title: Sasanian coinage of Sindh

abstract: The Sasanian coinage of Sindh refers to a series of Sasanian-style issues, minted from 325 to 480 CE in Sindh, in the southern part of modern Pakistan, with the coin type of successive Sasanian Empire rulers, from Shapur II to Peroz I. Together with the coinage of the Kushano-Sasanians, these coins are often described as "Indo-Sasanian". They form an important part of Sasanian coinage.

text:
# Sasanian coinage of Sindh

Sasanian coinage of Sindh
(325-480 CE)Gold coins of Sasanian Empire ruler Shapur III (r. 383-388), minted in Sindh, modern Pakistan. ***Obverse:*** Portrait of Shapur III, Brahmi script character *Śrī*  ("Lord") in front of the King. Degraded Pahlavi legend around. ***Reverse***: Fire altar with attendants.

The **Sasanian coinage of Sindh** refers to a series of Sasanian-style issues, minted from 325 to 480 CE in Sindh, in the southern part of modern Pakistan, with the coin type of successive Sasanian Empire rulers, from Shapur II to Peroz I. Together with the coinage of the Kushano-Sasanians, these coins are often described as "Indo-Sasanian". They form an important part of Sasanian coinage.

## Context

Sasanian rulers from the reign of Shapur I claimed control of the Sindh area in their inscriptions. Shapur I installed his son Narseh as "King of the Sakas" in the areas of Eastern Iran as far as Sindh. Two inscriptions during the reign of Shapur II mention his control of the regions of Sindh, Sakastan and Turan. Still, the exact term used by the Sasanian rulers in their inscription is *Hndy*, similar to *Hindustan*, which cannot be said for sure to mean "Sindh". Al-Tabari mentioned that Shapur II built cities in Sind and Sijistan.

## Characteristics of the coinage

Location map of the Sasanian coinage of Sindh, circa 400-425 CE.

In the area of Sindh, from Multan to the mouth of the Indus River, an important series of gold coins was issued on the model the coinage of Sasanian Empire rulers Shapur II down to Peroz I, that is covering approximately the period from 325 to 480 CE. These coins have been recovered from the areas of Sindh, Baluchistan and Kutch. The coins are made of gold only, have a weight of around 7.20 grams, making them similar to the traditional "heavy" Sasanian dinars. The number of coins so far discovered suggests a significant volume of coinage, equivalent to about half of the more famous Kushano-Sassanian coinage. However, the time span of 150 years covered by the Sindh coins is much longer than the roughly 50 years time span of the Kushano-Sasanians, suggested about 1/6th of the Kushano-Sasanian output per time unit.

The coins are not the usual Sasanian imperial type, and the legend around the portrait tends to be degraded Middle Persian in the Pahlavi script, but they have the Brahmi script character *Śrī* ( "Lord") in front of the portrait of the King. The coins suggest some sort of Sasanian control of Sind during the 5th century, a recognition of Sasanian overlordship, but the precise extent of the Sasanian presence or influence is unknown. The facts that these coins do not use the traditional Sasanian imperial titulature, that they do not use the Sasanian weight standards, and that the standard Sasanian silver monetary standard was not in circulation in the region, all suggest that the Sasanians were actually not ruling directly in Sindh. Still, such vast influence from the Arabic peninsula to the Sindh and the Kushan realm probably provided the Sasanians with a remarkable position in terms of maritime trade, giving them a sort of trade monopoly.

The expansion of the Sasanians in northwestern India, which put an end to the remnants of Kushan rule, may also have been done at the expense of the Western Satraps and the Satavahanas.

### Sasanian rulers (325-480 CE)

Sindh coinage of Sasanian Empire rulers from Shapur II down to Peroz I are known, covering approximately the period from 325 to 480 CE. The last coins of the series, those copied on Peroz I (r. 459-484), deviate from the series as they introduce a Brahmi legend, often with the title "Rana Datasatya". Paradoxically, several of the Sasanians kings have more dinar gold coins known from the Sindh mints than from the regular Sasanian mints: this is the case of Shapur III and Bahram V, both of whom only have about five regular Sasanian dinar gold coins known, compared to nine and thirteen respectively for the Sindh mints as of 2016. To explain this, R.C. Senior has suggested that Shapur III, who had a very troubled reign and suffered defeats at the hand of the Kushans, had been unable to issue gold coinage and had to take refuge in Sindh where he was able to strike his beautiful coins, some with the *Sri* symbol, and some without.

### Hunnic issues (from 480 CE)

Later issues of the Peroz design abandon the degraded Palhavi legend altogether as well as the *Sri* mark, and instead used a Brahmi legend *Rana Datasatya*. Some later imitations of these coins after 480 CE may have been made by the Hephthalites, who added a Hunnic tamgha to the design, after they took over the northwestern Indian provinces. The quality of the coins also becomes very much degraded by that time, and the actual gold content becomes quite low.

### Indo-Sasanian coinage (530 CE to 1202 CE)

There is also a whole category of Indian coins, in the "Indo-Sassanian style", that were derived from the Sasanian design in a rather geometric fashion, among the Gurjaras, Pratiharas, Chaulukya-Paramara and Palas from circa 530 CE to 1202 CE. Typically, the bust of the king on the obverse is highly simplified and geometric, and the design of the fire altar, with or without the two attendants, appears as a geometrical motif on the reverse of this type of coinage.


title: Sarphati Sanitation Awards

abstract: The Sarphati Sanitation Awards were created in 2013 to honour individuals or organisations having made contributions to global sanitation and public health, notably through entrepreneurship. They are awarded every two years, and named in honour of Samuel Sarphati, a Dutch sanitation engineer. They were created by World Waternet, the Netherlands Water Partnership and Aqua for All, and are endorsed by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs through its Directorate-General for International Cooperation. In 2018 the WSSCC joined them. They are usually awarded during the Amsterdam International Water Week. Originally a single award, from 2015 the awards were split into the Sarphati Sanitation Award for Lifetime Achievement and the Sarphati Sanitation Award for Promising Entrepreneurs. The latter is accompanied by a €25,000 prize.

text:
# Sarphati Sanitation Awards

The **Sarphati Sanitation Awards** were created in 2013 to honour individuals or organisations having made contributions to global sanitation and public health, notably through entrepreneurship. They are awarded every two years, and named in honour of Samuel Sarphati, a Dutch sanitation engineer. They were created by World Waternet, the Netherlands Water Partnership and Aqua for All, and are endorsed by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs through its Directorate-General for International Cooperation. In 2018 the WSSCC joined them. They are usually awarded during the Amsterdam International Water Week.

Originally a single award, from 2015 the awards were split into the Sarphati Sanitation Award for Lifetime Achievement and the Sarphati Sanitation Award for Promising Entrepreneurs. The latter is accompanied by a €25,000 prize.

## List of awards

1. 2015 edition page
2. 2017 announcement
3. 2019 announcement
4. "Sarphati Sanitation Awards and Symposium at the Amsterdam International Water Week 2019". *www.wereldwaternet.nl*. Retrieved 2019-11-20.


title: Satta Sheriff

abstract: Satta Fatumata Sheriff is a Liberian human rights activist, founder and executive director Action for Justice and Human Rights (AJHR) - an NGO working to demand access to justice and respect for human rights in Liberia. She's one of Africa's 100 Most Influential Young Persons, a young leader for the Sustainable Development Goals, United Nations and former speaker of the Liberian Children's Parliament.

text:
# Satta Sheriff

**Satta Fatumata Sheriff** is a Liberian human rights activist, founder and executive director Action for Justice and Human Rights (AJHR) \- an NGO working to demand access to justice and respect for human rights in Liberia. She's one of Africa's 100 Most Influential Young Persons, a young leader for the Sustainable Development Goals, United Nations and former speaker of the Liberian Children's Parliament.

## Biography

Satta was born April 12, 1998, during the Liberian Civil War in the mountainous Bong county, Fulmah District Bongmines; she started primary education at age six (6).

Satta's advocacy started at age (9) when a 13-year-old girl was due to marry a thirty-nine-year-old man in her community, Satta felt it was wrong; She soon engaged the girl's parents and the community leader, thus stopping the marriage. Since then, she has been working to demand access to Justice and Respect for Human Rights in Liberia.

## Advocacy

At age 13, Satta became a peer educator to create awareness on the effect of Stigma and discrimination on Children and adolescents affected by HIV/AIDS in Liberia. She led a team of adolescent girls under the banner “Daughters of the Kings” educating teenagers on sexual reproductive health, sexual exploitation and abuse, harassment, teenage pregnancy, child abuse, rape, the modes of transmission and preventive measures of HIV, STIs and STDs in Kakata City, Margibi County.

In early 2017, a 13-year-old was allegedly raped and impregnated by a lawmaker. Through Satta and others advocacy an investigation was conducted, the lawmaker was arrested and his case was sent to court. In 2016, Satta co-founded the Joint Action Committee on Children (JACC) to advocate and protect children rights in Liberia. Through JACC; Satta promoted a national Campaign to convict the killers of two Liberian minors (Alvin Moses & Ruben Paye) who were mysteriously killed in 2015. Since 2016, Satta has represented the Girls and Children of Liberia at the United Nations Headquarters in New York and the African Union Headquarters on different occasions to defend Children and Girls rights internationally.

In early 2016, Satta was awarded the Diana Princess of Wales Active Campaigner Award for defending the rights of children and ensuring safe spaces for girls and children in Liberia.

In 2015, Satta was elected as the first female Speaker of the Liberian Children's Parliament by children from across Liberia fifteen (15) political subdivisions. As the official voice of Liberian Children, Satta made recommendations on behalf of children and represented the children of Liberia locally, nationally and internationally.

In 2016, Satta was named the most influential teenager Award in Liberia for her advocacy and stands on national issues.

In 2015 during the Ebola crisis in Liberia, Satta initiated a radio program called "Kids and U" on Radio Joy Africa 97.5 MHz in Kakata City, Margibi County to promote the rights of children and to give children the space to talk about issues affecting them in society.

After Ebola, Satta also developed a project which eventually became a campaign titled "Your Support, Our Future" to solicit assorted school items for orphans especially students affected by the Ebola virus Disease.

## Honors

* Lillian Franklin Diversity Award: 2021
* 2020 100 Most Influential Young Africans: 2020
* Most Prominent Youth Advocate of the year, Liberia: 2019
* One World Foundation Inc. Impacting Young Female Leader in Africa: 2017
* Most Influential Teenager and influential Child Rights Advocate: 2016
* Diana Princess of Wales international Awards: 2016
* Student Council Government, St Edward Catholic School, Monrovia Liberia most Outstanding Young Female Advocate: 2016
* Liberia Inter-High School Debate competition most Valuable Player (MVP) and one of the Most Eloquent Speakers: 2016
* Margibi County Journalist Association and the Redeem life Christian Church, Kakata City, Margibi County best Teen announcer: 2015

1. "On Day of the African Child, Rights Groups Want Justice in Two Children's Death". *The Bush Chicken*. 17 June 2016. Retrieved 2018-05-18.
2. Clay, Jackson C. (18 May 2016). "Liberia: Children Demand Justice in Rape Cases"  via AllAfrica.
3. "Defending Liberian Children Rights while Seeking Justice for victims of abuse and violence.: From child Activism to leading positive Change;Satta is breaking gender barriers and leading change for Liberian Children". 2 April 2018.
4. "Liberia Children Forum Want Lawmaker Investigated For Rape". 25 May 2017.
5. "Liberia's Young Personality of the Month". *youthaidliberia.weebly.com*.
6. "Child Advocate Reminds GoL about Displeasing Attitude toward Child Justice - Liberian Observer". *www.liberianobserver.com*.
7. "Satta Sheriff - Glocal International Teen Conference".
8. "Breeding a New Generation of Liberian Intellectuals - Liberian Observer". *www.liberianobserver.com*.

