abstract: This is the list of Vice governors of Mato Grosso do Sul, the first to hold the position was Ramez Tebet and the most recent José Carlos Barbosa. To be vice-governor it is necessary to be Brazilian born and to be at least 30 years old. The 1989 state constitution defines that the lieutenant governor's main function is to replace the governor in the event of occasional absences and impediments, in addition to assisting him whenever he is summoned for special missions. Upon taking office, he takes an oath to uphold and defend the federal and state constitutions, national and state laws, the integrity of the Union and the independence of the country. The Lieutenant Governor is automatically elected along with the Governor every four years, with no votes being cast directly for him, being elected on a slate basis. This system was implemented to prevent the lieutenant governor from being from the governor's opposition party. Despite the state being installed in 1979 with the inauguration of Harry Amorim Costa, the position of lieutenant governor was only made official with the first state elections in Brazil after more than two decades, in 1982. With his absence, the president of the Legislative Assembly was next in line of succession.

text:
# List of lieutenant governors of Mato Grosso do Sul

This is the **list of Vice governors of Mato Grosso do Sul**, the first to hold the position was Ramez Tebet and the most recent José Carlos Barbosa. To be vice-governor it is necessary to be Brazilian born and to be at least 30 years old.

The 1989 state constitution defines that the lieutenant governor's main function is to replace the governor in the event of occasional absences and impediments, in addition to assisting him whenever he is summoned for special missions.

Upon taking office, he takes an oath to uphold and defend the federal and state constitutions, national and state laws, the integrity of the Union and the independence of the country. The Lieutenant Governor is automatically elected along with the Governor every four years, with no votes being cast directly for him, being elected on a slate basis. This system was implemented to prevent the lieutenant governor from being from the governor's opposition party.

Despite the state being installed in 1979 with the inauguration of Harry Amorim Costa, the position of lieutenant governor was only made official with the first state elections in Brazil after more than two decades, in 1982. With his absence, the president of the Legislative Assembly was next in line of succession.

## List

| Number | Name | Image | Beginning of term | end of term | Broken | Governor | References and notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Military Regime of 1964** (1964-1985) | | | | | | | |
| **1** | **Ramez Tebet** |  | March 15, 1983 | May 14, 1986 | Brazilian Democratic Movement Party PMDB | Wilson Barbosa Martins |  |
| **New Republic** (1985–present) | | | | | | | |
|  | Vague |  | May 14, 1986 | March 14, 1987 |  | Ramez Tebet |  |
| **two** | **George Takimoto** |  | March 15, 1987 | March 14, 1991 | PFL Liberal Front Party | Marcelo Miranda Soares |  |
| **3** | **Ary Rigo** |  | March 15, 1991 | January 1, 1995 | PST Social Labor Party | Pedro Pedrossian |  |
| **4** | **Braz Melo** |  | January 1, 1995 | May 3, 1996 | Brazilian Social Democracy Party PSDB | Wilson Barbosa Martins |  |
|  | Vague |  | May 3, 1996 | January 1, 1999 |  | |  |
| **5** | **Moacir Kohl** |  | January 1, 1999 | January 1, 2003 | PDT Labor Democratic Party | José Orcírio Miranda dos Santos |  |
| **6** | **Egon Krakheche** |  | January 1, 2003 | January 1, 2007 | PT Workers' Party | |  |
| **7** | **Murilo Zauith** |  | January 1, 2007 | January 1, 2011 | PFL Liberal Front Party | Andre Puccinelli |  |
| **8** | **Simone Tebet** |  | January 1, 2011 | January 1, 2015 | Brazilian Democratic Movement Party PMDB | |  |
| **9** | **Rose Modesto** |  | January 1, 2015 | January 1, 2019 | Brazilian Social Democracy Party PSDB | Reinaldo Azambuja |  |
| **10** | **Murilo Zauith** |  | January 1, 2019 | *present* | DEM Democrats | |  |


title: Utilitarian (album)

abstract: Utilitarian is the fourteenth studio album by British grindcore band Napalm Death. It was released in the UK on 27 February 2012 and globally on 28 February 2012. The magazine Loudwire named it as second best metal album of 2012. Loudwire also put "The Wolf I feed" at the 64 spot on their best metal songs of the 2010s list.

text:
# Utilitarian (album)

***Utilitarian*** is the fourteenth studio album by British grindcore band Napalm Death. It was released in the UK on 27 February 2012 and globally on 28 February 2012.

The magazine Loudwire named it as second best metal album of 2012. Loudwire also put "The Wolf I feed" at the 64 spot on their best metal songs of the 2010s list.

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 74/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| About.com |  |
| Allmusic |  |
| *Blabbermouth.net* | 8.5/10 |
| *The Guardian* | Favourable |
| *Metal Forces* | 8.5/10 |
| *MetalReviews* | 95/100 |
| *Metal Sucks* |  |
| *Popmatters* | 8/10 |
| *Spin* | 8/10 |
| *This Is Not a Scene* | 9/10 |

## Background

*Utilitarian* was recorded in 2011. A 7-inch vinyl single for "Analysis Paralysis" was released in January 2012. When asked, vocalist Mark "Barney" Greenway stated that he was quite proud of the new album, saying, "The thing you have to consider about Napalm Death is that no two albums sound the same, which is what makes this album unique. Whilst we stick to the same aggressive tone that fans are used to, we also have added other technical elements in it to make it stand out. It's still a rock album, but it's something we do to it to make it fresh."

When the recording sessions for the then-untitled album had already finished, Napalm Death extended their worldwide contract with Century Media on a number of future albums. According to vocalist Mark Greenway, "it's the first time we've actually re-signed on a longer term deal with anybody since the days when we didn't strictly know that we could be digging ourselves a big hole with labels."

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Circumspect" (Instrumental) |  | 2:17 |
| 2. | "Errors in the Signals" | Mark Greenway, Mitch Harris | 3:02 |
| 3. | "Everyday Pox" | Greenway, Shane Embury | 2:12 |
| 4. | "Protection Racket" | Greenway, Embury | 4:00 |
| 5. | "The Wolf I Feed" | Harris | 2:57 |
| 6. | "Quarantined" | Greenway, Harris | 2:47 |
| 7. | "Fall on Their Swords" | Greenway, Embury | 3:57 |
| 8. | "Collision Course" | Embury | 3:14 |
| 9. | "Orders of Magnitude" | Harris | 3:21 |
| 10. | "Think Tank Trials" | Greenway, Harris | 2:27 |
| 11. | "Blank Look About Face" | Greenway, Harris | 3:12 |
| 12. | "Leper Colony" | Greenway, Embury | 3:23 |
| 13. | "Nom de Guerre" | Greenway, Embury | 1:07 |
| 14. | "Analysis Paralysis" | Harris, Embury | 3:23 |
| 15. | "Opposites Repellent" | Greenway, Embury | 1:22 |
| 16. | "A Gag Reflex" | Greenway, Harris | 3:30 |

Limited edition CD track listing
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Circumspect" (Instrumental) |  | 2:17 |
| 2. | "Errors in the Signals" | Mark Greenway, Mitch Harris | 3:02 |
| 3. | "Everyday Pox" | Greenway, Shane Embury | 2:12 |
| 4. | "Protection Racket" | Greenway, Embury | 4:00 |
| 5. | "The Wolf I Feed" | Harris | 2:57 |
| 6. | "Quarantined" | Greenway, Harris | 2:47 |
| 7. | "Fall on Their Swords" | Greenway, Embury | 3:57 |
| 8. | "Collision Course" | Embury | 3:14 |
| 9. | "Orders of Magnitude" | Harris | 3:21 |
| 10. | "Think Tank Trials" | Greenway, Harris | 2:27 |
| 11. | "Blank Look About Face" | Greenway, Harris | 3:12 |
| 12. | "Leper Colony" | Greenway, Embury | 3:23 |
| 13. | "Aim Without an Aim" (bonus track) | Greenway, Harris | 3:06 |
| 14. | "Everything in Mono" (bonus track) | Greenway, Harris | 2:49 |

LP track listing
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Circumspect" (Instrumental) |  | 2:17 |
| 2. | "Errors in the Signals" | Mark Greenway, Mitch Harris | 3:02 |
| 3. | "Everyday Pox" | Greenway, Shane Embury | 2:12 |
| 4. | "Protection Racket" | Greenway, Embury | 4:00 |
| 5. | "The Wolf I Feed" | Harris | 2:57 |
| 6. | "Quarantined" | Greenway, Harris | 2:47 |
| 7. | "Fall on Their Swords" | Greenway, Embury | 3:57 |
| 8. | "Collision Course" | Embury | 3:14 |
| 9. | "Orders of Magnitude" | Harris | 3:21 |
| 10. | "Think Tank Trials" | Greenway, Harris | 2:27 |
| 11. | "Blank Look About Face" | Greenway, Harris | 3:12 |
| 12. | "Leper Colony" | Greenway, Embury | 3:23 |
| 13. | "Aim Without an Aim" (bonus track) | Greenway, Harris | 3:06 |
| 14. | "Everything in Mono" (bonus track) | Greenway, Harris | 2:49 |
| 15. | "Nom de Guerre" | Greenway, Embury | 1:07 |
| 16. | "Analysis Paralysis" | Harris, Embury | 3:23 |
| 17. | "Opposites Repellent" | Greenway, Embury | 1:22 |
| 18. | "A Gag Reflex" | Greenway, Harris | 3:30 |
| 19. | "Standardization" (bonus track) |  | 2:45 |

Japanese track listing
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Circumspect" (Instrumental) |  | 2:17 |
| 2. | "Errors in the Signals" | Mark Greenway, Mitch Harris | 3:02 |
| 3. | "Everyday Pox" | Greenway, Shane Embury | 2:12 |
| 4. | "Protection Racket" | Greenway, Embury | 4:00 |
| 5. | "The Wolf I Feed" | Harris | 2:57 |
| 6. | "Quarantined" | Greenway, Harris | 2:47 |
| 7. | "Fall on Their Swords" | Greenway, Embury | 3:57 |
| 8. | "Collision Course" | Embury | 3:14 |
| 9. | "Orders of Magnitude" | Harris | 3:21 |
| 10. | "Think Tank Trials" | Greenway, Harris | 2:27 |
| 11. | "Blank Look About Face" | Greenway, Harris | 3:12 |
| 12. | "Leper Colony" | Greenway, Embury | 3:23 |
| 13. | "Aim Without an Aim" (bonus track) | Greenway, Harris | 3:06 |
| 14. | "Everything in Mono" (bonus track) | Greenway, Harris | 2:49 |
| 15. | "Nom de Guerre" | Greenway, Embury | 1:07 |
| 16. | "Analysis Paralysis" | Harris, Embury | 3:23 |
| 17. | "Opposites Repellent" | Greenway, Embury | 1:22 |
| 18. | "A Gag Reflex" | Greenway, Harris | 3:30 |
| 19. | "It Failed to Explode" (bonus track) |  | 3:39 |

