title: USS O-12

abstract: USS O-12 (SS-73) was an O-class submarine of the United States Navy. These later O-boats, O-11 through O-16, were designed by Lake Torpedo Boat to different specifications than the earlier Electric Boat designs. They performed poorly as compared to the Electric Boat units, and are sometimes considered a separate class. The ship was launched in 1917 and entered service with the Navy in 1918 in the Panama Canal Zone. Taken out of service by the US Navy in 1924, the submarine was leased for use in Arctic exploration in 1930 sponsored by William Randolph Hearst. Renamed Nautilus, the submarine suffered significant damage while exploring the Arctic in 1931 and having recorded significant data while there, Hearst considered the venture a failure. Having returned to Norway to repair the damage, the submarine was returned to the United States Navy there, and they had the submarine towed down a fjord and scuttled in November 1931.

text:
# USS O-12

**USS *O-12* (SS-73)** was an O-class submarine of the United States Navy. These later O-boats, *O-11* through *O-16*, were designed by Lake Torpedo Boat to different specifications than the earlier Electric Boat designs. They performed poorly as compared to the Electric Boat units, and are sometimes considered a separate class. The ship was launched in 1917 and entered service with the Navy in 1918 in the Panama Canal Zone.

Taken out of service by the US Navy in 1924, the submarine was leased for use in Arctic exploration in 1930 sponsored by William Randolph Hearst. Renamed ***Nautilus***, the submarine suffered significant damage while exploring the Arctic in 1931 and having recorded significant data while there, Hearst considered the venture a failure. Having returned to Norway to repair the damage, the submarine was returned to the United States Navy there, and they had the submarine towed down a fjord and scuttled in November 1931.

## Service history

The submarine's keel was laid down on 6 March 1916 by the Lake Torpedo Boat Company in Bridgeport, Connecticut. *O-12* was launched on 29 September 1917, sponsored by Mrs. Homer S. Cummings, and commissioned on 18 October 1918. *O-12* spent much of her career as a unit of Submarine Division 1, based at Coco Solo, Panama Canal Zone. In 1921, she was awarded a Battle Efficiency Pennant and trophy for gunnery (gun and torpedo). She decommissioned on 17 June 1924 after just five and a half years of service, and was placed in reserve at the Philadelphia Navy Yard.

### *Nautilus* Arctic Expedition

Struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 29 July 1930, ex-*O-12* transferred to the United States Shipping Board for conversion by the Philadelphia Navy Yard. She was leased at the rate of one dollar per year to Lake and Danenhower, Inc., of Bridgeport, Connecticut, for use on Hubert Wilkins's and Lincoln Ellsworth's Arctic Expedition of geophysical investigation. The lease required that she either be returned to the Navy for disposal, or scuttled in at least 1,200 feet (370 m) of water.

On 24 March 1931, she was re-christened *Nautilus*. As Prohibition prevented the use of an alcoholic beverage, she was baptised not with the traditional champagne but rather with a bucket of ice cubes. Great French writer Jules Verne's grandson was present at the event, under the French flag, along with Sir Hubert's new-wed wife, actress Suzanne Bennett.

Simon Lake furnished *Nautilus* with several pieces of scientific equipment designed for under-ice operations. One was a mechanical probe, much like a trolley pole, that would scrape along the bottom of the ice cap to indicate how much clearance the submarine had below the ice. Others included drills supposedly capable of cutting through 13 feet (4 m) of ice to reach fresh air. The vessel's torpedo chamber was converted into a moon pool, when its water-tight door was closed, pressure was equalized, so a trap door could be opened, allowing the lowering of scientific instruments. These innovations were tested only cursorily before the boat put to sea.

*Nautilus* with her crew of 20 men was commanded by Captain Sloan Danenhower, son of John Wilson Danenhower, who served aboard USS *Jeannette* during her Arctic expedition. *Nautilus*, on 4 June 1931, began the crossing from New York City, United States, to Plymouth, England, the first leg of the voyage that was planned to take them up the coasts of the North Sea to Spitsbergen and conclude with a dramatic rendezvous at the North Pole with the German airship *Graf Zeppelin*. On that first leg, however, *Nautilus* encountered a violent storm. Both engines failed, leaving the boat adrift. She was rescued and initially towed into Cork Harbour in Southern Ireland on 22 June where her batteries were re-charged, before being towed to England by USS *Wyoming* where she was repaired.

On 5 August, very late in the year to begin an Arctic expedition, *Nautilus* began making her way through the English Channel and along the Norwegian coast. Another storm again damaged the boat, carrying away her bridge and giving her a permanent list, but after a stop in Tromsø on 11 August, she successfully reached Spitsbergen, where Wilkins allowed only a single day for repairs.

The crew carried out the planned scientific experiments as they pushed on northward, but thick pack ice hindered their progress. The boat was ill-equipped to deal with the extreme cold, lacking insulation and heaters. The fresh water system froze and the hull developed slow leaks.

After ten days, *Nautilus* reached 82°N, the farthest north any vessel had reached under its own power, and preparations began to dive and proceed under the ice. However, the boat refused to respond; the stern planes had been carried away at some unknown earlier time. Without them, the submarine could not control its depth while submerged, and the expedition had to be aborted.

On 31 August, under financial pressure from newspaperman William Randolph Hearst, who had initially promised to pay for the expedition but who indicated by telegraph that Wilkins would not be paid if he did not continue, Wilkins ordered the submarine onward. Captain Danenhower ordered *Nautilus* trimmed down by the bow, and deliberately rammed an ice floe in an attempt to force the boat under. The manoeuvre worked in that *Nautilus* submerged, and became the first submarine to operate under the polar ice cap. However, her unconventional method of diving caused significant damage to her upper works. She was out of radio contact for days, was presumed lost, and rescue efforts were planned. In fact, she had actually travelled only a short distance under the ice before resurfacing through a polynya, but her radios had been badly damaged, requiring days to repair.

The scientific crew continued their experiments, and their findings became the first paper published by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. On 20 September, *Nautilus* returned to Spitsbergen carrying invaluable data and with all crew alive. Hearst, however, considered the expedition a failure and carried out his threat, refusing to pay for the expedition.

### Fate

Following the expedition, *O-12* was returned to the Navy Department. On 30 November 1931 she was towed three miles down the *Byfjorden* (a Norwegian fjord just outside Bergen) and scuttled in 1,138 feet (347 m) of water. In 1981 Norwegian divers found her wreck.

In 1959, USS *Skate* was the first submarine to surface at the North Pole and the second submarine (after USS *Nautilus* (SSN-571) in 1958) to reach the North Pole. Her crew conducted a tribute to Sir George Hubert Wilkins and scattered his ashes over the North Pole.

In 2010 the research submersible *JAGO* dove to try to locate and inspect *Nautilus*.

## InfoBox

| *Nautilus* in Bergen | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *O-12* |
| Ordered | 3 March 1916 |
| Builder | Lake Torpedo Boat Company, Bridgeport, Connecticut |
| Laid down | 6 March 1916 |
| Launched | 29 September 1917 |
| Commissioned | 19 October 1918 |
| Decommissioned | 17 June 1924 |
| Renamed | *Nautilus*, 24 March 1931 |
| Stricken | 29 May 1930 |
| Fate | Scuttled, 20 November 1931 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | O-class submarine |
| Displacement | * 491 long tons (499 t) surfaced * 566 long tons (575 t) submerged |
| Length | 175 ft (53 m) |
| Beam | 16 ft 7 in (5.05 m) |
| Draft | 13 ft 11 in (4.24 m) |
| Propulsion | * Diesel-electric * 2 × 500 hp (373 kW) Busch Sulzer diesel engines * 2 × 400 hp (298 kW) Diehl electric motors * 1 shaft * 18,588 US gallons (70,360 L; 15,478 imp gal) fuel |
| Speed | * 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) surfaced * 11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph) submerged |
| Test depth | 200 ft (61 m) |
| Complement | 2 officers, 27 men |
| Armament |  |


title: USS O-13

abstract: USS O-13 (SS-74) was an O-class submarine of the United States Navy. Her keel was laid down on 6 March 1916 by the Lake Torpedo Boat Company in Bridgeport, Connecticut. The later O-boats were designed by Lake Torpedo Boat to different specifications from the earlier ones designed by Electric Boat. They performed much less well, and are sometimes considered a separate class.

text:
# USS O-13

**USS *O-13* (SS-74)** was an O-class submarine of the United States Navy. Her keel was laid down on 6 March 1916 by the Lake Torpedo Boat Company in Bridgeport, Connecticut.

The later O-boats (*O-11* through *O-16*) were designed by Lake Torpedo Boat to different specifications from the earlier ones designed by Electric Boat. They performed much less well, and are sometimes considered a separate class.

## Construction and career

*O-13* was launched on 27 December 1917 sponsored by Miss Margaret Arletta Adams. While conducting submerged trials in Long Island Sound on 5 October 1918, prior to her commissioning, *O-13* rammed USS *Mary Alice*, the section patrol boat accompanying her, during a submerged circular run off Bridgeport, Connecticut, holing *Mary Alice* amidships. Although *Mary Alice* sank within minutes, *O-13* rescued her entire crew, including Captain William A. Gill, President of the U.S. Navy's Board of Inspection and Survey, who had been embarked on *Mary Alice*.

*O-13* was commissioned at New York City on 27 November 1918. *O-13* operated along the coast of New Jersey and New York until 8 October 1919, when she arrived Philadelphia Navy Yard for a five-month overhaul. After returning to Cape May, New Jersey, on 8 March 1920, she departed on 1 April for duty in the Caribbean Sea. Steaming via Key West, Florida, and Havana, Cuba, she arrived Coco Solo, Panama Canal Zone, on 30 April.

For over three years *O-13* operated out of the Submarine Base at Coco Solo both in the Caribbean Sea and in the Pacific Ocean. Cruises sent her to ports in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru while assigned to Submarine Division 10. Thence, she sailed on 15 October 1923 for the United States, arriving at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on 8 November. *O-13* decommissioned there on 11 June 1924 after just five and a half years of service, and was placed in reserve. Her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 9 May 1930, and her hull was sold for scrap on 30 July 1930.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *O-13* |
| Ordered | 3 March 1916 |
| Builder | Lake Torpedo Boat Company, Bridgeport, Connecticut |
| Laid down | 6 March 1916 |
| Launched | 27 December 1917 |
| Commissioned | 27 November 1918 |
| Decommissioned | 11 June 1924 |
| Stricken | 9 May 1930 |
| Fate | Sold for scrap, 30 July 1930 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | O-class submarine |
| Displacement | * 491 long tons (499 t) surfaced * 566 long tons (575 t) submerged |
| Length | 175 ft (53 m) |
| Beam | 16 ft 7 in (5.05 m) |
| Draft | 13 ft 11 in (4.24 m) |
| Propulsion | * Diesel-electric * 2 × 500 hp (373 kW) diesel engines * 2 × 400 hp (298 kW) electric motors * 2 shafts |
| Speed | * 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) surfaced * 11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph) submerged |
| Complement | 2 officers, 27 enlisted |
| Armament |  |


title: USS LST-53

abstract: USS LST-53 was a LST-1-class tank landing ship in the United States Navy during World War II. She was later sold to South Korean Navy as ROKS Chang Su (LST-811).

text:
# USS LST-53

**USS *LST-53*** was a *LST-1*-class tank landing ship in the United States Navy during World War II. She was later sold to South Korean Navy as **ROKS** ***Chang Su* (LST-811)**.