## InfoBox

| Satta Sheriff | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1998-04-12) 12 April 1998<br>Fulmah District, Bong County |
| Nationality | Liberian |
| Occupation | Child Right Activist |
| Organisation(s) | Action For Justice and Human Rights (AJHR) |


title: Saturday Nights & Sunday Mornings

abstract: Saturday Nights & Sunday Mornings is the fifth studio album by American rock band Counting Crows, released in the United States on March 25, 2008. It is thematically divided into two sides: the rock music of Saturday Nights and the more country-influenced Sunday Mornings. Vocalist and lyricist Adam Duritz states that the album "is about really wanting to mean something and failing to do it. You want your life to mean something. You want to be somebody and then what you turn out to be is so much less than what you thought you were going to be." The Saturday Nights portion was produced by Gil Norton, while Sunday Mornings was produced by Brian Deck, perhaps best known for his production work on Modest Mouse's album The Moon and Antarctica. The album debuted at number 3 on the Billboard 200, the band's highest peak since Recovering the Satellites and it sold 106,000 copies in first week. The cover depicts the Empire State Building in New York City.

text:
# Saturday Nights & Sunday Mornings

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | (63/100) |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| AbsolutePunk.net | 76% |
| Allmusic |  |
| *Daily Mirror* |  |
| *Entertainment Weekly* | B− |
| *The Guardian* |  |
| musicOMH |  |
| *Paste* | (4/10) |
| PopMatters |  |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |
| *Slant Magazine* |  |

***Saturday Nights & Sunday Mornings*** is the fifth studio album by American rock band Counting Crows, released in the United States on March 25, 2008. It is thematically divided into two sides: the rock music of *Saturday Nights* and the more country-influenced *Sunday Mornings.* Vocalist and lyricist Adam Duritz states that the album "is about really wanting to mean something and failing to do it. You want your life to mean something. You want to be somebody and then what you turn out to be is so much less than what you thought you were going to be."

The *Saturday Nights* portion was produced by Gil Norton (who also produced the band's second album, *Recovering the Satellites*), while *Sunday Mornings* was produced by Brian Deck, perhaps best known for his production work on Modest Mouse's album *The Moon and Antarctica.*

The album debuted at number 3 on the *Billboard* 200, the band's highest peak since *Recovering the Satellites* and it sold 106,000 copies in first week. The cover depicts the Empire State Building in New York City.

## Recording

After aggressively touring for five years, lead singer Adam Duritz explained he had, emotionally and physically, reached a nadir:

> *At the end of it I had totally lost my mind. Not that I wasn't doing it for 20 years already, but there was this moment when my grandmother died and I lost this girl I had been dating all in the same five-minute moment, where I got the phone call from both of them at the same moment, while sitting in a hotel room in Perth \[Australia\], literally the most isolated city on Earth. There is no other major city that is as far from other cities as Perth on earth. And the sense of being so far from everywhere I was supposed to be in life was so palpable. That was the egg cracking. There wasn't much egg left anyway, but that just cracked me. After that, I just stopped. We played some gigs, but I was essentially done. I walked off the plane to go to the funeral. I mean, I almost didn't do that, and then we didn’t do anything for a while.* *I mean, we played. We still toured every summer. We did some gigs here and there, but I didn't want to make any more records. I knew I didn't know how to live anymore. I knew I had lost my mind. I knew that I'd never make it through another tour, but I also thought, "You can't stop fucking around with this. This is really serious mental illness and you've got to figure out your life before you go and do this again, because there's nowhere lower that you can go." I was wrong about that actually; it did get a lot worse.*

However, Duritz acknowledged that, upon listening to "1492" (then an out-take from the *Hard Candy* sessions) that he began thinking: *"There's this album here"*:

> *Suddenly, I thought, “We have to go in the studio now. Right now.” Everyone came to NYC in June—I still wasn't capable of leaving home—and we did 20 days or something. We got the basis of Saturday Nights, which is all the record was at that time. Then we went on tour, and afterward I just went completely down the pipe and we never went back to work on it.*

After initial slow progress, Duritz has mentioned that, realizing Gil Norton was scheduled to produce the Foo Fighters' record "Echoes, Silence, Patience and Grace" at the beginning of March, the band agreed to reconvene with Norton for another several weeks to complete the material at hand.

Despite the band initially intending to release a single album under the "Saturday Nights" concept, Duritz began contemplating a companion piece for the record as they were finalizing their existing material:

> *When we came back to finish it, my life had changed a little bit by then and I started thinking about another set of songs and a possible different album that might work as a companion piece to this one that would fit together, but I wasn’t sure what it was. The further we sort of started to explore it and we started to demo some of those songs, we set up a studio in the lounge where we were recording what became ‘Saturday Nights’ and we started sort of trying some of these songs out and trying to think of ways to arrange that kind of music ‘cause it was very different. I didn’t want us to do an unplugged record. I think a lot of folk music has become this unplugged thing and it never was intended to be that way. It was a very creative art form at one point, making folk records. As we started to explore that, I started to realize there was a whole other record there. Then I realized I wanted to do it with someone totally different and not like ‘Satellite’ but totally separate. Then I sort of thought of the title and the fact that there were two records there and then we started looking for producers and I started looking into who was making the best indie folk music ‘cause that’s where the really good stuff is.*

Duritz claimed the band's decision to draft Brian Deck as the producer for the "Sunday Mornings" half of the record came out of frequent Internet research:

> *On my computer, I had iTunes, Allmusic.com and Amazon all up at once and I was going through all of those and reading about different bands and different records and listening to them in iTunes, clips of them, and then downloading them or buying them or ordering them if they weren’t available ‘cause a lot of them were really indie so they weren’t available on iTunes. Then I read about the band or I read about the band’s influence and who produced it and look at other records that he produced and sort of chase it around. I was running all the branches of this tree, sort of following them all over the place. I started to realize this name that was popping up all over the place, which was Brian. So I went to allmusic.com to find Deck and the guy made like 50 records since 2000, so I listened to all these records that he made and felt like he was doing a lot of really, really creative work in this sort of genre. Not just unplugged records that were just a guy with an acoustic guitar, but that were really creatively arranged, interesting records. I called him up and he came out and hung out with us and listened to what we were working on and we decided to do it with Brian and that’s how it all developed.*

After some initial studio sessions and brainstorming, Duritz then realized a thematic significance and cohesion of the two records:

> *‘Sunday Mornings’ is mostly about failing and getting better. When it’s time to change your life, you don’t necessarily know what it takes to get it right, right away. So you mostly fail, but you’re still different from heading downhill. Most of ‘Sunday Mornings’ is about failure, but like I said, it’s mostly different from still heading downhill. Even the last song, ‘Come Around’ is about getting dumped or losing a relationship. It’s also about not letting that ruin your life and deciding to go out and play some rock and roll anyway. Whereas on ‘Saturday Night’ in songs like ‘Sundays’ or ‘Hanging Tree’ there’s a huge amount of bitterness or ‘Cowboys,’ the loss of someone and the attachment and the untethered feeling that comes with it is very angry and bitter and it drives the person getting out of it. It’s also like ‘well, it happened,’ and I go get on a bus. It began in ‘Washington Square’ which takes about leaving home. It’s a very sad thought, and there’s suffering for it, but it’s still a decision to go out there again.*

Duritz also described the recording process for "You Can't Count On Me":

> *The acoustic demos we cut at my apartment while we were finishing Saturday Nights all sucked for the same reason my original demo sort of sucked: they were too pretty. So when we went out to Berkeley to record Sunday Mornings, we took a different tack.*
>
> *We started out electric, figuring it would make a jarring centerpiece to the latter album. It didn’t work. The drums and bass made the song too bombastic. It wasn’t jarring at all. It was just turning into an arena rock power ballad. Which sucked. So then we took the drums and the electric guitar out and went back to playing it acoustically with a dobro, an upright bass and some percussion but that just had no balls at all so we had to abandon that as well. Because that really sucked.*
>
> *Finally, after singing about 20 versions of the song that day, I went out to dinner and most of the guys went home. I came back a few hours later to find our drummer Jim and our producer scurrying around the hallways excitedly between our studio and one down the hall that was empty. They’d had an idea. They set up a really stripped down drum kit in the small square room with only three mics: two over heads about 3-ft above the kit and one kick drum mic about 6-7 feet away from the kick (as opposed to inside the drum where you’d normally put it). By setting it up this way, you could beat the living crap out of the drums and they never sounded big or bombastic.*
>
> *They’re violent but they go 'crack' instead of 'boom'. We called our bass player Millard, woke him up, and made him run back to the studio with this little Hofner Beatle Bass. Then, with everything we’d recorded muted (except the piano track so we had something to play to), Jim, Millard, and me played the song as hard and as loud as we could play it. We had Jim keep his high hat open so it sounded really sloppy and we just beat the crap out of the song until we had this insane aggro version of it. Then we went home.*
>
> *The next day when the other guys came in, Brian had them set up to play the pretty acoustic version but made them play it to these insane drums, bass, and vocal tracks. And that didn’t suck at all. It worked. The song would seem really pretty and then it would blow up in your face. You could hear all the violence and the edge in the drums and bass without overwhelming piano arpeggios or picking acoustic guitar. The last step was finding the thing to go on top. I’d always wanted someone to slash at it with a distorted electric guitar like a Replacements song and Dan had been trying out just that sound on some other song so I had him play it on this song instead. We made him play as hard as he could because we wanted mistakes and bad notes and some dissonance. Dan just killed it. He was inspired and a little disturbing. We actually got more than HE wanted. Brian and I loved it but we had to talk Dan out of fixing some of it.*

From mid-March through mid-April 2007, the band recorded "Sunday Mornings" in Berkeley. After Duritz took a two-week break, the band would reconvene with their engineer James Brown to mix the "Saturday Nights" half of the record from late-April to mid-May, followed finally by over three weeks of intensive mixing of "Sunday Mornings" throughout the remainder of May 2007. By early June the album was mastered. The album was the first album in which featured Jonah Soucy the nephew at the time of Band Manager Joel Soucy. This was one of 2 albums Jonah was featured on.

## Release

Initially, the band planned on releasing *"Saturday Nights and Sunday Mornings"* in November 2007. However, Duritz directly requested to Geffen Records to postpone the album's release until early 2008, citing the lack of promotional preparation including the selection of a single and album photography as the reasoning to do so. The label agreed, and the album's release date was moved back to March 25, 2008.

The album was also the #1 *Amazon.com* download upon its original release, additionally mentioned while performing on *The View* by Whoopi Goldberg (a friend of Adam Duritz).

## Singles

On January 16, 2008, the band released a digital single as a free download on their official website. It comprises the songs "1492" (as the A-side) and "When I Dream of Michelangelo" (as the B-side). The latter song appeared at the end of an episode of the ABC series *Brothers & Sisters.*

The lead commercial single, "You Can't Count on Me," was released to radio on February 4, 2008. A music video for the song was released on March 20, 2008. It would go on to peak at No. 2 on Billboard's Adult Alternative chart (also known as the Triple A format), held off the top spot by R.E.M's "Supernatural Superserious" and briefly charted on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Singles chart, peaking at No. 35.

