title: What the Koran Really Says

abstract:
What the Koran Really Says: Language, Text and Commentary (2002) is a book edited by Ibn Warraq and published by Prometheus Books. The book is a collection of classical essays, some translated for the first time, that provide commentary on the traditions and language of the Koran, discussing its grammatical and logical discontinuities, its Syriac and Hebrew foreign vocabulary, and its possible Christian, Coptic and Qumranic sources. The title is taken from German author Manfred Barthel's 1980 book Was wirklich in der Bibel steht. Within the book is an article written by Gerd R. Puin titled "Observations on Early Qu'ran Manuscripts in Sana'a". Professor Puin is a German scholar and an authority on Qur'anic historical orthography, the study and scholarly interpretation of ancient manuscripts, and a specialist in Arabic calligraphy. Professor Puin was the head of a restoration project, commissioned by the Yemeni government, which spent a significant amount of time examining the ancient Qur'anic manuscripts discovered in Sana'a, Yemen, in 1972. In an article in the 1999 Atlantic Monthly, Puin is quoted as saying that:
My idea is that the Koran is a kind of cocktail of texts that were not all understood even at the time of Muhammad. Many of them may even be a hundred years older than Islam itself. Even within the Islamic traditions there is a huge body of contradictory information, including a significant Christian substrate; one can derive a whole Islamic anti-history from them if one wants.
The Koran claims for itself that it is 'mubeen', or 'clear', but if you look at it, you will notice that every fifth sentence or so simply doesn't make sense. Many Muslims—and Orientalists—will tell you otherwise, of course, but the fact is that a fifth of the Koranic text is just incomprehensible. This is what has caused the traditional anxiety regarding translation. If the Koran is not comprehensible—if it can't even be understood in Arabic—then it's not translatable. People fear that. And since the Koran claims repeatedly to be clear but obviously is not—as even speakers of Arabic will tell you—there is a contradiction. Something else must be going on.

text:
# What the Koran Really Says

***What the Koran Really Says: Language, Text and Commentary*** (2002) is a book edited by Ibn Warraq and published by Prometheus Books. The book is a collection of classical essays, some translated for the first time, that provide commentary on the traditions and language of the Koran, discussing its grammatical and logical discontinuities, its Syriac and Hebrew foreign vocabulary, and its possible Christian, Coptic and Qumranic sources. The title is taken from German author Manfred Barthel's 1980 book *Was wirklich in der Bibel steht* ("What the Bible Really Says").

Within the book is an article written by Gerd R. Puin titled "Observations on Early Qu'ran Manuscripts in Sana'a". Professor Puin is a German scholar and an authority on Qur'anic historical orthography, the study and scholarly interpretation of ancient manuscripts, and a specialist in Arabic calligraphy. Professor Puin was the head of a restoration project, commissioned by the Yemeni government, which spent a significant amount of time examining the ancient Qur'anic manuscripts discovered in Sana'a, Yemen, in 1972. In an article in the 1999 *Atlantic Monthly*, Puin is quoted as saying that:

> My idea is that the Koran is a kind of cocktail of texts that were not all understood even at the time of Muhammad. Many of them may even be a hundred years older than Islam itself. Even within the Islamic traditions there is a huge body of contradictory information, including a significant Christian substrate; one can derive a whole Islamic anti-history from them if one wants.

> The Koran claims for itself that it is 'mubeen', or 'clear', but if you look at it, you will notice that every fifth sentence or so simply doesn't make sense. Many Muslims—and Orientalists—will tell you otherwise, of course, but the fact is that a fifth of the Koranic text is just incomprehensible. This is what has caused the traditional anxiety regarding translation. If the Koran is not comprehensible—if it can't even be understood in Arabic—then it's not translatable. People fear that. And since the Koran claims repeatedly to be clear but obviously is not—as even speakers of Arabic will tell you—there is a contradiction. Something else must be going on.

## Included papers

### Introduction

### Background

### A Question of Language

### Sources of the Koran: Essenian, Christian, Coptic

* Ibn Warraq, *Introduction to the Dead Sea Scrolls*
* Eric R. Bishop (1958), *The Qumran Scrolls and the Qur'an*
* Marc Philonenko (1966), *An Essenian Tradition in the Koran* (translated from French by Ibn Warraq)
* Marc Philonenko (1967), *A Qumranian Expression in the Koran* (translated by Warraq)
* Wilson B. Bishai (1971), *A Possible Coptic Source for a Qur'anic Text*
* Ibn Warraq, *Introduction to Raimund Kobert*
* Raimund Kobert (1959), *The Shahadat az-zur: The False Witness* (translated from German by G. A. Wells)
* Raimund Kobert (1966), *On the Meaning of the Three Final Words of Sura XXII. 30-31* (translated by Wells)
* Raimund Kobert (1986), *Early and Later Exegesis of the Koran: a Supplement to Or 35* (translated by Wells)

### Suras, Suras, Suras

* Ibn Warraq, *Introduction to Sura IX.29*
* Franz Rosenthal (1953), *Some Minor Problems in the Qur'an*
* Claude Cahen (1962), *Koran IX.29* (translated by Warraq)
* Meir M. Bravmann and Claude Cahen (1963), *A propos de Qur'an IX.29: Hatta Yu'tu L-Gizyata wa-hum Sagiruna*
* Meir M. Bravmann (1967), *The Ancient Background of the Koranic Concept al-Gizatu 'an Yadin*
* M. J. Kister (1964), *"An Yadin" (Qur'an IX.29): An Attempt at Interpretation*
* Uri Rubin (1993), *Koran and Tafsir: The Case of " 'an Yadin"*
* C. Heger, *Koran XXV.1: Al-Furqan and the "Warner"*
* Michael Schub (1995), *The Buddha Comes to China*
* Michael Schub, *The Secret Identity of Dhu L-Kifl*

### Emendations, Interpolations

* J. Barth (1916), *Studies Contributing to Criticism and Exegesis of the Koran* (translated by Wells)
* A. Fischer (1906), *A Qur'anic Interpolation* (translated by Herbert Berg)
* A. Fischer (1906), *Regarding Qur'an CI.6* (translated by Berg)
* C.C. Torrey (1922), *Three difficult passages in the Koran*
* C.C. Torrey (1948), *A Strange Reading in the Qur'an*
* James A. Bellamy (1993), *Some Proposed Emendations to the Text of the Koran*

### Richard Bell: Introduction and Commentary

* Ibn Warraq, *Introduction to Richard Bell*
* Richard Bell (1958), From *Introduction to the Qur'an*
* Richard Bell (1991), From *A Commentary on the Qur'an*

### Poetry and the Koran

* Rudolf Geyer (1908), *The Strophic Structure of the Koran* (translated by Wells)
* Julius Wellhausen (1913), *On the Koran* (translated by Wells)
* Ibn Rawandi, *On Pre-Islamic Christian Strophic Poetical Texts in the Koran: a Critical Look at the Work of Günter Lüling*

### Manuscripts

## Reviews

In his review of the book, political scientist, anarchist, and "angry Arab" As'ad AbuKhalil states that Ibn Warraq collected old writings by Orientalists who have been long discredited and added that "the more rigid and biased the Orientalists, the better for Warraq".

Black Hills State University professor Ahrar Ahmad (2004) appreciated that this book and *The Quest for the Historical Muhammad* were 'less abrasive \[and Warraq's\] tone less mocking' than in his earliest work, which Ahmad deemed less scholarly. He noted that "*What the Koran Really Says* has the ambitious objective to “desacralize” (...) the Arabic language, script, and scripture. He seems to think that simply placing Islam in the Middle Eastern milieu in terms of language, social influences, intellectual origins, or theological affinities with other religions and rituals is enough to question its authenticity." Ahmad wondered further how the etymology of the Quran's language could possibly "destroy its legitimacy and authority", believing that Warraq criticised positions nobody held.

## Further reading

* As'ad AbuKhalil (2004). "'The Islam Industry' and Scholarship: Review Article". *Middle East Journal*. **58** (1): 130–137. JSTOR 4329978.
* de Prémare, A.-L. (2006). "\[Review of What the Koran Really Says. Language, Text, and Commentary, by I. Warraq\]". *Arabica* (in French). **53** (2): 291–294. JSTOR 4057583.
* Rippin, Andrew (2012). "The Reception of Euro-American Scholarship on the Qur'an and tafsīr: An Overview". *Journal of Qur'anic Studies*. **14** (1): 1–8.
* Robinson, Chase; Gago, Luis (2010). "Enigmas en la arena". *Revista de Libros de La Fundación Caja Madrid* (in Spanish). **157**: 9–11. JSTOR 20697516.

## InfoBox

What the Koran Really Says: Language, Text and Commentary
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Ibn Warraq |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Quran |
| Genre | Islamic history |
| Publisher | Prometheus Books |
| Publication date | October 2002 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Hardcover, Paperback), E-book |
| Pages | 782 |
| ISBN | 978-1573929455 |
| OCLC | 633722447 |


title: Whitt, Texas

abstract: Whitt is an unincorporated community in northwestern Parker County, Texas, United States. Whitt is located at the intersection of Farm Roads 2891 and 52, twenty miles northwest of Weathersford.

text:
# Whitt, Texas

**Whitt** is an unincorporated community in northwestern Parker County, Texas, United States. Whitt is located at the intersection of Farm Roads 2891 and 52, twenty miles northwest of Weathersford.

## History

The first settlers arrived in the mid-1870s, and it became a popular retail and social center for farmers due to its location on the stage line between Weathersford and Jacksboro. Postal service began in 1877. The Methodist Conference of Churches selected Whitt as its site for its district high school, Parker Institute. In the mid-1880s, Whitt had an estimated 150 residents, three churches, a school, a weekly newspaper called the Whitt *Moon*, and twenty businesses. Whitt continued to grow quickly and by 1900 it had a population of 500. Whitt's population dwindled in the early 1900s due new railroads that bypassed many small towns in Parker County coupled with effects of the Great Depression.

