title: Venus Records

abstract: Venus Records is a Japanese jazz record label. It was founded in 1992 by Tetsuo Hara, who had worked as a producer for RCA Victor. It mostly works with a select group of artists from Italy, the United States, and Japan, and uses a signature 24-bit mastering process, named "Hyper Magnum Sound," that produces "very powerful sound with strong presence". It is also known for its album covers, which use well-known photographers and frequently feature nudity.

text:
# Venus Records

**Venus Records** is a Japanese jazz record label. It was founded in 1992 by Tetsuo Hara, who had worked as a producer for RCA Victor. It mostly works with a select group of artists from Italy, the United States, and Japan, and uses a signature 24-bit mastering process, named "Hyper Magnum Sound," that produces "very powerful sound with strong presence". It is also known for its album covers, which use well-known photographers and frequently feature nudity.

## Discography

* VENUS-1002 Albert Ayler *Bells* (CD, RE, Promo) 1993
* TKCZ-79136 Marzette Watts *Marzette Watts* (CD, Album, RE) 1993
* TKCZ-79134 Burton Greene Trio *The On Tour* (CD, Album, RE) 1993
* TKCZ-79130 Giuseppi Logan *More* (CD, Album, RE) 1993
* TKCZ-79126 Patty Waters *Sings* (CD, Album, RE) 1993
* TKCZ-79118 *Why Not?* (CD, Album, RE) 1993
* TKCZ-79108 Giuseppi Logan Quartet *The Giuseppi Logan Quartet* (CD, Album, RE) 1993
* TKCZ-79102 Albert Ayler *Spirits Rejoice* (CD, Album, RE) 1993
* TKCZ-79101 Albert Ayler Trio *Spiritual Unity* (CD, Album, RE) 1993
* TKCZ-79004 Gil Evans *Live at the Public Theater (New York 1980)* (2xCD, Album, RE) 1993
* TKCZ-79005 Art Pepper with Sonny Clark Trio *Holiday Flight - Lighthouse 1953* (2xCD, Album, RE, RM) 1993
* TKCV-79021 Barney Wilen *Inside Nitty = Gritty* (CD, Album) 1993
* TKCV-79016 Marion Brown Quintet *Mirante Do Vale ~ Offering II* (CD, Album, RE) 1993
* TKCV-79012 Marion Brown Quintet *Offering* (CD, Album, RE) 1993
* TKCY-79013 Dewey Redman Featuring Joshua Redman *African Venus* (CD, Album) 1994
* TKCZ-79158 Albert Ayler Quintet *At Slug's Saloon 1966* (2xCD, Album, Comp) 1994
* TKCZ-79024 Richie Beirach Trio *Methuselah* (CD, Album, RE) 1994
* TKCV-79084 Paul Bley Trio *Emerald Blue* (CD, Album) 1994
* TKCV-79074 Paul Bley Trio *Modern Chant* (CD, Album) 1994
* TKCV-79055 Lonnie Smith Trio *Purple Haze* (CD, Album) 1994
* TKCV-79053 Lonnie Smith Trio *Føxy Lady* (CD, Album) 1994
* TKCV-79022 Lonnie Smith = John Abercrombie Trio *The Afro Blue* (CD, Album) 1994
* TKCZ-79506 Sonny Rollins Quintet / Thad Jones *Sonny Rollins Plays* (CD, Album, RE, Comp) 1995
* TKCZ-36010 Albert Ayler Trio *Spiritual Unity* (CD, Album, RE, Ltd, 24K) 1996
* TKCV-79307 Archie Shepp Quartet *Blue Ballads* (CD, Album) 1996
* TKCV-35015 Lee Konitz Quartet *Jazz Nocturne*
* TKCV-35134 Enrico Rava *Italian Ballads* (CD, Album) 1996
* TKCV-35018 Lee Konitz *Lee Konitz & The Brazilian Band – Brazilian Serenade* (CD, Album) 1996
* TKCV-35036 Steve Kuhn Trio *Sing Me Softly of the Blues* (CD, Album) 1997
* JAS-8007 Kenny Dorham *The Arrival of Kenny Dorham* (CD, Album, RE) 1997
* JAS-8004 JR Monterose *The Message* (CD, Album, RE) 1997
* TKCV-35102 Steve Kuhn Trio *Love Walked In* (CD, Album) 1999
* TKCV-35084 Richie Beirach Trio *What Is This Thing Called Love?* (CD, Album) 1999
* TKCV-35088 Steve Kuhn Trio *Quiereme Mucho* (CD, Album) 2000
* TKCV-35098 Steve Kuhn Trio *Temptation* (CD, Album) 2001
* TKCV-35091 Richie Beirach Trio *Romantic Rhapsody* (CD, Album) 2001
* TKCV-35307 Steve Kuhn Trio *Waltz – Red Side* (CD, Album) 2002
* TKCV-35306 Steve Kuhn Trio *Waltz – Blue Side* (CD, Album) 2002
* TKCV-35305 Richie Beirach Trio *No Borders* (CD, Album) 2002
* TKCV-35302 Enrico Rava *Renaissance* (CD, Album) 2002
* TKCV-35343 Super Trio *Super Standard* (CD, Album) 2004
* TKCV-35524 Archie Shepp Quartet *Deja Vu* (CD, Album) 2003
* VHCD-78073 Peter Bernstein *Stranger in Paradise* (CD) 2003
* SSC 1109 Steve Kuhn *Love Walked In* (CD, Album) 2003
* KACD 0304 Roland Hanna with Ron Carter, Grady Tate *Apres Un Reve* (CD, Album) 2003
* TKCV-35336 Steve Kuhn Trio *Easy to Love* (CD, Album) 2004
* TKJV-19157 Nicole Henry *Teach Me Tonight* (LP, Album) 2005
* TKJV-19145 Simone *Romance* (LP) 2005
* TKCV-35346 Nicole Henry *Teach Me Tonight* (CD, Album) 2005
* TKCV-35349 Cedar Walton *Midnight Waltz* (CD, Album) 2005
* TKCV-35380 Richie Beirach Trio *Manhattan Reverie* (CD, Album) 2006
* TKCV-35361 Steve Kuhn Trio *Pavane for a Dead Princess* (CD, Album) 2006
* TKCV-35200 Simone *Moonlight Serenade* (CD, Album, RE, RM, Pap) 2006
* TKJV-19183 Simone *Taking a Chance On Love* (LP, Album) 2007
* TKCV-35218 Rob Agerbeek Trio *The Very Thought of You* (CD, Album) 2007
* TKCV-35397 Simone *Taking a Chance On Love* (CD, Album) 2007
* TKCV-35395 *Steve Kuhn Trio Plays Standards* (CD, Album) 2007
* VHJD-8 Marilyn Scott *Every Time We Say Goodbye* (LP, Album) 2008
* VHJD-19 Simone *Let's Fall in Love* (LP, Album) 2008
* VHCD-1017 Tessa Souter *Nights of Key Largo* (CD, Album) 2008
* VHCD-1010 Simone *Let's Fall in Love* (CD, Album) 2008
* VHCD-1003 Steve Kuhn Trio *Baubles, Bangles and Beads* (CD, Album) 2008
* TKJV-19194 Nicki Parrott *Moon River* (LP, Album) 2008
* TKCV-35419 Marilyn Scott *Every Time We Say Goodbye* (CD, Album) 2008
* TKCV-35417 Richie Beirach Trio *Summer Night* (CD, Album) 2008
* VHJD-21 Nicki Parrott *Fly Me to the Moon* (LP) 2009
* VHJD-13 Tessa Souter *Nights of Key Largo* (LP, Album) 2009
* VHCD-8009 Simone *Essential Best* (CD, Album, Comp) 2009
* VHCD-5011 Nicki Parrott *Moon River* (CD, Album) 2009
* VHCD-1021 Phil Woods Quintet *Ballads & Blues* (CD, Album) 2009
* VHCD-1032 Kenny Barron Trio *Minor Blues* (CD, Album) 2009
* VHCD-1035 Alexis Cole *Someday My Prince Will Come* (CD, Album) 2009
* VHCD-1024 Richie Beirach *Jazz Adagio* (CD, Album) 2009
* VHCD-1023 Nicki Parrott *Fly Me to the Moon* (CD, Album) 2009
* VHCD-1154 Tete Montoliu *Catalonian Rhapsody* (CD, Album) 2014
* VHJD-37 Alexis Cole *Someday My Prince Will Come* (LP, Album) 2010
* VHCD-4122 Simone *Romance* (CD, Album, RE) 2010
* VHCD-4121 Simone *Moonlight Serenade* (CD, Album, RE) 2010
* VHCD-1046 Alexis Cole with One for All (3) *You'd Be So Nice to Come Home To* (CD, Album) 2010
* VHCD-1045 Simone & Her Hawaiian Jazz Band *Alomas of Hawaii* (CD, Album) 2010
* VHCD-1044 Steve Kuhn Trio *I Will Wait for You – The Music of Michel Legrand* (CD, Album) 2010
* VHCD-1041 Nicki Parrott *Black Coffee* (CD, Album) 2010
* VHJD-49 Simone & Her Hawaiian Jazz Band *Alomas of Hawaii* (LP, Album) 2011
* VHJD-44 Alexis Cole (with One for All) *You'd Be So Nice to Come Home To* (LP, Album) 2011
* VHJD-41 Nicki Parrott *Black Coffee* (LP, Album) 2011

## InfoBox

| Venus Records | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Founded | 1992 |
| Founder | Tetsuo Hara |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Country of origin | Japan |
| Official website | www.venusrecord.com |


title: Verona Airport (Wisconsin)

abstract: Verona Airport is a privately owned public use airport located one nautical mile (2 km) east of the central business district of Verona, a city in Dane County, Wisconsin, United States.

text:
# Verona Airport (Wisconsin)

**Verona Airport** (FAA LID: **W19**) is a privately owned public use airport located one nautical mile (2 km) east of the central business district of Verona, a city in Dane County, Wisconsin, United States.

## Facilities and aircraft

Verona Airport covers an area of 15 acres (6 ha) at an elevation of 985 feet (300 m) above mean sea level. It has two runways with turf surfaces: 3/21 is 2,154 by 45 feet (657 x 14 m) and 5/23 is 1,898 by 85 feet (579 x 26 m).

For the 12-month period ending July 17, 2019, the airport had 1,010 aircraft operations, an average of 84 per month: 99% general aviation and 1% military.

In July 2024, there were 3 aircraft based at this airport: 2 single-engine and 1 ultralight.

1. FAA Airport Form 5010 for W19 PDF. Federal Aviation Administration. effective July 11, 2024.

## InfoBox

| Verona Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public use |
| Owner | Robin Slotten |
| Serves | Verona, Wisconsin |
| Time zone | CST (UTC−06:00) |
| Summer (DST) | CDT (UTC−05:00) |
| Elevation AMSL | 985 ft / 300 m |
| Coordinates | 42°59′23″N 089°30′33″W / 42.98972°N 89.50917°W / 42.98972; -89.50917 |
| Map | |
| **W19**Location of airport in Wisconsin**W19****W19** (the United States) | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  3/21 2,154 657 Turf  5/23 1,898 579 Turf | |
| Statistics | |
| Aircraft operations (2019) 1,010  Based aircraft (2024) 3 | |
| Source: Federal Aviation Administration | |


title: Veronica dabneyi

abstract: Veronica dabneyi, the Azores speedwell, is a flowering plant species of the family Plantaginaceae, endemic to the Azores. It inhabits very humid rocky slopes, and also close to waterfalls and lake margins, at altitudes between 200 and 600 m. It is present only in the Western Group of islands. It was thought to be extinct as it had not been observed since 1938, but was rediscovered in 1999, making it a Lazarus taxon.

text:
# Veronica dabneyi

***Veronica dabneyi***, the **Azores speedwell**, is a flowering plant species of the family Plantaginaceae, endemic to the Azores. It inhabits very humid rocky slopes, and also close to waterfalls and lake margins, at altitudes between 200 and 600 m (660 and 1,970 ft). It is present only in the Western Group of islands (Corvo and Flores). It was thought to be extinct as it had not been observed since 1938, but was rediscovered in 1999, making it a Lazarus taxon.