While there has been no follow-up physical single releases, two album tracks have been serviced as airplay singles to the Adult Alternative format; both of which have enjoyed strong airplay. "Come Around" first charted the format in summer of 2008, and went on to top the chart the week of September 19, 2008 (it remained the #1 single for four weeks). A third track, "When I Dream of Michelangelo" (previously released as half of the "digital 45" that preceded the release of the album) would make its first chart appearance on the Adult Alternative chart in December 2008, and has since peaked at No. 7.

## Track listing

All songs written by Adam Duritz except where noted.

***Saturday Nights***

All songs produced by Gil Norton except where noted.

1. "1492" – 3:50 (produced by Norton and Steve Lillywhite)
2. "Hanging Tree" (Duritz, Dan Vickrey) – 3:50
3. "Los Angeles" (Duritz, Ryan Adams, Dave Gibbs) – 4:40
4. "Sundays" – 4:21 (produced by Norton, Dennis Herring, and David Lowery)
5. "Insignificant" (Duritz, Vickrey, Charles Gillingham, David Immerglück) – 4:14
6. "Cowboys" – 5:22

***Sunday Mornings***

All songs produced by Brian Deck except where noted.

1.
2. "Washington Square" – 4:17
3. "On Almost Any Sunday Morning" – 2:58
4. "When I Dream of Michelangelo" (Duritz, Gillingham, Immerglück, Vickrey) – 3:10
5. "Anyone But You" (Duritz, Gillingham, Immerglück) – 5:25
6. "You Can't Count on Me" – 3:16
7. "Le Ballet D'or" (Duritz, Gillingham, Immerglück) – 5:01
8. "On a Tuesday in Amsterdam Long Ago" (Duritz, Gillingham) – 4:57
9. "Come Around" (Duritz, Vickrey) – 4:31 (produced by Norton)

Dutch bonus track 1.
2. "Wennen aan September" (acoustic; featuring Bløf)

UK bonus track 1.
2. "Baby, I'm a Big Star Now" – 5:59

iTunes Store bonus tracks 1.
2. "There Goes Everything" (Duritz, Immerglück)
3. "Come Around" (acoustic version)
4. "Sessions" (Duritz, Gillingham, Immerglück) – 4:17
5. "Sunday Morning L.A." (Duritz, Gillingham, Immerglück) – 5:48

The iTunes Store version also includes a track-by-track interview with Duritz.

## Personnel

Counting Crows Additional musicians Production * Brian Deck *Sunday Mornings* (except "Come Around")
* Dennis Herring – co-production on "Sundays"
* Steve Lillywhite – co-production on "1492"
* David Lowery – co-production on "Sundays"
* Gil Norton *Saturday Nights* and "Come Around", co-production on "1492" and "Sundays"

## Charts

### Singles

| Year | Single | Chart | Peak
Position |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2008 | "You Can't Count on Me" | *Billboard* Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks | 34 |
| 2008 | "You Can't Count on Me" | *Billboard* Pop 100 | 80 |
|

## InfoBox

| Saturday Nights & Sunday Mornings | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Counting Crows | |
| Released | March 25, 2008 (2008-03-25) |
| Recorded | June 2006 – February 2007 (*Saturday Nights*) March–April 2007 (*Sunday Mornings*) |
| Genre | Alternative rock, folk rock |
| Length | 59:54 |
| Label | Geffen |
| Producer |  |
| Counting Crows chronology | |
| *New Amsterdam: Live at Heineken Music Hall February 4–6, 2003*
(2006) ***Saturday Nights & Sunday Mornings***
(2008) *iTunes Live from SoHo*
(2008) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Saturday Nights & Sunday Mornings* | |
| 1. "1492"
Released: January 12, 2008 2. "You Can't Count on Me"
Released: February 4, 2008 3. "Come Around"
Released: June 2008(Triple A airplay only) 4. "When I Dream of Michelangelo"
Released: December 2008 (Triple A airplay only) | |
|  | |


title: Saturday Night at the Palace

abstract: Saturday Night at the Palace is a play by South Africa's Paul Slabolepszy.

text:
# Saturday Night at the Palace

***Saturday Night at the Palace*** is a play by South Africa's Paul Slabolepszy.

## Plot

The play relates the story of two working class whites (Vince and Forsie) who arrive at an isolated roadhouse (*The Palace*) just as it is closing.

The black waiter (September) who works there is shortly going on leave to visit his family whom he has not seen for two years because they are forced by apartheid to live in a homeland.

Vince has just been dropped by his soccer team and has been kicked out of the communal house (where Forsie also lives) by Dougie (who runs the commune). It has been left to Forsie to tell Vince this but he is too scared to do this as Vince is a violent person.

Forsie begs Vince to phone Dougie (so Dougie can tell Vince himself) and they stop at the roadhouse to use a call box.

At the roadhouse, tensions build and Vince takes out his racial prejudices on September.

To make things worse, Vince tells Forsie that he has slept with Forsie's *dream girl*, Sally.

September is humiliated and the story ends in tragedy.

## Performances

It was first performed *Upstairs* at the Market Theatre, Johannesburg, in 1982.

It then moved to the Old Vic Theatre in London in 1984.

## Books

* *Saturday Night at the Palace*, Paul Slabolepszy, Jonathon Ball Publishers, ISBN 0-86852-062-4

## Film

The play was made into a film in 1987 starring Paul Slabolepszy as Vince, Bill Flynn as Forsie, John Kani as September, Arnold Vosloo as Dougie and Joanna Weinberg as Sally.

## InfoBox

| Saturday Night at the Palace | |
| --- | --- |
| Written by | Paul Slabolepszy |
| Characters | Vince
Forsie
September |
| Date premiered | 1982 |
| Place premiered | South Africa |


title: Saugatuck River

abstract: The Saugatuck River is a 23.7-mile-long (38.1 km) river in southwestern Connecticut in the United States. It drains part of suburban and rural Fairfield County west of Bridgeport, emptying into Long Island Sound. The Aspetuck River is a major tributary of the Saugatuck River.

text:
# Saugatuck River

The **Saugatuck River** is a 23.7-mile-long (38.1 km) river in southwestern Connecticut in the United States. It drains part of suburban and rural Fairfield County west of Bridgeport, emptying into Long Island Sound.

The Aspetuck River is a major tributary of the Saugatuck River.

## Description

The Saugatuck River issues from Sugar Hollow Pond, its headwaters located at exactly 41°20'50.4"N 73°28'06.4"W approximately 3 miles (5 km) southwest of downtown Danbury. It flows generally southeast, passing through the Saugatuck Reservoir (283 feet (86 m) above sea level), then turns south-southwest. In Westport, it broadens into a navigable estuary along its lower 5 miles (8 km) and enters Long Island Sound approximately 4 miles (6 km) southeast of Norwalk. Interstate 95 crosses the river near its mouth downstream from Westport center. The river is wadeable along much of its course and is a popular seasonal destination for trout fishing, with the state of Connecticut stocking the river annually.

In the 17th century the river was the site of a Paugusset settlement. The name of the river means "river that flows out" in the Paugusset language. The land east of the river was opened to white settlement in 1637 after the defeat of the Pequots by John Mason in the Pequot War. After treaties with the local tribes, members of the Connecticut Colony began to settle the area between the Saugatuck and the Norwalk rivers to the west between 1639 and 1661. In the 18th century farming villages sprang up along the river, which was the principal means of transportation. During the 19th century, the lower river became the site of warehouses and shipyards, as well as an important hub of maritime commerce. The town of Westport was incorporated out of the existing village of Saugatuck at the mouth of the Saugatuck River and several surrounding communities in 1835.

In 1908, the author Samuel Clemens moved into a villa he named "Stormfield" built on a hill overlooking the Saugatuck River in Redding, Connecticut. Clemens died in 1910, and the original Stormfield was destroyed in a 1923 fire.

Bridgeport Hydraulic Company Holdings (now owned by Aquarion) flooded portions of the Saugatuck River Valley in Weston, Redding, and Easton after 1938, displacing the villages of Hull and Valley Forge to create the Saugatuck Reservoir.

## Crossings

In Westport, Route 136 crosses the river on the Saugatuck River Bridge, built in 1882, the oldest surviving moveable bridge in Connecticut. The moveable section consists of a hand-cranked swing span made of two pin-connected Pratt trusses. The bridge replaced a wooden truss structure erected in 1873. Before that, a ferry service, started in 1746, helped passengers cross the river.

The crossings of the Saugatuck River are (from mouth to source):

## Culture

USS *Saugatuck*, a U.S. Navy oiler that saw service in World War II, was named after the river.

The 1972 REO Speedwagon song *157 Riverside Avenue* mentions the river in its lyrics.

*Secrets of Redding Glen*, a 1973 children's book written and illustrated by Jo Polseno, chronicles the natural cycle of wildlife along a section of the Saugatuck River.

Panoramic view looking out from Saugatuck Bridge, Westport, CT, USA

## Further reading

41°07′30″N 73°22′08″W / 41.125°N 73.369°W / 41.125; -73.369


title: Sarthali

abstract: Sarthali is a village in Rupnagar District in the Indian state of Punjab. It is under the Lok Sabha constituency of Anandpur Sahib, as well as under the Vidhan sabha constituency of Ropar. It is located on Nurpur Bedi- Ropar road. It has a population of approximately 3000.

text:
# Sarthali

**Sarthali** is a village in Rupnagar District in the Indian state of Punjab. It is under the Lok Sabha constituency of Anandpur Sahib, as well as under the Vidhan sabha constituency of Ropar. It is located on Nurpur Bedi- Ropar road. It has a population of approximately 3000.

## History

Sarthali is an old village, referenced in Bhai Kahan Singh Nabha's Mahaan Kosh. Guru Gobind Singh came there after winning the battle of Bajrur with the Mughals. This battles has also been described in Shri Gur Patap Suraj Granth of Bhai Santokh Singh Choorhamani. The folklore reference according to elders about its nomenclature is that the villagers fought with bravery with foreign invaders, so that the name of the village became a combination of Sir (head) and Tali (palm) which means that these people are fought by taking their head on their palm. By the passing of time it became Sarthali from Sirtali.

## Infrastructure

* The village hosts a Primary Health Centre which covers the village Sarthali including some other surrounding villages.
* A Cooperative society is to serve the farmers on sharing based agricultural equipment and also provide fertilisers.
* A milk union to collect milk for Verka milk plant Mohali and to provide feed and other supplements for cattles.
* Two gymnasiums for physical workout and exercise.
* A potable drinking water supply system has been installed to provide 70 litre per capita per day potable water in the village.
* A community centre for common functions.
* An Govt. Elementary School to provide free education to students up to 8th class, this school is affiliated to Punjab School Education Board, Mohali.
* Approximate 1300 voters are there in the village.
* Shaheed Bhagat Singh Youth Welfare Sports Club Sarthali (Registered under Societies act of 1861) is serving with its social, cultural and sports activities.
* Kaali and Sukhjeet library, dedicated to two famous Punjabi writers respectively Des Raj Kaali (Jalandhar) and Swami Sukhjeet (Machhiwara), has been set up and operated by a teacher named Sunil Banga. This is a personal library but offers books to keen readers.

## Sacred Places

The village supports religious places of Hindus, Sikhs, Muslims and other sects.

