title: The Trundle

abstract: The Trundle is an Iron Age hillfort on St Roche's Hill about 4 miles (6 km) north of Chichester, West Sussex, England. It was built on the site of a causewayed enclosure, a form of early Neolithic earthwork found in northwestern Europe. Causewayed enclosures were built in England from shortly before 3700 BC until at least 3500 BC; they are characterized by the full or partial enclosure of an area with ditches that are interrupted by gaps, or causeways. Their purpose is not known; they may have been settlements, meeting places, or ritual sites. Hillforts were built as early as 1000 BC, in the Late Bronze Age, and continued to be built through the Iron Age until shortly before the Roman occupation. A chapel dedicated to St Roche was built on the hill around the end of the 14th century; it was in ruins by 1570. A windmill and a beacon were subsequently built on the hill. The site was occasionally used as a meeting place in the post-medieval period. The hillfort is still a substantial earthwork, but the Neolithic site was unknown until 1925 when archaeologist O.G.S. Crawford obtained an aerial photograph of the Trundle, clearly showing additional structures inside the ramparts of the hillfort. Causewayed enclosures were new to archaeology at the time, with only five known by 1930, and the photograph persuaded archaeologist E. Cecil Curwen to excavate the site in 1928 and 1930. These early digs established a construction date of about 500 BC to 100 BC for the hillfort and proved the existence of the Neolithic site. In 2011, the Gathering Time project published an analysis of radiocarbon dates from almost forty British causewayed enclosures, including some from the Trundle. The conclusion was that the Neolithic part of the site was probably constructed no earlier than the mid-fourth millennium BC. A review of the site in 1995 by Alastair Oswald noted the presence of fifteen possible Iron Age house platforms within the hillfort's ramparts.

text:
# The Trundle

**The Trundle** is an Iron Age hillfort on St Roche's Hill about 4 miles (6 km) north of Chichester, West Sussex, England. It was built on the site of a causewayed enclosure, a form of early Neolithic earthwork found in northwestern Europe. Causewayed enclosures were built in England from shortly before 3700 BC until at least 3500 BC; they are characterized by the full or partial enclosure of an area with ditches that are interrupted by gaps, or causeways. Their purpose is not known; they may have been settlements, meeting places, or ritual sites. Hillforts were built as early as 1000 BC, in the Late Bronze Age, and continued to be built through the Iron Age until shortly before the Roman occupation.

A chapel dedicated to St Roche was built on the hill around the end of the 14th century; it was in ruins by 1570. A windmill and a beacon were subsequently built on the hill. The site was occasionally used as a meeting place in the post-medieval period.

The hillfort is still a substantial earthwork, but the Neolithic site was unknown until 1925 when archaeologist O.G.S. Crawford obtained an aerial photograph of the Trundle, clearly showing additional structures inside the ramparts of the hillfort. Causewayed enclosures were new to archaeology at the time, with only five known by 1930, and the photograph persuaded archaeologist E. Cecil Curwen to excavate the site in 1928 and 1930. These early digs established a construction date of about 500 BC to 100 BC for the hillfort and proved the existence of the Neolithic site.

In 2011, the Gathering Time project published an analysis of radiocarbon dates from almost forty British causewayed enclosures, including some from the Trundle. The conclusion was that the Neolithic part of the site was probably constructed no earlier than the mid-fourth millennium BC. A review of the site in 1995 by Alastair Oswald noted the presence of fifteen possible Iron Age house platforms within the hillfort's ramparts.

## Background

The Trundle archaeological site includes a causewayed enclosure and an Iron Age hillfort. Causewayed enclosures are a form of earthwork that was built in northwestern Europe, including the southern British Isles, in the early Neolithic. Causewayed enclosures are areas that are fully or partially enclosed by ditches interrupted by gaps, or causeways, of unexcavated ground, often with earthworks and palisades in some combination. The use to which these enclosures were put has long been a matter of debate. The causeways are difficult to explain in military terms since they would have provided multiple ways for attackers to pass through the ditches to the inside of the camp, though it was suggested they could have been sally ports for defenders to emerge from and attack a besieging force. Evidence of attacks at some sites provided support for the idea that the enclosures were fortified settlements. They may have been seasonal meeting places, used for trading cattle or other goods such as pottery. There is also evidence that they played a role in funeral rites: material such as food, pottery, and human remains was deliberately deposited in the ditches. The construction of an enclosure took only a short time, which implies significant organization since substantial labour would have been required for clearing the land, preparing trees for use as posts or palisades, and digging the ditches.

Over seventy causewayed enclosures are known in the British Isles, and they are one of the most common types of an early Neolithic site in western Europe. About a thousand are known in all. They began to appear at different times in different parts of Europe: dates range from before 4000 BC in northern France, to shortly before 3000 BC in northern Germany, Denmark, and Poland. The enclosures in southern Britain began to appear shortly before 3700 BC, and continued to be built for at least 200 years; in a few cases, they continued to be used as late as 3300 to 3200 BC.

The Iron Age in Britain can be broadly divided into two periods: the Hallstatt culture is the earlier, lasting from about 800 BC until about the fifth century BC; it was followed by the La Tène culture, which lasted until the Roman occupation. Hillforts began to appear in Britain in the Late Bronze Age and continued to be built throughout most of the Iron Age. These are hilltop sites with ramparts, which could be of stone, timber, or earth. Although the name implies a defensive fortification, excavations have revealed that these sites were used for other purposes: there is evidence of settlement at some sites, and they may have had religious significance. Animals, as well as people, may have been kept within the ramparts, and there is evidence that the entrances to some hillforts were designed to funnel animals into the interior. Hillforts typically have one or two entrances, unlike causewayed enclosures. Thousands of hillforts have been identified in the British Isles. After about 100 BC, oppida, another kind of fortified settlement, became more common.

## Site and interpretation

The summit on which both the causewayed enclosure and the hillfort stand is St Roche's Hill, an outcrop of the Upper Chalk that lies at the western end of a ridge. The hill is four miles north of Chichester, near to Goodwood Racecourse. It rises above the neighbouring hills and so is clearly visible from all sides. There is an Ordnance Survey (OS) trig point at the top of the hill, which has an elevation of 206 m (676 ft); an earlier trigonometrical station, placed on the hill in 1791, was probably at the same location. The causewayed enclosure consists of at least four circular or partly circular ditches. The exact nature of these earthworks is now hard to determine because the hillfort partly overlies the earlier ditches. The innermost ditch, which encloses an area of 0.95 ha (2.3 acres), has an internal bank, and may have been the first of the Neolithic ditches to be dug. Concentric with this is a second ditch that lies a short distance outside the innermost ditch; this second ditch was thought by E. Cecil Curwen (who excavated the site in 1928 and 1930) to spiral out so that the circuit extended more than a full circle around the centre of the enclosure. Curwen named the outermost part of this earthwork the "spiral ditch", at the point on the west where it paralleled the second ditch, but later surveys make the relationships of the ditches less certain, and it is now thought that the appearance of these ditches may be the result of multiple enclosure ditches dug over a long period. A further, outer, ditch was thought by Curwen to only appear from under the Iron Age earthworks at the north of the site, but it has since been suggested that cropmarks visible to the west represent part of this ditch. There may also be further early earthworks that have been completely overlain by the hillfort. The causewayed enclosure ditches were probably dug in the first half of the fourth millennium BC. The site was one of the first to be confirmed as a causewayed enclosure by excavation; the other four known by 1930 were Whitehawk Camp, Knap Hill, Windmill Hill and Abingdon.

The Iron Age hillfort consists of a well-defined bank and ditch, with a smaller outer bank, in an irregular nine-sided polygon. There are two gaps, at the east-northeast and west-southwest edges, indicating entrances. The depth of the ditch and the height of the bank vary, with the highest point reaching 5.5 m (6.0 yd) above the bottom of the ditch. The ditches enclose an area of about 5.66 ha (14.0 acres). A linear cropmark outside the banks has not been excavated but archaeologist Alastair Oswald, who surveyed the site in 1995 for the Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England (RCHME), considered it to be no earlier than Iron Age. Oswald also noted the presence of fifteen depressions in the soil within the ramparts that could indicate Iron Age house platforms, and three areas that may have been Roman building platforms. There are two dykes to the north, crossing two of the ridges that approach the hill; the eastern of these included a crouched burial, revealed when a carpark was constructed there, and thought to be dated to the Bronze Age, based on the presence of what appeared to be a round barrow.

The hill is named for St Roche, a French saint who died no earlier than the mid-14th century. A chapel dedicated to him is known to have existed on the hill; it is unlikely to have been built much before the end of that century. A document from 1570 refers to it as "the late chapell of St Rooks", so it was apparently already in ruins by that date, probably having been abandoned or destroyed during the Reformation. It appears on a 1575 map, but a 1595 map simply describes the hilltop as a castle. A 1723 engraving of the hill shows a ruined building not yet reduced to its foundations, which probably represents the chapel.

In 1645, William Cawley reported in Parliament that a thousand Clubmen—one of several local militias formed to oppose the depredations of both sides in the English Civil War—had assembled on the hill. There was a beacon on the hill from the late 16th century until at least the early 19th century: it is mentioned in 1586, though it does not appear on a 1595 map, but it is recorded on maps dated 1646 and 1675, and appears again on an OS map in 1813. "The Beacon" is recorded as an alternative name for the hill in 1920.

A windmill, which burned down in 1773, is known to have existed on the hill; Hadrian Allcroft, a historian, describes it as having been built "almost upon the ruins" of the chapel. Oswald's 1995 survey records the remains of two adjacent rectangular buildings: one is about 6 m × 5 m (20 ft × 16 ft), and the other is 4.2 m × 3.3 m (14 ft × 11 ft). The latter matches the dimensions of a building foundation recorded on the summit by William Hayley Mason in 1839. Allcroft assumed that this was the foundations of the 14th-century chapel, but Oswald regards it as unsettled, though agreeing that "whichever of the two buildings is not the chapel is likely to be the later windmill". Allcroft also records that a masonic lodge that included the Duke of Richmond, the Duke of Montagu, and Lord Baltimore met at the top of the hill between 1717 and 1757; Oswald assumes the lodge met in one of the two buildings, but Allcroft says "it was, it seems, an open-air Lodge". There was at one time a gibbet on the Trundle; it appears on an OS map in 1813, but had been removed by 1825. Oswald describes two marl pits at the top of the hill that cut into the prehistoric earthworks. Two radio stations, each with four wooden masts, were built during World War II; only one mast was still present in 1995, along with a concrete foundation between the two stations. Oswald's survey found that multiple trenches and foxholes had been dug into the Iron Age banks.

