title: Library of Galicia

abstract: The Library of Galicia, is a Spain-based public library located in the Galician Cultural City of Santiago de Compostela, the capital of the Galicia Autonomous Region, Spain. It is the largest public library in the Galicia Autonomous Region. The library was designed by American architect Peter Eisenman. Library of Galicia disseminates the legacy of intellectuals and artists such as Isaac Díaz Pardo, Luis Seoane and Basilio Losada. The library is the flagship of the Galician library system.

text:
# Library of Galicia

The **Library of Galicia** (Galician: Biblioteca de Galicia), is a Spain-based public library located in the Galician Cultural City of Santiago de Compostela, the capital of the Galicia Autonomous Region, Spain. It is the largest public library in the Galicia Autonomous Region. The library was designed by American architect Peter Eisenman.

Library of Galicia disseminates the legacy of intellectuals and artists such as Isaac Díaz Pardo, Luis Seoane and Basilio Losada. The library is the flagship of the Galician library system.

## History

Library of Galicia was opened on January 11, 2011, covering an area of 155,205 square feet. In March 2013, it had approximately 800,000 volumes in storage.

## InfoBox

| Library of Galicia | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 42°52′11″N 8°31′34″W / 42.8698°N 8.5262°W / 42.8698; -8.5262 | |
| Type | Public library |
| Established | January 11, 2011 |
| Other information | |
| Website | bibliotecadegalicia.xunta.es |


title: Trachythorax

abstract: Trachythorax is an Asian genus of stick insects in the family Lonchodidae and subfamily Necrosciinae. Species have been recorded from the Indian subcontinent, Indo-China, Malesia through to New Guinea.

text:
# Trachythorax

***Trachythorax*** is an Asian genus of stick insects in the family Lonchodidae and subfamily Necrosciinae. Species have been recorded from the Indian subcontinent, Indo-China, Malesia through to New Guinea.

## Species

The *Phasmida Species File* lists:

1. Roskov Y.; Kunze T.; Orrell T.; Abucay L.; Paglinawan L.; Culham A.; Bailly N.; Kirk P.; Bourgoin T.; Baillargeon G.; Decock W.; De Wever A. (2011). Didžiulis V. (ed.). "Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist". Species 2000: Reading, UK. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
2. Phasmida Species File (Version 5.0/5.0: retrieved 16 February 2021)

## InfoBox

| *Trachythorax* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Trachythorax maculicollis* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Phasmatodea |
| Family: | Lonchodidae |
| Subfamily: | Necrosciinae |
| Tribe: | Necrosciini |
| Genus: | *Trachythorax*<br>Redtenbacher, 1908 |
|


title: Wernstedt

abstract: Wernstedt is a village and a former municipality in the district Altmarkkreis Salzwedel, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 January 2009, it has been a part of the town Kalbe.

text:
# Wernstedt

**Wernstedt** is a village and a former municipality in the district Altmarkkreis Salzwedel, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 January 2009, it has been a part of the town Kalbe.

## InfoBox

| Wernstedt | |
| --- | --- |
| Stadtteil of Kalbe | |
| Location of Wernstedt | |
| Wernstedt Wernstedt | |
| Coordinates: 52°38′46″N 11°20′20″E / 52.64598°N 11.33876°E / 52.64598; 11.33876 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Saxony-Anhalt |
| District | Altmarkkreis Salzwedel |
| Town | Kalbe |
| Area | |
| Total | 9.41 km2 (3.63 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 30 m (100 ft) |
| Population (2006-12-31) | |
| Total | 218 |
| Density | 23/km2 (60/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 39624 |
| Dialling codes | 039080 |
| Vehicle registration | SAW |


title: Ralph E. Haines Jr.

abstract: Ralph Edward Haines Jr. was a United States Army four-star general who served as Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1967 to 1968, Commander, United States Army, Pacific from August 1968 to October 1970, and Commanding General, United States Continental Army Command from 1970 to 1973. At his death he was the army's oldest living four-star general and its senior retired officer.

text:
# Ralph E. Haines Jr.

**Ralph Edward Haines Jr.** (August 21, 1913 – November 23, 2011) was a United States Army four-star general who served as Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1967 to 1968, Commander, United States Army, Pacific from August 1968 to October 1970, and Commanding General, United States Continental Army Command from 1970 to 1973. At his death he was the army's oldest living four-star general and its senior retired officer.

## Military career

Haines attended Texas Military Institute and graduated in 1930 as his class valedictorian. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1935 with a commission in the Cavalry. He later attended the Armed Forces Staff College, the Army War College, the National War College and the Army Management School. Prior to World War II he served in the Philippine Scouts and, during the war, he served in Italy.

Haines served as Commanding General of the 1st Armored Division at Fort Hood, Texas, from 1962 to 1963. He served as Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff for Force Development in Washington from 1963 to 1965. From 1965 to 1967, he commanded the III Corps. He was successively Acting Vice Chief of Staff and then Vice Chief of Staff for the United States Army and during this period he commanded the army forces assisting the suppression of the 1968 Washington, D.C. riots. He then served as Commanding General, Continental Army Command, at Fort Monroe, Virginia, until his retirement on January 31, 1973.

Haines' awards include the Army Distinguished Service Medal, the Legion of Merit, and the Bronze Star Medal.

## Post military career

The Ralph E. Haines Jr. Award, presented to the United States Army Reserve Drill Sergeant of the Year, is named in his honor. Haines was member of the Advisory Committee of the U.S. Cavalry Association. He retired to San Antonio, Texas, with his wife, the former Sally Swift, who died in 2003. Haines had two sons, both West Point alumni. One son, Palmer Swift Haines, died in an aircraft crash in 2004 when the Cessna 421 he was piloting suffered dual engine failure near Austin, Texas.

Haines died in November 2011 at the San Antonio Military Medical Center of natural causes.

This article incorporates public domain material from *United States Army, Pacific – History of General Ralph E. Haines Jr*. United States Army.

## InfoBox

| Ralph E. Haines Jr. | |
| --- | --- |
| Haines as Commander, United States Army, Pacific | |
| Born | (1913-08-21)August 21, 1913
Fort Mott, New Jersey |
| Died | November 23, 2011(2011-11-23) (aged 98)
San Antonio, Texas |
| Buried | Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/branch | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1935–1973 |
| Rank | General |
| Commands | Continental Army Command
United States Army, Pacific
III Corps
1st Armored Division |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
| Awards | Army Distinguished Service Medal
Legion of Merit (3)
Bronze Star Medal |


title: Radiation treatment planning

abstract: In radiotherapy, radiation treatment planning (RTP) is the process in which a team consisting of radiation oncologists, radiation therapist, medical physicists and medical dosimetrists plan the appropriate external beam radiotherapy or internal brachytherapy treatment technique for a patient with cancer.

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# Radiation treatment planning

In radiotherapy, **radiation treatment planning** (**RTP**) is the process in which a team consisting of radiation oncologists, radiation therapist, medical physicists and medical dosimetrists plan the appropriate external beam radiotherapy or internal brachytherapy treatment technique for a patient with cancer.

## History

In the early days of radiotherapy planning was performed on 2D x-ray images, often by hand and with manual calculations. Computerised treatment planning systems began to be used in the 1970s to improve the accuracy and speed of dose calculations.

By the 1990s CT scans, more powerful computers, improved dose calculation algorithms and Multileaf collimators (MLCs) lead to 3D conformal planning (3DCRT), categorised as a Level 2 technique by the European Dynarad consortium. 3DCRT uses MLCs to shape the radiotherapy beam to closely match the shape of a target tumour, reducing the dose to healthy surrounding tissue.

Level 3 techniques such as IMRT and VMAT utilise inverse planning to provide further improved dose distributions (i.e. better coverage of target tumours and sparing of healthy tissue). These methods are growing in use, particularly for cancers in certain locations which have been shown to derive the greatest benefits.

## Image guided planning

Typically, medical imaging is used to form a *virtual patient* for a computer-aided design procedure. A CT scan is often the primary image set for treatment planning while magnetic resonance imaging provides excellent secondary image set for soft tissue contouring. Positron emission tomography is less commonly used and reserved for cases where specific uptake studies can enhance planning target volume delineation. Modern treatment planning systems provide tools for multimodality image matching, also known as image coregistration or fusion. Treatment simulations are used to plan the geometric, radiological, and dosimetric aspects of the therapy using radiation transport simulations and optimization. For intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), this process involves selecting the appropriate beam type (which may include photons, electrons and protons), energy (e.g. 6, 18 megaelectronvolt (MeV) photons) and physical arrangements. In brachytherapy planning involves selecting the appropriate catheter positions and source dwell times (in HDR brachytherapy) or seed positions (in LDR brachytherapy).

The more formal optimization process is typically referred to as *forward planning* and *inverse planning*. Plans are often assessed with the aid of dose-volume histograms, allowing the clinician to evaluate the uniformity of the dose to the diseased tissue (tumor) and sparing of healthy structures.

### Forward planning

In forward planning, the planner places beams into a radiotherapy treatment planning system that can deliver sufficient radiation to a tumour while both sparing critical organs and minimising the dose to healthy tissue. The required decisions include how many radiation beams to use, which angles each will be delivered from, whether attenuating wedges be used, and which MLC configuration will be used to shape the radiation from each beam.

Once the treatment planner has made an initial plan, the treatment planning system calculates the required monitor units to deliver a prescribed dose to a specific area, and the distribution of dose in the body this will create. The dose distribution in the patient is dependent on the anatomy and beam modifiers such as wedges, specialized collimation, field sizes, tumor depth, etc. The information from a prior CT scan of the patient allows more accurate modelling of the behaviour of the radiation as it travels through the patient's tissues. Different dose calculation models are available, including pencil beam, convolution-superposition and monte carlo simulation, with precision versus computation time being the relevant trade-off.

This type of planning is only sufficiently adept to handle relatively simple cases in which the tumour has a simple shape and is not near any critical organs.

### Inverse planning

In inverse planning a radiation oncologist defines a patient's critical organs and tumour, after which a planner gives target doses and importance factors for each. Then, an optimisation program is run to find the treatment plan which best matches all the input criteria.

In contrast to the manual trial-and-error process of forward planning, inverse planning uses the optimiser to solve the Inverse Problem as set up by the planner.


abstract: The Mackenzie Evangelical University Hospital is the Mackenzie Evangelical College of Paraná's university hospital, located in Curitiba, State of Paraná, Brazil. It is the largest private medical center in that Brazilian state, with 475 beds and 4 facilities, besides being the developer and owner of the first multi-tissue bank of Brazil. The hospital handles approximately 1.1 million outpatient visits each year, 90% of which are covered by Brazil's public healthcare system, SUS.

text:
# Mackenzie Evangelical University Hospital

The **Mackenzie Evangelical University Hospital** is the Mackenzie Evangelical College of Paraná's university hospital, located in Curitiba, State of Paraná, Brazil. It is the largest private medical center in that Brazilian state, with 475 beds and 4 facilities, besides being the developer and owner of the first multi-tissue bank of Brazil. The hospital handles approximately 1.1 million outpatient visits each year, 90% of which are covered by Brazil's public healthcare system, SUS (Sistema Único de Saúde).