1. Sarthaleshwar Mahadev Mandir rises approximately 100 feet above the village. It was built for the worship of Shiva. Shivratri mela is a two-day celebration in February–March. On the first day marriages of low income girls are organised. On the second day religious songs are performed by Punjabi singers. The Sant Samelan (convention) cum Jagran and Janamashtmi has equal celebrations. Free glasses, medical checkups and surgical camps are provided. Blood donation camps and others social activities are done by devotees.
2. Mahaveer Mandir is dedicated to Lord Hanuman.
3. A Mosque is under the control of the Waqf Board. It was constructed by Muslims who are once inhabitants of village before 1947.
4. Chup Shah is an old building with three rooms and one well. It was settled by the inhabitants of Sarthali before India-Pakistan partition in the memory of a Muslim saint named Chup Shah (Silent Fakeer).

Gurudwara Rantham Sahib:

Gurudwara Rantham Sahib preserves the memory of tenth master of Sikhism Guru, Gobind Singh. This is a historical Gurudwara. The Mughals of Bajrur are brutal to common people, so Guru Gobind Singh sent an army group in the command of Sahibjada Ajit Singh, they fought with bravery and get common people free. Here, at the place of this gurudwara, the battle has been stopped so it is sid Ran (battle) Tham (commencement).

31°6′47.48″N 76°31′44.92″E / 31.1131889°N 76.5291444°E / 31.1131889; 76.5291444http://www.pbdwss.gov.in/dwss/circulars/Water\_Policy\_%202014.pdf

http://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/actsbills/pdf/Societies\_Registration\_Act\_1860.pdf

http://jagbani.epapr.in/c/12931825

http://epaper.ajitjalandhar.com/share/20160119/17/3/9/17/d107782750.cms


title: Minuscule 81

abstract: Minuscule 81, or α162 is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on a parchment. It is dated by a colophon to the year 1044. Formerly it was labelled by 61a and 61p (Gregory). The manuscript is lacunose. It was adapted for liturgical use.

text:
# Minuscule 81

**Minuscule 81** (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), or α162 (in the Soden numbering) is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on a parchment. It is dated by a colophon to the year 1044. Formerly it was labelled by 61a and 61p (Gregory). The manuscript is lacunose. It was adapted for liturgical use.

## Description

The codex contains almost complete text of the Acts of the Apostles and the Epistles on 282 parchment leaves (18 cm by 12.6 cm), with some lacunae (Acts 4:8-7:17; 17:28-23:9 - 297 verses). The text is written in one column per page, in 23 lines per page, in small letters.

It contains list of the κεφαλαια (*list of contents*) only for Epistle of James. Lectionary markings were added on the margin by a later hand (for liturgical use).

## Text

The Greek text of the codex, is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type, with some the Byzantine readings. It is one of the most important of all minuscule manuscripts. It was only one minuscule manuscript examined by Constantin von Tischendorf. Aland placed it in "at least Category II".

It has been called "the best minuscule witness to Acts" or "the most important minuscule copy of the Acts". F. H. A. Scrivener stated "its value is shown not so much by the readings in which it stands alone, as by agreement with the oldest uncial copies, where their testimonies coincide".

In Acts 16:10 it reads θεος along with P74, Sinaiticus, Alexandrinus, Vaticanus, Ephraemi, , 044, 33, 181, 326, 630, 945, 1739, ar, e, l, vg, copbo, geo; other reading κυριος, is supported by D, , 049, 056, 0142, 88, 104, 330, 436, 451, 614, 629, 1241, 1505, 1877, 2127, 2412, 2492, 2495, Byz, c, d, gig, syrp,h, copsa.

It does not contain text of Acts 28:29.

In Romans 8:1 it reads Ιησου κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν, for Ιησου (as א, B, D, G, 1739, 1881, itd, g, copsa, bo, eth). The reading of the manuscript is supported by , Db, Ψ, 629, 2127, vg. The Byzantine manuscripts read Ιησου μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν αλλα κατα πνευμα.

In Romans 13:9 it has additional phrase ου ψευδομαρτυρησεις, the reading is supported by the manuscripts: א (P) 048 104 365 1506 a b vgcl (syrh) copbo.

Romans 16:24 is omitted as in Codex Sinaiticus A B C  263 623 1739 1838 1962 2127 itz vgww copsa,bo ethro Origenlat).

In 1 Corinthians 2:1 it reads μαρτυριον along with B D G P Ψ 33 104 181 326 330 451 614 629 630 1241 1739 1877 1881 1962 1984 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect it vg syrh copsa arm eth. Other manuscripts read μυστηριον or σωτηριον.

In 1 Corinthians 7:5 it reads τη προσευχη (*prayer*) along with 𝔓11, 𝔓46, א\*, A, , C, D, F, G, P, Ψ, , 33, 104, 181, 629, 630, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, it vg, cop, arm, eth. Other manuscripts read τη νηστεια και τη προσευχη (*fasting and prayer*) or τη προσευχη και νηστεια (*prayer and fasting*).

In 1 Timothy 3:16 it has textual variant θεός ἐφανερώθη (*God manifested*) (Sinaiticuse, A2, C2, Dc, , , , 044, 81, 104, 181, 326, 330, 436, 451, 614, 629, 630, 1241, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect), against ὃς ἐφανερώθη (*he was manifested*) supported by Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus, Ephraemi, Boernerianus, 33, 365, 442, 2127, *599*.

In 2 Timothy 4:10 it reads Γαλλιαν, along with Sinaiticus C 104 326 436; other manuscript read Γαλατιαν (A D F G K L P Ψ 33 88 181 330 451 614 629 630 1241 1739 1877 1881 1962 1984 1985 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect) or Γαλιλαιαν (copbo).

In Hebrews 8:11 it reads πλησιον for πολιτην, the reading is supported by Codex Porphyrianus, 104, 436, 629, 630, and 1985.

In 1 John 5:6 it has textual variant δι' ὕδατος καὶ πνεύματος καὶ αἵματος (*through water and spirit and blood*) together with the manuscripts: Codex Porphyrianus, 88, 442, 630, 915, 2492, arm, eth Bart D. Ehrman identified it as Orthodox corrupt reading.

## History

According to the colophon, it was written on April 20, 1044, by a scribe named John at the request of another monk, named Jakob.

The codex was discovered by Constantin von Tischendorf in Egypt in 1853, who took 57 leaves of the codex (Acts of the Apostles) with himself. He sold it to the Trustees of the British Museum in 1854. Now it is located in the British Library (Add MS 20003) in London. 225 leaves are still in Alexandria, where they are held in the Patriarchat Library (59).

Formerly it was labelled by 61a and 61p (Gregory). In 1908 C. R. Gregory gave for it number 81.

Tischendorf collated and published text of it in 1854 (*Anecdota sacra*). C. R. Gregory saw it in 1883.

1. Gregory, Caspar René (1908). *Die griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testament*. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung. p. 51.
2. K. Aland, M. Welte, B. Köster, K. Junack, "Kurzgefasste Liste der griechischen Handschriften des Neues Testaments", *Walter de Gruyter*, Berlin, New York 1994, p. 47.
3. Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose; Edward Miller (1894). *A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament*. Vol. 1 (4 ed.). London: George Bell & Sons. p. 205.
4. Gregory, Caspar René (1900). *Textkritik des Neuen Testaments*. Vol. 1. Leipzig: Hinrichs. p. 269.
5. Bruce M. Metzger, Bart D. Ehrman, *The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration* (Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 88.
6. Aland, Kurt; Aland, Barbara (1995). *The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism*. Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.). Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8028-4098-1.
7. NA26, p. 480
8. UBS3, p. 548.
9. Na26, p. 433.
10. UBS3, p. 576.
11. UBS3, p. 581.
12. NA26, p. 450.
13. UBS3, p. 591.
14. Bruce M. Metzger, *A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament* (Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft: Stuttgart 2001), pp. 573-573.
15. 1 Timothy 3:16 in Codex Alexandrinus at the Bible Research
16. UBS3, p. 737.
17. UBS3, pp. 761-762.
18. UBS3, p. 823.
19. Bart D. Ehrman, *The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture*, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1993, p. 60.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Minuscule **81**
| **New Testament manuscript** | |
| --- | --- |
| Text | Acts, Pauline epistles |
| Date | **1044** |
| Script | Greek |
| Found | Tischendorf in 1853 |
| Now at | British Library
Alexandria |
| Size | 18 cm by 12.6 cm |
| Type | Alexandrian text-type |
| Category | II |


abstract: The Police Officer Michael J. Califano Memorial Bridge is a highway overpass in East Hills and Old Westbury in the Town of North Hempstead in Nassau County, on Long Island, in New York, United States. It carries Glen Cove Road over the Long Island Expressway. It is named in honor of Michael J. Califano, a police officer who was killed nearby in the line of duty.

text:
# Police Officer Michael J. Califano Memorial Bridge

The **Police Officer Michael J. Califano Memorial Bridge** is a highway overpass in East Hills and Old Westbury in the Town of North Hempstead in Nassau County, on Long Island, in New York, United States. It carries Glen Cove Road (Nassau County Route 1) over the Long Island Expressway (Interstate 495). It is named in honor of Michael J. Califano, a police officer who was killed nearby in the line of duty.

## Description

The bridge was built in 2000, replacing an older span. It is of a steel stringer design. It is 169 feet (52 m) long, and is owned and maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation.

In 2011, the bridge was named the Police Officer Michael J. Califano Memorial Bridge in honor of Officer Michael Califano, who was killed on the line of duty nearby when a truck crashed into his vehicle. The bill which proposed naming the bridge was drafted by New York State Senator Charles J. Fuschillo Jr. and New York State Assemblywoman Michelle Schimel, and it was co-sponsored by Senators Kemp Hannon, Carl L. Marcellino, Jack M. Martins, and Dean G. Skelos. It was signed and ultimately approved by Governor Andrew M. Cuomo.

The bridge is located at 40°46'59.9"N 73°37'23.0"W, on the border between the villages of East Hills and Old Westbury.

The bridge's New York State bridge identification number is 1049090.

1. "New York OPD Geographic Information Gateway". *opdgig.dos.ny.gov*. Retrieved 2021-08-31.
2. "2018 New York Laws :: HAY - Highway :: Article 12 - State Routes :: 343-Y\*2 - Portion of the State Highway System to Be Designated as the "Police Officer Michael J. Califano Memorial Bridge"". *Justia Law*. Retrieved 2021-08-31.
3. Dooley, Emily C. (2011-08-06). "Bridge being renamed for cop killed on duty". *Newsday*. Archived from the original on 2021-08-31. Retrieved 2021-08-31.
4. "Truck driver pleads guilty in crash that killed Nassau County cop". *ABC7 New York*. 2013-02-21. Retrieved 2021-08-31.
5. Coen, Andrew (2011-11-18). "Bridge Dedicated for Fallen Police Officer from Wantagh". *Wantagh-Seaford, NY Patch*. Retrieved 2021-08-31.
6. "New York State Assembly 2011 Annual Report – Committee on Transportation" (PDF). *New York State Assembly*. 2011. Retrieved 2021-08-31.
7. "Bridge Dedicated to NCPD Officer Califano". *Plainview Old Bethpage Herald*. 2011-11-25. Archived from the original on 2021-09-01. Retrieved 2021-09-01.
8. "Section 343-Y - \[Second of five versions\]Portion of the state highway system to be designated as the "Police Officer Michael J. Califano Memorial Bridge", N.Y. High. Law § 343-Y | Casetext Search + Citator". *casetext.com*. Retrieved 2021-09-01.
9. Bolger, Timothy (2011-11-14). "LIE Bridge to be Named for Fallen Nassau Cop". *Long Island Press*. Retrieved 2021-09-01.
10. "NY State Senate Bill S5234A". *NY State Senate*. 2015-10-02. Retrieved 2021-08-31.
11. "Bill Search and Legislative Information | New York State Assembly – Bill No. S05234". *assembly.state.ny.us*. Retrieved 2021-09-01.
12. "40°46'59.9"N 73°37'23.0"W". *Google Maps*. Retrieved 2021-08-31.