## InfoBox

| *Veronica dabneyi* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Plantaginaceae |
| Genus: | *Veronica* |
| Species: | ***V. dabneyi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Veronica dabneyi***<br>Hochst. | |
|


title: Verb phrase

abstract: In linguistics, a verb phrase (VP) is a syntactic unit composed of a verb and its arguments except the subject of an independent clause or coordinate clause. Thus, in the sentence A fat man quickly put the money into the box, the words quickly put the money into the box constitute a verb phrase; it consists of the verb put and its arguments, but not the subject a fat man. A verb phrase is similar to what is considered a predicate in traditional grammars. Verb phrases generally are divided among two types: finite, of which the head of the phrase is a finite verb; and nonfinite, where the head is a nonfinite verb, such as an infinitive, participle or gerund. Phrase structure grammars acknowledge both types, but dependency grammars treat the subject as just another verbal dependent, and they do not recognize the finite verbal phrase constituent. Understanding verb phrase analysis depends on knowing which theory applies in context.

text:
# Verb phrase

In linguistics, a **verb phrase** (**VP**) is a syntactic unit composed of a verb and its arguments except the subject of an independent clause or coordinate clause. Thus, in the sentence *A fat man quickly put the money into the box*, the words *quickly put the money into the box* constitute a verb phrase; it consists of the verb *put* and its arguments, but not the subject *a fat man*. A verb phrase is similar to what is considered a *predicate* in traditional grammars.

Verb phrases generally are divided among two types: finite, of which the head of the phrase is a finite verb; and nonfinite, where the head is a nonfinite verb, such as an infinitive, participle or gerund. Phrase structure grammars acknowledge both types, but dependency grammars treat the subject as just another verbal dependent, and they do not recognize the finite verbal phrase constituent. Understanding verb phrase analysis depends on knowing which theory applies in context.

## In phrase structure grammars

In phrase structure grammars such as generative grammar, the verb phrase is one headed by a verb. It may be composed of only a single verb, but typically it consists of combinations of main and auxiliary verbs, plus optional specifiers, complements (not including subject complements), and adjuncts. For example:

Yankee batters **hit the ball well enough to win their first World Series since 2000**. Mary **saw the man through the window**. David **gave Mary a book**.

The first example contains the long verb phrase *hit the ball well enough to win their first World Series since 2000*; the second is a verb phrase composed of the main verb *saw*, the complement phrase *the man* (a noun phrase), and the adjunct phrase *through the window* (an adverbial phrase and prepositional phrase). The third example presents three elements, the main verb *gave*, the noun *Mary*, and the noun phrase *a book*, all of which comprise the verb phrase. Note, the verb phrase described here corresponds to the predicate of traditional grammar.

Current views vary on whether all languages have a verb phrase; some schools of generative grammar (such as principles and parameters) hold that all languages have a verb phrase, while others (such as lexical functional grammar) take the view that at least some languages lack a verb phrase constituent, including those languages with a very free word order (the so-called non-configurational languages, such as Japanese, Hungarian, or Australian aboriginal languages), and some languages with a default VSO order (several Celtic and Oceanic languages).

Phrase structure grammars view both finite and nonfinite verb phrases as constituent phrases and, consequently, do not draw any key distinction between them. Dependency grammars (described below) are much different in this regard.

## In dependency grammars

While phrase structure grammars (constituency grammars) acknowledge both finite and non-finite VPs as constituents (complete subtrees), dependency grammars reject the former. That is, dependency grammars acknowledge only non-finite VPs as constituents; finite VPs do not qualify as constituents in dependency grammars. For example:

John **has finished the work**. – Finite VP in bold John has **finished the work**. – Non-finite VP in bold

Since *has finished the work* contains the finite verb *has*, it is a finite VP, and since *finished the work* contains the non-finite verb *finished* but lacks a finite verb, it is a non-finite VP. Similar examples:

They **do not want to try that**. – Finite VP in bold They do not **want to try that**. – One non-finite VP in bold They do not want to **try that**. – Another non-finite VP in bold

These examples illustrate well that many clauses can contain more than one non-finite VP, but they generally contain only one finite VP. Starting with Lucien Tesnière 1959, dependency grammars challenge the validity of the initial binary division of the clause into subject (NP) and predicate (VP), which means they reject the notion that the second half of this binary division, i.e. the finite VP, is a constituent. They do, however, readily acknowledge the existence of non-finite VPs as constituents. The two competing views of verb phrases are visible in the following trees:

The constituency tree on the left shows the finite VP *has finished the work* as a constituent, since it corresponds to a complete subtree. The dependency tree on the right, in contrast, does not acknowledge a finite VP constituent, since there is no complete subtree there that corresponds to *has finished the work*. Note that the analyses agree concerning the non-finite VP *finished the work*; both see it as a constituent (complete subtree).

Dependency grammars point to the results of many standard constituency tests to back up their stance. For instance, topicalization, pseudoclefting, and answer ellipsis suggest that non-finite VP does, but finite VP does not, exist as a constituent:

\*...and **has finished the work**, John. – Topicalization \*What John has done is **has finished the work**. – Pseudoclefting What has John done? – ***Has finished the work**. – Answer ellipsis

The * indicates that the sentence is bad. These data must be compared to the results for non-finite VP:

...and **finished the work**, John (certainly) has. – Topicalization What John has done is **finished the work**. – Pseudoclefting What has John done? – **Finished the work**. – Answer ellipsis

The strings in bold are the ones in focus. Attempts to in some sense isolate the finite VP fail, but the same attempts with the non-finite VP succeed.

## Narrowly defined

Verb phrases are sometimes defined more narrowly in scope, in effect counting only those elements considered strictly verbal in verb phrases. That would limit the definition to only main and auxiliary verbs, plus infinitive or participle constructions. For example, in the following sentences only the words in bold form the verb phrase:

John **has given** Mary a book. The picnickers **were being eaten** alive by mosquitos. She **kept screaming** like a football maniac. Thou **shalt** not **kill**.

This more narrow definition is often applied in functionalist frameworks and traditional European reference grammars. It is incompatible with the phrase structure model, because the strings in bold are not constituents under that analysis. It is, however, compatible with dependency grammars and other grammars that view the verb catena (verb chain) as the fundamental unit of syntactic structure, as opposed to the constituent.

* Akmajian, A. and F. Heny. 1980. An introduction to the principle of transformational syntax. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
* Finch, G. 2000. Linguistic terms and concepts. New York: St. Martin's Press.
* Klammer, T. and M. Schulz. 1996. Analyzing English grammar. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
* Kroeger, P. 2004. Analyzing syntax: A lexical-functional approach. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
* Matthews, P. 2007. Syntactic relations: A critical survey. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
* Miller, J. 2011. A critical introduction to syntax. London: continuum.
* Osborne, T., M. Putnam, and T. Groß 2011. Bare phrase structure, label-less structures, and specifier-less syntax: Is Minimalism becoming a dependency grammar? The Linguistic Review 28: 315–364.
* Sobin, N. 2011. Syntactic analysis: The basics. Malden, MA: Wiley–Blackwell.
* Tesnière, Lucien 1959. Éleménts de syntaxe structurale. Paris: Klincksieck.
* van Valin, R. 2001. An introduction to syntax. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.


title: Verba (band)

abstract: Verba is a Polish band from Piła formed in 1997. It originated from the Pop music group Squad Centralny. At first Bartek and Ignacy represented different music styles such as. Later they became fascinated with hip-hop, at which point they began composing hip-hop music with Rap elements. Bartek took care of composing the songs, while at first Ignacy wrote the lyrics. Later, both of them attended to the lyrics. rap became a prevailing characteristic of their compositions and hip-hop took second stage. The band influenced other Polish rap artists with similar styles like Ascetoholix, Jeden Osiem L, Mezo, Owal and 52 Dębiec some years ago. The first major label album 'Ósmy marca' increased the popularity of the band. Until now the duo has released six albums as well as nine video clips. They have also won a lot of awards.

text:
# Verba (band)

**Verba** is a Polish band from Piła formed in 1997. It originated from the Pop music group Squad Centralny. At first Bartek and Ignacy represented different music styles such as (techno, house, elektro and jungle). Later they became fascinated with hip-hop, at which point they began composing hip-hop music with Rap elements. Bartek took care of composing the songs, while at first Ignacy wrote the lyrics. Later, both of them attended to the lyrics. rap became a prevailing characteristic of their compositions and hip-hop took second stage.

The band influenced other Polish rap artists with similar styles like Ascetoholix, Jeden Osiem L, Mezo, Owal and 52 Dębiec some years ago. The first major label album  *'Ósmy marca'*  (they also have three demo CDs 'at account') increased the popularity of the band. Until now the duo has released six albums (four studio albums and two compilations) as well as nine video clips. They have also won a lot of awards.

## History

### Early bands

The first hip-hop formation was called BRAx2 and would later become Verba. The group began making music in 1997. The band included three people: Ignac, Wiktor and Witek. Soon afterwards it transformed to group Mechanizm. This band comprised the previous members plus Tylas, Biker and Rynias. They recorded material on two 'demos'. After a short time the group disintegrated. The members continued their activity and soon created a new hip-hop group Squad Centralny.

### Squad Centralny

The band included Ignac, Tylas and Bartas (as record producer). They recorded the 'illegal' CD  *'Squad Centralny. Pierwsze natarcie'*  (*Squad Centralny. 1st attack*). After Wiktor had joined them, the group released  *'Drugie Natarcie Squadu Centralnego'*  (*2nd attack of Squad Centralny*). It also planned the publication  *'Trzecie Natarcie Squadu Centralnego'*  (*3rd attack of Squad Centralny*).

After the departure of Tylas and Wiktor (producer of  *'Gangland'* ), they changed their name to VerbaFreniX and produced two video clips"  *'Chora miłość”* (*Crazy {or ill} love*) and *„Wiem jak to jest (RMX)'*  (*I know how it is (Remix)*). Later the duo adopted the name Verba and began producing rap.

## Awards and nominations

* Eska Music Awards 2006:

The band won in the category 'Debiut Roku' (*Debut of the Year*) and was also nominated for 'Album Roku' (*Album of the Year*) and 'Zespół Roku' (*Band of the Year*).

* Superjedynki 2006:

The album 'Dwudziesty pierwszy listopada' won in the category 'Płyta hiphopowa' (*Best Hip Hop Album*).

* Bravoora 2006:

The band came in third in the category 'Zespół/rap' (*Band/Pop*).

* Mikrofony Popcornu 2006:

Verba won a second prize in the category 'Hip Hop - Polska' (*Hip hop \- Poland*) and the third prize as 'Zespół Roku - Polska' (*Band of the Year*).

