title: Michael F. Blenski

abstract: Michael F. Blenski was a Polish American immigrant, book-keeper, and Democratic politician. He was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly, representing the south side of the city of Milwaukee during the 1893 session.

text:
# Michael F. Blenski

**Michael F. Blenski** (September 27, 1862 – March 23, 1932) was a Polish American immigrant, book-keeper, and Democratic politician. He was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly, representing the south side of the city of Milwaukee during the 1893 session.

## Early life

Blenski was born in Stargardt in what is now Poland. At the time of his birth, this was the Province of Prussia in the Kingdom of Prussia. In 1880, Blenski emigrated to the United States and settled in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

## Career

After settling in the United States, Blenski worked as a bookkeeper. He also worked in the Wisconsin Land Office and the Mendota Hospital for the Insane. From 1881 to 1888, Blenski served in the Wisconsin National Guard. He also served as a judge of the Milwaukee Civil Court.

Blenski was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1893 to 1894. In 1906, he was a candidate for Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin, losing to William D. Connor. Additionally, he was a delegate to the 1912 Democratic National Convention, where he was a member of the Committee to Notify Vice-Presidential Nominee. He was one of the first members of the Polish-American community in Milwaukee to serve in elected office.

## Personal life

His son, Roman R. Blenski, was a member of the Assembly and of the Wisconsin State Senate. Another son, Michael, Jr., was an unsuccessful candidate for the Assembly in 1938. Blenski died on March 23, 1932, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in a hospital following surgery.

## InfoBox

| Michael Blenski | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Wisconsin State Assembly
from the Milwaukee 12th district | |
| **In office**
January 3, 1893  January 7, 1895 | |
| Preceded by | Michał Kruszka |
| Succeeded by | Andrew H. Boncel |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1862-09-27)September 27, 1862
Stargardt, Province of Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia |
| Died | March 23, 1932(1932-03-23) (aged 69)
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S. |
| Resting place | Saint Adalberts Cemetery, Milwaukee |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouses | * Florentina Niestatek  (m. 1884; died 1896) * Jadwiga Rosanowaska |
| Children | * **Florentina Niestatek** * Martin F. Blenski * (b. 1884; died 1943) * Leo Michael Blenski * (b. 1888; died 1950) * Joseph Blenski * (b. 1890; died 1890) * **with Jadwiga Rosanowaska** * Jadwiga Blenski * (b. 1903; died 1909) * Tadeusz Blenski * (b. 1904; died 1909) * Felicja Seweryna Blenski * (b. 1906; died 1909) * Michael Francis Blenski * (b. 1912; died 2005) * Roman Richard Blenski * (b. 1917; died 2002) |
| Occupation | Bookkeeper |
|  | |


abstract: The 1984 Strathkelvin District Council election took place on 3 May 1984, alongside elections to the councils of Scotland's 53 other districts.

text:
# 1984 Strathkelvin District Council election

The **1984 Strathkelvin District Council election** took place on 3 May 1984, alongside elections to the councils of Scotland's 53 other districts.

## Results

1984 Strathkelvin District Council election result
| Party | | Seats | Gains | Losses | Net gain/loss | Seats % | Votes % | Votes | +/− |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | 11 | - | - | 1 | 73.3 | 51.8 | 16,331 | 3.5 |
|  | Conservative | 4 | - | - |  | 26.7 | 22.7 | 7,146 | 5.1 |
|  | SNP | 0 | - | - |  | 0.0 | 14.0 | 4,438 | 9.9 |
|  | Alliance | 0 | - | - |  | 0.0 | 9.0 | 2,849 | *New* |
|  | Independent Labour | 0 | - | - |  | 0.0 | 1.9 | 605 | *New* |
|  | Tenants Association | 0 | - | - |  | 0.0 | 0.5 | 150 | *New* |

**Note**: There were 14 seats at the previous election in 1980.

Source:

1. "Scottish District Elections 1980" (PDF). *Elections Centre*. Retrieved 26 September 2024.


abstract: Trzaski is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Inowrocław, within Inowrocław County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.

text:
# Trzaski, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

**Trzaski** \[ˈtʂaski\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Inowrocław, within Inowrocław County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.

## InfoBox

| Trzaski | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Trzaski | |
| Coordinates: 52°46′22″N 18°19′28″E / 52.77278°N 18.32444°E / 52.77278; 18.32444 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
| County | Inowrocław |
| Gmina | Inowrocław |


title: Wang Lina (volleyball)

abstract: Wang Lina is a former China women's national volleyball team outside hitter. She won the 2003 World Cup and 2004 Olympics gold medal.

text:
# Wang Lina (volleyball)

**Wang Lina** (simplified Chinese: 王丽娜; traditional Chinese: 王麗娜; pinyin: *wáng lì nà*; born 5 February 1978) is a former China women's national volleyball team outside hitter. She won the 2003 World Cup and 2004 Olympics gold medal.

## Clubs

## InfoBox

| Wang Lina | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Wang Lina |
| Nickname | Giant Bird (大鳥) |
| Born | (1978-02-05) 5 February 1978
Heilongjiang, China |
| Hometown | Hei Longjiang, China |
| Height | 1.81 m (5 ft 11 in) |
| Weight | 75 kg (165 lb) |
| Spike | 319 cm (126 in) |
| Block | 300 cm (120 in) |
| Volleyball information | |
| Position | Outside hitter |
| Number | 13 (1996)
15 (1998–2004) |
| National team | |
| 1996–2000
2003–2004  China | |
| Honours      Women's volleyball  Representing  China  Olympic Games  2004 Athens Team  1996 Atlanta Team  World Championship  1998 Japan Team  FIVB World Cup  2003 Japan   FIVB World Grand Prix  2003 Andria   1999 Yuxi   Asian Games  1998 Bangkok Team  Asian Championship  1997 Doha   1999 Tehran   2003 Tianjin | |
| Last updated: Dec 2010 | |


title: Ptaszkowa

abstract: Ptaszkowa is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grybów, within Nowy Sącz County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south-west of Grybów, 14 km (9 mi) east of Nowy Sącz, and 86 km (53 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kraków.

text:
# Ptaszkowa

**Ptaszkowa** \[ptaʂˈkɔva\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grybów, within Nowy Sącz County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south-west of Grybów, 14 km (9 mi) east of Nowy Sącz, and 86 km (53 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kraków.

## InfoBox

| Ptaszkowa | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Ptaszkowa | |
| Coordinates: 49°36′7″N 20°53′9″E / 49.60194°N 20.88583°E / 49.60194; 20.88583 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lesser Poland |
| County | Nowy Sącz |
| Gmina | Grybów |
| Population | 3,004 |
| Website | http://www.ptaszkowa.pl |


title: Three marks of existence

abstract: In Buddhism, the three marks of existence are three characteristics of all existence and beings, namely anicca (impermanence), dukkha, and anattā. The concept of humans being subject to delusion about the three marks, this delusion resulting in suffering, and removal of that delusion resulting in the end of dukkha, is a central theme in the Buddhist Four Noble Truths, the last of which leads to the Noble Eightfold Path.

text:
# Three marks of existence

In Buddhism, the **three marks of existence** are three characteristics (Pali: *tilakkhaṇa*; Sanskrit: त्रिलक्षण *trilakṣaṇa*) of all existence and beings, namely *anicca* (impermanence), *dukkha* (commonly translated as "suffering" or "cause of suffering", "unsatisfactory", "unease"), and *anattā* (without a lasting essence). The concept of humans being subject to delusion about the three marks, this delusion resulting in suffering, and removal of that delusion resulting in the end of dukkha, is a central theme in the Buddhist Four Noble Truths, the last of which leads to the Noble Eightfold Path.

## Description

There are different lists of the "marks of existence" found in the canons of the early Buddhist schools.

### Three marks

In the Pali tradition of the Theravada school, the three marks are:

* *sabbe saṅkhārā aniccā* – all *saṅkhāras* (conditioned things) are impermanent
* *sabbe saṅkhārā dukkhā* – all *saṅkhāras* are unsatisfactory, imperfect, unstable
* *sabbe dhammā anattā* – all *dharmas* (conditioned or unconditioned things) have no unchanging self or soul

The northern Buddhist Sarvāstivāda tradition meanwhile has the following in their *Samyukta Agama*:

* All conditioned things are impermanent (*sarvasaṃskārā anityāḥ*)
* All dharmas are non-self (*sarvadharmā anātmānaḥ)*
* Nirvāṇa is calm (*śāntaṃ nirvāṇam*)

### Four marks

In the *Ekottarika-āgama* and in Mahayana sources like the *Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra* and *The Questions of the Nāga King Sāgara* *(Sāgaranāgarājaparipṛcchā)* however, four characteristics or “four seals of the Dharma” (Sanskrit: *dharmoddāna-catuṣṭayaṃ* or *catvāri dharmapadāni*, Chinese: 四法印) are described instead of three:

* All compounded phenomena are impermanent (*anitya*)
* All contaminated phenomena are without satisfaction (*duḥkha*)
* All phenomena are without self (*anātman*)
* Nirvana is peaceful/peace (*śānta/śānti*)

## Explanation

### Anicca

Impermanence (Pali: *anicca*, Sanskrit: *anitya*) means that all things (*saṅkhāra*) are in a constant state of flux. Buddhism states that all physical and mental events come into being and dissolve. Human life embodies this flux in the aging process and the cycle of repeated birth and death (Samsara); nothing lasts, and everything decays. This is applicable to all beings and their environs, including beings who are reborn in deva (god) and naraka (hell) realms. This is in contrast to nirvana, the reality that is *nicca*, or knows no change, decay or death.

### Dukkha

*Dukkha* (Sanskrit: *duhkha*) means "unsatisfactory", commonly translated as "suffering", "pain". Mahasi Sayadaw calls it 'unmanagable, uncontrollable'.

As the First Noble Truth, *dukkha* is explicated as the physical and mental dissatisfaction of changing conditions as in birth, aging, illness, death; getting what one wishes to avoid or not getting what one wants; and "in short, the five aggregates of clinging and grasping" (*skandha*). This, however, is a different context, not the Three Marks of Existence, and therefore 'suffering' may not be the best word for it.

The relationship between the three characteristics is explained in the Pali Canon as follows: What is *anicca* is *dukkha*. What is *dukkha* is *anatta* (Samyutta Nikaya.Vol4.Page1).

* "That which is impermanent is *dukkha* (i.e. it cannot be made to last). That which is *dukkha* is not permanent."

### Anatta

*Anatta* (Sanskrit: *anatman*) refers to there being no permanent essence in any thing or phenomena, including living beings.

While *anicca* and *dukkha* apply to "all conditioned phenomena" (*saṅkhārā*), *anattā* has a wider scope because it applies to all *dhammās* without the "conditioned, unconditioned" qualification. Thus, *nirvana* too is a state of without Self or *anatta*. The phrase "*sabbe dhamma anatta*" includes within its scope each *skandha* (group of aggregates, heaps) that compose any being, and the belief "I am" is a conceit which must be realized to be impermanent and without substance, to end all *dukkha*.

