title: Tyson Running Wolf

abstract: Tyson T. Running Wolf is a Native American politician serving as a member of the Montana House of Representatives from the 16th district. Elected in November 2018, he assumed office on January 7, 2019.

text:
# Tyson Running Wolf

**Tyson T. Running Wolf** is a Native American politician serving as a member of the Montana House of Representatives from the 16th district. Elected in November 2018, he assumed office on January 7, 2019.

## Early life and education

Earlier in his life, Running Wolf worked as an outdoor guide. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in forest research management from the University of Montana in 2001.

## Career

Running Wolf was first elected to represent District 16 in the Montana House of Representatives in 2018. He was re-elected in 2020.

Running Wolf sits on the following committees:

* Fish, Wildlife, and Parks
* State Administration
* Education

### Electoral record

2018 general election: Montana House of Representatives, District 16
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | Tyson Running Wolf | 2,039 | 61.4% |
|  | Republican | K. Webb Galbreath | 1,280 | 38.6% |

## Personal life

Running Wolf is a member of the Blackfeet Nation.

## InfoBox

| Tyson Running Wolf | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Montana House of Representatives
from the 16th district | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
January 7, 2019 | |
| Preceded by | Susan Webber |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Browning, Montana, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Lona |
| Children | 7 |
| Education | University of Montana (BS) |
|  | |


title: 16 Cephei

abstract: 16 Cephei is a single star located about 119 light years away from the Sun in the constellation of Cepheus. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, yellow-white hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.036. The star has a relatively high proper motion, traversing the celestial sphere at the rate of 0.174 arc seconds per annum. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −21 km/s. This is an ordinary F-type main-sequence star, somewhat hotter than the sun, with a stellar classification of F5 V. It is around two billion years old with a projected rotational velocity of 26.4 km/s. The star has 1.38 times the mass of the Sun and 2.77 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 11 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 6,238 K. The star is a source of X-ray emission. There are several 11th and 12th magnitude stars within a few arc-minutes of 16 Cephei, all of them distant background objects. Only one of these is listed in the Washington Double Star Catalog and Catalog of Components of Double and Multiple Stars as a companion.

text:
# 16 Cephei

**16 Cephei** is a single star located about 119 light years away from the Sun in the constellation of Cepheus. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, yellow-white hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.036. The star has a relatively high proper motion, traversing the celestial sphere at the rate of 0.174 arc seconds per annum. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −21 km/s.

This is an ordinary F-type main-sequence star, somewhat hotter than the sun, with a stellar classification of F5 V. It is around two billion years old with a projected rotational velocity of 26.4 km/s. The star has 1.38 times the mass of the Sun and 2.77 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 11 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 6,238 K. The star is a source of X-ray emission.

There are several 11th and 12th magnitude stars within a few arc-minutes of 16 Cephei, all of them distant background objects. Only one of these is listed in the Washington Double Star Catalog and Catalog of Components of Double and Multiple Stars as a companion.

## InfoBox

16 Cephei
| Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000 | |
| --- | --- |
| Constellation | Cepheus |
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| Right ascension | 21h 59m 14.96580s |
| Declination | +73° 10 47.6148 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 5.036 |
| Characteristics | |
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| Spectral type | F5V |
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| B−V color index | 0.41 |
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| Astrometry | |
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| **Radial velocity (Rv)** | −20.6±0.4 km/s |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: −67.590 mas/yr
Dec.: −159.571 mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 27.4199 ± 0.1239 mas |
| **Distance** | 118.9 ± 0.5 ly
(36.5 ± 0.2 pc) |
| **Absolute magnitude (MV)** | 2.17 |
|  | |
| Details | |
|  | |
| **Mass** | 1.38 |
| **Radius** | 2.77 |
| **Luminosity** | 11 |
| **Surface gravity (log *g*)** | 3.87 cgs |
| **Temperature** | 6,238 |
| **Metallicity** | −0.36 |
| **Rotational velocity (*v* sin *i*)** | 26.4 km/s |
| **Age** | 2 Gyr |
|  | |
| Other designations | |
| 16 Cep, BD+72° 1009, GC 30800, HD 209369, HIP 108535, HR 8400, SAO 10216 | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |


title: Nu Herculis

abstract: Nu Herculis, Latinized from ν Herculis, is a binary and variable star in the constellation of Hercules. With an apparent magnitude of about 4.4, it is faintly visible to the naked eye. Parallax measurements made by the Hipparcos spacecraft put it at a distance of about 860 light years. This is a binary system with the two components separated by 0.446″. The secondary is nearly three magnitudes fainter than the primary at magnitude 7.5, and is hotter than the primary with a spectral type of B9.5. Nu Herculis's spectral type of F2 II means that it is an F-type bright giant, with a luminosity 799 times that of the Sun. Its effective temperature is 6,410 K, hotter than the Sun. Its mass is about 5.3 solar masses. It is a possible semiregular variable star with a range of about a tenth of a magnitude. A period of 29 days has been derived.

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# Nu Herculis

**Nu Herculis**, Latinized from ν Herculis, is a binary and variable star in the constellation of Hercules. With an apparent magnitude of about 4.4, it is faintly visible to the naked eye. Parallax measurements made by the Hipparcos spacecraft put it at a distance of about 860 light years (260 parsecs).

This is a binary system with the two components separated by 0.446. The secondary is nearly three magnitudes fainter than the primary at magnitude 7.5, and is hotter than the primary with a spectral type of B9.5.

Nu Herculis's spectral type of F2 II means that it is an F-type bright giant, with a luminosity 799 times that of the Sun. Its effective temperature is 6,410 K, hotter than the Sun. Its mass is about 5.3 solar masses. It is a possible semiregular variable star with a range of about a tenth of a magnitude. A period of 29 days has been derived.

## InfoBox

Nu Herculis
| Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000 | |
| --- | --- |
| Constellation | Hercules |
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| Right ascension | 17h 58m 30.14909s |
| Declination | +30° 11 21.3870 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 4.38 - 4.48 |
| Characteristics | |
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| Spectral type | F2II (kA9hF2mF2(IV) + B9.5) |
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| U−B color index | +0.13 |
| B−V color index | +0.35 |
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| Variable type | SRd? |
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| Astrometry | |
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| **Radial velocity (Rv)** | -22.30 ± 0.6 km/s |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: -0.81 mas/yr
Dec.: 2.18 mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 3.79 ± 0.39 mas |
| **Distance** | approx. 860 ly
(approx. 260 pc) |
| **Absolute magnitude (MV)** | −2.67 |
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| Details | |
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| **Mass** | 5.31 |
| **Luminosity** | 799 |
| **Surface gravity (log *g*)** | 2.29 cgs |
| **Temperature** | 6410 |
| **Metallicity** \[Fe/H\] | −0.33 dex |
| **Rotational velocity (*v* sin *i*)** | 28.0 km/s |
| **Age** | 200 Myr |
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| Other designations | |
| ν Her, BD+30° 3093, HD 164136, HIP 87998, HR 6707, SAO 66524 | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |


title: Viscount O'Neill

abstract: Viscount O'Neill, of Shane's Castle in the County of Antrim, was a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1795 for John O'Neill, 1st Baron O'Neill, who had earlier represented Randalstown and County Antrim in the Irish House of Commons. He had already been created Baron O'Neill, of Shane's Castle in the County of Antrim, in 1793, also in the Peerage of Ireland. He died in 1798 and was succeeded by his son, the second Viscount. In 1800 he was created Viscount Raymond and Earl O'Neill in the Peerage of Ireland. The same year he was elected as one of the original 28 Irish representative peer. The viscountcy of Raymond and earldom became extinct on his death in 1841. The barony and viscountcy of O'Neill were passed on to his only brother, the third Viscount. These titles became extinct on the latter's death in 1855. The late Viscount's estates were inherited by his cousin, the Reverend William Chichester, who assumed the surname of O'Neill in lieu of Chichester the same year. In 1868, the O'Neill title was revived when he was created Baron O'Neill. This title is still extant. The family seat was Shane's Castle, County Antrim.

text:
# Viscount O'Neill

**Viscount O'Neill**, of Shane's Castle in the County of Antrim, was a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1795 for John O'Neill, 1st Baron O'Neill, who had earlier represented Randalstown and County Antrim in the Irish House of Commons. He had already been created **Baron O'Neill**, of Shane's Castle in the County of Antrim, in 1793, also in the Peerage of Ireland. He died in 1798 and was succeeded by his son, the second Viscount. In 1800 he was created **Viscount Raymond** and **Earl O'Neill** in the Peerage of Ireland. The same year he was elected as one of the original 28 Irish representative peer. The viscountcy of Raymond and earldom became extinct on his death in 1841. The barony and viscountcy of O'Neill were passed on to his only brother, the third Viscount. These titles became extinct on the latter's death in 1855. The late Viscount's estates were inherited by his cousin, the Reverend William Chichester, who assumed the surname of O'Neill in lieu of Chichester the same year. In 1868, the O'Neill title was revived when he was created Baron O'Neill. This title is still extant.

The family seat was Shane's Castle, County Antrim.

## Baron O'Neill (1793)

### Viscount O'Neill (1795)

### Earl O'Neill (1800)

### Viscount O'Neill (1795; reverted)

* Mosley, Charles, ed. (2003), *Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage*, vol. 2 (107th ed.), Wilmington, Delaware: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, p. 3011, ISBN 978-0-9711966-2-9 (Cited at each Viscount's page, accessed via thePeerage.com on 29 July 2020) `{{citation}}`: External link in ``|postscript=`` (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)


title: Leonel Morales

abstract: Leonel Morales is a Bolivian football left-back who plays for Real Potosí.

text:
# Leonel Morales

**Leonel Morales** (born 2 September 1988, Coripata, Bolivia) is a Bolivian football left-back who plays for Real Potosí.

## International career

Morales made his debut for Bolivia in an October 2014 friendly match against Chile and has, as of June 2016, earned a total of 10 caps, scoring no goals. He represented his country in 2 FIFA World Cup qualification matches and at the 2015 Copa América.

