abstract: This page features a series of lists of maritime features in the Spratly Islands.

text:
# List of maritime features in the Spratly Islands

This page features a series of **lists of maritime features in the Spratly Islands**.

## Features by area

Of the hundreds of maritime features in the Spratly Islands, relatively few have land permanently above sea-level that is larger than protruding rocks. There are only 13 islands and cays with a natural area above sea-level larger than one hectare. With the exception of Swallow Reef, prior to 2014 there had been no large-scale land reclamation beyond building breakwaters and piers, and extending runways.

This changed dramatically in 2014 with the PRC embarking on large-scale reclamations of the lagoons of Johnson South Reef (~10ha) and Fiery Cross Reef (~230ha), and other reclamations of then unknown extent at the Gaven Reefs and Cuarteron Reef. Reports of the extent of land reclaimed on Swallow Reef vary. The PRC land reclamations have continued on a total of seven sites. In 2015, Subi Reef, Hughes Reef and Mischief Reef were added. Refer to the table below for the most recently available data. In summary, there have been reclamations of very large areas (\>640 acres = 1 sq mile) at three sites by the PRC, reclamations of large areas (10-100 acres) at eight sites (four by PRC, three by Vietnam, and one by Malaysia) and reclamations of lesser areas at a number of sites. There does not appear to have been any reclamation of Philippine occupied areas. There have been small Taiwanese reclamations at Itu Aba, very small but functionally significant reclamations at six Malaysian sites, and a number small but significant reclamations at Vietnamese sites in 2016, most particularly at Spratly Island where the runway has been extended and a sheltered harbour added.

The following table contains the 16 largest "natural" features, (i.e. not including reclaimed land), plus the features with significant amounts of reclaimed land:

| # | Feature | in Atoll | "Natural" Area | Location | Currently occupied by | Reclaimed Area |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Itu Aba Island | Tizard Bank | 46.00 hectares (113.7 acres) | 10°22.5′N 114°22′E / 10.3750°N 114.367°E / 10.3750; 114.367 | ROC (Taiping Island) | ~8 acres (3.2 ha) |
| 2 | Thitu Island | Thitu Reefs | 37.20 hectares (91.9 acres) | 11°03′N 114°17′E / 11.050°N 114.283°E / 11.050; 114.283 | PHI (Pagasa Island) |  |
| 3 | West York Island | West York Island | 18.60 hectares (46.0 acres) | 11°05′N 115°01′E / 11.083°N 115.017°E / 11.083; 115.017 | PHI (Likas Island) |  |
| 4 | Spratly Island | Spratly Island | 13.00 hectares (32.1 acres) | 08°38′N 111°55′E / 8.633°N 111.917°E / 8.633; 111.917 | VNM (Trường Sa Island) | ~37 acres (15 ha) |
| 5 | Northeast Cay | North Danger Reef | 12.70 hectares (31.4 acres) | 11°28′N 114°21′E / 11.467°N 114.350°E / 11.467; 114.350 | PHI (Parola Island) |  |
| 6 | Southwest Cay | North Danger Reef | 12.00 hectares (29.7 acres) | 11°26′N 114°20′E / 11.433°N 114.333°E / 11.433; 114.333 | VNM (Song Tử Tây Island) | ~7 acres (2.8 ha) |
| 7 | Sin Cowe Island | Union Banks | 08.00 hectares (19.8 acres) | 09°52′N 114°19′E / 9.867°N 114.317°E / 9.867; 114.317 | VNM (Sinh Tồn Island) | ~26 acres (11 ha) |
| 8 | Nanshan Island | Loaita Bank | 07.93 hectares (19.6 acres) | 10°45′N 115°49′E / 10.750°N 115.817°E / 10.750; 115.817 | PHI (Lawak Island) |  |
| 9 | Sand Cay | Tizard Bank | 07.00 hectares (17.3 acres) | 10°23′N 114°28′E / 10.383°N 114.467°E / 10.383; 114.467 | VNM (Sơn Ca Island) | ~9 acres (3.6 ha) |
| 10 | Loaita Island | Loaita Bank | 06.45 hectares (15.9 acres) | 10°40′N 114°25′E / 10.667°N 114.417°E / 10.667; 114.417 | PHI (Kota Island) |  |
| 11 | Swallow Reef | Swallow Reef | 06.20 hectares (15.3 acres) | 07°22′N 113°50′E / 7.367°N 113.833°E / 7.367; 113.833 | MYS (Layang-Layang Reef) | ~95 acres (38 ha) |
| 12 | Namyit Island | Tizard Bank | 05.30 hectares (13.1 acres) | 10°11′N 114°22′E / 10.183°N 114.367°E / 10.183; 114.367 | VNM (Nam Yết Island) |  |
| 13 | Amboyna Cay | Amboyna Cay | 01.60 hectares (4.0 acres) | 07°54′N 112°55′E / 7.900°N 112.917°E / 7.900; 112.917 | VNM (An Bang Island) |  |
|  | Grierson Reef | Union Banks | 01.60 hectares (4.0 acres) | 09°54′N 114°34′E / 9.900°N 114.567°E / 9.900; 114.567 | VNM (Sinh Tồn Đông Island) | ~3 acres (1.2 ha) |
|  | West London Reef | London Reefs | 01.10 hectares (2.7 acres) | 08°52′N 112°15′E / 8.867°N 112.250°E / 8.867; 112.250 | VNM (Đá Tây A Island) | ~70 acres (28 ha) |
|  | Central London Reef | London Reefs | 00.88 hectares (2.2 acres) | 08°56′N 112°21′E / 8.933°N 112.350°E / 8.933; 112.350 | VNM (Trường Sa Đông Island) | ~4 acres (1.6 ha) |
| 14 | Flat Island | Loaita Bank | 00.57 hectares (1.4 acres) | 10°49′N 115°49′E / 10.817°N 115.817°E / 10.817; 115.817 | PHI (Patag Island) |  |
| 15 | Loaita Cay | Loaita Bank | 00.53 hectares (1.3 acres) | 10°43′43″N 114°21′09″E / 10.72861°N 114.35250°E / 10.72861; 114.35250 | PHI (Melchora Aquino Island) |  |
| 16 | Lankiam Cay | Loaita Bank | 00.44 hectares (1.1 acres) | 10°43′N 114°32′E / 10.717°N 114.533°E / 10.717; 114.533 | PHI (Panata Island) |  |
|  | Mischief Reef | Mischief Reef | 00.00 | 09°56′N 115°32′E / 9.933°N 115.533°E / 9.933; 115.533 | PRC | ~1,379 acres (558 ha) |
|  | Subi Reef | Thitu Reefs | 00.00 | 10°55′N 114°04′E / 10.917°N 114.067°E / 10.917; 114.067 | PRC | ~976 acres (395 ha) |
|  | Fiery Cross Reef | Fiery Cross Reef | 00.00 | 09°36′N 111°57′E / 9.600°N 111.950°E / 9.600; 111.950 | PRC | ~677 acres (274 ha) |
|  | Cuarteron Reef | London Reefs | 00.00 | 08°52′N 112°50′E / 8.867°N 112.833°E / 8.867; 112.833 | PRC | ~56 acres (23 ha) |
|  | Gaven Reefs | Tizard Bank | 00.00 | 10°13′N 114°13′E / 10.217°N 114.217°E / 10.217; 114.217 | PRC | ~34 acres (14 ha) |
|  | Johnson South Reef | Union Banks | 00.00 | 09°43′N 114°17′E / 9.717°N 114.283°E / 9.717; 114.283 | PRC | ~27 acres (11 ha) |
|  | Hughes Reef | Union Banks | 00.00 | 09°55′N 114°30′E / 9.917°N 114.500°E / 9.917; 114.500 | PRC | ~19 acres (7.7 ha) |
|  | Pearson Reef | SW Dangerous Ground | 00.00 | 08°58′N 113°42′E / 8.967°N 113.700°E / 8.967; 113.700 | VNM (Phan Vinh Island) | ~6 acres (2.4 ha) |
|  | Cornwallis South Reef | SW Dangerous Ground | 00.00 | 08°43′N 114°11′E / 8.717°N 114.183°E / 8.717; 114.183 | VNM (Núi Le Reef) | ~2 acres (0.81 ha) |

## Features by major reef/bank, etc.

The boundaries of the Spratly Islands are not firmly defined. West-to-east, the islands range from the coastal waters of Vietnam to the east of Dangerous Ground and the Palawan Passage (approx. 106-117°E), and south-to-north from the coastal waters of Borneo and the southern South China Sea to the north of Dangerous Ground and the Reed Bank (approx. 3-12°N).

The major feature of the area is Dangerous Ground, an oblong area approximately 340 nautical miles (630 km; 390 mi) SW-NE, 175 nautical miles (324 km; 201 mi) at its widest, with an area of about 52,000 nm² (178,000 km²). It lies approximately between 7.5–12°N, 113–117°E, and US NGA literatureetc. seems to consider its centre as 10°N 115°E / 10°N 115°E / 10; 115. The remainder of the Spratly Islands are mainly to the west and south of Dangerous Ground, with some features to the east.

The Spratly Islands can be roughly divided into seven sub-areas relative to Dangerous Ground:

* NW of Dangerous Ground (approx. 10-12°N, 113-115°E)
* NE Dangerous Ground (approx. 10-12°N, 115-117°E)
* SE Dangerous Ground (approx. 7-10°N, 115-117°E)
* SW Dangerous Ground (approx. 7-10°N, 113-115°E)
* E of Dangerous Ground (approx. 3-12°N, east of 117°E)
* S of Dangerous Ground (approx. 3- 7°N, 113-117°E) and
* W of Dangerous Ground (approx. 3-12°N, west of 113°E)

Within these sub-areas there are a number of major reefs and banks, as well as ungrouped maritime features.

Starting in the NW, and progressing in a generally SW direction, the features include:

| Sub-area | Group | Vicinity | **Contains:** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| NW | North Danger Reef | 11°25′N 114°21′E / 11.417°N 114.350°E / 11.417; 114.350 | North Reef (Spratly Islands); Northeast Cay; Shira Islet; Southwest Cay; Jenkins Patches; South Reef; Sabine Patches; Farquharson Patches; Day Shoal; Iroquois Ridge |
| NW | Trident & Lys |  | Trident Shoal, Lys Shoal |
| NW | Thitu Reefs | 11°03′N 114°17′E / 11.050°N 114.283°E / 11.050; 114.283 | Thitu Island; Thitu Reef; Sandy Cay (Spratly Islands) |
| NW | *(Near Thitu Reefs)* | 10°55′N 114°04′E / 10.917°N 114.067°E / 10.917; 114.067 | Subi Reef |
| NW | Loaita Banks | 10°45′N 114°30′E / 10.750°N 114.500°E / 10.750; 114.500 | Lankiam Cay; Loaita Cay; Loaita Nan; Loaita Island |
| NW | *(East of Loaita Banks)* | 10°55′N 114°45′E / 10.917°N 114.750°E / 10.917; 114.750 | Menzies Reef , Irving Reef, West York Island |
| NW | Tizard Banks | 10°15′N 114°30′E / 10.250°N 114.500°E / 10.250; 114.500 | Ban Than Reef/Zhongzhou Reef; Eldad Reef\]; Gaven Reefs; Namyit Island; Petley Reef; Sand Cay; Taiping Island/Itu Aba |
| NW | *(West of Tizard Banks)* |  | Western Reef, Discovery Great Reef, Discovery Small Reef |
| W | *(West of Union Banks)* | 9°30′N 112°30′E / 9.500°N 112.500°E / 9.500; 112.500 | Fiery Cross Reef, Dhaulle Shoal, Coronation Bank |
| SW | Union Banks | 09°50′N 114°30′E / 9.833°N 114.500°E / 9.833; 114.500 | Collins Reef/Johnson North Reef, Edmund Reef, Grierson Reef/Sin Cowe East Island, Hallet Reef, Higgens Reef, Holiday Reef, Hughes Reef, Johnson South Reef, Jones Reef/Zhangxi Jiao, Lansdowne Reef, McKennan Reef/Kennan Reef, Sin Cowe Island, Whitson Reef, Empire Reef, Loveless Reef |
| NE | Reed Tablemount | 11°20′N 116°50′E / 11.333°N 116.833°E / 11.333; 116.833 | Reed Bank, Nares Bank, Marie Louise Bank, Pennsylvania North Reef, Iroquois Reef |
| NE | NE Dangerous Ground | 11°N 116°E / 11°N 116°E / 11; 116 | Jackson Atoll, Nanshan Island, Flat Island, Third Thomas Shoal, Hopkins Reef, Amy Douglas Bank/Hirane Shoal, Hardy Reef/Hubo Reef, Sandy Shoal, Lord Auckland Shoal, Carnatic Shoal, Seahorse Shoal/Seashore Shoal/Routh Shoal, Iroquois Reef, Leslie Bank, Templar Bank, Southern Bank (Spratly Islands), Katimugan Banks , Tagpi , Pennsylvania South Reef/Magat Salamat Reef, |
| NE | Southampton Reefs |  | Hopps Reef ; Livock Reef |
| E | *(East & SE Dangerous Ground)* |  | Bombay Shoal, Royal Captain Shoal, Half Moon Shoal, South Viper Shoal |
| SE | SE Dangerous Ground | 9°N 116°E / 9°N 116°E / 9; 116 | Sabina Shoal, Boxall Reef, Second Thomas Shoal, Mischief Reef, First Thomas Shoal, Alicia Annie Reef, Commodore Reef, North Viper Shoal, North East Shoal, Director Reef, Glasgow Bank, Investigator Northeast Shoal |
| SW | SW Dangerous Ground | 9°N 114°E / 9°N 114°E / 9; 114 | Maralie Reef/Bittern Reef, Alison Reef, Cornwallis South Reef, Pearson Reef, Pigeon Reef, Investigator Shoal, Ardasier Reef, Ardasier Bank, Erica Reef, Mariveles Reef, Dallas Reef, Barque Canada Reef, Royal Charlotte Reef |
| W | London Reefs | 08°50′N 112°30′E / 8.833°N 112.500°E / 8.833; 112.500 | Central London Reef; Cuarteron Reef; East London Reef; West London Reef |
| W | *(Spratly Island vicinity)* | 08°40′N 111°45′E / 8.667°N 111.750°E / 8.667; 111.750 | Spratly Island, Ladd Reef, Jubilee Bank (Spratly Islands) |
| W | *(West of Spratly Island)* |  | Scawfell Shoal, Charlotte Bank, Vanguard Bank, Julia Shoal, Royal Bishop Shoal |
| W | *(Southwest of Spratly Island)* |  | Alexandra Bank; Grainger Bank; Prince of Wales Bank; Prince Consort Bank |
| W | Rifleman Bank | 07°50′N 111°40′E / 7.833°N 111.667°E / 7.833; 111.667 | Bombay Castle (bãi Ba Kè); Johnson Patch (tức là Bãi Vũng Mây); Kingston Shoal (Bãi Đinh); Orleana Shoal (Bãi Đất), Bãi Ráng Chiều, bãi Ngũ Sắc, bãi Xà Cừ, bãi Vũ Tích |
| S |  |  | Amboyna Cay; Swallow Reef; Louisa Reef |
| S | Luconia Shoals | 05°30′N 112°30′E / 5.500°N 112.500°E / 5.500; 112.500 | North Luconia Shoals: Friendship Shoal, Hardie Reef, Aitken Reef, Buck Reef, Moody Reef, Seahorse Breakers, Tripp Reef, Hayes Reef
South Luconia Shoals: Stigant Reef, Connell Reef, Herald Reef (Spratly Islands), Comus Shoal, Richmond Reef, Luconia Breakers |

## Features by name

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N P R S T U W Z

## Features by occupier and/or claimant

A feature is occupied by a country if one of the following is true:

* Soldiers and/or civilian citizens of a country are present in the feature, either by building structures over the feature to house the citizens (most features are of this type) or by manning a ship anchored over the feature (Philippine-occupied Irving Reef is of this type).
* Regularly visited by soldiers of a country, not necessarily having soldiers present in it 24 hours. These features must lie near (within 9 miles (14 km)) a feature occupied by the country in the way of the first condition. Presence of structures is not necessary. This is the case of Philippine-occupied Flat Island and Lankiam Cay where soldiers stationed at Nanshan Island and Loaita Island respectively, regularly visit on a daily basis.