## Discography

### Studio albums

| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | Sales |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | POL
 | |
| *Ósmy marca* | * Released: March 7, 2005 * Label: UMC Records * Formats: CD, digital download | 13 |  |
| *Dwudziesty pierwszy listopada* | * Released: November 21, 2005 * Label: UMC Records * Formats: CD, digital download | 40 |  |
| *Trzydziesty października* | * Released: October 30, 2006 * Label: My Music * Formats: CD, digital download | 14 |  |
| *Szósty grudnia* | * Released: December 10, 2007 * Label: My Music * Formats: CD, digital download | 36 |  |
| *Młode wilki* | * Released: April 6, 2009 * Label: My Music * Formats: CD, digital download | 46 |  |
| *Nie łam mi serca* | * Released: November 30, 2009 * Label: My Music * Formats: CD, digital download |  |  |
| *21 marca* | * Released: 21 marca 2011 * Label: My Music * Formats: CD, digital download |  |  |
| *14 lutego* | * Released: February 12, 2013 * Label: My Music * Formats: CD, digital download | 30 |  |
| *Miłość i przyjaźń* | * Released: January 21, 2014 * Label: My Music * Formats: CD, digital download | 10 |  |
| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. | | | | | | | | | |

### Compilation albums

| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | POL
 |
| *Największe przeboje* | * Released: April 24, 2006 * Label: My Music * Formats: CD, digital download | 11 |
| *Największe przeboje vol.2* | * Released: March 5, 2007 * Label: My Music * Formats: CD | 37 |
| *The Greatest Hits* | * Released: September 8, 2008 * Label: My Music * Formats: CD |  |
| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Verba | |
| --- | --- |
| Verba | |
| Background information | |
| Also known as | Bartas & Ignac |
| Origin | Piła,  Poland |
| Genres | Pop |
| Years active | 1997 - present |
| Labels | UMC Records, My Music |
|  | |
| Members | Bartłomiej Kielar
Przemysław Malita |
|  | |
| Past members | Ignacy Ereński |
|  | |
| Website | www.verba.umc.pl |


title: Veritate

abstract:
Veritate may refer to :
  - The star 14 Andromedae.
  - Caritas in Veritate is the third encyclical of Pope Benedict XVI.
  - De Veritate is a major work of Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury.
  - Quaestiones disputatae de Veritate is one of the works by Thomas Aquinas.
  - Salva veritate substitution, from the Latin for "saving the truth", refers to two expressions that can be interchanged without changing the truth-value of the statements in which they occur.

text:
# Veritate

**Veritate** may refer to :

* The star 14 Andromedae.
* *Caritas in Veritate* (Latin: Charity in Truth) is the third encyclical of Pope Benedict XVI.
* *De Veritate* is a major work of Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury.
* *Quaestiones disputatae de Veritate* is one of the works by Thomas Aquinas.
* Salva veritate substitution, from the Latin for "saving the truth", refers to two expressions that can be interchanged without changing the truth-value of the statements in which they occur.


title: Vic Stollmeyer

abstract: Victor Humphrey Stollmeyer was a West Indian cricketer who played in one Test in 1939. Vic Stollmeyer was the older brother of West Indian captain Jeff Stollmeyer.

text:
# Vic Stollmeyer

**Victor Humphrey Stollmeyer** (24 January 1916 – 21 September 1999) was a West Indian cricketer who played in one Test in 1939.

Vic Stollmeyer was the older brother of West Indian captain Jeff Stollmeyer.

## InfoBox

Vic Stollmeyer
| Cricket information | |
| --- | --- |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Legbreak googly |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
| Only Test (cap 52) | 19 August 1939 v England |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition Test First-class  Matches 1 33  Runs scored 96 2,096  Batting average 96.00 42.77  100s/50s 0/1 4/13  Top score 96 139  Balls bowled  993  Wickets  15  Bowling average  40.79  5 wickets in innings  0  10 wickets in match  0  Best bowling 0/– 3/38  Catches/stumpings 0/0 16/– | |
|  | |
| Source: CricInfo, 20 November 2022 | |


abstract: Vesta Township is a township in Walsh County, North Dakota, United States.

text:
# Vesta Township, Walsh County, North Dakota

**Vesta Township** is a township in Walsh County, North Dakota, United States.

48°24′35″N 97°58′55″W / 48.4097°N 97.9819°W / 48.4097; -97.9819

## InfoBox

| Vesta Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Country | United States |
| State | North Dakota |
| County | Walsh County |
| Area | |
| Total | 36 sq mi (93.24 km2) |
| Land | 35.8 sq mi (92.722 km2) |
| Water | 0.2 sq mi (0.518 km2) |
| Population | |
| Total | 48 |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |


abstract: Venkatapuram also known as Nugur Venkatapuram is a mandal in Jayashankar Bhupalpally district of Telangana, India. Previously, Venkatapuram used to be in Nugur Tehsil or Taluka of East Godavari District of Andhra Pradesh.

text:
# Venkatapuram, Jayashankar Bhupalpally district

**Venkatapuram** also known as **Nugur Venkatapuram** is a mandal in Jayashankar Bhupalpally district of Telangana, India. Previously, Venkatapuram used to be in Nugur Tehsil or Taluka of East Godavari District of Andhra Pradesh.

## Demographics

According to Indian census, 2011, the demographic details of Venkatapuram mandal is as follows:

* Total Population: 31,765
* Male Population: 15,384 and Female Population: 16,381
* Total Literates: 16,984

## Villages

The villages in Venkatapuram mandal include:

* Alubaka
* Barlagudem
* Edhira
* Marikala
* Morravarigudem
* Pathrapuram
* Suraveedu
* Veerabhadravaram
* Chokkala
* Tekulaboru
* Wadagudem
* Nugur
* UppeduVeerapuram
* Napillauru

## InfoBox

| Venkatapuram | |
| --- | --- |
| Mandal | |
| NH 202 passes through Venkatapuram | |
| VenkatapuramLocation in Telangana, IndiaVenkatapuramVenkatapuram (India) | |
| Coordinates: 18°15′00″N 80°40′40″E / 18.25000°N 80.67778°E / 18.25000; 80.67778 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Telangana |
| District | Mulugu district |
| Elevation | 69 m (226 ft) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | TS |
| Vidhan Sabha constituency | Bhadrachalam |
| Climate | hot (Köppen) |
| Website | telangana.gov.in |


title: Venkatapur

abstract: Venkatapur is a village and a mandal in Mulugu district in the state of Telangana, India. It is the second-largest revenue village of the district, comprising around 12,000 people.

text:
# Venkatapur

**Venkatapur** is a village and a mandal in Mulugu district in the state of Telangana, India. It is the second-largest revenue village of the district, comprising around 12,000 people.

## InfoBox

| Venkatapur | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Telangana |
| District | Jayashankar |
| Talukas | Venkatapur |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayati raj (India) |
| Body | Gram panchayat |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | TS 03 |
| Website | telangana.gov.in |


title: Venkatapuram, Hyderabad

abstract: Venkatapuram is a locality and a ward in Alwal neighbourhood of Hyderabad city. It is administered as Ward No. 135 of Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation.

text:
# Venkatapuram, Hyderabad

**Venkatapuram** is a locality and a ward in Alwal neighbourhood of Hyderabad city. It is administered as Ward No. 135 of Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation.

## InfoBox

| Venkatapuram | |
| --- | --- |
| Locality | |
| VenkatapuramLocation in the state of Telangana, India | |
| Coordinates: 17°29′32″N 78°30′20″E / 17.492117°N 78.505473°E / 17.492117; 78.505473 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Telangana |
| District | Medchal–Malkajgiri |
| City | Hyderabad |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu & Tamil(Venkatraopet) |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN Code Postal Area and Head Office | 500010 |
| Vehicle registration | TS-08 |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Malkajgiri |
| Vidhan Sabha constituency | Malkajgiri |
| Civic agency | GHMC |


title: Vicky Hynes

abstract: Vicky Hynes, also known as Victoria Lankester, is an English former professional squash player who represented England. Hynes was born in Ipswich. She reached a career-high world ranking of 32 in March 2003.

text:
# Vicky Hynes

**Vicky Hynes** (born 30 March 1981), also known as **Victoria Lankester**, is an English former professional squash player who represented England.

Hynes was born in Ipswich. She reached a career-high world ranking of 32 in March 2003.

1. "Squash Info - Vicky Hynes". *www.squashinfo.com*.

## InfoBox

Vicky Hynes
| Country | England |
| --- | --- |
| Residence | Dudley |
| Born | (1981-03-30) 30 March 1981<br>Ipswich, England |
| Turned Pro | 1998 |
| Retired | Yes |
| Women's singles | |
| Highest ranking | No. 32 (March 2003) |
| Title(s) | 1 |
| Tour final(s) | 2 |
| Updated on May 2018. | |


title: Verifiable random function

abstract: In cryptography, a verifiable random function (VRF) is a public-key pseudorandom function that provides proofs that its outputs were calculated correctly. The owner of the secret key can compute the function value as well as an associated proof for any input value. Everyone else, using the proof and the associated public key, can check that this value was indeed calculated correctly, yet this information cannot be used to find the secret key. A verifiable random function can be viewed as a public-key analogue of a keyed cryptographic hash and as a cryptographic commitment to an exponentially large number of seemingly random bits. The concept of a verifiable random function is closely related to that of a verifiable unpredictable function (VUF), whose outputs are hard to predict but do not necessarily seem random. The concept of a VRF was introduced by Micali, Rabin, and Vadhan in 1999. Since then, verifiable random functions have found widespread use in cryptocurrencies, as well as in proposals for protocol design and cybersecurity.

text:
# Verifiable random function

In cryptography, a **verifiable random function** (VRF) is a public-key pseudorandom function that provides proofs that its outputs were calculated correctly. The owner of the secret key can compute the function value as well as an associated proof for any input value. Everyone else, using the proof and the associated public key (or *verification key*), can check that this value was indeed calculated correctly, yet this information cannot be used to find the secret key.

A verifiable random function can be viewed as a public-key analogue of a keyed cryptographic hash and as a cryptographic commitment to an exponentially large number of seemingly random bits. The concept of a verifiable random function is closely related to that of a **verifiable unpredictable function** (VUF), whose outputs are hard to predict but do not necessarily seem random.

The concept of a VRF was introduced by Micali, Rabin, and Vadhan in 1999. Since then, verifiable random functions have found widespread use in cryptocurrencies, as well as in proposals for protocol design and cybersecurity.

## Constructions

In 1999, Micali, Rabin, and Vadhan introduced the concept of a VRF and proposed the first such one. The original construction was rather inefficient: it first produces a *verifiable unpredictable function*, then uses a hard-core bit to transform it into a VRF; moreover, the inputs have to be mapped to primes in a complicated manner: namely, by using a prime sequence generator that generates primes with overwhelming probability using a probabilistic primality test. The verifiable unpredictable function thus proposed, which is provably secure if a variant of the RSA problem is hard, is defined as follows: The public key *PK* is $(m,r,Q,coins)$, where *m* is the product of two random primes, *r* is a number randomly selected from $\mathbb {Z} \_{m}^{\*}$, *coins* is a randomly selected set of bits, and *Q* a function selected randomly from all polynomials of degree $2k^{2}-1$ over the field $GF(2^{k})$. The secret key is $(PK,\phi (m))$. Given an input *x* and a secret key *SK*, the VUF uses the prime sequence generator to pick a corresponding prime $p\_{x}$ (the generator requires auxiliary inputs *Q* and *coins*), and then computes and outputs $r^{1/p\_{x}{\pmod {m}}}$, which is easily done by knowledge of $\phi (m)$.

