title: Tumin (currency)

abstract: Túmin is an alternative currency used in the municipality of Espinal, Veracruz, Mexico. Its name means "money" in the Totonac language.. Espinal is a municipality of some 2600 inhabitants, 19% of whom are indigenous Totonac people. Used as a complementary currency, the Tumin was first put in circulation in 2010 as a student project at the Intercultural University of Veracruz, where students were trying to find ways of strengthening the local economy. In Espinal the access to cash is scarce as most people work for the minimum wage. The project creators analyzed the economy of the area and concluded that there were sufficient goods and demand, but that a medium of exchange was lacking. The creators designed bills and started promoting its use as a kind of exchange coupon among locals in Espinal, in order to support a barter economy. The bills are decorated with the likenesses of Emiliano Zapata and paintings by Diego Rivera, and they describe the value of the bill in Spanish and Totonac. The Tumin is accepted in Espinal in the purchase of services from health care to tacos and internet cafe visits. In order to participate one has to produce some product for exchange, and declare that they want to be a member. Each member is provided with 500 Tumin and a directory of the other members, with whom they can exchange services using the currency. A member commits to charging at least 10% of the worth of a product that they exchange in Tumin, effectively lowering the price of goods at no cost to the seller since their initial 50 Tumin were provided for free. A Tumin is worth one Mexican peso and can be exchanged for that amount. The desired function is to effectively lower prices and to establish a preference for buying goods from other community members since Tumin only circulate within the community. The system does not work if participants raise prices, or if some members accumulate Tumin since that implies that a member does not buy products from others, or if they spend all their Tumin without providing goods for others to consume. Those who do not produce goods, such as laborers or the poor in the community are in effect excluded from the Tumin community as they do not have any services to exchange. The Tumin has been described by journalists as reinvigorating the economy of the municipality, but has also been criticized by the Mexican National Bank for being an attempt to substitute the Mexican national currency, the peso. The Mexican National Bank has in fact sued the developers of Tumin for acting against its monopoly on printing money, a lawsuit that is still on-going. The creators state that the accusations are invalid as Tumin do not replace money, but is rather an instrument for barter. One 2013 study argued that the currency was ineffective in reaching the goal of improvement of the community's economy, but that it has been successful in promoting mutuality and solidarity within the community.

text:
# Tumin (currency)

**Túmin** \[ˈtuːmin\] is an alternative currency used in the municipality of Espinal, Veracruz, Mexico. Its name means "money" in the Totonac language. (Note that this word in Totonac is borrowed from the old Spanish coin the "tomín" \[www.rae.es\]). Espinal is a municipality of some 2600 inhabitants, 19% of whom are indigenous Totonac people. Used as a complementary currency, the Tumin was first put in circulation in 2010 as a student project at the Intercultural University of Veracruz, where students were trying to find ways of strengthening the local economy. In Espinal the access to cash is scarce as most people work for the minimum wage. The project creators analyzed the economy of the area and concluded that there were sufficient goods and demand, but that a medium of exchange was lacking. The creators designed bills and started promoting its use as a kind of exchange coupon among locals in Espinal, in order to support a barter economy. The bills are decorated with the likenesses of Emiliano Zapata and paintings by Diego Rivera, and they describe the value of the bill in Spanish and Totonac. The Tumin is accepted in Espinal in the purchase of services from health care to tacos and internet cafe visits.

In order to participate one has to produce some product for exchange, and declare that they want to be a member. Each member is provided with 500 Tumin and a directory of the other members, with whom they can exchange services using the currency. A member commits to charging at least 10% of the worth of a product that they exchange in Tumin, effectively lowering the price of goods at no cost to the seller since their initial 50 Tumin were provided for free. A Tumin is worth one Mexican peso and can be exchanged for that amount. The desired function is to effectively lower prices and to establish a preference for buying goods from other community members since Tumin only circulate within the community. The system does not work if participants raise prices, or if some members accumulate Tumin since that implies that a member does not buy products from others, or if they spend all their Tumin without providing goods for others to consume. Those who do not produce goods, such as laborers or the poor in the community are in effect excluded from the Tumin community as they do not have any services to exchange.

The Tumin has been described by journalists as reinvigorating the economy of the municipality, but has also been criticized by the Mexican National Bank for being an attempt to substitute the Mexican national currency, the peso. The Mexican National Bank has in fact sued the developers of Tumin for acting against its monopoly on printing money, a lawsuit that is still on-going. The creators state that the accusations are invalid as Tumin do not replace money, but is rather an instrument for barter.

One 2013 study argued that the currency was ineffective in reaching the goal of improvement of the community's economy, but that it has been successful in promoting mutuality and solidarity within the community.

## Bibliography


title: The Call of the Sea (1919 film)

abstract: The Call of the Sea is a 1919 British silent drama film directed by H. Grenville-Taylor and starring Henry Victor, Booth Conway and Stella Muir.

text:
# The Call of the Sea (1919 film)

***The Call of the Sea*** is a 1919 British silent drama film directed by H. Grenville-Taylor and starring Henry Victor, Booth Conway and Stella Muir.

## Bibliography

* Palmer, Scott. *British Film Actors' Credits, 1895-1987*. McFarland, 1998.

## InfoBox

| The Call of the Sea | |
| --- | --- |
| Written by | H. Grenville-Taylor |
| Starring |  |
| Production<br>company | Grenville-Taylor |
| Distributed by | Union Photoplays |
| Release date | * July 1919 (1919-07) |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Languages |  |


title: List of endophytes

abstract: Endophytes are micro-organisms living within the tissue of a plant as endosymbionts, without causing symptoms of disease. Some of them are mutualistic symbionts with beneficial effects on their host, such as improved growth or resistance against disease or environmental stress, and are being used as microbial inoculants. However, pathogens and saprophytes may also be endophytic at some point of their life cycle. Endophytes are distinct from mycorrhizal fungi or rhizosphere microbes in that they live entirely within the plant. Most endophytes known are bacteria or fungi, although there are also some endophytic algae and oomycetes. This list contains genera with endophytic species. Species are only listed in notable cases. Where specific variants or cultivars of a species are endophytic, this is detailed on the taxon's page. The host range is "wide" when it does not include only a specific lineage of plants; in that case, the lineage is given.

text:
# List of endophytes

*Neotyphodium coenophialum* in leaves of tall fescue*Bradyrhizobium japonicum* in root nodules of soybean

**Endophytes** are micro-organisms living within the tissue of a plant as endosymbionts, without causing symptoms of disease. Some of them are mutualistic symbionts with beneficial effects on their host, such as improved growth or resistance against disease or environmental stress, and are being used as microbial inoculants. However, pathogens and saprophytes may also be endophytic at some point of their life cycle. Endophytes are distinct from mycorrhizal fungi or rhizosphere microbes in that they live entirely within the plant. Most endophytes known are bacteria or fungi, although there are also some endophytic algae and oomycetes.

This list contains genera with endophytic species (but which may also have non-endophytic species). Species are only listed in notable cases. Where specific variants or cultivars of a species are endophytic, this is detailed on the taxon's page. The host range is "wide" when it does not include only a specific lineage of plants; in that case, the lineage is given.

## Bacteria

*See also* Rhizobia  *for the nitrogen-fixing bacteria on roots of legumes (Fabaceae).*

| Genus/species | Phylum | Class | Order | Host range | Roots/shoots colonized? |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Acidovorax facilis* | Proteobacteria | Betaproteobacteria | Burkholderiales | ? | ? |
| *Bradyrhizobium* | Proteobacteria | Alphaproteobacteria | Rhizobiales | legumes | roots |
| *Rhizobium* | Proteobacteria | Alphaproteobacteria | Rhizobiales | legumes | roots |
| *Rhodococcus rhodochrous* | Actinobacteria | Actinobacteria | Actinomycetales | ? | ? |
| *Rhodococcus rhodochrous* | Actinobacteria | Actinobacteria | Actinomycetales | ? | ? |

## Fungi

| Genus/species | Phylum | Class | Order | Host range | Roots/shoots colonized? |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Colletotrichum* | Ascomycota | Sordariomycetes | Glomerellales | wide | shoots & roots |
| *Curvularia* | Ascomycota | Dothideomycetes | Pleosporales | wide | shoots & roots |
| *Epichloë* | Ascomycota | Sordariomycetes | Hypocreales | grasses | shoots |
| *Fusarium* | Ascomycota | Sordariomycetes | Hypocreales | wide | shoots & roots |
| *Mycosphaerella* | Ascomycota | Dothideomycetes | Capnodiales | ? | ? |
| *Neotyphodium* | Ascomycota | Sordariomycetes | Hypocreales | grasses | shoots |
| *Piriformospora* | Basidiomycota | Agaricomycetes | Sebacinales | wide | roots |
| *Cladosporium* | Ascomycota | Dothideomycetes | Capnodiales | wide |  |
| *Serendipita* | Basidiomycota | Agaricomycetes | Sebacinales | wide | roots |

## Algae and oomycetes

| Genus/species | Phylum | Class | Order | Host range | Roots/shoots colonized? |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pythium oligandrum | Heterokontophyta, | Oomycota | Pythiales | wide | roots |


title: External validity

abstract: External validity is the validity of applying the conclusions of a scientific study outside the context of that study. In other words, it is the extent to which the results of a study can generalize or transport to other situations, people, stimuli, and times. Generalizability refers to the applicability of a predefined sample to a broader population while transportability refers to the applicability of one sample to another target population. In contrast, internal validity is the validity of conclusions drawn within the context of a particular study. Mathematical analysis of external validity concerns a determination of whether generalization across heterogeneous populations is feasible, and devising statistical and computational methods that produce valid generalizations. In establishing external validity, scholars tend to identify the "scope" of the study, which refers to the applicability or limitations of the theory or argument of the study. This entails defining the sample of the study and the broader population that the sample represents.

text:
# External validity

**External validity** is the validity of applying the conclusions of a scientific study outside the context of that study. In other words, it is the extent to which the results of a study can generalize or transport to other situations, people, stimuli, and times. Generalizability refers to the applicability of a predefined sample to a broader population while transportability refers to the applicability of one sample to another target population. In contrast, internal validity is the validity of conclusions drawn *within* the context of a particular study.