The effective visible distance of horizon from a 15-meter (typical large structure) height above sea-level is 9 miles (14 km). This makes features occupied by the second condition to be also labeled as "occupied" since they can be guarded far away. However, not all features within the 9-mile (14 km) radius can be considered as **absolutely occupied**. This is especially true for features that lie between and within 9 miles (14 km) of two or more features occupied by different countries. (See Virtually Occupied or Controlled table)

### Summary

| Int'l Name | Co-ords | Sub-group | Occupant/s | Since | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Itu Aba | 10°22.5′N 114°22′E / 10.3750°N 114.367°E / 10.3750; 114.367 | Tizard Bank | ROC (Taiwan) | 1946 |  |
| Ban Than Reef | 10°23′N 114°24′E / 10.383°N 114.400°E / 10.383; 114.400 | Tizard Bank | ROC (Taiwan) | 1946 |  |
| Cuarteron Reef | 08°53′N 112°51′E / 8.883°N 112.850°E / 8.883; 112.850 | London Reefs | PRC (China) | 1988 |  |
| Fiery Cross Reef | 09°37′N 112°58′E / 9.617°N 112.967°E / 9.617; 112.967 | W of Union Banks | PRC (China) | 1988 | Military Garrison |
| Gaven Reefs | 10°13′N 114°13′E / 10.217°N 114.217°E / 10.217; 114.217 | Tizard Bank | PRC (China) | 1988 |  |
| Hughes Reef | 09°55′N 114°30′E / 9.917°N 114.500°E / 9.917; 114.500 | Union Banks | PRC (China) | 1988 | Lighthouse |
| Johnson South Reef | 09°43′N 114°17′E / 9.717°N 114.283°E / 9.717; 114.283 | Union Banks | PRC (China) | 1988 |  |
| Mischief Reef | 09°55′N 115°32′E / 9.917°N 115.533°E / 9.917; 115.533 | SE Dangerous Ground | PRC (China) | 1995 | Airfield |
| Subi Reef | 10°55′N 114°04′E / 10.917°N 114.067°E / 10.917; 114.067 | W of Thitu Reefs | PRC (China) | 2013 | Military Garrison |
| Flat Island | 10°49′N 115°49′E / 10.817°N 115.817°E / 10.817; 115.817 | SE Dangerous Ground | PHI | 1974 |  |
| Lankiam Cay | 10°43′N 114°32′E / 10.717°N 114.533°E / 10.717; 114.533 | Loaita Banks | PHI | - |  |
| Loaita Cay | 10°43′43″N 114°21′09″E / 10.72861°N 114.35250°E / 10.72861; 114.35250 | Loaita Banks | PHI | - |  |
| Loaita Island | 10°40′N 114°25′E / 10.667°N 114.417°E / 10.667; 114.417 | Loaita Banks | PHI | - |  |
| Nanshan Island | 10°44′N 115°48′E / 10.733°N 115.800°E / 10.733; 115.800 | NE Dangerous Ground | PHI | - |  |
| Northeast Cay | 11°27′N 114°21′E / 11.450°N 114.350°E / 11.450; 114.350 | North Danger Reef | PHI | - |  |
| Thitu Island | 11°03′N 114°17′E / 11.050°N 114.283°E / 11.050; 114.283 | Thitu Reefs | PHI | - |  |
| West York Island | 11°05′N 115°01′E / 11.083°N 115.017°E / 11.083; 115.017 | NW Dangerous Ground | PHI | - |  |
| Commodore Reef | 08°22′N 115°12′E / 8.367°N 115.200°E / 8.367; 115.200 | SE Dangerous Ground | PHI | - |  |
| Irving Reef | 10°52′N 114°55′E / 10.867°N 114.917°E / 10.867; 114.917 | NNW Dangerous Ground | PHI | - |  |
| Second Thomas Shoal | 09°44′N 115°52′E / 9.733°N 115.867°E / 9.733; 115.867 | NE Dangerous Ground | PHI | 1999 | Navy Outpost |
| Southwest Cay | 11°26′N 114°20′E / 11.433°N 114.333°E / 11.433; 114.333 | North Danger Reef | VNM | 1975/04/14 | Lighthouse |
| Sand Cay | 10°23′N 114°29′E / 10.383°N 114.483°E / 10.383; 114.483 | Tizard Bank | VNM | 1975/04/25 | Lighthouse |
| Namyit Island | 10°11′N 114°22′E / 10.183°N 114.367°E / 10.183; 114.367 | Tizard Bank | VNM | 1975/04/27 | Lighthouse |
| Sin Cowe Island | 09°53′N 114°20′E / 9.883°N 114.333°E / 9.883; 114.333 | Union Banks | VNM | 1975/04/27 | Lighthouse |
| Spratly Island | 08°38′N 114°25′E / 8.633°N 114.417°E / 8.633; 114.417 | Spratly Island vicinity | VNM | 1975/04/29 | Lighthouse |
| Amboyna Cay | 07°54′N 112°55′E / 7.900°N 112.917°E / 7.900; 112.917 |  | VNM | 1975/04/29 | Lighthouse |
| Grierson Reef
/Sin Cowe East Island | 09°54′N 114°34′E / 9.900°N 114.567°E / 9.900; 114.567 | Union Banks | VNM | 1978/03/23 |  |
| Central London Reef | 08°56′N 112°21′E / 8.933°N 112.350°E / 8.933; 112.350 | London Reefs | VNM | 1978/04/02 |  |
| Pearson Reef | 08°57′N 113°40′E / 8.950°N 113.667°E / 8.950; 113.667 | SW Dangerous Ground | VNM | 1978/04/10 |  |
| Barque Canada Reef | 08°10′N 113°18′E / 8.167°N 113.300°E / 8.167; 113.300 | NE Dangerous Ground | VNM | 1987/02 |  |
| West London Reef | 08°52′N 112°14′E / 8.867°N 112.233°E / 8.867; 112.233 | London Reefs | VNM | 1988/01/15 | Lighthouse |
| Ladd Reef | 08°41′N 111°40′E / 8.683°N 111.667°E / 8.683; 111.667 | Spratly Island vicinity | VNM | 1988/02/05 | Lighthouse |
| Discovery Great Reef | 10°04′N 113°51′E / 10.067°N 113.850°E / 10.067; 113.850 | W of Tizard Banks | VNM | 1988/02/06 |  |
| Pigeon Reef | 08°51′N 114°39′E / 8.850°N 114.650°E / 8.850; 114.650 | SW Dangerous Ground | VNM | 1988/02/07 | Lighthouse |
| East London Reef | 08°50′N 112°36′E / 8.833°N 112.600°E / 8.833; 112.600 | London Reefs | VNM | 1988/02/19 |  |
| Alison Reef | 08°51′N 114°00′E / 8.850°N 114.000°E / 8.850; 114.000 | SW Dangerous Ground | VNM | 1988/03/20 |  |
| Cornwallis South Reef | 08°43′N 114°11′E / 8.717°N 114.183°E / 8.717; 114.183 | SW Dangerous Ground | VNM | 1988/03/20 |  |
| South Reef | 11°23′N 114°18′E / 11.383°N 114.300°E / 11.383; 114.300 | North Danger Reef | VNM | 1988/04/02 |  |
| Petley Reef | 10°24′N 114°35′E / 10.400°N 114.583°E / 10.400; 114.583 | Tizard Bank | VNM | 1988/04/13 |  |
| Collins Reef | 09°46′N 114°15′E / 9.767°N 114.250°E / 9.767; 114.250 | Union Banks | VNM | 1988/06/28 |  |
| Lansdowne Reef | 09°47′N 114°22′E / 9.783°N 114.367°E / 9.783; 114.367 | Union Banks | VNM | 1988/06/28 |  |
| Bombay Castle | 07°56′N 111°43′E / 7.933°N 111.717°E / 7.933; 111.717 | Riflemen Bank | VNM | 1989/06/30 | Lighthouse |
| Prince of Wales Bank | 08°09′N 110°36′E / 8.150°N 110.600°E / 8.150; 110.600 | Southwest Bank | VNM | 1989/06/30 | Lighthouse |
| Vanguard Bank | 07°32′N 109°45′E / 7.533°N 109.750°E / 7.533; 109.750 | West Spratlys | VNM | 1989/07/05 | Lighthouse,
China Coast Guard regular patrol |
| Prince Consort Bank | 07°55′N 109°58′E / 7.917°N 109.967°E / 7.917; 109.967 | Southwest Bank | VNM | 1990/11/04 | Lighthouse |
| Grainger Bank | 07°49′N 110°30′E / 7.817°N 110.500°E / 7.817; 110.500 | Southwest Bank | VNM | 1991/11/03 | Lighthouse |
| Alexandra Bank | 08°01′N 110°38′E / 8.017°N 110.633°E / 8.017; 110.633 | Southwest Bank | VNM | 1991/11/30 | Lighthouse |
| Orleana Shoal | 07°41′N 111°43′E / 7.683°N 111.717°E / 7.683; 111.717 | Riflemen Bank | VNM | 1998/07/03 | Lighthouse |
| Kingston Shoal | 07°34′6″N 111°33′13″E / 7.56833°N 111.55361°E / 7.56833; 111.55361 | Riflemen Bank | VNM | 1998/07/07 | Lighthouse |
| Swallow Reef | 07°22′N 113°50′E / 7.367°N 113.833°E / 7.367; 113.833 |  | MYS | 1983 | RMN offshore EEZ station "Lima" |
| Ardasier Reef | 07°38′N 113°56′E / 7.633°N 113.933°E / 7.633; 113.933 | SW Dangerous Ground | MYS | 1986 | RMN offshore EEZ station "Uniform" |
| Mariveles Reef | 08°00′N 113°54′E / 8.000°N 113.900°E / 8.000; 113.900 | SW Dangerous Ground | MYS | 1986 | RMN offshore EEZ station "Mike" |
| Dallas Reef | 07°37′N 113°48′E / 7.617°N 113.800°E / 7.617; 113.800 | SW Dangerous Ground | MYS | 1987 (or 1986) |  |
| Erica Reef | 08°06′N 114°08′E / 8.100°N 114.133°E / 8.100; 114.133 | SW Dangerous Ground | MYS | 1999 | RMN offshore EEZ station "Sierra" |
| Investigator Shoal | 08°07′N 114°42′E / 8.117°N 114.700°E / 8.117; 114.700 | SW Dangerous Ground | MYS | 1999 | RMN offshore EEZ station "Papa" |
| James Shoal | 03°58.5′N 112°21′E / 3.9750°N 112.350°E / 3.9750; 112.350 | - | MYS |  | China Coast Guard regular patrol |
| Louisa Reef | 06°20′N 113°14′E / 6.333°N 113.233°E / 6.333; 113.233 |  | BRU | - |  |
| Aitken Reef | 5°54′0″N 112°31′30″E / 5.90000°N 112.52500°E / 5.90000; 112.52500 | Luconia Shoals |  |  | Unoccupied, near |
| Alicia Annie Reef | 9°21′N 115°26′E / 9.350°N 115.433°E / 9.350; 115.433 | SW Dangerous Ground |  |  |  |
| Amy Douglas Bank
/Hirane Shoal | 10°50′N 116°15′E / 10.833°N 116.250°E / 10.833; 116.250 | NE Dangerous Ground |  |  | Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian |
| Ardasier Bank | 7°36′N 114°17′E / 7.600°N 114.283°E / 7.600; 114.283 | SW Dangerous Ground |  |  | Unoccupied, near |
| Bombay Shoal | 9°26′N 116°55′E / 9.433°N 116.917°E / 9.433; 116.917 | ESE Dangerous Ground |  |  | Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian |
| Boxall Reef | 9°36′N 116°10′E / 9.600°N 116.167°E / 9.600; 116.167 | SE Dangerous Ground |  |  | Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian |
| Buck Reef | 5°48′15″N 112°32′15″E / 5.80417°N 112.53750°E / 5.80417; 112.53750 | Luconia Shoals |  |  | Unoccupied, near |
| Carnatic Shoal | 10°06′N 117°21′E / 10.100°N 117.350°E / 10.100; 117.350 | NE Dangerous Ground |  |  | Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian |
| Comus Shoal | 5°2′12″N 112°56′20″E / 5.03667°N 112.93889°E / 5.03667; 112.93889 | Luconia Shoals |  |  | Unoccupied, near |
| Connell Reef | 5°4′40″N 112°34′45″E / 5.07778°N 112.57917°E / 5.07778; 112.57917 | Luconia Shoals |  |  | Unoccupied, near |
| Coronation Bank | 9°21′N 111°44′E / 9.350°N 111.733°E / 9.350; 111.733 | W of Union Banks |  |  |  |
| Dhaulle Shoal | 9°28′N 112°24′E / 9.467°N 112.400°E / 9.467; 112.400 | W of Union Banks |  |  |  |
| Director Reef | 8°28′N 115°55′E / 8.467°N 115.917°E / 8.467; 115.917 | SE Dangerous Ground |  |  |  |
| Discovery Small Reef | 10°01′N 114°02′E / 10.017°N 114.033°E / 10.017; 114.033 | W of Tizard Banks |  |  |  |
| Edmund Reef | 9°54′N 114°23.5′E / 9.900°N 114.3917°E / 9.900; 114.3917 | Union Banks |  |  |  |
| Eldad Reef | 10°21′N 114°42′E / 10.350°N 114.700°E / 10.350; 114.700 | Tizard Bank |  |  | Unoccupied,
China Coast Guard regular patrol |
| Empire Reef | 9°58.5′N 114°35.5′E / 9.9750°N 114.5917°E / 9.9750; 114.5917 | Union Banks |  |  |  |
| First Thomas Shoal | 09°20′N 115°57′E / 9.333°N 115.950°E / 9.333; 115.950 | SE Dangerous Ground |  |  | Unoccupied,
China Coast Guard regular patrol |
| Friendship Shoal | 5°57′18″N 112°31′43″E / 5.95500°N 112.52861°E / 5.95500; 112.52861 | Luconia Shoals |  |  | Unoccupied, near |
| Ganges Reef | 10°20′N 115°04′E / 10.333°N 115.067°E / 10.333; 115.067 | - |  |  |  |
| Glasgow Bank | 8°28′N 115°30′E / 8.467°N 115.500°E / 8.467; 115.500 | SE Dangerous Ground |  |  |  |
| Half Moon Shoal | 8°52′N 116°16′E / 8.867°N 116.267°E / 8.867; 116.267 | ESE Dangerous Ground |  |  | Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian |
| Hallet Reef | 9°56′N 114°31′E / 9.933°N 114.517°E / 9.933; 114.517 | Union Banks |  |  | Unoccupied, near  Hughes Reef |
| Hardie Reef | 5°47′0″N 112°26′45″E / 5.78333°N 112.44583°E / 5.78333; 112.44583 | Luconia Shoals |  |  | Unoccupied, near |
| Hardy Reef/Hubo Reef | 10°08′N 116°08′E / 10.133°N 116.133°E / 10.133; 116.133 | NE Dangerous Ground |  |  | Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian |
| Hayes Reef | 5°22′N 112°39′E / 5.367°N 112.650°E / 5.367; 112.650 | Luconia Shoals |  |  | Unoccupied, near |
| Herald Reef (Spratly Islands) | 4°58′15″N 112°36′15″E / 4.97083°N 112.60417°E / 4.97083; 112.60417 | Luconia Shoals |  |  | Unoccupied, near |
| Higgens Reef | 09°48′N 114°24′E / 9.800°N 114.400°E / 9.800; 114.400 | Union Banks |  |  |  |
| Holiday Reef | 9°58′N 114°34′E / 9.967°N 114.567°E / 9.967; 114.567 | Union Banks |  |  |  |
| Hopkins Reef | 10°48.5′N 116°05.5′E / 10.8083°N 116.0917°E / 10.8083; 116.0917 | NE Dangerous Ground |  |  | Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian |
| Hopps Reef | 10°15′N 115°21.5′E / 10.250°N 115.3583°E / 10.250; 115.3583 | Southampton Reefs |  |  |  |
| Investigator Northeast Shoal | 9°10.5′N 116°27.5′E / 9.1750°N 116.4583°E / 9.1750; 116.4583 | SE Dangerous Ground |  |  | Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian |
| Iroquois Reef | 10°37.5′N 116°10.5′E / 10.6250°N 116.1750°E / 10.6250; 116.1750 | NE Dangerous Ground |  |  | Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian |
| Jackson Atoll | 10°29′N 115°45′E / 10.483°N 115.750°E / 10.483; 115.750 | NE Dangerous Ground |  |  |  |
| Johnson Patch | 07°48′15″N 111°34′29″E / 7.80417°N 111.57472°E / 7.80417; 111.57472 | Union Banks | Riflemen Bank |  | Unoccupied, near  Bombay Castle |
| Jones Reef/Zhangxi Jiao | 9°50′N 114°28′E / 9.833°N 114.467°E / 9.833; 114.467 | Union Banks |  |  |  |
| Jubilee Bank (Spratly Islands) | 8°32′N 111°29′E / 8.533°N 111.483°E / 8.533; 111.483 | Spratly Island vicinity |  |  | Unoccupied, near  Ladd Reef |
| Katimugan Banks | 10°30′N 116°40′E / 10.500°N 116.667°E / 10.500; 116.667 | NE Dangerous Ground- |  |  | Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian |
| Leslie Bank | 11°05′N 117°28′E / 11.083°N 117.467°E / 11.083; 117.467 | NE Dangerous Ground- |  |  | Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian |
| Livock Reef | 10°11′N 115°18′E / 10.183°N 115.300°E / 10.183; 115.300 | Southampton Reefs |  |  |  |
| Loaita Nan | 10°42′N 114°19′E / 10.700°N 114.317°E / 10.700; 114.317 | Loaita Banks |  |  | Unoccupied, near  Loaita Cay |
| Lord Auckland Shoal | 10°20′N 117°17′E / 10.333°N 117.283°E / 10.333; 117.283 | NE Dangerous Ground |  |  | Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian |
| Loveless Reef | 9°51′N 114°17′E / 9.850°N 114.283°E / 9.850; 114.283 | Union Banks |  |  | Unoccupied, near  Sin Cowe Island |
| Luconia Breakers | 4°59′N 112°37′E / 4.983°N 112.617°E / 4.983; 112.617 | Luconia Shoals |  |  | Unoccupied, near ,
China Coast Guard regular patrol |
| Lys Shoal | 11°19′N 114°35′E / 11.317°N 114.583°E / 11.317; 114.583 | Trident & Lys |  |  |  |
| Maralie Reef
/Bittern Reef | 9°12′N 113°40′E / 9.200°N 113.667°E / 9.200; 113.667 | SW Dangerous Ground |  |  |  |
| Marie Louise Bank | 11°55′N 116°47′E / 11.917°N 116.783°E / 11.917; 116.783 | Reed Tablemount |  |  | Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian |
| McKennan Reef
/Kennan Reef | 9°54′N 114°28′E / 9.900°N 114.467°E / 9.900; 114.467 | Union Banks |  |  | Unoccupied, near  Hughes Reef |
| Menzies Reef | 11°09′N 114°48′E / 11.150°N 114.800°E / 11.150; 114.800 | NNW Dangerous Ground |  |  |  |
| Moody Reef | 5°37′38″N 112°21′38″E / 5.62722°N 112.36056°E / 5.62722; 112.36056 | Luconia Shoals |  |  | Unoccupied, near |
| Nares Bank | 11°35′N 116°15′E / 11.583°N 116.250°E / 11.583; 116.250 | Reed Tablemount |  |  | Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian |
| North East Shoal | 8°31′N 115°15′E / 8.517°N 115.250°E / 8.517; 115.250 | SE Dangerous Ground |  |  |  |
| North Luconia Shoals | 5°39′N 112°28′E / 5.650°N 112.467°E / 5.650; 112.467 | Luconia Shoals |  |  | Unoccupied, near |
| South Luconia Shoals | 5°05′N 112°40′E / 5.083°N 112.667°E / 5.083; 112.667 | Luconia Shoals |  |  | Unoccupied, near |
| North Reef (Spratly Islands) | 11°28′N 114°23′E / 11.467°N 114.383°E / 11.467; 114.383 | North Danger Reef |  |  | Unoccupied, near  Northeast Cay |
| North Viper Shoal | 8°02′N 115°23′E / 8.033°N 115.383°E / 8.033; 115.383 | SE Dangerous Ground |  |  |  |
| South Viper Shoal | 7°30′N 115°00′E / 7.500°N 115.000°E / 7.500; 115.000 | ESE Dangerous Ground |  |  |  |
| Owen Shoal | 8°9′N 111°58′E / 8.150°N 111.967°E / 8.150; 111.967 | - |  |  | Unoccupied, near  Bombay Castle |
| Pennsylvania North Reef | 10°48′N 116°51′E / 10.800°N 116.850°E / 10.800; 116.850 | Reed Tablemount |  |  | Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian |
| Pennsylvania South Reef
/Magat Salamat Reef | 10°23′N 116°34′E / 10.383°N 116.567°E / 10.383; 116.567 | NE Dangerous Ground- |  |  | Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian |
| Reed Bank | 11°20′N 116°50′E / 11.333°N 116.833°E / 11.333; 116.833 | Reed Tablemount |  |  | Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian |
| Richmond Reef | 5°3′0″N 112°39′52″E / 5.05000°N 112.66444°E / 5.05000; 112.66444 | Luconia Shoals |  |  | Unoccupied, near |
| Royal Captain Shoal | 9°01′N 116°40′E / 9.017°N 116.667°E / 9.017; 116.667 | ESE Dangerous Ground |  |  | Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian |
| Royal Charlotte Reef | 6°57′N 113°35′E / 6.950°N 113.583°E / 6.950; 113.583 | SW Dangerous Ground |  |  | Unoccupied, near ,
China Coast Guard regular patrol |
| Sabina Shoal | 9°45′N 116°28′E / 9.750°N 116.467°E / 9.750; 116.467 | SE Dangerous Ground |  |  | Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian |
| Sandy Cay (Spratly Islands) | 11°04′N 114°13′E / 11.067°N 114.217°E / 11.067; 114.217 | Thitu Reefs |  |  | Unoccupied, near  Thitu Island |
| Sandy Shoal | 11°02′N 117°38′E / 11.033°N 117.633°E / 11.033; 117.633 | NE Dangerous Ground- |  |  | Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian |
| Seahorse Breakers | 5°30′N 112°35′E / 5.500°N 112.583°E / 5.500; 112.583 | Luconia Shoals |  |  | Unoccupied, near |
| Seahorse Shoal | 10°48′N 117°47′E / 10.800°N 117.783°E / 10.800; 117.783 | NE Dangerous Ground- |  |  | Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian |
| Southern Bank (Spratly Islands) | 10°28′N 116°45′E / 10.467°N 116.750°E / 10.467; 116.750 | NE Dangerous Ground- |  |  | Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian |
| Stag Shoal | 8°27′N 112°57′E / 8.450°N 112.950°E / 8.450; 112.950 | - |  |  |  |
| Stigant Reef | 5°1′28″N 112°28′45″E / 5.02444°N 112.47917°E / 5.02444; 112.47917 | Luconia Shoals |  |  | Unoccupied, near |
| Tagpi | 10°33′N 116°56′E / 10.550°N 116.933°E / 10.550; 116.933 | NE Dangerous Ground- |  |  | Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian |
| Templar Bank | 11°01′N 117°17′E / 11.017°N 117.283°E / 11.017; 117.283 | NE Dangerous Ground- |  |  | Unoccupied, the east of the 116°E meridian |
| Third Thomas Shoal | 10°54′N 115°56′E / 10.900°N 115.933°E / 10.900; 115.933 | NE Dangerous Ground |  |  |  |
| Thitu Reef | 11°05′N 114°23′E / 11.083°N 114.383°E / 11.083; 114.383 | Thitu Reefs |  |  | Unoccupied, near  Thitu Island |
| Trident Shoal | 11°24′N 114°40′E / 11.400°N 114.667°E / 11.400; 114.667 | Trident & Lys |  |  |  |
| Tripp Reef | 5°28′30″N 112°28′30″E / 5.47500°N 112.47500°E / 5.47500; 112.47500 | Luconia Shoals |  |  | Unoccupied, near |
| Western Reef | 10°14′N 113°38.33′E / 10.233°N 113.63883°E / 10.233; 113.63883 | W of Tizard Banks |  |  |  |
| Whitson Reef | 09°59′N 114°39′E / 9.983°N 114.650°E / 9.983; 114.650 | Union Banks |  |  | Unoccupied,
China Coast Guard regular patrol |
|

