title: Exorides

abstract: Exorides is a genus of broad-nosed weevils in the family Curculionidae, tribe Eustylini, distributed in northern South America.

text:
# Exorides

***Exorides*** is a genus of broad-nosed weevils in the family Curculionidae, tribe Eustylini, distributed in northern South America.

## Taxonomy

*Exorides* was described for the first time by Francis P. Pascoe in 1881 (p. 43). A discussion about the genus along with a key to most species was published by Guy A. K. Marshall in 1922. It belongs to the so-called "*Compsus* genus complex".

## Description

Species of the genus *Exorides* are easily confused with members of the genus *Compsus*, as well as with members of the genus *Xestogaster*.

A "provisional" diagnosis for *Exorides* is offered by Marshall:

> Owing, however, to the diversity of the species at present included in *Compsus*, it is not easy to give a really satisfactory definition of Pascoe's genus, but it is here provisionally regarded as including those forms that present the following combination of characters : — Wings non-functional; the elytra narrow at the shoulders, with the bases more or less truncate obliquely and not separately rounded so as to project over the base of the prothorax; the scrobes continued right up to the lower anterior margin of the eye; and the scape of the antennae comparatively slender, abruptly clavate, and clothed only with pubescence or narrow hair-like scales, never with broad overlapping scales.
>
> Guy A. K. Marshall, VI. On new genera and species of Neotropical Curculionidae., p. 202.

The scale coverage in *Exorides* is highly variable, from absent to dense, including iridescent or metallic colorations. Some species are able to produce waxy secretions and filaments, but this is not common across the genus.

## Distribution

Members of the genus *Exorides* can be found in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.

## Species list

The genus contains 29 described species:

1. *Exorides abruptecostatus* Marshall, 1922: 210: Ecuador.
2. *Exorides bifurcatus* Marshall, 1926: 537: Colombia.
3. *Exorides caudatus* Marshall, 1922: 217= *Exorides rudeli\]\]* Voss, 1953: 259: Colombia.
4. *Exorides corrugatus* Marshall, 1922: 218: Venezuela.
5. *Exorides cylindricus* Marshall, 1922: 213: Colombia.
6. *Exorides equatorius* Marshall, 1922: 219: Ecuador, Peru.
7. *Exorides equicaudatus* Marshall, 1922: 207: Ecuador.
8. *Exorides espeletiae* (Kirsch), 1889: 23: Colombia.
9. *Exorides festivus* Marshall, 1952: 325: Venezuela.
10. *Exorides immadidus* Kuschel, 1950: 71: Peru.
11. *Exorides labyrinthicus* (Kirsch), 1889: 22: Colombia.
12. *Exorides lajoyei* (Bovie), 1907: 68: Venezuela.
13. *Exorides lindingi* (Kirsch), 1889: 24: Colombia.
14. *Exorides marshalli* (Bovie), 1908: 44: Colombia.
15. *Exorides masoni* Marshall, 1922: 215: Venezuela.
16. *Exorides mucronatus* (Faust), 1892: 18= *Exorides inflatus\]\]* Marshall, 1922: 214: Colombia, Venezuela.
17. *Exorides obesus* Marshall, 1922: 209: Colombia.
18. *Exorides octocostatus* Hustache, 1938: 117: Peru.
19. *Exorides otiosus* Hustache, 1938: 116: Ecuador.
20. *Exorides pedunculatus* Marshall, 1922: 216: Ecuador.
21. *Exorides praeteritus* Marshall, 1922: 206: Ecuador.
22. *Exorides pyriformis* Marshall, 1922: 211: Colombia.
23. *Exorides quadrivittatus* (Kirsch), 1889: 23: Colombia.
24. *Exorides rugosus* (Taschenberg), 1870: 188: Colombia.
25. *Exorides septemcostatus* Marshall, 1922: 212: Colombia, Ecuador.
26. *Exorides sulcicollis* (Kirsch), 1889: 24: Ecuador.
27. *Exorides wagneri* (Harold), 1863: 176 = *Exorides carinatus\]\]* Pascoe, 1881: 43: Ecuador.
28. *Exorides whymperi* (Olliff), 1891: 63: Ecuador.
29. *Exorides willei* Kuschel, 1950: 72: Peru.

## InfoBox

| *Exorides* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Exorides wagneri* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Curculionidae |
| Tribe: | Eustylini |
| Genus: | *Exorides*<br>Pascoe, 1881 |
|


title: List of mayors of Lodi, Lombardy

abstract: The mayor of Lodi is an elected politician who, along with the Lodi's city council, is accountable for the strategic government of Lodi in Lombardy, Italy. The current mayor is Andrea Furegato (PD), who took office on 15 June 2022.

text:
# List of mayors of Lodi, Lombardy

The **mayor of Lodi** is an elected politician who, along with the Lodi's city council, is accountable for the strategic government of Lodi in Lombardy, Italy.

The current mayor is Andrea Furegato (PD), who took office on 15 June 2022.

## Overview

According to the Italian Constitution, the mayor of Lodi is member of the city council.

The mayor is elected by the population of Lodi, who also elects the members of the city council, controlling the mayor's policy guidelines and is able to enforce his resignation by a motion of no confidence. The mayor is entitled to appoint and release the members of his government.

Since 1993, the mayor is elected directly by Lodi's electorate: in all mayoral elections in Italy in cities with a population higher than 15,000 the voters express a direct choice for the mayor or an indirect choice voting for the party of the candidate's coalition. If no candidate receives at least 50% of votes, the top two candidates go to a second round after two weeks. The election of the City Council is based on a direct choice for the candidate with a preference vote: the candidate with the majority of the preferences is elected. The number of the seats for each party is determined proportionally.

## Italian Republic (since 1946)

### City Council election (1946–1993)

From 1946 to 1993, the mayor of Lodi was elected by the city council.

|  | Mayor | Term start | Term end | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Defendente Vaccari | 2 April 1946 | 16 June 1951 | DC |
| 2 | Apollonio Oliva | 16 June 1951 | 11 November 1952 | DC |
| 3 | Natale Riatti | 11 November 1952 | 26 June 1956 | DC |
| (1) | Defendente Vaccari | 26 June 1956 | 14 December 1960 | DC |
| 4 | Antonio Allegri | 14 December 1960 | 13 July 1962 | DC |
| 5 | Antonio Montani | 13 July 1962 | 12 January 1965 | DC |
| (3) | Natale Riatti | 12 January 1965 | 20 June 1968 | DC |
| (4) | Antonio Allegri | 20 June 1968 | 17 July 1970 | DC |
| 6 | Valerio Manfrini | 17 July 1970 | 6 September 1975 | DC |
| 7 | Gianfranco Meani | 6 September 1975 | 18 September 1975 | PRI |
| 8 | Edgardo Alboni | 18 September 1975 | 17 September 1980 | PCI |
| 9 | Andrea Cancellato | 17 September 1980 | 10 July 1990 | PSI |
| (5) | Antonio Montani | 10 July 1990 | 8 October 1992 | DC |
| 10 | Marco Magrini | 8 October 1992 | 13 September 1993 | DC |
| *Special Prefectural Commissioner tenure (13 September 1993 – 6 December 1993)* | | | | |
|

### Direct election (since 1993)

Since 1993, under provisions of new local administration law, the mayor of Lodi is chosen by direct election, originally every four then every five years.

|  | Mayor | | Term start | Term end | Party | Coalition | | Election |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 11 |  | Alberto Segalini
(b. 1955) | 6 December 1993 | 22 December 1995 | LN |  | LN | 1993 |
| *Special Prefectural Commissioner tenure (22 December 1995 – 11 July 1996)* | | | | | | | | |
| 12 |  | Aurelio Ferrari
(b. 1948) | 11 July 1996 | 2 May 2000 | PPI
DL |  | PDS  PPI  RI  SI | 1996 |
| | | 2 May 2000 | 7 April 2005 | |  | DS  PPI  PRC | 2000 |
| 13 |  | Lorenzo Guerini
(b. 1966) | 7 April 2005 | 1 April 2010 | DL
PD |  | DS  DL  PRC  PdCI  SDI | 2005 |
| | | 1 April 2010 | 31 December 2012 | |  | PD  IdV  FdS | 2010 |
| *Special Prefectural Commissioner tenure (1 January 2013 – 11 June 2013)* | | | | | | | | |
| 14 |  | Simone Uggetti
(b. 1973) | 11 June 2013 | 31 July 2016 | PD |  | PD  SEL  PRC | 2013 |
| *Special Prefectural Commissioner tenure (1 August 2016 – 27 June 2017)* | | | | | | | | |
| 15 |  | Sara Casanova
(b. 1977) | 27 June 2017 | 15 June 2022 | LN |  | LN  FI  FdI | 2017 |
| 16 |  | Andrea Furegato
(b. 1997) | 15 June 2022 | *Incumbent* | PD |  | PD  SI  EV    IV | 2022 |
|

Notes

### Timeline

1. "Lodi, Furegato proclamato sindaco si insedia a Palazzo Broletto e pensa alla giunta". *Il Giorno* (in Italian). 15 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
2. "I Sindaci di Lodi dal 1946 ad oggi". *Comune di Lodi*. Retrieved 17 May 2019.

## Bibliography

* Bigatti, Giorgio (2005). *Il Municipio e la Città. Il Consiglio comunale di Lodi (1859–1970)*. Milan: Silvana Editoriale. ISBN 888215999X.

