title: Turán's theorem

abstract:
In graph theory, Turán's theorem bounds the number of edges that can be included in an undirected graph that does not have a complete subgraph of a given size. It is one of the central results of extremal graph theory, an area studying the largest or smallest graphs with given properties, and is a special case of the forbidden subgraph problem on the maximum number of edges in a graph that does not have a given subgraph. An example of an n
-vertex graph that does not contain any
-vertex clique K r + 1 may be formed by partitioning the set of n vertices into r parts of equal or nearly equal size, and connecting two vertices by an edge whenever they belong to two different parts. The resulting graph is the Turán graph T. Turán's theorem states that the Turán graph has the largest number of edges among all Kr+1-free n-vertex graphs. Turán's theorem, and the Turán graphs giving its extreme case, were first described and studied by Hungarian mathematician Pál Turán in 1941. The special case of the theorem for triangle-free graphs is known as Mantel's theorem; it was stated in 1907 by Willem Mantel, a Dutch mathematician.

text:
# Turán's theorem

In graph theory, **Turán's theorem** bounds the number of edges that can be included in an undirected graph that does not have a complete subgraph of a given size. It is one of the central results of extremal graph theory, an area studying the largest or smallest graphs with given properties, and is a special case of the forbidden subgraph problem on the maximum number of edges in a graph that does not have a given subgraph.

An example of an $n$-vertex graph that does not contain any $(r+1)$-vertex clique $K\_{r+1}$ may be formed by partitioning the set of $n$ vertices into $r$ parts of equal or nearly equal size, and connecting two vertices by an edge whenever they belong to two different parts. The resulting graph is the Turán graph $T(n,r)$. Turán's theorem states that the Turán graph has the largest number of edges among all *K*<sub>*r*+1</sub>-free n-vertex graphs.

Turán's theorem, and the Turán graphs giving its extreme case, were first described and studied by Hungarian mathematician Pál Turán in 1941. The special case of the theorem for triangle-free graphs is known as **Mantel's theorem**; it was stated in 1907 by Willem Mantel, a Dutch mathematician.

## Statement

Turán's theorem states that every graph $G$ with $n$ vertices that does not contain $K\_{r+1}$ as a subgraph has at most as many edges as the Turán graph $T(n,r)$. For a fixed value of $r$, this graph has $\left(1-{\frac {1}{r}+o(1)\right){\frac {n^{2}{2}}}}$edges, using little-o notation. Intuitively, this means that as $n$ gets larger, the fraction of edges included in $T(n,r)$ gets closer and closer to $1-{\frac {1}{r}}$. Many of the following proofs only give the upper bound of $\left(1-{\frac {1}{r}\right){\frac {n^{2}{2}}}}$.

## Proofs

Aigner & Ziegler (2018) list five different proofs of Turán's theorem. Many of the proofs involve reducing to the case where the graph is a complete multipartite graph, and showing that the number of edges is maximized when there are $r$ parts of size as close as possible to equal.

### Induction

This was Turán's original proof. Take a $K\_{r+1}$-free graph on $n$ vertices with the maximal number of edges. Find a $K\_{r}$ (which exists by maximality), and partition the vertices into the set $A$ of the $r$ vertices in the $K\_{r}$ and the set $B$ of the $n-r$ other vertices.

Now, one can bound edges above as follows:

* There are exactly $\binom {r}{2}$ edges within $A$.
* There are at most $(r-1)|B|=(r-1)(n-r)$ edges between $A$ and $B$, since no vertex in $B$ can connect to all of $A$.
* The number of edges within $B$ is at most the number of edges of $T(n-r,r)$ by the inductive hypothesis.

Adding these bounds gives the result.

### Maximal Degree Vertex

This proof is due to Paul Erdős. Take the vertex $v$ of largest degree. Consider the set $A$ of vertices not adjacent to $v$ and the set $B$ of vertices adjacent to $v$.

Now, delete all edges within $A$ and draw all edges between $A$ and $B$. This increases the number of edges by our maximality assumption and keeps the graph $K\_{r+1}$-free. Now, $B$ is $K\_{r}$-free, so the same argument can be repeated on $B$.

Repeating this argument eventually produces a graph in the same form as a Turán graph, which is a collection of independent sets, with edges between each two vertices from different independent sets. A simple calculation shows that the number of edges of this graph is maximized when all independent set sizes are as close to equal as possible.

### Complete Multipartite Optimization

This proof, as well as the Zykov Symmetrization proof, involve reducing to the case where the graph is a complete multipartite graph, and showing that the number of edges is maximized when there are $r$ independent sets of size as close as possible to equal. This step can be done as follows:

Let $S\_{1},S\_{2},\ldots ,S\_{r}$ be the independent sets of the multipartite graph. Since two vertices have an edge between them if and only if they are not in the same independent set, the number of edges is

$\sum \_{i\neq j}\left|S\_{i}\right|\left|S\_{j}\right|={\frac {1}{2}\left(n^{2}-\sum \_{i}\left|S\_{i}\right|^{2}\right),}$

where the left hand side follows from direct counting, and the right hand side follows from complementary counting. To show the $\left(1-{\frac {1}{r}\right){\frac {n^{2}{2}}}}$ bound, applying the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality to the $\textstyle \sum \limits \_{i}\left|S\_{i}\right|^{2}$ term on the right hand side suffices, since $\textstyle \sum \limits \_{i}\left|S\_{i}\right|=n$.

To prove the Turán Graph is optimal, one can argue that no two $S\_{i}$ differ by more than one in size. In particular, supposing that we have $\left|S\_{i}\right|\geq \left|S\_{j}\right|+2$ for some $i\neq j$, moving one vertex from $S\_{j}$ to $S\_{i}$ (and adjusting edges accordingly) would increase the value of the sum. This can be seen by examining the changes to either side of the above expression for the number of edges, or by noting that the degree of the moved vertex increases.

### Lagrangian

This proof is due to Motzkin & Straus (1965). They begin by considering a $K\_{r+1}$ free graph with vertices labelled $1,2,\ldots ,n$, and considering maximizing the function $f(x\_{1},x\_{2},\ldots ,x\_{n})=\sum \_{i,j\ {\text{adjacent}x\_{i}x\_{j}}}$over all nonnegative $x\_{1},x\_{2},\ldots ,x\_{n}$ with sum $1$. This function is known as the Lagrangian of the graph and its edges.

The idea behind their proof is that if $x\_{i},x\_{j}$ are both nonzero while $i,j$ are not adjacent in the graph, the function $f(x\_{1},\ldots ,x\_{i}-t,\ldots ,x\_{j}+t,\ldots ,x\_{n})$is linear in $t$. Hence, one can either replace $(x\_{i},x\_{j})$ with either $(x\_{i}+x\_{j},0)$ or $(0,x\_{i}+x\_{j})$ without decreasing the value of the function. Hence, there is a point with at most $r$ nonzero variables where the function is maximized.

Now, the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality gives that the maximal value is at most $\frac {1}{2}\left(1-{\frac {1}{r}\right)}$. Plugging in $x\_{i}={\frac {1}{n}}$ for all $i$ gives that the maximal value is at least $\frac {|E|}{n^{2}}$, giving the desired bound.

### Probabilistic Method

The key claim in this proof was independently found by Caro and Wei. This proof is due to Noga Alon and Joel Spencer, from their book *The Probabilistic Method*. The proof shows that every graph with degrees $d\_{1},d\_{2},\ldots ,d\_{n}$ has an independent set of size at least $S={\frac {1}{d\_{1}+1}+{\frac {1}{d\_{2}+1}+\cdots +{\frac {1}{d\_{n}+1}.}}}$The proof attempts to find such an independent set as follows:

* Consider a random permutation of the vertices of a $K\_{r+1}$-free graph
* Select every vertex that is adjacent to none of the vertices before it.

A vertex of degree $d$ is included in this with probability $\frac {1}{d+1}$, so this process gives an average of $S$ vertices in the chosen set.

Applying this fact to the complement graph and bounding the size of the chosen set using the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality proves Turán's theorem. See Method of conditional probabilities § Turán's theorem for more.

### Zykov Symmetrization

Aigner and Ziegler call the final one of their five proofs "the most beautiful of them all". Its origins are unclear, but the approach is often referred to as Zykov Symmetrization as it was used in Zykov's proof of a generalization of Turán's Theorem . This proof goes by taking a $K\_{r+1}$-free graph, and applying steps to make it more similar to the Turán Graph while increasing edge count.

In particular, given a $K\_{r+1}$-free graph, the following steps are applied:

* If $u,v$ are non-adjacent vertices and $u$ has a higher degree than $v$, replace $v$ with a copy of $u$. Repeat this until all non-adjacent vertices have the same degree.
* If $u,v,w$ are vertices with $u,v$ and $v,w$ non-adjacent but $u,w$ adjacent, then replace both $u$ and $w$ with copies of $v$.

All of these steps keep the graph $K\_{r+1}$ free while increasing the number of edges.

Now, non-adjacency forms an equivalence relation. The equivalence classes give that any maximal graph the same form as a Turán graph. As in the maximal degree vertex proof, a simple calculation shows that the number of edges is maximized when all independent set sizes are as close to equal as possible.

## Mantel's theorem

The special case of Turán's theorem for $r=2$ is Mantel's theorem: The maximum number of edges in an $n$-vertex triangle-free graph is $\lfloor n^{2}/4\rfloor .$ In other words, one must delete nearly half of the edges in $K\_{n}$ to obtain a triangle-free graph.

A strengthened form of Mantel's theorem states that any Hamiltonian graph with at least $n^{2}/4$ edges must either be the complete bipartite graph $K\_{n/2,n/2}$ or it must be pancyclic: not only does it contain a triangle, it must also contain cycles of all other possible lengths up to the number of vertices in the graph.

Another strengthening of Mantel's theorem states that the edges of every $n$-vertex graph may be covered by at most $\lfloor n^{2}/4\rfloor $ cliques which are either edges or triangles. As a corollary, the graph's intersection number (the minimum number of cliques needed to cover all its edges) is at most $\lfloor n^{2}/4\rfloor $.

## Generalizations

### Other Forbidden Subgraphs

Turán's theorem shows that the largest number of edges in a $K\_{r+1}$-free graph is $\left(1-{\frac {1}{r}+o(1)\right){\frac {n^{2}{2}}}}$. The Erdős–Stone theorem finds the number of edges up to a $o(n^{2})$ error in all other graphs:

> (Erdős–Stone) Suppose $H$ is a graph with chromatic number $\chi (H)$. The largest possible number of edges in a graph where $H$ does not appear as a subgraph is $\left(1-{\frac {1}{\chi (H)-1}+o(1)\right){\frac {n^{2}{2}}}}$where the $o(1)$ constant only depends on $H$.

One can see that the Turán graph $T(n,\chi (H)-1)$ cannot contain any copies of $H$, so the Turán graph establishes the lower bound. As a $K\_{r+1}$ has chromatic number $r+1$, Turán's theorem is the special case in which $H$ is a $K\_{r+1}$.

The general question of how many edges can be included in a graph without a copy of some $H$ is the forbidden subgraph problem.

### Maximizing Other Quantities

Another natural extension of Turán's theorem is the following question: if a graph has no $K\_{r+1}$s, how many copies of $K\_{a}$ can it have? Turán's theorem is the case where $a=2$. Zykov's Theorem answers this question:

> (Zykov's Theorem) The graph on $n$ vertices with no $K\_{r+1}$s and the largest possible number of $K\_{a}$s is the Turán graph $T(n,r)$

This was first shown by Zykov (1949) using Zykov Symmetrization. Since the Turán Graph contains $r$ parts with size around $\frac {n}{r}$, the number of $K\_{a}$s in $T(n,r)$ is around $\binom {r}{a}\left({\frac {n}{r}\right)^{a}}$. A paper by Alon and Shikhelman in 2016 gives the following generalization, which is similar to the Erdos-Stone generalization of Turán's theorem:

> (Alon-Shikhelman, 2016) Let $H$ be a graph with chromatic number $\chi (H)\>a$. The largest possible number of $K\_{a}$s in a graph with no copy of $H$ is $(1+o(1)){\binom {\chi (H)-1}{a}\left({\frac {n}{\chi (H)-1}\right)^{a}.}}$

As in Erdős–Stone, the Turán graph $T(n,\chi (H)-1)$ attains the desired number of copies of $K\_{a}$.