## Antiquarian and archaeological investigations

A 1723 etching of the hillfort is included in William Stukeley's *Itinerarium Curiosum* (1776), and it is mentioned in Alexander Hay's 1804 *History of Chichester*: "... saint Roche's hill, commonly called Rook's hill; on the top of which are the remains of a small camp, in a circular form, supposed to have been raised by the Danes, when they invaded and plundered this country". An 1835 history of Sussex discusses the hillfort, giving reasons for doubting that it was Roman or Danish, and concluding that the builders could not be certainly determined. Mason includes a picture drawn by T. King, a local antiquarian, in his 1839 survey of Goodwood. By the time Allcroft considered the site in 1916, the hillfort was being described as a "British Camp" (the then-current term for Iron Age hillforts) on OS maps, and Allcroft gives several reasons for believing it be pre-Roman. Allcroft asserts that the name "Trundle" derives from the Anglo-Saxon for "hoop", but Oswald comments that "the general obsession with linguistic derivations at that time led to many erroneous interpretations". In 725, Nunna, a king of Sussex, granted land in the area. The charter recording the grant mentions "billingabyrig", a burh (fortified settlement), as a landmark; since the Trundle is the closest fortified site to the other places named in the charter, Curwen suggested in 1928 that the two might be one and the same, though he regarded it as unproven.

### Curwen, 1928

In the early 20th century, O.G.S. Crawford began obtaining aerial photographs of archaeological sites, having realized that these photographs often revealed features that were invisible from the ground, and in 1925 he arranged for a photograph to be taken of the Trundle hillfort. The additional circular earthworks revealed inside the ramparts led Crawford to believe that the hillfort had been built on the site of a Neolithic camp. To test this idea, Curwen obtained permission from the Duke of Richmond, who owned the land, and excavated the site between 7 August and 1 September 1928.

Curwen made a plan of the site showing the location of the ditches and banks, identifying the ditches by using a boser—a heavy rammer used for detecting underground bedrock, or the lack of it, by listening to the sound made when the boser strikes the ground. The plan showed an inner circuit of interrupted ditches, with a second ditch outside that which spiralled out for more than a full circle, and an outside ditch that was largely overlaid by the later Iron Age earthwork, only emerging on the outside of the northern rampart. The boser also revealed multiple pits, and Curwen commented that there were no doubt many more that were not detected.

A cutting was made in each ditch found by the boser, along a line on the western side of the site; an additional cutting was made a little further north in the second ditch. Six pits found by the boser were excavated, again on the western side of the site. The ditch cuttings found chalk rubble in the lowest layer, which Curwen took to be natural silt infill beginning with the original occupation of the site; in Oswald's 1995 review he suggested it may have been deliberately filled. Above this was a layer with a very few Hallstatt and La Tène pottery sherds, but little else, and Curwen proposed that this was deliberate infill by the Iron Age inhabitants who wished to level the site within the new hillfort's ramparts. The boundary between these two layers he suggested was the turf line that would have been the surface of the unoccupied site throughout the intervening Bronze Age. The next layer, above the infill, was full of early Iron Age pottery sherds, and Curwen concluded that this layer related to the Iron Age occupation period. Flakes of flint were frequent in the lowest levels, and rarer in the Iron Age levels, whereas potboilers (stones heated and dropped in pots of water to heat the water) were more common in the Iron Age levels. Fragments of querns (stones used to grind cereals into flour) were found: large fragments from the Iron Age, and smaller fragments from Neolithic contexts.

All but one of the pits were found to date from the Iron Age. The exception was pit 4 which was shallower than the others and contained no finds other than some ox and sheep bones; it could not be dated but it was later noted that it was similar in shape to one of the Neolithic pits at Whitehawk Camp, and might have been dug at the same time as the causewayed enclosure. Curwen was able to determine the use of some of the pits: pit 1 had apparently been under a dwelling late in the Iron Age, and contained rubbish such as broken pottery from that period; pits 3 and 5 were also rubbish pits. Pit 2, in the middle of the western entrance to the hillfort, included two large postholes, but it had apparently been filled in soon after it had been dug. Another pit was located by the boser in the same position in the eastern entrance and Curwen was only able to conclude that "both pits formed an integral part of the scheme of defence of the two entrances". While digging pit 2 Curwen found a paving layer of blocks of flint, some of which had been squared off, above the pit. There was no evidence that allowed direct dating of this layer, but Curwen suggested that the patination of the flint surfaces where they had been trimmed implied that they were laid by the Iron Age builders of the hillfort.

The area where the outer Neolithic ditch met the northern Iron Age rampart was excavated, and here Curwen found a crouched burial of a woman, 25–30 years old and about 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) tall. The skeleton lay below a small cairn of chalk, with the hole dug into the upper part of the Neolithic level, and the rampart at that point had been built after the burial. Curwen suggested the burial dated to no later than the Early Bronze Age.

The animal bones found included oxen, sheep, and pig, and a very few roe deer; sheep bones were more common in the Iron Age than in the Neolithic levels. One piece of bone, found in the Neolithic layers, had been shaped into a phallus, and had been sawn off the original bone with a flint saw. The snails found in the Neolithic levels indicated that conditions were much damper at that time; the snails from the later levels were thought not to be all contemporary, but suggested that at the time of the Bronze Age burial and the construction of the hillfort conditions were damper than the present, but less so than in Neolithic times. Curwen estimated that the Neolithic enclosure was constructed in about 2000 BC, and the hillfort somewhere between 500 and 100 BC.

### Curwen, 1930

Curwen returned to the Trundle in 1930, excavating from 5 August to 5 September. The inner ditch was opened just south of the 1928 cutting (ID-CI), and this time the material in each identifiable layer of soil was removed together (stratigraphic excavation, which is the modern method) instead of by horizontal spits of fixed depth, as had been the case in nearly all of the 1928 excavation. Cutting ID-CI had revealed part of one of the causeways in the inner ditch, and the other side of the causeway, just north of ID-CI, was excavated in 1930. Two other cuttings were opened in the second ditch, between the two areas dug in 1928. These cuttings lacked the Iron Age occupation layer found in the inner ditch cuttings, but revealed that the ditch had been recut, with a V-shaped profile evident in the layers. Clearing the edges around this cutting revealed postholes around the edge, and this led Curwen to reopen the two adjacent areas dug in 1928, revealing postholes on the lips of those ditches as well. At the time Curwen concluded that the second ditch must have consisted of "pit dwellings", but in 1954, Stuart Piggott, an archaeologist whose first excavation had been the 1928 dig at the Trundle, argued that the postholes dated from the Iron Age, and Curwen agreed.

Four more pits were found and excavated; three in the area of the cuttings, and another inside the inner ditch; all contained Iron Age pottery sherds, including both Halltstatt and La Tène types. Curwen also excavated the entire east gate area of the hillfort, revealing numerous pits and postholes. It was apparent that not all the postholes could have been in use at the same time, since that would have rendered the gate impassable, and Curwen concluded that there must have been different gate layouts over the duration of the hillfort's use. He suggested that the set of holes A-B-D-E-G-H represented a double gateway, followed by K-N and Q-R. The three holes labelled pits 11–13 in the diagram were each about 7–8 feet deep and 4 ft square, each with a ramp leading down into them. These had never been used; the lack of weathering indicated they had been filled in very shortly after being dug. Curwen suspected that the arrangement of three deep holes in the eastern gate was mirrored in the western gate, with pit 2, from the 1928 dig, one of the three. He was unable to find a convincing interpretation for the holes, suggesting only that they might "represent a grandiose scheme of fortification which was begun shortly before the abandonment" of the hillfort. The large wooden gates that may have relied on these postholes may have required an iron pivot mechanism; iron pivots are known from several other hillforts. Of the three pits 11 to 13, his most careful notes were for pit 12, and there he noted the presence of many substantial blocks of flint, some which had been squared off, resembling the flint layer he had found in 1928 at the west entrance to the hillfort.

### Bedwin & Aldsworth, 1980

An application to replace a microwave aerial in one of the two fenced areas in the Trundle led to a rescue excavation in January 1980. Curwen's cutting SD-CI (in the spiral ditch) excavated part of a ditch section between causeways, and Owen Bedwin and Frederick Aldsworth investigated the remainder of the ditch—a length of about 3 m. Two postholes were found, one apparently very recent and the other devoid of finds. The layers in the ditch were found to match those identified by Curwen, except that Bedwin and Aldsworth distinguished a fourth layer of chalky lumps at the very bottom of the ditch. The snails found in each layer suggested that this ditch had originally been dug when the ground around it had been recently cleared for some distance around the site; by the time of the Iron Age activity it appeared that it had to be cleared again. This conclusion was revised in 1982, by which time one of the snails, *Vallonia costata*, was considered a woodland species, meaning that the initial area of clearance in Neolithic times may have been not much larger than the site itself. A few sherds of Iron Age pottery were found in the upper layers, and more Neolithic pottery in the lower layers, with some overlap.

### Gathering Time, 2011

The Trundle was one of the sites included in Gathering Time, a project funded by English Heritage and the Arts and Humanities Research Council to reanalyze the radiocarbon dates of nearly 40 causewayed enclosures, using Bayesian analysis. The authors, Alasdair Whittle, Frances Healy, and Alex Bayliss, published the results in 2011. Some radiocarbon dates had been obtained from animal bone samples and published in 1988, and these were included. Four additional samples were taken from finds from the earlier digs. The limited number of samples meant that it was not possible to construct a chronology with high confidence, but the results suggest that the inner ditch dates to after 3900–3370 BC; the second ditch to after 3650–3520 BC; and the spiral ditch to after 3940–3370 BC. Overall, these results imply a mid-fourth millennium BC construction date for the Neolithic earthworks.

### Other investigations and watching briefs

In 1975, a skeleton was found in a shallow grave not far from the foot of the Trundle, near the racecourse. The skull and several vertebrae were missing, and from the length of the cut grave it appeared the body had been headless when buried. Fragments of an iron belt buckle were found. Since there was at one time a gibbet on the Trundle, Aldsworth suggested that the body is likely to have been that of a criminal executed nearby, between 1000 AD and 1825 AD. In 1987 and 1989 geophysical surveys were made of the Trundle, in the area where British Telecom were proposing to build radio equipment. A carpark redevelopment proposal led to a 1994 excavation with four trenches that discovered small amounts of prehistoric pottery and flints.

A detailed survey of the site was made by the RCHME in 1995, covering both the hillfort and the causewayed enclosure, with the resulting report authored by Alastair Oswald. This was part of a broader project by RCHME entitled "Industry and Enclosure in the Neolithic". It was this survey that identified the fifteen possible Iron Age house platforms within the ramparts, and Oswald also noted three possible Roman building platforms. Subsequent watching briefs in 1997, 2000, 2002, and 2013 produced nothing of archaeological interest.

## Preservation and presentation

The Trundle was listed as a scheduled monument in 1933. It lies within the South Downs National Park, and there are three walking trails that give access to the site. In June/July 2010, The Trundle was temporary host to *Artemis*, a 30 ft tall bronze sculpture of a horse designed by sculptor Nic Fiddian-Green. The sculpture was taken to Australia in 2011.

