title: Mpanda

abstract: Mpanda is a city in Katavi Region of Tanzania, East Africa with a postcode number 50100. It is the administrative centre of Katavi Region, Mpanda District and is itself one of the four districts of the region. Mpanda is a "frontier town" in the far west of Tanzania, roughly 500 km north of Mbeya and 380 km south-west of Tabora. It is the administrative headquarters for the Katavi Region,, and for the Mpanda District. It is an important centre in the rural economy, especially for the marketing and transshipment of rice and maize. The Katavi region is increasingly of interest to mineral prospectors, especially for gold. It is also a staging point for visiting the beautiful Katavi National Park, with its headquarters just 35 km to the south at Sitalike. The Park has a good cross-section of East African wildlife but is perhaps best known for its populations of hippopotamus. As yet all roads into Mpanda remain unsealed and may for brief periods become impassable at the height of the wet season. The Tanzanian government has in progress a project to seal a large part of the road north from Sumbawanga. Sumry operate two daily bus services to Sumbawanga, one of those going on to Mbeya. Several bus lines operate to Tabora. Local services include minibuses to Sitalike, and daily bus services to Usevya and to the fishing villages of Karema and Ikola on Lake Tanganyika. Mpanda is the endpoint of a rail line with passenger services from Tabora. In 2012 the government completed an upgrade of Mpanda airport to a 2 km sealed runway and a commercial air service has commenced. Mpanda was made the centre of a new Catholic Diocese in October 2000 and boasts a very fine cathedral with magnificent pictorial windows. The town is also the centre for the Anglican Diocese of Lake Rukwa created in June 2010. There is a fine Moravian church and other Christian services are provided by Lutheran, African Inland Church and Tanzania Assemblies of God. Muslim people are well served by several mosques spread through the urban area.

text:
# Mpanda

**Mpanda** is a city in Katavi Region of Tanzania, East Africa with a postcode number **50100**. It is the administrative centre of Katavi Region, Mpanda District and is itself one of the four districts of the region.

Mpanda is a "frontier town" in the far west of Tanzania, roughly 500 km north of Mbeya and 380 km south-west of Tabora. It is the administrative headquarters for the Katavi Region, (created by subdivision of the Rukwa Region in 2012), and for the Mpanda District. It is an important centre in the rural economy, especially for the marketing and transshipment of rice and maize. The Katavi region is increasingly of interest to mineral prospectors, especially for gold. It is also a staging point for visiting the beautiful Katavi National Park, with its headquarters just 35 km to the south at Sitalike. The Park has a good cross-section of East African wildlife but is perhaps best known for its populations of hippopotamus.

As yet all roads into Mpanda (from Sumbawanga, Tabora or Kigoma) remain unsealed and may for brief periods become impassable at the height of the wet season (particularly February–March). The Tanzanian government has in progress a project to seal a large part of the road north from Sumbawanga. Sumry operate two daily bus services to Sumbawanga (240 km 5hours), one of those going on to Mbeya. Several bus lines operate to Tabora (380 km, 9 hours). Local services include minibuses to Sitalike, and daily bus services to Usevya and to the fishing villages of Karema and Ikola on Lake Tanganyika. Mpanda is the endpoint of a rail line with passenger services from Tabora (approx 12-15hours). In 2012 the government completed an upgrade of Mpanda airport to a 2 km sealed runway and a commercial air service has commenced.

Mpanda was made the centre of a new Catholic Diocese in October 2000 and boasts a very fine cathedral with magnificent pictorial windows. The town is also the centre for the Anglican Diocese of Lake Rukwa created in June 2010. There is a fine Moravian church and other Christian services are provided by Lutheran, African Inland Church and Tanzania Assemblies of God. Muslim people are well served by several mosques spread through the urban area.

## Transport

### Airport

The city can be reached by flights operated by Air Tanzania

## InfoBox

| Mpanda | |
| --- | --- |
| City of Katavi Region | |
| MpandaLocation in Tanzania | |
| Coordinates: 6°21′S 31°04′E / 6.350°S 31.067°E / -6.350; 31.067 | |
| Country | Tanzania |
| Region | Katavi |
| District | Mpanda |
| Area | |
| Total | 318.4 km2 (122.9 sq mi) |
| Population (2022 census) | |
| Total | 204,338 |
| Density | 640/km2 (1,700/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (GMT) |
| Postcode | 501 |
| UFI | -2569886 |
| Website | www.katavi.go.tz |


title: Mpamantwa

abstract: Mpamantwa is an administrative ward in the Bahi District of the Dodoma Region of Tanzania. In 2016 the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics report there were 14,111 people in the ward, from 12,984 in 2012.

text:
# Mpamantwa

**Mpamantwa** is an administrative ward in the Bahi District of the Dodoma Region of Tanzania. In 2016 the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics report there were 14,111 people in the ward, from 12,984 in 2012.

## InfoBox

| Mpamantwa Kata ya Mpamantwa | |
| --- | --- |
| Ward | |
| MpamantwaLocation of Mpamantwa | |
| Coordinates: 6°00′00″S 35°23′03″E / 5.999936°S 35.3841339°E / -5.999936; 35.3841339 | |
| Country | Tanzania |
| Region | Dodoma Region |
| District | Bahi District |
| Ward | Mpamantwa |
| Population (2016) | |
| Total | 14,111 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (EAT) |


title: Muhammad Abdul Aleem Siddiqi

abstract: Muhammad Abdul Aleem Siddiqi Al-Qaderi Meeruti also known as Muballigh-e-Islam was an Islamic scholar, spiritual master, author and preacher from Pakistan who belonged to the Barelvi movement of Sunni Islam. He was a student of Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi. He was the leader of the All Malaya Muslim Missionary Society, Singapore. Despite being a great preacher of Islam he was scholar of comparative religion.

text:
# Muhammad Abdul Aleem Siddiqi

**Muhammad Abdul Aleem Siddiqi Al-Qaderi Meeruti** (3 April 1892 – 22 August 1954) also known as ***Muballigh-e-Islam*** was an Islamic scholar, spiritual master, author and preacher from Pakistan who belonged to the Barelvi movement of Sunni Islam. He was a student of Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi. He was the leader of the All Malaya Muslim Missionary Society, Singapore (now known as Jamiyah Singapore). Despite being a great preacher of Islam he was scholar of comparative religion.

## Life

Maulana Abdul Aleem Siddiqi was born on 3 April 1892 in Meerut and was descendant of HazratAbu Bakr Siddique. It is said that he had memorized the Quran by the age of four, and obtained a degree in Islamic theology at the age of 16. He learned the natural and social sciences.

### Ba’at and Khilafat

He became a mureed of Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi in the Qadiriyya Razviya order and got his khilafat.

## Missionary activities

Siddique traveled extensively overseas for 40 years to preach and propagate Islam. He advocated inter-religious harmony and spread message of peace and came to seem by some people as a Roving Ambassador of Peace.

In 1930 he went to Singapore as a missionary. In 1932 he took the lead in establishing the All-Malaya Muslim Missionary Society (now known as Jamiyah Singapore). This society had branches all over the Malaya. The All-Malaya Muslim Missionary Society (now known as Jamiyah Singapore) named the Masjid Abdul Aleem Siddique after him. In early 1949, he founded the Inter-Religious Organization of Singapore and Johor Bahru with the total support of the British Colonial Government and leaders of the Hindu, Jewish, Zoroastrian (Parsi), Christian, Sikh, Buddhist and Muslim leaders from Singapore and Johor Bahru. The then president of Jamiyah Singapore, Syed Ibrahim Omar Alsagoff, who was already active in inter faith work assisted him by garnering the support and cooperation of the other religious leaders or representatives.

He visited Trinidad in 1950 and launched World Islamic Mission (WIM) at Port of Spain Jama Mosque.

In 1926, he founded, the Muslim Association of the Philippines (MUSAPHIL) which became an influential organization in Philippines. In the early 1950s, his visit to Manila encouraged some Muslims to revive the madrasah system of education.

His disciple and son-in-law Muhammad Fazlur Rahman Ansari was also a scholar, who established Aleemiyah Institute of Islamic Studies, an English-medium institution of Islamic theology, named after Abdul Aleem Siddiqui, in Karachi, Pakistan.

## Politics

A supporter of the Pakistan Movement and a friend of Jinnah, at partition his family relocated there where his son, Shah Ahmad Noorani, became a political figure and at one time was head of the opposition in Pakistan's parliament .

He led Pakistan's first Eid prayer.

## Books and booklets

Some of his works include:

* *Elementary teachings of Islam*
* *The principles of Islam*
* *A Shavian and a theologian : an illuminating conversation between George Bernard Shaw, the sceptic, and Mohammed Abdul Aleem Siddiqui, al-Qaderi, the spiritualist at Mombasa, Kenya*
* *The forgotten path of knowledge*
* *The history of the codification of Islamic law : being an illuminating exposition of the conformist view-point accepted by the overwhelming majority of the Islamic world*

## Further reading

Eric Roose (2009). *The Architectural Representation of Islam: Muslim-commissioned Mosque Design in the Netherlands*. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-90-8964-133-5.

## InfoBox

| Muhammad Abdul Aleem Siddiqi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Personal | |
| Born | 3 April 1892
Meerut, North-Western Provinces, India |
| Died | 22 August 1954(1954-08-22) (aged 62)
Medina, Saudi Arabia |
| Religion | Islam |
| Denomination | Sunni |
| Jurisprudence | Hanafi |
| Creed | Maturidi |
| Movement | Barelvi |
| Main interest(s) | Missionary, Islamic revivalism, comparative religion |
| Notable idea(s) | Islam, Interfaith dialogue |
| Known for | Preaching of Islam |
| Relatives | Son: Shah Ahmad Noorani |
| Organization | |
| Founder of | Darul Uloom Alimia Jamda Shahi, Basti |
| Muslim leader | |
| Teacher | Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi |
| Influenced by | |
| Influenced | |
| Website | wfim.org.pk/abdul-aleem-siddiqui/ |


title: Working electrode

abstract: In electrochemistry, the working electrode is the electrode in an electrochemical system on which the reaction of interest is occurring. The working electrode is often used in conjunction with an auxiliary electrode, and a reference electrode in a three-electrode system. Depending on whether the reaction on the electrode is a reduction or an oxidation, the working electrode is called cathodic or anodic, respectively. Common working electrodes can consist of materials ranging from inert metals such as gold or platinum, to inert carbon such as glassy carbon, boron-doped diamond or pyrolytic carbon, and mercury drop and film electrodes. Chemically modified electrodes are employed for the analysis of both organic and inorganic samples.

text:
# Working electrode

In electrochemistry, the **working electrode** is the electrode in an electrochemical system on which the reaction of interest is occurring. The working electrode is often used in conjunction with an auxiliary electrode, and a reference electrode in a three-electrode system. Depending on whether the reaction on the electrode is a reduction or an oxidation, the working electrode is called *cathodic* or *anodic*, respectively. Common working electrodes can consist of materials ranging from inert metals such as gold or platinum, to inert carbon such as glassy carbon, boron-doped diamond or pyrolytic carbon, and mercury drop and film electrodes. Chemically modified electrodes are employed for the analysis of both organic and inorganic samples.

## Special types


title: Mr. Nietzsche in the Convenience Store

abstract: Mr. Nietzsche in the Convenience Store Mr. Nietzsche in the Convenience Store is a Japanese shōjo comedy manga series written by Matsukoma and illustrated by Hashimoto, and published in Monthly Comic Gene since 2013. A live-action television adaptation has been produced.

text:
# Mr. Nietzsche in the Convenience Store

***Mr. Nietzsche in the Convenience Store*** (ニーチェ先生～コンビニに、さとり世代の新人が舞い降りた～, *Niiche-sensei ~Konbini ni, Satori Sedai no Shinjin ga Maiorita~*) is a Japanese *shōjo* comedy manga series written by Matsukoma and illustrated by Hashimoto, and published in *Monthly Comic Gene* since 2013. A live-action television adaptation has been produced.