## Honours

## InfoBox

Leonel Morales
| Leonel Morales in 2015 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Leonel Morales | | |
| Date of birth | (1988-09-02) 2 September 1988 | | |
| Place of birth | Coripata, Bolivia | | |
| Height | 1.69 m (5 ft 6+12 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Left-back | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Universitario de Sucre | | |
| Number | - | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2007–2012 | Universitario de Sucre | 55 | (0) |
| 2011–2012 | Sheriff Tiraspol (loan) | 15 | (0) |
| 2013–2018 | Bolívar | 79 | (4) |
| 2013–2014 | Real Potosí (loan) | 33 | (1) |
| 2014–2015 | Blooming (loan) | 33 | (0) |
| 2015–2016 | Sport Boys (loan) | 41 | (2) |
| 2020–2021 | Real Potosí | 28 | (1) |
| 2022– | Universitario de Sucre | 0 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2014– | Bolivia | 10 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 8 April 2019<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 24 March 2016 | | | |


title: South Horizons

abstract: South Horizons is a private housing estate located in Aberdeen at the western end of Ap Lei Chau, in the Southern District of Hong Kong. Developed by Secan Limited, a Hutchison Whampoa associate company, it consists of 34 blocks, ranging in height from 25 to 42 storeys, completed between 1993 and 1995. Census data indicated that South Horizons had a population of 31,496 in 2011 and was the most populated among the private and public estates of the district.

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# South Horizons

**South Horizons** (Chinese: 海怡半島) is a private housing estate located in Aberdeen at the western end of Ap Lei Chau (a.k.a. Aberdeen Island), in the Southern District of Hong Kong. Developed by Secan Limited, a Hutchison Whampoa associate company, it consists of 34 blocks, ranging in height from 25 to 42 storeys, completed between 1993 and 1995. Census data indicated that South Horizons had a population of 31,496 in 2011 and was the most populated among the private and public estates of the district.

## Description

South Horizons was built in four phases, with Phase I and Phase IV closer to Ap Lei Chau Estate, a public housing estate in Aberdeen, Hong Kong. The property is currently owned and managed by Hutchison Whampoa Limited. The estate has a total of 9,812 residential units. It has been described as a "middle-class estate", with a median monthly domestic household income of HK$ 54,300 in 2011.

South Horizons covers two of the 17 constituencies of Southern District Council, South Horizons East and South Horizons West. Each of these two constituencies returns one district councillor to the Southern District Council, with an election every four years.

South Horizons has been marketed as Hutchison Whampoa's second "Garden City" project, the first one being Whampoa Garden, completed in Hung Hom in 1991. More than 50 plant species are cultivated there, and a nature trail along the shore features information boards on tree species. In 2004, Phases II to IV received a Silver Award for Landscape Design as part of the Best Landscape Award for Private Property Development.

## History

Prior to modern development, the land occupied by South Horizons was occupied by hillside and village houses, farmlands, and a sea bay. It was acquired by Hongkong Electric in 1964, and the Ap Lei Chau Power Station of Hongkong Electric and an adjoining oil depot of Shell Hong Kong Ltd were built subsequently. The power station was in operation from 1968 to 1989. Its generators were relocated to Lamma Power Station, while the operational headquarters of Hongkong Electric remained on the site. The Shell Oil Depot was in operation between 1970 and the late 1980s. In 1973, failure of the foundations of the oil depot led to 3,600 metric tons of heavy marine diesel oil being released into Picnic Bay and Aberdeen Harbour. Shell replaced its Ap Lei Chau depot, together with another one in Kwun Tong District (current site of Laguna City), by a new site opened in 1991 on the south side of Tsing Yi.

## Property market

A new computer balloting scheme was put to use at South Horizons to determine the order in which prospective buyers could purchase flats. It was advanced by the government and developers alike as a replacement for the first-come, first-served sales system, which resulted in long queues plagued by disorder and triad intimidation, for example a 1990 incident where 1,000 triad-led men descended upon a sales queue at another Hutchison Whampoa development, Laguna City. Police and the Consumer Council stated in 1992 that the new system "appeared to be working fairly".

In 1995, the ownership structure of South Horizons Phase IV (a.k.a. The Oasis): Hutchison Whampoa Properties: 50%, Cheung Kong (Holdings): 30%, and Hongkong Electric Holdings: 20%. The introduction of 7 blocks of The Oasis on the market in 1995 was one of the largest that year and was followed by analysts as an indication of the state of the market.

All retail space in the estate is provided at the Marina Square West and Marina Square East shopping centres. Hoping to capitalise on the impending opening of the South Horizons station, the Taiwanese owner of Marina Square West (Estate Dragon Group) issued eviction notices to 30 small businesses housed in the shopping arcade. More than 1,000 residents of South Horizons staged a demonstration in 2014 against the plan to transform the arcade into a "high-end shopping outlet for mainland tourists" in spite of local needs and shopping habits.

## Facilities

Facilities of the housing complex include:

* Garden
* Harbour-front Promenade
* Residents Club (near Phase II)
* Playground in every phase
* Car Park

Sports * 3 swimming pools: 1 indoor and 2 outdoor
* Outdoor Playground (located in Phase IV) including both football and basketball court
* Sports Complex
    + Indoor: squash, table tennis, badminton, snooker, etc.
    + Outdoor: golf practice driving range and tennis courts

Shopping centres

Two shopping centres are located in the middle of the complex: Marina Square West (海怡西商場), managed by Savills and owned by Estate Dragon Group, and Marina Square East (海怡東商場), owned by Hutchison Whampoa.

Education

Clubhouse playgroup: one private playgroup organised and located at the sports complex

South Horizons has about five kindergartens. There are also two primary schools:

* Precious Blood Primary School (South Horizons) (next to Marina Square East)
* Hong Kong Southern District Government Primary School (Phase IV)

## Transport

Along with South Horizons station of the MTR, there are also numerous bus routes, some of which only go to nearby Ap Lei Chau Estate.

## Demographics

According to the 2016 by-census, South Horizons had a population of 30.886. The median age was 41.5 and the majority of residents (85.6 per cent) were of Chinese ethnicity. The average household size was 3.4 people. The median monthly household income of all households (i.e. including both economically active and inactive households) was HK$74,210.

## Politics

For the 2019 District Council election, the estate fell within two constituencies. Phase 1 and Phase 2 are located in the South Horizons West constituency, which was formerly represented by Kelvin Lam Ho-por until July 2021, while Phase 3 and The Oasis fall within the South Horizons East constituency, which was formerly represented by James Yu Chun-hei until July 2021.

## Education

South Horizons is in Primary One Admission (POA) School Net 18. Within the school net are multiple aided schools (operated independently but funded with government money) and Hong Kong Southern District Government Primary School (香港南區官立小學).

## Further reading

The following dissertations, article and book explicitly include South Horizons in the scope of their study:

* Successive land reclamation can be identified in the northwestern part of Ap Lei Chau, now occupied by South Horizons. A 1924 aerial picture (see p.7) shows a bay, which had been reclaimed by 1973, and occupied by the oil depot next to the power station (1979 picture). Further land reclamation was later performed to build South Horizons (2013 picture). The former bay is now the site of Phases III and IV.

22°14′36″N 114°08′51″E / 22.243364°N 114.147563°E / 22.243364; 114.147563

## InfoBox

| South Horizons | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 海怡半島 |
| Simplified Chinese | 海怡半岛 |
| Literal meaning | Ocean Harmony Peninsula |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Hǎi Yí Bàndǎo  Yue: Cantonese  Jyutping hoi2 ji4 bun3 dou2 | |
|  | |


title: The History of Warfare (TV series)

abstract: The History of Warfare is a 3660-minute documentary series about the most famous wars and battles in world history focusing primarily on the military annals of Great Britain. The series was created during the 1990s, when Cromwell Productions Ltd became a production company specialising in historical and arts documentaries taking the example of other shows from Cromwell such as Line of Fire and Battlefield.

text:
# The History of Warfare (TV series)

***The History of Warfare*** is a 3660-minute documentary series about the most famous wars and battles in world history focusing primarily on the military annals of Great Britain.

The series was created during the 1990s, when Cromwell Productions Ltd became a production company specialising in historical and arts documentaries taking the example of other shows from Cromwell such as Line of Fire and Battlefield.

## Presentation

The series dedicates numerous episodes to determine conflicts such as the English Civil Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the American Civil War. In addition to having segments such as Discovery To Revolution about the discovery and colonisation of the American continent by the Spanish, Dutch, French and English and Under Siege about the most famous battles of siege warfare.

The series has the participation as narrators of many British actors such as Robert Powell, Iain Cuthbertson and Brian Blessed. Bob Carruthers served as screenwriter and producer. The series included interviews with many military historians such as David G. Chandler then professor at the Sandhurst Military Academy.

