# List of census-designated places in South Carolina

Census-designated places (CDPs) are unincorporated communities lacking elected municipal officers and boundaries with legal status. There are 126 census-designated places in South Carolina.

## Census-designated places

| Place Name | County(ies)\[A\] | Population
(2010) | Area (2010) | Density (2010) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Alcolu | Clarendon County | 429 | 4.57 sq mi (11.84 km2) | 93.87/sq mi (36.25/km2) |
| Antreville | Abbeville County | 140 | 3.9 sq mi (10.09 km2) | 35.94/sq mi (13.88/km2) |
| Arcadia | Spartanburg County | 2,634 | 1.97 sq mi (5.09 km2) | 1,340.46/sq mi (517.57/km2) |
| Arial | Pickens County | 2,543 | 4.69 sq mi (12.16 km2) | 541.76/sq mi (209.18/km2) |
| Belvedere | Aiken County | 5,792 | 3.51 sq mi (9.09 km2) | 1,650.14/sq mi (637.15/km2) |
| Berea | Greenville County | 14,295 | 8 sq mi (20.72 km2) | 1,787.1/sq mi (690.03/km2) |
| Boiling Springs | Spartanburg County | 8,219 | 6.84 sq mi (17.71 km2) | 1,202.14/sq mi (464.16/km2) |
| Bonneau Beach | Berkeley County | 1,929 | 3.07 sq mi (7.94 km2) | 629.16/sq mi (242.93/km2) |
| Boykin | Kershaw County | 100 | 7.07 sq mi (18.31 km2) | 14.15/sq mi (5.46/km2) |
| Bradley | Greenwood County | 170 | 7.86 sq mi (20.36 km2) | 21.63/sq mi (8.35/km2) |
| Brookdale | Orangeburg County | 4,873 | 3.64 sq mi (9.43 km2) | 1,338.74/sq mi (516.91/km2) |
| Bucksport | Horry County | 876 | 4.22 sq mi (10.94 km2) | 207.39/sq mi (80.08/km2) |
| Buffalo | Union County | 1,266 | 4.03 sq mi (10.42 km2) | 314.53/sq mi (121.45/km2) |
| Burton | Beaufort County | 6,976 | 8.56 sq mi (22.16 km2) | 815.33/sq mi (314.81/km2) |
| Cane Savannah | Sumter County | 1,117 | 3.69 sq mi (9.55 km2) | 302.87/sq mi (116.94/km2) |
| Catawba | York County | 1,343 | 10.35 sq mi (26.81 km2) | 129.72/sq mi (50.09/km2) |
| Centerville | Anderson County | 6,586 | 5.94 sq mi (15.37 km2) | 1,109.5/sq mi (428.4/km2) |
| Cherryvale | Sumter County | 2,496 | 1.84 sq mi (4.77 km2) | 1,356.52/sq mi (523.77/km2) |
| City View | Greenville County | 1,345 | 0.52 sq mi (1.36 km2) | 2,566.79/sq mi (991.08/km2) |
| Clarks Hill | McCormick County | 381 | 3.2 sq mi (8.28 km2) | 119.21/sq mi (46.03/km2) |
| Clearwater | Aiken County | 4,370 | 4.31 sq mi (11.17 km2) | 1,013.69/sq mi (391.4/km2) |
| Clemson University | Pickens County |  |  |  |
| Clifton | Spartanburg County | 541 | 1.14 sq mi (2.95 km2) | 475.4/sq mi (183.56/km2) |
| Cokesbury | Greenwood County | 215 | 0.59 sq mi (1.54 km2) | 362.56/sq mi (139.99/km2) |
| Converse | Spartanburg County | 608 | 0.7 sq mi (1.82 km2) | 867.33/sq mi (334.89/km2) |
| Coronaca | Greenwood County | 191 | 1.7 sq mi (4.39 km2) | 112.62/sq mi (43.48/km2) |
| Cross Anchor | Spartanburg County | 126 | 0.78 sq mi (2.01 km2) | 161.95/sq mi (62.53/km2) |
| Dalzell | Sumter County | 3,059 | 5.93 sq mi (15.37 km2) | 515.5/sq mi (199.04/km2) |
| Dentsville | Richland County | 14,062 | 6.9 sq mi (17.87 km2) | 2,037.97/sq mi (786.89/km2) |
| Dunean | Greenville County | 3,671 | 1.58 sq mi (4.09 km2) | 2,326.36/sq mi (898.24/km2) |
| East Gaffney | Cherokee County | 3,085 | 3.06 sq mi (7.93 km2) | 1,007.18/sq mi (388.89/km2) |
| East Sumter | Sumter County | 1,343 | 1.21 sq mi (3.14 km2) | 1,106.26/sq mi (427.14/km2) |
| Edisto | Orangeburg County | 2,559 | 2.35 sq mi (6.09 km2) | 1,088.94/sq mi (420.45/km2) |
| Elgin | Lancaster County | 2,607 | 1.06 sq mi (2.75 km2) | 2,459.43/sq mi (949.63/km2) |
| Enoree | Spartanburg County | 665 | 1.58 sq mi (4.1 km2) | 419.82/sq mi (162.1/km2) |
| Eureka Mill | Chester County | 1,476 | 1.29 sq mi (3.34 km2) | 1,143.3/sq mi (441.45/km2) |
| Fair Play | Oconee County
Anderson County | 687 | 3.31 sq mi (8.58 km2) | 207.36/sq mi (80.07/km2) |
| Fairforest | Spartanburg County | 1,693 | 6.76 sq mi (17.51 km2) | 250.44/sq mi (96.7/km2) |
| Fingerville | Spartanburg County | 134 | 0.24 sq mi (0.63 km2) | 549.18/sq mi (212.05/km2) |
| Five Forks | Greenville County | 14,140 | 7.61 sq mi (19.72 km2) | 1,857.35/sq mi (717.15/km2) |
| Forestbrook | Horry County | 4,612 | 3.74 sq mi (9.68 km2) | 1,234.15/sq mi (476.52/km2) |
| Gadsden | Richland County | 1,638 | 11.51 sq mi (29.8 km2) | 141.83/sq mi (54.76/km2) |
| Gantt | Greenville County | 14,229 | 9.93 sq mi (25.72 km2) | 1,433.07/sq mi (553.33/km2) |
| Garden City | Horry County | 9,209 | 5.45 sq mi (14.11 km2) | 1,690.35/sq mi (652.67/km2) |
| Gayle Mill | Chester County | 913 | 0.65 sq mi (1.69 km2) | 1,396.02/sq mi (539.03/km2) |
| Glendale | Spartanburg County | 307 | 0.21 sq mi (0.55 km2) | 1,448.11/sq mi (559.14/km2) |
| Gloverville | Aiken County | 2,831 | 3.64 sq mi (9.42 km2) | 778.39/sq mi (300.55/km2) |
| Golden Grove | Greenville County | 2,467 | 5.8 sq mi (15.01 km2) | 425.64/sq mi (164.35/km2) |
| Gramling | Spartanburg County | 86 | 1.01 sq mi (2.62 km2) | 84.9/sq mi (32.78/km2) |
| Graniteville | Aiken County | 2,614 | 3.33 sq mi (8.61 km2) | 786.17/sq mi (303.55/km2) |
| Homeland Park | Anderson County | 6,296 | 4.73 sq mi (12.24 km2) | 1,332.49/sq mi (514.49/km2) |
| Hopkins | Richland County | 2,882 | 16.53 sq mi (42.81 km2) | 174.35/sq mi (67.32/km2) |
| India Hook | York County | 3,328 | 3.54 sq mi (9.17 km2) | 940.38/sq mi (363.09/km2) |
| Inman Mills | Spartanburg County | 1,050 | 1.14 sq mi (2.95 km2) | 921.86/sq mi (355.94/km2) |
| Irwin | Lancaster County | 1,405 | 2.99 sq mi (7.74 km2) | 470.06/sq mi (181.5/km2) |
| Islandton | Colleton County | 70 | 2.77 sq mi (7.17 km2) | 25.28/sq mi (9.76/km2) |
| Jacksonboro | Colleton County | 478 | 14.47 sq mi (37.46 km2) | 33.05/sq mi (12.76/km2) |
| Joanna | Laurens County | 1,539 | 3.14 sq mi (8.14 km2) | 489.66/sq mi (189.07/km2) |
| Judson | Greenville County | 2,050 | 0.79 sq mi (2.05 km2) | 2,588.38/sq mi (999.41/km2) |
| Ladson | Berkeley County
Charleston County | 13,790 | 7.02 sq mi (18.19 km2) | 1,963.55/sq mi (758.16/km2) |
| Lake Murray of Richland | Richland County | 5,484 | 8.7 sq mi (22.53 km2) | 630.49/sq mi (243.44/km2) |
| Lake Secession | Abbeville County | 1,083 | 7.22 sq mi (18.69 km2) | 150.1/sq mi (57.96/km2) |
| Lake Wylie | York County | 8,841 | 7.73 sq mi (20.03 km2) | 1,143.43/sq mi (441.5/km2) |
| Lakewood | Sumter County | 3,032 | 10.59 sq mi (27.42 km2) | 286.39/sq mi (110.58/km2) |
| Langley | Aiken County | 1,447 | 1.15 sq mi (2.99 km2) | 1,254.99/sq mi (484.57/km2) |
| Laurel Bay | Beaufort County | 5,891 | 5.39 sq mi (13.96 km2) | 1,093.15/sq mi (422.08/km2) |
| Lesslie | York County | 3,112 | 6.13 sq mi (15.88 km2) | 507.58/sq mi (195.99/km2) |
| Little River | Horry County | 8,960 | 10.83 sq mi (28.04 km2) | 827.64/sq mi (319.56/km2) |
| Lugoff | Kershaw County | 7,434 | 15.29 sq mi (39.59 km2) | 486.36/sq mi (187.79/km2) |
| Lydia | Darlington County | 642 | 2.64 sq mi (6.85 km2) | 242.91/sq mi (93.79/km2) |
| Mayo | Spartanburg County | 1,592 | 4.05 sq mi (10.49 km2) | 392.89/sq mi (151.7/km2) |
| Modoc | McCormick County | 218 | 7.17 sq mi (18.57 km2) | 30.4/sq mi (11.74/km2) |
| Monarch Mill | Union County | 1,811 | 5.61 sq mi (14.54 km2) | 322.64/sq mi (124.58/km2) |
| Mount Carmel | McCormick County | 216 | 9.19 sq mi (23.8 km2) | 23.51/sq mi (9.08/km2) |
| Mountville | Laurens County | 108 | 2.86 sq mi (7.41 km2) | 37.76/sq mi (14.58/km2) |
| Mulberry | Sumter County | 529 | 1.98 sq mi (5.13 km2) | 267.04/sq mi (103.11/km2) |
| Murphys Estates | Edgefield County | 1,441 | 2.09 sq mi (5.4 km2) | 690.8/sq mi (266.73/km2) |
| Murrells Inlet | Georgetown County | 7,547 | 7.53 sq mi (19.49 km2) | 1,002.66/sq mi (387.14/km2) |
| Newport | York County | 4,136 | 8.77 sq mi (22.72 km2) | 471.5/sq mi (182.05/km2) |
| Newry | Oconee County | 172 | 0.3 sq mi (0.76 km2) | 583.05/sq mi (225.12/km2) |
| North Hartsville | Darlington County | 3,251 | 76.65 sq mi (198.51 km2) | 42.41/sq mi (16.38/km2) |
| Northlake | Anderson County | 3,745 | 17.69 sq mi (45.82 km2) | 211.67/sq mi (81.73/km2) |
| Oak Grove | Lexington County | 10,291 | 6.69 sq mi (17.32 km2) | 1,538.96/sq mi (594.21/km2) |
| Oakland | Sumter County | 1,232 | 0.69 sq mi (1.78 km2) | 1,795.92/sq mi (693.43/km2) |
| Oswego | Sumter County | 84 | 1.21 sq mi (3.12 km2) | 69.71/sq mi (26.92/km2) |
| Parker | Greenville County | 11,431 | 6.87 sq mi (17.79 km2) | 1,664.39/sq mi (642.64/km2) |
| Piedmont | Anderson County
Greenville County | 5,103 | 8.77 sq mi (22.7 km2) | 582.2/sq mi (224.8/km2) |
| Pinopolis | Berkeley County | 948 | 1.43 sq mi (3.71 km2) | 662.01/sq mi (255.61/km2) |
| Powdersville | Anderson County | 7,618 | 14 sq mi (36.26 km2) | 544.07/sq mi (210.07/km2) |
| Princeton | Laurens County | 62 | 0.75 sq mi (1.94 km2) | 82.78/sq mi (31.96/km2) |
| Privateer | Sumter County | 2,349 | 8.23 sq mi (21.3 km2) | 285.59/sq mi (110.27/km2) |
| Promised Land | Greenwood County | 511 | 1.56 sq mi (4.04 km2) | 327.77/sq mi (126.56/km2) |
| Red Bank | Lexington County | 9,617 | 12.04 sq mi (31.17 km2) | 799.02/sq mi (308.51/km2) |
| Red Hill | Horry County | 13,223 | 11.35 sq mi (29.39 km2) | 1,165.12/sq mi (449.87/km2) |
| Rembert | Sumter County | 306 | 3.84 sq mi (9.93 km2) | 79.77/sq mi (30.8/km2) |
| Riverview | York County | 681 | 1.52 sq mi (3.95 km2) | 446.85/sq mi (172.54/km2) |
| Roebuck | Spartanburg County | 2,200 | 4.31 sq mi (11.16 km2) | 510.44/sq mi (197.09/km2) |
| Russellville | Berkeley County | 488 | 3.75 sq mi (9.72 km2) | 130.03/sq mi (50.21/km2) |
| St. Andrews | Richland County | 20,493 | 19.89 sq mi (51.5 km2) | 1,030.52/sq mi (397.9/km2) |
| Sangaree | Berkeley County | 8,220 | 2.39 sq mi (6.18 km2) | 3,442.21/sq mi (1329.09/km2) |
| Sans Souci | Greenville County | 7,869 | 0.83 sq mi (2.15 km2) | 9,492.16/sq mi (3665.07/km2) |
| Saxon | Spartanburg County | 3,424 | 3.29 sq mi (8.52 km2) | 1,040.41/sq mi (401.72/km2) |
| Seven Oaks | Lexington County | 15,144 | 0.84 sq mi (2.19 km2) | 17,943.13/sq mi (6928.12/km2) |
| Shell Point | Beaufort County | 2,336 | 0.69 sq mi (1.79 km2) | 3,370.85/sq mi (1301.54/km2) |
| Shiloh | Sumter County | 214 | 7.61 sq mi (19.7 km2) | 28.14/sq mi (10.86/km2) |
| Slater-Marietta | Greenville County | 2,176 | 9.75 sq mi (25.26 km2) | 223.09/sq mi (86.14/km2) |
| Socastee | Horry County | 19,952 | 4.31 sq mi (11.17 km2) | 4,624.94/sq mi (1785.76/km2) |
| South Sumter | Sumter County | 2,411 | 4.09 sq mi (10.58 km2) | 590.21/sq mi (227.89/km2) |
| Southern Shops | Spartanburg County | 3,767 | 13.87 sq mi (35.92 km2) | 271.61/sq mi (104.87/km2) |
| Springdale | Lancaster County | 2,574 | 3.33 sq mi (8.62 km2) | 772.97/sq mi (298.46/km2) |
| Startex | Spartanburg County | 859 | 1.56 sq mi (4.03 km2) | 552.41/sq mi (213.29/km2) |
| Stateburg | Sumter County | 1,380 | 4.68 sq mi (12.12 km2) | 294.87/sq mi (113.85/km2) |
| Taylors | Greenville County | 21,617 | 10.74 sq mi (27.82 km2) | 2,012.57/sq mi (777.08/km2) |
| Tigerville | Greenville County | 1,312 | 1.35 sq mi (3.49 km2) | 974.74/sq mi (376.36/km2) |
| Utica | Oconee County | 1,489 | 1.36 sq mi (3.52 km2) | 1,095.66/sq mi (423.05/km2) |
| Valley Falls | Spartanburg County | 6,299 | 5.22 sq mi (13.51 km2) | 1,207.63/sq mi (466.28/km2) |
| Wade Hampton | Greenville County | 20,622 | 9.01 sq mi (23.33 km2) | 2,289.04/sq mi (883.84/km2) |
| Wallace | Marlboro County | 892 | 6.69 sq mi (17.33 km2) | 133.29/sq mi (51.47/km2) |
| Ware Place | Greenville County | 228 | 0.92 sq mi (2.38 km2) | 248.37/sq mi (95.9/km2) |
| Warrenville | Aiken County | 1,233 | 1.09 sq mi (2.83 km2) | 1,128.09/sq mi (435.57/km2) |
| Watts Mills | Laurens County | 1,635 | 2.27 sq mi (5.87 km2) | 720.9/sq mi (278.35/km2) |
| Wedgewood | Sumter County | 1,615 | 8.59 sq mi (22.26 km2) | 187.94/sq mi (72.57/km2) |
| Welcome | Greenville County | 6,668 | 4.69 sq mi (12.13 km2) | 1,423.27/sq mi (549.54/km2) |
| Wilkinson Heights | Orangeburg County | 2,493 | 3 sq mi (7.76 km2) | 832.39/sq mi (321.4/km2) |
| Willington | McCormick County | 142 | 6 sq mi (15.53 km2) | 23.68/sq mi (9.14/km2) |
| Winnsboro Mills | Fairfield County | 1,898 | 3.23 sq mi (8.36 km2) | 587.98/sq mi (227.03/km2) |
| Woodfield | Richland County | 9,303 | 2.78 sq mi (7.2 km2) | 3,345.2/sq mi (1291.63/km2) |