## Media

### Manga

Matsukoma and Hashimoto began publishing the manga in the August 2013 issue of Media Factory's *shōjo* magazine *Monthly Comic Gene*. The series was based on a series of Twitter posts detailing the lives of real-life convenience store employees. An audio drama CD was released in February 2015.

#### Volume list

| No. | Japanese release date | Japanese ISBN |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 27 January 2014 | 978-4-04-066237-4 |
| 2 | 26 July 2014 | 978-4-04-066821-5 |
| 3 | 27 January 2015 | 978-4-04-067255-7 |
| 4 | 27 August 2015 | 978-4-04-067592-3 |
| 5 | 27 February 2016 | 978-4-04-068208-2 |

### TV drama

It was announced in the September 2015 issue of *Monthly Comic Gene* that the series would be adapted into a live-action television drama. The series was written and directed by Yūichi Fukuda, and premiered on Yomiuri TV , Hulu, and crunchyroll starting on 1 January 2016. Shōtarō Mamiya played Tomoharu Nii and Kenji Urai played Matsukoma.

## Reception

As of the September issue of *Monthly Comic Gene*, the series had over 1 million copies in print.

In a list of best-selling first volumes published in 2014, compiled by The Japan Publication Sales' Distribution Reform Group Comic Team, the series ranked number three. It also ranked number three on a list of the top 15 manga series containing less than five volumes, based on a poll of 2,360 bookstore employees conducted by the online bookseller Honya Club. The series ranked fourth in the first Next Manga Award in the print manga category.

## InfoBox

| Mr. Nietzsche in the Convenience Store | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover of *Mr. Nietzsche in the Convenience Store* volume one | |
| ニーチェ先生～コンビニに、さとり世代の新人が舞い降りた～<br>(*Nietzsche-sensei ~Konbini ni, Satori Sedai no Shinjin ga Maiorita~*) | |
| Genre | Comedy |
| Manga | |
| Written by | Matsukoma |
| Illustrated by | Hashimoto |
| Published by | Media Factory |
| Magazine | *Monthly Comic Gene* |
| Demographic | *Shōjo* |
| Original run | August 2013 – present |
| Volumes | 6 |
| Television drama | |
| Directed by | Yūichi Fukuda |
| Written by | Yūichi Fukuda |
| Music by | Eishi Segawa |
| Original network | Yomiuri TV, Hulu, Crunchyroll |
| Original run | 1 January 2016  – present |


title: Wrong Side of the Road

abstract: Wrong Side of the Road is a 1981 low-budget feature film made in South Australia. It is distinctive for being one of the first attempts to bring modern Australian Aboriginal music to a non-Indigenous audience, featuring all-Aboriginal rock reggae bands No Fixed Address and Us Mob.

text:
# Wrong Side of the Road

***Wrong Side of the Road*** is a 1981 low-budget feature film made in South Australia. It is distinctive for being one of the first attempts to bring modern Australian Aboriginal music to a non-Indigenous audience, featuring all-Aboriginal rock reggae bands No Fixed Address and Us Mob.

## Production

The film grew out of the work that a white musician, Graeme Isaac, was doing with disaffected Aboriginal youths in Adelaide, South Australia, in the late 1970s. He encouraged them to move beyond country music (which had been the principal idiom for non-traditional Aboriginal musicians), and to explore rock and reggae. Out of this, a number of garage bands were formed, and attained a limited but ardent following in South Australian indigenous communities. The marginalised lifestyle of the musicians often brought them into contact with police and the courts, and Isaac recognised that this provided the raw material for a story that could be made into a film.

Isaac approached Ned Lander (an established socially-committed documentary film-maker from Sydney) with his idea, and a script was written, loosely based on the real lives of two of the bands Isaac had nurtured, Us Mob (who played straightforward rock) and No Fixed Address (whose music was strongly reggae-influenced). The script interspersed the music of the bands with episodes of conflict with the police, and finished with a triumphant homecoming gig at an Aboriginal community. The musicians, their families, and their community committed to the movie, and largely played themselves, under their own names, even though the story was fictionalised.

With limited funding, mostly from an Australian government film-funding scheme, and the support of a group of non-indigenous film technicians and actors, shooting on 16mm film took place over a period of four weeks in 1980.

## Release

The film, combining elements of road-movie and musical, drama and documentary, was released in 1981.

The harassment and discrimination that indigenous Australians routinely endured was exposed to an audience that had been largely oblivious, and contributed to an increased awareness of those issues in the wider Australian and international communities. Both bands in the film gained increased popularity, with No Fixed Address in particular achieving ground-breaking (though limited) exposure on mainstream Australian AM and FM radio.

*Wrong Side of the Road* won a number of awards, both in Australia and internationally. At the 1981 Australian Film Institute Awards, it received the Jury Prize and was also nominated for Best Film and Best Original Music Score.

## Soundtrack

The film's soundtrack was released in 1981 on Black Australia Records. Side 1 was No Fixed Address and Side 2 was Us Mob. It was produced by Philip Roberts and Graeme Isaac.

### Track listing

No Fixed Address 1. "We Have Survived" (Bart Willoughby)
2. "Get a Grip" (Chris Jones)
3. "The Vision" (Jones)
4. "Black Mans Rights" (Willoughby)
5. "Greenhouse Holiday" (Willoughby)
6. "The Vision" (version) (Jones)

Us Mob 1. "Genocide" (Pedro Butler, Wally McArthur)
2. "Wrong Side of the Road" (Butler)
3. "Suicidal Contemplation" (Butler, Ronnie Ansell)
4. "Sunshine" (Butler)
5. "Tough Living" (Butler)
6. "Survive" (Ansell)

### Charts

| Chart (1981) | Peak<br>position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (Kent Music Report) | 67 |

### Personnel

No Fixed Address

* Les Graham – lead guitar
* Chris Jones – guitar, vocals
* Veronica Rankine – saxophone, vocals
* John John Miller – bass
* Bart Willoughby – drums, vocals, percussion, didgeridoo

Us Mob

* Ronnie Ansell – bass
* Wally McArthur – drums
* Carroll Karpany – guitar
* Pedro Butler – guitar, vocals

## Restoration and reunion

A digital restoration of *Wrong Side of the Road* premiered at the 60th Sydney Film Festival (SFF) on 14 June 2013. The restoration was presented by the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia (NFSA).

With the expert technical support of Efilm/Deluxe, the film was restored frame by frame, and is now preserved in both analogue and digital formats.

Working with director Ned Lander and producer Graeme Isaac, the Indigenous Collections team of the NFSA gathered the ten surviving Aboriginal cast members back together in Sydney to conduct a series of oral history interviews to capture some of the stories about making the film as well as explore the impact this film has had on their lives and that of communities across Australia.

The interviews gave band and cast members an opportunity to tell their stories about their involvement in the film, its social and political message and the connection with their music. A wide range of issues was discussed ranging from racism, deaths in custody, identity and land rights.

## InfoBox

| Wrong Side of the Road | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Ned Lander |
| Produced by | Jordy Butler |
| Starring | No Fixed Address, Us Mob |
| Music by | Jordy Butler |
| Release date | * 1981 (1981) |
| Country | Australia |
| Language | English |
| Budget | 2m |


title: Wuhan incident

abstract: The Wuhan incident was an armed conflict in the People's Republic of China between two hostile groups who were fighting for control over the city of Wuhan in July 1967, at the height of the Cultural Revolution. The two opposing forces were the "Million Heroes" and the "Wuhan Workers' General Headquarters". The former, numbering about 500,000 people, comprised mainly skilled workers, state and local party employees, and were supported by the local PLA, led by the commander of Wuhan Military Region, General Chen Zaidao. The "Wuhan Workers' General Headquarters", also numbering close to 500,000 people, comprised mostly workers and students from Red Guard organizations. Both sides engaged in an extensive propaganda war in an attempt to enlist community support. Central authorities in Beijing eventually endorsed the Worker's Headquarters faction as the "true" revolutionary group and reprimanded Chen Zaidao for his military support to Million Heroes. The event was considered a pivotal turning point in the Cultural Revolution: it marked the first time military leaders refused to carry out orders given by the central authorities and the Cultural Revolution Group in particular. Fears of a more widespread PLA revolt led Mao and his core associates to scale back the movement's most radical components.

text:
# Wuhan incident

The **Wuhan incident** (Chinese: 七二零事件; pinyin: *Qī èrlíng shìjiàn*; lit. 'July 20th Incident') was an armed conflict in the People's Republic of China between two hostile groups who were fighting for control over the city of Wuhan in July 1967, at the height of the Cultural Revolution. The two opposing forces were the "Million Heroes" (Chinese: 百万雄师; pinyin: *Bǎi wàn xióngshī*) and the "Wuhan Workers' General Headquarters" (Chinese: 工人总部; pinyin: *Gōngrén zǒngbù*). The former, numbering about 500,000 people, comprised mainly skilled workers, state and local party employees, and were supported by the local PLA, led by the commander of Wuhan Military Region, General Chen Zaidao. The "Wuhan Workers' General Headquarters", also numbering close to 500,000 people, comprised mostly workers and students from Red Guard organizations.

Both sides engaged in an extensive propaganda war in an attempt to enlist community support. Central authorities in Beijing eventually endorsed the Worker's Headquarters faction as the "true" revolutionary group and reprimanded Chen Zaidao for his military support to Million Heroes. The event was considered a pivotal turning point in the Cultural Revolution: it marked the first time military leaders refused to carry out orders given by the central authorities and the Cultural Revolution Group in particular. Fears of a more widespread PLA revolt led Mao and his core associates to scale back the movement's most radical components.

## Background

All over China during the Cultural Revolution, provincial and municipal governments were replaced by organizations known as Revolutionary Committees (alliances of cadres, soldiers and student/worker groups) to take charge of governing the country and cleansing it from "counterrevolutionary forces" and "reactionary elements". With orders from the top leadership to "find and capture those in power walking the capitalist road," almost all incumbent party and government officials became vulnerable to attacks from Red Guard organizations - not owing to their ideological disposition but solely as a result of their incumbency. However, "capitalist roader" was a nebulous label that could be liberally applied to anyone perceived to be counter to the revolutionary spirit. Various mass organizations around the country took advantage of this chaotic backdrop and seized the opportunity to overthrow incumbent power figures with whom they may have carried other, unrelated grievances. In the central industrial city of Wuhan, two groups largely coalesced around those who wanted to preserve the incumbent political order in the city and those who wanted to overthrow it.

The Workers' Headquarters arose out of a union of local Red Guard youth and various "revolutionary" workers organizations from Wuhan's numerous steel plants. On January 27, 1967, they attempted to lay siege to the Wuhan party organization and the municipal government and then seize power in the city themselves, much in the fashion of the Shanghai People's Commune. However, incumbent interests rallied ordinary residents against the action and the takeover ultimately failed. It was thereafter branded as a "counterrevolutionary incident".

In March 1967, local PLA units under the command of General Chen Zaidao forcefully disbanded the Worker's Headquarters faction and detained some 500 of its leaders. At the same time, it had been funding its own "revolutionary mass organization", dubbed "The Million Heroes," drawn from a wider cross-section of conservative interests in the city. The Million Heroes, whose slogans were also broadly "revolutionary" in tone, were mainly intent on maintaining the status quo. Their position was that, in essence, the existing Wuhan political establishment was loyally adhering to the Cultural Revolution's main programme and therefore should not have been a target for struggle.