## Personnel

### Napalm Death

### Additional personnel

## Chart positions

| Chart (2012) | Peak position |
| --- | --- |
| Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) | 84 |
| Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista) | 25 |
| French Albums (SNEP) | 80 |
| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) | 74 |
| Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) | 88 |
| US Top Hard Rock Albums (*Billboard*) | 22 |
| US Heatseekers Albums (*Billboard*) | 14 |
| US Independent Albums (*Billboard*) | 43 |
| US Top Tastemaker Albums (*Billboard*) | 25 |

## InfoBox

| Utilitarian | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Napalm Death | |
| Released | 27 February 2012 (2012-02-27) |
| Recorded | May–November 2011 |
| Studio | Parlour (Kettering) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 45:20 |
| Label | Century Media |
| Producer | Russ Russell |
| Napalm Death chronology | |
| *Time Waits for No Slave*
(2009) ***Utilitarian***
(2012) *Converge / Napalm Death*
(2012) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Utilitarian* | |
| 1. "Analysis Paralysis"
Released: 2 January 2012 | |
|  | |


title: Vincenzo Michelotti

abstract: Vincenzo Romano Michelotti is an alpine skier from San Marino. He will compete for San Marino at the 2014 Winter Olympics in the giant slalom competition. Michelotti was also selected to carry the Sammarinese flag during the opening ceremony. Michelotti was also San Marino's only athlete at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics. Michelotti also plays football in San Marino Calcio youth system and competed at continental level with U-17 national team.

text:
# Vincenzo Michelotti

**Vincenzo Romano Michelotti** (born 13 November 1996 in Borgo Maggiore, San Marino) is an alpine skier from San Marino. He will compete for San Marino at the 2014 Winter Olympics in the giant slalom competition. Michelotti was also selected to carry the Sammarinese flag during the opening ceremony.

Michelotti was also San Marino's only athlete at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics.

Michelotti also plays football in San Marino Calcio youth system and competed at continental level with U-17 national team.

## InfoBox

Vincenzo Michelotti
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 13 November 1996 (1996-11-13) (age 27)<br>Borgo Maggiore, San Marino |


title: United States v. Binion

abstract: United States v. Binion, 132 F. App'x 89, is a case in which the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit applied two recent U.S. Supreme Court decisions, United States v. Booker and United States v. Fanfan, in upholding the sentencing decision by the trial court, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri.

text:
# United States v. Binion

***United States v. Binion***, 132 F. App'x 89 (8th Cir. 2005), is a case in which the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit applied two recent U.S. Supreme Court decisions, *United States v. Booker* and *United States v. Fanfan*, in upholding the sentencing decision by the trial court, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri.

## Circumstances

Dammeon Binion was arrested for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. Representing himself, the defendant filed a *pro se* motion for a competence-to-stand-trial evaluation in which psychological tests were administered by a psychologist under the supervision of a psychiatrist who integrated the results and reported them to the court. Based on the test results and the discrepancy between these results and the defendant's observed behavior, the psychiatrist concluded that the defendant was most likely feigning mental illness and had no mental disorder. He further stated that the defendant's malingering was a "form of recreation rather than a design to accomplish secondary material gain".

The defendant pleaded guilty to the offense. However, because of his reported malingering, he was also charged with obstruction of justice, which added two points to the sentencing recommendations. The court stated that because of the feigned illness, the defendant was not accepting responsibility for his behavior as is normally required in a plea of guilty, and the normal reduction in sentence for a guilty plea was therefore waived. The defendant was sentenced according to the guidelines recommended by the pre-sentence investigation.

## Appeal

The defendant appealed his sentence on three grounds. First he claimed that by increasing his sentence by adding the charge of obstruction of justice, related to his feigning mental illness, the trial court had violated *United States v. Booker* (2005). In this case, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the Sixth Amendment required the determination beyond a reasonable doubt of the validity of any fact that increased the sentence of a defendant in a federal criminal case over the highest level of the range as set forth by the Federal Sentencing Guidelines. Second, although acknowledging the feigned mental illness, the defendant stated he did so to amuse himself and without specific intent to obstruct justice, and that therefore the court erred in so charging him and enhancing his sentence accordingly. Third, he argued that because the trial court did not view the defendant as accepting responsibility for his offense even though he pleaded guilty, the court had erred in failing to reduce the defendant's sentence as part of the guilty plea.

## Ruling

The U.S. Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment of the district court on each of the three grounds raised. *Booker* was followed in allowing judicial discretion in applying the sentencing guidelines. Thus, the enhancement for obstruction of justice for feigning mental illness on his competency evaluation, adding two points to the sentencing recommendations, was upheld, as was the ruling that because of the feigned illness, the defendant was not accepting responsibility for his behavior for the purposes of a guilty plea, and therefore no reduction in sentence was appropriate. The defendant's sentence, as determined by the trial judge's discretion, was upheld.

## Significance

The case is significant because of the issues it raises if a legal decision is based on the testimony of mental health professionals, by means of forensic psychology. First, it points to a difficult issue in competency evaluations. Although the standards for competency were set forth in *Dusky v. United States*, much of the standard remains ambiguous and is not clearly defined. Only one common principle is clear in forensic evaluations, that forensic evaluators cannot reach a finding independent of the facts of the case at hand.

Second, many practitioners feel strongly that forensic evaluators should restrict themselves to behavioral observations and describing test results only, and avoid making statements on legal questions as transpired in this case. This case makes it all the more important that the forensic evaluator clarify to the defendant that any information obtained will not be kept confidential, since the defendant has no control over how this information will be used.

Third, the issue of malingering is particularly problematic as there is no ultimate test, and such diagnoses boil down to clinical decisions. An extensive review of the literature by Melton *et al.* did not reveal any studies in which clinicians using various combinations of testing procedures and interviews demonstrated any "extraordinary ability" to detect malingering.

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

| United States v. Binion | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Court | United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit |
| Full case name | *United States of America v. Dammeon Binion* |
| Submitted | December 14, 2004 |
| Decided | May 23, 2005 |
| Citation | 132 F. App'x 89 |
| Case history | |
| Subsequent history | Cert. denied, 546 U.S. 919 (2005) |
| Court membership | |
| Judges sitting | Michael Joseph Melloy, Myron H. Bright, Duane Benton |
| Case opinions | |
| **Per curiam** | |
| Laws applied | |
| Federal Sentencing Guidelines | |


title: Masłowo, Słupsk County

abstract: Masłowo is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Ustka, within Słupsk County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) east of Ustka, 14 km (9 mi) north of Słupsk, and 106 km (66 mi) west of the regional capital Gdańsk. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

text:
# Masłowo, Słupsk County

**Masłowo** \[maˈswɔvɔ\] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Ustka, within Słupsk County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) east of Ustka, 14 km (9 mi) north of Słupsk, and 106 km (66 mi) west of the regional capital Gdańsk.

For the history of the region, see *History of Pomerania*.

## InfoBox

| Masłowo | |
| --- | --- |
| Settlement | |
| Masłowo | |
| Coordinates: 54°35′12″N 17°3′12″E / 54.58667°N 17.05333°E / 54.58667; 17.05333 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Słupsk |
| Gmina | Ustka |


title: Martin Kaye

abstract: Martin Kaye was a Church of England priest who was Archdeacon of Craven from 1972 to 1977.

text:
# Martin Kaye

**Martin Kaye** (15 May 1919 – 16 June 1977) was a Church of England priest who was Archdeacon of Craven from 1972 to 1977.

## Early life

Kaye was born in 1919, the son of Dr Henry Wynyard Kaye and his wife Amy (née Wigram). Amy Kaye was the sister of Army officers Clive Wigram, 1st Baron Wigram and Sir Kenneth Wigram. As a child, Kaye lived at Kilderry, Hatfield Peverel, Essex. His father died before his third birthday. Kaye was educated at Winchester College and Christ Church, Oxford.

## Career

Kaye trained for ordination at Cuddesdon, and was ordained deacon in 1948 and priest in 1949. He served his title at Grangetown (1948–51). He then returned to Cuddesdon, where he was Tutor (1951–53) and Chaplain (1953–56). After that he was Domestic Chaplain to the Archbishop of York (1956–60) (at the time, Michael Ramsay, subsequently Archbishop of Canterbury). He was then Assistant Secretary to the Central Advisory Council of Training for the Ministry (1961–67), after which he was Canon-residentiary at Norwich Cathedral (1967–72). He was then collated as Archdeacon of Craven in the Diocese of Bradford; he died in office in 1977. At the time of his death he was Canon-designate of St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.

## Personal life

Kaye died in 1977, aged 58. He was unmarried.


title: Fremdvölkische

abstract: Fremdvölkische was a term used during the Nazi era to describe people who were not of "German or related blood". The term at first was used only by members of the Schutzstaffel, but later was used by the Reich police, justice system, and state bureaucracy.

text:
# Fremdvölkische

***Fremdvölkische*** ('foreign races') was a term used during the Nazi era to describe people who were not of "German or related blood" (Nuremberg Laws). The term at first was used only by members of the Schutzstaffel, but later was used by the Reich police, justice system, and state bureaucracy.

## Folkish community

With the *Führerprinzip* (leadership principle) of Hitler and the Nazi party supremacy over Germany, the fundamental political life of Nazism was primarily focused on the Aryan race, but also the pan-German nationalism that was to make sure the Germans belonged to the *Volksgemeinschaft* (national community). The term "foreign" was not used in reference to migrants but rather racially defined as those who were German citizens but not of German or related blood. In 1935, after the Third Reich introduced the Nuremberg race laws, the foreign races who were defined as Jews, Gypsies, and blacks were banned from the civil service, from having sexual relations with Aryans, and were given "non-Aryan" status. These laws affected not only non-Aryans, but also opponents of the Nazis, who were similarly banned from the civil service.

