Cristhian Zamora | Uruguay | 14:45.68 |  |
| 17 | 1 | Xavier Simbaña | Ecuador | 14:47.43 |  |
| 18 | 1 | Thomas Poesiat | Netherlands | 14:56.31 |  |
| 19 | 2 | Luis Cacuango | Ecuador | 14:57.67 |  |
| 20 | 2 | Ali Alwahshi | United Arab Emirates | 14:59.92 |  |
| 21 | 1 | Mubark Rashid Hassan Ahmed Almar | United Arab Emirates | 15:01.57 |  |
| 22 | 2 | Rafael Epesse Ngongue | Angola | 15:03.12 |  |
| 23 | 1 | Byung Hyun Kim | South Korea | 15:08.93 |  |
| 24 | 1 | Bastos Menezes Filipe | Angola | 15:19.14 |  |
| 25 | 2 | Mpundu Mwansa | Zambia | 15:26.86 |  |
| 26 | 1 | Richard Bwalya | Zambia | 15:30.82 |  |
| 27 | 1 | Valentin Betoudji | Chad | 15:40.58 |  |
| 28 | 1 | Matthew Setlack | Canada | 15:46.24 |  |
| 29 | 2 | Milosh Rancic | Macedonia | 16:48.29 |  |
|  | 2 | Emmanuel Chimdzeka | Malawi | DNS |  |
|  | 1 | Pethias Barclays Gondwe Mdoka | Malawi | DNS |  |
|  | 2 | Ryu Ji-San | South Korea | DNS |  |

### Final

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Albert Kibichii Rop | Bahrain | 13:23.70 |  |
|  | Zouhair Aouad | Bahrain | 13:26.19 |  |
|  | Emmanuel Kipsang | Kenya | 13:31.48 |  |
| 4 | Tariq Ahmed Al-Amri | Saudi Arabia | 13:34.89 |  |
| 5 | Stephen Arita Omiso | Kenya | 13:43.03 |  |
| 6 | G Lakshmanan | India | 13:45.85 |  |
| 7 | Benjamin Payne | United States | 13:54.78 |  |
| 8 | Rabah Aboud | Algeria | 14:09.83 |  |
| 9 | Nico Sonnenberg | Germany | 14:24.50 |  |
| 10 | Pierre Urruty | France | 14:26.30 |  |
| 11 | MohammadJavad Sayadi | Iran | 14:29.65 |  |
| 12 | Ernesto Zamora | Uruguay | 14:34.76 |  |
| 13 | Andreas Kempf | Switzerland | 14:40.01 |  |
| 14 | Mihail Krassilov | Kazakhstan | 14:58.15 |  |
|  | Abdullah Alsalhi | Saudi Arabia | DNF |  |


title: Treason (Ireland) Act 1854

abstract:
The Treason (Ireland) Act 1854 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. It extended part of the Treason Act 1708 to Ireland, specifically the rules about giving the defendant advance notice of the witnesses and jurors in his case. It was repealed as regards Northern Ireland by the Treason Act 1945, which abolished the unique procedural rules which applied in treason cases. As of 16 January 2020 it remains in force in the Republic of Ireland. The rule in the 1708 Act which was extended to Ireland was as follows:
"...[W]hen any person is indicted for high treason or misprision of treason, a list of the witnesses that shall be produced on the trial, for proving the said indictment, and of the jury, mentioning the name, professions, and place of abode of the said witnesses and jurors, be also given at the same time that the copy of the indictment is delivered to the party indicted; and that copies of all indictments for the offences aforesaid, with such lists, shall be delivered to the party indicted, ten days before the trial, and in presence of two or more credible witnesses; any law or statute to the contrary notwithstanding."

text:
# Treason (Ireland) Act 1854

The **Treason (Ireland) Act 1854** (17 & 18 Vict. c. 26) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. It extended part of the Treason Act 1708 to Ireland, specifically the rules about giving the defendant advance notice of the witnesses and jurors in his case. It was repealed as regards Northern Ireland by the Treason Act 1945, which abolished the unique procedural rules which applied in treason cases. As of 16 January 2020 it remains in force in the Republic of Ireland.

The rule in the 1708 Act which was extended to Ireland was as follows:

> "...\[W\]hen any person is indicted for high treason or misprision of treason, a list of the witnesses that shall be produced on the trial, for proving the said indictment, and of the jury, mentioning the name, professions, and place of abode of the said witnesses and jurors, be also given at the same time that the copy of the indictment is delivered to the party indicted; and that copies of all indictments for the offences aforesaid, with such lists, shall be delivered to the party indicted, ten days before the trial, and in presence of two or more credible witnesses; any law or statute to the contrary notwithstanding."

### Sources

* *A Collection of the Public General Statutes passed in the seventeenth and eighteenth year of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria* (1854) London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, page 220.

### Citations

## InfoBox

Treason (Ireland) Act 1854
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | |
| --- | --- |
| Long title | An Act to assimilate the Law and Practice existing in cases of High Treason in *Ireland* to the Law and Practice existing in Cases of High Treason in *England*. |
| Citation | 17 & 18 Vict. c. 26 |
| Territorial extent | United Kingdom |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 3 July 1854 |
| Commencement | 1 August 1854 |
| Repealed | 15 June 1945 |
| Other legislation | |
| Repealed by | Treason Act 1945 |
| Status | |
| Republic of Ireland | Amended |
| Northern Ireland | Repealed |


title: Total market coverage

abstract:
A total market coverage, or TMC, is a piece of advertising that reaches all households in a market. Traditionally in most of North America newspapers provided total market coverage, as almost all households would subscribe to the main local paper. As subscription rates have fallen total market coverage products have emerged as a separate project, sometimes administered by newspapers, and sometimes separate businesses known as pennysavers or shoppers. Today many newspapers will distribute a supplement to free of charge to all households in the paper's market or a specific portion or portions of the market. Total Market Coverage products are meant to attract readers to subscribe or purchase copies of the main newspaper and also provide an additional outlet for advertisers. First appeared with the Dallas Morning News after long time employee Donald Ray Balser came up with the concept and led a large sales team which would become very successful. Some newspapers only deliver the TMC product to non-subscribers. This is accomplished using software that compares the newspaper's subscriber list to residential records, eliminating any duplicates. Some newspapers also choose to insert the TMC inside newspapers delivered to subscribers or sold at newsstands. TMCs are either mailed using special postal rates or delivered by newspaper carriers or motor route driver Different newspapers take different approaches to TMC products. Some are quite simple and even border on low-quality, while others are quite complex. Typically, a TMC product is rather small - perhaps 4 to 12 pages frequently with several pre-printed inserts. Many newspapers use syndicated news stories to fill these pages, But sometimes it is just a mailer with ads and no content. Some newspapers choose to focus on entertainment news while others include local or national news. However, most of the content is either syndicated or reprinted from the main newspaper; very rarely will a newspaper generate original content for a TMC product.
Common names for TMC products include "Extra", "MVP" and "Plus". Often the newspaper will tack on one of these words to its main publication's title and use that as its name. For example, the Anytown Tribune might call its TMC product the "Anytown Tribune Plus" or "Anytown Tribune Extra." On the other hand, some newspapers develop entirely different names for their TMC products and may exclude or downplay their own name for fear their name might strike a negative chord with non-subscribers. TMC products often feature special promotions aimed specifically at non-subscribers, offering special rates for subscribing or other special offers. Most newspapers sell advertising in the TMC product. Usually businesses who advertise in the main publication can add an advertisement in the TMC product for a small additional fee, often just a few dollars per column inch, or purchase an advertisement just in the TMC. TMCs were quite popular in the newspaper industry for several years and were seen as an innovative way to reach non-subscribers. However, some newspapers have begun questioning the effectiveness of TMCs and are doing away with them or cutting back significantly. Many residents dislike TMC products because of their low quality and the fact they don't wish to have any newspaper delivered to their homes. Often these residents call newspapers and ask the product not be delivered to their home. Most newspapers will honor this request. Another problem with delivering a TMC product is, because of their small size, they can easily blow away in the wind, especially if the intended recipients don't bring them inside. There have been some cases of newspapers being accused of littering as a result of TMC products being found scattered around outdoors.

text:
# Total market coverage

A **total market coverage**, or TMC, is a piece of advertising that reaches all households in a market. Traditionally in most of North America newspapers provided total market coverage, as almost all households would subscribe to the main local paper. As subscription rates have fallen total market coverage products have emerged as a separate project, sometimes administered by newspapers, and sometimes separate businesses known as pennysavers or shoppers.

Today many newspapers will distribute a supplement to free of charge to all households in the paper's market or a specific portion or portions of the market. Total Market Coverage products are meant to attract readers to subscribe or purchase copies of the main newspaper and also provide an additional outlet for advertisers. First appeared with the Dallas Morning News after long time employee Donald Ray Balser came up with the concept and led a large sales team which would become very successful. Some newspapers only deliver the TMC product to non-subscribers. This is accomplished using software that compares the newspaper's subscriber list to residential records, eliminating any duplicates. Some newspapers also choose to insert the TMC inside newspapers delivered to subscribers or sold at newsstands. TMCs are either mailed using special postal rates or delivered by newspaper carriers or motor route driver

Different newspapers take different approaches to TMC products. Some are quite simple and even border on low-quality, while others are quite complex. Typically, a TMC product is rather small - perhaps 4 to 12 pages frequently with several pre-printed inserts. Many newspapers use syndicated news stories to fill these pages, But sometimes it is just a mailer with ads and no content. Some newspapers choose to focus on entertainment news while others include local or national news. However, most of the content is either syndicated or reprinted from the main newspaper; very rarely will a newspaper generate original content for a TMC product. Common names for TMC products include "Extra", "MVP" and "Plus". Often the newspaper will tack on one of these words to its main publication's title and use that as its name. For example, the Anytown Tribune might call its TMC product the "Anytown Tribune Plus" or "Anytown Tribune Extra." On the other hand, some newspapers develop entirely different names for their TMC products and may exclude or downplay their own name for fear their name might strike a negative chord with non-subscribers.

TMC products often feature special promotions aimed specifically at non-subscribers, offering special rates for subscribing or other special offers. Most newspapers sell advertising in the TMC product. Usually businesses who advertise in the main publication can add an advertisement in the TMC product for a small additional fee, often just a few dollars per column inch, or purchase an advertisement just in the TMC.

TMCs were quite popular in the newspaper industry for several years and were seen as an innovative way to reach non-subscribers (and to offer services that compete with direct mail companies). However, some newspapers have begun questioning the effectiveness of TMCs and are doing away with them or cutting back significantly. Many residents dislike TMC products because of their low quality and the fact they don't wish to have any newspaper delivered to their homes. Often these residents call newspapers and ask the product not be delivered to their home. Most newspapers will honor this request. Another problem with delivering a TMC product is, because of their small size, they can easily blow away in the wind, especially if the intended recipients don't bring them inside. There have been some cases of newspapers being accused of littering as a result of TMC products being found scattered around outdoors.


abstract: The Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan (1858) opened diplomatic relations and trade between the two counties.

text:
# Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan

The **Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan** (Japanese: 日仏修好通商条約) (1858) opened diplomatic relations and trade between the two counties.