The Whitt Seminary was founded in 1880, when elders of the Christian Church at Whitt purchased five acres of land to build a community school. The Seminary offered elementary through high school education with a robust music department, serving close to 200 students from local and surrounding communities. The school served the community until 1990. The old seminary building functioned as a Christian church until 1937, and was then converted into a community center. The original Seminary school acreage was deeded to the Whitt Cemetery Association in 1976. The Cemetery has a historical marker and serves as an important cultural landmark in Whitt.

## Education

### Public schools

The Perrin-Whitt Consolidated Independent School District serves area students.

## InfoBox

| Whitt | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| WhittLocation within the state of TexasWhittWhitt (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 32°57′22″N 98°01′08″W / 32.95611°N 98.01889°W / 32.95611; -98.01889 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Texas |
| County | Parker |
| Elevation | 1,129 ft (344 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP codes | 76490 |
| Area code | 940 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1350029 |


title: While the Door Was Locked

abstract: While the Door Was Locked is a 1946 Swedish drama film directed by Hasse Ekman.

text:
# While the Door Was Locked

***While the Door Was Locked*** (Swedish:***Medan porten var stängd***) is a 1946 Swedish drama film directed by Hasse Ekman.

## Plot summary

In an apartment building at an address in Östermalm, Stockholm the residents and their guests each play their part in a night full of drama, while the door is locked.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| While the Door Was Locked | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Hasse Ekman |
| Written by | Hasse Ekman |
| Produced by | Europafilm |
| Starring | Tollie Zellman
Olof Winnerstrand
Inga Landgré
Marianne Löfgren
Hasse Ekman
Gunn Wållgren
Gunnar Björnstrand
Gösta Cederlund |
| Music by | Miff Görling
Nathan Görling |
| Release date | * 1946 (1946) |
| Running time | 89 minutes |
| Country | Sweden |
| Language | Swedish |


title: White-backed night heron

abstract: The white-backed night heron is a species of medium-sized heron in the family Ardeidae, found in sub-Saharan Africa.

text:
# White-backed night heron

The **white-backed night heron** (***Calherodius leuconotus***) is a species of medium-sized heron in the family Ardeidae, found in sub-Saharan Africa.

## Taxonomy

The white-backed night heron was formally described in 1827 by the German naturalist Johann Wagler under the binomial name *Ardea leuconotus*. He specified the type locality as Senegambia. This species was formerly placed with the Japanese night heron and the Malayan night heron in the genus *Gorsachius*. Based on the results of a molecular genetic study published in 2023, it is now the only species placed in the resurrected genus *Calherodius* that had originally been introduced in 1855 by the French naturalist Charles Bonaparte. Bonaparte specified the type species as *Ardea cucullata* Lichtenstein which is now considered to be a junior synonym of *Ardea leuconotus* Wagler. The species is treated as monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.

## Description

The white-backed night heron is 50–55 cm (20–22 in) in length with a black head and a short crest, or prominent feather display on the top of its head. The heron has large red eyes with white-ringed markings around them, and the lores, or the region behind the eye, are a pale yellow hue. The throat feathers are white, whereas the neck and breast are rufous, or a reddish-brown hue. There is a notable white triangular patch along the back formed by the white scapulars, or small feathers, on the shoulder of the bird. The belly feathers are a whitish-brown and the legs are yellow. An immature heron can be identified by its streaked breast and the white spots on the upper-wing coverts. Chicks are covered with olive-brown down.

## Distribution and habitat

The white-backed night heron is located throughout central and southern Africa, with a range estimated at 20,900,000 km2 (8,100,000 sq mi). Its primary habitat is dense forests with neighboring waterways, particularly streams, lakes, mangroves and marshes.

## Behavior and ecology

The white-backed night heron can be found living individually or in pairs. Nocturnal by nature, they roost in the dense vegetation of marshes and forests during the daylight hours, often nesting high within the trees. Their nests are well-hidden, usually built in vegetation near water and sometimes in reedbeds, mangroves, rocks and caves. The nest is built resembling a platform of sticks or reeds, 25–30 cm (9.8–11.8 in) wide. They usually breed during the rainy season or early in the dry season. There are two to three greenish-white eggs in a clutch, and incubation lasts roughly 24 to 26 days. The chicks leave the nest after six to seven weeks. The white-backed night heron seems to be sedentary, but it has been observed in some circumstances to have migrated to locations with heavy rain. White-backed night herons are known foragers, meaning they search for food primarily along waterways. They have been observed to eat fish, amphibians, mollusks and insects. Though usually quiet, they let out a loud *kroak* call when alarmed and a *taash* call when disturbed.

## Status

The population of the white-backed night heron is believed to be stable because it does not appear to undergo significant population declines or experience any notable threats. Due to these factors and its large range, the IUCN Red List has assessed the species to be of least concern. The species is currently experiencing a small number of threats, including habitat loss in southern Africa and hunting in Nigeria, where they are used for traditional medicine.

## InfoBox

| White-backed night heron | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Pelecaniformes |
| Family: | Ardeidae |
| Genus: | *Calherodius*
Bonaparte, 1855 |
| Species: | ***C. leuconotus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Calherodius leuconotus***
(Wagler, 1827) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Ardea leuconotus* * *Nycticorax leuconotus* * *Gorsachius leuconotus* | |


title: Wheat Row

abstract: Wheat Row is a row of four Late Georgian style townhouses located at 1315, 1317, 1319, and 1321 4th Street SW in the Southwest Waterfront neighborhood of Washington, D.C., in the United States. Begun in 1794 and completed in 1795, the structures are some of the oldest residential homes in the District of Columbia. They served several uses in the early and mid 20th century, but were integrated into the Harbour Square apartment cooperative in 1963. Wheat Row was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 23, 1973.

text:
# Wheat Row

**Wheat Row** is a row of four Late Georgian style townhouses located at 1315, 1317, 1319, and 1321 4th Street SW in the Southwest Waterfront neighborhood of Washington, D.C., in the United States. Begun in 1794 and completed in 1795, the structures are some of the oldest residential homes in the District of Columbia. They served several uses in the early and mid 20th century, but were integrated into the Harbour Square apartment cooperative in 1963. Wheat Row was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 23, 1973.

## History

### Construction

The Residence Act of 1790, which established the site for the capital of the United States, provided for the appointment of three commissioners by the President (and without the need for Senate confirmation) to govern the District of Columbia, survey its land, purchase property from private landowners, and construct federal buildings. James Greenleaf was a land speculator who arrived in the city on September 17, 1793. On either September 23, 1793, or December 24, 1793, Greenleaf purchased from the D.C. commissioners the land on which Wheat Row would be built. By the start of 1794, Greenleaf owned half the federal government's salable land in the District of Columbia.

Greenleaf began construction on the four townhouses which became Wheat Row in 1794. The builder was James Clark. Sources differ on the architect. Historian Bob Arnebeck argues it was Clark, but most sources attribute Wheat Row to the important local architect William Lovering.

Wheat Row was the first example in the District of Columbia of the terraced house (also known as the row house or townhouse). According to the National Capital Planning Commission, they are probably the first houses built after the District of Columbia was chosen as the seat of the federal government. The Thomas Law House and Duncanson-Cranch House, both nearby, were erected at about the same time by Greenleaf and his partners.

Wheat Row was not initially a successful development. The townhouses were considered small by the standards of the day, of an out-of-date architectural style, poorly constructed, and built with inferior materials. Greenleaf refused to pay for them, and Clark suffered a mental breakdown as a result of the business setbacks caused by Greenleaf's actions. Wheat Row remained incomplete at the end of 1794, and was not finished until the following year.

### Occupants and uses

The earliest occupant of Wheat Row was William Prentiss, a surveyor who helped lay out housing plats in the District of Columbia in the 1790s. He married Marie Josephine Wilhelmina Matilda Greenleaf, daughter of James Greenleaf, and they took up residence on Wheat Row in 1796.

The Wheat Row name is derived from that of John Wheat, a prominent local designer of gardens and a messenger employed by the United States Congress. According to the earliest extant records, Wheat owned 1315 4th Street as early as 1819. 1317 4th Street was owned by Robert P. Washington, and 1319 4th Street by Richmond Johnson. 1321 4th Street was jointly owned by Thomas L. Washington and Philip Stuart. Stuart bought out Washington's interest by 1824, and purchased a share of 1319 4th Street from Johnson. By the time Wheat died in 1844, he had purchased 1319 and 1321 4th Street from Johnson and Stuart. He left all three row houses to his wife, Mary. Members of the Wheat family continued to own these houses until at least 1868.

The four row houses of Wheat Row were used for residences until 1939. John Neligh, the director of industrial crafts at Barney Neighborhood House, owned 1315 4th Street. Barney Neighborhood House served as a home for poor women and worked to improve cultural awareness among the working class. Established in 1904, Barney Neighborhood House occupied the Duncanson-Cranch House. When Neligh died in 1939, he left his home to the Barney Neighborhood House, which renovated it and used it as a neighborhood art gallery known as Rhoads House. That same year, 1317 4th Street was purchased by the National Craft Training Center, a newly established organization which taught handicrafts to poor and working-class girls. By May 22, 1941, 1315 4th Street housed the Rhoads Service Men's Club, a service organization which provided free and reduced-cost entertainment to members of the United States military. In late 1941, Mary Adams purchased 1319 4th Street, renovated it, and donated it to the Barney Neighborhood House in memory of her mother. The organization used it as a day care facility, serving 30 children (double the capacity available in its old location). By 1950, Barney Neighborhood House had come into possession of 1317 4th Street.

1321 4th Street, however, remained in use as a residence, although by 1950 it had been subdivided internally into apartments.