Central authorities in Beijing did not issue any public statements on the March 1967 actions taken by the PLA against the Workers' Headquarters faction; privately the Cultural Revolution Group (CRG) griped about the direction of the movement in Wuhan, but stopped short of issuing a rebuke to Wuhan's PLA leaders. Instead, they attempted to pull Chen Zaidao aside from a top-level military conference in Beijing in April and prod him into admitting that some of the March actions had gone too far and acknowledge that the local PLA may have made "mistakes" in their handling of the situation. Chen, however, refused to stand down, and insisted on the general correctness of the PLA's actions.

## The "incident"

Tensions grew in Wuhan through April as the Worker's Headquarters faction carried out hunger strikes and conducted rallies, claiming to be the "true bearer" of the revolutionary cause; meanwhile, the Million Heroes accused the Worker's Headquarters of subverting the revolution by not properly adhering to the campaign to criticize Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping. Amid the growing hostilities, the CRG felt a greater urgency to respond and extend its 'divine interpretation' of the events on the ground. Under the auspice of Zhou Enlai and with approval from Mao, the authorities in Beijing issued an order to Chen to withdraw support to the Million Heroes. The directive asserted that the Wuhan military had made a mistake in "general orientation" in carrying out Cultural Revolution policies - that it must publicly admit that its March actions against Workers' Headquarters were incorrect. The directive also labelled the Million Heroes as a "conservative organization" and branded the Workers' Headquarters as a "revolutionary organization"; this was, in effect, the CRG throwing its weight behind the latter.

Minister of Public Security Xie Fuzhi and leading propagandist Wang Li arrived on July 16 and immediately ordered General Chen to withdraw support from the Million Heroes and instead extend it to the Workers' Headquarters. The order, relayed through Xie to a gathering of the PLA leadership in Wuhan on July 19, could not be implemented; several of Chen Zaidao's units refused to carry out the order. Moreover, a significant sub-section of the city lent support to the Million Heroes, making their position a formidable one. Generally, Million Heroes supporters saw that their being labelled a "conservative" organization would have totally tarnished their leftist credentials and lent rival groups ammunition to attack them - giving them impetus to protest the order en masse. The local PLA organization, too, felt that if they were to accede to the order, it would be an implicit admission that they had committed a grave error in the course of the Cultural Revolution - something that could be used to attack them in the future.

In a last attempt to resolve the crisis, Zhou Enlai himself flew to Wuhan on July 20; for his own safety, Zhou landed at a nearby airstrip controlled by the PLA Air Force, a branch of the military loyal to Lin Biao (and therefore, the Cultural Revolution). Mao himself also traveled to the city secretly, staying at the Wuhan East Lake Guest House. Chen seemed to be swayed by Mao's own presence in Wuhan and acquiesced to write a self-criticism. Wang Li then gathered some 200 divisional officers at an impromptu conference and reprimanded them for failing to grasp the essence of the Cultural Revolution. His speech drew particular ire with the military brass due to its condescending tone.

Mao and Zhou's presence in Wuhan having been kept a secret, for all intents and purposes, the Million Heroes regarded Xie and Wang to be the main representatives of the central authorities. On July 20, forces belonging to Chen's mutinous PLA division, disturbed with the verdict assigned to the military district and the Million Heroes, captured and physically assaulted Xie Fuzhi, while simultaneously agitators from the Million Heroes captured Wang Li. Wang Li and Xie Fuzhi were rescued by military operatives as part of a secret operation and returned to Beijing on 25 July, to a hero's welcome, supposedly having saved the city from "counter-revolutionary" rebellion.

It is estimated that about one thousand people were killed, and tens of thousands more injured, in Wuhan during the July 1967 troubles in the city.

## Aftermath

On July 26, Chen Zaidao and his political commissar Zhong Hanhua were dragged to Beijing's PLA-controlled Jingxi Hotel to take part in what essentially amounted to a "show trial" where central authorities in Beijing accused the Wuhan military establishment of supporting the wrong group in the preceding struggles in the city. Air Force Commander Wu Faxian, a Lin Biao loyalist, and security chief Xie Fuzhi accused Chen of a litany of crimes in front a large contingent of senior military and political leaders, many of whom, incredulous at the abuse being hurled on Chen, left in disgust during the meeting. Chen was also beaten by security personnel during the session. Chen and Zhong were then summarily dismissed and replaced with figures more loyal to the Cultural Revolution-friendly central leadership. The Wuhan event was branded as a "counter-revolutionary incident".

Following the incident, Jiang Qing, in a speech to Red Guard organizations in Henan province, introduced the idea of "use words to attack but use arms to defend" (i.e. *wen-gong wu-wei*). The incendiary remarks were taken by rebel organizations around the country as an endorsement of armed struggle, and led to the escalation of violent factional clashes across the country. The ensuing violence, some of which were directed squarely at various local PLA units, led Mao and his radical supporters to dial back their support for armed rebellion, likely due to their fears of a more widespread PLA reprisal. In order to appease the PLA and calm nerves among senior military leaders, Wang Li was arrested in August 1967, then scapegoated as the main instigator of the factional violence in Wuhan and sent to prison.

The Wuhan incident was the most serious uprising against the Cultural Revolution political order until the 1976 Tiananmen Incident. It is generally characterized by historians as an uprising of the Wuhan military establishment and a broad section of Wuhan society against the Cultural Revolution leadership. Indeed, Mao himself had been warned about the possibility of a 'coup' by Chen Zaidao in response to the verdict on the Wuhan Military Region, though in reality such a coup never materialized.

### Notes

### General sources


title: Much Les

abstract: Much Les is an album by jazz pianist Les McCann, recorded in 1968, and was his first released, in 1969, on the Atlantic label.

text:
# Much Les

***Much Les*** is an album by jazz pianist Les McCann, recorded in 1968, and was his first released, in 1969, on the Atlantic label.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Allmusic* |  |

AllMusic gives the album 5 stars stating "One of Les McCann's greatest albums, *Much Les* encapsulates much of what McCann did best in his early years, while adding a few novel embellishments – like a string section and Latin percussionists – that enhance his core sound. The results are winning, likable, and consistently engaging, making for an underrated classic. ...the program is nicely varied, and the richer, more expanded arrangements serve to highlight – not obscure – the McCann trio's command of the groove. That's what makes *Much Les* such an enjoyable, essential listen".

"With These Hands" was issued as a single (b/w "With These Hands"), as Atlantic 45-2615, in March 1969.

## Track listing

*All compositions by Les McCann except as indicated*

1. "Doin' That Thing" (Leroy Vinnegar) – 8:32
2. "With These Hands" (Abner Silver, Benny Davis) – 5:35
3. "Burnin' Coal" – 6:36
4. "Benjamin" – 5:45
5. "Love for Sale" (Cole Porter) – 6:34
6. "Roberta" – 8:51

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Much Les | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Les McCann | |
| Released | 1969 |
| Recorded | July 22–24 and November 20, 1968 |
| Studio | Atlantic Studios and RCA Studios, New York |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 37:09 |
| Label | Atlantic
SD 1516 |
| Producer | Joel Dorn |
| Les McCann chronology | |
| *Live at Bohemian Caverns - Washington, DC*
(1967) ***Much Les***
(1969) *Swiss Movement*
(1969) | |


title: Much Obliged, Jeeves

abstract: Much Obliged, Jeeves is a comic novel by P. G. Wodehouse, published in the United Kingdom by Barrie & Jenkins, London, and in the United States by Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York under the name Jeeves and the Tie That Binds. Both editions were published on the same day, 15 October 1971, which was Wodehouse's 90th birthday. Much Obliged, Jeeves is the penultimate novel featuring Wodehouse's characters Jeeves and Bertie Wooster. Taking place at Brinkley Court, the home of Bertie's Aunt Dahlia, the story involves Florence Craye and her fiancé Ginger Winship, Roderick Spode and his fiancée Madeline Bassett, and the Junior Ganymede club book, which is full of confidential and valuable information. The two editions have slightly different endings. The book's American editor Peter Schwed changed the ending slightly and gave the US edition a new title. In the British version, when Jeeves reveals he has destroyed Bertie's pages from the Junior Ganymede's book as Bertie wanted, Bertie merely says, "Much obliged, Jeeves." In the American version, Bertie instead asks Jeeves why he destroyed the pages; Jeeves answers that no other valet will ever need to see the pages, because he will be Bertie's valet indefinitely, as there is a "tie that binds" between them.

text:
# Much Obliged, Jeeves

***Much Obliged, Jeeves*** is a comic novel by P. G. Wodehouse, published in the United Kingdom by Barrie & Jenkins, London, and in the United States by Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York under the name ***Jeeves and the Tie That Binds***. Both editions were published on the same day, 15 October 1971, which was Wodehouse's 90th birthday.

*Much Obliged, Jeeves* is the penultimate novel featuring Wodehouse's characters Jeeves and Bertie Wooster. Taking place at Brinkley Court, the home of Bertie's Aunt Dahlia, the story involves Florence Craye and her fiancé Ginger Winship, Roderick Spode and his fiancée Madeline Bassett, and the Junior Ganymede club book, which is full of confidential and valuable information.

The two editions have slightly different endings. The book's American editor Peter Schwed changed the ending slightly and gave the US edition a new title. In the British version, when Jeeves reveals he has destroyed Bertie's pages from the Junior Ganymede's book as Bertie wanted, Bertie merely says, "Much obliged, Jeeves." In the American version, Bertie instead asks Jeeves why he destroyed the pages; Jeeves answers that no other valet will ever need to see the pages, because he will be Bertie's valet indefinitely, as there is a "tie that binds" between them.

## Plot

> "The Junior Ganymede club book is a historic document. It has been in existence more than eighty years."
> "It must be the size of a house."
> "No, sir, the records are in several volumes. The present one dates back some twelve years. And one must remember that it is not every employer who demands a great deal of space."
> "Demands!"
> "I should have said 'requires'. As a rule, a few lines suffice. Your eighteen pages are quite exceptional."

— Jeeves and Bertie discuss the club book

Jeeves types a report of Bertie's latest misadventures for the club book of the Junior Ganymede Club, in which the club's members are required to record information about their employers, to inform those seeking employment about potential employers. Bertie worries that his embarrassing information will fall into the hands of his judgmental Aunt Agatha and asks Jeeves to destroy the pages about him, but Jeeves asserts that the book is secure and refuses to defy the rules of his club.

An old school friend of Bertie's, Ginger Winship, is standing for the House of Commons in a by-election at Market Snodsbury, near the home of Bertie's Aunt Dahlia, Brinkley Court, on the wishes of his strict fiancée. Aunt Dahlia persuades Bertie to come to Brinkley to assist in the canvassing. Before departing, Bertie has drinks with Jeeves at the Junior Ganymede. They discuss how Ginger's chances for election will be hurt if the public learns about his rowdy past (mild by Bertie's standards but potentially offensive to the traditional rural populace of Market Snodsbury). At the club, they see an uncouth ex-valet that Bertie once employed, Bingley, who greets Jeeves in an overly familiar fashion, calling him "Reggie".

At Brinkley, he discovers Ginger's fiancée is the overbearing Florence Craye, who has previously been betrothed to several people, including Bertie. Florence mistakenly believes that Bertie still wants to marry her, and Bertie's personal code prevents him from telling her otherwise. The intimidating Roderick Spode, 7th Earl of Sidcup has come to deliver speeches for Ginger, and he has brought *his* fiancée, Madeline Bassett. Like Florence, Madeline thinks Bertie wants to marry her and Bertie is too polite to correct her.