## InfoBox

| Police Officer Michael J. Califano Memorial Bridge | |
| --- | --- |
| The bridge on October 8, 2021, looking north. | |
| Coordinates | 40°46′59.9″N 73°37′23″W / 40.783306°N 73.62306°W / 40.783306; -73.62306 |
| Carries | Glen Cove Road |
| Crosses | Long Island Expressway |
| Locale | East Hills and Old Westbury, New York, United States |
| Named for | Michael J. Califano |
| Owner | NYSDOT |
| Maintained by | NYSDOT |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | Steel stringer bridge |
| Total length | 169 feet (52 m) |
| History | |
| Built | 2000 |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: Zijad Delić

abstract: Dr. Zijad Delić is a Bosnian Canadian imam, activist, teacher, scholar and public speaker. He is the former executive director of the Canadian Islamic Congress (CIC).

text:
# Zijad Delić

**Dr. Zijad Delić** (born 12 May 1965) is a Bosnian Canadian imam, activist, teacher, scholar and public speaker. He is the former executive director of the Canadian Islamic Congress (CIC).

## Early life and career

Delić was born and raised in Bosnia and Herzegovina. He attended Gazi Husrev-beg Secondary School in Sarajevo from 1980 to 1984. After high school, he completed a year of mandatory service in the Yugoslav Army from 1984 to 1985. After his military service, Delić studied at the Sarajevo Institute of Philosophy from 1985 to 1986. After deciding to take up Arabic studies at the International Islamic University in Islamabad, Pakistan where he earned a bachelor's degree in Arabic studies from 1986 to 1990.

Delić returned home to Bosnia, and worked in the business sector, as well as working as an imam. He went on to become head imam in the Croatian region of Dalmacija. During this time, the war in the Balkans broke out, and Delić worked as a coordinator for two humanitarian organizations helping Bosnians. Delić left the war-torn region with his wife and three-year-old daughter in August 1995, moving to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

### Canada

After arriving in Vancouver, Delić was hired by the British Columbia Muslim Association to serve as the imam of its mosque in Richmond, British Columbia a suburb of Vancouver. He would also go on to serve as an Islamic studies teacher and vice-principal of the association's B.C. Muslim School, and became a spokesperson for the Muslim community. Delić served the BCMA from 1995 to 2006.

Delić's appeared on radio and television programs across British Columbia. He also worked to forge strong relationships with Christian, Jewish, Sikh and Aboriginal leaders. As an imam, Delić led congregational prayers, taught religious classes, performed marriages and funerals, gave talks and lead youth camps and seminars. He also counseled prison inmates, visited hospital patients, received tour groups from non-Muslim communities, and gave lectures at schools and universities about Islam.

While working for the BCMA, Delić completed his Master of Science in Education at the University of Oregon in 2001. In 2006, he earned his Ph.D from the Faculty of Education at Simon Fraser University.

In 2008, he was commissioned by the Canadian government's Department of Heritage to conduct a comparative study on Muslim integration in Canada, France and Bosnia. In this study, Delić suggests that for Canada's Muslims, Canada's multiculturalism model opens up opportunities to renew and reform their communal outlook within mainstream society while maintaining their religious beliefs. He argues that "this approach is unlike the one experienced by Muslims in France who live in a model of systemic assimilation or Muslims of Bosnia who were politically and socially under pressure to abandon their religious beliefs and become 'others'" (Delić, 2008). He argues the major difference is that Canada consciously and officially defines itself as a multicultural state in that it not only tolerates but also welcomes people with a variety of ethnic origins, respects minority religions and cultures, and has made constitutional commitments to this end.

Delić had been invited to speak on 4 October 2010 to a gathering at National Defence Headquarters celebrating Islamic Heritage Month, but his invitation was revoked by then-Defence Minister Peter MacKay on three days' notice. MacKay's spokesperson cited comments made in 2006 by a former president of the Canadian Islamic Congress as the reason. The National Post published the text of Delić's undelivered speech the following day, while conservative blogger Arnie Lemaire claimed credit for influencing the minister's decision.

## Views

### Islamic extremism

In 2003, Delić was interviewed by *The Vancouver Sun* newspaper after Imam Gamal Solaiman called Muslims to wage attacks on American troops in the Middle East. Delić criticized the imam's speech stating that instead, Muslim leaders should "say that nobody has a right to kill innocent people and destroy the future of children and their possibilities in life."

In October 2004, a tape was sent to a media outlet of a speech by Vancouver-based Imam Younus Kathrada who preached at the Dar al-Madinah Islamic Society. On the tape, Kathrada delivered a lecture in which he called Jews the "brothers of monkeys and swine." The Canadian Jewish Congress filed a formal complaint with the hate crimes unit of the Vancouver Police, and Kathrada was the subject of a joint Royal Canadian Mounted Police-Vancouver Police investigation. Delić, who was the imam in the nearby suburb of Richmond at the time, criticized Kathrada's comments. He said "\[Kathrada\] does not represent me or other Muslims." He added "You can't bring Saudi Arabia into Canada." Delić also told *The Richmond Review* newspaper that he worried about the damage the incident caused in the Muslim community and specifically the impact it might have had on Muslim youth.

### Interfaith activity

Delić introduced regular interfaith programs while working in British Columbia. In April 2004, he helped organize a meeting between Muslim leaders and rabbis and members of the Beth Tikvah and Ahavat Olam Synagogues in the Vancouver area. The purpose of this groundbreaking discussion was to reach out across the divide between the Muslim and Jewish communities. This led to the creation of the annual Muslim-Jewish Peace Walk. In 2007, Delić became the first Muslim ever to be a guest speaker at the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops in Cornwall, Ontario. At the conference, Delić shared the story of how his best friend was a Catholic while growing up in Bosnia, and how they had been oblivious to the ethnic and religious conflict around them. Delić has also lectured at Ottawa's Lay School of Theology, a school sponsored jointly by the Anglican Diocese of Ottawa, and by the Ottawa Presbyteries of the Presbyterian and United Churches.

## Personal

Delić lives in Ottawa, Ontario.


title: Virtual heritage

abstract: Virtual heritage or cultural heritage and technology is the body of works dealing with information and communication technologies and their application to cultural heritage, such as virtual archaeology. It aims to restore ancient cultures as real (virtual) environments where users can immerse. Virtual heritage and cultural heritage have independent meanings: cultural heritage refers to sites, monuments, buildings and objects "with historical, aesthetic, archaeological, scientific, ethnological or anthropological value", whereas virtual heritage refers to instances of these within a technological domain, usually involving computer visualization of artefacts or virtual reality environments.

text:
# Virtual heritage

**Virtual heritage** or **cultural heritage and technology** is the body of works dealing with information and communication technologies and their application to cultural heritage, such as *virtual archaeology*. It aims to restore ancient cultures as real (virtual) environments where users can immerse.

Virtual heritage and cultural heritage have independent meanings: *cultural heritage* refers to sites, monuments, buildings and objects "with historical, aesthetic, archaeological, scientific, ethnological or anthropological value", whereas *virtual heritage* refers to instances of these within a technological domain, usually involving computer visualization of artefacts or virtual reality environments.

## First use

The first use of virtual heritage as a museum exhibit, and the derivation of the name virtual tour, was in 1994 as a museum visitor interpretation, providing a 'walk-through' of a 3D reconstruction of Dudley Castle in England as it was in 1550. This consisted of a computer controlled laserdisc based system designed by British-based engineer Colin Johnson. It is a little-known fact that one of the first users of virtual heritage was Queen Elizabeth II, when she officially opened the visitor centre in June 1994. Because the Queen's officials had requested titles, descriptions and instructions of all activities, the system was named 'Virtual Tour', being a cross between virtual reality and royal tour.

## Projects

One technology that is frequently employed in virtual heritage applications is augmented reality (AR), which is used to provide on-site reconstructions of archaeological sites or artefacts. An example is the lifeClipper project, a Swiss commercial tourism and mixed reality urban heritage project. Using HMD technology, users walking the streets of Basel can see cultured AR video characters and objects as well as oddly-shaped stencils.

Many virtual heritage projects focus on the tangible aspects of cultural heritage, for example 3D modelling, graphics and animation. In doing so, they often overlook the intangible aspects of cultural heritage associated with objects and sites, such as stories, performances and dances. The tangible aspects of cultural heritage are not inseparable from the intangible and one method for combining them is the use of virtual heritage serious games, such as the 'Digital Songlines' and 'Virtual Songlines' which modified computer game technology to preserve, protect and present the cultural heritage of Aboriginal Australian Peoples. There have been numerous applications of digital models being used to engage the public and encourage involvement in built heritage activities and discourse.

Place-Hampi is another example of a virtual heritage project. It applies co-evolutionary systems to show a cultural presence using stereoscopic rendering of the landscape of Hampi landscape, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Karnataka, India.

## Further reading

* Michael Falser, Monica Juneja (eds.). '*Archaeologizing' Heritage? Transcultural Entanglements between Local Social Practices and Global Virtual Realities*. Heidelberg, New York: Springer (2013), ISBN 978-3-642-35870-8.


title: Western white pine

abstract: Western white pine, also called silver pine and California mountain pine, is a species of pine in the family Pinaceae. It occurs in mountain ranges of northwestern North America and is the state tree of Idaho.

text:
# Western white pine

**Western white pine** (***Pinus monticola***), also called **silver pine** and **California mountain pine**, is a species of pine in the family Pinaceae. It occurs in mountain ranges of northwestern North America and is the state tree of Idaho.

## Description

Western white pine is a large tree, regularly growing to 30–50 metres (98–164 ft) tall. It is a member of the white pine group, *Pinus* subgenus *Strobus*, and like all members of that group, the leaves ('needles') are in fascicles (bundles) of five, with a deciduous sheath. The needles are finely serrated, and 5–13 cm (2–5 in) long. The cones, appearing even on young trees, are long and slender, 12–32 cm (4+3412+12 in) long and 3–4 cm (1+141+12 in) broad (closed), opening to 5–8 cm (2–3+14 in) broad; the scales are thin and flexible. The seeds are small, 4–7 mm (31614 in) long, and have a long slender wing 15–22 mm (91678 in) long.

The branches are borne in regular whorls, produced at the rate of one a year; this is pronounced in narrow, stand-grown trees, while open specimens may have a more rounded form with wide-reaching limbs. When mature, the tree has bark that appears to be cut into small, checkered units.

### Similar species

It is related to the Eastern white pine (*Pinus strobus*), differing from it in having larger cones, slightly longer-lasting leaves (2–3 years, rather than 1.5–2 years) with more prominent stomatal bands, and a somewhat denser and narrower habit.

## Distribution

The species occurs in humid areas of the mountains of the Western United States and Western Canada such as the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range, the Coast Range, and the northern Rocky Mountains. It can be found in elevations of 600 to 1,800 meters (2,000 to 5,900 ft) above sea level in eastern Washington and Oregon's Blue Mountains and 1,800 to 3,100 metres (5,900 to 10,200 ft) on the western face of the Sierra Nevada as far south as the headwaters of the Kern River. The tree often occurs in forests with fir and hemlock species, especially those which are tolerant of shade. It benefits from disturbances that clear away competing species, including low fires that do not destroy all of its cone-protected seeds. It is also well adapted to poor, rocky soils.