## People of Central Europe and Eastern Europe

The Nazi policy of *Lebensraum* (living space) in the East called for Germans to settle there and the whole area to undergo a process of Germanization for the creation of a Greater Germanic Reich. The people of these areas were targeted as "foreign Nationalists", not "foreign races", since Slavs were not a distinct race, even according to Nazi racial science (Hans F. K. Günther \- called - race-Günther - 1930). Thus, the notion of foreign was used not only for people who were classified as racially different but also people who were not part of the German community. In *Mein Kampf*, Hitler criticized previous Germanization towards ethnic Poles, whom he regarded as belonging to a non-Germanic "foreign race". In his 1928 unpublished book *Zweites Buch*, Hitler stated that the Nazis would never Germanize any foreign elements such as the Poles or Czechs as it would lead to a racial weakening of the German people.

According to Nazi ideology, Slavic people were uncultured and inferior. The Nazis feared the fertility of the Slavs and called for a depopulation policy towards them. A secret plan called the General Plan East implemented the enslavement, expulsion, and possible extermination of most people of both Central and Eastern Europe. Foreign workers were given the status of Ost-Arbeiter, with estimates putting their numbers between 3 and 5.5 million. The possibility of naturalization came at different levels, however, applied only to annexed eastern territories. Naturalized - but with possibility of withdrawal - were so-called German people...foreign-born Germans living in occupied and annexed areas, as well as in Poland, these Germans were related through marriage, language, and culture.

This served to attract so-called racially valuable children, according to Nazi racial theorists, who were to undergo Germanization and be taken to the Reich and raised as Germans. The aim was to give them German citizenship since the 1935 race laws introduced these people after a period of probation and changed their foreign national status. (This possibility of naturalization, however, did not apply to the "General".)

## History of the term

Already in the interwar period of the Weimar Republic the term "fremdvölkisch" appeared in 1926 as part of legal literature regarding the "legal status of minorities". According to some theorists, Danes and Lithuanians were considered "fremdvölkisch", in contrast to Mazury, Friesen, and the Ruhr Poles.


title: Uniform star polyhedron

abstract: In geometry, a uniform star polyhedron is a self-intersecting uniform polyhedron. They are also sometimes called nonconvex polyhedra to imply self-intersecting. Each polyhedron can contain either star polygon faces, star polygon vertex figures, or both. The complete set of 57 nonprismatic uniform star polyhedra includes the 4 regular ones, called the Kepler–Poinsot polyhedra, 14 quasiregular ones, and 39 semiregular ones. There are also two infinite sets of uniform star prisms and uniform star antiprisms. Just as (nondegenerate) star polygons correspond to circular polygons with overlapping tiles, star polyhedra that do not pass through the center have polytope density greater than 1, and correspond to spherical polyhedra with overlapping tiles; there are 47 nonprismatic such uniform star polyhedra. The remaining 10 nonprismatic uniform star polyhedra, those that pass through the center, are the hemipolyhedra as well as Miller's monster, and do not have well-defined densities. The nonconvex forms are constructed from Schwarz triangles. All the uniform polyhedra are listed below by their symmetry groups and subgrouped by their vertex arrangements. Regular polyhedra are labeled by their Schläfli symbol. Other nonregular uniform polyhedra are listed with their vertex configuration. An additional figure, the pseudo great rhombicuboctahedron, is usually not included as a truly uniform star polytope, despite consisting of regular faces and having the same vertices. Note: For nonconvex forms below an additional descriptor nonuniform is used when the convex hull vertex arrangement has same topology as one of these, but has nonregular faces. For example an nonuniform cantellated form may have rectangles created in place of the edges rather than squares.

text:
# Uniform star polyhedron

In geometry, a **uniform star polyhedron** is a self-intersecting uniform polyhedron. They are also sometimes called **nonconvex polyhedra** to imply self-intersecting. Each polyhedron can contain either star polygon faces, star polygon vertex figures, or both.

The complete set of 57 nonprismatic uniform star polyhedra includes the 4 regular ones, called the Kepler–Poinsot polyhedra, 14 quasiregular ones, and 39 semiregular ones.

There are also two infinite sets of *uniform star prisms* and *uniform star antiprisms*.

Just as (nondegenerate) star polygons (which have polygon density greater than 1) correspond to circular polygons with overlapping tiles, star polyhedra that do not pass through the center have polytope density greater than 1, and correspond to spherical polyhedra with overlapping tiles; there are 47 nonprismatic such uniform star polyhedra. The remaining 10 nonprismatic uniform star polyhedra, those that pass through the center, are the hemipolyhedra as well as Miller's monster, and do not have well-defined densities.

The nonconvex forms are constructed from Schwarz triangles.

All the uniform polyhedra are listed below by their symmetry groups and subgrouped by their vertex arrangements.

Regular polyhedra are labeled by their Schläfli symbol. Other nonregular uniform polyhedra are listed with their vertex configuration.

An additional figure, the pseudo great rhombicuboctahedron, is usually not included as a truly uniform star polytope, despite consisting of regular faces and having the same vertices.

Note: For nonconvex forms below an additional descriptor **nonuniform** is used when the convex hull vertex arrangement has same topology as one of these, but has nonregular faces. For example an *nonuniform cantellated* form may have rectangles created in place of the edges rather than squares.

## Dihedral symmetry

See Prismatic uniform polyhedron.

## Tetrahedral symmetry

There is one nonconvex form, the tetrahemihexahedron which has *tetrahedral symmetry* (with fundamental domain Möbius triangle (3 3 2)).

There are two Schwarz triangles that generate unique nonconvex uniform polyhedra: one right triangle (32 3 2), and one general triangle (32 3 3). The general triangle (32 3 3) generates the octahemioctahedron which is given further on with its full octahedral symmetry.

| Vertex arrangement
(Convex hull) | Nonconvex forms | |
| --- | --- | --- |
|
Tetrahedron |  |
|
Rectified tetrahedron
Octahedron |
4.32.4.3
32 3 | 2 |
|
Truncated tetrahedron |  |
|
Cantellated tetrahedron
(Cuboctahedron) |  |
|
Omnitruncated tetrahedron
(Truncated octahedron) |  |
|
Snub tetrahedron
(Icosahedron) |  |

## Octahedral symmetry

There are 8 convex forms, and 10 nonconvex forms with *octahedral symmetry* (with fundamental domain Möbius triangle (4 3 2)).

There are four Schwarz triangles that generate nonconvex forms, two right triangles (32 4 2), and (43 3 2), and two general triangles: (43 4 3), (32 4 4).

| Vertex arrangement
(Convex hull) | Nonconvex forms | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
Cube |  |
|
Octahedron |  |
|
Cuboctahedron |
6.43.6.4
43 4 | 3 |
6.32.6.3
32 3 | 3 |
|
Truncated cube |
4.83.43.85
2 43 (32 42) | |
83.3.83.4
3 4 | 43 |
4.32.4.4
32 4 | 2 |
|
Truncated octahedron |  |
|
Rhombicuboctahedron |
4.8.43.87
2 4 (32 42) | |
8.32.8.4
32 4 | 4 |
83.83.3
2 3 | 43 |
|
Nonuniform
truncated cuboctahedron |
4.6.83
2 3 43 | |
|
Nonuniform
truncated cuboctahedron |
83.6.8
3 4 43 | |
|
Snub cube |  |

## Icosahedral symmetry

There are 8 convex forms and 46 nonconvex forms with *icosahedral symmetry* (with fundamental domain Möbius triangle (5 3 2)). (or 47 nonconvex forms if Skilling's figure is included). Some of the nonconvex snub forms have reflective vertex symmetry.

| Vertex arrangement
(Convex hull) | Nonconvex forms | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
Icosahedron |
{5,52} |
{52,5} |
{3,52} |
|
Nonuniform
truncated icosahedron |
10.10.52
2 52 | 5 |
3.103.52.107
52 3 | 53 |
3.4.53.4
53 3 | 2 |
4.103.43.107
2 53 (32 54) | |
|
Nonuniform
truncated icosahedron |
4.52.4.5
52 5 | 2 |
5.6.53.6
53 5 | 3 |
4.6.43.65
2 3 (54 52) | |
|
Nonuniform
truncated icosahedron |
35.52
| 52 3 3 |  |
|
Icosidodecahedron |
3.10.32.10
32 3 | 5 |
5.10.54.10
54 5 | 5 |
3.52.3.52
2 | 3 52 |
52.103.53.103
53 52 | 53 |
3.103.32.103
3 3 | 53 |
5.52.5.52
2 | 5 52 |
6.52.6.53
53 52 | 3 |
5.6.54.6
54 5 | 3 |
|
truncated dodecahedron |
3.103.5.103
3 5 | 53 |
5.6.32.6
32 5 | 3 |
6.103.65.107
3 53 (32 52) | |
|
Nonuniform
truncated dodecahedron |
(35.53)/2
| 32 32 52 |
|
Dodecahedron |
{52,3} |
(3.52)3
3 | 52 3 |
(5.53)3
3 | 53 5 |
((3.5)3)/2 32 | 3 5 |
|
Rhombicosidodecahedron |
5.10.32.10
32 5 | 5 |
4.10.43.109
2 5 (32 52) | |
5.103.103
2 5 | 53 |
|
Nonuniform
rhombicosidodecahedron |
6.6.52
2 52 | 3 |
|
Nonuniform
rhombicosidodecahedron |
6.52.6.3
52 3 | 3 |
3.10.53.10
53 3 | 5 |
6.10.65.109
3 5 (32 54) | |
3.103.103
2 3 | 53 |
|
Nonuniform
rhombicosidodecahedron |
4.53.4.3.4.52.4.32
| 32 53 3 52 |
3.3.3.52.3.53
| 53 52 3 |
Skilling's figure
(see below) |
|
Nonuniform
truncated icosidodecahedron |
6.10.103
3 5 53 | |
|
Nonuniform
truncated icosidodecahedron |
4.109.103
2 5 53 | |
|
Nonuniform
truncated icosidodecahedron |
4.6.103
2 3 53 | |
|
Nonuniform
snub dodecahedron |
3.3.52.3.5
| 2 52 5 |
3.3.3.5.3.53
| 53 3 5 |
34.52
| 2 52 3 |
34.53
| 53 2 3 |
3.3.5.3.53
| 53 2 5 |
(34.52)/2
| 32 53 2 |

## Degenerate cases

Coxeter identified a number of degenerate star polyhedra by the Wythoff construction method, which contain overlapping edges or vertices. These degenerate forms include:

### Skilling's figure

One further nonconvex degenerate polyhedron is the great disnub dirhombidodecahedron, also known as *Skilling's figure*, which is vertex-uniform, but has pairs of edges which coincide in space such that four faces meet at some edges. It is counted as a degenerate uniform polyhedron rather than a uniform polyhedron because of its double edges. It has Ih symmetry.