In 2005, an efficient and practical verifiable random function was proposed by Dodis and Yampolskiy. When the input $x$ is from a small domain (the authors then extend it to a larger domain), the function can be defined as follows:

$$F\_{SK}(x)=e(g,g)^{1/(x+SK)}\quad {\mbox{and}\quad p\_{SK}(x)=g^{1/(x+SK)},}$$

where *e*(·,·) is a bilinear map. To verify whether $F\_{SK}(x)$ was computed correctly or not, one can check if $e(g^{x}PK,p\_{SK}(x))=e(g,g)$ and $e(g,p\_{SK}(x))=F\_{SK}(x)$. To extend this to a larger domain, the authors use a tree construction and a universal hash function. This is secure if it is hard to break the "q-Diffie-Helman inversion assumption", which states that no algorithm given $(g,g^{x},\dots ,g^{x^{q})}$ can compute $g^{1/x}$, and the "q-decisional bilinear Diffie-Helman inversion assumption", which states that it is impossible for an efficient algorithm given $(g,g^{x},\ldots ,g^{(x^{q})},R)$ as input to distinguish $R=e(g,g)^{1/x}$ from random, in the group $\mathbb {G} $.

In 2015, Hofheinz and Jager constructed a VRF which is provably secure given any member of the "(n − 1)-linear assumption family", which includes the decision linear assumption. This is the first such VRF constructed that does not depend on a "Q-type complexity assumption".

In 2019, Bitansky showed that VRFs exist if non-interactive witness-indistinguishable proofs (that is, weaker versions of non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs for NP problems that only hide the witness that the prover uses), non-interactive cryptographic commitments, and single-key constrained pseudorandom functions (that is, pseudorandom functions that only allow the user to evaluate the function with a preset constrained subset of possible inputs) also do.

When an Oblivious Pseudorandom Function is based on asymmetric cryptography, possession of the public key can allow the client to verify the output of the function, by checking a digital signature or a zero-knowledge proof.

In 2020, Esgin et al. proposed a post-quantum secure VRF based on lattice-based cryptography.

## Uses and applications

VRFs provide deterministic pre-commitments for low entropy inputs which must be resistant to brute-force pre-image attacks. VRFs can be used for defense against offline enumeration attacks (such as dictionary attacks) on data stored in hash-based data structures.

### In protocol design

VRFs have been used to make:

* Resettable zero-knowledge proofs (i.e. one that remains zero-knowledge even if a malicious verifier is allowed to *reset* the honest prover and query it again) with three rounds in the bare model
* Non-interactive lottery systems
* Verifiable transaction escrow schemes
* Updatable zero-knowledge databases
* E-cash

VRFs can also be used to implement random oracles.

### In Internet security

DNSSEC is a system that prevents attackers from tampering with Domain Name System messages, but it also suffers from the vulnerability of zone enumeration. The proposed NSEC5 system, which uses VRFs, provably prevents this type of attack.

1. Bitansky, Nir (2020-04-01). "Verifiable Random Functions from Non-interactive Witness-Indistinguishable Proofs". *Journal of Cryptology*. **33** (2): 459–493. doi:10.1007/s00145-019-09331-1. ISSN 1432-1378. S2CID 253636177.
2. Goldberg, Sharon; Vcelak, Jan; Papadopoulos, Dimitrios; Reyzin, Leonid (5 March 2018). *Verifiable Random Functions (VRFs)* (PDF) (Technical report). Retrieved 15 August 2021.
3. Dodis, Yevgeniy; Yampolskiy, Aleksandr (16 November 2004). "A Verifiable Random Function With Short Proofs and Keys" (PDF). *8th International Workshop on Theory and Practice in Public Key Cryptography*. International Workshop on Public Key Cryptography. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (published 2005). pp. 416–431. ISBN 978-3-540-30580-4. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
4. Micali, Silvio; Rabin, Michael O.; Vadhan, Salil P. (1999). "Verifiable random functions" (PDF). *Proceedings of the 40th IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science*. 40th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science. pp. 120–130. doi:10.1109/SFFCS.1999.814584. ISBN 0-7695-0409-4.
5. Potter, John (9 September 2021). "How Can Value Investors Profit in the Crypto Ecosystem?". *finance.yahoo.com*. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
6. Nountu, Thierry Mefenza (28 November 2017). *Pseudo-Random Generators and Pseudo-Random Functions: Cryptanalysis and Complexity Measures* (Thèse de doctorat thesis).
7. Hofheinz, Dennis; Jager, Tibor (30 October 2015). *Verifiable Random Functions from Standard Assumptions*. Theory of Cryptography Conference (published 19 December 2015). pp. 336–362. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.738.9975. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-49096-9\_14. ISBN 978-3-662-49096-9.
8. Barak, Boaz; Ong, Shien Jin; Vadhan, Salil (2007-01-01). "Derandomization in Cryptography" (PDF). *SIAM Journal on Computing*. **37** (2): 380–400. doi:10.1137/050641958. ISSN 0097-5397. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
9. Boneh, Dan; Waters, Brent (2013). "Constrained Pseudorandom Functions and Their Applications". In Sako, Kazue; Sarkar, Palash (eds.). *Advances in Cryptology - ASIACRYPT 2013*. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 8270. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 280–300. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-42045-0\_15. ISBN 978-3-642-42045-0. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
10. Esgin, Muhammed F.; Kuchta, Veronika; Sakzad, Amin; Steinfeld, Ron; Zhang, Zhenfei; Sun, Shifeng; Chu, Shumo (24 March 2021). "Practical Post-Quantum Few-Time Verifiable Random Function with Applications to Algorand". *Cryptology ePrint Archive*. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
11. Schorn, Eric (2020-02-24). "Reviewing Verifiable Random Functions". *NCC Group Research*. Retrieved 2021-09-04.
12. Micali, Silvio; Reyzin, Leonid (2001). "Soundness in the Public-Key Model". In Kilian, Joe (ed.). *Advances in Cryptology — CRYPTO 2001*. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 2139. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 542–565. doi:10.1007/3-540-44647-8\_32. ISBN 978-3-540-44647-7.
13. Dodis, Yevgeniy (2002). "Efficient Construction of (Distributed) Verifiable Random Functions". In Desmedt, Yvo G. (ed.). *Public Key Cryptography — PKC 2003*. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 2567. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 1–17. doi:10.1007/3-540-36288-6\_1. ISBN 978-3-540-36288-3.
14. Goldberg, Sharon. "NSEC5: Provably Preventing DNSSEC Zone Enumeration". *www.cs.bu.edu*. Retrieved 2021-08-26.


title: Verifi

abstract: Verifi is a payment protection and management firm founded in 2005. It is based in Los Angeles, California, and has close to 9000 verified accounts. It was acquired by Visa Inc. in 2019 for an undisclosed sum.

text:
# Verifi

**Verifi** is a payment protection and management firm founded in 2005. It is based in Los Angeles, California, and has close to 9000 verified accounts. It was acquired by Visa Inc. in 2019 for an undisclosed sum.

## History

Matthew Katz, Verifi’s founder and CEO, started the company after developing a way to identify multiple types of payment risk.

## Process

The company’s primary product offering is Cardholder Dispute Resolution Network (CDRN), which helps connect financial organizations and merchants, allowing merchants to act in real time to issue refunds, work to clear up equivocal transaction histories, or initiate traditional chargeback procedures.

In April 2017, Verifi launched Order Insight, a collaboration platform that connects cardholders, merchants and issuers to resolve billing confusion and disputes in real time. Through the platform, order details are made available to consumers via their card issuer. If a consumer elects to contact the issuing bank, their call center or back office personnel have access to the same order details and compelling evidence.

## Industries

Verifi works within most retail-related industries, with omni-channel and e-commerce merchants, and maximizes "payment yield" across the entire transaction life-cycle.

## InfoBox

Verifi
|
|  |
| Company type | Online Payment, International Money Transfer and Prepaid Debit Cards |
| Founded | 2005 |
| Headquarters | Los Angeles, CA, United States |
| Key people | Matthew Katz, CEO |
| Website | www.verifi.com |


title: Victor J. Katz

abstract: Victor Joseph Katz is an American mathematician, historian of mathematics, and teacher known for using the history of mathematics in teaching mathematics.

text:
# Victor J. Katz

**Victor Joseph Katz** (born 31 December 1942, Philadelphia) is an American mathematician, historian of mathematics, and teacher known for using the history of mathematics in teaching mathematics.

## Biography

Katz received in 1963 from Princeton University a bachelor's degree and in 1968 from Brandeis University a Ph.D. in mathematics under Maurice Auslander with thesis *The Brauer group of a regular local ring*. He became at Federal City College an assistant professor and then in 1973 an associate professor and, after the merger of Federal City College into the University of the District of Columbia in 1977, a full professor there in 1980. He retired there as professor emeritus in 2005.

As a mathematician Katz specializes in algebra, but he is mainly known for his work on the history of mathematics and its uses in teaching. He wrote a textbook *History of Mathematics: An Introduction* (1993), for which he won in 1995 the Watson Davis and Helen Miles Davis Prize. He organized workshops and congresses for the Mathematical Association of America (MAA) and the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. The MAA published a collection of teaching materials by Katz as a compact disk with the title *Historical Modules for the Teaching and Learning of Mathematics*. With Frank Swetz, he was a founding editor of a free online journal on the history of mathematics under the aegis of the MAA; the journal is called *Convergence: Where Mathematics, History, and Teaching Interact*. In the journal *Convergence*, Katz and Swetz published a series *Mathematical Treasures*. For a study of the possibilities for using mathematical history in schools, Katz received a grant from the National Science Foundation.

## Personal

He has been married since 1969 to Phyllis Katz (née Friedman), a science educator who developed and directed the U.S. national nonprofit organization *Hands On Science Outreach, Inc.* (HOSO). The couple have three children.

## Selected publications

### As author

### As editor

## InfoBox

| Victor Joseph Katz | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 31 December 1942<br>Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US |
| Occupation | Mathematician |
| Known for | Using the history of mathematics to teach the subject |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | Princeton University |
| Academic work | |
| Notable works | *History of Mathematics: An Introduction* (1993) |
|  | |


title: Veronika Grygarová

abstract: Veronika Grygarová is a Czech deaf female alpine skier. She represented Czech Republic at the Deaflympics in 2007 and 2015. She made her Deaflympic debut at the 2007 Winter Deaflympics and competed in the women's giant slalom, slalom and Super-G events. Veronika also went onto participate at the 2015 Winter Deaflympics and competed in the women's slalom, giant slalom, Super-G, super combined and downhill events. She claimed her only medal in her Deaflympic career as she claimed a silver medal in the downhill category while the gold medal was claimed by her compatriot, Tereza Kmochová in the relevant event.

text:
# Veronika Grygarová

**Veronika Grygarová** (born 12 April 1991) is a Czech deaf female alpine skier. She represented Czech Republic at the Deaflympics in 2007 and 2015.

She made her Deaflympic debut at the 2007 Winter Deaflympics and competed in the women's giant slalom, slalom and Super-G events. Veronika also went onto participate at the 2015 Winter Deaflympics and competed in the women's slalom, giant slalom, Super-G, super combined and downhill events. She claimed her only medal in her Deaflympic career as she claimed a silver medal in the downhill category while the gold medal was claimed by her compatriot, Tereza Kmochová in the relevant event.