### Harbour Square

In the 1950s, Wheat Row was saved from demolition and incorporated into the Harbour Square development. Washington, D.C., had undergone rapid population growth during World War II. In 1946, the United States Congress passed the District of Columbia Redevelopment Act, which established the District of Columbia Redevelopment Land Agency (RLA) and provided legal authority to clear land and funds to spur redevelopment in the capital. Congress also gave the National Capital Planning Commission (NCPC) the authority to designate which land would be redeveloped, and how. The RLA was not funded, however, until passage of the Housing Act of 1949. A 1950 study by the NCPC found that the small Southwest quarter of the city suffered from high concentrations of old and poorly maintained buildings, overcrowding, and threats to public health (such as lack of running indoor water, sewage systems, electricity, central heating, and indoor toilets). Competing visions for the redevelopment ranged from renovation to wholesale leveling of neighborhoods, but the latter view prevailed as more likely to qualify for federal funding. Demolition faced almost all structures in Southwest Washington.

However, in December 1954, the Historical Society of Washington, D.C. successfully pressured the RLA into giving consideration to saving Wheat Row and the Duncanson-Cranch House. Then in September 1958, O. Roy Chalk, president of DC Transit, proposed integrating the Edward Simon Lewis House, Wheat Row, and the Duncanson-Cranch House into the new developments then on the drawing board. By January 1959, the RLA was actively pushing for all three properties, plus the Thomas Law House, to be saved and integrated into the new construction, even as housing and other buildings around them were being demolished. The RLA subsequently awarded development of the area around Wheat Row to Shannon and Luchs, a local real estate development firm. On June 3, 1960, Shannon and Luchs announced it would build a $12 million, 447-unit cooperative apartment complex known as Harbour Square on the Wheat Row site. Wheat Row, the Duncanson-Cranch House, and the Lewis House would be incorporated into the new development. Construction on the project, designed by the architectural firm of Satterlee & Smith and now including financial partner John McShain, began in February 1963. Wheat Row was integrated into Harbour Square as four of the 17 townhouses offered for sale by the cooperative. Harbour Square was completed in 1964.

Wheat Row remains part of Harbour Square.

## Architecture

The four row houses of Wheat Row were designed in the Late Georgian architectural style. Architectural historian Daniel Reiff has argued that the design is based on that of Hollis Hall, a dormitory at Harvard University constructed from 1762 to 1763. Reiff has noted that Wheat Row is a prime example of the vernacular domestic architecture constructed in the District of Columbia during the city's first three decades.

Each of the four row houses that make up Wheat Row has a foundation made of stone, and a basement with stone walls. The exterior walls are all brick in a Flemish bond pattern. The north wall is different in that it is laid in an English bond pattern. It is believed that this is the only example of English bond brickwork in a building constructed in the city's first decades. The building containing the four row houses is 102.5 feet (31.2 m) long and 34 feet (10 m) wide. The longer facades each have 12 bays, with each house having three bays. The middle two houses are slightly narrower than the end houses. The entrance is found on the long east facade. The four middle bays on this facade project slightly. The south facade originally had three bays, while the north facade had none. Today, Harbour Square townhouses abut both the north and south facades, and prevent any openings in either wall. Belt courses consisting of four headers separate the first and second and the second and third floors on the east, west, and south facades. The belt course on the south facade is no longer visible due to the adjoining 1964 townhouse.

The window sills and decorative window lintels in the facades are both of stone, with the lintel having bevels etched into them to mimic voussoirs and keystones. A trench, surrounded by a black wrought iron fence and not visible from the street, permits light to enter the basement windows. The basement window sills are wood and the lintels brick. The first and second story windows are 9/9, while the smaller third story windows are 6/3. The basement windows are all 6/6.

Wheat Row is topped by a low hip roof, sheathed in copper. Double chimneys rise where the row houses meet. A triangular pediment rises above the projecting central section of the structure, pierced by an oval window. (This window's stone facing is not historic, and was created in 1964.) A bas-relief fretwork wooden cornice runs most of the way around the building, except where a stone band separates the pediment from the third floor.

Originally, the wood trim and stone band of Wheat Row were all white, which contrasted with the red brick of the building. During the 1962–1963 construction of Harbour Square, they were painted light grey to match the trim of the rest of the development.

Four doorways in the east facade provide access to the row houses. Two occupy the corner bays, while two occupy the center-most bays. Each door has a semi-circular fanlight and a brick arch over the door. At some point before the 1962–1963 construction of Harbour Square, the brick arch over the door to 1317 4th Street was replaced with a brick jack arch. This jack arch was removed and the facade restored to its uniform appearance. Modern lighting fixtures illuminate each door.

The interior plan of each of Wheat Row's townhouses is Federal in style. There are two rooms on each floor, and side halls with stairways. The internal space does not reflect the symmetrical facade. The interior walls of Wheat Row, which are wood frame, have been modified many times over the years to accommodate modern appliances and conveniences (such as bathrooms).

Notes Citations  1. "National Register Information System". *National Register of Historic Places*. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
2. Pinheiro 2008, p. 212.
3. Royster 2000, p. 358.
4. Clark 1902, p. 216.
5. Abbot et al. 2009, p. 16.
6. Clark 1901, p. 72.
7. Kendall 2010, p. 171.
8. Evelyn, Dickson & Ackerman 2008, p. 89.
9. Wennersten 2014, p. 34.
10. Arnebeck 1991, p. 119.
11. Clark 1901, p. 139.
12. Moeller & Feldblyum 2012, p. 56.
13. Benedetto, Donovan & Du Vall 2003, p. 337.
14. National Capital Planning Commission 1973, p. 3.
15. Orton, Kathy (November 27, 2014). "House of the Week: Historic Rowhouse in Southwest DC for $879K". *The Washington Post*. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
16. Hayward & Belfoure 2001, pp. 16–17.
17. Reiff 1971, p. 24.
18. Arnebeck 1991, p. 124.
19. Scott & Lee 1993, p. 242.
20. McNair, Marie (September 2, 1954). "This D.C. Clan Is 'Pioneer' Stock". *The Washington Post*. p. 49.
21. Prentiss 2013, pp. 1–2.
22. "Southeast Boys, Lacking Pool, Brave Channel to Evade Heat". *The Washington Post*. August 24, 1936. p. X13; "Vital Statistics". *The Washington Post*. March 10, 1937. p. 24.
23. Khademi 2013, pp. 26, 37 fn. 113.
24. Williams 2005, p. 13.
25. National Capital Planning Commission 1973, p. 5.
26. Arndt, Jessie Ash (April 16, 1941). "Barney House Honors Daughter of Founder". *The Washington Post*. p. 19.
27. "Craft Center Offers Courses In Handcraft". *The Washington Post*. September 17, 1939. p. A12.
28. "What's Going On and Where". *The Washington Post*. May 22, 1941. p. 29; "Service Men Will Find D.C. Full of Fun". *The Washington Post*. November 22, 1941. p. 18.
29. "Community Chest Nursery Plan Widened". *The Washington Post*. May 22, 1942. p. 25; "Nursery School Yuletide Party Scheduled Today". *The Washington Post*. December 23, 1942. p. B9.
30. Subcommittee on Fiscal and Government Affairs 1978, p. 112.
31. Gutheim & Lee 2006, p. 260.
32. Banks & Banks 2004, p. 41.
33. Gutheim & Lee 2006, pp. 266–267.
34. Banks & Banks 2004, p. 42.
35. Gutheim & Lee 2006, pp. 267–271.
36. Barthelmes, Wes (December 8, 1954). "RLA Seeks 7.2 Million For Projects". *The Washington Post*. p. 19.
37. Eisen, Jack (September 24, 1958). "Chalk Shifts Site for His SW Project". *The Washington Post*. p. B1.
38. White, Jean (January 22, 1959). "Planners Hope to Save Historic Wheat Row". *The Washington Post*. p. A18.
39. Jackson, Luther (June 4, 1960). "$12 Million Cooperative Set for SW". *The Washington Post*. p. A1.
40. Willmann, John B. (February 16, 1963). "A Walk in Southwest Will Refresh Tired Eyes". *The Washington Post*. p. D1.
41. Gutheim & Lee 2006, p. 38.
42. National Capital Planning Commission 1973, p. 2.

## Bibliography

Media related to Wheat Row at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Wheat Row | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Looking northwest at Wheat Row in 2008 | |
|  | |
| Location | 1315, 1317, 1319, and 1321 4th Street, S.W.<br>Washington, D.C. |
| Coordinates | 38°52′26″N 77°1′5″W / 38.87389°N 77.01806°W / 38.87389; -77.01806 |
| Built | 1794–1795 |
| Architect | William Lovering (attributed) |
| Architectural style | Late Georgian |
| NRHP reference No. | 73002125 |
| Added to NRHP | July 23, 1973 |


title: Wheat Price Guarantee Act

abstract: The Wheat Price Guarantee Act was a 1919 bill passed by Congress that gave the government the power to regulate the price of wheat.

text:
# Wheat Price Guarantee Act

The **Wheat Price Guarantee Act** was a 1919 bill passed by Congress that gave the government the power to regulate the price of wheat.

## Background

At the start of the first World War, the US government passed the Lever \[Food\] Act (1917). This was done to conserve the food supply and increase its production in order to aid the efforts in Europe during the war. This alone helped food industries, including wheat, to take off in the United States. Sponsored by Democrat Asbury F. Lever, the Lever Act was very controversial because it gave the president authority to make the country limit their use of agricultural products. In July 1918, the Grain Corporation (a part of the US Food Administration) took on contracts with allied governments, promising to provide as much wheat up to 200 million bushels to the Allied powers. Soon after this, the war ended, and the United States had a decision to make if they were going to honor the wheat prices they promised to farmers before the war ended.

During World War I, the wheat industry was mobilized, but following the end of it the demand started to decline, which hurt the still-mobilized agricultural industry. This resulted in the drafting of the **Wheat Price Guarantee Act**. Despite strong opposition from the Republican Party, the 65th Congress approved this and it was signed into law by Woodrow Wilson. The bill appropriated $1,000,000,000 in funds to keep wheat prices constant through the 1919-1920 crop year. Similar to the Lever Act, the passage of this act allowed the US Government (specifically the president) to monitor wheat prices in order to guarantee farmers profits based on what they had expected them to be if the war had continued. The minimum price per bushel was set to $2.26, which is known as a guaranteed price scheme. The **Wheat Price Guarantee Act** was intended to give the agricultural industry time to adjust to the war being over. Simply put, this act was a temporary continuation of the Lever \[Food\] Act of 1917. The **Wheat Price Guarantee Act** would officially expire on June 1, 1920. After this, most farmers fell into debt and this laid some of the roots that would lead to the Great Depression in the 1930s. Unlike the rest of the country, farmers felt the effects of the depression about 10–15 years before it would reach its peak.