Mathematical analysis of external validity concerns a determination of whether generalization across heterogeneous populations is feasible, and devising statistical and computational methods that produce valid generalizations.

In establishing external validity, scholars tend to identify the "scope" of the study, which refers to the applicability or limitations of the theory or argument of the study. This entails defining the sample of the study and the broader population that the sample represents.

## Threats

"A threat to external validity is an explanation of how you might be wrong in making a generalization from the findings of a particular study." In most cases, generalizability is limited when the effect of one factor (i.e. the independent variable) depends on other factors. Therefore, all threats to external validity can be described as statistical interactions. Some examples include:

* Aptitude by treatment interaction: The sample may have certain features that interact with the independent variable, limiting generalizability. For example, comparative psychotherapy studies often employ specific samples (e.g. volunteers, highly depressed, no comorbidity). If psychotherapy is found effective for these sample patients, will it also be effective for non-volunteers or the mildly depressed or patients with concurrent other disorders? If not, the external validity of the study would be limited.
* Situation by treatment interactions: All situational specifics (e.g. treatment conditions, time, location, lighting, noise, treatment administration, investigator, timing, scope and extent of measurement, etc.) of a study potentially limit generalizability.
* Pre-test by treatment interactions: If cause-effect relationships can only be found when pre-tests are carried out, then this also limits the generality of the findings. This sometimes goes under the label "sensitization", because the pretest makes people more sensitive to the manipulation of the treatment.

Note that a study's *external* validity is limited by its *internal* validity. If a causal inference made within a study is invalid, then generalizations of that inference to other contexts will also be invalid.

Cook and Campbell made the crucial distinction between generalizing *to* some population and generalizing *across* subpopulations defined by different levels of some background factor. Lynch has argued that it is almost never possible to generalize *to* meaningful populations except as a snapshot of history, but it is possible to test the degree to which the effect of some cause on some dependent variable generalizes *across* subpopulations that vary in some background factor. That requires a test of whether the treatment effect being investigated is moderated by interactions with one or more background factors.

## Disarming threats

Whereas enumerating threats to validity may help researchers avoid unwarranted generalizations, many of those threats can be disarmed, or neutralized in a systematic way, so as to enable a valid generalization. Specifically, experimental findings from one population can be "re-processed", or "re-calibrated" so as to circumvent population differences and produce valid generalizations in a second population, where experiments cannot be performed. Pearl and Bareinboim classified generalization problems into two categories: (1) those that lend themselves to valid re-calibration, and (2) those where external validity is theoretically impossible. Using graph-based causal inference calculus, they derived a necessary and sufficient condition for a problem instance to enable a valid generalization, and devised algorithms that automatically produce the needed re-calibration, whenever such exists. This reduces the external validity problem to an exercise in graph theory, and has led some philosophers to conclude that the problem is now solved.

An important variant of the external validity problem deals with selection bias, also known as sampling bias—that is, bias created when studies are conducted on non-representative samples of the intended population. For example, if a clinical trial is conducted on college students, an investigator may wish to know whether the results generalize to the entire population, where attributes such as age, education, and income differ substantially from those of a typical student. The graph-based method of Bareinboim and Pearl identifies conditions under which sample selection bias can be circumvented and, when these conditions are met, the method constructs an unbiased estimator of the average causal effect in the entire population. The main difference between generalization from improperly sampled studies and generalization across disparate populations lies in the fact that disparities among populations are usually caused by preexisting factors, such as age or ethnicity, whereas selection bias is often caused by post-treatment conditions, for example, patients dropping out of the study, or patients selected by severity of injury. When selection is governed by post-treatment factors, unconventional re-calibration methods are required to ensure bias-free estimation, and these methods are readily obtained from the problem's graph.

## Examples

If age is judged to be a major factor causing treatment effect to vary from individual to individual, then age differences between the sampled students and the general population would lead to a biased estimate of the average treatment effect in that population. Such bias can be corrected though by a simple re-weighing procedure: We take the age-specific effect in the student subpopulation and compute its average using the age distribution in the general population. This would give us an unbiased estimate of the average treatment effect in the population. If, on the other hand, the relevant factor that distinguishes the study sample from the general population is in itself affected by the treatment, then a different re-weighing scheme need be invoked. Calling this factor *Z*, we again average the *z*-specific effect of *X* on *Y* in the experimental sample, but now we weigh it by the "causal effect" of *X* on *Z*. In other words, the new weight is the proportion of units attaining level *Z=z* had treatment *X=x* been administered to the entire population. This interventional probability, often written using Do-calculus $P(Z=z|do(X=x))$, can sometimes be estimated from observational studies in the general population.

A typical example of this nature occurs when *Z* is a mediator between the treatment and outcome, For instance, the treatment may be a cholesterol-reducing drug, *Z* may be cholesterol level, and *Y* life expectancy. Here, *Z* is both affected by the treatment and a major factor in determining the outcome, *Y*. Suppose that subjects selected for the experimental study tend to have higher cholesterol levels than is typical in the general population. To estimate the average effect of the drug on survival in the entire population, we first compute the *z*-specific treatment effect in the experimental study, and then average it using $P(Z=z|do(X=x))$ as a weighting function. The estimate obtained will be bias-free even when *Z* and *Y* are confounded—that is, when there is an unmeasured common factor that affects both *Z* and *Y*.

The precise conditions ensuring the validity of this and other weighting schemes are formulated in Bareinboim and Pearl, 2016 and Bareinboim et al., 2014.

## External, internal, and ecological validity

In many studies and research designs, there may be a trade-off between internal validity and external validity: Attempts to increase internal validity may also limit the generalizability of the findings, and vice versa. This situation has led many researchers call for "ecologically valid" experiments. By that they mean that experimental procedures should resemble "real-world" conditions. They criticize the lack of ecological validity in many laboratory-based studies with a focus on artificially controlled and constricted environments. Some researchers think external validity and ecological validity are closely related in the sense that causal inferences based on ecologically valid research designs often allow for higher degrees of generalizability than those obtained in an artificially produced lab environment. However, this again relates to the distinction between generalizing to some population (closely related to concerns about ecological validity) and generalizing across subpopulations that differ on some background factor. Some findings produced in ecologically valid research settings may hardly be generalizable, and some findings produced in highly controlled settings may claim near-universal external validity. Thus, external and ecological validity are independent—a study may possess external validity but not ecological validity, and vice versa.

## Qualitative research

Within the qualitative research paradigm, external validity is replaced by the concept of transferability. Transferability is the ability of research results to transfer to situations with similar parameters, populations and characteristics.

## In experiments

It is common for researchers to claim that experiments are by their nature low in external validity. Some claim that many drawbacks can occur when following the experimental method. By the virtue of gaining enough control over the situation so as to randomly assign people to conditions and rule out the effects of extraneous variables, the situation can become somewhat artificial and distant from real life.

There are two kinds of generalizability at issue:

1. The extent to which we can generalize from the situation constructed by an experimenter to real-life situations (***generalizability across situations***), and
2. The extent to which we can generalize from the people who participated in the experiment to people in general (***generalizability across people***)

However, both of these considerations pertain to Cook and Campbell's concept of generalizing *to* some target population rather than the arguably more central task of assessing the generalizability of findings from an experiment *across* subpopulations that differ from the specific situation studied and people who differ from the respondents studied in some meaningful way.

Critics of experiments suggest that external validity could be improved by the use of field settings (or, at a minimum, realistic laboratory settings) and by the use of true probability samples of respondents. However, if one's goal is to understand generalizability *across* subpopulations that differ in situational or personal background factors, these remedies do not have the efficacy in increasing external validity that is commonly ascribed to them. If background factor X treatment interactions exist of which the researcher is unaware (as seems likely), these research practices can mask a substantial lack of external validity. Dipboye and Flanagan, writing about industrial and organizational psychology, note that the evidence is that findings from one field setting and from one lab setting are equally *unlikely* to generalize to a second field setting. Thus, field studies are not by their nature high in external validity and laboratory studies are not by their nature low in external validity. It depends in both cases whether the particular treatment effect studied would change with changes in background factors that are held constant in that study. If one's study is "unrealistic" on the level of some background factor that does not interact with the treatments, it has no effect on external validity. It is only if an experiment holds some background factor constant at an unrealistic level and if varying that background factor would have revealed a strong Treatment x Background factor interaction, that external validity is threatened.

### Generalizability across situations

Research in psychology experiments attempted in universities is often criticized for being conducted in artificial situations and that it cannot be generalized to real life. To solve this problem, social psychologists attempt to increase the generalizability of their results by making their studies as realistic as possible. As noted above, this is in the hope of generalizing to some specific population. Realism per se does not help the make statements about whether the results would change if the setting were somehow more realistic, or if study participants were placed in a different realistic setting. If only one setting is tested, it is not possible to make statements about generalizability across settings.

However, many authors conflate external validity and realism. There is more than one way that an experiment can be realistic:

1. The similarity of an experimental situation to events that occur frequently in everyday life—it is clear that many experiments are decidedly unreal.
2. In many experiments, people are placed in situations they would rarely encounter in everyday life.

This is referred to the extent to which an experiment is similar to real-life situations as the experiment's mundane realism.

It is more important to ensure that a study is high in psychological realism—how similar the psychological processes triggered in an experiment are to psychological processes that occur in everyday life.

Psychological realism is heightened if people find themselves engrossed in a real event. To accomplish this, researchers sometimes tell the participants a cover story—a false description of the study's purpose. If however, the experimenters were to tell the participants the purpose of the experiment then such a procedure would be low in psychological realism. In everyday life, no one knows when emergencies are going to occur and people do not have time to plan responses to them. This means that the kinds of psychological processes triggered would differ widely from those of a real emergency, reducing the psychological realism of the study.