### Occupied features

200km
124milesSOU T H CHINA SEADan g erousGro u nd 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 6 5 4 3  2  1Location of the major islands in Spratly Islands. The eastern Dangerous Ground area contains many other reefs. Legend:
Republic of China (Taiwan): 1: Taiping 2: Zhongzhou    People's Republic of China: 3: Yongshu 4: Meiji 5: Zhubi 6: Huayang 7: Nanxun 8: Chiguo 9: Dongmen    Philippines: 10: Flat Island 11: Lankiam Cay 12: Loaita Cay 13: Loaita Island 14: Nanshan Island 15: Northeast Cay 16: Thitu Island 17: West York Island 18: Commodore Reef 19: Irving Reef 20: Second Thomas Shoal    Vietnam: 21: Southwest Cay 22: Sand Cay 23: Namyit Island 24: Sin Cowe Island 25: Spratly Island 26: Amboyna Cay 27: Grierson Reef 28: Central London Reef 29: Pearson Reef 30: Barque Canada Reef 31: West London Reef 32: Ladd Reef 33: Discovery Great Reef 34: Pigeon Reef 35: East London Reef 36: Alison Reef 37: Cornwallis South Reef 38: Petley Reef 39: South Reef 40: Collins Reef 41: Lansdowne Reef 42: Bombay Castle 43: Prince of Wales Bank 44: Vanguard Bank 45: Prince Consort Bank 46: Grainger Bank 47: Alexandra Bank 48: Orleana Shoal 49: Kingston Shoal    Malaysia: 50: Swallow Reef 51: Ardasier Reef 52: Dallas Reef 53: Erica Reef 54: Investigator Shoal 55: Mariveles Reef    Brunei: 56: Louisa Reef
#### Brunei Darussalam

Note that Louisa Reef was controlled by Brunei since 2009.

