title: Marc Hoffman

abstract: Marc Hoffman is a composer of concert music and music for film, pianist, vocalist, recording artist and music educator. Hoffman grew up in Salisbury, North Carolina, then attended the North Carolina School of the Arts and received a degree in composition. He continued his education at The Dartington International Summer School of Music in Devon, England then studied film composition at the University of Southern California. He studied with David Ott, Sherwood Shaffer, Leo Arnaud and Neil Hefti. His film credits include researching period instruments and arrangements as music historian for the 1985 film Revolution, and scoring the 2006 film The Mill for Ralph Singleton, producer, and Grainger Hines, director. As music director for The Mill, he also placed the work of 13 other artists in the film. Hoffman wrote concert music, music for theater, pop, Christian music and film composition until the early 1990s when he decided to focus his attention on jazz. He began writing original compositions, both instrumental and vocal, and creating his own arrangements of jazz standards. Under his own label, Virillion Music, he recorded “Long Way Home” in 2003, a collection of jazz-infused piano solos. In 2006 he recorded Christmas Time, jazz-inspired holiday collection of new works and new arrangements of traditional songs. In early 2010, Hoffman released Curioso, a CD of all-original jazz. Session musicians include Tim Gordon on sax, John Sharp on guitar, Terry Peoples and Nathan Scott on bass, and Gray Fallin, Mike Lanier and Ryan Scott on percussion and drums. Hoffman continues to write concert music, instrumental and vocal jazz pieces, film scores and background music for websites. His works have been performed across the U.S. and in the U.K., the Netherlands and France. As a performer, Marc Hoffman works solo, with his trio, and with four- or five-piece bands. He performs at a variety of venues, from concert halls to jazz clubs and country clubs, from cafes and fine dining rooms to weddings. In addition to his original pieces, his repertoire as a singer and pianist includes his own arrangements of jazz standards and songs from the Great American Songbook, plus contemporary favorites. Marc Hoffman also established and teaches at the Salisbury School of Music. A frequent lecturer, he presents a one-hour address called Music Is… that compares classical and pop music, and a brief history of film music and the mechanics of that art form entitled “On Film Music.” Marc is also an instructor of piano, composition, and voice at Bold Music in the Charlotte, NC area. In 2007, Emerald Books published Hoffman's first book and companion DVD, Essential Worship Keyboard. In 2010 he will publish his second book and companion CD, Sleep Little Child, based on a lullaby he wrote. Marc Hoffman is a member of the American Composers Forum and BMI. He lives in Salisbury, NC with his wife, Anne, and their daughter, August.

text:
# Marc Hoffman

**Marc Hoffman** (born April 16, 1961) is a composer of concert music and music for film, pianist, vocalist, recording artist and music educator. Hoffman grew up in Salisbury, North Carolina, then attended the North Carolina School of the Arts and received a degree in composition.

He continued his education at The Dartington International Summer School of Music in Devon, England then studied film composition at the University of Southern California. He studied with David Ott, Sherwood Shaffer, Leo Arnaud and Neil Hefti. His film credits include researching period instruments and arrangements as music historian for the 1985 film *Revolution*, and scoring the 2006 film *The Mill* for Ralph Singleton, producer, and Grainger Hines, director. As music director for *The Mill*, he also placed the work of 13 other artists in the film.

Hoffman wrote concert music, music for theater, pop, Christian music and film composition until the early 1990s when he decided to focus his attention on jazz. He began writing original compositions, both instrumental and vocal, and creating his own arrangements of jazz standards. Under his own label, Virillion Music, he recorded “Long Way Home” in 2003, a collection of jazz-infused piano solos. In 2006 he recorded *Christmas Time*, jazz-inspired holiday collection of new works and new arrangements of traditional songs.

In early 2010, Hoffman released *Curioso*, a CD of all-original jazz. Session musicians include Tim Gordon on sax, John Sharp on guitar, Terry Peoples and Nathan Scott on bass, and Gray Fallin, Mike Lanier and Ryan Scott on percussion and drums.

Hoffman continues to write concert music, instrumental and vocal jazz pieces, film scores and background music for websites. His works have been performed across the U.S. and in the U.K., the Netherlands and France.

As a performer, Marc Hoffman works solo, with his trio, and with four- or five-piece bands. He performs at a variety of venues, from concert halls to jazz clubs and country clubs, from cafes and fine dining rooms to weddings. (He performed for former US President Gerald Ford’s family during Ford’s granddaughter’s wedding.) In addition to his original pieces, his repertoire as a singer and pianist includes his own arrangements of jazz standards and songs from the Great American Songbook, plus contemporary favorites.

Marc Hoffman also established and teaches at the Salisbury School of Music. A frequent lecturer, he presents a one-hour address called *Music Is…* that compares classical and pop music, and a brief history of film music and the mechanics of that art form entitled “On Film Music.” Marc is also an instructor of piano, composition, and voice at Bold Music in the Charlotte, NC area.

In 2007, Emerald Books published Hoffman's first book and companion DVD, *Essential Worship Keyboard*. In 2010 he will publish his second book and companion CD, *Sleep Little Child,* based on a lullaby he wrote.

Marc Hoffman is a member of the American Composers Forum and BMI. He lives in Salisbury, NC (near Charlotte) with his wife, Anne, and their daughter, August.

## InfoBox

| Marc Hoffman | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1961-04-16) April 16, 1961 |
| Occupation(s) | Composer, pianist, vocalist, recording artist, music educator |
| Website | marchoffman.com |


title: Manorama Music

abstract: Manorama Music is a music company based out in Kerala, India. It owns probably the largest music label in Kerala. The label has produced and distributed film soundtracks, devotional songs, classical music, traditional chants, Vedas, poems, music albums etc. They also release Cartoon series like Kattile Kannan, Kilukkampetty, Thakkudu, Magic Bunny, Jumbochan, Manjadi, Poopy etc. The label is owned by Malayala Manorama, one of the largest newspaper companies in India. They have a significant digital presence on YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter etc. and in the music streaming space through well-known platforms like iTunes, Amazon Music, Spotify, Gaana, Saavn and Wynk, to name a few. Overall, Manorama Music is a recognized name in the Indian music industry and has played a vital role in promoting regional music culture.

text:
# Manorama Music

**Manorama Music** is a music company based out in Kerala, India. It owns probably the largest music label in Kerala. The label has produced and distributed film soundtracks, devotional songs, classical music, traditional chants, Vedas, poems, music albums etc. They also release Cartoon series like Kattile Kannan, Kilukkampetty, Thakkudu, Magic Bunny, Jumbochan, Manjadi, Poopy etc. The label is owned by Malayala Manorama, one of the largest newspaper companies in India.

They have a significant digital presence on YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter etc. and in the music streaming space through well-known platforms like iTunes, Amazon Music, Spotify, Gaana, Saavn and Wynk, to name a few.

Overall, Manorama Music is a recognized name in the Indian music industry and has played a vital role in promoting regional music culture.

## Youtube Channels

Following are their major YouTube channels:

## InfoBox

**Manorama Music**
| Company type | Private |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Music & Entertainment |
| Genre | Various |
| Founded | 1995 |
| Headquarters | Kochi, India |
| Products | Music & Entertainment |
| Parent | Malayala Manorama |
| Website | Manorama Music |


# List of amphibians and reptiles of Nebraska

Thirteen species of amphibians and forty-seven species of reptiles are native to the U.S. state of Nebraska. This list only includes native species.

## Frogs and toads

Eleven species from five families, (Bufonidae, Hylidae, Microhylidae, Pelobatidae, and Ranidae), of frogs and toads are native to Nebraska.

## Lizards

Ten species of lizards are native to Nebraska.

## Salamanders

Two species of salamanders, both from family Ambystomidae, are native to Nebraska.

## Snakes

Twenty-five species of non-venomous snakes (Colubridae) and four species of venomous snakes (Viperidae) are native to Nebraska.

### Non-venomous

### Venomous

## Turtles

Eight species of turtles from four families, (Chelydridae, Emydidae, Kinosternidae, and Trionychidae), are native to Nebraska.


title: Fred A. Bantz

abstract: Fred A. Bantz was an official in the United States Department of the Navy during the administration of Dwight D. Eisenhower. He served as Under Secretary of the Navy from 1959 to 1961.

text:
# Fred A. Bantz

**Fred A. Bantz** (June 25, 1895 – September 22, 1982) was an official in the United States Department of the Navy during the administration of Dwight D. Eisenhower. He served as Under Secretary of the Navy from 1959 to 1961.

## Biography

Bantz was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota, to Matthias and Louise Bantz on June 25, 1985. He married Kathryn A. McDonald on January 4, 1923. Bantz joined JCPenney in 1922 as a buyer. He rose through the ranks, becoming a J. C. Penney vice president in 1950, and worked there until July 1, 1955.

In 1957, President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Bantz as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Material), a post he held until 1959. At that time, President Eisenhower nominated Bantz as Under Secretary of the Navy and he served in that capacity from June 8, 1959, to January 20, 1961.

Bantz was active in charity work in the 1960s, serving as chairman of the fundraising committees of the American Red Cross and the American Cancer Society.

He died at his home in Delray Beach, Florida, on September 22, 1982, at the age of 87.

## InfoBox

| Fred Bantz | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 11th United States Under Secretary of the Navy | |
| **In office**
June 8, 1959  January 20, 1961 | |
| Preceded by | William B. Franke |
| Succeeded by | Paul B. Fay |
| Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Materiel) | |
| **In office**
April 9, 1957  April 16, 1959 | |
| Preceded by | William B. Franke |
| Succeeded by | *None* |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1895-06-25)June 25, 1895
Saint Paul, Minnesota, U.S. |
| Died | September 22, 1982(1982-09-22) (aged 87)
Delray Beach, Florida, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Occupation | Buyer
Vice president |
|  | |


title: Yajnavalkya 95 Years Cycle

abstract: Yajnavalkya's 95-year cycle is a method of harmonizing the lunar and solar calendars. It was proposed by the ancient Indian sage Yajnavalkya, who is believed to have lived around the 9th - 8th century BCE. He was described as the greatest Brahmajnyani by all the sages at the philosophical function organised by king Janaka. This cycle of reconciliation is also known as Yajnavalkya Cycle. Yajnavalkya was Indian astronomer who studied about the motion of Sun and mentioned these theories in his work Shatapatha Brahmana. He invented a method of reconciliating the lunar calendar and the solar calendar. He described the 95-year cycle to synchronize the motions of the sun and the moon. It is mentioned as 95 year “Agnichayana” in the 6th Kānda of Shatapatha Brahmana.

text:
# Yajnavalkya 95 Years Cycle

**Yajnavalkya's 95-year cycle** is a method of harmonizing the lunar and solar calendars. It was proposed by the ancient Indian sage Yajnavalkya, who is believed to have lived around the 9th - 8th century BCE. He was described as the greatest Brahmajnyani by all the sages at the philosophical function organised by king Janaka. This cycle of reconciliation is also known as *Yajnavalkya Cycle*.

Yajnavalkya was Indian astronomer who studied about the motion of Sun and mentioned these theories in his work Shatapatha Brahmana. He invented a method of reconciliating the lunar calendar and the solar calendar. He described the 95-year cycle to synchronize the motions of the sun and the moon. It is mentioned as 95 year “Agnichayana” in the 6th Kānda of Shatapatha Brahmana.