People don't always know why they do what they do, or what they do until it happens. Therefore, describing an experimental situation to participants and then asking them to respond normally will produce responses that may not match the behavior of people who are actually in the same situation. We cannot depend on people's predictions about what they would do in a hypothetical situation; we can only find out what people will really do when we construct a situation that triggers the same psychological processes as occur in the real world.

### Generalizability across people

Social psychologists study the way in which people, in general, are susceptible to social influence. Several experiments have documented an interesting, unexpected example of social influence, whereby the mere knowledge that others were present reduced the likelihood that people helped.

The only way to be certain that the results of an experiment represent the behaviour of a particular population is to ensure that participants are randomly selected from that population. Samples in experiments cannot be randomly selected just as they are in surveys because it is impractical and expensive to select random samples for social psychology experiments. It is difficult enough to convince a random sample of people to agree to answer a few questions over the telephone as part of a political poll, and such polls can cost thousands of dollars to conduct. Moreover, even if one somehow was able to recruit a truly random sample, there can be unobserved heterogeneity in the effects of the experimental treatments... A treatment can have a positive effect on some subgroups but a negative effect on others. The effects shown in the treatment averages may not generalize to any subgroup.

Many researchers address this problem by studying basic psychological processes that make people susceptible to social influence, assuming that these processes are so fundamental that they are universally shared. Some social psychologist processes do vary in different cultures and in those cases, diverse samples of people have to be studied.

### Replications

The ultimate test of an experiment's external validity is replication — conducting the study over again, generally with different subject populations or in different settings. Researchers will often use different methods, to see if they still get the same results.

When many studies of one problem are conducted, the results can vary. Several studies might find an effect of the number of bystanders on helping behaviour, whereas a few do not. To make sense out of this, there is a statistical technique called meta-analysis that averages the results of two or more studies to see if the effect of an independent variable is reliable. A meta analysis essentially tells us the probability that the findings across the results of many studies are attributable to chance or to the independent variable. If an independent variable is found to have an effect in only one of 20 studies, the meta-analysis will tell you that that one study was an exception and that, on average, the independent variable is not influencing the dependent variable. If an independent variable is having an effect in most of the studies, the meta-analysis is likely to tell us that, on average, it does influence the dependent variable.

There can be reliable phenomena that are not limited to the laboratory. For example, increasing the number of bystanders has been found to inhibit helping behaviour with many kinds of people, including children, university students, and future ministers; in Israel; in small towns and large cities in the U.S.; in a variety of settings, such as psychology laboratories, city streets, and subway trains; and with a variety of types of emergencies, such as seizures, potential fires, fights, and accidents, as well as with less serious events, such as having a flat tire. Many of these replications have been conducted in real-life settings where people could not possibly have known that an experiment was being conducted.

## Basic dilemma of the social psychologist

When conducting experiments in psychology, some believe that there is always a trade-off between internal and external validity—

1. having enough control over the situation to ensure that no extraneous variables are influencing the results and to randomly assign people to conditions, and
2. ensuring that the results can be generalized to everyday life.

Some researchers believe that a good way to increase external validity is by conducting field experiments. In a field experiment, people's behavior is studied outside the laboratory, in its natural setting. A field experiment is identical in design to a laboratory experiment, except that it is conducted in a real-life setting. The participants in a field experiment are unaware that the events they experience are in fact an experiment. Some claim that the external validity of such an experiment is high because it is taking place in the real world, with real people who are more diverse than a typical university student sample. However, as real-world settings differ dramatically, findings in one real-world setting may or may not generalize to another real-world setting.

Neither internal nor external validity is captured in a single experiment. Social psychologists opt first for internal validity, conducting laboratory experiments in which people are randomly assigned to different conditions and all extraneous variables are controlled. Other social psychologists prefer external validity to control, conducting most of their research in field studies, and many do both. Taken together, both types of studies meet the requirements of the perfect experiment. Through replication, researchers can study a given research question with maximal internal and external validity.

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24. Hutchinson, J. Wesley; Kamakura, Wagner A.; Lynch, John G. (2000). "Unobserved Heterogeneity as an Alternative Explanation for "Reversal" Effects in Behavioral Research". *Journal of Consumer Research*. **27** (3): 324–344. doi:10.1086/317588. JSTOR 10.1086/317588. S2CID 16353123.
25. Darley, J.M.; Batson, C.D. (1973). "From Jerusalem to Jericho: A study of situational and dispositional variables in helping behaviour". *Journal of Personality and Social Psychology*. **27**: 100–108. doi:10.1037/h0034449.
26. Schwartz, S.H.; Gottlieb, A. (1976). "Bystander reactions to a violent theft: Crime in Jerusalem". *Journal of Personality and Social Psychology*. **34** (6): 1188–1199. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.34.6.1188. PMID 1003323.
27. Latane, B.; Dabbs, J.M. (1975). "Sex, group size, and helping in three cities". *Sociometry*. **38** (2): 108–194. doi:10.2307/2786599. JSTOR 2786599.
28. Harrison, J.A.; Wells, R.B. (1991). "Bystander effects on male helping behaviour: Social comparison and diffusion of responsibility". *Representative Research in Social Psychology*. **96**: 187–192.
29. Latane, B.; Darley, J.M. (1968). "Group inhibition of bystander intervention". *Journal of Personality and Social Psychology*. **10** (3): 215–221. doi:10.1037/h0026570. PMID 5704479. S2CID 28550502.
30. Hurley, D.; Allen, B.P. (1974). "The effect of the number of people present in a nonemergency situation". *Journal of Social Psychology*. **92**: 27–29. doi:10.1080/00224545.1974.9923068.
31. Latane, B., & Darley, J.M. (1970). The unresponsive bystander: Why doesn't he help? Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall


abstract: The 1843 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on January 10, 1843. Future President of the United States James Buchanan was re-elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.

text:
# 1843 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania

The **1843 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania** was held on January 10, 1843. Future President of the United States James Buchanan was re-elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.

## Results

The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on January 10, 1843, to elect a new Senator to fill the term beginning on March 4, 1843. Incumbent Democrat James Buchanan, who was elected in 1834 and re-elected in 1836, was a successful candidate for re-election to another term. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:

State Legislature Results
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **James Buchanan (Inc.)** | **74** | **56.06** |
|  | Whig | John Banks | 54 | 40.91 |
|  | Democratic | Richard Brodhead | 1 | 0.76 |
|  | *Unknown* | John Gibons | 1 | 0.76 |
|  | N/A | Not voting | 2 | 1.52 |
| **Totals** | | | **132** | **100.00%** |


title: Peter Charney

abstract: Peter Charney is the current Guinness World Record holder for the most indoor bungee jumps in twenty-four hours. Charney first attempted the record in November 2006 as part of the Guinness World Records Day. During that attempt he completed 106 jumps in 24 hours, setting a new Guinness World Record. Due to facility issues he was forced to have a 10-hour extended break. He completed his second successful attempt on 6–7 November 2007 in the West Edmonton Mall World Waterpark, Edmonton, Canada. After 23 hours he reached his goal of 225 jumps—averaging nine jumps per hour and up to 32 in one hour. Both of his attempts were in support of a local charity and raised just over $5000.

text:
# Peter Charney

**Peter Charney** (born October 2, 1989) is the current Guinness World Record holder for the most indoor bungee jumps in twenty-four hours.

Charney first attempted the record in November 2006 as part of the Guinness World Records Day. During that attempt he completed 106 jumps in 24 hours, setting a new Guinness World Record. Due to facility issues he was forced to have a 10-hour extended break.

He completed his second successful attempt on 67 November 2007 in the West Edmonton Mall World Waterpark, Edmonton, Canada. After 23 hours he reached his goal of 225 jumpsaveraging nine jumps per hour and up to 32 in one hour.

Both of his attempts were in support of a local charity and raised just over $5000.

## InfoBox

| Peter Charney | |
| --- | --- |
| Peter Charney | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1989-10-02) October 2, 1989<br>Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada |


title: Pimelea interioris

abstract: Pimelea interioris is a species of flowering plant in the family Thymelaeaceae and is endemic to a restricted part of the south of the Northern Territory of Australia. It is a shrub with hairy, narrowly elliptic leaves and clusters of creamy-white to pale yellow, separate male and female flowers.

text:
# Pimelea interioris

***Pimelea interioris*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Thymelaeaceae and is endemic to a restricted part of the south of the Northern Territory of Australia. It is a shrub with hairy, narrowly elliptic leaves and clusters of creamy-white to pale yellow, separate male and female flowers.

## Description

*Pimelea interioris* is a shrub that typically grows to a height of 0.7–3 m (2 ft 4 in – 9 ft 10 in) and has hairy stems. Its leaves are usually arranged alternately, narrowly elliptic, 15–29 mm (0.59–1.14 in) long, 2.5–5 mm (0.098–0.197 in) wide and hairy, especially on the lower surface. The flowers are arranged in small clusters of mostly separate male and female, creamy-white to pale yellow flowers that are densely hairy on the outside. The flower tube is 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long, the sepals 1.0–1.5 mm (0.039–0.059 in) long, and the stamens are attached inside the flower tube. Flowering occurs between July and November.

## Taxonomy

*Pimelea interioris* was first formally described in 1990 by Barbara Lynette Rye in the *Flora of Australia* from specimens collected by George Chippendale in Palm Valley in 1956. The specific epithet (*interioris*) means "interior" and refers to the occurrence of the species in central Australia.

## Distribution and habitat

This pimelea grows in rocky gullies and in sheltered sites in gorges, and is only known from Palm Valley in the Finke Gorge National Park.

## Conservation status

*Pimelea interioris* is listed as "near threatened" under the Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act.