**Brunei**
| **Int'l Name** | **Local Names** | **Description** | **Area (ha.)** | Reclaimed area |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Louisa Reef* | 南通礁
南通礁
Nantong Jiao | Rocks 1 m high. Malaysia operates a lighthouse here. | 0 |
| | Terumbu Semarang / Barat Kecil | | |
| **Total** |  | *1 reef* | **0** |

#### Malaysia

Note that the Royal Malaysian Navy have established 5 Offshore naval stations (Offshore EEZ Stations) on reclaimed land:

1. 1983: Station Lima (Swallow Reef)
2. 1986: Station Uniform (Ardasier Reef)
3. 1986: Station Mike (Mariveles Reef)
4. 1999: Station Sierra (Erica Reef)
5. 1999: Station Papa (Investigator Shoal)

Malaysia
| **Int'l Name** | **Local Names** | **Description** | **Area (ha.)** | Reclaimed area |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Swallow *Reef*/ Island* | Celerio | The eleventh largest Spratly island. Treeless cay and rocks up to 3 m high surround a lagoon. Malaysia has drawn territorial seas around this and Amboyna Cay. Some 70 plus soldiers stationed at Royal Malaysian Navy offshore EEZ station "Lima". Has a 1.4 km airstrip, jetty and dive resort. Occupied since 1983. | 6.2 | ~35ha |
| | 弹丸礁
彈丸礁
Danwan Jiao | | | |
| | Đá Hoa Lau | | | |
| | Terumbu Layang Layang | | | |
| *Ardasier Reef* | Antonio Luna | 07°38′N 113°56′E / 7.633°N 113.933°E / 7.633; 113.933
Naturally above water only at low tide. Encloses a lagoon. Has a few sandy patches. Several soldiers stationed at Royal Malaysian Navy offshore EEZ station "Uniform". Occupied since 1986. | 0 |
| | 光星仔礁
光星仔礁
Guangxingzai Jiao | | |
| | Bãi Kiêu Ngựa | | |
| | Terumbu Ubi | | |
| *Dallas Reef* | Rajah Matanda | Naturally above water only at low tide. Encloses a lagoon. Several soldiers stationed. Malaysia is also using this reef for tourism. | 0 |
| | 光星礁 Guangxing Jiao | | |
| | Đá Suối Cát | | |
| | Terumbu Laya | | |
| *Erica Reef / Enloa Reef* | Gabriela Silang | Above water only at low tide. Some isolated rocks on the eastern edge stand above high water. Several soldiers stationed at Royal Malaysian Navy offshore EEZ station "Sierra". Occupied since 1999. | 0 |
| | 簸箕礁
簸箕礁
Boji Jiao | | |
| | Đá Én Ca | | |
| | Terumbu Siput | | |
| *Investigator Shoal* | Pawikan | Above water only at low tide. Some large rocks at the western end are visible at high water. Encloses a lagoon. Several soldiers stationed at Royal Malaysian Navy offshore EEZ station "Papa". Occupied since 1999. | 0 |
| | 榆亚暗沙
榆亞暗沙
Yuya Ansha | | |
| | Bãi Thám Hiểm | | |
| | Terumbu Peninjau | | |
| *Mariveles Reef* | Mariveles | A sand cay, 1.5–2 m high, surrounded by two lagoons, parts of which are above water at high tide. Several soldiers stationed at Royal Malaysian Navy offshore EEZ station "Mike". Occupied since 1986. | 0 |
| | 南海礁
南海礁
Nanhai Jiao | | |
| | Đá Kỳ Vân | | |
| | Terumbu Mantanani | | |
| **Total** |  | *1 island, 4 reefs, and 1 shoal* | **6.2** |

#### People's Republic of China

**People's Republic of China**
| **Int'l Name** | **Local Names** | **Description** | **Area (ha.)** | Reclaimed area |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Cuarteron Reef* | 华阳礁 Huayang Jiao | 8°53′00″N 112°51′05″E / 8.88333°N 112.85139°E / 8.88333; 112.85139 \- *Part of London Reefs.*
***Natural features***
Coral rocks only. Highest are 1.5 m high, on the north.
***Occupation before land reclamation***
Occupied by PRC since 1988. As of 2011, has permanent reef fortresses and supply platforms able to resist winds up to 71 knots and equipped with VHF / UHF communications equipment, search radars as well as naval guns and anti-aircraft guns, which can serve as docks for Chinese navy patrol boats.
***Land reclamation***
Intelligence reports of November 2014 suggest the reef has been transformed into an island of yet unknown size, due to PRC's land reclamation activities. By June 2015, the land reclamation had reached 0.231 km2 and appeared complete. | 0 | 23.1 ha |
| | Calderon | | | |
| | Đá Châu Viên | | | |
| *Fiery Cross Reef / Northwest Investigator Reef* | 永暑礁 Yongshu Jiao | 9°37′N 112°58′E / 9.617°N 112.967°E / 9.617; 112.967 \- *West of Union Banks*
***Natural features***
Rocks up to 1 m high. \[5\] says all below high tide, but guano deposits disagree.
***Occupation before land reclamation***
Occupied by PRC since 1988. "Marine observation station" built by PRC in 1988; PRC built a navy harbor by blasting, piling up and cementing coral; coconut, fir, and banyan trees planted. As of 2011, designated the PRC main command headquarters; equipped with satellite data transmission, surface and air search radars; armed with at least four high-powered naval guns and several gun emplacements.
***Land reclamation***
Intelligence reports of November 2014 observed that the reef has been transformed into an island 3,000m long and 200-300m wide due to PRC land reclamation activities.
In February 2015, land reclamation was already estimated having reached 2.3 km2, turning the reef to the largest landmass in Spratly islands. The reclaimed area was estimated to have grown to 2.65 km2 in April 2015. By June 2015, the land reclamation had reached 2.74 km2 and appeared complete. | 0 | 274 ha |
| | Kagitingan | | | |
| | Đá Chữ Thập | | | |
| *Gaven Reefs* | 南薰礁 Nanxun Jiao (Northern reef) / Xinan or Duolu Jiao
(Southern reef) | 10°12′48″N 114°13′9″E / 10.21333°N 114.21917°E / 10.21333; 114.21917 \- *Part of Tizard Banks.*
***Natural features***
A sand dune, 2 m high. Has fringing reef plus a reef 2 miles (3 km) to the south, both covered at high tide.
***Occupation before land reclamation***
Southern reef was occupied by PRC on 7/4/92. Occupied since 1988. As of 2011, has permanent reef fortresses and supply platforms able to resist winds up to 71 knots and equipped with VHF / UHF communications equipment, search radars as well as naval guns and anti-aircraft guns, which can serve as docks for Chinese navy patrol boats.
***Land reclamation***
Intelligence reports of November 2014 observed that the reef has been transformed into an island of yet unknown size due to PRC land reclamation activities. By June 2015, the land reclamation had reached 0.136 km2 and appeared complete. | 0 | 13.6 ha |
| | Burgos | | | |
| | Đá Ga Ven (N. reef) / Đá Lạc (S. reef) | | | |
| *Hughes Reef* | 东门礁 Dongmen Jiao | 9°55′N 114°30′E / 9.917°N 114.500°E / 9.917; 114.500 \- *Part of Union Banks.*
***Natural features***
Lies 9 miles (14 km) to the east of Sin Cowe Island. Naturally above water at least at low tide.
***Occupation before land reclamation***
Occupied since 1988. Has a lighthouse on top of a two storied Chinese defence outpost.
***Land reclamation***
Imagery captured on 24 January 2015 shows 0.75 km2 of reclaimed land and the construction of a large facility in progress. By June 2015, the land reclamation had reached 0.76 km2 and appeared complete. | 0 | 7.6 ha |
| | Đá Tư Nghĩa | | | |
| *Johnson South Reef* | 赤瓜礁 Chigua Jiao | 9°42′50″N 114°17′10″E / 9.71389°N 114.286°E / 9.71389; 114.286 \- *Part of Union Banks.*
***Natural features***
Contiguous with Vietnam-occupied Collins Reef which lies 4 miles (6 km) away northwest. Naturally above water only at low tide, but many rocks above water at high tide.
***Occupation before land reclamation***
Site of 1988 PRC/Vietnam clash. Occupied since 1988. As of 2011, has permanent reef fortresses and supply platforms able to resist winds up to 71 knots and equipped with VHF / UHF communications equipment, search radars as well as naval guns and anti-aircraft guns, which can serve as docks for Chinese navy patrol boats.
***Land reclamation***
Intelligence reports of November 2014 observed that the reef has been transformed into an island about 500m by 200m due to PRC land reclamation activities. By June 2015, the land reclamation had reached 0.109 km2 and appeared complete. | 0 | 10.9 ha |
| | Mabini | | | |
| | Đá Gạc Ma | | | |
| *Mischief Reef* | 美济礁 Meiji Jiao | 9°55′N 115°32′E / 9.917°N 115.533°E / 9.917; 115.533 \- *East of the centre of Dangerous Ground.*
***Natural features***
Some rocks above water at low tide. Has a large lagoon.
***Occupation before land reclamation***
In February 1995, PRC had built a wooden complex on stilts here, starting its formal occupation of the feature. In 1999, the Philippines protested over the expanded structures claiming that it is a military outpost and it poses danger to Philippine security and national defense, being 130 miles (209 km) from Palawan. PRC claimed it was a shelter for fishermen. By 2011, the "shelters" were equipped with satellite communications and radars, and the reef had four building complexes with 13 multi-storey buildings. Fifty Chinese Marines are permanently stationed there.
***Land reclamation***
In March 2015, it was detected that the PRC had started land reclamation activities on the reef. By April 2015, the reclaimed area had rapidly grown to almost 2.5 km2, and further reclamation was on-going around the reef. By June 2015, the land reclamation had reached 5.58 km2 and appeared nearing completion. | 0 | 558 ha |
| | Panganiban | | | |
| | Đá Vành Khăn | | | |
| *Subi (Zhubi) Reef* | 渚碧礁 Zhubi Dao | 10°54′48″N 114°03′43″E / 10.9133°N 114.062°E / 10.9133; 114.062 \- *West of Thitu Reefs.*
***Natural features***
Lies 16 miles (26 km) southwest of Philippine-occupied Thitu Island (Pagasa Island). Naturally above water only at low tide. Surrounds a lagoon.
***Occupation before land reclamation***
As of 2011, PRC has built a permanent reef fortress and supply platform that can house 160 troops. This garrison has a helipad and is armed with four twin barrel 37-millimeter naval guns. Houses a doppler weather radar.
***Land reclamation***
Intelligence reports of March 2015 observed that the reef has been transformed into an island about 1.8 km2 due to PRC land reclamation activities. In April 2015, the reclaimed area was about 2.27 km2 and growing. Two months later, the reclaimed area had grown to 3.87 km2. Later in June 2015, the land reclamation had reached 3.95 km2 and appeared nearing completion. | 0 | 395 ha |
| | Zamora | | | |
| | Đá Xu Bi | | | |
| **Total** |  | *7 reefs of which 7 have artificial islands* | **0** | **1350.6 ha** |

#### Republic of China (Taiwan)

**Republic of China (Taiwan)**
| **Int'l Name** | **Local Names** | **Description** | **Area (ha.)** | Reclaimed area |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Taiping Island / Itu Aba | 太平島 Tàipíng Dǎo | 10°22′30″N 114°22′0″E / 10.37500°N 114.36667°E / 10.37500; 114.36667 \- *Part of Tizard Banks.*
The largest of the Spratly islands, and one of the few islands in the South China Sea with its own source of fresh water. Located about 22 miles (35 km) south-southwest of Philippine-occupied Loaita (Kota) Island and about 6 miles (10 km) west of Vietnam-occupied Sand Cay. Covered with shrubs, coconut and mangroves. 600 soldiers stationed, lighthouse, radio and weather stations, concrete landing jetty and two wells at the SW end. Guano deposits, fringing reef. Hainan fishermen used to visit annually. In August 1993, plans were announced for a 2 km-long airstrip and a fishing port. The now only 1150-meters-long airstrip was completed in January 2008. Pineapple was once cultivated here. Occupied since September 1956, four months after Filipino Tomas Cloma claimed the islands. | 46 |
| | Ligaw | | |
| | Đảo Ba Bình | | |
| | Other names: | Ligao, Huángshānmǎ Jiāo (黃山馬礁), Huángshānmǎ Zhì (黃山馬峙), Nagashima (長島) | |
| *Ban Than Reef* / Zhongzhou Reef | 中洲礁 Zhongzhou Jiao | 10°23′10″N 114°24′49″E / 10.38611°N 114.41361°E / 10.38611; 114.41361 \- *Part of Tizard Banks.*
Lies 3 miles (5 km) east of Itu Aba Island and 3 miles (5 km) west of Vietnamese occupied Sand Cay. Small drying reef. "Construction project" underway since March 1995. | 0 |
| | Bãi Bàn Than | | |
| **Total** |  | *1 island and 1 reef* | **46** |