Also present is L. P. Runkle, a financier and collector, who is visiting Brinkley to sell a silver porringer worth nine thousand pounds to Bertie's uncle Tom Travers (who has fled Brinkley Court to avoid the guests). Runkle was the employer of the late father of Bertie's friend Tuppy Glossop, and profited from Tuppy's father's invention, leaving little for Tuppy and his father. Dahlia wants to soften up Runkle and get him to pay Tuppy his due so Tuppy can finally marry his fiancée, Angela, Aunt Dahlia's daughter.

Ginger's chances for election (and thus his engagement to Florence) are threatened by Bingley, who has purloined the Junior Ganymede club book. Bingley intends to sell its pages about Ginger to his opponent or to the local newspaper. To prevent this, Jeeves pays Bingley a social visit, taking the opportunity to slip him a Mickey Finn and recover the book.

Surprisingly, this does not please Ginger. After disappointing Florence in his performance at the Council meeting, he no longer wants to marry her, and has fallen in love with his secretary, Magnolia Glendennon. Like Bertie, Ginger is prevented by his personal code from telling a woman he does not want to marry her. To spur Florence to break the engagement, Ginger wants the local newspaper to print the club book's pages about him, but Jeeves is unwilling to part with the book. Meanwhile, Spode is entranced by the reception he is getting at his speeches for Ginger, and thinks of renouncing his title and running for the Commons himself. This upsets Madeline, who wants to become a Countess. Madeline considers marrying Bertie instead of Spode.

Aunt Dahlia, failing to convince Runkle to give Tuppy any money, has stolen the silver porringer he wished to sell to Tom. Bertie tries to return the porringer, but is caught, and hides the object in his bureau drawer. At the candidate debate, Ginger, following Jeeves's advice, endorses his opponent and resigns the race. Havoc ensues between the opposing sides, and those present, including Spode and Florence, are pelted with produce. Florence breaks her engagement with Ginger, and he promptly elopes with Magnolia.

Bingley (in Runkle's employ) discovers the missing porringer in Bertie's drawer, and Runkle accuses Bertie of the theft. While Bertie faces jail time, this has the positive effect of keeping Florence from trying to marry Bertie. Spode realises he would prefer to stay in the produce-free House of Lords and chooses to keep his title. He and Madeline reconcile.

Finally, Jeeves reveals secrets about Runkle written about him by Bingley in the club book, preventing him from pressing charges against Bertie, and also forcing him to give Tuppy his legacy. Noting that Bingley was able to steal the club book, Bertie again asks Jeeves to destroy the eighteen pages that Jeeves wrote about Bertie. Jeeves states that he has already done so.

## Style

Generally, Bertie makes use of words and phrases he learned from Jeeves throughout the series, while Jeeves does not repeat terminology introduced by Bertie. The sole exception to this pattern occurs in *Much Obliged, Jeeves*. In chapter 12, when Bertie asks Jeeves about the odds against Aunt Dahlia getting money from Runkle, Jeeves searches for a way to describe Runkle, trying to recall a term used previously by Bertie to describe tough antagonists like Spode:

> "It is on the tip of my tongue."
> "A stinker?"
> No, he said, it wasn't a stinker.
> "A tough baby?"
> "No."
> "A twenty-minute egg?"
> "That was it, sir. Mr. Runkle is a twenty-minute egg."

Jeeves repeats the phrase in chapter 15, when Bertie remembers that Jeeves put the odds at a hundred-to-one:

> "Approximately that, sir."
> "Runkle being short of bowels of compassion."
> "Precisely, sir. A twenty-minute egg."

This unique reversal of the verbal relationship between Jeeves and Bertie highlights the reversal created in the book between their usual positions. Ordinarily, Jeeves does not make mistakes and is ultimately rewarded by Bertie in some way; in this novel, Jeeves makes a mistake believing that the club book is secure while Bertie predicts correctly that the book will be used for blackmail, and Jeeves rewards Bertie in the end by destroying the eighteen pages he had recorded about Bertie in the book.

Wodehouse frequently repeats the same information in two or more ways for comic effect. One way this occurs is when Bertie employs two or more virtually synonymous words when only one is necessary. In chapter 4, Bertie uses a reference book belonging to Jeeves to come up with a flood of synonyms to emphasize Bingley's effrontery toward Bertie and Jeeves at the Junior Ganymede Club:

> As to his manner, I couldn't get a better word for it at the moment than "familiar", but I looked it up later in Jeeves's Dictionary of Synonyms and found that it had been unduly intimate, too free, forward, lacking in proper reserve, deficient in due respect, impudent, bold and intrusive. Well, when I tell you that the first thing he did was to prod Jeeves in the lower ribs with an uncouth finger, you will get the idea.

In all of the Jeeves novels, one of Bertie's primary goals is to avoid marriage, making Bertie an inversion on the typical hero of romantic comedies whose ultimate goal is to become engaged or married. Bertie's Aunt Dahlia concisely summarizes the recurring threat of marriage that Bertie is repeatedly faced with in the penultimate chapter of *Much Obliged, Jeeves*, when she has heard the news about Spode changing his mind after being hit by a potato. Furthermore, the same passage places undue emphasis on how neatly things have worked out and mentions a "guardian angel", hinting that Jeeves may have thrown the potato or arranged for someone to throw the potato at Spode:

> A look almost of awe came into the ancestor's face.
> "How right you were," she said, "when you told me once that you had faith in your star. I've lost count of the number of times you've been definitely headed for the altar with apparently no hope of evading the firing squad, and every time something has happened which enabled you to wriggle out of it. It's uncanny."
> She would, I think, have gone deeper into the matter, for already she had begun to pay a marked tribute to my guardian angel, who, she said, plainly knew his job from soup to nuts, but at this moment Seppings appeared and asked her if she would have a word with Jeeves, and she went out to have it.

Bertie is shown to have an idealistic nature, which contrasts with Jeeves's more pragmatic views. This is illustrated in chapter 15, when Bertie tries to persuade Aunt Dahlia to return a silver porringer because stealing it was a breach of hospitality, while Jeeves merely states that no useful end will be accomplished by retaining the object. The unscrupulous Bingley's behaviour suggests to some degree what Jeeves might be like if he were entirely amoral (Jeeves, like Bingley, uses the club book for blackmail purposes), and shows how Bertie's innocence redeems the dishonorable tactics used by Jeeves by giving them an altruistic and honorable goal.

## Background

The earliest surviving notes for the novel are dated 10 December 1966. According to the notes, Wodehouse planned for "some crook butler" to steal the Junior Ganymede club book, and considered having this butler threaten to reveal the information in the book about Bertie to Bertie's Aunt Agatha in order to get him to undertake some dreadful task.

Revisions to an early typed draft of the novel show that Wodehouse made many small changes to make the language more humorous, a process which Wodehouse's American editor Peter Schwed termed "adding the laugh lines". For instance, Wodehouse added "I feel full to the brim of Vitamin B" to Bertie's dialogue near the beginning of the first chapter.

Schwed changed the ending of *Much Obliged, Jeeves* for the American edition because he believed that Jeeves would not damage the club book by tearing out Bertie's pages "without a rational explanation", and drafted a longer Wodehouse-style ending, in which Jeeves explains that the book's entry on Bertie is unnecessary because he will remain permanently with Bertie. Wodehouse worked Schwed's version into the ending of the American edition, which uses the title suggested by Schwed, *Jeeves and the Tie That Binds*.

Bingley was introduced under the name "Brinkley" in the 1934 novel *Thank You, Jeeves*. In *Much Obliged, Jeeves*, Bertie initially does call him "Brinkley", though Jeeves soon corrects him. This use of retroactive continuity regarding the character's name was apparently due to the potential for confusion with this story's setting at Brinkley Court.

This novel is significant as it is the first time in the Wooster canon that Jeeves' first name (Reginald) is revealed.

## Publication history

The novel was included in the 1976 three novel collection titled *Jeeves, Jeeves, Jeeves*, along with How Right You Are, Jeeves and Stiff Upper Lip, Jeeves, which was published by Avon.

## Reception

* Richard Armour, *The Los Angeles Times* (23 January 1972): "Despite the basic sameness of the Wodehouse books, each is somehow fresh and different. And this is one of the freshest and fastest moving. There is no use trying to tell what it is about, except perhaps that it involves a club for butlers to which Jeeves belongs, and a club book into which Jeeves has written some rather personal things about his employer. If it should get out (as of course it does) it would be a little like the Pentagon Papers. But it isn't the plot but what Wodehouse does with it in his sprightly way of writing".
* John K. Hutchens, *The Saturday Review* (12 February 1972): "Inquire of any good Wodehousian what his hero's newest book is 'like,' and the fellow will stare at you as if you were the idiot you must be to ask such a question. It is like *Stiff Upper Lip, Jeeves*, like *Bertie Wooster Sees It Through*, like *A Damsel in Distress*, and like all their magnificent company in its rippling, apparently effortless narrative, its uninsistent comedy of word play and wildly plausible situation, its characters who could not conceivably be confused with anyone else's characters or with one another".

## Adaptations

### Television

The story was adapted into the *Jeeves and Wooster* episode "The Ties That Bind" which first aired on 20 June 1993. This was the last episode in the series. There are some changes to the plot:

* In the episode, the ex-valet who stole the Junior Ganymede club book is still called Brinkley. The setting is Totleigh Towers, not Brinkley Court.
* Runkle and Aunt Dahlia are absent, while Aunt Agatha and Sir Watkyn Bassett are present at Totleigh Towers in the episode.
* Jeeves does not use a drug to incapacitate Brinkley in the episode. Bertie steals the book back while Jeeves is conversing with Brinkley. Brinkley steals it back, but then Florence obtains the club book and believes that it is a work of fiction authored by Brinkley.
* In the episode, Bertie inadvertently becomes engaged to both Florence Craye and Madeline Bassett simultaneously. Bertie breaks up with Florence by informing her that he is engaged to Madeline, and Jeeves finds a damaging secret about Spode (involving a kangaroo called Celia), forcing him to reclaim his title and reconcile with Madeline.
* In the episode, Tuppy, at Bertie's request, comes to Totleigh with a huge drain pumper called "Plumbo Jumbo" to unclog the pipes. When Spode chases Tuppy off the premises, the Plumbo Jumbo is left running, and ultimately the pipes erupt, spraying everyone in the chapel during Madeline and Spode's wedding ceremony, causing them to angrily chase both Bertie and Jeeves counterclockwise around the chapel. In the original story, Tuppy is not present and a wedding ceremony did not occur.

Notes Sources

## InfoBox

Much Obliged, Jeeves
| Front cover and spine of first UK edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | P. G. Wodehouse |
| Language | English |
| Series | Jeeves |
| Genre | Comic novel |
| Publisher | Barrie & Jenkins |
| Publication date | 15 October 1971 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print |
| Pages | 192 |
| ISBN | 0214653609 |
| OCLC | 832988 |
| LC Class | PZ3.W817 Ms FT MEADE |
| Preceded by | *Stiff Upper Lip, Jeeves* |
| Followed by | *Aunts Aren't Gentlemen* |


title: Murals in Kyiv

abstract: The Murals of Kyiv are a series of murals painted on the sides of buildings in Kyiv, Ukraine since 2014 which depict both modern and traditional art. Upwards of 160 murals are spread out across the entire city over an area of approximately 285 square kilometers. These murals are not funded by the government, but are instead funded by independent sponsors or art groups.

text:
# Murals in Kyiv

The **Murals of Kyiv** are a series of murals painted on the sides of buildings in Kyiv, Ukraine since 2014 which depict both modern and traditional art. Upwards of 160 murals are spread out across the entire city over an area of approximately 285 square kilometers. These murals are not funded by the government, but are instead funded by independent sponsors or art groups.

