title: Francesco Follo

abstract: Francesco Follo is an Italian priest of the Catholic Church who has worked in the diplomatic service of the Holy See as its Permanent Observer to UNESCO from 2002 to 2021. He spent the previous twenty years in the offices of the Vatican Secretariat of State and before that worked as a journalist and performed pastoral work.

text:
# Francesco Follo

**Francesco Follo** (born 22 October 1946) is an Italian priest of the Catholic Church who has worked in the diplomatic service of the Holy See as its Permanent Observer to UNESCO from 2002 to 2021. He spent the previous twenty years in the offices of the Vatican Secretariat of State and before that worked as a journalist and performed pastoral work.

## Biography

Francesco Follo was born on 22 October 1946 in Pandino, in the Cremona Province. He was ordained a priest of the Diocese of Cremona on 28 June 1970.

He was vicar of San Marco Evangelista in Casirate d'Adda from 1970 to 1976. He obtained a master's degree in theology from the Theological Faculty of Northern Italy in 1976, a Master's degree in philosophy at the Aloisianum of Gallarate in 1979 and a doctorate in philosophy at the Pontifical Gregorian University in 1984.

From 1976 to 1984, he worked as a reporter for the magazine *Letture* published by the San Fedele Center of the Society of Jesus in Milan. He was also from 1976 to 1983 a spiritual advisor to students of the Polytechnic Institute, the Academy of Fine Arts Brera and the Conservatory of Music "Giuseppe Verdi" in Milan. He became a member of the Order of Journalists in 1978. In 1982 he held the post of deputy director of the weekly *La Vita Cattolica*. From 1978 to 1983, he was Professor of Cultural Anthropology and Philosophy at the Catholic University of Milan and at the Higher Institute of Education Assistants in Milan.

He joined the staff of the Section for General Affairs of the Secretariat of State of the Holy See on 17 September 1983. From 1988 to 1989, he also taught history of Greek philosophy at the Pontifical Athenaeum Regina Apostolorum in Rome. On 27 May 2000, Pope John Paul II awarded him the title Prelate of Honor of His Holiness.

On 11 May 2002, he was appointed Permanent Observer of the Holy See to UNESCO, based in Paris. He was replaced in that position by Eric Soviguidi on 11 November 2021.

Since 2004, he has also been a member of the Scientific Committee of *Oasis*, a magazine specializing in intercultural and inter-religious dialogue.


abstract: This is a list of FM radio stations in the United States having call signs beginning with the letters KN through KP. Low-power FM radio stations, those with designations such as KNAK-LP, have not been included in this list.

text:
# List of FM radio stations in the United States by call sign (initial letters KN–KP)

This is a list of FM radio stations in the United States having call signs beginning with the letters *KN* through *KP*. Low-power FM radio stations, those with designations such as KNAK-LP, have not been included in this list.

## KN--

| Callsign | Frequency | City of license |
| --- | --- | --- |
| KNAA | 90.7 FM | Show Low, Arizona |
| KNAB-FM | 104.1 FM | Burlington, Colorado |
| KNAD | 91.7 FM | Page, Arizona |
| KNAF-FM | 105.7 FM | Fredericksburg, Texas |
| KNAG | 90.3 FM | Grand Canyon, Arizona |
| KNAH | 101.5 FM | Oakley, Utah |
| KNAL | 93.3 FM | Port Lavaca, Texas |
| KNAN | 106.7 FM | Nanakuli, Hawaii |
| KNAQ | 89.3 FM | Prescott, Arizona |
| KNAR | 89.3 FM | San Angelo, Texas |
| KNAS | 105.5 FM | Nashville, Arkansas |
| KNAU | 88.7 FM | Flagstaff, Arizona |
| KNBA | 90.3 FM | Anchorage, Alaska |
| KNBB | 97.7 FM | Dubach, Louisiana |
| KNBE | 88.9 FM | Beatrice, Nebraska |
| KNBJ | 91.3 FM | Bemidji, Minnesota |
| KNBQ | 98.5 FM | Central Park, Washington |
| KNBR-FM | 104.5 FM | San Francisco, California |
| KNBS | 94.1 FM | Bowling Green, Missouri |
| KNBT | 92.1 FM | New Braunfels, Texas |
| KNBX | 91.7 FM | San Ardo, California |
| KNBZ | 97.7 FM | Redfield, South Dakota |
| KNCA | 89.7 FM | Burney, California |
| KNCB-FM | 105.3 FM | Vivian, Louisiana |
| KNCC | 91.5 FM | Elko, Nevada |
| KNCE | 93.5 FM | Taos, New Mexico |
| KNCH | 90.1 FM | San Angelo, Texas |
| KNCI | 105.1 FM | Sacramento, California |
| KNCJ | 89.5 FM | Reno, Nevada |
| KNCK-FM | 94.9 FM | Concordia, Kansas |
| KNCM | 91.3 FM | Appleton, Minnesota |
| KNCN | 101.3 FM | Sinton, Texas |
| KNCO-FM | 94.1 FM | Grass Valley, California |
| KNCQ | 97.3 FM | Redding, California |
| KNCT-FM | 91.3 FM | Killeen, Texas |
| KNCU | 92.7 FM | Newport, Oregon |
| KNCW | 92.7 FM | Omak, Washington |
| KNDA | 102.9 FM | Alice, Texas |
| KNDD | 107.7 FM | Seattle, Washington |
| KNDE | 95.1 FM | College Station, Texas |
| KNDH | 96.7 FM | Carbondale, Colorado |
| KNDL | 100.7 FM | Berthold, North Dakota |
| KNDN-FM | 97.5 FM | Shiprock, New Mexico |
| KNDR | 104.7 FM | Mandan, North Dakota |
| KNDW | 91.7 FM | Williston, North Dakota |
| KNDY-FM | 95.5 FM | Marysville, Kansas |
| KNDZ | 89.3 FM | McKinleyville, California |
| KNEB-FM | 94.1 FM | Scottsbluff, Nebraska |
| KNEC | 100.9 FM | Yuma, Colorado |
| KNEE | 95.1 FM | Nenana, Alaska |
| KNEF | 90.1 | Franklin, Nebraska |
| KNEI-FM | 103.5 FM | Waukon, Iowa |
| KNEK-FM | 104.7 FM | Washington, Louisiana |
| KNEL-FM | 95.3 FM | Brady, Texas |
| KNEN | 94.7 FM | Norfolk, Nebraska |
| KNEO | 91.7 FM | Neosho, Missouri |
| KNES | 99.1 FM | Fairfield, Texas |
| KNEV | 95.5 FM | Reno, Nevada |
| KNEX | 106.1 FM | Laredo, Texas |
| KNEZ | 107.3 FM | Hazen, Nevada |
| KNFA | 90.7 FM | Grand Island, Nebraska |
| KNFM | 92.3 FM | Midland, Texas |
| KNFO | 106.1 FM | Basalt, Colorado |
| KNFR | 90.9 FM | Gravel Ridge, Arkansas |
| KNFT-FM | 102.9 FM | Bayard, New Mexico |
| KNFX-FM | 99.5 FM | Bryan, Texas |
| KNFZ | 104.7 FM | Bosque Farms, New Mexico |
| KNGA | 90.5 FM | Saint Peter, Minnesota |
| KNGM | 88.9 FM | Guymon, Oklahoma |
| KNGT | 99.5 FM | Lake Charles, Louisiana |
| KNGW | 88.9 FM | Juneau, Alaska |
| KNHC | 89.5 FM | Seattle, Washington |
| KNHK-FM | 101.9 FM | Weston, Oregon |
| KNHM | 91.5 FM | Bayside, California |
| KNHT | 102.5 FM | Rio Dell, California |
| KNIB | 89.5 FM | Nikolai, Alaska |
| KNID | 107.1 FM | North Enid, Oklahoma |
| KNIN-FM | 92.9 FM | Wichita Falls, Texas |
| KNIS | 91.3 FM | Carson City, Nevada |
| KNIV | 104.7 FM | Lyman, Wyoming |
| KNIX-FM | 102.5 FM | Phoenix, Arizona |
| KNIZ | 90.1 FM | Gallup, New Mexico |
| KNKI | 106.7 FM | Pinetop, Arizona |
| KNKK | 107.1 FM | Needles, California |
| KNKL | 88.1 FM | Tremonton, Utah |
| KNKO | 88.5 FM | Shageluk, Alaska |
| KNKT | 90.7 FM | Cannon Air Force Base, New Mexico |
| KNKX | 88.5 FM | Tacoma, Washington |
| KNLB | 91.1 FM | Lake Havasu City, Arizona |
| KNLE-FM | 88.1 FM | Round Rock, Texas |
| KNLF | 95.9 FM | Quincy, California |
| KNLG | 90.3 FM | New Bloomfield, Missouri |
| KNLH | 89.5 FM | Cedar Hill, Missouri |
| KNLL | 90.5 FM | Nashville, Arkansas |
| KNLM | 90.5 FM | Yucca Valley, California |
| KNLN | 90.9 FM | Vienna, Missouri |
| KNLP | 89.7 FM | Potosi, Missouri |
| KNLR | 97.5 FM | Bend, Oregon |
| KNLT | 95.5 FM | Palmer, Alaska |
| KNLV-FM | 103.9 FM | Ord, Nebraska |
| KNLX | 104.9 FM | Prineville, Oregon |
| KNLY | 91.1 FM | New Waverly, Texas |
| KNMA | 88.1 FM | Tularosa, New Mexico |
| KNMB | 96.7 FM | Capitan, New Mexico |
| KNMC | 90.1 FM | Havre, Montana |
| KNMI | 88.9 FM | Farmington, New Mexico |
| KNMJ | 100.9 FM | Eunice, New Mexico |
| KNMO-FM | 97.5 FM | Nevada, Missouri |
| KNMZ | 103.7 FM | Alamogordo, New Mexico |
| KNNA-FM | 99.1 FM | Nenana, Alaska |
| KNNB | 88.1 FM | Whiteriver, Arizona |
| KNNG | 104.7 FM | Sterling, Colorado |
| KNNK | 100.5 FM | Dimmitt, Texas |
| KNNU | 92.3 FM | Antlers, Oklahoma |
| KNNW | 103.1 FM | Columbia, Louisiana |
| KNNZ | 89.1 FM | Hawley, Minnesota |
| KNOB | 96.7 FM | Healdsburg, California |
| KNOD | 105.3 FM | Harlan, Iowa |
| KNOF | 95.3 FM | Saint Paul, Minnesota |
| KNOG | 91.7 FM | Nogales, Arizona |
| KNOL | 107.5 FM | Jean Lafitte, Louisiana |
| KNOM-FM | 96.1 FM | Nome, Alaska |
| KNON | 89.3 FM | Dallas, Texas |
| KNOR | 93.7 FM | Krum, Texas |
| KNOW-FM | 91.1 FM | Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota |
| KNOZ | 97.7 FM | Orchard Mesa, Colorado |
| KNPC | 88.5 FM | Hardin, Montana |
| KNPH | 89.3 FM | Havre, Montana |
| KNPJ | 88.5 FM | Greybull, Wyoming |
| KNPM | 91.5 FM | Miles City, Montana |
| KNPQ | 107.3 FM | Hershey, Nebraska |
| KNPR | 88.9 FM | Las Vegas, Nevada |
| KNPS | 91.7 FM | Scobey, Montana |
| KNRB | 100.1 FM | Atlanta, Texas |
| KNRG | 92.3 FM | New Ulm, Texas |
| KNRI | 89.7 FM | Bismarck, North Dakota |
| KNRK | 94.7 FM | Camas, Washington |
| KNRQ | 103.7 FM | Harrisburg, Oregon |
| KNRS-FM | 105.9 FM | Centerville, Utah |
| KNRX | 96.5 FM | Sterling City, Texas |
| KNSB | 91.1 FM | Bettendorf, Iowa |
| KNSC | 90.7 FM | Carroll, Iowa |
| KNSE | 90.1 FM | Austin, Minnesota |
| KNSG | 107.5 FM | Marshall, Minnesota |
| KNSH | 100.7 FM | Fort Smith, Arkansas |
| KNSJ | 89.1 FM | Descanso, California |
| KNSK | 91.1 FM | Fort Dodge, Iowa |
| KNSL | 97.9 FM | Lamoni, Iowa |
| KNSM | 91.5 FM | Mason City, Iowa |
| KNSQ | 88.1 FM | Mount Shasta, California |
| KNSR | 88.9 FM | Collegeville, Minnesota |
| KNSS-FM | 98.7 FM | Clearwater, Kansas |
| KNSU | 91.5 FM | Thibodaux, Louisiana |
| KNSW | 91.7 FM | Worthington-Marshall, Minnesota |
| KNSY | 89.7 FM | Dubuque, Iowa |
| KNSZ | 89.1 FM | Ottumwa, Iowa |
| KNTE | 101.7 FM | Bay City, Texas |
| KNTI | 99.5 FM | Lakeport, California |
| KNTK | 93.7 FM | Firth, Nebraska |
| KNTN | 102.7 FM | Thief River Falls, Minnesota |
| KNTO | 93.3 FM | Chowchilla, California |
| KNTU | 88.1 FM | McKinneyDenton, Texas |
| KNTY | 103.5 FM | Sacramento, California |
| KNUE | 101.5 FM | Tyler, Texas |
| KNUJ-FM | 107.3 FM | Sleepy Eye, Minnesota |
| KNUL | 99.1 FM | Nulato, Alaska |
| KNUN | 91.9 FM | Toksook Bay, Alaska |
| KNUQ | 103.9 FM | Paauilo, Hawaii |
| KNUT | 101.1 FM | Garapan, Northern Mariana Islands |
| KNUW | 95.1 FM | Santa Clara, New Mexico |
| KNUZ | 106.1 FM | San Saba, Texas |
| KNVE | 91.3 FM | Redding, California |
| KNVO-FM | 101.1 FM | Port Isabel, Texas |
| KNVQ | 90.7 FM | Spring Creek, Nevada |
| KNVR | 102.5 FM | Fallon, Nevada |
| KNWB | 97.1 FM | Hilo, Hawaii |
| KNWC-FM | 96.5 FM | Sioux Falls, South Dakota |
| KNWD | 91.7 FM | Natchitoches, Louisiana |
| KNWF | 91.5 FM | Fergus Falls, Minnesota |
| KNWI | 107.1 FM | Osceola, Iowa |
| KNWM | 96.1 FM | Madrid, Iowa |
| KNWN-FM | 97.7 FM | OakvilleRaymond, Washington |
| KNWO | 90.1 FM | Cottonwood, Idaho |
| KNWP | 90.1 FM | Port Angeles, Washington |
| KNWR | 90.7 FM | Ellensburg, Washington |
| KNWS-FM | 101.9 FM | Waterloo, Iowa |
| KNWT | 89.1 FM | Cody, Wyoming |
| KNWU | 91.5 FM | Forks, Washington |
| KNWV | 90.5 FM | Clarkston, Washington |
| KNWY | 90.3 FM | Yakima, Washington |
| KNXR | 97.5 FM | Rochester, Minnesota |
| KNX-FM | 97.1 FM | Los Angeles |
| KNXX | 104.9 FM | Donaldsonville, Louisiana |
| KNYD | 90.5 FM | Broken Arrow, Oklahoma |
| KNYE | 95.1 FM | Pahrump, Nevada |
| KNYN | 99.1 FM | Fort Bridger, Wyoming |
| KNYR | 91.3 FM | Yreka, California |
| KNZA | 103.9 FM | Hiawatha, Kansas |
| KNZR-FM | 97.7 FM | Shafter, California |
| KNZS | 100.3 FM | Arlington, Kansas |