The *anattā* doctrine of Buddhism denies that there is anything permanent in any person to call one's Self, and that a belief in a Self is a source of *dukkha*. Some Buddhist traditions and scholars, however, interpret the *anatta* doctrine to be strictly in regard to the five aggregates rather than a universal truth, despite the Buddha affirming so in his first sermon. Religious studies scholar Alexander Wynne calls *anattā* a "not-self" teaching rather than a "no-self" teaching.

## Application

In Buddhism, ignorance (*avidyā*, or *moha*; i.e. a failure to grasp directly) of the three marks of existence is regarded as the first link in the overall process of *saṃsāra* whereby a being is subject to repeated existences in an endless cycle of dukkha. As a consequence, dissolving that ignorance through direct insight into the three marks is said to bring an end to *saṃsāra* and, as a result, to that *dukkha* (*dukkha nirodha* or *nirodha sacca*, as described in the third of the Four Noble Truths).

Gautama Buddha taught that all beings conditioned by causes (*saṅkhāra*) are impermanent (*anicca*) and suffering (*dukkha*), and that not-self (*anattā*) characterises all *dhammas*, meaning there is no "I", "me", or "mine" in either the conditioned or the unconditioned (i.e. *nibbāna*). The teaching of three marks of existence in the Pali Canon is credited to the Buddha.

1. Monier-Williams 1899, p. 483, entry note: .
2. Analayo (2013).
3. Beckwith (2015), p. 30.
4. Alexander (2019), p. 36.
5. Steven Collins (1998). *Nirvana and Other Buddhist Felicities*. Cambridge University Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-521-57054-1.
6. Richard Gombrich (2006). *Theravada Buddhism*. Routledge. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-134-90352-8. All phenomenal existence \[in Buddhism\] is said to have three interlocking characteristics: impermanence, dukkha and lack of soul, that is, something that does not change.
7. Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). *The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism*. Princeton University Press. pp. 42–43, 47, 581. ISBN 978-1-4008-4805-8.
8. Carl Olson (2005). *The Different Paths of Buddhism: A Narrative-Historical Introduction*. Rutgers University Press. pp. 63–4. ISBN 978-0-8135-3778-8.
9. Tse-fu Kuan 關則富, 'Mahāyāna Elements and Mahāsāṃghika Traces in the Ekottarika-āgama' in Dhammadina (ed.) *Research on the Ekottarika-āgama* (2013). Dharma Drum Publishing, Taipei.
10. Hahn, Thich Nhat (1999). *The Heart of the Buddha's Teaching*. New York: Broadway Books. p. 22.
11. Walsh 1995, p. 30.
12. Thich Nhat Hanh, *The Heart of the Buddha's Teaching*
13. Ulrich Timme Kragh (editor), *The Foundation for Yoga Practitioners*: *The Buddhist Yogācārabhūmi Treatise and Its Adaptation in India, East Asia, and Tibet, Volume 1* Harvard University, Department of South Asian studies, 2013, p. 144.
14. "The Questions of the Nāga King Sāgara (3) | 84000 Reading Room".
15. Anicca Buddhism, Encyclopædia Britannica (2013).
16. Damien Keown (2013). *Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction*. Oxford University Press. pp. 32–8. ISBN 978-0-19-966383-5.
17. Peter Harvey (2012). *An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices*. Cambridge University Press. pp. 32–33, 38–39, 46–49. ISBN 978-0-521-85942-4.
18. Thomas William Rhys Davids; William Stede (1921). *Pali-EnC*. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 355, Article on *Nicca*. ISBN 978-81-208-1144-7.
19. Peter Harvey (2015). Steven M. Emmanuel (ed.). *A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy*. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 26–31. ISBN 978-1-119-14466-3.
20. Carol Anderson (2013). *Pain and Its Ending: The Four Noble Truths in the Theravada Buddhist Canon*. Routledge. pp. 1, 22 with note 4. ISBN 978-1-136-81332-0. (...) the three characteristics of samsara/sankhara (the realm of rebirth): anicca (impermance), dukkha (pain) and anatta (no-self).
21. Malcolm Huxter (2016). *Healing the Heart and Mind with Mindfulness: Ancient Path, Present Moment*. Routledge. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-317-50540-2. dukkha (unsatisfactoriness or suffering) (....) In the Introduction I wrote that dukkha is probably best understood as unsatisfactoriness.
22. Malcolm Huxter (2016). *Healing the Heart and Mind with Mindfulness: Ancient Path, Present Moment*. Routledge. pp. 1–10, Introduction. ISBN 978-1-317-50540-2.
23. Bhikkhu Bodhi (2005). *In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon*. Simon and Schuster. pp. 67–8. ISBN 978-0-86171-491-9.
24. Anatta Buddhism, Encyclopædia Britannica (2013).
25. \[a\] Christmas Humphreys (2012). *Exploring Buddhism*. Routledge. pp. 42–3. ISBN 978-1-136-22877-3.
\[b\] Brian Morris (2006). *Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction*. Cambridge University Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-521-85241-8. (...) anatta is the doctrine of non-self, and is an extreme empiricist doctrine that holds that the notion of an unchanging permanent self is a fiction and has no reality. According to Buddhist doctrine, the individual person consists of five skandhas or heaps - the body, feelings, perceptions, impulses and consciousness. The belief in a self or soul, over these five skandhas, is illusory and the cause of suffering.
\[c\] Richard Gombrich (2006). *Theravada Buddhism*. Routledge. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-134-90352-8. (...) Buddha's teaching that beings have no soul, no abiding essence. This 'no-soul doctrine' (anatta-vada) he expounded in his second sermon.
26. Richard Francis Gombrich; Cristina Anna Scherrer-Schaub (2008). *Buddhist Studies*. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 209, for context see pp. 195–223. ISBN 978-81-208-3248-0.
27. Joaquín Pérez Remón (1980). *Self and Non-self in Early Buddhism*. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 218–222, 234. ISBN 978-90-279-7987-2.
28. Peter Harvey (2012). *An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices*. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–62. ISBN 978-0-521-85942-4.
29. Peter Harvey (2015). Steven M. Emmanuel (ed.). *A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy*. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 34–37. ISBN 978-1-119-14466-3.
30. "Selves & Not-self: The Buddhist Teaching on Anatta", by Thanissaro Bhikkhu. Access to Insight (Legacy Edition), 30 November 2013, http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/selvesnotself.html Archived 2013-02-04 at the Wayback Machine.
31. Bhikkhu, Thanissaro. "There is no self". *Tricycle: The Buddhist Review*. Archived from the original on 2018-08-19. Retrieved 2018-08-19.
32. Thepyanmongkol, Phra (2009). *The Heart of Dhammakaya Meditation*. Wat Luang Phor Sodh. p. 12. ISBN 9789748097534.
33. Wynne, Alexander (2009). "Early Evidence for the 'no self' doctrine?" (PDF). *Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies*: 63–64. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-06-02. Retrieved 2017-04-22.
34. Nārada, The Dhammapada (1978), pp. 224.
35. Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2003). *The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya*. Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications. p. 1457. ISBN 978-0-86171-331-8.
36. Dhammapada Verses 277, 278 and 279.
37. Joaquín Pérez Remón (1980). *Self and Non-self in Early Buddhism*. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 210–225. ISBN 978-90-279-7987-2.

### Sources


title: Luke Reynolds

abstract: Lucas Fitzpatrick Reynolds is an American guitarist and multi-instrumentalist, artist, writer and producer.

text:
# Luke Reynolds

**Lucas Fitzpatrick Reynolds** (born April 20, 1979) is an American guitarist and multi-instrumentalist, artist, writer and producer.

## Career

### Studio work

As a guitarist and multi-instrumentalist, he has worked with Sharon Van Etten, The Staves, Adrian Utley, Regina Spektor, Rick Rubin, Neko Case, Sarah Jarosz, Miranda Lambert, Guster, Phosphorescent, Rayland Baxter, and The War on Drugs. He is a frequent collaborator with producer John Congleton, and signed to Congleton’s publishing company, Animal Rites Music / Domino Publishing.

### Solo work

Reynolds has released seven solo albums—*Vanishing Places Vol. 2 Glaciers In Iceland* (2020), *The Neighborhood* (2019), *Vanishing Places Vol. 1 Bears Ears* (2019), *After The Flood* (2014), *Maps* (2010), *Pictures And Sound* (2008), and *The Space Between the Lines* (2006).

### Early career

In 1999, Reynolds moved to Nashville to pursue music and attend Belmont University. In 2002, he co-founded the band Blue Merle who signed with Island Records and released one album - *Burning in the Sun* \- produced by Stephen Harris. Following Blue Merle, Reynolds left Nashville and signed with Vanguard Records, releasing Pictures And Sound produced by Jacquire King, in August 2008.

### Guster

Before starting their 2010 fall tour, Guster announced that Joe Pisapia would not be touring with the band. Instead, Pisapia would be touring with k.d. lang with whom he had been writing songs. It was also announced that Luke Reynolds would be filling in for Joe starting September 12, 2010. In 2014 the band began recording Evermotion in Cottage Grove, Oregon. *Evermotion* was released on January 13, 2015, and was produced by Richard Swift. Most recently, Guster released their album *Look Alive* in January 2019, recorded with producers Leo Abrahams and John Congleton. This is the band's second album with Reynolds as a full member and co-writer, following their Richard Swift produced LP, *Evermotion*.

## Select discography

* 2023 *Gag Orger* / Kesha / (RCA)
* 2023 *Phantomime EP* / Ghost / (Loma Vista)
* 2022 *Crybaby* / Tegan and Sara / (Mom + Pop)
* 2022 *Home, Before and After* / Regina Spektor / (Sire/Warner)
* 2021 *No End In Sight* / Luke Reynolds and Adrian Utley / (Amazon Music)
* 2021 *Good Woman* / The Staves / (Nonesuch + Atlantic UK)
* 2021 *Sunflower* / Briston Maroney / (Canvasback Music)
* 2020 *Vanishing Places Vol. 2 Glaciers In Iceland* / Luke Reynolds
* 2019 *The Neighborhood* / Luke Reynolds
* 2019 *Vanishing Places Vol. 1 Bears Ears* / Luke Reynolds
* 2019 *Remind Me Tomorrow* / Sharon Van Etten / (Jagjaguwar)
* 2019 *Look Alive* / Guster / (Ocho Mule)
* 2018 *C'est La Vie* / Phosphorescent / (Dead Oceans)
* 2018 *Hell-On* / Neko Case / (Anti-)
* 2016 *The Weight of These Wings* / Miranda Lambert / (RCA)
* 2016 *Undercurrent* / Sarah Jarosz / (Sugar Hill)
* 2015 *Imaginary Man* / Rayland Baxter / (ATO)
* 2015 *Evermotion* / Guster / (Ocho Mule)
* 2014 *After the Flood*  / Luke Reynolds
* 2013 *Live Acoustic* / Guster / (Ocho Mule)
* 2011 *On the Ocean EP* / Guster / (Ocho Mule)
* 2011 *Loverboy* / Brett Dennen / (Dualtone Records)
* 2011 *Self Titled* / The Belle Brigade / (Warner Bros)
* 2010 *Maps* / Luke Reynolds
* 2008 *Pictures And Sound* / Pictures And Sound / (Vanguard)
* 2006 *Space Between the Lines EP* / Luke Reynolds
* 2005 *Live at Bull Moose* / Blue Merle / (Island)
* 2005 *Burning in the Sun* / Blue Merle / (Island)
* 2004 *The Fires EP* / Blue Merle / (Island)