## Episodes

| N. | Title | Synopsis | Narrated by | Studio | Year | Released | DVD release date | Run time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | The Greek And Persian Wars | This documentary focuses on the conflicts between the Greek city states and the Persian Empire in the fifth century BC, including the famous Greek victory at Marathon, and the Spartans' defence of the pass at Thermopylae, which ensured Greek freedom and victory. Features dramatised reconstructions and analysis by experts in the field of ancient history. This is the story of bloody conflicts between the Greeks and the Persians that lasted for more than fifty years in the fourth century BC. It includes the famous battle of Marathon, a victory that has echoed down the year, and Thermopylae, where the Spartans made a heroic defence of the pass. The running battles did not cease until 449 BC, when the Persians finally gave up hope of annexing Greece. | Brian Blessed | Cromwell | 499 BC-449 BC |  | 7 February 2005 | 50 min |
| 2 | Hoplite Warfare | The nature of infantry warfare in the Peloponnesian Wars between the Greek city states of Athens and Sparta in 450 BC. The hoplites were the regular infantry of both sides, armed with the long thrusting spear and fighting in powerful phalanxes, but it was the Spartans who used them to greater effect, eventually defeating Athens and subjugating her utterly. The mighty armoured warriors at the heart of Greek legend were famous Hoplites. Fighting shoulder to shoulder, armed with their long thrusting spears and colourful shields, these were the men who dominated the battlefields of the ancient world during the conflicts of the Peloponnesian Wars. In 450 BC, war erupted between the two great powers of ancient Greece, the Athenians and the Spartans. By the time the war had finished, the army, navy and city of Athens would be in ruins. | Brian Blessed | Cromwell | 431 BC–404 BC |  | 7 March 2005 | 50 min |
| 3 | Hannibal and the Punic Wars | A true giant of military history, Hannibal forged his formidable reputation during the Punic Wars of the second century BC. Famed for his incredible fifteen-day journey across the Alps, and for his great victories over the Romans at Trebbia and Cannae, Hannibal remained undefeated in battle until his raw armies were crushed by Scipio at Zama in 203 BC, leaving Carthage at the mercy of the hated Romans. It provides an atmospheric depiction of life in those troubled times. Superb reconstructions and re-enactments convey the savagery of battle in the ancient world. Expert comment and analysis and period imagery combine to tell the story of one of military history's greatest generals. | Bob Sessions | Pegasus | 218 BC-201 BC |  | 18 April 2005 | 55 min |
| 4 | Gallic Wars | The Gallic Wars tells the story of the campaigns from 58 BC to 53 BC in which Julius Caesar and his Roman legions conquered Gaul and the mysterious island of Britannia. Caesar portrayed this invasion as genuine concern for Italian security but as the campaign developed, Rome's greatest commander began to hatch plans for the full conquest. This documentary sketches the conflict between Rome and Gaul, specifically Caesar's campaigns of 58–53 BC, culminating with the defeat of Vercingetorix at Alesia. The programme uses clips of actors dressed as Gauls and Romans, one of whom poses as Julius Caesar reading extracts from his De bello Gallico, and these re-enactment scenes are interspersed with academic talking heads. It's all standard classroom stuff that gets the facts across without much in the way of frills or style, but doubtless of value for students. Much time at the beginning of the programme is spent looking at the Celtic way of life in an attempt to redress the bias of the written Roman sources, although the identification of Stonehenge as a druidic monument is highly contentious, as is the idea that Caesar's conquests were in some way retribution for the Gallic sack of Rome back in 390 BC: Caesar was far more interested in the current political scene to care about what was, for him as much as for us. | Bob Sessions | Cromwell | 58 BC-50 BC |  | 7 February 2005 | 55 min |
| 5 | The Roman Invasions of Britain | "Neither before or since has Britain ever been in a more disturbed or perilous state." CORNELIUS TACITUS. In 55 BC the ambitious Julius Caesar, Emperor of Rome, turned envious eyes towards the mysterious isle of Britain. Within a few short years, the mighty Roman war machine had tamed the Celtic tribal society and transformed it into a province of the Roman Empire. This is the story of the dark years of ancient Britain when the well-disciplined Roman Legions faced the fury of the united Celtic peoples of Britain. | Brian Blessed | Pegasus | 43–96 AD |  | 14 September 2004 | 55 min |
| 6 | Under Siege! Alesia 52BC | As resistance to the Roman invasion of Northern Europe collapsed, the Gallic warrior Vercingetorix marshalled 100,000 troops against the formidable and ruthless Roman legions, for what was to be a dramatic yet futile last stand at the famous hilltop fort of Alesia. The last of the fighting Gauls were up against one of military history's most inspired commanders – Julius Caesar and Roman legions of almost mythical invincibility. The extraordinary siege works constructed by the Romans not only kept Vercingetorix's army penned in but also managed to keep an enormous Gallic relief army out. | Jack Fortune | Pegasus | 52 BC |  | 19 April 2008 | 50 min |
| 7 | The Battle of Hastings-Tapestry of a Battle | I live and by God's help will conquer yet! William the conqueror, William the Conqueror¹s invasion of England. The great battle fought near the English seaside town of Hastings on 14 October 1066, was perhaps the most significant in England¹s history. The great victory won that day by Duke William of Normandy over Harold II of England was to shape forever the destiny of a nation. For at the end of a day of furious battle, the sun set not only on the dead and wounded who littered Senlac Hill, but also on the entire Anglo-Saxon way of life. The Battle of Hastings features atmospheric original reconstruction and re-enactment footage, plus dramatised eye-witness accounts. The very latest 3D computer mapping techniques combine with delightful images from the remarkable Bayeux Tapestry to tell the dramatic story of a battle which remains one of the most famous in military history. Narrated by Michael Leighton. Featuring expert comment and analysis by Dr David Chandler, the world's foremost military historian and former head of War Studies at Sandhurst. | Michael Leighton | Cromwell | 1066 |  | 13 September 2004 | 55 min |
| 8 | Norman Conquests-The Harrying of the North | This documentary tells the story of the years following the Battle of Hastings, a brutal period in which Norman king William the Conqueror ruthlessly wiped out all Anglo-Saxon resistance in the north of England. Also included are reconstructions and re-enactments, with Matthew Strickland of the University of Glasgow examining the impact of Norman rule on Anglo-Saxon society, from the introduction of feudalism to the building of Norman churches. | Hu Pyrce | Cromwell | 1066–72 |  | 7 February 2005 | 55 min |
| 9 | Viking Wars – The Norse Terror | The Danes had possession of the place of slaughter... ...and rode wherever they pleased THE ANGLO-SAXON CHRONICLE. During the long years of the Dark Ages, the sight which signalled fear and terror for the inhabitants of coastal Britain was the first glimpse of an unfamiliar sail on the horizon. The sighting of the famous long ships heralded the arrival of Viking raiders; the harbingers of death and destruction. The wolves of Odin were about to be unleashed again. 'The Norse Raiders', provides a glimpse into the extraordinary world of a remarkable people. Featuring dramatised eye-witness accounts filmed on the holy island of Lindesfarne, the video and powerful reconstructions of Dark Age warfare. Combined with state-of-the-art computer graphics and surviving period imagery, The Norse Raiders is a superb record of a savage period in British history. | Brian Blessed | Pegasus | 793–1066 |  | 16 August 2004 | 55 min |
| 10 | The Crusades | "If I am not worthy to regain Jerusalem, I am not worthy to look upon it." King Richard I. The story of the Crusades. For nearly two centuries, generations of knights from England and Western Europe marched to do battle with the Saracen hordes who occupied the Holy Land. Bitter and bloody, these great battles are known to history as the Crusades. Perhaps most famous of all was Richard the Lionheart¹s struggle with the Emperor Saladin on the burning sands of Palestine in 1190. The Crusades Knights of Christ features atmospheric reconstruction footage and spectacular computer effects to tell the dramatic story of the great conflict between Christianity and Islam. The programme also features dramatised eye-witness accounts and expert comment and analysis. | Michael Leighton | Pegasus | 1095–1291 |  | 13 April 2004 | 55 min |
| 11 | The Battle of Stirling Bridge | This documentary chronicles the victory of the Scottish rebels over the English at Stirling Bridge on 11 September 1297. William Wallace led the Scots in their short but historic stand, which saw the English expelled from Scotland – much to the chagrin of Edward I. The Battle of Stirling Bridge tells the dramatic story of the great Scottish triumph over the English on 11 September 1297. Their momentous victory confirmed the reputation of William Wallace and made him a national hero. His name has loomed large in the pages of Scottish history ever since. After the short but brutal battle, the English were driven from the land, leaving Edward I swearing a terrible revenge. Battle reconstruction, location footage and expert analysis from leading military histories combine to create an atmosphere and action-packed account of this famous battle in British history. | Michael Leighton | Cromwell | 1297 |  | 7 February 2005 | 55 min |
| 12 | William Wallace – The True Story | During his short life, William Wallace never faltered in his struggle against English oppression. It was Wallace who, at the head of a small band of men, burnt Lanark and killed its sheriff. It was he who was the architect of the great victory at Stirling Bridge, and it was he who wrought havoc in the North of England. Featuring stunning battle re-enactments and specially filmed reconstructions, this DVD is a powerful telling of the story of a Scottish giant. The influence of the mighty warrior can still be felt today, captured in the heard of the proud Scottish people. The life of William Wallace was basis for the blockbuster film Braveheart, directed by and starring Mel Gibson. This documentary features battle reconstruction footage to analyse the story of William Wallace, the famous Scottish general who planned the Battle of Stirling Bridge and wrought havoc in the North of England in protest at King Edward's invasion of Scotland. | Jock Ferguson | Cromwell | 1270-23- 1305 |  | 16 May 2005 | 45 min |
| 13 | The Battle of Bannockburn | "On them! On them! They fail! They fail! Scots cry at Bannockburn, The stirring tale of a nation's fight for freedom." In a mighty attempt to crush the Scots, King Edward II placed himself at the head of the invasion of Scotland. In their desperate hour of need came Scotland¹s greatest medieval king, Robert, known simply as The Bruce. The two forces would meet at a small stream within sight of Stirling Castle – the Bannockburn. The thunderous battle fought there would decide the fate of a nation. Featuring atmospheric reconstruction and re-enactment footage, The Bruce of Bannockburn features superb depictions of the savagery of medieval battle. The ebb and flow of a crucial day in British history is illustrated by the very latest 3D graphic mapping techniques combined with dramatised eye-witness accounts of the battle. With extensive original footage filmed in and around Stirling Castle itself, the programme provides a unique record of the most celebrated victory in Scotland¹s history. Narrated by Iain Cuthbertson. Featuring expert comment and analysis by Dr David Chandler, the world¹s most foremost military historian and former head of War Studies at Sandhurst. | Iain Cuthbertson | Pegasus | 1314 |  | 13 September 2004 | 55 min |
| 14 | The Peasant's Revolt 1381 | Part of the 'History of Warfare' series, this documentary looks at the events surrounding the momentous Peasants' Revolt of 1381, when the English peasantry protested against crippling taxes and poverty. Fired up by the charismatic Wat Tyler and John Ball, the peasant army reached the gates of London, only to see the promises made by Richard II broken and their cause betrayed. Featuring battle re-enactments, dramatised 'eye witness' accounts, and expert analysis of the causes and consequences of the revolt. Narrated by Michael Leighton. | Michael Leighton | Pegasus | 1381 |  | 19 September 2005 | 55 min |