## KO--

| Callsign | Frequency | City of license |
| --- | --- | --- |
| KOAB-FM | 91.3 FM | Bend, Oregon |
| KOAC-FM | 89.7 FM | Astoria, Oregon |
| KOAI | 95.1 FM | Sun City West, Arizona |
| KOAP | 88.7 FM | Lakeview, Oregon |
| KOAR | 101.5 FM | Beebe, Arkansas |
| KOAS | 105.7 FM | Dolan Springs, Arizona |
| KOAY | 88.7 FM | Middleton, Idaho |
| KOBB-FM | 93.7 FM | Bozeman, Montana |
| KOBC | 90.7 FM | Joplin, Missouri |
| KOBH | 91.7 FM | Hobbs, New Mexico |
| KOBK | 88.9 FM | Baker City, Oregon |
| KOBM-FM | 97.3 FM | Blair, Nebraska |
| KOBN | 90.1 FM | Burns, Oregon |
| KOBQ | 93.3 FM | Albuquerque, New Mexico |
| KOCD | 101. 5 FM | Okeene, Oklahoma |
| KOCN | 105.1 FM | Pacific Grove, California |
| KOCP | 104.7 FM | Oxnard, California |
| KOCU | 90.1 FM | Altus, Oklahoma |
| KODA | 99.1 FM | Houston, Texas |
| KODJ | 94.1 FM | Salt Lake City, Utah |
| KODK | 90.7 FM | Kodiak, Alaska |
| KODM | 97.9 FM | Odessa, Texas |
| KODS | 103.7 FM | Carnelian Bay, California |
| KODV | 89.1 FM | Barstow, California |
| KODZ | 99.1 FM | Eugene, Oregon |
| KOEA | 97.5 FM | Doniphan, Missouri |
| KOEG | 88.3 FM | Walters, Oklahoma |
| KOEL-FM | 92.3 FM | Oelwein, Iowa |
| KOEZ | 104.1 FM | Ames, Iowa |
| KOFG | 91.1 FM | Cody, Wyoming |
| KOFH | 99.1 FM | Nogales, Arizona |
| KOFK-FM | 88.1 FM | Bozeman, Montana |
| KOFM | 103.1 FM | Enid, Oklahoma |
| KOFW | 91.9 FM | Deltana, Alaska |
| KOFX | 92.3 FM | El Paso, Texas |
| KOGA-FM | 99.7 FM | Ogallala, Nebraska |
| KOGJ | 88.1 FM | Kenai, Alaska |
| KOGL | 89.3 FM | Gleneden Beach, Oregon |
| KOGM | 107.1 FM | Opelousas, Louisiana |
| KOGW | 90.5 FM | Hartley, Texas |
| KOHH | 90.7 FM | San Lucy, Arizona |
| KOHL | 89.3 FM | Fremont, California |
| KOHM | 105.7 FM | Ridgecrest, California |
| KOHN | 91.9 FM | Sells, Arizona |
| KOHO-FM | 101.1 FM | Leavenworth, Washington |
| KOHR | 88.9 FM | Sheridan, Wyoming |
| KOHS | 91.7 FM | Orem, Utah |
| KOHT | 98.3 FM | Marana, Arizona |
| KOIA | 88.1 FM | Storm Lake, Iowa |
| KOIR | 88.5 FM | Edinburg, Texas |
| KOIT | 96.5 FM | San Francisco, California |
| KOJB | 90.1 FM | Cass Lake, Minnesota |
| KOJD | 89.7 FM | John Day, Oregon |
| KOJI | 90.7 FM | Okoboji, Iowa |
| KOJO | 91.1 FM | Lake Charles, Louisiana |
| KOJP | 95.3 FM | Presidio, Texas |
| KOKE-FM | 99.3 FM | Thorndale, Texas |
| KOKF | 90.9 FM | Edmond, Oklahoma |
| KOKN | 88.7 FM | Oketo, Kansas |
| KOKO-FM | 94.3 FM | Kerman, California |
| KOKQ | 94.7 FM | Oklahoma City, Oklahoma |
| KOKR | 96.7 FM | Newport, Arkansas |
| KOKS | 89.5 FM | Poplar Bluff, Missouri |
| KOKU | 100.3 FM | Agana, Guam |
| KOKY | 102.1 FM | Sherwood, Arkansas |
| KOKZ | 105.7 FM | Waterloo, Iowa |
| KOLA | 99.9 FM | San Bernardino, California |
| KOLB | 88.3 FM | Hartington, Nebraska |
| KOLC | 97.3 FM | Carson City, Nevada |
| KOLD-FM | 91.9 FM | Cold Bay, Alaska |
| KOLG | 90.9 FM | Agana, Guam |
| KOLI | 94.9 FM | Electra, Texas |
| KOLJ-FM | 91.1 FM | Wannaska, Minnesota |
| KOLK | 94.3 FM | Lakeside, Montana |
| KOLL | 106.3 FM | Lonoke, Arkansas |
| KOLT-FM | 100.7 FM | Cheyenne, Wyoming |
| KOLU | 90.1 FM | Pasco, Washington |
| KOLV | 100.1 FM | Olivia, Minnesota |
| KOLW | 97.5 FM | Basin City, Washington |
| KOLY-FM | 99.5 FM | Mobridge, South Dakota |
| KOLZ | 102.9 FM | Kirtland, New Mexico |
| KOMA | 92.5 FM | Oklahoma City, Oklahoma |
| KOMB | 103.9 FM | Fort Scott, Kansas |
| KOMC-FM | 100.1 FM | Kimberling City, Missouri |
| KOME-FM | 95.5 FM | Tolar, Texas |
| KOMG | 105.1 FM | Willard, Missouri |
| KOMP | 92.3 FM | Las Vegas, Nevada |
| KOMQ | 88.5 FM | Omak, Washington |
| KOMR | 106.3 FM | Sun City, Arizona |
| KOMS | 107.3 FM | Poteau, Oklahoma |
| KOMT | 93.5 FM | Lakeview, Arkansas |
| KOMX | 100.3 FM | Pampa, Texas |
| KONA-FM | 105.3 FM | Kennewick, Washington |
| KOND | 107.5 FM | Hanford, California |
| KONE | 101.1 FM | Lubbock, Texas |
| KONI | 104.7 FM | Lanai City, Hawaii |
| KONO-FM | 101.1 FM | Helotes, Texas |
| KONQ | 91.9 FM | Dodge City, Kansas |
| KONY | 99.9 FM | Saint George, Utah |
| KOOC | 106.3 FM | Belton, Texas |
| KOOI | 106.5 FM | Jacksonville, Texas |
| KOOL-FM | 94.5 FM | Phoenix, Arizona |
| KOOO | 101.9 FM | Lincoln, Nebraska |
| KOOP | 91.7 FM | Hornsby, Texas |
| KOOS | 107.3 FM | North Bend, Oregon |
| KOOU | 104.7 FM | Hardy, Arkansas |
| KOOV | 106.9 FM | Kempner, Texas |
| KOOZ | 94.1 FM | Myrtle Point, Oregon |
| KOPB-FM | 91.5 FM | Portland, Oregon |
| KOPJ | 89.3 FM | Sebeka, Minnesota |
| KOPN | 89.5 FM | Columbia, Missouri |
| KOPR | 94.1 FM | Butte, Montana |
| KOPW | 106.9 FM | Plattsmouth, Nebraska |
| KOPY-FM | 92.1 FM | Alice, Texas |
| KOQL | 106.1 FM | Ashland, Missouri |
| KORA-FM | 98.3 FM | Bryan, Texas |
| KORB | 88.7 FM | Hopland, California |
| KORD-FM | 102.7 FM | Richland, Washington |
| KORI | 91.9 FM | Noorvik, Alaska |
| KORL-FM | 101.1 FM | Waianae, Hawaii |
| KORN-FM | 92.1 FM | Parkston, South Dakota |
| KORQ | 96.1 FM | Winters, Texas |
| KORR | 104.1 FM | American Falls, Idaho |
| KORT-FM | 92.7 FM | Grangeville, Idaho |
| KORU | 89.9 FM | Garapan, Saipan, Northern Marianas Islands |
| KORV | 93.5 FM | Lakeview, Oregon |
| KOSB | 105.1 FM | Perry, Oklahoma |
| KOSC | 89.9 FM | Angwin, California |
| KOSE-FM | 107.3 FM | Osceola, Arkansas |
| KOSF | 103.7 FM | San Francisco, California |
| KOSG | 103.9 FM | Pawhuska, Oklahoma |
| KOSI | 101.1 FM | Denver, Colorado |
| KOSN | 107.5 FM | Ketchum, Oklahoma |
| KOSO | 92.9 FM | Patterson, California |
| KOSP | 92.9 FM | Ozark, Missouri |
| KOSR | 88.3 FM | Stillwater, Oklahoma |
| KOST | 103.5 FM | Los Angeles |
| KOSU | 91.7 FM | Stillwater, Oklahoma |
| KOSY-FM | 95.7 FM | Anamosa, Iowa |
| KOTD | 89.7 FM | The Dalles, Oregon |
| KOTE | 93.9 FM | Eureka, Kansas |
| KOTM-FM | 97.7 FM | Ottumwa, Iowa |
| KOTN | 102.5 FM | Gould, Arkansas |
| KOTO | 91.7 FM | Telluride, Colorado |
| KOTX | 98.7 FM | Hebbronville, Texas |
| KOUA | 91.9 FM | Ada, Oklahoma |
| KOUI | 88.3 FM | Mount Pleasant, Texas |
| KOUL | 107.7 FM | Agua Dulce, Texas |
| KOUT | 98.7 FM | Rapid City, South Dakota |
| KOUW | 102.9 FM | Island Park, Idaho |
| KOVE-FM | 106.5 FM | Galveston, Texas |
| KOWI | 101.3 FM | Oatman, Arizona |
| KOWY | 102.3 FM | Dayton, Wyoming |
| KOWZ | 100.9 FM | Blooming Prairie, Minnesota |
| KOXE | 101.3 FM | Brownwood, Texas |
| KOYA | 88.1 FM | Rosebud, South Dakota |
| KOYE | 96.7 FM | Frankston, Texas |
| KOYH | 95.5 FM | Elaine, Arkansas |
| KOYN | 93.9 FM | Paris, Texas |
| KOYR | 88.5 FM | Yorktown, Arkansas |
| KOYU | 98.1 FM | Koyukuk, Alaska |
| KOYY | 93.7 FM | Fargo, North Dakota |
| KOZA | 96.9 FM | Effingham, Kansas |
| KOZB | 97.5 FM | Livingston, Montana |
| KOZE-FM | 96.5 FM | Lewiston, Idaho |
| KOZI-FM | 93.5 FM | Chelan, Washington |
| KOZO | 89.7 FM | Branson, Missouri |
| KOZQ-FM | 102.3 FM | Waynesville, Missouri |
| KOZT | 95.3 FM | Fort Bragg, California |
| KOZX | 98.1 FM | Cabool, Missouri |
| KOZY-FM | 101.3 FM | Bridgeport, Nebraska |
| KOZZ-FM | 105.7 FM | Reno, Nevada |