## InfoBox

| Mayor of Lodi | |
| --- | --- |
| *Sindaco di Lodi* | |
|  | |
| Incumbent
Andrea Furegato (PD)
since 15 June 2022 | |
| Appointer | Popular election |
| Term length | 5 years, renewable once |
| Formation | 1860 |
| Website | Official website |


title: 123 Andrés

abstract:
123 Andrés are a husband-and-wife duo that creates children's music in both English and Spanish. They have performed for audiences across the US as well as in Puerto Rico, Panama, and Mexico. They have been winners of the Best Latin Children's Album category at the Latin Grammy Awards for Arriba Abajo, and nominated for Grammy Awards in the same category in 2021 for Actívate.
In 2024, they won the Grammy Award for Best Children's Music Album for their album We Grow Together Children's Songs.

text:
# 123 Andrés

**123 Andrés** are a husband-and-wife duo that creates children's music in both English and Spanish. They have performed for audiences across the US as well as in Puerto Rico, Panama, and Mexico.

They have been winners of the Best Latin Children's Album category at the Latin Grammy Awards for *Arriba Abajo*, and nominated for Grammy Awards in the same category in 2021 for *Actívate*. In 2024, they won the Grammy Award for Best Children's Music Album for their album *We Grow Together Children's Songs*.

## Members

Andrés Salguero was raised in Bogotá, Colombia and grew up playing guitar with his father. He has remained involved with music ever since, studying clarinet at the Conservatory and having his first experience in a studio at the age of eight. Later, Andrés earned his Doctorate in music and was awarded first prize in a national composition contest in Colombia.

Christina Sanabria grew up in a Spanish speaking family in the United States; her parents are from Colombia. She attended Shawnee Mission North High School in Overland Park, Kansas. She then matriculated at Brown University where she concentrated in Latin American and Hispanic Studies. Throughout childhood, she was involved in theater and dance and would later earn a master's degree in education from The University of Pennsylvania. Christina applied this education to find her passion in teaching through music.

## Musical career

123 Andrés make music for bilingual children and families, as well as for those who are in the process of learning Spanish. Their first album, *¡Uno, Dos Tres Andrés! en español y en inglés*, was released in 2015, with 22 educational songs; 11 in Spanish and 11 in English. They were nominated for a Latin Grammy. Their next album, *Arriba Abajo*, came the next year and returned to the awards to win a Latin Grammy for best children's music album. It also won a Parents' Choice Gold award. The third album is a collection of lullabies titled *La Luna*.

123 Andrés' album, *Cantas las Letras*, was designed to help children learn fundamental elements of Spanish language, specifically the letters and their different sounds. This album was created in partnership with the Benchmark Education Company. Originally it was made for use in a classroom, but it was decided to make the album available to the general public.

In 2021 they released "Actívate", an album with the collaboration of Rubén Blades, Gilberto Santa Rosa, Los Rabanes and Rafael "El Pollo" Brito, among others. 10 of the 21 songs that comprise the album are in Spanish. It was nominated at the 64th Grammy Awards for "Best Children's Music Album", being the only South American album nominated in that category.

The duo have been featured in outlets such as NPR, The Boston Globe, and The Washington Post, as well as Spanish language networks like Univisión and Telemundo.

## Discography

* 2015: *¡Uno, Dos Tres Andrés!*
* 2016: *Arriba Abajo*
* 2018: *La Luna*
* 2019: *Canta las Letras*
* 2021: *Actívate*
* 2023: *We Grow Together – Preschool Songs*

## Bibliography

* 2021: Ten Little Birds – Diez Pajaritos
* 2021: Hi Friend – Hola Amigo
* 2021: Mi Comunidad / My Community

## Awards and nominations

### Grammy Awards

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2021 | *Actívate* | Best Children's Album | Nominated |
| 2024 | *We Grow Together* | | Won |

### Latin Grammy Awards

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2015 | *¡Uno, Dos, Tres, con Andrés!* | Best Latin Children's Album | Nominated |
| 2016 | *Arriba Abajo* | Best Latin Children's Album | Won |
| 2019 | *Canta las Letras* | Best Latin Children's Album | Nominated |

### Other awards

## InfoBox

| 123 Andrés | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Colombia |
| Genres | Children's music |
| Years active | 2015–present |
| Labels | Salsana Music
Salsana Records |
|  | |
| Members | Andrés Salguero
Christina Sanabria |
|  | |
| Website | https://123andres.com/ |


title: Perittia spermatopis

abstract: Perittia spermatopis is a moth in the family Elachistidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1933. It is found in Argentina.

text:
# Perittia spermatopis

***Perittia spermatopis*** is a moth in the family Elachistidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1933. It is found in Argentina.

## InfoBox

| *Perittia spermatopis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Elachistidae |
| Genus: | *Perittia* |
| Species: | ***P. spermatopis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Perittia spermatopis***<br>(Meyrick, 1933) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Zemiocrita spermatopis* Meyrick, 1933 | |


title: Pinch point (mathematics)

abstract:
In geometry, a pinch point or cuspidal point is a type of singular point on an algebraic surface. The equation for the surface near a pinch point may be put in the form
  - f = u 2 − v w 2 + [ 4 ] where [4] denotes terms of degree 4 or more and v is not a square in the ring of functions. For example the surface 1 − 2 x + x 2 − y z 2 = 0 near the point, meaning in coordinates vanishing at that point, has the form above. In fact, if u = 1 − x, v = y and w = z then { u, v, w } is a system of coordinates vanishing at then 1 − 2 x + x 2 − y z 2 = 2 − y z 2 = u 2 − v w 2 is written in the canonical form. The simplest example of a pinch point is the hypersurface defined by the equation u 2 − v w 2 = 0 called Whitney umbrella. The pinch point is a limit of normal crossings singular points. These singular points are intimately related in the sense that in order to resolve the pinch point singularity one must blow-up the whole v
-axis and not only the pinch point.

text:
# Pinch point (mathematics)

In geometry, a **pinch point** or **cuspidal point** is a type of singular point on an algebraic surface.

The equation for the surface near a pinch point may be put in the form

$$f(u,v,w)=u^{2}-vw^{2}+\[4\]\\,$$

where \[4\] denotes terms of degree 4 or more and $v$ is not a square in the ring of functions.

For example the surface $1-2x+x^{2}-yz^{2}=0$ near the point $(1,0,0)$, meaning in coordinates vanishing at that point, has the form above. In fact, if $u=1-x,v=y$ and $w=z$ then { $u,v,w$} is a system of coordinates vanishing at $(1,0,0)$ then $1-2x+x^{2}-yz^{2}=(1-x)^{2}-yz^{2}=u^{2}-vw^{2}$ is written in the canonical form.

The simplest example of a pinch point is the hypersurface defined by the equation $u^{2}-vw^{2}=0$ called Whitney umbrella.

The pinch point (in this case the origin) is a limit of normal crossings singular points (the $v$-axis in this case). These singular points are intimately related in the sense that in order to resolve the pinch point singularity one must blow-up the whole $v$-axis and not only the pinch point.

* P. Griffiths; J. Harris (1994). *Principles of Algebraic Geometry*. Wiley Classics Library. Wiley Interscience. pp. 23–25. ISBN 0-471-05059-8.


title: Volvarina sabinalensis

abstract: Volvarina sabinalensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

text:
# Volvarina sabinalensis

***Volvarina sabinalensis*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 9.1 mm its diameter 4.04 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Cuba in the Caribbean Sea.

.

## InfoBox

| *Volvarina sabinalensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Marginellidae |
| Subfamily: | Marginellinae |
| Genus: | *Volvarina* |
| Species: | ***V. sabinalensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Volvarina sabinalensis***<br>Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2010 | |
|


title: United Soccer Conference

abstract: The United Soccer Conference was an NCAA Division I conference founded in 2005 whose members competed in the sport of women's soccer. On February 10, 2007, New Jersey Institute of Technology joined the conference, however later that year on July 1, 2007, Indiana Purdue-Fort Wayne, North Dakota State, and South Dakota State left the conference and joined The Summit League. On February 12, 2009, it was announced that the Great West Conference would add Delaware State, Howard, and South Carolina State as associate members to compete in a soccer conference with Houston Baptist, NJIT, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Utah Valley beginning with the 2009–2010 school year. This left Longwood to compete as an independent for the 2009–10 school year, and caused the United Soccer Conference to fold. Charter members of the conference were Delaware State, Howard, IPFW, Longwood, South Carolina State, and Utah Valley

text:
# United Soccer Conference

The **United Soccer Conference** was an NCAA Division I conference founded in 2005 whose members competed in the sport of women's soccer. On February 10, 2007, New Jersey Institute of Technology joined the conference, however later that year on July 1, 2007, Indiana Purdue-Fort Wayne, North Dakota State, and South Dakota State left the conference and joined The Summit League. On February 12, 2009, it was announced that the Great West Conference would add Delaware State, Howard, and South Carolina State as associate members to compete in a soccer conference with Houston Baptist, NJIT, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Utah Valley beginning with the 2009–2010 school year. This left Longwood to compete as an independent for the 2009–10 school year, and caused the United Soccer Conference to fold.

Charter members of the conference were Delaware State, Howard, IPFW, Longwood, South Carolina State, and Utah Valley

## Former members

| Institution | Team | Joined | Left | Current women's soccer conference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Delaware State University | Hornets | 2005 | 2009 | Independent |
| Howard University | Lady Bison | 2005 | 2009 | Southwestern Athletic Conference |
| Indiana University – Purdue University Fort Wayne | Mastodons | 2005 | 2006 | Summit League |
| Longwood University | Lancers | 2005 | 2009 | Big South Conference |
| New Jersey Institute of Technology | Highlanders | 2007 | 2009 | ASUN Conference |
| North Dakota State University | Bison | 2006 | 2006 | Summit League |
| South Carolina State University | Lady Bulldogs | 2005 | 2009 | Independent |
| South Dakota State University | Jackrabbits | 2006 | 2006 | Summit League |
| Utah Valley University | Wolverines | 2005 | 2009 | Western Athletic Conference |

## Conference Champions

| Season | Conference Champion |
| --- | --- |
| 2005 | IPFW |
| 2006 | South Dakota State |
| 2007 | Utah Valley State |

Replica Soccer Jerseys

1. Three Institutions Added as Associate Members for Women's Soccer
2. Longwood Optimistic For 2009 Season


abstract: This is a list of compositions by Felix Weingartner.

text:
# List of compositions by Felix Weingartner

This is a **list of compositions by Felix Weingartner**.