## Description

The treaty was signed in Edo on October 9, 1858, by Jean-Baptiste Louis Gros, the commander of the French expedition in China, assisted by Charles de Chassiron and Alfred de Moges, opening diplomatic relations between the two countries. The Treaty was signed following the signature of the Harris Treaty between the United States and Japan, as France, Russia, Great Britain, and Holland quickly followed the American example: Japan was forced to apply to other nations the conditions granted to the United States under the "most favoured nation" provision. These 1858 treaties with the five nations are known collectively as "Ansei Treaties". The most important points of these Unequal Treaties were:

* exchange of diplomatic agents.
* Edo, Kobe, Nagasaki, Niigata, and Yokohama’s opening to foreign trade as ports.
* ability of foreign citizens to live and trade at will in those ports (only opium trade was prohibited).
* a system of extraterritoriality that provided for the subjugation of foreign residents to the laws of their own consular courts instead of the Japanese law system.
* fixed low import-export duties, subject to international control, thus depriving the Japanese government control of foreign trade and protection of national industries (the rate would go as low as 5% in the 1860s.)

In 1859, Gustave Duchesne de Bellecourt arrived and became the first French representative in Japan. A French Consulate was opened that year at the Temple of Saikai-ji, in Mita, Edo, at the same time as an American Consulate was established at the Temple of Zenpuku-ji, and a British Consulate at the Temple of Tōzen-ji.

The ratified Treaty was brought to the *shōgun* by Duchesne de Bellecourt, on February 4, 1860.

* Auslin, Michael R. (2004). *Negotiating with Imperialism: The Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy.* Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01521-0; OCLC 56493769
* Halleck, Henry Wager. (1861). *International law: or, Rules regulating the intercourse of states in peace and war* New York: D. Van Nostrand. OCLC 852699
* Omoto Keiko, Marcouin Francis (1990) *Quand le Japon s'ouvrit au monde* (in French) Gallimard, Paris, ISBN 2-07-076084-7
* Polak, Christian. (2001). *Soie et lumières: L'âge d'or des échanges franco-japonais (des origines aux années 1950).* Tokyo: *Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie Française du Japon,* Hachette Fujin Gahōsha (アシェット婦人画報社).
* \__________. (2002). 絹と光: 知られざる日仏交流100年の歴史 (江戶時代-1950年代) *Kinu to hikari: shirarezaru Nichi-Futsu kōryū 100-nen no rekishi (Edo jidai–1950-nendai).* Tokyo: Ashetto Fujin Gahōsha, 2002. ISBN 978-4-573-06210-8; OCLC 50875162


abstract: The Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Kingdom of Prussia and the United States of America was a treaty negotiated by Count Karl-Wilhelm Finck von Finckenstein, Prussian Prime Minister, and Thomas Jefferson, United States Ambassador to France, and signed by Frederick the Great and George Washington. The treaty officially established commercial relations between the Kingdom of Prussia and the United States of America and was the first one signed by a European power with the United States after the American Revolutionary War. The Kingdom of Prussia became therefore one of the first nations to officially recognize the young American Republic after the Revolution. The first nation to recognize the US was Sweden, who during the Revolution signed a Treaty of Amity and Commerce. The Treaty was signed to promote free trade and commerce and became a benchmark for subsequent free trade agreements and treaties. In addition, the Treaty demanded the unconditionally humane custody for war prisoners, a novelty at the time. The Treaty was renewed in 1799 after negotiations with United States Ambassador to Prussia John Quincy Adams.

text:
# Treaty of Amity and Commerce (Prussia–United States)

The **Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Kingdom of Prussia and the United States of America** (September 10, 1785) was a treaty negotiated by Count Karl-Wilhelm Finck von Finckenstein, Prussian Prime Minister, and Thomas Jefferson, United States Ambassador to France, and signed by Frederick the Great and George Washington. The treaty officially established commercial relations between the Kingdom of Prussia and the United States of America and was the first one signed by a European power with the United States after the American Revolutionary War. The Kingdom of Prussia became therefore one of the first nations to officially recognize the young American Republic *after* the Revolution. The first nation to recognize the US was Sweden, who during the Revolution signed a Treaty of Amity and Commerce.

The Treaty was signed to promote free trade and commerce and became a benchmark for subsequent free trade agreements and treaties. In addition, the Treaty demanded the unconditionally humane custody for war prisoners, a novelty at the time.

The Treaty was renewed in 1799 after negotiations with United States Ambassador to Prussia John Quincy Adams (1797 -1801).

## Main provisions

* Peace and friendship between the Kingdom of Prussia and the U.S.
* Mutual Most Favored Nation status with regard to commerce and navigation
* Mutual protection of all vessels and cargo when in U.S. or Prussian jurisdiction
* Mutual right for citizens of one country to hold land in other's territory
* Mutual right to search a ship of the other's coming out of an enemy port for contraband
* Mutual right to trade with enemy states of the other as long as those goods are not contraband
* If the two nations become enemies nine months protection of merchant ships in enemy territory
* Novelty: Mutual ban letter of marque (Article 20)
* Novelty: Unconditionally humane custody for war prisoner (Article 24)
* Mutual right to have Counsuls, Vice Counsuls, Agents, and Commissaries of one nation in the other's ports

## Co-authors

* Karl John Richard Arndt, ed. (1977). *Der Freundschafts- und Handelsvertrag von 1785 zwischen Seiner Majestät dem König von Preussen und den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika: erstmals in deutscher Übersetzung mit den französischen und amerikanischen Originaltexten und Kommentaren zur Ursprungsgeschichte*. München: H. Moos. ISBN 3-7879-0101-9.

## Sources


title: Trechus zamotajlovi

abstract: Trechus zamotajlovi is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by Belousov in 1990.

text:
# Trechus zamotajlovi

***Trechus zamotajlovi*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by Belousov in 1990.

## InfoBox

| *Trechus zamotajlovi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Trechus* |
| Species: | ***T. zamotajlovi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trechus zamotajlovi***<br>Belousov, 1990 | |
|


title: Trechus xinjiangensis

abstract: Trechus xinjiangensis is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by Deuve in 1992.

text:
# Trechus xinjiangensis

***Trechus xinjiangensis*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by Deuve in 1992.

## InfoBox

| *Trechus xinjiangensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Trechus* |
| Species: | ***T. xinjiangensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trechus xinjiangensis***<br>Deuve, 1992 | |
|


title: Trees for Cities

abstract: Trees for Cities is a UK charity which aims to plant urban trees and create greener cities. Since 1993, the organisation has reported that 125,000 volunteers have planted over 1,200,000 urban trees in parks, streets, woodlands, schools, hospitals and housing estates. The charity also runs the Edible Playgrounds programme, which aims to inspire school children to grow and eat healthy food.

text:
# Trees for Cities

**Trees for Cities** is a UK charity which aims to plant urban trees and create greener cities. Since 1993, the organisation has reported that 125,000 volunteers have planted over 1,200,000 urban trees in parks, streets, woodlands, schools, hospitals and housing estates. The charity also runs the Edible Playgrounds programme, which aims to inspire school children to grow and eat healthy food.

## History

Trees for Cities was founded in 1993 by a group of four friends: Jake Kempston, Belinda Winder, Jane Bruton and Julian Blake. For the first five or so years, the charity raised funds through its well-known parties. The charity was initially called Trees for London with the charitable objectives to "advance the education of the public in the appreciation of trees and their amenity value, and in furtherance of this the planting and protection of trees everywhere, and in particular inner city areas". In 2003, the charity changed its name to Trees for Cities to reflect a growth in activities in cities across the UK and across the globe.

In 2009, Sharon Johnson replaced Graham Simmonds as Chief Executive. She was succeeded as Chief Executive by David J. Elliott in 2016, who was then succeeded by Kate Sheldon in 2023.

The charity has a history of unusual office locations. Originally based on HMS *Belfast*, the charity now operates from Prince Consort Lodge, a Grade II listed building located in Kennington Park, Kennington, in the London Borough of Lambeth, England. It also has offices in Whitacre Mews, Kennington, London.

## Function

In addition to tree planting, the charity is involved in activities with schools and community groups and undertakes campaigning.

### Urban Forests

Trees for Cities' work focuses on planting trees and greening community spaces where the social and environmental impact on local people is greatest. By engaging volunteers and planting up to 100,000 urban trees worldwide each year, the organisation is building resilience against threats facing the natural environment. Planting a range of tree species in urban areas have multiple impacts and benefits to people and the environment such as improving physical and mental wellbeing, absorbing air pollutants, sequestering carbon, masking noise, preventing flooding etc.

The charity planted its millionth urban tree in 2019.

In 2018, it played an active role in the campaign to stop the felling of Sheffield's street trees.

### Edible Playgrounds

Edible Playgrounds transform areas in school grounds into vibrant outdoor spaces that excite and teach children about growing and eating healthy food. By instilling healthy eating habits at an early age, Edible Playgrounds can help to tackle obesity, food poverty and lack of access to nature head on, as well as providing a platform for fun and engaging lessons that support the school curriculum. Independent research among participating schools shows that 72% of schools said that children were more likely to choose fruits over less healthy snacks while 94% of schools said that pupils had improved attitudes towards healthy living. Trees for Cities has worked with 100 schools in 12 towns and cities to build bespoke edible gardens over the past 10 years.

### Planting Healthy Air in Schools

Planting Healthy Air in Schools has been developed to address London's poor air quality and the detrimental health effects this has on people, especially children. London's trees remove 2,241 tons of pollution per year, making them a particularly effective barrier to the flow of toxic air. The charity is currently working in partnership with St Paul's CE Primary, named the second most polluted school in London, to enrich the grounds through tree planting and greening in order to enhance the natural environment and promote the use of the outdoor space for pupils.

### International

The charity works with local organisations and community groups around the world to focus their tree planting projects on delivering long-term, practical solutions to green polluted city environments and provide local people with the skills and ability to secure sustainable livelihoods. Since 2006 they have planted over 200,000 trees in 16 cities in 13 countries – from Ica in Peru to Nairobi in Kenya and Pokhara in Nepal.

## Fundraising

Trees for Cities has a number of high-profile patrons, including Jamie Oliver, Jon Snow and Richard Rogers. The charity was responsible for the Tree-athlon, a 5k annual fun run, held in Leeds, Manchester and London. In Battersea Park on 18 September 2010, it set the world record for the largest ever barefoot race, with 278 participants completing a 100m grass circuit. The charity sends out a monthly newsletter to its followers, titled *Tree Times*.