## KP--

| Callsign | Frequency | City of license |
| --- | --- | --- |
| KPAC | 88.3 FM | San Antonio, Texas |
| KPAE | 91.5 FM | Erwinville, Louisiana |
| KPAL | 91.3 FM | Palacios, Texas |
| KPAN-FM | 106.3 FM | Hereford, Texas |
| KPAQ | 88.1 FM | Plaquemine, Louisiana |
| KPAS | 103.1 FM | Fabens, Texas |
| KPAT | 95.7 FM | Orcutt, California |
| KPAU | 103.5 FM | Center, Colorado |
| KPAW | 92.9 FM | Warren AFB, Wyoming |
| KPAY-FM | 93.9 FM | Chico, California |
| KPBA | 99.3 FM | Pine Bluff, Arkansas |
| KPBG | 90.9 FM | Oroville, Washington |
| KPBR | 91.7 FM | Poplar Bluff, Missouri |
| KPBS-FM | 89.5 FM | San Diego, California |
| KPBW | 91.9 FM | Brewster, Washington |
| KPBX-FM | 91.1 FM | Spokane, Washington |
| KPBZ | 90.3 FM | Spokane, Washington |
| KPCC | 89.3 FM | Pasadena, California |
| KPCH | 99.3 FM | Ruston, Louisiana |
| KPCL | 95.7 FM | Farmington, New Mexico |
| KPCO-FM | 89.9 FM | Cooper, Texas |
| KPCS | 89.7 FM | Princeton, Minnesota |
| KPCV | 91.7 FM | Portales, New Mexico |
| KPCW | 91.7 FM | Park City, Utah |
| KPCZ-FM | 106.7 FM | Rayne, Louisiana |
| KPDA | 100.7 FM | Mountain Home, Idaho |
| KPDE | 91.5 FM | Eden, Texas |
| KPDO | 89.3 FM | Pescadero, California |
| KPDQ-FM | 93.9 FM | Portland, Oregon |
| KPDR | 90.3 FM | Wheeler, Texas |
| KPEK | 100.3 FM | Albuquerque, New Mexico |
| KPEL-FM | 96.5 FM | Breaux Bridge, Louisiana |
| KPEN-FM | 101.7 FM | Soldotna, Alaska |
| KPEP | 106.5 FM | Eldorado, Texas |
| KPEZ | 102.3 FM | Austin, Texas |
| KPFA | 94.1 FM | Berkeley, California |
| KPFB | 89.3 FM | Berkeley, California |
| KPFC | 91.9 FM | Callisburg, Texas |
| KPFK | 90.7 FM | Los Angeles |
| KPFM | 105.5 FM | Mountain Home, Arkansas |
| KPFR | 89.5 FM | Pine Grove, Oregon |
| KPFT | 90.1 FM | Houston, Texas |
| KPFX | 107.9 FM | Kindred, North Dakota |
| KPFZ-FM | 88.1 FM | Lakeport, California |
| KPGA | 91.9 FM | Morton, Texas |
| KPGF | 93.7 FM | Sun Valley, Nevada |
| KPGG | 103.9 FM | Ashdown, Arkansas |
| KPGR | 88.1 FM | Pleasant Grove, Utah |
| KPGS | 88.1 FM | Pagosa Springs, Colorado |
| KPGT | 89.1 FM | Watertown, South Dakota |
| KPGX | 103.5 FM | Navajo Mountain, Utah |
| KPHA | 91.7 FM | Mandan, North Dakota |
| KPHR | 106.3 FM | Ortonville, Minnesota |
| KPHT | 95.5 FM | Rocky Ford, Colorado |
| KPHW | 104.3 FM | Kaneohe, Hawaii |
| KPIG-FM | 107.5 FM | Freedom, California |
| KPIJ | 88.5 FM | Junction City, Oregon |
| KPIN | 101.1 FM | Pinedale, Wyoming |
| KPIO-FM | 93.7 FM | Pleasanton, Kansas |
| KPIT | 91.7 FM | Pittsburg, Texas |
| KPJH | 89.5 FM | Polson, Montana |
| KPJM | 88.1 FM | Payson, Arizona |
| KPJP | 89.3 FM | Greenville, California |
| KPKK | 101.1 FM | Amargosa Valley, Nevada |
| KPKL | 107.1 FM | Deer Park, Washington |
| KPKO | 91.3 FM | Pecos, Texas |
| KPKR | 95.7 FM | Parker, Arizona |
| KPKW | 90.3 FM | Susanville, California |
| KPKY | 94.9 FM | Pocatello, Idaho |
| KPLA | 101.5 FM | Columbia, Missouri |
| KPLD | 101.1 FM | Kanab, Utah |
| KPLG | 91.5 FM | Plains, Montana |
| KPLI | 90.1 FM | Olympia, Washington |
| KPLK | 88.9 FM | Sedro-Woolley, Washington |
| KPLM | 106.1 FM | Palm Springs, California |
| KPLN | 106.7 FM | Lockwood, Montana |
| KPLO-FM | 94.5 FM | Reliance, South Dakota |
| KPLP | 104.5 FM | White Salmon, Washington |
| KPLS-FM | 97.7 FM | Strasburg, Colorado |
| KPLT-FM | 107.7 FM | Paris, Texas |
| KPLU (FM) | 100.7 FM | Palacios, Texas |
| KPLV | 88.7 FM | Corpus Christi, Texas |
| KPLW | 89.9 FM | Wenatchee, Washington |
| KPLX | 99.5 FM | Fort Worth, Texas |
| KPLZ-FM | 101.5 FM | Seattle, Washington |
| KPMA-FM | 91.9 FM | Archer City, Texas |
| KPMB | 88.5 FM | Plainview, Texas |
| KPMD | 91.9 FM | Evanston, Wyoming |
| KPMI-FM | 94.5 FM | Baudette, Minnesota |
| KPMW | 105.5 FM | Haliimaile, Hawaii |
| KPMX | 105.7 FM | Sterling, Colorado |
| KPNC | 100.9 FM | Ponca City, Oklahoma |
| KPND | 95.3 FM | Deer Park, Washington |
| KPNE-FM | 91.7 FM | North Platte, Nebraska |
| KPNO | 90.9 FM | Norfolk, Nebraska |
| KPNT | 105.7 FM | Collinsville, Illinois |
| KPNW-FM | 98.9 FM | Seattle, Washington |
| KPNY | 102.3 FM | Alliance, Nebraska |
| KPOA | 93.5 FM | Lahaina, Hawaii |
| KPOC-FM | 104.1 FM | Pocahontas, Arkansas |
| KPOD-FM | 97.9 FM | Crescent City, California |
| KPOI-FM | 105.9 FM | Honolulu, Hawaii |
| KPOO | 89.5 FM | San Francisco, California |
| KPOP | 94.3 FM | Hartshorne, Oklahoma |
| KPOR | 90.3 FM | Welches, Oregon |
| KPOS | 104.3 FM | Fouke, Arkansas |
| KPOV-FM | 88.9 FM | Bend, Oregon |
| KPOW-FM | 97.7 FM | La Monte, Missouri |
| KPPD | 91.7 FM | Devils Lake, North Dakota |
| KPPK | 98.3 FM | Rainier, Oregon |
| KPPL | 92.5 FM | Poplar Bluff, Missouri |
| KPPO | 90.5 FM | Mapusaga, American Samoa |
| KPPR | 89.5 FM | Williston, North Dakota |
| KPPT-FM | 100.7 FM | Depoe Bay, Oregon |
| KPPV | 106.9 FM | Prescott Valley, Arizona |
| KPPW | 88.7 FM | Williston, North Dakota |
| KPQ-FM | 102.1 FM | Wenatchee, Washington |
| KPQG | 104.3 FM | Goliad, Texas |
| KPQN | 96.1 FM | Roswell, New Mexico |
| KPQP | 106.1 FM | Panhandle, Texas |
| KPQS | 106.7 FM | Waterford, California |
| KPQW | 106.3 FM | Willows, California |
| KPQX | 92.5 FM | Havre, Montana |
| KPRA | 89.5 FM | Ukiah, California |
| KPRB | 106.3 FM | Brush, Colorado |
| KPRC-FM | 100.7 FM | Salinas, California |
| KPRD | 88.9 FM | Hays, Kansas |
| KPRE | 89.9 FM | Vail, Colorado |
| KPRF | 98.7 FM | Amarillo, Texas |
| KPRG | 89.3 FM | Agana, Guam |
| KPRH | 88.3 FM | Montrose, Colorado |
| KPRI | 91.3 FM | Pala, California |
| KPRJ | 91.5 FM | Jamestown, North Dakota |
| KPRN | 89.5 FM | Grand Junction, Colorado |
| KPRO | 93.5 FM | Altus, Oklahoma |
| KPRQ | 88.1 FM | Sheridan, Wyoming |
| KPRR | 102.1 FM | El Paso, Texas |
| KPRS | 103.3 FM | Kansas City, Missouri |
| KPRT-FM | 107.9 FM | Kirtland, New Mexico |
| KPRU | 103.3 FM | Delta, Colorado |
| KPRV-FM | 92.5 FM | Heavener, Oklahoma |
| KPRW | 99.5 FM | Perham, Minnesota |
| KPRX | 89.1 FM | Bakersfield, California |
| KPSA-FM | 98.5 FM | Lordsburg, New Mexico |
| KPSC | 88.5 FM | Palm Springs, California |
| KPSD-FM | 97.1 FM | Faith, South Dakota |
| KPSH | 90.9 FM | Coachella, California |
| KPSI-FM | 100.5 FM | Palm Springs, California |
| KPSL-FM | 96.5 FM | Bakersfield, California |
| KPSM | 99.3 FM | Brownwood, Texas |
| KPSO-FM | 106.3 FM | Falfurrias, Texas |
| KPST-FM | 103.5 FM | Coachella, California |
| KPSV-FM | 91.9 FM | Tulare, California |
| KPTE | 92.9 FM | Bayfield, Colorado |
| KPTJ | 104.5 FM | Grape Creek, Texas |
| KPTX | 98.3 FM | Pecos, Texas |
| KPTZ | 91.9 FM | Port Townsend, Washington |
| KPUB | 91.7 FM | Flagstaff, Arizona |
| KPUL | 101.7 FM | Winterset, Iowa |
| KPUR-FM | 95.7 FM | Claude, Texas |
| KPUS | 104.5 FM | Gregory, Texas |
| KPUT | 92.9 FM | Mona, Utah |
| KPUW | 91.9 FM | Alpine, Wyoming |
| KPUY | 97.3 FM | Garwood, Texas |
| KPVL | 89.1 FM | Postville, Iowa |
| KPVO | 99.9 FM | Fountain Green, Utah |
| KPVS | 95.9 FM | Hilo, Hawaii |
| KPVU | 91.3 FM | Prairie View, Texas |
| KPVW | 107.1 FM | Aspen, Colorado |
| KPWA | 93.5 FM | Bismarck, Arkansas |
| KPWB-FM | 104.9 FM | Piedmont, Missouri |
| KPWD | 91.7 FM | Lefors, Texas |
| KPWI | 94.9 FM | Craig, Alaska |
| KPWJ | 107.7 FM | Kurten, Texas |
| KPWR | 105.9 FM | Los Angeles |
| KPWW | 95.9 FM | Hooks, Texas |
| KPWY | 90.7 FM | West Yellowstone, Montana |
| KPXP | 97.9 FM | Garapan, Northern Mariana Islands |
| KPYG | 94.9 FM | Cayucos, California |
| KPYM | 106.1 FM | Matagorda, Texas |
| KPYR | 88.3 FM | Craig, Colorado |
| KPZA-FM | 103.7 FM | Jal, New Mexico |
| KPZE-FM | 106.1 FM | Carlsbad, New Mexico |
| KPZK-FM | 102.5 FM | Cabot, Arkansas |
| KPZX | 94.7 FM | Paducah, Texas |


title: Velga Vīlipa

abstract: Velga Vīlipa was a Latvian film and theatre actress. She was best known for her roles in the films Nauris and Šķēps un roze. She also performed at the acclaimed Dailes Theatre and the Youth Theatre.

text:
# Velga Vīlipa

**Velga Vīlipa** (4 February 1940 – 2 April 2018) was a Latvian film and theatre actress.

She was best known for her roles in the films *Nauris* and *Šķēps un roze*. She also performed at the acclaimed Dailes Theatre and the Youth Theatre.

## Family

The daughter of actress Elvīra Bramberga and poet Pāvils Vīlips, she had two sons, Tils and Kristaps, with her husband, actor Edgars Liepiņš.


title: Wilbur Schumacher

abstract: Wilbur Harold Schumacher was an American professional basketball player. He played for the Indianapolis Kautskys in the National Basketball League for five games during the 1945–46 season and averaged 2.0 points per game.

text:
# Wilbur Schumacher

**Wilbur Harold Schumacher** (March 6, 1920 – September 3, 1971) was an American professional basketball player. He played for the Indianapolis Kautskys in the National Basketball League for five games during the 1945–46 season and averaged 2.0 points per game.

## InfoBox

Wilbur Schumacher
| Schumacher, circa 1941 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1920-03-06)March 6, 1920
Louisville, Kentucky |
| Died | September 3, 1971(1971-09-03) (aged 51)
Indianapolis, Indiana |
| Nationality | American |
| Listed height | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) |
| Listed weight | 150 lb (68 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school | Male (Louisville, Kentucky) |
| College | Butler (1939–1942) |
| Position | Forward |
| Career history | |
| 1945 | Indianapolis Kautskys |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
| * Butler Hall of Fame (Charter Member) | |
|  | |


title: Rebecca Hazelton

abstract: Rebecca Hazelton Stafford is an American poet and editor.

text:
# Rebecca Hazelton

**Rebecca Hazelton Stafford** (born 1978) is an American poet and editor.

## Early life

Rebecca Hazelton was born in 1978 in Richmond, Virginia. She graduated from Davidson College in 2000, receiving a Bachelor of Arts in English; University of Notre Dame, where she got her Master of Fine Arts in Poetry; and Florida State University where she received her Ph.D. in English and Poetry.

## Career

A former editor at *The Southeast Review* and *Devil's Lake*, Hazelton presently reviews contemporary poetry for *Southern Indiana Review*. She was also a member of the English faculty of Beloit College from 2011 to 2012. She was then on the creative writing faculty of Oklahoma State University. Her poetry has been published in various journals such as *FIELD*, *Pleiades*, and *The Sycamore Review*. She serves as assistant professor of English at North Central College. Her poem "Letter to the Editor" was published in *The New Yorker* in May 2016.

With her former Davidson professor Alan Michael Parker, Hazelton is editor of the Manifesto Project.

Hazelton is the author of four collections of poetry: *Fair Copy* (2012, for which she won the Ohio State University Press/*The Journal* Award in Poetry), *Vow* (2013), *No Girls No Telephones* (written with Brittany Cavallaro and published in 2013), and *Bad Star* (2013). In *Fair Copy*, Hazelton engages with the poetry of Emily Dickinson, using the first lines of Dickinson poems as acrostics from which Hazelton wrote her own poems. (Begun on Hazelton's 29th birthday, the project used the first line of every 29th poem from *The Complete Works of Emily Dickinson*.) Reviewing the collection in *The Emily Dickinson Journal*, Christina Pugh said Hazelton's "handling of line is often astonishingly virtuosic, and \[her\] material is only 'personal' in the coyest and most mercurial of ways," noting that these qualities echo Dickinson's own body of work.