## Description

The lunar calendar is based on the cycle of the Moon and consists of 12 months of 29.5 days each. This means that the lunar calendar is about 11 days shorter than the solar calendar, which is based on the Earth's orbit around the Sun.

The Yajnavalkya 95-year cycle corrects this difference by adding an extra month (Adhik Maasa) to the lunar calendar every 32.5 years. This means that there will be 71 lunar years and 70 solar years in a 95-year cycle.

There is a logic behind this cycle that if the year is counted as 360 *Tithis*, then this leads to exactly 35 intercalary months (with a residual small error) in 95 years.

## Metonic Cycle

Yajnavalkya 95-years cycle consisted of five sub cycles of 19 years. The sub cycle of 19 years is called as Metonic Cycle in the modern times. The cycle of 19 years had been derived from the cycle of 95 years.

*As of this edit, this article uses content from* "Yajnavalkya's 95 Years Cycle of Synchronisation"*, which is licensed in a way that permits reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, but not under the GFDL. All relevant terms must be followed.*

## InfoBox

| Yajnavalkya 95 Years Cycle | |
| --- | --- |
| Details | |
| Theory of | Reconciliation of lunar calendar and solar calendar |
| Key concepts | Spin - Axis phenomena |
| Origin | India |
| General | |
| Related fields | Astronomy, Calendar |
| Applications | Calendar |
| ***Terminology on cognition*** | |


title: Ucanal

abstract: Ucanal is an archaeological site of the ancient Maya civilization. It is located near the source of the Belize River in the Petén department of present-day northern Guatemala.

text:
# Ucanal

**Ucanal** is an archaeological site of the ancient Maya civilization. It is located near the source of the Belize River in the Petén department of present-day northern Guatemala.

## Location

Ucanal is located inside a bend of the Mopan River. It is accessed via the highway from Flores to Melchor de Mencos, and is near the village of Tikalito. It is 51 miles (82 km) south of Tikal.

## History

Ucanal was located in a strategic location near the source of the Belize River.

The ancient name of the Ucanal polity was *K'anwitznal,* and one of its first rulers was Ajaw K'uk' or Lord Quetzal. The city had strong ties with Tikal and, in the 7th century AD, with Caracol. Ucanal was attacked by the *Kalomte* queen-regent, Wac' Chanil Ahau or Lady Six Sky of Naranjo (Saal) in September and December of 693; and on 1 February 695 Ucanal's lord Kinich Cab ("Shield-Jaguar") was captured by the ruler of Naranjo. Kinich Cab was held at Naranjo until 22 June 712; Ucanal was reduced to the status of vassal of that city.

In 800 CE, lord Hok K'awil of Caracol captured the lord of Ucanal. Over the next decades, a Maya-speaking, Nahuat/Maya mestizo people from the Putun filled the power vacuum in Ucanal. These people did not worship the Feathered Serpent Kukulcan. In 830 CE, lord Chan Ek' Hopet installed Wat'ul Chatel as his vassal over Seibal, and commemorated it upon Stele 11 there.

One of the rulers of Ucanal was Itzamnaaj Bahlam of Ucanal.

## Site

The site has archeological evidence of two artificial irrigation channels: one is 420 metres (1,380 ft) long and the other is 370 metres (1,210 ft) long, both channels are 7 metres (23 ft) wide. There are 114 structures in the main area and at least 150 residential groups. The protected area covers 1 square mile (2.6 km2) but does not include all the minor groups. There are several temples and palaces, and two ballcourts. Many of the stelae were destroyed by invaders from Naranjo (Saal). There are 22 stelae and 16 altars.

Proyecto Arqueologico Ucanal Official website

16°19′N 90°06′W / 16.317°N 90.100°W / 16.317; -90.100


title: William III, Marquis of Montferrat

abstract: William III was the third Marquis of Montferrat and Count of Vado from 991 to his death. He was the eldest son and successor of Otto I. William I and II were the father and son, respectively, of Aleram, the first Marquis, but neither served as Marquis himself.

text:
# William III, Marquis of Montferrat

**William III** (c. 970 – 1042) was the third Marquis of Montferrat and Count of Vado from 991 to his death. He was the eldest son and successor of Otto I. William I and II were the father and son, respectively, of Aleram, the first Marquis, but neither served as Marquis himself.

## Life

William's religious policy was a continuation of Aleram's. He founded the monastery of Spigno. In 1014, he and his brother Riprando donated land to the abbey of Fruttuaria. Between his succession and 1002, he made other donations to Acqui Terme.

While following in the familiar policy of ecclesiastical patronage, William abandoned Aleram's support of the Holy Roman Emperors. Instead, he intervened in the wars of the Italian communes which characterised early-eleventh-century Italy. He joined an anti-imperial alliance with Count Obert the Red, Marquis Ulric Manfred II of Turin, and Bishop Leo of Vercelli. The allies soon found themselves at odds and warring on each other. Leo besieged Santhià, where William was then residing, and William, to avenge himself on the bishop, besieged Vercelli and put it to flame. William signed a peace treaty with Ulric Manfred and married his son Henry to Manfred's daughter Adelaide.

Even after all his allies had been pacified by imperial troops, William continued to resist Conrad II, but he fared poorly. Conrad destroyed his fortress in the valley of Orba.

The *Miracula sancti Bononii* records William's wife as Waza. She prayed at the tomb of Saint Bononio, abbot of Santissimi Michele e Genuario di Lucedio. William died in 1042, probably before 29 January, when his son Henry cites him in an act donating land to the church in Turin. He succeeded by his elder son Otto II, Marquis of Montferrat.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| William III, Marquis of Montferrat | |
| --- | --- |
| Marquis of Montferrat | |
| Reign | 991 – 1042 |
| Predecessor | Otto I |
| Successor | Otto II |
|  | |
| Born | c. 972 |
| Died | 1042(1042-00-00) (aged 69–70) |
| Spouse | Waza |
| Issue | Otto II<br>Henry |
| House | Aleramici |
| Father | Otto I |


title: Marolles, Oise

abstract: Marolles is a commune in the Oise department in northern France.

text:
# Marolles, Oise

**Marolles** (French pronunciation: \[maʁɔl\] ) is a commune in the Oise department in northern France.

## InfoBox

| Marolles | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Marolles | |
| Location of Marolles | |
| MarollesMarolles | |
| Coordinates: 49°10′15″N 3°06′21″E / 49.1708°N 3.1058°E / 49.1708; 3.1058 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Hauts-de-France |
| Department | Oise |
| Arrondissement | Senlis |
| Canton | Nanteuil-le-Haudouin |
| Intercommunality | Pays de Valois |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Guy Provost |
| Area**1** | 13.22 km2 (5.10 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 650 |
| Density | 49/km2 (130/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 60385 /60890 |
| Elevation | 62–151 m (203–495 ft)
(avg. 73 m or 240 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Martin Katz (producer)

abstract: Martin F. Katz is a Canadian film and television producer and media executive. He is president of the production firm Prospero Pictures, and a former president of the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television. Prior to establishing Prospero Pictures, Katz was a producer with Atlantis Entertainment and an executive producer of MSNBC Canada. As a producer, his credits include the television series My Life as a Dog, Married Life, Spectacle: Elvis Costello with..., and Ice Road Truckers, and the films Keeping the Promise, The Claim, The Gospel of John, Hotel Rwanda, Spider, It's a Boy Girl Thing, Shake Hands with the Devil, Inconceivable, The Making of Plus One, A Dangerous Method, Man on the Train, Cosmopolis, and Maps to the Stars. Katz became chair of the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television in 2011, and held the role until being succeeded by John Young in 2019. He was appointed to the Order of Canada in 2022.

text:
# Martin Katz (producer)

**Martin F. Katz** CM is a Canadian film and television producer and media executive. He is president of the production firm Prospero Pictures, and a former president of the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television. Prior to establishing Prospero Pictures, Katz was a producer with Atlantis Entertainment and an executive producer of MSNBC Canada.

As a producer, his credits include the television series *My Life as a Dog*, *Married Life*, *Spectacle: Elvis Costello with...*, and *Ice Road Truckers*, and the films *Keeping the Promise*, *The Claim*, *The Gospel of John*, *Hotel Rwanda*, *Spider*, *It's a Boy Girl Thing*, *Shake Hands with the Devil*, *Inconceivable*, *The Making of Plus One*, *A Dangerous Method*, *Man on the Train*, *Cosmopolis*, and *Maps to the Stars*.

Katz became chair of the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television in 2011, and held the role until being succeeded by John Young in 2019. He was appointed to the Order of Canada in 2022.

## InfoBox

| Martin KatzCM | |
| --- | --- |
| Katz at the Genie Awards in 2012 | |
| Occupation | Film producer |
| Known for | Genie Award winner |


title: Marc Hogan

abstract: Marc Hogan is an American journalist. He currently works as a senior staff writer at Pitchfork.

text:
# Marc Hogan

**Marc Hogan** (born October 3, 1981) is an American journalist. He currently works as a senior staff writer at Pitchfork.

## Career

Hogan has been a music critic at Pitchfork since 2004. He has contributed to a number of other publications, including *SPIN*, the *Financial Times*, eMusic.com editorial site *Wondering Sound*, NPR Music, *Billboard*, *Salon*, BusinessWeek.com, *Paste*, Playboy.com, and the *Chicago Tribune*, and he has discussed his work on NPR, the BBC, *Sound Opinions*, WNYC, ABC World News Webcast, and CNBC. He also contributed to the book *The Pitchfork 500: Our Guide to the Greatest Songs From Punk to the Present*.

In 2005, *The New York Times* columnist David Carr wrote of one of his Pitchfork album reviews that "the writer, Marc Hogan ... in his rave goes over the top and stays there to very nice effect." *Slate* cited his reviews in a 2006 piece titled "Die, Pitchfork, Die!: The indie music site that everyone loves to hate."

Hogan was among the first to report on the cassette revival (in a 2010 article for Pitchfork) and broke the story of Will Ferrell challenging Metallica's Lars Ulrich to a drum battle (in a 2014 article for *SPIN*). In 2012, *New York Times* columnist Maureen Dowd quoted his *SPIN* coverage of Nicki Minaj.

In a 2017 article for *Pitchfork*, Hogan published graphic excerpts from the deposition of a woman whom rapper XXXTentacion was charged with beating, strangling and imprisoning while she was pregnant. Also that year, American music critic Robert Christgau cited "reviewer-turned-staff-writer Marc Hogan, an experienced investigative reporter with a grasp of basic political reality." Christgau wrote, "I say give Hogan a column that would spur him to dig up as much such stuff as he can."

He is a two-time *Da Capo Best Music Writing* "notable" mention.

## Personal life

Based in Des Moines, Iowa, Hogan has lived in California, Tennessee, Arizona, Massachusetts, Illinois, and New York. He graduated from the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University.