## Projects

Trees for Cities has projects throughout Greater London, and has delivered projects in over 40 towns and cities across the UK. The charity's global reach has extended to Ica in Peru, La Paz in Bolivia, Nairobi in Kenya and Addis Ababa in Ethiopia.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Trees for Cities
|
|  |
|
| Formation | 1993 |
| Legal status | Non-profit company and registered charity |
| Purpose | Create greener cities |
| Region served | UK, world |
| Chief Executive | David J. Elliott |
| Main organ | Board of Trustees |
| Website | www.treesforcities.org |


title: Trenck family

abstract: The Trenck family is one of Prussia's preeminent aristocratic families of ancient nobility (Uradel). Over time, several family members were made Freiherrn and Grafen. Hereditary titles held by the v.d. Trenck gen. Stier family include Graf von der Trenck gen. Stier and Freiherr von der Trenck gen. Stier. Notable family members are Friedrich Freiherr von der Trenck (1726–1794) and Franz Freiherr von der Trenck (1711–1749). Friedrich, the writer of the celebrated autobiography, was born on 16 February 1726 at Konigsberg, his father being a Prussian general. After distinguishing himself for his quickness and imagination at the university of Konigsberg, he entered the Prussian army in 1742, and soon became an orderly officer on King Frederick the Great's own staff. But within a year he fell into disgrace because of a love affair - whether real or imaginary - with the king's sister Princess Amalie. His autobiography, which has been translated into several languages, first appeared in German at Berlin and Vienna in 1787. Shortly afterwards a French version, by his own hand, was published at Strassburg. His other published works are in eight volumes and appeared shortly after the autobiography at Leipzig. A reprint of the autobiography appeared in 1910 in "Reclam's Universal Series." Friedrich's cousin Franz was born on 1 January 1711. Educated by the Jesuits at Oedenburg, he entered the Imperial army in 1728 but resigned in disgrace three years later. He then married and lived on his estates for some years. Upon the death of his wife in 1737 he offered to raise an irregular corps of "Pandours" for service against the Turks, but this offer was refused and he then entered the Russian army. But after serving against the Turks for a short time as captain and major of cavalry he was accused of bad conduct, brutality and disobedience and condemned to death, the sentence being commuted by Field Marschal Miinnich to degradation and imprisonment. After a time he returned to Austria, where his father was governor of a small fortress, but there too he came into conflict with every one and, actually "took sanctuary" in a convent in Vienna. But Prince Charles of Lorraine, interesting himself in this strange man, obtained for him an amnesty and a commission in a corps of irregulars. In this command, besides his usual truculence and robber manners, he displayed conspicuous personal bravery, and in spite of the general dislike into which his vices brought him his services were so valuable that he was promoted lieutenant-colonel (1743) and colonel (1744). But at the battle of Soor he and his irregulars plundered when they should have been fighting and Trenck was accused of having allowed the king of Prussia himself to escape. After a time he was brought before a court-martial in Vienna, which convicted him of having sold and withdrawn commissions to his officers without the queen's leave, punished his men without heed to the military code, and drawn pay and allowance for fictitious men. Much was allowed to an irregular officer in all these respects, but Trenck had far outrun the admitted limits, and above all his brutalities and robberies had made him detested throughout Austria and Silesia. A death sentence followed, but the composition of the court-martial and its proceedings were thought to have been such as from the first forbade a fair trial, and the sentence was commuted by the queen into one of cashiering and imprisonment. The rest of his life was spent in mild captivity in the fortress of Spielberg, where he died on 4 October 1749.

text:
# Trenck family

The **Trenck family** is one of Prussia's preeminent aristocratic families of ancient nobility (Uradel). Over time, several family members were made Freiherrn and Grafen. Hereditary titles held by the v.d. Trenck gen. Stier family include Graf von der Trenck gen. Stier (since 5 June 1798) and Freiherr von der Trenck gen. Stier (permission granted by the King of Prussia on 9 May 1825).

Notable family members are Friedrich Freiherr von der Trenck (1726–1794) and Franz Freiherr von der Trenck (1711–1749). Friedrich, the writer of the celebrated autobiography, was born on 16 February 1726 at Konigsberg, his father being a Prussian general. After distinguishing himself for his quickness and imagination at the university of Konigsberg, he entered the Prussian army in 1742, and soon became an orderly officer on King Frederick the Great's own staff. But within a year he fell into disgrace because of a love affair - whether real or imaginary - with the king's sister Princess Amalie. His autobiography, which has been translated into several languages, first appeared in German at Berlin and Vienna (13 vols.) in 1787. Shortly afterwards a French version, by his own hand, was published at Strassburg. His other published works are in eight volumes and appeared shortly after the autobiography at Leipzig. A reprint of the autobiography appeared in 1910 in "Reclam's Universal Series."

Friedrich's cousin Franz was born on 1 January 1711. Educated by the Jesuits at Oedenburg, he entered the Imperial army in 1728 but resigned in disgrace three years later. He then married and lived on his estates for some years. Upon the death of his wife in 1737 he offered to raise an irregular corps of "Pandours" for service against the Turks, but this offer was refused and he then entered the Russian army. But after serving against the Turks for a short time as captain and major of cavalry he was accused of bad conduct, brutality and disobedience and condemned to death, the sentence being commuted by Field Marschal Miinnich to degradation and imprisonment. After a time he returned to Austria, where his father was governor of a small fortress, but there too he came into conflict with every one and, actually "took sanctuary" in a convent in Vienna. But Prince Charles of Lorraine, interesting himself in this strange man, obtained for him an amnesty and a commission in a corps of irregulars. In this command, besides his usual truculence and robber manners, he displayed conspicuous personal bravery, and in spite of the general dislike into which his vices brought him his services were so valuable that he was promoted lieutenant-colonel (1743) and colonel (1744). But at the battle of Soor he and his irregulars plundered when they should have been fighting and Trenck was accused (probably falsely) of having allowed the king of Prussia himself to escape. After a time he was brought before a court-martial in Vienna, which convicted him of having sold and withdrawn commissions to his officers without the queen's leave, punished his men without heed to the military code, and drawn pay and allowance for fictitious men. Much was allowed to an irregular officer in all these respects, but Trenck had far outrun the admitted limits, and above all his brutalities and robberies had made him detested throughout Austria and Silesia. A death sentence followed, but the composition of the court-martial and its proceedings were thought to have been such as from the first forbade a fair trial, and the sentence was commuted by the queen into one of cashiering and imprisonment. The rest of his life was spent in mild captivity in the fortress of Spielberg, where he died on 4 October 1749.

## Coat of arms of the noble family von der Trenck gen. Stier

The coat of arms of the Trenck gen. Stier family depicts in red the head of a silver bull with golden tongue and golden horns and two golden stars. The German word for 'bull' is 'Stier' which is the reason why the family has also been known as 'Stier'.

## InfoBox

| von der Trenck gen. Stier | |
| --- | --- |
| Trenck gen. Stier coat of arms | |
| Current region | Prussia, Germany |
| Place of origin | Prussia |
| Founded | 1370, 1215 |
| Founder | Augustin, Lord at Trenck ( \*1370) |
| Members | Friedrich Wilhelm von der Trenck gen. Stier
Karl Albrecht Graf von der Trenck gen. Stier
Friedrich Freiherr von der Trenck gen. Stier
Franz Freiherr von der Trenck gen. Stier
Christoph Ehrenreich von der Trenck gen. Stier
Friedrich Ludwig von der Trenck gen. Stier
Alfred von der Trenck gen. Stier
Siegfried von der Trenck gen. Stier |
| Estate(s) | Schakaulack, East Prussia (the family seat of the Trenck gen. Stier family since 1478), Zwerbach, Lower Austria |


title: Trechus lutshniki

abstract: Trechus lutshniki is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by Belousov in 1987.

text:
# Trechus lutshniki

***Trechus lutshniki*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by Belousov in 1987.

## InfoBox

| *Trechus lutshniki* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Trechus* |
| Species: | ***T. lutshniki*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trechus lutshniki***<br>Belousov, 1987 | |
|


title: Tournans

abstract: Tournans is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

text:
# Tournans

**Tournans** (French pronunciation: \[tuʁnɑ̃\]) is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

## Geography

Tournans lies 11 km (6.8 mi) south of Rougemont.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 96 |  |
| 1968 | 112 | +16.7% |
| 1975 | 82 | −26.8% |
| 1982 | 83 | +1.2% |
| 1990 | 87 | +4.8% |
| 1999 | 119 | +36.8% |
| 2008 | 116 | −2.5% |
| 2012 | 125 | +7.8% |

## InfoBox

| Tournans | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Tournans | |
| Location of Tournans | |
| TournansTournans | |
| Coordinates: 47°24′51″N 6°19′41″E / 47.4142°N 6.3281°E / 47.4142; 6.3281 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Doubs |
| Arrondissement | Besançon |
| Canton | Baume-les-Dames |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Thierry Chierici |
| Area**1** | 9.14 km2 (3.53 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 113 |
| Density | 12/km2 (32/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 25567 /25680 |
| Elevation | 305–457 m (1,001–1,499 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Trench railway

abstract: A trench railway was a type of railway that represented military adaptation of early 20th-century railway technology to the problem of keeping soldiers supplied during the static trench warfare phase of World War I. The large concentrations of soldiers and artillery at the front lines required delivery of enormous quantities of food, ammunition and fortification construction materials where transport facilities had been destroyed. Reconstruction of conventional roads and railways was too slow, and fixed facilities were attractive targets for enemy artillery. Trench railways linked the front with standard gauge railway facilities beyond the range of enemy artillery. Empty cars often carried litters returning wounded from the front.

text:
# Trench railway

A **trench railway** was a type of railway that represented military adaptation of early 20th-century railway technology to the problem of keeping soldiers supplied during the static trench warfare phase of World War I. The large concentrations of soldiers and artillery at the front lines required delivery of enormous quantities of food, ammunition and fortification construction materials where transport facilities had been destroyed. Reconstruction of conventional roads (at that time rarely surfaced) and railways was too slow, and fixed facilities were attractive targets for enemy artillery. Trench railways linked the front with standard gauge railway facilities beyond the range of enemy artillery. Empty cars often carried litters returning wounded from the front.

## Overview

France had developed portable Decauville railways for agricultural areas, small-scale mining and temporary construction projects. France had standardized 600 mm (1 ft 11+58 in) narrow gauge Decauville military equipment and Germany adopted similar feldbahn of the same gauge. British War Department Light Railways and the United States Army Transportation Corps used the French 600 mm narrow gauge system. Russia used Decauville 600 mm narrow gauge and 750 mm (2 ft 5+12 in) narrow gauge systems.

Unskilled labourers and soldiers could quickly assemble prefabricated 5-meter (16 ft 5 in) sections of track weighing about 100 kilograms (220 lb) along roads or over smooth terrain. The track distributed heavy loads to minimize development of muddy ruts through unpaved surfaces. Small locomotives pulled short trains of 10-tonne (9.8-long-ton; 11-short-ton) capacity cars through areas of minimum clearance and small-radius curves. Derailments were common, but the light rolling stock was relatively easy to rerail. Steam locomotives typically carried a short length of flexible pipe (called a water-lifter) to refill water tanks from flooded shell holes.