1. For example, there is evidence that both Crickley Hill and Hambledon Hill were attacked.
1. Historic England (27 April 1998). "The Trundle hillfort, causewayed enclosure and associated remains at St Roche's Hill, Lavant (1018034)". *National Heritage List for England*. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
2. Oswald, Dyer, & Barber (2001), p. 156.
3. Whittle, Healy & Bayliss (2011), pp. 1–2.
4. Oswald, Dyer, & Barber (2001), p. 3.
5. Andersen (2015), p. 795.
6. Whittle, Healy & Bayliss (2011), p. 5.
7. Cunnington (1912), p. 48.
8. Curwen (1930), p. 50.
9. Whittle, Healy & Bayliss (2011), pp. 10–11.
10. Andersen (2015), p. 807.
11. Andersen (2015), p. 796.
12. Carroll & Lang (2008), p. 95.
13. Hamilton & Manley (2001), p. 12.
14. Carroll & Lang (2008), pp. 98–100.
15. Pope et al. (2020), pp. 382–385.
16. "Online hillforts atlas maps all 4,147 in Britain and Ireland for the first time". University of Oxford. 23 June 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
17. Curwen (1929), p. 33.
18. Healy, Bayliss, & Whittle (2011), p. 232.
19. Allcroft (1916), pp. 74–80.
20. Oswald (1995), p. 16.
21. Oswald (1995), pp. 18–20.
22. Healy, Bayliss, & Whittle (2011), pp. 238–239.
23. Oswald, Dyer, & Barber (2001), p. 25.
24. Oswald (1995), pp. 13–15.
25. Oswald (1995), p. 14.
26. Oswald (1995), pp. 22–23.
27. Collins (1960–1961), p. 2.
28. Stukeley (1776), pp. 202–203.
29. Oswald (1995), p. 25.
30. Wedgwood (1958), pp. 429–430.
31. "The Trundle". *Historic England Research Records*. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
32. Jones (1968), pp. 107–111.
33. Ogilby (1675), p. 74.
34. Holmes (1920), unpaginated.
35. Mason (1839), p. 74.
36. Aldsworth (1976), pp. 329–330.
37. Oswald (1995), p. 17.
38. Oswald (1995), pp. 4–5.
39. Hay (1804), p. 543.
40. Horsfield (1835), p. 81.
41. Oswald (1995), p. 6.
42. Mason (1839), pp. 171–173.
43. Curwen (1929), pp. 34–35.
44. Crawford (1953), p. 47.
45. Curwen (1929), pp. 33–35.
46. Curwen (1929), p. 36.
47. Curwen (1929), pp. 36–37.
48. Curwen (1929), pp. 78–85.
49. Curwen (1929), pp. 37–39.
50. Pouncett (2008), p. 40.
51. Drewett, Rudling & Gardiner (1988), p. 38.
52. Oswald (1995), p. 21.
53. Curwen (1929), pp. 41–45.
54. Curwen (1929), pp. 64–65.
55. Curwen (1929), pp. 46–49.
56. Curwen (1929), pp. 66–67.
57. Curwen (1929), p. 68.
58. Curwen (1929), p. 56.
59. Curwen (1929), pp. 69–70.
60. Curwen (1929), p. 72.
61. Curwen (1929), pp. 111–118.
62. Bray & Frieman (2008), pp. 364–365.
63. Curwen (1931), pp. 102–106.
64. Oswald (1995), pp. 2–3.
65. Curwen (1931), pp. 106–109.
66. Piggott (1954), p. xv.
67. Piggott (1954), pp. 20–26.
68. Curwen (1954), pp. 84–87.
69. Curwen (1931), pp. 118–119.
70. Curwen (1931), pp. 119–131.
71. Pope et al. (2020), p. 381.
72. Curwen (1931), p. 120.
73. Bedwin & Aldsworth (1980), pp. 208–214.
74. Sheridan, Alison (22 February 2012). "Book Review ALASDAIR WHITTLE, FRANCES HEALY & ALEX BAYLISS. Gathering time: dating the Early Neolithic enclosures of southern Britain and Ireland". *Antiquity* (331): 262–264. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00062670. S2CID 163744148. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
75. Healy, Bayliss, and Whittle (2011), pp. 232–239.
76. Drewett, Rudling & Gardiner (1988), p. 35.
77. "English Heritage: The Trundle: Investigation history". Historic England. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
78. "Come and explore the hidden history of The Trundle…". *South Downs National Park*. 8 June 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
79. "35ft horse's head sculpture graces South Downs". *The Argus*. 15 December 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
80. Thomond, Christopher (29 June 2010). "Nic Fiddian-Green grooms his giant horse sculpture for Goodwood". *The Guardian*. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
81. "Sculpture leaves Goodwood for new home Down Under". *Midhurst and Petworth Observer*. 8 November 2011. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2013.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| The Trundle | |
| --- | --- |
| Rampart, ditch, and bank of the Trundle Iron Age hillfort | |
| Location | **The Trundle** in West Sussex, England |
| Coordinates | 50°53′33″N 00°45′14″W / 50.89250°N 0.75389°W / 50.89250; -0.75389 |
| OS grid reference | SU87771103 |
| Area | 5.66 ha (14.0 acres) |
| Built | Iron Age |
|  | |
| Scheduled monument | |
| Official name | The Trundle hillfort, causewayed enclosure and associated remains at St Roche's Hill |
| Designated | 23 February 1933 |
| Reference no. | 1018034 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: London Melody

abstract: London Melody is a 1937 British musical film directed by Herbert Wilcox and starring Anna Neagle, Tullio Carminati and Robert Douglas. It was made at British and Dominions Imperial Studios, Elstree and Pinewood Studios by Wilcox's independent production company and distributed by J. Arthur Rank's General Film Distributors. It was also released with the alternative title Look Out for Love. It was the first movie shot at Pinewood.

text:
# London Melody

***London Melody*** is a 1937 British musical film directed by Herbert Wilcox and starring Anna Neagle, Tullio Carminati and Robert Douglas. It was made at British and Dominions Imperial Studios, Elstree and Pinewood Studios by Wilcox's independent production company and distributed by J. Arthur Rank's General Film Distributors. It was also released with the alternative title ***Look Out for Love***.

It was the first movie shot at Pinewood.

## Synopsis and production

A musical with a trial. One of several Anna Neagle \- Tullio Carminati vehicles of the era, *London Melody* was one of five films directed within a year or so by Neagle's future husband, Herbert Wilcox. This time around, Carminatti is cast as Marius Andreani, a cultured Italian diplomat. While in London on business, Marius makes the chance acquaintance of boisterous cockney street entertainer Jacqueline (Neagle). It is love at first sight, but hero and heroine must undergo a dizzying series of roadblocks and misunderstandings before the climactic clinch. Meanwhile, Jacqueline rises to the top of show-business success, never dreaming (until the end, at least) that it is all the secret handiwork of faithful Marius.

British and Dominions Imperial Studios was destroyed by fire in the early morning of 9 February 1936, necessitating the move of the production to Pinewood.

## Cast

## Critical reception

In 1937, *The Sydney Morning Herald* called it an "attractive and well-acted picture...Produced and directed by Herbert Wilcox in a way that contrasts favourably with Hollywood's efforts in a similar direction...Anna Neagle, a gifted actress, with definite charm and personality, makes a delightful Jacqueline. As the diplomat...Tulllo Carminati lends distinction and poise to his role. Perhaps the best character in the film is the priest, Horace Hodges, a lovable and very human person. Robert Douglas makes a good impression in the rather inconsistent part of Nigel Taplow, Andreani's secretary"; whereas more recently, *Sky Movies* described it as "a very thin musical vehicle for Anna Neagle, bizarrely cast as a cockney street singer. This dated offering...will prove tough going for all but hardened Neagle fans today."

## Bibliography

* Low, Rachael. *Filmmaking in 1930s Britain*. George Allen & Unwin, 1985.
* Wood, Linda. *British Films, 1927–1939*. British Film Institute, 1986.

## InfoBox

| London Melody | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Herbert Wilcox |
| Written by |  |
| Based on | a story by Ray Lewis |
| Produced by | Herbert Wilcox |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Freddie Young |
| Edited by | Frederick Wilson |
| Music by | Geraldo |
| Production<br>company | Herbert Wilcox Productions |
| Distributed by | General Film Distributors |
| Release date | * 4 February 1937 (1937-02-04) |
| Running time | 75 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: 1976 Algerian constitutional referendum

abstract: A constitutional referendum was held in Algeria on 19 November 1976. The amendments restored the People's National Assembly and allowed for the direct election of the President, as well as creating a socialist state and confirming the National Liberation Front as the sole legal party., Approved by 99% of voters with a 93% turnout, the revised constitution was promulgated on 22 November.

text:
# 1976 Algerian constitutional referendum

A constitutional referendum was held in Algeria on 19 November 1976. The amendments restored the People's National Assembly (which had been suspended since the 1965 coup) and allowed for the direct election of the President, as well as creating a socialist state and confirming the National Liberation Front as the sole legal party., Approved by 99% of voters with a 93% turnout, the revised constitution was promulgated on 22 November.

## Results

| Choice | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| For | | 7,407,626 | 99.09 |
| Against | | 67,683 | 0.91 |
| Total | | 7,475,309 | 100.00 |
|  | | | |
| Valid votes | | 7,475,309 | 99.67 |
| Invalid/blank votes | | 25,007 | 0.33 |
| Total votes | | 7,500,316 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | | 8,076,834 | 92.86 |
| Source: Official Journal | | | |

## InfoBox

1976 Algerian constitutional referendum
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
| Results | |
| Choice Votes  %  **Yes** **7,407,626** **99.09%**  **No** 67,683 0.91%  Valid votes 7,475,309 99.67%  Invalid or blank votes 25,007 0.33%  **Total votes** **7,500,316** **100.00%**  Registered voters/turnout 8,076,834 92.86% | |


title: Ponte Olivo Airfield

abstract: Ponte Olivo Airfield is an abandoned pre-World War II airport and later wartime military airfield in Sicily, 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) north of Gela. Its last known use was by the United States Army Air Force Twelfth Air Force in 1944 during the Italian Campaign.

text:
# Ponte Olivo Airfield

Ponte Olivo Airfieldclass=notpageimage|Location of Ponte Olivo Airfield, Italy

**Ponte Olivo Airfield** is an abandoned pre-World War II airport and later wartime military airfield in Sicily, 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) north of Gela. Its last known use was by the United States Army Air Force Twelfth Air Force in 1944 during the Italian Campaign.

## History

Originally built as **Ponte Olivo Airport** in the 1920s, the airport in September 1939 became base for the 41st Storm of the Italian Regia Aeronautica with 18 Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 that were later transferred (in October 1940) to the Italian bases round Benghazi in Cyrenaica.

Together with Comiso Airport it was extensively used for the bombing of the British bases on the Maltese islands. Canadian fighter ace, Wing Commander "Hilly" Brown, a veteran of the Battle of Britain and the Battle of France, but now flying from RAF Ta Kali on Malta, was killed attacking the airfield in November 1941.

It was the primary objective of the Amphibious Battle of Gela during Operation Husky. On 9 July 1943, the United States Army 82d Airborne Division 505th Regimental Combat Team and the 3d Battalion of the 504th Parachute Regiment was carried by 226 C-47 Skytrains of the 61st, 313th, 314th and 316th Troop Carrier Groups, which departed from Kairouan Airfield, Tunisia. The parachutists mission was to seize the high ground near the airport and to assist the seaborne forces of U.S. II Corps, Seventh Army, in capture of the airfield. Although the parachute drops were widely scattered, the objective was taken. This was the first major airborne operation to be undertaken by Allied forces in World War II. By morning, only 400 of the Regiment's 1600 soldiers had reached the objective area. The others had been dropped in isolated groups on all parts of the island and carried out demolitions, cut lines of communication, established island roadblocks, ambushed German and Italian motorized columns, and caused so much confusion over such an extensive area that initial German radio reports estimated the number of American parachutists dropped to be over ten times the actual number.