## Piano

### Piano solo

* Skizzen, Op. 1
* Tonbilder zu Adalbert Stifters Studien, Op. 2
* Aus vergangener Zeit, Op. 3
* Lose Blätter, Op. 4
* Phantasiebilder, Op. 5
* Herbstblätter, Op. 58

## Chamber music

### Violin and piano

* Violin Sonata #1 in D, Op. 42/1
* Violin Sonata #2 in F minor, Op. 42/2

### String quartets

* String Quartet #1 in D minor, Op. 24
* String Quartet #2 in F minor, Op. 26
* String Quartet #3 in F major, Op. 34
* String Quartet #4 in D major, Op. 62
* String Quartet #5 in E major, Op. 81

### String quintet

* String Quintet in C major, Op. 40

### Other

* Piano Sextet in E minor, Op. 33
* Quintet in G minor for Clarinet, Violin, Viola, Cello and Piano, Op. 50
* Octet in G major for Clarinet, Horn, Bassoon, Two Violins, Viola, Cello and Piano, Op. 73
* String Trio #2 in A Major, Op. 93/2

## Orchestral

### Symphonies

* Symphony No. 1 in G major, Op. 23 (1899)
* Symphony No. 2 in E major, Op. 29 (1901)
* Symphony No. 3 in E major, Op. 49 (1910)
* Symphony No. 4 in F major, Op. 61 (1917)
* Symphony No. 5 in C minor, Op. 71 (1926)
* Symphony No. 6 "La Tragica" in B minor, Op. 74 (1929)
* Symphony No. 7 "Choral" in C major, Op. 87 (1935-7), on poems by Carmen Studer and Friedrich Hölderlin.

### Symphonic poems

* König Lear, Op. 20 (1895)
* Das Gefilde der Seligen, Op. 21 (1892)
* La Burla, Op. 78
* Frühling, Op. 80

### Violin and orchestra

* Violin Concerto in G major, Op. 52

### Cello and orchestra

* Cello Concerto in A minor, Op. 60

### Other

* Serenade in F major for String Orchestra, Op. 6
* Lustige Overture for Orchestra, Op. 53 (1910)
* 'Aus ernster Zeit', Ouverture for Orchestra, Op. 56
* An die Schweiz, Variations for Orchestra, Op. 79
* Sinfonietta, Op. 83
* Bilder aus Japan, Op. 91
* Der Sturm, Ouverture for Orchestra (1918)
* Der Sturm, Suite for Orchestra

## Operas

* *Sakuntala*, Op. 9
* *Malawika (und Agnimitra)*, Op. 10
* *Genesius*, Op. 14
* *Orestes*, Op. 30, 1902 Oper Leipzig (trilogy):
    + *Agamemnon*, Op. 30/1
    + *Das Totenopfer*, Op. 30/2
    + *Die Erinyen*, Op. 30/3
* *Kain und Abel*, Op. 54
* *Dame Kobold*, Op. 57
* *Die Dorfschule*, Op. 64
* *Meister Andrea*, Op. 66
* *Der Apostat*, Op. 72

## Incidental music

* Musik zu Goethes Faust, Op. 43
* Der Sturm, Op. 65
* Terra, ein Symbol

## Choral music

* Traumnacht und Sturmhymnus, Op. 38
* Freiheitsgesang, Op. 67
* Auferstehung, Op. 69
* Immer, Op. 86/1
* Ave-Maria-Läuten, Op. 86/2
* Verheißung, Op. 86/3

## Lieder

* Lieder für Singstimme und Klavier, Op. 7
* Lieder für Singstimme und Klavier, Op. 8
* Die Wallfahrt nach Kevelaer, Op. 12
* Lieder für Singstimme und Klavier, Op. 13
* Acht Lieder für Singstimme und Klavier, Op. 15
* Acht Lieder für Singstimme und Klavier, Op. 16
* Drei Lieder für Singstimme und Klavier, Op. 17
* Severa, Op. 18
* Hilaria, Op. 19
* Zwölf Gedichte für Sopran / Tenor und Klavier, Op. 22
* Sechs Lieder für Sopran / Tenor und Klavier, Op. 25
* Drei Gedichte aus Gottfried Kellers Jugendzeit, Op. 27
* Zwölf Lieder für Sopran / Tenor und Klavier, Op. 28
* Vier Lieder für Sopran / Tenor und Klavier, Op. 31
* Sechs Märchenlieder für Sopran / Tenor und Klavier, Op. 32
* Unruhe der Nacht, Op. 35,1
* Stille der Nacht, Op. 35,2
* Lieder und Gesänge für Singstimme und Orchester, Op. 36
* Zwei Balladen von Carl Spitteler, Op. 37
* Aus fernen Welten, Op. 39
* Drei Lieder für Singstimme und Klavier, Op. 44
* Lieder für Singstimme und Klavier, Op. 45
* Fünf Lieder für Singstimme und Klavier, Op. 46
* Vier Lieder für Singstimme und Klavier, Op. 47
* Sechs Lieder für Singstimme und Klavier, Op. 48
* Abendlieder, Op. 51
* Vier Lieder für Singstimme und Klavier, Op. 55
* Daheim, Op. 59
* Blüten aus dem Osten, Op. 63
* Lieder für Singstimme und Klavier, Op. 68
* Lieder für Singstimme und Klavier, Op. 70
* Lieder für Singstimme und Klavier, Op. 75
* Lieder für Singstimme und Klavier, Op. 76
* An den Schmerz, Op. 77
* Der Weg, Op. 82
* Rom, Op. 90


title: The Breaking of the World

abstract: The Breaking of the World is the fifteenth studio album by American progressive rock band Glass Hammer, released on March 31, 2015. It is the band's first album since the departure of vocalist Jon Davison, who left in 2014 to concentrate on his efforts in Yes.

text:
# The Breaking of the World

***The Breaking of the World*** is the fifteenth studio album by American progressive rock band Glass Hammer, released on March 31, 2015. It is the band's first album since the departure of vocalist Jon Davison, who left in 2014 to concentrate on his efforts in Yes.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Lead vocals | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Mythopoeia" | Steve Babb | Babb, Alan Shikoh | Carl Groves | 8:34 |
| 2. | "Third Floor ("A Play in One Act")" | Fred Schendel | Shikoh, Schendel | Schendel, Susie Bogdanowicz | 11:03 |
| 3. | "Babylon" | Schendel | Babb | Groves | 7:55 |
| 4. | "A Bird When it Sneezes" | *Instrumental* | Shikoh | *Instrumental* | 0:34 |
| 5. | "Sand" | Schendel | Schendel | Groves | 5:46 |
| 6. | "Bandwagon" | Groves | Schendel | Groves | 6:19 |
| 7. | "Haunted" | Groves | Schendel | Bogdanowicz, Michele Lynn | 5:51 |
| 8. | "North Wind" | Babb | Shikoh | Groves | 9:25 |
| 9. | "Nothing, Everything" | Babb | Babb | Groves | 8:49 |
| Total length: | | | | | 1:04:16 |

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| The Breaking of the World | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Glass Hammer | |
| Released | March 31, 2015 |
| Recorded | 2014, Sound Resources, Chattanooga, Tennessee |
| Genre | Progressive rock, symphonic rock |
| Length | 1:04:16 |
| Label | Arion Records/Audio Resources |
| Producer | Fred Schendel, Steve Babb |
| Glass Hammer chronology | |
| *Ode to Echo*
(2014) ***The Breaking of the World***
(2015) *Valkyrie*
(2016) | |


title: Outline of tort law

abstract: The following outline is provided as an overview of and introduction to tort law in common law jurisdictions: Tort law – defines what a legal injury is and, therefore, whether a person may be held liable for an injury they have caused. Legal injuries are not limited to physical injuries. They may also include emotional, economic, or reputational injuries as well as violations of privacy, property, or constitutional rights.

text:
# Outline of tort law

The following outline is provided as an overview of and introduction to tort law in common law jurisdictions:

**Tort law**  defines what a legal injury is and, therefore, whether a person may be held liable for an injury they have caused. Legal injuries are not limited to physical injuries. They may also include emotional, economic, or reputational injuries as well as violations of privacy, property, or constitutional rights.

## Types of torts

### Torts against the person

Torts (trespass) against the person  category of torts that describes a civil wrong that causes physical harm to the complainant:

* Assault (tort)  intentionally and voluntarily causing the reasonable apprehension of an immediate harmful or offensive contact.
* Battery (tort)  Bringing about an unconsentful harmful or offensive contact with a person or to something closely associated with that person (such as an item of clothing). It differs from assault in that it requires actual contact.
* False imprisonment  A person is intentionally confined without legal authority.
* Intentional infliction of emotional distress  Intentional conduct that results in extreme emotional distress.

