title: Trojden I, Duke of Masovia

abstract: Trojden I was a Polish prince, Duke of Czersk from 1310, ruler over Warsaw and Liw from 1313, and regent of Płock in the years 1336–1340. He was a member of the House of Piast. Trojden was the second son of Bolesław II of Płock and his first wife Gaudemantė (Sophia), the daughter of Grand Duke Traidenis of Lithuania. He was named after his maternal grandfather.

text:
# Trojden I, Duke of Masovia

**Trojden I** (1284/86  13 March 1341) was a Polish prince, Duke of Czersk from 1310, ruler over Warsaw and Liw from 1313, and regent of Płock in the years 1336–1340. He was a member of the House of Piast.

Trojden was the second son of Bolesław II of Płock and his first wife Gaudemantė (Sophia), the daughter of Grand Duke Traidenis of Lithuania. He was named after his maternal grandfather.

## Life

In 1310, Trojden I received the district region of Czersk when his father was still alive. Following his father's death in 1313, he further received the districts of Warsaw and Liw in addition to his duchy, which made him ruler over all of eastern Masovia. This division didn't satisfy all members of his family and led to a brief war between the three brothers (Trojden, Siemowit II and Wenceslaus) in 1316. The exact details of this conflict are unknown except for a brief mention in an annually published manuscript called the *Rocznik miechowski*.

Initially, Trojden I maintained excellent relations with Polish king Ladislaus the Short (also known as the "Elbow-high"). Thanks to the king's intervention, Trojden I was able to marry Maria, the daughter of Yuri I, King of Halych-Volhynia, in around 1309/1310. Thanks to this union, Trojden's children could legitimately claim the Kingdom of Ruthenia. In 1323, when the Rurikid dynasty in Ruthenia became extinct after the death of Andrew of Galicia, Trojden I was able to place on the throne his oldest son Bolesław, who assumed the name Yuri II (in honour of his maternal grandfather).

In 1325, Trojden I and Siemowit I sent a letter to the Pope outlining the eastern border of their possession as reaching two miles from Grodno (*Oppidi quod dictur Grodno, ... a terrarum nostrorum ad duas lencas posit*).

The aggressive policy pursued by king Ladislaus (who wanted to reunite all the territories of Poland and Masovia) were a threat for Trojden I and his brothers, especially when Ladislaus attacked and plundered the city of Płock as a punishment for the alliance of the youngest Masovian Duke, Wenceslaus with the Teutonic Order. On 2 January 1326, Trojden I and his brothers concluded an agreement with the Teutonic Order at Brodnica, which led to a short conflict with Poland and its ally Lithuania.

In the following years, Trojden I together with his brothers tried to maneuver between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teutonic Order. For instance, in 1329 the Dukes of Masovia supported Poland militarily, while in 1334 they already appeared as allies of the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order.

In 1339, Trojden I was once again in league with the Kingdom of Poland, ruled at the time by Casimir III the Great. Evidence of this was his testimony during the Polish-Teutonic trial for the seizure of land from the Piast dynasty. For unknown reasons, Trojden didn't personally attend the trial, but sent Chancellor Gunther as his representative.

In 1340, his eldest son Bolesław (Yuri II) was poisoned by his Ruthenian subjects. Trojden I waived his right to succeed his son in exchange for a large sum of money paid to him by Casimir III.

Trojden I died on 13 March 1341 and is buried in the Dominican monastery in Warka, now destroyed. In 1859, his remains were transferred to the Church of Our Lady of Carmel in Warka, thanks to the initiative of Piotr Wysocki, as manifestation of growing Polish nationalism.

## Marriage and issue

Around 1309/10, Trojden I married with Maria (bef. 1293 - 11 January 1341), daughter of Yuri I, King of Halych-Volhynia. They had four children:

1. Bolesław (Yuri II) (1310 – 21 March 1340), became King of Ruthenia.
2. Euphemia (1312 – ca. 11 January 1374), married Casimir I, Duke of Cieszyn.
3. Siemowit III (1316/25 – 16 June 1381), Duke of Masovia.
4. Casimir I (1329/31 – 26 November/5 December 1355).

## InfoBox

| Trojden I | |
| --- | --- |
| Dukes of Masovia, c.1450, Trojden I is second from left. | |
| Born | 1284/86 |
| Died | (1341-03-13)13 March 1341 |
| Noble family | House of Piast |
| Spouse(s) | Maria of Galicia
m. 1309/10 - wid. 1341 |
| Issue | Bolesław (Yuri II)
Euphemia
Siemowit III
Casimir I |
| Father | Bolesław II of Płock |
| Mother | Gaudemantė (Sophia) of Lithuania |


title: Truman G. Younglove

abstract: Truman Giles Younglove was an American civil engineer and politician who served four years on the New York State Assembly.

text:
# Truman G. Younglove

**Truman Giles Younglove** (October 31, 1815 Edinburg, Saratoga County, New York  September 17, 1882) was an American civil engineer and politician who served four years on the New York State Assembly.

## Business career

Younglove was for many years in charge of the construction of the great dam and elaborate system of canals at Cohoes, New York which provided the water power to the cotton mills. He became head of the water power company and supervised the construction of Mill #3 of the Harmony Mills. He was an incorporator of the Cohoes Savings Institution and the first treasurer, also director of the First National Bank of Cohoes, from its organization to his death.

## Political role

He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Saratoga Co., 1st D.) in 1866, 1867, 1868 and 1869; and was Speaker in 1869.

He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1868 and Temporary Chairman of the Liberal Republican state convention of 1872.

## Family

Younglove was the son of Daniel Copeland Younglove (1791–1867) and Elizabeth Stimson Younglove (1793–1850). He married first Elizabeth MacMartin on January 7, 1841; and then Jane MacMartin on November 4, 1850.

His son Truman Giles Younglove Jr. (1858–1920) was accused in 1883 of embezzlement while Secretary and Treasurer of the Cohoes Straw Board Co., and fled to Illinois.

Assemblywoman Maude E. Ten Eyck (1902–1977) was his great-granddaughter.

He was buried at Albany Rural Cemetery in Menands, New York in 1882.


title: Trompo

abstract: A trompo is a top which is spun by winding a length of string around the body, and launching it so that lands spinning on its point. If the string is attached to a stick the rotation can be maintained by whipping the side of the body. The string may also be wound around the point while the trompo is spinning in order to control its position or even lift the spinning top to another surface.

text:
# Trompo

A **trompo** is a top which is spun by winding a length of string around the body, and launching it so that lands spinning on its point. If the string is attached to a stick the rotation can be maintained by whipping the side of the body. The string may also be wound around the point while the trompo is spinning in order to control its position or even lift the spinning top to another surface.

## Etymology

These toys are popular in Latin America where the name *trompo* emerged, but there are many different local names. In Spain, these toys may be called *trompo* or *peonza*, *perinola*, and *pirinola*. In the Philippines, they are called *trumpo* or *turumpo*, while in Portugal they are called *pião*.

In India, the toy is called lattu, latim, pambaram, buguri, or bongaram. Children make these tops by nailing wood and spin them with twisted jute rope. In Japan, similar tops are known as *koma*, with most cities having a particular design.

In Germany, a *Peitschenkreisel* may also be called *Doppisch, Dildop, Pindopp, Dilledopp, Triesel or Tanzknopf* (roughly *dancing top*)

In Morocco, the toy is called *trombia*, and it is often made out of wood and painted in a reddish brown color.

In Dutch, the toy is called "priktol". A "tol" is a top. An other type of top is the "zweeptol". A "zweep" is a whip. (see https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinderspelen and find "zweep" on that page)

## History

There is historical evidence suggesting the existence of trompos as early as 4000 BCE, and trompos have been found on the bank of the Euphrates river, likely belonging to an ancient civilization. There is also evidence that members of the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations used trompos as well.

## Description of motion

The gyroscopic effect allows the trompo to spin over its point until the force of gravity ends up at an angle with respect to the top's axis of rotation, causing a variation in the location of the center of gravity as the trompo undergoes precession (where the axis of rotation of the trompo moves in a circular path). The fall of the top is directly proportional to the angle between the direction of gravity on the trompo and the top's axis of rotation. The fall is also directly proportional to the magnitude of the force of gravity and is inversely proportional to the trompo's angular velocity.

As air resistance and friction with the ground begin to slow the trompo's spin, its center of gravity begins to destabilize and the top's bottom point begins to trace a circular path with the ground. Soon the trompo becomes fully unbalanced and it falls to the ground, rolling until it comes to rest.

This general motion is largely shared among many trompo variants, but differences in several design parameters (such as the mass distribution, friction between the bottom point and the ground, and the spinning method) can still lead to significant variation in the aforementioned variables.

## Form

The trompo's form has varied enormously throughout history. Though trompos have traditionally been cone-shaped, there are also diverse variations in trompo form across regions. However, despite these regional differences in design, all trompos are constructed to be capable of employing the gyroscopic effect.

Trompos generally have an approximately pear-shaped body and are usually made of a hard wood such as hawthorn, oak or beech, although new resins and strong plastic materials have also been used. Clay trompos have also been found from ancient civilizations near the Euphrates river. Whipping tops often have a more cylindrical shape to provide a bigger surface to be struck by the whip.

A trompo has a button-shaped on top, usually bigger than the tip on which it spins, and it is generally made of the same material as the rest of the body.

The base of a trompo is a stud or spike which may have a groove or roller-bearing to facilitate lifting the spinning trompo with a whip or string without imposing much friction on the body.

The trompo surface may be painted or decorated, and some versions incorporate synthetic sound devices. The small size diameter and low mass of most trompos means that mechanical whistles would cause excessive drag (physics) and reduce their spinning time.

The Philippine *trumpo* differs in the tip, which is straight and pointed. It usually looks like a nail embedded in a wooden spheroid.

## Play

Playing with a trompo consists of throwing the top and having it spin on the floor. Due to its shape, a trompo spins on its axis and swirls around its conic tip which is usually made of iron or steel. A trompo uses a string wrapped around it to get the necessary spin needed. The player must roll the cord around the trompo from the metallic tip up. The user must then tie the string in a knot on the button-shaped tip before releasing it. When rolling the cord around the trompo, the cord must be tightly attached to it. The technique for throwing a trompo varies. One end of the cord must be rolled around the player's fingers and with the same hand the trompo must be held with the metallic tip facing upwards.

Championships are held in different Latin American countries, especially in Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Cuba, Nicaragua, and Puerto Rico where it is very popular among children of the middle and lower classes.

In Mexico most trompos sold are made of plastic, with a metal tip, and sometimes they are made of wood. There is a popular game called *picotazos,* where the main goal is to destroy the opponents' trompo. Another game is where a circle is drawn on the ground and a coin is placed in the middle, and the goal here is to strike the coin.

In Puerto Rico, trompos are sometimes played similarly to certain marble games, with trompos being placed in a circle drawn on the ground. The goal of this variant is to knock the trompos out of the circle. Failure to spin or spinning in the circle causes your trompo to be placed in the circle, and another person has a turn to spin. Trompos in Puerto Rico and Chile are frequently modified to have a sharper point.

José Miguel Agrelot, a Puerto Rican comedian, hosted a long-standing television program, *Encabulla y Vuelve y Tira*, whose name described the action of throwing and spinning a trompo. One of his comedic characterizations, mischievous boy Torito Fuertes, was a one-time sponsor of a line of trompos.