## Construction and career

*LST-53* was laid down on 24 September 1943 at Dravo Corp., Neville Island, Pennsylvania. Launched on 6 November 1943 and commissioned on 21 December 1943. She was in ferrying service to New Orleans to undergo fitting out from 5 December to 21 December 1943.

### Service in the United States

During World War II, *LST-53* was assigned to the Europe-Africa-Middle East theater and later the Asiatic-Pacific theater. She took part in the invasion of Normandy from 6 to 25 June 1944 and the invasion of Southern France from 15 August to 25 September 1944.

She then participated in the assault and occupation of Okinawa from 17 to 30 June 1945.

*LST-53* was decommissioned on 22 January 1946 and was assigned to Commander Naval Forces Far East (COMNAVFE) Shipping Control Authority for Japan (SCAJAP) in which she was designated *Q021*. She was put into the Reserve Fleet following the end of her service there and later loaned to South Korea.

She was struck from the Navy Register.

### Service in South Korea

ROKS *Chang Su* was acquired by the South Korean Navy on 11 May 1955 and was commissioned on an unknown date.

She was decommissioned on 18 April 1959 and her fate is unknown.

## Awards

*LST-53* have earned the following awards:

## Citations

## Sources

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *LST-53* |
| Builder | Dravo Corp., Neville Island |
| Laid down | 24 September 1943 |
| Launched | 6 November 1943 |
| Sponsored by | Mrs. Nicholas Spanard |
| Commissioned | 21 December 1943 |
| Decommissioned | 22 January 1946 |
| Renamed | * *APL-59*, September 1954 * *Q021*, 19 January 1946 |
| Identification |  |
| Honors and
awards | See *Awards* |
| Fate | Transferred to South Korea, 11 May 1955 |
| History | |
| South Korea | |
| Name | * *Chang Su* * (장수) |
| Namesake | Chang Su |
| Acquired | 11 May 1955 |
| Decommissioned | 18 April 1959 |
| Identification | Pennant number: LST-811 |
| Fate | Unknown |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *LST-1*-class tank landing ship |
| Displacement | * 4,080 long tons (4,145 t) full load * 2,160 long tons (2,190 t) landing |
| Length | 328 ft (100 ) oa |
| Beam | 50 ft (15 m) |
| Draft | * Full load: 8 ft 2 in (2.49 m) forward; 14 ft 1 in (4.29 m) aft * Landing at 2,160 t: 3 ft 11 in (1.19 m) forward; 9 ft 10 in (3.00 m) aft |
| Installed power |  |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 12 kn (22 km/h; 14 mph) |
| Range | 24,000 nmi (44,000 km; 28,000 mi) at 9 kn (17 km/h; 10 mph) while displacing 3,960 long tons (4,024 t) |
| Boats & landing
craft carried | 2 or 6 x LCVPs |
| Capacity | * 2,100 tons oceangoing maximum * 350 tons main deckload |
| Troops | 16 officers, 147 enlisted men |
| Complement | 13 officers, 104 enlisted men |
| Armament |  |


title: USCGC Washington

abstract: P193 Fastiv formerly USCGC Washington (WPB-1331) is an Island-class cutter formerly belonging to the United States Coast Guard. Washington was constructed at Bollinger Machine Shop and Shipyard in Lockport, Louisiana, and commissioned on 15 June 1990. She was transferred to Odessa, Ukraine in 2021 and is currently in service of the Ukrainian Navy. Formerly operating in the Coast Guard 14th District, the cutter reported to Sector Guam. Washington supports multi-mission operations throughout Sector Guam's vast area of responsibility, which includes the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zones surrounding Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and an international SAR area that includes the Republic of Palau and the Federated States of Micronesia, conducting search and rescue response missions, and ports, waterways and coastal security operations. Washington was decommissioned at Naval Base Guam on 18 December 2019. It was then delivered to Odessa, Ukraine on November 23, 2021 together with the USCGC Ocracoke on board the cargo ship Ocean Grand. It was then enrolled into the service of the Ukrainian Navy on November 29, 2021 as a part of the 30th Surface Ships Division.

text:
# USCGC Washington

**P193 *Fastiv***  formerly **USCGC *Washington* (WPB-1331)** is an Island-class cutter formerly belonging to the United States Coast Guard. *Washington* was constructed at Bollinger Machine Shop and Shipyard in Lockport, Louisiana, and commissioned on 15 June 1990. She was transferred to Odessa, Ukraine in 2021 and is currently in service of the Ukrainian Navy.

Formerly operating in the Coast Guard 14th District, the cutter reported to Sector Guam. *Washington* supports multi-mission operations throughout Sector Guam's vast area of responsibility, which includes the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zones surrounding Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and an international SAR area that includes the Republic of Palau and the Federated States of Micronesia, conducting search and rescue response missions, and ports, waterways and coastal security operations.

*Washington* was decommissioned at Naval Base Guam on 18 December 2019.

It was then delivered to Odessa, Ukraine on November 23, 2021 together with the USCGC Ocracoke on board the cargo ship Ocean Grand. It was then enrolled into the service of the Ukrainian Navy on November 29, 2021 as a part of the 30th Surface Ships Division.

## Design

The Island-class patrol boats were constructed in Bollinger Shipyards, Lockport, Louisiana. *Washington* has an overall length of 110 feet (33.5 m). she has a beam of 21 feet (6.4 m) and a draft of 7 feet (2.1 m) at the time of construction. The patrol boat has a displacement of 154 tonnes (152 long tons; 170 short tons) at full load and 137 tonnes (135 long tons; 151 short tons) at half load. It is powered two Paxman Valenta 16 CM diesel engines or two Caterpillar 3516 diesel engines. It has two 99 kilowatts (135 PS; 133 shp) 3304T diesel generators made by Caterpillar; these can serve as motor–generators. Its hull is constructed from highly strong steel, and the superstructure and major deck are constructed from aluminum.

The Island-class patrol boats have maximum sustained speeds of 29.5 knots (54.6 km/h; 33.9 mph). It is fitted with one 25 mm (0.98 in) machine gun and two 7.62 mm (0.30 in) M60 light machine guns; it may also be fitted with two Browning .50 caliber machine guns. It is fitted with satellite navigation systems, collision avoidance systems, surface radar, and a Loran C system. It has a range of 3,330 miles (2,890 nmi; 5,360 km) and an endurance of five days. Its complement is sixteen (two officers and fourteen crew members). Island-class patrol boats are based on Vosper Thornycroft 33 m (108 ft) patrol boats and have similar dimensions.

## Operational career

In October 2019 the *Washington* participated in a joint fisheries patrol, off Palau, in cooperation with the Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency.

## InfoBox

| USCGC *Washington* off Palau in 2019 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USCGC *Washington* |
| Namesake | Washington Island, Washington, Wisconsin |
| Builder | Bolinger Shipyard, Lockport, Louisiana |
| Cost | $7 million |
| Launched | 10 November 1989 |
| Commissioned | 15 June 1990 |
| Decommissioned | 18 December 2019 |
| Homeport | Apra Harbor, Guam |
| Identification |  |
| Motto | Our Cause is Noble |
| Status | Transferred |
| Badge |  |
| Ukraine | |
| Name | *Fastiv* |
| Namesake | Fastiv |
| Acquired | 23 November 2021 |
| Commissioned | 29 November 2021 |
| In service | 6 December 2021 |
| Identification | Pennant number: P193 |
| Badge |  |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Island-class cutter |
| Displacement | 168 tons |
| Length | 110 ft (33.5 m) |
| Beam | 21 ft (6.4 m) |
| Speed | 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph) |
| Range | 2,000 nmi (3,704 km; 2,302 mi) |
| Complement | 18 |


title: USNS Carson City

abstract: USNS Carson City (JHSV-7/T-EPF-7), (ex-Courageous) is the seventh Spearhead-class expeditionary fast transport, currently in service with the United States Navy's Military Sealift Command. She is the second ship in naval service named after Carson City, Nevada. Carson City was built by Austal USA in Mobile, Alabama. The ship was christened at the Austal USA shipyards in Mobile on 16 January 2016.

text:
# USNS Carson City

**USNS *Carson City* (JHSV-7/T-EPF-7)**, **(ex-*Courageous*)** is the seventh *Spearhead*-class expeditionary fast transport, currently in service with the United States Navy's Military Sealift Command. She is the second ship in naval service named after Carson City, Nevada.

*Carson City* was built by Austal USA in Mobile, Alabama. The ship was christened at the Austal USA shipyards in Mobile on 16 January 2016.

## Design

*Carson City* is a shallow draft aluminum catamaran with a flight deck for helicopter operations, and a loading ramp to enable vehicles to quickly drive on and off the ship. The ramp is designed to accommodate the limited piers and quay walls often encountered in developing countries. Like her sister ships, *Carson City* has a shallow-draft of 3.83 metres (12.6 ft) and is capable of reaching speeds up to 45 knots (83 km/h; 52 mph).

## Operational history

In 2018 *Carson City* participated in the annual BALTOPS naval exercise in the Baltic Sea. *Carson City* deployed REMUS 100 and 600 autonomous underwater vehicles to conduct counter-mine warfare exercises and acted as a command post; coordinating and facilitating allied movements and communications. In July and August 2019, NAVAF deployed USNS Carson City — one of an unusual and relatively recent class of logistics ships called expeditionary fast transports — to the Gulf of Guinea; Senegal, Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, and Cabo Verde.

USNS *Carson City* became the first US Navy ship to visit Port Sudan since the founding of U.S. Africa Command on 24 February 2021.

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*

Media related to IMO 9677557 at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| USNS *Carson City* on 3 March 2018 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *Carson City* |
| Namesake | Carson City |
| Operator | Military Sealift Command |
| Awarded | 30 June 2011 |
| Builder | Austal USA |
| Laid down | 31 July 2015 |
| Launched | 20 January 2016 |
| Christened | 16 January 2016 |
| In service | 24 June 2016 |
| Renamed | from *Courageous* |
| Reclassified | T-EPF-7, 2015 |
| Identification |  |
| Motto | * *Velux, Furorem, De Mari* * (Swift, Fury, Verile) |
| Status | Active |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Spearhead* class expeditionary fast transport |
| Length | 103.0 m (337 ft 11 in) |
| Beam | 28.5 m (93 ft 6 in) |
| Draft | 3.83 m (12 ft 7 in) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 43 knots (80 km/h; 49 mph) |
| Troops | 312 |
| Crew | Capacity of 41, 22 in normal service |
| Aviation facilities | Landing pad for medium helicopter |


title: USS LST-179

abstract: USS LST-179 was a LST-1-class tank landing ship in the United States Navy during World War II.

text:
# USS LST-179

**USS *LST-179*** was a *LST-1*-class tank landing ship in the United States Navy during World War II.

## Construction and career

*LST-179* was laid down on 7 February 1943 at Missouri Valley Bridge and Iron Co., Evansville, Indiana. Launched on 30 May 1943 and commissioned on 3 July 1943.