### Edge-Clique region

Turan's theorem states that if a graph has edge homomorphism density strictly above $1-{\frac {1}{r-1}}$, it has a nonzero number of $K\_{r}$s. One could ask the far more general question: if you are given the edge density of a graph, what can you say about the density of $K\_{r}$s?

An issue with answering this question is that for a given density, there may be some bound not attained by any graph, but approached by some infinite sequence of graphs. To deal with this, weighted graphs or graphons are often considered. In particular, graphons contain the limit of any infinite sequence of graphs.

For a given edge density $d$, the construction for the largest $K\_{r}$ density is as follows:

> Take a number of vertices $N$ approaching infinity. Pick a set of $\sqrt {d}N$ of the vertices, and connect two vertices if and only if they are in the chosen set.

This gives a $K\_{r}$ density of $d^{k/2}.$ The construction for the smallest $K\_{r}$ density is as follows:

> Take a number of vertices approaching infinity. Let $t$ be the integer such that $1-{\frac {1}{t-1}\<d\leq 1-{\frac {1}{t}}}$. Take a $t$-partite graph where all parts but the unique smallest part have the same size, and sizes of the parts are chosen such that the total edge density is $d$.

For $d\leq 1-{\frac {1}{r-1}}$, this gives a graph that is $(r-1)$-partite and hence gives no $K\_{r}$s.

The lower bound was proven by Razborov (2008) for the case of triangles, and was later generalized to all cliques by Reiher (2016). The upper bound is a consequence of the Kruskal–Katona theorem .

* Erdős–Stone theorem, a generalization of Turán's theorem from forbidden cliques to forbidden Turán graphs


title: Sondra James

abstract: Sondra James was an American sound coordinator and actress.

text:
# Sondra James

**Sondra James** (July 21, 1939 – September 12, 2021) was an American sound coordinator and actress.

## Early life

Sondra James was born Sondra Weil on July 21, 1939, in the Lower East Side, New York City. She graduated from the Bronx High School of Science in 1955 before taking a double major in anthropology and archaeology at City College of New York.

## Career

James began work as an actor, first starring in *Mighty Aphrodite* in 1995. Following this, she consistently worked as a character actor and voice actress across film, television, and stage, including the national tour of *Funny Girl* in 1996. In the 1990s, she founded the loop recording company Speakeasy, which provides audio recording for film and television. Within Speakeasy, James took on various sound department roles, including loop coordinator, voice casting, and ADR casting. She was often involved with casting Coen brothers films. As of 2021, the company has provided audio for over 500 films and television shows. James also provided additional voices for several of the productions the company looped. While James and Speakeasy were successful in the 1990s, she was often upset that she struggled to find acting jobs.

James played the main role of Auntie Norma in Karl Pilkington's British comedy *Sick of It*; the production decided to use an American actress because there were limited elderly British actors, and these would all be recognizable to a British audience, which Pilkington felt would be distracting. He was shown a picture of James and immediately liked the look of her, knowing he didn't want the character to appear mundane.

In 2020, she was one of the group of actors who brought a class-action lawsuit against SAG-AFTRA Health Fund for imposing penalties on performers over 65 in a health plan restructure supposedly helping cover COVID-19.

## Personal life

James had two sons, Michael and Marc. She had five grandchildren and two great-grandchildren at the time of her death. She was a fan of the New York Yankees.

## Death

James died at her home in New York City on September 12, 2021, aged 82, from lung cancer, which had been diagnosed five months earlier.

## Filmography

### Film

*Sourced to BFI and TV Guide unless noted*

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1982 | *Muggable Mary: Street Cop* | Neighbor Woman | Television film |
| 1992 | *This Is My Life* |  | Additional voices |
| 1992 | *Whispers in the Dark* |  | Additional voices |
| 1995 | *Mighty Aphrodite* | Operator; Chorus voices |  |
| 2000 | *Book of Shadows: Blair Witch 2* | Actor/Leader |  |
| 2000 | *Cecil B. Demented* |  | Additional voices |
| 2004 | *Alfie* | Mrs. Liberman |  |
| 2004 | *Because of Winn-Dixie* |  | Additional voices |
| 2005 | *Robots* | Additional voices |  |
| 2006 | *The Devil Wears Prada* |  | Additional voices |
| 2006 | *Everyone's Hero* |  | Additional voices |
| 2008 | *Marley & Me* |  | Additional voices |
| 2008 | *Breaking Upwards* |  |  |
| 2009 | *Everybody's Fine* |  | Additional voices |
| 2009 | *Taking Woodstock* | Margaret |  |
| 2010 | *Going the Distance* | Elderly Woman |  |
| 2010 | *Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps* | Lady at Book Signing |  |
| 2011 | *What's Your Number?* |  |  |
| 2011 | *Top Cat: The Movie* |  | Additional voices |
| 2012 | *The Dictator* | Friendly Customer |  |
| 2012 | *Sleepwalk with Me* | Colleen |  |
| 2012 | *Ice Age: Continental Drift* |  | Additional voices |
| 2012 | *Putzel* | Mrs. Hertzel |  |
| 2014 | *America 1979* | Mrs. Ambrose | Short film |
| 2014 | *The Cobbler* | Anna Stevens |  |
| 2014 | *Growing Up and Other Lies* | Barb |  |
| 2016 | *C Street* | Mrs. Plumbcot |  |
| 2016 | *Don't Think Twice* | Bonnie |  |
| 2016 | *Kikoriki: Legend of the Golden Dragon* | Olga | Voice; animation |
| 2017 | *Lost Cat Corona* | Sal's Mother |  |
| 2017 | *Spider-Man: Homecoming* | Marjorie |  |
| 2017 | *Keep the Change* | Sarah's Grandma |  |
| 2017 | *Active Adults* | Rose |  |
| 2018 | *The Escape of Prisoner 614* | Maria |  |
| 2018 | *Lez Bomb* |  |  |
| 2018 | *Kikoriki: Deja Vu* | Olga | Voice; animation |
| 2019 | *Joker* | Dr. Sally Friedman |  |
| 2019 | *The Climb* | Grandma |  |
| 2020 | *Shiva Baby* | Maureen |  |
| 2021 | *Making the Day* |  |  |
| 2021 | *Dating and New York* | Real Estate Mogul |  |
| 2021 | *The Tender Bar* | Grandma Moehringer | Posthumous release |
|

### Television

*Sourced to Deadline and TV Guide unless noted*

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1999 | *Law & Order: Special Victims Unit* | Agnes Rosen | episode: "Hysteria" |
| 2000 | *Sex and the City* |  |  |
| 2001 | *Law & Order* |  |  |
| 2003 | *Kikoriki* | Olga | Voice (Fun Union Dub) |
| 2003 | *Pokémon* | Nanny | Voice; animation; episode: "147" |
| 2003 | *Squeak!* |  | Voice; animation |
| 2012 | *Girls* |  |  |
| 2013 | *Blue Bloods* |  |  |
| 2014 | *Lucky 7* |  |  |
| 2014 | *The Mysteries of Laura* |  |  |
| 2016 | *Crisis in Six Scenes* |  |  |
| 2018–2020 | *Sick of It* | Auntie Norma | Main role |
| 2020 | *What We Do in the Shadows* | Joan | Episode: "Brain Scramblies" |
|  | *30 Rock* |  |  |
|  | *Ray Donovan* |  |  |
|  | *At Home with Amy Sedaris* |  |  |

### Commercials

| Year | Company | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2001 | BMW | Backseat Grandma | BMW X5 commercials: "Awkward Grandma", "Moonroof", "Heads Up" |

### Video games

*Sourced to Anime News Network unless noted*

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2001 | *Grand Theft Auto III* | Ma Cipriani |  |
| 2005 | *Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories* | |  |

### Stage

*Sourced to The Hollywood Reporter unless noted*

| Year | Title | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1996 | *Funny Girl* | National tour |
| 2002 | *The Tale of the Allergist's Wife* | Tour |

### As sound department

#### Film

*Sourced to BFI unless noted*

| Year | Title |
| --- | --- |
| 1990 | *Green Card* |
| 1993 | *The Night We Never Met* |
| 1995 | *Before and After* |
| 1998 | *Primary Colors* |
| 1999 | *Music of the Heart* |
| 1999 | *Ride with the Devil* |
| 1999 | *The Talented Mr. Ripley* |
| 1999 | *The Best Man* |
| 1999 | *The Deep End of the Ocean* |
| 1999 | *Bowfinger* |
| 1999 | *The Astronaut's Wife* |
| 1999 | *The Sixth Sense* |
| 2000 | *American Psycho* |
| 2000 | *Down to You* |
| 2000 | *O Brother, Where Art Thou?* |
| 2000 | *Mission to Mars* |
| 2001 | *The Man Who Wasn't There* |
| 2001 | *Double Whammy* |
| 2001 | *The Royal Tenenbaums* |
| 2002 | *K-19: The Widowmaker* |
| 2002 | *Two Weeks Notice* |
| 2002 | *Secretary* |
| 2002 | *Murd3r by Numb8rs* |
| 2003 | *Intolerable Cruelty* |
| 2004 | *Secret Window* |
| 2004 | *The Manchurian Candidate* |
| 2004 | *Because of Winn-Dixie* |
| 2004 | *The Stepford Wives* |
| 2005 | *Transamerica* |
| 2005 | *The Notorious Bettie Page* |
| 2005 | *Last Holiday* |
| 2005 | *Prime* |
| 2006 | *A Guide to Recognizing Your Saints* |
| 2006 | *Fur: An Imaginary Portrait of Diane Arbus* |
| 2006 | *World Trade Center* |
| 2006 | *Trust the Man* |
| 2006 | *The Sentinel* |
| 2006 | *Hollywoodland* |
| 2006 | *Failure to Launch* |
| 2006 | *Man of the Year* |
| 2006 | *The Devil Wears Prada* |
| 2007 | *Tenderness* |
| 2007 | *Savage Grace* |
| 2007 | *American Gangster* |
| 2007 | *Grace is Gone* |
| 2007 | *Teeth* |
| 2007 | *Music and Lyrics* |
| 2007 | *Evening* |
| 2007 | *Married Life* |
| 2007 | *Hot Rod* |
| 2007 | *Stop-Loss* |
| 2007 | *Perfect Stranger* |
| 2007 | *The Girl in the Park* |
| 2007 | *Awake* |
| 2008 | *Soul Men* |
| 2008 | *The Reader* |
| 2008 | *Doubt* |
| 2008 | *Carriers* |
| 2008 | *The Happening* |
| 2009 | *Away We Go* |
| 2009 | *Taking Woodstock* |
| 2009 | *Julie & Julia* |
| 2009 | *A Serious Man* |
| 2009 | *Everybody's Fine* |
| 2009 | *Did You Hear About the Morgans?* |
| 2010 | *True Grit* |
| 2010 | *The Bounty Hunter* |
| 2010 | *Dear John* |
| 2011 | *Margaret* |
| 2011 | *The Big Year* |
| 2013 | *Inside Llewyn Davis* |

#### Television

*Sourced to Deadline unless noted*

| Year | Title | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1991–1995 | *The Heroic Legend of Arslan* |  |
| 1998–2004 | *Sex and the City* |  |
| 2012 | *Royal Pains* | 6 episodes |
|  | *Bored to Death* |  |
|  | *Boardwalk Empire* |  |
|  | *Smash* |  |
|  | *Damages* |  |
|  | *Nurse Jackie* |  |

## InfoBox

| Sondra James | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Sondra Weil
(1939-07-21)July 21, 1939
New York City, U.S. |
| Died | September 12, 2021(2021-09-12) (aged 82)
New York City |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1990–2021 |
| Children | 2 |


title: 112 Gripes About the French

abstract: 112 Gripes About the French was a 1945 handbook issued by the United States military authorities to enlisted personnel arriving in France after the Liberation. It was meant to defuse the growing tension between the American military and the locals. The euphoria of victory over Germany was short-lived, and within months of Liberation, tensions began to rise between the French and the U.S. military personnel stationed in the country, with the former seeing the latter as arrogant and wanting to flaunt their wealth, and the latter seeing the former as proud and resentful. Fights were breaking out more often, and fears were raised, even among high officials, that the situation might eventually lead to a breakdown of civil order. Set out in a question-and-answer format, 112 Gripes about the French posed a series of well-rehearsed complaints about the French, and then provided a common-sense rejoinder to each of them — the aim of the authors being to bring the average American soldier to a fuller understanding of his hosts. It has been republished in the United States in 2004 (ISBN 1-4191-6512-7), and in France under the title "Nos amis les Français", ISBN 2-7491-0128-X in 2003.

text:
# 112 Gripes About the French

***112 Gripes About the French*** was a 1945 handbook issued by the United States military authorities to enlisted personnel arriving in France after the Liberation. It was meant to defuse the growing tension between the American military and the locals.