### Wheat Prices

The passage of the bill required the US to buy bushels of wheat for at least $2.26 each. Following the expiration of the bill in 1920, prices plummeted back to their typical range of $0.50–$1.50 per bushel. Having lost most of the business they had during the war, the wheat industry took a big hit. In 1931 during the Great Depression, it would hit a low of just $0.33 per bushel.

### The Gronna Bill

Republican Senator Asle Gronna attempted to reverse all guarantees within this act with the Gronna Bill. Many state representatives opposed this, mostly from the Democratic Party (who had a majority in the Senate), choosing to back the farmers with a 100% guarantee on their profits. The bill did not end up passing in the end.

* "WHEAT GUARANTEE BILL INTRODUCED; Names Price of $2.26 for Crop of 1919 and Gives President Sweeping Authority". *The New York Times*. February 9, 1919.
* "The Guaranteed Wheat Price" *The Quarterly Journal of Economics*, *Vol. 34, No. 4*
* "Going against the Grain: Why Did Wheat Marketing in the United States and Canada Evolve So Differently?" *Business And Economic History On-Line, Vol. 4 2006*
* "The Gronna Bill" *Grain And Feed Review, Volume 9*
* "Memorial to the Senate Committee on the Gronna Bill" *American Co-Operative Manager, Volume 5, Issue 1*
* "WHEAT GUARANTEE BILL INTRODUCED" The New York Times Published Feb. 9, 1919
* "Lever Act (Lever Food And Fuel) Preliminary National Prohibition"
* "Wheat Guarantee Bill Introduced" The New York Times Published 1919
* "150 Years of US Wheat Prices" Political Calculations May 11, 2016

## InfoBox

Wheat Price Guarantee Act
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Long title | An Act to enable the President to carry out the price guaranties made to producers of wheat of the crops of nineteen hundred and eighteen and nineteen hundred and nineteen and to protect the United States against undue enhancement of its liabilities thereunder. |
| Nicknames | Wheat Stabilization Act of 1919 |
| Enacted by | the 65th United States Congress |
| Effective | March 4, 1919 |
| Citations | |
| Public law | Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 65–348 |
| Statutes at Large | 40 Stat. 1348 |
| Legislative history | |
|  | |


title: Why Me & Sherry's House

abstract: Why Me & Sherry's House is a non-profit organization established in 1985, in the suburbs of Worcester, Massachusetts. The home provides an environment for children who battle childhood cancer with the support of others encountering similar circumstances with the illness.

text:
# Why Me & Sherry's House

**Why Me & Sherry's House** is a non-profit organization established in 1985, in the suburbs of Worcester, Massachusetts. The home provides an environment for children who battle childhood cancer with the support of others encountering similar circumstances with the illness.

## History

**Why Me** *Worcester Help for Youth, Memories Everlasting* The Why Me Organization was developed by Sherry Shepherd a thirteen-year-old cancer patient. Sherry was the first patient in the opening of the oncology department at the University Of Massachusetts Medical Center in Worcester, Massachusetts. Sherry wanted to leave her legacy to the community and help other cancer patients through their struggle and challenges of the disease. Why Me, stands for Worcester Help for Youth, Memories Everlasting.

### Sherry’s House

Sherry's House is an addition to the Why Me Organization. Sherry's House provides a place for children and their families to receive compassion, encouragement and support throughout the battle of their illness of childhood cancer. Sherry's House serves as the home base and services over 500 families from all over the New England area. Summer Camp, monthly support group meetings, Easter Egg Hunt, and more are held at Sherry's House for all Why Me families. Sherry's House is also an eight bedroom residence for families to reside while on active treatment. It is cost free to stay there.

### Ben's Activity Center

Ben's Activity Center is a wing added to Sherry's House in honor of five-year-old Ben Hagan. The 3,200 square foot area provides a three level living area for children and their families, consisting of a Main floor, Bedroom floor, and a Basement. The Main floor provides a clubhouse environment for children to play, do activities, arts and crafts, and a large toy room. The Basement is a play area consisting of air hockey and pool tables and video games. The top floor is a hospice suite for end of life care or for families after a transplant. Within the suite is two bedrooms, full kitchen, laundry, and sitting room.


title: Whuppity Scoorie

abstract: Whuppity Scoorie is a traditional festival dating from the early 19th century observed by people in Lanark, Scotland, on 1 March to celebrate the approach of spring. Local children gather around the local St Nicholas kirk where at 6 pm the wee bell is rung. This is the starting sign for the children to run around the church in a clockwise direction, making noise and swinging paper balls on strings above their heads as they run. It is no longer a race for safety reasons and to increase fairness for the younger participants. After three laps, they scramble for coins thrown by members of the Community Council who host the event. The Community Council also hosts a "Whuppity Scoorie Storytelling Festival" and art workshops after the event until 7 March.

text:
# Whuppity Scoorie

**Whuppity Scoorie** is a traditional festival dating from the early 19th century observed by people in Lanark, Scotland, on 1 March to celebrate the approach of spring. Local children gather around the local St Nicholas kirk where at 6 pm the wee bell is rung. This is the starting sign for the children to run around the church in a clockwise direction, making noise and swinging paper balls on strings above their heads as they run. It is no longer a race for safety reasons and to increase fairness for the younger participants. After three laps, they scramble for coins thrown by members of the Community Council who host the event. The Community Council also hosts a "Whuppity Scoorie Storytelling Festival" and art workshops after the event until 7 March.

## Origins

While the origins of Whuppity Scoorie are unknown, there are several theories which try to explain how the ancient custom evolved. The most common theory is that Whuppity Scoorie came from a festival that was intended to celebrate spring and frighten off winter or evil spirits. Others believe it marks the time when days got longer allowing curfews to be lifted or changed so children could play outside longer. Another theory connects the event with an ancient religious penance in which the penitents were whipped three times round the church and afterwards "scoored" – washed – in the nearby River Clyde, but the burgh and kirk session records make no mention of such punishments. The celebration could also have been instituted to remember the murder of William Wallace's wife.

The tradition was first mentioned in a local newspaper, *The Hamilton Advertiser*, around the mid-19th century. It was still called the "wee bell ceremony" suggesting a link with the ringing of the church bell. In 1893, the *Advertiser* first referred to "the custom known as Whuppity Scoorie" which simply became "Whuppity Scoorie" the next year. The three laps around the church were also first mentioned in 1893, although the writer claimed this custom was 120 years old by then. The *Advertiser* also reported on how the local boys in those days rolled up their caps and tied them with string. After the bell rang, they would march to New Lanark where they would fight the boys coming in the opposite direction. By 1880, it was not uncommon for stones to be thrown, so the police posted men along the road between the villages to keep order.

## InfoBox

| Whuppity Scoorie | |
| --- | --- |
| Observed by | Inhabitants of Lanark, Scotland |
| Type | Cultural tradition |
| Celebrations | Run around a church, gifts (coins), storytelling |
| Begins | 1 March |
| Ends | 7 March |
| Frequency | Annual |


title: Whutcha Want?

abstract: "Whutcha Want?" is the lead single released from Nine's debut album, Nine Livez. Produced by Rob Lewis, "Whutcha Want?" was Nine's most successful single, becoming his only one to make it to the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at 50 on the chart, as well as making it to 3 on the Rap charts. "Whutcha Want?" sampled four different songs. "The Dock of the Bay" by The Staple Singers, "Spinning Wheel" by Dr. Lonnie Smith, "Catch a Groove" by Juice and "Best of My Love" by The Emotions. There are also five samples that as yet remain unidentified that appear around the 2:33 mark. The song also has been sampled itself by the Beastie Boys on their song "Putting Shame in Your Game" and "Natalie's Rap" by The Lonely Island and Natalie Portman. Several remixes were made for the song. Rob Lewis made a street remix that appeared as a B-Side on the single, while three European bands also made remixes, each of which were released on a separate maxi-single entitled Whutcha Want: The Remixes. Portishead, Dark Globe and The Brotherhood each contributed a remix to the song. At the moment, it is the only Nine song available on iTunes, appearing on Profile Records' compilation album Profilin - the Hits.

text:
# Whutcha Want?

"**Whutcha Want?**" is the lead single released from Nine's debut album, *Nine Livez*. Produced by Rob Lewis, "Whutcha Want?" was Nine's most successful single, becoming his only one to make it to the *Billboard* Hot 100, peaking at 50 on the chart, as well as making it to 3 on the Rap charts.

"Whutcha Want?" sampled four different songs. "The Dock of the Bay" by The Staple Singers, "Spinning Wheel" by Dr. Lonnie Smith, "Catch a Groove" by Juice and "Best of My Love" by The Emotions. There are also five samples that as yet remain unidentified that appear around the 2:33 mark. The song also has been sampled itself by the Beastie Boys on their song "Putting Shame in Your Game" and "Natalie's Rap" by The Lonely Island and Natalie Portman.

Several remixes were made for the song. Rob Lewis made a street remix that appeared as a B-Side on the single, while three European bands also made remixes, each of which were released on a separate maxi-single entitled *Whutcha Want: The Remixes*. Portishead, Dark Globe and The Brotherhood each contributed a remix to the song. At the moment, it is the only Nine song available on iTunes, appearing on Profile Records' compilation album *Profilin - the Hits*.