## InfoBox

| Luke Reynolds | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Lucas Fitzpatrick Reynolds |
| Born | (1979-04-20) April 20, 1979 |
| Origin | Cornwall, Vermont, U.S. |
| Genres | Pop, alternative, instrumental, field recordings |
| Instrument(s) | Vocals, guitar, keyboards, bass, pedal steel, programming |
| Labels | Domino Publishing |
|  | |
| Website | http://lukereynoldsmusic.com/ |


title: Principle of orthogonal design

abstract: The principle of orthogonal design was developed by database researchers David McGoveran and Christopher J. Date in the early 1990s, and first published "A New Database Design Principle" in the July 1994 issue of Database Programming and Design and reprinted several times. It is the second of the two principles of database design, which seek to prevent databases from being too complicated or redundant, the first principle being the principle of full normalization (POFN). Simply put, it says that no two relations in a relational database should be defined in such a way that they can represent the same facts. As with database normalization, POOD serves to eliminate uncontrolled storage redundancy and expressive ambiguity, especially useful for applying updates to virtual relations. Although simple in concept, POOD is frequently misunderstood and the formal expression of POOD continues to be refined. The principle is a restatement of the requirement that a database is a minimum cover set of the relational algebra. The relational algebra allows data duplication in the relations that are the elements of the algebra. One of the efficiency requirements of a database is that there be no data duplication. This requirement is met by the minimum cover set of the relational algebra.

text:
# Principle of orthogonal design

The **principle of orthogonal design** (abbreviated POOD) was developed by database researchers David McGoveran and Christopher J. Date in the early 1990s, and first published "A New Database Design Principle" in the July 1994 issue of Database Programming and Design and reprinted several times. It is the second of the two principles of database design, which seek to prevent databases from being too complicated or redundant, the first principle being the principle of full normalization (POFN).

Simply put, it says that no two relations in a relational database should be defined in such a way that they can represent the same facts. As with database normalization, POOD serves to eliminate uncontrolled storage redundancy and expressive ambiguity, especially useful for applying updates to virtual relations (e.g., view (database)). Although simple in concept, POOD is frequently misunderstood and the formal expression of POOD continues to be refined.

The principle is a restatement of the requirement that a database is a minimum cover set of the relational algebra. The relational algebra allows data duplication in the relations that are the elements of the algebra. One of the efficiency requirements of a database is that there be no data duplication. This requirement is met by the minimum cover set of the relational algebra.

## Sources

* Database Debunkings: The Principle of Orthogonal Design, Part I, by D. McGoveran and C. J. Date
* Database Debunkings: The Principle of Orthogonal Design, Part II, by D. McGoveran and C. J. Date


title: Flag of Tucson

abstract: The flag of Tucson, the second-largest city in Arizona, consists of a solid white background with the seal of Tucson in the center. The seal consists of text surrounding it reading "City of Tucson" at the top and "Arizona" at the bottom, as well as a yin and yang-like design with yellow and blue/purple. The yellow part of the seal contains the skyline of Tucson in 1949; the blue/purple part contains the Mission San Xavier del Bac. The flag was designed by Mary Crowfoot for a contest for a new city seal; after creating the design in 1949, the design became the official seal and part of the official flag on January 5, 1953. The flag has a 3:5 ratio, but previous designs had other ratios, such as 4:5 and 8:13.

text:
# Flag of Tucson

The flag of Tucson, the second-largest city in Arizona, consists of a solid white background with the seal of Tucson in the center. The seal consists of text surrounding it reading "City of Tucson" at the top and "Arizona" at the bottom (both in all caps), as well as a yin and yang-like design with yellow and blue/purple. The yellow part of the seal contains the skyline of Tucson in 1949; the blue/purple part contains the Mission San Xavier del Bac. The flag was designed by Mary Crowfoot for a contest for a new city seal; after creating the design in 1949, the design became the official seal and part of the official flag on January 5, 1953. The flag has a 3:5 ratio, but previous designs had other ratios, such as 4:5 and 8:13.

1. "U.S. Census Bureau". Retrieved August 12, 2024.
2. Purcell, John M. (2003). *American City Flags: 150 Flags from Akron to Yonkers*.

## InfoBox

Flag of Tucson
|
|  |
|  | |
| Proportion | 3:5 |
| Adopted | January 5, 1953 (January 5, 1953) |
| Design | Solid white with the Tucson city seal in the center. |
| Designed by | Mary Crowfoot |
|  | |


title: Manilal Dand

abstract: Manilal Dand is a former businessman who has set up and runs a library for underprivileged children in Mazgaon, Mumbai. Manilal used to work for the Chacha Nehru Toy library in Bandra. When the library closed, he converted his former spice factory in Mazgaon into a children's library.

text:
# Manilal Dand

**Manilal Dand** is a former businessman who has set up and runs a library for underprivileged children in Mazgaon, Mumbai. Manilal used to work for the Chacha Nehru Toy library in Bandra. When the library closed, he converted his former spice factory in Mazgaon into a children's library.

* Article on Manilal in Hindu Vivek Kendra
* Tanna, Ketan (26 August 2007). "The man with a treasure of toys and books". *The Times of India*. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2018.


title: Michael F. Bolin

abstract: Michael Franklyn Bolin is an American lawyer and jurist from Alabama. He served as an associate justice of the Alabama Supreme Court from 2005 to 2023.

text:
# Michael F. Bolin

**Michael Franklyn Bolin** (born October 1, 1948) is an American lawyer and jurist from Alabama. He served as an associate justice of the Alabama Supreme Court from 2005 to 2023.

## Early life and education

Bolin was born in Jefferson County, Alabama in 1948. He attended elementary school in Birmingham, being accepted into the first magnet school for scholastic achievement. He then attended Homewood Junior High School.

## Career

Bolin was a practicing attorney in Birmingham from 1973 through 1988, when he was elected as Probate Judge of Jefferson County. He was re-elected to that position in 1994 and 2000. He served in that position until his election to the Alabama Supreme Court in 2004, and began serving as an associate justice beginning January 14, 2005.

## InfoBox

| The HonorableMichael F. Bolin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Jefferson County commission Place 5 | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
July 2023 | |
| Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Alabama
Place 1 | |
| **In office**
January 14, 2005  January 13, 2023 | |
| Preceded by | Douglas I. Johnstone |
| Succeeded by | Greg Cook |
| Judge of the Jefferson County Probate Court | |
| **In office**
1988–2005 | |
| Constituency | Place 1 (1988-2000)
Place 2 (2000-2005) |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Michael Franklyn Bolin
(1948-10-01) October 1, 1948
Birmingham, Alabama |
| Education | Samford University (BS, JD) |
|  | |


title: 1984 Sugar Bowl

abstract: The 1984 Sugar Bowl was the 50th edition of the college football bowl game, played at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana, on Monday, January 2. Part of the 1983–84 bowl game season, it matched the third-ranked Auburn Tigers of the Southeastern Conference (SEC), and the #8 Michigan Wolverines of the Big Ten Conference. Favored Auburn was shut out until the third quarter, but rallied with three field goals to win 9–7. New Year's Day was on Sunday in 1984, and the college bowl games were played the following day.

text:
# 1984 Sugar Bowl

The **1984 Sugar Bowl** was the 50th edition of the college football bowl game, played at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana, on Monday, January 2. Part of the 1983–84 bowl game season, it matched the third-ranked Auburn Tigers of the Southeastern Conference (SEC), and the #8 Michigan Wolverines of the Big Ten Conference. Favored Auburn was shut out until the third quarter, but rallied with three field goals to win 9–7.

New Year's Day was on Sunday in 1984, and the college bowl games were played the following day.

## Teams

### Auburn

### Michigan

## Game summary

The game kicked off shortly after 7 p.m. CST, televised by ABC, at the same time as the Orange Bowl on NBC.

The only scoring in the first half was on a four-yard touchdown run by Michigan quarterback Steve Smith. It was set up by a 19-yard completion from Smith to Triando Makray, and 38 yards rushing by Rick Rogers. The Wolverines finished the first quarter with a 116–61 differential in yardage and took that 7–0 lead into halftime.

Auburn used a tremendous Wishbone rushing attack throughout the game and attempted only six passes. They finished with 301 rushing yards on 21 first downs, with 130 yards by Bo Jackson, the game's MVP. Midway through the third quarter, Auburn kicker Al Del Greco made a 31-yard field goal to get the Tigers on the scoreboard and the quarter ended with Michigan leading 7–3. In the fourth quarter, Del Greco added two more field goals, of 32 and 19 yards, the latter in the last half-minute, to seal a 9–7 victory for Auburn.

### Scoring

First quarter Second quarter *No scoring* Third quarter Fourth quarter * Auburn – Del Greco 32-yard field goal
* Auburn – Del Greco 19-yard field goal

Source:

## Statistics

| Statistics | Auburn | Michigan |
| --- | --- | --- |
| First Downs | 21 | 12 |
| Rushes–yards | 67–301 | 31–118 |
| Passing yards | 21 | 125 |
| Passing (C–A–I) | 2–6–1 | 9–25–1 |
| Total Offense | 73–332 | 56–243 |
| Return yards | 8 | 13 |
| Punts–average | 4–42.0 | 8–38.3 |
| Fumbles–lost | 4–3 | 2–1 |
| Turnovers | 4 | 2 |
| Penalties–yards | 3–15 | 6–49 |
| Time of possession | 37:32 | 22:28 |

Source:

## Aftermath

Despite Auburn's victory and a loss in the Cotton Bowl by No. 2 Texas, who Auburn had lost to by 13 points at home on September 17, the Tigers were not voted national champions in either of the final wire service polls. The #5 Miami Hurricanes vaulted past Auburn to the top spot with their 31–30 victory over top-ranked Nebraska in the Orange Bowl; Auburn remained at third in both final polls.

## InfoBox

| 1984 Sugar Bowl | |
| --- | --- |
| 50th edition | |
|  | |
| 1 2 3 4 Total  **Auburn** 0 0 3 6 9  **Michigan** 7 0 0 0 7 | |
| Date | January 2, 1984 |
| Season | 1983 |
| Stadium | Louisiana Superdome |
| Location | New Orleans, Louisiana |
| MVP | Bo Jackson (Auburn RB) |
| Favorite | Auburn by 4 to 4½ points |
| Referee | Dixon Holman (SWC) |
| Attendance | 77,893 |
| United States TV coverage | |
| Network | ABC |
| Announcers | Keith Jackson, Frank Broyles |
|


title: Trouble in Paradise (TV series)

abstract: Trouble in Paradise is an Australian television documentary series on the Nine Network which first aired at 8:30 pm on Thursday, 25 June 2009. The series is narrated by journalist Liam Bartlett and actress Brooke Satchwell, and chronicles the harrowing experiences of Australians travelling on their holidays. Trouble in Paradise features six edited stories from a similar British series, My Holiday Hostage Hell, and six originally-produced stories. Each episode consists of two stories, and six episodes have been produced. The show was axed from the Nine Network's schedule after three of the six episodes had aired. It was eventually returned to the schedule of the Nine Network's digital multichannel, GEM, which broadcast the remaining three episodes commencing 16 March 2011.

text:
# Trouble in Paradise (TV series)

***Trouble in Paradise*** is an Australian television documentary series on the Nine Network which first aired at 8:30 pm on Thursday, 25 June 2009. The series is narrated by journalist Liam Bartlett and actress Brooke Satchwell, and chronicles the harrowing experiences of Australians travelling on their holidays.