The euphoria of victory over Germany was short-lived, and within months of Liberation, tensions began to rise between the French and the U.S. military personnel stationed in the country, with the former seeing the latter as arrogant and wanting to flaunt their wealth, and the latter seeing the former as proud and resentful. Fights were breaking out more often, and fears were raised, even among high officials, that the situation might eventually lead to a breakdown of civil order.

Set out in a question-and-answer format, *112 Gripes about the French* posed a series of well-rehearsed complaints about the French, and then provided a common-sense rejoinder to each of them — the aim of the authors being to bring the average American soldier to a fuller understanding of his hosts.

It has been republished in the United States in 2004 (ISBN 1-4191-6512-7), and in France under the title *"Nos amis les Français"* ("Our friends the French"), ISBN 2-7491-0128-X in 2003.

## Sources

## InfoBox

112 Gripes About the French
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Leo Rosten |
| Original title | *112 Gripes about the French* |
| Published | 1945 |
| Publisher | Information & Education Division of the US Occupation Forces |
| Publication place | France |
| Pages | 120 |
| ISBN | 1-4191-6512-7 |


title: The Dark Fantastic

abstract: The Dark Fantastic was an American rock band from Seattle, Washington, formed in 1997. They began as a solo project of Mark Pickerel while he was still a member of Truly. Following the disbanding of Truly, Pickerel turned his project into a band, enlisting guitarist Jesse Roberts and bassist Mike Elkins in 1997. They released their self-titled debut album in 1999 and their second album entitled Goodbye Crooked Scar in 2001, both through Up Records, before disbanding.

text:
# The Dark Fantastic

**The Dark Fantastic** was an American rock band from Seattle, Washington, formed in 1997. They began as a solo project of Mark Pickerel while he was still a member of Truly. Following the disbanding of Truly, Pickerel turned his project into a band, enlisting guitarist Jesse Roberts and bassist Mike Elkins in 1997. They released their self-titled debut album in 1999 and their second album entitled *Goodbye Crooked Scar* in 2001, both through Up Records, before disbanding.

## History

### Formation and self-titled debut album (1990–1999)

Musician Mark Pickerel had previously been the drummer of Seattle rock band Screaming Trees, playing on their first five studio albums, before departing the band in 1991. He formed Truly with former Soundgarden bassist Hiro Yamamoto and former Storybook Krooks singer Robert Roth, who also performed guitar duties, in 1990 and continued with the group following his departure from the Screaming Trees. It was during Pickerel's time in Truly that he formed The Dark Fantastic as a solo project. Following the release of Truly's last album, Pickerel added guitarist Jesse Roberts and bassist Mike Elkins to the lineup, to turn the solo project into a band, in 1997.

With producer Martin Feveyear, they began working on their debut album, with Pickerel's former Screaming Trees bandmate Van Conner contributing bass to the songs "Wind Forever" and "As You Were Leaving." For the recording of the album, Feveyear also contributed keyboards while Pickerel handled vocals, drums, percussion and additional guitars. Released through Up Records, *The Dark Fantastic* was met with positive reviews. Reviewing for Allmusic, Becky Byrkit stated that Pickerel is "still as much the brisk indie guitar player and risk-taker as before" and that "the tunes are generally fine even-handed melodies, with some crunchy, button-punching studio technics \[...\] plus some liberally atomized melancholia just to keep you serious." M. Tye Comer, of *CMJ* commented that Pickerel "leans heavily on dark and dusty Southwestern forms, but he also dabbles in Brian Wilson-esque pop, sludgy indie rock" and "Gary Numan-inspired synth pop" and that *The Dark Fantastic* "is an impressive debut, spearheaded by a soulful, season musician."

### *Goodbye Crooked Scar* and disbanding (2000–2001)

Pickerel did session work for a number of musicians, Neko Case and Jim Carroll among others, before beginning work on The Dark Fantastic's second album. Working again with Martin Feveyear, the album featured additional vocals by Vanessa Veselka. Released in 2001, The Dark Fantastic's second album entitled *Goodbye Crooked Scar* was met with positive reviews. Charles Spano, reviewing for Allmusic, commented that "*Goodbye Crooked Scar* focuses that psychedelia on hard desert rock with a wholly unique Far Eastern vibe" and that "Mark Pickerel sings like Brian Wilson chanting beautiful eulogies for lost loves and lives," while he also complimented Roberts' and Elkin's contributions to the album. Reviewing for PopMatters, Eden Miller stated that "The Dark Fantastic brings maturity to their angst-filled music" describing the album as "elegantly melancholy" and that "*Goodbye Crooked Star* is an unexpected surprise." By the end of the year, The Dark Fantastic disbanded. Following the disbanding of the group, Pickerel released his debut studio album *Snake in the Radio* in 2006, credited as Mark Pickerel and His Praying Hands, and the follow-up *Cody's Dream* in 2008.

## Musical style

The Dark Fantastic's music has been described as dark, haunting, psychedelic desert rock drawing influences from Pink Floyd, Echo & the Bunnymen and Neko Case. Pickerel also gained a number of comparisons to Brian Wilson for his vocals.

## Band members

* Mark Pickerel – vocals, guitar, drums, percussion
* Jesse Roberts – guitar
* Mike Elkins – bass

## Discography

Studio albums * *The Dark Fantastic* (1999)
* *Goodbye Crooked Scar* (2001)

## InfoBox

| The Dark Fantastic | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Seattle, Washington, U.S. |
| Genres | Hard rock, desert rock, psychedelic rock, indie |
| Years active | 1997 (1997)–2001 |
| Labels | Up |
|  | |
| Members | Mark Pickerel
Jesse Roberts
Mike Elkins |


title: Mussaenda macrophylla

abstract: Mussaenda macrophylla, commonly known as sweet root is an evergreen Asian shrub. The bracts of the shrub may have different shades, including red, white or some mixtures. M. macrophylla is native to Asian countries like China, Taiwan, Nepal, Myanmar, Malaysia, Philippines.

text:
# Mussaenda macrophylla

***Mussaenda macrophylla***, commonly known as **sweet root** is an evergreen Asian shrub. The bracts of the shrub may have different shades, including red, white or some mixtures. *M. macrophylla* is native to Asian countries like China, Taiwan, Nepal, Myanmar, Malaysia, Philippines.

## InfoBox

| *Mussaenda macrophylla* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Rubiaceae |
| Genus: | *Mussaenda* |
| Species: | ***M. macrophylla*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mussaenda macrophylla***<br>Wall. | |
|


title: Northern Lights: A Journey to Love

abstract: Northern Lights: A Journey to Love is a 2017 Filipino drama film directed by Dondon S. Santos and written by Onay Sales that stars Piolo Pascual, Yen Santos, and Raikko Mateo. The film is a collaboration between Regal Entertainment, Star Cinema, and Spring Films. The film's executive producers were Lily Monteverde, Roselle Monteverde, Charo Santos-Concio, Malou Santos, Piolo Pascual, Joyce Bernal, and Erickson Raymundo. The film was released on March 29, 2017.

text:
# Northern Lights: A Journey to Love

***Northern Lights: A Journey to Love*** is a 2017 Filipino drama film directed by Dondon S. Santos and written by Onay Sales that stars Piolo Pascual, Yen Santos, and Raikko Mateo. The film is a collaboration between Regal Entertainment, Star Cinema, and Spring Films. The film's executive producers were Lily Monteverde, Roselle Monteverde, Charo Santos-Concio, Malou Santos, Piolo Pascual, Joyce Bernal, and Erickson Raymundo. The film was released on March 29, 2017.

## Plot

Charlie Sr. (Piolo Pascual) is a Filipino immigrant in Alaska who is living a carefree life. His life suddenly changes when he is tasked to take care of his estranged son, Charlie Jr. (Raikko Mateo), whom he had left behind in the Philippines. As he struggles to become a real father to his son, Charlie crosses paths with Angel (Yen Santos), a quirky Filipina who went to Alaska to find her lost mother.

## Cast

### Main

### Supporting

## Production

*Northern Lights* was shot in and around Queenstown in South Island of New Zealand, to act as Alaska. The film employed production crew from Australia and New Zealand. On the other hand, the scenes with aurora borealis were actually shot in Alaska.

## Reception

The film is graded "B" by the Cinema Evaluation Board of the Philippines.

### Critical reception

Oggs Cruz of Rappler in a review wrote: "\[the\] most unfortunate about *Northern Lights* is that the film actually tries to define romantic relationships in a way that is not entirely escapist. The milieu has actual promise." He then concluded that there is nothing extraordinary about the film. Mari-an Santos of Philippine Entertainment Portal in a review wrote: "the story, though nothing groundbreaking, pulls the heartstrings and will appeal to a wide variety of audiences." She also added: "the development of their characters feels too abrupt, since the sequences do not flow as naturally as possible." Pablo A. Tariman of *The Philippine Star* in a very positive review of the film, wrote: "the story and screenplay were able to wield a solid film stunning in its simplicity but with a lot of soul in it." He then concluded that "it is a remarkably acted film and sensitively directed as well. The film tugs at your heart from beginning to end." For a Philippines-based audience, the film may drag a bit but it rapturously captures the slow rhythm of picturesque but sleepy locales like Anchorage and Fairbanks, Alaska.

## InfoBox

| Northern Lights: A Journey to Love | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Dondon S. Santos |
| Screenplay by | Onay Sales |
| Story by | Rona Lean Sales |
| Produced by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Zach Sycip |
| Edited by | Chrisel Galeno-Desuasido |
| Music by | Cesar Francis Concio |
| Production<br>companies |  |
| Distributed by | Star Cinema |
| Release date | * March 29, 2017 (2017-03-29) |
| Running time | 100 minutes |
| Country | Philippines |
| Language | Filipino |


title: Şıxımpeştə

abstract: Şıxımpeştə is a village in the Astara Rayon of Azerbaijan. The village forms part of the municipality of Motolayataq.

text:
# Şıxımpeştə

**Şıxımpeştə** (also, **Shekhin-Peshta** and **Shykhympeshta**) is a village in the Astara Rayon of Azerbaijan. The village forms part of the municipality of Motolayataq.