### Negligent torts

Negligence  failure to exercise the care that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in like circumstances

### Property torts

* Trespass to land  Committed when an individual intentionally enters the land of another without lawful excuse. It is actionable *per se*, and thus the party whose land was entered may sue even if no actual harm is done.
* Trespass to chattels  Committed when an individual intentionally interferes with the personal property of another. Slight deprivation, like briefly placing a hand on someone else's car, is not actionable.
* Conversion (law)  An intentional tort to personal property where the defendant's willful interference with the chattel deprives plaintiff of the possession of the same.
* Nuisance  Denial of quiet enjoyment to owners of real property. A private nuisance is an unreasonable, unwarranted, or unlawful interference with another person's private use and enjoyment of his or her property; whereas a public nuisance is an interference with the rights of the public generally. The test to determine whether an interference is reasonable is whether the gravity of the harm is outweighed by the social benefit of the nuisance.

### Dignitary torts

Dignitary torts  a specific category of intentional torts where the cause of action is being subjected to certain kinds of indignities.

* Defamation  The communication of a statement that makes a false claim, expressively stated or implied to be factual, that may harm the reputation of an entity.
    + Libel  Written defamation
    + Slander  Spoken defamation
    + False light  A tort unique to American jurisprudence which covers defamatory statements which, although true, can give rise to false negative perceptions of the claimant.
* Invasion of privacy  The unlawful intrusion into the personal life of another person without just cause.
* Breach of confidence  Protects private information conveyed in confidence; typically requires that the information be of a confidential nature, communicated in confidence, and was disclosed to the detriment of the claimant.
* Abuse of process  A malicious and deliberate misuse or perversion of regularly issued court process not justified by the underlying legal action.
* Malicious prosecution  Similar to abuse of process, but includes intent, pursuing without probable cause, and dismissal in favor of the victim. In some jurisdictions, *malicious prosecution* is reserved for the wrongful initiation of criminal proceedings, while *malicious use of process* refers to the wrongful initiation of civil proceedings.
* Alienation of affections  Brought by a spouse against a third party, whom the spouse believes has interfered with his or her marriage. There is no requirement that all affections in the marriage be destroyed, only that there has been some diminution in the love and affection between the married couple.

### Economic torts

Economic torts  torts that provide the common law rules on liability which arise out of business transactions such as interference with economic or business relationships and are likely to involve pure economic loss. Also called business torts.

* Fraud  Making of a false representation by one party with an intention to induce another party into an act of commission or omission owing to which the later party suffers a damage. The first Party may or may not be the benefited by the damage caused to second party. Also, the first party need not be in collusion with someone who actually benefited.
* Tortious interference  One person intentionally damages the plaintiff's contractual or other business relationships.
* Conspiracy (civil)  An agreement between two or more parties to deprive a third party of legal rights or deceive a third party to obtain an illegal objective.
* Restraint of trade  Contractual obligations not to trade are illegal agreements on public policy grounds unless they are reasonable in the interests concerning both parties and the public at large; this mainly affects post-termination restrictive covenants in employment contracts.
* Passing off  The tort of selling goods or services in a manner that falsely causes customers to believe they originate from a different brand or supplier.

### Strict and absolute liability torts

* Product liability  The area of law in which products manufacturers, distributors and sellers are held responsible for the injuries caused by their products. Generally, a product liability claim is based on either a design defect, a manufacturing defect, or a failure to warn. This topic is closely associated with negligence, breach of warranty and consumer protection.
* Ultrahazardous activity  An activity so dangerous that a person engaged in such an activity can be held strictly liable for injuries caused to another person, regardless of whether or not reasonable precautions were taken to prevent others from being injured.
* Absolute liability  The rule in M. C. Mehta v. Union of India, in Indian tort law is a unique outgrowth of the doctrine of strict liability for ultrahazardous activities. Under this principle of absolute liability, an enterprise is absolutely liable without exceptions to compensate everyone affected by any accident resulting from the operation of hazardous activity.

## Liability, defences, remedies

### Liability

* Attractive nuisance  A landowner may be liable for injuries to children trespassing on the land if the injury is caused by a hazardous object or condition on the land is likely to attract children.
* Duty of care  Liability arises when a tortfeasor fails to observe a duty of care toward the claimant. With regard to liability for landowners, the duty to visitors in tort law is dependent on how the claimant entered the land:
    + Trespasser  A person who is trespassing on a property without the permission on the owner. Conversely, the status of a visitor as a trespasser grants certain rights to the visitor if they are injured due to the negligence of the property owner.
    + Licensee  A person who is on the property of another, despite the fact that the property is not open to the general public; historically, emergency workers have been considered licensees.
    + Invitee  A person who is invited to the land by the possessor of the land, either as a guest or to conduct business.
* Comparative negligence  A partial defense that reduces the amount of damages a plaintiff can claim based upon the degree to which the plaintiff's own negligence contributed to the damages. Most jurisdictions have adopted this doctrine; those not adopting it are Alabama, Maryland, North Carolina, Virginia, And Washington D.C.
* Contributory negligence  A defense based on negligence of the plaintiff wherein the plaintiff's actions caused the event which drew the suit. An example of this is a pedestrian crossing a road carelessly and was hit by a driver driving carelessly.
* Last clear chance  Doctrine under which a plaintiff can recover against comparative and contributory negligence defenses if they can demonstrate that the defendant had the last opportunity to avoid the accident.
* Eggshell skull  Doctrine under which an individual is held liable for all consequences resulting from his actions even if the victim suffers an unusually high levels of damage (i.e., a pre-existing vulnerability or medical condition). The term comes an example argument that if a person had a skull as delicate as the shell of an egg, and an assailant was unaware of that condition hit that person on the head and it subsequently broke, the responsible party should be liable for all damages resulting from the content.
* Vicarious liability  A form of strict secondary liability arising from respondeat superior. The responsibility of the superior for the acts of their subordinates, under which, they are responsible for negligent acts committed by their employees during the course of their employment.

### Remedies

Remedies available vary depending on the type of tort committed and include:

* Damages  Monetary compensation or restitution for the claimant under the principle of restitutio ad integrum.
* Injunction  A court order requiring or forbidding an individual or entity to take/from taking a particular course of action.
* Tracing  A process whereby a court identifies the proceeds of a tort for the purpose of assessing compensation.
* Detinue  An action for the wrongful detention of goods, initiated by an individual who claims to have a greater right to their immediate possession than the current possessor or holder.
* Replevin  Signifies the recovery by a person of goods unlawfully taken out of his or her possession by a legal process.
* Trover  A form of lawsuit for recovery of damages for wrongful taking of personal property.

### Defences

* Consent  A possible excuse against civil or criminal liability under the defence that they should not be held liable as the actions were not taken without their permission.
    + Volenti non fit injuria  Latin for "To a willing person, no injury is done", this common law doctrine means that if someone willingly puts themselves in a position where harm might result, they can not sue if harm occurs. That is, a boxer consents to being hit, and the injuries related to boxing are thus not actionable (although if his opponent were to hit him with an iron bar, that would be actionable as he did not know such things would occur).
* Necessity (tort)  The defense of necessity gives the state or individual property of another; typically invoked only against the intentional torts of Trespass to chattels, trespass to land, or conversion (law). It is expressed in Latin as *necessitas inducit privilegium quod jura privata*, "Necessity induces a privilege because of a private right."
* Self-defence  Civilians acting on their own behalf to engage in violence for the sake of self-defence of one's own life or the lives of others, including the use of deadly force. Differs from necessity in that it is usually the response to an immediate danger.

## Other terms and principles


title: 123 Democratic Alliance

abstract: 123 Democratic Alliance was a pro-Kuomintang political party in Hong Kong. Established in 1994 by a group of pro-Taiwan, pro-democracy and pro-business politicians, it aims at striving for the unification of China, to strive for a free, democratic, and wealthy China, and to establish a democratic and prosperous Hong Kong. It remained a small party until it was dissolved in 2000 due to the lack of financial support from the Taiwan government, after the Kuomintang's defeat in the presidential election.

text:
# 123 Democratic Alliance

**123 Democratic Alliance** (Chinese: 一二三民主聯盟) was a pro-Kuomintang political party in Hong Kong. Established in 1994 by a group of pro-Taiwan, pro-democracy and pro-business politicians, it aims at striving for the unification of China, to strive for a free, democratic, and wealthy China, and to establish a democratic and prosperous Hong Kong. It remained a small party until it was dissolved in 2000 due to the lack of financial support from the Taiwan government, after the Kuomintang's defeat in the presidential election.

## History

The party was formed by the supporters of the Kuomintang government on Taiwan in 1994. It was represented by Sin Ling Yum in the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo) from 1995 to 1997. It was excluded from the Provisional Legislative Council, the interim body which largely controlled by the Beijing government. All candidates were defeated in the 1998 LegCo elections.

The party won six seats in the 1999 District Council elections. Due to lack of funding, the party did not file any candidates in the 2000 LegCo elections (although some of the losers continued to take part as independent participants or supporters of other parties), and was subsequently dissolved on 3 December 2000 due to the lack of financial support from the Taiwan government. The last chairman of the alliance was Tai Cheuk-yin.