*Trouble in Paradise* features six edited stories from a similar British series, *My Holiday Hostage Hell* (which is broadcast in Australia on the Crime & Investigation Network), and six originally-produced stories. Each episode consists of two stories, and six episodes have been produced.

The show was axed from the Nine Network's schedule after three of the six episodes had aired. It was eventually returned to the schedule of the Nine Network's digital multichannel, GEM, which broadcast the remaining three episodes commencing 16 March 2011.

## Episodes

| # | Title | Airdate | Timeslot | Ratings |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Series 1 (2009; 2011) | | | | |
| 1 | "Murder in Mexico / Suicide Bomber in China" | 25 June 2009 | Thursday 8:30 pm  9:30 pm | 1,169,000 (7th) |
| 2 | "Kidnapped in Peru / Jailed In Thailand" | 2 July 2009 | | 1,094,000 (9th) |
| 3 | "Terror in Turkey / Kidnapped in Colombia" | 9 July 2009 | | 871,000 (14th) |
| 4 | "Attacked in Poland / Kidnapped by Warriors" | 16 March 2011 | Wednesday 8:30 pm  9:30 pm |  |
| *Scheduled upcoming episodes* | | | | |
| 5 | "TBA" | 23 March 2011 | Wednesday 8:30 pm  9:30 pm |  |
| 6 | "TBA" | 30 March 2011 | |  |
| **Average series ratings** (ongoing) | | | | 1,131,500 |

1. "Holiday wipeouts". *The Sydney Morning Herald*. 22 June 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2009.
2. Knox, David (10 July 2009). "Gone: Trouble in Paradise". *TV Tonight*. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
3. Knox, David (9 March 2011). "Returning: Trouble in Paradise". *TV Tonight*. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
4. Knox, David (22 June 2009). "Week 26". *TV Tonight*. Retrieved 9 July 2009.
5. Knox, David (29 June 2009). "Week 27". *TV Tonight*. Retrieved 9 July 2009.
6. Knox, David (6 July 2009). "Week 28". *TV Tonight*. Retrieved 10 July 2009.

## InfoBox

| *Trouble in Paradise* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Travel documentary |
| Narrated by | Liam Bartlett
Brooke Satchwell |
| Country of origin | Australia |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 6 |
| Production | |
| Production location | International |
| Running time | 60 minutes (including commercials) |
| Original release | |
| Network | Nine Network |
| Release | 25 June 2009 (2009-06-25)
present |


title: Walk-in (concept)

abstract: A walk-in is a New Age concept of a person whose original soul has departed their body and has been replaced with a new, different, soul. Ruth Montgomery popularized the concept in her 1979 book Strangers Among Us.

text:
# Walk-in (concept)

A **walk-in** is a New Age concept of a person whose original soul has departed their body and has been replaced with a new, different, soul. Ruth Montgomery popularized the concept in her 1979 book *Strangers Among Us*.

## Beliefs

Believers maintain that it is possible for the original soul of a human to leave a person's body and for another soul to "walk in". In Montgomery's work, souls are said to "walk in" during a period of intense personal problems on the part of the departing soul, or during or because of an accident or trauma. Some other walk-ins describe their entry as occurring based on prior agreement and when the previous soul was "complete". The walk-in being/individual retains the memories of the original personality, but does not have emotions associated with the memories. As they integrate, they bring their own mental, emotional, spiritual consciousness and evolve the life to resonate with their purpose and intentions. Incarnating into a fully grown body allows the walk-in soul to engage in embodiment without having to go through the two decades of maturation that humans need to reach adulthood. A walk-in soul also does not experience the conditioning of childhood and has a different relationship to life because they were not born.

The 1941 film *Here Comes Mr. Jordan* and the 1978 remake *Heaven Can Wait* portrays one soul replacing a recently deceased man's soul and reviving to inhabit his body.

The *Hawkgirl* comics, the *K-PAX* series of books and film, and the *Twilight Zone* episode "The Last Rites of Jeff Myrtlebank" have all featured situations similar or identical to walk-in experiences, although the term "walk-in" is not used.

In the *Death of Superman* story cycle, a handful of new superheroes appeared, among them John Henry Irons, who called himself the "Man of Steel". Irons never claimed to be the real Superman, but Lois Lane speculated that if Superman were really dead, his soul might have moved into Irons' body, mentioning walk-ins explicitly.

*The X-Files* episode "Red Museum" discusses walk-ins, described by Mulder as enlightened spirits who have taken possession of the bodies of people who have lost hope and who want to leave their life. The concept is returned to in the episodes "Sein Und Zeit" and "Closure".

In the TV series *Ghost Whisperer*, the season 4 episode "Threshold" used the term "step-in" when the soul of one of the series' main characters, who had died in the previous episode, enters the body of a man who dies in an unrelated accident.

Stephen King speaks of "walk-ins" several times in books 6 and 7 of *The Dark Tower* novels, but King's walk-ins are usually physical travellers, or - when they possess another's body - are more guests, sharing the body with the original mind as strangers. John Callum mentions them in *The Dark Tower VI: Song of Susannah*. The term is also used in the CODA section of this book. In *The Talisman*, cowritten by King, the concept of "Twinners" is presented in a similar manner: Twinners are separate but fundamentally similar individuals that live parallel existences on Earth and in the world of the Territories. If either or both of the pair gain awareness of their Twinner, they can learn to occupy the other's body in their respective worlds in style of a walk-in.

The main character Myne in *Ascendance of a Bookworm* is a walk-in. Originally a light novel, the story was released in anime format October 2019.

* Avatar – Material appearance or incarnation of a god on Earth in Hinduism
* Body hopping – superpower ability to take control and inhabit another's body
* Lobsang Rampa – English writer (1910–1981)
* Mind uploading – Hypothetical process of digitally emulating a brain
* Multiplicity (subculture)#Definition – Subculture of people with multiple personalities
* Reincarnation – Concept of rebirth in different physical form
* Spirit possession – Purported control of a human body by spirits, ghosts, demons, or gods
* Star people (New Age) – People who believe they are aliens
* Tulpa – Entity manifesting from mental powers


title: Ptarmus

abstract: Ptarmus is a genus of marine ray-finned fish, velvetfishes belonging to the family Aploactinidae. This genus is endemic to the waters of the western Indian Ocean.

text:
# Ptarmus

***Ptarmus*** is a genus of marine ray-finned fish, velvetfishes belonging to the family Aploactinidae. This genus is endemic to the waters of the western Indian Ocean.

## Taxonomy

*Ptarmus* was first described as a genus in 1947 by the South African ichthyologist James Leonard Brierley Smith as a monotypic genus for *Coccotropus jubatus*, which he had described in 1935 from the coast of modern KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. Later the Red Sea endemic, *Tetraroge gallus*, which had been described in 1877 by Robby August Kossmann and H. Räuber from off Eritrea, was reclassified as *Ptarmus gallus*. This genus is classified within the family Aploactinidae in the suborder Scorpaenoidei within the order Scorpaeniformes, although this family is also treated as a subfamily of the stonefish family Synanceiidae within the Scorpaenoidei, which in turn is treated as a superfamily within the order Perciformes. The name of the genus, *Ptarmus* means "sneeze", an allusion not explained by Smith.

## Species

There are currently two recognized species in this genus:

## InfoBox

| *Ptarmus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Scorpaeniformes |
| Family: | Aploactinidae |
| Genus: | *Ptarmus*
J. L. B. Smith, 1947 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Cocotropus jubatus*
J. L. B. Smith, 1935 | |


title: Tijuana Embajadores

abstract: The Tijuana Embajadores were a proposed independent professional team to be based out of Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico. They were to play in the North American League and were expected to play at Estadio de Béisbol Calimax in 2011. They were to have replaced the Tijuana Cimarrones of the now-defunct Golden Baseball League, which is now a part of the NAL's Western Division along with the Calgary Vipers, Chico Outlaws, Edmonton Capitals, Na Koa Ikaika Maui and Yuma Scorpions. This was the fourth attempt by the GBL/NAL to bring a permanent professional team to Tijuana, but due to the ongoing political structure, Mexican Drug Wars and safety concerns, they were eventually dropped from NAL plans and replaced by the Henderson RoadRunners. The Tijuana Toros and Tijuana Potros never played and the Tijuana Cimarrones folded after one season.

text:
# Tijuana Embajadores

The **Tijuana Embajadores** were a proposed independent professional team to be based out of Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico. They were to play in the North American League and were expected to play at Estadio de Béisbol Calimax in 2011. They were to have replaced the Tijuana Cimarrones of the now-defunct Golden Baseball League, which is now a part of the NAL's Western Division along with the Calgary Vipers, Chico Outlaws, Edmonton Capitals, Na Koa Ikaika Maui and Yuma Scorpions.

This was the fourth attempt by the GBL/NAL to bring a permanent professional team to Tijuana, but due to the ongoing political structure, Mexican Drug Wars and safety concerns, they were eventually dropped from NAL plans and replaced by the Henderson RoadRunners. The Tijuana Toros and Tijuana Potros never played and the Tijuana Cimarrones folded after one season.


title: Luke Reynolds (volleyball)

abstract: Luke Reynolds is an Australian professional volleyball coach. He currently serves as Associate Head Coach for the Pepperdine University men's volleyball team.

text:
# Luke Reynolds (volleyball)

**Luke Reynolds** (born 9 July 1985) is an Australian professional volleyball coach. He currently serves as Associate Head Coach for the Pepperdine University men's volleyball team.

## Career

Reynolds started his coaching career in Canada after playing 4 seasons at the Brandon University. The coach then progressed to coaching professional in Europe at the young age of 27, taking over Svedala Volley in Sweden. Since then, Reynolds has worked his way through the European leagues, head coaching at most notably Berlin Recycling Volleys in the German Bundesliga and Jastrzębski Węgiel in the Polish PlusLiga.

Reynolds also worked extensively as an assistant coach with the Australian Men's National team. Not only has he worked as a volleyball coach but he has ascertained his Level 2 ASCA Strength and Conditioning certification and specialised in working with professional and international volleyball teams.