title: Martha Hildebrandt

abstract: Martha Luz Hildebrandt Pérez-Treviño was a Peruvian linguist and Fujimorist politician. She was first elected to Congress in 1995 and, in 1999, she became the second woman to serve as President of the Congress of the Republic of Peru.

text:
# Martha Hildebrandt

**Martha Luz Hildebrandt Pérez-Treviño** (Spanish pronunciation: \[ˌmaɾ.ð̞a ˌlus il̪.d̪eˌβ̞ɾãn̪d̪ð̞ ˌpe.ɾes t̪ɾeˈβ̞i.ɲo\]; 13 January 1925 – 8 December 2022) was a Peruvian linguist and Fujimorist politician. She was first elected to Congress in 1995 and, in 1999, she became the second woman to serve as President of the Congress of the Republic of Peru (following Martha Chávez's term in 1995–1996).

## Education

In 1942, Hildebrandt studied education and literature simultaneously at the National University of San Marcos. In 1952, she studied Structural Linguistics at Northwestern University in Illinois, United States, and subsequently Descriptive Linguistics at the University of Oklahoma, also in the United States.

## Career

From 1947 to 1953, Hildebrandt worked at the National University of San Marcos as a teacher. Then she traveled to Venezuela, where she worked in linguistics at the Department of Justice of Venezuela. In 1962, she returned to the National University of San Marcos as a professor and remained there until 1973. From 1972 until 1976, she was also the General Director of the National Institute of Culture.

### Linguistics

From 1974 to 1978, she held important positions in the Organization of American States (OAS) and in UNESCO, in the area of linguistics.

## Political career

Martha Hildebrandt was a local linguist who was well known to the broad Peruvian public, though she spoke neither Quechua nor Aymara. She was the Perpetual Secretary of the Academia Peruana de la Lengua from 1993 to 2005. Her numerous books on subjects related to the Spanish Language are extensively quoted.

Hildebrandt's political life began in 1994 with her professional relationship with Alberto Fujimori. In the general elections of 1995, she was chosen by Cambio 90-Nueva Mayoría to run for Congress and won a seat in the legislature. When the general elections of 2000 approached and Alberto Fujimori sought re-election, she defended the controversial project, along with Martha Chávez, Luz Salgado and Carmen Lozada.

In 1999, she was chosen as President of Congress, and in 2000 she was reaffirmed in the position. When the regime of Alberto Fujimori began to collapse, Hildebrandt was removed from the position to "avoid to be closely tied to the regime" after holding the post for 48 hours only.

She was replaced by First Vice-president Luz Salgado, and then – after two disputed elections between government supporters and opposition – Valentín Paniagua Corazao (Accion Popular) was chosen temporarily as the new President of Congress and therefore became the Transitional President of the Republic after Fujimori's resignation.

In the general election of 2001, she was not elected; Luz Salgado was her replacement in the Congress of the Republic as Salgado was suspended from Congress. Already in the general election of 2006, advanced with the number 2 to the Congress and was chosen in the third voting inside Alianza para el Futuro, a coalition of Fujimorists and she was elected. In the 2011 general election, she lost her seat when she ran for re-election under the Fuerza 2011 party, marking the end of her political career.

In August 2006, Hildebrandt criticized two congresswomen from Cusco, Hilaria Supa and María Sumire, for being sworn in before Congress in their native language Quechua on 25 July 2006. Hildebrandt demanded Spanish should be used as the only language in Congress. The Congress, however, decided translations from Quechua and other indigenous languages should be taken into account for all sessions.

## Death

Hildebrandt died at her home in Miraflores on 8 December 2022, at the age of 97.

## Publications

* *Wayúunaikṫ : Cartilla guajira*, 1958
* *Sistema fonemico del macoita*, 1958
* *La lengua de Bolívar*, 1961
* *Diccionario guajiro-español*, 1963
* *Peruanismos*, 1965
* *El habla culta, o, Lo que debiera serlo*, 2000
* *Léxico de Bolívar : el español de América en el siglo XIX', 2001*

## InfoBox

| Martha Hildebrandt | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| President of Congress | |
| **In office**
27 July 1999  13 November 2000 | |
| Preceded by | Víctor Joy Way |
| Succeeded by | Luz Salgado |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1925-01-13)13 January 1925
La Libertad, Peru |
| Died | 8 December 2022(2022-12-08) (aged 97)
Miraflores District, Lima, Peru |
| Political party | New Majority |
|  | |


title: Mary Penry

abstract: Mary Penry was a Welsh-born woman in colonial Pennsylvania. As a longtime member of the Moravian community at Lititz, she served as "diarist, accountant and guide" for the single sisters' house.

text:
# Mary Penry

**Mary Penry** (12 November 1735 — 17 May 1804) was a Welsh-born woman in colonial Pennsylvania. As a longtime member of the Moravian community at Lititz, she served as "diarist, accountant and guide" for the single sisters' house.

## Early life

Mary Penry was born at Abergavenny, the daughter of Hugh and Mary (Stocker) Penry. She left Wales with her widowed mother as a young girl, in about 1744. They moved in with Mary Stocker Penry's married sister and her husband, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Mary Penry was educated with Elizabeth Drinker and Hannah Callender as a young woman. Penry converted to Moravianism and left Philadelphia in 1756, but maintained an ongoing correspondence with her schoolmates for decades.

## In colonial Pennsylvania

Unhappy in her stepfather's home, Miss Penry moved to the Sisters' House at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, in 1756, at the suggestion of artist and preacher John Valentine Haidt. In 1762, she moved again, to the Moravian community at Lititz, Pennsylvania. There she served the community as *Schreiber* (records keeper) and as *Fremden-dienerin* (guide for visitors to the community).

She died in 1804, from bronchitis, age 68.

Mary Penry's letters home from Pennsylvania to her Welsh cousins were detailed and personal, as seen in this physical description of herself in middle age:

> "I have most excellent eyes for use--but not for beauty--dark grey--am near-sighted yet not so much as to hold my work close to my nose. I am always taken to be younger than I really am; as I am plump the wrinkles are not so visible as they would be were I lean and haggard."

The letters also show a close familiarity with music, especially as taught at the Linden Hall School during her active years. Her surviving letters, many of which are now in the collection of the National Library of Wales, are among the best manuscript sources on Moravian life in eighteenth-century America. The choir diaries that she kept, which span forty years, are in the Moravian Archives at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.

