# List of cities, towns and villages in Golestan province

A list of cities, towns and villages in Golestan Province of north-eastern Iran:

## Alphabetical

Cities are in bold text; all others are villages.

### A

Ab Paran | Abadan Tappeh | Abbasabad | Abbasabad | Abbasabad | Abbasabad-e Amelak | Abeh-ye Golha | Abeh-ye Hajji Nabi Gol Cheshmeh | Abeh-ye Hajji Nazar | Abeh-ye Palang | Abeh-ye Sabzvariha | Afratakhteh | Ahangar Mahalleh | Ahangar Mahalleh | Ahmadabad | Ahmadabad | Ajan Qarah Khvajeh | Ajan Sangarli | Ajan Shir Melli | Ajan Yili | Akbarabad | Akbarabad | Alaman | Alang | Alazman | Alestan | Alhadi | **Aliabad-e Katul** | Aliabad-e Kenar Shahr | Aliabad-e Sistaniha | Allah Nur | Allahabad | Alqajar | Alti Aghaj-e Bozorg | Alti Aghaj-e Kuchak | Altin Tokhmaq | Alu Kalateh | Alustan | Aman Gal Tappeh | Aman Khujeh | Aman Qarahjeh | Aminabad | Amirabad | Amirabad-e Fenderesk | Amirabad-e Sorkh Mahalleh | Amlak-e Galikash | Anah Hajji | **Anbar Olum** | Anbar Tappeh | Aq Band | Aq Chali-ye Sofla | Aq Chatal | Aq Dagesh-e Olya | Aq Emam | Aq Qabr | Aq Qala Industrial Park | Aq Qaleh | Aq Qamish | Aq Qayeh | Aq Sin Tappeh | Aq Taqeh-ye Jadid | Aq Taqeh-ye Qadim | Aq Tekeh Khan | Aq Toqeh | Aq Yaji | Aq Zabir | Aqabad | Aqcheh Aqashli | Aqcheli-ye Olya | Aqcheli-ye Qerkhlar | Aqlar | **Aqqala** | Ara Qui | Arab Buran | Arab Laleh Gun | Arab Qarri Hajji | Arab Sorang | Aram Nerow-e Bala | Aram Nerow-e Pain | Araz Ali Sheykh | Araz Gol | Araz Mohammad Akhund | Araz Taqan | Arfanabad | Arjanli | Arkh-e Bozorg | Arkh-e Kuchek | Arkoli | Armiabad | Arteq Qelich Cheshmeh | Ashurabad | Ashurbay | Ata Behlakeh | Ataabad | Ataabad | Atajan Qorbanli | Atalar | Atra Chal | Avaz Hajji | Ay Darvish | Ay Tamer | **Azadshahr** | Azadtappeh | Azdar Tappeh | Azdaran | Azdari | Azizabad

### B

Baba Shamalek | Badilabad | Badraq-e Aneh Galdi | Badraq-e Molla | Badraq-e Nuri | Bagh-e Golbon | Bagh-e Sheykh Musa | Bagh-e Yolmeh Salian | Bagheh-ye Shur Tappeh Nafas | Bagheli-ye Marama | Baghu Kenareh | Baghu | Bahalkeh-ye Bayram Akhund | Bahalkeh-ye Dashli | Bahalkeh-ye Nafas | Bahalkeh-ye Sheykh Musa | Bahramabad | Bala Jaddeh | Balam Jerk | Baliqayeh | Balkur | Baluch Imer Mohammad | Baluchabad | Baluchabad | Baluchabad | Baluchabad | Baluchabad-e Mashu | Banafsh Tappeh | **Bandar Torkaman** | **Bandar-e Gaz** | Baqerabad | Baqerabad | Baqerabad | Baqi | Baraniha | Barayen | Barbar Qaleh | Barfatan | Basirabad | Bastam Darreh | Baylar | Baynal | Baz Gir | Berenjbon | Besh Evili | Bi Bi Shirvan | Biatlar | Bishak Tappeh | Bishak Tappeh | Bolbol Tappeh | Boluk Ajan | Boluk-e Gholam | Bozaqabad | Buin-e Owzin Qajaq | Buqajeh-ye Bala | Buqajeh-ye Pain

### C

Chahar Bagh | Chahar Chenar | Chahar Deh | Chahar Mazu | Chalaki | Chaleh Polarz | Chalejeh | Chaman Saver | Chamani-ye Bala | Chamani-ye Pain | Chamani-ye Vasat | Chapaqli | Chapar Quymeh | Chaqar Besh Qardash | Chaqar Shir Melli | Charqoli | Charvayolqi | Chatal | Chay Qushan-e Bozorg | Chay Qushan-e Kuchek | Chayli | Cheli-ye Olya | Chenar Qeshlaq | Chenaran | Chenarli | Cheqer | Cheshmeh Ali | Cheshmeh-ye Nil | Chin Sebili | Chinu | Chisht Khujehlar | Chokor Ata | Choruk-e Pishkamar | Chuplani

### D

Dadeh Olum | Dadli-ye Qazneyn | Dahaneh | Dahaneh-ye Porsu Qui | **Daland** | Damagh | Daneshmand | Dangelan Khvajeh | Dar Asiab | Dar Kalateh | Darabad | Daraz-e Now | Darvishabad | Dashli Arqach | Dashli Borun | Dashli-ye Olya | Dashli-ye Sofla | Dasht Halqeh | Dashti Kalateh-ye Gharbi | Dashti Kalateh-ye Sharqi | Dashti | Davaji | Davud Spahi Dadgar | Deh Abdollah | Deh Chenashk | Deklidash | Delijeh | Deruk | Dikcheh | Do Dangeh | Do Gunchi | Do Jowz | Do Rud Mahalleh | Dowlat Owrlan | Dowzeyn | Dumanli | Durjan

### E

Ebrahimabad | Ebrahimabad | Egri Bughaz | Emam Abdollah | Emamabad-e Sistaniha | Emamiyeh | Ertaq Hajji | Esbu Mahalleh | Esfahan Kalateh | Esferanjan | Eskeleh | Eslam Tappeh | Eslamabad | Eslamabad-e Bala | Eslamabad-e Fenderesk | Eslamabad-e Gonbad | Eslamabad-e Jelin | Eslamabad-e Mazraeh Shomareh-ye Do | Eslamabad-e Mazraeh Shomareh-ye Yek | Eslamabad-e Olya | Eslamabad-e Pain | Eslamabad-e Qeshlaq | Eslamabad-e Shadeh | Eslamabad-e Sofla | Esmailabad | Estunabad | Eyvanabad

### F

Fadavi | Fajr | Fajr | Fakhrabad va Golnad Tariki | Farang | Farq Sar-e Pain | Farsian | Farsian | Fath Bagh | Fathabad | Fazelabad | **Fazelabad** | Feyzabad | Fujerd

### G

Gadmabad | Galand | **Galikash** | Gamishli Nazar | Gamishli Yelqi | Gamishli-ye Khvajeh Nafas | Ganu | Gardayesh-e Baluchabad | Garkaz | Gav Mishli | Gavandar | Gaz | Gaz-e Gharbi | Gech Su-ye Bala | Gech Su-ye Pain | Genareh | Geri Doveji | Ghaffar Hajji | Gharavilar | Ghaznavi | Gholamabad | Gilan Tappeh | Gink Lik-e Qarah Sahneh | Gol Afra | Gol Cheshmeh Culture and Technology Centre | Gol Cheshmeh | Golestan | Golidagh | **Gomishan** | **Gonbad-e Qabus** | Gonbad-e Qabus Industrial Estate | **Gorgan** | Gorganduz | Gorji Mahalleh | Guggol | Gugol-e Bozorg | Guk Darreh | Guk Tappeh-ye Shomareh-ye Do | Guk Tappeh-ye Shomareh-ye Yek | Gukjeh | Gunili | Guzan-e Fars | Guzoni Tappeh | Guzoni Tappeh-ye Bala