Renamed **Ponte Olivo Airfield** or **Gela Airfield** by the Americans, the USAAF Twelfth Air Force 27th Fighter Bomber Group landed A-36 Apache ground support aircraft on the field as soon as it was declared secure for operations, supporting ground forces against the German and Italian forces.

The 27th moved to Capaccio Airfield in southern Italy during September. Other units assigned to the airfield were:

The USAAF closed its facilities at the airfield at the end of September 1944, and returned the airport to Italian authorities.

During the late 1950s and early 1960s it was reused as a private airport by Enrico Mattei and other managers of the Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi (ENI) for inspections on the nearby petrochemical refineries. On 27 October 1962 at 07:30, Mattei took off from *Ponte Olivo airport* for the last time with ENI's private plane, a Morane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris, not knowing he would die a few hours later in the skies of northern Italy when the plane exploded.

Today there are little or no remains of the airfield, with some faint land disturbances visible on aerial photography of its former runways. Some buildings in the area may have been reused and adapted for other purposes.

This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

* Maurer, Maurer. *Air Force Combat Units of World War II*. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History, 1983. ISBN 0-89201-092-4.

## InfoBox

| Ponte Olivo Airfield<br> | |
| --- | --- |
| Coordinates | 37°07′51.68″N 14°19′17.27″E / 37.1310222°N 14.3214639°E / 37.1310222; 14.3214639 |
| Type | Military airfield |
| Site information | |
| Controlled by | United States Army Air Forces |
| Condition | Abandoned |
| Site history | |
| Built | Civil airfield prior to World War II |
| In use | 1920s?-1944 |


title: Prochetodon

abstract: Prochetodon is a genus of mammals from the extinct order Multituberculata. It lived during the Upper Paleocene and the Lower Eocene in North America. The genus was formally named by G. L. Jepsen in 1940.

text:
# Prochetodon

***Prochetodon*** is a genus of mammals from the extinct order Multituberculata. It lived during the Upper Paleocene and the Lower Eocene in North America. The genus was formally named by G. L. Jepsen in 1940. (Jepsen, 1940)

## *P. cavus*

The species *Prochetodon cavus* weighed about 135 g. Remains have been discovered in Wyoming, in the United States. They were found in the Princeton Quarry, and the deposits were dated from the Upper Paleocene to the Lower Eocene. Material is in the collection of the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale. The species was named by G. L. Jepsen in 1940. (Jepsen, 1940)

## *P. foxi*

The species *Prochetodon foxi* weighed about 200 g. Remains have been discovered in Wyoming and Montana in the United States, in the Long Draw Quarry, and in the Swan Hills of Alberta, Canada. The strata are dated to the Upper Paleocene. The species was named by David. W. Krause in 1987. (Krause, 1987)

## *P. taxus*

The species *Prochetodon taxus* weighed about 190 g. Remains have been discovered in Wyoming, in the United States, in the deposits of Clark's Fork Basin, which have been dated to the Upper Paleocene. David Krause first tentatively referred to the species *P. cf. cavus* in 1980, and then gave it its current classification in 1987. (Krause, 1987)

* G. L. Jepsen (1940). "Paleocene faunas of the Polecat Bench formation, Park County, Wyoming". *Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society* **83**, pg. 217340.
* Z. Kielan-Jaworowska & J. H. Hurum (2001). "Phylogeny and Systematics of multituberculate mammals". *Paleontology* **44**, pg. 389429.
* David W. Krause (1987). Systematic revision of the genus *Prochetodon* (Ptilodontidae, Multituberculata) from the late Paleocene and early Eocene of western North America. *Contributions from the Museum of Paleont, University of Michigan* **27(8)**, pg. 221236.
* Much of this information has been derived from MESOZOIC MAMMALS: Ptilodontoidea, an Internet directory.

## InfoBox

| *Prochetodon* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Multituberculata |
| Family: | Ptilodontidae |
| Genus: | *Prochetodon*<br>Jepsen, 1940 |
|
| Species | |
| * *P. cavus* * *P. foxi* * *P. taxus* | |


title: Walter Krivitsky

abstract: Walter Germanovich Krivitsky was a Soviet military intelligence spymaster who defected to the West and revealed plans for the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.

text:
# Walter Krivitsky

**Walter Germanovich Krivitsky** (Ва́льтер Ге́рманович Криви́цкий; June 28, 1899  February 10, 1941) was a Soviet military intelligence spymaster who defected to the West and revealed plans for the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.

## Early life

Walter Krivitsky was born on June 28, 1899, to Jewish parents as **Samuel Ginsberg** in Podwołoczyska, Galicia, Austria-Hungary (now Pidvolochysk, Ukraine). He adopted the name "Krivitsky," which was based on the Slavic root for "crooked, twisted". It was a revolutionary *nom de guerre* when he entered the Cheka, the Bolshevik security and intelligence service.

## Espionage

Krivitsky operated as an illegal resident spy, with false name and papers, in Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Italy, and Hungary. He rose to the rank of control officer. He is credited with having organised industrial sabotage, stealing plans for submarines and planes, intercepting correspondence between Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan, and recruiting many agents, including Magda Lupescu ("Madame Lepescu") and Noel Field.

In May 1937, Krivitsky was sent to The Hague, Netherlands, to operate as the *rezident* (regional control officer), operating under the cover of an antiquarian. There he co-ordinated intelligence operations throughout Western Europe.

## Defection

While he was in the Hague, the General Staff of the Red Army was subjected to the Great Purge in Moscow, which Krivitsky and his close friend, Ignace Reiss, also then stationed abroad, found deeply disturbing. Reiss wanted to defect, but Krivitsky repeatedly held back. Finally, Reiss defected, as he announced in a defiant letter to Moscow. His assassination, in Switzerland, in September 1937 prompted Krivitsky to defect the following month.

In Paris, Krivitsky began to write articles and made contact with Lev Sedov, Trotsky's son, and the Trotskyists. There, he also met undercover Soviet spy Mark Zborowski, known as "Etienne," whom Sedov had sent to protect him. Sedov died mysteriously in February 1938, but Krivitsky eluded attempts to kill or kidnap him in France, partly by fleeing to Hyères.

As a result of Krivitsky's debriefing, the British were able to arrest John Herbert King, a cypher clerk in the Foreign Office. He also gave a vague description of two other Soviet spies, Donald Maclean and John Cairncross but without enough detail to enable their arrest. The Soviet intelligence operation in the United Kingdom was thrown into disarray for a time.

## Anti-Stalinist activism

At the end of 1938, anticipating the Nazi conquest of Europe, Krivitsky sailed from France to the United States. Krivitsky did not stop with defection; he went on to become a vocal member of the anti-Stalinist Left.

### *In Stalin's Secret Service*

With the help of journalist Isaac Don Levine and literary agent Paul Wohl, Krivitsky produced an inside account of Stalin's underhanded methods. It appeared in book form as *In Stalin's Secret Service* (UK title: *I Was Stalin's Agent*, published by the Right Book Club), published on November 15, 1939, after appearing first in sensational serial form in April 1939 in the top magazine of the time, the *Saturday Evening Post*. (The title had appeared as a phrase in an article written by Reiss's wife on the first anniversary of her husband's assassination: "Reiss... had been in Stalin's secret service for many years and knew what fate to expect.") The book received a tepid review by the very influential *New York Times*. Attacked by the American left, Krivitsky was vindicated when the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, which he had predicted, was signed in August 1939.

### Testimony

Torn between a lingering dedication to Marxist-Leninist ideology and his growing detestation of Stalinism, Krivitsky came to believe that it was his duty to cooperate with the U.S. intelligence community. That decision caused him much mental anguish, as he impressed on his former agent and fellow defector Whittaker Chambers, but to whom Krivitsky ultimately stated, "In our time, informing is a duty" (recounted by Chambers in his autobiography, *Witness*).

Krivitsky testified before the Dies Committee (later to become the House Un-American Activities Committee) in October 1939, and sailed as "Walter Thomas" to London in January 1940 to be debriefed by Jane Archer (Jane Sissmore) of British domestic counterintelligence, MI5. In doing so, he revealed much about Soviet espionage. It is a matter of controversy whether he gave MI5 clues to the identity of Soviet agents Donald Maclean and Kim Philby. It is certain, however, that Lavrenty Beria, the head of the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD), learned of Krivitsky's testimony and ordered operations to assassinate him.

## Death

Krivitsky soon returned to North America, landing in Canada. Always in trouble with the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, Krivitsky was not able to return there until November 1940. Krivitsky retained Louis Waldman to represent him on legal matters. (Waldman was a long-time friend of Isaac Don Levine.) Meanwhile, the assassination of Trotsky in Mexico on August 21, 1940, convinced him that he was now at the top of the NKVD hit list. His last two months in New York were filled with plans to settle in Virginia and to write but also with doubts and dread.

On February 10, 1941, at 9:30 a.m., Krivitsky was found dead in the Bellevue Hotel (now Kimpton George Hotel) in Washington, DC, by a chambermaid, with three suicide notes by the bed. His body was lying in a pool of blood, caused by a single bullet wound to the right temple from a .38 caliber revolver found grasped in Krivitsky's right hand. A report dated June 10, 1941, indicates he had been dead for approximately six hours.

According to many sources (including Krivitsky himself), he was murdered by Soviet intelligence, but the official investigation, unaware of the NKVD manhunt, concluded that Krivitsky committed suicide. People with close ties to Krivitsky later recounted opposite interpretations of his death:

* Suicide, Reiss' wife wrote in 1969:

> In the United States, he had to make a new start in life, without knowing the country or the language. He did find friends, good friends, but among them he realized how frightfully alone he was... He lived in relative security and even affluence from the sale of his articles. His family was safe and well cared for, he had friends, it seemed he could start a new life. But something else had happened. For the first time he had the leisure to see himself in his new situation. He had broken with his old life and had not built a new one. He went to a hotel in Washington, wrote a letter to his wife and one to his friends, and put a bullet through his head... To those who knew his handwriting, his style, his expressions, there could be no doubt that he had written them.

* Assassination, Chambers wrote in 1952:

> One night one of my close friends burst into my office at *Time*. He was holding a yellow tear-off that had just come over the teletype.
> "They have murdered the General," he said. "Krivitsky has been killed."
> Krivitsky's body had been found in a room in a small Washington hotel a few blocks from the Capitol. He had a room permanently reserved at a large downtown hotel where he had always stayed when he was in Washington. He had never stayed at the small hotel before. Why had he gone there?
> He had been shot through the head and there was evidence that he had shot himself. At whose command? He had left a letter in which he gave his wife and children the unlikely advice that the Soviet Government and people were their best friends. Previously, he had warned them that, if he were found dead, never under any circumstances to believe that he had committed suicide. Who had forced my friend to write the letter? I remembered the saying: "Any fool can commit a murder, but it takes an artist to commit a good natural death"...
> Krivitsky also told me something else that night. A few days before, he had taken off the revolver that he usually carried and placed it in a bureau drawer. His seven-year-old son watched him.
> "Why do you put away the revolver?" he asked. "In America," said Krivitsky, "nobody carries a revolver." "Papa," said the child, "carry the revolver."