The Filipino *trumpo* is basically played in the same manner, except that a knot is not tied into the tip before throwing it for the spin.


title: Trust signals

abstract:
Trust signals are evidence points that appear online to help customers feel more secure in their decision to purchase from a business or buy a product or service. Trust signals were described in an article published in the March 2000 edition of the Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication as trust badges or seals from organizations such as the Better Business Bureau and TrustArc on e-commerce websites. At that time, consumers were more skeptical of providing their credit card information and other personal details to a website; trust signals helped visitors overcome their fears. A 2022 book, Trust Signals by Scott Baradell, was published on the subject. In current internet marketing parlance, trust signals fall into three major categories:
  - Trust signals that encourage visitors to complete a purchase or take an action;
  - Trust signals elsewhere online that drive visitors to a website; and
  - Trust signals that visitors might not notice, but that Google uses for ranking. A 2019 neuroimaging study in the Journal of Interactive Marketing studied 29 subjects who participated in an experiment simulating an online purchase. The analysis revealed that seals of approval from third-party organizations were most trusted, whereas rating systems were less trusted because they elicited feelings of ambiguity and risk.

text:
# Trust signals

**Trust signals** are evidence points that appear online to help customers feel more secure in their decision to purchase from a business or buy a product or service.

Trust signals were described in an article published in the March 2000 edition of the *Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication* as trust badges or seals from organizations such as the Better Business Bureau and TrustArc on e-commerce websites. At that time, consumers were more skeptical of providing their credit card information and other personal details to a website; trust signals helped visitors overcome their fears. A 2022 book, *Trust Signals* by Scott Baradell, was published on the subject.

In current internet marketing parlance, trust signals fall into three major categories:

* Trust signals that encourage visitors to complete a purchase or take an action;
* Trust signals elsewhere online that drive visitors to a website; and
* Trust signals that visitors might not notice, but that Google uses for ranking.

A 2019 neuroimaging study in the *Journal of Interactive Marketing* studied 29 subjects who participated in an experiment simulating an online purchase. The analysis revealed that seals of approval from third-party organizations were most trusted, whereas rating systems were less trusted because they elicited feelings of ambiguity and risk.


title: Trough (meteorology)

abstract: A trough is an elongated region of relatively low atmospheric pressure without a closed isobaric contour that would define it as a low pressure area. Since low pressure implies a low height on a pressure surface, troughs and ridges refer to features in an identical sense as those on a topographic map. Troughs may be at the surface, or aloft, at altitude. Near-surface troughs sometimes mark a weather front associated with clouds, showers, and a wind direction shift. Upper-level troughs in the jet stream reflect cyclonic filaments of vorticity. Their motion induces upper-level wind divergence, lifting and cooling the air ahead (downstream) of the trough and helping to produce cloudy and rain conditions there. Unlike fronts, there is not a universal symbol for a trough on a surface weather analysis chart. The weather charts in some countries or regions mark troughs by a line. In the United States, a trough may be marked as a dashed line or bold line. In the UK, Hong Kong and Fiji, it is represented by a bold line extended from a low pressure center or between two low pressure centers; in Macau and Australia, it is a dashed line. If they are not marked, troughs may still be identified as an extension of isobars away from a low pressure center.

text:
# Trough (meteorology)

A **trough** is an elongated region of relatively low atmospheric pressure without a closed isobaric contour that would define it as a low pressure area. Since low pressure implies a low height on a pressure surface, troughs and ridges refer to features in an identical sense as those on a topographic map.

Troughs may be at the surface, or aloft, at altitude. Near-surface troughs sometimes mark a weather front associated with clouds, showers, and a wind direction shift. Upper-level troughs in the jet stream (as shown in diagram) reflect cyclonic filaments of vorticity. Their motion induces upper-level wind divergence, lifting and cooling the air ahead (downstream) of the trough and helping to produce cloudy and rain conditions there.

Unlike fronts, there is not a universal symbol for a trough on a surface weather analysis chart. The weather charts in some countries or regions mark troughs by a line. In the United States, a trough may be marked as a dashed line or bold line. In the UK, Hong Kong and Fiji, it is represented by a bold line extended from a low pressure center or between two low pressure centers; in Macau and Australia, it is a dashed line. If they are not marked, troughs may still be identified as an extension of isobars away from a low pressure center.

## Description

A trough is an elongated area of lower air pressure. Since pressure is closely linked to wind, there are often changes in wind direction across a trough.

If a trough forms in the mid-latitudes, a temperature difference at some distance between the two sides of the trough usually exists and the trough might become a weather front at some point. However, such a weather front is usually less convective than a trough in the tropics or subtropics (such as a tropical wave). Inversely, sometimes collapsed frontal systems will degenerate into troughs.

Sometimes the region between two high pressure centers may also assume the character of a trough when there is a detectable wind shift noted at the surface. In the absence of a wind shift, the region is designated a col, akin to a geographic saddle between two mountain peaks.

## Formation

A trough is the result of the movements of the air in the atmosphere. In regions where there is upward movement near the ground and divergence at altitude, there is a loss of mass. The pressure becomes lower at this point.

At upper levels of the atmosphere, this occurs when there is a meeting of a mass of cold air and another hot one along a thin ribbon called a frontal baroclinic zone. We then have the creation of a jet stream that plunges the cold air towards the equator and hot air towards the poles, creating a ripple in the circulation that is called a Rossby wave. These undulations give the hollows and peaks of altitude. In general, absolute vorticity advection is positive between these two features, but closer to the ridge, whereas it is negative just behind a trough.

At the surface, lifting air under positive vorticity advection is reflected by the formation of depressions and troughs. There will therefore be a slope between the barometric high altitude and that on the ground, this slope going towards the mass of cold air at high altitude (generally towards the Pole).

### Positively/negatively tilted

Troughs have an orientation relative to the poles which is rarely North-South. In the Northern Hemisphere, positively tilted troughs will extend from the lowest pressure northeast to southwest while negatively tilted troughs have a northwest to southeast orientation. In the Southern Hemisphere, the positive tilt will be southeast to northwest and the negative one southwest to northeast.

A trough will usually begin with a positive tilt as cold air moves toward the Equator. The trough will become neutral (North-South) and then negatively tilted as the energy carried by the cold air races east through the atmospheric circulation and distorts its shape. The positive tilt is thus the building phase of the trough and the negative tilt is the dissipation of its energy. Therefore, the clouds and precipitation will develop in the positive phase and the most severe weather will be in the negative phase.

## Types of trough

In addition to standard troughs, some troughs may be described further with a qualifying term indicating a specific or a set of characteristics.

### Inverted trough

An inverted trough is an atmospheric trough which is oriented opposite to most troughs of the mid-latitudes. Most (but not all) inverted troughs are tropical waves (also commonly called easterly waves).

Most troughs of low pressure in the mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere are characterized by decreasing atmospheric pressure from south to north while inverted troughs are characterized by decreasing pressure from north to south. This situation is the opposite in the Southern Hemisphere. Inverted troughs in both hemispheres move to the west from the east, while mid-latitude troughs generally move with the westerlies toward the east.

### Lee trough

A lee trough, also known as a dynamic trough, is "A pressure trough formed on the lee side of a mountain range in situations where the wind is blowing with a substantial component across the mountain ridge; often seen on United States weather maps east of the Rocky Mountains, and sometimes east of the Appalachians, where it is less pronounced." It can be formed either as a result of the adiabatic compression of sinking air on the lee side of a mountain range, or through cyclogenesis resulting from "the horizontal convergence associated with vertical stretching of air columns passing over the ridge and descending the lee slope."

## Weather associated

Convective cells may develop in the vicinity of troughs and give birth to a tropical cyclone. Some tropical or subtropical regions such as the Philippines or South China are greatly affected by convection cells along a trough.

In the mid-latitude westerlies, upper level troughs and ridges often alternate in a high-amplitude pattern. For a trough in the westerlies, the region just west of the trough axis is typically an area of convergent winds and descending air – and hence high pressure –, while the region just east of the trough axis is an area of fast, divergent winds and low pressure. Tropical waves are a type of trough in easterly currents, a cyclonic northward deflection of the trade winds.


title: Tuck Lung Building

abstract: The Tuck Lung Building is a historic building in Portland, Oregon's Old Town Chinatown neighborhood, in the United States.

text:
# Tuck Lung Building

The **Tuck Lung Building** is a historic building in Portland, Oregon's Old Town Chinatown neighborhood, in the United States.

## InfoBox

| Tuck Lung Building | |
| --- | --- |
| The building's exterior in 2008 | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Town or city | Portland, Oregon |
| Country | United States |
| Coordinates | 45°31′27.5″N 122°40′27″W / 45.524306°N 122.67417°W / 45.524306; -122.67417 |


title: Tuck Fork, Virginia

abstract: Tuck Fork is an unincorporated community in King William County, Virginia, United States.

text:
# Tuck Fork, Virginia

**Tuck Fork** is an unincorporated community in King William County, Virginia, United States.

## InfoBox

| Tuck Fork, Virginia | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Tuck ForkLocation within Virginia and the United StatesTuck ForkTuck Fork (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 37°49′40″N 77°15′19″W / 37.82778°N 77.25528°W / 37.82778; -77.25528 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Virginia |
| County | King William |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |


title: Tuktoyaktuk Winter Road

abstract: Tuktoyaktuk Winter Road, an extension of the Dempster Highway, was an ice road on frozen Mackenzie River delta channels and the frozen Arctic Ocean between the Northwest Territories communities of Inuvik and Tuktoyaktuk, in Canada. The road closed permanently on 29 April 2017 at the end of the 2016-2017 winter season. Construction of an all-season highway between Inuvik and Tuktoyaktuk commenced in April 2013; it opened on 15 November 2017. It serviced gas hydrate fields and exploration facilities at Mallik, Aput, and Langley, along with the ice-locked barges Wurmlinger and Arctic Star, which act as bases of operations for ice road crews and exploration personnel. In addition, the road was a key supply line for Tuktoyaktuk and the hamlet of Aklavik.

text:
# Tuktoyaktuk Winter Road

**Tuktoyaktuk Winter Road**, an extension of the Dempster Highway, was an ice road on frozen Mackenzie River delta channels and the frozen Arctic Ocean between the Northwest Territories communities of Inuvik and Tuktoyaktuk, in Canada. The road closed permanently on 29 April 2017 at the end of the 2016-2017 winter season. Construction of an all-season highway between Inuvik and Tuktoyaktuk commenced in April 2013; it opened on 15 November 2017.

It serviced gas hydrate fields and exploration facilities at Mallik, Aput, and Langley, along with the ice-locked barges *Wurmlinger* and *Arctic Star*, which act as bases of operations for ice road crews and exploration personnel. In addition, the road was a key supply line for Tuktoyaktuk and the hamlet of Aklavik.

## *Ice Road Truckers*

A History channel blog announced that the second season of *Ice Road Truckers* would be based out of Inuvik. A CBC North story reported that the episodes of this season occur on the Tuktoyaktuk Winter Road. Four of the featured drivers from the first season took part: Alex Debogorski, Hugh Rowland, Drew Sherwood, and Rick Yemm.