Steam locomotives produced smoke that revealed their location to enemy artillery and aircraft. They required fog or darkness to operate within visual range of the front. Daylight transport usually required animal power until internal combustion locomotives were developed. Large quantities of hay and grain were carried to the front as horses in warfare remained essential to logistics. Fodder for horses constituted the single biggest commodity exported from Britain to France during the war.

## French equipment

French equipment was largely designed on the initiative of Artillery Captain Prosper Péchot beginning in 1888. The 10-tonne (9.8-long-ton; 11-short-ton) Fairlie articulated 0-4-4-0T Péchot-Bourdon locomotive was named for him and engineer Bourdon of the 5th engineer regiment (5e régiment du génie) in Toul. Prior to outbreak of war 150 km (93 mi) of military 600 mm (1 ft 11+58 in) track were stockpiled at Toul, along with 20 locomotives and 150 wagons.

The French military had 62 Péchot-Bourdon type built between 1888 and 1914. Baldwin Locomotive Works built 280 more during the war. The "Système Péchot" as it is named in French became the dominant system for trench railways with an estimated 7,500 km (4,700 mi) of track built by the 5th engineer regiment.

250 8-tonne (7.9-long-ton; 8.8-short-ton) 0-6-0T of Decauville's Progres design were built for military service. 32 0-6-0T of American design and 600 55 kW (74 hp) gasoline mechanical locomotives were purchased from Baldwin Locomotive Works.

The Maginot Line employed a 600 mm (1 ft 11+58 in) gauge supply system of petrol-powered armoured locomotives and underground electric locomotives pulling cars of World War I design. Two Péchot-Bourdon locomotives were preserved in the technical museums of Dresden and the railway museum of Požega. A portion of the Somme battlefield railway continued in operation and has been preserved as the heritage Froissy Dompierre Light Railway.

## German equipment

Orenstein and Koppel GmbH manufactured portable track. Krauss designed a 0-6-0T Zwillinge intended to be operated in pairs with the cabs together. The Zwillinge offered Mallet locomotive performance through tight curves, but damage to one unit would not disable the second. One hundred-eighty-two Zwillinge were manufactured from 1890 to 1903, and shortcomings were evaluated in German South West Africa and China's Boxer Rebellion.

An 11-tonne (24,000 lb) 0-8-0T Brigadelok design with Klien-Lindner articulation of the front and rear axles was adopted as the new military standard in 1901. Approximately 250 were available by 1914, and over two thousand were produced during the war. A Brigadelok typically handled six loaded cars up a 2% grade.

Germany also had approximately five hundred 0-4-0T, three hundred 0-6-0T and forty 0-10-0T locomotives of other designs in military service.

Deutz AG produced two hundred 4-wheel internal combustion locomotives with an evaporative cooling water jacket surrounding the single cylinder oil engine. Fifty similar 6-wheel locomotives were produced by Deutz.

Approximately 20% of the Brigadeloks saw post-war use. Government railways of (Yugoslavia), North Macedonia, Serbia and Poland made extensive use of the military locomotives. Significant numbers were used in Hungary, France, Latvia, Bulgaria and Romania while smaller numbers went overseas to Africa, Indonesia, Japan and North America. Much of the trench railway equipment remaining in Belgium at the end of hostilities was shipped to the Belgian Congo to build the Vicicongo line.

## British equipment

Britain selected a Hunslet Engine Company 4-6-0T design as their standard for the French Decauville 600mm rail gauge; but Hunslet's production of 75 locomotives was insufficient. Baldwin Locomotive Works produced 495 15-tonne (33,000 lb) 4-6-0T of a less satisfactory American design while Hudswell Clarke and Andrew Barclay Sons & Co. built 83 0-6-0T locomotives. One hundred 15-tonne (33,000 lb) 2-6-2T of the American standard military design were later purchased from Alco's Cooke Locomotive Works for British use.

Britain pioneered the use of petrol-powered, 4-wheel synchromesh mechanical drive locomotives (known as tractors) for daylight use within visual range of the front. In 1916 the War Office required "Petrol Trench Tractors" of 600-mm gauge that were capable of drawing 10 to 15 tons at 5 mi (8.0 km) per hour. Early tractors weighed 2 tons. Total production was 102 7 kW (9.4 hp) Ernest E. Baguley tractors, 580 15 kW (20 hp) Motor Rail tractors and 220 30 kW (40 hp) Motor Rail tractors. An additional two hundred 30 kW (40 hp) petrol-electric tractors were produced by British Westinghouse and Dick, Kerr & Co.

Former British trench railway equipment was put to civilian use rebuilding Vis-en-Artois between Arras and Cambrai. Twenty Hudswell-Clarke and Barclay 0-6-0T, seven Alco 2-6-2T and 26 Baldwin 4-6-0T engines saw service until 1957.

## American equipment

Baldwin Locomotive Works produced 15-tonne (16.5-short-ton; 14.8-long-ton) 2-6-2T numbered 5001-5195. Number 5195 was sent to Davenport Locomotive Works as a pattern for their production of the design, while another was sent to the Magor Car Corporation to test operation of their military railway car production. Two were lost at sea, and the remaining 191 saw service with the U.S. Army in France. Locomotives were initially painted grey with black smoke boxes. White lettering was applied to early production, but black lettering was used in France. Baldwin also built 5-tonne (5.5-short-ton; 4.9-long-ton) 26 kW (35 hp) and 7-tonne (7.7-short-ton; 6.9-long-ton) 37 kW (50 hp) 4-wheel gasoline mechanical locomotives for the U.S. Army. The lighter locomotives were numbered 8001-8063. The heavier locomotives were numbered 7001-7126 and operated at 2 metres per second or 6.56 feet per second (7.2 km/h or 4.5 mph), roughly the speed of a slow jogger.

The standard American military railway car was 170 centimetres (5 ft 7 in) wide and 7 m (23 ft) long riding on two 4-wheel archbar bogies. 1,695 of these cars were built by the Magor Car, American Car and Foundry and Ralston Steel Car Company. Most were flatcars, but some had gondola sides, others had roofs (either with open sides or like conventional boxcars) and others carried shallow rectangular tanks with a capacity of 10,000 litres (2,600 US gal; 2,200 imp gal) of drinking water. The boxcars and tank cars were regarded as top-heavy and prone to derailment; so most loads were carried on flatcars and gondolas. Approximately 1,600 4-wheel side dump cars were produced in several versions for construction earthmoving. The total number of cars shipped to Europe was 2,385.

Davenport Locomotive Works built one hundred 15-tonne (16.5-short-ton; 14.8-long-ton) 2-6-2T and Vulcan Iron Works built thirty more. Whitcomb Locomotive Works built 74 7-tonne (7.7-short-ton; 6.9-long-ton) 4-wheel gasoline mechanical locomotives. None of the Davenport, Vulcan and Whitcomb production saw overseas service, but some survived to World War II on United States military bases including Fort Benning, Georgia, Fort Sill, Oklahoma, Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana, Fort Dix, New Jersey and an arsenal in Alabama.

## Russian equipment

During the First World War Russia used both French 600 mm (1 ft 11+58 in) Decauville and 750 mm (2 ft 5+12 in) gauge systems. More than 2,000 km (1,243 mi) of narrow gauge trench railways were built during the war. Kolomna Locomotive Works built 0-6-0T locomotives (I, N, R, T series). 70 locomotives were purchased from ALCO. Baldwin Locomotive Works built 350 seven-tonne 6-wheel gasoline mechanical locomotives for Russia's 750 mm (2 ft 5+12 in) gauge in 1916.

## Bibliography

* Baker, Stuart (1983). "Gas Mechanicals". Narrow Gauge and Short Line Gazette. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
* DeNevi, Don & Hall, Bob (1992). *United States Military Railway Service America's Soldier Railroaders in WWII*. Erin, Ontario: Boston Mills Press. ISBN 1-55046-021-8.
* Dunn, Rich (1979). "Military Light Railway Locomotives of the U.S.Army". Narrow Gauge and Short Line Gazette. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
* Dunn, Rich (1982). "Military Light Railway Rolling Stock of the U.S.Army". Narrow Gauge and Short Line Gazette. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
* Seidensticker, Walter (1980). "Brigadeloks and Zwillinge in the Trenches". Narrow Gauge and Short Line Gazette. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
* Small, Charles S. (1982). *Two-Foot Rails to the Front*. Railroad Monographs.
* Telford, Robert (1998). "Belligerent Baldwins". British Railway Modelling. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
* Westing, Fred (1966). *The Locomotives that Baldwin built*. New York: Bonanza Books. ISBN 0-87564-503-8.
* Westwood, John (1980). *Railways at War*. San Diego, California: Howell-North Books. ISBN 0-8310-7138-9.


title: Treaty of London (1864)

abstract: The Treaty of London in 1864 resulted in the United Kingdom ceding the United States of the Ionian Islands to Greece. Britain had held an amical protectorate over the islands since the 1815 Treaty of Paris. The federated United States of the Ionian Islands included seven islands off the coasts of Epirus and the Peloponnese, that had remained in Venetian hands until 1797 and escaped Ottoman rule. Of the seven, six lay in the Ionian Sea, off the western coast of the Greek mainland. These six states were Corfù (Kerkyra), Ithaca(Ithaki), Paxò(paxoi/paxos), Cephalonia, Zante (Zakynthos) and Santa Maura (Lefkas). Cerigo (Kythera) was also a state of the federation, although it is situated southeast of the Peloponnese. Ever since Greece had become independent from the Ottoman Empire in 1832, the people of the Ionian Islands had pressed for enosis with Greece. At a Cabinet meeting in 1862, British Foreign Secretary Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston decided to cede the islands to Greece. This policy was also favoured by Queen Victoria. The practical reasoning was that maintenance of ownership in the area was too expensive. Besides, the islands did not have great strategic importance; Britain would still maintain a strategic presence in the Mediterranean from the island of Malta. It may also have been a British manoeuvre to increase its support in Greece as a counterweight to the newly established Kingdom of Italy, which had interests in the area. The decision to cede the islands was also influenced by the accession to the Greek throne of the Danish prince George, a committed Anglophile. Indeed, in a referendum in November 1862, the Greeks had elected Queen Victoria's second son, Prince Alfred, as their king, partly in the hope of receiving the Ionian Islands. After long negotiations with Greece, the Treaty of London was signed by Greek delegate Charilaos Trikoupis on 29 March 1864. On 2 May 1864 the British departed and the Ionian Islands became three provinces of the Kingdom of Greece, although Britain retained use of the port on Corfu. This can be seen as the first example of voluntary decolonization by Britain. For Greece, the incorporation of the Ionian Islands was the first of several territorial increases to 1947.

text:
# Treaty of London (1864)

The **Treaty of London** in 1864 resulted in the United Kingdom ceding the United States of the Ionian Islands to Greece. Britain had held an amical protectorate over the islands since the 1815 Treaty of Paris.