## InfoBox

| Marc Hogan | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1981-10-03) October 3, 1981<br>U.S. |
| Education | Northwestern University |
| Occupation | Journalist |
| Known for | Writing for Pitchfork |
| Spouse | Angela Hogan |
| Children | Frank and Lucy Hogan |


title: Unified Emulator Format

abstract: Unified Emulator Format (UEF) is a container format for the compressed storage of audio tapes, ROMs, floppy discs and machine state snapshots for the 8-bit range of computers manufactured by Acorn Computers. First implemented by Thomas Harte's ElectrEm emulator and related tools, it is now supported by major emulators of Acorn machines and carried by two online archives of Acorn software numbering thousands of titles. UEF attempts to concisely reproduce media borne signals rather than simply the data represented by them, the intention being an accurate archive of original media rather than merely a capability to reproduce files stored on them. A selection of metadata can be included, such as compatibility ratings, position markers, images of packaging and the text of instruction manuals. The Acorn machines implement the Kansas City standard (KCS) for tape data encoding and as a result the file format is suitable for creating backups of original media for several non-Acorn machines. As of version 0.10 the file format carries BASICODE signals as well. TZX is a chunked format with similar scope for the ZX Spectrum series.

text:
# Unified Emulator Format

**Unified Emulator Format** (**UEF**) is a container format for the compressed storage of audio tapes, ROMs, floppy discs and machine state snapshots for the 8-bit range of computers manufactured by Acorn Computers. First implemented by Thomas Harte's ElectrEm emulator and related tools, it is now supported by major emulators of Acorn machines and carried by two online archives of Acorn software numbering thousands of titles.

UEF attempts to concisely reproduce media borne signals rather than simply the data represented by them, the intention being an accurate archive of original media rather than merely a capability to reproduce files stored on them. A selection of metadata can be included, such as compatibility ratings, position markers, images of packaging and the text of instruction manuals.

The Acorn machines implement the Kansas City standard (KCS) for tape data encoding and as a result the file format is suitable for creating backups of original media for several non-Acorn machines. As of version 0.10 the file format carries BASICODE signals as well.

TZX is a chunked format with similar scope for the ZX Spectrum series.

## History

Before the development of the UEF, archives of Acorn computer software on the World Wide Web had adopted a convention of hosting ZIP archives of the raw files on a tape, each raw file accompanied by a sidecar file, with extension `.inf`, carrying the load and execution addresses from the file header. The INF convention, described and implemented by Wouter Scholten in *bbcim* (1995), extends the output format of the `*INFO` command (built into Acorn DFS and ADFS, which lists file lengths and other metadata attached to files on disc) to cover CRCs and the order of files on tape. While it works adequately for storing user files, it does not preserve the baud rate of the recording, precise timing information or the non-standard data streams used in copy protected titles.

In the case of disc-based software, it became increasingly convenient to send a sector dump of the disc instead, and by the time of the UEF's introduction the file extensions `.ssd` and `.dsd` were already established for single-sided and double-sided raw images of DFS discs, respectively. Distributed bare or in a ZIP archive, they remain popular on archive sites.

## Aims

In a 2010 post to the Stardot forum, Harte explained at length his reasons for creating the format: being the first to address emulation of the Acorn Electron and its primary medium, tape, Harte wanted a fine-grained and technically optimal representation of media, compared to existing ad hoc formats; and to package the multiple media elements of a software release into a single file, so that downloading a UEF is "more like obtaining the original product". He went on to observe that it was the tools in use, and "user need", that determined the actual uses to which the UEF had been put.

## Structure

A UEF file consists of a fixed length *header* that identifies itself, followed by a linked list of *chunks* containing the data of interest. The header comprises the magic string `UEF File!`, a terminating null character, and the two-byte version number of the UEF specification in use. A reading application needs to pay attention to the version number, as the unit of measurement in some chunks differs according to the specification version, and one chunk has been redefined between versions.

Each chunk consists of a two-byte *ID* which determines its meaning, the *length* of the body in four bytes, and the *body* itself. An application can readily skip the bodies of chunks it does not need to process. After the last chunk the file simply ends. Currently, UEF chunks do not nest.

The whole UEF file, including the header, may optionally be compressed in gzip format. By examining the start of the file for a gzip or UEF header, a decompression library can be invoked as appropriate.

## Content

The Unified Emulator Format models software on *cassette* as a contiguous sequence of segments, which may be carrier tones, the modulated asynchronous signals of ordinary data blocks, *security cycles* (modulated synchronous signals, said to be an "identification feature") or *gaps* where no recognised signal is present. Tape UEF chunks are concatenated in the order they appear, to build up the representation of a whole recording. When generated from a real source tape, each waveform on the tape corresponds directly to a tape chunk, such that the source can be accurately reconstructed (with any non-encodable signals replaced by gaps of equal length.)

Standard Acorn streams (chunk ID: 0x0100) are encoded so that their bytes reappear in the UEF chunk body. From version 0.10, direct support is extended to all asynchronous formats (0x0104) including the `8,N,2` format of BASICODE. Otherwise there is a generic chunk (0x0102) to accommodate any arbitrary sequence of bits. Security wave chunks (0x0114) also carry bit streams, encoded in a different form to allow the half-length one bits observed in commercial recordings to be represented.

There are some modal variables affecting the interpretation of these chunks: the baud rate, 1200 baud for Acorn signals or 300 baud for KCS; the exact carrier frequency, which determines the playing time of the reconstructed tape; and the phase of the signal. The latter two may change within a published recording, and their absolute values depend on the tape player, amplifier and sound card used to digitise the signal.

A UEF file can contain markers to separate the tapes of a multiple-tape distribution, and the sides of each tape; positions of interest within each side can also be marked.

*Discs* are stored as raw sector dumps of each surface, along with their geometry and a byte identifying the file system. Previous versions of the specification had provisions to encode discs at the byte stream level, or the magnetic domain level. With SSD and DSD sector dumps serving standard BBC discs well, and the mature FDI format catering for copy-protected software, the disc image function of UEF is little used.

*Sideways ROMs* are likewise stored as raw data, plus an indication of their purpose and a ROM slot recommendation. Again the user base prefers bare ROM dumps for archival.

*State snapshot* UEF files include standardised chunks to store the major portions of an Acorn Electron or BBC Micro's state: main, shadow and expansion bus memory, the CPU and the WD1770 floppy drive controller; also the Electron ULA and the Slogger Master RAM Board, a common Electron add-on. A *patch memory* chunk rewrites a block of memory at any address, allowing the UEF format to package pokes. To store state elements not accommodated in the standard chunks, emulators can define their own chunks. A *private use area* of chunk IDs is reserved for this or any other purpose, although some emulators save state under invalid chunk IDs in the public space.

*Multiplexed data* is an extension for emulators, used by ElectrEm but without a published specification:

> Bit multiplexing supplies the emulator with additional information so that old programs may be run to produce a greater quality of output. This feature is really only for emulation use of UEF files and ignoring bit multiplexing will have no effect on the accuracy of your tool to original hardware.
>
> Thomas Harte, UEF File Format Specs 0.10 (document draft 28)

One salient application mentioned by Harte is to superimpose "new graphics on old games", and a single example, a 256-colour enhanced *Daredevil Dennis*, is available from StairwayToHell.com to run in ElectrEm.

Multiplexed data chunks are intended to follow ordinary data chunks in any of the above classes, supplementing the data. Their contents are not meant to be visible to the Acorn computer, whether real or emulated, but otherwise their meaning has not been specified.

Chunks providing *content information* include the *file origin* chunk, which identifies the application that generated the UEF file. *Inlay scan* chunks, intended as a file preview, hold a raw bitmap of the cover art although anything beyond a thumbnail can take up more data than a typical game. The UEF author can also provide the text of an *instruction booklet* or a URL for more information, a *short title* for display, *minimum machine specification and keyboard mapping* for the enclosed software; and where a game does not use the whole screen, the coordinates of the *visible area* can be given. A minority of UEF files available online contain anything in this class but an origin chunk.

A UEF file can contain multiple classes of data at once, as Harte intended; it is not possible to know which classes it contains without scanning the whole file. In its file selection box ElectrEm displays an icon according to the first data class chunk it finds.

## Applications

### MakeUEF

MakeUEF is a Windows application written by Thomas Harte and expanded by Fraser Ross to convert audio samples into UEF files. Two grades are offered. An 'amateur' version reads WAV files or a live signal played to the sound card, and transcribes only standard data blocks with accuracy. The 'professional' grade accepts only CSW files, which represent waves preprocessed into rectangular pulse trains, but it encodes all audio information supported by the UEF specification.

MakeUEF claims to have been the sole creator of all UEF files available on the Web before November 2004, the month of its version 1.0 release. Although the file format was more capable, supporting "gap lengths" since February 2001 at the latest, only "program data" was retained by MakeUEF prior to version 1.0. From November 2004 the fidelity of MakeUEF improved and the file spec was further refined, and an extension of `.hq.uef` ("high quality") was adopted to reflect this. The AcornPreservation.org archive only carries the HQ.UEF variety as well as the CSW source files. Its sister site StairwayToHell.com accepts 'amateur' UEF translations and files produced by pre-1.0 MakeUEF. As of 2008 the latter site hosts 1,494 transcriptions of BBC Micro cassette titles and at least 800 of Electron titles.

### Others

* Several emulators of Acorn machines support UEF natively, to read and write tape data (at original speed or faster) and store state snapshots. Examples include ElectrEm, BeebEm and B-Em.
* FreeUEF by Thomas Harte and the UEFReader Java Sound plugin convert a UEF file to a wave suitable for recording on tape or playing back to a physical computer.
* UberCassette are cross-platform, multi-format encoders emitting UEF from samples of Acorn cassettes.
* The UEFwalk Perl script validates and extracts data from UEF files.
* The XVUEF patch extends the Xv image editor to support the little-used inlay scan chunks of the UEF.

### Use on real BBC Micros

The GoMMC and GoSDC hardware extensions, produced by John Kortink from 2004, provide a virtual cassette playing capability. The accompanying PC tools import the cassette data from UEF files and store the extracted cassette stream on a memory card.

In February 2012, Martin Barr released version 5.0 of UPURS, a ROM based suite of utilities to aid data transfer to real BBC Microcomputers. As part of that release, the tool UPCFS saw its first release which enabled a claimed 86% compatibility rate with existing decompressed UEF files allowing them to be transferred to a real BBC Micro using a custom User Port cable that presents an RS-232 capable connection to a PC.

## InfoBox

Unified Emulator Format
| Filename extension | .uef |
| --- | --- |
| Internet media type | application/octet-stream |
| Magic number | `UEF File!` |
| Developed by | Thomas Harte |
| Initial release | before 10 August 2000 |
| Latest release | 0.10 draft 28<br>10 January 2006 |
| Type of format | Computer emulation |
| Container for | 8-bit computer data |
| Website | http://electrem.emuunlim.com/UEFSpecs.html |


# List of amphibians and reptiles of Norway

The Kingdom of Norway is home to several species of reptiles and amphibians, despite its cold climate.