## Notable international and professional experiences

* 2023 NORCECA Championships - Cuba National Team, Charleston, USA
* 2021 21st AVC Asian Championships - AUS National Team, Tokyo, JPN
* 2021 NCAA National Championships- Pepperdine University
* 2020/21 CEV Champions League with Jastrzebski Wegiel - withdrew COVID
* 2020 FIVB Tokyo Olympic Qualifications - AUS National Team - China
* 2019/20 CEV Champions League with Jastrzebski Wegiel - Qualified Semi Final vs Trentino - withdrew COVID
* 2019 FIVB International Olympic Qualifier - AUS National Team, Bari
* 2019 20th AVC Asian Championships, Tehran, IRN - Silver Medal
* 2019 FIVB VNL (Volleyball Nations League)- Australian National Team
* 2019 FIVB World Cup, Tokyo, JPN
* 2018 FIVB VNL (Volleyball Nations League) - Australian National Team
* 2018 FIVB World Championships - AUS National Team
* 2017/18 CEV Champions League with Berlin Recycling Volleys
* 2017 FIVB World League Final - Bronze Medal -
* 2016/17 Jastrzebski Wegiel - Bronze Medal - Poland PlusLiga
* 2015/16 Cyprus League Cup - Silver Medal
* 2014 Swedish Elite Series (Women) Silver Medal
* Swedish Elite Series Cup (Women) Silver Medal
* 2014 Swedish Gran Prix - Champions

## Assistant coach to the following

## Coaching Awards

* 2023 EIVA Coach Of the Year

## InfoBox

| Luke Reynolds | |
| --- | --- |
| Reynolds during the 2020–21 PlusLiga season | |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1985-07-09) 9 July 1985
Melbourne, Australia |
| College / University | Brandon University |
| Coaching information | |
| Current team | Pepperdine University |
| Previous teams coached  Years Teams  2012–2013
2013–2015
2015–2016
2016–2017
2017–2020
2017–2018
2019–2020
2020–2021
2021–2022
2021– 2023
2023
2024
2024 - Current Brandon Bobcats (AC)
Svedala Volley
Nea Salamis Famagusta
Jastrzębski Węgiel (AC)
Australia (AC)
Berlin Recycling Volleys
Jastrzębski Węgiel (AC)
Jastrzębski Węgiel
Australia (AC)
Charleston Golden Eagles
Cuba National Team (AC)
USA Collegiate National Team (AC)
Pepperdine University (AC) | |


title: Pristaulacus niger

abstract: Pristaulacus niger is a species of wasp in the family Aulacidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Pristaulacus niger

***Pristaulacus niger*** is a species of wasp in the family Aulacidae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Pristaulacus niger* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Aulacidae |
| Genus: | *Pristaulacus* |
| Species: | ***P. niger*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pristaulacus niger***<br>(Shuckard, 1841) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pristaulacus abbottii*  (Westwood, 1841) * *Pristaulacus ater*  (Westwood, 1841) * *Pristaulacus aterrimus*  (Kieffer, 1911) * *Pristaulacus floridana*  (Rohwer, 1913) * *Pristaulacus hopkinsii*  Bradley, 1908 | |


title: Patient education

abstract: Patient education is a planned interactive learning process designed to support and enable expert patients to manage their life with a disease and/or optimise their health and well-being.

text:
# Patient education

**Patient education** is a planned interactive learning process designed to support and enable expert patients to manage their life with a disease and/or optimise their health and well-being.

## Overview

Education may be provided by any healthcare professional who has undertaken appropriate training education, education on patient communication and education is usually included in the healthcare professional's training. However, further training is required to develop specialist skills needed to facilitate self-management and behaviour change. Patient Education can often be more effective in Patient comprehension that things such as medication guides. Many institutions are calling for courses in educating medical students in Technical Communication to promote Patient Education and the subsequent benefits thereof.

Health education is also a tool used by managed care plans, and may include both general preventive education or health promotion and disease or condition specific education. Some topics proposed in Patient Education courses include Technical and Professional Communication (TPC) and Rhetoric of Health and Medicine (RHM) in order to prepare Health educators to create simple and culturally sensitive avenues of communication.

## Benefits

Important elements of patient education are skill building and responsibility: patients need to know when, how, and why they need to make a lifestyle change. Group effort is equally important: each member of the patient's health care team needs to be involved. It can also help the patients by a better lifestyle, it gives them the ability to learn new information.

The value of patient education can be summarized as follows:

* Improved understanding of medical condition, diagnosis, disease, or disability.
* Improved understanding of methods and means to manage multiple aspects of medical condition.
* Improved self-advocacy in deciding to act both independently from medical providers and in interdependence with them.
* Improved initiative in voicing concerns over medication delivery, risks, and dosages with a physician.
* Improve trust between a patient and their provider through effective and clear communication.
* Increased adherence – Effective communication and patient education increases patient motivation to adhere to treatments.
* Patient outcomes – Patients more likely to respond well to their treatment plan – fewer complications.
* Informed consent – Patients feel you've provided the information they need to make informed decisions
* Empowered to make shared decision - Patients understanding of the evidence of benefits and risks of interventions, helps them to truly weigh the trade-offs they are (un)willing to make.
* Increased health literacy and confidence to navigate the health systems.
* Utilization – More effective use of medical services – fewer unnecessary phone calls and visits.
* Satisfaction and referrals – Patients more likely to stay with your practice and refer other patients.
* Risk Management – Lower risk of malpractice when patients have realistic expectations.
* Race and health – Target education to help reduce the disproportionate burden on populations at increase risk of mortailty.

## Health Educators

The competencies of a health educator include the following:

* Incorporate a personal ethic in regards to social responsibilities and services towards others.
* Provide accurate, competent, and evidence-based care.
* Practice preventive health care.
* Focus on relationship-centered care with individuals and their families.
* Incorporate the multiple determinants of health when providing care.
* Be culturally sensitive and be open to a diverse society.
* Use technology appropriately and effectively.
* Be current in the field and continue to advance education.

## Outcomes

There are many areas where patient education can improve the outcomes of treatment.

* For example, in patients with amputations, patient education has been shown to be effective when approached from all angles by the healthcare team (nurse, primary care physician, prosthetist, physical therapist, occupational therapist etc.). Support groups have been shown to be a helpful method for dealing with depression in this population. Preoperative patient education helped patients with their decision-making process by informing them of factors related to pain, limb loss, and functional restriction faced after amputation.
* In the case of arthritis, patient education was found to be administered through three methods, including individual face to face meetings with healthcare professionals, patient groups, online support programs. Category I evidence was found for individual, face to face counselling. Meeting with rheumatologists, occupational therapists, physical therapists, nurses, and other healthcare providers was found to be effective in creating adherence to treatment, medication, and for improving overall patient health.
* In the case of rheumatoid arthritis, patient education has been shown as an effective non-pharmacological treatment. It is recommended that patient education should be the start point and underpin all self-management interventions.
* The role of patient organisations in providing support and structured guidance for people with arthritis is widely valued by professionals and patients.
* It is important to consider patient factors that may help improve outcomes of patient education patient. These are patient activation, illness perceptions, anxiety, participants' knowledge about their condition, engagement with routine check-ups and positive health behaviours. These factors may be also be targets for patient education.

## Footnotes

* Cordier JF. The expert patient: towards a novel definition. Eur Respir J. 2014 Oct;44(4):853-7. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00027414. PMID 25271227
* Doak, C. C., Doak, L. G., & Root, J. H. (1996). Teaching patients with low literacy skills
* London, F. (2009). No Time To Teach: The Essence of Patient and Family Education for Health Care Providers. Atlanta: Pritchett & Hull
* Rankin, S. H., Stallings, K. D., & London, F. (2005). Patient Education in Health and Illness (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
* Bastable, S.B, Grambet, P., Jacobs, K., Sopczyk, D.L. (2011). Health professionals as educator: Principles of teaching and learning. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC.


title: Michael Holmes (whistleblower)

abstract: Lieutenant Colonel Michael Holmes, began his national service in the U.S. Army and the National Guard in 1985, and is a military intelligence officer with training in information operations. He attended Admiral Farragut Academy in St. Petersburg, Florida (1978–1980), before graduating from Marine Military Academy in Harlingen, Texas, in 1983. He graduated from the University of Texas at Austin and was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the U.S. Army in 1987. He earned a Master of Arts in Diplomacy with a concentration in International Terrorism in 2008. He is a graduate of the U.S. Army Information Operations Qualification Course (2008), the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College (2007), the Military Intelligence Officer Transition Course (2002) and the Armor Officers Advanced Course (1994). He has served on active duty in Fort Drum, New York, as well as in both the Florida National Guard and Texas National Guard. Holmes has mobilized as a reservist in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Kosovo. Holmes communicated alleged use of psychological operations (PSYOP) on visiting VIPs while Holmes was the leader of the Information Operations Field Support Team at Camp Eggers in Kabul, Afghanistan. Among the alleged targets were American Senators John McCain and Carl Levin, government ministers, and European diplomats. Holmes' disclosure resulted in several news articles, most notably a Rolling Stone article titled, "Another Runaway General: Army Deploys Psy-Ops on U.S. Senators" authored by Michael Hastings who recently earned fame for his reporting on General Stanley McChrystal the previous year. Hastings' article "The Run Away General" ultimately led to McChrystal's firing by President Obama. Media reports stated that the Holmes' IO unit was subjected to a retaliatory campaign when it resisted the order to influence the targets, including a subsequent reprimand against Lt. Col. Holmes. After the Rolling Stone article was published, Gen. David Petraeus, then commander of U.S. and International Security Assistance Forces in Afghanistan, ordered an investigation to determine the legitimacy of illegal psychological operations claims made by Lt. Col Holmes as well as any retaliation for his whistleblowing. Army investigators determined Holme’s claims of illegal psychological operations were “not substantiated” and there were no psychological operations units under Lt. Gen. Caldwell’s command. They went on to identify Caldwell’s staff was tasked with preparing “information packages” on congressional delegations and other visitors, that such a task was neither illegal nor improper, noting such a practice is common in the military. The Army was unable to later substantiate Holmes’ claim of retaliation citing insufficient evidence.

text:
# Michael Holmes (whistleblower)

Lieutenant Colonel **Michael Holmes** (born 1965), began his national service in the U.S. Army and the National Guard in 1985, and is a military intelligence officer with training in information operations. He attended Admiral Farragut Academy in St. Petersburg, Florida (1978–1980), before graduating from Marine Military Academy in Harlingen, Texas, in 1983. He graduated from the University of Texas at Austin and was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the U.S. Army in 1987. He earned a Master of Arts in Diplomacy with a concentration in International Terrorism in 2008. He is a graduate of the U.S. Army Information Operations Qualification Course (2008), the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College (2007), the Military Intelligence Officer Transition Course (2002) and the Armor Officers Advanced Course (1994). He has served on active duty in Fort Drum, New York, as well as in both the Florida National Guard and Texas National Guard. Holmes has mobilized as a reservist in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Kosovo.