### H

Habib Ishan | Hadiabad | Hajji Balkhan | Hajji Beyk-e Olya | Hajji Beyk-e Sofla | Hajji Hasan | Hajji Kalateh | Hajji Qareh | Hajji Qelich | Hajji Qushan | Hajjiabad | Hajjiabad | Hajjiabad | Hajjiabad-e Kuh Payeh | Hajjilar Qaleh | Hakimabad | Hali Akhund | Hasan Khan | Hasan Tabib | Hasanabad | Hashemabad | Hashemanli | Hejrat | Hemmatabad | Hemmatabad | Hemmatabad-e Sistaniha | Heydarabad | Heydarabad | Heydarabad-e Mohammad Shir | Hivehchi-ye Bala | Hivehchi-ye Markazi | Hoseyn Kord | Hoseynabad | Hoseynabad | Hoseynabad | Hoseynabad-e Malek | Hoseynabad-e Qorbani | Hoseynabad-e Qorbani | Hoseynabad-e Sistaniha | Hoseynabad-e Tappeh Sari | Howtan

### I

Igder-e Olya | Igder-e Sofla | Ilvar-e Panj Dangeh | Ilvar-e Yek Dangeh | Imer Hajji Allahyar | Imer Mohammad | Imer Molla Sari | Imer Tureh Molla | Imer-e Mohammad Qoli Akhund | **Incheh Borun** | Ishanlar

### J

Jafa Kandeh | Jafarabad | Jafarabad-e Namtalu | Jahadabad | Jahan Bini | Jahan Nama | Jahan Tigh | Jahanabad-e Olya | Jahanabad-e Sofla | Jalain Tappeh | Jalalabad | Jamaran | Jangal Deh-e Bala | Jangal Deh-e Pain | Jelin-e Olya | Jelin-e Sofla | Jowzchal

### K

Kachik | Kafsh Mahalleh | Kafshgiri | Kaka | **Kalaleh** | Kalleh Post | Kalu Kand | Kalu | Kalu | Kamalabad | Kamalabad | Kamasi | Kamlar | Kantiri | Kar Kondeh | Karim Ishan | Karim Ishan | Karimabad | Karimabad | Karimabad | Kaser-e Pishkamar | Kashidar | Kaskan Qajaq | Kazem Khvajeh | Kerend | Kesan | Keshkak | Khak-e Pir-e Zan | Khambarabad | Khambarabad | Khambarabad | **Khan Bebin** | Khan Duz-e Sadat | Khatamabad | Kheyr Khujeh-ye Najaf | Kheyr Khujeh-ye Olya | Kheyr Khujeh-ye Sofla | Kheyrat | Khivali | Khorramabad | Khujeh Galdi | Khujeh Tup | Khujeh Yapaqi | Khujehlar | Khujehlar | Khujomli | Khvajeh Nafas | Khvajehlar | Khvosh Yeylaq | Kiaram | Kohneh Kolbad | Kola Sangian | Kolajan-e Qajar | Kolajan-e Sadat | Kolasareh | Kolijeh | Komorli | Kond Ab | Kondeskuh | Kongor | Korang Kaftar | Kord | Kordabad | **Kordkuy** | Koruk Chutur | Koveyt Mahalleh | Kowli-ye Bayandor | Kowslar | Kuchak-e Nazar Khani | Kuchek Astajiq | Kuchek Bardikor | Kuchek Dig Seyyed | Kuchek Khortum | Kuchek Olum | Kuchek Yurt Sheykhan | Kuh Kamar | Kuh Mian | Kuh Sahra | Kui Sadaf | Kurekli | Kurlar | Kuruk | Kuseh | Kuzeh Ali

### L

Laldevin | Laleh Bagh | Lamlang | Lamsak | Laysah | Liru | Livan-e Gharbi | Livan-e Sharqi | Lohandar | Loveh | Lulom

### M

Mahian | Mahmudabad | Malashi | Malay Sheykh-e Ginklik | Malek Ali Tappeh | Mamai | Mami Aqcheli | Manjalu | **Maraveh Tappeh** | Mardom Darreh | Markeh Mahalleh | Marun Kalateh | Maryamabad | Marzan Kalateh | Marzbon | Masankup | Mashu | Masumabad | Masumabad | Masumabad-e Fenderesk | Maziaran | Mazraeh | Mazraeh-ye Ahmad Kasarayi Shomareh-ye Do | Mazraeh-ye Ahmad Kasarayi Shomareh-ye Yek | Mazraeh-ye Ahmad Mohammadi | Mazraeh-ye Ali Eslami Shomareh Yek | Mazraeh-ye Garayili | Mazraeh-ye Garayili | Mazraeh-ye Hajji Asharfian Shomareh Yek | Mazraeh-ye Hajji Milani | Mazraeh-ye Hajji Qasemi | Mazraeh-ye Hajji Rezai | Mazraeh-ye Hoseyn Farid | Mazraeh-ye Karim Jarjani | Mazraeh-ye Khodaqoli Najam ol Din | Mazraeh-ye Mansur Jarjani | Mazraeh-ye Mashtork Mohammadi | Mazraeh-ye Mokhtarzadeh | Mazraeh-ye Nemuneh Artash | Mazraeh-ye Nurjan Shir Mohammadi | Mazraeh-ye Pighmabar Qoli Yolmeh | Mazraeh-ye Qorban Sheykh | Mazraeh-ye Qorban Shir Mohammadi | Mazraeh-ye Sadaqoti | Mazraeh-ye Salman Farsi | Mazraeh-ye Seyyed Niazi | Mazraeh-ye Vahdat | Mazraeh-ye Yezdani | Mehdiabad | Mehdiabad | Mehdiabad | Mehtar Kalateh | Meydan-e Jigh-e Kuchak | Mian Rostaq | Mianabad-e Malek | Miandarreh | Midan Morad | **Minudasht** | Mir Mahalleh | Mirza Ali-ye Yelqi | Mirza Panak | Mobarakabad | Mofidabad | Mohammad Aleq | Mohammad Aliabad | Mohammad Shahir | Mohammad Zaman Khan | Mohammadabad | Mohammadabad | Mohammadabad | Mohammadabad | Mohammadabad | Mohammadabad | Mohammadabad | Mohammadabad | Mohammadabad | Mohammadabad-e Bala | Mohammadabad-e Pain | Mojaver | Molla Ali Tappeh | Molla Taqi | Moradberdi

### N

Na Alaj | Nahar Khvoran | Naman | Naqiabad | Nar Kalateh | Narges Chal | Narli Aji Su | Narli Dagh | Narrab | Narseh | Nasarkan-e Olya | Nasarkan-e Sofla | Nasrabad | Nazar Chaqli | **Neginshahr** | Nersu | Ney Tappeh | Niazabad | Nili | Nosratabad | Nosratabad | Now Chaman | Now Deh Garrison | **Now Deh Khanduz** | Now Deh-e Hajjilar | Now Deh-e Katul | Now Deh-e Malek | Now Deh-e Sharif | **Now Kandeh** | Nowdijeh | Nowmal | Nurabad

### O

Okhli-ye Bala | Okhli-ye Forugah Farahnak | Okhli-ye Paeen | Omidabad | Osmanabad | Owdak Duji | Owja Bon | Owneq Yelqi-ye Olya | Owneq Yelqi-ye Sofla

### P

Pa Qaleh | Palcheqli | Panj Peykar | Parangal | Parcheqli | Parsah Su | Pas Poshteh | Pasang-e Bala | Pasang-e Pain | Pasgah-e Marzi Pol-e Sharqi | Pashai | Pashehlar | Pashmak Panadeh | Pashmak-e Towq Tamish | Pay Doldol | Penu | Pichak Mahalleh | Pikhi Hajji | Pir Aghach | Piravash-e Olya | Piravash-e Sofla | Piruzabad | Pishkamar | Pol-e Aram | Poli Hajji | Poli-ye Olya | Poli-ye Sofla | Post Darreh