## Election performance

### Legislative Council elections

| **Election** | Number of
popular votes | % of
popular votes | GC
seats | FC
seats | EC
seats | Total seats | +/− |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1995 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 / 60 |  |
| 1998 | 3,050 | 0.21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 / 60 |  |
|

### Municipal elections

| Election | Number of
popular votes | % of
popular votes | UrbCo
seats | RegCo
seats | Total
elected seats |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1995 | 7,916 | 1.42 | 0 | 0 | 0 / 59 |
|

### District Council elections

| Election | Number of
popular votes | % of
popular votes | Total
elected seats | +/− |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1994 | 15,527 | 2.26 | 6 / 346 | 0 |
| 1999 | 11,396 | 1.41 | 6 / 390 | 0 |
|

## InfoBox

| 123 Democratic Alliance 一二三民主聯盟 | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Founder | Yum Sin-ling |
| Founded | 20 March 1994 (1994-03-20) |
| Dissolved | 3 December 2000 (2000-12-03) |
| Ideology |  |
| Political position | Centre-right to right-wing |
| Regional affiliation | Pro-Taiwan camp
Pro-democracy camp |
|  | |


title: Petar Jokanović

abstract: Petar Jokanovic is a Bosnian handball goalkeeper who plays for Iceland club ÍBV and the Bosnian national team. He started playing handball for local club RK Kotor Varoš in Kotor Varoš, and later played for RK Borac Banja Luka and RK Bosna Sarajevo. He signed for HC Odorheiu Secuiesc in July 2015. After two years in Romania he signed with Red Boys Differdange.

text:
# Petar Jokanović

**Petar Jokanovic** (born 18 August 1990) is a Bosnian handball goalkeeper who plays for Iceland club ÍBV and the Bosnian national team. He started playing handball for local club RK Kotor Varoš in Kotor Varoš, and later played for RK Borac Banja Luka and RK Bosna Sarajevo. He signed for HC Odorheiu Secuiesc in July 2015. After two years in Romania he signed with Red Boys Differdange.

## Honours

### Club

1. "Petar Jokanovics". *szkc.ro*. Archived from the original on 2016-02-06.
2. "PETAR JOKANOVIC - Career & Statistics | EHF".
3. "Petar Jokanovic | Handbal Volei". *www.handbalvolei.ro*. Archived from the original on 2017-02-06.
4. "Petar Jokanović: Čast je biti dio bh. tima | VijestiBa". *vijesti.ba*. Archived from the original on 2019-02-02.
5. "Selektor objavio spisak: Bosna i Hercegovina bez najboljeg igrača! | SOP". *sop.ba*. Archived from the original on 2018-05-18.
6. "Bivšem golmanu RK Borac Petru Jokanoviću priznanje u Rumuniji".

## InfoBox

| Petar Jokanovic | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Personal information | | | |
| Born | (1990-08-18) 18 August 1990<br>Travnik, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina | | |
| Height | 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) | | |
| Playing position | Goalkeeper | | |
| Club information | | | |
| Current club | Red Boys Differdange | | |
| Number | 24 | | |
| Senior clubs | | | |
| Years | **Team** | | |
| 2005–2010 | RK Borac Banja Luka | | |
| 2010–2013 | RK Leotar | | |
| 2013–2014 | RK Bosna Sarajevo | | |
| 2014–2015 | RK Borac Banja Luka | | |
| 2015-2017 | HC Odorheiu Secuiesc | | |
| 2017–2019 | Red Boys Differdange | | |
| 2019– | ÍBV | | |
| National team | | | |
| Years | **Team** |
|  | Bosnia and Herzegovina |


title: Volvarina sebastieni

abstract: Volvarina sebastieni is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

text:
# Volvarina sebastieni

***Volvarina sebastieni*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 7.6 mm, its diameter 3.68 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Guadeloupe in the Caribbean Sea.

## InfoBox

| *Volvarina sebastieni* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Volvarina sebastieni* (holotype at MNHN, Paris) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Marginellidae |
| Subfamily: | Marginellinae |
| Genus: | *Volvarina* |
| Species: | ***V. sebastieni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Volvarina sebastieni***<br>Espinosa & Ortea, 2012 | |
|


title: University College, Bristol

abstract: University College, Bristol was an educational institution which existed from 1876 to 1909. It was the predecessor institution to the University of Bristol, which gained a royal charter in 1909. During its time the college mainly served the middle classes of Bristol, and catered for young men who had entered a family business and needed a greater understanding of scientific topics.

text:
# University College, Bristol

**University College, Bristol** was an educational institution which existed from 1876 to 1909. It was the predecessor institution to the University of Bristol, which gained a royal charter in 1909. During its time the college mainly served the middle classes of Bristol, and catered for young men who had entered a family business and needed a greater understanding of scientific topics.

## Origins

The history of University College, Bristol and ultimately the University of Bristol can be traced as far back as 1872 and the attempts of John Percival, a local educationalist and headmaster of Clifton College, to press for the creation of a college. Percival was a supporter of the education of women, having founded an Association for the Promotion of the Higher Education of Women in 1868, and an Association for the Promotion of Evening Classes a year later. Percival's strong Christian religious views (he later became a bishop) influenced his views on education, in that he believed that opportunities should be available to both males and females irrespective of their declared faith. He is credited with the initial idea that there should be a university in Bristol. Lewis Fry, a later influence on the college and the subsequent university, is quoted as saying that it was to Percival that they owed the foundation of the college.

In 1872 Percival wrote a letter to the Oxford colleges noting the lack of a university culture in the provinces. He also canvassed support when Bristol Medical School was looking for a new building and in 1873 he suggested to the Medical School Council that they both approach the Bristol Museum and Library Society to attempt to establish a college. This allowed the creation of a committee to promote the scheme led by the dean of Bristol, which contained prominent Bristol politicians from the Liberal and Conservative Parties and members representing local industry. It was in July 1876 that the medical school agreed to affiliate with the college in return for the promise that it would be supplied with additional space to expand, a promise which was eventually honoured three years later. This building now houses the University of Bristol's Department of Geography.

In 1873 Percival wrote a pamphlet entitled *The Connection of the Universities and the Great Towns* which was met with a positive response from Benjamin Jowett, a connection of Percival, who at this time was the Master of Balliol College. His promise of sponsorship initially helped the project. It was Percival's connections with the colleges of Oxford which helped in lobbying for the creation of the university. Percival was able to agree that the Master of Balliol College would subscribe £300 to the project, on the terms that adult education was catered for and that the college catered for the arts as well as the sciences.

On 11 June 1874 the Victoria Rooms hosted a meeting to promote what was described as a **College of Science and Literature for the West of England and South Wales**. The meeting was attended by the then president of the British Association and Sir William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin). This meeting has been described as a partial success, as it gained the support of Albert Fry and Lewis Fry, members of the influential Fry family (the Fry name being known for the chocolate business set up by their grandfather and developed by their father Joseph Storrs Fry). Lewis Fry was a Quaker, lawyer and later a Liberal and Unionist Member of Parliament from 1885 to 1892 and 1895 to 1890 for the constituency Bristol North. Albert Fry also gained distinction as the founder of the Bristol Wagon & Carriage Works Co. However, the fact that the project attracted large numbers of Quakers, Non-Conformists and Liberals meant that the project was labelled as such an institution. Tories made some initial grants to the project but soon focused their interest on a rival institution through the Society of Merchant Venturers which was considered mostly Conservative in politics. Ironically, the Society of Merchant Venturers, which was to become a rival institution during much of the college's history, made a gift of £1000 at this point.

Despite this initial donation, a lack of funds was to plague University College, Bristol up until the donations which allowed it to lobby for a royal charter. Initially the financial response to the meeting was disappointing, with the college gaining only £25,991 of the £40,000 funds which it asked for. It was at this stage that the Wills family became involved in the project with Henry Overton Wills donating £250 to the project. The lacklustre response to the call for funds had the immediate result of delaying the opening of the college until 1876, and meant that when it did open it was under the most stringent financial conditions. Shelborne notes that the setting up of the college struggled due to the fact that Bristol lacked a significant industry which saw benefit in the creation a college, an absence of the *nouveaux riches*, and no philanthropic industrialists who wished to highlight the importance of Bristol.

## Opening of University College, Bristol

University College, Bristol opened on Tuesday 10 October 1876 at 9.00 a.m. with a mathematics lecture by W. R. Bousfield, who also lectured in higher maths an hour later. The charges for such a course were three guineas for two lectures each week during the Christmas and Easter terms; a student also had to pay 7s as an entrance fee to enroll. At its opening in 1876, two professors and five lecturers offered lectures in fifteen subject areas. The college was situated at 32 Park Row and was rented for £50 per annum. As requested by Jowett when giving money, the college was open to men and women on the same basis (except in medicine), The college offered scholarships, the most valuable of which was one in chemistry worth £25. General scholarships of £15 were also available. Despite the label of 'University' however, the institution did not have the power to award degrees to its students. There were, however, links with the University of London which allowed the external sitting of these examinations and the Cambridge Local Higher Examinations useful for those who wished to become teachers.

During the first year 30 men and 69 women registered for classes, and there were 238 evening classes, which cost five shillings with a registration fee of one shilling. The buildings rented were used by the college as a deaf and dumb institute. In its early years the college was very poor. The college had raised £23,437, just short of the £25,000 that it was suggested was required at the Victoria Rooms meeting, but in reality this sum fell well short of what would be sufficient. Much of the college's initial money was spent on acquiring land such as that beside Rifle Drill Hall, next to where Bristol Grammar School now stands.

Several lecturers at the college achieved reputations in their own subject fields, including Henry Selby Hele-Shaw (Engineering), Silvanus Thompson (Physics), and William Johnson Sollas (Geography). The college lacked any kind of formal syllabus. Students' reasons for entering the college were varied, with some, such as G. H. Leonard (who later became a professor at the University of Bristol), using their time there as preparation for the Cambridge scholarship examination. One female student is said to have attended "in order to improve after dinner conversation". However, by the 1880s University College, Bristol could be said to be producing its first graduates.

Jowett's connections with Alfred Marshall allowed him to pick Marshall as the first principal of the college. Marshall is now considered one of the most dominant figures in world economics at the beginning of the 20th century. Marshall came to Bristol as a result of his marriage to one of his students Mary Paley at St. John's, which required his immediate resignation of his fellowship there in Moral Science. Marshall taught evening classes to young businessmen while his wife taught during the day to ladies. Her salary was deducted from his wages. Today Alfred Marshall has a building of the University of Bristol named after him in recognition of his early influence on the foundation of the university.