## Single track listing

### A-Side

1. "Whutcha Want?" (Album Version)- 4:53
2. "Whutcha Want?" (Instrumental)- 4:52
3. "Redrum"- 4:45

### B-Side

1. "Me, Myself and My Microphone"- 3:52
2. "Whutcha Want?" (Street Remix)- 4:46
3. "Whutcha Want?" (Radio Remix)- 4:42

## Charts

| Chart (1995) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| *Billboard* Hot 100 | 50 |
| *Billboard* Hot R&B / Hip-Hop Songs | 32 |
| *Billboard* Hot Rap Singles | 3 |
| *Billboard* Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales | 8 |

## InfoBox

| "Whutcha Want?" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Nine | |
| from the album  *Nine Livez* | |
| B-side | "Redrum" |
| Released | December 6, 1994 |
| Recorded | 1994 |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Length | 4:53 |
| Label | Profile |
| Songwriter(s) | Derrick Keyes, Rob Lewis |
| Producer(s) | Rob Lewis |
| Nine singles chronology | |
| "**Whutcha Want?**"
(1994) "Any Emcee"
(1995) | |


title: Whitworth Institute

abstract: The Whitworth Institute is a Grade II listed building in Darley Dale, Derbyshire. It was funded by the estate of the late Sir Joseph Whitworth who lived in nearby Stancliffe Hall. The building is constructed of Staincliffe stone with green Westmorland slate. By the end of May 1890 the builders had finished work, and the joiners had moved into the interior. The building cost about £15,000. and although completed by September 1890, was not formally opened until May 1891. It contained a large reading room, a billiard room, a smoke room and playroom on the east side, a small reading room on the west and a swimming bath 54 feet (16 m) by 22 feet (6.7 m). Upstairs there were two further reading rooms, and a large hall 60 feet (18 m) long and 30 feet (9.1 m) wide capable of seating 200 people. The Whitworth Institute was given to the people of Darley Dale and in 2009/10 underwent a £1.7m renovation to ensure its continued use for future generations.

text:
# Whitworth Institute

The **Whitworth Institute** is a Grade II listed building in Darley Dale, Derbyshire.

It was funded by the estate of the late Sir Joseph Whitworth who lived in nearby Stancliffe Hall. The building is constructed of Staincliffe stone with green Westmorland slate. By the end of May 1890 the builders had finished work, and the joiners had moved into the interior. The building cost about £15,000 (equivalent to £2,090,000 in 2023). and although completed by September 1890, was not formally opened until May 1891. It contained a large reading room, a billiard room, a smoke room and playroom on the east side, a small reading room on the west and a swimming bath 54 feet (16 m) by 22 feet (6.7 m). Upstairs there were two further reading rooms, and a large hall 60 feet (18 m) long and 30 feet (9.1 m) wide capable of seating 200 people.

The Whitworth Institute was given to the people of Darley Dale and in 2009/10 underwent a £1.7m renovation to ensure its continued use for future generations.

## InfoBox

| The Whitworth Institute | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Architectural style | Free Tudor |
| Coordinates | 53°09′45.07″N 1°35′26.15″W / 53.1625194°N 1.5905972°W / 53.1625194; -1.5905972 |
| Groundbreaking | 1889 |
| Estimated completion | 1890 |
| Website | |
| thewhitworthcentre.co.uk | |


title: Whitworth Building

abstract: The Whitworth Building is a grade II* listed building on Oxford Road and Burlington Street in Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchester, England. It has been listed since 18 December 1963 and is part of the University of Manchester. It lies at the south-east range of the old quadrangle of the University, with the Manchester Museum adjoined to the north, and the former Christie Library connected to the west.

text:
# Whitworth Building

The **Whitworth Building** is a grade II\* listed building on Oxford Road and Burlington Street in Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchester, England. It has been listed since 18 December 1963 and is part of the University of Manchester. It lies at the south-east range of the old quadrangle of the University, with the Manchester Museum adjoined to the north, and the former Christie Library connected to the west.

## History

The building was constructed c. 1895–1902, in the style of the Gothic Revival, and was designed by Paul Waterhouse. The official opening ceremony took place on 12 March 1902, when the Prince and Princess of Wales (later King George V and Queen Mary) were present. The Whitworth Building is named after Mancunian industrialist, Joseph Whitworth, who bequeathed much of his fortune to fund public developments in Manchester. The legatees, among whom was Richard Copley Christie, funded the construction of the building and the adjoining Christie Library (the library was completed first and opened in 1898).

## Exterior

The building is constructed of sandstone, with red tiled roofs in fish scale bands, and is connected to the Manchester Museum to the north via a 2-storey entrance archway. The building has two unequal storeys, consisting of eight bays separated by buttresses. It has a large perpendicular style stained glass window facing south. Two 3-stage corner towers flank the window, with octagonal belfries and short spires.

## Interior and functions

The building's upper floor comprises the Whitworth Hall, which can hold up to 675 people for meetings, up to 300 people for banquets or up to 200 for dinner dances. The interior of the hall is also Gothic in construction and decoration, in keeping with the exterior. It has a hammerbeam roof (unusually the lower timbers spring from freestanding columns), a dais and a large organ occupy the northernmost part of the hall, and raised wooden galleries project from both northern and southern walls. The organ was donated by Enriqueta Rylands in 1902. The hall is licensed for civil weddings, and is used for all graduation ceremonies at the University. The lower floor of the building is of a much less lofty construction, and is separated into a number of meeting rooms, consisting of five boardrooms and a council chamber.

Media related to Whitworth Hall at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Whitworth Building | |
| --- | --- |
| Whitworth Building from the outside, showing a large stained glass window on its south side which is a prominent feature of the Whitworth Hall | |
| General information | |
| Architectural style | Neogothic |
| Location | Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL |
| Coordinates | 53°27′55.8″N 2°14′0.6″W / 53.465500°N 2.233500°W / 53.465500; -2.233500 |
| Completed | c.1895–1902 |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Paul Waterhouse |
| Designations |  |
| Listed Building – Grade II\* | |
| Official name | Victoria University of Manchester including Christie Library, Whitworth Hall |
| Designated | 18 December 1963 |
| Reference no. | 1271428 |
|  | |
|  | |


abstract: Wierzchowiska Drugie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Modliborzyce, within Janów Lubelski County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) north of Janów Lubelski and 52 km (32 mi) south of the regional capital Lublin.

text:
# Wierzchowiska Drugie, Janów Lubelski County

**Wierzchowiska Drugie** \[vjɛʂxɔˈviska ˈdruɡʲɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Modliborzyce, within Janów Lubelski County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) north of Janów Lubelski and 52 km (32 mi) south of the regional capital Lublin.

## InfoBox

| Wierzchowiska Drugie | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Wierzchowiska Drugie | |
| Coordinates: 50°48′N 22°24′E / 50.800°N 22.400°E / 50.800; 22.400 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Janów Lubelski |
| Gmina | Modliborzyce |


title: Wierzchowiny, Zamość County

abstract: Wierzchowiny is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zamość, within Zamość County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) south-west of Zamość and 80 km (50 mi) south-east of the regional capital Lublin.

text:
# Wierzchowiny, Zamość County

**Wierzchowiny** \[vjɛʂxɔˈvinɨ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zamość, within Zamość County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) south-west of Zamość and 80 km (50 mi) south-east of the regional capital Lublin.

## InfoBox

| Wierzchowiny | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Wierzchowiny | |
| Coordinates: 50°38′N 23°9′E / 50.633°N 23.150°E / 50.633; 23.150 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Zamość |
| Gmina | Zamość |


title: Why Sailors Leave Home

abstract: Why Sailors Leave Home is a 1930 British comedy film directed by Monty Banks and starring Leslie Fuller, Peter Bernard and Eve Gray. The screenplay concerns a British sailor on shore leave in the Middle East who ends up being mistaken for a Sheikh.

text:
# Why Sailors Leave Home

***Why Sailors Leave Home*** is a 1930 British comedy film directed by Monty Banks and starring Leslie Fuller, Peter Bernard and Eve Gray. The screenplay concerns a British sailor on shore leave in the Middle East who ends up being mistaken for a Sheikh.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Sutton, David R. *A chorus of raspberries: British film comedy 1929-1939*. University of Exeter Press, 2000.


title: Why Sailors Go Wrong

abstract: Why Sailors Go Wrong is a 1928 American silent comedy film directed by Henry Lehrman and written by Randall Faye and Delos Sutherland. The film stars Sammy Cohen, Ted McNamara, Sally Phipps, Nick Stuart, E. H. Calvert, and Carl Miller. The film was released on March 25, 1928, by Fox Film Corporation.

text:
# Why Sailors Go Wrong

***Why Sailors Go Wrong*** is a 1928 American silent comedy film directed by Henry Lehrman and written by Randall Faye and Delos Sutherland. The film stars Sammy Cohen, Ted McNamara, Sally Phipps, Nick Stuart, E. H. Calvert, and Carl Miller. The film was released on March 25, 1928, by Fox Film Corporation.

## Cast

## Production

The film was originally made by Frank O'Connor at a cost of $110,000. It was completed, but this was scrapped. The film was remade by director Henry Lehrman at a cost of $46,000.

## InfoBox

| Why Sailors Go Wrong | |
| --- | --- |
| Lobby card | |
| Directed by | Henry Lehrman |
| Screenplay by | Randall Faye
Delos Sutherland |
| Story by | William M. Conselman
Frank O'Connor |
| Starring | Sammy Cohen
Ted McNamara
Sally Phipps
Nick Stuart
E. H. Calvert
Carl Miller |
| Cinematography | Sidney Wagner |
| Edited by | Ralph Dietrich |
| Production
company | Fox Film Corporation |
| Distributed by | Fox Film Corporation |
| Release date | * March 25, 1928 (1928-03-25) |
| Running time | 60 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | Silent (English intertitles) |
| Budget | $46,000 |


title: Zenkōjishita Station

abstract: Zenkōjishita Station is an underground railway station in the city of Nagano, Japan, operated by the private railway operating company Nagano Electric Railway.

text:
# Zenkōjishita Station

**Zenkōjishita Station** (善光寺下駅, *Zenkōjishita-eki*) is an underground railway station in the city of Nagano, Japan, operated by the private railway operating company Nagano Electric Railway.

## Lines

Zenkōjishita Station is a station on the Nagano Electric Railway Nagano Line and is 1.6 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Nagano Station.

## Station layout

The station is an underground station consisting of two opposed side platforms serving two tracks. The station is staffed.

