abstract: Operational Training Units (OTU) and Replacement Training Units (RTU) were training organizations of the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. Unlike the schools of the Army Air Forces Training Command (AAFTC), OTU-RTU units were operational units of the four domestic numbered air forces along with I Troop Carrier Command and Air Transport Command, with the mission of final phase training new pilots or crews. Most were disbanded in the spring of 1944 and replaced by combat crew replacement centers assigned to base units.

text:
# Operational - Replacement Training Units

**Operational Training Units (OTU)** and **Replacement Training Units (RTU)** were training organizations of the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. Unlike the schools of the Army Air Forces Training Command (AAFTC), OTU-RTU units were operational units of the four domestic numbered air forces along with I Troop Carrier Command and Air Transport Command, with the mission of final phase training new pilots or crews. Most were disbanded in the spring of 1944 and replaced by combat crew replacement centers assigned to base units.

## History

When the Army Air Corps began its great expansion program in 1939, no provision for operational training existed outside the combat groups themselves. Graduates of the flying schools were assigned either to fill the requirements of existing combat squadrons or to round out the cadre taken from an older unit to form a new one. Each combat squadron was responsible for training its own personnel in order to meet proficiency standards set by training directives from the GHQ Air Force. This method was developed after World War I, and was used successfully in the peacetime Air Corps of the 1920s and 1930s.

With war imminent, the number of authorized groups in the Air Corps had risen from twenty-five in April 1939 to eighty-four. With the withdrawal of cadres to form new units for this expansion, the average level of experience in all groups had declined sharply, with a corresponding effect on operational training. Although there were multiple other causes for the inefficacy of training, such as a shortage of planes and maintenance services, it was clear enough to the Air Corps that it could not plan its training based upon having enough cadres sufficiently experienced to guarantee prompt lifting of whole units to the desired level of proficiency.

### Operational Training Units

Major Robert B. Williams, an Air Corps observer in England between September 1940 and January 1941 who later commanded the Second Air Force and a bombardment division of the Eighth, reported favorably to the Office of the Chief of Air Corps on the merits of the Royal Air Force's operational training unit (OTU) system. The RAF program inspired a proposal in January 1942 by Brig. Gen. Follett Bradley, commanding III Bomber Command, to his superior at Third Air Force that an OTU system be instituted in the Air Force Combat Command (which had the responsibility for training new AAF units) as a means of having sufficient experienced personnel to train newly activated groups while not degrading the proficiency of groups headed for combat. Under the system that had been in place since 1939, so many experienced groups would likely be needed for immediate requirements overseas that a critical shortage of experienced personnel needed to develop new units was inevitable. Adapting from the existing system, Bradley proposed that certain groups be designated "parent" groups, with an authorized overstrength, to provide cadres for newly activated (or "satellite") groups and assume responsibility for their organization and training. Fresh graduates of training schools would bring the satellite groups to authorized strength and, in a constantly recurring pattern, also restore the parent group to its overstrength.

The plan was largely adopted by AFCC in February 1942 to direct operational training in the Second and Third Air Forces, where the bulk of new units were being activated, but by May the AFCC had been dissolved as an extraneous echelon of command and the OTU system was extended by Headquarters AAF to the First and Fourth Air Forces for training new fighter groups. In its first year the system proved difficult to implement to full effect. Unforeseen emergency demands from the combat theaters for experienced units, an erratic supply of combat-type aircraft for training purposes, and an uneven flow of personnel from the individual training programs produced uneven results that took time and experience to work out. By early 1943, however, the plan was in general operation and became increasingly effective in preparing combat groups for action.

In most instances, six months were required after the formation of a group to complete its organization and training. Operational training officially commenced for a new group on the day that the cadre was assigned it from the parent group's overstrength. In 1942 the four continental air forces provided training directives to familiarize key members of cadre with their obligations but these varied from air force to air force. Beginning in 1943, cadre leaders received standardized training through a thirty-day course of instruction at the Army Air Forces School of Applied Tactics (AAFSAT) in Orlando, Florida, established in November 1942 partly for this purpose. Cadres for medium and heavy bombardment units were trained by AAFSAT's Bombardment Department, fighter cadres by its Air Defense Department, and light bombardment cadres by the Air Support Department. The AAFSAT course consisted of both an academic and a practical phase. During the academic phase, cadre leaders reviewed problems of command, operations, and intelligence under expert tutelage related to the mission of their group. During the practical phase, the cadre was assigned to an AAFSAT base for 50 hours of operational exercises assisted by the base's demonstration squadron, including simulated combat missions. While practical experience was of value in preparing the cadres, close coordination of the academic and practical phases was sometimes lacking and the exercises also suffered occasionally from a lack of needed equipment. On returning to their assigned OTU stations, the cadres began training with their units, which by this time had usually reached regulation strength. Group instruction was divided in varying proportions between individual and team training but during the final phase both air and ground echelons functioned as nearly as possible as a self-contained combat unit.

### Replacement Training Units

While the OTU system was evolving as the most suitable means of training new groups for combat, a plan calling for the establishment of **Replacement Training Units (RTUs)** as a regular means of providing replacement crews and crew members was also being developed.

Until May 1942, when the RTU system was ordered into effect in the continental air forces, replacements for overseas units were procured by withdrawing qualified personnel from regular units stationed in the United States. This method, though simple, followed no orderly plan and jeopardized effective unit training by removing experienced personnel from U.S.-based groups. In order to establish a sounder method of providing combat replacements, AAF Headquarters directed that certain additional groups be listed as training organizations and maintained at an authorized over-strength to serve as reservoirs from which trained individuals and crews could be withdrawn for overseas shipment.

As was true of the OTU system, many months were required to place the RTU plan into full operation. By the end of 1943, however, when the formation of new groups (except for B-29 units) was virtually completed, RTU operations had become the major activity of the continental air forces. After 1943 the training organization was modified by the merging of personnel from each fixed RTU group with its air base complement; the resultant unit was designated a combat crew training school or station (CCTS).

The RTU system was simpler than the OTU and necessitated few important changes from the traditional organization and administration of combat units. Men designated as replacements were sent to an RTU group (or CCTS), where they received a similar though shorter course than that given in an OTU. Considerably less time was given to integrated activities at the group level, because the trainees of an RTU would not function as a group in combat. As they completed the required phases of training, individuals and crews were drawn from the RTU to serve in established units overseas.

During most of the war, OTU-RTU operations were governed by AAF Headquarters through the domestic air forces, I Troop Carrier Command, and Air Transport Command. Under each of the air forces various subordinate commands, wings, and groups issued instructional directives and supervised OTU-RTU activities. Toward the end of the war, some duplication of effort within each air force was eliminated by restricting to the air force headquarters the issuance of training directives and by limiting the functions of intermediate commands to supervision and inspection.

### Army Air Forces Base Units

By the spring of 1944 the Army Air Forces had found that standard military units, based on relatively inflexible tables of organization, were proving less well adapted to the training mission. Accordingly, it adopted a more functional system in which each base was organized into a separate numbered unit, while the groups and squadrons acting as RTUs were disbanded or inactivated. Known as an Army Air Forces Base Units (AAFBU) the units provided flexibility to subordinate headquarters and freed up manpower for overseas service. The goal was to establish one AAFBU on each training base in the Continental United States. Separate additional base units were authorized to provide personnel overhead for wings, regions, and higher echelons. All organizations on the base were designated as sections (later squadrons) of the AAFBU, identified by letters from "A" to "Z". Personnel were reassigned to the new sections, and the previous squadrons and groups were inactivated or disbanded.

To the numerical designation of the AAFBU, the new units carried a parenthetical suffix that indicated the unit’s function. Because AAFBUs were designated, organized, and discontinued by the commands, air forces, and centers, they were in effect major command-controlled (or MAJCON) units, the first of their kind. Most training airfields were closed after the war ended in 1945 and 1946 and the AAFBUs were discontinued. To prevent duplication in designations, each headquarters was assigned a block of numbers to use when numbering its AAFBUs.

Despite some resistance, the experiment was destined to leave its mark on postwar organization of the United States Air Force (USAF). In September 1947, upon establishment of the USAF, the AAFBUs on permanent Army Air Forces bases became Air Force Base Units (AFBU) upon the base transfer to the USAF. By mid-1948 with the adoption by the USAF of the Hobson Plan Wing-Base organization (as opposed to the AFBU Base organization), the AFBUs were discontinued or redesignated in favor of new USAF four-digit "table of distribution units" established by USAF or the Major Command.

## OTU-RTU Training Programs

The types of training conducted by each of the continental air forces OTUs/RTUs varied from time to time according to the needs of the war. Bomber and fighter training was assigned to each continental air force. This was done mainly because the facilities of all air forces were needed to turn out the large number of units and personnel required by the overseas combat air forces; it was done also to facilitate joint fighter and bomber exercises in the later stages of unit training.

* The Second Air Force was assigned the principal mission for developing heavy bombardment groups, while the Third Air Force directed light and medium bombardment, reconnaissance, and air support activities.
* The responsibility of the First and Fourth Air Forces was chiefly the training of fighter units, although initially after the Pearl Harbor Attack First and Fourth Air Forces were tasked with the coastal air defense and the antisubmarine mission. It wasn't until September 1943 that the antisubmarine mission was transferred to the Navy and their full focus was on training.
* I Troop Carrier Command and Air Transport Command performed specialized training for air movement of troops and equipment, along with the aircraft ferrying mission.

Toward the end of the war the scope of responsibility of each Air Force changed when Second Air Force was assigned the B-29 Superfortress very heavy bombardment OTU/RTU training mission; subsequently the B-17/B-24 heavy bombardment RTUs were transferred to Third and Forth Air Forces. In order to accommodate this, II Fighter Command took over some P-51 Mustang RTU training from Fourth Air Force and Third Air Force transferred medium and light bomber RTUs along the Atlantic coast to the First Air Force. II Fighter Command concentrated on training P-51 pilots on over-water very long range escorting of B-29 groups and also on the ground attack missions used to strafe Japanese airfields while the B-29s were over the Japanese Home Islands during their bombing attacks. In addition, pilot transition instruction was transferred to AAF Training Command in the interest of accelerating the production of B-29 units.

### Bombardment Training Program

Since the heavy bomber was the backbone of the American air offensive, the training of crews and units to man the big planes became the primary task of the OTU-RTU system.