Inconclusive, Victor Serge wrote in 1944:

> X., arriving from New York, confidentially assures me that the name of the GPU agent who assassinated Walter Krivitsky in a Washington hotel (winter 1940–1941) is known, as well as all the details of the affair. Nevertheless, the “suicide” version remains quasi-official.

Inconclusive, William J. Hood, former CIA head of counterintelligence, wrote in 1984:

> It has been suggested that Krivitsky was induced to commit suicide because of threats against his family. But Krivitsky knew what Stalin's promises were worth. It is beyond belief that any such pleas would have convinced him quietly to take his life.
> The evidence is inconclusive but seems to point to murder

Speculation persists into the 21st century. For example, in 2017, Anthony Percy's book *Misdefending the Realm* (Buckingham: University of Buckingham Press, 2017) argued that Krivitsky was the UK's most important source on Soviet plan, did not receive action from MI5 on the intelligence that he supplied, and was assassinated by Soviet intelligence after Guy Burgess informed Soviet superiors about him. The assassination, Percy argues, cleared the threat of exposure of the Cambridge Five and other moles.

### Survivors

At the first news of his death, Whittaker Chambers found Krivitsky's wife, Antonina ("Tonia" according to Kern, "Tonya" according to Chambers) and son Alek in New York City. He brought them by train to Florida, where they stayed with Chambers's family, which had already fled New Smyrna. Both families hid there several months, fearing further Soviet reprisals. The families then returned to Chambers's farm in Westminster, Maryland. Within a short time, however, Tonia and Alek returned to New York.

His wife and son lived in poverty for the rest of their lives. Alek died of a brain tumor in his early 30s after he had served in the United States Navy and studied at Columbia University. Tonia, who changed her surname legally to "Thomas", continued to live and work in New York City until she retired to Ossining, where she died at 94 in 1996 in a nursing home.

## Works

* *In Stalin's Secret Service* (1939) (second edition 1939, 1979, 1985, 2000)
    + *Agent de Staline* (French, 1940)
    + *Byłem agentem Stalina* (Polish, 1964)
    + *Я был агентом Сталина. Записки советского разведчика* (Russian, 1991)
* Rusia en España (Spanish, 1939)
* *MI5 Debriefing & Other Documents on Soviet Intelligence* (2004)

## Sources

* Chambers, Whittaker (1952). *Witness*. Random House. ISBN 0-89526-571-0.
* Kern, Gary (2004). *A Death in Washington: Walter G. Krivitsky and the Stalin Terror*. Enigma Books. ISBN 978-1-929631-25-4.
* Philipps, Roland. 2018. *A Spy Named Orphan: The Enigma of Donald Maclean.* New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
* Poretsky, Elisabeth K. (1969). *Our Own People: A Memoir of "Ignace Reiss" and His Friends*. London: Oxford University Press. LCCN 70449412.
* "Files on Walter G. Krivitsky". Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). n.d. Retrieved September 11, 2010.

## InfoBox

| Walter Krivitsky | |
| --- | --- |
| Walter Krivitsky in 1939 | |
| Born | Samuel Ginsberg
(1899-06-28)June 28, 1899
Pidvolochysk, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Austria-Hungary (present day Ukraine) |
| Died | February 10, 1941(1941-02-10) (aged 41)
Washington, D.C., United States |
| Cause of death | Gunshot to the head |
| Occupation | Foreign intelligence |
| Spouse(s) | Antonina ("Tonya Krivitsky", "Tonia Krivitsky", "Antonina Thomas") |
| Children | Aleksandr ("Alek") |
| **Espionage activity** | |
| Allegiance | Russian SFSR (1920–1922)
Soviet Union (1922–1937) |
| Service branch | Cheka, GRU |
| Service years | 1920–1937 |
| Codename | "Walter Thomas", "Walter Poref", "Schoenborn" |
| Other work | Samuel Ginzberg, Shmelka Ginsberg |
|  | |


title: Loop Independent School District

abstract: Loop Independent School District is a public school district based in the community of Loop, Texas (USA). Located in Gaines County, a small portion of the district extends into Terry County. Loop ISD has one school that serves students in grades pre-kindergarten through twelve.

text:
# Loop Independent School District

**Loop Independent School District** is a public school district based in the community of Loop, Texas (USA).

Located in Gaines County, a small portion of the district extends into Terry County.

Loop ISD has one school that serves students in grades pre-kindergarten through twelve.

## Academic achievement

In 2010, the school district was rated "exemplary" by the Texas Education Agency.

## Special programs

### Athletics

Loop High School plays six-man football.

### Band

Loop High School is the smallest school in Texas that has a band program.

## Notable alumni

* David D. Davis, punter for Texas A&M football

32°54′31″N 102°24′59″W / 32.9086°N 102.4164°W / 32.9086; -102.4164


title: Paris, Kiribati

abstract: Paris is an abandoned settlement in Kiribati, located on the island of Kiritimati, within the archipelago of Line Islands.

text:
# Paris, Kiribati

**Paris** is an abandoned settlement in Kiribati, located on the island of Kiritimati, within the archipelago of Line Islands.

## History

Paris had a coconut plantation in the 1920s, which is now abandoned. French priest Emmanuel Rougier lived in a clapboard house in Paris, which has since been destroyed. Paris was mostly abandoned due to poor anchorage.

## Name

Paris was named by French priest Emmanuel Rougier who lived there while running a coconut plantation. He named it Paris because he was homesick.

## InfoBox

| Paris | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Paris | |
| Coordinates: 1°55′34.22″N 157°29′19.06″W / 1.9261722°N 157.4886278°W / 1.9261722; -157.4886278 | |
| Country | Kiribati |
| Local council | Kiritimati |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 0 |
| Time zone | UTC+14 |


title: The Twilight Zone (Rush song)

abstract: "The Twilight Zone" is the third track on Rush's album 2112. It was the last track written and recorded for the album. It was the first single to be released from 2112. As with most Rush songs, the lyrics are written by Neil Peart, and the music by Geddy Lee and Alex Lifeson. It is based on two episodes of The Twilight Zone: "Will the Real Martian Please Stand Up?" and "Stopover in a Quiet Town". Rush dedicated the song to the memory of The Twilight Zone creator Rod Serling. The creators of the Marvel comic book series Defenders dedicated its 45th issue to Rush. In that issue, a character named Red Rajah says that "Truth is false and logic lost, consult the Rajah at all cost," as an homage to the lyrics of The Twilight Zone song.

text:
# The Twilight Zone (Rush song)

"**The Twilight Zone**" is the third track on Rush's album *2112*. It was the last track written and recorded for the album. It was the first single to be released from *2112*. As with most Rush songs, the lyrics are written by Neil Peart, and the music by Geddy Lee and Alex Lifeson. It is based on two episodes of *The Twilight Zone*: "Will the Real Martian Please Stand Up?" (first verse) and "Stopover in a Quiet Town" (second verse). Rush dedicated the song to the memory of *The Twilight Zone* creator Rod Serling.

The creators of the Marvel comic book series *Defenders* dedicated its 45th issue to Rush. In that issue, a character named Red Rajah says that "Truth is false and logic lost, consult the Rajah at all cost," as an homage to the lyrics of The Twilight Zone song.

## Cover versions

Steven Wilson recorded a version of this song in 2016, which was included on the 40th anniversary reissue of *2112*.

## Track listing

Side A
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "The Twilight Zone" | Geddy Lee, Alex Lifeson, Neil Peart | 3:14 |

Side B
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Lessons" | Lifeson | 3:48 |

## InfoBox

| "The Twilight Zone" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Rush | |
| from the album  *2112* | |
| B-side | "Lessons" |
| Released | June 1976 |
| Recorded | Toronto Sound Studios in Toronto, February 1976 |
| Genre | Progressive rock |
| Length | 3:19 |
| Label | Mercury |
| Songwriter(s) | Geddy Lee, Alex Lifeson, Neil Peart |
| Producer(s) | Rush and Terry Brown |
| Rush singles chronology | |
| "Lakeside Park"
(1976) "**The Twilight Zone**"
(1976) "The Temples of Syrinx"
(1976) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "The Twilight Zone" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Trigonulina ornata

abstract: Trigonulina ornata, commonly known as the "'Ornate verticord", is a carnivorous bivalve in the family Verticordiidae. It is native to coastal waters throughout the western Atlantic Ocean at depths of 18-850 meters below the surface. It has 8-11 prominent ribs on its surface and can be a maximum of 5.6 millimeters in size, though on average ranges from 1-3.6 millimeters.

text:
# Trigonulina ornata

***Trigonulina ornata***, commonly known as the "'**Ornate verticord**", is a carnivorous bivalve in the family Verticordiidae. It is native to coastal waters throughout the western Atlantic Ocean at depths of 18-850 meters below the surface. It has 8-11 prominent ribs on its surface and can be a maximum of 5.6 millimeters in size, though on average ranges from 1-3.6 millimeters.

## InfoBox

| *Trigonulina ornata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Bivalvia |
| Family: | Verticordiidae |
| Genus: | *Trigonulina* |
| Species: | ***T. ornata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trigonulina ornata***<br>(d'Orbigny, 1853) | |
|


abstract: The 1972 United States presidential election in Utah took place on November 7, 1972, as part of the 1972 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. Utah overwhelmingly voted for incumbent President Richard Nixon (R-California) with over 67 percent of the popular vote, beating Democratic South Dakota Senator George McGovern with a margin of over forty percent, carrying every county in the state. Nixon carried every county with over sixty percent of the vote except for Carbon County, which had typically been the most Democratic area of the state. This occurred even as incumbent Democratic Governor Cal Rampton won reelection with nearly 70% of the vote on the same ballot. U.S. Representative John G. Schmitz (R-California) of the American Independent Party received 5.97 percent of the popular vote, and his results in Utah proved to be his third strongest state in the 1972 election after Idaho and Alaska.

text:
# 1972 United States presidential election in Utah

The **1972 United States presidential election in Utah** took place on November 7, 1972, as part of the 1972 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Utah overwhelmingly voted for incumbent President Richard Nixon (-California) with over 67 percent of the popular vote, beating Democratic South Dakota Senator George McGovern with a margin of over forty percent, carrying every county in the state. Nixon carried every county with over sixty percent of the vote except for Carbon County, which had typically been the most Democratic area of the state. This occurred even as incumbent Democratic Governor Cal Rampton won reelection with nearly 70% of the vote on the same ballot. U.S. Representative John G. Schmitz (-California) of the American Independent Party received 5.97 percent of the popular vote, and his results in Utah proved to be his third strongest state in the 1972 election after Idaho and Alaska.