The road returned in 2012 for the sixth season of the show, with Debogorski the sole featured driver behind the wheel on this winter road. (The entirety of the Dempster Highway, as well as the Dalton Highway in Alaska, and Manitoba's winter roads, were also featured.)


abstract: Menashe Business Mercantile Ltd. & Anor v William Hill Organization Ltd. [2002] EWCA Civ 1702 was a patent case regarding Internet usage. The case addressed a European patent covering the United Kingdom for an invention referred to as "Interactive, computerized gaming system with remote control". Menashe sued William Hill, claiming that William Hill was infringing the patent by operating an online gaming system. William Hill's defence argued that it did not infringe the patent because the server on which it operated the system was located outside of the UK, in Antigua or Curaçao. Although accepting that their supply of software was in the UK and that this was an essential part of the invention, they further argued that the patent was for the parts of the system, and as one essential part of the system was not located in the UK, there could be no infringement. This aspect of William Hill's case was tried at a preliminary issue before Mr. Justice Jacob in the High Court in 2002. Mr. Justice Jacob found against William Hill holding that the patent related to the entire system, being the sum of all its elements. Simply locating one part of the system abroad did not prevent infringement when the result was still providing UK punters with the system's benefits. The Court's ruling took a broad interpretation, concentrating on the spirit and intention of patent protection and not confining itself to the linguistic construction of the law which developed before the advent of the Internet. Lord Justice Aldous heard the appeal and while he maintained the result of the judgment of the Patents Court, the reasoning was very different and was based upon where the invention was being "used". The claimed invention required there to be a host or server computer. According to the judgment, it did not matter where the host computer was situated. It could be in the United Kingdom, on a satellite, or even on the border between two countries. Its location was not important to the user of the invention nor to the claimed gaming system. In that respect, there was a real difference between the claimed gaming system and an ordinary machine. The judge therefore believed that it would be wrong to apply the old ideas of location to inventions of the type under consideration. A person who is situated in the United Kingdom who obtains in the United Kingdom a CD and then uses his terminal to address a host computer is not bothered where the host computer is located. It is of no relevance to him, the user, nor the patentee as to whether or not it is situated in the United Kingdom. If the host computer is situated in Antigua and the terminal computer is in the United Kingdom, it is pertinent to ask who uses the claimed gaming system. The answer must be the punter. Where does he use it? There can be no doubt that he uses his terminal in the United Kingdom and it is not a misuse of language to say that he uses the host computer in the United Kingdom. It is the input to and output of the host computer that is important to the punter and in a real sense the punter uses the host computer in the United Kingdom even though it is situated in Antigua and operates in Antigua. In those circumstances it is not straining the word "use" to conclude that the United Kingdom punter will use the claimed gaming system in the United Kingdom, even if the host computer is situated in, say, Antigua. Thus the supply of the CD in the United Kingdom to the United Kingdom punter will be intended to put the invention into effect in the United Kingdom.

text:
# Menashe Business Mercantile Ltd v William Hill Organization Ltd

***Menashe Business Mercantile Ltd. & Anor v William Hill Organization Ltd.*** \[2002\] EWCA Civ 1702 was a patent case regarding Internet usage. The case addressed a European patent covering the United Kingdom for an invention referred to as "Interactive, computerized gaming system with remote control". Menashe sued William Hill, claiming that William Hill was infringing the patent by operating an online gaming system. William Hill's defence argued that it did not infringe the patent because the server on which it operated the system was located outside of the UK, in Antigua or Curaçao. Although accepting that their supply of software was in the UK and that this was an essential part of the invention, they further argued that the patent was for the parts of the system, and as one essential part of the system was not located in the UK, there could be no infringement.

This aspect of William Hill's case was tried at a preliminary issue before Mr. Justice Jacob in the High Court in 2002. Mr. Justice Jacob found against William Hill holding that the patent related to the entire system, being the sum of all its elements. Simply locating one part of the system abroad did not prevent infringement when the result was still providing UK punters with the system's benefits.

The Court's ruling took a broad interpretation, concentrating on the spirit and intention of patent protection and not confining itself to the linguistic construction of the law which developed before the advent of the Internet.

Lord Justice Aldous heard the appeal and while he maintained the result of the judgment of the Patents Court, the reasoning was very different and was based upon where the invention was being "used". The claimed invention required there to be a host or server computer. According to the judgment, it did not matter where the host computer was situated. It could be in the United Kingdom, on a satellite, or even on the border between two countries. Its location was not important to the user of the invention nor to the claimed gaming system. In that respect, there was a real difference between the claimed gaming system and an ordinary machine. The judge therefore believed that it would be wrong to apply the old ideas of location to inventions of the type under consideration. A person who is situated in the United Kingdom who obtains in the United Kingdom a CD and then uses his terminal to address a host computer is not bothered where the host computer is located. It is of no relevance to him, the user, nor the patentee as to whether or not it is situated in the United Kingdom.

If the host computer is situated in Antigua and the terminal computer is in the United Kingdom, it is pertinent to ask who uses the claimed gaming system. The answer must be the punter. Where does he use it? There can be no doubt that he uses his terminal in the United Kingdom and it is not a misuse of language to say that he uses the host computer in the United Kingdom. It is the input to and output of the host computer that is important to the punter and in a real sense the punter uses the host computer in the United Kingdom even though it is situated in Antigua and operates in Antigua. In those circumstances it is not straining the word "use" to conclude that the United Kingdom punter will use the claimed gaming system in the United Kingdom, even if the host computer is situated in, say, Antigua. Thus the supply of the CD in the United Kingdom to the United Kingdom punter will be intended to put the invention into effect in the United Kingdom.

## InfoBox

| Menashe Business Mercantile Ltd. & Anor v William Hill Organization Ltd | |
| --- | --- |
| Citation | \[2002\] EWCA Civ 1702 |
| Transcript | judgment |
| Court membership | |
| Judges sitting | LORD JUSTICE ALDOUS, LORD JUSTICE DYSON and Sir Denis Henry |


title: Teresa Czerwińska

abstract: Teresa Czerwińska is a Polish economist originally from Latvia. Since 2020, she has served as a vice president of the European Investment Bank.

text:
# Teresa Czerwińska

**Teresa Czerwińska** (born 7 September 1974) is a Polish economist originally from Latvia. Since 2020, she has served as a vice president of the European Investment Bank.

## Early life and education

Czerwińska was born in Daugavplis, Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic. She is the daughter of two Latvian Poles — Bronisław and Ludmiła Tumanowski. As a child, she was active within the Association of Poles, where she served as a scout. She was awarded a scholarship for being a part of the Polish diaspora, which inspired her to leave Daugavplis in order to begin her studies in Poland.

Czerwińska graduated from the University of Gdańsk in 1997 with undergraduate degrees in Social Sciences and management. She began her doctoral dissertation on the investment activity of insurance companies and their effects on the capital market in Poland, which she successfully defended her in 2000.

Czerwińska earned her PhD in economics from the University of Gdańsk. She served as an associate professor at the University of Gdańsk and then at the University of Warsaw. She is a specialist in the field of risk management within financial institutions and markets.

## Career

In 2011, Czerwińska was offered a position as an associate professor within the Department of Financial Systems of Economics and within the Department of Management. Between 2015-2018, she was the secretary in the Polish Academy of Sciences for the Committee on Financial Sciences.

In 2015, she became the Undersecretary of the State in the Ministry of Science and Higher Education. Within her role, Czerwińska was responsible for many areas within the department. She helped with the development and implementation of a new mechanism that uses algorithms to allocate budget subsidies for public universities. This improved the efficiency of how funds were spent and the implementation of quality solutions for financing universities. Then, in 2017, Czerwińska was appointed Undersecretary of the State in the Ministry of Finance, where she was responsible for the preparation and implementation of state budget, and also handling funds from the European Union.

In 2018, Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki appointed Czerwińska to be the minister of finance. Until her appointment, Morawiecki had occupied that role in conjunction with being the Prime Minister.

In March 2019, daily newspaper *Puls Biznesu* reported that Czerwińska was considering stepping down over plans by the PiS party to increase spending by up to $10 billion, focusing on child subsidies, state pensions and transport infrastructure as part of its campaign for parliamentary elections; a government spokesperson later said that Czerwińska had in fact not submitted her resignation. Shortly after, she was replaced with her deputy Marian Banaś as part of a cabinet reshuffle.

From 2019 to 2020, Czerwińska served as a member of the Management Board of the National Bank of Poland.

### European Investment Bank, 2020–present

Czerwińska has been serving as a Vice President of the European Investment Bank (EIB) in 2020. At the EIB, she has worked on several portfolios including affordable housing, addressing climate change, and aid to Ukraine.

In 2023, the government of Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki nominated Czerwińska as Poland's candidate to succeed Werner Hoyer as president of the EIB; however, the position ultimately went to Nadia Calviño.

## Other activities

## Publications

Czerwińska has co-authored numerous scientific publications and academic textbooks on macroeconomics, insurance, and investment management. She has analyzed expert opinions in the field of financial management, the risks within financial institutions, and socially responsible investing.

Selected publications:

* *Rynek kapitałowy – regulacje i fundamenty* (współredaktor), 2018,
* *Ryzyko instytucji finansowych. Współczesne trendy i wyzwania* (współautor), 2016,
* *Rynek kapitałowy – efektywność i ryzyko* (współredaktor), 2016,
* *Ubezpieczenia* (współautor), 2016,
* *Makroekonomia* (podręcznik akademicki, współautor) 2015,
* *Inwestowanie na rynku kapitałowym: rynek po kryzysie* (współredaktor), 2015,
* *Rynek kapitałowy wobec wyzwań dekoniunktury* (współautor), 2014,
* *Polityka inwestycyjna instytucji ubezpieczeniowych. Istota – uwarunkowania – instrumenty*, 2009,
* *Towarzystwa ubezpieczeniowe na rynku kapitałowym w Polsce*, 2003.

## InfoBox

| Teresa Czerwińska | |
| --- | --- |
| Czerwińska in 2017 | |
|  | |
| Minister of Finance | |
| **In office**
9 January 2018  4 June 2019 | |
| Prime Minister | Mateusz Morawiecki |
| Preceded by | Mateusz Morawiecki |
| Succeeded by | Marian Banaś |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1974-09-07) 7 September 1974
Daugavpils, Soviet Union (now Latvia) |
| Political party | Law and Justice |
| Education | University of Gdańsk |
|  | |


title: Tero Arkiomaa

abstract: Tero Arkiomaa is a retired Finnish ice hockey player.

text:
# Tero Arkiomaa

**Tero Arkiomaa** (born February 20, 1968, in Helsinki, Finland) is a retired Finnish ice hockey player.

## Playing career

Tero Arkiomaa started his career near his birthplace Helsinki and played his first games in TJV Vantaa a lower league team in Vantaa region. Soon after his first full season in TJV Arkiomaa moved to Kuopio and played two seasons for KalPa which played in SM-liiga. After KalPa Arkiomaa played in JoKP a Joensuu based team which gained promotion from 1. Divisioona to SM-liiga during Arkiomaa's tenure.