## InfoBox

Veronika Grygarová
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Czech |
| Born | (1991-04-12) 12 April 1991 |
| Sport | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Sport | alpine skiing |
| Medal record      Women's Alpine skiing  Representing  Czech Republic  Deaflympics  Khanty-Mansiysk 2015 Downhill | |


title: Verticordia sect. Catocalypta

abstract: Verticordia sect. Catocalypta is one of eleven sections in the subgenus Verticordia. It includes seven species of plants in the genus Verticordia. Plants in this section are small, bushy shrubs which grow to a height of up to 1 m (3 ft), have thick, fleshy, leaves which are triangular in cross-section. The flowers are arranged in open, corymb-like heads of relatively large flowers. Importantly, their sepals have down-turned, tufts of hair which surround the floral cup. In 1843, Johannes Conrad Schauer described Verticordia subg. Catocalypta and published the description in Monographia Myrtacearum Xerocarpicarum. In 1856, Carl Meissner relegated the subgenus to a section. Schauer did not provide an etymology for Catocalypta but in Ancient Greek, kato means "down below" and kalyptos means "covered", probably referring to the tufts of hair covering the floral cup. When Alex George reviewed the genus in 1991 he retained Meissner's description. The type species for this section is Verticordia insignis and the other six species are V. roei, V. inclusa, V. apecta, V. habrantha, V. lehmannii and V. pritzelii.

text:
# Verticordia sect. Catocalypta

***Verticordia* sect. *Catocalypta*** is one of eleven sections in the subgenus *Verticordia*. It includes seven species of plants in the genus *Verticordia*. Plants in this section are small, bushy shrubs which grow to a height of up to 1 m (3 ft), have thick, fleshy, leaves which are triangular in cross-section. The flowers are arranged in open, corymb-like heads of relatively large flowers. Importantly, their sepals have down-turned, tufts of hair which surround the floral cup.

In 1843, Johannes Conrad Schauer described *Verticordia* subg. *Catocalypta* and published the description in *Monographia Myrtacearum Xerocarpicarum*. In 1856, Carl Meissner relegated the subgenus to a section. Schauer did not provide an etymology for *Catocalypta* but in Ancient Greek, *kato* means "down below" and *kalyptos* means "covered", probably referring to the tufts of hair covering the floral cup.

When Alex George reviewed the genus in 1991 he retained Meissner's description.

The type species for this section is *Verticordia insignis* and the other six species are *V. roei*, *V. inclusa*, *V. apecta*, *V. habrantha*, *V. lehmannii* and *V. pritzelii*.

## InfoBox

| *Verticordia sect. Catocalypta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Verticordia* |
| Subgenus: | *Verticordia* subg. *Verticordia* |
| Section: | *Verticordia* sect. *Catocalypta*<br>(Schauer) Meisn. |
|
| Species | |
| 7 species: see text. | |


title: Verticordia sect. Infuscata

abstract: Verticordia sect. Infuscata is one of eleven sections in the subgenus Verticordia. It includes two species of plants in the genus Verticordia. Plants in this section are small shrubs with greyish foliage, unusual flowers and an odour of mice. The floral cup has a tuft of hairs around its base, dull purple or cream-coloured flowers with divided sepals and petals with a transparent margin. When Alex George reviewed the genus in 1991 he formally described this section, publishing the description in the journal Nuytsia. The name Infuscata is derived from the Latin word fusca meaning "dark" or "dusky" referring to the dullish colour of plants in this section. The type species for this section is Verticordia oxylepis and the other species is V. longistylis.

text:
# Verticordia sect. Infuscata

***Verticordia* sect. *Infuscata*** is one of eleven sections in the subgenus *Verticordia*. It includes two species of plants in the genus *Verticordia*. Plants in this section are small shrubs with greyish foliage, unusual flowers and an odour of mice. The floral cup has a tuft of hairs around its base, dull purple or cream-coloured flowers with divided sepals and petals with a transparent margin. When Alex George reviewed the genus in 1991 he formally described this section, publishing the description in the journal *Nuytsia*. The name *Infuscata* is derived from the Latin word *fusca* meaning "dark" or "dusky" referring to the dullish colour of plants in this section.

The type species for this section is *Verticordia oxylepis* and the other species is *V. longistylis*.

## InfoBox

| *Verticordia sect. Infuscata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Verticordia* |
| Subgenus: | *Verticordia* subg. *Verticordia* |
| Section: | *Verticordia* sect. *Infuscata*<br>A.S.George |
|
| Species | |
| 2 species: see text. | |


title: Verticordia sect. Intricata

abstract: Verticordia sect. Intricata is one of eleven sections in the subgenus Verticordia. It includes three species of plants in the genus Verticordia. Plants in this section are usually bushy shrubs, sometimes cauliflower-like, with greyish leaves and fluffy or woolly pink to red, sometimes white flowers. The sepals have intricately branched lobes and hairy appendages and the stamens and staminodes are joined in a ring structure. When Alex George reviewed the genus in 1991 he formally described this section, publishing the description in the journal Nuytsia. The name Intricata is from the Latin word intricatus meaning "entangled" or "complicated" referring to the intricately divided sepals. The type species for this section is Verticordia monadelpha and the other two species are V. mitchelliana and V. pulchella.

text:
# Verticordia sect. Intricata

***Verticordia* sect. *Intricata*** is one of eleven sections in the subgenus *Verticordia*. It includes three species of plants in the genus *Verticordia*. Plants in this section are usually bushy shrubs, sometimes cauliflower-like, with greyish leaves and fluffy or woolly pink to red, sometimes white flowers. The sepals have intricately branched lobes and hairy appendages and the stamens and staminodes are joined in a ring structure. When Alex George reviewed the genus in 1991 he formally described this section, publishing the description in the journal *Nuytsia*. The name *Intricata* is from the Latin word *intricatus* meaning "entangled" or "complicated" referring to the intricately divided sepals.

The type species for this section is *Verticordia monadelpha* and the other two species are *V. mitchelliana* and *V. pulchella*.

## InfoBox

| *Verticordia sect. Intricata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Verticordia* |
| Subgenus: | *Verticordia* subg. *Verticordia* |
| Section: | *Verticordia* sect. *Intricata*<br>A.S.George |
|
| Species | |
| 3 species: see text. | |


title: Vermetus granulatus

abstract: Vermetus granulatus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Vermetidae, the worm snails or worm shells.

text:
# Vermetus granulatus

***Vermetus granulatus*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Vermetidae, the worm snails or worm shells.

## Description

## Distribution

## InfoBox

| *Vermetus granulatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Vermetidae |
| Genus: | *Vermetus* |
| Species: | ***V. granulatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Vermetus granulatus***<br>(Gravenhorst, 1831) | |
|


abstract: Veurne-Diksmuide-Ostend-Ypres was a constituency used to elect members of the Flemish Parliament between 1995 and 2003.

text:
# Veurne-Diksmuide-Ostend-Ypres (Flemish Parliament constituency)

**Veurne-Diksmuide-Ostend-Ypres** was a constituency used to elect members of the Flemish Parliament between 1995 and 2003.

## Representatives

| Election | MFP
(Party) | | MFP
(Party) | | MFP
(Party) | | MFP
(Party) | | MFP
(Party) | | MFP
(Party) | | MFP
(Party) | | MFP
(Party) | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1995 |  | Christian Verougstraete
(VB) |  | Julien Demeulenaere
(VLD) |  | Didier Ramoudt
(VLD) |  | Gilbert Vanleenhove
(CVP) |  | Jacky Maes
(PS) |  | Maria Tyberghien-Vandenbussche
(CVP) |  | Paul Deprez
(CVP) |  | Johnny Goos
(PS) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | 1999 | Jan Verfaillie
(CVP) |  | Didier Ramoudt
(VLD) |  | Jan Loons
(VU) |


abstract: Veurne-Diksmuide-Ostend was a constituency used to elect a single member of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives between 1900 and 1991.

text:
# Veurne-Diksmuide-Ostend (Chamber of Representatives constituency)

**Veurne-Diksmuide-Ostend** was a constituency used to elect a single member of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives between 1900 and 1991.

## Representatives

| Election | Representative
(Party) | | Representative
(Party) | | Representative
(Party) | | Representative
(Party) | | Representative
(Party) | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1900 | Formed from a merger of Veurne, Diksmuide and Ostend | | | | | | | | | |
| |  | Adolphe Buyl
(Liberal) |  | Auguste Pil
(Catholic) |  | Eugène De Groote
(Catholic) |  | Jules Vanderheyde
(Catholic) | 4 seats | |
| | | | | | | | | 1904 |
| | | | | | 1908 | | Auguste Hamman
(Catholic) | Jean Maes
(Catholic) |
| | | | | | 1912 | |  | Désiré Serruys
(Liberal) |
| | | 1919 |  | | Edouard Van Vlaenderen
(PS) | | Henri Baels
(Catholic) |
| | | | 1921 | |  | | Frans Brusselmans
(Catholic) | Georges Goetgebuer
(Catholic) | Ernest Van Glabbeke
(Liberal) |
| | | | 1925 | |  | | Daan Boens
(PS) |
| | | | 1929 | Emile Vroome
(Liberal) |  | | Georges Marquet
(Liberal) |  | Jeroom Leuridan
(Frontpartij) |
| | | | | | 1932 | |  | Julien Peurquaet
(PS) | Karel Goetghebeur
(Catholic) |
| | | | | | 1936 | | Georges Delputte
(Catholic) | Adolphe Van Glabbeke
(Liberal) |
| | | | 1939 | Leon Porta
(Catholic) |  | | Joris Vansteenland
(VNV) |
| | | | 1946 | Roger De Kinder
(BSP) |  | | Godfried Develter
(CVP) |
| | | | 1949 |  | Jan Piers
(CVP) | |
| | | | 1950 ||
| | | | 1954 |  | Hubert De Groote
(BSP) | |
| | | 1958 | Maurice Quaghebeur
(Liberal) |  | Dries Claeys
(CVP) | Jan Piers
(CVP) |
| | | | | 1961 | Frans Goes
(BSP) |  | Maurice Vandamme
(CVP) |
| | | | 1965 |  | Etienne Lootens-Stael
(VU) | John Lauwereins
(BSP) |  | Polydore-Gentiel Holvoet
(PVV) |
| | | | | | 1968 |  | Hubert De Groote
(BSP) |
| | | | | 1971 | Emiel Vansteenkiste
(VU) | Alfons Laridon
(BSP) |  | Gerard Markey
(CVP) | Raoul Bonnel
(PVV) |
| | | | | | 1974 |  | Jaak Vandemeulebroucke
(VU) |
| | | | | | 1977 |  | Maria Tyberghien-Vandenbussche
(CVP) |
| | | 1978 | | | Cyriel Marchand
(CVP) |
| | | 1981 | | | Julien Desseyn
(VU) |  | Marcel Heughebaert
(PVV) |
| | | 1985 | |  | Ferdinand Ghesquière
(CVP) | Marcel Decoster
(PVV) |
| | | | | 1988 | Jan Loones
(VU) |  | Marcel Gesquière
(PS) |
| | | 1991 | |  | Didier Ramoudt
(PVV) | Johan Vande Lanotte
(PS) |  | Ferdinand Ghesquière
(CVP) | Gilbert Vanleenhove
(CVP) | Julien Demeulenaere
(PVV) |
| 1995 | Merged into Veurne-Diksmuide-Ostend-Ypres | | | | | | | | | |


title: Viking Society for Northern Research

abstract: The Viking Society for Northern Research is a group dedicated to the study and promotion of the ancient culture of Scandinavia. Founded in London in 1892 as the Orkney, Shetland and Northern Society or the Viking Club, its name was changed in 1902 to the Viking Club or Society for Northern Research, and in 1912 to its present name. Its journal, Saga-Book, publication of editions, translations, and scholarly studies, and since 1964 the Dorothea Coke Memorial Lectures, have been influential in the field of Old Norse and Scandinavian-British Studies.

text:
# Viking Society for Northern Research

The **Viking Society for Northern Research** is a group dedicated to the study and promotion of the ancient culture of Scandinavia. Founded in London in 1892 as the **Orkney, Shetland and Northern Society** or the **Viking Club**, its name was changed in 1902 to the **Viking Club or Society for Northern Research**, and in 1912 to its present name. Its journal, *Saga-Book*, publication of editions, translations, and scholarly studies, and since 1964 the Dorothea Coke Memorial Lectures, have been influential in the field of Old Norse and Scandinavian-British Studies.