## Ecology

Once abundant in northern Idaho, Western white pine's population was drastically affected from the late 19th century to the late 20th century by logging, wildfires, white pine blister rust, and a bark beetle epidemic. Since 1970, millions of Western white pine seedlings have been planted to make up for the losses.

The white pine blister rust (*Cronartium ribicola*) is a fungus that was accidentally introduced from Europe in 1909. The United States Forest Service estimates that 90% of the Western white pines have been killed by the blister rust west of the Cascades. Large stands have been succeeded by other pines or non-pine species. The rust has also killed much of the whitebark pine outside of California. Blister rust is less severe in California, and Western white and whitebark pines have survived there in great numbers.

Resistance to the blister rust is genetic; due to Western white pine's genetic variability, some individuals are relatively unaffected. The Forest Service has a program for locating and breeding rust-resistant Western white pine and sugar pine. Seedlings of these trees have been introduced into the wild.

## Uses

The gum was reportedly chewed by Native Americans to treat coughs. The pitch was used to fasten arrowheads and coat fishing and whaling instruments. European colonists used both Western and Eastern white pine as softwood lumber. Both species are considered excellent for molding and carving. First the Eastern and then the Western species were used in the building of transcontinental railroads in the late 19th century. In the early 20th century, white pine was used to build houses and make matches.

Western white pine is widely grown as an ornamental tree.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Western white pine
*Pinus monticola* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Western white pine (center) | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) | |
|
Apparently Secure  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Gymnospermae |
| Division: | Pinophyta |
| Class: | Pinopsida |
| Order: | Pinales |
| Family: | Pinaceae |
| Genus: | *Pinus* |
| Subgenus: | *P.* subg. *Strobus* |
| Section: | *P. sect. Quinquefoliae* |
| Subsection: | *P. subsect. Strobus* |
| Species: | ***P. monticola*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pinus monticola***
Douglas ex D. Don | |
|
|  | |
| Synonyms | |
| List * + *Pinus grozelieri*  Carrière (1869)     + *Pinus monticola var. digitata*  Lemmon (1895)     + *Pinus monticola var. minima*  Lemmon (1888)     + *Pinus monticola f. porphyrocarpa*  (A.Murray bis) P.Landry (1976)     + *Pinus monticola var. porphyrocarpa*  (A.Murray bis) Mast. (1892)     + *Pinus porphyrocarpa*  A.Murray (1866)     + *Pinus strobus var. monticola*  (Douglas ex D.Don) Nutt. (1849)     + *Pinus strobus subsp. monticola*  (Douglas ex D.Don) A.E.Murray (1982)     + *Strobus monticola*  (Douglas ex D.Don) Rydb. (1917) | |


title: Trinidad, Cuba

abstract: Trinidad is a town in the province of Sancti Spíritus, central Cuba. Together with the nearby Valle de los Ingenios, it has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1988, because of its historical importance as a center of the sugar trade in the 18th and 19th centuries. Trinidad is one of the best-preserved cities in the Caribbean from the time when the sugar trade was the main industry in the region.

text:
# Trinidad, Cuba

**Trinidad** (Spanish pronunciation: \[tɾiniˈðað\]) is a town in the province of Sancti Spíritus, central Cuba. Together with the nearby Valle de los Ingenios, it has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1988, because of its historical importance as a center of the sugar trade in the 18th and 19th centuries. Trinidad is one of the best-preserved cities in the Caribbean from the time when the sugar trade was the main industry in the region.

## History

Trinidad was founded on December 23, 1514, by Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar under the name **Villa de la Santísima Trinidad**.

Hernán Cortés recruited men for his expedition from Juan de Grijalva's home in Trinidad, and Sancti Spíritus, at the start of his 1518 expedition. This included Pedro de Alvarado and his five brothers. After ten days, Cortes sailed, the alcayde Francisco Verdugo failing to prevent Cortes from leaving, despite orders from Diego Velázquez.

The Narvaez Expedition landed at Trinidad in 1527 en route to Florida. Caught in a hurricane, the expedition lost two ships, twenty horses and sixty men to the violent storm.

## Geography

The town proper is divided into the *barrios* (quarters) of Primero, Segundo and Tercero. The whole municipality counts the *consejos populares* (wards) of Centro, Zona Monumento, Armando Mestre, La Purísima, Casilda, Federación Nacional de Trabajadores Azucareros (FNTA), Condado, Topes de Collante, San Pedro, Manacas - Iznaga, Algarrobo, Pitajones, and Caracusey.

## Economy

Nowadays, Trinidad's main industry is tobacco processing. The older parts of town are well preserved, as the Cuban tourism industry sees benefit from tour groups. In contrast, some parts of town outside the tourist areas are very run down and in disrepair, especially in the centre. Tourism from Western nations is a major source of income in the city.

### Tourism

The city is located on the Caribbean coast near the Escambray Mountains.

## Culture

### Town

Plaza Mayor

The Plaza Mayor of Trinidad is a plaza and an open-air museum of Spanish Colonial architecture. Only a few square blocks in size, the historic plaza area has cobblestone streets, houses in pastel colors with wrought-iron grilles, and colonial-era edifices such as the *Santísima Trinidad Cathedral* and *Convento de San Francisco*. The Municipal History Museum is in town also.

Music

There are several *casas de musica*, including one next to the cathedral in Plaza Major. There are also discothèques, including one in the ruins of a church; another is in a large cave formerly used as a war time hospital.

### Region

Sugar mills

The Valley of the Sugar Mills—*Valle de los Ingenios*, also a World Heritage Site, has around 70 historic sugar cane mills. They represent the importance of sugar to the Cuban economy since the 18th century.

The valley has *la Torre Iznaga*, a 45 metres (148 ft) tower built by Alejo Iznaga Borrell in 1816.

Coasts and beaches

20 kilometres (12 mi) from the city is Topes de Collantes, one of Cuba's premier ecotourism centres. Another attraction is the Casilda Bay, which attracts both snorkelers and divers.

A nearby islet has pristine beaches. Ancón Beach—*Playa Ancón*, is a white sand beach and was one of the first new resorts to be developed in Cuba following the 1959 revolution. Along the Ancón Peninsula are three hotels: Hotel Costa Sur (South Coast Hotel), Hotel Ancón, and Brisas Trinidad del Mar.

## Demographics

In 2022, the municipality of Trinidad had a population of 76,500. With a total area of 1,155 km2 (446 sq mi), it has a population density of 63.6/km2 (165/sq mi).

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Trinidad Villa de la Santísima Trinidad | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| The Iglesia y Convento de San Francisco in Trinidad | |
|  | |
| Trinidad municipality (red) within
Sancti Spíritus Province (yellow) and Cuba | |
| Coordinates: 21°48′15″N 79°58′59″W / 21.80417°N 79.98306°W / 21.80417; -79.98306 | |
| Country | Cuba |
| Province | Sancti Spíritus |
| Founded | December 23, 1514 |
| Area | |
| Total | 1,155 km2 (446 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 80 m (260 ft) |
| Population (2022) | |
| Total | 76,500 |
| Density | 66/km2 (170/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (EST) |
| Area code | +53-41 |
| Website | https://trinidad.gob.cu/ |
|  | |
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
| Official name | Trinidad and the Valle de los Ingenios |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | iv, v |
| Designated | 1988 (12th session) |
| Reference no. | 460 |
| Region | Latin America and the Caribbean |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Trafalgar, Dominica

abstract: Trafalgar is a village in inland Dominica, located to the northeast of the capital, Roseau, and close to Morne Trois Pitons, the mountain which dominates the southern centre of the country. Trafalgar is best known for Trafalgar Falls and the associated Trafalgar hydroplant. In addition to hydroelectricity, Trafalgar Falls are becoming a popular destination as part of Dominica's ecotourism industry.

text:
# Trafalgar, Dominica

**Trafalgar** is a village in inland Dominica, located to the northeast of the capital, Roseau, and close to Morne Trois Pitons, the mountain which dominates the southern centre of the country.

Trafalgar is best known for Trafalgar Falls and the associated Trafalgar hydroplant. In addition to hydroelectricity, Trafalgar Falls are becoming a popular destination as part of Dominica's ecotourism industry.

## InfoBox

| Trafalgar | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Trafalgar Falls at Morne Trois Pitons National Park | |
| TrafalgarLocation in Dominica | |
| Coordinates: 15°19′N 61°21′W / 15.317°N 61.350°W / 15.317; -61.350 | |
| Country | Dominica |
| Parish | Saint George |


title: Tamopsis

abstract: Tamopsis is a genus of tree trunk spiders that was first described by B. Baehr & M. Baehr in 1987. Like other members of the family, they may be called two-tailed spiders, referring to two elongated spinnerets. The name is derived from the genus Tama and the Ancient Greek ὄψις (-opsis), meaning "resembling". These spiders differ from Tama edwardsi in the more complex palpal bulb and the median apophysis that may either be coiled or have a hook- or spoon-shaped structure at its tip. These species are generally arboreal, where the spiders originally included in Tama in 1987 are mainly terrestrial.

text:
# Tamopsis

***Tamopsis*** is a genus of tree trunk spiders that was first described by B. Baehr & M. Baehr in 1987. Like other members of the family, they may be called **two-tailed spiders**, referring to two elongated spinnerets. The name is derived from the genus *Tama* and the Ancient Greek ὄψις (*-opsis*), meaning "resembling".

These spiders differ from *Tama edwardsi* in the more complex palpal bulb and the median apophysis that may either be coiled or have a hook- or spoon-shaped structure at its tip. These species are generally arboreal, where the spiders originally included in *Tama* in 1987 are mainly terrestrial.

## Description

*Tamopsis* species are small to medium-sized spiders. Females of the type species *Tamopsis eucalypti* have a body length of about 7 millimetres (0.28 in), and males have a body length of about 5 millimetres (0.20 in). They resemble other members of the family Hersiliidae in having unusually long posterior lateral spinnerets (the outside rear pair), which in some species can be longer than the abdomen. They live in trees rather than on the ground and do not make complex webs. Their legs are relatively long, with an undivided metatarsus. The chelicerae have three teeth at the front edge. The male palpal bulb has a complex median apophysis (projection), sometimes coiled and usually with a hook-shaped structure at the end. The embolus of the palpal bulb can slide out of a lateral apophysis, which otherwise partly or completely hides it. The female has one to three seminal receptacles on each side.

## Species

In 1987, Barbara Baehr and Martin Baehr reviewed the Australian members of the family Hersiliidae. They erected a new genus *Tamopsis*, and described 25 new species within the genus. Two species formerly placed in the genus *Tama* were transferred to *Tamopsis*. They described even more species in a series of papers from 1988 to 1998.

Two Australian species, *T. novaehollandiae* and *T. brachyura*, are regarded as doubtful because their described types are either juveniles or have been lost and are not identifiable from their descriptions.

As of May 2019 it contains fifty species found in Australia and New Guinea:

## InfoBox

| *Tamopsis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Tamopsis brisbanensis* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Hersiliidae |
| Genus: | *Tamopsis*
Baehr & Baehr, 1987 |
|
| Type species | |
| *T. eucalypti*
(Rainbow, 1900) | |
| Species | |
| 50, see text | |


title: Wyong Musical Theatre Company

abstract: Wyong Musical Theatre Company is an Australian incorporated, not for profit, amateur musical theatre company situated on the Central Coast of Wyong, New South Wales.

text:
# Wyong Musical Theatre Company

**Wyong Musical Theatre Company** (founded in 1996) is an Australian incorporated, not for profit, amateur musical theatre company situated on the Central Coast of Wyong, New South Wales.