During World War II, *LST-179* was assigned to the Asiatic-Pacific theater. She took part in the Gilbert Islands operations from 13 November to 8 December 1943.

She was destroyed and sunk during the West Loch disaster alongside 5 other LSTs at Pearl Harbor on 21 May 1944. On that day, she was moored with LST-205, LST-225, LST-274, LST-43, LST-69, LST-353, and LST-39. No crew members were lost aboard the ship during that disaster.

*LST-179* was struck from the Navy Register on 18 July 1944.

In 1945, she was raised but deemed too expensive to be repaired thus she was towed out to sea and sunk again as a target ship for torpedoes.

## Awards

*LST-179* have earned the following awards:

## Citations

## Sources

## InfoBox

| USS *LST-179* and USS LST-78 on 4 October 1943 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *LST-179* |
| Builder | Missouri Valley Bridge and Iron Co., Evansville |
| Laid down | 7 February 1943 |
| Launched | 30 May 1943 |
| Sponsored by | Mrs. Milford M. Miller |
| Commissioned | 3 July 1943 |
| Stricken | 18 July 1944 |
| Identification |  |
| Honors and
awards | See *Awards* |
| Fate | Sunk as target, 1945 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *LST-1*-class tank landing ship |
| Displacement | * 4,080 long tons (4,145 t) full load * 2,160 long tons (2,190 t) landing |
| Length | 328 ft (100 ) oa |
| Beam | 50 ft (15 m) |
| Draft | * Full load: 8 ft 2 in (2.49 m) forward; 14 ft 1 in (4.29 m) aft * Landing at 2,160 t: 3 ft 11 in (1.19 m) forward; 9 ft 10 in (3.00 m) aft |
| Installed power |  |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 12 kn (22 km/h; 14 mph) |
| Range | 24,000 nmi (44,000 km; 28,000 mi) at 9 kn (17 km/h; 10 mph) while displacing 3,960 long tons (4,024 t) |
| Boats & landing
craft carried | 2 or 6 x LCVPs |
| Capacity | * 2,100 tons oceangoing maximum * 350 tons main deckload |
| Troops | 16 officers, 147 enlisted men |
| Complement | 13 officers, 104 enlisted men |
| Armament |  |


abstract:
In enzymology, an UTP-monosaccharide-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
  - UTP + a monosaccharide 1-phosphate ⇌ diphosphate + UDP-monosaccharide Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UTP and monosaccharide 1-phosphate, whereas its two products are diphosphate and UDP-monosaccharide. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing nucleotide groups (nucleotidyltransferases). The systematic name of this enzyme class is '. Other names in common use include UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase', and PsUSP.

text:
# UTP-monosaccharide-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase

In enzymology, an **UTP-monosaccharide-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase** (EC 2.7.7.64) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

UTP + a monosaccharide 1-phosphate $\rightleftharpoons $ diphosphate + UDP-monosaccharide

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UTP and monosaccharide 1-phosphate, whereas its two products are diphosphate and UDP-monosaccharide.

This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing nucleotide groups (nucleotidyltransferases). The systematic name of this enzyme class is '***. Other names in common use include** UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase'*, and **PsUSP**.

* Tsumuraya Y; Yamaguchi, D; Ohzono, H; Hojo, S; Kaneko, S; Ishida, HK; Tsumuraya, Y (2004). "UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase with broad substrate specificity toward various monosaccharide 1-phosphates from pea sprouts". *J. Biol. Chem*. **279** (44): 45728–36. doi:10.1074/jbc.M408716200. PMID 15326166.
* Rudick VL, Weisman RA (1974). "Uridine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase of Acanthamoeba castellanii. Purification, kinetic, and developmental studies". *J. Biol. Chem*. **249** (24): 7832–40. PMID 4430676.

## InfoBox

| UTP-monosaccharide-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 2.7.7.64 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Uc de Pena

abstract: Uc, Uco, or Ugo de Pena or Penna was a troubadour of the late 12th and early 13th centuries. He left behind three cansos and no music. His origins are found in Penne-d'Agenais, in the Rouergue. According to his vida his birthplace was a castle called "Messat" or "Monmessat". He was the son of a merchant, who first became a jongleur and then grew renowned for his singing and for his expansive repertoire. He was also reputed for his knowledge of the "great men of those regions", but he was known for his roguish style of living—gambling and frequenting taverns—for which reason, says his biographer, "he was always poor and without equipment." Eventually he travelled east to "Isla é(n) Venaissi", where he married. In one song, Uc refers to the Occitan knight Gouffier de Lastours, who carried a message from Bohemond of Taranto to Godfrey of Bouillon at the critical Battle of Dorylaeum on the First Crusade. This event had probably become an important piece of Occitan crusading lore and is recorded also in the Canso d'Antioca and the Gran Conquista de Ultramar. Among his other works is Quora que'm desplagués Amors.

text:
# Uc de Pena

**Uc**, **Uco**, or **Ugo de Pena** or **Penna** was a troubadour of the late 12th and early 13th centuries. He left behind three *cansos* and no music.

His origins are found in Penne-d'Agenais, in the Rouergue. According to his *vida* his birthplace was a castle called "Messat" or "Monmessat". He was the son of a merchant, who first became a jongleur and then grew renowned for his singing and for his expansive repertoire (of the works of others). He was also reputed for his knowledge of the "great men of those regions", but he was known for his roguish style of livinggambling and frequenting tavernsfor which reason, says his biographer, "he was always poor and without equipment." Eventually he travelled east to "Isla é(n) Venaissi" (probably Isle-sur-Sorgue in Provence), where he married.

In one song, Uc refers to the Occitan knight Gouffier de Lastours, who carried a message from Bohemond of Taranto to Godfrey of Bouillon at the critical Battle of Dorylaeum on the First Crusade. This event had probably become an important piece of Occitan crusading lore and is recorded also in the *Canso d'Antioca* and the *Gran Conquista de Ultramar*.

Among his other works is *Quora que'm desplagués Amors*.

## Sources

* Egan, Margarita, ed. and trans. *The Vidas of the Troubadours*. New York: Garland, 1984. ISBN 0-8240-9437-9.
* Sweetenham, Carol, and Paterson, Linda M., edd. and trans. *The "Canso d'Antiocha": An Epic Chronicle of the First Crusade*. Aldershot and Burlington: Ashgate Publishing, 2003. Preview. ISBN 0-7546-0410-1.
* Rochegude, Henri Pascal de. *Le Parnasse occitanien, ou Choix de poésies originales des troubadours*. Benichet, 1819. See page 325 for the original Occitan version of Uc's *vida*.


title: USS Sierra (ID-1634)

abstract: The first USS Sierra (ID-1634) was a troop transport of the United States Navy that served during World War I and its immediate aftermath.

text:
# USS Sierra (ID-1634)

The first **USS *Sierra* (ID-1634)** was a troop transport of the United States Navy that served during World War I and its immediate aftermath.

## Construction and acquisition

SS *Sierra* was constructed as a commercial passenger ship in 1900 by William Cramp & Sons in Philadelphia for the San Francisco to Australia service via Hawaii of the Oceanic Steamship Company. The ship was the first of a series of three to be built for the line with the others being *Sonoma* and *Ventura*.

The U.S. Navy acquired her from the John D. Spreckel Brothers Company in San Francisco, California, on 27 May 1918 for use as a troop transport during World War I and assigned her the identification number 1634. After conversion work was complete, she was commissioned as USS *Sierra* (ID-1634) on 1 July 1918.

## U.S. Navy career

*Sierra* was assigned to transatlantic service upon commissioning, and she transported troops from the United States to France until the end of World War I on 11 November 1918. After the war, she engaged in the reverse process of bringing American troops home from Europe for another eleven months.

## Decommissioning and disposal

*Sierra* was decommissioned on 1 October 1919. On the same day, her name was stricken from the Navy list and she was returned to her owners.

## Later career

As SS *Sierra*, the ship returned to commercial passenger service. She later was renamed SS *Gdansk*.

* *This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*
* Marine Engineering (July 1900). "Launches—Home and Foreign". *Marine Engineering*. **5** (July 1900). New York: Aldrich & Donaldson. Retrieved 2015-03-02.
* Marine Engineering (September 1900). "Launches—Home and Foreign". *Marine Engineering*. **5** (September 1900). New York: Aldrich & Donaldson. Retrieved 2015-03-02.
* "Naval History and Heritage Command Online Library of Selected Images: U.S. Navy Ships -- USS *Sierra* (ID # 1634), 1918-1919". Archived from the original on 2012-10-16. Retrieved 2024-08-04.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)

## InfoBox

| USS *Sierra* (ID-1634) in port, ca. 1919. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Sierra* |
| Namesake | Sierra Nevada mountain range (previous name retained) |
| Builder | William Cramp & Sons, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Launched | 29 May 1900 |
| Completed | 1900 |
| Acquired | 27 May 1918 |
| Commissioned | 1 July 1918 |
| Decommissioned | 1 October 1919 |
| Stricken | 1 October 1919 |
| Fate | Returned to owners 1 October 1919 |
| Notes | Operated as commercial passenger ship SS *Sierra* 1900-1918 and from 1919; later renamed SS *Gdansk* |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Troop transport |
| Tonnage | 5,989 Gross register tons |
| Displacement | 9,680 tons (normal) |
| Length | 416 ft 0 in (126.80 m) |
| Beam | 50 ft 2 in (15.29 m) |
| Draft | 24 ft 0 in (7.32 m) (mean) |
| Depth | 25 ft 11 in (7.90 m) |
| Propulsion | Steam |
| Speed | 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph) |
| Complement | 284 |
| Armament | * 4 × 6-inch (152-mm) guns * 2 × 1-pounder (0.45-kg) guns * 2 × machine guns |


title: USS Tech Jr.

abstract: USS Tech Jr. (SP-1761), sometimes written as ID-1761, was a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission during the latter half of 1917. Tech Jr. was built as a private motorboat of the same name in 1912 by Adolph Apel at Atlantic City, New Jersey. On 30 August 1917, the U.S. Navy leased her from her owners, L. & T. Prettyman of Cambridge, Maryland, for use as a section patrol boat during World War I. She was commissioned as USS Tech Jr. (SP-1761). Assigned to the 5th Naval District, Tech Jr. apparently was unsatisfactory for naval service and served on patrol duties there only briefly. She was returned to her owners on 27 November 1917 and stricken from the Navy List simultaneously.

text:
# USS Tech Jr.

**USS *Tech Jr.* (SP-1761)**, sometimes written as **ID-1761**, was a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission during the latter half of 1917.

*Tech Jr.* was built as a private motorboat of the same name in 1912 by Adolph Apel at Atlantic City, New Jersey. On 30 August 1917, the U.S. Navy leased her from her owners, L. & T. Prettyman of Cambridge, Maryland, for use as a section patrol boat during World War I. She was commissioned as USS *Tech Jr.* (SP-1761).

Assigned to the 5th Naval District, *Tech Jr.* apparently was unsatisfactory for naval service and served on patrol duties there only briefly. She was returned to her owners on 27 November 1917 and stricken from the Navy List simultaneously .