## History

The club was initially founded as a social and literary society for those from Orkney and Shetland. After some debate, this was broadened to include all those interested in the Norsemen and the history of the North, and an inaugural session of the reconstituted Viking Club or Orkney, Shetland and Northern Society was held at the King's Weigh House Rooms on 12 January 1894. It was mocked in the *Pall Mall Gazette* under the headline "Vikings Drink Tea", whereupon a member retorted in a letter that "The fiercest warriors, even savages, drink tea and coffee nowadays". *Punch* made fun of the Nordic titles of its officers with a satirical "Saga of the Shield-Maiden":

> There'll be many a black, black eye, mother, in the club to-morrow night,
> For the Things-bothman and the Law-bothman have together arranged to fight;
> While the stakes will be held by the Skatt-taker, and the Jarl will join the fray,
> And we Shield-maidens will shriek and whoop in Old Norse, as best we may!

The society did at that time call its officers "jarl, jarla-man, Viking-jarl, umboths-jarl and the rest", and its by-laws are still called the Law-Book. Initially they had used names specifically related to the Isles: "Udaller, Udal-Book and Udal-Right for Member, List of Members and Membership respectively \[and also\] Huss-Thing, Schynd-Bill, Great Foud and Stem-Rod". Both publications also made fun of the "weaking" pronunciation of *viking* and of the ambitious statement of intent in the prospectus: "It behoves every one who is directly or indirectly connected with or interested in the North to give the Viking Club such support as will enable it to take its proper place among the foremost societies in Europe". In the words of *Punch*:

> If we scratch up a scanty Skanian skill with skald and skal and ski,
> In the foremost place of societies soon in Europe we'll be!

The mockery touched off vehement exchanges of letters in the *Orkney Herald* and the *Shetland News* in which St. Magnus was used as a pen name and reference was made to effeminacy and nithings.

The society soon became better known for scholarship than for the conviviality that had been half its intended purpose. The "foys", or concerts, gave way starting in 1901 to an annual dinner, which has continued to the present with few interruptions. In 1902 its name changed to the Viking Club or Society for Northern Research and in 1912 to the Viking Society for Northern Research.

The Dorothea Coke Memorial Lectures at University College London, endowed in 1962 by Colonel B. E. Coke in memory of his wife, began in 1963 with G. N. Garmonsway lecturing on "Canute and His Empire"; these are published. The Society has also assisted in publishing the proceedings of the Viking Congress since the sixth Congress in 1969, and in making foreign publications available to members.

The Viking Society both resulted from and encouraged the Victorian Viking revival. Collingwood, an art professor who became a philologist and translator as well as illustrator of Old Norse texts, presented his oil painting *The Parliament of Ancient Iceland* to the society and it hung in their meeting room. From its earliest days the Society brought together the prominent scholars in the field: William Morris, Eiríkr Magnússon, Guðbrandur Vigfússon and Frederick York Powell were among the active members in its early days, and its publications, lectures, and symposia have continued in the same vein, featuring Gabriel Turville-Petre, J. R. R. Tolkien, and Ursula Dronke, for example.

In 1917 the Viking Society was asked to help with the effort to establish Scandinavian Studies at the University of London, where it was by then holding its meetings, and it became traditional for the head of what is now the Department of Scandinavian Studies at University College London to be joint Honorary Secretary of the Society. The Society's extensive library became part of University College's library in 1931 in exchange for permanent access to a meeting room; however, in 1940 the collection was almost entirely destroyed in a fire caused by wartime bombing and it had to be laboriously replaced.

World War I had little effect on the Society's meetings but interrupted its publications, which resumed only slowly; there had been financial problems early in its history (a Treasurer destroyed the year's financial records rather than take them with him in a move, and the printers sued to recover the cost of an overrun), and again in 1916 a large sum had to be promised to the printers to avert a lawsuit, but in the 1920s serious financial problems arose. Meetings were suspended during World War II but publications struggled on.

## Publications

The first volume of the society's journal, *Saga-Book*, appeared in 1895; the first volume of *Old Lore Miscellany* is dated 1907–08; in welcoming that, the *Pall Mall Gazette* praised the society for "fresh and meritorious work". In 1908, a correspondent reported approvingly in the *American Journal of Philology* on the Society's "very large" membership including "many names prominent in the literary life and the scientific world of England, Scotland and the North" and on its publications and expenditure of "large sums of money" on expeditions as far afield as Denmark. From 1920, *Saga-Book* occasionally published monographs as separate numbers, but there is also a short Extra Series of monographs which began in 1893. A translation series began in 1902 with W. G. Collingwood and Jón Stefánsson's *The Life and Death of Kormac the Skald*. A text series began with an edition of *Gunnlaugs saga ormstungu* in 1935, and later broadened to include further monographs.

## Prizes

The society provides three annual prizes for student research. The Townsend Viking Society Prize is awarded to a student of the Department of Scandinavian Studies at UCL. The Turville-Petre Prize is awarded to a student of Oxford University. Two Margaret Orme Prizes (one for an undergraduate, one for a first year graduate), are awarded to individuals not associated with either of the previous institutions.

## Scottish Society for Northern Studies

After the idea was raised at the fifth Viking Congress in Tórshavn in 1965, a Scottish offshoot of the Viking Society, the **Scottish Society for Northern Studies**, came into being in 1968. It publishes a journal called *Northern Studies* and holds an annual conference.


title: Viking Soul Food

abstract: Viking Soul Food is a Scandinavian restaurant in Portland, Oregon.

text:
# Viking Soul Food

**Viking Soul Food** is a Scandinavian restaurant in Portland, Oregon.

## Description

Viking Soul Food (VSF) is a Scandinavian restaurant in southeast Portland's Woodstock neighborhood. Previously, the business operated from an Airstream trailer on Belmont Street, in the Bite On Belmont food cart pod in southeast Portland's Sunnyside neighborhood.

In 2020, Christen McCurdy of *Willamette Week* said the Black-owned restaurant serves "Scandinavian-soul fusion" food, and the *Portland Mercury*'s Robert Ham described the menu as "Nordic-inspired" comfort food. The menu includes lefse (potato-based Norwegian flatbread) with meatballs with gravy or smoked salmon, dill, greens, and creme fraiche, as well as seafood chowder and lingonberry iced tea.

## History

Megan Walhood and Jeremy Daniels have operated VSF since August 2010. The restaurant appeared on season 32, episode 11 ("From Vikings to Wings") of the Food Network's *Diners, Drive-Ins, and Dives*. In 2014, the duo announced plans to close and sell the Airstream.

Some VSF menu options are also available at the duo's food cart The Wild Hunt, which opened in 2016.

In 2022, owners announced plans to move to a brick and mortar restaurant in Woodstock, occupying the space which previously housed El Gallo Taqueria. The restaurant opened on November 26. In 2024, Walhood and Daniels confirmed plans to sell the 1958 Streamline trailer, and update the menu at the Woodstock restaurant.

## Reception

Nick Woo and Brooke Jackson-Glidden included VSF in *Eater Portland*'s 2021 guide to the city's "most outstanding" food carts. Jackson-Glidden also included the smoked steelheadlefse in a 2024 overview of "iconic" Portland dishes.

## InfoBox

| Viking Soul Food | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| The restaurant's exterior, 2024 | |
|  | |
| Restaurant information | |
| Established | August 2010 (2010-08) |
| Food type | Scandinavian |
| City | Portland |
| State | Oregon |
| Country | United States |
| Coordinates | 45°31′00″N 122°37′07″W / 45.5168°N 122.6185°W / 45.5168; -122.6185 |
| Website | vikingsoulfood.com |


title: Victoria Ground (Stockton-on-Tees)

abstract: Victoria Ground (Stockton-on-Tees) was a football and greyhound racing stadium located on Tynedale Street, Stockton-on-Tees, County Durham.

text:
# Victoria Ground (Stockton-on-Tees)

**Victoria Ground (Stockton-on-Tees)** was a football and greyhound racing stadium located on Tynedale Street, Stockton-on-Tees, County Durham.

## Origins

The stadium was constructed during the latter part of the 19th Century at a time when the area was being developed from open land into housing. The stadium was located on the east side of the cemetery, the north end of Suffolk Street and on the south side of Tynedale Street. The stadium could hold up to 20,000 spectators.

## Football

Stockton FC used the ground from 1889 until 1975.

## Greyhound racing

The greyhound racing took place around the outside of the football pitch and the racing was independent (not affiliated to the sports governing body the National Greyhound Racing Club). It started in c.1947 but the end date is not known. It was one of three greyhound racing venues in Stockton-on-Tees.

## Other uses

The Victoria Ground held athletic meetings and school sports days.

## Closure

In 1975 the football team folded resulting in the closure and subsequent redevelopment of the ground.

Media related to Victoria Ground (Stockton-on-Tees) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

Victoria Ground (Stockton-on-Tees)
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Tynedale Street, Stockton-on-Tees, County Durham |
| Coordinates | 54°33′48″N 1°19′42″W / 54.56333°N 1.32833°W / 54.56333; -1.32833 |
| Opened | 1889 |
| Closed | 1975 |


title: Victoria House, London

abstract: Victoria House is a neoclassical building in Bloomsbury, London, WC1. It stands on a long rectangular island site between the east side of Bloomsbury Square and Southampton Row. It became a Grade II listed building in December 1990.

text:
# Victoria House, London

**Victoria House** is a neoclassical building in Bloomsbury, London, WC1. It stands on a long rectangular island site between the east side of Bloomsbury Square and Southampton Row. It became a Grade II listed building in December 1990.

## History and description

The building was designed by Charles William Long and constructed in the 1920s, in a style described by Pevsner as "Neo-Grec". It was built for and occupied for many decades as the head office of the Liverpool Victoria Friendly Society. The east side of Bloomsbury Square was formerly a terrace of houses, which included the London house of the 18th century judge Lord Mansfield, which was looted in the Gordon Riots. The building was constructed between 1926 and 1932.

The building was constructed with a steel frame and Portland stone façades. It has eight main storeys, plus basement and sub-basement, with 15 bays along the east and west elevations, and five bays on the north and south sides. The rusticated ground floor level has retail units on Southampton Row. Giant order pilaster, separated by window openings, span the second to fourth floors, with porticos in the centre of each long side. The tympanum of each triangular pediment includes figurative sculptures by Herbert William Palliser, with the group to the west representing the bounty of the natural world and the group to the east representing navigation and industry. Two further storeys in the frieze and parapet levels, and two in the green slate mansard roof with dormer windows, topped by a small central two-storey feature above the mansard.

Inside, each side retains its original entrance lobby faced with Subiaco marble, and ornamental brasswork by the Bromsgrove Guild, some with the "VH" monogram. A large central space on the ground floor opens to three floors, with a coffered ceiling.

Although the exterior of the building is largely unchanged, the interior has been extensively modernised, with work completed in 2003. Interior features of historic interest were retained and refurbished to their former condition, including the original Art Deco ballroom which was transformed into the Bloomsbury Ballroom function venue, while other areas were substantially remodelled to create large amounts of office and leisure space. A retail area with open arcade was added to the Southampton Row frontage, recreating its former appearance prior to redevelopment in the 1950s. From Autumn 2024, Victoria House will feature 300,000 sq ft of office, laboratory and amenity space for multinational pharmaceutical companies.