## Results

|
|  |
1972 United States presidential election in Utah
| Party | Nominee | Popular Vote | Percentage | Electoral Vote |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Republican** | **Richard Nixon** **(incumbent)** | **323,643** | **67.64%** | **4** |
| Democratic | George McGovern | 126,284 | 26.39% | 0 |
| American Independent | John G. Schmitz | 28,549 | 5.97% | 0 |

### Results by county

| County | Richard Nixon
Republican | | George McGovern
Democratic | | John G. Schmitz
American Independent | | Margin | | Total votes cast |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | |
| Beaver | 1,332 | 64.88% | 682 | 33.22% | 39 | 1.90% | 650 | 31.66% | 2,053 |
| Box Elder | 9,880 | 77.22% | 2,134 | 16.68% | 780 | 6.10% | 7,746 | 60.54% | 12,794 |
| Cache | 16,538 | 76.83% | 4,018 | 18.67% | 969 | 4.50% | 12,520 | 58.16% | 21,525 |
| Carbon | 3,956 | 53.19% | 3,335 | 44.84% | 147 | 1.98% | 621 | 8.35% | 7,438 |
| Daggett | 204 | 72.86% | 50 | 17.86% | 26 | 9.29% | 154 | 55.00% | 280 |
| Davis | 29,706 | 72.61% | 7,954 | 19.44% | 3,251 | 7.95% | 21,752 | 53.17% | 40,911 |
| Duchesne | 2,183 | 70.49% | 629 | 20.31% | 285 | 9.20% | 1,554 | 50.18% | 3,097 |
| Emery | 1,666 | 65.33% | 769 | 30.16% | 115 | 4.51% | 897 | 35.17% | 2,550 |
| Garfield | 1,290 | 80.47% | 242 | 15.10% | 71 | 4.43% | 1,048 | 65.37% | 1,603 |
| Grand | 1,837 | 72.15% | 560 | 22.00% | 149 | 5.85% | 1,277 | 50.15% | 2,546 |
| Iron | 5,085 | 76.49% | 1,098 | 16.52% | 465 | 6.99% | 3,987 | 59.97% | 6,648 |
| Juab | 1,629 | 67.06% | 691 | 28.45% | 109 | 4.49% | 938 | 38.61% | 2,429 |
| Kane | 1,146 | 78.82% | 218 | 14.99% | 90 | 6.19% | 928 | 63.83% | 1,454 |
| Millard | 2,689 | 70.48% | 777 | 20.37% | 349 | 9.15% | 1,912 | 50.11% | 3,815 |
| Morgan | 1,456 | 71.51% | 363 | 17.83% | 217 | 10.66% | 1,093 | 53.68% | 2,036 |
| Piute | 475 | 78.77% | 102 | 16.92% | 26 | 4.31% | 373 | 61.85% | 603 |
| Rich | 604 | 79.58% | 120 | 15.81% | 35 | 4.61% | 484 | 63.77% | 759 |
| Salt Lake | 132,066 | 62.99% | 68,489 | 32.67% | 9,111 | 4.35% | 63,577 | 30.32% | 209,666 |
| San Juan | 1,893 | 68.27% | 677 | 24.41% | 203 | 7.32% | 1,216 | 43.86% | 2,773 |
| Sanpete | 3,995 | 70.68% | 1,220 | 21.59% | 437 | 7.73% | 2,775 | 49.09% | 5,652 |
| Sevier | 3,700 | 72.96% | 820 | 16.17% | 551 | 10.87% | 2,880 | 56.79% | 5,071 |
| Summit | 2,209 | 69.95% | 836 | 26.47% | 113 | 3.58% | 1,373 | 43.48% | 3,158 |
| Tooele | 5,641 | 66.02% | 2,621 | 30.67% | 283 | 3.31% | 3,020 | 35.35% | 8,545 |
| Uintah | 4,712 | 80.30% | 716 | 12.20% | 440 | 7.50% | 3,996 | 68.10% | 5,868 |
| Utah | 42,179 | 70.94% | 10,828 | 18.21% | 6,453 | 10.85% | 31,351 | 52.73% | 59,460 |
| Wasatch | 2,046 | 70.21% | 693 | 23.78% | 175 | 6.01% | 1,353 | 46.43% | 2,914 |
| Washington | 5,176 | 77.69% | 956 | 14.35% | 530 | 7.96% | 4,220 | 63.34% | 6,662 |
| Wayne | 597 | 71.75% | 183 | 22.00% | 52 | 6.25% | 414 | 49.75% | 832 |
| Weber | 37,753 | 68.23% | 14,503 | 26.21% | 3,078 | 5.56% | 23,250 | 42.02% | 55,334 |
| Totals | 323,643 | 67.64% | 126,284 | 26.39% | 28,549 | 5.97% | 197,359 | 41.25% | 478,476 |

#### Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

## InfoBox

1972 United States presidential election in Utah
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Richard Nixon** George McGovern John G. Schmitz  Party Republican Democratic American Independent  Home state California South Dakota California  Running mate **Spiro Agnew** Sargent Shriver Thomas J. Anderson  Electoral vote **4** 0 0  Popular vote **323,643** 126,284 28,549  Percentage **67.64%** 26.39% 5.97% | |
| ---  County Results  **Nixon**  50-60%  60-70%  70-80%  80-90% | |
| ---  **President before election**
Richard Nixon
Republican **Elected President**
Richard Nixon
Republican | |


title: Port Edwards, Wisconsin

abstract: Port Edwards is a village in Wood County, Wisconsin, United States. The village is located northeast and adjacent to the Town of Port Edwards. The population was 1,818 at the 2010 census.

text:
# Port Edwards, Wisconsin

**Port Edwards** is a village in Wood County, Wisconsin, United States. The village is located northeast and adjacent to the Town of Port Edwards. The population was 1,818 at the 2010 census.

## History

Port Edwards was known as "Frenchtown" until 1869, when it was renamed in honor of John Edwards, a local mill owner.

The settlement formed around a sawmill built about 1829. It was first owned by Messrs. Grignon and Merrill, who partnered in the mill for some time. It then passed on to Merrill and Whitney in 1836. In 1840 the mill was bought by John Edwards Sr. and his partner, Henry Clinton. It was then that the sawmill business, known as the Edwards and Clinton Company, began to prosper. The partnership didn't last. Because of Clinton's financial troubles, he had to transfer portions of his equity to Edwards throughout the years. By 1862 Edwards owned 100 percent of the business and changed the name to John Edwards and Company. A few years later, active management was given over to his son, John Jr. The senior Edwards died In 1871.

Mrs. Edwards wrote of the community in the 1860s, "the settlement was small only consisting of a store, a blacksmith shop, a school, two boarding houses and a number of white houses." With his success in the sawmill business, Edwards decided to run for the Wisconsin legislature as a Representative in 1890. After his election, he moved to Madison in 1891, leaving his business to be managed by his son-in-law, Lewis M. Alexander.

By the end of the 19th century most sawmills in central Wisconsin had gone out of business. Alexander decided to take a risk and convert the sawmill company into a paper mill company, completing the conversion in 1896. Although the change proved economically challenging, the company eventually succeeded, although it experienced ups and downs reflecting the overall economy.

Port Edwards incorporated as a village in 1902.

With the town heavily dependent on the mill, it slowly grew to become the community it is today. Today the village consists of a small cluster of 1890s to 1940s homes that have been preserved and refurbished. The mill shut down in 2008. The village named the high school in honor of John Edwards. The house belonging to Lewis M. Alexander's son, John, still stands.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 7.28 square miles (18.86 km2), of which, 6.03 square miles (15.62 km2) of it is land and 1.25 square miles (3.24 km2) is water.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1880 | 136 |  |  |
| 1910 | 758 |  |  |
| 1920 | 755 |  | −0.4% |
| 1930 | 988 |  | 30.9% |
| 1940 | 1,192 |  | 20.6% |
| 1950 | 1,336 |  | 12.1% |
| 1960 | 1,849 |  | 38.4% |
| 1970 | 2,126 |  | 15.0% |
| 1980 | 2,077 |  | −2.3% |
| 1990 | 1,848 |  | −11.0% |
| 2000 | 1,944 |  | 5.2% |
| 2010 | 1,818 |  | −6.5% |
| 2019 (est.) | 1,763 |  | −3.0% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 1,818 people, 711 households, and 499 families residing in the village. The population density was 301.5 inhabitants per square mile (116.4/km2). There were 750 housing units at an average density of 124.4 per square mile (48.0/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 94.9% White, 0.9% African American, 1.3% Native American, 1.1% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.7% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.3% of the population.

There were 711 households, of which 32.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.4% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 29.8% were non-families. 24.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.90.

The median age in the village was 43.5 years. 23.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.6% were from 25 to 44; 25.6% were from 45 to 64; and 22% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 47.6% male and 52.4% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,944 people, 706 households, and 518 families residing in the village. The population density was 322.1 people per square mile (124.3/km2). There were 737 housing units at an average density of 122.1 per square mile (47.1/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 93.31% White, 0.57% Black or African American, 1.08% Native American, 3.86% Asian, 0.15% from other races, and 1.03% from two or more races. 0.93% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 706 households, out of which 34.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.8% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.5% were non-families. 23.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.04.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 26.7% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 24.2% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 21.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.5 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $48,850, and the median income for a family was $54,801. Males had a median income of $46,250 versus $26,106 for females. The per capita income for the village was $20,750. About 5.5% of families and 7.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.3% of those under age 18 and 5.1% of those age 65 or over.

## Economy

Employment in Port Edwards has long been dominated by paper making. The primary employer, Domtar Inc., closed its mill in mid-2008.

## InfoBox

| Port Edwards, Wisconsin | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Port Edwards municipal building | |
| Location of Port Edwards in Wood County, Wisconsin. | |
| Coordinates: 44°17′59″N 89°58′23″W / 44.29972°N 89.97306°W / 44.29972; -89.97306 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Wisconsin |
| County | Wood |
| Area | |
| Total | 6.48 sq mi (16.79 km2) |
| Land | 5.23 sq mi (13.56 km2) |
| Water | 1.25 sq mi (3.23 km2) |
| Elevation | 974 ft (297 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 1,818 |
| Estimate (2019) | 1,763 |
| Density | 336.84/sq mi (130.05/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Zip code(s) | 54469 |
| Area code(s) | 715 & 534 |
| FIPS code | 55-64200 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1571796 |
| Website | www.vi.portedwards.wi.gov |


title: Primary cutaneous immunocytoma

abstract: Primary cutaneous immunocytoma was initially regarded as a distinct type of the cutaneous lymphomas of the skin. A 1997 review characterized 16 cases of primary cutaneious immunocytomo as skin lesions located on the arms and legs that in 15 of 16 cases had an excellent responses to, and prognoses after, purely local treatments. On microscopic histological examination, these lesions consisted of B cells and nodular or diffuse infiltrates of lymphoplasmacytoid-like plasma cells located at the periphery of these infiltrates. In 2004, however, the World Health Organization and European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer classified primary cutaneous immunocytoma as one form of the primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphomas or, as they are now termed, primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoproliferative disorders.

text:
# Primary cutaneous immunocytoma

**Primary cutaneous immunocytoma** was initially regarded as a distinct type of the cutaneous lymphomas of the skin. (The "primary" used to designate cutaneous lymphomas indicates that the lymphoma was first diagnosed as limited to the skin and there was no evidence of spread to extracutaneous tissues for 6 months after the diagnosis was first made.) A 1997 review characterized 16 cases of primary cutaneious immunocytomo as skin lesions located on the arms and legs that in 15 of 16 cases had an excellent responses to, and prognoses after, purely local treatments. On microscopic histological examination, these lesions consisted of B cells (a type of lymphocyte) and nodular or diffuse infiltrates of lymphoplasmacytoid-like plasma cells located at the periphery of these infiltrates. In 2004, however, the World Health Organization (i.e., WHO) and European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (i.e., EORTC) classified primary cutaneous immunocytoma as one form of the primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphomas or, as they are now termed, primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoproliferative disorders.