| 15 | Wars of the Roses – Blood, Treachery And Cold Steel | King Richard alone was killed fighting manfully in the thickest press of his enemies. Fifteenth-century England saw the turmoil of a bloody struggle for power between the House of York and the House of Lancaster, known to history as the Wars of the Roses. It would culminate in a ferocious encounter on Bosworth Field in 1485, a battle which saw the death of King Richard III. With Henry VII's victory, so the Tudor dynasty was born. This DVD features spectacular battle reconstructions, dramatised re-enactments and superb computer effects to provide a memorable account of the famous Wars of the Roses. Expert comment and analysis comes from Dr David Chandler, who provides detailed insight into the clashes between the White Rose of York and the Red Rose of Lancaster. | Brian Blessed | Pegasus | 1455–87 | 1994 | 7 February 2005 | 55 min |
| 16 | The Battle of Flodden | September 1513 saw King James IV invade England with the largest and most confident army Scotland has yet seen. But within a few short days, nearly 10,000 of these proud warriors would be lying dead on Flodden Field. Among the hacked corpses would be the body of King James himself. This is the story of the most catastrophic military defeat in Scotland's history. For a turquoise ring and a foolish promise, James IV had risked, and lost, everything. This DVD includes dramatic and authentic battle re-enactments and the very latest in computer graphics to help tell this chapter in the bloody story of the conflicts between England and Scotland. | Terry Molloy | Pegasus | 1513 |  | 18 April 2005 | 60 min |
| 17 | The Armada 1588 | The story of the Spanish Armada of 1588 is a gripping account of one of the greatest naval battles in maritime history. Infuriated by continued English support for the revolt against Spanish rule in the Netherlands and by the recent raid on the harbour of Cadiz by Sir Francis Drake, Phillip II, then at the height of his military power, built a huge Armada for the express purpose of seizing control of the English Channel and launching an invasion of Britain. It would prove to be a humiliating disaster, ruined and defeated by a combination of brilliant British seamanship and the appalling weather that the English Channel is justly famous for, detailing the famous drubbing received by Philip II of Spain's Armada at the hands of Sir Francis Drake. Historians such as John Tincey offer their insights into the battle, which was won through a culmination of fine seamanship by Drake and appalling weather in the English Channel. Also included are modern-day reconstructions and footage of the *Golden Hinde* and the *Mary Rose* museum. | John Nolan | Cromwell | 1588 |  | 7 February 2005 | 55 min |
| 18 | The English Civil Wars | It was a time of bitterness and hatred, a war which pitched father against son, brother against brother in the bloody battle for the soul of the nation. It was winner takes all. After seven years of turmoil, even the dramatic execution of King Charles I could not bring peace, more bloodshed still lay ahead. The most tragic and dramatic chapter in English history is recorded in this spectacular and entertaining documentary. It features superb battle re-enactments and reconstructions, dramatised eyewitness accounts and delightful period imagery to chronicle the events, the major personalities and the battles of the war. | Robert Powell | Pegasus | 1642–51 | 1992 | 18 April 2005 | 80 min |
| 19 | The English Civil War – A People Divided | It was a time of great bitterness and hatred in Britain a war that set father against son and brother against brother. The breakdown in relations between a Parliament with a strong purpose and a King who believed in his divine right to rule set the scene for a series of brutal battles that were truly a struggle for the soul of a nation. The outcome of the English Civil War shaped the course of the nation's history and laid the foundations of the country as it is today. The first episode of 'The English Civil War' takes an in-depth look at the years between King Charles' accession to the throne and the opening conflict of the war in 1642 the Battle of Edgehill. The programme delves into the complex web of political, social, religious and military issues that were the root causes of the war. | Robert Whelan | Pegasus | 1629–40 |  | 13 July 2009 | 50 min |
| 20 | The English Civil War – A Nation at War | It was a time of great bitterness and hatred in Britain a war that set father against son and brother against brother. The breakdown in relations between a Parliament with a strong purpose and a King who believed in his divine right to rule set the scene for a series of brutal battles that were truly a struggle for the soul of a nation. The outcome of the English Civil War shaped the course of the nation's history and laid the foundations of the country as it is today. The second episode of 'The English Civil War' unravels the story of the early and middle phases of the conflict a period that saw fortunes fluctuate and opportunities come and go at the battles and sieges of Gloucester, Bristol, Newbury, and Marston Moor. | Robert Whelan | Pegasus | 1642–51 |  | 18 April 2005 | 50 min |
| 21 | The English Civil War – To Kill A King | It was a time of great bitterness and hatred in Britain a war that set father against son and brother against brother. The breakdown in relations between a Parliament with a strong purpose and a King who believed in his divine right to rule set the scene for a series of brutal battles that were truly a struggle for the soul of a nation. The outcome of the English Civil War shaped the course of the nation's history and laid the foundations of the country as it is today. The third instalment of The English Civil War series recounts the events that eventually led to the King's execution. This episode sees how the King's cause was dealt a fatal blow by the calamitous defeat of his force sat the Battle of Naseby in 1645. | Robert Whelan | Pegasus | 1649 |  | 13 July 2009 | 50 min |
| 22 | The Battle of Edgehill | This documentary examines the crucial opening battle of the English Civil War, the engagement between parliamentary and royalist forces at Edgehill on 23 October 1642. Features battle reconstruction footage and re-enactments, with analysis by historical experts. | Michael Leighton | Cromwell | 1642 |  | 21 March 2005 | 50 min |
| 23 | Under Siege! Newark 1643–46 | The story of the battles for the strategically vital town in Nottinghamshire is a classic example of how a siege was conducted during the long and bitter fighting of the English Civil War. The town was the gateway to the north of England and was the site of three separate sieges, as the armies of the King and of Parliament fought for control. In February 1643 the Royalists beat back the determined Parliamentarian attacks but the town then had to be relieved by the dashing Prince Rupert a year later. Finally, in May 1646, Newark surrendered to Parliamentary forces on the explicit orders of King Charles I, who in doing so sealed his own fate and condemned himself to the block. | Jack Fortune | Pegasus | 1643–46 |  | 19 April 2008 | 50 min |
| 24 | The Battle of Marston Moor – The Scots March South | The Battle of Marston Moor on 2 July 1644, was one of the most important of the entire English Civil War. It was here that a force of some 27,000 Parliamentarian and Scottish troops routed an army of just 18,000 Royalists. Crucially, the Royalist stronghold of York was lost and King Charles's cause in the north virtually collapsed. It was a defeat from which the King would never recover. Featuring spectacular battle reconstruction footage and dramatised eye-witness accounts, this episode tells the powerful story of one of English history's greatest military engagements. | Terry Molloy | Pegasus | 1644 |  | 18 April 2005 | 55 min |
| 25 | The Battle of Naseby – Fairfax Triumphant | This documentary examines the crucial battle of Naseby on 14 June 1645, in the English Civil War. In this deciding battle, Cromwell's New Model Army finally vanquished the hopes of King Charles. Features battle reconstruction footage and re-enactments. | Ian Brooker | Cromwell | 1645 |  | 21 March 2005 | 55 min |
| 26 | The Shadow of The Scaffold | It was a time of great bitterness and hatred in Britain a war that set father against son and brother against brother. The breakdown in relations between a Parliament with a strong purpose and a King who believed in his divine right to rule set the scene for a series of brutal battles that were truly a struggle for the soul of a nation. The outcome of the English Civil War shaped the course of the nation's history and laid the foundations of the country as it is today. This video examines the slaughters at Drogheda and Wexford, the defeat of the Scottish army at Worcester, the role of Cromwell as Lord Protector and England as a commonwealth, and the restoration of the monarchy after Cromwell's death. | Robert Whelan | Cromwell | 1649–60 |  | 13 July 2009 | 50 min |
| 27 | The Jacobites | This documentary uses battle reconstruction footage to examine the history of the Jacobite movement, the campaign to restore a Stuart monarch to the throne of Great Britain, which ended in defeat at the Battle of Culloden in 1746. Features dramatised 'eye witness' accounts as well as expert comment and analysis. | Michael Elder | Cromwell | 1688–1746 |  | 16 May 2005 | 60 min |
| 28 | Culloden 1746 – The Last Highland Charge | The moor was covered in blood and our men looked like so many butchers rather than Christian soldiers. A British soldier. The dramatic story of the last charge of the Highland Clans. On a barren Scottish moor in April 1746, the tired and hungry men of the last Highland army made their final desperate charge against a well-disciplined British force led by the Duke of Cumberland. Despite their incredible courage and valour, the result was a foregone conclusion the clan warriors met a terrible end. It was to be the defeat and ruin of the Jacobite cause... forever. This is the moving story of the last great battle to be fought on British soil. Culloden Moor features spectacular, accurate battle reconstructions and re-enactments, plus moving footage shot on Culloden Moor as it is today. The programme¹s dramatised eye-witness accounts, period imagery and computer-generated maps combine perfectly to provide a superb and accurate account of a crucial day in British history. Featuring expert comment and analysis by Dr David Chandler, the world¹s most foremost military historian and former head of War Studies at Sandhurst. | Brian Blessed | Pegasus | 1746 | 1993 | 16 August 2004 | 55 min |
| 29 | Scotland Forever | This documentary uses battle reconstruction footage to examine the history of the Scottish soldier. From the wars against England and the battles at Bannockburn and Flodden Field, to the conflicts undertaken as part of the British army in the wars against Revolutionary France and then against Germany in the twentieth century, the Scottish soldier has commanded respect from friend and foe alike. | Iain Cuthbertson | Cromwell | 12–16th Centuries |  | 16 May 2005 | 50 min |
| 30 | Discovery and the Spanish Presence And The French Frontier | This DVD features two episodes from the entertaining and educational series 'America: Discovery To Revolution' and examines the birth of the most powerful nation on Earth. 'Discovery And The Spanish Presence & The French Frontier' tells the story of the early Spanish conquistadors and their insatiable pursuit of fame and fortune in the New World. Chasing stories of cities made of gold and the fabled fountain of youth, many Spanish adventurers lost their lives and took the lives of countless natives in their hunt for treasure. Witnessing the success of their rivals, the French decided that they too would claim a piece of this new territory and set about establishing themselves as a force to feared and respected. | Brian Blessed | Pegasus | 16th century |  | 20 April 2009 | 50 min |
| 31 | The Pilgrim Frontier And The Dutch Frontier | Featuring two episodes from the entertaining and educational series 'America: Discovery To Revolution' and examines the birth of the most powerful nation on Earth. 'The Pilgrim Frontier & The Dutch Frontier' looks at the plight of the early settlers and the huge part religious beliefs, or lack thereof, played in the first formative years of this great nation. With religious persecution rife across Europe, many saw the New World as a fresh start – a place to exercise their personal philosophies free from prejudice. Far from finding Utopia, the New World offered up some cruel realities for the newcomers including hostile natives, harsh terrain and competing settlers from other nations. | Brian Blessed | Pegasus | 16th century |  | 20 April 2009 | 50 min |
| 32 | The French And Indian War | This documentary examines the conflicts between the French and the British in North America during the eighteenth century, with particular focus on the engagements featuring the Native American warriors used by both sides. By the end of the fighting, Quebec and Canada were in British hands, and North America became part of the British Empire. Features battle reconstruction footage, re-enactments, and expert comment and analysis by Dr Scott Lucas and historian Stuart Reid. | Ian Brooker | Cromwell | 1754–63 |  | 21 March 2005 | 55 min |
