title: Čelić

abstract: Čelić is a town and municipality located in the Tuzla Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Čelić was part of the municipality of Lopare prior to the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The part of the municipality that was controlled by the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina became the municipality of Čelić.

text:
# Čelić

**Čelić** (Serbian Cyrillic: Челић) is a town and municipality located in the Tuzla Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Čelić was part of the municipality of Lopare prior to the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The part of the municipality that was controlled by the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina became the municipality of Čelić.

## Geography

The municipality is 132 km2 (51 sq mi) with a population of 12,000. It is located in the hills of Majevica. Čelić borders the municipalities of Srebrenik, Tuzla, Lopare (RS) and the Brčko District.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, the population of the municipality was 10,502 and there were 3,436 people living in the urban centre of Čelić. In addition to that, there were also 35 people living in the Lopare part.

### Ethnic groups

The ethnic composition of the municipality:

| Municipality | Nationality | | | | | | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Bosniaks | % | Croats | % | Serbs | % | |
| Čelić | 9,341 | 88.94 | 843 | 8.02 | 192 | 1.82 | 10,502 |

## InfoBox

| Čelić Челић | |
| --- | --- |
| Town and municipality | |
|  | |
| Location of Čelić | |
| ČelićLocation of Čelić | |
| Coordinates: 44°43′N 18°49′E / 44.717°N 18.817°E / 44.717; 18.817 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Canton | Tuzla Canton |
| Geographical region | Semberija |
| Government | |
| Municipal mayor | Admir Hrustanović (SBiH) |
| Area | |
| Town and municipality | 140 km2 (50 sq mi) |
| Population (2013 census) | |
| Town and municipality | 10,502 |
| Density | 86/km2 (220/sq mi) |
| Urban | 3,471 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Area code | +387 35 |
| Website | www.celic.ba |


title: Çaydüzü, İnebolu

abstract: Çaydüzü is a village in the İnebolu District of Kastamonu Province in Turkey. Its population is 80 (2021).

text:
# Çaydüzü, İnebolu

**Çaydüzü** is a village in the İnebolu District of Kastamonu Province in Turkey. Its population is 80 (2021).

## InfoBox

| Çaydüzü | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| ÇaydüzüLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 41°55′21″N 33°37′11″E / 41.92250°N 33.61972°E / 41.92250; 33.61972 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Kastamonu |
| District | İnebolu |
| Population (2021) | 80 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Évasion FM

abstract: Évasion FM, is a French private regional radio station created in 1983 owned by the HPI Groupe and based at Évry, in Paris. The station mainly broadcasts in the Parisian suburbs, and broadcasts mostly music and regional news.

text:
# Évasion FM

**Évasion FM** (styled *EVASION*), is a French private regional radio station created in 1983 owned by the HPI Groupe and based at Évry, in Paris. The station mainly broadcasts in the Parisian suburbs, and broadcasts mostly music and regional news.

## Broadcasting area

Évasion FM has currently 20 frequencies throughout 8 departments. Additionally, Évasion FM is also available on several websites on the Internet such as the official website.

### Essonne

### Eure

### Eure-et-Loir

### Oise

### Seine-et-Marne

### Seine Maritime

### Somme

### Yvelines

## InfoBox

Évasion FM
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Île-de-France, France |
| Frequency | 20 frequencies (2023) |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | French |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Groupe HPI |
| Sister stations | Chante France |
| History | |
| First air date | 1983 |
| Links | |
| Website | www.evasionfm.com |


title: Üç Korkusuz Arkadaş

abstract: Üç Korkusuz Arkadaş is a 1966 Turkish war drama film, directed by Halit Refiğ and starring Tanju Gürsu, Nilüfer Aydan and Kuzey Vargin.

text:
# Üç Korkusuz Arkadaş

***Üç Korkusuz Arkadaş*** is a 1966 Turkish war drama film, directed by Halit Refiğ and starring Tanju Gürsu, Nilüfer Aydan and Kuzey Vargin.

## InfoBox

| Üç Korkusuz Arkadaş | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Halit Refiğ |
| Starring | Tanju Gürsu, Nilüfer Aydan and Kuzey Vargin |
| Release date | * 1966 (1966) |
| Country | Turkey |
| Language | Turkish |


title: Černý Most (Prague Metro)

abstract: Černý Most is a Prague Metro station and terminus of Line B, serving the Černý Most housing estate and shopping district and nearby suburbs of Prague. The station was opened on 8 November 1998 as the eastern terminus of the extension of Line B from Českomoravská. The station is directly adjacent to an intercity bus terminal. Not only it is one of few Prague Metro subway stations that is not located underground, its vestibule is located even higher than the main stands and roads of the bus terminal.

text:
# Černý Most (Prague Metro)

**Černý Most** (Czech pronunciation: \[tʃɛrniː most\], English: *Black Bridge*) is a Prague Metro station and terminus of Line B, serving the Černý Most housing estate and shopping district and nearby suburbs of Prague. The station was opened on 8 November 1998 as the eastern terminus of the extension of Line B from Českomoravská.

The station is directly adjacent to an intercity bus terminal. Not only it is one of few Prague Metro subway stations that is not located underground, its vestibule is located even higher than the main stands and roads of the bus terminal.

50°06′33″N 14°34′39″E / 50.10917°N 14.57750°E / 50.10917; 14.57750

## InfoBox

| Černý Most | |
| --- | --- |
| Prague Metro | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Chlumecká street
Černý Most, Prague 14
Prague
Czech Republic |
| Platforms | 1 island platform |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | At grade |
| Depth | 2,4 metres |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Fare zone | PID: P |
| History | |
| Opened | 8 November 1998 (1998-11-08) |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Prague Metro Following station  Rajská zahradatoward Zličín  Line B  *Terminus* | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Čistá (Rakovník District)

abstract: Čistá is a municipality and village in Rakovník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 900 inhabitants.

text:
# Čistá (Rakovník District)

**Čistá** is a municipality and village in Rakovník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 900 inhabitants.

## Administrative parts

The villages of Křekovice, Kůzová, Lhota, Nová Ves, Smrk, Strachovice and Zdeslav are administrative parts of Čistá.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 2,843 |  |
| 1880 | 2,885 | +1.5% |
| 1890 | 2,704 | −6.3% |
| 1900 | 2,628 | −2.8% |
| 1910 | 2,637 | +0.3% |
| 1921 | 2,398 | −9.1% |
| 1930 | 2,220 | −7.4% |
| 1950 | 1,371 | −38.2% |
| 1961 | 1,349 | −1.6% |
| 1970 | 1,168 | −13.4% |
| 1980 | 1,044 | −10.6% |
| 1991 | 920 | −11.9% |
| 2001 | 920 | +0.0% |
| 2011 | 865 | −6.0% |
| 2021 | 881 | +1.8% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## InfoBox

| Čistá | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Centre with the Church of Saint Wenceslaus | |
|  | |
| ČistáLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 50°1′41″N 13°34′14″E / 50.02806°N 13.57056°E / 50.02806; 13.57056 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | Central Bohemian |
| District | Rakovník |
| First mentioned | 1229 |
| Area | |
| Total | 29.05 km2 (11.22 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 479 m (1,572 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 891 |
| Density | 31/km2 (79/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 270 34 |
| Website | www.cista-obec.cz |


title: Čista ljubav

abstract: Čista ljubav, is a Croatian television drama. The show was created by Nataša Buljan and first broadcast on Nova TV on 10 September 2017.

text:
# Čista ljubav

***Čista ljubav*** (transl.Pure Love), is a Croatian television drama. The show was created by Nataša Buljan and first broadcast on Nova TV on 10 September 2017.

## Cast

| Actor | Character |
| --- | --- |
| Ivan Herceg, later Janko Popović Volarić | Tomo Vitez |
| Momčilo Otašević | Ranko Novak |
| Tara Rosandić | Sonja Vitez (ex-Lončar) |
| Martina Stjepanović | Gordana *Goga* Biskup |
| Dora Arar | Marija *Maša* Vitez |
| Nives Celzijus | Snježana Mamić † |
| Olga Pakalović | Branka Balog (ex-Vitez) |
| Ksenija Pajić | Edita Leskovar |
| Sanja Vejnović | Jasna Lončar |
| Csilla Barath Bastaić | Dina Barić |
| Saša Anočić | Milan Lončar † |
| Marko Petrić | Vlado Lončar |
| Sementa Rajhard | Emina Tabaković |
| Dado Ćosić | Blaženko *Blaž* Balog |
| Mladen Vulić | Mario - *Rus* |
| Ljubomir Kerekeš | Zdenko Majdak - *Profesor* |
| Lana Gojak | Edita *in young days* |
| Slavko Sobin | Damir Vitez † |
| Sara Moser | Marija Vitez † |
| Krunoslav Klabučar | Štef Barić |
| Asja Jovanović | Blaženka Balog |
| Martina Čvek | Helena Vitez |
| Armin Omerović | Hrvoje Bulić |
| Sara Duvnjak | Asja Tabaković † |
| Dražen Mikulić | Grgić † |
| Jasna Palić-Picukarić | dr. Jurić |
| Mirjana Sinožić | Nada Tabaković |
| Josip Klobučar | doctor |
| Ivica Pucar | dr. Gordan Lalić |

## InfoBox

| *Čista ljubav* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Drama |
| Created by | Nataša Buljan |
| Directed by | Josip Žuvan |
| Starring | Janko Popović Volarić
Tara Rosandić
Olga Pakalović
Momčilo Otašević
Nives Celzijus
Sanja Vejnović
Saša Anočić |
| Music by | Tomislav Babić |
| Opening theme | Čista ljubav - Boris Novković |
| Country of origin | Croatia |
| Original language | Croatian |
| No. of episodes | 173 |
| Production | |
| Producers | Josip Žuvan
Tanja Golić
David Kapac
Zoran Margetić |
| Running time | 45 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | Nova TV |
| Release | 10 September 2017 (2017-09-10)
14 June 2018 (2018-06-14) |
| Related | |
|  | |


title: Ōnokuni Yasushi

abstract: Ōnokuni Yasushi is a Japanese former professional sumo wrestler from Hokkaidō. Making his professional debut in 1978, he reached the top division in 1983. In 1987 he won his first yūshō or tournament championship with a perfect record and became the sport's 62nd yokozuna. However, he was only able to win one more championship before his retirement in 1991. He has remained in sumo as a coach and in 1999 became the head of Shibatayama stable. He was elected to the Japan Sumo Association's board of directors in 2018.

text:
# Ōnokuni Yasushi

**Ōnokuni Yasushi** (Japanese: 大乃国 康, born October 9, 1962 as **Yasushi Aoki** (青木 康)) is a Japanese former professional sumo wrestler from Hokkaidō. Making his professional debut in 1978, he reached the top division in 1983. In 1987 he won his first *yūshō* or tournament championship with a perfect record and became the sport's 62nd *yokozuna*. However, he was only able to win one more championship before his retirement in 1991. He has remained in sumo as a coach and in 1999 became the head of Shibatayama stable. He was elected to the Japan Sumo Association's board of directors in 2018.

## Early life

Aoki was born in Memuro, Hokkaidō. At school he did judo, but after a sumo tournament in the area, he was recruited to Hanakago stable by Kaiketsu Masateru and fought his first bout in March 1978, aged 15. He took on the *shikona*, or ring name, of Ōnokuni (大ノ国) in the following tournament. When Kaiketsu set up his Hanaregoma stable in 1981, he took Ōnokuni with him.

## *Makuuchi*

Ōnokuni reached the second *jūryō* division in March 1982, and the top *makuuchi* division a year later in March 1983. He made his *san'yaku* debut at *komusubi* just three tournaments later. In November 1983, ranked as *maegashira* 3, he won his first special prize and three gold stars by defeating all three *yokozuna* (Kitanoumi, Chiyonofuji and Takanosato). This earned him promotion to *sekiwake*. In March 1984, he changed the spelling of his ring name to 大乃国. In the tournament that month, he defeated three *yokozuna* and three *ōzeki* and won special prizes for Fighting Spirit and Outstanding Performance. Ōnokuni was runner-up in the July 1985 tournament, recording 12 wins against 3 losses, enough to secure promotion to *ōzeki*. He was runner-up again in his *ōzeki* debut, scoring 12–3 once more.

His performance over the next few tournaments was good but not spectacular, until he won his first tournament in May 1987 with a perfect record of 15 wins and no losses, becoming the first man other than Chiyonofuji to win a top division *yūshō* in the new Ryōgoku Kokugikan. After two runner-up performances in the next two tournaments, in September of that year he was promoted to *yokozuna*, sumo's highest rank. His three tournament record of 40 wins and just five losses tied with Wakanohana II as the best produced by a candidate for *yokozuna* promotion in the six tournaments per year era (post 1958).