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Tech Jr.* |
| Namesake | Previous name retained |
| Builder | Adolph Apel, Atlantic City, New Jersey |
| Completed | 1912 |
| Acquired | 30 August 1917 |
| Commissioned | 1917 |
| Stricken | 27 November 1917 |
| Fate | Returned to owner 27 November 1917 |
| Notes | Operated as private motorboat *Tech Jr.* 1912-1917 and from late 1917 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Patrol vessel |
| Length | 20 ft (6.1 m) |
| Beam | 8 ft (2.4 m) |
| Draft | 2 ft 6 in (0.76 m) aft |
| Speed | 30.4 knots |


title: UXB

abstract:
UXB may refer to:
  - Unexploded bomb, an explosive weapon that did not explode when it was employed and still poses a risk of detonation
  - Uxbridge tube station, England, London Underground station code
  - Danger UXB, a 1979 British ITV television series about a squad of Royal Engineers with the duty of defusing unexploded ordnance
  - "UXB", a song by Raven from their 1982 album Wiped Out

text:
# UXB

**UXB** may refer to:

* Unexploded bomb, an explosive weapon that did not explode when it was employed and still poses a risk of detonation
* Uxbridge tube station, England, London Underground station code
* *Danger UXB*, a 1979 British ITV television series about a squad of Royal Engineers with the duty of defusing unexploded ordnance
* "UXB", a song by Raven from their 1982 album *Wiped Out*


title: Ulrich Görtz

abstract: Ulrich Görtz (1973) is a German mathematician specialising in arithmetic geometry.

text:
# Ulrich Görtz

**Ulrich Görtz** (1973) is a German mathematician specialising in arithmetic geometry.

## Education and career

From 1993 to 1997, Görtz studied mathematics at the University of Münster. He completed his PhD at the University of Cologne in 2000; his advisor was Michael Rapoport. In 2006, Görtz habilitated at the University of Bonn. From 2008 to 2009 he was the recipient of a Heisenberg-Stipendium of the German Research Foundation (DFG). He received the Von-Kaven-Ehrenpreis of the DFG. Since 2009, Görtz has been a professor at the University of Duisburg-Essen.

## Books

Together with Torsten Wedhorn, Görtz authored the textbook *Algebraic Geometry (Part I: Schemes)* in 2010. Since August 2015, Görtz has been a member of the editorial board of the journal *Results in Mathematics*.

* Görtz, Ulrich; Wedhorn, Torsten (2020). *Algebraic geometry. I, Schemes : with examples and exercises*. Wiesbaden, Germany. ISBN 978-3-658-30733-2. OCLC 1181995650.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

## Personal life

Görtz is an Esperantist, and had been active in the youth organisation of the German Esperanto Association.


title: Ulrich von Liechtenstein

abstract: Ulrich von Liechtenstein was a German minnesinger, poet and knight of the Middle Ages. He wrote poetry in Middle High German and was author of noted works about how knights and nobles may lead more virtuous lives. Ulrich was a member of a wealthy and influential ministerialis family from Liechtenstein in Styria. He was born about 1200 at Murau in the Duchy of Styria, now Styria, Austria. Ulrich wrote his stories at a time when knightly ideals were just being promulgated from Western Europe. He outlines rules for knights, ministeriales, and free nobles to follow to lead honorable and courtly lives. There are several instances where he places the (unfree) ministerials and the free nobles in one category separate from the knights to point out the nobility of his own estate. Details of Ulrich's life are difficult to ascertain. Much of what scholars know relies heavily upon information gleaned from his often-fictional, self-styled autobiographical work the Frauendienst. Separating fact from stylized hyperbole has proven difficult for historians.

text:
# Ulrich von Liechtenstein

**Ulrich von Liechtenstein** (ca. 1200 – 26 January 1275) was a German minnesinger, poet and knight of the Middle Ages. He wrote poetry in Middle High German and was author of noted works about how knights and nobles may lead more virtuous lives. Ulrich was a member of a wealthy and influential ministerialis family from Liechtenstein in Styria. He was born about 1200 at Murau in the Duchy of Styria, now Styria, Austria.

Ulrich wrote his stories at a time when knightly ideals were just being promulgated from Western Europe. He outlines rules for knights, ministeriales, and free nobles to follow to lead honorable and courtly lives. There are several instances where he places the (unfree) ministerials and the free nobles in one category separate from the knights to point out the nobility of his own estate.

Details of Ulrich's life are difficult to ascertain. Much of what scholars know relies heavily upon information gleaned from his often-fictional, self-styled autobiographical work the *Frauendienst* (trans. *Service of Ladies*). Separating fact from stylized hyperbole has proven difficult for historians.

## Life

From the age of 12 onwards, Ulrich received training as a page to a lady of much higher station than his family followed by another four years as a squire to Margrave Henry of Istria, son of Duke Berthold IV of Merania, he was knighted by the Babenberg duke Leopold VI of Austria in 1222. Ulrich is documented as a Styrian *Truchsess* in 1244/45, from 1267 to 1272 Marshal and in year 1272 also a provincial judge.

When Philip of Sponheim, the Archbishop-Elect of Salzburg, was deposed by Pope Alexander IV for refusing to take holy orders, Philip raised an army to defend his title. In 1250, Ulrich agreed to fight for Philip's cause in return for Philip's arranging a beneficial marriage of Ulrich's son, Ulrich II, to Kunigunde of Goldegg and Philip added a dowry of 400 Salzburg pounds to the agreement. In return Ulrich I agreed to provide Philip with 100 fighting men for his cause. In August 1252 Philip's forces decisively defeated his enemies at the Battle of Sachsenburg on the Drava, and Ulrich was one of seven who mediated the ensuing peace.

Leader of the Styrian nobility, Ulrich had a hand in absorbing the duchy into the possessions of Rudolph of Habsburg after the ducal House of Babenberg had become extinct in 1246. It is possible that Ulrich was one of the noblemen taken prisoner by King Ottokar II of Bohemia in 1269. He owned three castles, besides Liechtenstein another at Strechau near Lassing in the Enns Valley and the third at his birthplace Murau. When his son Ulrich II married, Ulrich bestowed upon the couple the castle of Murau along with twenty vassals and revenue.

Many aspects of his life are unrecorded, but some genealogy survives. He had a brother named Hartnid who served as Bishop of Gurk from 1283 to 1298 and a brother named Dietmar IV of Liechtenstein-Offenburg, who had a son named Gundaker. Besides Ulrich's son, Ulrich II, he had a daughter named Diemut (who married Wulfing of Trennstein), a son named Otto II, and a son-in-law named Herrand II of Wildon by another daughter whose name is unknown.

Ulrich died on 26 January 1275. He was buried in Seckau in modern-day Austria.

## Works

### *Frauendienst*

Ulrich is famous for his supposedly autobiographical poetry collection *Frauendienst* (*Service of the Lady*). He writes of himself as a protagonist who does great deeds of honor to married noblewomen, following the conventions of chaste courtly love. The protagonist embarks on two remarkable quests. In the first quest, he travels from Venice to Vienna in the guise of Venus, the goddess of love. He competes in jousts and tourneys and challenges all the knights he meets to a duel in the honour of his lady. He breaks 307 lances and defeats all comers. The noblewoman, however, mostly spurns his affections and demands more deeds and even mutilation for even the honour to hold her hand. In the second quest, he takes on the role of King Arthur ("Artus"), with his followers becoming Arthurian Round Table characters. Regrettably, the first two pages of the beginning have been lost to time. The protagonist, Ulrich, wanders through Styria and Austria in the guise of King Arthur inviting all knights to "break lance" (that is, to joust) three times with him for honor's sake. In this disguise he attended many tournaments. The story illustrates how a worthy knight-errant was supposed to wander about defeating opponents in honorable combat. The story intersperses some songs and courtly advice to knights and some admonitions to greedy nobles and faithless squires. The collection was finished in 1255.

### *Frauenbuch*

*Frauenbuch* was a dialogue set in 1240, published in 1257, lamenting the decay of chivalric courtship.

The protagonist of the 2001 film *A Knight's Tale*, played by Heath Ledger, assumes the title Ulrich von Liechtenstein when he poses as a knight, though his true name is actually William Thatcher. However, the character claims to come from Gelderland, which was not in Styria but rather in the Low Countries.

## Bibliography

* Arnold, Benjamin. *German Knighthood 1050-1300* Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985)
* Freed, John B.*Noble Bondsmen: Ministerial Marriages in the Archdiocese of Salzburg, 1100–1343* (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995)
* Murray, Alan V., 'Tourney, Joust, Foreis and Round Table: Tournament Forms in the Frauendienst of Ulrich von Liechtenstein', in *Pleasure and Leisure in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Age: Cultural-Historical Perspectives on Toys, Games, and Entertainment*, ed. Albrecht Classen (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2019), pp. 365–94
* Ulrich von Liechtenstein, *The Service of Ladies*, translated by J.W. Thomas, UK: Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2004, ISBN 1-84383-095-7


title: Ulrich von Tegerfelden

abstract: Ulrich von Tegerfelden was Bishop of Chur and Abbot of Saint Gall.

text:
# Ulrich von Tegerfelden

**Ulrich von Tegerfelden** (died 12 April between 1200 and 1204 in Saint Gall) was Bishop of Chur and Abbot of Saint Gall.

## Life

Ulrich descended from the Aargau family of Tegerfelden; his nephew Konrad was Bishop of Konstanz. From 1166 to 1167, he was provost and after 1167 abbot in Saint Gall. In 1170, he was elected Bishop of Chur, but retained the office of abbot. During his term of office, the reconstruction of the cathedral, whose choir was sanctified by Bishop Berno von Schwerin in 1178, was commenced. After the Third Council of the Lateran had militated against the accumulation of church offices, Ulrich renounced the Bishopric of Chur in 1179, but remained Abbot of Saint Gall. As Abbot of Saint Gall, he renewed the existing fraternity with the Electorate of Mainz in 1187. In 1199, shortly before his death, he renounced his abbacy. He died on 12 April, the exact year of death is unknown. Ulrich was probably never consecrated as bishop. This is also indicated by the sanctification of the cathedral through Berno.

## Notes and references

1. *Tegerfelden, Ulrich von* in German, French and Italian in the online *Historical Dictionary of Switzerland*.

## Reading list

* Gössi, Anton: *St. Gallen - Äbte: Ulrich von Tegerfelden, 1167-1199*. in: *Helvetia Sacra*, III: *Die Orden mit Benediktinerregel. 2/1: Frühe Klöster, die Benediktiner und Benediktinerinnen in der Schweiz*. Francke Verlag, Bern 1986, p. 1294-95.
* Wenneker, Erich: *Ulrich III.* in: *Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon* (BBKL), Vol 12. Bautz, Herzberg 1997, p. 894–95.


title: Uncial 061

abstract: Uncial 061, α 1035 (Soden); is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated palaeographically to the 5th century.

text:
# Uncial 061

**Uncial 061** (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), α 1035 (Soden); is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated palaeographically to the 5th century.

## Description

The codex contains a part of the First Epistle to Timothy (3:15-16; 4:1-3; 6:2-8), on two small leaves (14 cm by 12 cm), both damaged. The text is written in one column per page, 19 lines per page.

The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type with some singular readings. Aland placed it in Category V.