The Bloomsbury Ballroom featured in the final episode of The Apprentice (UK series ten) where it was used as the location for the two finalists' business launches.

51°31′09″N 0°07′20″W / 51.5193°N 0.1221°W / 51.5193; -0.1221


title: Vic Richards

abstract: Victor Richards was an Australian rugby union international. Educated at Randwick Boys High School, Richards received his lifelong nickname of "Shirts" during his schoolboy years, coined on account of the fact his father ran a men's mercery business. He left school at age 15. Richards, a Coogee junior, was a halfback with considerable speed off the mark, whose career was beset by injuries. A Randwick first-grade player, Richards was capped five times for the Wallabies as a fly-half. He earned his first call up for the 1934 Bledisloe Cup matches, but didn't make the XV until the 1936 tour of New Zealand, debuting against the All Blacks in Wellington. When South Africa toured the country in 1937, Richards was a member of the New South Wales team that inflicted the only Springboks loss of the tour. He was on the abandoned 1939–40 tour of Britain with the Wallabies and retired in 1940 on doctor's advice due to a chronic throat ailment.

text:
# Vic Richards

**Victor Richards** (3 September 1911 — 20 June 1983) was an Australian rugby union international.

Educated at Randwick Boys High School, Richards received his lifelong nickname of "Shirts" during his schoolboy years, coined on account of the fact his father ran a men's mercery business. He left school at age 15.

Richards, a Coogee junior, was a halfback with considerable speed off the mark, whose career was beset by injuries.

A Randwick first-grade player, Richards was capped five times for the Wallabies as a fly-half. He earned his first call up for the 1934 Bledisloe Cup matches, but didn't make the XV until the 1936 tour of New Zealand, debuting against the All Blacks in Wellington. When South Africa toured the country in 1937, Richards was a member of the New South Wales team that inflicted the only Springboks loss of the tour. He was on the abandoned 1939–40 tour of Britain with the Wallabies and retired in 1940 on doctor's advice due to a chronic throat ailment.

## InfoBox

Vic Richards
| Full name | Victor Richards |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1911-09-03)3 September 1911 |
| Place of birth | Coogee, Sydney, Australia |
| Date of death | 20 June 1983(1983-06-20) (aged 71) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)**  Halfback  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1936–38 Australia  5  (3) | |


title: Victory Playground, Hyderabad

abstract: Victory Playground, commonly known as VPG, is a playground located in Hyderabad, India. It has playing areas for cricket, volleyball, basketball, skating etc. It is popular during school vacations for its summer camps in sports and games.

text:
# Victory Playground, Hyderabad

**Victory Playground**, commonly known as **VPG**, is a playground located in Hyderabad, India. It has playing areas for cricket, volleyball, basketball, skating etc. It is popular during school vacations for its summer camps in sports and games.

## History

VPG was opened in 1972 and is located at Chaderghat in Hyderabad.

## Cricket

There are cricket training nets and they are popular during the summer.

## Volleyball

Volleyball courts are popular with the professionals as well as the beginners. Summer camp is very popular among children.

## Basketball

Basketball court is popular for its training especially during summer.


title: Victory Program

abstract: The Victory Program was a military plan for the United States involvement in World War II submitted prior to the country's official entry into the war following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The plan was initially secret, but was famously exposed by the Chicago Tribune on December 4, 1941, 3 days before Pearl Harbor. The leak of plan was major political and news event in the United States at the time.

text:
# Victory Program

The **Victory Program** was a military plan for the United States involvement in World War II submitted prior to the country's official entry into the war following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The plan was initially secret, but was famously exposed by the *Chicago Tribune* on December 4, 1941, 3 days before Pearl Harbor.

The leak of plan was major political and news event in the United States at the time.

## History

On July 9, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, influenced by advocacy from Jean Monnet who was then in employment by the United Kingdom in Washington DC, ordered his secretary of war, Henry Stimson, and his secretary of the Navy, Frank Knox, to prepare a plan for the “overall production requirements required to defeat our potential enemies.” This plan was leaked to U.S. Senator and prominent isolationist Burton Wheeler of Montana who in turn gave it to the equally isolationist editor of the *Chicago Tribune*, Robert R. McCormick.

In 1941, a team of officers led by General Albert Wedemeyer on behalf of General George C. Marshall drew up the Victory Program, whose premise was that the Soviet Union would be defeated that year, and that to defeat Nazi Germany would require the United States to raise by the summer of 1943 a force of 215 divisions comprising 8.7 million men.

The release of the plan caused an uproar among the isolationist bloc in the United States, but the controversy died off quickly only three days later, after news of the attack on Pearl Harbor was received and a formal declaration of war was made.

## Alternate explanation of the leak

Another explanation attributes the leak to British spymaster William Stephenson. In William Stevenson's 1976 book *A Man Called Intrepid*, Stevenson (no relation to William Stephenson) asserts that the 350-page Victory Program report was created by British intelligence and leaked to Wheeler by an unnamed Army Air Corp Captain. The theory claims that German intelligence received the report on December 3, one day before it was published in the *Tribune*. The theory further contends that British intelligence concocted the fake plan and leaked it purposefully to incite Hitler to declare war on the United States. Hitler subsequently declared war on December 11, 1941. It asserts Britain was confident the Japanese would attack soon thereby causing the United States to divert all attention to the Pacific and thereby reduced or eliminate support for Britain against Germany.


title: Vicky Neale

abstract: Victoria Ruth Neale was a British mathematician and writer. She was Whitehead Lecturer at Oxford's Mathematical Institute and Supernumerary Fellow at Balliol College. Her research specialty was number theory. The author of the 2017 book Closing the Gap: The Quest to Understand Prime Numbers, she was interviewed on several BBC radio programs as a mathematics expert. In addition, she wrote for The Conversation and The Guardian. Her other educational and outreach activities included lecturing at the PROMYS Europe high-school program and helping to organize the European Girls' Mathematical Olympiad. Neale was born in 1984. She obtained her PhD in 2011 from the University of Cambridge. Her thesis work, supervised by Ben Joseph Green, concerned Waring's problem. She then taught at Cambridge while being Director of Studies in mathematics at Murray Edwards College, before moving to Oxford in the summer of 2014. Neale died on 3 May 2023, at the age of 39. She had been diagnosed with a rare type of cancer in 2021.

text:
# Vicky Neale

**Victoria Ruth Neale** (March 1984 – 3 May 2023) was a British mathematician and writer. She was Whitehead Lecturer at Oxford's Mathematical Institute and Supernumerary Fellow at Balliol College. Her research specialty was number theory. The author of the 2017 book *Closing the Gap: The Quest to Understand Prime Numbers*, she was interviewed on several BBC radio programs as a mathematics expert. In addition, she wrote for *The Conversation* and *The Guardian*. Her other educational and outreach activities included lecturing at the PROMYS Europe high-school program and helping to organize the European Girls' Mathematical Olympiad.

Neale was born in 1984. She obtained her PhD in 2011 from the University of Cambridge. Her thesis work, supervised by Ben Joseph Green, concerned Waring's problem. She then taught at Cambridge while being Director of Studies in mathematics at Murray Edwards College, before moving to Oxford in the summer of 2014.

Neale died on 3 May 2023, at the age of 39. She had been diagnosed with a rare type of cancer in 2021.

## InfoBox

| Vicky Neale | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Victoria Ruth Neale
March 1984 (1984-03)
Worcester, England, UK |
| Died | (aged 39)
Oxford, England, UK |
| Citizenship | United Kingdom |
| Alma mater |  |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields |  |
| Institutions |  |
| Thesis | *Bracket quadratics as asymptotic bases for the natural numbers*  (2011) |
| Doctoral advisor | Ben Green |
|  | |
| Website | people.maths.ox.ac.uk/neale/ |


title: Vicky Newman

abstract: Vicky Newman is a British illustrator. Born in Pembury, Kent, Newman graduated with honours from Falmouth College of Arts in 2005 with a BA in Communication Design | Illustration She is an advertising and publishing illustrator, best known for advertisements and poster design. Her style is an eclectic mix of hand rendered line and digital colour and has similarities to the Art Nouveau artists such as Aubrey Beardsley and Alfons Mucha as well as modern movements in contemporary illustration design. Newman has worked on campaigns for Camel Cigarettes, Dolce & Gabbana, and The Independent. She has also worked for advertising companies such as Gyro Worldwide in Philadelphia and Brand New World in New York City and for charities including American breast cancer charity Keep A Breast and British environmental and health charity Surfers Against Sewage. She a member of the illustration collective House of Aces.

text:
# Vicky Newman

**Vicky Newman** (born 29 October 1982) is a British illustrator.

Born in Pembury, Kent, Newman graduated with honours from Falmouth College of Arts in 2005 with a BA in Communication Design | Illustration She is an advertising and publishing illustrator, best known for advertisements and poster design. Her style is an eclectic mix of hand rendered line and digital colour and has similarities to the Art Nouveau artists such as Aubrey Beardsley and Alfons Mucha as well as modern movements in contemporary illustration design.

Newman has worked on campaigns for Camel Cigarettes, Dolce & Gabbana, and *The Independent*. She has also worked for advertising companies such as Gyro Worldwide in Philadelphia and Brand New World in New York City and for charities including American breast cancer charity Keep A Breast and British environmental and health charity Surfers Against Sewage. She a member of the illustration collective House of Aces.

## Press coverage

Newman has been profiled on Charles Saatchi's Student artist's website. She has been interviewed by *The Independent* in the UK, , *The Financial Times* in the UK, *Folha de S.Paulo* in Brazil and ABC News in America

## Exhibitions

Autumn 2009, Inkygoodness 3 'Wonderland' a showcase of 30 international illustrators, artists and image-makers, Vaad Gallery, The Custard Factory, Birmingham
Summer 2009, Decked, an exhibition of hand painted/crafter skate decks, Stolenspace Gallery, Shoreditch, London
Winter 2008, Inkygoodness 2 'Hopes & Fears' group show of 16 illustrators based in the U.K, Centrespace Gallery, Bristol, U.K
Spring 2008, Unexpected Illustration! a showcase of work produced by illustration collective House of Aces at the George House Gallery, Folkestone
Summer 2007, Solo exhibition of current work in TBWA at their central London headquarters,
Included as part of Noise Festival 2006-2007 held throughout the UK, aiming to exhibit the best new talent in design, fashion, film, music, architecture and written word.
Summer 2006 'First Class Post' Newman's work was included in an exhibition of artists living and working in Kent. Exhibited in four galleries across South East England.
Summer 2005, New Designers, Islington exhibited as part of a showcase of emerging British design students.
Spring 2005, 'A Guide to Doodling' Falmouth an exhibition of seven contemporary British illustrators.


title: Villa Providence

abstract: Villa Providence is a national historic site located at 324 SW 2nd Avenue, Hallandale Beach, Florida in Broward County. Built in 1924 in Italian Renaissance style by Frank and Rosina Curci, it was their residence up to 1955. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.

text:
# Villa Providence

**Villa Providence** is a national historic site located at 324 SW 2nd Avenue, Hallandale Beach, Florida in Broward County. Built in 1924 in Italian Renaissance style by Frank and Rosina Curci, it was their residence up to 1955.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Villa Providence | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Villa Providence | |
| Location | Hallandale Beach, Florida |
| NRHP reference No. | 13000962 |
| Added to NRHP | 17 April 2014 |


title: Villa Porvenir

abstract: Villa Porvenir is a caserio in the Canelones Department of Uruguay.

text:
# Villa Porvenir

**Villa Porvenir** is a caserio (small village) in the Canelones Department of Uruguay.

## Geography

### Location

It is located on the north side of Route 6 on its Km. 25.5 and on its intersection with Tomas Berreta street. It lies directly northeast of Toledo and directly southwest of Villa San José and Villa San Felipe.