Marshall stated his intention to leave in 1879 and was talked out of resigning, but he eventually did so in 1881 during a period of acute financial struggle for the college. Marshall's reasons for resignation were varied; he found the nature of the job left little time for the reflection needed to pursue his academic work, and he preferred academia to administration. The financial situation of the college played a part, and he found the need to "beg" to maintain the institution's finances distasteful. There was an obvious successor to the position of principal, with chemistry professor William Ramsay replacing Marshall in the post.

Ramsay is said to have brought great energy to the talk of improving the college. He embarked on a round of after-dinner parties to promote the college, and in 1883 he was able to build a purpose-built laboratory. In 1884 the college came close to bankruptcy when the treasurer announced that funds would dry up within two months. The college survived, but two professors were given notice of dismissal and their departments were placed on a self-supporting notice. At this time Welsh colleges were able to receive financial support but not English ones, so English colleges therefore decided to lobby the Government for funding. The result was that English colleges would receive a grant of £15000, of which Bristol gained the modest share of £1,200. Ramsay resigned his post in 1887 after being appointed chair of chemistry at University College, London. Although no longer principal, after his resignation he used his influence to lobby the college council to appoint his assistant Morris Travers to the chair of chemistry when the position became vacant. Travers is credited with pushing forward the Charter campaign during the beginning of the 20th century.

When Conwy Lloyd Morgan was appointed he was only given the lesser title of Dean of University College, Bristol, and it was only in 1891 when finances had improved that he was given the title of principal. Morgan had come to Bristol in 1884 from a post in Cape Town, South Africa. Today he is considered to be one of the first experimental psychologists, but he came to Bristol to replace the geology teacher William Johnson Sollas. He is considered to have coined much of the terminology regarding contemporary animal science. At Bristol he became fully involved in the campaign to gain the college a royal charter.

The financial problems of the college were based upon the fact that there had been a failure to find a 'local Carnegie' – a business magnate who could finance the university by providing endowments and financing the payment of staff. The passing of the Technical Instruction Act empowered local authorities to level a rate for technical instruction. Bristol was able to apply for a further £2,000 in funds and a further £500 was gained in return for an agreement that free places would be made available to some students. This money was used to build an Engineering block. A few months earlier the Medical School building had been finished and formally incorporated into the college. It was not until 1899 that the college began to receive any kind of state funding, leading one lecturer to joke that the motto of the college should be not *Knowledge is power* but *College is poor*; until this time the college was wholly dependent upon the student fees paid for the courses. However, the college was expanded as finances allowed during the 1890s after it had teetered on the edge of bankruptcy several times the decade before.

By 1897 some anxiety was caused by the opening of a Bristol Technical College which began to draw some of the students who would have attended University College, Bristol. However, it is argued that this threat was more imaginary than real as the University College was able to cater for more academic interests.

## Campaign for a royal charter

At the turn of the century the chances of the college gaining a royal charter seemed a distant prospect. Many on the College Council were aware of the need to progress and achieve greater financial support including Lewis Fry. They were aware that was it not for the anonymous donations made to the college (by a Mr Fenwick Richards) during the last century there would have been bankruptcy. The establishment of the University Colston Society (named after one of Bristol's great benefactors Edward Colston) was the impetus for the campaign to create a university for Bristol and the West of England. It was non-political and was aimed at shaking off the image that the college was a Liberal institution as it was recognised broad political support needed to be generated in order for the plan to become a university to succeed. The first Society Dinner was held on 7 December 1899 with the guest speaker James Bryce (later Viscount Bryce).

In 1900 a committee was set under the chairmanship of the Bishop of Bristol. However, the committee only ever had one meeting after the first resulted in the announcement that a report into the viability of a university for Bristol would require a Registrar at a cost of £1000 per annum. There was some debate as to whether an autonomous University should be formed for Bristol and the West of England or whether a federal organisation should be created which included University College, Bristol as well as Merchant Venturers' Technical College as possibly the colleges of Reading, Exeter and Southampton. Lord Haldane had proposed the idea of a federal university as a compromise but it failed to increase support.

Morris Travers who gained the post of lecture in chemistry at the college is generally credited with pushing forward the campaign to gain a charter by courting the local press and pressing for the support of the Fry brothers who held power on the City power continuously from 1882 and 1909. There is evidence that Marshall had told Travers to reject the compromise idea of a federal university and push for a Bristol university. Travers spoke to Lewis Fry head of the College Council on 1 February 1905 and was able to make Fry write to relatives to increase support. Lewis Fry was able to get the Conservative chairman of the City Education Committee to agree to the idea of setting up a university. Travers wrote pamphlets advocating the university and editorials were written for the *Bristol Times* supporting the university.

By 1905 it could be stated that the national government were supportive of the idea of setting up a university in Bristol. Here, two piece of fortune occurred. The Blind Asylum on Queen's Road at the top of Park Street, where the Wills Memorial Building now stands, came up for sale. Travers picked up a telephone line which was shared with the Asylum and was able to eavesdrop and hear the conversation which stated that the trustees were preparing to sell. Although with a price of £40,000 for the land it seemed unlikely the college could afford to purchase the plot, on 11 January 1906, William Travers was told by Lewis Fry that he had been promised the money to purchase the plot by several members of the Fry family and Wills Family: his brother Joseph Storrs Fry (£10,000), cousin Francis Fry (£5,000), Sir William Henry Wills (£10,000) and Sir Fredrick Wills (£5,000). It was the Wills and Fry families who were the chief benefactors of what became the University of Bristol. Joseph Storrs Fry was a successful businessman but the wealth of the Fry family was small in relation to that of the Wills. Frederick Wills had sat on University College councils and between 1900 and 1906 was the sitting MP for Bristol North, the seat that was previously occupied by Lewis Fry. William Henry Wills was first chairman of Imperial Tobacco and his families personal estate was estimated to make the Wills family one of the richest families in the land.

The second fortunate event occurred in January 1906 when the Merchant Venturers' Technical College was destroyed by fire. The Merchant Venturers saw University College, Bristol as dominated by Liberals and therefore supported the Bristol Trade School instead. The fire made the organisation worried about its future and removed any objection which they would have to the creation of a university.

In 1906 a committee to promote the creation of the university was established. Lewis Fry was able to announce that £30,000 as an endowment fund was to be given by Lord Winterstoke (a member of the Wills Family). The Merchant Venturers had negotiations to join with the college but were unable to a complete amalgamation wanted to retain some autonomy. There was another setback when Travers left the project to work on the setting up of an Indian Research Institution in Bangalore. Travers can be credited with significantly moving forward the project but the issue of finances remained still remained.

On 14 January 1908 at the annual College Colston society dinner George Alfred Wills rose to his feet and dramatically announced the news that his father, Henry Overton, was to donate £100,000 to the cause promoting the creation of the university providing that a royal charter was obtained within two years. Records note that the room began to cheer after the announcement was made. This announcement caused further funds to be promised by those attending the university. The day ended with the university endowment fund standing at five times greater than it had at the start with the university scheme attracting more in 24-hours than it did in its entire history. The raising of such large firms meant that the Privy Council could not argue that the creation of what were then disparagingly known as 'Lilliputian' Universities would in any way result in a decrease in the standard of British universities. H.O. Wills had little contact with the college apart from the fact that he had sent his son Harry to classes there. He died in 1911 after becoming the first chancellor of the University of Bristol. The Wills Memorial Building was built by his two surviving sons in memory at a cost of £500,000. The impact of the Wills family upon the university can also be founding in the naming of the H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory built by George in memory of his brother which cost some £200,000 and the building of Wills Hall, a hall of residence for the university in Stoke Bishop. Unlike many of the supporters of the university the Wills were not Liberals or Quakers but Congregationalists.

Later an agreement with the Merchant Venturers was made with the organisation being merged with the college's Engineering Department to create a new Faculty of Engineering. All teaching was to take place in the Merchant Venturers Building. The principal Julius Wertheimer was left with little bargaining power after the destruction of his own institutions buildings. As government funding was linked to endowment this massive endowment created further wealth for the college. Later in 1908 a petition was presented to the Privy Council representing the views of the University Committee. On 24 May 1909 Bristol University, as it then became known, gained its royal charter allowing it to award degrees after the king in Privy Council assented to the creation of a university. Flags were flown from public buildings in Bristol and the city's church bells hang out on receiving the news.

## Hodgson affair

In 1916 the head of the head of the women's secondary teacher training department, Geraldine Hodgson was dismissed for reasons that were not made clear. Hodgson had served since 1902 and she was a published author and a graduate. Jealousy of her achievements, her support for the suffrage movement and a dispute with the vice-chancellor, Isambard Owen, are possible factors. Hodgson ended her career at Ripon and Wakefield and Bradford Diocesan Training College.

## List of principals

University College, Bristol, existed from 1877 to 1909, after which it became the University of Bristol.

## Further reading

* *University College, Bristol: pioneering teacher training for women*, J. B. Thomas, Journal of the History of Education Society 17(1), March 1988
* *University College, Bristol*, J. W. Shelborne (1977) – Issued by the Bristol branch of the Historical Association; The University, Bristol
* *A University for Bristol*, D. Cartleton (1984), University of Bristol Press

51°27′16″N 2°36′10″W / 51.4544°N 2.6028°W / 51.4544; -2.6028


title: Turbonilla mexicana

abstract: Turbonilla mexicana is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

text:
# Turbonilla mexicana

***Turbonilla mexicana*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## Description

The robust dull brown shell is large and broadly conic. The whorls of the protoconch are decollated and probably the first whorl of teleoconch is missing from the type specimen. All but the last whorl of the teleoconch are flattened, flatly shouldered and crenulated at the summit. The body whorl is inflated and well rounded. The periphery of the body whorl is marked by a strong sulcus. The sutures are channeled. The entire surface of the spire and the base is marked by lines of growth, which are quite prominent on the last turn. The base is inflated, strongly rounded, with a slender fasciole at the insertion of the columella. The aperture is oval. The posterior angle is acute. The shell is slightly channeled anteriorly. The outer lip is thin, with a white band at the periphery. The remainder is brown with darker colored lines, reinforced deeply within by five spiral cords, two of which are posterior and three anterior to the periphery. The conic columella is stout, with a strong lamellar fold at its insertion and two much more oblique ones anterior to it.