After good seasons with KalPa, JoKP and a brief stint in SaiPa Tero Arkiomaa was contracted to Rauman Lukko, an SM-Liiga team from Rauma. In Lukko, Arkiomaa had some of his best seasons scoring points in bunches and getting National Team plays for Finland. In each of his Lukko-seasons Arkiomaa played in the SM-Liiga Playoffs culminating in 1994 when Lukko won the bronze medal game in overtime against Tappara. Arkiomaa and Lukko appeared again in the bronze medal game in 1995 but lost to rival team Porin Ässät 3–0.

After some good seasons and success in Lukko, Arkiomaa moved abroad and played for two seasons in Germany. The team was Augsburger Panther. After two seasons in Deutsche Eishockey Liga Arkiomaa returned to Finland and played two seasons in his former rivals Ässät. After Ässät Arkiomaa moved to England and played for Newcastle Jesters, a team partially owned by Helsingin Jokerit chairman and businessman Harry Harkimo. After Newcastle Arkiomaa played in Austria for Innsbruck EV and again in England for Bracknell Bees.

## After retirement

After playing in Germany, Austria and England Tero Arkiomaa returned to Finland and moved to a small Southern Finland town of Riihimäki. In Riihimäki Arkiomaa started to coach a minor junior hockey team and played in a local second division team Peltosaaren Nikkarit for two separate occasions before completely retiring from playing. After his retirement, Arkiomaa has played in Exhibition/Charity Ice Hockey games.

## International career

Tero Arkiomaa
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Representing  Finland | | |
| Men's ice hockey | | |
| World Junior Championships | | |
|  | 1988 Soviet Union | Ice hockey |

Arkiomaa's International highlight came when he won Bronze in the 1988 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. Along with Arkiomaa, the team featured Janne Ojanen and Teppo Numminen who both would go on and have a long career on top level ice hockey leagues.

Arkiomaa played in 26 International matches for Finland scoring 5 goals and assisting 4.

## Career statistics

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1985–86 | Tikkurilan Jääveikot | Fin-2 | | 43 | 8 | 4 | 12 | 27 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1986–87 | KalPa | SM-l | | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1987–88 | KalPa | SM-l | | 44 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 12 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1988–89 | JoKP | Fin-2 | | 44 | 36 | 35 | 71 | 32 | | 5 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 18 |
| 1989–90 | JoKP | SM-l | | 44 | 18 | 14 | 32 | 30 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1990–91 | SaiPa | SM-l | | 44 | 18 | 22 | 40 | 28 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1991–92 | Lukko | SM-l | | 44 | 15 | 8 | 23 | 38 | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1992–93 | Lukko | SM-l | | 48 | 12 | 17 | 29 | 40 | | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 1993–94 | Lukko | SM-l | | 47 | 19 | 23 | 42 | 52 | | 9 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 10 |
| 1994–95 | Lukko | SM-l | | 45 | 22 | 23 | 45 | 54 | | 9 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 12 |
| 1995–96 | Lukko | SM-l | | 35 | 12 | 17 | 29 | 34 | | 8 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 1996–97 | Augsburger Panther | DEL | | 48 | 24 | 17 | 41 | 56 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1997–98 | Augsburger Panther | DEL | | 49 | 11 | 13 | 24 | 43 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1998–99 | Ässät | SM-l | | 39 | 9 | 6 | 15 | 34 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1999–00 | Ässät | SM-l | | 53 | 9 | 10 | 19 | 38 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2000–01 | Newcastle Jesters | BISL | | 47 | 15 | 25 | 40 | 16 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2001–02 | Innsbruck EV | Aus | | 32 | 15 | 25 | 40 | 20 | | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| 2002–03 | Bracknell Bees | BISL | | 32 | 7 | 9 | 16 | 22 | | 15 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 6 |
| 2003–04 | Peltosaaren Nikkarit | Fin-4 | | 11 | 10 | 16 | 26 | 10 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2004–05 | Peltosaaren Nikkarit | Fin-4 | | 4 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| SM-Liiga totals | | | | 457 | 136 | 145 | 281 | 366 | | 31 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 18 |

## InfoBox

| Tero Arkiomaa | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1968-02-20) February 20, 1968
Helsinki, FIN | | |
| Height | 6 ft 2 in (188 cm) | | |
| Weight | 198 lb (90 kg; 14 st 2 lb) | | |
| Position | Right Wing | | |
| Shot | Left | | |
| Played for | **SM-liiga**
KalPa
JoKP
SaiPa
Lukko
Ässät
**BISL**
Newcastle Jesters
Bracknell Bees
**DEL**
Augsburger Panther
**AUS**
Innsbruck EV | | |
| National team | Finland | | |
| Playing career | 19852005 | | |


title: Shane Costa

abstract: Shane Jeremy Costa is an American former professional baseball player. Costa was born in Visalia, California and measures 6'0" and 220 lbs. From California State University, Fullerton, Costa made his Major League debut on June 2, 2005, against the New York Yankees. He graduated from Golden West High School in 2000. On December 16, 2009, Costa re-signed with the Kansas City Royals on a minor league contract, however he did not receive an invite to spring training. On March 8, 2011, he signed a contract with the St. Paul Saints. Costa played for the Saints during the 2012 season as well.

text:
# Shane Costa

**Shane Jeremy Costa** (born December 12, 1981) is an American former professional baseball player.

Costa was born in Visalia, California and measures 6'0" and 220 lbs. From California State University, Fullerton, Costa made his Major League debut on June 2, 2005, against the New York Yankees. He graduated from Golden West High School in 2000.

On December 16, 2009, Costa re-signed with the Kansas City Royals on a minor league contract, however he did not receive an invite to spring training. On March 8, 2011, he signed a contract with the St. Paul Saints. Costa played for the Saints during the 2012 season as well.

## InfoBox

| Shane Costa | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Outfielder** | |
| **Born:**  (1981-12-12) December 12, 1981<br>Visalia, California, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Left**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| June 2, 2005, for the Kansas City Royals | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| September 30, 2007, for the Kansas City Royals | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .254 |
| Home runs | 5 |
| Runs batted in | 42 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Tyloderma angustulum

abstract: Tyloderma angustulum is a species of hidden snout weevil in the beetle family Curculionidae. It is found in the United States.

text:
# Tyloderma angustulum

***Tyloderma angustulum*** is a species of hidden snout weevil in the beetle family Curculionidae. It is found in the United States.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 7: Curculionoidea I*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-26093-1.
* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 8: Curculionoidea II*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-25916-4.

## InfoBox

| *Tyloderma angustulum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Curculionidae |
| Genus: | *Tyloderma* |
| Species: | ***T. angustulum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tyloderma angustulum***<br>Casey, 1892 | |
|


title: Sue Downey

abstract: Sue Ann Downey is an American former model and beauty pageant titleholder who has held the Miss USA title and competed in the Miss Universe pageant. Downey won the Miss Ohio USA title and then the Miss USA 1965 title. She later competed in the 1965 Miss Universe pageant, where she placed Second Runner-up and the recipient of the Best National Costume award.

text:
# Sue Downey

**Sue Ann Downey** (born May 8, 1945) is an American former model and beauty pageant titleholder who has held the Miss USA title and competed in the Miss Universe pageant.

Downey won the Miss Ohio USA title and then the Miss USA 1965 title. She later competed in the 1965 Miss Universe pageant, where she placed Second Runner-up and the recipient of the Best National Costume award.

## InfoBox

| Sue Downey | |
| --- | --- |
| Downey after winning Miss USA 1965 | |
| Born | Sue Ann Downey
(1945-05-08) May 8, 1945
Lima, Ohio, U.S. |
| **Beauty pageant titleholder** | |
| Title | Miss Ohio USA 1965
Miss USA 1965 |
| Major
competition(s) | Miss USA 1965
(winner)
Miss Universe 1965
(2nd Runner-up) |
|  | |


title: O Escaravelho do Diabo

abstract: O Escaravelho do Diabo is a Brazilian mystery novel for a young audience, written by Lúcia Machado de Almeida. The story is centered on Alberto, a medical student who, upon seeing his brother killed after receiving a mysterious package with a beetle inside, decides to investigate. Originally published in chapters in the magazine O Cruzeiro, between October 10 and December 26, 1953, O Escaravelho do Diabo achieved greater success by being republished in book in 1974 by Editora Ática, in the Série Vaga-Lume, created in January of the previous year, with illustrations of Mario Cafiero. The book was eventually reprinted for twenty-six editions. O Escaravelho do Diabo was selected for the National Program of Library of the School, in 1999, and received a live-action adaptation in 2016.

text:
# O Escaravelho do Diabo

***O Escaravelho do Diabo*** (*The Devil's Scarab*, in English) is a Brazilian mystery novel for a young audience, written by Lúcia Machado de Almeida. The story is centered on Alberto, a medical student who, upon seeing his brother killed after receiving a mysterious package with a beetle inside, decides to investigate. Originally published in chapters in the magazine *O Cruzeiro*, between October 10 and December 26, 1953, *O Escaravelho do Diabo* achieved greater success by being republished in book in 1974 by Editora Ática, in the Série Vaga-Lume (a youth literature series), created in January of the previous year, with illustrations of Mario Cafiero. The book was eventually reprinted for twenty-six editions. *O Escaravelho do Diabo* was selected for the National Program of Library of the School, in 1999, and received a live-action adaptation in 2016.

## Plot

The story takes place in Vista Alegre, a small city in the interior of São Paulo. It begins when Hugo, Alberto's brother, receives a mysterious package with a scarab (black beetle) inside. However, he is not interested in the origin of the gift, believing it to be a prank by his friends. The next day, Hugo is found dead, a large sword impaled on his chest. Undeterred by the death of his brother, Alberto goes after the killer.

Returning home, he noticed, in a magazine, a beetle similar to that which Hugo had received, whose scientific name was *Phanaeus ensifer*, meaning "sword bearer." Then, he begins to delve into ancient objects in order to find the killer and prevent the next crime. After some time, he found an antiquarian who sold the same sword, but the shopkeeper said he did not remember who had bought it.

From there, Alberto helps renowned local inspector, Inspector Pimentel and the deputy inspector Silva. They realize that all the victims of this killer, which happens to be given the moniker "Insect", have something in common: they are all natural redheads, with freckles and hair that remember the color of the fire. Together, the trio join forces to investigate the subsequent string of murders, trying to find out also the reason for Hugo's murder. In the course of the investigation, Alberto meets and falls in love with Veronica, a beautiful orphan girl who lives in the house of an Irishwoman named Cora O'Shea, along with other residents, and this hampers the investigation.

The three men responsible for investigating the beetle case are becoming suspicious that the answer lies in Cora O'Shea's pension, but they can not get enough evidence and the case ends up being filed as "unresolved." Some years later, on a trip to Germany, Alberto still thinks about regaining Veronica, and by chance, discovers who was Hugo's killer and motive for the killings.