## History

The hospital was founded by Parísio Cidade, a Presbyterian minister, whose goal was to offer to the population of the Brazilian States of Paraná and Santa Catarina specialized health care. By partnering with ministers from several other Christian denominations, Parísio Cidade founded the Sociedade Evangélica Beneficente (Beneficent Evangelical Society) in 1945. The donations it raised, including the estate where the hospital is currently located, made the construction possible. The construction works started in 1947.

After 12 years, in 1959, the Evangelical Hospital of Curitiba was inaugurated, with 120 beds. Its first patient was Curitiba’s mayor, General Iberê de Matos.

The Mackenzie Evangelical College of Paraná was established in the medical center's ninth year (1968).

In 1971, the hospital expansion increased the number of beds available for patients. A pentagonal five-story-high building was built above the original one.

Four years later, in 1975, residency programs were created. In their first years, the majority of the positions offered were occupied by students from Mackenzie Evangelical College of Paraná.

In 2013, the then head of the Hospital ICU, Virginia Helena Soares de Souza, as well as 7 other members of the unit team, were arrested on suspicion of inducing the death of over 300 patients for the release of ICU beds. This case generated great national and international repercussion.

In 2018, both the Evangelical University Hospital and the Evangelical College of Paraná were acquired by the Instituto Presbiteriano Mackenzie (Mackenzie Presbyterian Institute), that renamed both institutions to *Hospital Universitário Evangélico Mackenzie* (Mackenzie Evangelical University Hospital) and *Faculdade Evangélica Mackenzie do Paraná* (Mackenzie Evangelical College of Paraná), respectively.

On its 60th anniversary year, new facilities were inaugurated for the medical center's emergency department, pediatrics unit and surgical center. The Mackenzie Women Unit and the Oncology center were inaugurated in the following year (2020). The latter is dedicated to host chemotherapy sessions, while the former, to host Obstetrics and Gynecology related procedures. A new area was built to the hospital's residents in 2021. Brazil’s Education Minister, Mr. Milton Ribeiro, was present at the event. In the same year, the country's first multi-tissue bank was founded by the establishment.

## Facilities

The Mackenzie Evangelical University Hospital main building is located at Rua Augusto Stellfeld, 1908, Curitiba, State of Paraná, Brazil. Two ambulatory care units are detached from the main building. The I Iguaçu ambulatory care unit is located at the Avenida Iguaçu, 820, while the II FEMPAR ambulatory care unit is located inside the premises of the college. The fourth building is the Mackenzie Women Unit and the Oncology Center, located at Rua Bruno Filgueira, 1569.

## InfoBox

| Mackenzie Evangelical University Hospital | |
| --- | --- |
| Mackenzie Presbyterian Institute | |
| The front entrance of Mackenzie Evangelical University Hospital | |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Alameda Augusto Stellfeld, 1908, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil |
| Coordinates | 25°26′3.91″S 49°17′31.17″W / 25.4344194°S 49.2919917°W / -25.4344194; -49.2919917 |
| Organisation | |
| Care system | Sistema Único de Saúde |
| Type | Teaching |
| Affiliated university | Mackenzie Evangelical College of Paraná |
| Services | |
| Beds | 475 |
| History | |
| Construction started | 1947 |
| Opened | 1959 |
| Links | |
| Website | https://hospital.mackenzie.br/huem/home |


title: Machanpalle

abstract: Machanpalle is a village and panchayat in Ranga Reddy district, Telangana, India. It falls under Shabad mandal.

text:
# Machanpalle

**Machanpalle** is a village and panchayat in Ranga Reddy district, Telangana, India. It falls under Shabad mandal.

## InfoBox

| Machanpalle | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Telangana |
| District | Ranga Reddy |
| Metro | Ranga Reddy district |
| Government | |
| Body | Panchayat office |
| Population (2019) | |
| Total | 1,500 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Planning agency | Panchayat |
| Civic agency | Mandal Office |


title: Fortepiano

abstract: A fortepiano is an early piano. In principle, the word "fortepiano" can designate any piano dating from the invention of the instrument by Bartolomeo Cristofori in 1700 up to the early 19th century. Most typically, however, it is used to refer to the mid-18th to early-19th century instruments, for which composers of the Classical era, such as Haydn, Mozart, and the younger Beethoven, wrote their piano music. Starting in Beethoven's time, the fortepiano began a period of steady evolution, culminating in the late 19th century with the modern grand. The earlier fortepiano became obsolete and was absent from the musical scene for many decades. In the later 20th century, the fortepiano was revived, following the rise of interest in historically informed performance. Fortepianos are built for that purpose, in specialist workshops.

text:
# Fortepiano

A **fortepiano** \[ˌfɔrteˈpjaːno\] is an early piano. In principle, the word "fortepiano" can designate any piano dating from the invention of the instrument by Bartolomeo Cristofori in 1700 up to the early 19th century. Most typically, however, it is used to refer to the mid-18th to early-19th century instruments, for which composers of the Classical era, such as Haydn, Mozart, and the younger Beethoven, wrote their piano music.

Starting in Beethoven's time, the fortepiano began a period of steady evolution, culminating in the late 19th century with the modern grand. The earlier fortepiano became obsolete and was absent from the musical scene for many decades. In the later 20th century, the fortepiano was revived, following the rise of interest in historically informed performance. Fortepianos are built for that purpose, in specialist workshops.

## Construction

The fortepiano has leather-covered hammers and thin, harpsichord-like strings. It has a much lighter case construction than the modern piano and, except for later examples of the early nineteenth century (already evolving towards the modern piano), it has no metal frame or bracing. The action and hammers are lighter, giving rise to a much lighter touch, which in well-constructed fortepianos is also very expressive.

The range of the fortepiano was about four octaves at the time of its invention and gradually increased. Mozart wrote his piano music for instruments of about five octaves. The piano works of Beethoven reflect a gradually expanding range; his last piano compositions are for an instrument of about six and a half octaves. The range of most modern pianos, attained in the 19th century, is 7⅓ octaves.

Fortepianos from the start often had devices similar to the pedals of modern pianos, but they were not always pedals; sometimes hand stops or knee levers were used instead.

## Sound

Like the modern piano, the fortepiano can vary the sound volume of each note, depending on the player's touch. The tone of the fortepiano is quite different from that of the modern piano, however, being softer, with less sustain. Sforzando accents tend to stand out more than on the modern piano, because they differ from softer notes in timbre as well as volume, and decay rapidly.

Fortepianos also tend to have quite different tone quality in their different registers – slightly buzzing in the bass, "tinkling" in the high treble, and more rounded (closest to the modern piano) in the mid range. In comparison, modern pianos are rather more uniform in tone through their range.

## History

### Cristofori

The piano was invented by the harpsichord maker Bartolomeo Cristofori in Florence. The first reliable record of his invention appears in the inventory of the Medici family (who were Cristofori's patrons), dated 1700. Cristofori continued to develop the instrument until the 1720s, the time from which the surviving three Cristofori instruments date.

Cristofori is perhaps best admired today for his ingenious piano action, which in some ways was more subtle and effective than that of many later instruments. However, other innovations were also needed to make the piano possible. Merely attaching the Cristofori action to a harpsichord would have produced a very weak tone. Cristofori's instruments instead used thicker, tenser strings, mounted on a frame considerably more robust than that of contemporary harpsichords. As with virtually all later pianos, in Cristofori's instruments the hammers struck more than one string at a time; Cristofori used pairs of strings throughout the range.

Cristofori was also the first to incorporate a form of soft pedal into a piano, the mechanism by which the hammers are made to strike fewer than the maximum number of strings, for which Cristofori used a hand stop. It is not clear whether the modern soft pedal descends directly from Cristofori's work or arose independently.

Cristofori's invention attracted public attention as the result of a journal article written by Scipione Maffei and published 1711 in *Giornale de'letterati d'Italia* of Venice. The article included a diagram of the action, the core of Cristofori's invention. That article was republished 1719 in a volume of Maffei's work, and then in a German translation (1725) in Johann Mattheson's *Critica Musica*. The latter publication was perhaps the triggering event in the spread of the fortepiano to German-speaking countries (see below).

Cristofori's instrument spread quite slowly at first, probably because, being more elaborate and harder to build than a harpsichord, it was very expensive. For a time, the piano was the instrument of royalty, with Cristofori-built or -styled instruments played in the courts of Portugal and Spain. Several were owned by Queen Maria Barbara of Spain, who was the pupil of the composer Domenico Scarlatti. One of the first private individuals to own a piano was the castrato Farinelli, who inherited one from Maria Barbara on her death.

The first music specifically written for piano dates from this period: the *Sonate da cimbalo di piano* (1732) by Lodovico Giustini. That publication was an isolated phenomenon, and James Parakilas conjectures that the publication was meant as an honor for the composer on the part of his royal patrons. Certainly there could have been no commercial market for fortepiano music while the instrument continued to be an exotic specimen.

It appears that the fortepiano did not achieve full popularity until the 1760s, from which time the first records of public performances on the instrument are dated, and when music described as being for the fortepiano was first widely published.

### Silbermann fortepianos

It was Gottfried Silbermann who brought the construction of fortepianos to the German-speaking nations. Silbermann, who worked in Freiberg in Germany, began to make pianos based on Cristofori's design around 1730. (His previous experience had been in building organs, harpsichords, and clavichords.) Like Cristofori, Silbermann had royal support, in his case from Frederick the Great of Prussia, who bought many of his instruments.

Silbermann's instruments were famously criticized by Johann Sebastian Bach around 1736, but later instruments encountered by Bach in his Berlin visit of 1747 apparently met with the composer's approval. It has been conjectured that the improvement in Silbermann's instruments resulted from his having seen an actual Cristofori piano, rather than merely reading Scipione Maffei's article. The piano action Maffei described does not match that found in surviving 18th-century instruments.

Silbermann is credited with the invention of the forerunner of the sustain pedal, which removes the dampers from all the strings at once, permitting them to vibrate freely. Silbermann's device was only a hand stop, and so could only be changed during a pause in the music. Throughout the Classical era, even when the more flexible knee levers or pedals had been installed, the lifting of all the dampers was used primarily as a coloristic device.

### Viennese school of builders

The fortepiano builders who followed Silbermann introduced actions that were simpler than the Cristofori action, even to the point of lacking an escapement, the device that permits the hammer to fall to rest position even when the key has been depressed. Such instruments were the subject of criticism, particularly in a widely quoted 1777 letter from Mozart to his father, but were simple to make and were widely incorporated into square pianos.

#### Stein

One of the most distinguished fortepiano builders in the era following Silbermann was one of his pupils, Johann Andreas Stein, who worked in Augsburg, Germany. Stein's fortepianos had (what we, or Cristofori, would call) "backwards" hammers, with the striking end closer to the player than the hinged end. This action came to be called the "Viennese" action, and was widely used in Vienna, even on pianos up to the mid 19th century. The Viennese action was simpler than the Cristofori action, and very sensitive to the player's touch. According to Edwin M. Ripin (see references below), the force needed to depress a key on a Viennese fortepiano was only about a fourth of what it is on a modern piano, and the descent of the key only about half as much. Thus playing the Viennese fortepiano involved nothing like the athleticism exercised by modern piano virtuosos, but did require exquisite sensitivity of touch.