The Single Sisters' Residence where Penry lived is still standing and part of the Lititz Moravian Historic District. Mary Penry is one of the historical figures re-enacted in the Candelight Cemetery Tour at Lititz.

Her surviving letters, some 75 in all, have been collected and edited by Scott Paul Gordon as *The Letters of Mary Penry: A Single Moravian Woman in Early America* (Pennsylvania State University Press, 2018).


title: Mantra of Light

abstract: dosha-kaji The Mantra of Light, also called the Mantra of the Light of Great Consecration and Mantra of the Unfailing Rope Snare, is an important mantra of the Shingon and Kegon sects of Japanese Buddhism. It is also recited in Japanese Zen Buddhism. The mantra is found in the Amoghapāśa-kalparāja-sūtra as well as in the Sutra of the Mantra of the Unfailing Rope Snare of the Buddha Vairocana's Great Baptism and is associated with the deity Amoghapāśa, a form of Avalokiteshvara. It is also the mantra associated with the consecration (abhiseka) of Amoghapāśa by myriad Buddhas.

text:
# Mantra of Light

The **Mantra of Light** (Japanese: *kōmyō shingon*, 光明真言, Sanskrit: *Prabhāsa-mantra*), also called the *Mantra of the Light of Great Consecration* (Ch: 大灌頂光真言) and *Mantra of the Unfailing Rope Snare*, is an important mantra of the Shingon and Kegon sects of Japanese Buddhism. It is also recited in Japanese Zen Buddhism.

The mantra is found in the *Amoghapāśa-kalparāja-sūtra* (Chinese translation at Taisho no. 1092) as well as in the *Sutra of the Mantra of the Unfailing Rope Snare of the Buddha Vairocana's Great Baptism* (不空羂索毘盧遮那佛大灌頂光真言一卷, Taisho no. 1002) and is associated with the deity Amoghapāśa (lit. "Unfailing Rope"), a form of Avalokiteshvara. It is also the mantra associated with the consecration (abhiseka) of Amoghapāśa by myriad Buddhas (hence its name as "mantra for the mudrā consecration" in the Tibetan version of the text)*.*

## Mantra

The "mantra of light" is the following:

**Sanskrit**

* Roman Script: Oṃ Amogha Vairocana Mahāmudrā Maṇipadma Jvālapravarttaya Hūṃ
* Siddhaṃ: 𑖌𑖼𑖀𑖦𑖺𑖑𑖪𑖹𑖨𑖺𑖓𑖡𑖦𑖮𑖯𑖦𑖲𑖟𑖿𑖨𑖯𑖦𑖜𑖰𑖢𑖟𑖿𑖦𑖕𑖿𑖪𑖯𑖩𑖢𑖿𑖨𑖪𑖨𑖿𑖝𑖿𑖝𑖧𑖮𑗝𑖽
* Devanagari: ॐ अमोघ वैरोचन महामुद्रा मणिपद्म ज्वाल प्रवर्त्तय हूँ
*

**Chinese script**

* 唵 阿謨伽 尾盧左曩 摩訶母捺囉 麽抳 鉢納麽 入嚩攞 鉢囉韈哆野 吽
* Ǎn ā mó jiā wěi lú zuǒ nǎng mó hē mǔ nà luō me nǐ bō nà me rù mó luó bō luō wà duō yě hōng

**Japanese**

* おん あぼきゃ べいろしゃのう まかぼだら まに はんどま じんばら はらばりたや うん
* Romanized: Om abokya beiroshanō makabodara mani handoma jinbara harabaritaya un

**Korean**

* 옴 아모가 바이로차나 마하무드라 마니 파드마 즈바라 프라바릍타야 훔
* Romanized: om amoga bairochana mahamudeura mani padeuma jeubara peurabareutaya hum

**Vietnamese**

* Án (Ông/Úm) a mộ già di lô tã nẵng, ma ha mẫu nại ra, na nĩ bát nạp mạ nhập phạ lã, nhập phạ lã, bác ra ni, mát đa dã hồng.

**Tibetan**

* ཨོཾ་ཨ་མོ་གྷ་བཻ་རོ་ཙ་ན་མ་ཧཱ་མུ་དྲཱ་མ་ཎི་པདྨ་ཛྭ་ལ་པྲ་ཝརྟཱ་ཡ་ཧཱུྃ

### Translation

The translation of this mantra, according to Professor Mark Unno, is roughly:

> Praise be to the flawless, all-pervasive illumination of the great mudra \[or seal of the Buddha \]. Turn over to me the jewel, lotus and radiant light.

Another translation according to the Dharmachakra Translation Committee is:

> "Oṁ, amogha jewel-lotus of the splendorous great mudrā! Blaze! Set in motion! Hūṁ!"

## Use and history

The mantra appears in the *Amoghapāśa-kalparāja-sūtra.* It is used as a consecration mantra by the Buddhas of the ten directions which appear to ritually consecrate the bodhisattva Amoghapāśa. In the Tibetan version of this text, the passage which introduces the mantra is:

> All the tathāgatas throughout the ten directions, the fully realized buddhas established throughout the three times, became clearly visible, appearing, through their magical power, to be suspended in the canopy of the sky. They applauded the blessed Tathāgata Śākyamuni: "Good! It is good, Śākyamuni! This king of consecrations is extremely difficult to obtain. The king of vidyās was also consecrated by the former tathāgatas established throughout the three times. All of us declare with a single voice that each of us will also consecrate the great king of vidyās, the Light of the Wish-Fulfilling Amogha Jewel." Subsequently, each of the tathāgatas established throughout the three times extended his golden hand and consecrated the king of vidyās by anointing his head. Each tathāgata thus bestowed the mudrā consecration upon the king of vidyās. The mantra for the mudrā consecration is: "Oṁ, amogha jewel-lotus of the splendorous great mudrā! Blaze! Set in motion! Hūṁ!" Immediately after bestowing the great mudrā of consecration, each tathāgata congratulated the king of vidyās and disappeared, returning to his particular buddha field.

Initially, the mantra received little mention in East Asian Buddhist texts. The mantra is found in a short text translated by Amoghavajra which focuses on its apotropaic and healing uses (Taisho no. 1002, entitled *Sutra of the Amoghapasa Light Mantra of the Buddha Vairocana’s Great Consecration*, 不空羂索毘盧遮那佛大灌頂光真言一卷). Although Kukai brought this sutra to Japan in the 9th century, there are no records that he ever utilized it in tantric practices.

Records show gradually increasing use in the Heian Period, until the 13th century when it was popularized in medieval Japanese Buddhism by Myōe, and later by Shingon monks Eison and Ninshō in their ministries.

Both the Mantra and the nembutsu were often incorporated by medieval Buddhists at one time or another, often in the same service. A common practice for the Mantra of Light was to sprinkle pure sand, blessed with this mantra, on the body of a deceased person or their tomb, based on teachings expounded in the Sutra. The belief was that a person who had accumulated much bad karma, and possible rebirth in Hell would be immediately freed and allowed a favorable rebirth into the Pure Land of Amitabha Buddha. This practice is known as ***dosha-kaji*** (土砂加持) in Japanese.

Today, the mantra remains one of the most popular mantras in Shingon Buddhism.

1. Unno, Mark, *Shingon Refractions: Myoe and the Mantra of Light,* Ch. 1.
2. Unno, Mark (2004). *Shingon Refractions: Myoe and the Mantra of Light*. Wisdom Press. pp. 1, 26–41. ISBN 0-86171-390-7.
3. "The Sovereign Ritual of Amoghapāśa | 84000 Reading Room". *84000 Translating The Words of The Buddha*. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
4. Tanabe Jr., George (1999). *Religions of Japan in Practice*. Princeton University Press. p. 92. ISBN 0-231-11286-6.


abstract: Frederick Stephenson was an English cricketer active from 1875 to 1877 who played for Lancashire. He was born in Todmorden. He appeared in two first-class matches as a lefthanded batsman who bowled left arm fast with a roundarm action. He scored no runs and held two catches. He took one wicket with a best analysis of one for 17. Stephenson made his debut in first-class cricket for Lancashire against Kent at the Catford Bridge in 1875. A second and final first-class appearance for Lancashire came against Derbyshire at Derby in 1877. He died in July 1927, aged 74.

text:
# Frederick Stephenson (English cricketer)

**Frederick Stephenson** (24 April 1853 – July 1927) was an English cricketer active from 1875 to 1877 who played for Lancashire. He was born in Todmorden. He appeared in two first-class matches as a lefthanded batsman who bowled left arm fast with a roundarm action. He scored no runs and held two catches. He took one wicket with a best analysis of one for 17.

Stephenson made his debut in first-class cricket for Lancashire against Kent at the Catford Bridge in 1875. A second and final first-class appearance for Lancashire came against Derbyshire at Derby in 1877.

He died in July 1927, aged 74.

## InfoBox

Frederick Stephenson
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Frederick Stephenson |
| Born | 24 April 1853
Todmorden, Yorkshire, England |
| Died | July 1927 (aged 74)
England |
| Batting | Left-handed |
| Bowling | Left-arm roundarm fast |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 18751877 | Lancashire |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 2  Runs scored 0  Batting average 0.00  100s/50s /  Top score 0  Balls bowled 32  Wickets 1  Bowling average 17.00  5 wickets in innings   10 wickets in match   Best bowling 1/17  Catches/stumpings 2/ | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 15 March 2015 | |


title: Yao Gaitor

abstract: Yao Gaitor is a former boxer, who represented Togo at the 1984 Summer Olympics. Gaitor competed in the bantamweight contest at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, but he lost on points in the first round against Finnish boxer Jarmo Eskelinen.

text:
# Yao Gaitor

**Yao Gaitor** (2 March 1960) is a former boxer, who represented Togo at the 1984 Summer Olympics.

Gaitor competed in the bantamweight contest at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, but he lost on points in the first round against Finnish boxer Jarmo Eskelinen.

## 1984 Olympic results

Below is the record of Yao Gaitor, a Togolese bantamweight boxer who competed at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics:

## InfoBox

Yao Gaitor
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Togo |
| Born | March 2, 1960 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Boxing |
| Weight class | Bantamweight |


title: Margaret Home, Countess of Moray

abstract: Margaret Home, Countess of Moray was a Scottish aristocrat and compiler of recipe books.

text:
# Margaret Home, Countess of Moray

**Margaret Home, Countess of Moray** (died 1683) was a Scottish aristocrat and compiler of recipe books.

## Family background

She was the eldest daughter of Alexander Home, 1st Earl of Home (died 1619) and Mary Sutton, Countess of Home (died 1644).

Her siblings were her brother, James Home, 2nd Earl of Home (d. 1633) who married firstly, Catherine Cary (1609–1626) eldest daughter of Viscount Falkland and the playwright Elizabeth Tanfield Cary author of *The Tragedy of Mariam*, and in 1626 married secondly Grace Fane (d. 1633) daughter of Francis Fane, 1st Earl of Westmorland and Mary Mildmay, and her younger sister, Anne Home, Countess of Lauderdale (d. 1671), who married John Maitland, 1st Duke of Lauderdale. Their daughter Mary Maitland married John Hay, 2nd Marquess of Tweeddale.

## A Happy Husband

A Scottish author Patrick Hannay (fl. 1616–1630) dedicated *A happy husband or, Directions for a Maide to choose her Mate, As also, a Wives behaviour towards her Husband after Marriage* (Edinburgh, 1618/1619?) to Margaret Home.

In October 1627 she married James Stuart, eldest son of the Earl of Moray, then known as "Lord Doune". She had a nursery for her children in her mother's house in the Canongate of Edinburgh, now known as Moray House. After her brother, the Earl of Home died in 1633, she received a share of the composition of the barony of Home. She and her husband refurbished their house at Donibristle, employing English artisans including the painters, Edward Arthur and George Crawford, and installed a fountain with a bronze figure of Mercury balanced on a tortoise.