### Platforms

| **1** | Nagano Electric Railway Nagano Line | for Suzaka, Shinshū-Nakano and Yudanaka |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **2** | Nagano Electric Railway Nagano Line | for Gondō and Nagano |

## Adjacent stations

| « | | Service | » | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Nagano Electric Railway | | | | |
| Express-A: Does not stop at this station | | | | |
| Express-B: Does not stop at this station | | | | |
| Gondō |  | Local |  | Hongō |

## History

The station opened on 28 June 1926. It was reopened as an underground station on 26 March 1977.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2016, the station was used by an average of 670 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

## Surrounding area

* Joto Elementary School

## InfoBox

| Zenkōjishita Station
善光寺下駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Zenkōjishita Station in November 2013 | |
| General information | |
| Location | 7-919-2 Miwa, Nagano-shi, Nagano-ken 380-0803
Japan |
| Coordinates | 36°39′31.0″N 138°11′36.6″E / 36.658611°N 138.193500°E / 36.658611; 138.193500 |
| Operated by | Nagano Electric Railway |
| Line(s) | Nagano Electric Railway Nagano Line |
| Distance | 1.6 km from Nagano |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Other information | |
| Station code | N4 |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | 28 June 1926 |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2016 | 670 daily |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Zenkōjishita StationLocation within Japan | |


title: Tornodoxa

abstract: Tornodoxa is a genus of moth in the family Gelechiidae.

text:
# Tornodoxa

***Tornodoxa*** is a genus of moth in the family Gelechiidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Tornodoxa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Tribe: | Chelariini |
| Genus: | *Tornodoxa*<br>Meyrick, 1921 |
|


title: Stonewall Kitchen

abstract: Stonewall Kitchen is a specialty food producer based in York, Maine, United States. The company was founded as a homemade products stall at a local farmers market in 1991 and today sells in 42 countries. They make items such as jam, chutney, jellies, grill sauce, cooking oil and mustard. On March 14, 2022, the company was acquired by TA Associates.

text:
# Stonewall Kitchen

43°9′17.1″N 70°39′25.8″W / 43.154750°N 70.657167°W / 43.154750; -70.657167

**Stonewall Kitchen** is a specialty food producer based in York, Maine, United States. The company was founded as a homemade products stall at a local farmers market in 1991 and today sells in 42 countries. They make items such as jam, chutney, jellies, grill sauce, cooking oil and mustard.

On March 14, 2022, the company was acquired by TA Associates.

## History

Founders Jonathan King and Jim Stott started their business as a homemade products stall at the local farmers market. Working from a small folding table and calling themselves Stonewall Kitchen, the stall was successful, selling all stock.

Stonewall Kitchen expanded their product line to include vinegars, oils, pesto, jams and baked goods. After selling at multiple venues, the operation branched out into selling wholesale.

In 1993, Crate & Barrel approached them for 2,500 jars of their Orange Cranberry Marmalade. The order was filled but it took a month to do it. To increase production capacity, they purchased and renovated an eighteenth-century barn in Kittery, Maine. Then moved again to a larger property in nearby York, Maine.

The owners attended the Fancy Food Show in New York City. Gaining the Outstanding Preserve award for their Roasted Garlic Onion Jam. They also earned a second award, for Outstanding Product Line. Afterward, they received over 500 orders from retailers across the country.

By 1999, Stonewall Kitchen moved production to another larger facility. A visitors area was added to this facility in 2003. Another expansion took place in 2006 when a Cooking School was added to the York facility. In April 2021, Stonewall Kitchen acquired Vermont Coffee Company.

In 2014, private equity firm, Centre Partners became an investor (with an undisclosed amount of ownership) in Stonewall and brought in John Striker as CEO. In 2019, the company was purchased by Audax Private Equity from Centre Partners. On March 14, 2022, TA Associates acquired Stonewall Kitchen.

Leading specialty food, home goods and personal care producer Stonewall Kitchen announced the hiring of Carrie McDermott as its new Chief Executive Officer. McDermott is just the third CEO in the company’s 32-year history, taking over for John Stiker, who had been in the role since 2014.

Since 2022, Stonewall Kitchen has been a family of brands and is now home to 11 specialty food and home goods brands. This family of premium quality brands includes the flagship Stonewall Kitchen brand; the Michel Design Works brand of elegantly designed and crafted personal and home care products; the Vermont Coffee Company brand of high quality, non-GMO, certified organic coffee; the Urban Accents brand of globally-inspired spice mixes, seasonings, and sauces; the Village Candle brand of fragranced candles, gifts and accessories; the Tillen Farms brand of pickled vegetables and cocktail cherries; the Napa Valley Naturals brand of olive oils, culinary oils, balsamic vinegars and wine vinegars; the Montebello brand of artisan organic pasta imported from Italy; the Vermont Village brand of organic apple sauce and apple cider vinegars; and the Legal Sea Foods brand of restaurant-quality seafood sauces and condiments.

## Products

Stonewall Kitchen is known for jams. Their product line also includes grille sauces, mustards, chutneys, pancake mixes and dessert sauces, as well as kitchen tools, place settings and home decor items.

In 2006, Stonewall Kitchen launched the Barefoot Contessa Pantry line in conjunction with chef Ina Garten, best known as the host of *Barefoot Contessa* on Food Network. This partnership ended in 2011.

In May 2018, Stonewall Kitchen agreed to a licensing agreement with Legal Sea Foods to launch a line of specialty seafood sauces and marinades throughout the United States.

## InfoBox

Stonewall Kitchen
|
|  |
| Industry | Specialty food producer |
| Founded | 1991 (1991) |
| Founders | * Jonathan King * Jim Stott |
| Headquarters | York, Maine, United States |
| Owner | * Independent (1991–2014) * Centre Partners (2014-2019) * Audax Private Equity (2019–22) * TA Associates (2022–present) |
| Website | www.stonewallkitchen.com |


title: List of mayors of Pavia

abstract: The mayor of Pavia is an elected politician who, along with the Pavia's city council, is accountable for the strategic government of Pavia in Lombardy, Italy. The current mayor is Michele Lissia, a member of the centre-left Democratic Party, who took office on 11 June 2024.

text:
# List of mayors of Pavia

The **mayor of Pavia** is an elected politician who, along with the Pavia's city council, is accountable for the strategic government of Pavia in Lombardy, Italy.

The current mayor is Michele Lissia, a member of the centre-left Democratic Party, who took office on 11 June 2024.

## Overview

According to the Italian Constitution, the mayor of Pavia is member of the city council.

The mayor is elected by the population of Pavia, who also elect the members of the city council, controlling the mayor's policy guidelines and is able to enforce his resignation by a motion of no confidence. The mayor is entitled to appoint and release the members of his government.

Since 1993 the mayor is elected directly by Pavia's electorate: in all mayoral elections in Italy in cities with a population higher than 15,000 the voters express a direct choice for the mayor or an indirect choice voting for the party of the candidate's coalition. If no candidate receives at least 50% of votes, the top two candidates go to a second round after two weeks. The election of the City Council is based on a direct choice for the candidate with a preference vote: the candidate with the majority of the preferences is elected. The number of the seats for each party is determined proportionally.

## Republic of Italy (since 1946)

### City Council election (1946-1993)

From 1946 to 1993, the Mayor of Pavia was elected by the City Council.

|  | Mayor | Term start | Term end | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Cornelio Fietta | 1946 | 1948 | PSI |
| 2 | Carlo Milani | 1948 | 1951 | DC |
| 3 | Alberto Ricevuti | 1951 | 1956 | DC |
| 4 | Bruno Fassina | 1956 | 1964 | DC |
| 5 | Giovanni Vaccari | 1964 | 1970 | PSDI |
| 6 | Sesto Bajno | 1970 | 1970 | DC |
| 7 | Angelo Biancardi | 1970 | 1971 | PSI |
| *Special Prefectural Commissioner tenure (1971–1973)* | | | | |
| 8 | Elio Veltri | 1973 | 1980 | PSI |
| 9 | Giorgio Maini | 1980 | 1986 | PCI |
| 10 | Pierangelo Giovanolla | 1986 | 1988 | PCI |
| 11 | Sandro Bruni | 1988 | 1990 | DC |
| 12 | Sandro Cantone | 1990 | 1993 | DC |
|

### Direct election (since 1993)

Since 1993, under provisions of new local administration law, the Mayor of Pavia is chosen by direct election, originally every four then every five years.

|  | Mayor | Term start | Term end | Party | Coalition | | Election |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13 | Rodolfo Jannacone Pazzi | 20 June 1993 | 24 October 1995 | LN |  | LN | 1993 |
| *Special Prefectural Commissioner tenure (24 October 1995 – 24 June 1996)* | | | | | | | |
| 14 | Andrea Albergati | 24 June 1996 | 30 April 2000 | PPI |  | PDS  PPI  RI  SI  FdV | 1996 |
| | 30 April 2000 | 18 April 2005 | |  | DS  PPI  PdCI  SDI | 2000 |
| 15 | Piera Capitelli | 18 April 2005 | 28 January 2009 | DS
PD |  | DS  DL  PdCI  SDI | 2005 |
| *Special Prefectural Commissioner tenure (28 January 2009 – 8 June 2009)* | | | | | | | |
| 16 | Alessandro Cattaneo | 8 June 2009 | 9 June 2014 | PdL |  | PdL  LN  UDC | 2009 |
| 17 | Massimo Depaoli | 9 June 2014 | 2 April 2019 | PD |  | PD | 2014 |
| *Special Prefectural Commissioner tenure (2 April 2019 – 30 May 2019)* | | | | | | | |
| 18 | Fabrizio Fracassi | 30 May 2019 | 11 June 2024 | LN |  | LN  FI  FdI | 2019 |
| 19 | Michele Lissia | 11 June 2024 | *Incumbent* | PD |  | PD  AVS  M5S | 2024 |

Notes    1. "Michele Lissia (Pd) è il nuovo sindaco di Pavia dopo le Comunali 2024. Il mea culpa di Cantoni: «Centrodestra partito in ritardo»". *Corriere della Sera*. 11 June 2024. Retrieved 15 June 2024.