## History

### Early years

Prior to the foundation of Wyong Musical Theatre Company, Sandra Plowright, the founding member of the company, had a desire to bring musical theatre to the northern end of the Central Coast which, she felt, for years had been lacking on this part of the coast. In 1995 Sandra formed a committee of associates, with herself as president, with the goal of establishing a musical theatre company. Also on the committee were Michael Burke (Vice President), Pam Issacs (Treasurer), Carl Martin and Greg Derry (Floor Members). She and the committee began lobbying Wyong Shire Council and Councilors, along with Local Businesses, for support of this venture. Sandra was successful in gaining enough support and sponsorship from the local community to be able to mount an inaugural musical production of Guys and Dolls in 1996 which was performed in September of that year at the Wyong Memorial Hall. This production had as its Director Michael Burke, Musical Director Greg Derry and Choreographer Beverly Durkin. From that year on the Company strived to produce two adult productions each year with all participating personnel, volunteering their time and efforts freely for the production. In the 28 years since its foundation, no member of the company has been paid for their services.

### Further Developments

Over the years Wyong Musical Theatre Company has also extended itself to include a Youth Theatre component in which suitable production for young people up to the age of 17 is staged. The first of these productions was The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe in 2004. Since then Wyong Musical Theatre Company has endeavored to produce at least one youth production each year.

Another extension to the company's interests was the establishment of a vocal harmony group entitled *Encore* (formed in 2011) who, over the years, have performed at many functions including local Anzac Day and Australia Day ceremonies as well as private functions. Its aim is to provide performance opportunities while developing harmony singing techniques and encouraging musical and performance development of participating members.

## Productions

List of Productions
| 1996 | Guys and Dolls |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1997 | Calamity Jane | The Sound of Music |
| 1998 | Bye Bye Birdie | Oklahoma |
| 1999 | Cinderella | The King & I |
| 2000 | Sing for Your Supper | HMS Pinafore |
| 2001 | The Wiz | Carousel |
| 2002 | The Pyjama Game | South Pacific |
| 2003 | Fiddler on the Roof |  |
| 2004 | The Lion The Witch & The Wardrobe | Dames at Sea |
| 2005 | Annie Jr | Oliver! |
| 2006 | Guys and Dolls | Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat |
| 2007 | Anything Goes | The Wizard of Oz |
| 2008 | Thoroughly Modern Millie | The Hunchback of Notre Dame |
| 2009 | The Pirates of Penzance | Grease |
| 2010 | The Music Man | Bye Bye Birdie |
| 2011 | Jesus Christ Superstar | High School Musical |
| 2012 | Calamity Jane | Peter Pan: The British Musical |
| 2013 | Eurobeat Almost Eurovision | Alice in Wonderland |
| 2014 | Hair | The Little Mermaid |
| 2015 | Rent | Mulan |
| 2016 | Oliver! | Beauty and the Beast |
| 2017 | Sweet Charity | Camp Rock |
|  | Chitty Chitty Bang Bang | Elf |
| 2018 | Rock of Ages | Me and My Girl |

Official website


title: Wyong Creek, New South Wales

abstract: Wyong Creek is a suburb of the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia. It is part of the Central Coast Council local government area.

text:
# Wyong Creek, New South Wales

**Wyong Creek** is a suburb of the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia. It is part of the Central Coast Council local government area.

1. Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Wyong Creek (suburb and locality)". *Australian Census 2021 QuickStats*. Retrieved 28 June 2022.

33°15′54″S 151°22′05″E / 33.265°S 151.368°E / -33.265; 151.368

## InfoBox

| Wyong Creek<br>Central Coast, New South Wales | |
| --- | --- |
| *Amazement Farm & Fun Park* | |
|  | |
| Population | 476 (SAL 2021) |
| Postcode(s) | 2259 |
| Location | 8 km (5 mi) W of Wyong |
| LGA(s) | Central Coast Council |
| Parish | Ourimbah |
| State electorate(s) | Lake Macquarie |
| Federal division(s) | Dobell |
| **Suburbs around Wyong Creek:**  Jilliby   Yarramalong Wyong Creek Jilliby  Ourimbah | |


title: Wyong River

abstract: The Wyong River is a perennial river that is located in the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia.

text:
# Wyong River

The **Wyong River** is a perennial river that is located in the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia.

## Course and features

The Wyong River rises below Watagan Mountains west of Martinsville, and flows generally south and southeast, joined by three minor tributaries, before reaching its river mouth within Tuggerah Lake, near Tacoma. The river descends 119 metres (390 ft) over its 57.5-kilometre (35.7 mi) course.

The merged flows of the Wyong River together with Tuggerah Lake reaches the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean at The Entrance.

The Pacific Motorway crosses the river west of Wyong.

33°15′S 151°20′E / 33.250°S 151.333°E / -33.250; 151.333

## InfoBox

| Wyong<br>Wyong Creek | |
| --- | --- |
| Wyong River at Mardi, 2023 | |
| Location | |
| Country | Australia |
| State | New South Wales |
| Region | Central Coast |
| Local government areas | Central Coast Council |
| City | Wyong |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Watagan Mountains |
| location | Martinsville |
| elevation | 118 m (387 ft) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Tuggerah Lake |
| location | Tacoma |
| elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Length | 57.5 km (35.7 mi) |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | Jilliby Jilliby Creek |
| right | Cedar Brush Creek, Ourimbah Creek |
| Nature reserve | Jilliby State Conservation Area |
|  | |


title: Muscatine and Iowa City Railway

abstract: The Muscatine and Iowa City Railway was a short-lived railroad that leased several lines in southeastern Iowa in 1916 from the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railway. Those lines had been built in the 1870s and 1880s by predecessors of the Rock Island, and were mostly abandoned in the 1970s.

text:
# Muscatine and Iowa City Railway

The **Muscatine and Iowa City Railway** was a short-lived railroad that leased several lines in southeastern Iowa in 1916 from the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railway. Those lines had been built in the 1870s and 1880s by predecessors of the Rock Island, and were mostly abandoned in the 1970s.

## History

The **Muscatine Western Railroad** was incorporated on May 23, 1870 to build a railroad from Muscatine, Iowa west to the Missouri River at the western border of the state, forming part of the proposed New York City-Council Bluffs Continental Railway. Work began on April 21, 1872, and on May 27 the Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Minnesota Railway (BCR&M) bought the property and franchises of the company. The first train ran on July 2 of that year, between Muscatine and the main line of the BCR&M at Nichols, and track was laid beyond to Riverside by the end of 1873. However, after the Panic of 1873 hit, the BCR&M defaulted on payment of interest on its bonds due November 1, 1873, and did not extend the line beyond Riverside.

The **Iowa City and Western Railway** was organized in 1878 to build from Iowa City west to Montezuma through the English River valley. It was built from Iowa City to What Cheer in 1879, and in 1880 a line was completed from Thornburg to Montezuma, making the original line beyond Thornburg to What Cheer into a branch. BCR&M successor Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern Railway (BCR&N) soon acquired control of and leased the Iowa City and Western, which connected with the old Muscatine Western near Riverside. The Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railway (CRI&P) gained control of the BCR&N by lease in June 1902, and in June 1903 the property of the BCR&N, along with that of the Iowa City and Western (which had been conveyed to the BCR&N in May 1902), was sold to the CRI&P.

The **Muscatine and Iowa City Railway** was incorporated on October 25, 1915, and leased, effective January 1, 1916, the aforementioned CRI&P lines: Muscatine to Montezuma, Iowa Junction (near Riverside) to Iowa City, and Thornburg to What Cheer. It planned to convert from steam to gas-electric locomotives for freight and self-propelled gas-electric motor cars for passengers. Operation lasted less than a year, as the company was placed in receivership on July 1, and ceased operations on August 11, returning the lines to the Rock Island.

In 1938, the CRI&P abandoned the eastern end of the line, between Muscatine and Iowa Junction, except for a short branch from Nichols to Lone Tree, which was operated until 1958. The branch to What Cheer was abandoned in 1957, but the remainder of the line, now accessed from the Rock Island's main line at Iowa City, remained intact until 1972, when the Central Iowa Railway bought the line from Hills, just outside Iowa City, to Montezuma. That company soon ceased operations, and the stub at Iowa City is now operated by the Cedar Rapids and Iowa City Railway.


title: Wu Xuanyi

abstract: Wu Xuanyi, is a Chinese singer and actress. She began her career in 2016, as a member of the South Korean girl group WJSN. She took a hiatus from the group in the first half of 2018 to compete as a contestant in Tencent Video's survival reality show, Produce 101 China, finishing in second place and joining the Chinese project girl group Rocket Girls 101 until June 2020. Following the disbandment of the project group, she remained on hiatus from WJSN to pursue a solo career in China until she left the group on March 3, 2023.

text:
# Wu Xuanyi

**Wu Xuanyi** (born January 26, 1995), is a Chinese singer and actress. She began her career in 2016, as a member of the South Korean girl group WJSN. She took a hiatus from the group in the first half of 2018 to compete as a contestant in Tencent Video's survival reality show, *Produce 101 China*, finishing in second place and joining the Chinese project girl group Rocket Girls 101 until June 2020. Following the disbandment of the project group, she remained on hiatus from WJSN to pursue a solo career in China until she left the group on March 3, 2023.

## Early life

Wu was born in Hainan, China. She joined Yuehua Entertainment, moved to South Korea around 2014 to 2015 and joined Starship Entertainment where she became a trainee.

## Career

### 2015–2016: Debut with WJSN

On December 4, 2015, Starship Entertainment and Yuehua Entertainment introduced a 12-member Chinese-South Korean girl group WJSN. Wu was introduced as a member of "Joy Unit". Together with Wonder Unit, they released a Christmas cover of "All I Want For Christmas Is You". WJSN officially debuted in February 2016 with their mini album *Would You Like?* with "MoMoMo" and "Catch Me" as the two lead singles.

### 2018–present: Debut with Rocket Girls 101, solo activities, and departure from WJSN

While juggling her acting and WJSN activities, Wu and bandmate, Meng Meiqi, participated in the Chinese reality survival girl group show *Produce 101* aired from April 21 to June 23 on Tencent Video. Wu placed 2nd overall of 181,533,349 votes and debuted as a member of Rocket Girls 101.

On August 9, Yuehua Entertainment and Mavericks Entertainment released a joint announcement stating that they would be withdrawing Xuanyi along with Meiqi and Zining from Rocket Girls 101. Xuanyi and Meiqi are to resume their activities with WJSN. However, on August 17, both companies confirmed that after coming to an agreement with Tencent, that Xuanyi would be returning to group with Meiqi and Zining.

A month before Xuanyi came back to China for Produce 101, her teammate Cheng Xiao invited her as a guest in a travel variety show on Tencent Video, *Best Friends' Perfect Vacation.* The two variety shows she joined after her debut with Rocket Girls 101 are *Space Challenge* (on Youku Video) and "Nice to Meet You" (on Zhejiang TV). She is also the leading actress of voice movie "Future Girlfriend Lab" released in November.

On March 3, 2023, Starship Entertainment announced that Xuanyi had departed from WJSN after her contract expired.