## InfoBox

| Şıxımpeştə | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Şıxımpeştə | |
| Coordinates: 38°36′N 48°39′E / 38.600°N 48.650°E / 38.600; 48.650 | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| Rayon | Astara |
| Municipality | Motolayataq |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+5 (AZT) |


title: Nigeria–Trinidad and Tobago relations

abstract: Nigeria–Trinidad and Tobago relations are bilateral relations between Nigeria and Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad and Tobago has a high commission in Abuja and Nigeria has a high commission in Port of Spain. The high commission in Port of Spain is concurrently accredited to Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, and Suriname, while the high commission in Abuja is concurrently accredited to Algeria, Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, and Uganda. Currently, the high commissioner in Port of Spain is Abubakar Danlami Ibrahim, while the high commissioner in Abuja is Wendell De Landro.

text:
# Nigeria–Trinidad and Tobago relations

**Nigeria–Trinidad and Tobago relations** are bilateral relations between Nigeria and Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad and Tobago has a high commission in Abuja and Nigeria has a high commission in Port of Spain. The high commission in Port of Spain is concurrently accredited to Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, and Suriname, while the high commission in Abuja is concurrently accredited to Algeria, Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, and Uganda. Currently, the high commissioner in Port of Spain is Abubakar Danlami Ibrahim, while the high commissioner in Abuja is Wendell De Landro.

## History

Nigeria, Trinidad and Tobago established bilateral relations in 1973, but their shared heritage dates back much further than that. They both achieved independence from the United Kingdom in the early 1960s, and both countries are members of the Commonwealth of Nations. In recent years, the two countries have announced efforts to increase cooperation in areas such as trade and law.

## Notes and references

## InfoBox

Nigeria-Trinidad and Tobago relations
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|
Nigeria |
Trinidad and Tobago |
|  | |


title: Leif Georg Ferdinand Bang

abstract: Leif Georg Ferdinand Bang was a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party. He served as a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament during the term 1922–1924, representing the Market towns of Møre og Romsdal county. Born in Bergen, he was a typographer until 1910, when he became a police officer in Kristiansund. He was a member of Kristiansund city council from 1907 to 1928, serving as both deputy mayor and mayor for short periods. He was then burgomaster for three months in 1938. He returned as a council member in 1945. As a police officer, he was a member of the national board of the trade union Norsk Politiforbund from 1914 to 1922. From 1922 he worked in the public assistance in his city.

text:
# Leif Georg Ferdinand Bang

**Leif Georg Ferdinand Bang** (11 October 1881 - 3 September 1963) was a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party.

He served as a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament during the term 19221924, representing the Market towns of Møre og Romsdal county.

Born in Bergen, he was a typographer until 1910, when he became a police officer in Kristiansund. He was a member of Kristiansund city council from 1907 to 1928, serving as both deputy mayor and mayor for short periods. He was then burgomaster for three months in 1938. He returned as a council member in 1945.

As a police officer, he was a member of the national board of the trade union Norsk Politiforbund from 1914 to 1922. From 1922 he worked in the public assistance in his city.


title: Turán number

abstract: In mathematics, the Turán number T(n,k,r) for r-uniform hypergraphs of order n is the smallest number of r-edges such that every induced subgraph on k vertices contains an edge. This number was determined for r = 2 by Turán (1941), and the problem for general r was introduced in Turán (1961). The paper (Sidorenko 1995) gives a survey of Turán numbers.

text:
# Turán number

In mathematics, the  **Turán number** T(*n*,*k*,*r*) for *r*-uniform hypergraphs of order *n* is the smallest number of *r*-edges such that every induced subgraph on *k* vertices contains an edge. This number was determined for *r* = 2 by Turán (1941), and the problem for general *r* was introduced in Turán (1961). The paper (Sidorenko 1995) gives a survey of Turán numbers.

## Definitions

Fix a set *X* of *n* vertices. For given *r*, an ***r*-edge** or **block** is a set of *r* vertices. A set of blocks is called a **Turán (*n*,*k*,*r*) system** (*n**k**r*) if every *k*-element subset of *X* contains a block. The  **Turán number** T(*n*,*k*,*r*) is the minimum size of such a system.

## Example

The complements of the lines of the Fano plane form a Turán (7,5,4)-system. T(7,5,4) = 7.

## Relations to other combinatorial designs

It can be shown that

$$T(n,k,r)\geq {\binom {n}{r}{\binom {k}{r}^{-1}.}}$$

Equality holds if and only if there exists a Steiner system S(*n* \- *k*, *n* \- *r*, *n*).

An (*n*,*r*,*k*,*r*)-lotto design is an (*n*, *k*, *r*)-Turán system. Thus, T(*n*,*k*, *r*) = L(*n*,*r*,*k*,*r*).

### Bibliography

* Colbourn, Charles J.; Dinitz, Jeffrey H. (2007), *Handbook of Combinatorial Designs* (2nd ed.), Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/ CRC, ISBN 1-58488-506-8
* Godbole, A. P. (2001) \[1994\], "Turán number", *Encyclopedia of Mathematics*, EMS Press
* Sidorenko, A. (1995), "What we know and what we do not know about Turán numbers", *Graphs and Combinatorics*, **11** (2): 179–199, doi:10.1007/BF01929486
* Turán, P (1941), "Egy gráfelméleti szélsőértékfeladatról (Hungarian. An extremal problem in graph theory.)", *Mat. Fiz. Lapok* (in Hungarian), **48**: 436–452
* Turán, P. (1961), "Research problems", *Magyar Tud. Akad. Mat. Kutato Int. Közl.*, **6**: 417–423


title: Sondra Lipton

abstract:
Sondra Lipton is a former fashion model from New York City, who
found a second career as a painter.

text:
# Sondra Lipton

**Sondra Lipton** is a former fashion model from New York City, who found a second career as a painter.

## Dancer

She attended Julia Richman High School and the School of American Ballet founded by George Balanchine. While a pupil of ballet she danced in several Broadway shows. In May 1948 Lipton was in the dance company of the Experimental Theatre which presented *Ballet Ballads* as one of a series of events performed at the Maxine Elliott Theatre.

## Fashion Model

At 19 she was 5'9" and felt herself too tall to be a dancer. Lipton applied at Christian Dior in New York City, and was quickly noticed by the French couturier. He suggested that she never alter her unusual appearance. She has red hair, amber eyes, an aquiline nose and large teeth. In January 1949 she modelled designs by Fira Benenson at the Pierre Hotel for a New York Heart Association Benefit. In November 1960 she was one of thirteen successful models selected to represent Mannequin, a new modelling agency in New York City. Lipton worked on fashion runways for twenty years. In 1964 she modelled a new religious habit designed by Sybil Connolly at a Sisters of Mercy convention. From Dublin, Ireland, Connolly was one of the most prominent names in international high fashion. She worked on the project for two and a half years.

To relax during her modelling career Lipton began to study sculpture at New York University. Sculptor Joe Eula once loaned her his studio but she began to find sculpting *too difficult and lonely.*

## Artist

In 1969 her husband was Jack Sahlman, a sales representative for California and European dress houses. Lipton was the mother of a 12-year-old son and resided in an East Side (Manhattan) apartment. She began painting in 1963. A typical day for her was spent in her huge double bed, with her oil paints spread out around her. Her still lifes of flowers and fruits were purchased by Mrs. Winthrop Rockefeller, Mrs. Gardner Cowles, Sir David Webster, and movie producer Ross Hunter. President Lyndon Johnson and Lady Bird Johnson received one of Lipton's oils for Christmas in 1968. At an 8th floor gallery of Lord & Taylor twenty of her paintings were displayed at prices ranging from $190 to $300, in 1969.

In 1976 she teamed with former fashion model, Claire Geiman, to design a line of table linens called Dining-In. There were five basic groups among their easy-care cotton collection. One was named Scarboro. Its floral motif featured combinations of lime and blue, terracotta and peach, or chocolate and beige, all with designs in white. Introduced and sold by Lord & Taylor, prices varied from .60 for cocktail napkins to $44 for an 88-inch round cloth.


title: (I Heard That) Lonesome Whistle

abstract: "(I Heard That) Lonesome Whistle" is a song written by Hank Williams and Jimmie Davis. It became his fourteenth consecutive Top 10 single in 1951.

text:
# (I Heard That) Lonesome Whistle

"**(I Heard That) Lonesome Whistle**" is a song written by Hank Williams and Jimmie Davis. It became his fourteenth consecutive Top 10 single in 1951.

## Background

Hank Williams was a Jimmie Davis disciple, who scored big hits on Decca Records with "Nobody's Darlin' But Mine," "You Are My Sunshine" and "Worried Mind." It is unclear when he and Hank Williams wrote "(I Heard That) Lonesome Whistle." On one of his *Mother's Best* radio shows, recorded between January and March 1951, Williams tells his audience that he's going fishing with Jimmie Davis the next week, so the song may have been composed then. Containing two of country music's major themes, trains and prison, the song is notable for the way Hank mimics the sound of a train whistle on the word "lonesome." The song was likely an inspiration for Johnny Cash's "Folsom Prison Blues." It was recorded at Castle Studio in Nashville on July 25, 1951, with Fred Rose producing and backing from Don Helms (steel guitar), Jerry Rivers (fiddle), Sammy Pruett (lead guitar), Howard Watts (bass) and probably Jack Shook (rhythm guitar).

Acuff-Rose songwriter Helen Hudgins later recalled the stiflingly hot summer session: "Hank had his shirt unbuttoned all the way, and he was absolutely soaking wet. It seemed that all he was...was voice. It came up from I don't know where." In a June 2014 online *Rolling Stone* article, Joseph Hudak wrote of the song, "The sound is so stark, so unsettling, that it's easy to feel exactly what Williams was getting at in the performance: simple heartbreak." The song's title was truncated to "Lonesome Whistle" so that it could be listed on jukebox cards. It peaked at number 8 on the *Billboard* country singles chart. The B-side, Fred Rose's "Crazy Heart", outperformed it, peaking at number four.

## Sources

* Escott, Colin; Merritt, George; MacEwen, William (2004). *Hank Williams: The Biography*. New York: Little, Brown.

## InfoBox

| "(I Heard That) Lonesome Whistle" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Hank Williams With His Drifting Cowboys | |
| B-side | "Crazy Heart" |
| Published | December 31, 1951 (1951-12-31) Jimmie Davis Music Corp. |
| Released | September 1951 (1951-09) |
| Recorded | July 25, 1951 (1951-07-25) |
| Studio | Castle Studio, Nashville |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 2:25 |
| Label | MGM |
| Songwriter(s) | Hank Williams, Jimmie Davis |
| Producer(s) | Fred Rose |
| Hank Williams With His Drifting Cowboys singles chronology | |
| "Hey Good Lookin'"
(1951) "**(I Heard That) Lonesome Whistle**"
(1951) "Baby, We're Really in Love"
(1951) | |


title: Villa Cañás

abstract: Villa Cañás is a small city in the south of the province of Santa Fe, Argentina, some 370 km from the provincial capital and not far from Venado Tuerto. It has about 9,400 inhabitants as per the 2010 census [INDEC]. The city was founded in 1902 by Juan Cañás, and acknowledged as a comuna on 1903-03-07.

text:
# Villa Cañás

**Villa Cañás** is a small city in the south of the province of Santa Fe, Argentina, some 370 km from the provincial capital and not far from Venado Tuerto. It has about 9,400 inhabitants as per the 2010 census \[INDEC\].

The city was founded in 1902 by Juan Cañás, and acknowledged as a *comuna* (a minor municipality) on 1903-03-07.

## People

*In Spanish.*

* Municipal information: Municipal Affairs Federal Institute (IFAM), Municipal Affairs Secretariat, Ministry of Interior, Argentina. (in Spanish)
* "Villa Cañás". Santa Fe provincial government.