## Selected Artwork

### The Rebuild

"The Rebuild" is a mural by Australian street artist Fintan Magee, painted in 2015. The mural depicts a lone woman with a bunch of branches in her arms, standing ankle-deep in water, seemingly after a flood. The theme of flooding recurs in many of Magee's works, and the artwork appears to represent the first steps of reconstruction and rebuilding after disaster.

### Serhiy Nihoyan

"Serhiy Nihoyan" is an eponymous mural of the first person to be killed in the 2014 Hrushevskoho Street riots, an Armenian-Ukrainian activist who was shot by the Berkut while protesting. The portrait was created by Alexandre Fartu and lies in the Heavenly Hundred Garden, a formerly empty lot which was turned into a community space.

### Revival

"Revival" is a joint work by French duo Seth x Kislow, which is considered to be one of the most recognizable murals in Kyiv. Created in April 2014, the mural depicts themes of Ukrainian pride and hope for the future.

### Ukrainian St. George

"Ukrainian St. George" by artist AEC is an allegorical mural, referring to the story of St. George and the Dragon. The piece carries a modern political message, with the double-headed dragon representing Russia in the East and NATO in the West dividing Ukraine.

### The Messenger of Life

"The Messenger of Life" is a mural by Alexandr Britcev which depicts a white crow surrounded by black crows. The mural can be found tucked away in a courtyard, and references three crows which are said to have been kept in a cage in that courtyard for twenty years.

### Untitled Work by Xav

Javier Robledo, known professionally as Xav, created an untitled mural in 2017 of a smiling boy with support from Art United Us. The mural generated controversy in the local community as it depicted a black child, and racist backlash to the mural developed as it began to take shape. However, because Robledo was not beholden financially to local government or community, the mural was completed, albeit two weeks behind schedule.


title: World Federation of Orthodontists

abstract: World Federation of Orthodontists (WFO) was formed at the 4th International Orthodontic Congress (IOC) in San Francisco by 69 affiliated organizations on May 15, 1995, and now has over 8,000 WFO fellows and 109 affiliated organizations. It is based in St. Louis, Missouri, USA

text:
# World Federation of Orthodontists

**World Federation of Orthodontists** (WFO) was formed at the 4th International Orthodontic Congress (IOC) in San Francisco by 69 affiliated organizations on May 15, 1995, and now has over 8,000 WFO fellows and 109 affiliated organizations. It is based in St. Louis, Missouri, USA

## Purpose

The purpose of the WFO is to advance the art and science of orthodontics throughout the world. As stated in the WFO Bylaws, the WFO purpose will be accomplished by fulfilling the following objectives: 1. Encourage high standards in orthodontics throughout the world; 2. Encourage and assist in the formation of national associations and societies of orthodontists when requested; 3. Encourage and assist in the formation of national and regional certifying boards in the field of orthodontics when requested; 4. Promote orthodontic research; 5. Disseminate scientific information; 6. Promote desirable standards of training and certification for orthodontists; 7. Organize the International Orthodontic Congress to be held at least once every five years.

## History

The concept that was developed for the WFO was based on the fact that the national and regional orthodontic societies throughout the world would know who their orthodontic specialist members were and would be willing to validate that credential in order for the individual to become a Fellow of the World Federation of Orthodontists. Sixty-eight national and regional orthodontic societies from sixty-two countries joined with the AAO to sign the charter of the WFO at the Herbst Theatre in San Francisco on May 15, 1995. The Herbst Theatre had been the site, fifty years earlier when the United Nations charter was signed in 1945 following World War II.

The WFO website is wfo.org. The organisation celebrates 15 May as the World Orthodontic Health Day, where importances of Orthodontic treatment by a qualified specialist orthodontist is emphasised around the world.

The executive of the WFO consists of Dr Nikhilesh R. Vaid President, Dr. Panagiotis Skoularikis Vice President, Dr. Lee Graber Secretary General, Dr. Khaled Samir AboulAzm (Africa and the Middle East), Dr. Bryce Lee (South East Asia and Oceania), Dr. Eric JW Liou (Central and East Asia), Dr. Ricardo Machado Cruz (Central and South America), Dr. DeWayne McCamish (North America), Dr. Takashi Ono (Central and East Asia), Dr. Valmy Pangrazio-Kulbersh (North America), Dr. Letizia Perillo (Europe), Dr. Yanheng Zhou (Central and East Asia) and Dr. Flavia Artese (South America and Chair of the 10th IOC). Dr. Vinod Krishnan is the Editor of the JWFO.

The WFO publishes a Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists and organises an International Congress every five years (IOC). The 10th IOC will he held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 2025.

Initially, the WFO Executive Committee focused the WFO and its resources towards the importance of recognizing the orthodontic specialist in every corner of the globe as an important provider of orthodontic care. Several WFO affiliate organizations recognize different levels of the providers of orthodontic care, but in order for an orthodontic organization to be affiliated with the WFO its bylaws must provide a specific membership category for the “orthodontic specialist” or “orthodontist.” Only an orthodontic specialist is eligible to become a WFO Fellow (member). This ensures that all WFO fellows are recognized in their country as having had additional training so as to be entitled to use the term “orthodontist” or “orthodontic specialist.” Each WFO affiliate president certifies this specialty status when he or she signs the membership application of his or her organization’s member to become a WFO Fellow.

A WFO Fellow receives the WFO Gazette twice yearly mailed to an office or home as a benefit of membership in the WFO in addition to receiving discounted registration fees to the IOC and several annual meetings of WFO affiliates. A WFO Fellow may also display the WFO certificate of membership and the WFO pin. The WFO website, www.wfo.org provides a directory of its membership so that anyone searching for an orthodontist can be assured that an orthodontist listed in the directory has the necessary training and experience to provide high-quality orthodontic care.

Official website

## InfoBox

World Federation of Orthodontists (WFO)
| World Federation of Orthodontists | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Founded | May 15, 1995 |
| Headquarters | St. Louis, Missouri, USA |
| Location | * International |
| Members | 8,000 WFO fellows and 109 affiliated organizations. |
| Key people | * Dr. Nikhilesh R. Vaid (President) * Dr. Panagiotis Skoularikis  (Vice President) * Dr. Lee Graber (Secretary General) |
| Affiliations | International |


title: Wuhe Township, Henan

abstract:
Wuhe Township is a township under the administration of Shangcheng County, Henan, China. As of 2020, it has 16 villages under its administration:
  - Wuhe Village
  - Zengwa Village (曾洼村)
  - Macao Village (马槽村)
  - Guomiao Village (郭庙村)
  - Zhangdian Village (掌店村)
  - Qizhongwan Village (漆中湾村)
  - Fanqi Village (范棋村)
  - Chenwa Village (陈洼村)
  - Gaojiafan Village (高家畈村)
  - Shenfan Village (沈畈村)
  - Zengyoufang Village (曾油坊村)
  - Liujiafan Village (六甲畈村)
  - Wan'an Village (万安村)
  - Qingtang'ao Village (清塘坳村)
  - Lianhuashan Village (莲花山村)
  - Kaijuesi Village (开觉寺村)

text:
# Wuhe Township, Henan

**Wuhe Township** (simplified Chinese: 吴河乡; traditional Chinese: 吳河鄉; pinyin: *Wúhé Xiāng*) is a township under the administration of Shangcheng County, Henan, China. As of 2020, it has 16 villages under its administration:

* Wuhe Village
* Zengwa Village (曾洼村)
* Macao Village (马槽村)
* Guomiao Village (郭庙村)
* Zhangdian Village (掌店村)
* Qizhongwan Village (漆中湾村)
* Fanqi Village (范棋村)
* Chenwa Village (陈洼村)
* Gaojiafan Village (高家畈村)
* Shenfan Village (沈畈村)
* Zengyoufang Village (曾油坊村)
* Liujiafan Village (六甲畈村)
* Wan'an Village (万安村)
* Qingtang'ao Village (清塘坳村)
* Lianhuashan Village (莲花山村)
* Kaijuesi Village (开觉寺村)

## InfoBox

| Wuhe Township 吴河乡 | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Wuhe TownshipLocation in Henan | |
| Coordinates: 31°43′45″N 115°16′38″E / 31.72917°N 115.27722°E / 31.72917; 115.27722 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Henan |
| Prefecture-level city | Xinyang |
| County | Shangcheng County |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |


abstract: The World Health Organization (WHO) ranked the health systems of its 191 member states in its World Health Report 2000. It provided a framework and measurement approach to examine and compare aspects of health systems around the world. It developed a series of performance indicators to assess the overall level and distribution of health in the populations, and the responsiveness and financing of health care services. It was the organization's first ever analysis of the world's health systems.

text:
# World Health Organization ranking of health systems in 2000

The **World Health Organization (WHO) ranked the health systems** of its 191 member states in its World Health Report 2000. It provided a framework and measurement approach to examine and compare aspects of health systems around the world. It developed a series of performance indicators to assess the overall level and distribution of health in the populations, and the responsiveness and financing of health care services. It was the organization's first ever analysis of the world's health systems.