## Characters

**Main**

* Alberto: one of the crime solvers, Hugo's brother, in love with Veronica
* Inspector Pimentel: police inspector responsible to investigate the redheaded killings
* Cora O'Shea: Irish pensioner and mother of Clarence O'Shea, she was 50 and a little deaf
* Mr. Gedeon: American, guest of Cora O'Shea
* Deputy Inspector Silva: Assistant to Inspector Pimentel and Alberto, is another main character.
* Elza: Cora O'Shea's pensioner; one of the suspects
* Beetle: the mysterious (at one time, masked) assailant and killer
* Veronica: Alberto's love interest; was also a suspect of the crimes

**Victims**

* Hugo "Foguinho": Alberto's brother, first victim, murdered with a Spanish sword stuck in the chest.
* Clarence O'Shea: Son of Cora O'Shea, dies poisoned by a cyanide capsule placed in the middle of his remedies;
* Rubi: Lyric singer; dies in the middle of a performance of Bizet's "Carmen", struck by a poisoned arrow;
* Galo-da-Serra: Endangered animal; strangled to death, has all its fiery red feathers plucked out;
* Father Afonso: Father of the parish, he died carbonized;
* Mr. Graz: He died carbonized next to Father Afonso, during the fire in the chapel.


title: O Espírito da Paz

abstract: O Espírito da Paz is the third studio album by Portuguese group Madredeus. It was released on 23 June 1994 by EMI-Valentim de Carvalho.

text:
# O Espírito da Paz

***O Espírito da Paz*** (English: "The Spirit of Peace") is the third studio album by Portuguese group Madredeus. It was released on 23 June 1994 by EMI-Valentim de Carvalho.

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

## Recording

*O Espírito da Paz* was recorded and mixed between 27 March and 5 May 1994 at the Great Linford Manor and Lansdowne Recording Studios, in England. Recording and mixing were done by António Pinheiro da Silva and Jonathan Miller. The mastering was done at the CTS Studios in London, on 4 May 1994.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Concertino: Minuete" |  | Pedro Ayres Magalhães | 1:44 |
| 2. | "Concertino: Allegro" |  | Magalhães | 2:33 |
| 3. | "Concertino: Destino" | Magalhães | Magalhães | 5:24 |
| 4. | "Concertino: Silêncio" | Magalhães | Magalhães | 2:04 |
| 5. | "Os Senhores da Guerra" | Francisco Ribeiro, Magalhães | Ribeiro | 4:42 |
| 6. | "Pregão" | Ribeiro | Ribeiro | 4:11 |
| 7. | "O Mar" | Magalhães | Magalhães | 5:39 |
| 8. | "Os Moinhos" |  | Magalhães, Rodrigo Leão | 4:27 |
| 9. | "Três Ilusões: Sentimento" | Magalhães | Magalhães | 3:38 |
| 10. | "Três Ilusões: Culpa" | Magalhães | Magalhães | 3:13 |
| 11. | "Três Ilusões: Amargura" | Magalhães | Magalhães | 3:07 |
| 12. | "As Cores do Sol" | Magalhães | Magalhães, Gabriel Gomes | 3:44 |
| 13. | "Ao Longe O Mar" | Magalhães | Magalhães | 3:47 |
| 14. | "Vem (Além de Toda a Solidão)" | Magalhães | Magalhães, Leão, Gomes | 3:11 |
| 15. | "Ajuda" | Magalhães | Magalhães | 5:10 |
| Total length: | | | | 56:34 |

## Personnel

Credits are adapted from the album's inner notes.

**Madredeus**

**Production**

* Pedro Ayres Magalhães – production
* António Pinheiro da Silva – recording, mixing
* Jonathan Miller – recording, mixing
* Andy Griffin – assistant at Linford Manor
* Mark Tucker – assistant at Lansdowne
* Mike Brown – digital editing
* Inês Gonçalves – photography
* Alberto Lopes – graphics and layout
* António Cunha – executive producer

## Charts

**Weekly charts**
| Chart | Peak position |
| --- | --- |
| Portuguese Albums (AFP) | 1 |
| Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE) | 8 |
| US World Albums (Billboard) | 10 |

## InfoBox

| O Espírito da Paz | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Madredeus | |
| Released | June 23, 1994 (1994-06-23) |
| Recorded | March – May 1994 |
| Genre | Folk, world music |
| Length | 56:34 |
| Label | EMI, Valentim de Carvalho |
| Producer | Pedro Ayres Magalhães |
| Madredeus chronology | |
| *Lisboa*
(1992) ***O Espírito da Paz***
(1994) *Ainda*
(1995) | |


title: Object–subject word order

abstract: In linguistic typology, object–subject (OS) word order, also called O-before-S or patient–agent word order, is a word order in which the object appears before the subject. OS is notable for its statistical rarity as a default or predominant word order among natural languages. Languages with predominant OS word order display properties that distinguish them from languages with subject–object (SO) word order. The three OS word orders are VOS, OVS, and OSV. Collectively, these three orders comprise only around 2.9% of the world's languages. SO word orders are significantly more common, comprising approximately 83.3% of the world's languages. Despite their low relative frequency, languages that use OS order by default can be found across a wide variety of families, including Nilotic, Austronesian, Mayan, Oto-Manguean, Chumashan, Arawakan, Cariban, Tupi–Guarani, Jê, Nadahup, and Chonan.

text:
# Object–subject word order

In linguistic typology**object–subject (OS) word order**, also called **O-before-S** or **patient–agent word order**, is a word order in which the object appears before the subject. OS is notable for its statistical rarity as a default or predominant word order among natural languages. Languages with predominant OS word order display properties that distinguish them from languages with subject–object (SO) word order.

The three OS word orders are VOS, OVS, and OSV. Collectively, these three orders comprise only around 2.9% of the world's languages. SO word orders (SOV, SVO, VSO) are significantly more common, comprising approximately 83.3% of the world's languages (the remaining 13.7% have free word order).

Despite their low relative frequency, languages that use OS order by default can be found across a wide variety of families, including Nilotic, Austronesian, Mayan, Oto-Manguean, Chumashan, Arawakan, Cariban, Tupi–Guarani, , Nadahup, and Chonan.

## Examples

**Tzeltal (VOS)**

la

PST

y-il

.SG-see

te'tikil

wild

mut

chicken

ta

in

hamal

forest

te

ART

Ziak-e

Ziak-ART

la y-il te'tikil mut ta hamal te Ziak-e

PST 3.SG-see wild chicken in forest ART Ziak-ART

'Ziak saw a wild bird in the forest.'

**Selk'nam (OVS)**

Kųlįųt

European

matị-n

kill-CERT.MASC

nị-y

PRES-MASC

Kịyųk

Keyuk

Kųlįųt matị-n nị-y Kịyųk

European kill-CERT.MASC PRES-MASC Keyuk

'Keyuk kills the white man.'

**Xavante (OSV)**

Toptö

Toptö

wahi

snake

mate

it

ti-tsa

her-bite

Toptö wahi mate ti-tsa

Toptö snake it her-bite

'A snake bit Toptö.'

## Properties

### Ditransitive constructions

According to Maria Polinsky (1995), the default order of the subject and the object relative to each other in a given language determines other features of that language's syntax. In particular, languages with default SO order construct ditransitive clauses differently than languages with OS order:

> \[I\]n languages where subject precedes object, causee, recipient, and benefactive precede the patient in double object constructions. \[...\] Correspondingly, in languages where object precedes subject, causee, recipient, and benefactive follow the patient in double object constructions.

Polinsky 1995, p. 190-191

The patient can also be referred to as the *direct object* (DO) and the causee/recipient/benefactive as the *indirect object* (IO).

To demonstrate this principle, Polinsky provides an example sentence from Malagasy, which has V–DO–IO–S order:

h-amp-anasa

FUT-CAUS-wash

an'

ACC

i

ART

Jaona

**John**

an'

ACC

i

ART

Jeanne

**Jeanne**

i

ART

Paoly

Paul

h-amp-anasa an' i Jaona an' i Jeanne i Paoly

FUT-CAUS-wash ACC ART **John** ACC ART **Jeanne** ART Paul

'Paul will be having **Jeanne** wash **John**.'

Notice how in the original Malagasy, John (the direct object) precedes Jeanne (the indirect object), whereas in the English equivalent, Jeanne precedes John. English, unlike Malagasy, has S–V–IO–DO order.

Another example of this phenomenon, from Päri (DO–V–S–IO order):

diɛl-Ø

**goat-ABS**

áñúth'ì

showed

pònd'-ɛ

boy-ERG

rwʌth-Ø

**chief-ABS**

diɛl-Ø áñúth'ì pònd'-ɛ rwʌth-Ø

**goat-ABS** showed boy-ERG **chief-ABS**

'The boy showed the **chief** the **goat**.'

Note that Polinsky's principle does *not* state anything about the order of the indirect object and the subject relative to each other, hence the difference between Malagasy (IO–S) and Päri (S–IO) in this regard.

### Correlation with ergativity

Anna Siewierska (1996) suggests that ergative–absolutive alignment is overrepresented in OS languages relative to SO languages. To test this, she measured the occurrence of ergative alignment in two samples (SO vs. OS languages) across three categories: agreement, pronouns, and nouns (since some languages have different alignment systems in different categories). She then calculated the frequency of ergativity in each category relative to the sample.

| Word Order | Ergative Agreement | | | Ergative Pronouns | | | Ergative Nouns | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Number | % Non-Neutral | % Total | Number | % Non-Neutral | % Total | Number | % Non-Neutral | % Total |
| SO (n=198) | 9 | 6% | 5% | 15 | 16% | 9% | 29 | 30% | 15% |
| OS (n=12) | 2 | 22% | 16% | 3 | 43% | 27% | 3 | 60% | 25% |
|

Notably, full noun phrases in the OS sample (but not the SO sample) favor ergative alignment, with a majority (60%) of noun alignment in the OS sample being ergative. This is the only cell of the table with a higher than 50% frequency of ergativity. Even in the other categories, the OS sample consistently has a higher relative frequency of ergativity than the SO sample. However, Siewierska notes that her sample size of 12 OS languages is too small for a significance test.

Siewierska theorizes that, in these languages, ergativity may have arisen from the reanalysis of passive clauses as active transitive clauses. The order of the patient and the agent relative to each other remained during this reanalysis, resulting in unmarked OS word order.

## Object-initial word order

A notable subset of OS order is **object-initial word order**, in which the object appears first in the clause. This includes OVS and OSV, but not VOS (which is verb-initial, i.e. the verb appears first in the clause).

In a 1979 study, Desmond C. Derbyshire and Geoffrey K. Pullum reported that predominant object-initial word order only occurs in the Amazonian language area. Amazonian languages with object-initial order include Hixkaryana, Urubu, Apurinã, Xavante, and Nadëb. However, since Derbyshire and Pullum's study, examples of languages with object-initial order have been found outside the Amazon. These include Mangarayi (Australia), Äiwoo (Melanesia), and Päri (Africa). The ancient Mesopotamian language Hurrian frequently utilizes object-initial order (OSV) in its attested writing, although it's debatable whether or not this can be considered the default order of the language.

Typologically, object-initial order can be analyzed as the presence of OS order within an OV structure, since the object comes before both the subject and the verb. OV structure is most commonly found in languages with SOV order, such as Japanese and Turkish. Features generally associated with OV structure include the use of postpositions rather than prepositions (i.e. constructions like "the house in" rather than "in the house" as in English), and placement of the genitive before the noun rather than after, among other features. As for object-initial languages, Edward L. Keenan III (1978) notes that features associated with OV order are present in Hixkaryana, for example.