## InfoBox

| Villa Cañás | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Villa CañásLocation of Villa Cañás in Argentina | |
| Coordinates: 34°0′S 61°36′W / 34.000°S 61.600°W / -34.000; -61.600 | |
| Country | Argentina |
| Province | Santa Fe |
| Department | General López |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Alberto Domingo Romagnoli (Socialist Party) |
| Area | |
| Total | 591 km2 (228 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 100 m (300 ft) |
| Population (2010 census) | |
| Total | 9,433 |
| Density | 16/km2 (41/sq mi) |
| Demonym | cañaseño |
| Time zone | UTC-3 (ART) |
| CPA base | 2607 |
| Dialing code | +54 3462 |


title: The Elliott–Savonas

abstract: The Elliott–Savonas were a troupe of British music hall, circus and variety entertainers, between the 1870s and 1920s, who performed two distinct stage acts. As The Cycling Elliotts, they performed cycling tricks; and, as The Musical Savonas, the same individuals formed a saxophone band. They used various combinations of names in their billings, including The Elliotts as the Musical Savonas, and were described as "one of the most successful and original of the early music hall speciality acts".

text:
# The Elliott–Savonas

**The Elliott–Savonas** were a troupe of British music hall, circus and variety entertainers, between the 1870s and 1920s, who performed two distinct stage acts. As **The Cycling Elliotts**, they performed cycling tricks; and, as **The Musical Savonas**, the same individuals formed a saxophone band. They used various combinations of names in their billings, including **The Elliotts as the Musical Savonas**, and were described as "one of the most successful and original of the early music hall speciality acts".

## History

**James Bedford Elliott** (18461906) was born in Stockton-on-Tees, the son of a blacksmith. In the 1860s, he started performing as a solo trick cyclist, as well as taking part successfully in cycle races. He set up his own bicycle shop, making his own machines, and in 1867 married Mary Thompson. When their children became able to cycle, they proved to be adept at performing stunts. In the late 1870s the family began performing together in circuses using a variety of cycles including penny-farthings and unicycles. The main performers were his daughters Kate, Polly, May, and Rose, and sons Tom, Jim, Harry, and Dot, with cousins and other family members joining and leaving at various times. In 1883 they joined P. T. Barnum's circus, and toured the U.S. and Canada after overcoming objections and legal challenges from the newly-formed New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.

Touring widely with circuses around Europe and the Americas, the children also became interested in playing saxophones, and eventually acquired a full set, from soprano to bass, which they all learned to play. Initially they integrated the saxophone band with their cycling act, but soon divided their performances into two sections, "The Cycling Elliotts" and "The Musical Savonas". Historian Roy Busby commented: "So individual and accomplished were the two acts that the audiences were slow to realise they were performed by the same troupe, partly because trick-cycling and musical virtuosity rarely go hand in hand."

The name "Savonas" was apparently an in-joke, deriving from the French *savon*, meaning soap. In their Savonas act, the family dressed in an approximation of 18th-century French court costumes, and billed themselves as "The Only Saxophone Band in the World". Their music focused on classical and standard concert band works by such composers as Mozart, Rossini, and John Philip Sousa, as well as waltzes and polkas, often arranged by J. Ord Hume. They played a wide variety of wind and other instruments, including an organ keyboard and many exotic instruments collected during their world tours, and advertised that they played over 50 instruments in their show. They were also among the first to use electric lighting in their act, using a set fitted with over one thousand light bulbs.

Based in Middlesbrough, they made two world tours, and for some thirty years the "gloriously original if bizarre troupe remained unchallenged as the greatest exponent of the musical variety act." J. B. Elliott died in 1906, and his second wife, Margaret, took over managing the troupe. From 1908, they performed a musical revue, "The Garden of Harmony". Margaret Elliott died from a heart attack during a performance at Darlington in 1913, and was buried in Middlesbrough with her husband. The troupe  augmented by others outside the family  continued to perform around the world, during and after the First World War, and began performing a new production, "The Palace of Orpheus", in 1920. They finally disbanded in 1923.

## Later activities

One latter-day member of the troupe, Tommy Varley (19021987), married one of J. B. Elliott's granddaughters, Hazel, in 1924. Working as **Tommy Elliott**, he played the concertina to a high standard, and continued the family name by forming a musical troupe called, initially, "Hazel Elliott and Her Candies". These later became "The Seven Elliotts" and, from the 1930s, "The Musical Elliotts", usually playing concertinas and adding comedy elements and novelty sounds to the act. They performed in various configurations until the 1960s. Tommy Elliott also performed a solo act on the concertina, on one occasion at the specific request of Eva Braun, and often appeared on BBC Radio before retiring in 1980.


title: Myoleja tsaratanana

abstract: Myoleja tsaratanana is a species of tephritid, or fruit fly, in the genus Myoleja of the family Tephritidae.

text:
# Myoleja tsaratanana

***Myoleja tsaratanana*** is a species of tephritid, or fruit fly, in the genus *Myoleja* of the family Tephritidae.

## InfoBox

| *Myoleja tsaratanana* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tephritidae |
| Genus: | *Myoleja* |
| Species: | ***M. tsaratanana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Myoleja tsaratanana***<br>Hancock, 1985 | |
|


title: Northern Light Venture Capital

abstract: Northern Light Venture Capital (NLVC) is a Chinese venture capital firm founded in 2005. It focuses on investing in companies in the technology and healthcare sectors.

text:
# Northern Light Venture Capital

**Northern Light Venture Capital** (NLVC) (Chinese: 北极光创投; pinyin: *Běijíguāng Chuàngtóu*) is a Chinese venture capital firm founded in 2005. It focuses on investing in companies in the technology and healthcare sectors.

## Background

NLVC was founded in 2005 by Feng Deng, Jeffrey Lee and Yan Ke. Feng Deng and Yan Ke were previously co-founders of NetScreen Technologies, an IT Security company that went public on Nasdaq in 2001 and was later acquired by Juniper Networks in 2004 for $4.2 billion. New Enterprise Associates and Min Zhu (co-founder of WebEx) were initial backers of the firm when it was raising its first fund. Greylock Partners is another early backer of the firm.

NLVC invests 70% of its funds into Series A rounds, 20% in Series B rounds and 10% into Seed rounds. Notable investments include Aerohive Networks, Meituan and VIPKid.

NLVC has offices in Silicon Valley, Hong Kong and several cities in China including, Beijing, Shanghai.

## Funds

| Fund | Vintage Year | Committed Capital ($m) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Northern Light Venture Fund I | 2005 | USD 120 |
| Northern Light Venture Fund II | 2007 | USD 350 |
| Northern Light Venture Fund III | 2011 | USD 400 |
| Northern Light Venture Fund IV | 2015 | USD 400 |
| Northern Light Venture Fund V | 2019 | USD 450 |
| Northern Light Venture Fund VI | 2020 | USD 375 |

## InfoBox

Northern Light Venture Capital Development Limited
|
|  |
| Native name | 北极光创投 |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Venture Capital |
| Founded | 2005 (2005) |
| Founders | * Feng Deng * Jeffrey Lee * Yan Ke |
| Headquarters | 2855 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California, U.S. |
| Products | Investments |
| AUM | US$4.5 billion (2020) |
| Website | nlvc.com |
| **Footnotes / references**<br> | |


title: My Apocalypse (film)

abstract: My Apocalypse is a 2008 independent film starring Corin Nemec, Bruce Weitz, Nancy Allen, John de Lancie, Gail Strickland, Meredith Salenger, and Jesse Harper. Directed and produced by Chris LaMont, the screenplay was written by LaMont, Craig Belanger, and Jay Holben. Although My Apocalypse was filmed in 1997, it was not released until 2008, due to the funding that LaMont had available to him as an independent filmmaker. With the extensive amount of CGI and digital FX required to make the film meet his specific vision, the digital film revolution gained steam and he was able to complete the film with special visual FX Director Rene de la Fuente. Its world premiere was a screening at the Boston Underground Film Festival 2008. It has since gone on to play the Sydney Underground Film Festival, River's Edge Film Festival, New Jersey Film Festival, Arizona International Film Festival, and the Strasbourg (France) International Film Festival.

text:
# My Apocalypse (film)

***My Apocalypse*** (originally titled ***Quality Time***) is a 2008 independent film starring Corin Nemec, Bruce Weitz, Nancy Allen, John de Lancie, Gail Strickland, Meredith Salenger, and Jesse Harper.

Directed and produced by Chris LaMont, the screenplay was written by LaMont, Craig Belanger, and Jay Holben.

Although *My Apocalypse* was filmed in 1997, it was not released until 2008, due to the funding that LaMont had available to him as an independent filmmaker. With the extensive amount of CGI and digital FX required to make the film meet his specific vision, the digital film revolution gained steam and he was able to complete the film with special visual FX Director Rene de la Fuente. Its world premiere was a screening at the Boston Underground Film Festival 2008. It has since gone on to play the Sydney Underground Film Festival, River's Edge Film Festival, New Jersey Film Festival, Arizona International Film Festival, and the Strasbourg (France) International Film Festival.

## Synopsis

*My Apocalypse* is the surrealistic story of Stewart Savage (played by Nemec), who is actually the notorious serial killer known as the North City Stalker. Stewart still lives with his parents, Jack (played by Weitz) and Linda (played by Allen), in an overcrowded future world where the polar ice caps have melted and the military controls all aspects of everyday life. The Savages only have their apartment for half a day. At 6 pm, they must turn it over to Nathan Eastman (played by de Lancie), his wife Victoria (played by Strickland), and their son Victor (played by Harper).

Stewart, however, sees everything as idyllic and in bright colors; his family is wholesome and happy and his girlfriend adores him. In reality, he is very much insane; he hates his meaningless job, strangles his girlfriends, and prefers the psychotic solace of the world inside his head.

He has just murdered his latest girlfriend, Susan Stone (played by Salenger). Completely unaware of the difference between fantasy and the state of things as they actually exist, he is convinced that his fiancée is still alive and brings her home to meet his parents at his father's birthday party.

Aware of their son's activities, the helpless Savages are full of good cheer and play along with his sick delusions at the party, while actually frightened and angry. While acting as though it is mainly embarrassing, Stewart's annoyed parents attempt to bag the fresh victim before the Eastmans arrive.

Though his parents have become complacent with his psychosis, the people who share the apartment are less sympathetic. Stewart becomes more unhinged when they show up. Descending further into madness, he pulls a gun and starts waving it around as he holds his family and the Eastmans hostage.

More horrific than being held at gunpoint by a serial killer are the truths that surface when they are forced to speak candidly to one another.

## Main cast

## InfoBox

| My Apocalypse | |
| --- | --- |
| Linda and Jack Savage, played by Nancy Allen and Bruce Weitz, respectively | |
| Directed by | Chris LaMont |
| Written by | Craig Belanger
Jay Holben
Chris LaMont |
| Produced by | Chris LaMont |
| Starring | Corin Nemec
Nancy Allen
Bruce Weitz
Meredith Salenger
John de Lancie |
| Music by | Cliff Sarde |
| Distributed by | Moving Pictures Films |
| Release date | * March 21, 2008 (2008-03-21) |
| Running time | 86 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Lena Willemark

abstract: Lena Willemark is a Swedish traditional music fiddler, singer, and composer, who combines elements of folk and jazz. Born in Älvdalen, Dalarna, Willemark grew up with the region's folk music. In Stockholm in the 1970s, she also had contact with jazz. She has collaborated with groups such as Frifot, Enteli, Elise Einarsdotter, and composer Karin Rehnqvist. She recorded Nordan with Ale Möller, winning in 1994 both a Grammis and the Preis der Deutschen Schallplattenkritik. Commissioned by Stockholm, Cultural Capital of Europe in 1998, she composed and performed Windogur. For several decades Willemark has broadened her scope through collaborations with jazz musicians and other artists. She is also a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music and is often seen on stage across Sweden and abroad.

text:
# Lena Willemark

**Lena Willemark** (born 12 May 1960) is a Swedish traditional music fiddler, singer, and composer, who combines elements of folk and jazz.

Born in Älvdalen, Dalarna, Willemark grew up with the region's folk music. In Stockholm in the 1970s, she also had contact with jazz. She has collaborated with groups such as Frifot, Enteli, Elise Einarsdotter, and composer Karin Rehnqvist. She recorded *Nordan* with Ale Möller, winning in 1994 both a Grammis and the *Preis der Deutschen Schallplattenkritik*. Commissioned by Stockholm, Cultural Capital of Europe in 1998, she composed and performed *Windogur*.