#### Heavy/Medium/Light Bomber Training Program

The Second Air Force conducted the major portion of B-17/B-24 heavy bombardment training, and divided it into three principal phases. Until the end of 1943 operational training of each of the phases was usually given at a different base. That arrangement was then abandoned in the change to replacement training in favor of giving the entire program at one station. Medium and light bombardment training, which was conducted almost exclusively by the Third Air Force, was similarly divided.

* During the first phase, individual crew members received instruction in their specialties, particular attention being given to instrument and night flying exercises for pilots, cross-country tests for navigators, target runs for bombardiers, and air-to-air firing for gunners.
* During the second phase, teamwork of the combat crew was stressed: bombing, gunnery, and instrument flight missions were performed by full crews.
* The third phase aimed at developing effective unit operation, the goal of the entire program. It included extensive exercises in high-altitude formation flying, long-range navigation, target identification, and simulated combat missions.

Much OTU-RTU instruction was given on the ground-in classrooms, hangars, and on gunnery ranges. Air training was conducted chiefly through informal supervision of flight operations. An experienced navigator, for instance, would accompany a new team on a practice mission. During the course of the trip he would observe the recently graduated navigator, check his techniques, and offer suggestions for improvement. At the conclusion of each mission the “instructor” would file a report on the progress of the “student.” Informal teaching of this kind was the rule for other crew positions, too. Tactics involving the coordinated use of crews, or of larger elements, were often demonstrated by experienced crews before the new units attempted them.

#### B-29 Training Program

In 1943, B-29 Superfortress OTU training was assigned to the Second Air Force. Although the organization and techniques of instruction were basically similar in all types of bombardment training, certain features were unique to the B-29 program.

Since particular attention had to be given to the selection of personnel, the usual policy of filling operational units with recent graduates of AAFTC schools was set aside. Instead, pilots and other crew members were selected from those who already had extensive experience in the operation of multi-engine aircraft. Air Transport Command was planned to be the principal source of pilots and navigators with the desired experience, but relatively few men were transferred from ATC to B-29 training. Instead, instructors in the four-engine schools of Army Air Forces Training Command were to constitute the chief reservoir of experienced and available pilots.

The specialized training program began with a five-week curriculum, given prior to crew assignment, for pilots, co-pilots, and flight engineers for the purpose of emphasizing the close teamwork required of these three officers in the operation of a Superfortress. Teams put through this special transition were then assigned to Second Air Force units for integration into full crews. B-29 operational training was divided into the three customary phases but took slightly longer than the B-17/B-24 heavy bombardment training. It was governed by special AAF training standards, which placed increasing emphasis on high-altitude, long-range navigation missions and use of radar equipment.

### Fighter Training Program

Operational training for fighter units followed the standard OTU-RTU pattern, but naturally differed from that of bombardment units. Only in night fighter planes (P-61) did the combat crew consist of more than one member, and the overwhelming proportion of fighter pilots served in the single-seater day fighters. Since the problem of crew teamwork did not exist in day fighter training, the program was directed toward maximum individual proficiency and precise coordination among the pilots of each squadron and group.

Generally P-47 Thunderbolt OTU-RTU training was provided by First Air Force, while P-38 Lightning Training was conducted by Fourth Air Force. In 1943, P-51 Mustang OTU training replaced the P-38 OTUs, as most P-38 units had been deployed overseas, however P-38 RTU, along with P-51 RTU was provided by Fourth Air Force. As the Southwest Pacific Theater had some P-39 Airacobra squadrons deployed, RTU training was provided also by Fourth Air Force.

Although AAFTC eventually gave some transition experience to pilots on combat fighter types, it was generally necessary for First and Fourth Air Force OTU’s to give transition training on whatever aircraft might be available. Following such familiarization, the pilot was required to fly the aircraft in specified acrobatic, aerial bombing, and gunnery exercises, and in simulated individual combat. Navigation missions, instrument flying, and night flying were also prescribed. Stress was placed, especially after 1943, on high-altitude operations and on the development of combat vigilance and aggressiveness.

Unit as well as individual instruction was limited by the pressure of time during the first part of the war. Within the hours available, the greatest attention was paid to take-off and assembly procedures, precision landings in quick succession, formation flying under varying conditions, and the execution of offensive and defensive tactics against air and surface forces, Along with these came instruction on how to maintain aircraft in the field, on procedures for movement to a new base, and on necessary administrative and housekeeping activities.

#### Air-Ground Support/Anti-Aircraft Defensive Training

Deficiencies in air-ground teamwork were strikingly revealed in the North African Campaign, and steps were taken in 1943 to provide more effective combined training of air and ground forces.

The I and II Air Support Commands were specifically directed to develop appropriate exercises in cooperation with Army ground infantry and armored units. Light and Medium bombardment, fighter, and observation units, after completing their regular training, were assigned when possible to one of these commands for the desired combined training before deployment overseas. The results of this training became evident after the D-Day landings in France; the Italian Campaign and in the Pacific, the New Guinea campaign; the Philippines Campaign, and the Battle of Okinawa.

Joint exercises between air and anti-aircraft units took the form chiefly of defense against simulated bombardment attacks, and involved the use of fighters, searchlight units, antiaircraft artillery, and aircraft warning systems. By the end of 1943 exercises of this kind were being conducted in the First, Third, and Fourth Air Forces.

#### Heavy Bomber Escort Training

It was not too long after its commitment to battle that the Eighth Air Force found that unescorted bombardment meant prohibitive losses. The need was for more training in fighter-bomber cooperation. Such exercises had been carried on to a limited degree before the war, but during the first year after the Pearl Harbor attack they were dropped because of the lack of time.

Early in 1943 the Second and Fourth Air Forces began to provide joint fighter-bomber training as part of defense maneuvers on the Pacific coast. These maneuvers, in which the Navy participated, were simulated attacks by carrier-launched aircraft on various coastal cities. Bomber units with fighter escort sought out the vessels and on the return flight provided targets for interception by fighter units. Since reports from combat theaters continued to stress the need for better teamwork between fighters and bombers on cooperative missions, and for more effective defensive action by bombers against hostile interceptors, the AAF undertook in the fall of 1943 to increase the amount of joint fighter/bomber training and to systematize the program in all the continental air forces.

In order to provide a necessary basis for combined training in all of the domestic air forces, heavy bombardment OTU’s were established in the First and Fourth Air Forces, which had formerly been restricted to fighter units, while fighter OTU’s were activated in the Second Air Force, which had formerly been restricted to bombers. The Third Air Force was already engaged in both types of training on a scale sufficient to permit effective combined exercises.

### Night Fighter Training Program

*further information: 481st Night Fighter Operational Training Group*

Specialized training in night fighter tactics began in March 1942 upon return of Air Corps observers in England prior to the United States entry into World War II. Upon review of the recommendations presented by the observers, the Air Defense Operational Training Unit was established by Third Air Force on 26 March; it was re-designated as the Interceptor Command School on 30 March. Initially established at Key Field, Mississippi, the school was moved to Orlando Army Air Base, Florida where it became part of the Army Air Force School of Applied Tactics (AAFSAT).

By July 1942, the school received a B-18 Bolo and a number of Douglas P-70 Havocs to initiate the program. By the end of September, AAFSAT had re-designated the program as the Night Fighter Department (Dark). In October, the first two dedicated night fighter training squadrons, the 348th and 349th Night Fighter Squadrons were formed. In January 1943 the school was expanded from Orlando to Kissimmee Army Airfield due to the expansion of AAFSAT and the Fighter Command School. At Kissimmee, the first operational squadrons were activated and Operational Training was carried out by the 348th and 349th. British Bristol Beaufighter night fighters were received for those squadrons programmed for service in Europe. Each squadron was manned with graduates of Training Command advanced flying schools and received eight weeks of training in the two-engine Beaufighters or P-70s.

On 1 April 1943, AAFSAT expanded the Night Fighter Division, placing it under the Air Defense Department, and transferred all training from the Night Fighter Section to the new Division. Beginning in May 1943, orders from HQ AAF were received that the training needed to be expanded to accommodate one new night fighter squadron per month. The school at Kissimmee was expanded with a third OTU, the 420th Night Fighter Squadron at Dunnellon Army Air Field.

With the expansion of the Night Fighter Training Division, tasks were divided into three major functions. The 348th NFS at Orlando AAB provided the initial Operational Training for new Training Command pilots. The 349th at Kissimmee AAF carried out 2-engine transition training, while the 420th at Dunnellon AAF provided Replacement Training (RTU). On 15 July 1943, the 481st Night Fighter Operational Training Group was activated to give the school better organizational structure. In September, the first American-built dedicated night fighter began to arrive, the Northrup YP-61 Black Widow. The YP-61 and a few production P-61As were assigned to the school for both the training programs as well as flight-testing of various torrent/gun configurations. Also a second RTU was established in November when the 424th Night Fighter Squadron was formed.

With the arrival of the P-61 Black Widow, it was decided to move the school to California to be closer to the Northrup manufacturing plant at Hawthorne. The 481st NFOTU and its training squadrons were moved to Hammer Field, near Fresno California on 1 January 1944 and were placed under Fourth Air Force IV Fighter Command. The 319th Wing, activated on 1 April took over the duties of the 481st, disbanding the group and all of its squadrons on 31 March. It was replaced by the 450th Army Air Forces Base Unit as the P-61 RTU, and the squadron designations replaced by letters (A, B, C, D). Night Fighter RTU training continued until the end of August 1945 when the school at Hammer Field was inactivated with the end of the war in the Pacific.

### Reconnaissance Training

Just before the Pearl Harbor attack, Air Corps reconnaissance aviation strength included several reconnaissance squadrons and a single photographic group.

* The observation units, equipped with light, slow aircraft, were used for short-range missions in cooperation with ground forces and were assigned to the air support commands of each air force.
* The reconnaissance units on the other hand, were each attached to a bombardment group and equipped with aircraft of the type assigned to the group. These reconnaissance squadrons, primarily equipped with B-17 Flying Fortresses were to serve primarily as the eyes of the unit and secondarily as bombardment organizations, but in April 1942 all such units were re-designated as bombardment squadrons in anticipation of the assignment of separate photographic groups to the theaters.

The 1st Photographic Group had been created in June 1941 to expand photo-mapping activities in the AAF and to conduct long-range photo reconnaissance after the pattern developed by the British. Each of the four squadrons of the group was assigned to one of the continental air forces. However, the 1st Photographic Group found almost no opportunity for training because as each of its squadrons was busily engaged overseas in carrying out mapping missions for hemisphere defense. It was not until May 1942 that the 2d Photographic Group was established for the purpose of instructing new photographic crews.