## Reptiles

| Scientific name | Norwegian common name | Description | Image |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Anguis fragilis* | *Stålorm* |  |  |
| *Coronella austriaca* | *Slettsnok* | These snakes may bite people, although they are non-venomous. |  |
| *Dermochelys coriacea* | *Havlærskilpadde* |  |  |
| *Natrix natrix* | *Buorm* |  |  |
| *Vipera berus* | *Hoggorm* | This snake is venomous but its bite is rarely fatal to humans. |  |
| *Zootoca vivipara* | *Nordfirfisle* | This is one of the few lizards who gives birth to live offspring. |  |
|

## Amphibians

| Scientific name | Norwegian common name | Picture |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Bufo bufo* | *Nordpadde* |  |
| *Lissotriton vulgaris* | *Småsalamander* |  |
| *Triturus cristatus* | *Storsalamander* |  |
| *Rana arvalis* | *Spissnutefrosk* |  |
| *Rana temporaria* | *Buttsnutefrosk* |  |
|


title: Freeman (singer)

abstract: Leo Christer Friman, better known by his stage name Freeman, is a Finnish singer, songwriter, and musician. He started his music career in a band called Waterloo. He was most popular in the 1970s, and his songs from that era, such as "Ajetaan tandemilla" and "Osuuskaupan Jane", remained popular into the 21st century. Freeman 4, his fourth studio album, was released nearly 25 years after the release of his last studio album, Tulta tai jäätä.

text:
# Freeman (singer)

**Leo Christer Friman** (born 14 September 1951, in Lahti, Finland), better known by his stage name **Freeman**, is a Finnish singer, songwriter, and musician. He started his music career in a band called Waterloo. He was most popular in the 1970s, and his songs from that era, such as "Ajetaan tandemilla" and "Osuuskaupan Jane", remained popular into the 21st century. *Freeman 4*, his fourth studio album, was released nearly 25 years after the release of his last studio album, *Tulta tai jäätä*.

## Discography

### Albums

* 1976: *Freeman* \[Love Records\]
* 1977: *Freeman 2* \[Love Records\]
* 1986: *Tulta tai jäätä* \[Megafon\]
* 2011: *Freeman 4* \[Johanna\] (reached #19 on Finnish Albums Chart)

### Singles

Featured in * 2010: "Liian myöhään" (Uusi Fantasia feat. Freeman) (reached #10 in Finnish Singles Chart)
* 2012: "Karjala Takaisin" (JVG feat. Freeman) (reached #5 in Finnish Singles Chart)


title: Yaksu station

abstract: Yaksu Station is a subway station on the Seoul Subway Line 3 and Line 6 in Jung-gu, Seoul.

text:
# Yaksu station

**Yaksu Station** is a subway station on the Seoul Subway Line 3 and Line 6 in Jung-gu, Seoul.

## Station layout

| **G** | Street level | Exit |
| --- | --- | --- |

| **L1
Concourse** | Lobby | Customer service, shops, vending machines, ATMs |
| --- | --- | --- |

| **L2
Line 3 platform** | Northbound | Line 3 toward Daehwa (Dongguk University) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | Island platform, doors will open on the left | |
| | Southbound | Line 3 toward Ogeum (Geumho) |

| **L3
Line 6 platforms** | Side platform, doors will open on the right | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | Westbound | Line 6 toward Eungam (Beotigogae) |
| | Eastbound | Line 6 toward Sinnae (Cheonggu) |
| | Side platform, doors will open on the right | |

## Overview

Yaksu area is a largely residential area. Around the station, there are many shops such as Dunkin' Donuts, STCO (Shop selling men's clothes) and cafés. Several grocery stores and the Yaksu post office are also near. It is also close to Dongguk University station and the school.

| Preceding station | Seoul Metropolitan Subway | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dongguk Universitytowards Daehwa |  | Line 3 |  | Geumhotowards Ogeum |
| Beotigogaetowards Eungam |  | Line 6 |  | Cheonggutowards Sinnae |

## InfoBox

| **약수**
**Yaksu**   **약수**
**Yaksu** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 약수역 |
| Hanja |  |
| Revised Romanization | *Yaksu-yeok* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Yaksu-yŏk* |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Line 3 Dasan-ro Jiha 122
Line 6 Dasan-ro Jiha 115
Jung-gu, Seoul |
| Coordinates | 37°33′15″N 127°00′37″E / 37.55406°N 127.01016°E / 37.55406; 127.01016 |
| Operated by | Seoul Metro |
| Line(s) | Line 3
Line 6 |
| Platforms | 3 |
| Tracks | 4 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Underground |
| Key dates | |
| October 18, 1985 | Line 3 opened |
| March 9, 2001 | Line 6 opened |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Uc de la Bacalaria

abstract: Uc de la Bacalaria was a Limousin troubadour from La Bachellerie near Uzerche, the home town of Gaucelm Faidit. According to his vida, he was a jongleur who travelled infrequently and was hardly known. He composed cansos, tensos, one alba, and one descort. Six songs are surviving: one canso, one alba, and four tensos. According to the vida, he was courtly, capable, and learned. Uc participated in a three-way torneyamen with Savaric de Malleo and Gaucelm Faidit. Savaric posed the dilemma: if a lady with three suitors gazes into the eyes of one, squeezes the hand of the other, and nudges the foot of the third, to whom did she show the truest affection? Uc's answer is that the suitor whose hand was grasped was her true love, for a lady's gaze can rest on anything. Uc wrote another partimen with Gaucelm and two others with Bertran de Sant Felitz. Uc also wrote an erotic alba, Per grazir la bon' estrena, in which, like his contemporary Guiraut Riquier, he desires the dawn to arrive, in contrast to earlier troubadours, who always dreaded the dawn and the jealous husband. Both troubadours appear to have wished to revive the genre and Uc explicitly writes that vuelh far alb' ab son novelh: "I want to make an alba with a new sound." Uc's only canso was Ses totz enjans e ses fals'entendensa.

text:
# Uc de la Bacalaria

**Uc de la Bacalaria** (fl. 1206) was a Limousin troubadour from La Bachellerie near Uzerche, the home town of Gaucelm Faidit. According to his *vida*, he was a jongleur who travelled infrequently and was hardly known. He composed *cansos*, *tensos*, one *alba*, and one *descort*. Six songs are surviving: one *canso*, one *alba*, and four *tensos* (three *partimens* and one *torneyamen*). According to the *vida*, he was courtly, capable, and learned.

Uc participated in a three-way *torneyamen* with Savaric de Malleo and Gaucelm Faidit. Savaric posed the dilemma: if a lady with three suitors gazes into the eyes of one, squeezes the hand of the other, and nudges the foot of the third, to whom did she show the truest affection? Uc's answer is that the suitor whose hand was grasped was her true love, for a lady's gaze can rest on anything. Uc wrote another *partimen* with Gaucelm and two others with Bertran de Sant Felitz.

Uc also wrote an erotic *alba*, *Per grazir la bon' estrena*, in which, like his contemporary Guiraut Riquier, he desires the dawn to arrive, in contrast to earlier troubadours, who always dreaded the dawn and the jealous husband. Both troubadours appear to have wished to revive the genre and Uc explicitly writes that *vuelh far alb' ab son novelh*: "I want to make an *alba* with a new sound."

Uc's only *canso* was *Ses totz enjans e ses fals'entendensa*.

## Sources

* *Gaucelm, tres jocs enamoratz*, with translation by James H. Donalson.
* Egan, Margarita (ed. and trans.) *The Vidas of the Troubadours*. New York: Garland, 1984. ISBN 0-8240-9437-9.
* Harvey, Ruth and Linda M. Paterson. *The Troubadour Tensos and Partimens: A Critical Edition*. D. S. Brewer, 2010.
* Markale, Jean. *Courtly Love: The Path of Sexual Initiation*. Inner Traditions/Bear & Company, 2000. ISBN 0-89281-771-2.
* Monson, Don A. "The Troubadour's Lady Reconsidered Again." *Speculum*, Vol. 70, No. 2. (Apr., 1995), pp. 255274.
* Riquer, Martín de. *Los trovadores: historia literaria y textos*. 3 vol. Barcelona: Planeta, 1975.


title: Villar de la Yegua

abstract: Villar de la Yegua is a municipality located in the province of Salamanca, Castile and León, Spain. As of 2016, the municipality has a population of 198 inhabitants. The municipal territory is home to the Siega Verde Paleolithic art site, included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2010.

text:
# Villar de la Yegua

**Villar de la Yegua** is a municipality located in the province of Salamanca, Castile and León, Spain. As of 2016 (data from INE), the municipality has a population of 198 inhabitants.

The municipal territory is home to the Siega Verde Paleolithic art site, included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2010.

## InfoBox

| Villar de la Yegua | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location in Salamanca | |
| Villar de la YeguaLocation in Spain | |
| Coordinates: 40°43′1″N 6°42′0″W / 40.71694°N 6.70000°W / 40.71694; -6.70000 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile and León |
| Province | Salamanca |
| Comarca | Comarca de Ciudad Rodrigo |
| Subcomarca | Campo de Argañán |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Luis Miguel Baz Garduño (People's Party) |
| Area | |
| Total | 56 km2 (22 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 713 m (2,339 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 179 |
| Density | 3.2/km2 (8.3/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 37488 |


title: William III, Landgrave of Hesse

abstract: William III "the Younger", Landgrave of Hesse ruled on the part of the county known as Upper Hesse, with residence in Marburg. William was the son of Landgrave Henry III from the House of Hesse and his wife Anna of Katzenelnbogen. When his father died in 1483, William was still a minor, and therefore had his uncle Archbishop Herman IV of Cologne, and Hans Hofman of Dörnberg acted as guardian until 1489. With the rich revenues of the country could William could purchase in 1492 half the barony of Eppstein and in 1493 part of Klingenberg am Main. In 1498 he married Elisabeth, the daughter of Elector Palatine Philip. William died young after he fell from a horse while hunting, and left no legitimate offspring. His holdings fell to his cousin William II, so that all of the Landgraviate of Hesse was again united in one hand, plus the County of Katzenelnbogen. However, this last inheritance was disputed by his sister Elisabeth of Hesse-Marburg, triggering the War of the Katzenelnbogen Succession.

text:
# William III, Landgrave of Hesse

**William III "the Younger", Landgrave of Hesse** (8 September 1471  17 February 1500) ruled on the part of the county known as Upper Hesse, with residence in Marburg.

William was the son of Landgrave Henry III from the House of Hesse and his wife Anna of Katzenelnbogen. When his father died in 1483, William was still a minor, and therefore had his uncle Archbishop Herman IV of Cologne, and Hans Hofman of Dörnberg acted as guardian until 1489.

With the rich revenues of the country could William could purchase in 1492 half the barony of Eppstein (including the so-called Ländchen ('little country')) and in 1493 part of Klingenberg am Main.

In 1498 he married Elisabeth, the daughter of Elector Palatine Philip.

William died young after he fell from a horse while hunting, and left no legitimate offspring. His holdings fell to his cousin William II, so that all of the Landgraviate of Hesse was again united in one hand, plus the County of Katzenelnbogen. However, this last inheritance was disputed by his sister Elisabeth of Hesse-Marburg, triggering the War of the Katzenelnbogen Succession.

* Reimer (1898), "William III. (Landgrave of Upper Hesse)", *Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie* (in German), vol. 43, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 31–32

## Footnotes

1. State Archive in Marburg cartulary 14, No. 5, f. 12-21v and the State Archive in Marburg cartulary 21, No. 34 Bl 153-176V.