## *Yokozuna*

Ōnokuni's first tournament as *yokozuna* finished with a disappointing 8–7 score, but in March 1988 he beat *yokozuna* Hokutoumi in a play-off to achieve his second tournament championship. However, the Kokonoe stable *yokozuna* Chiyonofuji and Hokutoumi were to prove dominant over the next few tournaments and he never won another tournament. He scored a famous victory over Chiyonofuji on the last day of the November 1988 tournament, however, ending Chiyonofuji's 53-bout winning streak in what turned out to be the last sumo match of the Shōwa period.

From 1989 he began to suffer from sleep apnea. He gained weight, peaking at 210 kg (463 lbs) in May 1989, and began to suffer leg problems. He lost some weight through a combination of training and diet, but this weakened him and he never fully recovered. He missed most of the July tournament due to a knee injury, then in September he became the first *yokozuna* ever to have *make-koshi*, or turn in a losing score of just 7 wins out of 15 bouts. He did the only thing expected of him – he offered to resign – but was told by the Japan Sumo Association to soldier on. In his comeback tournament in January 1990, Ōnokuni scraped by with 8 wins but suffered a serious ankle injury and missed the next four tournaments, an unprecedented absence for a *yokozuna*.

He finally returned to the ring in November 1990, and scored ten wins, defeating Chiyonofuji on the final day. In March 1991 he was runner-up for the seventh and final time in his career, finishing one win behind Hokutoumi on 12–3. His final day defeat to Kirishima handed the *yūshō* to Hokutoumi and robbed him of the chance of a play-off (which Hokutoumi admitted he would almost certainly have lost as he was injured in his bout the previous day). Ōnokuni missed the following tournament in May due to a fever resulting from a skin infection, and upon his return in July he was defeated four times in the first eight days. He announced his retirement from sumo at the age of just 28 after being beaten by Akinoshima on day 8, leaving a disappointing record of just one *yūshō* and two runner-up performances in his 23 tournaments at *yokozuna* rank. He never managed to obtain the highest rank on the *banzuke* of east *yokozuna* in any of those tournaments. Discounting the special circumstances of Futahaguro's departure from sumo he was the second youngest *yokozuna* to retire, after Tochinoumi.

## Retirement from the ring

Ōnokuni has remained in the sumo world as an *oyakata*, or elder, and opened his own training stable, Shibatayama-*beya* in 1999. In March 2008 the stable produced its first *sekitori*, Daiyūbu, but he spent only one tournament in *jūryō* and retired suddenly in June 2010 after falling out with his stablemaster. Daiyūbu filed a lawsuit in September claiming that he was slapped and punched, and his topknot was cut off against his will. Shibatayama was questioned by police over the alleged incidents. The case was eventually settled out of court. In March 2016 Shibatayama and one of his wrestlers, Komanokuni, were ordered by the Tokyo District Court to pay 32.4 million yen (287,500 USD) in compensation to another former wrestler who the court ruled had faced "daily abuse" since joining in 2008 and had to undergo four surgeries for a detached retina, eventually losing sight in the eye in 2013. Shibatayama appealed the ruling, and in November 2016 a court-mediated confidential settlement was reached.

In 2013 his old stable closed when Hanaregoma-*oyakata* reached the mandatory retirement age, and their wrestlers transferred to Shibatayama stable. As of January 2020 the stable has one *sekitori*, Sakigake. He was elected to the board of directors of the Sumo Association in 2018 and has the role of head of the public relations department.

## Personal life

He has been married since 1989.

He has a reputation as a baker of cakes, and often appears on baking shows on television. He published a book *62nd Yokozuna Ōnokuni's National Sweets Tour* (第62代横綱大乃国の全国スイーツ巡業). He baked a cake to celebrate Daiyūbu's promotion to *jūryō.*

His autobiography, titled *Winning Even When You Lose*, was published in 2008.

## Fighting style

Ōnokuni's favoured grip on his opponent's *mawashi* was *migi-yotsu*, a left hand outside and right hand inside position. His most common winning *kimarite* was *yori-kiri*, which accounted for nearly half his victories at *sekitori* level. He was also fond of *uwatenage*, or overarm throw. He had a somewhat defensive style, preferring to wait for his opportunity rather than take the initiative right from the beginning of a bout.

## Career record

Ōnokuni Yasushi
| Year | January
Hatsu basho, Tokyo | March
Haru basho, Osaka | May
Natsu basho, Tokyo | July
Nagoya basho, Nagoya | September
Aki basho, Tokyo | November
Kyūshū basho, Fukuoka |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1978 | x | (Maezumo) | West Jonokuchi #15
43
 | West Jonidan #86
322
 | East Jonidan #99
52
 | East Jonidan #49
52
 |
| 1979 | West Jonidan #19
34
 | East Jonidan #32
52
 | East Jonidan #3
61
 | West Sandanme #43
34
 | East Sandanme #53
25
 | West Sandanme #78
52
 |
| 1980 | West Sandanme #46
52
 | West Sandanme #12
43
 | East Sandanme #2
25
 | East Sandanme #29
34
 | East Sandanme #46
43
 | West Sandanme #25
61
 |
| 1981 | West Makushita #49
34
 | East Sandanme #1
43
 | West Makushita #48
52
 | West Makushita #27
43
 | West Makushita #20
52
 | East Makushita #8
52
 |
| 1982 | East Makushita #1
43
 | East Jūryō #11
510
 | West Makushita #6
43
 | East Makushita #4
43
 | West Makushita #1
52
 | East Jūryō #11
105
 |
| 1983 | West Jūryō #2
114PP
Champion
 | West Maegashira #9
87
 | West Maegashira #2
69
 | East Maegashira #5
87
 | West Komusubi #1
69
 | East Maegashira #3
105
O |
| 1984 | East Sekiwake #1
96
O | East Sekiwake #1
105
OF | East Sekiwake #1
69
 | East Maegashira #1
105
O | West Sekiwake #1
105
 | East Sekiwake #1
87
 |
| 1985 | East Sekiwake #1
96
 | West Sekiwake #1
96
 | East Sekiwake #1
105
O | East Sekiwake #1
123
F | West Ōzeki #1
123
 | East Ōzeki #1
114
 |
| 1986 | West Ōzeki #1
123
 | East Ōzeki #1
96
 | West Ōzeki #2
114
 | West Ōzeki #1
96
 | West Ōzeki #1
87
 | East Ōzeki #2
105
 |
| 1987 | East Ōzeki #1
96
 | East Ōzeki #2
96
 | West Ōzeki #1
150
 | East Ōzeki #1
123
 | East Ōzeki #1
132
 | West Yokozuna #1
87
 |
| 1988 | West Yokozuna #2
555
 | East Yokozuna #2
132P
 | West Yokozuna #1
114
 | East Yokozuna #2
123
 | West Yokozuna #1
87
 | West Yokozuna #1
114
 |
| 1989 | West Yokozuna #1
114
 | East Yokozuna #2
123
 | West Yokozuna #1
123
 | West Yokozuna #1
1410
 | East Yokozuna #2
78
 | East Yokozuna #2
Sat out due to injury
0015 |
| 1990 | East Yokozuna #2
87
 | East Yokozuna #2
Sat out due to injury
0015 | East Yokozuna #2
Sat out due to injury
0015 | East Yokozuna #2
Sat out due to injury
0015 | West Yokozuna #2
Sat out due to injury
0015 | West Yokozuna #2
105
 |
| 1991 | East Yokozuna #2
105
 | East Yokozuna #2
123
 | West Yokozuna #1
Sat out due to injury
0015 | East Yokozuna #2
**Retired**
456 | x | x |
| Record given as **wins–losses–absences**    Top division champion Top division runner-up Retired Lower divisions Non-participation

Sanshō key: **F**=Fighting spirit; **O**=Outstanding performance; **T**=Technique     Also shown: =Kinboshi; **P**=Playoff(s)
Divisions: Makuuchi  Jūryō  Makushita  Sandanme  Jonidan  Jonokuchi

*Makuuchi* ranks: Yokozuna  Ōzeki  Sekiwake  Komusubi  Maegashira | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Ōnokuni Yasushi | |
| --- | --- |
| 大乃国 康 | |
| Ōnokuni, September 2008 | |
| Personal information | |
| Born | Yasushi Aoki
(1962-10-09) October 9, 1962
Memuro, Hokkaidō, Japan |
| Height | 1.89 m (6 ft 2 in) |
| Weight | 203 kg (448 lb) |
| Career | |
| Stable | HanakagoHanaregoma |
| Record | 560-319-113 |
| Debut | March 1978 |
| Highest rank | Yokozuna (September 1987) |
| Retired | July 1991 |
| Elder name | Shibatayama |
| Championships | 2 (Makuuchi)
1 (Jūryō) |
| Special Prizes | Outstanding Performance (5)
Fighting Spirit (2) |
| Gold Stars | 4
Takanosato (2)
Kitanoumi
Chiyonofuji |
| * Up to date as of January 2007. | |


title: Tornodoxa tholochorda

abstract: Tornodoxa tholochorda is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1921. It is found in Korea, Japan and Zhejiang, China. The wingspan is about 22 mm. The forewings are whitish, irregularly sprinkled with grey and dark fuscous with a blackish line above the middle from the base to one-fifth and some dark grey suffusion along the basal half of the dorsum. There is a vague line of dark fuscous sprinkles rising out of this near the base and continued just beneath the fold nearly to the extremity, suffusedly edged with white above. There is also an irregular dark fuscous median line from the base almost to the apex, more blackish on the posterior half, edged with white above, indented by a white mark on the lower edge at three-fourths and obscurely interrupted before the apex. Three or four blackish interneural dashes are found towards the costa posteriorly and there is a streak of dark fuscous suffusion along the costa from before the middle to the apex, cut by four oblique white strigulae. The hindwings are grey.

text:
# Tornodoxa tholochorda

***Tornodoxa tholochorda*** is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1921. It is found in Korea, Japan and Zhejiang, China.

The wingspan is about 22 mm. The forewings are whitish, irregularly sprinkled with grey and dark fuscous with a blackish line above the middle from the base to one-fifth and some dark grey suffusion along the basal half of the dorsum. There is a vague line of dark fuscous sprinkles rising out of this near the base and continued just beneath the fold nearly to the extremity, suffusedly edged with white above. There is also an irregular dark fuscous median line from the base almost to the apex, more blackish on the posterior half, edged with white above, indented by a white mark on the lower edge at three-fourths and obscurely interrupted before the apex. Three or four blackish interneural dashes are found towards the costa posteriorly and there is a streak of dark fuscous suffusion along the costa from before the middle to the apex, cut by four oblique white strigulae. The hindwings are grey.

## InfoBox

| *Tornodoxa tholochorda* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Tornodoxa* |
| Species: | ***T. tholochorda*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tornodoxa tholochorda***<br>Meyrick, 1921 | |
|


title: Stonewall Manila

abstract: Stonewall Manila, or the Pride Revolution, was a historic pro-LGBT and anti-price hike demonstration held in Quezon City, Metro Manila on June 26, 1994.

text:
# Stonewall Manila

**Stonewall Manila**, or the **Pride Revolution**, was a historic pro-LGBT and anti-price hike demonstration held in Quezon City, Metro Manila on June 26, 1994.

## Event

The 1994 pride march was organized by the Metropolitan Community Church (MCC) and the Progressive Organization of Gays in the Philippines (Progay) on June 26 and was dubbed as Stonewall Manila as a 20th anniversary commemoration of the 1969 riots in Stonewall Inn in the United States. It was alternatively known as the Pride Revolution.

The parade's route started from the intersection of EDSA and Quezon Avenue until the Quezon City Memorial Circle.

It was attended by roughly 50 to 60 people.

The march ended at the foot of the Quezon Memorial Shrine where a mass was held by MCC pastor Richard Mickley. The document dubbed as *The Gay Manifesto* was read where Progay's called for better social conditions for the LGBT community, especially those who are also indigents.

## Goals

According to Progay, there were three goals for the demonstration.

## Aftermath

There was minimal newspaper coverage at the time but the march would eventually get sufficient media traction. MCC pastor Richard Mickey recalls getting invited on the talk show *Mel and Jay* which was popular in the Philippines at the time.

## Legacy

Stonewall Manila is often regarded as the first ever pride march in Asia. Although the nature of the event as a pride march is due to subject matters raised were not all LGBT-specific issues (e.g. Oil price hike).