At Donibristle House, her cabinet included an early and luxurious telescope, bought in London in 1634 for £15 sterling. Books included volumes of sermons and a work penned by Esther Inglis, while Markham's *Husbandry* and *Country Farm*, a French book of plants and physic, and Parkinson's *Herbal*, may have been of practical use. She compiled three recipe books with the help of a clerk, including family recipes for medicines and culinary recipes supplied by a Mistress Young. A treatment diary written by her sister-in-law Grace Fane in 1628 was included, copied in Margaret Home's handwriting.

In May 1650, the house in Canongate was used for the wedding party of her daughter Mary Stuart and Lord Lorne. It is said that the family and Archibald Johnston watched the captive Earl of Montrose being taken up the Royal Mile. Their encounter was depicted in 1859 by the history painter James Drummond.

In 1652, Margaret Home made over lands in Moray from her dowry or terce to her husband, so that he could sell them to meet their debts. He died in 1653. The Countess lived as a widow till 1683, she maintained Moray House in Edinburgh and its gardens, and planted woods at Donibristle. The writer Thomas Kirk saw the Mercury fountain in 1677. After her death, her factor, the lawyer Hugh Paterson, working with one of her grandsons to make inventories, found a fortune in silver plate hidden in a cupboard at the Canongate. Hugh Paterson was the builder of Bannockburn House near Stirling.

## Family

Their children included:


title: Matilda M. Barratt

abstract: Matilda Moorhouse Barratt was a member of the first-ever general presidency of the Primary organization of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1880 to 1888. Matilda Moorehouse was born in Stockport, Cheshire, England. She married John Barratt in 1864 and converted to the LDS Church. In 1876, she emigrated to Utah Territory and settled in Salt Lake City. In 1880, when the Primary was organized with Louie B. Felt as general president, Felt selected Barratt to serve as her first counselor in the Primary general presidency. Barratt served in this position until 1888, when she was succeeded by Lillie T. Freeze. During her time as a member of the Primary general presidency, Barratt also served as the treasurer of the Deseret Hospital. Barratt was the mother of three children. Her two daughters died in infancy and her son Samuel Barratt died in 1900 after serving as a LDS Church missionary in England. Barratt was wealthy and donated much of her money to educational institutions in Utah. In memory of her son, she donated $25,000 for the construction of Barratt Hall at the Latter-day Saints' University. Barratt died in Salt Lake City and is buried at Salt Lake City Cemetery.

text:
# Matilda M. Barratt

**Matilda Moorhouse Barratt** (January 17, 1837 – April 14, 1902) was a member of the first-ever general presidency of the Primary organization of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1880 to 1888.

Matilda Moorehouse was born in Stockport, Cheshire, England. She married John Barratt in 1864 and converted to the LDS Church. In 1876, she emigrated to Utah Territory and settled in Salt Lake City. In 1880, when the Primary was organized with Louie B. Felt as general president, Felt selected Barratt to serve as her first counselor in the Primary general presidency. Barratt served in this position until 1888, when she was succeeded by Lillie T. Freeze. During her time as a member of the Primary general presidency, Barratt also served as the treasurer of the Deseret Hospital.

Barratt was the mother of three children. Her two daughters died in infancy and her son Samuel Barratt died in 1900 after serving as a LDS Church missionary in England.

Barratt was wealthy and donated much of her money to educational institutions in Utah. In memory of her son, she donated $25,000 for the construction of Barratt Hall at the Latter-day Saints' University. Barratt died in Salt Lake City and is buried at Salt Lake City Cemetery.

* Jenson, Andrew (1936). *Latter-day Saint biographical encyclopedia: A compilation of biographical sketches of prominent men and women in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints*. Vol. 4. Salt Lake City, Utah: The Andrew Jenson Memorial Association (Printed by The Deseret News Press). pp. 5896 2735939 274. ISBN 1-58958-026-5. Retrieved December 20, 2011.

|  |
| --- |
|  |

## InfoBox

| Matilda M. Barratt | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| First Counselor in the general presidency of the Primary | |
| June 19, 1880 (1880-06-19)  1888 | |
| Called by | Louie B. Felt |
| Successor | Lillie T. Freeze |
|  | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Matilda Moorhouse
(1837-01-17)January 17, 1837
Stockport, England |
| Died | April 14, 1902(1902-04-14) (aged 65)
Salt Lake City, Utah, United States |
| Resting place | Salt Lake City Cemetery
40°46′37″N 111°51′29″W / 40.777°N 111.858°W / 40.777; -111.858 (Salt Lake City Cemetery) |
| Spouse(s) | John Barratt |
| Children | 3 |
|  | |


title: Undark

abstract: Undark was a trade name for luminous paint made with a mixture of radioactive radium and zinc sulfide, as produced by the U.S. Radium Corporation between 1917 and 1938. It was used primarily in watch and clock dials. The people working in the industry who applied the radioactive paint became known as the Radium Girls because many of them became ill and some died from exposure to the radiation emitted by the radium contained within the product. The product was the direct cause of radium jaw in the dial painters. Undark was also available as a kit for general consumer use and marketed as glow-in-the-dark paint.

text:
# Undark

**Undark** was a trade name for luminous paint made with a mixture of radioactive radium and zinc sulfide, as produced by the U.S. Radium Corporation between 1917 and 1938. It was used primarily in watch and clock dials. The people working in the industry who applied the radioactive paint became known as the Radium Girls because many of them became ill and some died from exposure to the radiation emitted by the radium contained within the product. The product was the direct cause of radium jaw in the dial painters. Undark was also available as a kit for general consumer use and marketed as glow-in-the-dark paint.

## Similar products

Mixtures similar to Undark, consisting of radium and zinc sulfide were used by other companies. Trade names include:

and

* *Marvelite*, used by Cold Light Manufacturing Company (a subsidiary of the Radium Company of Colorado)

## Further reading

* Clark, Claudia. (1987). *Radium Girls: Women and Industrial Health Reform, 1910-1935*. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-4640-6.
* Ross Mullner. (1999) *Deadly Glow. The Radium Dial Worker Tragedy.* American Public Health Association. ISBN 0-87553-245-4.
* National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. "Radiation Exposure from Consumer Products and Miscellaneous Sources. NCRP Report No. 56. 1977.
* Scientific American (*Macklis RM, The great radium scandal. Sci.Am. 1993 Aug: 269(2):94-99*)


title: Montgomery Schuyler Jr.

abstract: Montgomery Schuyler Jr. was an American diplomat and banker who served as United States Envoy to Ecuador and El Salvador.

text:
# Montgomery Schuyler Jr.

**Montgomery Schuyler Jr.** (September 2, 1877 – November 1, 1955) was an American diplomat and banker who served as United States Envoy to Ecuador and El Salvador.

## Early life

Schuyler was born on September 2, 1877, in Stamford, Connecticut. He was the son of Montgomery Schuyler (1842–1914) and Katherine Beeckman (née Livingston) Schuyler (1842–1914). His younger brother was Robert Livingston Schuyler (1883–1966), who served as president of the American Historical Association.

His paternal grandparents were Eleanor (née Johnson) Schuyler (1818–1849) and the Rev. Dr. Anthony Schuyler (1816–1900), one time rector of the Protestant Episcopal Church Grace Church in Orange, New Jersey. The Schuylers were one of the oldest families in New York, descendants of Philip Pieterse Schuyler, who settled in Beverwyck (now Albany, New York) in 1650, through his son Arent Schuyler (1662–1730) and his son Casparus Schuyler (1695–1754). Through his maternal side, he was a direct descendant of Robert Livingston the Elder, the first Lord of Livingston Manor.

Schuyler attended Trinity School in New York's Upper West Side. He received a B.A. and M.A. from Columbia University in 1899 and 1900.

## Career

In 1902, he began his diplomatic career when was appointed Second Secretary to the U.S. legation in St. Petersburg, Russia by President Theodore Roosevelt. Two years later, he was assigned as the secretary to the U.S. Consul General in Bangkok, Thailand. In 1906, he was transferred as chargé d'affaires to Romania and Serbia.

In 1907, Schuyler was again assigned to St. Petersburg as first secretary and chargé d'affaires, staying in this role until 1909 when he became the first secretary of the American Embassy in Tokyo, Japan. His time in Tokyo was followed by another first secretary position in the American Embassy of Mexico.

In 1913, Schuyler was promoted to Minister when he was appointed by President Woodrow Wilson as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Ecuador, serving from May 24, 1913, and until September 29, 1913. He again served in Russia from 1914 to 1915 until the outbreak of World War I.

### World War I

During World War I, Schuyler was a captain in the Ordnance Department and was in the Intelligence Division of the General Staff. In 1918, he became chief intelligence officer of the American Expeditionary Force at Omsk in Siberia, Russia, following the Bolshevik Revolution. He was honorably discharged in 1919 with the rank of Major.

Following the conclusion of World War I, he reentered the diplomatic service and from July 12, 1921, until April 22, 1925, served as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to El Salvador under President Warren G. Harding.

### Later career

Following his retirement from the diplomatic service, he became a partner with Schuyler, Earl & Co. stockbrokers. He also served as president and chairman of the executive committee of the National Bank of Yorkville, vice president of the Century Bank, president of Roosevelt & Schuyler, Ltd., and a director of several banks including the Manufacturers Trust Company.

Schuyler also served as a president of the Order of Colonial Lords of Manors.

## Personal life

On August 22, 1906, Schuyler was married to Edith Lawver (1877–1964). She was the daughter of Dr. W. P. Lawver and the niece of Charles Schneider of Washington, D.C. Together, they lived at 622 West 137 Street in New York City.

Schuyler died on November 1, 1955. He was interred in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.

## InfoBox

| Montgomery Schuyler Jr. | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| U.S. Minister to El Salvador | |
| **In office**
July 12, 1921  April 22, 1925 | |
| President | Warren G. Harding |
| Preceded by | Peter Augustus Jay |
| Succeeded by | Jefferson Caffery |
| U.S. Minister to Ecuador | |
| **In office**
May 24, 1913  September 29, 1913 | |
| President | Woodrow Wilson |
| Preceded by | Evan E. Young |
| Succeeded by | Charles S. Hartman |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1877-09-02)September 2, 1877
Stamford, Connecticut, U.S. |
| Died | November 1, 1955(1955-11-01) (aged 78)
New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Spouse | Edith Lawver (m. 1906) |
| Relations | Robert Livingston Schuyler (brother) |
| Parent(s) | Montgomery Schuyler
Katherine Beeckman Livingston |
| Education | Trinity School |
| Alma mater | Columbia University |
|  | |


abstract: This is a list of the former local government districts in Northern Ireland showing statistics for population, population density and area. The figures are from the 2011 Census. These districts officially dissolved on 1 April 2015 when they were merged into eleven larger districts, statistics for which are listed at Local government in Northern Ireland.

text:
# List of districts in Northern Ireland (pre-2015)

This is a list of the former **local government districts in Northern Ireland** showing statistics for population, population density and area. The figures are from the 2011 Census.