* Coxeter, H. S. M. (May 13, 1954). "Uniform Polyhedra". *Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences*. **246** (916): 401–450. doi:10.1098/rsta.1954.0003.
* Wenninger, Magnus (1974). *Polyhedron Models*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-09859-9. OCLC 1738087.
* Brückner, M. *Vielecke und vielflache. Theorie und geschichte.*. Leipzig, Germany: Teubner, 1900.
* Sopov, S. P. (1970), "A proof of the completeness on the list of elementary homogeneous polyhedra", *Ukrainskiui Geometricheskiui Sbornik* (8): 139–156, MR 0326550
* Skilling, J. (1975), "The complete set of uniform polyhedra", *Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences*, **278**: 111–135, doi:10.1098/rsta.1975.0022, ISSN 0080-4614, JSTOR 74475, MR 0365333
* Har'El, Z. *Uniform Solution for Uniform Polyhedra.*, Geometriae Dedicata 47, 57-110, 1993. Zvi Har’El, Kaleido software, Images, dual images
* Mäder, R. E. *Uniform Polyhedra.* Mathematica J. 3, 48-57, 1993.
* Messer, Peter W. *Closed-Form Expressions for Uniform Polyhedra and Their Duals.*, Discrete & Computational Geometry 27:353-375 (2002).
* Klitzing, Richard. "3D uniform polyhedra".


title: Marek Karpinski

abstract: Marek Karpinski is a computer scientist and mathematician known for his research in the theory of algorithms and their applications, combinatorial optimization, computational complexity, and mathematical foundations. He is a recipient of several research prizes in the above areas. He is currently a Professor of Computer Science, and the Head of the Algorithms Group at the University of Bonn. He is also a member of Bonn International Graduate School in Mathematics BIGS and the Hausdorff Center for Mathematics.

text:
# Marek Karpinski

**Marek Karpinski** is a computer scientist and mathematician known for his research in the theory of algorithms and their applications, combinatorial optimization, computational complexity, and mathematical foundations. He is a recipient of several research prizes in the above areas.

He is currently a Professor of Computer Science, and the Head of the Algorithms Group at the University of Bonn. He is also a member of Bonn International Graduate School in Mathematics BIGS and the Hausdorff Center for Mathematics.


title: Virgin Fleet

abstract: Virgin Fleet is a 1998 anime OVA series created by Oji Hiroi and Yasuhiro Imagawa and produced by AIC and Beam Entertainment. A video game sequel was released in 1999 for the PlayStation console.

text:
# Virgin Fleet

***Virgin Fleet*** (聖少女艦隊バージンフリート, *Seishōjo Kantai Virgin Fleet*) is a 1998 anime OVA series created by Oji Hiroi (of *Sakura Wars* fame) and Yasuhiro Imagawa and produced by AIC and Beam Entertainment. A video game sequel was released in 1999 for the PlayStation console.

## Plot summary

The series takes place after the end of the first World War circa the 1930s, where virgin young women who have a special energy called *Virgin Energy* are called upon to pilot fighter jets who rely on Virgin energy. The story follows Shiokaze Umino as she attends the Nakano Women's Naval Academy with her classmates Satsuki and Komachi as they balance being on-duty and their regular school life.

## Characters

Shiokaze Umino (海野 潮風) Voiced by: Sumi Shimamoto (Japanese); Jessica Calvello (English) Mau Sakisaka (咲坂 舞) Voiced by: Kousuke Okano (Japanese); Crispin Freeman (English) Satsuki Yukimisawa (雪見沢 五月) Voiced by: Satsuki Yukino (Japanese); Megan Hollingshead (English) Komachi Kusatsuzuki (草津月 小町) Voiced by: Chinami Nishimura (Japanese); Angora Deb (English) Hidemaro Hirose (広瀬 英麻呂) Voiced by: Gara Takashima (Japanese); Rhonda Ayers (English) VAdm Tatsutagawa (達田川) Voiced by: Tatsuyuki Jinnai (Japanese); Gregory Wolfe (English) LtCdr. Wakamoto (若本) Voiced by: Norio Wakamoto (Japanese); John Hobbs (English) Kōka Hirose (広瀬 光華) Voiced by: Mami Koyama (Japanese); Karen Smith (English) Suzukure Mibuno (壬生ノ 涼暮) Voiced by: Kazue Komiya (Japanese); Angora Deb (English) Hatsuki Fujiwara (藤原 初見) Voiced by: Mari Yokoo (Japanese); Lisa Ortiz (English) Ise Haruoshimi (春惜 伊勢) Voiced by: Mariko Kouda (Japanese); Jessica Calvello (English) Matsuri Sakisaka (咲坂 茉莉) Voiced by: Ai Satō (Japanese); Lisa Ortiz (English) Diesel Sada (ディーゼルの貞) Voiced by: Kappei Yamaguchi (Japanese); Michael Alben (English) Nikola Papilo (ニコラ・パブリオ) Voiced by: Yōko Sōmi (Japanese); Rhonda Ayers (English)

## Media

### Episodes

The OVAs consisted of three episodes released from April 25 to October 25, 1998 and were released on VHS, Laserdisc, and DVD by Beam Entertainment. The OVAs were licensed in North America by Central Park Media and released under the U.S. Manga Corps label on VHS and DVD in 2000. The English dub was produced by Headline Studios in Irvington, New York.

| No. | Title | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 01 | "First Experience"
"Hatsu Taiken" (初体験) | April 25, 1998 (1998-04-25) |
| 02 | "Snow In May"
"Gogatsu no Yuki" (五月の雪) | August 22, 1998 (1998-08-22) |
| 03 | "First Cherry Blossoms"
"Shoya Sakura" (初夜桜) | October 25, 1998 (1998-10-25) |

### Music

Opening*Aitsu* Performed by Sumi Shimamoto Closing*Virgin Fleet Go! Go!* Performed by Sumi Shimamoto, Satsuki Yukino, Chinami Nishimura  1. 聖少女艦隊バージンフリート (in Japanese). Amazon.co.jp. Retrieved 2014-09-17.
2. "聖少女艦隊バージンフリート 第1号作戦～初体験～ \[DVD\]" (in Japanese). Amazon.co.jp. 22 August 1998. Retrieved 2014-09-16.
3. "Anime Central, Baka-Con Wrap Up". Anime News Network. 1999-04-28. Retrieved 2014-09-16.

## InfoBox

| Virgin Fleet | |
| --- | --- |
| Official Region 1 DVD cover released by Central Park Media | |
| 聖少女艦隊バージンフリート
(*Seishōjo Kantai Virgin Fleet*) | |
| Original video animation | |
| Directed by | Masahiro Hosoda |
| Produced by | Oji Hiroi (executive) |
| Written by | Yasuhiro Imagawa |
| Music by | Masumi Itō |
| Studio | AIC |
| Licensed by |  |
| Released | April 25, 1998  October 25, 1998 |
| Runtime | 30 min/episode |
| Episodes | 3 |
| Video game | |
| Developer | Konami Computer Entertainment Japan |
| Publisher | Konami |
| Genre | TRPG |
| Platform | PlayStation |
| Released | July 1, 1999 |


title: William Stark (architect)

abstract: William Stark was an influential Scottish architect and town planner. He suffered from poor health and died relatively young, but his proposals for the development of Edinburgh's Eastern, or Third, New Town were faithfully carried on by his pupil William Henry Playfair, who later designed many of Edinburgh's neoclassical landmarks. Few of Stark's buildings survive, but his interiors at the Signet Library building, finished in time for the visit to Edinburgh of George IV in 1822, remain amongst Edinburgh's finest architectural work.

text:
# William Stark (architect)

**William Stark** (25 May 1770 – 9 October 1813) was an influential Scottish architect and town planner. He suffered from poor health and died relatively young, but his proposals for the development of Edinburgh's Eastern, or Third, New Town were faithfully carried on by his pupil William Henry Playfair, who later designed many of Edinburgh's neoclassical landmarks.

Few of Stark's buildings survive, but his interiors at the Signet Library building, finished in time for the visit to Edinburgh of George IV in 1822, remain amongst Edinburgh's finest architectural work.

## Life and reputation

William Stark was born in Dunfermline, the son of Mark Stark, a Glasgow merchant and millowner, and grandson of the Rev Robert Stark of Torryburn. Stark’s older sister Sarah married the Glasgow architect John Craig in 1787 and it is possible that the young Stark started his career in his office. In 1798 Stark visited St Petersburg, possibly in connection with the neoclassical Scottish architect Charles Cameron, who worked at the court of Catherine II of Russia.

Stark’s career began in Glasgow around 1802, but he moved to Edinburgh for the sake of his health about 1807. He died at his home in Drumsheugh, Edinburgh, on 9 October 1813 and was buried at Greyfriars Churchyard.

Sir Walter Scott, who employed Stark at Abbotsford around 1811–13, described him as having ‘genius’ and said that *"he must rise very high in his profession if the bad health from which he suffers does not keep him down"*. After his death, Scott said *"more genius has died than is left behind among the collected universality of Scottish architects"*. Lord Cockburn described Stark as *"the best modern architect that Scotland has produced'*. *The Scots Magazine*, in which his plan for the Third New Town was published in 1815, reported that *"his reputation, deservedly high in Scotland, was spreading rapidly in England at the time of his death"*.

## Designer of lunatic asylums

Stark had a special interest in the design and organisation of lunatic asylums, based on the medical opinion of his day. His *Remarks on the Construction of Public Hospitals for the Cure of Mental Derangement* was published in 1807.

He designed the Glasgow Lunatic Asylum in 1810, in which patients were segregated by sex, social background and mental condition, according to his principles. Opened in 1814, this was of the earliest asylums to do this. He was also responsible for the Dundee Royal Lunatic Asylum built in 1812 and the Gloucester Lunatic Asylum.

## Town planning

Stark was also interested in town planning. His *Report to the Lord Provost, Magistrates and Council of Edinburgh on the Plans for Laying out the Grounds for Buildings between Edinburgh and Leith* was published posthumously in 1814. It was also published in the *Scots Magazine* in 1815.

This short essay emphasised building the Edinburgh townscape with picturesque variety and careful attention to contours, using the benefits of oblique views and the value of trees, rather than imposing the geometry and symmetry exemplified by James Craig's First New Town.

Stark wrote, *"It seems to be admitted to have been a prejudice, that trees and town buildings are incongruous objects. They must surely be admitted to assimilate well together, since our best landscape painters, Claude and the Poussins, never tired to painting them, nor the world of admiring what they painted. From the practice of these great masters, who we must regard as unerring authorities, of constantly combining trees and architecture, it must be inferred to have been their opinion that there could be no beauty where either of these objects was wanting."*

Stark's principles were followed by his pupil William Henry Playfair, who was able to realise many of Stark's ideas in his extensive work in Edinburgh in the first half of the 19th century.