## Distribution

The type specimen was found off Scammon Lagoon, Baja California peninsula.

## InfoBox

| *Turbonilla mexicana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Drawing of a shell of *Turbonilla mexicana* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Family: | Pyramidellidae |
| Genus: | *Turbonilla* |
| Species: | ***T. mexicana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Turbonilla mexicana***<br>Dall & Bartsch, 1909 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Turbonilla (Longchaeus) mexicana* Dall & Bartsch, 1909 | |


abstract: Oz is an American drama television series which was produced and broadcast by premium cable network HBO from 1997 to 2003. The series has been successful with many award associations, in particular, the American Latino Media Arts Awards, the Casting Society of America's Artios Awards, the CableACE Awards, the Online Film & Television Association Awards and the International Press Academy's Satellite Awards. It has never been the recipient of any major awards, however, it has been nominated two Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series and Outstanding Casting for a Series, as well as garnering several nominations at the NAACP Image Awards. Rita Moreno is the most nominated actress of the series, with a total of four wins out of twelve nominations. Other successful recipients include Lauren Vélez, Ernie Hudson, Eamonn Walker and Christopher Meloni.

text:
# List of awards and nominations received by Oz

*Oz* is an American drama television series which was produced and broadcast by premium cable network HBO from 1997 to 2003. The series has been successful with many award associations, in particular, the American Latino Media Arts Awards (known as the ALMA Awards), the Casting Society of America's Artios Awards, the CableACE Awards, the Online Film & Television Association Awards and the International Press Academy's Satellite Awards. It has never been the recipient of any major awards, however, it has been nominated two Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series and Outstanding Casting for a Series, as well as garnering several nominations at the NAACP Image Awards.

Rita Moreno is the most nominated actress of the series, with a total of four wins out of twelve nominations. Other successful recipients include Lauren Vélez, Ernie Hudson, Eamonn Walker and Christopher Meloni.

## Primetime Emmy Awards

| Year | Category | Nominee(s) | Result | Ref(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1999 | Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series | Charles S. Dutton | Nominated |  |
| | Outstanding Casting for a Series | Alexa L. Fogel | Nominated |  |

## ALMA Awards

| Year | Category | Nominee(s) | Result | Ref(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1998 | Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series | Kirk Acevedo | Nominated |  |
| | Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series | Rita Moreno | Won |  |
| 1999 | Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series | Kirk Acevedo | Nominated |  |
| | Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series | Lauren Vélez | Nominated |  |
| | Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series | Rita Moreno | Won |  |
| | Outstanding Drama Series | *Oz* | Nominated |  |
| 2000 | Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series | Kirk Acevedo | Nominated |  |
| | Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series | Lauren Vélez | Nominated |  |
| | Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series | Rita Moreno | Nominated |  |
| 2001 | Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series | Kirk Acevedo | Nominated |  |
| | Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series | Lauren Vélez | Won |  |
| | Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series | Rita Moreno | Nominated |  |
| | Outstanding Television Series | *Oz* | Nominated |  |
| 2002 | Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series | Lauren Vélez | Nominated |  |
| | Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series | Rita Moreno | Won |  |
| | Outstanding Television Series | *Oz* | Nominated |  |

## Artios Awards

The Artios Awards are presented by the Casting Society of America.

| Year | Category | Nominee(s) | Result | Ref(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1998 | Dramatic Pilot Casting | Alexa L. Fogel | Won |  |
| | Dramatic Episodic Casting | | Won |  |
| 1999 | Dramatic Episodic Casting | | Won |  |
| 2000 | Dramatic Episodic Casting | | Nominated |  |
| 2001 | Dramatic Episodic Casting | | Nominated |  |
| 2002 | Dramatic Episodic Casting | | Nominated |  |

## CableACE Awards

| Year | Category | Nominee(s) | Result | Ref(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1997 | Actor in a Dramatic Special or Series | Eamonn Walker | Won |  |
| | Actor in a Dramatic Special or Series | Kirk Acevedo | Nominated |  |
| | Actor in a Dramatic Special or Series | Terry Kinney | Nominated |  |
| | Actress in a Dramatic Special or Series | Rita Moreno | Won |  |
| | Directing a Dramatic Special or Series | Nick Gomez | Nominated |  |
| | Writing a Dramatic Special or Series | Tom Fontana | Nominated |  |
| | Dramatic Series | *Oz* | Won |  |

## Il Festival Nazionale del Doppiaggio Voci nell'Ombra

| Year | Category | Nominee(s) | Result | Ref(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2001 | Special Jury Prize | Giovanni Giacomo Galassi | Won |  |

## Edgar Awards

The Edgar Awards are presented by the Mystery Writers of America.

| Year | Category | Nominee(s) | Result | Ref(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | Special Edgar Award | Tom Fontana | Won |  |

## GLAAD Media Awards

| Year | Category | Nominee(s) | Result | Ref(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | Outstanding Drama Series | *Oz* | Nominated |  |

## NAACP Image Awards

| Year | Category | Nominee(s) | Result | Ref(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1999 | Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series | Rita Moreno | Nominated |  |
| | Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series | Charles S. Dutton | Nominated |  |
| 2000 | Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series | Rita Moreno | Nominated |  |
| | Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series | Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje | Nominated |  |
| | Outstanding Drama Series | *Oz* | Nominated |  |
| 2001 | Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series | Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje | Nominated |  |
| 2003 | Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series | Rita Moreno | Nominated |  |

## OFTA Awards

The OFTA Awards are presented by the Online Film & Television Association.

| Year | Category | Nominee(s) | Result | Ref(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1998 | Best Actor in a Cable Series | Ernie Hudson | Nominated |  |
| | Best Actress in a Cable Series | Rita Moreno | Nominated |  |
| | Best Ensemble in a Cable Series | Cast of *Oz* | Nominated |  |
| | Best Episode of a Cable Series | Episode: "Capital P" | Nominated |  |
| | Best Direction in a Cable Series | *Oz* / directing team | Nominated |  |
| | Best Writing in a Cable Series | *Oz* / writing team | Nominated |  |
| | Best Editing in a Cable Series | *Oz* / editing team | Nominated |  |
| | Best New Titles Sequence in a Cable Series | *Oz* | Nominated |  |
| | Best New Drama Series | *Oz* | Nominated |  |
| | Best Cable Series | *Oz* | Nominated |  |
| 1999 | Best Actor in a Cable Series | Ernie Hudson | Nominated |  |
| | Best Actor in a Cable Series | Terry Kinney | Nominated |  |
| | Best Actress in a Cable Series | Rita Moreno | Nominated |  |
| | Best Guest in a Cable Series | Charles S. Dutton | Nominated |  |
| | Best Guest in a Cable Series | David Lansbury | Nominated |  |
| | Best Guest in a Cable Series | Christopher Meloni | Won |  |
| | Best Ensemble Cast in a Cable Series | Cast of *Oz* | Nominated |  |
| | Best Episode of a Cable Series | Episode: "Animal Farm" | Nominated |  |
| | Best Episode of a Cable Series | Episode: "Escape from Oz" | Nominated |  |
| | Best Direction in a Cable Series | *Oz* / direction team | Nominated |  |
| | Best Writing in a Cable Series | *Oz* / writing team | Nominated |  |
| | Best Cable Series | *Oz* | Nominated |  |

## PGA Television Awards

The PGA Television Awards are presented by the Producers Guild of America.

| Year | Category | Nominee(s) | Result | Ref(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2001 | Best Episodic Drama | *Oz* | Nominated |  |

## Satellite Awards

The Satellite Awards are presented by the International Press Academy.

| Year | Category | Nominee(s) | Result | Ref(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1999 | Best Actor – Television Series Drama | Ernie Hudson | Won |  |
| | Best Actress – Television Series Drama | Rita Moreno | Nominated |  |
| | Best Television Series – Drama | *Oz* | Won |  |
| 2000 | Best Actor – Television Series Drama | Eamonn Walker | Nominated |  |
| | Best Television Series – Drama | *Oz* | Nominated |  |

## Writers Guild of America Awards

The Writers Guild of America Awards are presented by Writers Guild of America, East.

| Year | Category | Nominee(s) | Result | Ref(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | Best Episodic Drama | Tom Fontana<br>Bradford Winters | Nominated |  |