Other dissenting views on the label of event as the first pride march in the Philippines or as a pride march at all include:

* The lack of representation outside of gay and bisexual men such as lesbians and trans women.
* The militant nature of the event arguably makes the event more of a radical protest rather than a pride march
* The Lesbian March in March 1992 by the Lesbian Collective precedes the MCC and Progay march.

In 1996, the inaugural Metro Manila Pride was held, which is considered by some to be the true first pride march due to its larger scale than relatively small 1994 demonstration.

## InfoBox

Stonewall Manila
| Date | June 26, 1994 (1994-06-26) |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines |
| Type | Pride parade, protest |
| Organized by | Metropolitan Community Church<br>Progressive Organization of Gays in the Philippines |
| Participants | approx. 50–60 people |


abstract: The Royal Victorian Order is an order of knighthood awarded by the sovereign of the United Kingdom and several Commonwealth realms. It is granted personally by the monarch and recognises personal service to the monarchy, the Royal Household, royal family members, and the organisation of important royal events. The order was officially created and instituted on 23 April 1896 by letters patent under the Great Seal of the Realm by Queen Victoria. It was instituted with five grades, the two highest of which were Knight Grand Cross (GCVO) and Knight Commander (KCVO), which conferred the status of knighthood on holders. Women were not admitted until George V's successor Edward VIII altered the statutes of the order in 1936. No limit was placed on the number of appointments which could be made. George V appointed 160 Knights Grand Cross to the order between succeeding to the throne on 6 May 1910 and his death on 20 January 1936.

text:
# List of knights grand cross of the Royal Victorian Order appointed by George V

The Royal Victorian Order is an order of knighthood awarded by the sovereign of the United Kingdom and several Commonwealth realms. It is granted personally by the monarch and recognises personal service to the monarchy, the Royal Household, royal family members, and the organisation of important royal events. The order was officially created and instituted on 23 April 1896 by letters patent under the Great Seal of the Realm by Queen Victoria. It was instituted with five grades, the two highest of which were Knight Grand Cross (GCVO) and Knight Commander (KCVO), which conferred the status of knighthood on holders (apart from foreigners, who typically received honorary awards not entitling them to the style of a knight). Women were not admitted until George V's successor Edward VIII altered the statutes of the order in 1936.

No limit was placed on the number of appointments which could be made. George V appointed 160 Knights Grand Cross to the order between succeeding to the throne on 6 May 1910 and his death on 20 January 1936 (an average of approximately 6.25 a year).

## List of knights grand cross

Source: list in Galloway, pp. 209–212.