These districts officially dissolved on 1 April 2015 when they were merged into eleven larger districts, statistics for which are listed at Local government in Northern Ireland.

| Council | Population | Density | Area (km2) | Type |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Belfast | 280,962 | 2,339 | 115 | City |
| Lisburn | 120,165 | 247 | 447 | City |
| Derry | 107,877 | 276 | 387 | City |
| Newry and Mourne | 99,480 | 100 | 902 | District |
| Craigavon | 93,023 | 220 | 378 | Borough |
| Newtownabbey | 85,139 | 532 | 151 | Borough |
| North Down | 79,900 | 958 | 81 | Borough |
| Ards | 78,937 | 199 | 376 | Borough |
| Down | 69,731 | 103 | 647 | District |
| Castlereagh | 67,242 | 774 | 85 | Borough |
| Ballymena | 64,044 | 95 | 632 | Borough |
| Fermanagh | 61,805 | 32 | 1,876 | District |
| Armagh | 59,349 | 82 | 671 | City and District |
| Coleraine | 59,067 | 116 | 486 | Borough |
| Dungannon and South Tyrone | 57,852 | 63 | 784 | Borough |
| Antrim | 53,428 | 86 | 577 | Borough |
| Omagh | 51,356 | 44 | 1,130 | District |
| Banbridge | 48,339 | 97 | 453 | District |
| Magherafelt | 45,038 | 72 | 573 | District |
| Strabane | 39,384 | 45 | 862 | District |
| Carrickfergus | 39,114 | 472 | 82 | Borough |
| Cookstown | 37,013 | 54 | 622 | District |
| Limavady | 33,536 | 58 | 586 | Borough |
| Larne | 32,180 | 92 | 336 | Borough |
| Ballymoney | 31,224 | 68 | 418 | Borough |
| Moyle | 17,050 | 34 | 480 | District |


abstract: The Marxist–Leninist Italian Communist Party is anti-revisionist Marxist-Leninist communist party in Italy. The party was founded on December 3, 1999 by the Centre of Marxist Culture and Initiative. The party is based in Forio, a commune in the province of Naples. It was founded by Domenico Savio, an anti-revisionist communist who favors a strict interpretation of the ideology in accordance with the teachings of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin. In October 2004, Savio and his PCIM-L managed to obtain 2,244 votes (6.9%) during the Chamber of Deputies supplementary election in the college of Napoli 1 - Ischia. In the 2006 general election PCI M-L ran a list in the Campania region for the Italian Senate, with Savio as the head of the list. PCIM-L got 26,029 votes. In May 2013 Savio ran for mayor of Forio, getting the 12,89% of votes and was elected as municipal councilor. In June 2018 Savio ran again for major of Forio, only getting 2,33% of votes and thus losing his seat. On 13 March 2020 Domenico Savio died at eighty years of age, and the party is now headed by his son Gennaro Savio.

text:
# Marxist–Leninist Italian Communist Party

The **Marxist–Leninist Italian Communist Party** (*Partito Comunista Italiano Marxista-Leninista*, PCIM-L) is anti-revisionist Marxist-Leninist communist party in Italy. The party was founded on December 3, 1999 by the *Centre of Marxist Culture and Initiative* (Centro di Cultura e Iniziativa Marxista*).*

The party is based in Forio, a commune in the province of Naples. It was founded by Domenico Savio, an anti-revisionist communist who favors a strict interpretation of the ideology in accordance with the teachings of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin. In October 2004, Savio and his PCIM-L managed to obtain 2,244 votes (6.9%) during the Chamber of Deputies supplementary election in the college of *Napoli 1 - Ischia*.

In the 2006 general election PCI M-L ran a list in the Campania region for the Italian Senate, with Savio as the head of the list. PCIM-L got 26,029 votes (0.856% of the vote in that region, 0.08% of the national vote).

In May 2013 Savio ran for mayor of Forio, getting the 12,89% of votes and was elected as municipal councilor. In June 2018 Savio ran again for major of Forio, only getting 2,33% of votes and thus losing his seat.

On 13 March 2020 Domenico Savio died at eighty years of age, and the party is now headed by his son Gennaro Savio.

*Partito Comunista Italiano Marxista-Leninista*

## InfoBox

| Marxist-Leninist Italian Communist Party Partito Comunista Italiano Marxista-Leninista | |
| --- | --- |
|
| General Secretary | Gennaro Savio |
| Founded | 3 December 1999 |
| Headquarters | Via Provinciale Panza, 37 - 80075 Forio (NA) |
| Newspaper | *Comunismo* |
| Ideology |  |
| Political position | Far-left |
| Website | |
| https://www.pciml.net/ | |
|  | |


title: Martha Himmelfarb

abstract: Martha Himmelfarb is an American scholar of religion. Her areas of focus include the Second Temple period in Jewish history, Jewish and Christian apocalyptic literature, Hekhalot literature, early Christianity, early rabbinic Judaism after the fall of the Second Temple, and the Jewish priesthood. She became an academic at Princeton University in New Jersey in 1978, and eventually acquired the named chair of William H. Danforth Professor of Religion. She took on emeritus status at Princeton in 2022. Much of Himmelfarb's work is on the intersection of Hellenistic Judaism, Jewish Christianity, and early Christianity in general; she considers older approaches to have overly downplayed early Christianity's Jewish roots and Jewish influences, and advocates that the wider split between Judaism and Christianity occurred more slowly and gradually than traditional views portrayed it.

text:
# Martha Himmelfarb

**Martha Himmelfarb** (born 1952) is an American scholar of religion. Her areas of focus include the Second Temple period in Jewish history, Jewish and Christian apocalyptic literature, Hekhalot literature, early Christianity, early rabbinic Judaism after the fall of the Second Temple, and the Jewish priesthood. She became an academic at Princeton University in New Jersey in 1978, and eventually acquired the named chair of William H. Danforth Professor of Religion. She took on emeritus status at Princeton in 2022. Much of Himmelfarb's work is on the intersection of Hellenistic Judaism, Jewish Christianity, and early Christianity in general; she considers older approaches to have overly downplayed early Christianity's Jewish roots and Jewish influences, and advocates that the wider split between Judaism and Christianity occurred more slowly and gradually than traditional views portrayed it.

## Biography

Martha Himmelfarb was born in 1952 in New York City to the Himmelfarb family, who descended from Russian Jews who emigrated to America. Her father was the sociographer Milton Himmelfarb who worked as director of research at the American Jewish Committee; and her aunt was Gertrude Himmelfarb, also known as Bea Kristol. Her family was not particularly observant to Jewish law, but took seriously Jewish life and culture. She attended White Plains High School, then attended Barnard College for her undergraduate education. She also studied at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America from 19701974 and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 19721973. She received a bachelor's degree majoring in the Greek language from Barnard in 1974, with distinction. In her studies, she also learned Aramaic and Classical Hebrew. She received a PhD from the University of Pennsylvania in 1981, studying under Bob Kraft. Her dissertation on Jewish origins of Christian apocalyptic literature such as the Apocalypse of Peter and the Apocalypse of Paul would be the foundation of her first scholarly book, *Tours of Hell: An Apocalyptic Form in Jewish and Christian Literature*, a well-received and influential work published in 1983.

Himmelfarb joined the religion department at Princeton University in 1978, initially as a lecturer; gained a position as assistant professor after completing her PhD in 1981; and was promoted to full professor in 1994. In 1995, Ronald O. Perelman made a major donation to Princeton to establish a school of Judaic Studies, and Himmelfarb was a key player in establishing the academic background of what would become the Princeton program in Jewish studies from its beginnings in 1982 to becoming a full certificate program in 1995. She served as department chair of the Religion Department from 1999 to 2006, and gained the named chair of William H. Danforth Professor of Religion. She was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2008. She then served as director of Judaic Studies in 20132020. She took emeritus status at Princeton in Spring 2022; in her final year she was awarded the Howard T. Behrman Award for Distinguished Achievement in the Humanities, an award given to Princeton faculty.

In 2023, the book *Above, Below, Before, and After: Studies in Judaism and Christianity in Conversation with Martha Himmelfarb* was published, a *festschrift* with articles related to Himmelfarb's research and in dialogue with her work.

In Himmelfarb's personal life, she is married to Steven Weiss, a sculptor and draftsman who worked at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. The couple has four children together.

## Selected works

**Books**

* Himmelfarb, Martha (1983). *Tours of Hell: An Apocalyptic Form in Jewish and Christian Literature*. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-7882-8.
* Himmelfarb, Martha (1993). *Ascent to Heaven in Jewish and Christian Apocalypses*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508203-6.
* Himmelfarb, Martha (2006). *A Kingdom of Priests: Ancestry and Merit in Ancient Judaism*. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812239508.
* Himmelfarb, Martha (2010). *The Apocalypse: A Brief History*. Wiley Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-444-31822-7.
    + Translated into Japanese in 2013 by Shun'ichi Takayanagi as 黙示文学の世界 (*Mokushi bungaku no sekai*)
* Himmelfarb, Martha (2013). *Between Temple and Torah: Essays on Priests, Scribes, and Visionaries in the Second Temple Period and Beyond*. Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism 151. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-16-152139-3.
* Himmelfarb, Martha (2017). *Jewish Messiahs in a Christian Empire: A History of the Book of Zerubbabel*. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674057623.

**Articles**

* "R. Moses the Preacher and the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs." *AJS Review*, vol. 9, no. 1, 1984, pp. 55–78. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1486438.
* "The Experience of the Visionary and Genre in the Ascension of Isaiah 6-11 and the Apocalypse of Paul". *Semeia* 36: Early Christian Apocalypticism: Genre and Social Setting. 1986.
* "From Prophecy to Apocalypse: The Book of the Watchers and Tours of Heaven," in *Jewish Spirituality I: From the Bible through the Middle Ages*, ed. A. Green, New York: Crossroads, 1986, pp. 145–165
* "Heavenly Ascent and the Relationship of the Apocalypses and the 'Hekhalot' Literature." Hebrew Union College Annual, vol. 59, 1988, pp. 73–100. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23507850.
* "The Practice of Ascent in the Ancient Mediterranean World," in *Death, Ecstasy, and Other Worldly Journeys*, ed. J. J. Collins and M. Fishbane, Albany: SUNY Press, 1995, pp. 121–137
* "Judaism and Hellenism in 2 Maccabees." *Poetics Today*, vol. 19, no. 1, 1998, pp. 19–40. https://doi.org/10.2307/1773110.
* "Elias Bickerman on Judaism and Hellenism", in *The Jewish Past Revisited: Reflections on Modern Jewish Historians*, ed. D. N. Myers and D. B. Ruderman, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998, pp. 199–211
* "Levi, Phinehas, and the Problem of Intermarriage at the Time of the Maccabean Revolt." *Jewish Studies Quarterly*, vol. 6, no. 1, 1999, pp. 1–24. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40753228.
* "Sexual Relations and Purity in the Temple Scroll and the Book of Jubilees." *Dead Sea Discoveries*, vol. 6, no. 1, 1999, pp. 11–36. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4193109.
* "The Wisdom of the Scribe, the Wisdom of the Priest, and the Wisdom of the King According to Ben Sira," in *For a Later Generation: The Transformation of Tradition in Israel, Early Judaism and Early Christianity*, ed. R. A. Argall, B. A. Bow, and R. A. Werline, Harrisburg: Trinity, 2000, pp. 89–99
* "Impurity and Sin in 4QD, 1QS, and 4Q512." *Dead Sea Discoveries*, vol. 8, no. 1, 2001, pp. 9–37. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4193176.
* "Priests in the Book of the Watchers and the Astronomical Book," *Hen* 24 (2002), pp. 131–135
* "The Torah between Athens and Jerusalem: Jewish Difference in Antiquity," in *Ancient Judaism in Its Hellenistic Context*, ed. C. Bakhos, JSJ Sup 95, Leiden: Brill, 2005, pp. 113–129
* "'He Was Renowned to the Ends of the Earth' (1 Maccabees 3:9): Judaism and Hellenism in 1 Maccabees," in *Jewish Literatures and Cultures: Context and Intertext*, ed. A. Norich and Y. Z. Eliav, BJS 349, Providence: Brown Judaic Studies, 2008, pp. 77–97.
* "'Found Written in the Book of Moses': Priests in the Era of Torah," in *Was 70 CE a Watershed in Jewish History?*, ed. D. R. Schwartz and Z. Weiss, in collaboration with R. A. Clements, *AJEC* 78, Leiden: Brill, 2011, pp. 23–41
* "The Mother of the Seven Sons in Lamentations Rabbah and the Virgin Mary." *Jewish Studies Quarterly*, vol. 22, no. 4, 2015, pp. 325–351. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24751673.
* "3 Baruch Revisited: Jewish or Christian Composition and Why It Matters." In *Zeitschrift für Antikes Christentum/Journal of Ancient Christianity* 20 2016: pp. 41-62.
* "Abraham and the Messianism of Genesis Rabbah." In *Genesis Rabbah in Text and Context*, ed. Sarit Kattan Gribetz et al. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2016. pp. 99-114.
* "'Greater Is the Covenant with Aaron' (Sifre Numbers 119): Rabbis, Priests, and Kings Revisited." In *The Faces of Torah: Studies in the Texts and Contexts of Ancient Judaism in Honor of Steven Fraade*, ed. Michal Bar-Asher Siegal, Tzvi Novick, and Christine Hayes. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2017. pp. 339-350.
* "Second Temple Literature outside the Canon." In *Early Judaism: New Insights and Scholarship*, ed. Frederick E. Greenspahn. New York: New York University Press, 2018.