Holmes communicated alleged use of psychological operations (PSYOP) on visiting VIPs while Holmes was the leader of the Information Operations Field Support Team at Camp Eggers in Kabul, Afghanistan. Among the alleged targets were American Senators John McCain and Carl Levin, government ministers, and European diplomats. Holmes' disclosure resulted in several news articles, most notably a *Rolling Stone* article titled, "Another Runaway General: Army Deploys Psy-Ops on U.S. Senators" authored by Michael Hastings who recently earned fame for his reporting on General Stanley McChrystal the previous year. Hastings' article "The Run Away General" ultimately led to McChrystal's firing by President Obama. Media reports stated that the Holmes' IO unit was subjected to a retaliatory campaign when it resisted the order to influence the targets, including a subsequent reprimand against Lt. Col. Holmes.

After the Rolling Stone article was published, Gen. David Petraeus, then commander of U.S. and International Security Assistance Forces in Afghanistan, ordered an investigation to determine the legitimacy of illegal psychological operations claims made by Lt. Col Holmes as well as any retaliation for his whistleblowing. Army investigators determined Holme’s claims of illegal psychological operations were “not substantiated” and there were no psychological operations units under Lt. Gen. Caldwell’s command. They went on to identify Caldwell’s staff was tasked with preparing “information packages” on congressional delegations and other visitors, that such a task was neither illegal nor improper, noting such a practice is common in the military. The Army was unable to later substantiate Holmes’ claim of retaliation citing insufficient evidence.


title: 1985–86 Sheffield Shield season

abstract: The 1985–86 Sheffield Shield season was the 84th season of the Sheffield Shield, the domestic first-class cricket competition of Australia. New South Wales won the championship.

text:
# 1985–86 Sheffield Shield season

The **1985–86 Sheffield Shield season** was the 84th season of the Sheffield Shield, the domestic first-class cricket competition of Australia. New South Wales won the championship.

## Table

| Team | Played | Won | Lost | Tied | Drawn | N/R | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| New South Wales | 10 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 56 |
| Queensland | 10 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 54 |
| Victoria | 10 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 48 |
| Western Australia | 10 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 42 |
| South Australia | 10 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 28 |
| Tasmania | 10 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 4 |

## Final

## Statistics

### Most Runs

Mark Taylor 903

### Most Wickets

Jeff Thomson 42

## InfoBox

1985–86 Sheffield Shield season
| Cricket format | First-class |
| --- | --- |
| Tournament format(s) | Double round-robin & Final |
| Champions | New South Wales (39th title) |
| Participants | 6 |
| Matches | 31 |
|


abstract: "Trouble in Paradise" is a song by American-Canadian singer-songwriter Rufus Wainwright, released on October 24, 2019, as the lead single of his upcoming studio album, slated for release by BMG in 2020. The track was produced by Mitchell Froom. A music video directed by Mia Donovan was released to promote the song on November 5, 2019.

text:
# Trouble in Paradise (Rufus Wainwright song)

"**Trouble in Paradise**" is a song by American-Canadian singer-songwriter Rufus Wainwright, released on October 24, 2019, as the lead single of his upcoming studio album, slated for release by BMG in 2020. The track was produced by Mitchell Froom. A music video directed by Mia Donovan was released to promote the song on November 5, 2019.

## Composition

"Trouble in Paradise" is a pop song about the fashion industry with "general themes applied to the world at large". He sings, "There's always trouble in paradise/ Don't matter if your drinks are neat or on ice/ There's always trouble in paradise/ Don't matter if you're good or bad or mean or awfully nice."

Wainwright said of the song: "A little older, a little wiser, but raring to go, I am excited to re-ignite the darker sensibilities of song matched with a musical sense of humor. 'Trouble in Paradise' is my first offering on this typically intense Wainwright journey. We are in the deep end baby." In a press release, he said the music has "a sense of sophistication and an animalistic instinct", noting, "After the opera world and natural aging, I can now sing at the full power of my abilities, and this record really shows that off." Wainwright also shared a song synopsis in a post for his website about the upcoming album:

> Drum beats herald a romp through the inner mind of a bob-haired fashion doyenne on her drive from the town to the country. She reflects on the true price of glamour, and weighs its spiritual costs while eyeing her future legacy, and eternity. The music, a nod to solid pop rock production of previous classic LA era's motors the listener on with both a sense of sophistication and an animalistic instinct.

## Release

"Trouble in Paradise" was released in October 2019 as the lead single of Wainwright's upcoming studio album. The song's release marks Wainwright's first pop song since his 2012 album *Out of the Game*, his first single under BMG, and his first collaboration with Froom.

## Reception

Jon Blistein of *Rolling Stone* described "Trouble in Paradise" as a "clever new pop romp" and wrote, "Over lush pop rock orchestration reminiscent of Billy Joel, Wainwright saunters through a vocal performance that lends a lavish edge to his wry lyrics." *Attitude* magazine said the song "taps into 2019's tense zeitgeist as Wainwright muses on the fronts we all create for ourselves", and *The Times* said it has "soaring harmonies and woozy romanticism". *Music Week*'s Ben Homewood wrote, "Crisp drum thwacks and a sweeping arrangement herald the first new music in seven years from Rufus Wainwright, who sounds sublime here."

"Trouble in Paradise" was KCMP's song of the day for October 29, 2019. WXPN's Bruce Warren called the track "a wonderful new song that showcases \[Wainwright's\] beautiful, rich voice, and penchant for writing ornate pop songs".

## Music video

A music video for the song, directed by Canadian photographer and filmmaker Mia Donovan, was released on November 5, 2019.

## Charts

| Chart (2020) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders) | 40 |

## InfoBox

| "Trouble in Paradise" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Rufus Wainwright | |
| Released | October 24, 2019 (2019-10-24) |
| Genre |  |
| Label | BMG |
| Producer(s) | Mitchell Froom |
| Rufus Wainwright singles chronology | |
| "Sword of Damocles"
(2018) "**Trouble in Paradise**"
(2019) "Damsel in Distress"
(2020) | |


title: Walter Schreiner

abstract: Walter Richard "Crip" Schreiner was a college football player. He ran the Live Oak Ranch owned by his father for many years. His father gave him the Y O Ranch which he ran until his death in 1933. The Live Oak Ranch became part of the Y O.

text:
# Walter Schreiner

**Walter Richard "Crip" Schreiner** (December 31, 1877  April 6, 1933) was a college football player. He ran the Live Oak Ranch owned by his father for many years. His father gave him the Y O Ranch which he ran until his death in 1933. The Live Oak Ranch became part of the Y O.

## Early years

Walter Schreiner was born on December 31, 1877, in Kerrville, Texas to Captain Charles Arman Schreiner and Mary Magdelena Enderle Schreiner. His father Charles was born in Alsace-Lorraine of German ancestry.

## University of Texas

He was a prominent end for the Texas Longhorns football team of the University of Texas; the only athlete to win five football letters on the Texas varsity. He was chosen for an all-time Texas team by R. W. Franklin.

### 1899

He was selected All-Southern in 1899.

### 1900

Schreiner was captain of the undefeated 1900 team.

## InfoBox

Walter Schreiner
| Texas Longhorns | |
| --- | --- |
| Position | End |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1877-12-31)December 31, 1877
Kerrville, Texas |
| Died: | April 6, 1933(1933-04-06) (aged 55)
San Antonio, Texas |
| Weight | 140 lb (64 kg) |
| Career history | |
| College | Texas (18961900) |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |


title: Pseudozoysia

abstract: Pseudozoysia is a monotypic genus of plant in the grass family. The only known species is Pseudozoysia sessilis, found only in Somalia.

text:
# Pseudozoysia

***Pseudozoysia*** is a monotypic genus of plant in the grass family. The only known species is ***Pseudozoysia sessilis***, found only in Somalia.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudozoysia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Chloridoideae |
| Genus: | *Pseudozoysia*
Chiov. |
| Species: | ***P. sessilis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudozoysia sessilis***
Chiov. | |
|


title: Thysbina femoralis

abstract: Thysbina femoralis is a species of leaf beetle of Senegal and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was first described by Édouard Lefèvre in 1877.

text:
# Thysbina femoralis

***Thysbina femoralis*** is a species of leaf beetle of Senegal and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was first described by Édouard Lefèvre in 1877.

## InfoBox

| *Thysbina femoralis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Chrysomelidae |
| Genus: | *Thysbina* |
| Species: | ***T. femoralis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Thysbina femoralis***<br>(Lefèvre, 1877) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Colasposoma femorale* Lefèvre, 1877 | |


title: Professional Record Standards Body

abstract: The Professional Record Standards Body was established in the United Kingdom in April 2013 by the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges. Its members are organisations representing those who receive and provide health and social care across the UK, as well as those providing the Information Technology systems. Professor Maureen Baker is the Chair. In November 2017 it produced standards setting out what information from screening tests, immunisations and other developmental milestones can be accessed by health and social professionals, parents and guardians. It awarded its first quality mark for conformance to core information standards to Orion Health in September 2022. In October 2022 it published a report extending its shared care record standards to pharmacy, optometry, dentistry, ambulance and community services.

text:
# Professional Record Standards Body

The **Professional Record Standards Body** was established in the United Kingdom in April 2013 by the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges. Its members are organisations representing those who receive and provide health and social care across the UK, as well as those providing the Information Technology systems. Professor Maureen Baker is the Chair.

In November 2017 it produced standards setting out what information from screening tests, immunisations and other developmental milestones can be accessed by health and social professionals, parents and guardians.

It awarded its first quality mark for conformance to core information standards to Orion Health in September 2022.

In October 2022 it published a report extending its shared care record standards to pharmacy, optometry, dentistry, ambulance and community services.


title: Patient diary

abstract: A patient diary is a tool used during a clinical trial or a disease treatment to assess the patient's condition or to measure treatment compliance. An electronic patient diary registers the data in a storage device and allows for automatically monitoring the time the entry was made. Frequent recording of symptoms using a diary helps to reduce recall bias. Electronic diaries ensure entries are made as scheduled, and not, for example, in a batch immediately before the clinic visit. Patient diaries are also way to find out if a patient takes the medication according to the treatment schedule, which is an important problem during clinical trials and the treatment of degenerative diseases with relatively few symptoms.

text:
# Patient diary

A **patient diary** is a tool used during a clinical trial or a disease treatment to assess the patient's condition (e.g. symptom severity, quality of life) or to measure treatment compliance. An **electronic patient diary** registers the data in a storage device and allows for automatically monitoring the time the entry was made.

Frequent recording of symptoms using a diary helps to reduce recall bias. Electronic diaries ensure entries are made as scheduled, and not, for example, in a batch immediately before the clinic visit.

Patient diaries are also way to find out if a patient takes the medication according to the treatment schedule, which is an important problem during clinical trials and the treatment of degenerative diseases with relatively few symptoms.