For several decades Willemark has broadened her scope through collaborations with jazz musicians and other artists. She is also a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music and is often seen on stage across Sweden and abroad.

## Discography

* Lena Willemark *När som gräset det vajar*, 1989
* Lena Willemark/Ale Möller/Per Gudmundsson *Frifot*, 1991
* Frifot with Kirsten Bråten-Berg, *Musique des vallées scandinaves (Suède - Norvège)*, 1993
* Lena Willemark/Ale Möller *Nordan*, 1994 (ECM)
* Enteli *Enteli*, 1994
* Elise Einardotter Ensemble *Senses*, 1995
* Ale Möller *Hästen och Tranan*, 1996
* Lena Willemark/Ale Möller *Agram*, 1996 (ECM)
* Frifot *Järven*, 1996
* Enteli *Live*, 1997
* Frifot *Frifot*, 1999 (ECM)
* Lena Willemark *Windogur*, 2000
* Frifot *Sluring*, 2003
* Lena Willemark *Älvdalens Elektriska*, 2006
* Frifot *Flyt*, 2007
* *Trees of Light*, 2015 - with Anders Jormin and Karin Nakagawa

Willemark also appears on a number of other recordings and compilations, including:


title: Sophie Angus

abstract: Sophie Angus is a Canadian-American swimmer who competes internationally for Canada. She won a bronze medal at the 2023 World Championships swimming the breaststroke leg in the women's 4×100 m medley.

text:
# Sophie Angus

**Sophie Angus** (born 12 March 1999) is a Canadian-American swimmer who competes internationally for Canada. She won a bronze medal at the 2023 World Championships swimming the breaststroke leg in the women's 4×100 m medley.

## Career

Raised in Connecticut, Angus was the number 3 ranked graduating senior in high school in the state and ranked number 35 overall by collegeswimming.com. Angus remains the Connecticut record holder in the 100 m and 200 m breaststroke events. As a dual citizen of Canada and the United States, she was eligible to attend both countries' Olympic trials for the 2016 Summer Olympics. At the Canadian trials, she placed seventeenth in the 100 m breastroke, which gave her the qualifier time to participate in the 2016 United States Olympic trials. She appeared at the American trials as well, but did not make the team. Angus committed permanently to the Canadian national team and made the finals at the 2017 Canadian Swimming Trials.

Angus first represented Canada at the 2018 World Swimming Championships, where she finished in 26th place in the heats of the 100 m breaststroke. The following year, Angus made the Canadian team for the 2019 Summer Universiade, winning a bronze medal after swimming in the heats of the 4×100 m medley relay.

Angus contemplated retiring from competitive swimming in March 2022, but ultimately opted to continue, later citing her dreams of winning a World medal and qualifying to compete at the 2024 Summer Olympics. At the Canadian trials in April, she won the 100 m breaststroke gold with a personal best time of 1:07.60, which she said "shocked" her. This qualified Angus for her first World Aquatics Championships, appearing at the 2022 edition in Budapest and finishing 24th in the heats of the 100 m breaststroke. She was also part of Canada's team for the 2022 Commonwealth Games in Birmingham. Angus swam the breaststroke leg in the heats of the 4×100 m mixed medley. She was replaced by James Dergousoff in the final, but received a silver medal after the team finished second there. She won a second silver as part of the women's 4×100 m medley team, again assigned the breaststroke leg. Angus called the summer's results "something I never could have dreamed of."

At the 2023 Canadian trials, Angus won the 100 m breaststroke for the second consecutive year. At the 2023 World Aquatics Championships she did not advance out of the heats in either the 50 m or 100 m breaststroke, but won a bronze medal swimming the breaststroke leg for the Canadian team in the women's 4×100 m medley. Angus posted times of 1:06.30 in the heats and 1:06.21 in the relay final, both considered "surprise" results based on past performances. Her 1:06:21 was the second-best breaststroke split for a Canadian woman since Annamay Pierse's Canadian record performance of 1:05.74 in July 2009. Speaking afterward, Angus said the medal had fulfilled one of her dreams, and cited her teammates as "the ones that keep pushing me. I'm very glad I made that choice to still be here and looking forward to next year.""

While many of Canada's top swimmers opted to skip the 2024 World Aquatics Championships in Doha, Angus was named to the team. She reached the final of the 100 m breaststroke, finishing eighth of the eight finalists. Again swimming the breaststroke leg in the 4×100 m medley relay, she won a second consecutive bronze medal in the event.

## Personal

Her father Bruce Angus played soccer at Duke University before going on to play professionally in Canada. She attended college and competed at Northwestern University where both her father and mother graduated and received their masters degrees in business administration.

## InfoBox

Sophie Angus
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Canadian, American |
| Born | (1999-03-12) 12 March 1999<br>Weston, Connecticut, United States |
| Height | 167 cm (5 ft 6 in) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Swimming |
|  | |
| Strokes | Breaststroke |
| College team | Northwestern University |
|  | |
| Medal record      Women's swimming  Representing  Canada  World Championships (LC)  2023 Fukuoka 4×100 m medley  2024 Doha 4×100 m medley  Commonwealth Games  2022 Birmingham 4×100 m medley  2022 Birmingham 4×100 m mixed medley  Universiade  2019 Naples 4×100 m medley | |


title: Vijaya Stambha

abstract: The Vijaya Stambha is a Rajput victory monument located within Chittor Fort in Chittorgarh, Rajasthan, India. The tower was constructed by the Hindu Rajput king Rana Kumbha of Mewar in 1448 CE to commemorate his victory over the army of Malwa led by Mahmud Khilji in the Battle of Sarangpur. The tower is dedicated to Hindu God Vishnu. Colonel James Todd considered it one of the finest examples of Hindu Rajput architecture & superior to Qutub Minar.

text:
# Vijaya Stambha

The **Vijaya Stambha** is a Rajput victory monument located within Chittor Fort in Chittorgarh, Rajasthan, India. The tower was constructed by the Hindu Rajput king Rana Kumbha of Mewar in 1448 CE to commemorate his victory over the army of Malwa led by Mahmud Khilji in the Battle of Sarangpur. The tower is dedicated to Hindu God Vishnu. Colonel James Todd considered it one of the finest examples of Hindu Rajput architecture & superior to Qutub Minar.

## Inscriptions

To commemorate this great victory, Rana Kumbha built the great Vijay Stambha (Tower of Victory) in the fortress of Chittor. However, before this tower could be completed, the Rana had to face and vanquish the combination of two most powerful kingdoms in India at the time, those of Gujarat and Malwa, these glorious events are inscribed on the celebrated tower. Sultan Mahmud Khilji remained a prisoner in Chittor for a period of six months, after which he was liberated with ransom by Rana Kumbha. The inscribed slabs in the uppermost storey containing a detailed genealogy of the rulers of Chittaur and their deeds is ascribed to Rana Kumbha court scholar, Atri and his son Mahesh. The names of the architect, Sutradhar Jaita and his three sons who assisted him, Napa, Puja, and Poma, are carved on the fifth floor of the tower.

The Vijaya Stambha is a remarkable example of religious pluralism practised by the Rajputs. The topmost story features an image of the Jain Goddess, Padmavati.

## Commemorative Postal Stamps

Commemorative stamps released by India Post

## InfoBox

| Vijaya Stambha | |
| --- | --- |
| *Vijaya Stambha* (Tower of Victory) | |
| Location within IndiaVijaya Stambha (Rajasthan) | |
| Alternative names | Victory Tower |
| General information | |
| Type | Tower |
| Location | Chittorgarh, Rajasthan, India |
| Coordinates | 24°53′16″N 74°38′43″E / 24.887870°N 74.645157°E / 24.887870; 74.645157 |
| Completed | 1448 CE |
| Height | 37.19 m (122 ft) |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 9 |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Sutradhar Jaita |


title: The Dead One (1961 film)

abstract: The Dead One is a 1961 American independent horror film written, produced and directed by Barry Mahon. It stars John McKay, Linda Ormond, Monica Davis and Clyde Kelly. The narrative follows two cousins—one a businessman (McKay), the other a woman who practices voodoo (Davis)—who each seek control of their family's Louisiana plantation. The film's significance is that it is a regional film, one of the first two zombie films to be filmed in color, and was thought to be a lost film before its rediscovery and issuance on DVD, 41 years after it was made.

text:
# The Dead One (1961 film)

***The Dead One*** (also known as ***Blood of the Zombie***) is a 1961 American independent horror film written, produced and directed by Barry Mahon. It stars John McKay, Linda Ormond, Monica Davis and Clyde Kelly. The narrative follows two cousins—one a businessman (McKay), the other a woman who practices voodoo (Davis)—who each seek control of their family's Louisiana plantation.

The film's significance is that it is a regional film, one of the first two zombie films to be filmed in color, and was thought to be a lost film before its rediscovery and issuance on DVD, 41 years after it was made.

## Plot

During a voodoo rite at Kenilworth, a Louisiana plantation, Monica Carlton (Monica Davis), mistress of the plantation, raises her brother Jonas (Clyde Kelly) from the dead. She commands him to kill "a woman who is coming to the plantation." The woman is Linda Carlton (Linda Ormond), who has just married Monica's cousin John Carlton (John McKay) and who will arrive for their honeymoon right after John shows her the swinging nightspots of Bourbon Street in New Orleans. On their way to Kenilworth, they find exotic dancer Bella Bella (Darlene Myrick) stranded, her car broken down. They take her to the plantation for the night as it is too late to have her car repaired.

The next morning, they learn that Bella's car can't be fixed for another day, so she must spend a second night at Kenilworth. John shows Linda around the plantation, including the slave quarters, where Monica's voodoo rites are now held, and the family crypt, which holds eight generations of Carltons, including Jonas. John tells her that Jonas had dumped the Creole girl he was to marry and shortly afterwards became mortally ill. He says that no one knows what Jonas died from, but Monica, who has entered the crypt, says that Jonas's death "came from a power stronger than any of your stupid religions have ever known"‚a voodoo curse placed on Jonas by the Creole girl.

John and Monica later discuss John's visit. John says that their grandfather's will passes Kenilworth to him as soon as he marries. Monica issues a veiled threat, asking what would happen if Linda died before John took legal possession. After dinner, Monica goes to another voodoo rite. Bella calls her "kooky" and John tells her that "No intelligent person believes in voodoo."

At the rite, Monica again summons zombie Jonas and commands him to "kill the girl" to prevent John from inheriting the plantation and thereby ending her voodoo practice. But Jonas doesn't know that there are two girls—Linda and Bella—and he kills Bella. He can't find Linda because she and John are spying on the rite.

Back at the house, Linda discovers that Bella has gone missing. When she and John find her body, John phones the police. Monica realizes that the wrong girl is dead and in a new rite tells Jonas once more to kill Linda. John gives Linda his pistol, then leaves to break up the rite. Jonas enters the house, hides when he hears John coming down the stairs, then goes up for Linda. She shoots him without effect. But then he suddenly walks away without her as John has successfully stopped the rite.

John and Linda go to the crypt and find Jonas's empty tomb. Zombie Jonas comes in and is again unfazed when John shoots him. Monica rushes into the crypt, screaming that Jonas must get back into his tomb because the sun is rising. The police arrive and in shooting at Jonas, kill Monica. Jonas starts to attack the officers, but vanishes in a puff of smoke when the sunlight hits him.

John explains to the police what has happened. A hearse arrives, the police leave, and John plants a "For Sale" sign outside Kenilworth as he and Linda drive away.