## Ranking

| Country | Attainment of goals / Health / Level (DALE) | Attainment of goals / Health / Distribution | Attainment of goals / Health / Overall goal attainment | Health expenditure per capita in international dollars | Performance / On level of health | Performance / Overall health system performance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Afghanistan | 164 | 0 | 183 | 184 | 150 | 173 |
| Albania | 102 | 128 | 86 | 149 | 64 | 55 |
| Algeria | 44 | 63 | 56 | 24 | 45 | 81 |
| Andorra | 10 | 25 | 17 | 23 | 7 | 4 |
| Angola | 165 | 178 | 181 | 164 | 165 | 181 |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 48 | 58 | 71 | 56 | 123 | 86 |
| Argentina | 39 | 60 | 49 | 34 | 71 | 75 |
| Armenia | 41 | 63 | 81 | 102 | 56 | 104 |
| Australia | 2 | 17 | 12 | 17 | 39 | 32 |
| Austria | 17 | 8 | 10 | 6 | 15 | 9 |
| Azerbaijan | 65 | 99 | 103 | 162 | 60 | 109 |
| Bahamas | 109 | 67 | 64 | 22 | 137 | 98 |
| Bahrain | 61 | 72 | 58 | 48 | 30 | 42 |
| Bangladesh | 140 | 125 | 131 | 144 | 103 | 88 |
| Barbados | 53 | 36 | 38 | 36 | 87 | 46 |
| Belarus | 83 | 46 | 53 | 74 | 116 | 72 |
| Belgium | 16 | 26 | 13 | 15 | 28 | 21 |
| Belize | 94 | 95 | 104 | 88 | 34 | 69 |
| Benin | 157 | 132 | 143 | 171 | 136 | 97 |
| Bhutan | 138 | 158 | 144 | 135 | 73 | 124 |
| Bolivia | 133 | 118 | 117 | 101 | 142 | 126 |
| Bosnia-Herzegovina | 56 | 79 | 79 | 105 | 70 | 90 |
| Botswana | 187 | 146 | 168 | 85 | 188 | 169 |
| Brazil | 111 | 108 | 125 | 54 | 78 | 125 |
| Brunei | 59 | 42 | 37 | 32 | 76 | 40 |
| Bulgaria | 60 | 53 | 74 | 96 | 92 | 102 |
| Burkina Faso | 178 | 137 | 159 | 173 | 162 | 132 |
| Burundi | 179 | 154 | 161 | 186 | 171 | 143 |
| Cambodia | 148 | 150 | 166 | 140 | 157 | 174 |
| Cameroon | 156 | 160 | 163 | 131 | 172 | 164 |
| Canada | 12 | 18 | 7 | 10 | 35 | 30 |
| Cape Verde | 118 | 123 | 126 | 150 | 55 | 113 |
| Central African Republic | 175 | 189 | 190 | 178 | 164 | 189 |
| Chad | 161 | 175 | 177 | 175 | 161 | 178 |
| Chile | 32 | 1 | 33 | 44 | 23 | 33 |
| People's Republic of China | 81 | 101 | 132 | 139 | 61 | 144 |
| Colombia | 74 | 44 | 41 | 49 | 51 | 22 |
| Comoros | 146 | 143 | 137 | 165 | 141 | 118 |
| Congo | 150 | 142 | 155 | 122 | 167 | 166 |
| Cook Islands | 67 | 92 | 88 | 61 | 95 | 107 |
| Costa Rica | 40 | 45 | 45 | 50 | 25 | 36 |
| Croatia | 38 | 33 | 36 | 56 | 57 | 43 |
| Cuba | 33 | 41 | 40 | 118 | 36 | 39 |
| Cyprus | 25 | 31 | 28 | 39 | 22 | 24 |
| Czech Republic | 35 | 19 | 30 | 40 | 81 | 48 |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | 174 | 174 | 179 | 188 | 185 | 188 |
| Denmark | 28 | 21 | 20 | 8 | 65 | 34 |
| Djibouti | 166 | 169 | 170 | 163 | 163 | 157 |
| Dominica | 26 | 35 | 42 | 70 | 59 | 35 |
| Dominican Republic | 79 | 97 | 66 | 92 | 42 | 51 |
| Ecuador | 93 | 133 | 107 | 97 | 96 | 111 |
| Egypt | 115 | 141 | 110 | 115 | 43 | 63 |
| El Salvador | 87 | 115 | 122 | 83 | 37 | 115 |
| Equatorial Guinea | 152 | 151 | 152 | 129 | 174 | 171 |
| Eritrea | 169 | 167 | 176 | 187 | 148 | 158 |
| Estonia | 69 | 43 | 48 | 60 | 115 | 77 |
| Ethiopia | 182 | 176 | 186 | 189 | 169 | 180 |
| Federated States of Micronesia | 104 | 112 | 111 | 81 | 110 | 123 |
| Fiji | 106 | 71 | 78 | 87 | 124 | 96 |
| Finland | 20 | 27 | 22 | 18 | 44 | 31 |
| France | 3 | 12 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 1 |
| Gabon | 144 | 136 | 141 | 95 | 143 | 139 |
| Gambia | 143 | 155 | 153 | 158 | 109 | 146 |
| Georgia | 44 | 61 | 76 | 125 | 84 | 114 |
| Germany | 22 | 20 | 14 | 3 | 41 | 25 |
| Ghana | 149 | 149 | 139 | 166 | 158 | 135 |
| Greece | 7 | 6 | 23 | 30 | 11 | 14 |
| Grenada | 49 | 82 | 68 | 67 | 49 | 85 |
| Guatemala | 129 | 106 | 113 | 130 | 99 | 78 |
| Guinea | 167 | 166 | 172 | 159 | 160 | 161 |
| Guinea-Bissau | 170 | 177 | 180 | 156 | 156 | 176 |
| Guyana | 98 | 126 | 116 | 109 | 104 | 128 |
| Haiti | 153 | 152 | 145 | 155 | 139 | 138 |
| Honduras | 92 | 119 | 129 | 100 | 48 | 131 |
| Hungary | 62 | 40 | 43 | 59 | 105 | 66 |
| Iceland | 19 | 24 | 16 | 14 | 27 | 15 |
| India | 19 | 13 | 121 | 133 | 118 | 112 |
| Indonesia | 103 | 156 | 106 | 154 | 90 | 92 |
| Iran | 96 | 113 | 114 | 94 | 58 | 93 |
| Iraq | 126 | 130 | 124 | 117 | 75 | 103 |
| Ireland | 27 | 13 | 25 | 25 | 32 | 19 |
| Israel | 23 | 7 | 24 | 19 | 40 | 28 |
| Italy | 6 | 14 | 11 | 11 | 3 | 2 |
| Ivory Coast | 155 | 181 | 157 | 153 | 133 | 137 |
| Jamaica | 36 | 87 | 69 | 89 | 8 | 53 |
| Japan | 1 | 3 | 1 | 13 | 9 | 10 |
| Jordan | 101 | 83 | 84 | 98 | 100 | 83 |
| Kazakhstan | 122 | 52 | 62 | 112 | 135 | 64 |
| Kenya | 162 | 135 | 142 | 152 | 178 | 140 |
| Kiribati | 125 | 121 | 123 | 103 | 144 | 142 |
| Kuwait | 68 | 54 | 46 | 41 | 68 | 45 |
| Kyrgyzstan | 123 | 122 | 135 | 146 | 134 | 151 |
| Laos | 147 | 147 | 154 | 157 | 155 | 165 |
| Latvia | 82 | 56 | 67 | 77 | 121 | 105 |
| Lebanon | 95 | 88 | 93 | 46 | 97 | 91 |
| Lesotho | 171 | 164 | 173 | 123 | 186 | 183 |
| Liberia | 181 | 191 | 187 | 181 | 176 | 186 |
| Libya | 107 | 102 | 97 | 84 | 94 | 87 |
| Lithuania | 63 | 48 | 52 | 71 | 93 | 73 |
| Luxembourg | 18 | 22 | 5 | 5 | 31 | 16 |
| Macedonia | 64 | 85 | 89 | 106 | 69 | 89 |
| Madagascar | 172 | 168 | 167 | 190 | 173 | 159 |
| Malawi | 189 | 187 | 182 | 161 | 187 | 185 |
| Malaysia | 89 | 49 | 55 | 93 | 86 | 49 |
| Maldives | 130 | 134 | 128 | 76 | 147 | 147 |
| Mali | 183 | 180 | 178 | 179 | 170 | 163 |
| Malta | 21 | 38 | 31 | 37 | 2 | 5 |
| Marshall Islands | 121 | 120 | 119 | 80 | 140 | 141 |
| Mauritania | 158 | 163 | 169 | 141 | 151 | 162 |
| Mauritius | 78 | 77 | 90 | 69 | 113 | 84 |
| Mexico | 55 | 65 | 51 | 55 | 63 | 61 |
| Moldova | 88 | 64 | 91 | 108 | 106 | 101 |
| Monaco | 9 | 30 | 18 | 12 | 12 | 13 |
| Mongolia | 131 | 148 | 136 | 145 | 138 | 145 |
| Morocco | 110 | 111 | 94 | 99 | 17 | 29 |
| Mozambique | 180 | 190 | 185 | 160 | 168 | 184 |
| Myanmar | 139 | 162 | 175 | 136 | 129 | 190 |
| Namibia | 177 | 173 | 165 | 66 | 189 | 168 |
| Nauru | 136 | 51 | 75 | 42 | 166 | 98 |
| Nepal | 142 | 161 | 160 | 170 | 98 | 150 |
| Netherlands | 13 | 15 | 8 | 9 | 19 | 17 |
| New Zealand | 31 | 16 | 26 | 20 | 80 | 41 |
| Nicaragua | 117 | 96 | 101 | 104 | 74 | 71 |
| Niger | 190 | 184 | 188 | 185 | 177 | 170 |
| Nigeria | 163 | 188 | 184 | 176 | 175 | 187 |
| Niue | 85 | 100 | 102 | 127 | 108 | 121 |
| North Korea | 137 | 145 | 149 | 172 | 153 | 167 |
| Norway | 15 | 4 | 3 | 16 | 18 | 11 |
| Oman | 72 | 59 | 59 | 62 | 1 | 8 |
| Pakistan | 124 | 183 | 133 | 142 | 85 | 122 |
| Palau | 112 | 66 | 63 | 47 | 125 | 82 |
| Panama | 47 | 93 | 70 | 53 | 67 | 95 |
| Papua New Guinea | 145 | 157 | 150 | 137 | 146 | 148 |
| Paraguay | 71 | 57 | 73 | 91 | 52 | 57 |
| Peru | 105 | 103 | 115 | 78 | 119 | 129 |
| Philippines | 113 | 50 | 54 | 124 | 126 | 60 |
| Poland | 45 | 5 | 34 | 58 | 89 | 50 |
| Portugal | 29 | 34 | 32 | 28 | 13 | 12 |
| Qatar | 66 | 55 | 47 | 27 | 53 | 44 |
| Romania | 80 | 78 | 72 | 107 | 111 | 99 |
| Russia | 91 | 69 | 100 | 75 | 127 | 130 |
| Rwanda | 185 | 185 | 171 | 177 | 181 | 172 |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | 86 | 91 | 98 | 51 | 122 | 100 |
| Saint Lucia | 54 | 86 | 87 | 86 | 54 | 68 |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 43 | 89 | 92 | 90 | 38 | 74 |
| Samoa | 97 | 81 | 82 | 121 | 131 | 119 |
| San Marino | 11 | 9 | 21 | 21 | 5 | 3 |
| Sao Tome and Principe | 132 | 139 | 138 | 167 | 117 | 133 |
| Saudi Arabia | 58 | 70 | 61 | 63 | 10 | 26 |
| Senegal | 151 | 105 | 118 | 143 | 132 | 59 |
| Seychelles | 108 | 73 | 83 | 52 | 83 | 56 |
| Sierra Leone | 191 | 186 | 191 | 183 | 183 | 191 |
| Singapore | 30 | 29 | 27 | 38 | 14 | 6 |
| Slovakia | 42 | 39 | 39 | 45 | 88 | 62 |
| Slovenia | 34 | 23 | 29 | 29 | 62 | 38 |
| Solomon Islands | 127 | 117 | 108 | 134 | 20 | 80 |
| Somalia | 173 | 179 | 189 | 191 | 154 | 179 |
| South Africa | 160 | 128 | 151 | 57 | 182 | 175 |
| South Korea | 51 | 37 | 35 | 31 | 107 | 58 |
| Spain | 5 | 11 | 19 | 24 | 6 | 7 |
| Sri Lanka | 76 | 80 | 80 | 138 | 66 | 76 |
| Sudan | 154 | 159 | 148 | 169 | 149 | 134 |
| Suriname | 77 | 94 | 105 | 72 | 77 | 110 |
| Swaziland | 164 | 140 | 164 | 116 | 184 | 177 |
| Sweden | 4 | 28 | 4 | 7 | 21 | 23 |
| Switzerland | 8 | 10 | 2 | 2 | 26 | 20 |
| Syria | 114 | 107 | 112 | 119 | 91 | 108 |
| Tajikistan | 120 | 124 | 127 | 126 | 145 | 154 |
| Tanzania | 176 | 172 | 158 | 174 | 180 | 156 |
| Thailand | 99 | 74 | 57 | 64 | 102 | 47 |
| Togo | 159 | 170 | 156 | 180 | 159 | 152 |
| Tonga | 75 | 84 | 85 | 73 | 114 | 116 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 57 | 75 | 56 | 65 | 79 | 67 |
| Tunisia | 90 | 114 | 77 | 79 | 46 | 52 |
| Turkey | 73 | 109 | 96 | 82 | 33 | 70 |
| Turkmenistan | 128 | 131 | 130 | 128 | 152 | 153 |
| Tuvalu | 119 | 116 | 120 | 151 | 128 | 136 |
| United Arab Emirates | 50 | 62 | 44 | 35 | 16 | 27 |
| Uganda | 186 | 138 | 162 | 168 | 179 | 149 |
| United Kingdom | 14 | 2 | 9 | 26 | 24 | 18 |
| Ukraine | 70 | 47 | 60 | 111 | 101 | 79 |
| United States | 24 | 32 | 15 | 1 | 72 | 37 |
| Uruguay | 37 | 68 | 50 | 33 | 50 | 65 |
| Uzbekistan | 100 | 144 | 109 | 120 | 112 | 117 |
| Vanuatu | 135 | 127 | 134 | 132 | 120 | 127 |
| Venezuela | 52 | 76 | 65 | 68 | 29 | 54 |
| Vietnam | 116 | 104 | 140 | 147 | 130 | 160 |
| Yemen | 141 | 165 | 146 | 182 | 82 | 120 |
| FR Yugoslavia | 46 | 90 | 95 | 113 | 47 | 106 |
| Zambia | 188 | 171 | 174 | 148 | 190 | 182 |
| Zimbabwe | 184 | 98 | 147 | 110 | 191 | 155 |

## Methodology

The rankings are based on an index of five factors:

* **Health (50%) :** disability-adjusted life expectancy
    + *Overall or average* : 25%
    + *Distribution or equality* : 25%
* **Responsiveness (25%) :** speed of service, protection of privacy, and quality of amenities
    + *Overall or average* : 12.5%
    + *Distribution or equality* : 12.5%
* **Fair financial contribution** : 25%

## Criticism

The WHO rankings are claimed to have been subject to many and varied criticisms since its publication. Concerns raised over the five factors considered, data sets used and comparison methodologies have led health bodies and political commentators in most of the countries on the list to question the efficacy of its results and validity of any conclusions drawn. Such criticisms of a broad endeavour by the WHO to rank all the world's healthcare systems must also however be understood in the context of a predisposition to analytical bias commensurate with an individual nation's demographics, socio-economics and politics. In considering such a disparate global spectrum, ranking criteria, methodology, results and conclusions will always be an area for contention.