## Population

In 2011 Villa Porvenir had a population of 507.

| Year | Population |
| --- | --- |
| 1985 | 365 |
| 1996 | 260 |
| 2004 | 364 |
| 2011 | 507 |

Source: *Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay*

## InfoBox

| Villa Porvenir | |
| --- | --- |
| Caserio | |
| Villa PorvenirLocation within Uruguay | |
| Coordinates: 34°44′32″S 56°05′54″W / 34.74222°S 56.09833°W / -34.74222; -56.09833 | |
| Country | Uruguay |
| Department | Canelones Department |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 507 |
| Time zone | UTC -3 |
| Postal code | 91100 |
| Dial plan | +598 2 (+7 digits) |


title: Toronto Tecumsehs

abstract: The Tecumseh Hockey Club, also known as the Toronto Tecumsehs and nicknamed the Indians, were a team in the National Hockey Association in 1912–13. They then became the Toronto Ontarios.

text:
# Toronto Tecumsehs

The **Tecumseh Hockey Club**, also known as the **Toronto Tecumsehs** and nicknamed the **Indians**, were a team in the National Hockey Association in 1912–13. They then became the Toronto Ontarios.

## History

The NHA was founded in 1909 without any teams from Toronto, Ontario because there wasn't an arena in the city that was large enough to sustain a franchise. In 1911, a new arena was being built in Toronto and a franchise was awarded to the Toronto Hockey Club, and a group affiliated with the Tecumseh Lacrosse Club applied for a second franchise. The Tecumsehs bought a franchise from Ambrose O'Brien, paying CA$500 cash and promissory notes for CA$2,000.

The Tecumsehs were put on the NHA schedule for the 1911–12 season with no home games scheduled until late in January, when the arena was expected to be completed. Because of construction delays, it soon became clear that the arena would not be ready in time, and both Toronto teams were removed from the schedule, leaving the NHA with only four teams for the season.

Before the 1912–13 season started, O'Brien said that he never received the balance of the franchise fee from the Tecumseh backers, so he re-sold the franchise to a group headed by William James "Billy" Bellingham from Montreal, a former defenceman of the Montreal Victorias. Goaltender Billy Nicholson, formerly with Montreal Hockey Club, was appointed player-manager-captain. The team he put together included future hall-of-famer George McNamara and his brother, Howard McNamara. Teddy Oke, who would go on to be one of the founders of the Canadian Professional Hockey League in 1926, was also on the team.

They played their first game on December 28, 1912 against the Montreal Wanderers at the arena, which would soon become known as Arena Gardens. The visiting Wanderers won 7-4 in front of 5,000 fans. Paid attendance of 4,339 and gate receipts of CA$3,040 both set short-lived Toronto hockey records. The Tecumsehs got off to a good start, but at the end of the season were in last place in the six-team NHA in with seven wins and 13 losses. Bellingham sold the bankrupt club to Tom Wall, who renamed the team the Toronto Ontarios.

## InfoBox

| Toronto Tecumsehs | |
| --- | --- |
| City | Toronto, Ontario |
| League | National Hockey Association |
| Founded | 1911 |
| Operated | 1912–1913 |
| Home arena | Arena Gardens |
| Colours | Red and White<br> |
| Owner(s) | W. J. Bellingham |
| General manager | Billy Nicholson |
| Head coach | Billy Nicholson |


title: Weberstown Mall

abstract: Weberstown Mall is a small enclosed shopping mall in Stockton, California, United States. Opened in 1966, it is anchored by JCPenney, Dillard's, and Barnes & Noble, with a vacant anchor last occupied by Sears. Weberstown also features Victoria's Secret and its sister store, Pink, as well as Old Navy and Forever 21. It is owned and managed by Washington Prime Group. Prior to 2022, Weberstown Mall was one of two enclosed shopping malls in Stockton, the other being Sherwood Mall, which is located next door. Sherwood was redeveloped into a conventional shopping center and was renamed Sherwood Place. As a result, Weberstown became the city's lone remaining enclosed shopping mall.

text:
# Weberstown Mall

**Weberstown Mall** is a small enclosed shopping mall in Stockton, California, United States. Opened in 1966, it is anchored by JCPenney, Dillard's, and Barnes & Noble, with a vacant anchor last occupied by Sears. Weberstown also features Victoria's Secret and its sister store, Pink, as well as Old Navy and Forever 21. It is owned and managed by Washington Prime Group.

Prior to 2022, Weberstown Mall was one of two enclosed shopping malls in Stockton, the other being Sherwood Mall, which is located next door. Sherwood was redeveloped into a conventional shopping center and was renamed Sherwood Place. As a result, Weberstown became the city's lone remaining enclosed shopping mall.

## History

Charles M. Weber III built Weberstown Mall in 1966. The original anchors were Sears and Weinstock's.

Old Navy opened one of its first locations at the mall in 1995, taking over a spot vacated by Pier 1 Imports. In 1996, the Weinstock's store closed when its parent company, Broadway Stores, was acquired the year before by Federated Department Stores, parent company of Macy's, which already had an existing store at Sherwood Mall next door. Two years later, it was purchased by Dillard's to become that chain's first California location. Barnes & Noble moved into the mall in 1997, replacing a store nearby. A year later, Glimcher Realty Trust purchased the mall.

The mall's JCPenney store was slated for closure in 2000, but the decision to close was later overturned.

H&M opened a store in Weberstown in 2014. It was shuttered in 2022.

As of 2024, the Sears store was one of four remaining in California and ten remaining in the continental United States still in operation. However, it closed on August 16, 2024. The Dillard's store has remained the sole Northern California location since its opening in 1998, but is one of three in the state, with the others in El Centro and Palmdale in Southern California.

37°59′41″N 121°18′42″W / 37.99481°N 121.31174°W / 37.99481; -121.31174

## InfoBox

Weberstown Mall
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Stockton, California |
| Address | 4950 Pacific Avenue |
| Opening date | 1966 |
| Developer | Charles M. Weber III |
| Owner | Washington Prime Group |
| No. of stores and services | 100+ |
| No. of anchor tenants | 4 (1 vacant) |
| Total retail floor area | 855,800 square feet (80,000 m2) |
| No. of floors | 1 (2 in Dillard's, JCPenney, and former Sears) |
| Website | weberstown.com |


title: Syzygium floribundum

abstract: Syzygium floribundum, synonym Waterhousea floribunda, is a rainforest tree of eastern Australia. It grows along streams from the Williams River near Dungog to Mackay in central eastern Queensland. Known as the weeping lilli pilli, this tree is widely planted as an ornamental. Planted trees from 1827 may be seen at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney. However, these trees are damaged and threatened by the roosting grey headed flying foxes. A very large tree is located at Western Park in Auckland, New Zealand.

text:
# Syzygium floribundum

***Syzygium floribundum***, synonym ***Waterhousea floribunda***, is a rainforest tree of eastern Australia. It grows along streams from the Williams River (New South Wales) near Dungog (32° S) to Mackay (21° S) in central eastern Queensland. Known as the **weeping lilli pilli**, this tree is widely planted as an ornamental. Planted trees from 1827 may be seen at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney. However, these trees are damaged and threatened by the roosting grey headed flying foxes. A very large tree (diameter 110.5 cm) is located at Western Park in Auckland, New Zealand.

## Description

A medium to large tree growing to 30 metres tall and a trunk diameter of 75 cm. The trunk is grey, with vertical lines and cracks. Flanged at the base of larger trees. Leaves opposite, not toothed. Wavy edged and thin, 5 to 15 cm long with a long tip. An occasional senescent red leaf may be seen. Small oil dots may be seen under a lens. The midrib is raised under the leaf, but sunken on the upper side.

White flowers appear on panicles in the months of November to January. The fruit is a pale pink or greenish berry, 14 mm in diameter. Inside is one large seed. Fruit matures from January to April. As with most of the Australian fleshy fruited myrtles, removal of the fleshy aril is advised to assist seed germination. Germination is remarkably swift with this species, taking as little as ten days.

## Uses

The wavy edged foliage ensures the popularity of this ornamental tree.

## Cultivars

*Syzygium floribundum* 'Sweeper' is a cultivar with a weeping habit and lush green new growth and a ripple in the leaves. It grows to a height of 10m x 5-8m wide and produces clusters of white flowers in summer. It will grow in full sun to part shade and has and will tolerate light frosts in cool climates.

## InfoBox

| *Syzygium floribundum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Syzygium* |
| Species: | ***S. floribundum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Syzygium floribundum***<br>F.Muell. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Eugenia ventenatii* Benth. * *Metrosideros connata* Desf. * *Metrosideros laurifolia* Dum.Cours. * *Waterhousea floribunda* (F.Muell.) B.Hyland | |


title: Wireless Set No. 46

abstract: The Wireless Set No. 46 was a HF portable manpack transceiver used by the British Army during World War II. Designed by Ekco for use during beach landings, the set was introduced in 1942. It was a 6 valve set with 3 preset crystal controlled channels, housed in a water-resistant enclosure carried in a webbing pouch. The set was powered by a separate dry cell battery carried in a haversack. The frequency range was between 3.6 and 9.1 MHz depending on the coils and crystals fitted.

text:
# Wireless Set No. 46

The **Wireless Set No. 46** was a HF portable manpack transceiver used by the British Army during World War II. Designed by Ekco for use during beach landings, the set was introduced in 1942. It was a 6 valve set with 3 preset crystal controlled channels, housed in a water-resistant enclosure carried in a webbing pouch. The set was powered by a separate dry cell battery carried in a haversack. The frequency range was between 3.6 and 9.1 MHz depending on the coils and crystals fitted.


title: Wen Yumei

abstract: Wen Yumei is a Chinese virologist and microbiologist and the current director of the Institute of Pathogenic Microorganisms, Fudan University. She is also the director of Scientific Committee of Open Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health.

text:
# Wen Yumei

**Wen Yumei** (Chinese: 闻玉梅; born 16 January 1934) is a Chinese virologist and microbiologist and the current director of the Institute of Pathogenic Microorganisms, Fudan University. She is also the director of Scientific Committee of Open Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health.

## Biography

Wen was born in Beijing on January 16, 1934, with her ancestral home is in Xishui County, Hubei Province. Her father Wen Yichuan (Chinese: 闻亦传; 1896-1939) was an alumnus of the University of Chicago and medical scientist. Her mother Gui Zhiliang (Chinese: 桂质良) graduated from St. Mary's Hall, Wellesley Women's University and Johns Hopkins University. Her uncle Wen Yiduo was a well-known poet and scholar. She has an elder sister.

In 1941 she attended the Shanghai Zhongxi No. 2 School. She secondary studied at St. Mary's Hall. She studied and then taught at Shanghai Medical College. In 1980 she pursued advanced studies in the United States and United Kingdom, where she studied at the National Institutes of Health and the University of London respectively. After returning China she led the research on therapeutic hepatitis B vaccine. In 1999 she was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE). In February 2019 she was elected an academician of the American Academy of microbiology (AAM).

* Quotations related to Wen Yumei at Wikiquote

## InfoBox

| Wen Yumei | |
| --- | --- |
| 闻玉梅 | |
| Born | (1934-01-16) January 16, 1934<br>Beijing, China |
| Alma mater | Shanghai Medical College |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Molecular biology |
| Institutions | Fudan University |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Traditional Chinese |  |
| Simplified Chinese |  |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Wén Yùméi | |
|  | |
|  | |