After numerous conferences and deliberations, the British model of organization and tactics was adopted. Appropriate OTU-RTU training for production of the new tactical reconnaissance groups was instituted shortly thereafter at Key Field, Mississippi. Photo reconnaissance instruction was similarly affected by British experience. Although the AAF was familiar with the techniques of aerial photography before the war, it learned a great deal from British methods. The commanding officer at Peterson Field, Colorado, who was responsible for initiating the first photo reconnaissance OTU training in 1942, had spent several months in England studying RAF organization and procedures, and his experience there had considerable influence upon the content of the AAF instructional program.

From 1943 until the close of the war reconnaissance operational training was concentrated in the Third Air Force. The OTU-RTU system was followed, as in the case of fighter and bombardment unit training, though it hardly became effective before the program was reduced to production of replacement crews.

* Tactical reconnaissance pilots were required by the training standards to demonstrate navigational skill over land and water, as well as ability to fly on instruments and in all types of formations. They were called upon to perform nearly every defensive and offensive maneuver expected of fighter pilots and were required in addition to master the techniques of artillery adjustment and aerial photography.
* The liaison pilot held an aviation rating restricting him to the operation of small, low-powered aircraft; he was usually the graduate of a special Training Command course, briefer than that for a standard pilot. As members of a unit, liaison pilots had to fly formations and execute desired missions in support of ground forces. These included such activities as limited reconnaissance, courier service, aerial wire laying, artillery adjustment, and air evacuation. An exception were the Air Commando liaison pilots of the 1st, 2d and 3d Air Commando Groups that were deployed to the CBI and to the Philippines. These pilots were specially trained by Third Air Force for combat maneuvers due to their unique missions.

### Troop Carrier Training

Troop Carrier units had the unique mission of dropping airborne parachute units behind enemy lines, along with towing gliders for landing behind enemy lines as the spearheads of invasions and other major ground offensives. Also specially trained ground soldiers did the fighting after the landings, and it was the responsibility of the AAF to make the deliveries of men and supplies.

To carry out these responsibilities was the mission of AAF troop carrier units, serving under theater or task force commanders in cooperation with ground force elements. The training of these units, which had to be able to perform all phases of airborne operations, was the function of I Troop Carrier Command. It was originally activated in April 1942, with the designation of Air Transport Command. Troop carrier headquarters was located throughout the war at Stout Field, Indianapolis, Indiana.

The OTU-RTU system of operational training, used in the fighter and bombardment programs, was also adopted for troop carrier instruction. The task performed by I Troop Carrier Command, while quantitatively smaller than that of other domestic air forces, was nevertheless substantial. In addition to the transport crews, which normally consisted of pilot, co-pilot, navigator, radio operator, and aerial engineer, some 5,000 glider pilots were prepared for their special function.

Following the period of operational training, or during the final portion of it, troop carrier units engaged in combined exercises with elements of the Airborne Command (Army Ground Forces). These realistic maneuvers, which lasted for about two months, were divided into three phases. The first consisted of small-scale operations in which a company of ground soldiers was transported. The scale of movement was increased in the second period, and during the final phase whole divisions were moved as units over distances up to 300 miles.

In each stage of combined training the troop carrier groups placed emphasis upon single-and double-tow of gliders under combat conditions and upon night operations. Attention was given to all types of airborne assignments, including resupply and evacuation by air. By the end of 1944 it was decided to restrict glider instruction to rated power pilots, because they were available in sufficient numbers and could serve a dual purpose in troop carrier units.

### Ferry Pilots and Transport Crews

Probably no other AAF agency had to fly so many different models of aircraft as the Air Transport Command. Its Air Transportation Division depended chiefly upon two models: the steady C-47 Skytrain and the larger, more commodious C-54 Skymaster. However another part of its mission was to provide crews for the ferrying of combat models from factories to points of transfer to specified foreign governments, to AAF bases at home, and eventually to combat areas overseas, This second mission was the responsibly of the ATC Ferrying Division.

#### Air Transportation Division

Air transport activity developed as a service primarily to overseas areas, a service which at first was performed largely by the commercial airlines operating under contract with the AAF. By an agreement of July 1942 the airlines established an Airlines War Training Institute as a means of guaranteeing a continuing supply of crews, a but the number thus trained fell short of the need, and the Air Transportation Division of ATC in time had to rely on military personnel.

To provide training for use of its own planes and for the special requirements of its far-flung operations, the division began operating an OTU in 1942, drawing on the graduates of the Training Command advanced two and four-engine flight schools. In the fall of 1943 the Ferrying Division assumed full responsibility for all ATC pilot training.

#### Ferrying Division

Ferrying Division found it necessary to provide transition instruction on many planes, in the hope that pilots could qualify on all major U.S. models. A transition school had been established at the Long Beach Army Air Field ferrying base in California as early as July 1941; others were set up in the spring of 1942 at Boeing Field, Seattle, Berry Field, Nashville, Romulus Army Airfield, Detroit, Baltimore Municipal Airport, Maryland, and at Hensley Field, Dallas.

When the Ferrying Division assumed responsibility for all ATC training in October 1943, it established three OTU’s, and a night and instrument training school at Rosecrans Field, Missouri. The OTU school at Homestead Army Air Field, Florida was a four-engine transport school. The Reno Army Air Base, Nevada OTU specialized on training C-47 and C-46 pilots for China-India operations, flying "The Hump" across the Himalayan Mountains.

Although Homestead and Reno conducted full transport crew training, graduation of students was on an individual, rather than crew, basis. A specialized fighter transition OTU for the ATC Ferrying Division was established at Palm Springs Army Airfield, California in November 1943, however it was moved in the spring of 1944 to Brownsville Army Airfield, Texas.

#### Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPS)

When the pilots of the Women’s Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron began to deliver airplanes for the ATC, their activities were limited almost entirely to training and liaison aircraft. During 1943 and 1944 these restrictions were eased, and women pilots were given transition on high-powered types under the same standards of experience and by the same methods as applied to male pilots.

The number of women pilots assigned to the Ferrying Division reached its peak of 303 in April 1944. But by the time they were ready to replace a substantial number of men, in keeping with the original purpose of their organization, victories overseas brought a reduction in military requirements for pilots. Toward the end of 1944 the Women Airforce Service Pilots were accordingly disbanded.

## OTU-RTU Stations

See the following articles for station lists, units, type of training provided and aircraft flown

### Notes

### Bibliography

This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

* Craven, Wesley F; Cate, James L, eds. (1955). *The Army Air Forces in World War II*. Vol. VI, Men & Planes. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. LCCN 48003657. OCLC 704158.
* Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) \[1961\]. *Air Force Combat Units of World War II* (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979.

## InfoBox

| Operational - Replacement Training Units | |
| --- | --- |
| United States Army Air Forces recruiting poster | |
| Active | 1942–1945 |
| Country | United States of America |
| Branch | United States Army Air Forces |
| Role | Group/Replacement Aircrew Training |
| Part of | First Air Force<br>Second Air Force<br>Third Air Force<br>Fourth Air Force<br>I Troop Carrier Command<br>Air Transport Command |
| Nickname(s) | OTU (Operational Training Unit)<br>RTU (Replacement Training Unit) |
| Engagements | World War II* <br>World War II American Theater |


title: Optical isolator

abstract: An optical isolator, or optical diode, is an optical component which allows the transmission of light in only one direction. It is typically used to prevent unwanted feedback into an optical oscillator, such as a laser cavity. The operation of conventional optical isolators relies on the Faraday effect, which is used in the main component, the Faraday rotator. However, integrated isolators which do not rely on magnetism have been made in recent years too.

text:
# Optical isolator

An **optical isolator**, or **optical diode**, is an optical component which allows the transmission of light in only one direction. It is typically used to prevent unwanted feedback into an optical oscillator, such as a laser cavity.

The operation of conventional optical isolators relies on the Faraday effect (which in turn is produced by magneto-optic effect), which is used in the main component, the Faraday rotator. However, integrated isolators which do not rely on magnetism have been made in recent years too.

## Theory

The main component of the optical isolator is the Faraday rotator. The magnetic field, **$B$**, applied to the Faraday rotator causes a rotation in the polarization of the light due to the Faraday effect. The angle of rotation, $\beta $, is given by,

$\beta =\nu Bd\\,$,

where, $\nu $ is the Verdet constant of the material (amorphous or crystalline solid, or liquid, or crystalline liquid, or vaprous, or gaseous) of which the rotator is made, and $d$ is the length of the rotator. This is shown in Figure 2. Specifically for an optical isolator, the values are chosen to give a rotation of 45°.

It has been shown that a crucial requirement for any kind of optical isolator (not only the Faraday isolator) is some kind of non-reciprocal optics

## Polarization dependent isolator

The polarization dependent isolator, or **Faraday isolator**, is made of three parts, an input polarizer (polarized vertically), a Faraday rotator, and an output polarizer, called an analyzer (polarized at 45°).

Light traveling in the forward direction becomes polarized vertically by the input polarizer. The Faraday rotator will rotate the polarization by 45°. The analyzer then enables the light to be transmitted through the isolator.

Light traveling in the backward direction becomes polarized at 45° by the analyzer. The Faraday rotator will again rotate the polarization by 45°. This means the light is polarized horizontally (the direction of rotation is not sensitive to the direction of propagation). Since the polarizer is vertically aligned, the light will be extinguished.

Figure 2 shows a Faraday rotator with an input polarizer, and an output analyzer. For a polarization dependent isolator, the angle between the polarizer and the analyzer, $\beta $, is set to 45°. The Faraday rotator is chosen to give a 45° rotation.

Polarization dependent isolators are typically used in free space optical systems. This is because the polarization of the source is typically maintained by the system. In optical fibre systems, the polarization direction is typically dispersed in non polarization maintaining systems. Hence the angle of polarization will lead to a loss.

## Polarization independent isolator

The polarization independent isolator is made of three parts, an input birefringent wedge (with its ordinary polarization direction vertical and its extraordinary polarization direction horizontal), a Faraday rotator, and an output birefringent wedge (with its ordinary polarization direction at 45°, and its extraordinary polarization direction at −45°).

Light traveling in the forward direction is split by the input birefringent wedge into its vertical (0°) and horizontal (90°) components, called the ordinary ray (o-ray) and the extraordinary ray (e-ray) respectively. The Faraday rotator rotates both the o-ray and e-ray by 45°. This means the o-ray is now at 45°, and the e-ray is at −45°. The output birefringent wedge then recombines the two components.