## InfoBox

| *Pimelea interioris* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malvales |
| Family: | Thymelaeaceae |
| Genus: | *Pimelea* |
| Species: | ***P. interioris*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pimelea interioris***<br>Rye | |
|


title: Volvo Masters

abstract: The Volvo Masters was the concluding official money event of the European Tour season until 2009, when it was replaced by the Dubai World Championship. The event was founded in 1988 and held at Valderrama Golf Club in Andalusia, Spain, except for a five-year period between 1997 and 2001 when Montecastillo Golf Club played host to the tournament. The tournament reverted to its original name of "Volvo Masters" in 2005, having been known as the "Volvo Masters Andalucia" between 2000 and 2003 for sponsorship reasons. The prize money for the inaugural event was £351,690, and by 2008, this had increased to over €4 million, making it one of the richest events on the tour. The field consists of the top 60 leading money winners on the European Tour, and from 2005, an invitation has also been issued to the previous years winner regardless of their standing on the money list. Prior to 2007, the Volvo Masters was held one week before The Tour Championship to allow golfers who are members of both the European and PGA Tours to participate, but this changed after the PGA Tour rescheduled their event to mid-September. Following a one-year absence from the calendar, Valderama returned to the European Tour schedule in 2010 with the Andalucía Valderrama Masters under the sponsorship of Turismo Andaluz.

text:
# Volvo Masters

The **Volvo Masters** was the concluding official money event of the European Tour season until 2009, when it was replaced by the Dubai World Championship. The event was founded in 1988 and held at Valderrama Golf Club in Andalusia, Spain, except for a five-year period between 1997 and 2001 when Montecastillo Golf Club played host to the tournament.

The tournament reverted to its original name of "Volvo Masters" in 2005, having been known as the "Volvo Masters Andalucia" between 2000 and 2003 for sponsorship reasons. The prize money for the inaugural event was £351,690, and by 2008, this had increased to over €4 million, making it one of the richest events on the tour. The field consists of the top 60 leading money winners on the European Tour, and from 2005, an invitation has also been issued to the previous years winner regardless of their standing on the money list.

Prior to 2007, the Volvo Masters was held one week before The Tour Championship to allow golfers who are members of both the European and PGA Tours to participate, but this changed after the PGA Tour rescheduled their event to mid-September.

Following a one-year absence from the calendar, Valderama returned to the European Tour schedule in 2010 with the Andalucía Valderrama Masters under the sponsorship of Turismo Andaluz (Andalucia Government Tourism Organization).

## Winners

|  | European Tour (Tour Championship) | 1988–2008 |
| --- | --- | --- |

| # | Year | Winner | Score | To par | Margin of
victory | Runner(s)-up |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Volvo Masters | | | | | | |
| 21st | 2008 | Søren Kjeldsen | 276 | −8 | 2 strokes | Martin Kaymer
Anthony Wall |
| 20th | 2007 | Justin Rose | 283 | −1 | Playoff | Simon Dyson
Søren Kjeldsen |
| 19th | 2006 | Jeev Milkha Singh | 282 | −2 | 1 stroke | Luke Donald
Sergio García
Pádraig Harrington |
| 18th | 2005 | Paul McGinley | 274 | −10 | 2 strokes | Sergio García |
| Volvo Masters Andalucía | | | | | | |
| 17th | 2004 | Ian Poulter | 277 | −7 | Playoff | Sergio García |
| 16th | 2003 | Freddie Jacobson | 276 | −12 | Playoff | Carlos Rodiles |
| 15th | 2002 | Bernhard Langer (2)
Colin Montgomerie (2) | 281 | −3 | Title shared | |
| 14th | 2001 | Pádraig Harrington | 204 | −12 | 1 stroke | Paul McGinley |
| Volvo Masters | | | | | | |
| 13th | 2000 | Pierre Fulke | 272 | −16 | 1 stroke | Darren Clarke |
| 12th | 1999 | Miguel Ángel Jiménez | 269 | −19 | 2 strokes | Retief Goosen
Pádraig Harrington
Bernhard Langer |
| 11th | 1998 | Darren Clarke | 271 | −17 | 2 strokes | Andrew Coltart |
| 10th | 1997 | Lee Westwood | 200 | −16 | 3 strokes | Pádraig Harrington |
| 9th | 1996 | Mark McNulty | 276 | −8 | 7 strokes | José Cóceres
Sam Torrance
Wayne Westner
Lee Westwood |
| 8th | 1995 | Alex Čejka | 282 | −2 | 2 strokes | Colin Montgomerie |
| 7th | 1994 | Bernhard Langer | 276 | −8 | 1 stroke | Seve Ballesteros
Vijay Singh |
| 6th | 1993 | Colin Montgomerie | 274 | −10 | 1 stroke | Darren Clarke |
| 5th | 1992 | Sandy Lyle | 287 | +3 | Playoff | Colin Montgomerie |
| 4th | 1991 | Rodger Davis | 280 | −4 | 1 stroke | Nick Faldo |
| 3rd | 1990 | Mike Harwood | 286 | +2 | 1 stroke | Steven Richardson
Sam Torrance |
| 2nd | 1989 | Ronan Rafferty | 282 | −6 | 1 stroke | Nick Faldo |
| 1st | 1988 | Nick Faldo | 284 | −4 | 2 strokes | Seve Ballesteros |

1. "European Tour schedule to feature Andalucia Masters at Valderrama". *Golf Monthly*. 4 December 2009. Retrieved 2009-12-22.

## InfoBox

Volvo Masters
| Tournament information | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Sotogrande, Spain |
| Established | 1988 |
| Course(s) | Valderrama Golf Club |
| Par | 71 |
| Length | 6,952 yards (6,357 m) |
| Tour(s) | European Tour |
| Format | Stroke play |
| Prize fund | 4,000,000 |
| Month played | October |
| Final year | 2008 |
| Tournament record score | |
| Aggregate | 269 Miguel Ángel Jiménez (1999) |
| To par | −19 *as above* |
| Final champion | |
| Søren Kjeldsen | |
| Location map | |
| Valderrama GCLocation in SpainValderrama GCLocation in Andalusia | |


title: Uroplectes carinatus

abstract: Uroplectes carinatus is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae, found in Angola, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe.

text:
# Uroplectes carinatus

***Uroplectes carinatus*** is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae, found in Angola, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe.

## InfoBox

| *Uroplectes carinatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Scorpiones |
| Family: | Buthidae |
| Genus: | *Uroplectes* |
| Species: | ***U. carinatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Uroplectes carinatus***<br>Pocock, 1890 | |
|


abstract: This is a list of the urban number-one songs of 2016 in Panama. The charts are published by Monitor Latino, based exclusively for urban singles on airplay across radio stations in Panama using the Radio Tracking Data, LLC in real time. The chart week runs from Monday to Sunday.

text:
# List of number-one urban songs of 2016 (Panama)

This is a **list of the urban number-one songs of 2016 in Panama**. The charts are published by Monitor Latino, based exclusively for urban singles on airplay across radio stations in Panama using the Radio Tracking Data, LLC in real time. The chart week runs from Monday to Sunday.

## Chart history

| Issue date | Song | Artist | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 12 December | "Safari" | J Balvin featuring Pharrell Williams, Bia and Sky |  |
| 19 December | | |  |
| 26 December | | |  |


title: Luystown, Missouri

abstract: Luystown is an unincorporated community in Osage County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.

text:
# Luystown, Missouri

**Luystown** is an unincorporated community in Osage County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.

## History

A post office called Luystown was established in 1881, and remained in operation until 1921. The community has the name of Andrew Luys, an early settler. A published obituary for Julia Mibord-Childers, dated October 23, 1941 noted that she was the granddaughter of Mr. Luys and that he deeded property to the town, where at the time the school house stood. It also stated that his family was prominent and had a notable part in the history of Osage County.

38°33′29″N 91°50′03″W / 38.55806°N 91.83417°W / 38.55806; -91.83417


title: The Call of the Toad (film)

abstract: The Call of the Toad is a film released in 2005 that tells the love story between a German man and a Polish woman who become caught up in the advent of modern capitalism in Poland. It is based on the novel The Call of the Toad written by Günter Grass.

text:
# The Call of the Toad (film)

***The Call of the Toad*** is a film released in 2005 that tells the love story between a German man and a Polish woman who become caught up in the advent of modern capitalism in Poland. It is based on the novel *The Call of the Toad* written by Günter Grass.

## Synopsis

In Gdańsk, Poland, in 1989, Alexander Reschke and Alexandra Piatkowska first meet on their way to a cemetery. Both are survivors from the end of World War II when many people from Poland and Germany were displaced as borders were re-drawn according to new treaties.

But they discover that displacement and war is not all they have in common. They have both been widowed and due to their upheaval - they share the belief that survivors such as themselves should have the right to be returned home for burial.

As their love affair grows, their ambitions become entwined. The pair establishes a Cemetery of Reconciliation to show that old hatreds are now dead. They form a company that arranges for survivors to be buried in their original country but as the money rolls in, their good intentions are corrupted.

## Cast

## Awards

* Nominated Best Actress, Polish Film Awards.
* Nominated Best Film Score, Polish Film Awards.
* Nominated Best Production Design, Polish Film Awards.
* Nominated Best Supporting Actor, Polish Film Awards.

## InfoBox

| The Call of the Toad | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Robert Gliński |
| Written by | * Klaus Richter * Pawel Huelle * Cezary Harasimowicz |
| Based on | *The Call of the Toad*<br>by Günter Grass |
| Produced by | * Regina Ziegler * Elke Ried * Ursual Vossen * Mike Downey * Sam Taylor * Henryk Romanowski |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Jacek Petrycki |
| Edited by | Krzysztof Szpetmanski |
| Music by | Richard G. Mitchell |
| Release dates | * 22 September 2005 (2005-09-22) (Germany) * 23 September 2005 (2005-09-23) (Poland) |
| Running time | 98 minutes |
| Countries |  |
| Languages |  |


abstract: The United States Military Academy (USMA) is an undergraduate college in West Point, New York that educates and commissions officers for the United States Army. This list is drawn from alumni of the Military Academy who are engineers. Most of the U.S. Army's Chiefs of Engineers were Academy alumni; beginning with Joseph Gardner Swift and most recently the current Chief of Engineers, Robert L. Van Antwerp, Jr.. Other notable engineers include Orlando Metcalfe Poe, a lighthouse engineer, and George Washington Goethals, chief engineer of the Panama Canal.

text:
# List of engineers educated at the United States Military Academy

The United States Military Academy (USMA) is an undergraduate college in West Point, New York that educates and commissions officers for the United States Army. This list is drawn from alumni of the Military Academy who are engineers. Most of the U.S. Army's Chiefs of Engineers were Academy alumni; beginning with Joseph Gardner Swift (class of 1802) and most recently the current Chief of Engineers, Robert L. Van Antwerp, Jr. (class of 1972). Other notable engineers include Orlando Metcalfe Poe (class of 1856), a lighthouse engineer, and George Washington Goethals (class of 1880), chief engineer of the Panama Canal.