| Name | Date of appointment | Notes | Refs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Charles Arthur Andrew Frederick, KCVO | 3 June 1910 | Master of the Household |  |
| Prince George William Christian Albert Edward Alexander Frederick Waldemar Ernest Adolphus of Cumberland, Hereditary Prince of Hanover | 8 June 1910 | (Honorary Appointment) |  |
| General Rt Hon. Paul Sanford Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen, GCB, KCVO, CMG | 2 November 1910 | General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, South Africa. Appointed on the occasion of the Duke of Connaught's visit to South Africa to open the Parliament of the Union of South Africa |  |
| Most Rev. William Alexander | 7 February 1911 | Archbishop of Armagh and Primate Metropolitan of all Ireland |  |
| Prince Alexander Albert of Battenberg | 19 June 1911 | Appointed on the occasion of the coronation of George V and Queen Mary |  |
| Rt Hon. Edwyn Francis Scudamore-Stanhope, 10th Earl of Chesterfield, PC | 19 June 1911 | Lord Steward. Appointed on the occasion of the coronation of George V and Queen Mary |  |
| Rt Hon. Charles Robert Spencer, 6th Earl Spencer, PC | 19 June 1911 | Lord Chamberlain. Appointed on the occasion of the coronation of George V and Queen Mary |  |
| Rt Hon. John Baring, 2nd Baron Revelstoke, PC | 19 June 1911 | Receiver-General, Duchy of Cornwall. Appointed on the occasion of the coronation of George V and Queen Mary |  |
| Hon. Sir Schomberg Kerr McDonnell, KCB, CVO | 19 June 1911 | Secretary to the Office of Works. Appointed on the occasion of the coronation of George V and Queen Mary |  |
| Lieutenant-Colonel Rt Hon. Sir William Henry Peregrine Carington, KCVO, CB | 19 June 1911 | Appointed on the occasion of the coronation of George V and Queen Mary |  |
| Sir Edward Richard Henry, KCB, KCVO, CSI | 19 June 1911 | Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis. Appointed on the occasion of the coronation of George V and Queen Mary |  |
| Colonel Sir Douglas Frederick Rawdon Dawson, KCVO, CMG | 19 June 1911 | Comptroller, Lord Chamberlain's Department. Appointed on the occasion of the coronation of George V and Queen Mary |  |
| Admiral Sir Arthur William Moore, GCB, KCVO, CMG | 24 June 1911 | Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth. Appointed on the occasion of the Review of the Fleet at Portsmouth. |  |
| Admiral Sir Francis Charles Bridgeman Bridgeman, KCB, KCVO | 24 June 1911 | Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet. Appointed on the occasion of the Review of the Fleet at Portsmouth. |  |
| Rt Hon. John Campbell Hamilton-Gordon, 7th Earl of Aberdeen, KT, GCMG, PC | 12 July 1911 | Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Appointed on the occasion of the King's visit to Dublin. |  |
| General Hon. Sir Neville Gerald Lyttelton, GCB | 12 July 1911 | Commander-in-Chief, Ireland. Appointed on the occasion of the King's visit to Dublin. |  |
| Sir John Williams, 1st Baronet, KCVO | 15 July 1911 | President, National Library of Wales. Appointed on the occasion of the King's visit to Wales. |  |
| Nawab Sir Muhammed Hamid Ali Khan Bahadur, GCIE | 12 December 1911 | Attached to the King's suite during the King and Queen's visit to India; also Master of Ceremonies at the Delhi Durbar |  |
| Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Arthur Henry McMahon, KCIE, CSI | 12 December 1911 | Secretary to the Government of India, Foreign Department, Master of Ceremonies, King-Emperor's Coronation Durbar at Delhi, and an Additional Member of the Council of the Governor-General for making Laws and Regulations. Attached to the King's suite during the King and Queen's visit to India. |  |
| Maharaja Bahadur Sir Pratap Singh, GCSI, KCB | 12 December 1911 | Regent of Jodhpur. Attached to the King's suite during the King and Queen's visit to India. |  |
| Major-General Maharaja Sir Chandra Shamsher Jang, Bahadur Rana, GCB, GCSI | 24 December 1911 | Prime Minister and Marshal of Nepal. Appointed on the occasion of the King's visit to Nepal. |  |
| Maharao Raja Sir Radhubir Singh, GCIE, KCSI | 10 January 1912 | Maharao Raja of Bundi. Appointed on the occasion of the King's visit to India. |  |
| Lieutenant-General Sir Francis Reginald Wingate, KCB, KCMG, DSO | 17 January 1912 | Governor-General of the Sudan and Sirdar of the Egyptian Army. Appointed on the occasion of the King's visit to Port Sudan. |  |
| General Sir Henry Macleod Leslie Rundle, GCB, KCMG, DSO | 26 January 1912 | Governor of Malta. Appointed on the occasion of the King's visit to Malta. |  |
| Admiral Sir Edmund Samuel Poë, KCB, KCVO | 26 January 1912 | Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet. Appointed on the occasion of the King's visit to Malta. |  |
| General Sir Archibald Hunter, GCB, DSO | 31 January 1912 | Governor of Gibraltar. Appointed on the occasion of the King's visit to Gibraltar. |  |
| Rt Hon. John George Lambton, 3rd Earl of Durham, KG | 4 February 1912 | Lord High Steward. Appointed on the occasion of the King's visit to India |  |
| Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Richard Havelock Charles, KCVO | 4 February 1912 | Serjeant-Surgeon to the King. Appointed on the occasion of the King's visit to India. |  |
| Vice-Admiral Sir George Astley Callaghan, KCB, KCVO | 11 May 1912 | Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet. Appointed on the occasion of the King's visit to the Home Fleets at Weymouth. |  |
| Admiral Sir Archibald Berkeley Milne, 2nd Baronet, KCB, KCVO | 14 June 1912 | Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet |  |
| William Thomas Lewis, 1st Baron Merthyr, KCVO | 28 June 1912 | Deputy Lieutenant of Glamorganshire. Appointed on the occasion of the King's visit to Wales |  |
| Victor Christian William Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire, PC | 19 August 1912 | Appointed on the occasion of the King's visit to Bolton Abbey |  |
| Idris I, Sultan of Perak, GCMG | 3 June 1913 |  |  |
| Sir Henry Crofton Lowther, KCMG | 11 May 1914 | British Ambassador to Denmark. Appointed on the occasion of the King of Denmark's visit to England. |  |
| Rt Hon. Granville George Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville, CVO | 22 June 1914 | Lord-in-Waiting to the King |  |
| Prince Leopold Arthur Louis of Battenberg, KCVO | 1 January 1915 |  |  |
| Rt Hon. Bernard Arthur William Patrick Hastings Forbes, 8th Earl of Granard, KP, PC | 21 June 1915 | Master of the Horse |  |
| Admiral Hon. Sir Stanley Cecil James Colville, KCB, CVO | 9 July 1915 | Admiral Commanding, Orkneys and Shetlands. Appointed on the occasion of the King's visit to the Grand Fleet. |  |
| Hon. Sir Derek William George Keppel, KCVO, CMG, CIE | 1 January 1916 | Master of the Household and Extra Equerry to the King |  |
| Rt Hon. William Mansfield, 2nd Baron Sandhurst, GCSI, GCIE, PC | 3 June 1916 | Lord Chamberlain |  |
| Admiral Sir John Rushworth Jellicoe, GCB, OM, KCVO | 17 June 1916 | Commander-in-Chief, Grand Fleet |  |
| General Sir Douglas Haig, GCB, KCIE, KCVO | 15 August 1916 | Appointed on the occasion of a visit of the King to the Army in the Field. |  |
| Rt Hon. Alexander Hugh Bruce, 6th Baron Balfour of Burleigh, KT, GCMG, PC | 1 January 1917 |  |  |
| Rt Hon. Luke White, 3rd Baron Annaly, KCVO | 1 January 1917 | Permanent Lord-in-Waiting to the King. |  |
| Sir Francis John Stephens Hopwood, GCB, GCMG | 4 June 1917 |  |  |
| Admiral Sir David Beatty, GCB, KCVO, DSO | 25 June 1917 | Appointed on the occasion of the King's visit to the Grand Fleet. |  |
| Admiral Sir Frederick Tower Hamilton, KCB, CVO | 25 June 1917 | Appointed on the occasion of the King's visit to the Grand Fleet. |  |
| General Sir Herbert Charles Onslow Plumer, GCMG, KCB | 14 July 1917 | Appointed on the occasion of the King's visit to the Army in the Field. |  |
| General Sir Henry Seymour Rawlinson, 2nd Baronet, KCB, KCVO | 14 July 1917 | Appointed on the occasion of the King's visit to the Army in the Field. |  |
| Hon. Sir Lancelot Douglas Carnegie, KCMG, MVO | 18 October 1917 | British Ambassador to Portugal |  |
| Maharaja-dhiraja Maharana Sir Fateh Singh Bahadur, of Udaipur, GCSI, GCIE | 22 December 1917 |  |  |
| Rt Hon. James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce, OM, PC | 22 December 1917 |  |  |
| Sir Bertrand Edward Dawson, KCVO, CB | 22 December 1917 | Physician to the King |  |
| Colonel Sir Walter Roper Lawrence, 1st Baronet, GCIE, CB | 3 June 1918 | President, Union Jack Club |  |
| Sir Edward John Poynter, 1st Baronet, CVO | 3 June 1918 | President, Royal Academy of Arts |  |
| Lieutenant-General Sir Alfred Henry Keogh, GCB, CH | 3 June 1918 | Formerly Director-General, Army Medical Service |  |
| Rt Hon. William Henry Berkeley Portman, 2nd Viscount Portman | 20 July 1918 | Appointed on the occasion of the King and Queen's Silver Wedding Anniversary |  |
| Major-General Sir Francis Lloyd, KCB, CVO, DSO | 14 September 1918 | General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, London District |  |
| Major-General Sir Ganga Singh Bahadur, Maharaja of Bikanir, GCSI, GCIE, KCB | 1 January 1919 |  |  |
| Rt Hon. Richard Farrer Herschell, 2nd Baron Herschell | 1 January 1919 | Lord-in-Waiting to the King |  |
| Commander Sir Charles Leopold Cust, 3rd Baronet, KCVO, CB, CMG, CIE | 1 January 1919 | Equerry to the King |  |
| Lieutenant-Colonel Rt Hon. Lord Edmund Bernard Talbot, DSO, MVO | 3 June 1919 | Deputy Earl Marshal of England |  |
| Rt Hon. Sir George Herbert Murray, GCB, ISO | 1 January 1920 | Chairman, Royal Household Committee |  |
| Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David, Prince of Wales, KG, PC, GCMG, GBE, ISO, MC | 13 March 1920 |  |  |
| Rt Hon. Arthur Henry John Walsh, 3rd Baron Ormathwaite, KCVO | 5 June 1920 | Formerly Master of the Ceremonies to the King |  |
| Colonel Hon. Sir Henry Charles Legge, KCVO | 5 June 1920 | Paymaster of the Household |  |
| Admiral Sir Charles Edward Madden, 1st Baronet, GCB, KCMG, CVO | 23 July 1920 | Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic Fleet. Appointed on the occasion of the King's visit to the Clyde, Isle of Man and Wales |  |
| Rear-Admiral Sir Lionel Halsey, KCMG, KCVO, CB | 11 October 1920 | Chief of Staff to the Prince of Wales. Appointed on the occasion of the Prince's visit to Australia and New Zealand |  |
| Prince Albert Frederick Arthur George, Duke of York, KG | 1 January 1921 |  |  |
| Rt Hon. Adelbert Wellington Brownlow-Cust, 3rd Earl Brownlow, PC | 1 January 1921 | Lord Lieutenant of Lincolnshire |  |
| Rt Hon. Sir Frederick Edward Grey Ponsonby, KCB, KCVO | 1 January 1921 | Treasurer and Extra Equerry to the King and Keeper of the Privy Purse |  |
| The Hon. Sir William Charles Wentworth Fitzwilliam, KCVO | 1 January 1921 | Crown Equerry |  |
| Vice-Admiral Isamu Takeshita | May 1921 | On the occasion of the visit of the Crown Prince of Japan to the United Kingdom. |  |
| Lieutenant-General Takeji Nara | May 1921 | On the occasion of the visit of the Crown Prince of Japan to the United Kingdom. |  |
| Dr Kinnosuke Miura | May 1921 | On the occasion of the visit of the Crown Prince of Japan to the United Kingdom. |  |
| Viscount Tamenmori Iryie | May 1921 | On the occasion of the visit of the Crown Prince of Japan to the United Kingdom. |  |
| Vice-Admiral Kosaburo Oguri | May 1921 | Commander-in-Chief, Escorting Squadron. On the occasion of the visit of the Crown Prince of Japan to the United Kingdom. |  |
| Baron Gonsuke Hayashi | May 1921 | Japanese Ambassador. On the occasion of the visit of the Crown Prince of Japan to the United Kingdom. |  |
| Colonel Sir Arthur Davidson, KCB, KCVO | 4 June 1921 | Extra Equerry to the King and Equerry to Queen Alexandra |  |
| The Prince Henry William Frederick Albert, KG | 2 January 1922 |  |  |
| Rt Hon. Frederick Rudolph Lambart, 10th Earl of Cavan, KP, GCMG, KCB, MVO | 2 January 1922 | Appointed in recognition of services given to the Prince of Wales in France |  |
| Rt Hon. Henry Ulick Lascelles, 5th Earl of Harewood, KCVO | 27 February 1922 | Appointed on the occasion of Princess Mary's marriage to Viscount Lascelles |  |
| Sir Bhupinder Singh, Maharaja of Patiala, GCSI, GCIE, GBE | 17 March 1922 | Appointed on the occasion of the Prince of Wales's visit to India |  |
| Rt Hon. Sir George Dixon Grahame, KCMG, KCVO | 13 May 1922 | British Ambassador to Belgium. Appointed on the occasion of the King's visit to Brussels |  |
| Rt Hon. Rufus Daniel Isaacs, 1st Earl of Reading, GCB, GCSI, GCIE, KCVO, PC | 3 June 1922 | Viceroy of India. For services to the Prince of Wales during his visit to India |  |
| Rt Hon. Savile Brinton Crossley, 1st Baron Somerleyton, KCVO | 3 June 1922 | Honorary Secretary, King Edward's Hospital Fund for London |  |
| General Sir George Wentworth Alexander Higginson, GCB | 21 June 1922 | Colonel, Worcestershire Regiment |  |
| His Grace John George Stewart-Murray, 8th Duke of Atholl, KT, CB, DSO, MVO, PC | 1 January 1923 | Lord Chamberlain |  |
| Lieutenant-General Sir Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, 1st Baronet, KCB, KCVO | 1 January 1923 | Chief Scout, Scouts Association |  |
| Rt Hon. Claude George Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne | 26 April 1923 | Lord Lieutenant of Forfarshire and President, Forfar Territorial Army Association |  |
| Rt Hon. Sir Ronald William Graham, KCMG, CB | 14 May 1923 | British Ambassador to Italy. Appointed on the occasion of the King's visit to Rome |  |
| Aga Khan III, GCSI, GCIE | 30 May 1923 |  |  |
| Rt Hon. Reginald Brabazon, 12th Earl of Meath, KP, GBE, PC | 2 June 1923 | Founder of the Empire Day Movement |  |
| Rt Hon. Andrew Graham Murray, 1st Baron Duedin, KCVO, PC | 2 June 1923 | Chairman, Cabinet Committee on Honours |  |
| Rt Hon. Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 9th Earl of Shaftesbury, KP, KCVO, CBE, PC | 1 January 1924 | Lord Lieutenant of Dorset |  |
| The Prince George Edward Alexander Edmund, KG | 3 June 1924 |  |  |
| Admiral Sir John Michael de Robeck, 1st Baronet, GCB, GCMG | 26 July 1924 | Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic Fleet. Appointed on the occasion of the Naval Review at Spithead. |  |
| Rt Hon. Weetman Dickinson Pearson, 1st Viscount Cowdray, PC | 1 January 1925 | Appointed following the restoration of St George's Chapel, Windsor |  |
| Sir Aston Webb, KCVO, CB | 1 January 1925 | President, Royal Academy of Arts |  |
| Rt Hon. Hugh Cecil Lowther, 5th Earl of Lonsdale | 3 June 1925 | Lord Lieutenant of Cumberland |  |
| Rt Hon. William Henry Grenfell, 1st Baron Desborough, KCVO | 3 June 1925 | Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard |  |
| Sir John Robert Chancellor, GCMG, DSO | 7 July 1925 | Governor of Southern Rhodesia. Appointed on the occasion of the Prince of Wales's visit. |  |
| Sir Henry Streatfeild, KCVO, CB, CMG | 26 November 1925 | Private Secretary to Queen Alexandra and Extra Equerry to the King |  |
| Rt Hon. Osbert Cecil Molyneux, 6th Earl of Sefton, PC | 1 January 1926 |  |  |
| Admiral Hon. Sir Edmund Robert Fremantle, GCB, CMG | 31 May 1926 | Rear-Admiral of the United Kingdom |  |
| Major-General Sir John Hanbury-Williams, KCB, KCVO, CMG | 3 July 1926 | Marshal of the Diplomatic Corps |  |
| Rt Hon. Rowland Thomas Baring, 2nd Earl of Cromer, GCIE, CVO, PC | 1 January 1927 | Lord Chamberlain |  |
| Rt Hon. Edward Arthur Colebrooke, 1st Baron Colebrooke, KCVO, PC | 3 June 1927 | Lord-in-Waiting to the King |  |
| Lieutenant-Colonel Rt Hon. Amelius Richard Mark Lockwood, 1st Baron Lambourne, CVO, PC | 3 June 1927 | President, Royal Horticultural Society, and Lord Lieutenant of Essex |  |
| Most Hon. Charles Henry Alexander Paget, 6th Marquess of Anglesey | 2 January 1928 | Lord Chamberlain to the Queen |  |
| Sir Norman Fenwick Warren Fisher, GCB | 2 January 1928 | Secretary to the Treasury and Auditor of the Civil List |  |
| Sir Francis Henry Humphrys, KBE, CIE | 15 March 1928 | British Minister at Kabul. Appointed on the occasion of King Amanullah of Afghanistan's visit to London. |  |
| Rt Hon. William Heneage Legge, 6th Earl of Dartmouth, KCB, PC | 4 June 1928 |  |  |
| Hon. Sir Cecil Edward Bingham, KCMG, CB, CVO | 4 June 1928 | Gold Stick and Colonel, The Life Guards |  |
| Rt Hon. Sir John Anthony Cecil Tilley, GCMG, CB | 10 May 1929 | British Ambassador to Japan. Appointed on the occasion of the Duke of Gloucester's Garter Mission to Japan. |  |
| Sir Humphry Davy Rolleston, 1st Baronet, KCB | 3 June 1929 | Physician Extraordinary to the King |  |
| Sir Edward William Wallington, KCVO, CMG | 3 June 1929 | Groom in Waiting to the King and Treasurer to the Queen |  |
| His Grace Henry Hugh Arthur FitzRoy Somerset, 10th Duke of Beaufort | 1 January 1930 |  |  |
| Rt Hon. Sir Frederick George Milner, 7th Baronet | 1 January 1930 | Honorary Treasurer, Village Centres for Ex-Service Men |  |
| Admiral Sir Colin Richard Keppel, KCIE, KCVO, CB, DSO | 1 January 1930 | Serjeant-at-Arms of the House of Commons and Extra Equerry to the King |  |
| Rt Hon. Stanley Owen Buckmaster, 1st Baron Buckmaster, PC | 3 June 1930 | Member of the Council, Duchy of Lancaster |  |
| Lieutenant-General Sir William Pulteney Pulteney, KCB, KCMG, KCVO, DSO | 3 June 1930 | Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod |  |
| Admiral Sir Henry Tritton Buller, KCVO, CB | 11 August 1930 | Appointed on relinquishing command of the King's yachts; also an Extra Equerry to the King |  |
| Rt Hon. Arnold Allan Cecil Keppel, 8th Earl of Albemarle, KCVO, CB | 1 January 1931 |  |  |
| Rt Hon. James Buchanan, 1st Baron Woolavington | 1 January 1931 |  |  |
| The Hon. Sir Seymour John Fortescue, KCVO, CMG | 1 January 1931 | Extra Equerry to the King |  |
| Field Marshal Sir William Robert Robertson, 1st Baronet, GCB, GCMG, KCVO, DSO | 3 June 1931 | Gold Stick and Colonel, Royal Horse Guards. Appointed on the occasion of the King's birthday. |  |
| Sir Samuel Henry William Llewellyn, KCVO | 3 June 1931 | Painter of the Coronation Portrait of the Queen |  |
| Most Hon. George Louis Victor Henry Serge Mountbatten, 2nd Marquess of Milford Haven, KCVO | 1 January 1932 |  |  |
| Rt Hon. Simon Joseph Fraser, 14th Lord Lovat and 3rd Baron Lovat, KT, KCMG, KCVO, CB, DSO, TD | 1 January 1932 |  |  |
| Captain Sir Bryan Godfrey Godfrey-Faussett, KCVO, CMG | 1 January 1932 |  |  |
| Rt Hon. Sir Clive Wigram, KCB, KCVO, CSI | 3 June 1932 |  |  |
| General Sir Bindon Blood, GCB | 3 June 1932 | Colonel Commandant, Royal Engineers |  |
| Admiral Sir John Donald Kelly, KCB | 13 July 1932 | Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet. Appointed on the occasion of the King's visit to the Home Fleet |  |
| Most Hon. John Charles Pratt, 4th Marquess Camden | 2 January 1933 | Lord Lieutenant of Kent |  |
| Admiral Sir Montague Edward Browning, GCB, GCMG, MVO | 2 January 1933 | Rear Admiral of the United Kingdom |  |
| Sir Lionel Earle, KCB, KCVO, CMG | 2 January 1933 | Secretary to the Office of Works |  |
| Rt Hon. Rudolph Robert Basil Aloysius Augustine Feilding, 9th Earl of Denbigh, 8th Earl of Desmond, KCVO, TD | 2 March 1933 | Colonel Commandant, Honourable Artillery Company |  |
| Rt Hon. Charles John Robert Hepburn-Stuart-Forbes-Trefusis, 21st Baron Clinton, PC | 3 June 1933 | Lord Warden of the Stannaries |  |
| The Hon. Sir George Arthur Charles Crichton, KCVO | 3 June 1933 | Comptroller, Lord Chamberlain's Office |  |
| The Hon. Sir Henry Julian Stonor, KCVO | 3 June 1933 | Groom in Waiting and Gentleman Usher to the King; Secretary and Registrar of the Order of Merit |  |
| Sir Edward Elgar, 1st Baronet, OM, KCVO | 3 June 1933 | Master of the King's Musick |  |
| Rt Hon. Henry George Charles Lascelles, 6th Earl of Harewood, KG, DSO, TD | 1 January 1934 | Personal Aide-de-Camp to the King; President of the West Riding of Yorkshire Territorial Force Association; and Lord Lieutenant of the West Riding of Yorkshire |  |
| William Legge, Viscount Lewisham, TD | 1 January 1934 | Lord Great Chamberlain |  |
| Sir Maurice Pascal Alers Hankey, GCB, GCMG | 1 January 1934 | Cabinet Secretary; Secretary to the Committee of Imperial Defence; and Clerk of the Privy Council |  |
| Most Hon. John Charles Montagu Douglas Scott, 7th Duke of Buccleuch and 9th Duke of Queensberry, KT | 4 June 1934 | Captain-General of the Royal Company of Archers |  |
| Rt Hon. Edmund Henry Hynman Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby, GCB, GCMG | 4 June 1934 | Gold Stick and Colonel, 1st Life Guards |  |
| Sir John Milson Rees, KCVO | 4 June 1934 | Laryngologist to the King |  |
| Edward Robert Peacock | 4 June 1934 | Receiver-General of the Duchy of Cornwall |  |
| The Hon. Sir Herbert Meade-Fetherstonhaugh, KCVO, CB, DSO | 16 August 1934 | Commanding the King's Yachts and Extra Equerry to the King |  |
| Rt Hon. Thomas Walter Brand, 3rd Viscount Hampden, KCB, CMG | 1 January 1935 | Lord-in-Waiting to the King and Lord Lieutenant of Hertfordshire |  |
| Rt Hon. Charles Henry Wyndham, 3rd Baron Leconfield | 1 January 1935 | Member of the Council, Duchy of Lancaster, and Lord Lieutenant of Sussex |  |
| Most Hon. George Francis Hugh Cambridge, 2nd Marquess of Cambridge, KCVO | 3 June 1935 |  |  |
| Rt Hon. John Colin Campbell Davidson, CH, CB | 3 June 1935 | Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster |  |
| Sir Hugh Percy Allen, KCVO | 3 June 1935 | Director, Royal College of Music |  |
| Sir Arthur Edward Erskine, KCVO, DSO | 3 June 1935 | Crown Equerry |  |
| Sir Edwin Cooper Perry | 3 June 1935 | Member of the General Council, King Edward's Hospital Fund for London |  |
| Air Chief Marshal Sir Henry Robert Moore Brooke-Popham, KCB, CMG, DSO, AFC | 6 July 1935 | Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Air Defence of Great Britain. Appointed on the occasion of the Silver Jubilee Review of the Royal Air Force by the King. |  |
| Rt Hon. Sir John Gilmour, 2nd Baronet, DSO | 12 July 1935 | Home Secretary during the Silver Jubilee Celebrations |  |
| General The Hon. Sir John Francis Gathorne-Hardy, GCB, CMG, DSO | 13 July 1935 | General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Aldershot Command. Appointed on occasion of the Silver Jubilee Review of the Troops by the King at Aldershot. |  |
| Admiral Sir William Wordsworth Fisher, GCB, CVO | 16 July 1935 | Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet. Appointed on the occasion of the Silver Jubilee Naval Review |  |
| Admiral Rt Hon. William Henry Dudley Boyle, 12th Earl of Cork and 12th Earl of Orrery, KCB | 16 July 1935 | Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet. Appointed on the occasion of the Silver Jubilee Naval Review |  |
| Rt Hon. Hugh Montague Trenchard, 1st Baron Trenchard, GCB, DSO | 20 July 1935 | Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis. Appointed on the occasion of the Silver Jubilee Inspection of the Police. |  |
| His Grace Walter John Montagu Douglas Scott, 8th Duke of Buccleuch and 10th Duke of Queensbury | 26 November 1935 |  |  |
| Sir Alfred Edward Codrington, KCB, KCVO | 1 January 1936 | Colonel, Coldstream Guards |  |
| Sir Harry Lloyd Verney, KCVO | 1 January 1936 | Private Secretary and Treasurer to Queen Mary and Extra Groom in Waiting to the King |  |