Light traveling in the backward direction is separated into the o-ray at 45, and the e-ray at −45° by the birefringent wedge. The Faraday Rotator again rotates both the rays by 45°. Now the o-ray is at 90°, and the e-ray is at 0°. Instead of being focused by the second birefringent wedge, the rays diverge.

Typically collimators are used on either side of the isolator. In the transmitted direction the beam is split and then combined and focused into the output collimator. In the isolated direction the beam is split, and then diverged, so it does not focus at the collimator.

Figure 3 shows the propagation of light through a polarization independent isolator. The forward travelling light is shown in blue, and the backward propagating light is shown in red. The rays were traced using an ordinary refractive index of 2, and an extraordinary refractive index of 3. The wedge angle is 7°.

## The Faraday rotator

The most important optical element in an isolator is the Faraday rotator. The characteristics that one looks for in a Faraday rotator optic include a high Verdet constant, low absorption coefficient, low non-linear refractive index and high damage threshold. Also, to prevent self-focusing and other thermal related effects, the optic should be as short as possible. The two most commonly used materials for the 700–1100 nm range are terbium doped borosilicate glass and terbium gallium garnet crystal (TGG). For long distance fibre communication, typically at 1310 nm or 1550 nm, yttrium iron garnet crystals are used (YIG). Commercial YIG based Faraday isolators reach isolations higher than 30 dB.

Optical isolators are different from 1/4 wave plate based isolators because the Faraday rotator provides non-reciprocal rotation while maintaining linear polarization. That is, the polarization rotation due to the Faraday rotator is always in the same relative direction. So in the forward direction, the rotation is positive 45°. In the reverse direction, the rotation is −45°. This is due to the change in the relative magnetic field direction, positive one way, negative the other. This then adds to a total of 90° when the light travels in the forward direction and then the negative direction. This allows the higher isolation to be achieved.

## Optical isolators and thermodynamics

It might seem at first glance that a device that allows light to flow in only one direction would violate Kirchhoff's law and the second law of thermodynamics, by allowing light energy to flow from a cold object to a hot object and blocking it in the other direction, but the violation is avoided because the isolator must absorb (not reflect) the light from the hot object and will eventually reradiate it to the cold one. Attempts to re-route the photons back to their source unavoidably involve creating a route by which other photons can travel from the hot body to the cold one, avoiding the paradox.

1. White, Alexander D.; Ahn, Geun Ho; Gasse, Kasper Van; Yang, Ki Youl; Chang, Lin; Bowers, John E.; Vučković, Jelena (February 2023). "Integrated passive nonlinear optical isolators". *Nature Photonics*. **17** (2): 143–149. doi:10.1038/s41566-022-01110-y.
2. Vojna, David; Slezák, Ondřej; Lucianetti, Antonio; Mocek, Tomáš (2019). "Verdet Constant of Magneto-Active Materials Developed for High-Power Faraday Devices". *Applied Sciences*. **9** (15): 3160. doi:10.3390/app9153160.
3. Vojna, David; Slezák, Ondřej; Yasuhara, Ryo; Furuse, Hiroaki; Lucianetti, Antonio; Mocek, Tomáš (2020). "Faraday Rotation of Dy2O3, CeF3 and Y3Fe5O12 at the Mid-Infrared Wavelengths". *Materials*. **13** (23): 5324. Bibcode:2020Mate...13.5324V. doi:10.3390/ma13235324. PMC 7727863. PMID 33255447.
4. Vojna, David; Duda, Martin; Yasuhara, Ryo; Slezák, Ondřej; Schlichting, Wolfgang; Stevens, Kevin; Chen, Hengjun; Lucianetti, Antonio; Mocek, Tomáš (2020). "Verdet constant of potassium terbium fluoride crystal as a function of wavelength and temperature". *Opt. Lett*. **45** (7): 1683–1686. Bibcode:2020OptL...45.1683V. doi:10.1364/ol.387911. PMID 32235973. S2CID 213599420. Archived from the original on 2021-03-05. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
5. Jalas, Dirk; Petrov, Alexander; Eich, Manfred; Freude, Wolfgang; Fan, Shanhui; Yu, Zongfu; Baets, Roel; Popović, Miloš; Melloni, Andrea; Joannopoulos, John D.; Vanwolleghem, Mathias; Doerr, Christopher R.; Renner, Hagen (29 July 2013). "What is — and what is not — an optical isolator". *Nature Photonics*. **7** (8): 579–582. Bibcode:2013NaPho...7..579J. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2013.185.
6. "Polarization Dependent Isolator VS. Polarization Independent Isolator". 6 May 2015. Archived from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
7. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-04. Retrieved 2017-12-04.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
8. Mungan, C.E. (1999). "Faraday Isolators and Kirchhoff's Law: A Puzzle" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2006-07-18.
9. Rayleigh (1901). "On the Magnetic Rotation of Light and the Second Law of Thermo-Dynamics". *Nature*. **64** (1667): 577–578. doi:10.1038/064577e0.


title: Operated equipment rental

abstract: Operated Equipment Rental is the term used for the rental of large or complex machinery where the rental company supplies an operator or driver to operate the machinery. This is also sometimes referred to as Wet Rental, and Operated Plant. In India, the Middle East and Asia a large percentage of all heavy equipment and cranes are supplied with operator reflecting the comparative youth of training programs for specialized operators in construction companies in those countries.

text:
# Operated equipment rental

**Operated Equipment Rental** is the term used for the rental of large or complex machinery where the rental company supplies an operator or driver to operate the machinery. This is also sometimes referred to as Wet Rental (particularly in Australia), and Operated Plant (in the UK). In India, the Middle East and Asia a large percentage of all heavy equipment and cranes are supplied with operator reflecting the comparative youth of training programs for specialized operators in construction companies in those countries.

## Differences from other forms of rental

* In this specialized market the rental charges to the customer are not purely based on the rental of the machine, but on the combined value of the machine and timesheets entered by the operator whilst working for the renter.
* Additional charges are generally included within the contract for elements such as travel time, lunch breaks, overtime and additional installation or ground services such as Slingers, Riggers and other specialized jobs.
* Many larger rental companies also provide training services for customer's own employees to be trained to comparable standards with the rental operators so that equipment can be supplied without operators (also known as Dry Rental).
* In the UK Crane Rental industry in the UK, which is one of the most highly developed crane rental industries in the world, special regulations for health and safety and rental procedures are in place. These are maintained as the CPA regulations.
* In Europe, European Rental Association is the trade body representing the equipment rental industry.

1. "Construction Plant-hire Association". *www.cpa.uk.net*. Archived from the original on 2009-04-07.


title: Wanjiku Chebet Kanjumba

abstract: Wanjiku Chebet Kanjumba is an aerospace engineer, entrepreneur, and Project PoSSUM Scientist-Astronaut Candidate Program graduate. She is the co-founder, CEO, and chairwoman of Vicillion, a global infrastructure development firm.

text:
# Wanjiku Chebet Kanjumba

**Wanjiku Chebet Kanjumba** is an aerospace engineer, entrepreneur, and Project PoSSUM Scientist-Astronaut Candidate Program graduate. She is the co-founder, CEO, and chairwoman of Vicillion, a global infrastructure development firm.

## Education

While pursuing her bachelor's in Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Kanjumba enrolled at the Project Polar Suborbital Science in the Upper Mesosphere (PoSSUM) Academy, where she became the first Kenyan-born to graduate from the program.

## Career

During her master's studies, Kanjumba started Vicillion with two other people, which at the time was a technology research & development lab but later developed into a global infrastructure development firm where their flagship project currently is developing and operating what is marketed as the world's first equatorial commercially operated spaceport, equipped for geosynchronous and geostationary launches.

## InfoBox

| Wanjiku Chebet Kanjumba | |
| --- | --- |
| Alma mater | Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, M.S 2021 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, B.S 2020 |
| Occupation | Aerospace Engineer Entrepreneur<br>Scientist-Astronaut |
| Organization | Vicillion |


title: The Boat Race 1932

abstract: The 84th Boat Race took place on 19 March 1932. Held annually, the Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames. The race was umpired by former Oxford rower Harcourt Gilbey Gold on a shortened because of repairs to Putney Bridge. Cambridge won by five lengths, the largest winning margin for three years, in a time of 19 minutes 11 seconds, their ninth consecutive victory. The win equalled the record victorious streaks of Oxford between 1861 and 1869, and 1890 and 1898, and took the overall record to 43–40 in their favour.

text:
# The Boat Race 1932

The **84th Boat Race** took place on 19 March 1932. Held annually, the Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames. The race was umpired by former Oxford rower Harcourt Gilbey Gold on a shortened because of repairs to Putney Bridge. Cambridge won by five lengths, the largest winning margin for three years, in a time of 19 minutes 11 seconds, their ninth consecutive victory. The win equalled the record victorious streaks of Oxford between 1861 and 1869, and 1890 and 1898, and took the overall record to 4340 in their favour.

## Background

The Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing competition between the University of Oxford (sometimes referred to as the "Dark Blues") and the University of Cambridge (sometimes referred to as the "Light Blues"). The race was first held in 1829, and since 1845 has taken place on the 4.2-mile (6.8 km) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London. The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities; it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and, as of 2014, broadcast worldwide. Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions, having won the 1931 race by 2+12 lengths, and led overall with 42 victories to Oxford's 40 (excluding the "dead heat" of 1877).

Oxford were coached by H. R. Barker (who rowed for the Dark Blues in the 1908 and 1909 races) and John Houghton Gibbon (who had participated in the 1899 and 1900 races, and umpired the previous year's race). Cambridge's coaches were F. E. Hellyer (who had rowed for the Light Blues in the 1910 and 1911 races), J. A. MacNabb (rowed in the 1924 race) and Peter Haig-Thomas (four-time Blue for Cambridge between 1902 and 1905). The race was umpired by Harcourt Gilbey Gold, former Dark Blue president for the 1900 race and four-time Blue, rowing in each race between 1896 and 1899.

The start of this year's race was moved to the University of London Boat Club, approximately 400 yards (370 m) further upstream. After discussion between the umpire, the two boat club presidents, the coaches Haig-Thomas and Gibbon, and a representative of the Port of London Authority, the course was shortened to avoid potential eddies around temporary buttresses erected by Putney Bridge which was undergoing repair. As noted by former Oxford rower E. P. Evans, writing in *The Manchester Guardian*, "no comparisons of times with previous races can be made, because the points on the course will be different". It was the first time since the 1863 race that the event was not conducted between the University Stone and Mortlake.