| 33 | The English Frontier And The American Revolution | Featuring two episodes from the entertaining and educational series 'America: Discovery To Revolution' and examines the birth of the most powerful nation on Earth. 'The English Frontier & The American Revolution' examines the fractious relationship between the governing British rulers and the colonials who were demanding independence. The Stamp Act of 1765 was the first direct tax on the colonies and the flashpoint which lead to the American War of Independence, as many believed there should be 'no taxation without representation'. Victory saw an end to British rule but it also signalled the start of a bloody chapter in American history. | Brian Blessed | Pegasus | 16–18th century |  | 20 April 2009 | 50 min |
| 34 | New Orleans 1815 | This military documentary looks at the calamitous Battle of New Orleans, where the British were defeated by a well-enforced American army. By preventing America from annexing Canada, the British ultimately won victory in the War of 1812, but their attempts to take control of the Mississippi valley led to 2,000 casualties at New Orleans and a decisive defeat in that part of the campaign. Featuring battle re-enactments and period images, as well as expert analysis of the causes and consequences of the fighting. | Bob Sessions | Cromwell | 1815 |  | 19 September 2005 | 50 min |
| 35 | The Napoleonic Wars | This documentary gives an overview of the Napoleonic period, following the man who would be Emperor from his humble beginnings to his legendary victory at Austerlitz. With reconstructions, period imagery and expert analysis, it goes on to examine the disaster of the Russian campaign and the final defeat at Waterloo in 1815. Narrated by Mike Leighton. | Michael Leighton | Pegasus | 1803–15 |  | 7 February 2005 | 50 min |
| 36 | Napoleon – Early Years | From his birth in the Corsican capital of Ajaccio in August 1769, Napoleon Bonaparte seems to have been earmarked for greatness. There was little during his early years to suggest as much, however, for he came from an ordinary if well-to-do family and had a difficult schooling in France. But joining the military was the making of him, and he soon discovered a remarkable gift for impressing influential people. This episode covers the all-important early years of Napoleon's life up to his capture of Toulon in 1793 and the infamous 'whiff of grapeshot', when he fired upon and killed over 200 rebellious French citizens to protect the Government. | Robert Whelan | Pegasus | 1769–95 | 2001 | 9 June 2009 | 50 min |
| 37 | Napoleon – Early Campaigns | Marriage to Josephine de Beauharnais did little to quell Napoleon's vaulting ambition. Now he had the opportunity to display his burgeoning military talents, which he showed to full effect during his stunning first Italian campaign. It saw Napoleon win the respect of his officers and gain the love of his men merely by ensuring that, for the first time in years, they were paid properly. After his triumphant return to Paris in 1797, Napoleon was already planning his invasion of Europe. This episode covers all these events plus the invasion of Egypt and the battle of the Pyramids, ending with Napoleon's rise to First Consul in 1799. | Robert Whelan | Pegasus | 1796–99 | 2001 | 9 June 2009 | 50 min |
| 38 | Napoleon – Imperial Zenith | By the year 1800, Napoleon's political career was in full swing but as First Consul he was hardly a man of the people by a stroke of outrageous good fortune he even survived an assassination attempt on Christmas Eve 1800. This gave him the perfect excuse to eliminate several political enemies and tighten his grip on a tumultuous nation. This episode covers Napoleon's golden era; his rise to Emperor in 1804 and his remarkable military victories at Austerlitz, Eylau and Ulm. By 1808 the Emperor of France was just a short step away from becoming the Emperor of Europe. | Robert Whelan | Pegasus | 1800–08 | 2001 | 1 June 2009 | 50 min |
| 39 | Austerlitz 1805 – Napoleon's Greatest Triumph | "Let us put an end to this campaign with a crash of thunder that will stun the enemy." The Emperor Napoleon. A superb record of the Emperor Napoleon's greatest triumph. As the famous sun of Austerlitz rose through the pale mist on the morning of 2 December 1805, the stage was set for one of the most decisive battles of the Napoleonic era. By evening, the combined armies of Austria and Russia would be utterly destroyed. It was to be Napoleon¹s greatest victory, achieved by a commander at the very peak of his powers. This stunning DVD features dramatised reconstructions and eye-witness accounts, plus Russian archive film footage from Bondarchuck's masterpiece *War and Peace*. With 3D graphic mapping techniques and delightful period imagery, The Battle of Austerlitz is a memorable account of a bloody battle which had a profound effect on the course of European history. Featuring expert comment and analysis by Dr David Chandler, the world's foremost military historian and author of 'The Campaigns of Napoleon'. | Brian Blessed | Pegasus | 1805 | 1993 | 16 August 2004 | 55 min |
| 40 | Battle of Trafalgar – Nelson's Victory | Draws extensively on *I remember Nelson* and *HMS Defiant*, two of the most accurate reconstructions of the age of sail ever filmed, Also featuring dramatised re-enacted accounts shot aboard Nelson's flagship HMS *Victory*. The programme includes special 3D graphic images and superb contemporary images to tell the story of a momentous day in naval history. Featuring reconstructions, period imagery and 3D graphic images, this programme tells the story of a momentous day in naval history – Nelson's victory at the Battle of Trafalgar. | Robert Powell | Cromwell | 1805 |  | 16 August 2004 | 55 min |
| 41 | Napoleon – Spanish Ulcer | Up until 1807, Napoleon's life and career had been an almost uninterrupted tale of success, but things were beginning to unravel. The Emperor's determination to impose the 'Continental System' on the whole of Europe was the driving force behind the decision to invade Spain and Portugal, known to posterity as the Peninsular War. A further headache presented itself in the form of a revitalised and remodelled Austrian army, a force that was to inflict Napoleon's first decisive defeat on the battlefield. Family matters both home and abroad were also starting to cause Napoleon some problems, as his fortunes slowly began to wane. | Robert Whelan | Pegasus | 1812 | 2001 | 1 June 2009 | 50 min |
| 42 | Under Siege! – Ciudad Rodrigo 1812 | The bloody Peninsular War lasting from 1807 to 1814 saw the commanders of Britain consistently defeating the best French generals Napoleon's army had to offer in a series of famous pitched battles. Ciudad Rodrigo, however, was a different type of fight – siege warfare, where civilians and soldiers shared the same conditions, privations and fate. This is the story of how great and lesser breaches in the walls of the city were made and how it was eventually captured. It features some of the most famous episodes and characters of the war including the fearsome 'Black Bob' Craufurd. | Jack Fortune | Pegasus | 1812 |  | 19 April 2008 | 50 min |
| 43 | Napoleon 1812 – The Road To Moscow | This documentary looks at the events surrounding Napoleon's ill-judged invasion of Russia in 1812. Entering the country with the largest invasion force the world had yet seen – some 650,000 men – Napoleon defeated the Russian army in key encounters such as the Battle of Borodino. But as the French progressed further into the vast Russian interior, it was to be the weather, not force of arms, that defeated them. After taking Moscow, Napoleon was forced into a brutal and ignominious retreat that saw tens of thousands of his men perish in the freezing Russian winter. Featuring period imagery, dramatised 'eye witness' accounts, expert comment and analysis, and extracts from the Russian film of 'War and Peace'. | Robert Powell | Cromwell | 1812 |  | 16 August 2005 | 60 min |
| 44 | The Battle of Borodino | This documentary examines the crucial battle of Borodino in 1812, where Napoleon paid a high price for his invasion of Russia, an invasion that was ultimately to end in bloody retreat. | Robert Whelan | Cromwell | 1812 |  | 19 March 2005 | 50 min |
| 45 | Napoleon – Winter in Russia | With the Peninsular War still raging, Napoleon made a fateful decision in 1812 when he turned his attentions east and the Grand Army began an invasion of Russia. Nothing could have prepared them for what lay ahead as they marched slowly towards Moscow. Little did they know that of the half a million men who crossed the Russian border, fewer than fifty thousand would ever see their homeland again. This episode tells the story of Napoleon's greatest mistake his ill-fated Russian adventure that spelt the beginning of the end for the Emperor. The episode includes the story of the bloody Battle of Borodino and the appalling horrors of the French retreat from Moscow. | Robert Whelan | Pegasus | 1812 | 2001 | 1 June 2009 | 50 min |
| 46 | The Battle of Waterloo 1815 | On 18 June 1815, the last battle of the Napoleonic era was fought. On the field of Waterloo the myth of Napoleon's invincibility was finally laid to rest. This film uses modern re-enactments, period paintings and advanced 3-D mapping techniques to produce a powerful record of these dramatic moments in history. | Robert Powell | Pegasus | 1815 | 1992 | 19 March 2005 | 55 min |
| 47 | Napoleon – Waterloo Final Curtain | This is the final chapter of Napoleon Bonaparte's extraordinary life. A chapter that begins with his enforced exile on the island of Elba. He busied himself building forts and bridges, winning the support of the local population and making plans for a return to France. When he did return, it was to an ecstatic welcome from his former troops and it was not long before he was reinstated as Emperor and at war once again. But there was to be no glorious ending to the tale. Instead it ended in spectacular and bloody failure in June 1815 on the famous battlefield of Waterloo. Napoleon's old enemy the Duke of Wellington once again beat his forces and this time there was no way back. Napoleon died in exile on St. Helena just six years later, but the legend of his military genius had only just begun. | Robert Whelan | Pegasus | 1815 | 2001 | 1 June 2009 | 50 min |
| 48 | Balaclava 1854 – The Charge of the Light Brigade | The infamous charge of the Light Brigade and the heroic courage of the Thin Red Line. The story of the Battle of Balaclava. It was one of the most famous battles in military history. The Battle of Balaclava was distinguished by three celebrated acts the heroic courage of The Thin Red Line, the dashing bravery of the Heavy Brigade and, of course the utter disaster which befell the Light Brigade as it made it¹s infamous charge. It was a day during which the key players in the drama had a vital bearing on the outcome the uncertain Raglan, the feuding Lucan and Cardigan, the excitable Captain Nolan. Featuring special dramatised eye-witness¹ accounts and reconstructions, period imagery and 3D mapping techniques, this video is a dramatic record of the notorious Charge of the Light Brigade. The programme also features extensive footage from the Tony Richardson masterpiece The Charge of the Light Brigade to illustrate the ebb and flow of the fighting during a truly momentous day in the history of warfare. Featuring expert comment and analysis by Dr David Chandler, the world's foremost military historian and former Head of War Studies at Sandhurst. | Brian Blessed | Pegasus | 1854 |  | 18 April 2005 | 55 min |
| 49 | India – The Struggle For Independence/The Spanish Conquest of Mexico | 'India – The Struggle For Independence' looks at the history of Mughal and British control of the sub-continent, including the violent 1857 Indian mutiny. 'The Spanish Conquest of Mexico' looks at the story of Spain's Hernando Cortez, the 16th century conquistador who demolished the Aztec empire and took Mexico for Spain. Includes period imagery and location footage. | Michael Leighton | Pegasus | 1857/1521 |  | 19 September 2005 | 60 min |
| 50 | The American Civil War | It was the most tragic episode in American history. During four years of bitter and bloody fighting between the states, more than 600,000 troops from the Union and Confederate sides lost their lives. The bloody events at places such as Antietam, Gettysburg, Shiloh, Cold Harbor, Vicksburg and Fredericksburg are still burned deep into the American psyche, never to be forgotten. From the first shots at Fort Sumter to the emotional Confederate surrender at Appomattox Courthouse, this programme tells the story of the conflict which scarred the soul of a nation. It features superb battle reconstructions and depictions of army life, dramatised eye-witness accounts, period photographs and images, plus expert comment and analysis. | Robert Powell | Pegasus | 1861–65 |  | 16 August 2004 | 55 min |
| 51 | The Confederates | Part of the 'History of Warfare' series, this documentary examines the history of the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, focusing in particular on General Robert E. Lee's Northern Virginia army, which came so close to defeating the Federal Army. Featuring large-scale battle reconstructions, as well as dramatised 'eye witness' accounts and expert analysis. | Bob Sessions and Billy J. Mitchell | Cromwell | 1861–65 |  | 19 September 2005 | 55 min |