Stein put the wood used in his instruments through a very severe weathering process, generating cracks in the wood, into which he would insert wedges. That gave his instruments a considerable longevity, on which Mozart commented, and several instruments survive today.

#### Other builders

Stein's fortepiano business was carried on in Vienna with distinction by his daughter Nannette Streicher, along with her husband Johann Andreas Streicher. The two were friends of Beethoven, and one of the composer's pianos was a Streicher. Later on, in the early 19th century, more robust instruments, with greater range, were built in Vienna, by (for example) the Streicher firm, which continued through two more generations of Streichers. Composer Johannes Brahms also preferred pianos by Streicher.

Another important Viennese builder was Anton Walter, a friend of Mozart, who built instruments with a somewhat more powerful sound than Stein's. Although Mozart very much admired the Stein fortepianos, as the 1777 letter mentioned above makes clear, his own piano was a Walter. Haydn also owned a Walter piano, and even Beethoven expressed a wish to buy one. The fortepianos of Stein and Walter are widely used today as models for the construction of new instruments, discussed below. Still another important builder in that period was Conrad Graf (1782–1851), who made Beethoven's last piano. Graf was one of the first Viennese makers to build pianos in quantity, as a large business enterprise. His instruments were played by Chopin, Mendelssohn and Schumann.

Prominent piano makers among the French during the era of the fortepiano included Erard, Pleyel (Chopin’s favorite maker) and Boisselot (Liszt’s favorite).

### English builders

#### Zumpe/Shudi

The English fortepiano had a humble origin in the work of Johannes Zumpe, a maker who had immigrated from Germany and worked for a while in the workshop of the great harpsichord maker Burkat Shudi. Starting in the middle to late 1760s, Zumpe made inexpensive square pianos that had a very simple action, lacking an escapement, (sometimes known as the "old man's head"). Although hardly a technological advancement in the fortepiano, Zumpe's instruments proved very popular, being imitated outside England, and playing a major role in the displacement of the harpsichord by the fortepiano. The square pianos were also the medium of the first public performances on the instrument in the 1760s, notably by Johann Christian Bach.

#### Backers/Broadwood/Stodart

Americus Backers, with John Broadwood and Robert Stodart, two of Shudi's workmen, produced a more advanced action than Zumpe's. That *English grand action*, with an escapement and check, enabled a louder, more robust sound than the Viennese one, though it required deeper touch and was less sensitive. The early English grand pianos by those builders physically resembled Shudi harpsichords, being very imposing, with elegant, restrained veneer work on the exterior. Unlike contemporary Viennese instruments, English grand fortepianos had three strings per note, rather than two.

#### Broadwood

John Broadwood married the master's daughter (Barbara Shudi, 1769) and ultimately took over and renamed the Shudi firm. The Broadwood company (which survives to this day) was an important innovator in the evolution of the fortepiano into the piano. Broadwood, in collaboration with Jan Ladislav Dussek, a noted piano virtuoso active in London in the 1790s, developed pianos that gradually increased the range to six octaves. Dussek was one of the first pianists to receive a 5½ foot piano and, in 1793, he wrote the first work for piano "with extra keys", a piano concert (C 97). The firm shipped a piano to Beethoven in Vienna, which the composer evidently treasured.

## Obsolescence and revival

From the late 18th century, the fortepiano underwent extensive technological development and evolved into the modern piano (for details, see Piano). The older type of instrument eventually ceased to be made. In the late 19th century, the early music pioneer Arnold Dolmetsch built three fortepianos. However, that attempted revival of the instrument was evidently several decades ahead of its time, and did not lead to its widespread adoption.

In the second half of the 20th century, a great upsurge of interest occurred in period instruments, including a revival of interest in the fortepiano. Old instruments were restored, and many new ones were built along the lines of the old. Fortepiano kits also became available. The ability of builders to recreate the fortepiano drew on the accumulating expertise of the builders who were making harpsichords of historical design; for instance fortepiano pioneer Philip Belt spent two years early in his career working as an apprentice for Frank Hubbard, a prominent builder of historical harpsichords. Other builders also took up fortepiano construction, including Margaret F. Hood, Rodney Regier, Chris Maene, and Paul McNulty.

The reintroduction of the fortepiano has permitted performance of 18th- and early 19th-century music on the instruments for which it was written, yielding new insights into this music (for detailed discussion, see Piano history and musical performance). More and more music schools offer courses of study in the fortepiano. There are several fortepiano competitions, including the MAfestival Brugge and the International Chopin Competition on Chopin era instruments, organized by the Warsaw Chopin Institute.

## Modern fortepiano specialists

A number of modern harpsichordists and pianists have achieved distinction in fortepiano performance, including Susan Alexander-Max, Paul Badura-Skoda, Malcolm Bilson, Hendrik Bouman, Ronald Brautigam, David Breitman, Wolfgang Brunner, Gary Cooper, Jörg Demus, Ursula Dütschler. Richard Egarr, Richard Fuller, Tuija Hakkila, Christoph Hammer, Robert Hill, Knut Jacques, Jenny Soonjin Kim, Piet Kuijken, Geoffrey Lancaster, Gustav Leonhardt, Trudelies Leonhardt, Morgane Le Corre, Robert Levin, Alexei Lubimov, Steven Lubin, Yury Martynov, Costantino Mastroprimiano, Zvi Meniker, Bart van Oort, Olga Pashchenko, Trevor Pinnock, David Schrader, Viviana Sofronitsky, Andreas Staier, Melvyn Tan, Natalia Valentin, Jos van Immerseel, Andras Schiff, Kristian Bezuidenhout, Katia and Marielle Labèque, Duo Pégase, Vladimir Feltsman.

## Opinions

People's opinions about the sound of the fortepiano vary widely, both from person to person and from instrument to instrument. Here are three representative opinions about fortepianos:

* "Although I am a lover of performances on authentic instruments the fortepiano was one of the least successful instruments and the most deserving of improvement. I am not always comfortable with the sound made by many fortepianos and however fine a performance may be I find it difficult at times to get past the often unpleasant sound." (Michael Cookson)
* "A frequent initial reaction to the sound of the fortepiano is that it is less beautiful than that of a fine modern concert grand piano. I believe that such a reaction will usually be changed if the player listens to good recordings. The clear sound and relatively short sustain of the fortepiano tends to favor the special elements of style in the music of Haydn and Mozart. The sound is different but not inferior." (Howland Auchincloss)
* "This reproduction of a 1730 Cristofori – the greatest of all makers and often the most underrated – by Denzil Wraight based on one made for Scarlatti's patron Queen Maria Barbara of Spain makes a gorgeous sound. Yes it can be metallic and subdued in climaxes but it has a marvellous delicacy and, especially in the expressive sonatas, a profoundly beautiful sound." (Gary Higginson)

## Etymology and usage

"Fortepiano" is Italian for "loud-soft", just as the formal name for the modern piano, "pianoforte", is "soft-loud". Both are abbreviations of Cristofori's original name for his invention: *gravicembalo col piano e forte*, "harpsichord with soft and loud".

The term *fortepiano* is somewhat specialist in its connotations, and does not preclude using the more general term *piano* to designate the same instrument. Thus, usages like "Cristofori invented the piano" or "Mozart's piano concertos" are currently common and would probably be considered acceptable by most musicians. *Fortepiano* is used in contexts where it is important to make the precise identity of the instrument clear, as in (for instance) "a fortepiano recital by Malcolm Bilson".

The use of "fortepiano" to refer specifically to early pianos appears to be recent. Even the authoritative Oxford English Dictionary does not record this usage, noting only that "fortepiano" is "an early name of the pianoforte". During the age of the fortepiano, "fortepiano" and "pianoforte" were used interchangeably, as the OED's attestations show. Jane Austen, who lived in the age of the fortepiano and herself played the instrument, used "pianoforte" (also: "piano-forte", "piano forte") for the many occurrences of the instrument in her writings.

## Sources

* Good, Edwin M. (1982) *Giraffes, black dragons, and other pianos: a technological history from Cristofori to the modern concert grand*, Stanford, Calif. : Stanford University Press.
* Kennedy, Michael (1996). "Piano". *The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music* (Fourth ed.). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198608844.
* Marshall, Robert (2003) *18th Century Piano Music*, Routledge.
* O'Donnell, Peter S. (1996) "Philip Belt - fortepiano maker," Iowa City Early Keyboard Newsletter, October issue. Posted on line at .
* Pollens, Stewart (1995) *The Early Pianoforte*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Ripin, Edwin M. (1986) "Piano", 1986 Encyclopædia Britannica
* Ripin, Edwin M. (2001). "Fortepiano (i)". *The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians*, ed. S. Sadie and J. Tyrrell. London: Macmillan. Also in *Grove Music Online*, ed. L. Macy (Accessed 19 June 2008), (subscription access) Archived 16 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
* Ripin, Edwin M., Stewart Pollens, Philip R. Belt, Maribel Meisel, Alfons Huber, Michael Cole, Gert Hecher, Beryl Kenyon De Pascual, Cynthia Adams Hoover, Cyril Ehrlich, And Edwin M. Good (2001). "Pianoforte I: History of the Instrument". *The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians*, ed. S. Sadie and J. Tyrrell. London: Macmillan. Also in *Grove Music Online*, ed. L. Macy (Accessed 19 June 2008), (subscription access) Archived 16 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine


title: William G. Boltz

abstract: William G. Boltz is a professor emeritus at the University of Washington and a scholar of manuscript study, philology, and textual criticism, known for his studies of the origin of the Chinese writing system.

text:
# William G. Boltz

**William G. Boltz** is a professor emeritus at the University of Washington and a scholar of manuscript study, philology, and textual criticism, known for his studies of the origin of the Chinese writing system.

## Education and career

William G. Boltz attended the University of California, Berkeley and obtained his B.A., M.A., and Ph.D. degrees in Oriental Languages in 1965, 1969, and 1974, respectively. At Berkeley, he studied Chinese language and linguistics under Professor Yuen Ren Chao, Chinese philology under Professor Peter A. Boodberg, Chinese linguistics from Professor Kun Chang, and Romance philology and linguistics from Professor Yakov Malkiel. In 1981, He began working as a Professor of Classical Chinese in the Department of Asian Languages and Literature at the University of Washington.

In 2022, The Seattle Times reported that the University of Washington had investigated Boltz for multiple accusations of sexual harassment of students spanning several decades. Boltz received coaching from the university after several such incidents, as well as suspended merit pay increase for two years. He was permitted to continue teaching at the university. He has been quoted in the Times describing his actions as "poor decisions and wrong choices." As of 2022, Boltz is no longer teaching at UW.

## Selected works

* Boltz, William G. (1994). *The Origin and Early Development of the Chinese Writing System*. New Haven, Conn.: American Oriental Society. ISBN 0-940-49018-8

## InfoBox

| William G. Boltz | |
| --- | --- |
| Education | University of California, Berkeley (B.A., M.A., Ph.D.) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Chinese writing, philology, textual criticism |
| Institutions | University of Washington |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Chinese | 鲍则岳 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Bāo Zéyùe | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Life on the Line (TV series)

abstract: Life on the Line is a 2018 medical drama produced by TVB starring Joe Ma, Matthew Ho and Moon Lau as the main leads. The story mainly focuses on the career of ambulance personnel, as well as the fight against time in emergency situations. The show received full support from the Hong Kong Fire Services Department which assisted in filming.

text:
# Life on the Line (TV series)

***Life on the Line*** (Chinese: 跳躍生命線) is a 2018 medical drama produced by TVB starring Joe Ma, Matthew Ho and Moon Lau as the main leads.