A *Publishers Weekly* review of *Vow* said that "real bodies and adult relationships mingle and complement one another in this clear, witty second effort from Hazelton," noting "her elegantly colloquial" style.

Hazelton's work has been anthologized in the *Best New Poets* series in 2011 and *The Best American Poetry* series in 2013 ("Book of Forget") and 2015 ("My Husband").

## Awards

## Works

### Books

## Further reading

* *Memorious* (June 26, 2012)
* *PANK Magazine* (June 25, 2012)

## InfoBox

| Rebecca Hazelton Stafford | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1978 (age 4546)
Richmond, Virginia, U.S. |
| Occupation | Poet, professor, editor |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | Davidson College (BA)
University of Notre Dame (MFA)
Florida State University (PhD) |
| Notable works | *Fair Copy* |
| Notable awards | Ohio State University Press/The Journal Award in Poetry |
| Website | |
| www.rebeccahazelton.com | |


title: Rebecca Hasson

abstract: Rebecca Hasson is an Associate Professor of Kinesiology at the University of Michigan. She researches the causes and consequences of pediatric obesity, how the environment impacts obesity related metabolic risk factors to inform health policies.

text:
# Rebecca Hasson

**Rebecca Hasson** is an Associate Professor of Kinesiology at the University of Michigan. She researches the causes and consequences of pediatric obesity, how the environment impacts obesity related metabolic risk factors to inform health policies.

## Early life and education

Hasson studied exercise science at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, earning a BS in 2001 and a master's in 2005. She completed her PhD at the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 2009, with her thesis titled "*Do metabolic and psychosocial responses to exercise explain ethnic/racial disparities in insulin resistance?"*. Which considered how non-Hispanic blacks are more insulin-resistant compared to non-Hispanic whites, which increases their risk for Diabetes mellitus type 2. Whilst at University of Massachusetts Amherst she was selected for the Atlantic 10 Conference Volleyball team.

## Research and career

Hasson was a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Southern California, identifying the mechanisms that contribute to health inequalities at the Childhood Obesity Research Center. In 2010 she started her second postdoctoral fellowship as a W. K. Kellogg Scholar at the University of California, San Francisco's Center on Social Disparities in Health.

She is an Assistant Professor of Kinesiology at the University of Michigan, where she looks at the causes and consequences of pediatric obesity. She combines her background in social epidemiology, pediatric endocrinology and exercise physiology in her current work. Hasson is concerned that a sedentary lifestyle can increase the risk of type 2 Diabetes and cancer. In 2017 she worked with the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) to increase the physical activity of American people. Together, Hasson and ACSM identified four goals:

* Spread awareness of health inequities
* Educate providers of cultural competencies
* Collaborate between healthcare, education and sports communities
* Evaluate progress

In 2018 she demonstrated that women stress less as they age.

Hasson is a mentor with the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. She has served as President of the Society for the Analysis of African-American Public Health Issues.

## Selected publications

* K.A. Lê, S. Mahurkar, T. Alderete, **R.E. Hasson**, T.A. Adam, J.S. Kim, E. Beale, A. Greenberg, H. Allayee, M.I. Goran (2011). Subcutaneous adipose tissue macrophage infiltration is associated with hepatic and visceral fat deposition, hyperinsulinemia and stimulation of NF-{kappa}-B stress pathway. *Diabetes* **2801-9**.
* M.C. Whitt-Glover, N.R. Keith, T.G. Ceaser, K. Virgil, L. Ledford, **R.E. Hasson** (2014). A systematic review of adult physical activity interventions outside the context of weight loss. *Obesity Reviews* **125-45**.
* T.C. Adam, S. Tsao, K.A. Page, H. Hu, **R.E. Hasson**, M.I. Goran, M. Singh. (). Insulin sensitivity plays a role for activation of brain reward circuits in overweight Hispanic girls: a pilot study. *Pediatric Obesity*.
* **R.E. Hasson**, T.A. Adam, J.N. Davis, R.M. Watanabe, M.I. Goran (2013). Compensatory responses to insulin resistance in obese African-American and Latina girls. *Pediatric Obesity* **e68-73**.
* **R.E. Hasson**, T.A. Adam, J.A. Pearson, J.N. Davis, D. Spruijt-Metz, M.I. Goran (2013). Sociocultural and socioeconomic influences on type 2 diabetes risk in African-American and Latino youth. *Journal of Obesity*.
* **R.E. Hasson**, T.A. Adams, J.N. Davis, L.A. Kelly, E.E. Ventura, C.E. Byrd-Williams, C.M. Toledo-Corral, C.K. Roberts, C.J. Lane, S.P. Azen, C. Chou, D. Spruijt-Metz, M.J. Weigensberg, K. Berhane, M.I. Goran (2012). Randomized control trial to improve adiposity, inflammation and insulin resistance in obese African American and Latino youth. *Obesity (Silver Spring)* **811-818**.
* T.A. Adam, **R.E. Hasson**, D. Spruijt-Metz, M.J. Weigensberg, J.N. Davis, M.I. Goran (). Fasting indicators of insulin sensitivity: effects of ethnicity and Tanner stage. *Diabetes Care* **994-9**.
* T.C. Adam, **R.E. Hasson**, E.E. Ventura, C. Toledo-Corral, C.J. Lane, M.J. Weigensberg, M.I. Goran (2010). Cortisol is negatively associated with beta-cell capacity and acute insulin response to glucose in Latino youth. *Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism* **4729-35**.
* **R.E. Hasson**, T. Adam, J.N. Davis, M.J. Weigensberg, E.E. Ventura, C.J. Lane, C.K. Roberts, M.I. Goran (2010). Ethnic differences in insulin action in African American and Latino adolescents. *Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism* **4048-51**.

## InfoBox

| Rebecca Hasson | |
| --- | --- |
| Alma mater | University of Massachusetts |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | University of Michigan |
| Thesis | *Do Metabolic And Psychosocial Responses To Exercise Explain Ethnic/Racial Disparities In Insulin Resistance?* (2009) |
|  | |


title: Manahawkin Bay Bridge

abstract: The Dorland J. Henderson Memorial Bridge, familiarly known as the Manahawkin Bay Bridge or The Causeway, is a steel girder bridge that spans Manahawkin Bay, carrying traffic along Route 72 between Long Beach Island (LBI) and the Manahawkin section of Stafford Township, in Ocean County, New Jersey. The bridge starts at Manahawkin and ends at Ship Bottom on Long Beach Island. The bridge spans five land masses: the mainland, Long Beach Island, and three intermediate land masses, of which two are small and one is rather large. The bridge provides views of Barnegat Bay, Little Egg Harbor Bay and the Atlantic City skyline, less than 25 miles (40 km) away.

text:
# Manahawkin Bay Bridge

The **Dorland J. Henderson Memorial Bridge**, familiarly known as the **Manahawkin Bay Bridge** or (while technically inaccurate) **The Causeway**, is a steel girder bridge that spans Manahawkin Bay, carrying traffic along Route 72 between Long Beach Island (LBI) and the Manahawkin section of Stafford Township, in Ocean County, New Jersey. The bridge starts at Manahawkin and ends at Ship Bottom on Long Beach Island. The bridge spans five land masses: the mainland, Long Beach Island, and three intermediate land masses, of which two are small and one is rather large.

The bridge provides views of Barnegat Bay, Little Egg Harbor Bay and the Atlantic City skyline, less than 25 miles (40 km) away.

## Lighting system

The main span of the Manahawkin Bay Bridge sports a unique roadway lighting system, unofficially dubbed the "String of Pearls", was designed by NJDOT engineer Dorland J. Henderson; the bridge was officially named after him in 2000. The lighting system, which is made up of 768 separate fluorescent lights recessed in the bridge's side guard rails, was the first of its kind in the world. After being in continuous operation since the 1950s, replacement parts for the lighting system have become unavailable, rendering many of the fluorescent bulbs dark and irreplaceable. The original, fluorescent "String of Pearls" lighting system is being replaced by a modern LED lighting system mimicking the "String of Pearls" effect on the north and south exterior faces of the rehabilitated and new bridge spans, respectively. However, unlike the original, the new side rail lights will be for ornamental purposes as the roadway itself will be lit by traditional overhead lighting. In time for Memorial Day weekend 2016, the new lighting system on the south exterior face of the new bridge was illuminated. The north face will not be illuminated until restoration of the original bridge is completed.

## Structural problems

Documented cracks due to metal fatigue have been found in structural members of the bridge. The New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) had previously taken steps to address the fatigue cracking, including modifying bridge girders and beams with drill stops. The bridge was listed as being structurally deficient in 2004. As the sole access point to/from Long Beach Island and a vital coastal evacuation route in the case of a hurricane, the rapidly deteriorating condition of the bridge was of serious concern. From 2009 to 2010, NJDOT completed a rehabilitation of the deck surface to extend the life of the existing bridge. This project was completed at a cost of $5.5 million and financed through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act.

## Replacement span

From 2010 to 2012, NJDOT completed reviews, design, and planning for a complete $350 million overhaul of the bridge to include a second parallel span to be built just south of the existing span. The new span will include wider shoulders, a bike lane, and a sidewalk for pedestrians. The work will be spread out over four stages. The contract for the first stage, construction of the new span alongside the old one, was awarded in spring 2013, with construction starting in May 2013, lasting through 2020. Future stages include the rehabilitation of the existing trestle bridges over the east and west thoroughfares, replacement of the existing span's entire superstructure, and work to improve the connections at both ends of the bridges with local roadways.

39°39′42″N 74°12′09″W / 39.6616°N 74.2026°W / 39.6616; -74.2026

## InfoBox

| Manahawkin Bay Bridge | |
| --- | --- |
| Coordinates | 39°39′42″N 74°12′09″W / 39.6616°N 74.2026°W / 39.6616; -74.2026 |
| Carries | 4 lanes of  Route 72 |
| Crosses | Manahawkin Bay |
| Locale | Ocean County, New Jersey |
| Official name | Dorland J. Henderson Memorial Bridge |
| Other name(s) | The Causeway |
| Named for | Dorland J. Henderson |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | Dorland J. Henderson |
| Material | Steel girder |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: Maissa Bigué Ngoné Fall

abstract: Maissa Bigué Ngoné Fall or Ma Isa Bige Ngone Fall was King of the Wolof Kingdom of Cayor, in what is now Senegal, during the 18th century. He reigned as Damel from 1748—1749 and again from 1756—1759.

text:
# Maissa Bigué Ngoné Fall

**Maissa Bigué Ngoné Fall** or **Ma Isa Bige Ngone Fall** (Gambian English: **Ma Isa Begay Ngoneh Faal**; other spelling: *Isa Bige N'Gone*) was King of the Wolof Kingdom of Cayor, in what is now Senegal, during the 18th century. He reigned as *Damel* from 1748—1749 and again from 1756—1759.

## Family

Maissa Bigué belonged to the reigning Fall patrilineage and the "Géej maternal dynasty " of Cayor and Baol, and was a direct maternal descendant of Lingeer Ngoné Dièye, the matriarch of the maternal dynasty of "Géej." He came to the throne as a young man in 1748, succeeding his uncle Maissa Teindé Wedj.

## Rule

Shortly after Maissa Bigué was crowned, a rival claimant, Mawa Mbatio Sambe, launched a surprise attack and forced him into exile in Waalo.

From 1749 to 1756 Mawa Mbatio ruled as *Damel* while Maissa Bigué sought support from neighboring kings. Eventually he led his forces to Maka, where the court resided, and in a brutal urban battle was able to drive his rival out of Cayor. A relative of Mawa Mbatio claimed the throne at Mboul, and held the title for six months while Maissa Bigué rebuilt his strength. At the battle of Sanguere this new claimant was killed, and Maissa Bigué was elected *Damel* for the second time.

Three years later, in 1759, the *Bourba Jolof* (king of Jolof) Birayamb Ma-Dyigen Ndaw Njie (or Birayamb-Madjiguène N'Dao N'Diaye) invaded Cayor. He defeated Maissa Bigué at the battle of Bitiwe and exiled him. However, his victory was short-lived, because the following year, Maissa Bigué returned with support from the Emirate of Trarza. The allies defeated the *Bourba*, and personally killed him in battle at Mbal. As a condition of his aid, however, the Emir received yearly tribute from Cayor, and his warriors were allowed free rein to pillage the kingdom during one month every year.

Maissa Bigué Ngoné Fall died two years after the battle of Mbal, leaving the throne to Madior Dior Yasin Issa.

## InfoBox

| Maissa Bigué Ngoné Fall | |
| --- | --- |
| *Damel* | |
| Reign | 1748-9, 1756-9 |
| Predecessor | Maissa Teindé Wedj |
| Successor | Madior Dior Yasin Issa |
| Died | 1759 |
| House | Geej Maternal Dynasty |
| Religion | Islam |


title: Francis Whichcote

abstract: Sir Francis Whichcote, 3rd Baronet (c.1692-1775), of Quy Hall, Cambridgeshire and Aswarby, Lincolnshire, was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1718 to 1722. Whichcote was the eldest surviving son of Sir Paul Whichcote, 2nd Baronet and his wife Jane Gould, the daughter and coheiress of Sir Nicholas Gould, 1st Baronet. He was admitted at St Catharine's College, Cambridge in 1708, at Trinity Hall, Cambridge in 1711 and at the Inner Temple in 1714. In 1717, he married Mary Banks, the daughter of Joseph Banks of Revesby Abbey, Lincolnshire. He succeeded his father in 1721, inheriting Quy Hall, Cambridgeshire. Whichcote was returned as Member of Parliament for Cambridgeshire at a by-election on 27 November 1718 and voted with the government. He was defeated at the 1722 general election, and did not stand again. Whichcote sold Quy Hall to James Martin, MP and moved to live at Aswarby Hall, Lincolnshire. His wife Mary died on 9 September 1726. He married as his second wife in 1737, Frances Lady Hickman, widow of Sir Nevile Hickman, 4th Baronet of Gainsborough, Lincolnshire and daughter of Edward Hall. He had two sons by his second wife and was succeeded by his eldest son, Sir Christopher Whichcote, 4th Baronet. Whichcote died on 27 October 1775 and is buried at St Denys, Aswarby, Lincolnshire.

text:
# Francis Whichcote

**Sir Francis Whichcote, 3rd Baronet** (c.1692-1775), of Quy Hall, Cambridgeshire and Aswarby, Lincolnshire, was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1718 to 1722.