**As an editor**

* Boustan, Ra'anan; Himmelfarb, Martha; Schäfer, Peter, eds. (2013). *Hekhalot Literature in Context: Between Byzantium and Babylonia*. Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism. Mohr Siebeck.
* Gribetz, Sarit Kattan; Grossberg, David M.; Himmelfarb, Martha; Schäfer, Peter, eds. (2016). *Genesis Rabbah in Text and Context*. Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism. Mohr Siebeck.

**Festschrift**

* Boustan, Ra'anan; Frankfurter, David; Reed, Annette Yoshiko, eds. (2023). *Above, Below, Before, and After: Studies in Judaism and Christianity in Conversation with Martha Himmelfarb*. Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism 188. Mohr Siebeck.


title: Maravatío

abstract: Maravatío is a municipality in the Mexican state of Michoacán, representing 1.17% of its land area, or 691.55 km⁲.

text:
# Maravatío

**Maravatío** is a municipality in the Mexican state of Michoacán, representing 1.17% of its land area, or 691.55 km2.

## Etymology

The modern word **Maravatío** comes from the Purépecha word **Marhabatio**, meaning a precious place or thing.

## History

Maravatio has a complicated history spanning hundreds of years. Though officially founded in 1540, the area had previously experienced settlement by Otomi, Mazahua, and Purepecha peoples. After Spanish contact, it functioned as a bulwark against various Chichimeca tribes of the north, primarily the Pame and Guamare, and eventually was classified as an "Indian Republic" governed by Don Pedro Juárez.

## Geography

Neighboring locations include Guanajuato to the north; Contepec and Tlalpujahua to the east; Senguio, Irimbo, and Ciudad Hidalgo to the south; and Zinapécuaro to the west.

## Economy

The economy of Maravatío is primarily agricultural in nature, focusing on the production of strawberries, corn, beans, potatoes, wheat, and tomatoes. The municipality also has a herd of cattle with some economic importance, industries focused on the fabrication of ornamental ironwork, as well as business sectors.

## Tourist attractions

Some of the principal places of interest to tourists in the municipality are the following:

* The Parish Church of San Juan Bautista
* Hacienda de Pomoca (the place where Melchor Ocampo lived)
* El Teatro Morelos (the Morelos Theater)
* El Mirador (the viewpoint)

The city contains the parochial temple of San Juan Bautista, built in the baroque style in the 16th century, as well as the chapel of the Immaculate Conception, in the mudéjar style; the chapel of the Lord of the Column; the Chapel of Saint Michael Archangel, in San Miguel Curahuango; the temple of Saint Mary, in Ziritzícuaro; and the temple of Uripitío.

Also of interest are the former haciendas of Apeo that were the property of Don Mateo Echaíz de Santa Elena in 1857; the house where Don Miguel Hidalgo stayed, near Independence Gate; the railway station, at which trains first arrived in 1883; and the Morelos Theater, constructed in the Porfirio Díaz era, which was inaugurated with a performance by the soprano Ángela Peralta.

Maravatío is a good base for visiting monarch butterfly sanctuaries between October and March, and there are many hot springs near the city suitable for bathing.

Along with tourists attractions, there are many places to enjoy a delicious meal, fruit, or desserts at a very low price.

## Transport

Coaches run by several different companies run to and from Maravatio, connecting nearby towns like Atlacomulco and Ciudad Hidalgo, cities further afield such as Mexico City, Morelia and Querétaro, and international destinations like Atlanta, El Paso and Immokalee.

The nearest airport is Morelia International Airport.

## Politics

Executive power in the municipality is vested in the *presidente municipal* or municipal president. The following table lists Maravatío's past executives:

| Term | Municipal President | Political party |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1972 | Guillermo Calderón Díaz | Institutional Revolutionary Party |
| 1972-1974 | Salvador Olvera Quintero | Institutional Revolutionary Party |
| 1975-1977 | Moisés Aguilar Monroy | Institutional Revolutionary Party |
| 1978-1980 | José Coronel Zamudio | Institutional Revolutionary Party |
| 1981-1982 | Florencio Alcantar Mejía | Institutional Revolutionary Party |
| 1983 | Cuauhtémoc Núñez | Institutional Revolutionary Party |
| 1984-1986 | Antonio Cruz Melo | Institutional Revolutionary Party |
| 1987-1989 | Carlos Torroella | Institutional Revolutionary Party |
| 1990-1992 | Cresenciano Hernández | Party of the Democratic Revolution |
| 1993-1995 | Raúl Fierros Fierros | Institutional Revolutionary Party |
| 1996-1998 | Mario Cruz Andrade | Party of the Democratic Revolution |
| 1999-2001 | José Jaime Hinojosa Campa | Party of the Democratic Revolution |
| 2002-2004 | Ignacio Montoya Marin | Party of the Democratic Revolution |
| 2005-2007 | José Jaime Hinojosa Campa | Party of the Democratic Revolution |
| 2008-2011 | Roberto Flores Bautista |  |
| 2012–2014 | Guillermo Corona López |  |
| 2015–2017 | Jose Luis Abad Bautista |  |
| 2018–present | Jaime Hinojosa Campa |  |

## InfoBox

| Maravatío | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| MaravatíoMaravatío | |
| Coordinates: 19°53′51.33″N 100°26′59.99″W / 19.8975917°N 100.4499972°W / 19.8975917; -100.4499972 | |
| Country | Mexico |
| State | Michoacán |
| Municipal seat | Maravatío de Ocampo |
| Government | |
| Municipal president | Jaime Hinojosa Campa |
| Area | |
| Total | 691.55 km2 (267.01 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 2,036 m (6,680 ft) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 80,258 |
| Density | 120/km2 (300/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Zona Centro) |
| Website | http://ayuntamientomaravatio.gob.mx/ |


abstract: General Sir Frederick Charles Arthur Stephenson, was a senior British Army officer who served as Major General commanding the Brigade of Guards and General Officer Commanding the Home District from 1876 to 1879.

text:
# Frederick Stephenson (British Army officer)

General **Sir Frederick Charles Arthur Stephenson**, GCB (17 July 1821 – 10 March 1911) was a senior British Army officer who served as Major General commanding the Brigade of Guards and General Officer Commanding the Home District from 1876 to 1879.

## Military career

The second son of Major-General Sir Benjamin C. Stephenson, Stephenson was commissioned into the Scots Guards in 1837. He fought in the Crimean War and took part in the expeditions to China in 1858 and 1860 during the Second Opium War.

He was appointed acting Inspector-General of the Auxiliary Forces in 1873 and made Major General commanding the Brigade of Guards and General Officer Commanding the Home District in 1876.

He became Commander-in-Chief of the British Army of Occupation in Cairo in 1883 during the Mahdist War. He also led the Frontier Force and defeated the Dervish Army at the Battle of Ginnis in Sudan in 1885.

In retirement he was Constable of the Tower from 1898 to 1911.

## InfoBox

| Sir Frederick Stephenson | |
| --- | --- |
| *Sir Frederick Stephenson*, an oil sketch by Lady Munro | |
| Born | 17 July 1821 (1821-07-17) |
| Died | 10 March 1911 (1911-03-11) (aged 89) |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | British Army |
| Rank | General |
| Commands | Home District
British Troops in Cairo |
| Battles/wars | Crimean War
Second Opium War
Mahdist War |
| Awards | Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath |


title: Yadavendra Dutt Dubey

abstract: Yadavendra Dutt Dubey was the Maharaja of Jaunpur since 1956. He had been a member of the Hindu nationalist organisation Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh since 1942 and became its sanghchalak (director) for the Varanasi division. He was elected to the 6th and 9th Lok Sabha from Jaunpur on a Bharatiya Jan Sangh ticket. He was a member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly for 17 years and served as its leader of opposition from 1962 to 1964.

text:
# Yadavendra Dutt Dubey

**Yadavendra Dutt Dubey** (7 December 1918 – 1999) was the Maharaja of Jaunpur since 1956. He had been a member of the Hindu nationalist organisation Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh since 1942 and became its *sanghchalak* (director) for the Varanasi division. He was elected to the 6th and 9th Lok Sabha from Jaunpur on a Bharatiya Jan Sangh ticket. He was a member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly for 17 years and served as its leader of opposition from 1962 to 1964.

## InfoBox

| Yadavendra Dutt Dubey | |
| --- | --- |
| *Maharaja of Jaunpur* | |
| Reign | 1944-1971 |
| Coronation | 1944 |
| Predecessor | Shrikrishna Dutt Dubey |
| Successor | Title abolished |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha | |
| **In office**
1989–1991 | |
| Preceded by | Kamla Prasad Singh |
| Succeeded by | Arjun Singh Yadav |
| Constituency | Jaunpur |
| **In office**
1977–1980 | |
| Preceded by | Rajdeo Singh |
| Succeeded by | Azizullah Azmi |
| Constituency | Jaunpur |
| Leader of the Opposition
Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly | |
| **In office**
28 March 1962  2 February 1964 | |
| Chief Minister | Chandra Bhanu Gupta
Sucheta Kripalani |
| Preceded by | Triloki Singh |
| Succeeded by | Sharda Bhukt Singh |
| Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly | |
| **In office**
1969–1974 | |
| Preceded by | K.Prasad |
| Succeeded by | Naju Ram |
| Constituency | Barsathi |
| **In office**
1957–1967 | |
| Preceded by | *constituency established* |
| Succeeded by | K.Pati |
| Constituency | Jaunpur |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1918-12-07)7 December 1918
Jaunpur, United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, British India |
| Died | 1999 (aged 80–81) |
| Political party | Bharatiya Janata Party
(1980-his death) |
| Other political
affiliations | Bharatiya Jan Sangh
(till 1977) |
| Spouse | Rani Dayavati Dubey  (m. 19401999) |
| Parent | * Shrikrishna Dutt Dubey (father) |
| Source: | |
|  | |


title: Upper airway resistance syndrome

abstract: Upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS) is a sleep disorder characterized by the narrowing of the airway that can cause disruptions to sleep. The symptoms include unrefreshing sleep, fatigue, sleepiness, chronic insomnia, and difficulty concentrating. UARS can be diagnosed by polysomnograms capable of detecting Respiratory Effort-related Arousals. It can be treated with lifestyle changes, functional orthodontics, surgery, mandibular repositioning devices or CPAP therapy. UARS is considered a variant of sleep apnea, although some scientists and doctors believe it to be a distinct disorder.

text:
# Upper airway resistance syndrome

**Upper airway resistance syndrome** (**UARS**) is a sleep disorder characterized by the narrowing of the airway that can cause disruptions to sleep. The symptoms include unrefreshing sleep, fatigue, sleepiness, chronic insomnia, and difficulty concentrating. UARS can be diagnosed by polysomnograms capable of detecting Respiratory Effort-related Arousals. It can be treated with lifestyle changes, functional orthodontics, surgery, mandibular repositioning devices or CPAP therapy. UARS is considered a variant of sleep apnea, although some scientists and doctors believe it to be a distinct disorder.

## History

Upper airway resistance syndrome was first recognized at Stanford University in the late 1980s. The article that described it by name, along with its relationship to obstructive sleep apnea, was published in 1992 by Guilleminault et al.

## Signs and symptoms

Symptoms of UARS are similar to those of obstructive sleep apnea, but not inherently overlapping. Fatigue, insomnia, daytime sleepiness, unrefreshing sleep, anxiety, and frequent awakenings during sleep are the most common symptoms. Oxygen desaturation is minimal or absent in UARS, with most having a minimum oxygen saturation \>92%.

Many patients experience chronic insomnia that creates both a difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep. As a result, patients typically experience frequent sleep disruptions. Most patients with UARS snore, but not all.

Some patients experience hypotension, which may cause lightheadedness, and patients with UARS are also more likely to experience headaches and irritable bowel syndrome.