Cambridge were considered to be favourites to win the race: according to Evans, they had "a command of their boat" although Oxford had "acquired more 'drive' from the coaching of Colonel J. H. Gibbon". The rowing correspondent for *The Times* stated that the Cambridge crew were "the steadiest and best combined crew since that of 1924", while Oxford were "not remarkable for good form" and "not very well together in their blade nor very long nor very steady."

## Crews

The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 12 st 2.75 lb (77.3 kg), 3.5 pounds (1.6 kg) per rower more than their opponents. Oxford saw four rowers return to the crew with Boat Race experience. Cambridge's crew also contained four participants who had taken part in the event previously, including bow David Haig-Thomas and number six Harold Rickett. Two participants in the race were registered as non-British, both of whom rowed for Cambridge: Lewis Luxton and William Sambell were Australian.

| Seat | Oxford
 | | | Cambridge
 | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Name | College | Weight | Name | College | Weight |
| Bow | G. A. Ellison | New College | 11 st 8.5 lb | D. Haig-Thomas | Lady Margaret Boat Club | 11 st 6 lb |
| 2 | G. M. L. Smith | Brasenose | 11 st 9 lb | K. M. Payne | 3rd Trinity | 12 st 5 lb |
| 3 | J. de R. Kent | Brasenose | 11 st 8.5 lb | T. G. Askwith | Peterhouse | 11 st 8.5 lb |
| 4 | C. M. Johnston (P) | Brasenose | 12 st 4.5 lb | W. A. T. Sambell | Pembroke | 12 st 6.5 lb |
| 5 | W. D. C. Erskine-Crum | Christ Church | 12 st 6 lb | C. J. S. Sergel | Clare | 12 st 9 lb |
| 6 | R. A. J. Poole | Brasenose | 13 st 2.5 lb | H. R. N. Rickett (P) | 3rd Trinity | 12 st 11.5 lb |
| 7 | W. H. Migotti | Worcester | 11 st 5.5 lb | D. H. E. McCowen | Pembroke | 12 st 1.5 lb |
| Stroke | C. A. Chadwyck-Healey | Trinity | 11 st 6.25 lb | L. Luxton | Pembroke | 12 st 2.25 lb |
| Cox | E. R. Edmett | Worcester | 8 st 7 lb | J. M. Ranking | Pembroke | 6 st 13 lb |
| Source:
(P)  boat club president | | | | | | |

## Race

Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station, handing the Middlesex side of the river to Oxford. Weather conditions were favourable, with bright sunshine, little wind and calm water, and umpire Gold started the race at 10:30 a.m. Oxford made the quicker start, marginally out-rating the Light Blues and led by a quarter-length by the end of the Fulham Wall. They extended this lead to one third of a length by the time the crews passed the Mile Post. Cambridge increased their stroke rate and drew level by the Crab Tree pub, and spurting at Harrods Furniture Depository they led by half a length.

As the crews passed below Hammersmith Bridge, Cambridge drew clear and held a two-length lead by the Doves pub. In rough water along Chiswick Reach, Oxford struggled and at Chiswick Steps they were eleven seconds behind the Light Blues. Despite a spurt from the Dark Blues, Cambridge passed under Barnes Bridge five lengths ahead. They held that lead to pass the finishing post in a time of 19 minutes 11 seconds, the largest winning margin since the 1929 race. It was their ninth consecutive victory and the first time in the history of the race that Cambridge had equalled the successful winning streaks of Oxford between 1861 and 1869, and 1890 and 1898.

**Notes**

**Bibliography**

## InfoBox

| 84th Boat Race | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Date | 19 March 1932 (1932-03-19) |
| Winner | Cambridge |
| Margin of victory | 5 lengths |
| Winning time | 19 minutes 11 seconds |
| Overall record
(CambridgeOxford) | 43–40 |
| Umpire | Harcourt Gilbey Gold
(Oxford) |
|  | |


title: Tokyo Ghoul (film)

abstract: Tokyo Ghoul Tokyo Ghoul is a 2017 Japanese dark fantasy action film based on the manga series Tokyo Ghoul by Sui Ishida. The film is directed by Kentarō Hagiwara and stars Masataka Kubota as Ken Kaneki and Fumika Shimizu as Tōka Kirishima. It was released in Japan by Shochiku on July 29, 2017.

text:
# Tokyo Ghoul (film)

***Tokyo Ghoul*** (Japanese: 東京喰種トーキョーグール, Hepburn: *Tōkyō Gūru*) is a 2017 Japanese dark fantasy action film based on the manga series *Tokyo Ghoul* by Sui Ishida. The film is directed by Kentarō Hagiwara and stars Masataka Kubota as Ken Kaneki and Fumika Shimizu as Tōka Kirishima. It was released in Japan by Shochiku on July 29, 2017.

## Plot

*Tokyo Ghoul* is set in an alternate reality where ghouls, individuals who can only survive by eating human flesh, live among the normal humans in secret, hiding their true nature to evade pursuit from the authorities.

Ken Kaneki, a normal college student who, after being taken to a hospital, discovers that he underwent a surgery that transformed him into a half-ghoul after being attacked by his date, Rize Kamishiro who reveals herself to be a ghoul. This was accomplished by transferring Rize's organs into his body, and now, like normal ghouls, he must consume human flesh to survive. Struggling with his new life as a half-ghoul, he must now adapt into the ghoul society, as well as keeping his identity hidden from his human companions.

## Cast

| Character | Actor | English Dubbing |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ken Kaneki | Masataka Kubota | Austin Tindle |
| Tōka Kirishima | Fumika Shimizu | Brina Palencia |
| Hideyoshi Nagachika | Kai Ogasawara | Clifford Chapin |
| Kōtarō Amon | Nobuyuki Suzuki | Mike McFarland |
| Hinami Fueguchi | Hiyori Sakurada | Lara Woodhull |
| Rize Kamishiro | Yū Aoi | Monica Rial |
| Kureo Mado | Yo Oizumi | Kenny Green |
| Yoshimura | Kunio Murai | Sean Hennigan |
| Nishiki Nishio | Shunya Shiraishi | Eric Vale |
| Ryōko Fueguchi | Shoko Aida | Colleen Clinkenbeard |
| Renji Yomo | Shuntarō Yanagi | Phil Parsons |
| Enji Koma | Kenta Hamano | Tyson Rinehart |
| Uta | Bandō Minosuke II | Aaron Roberts |
| Kaya Irimi | Nozomi Sasaki | Dawn M. Bennett |
| Yoriko Kosaka | Seika Furuhata | Jad Saxton |
| Hisashi Ogura | Dankan | Brian Mathis |
|

## Production

Principal photography lasted from July to September 2016.

## Release

On May 31, 2017, it was announced that Funimation have acquired the licensed of Tokyo Ghoul and will be coming to theaters soon. Tokyo Ghoul premiered in the US at Anime Expo 2017 in Los Angeles on July 3, 2017.

### Home media

Funimation release the film on DVD and Blu-ray which included English Dubbed with voice actor Austin Tindle, Brina Palencia reprised their roles as Ken Kaneki and Touka Kirishima.

On home video, the film's DVD and Blu-ray releases have generated sales of $121,000 in the United States.

## Reception

### Box office

The film grossed ¥1.1 billion ($10.02 million) in Japan. Overseas, it grossed US$71,222 in Australia and New Zealand, and $21,177 in Thailand, for a worldwide total of $10 million.

### Critical reception

The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 82% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 17 reviews, with an average rating of 6.4/10.

Gabriella Ekens from *Anime News Network* was impressed by film's cinematography even though it didn't have a huge budget and praised Masataka Kubota and other cast for their strong performance. Although he criticized film for its *Kagune* effects. Mark Schilling of *The Japan Times* gave the film 4.5 out of 5 stars. Andrew Chan of the Film Critics Circle of Australia writes, "Tokyo Ghoul is one of those films where the over the top gore and violence ends up over shadowing everything from plot line to meaningful words or even its characters." *Dread Central* gave the film three and a half stars and called the film "A beautiful but flawed adaptation."

*Variety* said "This live-action adaptation of Sui Ishida’s famous manga about flesh-eating monsters is likely to please fans, despite some technical imperfections." *South China Morning Post* found the film ambitious but felt it ultimately stumbled saying "The film collapses into a series of conventional stand-offs between opposing characters struggling as much with their own identities as their conflicts with each other. For about an hour, however, *Tokyo Ghoul* did offer something special." *Film School Rejects* said "It feels like a film designed for newcomers, but it ultimately fails to leave viewers hungry for more."

### Accolades

*Tokyo Ghoul* won the Excellence Award in the Live-Action Theatrical Film category, and was nominated for the Best Award category in the *VFX-Japan Awards* 2018.

## Sequel

On September 22, 2018, it was announced that a sequel film for *Tokyo Ghoul* was green-lit for a 2019 release. On April 10, 2019, it was revealed that the title of the film would be *Tokyo Ghoul S*, and was scheduled for release on July 19, 2019. Maika Yamamoto will be replacing Fumika Shimizu in her role as Tōka Kirishima, and Shota Matsuda will join the cast as Shū Tsukiyama.

## InfoBox

| Tokyo Ghoul | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
|  | |
| **Kanji** | 東京喰種トーキョーグール |
|  | |
| Directed by | Kentarō Hagiwara |
| Screenplay by | Ichirō Kusuno |
| Based on | *Tokyo Ghoul*
by Sui Ishida |
| Produced by | Shōgo Ishizuka
Tomohiro Nagae |
| Starring |  |
| Edited by | Akira Takeda
Yasuyuki Ōzeki |
| Music by | Don Davis |
| Production
company | Geek Sight |
| Distributed by | Shochiku |
| Release date | * July 29, 2017 (2017-07-29) (Japan) |
| Running time | 120 minutes |
| Country | Japan |
| Languages | Japanese
English |
| Box office | $10 million |


title: That's Why I Lie

abstract: "That's Why I Lie" is a single by Ray J from the Dr. Dolittle soundtrack. The song charted at #22 in New Zealand and #71 on the UK Singles Chart. The song was produced by Rodney Jerkins, and was later sampled on Brandy's 1998 album Never Say Never.

text:
# That's Why I Lie

"**That's Why I Lie**" is a single by Ray J from the *Dr. Dolittle* soundtrack. The song charted at #22 in New Zealand and #71 on the UK Singles Chart. The song was produced by Rodney Jerkins, and was later sampled on Brandy's 1998 album Never Say Never.