## InfoBox

| Primary cutaneous immunocytoma | |
| --- | --- |
| Specialty | Dermatology/Oncology |


title: Walter Kreye

abstract: Walter Kreye is a German actor.

text:
# Walter Kreye

**Walter Kreye** (born 18 July 1942) is a German actor.

## Biography

Kreye is the son of radio editor and writer Walter A. Kreye. He graduated from Bochum Drama School and then had theater engagements at the Hamburg Schauspielhaus, the Thalia Theater, and the Stuttgart State Theater.

From 1980, he appeared in the television series *Ein Fall für zwei*, *Praxis Bülowbogen*, *Der Fahnder*, and *Tatort*. In 1990, he won the silver Grimme-Preis for his performance in *Reporter*. In 2007, he succeeded Rolf Schimpf in the crime series *The Old Fox* as chief inspector Rolf Herzog. In 2017, Kreye appeared in the Netflix series *Dark* as Tronte Nielsen.

Kreye is married to actress Sabine Wegner and has two daughters and a son from his first marriage. In 2011, he was diagnosed with colon cancer, which caused him to stop performing until after his recovery.

## Selected filmography

List of film and television appearances, with year, title, and role shown
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1989 | *Reporter* | Pit Wilkens | 9 episodes |
| 1989–1997 | *Ein Fall für zwei* |  | 6 episodes |
| 1994 | *Adelheid und ihre Mörder* |  | 1 episode |
| 1996 | *Polizeiruf 110* |  |  |
| 1997 | *Tatort* |  |  |
| | *Polizeiruf 110* |  |  |
| | *Doppelter Einsatz* |  |  |
| 1998 | *Tatort* |  |  |
| | *Der Clown* |  |  |
| 1999–2000 | *Tatort* |  |  |
| 2000 | *Polizeiruf 110* |  |  |
| 2005 | *Die Rosenheim-Cops* |  |  |
| | *Katze im Sack* | Brockmann | Feature film |
| | *Tatort* |  |  |
| 2005–2009 | *Der Dicke* | Martin Brüggemann | 20 episodes |
| 2006 | *Unter weißen Segeln* |  |  |
| | *SOKO München* |  |  |
| 2007 | *K3 – Kripo Hamburg* |  |  |
| | *Siska* |  |  |
| 2008–2012 | *The Old Fox* |  |  |
| 2012 | *Das Traumschiff* |  |  |
| 2015 | *Die Chefin* |  |  |
| | *Donna Leon (TV series)* |  |  |
| | *Notruf Hafenkante* |  |  |
| 2017 | *In aller Freundschaft* |  |  |
| | *Dark* | Tronte Nielsen | 7 episodes |
| 2018 | *Stuttgart Homicide* |  |  |

Walter Kreye at IMDb

## InfoBox

| Walter Kreye | |
| --- | --- |
| Kreye in 2012 | |
| Born | (1942-07-18) 18 July 1942<br>Oldenburg, Lower Saxony, Germany |
| Occupation | Actor |


title: Vishwa Thulasi

abstract: Vishwa Thulasi is a 2004 Tamil-language drama film directed by Sumathy Ram, starring Mammooty and Nandita Das. This film's score and soundtrack were composed by Ilayaraaja and M. S. Viswanathan. The film was notable for having a female director.

text:
# Vishwa Thulasi

***Vishwa Thulasi*** is a 2004 Tamil-language drama film directed by Sumathy Ram, starring Mammooty and Nandita Das. This film's score and soundtrack were composed by Ilayaraaja and M. S. Viswanathan. The film was notable for having a female director.

## Plot

The film, set in the 1940s and moving to the 1960s, revolves around the emotional story of Thulasi returning to her village to become a dance teacher. She cannot bring herself to forget Vishwa, a man she has been in love with for two decades. Memories of Vishwa haunt her constantly, and upon a chance meeting with him, she discovers he too is struggling with his love for her. Both are haunted by the memory of Thulasi's cousin, a figure who is unable to control his obsession for his cousin and hide his resentment at Thulasi's feelings for Vishwa.

Thulasi comes to Sundarapuri after her guardians — her grandma and uncle — pass away, to work as teacher in a dance school. It is in Sundarapuri that Vishwa, the Zamindar whom she had met 20 years ago, lives. They meet again and the feelings that had blossomed in their hearts as teenagers, are revived. Vishwa is unmarried and Thulasi has gone through an unceremonious ritual in the name of matrimony, but fear of societal stigma and innate inhibition keep them asunder.

Sensing their intense love for each other, Pattabhi, the manager at Vishwa's house, helps them overcome their fears. It is then that fate enters in the form of Shiva.

## Cast

## Production

The film's first schedule started at Pollachi then held at Tharangampadi and Cuddalore. Some scenes were shot at 200 year old house at Ottapalam, Kerala. The filming took 67 days to be completed.

## Soundtrack

The film's soundtrack were composed and orchestrated by M. S. Viswanathan. Background score of the movie was done by Ilaiyaraaja. Except for song "Engu Piranthathu" which was composed by Ilayaraja, rest of the songs were composed by Viswanathan.

| No. | Song | Singers | Lyrics |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Aaya Kalaikalin" | Srinivas, Aparna | Sumathy Ram |
| 2 | "Engu Piranthathu" | Tippu, Chinmayi | Ilaiyaraaja |
| 3 | "Kanavilavathu" | Gopika Poornima, Karthik | |
| 4 | "En Maname" | Dippu, Gopika Poornima | |
| 5 | "Kannamma Kanavillaiya | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam | Sumathy Ram |
| 6 | "Mayakkama" | Srinivas, Sujatha | |
| 7 | "Nizhalin Kathai Ithu" | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam | |
| 8 | "Vishwa Thulasi" | Bhavatharini | Ilaiyaraaja |

## Reception

Malini Mannath of *Chennai Online* wrote that "Though one can appreciate the debutant director's sincerity to give a clean, aesthetic, lyrical film, quite different from the dance-fight-romance routine, one feels 'Vishwa Thulasi' would have made a pleasant video-album. Stretching it to two hours, is stretching it a bit too much!" *Indiaglitz* wrote "As a story, there is nothing much to write home about. But its treatment and the strict adherence to artistic excellence deserve plaudits. Mammooty and Nanditha just ease through their roles". *Bizhat* wrote "Viswa Thulasi is an amateurish attempt at film making. Every film has- or should have- a logic, this one defies all logic".

*Indiaglitz* wrote "A mix of Classical Carnatic stuff and Hindustani music with soul-stirring vocals from S P Balasubramaniam, Srinivas and Karthik, the album is a right pick for all those who love their music to be understated and appeal to their hearts and not ears."

Malathi Rangarajan of *Hindu.com* wrote that "In a film scenario where sexy gyrations and obscene overtones are a norm, Sumathy, who is new to cinema, shows real guts in coming out with a clean film that moves quite slowly, of course, with veterans who deliver the goods with ease."

## Awards

The film has won the following awards since its release:

2005 WorldFest Houston (United States) * Won - Gold Remi Award - Music Score - Ilaiyaraaja, M. S. Viswanathan
* Won - Gold Special Jury Award - First Feature - *Vishwa Thulasi* \- Sumathy Ram

Tamil Nadu State Film Awards

## InfoBox

| Vishwa Thulasi | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Sumathy Ram |
| Written by | Sumathy Ram |
| Produced by | Ramki |
| Starring | Mammootty
Nandita Das |
| Cinematography | B. Kannan |
| Edited by | Suresh Urs |
| Music by | Ilaiyaraaja
M. S. Viswanathan |
| Release date | * 22 October 2004 (2004-10-22) |
| Running time | 120 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |


title: Loop Mobile

abstract: Loop Mobile India Ltd, formerly BPL Mobile Communications, was an Indian mobile network operator.

text:
# Loop Mobile

**Loop Mobile India Ltd**, formerly **BPL Mobile Communications**, was an Indian mobile network operator.

## History

BPL Mobile Communications, established in 1994, was India's first mobile network operator. It began commercial operations in 1995. The Khaitan Holdings Group purchased a 99% stake in the company at a cost of 700 crore (equivalent to 24 billion or US$290 million in 2023) in 2005. BPL Mobile was renamed to Loop Mobile in March 2009. Having consistently met and exceeded Telecom Regulatory Authority of India benchmarks, Loop Mobile was ISO 9001:2008 certified in 2009, in accordance with the TUV NORD CERT auditing and certification procedures.

On 18 February 2014, Bharti Airtel announced that it was acquiring Loop Mobile for 700 crore (equivalent to 11 billion or US$130 million in 2023), prior to that, a Chennai-based Information Technology Company, Zeesta IT Services MD Hemanth Raj, evaluated to acquire, however the deal did not materialize. The two companies had been in talks since mid-2013. Loop Mobile's 20-year licence in the 900 MHz band was due to expire in the last quarter of 2014, and the company did not participate in the 2014 spectrum auction. However, on 5 November 2014, Bharti announced that it was dropping plans to acquire Loop Mobile, after the former failed to gain regulatory approval from the Department of for the acquisition.

The acquisition would have increased Airtel's total customer base in Mumbai to more than 7 million customers and increased the size of their network to 6,500 cell sites. Airtel also would have acquired electronic equipment, optic fibre and the 8 megahertz of spectrum in the 900 MHz band held by Loop in Mumbai. However, Airtel had no plans to acquire Loop Mobile's 550 employees.

The announcement of the acquisition had prompted most Loop Mobile subscribers to switch mobile operators, and the operator had approximately 1 million customers by the first week of November 2014, down from 3 million subscribers when the deal was first announced in February 2014. Loop Mobile's licence to operate mobile services in Mumbai expired on 29 November 2014, bringing an end to its operations.

## Controversy

Loop Telecom was probed by the Central Bureau of Investigation for alleged violation of foreign exchange laws, in the amount of 384 crore (US$46 million), in connection with the 2G spectrum case. The promoters of Loop telecom were acquitted in December 2017 by the special court investigating the matter, which ruled that the prosecution "has miserably failed to prove any charge against any of the accused. Consequently, all the accused are entitled to be acquitted."

On 18 August 2011, Loop mobile, along with Bharti Airtel, Idea Cellular, Reliance Communications and Vodafone, was issued notices by the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) for violation of mobile number portability regulations. According to TRAI, they had received complaints from customers regarding improper rejection of porting requests by telecom operators and also 10 crore (US$1.2 million) being charged for messages requesting the porting code through number 1900. In April 2012 Loop Mobile announced its intention to shut down operations across India except Mumbai with effect from 15 May 2012. The move is expected to impact 6,100 customers, however, the figure is much less than 0.01% of the number of mobile phone users in India.