Predisposing factors include a high and narrow hard palate, an abnormally small intermolar distance, an abnormal overjet greater than or equal to 3 millimeters, and a thin soft palatal mucosa with a short uvula. In 88% of the subjects, there is a history of early extraction or absence of wisdom teeth. There is an increased prevalence of UARS in east Asians.

## Pathophysiology

Upper airway resistance syndrome is caused when the upper airway narrows without closing. Consequently, airflow is either reduced or compensated for through an increase in inspiratory efforts. This increased activity in inspiratory muscles leads to the arousals during sleep which patients may or may not be aware of.

A typical UARS patient is not obese and possesses small jaws, which can result in a smaller amount of space in the nasal airway and behind the base of the tongue. Patients may have other anatomical abnormalities that can cause UARS such as deviated septum, inferior turbinate hypertrophy, a narrow hard palate that reduces nasal volume, enlarged tonsils, or nasal valve collapse. UARS affects equal numbers of males and females.

Why some patients with airway obstruction present with UARS and not OSA is thought to be caused by alterations in nerves located in the palatal mucosa. UARS patients have largely intact and responsive nerves, while OSA patients show clear impairment and nerve damage. Functioning nerves in the palatal mucosa allow UARS patients to more effectively detect and respond to flow limitations before apneas and hypopneas can occur. Patients with intact nerves are able to dilate the genioglossus muscle, a key compensatory mechanism utilized in the presence of airway obstruction. What damages the nerves is not definitively known, but it is hypothesized to be caused by the long term effects of gastroesophageal reflux and/or snoring.

## Diagnosis

UARS is diagnosed using the Respiratory Disturbance Index (RDI). A patient is considered to have UARS when they have an Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) less than 5, but an RDI greater than or equal to 5. Unlike the Apnea-Hypopnea Index, the Respiratory Disturbance Index includes Respiratory Effort-related Arousals (RDI = AHI + RERA Index). In 2005, the definition of sleep apnea was changed to include patients with UARS by using RDI to determine sleep apnea severity.

The diagnosis of UARS is based on findings on a polysomnogram. On polysomnograms, a UARS patient will have very few apneas and hypopneas, but many Respiratory effort-related Arousals. Portable Home Sleep Test monitors (HST) are an alternative to sleep-laboratory polysomnography. Some of the HSTs allow for the breathing signals to be viewed within the raw data of the HST study and even a cursory review of these flow signals, will reveal those patients who would likely have upper airway resistance syndrome as well. RERAs are periods of increased respiratory effort lasting for more than ten seconds and ending in arousal. Whether or not an event is classified as a RERA or Hypopnea depends on the definition of Hypopnea used by the sleep technician. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine currently recognizes two definitions. The scoring of Respiratory Effort-related Arousals is currently designated as "optional" by the AASM. Thus, many patients who receive sleep studies may receive a negative result, even if they have UARS.

Based on symptoms, patients are commonly misdiagnosed with idiopathic insomnia, idiopathic hypersomnia, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, or a psychiatric disorder such as ADHD or depression. Studies have found that children with UARS are frequently misdiagnosed with ADHD. One study found UARS or OSA present in up to 56% of children with ADHD. Studies show that symptoms of ADHD caused by UARS significantly improve or remit with treatment in surgically treated children.

## Management

### Behavioral modification

Behavioral modifications include getting at least 7–8 hours of sleep and various lifestyle changes, such as positional therapy. Sleeping on one's side rather than in a supine position or using positional pillows can provide relief, but these modifications may not be sufficient to treat more severe cases. Avoiding sedatives including alcohol and narcotics can help prevent the relaxation of airway muscles, and thereby reduce the chance of their collapse. Avoiding sedatives may also help to reduce snoring.

### Medications

Nasal steroids may be prescribed in order to ease nasal allergies and other obstructive nasal conditions that could cause UARS.

### Positive airway pressure therapy

If left untreated, UARS can develop into obstructive sleep apnea. Treatments for OSA such as positive airway pressure therapy can be effective at stopping the progression of UARS. Positive airway pressure therapy is similar to that in obstructive sleep apnea and works by stenting the airway open with pressure, thus reducing the airway resistance. Use of a CPAP can help ease the symptoms of UARS. Therapeutic trials have shown that using a CPAP with pressure between four and eight centimeters of water can help to reduce the number of arousals and improve sleepiness. CPAPs are the most promising treatment for UARS, but effectiveness is reduced by low patient compliance.

### Oral appliances

Oral appliances to protrude the tongue and lower jaw forward have been used to reduce sleep apnea and snoring, and hold potential for treating UARS, but this approach remains controversial. Oral appliances may be a suitable alternative for patients who cannot tolerate CPAP.

### Surgery

For nasal obstruction, options can be septoplasty, turbinate reductions, or surgical palate expansion.

Orthognathic surgeries that expands the airway, such as Maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) or Surgically Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion (SARPE) are the most effective surgeries for sleep disordered breathing.

Though less common methods of treatment, various surgical options including uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP), hyoid suspension, and linguloplasty exist. These procedures increase the dimensions of the upper airway and reduce the collapsibility of the airway. One should also be screened for the presence of a hiatal hernia, which may result in abnormal pressure differentials in the esophagus, and in turn, constricted airways during sleep. Palatal tissue reduction via radiofrequency ablation has also been successful in treating UARS.

### Maxillary expansion

Orthodontic treatment to expand the volume of the nasal airway, such as nonsurgical Rapid Palatal expansion is common in children. Due to the ossification of the median palatine suture, traditional tooth-born expanders cannot achieve maxillary expansion in adults as the mechanical forces instead tip the teeth and dental alveoli. Mini-implant assisted rapid palatal expansion (MARPE) has been recently developed as a minimally invasive option for the transverse expansion of the maxilla in adults. This method increases the volume of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx, leading to increased airflow and reduced respiratory arousals during sleep.

## InfoBox

| Upper airway resistance syndrome | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | UARS, non-hypoxic sleep-disordered breathing |


title: Villers-lès-Mangiennes

abstract: Villers-lès-Mangiennes is a commune in the Meuse department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

text:
# Villers-lès-Mangiennes

**Villers-lès-Mangiennes** (French pronunciation: \[vilɛʁ  mɑ̃ʒjɛn\], literally *Villers near Mangiennes*) is a commune in the Meuse department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

## InfoBox

| Villers-lès-Mangiennes | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Villers-lès-Mangiennes | |
| Location of Villers-lès-Mangiennes | |
| Villers-lès-MangiennesVillers-lès-Mangiennes | |
| Coordinates: 49°22′00″N 5°30′00″E / 49.3667°N 5.5°E / 49.3667; 5.5 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Meuse |
| Arrondissement | Verdun |
| Canton | Bouligny |
| Intercommunality | CC Damvillers Spincourt |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Noël Macel |
| Area**1** | 8 km2 (3 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 74 |
| Density | 9.3/km2 (24/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 55563 /55150 |
| Elevation | 210 m (690 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Unaspis citri

abstract: Unaspis citri, known generally as citrus snow scale, is a species of armored scale insect in the family Diaspididae. Other common names include the orange chionaspi, orange snow scale, white louse scale, and white snow scale.

text:
# Unaspis citri

***Unaspis citri***, known generally as **citrus snow scale**, is a species of armored scale insect in the family Diaspididae. Other common names include the **orange chionaspi**, **orange snow scale**, **white louse scale**, and **white snow scale**.

## Further reading

* Arnett, Ross H. Jr. (2000). *American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico*. Vol. 2nd Edition. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0212-9.
* McGavin, George C. (1993). *Bugs of the World*. Facts on File. ISBN 0-8160-2737-4.
* Walker, Francis (1871). *Catalogue of the Specimens of Hemiptera Heteroptera in the Collection of the British Museum, pt. IV*. British Museum.
* Capinera, John L., ed. (2008). *Encyclopedia of Entomology*. Springer. ISBN 978-1402062421.

## InfoBox

| *Unaspis citri* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Sternorrhyncha |
| Family: | Diaspididae |
| Genus: | *Unaspis* |
| Species: | ***U. citri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Unaspis citri***<br>(Comstock, 1883) | |
|


title: List of companies of Cyprus

text:
# List of companies of Cyprus

Cyprus is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean. Cyprus is a major tourist destination in the Mediterranean. With an advanced, high-income economy and a very high Human Development Index, the Republic of Cyprus has been a member of the Commonwealth since 1961 and was a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement until it joined the European Union on 1 May 2004. On 1 January 2008, the Republic of Cyprus joined the eurozone.

## Notable firms

This list includes notable companies with primary headquarters located in the country. The industry and sector follow the Industry Classification Benchmark taxonomy. Organizations which have ceased operations are included and noted as defunct.