The story mainly focuses on the career of ambulance personnel, as well as the fight against time in emergency situations. The show received full support from the Hong Kong Fire Services Department which assisted in filming.

## Plot

Following the death of his wife, Cheung Wai-sum (Ali Lee) in a hit and run accident, Principal Ambulanceman Mak Choi-tin (Joe Ma) lives with his only daughter Mak Lok-yee (Bianca Chan), sister Mak Oi-fah (Pinky Cheung) and sister-in-law Cheung Ho-kei (Moon Lau). Young and hopeful, subordinate Cheuk Ka-kit (Matthew Ho) is impulsive and clashes with Choi-tin's life. In addition, Tam Ka-chun (Joey Law), the superior of the trainee ambulance officer, pursues perfection and picks on Ka-kit, causing the pressure on the team to greatly increase. Being the middleman, Choi-tin works hard and strives to maintain the unity and cooperation spirit between the team members. He also hopes to cultivate outstanding ambulance elites, rescuing more precious lives in challenging situations...

## Cast

### Cheung Sha Wan Ambulance Depot

| Cast | Role | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Jimmy Au
歐瑞偉 | Wong Hoi
王海 | **王Sir、阿海**
* Senior Ambulance Officer (in charge of Cheung Sha Wan Ambulance Depot) * In love with Mak Oi Fa |
| King Lam
林景程 | Chan Yung
陳勇 | **陳Sir**
* Ambulance Officer |
| Joey Law
羅天宇 | Tam Ka Chun
譚家俊 | **阿俊、Dave、譚Sir、俊仔**
* Probation Ambulance Officer, RRV Driver, * full younger brother of Cheuk Ka Kit, Changed last name |
| Joe Ma
馬德鐘 | Mak Chay Tin
麥在田 | **麥Sir、在哥、阿在**
* Principal Ambulanceman and team leader |
| Timothy Cheng
鄭子誠 | Ying Fung
邢峰 | **邢Sir、黑摩利、阿峰**
* FASA Instructor (Principal Ambulanceman) and deployed to Cheung Sha Wan in episode 25 |
| Moon Lau
劉佩玥 | Cheung Ho Kei
章可祈 | **Tanya、祈祈、祈姐**
* Senior Ambulancewoman * Motorcycle paramedics |
| Willie Wai
韋家雄 | Ko Hang Yan
高行仁 | **高人、仁哥、阿仁**
* Senior Ambulanceman * In love with Yau Ji Nam |
| Glen Lee
李霖恩 | Seung Long Tin
常朗天 | **天王、天哥**
* Senior Ambulanceman |
| Amigo Choi
崔建邦 | Law Ying Kai
羅應佳 | **阿B**
* Ambulance team member * Son of Ko Chung Foon |
| Calvin Chan
陳偉洪 | Ju Kwok Wing
余國榮 | **Hulk**
* Ambulance team member * Son of junkie |
| Matthew Ho
何廣沛 | Cheuk Ka Kit
卓家傑 | **傑仔**
* Ambulance team member * Deployed to Cheung Sha Wan in episode 8 * full Older brother of Tam Ka Chun |
| Bob Cheung
張彥博 | Lui Kim Hung
呂劍雄 | **雄姐**
* Ambulance team member * Deployed to Cheung Sha Wan in episode 8 * In love with Fong Ching * Died in episode 20 |
| Arnold Kwok
郭子豪 | Luk Ho Yin
陸昊然 | **六號**
* Ambulance team member * Deployed to Cheung Sha Wan in episode 16 * Returned to the US to study medicine |
| Mimi Chu
朱咪咪 | Ko Chung Foon
高仲歡 | * Station canteen operator * Mother of Law Ying Kai * Has dementia |
|

### Fire and Ambulance Services Academy (FASA)

| Cast | Role | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Jimmy Au
歐瑞偉 | Wong Hoi
王海 |  |
| Sin Ho-Ying
冼灝英 | Fong Chi Chiu
方志釗 | **方Sir**
* Ambulance officer * FASA instructor |
| Timothy Cheng
鄭子誠 | Ying Fung
邢峰 | **邢Sir、黑摩利、阿峰**
* Principal ambulanceman * FASA instructor |
| Matthew Ho
何廣沛 | Cheuk Ka Kit
卓家傑 | * A283 member |
| Bob Cheung
張彥博 | Lui Kim Hung
呂劍雄 | * A283 member |
| Arnold Kwok
郭子豪 | Luk Ho Yin
陸昊然 | * A283 member |

### Mak family

| Cast | Role | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Pinky Cheung
張文慈 | Mak Oi Fa
麥愛花 | **Diana、阿花**
* KOL online celebrity * Elder sister of Mak Choi Tin * In love with Wong Hoi |
| Joe Ma
馬德鐘 | Mak Choi Tin
麥在田 | * Widower of Cheung Wai Sum * Father of Mak Lok Yee * In love with Man Fai |
| Ali Lee
李佳芯 | Cheung Wai Sum
章蕙芯 | **阿芯**
* Wife of Mak Choi Tin * Elder sister of Cheung Ho Kei * Mother of Mak Lok Yee * Died in a hit and run accident 10 years ago |
| Moon Lau
劉佩玥 | Cheung Ho Kei
章可祈 | **Tanya、祈祈、祈姐、阿祈**
* Sister-in-law of Mak Choi Tin * In love with Cheuk Ka Kit |
| Bianca Chan
陳偲穎 | Mak Lok Yee
麥諾兒 | * Daughter of Mak Choi Tin and Cheung Wai Sum |

### Cheuk family

| Cast | Role | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Lee Shing-cheong
李成昌 | Cheuk Kau
卓裘 | **裘叔、裘哥**
* Ex-husband of Jam Siu Dip * Father of Cheuk Ka Kit and Tam Ka Chun * Partner of "Snooker" snack shop with Yau Ji Nam |
| Susan Tse
謝雪心 | Jam Siu Dip
湛小蝶 | * Ex-wife of Cheuk Kau * Immigrated to the US with Tam Ka Chun * Mother of Cheuk Ka Kit and Tam Ka Chun |
| Matthew Ho
何廣沛 | Cheuk Ka Kit
卓家傑 | * Long-lost brother of Tam Ka Chun, later reconciled * In love with Cheung Ho Kei |
| Joey Law
羅天宇 | Tam Ka Chun
譚家俊 | * Long-lost brother of Cheuk Ka Kit, later reconciled * In love with Heung Moon Yuet |

### Heung family

| Cast | Role | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Law Lan
羅蘭 | Lei Ying Oi
李英愛 | **愛姐**
* Grandmother of Heung Moon Yuet |
| Jeannie Chan
陳瀅 | Heung Moon Yuet
向滿月 | **Luna、滿月**
* Emergency room nurse * In love with Tam Ka Chun |

### Other cast

| Cast | Role | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Kelly Cheung
張曦雯 | Man Fai
文暉 | **Mandy、Man**
* Car mechanic/dance instructor * In love with Mak Choi Tin |
| Griselda Yeung
楊卓娜 | Yau Ji Nam
游子嵐 | **阿嵐、嵐姐**
* In love with Ko Hang Yan * Partner of "Snooker" snack shop with Cheuk Kau |
| Law Lok-lam
羅樂林 | Jeung Si Chung
蔣世聰 | **聰叔**
* Woodworking Workshop owner * Retired ambulanceman |
| Gladys Li
李靖筠 | Fong Ching
況晴 | **River**
* Woodworking Workshop worker * In love with Lui Kim Hung |
| William Chak
翟威廉 | Hong
 | **Angus**
* Ex-boyfriend of Cheung Ho Kei |
| Savio Tsang
曾偉權 | Ho Wing Lun
何詠倫 | * Blamed Mak Chay Tin for his son's death * Committed suicide in episode 24 |

## Music

| Title | Type' | Composer | Lyrics | Arranger | Producer(s) | Performer |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 無畏的肩膊 | Opening theme | Alan Cheung | Hayes Yeung | Alan Cheung | Herman Ho
Joseph Wei | Fred Cheng |
| 從未說起 | Ending theme | | Sandy Chang | Johnny Yim | | Hana Kuk |
| 但願人長久 | Interlude | Lowell Lo | Susan Tang | | Dominic Chu | Herman Ho
Dominic Chu |

## Awards and nominations

### TVB Anniversary Awards 2018

| Category | Nominee(s) | Result |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Best Drama** |  | Won |
| **Best Actor** | **Joe Ma** | Won |
| | Matthew Ho | Nominated |
| Best Actress | Moon Lau | Nominated |
| Best Supporting Actor | Joey Law | Nominated |
| | Arnold Kwok | Nominated |
| | Bob Cheung | Top 5 |
| Best Supporting Actress | Jeannie Chan | Nominated |
| | Kelly Cheung | Top 5 |
| | Pinky Cheung | Nominated |
| Most Popular Male Character | Joe Ma as Mak Choi-tin | Top 5 |
| | Matthew Ho as Cheuk Ka-kit | Nominated |
| Most Popular Female Character | Kelly Cheung as Man Fai | Nominated |
| **Most Improved Male Artiste** | **Matthew Ho** | Won |
| Most Improved Female Artiste | Kelly Cheung | Nominated |
| Most Popular Onscreen Partnership | Matthew Ho, Joey Law, Bob Cheung and Arnold Kwok | Nominated |
| **Most Popular Drama Theme Song** | Fearless (無畏的肩膊) by Fred Cheng | Nominated |
| | Never Said (從未說起) by Hana Kuk | Nominated |
| | **Last Forever (但願人長久) by Hana Kuk** | Won |
| Favourite TVB Actor in Malaysia | Joe Ma | Nominated |
| | Matthew Ho | Nominated |
| Favourite TVB Actress in Malaysia | Moon Lau | Nominated |
| | Jeannie Chan | Nominated |
| | Kelly Cheung | Nominated |

### People’s Choice Television Awards 2018

| Category | Nominee(s) | Result |
| --- | --- | --- |
| People’s Choice Best Drama |  | Top 5 (Ranked 3rd) |
| People’s Choice Best Script |  | Top 5 (Ranked 3rd) |
| **People’s Choice Best Actor** | **Joe Ma as Mak Choi-tin** | Won |
| People’s Choice Best Supporting Actor | Bob Cheung as Lui Kim-hung | Top 5 (Ranked 2nd) |
| People’s Choice Best Supporting Actress | Jeannie Chan as Heung Moon-yuet | Top 5 (Ranked 4th) |
| | Pinky Cheung as Mak Oi-fa | Top 5 (Ranked 5th) |
| People’s Choice Most Improved Male Artiste | Bob Cheung as Lui Kim-hung | Top 5 (Ranked 2nd) |
| | Arnold Kwok as Luk Ho-yin | Top 5 (Ranked 5th) |
| People’s Choice Most Improved Female Artiste | Moon Lau | Top 5 (Ranked 3rd) |
| | Jeannie Chan | Top 5 (Ranked 4th) |
| | Kelly Cheung | Top 5 (Ranked 5th) |
| Best TV Drama Theme Song | Last Forever (但願人長久) by Hana Kuk | Top 5 (Ranked 2nd) |