Matthew Dryer (1997) proposes that in the case of ergative–absolutive languages that display this pattern (such as Mangarayi and Päri), the first constituent in the order is technically not the *object* but the *absolutive*, since the conventional notions of "subject" and "object" (best suited to a nominative–accusative paradigm) do not exactly apply. Thus, it may be more appropriate to describe these particular languages as **absolutive-initial** rather than object-initial.

## Statistics

The scarcity of OS as a default word order has been observed since at least 1963, when Joseph Greenberg proposed the tendency of subjects to precede objects as his first universal. Other linguists of the 20th century, such as Theo Vennemann in 1973, even stated that true OS languages were not attested at all.

In 2013, Dryer surveyed 1377 languages to determine which word orders are more frequently predominant than others. His findings are summarized in the table below:

| Word Order | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- |
| SOV | 565 | 41.0% |
| SVO | 488 | 35.4% |
| VSO | 95 | 6.9% |
| VOS | 25 | 1.8% |
| OVS | 11 | 0.8% |
| OSV | 4 | 0.3% |
| Unfixed | 189 | 13.7% |
|

On the basis of the SO / OS dichotomy, this table can be divided into two halves: the three SO orders (SOV, SVO, VSO) constitute the more common half of the table, while the three OS orders (VOS, OVS, OSV) constitute the less common half. The two object-initial orders (OVS and OSV) are the rarest of all. Even the least common SO order, VSO, is still significantly more common (6.9%) than all three of the OS orders combined (2.9%).

Hammarström (2016) surveyed the word orders of 5252 languages in two ways: counting the languages directly, and stratifying them by language families. Both of these methods yielded a ranking of the word orders identical to Dryer's ranking, albeit with different percentages:

| Word Order | No. of Languages | Percentage | No. of Families | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| SOV | 2275 | 43.3% | 239 | 56.6% |
| SVO | 2117 | 40.3% | 55 | 13.0% |
| VSO | 503 | 9.5% | 27 | 6.3% |
| VOS | 174 | 3.3% | 15 | 3.5% |
| OVS | 40 | 0.7% | 3 | 0.7% |
| OSV | 19 | 0.3% | 1 | 0.2% |
| Unfixed | 124 | 2.3% | 26 | 6.1% |

The data shows a preference for SO order over OS order among the languages of the world. Linguists have proposed several explanations for this phenomenon.

## Theoretical explanations for scarcity

> Perhaps subjects precede objects because the subject of an action verb denotes the causal agent (as in *Dog bites man*); putting the subject first mirrors the cause coming before the effect.

Steven Pinker, *The Language Instinct* (1994), p. 236

### Keenan: Relevance Principle

Keenan (1978) postulates a Relevance Principle that motivates placing the subject before the object.

***The Relevance Principle:** The reference of the subject (phrase) determines in part, the relevance of what is said, regardless of what it is, to the addressee.*

In a typical sentence, the subject is the same as the topic, i.e. the thing that is being talked about. Thus, in a language that puts the subject first, a listener can immediately determine whether or not the speaker's utterance is relevant to them personally (or relevant to what has already been said). Conversely, a language that postpones the subject will require the listener to process a larger portion of the utterance in order to determine how relevant it is.

Take the following example sentence:

*John left the meeting early.*

If John is a political candidate the listener is supporting, this sentence is much more relevant to the listener than if John is just a man who is setting up the tables. Thus, the relevance of "left the meeting early" to the listener is dependent upon the relevance of "John".

### Derbyshire and Pullum: survivorship bias

In their 1979 study, Derbyshire and Pullum suggest that the scarcity of OS languages (and specifically object-initial languages) relative to SO languages may simply be the result of survivorship bias rather than any underlying structural motivation. They argue that the global prevalence of SO order, and SVO in particular, has been amplified by the colonial expansion of the English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch empires (all of which speak SVO languages) and the resultant mass language extinction events in the continents which they colonized. Thus, there may have been an unknown number of OS languages which were driven to extinction by colonizing SO languages.

### Tily et al.: cognitive bias

Tily et al. (2011) performed an experiment with a sample of 285 native English speakers. In the experiment, the participants were taught simple phrases in constructed languages of all six possible word orders, then performed trials in these languages to demonstrate how successfully they had acquired the syntax. The researchers calculated how many of the trials were performed correctly for each word order:

| Word Order | Correct Trials |
| --- | --- |
| SVO | 100% |
| SOV | 94% |
| VSO | 91% |
| OVS | 88% |
| OSV | 83% |
| VOS | 74% |

The researchers note that these results may be biased by the fact that all the participants are native speakers of English, which has SVO word order. This would explain why the two orders with the poorest performances (OSV and VOS) are those in which none of the three constituents are in the same position as in SVO. However, this English bias does not explain the high accuracy score of SOV in particular, and VSO to a lesser extent, relative to all the OS orders. The researchers hypothesize that there may be a universal cognitive bias in favor of placing agents before patients, but note that this hypothesis has yet to be tested with participants whose native language is not English.

**OS word orders**

**Other word order phenomena**

1. Hall, Matthew L.; Ferreira, Victor S.; Mayberry, Rachel I. (March 18, 2014). "Investigating Constituent Order Change With Elicited Pantomime: A Functional Account of SVO Emergence". *Cognitive Science*. **38** (5): 934–972. doi:10.1111/cogs.12105. PMC 4082436. PMID 24641486.
2. Polinsky, Maria (January 1995). "Double Objects in Causatives: Towards a Study of Coding Conflict". *Studies in Language*. **19** (1): 129–221 \[188–191\]. doi:10.1075/sl.19.1.05pol.
3. Dryer, Matthew S. (2013). "Order of Subject, Object and Verb". In Dryer, Matthew S.; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). *The World Atlas of Language Structures Online*. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
4. Andersen, Torben (August 1988). "Ergativity in Päri, a Nilotic OVS Language". *Lingua*. **75** (4): 289–324. doi:10.1016/0024-3841(88)90008-3.
5. Keenan, Edward L. III (1978). "The Syntax of Subject-Final Languages". In Lehmann, Winfred P. (ed.). *Syntactic Typology: Studies in the Phenomenology of Language*. University of Texas. ISBN 0-292-77545-8. LCCN 78-56377.
6. Derbyshire, Desmond C.; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (1979). "Object initial languages". *Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session*. **23** (2). doi:10.31356/silwp.vol23.02.
7. Rojas-Berscia, Luis Miguel (2014). *A Heritage Reference Grammar of Selk'nam*. Nijmegen: Radboud University. p. 89.
8. Siewierska, Anna (1996). "Word order type and alignment type". *Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung*. **49**: 149–176.
9. Merlan, Francesca (1982). *Mangarayi*. North-Holland: Lingua Descriptive Studies. ISSN 0166-2139.
10. Ross, Malcolm & Åshild Næss (2007). "An Oceanic Origin for Aiwoo, the Language of the Reef Islands?". *Oceanic Linguistics*. **46** (2): 456–498. doi:10.1353/ol.2008.0003. hdl:1885/20053. S2CID 143716078.
11. Pullum, Geoffrey K. (1977). Cole, P.; Sadock, J. M. (eds.). "Word order universals and grammatical relations". *Syntax and Semantics*. **8**: 249–277 \[262–264\]. doi:10.1163/9789004368866\_011. ISBN 978-90-04-36886-6.
12. Dryer, Matthew S. (2013). "Order of Object and Verb". In Dryer, Matthew S.; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). *The World Atlas of Language Structures Online*. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
13. Dryer, Matthew S. (1997). "On the 6-way Word Order Typology" (PDF). *Studies in Language*. **21** (1): 69–103 \[89\]. doi:10.1075/sl.21.1.04dry.
14. Hammarström, H. (2016). "Linguistic diversity and language evolution". *Journal of Language Evolution*. **1** (1): 19–29. doi:10.1093/jole/lzw002. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0029-2F3E-C.
15. Tily, Harry J.; Frank, Michael C.; Jaeger, T. Florian (January 2011). *The learnability of constructed languages reflects typological patterns*. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. pp. 1364–1369 \[1367–1369\]. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.208.3381.


title: Oboro Station

abstract: Oboro Station Oboro Station is a railway station on the "Hanasaki Line" section of the JR Hokkaido Nemuro Main Line. Located in Akkeshi, Hokkaidō, Japan, the station opened on December 1, 1917.

text:
# Oboro Station

**Oboro Station** (尾幌駅, *Oboro-eki*) is a railway station on the "Hanasaki Line" section of the JR Hokkaido Nemuro Main Line. Located in Akkeshi, Hokkaidō, Japan, the station opened on December 1, 1917.

## History

### Future plans

In June 2023, this station was selected to be among 42 stations on the JR Hokkaido network to be slated for abolition owing to low ridership.

43°01′07″N 144°42′14″E / 43.018506°N 144.703889°E / 43.018506; 144.703889

## InfoBox

| Oboro Station
尾幌駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| The station building in September 2018 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Akkeshi-chō, Hokkaido
Japan |
| Operated by | Hokkaido Railway Company |
| Line(s) | Nemuro Main Line |
| Platforms | 1 Side platform |
| Tracks | 1 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | At-grade |
| Accessible | No |
| Other information | |
| Status | Unstaffed |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | 1917 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Oboro StationLocation within Japan | |


title: OQ-5

abstract: The Radioplane OQ-5 was an experimental target drone built in the United States in World War II.

text:
# OQ-5

The **Radioplane OQ-5** (company designation RP-7) was an experimental target drone built in the United States in World War II.

## Design and development

The OQ-5 was similar to the Radioplane OQ-2 in having a wingspan measuring 12 feet (3.7 meters) and counter-rotating propellers but differed in being of plywood construction and having a plywood cantilever wing. Only one example of the OQ-5 was built, but no production order was ever placed.

**Related lists**

## InfoBox

| OQ-5 | |
| --- | --- |
| Role | Target drone |
| National origin | United States |
| Manufacturer | Radioplane |
| First flight | 1943 |
| Status | experimental |
| Primary user | USAAF |
| Number built | 1 |


title: Oborzany

abstract: Oborzany is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dębno, within Myślibórz County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) west of Dębno, 26 km (16 mi) south-west of Myślibórz, and 76 km (47 mi) south of the regional capital Szczecin. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania. The village has a population of 518.

text:
# Oborzany

**Oborzany** \[ɔbɔˈʐanɨ\] (formerly German *Nabern*) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dębno, within Myślibórz County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) west of Dębno, 26 km (16 mi) south-west of Myślibórz, and 76 km (47 mi) south of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

The village has a population of 518.

## InfoBox

| Oborzany | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Oborzany | |
| Coordinates: 52°44′17″N 14°39′57″E / 52.73806°N 14.66583°E / 52.73806; 14.66583 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | West Pomeranian |
| County | Myślibórz |
| Gmina | Dębno |
| Elevation | 38 m (125 ft) |
| Population | 518 |


title: Obory-Kolonia

abstract: Obory-Kolonia is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gizałki, within Pleszew County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. The main economic activity in the area is agriculture.

text:
# Obory-Kolonia

**Obory-Kolonia** \[ɔˈbɔrɨ kɔˈlɔɲa\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gizałki, within Pleszew County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. The main economic activity in the area is agriculture.