## Track listing

1. That's Why I Lie (Radio Version)
2. That's Why I Lie (Album Version)
3. That's Why I Lie (Instrumental)

## InfoBox

| "That's Why I Lie" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Ray J | |
| from the album  *Dr. Dolittle O.S.T.* | |
| Released | September 22, 1998 |
| Genre | R&B |
| Length | 3:51 |
| Label | Atlantic |
| Songwriter(s) | Rodney Jerkins, Isaac Phillips, LaShawn Daniels, Traci Hale, Nycolia Turman |
|  | |
| Ray J singles chronology | |
| "Everything You Want"
(1997) "**That's Why I Lie**"
(1998) "Another Day in Paradise"
(2001) | |
|  | |


title: Shinkai (divine rank)

abstract: Shinkai is a system of ranking kami in Shinto. Higher rank meant more lands were given to the shrine and it became wealthier and more powerful.

text:
# Shinkai (divine rank)

***Shinkai*** (神階, "divine rank") is a system of ranking kami in Shinto. Higher rank meant more lands were given to the shrine and it became wealthier and more powerful.

## History

The Shinkai system was linked to the Myōjin and ranked deity shrine systems. The Myojin system ranked deities and the Kanpei kokuhei-sha system ranked shrines. Its goal was to control important shrines for the state.

At first, the state shrine system did not work well. It was meant for festivals for Japan's deities. At that time only a few state shrines existed. Their numbers started to grow in the mid-eighth century. This was because of changes in local governance. These changes were part of the Ritsuryo system.

The first mention of *shinkai* is in the *Tôdaiji yôroku*. This document is from around 1134. It says that in 746, Hachiman Taisha got the third rank. This was to help an ill emperor.

The earlier Hanpei system was about giving festival materials (*heihaku*) to shrines. The system got stricter. Shinto priests who did not collect *heihaku* faced penalties, but this did not work well.

The system changed a lot in the late eighth century under the Ritsuryo system. Many thought the Department of Divinities was losing power. But the number of state-supported shrines grew.

During the Enryaku era, the Department of Divinities made two important changes:

* Specially Designated Shrines and Deities: This system managed some shrines (Kanpei-kokuhei-sha) and deities (Myojin). The Bureau managed them directly in the Kinai region. Provincial governors (Kokushi) managed them in other regions.
* Increased Control: Provincial governors tried to get more control. They applied for recognition from the Bureau. They also asked for Heihaku.

By the late eighth century, it was common to give status and rankings to shrines. This created a clear hierarchy. Governors and local leaders supported this. Governors liked it for control. Local leaders liked it for political status.

For example In history every time Mount Chokai erupted, the rank of Omonoimi no Kami the kami of Chōkaisan Ōmonoimi Shrine was increased. Omonoimi no Kami is known to have received the rank of Shōichii in the reign of Emperor Yōmei.

At first, shrines got land based on rank. Higher ranks meant more land.

Governors gradually got more control over shrine ranking. Ranking gods became mainly a provincial matter. The central government was little involved.

Later, the practice changed. It became more ceremonial and less practical.

The system ended in the Meiji period.


title: Uliga

abstract: Uliga is an island district in the Marshall Islands, located in the eastern portion of Majuro Atoll. Along with Delap and Djarrit, it forms a town known as "Delap-Uliga-Djarrit". The terrain is about 2 metres above sea level. Variant forms of spelling for Majuro Uliga exist in several different languages: Urego To, Uliga Island, Vuleka, Ulika, Ulliga, Urega-tō, Uliga Island, Ulika, Ulliga, Urega-to, Urega-tō, Urego To, Vuleka. On January 30, 1944, United States troops invaded and built a large base, Naval Base Majuro.

text:
# Uliga

**Uliga** (Marshallese: ***Wūlka***, \[wɯlʲ(i)ɡɑ\]) is an island district in the Marshall Islands, located in the eastern portion of Majuro Atoll. Along with Delap and Djarrit, it forms a town known as "Delap-Uliga-Djarrit".

The terrain is about 2 metres above sea level. Variant forms of spelling for Majuro Uliga exist in several different languages: Urego To, Uliga Island, Vuleka, Ulika, Ulliga, Urega-tō, Uliga Island, Ulika, Ulliga, Urega-to, Urega-tō, Urego To, Vuleka.

On January 30, 1944, United States troops invaded and built a large base, Naval Base Majuro.

## Climate

| Climate data for Kaven | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29
(84) | 29
(84) | 29
(84) | 29
(84) | 29
(84) | 29
(84) | 29
(84) | 30
(86) | 30
(86) | 30
(86) | 30
(86) | 29
(84) | 29
(84) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 24
(75) | 24
(75) | 24
(75) | 24
(75) | 24
(75) | 24
(75) | 24
(75) | 24
(75) | 24
(75) | 24
(75) | 24
(75) | 24
(75) | 24
(75) |
| Average precipitation cm (inches) | 20
(8) | 17
(6.7) | 21
(8.3) | 28
(11) | 30
(11.7) | 30
(11.7) | 33
(12.9) | 29
(11.5) | 33
(12.8) | 36
(14.3) | 34
(13.3) | 28
(11.1) | 338
(133.2) |
| Source: Weatherbase | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

7°05′14.28″N 171°22′34.72″E / 7.0873000°N 171.3763111°E / 7.0873000; 171.3763111


title: Tabidia strigiferalis

abstract: Tabidia strigiferalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It is found in China, Korea and Russia. The wingspan is 18–24 mm. The forewings are pale yellow or pale ochreous with a basal black point. The antemedial line is represented by black or fuscous spots and there is a black spot below the discal cell near the base. The orbicular stigma and discoidal stigma are black and there is a series of short black streaks along the vein. The postmedial line is represented by a series of black or fuscous spots and there are some indistinct fuscous streaks in the terminal interspaces. The hindwings are yellowish-white and the subterminal line consists of a series of small fuscous points. The terminal area is pale yellow, but brown near the tornus.

text:
# Tabidia strigiferalis

***Tabidia strigiferalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It is found in China (Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Tianjing, Hebei, Shaanxi, Gansu, Henan, Anhui, Hubei, Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan), Korea and Russia.

The wingspan is 18–24 mm. The forewings are pale yellow or pale ochreous with a basal black point. The antemedial line is represented by black or fuscous spots and there is a black spot below the discal cell near the base. The orbicular stigma and discoidal stigma are black and there is a series of short black streaks along the vein. The postmedial line is represented by a series of black or fuscous spots and there are some indistinct fuscous streaks in the terminal interspaces. The hindwings are yellowish-white and the subterminal line consists of a series of small fuscous points. The terminal area is pale yellow, but brown near the tornus.

## InfoBox

| *Tabidia strigiferalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Tabidia* |
| Species: | ***T. strigiferalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tabidia strigiferalis***<br>Hampson, 1900 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Epipagis strigiferalis* | |


title: Tadjuddin Noor

abstract: Tadjuddin Noor was an Indonesian politician and nationalist. He was a deputy speaker of the Provisional People's Representative Council between 1950 and 1956, and chaired the legislature of the State of East Indonesia (NIT). Having worked with Japanese occupiers prior and during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, Noor became a proponent for the republican cause within the Dutch-controlled East Indonesia, especially in NIT where he narrowly lost its first election for head of state. He became a senator after the 1949 transfer of sovereignty, and continued to be active in politics during the 1950s as a member of the Constitutional Assembly.

text:
# Tadjuddin Noor

**Tadjuddin Noor** (16 April 1906 – ?) was an Indonesian politician and nationalist. He was a deputy speaker of the Provisional People's Representative Council between 1950 and 1956, and chaired the legislature of the State of East Indonesia (NIT).

Having worked with Japanese occupiers prior and during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, Noor became a proponent for the republican cause within the Dutch-controlled East Indonesia, especially in NIT where he narrowly lost its first election for head of state. He became a senator after the 1949 transfer of sovereignty, and continued to be active in politics during the 1950s as a member of the Constitutional Assembly.

## Early life and education

Noor was born in Pegatan, in what is today South Kalimantan, on 16 April 1906. He studied law in Leiden University.

## Career

### Pre-independence

After graduating from Leiden, Noor began working as a lawyer in Banjarmasin. He worked there between 1936 and 1939. Starting in July 1939 until the Japanese invasion of the Indies, he became a member of the Volksraad. He began his term as a member of the Nationalist faction led by Mohammad Husni Thamrin called the *Fractie National*, but only a few months later in the summer of 1939 he left it and joined a breakaway Sumatran group called the *Indonesisch nationalistische groep*, which was chaired by Mangaradja Soeangkoepon. The other members of this new faction were Abdul Rasjid and Mohammad Yamin. . In 1941, he reportedly joined a Japanese fifth column conspiracy to sabotage the Indies' defense for the upcoming invasion, alongside other nationalists such as Achmad Soebardjo and Alexander Andries Maramis and Japanese agents such as Shigetada Nishijima, though, due to the Japanese campaign's rapid success, the sabotage ended up not being required.

In the immediate aftermath of the Japanese invasion, Indonesian nationalists saw the campaign as one of liberation, and formed several draft cabinets in expectation of handover of administrative duties to the nationalist leaders. In one of these cabinets, Noor was proposed as a deputy-minister of state. The proposals were quickly rejected by the Japanese, who soon prohibited displays of Indonesian nationalism to the disappointment of prior collaborators. Noor was initially an adviser to the Imperial Japanese Army in the-renamed Jakarta, before later being appointed by the Imperial Japanese Navy, alongside Manadonese Sam Ratulangi, as advisers in managing Sulawesi, which the navy was tasked with occupying.

### Revolution and RIS

After the surrender of Japan, Noor returned to being a lawyer for some time in Makassar. After the arrest of Ratulangi by the returning Dutch forces, Noor (who had been appointed by nationalists in Java as Ratulangi's deputy republican governor of Sulawesi) became the *de facto* political leader of the Indonesian independence movement in Sulawesi. He was also head of the Indonesian National Party in Makassar.

During the Denpasar Conference of 1946, which Noor attended, he was considered a key figure in championing the nationalist/republican cause. Later that month, Noor ran as one of two candidates for the head of state of the newly formed State of East Indonesia, but narrowly lost to Tjokorda Gde Raka Soekawati (33–36) following three rounds of voting. After his loss, Noor ran as chairman of the new state's legislature, this time defeating Ambonese KNIL captain Julius Tahija 40–25.