## Family

In 1805, Stark married Catherine Thomson, daughter of the musical scholar George Thomson who worked with Robert Burns and Beethoven. The couple had a daughter in 1806, also named Catherine.

## Works

### Buildings and designs

### Writings

* Stark, W. (1807). *Remarks on the Construction of Public Hospitals for the Cure of Mental Derangement.* Glasgow, 1807. 2nd edn. (1810). James Hedderwick and Co. for the committee: Glasgow.
* Stark, W. (1814). *Report to the Right Honourable the Lord Provost, Magistrates, and Council of the City of Edinburgh, and the Governors of George Heriot's Hospital ... On the Plans for Laying out the Grounds for Buildings between Edinburgh and Leith.* Edinburgh: Printed by A. Smellie. Republished as 'Report on the Plans for Laying out the Grounds for Buildings between Edinburgh and Leith by the Late William Stark, Esq. Architect' with a 'Postscript by a Fried, Mr Craig, Architect, Glasgow', *The Scots Magazine*, Vol LXXVII, August 1815.


title: Yoram Ettinger

abstract: Yoram Ettinger is an Israeli researcher, diplomat, writer, lecturer and consultant to Israeli and US legislators and their staffers. He is an expert on US-Israel relations, Middle East affairs and Jewish-Arab demography. Ettinger is a co-founder of the America-Israel Demographic Research Group (AIDRG), which has documented a 2 million gap in the number of Arabs in Judea & Samaria and Gaza. Ettinger's demographic forecasts are widely cited by Israeli right-wing politicians in support of annexation of the West Bank, but are disputed by professional demographers.

text:
# Yoram Ettinger

**Yoram Ettinger** (born 1945) is an Israeli researcher, diplomat, writer, lecturer and consultant to Israeli and US legislators and their staffers. He is an expert on US-Israel relations, Middle East affairs and Jewish-Arab demography. Ettinger is a co-founder of the America-Israel Demographic Research Group (AIDRG), which has documented a 2 million gap in the number of Arabs in Judea & Samaria and Gaza.

Ettinger's demographic forecasts are widely cited by Israeli right-wing politicians in support of annexation of the West Bank, but are disputed by professional demographers.

## Biography

Yoram Ettinger was born in Tel Aviv, Israel. He holds a B.A. in Business Administration from The University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), an M.S. in International Management from The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and a CPA certificate from the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA).

In 1985–88, Ettinger served as Israel's consul-general in Texas, and subsequently headed Israel's Government Press Office. In 1989–92, he worked at the Israeli embassy in the United States as the diplomat responsible for relations with the US Congress. He held the rank of ambassador.

Ettinger resides in Jerusalem and is married to Ora. Together they have three daughters.

## Assessment

According to Dennis Ross and Michael Makovsky, "It is Ettinger who is the intellectual and political spearhead of the efforts to counter the demographic threat narrative…. The Jewish State is not facing a potential Arab demographic time bomb…." . According to The Middle East Journal, "Ettinger's efforts had a major impact on the debate over the implications of demography for the peace process….". According to Prof. Itamar Rabinovich, who was Israel's Chief Negotiator with Syria, Ettinger had a role in preventing an Israeli withdrawal from the Golan Heights.

Israeli demographer Sergio DellaPergola stated that discrepancies in the Palestinian population are "relatively negligible compared to what Ettinger says" and that Ettinger is "delusional" for ignoring the higher growth rate of the Palestinians compared to Israeli Jews. According to DellaPergola, Ettinger is "peddling some imaginary future in an utterly unprofessional way, because he never took a course in demographics." Arnon Soffer, a demography expert at Haifa University, stated that Ettinger and others on the "extreme right" "invent things to enable the annexation of the territories". According to Soffer, the reason why the West Bank has not been annexed is that right-wing Israeli politicians such as Benjamin Netanyahu know that Ettinger's figures are not accurate.

## Works

* 1620-2020: 400th Anniversary of the US-Israel Kinship.
* Jewish Holidays Guide for the Perplexed.

## InfoBox

| Yoram Ettinger | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1945<br>Tel Aviv, Israel |
| Nationality | Israeli |
| Education | University of Texas at El Paso |
| Title | Ambassador (ret.) |
| Spouse | Ora Ettinger |
| Children | 3 |
| Website | http://theettingerreport.com/ |


title: Martalli

abstract: Martalli is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Hanur taluk of Chamarajanagar district.

text:
# Martalli

**Martalli** is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Hanur taluk of Chamarajanagar district.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Martalli had a population of 13182 with 6796 males and 6386 females.

```
pin 571320
```

## InfoBox

| Martalli Hale martalli | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| MartalliLocation in Karnataka, IndiaMartalliMartalli (India) | |
| Coordinates: 12°09′N 77°06′E / 12.15°N 77.10°E / 12.15; 77.10 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Karnataka |
| District | Chamarajanagar |
| Talukas | Hanur |
| Government | |
| Body | Gram panchayat |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 13,182 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Kannada , Telungu,Tamil |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-KA |


title: Fremen

abstract: The Fremen are a group of people in the fictional Dune universe created by Frank Herbert. First appearing in the 1965 novel Dune, the Fremen inhabit the desert planet Arrakis, which is the sole known source in the universe of the all-important spice melange. Long overlooked by the rest of the Imperium and considered backward savages, they are an extremely hardy people and exist in large numbers. The Fremen had come to the planet thousands of years before the events of the novel as the Zensunni Wanderers, a religious sect in retreat. As humans in extremis, over time they adapted their culture and way of life to survive and thrive in the incredibly harsh conditions of Arrakis. The Fremen are distinguished by their fierce fighting abilities and adeptness at survival in these conditions. With water being a rare commodity on the planet, their culture revolves around its preservation and conservation. Herbert based Fremen culture, in part, on the desert-dwelling Bedouin and San People.

text:
# Fremen

The **Fremen** /ˈfrɛmən/ are a group of people in the fictional *Dune* universe created by Frank Herbert. First appearing in the 1965 novel *Dune*, the Fremen inhabit the desert planet Arrakis (also known as Dune), which is the sole known source in the universe of the all-important spice melange. Long overlooked by the rest of the Imperium and considered backward savages, they are an extremely hardy people and exist in large numbers. The Fremen had come to the planet thousands of years before the events of the novel as the Zensunni Wanderers, a religious sect in retreat. As humans *in extremis*, over time they adapted their culture and way of life to survive and thrive in the incredibly harsh conditions of Arrakis. The Fremen are distinguished by their fierce fighting abilities and adeptness at survival in these conditions. With water being a rare commodity on the planet, their culture revolves around its preservation and conservation. Herbert based Fremen culture, in part, on the desert-dwelling Bedouin and San People.

## Origins

*Dune* was inspired by Herbert's research for a potential article about the United States Department of Agriculture's attempt to use poverty grasses to stabilize the Oregon Dunes in Florence, Oregon. Herbert learned that the moving dunes could "swallow whole cities, lakes, rivers, highways." He said that in studying sand dunes, we must analyze the "black foot (people) of the Kalahari and how they utilize every drop of water. You can't just stop with the people who are living in this type of environment: you have to go on to how the environment works on the people and how they work on their environment." Herbert based Fremen culture, in part, on the desert-dwelling Bedouin and San People.

In an early, alternate *Dune* outline by Frank Herbert called *Spice Planet*, the Fremen are called the "Free Men". The Free Men were convicts who had been transported to "Duneworld" to work for the spice operation of the "Hoskanners" in exchange for a reduction in their sentence.

## Plot

In *Dune*, Duke Leto Atreides, his Bene Gesserit concubine Lady Jessica, and their son Paul arrive on Arrakis to take control of melange mining operations there. The mysterious Fremen housekeeper at the palace of Arrakeen is known as the Shadout Mapes, and when Paul saves her life from a deadly hunter-seeker intended to kill him, Mapes warns of a traitor in the Atreides household. She is killed by that same traitor, Suk doctor Wellington Yueh, as the Harkonnens attack. Leto is killed, and Paul and Jessica flee into the deep desert and find shelter with the Fremen of Sietch Tabr. Paul is immediately challenged by the Fremen warrior Jamis, and when he kills Jamis in a ritual fight to the death, Paul is faced with the Fremen custom of taking responsibility for Jamis's wife Harah and her children. A key to Fremen survival in the harsh conditions of Arrakis is their ritualistic conservation of water. Paul rises as a leader among the Fremen, learning their ways while he and Jessica train them in the Bene Gesserit weirding way fighting discipline. Paul also becomes close to Chani, the daughter of Imperial Planetologist Liet-Kynes and his Fremen wife. Harah tries to explain to the superstitious and wary Fremen the unique nature of Paul's younger sister Alia, who was changed in the womb as Jessica underwent a Fremen/Bene Gesserit ritual to replace the Fremen Reverend Mother Ramallo. Paul leads the Fremen to take back Arrakis from the Harkonnens and Padishah Emperor Shaddam IV, placing himself on the throne.

In *Dune Messiah* (1969), a religion has arisen around Paul, and a jihad is being fought in his name across the universe. Korba, one of the Fedaykin death commandos in *Dune*, has become one of the chief priests of the religion of Muad'Dib. Another Fedaykin, Farok, is one of many Fremen disillusioned by the changes Paul's regime brings to their culture, and he joins the conspiracy to unseat Paul initiated by the Spacing Guild, Tleilaxu, and Bene Gesserit. Lichna, the daughter of Paul's trusted Fedaykin Otheym, is killed and impersonated by the Tleilaxu Face Dancer Scytale as a means to infiltrate Paul's household, which ultimately fails. Chani dies giving birth to Paul's twin heirs, Leto II and Ghanima, and a blinded Paul follows Fremen tradition and walks into the desert to die.

As regent for Leto II and Ghanima, Alia struggles to control Paul's virtually uncontrollable religion in *Children of Dune* (1976). She succumbs to possession by the persona of her grandfather, Baron Vladimir Harkonnen, and Sietch Tabr leader Stilgar, his wife Harah, and Princess Irulan flee with Leto II and Ghanima to escape Alia's worsening tyranny. Though married to Duncan Idaho, Alia takes Fremen warrior Buer Agarves as a lover, promising him leadership of Sietch Tabr in return for killing Stilgar. In the clandestine Sietch Fondak, Gurney Halleck follows what he believes are Jessica's orders, and with the help of Fremen Namri administers an overdose of melange to Leto II as a test of his resistance to the danger of Abomination that has taken Alia. Alia, however, is actually behind the plan, and Namri has secretly been instructed by her to kill Leto no matter the result. Leto recognizes a potential mate in the Fondak woman Sabiha, but recognizes this as an alternate path he should not take. A blind preacher emerges from the desert, guided by teenage Assan Tariq, son of Muriz from a cast out tribe of Fremen.