## Viewership ratings

| # | Timeslot (HKT) | Week | Episode(s) | Average points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1** | Mon – Fri 20:30 | 8–12 October 2018 | 1 — 5 | 26.9 |
| **2** | | 15–19 October 2018 | 6 — 10 | 29.8 |
| **3** | | 22–26 October 2018 | 11 — 15 | 29.3 |
| **4** | | 29 October – 2 November 2018 | 16 — 20 | 29.3 |
| **5** | | 5–9 November 2018 | 21 — 25 | 31.1 |
| **Total average** | | | | | **29.3** |

## International broadcast

| Network(s)/Station(s) | Series premiere |  | Title |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| China | Youku | October 8, 2018 – November 9, 2018 (VIP updates an episode every Monday to Friday at 20:30) | *跳躍生命線* (*Life on the Line*; lit: ) |
| Hong Kong
Macau | TVB, TVB Jade, myTV SUPER | October 8, 2018 – November 9, 2018 (Monday to Friday 20:30) | *跳躍生命線* (*Life on the Line*; lit: ) |
| Malaysia | Astro AOD | October 8, 2018 – November 9, 2018 (Monday to Friday 20:30) | *跳躍生命線* (*Life on the Line*; lit: ) |
| Singapore | Hub Drama First | October 8, 2018 – November 9, 2018 (Monday to Friday 20:30) | *跳躍生命線* (*Life on the Line*; lit: ) |
| Australia | TVBJ (Australia) | October 9, 2018 – November 10, 2018 (Tuesday to Saturday 20:30-21:30) | *Life on the Line* (; lit: ) |
| Thailand | Channel 3 (33) | November 17, 2020 - December 18, 2020 (Every night Monday-Friday afternoon 3:43-04.20, and Saturday-Sunday afternoon 2:48-3.33, 3.43-4.20) | *Life on the Line สายด่วนกู้ชีพ* (; lit: ) |
|

## InfoBox

| *Life on the Line* | |
| --- | --- |
| Poster | |
| 跳躍生命線 | |
| Genre | Medical drama |
| Created by | Dave Fong |
| Written by | Sin Tsui-ching |
| Starring | Joe Ma
Matthew Ho
Moon Lau
Jeannie Chan
Kelly Cheung
Joey Law
Ali Lee
Lee Shing-cheong
Willie Wai
Pinky Cheung
Bob Cheung
Arnold Kwok |
| Opening theme | 無畏的肩膊 by Fred Cheng |
| Ending theme | 從未說起 by Hana Kuk
但願人長久 by Hana Kuk
只怕不够时间看你白头 by Bob Cheung & Gladys Li |
| Country of origin | Hong Kong |
| Original language | Cantonese |
| No. of episodes | 25 |
| Production | |
| Producer | Dave Fong |
| Production location | Hong Kong |
| Running time | approx. 43 min |
| Production company | Television Broadcasts Limited |
| Original release | |
| Network | TVB Jade |
| Release | 8 October (2018-10-08)
9 November 2018 (2018-11-09) |
| Related | |
|  | |


title: West Texas Chamber of Commerce

abstract: The West Texas Chamber of Commerce was the chamber of commerce for West Texas from 1918 to 1988.

text:
# West Texas Chamber of Commerce

The **West Texas Chamber of Commerce** was the chamber of commerce for West Texas from 1918 to 1988.

## History

The West Texas Chamber of Commerce was founded in Fort Worth, Texas in December 1918. Its first convention took place in Mineral Wells, Texas in 1919. Its first chairman was Colonel Cornelius T. Herring, a rancher, banker and hotelier. It published *West Texas Today*.

It merged with the Texas Chamber of Commerce in Austin, Texas in 1988.


title: Ralph E. Pomeroy

abstract: Ralph Eugene Pomeroy was a soldier in the United States Army during the Korean War. He received the Medal of Honor for his actions on October 15, 1952, during the Battle of Triangle Hill.

text:
# Ralph E. Pomeroy

**Ralph Eugene Pomeroy** (March 26, 1930  October 15, 1952) was a soldier in the United States Army during the Korean War. He received the Medal of Honor for his actions on October 15, 1952, during the Battle of Triangle Hill.

## Medal of Honor citation

Rank and organization: Private First Class, U.S. Army, Company E, 31st Infantry Regiment, 7th Infantry Division

Place and date: Near Triangle Hill, Korea, October 15, 1952

Entered service at: Quinwood, West Virginia Born: March 26, 1930, Quinwood, West Virginia

G.O. No.: 97, December 30, 1953

**Citation:**

> Pfc. Pomeroy, a machine gunner with Company E, distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry and indomitable courage above and beyond the call of duty in action against the enemy. While his comrades were consolidating on a key terrain feature, he manned a machine gun at the end of a communication trench on the forward slope to protect the platoon flank and prevent a surprise attack. When the enemy attacked through a ravine leading directly to his firing position, he immediately opened fire on the advancing troops inflicting a heavy toll in casualties and blunting the assault. At this juncture the enemy directed intense concentrations of artillery and mortar fire on his position in an attempt to neutralize his gun. Despite withering fire and bursting shells, he maintained his heroic stand and poured crippling fire into the ranks of the hostile force until a mortar burst severely wounded him and rendered the gun mount inoperable. Quickly removing the hot, heavy weapon, he cradled it in his arms and, moving forward with grim determination, raked the attacking forces with a hail of fire. Although wounded a second time he pursued his relentless course until his ammunition was expended within 10 feet of the foe and then, using the machine gun as a club, he courageously closed with the enemy in hand-to-hand combat until mortally wounded. Pfc. Pomeroy's consummate valor, inspirational actions and supreme sacrifice enabled the platoon to contain the attack and maintain the integrity of the perimeter, reflecting lasting glory upon himself and upholding the noble traditions of the military service.

## Finnigan's War

Ralph E. Pomeroy is one of the featured Korean War heroes honored in the 2013 documentary "Finnigan's War" directed by Conor Timmis. Actor Mark Hamill narrates Pomeroy's Medal of Honor citation in the film. Filmmaker Conor Timmis interviewed Pomeroy's family on board the US Navy ship USNS *Pomeroy*. Also interviewed in the scene are Pomeroy's commanding officer Sam Mosley and Captain Mike Finnigan of the USNS *Pomeroy*.

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army Center of Military History.

## InfoBox

| Ralph E. Pomeroy | |
| --- | --- |
| Medal of Honor recipient Ralph Pomeroy | |
| Born | (1930-03-26)March 26, 1930
Quinwood, West Virginia |
| Died | October 15, 1952(1952-10-15) (aged 22)
Near Kumhwa, Chorwon County, Kangwon Province, Korea |
| Place of burial | End of the Trail Cemetery, Clintonville, West Virginia |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Service/branch | United States Army |
| Rank | Private First Class |
| Unit | Company E, 31st Infantry Regiment, 7th Infantry Division |
| Battles/wars | Korean War |
| Awards | Medal of Honor
Purple Heart |


title: Radu Aricescu

abstract: Alexandru Radu Aricescu, known by his middle name, is a Romanian-British molecular neuroscientist based at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge; Prior to 2017, he worked at the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics at the University of Oxford; in 2016 the University awarded him the title of Professor of Molecular Neuroscience.

text:
# Radu Aricescu

**Alexandru Radu Aricescu**, known by his middle name, is a Romanian-British molecular neuroscientist based at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge; Prior to 2017, he worked at the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics at the University of Oxford; in 2016 the University awarded him the title of Professor of Molecular Neuroscience.

## Career

Aricescu completed his undergraduate and Master of Sciences (MSc) studies in biology and molecular biology at the University of Bucharest. He was subsequently awarded a PhD in Developmental Neurobiology by University College London. In 2002, Aricescu worked at the Neural Development Unit in the University of London's Institute of Child Health. By 2006, he was part of the Cancer Research UK Receptor Structure Research Group in the Division of Structural Biology (STRUBI) at the University of Oxford's Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics. Already a fellow at the Wellcome Trust Centre, in December 2010 he was appointed Senior Research Lecturer and in 2016 the University awarded him the title of Professor of Molecular Neuroscience. In 2017, Aricescu relocated to the Neurobiology Division of the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, as a group leader.

## Research

Aricescu's research focuses on the molecular bases for way the brain acquires and stores information through learning and memory; more specifically, he has studied the "structural and functional characterisation of synaptic receptors". This has applications in understanding ageing, and a wide range of neurological and psychiatric problems. His recent publications include:

* "Structural basis for integration of GluD receptors within synaptic organizer complexes", *Science*, vol. 353, issue 6296 (2016).
* "Transsynaptic Modulation of Kainate Receptor Functions by C1q-like Proteins", *Neuron*, vol. 90, issue 4 (2016).
* "Crystal structure of a human GABAA receptor", *Nature*, vol. 512, issue 7514 (2014).
* "Structural basis for extracellular cis and trans RPTPσ signal competition in synaptogenesis", *Nature Communications*, issue 5 (2014).
* "Atomic-resolution monitoring of protein maturation in live human cells by NMR", *Nature Chemical Biology*, vol. 9, issue 5 (2013).
* "Proteoglycan-specific molecular switch for RPTPσ clustering and neuronal extension", *Science*, vol. 332, issue 6028 (2011).


title: Mackenheim

abstract: Mackenheim is a French commune located in the department of Bas-Rhin and, since 1 January 2021, in the Grand Est region within the territory of the European Community of Alsace. This commune is located in the historical and cultural region of Alsace.

text:
# Mackenheim

**Mackenheim** (French pronunciation: \[makənaim\]) is a French commune located in the department of Bas-Rhin and, since 1 January 2021, in the Grand Est region within the territory of the European Community of Alsace.

This commune is located in the historical and cultural region of Alsace.

## Geography

Situated halfway between Strasbourg and Mulhouse, 2 km from the Rhine, this Ried village in central Alsace has a population of nearly 750. The village is part of the canton of Marckolsheim and the district of Sélestat-Erstein.

Two landscapes characterise its territory: agricultural areas dominated by maize cultivation and the Rhine forest recognised as a remarkable natural area. Several large buildings, mostly built in the 19th century (the church, the former synagogue, the town hall-school, the presbytery, the forest house, etc.) give the village a special character. Today, the preservation of the old built heritage is combined with the creation of new residential areas.