The federated United States of the Ionian Islands included seven islands off the coasts of Epirus and the Peloponnese, that had remained in Venetian hands until 1797 and escaped Ottoman rule. Of the seven, six lay in the Ionian Sea, off the western coast of the Greek mainland. These six states were Corfù (Kerkyra), Ithaca(Ithaki), Paxò(paxoi/paxos), Cephalonia, Zante (Zakynthos) and Santa Maura (Lefkas). Cerigo (Kythera) was also a state of the federation, although it is situated southeast of the Peloponnese.

Ever since Greece had become independent from the Ottoman Empire in 1832, the people of the Ionian Islands had pressed for *enosis* with Greece. At a Cabinet meeting in 1862, British Foreign Secretary Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston decided to cede the islands to Greece. This policy was also favoured by Queen Victoria. The practical reasoning was that maintenance of ownership in the area was too expensive. Besides, the islands did not have great strategic importance; Britain would still maintain a strategic presence in the Mediterranean from the island of Malta. It may also have been a British manoeuvre to increase its support in Greece as a counterweight to the newly established Kingdom of Italy, which had interests in the area.

The decision to cede the islands was also influenced by the accession to the Greek throne of the Danish prince George, a committed Anglophile. Indeed, in a referendum in November 1862, the Greeks had elected Queen Victoria's second son, Prince Alfred, as their king, partly in the hope of receiving the Ionian Islands.

After long negotiations with Greece, the Treaty of London was signed by Greek delegate Charilaos Trikoupis on 29 March 1864. On 2 May 1864 the British departed and the Ionian Islands became three provinces of the Kingdom of Greece, although Britain retained use of the port on Corfu.

This can be seen as the first example of voluntary decolonization by Britain. For Greece, the incorporation of the Ionian Islands was the first of several territorial increases to 1947.

## Maps

## Further reading

* Anderson M. S. *The Eastern Question 1774–1923, A Study in the International Relations* (London, 1983).
* Paschalidi, Maria. "Constructing Ionian identities: the Ionian Islands in British official discourses; 1815-1864" (PhD dissertation. UCL (University College London), 2010) online.
* Xenos, Stephanos Th. *East and West: A Diplomatic History of the Annexation of the Ionian Islands to the Kingdom of Greece* (Trübner, 1865) online.

## InfoBox

Treaty of London
| 1914 postal card for the fiftieth anniversary of the union of the Ionian Islands with Greece | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Multilateral treaty |
| Signed | 29 March 1864 (1864-03-29) |
| Location | London, England |
| Original<br>signatories |  |
| Ratifiers | * Greece * Prussia * Russia * United Kingdom |


title: Trichoplites

abstract: Trichoplites is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

text:
# Trichoplites

***Trichoplites*** is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

## Species

* Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
* Yu, Dicky Sick Ki. "*Trichoplites* Swinhoe 1900". *Home of Ichneumonoidea*. Taxapad. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.

## InfoBox

| *Trichoplites* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Trichoplites albimaculosa* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | ***Trichoplites***<br>Swinhoe, 1900 |
|


title: William Lyon University

abstract: William Lyon University was a former non-traditional school based in San Diego, California. The school was named after Maj. General William Lyon (USAF), a decorated officer who served during the World War II, Korea, and Vietnam eras. Originally from Los Angeles, he founded and grew a homebuilding business in California called William Lyon Homes.

text:
# William Lyon University

**William Lyon University** was a former non-traditional school based in San Diego, California.

The school was named after Maj. General William Lyon (USAF), a decorated officer who served during the World War II, Korea, and Vietnam eras. Originally from Los Angeles, he founded and grew a homebuilding business in California called William Lyon Homes.

## History

The school was reported to have been founded as **Gaylor Institute**, but later became Lyon University and then **William Lyon University**. By 1983–84, the school received the assets and records of the former Beacon College of Washington, D. C. In the late 1980s the school changed its name to become **American Commonwealth University** and later, in the early 90s, was known as Huron International University. Huron International University continues to issue diplomas in Japan, but all operations of William Lyon University, and its various aliases in the U.S., have been terminated.

Another school, International College, Los Angeles, is also associated with William Lyon University. When International College, Los Angeles went out of business in the mid-1980s, its students were transferred to William Lyon University.

## Professors

Among the faculty of William Lyon University was Thomas R. Haines, PhD. A graduate of USIU and a distinguished professor at several Oregon and California universities, Dr. Haines developed a novel "Participatory, on-line educational program" at William Lyon University and served as its vice president from 1985 until 1990. Additional noted professors included Jack R. Gibb, PhD. A pioneer in humanistic psychology and the originator of Trust Level theory, Jack Gibb's distinguished career as a psychologist and consultant spanned five decades. Gibb held a doctorate in psychology from Stanford and previously taught at Brigham Young, Michigan State, and the University of Colorado and International College.

## Accreditation status

William Lyon University was not accredited by one of the U.S. regional accreditation bodies recognized by traditional universities and colleges in the United States. It was reportedly granted California State approval to operate. Later, American Commonwealth University was accredited by the National Accreditation body the Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools—ACICS. ACICS is a non-profit that provides national accreditation to non-degree programs, associate's, bachelor's, and master's degrees, but not doctoral degrees (i.e. Ph.D.).

### Custodian of records

The California Department of Consumer Affairs Bureau of Private Postsecondary Education lists San Diego University for Integrative Studies as the custodian of records for William Lyon University, American Commonwealth University, and Huron International University. San Diego University of Integrative Studies is not accredited by a Regional accreditation body.


title: Álvaro Cunqueiro

abstract: Álvaro Cunqueiro Mora was a Galician novelist, poet, playwright, and journalist. He is the author of many works in both Galician and Spanish, including Merlín e familia. He was a cofounder of the Galician Writers Association. In 1991, Galician Literature Day was dedicated to him.

text:
# Álvaro Cunqueiro

**Álvaro Cunqueiro Mora** (Mondoñedo, December 22, 1911  Vigo, February 28, 1981) was a Galician novelist, poet, playwright, and journalist. He is the author of many works in both Galician and Spanish, including *Merlín e familia* ("Merlin and family"). He was a cofounder of the Galician Writers Association. In 1991, Galician Literature Day was dedicated to him.

## Life

Cunqueiro was born to Joaquín Cunqueiro Montenegro, a pharmacist, and Pepita Mora Moirón of Mondoñedo (where he was infamous for his practice of stealing coats at parties). He did his *bachillerato* (secondary school) studies in the *Instituto Xeral e Técnico* (General and Technical Institute) in the city of Lugo, where he befriended the writers Evaristo Correa Calderón and Ánxel Fole. He began to study in the Department of Philosophy and Literature at the University of Santiago de Compostela in 1927, but abandoned his studies to dedicated himself to journalism, writing for various newspapers and magazines including *El Pueblo Gallego*. During his time in Santiago, he regularly attended the literary gatherings at the Café Español, and his friends included Francisco Fernández del Riego, Domingo García Sabell, Gonzalo Torrente Ballester, Ricardo Carballo Calero, Carlos Maside, and Xosé Eiroa. He promoted the magazines *Papel de Color* and *Galiza*, and edited the first issue of the latter, published July 25, 1930.

He was a founding member of the Partido Galeguista (Galicianist Party).

The military uprising of July 1936 found Cunqueiro in Mondoñedo, and thanks to the influence of his conservative family, he was not subjected to reprisals, and was able to find work as a teacher in a private school in Ortigueira from October 1936 onwards. He was the regional head of press and propaganda for the Falange, and worked on the local Falangist publication *Era Azul*. Jesús Suevos, the head of the Falange in Galicia, and the director of the newspaper *El Pueblo Gallego*, asked him to write for the newspaper's literary and current events sections; Cunqueiro accepted and moved to Vigo. During his time in Vigo, he also briefly taught Portuguese in a high school.

In November 1938, Cunqueiro moved to San Sebastián and wrote for *La Voz de España*. He was also a subdirector for *Vértice*, a publication of the National Delegation of Press and Propaganda, in which he published "The Story of the Knight Rafael" (1939), his first fiction in Spanish. After Madrid was occupied by the Nationalist army, Cunqueiro moved there and began to write for ABC. In 1947 he returned to Mondoñedo and began to distance himself from Franquism. In 1950 he published a book in Galician, *Dona de corpo delgado*. From 1960 on, he worked as the official chronicler of Mondoñedo, and the following year moved to Vigo, where he found a fixed position as a writer for the newspaper *Faro de Vigo*.

In 1961, the Royal Galician Academy elected him as a member. Between November 1964 and June 1970, Cunqueiro was the director of the Faro de Vigo and of the Faro Deportivo.

## Literary work

He was a multifaceted writer, and his extensive literary output extends into the fields of journalism, poetry, narrative prose, and theater, not to mention his work as a translator.

The early Cunqueiro was fundamentally a poet, writing in Avant-Garde, neo-troubador and culturalist styles. He initiated neo-troubadourism with his poetry collections *Mar ao norde* (1932) and *Poemas do si e do non* (1933). He wrote *Cantiga nova que se chama Riveira* (1933) under the influence of the troubador tradition of the medieval Galician-Portuguese lyric. During the 1940s and 50s, he began to dedicate himself primarily to narrative and journalism, publishing three important novels: *Merlín e familia e outras historias*, *As crónicas do sochantre* and *Se o vello Simbad volvese ás illas*. He also published three books of stories: *Xente de aquí e de acolá*, *Escola de menciñeiros*, and *Os outros feirantes*. The latter was turned into a series of six stories adapted for the screen by prestigious Galician and Spanish actors. He also wrote innumerable articles for newspapers like *Vallibria*, *La Voz de Galicia*, *El Progreso*, and *Faro de Vigo*.

He received the Premio de la Crítica Española in 1959 for *Las crónicas del sochantre*, which in reality was a translation of the Galician-language *As crónicas do sochantre*, which he had written first. He was also awarded the Premio Nadal in 1968 for *Un hombre que se parecía a Orestes* and the Premio Frol da Auga in 1979 for *Herba de aquí e acolá*. For his work as a journalist he received the Premio Conde de Godó.

In 1981 he was named an honorary member of the Galician Writers Association.

Cunqueiro was the source of the famous quote *Mil primaveras máis para a lingua galega* ("A thousand more springs for the Galician language"). This phrase now figures on his grave: *Eiqui xaz alguén, que coa súa obra, fixo que Galicia durase mil primaveras máis* ("Here lies someone who, with his work, made Galicia last a thousand more springs"), alongside another inscription that reads *Loubado seña Deus que me permitiu facerme home neste grande Reino que chamamos Galicia* ("Praised be God who allowed me to become a man in this great Kingdom we call Galicia").