### Q

Qaduneh-ye Olya | Qaduneh-ye Sofla | Qalami | Qalandar Ayesh | Qalandar Mahalleh | Qalandarabad-e Bala | Qalandarabad-e Pain | Qaleh Cheh | Qaleh Jiq | Qaleh Jiq-e Bozorg | Qaleh Jiq-e Kuchek | Qaleh Mahmud | Qaleh Qafeh | Qaleh Qafeh-ye Pain | Qaleh-ye Gomesh Dafeh | Qaleh-ye Hajji Galdi Khan | Qaleh-ye Qarah Jalar | Qanat-e Hajji Taji | Qanjeq-e Shahrak | Qanqormeh | Qapan-e Olya | Qapan-e Sofla | Qaplanli | Qarah Aqachli | Qarah Aqashli | Qarah Bolagh | Qarah Cheshmeh | Qarah Daghli | Qarah Dam-e Yek | Qarah Dang | Qarah Gol-e Gharbi | Qarah Gol-e Kalleh | Qarah Gol-e Sharqi | Qarah Gol-e Takhteh-ye Vasat | Qarah Kasalkheh | Qarah Kileh | Qarah Mohammad Tappeh | Qarah Qach | Qarah Qashli | Qarah Qul-e Tappeh | Qarah Shur | Qarah Tappeh | Qarah Tappeh | Qarah Yasar-e Bala | Qarah Yasar-e Pain | Qarangi-ye Jangal | Qaranjik-e Gukcheli | Qaranjik-e Khavjeh Khan | Qaranjik-e Pur Aman | Qaravol Tappeh | Qaravol-e Hajji Taji | Qareh Aghach | Qareh Jeh | Qareh Makher | Qareh Said | Qareh Su | Qareh Tappeh-ye Sheykh | Qarmaseh | Qarnabad | Qarnaveh-ye Olya | Qarnaveh-ye Sofla | Qarqojoq | Qasemabad-e Yolmeh Salian | Qazan Qayeh | Qazaqoli | Qelaq Burteh | Qereq-e Aq Qamish | Qernaq | Qerqiz | Qeshlaq Coal Mine | Qeshlaq | Qezel Dalq | Qezel Otaq | Qezelcheh-ye Pashmak | Qezeljeh-ye Aq Emam | Qezli | Qizlar | Qoli Tappeh | Qoliabad | Qolmas | Qorban Peykar | Qorban Qelich Molla | Qorbanabad | Qoroq | Quch Morad | Quinli | Quj Maz | Qul Hajji | Qulaq Kasan | Qur Chay | Qur Polcheh | Qurchay | Qusheh Cheshmeh | Qusheh Su | Qusheh Tappeh | Qushjanabad | Qushkorpi | Quy Joq

### R

Radkan | Rahimabad | Rahmatabad | **Ramian** | Razi | Rezaabad | Rig Cheshmeh | Rig Cheshmeh | Rig Cheshmeh-ye Pain | Rostam Kalateh-ye Sadat | Rudbar | Rusatai-ye Abuzer | Rusatai-ye Anqolab | Rusatai-ye Ashura | Rusatai-ye Belal | Rusatai-ye Chamran | Rusatai-ye Khan Baba Ahmadi | Rusatai-ye Saraleh

### S

Sadabad | Sadabad-e Fenderesk | Sadan | Sadd-e Chamran | Sadeqabad | Sadgorgan va Ettehad Seh | Safa Ishan | Safar Hajji | Safiabad | Sahneh-ye Sofla | Sakhiabad | Salaq Yelqi | Salaq-e Aman Kharlar | Salaq-e Ghayeb | Salaq-e Nuri | Salaq-e Qelich Tappeh | Salaq-e Taj Mohammad | Salaq-e Yasi Tappeh | Salehabad-e Chaqorli | Sali Kandeh | Sanchuliabad | Sangdevin | Sangestan | Saqar Tappeh | Saqar Yelqi | Sar Cheshmeh | Sar Kahriza | Sar Kalateh-ye Kafshgiri | Sar Kalateh-ye Kharab Shahr | Sar Mahalleh | Sar Tappeh | Saray Mohammad Hoseyn | Sar-e Pol | Sari Bakhsh | Sari Qamish | Sarjeh Kor | **Sarkhon Kalateh** | Sarli Makhtum | Sarli-ye Olya | Sarli-ye Sofla | Sartaq | Sasang | Satleq Bay-ye Zeytunli | Savar Kalateh | Savar-e Bala | Savar-e Pain | Savar-e Vasat | Sayer | Sazeman-e Darya | Sazeman-e Enqelab | Sazeman-e Ettehad Shomareh Yek va Do | Sazeman-e Hajj Seyd | Sazeman-e Heydari | Sazeman-e Miankalleh | Sazeman-e Seyd Ahmad Khomeyni | Sazeman-e Shakrian | Sefid Cheshmeh | Seydabad | Seyyed Kalateh | Seyyed Miran | Seyyedabad | Seyyedlar | Shafiabad | Shaftalu Bagh-e Olya | Shaftalu Bagh-e Sofla | Shahid Qorbani | Shahkuh-e Sofla | Shahrak-e Beheshti | Shahrak-e Golestan Emam Khomeyni | Shahrak-e Jamhuri Eslami | Shahrak-e Vahdat-e Eslami | Shamsabad | Shamushak-e Olya | Shamushak-e Sofla | Sharlaq | Sharlaq | Sherkat-e Sahra | Shesh Ab | Sheykh Tappeh | Sheykhabad-e Yolmeh Salian | Sheykhlar-e Sofla | Shir Aliabad | Shirabad | Shirang-e Olya | Shirang-e Sofla | Shirinabad | Shojaabad | Shur Degesh | Shur Hayat | Shuralang | Shurjah-e Bala | Si Joval | Siah Rudbar | Siahtalu | Sib Chal | Sijan | **Siminshahr** | Sistani Mahalleh | Soleyman Tappeh | Soltanabad | Someh Makhtum | Sorkhanabad | Sorkhu | Su Sara | Sufi Sheykh | Sufi Sheykh Daz | Sufi Sheykh Gharavi | Sufian | Sujeq | Suteh Deh | Suzesh

### T

Tagak-e Emam Abdollah | Takhshi Mahalleh | Takht | Taleqan Tappeh | Talur | Talustan | Tamer-e Qarah Quzi | Tangeli | Tangrah | Tappeh Nurjan | Tappeh-ye Zohurian | Taqanpay-e Patakeh | Taqiabad | Tarajiq | Tarang Tappeh | Tarjanli | Tarseh | Tashdeh | Tatar Bayjeq | Tatar-e Olya | Tatar-e Sofla | Tazehabad | Tekehlar | Ternavoli-ye Pain | Teymurabad | Tigh Zamin | Tilabad | Tilan | Toqor Tappeh | Torshakli | Towhidabad | Tul Aram | Tumachlar | Tumachlar | Tumachlar-e Altin | Tuqalajiq Tappeh | Tuqqeh | Turan-e Fars | Turan-e Tork | Turang Tappeh | Tushan | Tuska Chal | Tuskastan | Tutli Tamak | Tutli-ye Kuchek

### U

Uch Qui | Uch Tappeh | Ucheran | Ukhi Tappeh | Ulang | Uqchi Bozorg | Uqchi Kuchek | Urkat Hajji

### V

Valaghuz | Valeshabad | Valfara | Valikabad | Vamenan | Varcheshmeh | Varsan | Vatan | Vatana | Viru

### Y

Yalu | Yampi | Yamut | Yan Bolagh | Yanqaq | Yarem Tappeh | Yarti Qaya | Yasaqleq | Yaz Galdi | Yazdan-e Mahallah | Yekeh Sur | Yekkeh Chenar | Yekkeh Quz-e Bala | Yekkeh Quz-e Pain | Yekkeh Tappeh | Yekkeh Tut-e Pain | Yel Cheshmeh-ye Jadid | Yel Cheshmeh-ye Olya | Yel Cheshmeh-ye Sofla | Yelkhi Surlan | Yelli Badraq | Yesaqi | Yisi Mahalleh | Yolmeh Khandan | Yolmeh Salian | Yurt-e Kazem | Yurt-e Zeynal