Several months after his appointment as chair, however, he faced opposition due to his perceived bias towards the body's "Progressive faction" (a moniker for legislators who supported Noor's bid as head of state), and his inaction in restraining spectators of the body's meetings from cheering and applauding. For these reasons, he was unanimously voted out from his position on 27 May 1947, and he was replaced as chair by Sultan Muhammad Kaharuddin III. Despite the vote of no confidence, the Progressive faction in NIT proposed that Noor be made minister under Nadjamuddin Daeng Malewa's to-be restructured cabinet, first proposing him as Minister of Social Affairs and later as Minister of Justice, though both proposals were rejected by Malewa due to the vote of no confidence.

Noor was an adviser to the Indonesian delegation during negotiations on board the *Renville*, and he was arrested by Dutch authorities following Operation Kraai, though by the time of the Roem–Van Roijen Agreement's signing, he was already organizing a welcome ceremony for the return of the republican government to Yogyakarta.

### Post-1950

By 1950, following the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference and the formation of the United States of Indonesia, Noor became a senator, representing the Southeast Borneo Federation. By 19 August 1950, the federal United States of Indonesia had been converted to the unitary Republic of Indonesia, and Noor was appointed as one of the three deputy speakers of the Provisional People's Representative Council.

During his time in the parliament, Noor was part of the Great Indonesia Unity Party (PIR), chairing its faction in the parliament. He had called for the resignation of the Sukiman Cabinet in December 1951, and during the First Ali Sastroamidjojo Cabinet, a dispute on whether PIR should continue to support the Ali government after losing ministerial posts resulted in the party's split, with one faction under Wongsonegoro and another under Noor and Hazairin. The Wongsonegoro faction was the dominant faction for the party's Javanese members, while the Hazairin-Noor faction derived its support from party offices outside Java. Noor held his parliamentary seat until March 1956. In the 1955 elections, the two PIR factions contested separately, and the Hazairin-Noor faction only secured a single seat.

In April 1959, Noor replaced Hazairin in the Constitutional Assembly of Indonesia, and held a seat there until the body's dismissal by Sukarno on 5 July 1959. He wrote a book, titled *The roads to world peace, world prosperity, and social justice*, published in 1974.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Tadjuddin Noor | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Deputy Speaker of the People's Representative Council | |
| **In office**
16 August 1950  26 March 1956 | |
| Speaker | Sartono |
| United States of Indonesia Senator
from Southeast Borneo | |
| **In office**
16 February 1950  16 August 1950 | |
| Preceded by | *position created* |
| Succeeded by | *position abolished* |
| Chair of Provisional Representative Body | |
| **In office**
24 December 1946  27 May 1947 | |
| Preceded by | *position created* |
| Succeeded by | Muhammad Kaharuddin III |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1906-04-16)16 April 1906
Pegatan, Kalimantan, Dutch East Indies |
| Political party |  |
| Alma mater | Leiden University |
|  | |


title: TV La Verdad

abstract: TV La Verdad is a religious broadcast station of the Philippine-based Christian organization, Members Church of God International for Spanish-speaking countries in Central and South America. TV La Verdad's 24 hours a day, 7 days a week broadcast started in July 2012 via Galaxy 19 satellite. Later, it transferred to the SES-6 satellite which covers Central and South America including other countries in North America, Europe and North Africa. Its broadcast feed originates from a 48-square meter garage, transformed into a makeshift broadcasting studio in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, sharing space with its affiliate stations TV Verdade and The Truth Channel. The station carries the 24-hour Spanish broadcast of El Camino Antiguo, the longest-running religious program in the Philippines, hosted by international televangelist Hermano Eli Soriano, the Overall Servant of MCGI.

text:
# TV La Verdad

**TV La Verdad** (English: Truth TV) is a religious broadcast station of the Philippine-based Christian organization, Members Church of God International (MCGI, Spanish: *Miembros Iglesia de Dios Internacional*) for Spanish-speaking countries in Central and South America.

TV La Verdad's 24 hours a day, 7 days a week broadcast started in July 2012 via Galaxy 19 satellite. Later, it transferred to the SES-6 satellite which covers Central and South America including other countries in North America, Europe and North Africa.

Its broadcast feed originates from a 48-square meter garage, transformed into a makeshift broadcasting studio in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, sharing space with its affiliate stations TV Verdade and The Truth Channel.

The station carries the 24-hour Spanish broadcast of *El Camino Antiguo* (English: The Old Path, Tagalog: *Ang Dating Daan*), the longest-running religious program in the Philippines, hosted by international televangelist Hermano Eli Soriano, the Overall Servant of MCGI.

## Satellite Broadcast

|
|  |
| Satellite | Channel | Band | Position | Frequency | Polarity | SR | Coverage |
|
| **SES-6** | **TV La Verdad** | C Band FTA | 40.5° W | 4178 MHz | Left (L) | 3200-3/4 | South America
North America
Europe
North Africa |

## Terrestrial free-to-air broadcast

In February 2014, MCGI began its 24/7 free-to-air terrestrial broadcast in El Salvador, the smallest and the most densely populated country in Central America.

| Branding | Channel | Country |
| --- | --- | --- |
| TV La Verdad | Canal 61 | El Salvador |

## InfoBox

**TV La Verdad**
|
|  |
| Type | Religious broadcasting, television network |
| Country | Brazil |
| Owner | Members Church of God International
*Miembros Iglesia de Dios Internacional* |
| Key people | Hermano Eli Soriano
Hermano Daniel Razon |
| Launch date | July 2012 |
| Affiliates | TV Verdade
The Truth Channel |
| Official website | http://www.elcaminoantiguo.com |


title: TV Koper-Capodistria

abstract: TV Koper Capodistria is a Slovene free-to-air television channel based in Koper, Slovenia. Mainly funded by state aid, the channel serves the Italian-speaking minority in Slovenia and Croatia. It can also be received in the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia.

text:
# TV Koper-Capodistria

**TV Koper Capodistria** is a Slovene free-to-air television channel based in Koper, Slovenia. Mainly funded by state aid, the channel serves the Italian-speaking minority in Slovenia and Croatia. It can also be received in the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia.

The channel covers international, regional, and local news from both sides of the border. The editorial section for culture programmes shows Artevisione, Istria e... dintorni, L’Universo e\`... and Itinerari. The shows, with documentaries, reports, and magazine formats, focus on the regional and local cultural life in Slovenia, Italy, and Croatia.

The channel is notable by the first music video TV show, not only in the former Titoist Yugoslavia, but also in the neighboring Italy, featuring popular Western music videos during the 1980s with its host Dario Diviacchi enjoining a star status among his young TV audience. The show, first under the name "Alta Pressione" ("High Pressure") and later "Video Mix", was on air every Thursday evening. A phone-in format with the TV viewers choosing among the music videos to be aired on the show, was introduced later with host Alex Bini.

The music program made the channel popular in Italy, where the show was the third most viewed TV show in 1985.

## Logo history

## InfoBox

TV Koper - Capodistria
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Slovenia |
| Programming | |
| Picture format | 1080i HDTV |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Radiotelevizija Slovenija |
| History | |
| Launched | 6 May 1971 |
| Links | |
| Website | TV Koper/Capodistria |
| Availability | |
|  | |
| Terrestrial | |
| Digital terrestrial television | Varies on location |
| Streaming media | |
| rtvslo.si | TV Koper/Capodistria live |
|  | |


title: TV Lab at Thirteen/WNET

abstract: TV Lab was a program founded at Thirteen/WNET public television station in 1972 by David Loxton with support from the Rockefeller Foundation and New York State Council on the Arts. The program provided artists with advanced video making equipment through an artist-in-residence program. Between 1975 and 1977, the Video Tape Review series was established and broadcast through TV Lab. David Loxton created TV Lab's Independent Documentary Fund in 1977, aiming to provide funding for the creation of independent documentaries. Unable to match funds from the National Endowment for the Arts, the IDF and TV Lab lost support, eventually ending in 1984.

text:
# TV Lab at Thirteen/WNET

**TV Lab** (short for Television Laboratory) was a program founded at Thirteen/WNET public television station in 1972 by David Loxton with support from the Rockefeller Foundation and New York State Council on the Arts. The program provided artists with advanced video making equipment through an artist-in-residence program. Between 1975 and 1977, the Video Tape Review series was established and broadcast through TV Lab. David Loxton created TV Lab's Independent Documentary Fund in 1977, aiming to provide funding for the creation of independent documentaries. Unable to match funds from the National Endowment for the Arts, the IDF and TV Lab lost support, eventually ending in 1984.

## History

In 1971, the Rockefeller Foundation donated $150,000 for the establishment of TV Lab. At the time, Howard Klein was assistant director at the Rockefeller Foundation and played an instrumental role in the Rockefeller Foundation's decision to donate to TV Lab at Thirteen/WNET, working with WGBH's Fred Barzyk and artist Nam June Paik, among others. Initially, John Jay Iselin, WNET's president at the time, suggested Robert Kotlowitz for the role of TV Lab director, but artists involved in the project expressed discontent with the proposal. Barzyk then suggested David Loxton for the position of Director, and in 1972 TV Lab began under Loxton's direction with additional grants from the New York State Council on the Arts.

Between 1972 and 1974, TV Lab primarily operated through an artist-in-residence program, supporting artists in the creation of video art. Nam June Paik, Dimitri Devyatkin, Ed Emshwiller, Shirley Clarke, and Douglas Davis were among artists who participated in the artist-in-residence program during this initial period. In 1973, TVTV video collective came to Loxton seeking support for a guerrilla video project about guru Maharaj-Ji and his followers at the Houston Astrodome. This became TV Lab's first video documentary, *Lord of the Universe*, marking the beginning of TV Lab's venture into non-fiction video.

In 1975, the Video Tape Review (VTR) series hosted by Russell Connor was established as part of TV Lab, airing until 1977. VTR was used to introduce viewers to artists at TV Lab and provide some exposure to their work, and in its two years, featured the work of artists and video collectives including Jon Alpert and Keiko Tsuno, TVTV, Broadside TV, and Video Freex. In 1977, David Loxton created the Independent Documentary Fund (IDF) at TV Lab, founded by the Ford Foundation and National Endowment for the Arts. The IDF provided funds for independent documentaries such as Jack Willis' *Paul Jacobs and the Nuclear Gang* and Robert Epstein's *The Times of Harvey Milk*.

In 1984, TV Lab lost funding from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting when Program Fund Director Lewis Freedman did not renew CPB funds, and TV Lab was unable to match required funds from the National Endowment for the Arts.

## Productions

Between 1972 and 1984, several artists and video collectives produced work at TV Lab.