In over a decade of discussion and controversy over the WHO Ranking of 2000, there is still no consensus about how an objective world health system ranking should be compiled. Indeed, the 2000 results have proved so controversial that the WHO declined to rank countries in their World Health Reports since 2000, but the debate still rages on. With burgeoning and ageing populations, spiralling costs and the recognition by most national governments that constant vigilance and periodic healthcare reform are necessary, the appetite for a means of measuring national performance in broader world contexts is ever increasing and all the more relevant. With this in mind, and in lieu of any further ranking information from the WHO since 2000, there are many analytical bodies now looking at national healthcare delivery in global contexts and publishing their findings. Bloomberg finds "the U.S. spends the most on health care on a relative cost basis with the worst outcome" and notes Cubans live longer than Americans, but Americans pay more than fourteen times as much for less effective health care. The Commonwealth Fund ranked seven developed countries on health care, the US ranked lowest(AU, CA, DE, NL, NZ, UK, US).


title: World Health Observances

text:
# World Health Observances

International Observances denote a period to observe an issue of international interest or concern. Many of these observances have been established by the United Nations General Assembly, United Nations Economic and Social Council or World Health Organization. World Health Observances mark a period which is often used to promote an issue and mobilize for action. Below follows a list of days and months which have been denoted as health related observances.

## January

## February

## March

## April

## May

## June

## July

## August

## October

## November

## December


title: Wyrów, Greater Poland Voivodeship

abstract: Wyrów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stawiszyn, within Kalisz County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south of Stawiszyn, 17 km (11 mi) north of Kalisz, and 99 km (62 mi) southeast of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Wyrów, Greater Poland Voivodeship

**Wyrów** \[ˈvɨruf\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stawiszyn, within Kalisz County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south of Stawiszyn, 17 km (11 mi) north of Kalisz, and 99 km (62 mi) southeast of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Wyrów | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Wyrów | |
| Coordinates: 51°54′N 18°7′E / 51.900°N 18.117°E / 51.900; 18.117 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Kalisz |
| Gmina | Stawiszyn |


title: Murder Hole Beach

abstract: Boyeeghter Strand or Boyeeghter Bay, commonly known as The Murder Hole Beach, is a beach situated on Rosguill, a peninsula located on the north coast of County Donegal in the north-west of Ulster, the northern province in Ireland. The beach lies at the north-eastern end of Rosguill, being located near Melmore Head. It has cliffs, hills, dunes, and small caves. When the tide is in there are two beaches, which merge into one when the tide is out. Rough Island is a small tidal island located approximately 15 metres offshore. The beach is not suitable for swimming. The area is undeveloped with no direct road access, and significant traffic issues were reported during August 2020. Prior to 2022, beach access was possible only via a route across private land, and an increase in visitors during 2018 prompted a local landowner to post a notice about access concerns. By April 2022, another local landowner had built a carpark and spent several "months developing a pathway at Melmore [..providing access..] from a different route".

text:
# Murder Hole Beach

**Boyeeghter Strand** or **Boyeeghter Bay,** (Irish: Bá Íochtair) commonly known as **The** **Murder Hole Beach**, is a beach situated on Rosguill, a peninsula located on the north coast of County Donegal in the north-west of Ulster, the northern province in Ireland. The beach lies at the north-eastern end of Rosguill, being located near Melmore Head. It has cliffs, hills, dunes, and small caves. When the tide is in there are two beaches, which merge into one when the tide is out. Rough Island is a small tidal island located approximately 15 metres offshore. The beach is not suitable for swimming.

The area is undeveloped with no direct road access, and significant traffic issues were reported during August 2020. Prior to 2022, beach access was possible only via a route across private land, and an increase in visitors during 2018 prompted a local landowner to post a notice about access concerns. By April 2022, another local landowner had built a carpark and spent several "months developing a pathway at Melmore \[..providing access..\] from a different route".

## Etymology

The English name of the beach, Boyeeghter Strand, derives from the Irish *Trá Bhá Íochtair* meaning the 'strand of the lower (or northern) bay'.

The common name of the beach, Murder Hole Beach, is rumoured to originate from the nineteenth-century, when a young woman reputedly fell from a cliff near the beach. Other reports suggest that the name is derived from how the dangerous currents make swimming perilous.

55°14′16″N 7°48′27″W / 55.23778°N 7.80750°W / 55.23778; -7.80750


title: Murciélago (manga)

abstract: Murciélago is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yoshimurakana. It began serialization in Square Enix's seinen manga magazine Young Gangan in August 2013.

text:
# Murciélago (manga)

***Murciélago*** (ムルシエラゴ, *Murushierago*) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yoshimurakana. It began serialization in Square Enix's *seinen* manga magazine *Young Gangan* in August 2013.

## Media

### Manga

Written and illustrated by Yoshimurakana, *Murciélago* began serialization in Square Enix's *seinen* manga magazine *Young Gangan* on August 16, 2013. The series' chapters have been compiled into twenty-five *tankōbon* volumes as of June 2024.

During their Anime Expo 2016 panel, Yen Press announced that they licensed the series for English publication.

A spin-off manga focusing on the character Reiko Kuchiba, titled *Murciélago Byproduct Araña* and illustrated by Shin Arakawa, was serialized on Square Enix's *Manga Up!* app from January 12, 2018, to June 26, 2020. The spin-off's chapters were compiled into five volumes from June 25, 2018 to July 22, 2020.

#### Volumes

| No. | Original release date | Original ISBN | North American release date | North American ISBN |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | April 25, 2014 | 978-4-7575-4290-7 | January 24, 2017 | 978-0-3165-0460-7 |
| 2 | April 25, 2014 | 978-4-7575-4291-4 | May 30, 2017 | 978-0-3164-7164-0 |
| 3 | September 25, 2014 | 978-4-7575-4425-3 | August 22, 2017 | 978-0-3164-7318-7 |
| 4 | February 25, 2015 | 978-4-7575-4564-9 | November 7, 2017 | 978-0-3164-7319-4 |
| 5 | July 25, 2015 | 978-4-7575-4701-8 | January 30, 2018 | 978-0-3164-7320-0 |
| 6 | November 25, 2015 | 978-4-7575-4808-4 | April 24, 2018 | 978-0-3164-7321-7 |
| 7 | March 25, 2016 | 978-4-7575-4923-4 | July 24, 2018 | 978-0-3164-7323-1 |
| 8 | August 25, 2016 | 978-4-7575-5085-8 | October 30, 2018 | 978-1-9753-0247-4 |
| 9 | January 25, 2017 | 978-4-7575-5225-8 | January 22, 2019 | 978-1-9753-0248-1 |
| 10 | July 25, 2017 | 978-4-7575-5430-6 | April 30, 2019 | 978-1-9753-0249-8 |
| 11 | December 25, 2017 | 978-4-7575-5561-7 | August 6, 2019 | 978-1-9753-0250-4 |
| 12 | June 25, 2018 | 978-4-7575-5760-4 | November 12, 2019 | 978-1-9753-3202-0 |
| 13 | January 25, 2019 | 978-4-7575-5958-5 | January 28, 2020 | 978-1-9753-3205-1 |
| 14 | March 25, 2019 | 978-4-7575-6070-3 | May 5, 2020 | 978-1-9753-0793-6 |
| 15 | July 25, 2019 | 978-4-7575-6211-0 | August 25, 2020 | 978-1-9753-0897-1 |
| 16 | January 23, 2020 | 978-4-7575-6478-7 | December 1, 2020 | 978-1-9753-1672-3 |
| 17 | July 22, 2020 | 978-4-7575-6763-4 | December 21, 2021 | 978-1-9753-3579-3 |
| 18 | December 24, 2020 | 978-4-7575-7011-5 | January 18, 2022 | 978-1-9753-3641-7 |
| 19 | May 25, 2021 | 978-4-7575-7268-3 | May 24, 2022 | 978-1-9753-4433-7 |
| 20 | October 25, 2021 | 978-4-7575-7538-7 | November 22, 2022 | 978-1-9753-4970-7 |
| 21 | March 25, 2022 | 978-4-7575-7835-7 | May 23, 2023 | 978-1-9753-6485-4 |
| 22 | August 25, 2022 | 978-4-7575-8087-9 | October 17, 2023 | 978-1-9753-6487-8 |
| 23 | April 25, 2023 | 978-4-7575-8534-8 | February 27, 2024 | 978-1-9753-7914-8 |
| 24 | November 25, 2023 | 978-4-7575-8911-7 | September 17, 2024 | 978-1-9753-9864-4 |
| 25 | June 25, 2024 | 978-4-7575-9269-8 |  |  |

#### *Murciélago Byproduct Araña*

| No. | Release date | ISBN |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | June 25, 2018 | 978-4-7575-5761-1 |
| 2 | January 25, 2019 | 978-4-7575-5959-2 |
| 3 | July 25, 2019 | 978-4-7575-6212-7 |
| 4 | January 23, 2020 | 978-4-7575-6479-4 |
| 5 | July 22, 2020 | 978-4-7575-6764-1 |

### Other

The series has had collaborations with gravure idol Hikaru Aoyama, cosplayers Nekomu Otogi and Hina Takane, and the manga series *Caterpillar* by Shinya Murata and Tokisada Hayami, and *Trash* by Kenji Yamamoto and DP.

A motion comic featuring the voice of Romi Park was released on the website ENSOKU on July 3, 2015.

## Reception

The series was recommended by novelist Yusuke Kishi.