### Z

Zabihabad | Zaboli Mahallah Qarah Shur | Zaboli Mahalleh-ye Mahastan | Zaboli Mahalleh-ye Olya | Zaboli Mahalleh-ye Sofla | Zaboliabad | Zabolimahalleh-ye Quchmorad | Zamin Shahi | Zangalab | Zangian | Zarrin Gol | Zav-e Bala | Zav-e Pain | Zendan Chal | Zera Mahalleh | Zeynababad | Ziaabad | Ziarat

## Administratively


title: Open-circuit voltage

abstract: Open-circuit voltage is the difference of electrical potential between two terminals of an electronic device when disconnected from any circuit. There is no external load connected. No external electric current flows between the terminals. Alternatively, the open-circuit voltage may be thought of as the voltage that must be applied to a solar cell or a battery to stop the current. It is sometimes given the symbol Voc. In network analysis this voltage is also known as the Thévenin voltage. The open-circuit voltages of batteries and solar cells are often quoted under particular conditions. The potential difference mentioned for batteries and cells is usually the open-circuit voltage. The value of the open-circuit voltage of a transducer equals its electromotive force (emf), which is the maximum potential difference it can produce when not providing current.

text:
# Open-circuit voltage

**Open-circuit voltage** (abbreviated as **OCV** or **VOC**) is the difference of electrical potential between two terminals of an electronic device when disconnected from any circuit. There is no external load connected. No external electric current flows between the terminals. Alternatively, the open-circuit voltage may be thought of as the voltage that must be applied to a solar cell or a battery to stop the current. It is sometimes given the symbol Voc. In network analysis this voltage is also known as the Thévenin voltage.

The open-circuit voltages of batteries and solar cells are often quoted under particular conditions (state-of-charge, illumination, temperature, etc.).

The potential difference mentioned for batteries and cells is usually the open-circuit voltage.

The value of the open-circuit voltage of a transducer equals its electromotive force (emf), which is the maximum potential difference it can produce when not providing current.

## Example

Consider the circuit:

If we want to find the open-circuit voltage across the 5Ω resistor, first disconnect it from the circuit:

Find the equivalent resistance in loop 1 to find the current in loop 1. Use Ohm’s law with that current to find the potential drop across the resistance C. Note that since no current is flowing through resistor B, there is no potential drop across it, so it does not affect the open-circuit voltage.

The open-circuit voltage is the potential drop across the resistance C, which is: $\textstyle {\frac {C}{C+A}\ 100\ V\_{\sim }\ .}$

This is just an example. Many other ways can be used.


title: Mantissa College

abstract: Mantissa College is a private educational establishment founded in 1999 with approval from the Malaysia Education ministry.

text:
# Mantissa College

**Mantissa College** is a private educational establishment founded in 1999 with approval from the Malaysia Education ministry.

## History

The institute was founded in 1999 as an IT college and is wholly owned by PMI Education Sdn. Bhd (Reg No. 629638V).

## International presence

Internationally, Mantissa Diploma courses are articulated with 40 universities from United Kingdom, France, Australia, New Zealand, United States, Canada, Taiwan (Ming Chuan University) and China (Henan University).

## Courses offered

* Certificate in English Language (CIEL)
* Diploma in Information Technology (DIT)
* Bachelor of Business Administration
* International Executive Master in Business Administration Programme (IEMBA)
* Doctorate of Business Administration (DBA)

## InfoBox

Mantissa College
| Type | Private college |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 1999 |
| Principal | William Chua Chong Keow |
| Location | Taman Tun Dr Ismail, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |
| Affiliations |  |
| Website | www.mantissa.edu.my |


title: Stygionyx

abstract: Stygionyx is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae erected by George Hampson in 1926. Its only species, Stygionyx montana, was first described by James John Joicey and George Talbot in 1917. It is found in New Guinea.

text:
# Stygionyx

***Stygionyx*** is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae erected by George Hampson in 1926. Its only species, ***Stygionyx montana***, was first described by James John Joicey and George Talbot in 1917. It is found in New Guinea.

## InfoBox

| *Stygionyx* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Calpinae |
| Genus: | ***Stygionyx***
Hampson, 1926 |
| Species: | ***S. montana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Stygionyx montana***
Joicey & Talbot, 1917 | |
|


title: 1973 Norwegian First Division

abstract: The 1973 1. divisjon was the 29th completed season of top division football in Norway.

text:
# 1973 Norwegian First Division

The **1973 1. divisjon** was the 29th completed season of top division football in Norway.

## Overview

It was contested by 12 teams, and Viking FK won the championship, their second consecutive league title and their third top-flight title overall.

Fredrikstad, who was the only remaining team to have played all 28 completed seasons in the top division, was relegated in the end of the season.

## Teams and locations

*Note: Table lists in alphabetical order.*

| Team | Ap. | Location | Stadium |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Brann | **21** | Bergen | Brann Stadion |
| Fredrikstad | **28** | Fredrikstad | Fredrikstad Stadion |
| Frigg | **15** | Oslo |  |
| HamKam | **5** | Hamar | Briskeby |
| Lyn | **20** | Oslo | Ullevaal Stadion |
| Mjøndalen | **7** | Mjøndalen | Nedre Eiker Stadion |
| Raufoss | **8** | Raufoss | Raufoss Stadion |
| Rosenborg | **11** | Trondheim | Lerkendal Stadion |
| Skeid | **26** | Oslo |  |
| Start | **6** | Kristiansand | Kristiansand Stadion |
| Strømsgodset | **8** | Drammen | Marienlyst Stadion |
| Viking | **26** | Stavanger | Stavanger Stadion |

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Viking (C) | 22 | 13 | 6 | 3 | 30 | 13 | +17 | 32 | Qualification for the European Cup first round |
| 2 | Rosenborg | 22 | 10 | 7 | 5 | 32 | 18 | +14 | 27 | Qualification for the UEFA Cup first round |
| 3 | Start | 22 | 10 | 6 | 6 | 28 | 22 | +6 | | 26 |
| 4 | HamKam | 22 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 29 | 25 | +4 | 25 |  |
| 5 | Brann | 22 | 9 | 5 | 8 | 31 | 27 | +4 | | 23 |
| 6 | Strømsgodset | 22 | 9 | 4 | 9 | 30 | 27 | +3 | 22 | Qualification for the Cup Winners' Cup first round |
| 7 | Skeid | 22 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 20 | 21 | 1 | 22 |  |
| 8 | Raufoss | 22 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 21 | 26 | 5 | | 21 |
| 9 | Mjøndalen | 22 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 21 | 26 | 5 | | 21 |
| 10 | Frigg (R) | 22 | 5 | 8 | 9 | 21 | 27 | 6 | 18 | Relegation to Second Division |
| 11 | Lyn (R) | 22 | 5 | 6 | 11 | 23 | 31 | 8 | | 16 |
| 12 | Fredrikstad (R) | 22 | 3 | 5 | 14 | 20 | 43 | 23 | | 11 |

Source: NIFS
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
(C) Champions; (R) Relegated

## Results

| Home \ Away | BRA | FRE | FRI | HAM | LYN | MIF | RAU | ROS | SKE | IKS | STM | VIK |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Brann |  | 5–0 | 0–1 | 0–0 | 5–2 | 3–0 | 0–1 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 1–2 |
| Fredrikstad | 1–4 |  | 0–1 | 2–1 | 0–2 | 0–0 | 1–2 | 2–2 | 1–3 | 1–1 | 4–1 | 0–2 |
| Frigg | 0–2 | 1–2 |  | 0–2 | 2–1 | 2–2 | 1–2 | 0–0 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 1–1 |
| HamKam | 3–3 | 1–1 | 1–1 |  | 1–1 | 2–0 | 2–0 | 2–1 | 0–1 | 2–1 | 2–0 | 0–3 |
| Lyn | 0–1 | 3–0 | 1–1 | 0–2 |  | 0–1 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 1–0 | 1–3 | 0–1 |
| Mjøndalen | 1–1 | 2–1 | 4–1 | 2–2 | 3–1 |  | 1–0 | 2–1 | 1–2 | 0–1 | 0–3 | 0–1 |
| Raufoss | 1–1 | 1–1 | 1–4 | 0–2 | 2–2 | 0–0 |  | 0–2 | 2–2 | 0–2 | 2–0 | 0–0 |
| Rosenborg | 5–0 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 2–0 |  | 3–0 | 1–1 | 3–2 | 2–0 |
| Skeid | 3–0 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 0–1 | 1–2 | 0–0 | 0–3 | 0–0 |  | 2–0 | 0–1 | 0–1 |
| Start | 1–0 | 3–1 | 2–0 | 2–2 | 2–1 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 3–1 | 1–0 |  | 1–1 | 0–3 |
| Strømsgodset | 1–0 | 5–2 | 1–1 | 3–0 | 2–0 | 3–1 | 0–2 | 2–1 | 1–2 | 1–3 |  | 0–1 |
| Viking | 4–1 | 1–0 | 2–1 | 2–1 | 2–1 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 1–2 | 0–0 |  |

Source: nifs.no (in Norwegian)
Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.