Codex 061 is cited in the Textual Apparatus of the UBS-4, but not in that of the Nestle-Aland edition. It has a singular reading of ᾧ ἐφανερώθη (*he revealed*) in 1 Timothy 3:16.

It is dated by the INTF to the 5th century.

The codex is located now in Louvre (Ms. E 7332), in Paris.

## Further reading

* Theodor Zahn, *Forschungen zur Geschichte des neutestamentlichen Kanons* III, Supplementum Clementinum (Erlangen, 1884), pp. 277-278.
* B. Reicke, *Les Deux Fragments grecs onciaux de I Tim. appelés 061 publiés*, Coniectanea Neotestamentica 11 (Uppsala, 1947), pp. 196-206.

* Uncial 061 at the *Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism*

## InfoBox

Uncial **061**
| **New Testament manuscript** | |
| --- | --- |
| Text | 1 Timothy |
| Date | 5th century |
| Script | Greek |
| Now at | Musée du Louvre |
| Size | 14 x 12 cm |
| Type | Byzantine text-type |
| Category | V |


title: Uncial 057

abstract: Uncial 057, is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated palaeographically to the 4th or 5th century.

text:
# Uncial 057

**Uncial 057** (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated palaeographically to the 4th or 5th century.

## Description

The codex contains a part of the Acts of Apostles (3:5-6,10-12), on a fragment of only one leaf (9 cm by 13 cm). The text is written in two columns per page, 27 lines per page. The letters are small, about 2 mm high. C. R. Gregory added it to the list of New Testament manuscripts in 1908.

The Greek text of this codex is a good representative of the Alexandrian text-type. Kurt Aland placed it in Category I.

Currently it is dated by the INTF to the 4th or 5th century.

The codex now is located at the Berlin State Museums (P. 9808), in Berlin.

## Further reading

* A. H. Salonius, *Die griechischen Handschriftenfragmente des Neuen Testaments in den Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin*, ZNW 26 (1927), pp. 97-119.

## InfoBox

Uncial **057**
| **New Testament manuscript** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Text | Acts |
| Date | 4th/5th century |
| Script | Greek |
| Now at | Berlin State Museums |
| Size | 9 cm x 13 cm |
| Type | Alexandrian text-type |
| Category | I |


title: Ukrainian Americans in Los Angeles

abstract: The Ukrainian Diaspora in Los Angeles is the population of Ukrainian immigrants and Ukrainian Americans that resides in Los Angeles. The Ukrainian population of Los Angeles is the fourth largest Ukrainian population in a United States metropolitan area, behind New York City, Philadelphia, and Chicago, respectively.

text:
# Ukrainian Americans in Los Angeles

**The Ukrainian Diaspora in Los Angeles** is the population of Ukrainian immigrants and Ukrainian Americans that resides in Los Angeles. The Ukrainian population of Los Angeles is the fourth largest Ukrainian population in a United States metropolitan area, behind New York City, Philadelphia, and Chicago, respectively.

## History

### Immigration Patterns and Movements

There have been four major waves of immigration from Ukraine to the United States. The first wave of immigration occurred between 1890 and 1914 and was primarily composed of economic migrants seeking employment. The second wave occurred in between World War I and World War II. During World War II, a third wave occurred, which contained more political refugees than the first two waves of immigration. The current wave of immigration, known as the “fourth wave,” is economically driven with emigrants moving to find better living conditions and higher wages. While immigrants from the three previous waves tended to settle in Ukrainian communities in New York or Chicago, members of the fourth wave are increasingly settling in California, “choosing cities with more lucrative job opportunities.” The number of Ukrainians in California increased by 73.7%, from 54,141 to 94,044 people, from 1990 to 2006 while the number of Ukrainians decreased by -2.0% in New Jersey and only increased by 20.4% in New York. Now, 16.9% of all Ukrainian-Americans live in the Pacific Coast area, which is a 67.7% growth in share from 10.1% of the total population in 1990. The population of Ukrainian-Americans in the greater Los Angeles area increased by 23.6% from 21,398 people in 1990 to 26,456 people in 2006.

## Demographics

The 2010 United States Census reported 26,222 persons declaring themselves to be of partial or full Ukrainian ancestry living in the Los Angeles county area. Of this population, 15,872 were reported as being born in the U.S. while 10,350 were born in foreign countries. Of the foreign born, 27.8% emigrated between 1953 and 1987, and 68.9% emigrated between 1988 and 2010. The median age of the Ukrainian population in Los Angeles is 42 years old. 31.7% of the population is between 45 and 65 years old, and 22.5% of the population is older than 65. Roughly half of the population is male and half is female.

## Culture

### Language

The two Eastern European languages primarily spoken by Ukrainians in Los Angeles are Russian and Ukrainian. As of 2010, 26.2% of Ukrainians in Los Angeles speak Russian at home and 6.4% speak Ukrainian. In the state of California, 26.0% of Ukrainians speak Russian and 18.5% speak Ukrainian at home.

### Religion

Ukrainian-Americans in Los Angeles of the Christian faith are primarily either a member of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church or the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. In Los Angeles, there are two Ukrainian Orthodox churches, the Saint Andrew First Called Ukrainian Orthodox Church, and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Saint Vladimir (Volodymyr). There is also a Ukrainian Catholic Church, the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary Ukrainian Catholic Church. All three churches were founded in the 1950s after the immigrant wave of Ukrainians that fled Soviet oppression and brutality during World War II fled Ukraine. These immigrants were interned at various Displaced Person's camps throughout Germany after World War II before finally arriving in Southern California.

**Saint Andrew First Called Ukrainian Orthodox Church** was founded by several families. After a thorough search was conducted for the location of the new parish, the site selected was high on a hilltop offering some of the most beautiful panoramic views of downtown Los Angeles, Century City and the entire Los Angeles basin, stretching all the way to the Pacific Ocean.<sup>\[?\]</sup>

### Political engagement

An anti-war rally called Rally Against Russian Invasion in Ukraine took place on Sunday, September 21, 2014 at the Wilshire Federal Building in Los Angeles, Ca. September 21 is the International Day of Peace, and marches for peace are held all over the world. The anti-war rally in Los Angeles consisted of a couple hundred Ukrainian-Americans, and they protested against Russia’s involvement in the conflict in Eastern Ukraine.

### Diaspora Organizations

The **California Association to Aid Ukraine** (CAAU) is an all-voluntary, non-profit organization based in southern California that channels local support and fundraising for the people of Ukraine. The CAAU has partnered with the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles to send medical equipment to Ukraine. They also pay to bring Ukrainian doctors to Los Angeles for training at Cedars-Sinai.

The **Ukrainian Culture Center** (UCC) is located at 4315 Melrose Ave in the East Hollywood area of Los Angeles. Founded in 1940, and celebrating its 70th anniversary in 2014, UCC hosts weekly children’s Ukrainian school and Ukrainian folk dancing for children and adults. Additionally, the Center hosts the Annual Pysanka Festival, the Taras Shevchenko Annual Commemoration, as well as yearly Ukrainian Independence celebrations and Holodomor remembrance events. The Holodomor remembers the 7 million Ukrainian genocide victims of the man-made famine that Soviet dictator Josef Stalin imposed on the Ukrainian nation in response to their attempts to gain freedom and build a democratic society. The Center is directed by Ukrainians and Americans of Ukrainian descent who are professionals in fields ranging from arts, entertainment, law and finance. The goals of UCC are to develop coordinate and guide the national civic life of its members and to conduct various activities intended to represent Ukrainian culture, preserve worthwhile customs and traditions of the Ukrainian people to resident of Southern California. The Center works closely with governmental leaders, both local and national, to achieve these goals. One of the most instrumental individuals in organizing UCC at its current location was Mykola Novak. In the 1960s, after locating the former Jensen Theatre as the new home for UCC, Mr. Novak not only negotiated an exceptional price for the building but later took a year sabbatical from his job in order to volunteer to repurpose the former movie theater for use by the Ukrainian community. Working days and evenings Mr Novak and other volunteers reconstructed the previously sloping floor of the theater and leveled it, completely restored the 1920s era theater to its former architectural glory including refurbishing and full restoration, but also updating the structure to then current building codes. This immense work was all done by local Ukrainians who not only volunteered their time but also donated all the needed building supplies and material. Though these community members only recently arrived to the Los Angeles area having lived in the Displaced Person's camps that permeated Germany after World War II, they were not fully established in their new lives in the United States but, nevertheless, donated many hours and dollars to build a new home for the Ukrainian Diaspora. The result was creating one of the most beautiful culture centers in all of the United States.

UCC also founded the Ukrainian National Museum in Ontario, California, publishes the "Visti" magazine to provide updates and communication to the region's Ukrainians, supports the Chervona Kalyna Ukrainian Folk Dance Troupe, and provides continued financial assistance to the Ridna Shkola of Los Angeles. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s UCC sponsored Captive Nation's week with the support of the Los Angeles Mayor's office to recognize and support those countries who remained dominated under Soviet oppression. UCC sent a delegation to the Democratic National Convention, and has worked in conjunction with other organizations representing Bulgarians, Croatians, Estonians, Hungarians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Poles, Romanians, Serbs and among others, more recently uniting for the Annual European Heritage Festival. UCC is the home of the nationally recognized choir "Kobzar" which has been led by such well known and astounding directors such as Volodymyr Bozhyk, who was also the co-conductor - along with Hryhory Kytasty - of the world-renowned Ukrainian Bandurist Chorus of Detroit, Michigan.

The **Ukrainian Congress Committee of America** (UCCA), the representative organization for the Ukrainian diaspora in the United States, has a branch in Los Angeles. The UCCA is an organization that "supports cultural, educational, and humanitarian activities that emphasize the Ukrainian American heritage and provide support for Ukraine's newly developing democracy."

1. "Persons of Ukrainian Ancestry\* by Metropolitan Area: United States, 1990, 2000 and 2010\**"
2. Satzewich 2003, p. 26
3. Satzewich 2003, p. 49
4. Satzewich 2003, p. 86
5. Satzewich 2003, p. 190-192
6. Shevchuk 2003, p. 12
7. Wolowyna October 2009 p. 9
8. Wolowyna October 2009 p. 12
9. "Ukrainians by Year of Immigration"
10. "Age by Sex"
11. "Number of Persons of Ukrainian Ancestry and of Persons Speaking Ukrainian or Russian at Home, by Metropolitan Area: United States, 2010\*"
12. "Number of Persons of Ukrainian Ancestry and of Persons Speaking Ukrainian or Russian at Home, by State: United States, 2010\*"
13. "Saint Andrew First Called Ukrainian Orthodox Church"
14. "Saint Volodymir Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Home"
15. "Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary Ukrainian Catholic Church - About - Google+"
16. Euromaidan Press "Euromaidan Press"
17. "CAAU: Our Programs"
18. "UCCA - Mission"

## Sources

* Satzewich, Vic (2002). The Ukrainian diaspora. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415296587.
* Wolowyna, Oleh (25 October 2009). "Geographical dispersion of Ukrainians in the U.S.: 1990-2006" (43). The Ukrainian Weekly: Ukrainian National Association.
* Wolowyna, Oleh (13 December 2009). "Growth and decline of Ukrainians in metropolitan areas: 1990-2006". The Ukrainian Weekly: Ukrainian National Association.
* Shevchuk, Yuri (25 May 2003). "Small solutions, not grand illusions: Harvard symposium focuses on diaspora-Ukraine relationship". The Ukrainian Weekly: Ukrainian National Association.


title: Uldin

abstract: Uldin, also spelled Huldin is the first ruler of the Huns whose historicity is undisputed.

text:
# Uldin

**Uldin**, also spelled **Huldin** (died before 412) is the first ruler of the Huns whose historicity is undisputed.

## Etymology

The name is recorded as *Ουλδης* (Ouldes) by Sozomen, *Uldin* by Orosius, and *Huldin* by Marcellinus Comes. On the basis of the Latin variants, Omeljan Pritsak and Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen argue that the name ended on *-n*, not the Greek suffix *-s*. Hyun Jin Kim, however, argues that *-in* is a Greek suffix added to the name.