| 52 | The Battle of Brandy Station 1863 | This military documentary looks at the epic cavalry battle that took place at Brandy Station in 1863, on the eve of the momentous Battle of Gettysburg. Up until that point, the Confederate cavalry had been seen as invincible, but when the two forces of some 18,000 horsemen met in combat, the Yankees proved more than a match for their adversaries. Featuring large-scale battle re-enactments and recreations, as well as dramatised 'eye witness' accounts and expert analysis. | Bob Sessions | Cromwell | 1863 |  | 19 September 2005 | 50 min |
| 53 | The Battle of Gettysburg | The story of what happened after Brandy station, the largest cavalry battle ever fought on American soil, its result was : Gettysburg was the turning point of the American Civil War and is, perhaps, the most famous battle of that bloody and bitter conflict. However, only weeks before, the cavalry forces of North and South had met in what would prove to be the largest cavalry engagement of the war, the Battle of Brandy Station. This is the dramatic story of that crucial battle, a fight which would dispel the myth of the invincible Confederate cavalry forever. This DVD features a magnificent reconstruction of the Battle of Brandy Station specially filmed in Virginia, the largest cavalry re-enactment ever staged in America. Also featuring superb dramatised eye-witness accounts, computer generated 3D mapping techniques plus delightful period imagery and photographs; this programme provides an unforgettable record of a vital day in the American Civil War. Featuring expert comment and analysis by Dr David Chandler, the world's foremost military historian and former Head of War Studies at Sandhurst. | Bob Sessions | Pegasus | 1863 |  | 13 September 2004 | 55 min |
| 54 | Under Siege! – Petersburg 1864 | Fought during the American Civil War, Petersburg should never have been 'under siege' at all. Union forces should have seized control of the town in June 1864, but, through a mixture of confusion and incompetence, they failed in their objective, and a yearlong siege followed. Petersburg is best remembered for the tragedy of the great crater, the result of a huge underground explosion in July 1864, into which the Union Army inexplicably charged, creating a ready-made killing zone. This unusual tactic was an extreme answer to solving the problem of siege warfare. | Jack Fortune | Pegasus | 1864 |  | 19 April 2008 | 50 min |
| 55 | The Franco-Prussian War 1870–71 | \]This military documentary looks at the devastating Franco-Prussian war of 1870–71, the first modern conflict to be fought on European soil. Characterised by the inept performance of the French army under Napoleon III, and by the ruthless efficiency and professionalism of the Prussian forces, the final stages of the war saw Paris itself under siege, and France collapsing into civil war. Featuring battle re-enactments as well as expert analysis of the causes and consequences of the fighting. | Bob Sessions | Cromwell | 1870–71 |  | 19 September 2005 | 45 min |
| 56 | The Battle of The Little Big Horn 1876 – Custer's Last Stand | This documentary combines contemporary images and photographs alongside modern reconstructions to examine the famous battle of the Little Big Horn, where General George Armstrong Custer made his last stand. Custer was making a last-bid attempt to restore his flagging reputation, but the conflict was an ill-conceived one, which saw the Indian tribes triumph totally over their white oppressors. | Michael Leighton | Cromwell | 1876 |  | 19 September 2005 | 55 min |
| 57 | The Zulu Wars 1879 | "Fix bayonets and die like British soldiers do!" ORDER TO BRITISH TROOPS AT Isandlwana. An authoritative account of the Zulu War of 1879. The Redcoat campaign in Zululand in 1879 holds a special place in the pantheon of military history. Its two most famous battles – the dreadful slaughter at Isandlwana and the heroic defence of Rorke¹s Drift still hold an enduring fascination. These epic encounters are laced with tales of courage and valour on both sides. The incredible determination of the Zulu warriors and the sheer professionalism and bravery of the British soldiers ensures that the Zulu Wars maintain their place in the popular imagination. Featuring footage from the movie Zulu Dawn this video is a spectacular true record of the war against the Zulus. Exciting specially filmed reconstructions and re-enactments, plus dramatised eye-witness accounts combine with the very latest 3D mapping techniques and superb period imagery to tell the epic story of the momentous chapter in military history. Narrated by . Featuring expert comment and analysis by Dr David Chandler, the world's foremost military historian and former head of War Studies at Sandhurst. | Robert Powell | Pegasus | 1879 |  | 16 August 2004 | 55 min |
| 58 | Rorke's Drift 1879 – Against All Odds | The story of history's most famous rearguard action, The story of the extraordinary events of 22 January 1879, has never lost any of its fascination. The defence of Rorke's Drift by a handful of British redcoat soldiers provides history with a tale of incredible courage and valour, qualities displayed by the brave men of both sides who fought to the death on that momentous day. While Britain cheered its heroes, she also plotted a merciless revenge on the Zulu nation. Featuring extensive re-enactment action footage and dramatised eye-witness accounts of the battle, this DVD tells the story of the British soldiers who successfully defended Rorke's Drift against more than 4000 Zulu warriors. It also includes period images and photographs, computer graphics and expert comment from Ian Knight, one of the world's leading authorities on the Zulu Wars. | Hu Pryce | Pegasus | 1879 | 1994 | 7 February 2005 | 55 min |
| 59 | The Boer War And Other Colonial Adventures | The story of Britain at her Imperial zenith. During the long reign of Queen Victoria, Britain's armies marched to the farthest reaches of the globe to win an empire for their queen and country. Africa was a vital source of trade and materials for the rapidly expanding industrial Britain and so the famous redcoat armies fought through the endless jungles, swamps and deserts of the vast continent. Through these harsh conditions, soldiers campaigned on expeditions from the Asanti and Zulu Wars to the Boer War. This DVD uses accurate feature film footage and original dramatised reconstructions and re-enactments to tell the story of Britain at the height of her imperial ambitions. This highly atmospheric programme also features state of the art computer mapping techniques and delightful surviving period imagery. Featuring expert comment and analysis by Dr David Chandler, the world's foremost military historian and former Head of War Studies at Sandhurst. | Brian Blessed | Pegasus | 1879 | 1994 | 13 September 2004 | 55 min |
| 60 | Under Siege! – Verdun 1916 | This was the hellish, protracted siege known to many as 'The Mincer'. The fanatical French defence of the three forts – which had enormous psychological value to the whole nation – cost hundreds of thousands of lives and was, in part, the reason the Battle of the Somme was fought during the same year. The battle ebbed and flowed throughout the year and the forts were captured and recaptured many times before finally the fighting eased in December 1916. Unfortunately by this time almost 700,000 French and German troops had been killed or wounded trying to take or defend the city. | Jack fortune | Pegasus | 1916 |  | 19 April 2008 | 50 min |
| 61 | Kaiserschlacht 1918 | This military documentary looks at the last great German offensive of the First World War, the so-called 'Kaiserschlacht', or 'Emperor's Battle'. Dubbed 'Operation Michael', this 1918 offensive saw the German Army amass 6,000 artillery pieces and a million troops to launch a devastating blow on the unsuspecting British and French lines. Yet, after some of the bloodiest fighting of the entire war, and despite impressive initial German gains, the 'Kaiserschlacht' was doomed to failure as the Germans ran out of men and equipment. After having broken the offensive and three years of stalemate, the Allies were able to finally defeat the German Army in the field. Features archive footage, expert analysis and period imagery. | Michael Leighton | Cromwell | 1918 |  | 19 September 2005 | 50 min |
| 62 | The Spanish Civil War | This is the story of the war that changed the course of Spanish history. The struggle between the supporters and opponents of the Spanish Second Republic raged between 1936 and 1939, between the fascist nationalists and the anarquists, communists and liberal democrats. A testing ground for the ideologies that were to convulse Europe and the world in the Second World War, the Spanish Civil War saw interference from Nazi Germany, fascist Italy and the Soviet Union. During the war, new names were written large in world history; names such as the International Brigade and the Nationalist General Franco, who led his side to ultimate victory. Featuring fascinating archive film and location footage, plus dramatised "eyewitness" accounts, providing an intriguing account of a dark and divided period of Spanish history. This program also features photographs and interviews with surviving members of the International Brigade. Expert interpretation and analysis provides historical and political background to the war. Features interviews with surviving members of the International Brigade, as well as expert interpretation and analysis. | Michael Leighton | Cromwell | 1936–39 | 1995 | 14 July 2009 | 55 min |
| 63 | Under Siege! – Leningrad 1941 | The siege was the longest and most enduring of World War Two if not the entire twentieth century. What was initially a planned attack to take the city in four weeks turned into a nine-hundred-day siege of immense proportions. Since before Leningrad was called such she was called Saint Petersburg and in her long history had never been invaded, despite this Hitler announced that it was to be the first great Soviet city to fall and city was to be wiped off the face of the earth.<br>In 1941 the decision was taken Leningrad was a symbolic with Operation Barbarossa have three main objectives with army group south taking the industrial might of the Soviet Union heading to the oil fields of the Cacausses, army group Centre heading for the country's capital and political headquarters Moscow and Army group north with its orders to take the historical symbol of Bolshevism Leningrad because it was here in 1917 that the October Revolution was proclaimed. Hitler said that it was a war of ideology taking Leningrad will deprave the Russian people of the symbol to their revolution. The German planned to take quickly the city so the same troops could be used the same troop to conquer Moscow. Leningrad will become Hitler's grave because it was proved that the fight for the city was a fight for pure survival and that Leningraders were not afraid of death but that death was affair of Leningrad. Life, honour, happiness, everything was at stake in this mortal challenge. With stiff resistance containing and troops needed elsewhere, the Panzer battalions disengaged and went south to Moscow, leaving the long-range artillery. The battle of Leningrad had effectively become a siege. Surrounded on all sides, there was not an effective way to get supplies into the city, Goebbels saying that Leningrad is doomed to die of famine. The entire population was put on the ration of a few loaves of black bread per day, with many of some parts of the population turning to cannibalism. Health problems from the survivors many died later as a result.<br>The 'Road of Life', a frozen lake that in January 1942 saw a passage through which vital supplies could be smuggled into the encircled city. Spring saw a pipeline to bring oil to the city under siege. The Soviet offensive in late 1943 saw 200,000 men make a pincer movement which by January 1944 was able lift the siege so that the city was no longer an island. The Siege of Leningrad had taken the lives of over 1 million of its citizens either from air attacks, artillery bombardments, starvation and disease; the population stood firm until the only Germans who entered the city were prisoners of war, being the only German soldiers to serve in a single army group during the entire war.<br>The siege was lifted, but it would take another year to completely defeat the German army, and with the lifting of the siege certain came down the iron certain with the return of Soviet oppression, seeing many heroes of Leningrad killed after the war because they were seen as potential enemies.<br> | Jack Fortune | Pegasus | 1941 |  | 17 April 2008 | 50 min |
| 64 | Agincourt | A French army of 30,000 men surveyed the small English force. The French expected victory, but as a day of great savagery unfolded, it was the English, led by King Henry V, who would destroy their enemy. | Brian Blessed | Cromwell | 1415 | 1993 |  | 50 mins |