## InfoBox

| Obory-Kolonia | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Old evangelical cemetery in Obory-Kolonia | |
| Obory-Kolonia | |
| Coordinates: 52°02′27″N 17°48′21″E / 52.04083°N 17.80583°E / 52.04083; 17.80583 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Pleszew |
| Gmina | Gizałki |


title: Obvio! 828

abstract: The Obvio! 828 is a car made by Obvio!. The car was originally made by Dacon as Dacon 828. Dacon was originally the Brazilian representative of Porsche, but when imports were prohibited in 1976 they developed a car of their own. The name was chosen to remind one of Porsche 928 and the Dacon 828 used rear lights and other Porsche parts for their car. The Dacon version was only sold between 1983 and July 1994, only 47 cars were sold. It was then powered by a 1.6 litre VW boxer engine connected to a 4 speed gearbox. It is a mid-engine design using a continuously variable transmission (CVT) transmission and powered by a 4-cylinder, inline 16 valve 1.6 liter 115 hp (86 kW) Tritec engine. They are described as "high performance urban cars". Fuel consumption is 12.5 km/L in the city or 17.3 km/L in highways. It is a flexible-fuel vehicle that runs on either neat ethanol fuel (E100) or gasoline or any mix thereof. The chassis is designed as a series of ellipses to be strong, yet low weight. A system called "Niess Elliptical Survive Rings". The cars have three seats and are fitted with airbags. It has McPherson suspensions and disc brakes all round. The internal and external panels of the bodyshell is made of ABS/PMMA plastic. It uses scissor doors and also has a Boblbee backpack space integrated into the design. The 828 has a list price of US$14,000. Extras offered are air conditioning, individual seats, power windows/rear mirror/door lock package, leather seats and an iMobile Carputer.

text:
# Obvio! 828

The **Obvio! 828** is a car made by Obvio!. The car was originally made by Dacon as Dacon 828. Dacon was originally the Brazilian representative of Porsche, but when imports were prohibited in 1976 they developed a car of their own. The name was chosen to remind one of Porsche 928 and the Dacon 828 used rear lights and other Porsche parts for their car. The Dacon version was only sold between 1983 and July 1994, only 47 cars were sold. It was then powered by a 1.6 litre VW boxer engine connected to a 4 speed gearbox.

It is a mid-engine design using a continuously variable transmission (CVT) transmission (that also can mimic a 6 speed sequential gearbox) and powered by a 4-cylinder, inline 16 valve 1.6 liter 115 hp (86 kW) Tritec engine (high power version with either 170 hp (127 kW) or 250 hp (186 kW) are also available). They are described as "high performance urban cars". Fuel consumption is 12.5 km/L (35 mpgimp; 29 mpgUS) in the city or 17.3 km/L (49 mpgimp; 41 mpgUS) in highways. It is a flexible-fuel vehicle that runs on either neat ethanol fuel (E100) or gasoline or any mix thereof.

The chassis is designed as a series of ellipses to be strong, yet low weight. A system called "Niess Elliptical Survive Rings". The cars have three seats and are fitted with airbags. It has McPherson suspensions and disc brakes all round. The internal and external panels of the bodyshell is made of ABS/PMMA plastic. It uses scissor doors and also has a *Boblbee* backpack space integrated into the design.

The 828 has a list price of US$14,000. Extras offered are air conditioning, individual seats, power windows/rear mirror/door lock package, leather seats and an *iMobile Carputer*.

## Hybrid version

The Obvio! 828H is a concept hybrid electric version that runs on a flex-fuel engines and it was presented in Rio de Janeiro in November 2010.


title: Odagaon

abstract: Odagaon is a town and Notified area council in the Nayagarh district of the Indian state of Odisha. It is the location of the Lord Raghunath Temple. The Shriram Navami festival of Odagaon is one of the renowned festival in Odisha. It is the third largest block in the district consisting of 32 Panchayats and more than 200 villages. One of the main attractions of the place is the Raghunath Temple. New Jagannath Sadak connects Odagaon with holy city Puri.

text:
# Odagaon

**Odagaon** is a town and Notified area council in the Nayagarh district of the Indian state of Odisha. It is the location of the Lord Raghunath Temple. The Shriram Navami festival of Odagaon is one of the renowned festival in Odisha. It is the third largest block in the district consisting of 32 Panchayats and more than 200 villages. One of the main attractions of the place is the Raghunath Temple. New Jagannath Sadak connects Odagaon with holy city Puri.

## Places of interest

### Raghunath Jeu Temple

Odagaon is known for the Temple of Lord Raghunath Jeu and for three subarna kalsh which is made in 47 kg. gold, which is second to Sri Kshetra. The annual festival Ramanavami Yatra is held at the temple and lasts for nine days. Festival attractions include Yatra (live stage show) and Ravan Podi.

### Dutikeswar Temple

There is a Siva Temple about 35 km from Nayargh town on the Nayagarh-Bahadajhola, via Odagaon road.

### Budhabudhiani Dam

The Budhabudhiani Dam, 20 km from Nayargh district, provides nearby villages with clean water and is also used for fish farming .

### Sagar Park

A park has been built near the Sagar pond for recreation purpose.

1. "Odagaon Census Town City Population Census 2011-2021 | Orissa".
* Political information of Odagaon
* Raghunath Temple

## InfoBox

| Odagaon | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| OdagaonLocation in Odisha, IndiaOdagaonOdagaon (India) | |
| Coordinates: 20°00′58″N 84°59′16″E / 20.016097°N 84.987659°E / 20.016097; 84.987659 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Odisha |
| District | Nayagarh |
| Government | |
| Type | Notified area council |
| Body | INDIAN PARLIAMENTARY GROUP |
| Area | |
| Total | 544 km2 (210 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 32 m (105 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 5,401 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Odia |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 752081 |
| Telephone code | 06753 |
| Vehicle registration | OD 25 |
| Nearest city | Nayagarh |
| Literacy | 70% |
| Website | odisha.gov.in |


title: Oasis (Do As Infinity song)

abstract: "Oasis" is Do As Infinity's third single, released in 2000.This song was used in a commercial for Kanebo's"T'ESTIMO" cosmetics line. This song was included in the band's compilation albums Do the Best and Do the A-side.

text:
# Oasis (Do As Infinity song)

"**Oasis**" is Do As Infinity's third single, released in 2000.This song was used in a commercial for Kanebo's"T'ESTIMO" cosmetics line.

This song was included in the band's compilation albums *Do the Best* and *Do the A-side*.

## Track listing

1. "Oasis"
2. "Sell..."
3. "Oasis" (Instrumental)
4. "Sell..." (Instrumental)
5. "Wings" (Free Live 100 at Shibuya Public Hall)
6. "Heart" (3SV Remix)
7. "Heart" (Chromatic Mix)

## Chart positions

| Chart (2000) | Peak
position | Sales | Weeks on
chart |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Japan Oricon | 25 | 76,600 | 8 |

## InfoBox

| "Oasis" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Do As Infinity | |
| from the album  *Break of Dawn* | |
| Released | January 26, 2000 |
| Genre | J-Pop |
| Length | 32:07 |
| Label | avex trax |
| Songwriter(s) | Dai Nagao |
| Producer(s) | Dai Nagao / Seiji Kameda |
| Do As Infinity singles chronology | |
| "Heart"
(1999) "**Oasis**"
(2000) "Yesterday & Today"
(2000) | |


title: October 12 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

abstract: October 11 – Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar – October 13 All fixed commemorations below celebrated on October 25 by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar. For October 12th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on September 29.

text:
# October 12 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

October 11Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendarOctober 13

All fixed commemorations below celebrated on **October 25** by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For October 12th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on **September 29**.

## Saints

## Pre-Schism Western saints

## Post-Schism Orthodox saints

* Saint Epiktitos the Wonderworker, and with him several ascetics of the *"300 Allemagne Saints"*, in Cyprus (12th century):

* Saints Valantios; Varlaam; Barnabus the Monk; Basil the Bishop; George (Vavatsiniotis); George (Epitideiotis); George (Perachoritis); George (Salamanis); Dimitrianos the Bishop; Irenikos (or Arniakos); Elpidios; and Epahroditos.
* Venerable Saints Amphilochius (1452), Macarius (1480), and Tarasius (1440), Abbots, and Theodosius, monk (15th century), of Glushitsa Monastery, Vologda, disciples of St. Dionysius of Glushitsa.
* Saint Arsenius, Archimandrite, of Svyatogorsk Monastery (1859)
* Saint Euphrosyne (Mezenova) the Faster, Schema-Abbess, of Siberia (1918)

### New Martys and Confessors

* New Hieromartyr John Letnikov (1930)
* New Hieromartyr Juvenal (Maslovsky), Archbishop of Ryazan (1937)
* New Hieromartyr Lawrence (Levchenko), Hieromonk, of Optina Monastery (1937)
* New Hieromartyr Alexander Pozdeyevsky, Priest (1940)
* New Hiero-confessor Nicholas (Mogilevsky), Metropolitan of Alma-Ata (1955)