### Citations

### Bibliography


title: William H. Holland (politician)

abstract: William H. Holland was an educator who served one term in the Texas Legislature. He was the brother of Medal of Honor recipient Milton M. Holland. He was born into slavery in Marshall, Texas in 1841, the child of Captain Bird Holland and a slave named Matilda. At some time during the 1850s, his father purchased his freedom along with his two brothers and sent them to attend the Albany Manual Labor University, an abolitionist-run school in Athens County, Ohio. This college, despite its name, had a rigorous academic curriculum, but students earned part of their tuition by learning a trade. AMLU was founded by William and Lamira Lewis, who had been educated at Oberlin College. During the American Civil War, he served in the Union Army, while his father died while serving as a Confederate Army officer. After the war ended, he returned to Texas where he taught school and became active in the Republican Party. He was elected to the legislature in 1876. In the Legislature, he sponsored the bill calling for creation of Prairie View Normal College. In 1876 and 1880 he was chosen as a delegate to the Republican national convention. He later submitted a memorandum to the Texas legislature leading to the establishment of a school, the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind Institute for Colored Youth; he was appointed by the governor as its first Superintendent. In 2018, the city council of Austin, Texas, voted to rename Jeff Davis Avenue to William Holland Avenue.

text:
# William H. Holland (politician)

**William H. Holland** (1841 – May 27, 1907) was an educator who served one term in the Texas Legislature. He was the brother of Medal of Honor recipient Milton M. Holland.

He was born into slavery in Marshall, Texas in 1841, the child of Captain Bird Holland and a slave named Matilda. At some time during the 1850s, his father purchased his freedom along with his two brothers and sent them to attend the Albany Manual Labor University, an abolitionist-run school in Athens County, Ohio. This college, despite its name, had a rigorous academic curriculum, but students earned part of their tuition by learning a trade. AMLU was founded by William and Lamira Lewis, who had been educated at Oberlin College.

During the American Civil War, he served in the Union Army, while his father died while serving as a Confederate Army officer. After the war ended, he returned to Texas where he taught school and became active in the Republican Party. He was elected to the legislature in 1876.

In the Legislature, he sponsored the bill calling for creation of Prairie View Normal College (now Prairie View A&M University). In 1876 and 1880 he was chosen as a delegate to the Republican national convention. He later submitted a memorandum to the Texas legislature leading to the establishment of a school, the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind Institute for Colored Youth; he was appointed by the governor as its first Superintendent.

In 2018, the city council of Austin, Texas, voted to rename Jeff Davis Avenue to William Holland Avenue.

## InfoBox

| William H. Holland | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Texas State Representative from District 37 (Fort Bend, Waller, and Wharton Counties) | |
| **In office**
April 18, 1876  January 14, 1879 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1841
Marshall, Texas, USA |
| Died | May 27, 1907
Mineral Wells, Texas |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Eliza H. James |
| Alma mater | Oberlin College |
| Occupation | Educator |
|  | |


title: Çukurova Media Group

abstract: Çukurova Media Group is a Turkish media conglomerate established, part of the Çukurova Holding conglomerate. On 18 May 2013 it transferred a substantial number of its properties to the state TMSF, in partial settlement of a tax debt.

text:
# Çukurova Media Group

**Çukurova Media Group** (Turkish: *Çukurova Medya Grubu*) is a Turkish media conglomerate established, part of the Çukurova Holding conglomerate. On 18 May 2013 it transferred a substantial number of its properties to the state TMSF, in partial settlement of a tax debt.

## History

### Newspapers

The newspaper portfolio included *Akşam*, *Tercüman* and *Güneş*. In January 2009, it acquired a stake in Editions des Deux Terres, a French publisher. The company's magazine portfolio includes Alem (lifestyle magazine launched in 1993), Autocar (launched in 1895), Fourfourtwo (football magazine launched in 2006), Stuff (gadget magazine), Total Film (film magazine launched in 2007), Platin and World Business (business and economy magazine launched in 2006), Maxim (launched in 2007), and Eve.

Çukurova suffered during the financial crisis, and it closed down *Tercüman* in 2010.

### Television and radio

TurkMedya operated Alem FM (first private radio station in Turkey) and Lig Radyo. Both stations are available through Digiturk, satellite receivers and yayinonline.com. Alem FM broadcasts in 49 regions.

AKS Televizyon Reklamcilik ve Filmcilik was established in 1992 and commenced broadcasting as Show TV in Turkey. Skyturk was founded in 2002 by Atlas Yayinclik. It commenced broadcasting on cable and digital platforms in February 2003. Aks Uluslararasi Yayincilik has broadcast ShowTurk since 2005 and ShowMax TV since 2006. ShowPlus is also available through Digiturk, a digital platform.

## Properties

### Newspapers

### Television

### Radio

### Other

## Old Properties

### Newspapers

### Television

### Radio

### Other

## InfoBox

Çukurova Media Group
| Industry | Publishing, Broadcasting |
| --- | --- |
| Headquarters | Turkey |
| Area served | Turkey |
| Key people | Mehmet Emin Karamehmet |
| Website | www.cukurovaholding.com.tr/eng/medya\_grup.asp |


title: Meridian (satellite)

abstract: Meridian is a family of telecommunications satellites for civil and military use developed by Russia in the 2000s, placed in a Molniya Orbit, and intended to replace the two last series of Molniya satellites still in activity, as well as the old Parus satellites. The first launch took place on 24 December 2006, aboard a Soyuz 2.1a. Seven satellites were launched between 2006 and 2014, six of which reached orbit. A second generation of satellite, Meridian-M, was ordered, and the first unit was launched on 30 July 2019.

text:
# Meridian (satellite)

**Meridian** (Russian: Меридиан) is a family of telecommunications satellites for civil and military use developed by Russia in the 2000s, placed in a Molniya Orbit, and intended to replace the two last series of Molniya satellites still in activity, as well as the old Parus satellites. The first launch took place on 24 December 2006, aboard a Soyuz 2.1a. Seven satellites were launched between 2006 and 2014, six of which reached orbit. A second generation of satellite, Meridian-M, was ordered, and the first unit was launched on 30 July 2019.

## Technical characteristics

This family of satellites was developed in the mid-2000s by the main Russian satellite manufacturer, ISS Reshetnev, who had already built the Molniya satellites. According to unofficial sources, the satellite uses 3 axes stabilized pressurized platform. Certain components, like the on-board computer and the propulsion, would be common with the Uragan-M satellites of the Glonass satellite navigation system. The manufacturer indicated that the satellites of the series have a mass of approximately 2000 kg, have orientable solar arrays, and carry three transponders designed to work with the Raduga satellites. The lifespan announced by the manufacturer was 7 years.

## Orbit and use

Like its predecessors, the Meridian satellites are placed in a very elliptical Molniya orbit of 900 × 39000 km x 63°, which allows them to remain during a large part of their orbit visible from Arctic areas poorly served by geostationary telecommunications orbits. The launcher used is a Soyuz 2.1a with a Fregat upper stage, which is launched from the Plesetsk cosmodrome. The satellite is for mixed civil and military use. Given their orbit, they are mainly intended to provide links with ships and planes operating in the Arctic Ocean, as well as with stations based in the Far East and Siberia.

## List of satellites launched

The first satellite in the series quickly fell victim to space debris, according to the Russian authorities.

The numbering of the satellites is quite specific. The manufacturer ISS Rechetnev begins numbering its satellites at 11, the first numbers being reserved for test specimens. The letter L is attached to the number to indicate that it is a flying copy (лётный in Russian). Thus, the first satellite is called Meridian n°11L. Other sources, such as the NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive, list them as simply Meridian 1, Meridian 2, etc.