## Trivia

## InfoBox

| *The History of Warfare* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Created by | Cromwell Productions Ltd |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Original language | English |
| No. of episodes | 64 |
| Production | |
| Producer | Bob Carruthers |
| Running time | approx. 50 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Release | 1992 (1992) <br>2001 (2001) |


title: 1859 East Camden colonial by-election

text:
# 1859 East Camden colonial by-election

A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Eastern Division of Camden on 15 March 1859 because Robert Owen's seat was declared vacant on his acceptance of an appointment as a judge of the District Court, filling the position created by the resignation of John Hargrave. The Illawarra Mercury reported that the nomination of John Tighe was intended to cause one week's delay before Hargrave could take his seat.

## Dates

| Date | Event |
| --- | --- |
| 3 March 1859 | Robert Owen's seat declared vacant. |
| 5 March 1859 | Writ of election issued by the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. |
| 15 March 1859 | Nominations |
| 21 March 1859 | Polling day |
| 26 March 1859 | Return of writ |

## Result

**Eastern Division of Camden by-election**
Monday 21 March
| Candidate | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| John Hargrave (elected) | | 638 | 99.7 |
| John Tighe | | 2 | 0.3 |
| Total formal votes | | 640 | 100.0 |
| Informal votes | | 0 | 0 |
| Turnout | | 640 | 39.1 |

1. "Writ of election: eastern division of Camden". *New South Wales Government Gazette*. No. 38. 8 March 1859. p. 542. Retrieved 19 June 2019  via Trove.
2. "East Camden election: the polling". *Illawarra Mercury*. 24 March 1859. p. 2. Retrieved 2 September 2020  via Trove.
3. "Mr Robert Owen (1799-1878)". *Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales*. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
4. Green, Antony. "1859 East Camden by-election". *New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007*. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
5. Green, Antony. "1858 Camden East". *New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007*. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 25 February 2021.


title: Niyogi Brahmin

abstract: Niyogi Brahmin is a Telugu Brahmin subcaste native to the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, but are spread throughout South India and Maharashtra. The traditional occupations of the Niyogi Brahmins are settled cultivation and priesthood. But majority of them took up various secular vocations including military activities and karanams. They were associated with administration, economics, literature, music composing, politics, scholarly, scientific, engineering, defense and warfare careers.

text:
# Niyogi Brahmin

**Niyogi Brahmin** is a Telugu Brahmin subcaste native to the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, but are spread throughout South India and Maharashtra. The traditional occupations of the Niyogi Brahmins are settled cultivation and priesthood. But majority of them took up various secular vocations including military activities and karanams. They were associated with administration, economics, literature, music composing, politics, scholarly, scientific, engineering, defense and warfare careers.

## Etymology

*Niyogin* in Sanskrit means "employed", "appointed" or "assigned" and it is probable that Niyogis were given this name because they accept secular employment. As per Eastern Chalukyan records, Brahmins who were appointed to a 'Niyoga', commission, charge or office, were called 'Niyogins', officials or functionaries. The term 'Niyogikavallabha' finds mention in a record of Eastern Chalukyan king Mangi Yuvaraja (r.682  706 CE).

## Sub-divisions

Niyogis are divided into groups like Aruvela Niyogis, Pakanati Niyogis, Prathamasaki Niyogis and others. Golkonda Vyaparis were said to be a part of Niyogis. The word "*vyapari*" means trader. While Niyogis were Smartas, Vyaparis are Vaishnavas. In Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, there are some sections of Niyogis such as Aruvela and Prathamasaki who follow Dvaita Vedanta of Madhvacharya.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Niyogi Brahmin | |
| --- | --- |
| Classification | Forward caste |
| Religions | Hinduism |
| Languages | Telugu (primary)<br>Other Dravidian languages |
| Country | Primarily India |


title: MTA2

abstract: Metastasis-associated protein MTA2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MTA2 gene. MTA2 is the second member of the MTA family of genes. MTA2 protein localizes in the nucleus and is a component of the nucleosome remodeling and the deacetylation complex (NuRD). Similar to the founding family member MTA1, MTA2 functions as a chromatin remodeling factor and regulates gene expression. MTA2 is overexpressed in human cancer and its dysregulated level correlates well with cancer invasiveness and aggressive phenotypes.

text:
# MTA2

**Metastasis-associated protein MTA2** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *MTA2* gene.

MTA2 is the second member of the MTA family of genes. MTA2 protein localizes in the nucleus and is a component of the nucleosome remodeling and the deacetylation complex (NuRD). Similar to the founding family member MTA1, MTA2 functions as a chromatin remodeling factor and regulates gene expression. MTA2 is overexpressed in human cancer and its dysregulated level correlates well with cancer invasiveness and aggressive phenotypes.

## Discovery

MTA2 was initially recognized as an MTA1 like 1 gene, named MTA1-L1, from a large scale sequencing of randomly selected clones from human cDNA libraries in 1999. Clues about the role of MTA2 in gene expression came from the association of MTA2 polypeptides in the NuRD complex in a proteomic study This was followed by targeted cloning of murine Mta2 in 2001.

## Gene and spliced variants

MTA2 is localized on chromosome 11q12-q13.1 in human and on 19B in mice. The 8.6-kb long human MTA2 gene contains 20 exons and seven transcripts inclusive of three protein-coding transcripts but predicted to code for two polypeptides of 688 amino acids and 495 amino acids. The remaining four MTA2 transcripts are non-coding RNA transcripts ranging from 532-bp to 627-bp. The murine Mta2 consists of a 3.1-kb protein-coding transcript to code a protein of 668 amino acids, and five non-coding RNAs transcripts, ranging from 620-bp to 839-bp.

## Structure

Amino acid sequence of MTA2 shares 68.2% homology with MTA1’s sequence. MTA2 domains include, a BAH (Bromo-Adjacent Homology), an ELM2 (egl-27 and MTA1 homology), a SANT domain (SWI, ADA2, N-CoR, TFIIIB-B), and a GATA-like zinc finger. MTA2 is acetylated at lysine 152 within the BAH domain

## Function

This gene encodes a protein that has been identified as a component of NuRD, a nucleosome remodeling deacetylase complex identified in the nucleus of human cells. It shows a very broad expression pattern and is strongly expressed in many tissues. It may represent one member of a small gene family that encode different but related proteins involved either directly or indirectly in transcriptional regulation. Their indirect effects on transcriptional regulation may include chromatin remodeling.