## Bibliography

* Arecchi, Alberto (1998). *Mille nomi nella storia di Pavia*. Pavia: Associazione culturale Liutprand.

## InfoBox

| Mayor of Pavia | |
| --- | --- |
| *Sindaco di Pavia* | |
|  | |
| Incumbent
Michele Lissia (PD)
since 11 June 2024 | |
| Appointer | Electorate of Pavia |
| Term length | 5 years, renewable once |
| Formation | 1860 |
| Website | Official website |


title: William Hailey Willis

abstract: William Hailey Willis was an American classicist and a leading twentieth century papyrologist.

text:
# William Hailey Willis

**William Hailey Willis** (April 29, 1916, Meridian, Mississippi – July 13, 2000, Durham, North Carolina) was an American classicist and a leading twentieth century papyrologist.

## Early life

Willis was the son of William W. Willis and Clara B. (Hailey) Willis. He married Rachel E. (Hamilton) Willis on December 20, 1943, in Meridian, MS.

## Scholarly career

Willis was educated at Mississippi College (B.A.), Columbia University (M.A.), and Yale University (Ph.D.). Willis was a professor of Classics at the University of Mississippi from 1946 until 1963, when he relocated to Duke University. Willis' decision to change institutions in 1963 was related, in part, to the strife that surrounded racial integration at the University of Mississippi, a cause that he had both supported and advanced. In 1973 Willis served as president of the American Philological Association. He was awarded a Guggenheim fellowship in 1980.

Willis' scholarly career included extensive work on papyrology and he published numerous papers dealing with ancient papyri.

He was instrumental in building the papyrus collection now housed at the David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library at Duke University and in advancing the efforts of the papyrus research center, then called the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, He was credited with producing an electronic edition of the Duke Data Bank of Documentary Papyri that was disseminated on CD-ROM by the Packard Humanities Institute. At Duke Willis also served as editor of the journal *Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies*.

## Scholarship

* (with Klaus Maresch) 1988. “The Encounter of Alexander with the Brahmans: New Fragments of the Cynic Diatribe P.Genev.inv. 271,” ZPE 74:59–83.
* 1988. “Oxyrhynchite Documents among the Robinson Papyri,” *BASP* 25:99–127.
* 1990. “A New Fragment of the Bodmer Aspis,” *Recherches et rencontres* 2:167–171.
* 1990. “The Letter of Peter (1 Peter): Coptic text, translation, notes and variant readings,” in J. E. Goehring et al., *The Crosby-Schøyen Codex (= CSCO 521, Subsidia 85 \[Louvain 1990\])* 135–215.
* 1990. “The Robinson-Cologne Papyrus of Achilles Tatius,” *GRBS* 31:73–102.
* 1991. “Comoedia Dukiana,” *GRBS* 32:331–353.
* (with Klaus Maresch) 1997. The Archive of Ammon Scholasticus of Panopolis: The Legacy of Harpocration(=Pap.Colon. 26.1 \[Opladen 1997\].

## Necrology


title: Çukurova Sanayi

abstract: Çukurova Sanayi was a professional basketball club that was based in Tarsus, Mersin, Turkey.

text:
# Çukurova Sanayi

**Çukurova Sanayi** (*English: Çukurova Industry*) was a professional basketball club that was based in Tarsus, Mersin, Turkey.

## History

Çukurova Sanayi was founded in 1978 as Tarsus Schweppes Gençlik ve Spor Kulübü. At the end of the 1991–92 season Çukurova Sanayi has withdrawn from the league due to financial reasons.

During playing in Basketball Super League, Çukurova Sanayi lost the final matches they played with Eczacıbaşı for two seasons. Çukurova Sanayi won Turkish Basketball Presidential Cup by defeating Eczacıbaşı, whom they had been defeated twice in the Basketball Super League finals, in 1989 Turkish Basketball Presidential Cup final.

## Honours

## Notable players

* Durupınar, Mehmet. Türk Basketbolunun 100 Yıllık Tarihi (2009). Efes Pazarlama ve Dağıtım Ticaret A.Ş. ISBN 978-975-00995-1-9

## InfoBox

| Çukurova Sanayi | |
| --- | --- |
| Leagues | Basketball Super League |
| Founded | 1978 |
| Folded | 1992 |
| Arena | Mersin Edip Buran Kapalı Spor Salonu |
| Location | Tarsus, Mersin, Turkey |
| Team colors | Green and White<br> |
| Championships | **1** Turkish Basketball Presidential Cup |


title: Semicircular potential well

abstract: In quantum mechanics, the case of a particle in a one-dimensional ring is similar to the particle in a box. The particle follows the path of a semicircle from 0 to π where it cannot escape, because the potential from π to 2 π is infinite. Instead there is total reflection, meaning the particle bounces back and forth between 0 to π. The Schrödinger equation for a free particle which is restricted to a semicircle is

text:
# Semicircular potential well

In quantum mechanics, the case of a **particle in a one-dimensional ring** is similar to the particle in a box. The particle follows the path of a semicircle from $0$ to $\pi $ where it cannot escape, because the potential from $\pi $ to $2\pi $ is infinite. Instead there is total reflection, meaning the particle bounces back and forth between $0$ to $\pi $. The Schrödinger equation for a free particle which is restricted to a semicircle (technically, whose configuration space is the circle $S^{1}$) is

## Wave function

Using cylindrical coordinates on the 1-dimensional semicircle, the wave function depends only on the angular coordinate, and so

Substituting the Laplacian in cylindrical coordinates, the wave function is therefore expressed as

The moment of inertia for a semicircle, best expressed in cylindrical coordinates, is $\textstyle I\ {\stackrel {\mathrm {def} }{=}\ \iiint \_{V}r^{2}\\,\rho (r,\phi ,z)\\,rdr\\,d\phi \\,dz}$. Solving the integral, one finds that the moment of inertia of a semicircle is $I=ms^{2}$, exactly the same for a hoop of the same radius. The wave function can now be expressed as $-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}{2I}{\frac {d^{2}\psi }{d\phi ^{2}=E\psi }}}}$, which is easily solvable.

Since the particle cannot escape the region from $0$ to $\pi $, the general solution to this differential equation is

Defining $\textstyle m={\sqrt {\frac {2IE}{\hbar ^{2}}}}$, we can calculate the energy as $\textstyle E={\frac {m^{2}\hbar ^{2}{2I}}}$. We then apply the boundary conditions, where $\psi $ and $\frac {d\psi }{d\phi }$ are continuous and the wave function is normalizable:

Like the infinite square well, the first boundary condition demands that the wave function equals 0 at both $\phi =0$ and $\phi =\pi $. Basically

Since the wave function $\psi (0)=0$, the coefficient A must equal 0 because $\cos(0)=1$. The wave function also equals 0 at $\phi =\pi $ so we must apply this boundary condition. Discarding the trivial solution where *B*=0, the wave function $\psi (\pi )=0=B\sin(m\pi )$ only when *m* is an integer since $\sin(n\pi )=0$. This boundary condition quantizes the energy where the energy equals $\textstyle E={\frac {m^{2}\hbar ^{2}{2I}}}$ where *m* is any integer. The condition *m*=0 is ruled out because $\psi =0$ everywhere, meaning that the particle is not in the potential at all. Negative integers are also ruled out since they can easily be absorbed in the normalization condition.

We then normalize the wave function, yielding a result where $\textstyle B={\sqrt {\frac {2}{\pi }}}$. The normalized wave function is

The ground state energy of the system is $E={\frac {\hbar ^{2}{2I}}}$. Like the particle in a box, there exists nodes in the excited states of the system where both $\psi (\phi )$ and $\psi (\phi )^{2}$ are both 0, which means that the probability of finding the particle at these nodes are 0.

## Analysis

Since the wave function is only dependent on the azimuthal angle $\phi $, the measurable quantities of the system are the angular position and angular momentum, expressed with the operators $\phi $ and $L\_{z}$ respectively.

Using cylindrical coordinates, the operators $\phi $ and $L\_{z}$ are expressed as $\phi $ and $\textstyle -i\hbar {\frac {d}{d\phi }}$ respectively, where these observables play a role similar to position and momentum for the particle in a box. The commutation and uncertainty relations for angular position and angular momentum are given as follows:

## Boundary conditions

As with all quantum mechanics problems, if the boundary conditions are changed so does the wave function. If a particle is confined to the motion of an entire ring ranging from 0 to $2\pi $, the particle is subject only to a periodic boundary condition (see particle in a ring). If a particle is confined to the motion of $\textstyle -{\frac {\pi }{2}}$ to $\textstyle {\frac {\pi }{2}}$, the issue of even and odd parity becomes important.

The wave equation for such a potential is given as:

where $\psi \_{\rm {o}(\phi )}$ and $\psi \_{\rm {e}(\phi )}$ are for odd and even *m* respectively.

Similarly, if the semicircular potential well is a finite well, the solution will resemble that of the finite potential well where the angular operators $\phi $ and $L\_{z}$ replace the linear operators *x* and *p*.


title: Mercedes Partido

abstract: Mercedes Partido is a partido in the eastern part of Buenos Aires Province in Argentina. The provincial subdivision has a population of about 62,000 inhabitants in an area of 1,050 km⁲ (405 sq mi), and its capital city is Mercedes, 100 km (62 mi) from Buenos Aires.

text:
# Mercedes Partido

**Mercedes Partido** is a partido in the eastern part of Buenos Aires Province in Argentina.

The provincial subdivision has a population of about 62,000 inhabitants in an area of 1,050 km2 (405 sq mi), and its capital city is Mercedes, 100 km (62 mi) from Buenos Aires.

## Settlements

* Agote
* Altamira
* García
* Goldney
* Gowland
* La Verde
* Mercedes
* San Jacinto
* Tomás Jofré

## Population growth

* 1980: 51,207
* 1991: 55,685
* 2001: 59,870
* 2002: 60,674
* 2003: 61,034
* 2004: 61,395
* 2005: 61,704
* 2006: 62,151

## Geography

Mercedes Partido is situated in the Undulated Pampa (*Pampa Ondulada*), one of the subregions of the Pampas. It owes its name to a series of undulations, or the way the terrain descends gradually to the banks of the Paraná River. It extends north of the Salado River in Buenos Aires Province, from Samborombón Bay to the northeast, to the provinces of Córdoba and Santa Fe.