*Last update: 22 December 2023*

| Satellite | Launcher/ Upper Stage | Launch time<br>(UTC) | Launch base | Success | | | COSPAR ID | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Meridian n°11L (1) | Soyuz 2.1a Fregat | 24 December 2006 08:34 | Site 43/4 Plesetsk |  |  |  | 2006-061A | Hit by space debris First Meridian satellite in orbit. |
| Meridian n°12L (2) | Soyuz 2.1a Fregat | 21 May 2009 21:53 | Site 43/4 Plesetsk |  | **~** |  | 2009-029A | **Partial Success** : Perigee lower than planned. |
| Meridian n°13L (3) | Soyuz 2.1a Fregat-M | 2 November 2010 03:01 | Site 43/4 Plesetsk |  |  |  | 2010-058A |  |
| Meridian n°14L (4) | Soyuz 2.1a Fregat-M | 4 May 2011 17:41 | Site 43/4 Plesetsk |  |  |  | 2011-018A |  |
| Meridian n°15L (5) | Soyuz 2.1a Fregat-M | 23 December 2011 12:08 | Site 43/4 Plesetsk |  |  |  |  | **Failure** : Launch failed, debris from the launch fell over the Ordynsky District, Novosibirsk Oblast. |
| Meridian n°16L (6) | Soyuz 2.1a Fregat-M | 14 November 2012 11:43 | Site 43/4 Plesetsk |  |  |  | 2012-063A |  |
| Meridian n°17L (7) | Soyuz 2.1a Fregat-M | 30 October 2014 01:43 | Site 43/4 Plesetsk |  |  |  | 2014-069A | Last flight of a first generation satellite. |
| Meridian-M n°18L (8) | Soyuz 2.1a Fregat-M | 30 July 2019 05:56 | Site 43/4 Plesetsk |  |  |  | 2019-046A | First flight of the modernized Meridian-M version. |
| Meridian-M n°19L (9) | Soyuz 2.1a Fregat-M | 20 February 2020 08:24 | Site 43/3 Plesetsk |  |  |  | 2020-015A | First flight from Site 43/3. |
| Meridian-M n°20L (10) | Soyuz 2.1a Fregat-M | 22 March 2022 12:48 | Site 43/4 Plesetsk |  |  |  | 2022-030A |  |
| Meridian-M n°21L | Soyuz 2.1a Fregat-M | 2024 | Site 43 Plesetsk |  | **-** |  |  |  |
| Meridian-M n°22L | Soyuz 2.1a Fregat-M | 2025 | Site 43 Plesetsk |  | **-** |  |  |  |
| Meridian-M n°23L | Soyuz 2.1a Fregat-M | 2025 | Site 43 Plesetsk |  | **-** |  |  | Last Meridian-M ordered. |


title: Wigthorpe

abstract: Wigthorpe is a hamlet in the civil parish of Carlton in Lindrick, in the Bassetlaw district lying to the north of Worksop, England.

text:
# Wigthorpe

**Wigthorpe** is a hamlet in the civil parish of Carlton in Lindrick, in the Bassetlaw district lying to the north of Worksop, England.

## InfoBox

| Wigthorpe | |
| --- | --- |
| Wigthorpe | |
| WigthorpeLocation within Nottinghamshire | |
| Civil parish |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Worksop |
| Postcode district | S81 |
| Dialling code | 01909 |
|  | |
| Police | Nottinghamshire |
| Fire | Nottinghamshire |
| Ambulance | East Midlands |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Wild Horse Reservoir

abstract: Wild Horse Reservoir is a man-made lake in Elko County, Nevada in the United States. The reservoir was initially created in 1937 by the construction of Wild Horse Dam. In 1969, a new concrete single-angle arch dam was constructed by the United States Bureau of Reclamation for the Bureau of Indian Affairs with a height of 87 feet (27 m) and a length of 458 feet (140 m) at its crest. The original 1937 dam was left in place and is still partly visible. The newer dam doubled the size of the reservoir. The reservoir impounds the Owyhee River for flood control and irrigation storage, part of the larger Duck Valley Irrigation Project. The dam and reservoir are owned and administered by the BIA, and leased to the nearby Duck Valley Indian Reservation (Sho-Pai). Recreation on the lake includes fishing for trout, bass, catfish and perch. The state of Nevada also maintains the adjacent Wild Horse State Recreation Area. The small community of Wild Horse is located on the south shore.

text:
# Wild Horse Reservoir

**Wild Horse Reservoir** is a man-made lake in Elko County, Nevada in the United States. The reservoir was initially created in 1937 by the construction of **Wild Horse Dam**. In 1969, a new concrete single-angle arch dam was constructed by the United States Bureau of Reclamation for the Bureau of Indian Affairs with a height of 87 feet (27 m) and a length of 458 feet (140 m) at its crest. The original 1937 dam was left in place and is still partly visible. The newer dam doubled the size of the reservoir.

The reservoir impounds the Owyhee River for flood control and irrigation storage, part of the larger Duck Valley Irrigation Project. The dam and reservoir are owned and administered by the BIA, and leased to the nearby Duck Valley Indian Reservation (Sho-Pai). Recreation on the lake includes fishing for trout, bass, catfish and perch. The state of Nevada also maintains the adjacent Wild Horse State Recreation Area.

The small community of Wild Horse is located on the south shore.

## Climate

Wild Horse Reservoir has a humid continental climate (Dfb) bordering on a subalpine climate (Dfc). Summers are warm to hot with brisk nights, and tend to be drier than other times of the year. Winters are very chilly with heavy snowfall and nights near zero.

| Climate data for Wild Horse Reservoir, Nevada, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1982–present | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 58
(14) | 61
(16) | 70
(21) | 80
(27) | 89
(32) | 96
(36) | 102
(39) | 98
(37) | 98
(37) | 86
(30) | 71
(22) | 60
(16) | 102
(39) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 44.7
(7.1) | 47.2
(8.4) | 58.1
(14.5) | 69.5
(20.8) | 77.9
(25.5) | 87.2
(30.7) | 94.1
(34.5) | 92.2
(33.4) | 87.5
(30.8) | 75.8
(24.3) | 61.9
(16.6) | 47.7
(8.7) | 95.0
(35.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 32.7
(0.4) | 36.0
(2.2) | 44.3
(6.8) | 52.0
(11.1) | 62.2
(16.8) | 73.2
(22.9) | 84.6
(29.2) | 83.4
(28.6) | 73.6
(23.1) | 59.5
(15.3) | 44.6
(7.0) | 34.0
(1.1) | 56.7
(13.7) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 18.8
(−7.3) | 21.8
(−5.7) | 30.7
(−0.7) | 38.3
(3.5) | 46.3
(7.9) | 54.4
(12.4) | 62.8
(17.1) | 61.2
(16.2) | 52.2
(11.2) | 41.4
(5.2) | 30.3
(−0.9) | 20.3
(−6.5) | 39.9
(4.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 4.9
(−15.1) | 7.6
(−13.6) | 17.0
(−8.3) | 24.6
(−4.1) | 30.4
(−0.9) | 35.6
(2.0) | 40.9
(4.9) | 39.0
(3.9) | 30.8
(−0.7) | 23.3
(−4.8) | 16.0
(−8.9) | 6.6
(−14.1) | 23.1
(−5.0) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | −21.1
(−29.5) | −18.4
(−28.0) | −5.3
(−20.7) | 8.7
(−12.9) | 16.6
(−8.6) | 23.6
(−4.7) | 28.8
(−1.8) | 26.6
(−3.0) | 16.7
(−8.5) | 6.8
(−14.0) | −8.4
(−22.4) | −19.3
(−28.5) | −27.5
(−33.1) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −36
(−38) | −42
(−41) | −30
(−34) | −7
(−22) | 7
(−14) | 16
(−9) | 17
(−8) | 11
(−12) | 5
(−15) | −10
(−23) | −32
(−36) | −42
(−41) | −42
(−41) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 1.69
(43) | 1.00
(25) | 1.20
(30) | 1.42
(36) | 1.60
(41) | 0.78
(20) | 0.52
(13) | 0.42
(11) | 0.56
(14) | 0.83
(21) | 1.13
(29) | 1.69
(43) | 12.84
(326) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 27.8
(71) | 16.7
(42) | 14.9
(38) | 12.9
(33) | 3.9
(9.9) | 0.4
(1.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.3
(0.76) | 2.2
(5.6) | 14.3
(36) | 23.6
(60) | 117.0
(297) |
| Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) | 25.4
(65) | 25.8
(66) | 18.2
(46) | 5.6
(14) | 0.8
(2.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.6
(1.5) | 7.3
(19) | 16.1
(41) | 28.9
(73) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 11.9 | 9.7 | 10.2 | 11.0 | 10.4 | 6.0 | 4.2 | 3.6 | 4.5 | 5.6 | 8.5 | 10.8 | 96.4 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 9.7 | 7.5 | 6.7 | 5.4 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 5.5 | 8.9 | 47.0 |
| Source 1: NOAA | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Source 2: National Weather Service | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Wild Horse Reservoir | |
| --- | --- |
| Wild Horse Reservoir viewed from northwest | |
| Wild Horse ReservoirLocation of Wild Horse Reservoir in Nevada | |
| Location | Elko County, Nevada |
| Coordinates | 41°40′0.32″N 115°48′24.99″W / 41.6667556°N 115.8069417°W / 41.6667556; -115.8069417 |
| Type | Reservoir |
| Primary inflows | Owyhee River, Hot Creek, Penrod Creek, Warm Creek, Poorman Creek |
| Primary outflows | Owyhee River |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Surface area | 2,830 acres (11.5 km2) |
| Average depth | 40 feet (12 m) |
| Max. depth | 70 feet (21 m) |
| Water volume | 71,500 acre-feet (88,200,000 m3) |
| Surface elevation | 6,208 feet (1,892 m) |


title: Who Stole My Monkey?

abstract: Who Stole My Monkey? is an album by the American musician Boozoo Chavis, released in 1999. He is credited with his band, the Majic Sounds. Who Stole My Monkey? was the first zydeco album to include a Parental Advisory label. Chavis supported the album with a North American tour.

text:
# Who Stole My Monkey?

***Who Stole My Monkey?*** is an album by the American musician Boozoo Chavis, released in 1999. He is credited with his band, the Majic Sounds (billed on the cover as the Magic Sounds). *Who Stole My Monkey?* was the first zydeco album to include a Parental Advisory label. Chavis supported the album with a North American tour.

## Production

Recorded at Dockside Studio, in Maurice, Louisiana, the album was produced by Scott Billington. Chavis's son Charles sang lead on "Sock It to Me" and "Marksville Slide". The album packaging advises that the concluding two songs, "Uncle Bud" and "Deacon Jones", are not suitable for airplay due to their X-rated lyrics; the songs were originally released as "under-the-counter" 45s. "Lucille" is a version of the Clifton Chenier song.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Orlando Sentinel* |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Blues Recordings* |  |
| *Tucson Citizen* | A |

The *Charleston Daily Mail* wrote that Chavis's "chugging, circular, single-chord style has proved to be all but inimitable." The *Orlando Sentinel* said that "Boozoo, \[bassist Classie\] Ballou and guitarist Carlton 'Guitar' Thomas create complicated harmonic structures with Thomas sometimes echoing Boozoo's phrases, sometimes embellishing them, sometimes supporting them with simple chords and sometimes developing miniature counter-melodies." *The Wall Street Journal* determined that Chavis's "in-your-face style marks a throwback to a day when musical intensity mattered more than pristine technique or production values."

The *Chicago Tribune* stated that Chavis "bypasses familiar verse-chorus-verse structures and 4/4 tempos for old-fashioned, cycling riffs and off-kilter, two-step grooves." *The San Diego Union-Tribune* determined that "his earthy, no-fuss music combines Creole and Cajun traditions with blues, without diluting any of them." *The Washington Post* opined that the title track gets "mired in the same old drum-bass-rubboard boom-scratcha boom-scratcha of a dozen other zydeco songs." The *Tucson Citizen* praised the "reedy squeezebox, good-time vocal delivery and playful way with the lyric."

AllMusic wrote that "Boozoo lays down tunes just like he was working a dance in Louisiana rather than making a record in the sterile confines of a recording studio."