MTA2 inhibits estrogen receptor-transactivation functions, and participates in the development of hormones independent of breast cancer cells. The MTA2 participate in the circadian rhythm through CLOCK-BMAL1 complex. MTA2 inhibits the expression of target genes owing to its ability to interact with chromatin remodeling complexes, and modulates pathways involved in cellular functions, including invasion, apoptosis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and growth of normal and cancer cells

## Regulation

Expression of MTA2 is stimulated by Sp1 transcription factor and repressed by Kaiso. Growth regulatory activity of MTA2 is modulated through its acetylation by histone acetylase p300 \[12\]. The expression of MTA2 is inhibited by the Rho GDIa in breast cancer cells and by human β-defensins in colon cancer cells. MicroRNAs-146a and miR-34a also regulate the levels of MTA2 mRNA through post-transcriptional mechanism.

## Targets

MTA2 deacetylates the estrogen receptor alpha and p53 and inhibits their transactivation functions. MTA2 represses the expression of E-cadherin in non-small-cell lung cancer cells. but stimulates the expression of IL-11 in gastric cancer cells. The MTA2-containing chromatin remodeling complex targets CLOCK-BMAL1 complex.

## Interactions

MTA2 has been shown to interact with:

*This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.*

## InfoBox

| MTA2 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | MTA2, MTA1L1, PID, metastasis associated 1 family member 2 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 603947; MGI: 1346340; HomoloGene: 3480; GeneCards: MTA2; OMA:MTA2 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_004739
NM\_001330292   NM\_011842   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001317221
NP\_004730   NP\_035972   Location (UCSC) Chr 11: 62.59 – 62.6 Mb Chr 19: 8.92 – 8.93 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: 10.000 Nights of Thunder

abstract: "10.000 Nights of Thunder" is the second single by Danish pop band Alphabeat. It was released in the UK as "10,000 Nights" in anticipation of This Is Alphabeat, the international version of their debut album. It topped the chart in Alphabeat's native Denmark and peaked at number 16 on the UK Singles Chart. The band played a live semi-acoustic version of the track in Jo Whiley's Live Lounge on BBC Radio 1, together with a cover version of Sam Sparro's "Black and Gold". An instrumental version of the track was used as background music by the BBC during their daily Beijing 2008 Olympics highlights show.

text:
# 10.000 Nights of Thunder

"**10.000 Nights of Thunder**" is the second single by Danish pop band Alphabeat. It was released in the UK as "10,000 Nights" in anticipation of *This Is Alphabeat*, the international version of their debut album. It topped the chart in Alphabeat's native Denmark and peaked at number 16 on the UK Singles Chart.

The band played a live semi-acoustic version of the track in Jo Whiley's Live Lounge on BBC Radio 1, together with a cover version of Sam Sparro's "Black and Gold". An instrumental version of the track was used as background music by the BBC during their daily Beijing 2008 Olympics highlights show.

## Track listings

## Chart performance

"10.000 Nights of Thunder" peaked in Denmark at number one, where it stayed for one week. In the United Kingdom, the song entered at number 23 on downloads alone, then climbed to number 16 once the physical single was released. On 27 July 2008, the song moved up four places from number 40 to number 36 before dropping out of the top 40 two weeks later.

## InfoBox

| "10.000 Nights of Thunder" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Alphabeat | |
| from the album  *Alphabeat* | |
| Released | 15 January 2007 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | * 4:27 (album version) * 3:32 (UK radio edit) |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) | Anders Bønløkke |
| Producer(s) | Rune Westberg |
| Alphabeat singles chronology | |
| "Fascination"
(2006) "**10.000 Nights of Thunder**"
(2007) "Fantastic 6"
(2007) | |
|  | |
| Alphabeat UK singles chronology | |
| "Fascination"
(2008) "**10.000 Nights of Thunder**"
(2008) "Boyfriend"
(2008) | |
| Audio | |
| "10.000 Nights of Thunder" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Nuraghe Fenu

abstract: Nuraghe Fenu is a nuraghe located in the municipality of Pabillonis in Sardinia. It was constructed in the mid-Bronze Age and it covers an area of 2000 m⁲. Vittorio Angius, a 19th-century historian, described it as one of the biggest nuraghi of Sardinia, akin to nuraghe Saurecci and nuraghe S'Orku.

text:
# Nuraghe Fenu

**Nuraghe Fenu** is a nuraghe located in the municipality of Pabillonis in Sardinia. It was constructed in the mid-Bronze Age (13001150 BC) and it covers an area of 2000 m2. Vittorio Angius, a 19th-century historian, described it as one of the biggest nuraghi of Sardinia, akin to nuraghe Saurecci and nuraghe S'Orku.

## Description

Nuraghe Fenu is composed of basaltic rocks and it has a multi-lobed structure with only three towers remaining and a height of 1.70 metres (5 ft 7 in). In the north, the fortified tower has a wall that is 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) tall. It is near the train station of Pabillonis in the countryside. In the 19th century, it was used to build a railway bridge and houses near Pabillonis.

## Excavations

Excavations started in 1996, allowing archaeologists to study the stratigraphy of the ground. The rest of the nuraghe was re-used by Punic and Roman civilization. The five towers of the nuraghe were completely excavated, as was the residential area near tower E. The excavation uncovered fragments of ceramic, oil lamps, and coins of Roman age. They are in the museum of Sardara.

## Bibliography

* Vittorio Angius, *Città e villaggi della Sardegna dell'Ottocento.Pabillonis-Zuri*,Ilisso Editori, 2006.

## InfoBox

Nuraghe Fenu
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Shown within Italy | |
| Location | Pabillonis, Sardinia, Italy |
| Region | Sardinia |
| Coordinates | 39°36′21″N 8°44′42″E / 39.605805°N 8.744962°E / 39.605805; 8.744962 |
| Type | Nuraghe |
| History | |
| Founded | 1300 BC |
| Cultures | Nuragic civilization |
| Site notes | |
| Public access | free entry |


title: Você é D+

abstract: Você é D+ is the fifth album by the Brazilian music duo Sandy & Junior. It was produced by their father, notable Brazilian singer Xororó, from the duo Chitãozinho & Xororó. It was released by PolyGram in 1995. The singer and presenter Xuxa participated singing in the first song of the album, "Rap do Aniversário". As in many early Sandy & Junior albums, many songs were versions of international songs recorded in Portuguese, like "Sonho Real", which is a version of "(I've Had) The Time of My Life", from the movie Dirty Dancing (1987). The title song itself is a version of "Love so Right", from Bee Gees. Also, "Hopelessly Devoted To You", was sung originally by Olivia Newton-John, and "Doce como Mel", was originally "Sugar Baby Love", by The Rubettes. The Song "O Universo Precisa de Vocês" was one of the most successful in the album, paying a homage to the first seasons of the series Power Rangers, which was a big success in Brazil at the time. Another hit was "Vai Ter Que Rebolar", the only song from the album that carried on being sung by the duo into their adult years.

text:
# Você é D+

**Você é D+** (transl.*You're awesome!*) is the fifth album by the Brazilian music duo Sandy & Junior. It was produced by their father, notable Brazilian singer Xororó, from the duo Chitãozinho & Xororó. It was released by PolyGram in 1995. The singer and presenter Xuxa participated singing in the first song of the album, "Rap do Aniversário" (transl.*Birthday Rap*).

As in many early Sandy & Junior albums, many songs were versions of international songs recorded in Portuguese, like "*Sonho Real*", which is a version of "(I've Had) The Time of My Life", from the movie Dirty Dancing (1987). The title song itself is a version of "Love so Right", from Bee Gees. Also, "Hopelessly Devoted To You", was sung originally by Olivia Newton-John, and "Doce como Mel", was originally "Sugar Baby Love", by The Rubettes.

The Song "*O Universo Precisa de Vocês (Power Rangers)*" (transl.*The Universe Needs You (Power Rangers)*) was one of the most successful in the album, paying a homage to the first seasons of the series Power Rangers, which was a big success in Brazil at the time. Another hit was "*Vai Ter Que Rebolar*", the only song from the album that carried on being sung by the duo into their adult years.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Rap do Aniversário (with Xuxa)" | * Fafy Siqueira * Sarah Benchimol | 3:27 |
| 2. | "Além da Imaginação" | * Dalton Rieffel * Dalmo Belote | 3:34 |
| 3. | "Sonho Real (I've Had the Time of My Life)" | * F. Previte * J. DeNicola * D. Markowitz * Xororó * Noely * Feio | 4:42 |
| 4. | "Roller Boys" | * Lucas Robles * César Rossini | 4:03 |
| 5. | "A Gente Se Gosta Demais" | * Xororó * Feio | 3:09 |
| 6. | "Marilyn" | * Xororó * Noely * Joel Marques | 3:09 |
| 7. | "Vamos Ver a Galera Agitar" | * Feio * Xororó * Fátima Leão | 3:12 |
| 8. | "O Universo Precisa de Vocês (Power Rangers)" | * Renato Ladeira * Roberto Lly | 2:55 |
| 9. | "Você é Demais (Love so Right)" | * Barry Gibb * Robin Gibb * Maurice Gibb * Edgard Poças | 3:59 |
| 10. | "Vai Ter Que Rebolar" | * Nenéo | 3:29 |
| 11. | "É Cedo Pra Amar Assim (Hopelessly Devoted to You)" | * John Farrar * Xororó * Noely * Feio | 3:01 |
| 12. | "Vamos Nessa Que Tá Bom À Beça" | * Nino * Maria da Paz | 3:47 |
| 13. | "Doce Como o Mel" | * The Rubettes * Wayne Bickerton * Tony Waddington * Xororó * Noely * Feio | 3:13 |
| 14. | "Tintim (Um Brinde ao Amor)" | * Paulinho Camargo * Gilberto Santos | 3:34 |
| Total length: | | | 36:57 |

## InfoBox

| Você é D+ | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Sandy & Junior | |
| Released | 1995 (1995) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 36:57 |
| Language | * Portuguese |
| Label | * Mercury/PolyGram |
| Producer | Xororó |
| Sandy & Junior chronology | |
| *Pra Dançar Com Você*
(1994) ***Você é D+***
(1995) *Dig-Dig-Joy*
(1996) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Você é D+* | |
| 1. "O Universo Precisa de Vocês (Power Rangers)"
Released: 1995 2. "Vai Ter Que Rebolar"
Released: 1995 3. "Sonho Real"
Released: 1995 | |
|  | |