## InfoBox

| William III of Hesse | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1471-09-08)8 September 1471 |
| Died | 17 February 1500(1500-02-17) (aged 28) |
| Spouse | Elisabeth of the Palatinate |
| House | House of Hesse |
| Father | Henry III of Upper Hesse |
| Mother | Anna of Katzenelnbogen |


title: Marolles, Loir-et-Cher

abstract: Marolles is a commune in Loir-et-Cher, central France.

text:
# Marolles, Loir-et-Cher

**Marolles** (French pronunciation: \[maʁɔl\] ) is a commune in Loir-et-Cher, central France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 460 |  |
| 1975 | 557 | +2.77% |
| 1982 | 681 | +2.91% |
| 1990 | 708 | +0.49% |
| 1999 | 715 | +0.11% |
| 2007 | 694 | −0.37% |
| 2012 | 747 | +1.48% |
| 2017 | 725 | −0.60% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Marolles | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| *École maternelle* of Marolles | |
| Location of Marolles | |
| MarollesMarolles | |
| Coordinates: 47°38′55″N 1°18′28″E / 47.6486°N 1.3078°E / 47.6486; 1.3078 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Centre-Val de Loire |
| Department | Loir-et-Cher |
| Arrondissement | Blois |
| Canton | Veuzain-sur-Loire |
| Intercommunality | CA Blois Agglopolys |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Isabelle Soirat |
| Area**1** | 9.88 km2 (3.81 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 719 |
| Density | 73/km2 (190/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 41128 /41330 |
| Elevation | 87–117 m (285–384 ft)
(avg. 144 m or 472 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Marts Peak

abstract: Marts Peak is a 4,551 metres (14,931 ft) high, small and sharp peak at the east edge of the ice-covered Vinson Plateau in the Sentinel Range of the Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica. It surmounts Dater Glacier to the northeast and Hammer Col to the south. The peak was named by US-ACAN in 2006 after Brian Marts, a member of the 1966–67 American Antarctic Mountaineering Expedition that made the first ascent of Mount Vinson, the summit of Antarctica, and other high mountains in the Sentinel Range.

text:
# Marts Peak

**Marts Peak** is a 4,551 metres (14,931 ft) high, small and sharp peak at the east edge of the ice-covered Vinson Plateau in the Sentinel Range of the Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica. It surmounts Dater Glacier to the northeast and Hammer Col to the south.

The peak was named by US-ACAN in 2006 after Brian Marts, a member of the 1966–67 American Antarctic Mountaineering Expedition that made the first ascent of Mount Vinson, the summit of Antarctica, and other high mountains in the Sentinel Range.

## Location

Marts Peak is located at 78°32′18″S 85°24′07″W / 78.53833°S 85.40194°W / -78.53833; -85.40194, which is 3.1 miles (5.0 km) east-southeast of Mount Vinson, 3.18 miles (5.12 km) northeast of Opalchenie Peak and 3.47 miles (5.58 km) east by north of Silverstein Peak, according to US maps made in 1961 and updated in 1988.

## Maps

* Vinson Massif. Scale 1:250 000 topographic map. Reston, Virginia: US Geological Survey, 1988.
* D. Gildea and C. Rada. Vinson Massif and the Sentinel Range. Scale 1:50 000 topographic map. Omega Foundation, 2007.
* Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly updated.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Marts Peak". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey.


title: Marcella Lista

abstract: Marcella Lista is a French curator and art historian. She is chief curator at the Centre Pompidou.

text:
# Marcella Lista

**Marcella Lista** is a French curator and art historian. She is chief curator at the Centre Pompidou.

## Career

In 2004 she was responsible for the Auditorium du Louvre contemporary art and architecture program. With Sophie Duplaix she curated the exhibition *Sons & Lumières, A history of sound in 20th Century* at the Centre Pompidou. In 2011 she was in residency at the Villa Médicis to research "dance, modernity and abstraction, 1910-1930". Lista is the chief curator of the New Media Collection at the Centre Pompidou since 2016. She curated the two inaugural exhibitions at the Centre Pompidou x West Bund Museum *The Shape of Time, Highlights of the Centre Pompidou Collection* and *Observations, Highlights of the New Media Collection* in 2019.

## Bibliography (selection)

* *Sons et Lumières: une histoire du son dans l’art du 20e siècle* (co-direction with Sophie Duplaix). Paris: Éditions du Centre Pompidou, 2004. ISBN 978-2-844262448
* *L’œuvre d’art totale à la naissance des avant-gardes (1908-1914)*. Paris: Éditions de l’Institut National d’Histoire de l’Art, 2006. ISBN 978-2-735505456
* *Corps étrangers : danse, dessin, film : Francis Bacon, William Forsythe, Peter Welz...* Lyon: Fage Editions and Paris: Musée du Louvre, 2006. ISBN 978-2-84975-105-3
* *Paul Klee, 1879-1940: polyphonies.* Arles: Actes Sud, 2011. ISBN 978-2-330000530
* *Suzanne Lafont: Situations*. La Garenne Colombes: Bernard Chauveau Editeur, 2015. ISBN 978-236306-142-3
* *Ryoji Ikeda: Continuum*. Paris: Xavier Barral Editeur, 2018. ISBN 978-2-36511-190-4
* *Hassan Khan: blind ambition*. Paris: Éditions du Centre Pompidou, 2022. ISBN 978-2-844268877
* *Chris Marker. Survivances de Zapping Zone: (1990-1994)*. Paris: Éditions du Centre Pompidou, 2024. ISBN 978-2-844269386


abstract: List of archaeological excavations in Jerusalem is an incomplete list of archaeological excavations in Jerusalem. In 1952 Father Jan Jozef Simons published Jerusalem in the Old Testament: Researches and Theories, which was a complete list of all archaeological excavations in Jerusalem up until the Second World War; the book become the "Jerusalem Bible" for archaeologists. Small scale excavations continued between 1948 and 1967, but the modern excavation of the city accelerated only after Israel's capture of East Jerusalem in 1967.

text:
# List of archaeological excavations in Jerusalem

**List of archaeological excavations in Jerusalem** is an incomplete list of archaeological excavations in Jerusalem.

In 1952 Father Jan Jozef Simons published *Jerusalem in the Old Testament: Researches and Theories*, which was a complete list of all archaeological excavations in Jerusalem up until the Second World War; the book become the "Jerusalem Bible" for archaeologists.

Small scale excavations continued between 1948 and 1967, but the modern excavation of the city accelerated only after Israel's capture of East Jerusalem in 1967.

## 19th Century

The nineteenth century saw much interest in Jerusalem develop. British Protestants, eager to find hard evidence for their Christian convictions, set out to dig the Holy City. Among them were Flinders Petrie, Charles Warren, Charles William Wilson and Montague Parker.

## The British Mandate

During the Mandate, efforts to excavate Jerusalem continued with digs by R. A. Stewart Macalister in the City of David.

## Jordanian Rule

Under Jordanian rule, Kathleen Kenyon excavated in the City of David, discovering numerous important finds including the proto-Ionic capital.

## Summary Table

| Years | Primary Excavators | Backing Organization | Findings |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1867 | Charles Warren | PEF | Warren's Shaft |
| 1923, 1925 | R. A. Stewart Macalister and J. G. Duncan |  | Ophel Hill, top of Stepped Stone Structure which they called the "Jebusite Wall" |
| 1938–1942 | Robert Hamilton, W.B. Kennedy Shaw, Salem Effendi Husseini, C.N. Johns and Jack Dikijian |  | During repairs to al-Aqsa mosque partially destroyed in 1927 earthquake, uncovered a Marble pavement beneath the floor of the al-Aqsa mosque from earlier structure, Mosaic (Byzantine), Ceiling rafters (late 6th-century CE) with Greek graffiti, etc. |
| 1961–1967 | Kathleen Kenyon |  | Proto-Ionic capital from Large Stone Structure, Stepped Stone Structure, Fortress walls from Canaanite and First Temple periods, residential buildings from various periods, sections of Second Temple "pilgrim's road" in central valley |
| 1978–1985 | Yigal Shiloh | Hebrew University, IAA | Dating and detailed study of water system, more of Stepped Stone Structure, First Temple Period residences in Area G, "The Burnt Room" with arrowheads, bullae including the "Gemaryahu ben Shafan" bulla |
| 1995 | Ronnie Reich and Eli Shukron | El Ad / IAA | The Spring House above the Gihon |

## Bibliography

* Margreet Steiner, 2016, From Jerusalem with Love, History, Archaeology and The Bible Forty Years After “Historicity”. Changing Perspectives 6, edited by Ingrid Hjelm and Thomas L. Thompson, Routledge, pp. 71–84
* Margreet Steiner, 2014, One Hundred and Fifty Years of Excavating Jerusalem Bart Wagemakers (ed.), Archaeology in the Land of \`Tells and Ruins’. A History of Excavations in the Holy Land Inspired by the Photographs and Accounts of Leo Boer. Oxbow Books, Oxford.


abstract: Frederick Ponsonby, 3rd Earl of Bessborough, styled the Viscount Duncannon from 1758 to 1793, was an Anglo-Irish peer.

text:
# Frederick Ponsonby, 3rd Earl of Bessborough

**Frederick Ponsonby, 3rd Earl of Bessborough** DCL (24 January 1758 – 3 February 1844), styled the **Viscount Duncannon** from 1758 to 1793, was an Anglo-Irish peer.

## Background

Ponsonby was the eldest son of Viscount Duncannon (who succeeded as the 2nd Earl of Bessborough in July 1758) and Lady Caroline Cavendish, daughter of The 3rd Duke of Devonshire. He succeeded to his father's titles in 1793. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, and obtained the degrees of Master of Arts and Doctor of Civil Law.

As Viscount Duncannon, he sat in the House of Commons as member for Knaresborough from 1780 until his succession to his father's earldom. He was a Lord of the Admiralty in 1782–83.

## Marriage and issue

On 27 November 1780, Duncannon married the intelligent and kind Lady Henrietta Spencer, second daughter of John Spencer, 1st Earl Spencer. Duncannon and Harriet had four children:

The marriage was notoriously unhappy. Tired of Duncannon's vacillating abusive temper, and craving for love in her life, Harriet started a disastrous affair with Richard Brinsley Sheridan. This affair was indeed disastrous for Harriet, as the worst-case scenario actually happened: the abusive Duncannon walked in on Harriet and Sheridan having intercourse. Violently enraged, Duncannon immediately wanted to divorce Harriet. Divorce in the 18th century was social ruin for women, and Harriet narrowly escaped such calamity only when Duncannon's father William Ponsonby, 2nd Earl of Bessborough and the powerful Cavendish clan sided with Harriet, making divorcing her social suicide.

Perhaps chastened by time and age, by 1820 Duncannon rather miraculously ceased his abuse, and he and Harriet eventually settled into a companionable marriage.

In 1821, Harriet died suddenly of a "chill" caught while travelling in Italy. Duncannon was heartbroken by her death. He outlived her by more than 20 years, dying at Canford House, Dorset, in 1844.

## Character

Duncannon usually made a favourable first impression: quiet, but with "the most mild and amiable manner". On the other hand, he was a notoriously cruel husband, fluctuating between sweet or obsessive attentiveness, neglecting Harriet entirely, or physically abusing her. His abuse of his wife was so public his family could not keep up appearances by pretending it was not occurring. In 1791 Harriet's serious illness gave rise to rumours, apparently quite unfounded, that he was trying to kill her.

Like most of the Ton (le bon ton), Duncannon was a gambling addict. When he would lose, he would erupt into rages that terrified his wife. Duncannon's abuse and his gambling rages made Harriet's family fearful for her safety. Their fears were often proven, as when he threatened violence if Harriet did not hand over her marriage settlement to him after losing an especially ruinous gambling round. Luckily for the terrified Harriet, her kind brother George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer swept in and protected her from immediate violence by quietly giving Duncannon the money.