Notable companies
Active      State-owned      Defunct
| Name | Industry | Sector | Headquarters | Founded | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 3CX | Technology | Software | Nicosia | 2005 | Communication system |
| AC Omonia | Consumer services | Sports | Nicosia | 1948 | Football |
| AEK Larnaca FC | Consumer services | Sports | Larnaca | 1994 | Football |
| AEL F.C. | Consumer services | Sports | Limassol | 1930 | Football |
| Allbiz | Industrials | Business support services | Nicosia | 1999 | Business-to-business portal |
| Anorthosis F.C. | Consumer services | Sports | Larnaca | 1911 | Football |
| APOEL B.C. | Consumer services | Sports | Nicosia | 1947 | Basketball |
| APOEL FC | Consumer services | Sports | Nicosia | 1926 | Football |
| APOEL V.C. | Consumer services | Sports | Nicosia | 1928 | Volleyball |
| Apollon Limassol | Consumer services | Sports | Limassol | 1954 | Football |
| Armida Publications | Consumer services | Publishing | Nicosia | 1997 | Magazine and book publishing |
| ASBIS | Technology | Computer hardware | Limassol | 1990 | Hardware and electronics |
| Austrian Lloyd Ship Management | Industrials | Marine transportation | Limassol | 1991 | Shipping |
| Bank of Cyprus | Financials | Banks | Nicosia | 1899 | Bank |
| Celestyal Cruises | Consumer services | Travel & tourism | Limassol | 1986 | Cruise line |
| Central Bank of Cyprus | Financials | Banks | Nicosia | 1963 | Central bank |
| Charlie Airlines | Consumer services | Travel & Leisure | Larnaca | 2016 | Airline |
| Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation | Consumer services | Broadcasting | Nicosia | 1953 | Public broadcasting |
| Cyprus Civil Aviation Authority | Consumer services | Air traffic management | Nicosia | 1955 | Civil aviation |
| Cyprus College | Consumer services | Education | Nicosia | 1961 | College |
| Cyprus College of Art | Consumer services | Education | Paphos | 1969 | Arts Centre |
| Cyprus Development Bank | Financials | Banks | Nicosia | 1963 | Bank |
| Cyprus Institute of Marketing | Consumer services | Education | Nicosia | 1978 | University |
| Cyprus Int. Instit. for Environ. & Public Health | Technology | Research | Limassol | 2004 | Research institute |
| Cyprus Internet Exchange | Telecommunications | Fixed line telecom | Nicosia | 1999 | ISP |
| Cyprus Mail | Consumer services | Publishing | Nicosia | 1945 | Cyprus English newspaper |
| Cyprus Mines Corporation | Basic materials | General mining | Nicosia | 1916 | Mining, acquired in 1979 |
| Cyprus Neuroscience and Technology Institute | Technology | Research | Nicosia | 1991 | Research institute |
| Cyprus News Agency | Consumer services | Media | Nicosia | 1976 | New agency |
| Cyprus Ports Authority | Consumer services | Ship traffic management | Nicosia | 1973 | Supervision of port facilities |
| Cyprus Postal Services | Industrials | Delivery services | Nicosia | \- | Postal services, courier |
| Cyprus State Fairs Authority | Consumer services | General retailers | Nicosia | 1968 | Specialty retailers |
| Cyprus Stock Exchange | Financials | Investment services | Nicosia | 1996 | Exchange |
| Cyprus University of Technology | Consumer services | Education | Limassol | 2004 | University |
| Cyprus Weekly | Consumer services | Publishing | Nicosia | 1979 | Cyprus English newspaper |
| CYTA | Telecommunications | Fixed line telecom | Nicosia | 1961 | Cyprus Telecommunications |
| Doxa Katokopias FC | Consumer services | Sports | Peristerona | 1954 | Football |
| Electricity Authority of Cyprus | Utilities | Conventional electricity | Nicosia | 1952 | Power utility |
| Elias Neocleous & Co LLC | Consumer services | Legal | Limassol | 2017 | Law firm |
| EuroAfrica Interconnector | Utilities | Electricity | Nicosia | 2017 | Infrastructure |
| EuroAsia Interconnector | Utilities | Electricity | Nicosia | 2010 | Infrastructure |
| European University Cyprus | Consumer services | Education | Nicosia | 1961 | University |
| Financial Mirror | Consumer services | Publishing | Nicosia | 1993 | Magazine |
| Frederick University | Consumer services | Education | Limassol | 1965 | University |
| Joannou & Paraskevaides | Industrials | Heavy construction | Guernsey | 1961 | Construction |
| Health Insurance Organisation | Financials | Full line insurance | Nicosia | \- | Commercial insurance |
| Hellenic Bank | Financials | Banks | Nicosia | 1976 | Bank |
| Imperio Properties | Financials | Real estate development | Limassol | 2003 | Real estate development |
| KEO | Consumer goods | Soft drinks | Limassol | 1927 | Beverage company |
| Larnaca International Airport | Consumer services | Travel & leisure | Larnaca | 1975 | Mass transit |
| Leon Beer | Consumer goods | Brewers | Nicosia | 1937 | Brewery |
| Leptos Estates | Financials | Real estate development | Paphos | 1960 | Property development |
| Lois Builders | Industrials | Heavy construction | Nicosia | 1977 | Construction |
| Medochemie | Health care | Pharmaceuticals | Limassol | 1976 | Pharmaceuticals |
| METRO Foods Trading | Consumer services | Food retailers & wholesalers | Nicosia | 1982 | Supermarket |
| Moufflon Publications | Consumer services | Publishing | Nicosia | 1967 | Independent press |
| Neapolis University Paphos | Consumer services | Education | Paphos | 2007 | University |
| NOVA Cyprus | Consumer services | Media | Nicosia | 2004 | Broadcasting & entertainment |
| Omega TV Cyprus | Consumer services | Media | Nicosia | 1992 | Broadcasting & entertainment |
| Open University of Cyprus | Consumer services | Education | Nicosia | 2002 | University |
| Pafos FC | Consumer services | Sports | Pafos | 2014 | Football |
| Paphos General Hospital | Consumer services | Health | Paphos | 1992 | Hospital |
| Paphos International Airport | Consumer services | Travel & leisure | Paphos | 2008 | Mass transit |
| Petrolina | Oil & gas | Exploration & production | Larnaca | 1959 | Oil & gas |
| Pevex Management | Financials | Investment services | Nicosia | 2008 | Financial services |
| Port of Limassol | Industrials | Industrial transportation | Limassol | 1956 | Transportation services |
| PrimeTel PLC | Telecommunications | Fixed line telecom | Nicosia | 2003 | Telecom |
| RCB Bank | Financials | Banks | Limassol | 1995 | Bank |
| Rusal | Basic materials | Industrial metals & mining | Nicosia | 2007 | Aluminium |
| SAT-7 | Consumer services | Broadcasting & entertainment | Nicosia | 1995 | International Christian satellite television |
| Telepassport Telecommunications | Telecommunications | Fixed line telecom | Nicosia | 2002 | Telecom |
| The American Heart Institute | Consumer services | Health | Strovolos | 1999 | Hospital |
| The Cyprus Institute | Technology | Research | Nicosia | 2005 | Research institute |
| The Muscular Dystropy Research Foundation | Technology | Research | Nicosia | 1987 | Research institute |
| The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics | Technology | Research | Nicosia | 1990 | Research institute |
| Tsokkos | Consumer services | Hospitality | Ayia Napa | 1979 | Hotels |
| Tus Airways | Consumer services | Travel & Leisure | Larnaca | 2015 | Airline |
| Universal Life | Financials | Life insurance | Nicosia | 1970 | Insurance |
| University of Cyprus | Consumer services | Education | Nicosia | 1989 | University |
| University of Nicosia | Consumer services | Education | Nicosia | 1980 | University |
| Wargaming | Technology | Software | Nicosia | 1998 | Games developer |
| Woolworths | Consumer services | Broadline retailers | Nicosia | 1950 | Retailer |
| xHamster | Technology | Software | Nicosia | 2007 | Pornographic service |


abstract: Montgomery Run is a 4.70 mi (7.56 km) long 2nd order tributary to Anderson Creek in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania.

text:
# Montgomery Run (Anderson Creek tributary)

**Montgomery Run** is a 4.70 mi (7.56 km) long 2nd order tributary to Anderson Creek in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania.

## Course

Montgomery Run rises about 2 miles northeast of Rockton, Pennsylvania, and then flows generally southwest to join Anderson Creek about 5 miles south-southwest of Anderson Creek.

## Watershed

Montgomery Run drains 10.11 square miles (26.2 km2) of area, receives about 45.8 in/year of precipitation, has a wetness index of 446.10, and is about 93% forested.

## Watershed Maps

## InfoBox

| Montgomery Run
Tributary to Anderson Creek | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Montgomery Run mouthMontgomery Run (Anderson Creek tributary) (the United States) | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Clearfield |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Moose Creek divide |
| location | about 5 miles south-southwest of Anderson Creek, Pennsylvania |
| coordinates | 41°06′36″N 078°33′21″W / 41.11000°N 78.55583°W / 41.11000; -78.55583 |
| elevation | 2,055 ft (626 m) |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | about 2 miles northeast of Rockton, Pennsylvania |
| coordinates | 41°05′46″N 078°37′26″W / 41.09611°N 78.62389°W / 41.09611; -78.62389 |
| elevation | 1,675 ft (511 m) |
| Length | 4.70 mi (7.56 km) |
| Basin size | 10.11 square miles (26.2 km2) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| location | Anderson Creek |
| average | 18.94 cu ft/s (0.536 m3/s) at mouth with Anderson Creek |
|  | |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | Anderson CreekWest Branch Susquehanna RiverSusquehanna RiverChesapeake BayAtlantic Ocean |
| River system | Susquehanna River |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | Coupler Run
Burns Run |
| right | unnamed tributaries |
| Bridges | Kelley Cellar Road |


title: Mary Rogeness

abstract: Mary S. Rogeness is an American politician who represented the 2nd Hampden district in the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1991 to 2009 and was a member of the Longmeadow School Committee from 1982 to 1988. She was first elected by defeating Mary Gail Cokkineas. From 1999 to 2003 she was the Assistant Minority Whip and from 2003 to 2009 she was Assistant Minority Leader.

text:
# Mary Rogeness

**Mary S. Rogeness** (born May 18, 1941 in Kansas City, Kansas) is an American politician who represented the 2nd Hampden district in the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1991 to 2009 and was a member of the Longmeadow School Committee from 1982 to 1988. She was first elected by defeating Mary Gail Cokkineas.

From 1999 to 2003 she was the Assistant Minority Whip and from 2003 to 2009 she was Assistant Minority Leader.

## InfoBox

| Mary Rogeness | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the
Massachusetts House of Representatives
from the 2nd Hampden district | |
| **In office**
1991–2009 | |
| Preceded by | Iris Holland |
| Succeeded by | Brian Ashe |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1941-05-18) May 18, 1941
Kansas City, Kansas |
| Political party | Republican |
| Residence | Longmeadow, Massachusetts |
| Alma mater | Carleton College |
| Occupation | Writer
Politician |
|  | |


title: Martha Diamond

abstract: Martha Bonnie Diamond was an American painter. Her paintings first gained public attention in the 1980s and are included in the permanent collections of the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Museum of Modern Art, New York, and many other institutions.

text:
# Martha Diamond

**Martha Bonnie Diamond** (May 1, 1944 – December 30, 2023) was an American painter. Her paintings first gained public attention in the 1980s and are included in the permanent collections of the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Museum of Modern Art, New York, and many other institutions.

## Early life and education

Martha Bonnie Diamond was born on May 1, 1944, and raised in Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village, New York. Her father, a doctor, inspired her interest in light, space, and structure in the city while taking her on drives to see his patients. She graduated from Carleton College in Minnesota. in 1964 and returned to New York in 1965 after a year in Paris. She subsequently received an M.A. from New York University in 1969, moved into a loft on the Bowery, and became an active participant in the downtown art and poetry scene.

## Work and career

Diamond has claimed to be influenced by the New York School. Although known primarily for her expressionistic urban landscapes, she rejected the Neo-Expressionist label that was applied to many painters in the early 1980s. Diamond stated that "I’m more concerned with a vision than expressionism and I try to paint that vision realistically. I try to paint my perceptions rather than paint through emotion" and her work has been described as similar to the capriccios of 18th-century Italy, "Diamond's paintings are a kind of fiction, but one that imparts the character of downtown New York."

The bulk of Diamond's work ranges from such partially abstract cityscapes to pure abstractions, often on a very large scale. Her first solo show was held at Brooke Alexander Gallery in 1976, where she showed work until the 1980s. She was included in the 1989 Whitney Biennial, her cityscapes were described in the catalog for the show as "spectral abstractions of the city, looming in a charged atmosphere enriched by her free color sense." She has had solo exhibitions at the Bowdoin College Museum of Art and the Portland Museum of Art in Maine (1988), at the New York Studio School (2004), among others.

The paintings in her 1988 exhibition at Robert Miller were described in *The New York Times* as "deceptively simple, full of hidden skills and decisions that only gradually reveal themselves." The same review noted that some of the works looked unfinished—a theme that was repeated by television newscaster Peter Jennings when he visited her loft on the Bowery loft as part of a charity event years later. "I'll ask the rude question," Jennings remarked, "Are they finished?" The *Times* reported that they were. The *New Yorker* critic Peter Schjeldahl wrote in 2018, "Diamond romances the town in darting and slashing strokes," her buildings "as zestfully urbane as the perambulatory poems of Frank O’Hara." Reviewing a 2021 exhibition of her paintings from the 1980s at Magenta Plains, Will Heinrich of the *Times* described them as having "self-contained grandeur and eerie harmony."

Diamond was one of several New York painters who spent time in Maine during the summer months and developed a long-term association with the state. She served on the Board of Governors of the Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture in Skowhegan, Maine, from 1982 to 2018. She also taught at Skowhegan beginning in the 1970s, as well as at the School of Visual Arts in New York and at Harvard University. Diamond also supported artistic programming by the International Ladies Garment Workers Union and the Goddard-Riverside Community Center. She died on December 30, 2023 at the age of 79.

## Collections

Diamond's paintings and prints are included in the permanent collections of the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Museum of Modern Art, the National Academy of Design, and the Brooklyn Museum in New York; the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; the Farnsworth Art Museum, the Portland Museum of Art, the Bowdoin College Museum of Art, and the Colby College Museum of Art in Maine; the Art Institute of Chicago; the High Museum of Art in Atlanta; the North Carolina Museum of Art in Raleigh; the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston; and the National Gallery of Australia.

## Recognition

In 2001, Diamond received an Academy Award for Art from the American Academy of Arts and Letters, and in 2017 she received an Anonymous Was a Woman Award for painting. She was elected to the National Academy of Design in 2018.

## Art market

Diamond established the Martha Diamond Trust in 2020, which has since been working on a catalogue raisonné.

Diamond has been represented by David Kordansky Gallery since 2023. She previously showed with Brooke Alexander Gallery (1976–85) and Robert Miller (1985–94).

## InfoBox

| Martha Diamond | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1944-05-01)May 1, 1944
New York City, U.S. |
| Died | December 30, 2023(2023-12-30) (aged 79)
New York City, U.S. |
| Education | Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota – BA, 1964
New York University – MA, 1969 |
| Known for | Painting and printmaking |
| Website | marthadiamondstudio.net |