## InfoBox

| Mackenheim Mackene | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Mackenheim | |
|  | |
| Location of Mackenheim | |
| MackenheimMackenheim | |
| Coordinates: 48°11′07″N 7°34′00″E / 48.1853°N 7.5667°E / 48.1853; 7.5667 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Bas-Rhin |
| Arrondissement | Sélestat-Erstein |
| Canton | Sélestat |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Jean-Claude Spielmann |
| Area**1** | 11.79 km2 (4.55 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 775 |
| Density | 66/km2 (170/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 67277 /67390 |
| Elevation | 169–178 m (554–584 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Forter

abstract: Forter is a software as a service (SaaS) company that unifies identity protection, payments optimization and fraud prevention in a single consumer authentication platform. The company's technology applies artificial intelligence and machine learning to pinpoint the identity behind any digital commerce interaction. This ensures that good consumers can complete their transactions, while fraudsters and serial abusers are blocked. Since the company's founding in 2013, Forter has decisioned more than $1 trillion in digital commerce transactions and amassed a dataset of more than 1.5 billion online identities.

text:
# Forter

**Forter** is a software as a service (SaaS) company that unifies identity protection, payments optimization and fraud prevention in a single consumer authentication platform. The company's technology applies artificial intelligence and machine learning to pinpoint the identity behind any digital commerce interaction. This ensures that good consumers can complete their transactions, while fraudsters and serial abusers are blocked. Since the company's founding in 2013, Forter has decisioned more than $1 trillion in digital commerce transactions and amassed a dataset of more than 1.5 billion online identities.

## History

The company was founded in 2013 by software engineers who formerly worked at Fraud Sciences, which was bought and integrated into PayPal in 2008. Before working at Fraud Sciences, the founders served in the Israeli Army's Intelligence unit. In 2023, Forter acquired Israel start-up Immue, and integrated its bot detection and mitigation capabilities into its core platform.

## Funding

Forter's funding includes a combined $525 million from Sequoia Capital, Scale Venture Partners, New Enterprise Associates, March Capital Partners, and Salesforce Ventures.

## Technology

According to specialists, the challenge to online retailers seeking to prevent online fraud is to be able to assess the customer's trustworthiness in real-time without blocking a legitimate sale or delaying it so long the customer abandons the purchase. In its 2018 analysis of the online fraud detection and prevention, SaaS firms that included both established and newer firms (SAS and Feedzai, e.g.), Gartner Group categorized Forter's technology as fraud analytics. This includes behavioral analysis of customers' established shopping patterns, soft linking (the ability to trace relationships between users even when no overt information is shared) and other techniques. Forter offers clients the option of full restitution in the event of a chargeback.

## InfoBox

Forter
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry |  |
| Founded | 2013 (2013) |
| Founders | * Michael Reitblat * Liron Damri * Alon Shemesh |
| Headquarters |  |
| Products | * Fraud analytics * Fraud prevention |
| Website | www.forter.com |


title: William Barrett (priest)

abstract: William Edward Colvile Barrett was the Anglican Dean of Brisbane in Queensland, Australia, from 1932 to 1952.

text:
# William Barrett (priest)

**William Edward Colvile Barrett**  (27 April 1880  29 June 1956) was the Anglican Dean of Brisbane in Queensland, Australia, from 1932 to 1952.

## Early life

The son of Sir William Scott Barrett, he was educated at Aldenham School and Pembroke College, Cambridge.

## Religious life

After a period of study at Leeds Clergy School, he was curate at All Hallows, Kirkburton. He was a member of the Bush Brotherhood in Charleville, Queensland, Australia within the Diocese of Brisbane from 1906 to 1912; Vicar of Gildersome from 1913, and a Chaplain to the BEF from 1917 to 1919. When peace returned he became the Organising Secretary for the SPG for North West England until 1922 when he returned to Australia as Rector of Sherwood, a post he held for eight years. He was then Warden of St John's College at the University of Queensland until his appointment as Dean of Brisbane.

1. *The Very Rev. W. E. C. Barrett* The Times (London, England), Monday, Jul 02, 1956; pg. 12; Issue 53572
2. ‘BARRETT, Very Rev. William Edward Colvile’, Who Was Who, A & C Black, 1920–2008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2007 accessed 21 Aug 2012
3. Anglican archives
4. History of Gildersome


title: Valdemārs

abstract: Valdemārs is a Latvian masculine given name and surname and may refer to:

text:
# Valdemārs

**Valdemārs** is a Latvian masculine given name and surname and may refer to:

## Given name

## Surname

* Krišjānis Valdemārs (1825–1891), Latvian writer, editor, educator, politician, lexicographer, folklorist, and economist
    + *Krišjānis Valdemārs*, a Latvian icebreaker of the Ministry of Trade and Industry of the Republic of Latvia from 1926 to 1941

## InfoBox

Valdemārs
| Gender | Male |
| --- | --- |
| Name day | 11 December |
| Origin | |
| Region of origin | Latvia |
| Other names | |
| Related names | Valdis, Voldemārs |


title: Total organic carbon

abstract: Total organic carbon (TOC) is an analytical parameter representing the concentration of organic carbon in a sample. TOC determinations are made in a variety of application areas. For example, TOC may be used as a non-specific indicator of water quality, or TOC of source rock may be used as one factor in evaluating a petroleum play. For marine surface sediments average TOC content is 0.5% in the deep ocean, and 2% along the eastern margins. A typical analysis for total carbon (TC) measures both the total organic carbon (TOC) present and the complementing total inorganic carbon (TIC), the latter representing the amount of non-organic carbon, like carbon in carbonate minerals. Subtracting the inorganic carbon from the total carbon yields TOC. Another common variant of TOC analysis involves removing the TIC portion first and then measuring the leftover carbon. This method involves purging an acidified sample with carbon-free air or nitrogen prior to measurement, and so is more accurately called non-purgeable organic carbon (NPOC).

text:
# Total organic carbon

**Total organic carbon** (**TOC**) is an analytical parameter representing the concentration of organic carbon in a sample. TOC determinations are made in a variety of application areas. For example, TOC may be used as a non-specific indicator of water quality, or TOC of source rock may be used as one factor in evaluating a petroleum play. For marine surface sediments average TOC content is 0.5% in the deep ocean, and 2% along the eastern margins.

A typical analysis for total carbon (TC) measures both the total organic carbon (TOC) present and the complementing total inorganic carbon (TIC), the latter representing the amount of non-organic carbon, like carbon in carbonate minerals. Subtracting the inorganic carbon from the total carbon yields TOC. Another common variant of TOC analysis involves removing the TIC portion first and then measuring the leftover carbon. This method involves purging an acidified sample with carbon-free air or nitrogen prior to measurement, and so is more accurately called non-purgeable organic carbon (NPOC).

## Measurement

Since all TOC analyzers only actually measure total carbon, TOC analysis always requires some accounting for the inorganic carbon that is always present. One analysis technique involves a two-stage process commonly referred to as TOC differential method. It measures the amount of inorganic carbon (IC) evolved from an acidified aliquot of a sample and also the amount of total carbon (TC) present in the sample. TOC is calculated by subtraction of the IC value from the TC of the sample. Another method directly measures TOC in the sample by acidifying the sample to a pH value of two or less to release the CO2 gas by decomposition of the carbonates and vent these gases to the air by a purge step. The remaining non-purgeable organic carbon (NPOC) contained in the liquid aliquot is then oxidized releasing the CO2 gases. These gases are then sent to the detector for measurement. This method is also referred to as the direct TOC method. A further variant employs acidification of the sample to evolve carbon dioxide and measuring it as inorganic carbon (IC), then oxidizing and measuring the remaining non-purgeable organic carbon (NPOC). This is called TIC-NPOC analysis. TC oxidizes in a combustion chamber at 1000 degrees Celsius; if no supporting catalyst is used to allow full combustion at temperatures lower than 1000 degrees C; while the combustion chamber for IC heats only to 150 degrees Celsius. The reason for this is because inorganic is decomposed at lower temperatures than organic carbons.

Whether the analysis of TOC is by TC-IC or NPOC methods, it may be broken into three main stages:

1. Acidification
2. Oxidation
3. Detection and Quantification

### Acidification

Addition of acid and inert-gas sparging allows all bicarbonate and carbonate ions to be converted to carbon dioxide, and this IC product vented along with any purgeable organic carbon (POC) that was present.

### Oxidation

The second stage is the oxidation of the carbon in the remaining sample in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other gases. Modern TOC analyzers perform this oxidation step by several processes:

#### High temperature combustion

Prepared samples are combusted from 1000 up to 1200 degrees C in an oxygen-rich atmosphere. All carbon present converts to carbon dioxide, flows through scrubber tubes to remove interferences such as chlorine gas, and water vapor, and the carbon dioxide is measured either by absorption into a strong base then weighed, or using an infrared detector. Most modern analyzers use non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) for detection of the carbon dioxide. Compared to the conventional high temperature catalytic oxidation, the great benefit of the combustion-method is the high oxidation power, so that oxidation-promoting catalysts are superfluous.

#### High temperature catalytic oxidation

A manual or automated process injects the sample onto a catalyst in a combustion tube operated from 680 up to 950 degrees C in an oxygen rich atmosphere. The concentration of carbon dioxide generated is measured with a non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) detector.

Oxidation of the sample is complete after injection into the furnace, turning oxidizable material in the sample into gaseous form. A carbon-free carrier gas transports the CO2, through a moisture trap and halide scrubbers to remove water vapor and halides from the gas stream before it reaches the detector. These substances can interfere with the detection of the CO2 gas. The HTCO method may be useful in those applications where difficult to oxidize compounds, or high molecular weight organics, are present as it provides almost complete oxidation of organics including solids and particulates small enough to be injected into the furnace. The major drawback of HTCO analysis is its unstable baseline resulting from the gradual accumulation of non-volatile residues within the combustion tube. These residues continuously change TOC background levels requiring continuous background correction. Because aqueous samples are injected directly into a very hot, usually quartz, furnace only small aliquots (less than 2 milliliters and usually less than 50 - 100 microliter, with a maximum of approximately 300 - 400 micro-liters under special conditions; such as repetitive injections) of sample can be handled making the methods less sensitive than chemical oxidation methods capable of digesting as much as 10 times more sample. Also, the salt content of the samples do not combust, and so therefore, gradually build a residue inside the combustion tube eventually clogging the catalyst resulting in poor peak shapes, and degraded accuracy or precision, unless appropriate maintenance procedures are followed. The catalyst should be regenerated or replaced as needed. To avoid this problem the manufacturing industry has developed several concepts, such as matrix separation, ceramic reactors, better process control or methods without catalysts.

#### Photo-oxidation (ultraviolet light)

In this oxidation scheme, ultraviolet light alone oxidizes the carbon within the sample to produce CO2. The UV oxidation method offers the most reliable, low maintenance method of analyzing TOC in ultra-pure waters.