## Cast

*Uncredited:*

* Joe Burton as Joe Burton

## Production

*The Dead One* is a regional horror film, according to critic Brian Albright. He defines a regional film as one that is "(a) filmed outside of the general professional and geographical confines of Hollywood, (b) produced independently, and (c) made with a cast and crew made up primarily of residents of the states in which the film was shot." *The Dead One* was filmed on location in New Orleans, Louisiana by the independent Mardi Gras Films, which produced only one other movie, *Face of Fire* (1959), made in association with AB Svensk Filmidustri. Little is known about the actors and production crew of *The Dead One*, other than that a number of them worked on one or more of the 60 films Mahon had directed by 1970.

*The Dead One* was shot in Eastmancolor and Ultrascope, a "form of Cinemascope from Germany" with an aspect ratio of 1.85:1. It is significantly one of the first two zombie movies to be filmed in color, the other being the British *Doctor Blood's Coffin*. Both films were released in 1961, but it is "hard to know which one officially hit theaters \[in the US\] first. Before the era of simultaneous wide releases, a few prints would make their way across the country to unimpressed audiences, and which full color zombie you saw first would simply have depended on where you lived."

## Distribution

In addition to being regionally-made, *The Dead One* was apparently shown at least stateside. In America, it is believed to have been exhibited only in the southern part of the country and most likely only at drive-in theaters, where it "served as a time filler" as the second feature on a double bill, when "the young people \[in the audience\] had more to do than watch some miserable collection of color and movement on the screen." Film critic Glenn Kay notes that "After its appropriately short run at drive-in theaters, prints of the film began to vanish. Until very recently it was thought to be a lost film, but then it was rediscovered and is now available on DVD ...."

The theatrical runtime was 71 minutes, but this was reduced to 55 minutes for its DVD release.

The film was distributed to North American theaters by Mardi Gras Productions in 1961. Internationally, it was distributed theatrically in the UK during 1962 by Grand National Pictures. Mexican distribution was handled by Peliculas Agrasanchez S.A., although at an unknown date. For individual home viewing, widescreen DVDs of the film were distributed in the US by Something Weird Video in 2002 and by Shriek Show in 2003.

*The Dead One* was granted an X-certificate for theatrical exhibition in the UK by the British Board of Film Classification, which meant that the film was considered "more suitable for adults." The DVD, released in 2005, was given a 12-certification, suggesting that its content is suitable for those age 12 and over.

## Reception

BoxOffice magazine, in the review in its issue of 3 April 1961, said that the "sizable audience" for voodoo and horror films "meant a waiting market for this latest though moderately entertaining effort ... None of the actors will mean much, although it is a foregone conclusion that the horror addicts aren't overly concerned with known thespian values." The actors "plod dutifully enough along under producer Barry Mahon's rather uninspired direction." The magazine gave *The Dead One* a rating of "fair" on its poor-to-excellent spectrum in its "Review Digest" weekly feature. The pressbook for the movie encouraged theater owners to lure patrons by advertising that they were giving away "Free voodoo dolls with real hair with every adult ticket. Put a hex on your friends."

Later reviews of the film have been almost entirely negative. Film critic Jamie Russell writes that "Belly dancers, voodoo superstition and a honeymoon on a New Orleans plantation pad out this threadbare and thoroughly stilted early 1960s effort," adding that "If it were not for the jaw-dropping Ed Wood-level thespian efforts, this would be instantly forgettable." McKinney also notes the "wooden acting," but attributes it to the "principle actors" being "novices and nonprofessionals. The ones with even a handful of credits are actors who served with Mahon in other pictures." For example, Davis and McKay appear together in Mahon's science fiction film *Rocket Attack U.S.A.* (1958), but each was also in other, suggestively-titled and little-known films directed by Mahon. Davis appeared in *1,000 Shapes of a Female* (1963), *The Swap and How They Make It* (1965) and *The Pill* (1967), while McKay was in *Cuban Rebel Girls* (1959).

Kay is also unimpressed with *The Dead One*. He writes that "The beginning will certainly horrify, as newlyweds John and Linda ... take an unnecessarily long trip to Bourbon Street in New Orleans and watch a seemingly endless string of performers ... all to pad the running time by a full twenty minutes." Otherwise, 'there's noting remotely scary" about the film, including the "green zombie makeup over \[Jonas's\] face and hands," which "shows some decay." Jonas is perhaps an early version of what academic film historian Peter Dendle calls the "new-style zombie that would come into its own increasingly in the 60s: the visibly rotting cadaver" which "clearly" violated "some unspoken taboo against portraying human cadavers decomposing."

Albright points out a lack of originality in the movie. "The plot of this film is basically lifted from the old black-cast exploitation quickie *The Devil's Daughter* (1939), but with zombies," he writes. And in keeping with the notion of a "black cast"—*all* the plantation workers in the film are African-American—Kay notes that "The only thing that might qualify as disturbing is the negative stereotypes of black men. They all come across as frightening, ritual-performing, zombie-raising threats to the more 'cultured' leads," all of whom are white.

American film historian Bill Warren and British critic Phil Hardy are even more-to-the-point. Warren writes that Mahon's "budgets were among the lowest for theatrical films, and the results reflected this, as well as the haste and lack of care that went into the film's making." Hardy, who refers to Mahon as a "nudie-specialist" and "one of the first sex-movie tycoons," simply calls *The Dead One* "abominably acted, scripted and directed."

1. "UK Film Rating". *British Board of Film Classification*.
2. Kay, Glenn (2012). *Zombie Movies: The Ultimate Guide*. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. pp. 37–38. ISBN 9781556527708.
3. Albright, Brian (2012). *Regional Horror Films, 1958-1990: A State-by-State Guide with Interviews*. Jefferson NC: McFarland & Co. Inc. pp. 2, 214. ISBN 9780786472277.
4. "Overview". *Turner Classic Movies*.
5. McKinney, Andy (2016). *A Gross of Zombies: Reviews of 144 Zombie Movies*. Bloomington IN: AuthorHouse. pp. 26–27. ISBN 9781504971959.
6. "History of Anamorphic Lenses" (PDF). *Schneider Optics*.
7. Warren, Bill (2010). *Keep Watching the Skies! American Science Fiction Movies of the Fifties, the 21st Century Edition*. Jefferson NC: McFarland & Co. Inc. pp. 705–706, 866–867. ISBN 9781476666181.
8. "Technical Information". *Internet Movie Data Base*.
9. "Company Credits". *Internet Movie Data Base*.
10. "UK Release". *Monthly Film Bulletin*.
11. "Film Poster". *The Tell Tale Mind*. 10 April 2017.
12. "UK Film Rating". *British Board of Film Classification*.
13. "UK Video Rating". *British Board of Film Classification*.
14. "Feature Review". *BoxOffice Magazine*.
15. "Review Digest". *BoxOffice Magazine*.
16. "Pressbook". *Zombo's Closet of Horror*.
17. Russell, Jamie (2005). *Book of the Dead: The Complete History of Zombie Cinema*. Surrey, England, UK: FAB Press. p. 248. ISBN 1903254337.
18. "Monica Davis Biography". *Internet Movie Data Base*.
19. "John McKay Biography". *Internet Movie Data Base*.
20. Dendle, Peter (2001). *The Zombie Movie Encyclopedia*. Jefferson NC: McFarland & Co. Inc. p. 5. ISBN 9780786408597.
21. Hardy, Phil, ed. (1986). *The Encyclopedia of Horror Movies*. NY: Harper & Row Publishers. p. 140. ISBN 0060550503.

## InfoBox

| The Dead One | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Barry Mahon |
| Written by | Barry Mahon |
| Produced by | * Barry Mahon * Brandon Chase |
| Starring | * John McKay * Linda Ormond * Monica Davis * Clyde Kelly * Darlene Myrick |
| Cinematography | Mark Dennis |
| Edited by | Alan Smiler |
| Release date | * 1961 (1961) |
| Running time | 71 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Myoleja nigripennis

abstract: Myoleja nigripennis is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Myoleja of the family Tephritidae.

text:
# Myoleja nigripennis

***Myoleja nigripennis*** is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus *Myoleja* of the family Tephritidae.

## InfoBox

| *Myoleja nigripennis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tephritidae |
| Genus: | *Myoleja* |
| Species: | ***M. nigripennis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Myoleja nigripennis***<br>Hardy, 1974 | |
|


title: Northern Counties Paladin

abstract: The Northern Counties Paladin, also badged as the Plaxton Paladin towards the end of production, is a step-entrance single-decker bus body built by Northern Counties of Wigan, UK, between 1991 and 1998. The replacements for the Paladin are the Prestige and the Pointer as low-floor models for the Paladin LF.

text:
# Northern Counties Paladin

The **Northern Counties Paladin**, also badged as the **Plaxton Paladin** towards the end of production, is a step-entrance single-decker bus body built by Northern Counties of Wigan, UK, between 1991 and 1998. The replacements for the Paladin are the Prestige and the Pointer as low-floor models for the Paladin LF.

## Description

Development of the Northern Counties Paladin commenced in 1990. Upon its launch in 1991, the Paladin could be bodied on the Dennis Dart and Lance, Scania L113 and Volvo B10M chassis; bodies for the Iveco TurboCity chassis were envisaged but not produced, while the DAF SB220, Dennis Falcon, Volvo B6 and Volvo B10B chassis were later added to the Paladin range. Some bodies built towards the end of production were given Plaxton body numbers, in which the Paladin was identified by the letter G.

In London, Metroline took delivery of 31 Paladin-bodied Dennis Lances and London General took delivery of 13 Paladin-bodied Volvo B10Bs for service on route 88 in 1993, receiving branding for "The Clapham Omnibus", followed by 19 Paladin-bodied Dennis Darts delivered to London Northern for service on 'Camden Link' route C2 in 1994.

Leicester Citybus were the only operator to take delivery of Northern Counties Paladin-bodied Dennis Falcons, taking delivery of three in 1992 and an additional four in 1993, which were the final Dennis Falcons produced.

A Paladin-bodied Volvo B6 was purpose-built by Northern Counties and fire engine manufacturer Saxon Sanbec as a £150,000 (equivalent to £344,819 in 2023) command vehicle for the Greater Manchester County Fire Service in 1997.

### Leyland Atlantean rebodies

Northern Counties received a contract from Fylde Borough Transport in 1993 to rebody four 33 ft (10 m) Leyland Atlantean double-decker buses new to the Bradford Corporation in 1971. After the buses were acquired from Kingston upon Hull City Transport, their double-deck bodies were removed at a scrapyard prior to the Atlantean chassis being fitted with custom-made Paladin bodies by Northern Counties. The front ends of the Paladin rebody were taken from the Volvo B10B bodies while the back ends were taken from the Dennis Dart bodies, and an emergency exit was relocated towards the middle of the offside to provide a maximum seating capacity of 42 passengers.

Fylde Borough Transport fitted new springs and brake drums to the Atlantean chassis, as well as reconditioning the engines, which were fitted with a custom-built 'turbocharger' consisting of two Clayton heater blowers that provided a continuous boost through the inlet manifold, boosting the acceleration of the bus at low revs. Radiators were moved to the front and replaced with units from Albion Clydesdale trucks. Spring-release handbrakes were also fitted, and the Atlantean's exhaust systems were rerouted across their engines and replaced by a system from Leyland Leopard coaches. The refurbishment of each bus, including the Northern Counties Paladin rebody, would cost up to £55,000 (equivalent to £141,511 in 2023).

### Windscreen variants

Three different shapes of windscreen were fitted to Paladins. One was of gentle "barrel shaped" curvature, with deep quarterlights. This was used throughout the production run, being fitted to both the earliest vehicles and to the last batches built. An upright "wrap-around" screen was used on the majority of midi-sized Paladin bodies (on Dennis Dart and Volvo B6 chassis), whilst a double-curvature screen was fitted to some Scania L113 and DAF SB220 full-sized vehicles.