Whichcote was the eldest surviving son of Sir Paul Whichcote, 2nd Baronet and his wife Jane Gould, the daughter and coheiress of Sir Nicholas Gould, 1st Baronet. He was admitted at St Catharine's College, Cambridge in 1708, at Trinity Hall, Cambridge in 1711 and at the Inner Temple in 1714. In 1717, he married Mary Banks, the daughter of Joseph Banks of Revesby Abbey, Lincolnshire. He succeeded his father in 1721, inheriting Quy Hall, Cambridgeshire.

Whichcote was returned as Member of Parliament for Cambridgeshire at a by-election on 27 November 1718 and voted with the government. He was defeated at the 1722 general election, and did not stand again.

Whichcote sold Quy Hall to James Martin, MP and moved to live at Aswarby Hall, Lincolnshire.

His wife Mary died on 9 September 1726. He married as his second wife in 1737, Frances Lady Hickman, widow of Sir Nevile Hickman, 4th Baronet of Gainsborough, Lincolnshire and daughter of Edward Hall. He had two sons by his second wife and was succeeded by his eldest son, Sir Christopher Whichcote, 4th Baronet. Whichcote died on 27 October 1775 and is buried at St Denys, Aswarby, Lincolnshire.


title: Winter in Union Square

abstract: Winter in Union Square is a late 19th-century painting by American artist Childe Hassam. Done in oil on canvas, the painting depicts Union Square in New York City during a winter snowstorm. The painting is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

text:
# Winter in Union Square

***Winter in Union Square*** is a late 19th-century painting by American artist Childe Hassam. Done in oil on canvas, the painting depicts Union Square in New York City during a winter snowstorm. The painting is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

## Description

The work was painted by Hassam from a vantage point on 17th Street, looking out over Union Square. The painting is done in Hassam's signature form of impressionism, and covers one of his favorite subjects; normally-crowded hubs of activity during the wintertime.

## InfoBox

| Winter in Union Square | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | Childe Hassam |
| Year | 1889–90 |
| Medium | Oil on canvas |
| Dimensions | 46.4 cm × 45.7 cm (18.3 in × 18.0 in) |
| Location | Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York |


abstract: This is a list of singles that reached number one on the Cash Box Top 100 chart during 1975.

text:
# List of Cash Box Top 100 number-one singles of 1975

This is a list of singles that reached number one on the *Cash Box* Top 100 chart during 1975.

Key
| The yellow background indicates the #1 song of 1975. |
| --- |

| Issue date | Song | Artist |
| --- | --- | --- |
| January 4 | "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" | Elton John |
| January 11 | "You're the First, the Last, My Everything" | Barry White |
| January 18 | "Mandy" | Barry Manilow |
| January 25 | "Please Mr. Postman" | The Carpenters |
| February 1 | "Laughter in the Rain" | Neil Sedaka |
| February 8 | "Boogie On Reggae Woman" | Stevie Wonder |
| February 15 | "You're No Good" | Linda Ronstadt |
| February 22 | "Fire" | Ohio Players |
| March 1 | "Pick Up the Pieces" | The Average White Band |
| March 8 | "Have You Never Been Mellow" | Olivia Newton-John |
| March 15 | "My Eyes Adored You" | Frankie Valli |
| March 22 | "Lady Marmalade" | LaBelle |
| March 29 | "Lovin' You" | Minnie Riperton |
| April 5 | "No No Song" | Ringo Starr |
| April 12 | "Philadelphia Freedom" | Elton John Band |
| April 19 | | |
| April 26 | "(Hey Won't You Play) Another Somebody<br>Done Somebody Wrong Song" | B. J. Thomas |
| May 3 | "He Don't Love You (Like I Love You)" | Tony Orlando and Dawn |
| May 10 | "Jackie Blue" | Ozark Mountain Daredevils |
| May 17 | | |
| May 24 | "Shining Star" | Earth, Wind & Fire |
| May 31 | "How Long" | Ace |
| June 7 | "Before the Next Teardrop Falls" | Freddy Fender |
| June 14 | "Thank God I'm a Country Boy" | John Denver |
| June 21 | "When Will I Be Loved" | Linda Ronstadt |
| June 28 | "Love Will Keep Us Together" | Captain & Tennille |
| July 5 | | |
| July 12 | "Listen to What the Man Said" | Paul McCartney and Wings |
| July 19 | "The Hustle" | Van McCoy and the Soul City Symphony |
| July 26 | "One of These Nights" | Eagles |
| August 2 | "Please Mr. Please" | Olivia Newton-John |
| August 9 | "Jive Talkin'" | Bee Gees |
| August 16 | "Someone Saved My Life Tonight" | Elton John |
| August 23 | "Get Down Tonight" | KC and the Sunshine Band |
| August 30 | | |
| September 6 | "Fallin' in Love" | Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds |
| September 13 | "Rhinestone Cowboy" | Glen Campbell |
| September 20 | "At Seventeen" | Janis Ian |
| September 27 | "Fame" | David Bowie |
| October 4 | "Run Joey Run" | David Geddes |
| October 11 | "I'm Sorry" | John Denver |
| October 18 | "Mr. Jaws" | Dickie Goodman |
| October 25 | "Bad Blood" | Neil Sedaka |
| November 1 | | |
| November 8 | "Island Girl" | Elton John |
| November 15 | | |
| November 22 | "Fly, Robin, Fly" | Silver Convention |
| November 29 | "That's the Way (I Like It)" | KC and the Sunshine Band |
| December 6 | | |
| December 13 | | |
| December 20 | "Let's Do It Again" | The Staple Singers |
| December 27 | "Saturday Night" | Bay City Rollers |


title: Tsiafahy

abstract:
Tsiafahy is a suburb and a rural municipality in Analamanga Region, in the Central Highlands of Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Antananarivo-Atsimondrano and its populations numbers to 17,024 in 2018.
The seat of this municipality is situated at Ambatofotsy Gara. This suburb is crossed by the National Road 7.

text:
# Tsiafahy

**Tsiafahy** is a suburb and a rural municipality in Analamanga Region, in the Central Highlands of Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Antananarivo-Atsimondrano and its populations numbers to 17,024 in 2018. The seat of this municipality is situated at Ambatofotsy Gara.

This suburb is crossed by the National Road 7.

## InfoBox

| Tsiafahy | |
| --- | --- |
| Town hall of Tsiafahy | |
| TsiafahyLocation in Madagascar | |
| Coordinates: 19°10′17″S 47°33′00″E / 19.17139°S 47.55000°E / -19.17139; 47.55000 | |
| Country | Madagascar |
| Region | Analamanga |
| District | Antananarivo-Atsimondrano |
| Elevation | 1,288 m (4,226 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 17,024 |
| Time zone | UTC3 (EAT) |
| postal code | 102 |


title: Rebecca Hawkins (pioneer woman)

abstract: Rebecca Ann Littleton Hawkins was an American pioneer woman. After enduring twenty years of beatings by her husband, Williamson Hawkins, she hired her neighbor Henry Garster in 1838 to kill him. The murder led to Garster's hanging, the first in Jackson County, Missouri, in 1839. Rebecca had previously attempted and failed to murder Williamson herself with rat poison, for which she was tried and sentenced to five years in the Missouri State Penitentiary. The Jackson County community petitioned the governor for her pardon, which he granted shortly before Rebecca's sentence began. The pardon saved her from the fate of being the first woman to be imprisoned in the Missouri State Penitentiary.

text:
# Rebecca Hawkins (pioneer woman)

**Rebecca Ann Littleton Hawkins** (née Butts) was an American pioneer woman. After enduring twenty years of beatings by her husband, Williamson Hawkins, she hired her neighbor Henry Garster in 1838 to kill him. The murder led to Garster's hanging, the first in Jackson County, Missouri, in 1839. Rebecca had previously attempted and failed to murder Williamson herself with rat poison, for which she was tried and sentenced to five years in the Missouri State Penitentiary. The Jackson County community petitioned the governor for her pardon, which he granted shortly before Rebecca's sentence began. The pardon saved her from the fate of being the first woman to be imprisoned in the Missouri State Penitentiary.

## Early life

Rebecca was born between 1797 and 1800 in Putnam County, Georgia, the middle of the state, on America's southern frontier. Rebecca's father, Henry Butts, was born in South Carolina. Nothing is known about Rebecca's mother, who may have died soon after Rebecca was born. Henry then married Susan Upchurch, who was also born in South Carolina. Henry was a cotton producer who owned seven slaves. Rebecca had close connections with her half-siblings, especially Salathiel, born in 1810. Her other siblings were Henry, born in 1811, Jackson, born in 1812, and Eleanor, born in 1815.

## Marriage and childbearing

Rebecca married Williamson Hawkins somewhere between the ages of 17 and 20 years old. She had eight children, which was typical for the women in her family. There is no known record of Rebecca and Williamson's marriage. They had four children in Henry County, Tennessee: William Henry Hawkins, born February 28, 1820; James J. Hawkins, born in 1822; Eli W. Hawkins, born in 1823; Pendleton Biddle Hawkins born in 1824; Martha Jane Hawkins Stayton, born on August 22, 1828. They had three more children, in Jackson County, Missouri: Elizabeth (Betsy) Ann Hawkins Butts, born on November 27, 1830; Jesse A. Hawkins, born in 1834; and Doctor Salathiel Hawkins, born in 1836.

Rebecca was married to Williamson and living in Stewart County, West Tennessee by the time she was twenty years old, according to the January 30, 1820 census. She would move with Williamson to yet another western frontier in Jackson County, Missouri in 1830 and again with two of her sons and their families to what would be her final frontier in California in 1850. In 1830 Rebecca traveled nearly 500 miles (800 km) by wagon train to Jackson County, Missouri, while pregnant with her sixth child. Many of her extended family members would travel in a wagon train with family to California in 1850.

Williamson's cruelty to Rebecca was well-documented in the witness accounts from Rebecca's trials. However, the law limited her legal options to stop the beatings, and her attorneys did not have a self-defense argument for Rebecca either, because she pre-meditated his murder.

Williamson was probably frequently intoxicated when he beat Rebecca. Williamson had outstanding debts to vendors for several gallons of whiskey at the time of his murder. However, Williamson's excessive drinking and the cruel beatings he gave Rebecca were frowned upon by her family and church community, demonstrated by the help Rebecca received in obtaining her pardon.

Rebecca owned no property under the law of coverture until she inherited her dower interests upon Williamson's death, which was approximately one-third of his estate. Rebecca assigned all her dower rights to her attorneys as security for her defense the day she was arrested. During the trials that ensued, Rebecca and the children lived on the estate's income, primarily slave rental income from Williamson's ten slaves.

## Slaves

Rebecca enlisted the help of two slaves, Ned and Mary, a married couple, to poison Williamson in September 1838. Williamson had inherited Ned and Mary, who probably helped raise him and ultimately served three generations of Hawkins family members. Mary suffered 30 lashes for her part in Rebecca's conspiracy plans to poison Williamson. By the time Williamson was murdered, he had owned ten slaves valued at $128,754 (in 2020 equivalent dollars), who generated an average annual rental income for Williamson's estate of $8,127.

## Crime and punishment

Rebecca paid Henry Garster $150 to kill Williamson on October 27, 1838. She removed a chink from their log cabin, leaving a hole large enough for Garster's squirrel gun. Garster, a neighbor and employee of Williamson's shot him through the heart as he dozed in his chair next to the fireplace. Garster then left tracks in the fresh layer of snow back to his home. Rebecca had previously attempted to kill Williamson herself in early September with rat poison. Four days later, the Sheriff arrested Garster. Rebecca was arrested at Williamson's burial on October 31, 1838. The Hawkins' slaves, Ned and Mary, a married couple, were also arrested that day. Rebecca was held in custody for 35 days until she was indicted on December 4, 1838, along with Henry, for murder, and Mary, for poisoning. Rebecca was released on bail. The charges against Ned were dropped, and he was released. On December 5, 1838, Mary pleaded guilty and was sentenced to receive thirty lashes, a penalty determined based on her status as a slave. On May 10, 1839, Garster was the first man hanged in Jackson County at the Temple Lot, While awaiting trial, Garster and his cellmate Alpha P. Buckley escaped jail. Only Garster was recaptured. Garster's attorneys did not request a change of venue despite the escape attempt, and Garster was found guilty of murder in the first degree. After his hanging, Garster's property was sold to cover his court costs but did not leave enough to pay his attorney's fees.

The jury found Rebecca not guilty of murder in the first degree on August 8, 1839. Rebecca had been charged as an accessory before the fact in the first count of murder and as a principal on the second charge of poisoning. She could not be charged for murder unless Garster was first proven guilty of murder, so her murder trial was set for April 12, 1839, two days after Garster's trial. The jury found Rebecca guilty of poisoning Williamson on July 20, 1841, and sentenced her to five years in the Missouri State Penitentiary. Rebecca had confessed to the crime after her arrest when Mary accused Rebecca of planning the murder, sending Ned to get the poison from Henry Garster, and then telling Mary to put the poison in Williamson's coffee cup. Williamson became so ill that he wrote his will, but he did not die. Rebecca's attorneys were unable to convince the jury that Mary's statement was inadmissible because it was a slave's testimony against a white person or that Rebecca was trapped into a confession. After the guilty verdict, Rebecca appealed to the Supreme Court. Rebecca was the first woman sentenced to the Missouri State Penitentiary in Jefferson City on September 11, 1841, when the Missouri Supreme Court upheld the lower court ruling. Conditions for women in the prison were very harsh. However, petitions signed by 351 influential community members along with personal letters were submitted to Governor Thomas Reynolds on Rebecca's behalf arguing for her pardon because her confession was made under unusual circumstances, her husband had brutally treated her, she had eight young children to care for, and she had an exemplary character. Governor Reynolds granted Rebecca's pardon effective as of August 2, 1841.