## InfoBox

| The Earl of Bessborough | |
| --- | --- |
| Lord Bessborough by Samuel William Reynolds. | |
| Born | Hon. Frederick Ponsonby
(1758-01-24)24 January 1758
Marylebone, London, England |
| Died | 3 February 1844(1844-02-03) (aged 86)
Canford House, Dorset, England |
| Spouse(s) | Lady Henrietta Spencer  (m. 1780; died 1821) |
| Issue |  |
| Father | William Ponsonby, 2nd Earl of Bessborough |
| Mother | Lady Caroline Cavendish |


title: Yaktovil

abstract: The yaktovil is a ritual documented by anthropologists among Sinhala communities in Sri Lanka. A type of protective ritual or exorcism, the yaktovil invokes the protection of Buddha against malevolent supernatural entities.

text:
# Yaktovil

The ***yaktovil*** is a ritual documented by anthropologists among Sinhala communities in Sri Lanka. A type of protective ritual or exorcism, the *yaktovil* invokes the protection of Buddha against malevolent supernatural entities.

## Description

The *yaktovil* is a lengthy, complex ritual that prevents malevolent, supernatural beings from overpowering patients. The ritual brings the patients into the protective manifold of the Buddha.

During the ritual, offering baskets for several yaksha, or nature divinities, are placed on a bench. One of the baskets is devoted to Suniyam. His basket contains, among other things, a sacrificial chicken and an "arrow" of Brahma. The "arrow" in this ritual is a straight branch with one end in the shape of an arrowhead. During the ceremony, it is used to help command and control certain supernaturals. At one point in the ceremony, a person assisting will be "possessed" by the spirit of Suniyam. He will take the sacrificial chicken and stomp around the patient. The yakeduras will use the "arrow" to force his compliance in leaving the patient alone.

### Yakeduras

*Yakeduras* means "ones who know the art of offering". They are specialists who take control over patient diagnosis and performance of the yaktovil.

* Reynolds, Frank; Carbine, Jason A. *The Life of Buddhism, Life of Religion- Volume 1*. Berkeley University of California Press.
* Scott, David. Formations of Ritual: Colonial and Anthropological Discourses on the Sinhala Yaktovil. NED - New edition ed., University of Minnesota Press, 1994. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/j.cttttp68. Accessed 3 May 2020.


title: Marymount colleges

abstract: The Marymount Colleges are a group of colleges founded by the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary (RSHM), an institute with French origins which was founded on February 24, 1849. When the institution expanded to the United States, its members founded a series of parochial schools, called the RSHM Network of Schools, with the name "Marymount".

text:
# Marymount colleges

The **Marymount Colleges** are a group of colleges founded by the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary (RSHM), an institute with French origins which was founded on February 24, 1849. When the institution expanded to the United States, its members founded a series of parochial schools, called the RSHM Network of Schools, with the name "Marymount".

## United States

### New York

Of the American colleges founded by RSHM, Marymount College, Tarrytown, was founded first, on December 8, 1907, founded by Johanna Butler. Marymount School, a women's Catholic high school in Manhattan, was founded in 1926. In 1936, an extension of Marymount College, Tarrytown, was formed in Manhattan. It later became the co-educational college now known as Marymount Manhattan College.

The original Marymount College, Tarrytown, was consolidated with Fordham University. In fall 2005, Fordham University announced that it would close the college in June 2007. Thus, the last graduating Marymount class was the Class of 2007. In August 2007, Fordham announced, to the disappointment of many alumnae, that it would sell the Marymount campus. The university indicated that the unjustifiable and disproportionate cost of campus maintenance was the reason for closure, and that the university had already expended more on the maintenance and repair of the campus than it was even likely to recoup from its sale. On February 17, 2008, Fordham announced the sale of the campus for $27 million to EF Education, a chain of private language-instruction schools.

### California

In 1923, Marymount School of Los Angeles was founded. An extension site was founded at Palos Verdes, which exists to this day as Marymount California University. Other California schools were established at Santa Barbara, Studio City, Montebello and San Jose. The four year tract of Marymount College of Los Angeles merged with the Jesuit Loyola University in 1973 and currently exists as Loyola Marymount University. Marymount High School in Los Angeles also traces its roots to the Marymount School of Los Angeles.

### Virginia

In 1950, Marymount College of Virginia was founded in Arlington. The college became co-educational in 1972 and gained its university status in 1986. It currently exists as Marymount University.

### Florida

In 1962, Marymount College of Boca Raton was founded. By 1971, the college had entered a transitional period; in 1974, Marymount College of Boca Raton became the College of Boca Raton. The college gained university standing under the name Lynn University in 1991.

### Other

Other secondary schools and junior colleges were founded in Ferguson and Florissant, Missouri, and Rolling Meadows, Illinois.

## Colombia

There are three Marymount Schools in Colombia located in the cities of Medellin, Bogota and Barranquilla. Marymount School (*Colegio Marymount* or *Fundación Nuevo Marymount*) is located in Bogota and is considered amongst the best schools in the city. It is a bilingual and Catholic school that seeks to provide an integral education for women. It has offered the International Baccalaureate since 2007.

## France

Marymount School in Paris, France, is the oldest international school in Paris and is part of the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary network of Marymount schools.

The history of Marymount Paris can be traced back to 1846 when Father Jean Gailhac founded an order of Sisters in Béziers in the south of France. The objective, considered a progressive idea at that time, was the education of young women. Schools eventually opened in Portugal, England, Ireland and the United States.

## Italy

**Marymount International School Rome** is a private Catholic co-educational school catering to students from Early Childhood (age 3) to Grade 12 located in Rome, Italy. It operates on the American school system but also offers the International Baccalaureate diploma program  for its Grade 11 and Grade 12 students, as well as the Italian Esami di Stato (state exams) for the Terza Media (8th grade).

It is considered one of the best international schools in Italy. Most students later attend top world-class universities such as Brown University, Bocconi University, University of Rome I "La Sapienza", Cornell University, Harvard University, London School of Economics and Political Science, New York University.

## Mexico

Colégio Marymount, Cuernavaca was founded in 1957. It is one of the biggest schools in the city and has one of the best campuses in the state of Morelos.

## Canada

### Quebec

There was a Marymount school in the City of Québec from the early 1950s to 1969, initially located on Mont Carmel street in Old Quebec, moving to its own large campus St. Foy.

## United Kingdom

Marymount International School in London was founded in 1955.


title: Marley Caribu

abstract: Garon Tsuchiya Garon Tsuchiya, also known as Marley Caribu and Marginal, was a Japanese manga writer. In 1986 he completed his first major works in collaboration with Akyo Makata in Ahomansu and Meisouou Boodaa. Afterwards, Tsuchiya collaborated with draftsman Kaiji Kawaguchi for the title, Tokishozo Disturbs and Losses. In 1992-1993 he collaborated with Jiro Taniguchi for the manga Blue Fighter, Knuckle Wars and Live! Odyssey. He also collaborated with Takashi Imashiro for the manga Takopon. He has collaborated with manga artist Nobuaki Minegishi for the manga Old Boy, upon which Park Chan-wook's 2003 film Oldboy is based. Tsuchiya died on January 7, 2018.

text:
# Marley Caribu

**Garon Tsuchiya** (Japanese: 土屋 ガロン, Hepburn: *Tsuchiya Garon*, 1947 – January 7, 2018), also known as **Marley Caribu** (狩撫 麻礼, *Karibu Marei*) and **Marginal** (in *Astral Project*), was a Japanese manga writer.

In 1986 he completed his first major works in collaboration with Akyo Makata in *Ahomansu* and *Meisouou Boodaa*. Afterwards, Tsuchiya collaborated with draftsman Kaiji Kawaguchi (*Zipang*, *Spirit of The Sun*) for the title, *Tokishozo Disturbs and Losses*. In 1992-1993 he collaborated with Jiro Taniguchi for the manga *Blue Fighter* (青の戦士, *Ao no Senshi*), *Knuckle Wars* (ナックル・ウォーズ, *Nakkuru*) and *Live! Odyssey* (LIVE! オデッセイ).

He also collaborated with Takashi Imashiro for the manga *Takopon*. He has collaborated with manga artist Nobuaki Minegishi for the manga *Old Boy*, upon which Park Chan-wook's 2003 film *Oldboy* is based.

Tsuchiya died on January 7, 2018.

## Works

## InfoBox

| Marley Caribu | |
| --- | --- |
| 狩撫 麻礼 | |
| Born | Garon Tsuchiya
1947
Tokyo, Japan |
| Died | January 7, 2018(2018-01-07) (aged 70–71) |
| Other names | Marley Carib, Marginal, Yuuhou Hijikata |
| Occupation | Manga writer |
| Known for |  |


title: Maruti Indian Restaurant

abstract: Maruti Indian Restaurant, or simply Maruti, is an Indian restaurant in Portland, Oregon.

text:
# Maruti Indian Restaurant

**Maruti Indian Restaurant**, or simply **Maruti**, is an Indian restaurant in Portland, Oregon.

## Description

Maruti is a vegetarian restaurant serving Indian cuisine on Hawthorne Boulevard in southeast Portland's Buckman neighborhood. The menu has included biryani and tikka masala.

## History

Rudra Parmar and chef Falguni Khanna opened Maruti in Portland on November 12, 2016, in a space which previously housed Bombay Cricket Club. Previously, Maruti operated in Mount Shasta, California for approximately two years. According to the *Portland Mercury*'s Isabella Garcia, Maruti offers "Indian staples with an emphasis on sustainability" and uses "organic, non-GMO, and sustainably sourced ingredients and materials throughout the restaurant".

## Reception

Maruti has been included in several *Eater Portland* lists, including Michelle DeVona's 2018 overview of recommended eateries in the Hawthorne District, Waz Wu's 2021 overview of "Where to Find Standout Vegan Curries in Portland", and Ron Scott's 2021 list of "Where to Find Exceptional Indian Food in Portland". Additionally, Jenni Moore recommended the Baingan Bharta in a 2020 list of "13 Standout Vegetarian Meals in Portland", and Wu included the restaurant in a 2023 list of "Portland’s Primo Special Occasion Restaurants for Vegans and Vegetarians".

In 2017, *Willamette Week*'s Matthew Korfhage included Maruti in a list of "The Best Restaurants on Hawthorne and Belmont in Southeast Portland". The newspaper also said in 2019, "for vegans and vegetarians, this place is like a gift from Vishnu".

## InfoBox

| Maruti Indian Restaurant | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| The restaurant's exterior, 2022 | |
|  | |
| Restaurant information | |
| Food type | Indian |
| Street address | 1925 Southeast Hawthorne Boulevard |
| City | Portland |
| County | Multnomah |
| State | Oregon |
| Postal/ZIP Code | 97214 |
| Country | United States |
| Coordinates | 45°30′45″N 122°38′45″W / 45.5124°N 122.6459°W / 45.5124; -122.6459 |


title: Manuel Blanco Romasanta

abstract: Manuel Blanco Romasanta was Spain's first recorded serial killer. In 1853, he admitted to thirteen murders but claimed he was not responsible because he was suffering from a curse that caused him to turn into a wolf. Although this defence was rejected at trial, Queen Isabella II commuted his death sentence to allow doctors to investigate the claim as an example of clinical lycanthropy. Blanco has become part of Spanish folklore as the Werewolf of Allariz and is also known as The Tallow Man, a nickname he earned for rendering his victims' fat to make high-quality soap.

text:
# Manuel Blanco Romasanta

**Manuel Blanco Romasanta** (né **Manuela**; 18 November 1809 – 14 December 1863) was Spain's first recorded serial killer. In 1853, he admitted to thirteen murders but claimed he was not responsible because he was suffering from a curse that caused him to turn into a wolf. Although this defence was rejected at trial, Queen Isabella II commuted his death sentence to allow doctors to investigate the claim as an example of clinical lycanthropy. Blanco has become part of Spanish folklore as the *Werewolf of Allariz* and is also known as *The Tallow Man,* a nickname he earned for rendering his victims' fat to make high-quality soap.