Maenchen-Helfen considers the name to be of Turkic origin. He compares it with the names *Ult*inzur and *Uld*ach and argues that it is the element *\*uld* or *\*ult* plus a dimuninative suffix *\*-ïn*. He does not give an etymology of the element *\*uld/\*ult*.

Pritsak derives the root of the etymon from the verb *öl-*, which survived in Mongolian *olje, ol-jei* (auspice, happiness, good luck). He argues that the middle suffix *jei* was originally *\*di* \+ *ge*, thus *\*öl-jige* \> *öl-dige*. In place of Mongolian *ge*, Hunnic would then have the suffix *n*. He thus reconstructs the form is *\*öl-di-n* (auspicious, happy, lucky, fortunate).

Hyun Jin Kim derives the name from the common Turkic word for six, *\*alti*, comparing it to the Chuvash form *ultta*. He argues that the name was actually a title and may indicate that Uldin was one of the six principle nobles of the Huns rather than a king.

## History

In 400, Uldin ruled in Muntenia, present-day Romania east of the Olt River. The extension of his realm to the north and east is unknown, but to the west probably reached the banks of Danube where Huns had been camped since 378-380. When Gainas, former *magister militum praesentalis*, with his Gothic followers fled across the borders to "*his native land*", Uldin "*did not think it safe to allow a barbarian with an army of his own to take up dwellings across the Danube*", and attacked him. Uldin was victorious, killed Gainas and sent his head to the Emperor Arcadius in Constantinople.

Late in the fall of 404 and in 405, according to Sozomen:

> "*About this time the dissensions by which the church was agitated were accompanied, as is frequently the case, by disturbances and commotions in the state. The Huns crossed Ister and devastated Thrace. The robbers in Isauria, gathered in great strength, ravaged the towns and villages between Caria and Phoenicia.*"

This implies that Uldin's Huns raided eastern Roman territory before 405. According to Olympiodorus, Alarik's Goths guarded Illyricum for the west during Uldin’s raids on nearby eastern Roman provinces. Eventually Uldin only became an ally of Stilicho after he was paid for this

In 406, Uldin and Sarus the Goth were called by Roman *magister militum* Stilicho to help defeat the invasion of Italy by the Goths led by king Radagaisus. Orosius numbered 200,000 Goths. At the Battle of Faesulae (406), Hunnic auxiliaries encircled a significant part of Goths, and Radagaisus tried to escape, but was captured and executed in April 406 AD. It is considered that Goths of Radagaisus fled from the Hunnic lands, who themselves were pushed Westward by other nomadic tribes from the East.

In the summer of 408, the Huns learned that Stilicho would not push Alaric I Visigoths into Illyricum, and that Roman troops in the East would be moved to the Persian frontier; accordingly, they entered Balkan and Thrace. The Huns captured Castra Martis in Dacia Ripensis.

Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen thought that Jerome's description of unnamed, multiple tribes who invaded the Roman Empire as *feras gentes* "*whose face and language are terrifying, who display womanly and deeply cut faces, and who pierce the backs of bearded man as they flee*" as referring to the Huns.

Sozomen recounts that Uldin replied to a Roman commander who proposed a peace by "*pointing to the rising sun and declaring that it would be easy for him, if he so desired, to subjugate every region of the earth enlightened by that luminary*". While Uldin sought a large tribute in exchange to not wage war, his *oikeioi* and *lochagos* reflected a Roman form of government, philanthropic impulses, and readiness in rewarding the best men.

A sufficiently large number of Huns joined the Roman camps, and Uldin, suffering significant casualties and the loss of the whole tribe called Sciri (mostly foot soldiers), was forced to re-cross the Danube by March 23, 409. In the summer or fall of 409, military forces of Dalmatia, Pannonia Prima, Noricum and Raetia were entrusted by Honorius to *pagan* Generidus to repulse Hunnic raids.

Uldin's royal power gradually weakened in his last years. Between 408-410, the Huns were largely inactive. As allies of the Western Roman Empire, they did not attack the Visigoths of Alaric I in Pannonia Secunda and Pannonia Savia because they fought under Uldin in Illyricum and Thrace. Some Hun garrisons were in the Roman army led by Stilicho, and in Ravenna. In the summer of 409, a Hunnic army numbering 10,000 men was called into assistance by Honorius, but did not stop Alaric I from sacking Rome. Zosimus records that in late 409 some groups of Huns joined the Visigoths from Pannonia Prima who rode to Italy.

Around 410, the future Roman General Aetius, who was then a young man, was sent to the court of Uldin, where he remained with the Huns throughout much of the reign of Charaton, Uldin's successor. His presence as a hostage was probably used as a guaranty for the Hunnic forces which has been sent against Alaric in 410. According to some early historians, Aetius's upbringing amongst militaristic peoples gave him a martial vigour not common in Roman generals of the time.

In the same time period the alliance between the Huns and the Alans broke down. In 394, only the Transdanubian Alans led by Saul (not Hebrew, but Iranian *Σαυλιος*) joined emperor Theodosius I, in 398 served Stilicho, and still under Saul in 402. The Alans are not mentioned as allies of the Huns after 406, and most of them together with the Vandals crossed the Rhine in late 406 and went to Gaul, Spain and Africa. This could be explained by Orosius who recounts in 402 "*I say nothing of the many internecine conflicts between the barbarians themselves, when two* cunei *of the Goths, and then the Alans and Huns, destroyed one another in mutual slaughter*". The Hunnic noblemen have either Turkic or Germanized names, and very few Alanic names. Some Alans likely remained, but played a minor role among Huns.

Sources * Berit, Ase; Strandskogen, Rolf (2015). *Lifelines in World History: The Ancient World, The Medieval World, The Early Modern World, The Modern World*. Routledge. ISBN 9781317466048.
* Gibbon, Edward (1952). "Chap. XXXV". *The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Volume I*. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
* Kim, Hyun Jin (2015). *The Huns*. Routledge. ISBN 9781138841758.
* Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J. (1973). *The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture*. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520015968.
* Pritsak, Omeljan (1982). "The Hunnic Language of the Attila Clan" (PDF). *Harvard Ukrainian Studies*. **IV** (4). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. ISSN 0363-5570.
* Jeroen W.P. Wijnendaele (2016), *Stilicho, Radagaisus, and the So-Called “Battle of Faesulae” (406 CE)*, Journal of Late Antiquity 9.1 (Spring):


title: Unassisted sailing

abstract: Unassisted sailing is a form of sailing, usually single-handed, where sailors are not given any physical assistance during the entire course of the voyage. Sailors may not call at a port, dock with other ships at sea, or be passed any physical objects from a passing ship or aircraft prior to reaching the end destination of their voyage.

text:
# Unassisted sailing

**Unassisted sailing** is a form of sailing, usually single-handed, where sailors are not given any physical assistance during the entire course of the voyage. Sailors may not call at a port, dock with other ships at sea, or be passed any physical objects from a passing ship or aircraft prior to reaching the end destination of their voyage.

## Definition

Unassisted sailing definition and rules are widely recognised as those set by the World Sailing Speed Record Council rule 21e. Essentially this and the related 21h and 21i rules require that during the voyage:

* No assistance of any kind be given except as allowed by 21h and 21i.
* No supplies be taken on board (other than the "harvest of the sea").
* A boat may be anchored or beached for repairs, but such repairs must be done entirely by the boat's crew with the tools and materials already on board.
* The boat may not enter port.

The exceptions allowed by 21h and 21i are:

* All forms of navigation equipment and communication are permitted. The sailor may receive advice, but must operate all equipment themselves. There must be no physical remote control
* If the boat runs afoul of another vessel or structure, it is permitted for that vessel's or structure's crew to lend assistance in getting clear.
* Engines may not be used, except for emergencies such as a man overboard, or giving emergency assistance.

## In practice

In practice such sailors can receive financial and electronic assistance, especially when sponsored to attempt records, which reduces the burden of lack of physical assistance significantly. The Sydney Morning Herald said in this context:

> "...(and without wanting to detract from her incredible achievement), it is fair to say Watson was by no means solo or unassisted in her voyage around the world; a team of advisors and experts meticulously guided her through that process."
>
> Nina Funnell, Sydney Morning Herald

## Vendée Globe

The Vendée Globe is a race, solo around the world non-stop from France. It has its own more strict rules. The participants can be given generally available weather forecasts, but not individual advice about weather or routing. All kinds of repair advice over radio is allowed, for the reason it is a sail competition, not a repair competition. Medical advice is also allowed, with some limitation.

## Danger reduced by EPIRBs

The dangers of unassisted sailing have been reduced in recent years by the widespread use of EPIRBs that allow the sailor to summon help even when far from land. One such case occurred in January 1997 when Tony Bullimore was rescued by the Australian Navy after 5 days under a capsized yacht far from the Australian mainland. A few decades earlier this situation would have had a high probability of resulting in his death. EPIRBs greatly increase the chance that the sailor will be found. They have been credited by sailors as being "vital for sailing boats" and "without question" have saved lives.

## Respect accorded unassisted sailors

People such as Kay Cottee who complete long unassisted voyages are commonly accorded a considerable amount of respect, because the sailor still faces for a long period the prospect of death at sea. This respect usually extends to single-handed sailors such as Francis Chichester and Joshua Slocum who completed round-the-world voyages with far less assistance and considerably more risk than today's record holders, but which are regarded under current rules as "assisted" because of port stops during the voyage. Jessica Watson became the youngest person, at age 16, to sail unassisted around the world on 22 May 2010.


title: Uncle Jim's Question Bee

abstract: Uncle Jim's Question Bee was a radio quiz program, hosted by Jim McWilliams, which began on the Blue Network in 1936 and continued until 1941. After the success of Professor Quiz, radio's first quiz show which began four months earlier, Uncle Jim's Question Bee was broadcasting's second quiz program. The questions came from listeners. Three men and three women were chosen from the audience by the show's publicist, Adele Wesley, to become the contestants competing for the $25 prize money.

text:
# Uncle Jim's Question Bee

***Uncle Jim's Question Bee*** was a radio quiz program, hosted by Jim McWilliams, which began on the Blue Network in 1936 and continued until 1941.

After the success of *Professor Quiz*, radio's first quiz show which began four months earlier, *Uncle Jim's Question Bee* was broadcasting's second quiz program. The questions came from listeners. Three men and three women were chosen from the audience by the show's publicist, Adele Wesley, to become the contestants competing for the $25 prize money.