## Final frontier

In 1850, Rebecca made the four-month journey to the gold mining encampment of Sacramento, California, to set up a “boarding house” with two sons and their families. It is unknown when and where Rebecca died, but she was last known to have lived with her daughter Martha Ann and son-in-law, John Stayton, in San Joaquin County in 1860. Most of her children and their families scattered throughout California, leaving hundreds and perhaps thousands of descendants.

## Bibliography

* Bundschu, William B. *Abuse and Murder on the Frontier: The Trials and Travels of Hawkins: 1800-1860*. Independence, MO, 2003
* Chused, Richard H. “Married Women's Property Law: 1800-1850.” *The Georgetown Law Journal* 71, no. 5 (1983)
* Dannenbaum, Jed. “The Origins of Temperance Activism and Militancy Among American Women.” Journal of Social History 15, no. 2
* Dobash, R. Emerson, and Russell Dobash. *Violence against Wives: A Case against the Patriarchy*. New York: Free Press, 1979
* “Execution of Garster in 1839.” *Kansas City Times*, March 2, 1878, 3, col. 6
* Ewing, Charles Patrick. *Battered Women Who Kill: Psychological Self-Defense as Legal Justification*. Lexington, Mass, 1987
* Faragher, John Mack. *Sugar Creek: Life on the Illinois Prairie*. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986
* Fischer, David Hackett. *Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America,* a Cultural History; v. 1. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989
* Goff, William A. “Garster-Hawkins | KC History.” *Westport Historical Quarterly* 10, no. 1 (June 1974): 19–21
* Hine, Robert V., and John Mack Faragher. *The American West: A New Interpretive History*. Second edition. Lamar Series in Western History. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2017, Chapter 11 “As the West Goes”
* Kremer, Gary R. “Strangers to Domestic Virtue: Nineteenth-Century Women in the Missouri Prison.” *Missouri Historical Review* LXXXIV, no. 3 (April 1990)
* McMillen, Sally G. *Motherhood in the Old South: Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Infant Rearing*. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990
* Mutti Burke, Diane. *On Slavery's Border: Missouri's Small Slaveholding Households, 1815-1865*. Early American Places Ser. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2010
* Nadelholft, Jerome. “Domestic Violence.” In *Encyclopedia of American Social History*, by Mary Kupiec Cayton, 2115–24. Scribner American Civilization Series. New York: Toronto: New York: Charles Scribner's Sons; Maxwell Macmillan Canada; Maxwell Macmillan International, 1993
* Ouellette, Richard D. “Zion's Gallows: The Cultural Geography of the Mormon Temple Lot Site.” *The John Whitmer Historical Association Journal* 25 (2005): 161–74
* Roach, Andrea L., Ashley E. Ermer, Marilyn Coleman, and Lawrence Ganong. “Attitudes About Intimate Partner Violence and Alcohol Consumption.” *Journal of Interpersonal Violence*, 2020
* Rorabaugh, W. J. “Alcohol and Alcoholism.” In *Encyclopedia of American Social History*, by Mary Kupiec Cayton, 2135–42. Scribner American Civilization Series. New York: Toronto: New York: Charles Scribner's Sons; Maxwell Macmillan Canada; Maxwell Macmillan International, 1993
* Segrave, Kerry. *Women and Capital Punishment in America, 1840-1899: Death Sentences and Executions in the United States and Canada*. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Incorporated Publishers, 2008
* Soltow, Lee, and Edward Stevens. *The Rise of Literacy and the Common School in the United States: A Socioeconomic Analysis to 1870*. Chicago Originals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981
* The Examiner of East Jackson County. “Frank Haight: Old Documents Revealed Tale of Spousal Abuse and Murder.” Accessed September 28, 2020. https://www.examiner.net/article/20150724/NEWS/150729465
* “The First Hanging.” *Jackson Examiner (Independence, MO)*, October 27, 1905
* Union Historical Company. *The History of Jackson County, Missouri, Containing a History of the County, Its Cities, Towns, Etc., Biographical Sketches of Its Citizens, Jackson County in the Late War... History of Missouri, Map of Jackson County.* Kansas City, Mo.: Union historical company, 1881

## InfoBox

| Rebecca Littleton Hawkins | |
| --- | --- |
| In 1838, while living in Jackson County, Missouri, she contracted her neighbor Henry Garster to murder her husband after unsuccessfully attempting to murder him by poisoning herself. Garster was hung for his crime, the first hanging in Jackson County, Missouri. Rebecca was found innocent of murder, convicted of poisoning, but pardoned before serving her five year sentence. | |
| Born | Between 1797–1800
Putnam County, Georgia |
| Died | Sometime after 1860
California, probably San Joaquin County where she was last known to live |


title: Makey-Liboli

abstract: Makey-Liboli is a village in southern Ivory Coast. It is in the sub-prefecture of Grand-Lahou, Grand-Lahou Department, Grands-Ponts Region, Boli District. Makey-Liboli was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 bolis nationwide that were abolished.

text:
# Makey-Liboli

**Makey-Liboli** is a village in southern Ivory Coast. It is in the sub-prefecture of Grand-Lahou, Grand-Lahou Department, Grands-Ponts Region, Boli District.

Makey-Liboli was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 bolis nationwide that were abolished.

## InfoBox

| Makey-Liboli | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Makey-LiboliLocation in Ivory Coast | |
| Coordinates: 5°13′N 5°9′W / 5.217°N 5.150°W / 5.217; -5.150 | |
| Country | Ivory Coast |
| District | Lagunes |
| Region | Grands-Ponts |
| Department | Grand-Lahou |
| Sub-prefecture | Grand-Lahou |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (GMT) |


title: List of Hensuki volumes

abstract: Hensuki, short for Hensuki: Are You Willing to Fall in Love with a Pervert, as Long as She's a Cutie? is a Japanese romantic comedy light novel series written by Tomo Hanama, and illustrated by sune. The series follows Keiki Kiryū, a high school student who seeks the identity of the sender of an unnamed love letter attached to an underwear, which consequently leads him to discover the special hidden peculiarities of the girls in his life. Media Factory published fourteen volumes of the series under their MF Bunko J imprint from January 25, 2017 to January 25, 2022. A manga series adaptation illustrated by CHuN was serialized in Fujimi Shobo's Monthly Dragon Age magazine from November 9, 2017, to December 9, 2020. Six tankōbon volumes have been released. A spin-off manga titled Hensuki: Are You Willing to Fall in Love with a Pervert, as Long as She's a Cutie? Abnormal Harem was illustrated by kanbe and Hanamoto. Hakusensha published its first and only volume on April 24, 2020 under their Young Animal Comics imprint.

text:
# List of Hensuki volumes

*Hensuki*, short for *Hensuki: Are You Willing to Fall in Love with a Pervert, as Long as She's a Cutie?* is a Japanese romantic comedy light novel series written by Tomo Hanama, and illustrated by sune. The series follows Keiki Kiryū, a high school student who seeks the identity of the sender of an unnamed love letter attached to an underwear, which consequently leads him to discover the special hidden peculiarities of the girls in his life. Media Factory published fourteen volumes of the series under their MF Bunko J imprint from January 25, 2017 to January 25, 2022.

A manga series adaptation illustrated by CHuN was serialized in Fujimi Shobo's *Monthly Dragon Age* magazine from November 9, 2017, to December 9, 2020. Six *tankōbon* volumes have been released. A spin-off manga titled *Hensuki: Are You Willing to Fall in Love with a Pervert, as Long as She's a Cutie? Abnormal Harem* was illustrated by kanbe and Hanamoto. Hakusensha published its first and only volume on April 24, 2020 under their Young Animal Comics imprint.

## Volume list

### Light novel

| No. | Release date | ISBN |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | January 25, 2017 | 978-4-04-069008-7 |
| * Prologue * Chapter 1: "Cinderella Dropped Her Panties" (シンデレラはパンツを落ちていきました, *Shinderera wa Pantsu wo Ochite-ikimashita*) * Chapter 2: "My Senior Can't Be This Abnormal" (俺の先輩がこんなにアブノーマルなわけがない, *Ore no Senpai ga Konna ni Abunōmaru na Wake ga nai*) * Chapter 3: "Since When Was I Under the Illusion That This Would Be a Normal Love Comedy?" (いつからこれが普通ラブコメだと錯覚していた？, *Itsu kara kore ga Futsū Rabukome dato Sakkaku-shiteita*) * Chapter 4: "My Senior and Junior Are Fighting Way Too Much" (俺の先輩と後輩が修羅場すぎる, *Ore no Senpai to Kōhai ga Shuraba-sugiru*) * Chapter 5: "A Cruel Truth's Thesis" (残酷な真実のテーゼ, *Zankoku na Shinjitsu no Tēze*) * Epilogue | | |
| 2 | May 25, 2017 | 978-4-04-069279-1 |
| * Prologue * Chapter 1: "Is the Order a Bunny Girl?" (ご注文はバニーガールですか？, *Gochūmon wa Banīgāru desuka?*) * Chapter 2: "My Hentai Love-Comedy Is Wrong as I Expected" (やはり俺の変態ラブコメはまちがっている, *Yahari Ore no Hentai Rabukome wa machigatte-iru*) * Chapter 3: "Love, Stalkers and Other Delusions" (ストーカーでも恋がしたい！, *Sutōkā demo Koi ga Shitai!*) * Chapter 4: "A Little Sister’s All You Need" (妹さえいればいいよね, *Imouto sae Ireba ii yone*) * Chapter 5: "I Am a Master" (吾輩はご主人様である, *Wagahai wa Goshujin-sama de aru*) * Epilogue | | |
| 3 | September 25, 2017 | 978-4-04-069457-3 |
| * Prologue * Chapter 1: "No Panties No Life" (ノーパンツ・ノーライフ, *Nōpantsu Nōraifu*) * Chapter 2: "Yuika-Sama Wants to Be the Only One" (ゆいか様は尽くされたい, *Yuika-sama wa Tsukusaretai*) * Chapter 3: "This Love is Being Turned into BL Manga" (その恋はＢＬ漫画化されていく, *Sono koi wa BL Mangaka-sareteiku*) * Chapter 4: "Is the Order a Cat-Eared Maid?" (ご注文は猫耳メイドですか？, *Gochuumon wa Nekomimi Meido desuka?*) * Chapter 5: "A Blessing to These Wonderful Swimsuits! (この素晴らしい水着回に祝福を！, *Kono Subarashii Mizugikai ni Shukufuku wo!*) * Epilogue | | |
| 4 | January 25, 2018 | 978-4-04-069672-0 |
| * Prologue * Chapter 1: "And Like That, the Older Brother Decided To Run Away" (こうして兄は家出をすることにした, *Koushite Ani wa Iede wo suru koto ni shita*) * Chapter 2: "He’s My Brother but It Doesn’t Matter if There’s Love, Right?" (兄さんだけど愛さえあれば関係ないよねっ, *Ani-san dakedo Ai sae Areba Kankei nai yone~*) * Chapter 3: "The Surprise Attack Comes After the Fireworks" (不意打ちは花火のあとで, *Fui-uchi wa Hanabi no ato de*) * Chapter 4: "Ayano-san Won’t Give Up" (あやのさん＠あきらめない, *Ayano-san @ Akiramenai*) * Chapter 5: "A Certain Calligraphy Club’s Seaside Training Camp" (とある書道部の臨海合宿, *Toaru Shodō-bu no Rinkai Gasshuku*) * Epilogue | | |
| 5 | March 25, 2018 | 978-4-04-069915-8 |
| * Prologue * Chapter 1: "I Still Don’t Know the Size of the Breasts I Saw That Day" (その日に見た胸の大きさはまだわかりません, *Sonohi ni Mita Mune no Ōki-sa wa Mada Wakarimasen*) * Chapter 2: "Starting the Training Life From Zero" (ゼロからトレーニングライフを始める, *Zero Kara Torēninguraifu o Hajimeru*) * Chapter 3: "The Event Book of the Legal Loli Senpai" (リーガルロリ先輩のイベントブック, *Rīgarurori Senpai no Ibento Bukku*) * Chapter 4: "The Cat, the Panties, and the Sports Festival" (猫、パンティー、そしてスポーツフェスティバル, *Neko, Pantī, Soshite Supōtsufesutibaru*) * Chapter 5: "How to Create an Interesting Shoujo Manga" (面白い少女マンガの作り方, *Omoshiroi Shōjo Manga no Tsukurikata*) * Epilogue | | |
| 6 | October 25, 2018 | 978-4-04-065236-8 |
| * Prologue * Chapter 1: "This Calligraphy Club Has a Problem" (この書道クラブに問題があります, *Kono Shodōkurabu ni Mondai ga Arimasu*) * Chapter 2: "That’s Why She Can't Part-Time Work" (だから彼女はアルバイトができないのです, *Dakara Kanojo wa Arubaito ga Dekinai Nodesu*) * Chapter 3: "The Working Female Molester and Loving Pervert" (働く女性痴漢と愛情のある変態, *Hatarakujosei Chikan to Aijō no aru Hentai*) * Chapter 4: "Teasing Master Mitani-san" (からかい上手の三谷さん, *Karakai Jōzu no Mitani-san*) * Chapter 5: "This Passing World is Full of Perverts" (この通過する世界は変態でいっぱいです, *Kono Tsūka Suru Sekai wa Hentai de Ippaidesu*) * Epilogue | | |
| 7 | February 25, 2019 | 978-4-04-065528-4 |
| * Prologue * Chapter 1: "A Sleepover Comes Sudden" (突然の寝坊, *Totsuzen no Nebō*) * Chapter 2: "It’s the Culture Festival, Everyone!" (みなさん、文化祭です！, *Minasan, Bunkamatsuridesu!*) * Chapter 3: "It’s the Culture Festival, You Perverts!" (それは文化祭です、あなたは変態です！, *Sore wa Bunkamatsuridesu, Anata wa Hentaidesu!*) * Chapter 4: "Even So, I Won’t Do It" (それでも、私はそれをしません, *Soredemo, Watashi wa Sore o Shimasen*) * Chapter 5: "For Airi, the Unknown Men’s World" (アイリにとって、未知の男性の世界, *Airi ni Totte, Michi no Dansei no Sekai*) * Epilogue | | |
| 8 | July 25, 2019 | 978-4-04-065855-1 <br>ISBN 978-4-04-065856-8 (SP) |
| * Prologue * Chapter 1: "I’d Like To Borrow a Boyfriend" (彼氏を借りたい, *Kareshi o Karitai*) * Chapter 2: "One of Them is the Perpetrator!" (それらの1つは加害者です！, *Sorera no 1tsu wa Kagai-shadesu!*) * Chapter 3: "There is Always But One Truth" (常に1つの真実があります, *Tsuneni 1tsu no Shinjitsu ga Arimasu*) * Chapter 4: "Excuse Me, But My Younger Boyfriend is Totally Interested in Real Grade School Girls" (すみませんが、私の若い彼氏は本当の小学生の女の子に完全に興味があります, *Sumimasen ga, Watashi no Wakai Kareshi wa Hontō no Shōgakusei no On'nanoko ni Kanzen ni Kyōmigārimasu*) * Chapter 5: "That’s Why We Can't Love" (だから私たちは愛せない, *Dakara Watashitachi wa Aisenai*) * Epilogue | | |
| 9 | December 25, 2019 | 978-4-04-064185-0 |
| * Prologue * Chapter 1: "Curry. After That, Panties." (カレー。 その後、パンティー。, *Karē. Sonogo, Pantī.*) * Chapter 2: "Why Are You Here, Panties?!" (なんでここにいるんだ、パンティー？！, *Nande Koko ni Irunda, Pantī?!*) * Chapter 3: "Why Are You Here, Heroine?!" (なんでここにいるんだ、ヒロイン？, *Nande Koko ni Irunda, Hiroin?!*) * Chapter 4: "You are the Student Council Vice President, and I am Your Butler" (あなたは生徒会の副会長であり、私はあなたの執事です, *Anata wa Seito-kai no fuku Kaichōdeari, Watashi wa Anata no Shitsujidesu*) * Chapter 5: "Love, Elections and a Broken Heart" (愛、選挙、失恋, *Ai, Senkyo, Shitsuren*) * Epilogue | | |
| 10 | April 25, 2020 | 978-4-04-064586-5 |
| * Prologue * Chapter 1: "Is It Wrong to Want the Heroine’s Skirt?" (ヒロインのスカートが欲しいのは間違っていますか？, *Hiroin no Sukāto ga Hoshī no wa Machigatte Imasu ka?*) * Chapter 2: "Scream Your Fetish at the Center of the World" (世界の中心であなたのフェチを叫ぶ, *Sekai no Chūshin de Anata no Fechi o Sakebu*) * Chapter 3: "Not Knowing the Circumstances, the Classmate Approaches Relentlessly Still" (状況を知らず、同級生はまだ執拗に迫る, *Jōkyō o Shirazu, Dōkyūsei wa Mada Shitsuyō ni Semaru*) * Chapter 4: "She’s Not a Pervert, But Apparently a Normal Heroine…" (彼女は変態ではありませんが、どうやら普通のヒロイン…, *Kanojo wa Hentaide wa Arimasenga, Dōyara Futsū no Hiroin…*) * Chapter 5: "Yuika-chan Wants to Go On a Date!" (ゆいかちゃんはデートしたい！, *Yuika-chan wa Dēto Shitai!*) * Epilogue | | |
| 11 | September 25, 2020 | 978-4-04-064943-6 |
| * Prologue * Chapter 1: "Handing a Girl a BL Book is a Simple Job" (女の子にBL本を渡すのは簡単な仕事です, *On'nanoko ni BL hon o Watasu no wa Kantan'na Shigotodesu*) * Chapter 2: "The Kotatsu-Loving Tokihara-san" (こたつすきじ時原さん, *Kotatsu-suki-ji Tokihara-san*) * Chapter 3: "Do You Like a Big Butt or a Small Butt?" (あなたは大きなお尻と小さなお尻のどちらが好きですか？, *Anata wa Ōkina o Shiri to Chīsana o Shiri no Dochira ga Sukidesu ka?*) * Chapter 4: "The First Pervert" (最初の変態, *Saisho no Hentai*) * Chapter 5: "A Certain Calligraphy Club’s Snowy Mountain Trip" (ある書道クラブの雪山旅行, *Aru Shodōkurabu no Yukiyama Ryokō*) * Epilogue | | |
| 12 | January 25, 2021 | 978-4-04-680161-6 |
| * Prologue * Chapter 1: Yuika’s Revenge (ユイカの復讐, *Yuika no Fukushū*) * Chapter 2: The Love in My Heart (私の心の中の愛, *Watashi no Kokoronouchi no Ai*) * Chapter 3: How to Save the Heroine From Her Slump (ヒロインをスランプから救う方法, *Hiroin o Suranpu Kara Sukuu Hōhō*) * Chapter 4: The Story of Wanting to Win Over a High School Boy During Valentine’s (バレンタインデーに高校生に勝ちたいという話, *Barentaindē ni Kōkōsei ni Kachitai to Iu Hanashi*) * Chapter 5: The Perverts Fell in Love so They Went on a Double Date (変態は恋に落ちたので、彼らは二重のデートに行きました, *Hentai wa Koi ni Ochitanode, Karera wa Nijū no Dēto ni Ikimashita*) * Epilogue | | |
| 13 | June 25, 2021 | 978-4-04-680511-9 |
| 14 | January 25, 2022 | 978-4-04-681097-7 |