## Climate

As in the rest of the Undulated Pampa, Mercedes's climate is humid-temperate, characterized by:

* Four distinct seasons.
* The moderating influence on temperatures by being near to the Atlantic Ocean.
* The free circulation of Atlantic humid winds, due to the flat terrain.

Average temperature and rainfall in the city of Mercedes for the 1983 - 2000 period:

* January: 23 °C (73 °F) \- 94 mm (3.70 in)
* February: 21 °C (70 °F) \- 111 mm (4.37 in)
* March: 20 °C (68 °F) \- 107 mm (4.21 in)
* April: 15 °C (59 °F) \- 128 mm (5.04 in)
* May: 12 °C (54 °F) \- 72 mm (2.83 in)
* June: 9 °C (48 °F) \- 39 mm (1.54 in)
* July: 8 °C (46 °F) \- 35 mm (1.38 in)
* August: 10 °C (50 °F) \- 41 mm (1.61 in)
* September: 12 °C (54 °F) \- 43 mm (1.69 in)
* October: 15 °C (59 °F) \- 131 mm (5.16 in)
* November: 18 °C (64 °F) \- 119 mm (4.69 in)
* December: 21 °C (70 °F) \- 96 mm (3.78 in)
* Summer: 21 °C (70 °F) \- 312 mm (12.28 in)
* Fall: 12 °C (54 °F) \- 239 mm (9.41 in)
* Winter: 10 °C (50 °F) \- 119 mm (4.69 in)
* Spring: 18 °C (64 °F) \- 346 mm (13.62 in)
* Annual: 15 °C (59 °F) \- 1,016 mm (40 in)

## InfoBox

| Mercedes Partido de Mercedes | |
| --- | --- |
| Department | |
|  | |
| location of Mercedes Partido in Buenos Aires Province | |
| Coordinates: 34°40′S 59°26′W / 34.667°S 59.433°W / -34.667; -59.433 | |
| Country | Argentina |
| Established | June 25, 1752 |
| Seat | Mercedes |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Carlos Selva (PJ) |
| Area | |
| Total | 1,050 km2 (410 sq mi) |
| Population | |
| Total | 62,151 |
| Density | 59/km2 (150/sq mi) |
| Demonym | *mercedina/o* |
| Postal Code | B6600 |
| IFAM | BUE081 |
| Area Code | 02324 |
| Website | nw.mercedes.gob.ar |


title: Yatapoxvirus

abstract: Yatapoxvirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Poxviridae, in the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae. Monkeys and baboons serve as natural hosts. There are two species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus can cause histiocytomas, tumor-like masses of mononuclear cells.

text:
# Yatapoxvirus

***Yatapoxvirus*** is a genus of viruses, in the family *Poxviridae*, in the subfamily *Chordopoxvirinae*. Monkeys and baboons serve as natural hosts. There are two species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus can cause histiocytomas, tumor-like masses of mononuclear cells.

## Taxonomy

The genus contains the following species:

## Structure

Viruses in *Yatapoxvirus* are enveloped, with brick-shaped geometries. The diameter is around 200 nm. Genomes are linear, around 145kb in length.

| Genus | Structure | Symmetry | Capsid | Genomic arrangement | Genomic segmentation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Yatapoxvirus* | Brick-shaped |  | Enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |

## Life cycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral proteins to host glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) mediates endocytosis of the virus into the host cell. Fusion occurs with the plasma membrane to release the core into the host cytoplasm. Early phase: early genes are transcribed in the cytoplasm by viral RNA polymerase. Early expression begins at 30 minutes post-infection. The core is completely uncoated as early expression ends, and the viral genome is now free in the cytoplasm. Intermediate phase: the intermediate genes are expressed, triggering genomic DNA replication at approximately 100 minutes post-infection. Late phase: the late genes are expressed from 140 min to 48 hours post-infection, producing all structural proteins. Assembly of progeny virions starts in cytoplasmic viral factories, producing a spherical immature particle. This virus particle matures into brick-shaped intracellular mature virion (IMV). IMV virions can be released upon cell lysis, or can acquire a second double membrane from trans-Golgi and bud as external enveloped virion (EEV) host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the DNA strand displacement model. DNA-templated transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by existing in occlusion bodies after cell death and remaining infectious until finding another host. Monkeys and baboons serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are mechanical and contact.

| Genus | Host details | Tissue tropism | Entry details | Release details | Replication site | Assembly site | Transmission |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Yatapoxvirus* | Monkeys; baboons | None | Glycosaminoglycans | Lysis; budding | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Contact; insects |

## InfoBox

| *Yatapoxvirus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Virus classification | |
| (unranked): | Virus |
| *Realm*: | *Varidnaviria* |
| Kingdom: | *Bamfordvirae* |
| Phylum: | *Nucleocytoviricota* |
| Class: | *Pokkesviricetes* |
| Order: | *Chitovirales* |
| Family: | *Poxviridae* |
| Subfamily: | *Chordopoxvirinae* |
| Genus: | ***Yatapoxvirus*** |
|


title: Why She Would Not

abstract: Why She Would Not: A Little Comedy (1950) is the last play written by George Bernard Shaw, comprising five short scenes. The play may or may not have been completed at his death. It was published six years later.

text:
# Why She Would Not

***Why She Would Not: A Little Comedy*** (1950) is the last play written by George Bernard Shaw, comprising five short scenes. The play may or may not have been completed at his death. It was published six years later.

## Origin

Shaw's neighbour and illustrator Clare Winsten said that Shaw had described his initial idea for the plot to her, saying: "I am writing a play in which there is an old man who has a housekeeper who is so houseproud that she gradually eliminates everything that is personal in the house until he feels a perfect stranger there." He also discussed the play with Nancy Astor, whose friend Judy Musters typed up Shaw's manuscript. According to Michael Holroyd he wrote it in one week in July 1950, shortly before his 94th birthday. He died four months later.

In the final version, the genders of the characters are reversed, with a male figure appearing in the "housekeeper" role.

## Plot

A tramp called Henry Bossborn rescues a young woman from a robber in the woods. He learns that she is Serafina White, the granddaughter of an elderly businessman who runs the largest timber merchants in the country. As a reward, he asks for a job in the business — but on his own terms. She agrees. Soon he has transformed the business and increased its profits. He has also started his own property-development company. He knocks down the old mansion in which Miss White grew up and replaces it with a new super-efficient modernistic home. He expects to marry her and move into the new house. She is unhappy with the changes and refuses to marry him. He explains that he is serving the "life force" which demands renewal, but she is unwilling to fully accept this, and agrees only to friendship, not marriage.

## Publication and completions

The play was published in *The London Magazine* in August 1956. Because the play ends abruptly, it has been argued that Shaw intended to add one more scene. However after the publication Dan H. Laurence examined the surviving manuscripts. In his essay "The Facts about Why She Would Not" (1956), he argued that the play was completed, noting that the shorthand version of the manuscript ends with the words "End of Scene 5 and of the play". Holroyd says it was written quickly, and that the figure of Bossborn, who moves from a tramp to a form of superman, is a version of Shaw himself, including his inability to overcome his personal isolation. In 2009 David Staller, founder of the Gingold Theatrical Group commissioned five different final scenes from five writers: Israel Horovitz, Michael Feingold, David Cote, Jeremy McCarter and Robert Simonson.

## InfoBox

| Why She Would Not | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Written by | George Bernard Shaw |
| Original language | English |
| Subject | A woman's life is modernised against her inclination |
| Genre | comedy |


title: Zión Moreno

abstract: Zión Moreno is an American actress. On television, she is known for her roles in the Netflix series Control Z (2020) and the HBO Max reboot of Gossip Girl (2021–2023). Her films include K-12 (2019).

text:
# Zión Moreno

**Zión Moreno** (born February 23, 1995) is an American actress. On television, she is known for her roles in the Netflix series *Control Z* (2020) and the HBO Max reboot of *Gossip Girl* (2021–2023). Her films include *K-12* (2019).

## Early life

Moreno was born in El Paso, Texas. She grew up in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and spoke Spanish at home. Moreno has two siblings: a sister and a brother. Her father is from Nuevo Leon, Mexico while her mother is from Chihuahua, Mexico.

Moreno is a trans woman and transitioned at the age of 13. During her time in school, she faced bullying from her peers.

Moreno briefly attended the University of New Mexico with a full-ride scholarship, and studied in a creative writing and journalism program. She originally planned to become a writer and do investigative reporting.

## Career

Moreno moved to New York City at 19 to pursue a career as a model. She was scouted by Wilhelmina Models, Elite Model Management, and Slay Model Management. She initially found modeling challenging, but grew to appreciate the craft more after shifting her focus towards acting.

She presented the Diversify TV Awards at the 2017 MIPCOM in Cannes.

Moreno made her on screen debut as Fleur in the 2019 surrealist jukebox musical film *K-12*, written and directed by singer Melanie Martinez. In 2020, she starred as Isabela de la Fuente in the Mexican Netflix teen drama *Control Z*. In March 2020, it was announced she had been cast as Luna La in the HBO Max series *Gossip Girl*, a soft reboot of the original series that premiered on July 8, 2021.

## Personal life

Moreno is divorced; she was previously married to a musician.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2019 | *K-12* | Fleur |  |
| 2020 | *Control Z* | Isabela de la Fuente | Main character, 8 episodes (season 1) |
| 2021–2023 | *Gossip Girl* | Luna de la Cruz "Luna La" | Main character |
| 2021–2022 | *Claws* | Selena | 4 episodes |
| 2024 | *Prom Dates* | Heather | Hulu film |
|

## InfoBox

| Zión Moreno | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1995-02-23) February 23, 1995<br>El Paso, Texas, U.S. |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 2015−present |