## Background

According to various accounts, he was of small stature, between 1.37 and 1.49 m (4 ft 6 in and 4 ft 11 in) in height, blonde, and "tender looking". As an adult, he worked as a dressmaker and was married. He was widowed a year later but was not suspected of having had a hand in her death. Following the death of his wife in 1833, Blanco became a travelling salesman, initially in Esgos, then eventually throughout Galicia and Portugal. Blanco was also known to act as a guide for travellers crossing the mountains to Castile, Asturias, and Cantabria, which gave him further opportunities for trade.

In 1844, Blanco was charged with the murder of Vicente Fernández, the alguacil of León. Fernández was found dead after attempting to collect a debt of 600 real that Blanco owed to a supplier in Ponferrada for the purchase of merchandise. When he failed to appear, he was judged guilty by default and sentenced *in absentia* to 10 years imprisonment.

## Other murders and arrest

Fleeing from the threat of imprisonment, Blanco lived in hiding for almost a year in an abandoned shelter in Ermida. He reappeared later in public with a false passport using the name Antonio Gómez, a native of Nogueira, Portugal; and lived in the small village of Rebordechao in the district of Vilar de Barrio for at least a year. Although he helped with the harvest, he also worked as a cook, a coir maker, and as a weaver making yarn on a spinning wheel. He became friendly with the women of the village, which led the men to consider him effeminate.

Over the following years, several women and children who had hired Blanco as a guide began to disappear. Their disappearances were not noticed immediately as Blanco delivered letters to their families, advising that they had arrived well at their destinations and were settling in. However, people became suspicious when they noticed that he was selling his victim's clothing locally. Rumours began to spread that he was selling soap made from human fat.

In 1852, a complaint was finally lodged in the city of Escalona, alleging that Blanco deceived women and children into travelling with him so that he could kill them and remove their fat, which he then sold. He was arrested in September 1852, in Nombela, in the province of Toledo, and brought to trial in Allariz, in the area of Ourense. In his defence, Blanco claimed that he was afflicted with lycanthropy.

## Trial in Allariz

When Blanco was brought to trial, Galicia was in the middle of one of the worst famines of several that had plagued the area throughout the nineteenth century. The famine led to mass migrations and a noticeable increase in fear and anxiety. Blanco became the subject of a historical judgment: Cause Nº 1778 *The Wolfman* volume 36 of the courts of Allariz. The litigation, based on a claim of Lycanthropy, has never been repeated in the history of Spanish law.

Blanco admitted to thirteen murders but in his defence, he said that he had been cursed and had committed them after transforming into a wolf.

> "The first time I transformed, was in the mountains of Couso. I came across two ferocious-looking wolves. I suddenly fell to the ground and began to feel convulsions, I rolled over three times, and a few seconds later I was a wolf. I was out marauding with the other two for five days, until I returned to my own body, the one you see before you today, Your Honour. The other two wolves came with me, who I thought were also wolves, changed into human form. They were from Valencia. One was called Antonio and the other Don Genaro. They too were cursed... we attacked and ate a number of people because we were hungry." — Manuel Blanco Romasanta

The prosecutor, Luciano Bastida Hernáez, asked Blanco to demonstrate the transformation for the court to which he replied that the curse only lasted for thirteen years and that he was now cured as that time had expired the previous week. In October 1852, Allariz doctors presented the court with a report on Blanco. Based heavily on phrenology, the report accused him of inventing his affliction. While noting that lycanthropy can be determined from a "visceral examination" and craneoscopia, the doctors found no causes or motives for his behaviour.

> "His inclination to vice is voluntary and not forced. The subject is not insane, dim-witted or monomaniacal, nor were these \[conditions\] achieved while incarcerated. On the contrary, he instead turns out to be a pervert, an accomplished criminal capable of anything, cool and collected and without goodness but \[acts\] with free will, freedom and knowledge."

The court acquitted Blanco of four of the murders he had confessed to after forensic evidence indicated that these victims had died in real wolf attacks. He was found guilty of the other nine, the remains of which exhibited signs of butchering. On 6 April 1853, Blanco was sentenced to death by garrote with 1000 Real compensation to be paid for each victim. The court case had lasted seven months and the transcript covered more than two thousand pages which were bound in five volumes titled "Licantropia".

The case was sent for ratification to the Territorial Court in A Coruña which, after considering the case for seven months, reduced the sentence to life imprisonment. The prosecution appealed against the reduction and a new hearing was set for March 1854, which upheld the original verdict from the court in Allariz: death by garrote.

### Confirmed victims

List of named victims.

* **Manuela García,** age 47, and her daughter **Petra,** 15, killed in the Sierra de San Mamede while traveling to Santander.
* **Benita García Blanco,** aged 34, and her son **Francisco,** 10, killed in Corgo de Boi while traveling to Rua cantabras.
* **Antonia land,** 37 years old, and her daughter **Peregrina,** killed while traveling to Ourense.
* **Josefa García** and her son **José Pazos,** 21 years old.
* **María Dolores,** 12 years old.

### The prosecutor

Luciano Bastida y Hernáez gained considerable fame and prestige for his prosecution of Blanco and was made a Knight of the Royal and Distinguished Order of Charles III of Spain, the most distinguished civil award that can be granted, and was appointed to the Supreme Court. Bastida died in Ponferrada in 1872 at age 60 and is considered one of the provinces of La Rioja's "most illustrious sons" for his legal career. The bicentenary of his birth was celebrated in La Rioja on 8 January 2012.

## Commutation by Royal Decree

"Mr. Phillips", a French hypnotist living in London, had been following the "Werewolf of Allariz" case through the reporting in French newspapers. Phillips wrote to José de Castro y Orozco, the Spanish Minister of Justice, stating that Blanco was suffering from a monomania known as lycanthropy and was not responsible for his actions. He claimed that he had successfully treated the condition through hypnosis and asked that the execution be delayed so he could study the case. The Minister of Justice wrote to Queen Isabella II who personally commuted the death sentence to life imprisonment by Royal Order of 13 May 1854 and Blanco was transferred to a prison in Celanova.

Although there is no documentary evidence for the identity of Mr. Phillips, it is believed that he was the French physician Joseph-Pierre Durand de Gros who had been exiled to Britain and who later returned to France using the pseudonym Dr. Phillips. Durand de Gros was a significant part of the movement that led to the incorporation and assimilation of "Braidism" (viz., hypnotism *à la James Braid*; see ) in France and his works on the influence of the mind were later developed by Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung. The "Wolfman" trial occurred at the beginning of the golden age of hypnotism.

## Death

The Celanova prison and its records no longer exist but it was widely believed that Blanco died within months of arriving. Locals say it was from illness, but there is also a rumour that he died after being shot by a guard who wanted to see him transform. However, a TVG documentary aired on 30 May 2009 investigated the possibility that he had died elsewhere, suggesting he had died in San Antón Castle in A Coruña. In October 2011, a "Xornadas Manuel Blanco Romasanta" (a symposium and exhibition of Blanco memorabilia) was held in Allariz where Galician researchers Félix and Cástor Castro Vicente presented evidence that Blanco had died in the prison of Ceuta on 14 December 1863. The evidence consisted of two newspaper articles, *La Iberia* a Liberal journal of 23 December 1863 that included a short sentence reporting that Blanco had died and *La Esperanza* newspaper dated 21 December 1863 which reported on its front page:

> "In Ceuta prison, the unfortunately famous Manuel Blanco Romasanta, known in all Spain as the werewolf as a consequence of his atrocities and misdeeds and who was sentenced to prison by the Court in La Coruña, died in that place on 14 of this month being the victim of stomach cancer."

## InfoBox

| Manuel Blanco Romasanta | |
| --- | --- |
| Charcoal drawing from Romasanta's medical report | |
| Born | Manuela Blanco Romasanta
(1809-11-18)18 November 1809
Regueiro, Esgos, Ourense, Galicia, Spain |
| Died | 14 December 1863(1863-12-14) (aged 54)
Ceuta, Spain |
| Other names | Werewolf of Allariz
Fat Extractor |
| Occupations | * Dressmaker * traveling salesman |
| Years active | 1844–1852 |
|  | |
| Conviction(s) | Murder x9 |
| Criminal penalty | Death by garrotte (commuted to life imprisonment) |
| Details | |
| Victims | 9 confirmed
13 confessed
20+ suspected |
|  | |


title: Union Tunnel (Baltimore)

abstract: The Union Tunnel is a railroad tunnel on Amtrak's Northeast Corridor in Baltimore, Maryland adjacent to Pennsylvania Station that was built to connect the Pennsylvania Railroad's original mainline to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and points north. The tunnel consists of two parallel bores: the original bore from 1873 has a single track, while a newer bore from 1934 has two tracks.

text:
# Union Tunnel (Baltimore)

The **Union Tunnel** is a railroad tunnel on Amtrak's Northeast Corridor in Baltimore, Maryland adjacent to Pennsylvania Station that was built to connect the Pennsylvania Railroad's original mainline to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and points north. The tunnel consists of two parallel bores: the original bore from 1873 has a single track, while a newer bore from 1934 has two tracks.

## Original tunnel

The Union Tunnel was originally constructed as part of the Union Railroad and served as the northern and eastern approach to Calvert Street Station. In all, the Union Railroad was 9.62 miles (15.48 km) in length, extending from the northern terminus of the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad (B&P) and the southern terminus of the Northern Central Railway(NCRY) to the southern terminus of the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad. It connected with the B&P and the NCRY at the Calvert Street Station, since replaced by the current Pennsylvania Station, near the northern portal of the Baltimore and Potomac Tunnel. The Union Railroad joined the Northern Central at Bayview Junction, Maryland 39°17′48″N 76°33′12″W / 39.29677°N 76.5533°W / 39.29677; -76.5533 on the northeast side of Baltimore. It also included a spur from just west of Bayview Junction that went due South to Canton.

In 1866 the Canton Company of Baltimore obtained a charter from State of Maryland to build the Union Railroad. Active steps to finance construction of the railroad and tunnel came only in the autumn of 1870, and actual construction began on May 1, 1871. On July 24, 1873, the first train passed through the tunnel. The original tunnel began at Bond Street, and passed under the bed of Hoffman Street to Greenmount Avenue, crossing under Dallas, Caroline, Spring and Eden Streets, Central and Harford Avenues, and Ensor, Valley and McKim Streets. Its length is 3,410 feet (1,040 m). The total cost of the road and tunnel was some $3,000,000.

As soon as the Union Railroad was completed, the Northern Central Railway obtained the right to use it, and in February, 1882, the Northern Central purchased the Union Railroad stock from the Canton Company, and assumed control March 1 of the same year.