#### Republic of the Philippines

Republic of the Philippines
| **Int'l Name** | **Local Names** | **Description** | **Area (ha.)** | Reclaimed area |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Flat Island | Patag | 10°49′00″N 115°49′20″E / 10.81667°N 115.82222°E / 10.81667; 115.82222
The fourteenth largest Spratly island. About 6 miles (10 km) southwest of Philippine-occupied Lawak Island (Nanshan Island). It changes its shape seasonally; the sand build up depends largely on the direction of prevailing wind and waves - the island has taken an elongated shape, the shape of a crescent moon, and the shape of a letter "S". Like Panata Island (Lankiam Cay), it is also barren of any vegetation. No underground water source is found in the island. Presently, the island serves as a military observation post for the Municipality of Kalayaan. A low, flat, sandy cay, 240m by 90m, subject to erosion. No vegetation. Several soldiers stationed. | 0.57 |
| | 费信岛
費信島
Feixin Dao | | |
| | Đảo Bình Nguyên | | |
| Lankiam Cay | Panata | The sixteenth largest and the smallest Spratly island. Located 8 miles (13 km) northeast of Philippine-occupied Kota Island (Lankiam Cay). A few years ago this island has a surface area of more than 5 hectares but strong waves brought by a strong typhoon washed out the sandy surface (beach) of the island leaving behind today the calcarenite foundation that can be seen at low tide. Several soldiers stationed. *Part of Loaita Banks.* | 0.44 |
| | 杨信沙洲
杨信沙洲
Yangxin Shazhou | | |
| | Đá An Nhơn | | |
| Loaita Cay | Melchora Aquino | The fifteenth largest Spratly island. It's located about 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) northwest of Philippine-occupied Loaita Island, just west of the north of Dangerous Ground. The island is a low, flat, sandy cay, and is subject to erosion. It changes its shape seasonally. The sand build up depends largely on the direction of prevailing winds and waves; it has taken an elongated shape for some years. Several soldiers stationed. Occupied since 1968. *Part of Loaita Banks.* | 0.53 |
| | 南钥沙洲
南钥沙洲
Nanyao Shazhou | | |
| | Đảo Loại Ta Tây | | |
| Loaita Island | Kota | The tenth largest Spratly island. Located 22 miles (35 km) southeast of Philippine-occupied Pag-asa Island (Thitu Island) and 22 miles (35 km) north-northeast of the ROC-occupied Taiping Island. It fringes the Laoita bank and reef. Its calcarenite outcrop is visible along its western side at low tide. The present shape of the island indicates sand buildup along its eastern side. The anchor-shaped side will eventually connect with the northern portion as the sand buildup continues thereby creating another mini-lagoon in the process. The presence of migrating sea birds adds to the high phosphorus contents of the sand found in the island. Occasionally, giant sea turtles are reported to be laying their eggs in the island. Covered with mangrove bushes, above which rose coconut palms and other small trees. Several soldiers stationed. Occupied since 1968. *Part of Loaita Banks.* | 6.45 |
| | 南钥岛
南鑰島
Nanyue Dao | | |
| | Đảo Loại Ta | | |
| Nanshan Island | Lawak | 10°45′N 115°49′E / 10.750°N 115.817°E / 10.750; 115.817
The eighth largest Spratly island. Located 98.0 miles (157.7 km) east of Pag-asa (Thitu Island). This island is a bird sanctuary. Its surroundings are highly phosphatized that superphosphate materials can be mined out on a small-scale basis. Near the fringes of the breakwaters (approx. 2 miles (3 km) from the island), intact hard coral reefs were observed to retain their natural environment and beautiful tropical fishes were seen colonizing these coral beds of varying colors. Covered with coconut trees, bushes and grass. 580 m long, on the edge of a submerged reef. Several soldiers stationed. Has a small helipad. | 7.93 |
| | 马欢岛
馬歡島
Mahuan Dao | | |
| | Đảo Vĩnh Viễn | | |
| Northeast Cay | Parola | 11°28′N 114°21′E / 11.467°N 114.350°E / 11.467; 114.350
The fifth largest Spratly island. Only 1.75 miles (2.82 km) north of Vietnamese-occupied Southwest Cay and can be seen before the horizon. Located 28 miles (45 km) northwest of Philippine-occupied Pag-asa (Thitu Island). Some of its outcrops are visible on its western side. It has high salinity groundwater and vegetation limited to beach type of plants. The corals around the island were mostly destroyed by rampant use of dynamite fishing and cyanide method employed by foreign fishing boats in the past. Covered with grass and thick trees. Much of the ringing reef is above water at high tide. Supported a beacon in 1984. Has Guano deposits. Several soldiers stationed. Satellite photography suggests it may have an airstrip. Occupied since 1968. *Part of North Danger Reef.* | 12.7 |
| | 北子岛 Beizi Dao
北子礁 Beizi Jiao | | |
| | Đảo Song Tử Đông | | |
| Thitu Island | Pag-asa | The second largest Spratly island. Serves as the *poblacion* for the Municipality of Kalayaan, Palawan, Phils. It is covered with trees and has a variety of fauna. It is home to some 300+ civilians (including children) and over 50 soldiers. Other islands are expected to be populated before 2010. Population is regulated to protect the islands' flora and fauna and to avoid tension with other countries. It has 1.4 km airstrip, a marina, water filtering plant, power generator and a commercial communications tower (by Smart Communications), and a school. The Philippines' Department of Tourism is making improvements to the island to make it profitable. Occupied since 1971. *Part of Thitu Reefs.* | 37.2 |
| | 中业岛
中業島
Zhongye Dao | | |
| | Đảo Thị Tứ | | |
| West York Island | Likas | 11°05′N 115°01′E / 11.083°N 115.017°E / 11.083; 115.017
The third largest Spratly island. This island is located 47 miles (76 km) northeast of Pag-asa (Thitu Island). Outcrops are visible on the southern and eastern portion of the island during low tides. This island is considered a sanctuary for giant sea turtles that lay their eggs on the island all year round. The high salinity of the ground water in the island retards the growth of introduced trees like coconuts, ipil-ipil, and other types. Only those endemic to the area that are mostly beach type of plants thrive and survive the hot and humid condition especially during the dry season. Has an observation post. Several soldiers stationed. | 18.6 |
| | 西月岛
西月島
Xiyue Dao | | |
| | Đảo Bến Lạc (Đảo Dừa) | | |
| *Commodore Reef* | Rizal | A sand "cay", 0.5 m high, surrounded by two lagoons. Parts of reef above water at high tide. It is a typical reef lying underwater and is now being manned by a military contingent based and established in the area. Some structures. Several soldiers stationed. Occupied since 1978. | 0 |
| | 司令礁
司令礁
Siling Jiao | | |
| | Đá Công Đo | | |
| | Terumbu Laksamana | | |
| *Irving Reef* | Balagtas | Naturally above water only at low tide. A very small cay lies at northern end. Some structures. Several soldiers stationed. | 0 |
| | 火艾礁
火艾礁
Huo'ai Jiao | | |
| | Đá Cá Nhám | | |
| *Second Thomas Reef / shoal* | Ayungin | A shallow reef. It is close to Chinese-occupied Mischief Reef. It was occupied by the Philippines in 1999, after the 1995 controversial Chinese occupation of Mischief Reef, to put pressure on China not to occupy any features further which lie near the Philippines. | 0 |
| | 仁爱礁 Ren'ai Jiao
仁愛暗沙 Ren'ai Ansha | | |
| | Bãi Cỏ Mây | | |
| **Total** |  | *8 islands and 3 reefs* | **84.42** |

#### Socialist Republic of Vietnam

**Socialist Republic of Vietnam**
| **Int'l Name** | **Local Names** | **Description** | **Area (ha.)** | Reclaimed area |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Southwest Cay* | Pugad | 11°28′N 114°21′E / 11.467°N 114.350°E / 11.467; 114.350
The sixth largest Spratly island. Only 1.75 miles (2.82 km) from Northeast Cay and can be seen before the horizon. Previously a breeding place for birds and covered with trees and guano. Export of guano was once carried out "on a considerable scale." Fringing reef partly above water at high tide. Vietnam erected its first lighthouse in the Spratlys here in October 1993 and built an airstrip. Has a three-story building, garrisoned by soldiers. Philippine military controlled the island before the early 1970s. South Vietnamese forces (Republic of Vietnam) invaded the island in 1975, when Filipino soldiers guarding the island attended the birthday party of their commanding officer based in the nearby Northeast Cay. A confirmed report came out that Vietnamese prostitutes were sent by Vietnamese officials to the birthday party, supposedly a sign of good brotherhood between the forces, but was actually used to lure the Filipino soldiers guarding the island. Filipino forces apparently planned on attacking the island, thus it would have led to a war, but Vietnamese forces were able to erect a huge garrison in the island within few weeks, forcing Filipino officials to abort the plan. Since then, more soldiers were assigned to Parola Island (North East Cay), to avoid it from happening again. This was confirmed by interviews with soldiers involved in an episode of the defunct ABS-CBN's *Magandang Gabi Bayan* (Good Evening Nation) program. See Policies, activities and history of the Philippines in Spratly Islands#Southwest Cay invasion for more details. *Part of North Danger Reef.* | 12 |
| | 南子岛 Nanzi Dao
南子礁 Nanzi Jiao | | |
| | Đảo Song Tử Tây | | |
| *Sand Cay* | Bailan | 10°23′N 114°29′E / 10.383°N 114.483°E / 10.383; 114.483
The ninth largest Spratly island. Lies 6 miles (10 km) to the east of Taiwan-occupied Taiping Island. Covered with trees and bushes. Fringing reef partly above water at low tide. This feature is commonly confused with Sandy Cay. Occupied since 1974. *Part of Tizard Banks.* | 7 |
| | 敦谦沙洲
敦謙沙洲
Dunqian Shazhou | | |
| | Đảo Sơn Ca | | |
| *Namyit Island* | Binago | 10°11′N 114°22′E / 10.183°N 114.367°E / 10.183; 114.367
The twelfth largest Spratly island. Covered with small trees, bushes and grass. Has a fringing reef and is inhabited by sea birds. The island is inhabited by an unknown number of Vietnamese soldiers and in the deep waters fronting the south side it is said that a submarine base is situated. Occupied since 1975.*Part of Tizard Banks.* | 5.3 |
| | 鸿庥岛 Hongxiu Dao | | |
| | Đảo Nam Yết | | |
| *Sin Cowe Island* | Rurok | 9°52′N 114°19′E / 9.867°N 114.317°E / 9.867; 114.317
The seventh largest. Has fringing reef which is above water at low tide. Occupied since 1974. *Part of Union Banks.* | 8 |
| | 景宏岛 Jinghong Dao | | |
| | Đảo Sinh Tồn | | |
| *Spratly Island / Storm Island* | Lagos | 8°38′N 114°25′E / 8.633°N 114.417°E / 8.633; 114.417
The fourth largest Spratly island. 2.5 m high, flat. Covered with bushes, grass, birds and guano. 5.5 m-high obelisk at southern tip. Has landing strip, and a fishing port. Fringing reef is above water at low tide. Some structures with soldiers stationed. Occupied since 1974. | 13 |
| | 南威岛 Nanwei Dao | | |
| | Đảo Trường Sa | | |
| *Amboyna Cay* | Datu Kalantiaw | 07°54′N 112°55′E / 7.900°N 112.917°E / 7.900; 112.917
The thirteenth largest Spratly island. 2m high. Two parts: East part consists of sand and coral, west part is covered with guano. Has fringing reef. An obelisk, about 2.7 m high, stands on the SW corner. Little vegetation. Lighthouse operational since May 1995. Heavily fortified. | 1.6 |
| | 安波沙洲 Anbo Shazhou | | |
| | Đảo An Bang | | |
| | Pulau Amboyna Kecil | | |
| *Grierson Reef* | 染青沙洲 Ranqing Shazhou | A sand cay with fringing reef. (Despite some ambiguity in various references, this is NOT Sin Cowe East Island.) Its sand bar area is about 12 hectares. *Part of Union Banks.* | 0 |
| | Đảo Sinh Tồn Đông | | |
| *Central London Reef* | Gitnang Quezon | 08°59′N 112°21′E / 8.983°N 112.350°E / 8.983; 112.350
SW part is a sandbank which barely submerges at high tide. The rest is coral reef, awash, surrounding a lagoon. Occupied since 1978. *Part of London Reefs.* | 0 |
| | 中礁 Zhong Jiao | | |
| | Đảo Trường Sa Đông | | |
| *Pearson Reef* | Hizon | Two sand "cays", 2 m and 1 m high, lie on the edges of a lagoon. Parts of the surrounding reef are above water at high tide. Occupied since 1988. | 0 |
| | 毕生礁 Bisheng Jiao | | |
| | Đảo Phan Vinh | | |
| *Barque Canada Reef / Lizzie Weber Reef* | *(Barque Canada Reef)* Magsaysay | 8°10′N 113°18′E / 8.167°N 113.300°E / 8.167; 113.300
Coral. Highest rocks are 4.5 m high, at SW end. Much of reef is above water at high tide. Some sandy patches. 18 miles (29 km) long. Its military structures have been upgraded. Occupied since 1987. | 0 |
| | *(Lizzie Weber Reef)* Mascarado | | |
| | 柏礁 Bai Jiao, Liwei Dao | | |
| | Bãi Thuyền Chài | | |
| | Terumbu Perahu | | |
| *West London Reef* | Kanlurang Quezon | East part is sand "cay", 0.6 m high. West part is coral reef which is above water only at low tide. Between them is a lagoon. Vietnam erected a lighthouse here in May or June 1994. *Part of London Reefs.* | 0 |
| | 西礁 Xi Jiao | | |
| | Đá Tây | | |
| *Ladd Reef* | 日积礁 Riji Jiao | Naturally above water at low tide. Has coral lagoon. Occupied since 1988. | 0 |
| | Đá Lát | | |
| *Discovery Great Reef* | Paredes | Several rocks are above water at high tide. Most of reef is above water at low tide. Has lagoon. Occupied since 1988. | 0 |
| | 大现礁 Daxian Jiao | | |
| | Đá Lớn | | |
| *Pigeon Reef / Tennent Reef* | Lopez-Jaena | Numerous rocks are naturally above the high tide line. Encloses a lagoon. Occupied since 1988. | 0 |
| | 无乜礁 Wumie Jiao | | |
| | Đá Tiên Nữ | | |
| *East London Reef* | Silangang Quezon | Rocks up to 1 m high. Encloses a lagoon. Occupied since 1988. *Part of London Reefs.* | 0 |
| | 东礁 Dong Jiao | | |
| | Đá Đông | | |
| *Alison Reef* | De Jesus | 8°51′N 114°00′E / 8.850°N 114.000°E / 8.850; 114.000
Naturally above water only at low tide. Encloses a lagoon. | 0 |
| | 六门礁 Liumen Jiao | | |
| | Đá Tốc Tan | | |
| *Cornwallis South Reef* | Osmeña | Naturally above water only at low tide. Encloses a lagoon. Occupied since 1988. | 0 |
| | 南华礁 Nanhua Jiao | | |
| | Đá Núi Le | | |
| *Petley Reef* | Juan Luna | Naturally above water only at low tide, some small rocks might stand above high water. Occupied since 1988. *Part of Tizard Banks.* | 0 |
| | 舶兰礁 Bolan Jiao | | |
| | Đá Núi Thị | | |
| *South Reef* | Timog | Lies about 2.5 miles (4 km) southwest of Vietnam-occupied Southwest Cay. A tiny cay appears atop this reef on the most detailed map available. On the southwest end of North Danger Reef. Fringing reef is above water at low tide. Occupied since 1988. *Part of North Danger Reef.* | 0 |
| | 奈罗礁 Nailuo Jiao | | |
| | Đá Nam | | |
| *Collins Reef / Johnson North Reef* | Roxas | 09°46′N 114°15′E / 9.767°N 114.250°E / 9.767; 114.250
Lies 8 miles (13 km) southwest of Vietnam-occupied Sin Cowe Island. Connected to Johnson South Reef. A "coral dune" is located at the southeast corner, above the high tide line. *Part of Union Banks.* | 0 |
| | 鬼喊礁 Guihan Jiao | | |
| | Đá Cô Lin | | |
| *Lan(d)sdowne Reef* | Pagkakaisa | Sand dune, with fringing reef. *Part of Union Banks.* | 0 |
| | 琼礁 Qiong Jiao | | |
| | Đá Len Đao | | |
| *Rifleman Bank (containing Bombay Castle)* | 南薇滩 Nanwei Tan | Shallowest natural depth is 3 m, called Bombay Castle. Sand and coral. Occupied since 1989. | 0 |
| | Bãi Vũng Mây | | |
| *Prince of Wales Bank* | 广雅滩 Guangya Tan | Shallowest natural depth is 7 m. Has corals. Occupied since 1989. | 0 |
| | Bãi Phúc Tần | | |
| *Vanguard Bank* | 万安滩 Wan'an Tan | Shallowest natural depth is 16 m. Vietnam has run three "economic technological service stations" in this area since July 1994. Occupied since 1989. | 0 |
| | Bãi Tư Chính | | |
| *Prince Consort Bank* | 西卫滩 Xiwei Tan | Shallowest natural depth is 9 m. Occupied since 1990. | 0 |
| | Bãi Phúc Nguyên | | |
| *Grainger Bank* | 李准滩 Lizhun Tan | Shallowest natural depth is either 9 m or 11 m. Occupied since 1991. | 0 |
| | Bãi Quế Đường | | |
| *Alexandra Bank* | 人骏滩 Renjun Tan | Shallowest natural depth is 5 m. Occupied since 1991. | 0 |
| | Bãi Huyền Trân | | |
| *Orleana Shoal* | 奥南暗沙 Aonan Ansha |  | 0 |
| | Bãi Đất | | |
| *Kingston Shoal* | 金盾暗沙 Jindun Ansha |  | 0 |
| | Bãi Đinh | | |
| **Total** |  | *6 islands, 15 reefs, 6 banks, and 2 shoals* | **46.9** |