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Dance All Night" |  |
| 2. | "Who Stole My Monkey?" |  |
| 3. | "Marksville Slide" |  |
| 4. | "I'm Going Away to Stay" |  |
| 5. | "I Went to the Dance" |  |
| 6. | "Oh Yeah" |  |
| 7. | "I Want to Go Home" |  |
| 8. | "Lucille" |  |
| 9. | "Ay, Cayenne" |  |
| 10. | "Baby Please Don't Go" |  |
| 11. | "Valse de Derniere Fois" |  |
| 12. | "Sock It to Me" |  |
| 13. | "Bottle Up and Go" |  |
| 14. | "Allons a Lafayette" |  |
| 15. | "Uncle Bud" |  |
| 16. | "Deacon Jones" |  |

## InfoBox

| Who Stole My Monkey? | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Boozoo Chavis | |
| Released | 1999 |
| Recorded | September 1998 |
| Studio | Dockside |
| Genre | Zydeco |
| Label | Rounder |
| Producer | Scott Billington |
| Boozoo Chavis chronology | |
| *Hey Do Right!*
(1996) ***Who Stole My Monkey?***
(1999) *Johnnie Billy Goat*
(2000) | |


title: Who Shot Ya?

abstract: "Who Shot Ya?" is a song by American rapper the Notorious B.I.G., backed by Sean Combs. Bad Boy Entertainment released it on February 21, 1995, on an alternate reissue of Wallace's single "Big Poppa/Warning". Its new B-side "Who Shot Ya", a revision of a track already issued earlier in 1995, was "controversial and hugely influential." Widely interpreted as a taunt at Tupac Shakur, the single provoked a "rap battle" between the two rappers, formerly friends. Wallace, when interviewed, explained his "Who Shot Ya" lyrics as simply portraying a rivalry between drug dealers. The instrumental is a sample that loops a portion of soul singer David Porter's 1971 song "I'm Afraid the Masquerade Is Over", from the album Victim of the Joke? An Opera. The song supposedly references Shakur's 1994 non-fatal shooting, which Shakur had suspected Wallace of being involved with. Wallace disputed Shakur's portrayal, and called the rumors blaming him "crazy" in the track's lyrics. Out of prison, Tupac answered in June 1996 by the B side "Hit 'Em Up"—accusing Wallace by name—a "diss track" which inflamed the East Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalry to its peak. Associates of Wallace who witnessed his "Who Shot Ya" recording have unanimously disputed that it targeted Shakur. Tupac's fatal shooting in September 1996 and Wallace's in March 1997, both officially unresolved, drew speculations partly blaming the "rap battle". The track was reissued in 1999 on the posthumous Biggie album Born Again, in 2001 on a "Big Poppa/Warning" reissue with remixes, in 2004 on a remaster of his 1994 or debut album Ready to Die, and in 2007 on his compilation album Greatest Hits. The rock band Living Colour's music video to a 2016 cover version protests gun violence.

text:
# Who Shot Ya?

"**Who Shot Ya?**" is a song by American rapper the Notorious B.I.G., backed by Sean Combs. Bad Boy Entertainment released it on February 21, 1995, on an alternate reissue of Wallace's single "Big Poppa/Warning". Its new B-side "Who Shot Ya", a revision of a track already issued earlier in 1995, was "controversial and hugely influential." Widely interpreted as a taunt at Tupac Shakur, the single provoked a "rap battle" between the two rappers, formerly friends.

Wallace, when interviewed, explained his "Who Shot Ya" lyrics as simply portraying a rivalry between drug dealers. The instrumental is a sample that loops a portion of soul singer David Porter's 1971 song "I'm Afraid the Masquerade Is Over", from the album *Victim of the Joke? An Opera*. The song supposedly references Shakur's 1994 non-fatal shooting, which Shakur had suspected Wallace of being involved with. Wallace disputed Shakur's portrayal, and called the rumors blaming him "crazy" in the track's lyrics. Out of prison, Tupac answered in June 1996 by the B side "Hit 'Em Up"—accusing Wallace by name—a "diss track" which inflamed the East Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalry to its peak. Associates of Wallace who witnessed his "Who Shot Ya" recording have unanimously disputed that it targeted Shakur.

Tupac's fatal shooting in September 1996 and Wallace's in March 1997, both officially unresolved, drew speculations partly blaming the "rap battle". The track was reissued in 1999 on the posthumous Biggie album *Born Again*, in 2001 on a "Big Poppa/Warning" reissue with remixes, in 2004 on a remaster of his 1994 or debut album *Ready to Die*, and in 2007 on his compilation album *Greatest Hits*. The rock band Living Colour's music video to a 2016 cover version protests gun violence.

## Closing another B side

### Track selection

In July 1993, Uptown Records' founder Andre Harrell fired his unbridled A&R man and record producer Sean "Puffy" Combs, age 23, whose new label, Bad Boy Entertainment, then found parenting by Clive Davis's Arista Records. By late 1994, Bad Boy prevailed via rapper Craig Mack's hit single "Flava in Ya Ear," yet especially by Bad Boy's first album, *Ready to Die*, released on September 13, 1994, the debut album of gangsta rapper Notorious B.I.G. The album is mostly grim and hardcore, but Puffy removed "Who Shot Ya" from it.

Biggie wanted the first single to be "Machine Gun Funk." Puffy made the first two A sides instead friendly songs—"Juicy" and then "Big Poppa," songs that Biggie resisted recording—to increase radio appeal and sales, yet placed harder songs as their B sides. The "Big Poppa" B side, "Warning," an album track, thus in practice a "double A side," relies on the instrumental of Isaac Hayes's cover version of "Walk on By," and casts Biggie suspecting that members of his own circle will set up him up for a robbery. Each of the two songs received its own music video.

### Mixtape version

An underground "Who Shot Ya" differing—but same instrumental—was released in 1995 before the single. Amid lore of this mixtape version, some speculated that it was a myth. (In 2017, DJ EFN casually ventured that he may have had an underground issue on vinyl in a white sleeve, as used by DJs, before December 1994.) In 2014, when the mixtape "Who Shot Ya" was traced to DJ S&S, a renowned issuer of New York mixtapes in the 1990s, its original audio was publicized. Like a mixtape track, it is only two minutes long—one Biggie verse, 24 bars, then one Keith Murray verse, 23 bars, amid "hype man" Puffy tersely yelling announcements—but the verses are longer than the standard 16 bars.

In 2004, Brooklyn rapper Shawn "Jay-Z" Carter recollected, about the mixtape, "I've heard songs I like, but the last time I remember being truly, truly inspired was when I heard 'Who Shot Ya.' " One night, Kareem "Biggs" Burke, cofounder of Jay-Z's label, Roc-A-Fella Records, drew him to Harlem's 125 Street, entered his car, inserted the tape, and fled. Jay-Z reflects, "He knew that if I heard 'Who Shot Ya?,' it's going to inspire me to make songs even hotter. But that song, it was so crazy. It just had an effect on everybody. The world stopped when he dropped 'Who Shot Ya?' " On Jay-Z's debut June 1996 album's track "Brooklyn's Finest," guest Biggie includes the phrase *who shot ya* and the word *warning*.

### Single version

Closing the week of February 25, 1995, the "Big Poppa/Warning" single—released December 5, 1994—had spent six weeks, including five weeks at No. 1, on *Billboard*'s Hot Rap Singles chart. The single entered the main popular songs chart, the Billboard Hot 100, the week ending January 14 and, enduring 24 weeks, peaked at No. 6 on March 18. Yet on February 21, Bad Boy issued a new "Big Poppa/Warning" with an added B side, "Who Shot Ya," which grew Biggie's menacing persona. The track also includes "hype man" Puffy, previously friendly, yelling in uncharacterisic aggression. The instrumental is basically a repeating portion of soul singer David Porter's 1971 song "I'm Afraid the Masquerade is Over," variously sampled in numerous rap songs. "Who Shot Ya" is among the most influential and historic. In 2020, *Vulture.com*, owned by *New York* magazine, ranked it #52 among "100 songs that define New York rap."

Published lyrics may omit Puffy's vocals, repeatedly yelling, in part, "As we proceed— / to give you what you need— / 9-5, motherfuckers— / Get live, motherfuckers— / As we proceed— / to give you what you need— / East Coast, motherfuckers— / Bad Boy, motherfuckers—." Otherwise, one writer estimates, "The story Biggie tells in 'Who Shot Ya?' is simple and brutal. Someone's out to get him, but Biggie gets the drop on his foe." MTV recognizes Biggie's verses for, nonetheless, "using the art of music to make the art of war sound beautiful." "Biggie, menacing as ever," describes a writer in *Billboard*, "makes use of negative space in his verses that give his threats a biblical intensity." Meanwhile, the instrumental, "deceptively candied," "lends the missive a psychedelic quality." Yet this instrumental was heard briefly by R&B fans since the November 29, 1994, release of Mary J Blige's second album, *My Life*, first in track one, titled "Intro," and then in track six, "K. Murray Interlude."

## Production backstory

In 2014, a publicity piece for New York rap DJ and Hot 97 radio host Funkmaster Flex's new book announced, "The song 'Who Shot Ya' was originally an intro for Mary J Blige's album. Uptown/MCA said it was too hard. The song in its original form had a verse from Big, Keith Murray, and LL Cool J, though LL never did his verse. The song still exists!' "

### *My Life* recording

"Who Shot Ya" traces to the Uptown Records recording of R&B singer Mary J Blige's second or November 1994 album, *My Life*. Its record producers were Carl "Chucky" Thompson, Prince Charles Alexander, and Sean "Puffy" Combs, while Nashiem Myrick, studio manager, "played a big role." Prince Alexander was a Bad Boy regular, whereas Chucky Thompson and Nashiem Myrick were among "the Hitmen," the inner circle of staff record producers at Bad Boy Entertainment. Puffy began Bad Boy in 1992 while A&R director at, and initially in partnership with, Andre Harrell's Uptown Records.

Myrick had joined Bad Boy at its outset in 1993 as "studio intern," but in 1994 was its "production coordinator." Myrick, as the main producer of "Who Shot Ya," recalls Puffy tasking him to make an instrumental for rapper Keith Murray as an interlude on Blige's album. Myrick thus "came up with 'Who Shot Ya' "—or at least its basic instrumental—Myrick recalled in 2013. Despite the "Who Shot Ya" impetus or evolution being retold with some discrepancies across the interviewed witnesses—Biggie himself, Nashiem Myrick, Chucky Thompson, and Biggie's protégé Lil' Cease—agreed is that Puffy declared the result "too hard" for the R&B album.

*My Life* opens with the track titled "Intro," 64 seconds long, which at 22 seconds begins and sustains the "Who Shot Ya" instrumental, without any of its vocals, at low volume under Puffy's speech, soon in dialog with Mary J Blige's. Track six is "K. Murray Interlude," 22 seconds long, which opens with the same instrumental and nearly six bars of Murray's verse, nearly a quarter of his full verse. Midway into Murray's final full line included—*My subliminals mix with criminal chemicals*—Puffy speaks atop it, "Yo, Big Chuck, put on some of that smooth shit, man." Midway into Murray's next line, all music aborts, whereupon a mechanical noise occurs twice, and the track ends.

### Instrumental mix

Puffy, savvy on classic records, often told producers exactly what to sample, but sometimes left the task open. In this case, Nashiem Myrick recalls an open task and the initial instrumental confusing Puffy, because the mixing console showed only one audio source, no isolated drum track. The instrumental was simply one sample on loop, the drums native, explained Myrick. Puffy then tasked Jean-Claude "Poke" Olivier, of the Trackmasters production duo, who both worked for Bad Boy, to simply embellish the drums.

Poke's programming of a synthesized kick drum, heavier and "fluffy," on a drum machine completed the instrumental. Otherwise, it is a sample from "I'm Afraid the Masquerade is Over" by soul singer David Porter, the Isaac Hayes co-producer who shared backing vocalists with Hayes, reinterpreted and extended popular hits. Porter's cover version and extension of this 1939 classic is on his "rock/soul opera" concept album, released in January 1971, that became a cult classic, titled *Victim of the Joke? An Opera.*

### Chucky Thompson

Chucky Thompson, interviewed in 2014, recalled a customary occasion of record shopping with Nasheim Myrick, and this time also entering the studio later while Myrick—inclined to scour records for samples—was playing one of these records in search of a portion to sample, then found one, and played it, looping, for hours. Puffy meanwhile, having eventually entered the studio with Biggie, "got the idea to use it as an interlude for Mary's *My Life* album," recalls Thompson.

Thompson adds, "Biggie originally rapped the verse on the interlude, and he was later replaced by Keith Murray." "The reason why Keith Murray was brought in was due to B.I.G.'s verse on the interlude. If we kept his original verse, Puff would have been forced to place an Explicit Lyrics sticker on the album, and he didn't want to do that to Mary, so they brought Keith Murray in to replace Biggie." "This sample," says Thomas, "ended up being used for the Notorious B.I.G.'s song 'Who Shot Ya.' "

### Nashiem Myrick

Nashiem Myrick, interviewed in 2013, explained, "Actually, that joint was not meant for Big. We was working on the Mary, *My Life*, album. Puff came to me and said, 'Listen, I need an interlude beat for Keith Murray.' So one day, I got some time. I'm looking through the stuff in the studio, the CDs and records—*boom*, *boom*—I come across this record I always wanted to listen to. It's long, it's like 9 minutes long, 11 minutes long, however. Went through the whole record, came up with 'Who Shot Ya.' Keith Murray came through. LL actually came—do the rap on it—but he couldn't finish it. Puff said, 'Go get your man Big, and get him on that record: we have to have it done by Monday.' It was Friday. Found Big. Big came to the studio, blessed me. And that's history." (LL Cool J, around this time managed by Puffy, was a guest—along with Biggie, Busta Rhymes, and Rampage—on a remix of Bad Boy's first single, Craig Mack's "Flava in Ya Ear.")

### Junior M.A.F.I.A.

Biggie, when variously interviewed and asked about "Who Shot Ya," explained the lyrics as portraying a young drug dealer's turf war against an older drug dealer, that "I wrote," and that it "was finished," too, "way before" late November 1994. "It was supposed to be the intro to that shit Keith Murray was doing on Mary J. Blige's joint," Biggie asserted. Mainstays at Biggie's recording sessions were members of his rap clique Junior M.A.F.I.A., especially Lil' Cease, who recounts his alliance with Biggie from their Brooklyn neighborhood, whom Biggie brought into the music industry, and who seemingly was one of only two persons within the music industry whom Biggie thoroughly trusted. In 2017, Cease indicated that "Who Shot Ya" recording, too, was "way before" late November 1994, but that "Keith Murray, LL Cool J, and Big" were the original artists on "Who Shot Ya," planned as "the intro to Mary J, *My Life*, album." Cease added that once this original was rejected as "too hard" for her album, Biggie took it and, adding a verse to replace Keith Murray's verse, made it his own.

## Industry rumor mill

The November 1994 attack on Tupac was a turning point in American popular music. Although Biggie never conceded the accusation, "Tupac Shakur and a legion of his fans interpreted the Biggie B-side 'Who Shot Ya?' as a troll job," a barely veiled taunt. In any case, a "rap battle" ensued. Tupac's June 1996 answer song, "Hit 'Em Up," taking lyrical menace to unprecedented extreme, was personal and overt, "arguably the most passionate and unhinged diss record in history." Tupac had been otherwise incarcerated across 1995 into October, but associating menace and homicide began before Tupac's release from prison. The new trend in rap culture promptly figured into pop culture.

### Lost friendship

In May 1993, on Bad Boy's first visit to Los Angeles, Biggie, upon his first single, "Party and Bullshit," sought and met Tupac. In August and September, in New York to rap, Tupac visited Biggie in Brooklyn, and they rapped shows together in Manhattan. Biggie joined Tupac and Randy "Stretch" Walker—of the Live Squad rap/production team from Queens, New York—yielding a new trio of running, rapping, and recording mates. Yet in July, Puffy's firing from Uptown Records paused Biggie's album recording, an 18 months total while Biggie struggled financially. Puffy placed Biggie as guest on two more singles, Mary J. Blige's "What's the 411?" remix and Super Cat's "Dolly My Baby."

Tupac, star of the films *Juice* and *Poetic Justice* had his second album *Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z...* (1993) yield his first Top 10 hits on the US *Billboard* Hot 100 chart, "I Get Around" and "Keep Ya Head Up". In November, while in New York shooting the film *Above the Rim*, he frequently socialized with underworld boss Jacques "Haitian Jack" Agnant. Brooklyn boxer Mike Tyson advised Tupac, "I think you're out of your league." Tupac's first Rolex purchase was to enter Agnant's circle. Biggie recalled being present at the purchase, but Tupac reportedly favored company wealthier than Biggie, who warned him to avoid Agnant. Tupac, regarding Agnant as a friend, reportedly told him of the advice, causing Biggie to receive backlash from Agnant's circle.

In June 1996, Biggie reflected, "There's shit that motherfuckers don't know. I saw the situation and how shit was going, and I tried to school the nigga." "He knows when all that shit was going down, I was schooling a nigga to certain things, me and Stretch—God bless the grave." Stretch died in an unsolved shooting on November 30, 1995. "But he," Biggie said of Tupac, "chose to do the things he wanted to do. There wasn't nothing I could do. But it wasn't like he wasn't my man." By the time of the nonfatal shooting of Tupac on November 30, 1994, he and Biggie, as varying retrospective sources allege, were either simply still "friends," had sustained "smaller kerfuffles," or, per street rumors, "had a war brewing."

### 1994 shooting

Tupac recalled Jacques "Haitian Jack" Agnant introducing him to James "Jimmy Henchman" Rosemond, who recalled instead introducing Tupac to Agnant. Both fearsome in New York City's criminal underworld, Agnant and Rosemond were managers and promoters reputed to extort and rob disfavored music artists. On November 29, 1994, Rosemond hired Tupac to record at Quad Recording Studios with his client Little Shawn, rapper, Uptown Records, and record producer Bryce Wilson. Tupac, amid "major beef" with Agnant, and confronted by Rosemond for it on November 25, was leery. Present was Uptown's boss Andre Harrell, summoned by Rosemond. Rosemond recalled "plenty of people." Tupac recalled "about 40." Little Shawn, as if "everybody must have known this cat was coming," recalled it "like a fucking party." Puffy, hanging out, recalled nearby filming for the "Warning" music video, then going to visit Biggie on a higher of Quad's five floors, but getting sidetracked on this floor, Quad's required reception stop.

Biggie, although sometimes reportedly with Puffy, Harrell, and Rosemond when Tupac arrived upstairs, was instead on a higher floor recording with his own rap group, Junior M.A.F.I.A. Near 12:30 AM, Tupac, Stretch, and two other men entered the building lobby, where Tupac was shot resisting successful robbery of $40 000 of jewelry. Stretch's manager, Freddie "Nickels" Moore, was nonfatally shot in the abdomen, "but that," Tupac later said, "was the bullet that went through my leg." Once upstairs, Tupac instantly blamed Rosemond, and later grew convinced of his guilt. Tupac would ultimately question lobby events as to Stretch, others' reactions upstairs, and "Who Shot Ya" release. In response, Tupac would eventually record "Hit 'Em Up," assailing Biggie and Puffy, whereas "Against All Odds," released posthumously, assails Agnant and Rosemond for setting him up. By then or eventually, each complained about Tupac's airing names and gripes in the media and allegedly fostering cinematic drama in his own life.

### Key accusations

For a November 1993 incident in his Midtown Manhattan hotel suite, Tupac Shakur's November 1994 trial led to December 1 conviction of sexual abuse, first degree, for groping. On February 7, 1995, denied probation, he received prison—four years and six months—parole eligibility in 18 months. A January 1995 jailhouse interview of Tupac—disavowing his own "Thug Life" ethos, vowing only directly positive acts, and leery at conduct by Stretch during and by others upstairs after the November 1994 shooting—appeared in *Vibe'*s April issue. It, allegedly, "accused" Biggie and "blamed" Puffy, or "implicates" them and Andre Harrell. Puffy called it, instead, "open-ended, like me and Big and Andre had something to do with" the attack, a main topic via "Who Shot Ya" when New York radio station Hot 97 interviewed Biggie. Replying in *Vibe*'s August issue, rather, each party but Stretch and Biggie recalled the injured Tupac acting like a movie role.

James "Jimmy Henchman" Rosemond further called Tupac a "coward" who tried "street" ways but failed "the test" and was, "hysterically, talking about, *'Call the police*.' " Puffy spoke of empathy and hope his "Thug Life" ethos "is really over," but added, "if you gonna be a motherfuckin' thug, you gots to live and die a thug." Tupac was, Biggie estimated, "the realest nigga in the game," but, recently assailed severely, "was just confused," maybe seeking cover or shelter by the interview, "just shitting on everybody." "And then," Biggie added, "the story just *completely* got switched around: niggas saying *I* set him up and *I'm* the one that got him shot. They're saying that my record 'Who Shot Ya?' is about him." "Niggas was taking little pieces of the song and trying to add it to the story, and that shit is crazy." Stretch called Tupac "my man," but demanded he "recognize what the fuck he's doing"—"telling niggas' names and all that shit" in "the media"—breaking a "street" "rule that's never to be broken."

On November 6, 1994, at a nightclub with a recent movie costar, Tupac met gossip columnist A J Benza, whereby New York's *Daily News* reported Tupac's viewing his own former codefendant Jacques "Haitian Jack" Agnant as a "hanger-on," maybe a government informant, who caused the rape and gun case. Street gossip then foresaw attack on Tupac. Rosemond, angered, would call the November 30 attack "discipline," but reassert innocence. Agnant eventually recounted issuing order to *not* attack Tupac, but a then close ally, angered by the newspaper story, "*especially in* New York City," setting up this attack, anyway. Widely viewed as its mastermind, Rosemond alleged that Tupac, being theatrical, "makes a situation to sell records," and recalled ordering Tupac to stop blaming Biggie and Puffy, who "ain't got nothing to do with this." Puffy, citing Tupac's deeming the gunmen's identifies open knowledge on the street, called himself and Biggie "scapegoats."

Reportedly, New York police had within the Bad Boy or Uptown label a confidential informant who named Biggie as the attack's contractor, but government misinformation is possible. Tupac heard street word that Biggie simply withheld warning of it. Rosemond, disputing the storied five gunshot wounds, asserted Stretch's recount of only one gunshot, when a robber's grabbing Tupac's hand, trying to draw the gun, discharged it. Lil' Cease recalls this a consensus—whereby Bryce Wilson cites gunpowder on Tupac's boxers—a variant question of who shot him. Biggie called him, in *Vibe*'s August 1995 issue, "just confused more than anything. You get shot and then you go to jail for something you ain't even do. That could twist a nigga's mind up." But as *Vibe*'s excerpt omitted, Biggie also expressed appall at, he said, "what really went down": pistol-whipping and self-inflicted gunshot but, then, "just getting a little bit too happy with the situation, trying to make movies. Everything was a movie to him."

## Enduring debate

Biggie consistently disputed that "Who Shot Ya" targeted Tupac. Still, some call it a diss track, if "subliminal." Biggie recorded his lyrics "months" before Tupac was shot in November 1994, but Puffy removed the song from Biggie's album, released in September 1994. On both the mixtape track and the B side, however, Puffy shouts, "9-5." Naima Cochrane, who "went on to work at Bad Boy" after working at a law firm that "represented the full roster of producers" at Bad Boy, judges, " 'Who Shot Ya' sounds exactly like a track that accidentally launched rap's biggest feud between Biggie and Tupac."

In 2009, the biographical film *Notorious* was released, and Rahman Dukes, who with coworkers had done research for it, announced, "Biggie himself clears up 'Who Shot Ya' misunderstanding." Dukes prefaces that Lil' Cease, who was Biggie's main rap buddy, as well as DJ Mister Cee, who had discovered Biggie, denied it as a Tupac taunt. Dukes adds, "Hell, even Diddy"—formerly Puffy—"shot down those claims." Dukes asserts, "Only the late, great B.I.G. could clear matters up, but we all know that's not possible." Dukes reports a "long-lost freestyle" with "a few bars," "a bit of hard-core evidence," but leaves it for listeners to judge.

On the other hand, in 2010, rap magazine *XXL* assessed "8 subliminal diss records" and appraised, " 'Who Shot Ya?' remains highly contested, but the lyrics to 'Long Kiss Good Night' were even more direct." "In the April 2003 issue of *XXL*, Lil' Cease confirms the record was aimed at 'Pac, while Puff contends that 'If Biggie was going to do a song about 2Pac, he would have just come out with it and said his name.' " Released posthumously, "Long Kiss Goodnight" itself features Puffy's *ad lib* disclaimer—*And we ain't talking about no other rap niggas*—but this song, nonetheless, "was definitely about 'Pac, no 2 ways about it," concludes *XXL* by citing other lyrics.

*XXL* meanwhile estimated about "Who Shot Ya?" that "the timing of its release and the perceived subliminal shots"—including allegedly "telling lyrics" in Biggie's second verse, new in the single—"lead us to believe that this was most likely a diss record." In 2014, however, Bad Boy staff producer Chucky Thompson, key in *Ready to Die* production, and witness to "Who Shot Ya" production, asserted, "I still have that recording with me today, and him saying that phrase had absolutely nothing to do with Tupac." Nashiem Myrick, the song's main producer, asserted, "We have no reason, no motive, at all, to have set 'Pac up. What's the motive? What's the issue? It's no issue. So, nah." In August 2022, former Bad Boy Records president Kirk Burrowes stated that while Biggie may not have intended "Who Shot Ya?" as a diss towards Tupac, in hopes of gaining more success, Combs marketed the song so that it would be interpreted as one.

## Certifications

Certifications for "Who Shot Ya?"
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Silver | 200,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.<br> | | |

## Releases

## InfoBox

| "Who Shot Ya?" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Song by the Notorious B.I.G. | |
| A-side | "Big Poppa" |
| Released | February 21, 1995 |
| Recorded | 1994 |
| Genre | Gangsta rap |
| Length | 5:20 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) | Christopher Wallace |
| Producer(s) |  |