## Season statistics

### Top scorer

### Attendances

| Pos | Team | Total | High | Low | Average | Change |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Viking | 127,283 | 16,450 | 6,800 | **11,571** | +3.1% |
| 2 | Brann | 96,865 | 15,198 | 4,467 | **8,806** | +1.6% |
| 3 | Rosenborg | 94,470 | 11,524 | 5,400 | **8,579** | +26.0% |
| 4 | Strømsgodset | 87,235 | 12,500 | 4,600 | **7,930** | +4.2% |
| 5 | Start | 73,052 | 10,658 | 4,611 | 6,641 | n/a2 |
| 6 | Skeid | 42,270 | 6,454 | 1,324 | **3,843** | −22.5% |
| 7 | HamKam | 41,747 | 6,438 | 2,128 | **3,795** | −3.6% |
| 8 | Fredrikstad | 39,011 | 6,212 | 1,000 | **3,546** | −36.9% |
| 9 | Lyn | 36,269 | 6,324 | 829 | **3,297** | −22.6% |
| 10 | Mjøndalen | 35,683 | 5,963 | 1,500 | **3,244** | −28.6% |
| 11 | Frigg | 33,146 | 7,468 | 1,929 | 3,013 | n/a2 |
| 12 | Raufoss | 30,932 | 6,000 | 1,400 | 2,812 | n/a2 |
|  | League total | 737,863 | 16,450 | 829 | **5,590** | −0.8% |

Source: nifs.no
**Notes:**
2: Team played last season in 2. divisjon.

## InfoBox

1. divisjon
| Season | 1973 |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 1 May – 14 October |
| Champions | Viking
3rd title |
| Relegated | Frigg
Lyn
Fredrikstad |
| European Cup | Viking |
| Cup Winners' Cup | Strømsgodset |
| UEFA Cup | Rosenborg
Start |
| Matches played | 132 |
| Goals scored | 306 (2.32 per match) |
| Top goalscorer | Stein Karlsen
(17 goals) |
| Biggest home win | Rosenborg 5–0 Brann
(30 July 1973) |
| Biggest away win | Mjøndalen 0–3 Strømsgodset
(1 May 1973)
Start 0–3 Viking
(23 May 1973)
Fredrikstad 1–4 Brann
(11 June 1973)
Raufoss 1–4 Frigg
(29 July 1973)
HamKam 0–3 Viking
(5 August 1973)
Skeid 0–3 Raufoss
(13 August 1973) |
| Highest scoring | Brann 5–2 Lyn
(23 May 1973) |
| Longest winning run | Viking
(6 games) |
| Longest unbeaten run | Viking
(15 games) |
| Longest winless run | Fredrikstad
HamKam
(7 games) |
| Longest losing run | HamKam
(7 games) |
| Highest attendance | 16,450
Viking 1–1 Rosenborg
(25 June 1973) |
| Lowest attendance | 829
Lyn 3–0 Fredrikstad
(7 October 1973) |
| Average attendance | 5,590  0.8% |
| 1972 1974 | |


title: William Henry Drayton

abstract: William Henry Drayton was an American Founding Father, planter, and lawyer from Charleston, South Carolina. He served as a delegate for South Carolina to the Continental Congress in 1778-79 and signed the Articles of Confederation.

text:
# William Henry Drayton

**William Henry Drayton** (September 1742 – September 3, 1779) was an American Founding Father, planter, and lawyer from Charleston, South Carolina. He served as a delegate for South Carolina to the Continental Congress in 1778-79 and signed the Articles of Confederation.

## Early life

William Henry was born on his family's plantation, Drayton Hall, on the bank of the Ashley River near Charleston. His father John Drayton had just completed construction of a massive main house on the rice plantation. His mother was Charlotta Bull Drayton, the daughter of the colony's Governor William Bull. Drayton Hall would remain William's home throughout his life.

In 1750, he was sent to England for his education. He first studied at Westminster School where he met Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. Then he went on to Balliol College, Oxford, before returning home in 1764. He read law and was admitted to the bar in South Carolina.

Drayton married Dorothy Golightly in 1764; they were the parents of South Carolina Governor John Drayton. He was the cousin of U.S. Representative William Drayton, the son of Judge William Drayton Sr.

## Career

Drayton at first opposed the growing sense of colonial unity and resistance after the Stamp Act Congress but reversed his position as the Revolution grew nearer. He first wrote a series of published letters opposing the American actions. When they were published in England, he was made a member of the Colonial Council in 1772. Governor Bull appointed him to the Colony's Court in 1774. However, later that year he wrote a pamphlet, the *American Claim of Rights*, which supported the call for a Continental Congress. Subsequently he was removed from all government positions, which completed his conversion to the Patriot cause.

He became a member of South Carolina's Committee of safety in 1775 as well as the provisional Congress that functioned as the colony's rebel government. In 1776, he and Arthur Middleton designed the Seal of South Carolina. When they began operating under an interim constitution in 1776, he returned to his seat on the council, serving as chief justice of state's Supreme Court. When the South Carolina General Assembly unanimously voted for union with Georgia in 1776, Drayton became the chief champion of the proposal. The union was rejected by a Georgia convention on January 23, 1777, but Drayton continued to campaign in Georgia for union until Governor John A. Treutlen issued a reward for his arrest. In 1778, South Carolina sent Drayton as a delegate to the Continental Congress, where he gave strong support to the military, but he was no friend to the Natives: "Cut up every Indian Cornfield and burn every Indian town," he proclaimed, so that their "nation be extirpated and the lands become the property of the public."

## Death

Drayton died of typhus on September 3, 1779 in Philadelphia, while serving in Congress. He was 37. His home, Drayton Hall, now lies within the expanded city of Charleston. It is operated as a museum and is open to the public for an admission fee.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| William Drayton | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | September 1742
Charleston, South Carolina, Great Britain |
| Died | 3 September 1779(1779-09-03) (aged 36–37)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States |
| Children | John |


title: Three Forks (Oklahoma)

abstract: Three Forks Oklahoma is an imprecisely defined area of what is now eastern Oklahoma, around the confluence of the Arkansas, Verdigris, and Grand Rivers.

text:
# Three Forks (Oklahoma)

**Three Forks Oklahoma** is an imprecisely defined area of what is now eastern Oklahoma, around the confluence of the Arkansas, Verdigris, and Grand Rivers.

## History

The term, "Three Forks," was apparently used to designate this area as early as 1719, when the French trader Bernard de la Harpe traveled through the area, meeting and trading with members of the Wichita tribe at a place on the Arkansas River immediately south of the present city of Tulsa.

Located in a transition between the Ozark Mountains on the east and the Cross Timbers/Sandstone Hills on the West, this area is the wettest part of Oklahoma, commonly receiving at least 40 inches (1,000 mm) of precipitation per year. Bison and other fur-bearing animals were plentiful, making this a prime hunting area for centuries. Archaeologists have found evidence of human settlements dating back to at least 5000 B.C.