## Engineers

*Note: "Class year" refers to the class year of each alumnus, which usually is the same year the person graduated. However, in times of war, classes often graduate early.*

| Name Class year Notability References  Joseph Gardner Swift 1802 Brigadier general; first graduate of the Academy; War of 1812; Superintendent of the Academy (1812–1814); Chief of Engineers (1812–1818)   Walker Keith Armistead 1803 Brigadier general; War of 1812; Chief of Engineers (1818–1821)   Joseph Gilbert Totten 1805 Major general; War of 1812, Mexican–American War, American Civil War; military and lighthouse engineer; Chief of Engineers (1838–1864)   Charles Gratiot 1806 Brigadier general; War of 1812; Chief of Engineers (1828–1838)   Richard Delafield 1818 Major general; 7th, 11th, and 13th Superintendent of the Academy (1838–1845), (1856–1861), (1861); American Civil War; Chief of Engineers (1864–1866)   George Washington Whistler 1819 Major (United States); Chief Engineer that constructed the railroad between St. Petersburg and Moscow, Russia (1842); Received the Order of St. Anne from the Czar Nicholas (1847); father of the painter James Abbott McNeill Whistler (1834)   Isaac R. Trimble 1822 Major General CSA; civil and railroad engineer; wounded and captured at the Battle of Gettysburg   George S. Greene 1823 Brigadier general; second cousin of General Nathanael Greene of the American Revolutionary War; railroad and aqueduct engineer, founder of American Society of Civil Engineers and Architects; defender of Culp's Hill during the Battle of Gettysburg   Andrew A. Humphreys 1831 Major general; American Civil War; topographical and hydrological surveyor of the Mississippi River Delta; Chief of Engineers (1866–1875); an incorporator of the United States National Academy of Sciences   Herman Haupt 1835 Brigadier general; railroad engineer and head of the United States Military Railroad during the American Civil War   John Williams Gunnison 1837 Captain; topographical engineer; supervised one of the Pacific Railroad surveys in 1853; Gunnison, Colorado and Gunnison, Utah are named in his honor   Horatio Wright 1841 Major general; American Civil War; Chief of Engineers (1879–1884)   John Newton 1842 Brigadier general; American Civil War; coastal fortifications engineer; Chief of Engineers (1884–1886)   John Pope 1842 Major general; topographic engineer and surveyor; Dakota War of 1862, Apache Wars; defeated at the Second Battle of Bull Run, commander of Army of the Mississippi and Army of Virginia   William F. Raynolds 1843 Colonel; topographic engineer; Mexican–American War; American Civil War; lighthouse construction, led 1859–1860 Raynolds Expedition in Yellowstone region.   James Chatham Duane 1848 Brigadier general; leader of engineers in the Utah War of 1858; American Civil War; coastal fortifications and pontoon engineer; Chief of Engineers (1886–1888)   Robert S. Williamson 1848 Lieutenant colonel; American Civil War; topographical engineer; participated in the Pacific Railroad Surveys   John Parke 1849 Major general; American Civil War; participated in the Pacific Railroad surveys in 1853; chief surveyor who delineated the boundary between northwestern United States and British North America; Superintendent of the Academy (1887–1889)   Rufus Saxton 1849 Brigadier general; recipient of the Medal of Honor for his defense at the Battle of Harpers Ferry; participated in the Pacific Railroad surveys in 1853; early abolitionist   Gouverneur K. Warren 1850 Major general; commended at the battle of Little Round Top, Chief of Engineers of the Army of the Potomac during the American Civil War; participated in topographical and railroad explorations of the Mississippi River and trans-Mississippi West   Thomas Lincoln Casey 1852 Brigadier general; American Civil War; fortifications engineer; construction engineer of the Washington Monument and Old Executive Office Building; Chief of Engineers (1888–1895)   William Price Craighill 1853 Brigadier general; American Civil War; fortifications, river, harbor, and coastal engineer; author; Chief of Engineers (1895–1897)   Orlando Metcalfe Poe 1856 Brigadier general; American Civil War; lighthouse, harbor, and river engineer; responsible for much of the early lighthouse construction on the Great Lakes; built the Poe Lock of the Soo Locks in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan; Poe Reef Light in Lake Huron is named in his honor   Henry Martyn Robert 1857 Brigadier general; Pig War; American Civil War; fortifications, river, and harbor engineer; wrote Robert's Rules of Order; Chief of Engineers (1901)   John Moulder Wilson 1860 Brigadier general; recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions at the Battle of Malvern Hill despite acute illness; Superintendent of the Academy (1889–1893); Chief of Engineers (1897–1901)   John W. Barlow 1861 Brigadier general; American Civil War; participated in topographical explorations of the headwaters of the Missouri River and Yellowstone River; Chief of Engineers (1901)   George Lewis Gillespie, Jr. 1862 Brigadier general; recipient of the Medal of Honor for carrying dispatches under withering fire at the Battle of Cold Harbor; fortification and pontoon engineer; Chief of Engineers (1901–1904)   David Porter Heap 1864 Brigadier general; engineer and author; harbor and lighthouse engineer   Alexander Mackenzie 1864 Major general; American Civil War; torpedo, river, and harbor engineer; Chief of Engineers (1904–1908)   William Louis Marshall 1868 Brigadier general; topographic and river engineer; Chief of Engineers (1908–1910)   William Herbert Bixby 1873 Brigadier general; coastal and river engineer; Chief of Engineers (1910–1913)   William Trent Rossell 1873 Brigadier general; fortification, harbor and river engineer; Chief of Engineers (1913)   Dan Christie Kingman 1875 Brigadier general; fortification, harbor and river engineer; Chief of Engineers (1913–1916)   William Murray Black 1877 Major general; Spanish–American War; civil engineer; Chief of Engineers (1917–1919)   George Washington Goethals 1880 Major general; chief engineer of the Panama Canal; Governor of the Panama Canal Zone (1914–1917)   Lansing Hoskins Beach 1882 Major general; river, harbor, and coastal engineer; Chief of Engineers (1920–1924)   Harry Taylor 1884 Major general; World War I; fortification, river, and harbor engineer; Chief of Engineers (1924–1926)   Edgar Jadwin 1890 Major general; Spanish–American War; World War I; river, bridge, and road engineer; Chief of Engineers (1926–1929)   Lytle Brown 1898 Major general; Spanish–American War; Pancho Villa Expedition; World War I; civil engineer; Chief of Engineers (1929–1933)   Edward Murphy Markham 1899 Major general; World War I; topographic and civil engineer; Chief of Engineers (1933–1937)   Julian Larcombe Schley 1903 Major general; World War I; topographic and civil engineer; Governor of the Panama Canal Zone (1932–1926); Chief of Engineers (1937–1941)   Raymond Albert Wheeler 1911 Lieutenant general; World War II; railroad and highway engineer; Chief of Engineers (1945–1949); directed the clearing of the Suez Canal following the 1956 Suez Crisis   Lunsford E. Oliver 1913 Major general; initiated the research that led to the development of the steel treadway bridge; Commander of 5th Armored Division during World War II   Hugh John Casey 1918 Major general; instructor and engineer company commander during World War I; Chief Engineer for General of the Army Douglas MacArthur for the South West Pacific theatre of World War II; initial designer of The Pentagon; father of Major Hugh Boyd Casey; father-in-law of Major General Frank Butner Clay   Samuel D. Sturgis, Jr. 1918 Lieutenant general; World War II; railroad and highway engineer; Chief of Engineers (1953–1956)   Emerson C. Itschner 1924 Lieutenant general; World War II; Korean War; civil engineer; Chief of Engineers (1956–1961)   Walter K. Wilson, Jr. 1929 Lieutenant general; World War II; Chief of Engineers (1961–1965)   William F. Cassidy 1931 Lieutenant general; World War II; airfield engineer and engineer logistician; Chief of Engineers (1965–1969)   Frederick J. Clarke 1937 Lieutenant general; World War II; airfield engineer, engineer logistician, and early developer of the Red Ball Express; worked on the Manhattan Project; Chief of Engineers (1969–1973)   William C. Gribble, Jr. 1941 Lieutenant general; World War II; civil and nuclear engineer; worked on the Alaska Highway; Chief of Engineers (1973–1976)   John W. Morris 1943 Lieutenant general; World War II, Korean War, Vietnam War; airfield and river engineer; Chief of Engineers (1976–1980)   Joseph K. Bratton 1948 Lieutenant general; Korean War, Vietnam War; Chief of Engineers (1980–1984)   Fidel V. Ramos 1950 General; Korean War, Vietnam War; master's degree in civil engineering at the University of Illinois (1951); Chief of Staff of the United Nations engineering contingent during the Vietnam War   Elvin R. Heiberg III 1953 Lieutenant general; Vietnam War; held three Master's degrees; Chief of Engineers (1984–1988)   Henry J. Hatch 1957 Lieutenant general; Vietnam War; Paratrooper and Army Ranger; Chief of Engineers (1988–1992)   Robert L. Van Antwerp, Jr. 1972 Lieutenant general; Gulf War; Paratrooper and Army ranger; Chief of Engineers (2007–present) |  |
| --- | --- |

General references

**a:** *Special Collections: Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U. S. Military Academy*. West Point, NY: United States Military Academy Library. 1950.