### Manga

*Hensuki: Are You Willing to Fall in Love with a Pervert, as Long as She's a Cutie?*

| No. | Release date | ISBN |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | May 25, 2018 | 978-4-04-072707-3 |
| 2 | November 9, 2018 | 978-4-04-072949-7 |
| 3 | July 25, 2019 | 978-4-04-073258-9 |
| 4 | October 9, 2019 | 978-4-04-073362-3 |
| 5 | April 25, 2020 | 978-4-04-073612-9 |
| 6 | February 9, 2021 | 978-4-04-073983-0 |

*Hensuki: Are You Willing to Fall in Love with a Pervert, as Long as She's a Cutie? Abnormal Harem*

| No. | Release date | ISBN |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | April 24, 2020 | 978-4-59-216159-2 |


title: Trygve Vrenne

abstract: Trygve Daniel Vrenne was a Norwegian teacher and writer. He was born in Berg i Østfold. When he was still young, his family moved to Åmli where his father served as bailiff. Vrenne finished his secondary education in Arendal in 1906. He held short-term jobs as a teacher in Åmli, Lillesand, Sandnes and Notodden, and did secretarial work at the Parliament of Norway. From 1914 to 1915 he was the editor-in-chief of the newspaper Rjukan. He also travelled somewhat extensively, and tried his hand at writing. In 1919 he issued a short biography on August Oddvar, and in 1925 he published the poetry collection Betroelser on Gyldendal in Denmark. He wrote about his travels in Aftenposten, Tidens Tegn, Morgenbladet and Nationen. In 1919 Vrenne graduated with the cand.philol. degree from the University of Oslo. His master's thesis in English was named Menneskeskildringen hos George Eliot, studying descriptions of people in George Eliot's writings. He subsequently worked as a teacher at the upper secondary schools in Ringerike from 1920, Larvik from 1922 and then at Bergen Cathedral School from 1929. During the German occupation of Norway, Vrenne joined the collaborationist party Nasjonal Samling. He was selected by the Ministry of Culture and Enlightenment as a board member of Bergen's theatre, Den Nationale Scene. He was tasked with political censorship at Den Nationale Scene, but was not "particularly aggressive". According to the historians of Den Nationale Scene, Vrenne was an opportunist member of NS rather than an ideological supporter. In 1943 he wrote in Ragnarok, stating that Great Britain only helped its allies "to maintain its global hegemony", and that the United States sought the same kind of world domination. Vrenne concluded: "All good and strong forces in our part of the world must now stand united and faithful to protect our dear, eternally valuable and value-creating Europe against the grand perils of doom that have ventured ever so close to us. From the east - and from the west". In 1943 he issued his second poetry collection, Veien mot havet, on the publishing house Norden. For his membership in Nasjonal Samling and Norges Lærersamband, he was relieved of his membership in the teachers' union Norsk Lektorlag after the war ended. After the war he issued a collection of travelogues, Fra Oslo til Messina. In a short book review for Adresseavisen, Ruth Alvsen praised the book as "deserving to be read". The sketches from travels in Italy were fresh and fun, giving the reader both "considerable valuable knowledge about the sunny land of the sagas" and "unadultered joy". Alvsen did not always "agree with the writer's private reflections", though. According to Tønsbergs Blad, Vrenne's book was a "good [travel] guide", and "had its mission" regardless of whether the reader had visited Italy several times or not at all. The reader would "draw advantage from his widespread knowledge and of his several anecdotes and small tales". Vrenne was married to painter Lilla Hellesen. They resided in Oslo after the war. He died in 1963, aged 76.

text:
# Trygve Vrenne

**Trygve Daniel Vrenne** (13 September 1887  1963) was a Norwegian teacher and writer.

He was born in Berg i Østfold. When he was still young, his family moved to Åmli where his father served as bailiff. Vrenne finished his secondary education in Arendal in 1906. He held short-term jobs as a teacher in Åmli, Lillesand, Sandnes and Notodden, and did secretarial work at the Parliament of Norway. From 1914 to 1915 he was the editor-in-chief of the newspaper *Rjukan*. He also travelled somewhat extensively, and tried his hand at writing. In 1919 he issued a short biography on August Oddvar, and in 1925 he published the poetry collection *Betroelser* on Gyldendal in Denmark. He wrote about his travels in *Aftenposten*, *Tidens Tegn*, *Morgenbladet* and *Nationen*.

In 1919 Vrenne graduated with the cand.philol. degree from the University of Oslo. His master's thesis in English was named *Menneskeskildringen hos George Eliot*, studying descriptions of people in George Eliot's writings. He subsequently worked as a teacher at the upper secondary schools in Ringerike from 1920, Larvik from 1922 and then at Bergen Cathedral School from 1929.

During the German occupation of Norway, Vrenne joined the collaborationist party Nasjonal Samling. He was selected by the Ministry of Culture and Enlightenment as a board member of Bergen's theatre, Den Nationale Scene. He was tasked with political censorship at Den Nationale Scene, but was not "particularly aggressive". According to the historians of Den Nationale Scene, Vrenne was an opportunist member of NS rather than an ideological supporter. In 1943 he wrote in *Ragnarok*, stating that Great Britain only helped its allies "to maintain its global hegemony", and that the United States sought the same kind of world domination. Vrenne concluded: "All good and strong forces in our part of the world must now stand united and faithful to protect our dear, eternally valuable and value-creating Europe against the grand perils of doom that have ventured ever so close to us. From the east - and from the west". In 1943 he issued his second poetry collection, *Veien mot havet*, on the publishing house Norden. For his membership in Nasjonal Samling and *Norges Lærersamband*, he was relieved of his membership in the teachers' union Norsk Lektorlag after the war ended.

After the war he issued a collection of travelogues, *Fra Oslo til Messina*. In a short book review for *Adresseavisen*, Ruth Alvsen praised the book as "deserving to be read". The sketches from travels in Italy were fresh and fun, giving the reader both "considerable valuable knowledge about the sunny land of the sagas" and "unadultered joy". Alvsen did not always "agree with the writer's private reflections", though. According to *Tønsbergs Blad*, Vrenne's book was a "good \[travel\] guide", and "had its mission" regardless of whether the reader had visited Italy several times or not at all. The reader would "draw advantage from his widespread knowledge and of his several anecdotes and small tales".

Vrenne was married to painter Lilla Hellesen. They resided in Oslo after the war. He died in 1963, aged 76.


title: Missinipi Broadcasting Corporation

abstract: Missinipi Broadcasting Corporation, or MBC Radio, is a radio network in Canada, serving First Nations and Métis communities in the province of Saskatchewan. The network's flagship station is CJLR-FM in La Ronge. MBC Radio broadcasts to more than 70 communities in Saskatchewan, including the major urban centres, and broadcasts a streaming audio feed over the Internet. MBC's current CEO is Deborah Charles, the first female CEO of an Indigenous radio broadcast network in Canada.

text:
# Missinipi Broadcasting Corporation

**Missinipi Broadcasting Corporation**, or **MBC Radio**, is a radio network in Canada, serving First Nations and Métis communities in the province of Saskatchewan. The network's flagship station is CJLR-FM in La Ronge. MBC Radio broadcasts to more than 70 communities in Saskatchewan, including the major urban centres, and broadcasts a streaming audio feed over the Internet. MBC's current CEO is Deborah Charles, the first female CEO of an Indigenous radio broadcast network in Canada.

## History

### Background

Starting in the 1960s, a provincial government radio service called *Northern News*, broadcasting from Prince Albert, was hosted by its first producer Helga Reydon. The program, a 15-minute weekly series, addressed issues and matters of interest for fishermen and trappers in the north. However, those broadcasts were plagued by poor reception and unequal signal distribution as they were broadcast on an AM radio station in the southern part of the province and had to "skip" into the north. The program also did not air content that was culturally specific to Indigenous peoples.

The provincial government realized its shortcomings in serving the northern citizens of Saskatchewan, and in 1973, the Department of Northern Saskatchewan (DNS) began producing a new *Northern News* program out of La Ronge. This program was hosted by producer/announcer Barrie Ward, with Indigenous-language content added by Cree and Michif linguists Tom Roberts and Robert Merasty. The new radio program added more northern content and significantly included major Indigenous-language content. The program, however, ended with the provincial government's disbanding of the DNS in 1982.