According to Oklahoma historian Grant Foreman, it was the Spanish government who in 1802, granted a monopoly on trading with the Osage Indians, who then claimed control over the area, to Manuel Lisa, Charles Sanguinet, Francis M. Benoit and Gregoire Sarpy. This effectively undercut Pierre Chouteau, a Frenchman and resident of St. Louis, who enjoyed such a monopoly for the previous twenty years. Chouteau had acquired much influence with the Osage, and refused to take this situation lying down. He persuaded about two thousand of their number to pick a new chief named *Cashesegra*, or Big Track and move from their homes on the Missouri River to the Three Forks, where the Arkansas, Grand and Verdigris Rivers joined. This area was under at least nominal control of the French government, rather than the Spanish, so Chouteau was legally free to trade with these Osage.

Foreman also wrote that after the Louisiana Purchase became a reality, the Osages were notified by an official letter. The Osage, by then led by Chief Clermont, simply threw the letter into a fire. They refused to accept that their friends, the French, would sell their land, and that they must swear loyalty to the United States. According to Foreman, this response was given to Lewis and Clark while their expedition was encamped on the Osage River on May 31, 1804.

The Osages who moved to the Three Forks fared well. Temperamental and warlike, they soon pushed out the Washitas and intimidated smaller tribes who already lived in the area. Then they dominated the fur trade with the French who came to Chouteau's trading post. It was not long before Cherokees who had already left their ancestral homes in the Southeastern states to settle in the Arkansas Territory began to encroach on the Osage's newly acquired hunting ground. One source claims that between 1790 and 1820, around 5,000 Cherokee settlers built farms and ranches on land they now claimed as their tribe's territory. These two tribes engaged in a 10-year war, in which neither would submit to the other, but the Osage finally realized they could not win. A settlement was reached whereby the Osage accepted a large reservation elsewhere.

Three Forks is still used in the 21st Century in reference to the same geographic area, now covering at least part of present-day Cherokee, Muskogee and Wagoner Counties. When the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System became operational in 1971, an important segment of the Port of Muskogee was formally named Three Forks Port.

1. Goins, Charles Robert; Danney Goble and James H. Anderson. *Historical Atlas of Oklahoma*, Fourth edition. ISBN 978-0-8061-3482-6. University of Oklahoma Press. 2006. Available on Google Books.
2. Hurt, Douglas A. "Three Forks Area." *Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture*. Accessed September 27, 2017.
3. Foreman, Grant. "The Three Forks." *Chronicles of Oklahoma*. Volume 2, Number 1. March, 1924 Accessed September 24, 2017.
4. Foreman, p. 38.
5. DuVal, Kathleen. *The Native Ground: Indians and Colonists in the Heart of the Continent*. Available on Google Books. pp. 196-198. 2006. The University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-0182-6. Accessed September 27, 2017.


title: Our Lady of Angels Church, Karaikal

abstract: Our Lady of Angels Church is the oldest church in Karaikal in the Union territory of Pondicherry, in Southern India. The current structure was built in Neo-Gothic architecture by the French Colonial Empire in 1822. The original structure is believed to have been built during 1739 and was destroyed by the British. The church has the tallest structure for any building in Karaikal, raising to a height of 133 ft (41 m), built during 1891. Our Lady of Angels Church is a working church with hourly prayer and daily services and follows Roman Catholic sect of Christianity. The Thetheravu Matha festival is a ten-day festival celebrated in the Church every year on 15 August when the festive image of Mary is taken in a chariot around the streets of the Church. The Church is one of the most prominent landmarks in Karaikal and faces the Bay of Bengal.

text:
# Our Lady of Angels Church, Karaikal

**Our Lady of Angels Church** (also called **Karaikal Church**) is the oldest church in Karaikal in the Union territory of Pondicherry, in Southern India. The current structure was built in Neo-Gothic architecture by the French Colonial Empire in 1822. The original structure is believed to have been built during 1739 and was destroyed by the British. The church has the tallest structure for any building in Karaikal, raising to a height of 133 ft (41 m), built during 1891.

Our Lady of Angels Church is a working church with hourly prayer and daily services and follows Roman Catholic sect of Christianity. The Thetheravu Matha festival is a ten-day festival celebrated in the Church every year on 15 August when the festive image of Mary is taken in a chariot around the streets of the Church. The Church is one of the most prominent landmarks in Karaikal and faces the Bay of Bengal.

## Architecture

The Church is located in Church street in Karaikal, which is believed to be named after the Church. The church is built in Neo-Gothic architecture with the main chapel, a 133 ft (41 m) tower approached through a structure with doom shaped roof and a worship hall. The top of the tower is a cone with an octagonal base and the cone houses three clocks. There are five huge bells, the sound of which can be heard as far as 5 km (3.1 mi) from its location. The Church has stained glass windows and marble altars, believed to have been added during 1739. The shrine faces the East facing the sea towards Bay of Bengal. The altar is originally believed to have a statue of Our Lady of Angels, but houses a Holy Cross in modern times. The church also houses an orphanage where 40 boys are taken care. The temple is one of the major landmarks in the town and one of the major tourist destination.

## History

Karaikal was bought as a colony by the French in 1750. It changed hands between British and the French like Pondicherry. The French surrendered the town to the British in 1761 and once more subsequently. The Church was built by the French during 1739 and the original structure was believed to have been built during 1739, which was destroyed by the British. When Karaikal came to the hands of the French completely by 1816 after the Treaty of Paris, the Church was rebuilt in 1828. While the original structure was built during 1822, the tower was erected during 1891.

## Culture

Our Lady of Angels Church has the tallest structure in Karaikal and is one of the most prominent landmarks in the town. The Church is locally called Thetheravu Matha Kovil, meaning the "temple of the mother who consoles the desolate ". The church is a working church with hourly prayer and daily services and follows Roman Catholic sect of Christianity. The priests in the church were originally French, but during modern times, Tamil people replaced them. During 15 August every year, the Thetheravu Matha festival is celebrated in the Church, with a flag hoisting on 6 August. During the festival, the festival image of Mary is taking round the streets of Karaikal in a chariot. The event is one of the most prominent festival in the region. Christianity in large numbers during the earlier part of the 19th century. Many of them and their families visited France and were socially and economically uplifted on account of education offered to the community by the Church.

## InfoBox

| Our Lady of Angels Church | |
| --- | --- |
| Front view of the church | |
| Our Lady of Angels Church | |
| 10°55′01″N 79°50′03″E / 10.91694°N 79.83417°E / 10.91694; 79.83417 | |
| Location | Karaikal |
| Country | India |
| Denomination | Catholic |
| History | |
| Status | Parish church |
| Founded | 1828 (1828) |
| Architecture | |
| Functional status | Active |
| Architectural type | Chapel |
| Style | Neo-Gothic architecture |
| Administration | |
| Archdiocese | Independent diocese |


title: Niluvu Dopidi

abstract: Niluvu Dopidi is a 1968 Indian Telugu-language comedy drama film, produced by U. Visweswara Rao and directed by C. S. Rao. It stars N. T. Rama Rao, Krishna, Devika and Jayalalita, with music composed by K. V. Mahadevan. The film was released on 25 January 1968 and became a commercial success.

text:
# Niluvu Dopidi

***Niluvu Dopidi*** (transl.Complete Robbery) is a 1968 Indian Telugu-language comedy drama film, produced by U. Visweswara Rao and directed by C. S. Rao. It stars N. T. Rama Rao, Krishna, Devika and Jayalalita, with music composed by K. V. Mahadevan. The film was released on 25 January 1968 and became a commercial success.

## Plot

Jagapathi Rayalu, the *zamindar* of the village Rangapuram, has two sons – Ramu and Krishna. Before dying, he entrusts their responsibility to his sisters Chukamma and Sheshamma. The avaricious Chukkamma ploys with her distant relative Bhushanam to kill the heirs for the property. However, the boys are rescued by Chukkamma's wise husband Venkataramaiah and they land at an orphanage. Years roll by, and Ramu turns into a mechanic whereas Krishna is a college student. They fall in love with the daughters of Sheshamma and Chukkamma: Janaki and Radha respectively.