Inline citations


title: Peter Knight (musician)

abstract: Peter Knight is an Australian musician, composer and producer. He was the Artistic Director and co-CEO of the Australian Art Orchestra from 2013 to 2023 and founding member of Melbourne group Way Out West., 5+2 Brass Ensemble, and Hand to Earth He is well known for his solo releases, 'Shadow Phase', Fish Boast of Fishing (2011) and Allotrope (2012) and composition for theatre in particular with performance maker Tamara Saulwick. More recently he has composed for film including Paul Goldman's feature Kid Snow which he composed with violinist Warren Ellis (musician).

text:
# Peter Knight (musician)

**Peter Knight** (born 12 March 1965) is an Australian musician, composer and producer. He was the Artistic Director and co-CEO of the Australian Art Orchestra from 2013 to 2023 and founding member of Melbourne group Way Out West., 5+2 Brass Ensemble, and Hand to Earth

He is well known for his solo releases, 'Shadow Phase' (2022 ROOM40), *Fish Boast of Fishing* (2011) and *Allotrope* (2012) and composition for theatre in particular with performance maker Tamara Saulwick.

More recently he has composed for film including Paul Goldman's feature Kid Snow which he composed with violinist Warren Ellis (musician).

## Early life

Peter Knight grew up in Orbost in country Victoria then went to school in Melbourne. He started playing trumpet when he was at primary school.

## Career

### In collaboration

Knight played trumpet and electric bass, in rock bands through his 20s including Cattletruck, which toured Australia extensively. He also toured and recorded with Big Pig, Frente, Underground Lovers, You Am I Spiderbait and many others.

Knight formed Way Out West with Vietnamese born multi instrumentalist, Dung Nguyen, in 2002 with the intention of exploring jazz as a global language while simultaneously responding to Knight and Nguyen's local neighbourhood, Melbourne's inner west. The band has since released four albums mostly of Knight's compositions. They have won numerous awards and nominations and have played at major music festivals including Montreal, Veneto and Vancouver jazz festivals. Their most recent work '1988' premiered at The Substation in 2022 and was also presented as part of OzAsia Festival in 2023.

Hand to Earth was formed with Indigenous song keepers, Daniel and David Wilfred from Ngukurr NT along with Korean-born vocalist, Sunny Kim (singer), and clarinetist, Aviva Endean. It was originally produced by Australian Art Orchestra when Knight was Artistic Director but in 2023 became an independent ensemble. Since then the group has toured to venues in Australia and around the world. In 2022 it was nominated for an ARIA award for Best World Music Album for its self titled debut album released on AAO Recordings. In 2023 it released MOKUY on the ROOM40 label run by Lawrence English who also produced the record.

### 2000-present: Solo career

In the late 1990s he concentrated on jazz and released his debut album as leader of Peter Knight Quartet in 2001 *Between Two Moments*. The album was positively received and the Quartet toured nationally. He has since regularly released solo work including Fish Boast of Fishing, Allotrope, and Shadow Phase.

### 2013-2023: Australian Art Orchestra

In 2013 Knight became Artistic Director of Australian Art Orchestra (AAO), following 20 years with the group's founder pianist and composer Paul Grabowsky. Under Knight, the group has pursued a more contemporary direction, collaborating with a number of well respected international composers, including Canadian composer Nicole Lizée and Japanese composer Keiichiro Shibuya. The development of their collaborations with Australian indigenous musicians, and musicians from Asia has continued under Knight's direction receiving critical acclaim. In 2014 and 2022 the group won the AMC Art Music Award for Organisation of the Year at the APRA Awards.

In 2016 Knight won Albert H. Maggs Composition Award for his work *Diomira* inspired by \[Italo Calvino\] and his story of the same name. The winning work was commissioned by the Australian Art Orchestra and premiered at the Metropolis New Music Festival in May. This award came in the form of a commission to develop the piece into a full-length concert work. Diomira was released on Hospital Hill in 2021 on an album called Crossed and Recrossed, which also includes a work called The Plains, inspired by author Gerald Murnane which premiered at \[Jazztopad\] in Poland in 2018 and received positive reviews.

In 2017 Knight performed at the 14th Jazztopad festival in Poland during the Melting Pot concerts.

At OzAsia 2017, Knight curated a concert program for the festival that saw the AAO collaborating with ghuzeng player Mindy Meng, Japanese composer Keiichiro Shibuya, p'ansori singer Bae Il Dong (Korea) and traditional songman from Arnhem Land, Daniel Wilfred.

### Projects with Tamara Saulwick

Knight also works extensively with his partner, Tamara Saulwick, who is an internationally renowned performance maker and artistic director of Chamber Made Opera. Together they have made a number of works: *Pin Drop*, which won a Green Room Award in 2010 for Outstanding Production in Alternative and Hybrid Performance and was nominated for Best Composition and Sound Design. The pair was also commissioned by the ABC to turn this project into a radiophonic work

*Pin Drop* toured Australia and also played in Glasgow at Tramway in 2014.

*Alter*was a performance using a constructed sound and light installation featuring 16 iPads (each participant used an iPad during the performance). The piece was commissioned for the Festival of Live Art by Arts House.

*Seddon Archives* was a headphone audio walk commissioned by Big West Festival. *Endings* which won a 2016 Green Room Award and toured through 2017-18 to Canadian Stage (Toronto), Brighton Festival (UK), Dublin Theatre Festival, pUsh Festival Vancouver and On the Boards (Seattle). The ABC commissioned a radiophonic version of *Endings* in 2016. In 2022 the pair premiered a new work at The Substation in Melbourne. My Self In That Moment, made with Chamber Made, is an audio-visual work for 49 tablets and live voice (Jessica Aszodi and Tina Stefanou alternately). The work, "takes a dystopian view of the lost soul of the self in the digital age"

## Academic achievements

In 2003, Knight was awarded the Alan C. Rose Memorial Fund Project Scholarship. In 2004, the Keith and Elizabeth Travelling Fellowship. In 2006 he received a Myer Foundation grant for new sound installation work with Double Venturi. In 2007, he received a Griffith University full scholarship for doctoral studies in composition and a Tom and Isobel Rolston Scholarship Banff Centre for the Arts.

Knight holds an MMus Master in Music Performance from University of Melbourne (VCA) and is also a Doctor of Musical Arts, which was awarded by Queensland of Conservatorium Griffith University QCGU. In 2013 he was awarded QCGU Alumnus of the Year.

In 2013, he was granted the Australia Council Music Fellowship (for 2013/14).

In 2014 Knight was a *Music Omi* musician in residence at Omi International Arts Center, Hudson, New York.

## Discography

### Solo albums

| Title | Details |
| --- | --- |
| *Between Two Moments*
(as Peter Knight Quartet) | * Released: 2002 * Format: CD, digital download |
| *All the Gravitation of Silence* | * Released: 2006 * Format: CD, digital download |
| *Residual*
(with Dung Nguyen) | * Released: May 2011 * Label: Parenthèses Records * Format: CD, digital download |
| *Fish Boast of Fishing* | * Released: 2011 * Label: Listen Hear Collective * Format: CD, digital download |
| *Allotrope* | * Released: 2012 * Label: Peter Knight * Format: CD, digital download |
| *Re-Residual* | * Released: October 2014 * Format: CD, digital download * Remix album |
| *Daughter's Fever*
(with Grand Salvo) | * Released: 2015 * Label: Peter Knight * Format: CD, digital download |
| *Way Out West*
(with various artists) | * Released: June 2016 * Label: Peter Knight * Format: CD, digital download |
| *Peter Knight*
(Australian Art Orchestra) | * Released: September 2021 * Label: Peter Knight * Format: CD, digital download |
| *Shadow Phase*
(with various artists) | * Released: October 2021 * Label: Room40 * Format: LP, digital download |
|  |  |

## Awards and nominations

### AIR Awards

The Australian Independent Record Awards (commonly known informally as AIR Awards) is an annual awards night to recognise, promote and celebrate the success of Australia's Independent Music sector.

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | *Fish Boast of Fishing* | Best Independent Jazz Album | Won |

### Albert H. Maggs Composition Award

The Albert H. Maggs Composition Award is a commission-based Australian classical composition award given in order to "encourage and assist composers who might otherwise abandon their efforts for want of means". They commenced in 1966.

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | Himself for *Diomira* | Albert H. Maggs Composition Award | Won |

### APRA Awards

The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA), "honouring composers and songwriters".

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2008 | "Postcard from Footscray" | Jazz Work of the Year | Nominated |
| 2012 | "Unknownness 1" | Jazz Work of the Year | Nominated |
| 2015 | himself | Award for Excellence in Jazz | Nominated |
| | | Award for Excellence by an Individual | Nominated |
| 2016 | himself | Award for Excellence by an Individual | Nominated |
| 2017 | "Diomira" (performed by Australian Art Orchestra) | Instrumental Work of the Year | Nominated |
| 2020 | "The Plains" (performed by Australian Art Orchestra) | Performance of the Year: Jazz / Improvised Music | Nominated |
| 2021 | *Closed Beginnings* (Knight, Tariro Mavondo, Reuben Lewis) for Mavondo (poetry), Lewis and Knight (music), Jem Savage (sound production), Leo Dale (video production) | Work of the Year: Electroacoustic/Sound Art | Won |

### ARIA Music Awards

The ARIA Music Awards is an annual ceremony presented by Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), which recognise excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of the music of Australia. They commenced in 1987.

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2021 | *Closed Beginnings* (with Australian Art Orchestra, Reuben Lewis and Tariro Mavondo) | Best Jazz Album | Nominated |  |
| 2022 | *Hand to Earth* (with Australian Art Orchestra, Daniel Wilfred, Sunny Kim & Aviva Endean) | Best World Music Album | Nominated |  |

### Australian Jazz Bell Awards

The Australian Jazz Bell Awards are annual music awards for the jazz music genre in Australia. They were named in honour of Australian jazz pianist, composer and band leader, Graeme Bell (1914–2012).

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | *Fish Boast of Fishing* | Most Original Australian Jazz Album | Won |

### Green Room Awards

The Green Room Awards are peer awards which recognise excellence in cabaret, dance, drama, fringe theatre, musical theatre and opera in Melbourne.