By *God Emperor of Dune* (1981), taking place 3,500 years after *Children of Dune*, Arrakis has become terraformed into a wet, lush planet. Desert is now limited to the area surrounding Leto II's fortress, and all sandworms other than the God Emperor have died off, thus altering the Fremen culture drastically. Traditions and rituals held by ancient Fremen are maintained and performed by "Museum Fremen", though they have lost their meaning and value. In *Heretics of Dune* (1984), 1,500 years after the events of *God Emperor of Dune*, Arrakis (now called Rakis) is destroyed by the Honored Matres. This act killed the overwhelming majority of Fremen, apart from Sheeana and a few Fremen living on other planets.

## Characteristics

In the series, the "native" Fremen of Arrakis live in communities called sietches, each with its own leader, called a naib, who has ascended to the position by challenging his predecessor and proving himself the strongest in the tribe. The Fremen system of justice relies primarily on trial by combat, and individuals may challenge each other hand-to-hand duels to the death over matters of etiquette, law, or honor. The victor of these challenges becomes responsible for the wife, children, and certain possessions of the defeated. The Fremen pay enormous spice bribes to the Spacing Guild to keep orbital space above Arrakis free of spy satellites, and they have a long-term plan to terraform the planet.

Each sietch also has a **Sayyadina**, a wise woman trained in the spiritual traditions of her people who can serve as a spiritual leader or as an acolyte to a holy woman who is the Fremen version of a Bene Gesserit Reverend Mother. A significant part of the Fremen mythology has been created by the Bene Gesserit Missionaria Protectiva, an arm of the matriarchy which practices "religious engineering" by introducing contrived myths, prophecies and superstition among the populations of the Empire with the intent to later exploit them to the advantage of an individual Bene Gesserit or the entire order. In the case of the Fremen, a messiah legend has been put in place that is utilized in *Dune* by Paul Atreides to secure the safety of himself and his mother Jessica. The Fremen have a language unique to them, but also use Chakobsa for ritual purposes.

The Fremen worship the giant sandworms of Arrakis as manifestations of the earth deity they call Shai'Hulud. Though they cross the desert on foot in a specifically nonrhythmic pattern to avoid vibrations that would attract the deadly and destructive creatures, the Fremen are also able to ride the worms by "calling" and mounting them in a ritualized, controlled manner. As part of the sandworm life cycle, the spice drug melange is everywhere on Arrakis, and the Fremen diet is rich with it. Such a level of exposure to the spice tints the sclera, cornea and iris of the user to a dark shade of blue, called "blue-in-blue" or "the Eyes of Ibad".

### Water conservation

Herbert illustrates that living in the desert with no natural sources of water has spurred the Fremen to ritualize and build their society around the collection, storage, and conservative use of all moisture. They conserve the water distilled from their dead, consider spitting a sign of respect, and put a great cultural reverence on tears. Water is collected from the atmosphere in windtraps that condense the humidity and add it to underground water stores in each sietch. Water can also be collected from dead people and animals using a deathstill to remove the water from a corpse for addition to the sietch water store. Personal ownership of moisture is designated by "water rings", which are used as a form of currency. When outside of their sietch, Fremen wear a stillsuit, a special body-enclosing suit designed to collect and recycle all the moisture the body releases through perspiration, urine, feces, and even the exhalation of water vapor in the breath. The special fabric is a micro-sandwich designed to dissipate heat and filter wastes while reclaiming moisture. The water is then held in catchpockets and made available to drink through a tube. A Fremen in a well-kept suit can survive weeks in the desert without any other source of water. Herbert even suggests in *Dune* that the Fremen have adapted to the environment physiologically, with their blood able to clot almost instantly in order to prevent water loss.

### Combat

The dangerous conditions of Arrakis, which ensure that only the strongest survive, have also forged the Fremen into superior hand-to-hand combatants. In *Dune*, Paul trains his Fremen forces in the use of the "weirding way", the Fremen name for the specialized Bene Gesserit martial arts that he learned from his mother. The Mentat assassin Thufir Hawat is later shocked to learn that Fremen have not only overcome some of Shaddam IV's fierce and previously unstoppable Sardaukar soldiers, but have done the impossible and captured some as well. Herbert also writes that "Paul recalled the stories of the Fremen—that their children fought as ferociously as the adults." In the novel Shaddam notes, "I only sent in five troop carriers with a light attack force to pick up prisoners for questioning. We barely got away with three prisoners and one carrier. Mind you, Baron, my Sardaukar were almost overwhelmed by a force composed mostly of women, children, and old men."

In Herbert's fictional universe, personal body shields have made all forms of projectile weapons semi-obsolete. Only a slow-moving weapon can penetrate a shield, putting knives and similar weapons in common use. The beam of energy weapons called lasguns react violently with a shield, creating an unpredictable explosion comparable to sub-atomic fusion which can kill the attacker, shield wearer, and surrounding individuals. Fremen do not use shields because they also attract the native giant sandworms of Arrakis and drive them into a killing frenzy. As a result, the Fremen have the advantage of not being trained to slow their knives when attacking, as those battling a shielded opponent do. Fremen use different archaic weapons such as maula pistols, lances and crossbows to great effect, but the most deadly and prized possession of a Fremen warrior is the **crysknife**. A crysknife is a personally-tuned blade ground from the crystal tooth of a sandworm, and is the formal and sacred weapon of the Fremen. It is a milk-white, double-edged curved knife, the blade about 20 centimetres (8 in) long. The crysknife comes in two forms, fixed and unfixed. Unfixed knives need to be stored in proximity to an electrical field produced by the human body or they will disintegrate after a period of time. Fixed crysknives are put through chemical processes to keep them permanently intact. In *Children of Dune*, Leto II notes that "The crysknife dissolves at the death of its owner." All young Fremen must go through a ritual confirming their adulthood, which is sealed with the gift of a crysknife to the adolescent warrior. According to the religious beliefs of the Fremen, a drawn crysknife must not be sheathed until it draws blood. The Fremen also forbid outsiders from possessing crysknives, and in *Dune* the Lady Jessica refers to "the fabled crysknife of Arrakis, the blade that had never been taken off the planet, and was known only by rumor and wild gossip." When the Shadout Mapes gives one to Jessica, the Fremen woman warns, "Who sees that knife must be cleansed or slain!"

## In the *Dune* games

The Fremen have been featured in the *Dune* series of games, playing a vital role in the plots of nearly all of them. The first *Dune* game (1992) and *Frank Herbert's Dune* (2001) are tied closely to the original book by Frank Herbert, retelling Paul Muad'Dib's rise to becoming the Fremen's Messiah, and leading them against the Harkonnens and the Padishah Emperor under the Atreides banner. In *Dune II* (1992) and *Dune 2000* (1998), the Fremen are special Atreides units, native elite guerillas invoked from the Palace. In *Emperor: Battle for Dune* (2001) they are one of the five sub-factions.

## InfoBox

| Fremen | |
| --- | --- |
| *Dune* franchise element | |
| Fremen Chani (Zendaya) and Stilgar (Javier Bardem) wearing stillsuits in *Dune* (2021) | |
| First appearance |  |
| Created by | Frank Herbert |
| Genre | Science fiction |
| In-universe information | |
| Type | Human culture |
| Traits and abilities | Desert survival, water conservation, fighting abilities |
| Affiliation | House Atreides<br>Sandworms |


abstract: The UCSC Silicon Valley Initiatives are a series of educational and research activities which together increase the presence of the University of California in Silicon Valley. To that end, UC Santa Cruz has set up a 90,000 square-foot satellite campus called the University of Santa Cruz Silicon Valley Campus (SVC), currently located on Bowers street in Santa Clara, California, where it has been since April 2016 The Initiatives, still in the early stages of their development, have had ambitious hopes attached to them by UCSC, among them the possibility of a home for the University's long-planned graduate school of management and the Bio|Info|Nano R&D Institute. It currently houses professional the SVLink incubator-accelerator program, programs and a distance education site for the UCSC Baskin School of Engineering, the UCSC Silicon Valley Extension, the Office of Industry Alliances and Technology Commercialization leadership, and the University of California's online learning program, UC Scout.

text:
# University of California, Santa Cruz Silicon Valley Initiatives

The **UCSC Silicon Valley Initiatives** are a series of educational and research activities which together increase the presence of the University of California in Silicon Valley. To that end, UC Santa Cruz has set up a 90,000 square-foot satellite campus called the University of Santa Cruz Silicon Valley Campus (SVC), currently located on Bowers street in Santa Clara, California, where it has been since April 2016 The Initiatives, still in the early stages of their development, have had ambitious hopes attached to them by UCSC, among them the possibility of a home for the University's long-planned graduate school of management and the Bio|Info|Nano R&D Institute. It currently houses professional the SVLink incubator-accelerator program, programs and a distance education site for the UCSC Baskin School of Engineering, the UCSC Silicon Valley Extension, the Office of Industry Alliances and Technology Commercialization leadership, and the University of California's online learning program, UC Scout.

## Graduate programs

The Silicon Valley Campus offers several master's programs designed to support the diverse workforce in the Silicon Valley area. It currently houses an M.S. program in Games and Playable Media and an M.S. program in Serious Games, with an M.S. in Natural Language Processing and M.S. in Human-Computer Interaction in development, with a tentative launch date of Fall 2020.

### M.S. in Games and Playable Media

The M.S. in Games and Playable Media is run by the UCSC Baskin School of Engineering and is among the top-ranked programs in the world. The program spans five quarters and combines technical and design innovation to explore a variety of new possible playable experiences.

### M.S. in Serious Games

The M.S. in Serious Games was established in the fall of 2019 and is country's first graduate program in serious games, which are games designed to accomplish measurable social goals, rather than just serve as entertainment. UCSC has said that it hopes the program will help students enter what has become a rapidly growing industry with applications for health care, therapy, security, the military, education, and product creation. The new program spans five quarters and trains students in game design, game technology, eliciting and integrating subject matter knowledge, designing and conducting efficacy measures, effective teamwork, and career planning, and will culminate in a capstone project.

## Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and Research

Part of the mission of the Silicon Valley Campus is to create a space where academic researchers can connect with global industry leaders, with hopes that these connections will lead to increased innovation and the development of life-enhancing technologies. To this end, the Silicon valley initiatives have sought to create a number of opportunities for UC affiliates to work with industry leaders. Engineering students often intern in the Silicon Valley, and many of the school's alumni have joined or founded companies in the area. The SVC also serves as a venue for public talks by faculty and local leaders, like the Kraw Lecture Series on Science and Technology. It also houses a number of research centers, institutes, and other ventures.

SVLink is a non-profit run by the University of California, Santa Cruz and managed by the Office of Industry Alliances and Technology Commercialization (IATC) at the Silicon Valley Campus. It was established in 2018 to help startup companies with new innovations get ready for commercialization. Applications are reviewed by a committee of UCSC staff and faculty members and priority is given to companies that are connected to the University of California, but all companies are welcome to apply. SVLink was partly funded a $2.2 million state allocation to UC Santa Cruz (California Assembly Bill (AB) 2664) to fund innovation and entrepreneurship. Another incubator/accelerator program, Startup Sandbox, does similar work in the Santa Cruz region and was also partly funded by the same state allocation.

### Silicon Valley Regional Data Trust

The SVRDT is a project by sociologist Rebecca London and Professor Emeritus Rod Ogawa to use data-sharing to identify common problems students are facing in the Santa Cruz, Santa Clara, and San Mateo counties and find solutions to address them. The trust enables teachers, principals, social workers, public and mental health professionals, judges, and probation officers to share information in real time about students and the services they are receiving to better address their needs.

### Center for Games and Playable Media

The Center for Games and Playable Media (CGPM) was established in 2010 and promotes research into both games for entertainment and serious games for training and rehabilitation. It houses five game-related research labs that study a diversity of games, working on projects that range from artificial intelligence to level design. Its Expressive Intelligence Studio, dedicated to exploring the intersection of artificial intelligence, art, and design, is one of the largest technical game research groups in the world.

### Cyber-Physical Systems Research Center (CPSRC)

This research center studies cyber-physical systems, which rely on computational algorithms integrated with physical components. The goal of the center is to facilitate collaborative research on these large and complicated systems within UCSC and with industrial partners. It studies, among other things, autonomous systems, human sensing, smart cities and buildings, power grids, agriculture, manufacturing, transportation, and connected health.

### Data, Discovery, and Decisions (D3) Research Center

The D3 Research Center opened in 2017 and is led by Professor of Computer Science Lise Getoor. It engages with foundational computational, mathematical, and statistical research to make it easier to make decisions and discoveries based on complex data sets. The goal of the center is to develop open-source tools for addressing the challenges big data presents, and to create a platform for partnering with the industries in the Silicon Valley area in the field of data science.

### The Center for Research in Open Source Software (CROSS)

This center is designed to facilitate the transfer of student research into industry via open-source projects. It was founded after UCSC student Sage Weil successfully founded the distributed storage platform Ceph. Its goal is to create a path for graduate students to become entrepreneurs in the tech industry, drawing on the expertise of Silicon Valley experts.

### The Genomics Institute

The Genomics Institute was established in 2014 to research ways to employ intelligent diagnostics to get cures to people more quickly and to understand the genetic underpinnings of a variety of diseases and conditions. It creates open-source genomics platforms and other technologies to find evolutionary patterns and the genetic underpinnings of disease, and it is committed to openly sharing its innovations to promote a healthier society. The institute has close partnerships with industries in the area, and research at the institute has led to the creation of several new companies, including Five3 Genomics, Maverix Biomics, MagArray, Two Pore Guys, and Dovetail Genomics.

### The Network Management and Operations (NMO) Lab

The NMO lab is funded partly through an industry partnership with Cisco and partners with Cisco engineers to work on real problems in operational networks.

### Storage Systems Research Center (SSRC)

The SSRC focuses on file and storage systems, and particularly on the security and reliability in such systems. It has active projects in archival storage, large-scale distributed storage systems, creating file systems for more advanced storage devices, and managing scalable metadata. The center frequently collaborates with local industry.

SVI Initiatives:

## InfoBox

UCSC Silicon Valley Initiatives
| Type | Public |
| --- | --- |
| Established | TBD |
| Location | Silicon Valley, CA, USA |
| Campus | Urban |
| Vice Provost | Carl E. Walsh |
| Website | svi.ucsc.edu |


# List of listed buildings in Carmichael, South Lanarkshire

This is a list of listed buildings in the parish of Carmichael in South Lanarkshire, Scotland.

## List

## Key

The scheme for classifying buildings in Scotland is:

* **Category A**: "buildings of national or international importance, either architectural or historic; or fine, little-altered examples of some particular period, style or building type."
* **Category B**: "buildings of regional or more than local importance; or major examples of some particular period, style or building type, which may have been altered."
* **Category C**: "buildings of local importance; lesser examples of any period, style, or building type, as originally constructed or moderately altered; and simple traditional buildings which group well with other listed buildings."

In March 2016 there were 47,288 listed buildings in Scotland. Of these, 8% were Category A, and 50% were Category B, with the remaining 42% being Category C.

1. "What is Listing?". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
2. *Scotland's Historic Environment Audit 2016* (PDF). Historic Environment Scotland and the Built Environment Forum Scotland. pp. 15–16. Retrieved 29 May 2018.


title: Usage data

abstract: Usage data is the most effective way of evaluating the true relevancy and value of a website. For example, if users arrive on a web site and go back immediately, chances are that it wasn’t relevant to their query in the first place. However, if a user repeatedly visits a web site and spends a long time on the site, there is a high likelihood that it is extremely relevant. When it comes to search engines, relevant valuable sites get promoted while irrelevant sites get demoted. Search engines want their results to be highly relevant to web users to make sure that web users keep returning to the search engine for future searches. And the best way to establish relevance to users is to know how they use web sites. Cookies are used by search engines to maintain a history of a user’s search activity.

text:
# Usage data

**Usage data** is the most effective way of evaluating the true relevancy and value of a website. For example, if users arrive on a web site and go back immediately (high bounce rate), chances are that it wasn’t relevant to their query in the first place. However, if a user repeatedly visits a web site and spends a long time on the site, there is a high likelihood that it is extremely relevant. When it comes to search engines, relevant valuable sites get promoted while irrelevant sites get demoted.

Search engines want their results to be highly relevant to web users to make sure that web users keep returning to the search engine for future searches. And the best way to establish relevance to users is to know how they use web sites. Cookies are used by search engines to maintain a history of a user’s search activity.


title: Mateo Morrison

abstract: Mateo Morrison Fortunato is a Dominican writer, lawyer, poet and essayist. He won the Premio Nacional de Literatura of the Dominican Republic in 2010.

text:
# Mateo Morrison

**Mateo Morrison Fortunato** (born 14 April 1946) is a Dominican writer, lawyer, poet and essayist. He won the *Premio Nacional de Literatura* of the Dominican Republic in 2010.

## Biography

Morrison is the son of Egbert Morrison, a native of Jamaica, and Efigenia Fortunato. He studied at the *Latin American and Caribbean Center for Cultural Development* in Venezuela, majoring in Cultural Management. He started the *Cesar Vallejo Literary Workshop* in the latter part of the 1970s and, in 2010, became the twentieth recipient of the *Premio Nacional de Literatura*, being honored especially for his poetry. He was director of the Department of Culture of the Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo (UASD) and has served as the Sub-Secretary of Culture for the Dominican Republic since his appointment in 2008 by Leonel Fernández.

## Selected works

* *Abril del ’65 : Visión Poética*, Comisión Permanente de Efemérides Patrias (2000) ISBN 99934-410-2-3
* *Pablo Neruda y Su Presencia*, Camara Dominicano del Libro (2004) ISBN 978-99934-422-1-9
* *Un Silencio que Camina : Novela*, Editora Búho (2007) ISBN 978-9945-161-77-9
* *Estático en la Memoria y Otros Textos*, Santuario (2009) ISBN 978-9945-00-232-4
* *Política Cultural, Legislación y Derechos Culturales en República Dominicana*, Ediciones de la Secretaría de Estado de Cultura (2009) ISBN 978-9945-001-42-6
* *El Abrazo de las Sombras*, Santuario (2011) ISBN 978-9945-00-487-8

Media related to Mateo Morrison at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Mateo Morrison | |
| --- | --- |
| Mateo Morrison in 2012 | |
| Born | (1946-04-14) April 14, 1946<br>Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic |
| Occupation | Poet, novelist |
| Language | Spanish |
| Nationality | Dominican |
| Genre | Drama, Romantic |
| Children | Milton Morrison |


title: William Hayden House (Albany, Vermont)

abstract: The William Hayden House is a historic house on Vermont Route 14 in southern Albany, Vermont. Built in 1854, it is a remarkably sophisticated example of Greek Revival architecture in brick for a small rural community. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

text:
# William Hayden House (Albany, Vermont)

The **William Hayden House** is a historic house on Vermont Route 14 in southern Albany, Vermont. Built in 1854, it is a remarkably sophisticated example of Greek Revival architecture in brick for a small rural community. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

## Description and history

The William Hayden House stands on the west side of Vermont Route 14, between Wylie Hill Road and Route 14's crossing of the Rogers Branch of the Black River. It is a 2+12-story brick building, with a side gable roof, end chimneys, and granite foundation. It is set back from the road, accessed by a semicircular drive, with a low granite wall paralleling the road. The driveway entrances are marked by carved stone posts, as is a pedestrian entrance at the center of the semicircle. The house's main block has a five-bay front facade, articulated by brick pilasters with granite capitals. Windows are rectangular sash, set in openings with granite sills and lintels. The window above the entrance is a three-section window, with narrow side windows in the Palladian style. The entrance is recessed in a rectangular granite-lined openings, with flanking sidelight windows and round columns, and a large transom window above. Below the roofline is a tall entablature, and an eave decorated with drop pendants. A single-story brick ell, reproducing one destroyed by fire, extends to the south, joining the house to a 20th-century garage.