## InfoBox

| Murciélago | |
| --- | --- |
| First *tankōbon* volume cover | |
| ムルシエラゴ<br>(*Murushierago*) | |
| Genre |  |
| Manga | |
| Written by | Yoshimurakana |
| Published by | Square Enix |
| English publisher |  |
| Magazine | *Young Gangan* |
| Demographic | *Seinen* |
| Original run | August 16, 2013 – present |
| Volumes | 25 |
| Manga | |
| *Murciélago Byproduct Araña* | |
| Written by | Yoshimurakana |
| Illustrated by | Shin Arakawa |
| Published by | Square Enix |
| Magazine | *Manga Up!* |
| Demographic | *Shōnen* |
| Original run | January 12, 2018June 26, 2020 |
| Volumes | 5 |


title: Wungong Regional Park

abstract: Wungong Regional Park is a conservation park near Bedfordale in the Perth Hills, 20 kilometres south-east of Perth, Western Australia, located within the City of Armadale.

text:
# Wungong Regional Park

**Wungong Regional Park** is a conservation park near Bedfordale in the Perth Hills, 20 kilometres south-east of Perth, Western Australia, located within the City of Armadale.

## Overview

Wungong Regional Park was named after the Wungong townsite, established in 1909 which, in turn, had been named after the Wungong Brook, which was first traced by European explorers in 1835. The regional park's name was confirmed in 2008, alongside three other regional parks and three national parks in the area, which were renamed to reflect the Aboriginal heritage of the area.

Wungong is one of eleven regional parks in the Perth region of Western Australia. The purpose of these regional parks is to serve as urban havens to preserve and restore cultural heritage and valuable ecosystems as well as to encourage sustainable nature-based recreation activities.

## Area

Wungong Regional Park consists of the following reserves:

| Image | Name | Location | Description | Co-ordinates |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Armadale Settlers Common | Bedfordale |  | 32°09′08″S 116°03′08″E / 32.152272°S 116.052205°E / -32.152272; 116.052205 (Armadale Settlers Common) |
|  | Bungendore Park | Bedfordale |  | 32°10′57″S 116°02′21″E / 32.182576°S 116.039079°E / -32.182576; 116.039079 (Bungendore Park) |
|  | Churchman’s Bushland | Roleystone |  | 32°08′44″S 116°03′56″E / 32.145626°S 116.065534°E / -32.145626; 116.065534 (Churchman’s Bushland) |
|  | Jarrahdale State Forest |  | Only parts of the Jarrahdale State Forest belong to the Wungong Regional Park |  |
|  | Wungong Valley | Bedfordale |  | 32°11′45″S 116°03′34″E / 32.195889°S 116.059386°E / -32.195889; 116.059386 (Wungong Valley) |

## InfoBox

| Wungong Regional Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Wungong Regional Park | |
|  | |
| Type | Regional park |
| Location | City of Armadale |
| Coordinates | 32°11′15″S 116°03′12″E / 32.18750°S 116.05333°E / -32.18750; 116.05333 (Wungong Regional Park) |
| Established | 2008 |
| Administered by | Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions |
| Website | Official website |


title: Wungong Tunnel

abstract: The Wungong Tunnel links the Wungong Dam to Perth, Western Australia's Integrated Water Supply System. It originates just west of Wungong Dam and runs through the granite Darling Scarp to the western portal in Rails Crescent, Wungong. Built by a joint Venture of Clough, Codelfa and Cogefur, and with a length of 3.7 kilometres (2.3 mi), it opened in 1982.

text:
# Wungong Tunnel

The **Wungong Tunnel** links the Wungong Dam to Perth, Western Australia's Integrated Water Supply System.

It originates just west of Wungong Dam and runs through the granite Darling Scarp to the western portal in Rails Crescent, Wungong. Built by a joint Venture of Clough, Codelfa and Cogefur, and with a length of 3.7 kilometres (2.3 mi), it opened in 1982.

32°11′01″S 116°01′13″E / 32.183517°S 116.020208°E / -32.183517; 116.020208

## InfoBox

Wungong Tunnel
| Crosses | Darling Scarp |
| --- | --- |
| Operation | |
| Constructed | Clough
Codelfa
Cogefur |
| Opened | 1982 |
| Owner | Water Corporation |
| Technical | |
| Length | 3.7 kilometres |


title: Murex protocrassus

abstract: Murex protocrassus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

text:
# Murex protocrassus

***Murex protocrassus*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Description

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off New Caledonia.

* Houart, R., 1990. New taxa and new records of Indo-Pacific species of Murex and Haustellum (Gastropoda, Muricidae, Muricinae). Bulletin du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle 12(2): 329-347, sér. 4° série, part. Section A

## InfoBox

| *Murex (Promurex) protocrassus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Murex protocrassus* (paratype at MNHN, Paris) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Genus: | *Murex* |
| Species: | ***M. protocrassus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Murex protocrassus***<br>Houart, 1990 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Murex (Promurex) protocrassus* Houart, 1990 | |


title: Murex spicatus

abstract: Murex spicatus is a species of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the rock snails or murex snails.

text:
# Murex spicatus

***Murex spicatus*** is a species of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the rock snails or murex snails.

## InfoBox

| *Murex spicatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Genus: | *Murex* |
| Species: | ***M. spicatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Murex spicatus***<br>Ponder & E. H. Vokes, 1988 | |
|


title: Municipal Tramways Trust

abstract: The Municipal Tramways Trust (MTT) was established by the Government of South Australia in December 1906 to purchase all of the horse-drawn tramways in Adelaide, South Australia. The Trust subsequently also ran petrol and diesel buses and electric trolleybuses. It ceased to exist on 8 December 1975, when its functions were transferred to the State Transport Authority, which also operated Adelaide's suburban train services.

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# Municipal Tramways Trust

The **Municipal Tramways Trust** (MTT) was established by the Government of South Australia in December 1906 to purchase all of the horse-drawn tramways in Adelaide, South Australia. The Trust subsequently also ran petrol and diesel buses and electric trolleybuses. It ceased to exist on 8 December 1975, when its functions were transferred to the State Transport Authority, which also operated Adelaide's suburban train services.

## History

The MTT was created in December 1906 as a tax exempt body with eight board members, mostly appointed by local councils and a small number of state government appointees. Board members were appointed for terms of six years with a provision that half the members should retire every three years.

The Trust set out by purchasing all of the horse-drawn tramways in Adelaide. It established a nine-acre (3.6 hectare) tram depot and headquarters near the corner of Hackney and Botanic Roads.

Thirty-five-year old William Goodman, who had diverse engineering experience in private enterprise and government employment in the UK, New South Wales and New Zealand, was appointed in 1907 as the Trust's first engineer. The following year he was appointed Chief Engineer and general manager. He was knighted in 1932, retiring in 1950 after 42 years' service.

The MTT's modernisation of tram services started with its first electric tram in March 1909. It also took over the Adelaide to Glenelg railway in 1929, when the line was converted from a steam-hauled broad gauge (5 ft 3 ft in) railway to an electric tramway laid to standard gauge (4 ft 8+12 in) in conformity with the rest of the tram network, which had been built in accordance with the *General Tramways Act 1884* (SA).

The MTT throughout this period introduced a variety of bus services. In 1938, the Port Adelaide tram service was replaced by double-decker trolleybuses.

From 1952, street tram services were gradually replaced by diesel bus services. After 1958, the mainly off-street Glenelg tram line was the last remaining service. The MTT continued to operate most of the local bus routes in the inner metropolitan area, often following former tram lines. By the 1970s the MTT had bought out many of the private bus operators then operating in the Adelaide suburbs.

On 8 December 1975, the role of the MTT was assumed by the Bus & Tram division of the State Transport Authority. In 1994 the State Transport Authority in turn was dissolved and government public transport services were transferred to TransAdelaide, a publicly owned corporation. A partial tendering of bus services followed. The 2000 round of tenders saw the end of TransAdelaide's direct operation of bus services in its own right, and the Department of Transport, Energy & Infrastructure took control, applying the Adelaide Metro brand across all road passenger transport operators, appearing to the public as a unified network, with common livery, timetable designs and a city information centre.

## Trams

Most types of Adelaide trams were introduced and operated by the Municipal Tramways Trust on a network that eventually became almost 100 kilometres (60 miles) long. All the street tram lines were disbanded in 1958, leaving only the 11 km Glenelg tram line, which mostly runs on its own reservation. The Trust and its successor entities continued to operate Type H trams on that line. From 2006, when new trams were purchased, the Type H trams were gradually phased out, except for two kept for special occasions. Many have been preserved; in South Australia four are held by the Tramway Museum, St Kilda, north of Adelaide.

## Tram depots

The MTT operated depots in Angas Street, Hackney, Maylands, Prospect and Port Adelaide.

The MTT also had its headquarters at the Hackney Depot, next to a large tram barn with 24 incoming tracks, housing vehicles and workshops to service them. Part of the original tram barn, and the headquarters building – now used by the State Herbarium of South Australia – remain.

## Buses

In 1928, the MTT was given the responsibility for the licensing of private bus operators in Adelaide. Following the cessation of all but the Glenelg Tram in 1958, the MTT had become mainly a bus operator. By the beginning of the 1970s, as revenues dropped, the financial viability of many of Adelaide's private operators had deteriorated. On 1 February 1974, the government rejected a request from the private operators for either increased fares or an increase in subsidies, and announced its intention to phase out all private operation of bus services by 1979 as the licences came up for renewal. The private operators argued they were not prepared to operate the services if they became unprofitable; consequently it was decideded that the MTT would take the services over immediately.

On 24 February 1974, the MTT took over the services of 12 operators and the remainder were acquired over the following 15 months. The buses were a motley collection, and in the late 1970s they were replaced by Volvo B59s. At the time of the Trust's demise in December 1975, it operated a fleet of AEC Regal VIs, Leyland Royal Tiger Worldmasters and AEC Swifts.

## Publications

*Among Ourselves* was the MTT's house journal published bi-monthly with the first issue published in May 1946. It continued to be published by the STA until December 1993.

1. The Critic (1909), pp.15,17–18
2. The Critic (1909), pp.2,3,15,17,18
3. McNichol, Steve (August 1982). *Bus & Coach Pictorial: SA*. Elizabeth: Railmac Publications. p. 2. ISBN 0-949817-15-5.
4. The Critic (1909), p.27
5. "A short history of the Tram Barn A" (PDF). *State Herbarium of South Australia*. South Australian Department of Environment and Natural Resources. May 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
6. McCarthy, GJ (22 June 2005). "Goodman, William George Toop (1872–1961)". Bright Sparcs.
7. History Adelaide's Tramways
8. Wallis, Ian; Bray, David (June 2001). "Competitive Tendering for Bus Services: The Improved Adelaide Model" (PDF). *Thredbo Series*. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
9. Morgan, Peter (21 April 2000). "A new deal on the buses". *The Advertiser*.
10. "Adelaide Metro Introduced" *Australian Bus Panorama* issue 16/1 August 2000 page 12
11. Introducing Among Ourselves *Among Ourselves* issue 1 May 1946 page 1
12. This is the 100th Issue Of Our House Magazine *Among Ourselves* issue 100 October 1962 page 3
13. Among Ourselves National Library of Australia

The Critic (1909). *The Tramways of Adelaide, past, present, and future : a complete illustrated and historical souvenir of the Adelaide tramways from the inception of the horse trams to the inauguration of the present magnificent electric trolley car system*. Adelaide: The Critic.

## InfoBox

Municipal Tramways Trust,
Adelaide
|
|  |
| Company type | Body corporate, independent of direct government control |
| Industry | Public transportation |
| Predecessors | 11 private horse tram companies |
| Founded | December 1906 (1906-12) |
| Defunct | December 1975 |
| Fate | Dissolved, 1975 |
| Successors |  |
| Headquarters | Hackney, Adelaide (34°55′03″S 138°36′47″E / 34.917611°S 138.613100°E / -34.917611; 138.613100), South Australia |
| Area served | Metropolitan Adelaide |
| Key people | * J.J. Bodley (general manager, 1907) * William G.T. Goodman (Chief Engineer and general manager conjointly, 1907–1950) * J. N. Keynes (general manager, 1950–\[?\]) |