* Stone AA, Broderick JE, Shiffman SS, Schwartz JE. Understanding recall of weekly pain from a momentary assessment perspective: absolute agreement, between- and within-person consistency, and judged change in weekly pain, Pain, 2004;107 (1-2): 61-69
* Tiplady B, Crompton GK, Brackenridge D. Electronic diaries for asthma, British Medical Journal, 1995; 310: 1469
* van Berge Henegouwen MT, van Driel HF, Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite DG., A patient diary as a tool to improve medicine compliance, Pharm World Sci. 1999 Feb;21(1):21-4.
* van Gerven JM, Schoemaker RC, Jacobs LD, Reints A, Ouwersloot-van der Meij MJ, Hoedemaker HG, Cohen AF., Self-medication of a single headache episode with ketoprofen, ibuprofen or placebo, home-monitored with an electronic patient diary, Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1996 Oct;42(4):475-81.


title: Unhappy triad

abstract: The unhappy triad, also known as a blown knee among other names, is an injury to the anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, and meniscus. Analysis during the 1990s indicated that this 'classic' O'Donoghue triad is actually an unusual clinical entity among athletes with knee injuries. Some authors mistakenly believe that in this type of injury, "combined anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligament disruptions that were incurred during athletic endeavors" always present with concomitant medial meniscus injury. However, the 1990 analysis showed that lateral meniscus tears are more common than medial meniscus tears in conjunction with sprains of the ACL.

text:
# Unhappy triad

The **unhappy triad**, also known as a **blown knee** among other names, is an injury to the anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, and meniscus. Analysis during the 1990s indicated that this 'classic' O'Donoghue triad is actually an unusual clinical entity among athletes with knee injuries. Some authors mistakenly believe that in this type of injury, "combined anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligament (ACL- MCL) disruptions that were incurred during athletic endeavors" always present with concomitant medial meniscus injury. However, the 1990 analysis showed that lateral meniscus tears are more common than medial meniscus tears in conjunction with sprains of the ACL.

## Symptoms

* Pain in affected knee
* Stiffness and swelling in affected knee
* Catching or locking of the knee in affected knee
* Instability of the knee with twisting or side-to-side movements (The sensation of the knee "giving out").
* Inability to move the knee through its full range of motion

## Cause

The unhappy triad occurs due to a lateral blow to the knee causing a rupture in the anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, and meniscus. Injury is most often sustained when a lateral (from the outside) force impacts the knee while the foot is fixed on the ground. The strong valgus or rotary force to the knee tears the ACL, MCL, and medial meniscus all together. This type of injury occurs often in contact sports such as football, rugby, or motocross. During the injury, the leg is laterally rotated and over-abducted. In about 10% of cases, the force is applied to the opposite side of the knee, and the lateral and posterolateral ligaments are torn.

## Anatomy

Skeletal components involved in the unhappy triad include: patella, femur, tibia. No muscles are directly involved in this injury, only ligaments; However, strengthening the hip flexor and hip extensor muscles may help alleviate the injury.

The medial collateral ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, anterior cruciate ligament, and lateral collateral ligament are the four primary ligaments of the knee. The medial and lateral collateral ligaments primarily provide support to varus and valgus forces whereas the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments prevent anterior and posterior translation of the tibia on the femur.

### Structures in triad

The **classic** O'Donoghue triad is characterized by an injury to three knee structures (in order):

## Component injuries

### The anterior cruciate ligament

The anterior cruciate ligament is one of the four crucial ligaments in the knee. It originates from the lateral condyle of the femur and goes to the intercondyloid eminence of the tibia. Its function is to provide stability in the knee and minimize stress across the knee joint. It also restrains excessive forward movement in the leg and limits rotational movements in the knee.

**Injury**

An anterior cruciate ligament injury results from excess tension on the ligament. This can come from a sudden stop or twisting motion of the knee. A few initial symptoms include swelling, knee instability, and pain. A popping sound or sensation may or may not be heard when the ACL first tears. A following symptom usually includes the feeling of the knee "giving out". Tearing of the ACL is the most significant injury because it leaves the knee unstable, which also causes the knee to lose its normal function.

**Epidemiology**

It is estimated that 100,000 new anterior cruciate ligament injuries occur in the U.S. each year. Approximately half of the new ACL injuries involve injuries to the ligament, tendon, and or muscle of that affected knee. Women are at greater risk for ACL injuries than men due to their greater Q angle. The Q angle is the angle formed by a line drawn from the anterior superior iliac spine to central patella and a second line drawn from central patella to tibial tubercle.

### Meniscus

The medial meniscus is a C-wedge shaped piece of cartilage that acts as a"shock absorber" between the femur and the tibia. Each knee has two menisci, one at the outer edge and one at the inner edge of the knee. The menisci are tough and rubber-like to help cushion the joint and help keep it stable.

The lateral meniscus is also known as the external semilunar fibrocartilage. It is a fibrocartilage band on the lateral side of the knee joint and can easily be injured with torsional stress or direct force.

Each knee has a medial and lateral meniscus, consisting of connective tissue and collagen fibers. Menisci are needed to distribute the body weight across the knee. Without them, the body weight is distributed unevenly on the femur and tibia, possibly leading to early arthritis in the knee joint. The menisci are nourished by small blood vessels, but each has a large central section which is avascular and does not get a direct blood supply. This poses a problem in a meniscus injury, as blood flow is diminished and the avascular areas tend to not heal.

**Injury**

The tear of meniscus is among the most common knee injuries. It is usually caused by torsional stress; twisting or turning of the knee too quickly with the foot planted on the ground while the knee is flexed. The feeling of a "pop" in the knee is usually felt when the meniscus is torn. Athletes, particularly those who participate in contact sports, are at a greater risk for meniscal tears. Sports-related meniscal tears often occur with other knee injuries, such as an anterior cruciate ligament tear.

A torn meniscus is commonly referred to as torn cartilage in the knee. Menisci tear in different ways and are noted by how they look, as well as where the tear occurs in the meniscus. Two types of tears include minor, which includes stiffness and swelling within two to three days but usually goes away in two to three weeks. Then there is severe, which without treatment, a piece of meniscus may come loose and drift into the joint space. Tears include longitudinal, parrot-beak, flap, bucket handle, and mixed/complex.

**Epidemiology**

Injury to the medial meniscus is about five times greater than injury to the lateral meniscus due to its anatomical attachment to the MCL. Lateral meniscal tears are more common in acute ACL injuries, whereas medial meniscal injuries are more common in chronic ACL-deficient knees and more amenable to repair.

Meta-analysis shows that in acute injuries of the ACL associated with a meniscus tear, 44% were of the medial meniscus, whereas 56% were of the lateral meniscus; in chronic ACL insufficiency, 70% were medial whereas 30% were lateral.

### Medial collateral ligament

**Injury**

Because the medial collateral ligament resists widening of the inside of the knee joint, the ligament is usually injured when the outside of the knee joint is struck. This force causes the outside of the knee to buckle, and the inside to widen. When the MCL is stretched too far, it is susceptible to tearing and injury. This is the injury seen by the action of "clipping" in a football game.

An injury to the MCL may occur as an isolated injury, or it may be part of a complex injury to the knee. Other ligaments ACL, or meniscus, may be torn along with a MCL injury.

**Symptoms**

The most common symptom following an MCL injury is pain directly over the ligament. Swelling over the torn ligament may appear, and bruising and generalized joint swelling are common 1 to 2 days after the injury. In more severe injuries, patients may complain that the knee feels unstable.

**Treatment**

Treatment of an MCL tear depends on the severity of the injury. Treatment always begins with allowing the pain to subside, beginning work on mobility, followed by strengthening the knee to return to sports and activities. Bracing can often be useful for treatment of MCL injuries. Fortunately, most often surgery is not necessary for the treatment of an MCL tear.

## Treatments

Treatment of the unhappy triad usually requires surgery. An ACL surgery is common and the meniscus can be treated during the surgery as well. The MCL is rehabilitated through time and immobilization. Physical therapy after the surgery and the use of a knee brace help speed up the healing process. A typical surgery for a blown knee includes:

* Patellar tendon autograft (An autograft is a graft that comes from the patient)
* Hamstring tendon autograft
* Quadriceps tendon autograft
* Allograft (taken from a cadaver) patellar tendon, Achilles tendon, semitendinosus, gracilis, or posterior tibialis tendon

The goal of reconstruction surgery is to prevent instability and restore the function of the torn ligament, creating a stable knee. There are certain factors that the patient must consider when deciding for or against surgery.

An important post-surgical treatment of unhappy triad is Physical Therapy (PT). PT includes exercise ambulatory programs, mobilizations, and modalities to help ease symptoms and speed up the recovery process. The purpose of physical therapy is strengthening muscle and increasing the knee's range of motion without damaging the new grafts. Exercise ambulatory programs are prescribed by a Physical Therapist and should be used during recovery. Physical Therapist will provide immediate knee mobilization manually or with continuous passive motion (CPM) within the first week. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) should be used for a span of 6-8 weeks postoperative. Immediate cryotherapy could be used for treatment as well. A combination of functional tests and validated patient-reports are used to determine a patient’s readiness to return to activities.

## Epidemiology

A study containing 100 consecutive patients with a recent anterior cruciate ligament injury were examined with respect to type of sports activity that caused the injury. Of the 100 consecutive ACL injuries, there were also 53 medial collateral ligament injuries, 12 medial, 35 lateral and 11 bicompartmental meniscal lesions. 59/100 patients were injured during contact sports, 30/100 in downhill skiing and 11/100 in other recreational activities, traffic accidents or at work.

An associated medial collateral ligament tear was more common in skiing (22/30) than during contact sports (23/59), whereas a bicompartmental meniscal lesion was found more frequently in contact sports (9/59) than in skiing (0/30). Weightbearing was reported by 56/59 of the patients with contact sports injuries whereas 8/30 of those with skiing injuries. Non-weightbearing in the injury situation led to the same rate of MCL tears (18/28) as weightbearing (35/72) but significantly more intact menisci (19/28 vs 23/72). Thus, contact sports injuries were more often sustained during weightbearing, with a resultant joint compression of both femuro-tibial compartments as shown by the higher incidence of bicompartmental meniscal lesions. The classic "unhappy triad" was a rare finding (8/100) and Fridén T, Erlandsson T, Zätterström R, Lindstrand A, and Moritz U. suggest that this entity should be replaced by the "unhappy compression injury".

## History

In 1936, Cambell stated that an "impairment of the anterior crucial and medial ligaments is associated with injuries of the internal cartilage". In 1950, O'Donoghue described the unhappy triad as: (1) rupture of the medial collateral ligament, (2) damage to the medial meniscus and (3) rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament. O'Donoghue estimated the incidence rate in the traumatic sports knee to be 25%.

In 1991, Shelbourne and Nitz questioned the validity of O'Donoghue's terrible triad study. A review of all arthroscopically confirmed acute injuries of second degree or worse to the ACL and MCL was performed. Of the 52 knees reviewed, 80% of group 1 had lateral meniscus tears and 29% had associated medial meniscus tears. None of the medial meniscus tears were isolated; medial meniscus tears were not present in the absence of a lateral meniscus tear. From this study, it was concluded that the structures more typically involved in a triad were the anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, and the lateral (not medial) meniscus.

## Terminology

The term "unhappy triad" was coined by O'Donoghue in 1950. However, since then, this term and the term "terrible triad" have also been used to describe several other combinations of joint injuries, including the terrible triad of the elbow and shoulder.

The term "terrible triad" is also sometimes used in the popular press to describe conditions relating to pain, or even to refer to the MacDonald triad of sociopathic behavior.