#### Ultraviolet/persulfate oxidation

Like the photo-oxidation method, UV light is the oxidizer but the oxidation power of the reaction is magnified by the addition of a chemical oxidizer, which is usually a persulfate compound. The mechanisms of the reactions are as follows:

Free radical oxidants formed:

$\mathrm {S} \_{2}\mathrm {O} \_{8}^{2-}{\underset {hv}{\longrightarrow }2\ \mathrm {SO} \_{4}^{-\bullet }}$

$\mathrm {H} \_{2}\mathrm {O} {\underset {hv}{\longrightarrow }\mathrm {H} ^{+}+\mathrm {OH} ^{\bullet }}$

$\mathrm {SO} \_{4}^{-\bullet }+\mathrm {H} \_{2}\mathrm {O} \longrightarrow \mathrm {SO} \_{4}^{2-}+\mathrm {OH} ^{\bullet }+\mathrm {H} ^{+}$

Excitation of organics:

$\mathrm {R} {\underset {hv}{\longrightarrow }\mathrm {R} ^{\*}}$

Oxidation of organics:

$\mathrm {R} ^{\*}+\mathrm {SO} \_{4}^{-\bullet }+\mathrm {OH} ^{\bullet }\longrightarrow n\mathrm {CO} \_{2}+\dots $

The UV–chemical oxidation method offers a relatively low maintenance, high sensitivity method for a wide range of applications. However, there are oxidation limitations of this method. Limitations include the inaccuracies associated with the addition of any foreign substance into the analyte and samples with high amounts of particulates. Performing "system blank" analysis, which is to analyze then subtract the amount of carbon contributed by the chemical additive, inaccuracies are lowered. However, analyses of levels below 200 ppb TOC are still difficult.

#### Thermochemical persulfate oxidation

Also known as heated persulfate, the method utilizes the same free radical formation as UV persulfate oxidation except uses heat to magnify the oxidizing power of persulfate. Chemical oxidation of carbon with a strong oxidizer, such as persulfate, is highly efficient, and unlike UV, is not susceptible to lower recoveries caused by turbidity in samples. The analysis of system blanks, necessary in all chemical procedures, is especially necessary with heated persulfate TOC methods because the method is so sensitive that reagents cannot be prepared with carbon contents low enough to not be detected. Persulfate methods are used in the analysis of wastewater, drinking water, and pharmaceutical waters. When used in conjunction with sensitive NDIR detectors heated persulfate TOC instruments readily measure TOC at single digit parts per billion (ppb) up to hundreds of parts per million (ppm) depending on sample volumes.

### Detection and quantification

Accurate detection and quantification are the most vital components of the TOC analysis process. Conductivity and non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) are the two common detection methods used in modern TOC analyzers.

#### Conductivity

There are two types of conductivity detectors, direct and membrane. Direct conductivity provides an all-encompassing approach of measuring CO2. This detection method uses no carrier gas, is good at the parts per billion (ppb) ranges, but has a very limited analytical range. Membrane conductivity relies upon the filtering of the CO2 prior to measuring it with a conductivity cell. Both methods analyze sample conductivity before and after oxidization, attributing this differential measurement to the TOC of the sample. During the sample oxidization phase, CO2 (directly related to the TOC in the sample) and other gases are formed. The dissolved CO2 forms a weak acid, thereby changing the conductivity of the original sample proportionately to the TOC in the sample. Conductivity analyses assume that only CO2 is present within the solution. As long as this holds true, then the TOC calculation by this differential measurement is valid. However, depending on the chemical species present in the sample and their individual products of oxidation, they may present either a positive or a negative interference to the actual TOC value, resulting in analytical error. Some of the interfering chemical species include Cl, HCO3, SO32−, SO2, ClO2, and H+. Small changes in pH and temperature fluctuations also contribute to inaccuracy. Membrane conductivity analyzers have improved upon the direct conductivity approach by incorporating the use of hydrophobic gas permeation membranes to allow a more “selective” passage of the dissolved CO2 gas and nothing else. This provides a more precise and accurate measurement of the organics that were converted to CO2.

#### Non-dispersive infrared (NDIR)

The non-dispersive infrared analysis (NDIR) method offers the only practical interference-free method for detecting CO2 in TOC analysis. The principal advantage of using NDIR is that it directly and specifically measures the CO2 generated by oxidation of the organic carbon in the oxidation reactor, rather than relying on a measurement of a secondary, corrected effect, such as used in conductivity measurements.

A traditional NDIR detector relies upon flow-through-cell technology, where the oxidation product flows into and out of the detector continuously. A region of absorption of infrared light specific to CO2, usually around 4.26 μm (2350 cm−1), is measured over time as the gas flows through the detector. A second reference measurement that is non-specific to CO2 is also taken and the differential result correlates to the CO2 concentration in the detector at that moment. As the gas continues to flow into and out of the detector cell the sum of the measurements results in a peak that is integrated and correlated to the total CO2 concentration in the sample aliquot.

A new advance of NDIR technology is static pressurized concentration (SPC). The exit valve of the NDIR is closed to allow the detector to become pressurized. Once the gases in the detector have reached equilibrium, the concentration of the CO2 is analyzed. This pressurization of the sample gas stream in the NDIR, a patented technique, allows for increased sensitivity and precision by measuring the entirety of the oxidation products of the sample in one reading, compared to flow-through cell technology. The output signal is proportional to the concentration of CO2 in the carrier gas, from the oxidation of the sample aliquot. UV/ Persulfate oxidation combined with NDIR detection provides good oxidation of organics, low instrument maintenance, good precision at ppb levels, relatively fast sample analysis time and easily accommodates multiple applications, including purified water (PW), water for injection (WFI), CIP, drinking water and ultra-pure water analyses.

## Analysers

Virtually all TOC analysers measure the CO2 formed when organic carbon is oxidized and/or when inorganic carbon is acidified. Oxidation is performed either through Pt-catalyzed combustion, by heated persulfate, or with a UV/persulfate reactor. Once the CO2 is formed, it is measured by a detector: either a conductivity cell (if the CO2 is aqueous) or a non-dispersive infrared cell (after purging the aqueous CO2 into the gaseous phase). Conductivity detection is only desirable in the lower TOC ranges in deionized waters, whereas NDIR detection excels in all TOC ranges. A variation described as "membrane conductometric detection can allow for measurement of TOC across a wide analytical range in both deionized and non-deionized water samples. Modern high-performance TOC instruments are capable of detecting carbon concentrations well below 1 μg/L (1 part per billion or ppb).

A total organic carbon analyser determines the amount of carbon in a water sample. By acidifying the sample and flushing with nitrogen or helium the sample removes inorganic carbon, leaving only organic carbon sources for measurement. There are two types of analysers. One uses combustion and the other chemical oxidation. This is used as a water purity test, as the presence of bacteria introduces organic carbon.

### Analyser field testing and reports

A non-profit research and testing organization, the Instrumentation Testing Association (ITA) can provide results of field testing online TOC analysers in an industrial wastewater application. Gulf Coast Waste Disposal Authority (GCWDA), Bayport Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant in Pasadena, Texas sponsored and conducted this test in 2011. The GCWDA Bayport facility treats approximately 30 mgd of industrial waste received from approximately 65 customers (primarily petrochemical). Field tests consisted of operating online TOC analysers at the influent of the Bayport facility in which TOC concentrations can range from 490 to 1020 mg/L with an average of 870 mg/L. GCWDA conducts approximately 102 TOC analyses in their laboratory per day at their Bayport treatment facility and use TOC measurements for process control and billing purposes. GCWDA plans to use online TOC analysers for process control, detecting influent slug loads from industries and to potentially use online TOC analysers to detect and monitor volatiles of the incoming stream. Field tests were conducted for a period of 90-days and used laboratory conformance measurements once per day to compare with analyser output to demonstrate the instrument's overall accuracy when subjected to many simultaneously changing parameters as experienced in real-time monitoring conditions. Field test results can provide information regarding instrument design, operation and maintenance requirements which influence the performance of the instruments in field applications. The field test report includes evaluations of online TOC analysers utilizing the following technologies: High temperature combustion (HTC), high temperature catalytic/combustion oxidation (HTCO), supercritical water oxidation (SCWO), and two-stage advanced oxidation (TSAO).

### Combustion

In a combustion analyser, half of the sample is injected into a chamber where it is acidified, usually with phosphoric acid, to turn all of the inorganic carbon into carbon dioxide as per the following reaction:

CO2 \+ H2O ⇌ H2CO3 ⇌H+ \+ HCO3 ⇌ 2H+ \+ CO32−

This is then sent to a detector for measurement. The other half of the sample is injected into a combustion chamber which is raised to between 600–700 °C, some even up to 1200 °C. Here, all the carbon reacts with oxygen, forming carbon dioxide. It is then flushed into a cooling chamber, and finally into the detector. Usually, the detector used is a non-dispersive infrared spectrophotometer. By finding the total inorganic carbon and subtracting it from the total carbon content, the amount of organic carbon is determined.

### Chemical oxidation

Chemical oxidation analysers inject the sample into a chamber with phosphoric acid followed by persulfate. The analysis is separated into two steps. One removes inorganic carbon by acidification and purging. After removal of inorganic carbon persulfate is added and the sample is either heated or bombarded with UV light from a mercury vapor lamp. Free radicals form persulfate and react with any carbon available to form carbon dioxide. The carbon from both determination (steps) is either run through membranes which measure the conductivity changes that result from the presence of varying amounts of carbon dioxide, or purged into and detected by a sensitive NDIR detector. Same as the combustion analyser, the total carbon formed minus the inorganic carbon gives a good estimate of the total organic carbon in the sample. This method is often used in online applications because of its low maintenance requirements.

## Applications

TOC is the first chemical analysis to be carried out on potential petroleum source rock in oil exploration. It is very important in detecting contaminants in drinking water, cooling water, water used in semiconductor manufacturing, and water for pharmaceutical use. Analysis may be made either as an online continuous measurement or a lab-based measurement.

TOC detection is an important measurement because of the effects it may have on the environment, human health, and manufacturing processes. TOC is a highly sensitive, non-specific measurement of all organics present in a sample. It, therefore, can be used to regulate the organic chemical discharge to the environment in a manufacturing plant. In addition, low TOC can confirm the absence of potentially harmful organic chemicals in water used to manufacture pharmaceutical products. TOC is also of interest in the field of potable water purification due to byproducts of disinfection. Inorganic carbon poses little to no threat.

## Analysis

### Environmental

Since the early 1970s, TOC has been an analytic technique used to measure water quality during the drinking water purification process. TOC in source waters comes from decaying natural organic matter (NOM) as well as synthetic sources. Humic acid, fulvic acid, amines, and urea are examples of NOM. Some detergents, pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides, industrial chemicals, and chlorinated organics are examples of synthetic sources. Before source water is treated for disinfection, TOC provides an estimate of the amount of NOM in the water source. In water treatment facilities, source water is subject to reaction with chlorine-containing disinfectants. When the raw water is chlorinated, active chlorine compounds (Cl2, HOCl, ClO) react with NOM to produce chlorinated disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Researchers have determined that higher levels of NOM in source water during the disinfection process will increase the amount of carcinogens in the processed drinking water.

With passage of the U.S. Safe Drinking Water Act in 2001, TOC analysis emerged as a quick and accurate alternative to the classical but more lengthy biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) tests traditionally reserved for assessing the pollution potential of wastewaters. Today, environmental agencies regulate the trace limits of DBPs in drinking water. Recently published analytical methods, such as United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) method 415.3, support the Agency's *Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rules,* which regulate the amount of NOM to prevent the formation of DBPs in finished waters.

The content of TOC is also an important parameter to evaluate the quality of organic shale resources which are one of the most important unconventional fuels. Numerous evaluation methods have been introduced, including these based on wireline logs and in situ techniques.