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2011 | *Pin Drop* (with Tamara Saulwick) | Best Composition and Sound Design | Nominated |
| 2016 | *Endings* (with Tamara Saulwick) | Green Room Theatre Award | Won |

### Helpmann Awards

The Helpmann Awards are accolades for live entertainment and performing arts in Australia, presented by industry group Live Performance Australia.

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2015 | *Endings* (with Tamara Saulwick) | Best New Australian Work | Nominated |

### Music Victoria Awards

The Music Victoria Awards, are an annual awards night celebrating Victorian music. They commenced in 2005.

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | *Way Out West* | Best Jazz Album | Won |  |
| 2022 | Peter Knight | Best Jazz Work | Nominated |  |

## InfoBox

| Dr. Peter Knight | |
| --- | --- |
| Knight in 2014 | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1965-03-12) 12 March 1965
Orbost, Australia |
| Genres | Jazz, Experimental |
| Occupation(s) | Composer, Musician, Artistic director |
| Instrument(s) | Trumpet, electronics |
| Years active | 1990–present |


title: Pinguiochrysidaceae

abstract: Pinguiochrysidaceae is a family of marine Heterokontophyta. It is the only family in the order Pinguiochrysidales, which is the only order in the class Pinguiophyceae. It includes five species of unicellular organisms with high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the cytoplasm. The other common features are the lack of cell wall and the tendency for flagella loss even on the stage of zoospore, which is unusual for heterokonts. One species inhabits benthic substates and is able to produce lorica with one or more tubular necks. The other species live in the plankton.

text:
# Pinguiochrysidaceae

**Pinguiochrysidaceae** is a family of marine Heterokontophyta. It is the only family in the order **Pinguiochrysidales**, which is the only order in the class **Pinguiophyceae**. It includes five species of unicellular organisms with high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the cytoplasm. The other common features are the lack of cell wall and the tendency for flagella loss even on the stage of zoospore, which is unusual for heterokonts. One species (*Polypodochrysis teissieri*) inhabits benthic substates (sometimes found the mucilage of other algae) and is able to produce lorica with one or more tubular necks. The other species live in the plankton.

## Species

## InfoBox

| Pinguiochrysidaceae | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| *Clade*: | Diaphoretickes |
| *Clade*: | SAR |
| *Clade*: | Stramenopiles |
| Phylum: | Gyrista |
| Subphylum: | Ochrophytina |
| Class: | Pinguiophyceae
Kawachi et al. |
| Order: | Pinguiochrysidales
Kawachi et al. |
| Family: | Pinguiochrysidaceae
Kawachi, Inouye, Honda, O'Kelly, Bailey, Bidigare & R.A.Andersen |
|
| Synonyms | |
| Pinguiophycidae Kawachi et al. 2002 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 2006 | |


title: Uğurludağ

abstract: Uğurludağ is a town of Çorum Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is located at 66 km from the city of Çorum. It is the seat of Uğurludağ District. Its population is 2,630 (2022). The mayor is Remzi Torun (MHP).

text:
# Uğurludağ

**Uğurludağ** is a town of Çorum Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is located at 66 km from the city of Çorum. It is the seat of Uğurludağ District. Its population is 2,630 (2022). The mayor is Remzi Torun (MHP).

## Name

Formerly known as Kızılören, renamed Uğurludağ after Urlu Mountain which stands behind the town. The name means 'lucky mountain' and is traditionally a place of healing. Other than some caves said to inhabit healing spirits there is little of historical or archaeological interest. But the mountain scenery, with the snow on the peak even in summer, does attract visitors.

## Economy

Uğurludağ is a small market town in an agricultural district. The new generations are mostly migrating to larger cities in search of jobs and careers.

Uğurludağ was formerly within the district of İskilip and there is mutual dislike between the people of the two towns.

## InfoBox

| Uğurludağ | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| UğurludağLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 40°27′N 34°28′E / 40.450°N 34.467°E / 40.450; 34.467 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Çorum |
| District | Uğurludağ |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Remzi Torun (MHP) |
| Population (2022) | 2,630 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |
| Climate | Dsb |
| Website | ugurludag.bel.tr |


title: List of museums in Burgenland

abstract: This list of museums in the state of Burgenland, Austria contains museums which are defined for this context as institutions that collect and care for objects of cultural, artistic, scientific, or historical interest and make their collections or related exhibits available for public viewing. Also included are non-profit art galleries and university art galleries.

text:
# List of museums in Burgenland

This **list of museums in the state of Burgenland, Austria** contains museums which are defined for this context as institutions (including nonprofit organizations, government entities, and private businesses) that collect and care for objects of cultural, artistic, scientific, or historical interest and make their collections or related exhibits available for public viewing. Also included are non-profit art galleries and university art galleries.

## The list

*To use the sortable table, click on the icons at the top of each column to sort that column in alphabetical order; click again for reverse alphabetical order.*

| Name | Image | Location | Type | Summary |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Austrian Jewish Museum |  | Eisenstadt | History | website, history of the Jews in Burgenland, features private synagogue |
| Bad Tatzmannsdorf Spa Museum |  | Bad Tatzmannsdorf | History | website, history of the town's hot water spa |
| Bad Tatzmannsdorf Bread Museum |  | Bad Tatzmannsdorf | Food | website, history of bread making |
| Bauernmuseum Jennersdorf |  | Jennersdorf | Agriculture | website, historic farm implements, furniture, tools |
| Bernstein Rock Museum |  | Bernstein im Burgenland | Natural history | website, serpentine mining, rocks, minerals |
| Burg Güssing |  | Güssing | Historic house | Medieval castle with collections of art, music, books, food, hunting, cast iron pieces, miniatures dioramas |
| Burg Lockenhaus |  | Lockenhaus | Historic house | Romanesque and Gothis fortress castle, exhibit about the Knights Templar |
| Burg Schlaining |  | Stadtschlaining | Historic house | Medieval castle, includes the European Museum for Peace |
| Burgenland Fire Fighters Museum |  | Eisenstadt | Firefighting | website |
| Burgenland History House |  | Bildein | History | website, website, area history |
| Burgenland State Gallery |  | Eisenstadt | Art | website, exhibits of local contemporary visual art |
| Castle of Arts |  | Potzneusiedl | Art | website, display of icons, center of art and antiques |
| Diözesanmuseum Eisenstadt |  | Eisenstadt | Religious | website, ecclesiastical art and artifacts of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Eisenstadt |
| Dorfmuseum Mönchhof |  | Mönchhof | Open air | website, includes farm buildings, guest house, school, theater, town hall, fire department, handicraft workshops, shops, milk house, grist mill, church |
| Emigrant Museum - Josef Reichl House |  | Güssing | Local | information, two museums in one building, history of area immigration to America and exhibit on local poet Josef Reichl |
| European Museum for Peace |  | Stadtschlaining | Peace | website, causes and structures of violence and war, ways out of everyday violence, located in Burg Schlaining, operated by the European Peace University |
| Forchtenstein Castle |  | Mattersburg | Historic house | Medieval fortress castle with restored baroque interiors, decorative arts and weapons collections |
| Freilichtmuseum Bad Tatzmannsdorf |  | Bad Tatzmannsdorf | Open air | website, residential and commercial buildings from the late 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century |
| Freilichtmuseum Ensemble Gerersdorf |  | Gerersdorf | Open air | website, thatched houses, farm buildings, agriculture life |
| Haydn-Haus Eisenstadt |  | Eisenstadt | Music | website, one of the homes of composer Joseph Haydn, exhibits of area music history |
| Haydn Church |  | Eisenstadt | Religious | website, includes the Joseph Haydn Mausoleum, treasury |
| Lackenbach Palace |  | Eisenstadt | Natural history | website, Renaissance palace and nature theme park, museum with exhibit on nature and the history of mankind, archaeology, hunting and forestry, wood, climate issues, tourism, art and culture |
| Landesmuseum Burgenland |  | Eisenstadt | Local | website, local history, culture, archaeology, art, folklore, natural history |
| Landtechnik-Museum Burgenland |  | Sankt Michael im Burgenland | Agriculture | website, agriculture machinery, tractors, steam machines, processors, harvesters, tools |
| Franz Liszt's birthplace |  | Raiding | Music | website, the life of the composer Franz Liszt |
| Mining Museum Goberling |  | Stadtschlaining | Mining | website, mining of antimony |
| Museum Jois |  | Jois | Local | website, includes 1938 classroom, wine making, local history |
| Museum Oberschützen |  | Oberschützen | Local | website, local history, folk culture |
| Museum of Clocks and Watches |  | Aschau | Horology | website, clock works, watches and clock making |
| Pinkafeld City Museum |  | Pinkafeld | Local | website, city history, culture, fossils, archaeological finds |
| Roman Museum St. Martin |  | Sankt Martin an der Raab | Archaeology | website, excavated Roman artifacts and remains |
| Schloss Deutschkreutz |  | Oberpullendorf | Art | website, works by Anton Lehmden |
| Schloss Esterházy |  | Eisenstadt | Historic house | Baroque palace, gardens, wine museum |
| Schnapsmuseum Neusiedl bei Güssing |  | Neusiedl bei Güssing | Beverages | website, culture and the art of distilling |
| Stadtschlaining City Museum |  | Stadtschlaining | Local | website, city history, culture |
| Steinmetz Museum Kaisersteinbruch |  | Bruckneudorf | Local | website Archived 25 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine, history, stone quarrying |
| Tower Museum |  | Breitenbrunn | Local | website, city history, culture, natural history |
| Wine Museum Burgenland |  | Eisenstadt | Wine | Located in Schloss Esterházy, history of area wine-making |
| Windmill Podersdorf |  | Podersdorf | Mill | website, working windmill |
| Wine Museum Moschendorf |  | Moschendorf | Beverages | website, information |
| Wine Museum Neckenmarkt |  | Neckenmarkt | Beverages | website, |
|


title: Lysapsus laevis

abstract: Lysapsus laevis is a species of frog in the family Hylidae found in southwestern Guyana and adjacent northern Brazil. Common name Guyana harlequin frog has been coined for this species.

text:
# Lysapsus laevis

***Lysapsus laevis*** is a species of frog in the family Hylidae found in southwestern Guyana and adjacent northern Brazil. Common name **Guyana harlequin frog** has been coined for this species.