At Rangapuram, Chukkamma reaps her benefits. Parallelly, Bhushanam becomes the president of the village who aspires to arrange his son Raju's marriage with Radha. Bhushanam learns of Radha and Krishna's love affair. So, he beats Krishna when enraged Ramu revolts on Bhushanam, but stops upon seeing the picture of the orphanage founder i.e. Jagapathi Rayalu. Soon after, their guardian Swamiji reveals the truth. Ramu and Krishna reach Rangapuram in disguise, brings Bhushanam to justice, and teach a lesson to Chukkamma. The film ends with the marriages of Ramu with Janaki, and Krishna with Radha.

## Cast

## Production

After the success of the folklore film *Kanchu Kota* (1967), its producer U. Visweswara Rao and director C. S. Rao decided to make their next venture a contemporary film under the same banner Manjula Cine Syndicate. *Kanchu Kota*'s lead actors N. T. Rama Rao and Devika were retained for the new film, titled *Niluvu Dopidi*. Visweswara Rao wrote the story which Tripuraneni Maharadhi, the film's screenwriter, read and noticed was strongly influenced by *Gundamma Katha* (1962). Maharadhi felt Visweswara Rao's story was outdated, so he reworked it to its final form. Visweswara Rao's initial choice for the second male lead was Sobhan Babu, but later chose Krishna at the insistence of Maharadhi, who felt he would match Rama Rao's "jubilance". J. Jayalalithaa was cast as the second female lead, paired alongside Krishna. Kanta Rao, who appeared in *Kanchu Kota*, was dismayed upon realising there was no role for him in *Niluvu Dopidi* and insisted on an appearance; he was offered to act as a minister and willingly accepted. The cinematography was handled by G. K. Ramu and the art direction by S. Krishna Rao, while editing was handled by R. Hanumantha Rao. The song "Aadapillalante Hoi Hoi", choreographed by Thangappa, was shot at the Madras-based Golden Studios in September 1967.

## Soundtrack

The soundtrack was composed by K. V. Mahadevan.

Track listing
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Singer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Lokam Idhi Lokam" | Daasarathi Krishnamacharyulu | P. Susheela | 5:18 |
| 2. | "Aadapillalante Hoi Hoi" | C. Narayana Reddy | P. Susheela | 3:58 |
| 3. | "Chukkamma Athayyaro Bul Bul Bul" | U. Visweswara Rao | Ghantasala | 4:30 |
| 4. | "Ayyalara O Ammalara" | Kosaraju Raghavaiah | Nazaar, Vallam Narasimham | 6:21 |
| 5. | "Nee Bandaram Paina Pataaram" | Aarudhra | Pithapuram Nageswara Rao, L. R. Eswari | 3:45 |
| 6. | "Nene Dhanalakshmini" | Sri Sri | L. R. Eswari, Pithapuram Nageswara Rao, Madhavapeddi Satyam | 7:24 |
| 7. | "Jeevulenubadhinalgu Lakshala Chaavu Puttuka lIkkada" | Kosaraju Raghavaiah | Madhavapeddi Satyam | 2:44 |
| 8. | "Ayyindhi Ayyindhi Anukunnadi" | Acharya Aatreya | Ghantasala, P. Susheela | 3:42 |
| Total length: | | | | 37:42 |

## Release and reception

*Niluvu Dopidi* was released on 25 January 1968 and became a commercial success.

## InfoBox

| Niluvu Dopidi | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | C. S. Rao |
| Screenplay by | Tripuraneni Maharadhi |
| Story by | U. Visweswara Rao |
| Produced by | U. Visweswara Rao |
| Starring | N. T. Rama Rao
Krishna
Devika
Jayalalita |
| Cinematography | G. K. Ramu |
| Edited by | R. Hanumantha Rao |
| Music by | K. V. Mahadevan |
| Production
company | Manjula Cine Syndicate |
| Release date | * 25 January 1968 (1968-01-25) |
| Running time | 146 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Telugu |


title: 1981–82 Cypriot Cup

abstract: The 1981–82 Cypriot Cup was the 40th edition of the Cypriot Cup. A total of 42 clubs entered the competition. It began on 31 March 1982 with the preliminary round and concluded on 5 June 1982 with the replay final which was held at Makario Stadium. Omonia won their 6th Cypriot Cup trophy after beating Apollon 4–1 in the final.

text:
# 1981–82 Cypriot Cup

The **1981–82 Cypriot Cup** was the 40th edition of the Cypriot Cup. A total of 42 clubs entered the competition. It began on 31 March 1982 with the preliminary round and concluded on 5 June 1982 with the replay final which was held at Makario Stadium. Omonia won their 6th Cypriot Cup trophy after beating Apollon 4–1 in the final.

## Format

In the 1981–82 Cypriot Cup, participated all the teams of the Cypriot First Division, the Cypriot Second Division and the Cypriot Third Division.

The competition consisted of six knock-out rounds. In all rounds each tie was played as a single leg and was held at the home ground of one of the two teams, according to the draw results. Each tie winner was qualifying to the next round. If a match was drawn, extra time was following. If extra time was drawn, there was a replay at the ground of the team who were away for the first game. If the rematch was also drawn, then extra time was following and if the match remained drawn after extra time the winner was decided by penalty shoot-out.

The cup winner secured a place in the 1982–83 European Cup Winners' Cup.

## Preliminary round

In the first preliminary draw, participated all the 14 teams of the Cypriot Third Division and 6 of the 14 teams of the Cypriot Second Division (last six of the league table of each group at the day of the draw).

| Team 1 | Result | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| () **Adonis Idaliou** | 2 - 0 | Olimpiada Neapolis FC () |
| () **AEM Morphou** | 4 - 0 | Doxa Katokopias F.C. () |
| () ASIL Lysi | 0 - 2 | **Neos Aionas Trikomou** () |
| () **Anagennisi Deryneia** | 5 - 0 | ENTHOI Lakatamia FC () |
| () **Digenis Akritas Morphou** | 4 - 0 | AEK Kythreas () |
| () Libanos Kormakiti | 0 - 5 | **Ethnikos Assia F.C.** () |
| () **Orfeas Athienou** | 3 - 1 | Digenis Akritas Ipsona () |
| () **PAEEK FC** | 4 - 1 | Iraklis Gerolakkou () |
| () Poseidon Larnaca | 1 - 5 | **Akritas Chlorakas** () |
| () **Chalkanoras Idaliou** | 2 - 1 | ENAD () |
|

## First round

14 clubs from the Cypriot First Division and the rest clubs from the Cypriot Second Division met the winners of the preliminary round ties:

| Team 1 | Result | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| () Adonis Idaliou | 0 - 2 | **Orfeas Nicosia** () |
| () **APOEL FC** | 2 - 1 | EPA Larnaca FC () |
| () **Aris Limassol F.C.** | 6 - 1 | AEM Morphou () |
| () **Anagennisi Deryneia** | 1 - 0 | Omonia Aradippou () |
| () **Digenis Akritas Morphou** | 1 - 0 | Ethnikos Achna FC () |
| () Ermis Aradippou | 0 - 2 | **APOP Paphos** () |
| () Keravnos Strovolou FC | 1 - 2 | **Apollon Limassol** () |
| () Kentro Neotitas Maroniton | 0 - 3 | **AEL Limassol** () |
| () Othellos Athienou F.C. | 1 - 2 | **Akritas Chlorakas** () |
| () **Olympiakos Nicosia** | 2 - 1 | Neos Aionas Trikomou () |
| () Orfeas Athienou | 0 - 8 | **AC Omonia** () |
| () PAEEK FC | 0 - 1 | **Evagoras Paphos** () |
| () **Enosis Neon Paralimni FC** | 2 - 1 | Anorthosis Famagusta FC () |
| () **Pezoporikos Larnaca** | 1 - 0 | Alki Larnaca F.C. () |
| () **Nea Salamis Famagusta FC** | 8 - 0 | Ethnikos Assia F.C. () |
| () Chalkanoras Idaliou | 0 - 1 | **Apollon Lympion** () |
|