### Unoccupied but largely controlled by China

**Unoccupied but largely controlled by China**
| China | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Int'l Name** | **Local Names** | **Description** | **Area (ha.)** | **Reclaimed area** |
| *Hallet Reef* | 安乐礁 Anle Jiao
安樂礁 | near  Hughes Reef | 0 | 0 |
| | Đá Bình Sơn | | | |
| *McKennan Reef* | 西门礁 Ximen Jiao
西門礁 | near  Hughes Reef | 0 | 0 |
| | Đá Ken Nan | | | |
| *Eldad Reef* | 安达礁 Anda Jiao
安達礁 | China Coast Guard regular patrols. It is also under the control of Vietnam, near Vietnam-occupied Petley Reef | 0 | 0 |
| | Đá Ken Nan | | | |
| *First Thomas Shoal* | 信义礁 Xinyi Jiao
信義暗沙 Xinyi Ansha | China Coast Guard regular patrol
9°20′N 115°57′E / 9.333°N 115.950°E / 9.333; 115.950 \- *SE of Mischief Reef*
A few rocks are permanently above sea level. Much of the reef is above water at low tide. Encloses a lagoon. | 0 | 0 |
| | Bulig | | | |
| | Bãi Suối Ngà | | | |
| *Whitson Reef* | 牛轭礁 Niu'e Jiao
牛軛礁 | China Coast Guard regular patrol
*Part of Union Banks.*
Some rocks naturally above water at high tide. *Part of Union Banks.* It is also under the control of Vietnam, near Vietnam-occupied Grierson Reef | 0 | 0 |
| | Julian Felipe | | | |
| | Đá Ba Đầu | | | |

### Unoccupied but largely controlled by Malaysia

Unoccupied but largely controlled by Malaysia
| *Malaysia claims a portion of the South China Sea together with 11 islands and other marine features in the Spratly group on the basis that they are within its continental shelf. These shoals lie off the North-Western coast of Sarawak over an area of 100 km; as such, they are largely controlled by Malaysia.* | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Int'l Name** | **Local Names** | **Description** | **Sea area** | **Land area** |
| *North Luconia Shoals* | 北康暗沙 Beikang Ansha | Friendship Shoal (Chinese: 盟谊暗沙),
Hardie Reef (Chinese: 海康暗沙),
Aitken Reef (Chinese: 义净礁),
Buck Reef (Chinese: 法显暗沙),
Moody Reef (Chinese: 康西暗沙),
Seahorse Breakers (Chinese: 南安礁),
Tripp Reef (Chinese: 北安礁),
Hayes Reef (Chinese: 南屏礁) | 1,400 square kilometres (540 sq mi) | 0 |
| | *Gugusan Beting Raja Jarum* | | | |
| *South Luconia Shoals* | 南康暗沙 Nankang Ansha | Stigant Reef (Chinese: 海安礁),
Connell Reef (Chinese: 隐波暗沙),
Herald Reef (Spratly Islands) (Chinese: 海宁礁),
Comus Shoal (Chinese: 欢乐暗沙),
Richmond Reef (Chinese: 潭门礁),
Luconia Breakers (Chinese: 琼台礁) | 900 square kilometres (350 sq mi) | 0 |
| | *Gugusan Beting Patinggi Ali* | | | |
| *James Shoal* | 曾母暗沙 Zengmu Ansha | Shallowest natural depth is 17.5 m. | 0 | 0 |
| | *Beting Serupai* | | | |
| *Ardasier Bank* | 安渡滩 Andu Tan
安渡灘 | near | 0 | 0 |
| | ? | | | |
| *Royal Charlotte Reef* | 皇路礁 Huanglu Jiao | near ,
China Coast Guard regular patrol | 0 | 0 |
| | ? | | | |

### Unoccupied but largely controlled by the Philippines

**Unoccupied but largely controlled by the Philippines**
| *The reefs, shoals, etc. to the **east** of the 116°E meridian are closely guarded by the Philippine Coast Guard, Philippine Navy and Air Force. Though not occupied, the Philippines asserts control over these features which are less 100 miles (160 km) from the Palawan west coast (note: Scarborough Shoal is 100 miles (160 km) from Zambales west coast). There are many Filipino fishermen in this region, who cooperate closely with the Philippine Navy and Philippine Coast Guard. Non-Filipino fishermen are tolerated in this region, provided that they comply with Philippine laws. The press in the Philippines have reported many arrests of Chinese fishermen by the Philippine Navy and Philippine Coast Guard because of illegal fishing methods and catching of endangered sea species, both in this region and in the Sulu Sea. Philippine military presence in this region intensified after the 1995 Mischief Reef incident. The Philippine Air Force has been active in striking even the markers set up by other countries to guide the latter's naval forces in this region.* | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Int'l Name** | **Local Names** | **Description** | **Area (ha.)** | **Reclaimed area** |
| *Amy Douglas Bank / Reef* | Mahiwagang Diwata | Lies north of Palawan Passage. Awash at low tide. | 0 |
| | 安塘滩 Antang Tan,
安塘礁 Antang Jiao | | |
| | Cụm Hồ Tràm | | |
| *Bombay Shoal* | Abad Santos | 9°26′N 116°55′E / 9.433°N 116.917°E / 9.433; 116.917
Several rocks are exposed at low tide. Surrounds a lagoon. | 0 |
| | 蓬勃暗沙 Pengbo Ansha | | |
| | Bãi Cái Mép | | |
| *Boxall Reef* | Rajah Sulayman | 8°51′N 114°00′E / 8.850°N 114.000°E / 8.850; 114.000
Above water only at low tide. No lagoon. | 0 |
| | 牛车轮礁 Niuchelun Jiao | | |
| | Đá Long Điền | | |
| *Carnatic Shoal* | Sikatuna |  | 0 |
| | 红石暗沙 Hongshi Ansha | | |
| | Bãi Rạch Lấp | | |
| *Half Moon Shoal* | Hasa-hasa | Several rocks on the eastern side rise one to two feet above high tide. Encloses a lagoon. Reports in February 2016 indicate the Philippine control of the reef might have ended. | 0 |
| | 半月礁 Banyue Jiao | | |
| | Bãi Trăng Khuyết | | |
| *Hardy Reef* | Sakay | Naturally above water only at low tide. Surrounds a narrow strip of sand. | 0 |
| | 半路礁 Banlu Jiao | | |
| | Đá Phật Tự | | |
| *Hopkins Reef* | 火星礁 Huoxing Jiao |  | 0 |
| | Đá Hợp Kim | | |
| *Investigator Northeast Shoal* | Dalagang Bukid | Lies only a few miles west of Palawan. Naturally above water at low tide. | 0 |
| | 海口礁 Haikou Jiao | | |
| | Bãi Phù Mỹ | | |
| *Iroquois Reef* | Del Pilar | Lies east of both Philippine-occupied Nanshan Island and Flat Island. Above water only at low tide. | 0 |
| | 鲎藤礁 Houteng Jiao | | |
| | Đá Khúc Giác | | |
| *Leslie Bank* | Urduja |  | 0 |
| | 勇士滩 Yongshi Tan | | |
| | Bãi Vĩnh Tuy | | |
| *Lord Auckland Shoal* | Lapu-Lapu | + | 0 |
| | 莪兰暗沙 Elan Ansha | | |
| | Bãi Na Khoai | | |
| *Pennsylvania North Reef* | 阳明礁 Yangming Jiao |  | 0 |
| | Đá Gò Già | | |
| *Pennsylvania South Reef* | 東坡礁 Dongpo Jiao |  | 0 |
| |  | | |
| *Reed Tablemount (including Nares Bank and Marie Louise Bank)* | Recto | Shallowest natural depth is 9 m. About 2,500 square miles (6,500 km2) in area. The Philippines occupied this feature in 1971 and a Philippine-Sweden joint oil-exploration followed afterwards. However, China protested this act of the Philippines saying that this tablemount which center lies 100 miles (160 km) from the Philippines is part of China's territories. After that, the Philippines tried asking China for a joint effort but China declined, arguing that the Philippines has no right in this feature. Presently, this feature is largely controlled by the Philippines. | 0 |
| | 礼乐滩 Liyue Tan | | |
| | Bãi Cỏ Rong | | |
| *Royal Captain Shoal* | Kanduli | A few rocks are above water at low tide. Surrounds a lagoon. | 0 |
| | 舰长礁 Jianzhang Jiao | | |
| | Bãi Đồi Mồi | | |
| *Sabina Shoal* | Escoda | It encloses two lagoons, naturally above water at low tide. Lies east of the Philippine-occupied Second Thomas Reef. | 0 |
| | 仙宾礁 Xianbin Jiao | | |
| | Bãi Sa Bin
(Bãi Chóp Mao) | | |
| *Sandy Shoal* | Mabuhangin |  | 0 |
| | 神仙暗沙 Shenxian Ansha | | |
| | Bãi Hữu Độ | | |
| *Seahorse Shoal / Seashore Shoal / Routh Bank* | Baybayin Dagat | Lies north of Palawan Passage | 0 |
| | 海马滩 Haima Tan | | |
| | Bãi Thạch Sa | | |
| *Stag Shoal* | Panday Pira |  | 0 |
| | 隐遁暗沙 Yindun Ansha | | |
| *Southern Bank / Reef* | Katimugan | A group of features located south of Reed Tablemount. The reef includes: *Magat Salamat Reef, Tagpi, Hubo Reef, and Katimugan Banks/Reef*. The area is largely controlled and used for fishing by the Philippines due to its proximity to Flat Island and Nanshan Island. | 0 |
| | 南方浅滩 Nanfang Qiantan | | |
| | Bãi Nam | | |
| *Templar Bank* | Dalag |  | 0 |
| | 忠孝滩 Zhongxiao Tan | | |
| | Bãi Rạch Vang | | |
|

**Unoccupied but largely controlled by the Philippines**
| *The reefs, shoals, etc. to the **west** of the 116°E meridian* | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Int'l Name** | **Local Names** | **Description** | **Area (ha.)** | **Reclaimed area** |
| *Loaita Nan* | 双黄沙洲 Shuanghuang Shazhou
雙黃沙洲 | near  Loaita Cay | 0 | 0 |
| |  | | | |
| | Bãi Loại Ta Nam | | | |
| *North Reef (Spratly Islands)* | 贡士礁 Zhuying Jiao
貢士礁 | near  Northeast Cay | 0 | 0 |
| |  | | | |
| | Đá Bắc | | | |
| *Sandy Cay (Spratly Islands)* | 铁线礁 Tiexiang Jiao
鐵線礁 | near  Thitu Island | 0 | 0 |
| |  | | | |
| | Đá Hoài Ân | | | |
| *Thitu Reef* | 铁峙礁 Tiezhi Jiao
鐵峙礁 | near  Thitu Island
Above water only at low tide. Located northeast of Thitu Island and unnamed on most maps. *Part of Thitu Reefs* | 0 | 0 |
| |  | | | |
| | Đá Vĩnh Hảo | | | |

### Unoccupied but largely controlled by Vietnam

**Unoccupied but largely controlled by Vietnam**
| Vietnam | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Int'l Name** | **Local Names** | **Description** | **Area (ha.)** | **Reclaimed area** |
| *Loveless Reef* | 华礁 Hua Jiao
華礁 | near  Sin Cowe Island | 0 | 0 |
| | Đá Nghĩa Hành | | | |
| *Jubilee Bank* | 朱应滩 Zhuying Tan
朱應灘 | near  Ladd Reef | 0 | 0 |
| | Mỹ Hải (bãi ngầm) | | | |
| *Johnson Patch* | 常骏暗沙 Changjun Ansha
常駿暗沙 | near  Bombay Castle
 | 0 | 0 |
| | Bãi Vũng Mây (tức là) | | | |
| *Owen Shoal* | 奥援暗沙 Aoyuan Ansha | near  Bombay Castle
Shallowest natural depth is 6 m.
 | 0 | 0 |
| | Chim Biển (bãi ngầm) | | | |
| *Bittern Reef* | 石盘仔 *Shípánzǐ*  Đá Núi Mon | near  Pearson Reef | 0 | 0 |
| *Discovery Small Reef* | Đá Nhỏ | near  *Discovery Great Reef* | 0 | 0 |
| | 小现礁 *Xiǎoxiàn jiāo* | | | |
| *Flora Temple Reef* | Đá Đền Cây Cỏ | near  *Discovery Great Reef* | 0 | 0 |
| *Holiday Reef* | Đá Bãi Khung | near  *Grierson Reef* | 0 | 0 |
| | 长线礁 *Chángxiàn jiāo* | | | |
| *Ross Reef* | 染青东礁 *Rǎnqīng dōng jiāo* | near  *Grierson Reef* | 0 | 0 |
| | Đá An Bình | | | |
| *Higgens Reef* | 屈原礁 *Qūyuán jiāo* | near  *Lansdowne Reef* | 0 | 0 |
| | Đá Phúc Sỹ | | | |
| *Gent Reef* | 吉阳礁 *Jíyáng jiāo* | near  SinCowe Island | 0 | 0 |
| | Đá Sơn Hà | | | |
| *Bamford Reef* | 龙虾礁 *Lóngxiā jiāo* | near  *Grierson Reef* | 0 |  |
| | Đá Vị Khê | | | |
| *Whitsun Reef* | 牛轭礁 *Niú è jiāo* | near  *Grierson Reef, Vietnam Coast guard from Grierson Reef still* patrols Whitsun Reef regularly Disputes with China | 0 | 0 |
| | Đá Ba Đầu | | | |
| *Eldad Reef* | 安达礁 *Āndá jiāo* | near  *Petley Reef, Vietnam Coast guard from Sand Cay  (敦謙沙洲, đảo Sơn Ca) still* patrols Reef regularly Disputes with China and Taiwan | 0 | 0 |
| | Đá Én Đất | | | |