## Schedule

Sponsored by George Washington Coffee, the half-hour program premiered September 26, 1936, and ran until December 16, 1939, airing on Saturday evenings at 7:30pm. George Washington Coffee also sponsored *Professor Quiz*. The following year it was sponsored by Lever Brothers (Spry), as it moved to Tuesdays (and later Wednesdays at 8pm) on CBS, where it was heard from June 18 to October 2, 1940, as a summer replacement show for *Big Town*. It returned to the Blue Network for a run from October 8, 1940, to July 8, 1941, still sponsored by Lever Brothers but hosted by Bill Slater.

## Television

A special telecast of the show was shown on the formal commercial television debut of NBC (WNBT in NY). This one-time event was seen July 1, 1941, preceding *Truth or Consequences* that evening as first commercial TV game show telecast.

## Products

The program generated tie-in merchandising, including *Uncle Jim's Question Bee Game*, which was given to both contestants and those who sent in questions. Listeners could also purchase a Q&A book, *Uncle Jim's Question Bee Quiz Book*. Jim McWilliams was seen on the front cover.


title: Uncle Jack Dey

abstract: John William "Uncle Jack" Dey was an American self-taught artist who lived and worked primarily in Virginia. Before he began painting, he worked as a trapper, fisherman, lumberjack, barber, and police officer. Dey was a favorite among the neighborhood children, whose toys and bicycles he fixed, and they affectionately nicknamed him "Uncle Jack".

text:
# Uncle Jack Dey

**John William "Uncle Jack" Dey** (November 11, 1912 – October 10, 1978) was an American self-taught artist who lived and worked primarily in Virginia. Before he began painting, he worked as a trapper, fisherman, lumberjack, barber, and police officer. Dey was a favorite among the neighborhood children, whose toys and bicycles he fixed, and they affectionately nicknamed him "Uncle Jack".

## Biography

John William Dey was born in Phoebus, Virginia. His parents separated when he was 11 years old, and he took on a series of odd jobs to help his family. He dropped out high school and later moved to Maine with a friend where he worked as a trapper and lumberjack. After his stay in Maine, Dey worked his way back south and settled in Richmond, Virginia, where he studied to be a barber. There, he met Margaret Pearl Cleveland, whom he later married. Dey became a police officer for the City of Richmond around 1942 and retired in 1955. Dey died of cardiopulmonary arrest in 1978.

## Painting career

Despite having no formal artistic training, Dey began painting in 1955 after his retirement from the police force. He preferred to use model airplane paint and painted on wood, plywood, and corrugated cardboard, which he sometimes covered with an old t-shirt. Dey purchased frames from yard sales and second-hand shops and then created paintings according to each frame's size. His subjects include country landscapes, Biblical stories, and imagined, exotic scenes, some inspired by his own memories. Each painting had a story, and Dey attached letters to the back of some of his paintings, explaining what the story was. Dey's doctor and friends were some of his earliest supporters and he gave away 300–400 of his paintings before he was recognized as an artist. It is estimated that he created around 650 paintings.

In 1973, the American Folk Art Company in Richmond, Virginia, held Dey's first public paintings exhibition and more widespread recognition came in the next year when folk art collector Herbert Waide Hemphill, Jr. included an image of *Adam and Even Leave Eden* in his book, *Twentieth-Century American Folk Art and Artists*. Several of Dey's works, including *Adam and Eve Leave Eden*, *The Elephant Who Was Fond of the Watermelon*, and *Acupuncture Pitchfork Style*, are included in the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

## InfoBox

| John William Dey | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1912-11-11)November 11, 1912
Phoebus, Virginia,
United States |
| Died | October 10, 1978(1978-10-10) (aged 65)
Richmond, Virginia,
United States |
| Known for | Painting |


title: Ulrich Østergaard

abstract: Ulrich Reinhold Østergaard is a Danish former motorcycle speedway rider.

text:
# Ulrich Østergaard

**Ulrich Reinhold Østergaard** (born 19 April 1981 in Odense, Denmark) is a Danish former motorcycle speedway rider.

## Career

Østergaard initially came to the United Kingdom for a trial with the Trelawny Tigers in 2002 and impressed the management as they offered a contract immediately. However the British Speedway Promoters' Association did not ratify the deal due to the complex points limit in operation that season. Østergaard was eventually signed by the Eastbourne Eagles to ride in the ill-fated British League Cup during 2003. The 2004 season saw Østergaard gain his first full-time UK ride with the Isle of Wight Islanders, where he stayed for two seasons, doubling up with the Eastbourne Eagles in the Elite League. In 2006 he was signed by the Peterborough Panthers, winning the Elite League title. 2007 saw Østergaard step down a division to ride for the Birmingham Brummies, but after falling out with the management he signed for the Workington Comets.

Østergaard signed for the Reading Racers in 2008 for the start of their new season back in the Premier League after a two-year stint in the Elite League. He started the season with an average of 8.27, filling the number three spot on the Racers line up. By the end of the season, he had topped Reading's averages with a 10.33 figure. He was also named 2008 Premier League Rider of the Year by the Speedway Riders Association.

In 2014, he returned to Peterborough and would remain with them for nine seasons. He was part of the Peterborough team that won the SGB Championship Fours, which was held on 6 August 2017, at the East of England Arena. He repeated the success the following season, helping Peterborough win the fours again, this time it was held on 1 July 2018, at the Media Prime Arena.

Having started the 2019 season as Birmingham Brummies number 1 rider he was dropped by the Midlands team and quickly re-signed for former team Redcar Bears.

As of 2021, he rode in the top tier of British Speedway, riding for the Peterborough Panthers in the SGB Premiership 2021, in addition to the Glasgow Tigers in the SGB Championship 2021. He was involved in a serious crash in July 2021 breaking bones in his back and wrist.

In 2022, he rode for the Peterborough in the SGB Premiership 2022 and for the Glasgow in the SGB Championship 2022.

In November 2022, he announced his retirement from competitive racing and an intention to manage a team in Denmark.

## InfoBox

Ulrich Østergaard
| Born | (1981-04-19) 19 April 1981<br>Odense, Denmark |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname | Ulle |
| Nationality | Danish |
| Career history | |
| **Denmark** | |
| 2000–2002, 2008–2009, 2022 | Brovst/Nordjsyk |
| 2004–2005 | Fredericia |
| 2003, 2006–2007, 2010 | Holsted |
| 2011–2013 | Grindsted |
| 2014–2015, 2021 | Fjelsted |
| 2016 | Munkebo |
| 2007, 2017–2018 | Holstebro |
| 2019 | Esbjerg |
| **Great Britain** | |
| 2003–2005 | Eastbourne Eagles |
| 2004–2005 | Isle of Wight Islanders |
| 2005 | Swindon Robins |
| 2006–2007, 2010, 2014–2022 | Peterborough Panthers |
| 2007, 2011, 2019 | Birmingham Brummies |
| 2007 | Workington Comets |
| 2008 | Reading Racers |
| 2009–2010, 2012–2013 | Belle Vue Aces |
| 2012–2013, 2019 | Redcar Bears |
| 2019 | Newcastle Diamonds |
| 2020–2022 | Glasgow Tigers |
|  | |
| Team honours | |
| 2006, 2019 | Elite League Champion |
| 2017, 2018 | SGB Championship Fours Winner |
| 2017 | SGB Championship KO Cup Winner |
|  | |


title: Unique FC

abstract: Unique FC is a U.S. Virgin Islands professional soccer club based in Christiansted, that competes in the U.S. Virgin Islands Association Club Championship. They were previously known as Unique and Tropical FC. Unique were the de facto national champions in 2010.

text:
# Unique FC

**Unique FC** is a U.S. Virgin Islands professional soccer club based in Christiansted, that competes in the U.S. Virgin Islands Association Club Championship. They were previously known as **Unique and Tropical FC**. Unique were the de facto national champions in 2010.

## Honors

## InfoBox

Unique FC
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Unique Football Club |
| Stadium | Christiansted Field,<br>Christiansted, U.S. Virgin Islands |
| Capacity | 1,000 |
| League | U.S. Virgin Islands Association Club Championship |


title: Unique Art

abstract: Unique Art Manufacturing Company was an American toy company, founded in 1916, based in Newark, New Jersey that made inexpensive toys, including wind-up mechanical toys, out of lithographed tin. One of its early products was a wind-up toy featuring two tin boxers. The company scored a hit in the 1940s when it acquired the rights to a popular comic strip and released the Li'l Abner Dogpatch Band for Christmas 1945. The windup toy featured Abner dancing, Pappy on drums, Mammy with a drum stick, and Daisy Mae playing piano. Unique followed with a Howdy Doody band several years later. Unique's president, Samuel Berger, was a good friend of toy magnate Louis Marx, and the two men's companies at times cooperated, with Marx providing tooling to Unique and sometimes acting as a distributor for Unique's products. In 1949, Unique began producing lithographed tin O gauge toy trains, using tooling of its own design along with some recycled tooling from the defunct Dorfan Company. Unique sold its trains inexpensively, in boxed sets like Marx and also produced a circus set that was distributed on a car-by-car basis by the Jewel Tea Company. Marx saw this as a betrayal and responded with a new line similar in size to Unique's, but with lithographed rolling stock that looked more realistic. Unique found itself unable to compete, and withdrew its trains from the marketplace by 1951. Although Unique only captured a small portion of the toy train craze of the early 1950s, a tin typewriter toy introduced during the same time frame did take market share away from Marx, who produced a similar toy. Marx responded by moving production of its typewriter toy to Japan in order to undercut Unique's price. The circumstances surrounding Unique Art's eventual demise is unclear, but the company appears to have disappeared in 1952, when it was picked up in a corporate merger by the Jerry O'Mahony Diner Company, with some evidence of Marx picking up parts of the line.

text:
# Unique Art

**Unique Art Manufacturing Company** was an American toy company, founded in 1916, based in Newark, New Jersey that made inexpensive toys, including wind-up mechanical toys, out of lithographed tin. One of its early products was a wind-up toy featuring two tin boxers.

The company scored a hit in the 1940s when it acquired the rights to a popular comic strip and released the Li'l Abner Dogpatch Band for Christmas 1945. The windup toy featured Abner dancing, Pappy on drums, Mammy with a drum stick, and Daisy Mae playing piano. Unique followed with a Howdy Doody band several years later.

Unique's president, Samuel Berger, was a good friend of toy magnate Louis Marx, and the two men's companies at times cooperated, with Marx providing tooling to Unique and sometimes acting as a distributor for Unique's products.

In 1949, Unique began producing lithographed tin O gauge toy trains, using tooling of its own design along with some recycled tooling from the defunct Dorfan Company. Unique sold its trains inexpensively, in boxed sets like Marx and also produced a circus set that was distributed on a car-by-car basis by the Jewel Tea Company. Marx saw this as a betrayal and responded with a new line similar in size to Unique's, but with lithographed rolling stock that looked more realistic. Unique found itself unable to compete, and withdrew its trains from the marketplace by 1951.

Although Unique only captured a small portion of the toy train craze of the early 1950s, a tin typewriter toy introduced during the same time frame did take market share away from Marx, who produced a similar toy. Marx responded by moving production of its typewriter toy to Japan in order to undercut Unique's price.