## InfoBox

Loop Mobile India Ltd
|
|  |
| Formerly | BPL Mobile Communications |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Telecommunication |
| Founded | 1994 (1994) |
| Defunct | 29 November 2014 (2014-11-29) |
| Fate | Ceased operations after expiration of licence |
| Headquarters | Mahim, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India |
| Key people | IP Khaitan (Shareholder) Nalin Khaitan (Director)<br>Sandip Basu (CEO) |
| Services | Mobile telephony |


title: US Yachts US 18

abstract: The US Yachts US 18 is an American trailerable sailboat that was designed by G. William McVay and adapted by Bayliner as a day sailer and first built in 1980. The US 18 is a Bayliner development of McVay's 1964 sailing dinghy design, the Mouette 19 and is similar to the Buccaneer 180.

text:
# US Yachts US 18

The **US Yachts US 18** is an American trailerable sailboat that was designed by G. William McVay and adapted by Bayliner as a day sailer and first built in 1980.

The US 18 is a Bayliner development of McVay's 1964 sailing dinghy design, the Mouette 19 and is similar to the Buccaneer 180.

## Production

The design was built by US Yachts in the United States, starting in 1980, but it is now out of production.

## Design

The US 18 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a fractional sloop rig, a raked stem, a reverse transom, a transom-hung rudder controlled by a tiller and a retractable swing keel. It displaces 525 lb (238 kg) and has a small cuddy cabin.

The boat has a draft of 3.20 ft (0.98 m) with the keel extended and 8 in (20 cm) with it retracted, allowing operation in shallow water, beaching or ground transportation on a trailer.

The design has a hull speed of 5.29 kn (9.80 km/h).

## InfoBox

US Yachts US 18
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Development | |
| Designer | G. William McVay and Bayliner |
| Location | United States |
| Year | 1980 |
| Builder(s) | US Yachts |
| Role | Day sailer |
| Name | US Yachts US 18 |
| Boat | |
| Displacement | 525 lb (238 kg) |
| Draft | 3.20 ft (0.98 m) with keel down |
| Hull | |
| Type | monohull |
| Construction | fiberglass |
| LOA | 17.58 ft (5.36 m) |
| LWL | 15.58 ft (4.75 m) |
| Beam | 6.67 ft (2.03 m) |
| Engine type | outboard motor |
| Hull appendages | |
| Keel/board type | swing keel |
| Rudder(s) | transom-mounted rudder |
| Rig | |
| Rig type | Bermuda rig |
| foretriangle height | 16.75 ft (5.11 m) |
| foretriangle base | 6.00 ft (1.83 m) |
| mainsail luff | 17.00 ft (5.18 m) |
| mainsail foot | 9.00 ft (2.74 m) |
| Sails | |
| Sailplan | fractional rigged sloop |
| Mainsail area | 76.50 sq ft (7.107 m2) |
| Jib/genoa area | 50.25 sq ft (4.668 m2) |
| Total sail area | 126.75 sq ft (11.775 m2) |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Party de plaisir

abstract: Party de plaisir is the debut album of French rapper Teki Latex. One fourth of French hip-hop group TTC, Latex opted to go electropop on his solo effort. Teki's album was released on June 4, 2007 and produced by Gonzales and Renaud Létang. The album's first single "Disco Dance With You", dropped in July 2006, with the second single, "Les Matins de Paris", a duet with 80s French singer, Lio, following in early 2007. Both singles are available as EPs. For this album, Latex did a collaboration with French label Sixpack France and edited a limited t-shirt. Teki Latex took the unusual approach of using alternative promotion methods that included a special parade across Paris' streets. An ice cream cart, modified to play Teki's new album over loudspeakers was pushed along in the parade while dedicated fans handed out balloons and candy. The parade ended with Teki himself hosting a listening party at Cafe de la Ville. In France, the album peaked at #75 on the SNEP albums chart, on 9 June 2007.

text:
# Party de plaisir

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| PopMatters |  |

***Party de plaisir*** is the debut album of French rapper Teki Latex. One fourth of French hip-hop group TTC, Latex opted to go electropop on his solo effort. Teki's album was released on June 4, 2007 and produced by Gonzales and Renaud Létang. The album's first single "Disco Dance With You", dropped in July 2006, with the second single, "Les Matins de Paris", a duet with 80s French singer, Lio, following in early 2007. Both singles are available as EPs. (A longer version of Latex's debut appears in the American iTunes Store with 3 additional remixed tracks.) For this album, Latex did a collaboration with French label Sixpack France and edited a limited t-shirt.

Teki Latex took the unusual approach of using alternative promotion methods that included a special parade across Paris' streets. An ice cream cart, modified to play Teki's new album over loudspeakers was pushed along in the parade while dedicated fans handed out balloons and candy. The parade ended with Teki himself hosting a listening party at Cafe de la Ville.

In France, the album peaked at #75 on the SNEP albums chart, on 9 June 2007.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Rires" | 0:15 |
| 2. | "Electronic" | 4:22 |
| 3. | "J'aime la Pop Music" | 2:42 |
| 4. | "Les matins de paris" (feat. Lio) | 3:49 |
| 5. | "Go Go Go" (feat. The Genevan Heathen) | 4:47 |
| 6. | "Petite fille qui ne veut pas grandir" (duet with Katerine) | 3:47 |
| 7. | "Les jouets" | 3:11 |
| 8. | "Polo" | 2:58 |
| 9. | "Invitation to ooh wee" (feat. Gonzales) | 3:37 |
| 10. | "Bonne soirée..." (feat. Sana Zeineddine) | 3:08 |
| 11. | "Disco dance with you" | 4:40 |
| 12. | "The ish" (feat. Bitch Lap Lap) | 4:11 |
| 13. | "Crois en moi" | 4:10 |
| 14. | "Sac à dos" | 4:02 |
| 15. | "Polo" (Tacteel Remix feat. TTC) | 3:30 |

## InfoBox

| Party de plaisir | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Teki Latex | |
| Released | June 04, 2007 |
| Genre | Dance, electropop, French pop |
| Length | 53:09 |
| Label | EMI Music France |
| Producer | Gonzales & Renaud Létang |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Party de plaisir* | |
| 1. "Disco Dance With You"
Released: July 31, 2006 2. "Les Matins de Paris"
Released: February 5, 2007 | |
|  | |


title: The Virtue of Nationalism

abstract: The Virtue of Nationalism is a 2018 book by Israeli-American political theorist Yoram Hazony.

text:
# The Virtue of Nationalism

**The Virtue of Nationalism** is a 2018 book by Israeli-American political theorist Yoram Hazony.

## Contents

Hazony argues that the nation state is the best form of government that humans have yet invented, contrasting both with historical empires and modern forms of global governance including United Nations affiliated institutions such as the International Court of Justice. In particular, Hazony argues that nationalism uniquely provides "the collective right of a free people to rule themselves."

According to Hazony, national identity is based not on race or biological homogeneity, but on "bonds of mutual loyalty" to a shared culture and a shared history that bind diverse groups into a national unit. Hazony argues that the social cohesion enabled by a nation-state where a common language and history are shared by the majority of the population can produce a level of trust that enables the production of social and moral goods, such as civil and political liberties.

He argues that, in contrast with systems like the European Union where member states are bound by measures taken by the Union, each nation state sets up unique systems, standards and administrative procedures, effectively producing a series of experiments that other nation states can freely copy as they strive for improvement.

Hazony asserts that it is a matter of historical fact that the rights and freedoms of individuals have been protected best by nation-states, especially in England and in the United States. This, in his view, contrasts sharply with attempts at “universal political order . . . in which a single standard of right is held to be in force everywhere, tolerance for diverse political and religious standpoints must necessarily decline.” Hazony argues that globalizing politically progressive elites have promoted a “global rule of law” that is intolerant of cultural differences, of patriotism, and of religious faith. Hazony writes that globalists promulgate “anti-nationalist hate,” and are aggressively intolerant of cultural particularism. In Hazony's words, "liberal internationalism is not merely a positive agenda . . . It is an imperialist ideology that incites against . . . nationalists, seeking their delegitimization wherever they appear."

### Israel and the European Union

In a juxtaposition that book reviewer Ira Stoll describes as the book's "strongest case" for nationalism, Hazony discusses the conflicting understanding held by Europeans and by Israelis.

In November 1942, as word seeped out of Europe about mass killings of Jewish families, Israel's founding Prime Minister Ben Gurion said that Jews were being “buried alive in graves dug by them . . . because the Jews have no political standing, no Jewish army, no Jewish independence, and no homeland.”

## Criticism

John Fonte, writing in the *National Review*, described *Virtue* as a book "that will become a classic." In February 2019, the book won the Paolucci Book Award from the Intercollegiate Studies Institute.

Reviewing the book for *The New York Times*, Justin Vogt called Hazony's narrative a "reductive approach (that) poses a false choice between an idealized order of noble sovereign nations and a totalitarian global government." In Vogt's opinion, "The world could use a less moralistic, more nuanced defense of nationalism. This book is a missed opportunity." In that vein, critics of the book largely faulted Hazony's use of terms and categorizations. For instance, one review by Park MacDougald for *New York* magazine's *the Intelligencer* commented: “The book’s major flaw is that Hazony tends to define his terms as ideal types and then argue from those definitions.” Likewise, another review by George Washington University professor Samuel Goldman in *Modern Age* stated that Hazony's argument “rests on a confusing and counterproductive use of terms.”

Some reviewers commented that Hazony's theory and defense of nationalism does not appear to take into account the historical body of nationalist thought, possibly to make his position more palatable to his readership. For instance, an essay by Michael Shindler in *Jacobite*, notes that Hazony's theory is heavily derived from recent scholarship from Israel and the anglosphere (particularly Fania Oz-Salzberger’s 'The Jewish Roots of Western Freedom,' and Philip Gorski’s *The Mosaic Moment*), which depicts "nationalism as a descendant of the biblical Israeli model," as opposed to the "robust body of nationalist theory that’s been developing since the 19th century." This lack of engagement, Shindler claims, is "conspicuous" since that body of literature, though it is "quite cogent...admits that nationalism is culpable of precisely what it is accused of by its liberal critics."


title: Lophognathus horneri

abstract: Lophognathus horneri is a species of agama found in Australia.

text:
# Lophognathus horneri

***Lophognathus horneri*** is a species of agama found in Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Lophognathus horneri* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Iguania |
| Family: | Agamidae |
| Genus: | *Lophognathus* |
| Species: | ***L. horneri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lophognathus horneri***<br>Melville, Ritchie, Chapple, Glor, & Schulte, 2018 | |
|


title: 1974 Allan Cup

abstract: The 1974 Allan Cup was the Canadian senior ice hockey championship for the 1973–74 senior "A" season. The event was hosted by the Cranbrook Royals and Cranbrook, British Columbia. The 1974 playoff marked the 66th time that the Allan Cup has been awarded.

text:
# 1974 Allan Cup

The **1974 Allan Cup** was the Canadian senior ice hockey championship for the 1973–74 senior "A" season. The event was hosted by the Cranbrook Royals and Cranbrook, British Columbia. The 1974 playoff marked the 66th time that the Allan Cup has been awarded.

## Teams

## Best-of-Seven Series

**Barrie Flyers** 4 - Cranbrook Royals 1 **Cranbrook Royals** 4 - Barrie Flyers 2 **Cranbrook Royals** 9 - Barrie Flyers 5 **Barrie Flyers** 5 - Cranbrook Royals 4 (2OT) **Barrie Flyers** 4 - Cranbrook Royals 3 **Barrie Flyers** 4 - Cranbrook Royals 1