## InfoBox

| Northern Counties Paladin | |
| --- | --- |
| A Paladin body with the barrel-shaped front and quarterlights, on Volvo B10B chassis | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Northern Counties
Plaxton |
| Production | 1991–1998 |
| Assembly | Wigan, United Kingdom |
| Body and chassis | |
| Doors | 1 or 2 |
| Floor type | Step entrance |
| Chassis | Volvo B10M
Volvo B10B
Volvo B6
Dennis Dart
Dennis Lance
Dennis Falcon
Scania L113
DAF SB220
Leyland Atlantean (rebodies) |
| Powertrain | |
| Capacity | 27 to 45 seated |
| Dimensions | |
| Length | 8.5m to 12.0m |
| Width | 3.1m |
| Height | 3.4m |
| Chronology | |
| Successor |  |


title: Śleszyn

abstract: Śleszyn is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Żychlin, within Kutno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Żychlin, 23 km (14 mi) east of Kutno, and 50 km (31 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź.

text:
# Śleszyn

**Śleszyn** \[ˈɕlɛʂɨn\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Żychlin, within Kutno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland.

It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Żychlin, 23 km (14 mi) east of Kutno, and 50 km (31 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź.

## InfoBox

| Śleszyn | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Śleszyn | |
| Coordinates: 52°12′22″N 19°41′57″E / 52.20611°N 19.69917°E / 52.20611; 19.69917 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Kutno |
| Gmina | Żychlin |


title: Lena Wermelt

abstract: Lena Wermelt is a German footballer, playing for HSV Borussia Friedenstal in the Fußball-Bundesliga (women).

text:
# Lena Wermelt

**Lena Wermelt** (born 29 September 1990 in Steinfurt) is a German footballer, playing for HSV Borussia Friedenstal in the Fußball-Bundesliga (women).

## Early life

Wermelt grew up on a farm and first played football with her neighbour. She first joined a football club at the age of six. In 2009, she was honoured as an elite sports student in Bochum.

## InfoBox

Lena Wermelt
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Lena Wermelt | | |
| Date of birth | (1990-09-29) 29 September 1990 | | |
| Place of birth | Steinfurt, West Germany | | |
| Height | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | HSV Borussia Friedenstal | | |
| Number | 29 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | TuS Germania 1910 Horstmar | | |
| 0000–2006 | SV Westfalia Leer | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2006–2007 | FFC Heike Rheine | 19 | (1) |
| 2007–2009 | SG Wattenscheid 09 | 42 | (9) |
| 2009–2010 | FCR 2001 Duisburg | 5 | (1) |
| 2010– | HSV Borussia Friedenstal | 33 | (12) |
| International career | | | |
|  | Germany U-15 | ? | (?) |
|  | Germany U-17 | ? | (?) |
| 0000–2009 | Germany U-19 | 10 | (4) |
| 0000–2010 | Germany U-20 | 4 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Vijaya Vauhini Studios

abstract: Vijaya Vauhini Studios is one of the premier motion picture movie studios in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. It is the combination of Vijaya Productions and Vauhini Studios. B. Nagi Reddy was the founder of Vijaya Productions and Moola Narayana Swamy founded Vauhini Studios.

text:
# Vijaya Vauhini Studios

**Vijaya Vauhini Studios** is one of the premier motion picture movie studios in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. It is the combination of Vijaya Productions and Vauhini Studios. B. Nagi Reddy (Bommireddy Nagi Reddy) was the founder of Vijaya Productions and Moola Narayana Swamy founded Vauhini Studios.

## History

Being once considered as the largest film studio in Asia, Vijaya Vauhini Studios resulted from the merger between Vauhini Studios and Vijaya Productions, in 1948 when Telugu film producer Moola Narayana Swamy leased the studios which was under heavy liabilities to the Vijaya Productions run by B. Nagi Reddy (Bommireddy Nagi Reddy), Chakrapani who were one time partners of Moola Narayana Swamy in the 1930s.

## Productions

Some of these films such as *Pathala Bhairavi* (1951), *Pelli Chesi Choodu* (1952), *Chandraharam* (1954), and *Maya Bazar* (1957) were dubbed into Tamil at the same time, *Missamma* was remade as *Missiamma* (1955) with Gemini Ganesan playing NTR's role. Excepting *Chandraharam* and *Uma Chandi Gowri Sankarula Katha* (1968), every film made by Vijaya Productions was successful at the box office.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Language | Cast | Director | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1950 | *Shavukaru* | Telugu | N. T. Rama Rao, Govindrajula Subba Rao | L. V. Prasad |  |
| 1951 | *Pathala Bhairavi* | Telugu / Tamil | N. T. Rama Rao, K. Malati, S. V. Ranga Rao | K. V. Reddy |  |
| 1952 | *Kalyanam Panni Paar* | Tamil | N. T. Rama Rao, G. Varalakshmi, K. Savithri, S. V. Ranga Rao | L. V. Prasad |  |
| | *Pelli Chesi Choodu* | Telugu | N. T. Rama Rao, G. Varalakshmi, K. Savithri, S. V. Ranga Rao | |  |
| 1953 | *Chandraharam* | Telugu / Tamil | N. T. Rama Rao, Sriranjani, S. V. Ranga Rao, K. Savithri, Relangi | K. Kameswara Rao |  |
| 1955 | *Missamma* | Telugu | N. T. Rama Rao, A. Nageswara Rao, Jamuna, K. Savithri, S. V. Ranga Rao, Relangi, Ramana Reddy | L. V. Prasad |  |
| | *Missiamma* | Tamil | Gemini Ganesan, K. A. Thangavelu, Jamuna, K. Savithri, S. V. Ranga Rao, K. Sarangapani. M. N. Nambiar | |  |
| | | *Guna Sundari* | Gemini Ganesan, K. Savithri, S. V. Ranga Rao, M. N. Nambiar | K. Kameswara Rao |  |
| 1957 | *Mayabazar* | Telugu | N. T. Rama Rao, A. Nageswara Rao, K. Savithri, S. V. Ranga Rao | K. V. Reddy |  |
| | *Maya Bajaar* | Tamil | N. T. Rama Rao, Gemini Ganesan, K. Savithri, S. V. Ranga Rao | |  |
| 1958 | | *Kadan Vaangi Kalyaanam* | Gemini Ganesan, K. Savithri, T. R. Ramachandran, Jamuna, S. V. Ranga Rao, T. S. Balaiah, K. A. Thangavelu, E. V. Saroja | L. V. Prasad |  |
| 1959 | *Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu* | Telugu | | N. T. Rama Rao, K. Savithri, Jaggayya, Jamuna, S. V. Ranga Rao, C. S. R. Anjaneyulu, Relangi, Girija |  |
| 1961 | *Jagadeka Veeruni Katha* | | N. T. Rama Rao, B. Saroja Devi, L. Vijaya Lakshmi, Jayanthi, Bala, Rajanala and Relangi | K. V. Reddy |  |
| 1962 | *Gundamma Katha* | | N. T. Rama Rao, A. Nageswara Rao, S. V. Ranga Rao, K. Savithri, Jamuna, L. Vijaya Lakshmi | K. Kameswara Rao |  |
| | *Manithan Maravillai* | Tamil | | Gemini Ganesan, A. Nageswara Rao, S. V. Ranga Rao, K. Savithri, Jamuna, L. Vijaya Lakshmi |  |
| 1963 | *Maduve Madi Nodu* | Kannada |  |  |  |
| 1965 | *Satya Harischandra* | Kannada/ Telugu | Dr.Rajkumar, Pandari Bai, Udayakumar, Narasimha Raju | H. Krishnamurthy |  |
| | *CID* | Telugu | NTR, Jamuna, Gummadi, Relangi, Rajanala | Tapi Chanakya |  |
| | *Enga Veetu Pillai* | Tamil | MGR, Saroja Devi, Nambiyar | Sanakya |  |
| | | *Enga Veetu Penn* |  |  |  |
| 1967 | *Ram Aur Shyam* | Hindi | Dilip Kumar, Waheeda Rehman, Mumtaz, Nirupa Roy, Pran | Tapi Chanakya |  |
| 1968 | *Uma Chandi Gowri Sankarula Katha* | Telugu | N.T. Rama Rao, B. Saroja Devi | K. V. Reddy |  |
| 1969 | *Nam Naadu* | Tamil | M.G.R, Jayalalitha | C. P. Jambulingam |  |
| | *Nannha Farishta* | Hindi | Pran, Balraj Sahni, Ajit, Padmini, Anwar Hussain | T. Prakash Rao |  |
| 1970 | *Ghar Ghar Ki Kahani* | Hindi | Balraj Sahni, Nirupa Roy, Om Prakash, Shashikala, Rakesh Roshan, Bharathi |  |  |
| 1973 | *Ganga Manga* | Telugu | Krishna, Sobhan Babu, and Vanisri | Tapi Chanakya, V. Ramachandra Rao | 25th Film |
| 1974 | *Vani Rani* | Tamil | Sivaji Ganesan, Vanisri, R. Muthuraman | Tapi Chanakya C. V. Rajendran |  |
| 1975 | *Julie* | Hindi | Lakshmi, Vikram, Utpal Dutt | K. S. Sethumadhavan |  |
| 1976 | *Sree Rajeswari Vilas Coffee Club* | Telugu | Krishna, Jayapradha and Jaggayya | Bapu Sattiraju Lakshminarayana |  |
| 1978 | *Yehi Hai Zindagi* | Hindi | Sanjeev Kumar, Vikram Gokhale, Seema Deo, Utpal Dutt | Sethu Madhavan |  |
| | *Swarag Narak* | | Sanjeev Kumar, Jeetendra, Vinod Mehra, Shabana Azmi, Moushumi Chatterjee, Tanuja | Dasari Narayana Rao |  |
| 1980 | *Swayamvar* | | Sanjeev Kumar, Shashi Kapoor, Moushumi Chatterjee, Vidya Sinha | P. Sambasiva Rao |  |
| 1982 | *Shriman Shrimati* | | Sanjeev Kumar, Raakhee, Rakesh Roshan, Deepti Naval, Amol Palekar, Sarika | Vijay Reddy |  |
| 1993 | *Uzhaippali* | Tamil | Rajinikanth, Roja Selvamani | P. Vasu |  |
| 1993 | *Karuppu Vellai* | | Rahman, Suganya, Nassar | Manobala |  |
| 1994 | *Bhairava Dweepam* | Telugu | Nandamuri Balakrishna, Roja Selvamani | Singeetam Srinivasa Rao |  |
| 1995 | *Nammavar* | Tamil | Kamal Haasan, Gouthami | K. S. Sethumadhavan |  |
| 1996 | *Meendum Savithri* | |  | Visu |  |
| 2006 | *Mercury Pookkal* | | Srikanth, Meera Jasmine | S. S. Stanley |  |
| 2007 | *Thamirabharani* | | Vishal, Muktha (Bhanu) | Hari |  |
| 2009 | *Padikkathavan* | | Dhanush, Tamannaah Bhatia | Suraj |  |
| 2011 | *Venghai* | | Dhanush, Tamannaah Bhatia | Hari |  |
| 2014 | *Veeram* | | Ajith Kumar, Tamannaah Bhatia, Santhanam | Siva |  |
| 2017 | *Bairavaa* | | Vijay, Keerthy Suresh | Bharathan |  |
| 2019 | *Sanga Thamizhan* | | Vijay Sethupathi, Nivetha Pethuraj, Raashi Khanna | Vijay Chander |  |
|

## Awards

| S.no | Ceremony | Year | Category | Nominee | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | National Film Awards | 1994 | National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil | *Nammavar* | Won |
| 2 | Tamil Nadu State Film Awards | 1994 | Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film (Second prize) | *Nammavar* | Won |
| 3 | Nandi Awards | 1994 | Nandi Award for Best Feature Film (third prize) | *Bhairava Dweepam* | Won |

## InfoBox

Vijaya Vauhini Studios
|
|  |
|
| Industry | Motion picture |
| Founded | 1948 (1948) |
| Founder | Moola Narayana Swamy
B. N. Reddy |
| Headquarters | Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India |
| Area served | India |
| Key people | Nagi Reddi
Chakrapani |