## Other commemorations

1. October 12/25. Orthodox Calendar (PRAVOSLAVIE.RU).
2. (in Greek) Συναξαριστής. *12 Οκτωβρίου.* ECCLESIA.GR. (H ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΕΛΛΑΔΟΣ).
3. (in Greek) *12/10/2017.* Ορθόδοξος Συναξαριστής.
4. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ἡ Ἁγία Ἀναστασία ἡ Παρθένος.* 12 ΟΚΤΩΒΡΙΟΥ. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
5. Jane Baun. *Tales from Another Byzantium: Celestial Journey and Local Community in the Medieval Greek Apocrypha.* Cambridge University Press, 2007. p.117.
6. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ἡ Ἁγία Δομνίνη ἡ Μάρτυς.* 12 ΟΚΤΩΒΡΙΟΥ. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
7. *Martyr Domnina of Anazarbus.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
8. Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould (M.A.). "S. DOMNINA, M. (ABOUT A.D. 304.)" In: *The Lives of the Saints.* Volume the Eleventh: October – Part I. London: John C. Nimmo, 1898. p. 285.
9. *The Roman Martyrology.* Transl. by the Archbishop of Baltimore. Last Edition, According to the Copy Printed at Rome in 1914. Revised Edition, with the Imprimatur of His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons. Baltimore: John Murphy Company, 1916. pp. 315–316.
10. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ἡ Ἁγία Μαλφεθᾶ ἡ Μάρτυς.* 12 ΟΚΤΩΒΡΙΟΥ. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
11. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ἡ Ἁγία Ἀνθία ἡ Μάρτυς.* 12 ΟΚΤΩΒΡΙΟΥ. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
12. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Οἱ Ἅγιοι 70 Μάρτυρες.* 12 ΟΚΤΩΒΡΙΟΥ. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
13. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Οἱ Ἅγιοι Ἰουβεντίνος καὶ Μάξιμος (ἢ Μαξιμίνος) οἱ Μάρτυρες.* 12 ΟΚΤΩΒΡΙΟΥ. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
14. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Οἱ Ἅγιοι Ἀνδρομάχος καὶ Διόδορος οἱ Μάρτυρες.* 12 ΟΚΤΩΒΡΙΟΥ. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
15. *St. Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
16. October 25 / October 12. HOLY TRINITY RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (A parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow).
17. (in Russian) 12 октября по старому стилю / 25 октября по новому стилю. Русская Православная Церковь - Православный церковный календарь на 2016 год.
18. October 12. Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome.
19. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Οἱ Ἅγιοι Πρόβος, Τάραχος καὶ Ἀνδρόνικος οἱ Μάρτυρες.* 12 ΟΚΤΩΒΡΙΟΥ. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
20. *Martyr Tarachus at Tarsus, in Cilicia.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
21. *St. Cosmas the Hymnographer the Bishop of Maiuma.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
22. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ἅγιος Θεόδοτος Ἐπίσκοπος Ἐφέσου.* 12 ΟΚΤΩΒΡΙΟΥ. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
23. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ἅγιος Ἰάσων Ἐπίσκοπος Δαμασκοῦ.* 12 ΟΚΤΩΒΡΙΟΥ. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
24. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ὅσιος Θεοσέβιος ὁ Ἀρσινοΐτης.* 12 ΟΚΤΩΒΡΙΟΥ. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
25. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ὅσιος Συμεὼν ὁ Νέος Θεολόγος.* 12 ΟΚΤΩΒΡΙΟΥ. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
26. Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould (M.A.). "S. PANTALUS, B.M. (A.D. 451.)" In: *The Lives of the Saints.* Volume the Eleventh: October – Part I. London: John C. Nimmo, 1898. pp. 285-287.
27. Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould (M.A.). "SS. CYPRIAN AND FELIX, BB., MM. (ABOUT A.D. 482.)" In: *The Lives of the Saints.* Volume the Eleventh: October – Part I. London: John C. Nimmo, 1898. pp. 287-290.
28. Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould (M.A.). "S. FIECH, B.C. (BEGINNING OF 6th CENTURY)." In: *The Lives of the Saints.* Volume the Eleventh: October – Part I. London: John C. Nimmo, 1898. pp. 290-292.
29. *St. Edwin, King and Martyr.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
30. Rev. Richard Stanton. *A Menology of England and Wales, or, Brief Memorials of the Ancient British and English Saints Arranged According to the Calendar, Together with the Martyrs of the 16th and 17th Centuries.* London: Burns & Oates, 1892. pp. 487-491.
31. Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould (M.A.). "S. EDWIN, K.M. (A.D. 633)." In: *The Lives of the Saints.* Volume the Eleventh: October – Part I. London: John C. Nimmo, 1898. p. 292.
32. Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould (M.A.). "S. WILFRID, BP. OF YORK (A.D. 709)." In: *The Lives of the Saints.* Volume the Eleventh: October – Part I. London: John C. Nimmo, 1898. pp. 292-318.
33. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ἅγιος Wilfrid (Ἄγγλος).* 12 ΟΚΤΩΒΡΙΟΥ. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
34. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ἅγιος Ἐπίκτητος ὁ Θαυματουργός.* 12 ΟΚΤΩΒΡΙΟΥ. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
35. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ὅσιος Ἀναστάσιος ὁ Θαυματουργός ὁ ἐν Κύπρῳ.* 17 Σεπτεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
36. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ὅσιος Ἀββακοὺμ ὁ ἀσκητὴς.* 2 Δεκεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
37. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Οἱ Ἅγιοι Βαλάντιος, Βαρλαᾶμ, Βαρνάβας ὁ Μοναχός, Βασίλειος ὁ Ἐπίσκοπος, Γεώργιος ὁ Βαβατσινιώτης, Γεώργιος ὁ Ἐπιτηδειώτης, Γεώργιος ὁ Περαχωρίτης, Γεώργιος ὁ Σαλαμάνης, Δημητριανὸς ὁ Ἐπίσκοπος, Εἰρηνικὸς ἢ Ἀρνιακός, Ἐλπίδιος, Ἐπαφρόδιτος.* 12 ΟΚΤΩΒΡΙΟΥ. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
38. *Venerable Amphilochius the Abbot of Glushetsa.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
39. *St. Macarius, Abbot of Glushetsa.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
40. *St. Tarasius of Glushetsa.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
41. "Епископ Корсунский Нестор принял участие в прославлении собора древних святых Испании и Португалии / Новости / Патриархия.ru". *Патриархия.ru* (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-09-18.
42. "Feast of 200 ancient saints of Spain and Portugal celebrated for first time". *OrthoChristian.Com*. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
43. *Icon of the Mother of God "Jerusalem".* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
44. *Icon of the Mother of God of Yaroslav-Smolensk.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
45. *Icon of the Mother of God of Rudens.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
46. *Icon of the Mother of God of Kaluga.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
47. *The First Chapel Dedicated to the Holy Thief of Golgotha.* John Sanidopoulos. Mystagogy Resource Center.
48. *Translation of a Particle of the Life Giving Cross from Malta to Gatchina.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
49. (in Greek) *Περί της επανακομιδής του ιερού λειψάνου του αγίου Σάββα.* **Impankratoros.gr** (Holy Monastery of Pantokratoros, Melisohori). Retrieved: 07 February 2017.
50. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Σύναξις τῶν ἐν Ἀθήναις Ἁγίων.* 12 ΟΚΤΩΒΡΙΟΥ. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
51. (in Greek) *Σύναξις των εν Αθήναις Αγίων.* Ορθόδοξος Συναξαριστής.

## Sources

**Greek Sources**

**Russian Sources**


title: Obren Popović

abstract: Obren Popović was a Serbian basketball player. He represented the Yugoslavia national basketball team internationally.

text:
# Obren Popović

**Obren Popović** (Serbian Cyrillic: Обрен Поповић) was a Serbian basketball player. He represented the Yugoslavia national basketball team internationally.

## Playing career

Popović played for a Belgrade-based team Crvena zvezda of the Yugoslav First League during 1950s. He won 3 Yugoslav Championships.

## National team career

Popović was a member of the Yugoslavia national basketball team that participated at the 1955 European Championship in Budapest, Hungary. Over ten tournament games, he averaged 8.1 points per game while shooting 62.2 percent from the field.

## Career achievements and awards

## InfoBox

Obren Popović
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1934 (1934) |
| Nationality | Serbian |
| Listed height | 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) |
| Career information | |
| Playing career | 1951–1961 |
| Number | 8 |
| Career history | |
| 1951–1961 | Crvena zvezda |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Oden, Arkansas

abstract: Oden is a town in Montgomery County, Arkansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 180, down from 232 in 2010.

text:
# Oden, Arkansas

**Oden** is a town in Montgomery County, Arkansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 180, down from 232 in 2010.

## Geography

Arkansas Highway 88 (Broadway Avenue) is the main road through the town, leading east 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to Pencil Bluff and west 28 miles (45 km) to Mena. Mount Ida, the Montgomery county seat, is 11 miles (18 km) southeast of Oden via AR 88 and US 270.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Oden has a total area of 0.84 square miles (2.2 km2), of which 0.02 square miles (0.05 km2), or 2.75%, are water. The Ouachita River flows past the south side of the town, outside the town limits.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1940 | 102 |  |  |
| 1950 | 133 |  | 30.4% |
| 1960 | 90 |  | −32.3% |
| 1970 | 141 |  | 56.7% |
| 1980 | 186 |  | 31.9% |
| 1990 | 126 |  | −32.3% |
| 2000 | 220 |  | 74.6% |
| 2010 | 232 |  | 5.5% |
| 2020 | 180 |  | −22.4% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 220 people, 79 households, and 65 families residing in the town. The population density was 99.9/km2 (258.2/mi2). There were 93 housing units at an average density of 42.2/km2 (109.1/mi2). The racial makeup of the town was 96.4% White, 1.8% Native American, 0.9% Asian, 0.5% Pacific Islander, and 0.5% from two or more races.

There were 79 households, out of which 38.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.7% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.7% were non-families. 16.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.14.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 27.7% under the age of 18, 9.5% from 18 to 24, 25.0% from 25 to 44, 18.2% from 45 to 64, and 19.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.6 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $33,750, and the median income for a family was $36,563. Males had a median income of $21,944 versus $17,292 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,610. About 7.6% of families and 12.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.1% of those under the age of eighteen and 15.2% of those 65 or over.

## Education

Public education for elementary and secondary school students is provided by the Ouachita River School District, which includes Ode Maddox Elementary School and Oden High School. The Ouachita River School District was established by the merger of the Oden School District and the Acorn School District July 1, 2004.

Some nearby unincorporated areas are zoned to:

1. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Oden, Arkansas
2. "2021 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Arkansas". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
3. "P1. Race – Oden town, Arkansas: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
4. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
5. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
6. "ConsolidationAnnex\_from\_1983.xls." Arkansas Department of Education. Retrieved on May 23, 2018.

## InfoBox

| Oden, Arkansas | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Location in Montgomery County, Arkansas | |
| Coordinates: 34°37′25″N 93°47′26″W / 34.62361°N 93.79056°W / 34.62361; -93.79056 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Arkansas |
| County | Montgomery |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.84 sq mi (2.17 km2) |
| Land | 0.81 sq mi (2.11 km2) |
| Water | 0.02 sq mi (0.06 km2) |
| Elevation | 827 ft (252 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 180 |
| Density | 221.13/sq mi (85.33/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP codes | 71961, 71966 |
| Area code | 870 |
| FIPS code | 05-51290 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2407035 |


title: Odelín Molina

abstract: Odelín Molina Hernández is a Cuban former footballer who played as a goalkeeper for FC Villa Clara and Antiguan side Parham. He is the Cuba national team's second most capped player of all-time, behind Yénier Márquez.

text:
# Odelín Molina

**Odelín Molina Hernández** (born 3 August 1974) is a Cuban former footballer who played as a goalkeeper for FC Villa Clara and Antiguan side Parham.

He is the Cuba national team's second most capped player of all-time, behind Yénier Márquez.

## Club career

Born in Santa Clara, Molina played club football for his provincial team FC Villa Clara. He played the 2016–17 season at Parham in Antigua and Barbuda alongside compatriots Jaime Colomé and Hensy Muñoz and Jaime's brother Yoel Colomé.

## International career

Molina made his international debut for Cuba in a May 1996 FIFA World Cup qualification match against the Cayman Islands and has earned a total of 122 caps. including 28 FIFA World Cup qualifying matches. He also played at six CONCACAF Gold Cup final tournaments.

His final international was a July 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup match against Panama, after he announced he would retire from international football after the tournament.

## Honours

**Cuba**

## InfoBox

Odelín Molina
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Odelín Molina Hernández | | |
| Date of birth | (1974-08-03) 3 August 1974 | | |
| Place of birth | Santa Clara, Cuba | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1993–2015 | FC Villa Clara |  |  |
| 2016–2017 | Parham |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1996–2013 | Cuba | 122 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Odem High School

abstract: Odem High School is a public high school located in the city of Odem, Texas, in San Patricio County, United States and classified as a 3A school by the UIL. It is a part of the Odem Independent School District located in east central San Patricio County. In 2015, the school was rated "Met Standard" by the Texas Education Agency.

text:
# Odem High School

**Odem High School** is a public high school located in the city of Odem, Texas, in San Patricio County, United States and classified as a 3A school by the UIL. It is a part of the Odem Independent School District located in east central San Patricio County. In 2015, the school was rated "Met Standard" by the Texas Education Agency.

27°56′55″N 97°35′28″W / 27.9487°N 97.5911°W / 27.9487; -97.5911