## Description

Adult are less than 30 mm (1.2 in) in body length.

The body is pale olive green from above, often with an irregular pattern of gray, brown, or black flecks. Some individuals have a rust or dark tan vertebral stripe. There are tiny cream dots around anal region and rear of thigh, and a cream stripe that can be broken on side of body. Arms are similar to body in colour but legs are paler, but with body colour bands. Chin and throat are pale green or greenish yellow with cream or yellow dots. Chest and abdomen are pale yellowish cream with white or cream dots extending toward the hind legs. Arms and legs are translucent from below.

## Habitat and conservation

*Lysapsus laevis* is an aquatic frog of open flooded savanna. It also occurs on floating meadows of large rivers. It breeds in the associated waterways.

## InfoBox

| *Lysapsus laevis* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Hylidae |
| Genus: | *Lysapsus* |
| Species: | ***L. laevis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lysapsus laevis***
(Parker, 1935) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Pseudis laevis* Parker, 1935
*Lysapsus limellus laevis* (Parker, 1935) | |


title: The Book of Being

abstract: The Book of Being is a novel by Ian Watson published in 1985.

text:
# The Book of Being

***The Book of Being*** is a novel by Ian Watson published in 1985.

## Plot summary

*The Book of Being* is a novel in which Yaleen dies horribly, goes insane, and then completely rewrites reality.

## Reception

Dave Langford reviewed *The Book of Being* for *White Dwarf* #68, and stated that "The marathon effort of trilogy-writing is showing: for ages Watson's intellectual gearshift stays in neutral, but crashes into overdrive for the forty pages of Part Three (containing most of the plot). Strangely paced stuff from one of the few SF authors with a truly strange mind."

## Reviews


abstract: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1AeYixeUOppsnmI_zeeIM_TwMQ01_OJCxltZ5gOnq4Cc/edit?usp=sharinghttps://docs.google.com/document/d/1AeYixeUOppsnmI_zeeIM_TwMQ01_OJCxltZ5gOnq4Cc/edit?usp=sharing On There are 552 engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu as of July 2014. Out of 552 engineering colleges affiliated to Anna University, 14 of them are Government/aided colleges, 33 of them are Autonomous colleges and the rest are self-financing colleges and four are University departments within Anna University.

text:
# List of engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1AeYixeUOppsnmI\_zeeIM\_TwMQ01\_OJCxltZ5gOnq4Cc/edit?usp=sharinghttps://docs.google.com/document/d/1AeYixeUOppsnmI\_zeeIM\_TwMQ01\_OJCxltZ5gOnq4Cc/edit?usp=sharing

On There are 552 engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu as of July 2014. Out of 552 engineering colleges affiliated to Anna University, 14 of them are Government/aided colleges, 33 of them are Autonomous colleges and the rest are self-financing colleges and four are University departments within Anna University.

## Anna University Colleges

Anna University - Guindy, Chennai Circle:

|
|  |
| No. | College or Campus Name | Location | District | Estd | Status |
| 1 | College of Engineering, Guindy | Guindy | Chennai district | 1794 | Anna University Constituent College (or) Campus |
| 2 | Alagappa College of Technology | Guindy | Chennai district | 1944 | Anna University Constituent College (or) Campus |
| 3 | School of Architecture and Planning | Guindy | Chennai district | 1957 | Anna University Constituent College (or) Campus |
| 4 | Madras Institute of Technology | Chromepet | Chennai | 1949 | Anna University Constituent College (or) Campus |
| 5 | Meenakshi Sundararajan Engineering College | Kodambakkam | Chennai district | 2001 | Anna University Affiliated Anna University College (or) Campus |
| 6 | Meenakshi College of Engineering | K. K Nagar | Chennai | 2001 | Anna University Affiliated Anna University College (or) Campus |
| 7 | RMK Engineering College | Kavaraipettai | Thiruvallur | 1995 | Anna University Affiliated Anna University College (or) Campus |

Anna University - Tharamani, Chennai Circle:

| No. | College or Campus Name | Location | District | Estd | Status |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Anna University - Tharamani Campus | Tharamani | Chennai district | 2007 | Anna University Constituent College (or) Campus |
| 2 | Anna University -College of Engineering Viluppuram | Viluppuram | Viluppuram |  | Anna University Affiliated Anna University College (or) Campus |
| 3 | Anna University College of Engineering Tindivanam | Tindivanam | Viluppuram | 2008 | Anna University Affiliated Anna University College (or) Campus |
| 4 | Anna University College of Engineering Arni | Arani | Tiruvannamalai | 2009 | Anna University Affiliated Anna University College (or) Campus |
| 5 | Anna University College of Engineering Kanchipuram | Kanchipuram | Kanchipuram | 2010 | Anna University Affiliated Anna University College (or) Campus |

Anna University - Trichy Circle:

| No. | College or Campus Name | Location | District | Estd | Status |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Anna University - Trichy Campus | Trichy | Trichy district | 2007 | Anna University Constituent College (or) Campus |
| 2 | Anna University - Panruti Campus | Panruti | Cuddalore district | 2007 | Anna University Affiliated Anna University College (or) Campus |
| 3 | Anna University - Pattukkottai Campus | Rajamadam, Pattukkottai Taluk | Thanjavur | 2009 | Anna University Affiliated Anna University College (or) Campus |
| 4 | Anna University - Thirukkuvalai Campus | Thirukkuvalai | Nagapattinam | 2007 | Anna University Affiliated Anna University College (or) Campus |
| 5 | Anna University - Ariyalur Campus | Ariyalur | Ariyalur | 2007 | Anna University Affiliated Anna University College (or) Campus |

Anna University - Madurai Circle:

|
|  |
| No. | College or Campus Name | Location | District | Estd | Status |
| 1 | Anna University - Madurai Campus | Madurai | Madurai district | 2010 | Anna University Constituent College (or) Campus |
| 2 | Anna University - Ramanathapuram Campus | Ramanathapuram | Ramanathapuram | 2010 | Anna University Affiliated Anna University College (or) Campus |
| 3 | Anna University - Dindigul Campus | Dindigul | Dindigul | 2010 | Anna University Affiliated Anna University College (or) Campus |

Anna University - Tirunelveli Circle:

|
|  |
| No. | College or Campus Name | Location | District | Estd | Status |
| 1 | Anna University - Tirunelveli Campus | Tirunelveli | Tirunelveli district | 2007 | Anna University Constituent College (or) Campus |
| 2 | University College of Engineering, Nagercoil (UCEN) | Nagercoil | Nagercoil | 2009 | Anna University Affiliated Anna University College (or) Campus |
| 3 | Anna University V.O.Chidambaranar College of Engineering | Thoothukudi | Thoothukudi | 1966 | Anna University Affiliated Anna University College (or) Campus |

## Tamil Nadu Government Engineering & Technology Colleges

|
|  |
| No. | College name | Location | District | Estd |
| 1 | Government College of Technology, Coimbatore | Coimbatore | Coimbatore | 1942 |
| 2 | Alagappa Chettiar College of Engineering and Technology | Karaikudi | Sivaganga district | 1952 |
| 3 | Government College of Engineering, Salem | Karuppur, Salem | Salem | 1966 |
| 4 | Government College of Engineering, Tirunelveli | Tirunelveli | Tirunelveli | 1981 |
| 5 | Government College of Engineering, Erode | Chithode | Erode | 1984 |
| 6 | Thanthai Periyar Government Institute of Technology | Bagayam | Vellore | 1990 |
| 7 | Government College of Engineering, Bargur | Bargur | Krishnagiri | 1994 |
| 8 | Government College of Engineering, Bodinayakkanur | Bodinayakkanur | Theni | 2012 |
| 9 | Government College of Engineering, Dharmapuri | Chettikarai | Dharmapuri | 2013 |
| 10 | Government College of Engineering, Thanjavur | Sengipatti | Thanjavur | 2013 |
| 11 | Government College of Engineering, Srirangam | Srirangam | Trichy | 2013 |
|

## Government-aided colleges

## Central Autonomous institutes

| University name | Location | District | Support | Specialization | Estd. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Indian Institute of Information Technology Design & Manufacturing Kancheepuram | Chennai | Chennai | Center | Engineering | 2007 |
| Indian Institute of Information Technology Tiruchirappalli | Trichy | Trichy | Center | Engineering | 2013 |
| Indian Institute of Technology Madras | Chennai | Chennai | Center | Engineering | 1959 |
| National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli | Trichy | Trichy | Center | Engineering | 1964 |
|

## Central Government institutions affiliated to Tamil Nadu State University

## District wise

**Chennai**

**Coimbatore**

**Cuddalore**

**Madurai**

**Erode**

**Kanchipuram**

**Kanniyakumari**

**Karur**

**Krishnagiri**

**Namakkal**

**Mayiladuthurai**

**Nagapattinam**

**Ramanathapuram**

**Salem**

**Thanjavur**

**Thirunelveli**

**Thiruvallur**

**Thiruvannamalai**

**Thiruvarur**

**Trichirappalli**

**Tuticorin**

**Vellore**

## List of Autonomous Engineering Colleges


title: F. A. Wing

abstract: Frederick A. Wing was an American politician in the state of Washington. He served in the Washington House of Representatives from 1895 to 1897.

text:
# F. A. Wing

**Frederick A. Wing** (January 8, 1853 – August 8, 1947) was an American politician in the state of Washington. He served in the Washington House of Representatives from 1895 to 1897.

## InfoBox

| F. A. Wing | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Washington House of Representatives for the 41st district | |
| **In office**
18851897 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1853-01-08)January 8, 1853
Streetsboro, Ohio, United States |
| Died | August 8, 1947(1947-08-08) (aged 94)
Seattle, Washington, United States |
| Political party | Republican |
|  | |