### Unoccupied features

**Not Occupied by any Country**
| *These are the unoccupied features. Some sources say that some of these features are occupied by Vietnam or China, but most sources say that they are not occupied. "Occupation" is possibly confused because the said reefs are very close to other occupied features. There are many unoccupied features in the Spratly chain. The current Code of Conduct prohibits any country from acquiring new features. Many of these features are actually in between and/or near two or more occupied features of different countries. Thus, they serve like buffer zones. Example of this is Jones Reef which lies almost exactly between PRC-occupied Hughes Reef and Vietnamese-occupied Higgens Reef.* | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Int'l Name** | **Local Names** | **Description** | **Area (ha.)** |
| *Alicia Annie Reef* | Arellano | 09°25′N 115°26′E / 9.417°N 115.433°E / 9.417; 115.433
A sand "cay", 1.2 m high. Many rocks above high tide line. Reef encloses a lagoon. | 0 |
| | 仙娥礁 Xian'e Jiao | | |
| | Đá Suối Ngọc | | |
| *Coronation Bank* | 康泰滩 Kangtai Tan |  | 0 |
| *Discovery Small Reef* | Burgos Reef | Above water only at low tide. | 0 |
| | 小现礁 Xiaoxian Jiao | | |
| | Đá Nhỏ | | |
| *Director Reef / Shoal* | Tamban |  | 0 |
| | 指向礁 Zhixiang Jiao | | |
| *Dhaulle Shoal* | 逍遥暗沙 Xiaoyao Ansha |  | 0 |
| | Bãi Nguyệt Sương | | |
| *Ganges Reef* | Palma |  | 0 |
| | 恒礁 Heng Jiao | | |
| *Glasgow Bank* | Aguinaldo | Some sources say  this area is occupied by the Philippines due to its proximity to the Commodore Reef. | 0 |
| | 双礁 Shuang Jiao | | |
| | Bãi ngầm Tam Thanh | | |
| *Hopps Reef* | Diego Silang | Above water only at low tide. *Part of Southampton Reefs.* | 0 |
| | 禄沙礁 Lusha Jiao | | |
| | Đá Lục Giang | | |
| *Jones Reef* | 漳溪礁 Zhangxi Jiao | Lies 5 miles (8 km) south of McKennan Reef. Small reef, partly above water only at low tide. *Part of Union Banks.* | 0 |
| | Đá Văn Nguyên | | |
| *Livock Reef* | (NE part) Jacinto | Above water only at low tide. Some rocks still visible at high tide. *Part of Southampton Reefs.* | 0 |
| | (SW part) Bonifacio | | |
| | 三角礁 Sanjiao Jiao | | |
| | Đá Long Hải | | |
| *Lys Shoal* | Bisugo |  | 0 |
| | 乐斯暗沙 Lesi Ansha | | |
| | Bãi Núi Cầu | | |
| *Menzies Reef* | Rajah Lakandula | Awash at low tide. *Part of Loaita Bank.* | 0 |
| | 蒙自礁 Mengzi Jiao | | |
| | Đá An Lão | | |
| *North East Shoal* | Ponce | Lies only a few miles north of Commodore Reef. Above water only at low tide. | 0 |
| | 校尉暗沙 Xiaowei Ansha | | |
| | Bãi Ngũ Phụng | | |
| *North Viper Shoal* | Maya-maya |  | 0 |
| | 都护暗沙 Duhu Ansha | | |
| *South Viper Shoal* | Tomas Claudio |  | 0 |
| | 保卫暗沙 Baowei Ansha | | |
| *Trident Shoal* | Tatlong-tulis |  | 0 |
| | 永登暗沙 Yongdeng Ansha | | |
| | Bãi Đinh Ba | | |
|

### Claimed features by country but occupied by other country

**Claimed features by country but occupied by other country**
| *The PRC, the ROC and Vietnam claim all of the Spratly Island Chain, including some features that are just 50 km from other countries like the Philippines and Malaysia. The Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei have claims on parts of the area. Here are the islands claimed but are not occupied by these three countries (flags refer to the country currently occupying the feature):* |
| --- |
| **Philippines:** Itu Aba Island , Amboyna Cay , Namyit Island , Sand Cay , Sin Cowe Island , Sin Cowe East Island , Southwest Cay , Spratly Island Proper , Pigeon Reef , South Reef , Ardasier Reef , Erica Reef , Investigator Shoal , Mariveles Reef , Swallow Reef/Island , Mischief Reef , Subi Reef  and all of features to the east of the 116°E meridian (unoccupied) (see Unoccupied but largely controlled by the Philippines subtable). |
| **Malaysia:** Amboyna Cay , Barque Canada Reef , Commodore Reef , Louisa Reef  and Royal Charlotte Reef (unoccupied) |
| **Brunei:** Rifleman Bank  and Owen Shoal ( uncertain) |

### Others

| Baker Reef / Gongzhen Jiao | 10°43.5′N 116°10′E / 10.7250°N 116.167°E / 10.7250; 116.167 Awash at low tide. |
| --- | --- |

1. Chan, Minnie (22–23 Nov 2014). "US asks China to stop building Spratlys island which could host airfield". AFP. Retrieved 22 Nov 2014.
2. "South China Sea: China reclaims land on yet another reef, to show disregard to US, Vietnam and Philippines". *China Daily Mail*. 11 March 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
3. "Digital Gazetteer of Spratly Islands". *southchinasea.org*. Archived from the original on 2007-07-17. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
\- Version dated 19 August 2011 is available at: "Digital Gazetteer of Spratly Islands". *southchinasea.org*. 19 August 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2014. This list includes the names of all Spratly features known to be occupied and/or above water at low tide.
4. "Penjejak Itu Aba".
5. "Spratly Island".
6. "Southwest Cay".
7. "Sin Cowe Island".
8. "Sandcastles of their own: Vietnamese Expansion in the Spratly Islands".
9. "Sand Cay".
10. "Vietnam's Island Building: Double-Standard or Drop in the Bucket?".
11. "China isn't the only one building islands in the South China Sea". *Business Insider*.
12. "West Reef".
13. Victor Robert Lee (25 April 2015). "South China Sea: China's Unprecedented Spratlys Building Program". *The Diplomat*. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
14. "Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative | Mischief Reef Tracker". Archived from the original on 2015-05-28. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
15. "Subi Reef Tracker | Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative". Archived from the original on 2016-05-15. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
16. "Fiery Cross Reef".
17. "Cuarteron Reef".
18. "Gaven Reefs".
19. "Johnson Reef Tracker | Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
20. "China builds fortress on disputed reef". *The Times*. 20 Feb 2015.
21. "Hughes Reef".
22. "Pearson Reef".
23. *Sailing Directions (Enroute),* Pub. 161: *South China Sea and the Gulf of Thailand* (PDF). *Sailing Directions*. United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. 2017. p. 11-17.
24. http://www.oceangrafix.com/chart/zoom?chart=93044 NW of Dangerous Ground
25. http://www.oceangrafix.com/chart/zoom?chart=93045 NE Dangerous Ground
26. http://www.oceangrafix.com/chart/zoom?chart=93046 Most of the SE of Dangerous Ground. The missing portion of the SE is covered by chart 93048 and the top corner of chart 92006.
27. Chart 93048 (not easily available on-line)
28. http://www.oceangrafix.com/chart/zoom?chart=92006 SE Spratlys, Brunei, North Borneo and Southern Philippines
29. http://www.oceangrafix.com/chart/zoom?chart=93047 SW Dangerous Ground
30. http://www.oceangrafix.com/chart/zoom?chart=93049 South and West of Dangerous Ground
31. "Nares Bank". *Marine Gazetteer*. Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee (VLIZ) \[Flanders Maritime Institute\].
32. "Marie Louise Bank". *Marine Gazetteer*. Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee (VLIZ) \[Flanders Maritime Institute\].
33. "Pennsylvania North Reef". *Marine Gazetteer*. Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee (VLIZ) \[Flanders Maritime Institute\].
34. "Iroquois Reef". *Marine Gazetteer*. Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee (VLIZ) \[Flanders Maritime Institute\].
35. "China's James Shoal Claim: Malaysia the Undisputed Owner". RSIS (Rajaratnam School of International Studies), Nanyang Technology University, Singapore. 1 July 2014.
36. Rowlett, Russ (15 November 2013). "Lighthouses of the Spratly Islands". *The Lighthouse Directory*. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
37. "Royal Malaysian Navy - Offshore EEZ Stations". 9 May 2009. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
38. "Territorial claims in the Spratly and Paracel Islands". *GlobalSecurity.org*. 11 July 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
39. "Place Keywords by Country/Territory– Pacific Ocean (without Great Barrier Reef)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2003-07-06. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
40. DJ Sta. Ana, China builds more Spratly outposts, May 24, 2011, The Philippine Star.
41. Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative - Island Tracker. Retrieved 2015-07-03.
42. Ethan Rosen (22 Feb 2015). "What is China Building in the South China Sea?". *www.bellingcat.com*. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
43. Rowlett, Russ (15 November 2013). "Lighthouses of the Spratly Islands". *The Lighthouse Directory*. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
44. "Photo : Hughes reef outpost and lighthouse". Panoromio. 24 May 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
45. Imagery shows progress of Chinese land building across Spratlys. Retrieved 06 April 2015.
46. China starts work on Mischief Reef land reclamation. Retrieved 06 April 2015.
47. Victor Robert Lee (19 June 2015). "South China Sea: Satellite Images Show Pace of China's Subi Reef Reclamation". The Diplomat. Retrieved 2017-02-07.
48. "Taiwan completes military airstrip on Spratly Islands". *Taiwan News*. CNA (Central News Agency). 29 January 2008. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
49. "No Spratlys agreement between ASEAN, PRC", FBIS-EAS-95-065, 5 Apr 1995, p. 41.
50. http://arcg.is/1J3VBBd redirects to "Aerial photo \[114.5614E, 9.9010N\], \[114.5665E, 9.9038N\] (Grierson Reef)". *nlc.maps.arcgis.com*.
51. http://arcg.is/1J3VUfc redirects to "Aerial photo \[114.4814E, 9.8461N\], \[114.5019E, 9.8573N\] (Sin Cowe East Island)". *nlc.maps.arcgis.com*.
52. Hancox, David; Prescott, Victor (1995). *A geographical description of the Spratly Islands and an account of hydrographic surveys amongst those islands (Maritime briefing)*. University of Durham, International Boundaries Research Unit. p. 21. ISBN 978-1897643181.
53. Chinese ships patrol area contested by Malaysia. Retrieved 2014-02-11.
54. China takes another fishing ground near Palawan Archived 2016-03-06 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2016-03-02.
* Department of Land Administration (2005). "2005-19. 海南諸島礁名稱 Location of Islands on South China Sea" (in Chinese and English). Department of Social Affairs, Ministry of the Interior (Republic of China). Archived from the original (MS Excel) on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2014. An MS Excel file containing a list of 170 maritime features in the South China Sea, including their latitudes and longitudes.


abstract: The 1908 United States presidential election in Massachusetts took place on November 3, 1908, as part of the 1908 United States presidential election. Voters chose 16 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. Massachusetts overwhelmingly voted for the Republican nominees, Secretary of War William Howard Taft of Ohio and his running mate James S. Sherman of New York. They defeated the Democratic nominees, former U.S. Representative William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska and his running mate John W. Kern of Indiana. Taft won the state by a margin of 24.17%. Taft was able to win every county in the state of Massachusetts, including a rare Republican victory in Suffolk County, home to the state's capital and largest city, Boston, although Bryan did narrowly win the city of Boston. Bryan had previously lost Suffolk County in 1896 but won it in his rematch with William McKinley in 1900. Bryan had also previously lost Massachusetts to McKinley in both 1896 and 1900, respectively. This was the last election in which the town of Hyde Park participated in, as it was annexed by the city of Boston in 1912, ahead of that year's election.

text:
# 1908 United States presidential election in Massachusetts

The **1908 United States presidential election in Massachusetts** took place on November 3, 1908, as part of the 1908 United States presidential election. Voters chose 16 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Massachusetts overwhelmingly voted for the Republican nominees, Secretary of War William Howard Taft of Ohio and his running mate James S. Sherman of New York. They defeated the Democratic nominees, former U.S. Representative William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska and his running mate John W. Kern of Indiana. Taft won the state by a margin of 24.17%.

Taft was able to win every county in the state of Massachusetts, including a rare Republican victory in Suffolk County, home to the state's capital and largest city, Boston, although Bryan did narrowly win the city of Boston. Bryan had previously lost Suffolk County in 1896 but won it in his rematch with William McKinley in 1900. Bryan had also previously lost Massachusetts to McKinley in both 1896 and 1900, respectively.

This was the last election in which the town of Hyde Park participated in, as it was annexed by the city of Boston in 1912, ahead of that year's election.