## Modifications

Additional work was done on the tunnels between 1928 and 1935 to prepare for the electrification of the Pennsylvania Railroad's New York-Washington mainline. The original Union Tunnel, too small to accommodate overhead catenary on its two tracks, was supplemented by an adjacent double-track tunnel to the east, then converted to a single track which provided adequate clearance for electrification. 39°18′21″N 76°36′32″W / 39.3058°N 76.6088°W / 39.3058; -76.6088


# List of companies based in Greater Copenhagen

This is a list of major companies based in metropolitan Copenhagen, Denmark.

## List

| Company | Location | Industry |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 3Shape | Copenhagen | Technology |
| Aller Media | Copenhagen | media |
| Alectia | Lyngby-Taarbæk | consulting |
| ALK-Abelló | Hørsholm | pharmaceuticals |
| Alm. Brand | Copenhagen | financial services |
| Ambu | Ballerup | health care |
| Arp-Hansen Hotel Group | Copenhagen | hospitality |
| Bech-Bruun | Copenhagen | law firm |
| Brødrene Hartmann | Gentofte | manufacturing |
| Carlsberg Group | Copenhagen | food and beverage |
| Chr. Olesen & Co. | Gentofte | Ingredients |
| Coloplast | Fredensborg | health care |
| Co-Ro Food | Fredensborg | food and beverage |
| Copenhagen Malmö Port | Lyngby-Taarbæk | transport and logistics |
| COWI A/S | Copenhagen | consulting |
| DADES | Lyngby-Taarbæk | real estate |
| Danish Agro | Faxe | farm supply |
| Danske Bank | Copenhagen | financial services |
| DFDS | Copenhagen | transport and logistics |
| DLF-Trifolium | Roskilde | seed business |
| DR | Copenhagen | media |
| DSB | Høje-Taastrup | transport and logistics |
| DSV | Brøndby | transport and logistics |
| DT Group | Gladsaxe | retail |
| EAS | Copenhagen | trading |
| Egmont Group | Copenhagen | media |
| Falck | Copenhagen | rescue and assistance |
| FDB | Albertskund | retail |
| FLSmidth | Copenhagen | engineering |
| Foss A/S | Hillerød | technology |
| GN Store Nord | Ballerup | technology |
| Haldor Topsoe | Frederikssund | chemical |
| Hempel Group | Lyngby-Taarbæk | chemical |
| IC Group | Copenhagen | fashion |
| Imerco | Herlev | Retail |
| ISS A/S | Gladsaxe | service |
| JP/Politikens Hus | Copenhagen | media |
| Kivi-Tex | Ballerup | service |
| KMD | Ballerup | software and IT services |
| Kemp & Lauritzen | Albertslund | engineering |
| Københavns Lufthavne | Tårnby | transport and logistics |
| Lemvigh-Müller | Herlev | service |
| LEO Pharma | Ballerup | pharmaceuticals |
| Løgismose Meyers | Copenhagen | - |
| Lundbeck | Copenhagen | pharmaceuticals |
| Mærsk | Copenhagen | conglomerate |
| Matas | Allerød | retail |
| Mærsk Line | Copenhagen | transport and logistics |
| MT Højgaard | Gladsaxe | construction |
| Netcompany | Copenhagen | IT |
| Netto | Køge | retail |
| NKT Holding | Brøndby | conglomerate |
| NNIT | Gladsaxe | software |
| Nomeco | Allerød | wholesaler |
| Norden | Gentofte | transport and logistics |
| North Media | Copenhagen | media |
| Novo Holdings A/S | Gentofte | holding company |
| Novo Nordisk | Gladsaxe | pharmaceuticals |
| Novozymes | Gladsaxe | biotech |
| Pandora | Glostrup | fashion |
| Parken Sport & Entertainment | Copenhagen | entertainment |
| Plesner | Copenhagen | law firm |
| Post Danmark | Copenhagen | transport and logistics |
| Ramboll | Copenhagen | consulting |
| Rockwool International | Høje-Taastrup | manufacturing |
| Saxo Bank | Gentofte | financial services |
| Sampension | Gentofte | financial services |
| Scan Group | Gentofte | transport and logistics |
| Scandinavian Tobacco Group | Gladsaxe | manufacturing |
| Sjællandske Medier | Ringsted | media |
| Sitecore | Copenhagen | Software |
| TDC A/S | Copenhagen | telecommunications |
| Toms International | Ballerup | food and beverage |
| Torm | Gentofte | transport and logistics |
| Tryg | Ballerup | financial services |
| Velux | Hørsholm | manufacturing |
| Welltec | Allerød | technology |
| Widex | Allerød | technology |
| William Demant | Egedal | health care |
|

## See also


title: Frederick Ponzlov

abstract: Frederick (Fred) Ponzlov is an American thespian, television and film actor, screenwriter, author, theatre director, and acting teacher known for his work on stage and for writing the award-winning film Plots with a View.

text:
# Frederick Ponzlov

**Frederick (Fred) Ponzlov** is an American thespian, television and film actor, screenwriter, author, theatre director, and acting teacher known for his work on stage and for writing the award-winning film *Plots with a View* (USA title *Undertaking Betty*).

## Career

Fred Ponzlov has been acting and directing stage work since the 1970s. He directed numerous plays at the Bellflower Theater Company and is co-founder and artistic director of the Long Beach Repertory Theatre. He was trained by Sanford Meisner of the Neighborhood Playhouse in New York City, and as a former casting director for HBO, he teaches and coaches acting classes in Long Beach, specializing in the Meisner Technique.

Ponzlov wrote *Plots with a View* (USA title *Undertaking Betty*). In 2002, *Variety* wrote the film is "An enjoyable and entertainingly cast fable about love, death and fitting revenge, "Plots With a View" strikes a near-miraculous balance between the silly and the morbid." When the film screened in Los Angeles in 2005, Kevin Crust of *Los Angeles Times* made note of "the zany spirit of Frederick Ponzlov's script." The film was nominated for a Golden Hitchcock at the 2002 Dinard British Film Festival, and won a Cymru Award at the 2003 BAFTA Awards, Wales. His book, "Solomon Speaks on Reconnecting Your Life," co-authored with Dr. Eric Pearl, has been translated into over seventeen languages.

## Critical recognition

*The Los Angeles Times* notes: Director Fred Ponzlov, who guided the recently closed "The Cherry Orchard" at the New Community Theatre of Irvine, says he is in love with the play. He worked in a production of it at Milwaukee Rep years ago and says he has seen or worked on a couple of hundred stagings. "The play is bottomless," Ponzlov says. "It's about people going through incredible changes. It sort of ties in to the coming millennium. Change is coming, and either people go with it or they can't." Indeed, the timelessness of Chekhov appeals to all these artists. His philosophies, so pertinent 100 years ago, still resonate at the end of this century.

Of his work as one of the news anchors in the 2008 play *Tragedy: A Tragedy*, Hoyt Hilsman of *Backstage* wrote "The actors do solid work here, notably Ponzlov as the anchor and McCray as a field reporter." and *LA Weekly* theater critics wrote "Gifted with gravitas and eloquence, the four graveyard-shift journalists in Pulitzer finalist Will Eno's sharp satire on round-the-clock spin are honing panic that the sun has set and may never rise again", Of his performance in *Much Ado* at the 1978 Colorado Shakespeare Festival, where director Edgar Reynolds reset the original Shakespeare play *Much Ado about Nothing* into the American Southwest, William Babula of *Shakespeare Quarterly* wrote the character of "Dogberry was played as the 'gringo', a somewhat anachronistic Texan with badge, six-guns, cowboy hat, spurs, and drawl. The role was handled admirably by Frederick Ponzlov, and it was amusing to observe the working-class Mexicans of the 'Watch' trying to make sense of the 'gringo' before deciding he was a fool.".

## Filmography

## Recognition

## InfoBox

| Frederick Ponzlov | |
| --- | --- |
| Frederick Ponzlov - February 9, 2013 | |
| Nationality | American |
| Other names | Fredrick Ponzlov |
| Occupations |  |
| Known for | *Undertaking Betty* (screenplay) |


title: Yamato Yamamoto

abstract: Yamato Yamamoto Yamato Yamamoto is a Japanese manga artist most notable for providing the illustrations for the Kentarō Katayama's light novel series Kure-nai, as well as creating the related manga. Yamamoto has also been the illustrator for the manga series Seraph of the End.

text:
# Yamato Yamamoto

**Yamato Yamamoto** (山本 ヤマト, *Yamamoto Yamato*, born March 1, 1983) is a Japanese manga artist most notable for providing the illustrations for the Kentarō Katayama's light novel series *Kure-nai*, as well as creating the related manga. Yamamoto has also been the illustrator for the manga series *Seraph of the End*.

## Works

## InfoBox

| Yamato Yamamoto
山本 ヤマト | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1983-03-01) March 1, 1983
Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan |
| Area(s) | Manga artist |


title: Mopa, Kogi

abstract:
Mopa is a town in the Nigerian state of Kogi.
Mopa means, which implies people with same ideology. It is the headquarters of the Mopa-Muro Local Government Area of the state. Mopa is 95% Christian dominated, over 4.5% traditional believers, and the remaining fragment Muslims who are 99% outsiders living in Mopa.
Local industries include Mopa Breweries, Boja Industries, BD Farms, and two marble quarries. Mopa has a state-run Government Technical College,
and several other colleges that were established and managed by the missionaries in conjunction with the Mopa community such as Ecwa Secondary School Mopa and Baptist Girl High School Mopa. Mopa people speak their indigenous Yagba language, which is dialect of the Yoruba language. They are people with strong cultural inclinations. They are organised into clans, including, the Iya Ode, Aribo, Omoe Age, Anunmade, Annumote, Iya Oto, Iya Mogbe, Omolokun, Arupe Dena, Iya Meleda, Momo-Hopa, Iya-Lojo, Iya Lere, and Iya Bgadi.

text:
# Mopa, Kogi

**Mopa** is a town in the Nigerian state of Kogi. Mopa means ("imo papo" in Yoruba), which implies people with same ideology. It is the headquarters of the Mopa-Muro Local Government Area of the state. Mopa is 95% Christian dominated, over 4.5% traditional believers, and the remaining fragment Muslims who are 99% outsiders living in Mopa. Local industries include Mopa Breweries, Boja Industries, BD Farms, and two marble quarries.

Mopa has a state-run Government Technical College, and several other colleges that were established and managed by the missionaries in conjunction with the Mopa community such as Ecwa Secondary School Mopa and Baptist Girl High School Mopa.

Mopa people speak their indigenous Yagba language, which is dialect of the Yoruba language. They are people with strong cultural inclinations. They are organised into clans, including, the Iya Ode, Aribo, Omoe Age, Anunmade, Annumote, Iya Oto, Iya Mogbe, Omolokun, Arupe Dena, Iya Meleda, Momo-Hopa, Iya-Lojo, Iya Lere, and Iya Bgadi.

## Minerals

Mopa has deposits of talc and mica.

## History

Mopa is bound to the north-east by a hill. History has it that Mopa people used to live on the northern side of the hill but later moved to the southern side so the hill could protect them from attacks by rival settlements to the north.

## Notable people

* Sunday Awoniyi, a Northern Nigerian Yoruba politician and tribal aristocrat as the Aro of Mopa in Kogi State. Sunday Awoniyi was a founder of the People's Democratic Party.
* Seth Sunday Ajayi, a Nigerian professor and scholar in wildlife conservation and environmental protection. First Professor in Wildlife and Fisheries in West Africa.

08°05′50″N 05°53′45″E / 8.09722°N 5.89583°E / 8.09722; 5.89583