### Pharmaceutical

Introduction of organic matter into water systems occurs not only from living organisms and from decaying matter in source water, but also from purification and distribution system materials. A relationship may exist between endotoxins, microbial growth, and the development of biofilms on pipeline walls and biofilm growth within pharmaceutical water distribution systems. A correlation is believed to exist between TOC concentrations and the levels of endotoxins and microbes. Sustaining low TOC levels helps to control levels of endotoxins and microbes and thereby the development of biofilms. The United States Pharmacopoeia (USP), European Pharmacopoeia (EP) and Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP) recognize TOC as a required test for purified water and water for injection (WFI). For this reason, TOC has found acceptance as a process control attribute in the biotechnology industry to monitor the performance of unit operations comprising water purification and distribution systems. As many of these biotechnology operations include the preparation of medicines, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) enacts numerous regulations to protect the health of the public and ensure the product quality is maintained. To make sure there is no cross-contamination between product runs of different drugs, various cleaning procedures are performed. TOC concentration levels are used to track the success of these cleaning validation procedures.

### Microelectronics

Organic contamination comes from multiple sources throughout the semiconductor manufacturing process. Organic residues left on the device can impact the wafer quality and yield. The organics can also be a food source for bacteria in the ultrapure water system. Due to the quality requirements of semiconductor water, TOC must be monitored at the parts per billion level. Continuous, online TOC analyzers play an essential role in the monitoring of water systems to help provide a reliable indication of system health.


title: West of Scotland Cup

abstract: The West of Scotland Cup was an association football cup competition for clubs in Scotland which were barred from the Scottish Football Association which was played in 1877–78 and 1878–79.

text:
# West of Scotland Cup

The **West of Scotland Cup** was an association football cup competition for clubs in Scotland which were barred from the Scottish Football Association which was played in 1877–78 and 1878–79.

## Format

The competition was a knock-out tournament contested by the member clubs of the West of Scotland Football Association.

## History

In September 1877, the Scottish FA turned down membership applications from the following clubs:

* Vale of Leven Wanderers
* Thistle
* Dumbarton Wanderers
* Baron of Renfrew
* Renfrew Ramblers
* Springfield
* Stirling King's Arms
* Walworth

The reason given was that these clubs did not have their own private grounds. Previously, clubs which played on public grounds were allowed membership to the Association, but the growth of the game and the need to cover guarantees required a rule change. One senior club, Lancelot, which lacked its own private ground, did not renew its membership as a result.

In late September, therefore, at the instigation of Vale of Leven Wanderers, several club representatives met at White's Temperance Hotel, with the aim of setting up an association. This new entity was called the West of Scotland Football Association for public park sides, and Daniel Browning of Woodlands F.C. took the presidency. The Association raised funds for a cup, the West of Scotland Cup. The competition attracted nearly 50 entrants in its first year, and required five rounds before the final, between two Glasgow clubs, Marchtown and Springburn.

The West of Scotland Association approached Queen's Park for permission to play the final at Hampden Park, but on the casting vote of the chairman, the application was refused:

*Mr. W. C. Mitchell proposed that the application be granted, believing that the new association was deserving of encouragement, if for nothing else than that it had relieved the Scottish Association of a number of clubs which had hitherto proved a drag on it. Mr. A. Rae considered that cup competitions had already served their purpose, and the less the club, as a general principle, had to do with them the better.*

The final instead was played at Rangers' Kinning Park, and ended in a 1–1 draw, being "characterised by a good style of play" and before a "good turn-out of spectators", the teams taking supper together after the match in Middleton's Restaurant. The replay (at the same venue) was more controversial, Marchtown scoring the only goal of the game after one of the umpires had noted a handball, but as play continued and the handling had no bearing on the goal itself, the goal was allowed, and Marchtown declared champion.

Marchtown also reached the final in the 1878–79 tournament, this time losing 1–0 to Partick Thistle, although Queen's Park condescended this time to host the tie. The association did not survive into a third season, probably because, as more money came into the game, and players looked to have their expenses paid, it became more important for clubs to be able to charge for admission.

## Legacy

Although the tournament was only played twice, it was the first national competition for clubs that were not of a senior standard, and something of a forerunner to the Scottish Junior Football Association. Two of the competition's entrants - Partick Thistle and Cowlairs \- would go on to play in the Scottish League, and Wellpark, Barrhead Rangers, Windsor, and Govanhill graduated from the tournament to joining the Scottish FA. It also provided a means of competitive football for Dennistoun and Star of Leven who were without grounds temporarily. John McDowall, secretary to (and forward for) Marchtown, became the Scottish FA secretary in 1882.

## Results

West of Scotland Cup Finals
| Season | Winner | Score | Runners Up | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1877–78 | Marchtown | 1–1, 1–0 | Springburn | Kinning Park |
| 1878–79 | Partick Thistle | 1–0 | Marchtown | Hampden Park |

## InfoBox

West of Scotland Cup
| Founded | 1877 |
| --- | --- |
| Abolished | 1879 |
| Region | Scotland |
| Number of teams | 51 |


title: Ralph E. Hudson

abstract: Ralph Erskine Hudson was an American composer and hymnwriter. He is best remembered for his hymn "My Life, My Love, I Give to Thee" and his addition of a refrain and composition of a new tune for the Isaac Watts hymn "Alas! and Did My Saviour Bleed".

text:
# Ralph E. Hudson

**Ralph Erskine Hudson** (July 9, 1843 – June 14, 1901) was an American composer and hymnwriter. He is best remembered for his hymn "My Life, My Love, I Give to Thee" and his addition of a refrain and composition of a new tune for the Isaac Watts hymn "Alas! and Did My Saviour Bleed".

## Early life and military service

Ralph Erskine Hudson was born on July 9, 1843, in Napoleon, Ohio. In his childhood, his family moved to Philadelphia. At the outbreak of the American Civil War, Hudson enlisted in the Union Army, joining Company K of the 10th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment on June 20, 1861. Between June 1862 and February 1863, Hudson served as a nurse at the General Hospital in Annapolis, Maryland. While working at the hospital, he met Mary Smith, from Annapolis; the couple married on March 4, 1863. Hudson was honorably discharged on June 11, 1864.

## Music career

An accomplished musician, after his discharge Hudson began teaching music at a college in Alliance, Ohio, where he remained for five years. While in Alliance, Hudson started a music publishing business. At the same time, he was a lay preacher in the Methodist Episcopal Church. He had a particular concern for evangelism, both in preaching and as an evangelistic singer.

Hudson's first hymn book, *Salvation Echoes*, was published in 1882. He later published a further four songbooks: *Gems of Gospel Songs* (1884), *Songs of Peace, Love and Joy* (1885), *The Temperance Songster* (1886) and *Songs of the Ransomed* (1887). Hudson was a prohibitionist, who advocated for total abstinence from alcohol, and wrote many songs about temperance. 'The Temperance Songster *comprises songs addressing this topic.*

## Notable works

Some of Hudson's hymns and choruses continue to appear in modern hymnals. Generally, his work has been better-known in America and Canada than in the United Kingdom.

Hudson's best-known original hymn is "My Life, My Love, I Give to Thee," which was published in his collected *Salvation Echoes* (1882). This hymn was included in hundreds of 19th- and 20th-century hymnals, and is still included in the *Baptist Hymnal*, the primary hymnbook of the Southern Baptist Convention. It is generally sung to the tube "Dunbar", written by C.R. Dunbar.

Hudson also added refrains to some traditional hymns, including "Alas! and Did My Saviour Bleed" and "O for a Thousand Tongues to Sing." His adaptation of "O for a Thousand Tongues to Sing" includes the repeated line "Blessed be the name of the Lord." It was first published in *Songs for the Ransomed* (1887). It had particular popularity in Southern Baptist Convention churches, and is included in the *Baptist Hymnal.*

He composed music for the Clara Tear Williams hymns "Satisfied", which was first published in 1881. Describing the composition of this hymn, Williams wrote:

> About 1875, I was helping in meetings in Troy, Ohio, where Professor R. E. Hudson conducted the singing, when, just before retiring one night, he asked me to write a song for a book he was preparing to publish. Before sleeping, I wrote "Satisfied." In the morning, he composed the music.

## Death

Hudson died on June 14, 1901, in Cleveland, Ohio. He is buried in Alliance City Cemetery. His wife Mary died in 1925, and is buried with him in Alliance City Cemetery.


title: Raiamas batesii

abstract: Raiamas batesii is a species of cyprinid fish in the genus Raiamas. It occurs in the Dja River, Sanaga River and Nyong River in Cameroon where it forms part of a fishery.

text:
# Raiamas batesii

***Raiamas batesii*** is a species of cyprinid fish in the genus *Raiamas*. It occurs in the Dja River, Sanaga River and Nyong River in Cameroon where it forms part of a fishery.

## InfoBox

| *Raiamas batesii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Cyprinidae |
| Subfamily: | Danioninae |
| Genus: | *Raiamas* |
| Species: | ***R. batesii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Raiamas batesii***
(Boulenger, 1914) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Barilius batesii* Boulenger, 1914 | |


title: Mademoiselle Rose

abstract: Mademoiselle Rose is a painting by French Romantic artist Eugène Delacroix, regarded as the leader of the French Romantic school. This nude was painted before 1824, and is currently held and exhibited at the Louvre in Paris. Another is at the Alte Nationalgalerie in Berlin.

text:
# Mademoiselle Rose

***Mademoiselle Rose*** (also *Seated Nude*) is a painting by French Romantic artist Eugène Delacroix, regarded as the leader of the French Romantic school. This nude was painted before 1824, and is currently held and exhibited at the Louvre in Paris. Another is at the Alte Nationalgalerie in Berlin.

## History

The model is seen from the side, seated on a kind of wooden pedestal half covered with a piece of red material. Her left foot rests on a wooden block; her head is turned towards the artist and is therefore seen full face.

This nude is painted in a somewhat awkward studio pose. The sitter has been identified (but without certainty) as Mademoiselle Rose, an artists' model who according to Alfred Robaut, Delacroix's biographer, posed several times for him and for Richard Parkes Bonington, and who perhaps distributed her favours impartially between the two artists. In a letter to his friend Pierret, usually dated 1820, Delacroix wrote:

> *I had tried to persuade Felix (Guillemardet) to come and join us tomorrow, but he said that the shortage of money had got the better of Mademoiselle Rose's bottom on this occasion.*

This particular nude is represented with an almost naturalistic sincerity, without any decorative arrangement. Although it already displays the variations of light on flesh which interested the artist so deeply, the pigment, applied in masterly touches in a granular impasto, has not yet acquired the fluidity which was to owe to the influence of English painting. This first made itself felt at the salon of 1824, where Delacroix saw works by John Constable, and increased in 1825, the date of his visit to London.

The upward trend of his work, clearly seen in this painting, brings its date to the period 1820–1822, but cannot be fixed precisely. However, the nude has not only a pictorial interest: Delacroix brings to the painting an emotion which is firmly rooted in Romanticism. Moreover, the slight timidity of the attitude, the somewhat anxious expression of the face, give to this life-class painting a quality of humanity that is purely French Romantic.

## InfoBox

| Mademoiselle Rose | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | Eugène Delacroix |
| Year | 1817–1824 |
| Medium | Oil on canvas |
| Dimensions | 81 cm × 66 cm (32 in × 26 in) |
| Location | Louvre, Paris |