## Discography

### Extended plays

| Title | Album details | Sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *25* | Track listing 1. 25 2. Pink Blue Sunset（粉蓝夕前） 3. Betty Baby | * CHN: 239,051 |
| *Gift* | * Released: December 30, 2021 * Label: Yuehua Entertainment * Formats: Digital download, streaming  Track listing 1. 微光 2. 北卡蓝 3. RSVP |  |
| *不，爱了* | * Released: May 20, 2023 * Label: Yuehua Entertainment * Formats: Digital download, streaming  Track listing 1. 向宇宙许愿 2. Late in the Night 3. 不爱了 |  |

### Singles

| Title | Year | Peak chart position | Album | Sales |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | CHN
 | | |
| As lead artist | | | | |
| "满糖宣言" (Sweet Declaration) | 2019 | 12 | *立风* |  |
| "25" | 2020 |  | | *25* |
| "We Were In Love" | 2021 |  | Non-album single |  |
| "RSVP" | 2022 |  | *Gift* |  |
| "向宇宙许愿" (Make a Wish to the Universe) | 2023 |  | *不，爱了* |  |
| | "江南月" |  | Non-album single |  |
| | "不爱了" | |  | *不，爱了* |
| | "后来风吹起" | |  | Non-album singles |
| | | | "种子" |  |
| Collaborations | | | | |
| "偏执"
(with Elvis Wang) | 2020 | 4 | *歌颂* |  |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that region. | | | | |

### Promotional singles

| Title | Year | Album | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| "艾草青青" | 2023 | Non-album singles | Special release for The Marvelous Tour of the Dragon Boat Festival 2022. |
| | | "从现在 到未来" (Now Until the Future)
(with Various Artists) | Theme for the 2022 Asian Games. |
| | "生活，你好" | *赤梦华夏* | Collaborative album to celebrate Huaxia. |

### Soundtrack appearances

| Title | Year | Peak chart position | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | CHN
 | |
| "福气拱拱来"
(with Meng Meiqi, Duan Aojuan and Lai Meiyun) | 2019 | 28 | *Boonie Bears: Blast into the Past* OST |
| | "小小鸟" (Little Bird) | 36 | *The Angry Birds Movie 2* OST |
| | "柔骨魅兔" | 17 | *斗罗十年-龙王传说* OST |
| "麻辣时光" | 2020 | 45 | *Run For Young* OST |
| "星河" (Starry River) | 2021 | 68 | *Douluo Continent* OST |
| | "Let's Party" | 43 | *Game for Peace* OST |
| | "VVS"
(with Lexie Liu, Shan Yichun, Song Yuqi, An Qi, Lu Keran, Vava, Yamy, Chen Zhuoxuan, and Zhou Jieqiong) | 68 | *Stage Boom* OST |
| "彩虹的微笑" | 2022 |  | *听说很好吃2* OST |
| | "屋顶着火" (Roof on Fire)
(with Patrick Nattawat Finkler) |  | *听说很好吃2* OST,
Cover of Victoria Song |
| | "不期而遇" |  | *Ode to Joy 3* OST |
| | "最美中国戏"
(with Qiu Shi and You Zixi) |  | *最美中国戏* OST |
| "我曾陪你追过风" | 2023 |  | *Rising With the Wind* OST |
| | "小小心愿" |  | *The Princess and the Werewolf* OST |
| | "自己的光" (Your Own Light) |  | *Be Your Own Light* OST |
| | "信仰之歌" |  | *Rising With the Wind* OST |

## Filmography

### Films

| Year | English title | Chinese title | Role | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2018 | *Marna* | 初恋的滋味 | Marna |  |

### Web series

| Year | English title | Chinese title | Role | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2021 | *Douluo Continent* | 斗罗大陆 | Xiao Wu |  |
| | *Sweet Teeth* | 世界微尘里 | Zeng Li |  |
| 2023 | *The Princess and the Werewolf* | 郎君不如意 | Qi Pa |  |
| | *Rising With the Wind* | 我要逆风去 | Xiang Chaoyang |  |

### Reality shows

| Year | English title | Chinese title | Role | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2018 | *Best Friends' Perfect Vacation* | 闺蜜的完美旅行 | Cast member |  |
| | *Produce 101* | 创造101 | Contestant
Finished 2nd |  |
| | *Space Challenge* | 挑战吧！太空 | Cast member |  |
| 2019 | *Meeting You* | | 遇见你真好 |  |
| | *Chase Me* | | 追我吧 |  |
| 2020 | *Perfect Summer* | | 完美的夏天 |  |
| | *Go Newbies* | | 新手驾到 |  |
| 2021 | *Stage Boom* | 爆裂舞台 | Contestant |  |

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Nominated work | Award | Category | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2018 |  | Fresh Asia Music 2018 | Most Popular Female Singer | Won |  |
| 2019 | | Golden Data Entertainment Awards 2018-2019 | Female Artist of the Year for Variety with the Most Influence | Won |  |
| | | Sina Film & TV Awards | Most Popular Variety Female Artist | Won |  |

1. "WJSN(우주소녀)". *Starship Entertainment* (in Korean). Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2022.
2. "우주소녀 측 "미기‧선의, 중국판 '프로듀스 101' 출연"". *Slist News* (in Korean). March 15, 2018. Archived from the original on June 24, 2018. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
3. "\[단독\] 우주소녀 선의·미기, 중국판 '프듀' 출격확정…"팀 활동 병행"". *Osen* (in Korean). March 15, 2018. Archived from the original on June 24, 2018. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
4. "火箭少女101解散：偶像的产业现状比分离更令人感伤". *finance.sina.com.cn*. June 24, 2020. Archived from the original on August 20, 2022. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
5. "乐华娱乐 - 联合声明" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on August 9, 2018. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
6. "未来女友实验室\_吴宣仪声音电影\_火箭少女101-喜马拉雅FM" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on December 4, 2018. Retrieved December 4, 2018.
7. Park, Sang-hoo (March 3, 2023). "\[단독\]우주소녀, 루다·다원·중국 멤버 3인 제외 8명 재계약" \[\[Exclusive\] WJSN, 8 contract renewals except for Luda, Dawon, and 3 Chinese members\] (in Korean). JTBC. Archived from the original on March 3, 2023. Retrieved March 3, 2023  via Naver.
8. "25". *y.saoju.net*. Archived from the original on May 29, 2022. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
9. "GIFT". *y.saoju.net*. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
10. "不，爱了". *y.saoju.net*. Archived from the original on July 19, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
11. "China TME UNI Chart". *Tencent Music* (in Chinese). Archived from the original on May 20, 2019. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
12. "We Were In Love". *y.saoju.net*. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
13. "向宇宙许愿". *y.saoju.net*. Archived from the original on July 19, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
14. "大象推荐官｜2022端午奇妙游" \[Elephant Recommendation Officer｜2022 Dragon Boat Festival Wonderful Tour\]. *映象新闻* (in Chinese). June 1, 2022. Archived from the original on June 1, 2022. Retrieved July 23, 2023.
15. @杭州第19届亚运会 (March 7, 2023). "#杭州亚运会主题推广... - @杭州第19届亚运会的微博". *Sina Weibo* (in Chinese). Archived from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved July 23, 2023.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
16. @新浪音乐 (June 19, 2023). "#群星合作专辑赤梦华... - @新浪音乐的微博". *Sina Weibo*. Retrieved July 23, 2023.
17. "吴宣仪孟美岐《初恋的滋味》要上映？四大演员都走红，剧情没眼看". *Sohu* (in Chinese). April 14, 2020. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
18. "剧版《斗罗大陆》正在象山拍摄 "火箭少女"吴宣仪饰演"小舞"". *CNNB* (in Chinese). March 6, 2019. Archived from the original on May 16, 2019. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
19. "电视剧斗罗大陆什么时候播\_斗罗大陆播出时间\_斗罗大陆什么时候上映-爱剧情". *m.ijq.tv*. Archived from the original on July 11, 2020. Retrieved January 4, 2020.
20. "网剧《世界微尘里》公布主演阵容，吴宣仪、毕雯珺主演". *Sina* (in Chinese). October 15, 2020. Archived from the original on April 17, 2021. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
21. "吴宣仪、陈哲远主演新剧《郎君不如意》7月20日开播". *Beijing News (in Chinese)*. Archived from the original on July 19, 2023. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
22. @我要逆风去官微 (March 7, 2023). "#我要逆风去情逢对手预告#". *Sina Weibo* (in Chinese). Retrieved September 16, 2023.
23. "《闺蜜的完美旅行》程潇吴宣仪放飞自我" (in Chinese). Netease. March 5, 2018. Archived from the original on October 14, 2018. Retrieved November 23, 2018.
24. "创造101总决赛，吴宣仪第二名出道". *m.weibo.cn*. Archived from the original on July 13, 2020. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
25. ""挑战吧太空"定档11.17". *m.weibo.cn*. Archived from the original on July 12, 2020. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
26. "遇见你真好". *m.weibo.cn*. Archived from the original on July 11, 2020. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
27. ""追我家族""跑男团"正面杠上". *ent.people.com*. November 23, 2019. Archived from the original on November 28, 2019. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
28. "《完美的夏天》阵容集结 阿云嘎李汶翰吴宣仪加盟". *Netease* (in Chinese). August 4, 2020. Archived from the original on July 19, 2023. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
29. "《爆裂舞台》陆柯燃陈卓璇默契合作 《庆功酒》舞台国风氛围感十足" (in Chinese). September 6, 2021. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
30. "亚洲新歌榜2018年度盛典\_新浪网 - 新浪娱乐". *Sina* (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on November 22, 2019. Retrieved August 20, 2018.
31. "新浪2019年度剧踪人气艺人榜单揭晓". *Sina* (in Chinese). December 20, 2019. Archived from the original on March 25, 2020. Retrieved December 20, 2019.

## InfoBox

| Wu Xuanyi | |
| --- | --- |
| 吴宣仪 | |
| Xuanyi in 2019 at Rocket Girl 101's 1st anniversary concert | |
| Born | Wu Xuanyi
(1995-01-26) January 26, 1995
Haikou, Hainan, China |
| Occupations | * Singer * actress |
| **Musical career** | |
| Genres |  |
| Instrument | Vocals |
| Years active | 2016–present |
| Labels |  |
| Formerly of |  |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Chinese |  |
|
| Hanyu Pinyin | Wú Xūanyí |
|  | |
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 오선의 |
| Revised Romanization | *O Seon-ui* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *O Sŏnŭi* |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Musa Bakare

abstract: Musa Bakare is a Nigerian swimmer. He competed in two events at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Musa Bakare

**Musa Bakare** (born 24 June 1971) is a Nigerian swimmer. He competed in two events at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Musa Bakare
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1971-06-24) 24 June 1971 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Swimming |
| Medal record      Representing  Nigeria  African Games  1991 Cairo 100m butterfly  1991 Cairo 50m freestyle | |


title: XHEDO-FM

abstract: XHEDO-FM is a radio station on 94.1 FM in Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca, Mexico, carrying the La Mejor grupera format from MVS Radio.

text:
# XHEDO-FM

**XHEDO-FM** is a radio station on 94.1 FM in Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca, Mexico, carrying the La Mejor grupera format from MVS Radio.

## History

XHEDO received its concession on July 10, 1992.

## InfoBox

XHEDO-FM
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | 94.1 MHz |
| Branding | La Mejor |
| Programming | |
| Format | Grupera |
| Affiliations | MVS Radio |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Nueva Esmeralda, S.A. de C.V. |
| History | |
| First air date | July 10, 1992 (concession) |
| Call sign meaning | Puerto "Escondido" |
| Technical information | |
| ERP | 30 kW |
| Links | |
| Website | lamejor.com.mx |