## List of works

### Galician language

#### Poetry

* *Mar ao Norde* (1932)
* *Poemas do si e non* (1933)
* *Cantiga nova que se chama Riveira* (1933)
* *Dona do corpo delgado* (1950)
* *Palabras de víspera* |(1974)

#### Prose

* *Merlín e familia* (1955)
* *Crónicas do sochantre* (1956)
* *O incerto señor Don Hamlet, Principe de Dinamarca* (1958)
* *Escola de Menciñeiros* (1960)
* *Si o vello Sinbad volvese ás illas* (1961)
* *A noite vai coma un río* (1965)
* *Xente de aquí e de acolá* (1971)
* *Os outros feirantes*, (1979)

### Spanish language

* *Elegías y canciones* (1940)
* *Balada de las damas del tiempo pasado* (1945)
* *Crónica de la derrota de las naciones* (1954)
* *Las mocedades de Ulises* (1960)
* *Flores del año mil y pico de ave* (1968)
* *Un hombre que se parecía a Orestes* (1969)
* *Vida y fugas de Fanto Fantini della Gherardesca* (1972)
* *El año del cometa con la batalla de los cuatros reyes* (1974)
* *Tertulia de boticas prodigiosas y Escuela de curanderos* (1976)

## Awards

1. "Trinta anos da morte de Cunqueiro, o imaxinador prodixioso". *La Voz de Galicia*. 28 February 2011.

## InfoBox

| Álvaro Cunqueiro | |
| --- | --- |
| Cunqueiro | |
| Born | Álvaro Cunqueiro Mora
(1911-12-22)December 22, 1911
Mondoñedo, Galicia, Spain |
| Died | February 28, 1981(1981-02-28) (aged 69)
Vigo, Galicia, Spain |
| Occupation | * Novelist * poet * journalist * playwright |
| Language |  |
| Signature | |
|  | |


title: Wladimir Tchertkoff

abstract: Wladimir Tchertkoff was an Italian journalist. He was born in Yugoslavia to Russian-born parents. He released with Emanuela Andreoli in 2003 the film The Sacrifice, a documentary on the liquidators of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. This film received an award from the Île-de-France council for the best scientific and environment documentary in November 2004. He has also received the award of the best documentary of the Festival of Scientific Movies of Oullins, France. Tchertkoff is the author of Le Crime de Tchernobyl, le Goulag nucléaire published by Actes Sud, Paris. He was also one of the founders of the organisation Children of Chernobyl Belarus.

text:
# Wladimir Tchertkoff

**Wladimir Tchertkoff** (1935 – 9 April 2023) was an Italian journalist.

He was born in Yugoslavia to Russian-born parents. He released with Emanuela Andreoli in 2003 the film *The Sacrifice*, a documentary on the liquidators of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. This film received an award from the Île-de-France council for the best scientific and environment documentary in November 2004.

He has also received the award of the best documentary of the Festival of Scientific Movies of Oullins, France.

Tchertkoff is the author of *Le Crime de Tchernobyl, le Goulag nucléaire* (*The Crime of Chernobyl, the Nuclear Goulag*) published by Actes Sud, Paris.

He was also one of the founders of the organisation *Children of Chernobyl Belarus*.

## Filmography

## Bibliography

* (in French) Wladimir Tchertkoff, *Le Crime de Tchernobyl, le Goulag nucléaire*, Actes Sud, April 2006 ISBN 2-7427-6042-3


title: Senninger Irrigation

abstract: Senninger Irrigation is a wholly owned subsidiary of Hunter Industries and manufacturer of irrigation products and services, based in Clermont, Florida, United States.

text:
# Senninger Irrigation

**Senninger Irrigation** is a wholly owned subsidiary of Hunter Industries and manufacturer of irrigation products and services, based in Clermont, Florida, United States.

## History

Senninger Irrigation was founded in 1963 by Joe Senninger, a retired engineer and citrus grower living in Central Florida. The company was founded after Senninger created the first “insect-proof” sprinkler that would prevent mud dauber wasps from nesting in the nozzle orifices of overhead sprinklers when an irrigation system was not in operation. The wasps would clog sprinklers and impede water flow, causing difficulties for citrus farmers in the area.

Senninger designed and introduced many irrigation industry's innovations: high quality in-line pressure regulator (1966); color-coded nozzles for easy size identification (1970); pioneered the use of plastic sprinklers on center pivots (1971); Wobbler® Technology (1978); sprays with interchangeable deflector pads (1980); Hydro software to configure placement of nozzle sizes (1980); a four-mode LEPA (Low Energy Precision Application) Quad Spray (1986); the integral weight concept (1999); double goosenecks and truss rod hose slings (2002).

The company opened warehouses in Lubbock, Texas (1978), and Grand Island, Nebraska (1979), as well as a division in the state of São Paulo, Brazil (2003).

On January 4, 2016, Senninger Irrigation was acquired by its business partner of 12 years, California-based Hunter Industries.

## Products

Senninger develops water- and energy-efficient sprinklers, spray nozzles, pressure regulators, and other irrigation tools for agriculture, dairy, mining, effluent, and wastewater applications. It specializes in low-pressure irrigation products designed to help growers use less water and energy, and increase irrigation uniformity by spreading water in a pattern that resists wind distortion and evaporation at high temperatures.

## InfoBox

Senninger Irrigation Inc.
| Company type | Private |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Manufacturing |
| Founded | 1963 |
| Headquarters | Clermont, Florida, USA |
| Key people | * Steve Abernethy, President * Mark Healy, Vice President and Founder |
| Products | Over 200 Irrigation Products |
| Number of employees | 200 |
| Parent | Hunter Industries |
| Website | senninger.com |


abstract: The State of Vermont has the highest number of covered bridges per square mile in the United States. Replica covered bridges have also been built throughout the state to capture the essence of the historic bridges. Non-authentic covered bridges are those that do not use traditional truss construction. Usually they are built with stringer construction. This list is bound to be incomplete as "backyard bridges", as most of these can be, are not publicized.

text:
# List of non-authentic covered bridges in Vermont

The State of Vermont has the highest number of covered bridges per square mile in the United States. Replica covered bridges have also been built throughout the state to capture the essence of the historic bridges. Non-authentic covered bridges are those that do **not** use traditional truss construction. Usually they are built with stringer construction. This list is bound to be incomplete as "backyard bridges", as most of these can be, are not publicized.

## Bridge access by the public

The "access" column indicates whether the bridge is publicly accessible or not.

* **Public bridges:** There are some bridges in this list that are truly public... bridges at parks, etc. Other bridges that are technically privately owned, but on property generally open to the public (condominium projects, hotels, stores, etc.) are also listed as "public". It can be assumed that easy access to these bridges without trespassing is possible.
* **Private bridges:** Bridges that are definitely privately owned and not open to the public are marked as "private", despite whether or not visitors are welcomed. In the case of these bridges, it is noted (when known) whether they can be seen or accessed from public land (a road) without trespassing.

## GPS coordinates

Longitude and latitude coordinates are given when confirmed either by personal observation or satellite imagery.