In the late 1970s, CBC Radio also began broadcasting a northern program, *Keewatin Radio*. The program contained some relevant northern content and was aided by better reception due to the installation of the low-power FM relay transmitters in the north. The stories, though pertinent to the northern populace, were largely in English, and originated in Regina.

### Formation

In 1983, the Government of Canada introduced the Northern Native Broadcast Access Program (NNBAP), funded and supported by the Department of Canadian Heritage. The NNBAP's aim was to enhance, protect and preserve Indigenous languages while at the same time allowing Indigenous peoples to control their own communications services.

In March 1984, a full-time coordinating committee was formed and Merasty was hired to gather information. A survey was conducted of the residents of northern Saskatchewan, the results of which gave the organizers a better idea of what Indigenous people wanted to hear on radio. Following the survey, the Missinipi Broadcasting Corporation's first board of directors was elected in 1984, with Merasty as the first CEO. The corporation implemented a basic radio skills training program in 1984 that was delivered through the local community college. The first MBC broadcast took place in February 1985 with Tom Roberts as host.

MBC's initial broadcasts were predominantly in English, with some Cree. A more advanced training program was launched at CJLR (La Ronge) in 1986. A strong focus was placed on expanding the use of Indigenous languages and the technical skills of its broadcast staff.

### Improvements and expansion

During its formative years MBC was dependent on the Canadian Secretary of State (now Department of Canadian Heritage) for funding and the use of CBC transmitters in carrying its programming. Through strategic planning by MBC's second CEO, Nap Gardiner, MBC became much more independent of federal funding. Today, MBC is primarily supported by advertising revenue, along with gaming revenue from bingo broadcasts.

MBC's third CEO, Marty Ballentyne, brought about the corporation's move into TV production in 1998, serving on the board of directors for Aboriginal Peoples Television Network, Canada's (and the world's) first independent Indigenous TV network. MBC has been a major contributor to APTN, producing 39 episodes of *Heartbeat Of The Earth*, a series for and about Saskatchewan's northern Indigenous peoples and their communities.

The Saskatchewan Association of Aboriginal Broadcasters, also known as SAAB, was founded in 1996 primarily through the efforts of MBC and the community station managers across the north. SAAB has grown into a large cooperative entity encompassing services for all Indigenous broadcast outlets in Saskatchewan.

## Content and delivery system

Today, MBC Radio provides a minimum of ten hours of Cree programming and ten hours of Dënesųłiné programming per week, and strives to integrate the languages into everything from special programs, remote event coverage, and contests, to commercial content and more.

The station carries hockey games involving the La Ronge Ice Wolves.

MBC has a digital satellite delivery system, thus eliminating reliance on ground distribution systems. MBC also facilitates and supports the growth and establishment of small community-owned low-power radio stations, and provides support and training services to them as needed.

## Frequencies

| Call sign | Frequency | City of License |
| --- | --- | --- |
| VF2332 | 97.3 FM | Beardy's and Okemasis' Cree Nation |
| CIPI-FM | 96.5 FM | Beauval |
| CIWF-FM | 95.7 FM | Big River First Nation |
| CJBL-FM | 91.7 FM | Black Lake Denesuline First Nation *(Formerly VF2298)* |
| CHII-FM | 89.9 FM | Brabant Lake |
| CIBN-FM | 89.3 FM | Buffalo Narrows |
| CFCK-FM | 103.9 FM | Canoe Lake Cree First Nation |
| VF2212 | 101.1 FM | Carrot River |
| CJCF-FM | 89.9 FM | Cumberland House |
| CJLR-FM-2 | 91.9 FM | Denare Beach |
| CKBR-FM | 92.7 FM | Dillon |
| VF2299 | 89.9 FM | Fond du Lac Dene Nation |
| CHGL-FM | 94.9 FM | Green Lake |
| CILX-FM | 92.5 FM | Île-à-la-Crosse |
| VF2300 | 96.5 FM | James Smith Cree Nation |
| CJBW | 1330 AM | Jans Bay |
| CJBW-FM | 89.9 FM | Jans Bay |
| CHPN-FM | 89.9 FM | La Loche |
| CJLR-FM-7 | 89.9 FM | Meadow Lake |
| CHEC-FM | 93.7 FM | Mistawasis Nêhiyawak/Leask |
| CJLR-FM-8 | 100.9 FM | Mistawasis Nêhiyawak |
| CJLR-FM-1 | 89.9 FM | Montreal Lake Cree Nation |
| CJLR-FM-6 | 95.5 FM | North Battleford |
| CPAT-FM | 89.9 FM | Patuanak |
| CJAZ-FM | 89.9 FM | Pelican Narrows |
| CFNK-FM | 89.9 FM | Pinehouse Lake |
| CJLR-FM-3 | 88.1 FM | Prince Albert |
| CJLR-FM-4 | 90.3 FM | Regina |
| CIRN-FM | 104.1 FM | Saskatoon |
| VF2301 | 89.9 FM | Shoal Lake Cree Nation |
| VF2142 | 97.9 FM | Uranium City |
| VF2456 | 89.3 FM | Weyakwin |
| CJLK-FM | 91.9 FM | Wollaston Lake (Hatchet Lake Dene Nation) |
| CJLR-FM-5 | 92.9 FM | Yorkton |

## InfoBox

Missinipi Broadcasting Corporation
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Northern Saskatchewan |
| Frequency | Varies by location |
| Branding | MBC Radio |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) |  |
| Format | First Nations community radio |
| History | |
| First air date | 1985 (1985) |
| Links | |
| Webcast | cjlr.streamon.fm |
| Website | mbcradio.com |


title: Raymond Howard (Wiccan)

abstract: Raymond Howard was an English practitioner of the modern Pagan new religious movement of Wicca. He promoted his tradition, known as the Coven of Atho, through a correspondence course established in the early part of the 1960s. In the late 1950s, Howard lived in Charlwood, Surrey, where he worked for the psychologist and Wiccan Charles Cardell. After the pair fell out, Howard assisted a journalist from the London Evening News in spying on a nocturnal ritual carried out by Cardell and his coven. In the early 1960s, he established his own correspondence course, the Coven of Atho, through which he provided instruction on his own variant of Wicca, which drew upon that of Cardell and other sources. By the latter part of that decade he was running an antiques shop in Field Dalling, Norfolk, where he stored a wooden carving of the Wiccan Horned God, known as the "Head of Atho". He attracted press attention for the Head, informing both journalists and other Wiccans that it had been passed down to him by pre-existing Witches, although his son later revealed it to be a forgery created by Howard himself. In April 1967 the head was stolen, perhaps by Cardell, and never recovered.

text:
# Raymond Howard (Wiccan)

**Raymond Howard** was an English practitioner of the modern Pagan new religious movement of Wicca. He promoted his tradition, known as the Coven of Atho, through a correspondence course established in the early part of the 1960s.

In the late 1950s, Howard lived in Charlwood, Surrey, where he worked for the psychologist and Wiccan Charles Cardell. After the pair fell out, Howard assisted a journalist from the *London Evening News* in spying on a nocturnal ritual carried out by Cardell and his coven. In the early 1960s, he established his own correspondence course, the Coven of Atho, through which he provided instruction on his own variant of Wicca, which drew upon that of Cardell and other sources. By the latter part of that decade he was running an antiques shop in Field Dalling, Norfolk, where he stored a wooden carving of the Wiccan Horned God, known as the "Head of Atho". He attracted press attention for the Head, informing both journalists and other Wiccans that it had been passed down to him by pre-existing Witches, although his son later revealed it to be a forgery created by Howard himself. In April 1967 the head was stolen, perhaps by Cardell, and never recovered.

## Biography

In the late 1950s, Howard lived with his first wife in Ricketts Wood Cottages in Charlwood, Surrey. This was located near to Dumbledene, the country house of Charles Cardell, a stage conjuror and psychologist for whom Howard worked as a handyman. Cardell and 'Mary Cardell'—a woman whom he erroneously claimed was his sister—ran a company called Dumblecott Magick Productions through which they sold magical potions and related paraphernalia. They were known to prominent British Wiccans like Gerald Gardner and Doreen Valiente, and they had placed an advertisement in the esoteric magazine *Light* encouraging fellow practitioners of the "Craft of the Wiccens" to contact them.

In 1960, Howard broke from Cardell. He subsequently divorced his wife, with Mary Cardell providing evidence against Howard in the divorce proceedings, something which possibly exacerbated Howard's anger toward his former employers. In 1961 he invited a journalist, William Hall of the *London Evening News*, to spy on a nocturnal Witchcraft ritual that the Cardells were performing in the woods around their home; Hall subsequently published an exposé, "Witchcraft in the Woods", in March 1961. The Cardells subsequently took the newspaper to court, accusing them of libel, during which they claimed that Howard was pathologically dishonest. Several weeks later, Howard received a mirror accompanied by an effigy that had been pierced in the post, and Cardell was summoned to court accused of sending it.

### The Coven of Atho

In the early 1960s, Howard began issuing a correspondence course in a tradition of Wicca that he termed the Coven of Atho; in his position of leadership over the group, he termed himself "The Fish". One subscriber was Valiente, who reached the lowest rank on the course, that of "Sarsen", in 1963. She copied down all of the information provided in the course into a notebook, highlighting that most of it appeared to derive from Dion Fortune's novel *The Sea Priestess* and Rudolf Koch's *The Book of Signs*. Other possible sources include Gardner's *Witchcraft Today*, Charles Leland's *Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches*, and Lewis Spence's books on Atlantis. Howard revealed to Valiente that he had drawn elements from the Wiccan tradition practiced by the Cardells, and like their group he promoted a sevenfold system of ethics, although these virtues—presence, truth, kindliness, tolerance, awareness, strength, and perception—differed from those found in Cardell's tradition. It referred to magic with the spelling of "magick", which had been popularised by the occultist Aleister Crowley, and promulgated "Eight Paths of Magick", which was similar to the Eightfold Path taught in Gardnerian Wicca.

By 1967 Howard was exhibiting a variety of witchcraft artefacts in a room above his antique shop in Field Dalling, Norfolk. Among these was the Head of Atho, which was described in a newspaper article as a depiction of "the horned god of witchcraft \[which\] has been handed down through generations since pre-Christian times". A journalist from the *Eastern Daily Press* reported on the head in March 1967, stating that it had undergone laboratory tests which had established it to be made out of 2200-year-old English oak. Howard told the reporter that when living in Norwood Hill, Surrey, the race car driver Donald Campbell rubbed the head of Atho for luck before making his attempts to break the world land speed record. In July 2008, Howard's son Peter confirmed to the researcher Melissa Seims that he had witnessed his father constructing the Head, and that it was thus fake. Seims suggested that the design of the head had been inspired by an older folkloric artefact, the Dorset Ooser.

The reporter added that the head was hollow, and that when a lighted candle with a small crucible of water above it was placed inside the back of the head, steam was emitted from the horns while the red glass eyes glowed. Valiente saw the head on her meeting with Howard, describing it as "a very impressive carving, having a crude strength and power which make it a remarkable work of primitive art." According to Valiente, about the head were carvings of foliage, representing "the forces of life and fertility, which Atho personifies." She asserted that the signs of the zodiac were depicted on the horns, with "the five rings of witchcraft" on the forehead. The nose was ornamented with a pentagram, and acted as a cup to hold the Sabbat wine. She stated that the mouth was shaped like a bird, representing the messenger of air, and that the chin was shaped like a triangle, again conveying esoteric meanings. Below this were twin serpents, one representing positive forces and the other negative.

Howard informed the Wiccan Lois Bourne—whom he met when she was holidaying near his second home, an old mill in Cornwall—that the Head of Atho had been in the possession of his family for many generations. Conversely, he told Valiente a different story about its origins: according to this account, Howard was living with relations on a Norfolk farm in 1930 when he met an old lady named Alicia Franch who lived with the Romani Gypsies. Franch allegedly first came across Howard when he was playing by a roadside pond on the summer solstice, and she took an interest in him, instructing him in her witchcraft tradition and leaving him a number of artefacts in her will, including the Head of Atho. In a newspaper interview with the *Eastern Evening News* he identified Swaffham as the location in which this had happened, adding that the old lady had left him a deed box containing "teeth, nail parings and old parchments. The historian Ronald Hutton later commented that there was "no means of investigating this story", but added that Howard could not be considered a trustworthy source.

A month after the  *Eastern Daily Press* report, in April 1967, the head was stolen from Howard's shop; other valuables and a cash box were left, suggesting that the thief specifically wanted the head. Police investigated, but the crime remained unsolved. In her private diary, Valiente claimed that the head had been stolen by Cardell, and that he had buried it in Charlwood. The Pagan studies scholar Ethan Doyle White has stated that "it appears that the \[Atho\] tradition died out around that time". Some of its teachings through the correspondence course however survived; they were adopted by the Gardnerian Wiccan high priestess Eleanor Bone, who added them into her own Book of Shadows. She then passed these teachings on to her initiates Madge Worthington and Arthur Eaglen, who established the Whitecroft line of Gardnerians.

### Footnotes

### Bibliography

* Anon (1 November 1961). "'Clean Sweep' by Broomstick Brigade". *Eastern Evening News*. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
* Anon (6 March 1967). "Room Where Witch Would Feel at Home". *Eastern Daily Press*. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
* Doyle White, Ethan (2016). *Wicca: History, Belief, and Community in Modern Pagan Witchcraft*. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-84519-754-4.
* Howard, Michael (2009). *Modern Wicca: A History from Gerald Gardner to the Present*. Woodbury: Llewellyn. ISBN 978-0-7387-2288-7.
* Hutton, Ronald (1999). *The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft*. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285449-0.
* Seims, Melissa (2008). "The Coven of Atho". *The Wica*.
* Valiente, Doreen (1984). *An ABC of Witchcraft: Past and Present* (corrected ed.). London: Robert Hale.
* WiLL (6 June 2010). "Atho: The Horned God of the Witches". *The Witches' Voice*. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2016.