William Hayden is said to have built the first frame house in what is now Albany, and it is where he raised a son, William, Jr., who went on to become a railroad construction magnate. In 1854 he had this house built by a local contractor, William Steele, using locally sourced bricks. Local lore has it that he had it built as a monument to himself, and "to show the fools in Albany what money could do". His only son's heirs squabbled over his estate, which passed out of the family in 1927. It became rundown in the mid-20th century, but underwent a major restoration in the late 1970s, which included a recreation (based on early photos) of the original ell.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| William Hayden House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | VT 14<br>Albany, Vermont |
| Coordinates | 44°42′36″N 72°23′26″W / 44.71000°N 72.39056°W / 44.71000; -72.39056 |
| Area | 7 acres (2.8 ha) |
| Built | 1854 (1854) |
| Built by | William Steele |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 78000238 |
| Added to NRHP | January 31, 1978 |


title: Marcella Hempel

abstract: Marcella Augusta Hempel, was a textile artist, second generation Bauhaus master weaver and lecturer in textiles. She was one of many émigré artists who came to Australia after the second world war, bringing training and expertise from Europe. She became a respected leader in the Australian Crafts Movement. Hempel designed and wove products such as rugs and scarves which were commissioned or exhibited by Australian companies, private collectors and craft and art galleries. Her work received a gold medal award from the Australian Wool Board. She lectured in Dresden then at the University of Applied Arts in Berlin, taught textile design at East Sydney Technical College, was the inaugural lecturer in textiles at the Riverina-Murray Institute of Higher Education and was conferred with a Honoris Causa award of Bachelor of Arts after retirement. Her woven travel rugs are held in national art collections.

text:
# Marcella Hempel

**Marcella Augusta Hempel,** (birthname Tilg, first married name Tilg-Senff) (29 December 1915, Berlin, Germany– 9 December 2010, Canberra, Australia) was a textile artist, second generation Bauhaus master weaver and lecturer in textiles. She was one of many émigré artists who came to Australia after the second world war, bringing training and expertise from Europe. She became a respected leader in the Australian Crafts Movement. Hempel designed and wove products such as rugs and scarves which were commissioned or exhibited by Australian companies, private collectors and craft and art galleries. Her work received a gold medal award from the Australian Wool Board. She lectured in Dresden then at the University of Applied Arts in Berlin, taught textile design at East Sydney Technical College, was the inaugural lecturer in textiles at the Riverina-Murray Institute of Higher Education (formerly Riverina College of Advanced Education, now Charles Sturt University-Wagga Wagga campus) and was conferred with a Honoris Causa award of Bachelor of Arts (Visual Arts) after retirement. Her woven travel rugs are held in national art collections.

## Life and weaving career

### Master weaver and lecturer in Germany

Marcella Tilg studied art in high school and aimed in her post-school life, "To help mankind". Her teacher took the class to a Bauhaus display home showing art in action which impressed Tilg so she decided to study at the Bauhaus when she finished high school. By then, the Bauhas school had been closed by the Nazi Party so Tilg studied weaving in Berlin from 1932 under Bauhaus trained Margaret Leischner at the Berlin College of Textile and Fashion, graduating in 1936 with a degree in handweaving and textile design. She married Georg Friedrich Senff (1908–1944) in 1937, a commercial clerk who in 1934 with 14 other men, had been convicted by the Dresden Higher Regional Court of “preparing to commit treason” against the ruling Nazi Party. She and Senff had one child. Georg Senff died in Poland in 1944. From 1934 to 1946, Marcella Tilg-Senff designed fabrics for German and Danish industry. In 1947 Tilg-Senff gained the Master's Certificate in handweaving and between 1946 and 1950 lectured in Dresden then in East Berlin. Her teaching career in Germany was helped by Mart Stam, designer of the cantilever chair, who was a professor at the University of Applied Arts in Berlin when he appointed her in 1951 as lecturer in weaving then as a panel member for the Institute for Industrial Design.

In 1952 Marcella Tilg-Senff left East Germany and moved to England. The only permit that allowed her to leave East Germany was one to work as a domestic abroad. She worked as a live-in housekeeper in the UK (with her daughter). She maintained her friendship with Leischner, who became a leading teacher and weaver in England, visiting her in the UK in the 1950s before migrating to Australia and again in 1970 just before Leischner's death from cancer. About leaving Germany, in 1990 Hempel said in correspondence with John McPhee, then a curator at the National Gallery of Australia, “I did not want my child to grow up under a totalitarian regime which took the life of my husband, who had been a political prisoner under Hitler... My odyssey ended in Australia, where at last I did not feel in constant hopeless opposition to a regime, which denies its citizens integrity." She married Bruno Hempel in the UK.

### Weaver and lecturer in Australia

Now known as Marcella Hempel, she sailed via South Africa to Sydney in 1954 with Bruno and two teenagers (her daughter and Bruno's son by his first marriage). She brought with her samples of her weaves, designs and professional documentation, and even a small hand loom, which helped her obtain work as a weaver and lecturer in Australia. The destination address the Hempels gave was the flat of Walter Andreas and Annemarie Dullo, refugees from Germany before WWII, who became chocolate makers in Australia, interned as enemy aliens during the war, then returned to Sydney and co-founded Musica Viva Australia. Between 1954 and 1957 Hempel designed upholstery fabric for a commercial weaving company in Sydney and taught for a while at East Sydney Technical College. About 1956, the Hempels bought a small sheep and dairy farm at Picton, NSW where Marcella also kept a flock of geese. Marcella (and sometimes Bruno) spun wool from her own sheep, combined it with other wool yarns, and created an individual weave that received a gold medal award from the Australian Wool Board. One of her first commissions at Picton was for curtains for the local Camden Hospital, woven in cotton. During her time in Picton, Hempel also opened a continental coffee lounge with a German friend, where they served their home-made cakes and brewed coffee and displayed Hempel's weaving.

Marcella and Bruno had a daughter while at the farm, with Marcella taking her toddler with her when she rose early to milk cows and later weaving and making rugs and other materials. Her eldest daughter was married by then, but still helped Marcella by collecting and delivering her rugs and other products. After awarding the gold medal, the Wool Board recommended Qantas commission Hempel to make 250 travel rugs to give to delegates at the International Air Transport conference in Sydney being hosted by Qantas in 1963. Hempel had three months to fulfill the commission. Bruno had an accident and did not have full use of his legs but wanted to help spin the yarn for the Qantas rugs so Marcella rigged up a hand spinner for him. She successfully produced the travel rugs and more commissions and sales of her woven textiles followed.

By the mid 60s, the marriage had broken down and most of the farm was sold, although Marcella and her daughter were able to keep and live in the cottage with a small plot of bushland surrounding them. She increased her efforts to support herself and her daughter as a weaver but kept to her principle of only producing as much as she could by hand from her own loom. Bruno Hempel died in Picton in 1969. In 1974 Marcella and her daughter moved to Wagga Wagga NSW where, with other weavers, she established a textile course at the former Riverina College of Advanced Education and was the inaugural lecturer in textiles from 1974 to 1980. She also taught weaving in community workshops. In 1989 the college awarded Hempel an honorary Bachelor of Arts (Visual Arts). At the presentation, senior lecturer Arthur Wicks described her as “a very direct and honest person and it shows through her work... She is without doubt a master craftsperson”. An occasional address was made by Edmund Capon, then Director of the Art Gallery of NSW. In reply, Hempel said "Culture is really what happens in the community” and the integrity of the individual making a contribution to the community was what was important. In 1990 the Wagga Wagga Art Gallery held an exhibition, "Students of Marcella Hempel" which included works by Hempel as well as her students.

Even when she was working as a designer or lecturer, Hempel maintained her own handweaving practice. Her work was promoted or sold by the Australian Wool Board, Australian Craftworks, Narek Craft Galleries, Design Arts Centre and the Crafts Council of Australia. By the late 90s. Hempel had moved to Canberra, where she set up her "loom room" to continue weaving. In 1994 she gave a talk at the Australian War Memorial on her experiences while living in Germany during the second world war at the "Children of the Holocaust" exhibition of drawings by Jewish children of Teresin ghetto.

In Australia, Hempel passed on her industrial design principles and weaving techniques both as a lecturer and in workshop presentations. She believed that all work should have an aim and a purpose. In 1971 she led a weaving workshop at "Creative Arts '71" at a lodge in Lamington National Park, Queensland and presented a session at the first Australian fibre conference in 1981 on “Tactile sensitivity”, talking about “the importance of the use of the hands for a balanced development of the individual”. She taught her students industrial design principles of harmonious design through colour, shape and texture. She wrote that the decisive factors in her career were the Bauhaus philosophy, the insistence on technical perfection and the application of efficient working methods from industry. One of her College of Advanced Education students said, "Marcella has encouraged me to develop her teaching into my own personal expression and to explore every area of weaving."

Curators and reviewers described her as having a devotion to craftsmanship and her weaves as being inspired by the colours of the Australian landscape. One of Hempel's travel rugs was shown in "The Fabric of Australian Society" exhibition. Hempel wrote in the catalogue, "The various Australian wools provided me with the raw material to create distinguished Australian designs which expressed my reaction to the rawness, the strength and immensity of the Australian landscape".

Marcella Hempel died in Canberra on 9 December 2010. Her death notice, written by her daughters, described her as "An honourable person throughout life. Respected second generation trained Bauhaus Master Weaver and teacher. Survivor of Nazi Germany and bombing of Dresden".

### Exhibitions and works

Her exhibitions and most well-known works included:

* Good Neighbour Council exhibition, Anthony Hordern, Sydney, 1957 (group)
* Australian Wool Bureau/Board, Gold Medal, "Wool Fashion Awards" for handwoven sample rug, 1962
* 250 travel rugs commissioned by Qantas to give to delegates at the International Air Transport conference in Sydney, 1963
* Berrima Gallery, 1968 (solo)
* "Marcella Hempel”, Design Arts Centre, Brisbane, 1968, 1969, 1976 (solo)
* Hayloft Gallery, Bathurst, 1971 (solo)
* Narek Craft Galleries, "Marcella Hempel, Gino Sanguineti", 1972 (exhibited with a sculptor)
* "Fibre", Narek Galleries, Canberra, 1975 (group)
* Australian Wool Corporation, *Australian weavers in wool*, 1st annual exhibition, in association with Imago Gallery, 1978 (group)
* Australian Craftworks, "Marcella Hempel: Master weaver: A celebration of 50 years of weaving", Sydney, June–July, 1986 (solo)
* "Profile of Presence", Narek Galleries, Canberra, 1984 (group)
* "Students of Marcella Hempel", Wagga Wagga City Art Gallery, 1990 (group)
* “The Fabric of Australian Society” presented by the Melbourne Olympic Candidature, Melbourne, Tokyo, 1990 (group)
* "The Europeans: Emigre Artists in Australia 1930–1960" at the Australian National Gallery, (now National Gallery of Australia), Canberra, 1997 (group)

Travel rug image:

Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences travel rug

Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences Ghost Gums travel rug

National Gallery of Australia MS 5 Papers of Marcella Hempel