## The list

| Name | County | Location | Built | Length (ft) | Crosses | Access | Coordinates | Photo | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hemingway | Addison | Granville | 1973 | 20' | unknown stream | Private |  |  |  |
| Casey | Addison | Starksboro | 1991 | 16' | Baldwin Brook | Private |  |  |  |
| Gilley | Addison | Starksboro | 1991 | 12' | unknown brook | Private |  |  |  |
| Little Otter Creek | Addison | Ferrisburgh | 1973 | 16' | Little Otter Creek | Private | 44°10′46.2″N 73°11′43.8″W / 44.179500°N 73.195500°W / 44.179500; -73.195500 (Little Otter Creek Covered Bridge) |  |  |
| Heath | Addison | Waltham | ? | 11' | pond outlet | Private | 44°08′35″N 73°13′20″W / 44.14306°N 73.22222°W / 44.14306; -73.22222 (Heath Covered Bridge) |  |  |
| Kreffer Crossing | Bennington | Sandgate | 1976 | 39' | Green River on Sandgate Road | Private |  |  |  |
| Grace Christian School | Bennington | Bennington | 1979 | 30' | Furnace Brook | Public | 42°53′42″N 73°11′54″W / 42.89500°N 73.19833°W / 42.89500; -73.19833 (Grace Christian School Covered Bridge) |  |  |
| Armstrong | Bennington | Bennington | 1985 | 40' | Jewett Brook | Private |  |  |  |
| Gregory | Bennington | Manchester | ? | 30' | Unknown brook | Private |  |  |  |
| Bennington Covered Bridge Museum | Bennington | Bennington | 2003 | ? | on dry land | Public |  |  | This bridge may be authentic since it is at a covered bridge museum. Confirmation needed. |
| Bondville Fair | Bennington | Winhall | 2004 | 24' | on dry land | Public |  |  | This "bridge" uses Town lattice construction, but it has no floor, so is it really a bridge? |
| Jeudevine Falls | Caledonia | Hardwick | 2001 | 24' | brook | Private | 44°32′56″N 72°22′19″W / 44.548796°N 72.371911°W / 44.548796; -72.371911 (Jeudevine Falls Covered Bridge) |  |  |
| Joe's Pond | Caledonia | West Danville | 1977 | 37' | outlet of Joe's Pond | Public | 44°24′30″N 72°11′42″W / 44.40833°N 72.19500°W / 44.40833; -72.19500 (Joe's Pond Covered Bridge) |  |  |
| Riverside Park | Chittenden | Jericho | 1972 | 37' | Browns River | Public | 44°30′59″N 72°56′48″W / 44.51639°N 72.94667°W / 44.51639; -72.94667 (Riverside Park Covered Bridge) |  |  |
| LaRue | Chittenden | Underhill | 1982 | 40' | Browns River | Private | 44°31′01″N 72°55′38″W / 44.51694°N 72.92722°W / 44.51694; -72.92722 (LaRue Covered Bridge) |  |  |
| Circus Building | Chittenden | Shelburne | ? | 21' | on a path | Public |  |  | at Shelburne Museum, paid admission required |
| Potbin | Chittenden | Underhill | ? | 8' | pond outlet | Private |  |  |  |
| P&S Country Furniture Barn | Essex | Concord | c1980 | 18' | pond outlet | Public | 44°26′40″N 71°55′04″W / 44.44444°N 71.91778°W / 44.44444; -71.91778 (P&S Country Furniture Barn Covered Bridge) |  |  |
| Jackson | Essex | Lemington | c1970 | 16' | Jones Brook | Private |  |  |  |
| Nelson | Essex | Lunenburg | 1990 | 16' | unknown brook | Private |  |  |  |
| Beebe | Franklin | St. Albans | 1968 | 17' | pond outlet | Private | 44°47′36″N 73°02′43″W / 44.79333°N 73.04528°W / 44.79333; -73.04528 (Beebe Covered Bridge) |  | can be seen from the road |
| Mediaway | Franklin | Montgomery | 1981 | 25' | unknown brook | Public(?) | 44°53′07″N 72°32′23″W / 44.88528°N 72.53972°W / 44.88528; -72.53972 (Mediaway Covered Bridge) |  | Looks to be at a place of business, visible from the road |
| Sylvester | Franklin | Montgomery | 2000 | 14' | pond outlet | Private | 44°52′53″N 72°39′32″W / 44.881497°N 72.658795°W / 44.881497; -72.658795 (Sylvester Covered Bridge) |  | Fairly close to road |
| Blondin | Franklin | Montgomery | 1996 | 24' | pond outlet | Private | 44°52′28″N 72°39′29″W / 44.87444°N 72.65806°W / 44.87444; -72.65806 (Blondin Covered Bridge) |  | Might be able to photograph from the road with a long telephoto lens |
| Homestead | Franklin | Franklin | 1993 | 17' | unknown brook | Private |  |  |  |
| Pont De Columb Un | Franklin | Franklin | 2001 | 16' | unknown brook | Private | 44°59′57″N 72°56′22″W / 44.99917°N 72.93944°W / 44.99917; -72.93944 (Un Pont de Columb Covered Bridge) |  | Not sure which of these two bridges is "Un" and which is "Deux" |
| Pont De Columb Deux | Franklin | Franklin | 2001 | 16' | unknown brook | Private | 44°59′56″N 72°56′21″W / 44.99889°N 72.93917°W / 44.99889; -72.93917 (Deux Pont de Columb Covered Bridge) |  | Both can be seen from the road on the same property |
| Granger | Franklin | Franklin | 1972 | 16' | unknown brook | Private |  |  |  |
| Pattees | Franklin | Enosburg | 1979 | 22' | unknown brook | Private | 44°51′53.1″N 72°45′44.5″W / 44.864750°N 72.762361°W / 44.864750; -72.762361 (Pattees Covered Bridge) |  | May be able to photograph from the road with a long telephoto lens |
| Edward's | Lamoille | Belvidere | ? | ? | brook | Private | 44°44′14″N 72°44′09″W / 44.737185°N 72.735929°W / 44.737185; -72.735929 (Edward's Covered Bridge) |  |  |
| White Caps | Lamoille | Stowe | 1970 | 56' | West Branch of Waterbury River on Brook Road | Public | 44°29′50″N 72°44′43″W / 44.497104°N 72.745314°W / 44.497104; -72.745314 (White Caps Covered Bridge) |  | Entrance to residential area. Concrete deck, but authentic Howe trusses supporting dead load. |
| Sidewalk | Lamoille | Stowe | 1973 | 150' | Waterbury River on Vermont Route 108 | Public | 44°27′59″N 72°41′17″W / 44.46639°N 72.68806°W / 44.46639; -72.68806 (Sidewalk Covered Bridge) |  |  |
| unknown | Lamoille | Stowe | ? | ? | unknown brook | Private | 44°28′59″N 72°39′49″W / 44.483134°N 72.663622°W / 44.483134; -72.663622 (unknown covered bridge) |  |  |
| Mountain Road Motel | Lamoille | Stowe | 1975 | 15' | unknown brook | Public | 44°28′23″N 72°41′56″W / 44.473172°N 72.698845°W / 44.473172; -72.698845 (Mountain Road Motel Covered Bridge) |  |  |
| Morse Mill | Lamoille | Cambridge | 1988 | 45' | Brewster River | Private | 44°35′18.3″N 72°47′28.8″W / 44.588417°N 72.791333°W / 44.588417; -72.791333 (Morse Mill Covered Bridge) |  | Can be seen from road |
| Lynch & Burt | Lamoille | Waterville | 1992 | 12' | unknown brook on Village Green | Public | 44°41′22.5″N 72°46′8.1″W / 44.689583°N 72.768917°W / 44.689583; -72.768917 (Lynch & Burt Covered Bridge) |  |  |
| Adair | Lamoille | Waterville | 1987 | 17' | pond inlet | Private |  |  |  |
| Gentle Giants Sleigh & Carriage Rides | Lamoille | Stowe | ? | ? | swampy area | Public | 44°29′35″N 72°44′29″W / 44.49314°N 72.741366°W / 44.49314; -72.741366 (Lynch & Burt Covered Bridge) |  |  |
| Golden Eagle Resort #1 | Lamoille | Stowe | ? | 8' | unknown brook | Public |  |  |  |
| Golden Eagle Resort #2 | Lamoille | Stowe | 1999 | 12' | unknown brook | Public |  |  |  |
| Weltman | Lamoille | Morristown | 1972 | 32' | Sterling Brook | Private |  |  |  |
| Faith | Lamoille | Waterville | 1998 | 10' | pond outlet | Private | 44°41′11″N 72°46′10″W / 44.68639°N 72.76944°W / 44.68639; -72.76944 (Faith Covered Bridge) |  | can be seen from the road |
| Kneeland Beauty Salon | Lamoille | Hyde Park | ? | 10' | Unknown brook | Public |  |  |  |
| Braley | Orange | Tunbridge | 1990 | 20' | artificial pond | Private | 43°55′19″N 72°24′31″W / 43.92194°N 72.40861°W / 43.92194; -72.40861 (Braley Covered Bridge) |  | may be able to photograph with long telephoto lens
not to be confused with the Braley Covered Bridge |
| Roystan | Orange | Newbury | 1996 | 21' | unnamed brook | Private |  |  |  |
| unknown | Orange | Newbury | ? | ? | unnamed brook | Private | 44°05′32″N 72°05′35″W / 44.092228°N 72.093074°W / 44.092228; -72.093074 (unknown) |  |  |
| Driscoll | Orange | Fairlee | ? | 8' | pond | Private |  |  |  |
| English Rose Inn | Orleans | Westfield | 1973 | 14' | pond outlet | Public | 44°53′16.5″N 72°32′8.6″W / 44.887917°N 72.535722°W / 44.887917; -72.535722 (English Rose Inn Covered Bridge) |  |  |
| Auger Sugarmill | Orleans | Barton | 1988 | 40' | Barton River | Private | 44°43′43″N 72°11′11″W / 44.72861°N 72.18639°W / 44.72861; -72.18639 (Auger Sugarmill Covered Bridge) |  | on private road, but may be able to access |
| St. Onge | Orleans | Lowell | 1988 | 32' | ditch | Private |  |  |  |
| Quesnell | Orleans | Lowell | 1999 | 8' | ditch | Private | 44°46′25″N 72°27′25.4″W / 44.77361°N 72.457056°W / 44.77361; -72.457056 (Quesnell Covered Bridge) |  | easily seen on side of road |
| Neshobe Golf Club | Rutland | Brandon | 1986 | 39' | Neshobe River | Public | 43°48′39.5″N 73°04′28″W / 43.810972°N 73.07444°W / 43.810972; -73.07444 (Neshobe Golf Club Covered Bridge) |  | can be seen from road, might be able walk onto course to get closer? |
| Borrelli | Rutland | Mount Holly | ? | 16' | pond | Private |  |  |  |
| Pat Bailey | Rutland | Pittsford | 2014 | ? | pond | Public |  |  | At New England Maple Museum |
| Getzinger | Washington | Moretown | ? | ? | unknown brook | Private | 44°13′20″N 72°42′39″W / 44.222345°N 72.710795°W / 44.222345; -72.710795 (Getzinger Covered Bridge) |  |  |
| Battleground | Washington | Fayston | 1974 | 51' | Mill Brook | Public | 44°12′03″N 72°53′42″W / 44.20083°N 72.89500°W / 44.20083; -72.89500 (Battleground Covered Bridge) |  | entry to condominium complex |
| Chamberlin | Washington | Northfield | 1956 | 19' | tributary of Stony Brook | Private | 44°08′55″N 72°43′05.5″W / 44.14861°N 72.718194°W / 44.14861; -72.718194 (Chamberlin Covered Bridge) |  | easily seen close to road
Not to be confused with Chamberlin Covered Bridge |
| Best Western | Washington | Waterbury | 1962 | 50' | mountain stream | Public | 44°20′43″N 72°44′59.2″W / 44.34528°N 72.749778°W / 44.34528; -72.749778 (Best Western Covered Bridge) |  |  |
| Floyd Fitch #1 | Washington | Calais | 1962 | 10' | Pekin Brook | Private |  |  |  |
| Floyd Fitch #2 | Washington | Calais | 1984 | 12' | Pekin Brook | Private |  |  |  |
| Rea | Washington | Calais | 1992 | 13' | ditch | Private |  |  |  |
| Santa's Sweetheart | Windham | Putney | 1957 | 29' | unnamed brook | Public |  |  | At Santa's Land theme park. |
| Santa's Land Railroad | Windham | Putney | 1962 | 18' | unnamed brook | Public |  |  | At Santa's Land theme park. |
| Santa's Land Swan | Windham | Putney | 1990 | 19' | unnamed brook | Public |  |  | At Santa's Land theme park. |
| Covered Bridge Lodge | Windham | Dover | 1964 | 38' | Blue Brook | Private |  |  | Can be seen from the road |
| Grafton Cheese Factory | Windham | Grafton | 1967 | 62' | South Branch Saxtons River | Public | 43°09′59″N 72°36′47″W / 43.16639°N 72.61306°W / 43.16639; -72.61306 (Grafton Cheese Factory Covered Bridge) |  |  |
| Great American Recreation Cafe | Windham | Wilmington | 1977 | 34' | Bill Brook | Public | 42°54′32″N 72°50′50″W / 42.90889°N 72.84722°W / 42.90889; -72.84722 (Great American Recreation Cafe Covered Bridge) |  |  |
| Island Properties | Windham | Jamaica | 1989 | 62' | West River | Private? | 43°05′23.5″N 72°46′05.5″W / 43.089861°N 72.768194°W / 43.089861; -72.768194 (Island Properties Covered Bridge) |  | Was the entrance to an apparently abandoned condominium project... may be private drive now?? |
| John Tyler Sherwin | Windham | Brattleboro | 1988 | 16' | drainage ditch | Public |  |  | At Living Memorial Park |
| Dummerston School | Windham | Dummerston | 1994 | 12' | ditch | Public |  |  |  |
| Chase | Windham | Brattleboro | 1962 | 16' | unknown brook | Private |  |  |  |
| Snow | Windham | Stratton | 1998 | 62' | ski trail | Public | 43°06′40″N 72°55′00″W / 43.11111°N 72.91667°W / 43.11111; -72.91667 (Snow Covered Bridge) |  | Entrance to condominium development |
| Hermitage Road | Windham | Dover | 2009 | 50' | Cold Brook | Public | 42°55′42″N 72°53′20″W / 42.92833°N 72.88889°W / 42.92833; -72.88889 (Hermitage Road Covered Bridge) |  |  |
| Kindle Farm School | Windham | Townshend | 2006 | 17' | ditch | Public | 43°01′11″N 72°39′27.5″W / 43.01972°N 72.657639°W / 43.01972; -72.657639 (Kindle Farm School Covered Bridge) |  |  |
| Noway Farm | Windsor | Barnard | 1981 | 13' | Gulf Stream | Private |  |  |  |
| Seven Cedars Farm | Windsor | Barnard | 1985 | 24' | Pond Brook | Private | 43°45′14″N 72°37′58″W / 43.75389°N 72.63278°W / 43.75389; -72.63278 (Seven Cedars Farm Covered Bridge) |  |  |
| Quechee | Windsor | Hartford | 1970 | 85' | Ottauquechee River on Waterman Hill Road | Public | 43°38′44″N 72°25′09″W / 43.645427°N 72.419059°W / 43.645427; -72.419059 (Quechee Covered Bridge) |  | Steel stringer construction. Rebuilt in 2013 after damage caused by Hurricane Irene. |
| Mill Brook | Windsor | Reading | 2009 | 59' | Mill Brook | Private | 43°28′57″N 72°33′05″W / 43.48243°N 72.551485°W / 43.48243; -72.551485 (Mill Brook Covered Bridge) |  |  |
| Green Mountain Horse Association | Windsor | Woodstock | 1998 | 6' | dry land | Public |  |  |  |
|