## Second round

| Team 1 | Result | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| () **AEL Limassol** | 4 - 0 | Apollon Lympion () |
| () Akritas Chlorakas | 1 - 7 | **Pezoporikos Larnaca** () |
| () **APOEL FC** | 0 - 0, 2 - 0 | Olympiakos Nicosia () |
| () **APOP Paphos** | 4 - 1 | Orfeas Nicosia () |
| () Anagennisi Deryneia | 0 - 2 | **AC Omonia** () |
| () Digenis Akritas Morphou | 2 - 5 | **Aris Limassol F.C.** () |
| () Evagoras Paphos | 1 - 5 | **Apollon Limassol** () |
| () **Enosis Neon Paralimni FC** | 3 - 2 | Nea Salamis Famagusta FC () |
|

## Quarter-finals

| Team 1 | Result | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| () AEL Limassol | 1 - 2 | **Apollon Limassol** () |
| () Aris Limassol F.C. | 0 - 2 | **APOEL FC** () |
| () **AC Omonia** | 2 - 0 | Enosis Neon Paralimni FC () |
| () Pezoporikos Larnaca | 0 - 1 | **APOP Paphos** () |
|

## Semi-finals

| Team 1 | Result | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| () APOP Paphos | 0 - 1 | **Apollon Limassol** () |
| () **AC Omonia** | 1 - 0 | APOEL FC () |
|

## Final

| Apollon | 2–2 (a.e.t.) | Omonia |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Vevis  90'
Theofanous  103' |  | 63' Kaiafas
106' Savva |

Tsirion Stadium, Limassol

Because the match ended in a draw after the extra time, a replay match was played.

---

| Omonia | 4–1 | Apollon |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Savvidis  2', 52'
Patikkis  30'
Kanaris  56' |  | 54' Ioannou |

Makario Stadium, Nicosia

| Cypriot Cup 1981–82 Winners |
| --- |
|
| **Omonia**
**6th title** |

## Sources

* "1981/82 Cyprus Cup". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. 2016-01-14. Retrieved 2016-01-14.

## InfoBox

1981–82 Cypriot Cup
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Cyprus |
| Dates | 31 March 1982 – 5 June 1982 |
| Teams | 42 |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Omonia
(6th title) |
| Runner-up | Apollon |
|  | |


title: Mantispidae

abstract: Mantispidae, known commonly as mantidflies, mantispids, mantid lacewings, mantisflies or mantis-flies, is a family of small to moderate-sized insects in the order Neuroptera. There are many genera with around 400 species worldwide, especially in the tropics and subtropics. Only five species of Mantispa occur in Europe. As their names suggest, members of the group possess raptorial forelimbs similar to those of the praying mantis, a case of convergent evolution.

text:
# Mantispidae

**Mantispidae**, known commonly as **mantidflies**, **mantispids**, **mantid lacewings**, **mantisflies** or **mantis-flies**, is a family of small to moderate-sized insects in the order Neuroptera. There are many genera with around 400 species worldwide, especially in the tropics and subtropics. Only five species of *Mantispa* occur in Europe. As their names suggest, members of the group possess raptorial forelimbs similar to those of the praying mantis, a case of convergent evolution.

## Description and ecology

About 5–47 mm (0.20–1.85 in) long and with a wingspan of 5–30 mm (0.2–1.2 in), some mantidflies such as *Climaciella brunnea*, *Euclimacia nodosa* are wasp mimics, but most are brownish with green, yellow and sometimes red hues. The vernacular and scientific names are derived from their mantis-like appearance, as their spiny "raptorial" front legs are modified to catch small insect prey and are very similar to the front legs of mantids (the only difference is that the pincers lack footpads and are not used for walking at all). The adults are predatory insects that are often nocturnal, and are sometimes attracted by porch lights or blacklights. They are usually green, brown, yellow, and sometimes pink, and have four membranous wings which may sometimes be patterned (especially in wasp mimicking species) but are usually clear. Adult mantidflies are predators of suitably sized insects, which they catch as mantids do. However, the underlying mechanisms for the prey capture behavior are different in mantidflies and mantids. Mantidflies are active hunters, but as with other Neuroptera, they are cumbersome fliers.

Symphrasinae larvae are sedentary parasitoids on bee, wasp or scarab beetle larvae. Larvae of the Calomantispinae are predators of small arthropods, and in at least one species they are mobile. Mantispinae have the most specialized larval development among all mantidflies studied to date (the life history of the Drepanicinae remains unknown): their campodeiform larvae seek out female spiders or their egg sacs which they then enter; the scarabaeiform larvae then feed on the spider eggs, draining egg contents through a piercing/sucking tube formed by modified mandibles and maxillae, pupating in the egg sac.

First-instar mantispids use two strategies to locate spider eggs: larvae may burrow directly through the silk of egg sacs they find, or they may board and be carried by female spiders prior to sac production (phoresy), entering the sac as it is being constructed. Mantispids that board spiders usually adopt positions on or near the pedicel; some species may enter the spider's book lungs. Larvae maintain themselves aboard spiders by feeding on spider hemolymph. Transfers of larvae from spider to spider are possible during spider mating or cannibalism. All of the major groups of hunting spiders are attacked by spider-boarding mantispids; the egg sacs of web-building species are also entered by egg-sac penetrators.

## Systematics

Among the Neuroptera (which includes lacewings and owlflies), mantidflies are apparently most closely related to the Dilaridae (pleasing lacewings) and the thorny (Rhachiberothidae) and beaded lacewings (Berothidae). These and the prehistoric Mesithonidae \- probably a paraphyletic assemblage rather than a natural group - form the superfamily Mantispoidea.

Many mantidflies are placed in one of the four subfamilies, of which the Symphrasinae are probably the most distinct and the Mantispinae are the most advanced. But a considerable number of taxa cannot be easily accommodated in this layout, and are therefore better treated as *incertae sedis* at present.

Some authors have suggested that the extinct two winged Dipteromantispidae known from Cretaceous fossils should be treated as a subfamily of Mantispidae.

Extant taxa based on Global Biodiversity Information Facility and extinct taxa based on Jepson, 2015 and subsequent literature.

### Calomantispinae

### Drepanicinae

### Mantispinae

### Symphrasinae

Auth: Navás, 1909

### †Mesomantispinae

Auth: Makarkin 1996

### Unassigned

Fossil taxa may be of an altogether quite basal position, for example the Jurassic *Liassochrysa* (about 180 million years old) and *Promantispa* (about 155 million years old) have been assigned to either a basal position within the group or Drepanicinae, the most basal subfamily within the group. The Early Jurassic *Prohemerobius dilaroides* (the type species of the "Prohemerobiidae" assemblage) as well as the Late Permian *Permantispa emelyanovi* (of the just as likely paraphyletic "Permithonidae") were suggested to possibly represent ancestral mantidflies. However, later studies found them to be basal members of Psychopsoidea and Neuroptera respectively.

Most living genera from which fossil species are also known to go back to the Miocene; the Oligocene *"Climaciella" henrotayi* probably does not belong in the living genus. Two fossil species have been described as part of the extant genus *Dicromantispa*, *Dicromantispa moronei* from Dominican amber and *Dicromantispa electromexicana* from Mexican amber.

The North American species include:

*Paraberotha*, *Retinoberotha* and *Whalfera* were formerly placed here, but have since been recognized as Rhachiberothidae. *Mantispidiptera* are diminutive insects, apparently neuropterans of some sort, perhaps Hemerobiiformia; their exact affiliation cannot at present be determined because of their odd apomorphies, though they are unlikely to have been mantidflies.

Media related to Mantispidae at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Mantispidae<br>Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Mantispa styriaca* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Neuroptera |
| Superfamily: | Mantispoidea |
| Family: | Mantispidae |
|
| Subfamilies | |
| and see text | |
| Synonyms | |
| Liassochrysidae | |