## Results

| 1908 United States presidential election in Massachusetts | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Running mate | Popular vote | | Electoral vote | |
| | Count | | | % | Count | % |
|  | Republican | **William Howard Taft** of Ohio | **James Schoolcraft Sherman** of New York | **265,966** | **58.21%** | **16** | **100.00%** |
|  | Democratic | William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska | John Worth Kern of Indiana | 155,543 | 34.04% | 0 | 0.00% |
|  | Independence | Thomas Louis Hisgen of Massachusetts | John Temple Graves of Georgia | 19,237 | 4.21% | 0 | 0.00% |
|  | Socialist | Eugene Victor Debs of Indiana | Ben Hanford of New York | 10,779 | 2.36% | 0 | 0.00% |
|  | Prohibition | Eugene Wilder Chafin of Illinois | Aaron Sherman Watkins of Ohio | 4,374 | 0.96% | 0 | 0.00% |
|  | Socialist Labor | August Gillhaus of New York | Donald L. Munro of Virginia | 1,011 | 0.21% | 0 | 0.00% |
|  | N/A | *Others* | *Others* | 9 | 0.01% | 0 | 0.00% |
| **Total** | | | | **456,919** | **100.00%** | **16** | **100.00%** |

## InfoBox

1908 United States presidential election in Massachusetts
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Turnout | 65.1%  2.5 pp |
| Nominee **William Howard Taft** William Jennings Bryan   Party Republican Democratic  Home state Ohio Nebraska  Running mate **James S. Sherman** John W. Kern  Electoral vote **16** 0  Popular vote **265,966** 155,543  Percentage **58.21%** 34.04% | |
| --- | |
| ---  **President before election**
Theodore Roosevelt
Republican **Elected President**
William Howard Taft
Republican | |


title: Phoenix Chorale

abstract: The Phoenix Chorale is a professional chamber choir based in Phoenix, Arizona, United States. The ensemble formed in 1958 as the Bach and Madrigal Society. After years as an amateur ensemble, the group went fully professional in 1990 and changed its name to the Phoenix Bach Choir under Swedish conductor Anders Öhrwall. From 1992 until 1998, their conductor was Jon Washburn and in 1999, Charles Bruffy took over as conductor and Artistic Director. In 2004, they signed a recording contract with Chandos Records. Their 2007 recording of works by Alexander Gretchaninov, made in collaboration with the Kansas City Chorale, was nominated for four Grammy Awards: Best Classical Album, Best Choral Performance, Best Surround Sound Album, and Best Engineered Classical Album--and won in the Engineering category. The group's collaborative recording with the Kansas City Chorale of works by Josef Rheinberger was nominated for two Grammy Awards: Best Choral Performance and Best Surround Sound Album. In August 2008, the name of the ensemble was changed from the Phoenix Bach Choir to the Phoenix Chorale, and shortly thereafter, the group released a SACD on Chandos Records titled Spotless Rose: Hymns to the Virgin Mary, which received nominations for two Grammy Awards: Best Classical Album and Best Small Ensemble Performance. At the Grammy pre-telecast awards ceremony on February 8, 2009, the Grammy for Best Small Ensemble Performance was awarded to the chorale and its conductor, Charles Bruffy. Their most recent collaborative recording with the Kansas City Chorale, Rachmaninoff's All-Night Vigil, was nominated for Grammy Awards for Best Choral Performance and Best Engineered Album, Classical and won the Grammy for Best Choral Performance. In October of 2017, Bruffy concluded his 18-year tenure with the group and in May 2019, after a nearly two-year search, Christopher Gabbitas, a former member of The King's Singers, was announced as the next Artistic Director of the Chorale. Under Gabbitas, the Phoenix Chorale now records on the Signum Records label.

text:
# Phoenix Chorale

The **Phoenix Chorale** is a professional chamber choir based in Phoenix, Arizona, United States.

The ensemble formed in 1958 as the **Bach and Madrigal Society**. After years as an amateur ensemble, the group went fully professional (meaning all the singers are compensated) in 1990 and changed its name to the **Phoenix Bach Choir** under Swedish conductor Anders Öhrwall. From 1992 until 1998, their conductor was Jon Washburn and in 1999, Charles Bruffy took over as conductor and Artistic Director.

In 2004, they signed a recording contract with Chandos Records. Their 2007 recording of works by Alexander Gretchaninov, made in collaboration with the Kansas City Chorale, was nominated for four Grammy Awards: Best Classical Album, Best Choral Performance, Best Surround Sound Album, and Best Engineered Classical Album--and won in the Engineering category. The group's collaborative recording with the Kansas City Chorale of works by Josef Rheinberger was nominated for two Grammy Awards: Best Choral Performance and Best Surround Sound Album.

In August 2008, the name of the ensemble was changed from the Phoenix Bach Choir to the Phoenix Chorale, and shortly thereafter, the group released a SACD on Chandos Records titled *Spotless Rose: Hymns to the Virgin Mary,* which received nominations for two Grammy Awards: Best Classical Album and Best Small Ensemble Performance. At the Grammy pre-telecast awards ceremony on February 8, 2009, the Grammy for Best Small Ensemble Performance was awarded to the chorale and its conductor, Charles Bruffy.

Their most recent collaborative recording with the Kansas City Chorale, Rachmaninoff's All-Night Vigil, was nominated for Grammy Awards for Best Choral Performance and Best Engineered Album, Classical and won the Grammy for Best Choral Performance.

In October of 2017, Bruffy concluded his 18-year tenure with the group and in May 2019, after a nearly two-year search, Christopher Gabbitas, a former member of The King's Singers, was announced as the next Artistic Director of the Chorale. Under Gabbitas, the Phoenix Chorale now records on the Signum Records label.

## Discography

Phoenix Chorale

Phoenix Chorale and Kansas City Chorale


title: Pleasant Brook, New York

abstract: Pleasant Brook is a hamlet located south of Cherry Valley, at the corner of NY 165 and Middlefield Road in the Town of Roseboom in Otsego County, New York, United States. Pleasant Brook runs west through the hamlet.

text:
# Pleasant Brook, New York

**Pleasant Brook** is a hamlet located south of Cherry Valley, at the corner of NY 165 and Middlefield Road in the Town of Roseboom in Otsego County, New York, United States. Pleasant Brook runs west through the hamlet.

## InfoBox

| Pleasant Brook, New York | |
| --- | --- |
| Hamlet | |
| Pleasant Brook, New YorkPleasant Brook, New York | |
| Coordinates: 42°42′59″N 74°45′49″W / 42.71639°N 74.76361°W / 42.71639; -74.76361 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| County | Otsego |
| Town | Roseboom |
| Elevation | 1,332 ft (406 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 13320 |
| Area code | 607 |


title: List of tallest buildings in Malta

abstract: Since Malta's Independence in 1964, there has been a rapid increase in buildings all over the country. However, most of the urban areas are concentrated around the Grand Harbour and Marsamxett Harbour areas where some of the country's most busy places are situated; Sliema, Saint Julian's, Paceville, Msida, Gżira, Ta' Xbiex and Pietà. As cars and road transport grew more and more popular in the country, the population started to spread out to farther areas and nowadays some other urban areas have developed; Saint Paul's Bay and Mellieħa in the North, whilst having Marsaskala and the Malta Freeport area in the South of the country. Some of the tall buildings in Malta, such as the Metropolis Plaza in Gżira, are still under construction. The highest structure ever built in Malta was the Delimara Power Station chimney, standing 150 metres (490 ft) above ground, until its demolition in 2017–18.

text:
# List of tallest buildings in Malta

Since Malta's Independence in 1964, there has been a rapid increase in buildings all over the country. However, most of the urban areas are concentrated around the Grand Harbour and Marsamxett Harbour areas where some of the country's most busy places are situated; Sliema, Saint Julian's, Paceville, Msida, Gżira, Ta' Xbiex and Pietà.

As cars and road transport grew more and more popular in the country, the population started to spread out to farther areas and nowadays some other urban areas have developed; Saint Paul's Bay (including Qawra, Buġibba and Xemxija) and Mellieħa in the North, whilst having Marsaskala and the Malta Freeport area in the South of the country.

Some of the tall buildings in Malta, such as the Metropolis Plaza in Gżira, are still under construction. The highest structure ever built in Malta was the Delimara Power Station chimney, standing 150 metres (490 ft) above ground, until its demolition in 2017–18.

## Tallest buildings in Malta

The list includes highrise buildings (above 50 m (164 ft)) in Malta.

| Rank | Name |  | Height
m (ft) | Floors | Year | Use | Location |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Mercury Tower |  | 122 m (400 ft) | 33 | 2023 | Residential | Saint Julian's |
| 2 | Portomaso Business Tower
35°55′18.9″N 14°29′31.5″E / 35.921917°N 14.492083°E / 35.921917; 14.492083 |  | 97.54 m (320 ft) | 23 | 2000 | Office | Saint Julian's |
| 3 | 14 East |  | 77 m (253 ft) | 21 | 2019 | Residential | Gżira |
| 4 | Fort Cambridge Apartments South
 |  | 72.94 m (239 ft) | 20 | 2012 | Residential | Sliema |
| 5 | Fort Cambridge Apartments North
 |  | 69.29 m (227 ft) | 19 | 2012 | Residential | Sliema |
| 6 | Barceló Fortina Malta |  | 62 m (203 ft) | 17 | 2023 | Hotel | Sliema |
| 7 | Pendergarden residential tower |  | 59 m (194 ft) | 16 | 2019 | Residential | Saint Julian's |
| 8 | Q4 Tower |  | 57 m (187 ft) | 19 | 2023 | Office | Imriehel, Birkirkara |
| 9 | InterContinental Malta
35°55′25.8″N 14°29′17.5″E / 35.923833°N 14.488194°E / 35.923833; 14.488194 |  | 55.51 m (182 ft) | 15 | 2003 | Hotel | Saint Julian's |
| 10 | The Preluna Hotel and Towers
35°54′48.0″N 14°30′22.9″E / 35.913333°N 14.506361°E / 35.913333; 14.506361 |  | 51.06 m (168 ft) | 14 | 1969/1990 | Hotel | Sliema |
| 11 | Q1 Tigne Point |  | 51 m (167 ft) | 14 | 2018 | Residential | Sliema |
| 12 | Q2 Tigne Point |  | 51 m (167 ft) | 14 | 2018 | Residential | Sliema |

### Churches

The list includes churches (above 50 m (164 ft)) in Malta.

| Rank | Name | Image | Height
m (ft) | Floors | Year | Location |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Rotunda of Xewkija
36°1′54.2″N 14°15′40″E / 36.031722°N 14.26111°E / 36.031722; 14.26111 |  | 75 m (246 ft) |  | 1973 | Xewkija |
| 2 | Basilica of Our Lady of Mount Carmel
35°54′00.7″N 14°30′44.3″E / 35.900194°N 14.512306°E / 35.900194; 14.512306 |  | 73.17 m (240 ft) |  | 1958 | Valletta |
| 3 | St Paul's Pro-Cathedral
35°54′1.89″N 14°30′41.96″E / 35.9005250°N 14.5116556°E / 35.9005250; 14.5116556 |  | 63 m (207 ft) |  | 1844 | Valletta |

## Buildings planned or under construction

| Rank | Name | Image | Height
m (ft) | Floors | Status | Use | Location |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | PX Tower |  | 120 m (394 ft) | 33 | Planned \[Approved\] | Mixed-Use | St. Julian's |
| 2 | Metropolis Plaza Tower 1
35°54′02.6″N 14°29′30.4″E / 35.900722°N 14.491778°E / 35.900722; 14.491778 |  | 106 m (348 ft) | 33 | Planned/shelved? \[Approved\] | Residential | Gżira |
| 3 | Townsquare Tower |  | 90 m (295 ft) | 27 | Under Construction | Residential | Sliema |
| 4 | Metropolis Plaza Tower 2
35°54′02.6″N 14°29′30.4″E / 35.900722°N 14.491778°E / 35.900722; 14.491778 |  | 87 m (285 ft) | 27 | Planned/shelved? \[Approved\] | Residential | Gżira |
| 6 | ST Tower |  | 60 m (196 ft) | 15 | Under Construction | Office | Ta'Xbiex |
| 7 | Mercury Towers Tower 2 |  | 60 m (196ft) | 15 | Under Construction \[Topped Out\] | Hotel | St. Julian's |
| 8 | Metropolis Plaza Tower 3
35°54′02.6″N 14°29′30.4″E / 35.900722°N 14.491778°E / 35.900722; 14.491778 |  | 56 m (184 ft) | 13 | Planned/shelved \[Approved\] | Residential | Gżira |

## Further reading


title: Valentin de Foronda

abstract: Valentin de Foronda y González de Echávarri, was Spanish general consul in Philadelphia from 1801 to 1807 and Spanish plenipotentiary minister in the U.S. from 1807 to 1809—tense times because of American ships' lack of discipline in trading with Cuba and the U.S.'s support for Francisco de Miranda, who led an attempted revolution for Venezuelan independence from Spain. He returned to Spain upon the arrival of Luis Onís, who replaced him, and who was nominated by the "Junta Patriótica" opposed to the invasion of Spain by Napoleon Bonaparte. He taught at the Basque Institutional School, known as Seminario de Vergara, was promoted to Knight of the Military Order of Santiago in 1793, a Knight of the Order of Carlos III in 1801 and was later a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1802. In November 1799, De Foronda wrote a letter to the then Spanish Secretary of State Mariano Luis de Urquijo, another Basque, concerning the financial crushing of the "Banco de San Carlos", a precursor to the present-day Bank of Spain, where he had invested the proceeds of the sale of his land and farms. Its reception probably resulted in his diplomatic nomination to the Spanish consulate in Philadelphia. His "Observaciones sobre algunos puntos de la Obra de Don Quijote", Philadelphia (1807), motivated his inclusion on the shortlist of people phobic against seventeenth-century Spanish writer Miguel de Cervantes.

text:
# Valentin de Foronda

**Valentin de Foronda y González de Echávarri** (14 January 1751, in Vitoria – 24 December 1821), was Spanish general consul in Philadelphia from 1801 to 1807 and Spanish plenipotentiary minister in the U.S. from 1807 to 1809—tense times because of American ships' lack of discipline in trading with Cuba and the U.S.'s support for Francisco de Miranda, who led an attempted revolution for Venezuelan independence from Spain.

He returned to Spain upon the arrival of Luis Onís, who replaced him, and who was nominated by the "Junta Patriótica" opposed to the invasion of Spain by Napoleon Bonaparte.

He taught at the Basque Institutional School, known as Seminario de Vergara, was promoted to Knight of the Military Order of Santiago in 1793, a Knight of the Order of Carlos III in 1801 and was later a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1802.

In November 1799, De Foronda wrote a letter to the then Spanish Secretary of State Mariano Luis de Urquijo, another Basque, concerning the financial crushing of the "Banco de San Carlos", a precursor to the present-day Bank of Spain, where he had invested the proceeds of the sale of his land and farms. Its reception probably resulted in his diplomatic nomination to the Spanish consulate in Philadelphia.

His "Observaciones sobre algunos puntos de la Obra de Don Quijote", Philadelphia (1807), motivated his inclusion on the shortlist of people phobic against seventeenth-century Spanish writer Miguel de Cervantes (September 29, 1547 – April 23, 1616).

Article by R. Sidney Smith from Duke University, (US), 40 pages in pdf format, *Valentin de Foronda, Diplomático y Economista*:

http://www.cepc.es/rap/Publicaciones/Revistas/11/RECP\_023\_005.pdf