## InfoBox

| Unhappy triad | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | Terrible triad, horrible triangle, O'Donoghue's triad, the three musketeers blown knee |
|  | |
| Knee | |
| Specialty | Emergency medicine |


title: Mick Donnellan

abstract: Mick Donnellan is an Irish playwright, noir novelist, screenwriter, creative writing teacher and journalist.

text:
# Mick Donnellan

**Mick Donnellan** (born c. 1980) is an Irish playwright, noir novelist, screenwriter, creative writing teacher and journalist.

## Profile

Later, he established a theatre company Truman Town Theatre, whose plays are written, directed, and produced by Donnellan. Donnellan's plays for the company include *Sunday Morning Coming Down*, *Shortcut to Hallelujah*, which became known as the *Ballinrobe Trilogy*.

The company toured a fourth play, *Velvet Revolution*, which created interest in Donnellan's work among the film industry. His fifth play *Radio Luxembourg* was immediately optioned by London film company Dixon/ Baxi/ Evans and adapted as *Tiger Raid* for the screen.

## Works

### Books

* *El Niño*
* *Fisherman's Blues* (2014)
* *Mokusatsu* (sequel to El Niño) (2019)

### Plays

* *Sunday Morning Coming Down*
* *Shortcut to Hallelujah*
* *Gun Metal Grey*
* *Velvet Revolution*
* *Radio Luxembourg*

### Screenplays/produced films

*Tiger Raid* (adapted from *Radio Luxembourg") (2016)*


title: Trouble in Store

abstract: Trouble in Store is a 1953 British comedy film directed by John Paddy Carstairs and starring Norman Wisdom in his cinema debut. The film also featured Moira Lister, Margaret Rutherford, Jerry Desmonde and Lana Morris. For his performance, Wisdom won a BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer. Although it was shown at a West End venue, the film broke box office records at 51 out of the 67 London cinemas in which it played. The film was shot at Pinewood Studios with sets designed by the art director Alex Vetchinsky. It was released by Rank's General Film Distributors and was later released in America by Republic Pictures. The film's success led to Wisdom appearing in a string of films for Rank beginning with One Good Turn.

text:
# Trouble in Store

***Trouble in Store*** is a 1953 British comedy film directed by John Paddy Carstairs and starring Norman Wisdom in his cinema debut. The film also featured Moira Lister, Margaret Rutherford, Jerry Desmonde and Lana Morris. For his performance, Wisdom won a BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer. Although it was shown at a West End venue, the film broke box office records at 51 out of the 67 London cinemas in which it played. The film was shot at Pinewood Studios with sets designed by the art director Alex Vetchinsky. It was released by Rank's General Film Distributors and was later released in America by Republic Pictures. The film's success led to Wisdom appearing in a string of films for Rank beginning with *One Good Turn*.

## Plot

Norman, a lowly stock clerk at Burridge's department store, is in love with fellow employee Sally Wilson, though he has been unable to muster the courage to let her know how he feels. After he antagonizes Augustus Freeman, the new head of the store, he is promptly fired. On his way out, Norman helps Miss Bacon carry her bulging suitcases, unaware that she is an audacious shoplifter. Freeman sees Norman assisting a "customer" and rehires him.

Meanwhile, Peggy Drew, the store's personnel manager, flirts with Mr. Freeman, while plotting with her boyfriend Gerald to rob the place. Norman is fired and rehired again and again, as his escapades somehow manage to benefit the store. He also finally becomes acquainted with Sally, chasing her down through the city streets to return her handbag. His antics make her laugh.

After his latest firing, Norman is alarmed to find the handsome, suave Gerald trying to get to know Sally better. When he goes to the man's apartment to warn him to stay away from her, Norman inadvertently uncovers the robbery plot, scheduled to coincide with a big sale the next day, but he is unable to get Sally or anyone else to take him seriously.

Sally eventually decides to bring Norman's story to the attention of the management, but tells the wrong person, Miss Drew, and is tied up for her efforts. Norman finds her and together, they foil the thieves. Freeman takes Norman back into his employ and tells Norman the that he's the new chief of Burridge's department store.

## Cast

## Production

Earl St John saw Norman Wisdom on television and signed him to Rank on a seven-year contract. However an initial screen test between Wisdom and Petula Clark under the direction of Ronald Neame went poorly. Rank tried to get out of the contract, but Wisdom and his agent insisted it be honoured. Wisdom says St John then arranged for Jill Craigie to write a vehicle specifically for him, which she did over six weeks. John Paddy Carstairs became attached as director and worked on the script with Wisdom, who says Ted Willis and producer Maurice Cowan also worked on the script. Another account says Craigie reportedly asked that her name be removed from the credits after learning of Wisdom's participation.

## Reception

The *Daily Mirror* reviewer wrote of the film: "If you don't laugh at Norman's antics as the downtrodden worker in a big store, trying to get promotion as a window dresser, there is something wrong with your sense of fun".

The film was the second most popular at the British box office in 1954.

## InfoBox

| Trouble in Store | |
| --- | --- |
| Original British Quad poster | |
| Directed by | John Paddy Carstairs |
| Written by | John Paddy Carstairs
Maurice Cowan
Ted Willis
Jill Craigie |
| Produced by | Maurice Cowan
Earl St. John |
| Starring | Norman Wisdom
Moira Lister
Margaret Rutherford
Jerry Desmonde |
| Cinematography | Ernest Steward |
| Edited by | Geoffrey Foot
Peter Seabourne |
| Music by | Mischa Spoliansky |
| Production
company | Two Cities Films |
| Distributed by | General Film Distributors
Republic Pictures (US) |
| Release date | * 14 December 1953 (1953-12-14) |
| Running time | 85 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |
| Budget | £125,000 |


abstract: Walnut Creek is an intermittent stream in Hidalgo County, New Mexico. It has its source in the Animas Mountains on the east slope of the Continental Divide at an elevation of 6,720 feet at 31°33′15″N 108°41′37″W. Its mouth is located at an elevation of 4,524 feet where it subsides into the Playas Valley.

text:
# Walnut Creek (Playas Valley, New Mexico)

**Walnut Creek** is an intermittent stream in Hidalgo County, New Mexico. It has its source in the Animas Mountains on the east slope of the Continental Divide at an elevation of 6,720 feet (2,050 meters) at 31°33′15″N 108°41′37″W / 31.55417°N 108.69361°W / 31.55417; -108.69361. Its mouth is located at an elevation of 4,524 feet (1,379 meters) where it subsides into the Playas Valley.

31°29′36″N 108°32′52″W / 31.49333°N 108.54778°W / 31.49333; -108.54778


title: Ptereleotris microlepis

abstract: Ptereleotris microlepis is a species of the fish is that lives in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

text:
# Ptereleotris microlepis

***Ptereleotris microlepis*** is a species of the fish is that lives in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

## Occurrence

It is widely distributed in a variety of nearshore habitats of the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

The species can be found near Taiwan, Hong Kong, Philippines, Ryukyu islands, Malaysia, and Indonesia. It has also been found near Tuamoto islands, southern parts Great Barrier Reef, Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean.

It occurs in shallow lagoons and harbors. It also inhabits sandy fringes of coral reefs.

## Name

The original name for the species was *Eleotris microlepis*.

In English the species goes by common names like **blue gudgeon**, **green-eye dart-goby**, **smallscale hovergoby,** or **pPale dartfish**.

## InfoBox

| *Ptereleotris microlepis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Gobiiformes |
| Family: | Gobiidae |
| Genus: | *Ptereleotris* |
| Species: | ***P. microlepis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ptereleotris microlepis***
(Bleeker, 1856) | |
|


title: Thysbina pleuralis

abstract: Thysbina pleuralis is a species of leaf beetle of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, described by Julius Weise in 1915.

text:
# Thysbina pleuralis

***Thysbina pleuralis*** is a species of leaf beetle of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, described by Julius Weise in 1915.

## InfoBox

| *Thysbina pleuralis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Chrysomelidae |
| Genus: | *Thysbina* |
| Species: | ***T. pleuralis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Thysbina pleuralis***<br>Weise, 1915 | |
|


title: Luiz Jorge de Barbuda

abstract: Luiz Jorge de Barbuda was a Portuguese cartographer. It is believed that he was the person known under the Latinized name Ludovicus Georgius, the creator of the influential map of China, published by Abraham Ortelius in 1584 in his Theatrum Orbis Terrarum. During his life the cartographer was known under the Portuguese name Luiz Jorge, or its Hispanicized version Luis Jorge. Later Spanish writers would "disambiguate" his name using the place of his origin, calling him Luis Jorge de la Barbuda. Even if Szcześniak's identification of Ludovicus Georgius as Luiz Jorge de Barbuda is correct, the birth date given by Szcześniak may not be in agreement with the biographical points given in Maroto & Piñeiro 2006. According to Maroto and Piñeiro, Luis Jorge was hired by Philip II of Spain in 1582 as the "master of making navigation charts and world maps".

text:
# Luiz Jorge de Barbuda

**Luiz Jorge de Barbuda** (1564 (?)-1613 (?)) was a Portuguese cartographer. It is believed that he was the person known under the Latinized name **Ludovicus Georgius**, the creator of the influential map of China, published by Abraham Ortelius in 1584 in his *Theatrum Orbis Terrarum*.

During his life the cartographer was known under the Portuguese name Luiz Jorge, or its Hispanicized version **Luis Jorge**. Later Spanish writers would "disambiguate" his name using the place of his origin, calling him **Luis Jorge de la Barbuda**.

Even if Szcześniak's identification of Ludovicus Georgius as Luiz Jorge de Barbuda is correct, the birth date given by Szcześniak may not be in agreement with the biographical points given in Maroto & Piñeiro 2006. According to Maroto and Piñeiro, Luis Jorge was hired by Philip II of Spain in 1582 as the "master of making navigation charts and world maps" (*maestro de hacer cartas de marear y cosmographias*).

## The China map

Ludovicus Georgius' famous work, the 1584 map of China, appeared in Abraham Ortelius' *Theatrum Orbis Terrarum*. It was accompanied by a brief description of China and its language, which Ludovicus Georgius derived from Spain's first book on China: Bernardino de Escalante's *Discurso de la navegacion que los Portugueses hacen a los Reinos y Provincias de Oriente, y de la noticia que se tiene de las grandezas del Reino de la China* (1577). Both Ludovicus Georgius' map and Escalante-based "country summary" became highly influential, becoming the base for most European cartographic and literary work on the topic for several decades, until much more precise information from China-based Jesuit became available (Martino Martini, Novus Atlas Sinensis, 1655).

## Literature

* Szcześniak, Boleslaw (1954), "Matteo Ricci's Maps of China", *Imago Mundi*, **11**: 127–136, doi:10.1080/03085695408592065, JSTOR 1150185
* Maroto, M. I. Vicente; Piñeiro, Mariano Esteban (2006), *Aspectos de la ciencia aplicada en la España del siglo de oro. Estudios de historia de la ciencia y de la técnica* (2 ed.), Junta de Castilla y León, Consejería de Cultura y Turismo, ISBN 8497183509
* Lach, Donald F. (1965), *Asia in the making of Europe*, vol. I, Book Two, The University of Chicago Press