The circumstances surrounding Unique Art's eventual demise is unclear, but the company appears to have disappeared in 1952, when it was picked up in a corporate merger by the Jerry O'Mahony Diner Company, with some evidence of Marx picking up parts of the line.

* Matzke, Eric. *Greenberg's Guide to Marx Trains, 2nd Edition.* Greenberg Publishing Company, 1985. ISBN 0-89778-026-4
* Stephan, Elizabeth J. *Collecting Toy Trains, 5th Edition.* Kraus Publications, 1999. ISBN 0-87341-769-0
* United States Congress, House Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee No. 5. *Interim Report of the Antitrust Subcommittee (Subcommittee No. 5) of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, Eighty-fourth Congress, Second Session, April 24, 1956.* U.S. Government Printing Office, 1956.
* W. Graham Claytor Jr., Paul A. Doyle and Carlton Norris McKenney. Mar 1, 1993. Greenberg's Guide to Early American Toy Trains, Carlisle & Finch, Hafner, Dorfan. Greenberg Publishing Co, Inc. ISBN 0-89778-230-5.


title: Unique Device Identification

abstract: The Unique Device Identification (UDI) System is intended to assign a unique identifier to medical devices within the United States, Europe, China, South Korea, Saudi Arabia and Taiwan. It was signed into law in the US on September 27, 2007, as part of the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007.

text:
# Unique Device Identification

The **Unique Device Identification** (UDI) System is intended to assign a unique identifier to medical devices within the United States, Europe, China, South Korea, Saudi Arabia and Taiwan. It was signed into law in the US on September 27, 2007, as part of the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act (Section 226) of 2007.

## United States

These harmonized pieces of legislation include language related to the establishment of a Unique Device Identification System. When implemented, the new system will always be in reverse mode :

* The label of a device to bear a unique identifier, unless an alternative location is specified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or unless an exception is made for a particular device or group of devices.
* The unique identifier to be able to identify the device through distribution and use
* The unique identifier to include the lot or serial number if specified by FDA

A national UDI system will create a common vocabulary for reporting and enhance electronic tracking abilities. Currently, analysis of adverse event reports is limited by the fact that the specific devices involved in an incident are often not known with the required degree of specificity. Without a common vocabulary for medical devices, meaningful analysis based on data from existing voluntary systems is problematic. Reliable and consistent identification of medical devices would enable safety surveillance so that the FDA and manufacturers could better identify potential problems or device defects, and improve patient care.

The UDI is expected to improve patient safety (in part by helping to identify counterfeit products and by improving the ability of staff to distinguish between devices that are similar in appearance but serve different functions), facilitate and improve the recall process, and create efficiencies within the medical system.

In the most basic format, the UDI would be a coded number registered with standards organizations, and would incorporate a variety of information, including (but not limited to) the manufacturer of the device, expiry dates, the make and model of the device, and any special attributes that the device may possess. In a medical sense, "device" refers to any product that is not pharmaceutical in nature, and while the FDA have been given approval to exempt some devices, Jay Crowely (who was responsible for implementing the UDI requirements in the Act), has expressed an intent to apply the UDI to "everything until somebody gives us good reason not to", (excluding devices which won't need identification).

Following the passing of the Act, there were calls for the FDA to publish a timeline for the implementation of the UDI; this was subsequently done.

**GUDID Submission**
The Final Rule on Unique Device Identifiers also mandates medical device manufacturers to make a submission to the FDA's Global Unique Device Identification Database. The submission to the GUDID will include the Primary Device Identifier portion of the UDI as well as associated data attributes about each model or version number of the device.

Compliance with the submission component of UDI compliance is phased according to the Class of device. Class III device labelers must submit to the GUDID for all existing products by September 24, 2014. Labelers of Implantable, Life Supporting or Life Sustaining devices must submit to the GUDID by September 24, 2015. Class II labelers must comply with submission guidelines by September 24, 2016, and Class I labelers by September 24, 2018.

Submission to the GUDID may be made in one of two methods. The first method utilizes the FDA's GUDID Web Interface, which is meant for low volumes of GUDID submissions. The second method utilizes an HL7 SPL submission and is transmitted to the FDA through an Electronic Submission Gateway account.

Once the initial submission is made, labelers of medical devices must update the GUDID submission each time there is a change to the device attributes. While many device attributes may be updated once the device record is published within the GUDID, several attributes cannot be changed and will necessitate the labeler deactivate the existing submission and resubmit using a new Device Identifier.

## European Union

The EU acted to adopt UDI and on April 5, 2017, under the Medical Devices Regulation (MDR) and In-vitro Diagnostic Regulation (IVDR), but adoption has been postponed to 2021; see Medical Device Regulation. The timelines for UDI marking of medical devices, direct marking of medical devices, and marking of IVD allow for a staggered introduction.

The EU UDI scheme includes the so-called **Basic UDI-DI**, a regulatory identifier of a device and key to the EUDAMED database, that does not appear on the device packaging but has to be listed on the Declaration of Conformity. Devices and packaging are to be marked with a *device identifier* ("UDI-DI"), identifying manufacturer and product, and a *production identifier* ("UDI-PI)", consisting of, e.g., the LOT and/or expiration date. Custom-made and investigational devices are exempt from this requirement. The direct marking of reusable devices is also included in the regulation.

*Legacy devices* that do not have a previously assigned Basic UDI-DI, they are assigned an *EUDAMED-DI* for the purpose of registration in EUDAMED. Instead of the UDI-DI, an *EUDAMED ID* can be assigned for registration.

As of July 2022, the EU has recognized four UDI-DI issuing agencies: GS1 AISBL; Health Industry Business Communications Council (HIBCC); ICCBBA, and Informationsstelle für Arzneispezialitäten (IFA GmbH).


abstract: The United Nations Aouzou Strip Observer Group (UNASOG) was a United Nations observation mission that was deployed to the Aouzou Strip, in the Republic of Chad. Established in the wake of the Aouzou Strip dispute under Security Council Resolution 915 of 4 April 1994, the mission's mandate was "to verify the withdrawal of the Libyan administration and forces from the Aouzou Strip in accordance with the decision of the International Court of Justice", rendered on 3 February 1994 in the Libya–Chad Territorial Dispute case. Deployed to the Aouzou Strip, in the Republic of Chad, between 4 May to 6 June 1994, the group consisted of only 15 personnel, of which nine were military and six civilian. Personnel were provided by Bangladesh, Ghana, Honduras, Kenya, Malaysia and Nigeria and were sourced mainly from the existing MINURSO mission. The mission's budget was US$ 64,471, which was obtained through the regular annual UN vote. The group was commanded by a Malaysian, Colonel Mazlan Bahamuddin. It was withdrawn after both parties to the dispute declared that the withdrawal from the area had been successfully concluded, with the mission being terminated by Security Council Resolution 1926. There were no fatalities amongst the deployed personnel.

text:
# United Nations Aouzou Strip Observer Group

The **United Nations Aouzou Strip Observer Group** (UNASOG) was a United Nations observation mission that was deployed to the Aouzou Strip, in the Republic of Chad. Established in the wake of the Aouzou Strip dispute under Security Council Resolution 915 of 4 April 1994, the mission's mandate was "to verify the withdrawal of the Libyan administration and forces from the Aouzou Strip in accordance with the decision of the International Court of Justice", rendered on 3 February 1994 in the Libya–Chad Territorial Dispute case.

Deployed to the Aouzou Strip, in the Republic of Chad, between 4 May to 6 June 1994, the group consisted of only 15 personnel, of which nine were military and six civilian. Personnel were provided by Bangladesh, Ghana, Honduras, Kenya, Malaysia and Nigeria and were sourced mainly from the existing MINURSO mission. The mission's budget was US$ 64,471, which was obtained through the regular annual UN vote. The group was commanded by a Malaysian, Colonel Mazlan Bahamuddin. It was withdrawn after both parties to the dispute declared that the withdrawal from the area had been successfully concluded, with the mission being terminated by Security Council Resolution 1926. There were no fatalities amongst the deployed personnel.

## Further reading

* Obiozor, George A.; Ajala, Adekunle (1998). *Africa and the United Nations System*. Nigerian Institute of International Affairs. ISBN 978-9-78002030-9.
* Ramsbotham, Oliver; Woodhouse, Tom (1999). *Encyclopedia of International Peacekeeping Operations*. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-87436892-5.
* Ricciardi, Matthew M. (1992). "Title to the Aouzou Strip: A Legal and Historical Analysis". *The Yale Journal of International Law*. **17** (2): 301–488.

## InfoBox

United Nations Aouzou Strip Observer Group
|
|  |
| Abbreviation | UNASOG |
| Formation | 4 May 1994 |
| Type | Peacekeeping mission |
| Legal status | Concluded |
| Headquarters | Aouzou Base |
| Parent organization | UN Security Council |
| Budget | $US64,471 |
| Website | peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unasog.htm |


title: Unis (TV channel)

abstract: Unis is a Canadian French language specialty channel. The channel broadcasts general entertainment programming, with a particular focus on highlighting francophone communities outside Quebec. The channel shares a broadcasting licence with its sister channel, TV5 Québec Canada (TV5), which focuses on international and Quebec francophone programming.

text:
# Unis (TV channel)

**Unis** is a Canadian French language specialty channel. The channel broadcasts general entertainment programming, with a particular focus on highlighting francophone communities outside Quebec.

The channel shares a broadcasting licence with its sister channel, TV5 Québec Canada (TV5), which focuses on international and Quebec francophone programming.

## History

After the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission's (CRTC) call for applications regarding services who wish to be regulated to be distributed on the basic package of all television service providers in Canada, TV5's application was made public in January 2013. Within this application, TV5 proposed an additional service, Unis, which would operate under TV5's existing broadcast licence as a secondary feed, and would "offer programming focused primarily on reflecting the diversity of the Canadian Francophonie," while TV5 would continue to focus on offering programming primarily reflecting the international Francophonie.

The application was approved on August 8, 2013.

The channel launched on September 1, 2014.

## Programming

Programmes airing on the channel include *Couleurs locales*, a cultural newsmagazine series; *Balade à Toronto*, a music series showcasing live performances by francophone artists; *Vu de l’intérieur*, a documentary series on homes and interior design; *J’habite ici*, a documentary series showcasing towns and cities through the eyes of local francophone residents; *Qu’est-ce qu’on sauve?*, a series profiling people committed to protecting animals or safeguarding historical buildings in Ontario; *Ma caravane au Canada*; *Canada plus grand que nature*; *5e élément* and *Pense vite!*.

In 2015, the channel announced that it had commissioned its first original dramatic series, *St. Nickel*. The series, filmed in Sudbury, Ontario by Carte Blanche Films, debuted on Unis in 2016.

## InfoBox

Unis
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Canada |
| Broadcast area | National |
| Headquarters | Montreal, Quebec |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | French |
| Picture format | 1080i HDTV
(downscaled to letterboxed 480i for the SDTV feed) |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Le Consortium de télévision Québec Canada
(Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
Télé-Québec
TFO
Association des producteurs de films et de télévision du Québec) |
| Sister channels | TV5 Québec Canada |
| History | |
| Launched | September 1, 2014 |
| Links | |
| Website | www.tv5unis.ca (in French) |