### Destroyed by Hurricane Irene

The following bridges were destroyed by Hurricane Irene on August 28, 2011 and removed from this list:

* Giorgetti Covered Bridge formerly in Pittsfield
* Toll Covered Bridge formerly in Dover
* Pickle Barrel Covered Bridge formerly in Sherburne
* Spring Hill Farm Covered Bridge formerly in Barnard
* Seven Cedars Farm formerly in Barnard ( Visited by Dan Brock )

The Giorgetti and Pickle Barrel covered bridges were not destroyed by Hurricane Irene. They still stand today. Source is my visiting these sites after Hurricane Irene. By Dan Brock

### Other losses

* The Hayes Covered Bridge formerly in Brookline was removed due to rot in November 2010 and removed from this list.
* The Deer Park Covered Bridge formerly in Bennington is reportedly gone and was removed from this list.


title: Michel Berto

abstract: Michel Berto was a French actor. He was married to the actresses Juliet Berto and Marie Berto. His body was found on 3 January 1996, hence the exact date of his death is uncertain.

text:
# Michel Berto

**Michel Berto** (French: \[bɛʁto\]; 25 December 1939 in Grenoble  2 January 1996 in Paris) was a French actor. He was married to the actresses Juliet Berto and Marie Berto. His body was found on 3 January 1996, hence the exact date of his death is uncertain.

## Partial filmography

## InfoBox

| Michel Berto | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 25 December 1939
Grenoble |
| Died | 2 January 1996
Paris |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Spouses | * Juliet Berto * Marie Berto |


title: Zach Woods

abstract: Zach Woods is an American actor and comedian. He is best known for his roles as a series regular for three seasons as Gabe Lewis on the NBC sitcom The Office, as Jared Dunn on the HBO comedy series Silicon Valley, as Zach Harper on the USA Network sitcom Playing House, and as Matt Spencer on the HBO comedy show Avenue 5. He also recurred on the HBO series Veep as Ed Webster, and starred as billionaire Edgar D. Minnows in the Apple TV+ murder mystery series The Afterparty.

text:
# Zach Woods

**Zach Woods** (born September 25, 1984) is an American actor and comedian. He is best known for his roles as a series regular for three seasons as Gabe Lewis on the NBC sitcom *The Office*, as Jared Dunn on the HBO comedy series *Silicon Valley*, as Zach Harper on the USA Network sitcom *Playing House*, and as Matt Spencer on the HBO comedy show *Avenue 5*. He also recurred on the HBO series *Veep* as Ed Webster, and starred as billionaire Edgar D. Minnows in the Apple TV+ murder mystery series *The Afterparty*.

## Early life

Woods was born in Trenton, New Jersey. He is Jewish. His father is a psychiatrist who specializes in clinical therapy, and his mother is a nurse practitioner. Woods is a middle child; he has an older brother and younger sister. In 1997 and 1998, he attended summer camp at Interlochen Center for the Arts. He grew up in Yardley, Pennsylvania, and graduated from Pennsbury High School in 2003. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) from the Gallatin School of Individualized Study at New York University.

## Career

Woods started performing improv at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre at age 16 and was a part of the improvisational sketch troupe "The Stepfathers", whose members included Bobby Moynihan and Chris Gethard. He has taught improv at Columbia University, Duke University and Lincoln Center. He has appeared in such films as *In the Loop* and *The Other Guys*, and appeared in the CollegeHumor skits "Adam and Eve in the Friend Zone" and "The Infinisphere".

He is known for starring as Awkward Boy, the protagonist in the YouTube video series *The Most Awkward Boy in the World*. In 2010, he appeared as a zombie in a Starburst candy commercial.

Starting in 2010, he portrayed Gabe Lewis on the NBC sitcom *The Office*. He was promoted to series regular beginning in season 7.

From 2014 to 2019, he co-starred as Jared on HBO's *Silicon Valley*. He also appeared on HBO's *Veep* as Ed Webster.

Beginning in January 2020, he had a role as Matt Spencer, Head of Customer Relations for *Avenue 5*, a science-fiction comedy TV series created by Armando Iannucci that premiered on HBO in the United States.

Woods had a role in the action comedy *Spy* (2015), directed by Paul Feig, and appeared in Feig's film *Ghostbusters* in 2016.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2004 | *Terrorists* | Drugstore Cashier |  |
| 2009 | *Strangers* | Man | Short film |
| | *In the Loop* | Chad |  |
| | *The Honkys* | O.G | Short film |
| 2010 | *The Other Guys* | Douglas |  |
| 2011 | *High Road* | Tommy |  |
| | *Andy and Zach* | Zach | Short film |
| | *Damsels in Distress* | Rick DeWolfe |  |
| 2012 | *Rich Girl Problems* | Duncan | Short film |
| 2013 | *The Heat* | Paramedic |  |
| 2015 | *Spy* | Man in Purple Tie |  |
| 2016 | *Other People* | Paul |  |
| | *Ghostbusters* | Garrett |  |
| | *Mascots* | Mike Murray |  |
| 2017 | *The Lego Ninjago Movie* | Zane | Voice |
| | *Zane's Stand Up Promo* | | Voice
Short film |
| | *The Post* | Anthony Essaye |  |
| 2019 | *The Angry Birds Movie 2* | Carl | Voice |
| 2020 | *Downhill* | Zach |  |
| | *David* |  | Short film
Director, writer and producer |
| 2021 | *Bud* |  | Short film
Director, writer and producer |
| 2022 | *Spin Me Round* | Dana |  |
| TBA | *Huntington* |  | Filming |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | *My Wife, the Ghost* | Geets Wilson | 1 episode |
| 2006 | *Sexual Intercourse: American Style* | Ted | 1 episode |
| 2009 | *Washingtonienne* | Mark | 1 episode |
| 2010–13 | *The Office* | Gabe Lewis | Main role, 51 episodes
Nominated – SAG Award for Ensemble in a Comedy Series (2011–12) |
| 2011 | *Funny or Die Presents* | Stuart | 1 episode |
| | *Bored to Death* | Super Ray fan | 1 episode |
| 2012–15 | *The League* | Lane | 3 episodes |
| 2013 | *Arrested Development* | Trippler | 1 episode |
| | *Comedy Bang! Bang!* | The Remarkable Greg | 1 episode |
| 2013–14 | *Veep* | Ed Webster | 3 episodes |
| 2013–16 | *The Good Wife* | Jeff Dellinger | 4 episodes |
| 2014 | *Kroll Show* | Cal Culvers | 1 episode |
| 2014–17 | *Playing House* | Zach Harper | Main role, 8 episodes |
| 2014–19 | *Silicon Valley* | Donald "Jared" Dunn | Main role, 53 episodes |
| 2015 | *Drunk History* | Lee Duncan | 1 episode |
| 2016 | *Animals* | Brian (voice) | 1 episode |
| | *Better Things* | Zach | 1 episode |
| 2017–23 | *Big Mouth* | Various voices | 3 episodes |
| 2020 | *The Simpsons* | Zane Furlong (voice) | Episode: "The Miseducation of Lisa Simpson" |
| 2020–22 | *Avenue 5* | Matt Spencer | Main role, 17 episodes |
| 2023 | *The Afterparty* | Edgar D. Minnows | Main role; 10 episodes |
| 2024 | *In the Know* | Lauren Caspian (voice) | Main role; also co-creator, writer, director, and executive producer |

### Web

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2011 | *The Podcast* | Gabe Lewis | 3 episodes |

## InfoBox

| Zach Woods | |
| --- | --- |
| Woods at SXSW 2016 | |
| Born | (1984-09-25) September 25, 1984
Trenton, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Education | New York University (BA) |
| Occupations | * Actor * writer * producer * director |
| Years active | 2004–present |


title: Sullington

abstract: Sullington is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Storrington and Sullington, in the Horsham district of West Sussex, England. The village lies on the A283 road west of the A24 road, 20 miles (32 km) south of Horsham. In 1961 the parish had a population of 1354. On 1 April 2003 the parish was abolished and merged with Storrington to form "Storrington & Sullington". St Mary's Parish Church nave dates back to Saxon times: the chancel and tower are from the 13th century and the church was restored in 1873. The patronage of the parish rested with the lord of the manor of Sullington until 1938, when Evelyn Palmer passed it to the Diocese of Chichester. The Victorian rectory was sold off as a private residence and later occupied by the writer A J Cronin and the politician Lady Cynthia Asquith. The modern rectory is on Washington Road. Sullington Manor, on Sullington Lane, is a Grade II listed former farmhouse. The manor was held by the Shelley family from the dissolution of the monasteries (1546) until 1789, when it was sold to George Wyndham, 3rd Earl of Egremont. A feature is Sullington Warren, which is a woodland area popular among visitors to Sullington.

text:
# Sullington

**Sullington** is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Storrington and Sullington, in the Horsham district of West Sussex, England. The village lies on the A283 road west of the A24 road, 20 miles (32 km) south of Horsham. In 1961 the parish had a population of 1354. On 1 April 2003 the parish was abolished and merged with Storrington to form "Storrington & Sullington".

St Mary's Parish Church nave dates back to Saxon times: the chancel and tower are from the 13th century and the church was restored in 1873. The patronage of the parish rested with the lord of the manor of Sullington until 1938, when Evelyn Palmer (Lady Caldecott) passed it to the Diocese of Chichester. The Victorian rectory (built c1845) was sold off as a private residence and later occupied by the writer A J Cronin and the politician Lady Cynthia Asquith. The modern rectory is on Washington Road.

Sullington Manor, on Sullington Lane, is a Grade II listed former farmhouse. The manor was held by the Shelley family from the dissolution of the monasteries (1546) until 1789, when it was sold to George Wyndham, 3rd Earl of Egremont.

A feature is Sullington Warren, which is a woodland area popular among visitors to Sullington.

## InfoBox

| Sullington | |
| --- | --- |
| Church of St Mary | |
| SullingtonLocation within West Sussex | |
| OS grid reference | TQ099131 |
| Civil parish |  |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
|  | |
| Police | Sussex |
| Fire | West Sussex |
| Ambulance | South East Coast |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|