1. "Charles S. Dutton". *emmys.com*. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
2. "20 Great TV Shows That Never Won a Major Award: The Leftovers, Hannibal, Oz, The Good Place, Fringe and More". *TVLine*. April 2, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
3. "Alexa L. Fogel". *emmys.com*. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
4. "Kirk Acevedo Biography". *TV Guide*. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
5. "ALMA Awards USA (1998 Awards)". *IMDb*. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
6. "ALMA Awards USA (1999 Awards)". *IMDb*. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
7. "ALMA Awards USA (2000 Awards)". *IMDb*. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
8. "ALMA Awards USA (2001 Awards)". *IMDb*. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
9. "Lauren Vélez Biography". *TV Guide*. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
10. "ALMA Awards USA (2002 Awards)". *IMDb*. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
11. "1998 Artios Awards". *castingsociety.com*. November 4, 1998. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
12. "1999 Artios Awards". *castingsociety.com*. September 22, 1999. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
13. "2000 Artios Awards". *castingsociety.com*. November 1, 2000. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
14. "2001 Artios Awards". *castingsociety.com*. October 4, 2001. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
15. "2002 Artios Awards". *castingsociety.com*. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
16. "CableAce Nominations". *Variety*. September 24, 1997. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
17. "CableAce Awards". *Variety*. November 16, 1997. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
18. "Il Festival Nazionale del Doppiaggio Voci nell'Ombra (2001 Awards)". *IMDb*. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
19. "Category List – Special Edgars". *edgarawards.com*. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
20. "GLAAD announces nominees". *The Advocate*. Pride Media. January 19, 2020. ISSN 0001-8996. Archived from the original on October 25, 2000. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
21. "Image Awards (NAACP) (1999 Awards)". *IMDb*. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
22. "The 31st NAACP Image Awards (2000) Full Show". *YouTube*. June 6, 2020. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
23. "Image Awards (NAACP) (2000 Awards)". *IMDb*. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
24. "Image Awards (NAACP) (2001 Awards)". *IMDb*. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
25. "Image Awards (NAACP) (2003 Awards)". *IMDb*. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
26. "2nd Annual TV Awards (1997-98)". *oftaawards.com*. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
27. "3rd Annual TV Awards (1998-99)". *oftaawards.com*. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
28. "12th Annual Golden Laurel Awards are announced". Producers Guild of America. Archived from the original on February 11, 2001. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
29. "Oz (TV Series) (1997)". *filmaffinity.com*. Retrieved May 7, 2022.
30. "1999 3rd Annual SATELLITE™ Awards". *pressacademy.com*. Archived from the original on February 1, 2008. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
31. "2000 4th Annual SATELLITE™ Awards". *pressacademy.com*. Archived from the original on December 3, 2007. Retrieved May 5, 2022.

## InfoBox

*Oz* awards and nominations
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Totals | |
| Wins | 15 |
| Nominations | 70 |
| Note  1. Certain award groups do not simply award one winner. They acknowledge several different recipients, have runners-up, and have third place. Since this is a specific recognition and is different from losing an award, runner-up mentions are considered wins in this award tally. For simplification and to avoid errors, each award in this list has been presumed to have had a prior nomination. | |


title: The Boat Race 1930

abstract: The 82nd Boat Race took place on 12 April 1930. Held annually, the Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames. In a race umpired by former Oxford rower Charles Burnell, Cambridge won by two lengths in a time of 19 minutes 9 seconds. Their seventh consecutive victory, it took the overall record to 41–40 in their favour, the first time for 68 years that they held the lead in the event.

text:
# The Boat Race 1930

The **82nd Boat Race** took place on 12 April 1930. Held annually, the Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames. In a race umpired by former Oxford rower Charles Burnell, Cambridge won by two lengths in a time of 19 minutes 9 seconds. Their seventh consecutive victory, it took the overall record to 4140 in their favour, the first time for 68 years that they held the lead in the event.

## Background

The Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing competition between the University of Oxford (sometimes referred to as the "Dark Blues") and the University of Cambridge (sometimes referred to as the "Light Blues"). The race was first held in 1829, and since 1845 has taken place on the 4.2-mile (6.8 km) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London. The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities; it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and, as of 2014, broadcast worldwide. Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions, having won the 1929 race by ten lengths, with the overall record tied on 40 victories each (excluding the "dead heat" of 1877).

Cambridge were coached by Francis Escombe, J. C. Holcroft, J. A. MacNabb (who had rowed in the 1924 race) and P. H. Thomas (a four-time Blue between 1902 and 1905). Oxford's coaches were Stanley Garton (who had rowed three times between 1909 and 1911), P. C. Mallam (a Dark Blue from 1921 to 1924 inclusive) and Arthur Wiggins (who had rowed for Oxford in the 1912, 1913 and 1914 races). For the fourth consecutive year the umpire was Charles Burnell who had rowed for Oxford in the 1895, 1896, 1897 and 1898 races. Charles Kent, who rowed for Oxford in the 1891 race, was the finishing judge for the third consecutive year.

According to the rowing correspondent for *The Times*, the "Cambridge Trial Eights ... were certainly not comparable with those of the past four years." Conversely, Oxford "had better Trial Eights than for many years past". They performed well in their practice rows during the build-up to the race: they broke the record to the Mile Post by four seconds. Cambridge were considered "slightly the faster" but Oxford were "coming on". Both crews rowed in boats built by Sims brothers of Putney, and used Aylings oars.

## Crews

The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 12 st 8 lb (79.6 kg), 1.5 pounds (0.7 kg) per rower more than their opponents. Oxford saw two rowers return in Hugh Edwards and D. E. Tinne. Cambridge's boat contained three participants with Boat Race experience, including Olympic gold medallist Michael Warriner and J. B. Collins, both of whom were making their third consecutive appearance. Just one participant in the race was registered as non-British in Cambridge's cox, the American Robert Egerton Swartwout.

| Seat | Oxford
 | | | Cambridge
 | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Name | College | Weight | Name | College | Weight |
| Bow | M. J. Waterhouse | Balliol | 12 st 8 lb | D. Haig-Thomas | Lady Margaret Boat Club | 11 st 4 lb |
| 2 | R. V. Low | University | 12 st 2.5 lb | H. R. N. Rickett | 3rd Trinity | 12 st 6 lb |
| 3 | N. K. Hutton | University | 12 st 11 lb | W. A. Prideaux | 3rd Trinity | 12 st 6 lb |
| 4 | C. M. Johnston | Brasenose | 12 st 11 lb | P. N. Carpmael | Jesus | 12 st 7 lb |
| 5 | H. R. A. Edwards | Christ Church | 13 st 10 lb | M. H. Warriner (P) | 1st Trinity | 13 st 10 lb |
| 6 | L. Clive | Christ Church | 13 st 0.5 lb | J. B. Collins | 3rd Trinity | 14 st 5 lb |
| 7 | D. E. Tinne | University | 12 st 1 lb | A. S. Reeve | Selwyn | 12 st 1 lb |
| Stroke | C. F. Martineau | University | 10 st 13 lb | T. A. Brocklebank | 3rd Trinity | 11 st 11.5 lb |
| Cox | H. A. G. Durbridge | University | 8 st 7 lb | R. E. Swartwout | 1st Trinity | 7 st 8 lb |
| Source:
(P)  boat club president
A. Graham acted as the non-rowing president for Oxford. | | | | | | |

## Race

Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station, handing the Middlesex side of the river to Cambridge. In an "unpleasant drizzle", the umpire Burnell started the race at 12:30 p.m. The Light Blues made a "smoother start" but were marginally out-rated by Oxford who held a one-third length lead after a minute. They extended their lead to two-thirds of a length by Craven Steps but the bend in the river favoured Cambridge, and their lead was halved. By the Mile Post, the Dark Blues led by the length of a canvas.

Oxford's stroke Martineau responded to a push from Cambridge and were nearly a length ahead as both crews passed the Harrods Furniture Depository. Another spurt from the Light Blues saw the lead reduced to one-third of a length by the time the crews passed below Hammersmith Bridge in a record time. Reducing the stroke rate to cope with the rough water, Oxford had increased their lead to three-quarters of a length by Chiswick Eyot, yet were back to a half-length lead by Chiswick Steps as the Light Blues coped better in the conditions. Along Duke's Meadows Cambridge closed the gap and "the crews raced stroke for stroke", with the Light Blues taking the lead. The crews passed below Barnes Bridge with Cambridge holding a length's advantage and out-rated their opponents, who kept rowing to the end. Cambridge won by two lengths in a time of 19 minutes 9 seconds, their seventh consecutive victory and the eleventh in the previous twelve years. It was the fastest winning time since the 1924 race, and the fifth-fastest time in the history of the event.

The rowing correspondent for *The Times* suggested that "this year was one of the exceptional years by which the vast crowds who swarm on the towpath are more than rewarded for the years of waiting, and moreover Cambridge men as well as Oxford will rejoice to see so fine a courage and skill once more animating a losing crew". During the course of the race, a spectator boat became waterlogged, resulting in eight people being taken to hospital.

**Notes**

**Bibliography**

## InfoBox

| 82nd Boat Race | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 12 April 1930 (1930-04-12) |
| Winner | Cambridge |
| Margin of victory | 2 lengths |
| Winning time | 19 minutes 9 seconds |
| Overall record
(CambridgeOxford) | 41–40 |
| Umpire | Charles Burnell
(Oxford) |
| Other races | |
| Women's winner | Cambridge |
|  | |


title: F. E. Wood

abstract: Dr. Francis Ernest Wood was a medical practitioner and philatelist who was a specialist in the stamps of the Malay States. In 1949 he was awarded the Crawford Medal by the Royal Philatelic Society London for his work Straits Settlements postage stamps. Wood was a Senior Medical Officer in Perak.

text:
# F. E. Wood

Dr. **Francis Ernest Wood** (23 September 1877  1964) was a medical practitioner and philatelist who was a specialist in the stamps of the Malay States. In 1949 he was awarded the Crawford Medal by the Royal Philatelic Society London for his work *Straits Settlements postage stamps*.

Wood was a Senior Medical Officer in Perak.

## Selected publications

* "Straits Settlements and native protected states with special reference to stamps of doubtful catalogue status" in The London Philatelist, Feb/Mar 1939.
* *Straits Settlements postage stamps*. Betws-y-Coed: F.E. Wood, 1945 or 1948. (Reprinted: Kuala Lumpur, Malaya, Selangor Stamp Club, 1961.)