* Nam June Paik \- *Global Groove* (1973), *A Tribute to John Cage* (1973), *Nam June Paik: Edited for Television* (1975), *You can't lick stamps in China* (1978), *Media Shuttle: Moscow/New York* (1978) (collaboration with Devyatkin)
* Ed Emshwiller \- *Crossings and Meetings* (1974), *Sur Faces* (1977), *Dubs* (1978)
* Douglas Davis \- *Video Against Video* (1975)
* Dimitri Devyatkin \- *Media Shuttle: Moscow/New York* (1978) (collaboration with Paik)
* Bill Viola \- *Junkyard Levitation* (1976), *The Space Between the Teeth* (1976), *Songs of Innocence* (1976), *Truth Through Mass Individuation* (1976), *The Wheel of Becoming* (1977), *The Morning After the Night of Power* (1977), *Sweet Light* (1977), *The Reflecting Pool* (1979), *Moonblood* (1979), *Silent Life* (1979), *Anthem* (1983)
* Joan Jonas \- *I Want to Live in the Country (And Other Romances)* (1976), *Double Lunar Dogs* (1984)
* Gary Hill \- *Soundings* (1979)
* Skip Blumberg \- *Pick Up Your Feet: The Double Dutch Show* (1981)
* John Sanborn \- *Exchange in Three Parts* (1977), *Resolution of the Eye* (1979), *Olympic Fragments* (1980)


title: TV Kochi

abstract: TV Kochi Broadcasting, also known as KUTV, is a television network headquartered in Kōchi Prefecture, Japan. It is affiliated with Japan News Network (JNN). TV Kochi founded in 1969, and started broadcasting in 1970. KUTV started digital terrestrial television broadcasting in 2006, and ended analog television broadcasting in 2011. In 2015, KUTV re-built its headquarter building.

text:
# TV Kochi

**TV Kochi Broadcasting** (テレビ高知, *Terebi Kōchi*), also known as **KUTV** (**K**ochi **U**HF **T**ele**V**ision), is a television network headquartered in Kōchi Prefecture, Japan. It is affiliated with **Japan News Network** (**JNN**). TV Kochi founded in 1969, and started broadcasting in 1970.

KUTV started digital terrestrial television broadcasting in 2006, and ended analog television broadcasting in 2011. In 2015, KUTV re-built its headquarter building.

## InfoBox

JORI-DTV
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| City | Kōchi |
| Channels |  |
| Programming | |
| Affiliations | Japan News Network |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | TV KOCHI BROADCASTING CO., LTD. |
| History | |
| Founded | April 8, 1969 |
| First air date | April 1, 1970 |
| Former call signs | JORI-TV (1970-2011) |
| Former channel number(s) | * **Analog:** * 38 (UHF, 1970-2011) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | MIC |
| Links | |
| Website | KUTV |


title: Tadeusz Gosiewski

abstract: Tadeusz Gosiewski was a Polish nobleman. He was a renowned lawyer, diplomat and chevalier of the Order of Malta.

text:
# Tadeusz Gosiewski

**Tadeusz Gosiewski** (23 July 1900 in Olchowiec – 15 December 1969 in Nairobi) was a Polish nobleman.

He was a renowned lawyer, diplomat and chevalier of the Order of Malta.

## InfoBox

| Tadeusz Gosiewski | |
| --- | --- |
| Coat of arms | Ślepowron |
| Born | (1900-07-23)23 July 1900
Olchowiec |
| Died | 15 December 1969(1969-12-15) (aged 69)
Nairobi, Kenya |
| Noble family | Gosiewski |
| Consort | Elżbieta Rozalia Przezdziecka |


title: T Kennedy (songwriter)

abstract: T Kennedy was a Tyneside songwriter from the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. His most famous song is possibly "Geordie's Letter Frae Callerforney ".

text:
# T Kennedy (songwriter)

**T Kennedy** was a Tyneside songwriter from the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. His most famous song is possibly "Geordie's Letter Frae Callerforney ".

## Details

The four most popular or best known songs written by T Kennedy are :-

* Geordie's Letter Frae Callerforney
* The Lass I Lo'e Sae Dearly
* The Moderate Man
* Sweet Tyneside

All of which appear in Songs of the Bards of the Tyne, published by P. France & Co. of Newcastle in 1840 and edited by Joseph Philip Robson.

Three of the above songs are written in the Geordie dialect

These and other minor works also appear in other Tyneside published Chapbooks from the same period including J. W. Swanston’s (of St. Andrew's Street, Newcastle upon Tyne) "Tyneside songster, containing a splendid collection of local songs by popular authors in the Northumbrian dialect"


title: Tak Sun Secondary School

abstract: Tak Sun Secondary School is a directly subsidized, English as Medium of Instruction, boys' school located at Tai Shui Hang, Ma On Shan, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong. The institution was established in 2000. Tak Sun is founded on Catholic Christian values, incorporates the involvement of parents in the education of their children and encourages their own personal growth as parents.

text:
# Tak Sun Secondary School

**Tak Sun Secondary School** (**TSSS**; Chinese: 德信中學 demonym: *Tak Sun Boy*) is a directly subsidized, English as Medium of Instruction, boys' school located at Tai Shui Hang, Ma On Shan, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong. The institution was established in 2000.

Tak Sun is founded on Catholic Christian values, incorporates the involvement of parents in the education of their children and encourages their own personal growth as parents.

## History

In March 2006, the school invited a comprehensive review of its activities by the Faculty of Education of the University of Hong Kong. The resulting report was generally positive, but identified deficiencies in academic rigour that required addressing.

## School facilities

The school has a multimedia learning center, student activity center, a comprehensive learning center, language rooms, auditorium, laboratories, computer rooms, a library, a fitness room, football court, handball court, basketball court, an art room,badminton courts, athletics track and a small chapel.

## Notable alumni

### Sports

| Name | Chinese Name | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Gordon Ho Hoi Tung | 何凱桐 | Contract bridge player; Representing Hong Kong to participate the Bridge at the 2018 Asian Games and won the silver medal. |

### Religion

| Name | Chinese Name | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Rev. Fr. Henry Chau Chin Heng | 周阡行 | Roman Catholic Priest of the Diocese of Hong Kong; Assistant Parish Priest of St. Thomas the Apostole Church, Tsing Yi; First alumni to be ordained as Roman Catholic Priest. |
| Rev. Fr. Billy Ng Wai Leung | 伍偉良 | Roman Catholic Priest of the Prelature of Opus Dei; Second alumni and First teacher to be ordained as Roman Catholic Priest. |

22°24′37″N 114°13′19″E / 22.41031°N 114.22189°E / 22.41031; 114.22189

## InfoBox

| Tak Sun Secondary School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 27 Ning Tai Road, Ma On Shan, Sha Tin District, New Territories, Hong Kong | |
| Information | |
| Type | DSS Boys School |
| Motto | In Labore Gaudium (Latin)
Joy in Duty
勤而樂
(Chinese) |
| Religious affiliation(s) | Roman Catholic |
| Established | 2000 (2000) |
| President | Dr. Peter M. Herbert |
| Principal | Dennis Law |
| Vice principals | Mervyn Lam, Eric Kwan |
| Faculty | 66 |
| Enrollment | 950 |
| Language | English,Chinese |
| Area | 11,680 Square Metres |
| Affiliation | East Asian Educational Association
Opus Dei |
| Houses | Piccard
Nansen
Scott
Hillary |
| Patron saint | Saint Josemaría Escrivá |
| Website | tsss.edu.hk |


title: Tai Daeng people

abstract: The Red Tai are an ethnic group of Vietnam and Laos. They speak the Tai Daeng language. In Vietnam, they are called Thái Đỏ and are included in the group of the Thái people, together with the Thái Đen, Thái Trắng, Phu Thai, Tày Thanh and Thái Hàng Tổng. The group of the Thái people is the third largest of the fifty-four ethnic groups recognized by the Vietnamese government.

text:
# Tai Daeng people

The **Red Tai** (in Vietnamese language **Thái Đỏ**; in Lao language **Tai Daeng**) are an ethnic group of Vietnam and Laos. They speak the Tai Daeng language. In Vietnam, they are called Thái Đỏ and are included in the group of the Thái people, together with the Thái Đen ("Black Tai"), Thái Trắng ("White Tai"), Phu Thai, Tày Thanh and Thái Hàng Tổng. The group of the Thái people is the third largest of the fifty-four ethnic groups recognized by the Vietnamese government.

## Geographic distribution

## Population clusters

## Family

## Religions

1. (Placzek, Kanittanan 1986:156)
2. Ethnologue-Tai Daeng
3. The Red Tai of Vietnam Archived 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine

## Bibliography

* Placzek, Kanittanan, James, Wilaiwan (1986). "Historical and contemporary meaning of Thai khwan: The use of lexical meaning change as an indicator of cultural change". *Religion, Values, and Development in Southeast Asia*. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 146-166.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

## InfoBox

Red Tai
| Ban Phieng Ngam, a Thai Daeng (Red Thai) village, Luang Namtha Province, Laos. | |
| --- | --- |
| Total population | |
| 165,000 (est.) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Thailand, Vietnam, Laos | |
| Languages | |
| Tai Daeng, Vietnamese, Thai, others | |
| Religion | |
| Tai folk religion, Theravada Buddhism, Christianity | |


title: Taishi Ohta

abstract: Taishi Ohta is a Japanese professional baseball outfielder for the Yokohama DeNA BayStars in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball.

text:
# Taishi Ohta

**Taishi Ohta** (大田 泰示, *Ohta Taishi*, born June 9, 1990) is a Japanese professional baseball outfielder for the Yokohama DeNA BayStars in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball.

## Professional career

### Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters

On 2 November 2016, it was revealed that Ohta had been included in a trade with the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters with teammate Katsuhiko Kumon for Fighters pitcher Mitsuo Yoshikawa and Shingo Ishikawa.

He selected 2018 NPB All-Star game. Ohta became a free agent following the 2021 season.

On December 20, 2021, Ohta signed with the Yokohama DeNA BayStars of Nippon Professional Baseball.

## InfoBox

| Taishi Ohta | |
| --- | --- |
| Ohta with the Yomiuri Giants | |
| Yokohama DeNA BayStars – No. 0 | |
| **Outfielder** | |
| **Born:**  (1990-06-09) June 9, 1990
Miyoshi, Hiroshima, Japan | |
| **Bats:** Right**Throws:** Right | |
| NPB debut | |
| June 21, 2009, for the Yomiuri Giants | |
| NPB statistics
(through 2023 season) | |
| Batting average | .259 |
| Hits | 718 |
| Home runs | 84 |
| Runs batted in | 343 |
| Stolen bases | 29 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |