title: Troy (horse)

abstract: Troy was an Irish-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. In a career that lasted from 1978 to 1979, he ran eleven times and won eight races. He is most notable for his form in the summer of 1979, when he won the 200th running of the Derby and subsequently added victories in the Irish Derby, the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes and the Benson and Hedges Gold Cup. He was retired to stud at the end of the season. His career as a stallion lasted only four years before he died in 1983.

text:
# Troy (horse)

**Troy** (25 March 1976 – 12 May 1983) was an Irish-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. In a career that lasted from 1978 to 1979, he ran eleven times and won eight races. He is most notable for his form in the summer of 1979, when he won the 200th running of the Derby and subsequently added victories in the Irish Derby, the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes and the Benson and Hedges Gold Cup. He was retired to stud at the end of the season. His career as a stallion lasted only four years before he died in 1983.

## Background

Troy, a big, powerfully built bay horse with three white socks, was bred in County Meath, Ireland, by the Ballymacoll Stud, the breeding operation of his owners, industrialist Sir Michael Sobell and his son-in-law Lord Weinstock. He was sired by Petingo, the leading English two-year-old of 1967, and was out of the mare La Milo. La Milo had previously produced Washington D. C. International winner Admetus. Troy was sent into training with Dick Hern at West Ilsley in Berkshire.

## Racing career

### 1978: two-year-old season

Troy made his racecourse debut in summer of 1978, wearing the light blue silks of his owners, when he finished second in a six furlong maiden race. In his next start, he moved up in distance for the Plantation Maiden Stakes over seven furlongs at Newmarket Racecourse in June and won by two lengths from Warmington. He was then moved up in class for the Listed Vintage Stakes at Goodwood Racecourse in July. Starting at odds of 2/1 he was restrained by Carson at the rear of the six-runner field before taking the lead in the final furlong and winning by two and a half lengths from Ela-Mana-Mou.

Troy was again moved up in class and distance for his final start of the year in the Group Two Royal Lodge Stakes, over one mile at Ascot Racecourse in September. He chased the leader Lyphard's Wish before taking the lead a furlong from the finish but was overtaken in the closing stages and was beaten three quarters of a length by Ela-Mana-Mou.

### 1979: three-year-old season

#### Spring

In the spring of 1979, Troy was prepared for the Epsom Derby by running in two of the recognised trial races. In early May, he ran in the Classic Trial Stakes over ten furlongs at Sandown. He started the 4/7 favourite but looked less than fully fit and was not particularly impressive as he "scrambled" home to win by a neck from Two of Diamonds. The form was made to look somewhat better when Two of Diamonds won the Dee Stakes at Chester Racecourse. Later in the month, he was moved up in distance for the mile and a half Predominate Stakes at Goodwood. He took the lead approaching the final furlong and drew right away from his opponents without being put under any pressure and won by seven lengths Serge Lifar and Galaxy Libra. At the time it was felt that, while he had won the race impressively, he had beaten mediocre opposition, but Serge Lifar went on to win the Scottish Derby, whilst Galaxy Libra became a leading turf performer in the United States, winning the Sunset Handicap and the Man o' War Stakes in 1981.

#### Summer

In the 200th Derby on 6 June, Troy started third favourite behind Milford and Ela-Mana-Mou at odds of 6/1 in a field of twenty-three runners. Milford, also trained by Hern, was owned by the Queen and was popular with the public, but had been passed over by stable jockey Willie Carson in favour of Troy. Carson held Troy up in the early stages and entered the straight in thirteenth place behind the front-running Lyphard's Wish. Carson moved Troy to the outside, where he produced a strong run to take the lead a furlong and a half from the finish. In the closing stages, he drew away to win by seven lengths from Dickens Hill with Northern Baby in third ahead of Ela-Mana-Mou. The unplaced horses included Cracaval, Niniski, Son of Love and Tap On Wood. The form of the race was particularly strong: Dickens Hill won the Eclipse Stakes in July; Cracaval upset Ile de Bourbon in the September Stakes and Northern Baby won the Champion Stakes in October. Michael Sobell called the result "the culmination of twenty years of ownership", while Carson described Troy as "the best colt I have ever ridden."

At the end of the June, Troy contested the Irish Derby at the Curragh in which he was reopposed by Dickens Hill, with the other runners including the French challengers Scorpio and the undefeated Fabulous Dancer. After turning into the straight in fifth place behind the Irish-trained outsider The Bart he took the lead approaching the final furlong and won by four lengths from Dickens Hill, Bohemian Grove, Scorpio and The Bart. In July, Troy raced against older horses for the first time in the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes at Ascot. His task was made easier by the absence of Ile de Bourbon, the 1978 winner, who was withdrawn after contracting a "virus". He started at odds of 2/5 with his main opposition looking likely to come from the French four-year-old Gay Mecene. Troy raced in fourth place before moving up to overtake Ela-Mana-Mou in the straight and held the late challenge of Gay Mecene to win by 1+12 lengths, with Ela-Mana-Mou holding on to take third ahead of M-Lolshan. He became the fourth horse after Nijinsky, Grundy and The Minstrel to complete the Derby-Irish Derby-King George treble. His performance was described as "workmanlike" and "unspectacular" with Timeform commenting that he was almost certainly unsuited by the relatively slow early pace. At York in August, Troy was brought back in distance for the Benson and Hedges Gold Cup over 10+12 furlongs and started the 1/2 favourite. He appeared outpaced in the early stages and was ten lengths behind the leaders Lyphard's Wish and Crimson Beau with three furlongs left to run. He produced a sustained run in the straight to take the lead inside the final furlong and was eased down in the final strides to win by three quarters of a length from Crimson Beau.

#### Autumn

Troy's final race was the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe at Longchamp Racecourse on 7 October. He started the 4/5 favourite in a field of twenty-two runners which included Top Ville, Le Marmot, Three Troikas, Fabulous Dancer, Ile de Bourbon, Trillion, Crimson Beau, Two of Diamonds and Northern Baby. He was not far behind the leaders on the final turn, but his usual finishing run failed to materialse, and although he made some progress in the closing stages and finished third behind Three Troikas and Le Marmot. Timeform commented that Troy had failed to reproduce his best form, speculating that he had not recovered from his hard race at York.

## Assessment and honours

In the official International Classification for 1978, Troy was rated the tenth best two-year-old in Europe, seven pounds behind the top-rared Tromos. Troy was given a rating of 122 by the independent Timeform organisation, twelve pounds behind Tromos and was described in their annual *Racehorses of 1978* as "just the type to develop into a high-class three-year-old". Troy was given an end of season rating of 137 by Timeform in 1979, the fourth highest awarded to a Derby winner up to that time, and was named their Horse of the Year. In the Gilbey Racing Awards, based on points accrued in major races Troy was named Champion Racehorse of the Year and Middle Distance Champion. The compilers of the International Classification was less impressed: he was named the best three-year-colt in Europe but was rated a pound behind Three Troikas. He was named British Horse of the Year for 1979 by the Racecourse Association, taking twenty-seven of the thirty-two votes.

In their book *A Century of Champions*, John Randall and Tony Morris rated Troy a "great" Derby winner and the sixteenth best British racehorse of the 20th Century.

Troy's third-place prize money from the Arc took his total earnings to £450,428, a record for a horse trained in Britain or Ireland, which stood for three years until it was surpassed by Glint of Gold.

## Stud career

Troy was syndicated by the Queen's manager of racing, Lord Porchester, for a then-record price of £7.2 million and retired to stallion duty at the Highclere Stud, Burghclere Newbury, Berkshire.in 1980.

In a very short career, Troy proved particularly successful as a sire of fillies and broodmares. He sired Helen Street, winner of the 1985 Irish Oaks and France's Prix du Calvados: Helen Street produced Street Cry, the sire of 2007 Kentucky Derby winner Street Sense. By another daughter, Sheer Audacity, Troy was also the damsire of the 1999 Epsom Derby winner, Oath. Troy also sired Walensee, who raced in France and won the 1985 Prix Vermeille and was voted that country's Champion 3-Year-Old Filly. She was the dam of Westerner, the 2004 and 2005 European Champion Stayer. Through another daughter, Cocotte, Troy was the damsire of Pilsudski, the 1997 European Champion Older Horse. Troy's son Tropular sired the Prix du Jockey Club winner Ragmar.

After only four seasons as a stallion, the seven-year-old Troy died at stud of an acute peritonitis on 12 May 1983 found by stablehand Carl Skelton. He is buried at Highclere Stud.

## Pedigree

Pedigree of Troy (IRE), bay stallion, 1976
| Sire
Petingo (GB)
1965 | Petition (GB)
1944 | Fair Trial | Fairway |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Lady Juror |
| | Art Paper | Artists Proof |
| | Quire |
| | Alcazar (FR)
1957 | Alycidon | Donatello |
| | | Aurora |
| | Quarterdeck | Nearco |
| | Poker Chip |
| Dam
La Milo (GB)
1963 | Hornbeam (GB)
1953 | Hyperion | Gainsborough |
| | | Selene |
| | Thicket | Nasrullah |
| | Thorn Wood |
| | Pin Prick (GB)
1955 | Pinza | Chanteur |
| | | Pasqua |
| | Miss Winston | Royal Charger |
| | East Wantleye (Family: 1-b) |

## InfoBox

| Troy | |
| --- | --- |
| Racing colours of Michael Sobell and Arnold Weinstock | |
| Sire | Petingo |
| Grandsire | Petition |
| Dam | La Milo |
| Damsire | Hornbeam |
| Sex | Stallion |
| Foaled | (1976-03-25)25 March 1976 |
| Died | 12 May 1983(1983-05-12) (aged 7) |
| Country | Ireland |
| Colour | Bay |
| Breeder | Ballymacoll Stud |
| Owner | Sir Michael Sobell & Lord Weinstock |
| Trainer | Dick Hern |
| Record | 11: 8-2-1 |
| Earnings | £450,494 |
| Major wins | |
| Vintage Stakes (1978)
Sandown Classic Trial (1979)
Predominate Stakes (1979)
Epsom Derby (1979)
Irish Derby (1979)
K. George VI & Q. Elizabeth Stakes (1979)
Benson and Hedges Gold Cup (1979) | |
| Awards | |
| Timeform Horse of the Year (1979)
Timeform Best Middle-distance horse (1979)
Gilbey Champion Racehorse of the Year
Gilbey Middle Distance Champion
British Horse of the Year (1979)
Timeform rating: 137 | |
| Last updated on 23 August 2022 | |


title: Minnie Rayner

abstract: Minnie Rayner was a British stage and film actress. In 1889, while in Cape Colony, she acted in the comic opera Falka as Edwige, the fiery Gipsey girl and sister of the brigand chief. The play was staged at the Globe Theatre in Johannesburg and produced by Mr. Perkins of The Edgar Perkins Lyric Opera Company. A character actress, she played working class figures, often mothers, in films of the 1930s. Her roles include the matriarch of the working-class Fulham family who takes in an exiled Russian prince as a lodger in the comedy I Lived with You (1933). The same year she played Gracie Fields's mother in This Week of Grace. A recurring role was that of the landlady Mrs. Hudson in a series of Sherlock Holmes adaptations starring Arthur Wontner. Her stage work included the part of Clara in the original production of Noël Coward's Hay Fever at the Ambassadors Theatre, London, in 1925. She also appeared in a series of Ivor Novello's plays and musicals in the West End: Symphony in Two Flats (1929), Fresh Fields (1933), Glamorous Night (1935), Careless Rapture (1936), Crest of the Wave (1937), and The Dancing Years (1939). In 1930, she reprised her performance as Mabel in Symphony in Two Flats in the Broadway stage and British film versions.

text:
# Minnie Rayner

**Minnie Rayner** (2 May 1869 – 13 December 1941) was a British stage and film actress.

In 1889, while in Cape Colony, she acted in the comic opera *Falka* as Edwige, the fiery Gipsey girl and sister of the brigand chief. The play was staged at the Globe Theatre in Johannesburg and produced by Mr. Perkins of The Edgar Perkins Lyric Opera Company.

A character actress, she played working class figures, often mothers, in films of the 1930s. Her roles include the matriarch of the working-class Fulham family who takes in an exiled Russian prince (Ivor Novello) as a lodger in the comedy *I Lived with You* (1933). The same year she played Gracie Fields's mother in *This Week of Grace*.

A recurring role was that of the landlady Mrs. Hudson in a series of Sherlock Holmes adaptations starring Arthur Wontner.

Her stage work included the part of Clara in the original production of Noël Coward's *Hay Fever* at the Ambassadors Theatre, London, in 1925. She also appeared in a series of Ivor Novello's plays and musicals in the West End: *Symphony in Two Flats* (1929), *Fresh Fields* (1933), *Glamorous Night* (1935), *Careless Rapture* (1936), *Crest of the Wave* (1937), and *The Dancing Years* (1939). In 1930, she reprised her performance as Mabel in *Symphony in Two Flats* in the Broadway stage and British film versions.

## Filmography

1. "Minnie Rayner". Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
2. Special undated 1989 commemorative newspaper which consisted of various articles originally printed by *The Star* in the course of 1889.
3. "I Lived with You – review - cast and crew, movie star rating and where to watch film on TV and online". *Radio Times*.
4. "This Week of Grace (1933) - Maurice Elvey - Cast and Crew - AllMovie". *AllMovie*.
5. "Minnie Rayner - The Arthur Conan Doyle Encyclopedia". *www.arthur-conan-doyle.com*.
6. "Production of Hay Fever - Theatricalia". *theatricalia.com*.
7. "Minnie Rayner - Theatricalia". *theatricalia.com*.
8. League, The Broadway. "Symphony in Two Flats – Broadway Play – Original - IBDB". *www.ibdb.com*.
9. "Symphony in Two Flats (1930) - V. Gareth Gundrey | Cast and Crew | AllMovie".

## InfoBox

| Minnie Rayner | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1869-05-02)2 May 1869
London
United Kingdom |
| Died | 13 December 1941(1941-12-13) (aged 72)
London
United Kingdom |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1903–1940 |


title: White-necked thrush

abstract: The white-necked thrush is a songbird found in forest and woodland in South America. The taxonomy is potentially confusing, and it sometimes includes the members of the T. assimilis group as subspecies, in which case the "combined species" is referred to as the white-throated thrush. On the contrary, it may be split into two species, the rufous-flanked thrush and the grey-flanked thrush.

text:
# White-necked thrush

The **white-necked thrush** (***Turdus albicollis***) is a songbird found in forest and woodland in South America. The taxonomy is potentially confusing, and it sometimes includes the members of the *T. assimilis* group as subspecies, in which case the "combined species" is referred to as the white-throated thrush (a name limited to *T. assimilis* when the two are split). On the contrary, it may be split into two species, the **rufous-flanked thrush** (*T. albicollis*) and the **grey-flanked thrush** (*T. phaeopygos*).

## Description

This thrush is 20+12–26 cm (8.1–10.2 in) long and weighs 40–77 g (1.4–2.7 oz). The upperparts are dark brown, turning duskier or greyer towards the ocular region. The throat is white with dense dark streaks, except on the lowermost part, resulting in the appearance of a white crescent below the dark-streaked white throat. This has given rise to both its English and scientific name. The crissum (the undertail coverts surrounding the cloaca) and central belly are whitish, and the chest is grey often tinged brown. The members of the nominate group have conspicuous rufous flanks, and the bill is yellow with a dusky culmen. The flanks are paler and more tawny in the subspecies *crotopezus*, which also has the entire upper mandible dusky. The members of the *phaeopygos* group lack contrasting rufous or tawny flanks, and have bills that are almost entirely dusky. All subspecies have pinkish-brown legs and a reddish or yellow eye-ring. Sexes are similar, but juveniles are duller, with dull orange spotting above, and brownish spotting below.

The song is a relatively musical, often rather monotonous *two-e-o, two-e*. The calls is a distinctive *wuk*, while the alarm is a rough *jjig-wig-wig*.

## Distribution and habitat

The nominate group (including subspecies *paraguayensis* and *crotopezus*) occurs in eastern Brazil, far northern Uruguay, eastern Paraguay and far north-eastern Argentina. The *phaeopygos* group (including subspecies *phaopygoides*, *spodiolaemus* and *contemptus*) is mainly found in the Amazon Basin, but with populations extending along the eastern slope of the Andes as far south as north-eastern Argentina, and as far north as western Venezuela, with extensions along the Coastal Range, the region centered around Serranía del Perijá and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, and the islands of Trinidad and Tobago.

Both groups are mainly associated with humid forest and woodland. In the case of the nominate group, mainly the Atlantic Forest, and in the case of the *phaeopygos* group, mainly the Amazon Rainforest or humid forests and woodlands near mountains. It rarely ventures far from cover.

## Behavior

The white-necked thrush mainly feeds on or near the ground on invertebrates (especially insects). It also takes some fruit, berries and seeds. It regularly follows army ant swarms, but does not attend mixed species flocks. Throughout most of its range, especially in the Amazon, it is a shy species, heard far more than seen, but in Trinidad and parts of south-eastern Brazil it may be less retiring.

The nest is a lined cup of twigs placed low (at a height of 1–9 m \[3.3–29.5 ft\]) in a tree or bush. Two to three reddish-blotched green-blue eggs are laid and incubated by the female alone for 12–13 days. Socially monogamous, but extra-pair mating is common.

## Taxonomy

The *albicollis* group ("rufous-flanked thrush") above and *phaeopygos* group ("grey-flanked thrush") below

*T. albicollis* sometimes includes the members of the *T. assimilis* group as subspecies, in which case the "combined species" is referred to as the white-throated thrush (a name limited to *T. assimilis* when the two are split). Published evidence supporting either treatment is weak, but most recent authorities have followed the split.

On the contrary, it has been suggested that the nominate group and the *phaeopygos* group of *T. albicollis* should be considered separate species, but the voices of the two are similar, and the subspecies *crotopezus* from the nominate group approach members of the *phaeopygos* group in both plumage and colour of bill. If the two groups are split, the common name rufous-flanked thrush has been suggested for *T. albicollis*, with *T. phaeopygos* retaining the common name white-necked thrush or being renamed grey-flanked thrush.

## Footnotes

* Clement, Peter & Hathaway, Ren (2000): *Thrushes*. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7136-3940-7
* Collar, N. J. (2005). White-throated Thrush (*Turdus albicollis*). Pp. 663 in: del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; & Christie, D. A. eds. (2005). *Handbook of the Birds of the World.* Vol. 10. Cuckoo-shrikes to Thrushes. Lynx Edicion, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-72-5
* ffrench, Richard; O'Neill, John Patton & Eckelberry, Don R. (1991): *A guide to the birds of Trinidad and Tobago* (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing, Ithaca, N.Y. ISBN 0-8014-9792-2
* Greeney, Harold F.; Gelis, Rudolphe A. & White, Richard (2004): Notes on breeding birds from an Ecuadorian lowland forest. *Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club* **124** (1): 28–37. PDF fulltext
* Hilty, Steven L. (2003): *Birds of Venezuela*. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7136-6418-5
* Remsen, J. V. Jr.; Cadena, C. D.; Jaramillo, A.; Nores, M.; Pacheco, J. F.; Robbins, M. B.; Schulenberg, T. S.; Stiles, F. G.; Stotz, D. F.; & Zimmer, K. J. (2008). A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithologists' Union. Accessed 2008-08-07
* Restall, Robin L.; Rodner, C. & Lentino, M. (2006): *Birds of Northern South America*. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7136-7243-9 (vol. 1). ISBN 0-7136-7242-0 (vol. 2).
* Ridgely, R. S.; & Tudor, G. (1989): *The Birds of South America - The Oscine Passerines (vol. 1).* Oxford University Press, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-857217-4

## InfoBox

| White-necked thrush | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| The nominate subspecies in the São Paulo Forest Gardens, Brazil | |
|  | |
| *Turdus albicollis* song recorded in humid primary forest, Napo Province, Ecuador | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Turdidae |
| Genus: | *Turdus* |
| Species: | ***T. albicollis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Turdus albicollis***
Vieillot, 1818 | |
|
|  | |
| Range of white-necked thrush (green) in South America | |


title: Scotforth (parish)

abstract: Scotforth is a civil parish in City of Lancaster district, Lancashire, England. It does not include the suburb Scotforth, but is further south, comprising areas to the west, north and north-east of Lancaster University. It has an area of 645.86 hectares. In the 2011 census the population was recorded as 321. There are five listed buildings in Scotforth: four houses and a bridge over the River Conder. All are Grade II listed buildings. There are two reservoirs in the parish. Blea Tarn Reservoir was constructed 1896-1901 and the BFI has a film by Mitchell and Kenyon of its opening in 1902. Langthwaite Reservoir was constructed in 1935, and United Utilities began work in 2018 on the construction of a floating solar farm on its surface. Scotforth has a parish council.

text:
# Scotforth (parish)

**Scotforth** is a civil parish in City of Lancaster district, Lancashire, England. It does not include the suburb Scotforth, but is further south, comprising areas to the west, north and north-east of Lancaster University. It has an area of 645.86 hectares (1,596.0 acres).

In the 2011 census the population was recorded as 321.

There are five listed buildings in Scotforth: four houses and a bridge over the River Conder. All are Grade II listed buildings.

There are two reservoirs in the parish. **Blea Tarn Reservoir** was constructed 1896-1901 and the BFI has a film by Mitchell and Kenyon of its opening in 1902. **Langthwaite Reservoir** was constructed in 1935, and United Utilities began work in 2018 on the construction of a floating solar farm on its surface.

Scotforth has a parish council.

## History

Scotforth was formerly a township, it became a civil parish in 1866. The parish formerly included the settlement: on 9 November 1900 the northern, urban, part of the parish was transferred to Lancaster and on 1 April 1935 a further 332 acres (134 ha) were transferred to Lancaster. The population of the parish was 1,139 in 1871, 2,263 in 1881 and 1,598 in 1891 but reduced to 251 in 1901.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Scotforth | |
| --- | --- |
| Blea Tarn Reservoir | |
| ScotforthLocation in the City of Lancaster districtScotforthLocation within Lancashire | |
| Population | 321 (2011 census) |
| Civil parish | * Scotforth |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
|


title: Tatar, Sivaslı

abstract: Tatar is a town (belde) in the Sivaslı District, Uşak Province, Turkey. Its population is 1,876 (2022).

text:
# Tatar, Sivaslı

**Tatar** is a town (*belde*) in the Sivaslı District, Uşak Province, Turkey. Its population is 1,876 (2022).

## InfoBox

| Tatar | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| TatarLocation in TurkeyTatarTatar (Turkey Aegean) | |
| Coordinates: 38°27′44″N 29°39′01″E / 38.46222°N 29.65028°E / 38.46222; 29.65028 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Uşak |
| District | Sivaslı |
| Population (2022) | 1,876 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Taylor Titch

abstract: The Taylor Titch is a British fixed-wing homebuilt aircraft, developed in the 1960s by J.F. Taylor. As of 2015, examples are still being built and flown.

text:
# Taylor Titch

The **Taylor Titch** is a British fixed-wing homebuilt aircraft, developed in the 1960s by J.F. Taylor. As of 2015, examples are still being built and flown.

## Development

Taylor designed the Titch as an entry in the 1964 Midget Racer Design Competition promoted by Rollason. Among the criteria requested was that it had to be a single-seater powered by a Rollason Ardem flat-four engine, design limits were ±6g, maximum wing area of 65 sq ft and a maximum weight of 750lbs. As a result of Taylor designed a high performance single-seater, the **Titch** based on his earlier Taylor Monoplane.

At the closing date of the competition 42 designs had been submitted which was won by a project named Beta but the Titch was placed second.

Taylor built the prototype, registered G-ATYO, at Leigh-on-Sea, Essex between 1965 and 1966. The Titch first flew at Southend Airport on 4 January 1967.

The designer John Taylor was killed when the prototype Titch crashed at Southend on 16 May 1967. The marketing of plans for both his aircraft designs were taken on by his wife and later his son.

As of 2011, 40 examples had been completed and flown.

## Design

The Titch is a single-seat low-wing cantilever monoplane of all wood construction similar to the Monoplane but has fewer metal fittings than the earlier design and full size wing rib plans are supplied for the tapered wing panels. With a cruise speed in the region of 160 mph (260 km/h), it is an effective cross-country touring aircraft and is also fully aerobatic. Builders can fit it with either a Continental or a Lycoming engine.

## Specifications (Prototype)

*Data from* Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1969-70

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** 1
* **Length:** 16 ft 1+12 in (4.915 m)
* **Wingspan:** 18 ft 9 in (5.72 m)
* **Height:** 4 ft 8 in (1.42 m)
* **Wing area:** 68 sq ft (6.3 m2)
* **Empty weight:** 500 lb (227 kg)
* **Max takeoff weight:** 750 lb (340 kg)
* **Fuel capacity:** 10 imp gal (12 US gal; 45 L)
* **Powerplant:** 1 × Continental C85-12F Four-cylinder air-cooled horizontally opposed piston, 85 hp (63 kW)
* **Propellers:** 2-bladed Hegy wooden scimitar propeller, 5 ft 0 in (1.52 m) diameter

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 200 mph (320 km/h, 170 kn)
* **Cruise speed:** 110 mph (180 km/h, 96 kn) (econ. cruise)
* **Stall speed:** 50 mph (80 km/h, 43 kn) (flaps down)
* **Never exceed speed:** 225 mph (362 km/h, 196 kn)
* **Rate of climb:** 1,100 ft/min (5.6 m/s)

**Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era**

### Notes

1. *Air Trails*, Winter 1971, p. 78.
2. Tacke, Willi; Marino Boric; et al: *World Directory of Light Aviation 2015-16*, page 129. Flying Pages Europe SARL, 2015. ISSN 1368-485X
3. "Midget Racers". *Flight International*. 24 December 1964. p. 1083.
4. Purdy 1998, p. 267.
5. Dunnell *Aeroplane* June 2017, p. 129.
6. Bayerl and Berkemeier 2011, p. 122.
7. Taylor 1969, p. 227.
8. Taylor 1980, p. 499.

### Bibliography

* Bayerl, Robby, Martin Berkemeier et al. *World Directory of Leisure Aviation 2011–12*. Lancaster UK: WDLA UK, 2011. ISSN 1368-485X.
* Dunnell, Ben. "Aeroplane Archive: Taylor Made". *Aeroplane*, Volume 45, No. 6, June 2017. pp. 127–129. ISSN 0143-7240.
* Jackson, A.J. *British Civil Aircraft since 1919, Volume 3*. London: Putnam, 1974. ISBN 0-370-10014-X.
* Purdy, Don: *AeroCrafter: Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, Fifth Edition*. Benicia, California: BAI Communications, 1998. ISBN 978-0-96364-093-2.
* Taylor, John W.R. (ed.) *Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1969–70*. London: Jane's Yearbooks. 1969.
* Taylor, John W.R. (ed.) *Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1980–81*. London: Jane's Publishing, 1980. ISBN 0-7106-0705-9.

## InfoBox

| J.T.2 Titch | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | homebuilt aircraft |
| National origin | United Kingdom |
| Designer | John Taylor |
| Status | Plans available (2015) |
| Number built | 40 (2011) |
| History | |
| First flight | 4 January 1967 |
| Developed from | Taylor Monoplane |


title: Taweesit Arjtaweekul

abstract: Taweesit Arjtaweekul is a Thai sprinter. He competed in the men's 4 × 100 metres relay at the 1964 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Taweesit Arjtaweekul

**Taweesit Arjtaweekul** (born 9 January 1941) is a Thai sprinter. He competed in the men's 4 × 100 metres relay at the 1964 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Taweesit Arjtaweekul
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Thai |
| Born | (1941-01-09) 9 January 1941 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Sprinting |
| Event | 4 × 100 metres relay |


title: Tchaiko Kwayana

abstract: Tchaiko Ruramai Kwayana, born Ann Cook, was an educator, pan-Africanist, and civil rights activist from Georgia, US. She was married to Eusi Kwayana, Guyanese politician.

text:
# Tchaiko Kwayana

**Tchaiko Ruramai Kwayana**, born Ann Cook (24 June 1937 – 6 May 2017), was an educator, pan-Africanist, and civil rights activist from Georgia, US. She was married to Eusi Kwayana, Guyanese politician.

## Biography

Born in segregated Georgia in 1937, she taught in segregated schools of the American south, until moving to Oakland, California. With the view that international travel was an important part of education, she taught in Nigeria, where she acquired elements of Yoruba culture. She also traveled to Mexico, Panama, and back in the US, sought places where she could find “African survivals” among the African diaspora of New York.

While abroad, she met Eusi Kwayana (then known as Sydney King) in Guyana, 1968. She was a key organizer of the seminar of "Pan-Africanists and Black Revolutionists" held in Guyana in 1970. They both changed their names, and married by Yoruba rites in 1971 in Georgetown. She was a member of ASCRIA, WPA, and eventually the Women Against Terror organisation fighting the Guyana dictatorship at the time. Her husband founded a private school in his hometown of Buxton, and she was a teacher there for 13 years.

Kwayana remained in Guyana until 1982, when she returned to the US for economic reasons as well as political victimization. She continued teaching, while involving herself in organisations such as LAD (a leadership training organization in San Diego). In Atlanta she co-founded Helping Uplift Guyanese and co-founded the Sankofa Bird project, a "communities based Humanities program" that also assisted AIDS patients. She was awarded the title of "Queen Mother" by the Association for the Study of Classical African Civilizations. Both Kwayana and her husband were members of the Langston Hughes Poetry circle.

Eusi joined her in the US in 2002.

Kwayana died from cancer, aged 79, in 2017, and was survived by three children.

The Tchaiko Kwayana Scholarship was established for studies in science at the University of Guyana.

## Works

* "Black Pride? Some Contradictions" in *The* *Black Woman* 1968 as Ann Cook (ISBN 0743476972)
* *Scars of Bondage*, Free Press 1973, Eusi and Tchaiko Kwayana (ISBN 9789768178015)
* "The Identity Paper: Parents Join with Students to Write Family History", 1996 English Journal (https://doi.org/10.2307/821125)

## InfoBox

| Tchaiko Kwayana | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Ann Cook
24 June 1937
Georgia, United States |
| Died | 24 May 2017(2017-05-24) (aged 79) |
| Occupation(s) | Educator, pan-Africanist and civil rights activist |
| Spouse(s) | Eusi Kwayana, m. 1971 |


title: Tech Valley

abstract: Tech Valley began as a marketing name for the eastern part of the U.S. state of New York, encompassing the Capital District and the Hudson Valley. Originating in 1998 to promote the greater Albany area as a high-tech competitor to regions such as Silicon Valley and Boston, the moniker subsequently grew to represent the counties in New York between IBM's Westchester County plants in the south and the Canada–United States border to the north, and has since evolved to constitute both the technologically oriented metonym and the geographic territory comprising most of New York State north of New York City. The area's high technology ecosystem is supported by technologically focused academic institutions including Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and the State University of New York Polytechnic Institute. Tech Valley grew to encompass 19 counties straddling both sides of the Adirondack Northway and the New York Thruway, and with heavy state taxpayer subsidy, has experienced significant growth in the computer hardware side of the high-technology industry, with great strides in the nanotechnology sector, digital electronics design, and water- and electricity-dependent integrated microchip circuit manufacturing, involving companies including IBM in Armonk and its Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, GlobalFoundries in Malta, and others. As of August 2022, venture capital investment in Tech Valley had grown to US$410.92 million. Westchester County has developed a burgeoning biotechnology sector in the 21st century, with over US$1 billion in planned private investment as of 2016, earning the county the nickname Biochester. In April 2021, GlobalFoundries, a company specializing in the semiconductor industry, moved its headquarters from Silicon Valley, California to its most advanced semiconductor-chip manufacturing facility in Saratoga County, New York near a section of the Adirondack Northway, in Malta, New York.

text:
# Tech Valley

**Tech Valley** began as a marketing name for the eastern part of the U.S. state of New York, encompassing the Capital District and the Hudson Valley. Originating in 1998 to promote the greater Albany area as a high-tech competitor to regions such as Silicon Valley and Boston, the moniker subsequently grew to represent the counties in New York between IBM's Westchester County plants in the south and the Canada–United States border to the north, and has since evolved to constitute both the technologically oriented metonym and the geographic territory comprising most of New York State north of New York City. The area's high technology ecosystem is supported by technologically focused academic institutions including Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and the State University of New York Polytechnic Institute.

Tech Valley grew to encompass 19 counties straddling both sides of the Adirondack Northway and the New York Thruway, and with heavy state taxpayer subsidy, has experienced significant growth in the computer hardware side of the high-technology industry, with great strides in the nanotechnology sector, digital electronics design, and water- and electricity-dependent integrated microchip circuit manufacturing, involving companies including IBM in Armonk and its Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, GlobalFoundries in Malta, and others. As of August 2022, venture capital investment in Tech Valley had grown to US$410.92 million. Westchester County has developed a burgeoning biotechnology sector in the 21st century, with over US$1 billion in planned private investment as of 2016, earning the county the nickname *Biochester*. In April 2021, GlobalFoundries, a company specializing in the semiconductor industry, moved its headquarters from Silicon Valley, California to its most advanced semiconductor-chip manufacturing facility in Saratoga County, New York near a section of the Adirondack Northway, in Malta, New York.

## History

The name "Tech Valley", or "Techneurial Valley" as was originally used, is usually credited to Wallace "Wally" Altes, a former president of the Albany-Colonie Regional Chamber of Commerce ("the Chamber"), while the shortened name from "Techneurial" to "Tech" was the idea of Jay Burgess. In 1998, the Albany-Colonie Chamber began using Tech Valley as a marketing name for an initial ten-county area centered on New York's Capital District to show in name the merging of entrepreneurial activity and high-tech companies in the region. Tech Valley then evolved into a 19-county region in eastern New York stretching from the Canadian-US border to the northern suburbs of the city of New York. The 19 counties were Albany, Clinton, Columbia, Dutchess, Essex, Franklin, Fulton, Greene, Hamilton, Herkimer, Montgomery, Orange, Rensselaer, Saratoga, Schenectady, Schoharie, Ulster, Warren, and Washington. That region was 15,637 square miles, about 270 miles north–south at its longest and about 80 miles east–west at its widest. In 2010, those 19 counties had a population estimate in 2010 of 2,312,952, a 9.2 percent increase over the 2000 census; population density was 148 people/sq. mile. 51 percent of the population was female, with 48.2 percent male. 88.5 percent of the population was White, 6.2 percent Black, 4.9 percent Latino, 1.5 percent Asian, with a median age of 37.5 years.

From the inception of the name, the Chamber stated that it would not limit the label of Tech Valley to just the Capital District; rather, Tech Valley was envisioned as running from IBM's Westchester County plants and headquarters north to Saratoga Springs and west up the Mohawk Valley. Early businesses that used the Tech Valley name helped spread the word, businesses such as Albany Molecular Research Inc. (AMRI) who used the phrase in its job recruitment material, MapInfo Corporation, Tech Valley Communications, Tech Valley Office Interiors, and Tech Valley Homes Real Estate. The first use of the phrase by a business may have been the accounting firm Urbach, Kahn, & Werlin in 1998, which put the Tech Valley name and logo on its postage meter, shortly before that the Chamber had begun instituting a new telephone greeting, "Albany-Colonie Chamber. Tech Valley. May I help you". Also in 1998, Rupprecht & Patashnick put "Made in New York's Tech Valley" stickers on all its air quality sensors for the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) national monitoring network. In 2000, Tech Valley license plates became available, with three numbers and the letters TEC, for a $34.50 fee, they were the first plates in New York that had a website on them- techvalley.org.

Initially, the name Tech Valley was derided as over-enthusiastic self-boosterism, but SEMATECH's decision in 2002 to relocate its headquarters to the University at Albany, SUNY began Tech Valley's rise in the public's perception. In 2004, however, when Bill Gates was asked by an *Albany Times Union* reporter what he thought about Tech Valley, he responded that he had no idea where that was; two years later though, $400,000 from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation was used to fund the Tech Valley High School.

### Luring a chip-fab plant

The goal of luring a computer chip fabrication plant (chip fab) was one of the earliest goals of, and reasons underlying, the Tech Valley name. The plan to get a chip fab to the Capital District predates the Tech Valley slogan. In 1997, New York set out submissions for possible chip fab sites that it could whittle to 10 sites around the state that would be pre-approved and pre-permitted for a chip plant. Years before that the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute's RPI Tech Park had been visited by semiconductor companies, but they had chosen not to build. The renewed interest by the region in luring them was spurred by the research centers and training of specialists for the industry by area colleges such as the University at Albany, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and Hudson Valley Community College. Responding to the state's request for potential sites, Rensselaer County proposed the same RPI Tech Park site; Schenectady County proposed two sites, one of which was in Hillside Industrial Park in Niskayuna; Saratoga County proposed two sites; and Albany County proposed three sites, two in Bethlehem and one in Guilderland. The state ultimately decided on 13 sites it would aggressively promote, most of which were in Tech Valley. As one of the thirteen sites chosen, the RPI Tech Park site originally met little opposition from the town of North Greenbush in which it sat. As time progressed opposition grew in response to concerns about potential impacts on traffic and the environment. The RPI Tech Park site, which by October 1999 had become one of only nine sites still being marketed by the state, ended when the North Greenbush town council voted to terminate the review process. A site in Wallkill, Orange County was the first site in Tech Valley and in the entire state to receive pre-approval for a chip fab.

In 2002, the Saratoga Economic Development Corporation (SEDC) began to tout its proposed tech park, to be named the Luther Forest Technology Campus, in Malta, New York, along the Adirondack Northway within Saratoga County, as a site for a chip plant. It would be there that GlobalFoundries, a spin-off of Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), decided to build a $4.2 billion chip fab, ground breaking was in July 2009. The State of New York gave nearly $1.4 billion in cash and tax incentives, the largest such package in state history. New York's incentive package was the same as that offered by Russia, China, and Brazil; though it was not the deciding factor it meant that any region not offering the package was out of contention for the fab. The deciding factor on picking Tech Valley was the $5 billion College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering at the SUNY Polytechnic Institute and the resulting "high-tech ecosystem" put in place during Governor George Pataki's administration. Subsequently, in April 2021, GlobalFoundries, a company specializing in the semiconductor industry, moved its headquarters from Silicon Valley, California to its most advanced semiconductor-chip manufacturing facility in Malta, Saratoga County, New York.

## Tech Valley Chamber Coalition

The Tech Valley Chamber Coalition is an organization that is made up of 24 local chambers of commerce from 19 counties of Tech Valley. Those 24 chambers represent over 21,000 businesses, schools, and organizations that employ more than 531,000 workers. It was formed in June 2002 and manages the Tech Valley Portal, and publishes an annual publication called *Images of Tech Valley*.

The 24 local chambers are-

## Organizations that use the Tech Valley name

* Tech Valley Communications (1999)
* Tech Valley Homes Real Estate (2001)
* Tech Valley Angel Network (2001)
* Tech Valley Chamber Coalition (2002)
* Tech Valley Technologies (2003)
* Tech Valley Office Interiors (2005)
* Tech Valley Exotic Dance Emporium
* Tech Valley High School (2007)
* Tech Valley Talent
* Leadership Tech Valley
* Tech Valley Center of Gravity (2012)
* StartUp Tech Valley (2013)
* Tech Valley Game Space (2014)
* FIRST NY Tech Valley Regional Robotics Competition (2014)
* Tech Valley Machine Learning, Data Science, and AI Meetup (2016)
* Tech Newbies in Tech Valley Meetup (2017)
* NetSquared Tech Valley (2018)

## InfoBox

| Tech Valley | |
| --- | --- |
| Region | |
| Etymology: From "Tech" for the high-tech industries and "Valley" for the Hudson Valley | |
|  | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| Region | Upstate New York |
| Counties | Albany, Rensselaer, Schenectady, Saratoga, Schoharie, Warren, Washington, Columbia, Montgomery, Fulton, Greene, Essex, Clinton, Hamilton, Herkimer, Ulster, Dutchess, Franklin, Orange |
| Cities | Albany, Schenectady, Troy, Newburgh, Poughkeepsie, Plattsburgh, Kingston, Glens Falls |
| Area | |
| Total | 15,637 sq mi (40,500 km2) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 2,312,952 |
| Density | 150/sq mi (57/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern Standard Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (Eastern Daylight Time) |
| Area code | 518 and 845 |
| Website | http://www.techvalley.org |


title: Tech Valley High School

abstract: Tech Valley High School is a four-year regional public high school. It is located on the campus of the SUNY Polytechnic Institute Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering in Albany, New York, United States. The school opened in September 2007 with a first class of 40 students. Its first class graduated in June 2011 on the campus of the University at Albany.

text:
# Tech Valley High School

42°37′37.85″N 73°44′23.18″W / 42.6271806°N 73.7397722°W / 42.6271806; -73.7397722**Tech Valley High School** is a four-year regional public high school. It is located on the campus of the SUNY Polytechnic Institute Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering in Albany, New York, United States. The school opened in September 2007 with a first class of 40 students. Its first class graduated in June 2011 on the campus of the University at Albany.

## History

The idea for a high-tech consortium school arose around 2003, according to former Supterintendent of Capital Region BOCES (Board of Cooperative Educational Services), a regional entity serving multiple school districts, Barbara Nagler, and Superintendent of Questar III, James Baldwin. Former Governor George Pataki signed a bill which established TVHS in November 2005.

By November 2006, the board of education was named and given the tasks of creating a curriculum around project-based learning, working more closely with local businesses and places of higher education than typical public schools, and spreading the lessons learned on this new form of education to the component school districts of Capital Region BOCES and Questar III. Board of education members were selected from the boards of education of Capital Region BOCES and Questar III. Also in that month, the principal, Daniel Liebert, and director of institutional advancement, Raona Roy, were named.

The school opened in September 2007, leasing space from MapInfo in the Rensselaer Technology Park in North Greenbush. TVHS has since moved to the East Campus of SUNY Albany, and then in 2014 to its current building on the SUNY Poly College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering Campus in Albany.

## Administration

Tech Valley High is not under the jurisdiction of one school district, as is the case of almost all high schools in New York. Rather it is a consortium high school available to any student from any of the component school districts of two Boards of Cooperative Educational Services (BOCES) in New York's Capital District: Capital Region BOCES and Questar III (Rensselaer-Columbia-Greene BOCES). Any student may apply during eighth grade to attend Tech Valley High for their high school career. The participating component districts respectively determine how many slots they will each support, and then students are selected by lottery.

Students are not required to pay tuition to attend TVHS; the student's home school district pays its respective BOCES (Capital Region or Questar III, depending on location) tuition for the student to attend the school.

## Curriculum

All public high schools in New York State are required to follow standards set forth by the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York, under the direction of the Commissioner of Education and the New York State Education Department. This includes requirements for students to take and pass Regents Examinations. While in traditional high schools, students are taught in classrooms with homework, examinations, projects, and note-taking, TVHS bases its curriculum on project-based learning in a high-tech setting.

TVHS fulfills its students' foreign language requirement by offering Mandarin Chinese.

Even though students spend all four years of their high school career at TVHS, their diploma actually comes from their home school district.

## InfoBox

| Tech Valley High School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
|  | |
| 246 Tricentennial Drive
Albany, NY 12144
United States
Capital District of New York | |
| Information | |
| Type | Public high school |
| Motto | *Innovative. Authentic. Student-centered.* |
| Established | 2005, opened in 2007 |
| School board | Tech Valley High School Board of Education |
| Superintendent | John Yagielski of Capital Region BOCES and Gladys I. Cruz of Questar III |
| Principal | Amy Hawrylchak |
| Grades | 12 |
| Enrollment | Approximately 130 |
| Website | http://techvalleyhigh.org/ |


title: Team University

abstract: Team University (TU) is a private, co-educational Ugandan university in the Buganda Region of Uganda. It is accredited as a "private university", by the Uganda National Council for Higher Education (UNCHE).

text:
# Team University

**Team University** (**TU**) is a private, co-educational Ugandan university in the Buganda Region of Uganda. It is accredited as a "private university", by the Uganda National Council for Higher Education (UNCHE).

## Location

The campus of the university is located in Wood House, at 446 Kabaka Anjagala Road, in Rubaga Division, in Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city. The geographical coordinates of the campus of Team University are:0°18'21.0"N, 32°33'43.0"E (Latitude:0.305833; Longitude:32.561944).

## Overview

In 2001, three Ugandan individuals, namely (a) David Tushabomwe Ndindirize (b) Joseph Kigongo Balikuddembe and (c) Sam Kindyomunda Rugaba established *Team Business College*. All three are professional accountants and they began by providing training leading to certification by the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA).

In 2006, using experience gained from running TBC, the same trio applied to the UNCHE for permission to establish a private university. On 18 December 2007, UNCHE granted them a Letter of Interim Authority to establish Team University. The University was established in October 2010, as a private "Degree Awarding Institution". In 2015, Team University received full accreditation as a private university.

In October 2017, Team University held its fifth graduation ceremony, graduating nearly 400 degree, diploma and certificate students. Team university has since grown and is looking at expansion

## Academics

### Faculties

The university maintains the following academic units as of July 2019.

* Faculty of Business and Management
* Faculty of Computing and Information Technology
* Faulty of Humanities
* School of Graduate studies and research
* The Distance Learning Unit.
* Faculty of social sciences
* Faculty of Education
* Faculty of Applied Science

### Academic courses

Postgraduate degree courses Undergraduate degree courses Certificate and diploma courses

The university offers certificate and diploma courses at undergraduate and postgraduate levels, in many of the disciplines where degrees are also offered.

00°18′21″N 32°33′43″E / 0.30583°N 32.56194°E / 0.30583; 32.56194

## InfoBox

Team University (TU)
| Motto | **Empowering for Generations** |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Private |
| Established | 2010 |
| Chancellor | **Professor Tasis Kabwegire** |
| Vice-Chancellor | **Professor A.J. Lutalo-Bosa** |
| Students | 1,200+ (2017) |
| Location | Rubaga Division, Kampala, Uganda |
| Campus | Urban |
| Website | Homepage |


title: Telefónica Colombia

abstract: Telefónica Colombia is the largest telecommunications company in Colombia. The company was established in 1947 by Mariano Ospina Pérez. It is owned by the Spanish telecommunications company Telefónica and the Colombian government; the Colombian government has a 32.5% stake in Telefónica Colombia but is trying to sell that under favourable conditions for the sale. The company is headquartered in Bogotá.

text:
# Telefónica Colombia

**Telefónica Colombia** is the largest telecommunications company in Colombia. The company was established in 1947 by Mariano Ospina Pérez. It is owned by the Spanish telecommunications company Telefónica and the Colombian government; the Colombian government has a 32.5% stake in Telefónica Colombia but is trying to sell that under favourable conditions for the sale. The company is headquartered in Bogotá.

## InfoBox

Telefónica Colombia
|
|  |
| Company type | Public-private partnership |
| Industry | Telecommunications |
| Founded | May 23, 1947 |
| Founder | Mariano Ospina Pérez |
| Headquarters | Bogotá, Colombia |
| Area served | Colombia |
| Products | CDMA, WiMax, WiFi, VoIP, Mobitex, Long distance, Internet services, BlackBerrys |
| Owner | Telefónica (70%), Colombian government (30%) |
| Website |  |


title: Technology Shabbat

abstract: Technology Shabbat or Tech Shabbat is a term coined in 2010 by Tiffany Shlain and Ken Goldberg to describe a day of rest or cessation from the use of all technology with screens: smartphones, personal computers, tablets and television. Shlain introduced the concept, modeled on the traditional Jewish Shabbat, in a series of articles and films after participating in The National Day of Unplugging, an event sponsored by nonprofit think tank Reboot.

text:
# Technology Shabbat

**Technology Shabbat** or **Tech Shabbat** is a term coined in 2010 by Tiffany Shlain and Ken Goldberg to describe a day of rest or cessation from the use of all technology with screens: smartphones, personal computers, tablets and television. Shlain introduced the concept, modeled on the traditional Jewish Shabbat, in a series of articles and films after participating in The National Day of Unplugging, an event sponsored by nonprofit think tank Reboot.

## History

The concept of a taking time to disconnect from technology emerged early in the development of the internet. Secretary of State George Shultz, for example, spent an hour each week in quiet reflection with only a pen and paper. Since the advent of portable devices, increasing numbers of people have adopted the practice.

Shlain herself first disconnected in 2008, when her father Leonard Shlain was diagnosed with brain cancer, prompting her to turn off her cell phone during his moments of lucidity. With her husband Ken Goldberg, she participated in the first annual National Day of Unplugging, to which she contributed a poem she subsequently turned into the film *Yelp: With Apologies to Allen Ginsberg's 'Howl'*.

## Rituals

All screens are turned off for twenty-four hours, often from Friday night until Saturday night. Suggested activities include reading, taking walks, visiting new neighborhoods, engaging in outdoor activities, and using pen and paper.

## Filmography

The concept of Technology Shabbat has been featured in several of Shlain's films: *Connected: An Autoblogography About Love, Death, & Technology* (2011), *Yelp: With Apologies to Allen Ginsberg's 'Howl'* (2011), *Technology Shabbats* (2013), *A Case For Dreaming* (2014), and *Making of a Mensch* (2015).


title: Tecnocumbia

abstract:
Tecnocumbia is a style of Cumbia where there is a fusion between electronic sounds generated by electronic musical instruments through electronic drums, the electric guitar, synthesisers, and samplers. "Tecnocumbia" was a word developed in Mexico to describe this type of music. However, the style of music was developed throughout South America with different names given to it before the name "Tecnocumbia" was adopted as the single denomination for the music. In Mexico, it developed as a variant of the Mexican cumbia that started in the early 1980s. The style added electronic instruments along with samplers to the Mexican cumbia music. One of the first musical groups with electrical 1980s sounds was Super Show de los Vazkez from Veracruz, México, formed in 1981, also, other important exponents were Los Temerarios, Los Bukis, Fito Olivares, among others. These groups created several hits with electrical sounds, their fame continues to the end of the 1980s. In the early 1990s, Selena the "Tex-Mex queen," had great musical hits in U.S. and Mexico, her main hits of the tecnocumbia style was "Como la flor", "Carcacha", and, for first time, this genre was called like "Technocumbia" by her, with the musical hit of same name, "Technocumbia". In South America, where the Colombian Cumbia most easily expanded in popularity, different "modern" styles of the original Colombian rhythm were started mainly in the countries of Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia. The Peruvian cumbia, developed in the early 1960s, used electric guitars and synthesisers along with the other classical instruments of the Colombian cumbia in order to create a kind of tropical sound. Variations within the Peruvian cumbia added more tropical rhythms along with a more Andean flavor, which eventually resulted in the creation of the Andean cumbia. Using the Andean cumbia as a base, in the middle of the 1990s the Tecnocumbia sprung up in Peru and since then has gone through many changes in Peru and Bolivia. Rossy War was the most important singer of the Peruvian tecnocumbia, she recorded several hits for Peru and Mexico, but her fame was bigger in the U.S.A's Latin community. Finally in the north of Argentina the most recent exponents are the group Kasualidad and Lagrimas.
In Ecuador, this style of music began in 1992 with Grupo Coctel and; later, in 1999 with Sharon la Hechicera and Widinson. They are considered the beginners of this music in Ecuador. After them male and female groups appeared like Tierra Canela, Magia Latina, Las Chicas Dulces, Deseo, Kandela y Son, Yerba Buena, Milenium, Batahola and others singers like Jazmín, Jaime Enrique Aymara, Hipatia Balseca, Sanyi, Mayra Alvarado, Milena, Enrique Augusto, Manolo and Silvana. Nowadays the most important singers of tecnocumbia are Maria de los Angeles, Gerardo Morán, Patty Ray, Omayra, Veronica Bolaños, Katty Egas and Delfin Quishpe. In Chile, a similar style is known as Sound or Música Tropical. The Mexican and South American tecnocumbias have similar styles and rhythms, due to them both having the Colombia cumbia as a base, but they developed through different methods independently of each other and do not sound exactly alike.

text:
# Tecnocumbia

**Tecnocumbia** is a style of Cumbia where there is a fusion between electronic sounds generated by electronic musical instruments through electronic drums, the electric guitar, synthesisers, and samplers. "Tecnocumbia" was a word developed in Mexico to describe this type of music. However, the style of music was developed throughout South America with different names given to it before the name "Tecnocumbia" was adopted as the single denomination for the music.

In Mexico, it developed as a variant of the Mexican cumbia that started in the early 1980s. The style added electronic instruments along with samplers to the Mexican cumbia music. One of the first musical groups with electrical 1980s sounds was Super Show de los Vazkez from Veracruz, México, formed in 1981, also, other important exponents were Los Temerarios, Los Bukis, Fito Olivares, among others. These groups created several hits with electrical sounds, their fame continues to the end of the 1980s. In the early 1990s, Selena the "Tex-Mex queen," had great musical hits in U.S. and Mexico, her main hits of the tecnocumbia style was *"Como la flor" (Like a flower), "Carcacha" (the old car)*, and, for first time, this genre was called like *"Technocumbia"* by her, with the musical hit of same name, *"Technocumbia"*.

In South America, where the Colombian Cumbia most easily expanded in popularity, different "modern" styles of the original Colombian rhythm were started mainly in the countries of Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia. The Peruvian cumbia, developed in the early 1960s, used electric guitars and synthesisers along with the other classical instruments of the Colombian cumbia in order to create a kind of tropical sound. Variations within the Peruvian cumbia added more tropical rhythms along with a more Andean flavor, which eventually resulted in the creation of the Andean cumbia (Commonly called "Chicha music" in Peru). Using the Andean cumbia as a base, in the middle of the 1990s the Tecnocumbia sprung up in Peru and since then has gone through many changes in Peru and Bolivia. Rossy War was the most important singer of the Peruvian tecnocumbia, she recorded several hits for Peru and Mexico, but her fame was bigger in the U.S.A's Latin community. Finally in the north of Argentina the most recent exponents are the group Kasualidad and Lagrimas. In Ecuador, this style of music began in 1992 with Grupo Coctel and; later, in 1999 with Sharon la Hechicera and Widinson. They are considered the beginners of this music in Ecuador. After them male and female groups appeared like Tierra Canela, Magia Latina, Las Chicas Dulces, Deseo, Kandela y Son, Yerba Buena, Milenium, Batahola and others singers like Jazmín, Jaime Enrique Aymara, Hipatia Balseca, Sanyi, Mayra Alvarado, Milena, Enrique Augusto, Manolo and Silvana. Nowadays the most important singers of tecnocumbia are Maria de los Angeles, Gerardo Morán, Patty Ray, Omayra, Veronica Bolaños, Katty Egas and Delfin Quishpe.

In Chile, a similar style is known as Sound or Música Tropical.

The Mexican and South American tecnocumbias have similar styles and rhythms, due to them both having the Colombia cumbia as a base, but they developed through different methods independently of each other and do not sound exactly alike.

## InfoBox


title: Zorki 4

abstract: The Zorki 4 was possibly the most popular of all Zorki cameras, with 1,715,677 cameras made by the KMZ factory in Krasnogorsk, Russia. The Zorki 4 was also the first of the Zorki cameras to be exported in large numbers to the west. It is a fully manual camera, and does not have a lightmeter. An additional lightmeter may be added by the cold shoe. When the Zorki 4 rangefinder was introduced in 1956, its contemporaries included the Zorki S, Zorki 2S, FED 2b, Leica M3, Leica IIIg, Nikon S2, Canon VT, and Canon L1. The Zorki 4's production run outlasted all of them. When it morphed into the Zorki 4K by 1973, its contemporaries included the FED 4b, Leica M4 and M5, Nikon F2, and Canon F-1 and Canon Canonet QL 17 GIII. The Zorki 4 is essentially a Zorki 3S with a self timer. It retained all of the features and strong points of the 3S. The early bodies have a vulcanite body covering, engraved shutter speeds, and strap lugs. Later bodies have fabric covering and the shutter speeds are silk-screened. By the mid-1960s, the strap lugs had disappeared.

text:
# Zorki 4

The **Zorki 4** was possibly the most popular of all Zorki cameras, with 1,715,677 cameras made by the KMZ factory in Krasnogorsk, Russia. The Zorki 4 was also the first of the Zorki cameras to be exported in large numbers to the west. It is a fully manual camera, and does not have a lightmeter. An additional lightmeter may be added by the cold shoe.

When the Zorki 4 rangefinder was introduced in 1956, its contemporaries included the Zorki S, Zorki 2S, FED 2b, Leica M3 (introduced two years before), Leica IIIg, Nikon S2, Canon VT, and Canon L1. The Zorki 4's production run outlasted all of them. When it morphed into the **Zorki 4K** by 1973, its contemporaries included the FED 4b, Leica M4 and M5, Nikon F2, and Canon F-1 and Canon Canonet QL 17 GIII.

The Zorki 4 is essentially a Zorki 3S with a self timer. It retained all of the features and strong points of the 3S. The early bodies have a vulcanite body covering, engraved shutter speeds, and strap lugs. Later bodies have fabric covering and the shutter speeds (1/60 and 1/30 instead of 1/50 and 1/25) are silk-screened. By the mid-1960s, the strap lugs had disappeared.

## Variants

The Zorki 4 came in 2 variants:

* the original, which uses a thumb wheel to advance the film and cock the shutter,
* the Zorki 4k included a wind lever for easier operation.

## Operation

As with other Soviet-era rangefinders, the shutter speed selector rotates when the shutter is released, and should not be changed until after the shutter has been cocked. If the shutter speed is changed without cocking the shutter first, the setting pin can be broken when the film is advanced.

*This article was originally based on "Zorki 4" in Camerapedia, retrieved at an unknown date under the GNU Free Documentation License.*

## InfoBox

Zorki 4
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Type | 35 mm rangefinder camera |
| Lens | |
| Lens mount | 39LTM |
| Focusing | |
| Focus | Manual |
| Exposure/metering | |
| Exposure | Manual |
| Flash | |
| Flash | Flash sync 1/30s |


title: Presbyterian polity

abstract: Presbyterian polity is a method of church governance typified by the rule of assemblies of presbyters, or elders. Each local church is governed by a body of elected elders usually called the session, though other terms, such as church board, may apply. Groups of local churches are governed by a higher assembly of elders known as the presbytery or classis; presbyteries can be grouped into a synod, and presbyteries and synods nationwide often join together in a general assembly. Responsibility for conduct of church services is reserved to an ordained minister or pastor known as a teaching elder, or a minister of the word and sacrament. Presbyterian polity was developed as a rejection of governance by hierarchies of single bishops, but also differs from the congregationalist polity in which each congregation is independent. In contrast to the other two forms, authority in the presbyterian polity flows both from the top down and from the bottom up. This theory of governance developed in Geneva under John Calvin and was introduced to Scotland by John Knox after his period of exile in Geneva. It is strongly associated with French, Dutch, Swiss and Scottish Reformation movements, and the Reformed and Presbyterian churches.

text:
# Presbyterian polity

**Presbyterian** (or **presbyteral**) **polity** is a method of church governance ("ecclesiastical polity") typified by the rule of assemblies of presbyters, or elders. Each local church is governed by a body of elected elders usually called the session (or consistory), though other terms, such as *church board*, may apply. Groups of local churches are governed by a higher assembly of elders known as the **presbytery** or **classis**; presbyteries can be grouped into a **synod**, and presbyteries and synods nationwide often join together in a **general assembly**. Responsibility for conduct of church services is reserved to an ordained minister or pastor known as a *teaching elder*, or a *minister of the word and sacrament.*

Presbyterian polity was developed as a rejection of governance by hierarchies of single bishops (episcopal polity), but also differs from the congregationalist polity in which each congregation is independent. In contrast to the other two forms, authority in the presbyterian polity flows both from the top down (as higher assemblies exercise limited but important authority over individual congregations, e.g., only the presbytery can ordain ministers, install pastors, and start up, close, and approve relocating a congregation) and from the bottom up (e.g., the moderator and officers are not appointed from above but are rather elected by and from among the members of the assembly). This theory of governance developed in Geneva under John Calvin and was introduced to Scotland by John Knox after his period of exile in Geneva. It is strongly associated with French, Dutch, Swiss and Scottish Reformation movements, and the Reformed and Presbyterian churches.

## History

Among the early church fathers, it was noted that the offices of elder and bishop were identical, and were not differentiated until later, and that plurality of elders was the norm for church government. St. Jerome (347–420) "In Epistle Titus", vol. iv, said, "Elder is identical with bishop; and before the urging of the devil gave rise to factionalism in religion, so much that it was being said among the people, 'I am of Paul, I of Apollos, I of Cephas', the churches were governed by a joint council of elders. After it was... decreed throughout the world that one chosen from among the presbyters should be placed over the others." This observation was also made by Chrysostom (349–407) in "Homilia i, in Phil. i, 1" and Theodoret (393–457) in "Interpret ad. Phil. iii", 445.

Aerius of Sebaste also attacked the episcopal polity in the 4th century.

Presbyterianism was first described in detail by Martin Bucer of Strasbourg, who believed that the early Christian church implemented presbyterian polity. The first modern implementation was by the Geneva church under the leadership of John Calvin in 1541.

In the early days of the Scottish Reformation there were Superintendents. There were also Tulchan Bishops and Archbishops. Much of the history of the Church of Scotland and the nation itself is bound up with the relation between Episcopalianism, which the Protestant monarchs favoured, and the Presbyterianism of the reformers. In the Hungarian Reformed Church there remain bishops who have a superintending role.

## Basis

Presbyterian polity is constructed on specific assumptions about the form of the government intended by the Bible:

* "Bishop" (Koine Greek *episkopos*) and "elder" (Koine Greek *presbyteros*) are (in this view) synonymous terms. *Episkopos* means literally *overseer* and describes the function of the elder, rather than the maturity of the officer. A bishop holds the highest office of the church (there is no Patriarch, Prelate or Pope over bishops).
* Preaching (the ministry of the Word) and the administration of the sacraments is ordinarily entrusted to specially trained elders (known as ministers of the Word and Sacrament, sometimes called "teaching elders") in each local congregation, approved for these tasks by a governing presbytery, or classis, and called by the local congregation.
* In addition to these ministers, there are also "others … with gifts for government … commonly call\[ed\] "elders" or "ruling elders".
* Pastoral care, church discipline, leadership and legislation are committed to the care of ruling assemblies of presbyters among whom the ministers and "ruling elders" are equal participants.
* All Christian people together are the priesthood (see priesthood of all believers), on behalf of whom the elders are called to serve by the consent of the congregation.

Presbyterianism uses a conciliar method of church government (that is, leadership by the group or council). Thus, the ministers and "elders" govern together as a group, and at all times the office is for the service of the congregation, to pray for them and to encourage them in the faith. The elders together exercise oversight (episcopacy) over the local congregation, with superior groups of elders gathered on a regional basis exercising wider oversight.

Presbyterians typically have viewed this method of government as approximating that of the New Testament and earliest churches.

Presbyterianism is also distinct from congregationalism, in that individual congregations are not independent, but are answerable to the wider church, through its governing bodies (presbyteries, synods and assemblies). Moreover, the ordained ministry possesses a distinct responsibility for preaching and sacraments. Congregational churches are sometimes called "Presbyterian" if they are governed by a council of elders; but the difference is that every local congregation is independent, and its elders are accountable to its members, and congregationalism's wider assemblies are not ordinarily empowered to enforce discipline. Thus, these are ruled by elders only at the level of the congregations, which are united with one another by covenants of trust.

## Offices

### Elder

There are two types of elder; the *teaching elder* (see *Minister* below) and the *ruling elder*. An excerpt from Miller (1831) expands this.

> In every Church completely organized, that is, furnished with all the officers which Christ has instituted and which are necessary for carrying into full effect the laws of his kingdom, there ought to be three classes of officers, viz: at least one Teaching Elder, Bishop, or Pastor — a bench of Ruling Elders — and Deacons. The first to "minister in the Word and Doctrine", and to dispense the sacraments; — the second to assist in the inspection and government of the Church; — and the third to "serve tables"; that is, to take care of the Church's funds destined for the support of the poor, and sometimes to manage whatever relates to the temporal support of the gospel and its ministers.

Depending upon the specific denomination, teaching elders may also be referred to with terms such as "Minister of Word and Sacrament".

The elders are persons chosen from among the congregation and ordained for this service. Beyond that, practices vary: sometimes elders are elected by the congregation, sometimes appointed by the session, in some denominations elders serve for life, others have fixed terms, and some churches appoint elders on a rotation from among willing members in good standing in the church. However, in many churches, ruling elders retain their ordination for life, even though they serve fixed terms. Even after the end of their terms, they may be active in presbyteries or other bodies, and may serve communion.

In addition to sitting on the session and other church courts, ruling elders have duties as individuals. Again, Miller (1831) explains,

> It is their duty to have an eye of inspection and care over all the members of the congregation; and, for this purpose, to cultivate a universal and intimate acquaintance, as far as may be, with every family in the flock of which they are made "overseers".

### Minister

In some denominations they are called *Ministers of Word and Sacrament*, and in others they are called *Teaching Elders*. Ministers called to a particular congregation are called *pastors*, and serve a function analogous to clergy in other denominations. (Because ruling elders are often ordained in a fashion nearly identical to teaching elders, the distinction between lay and clergy is not as clear under the Presbyterian system as in others). The terms 'lay' and 'clergy' are not properly used in presbyterian polity.

Ministers may be considered equal in status with the other elders, but they have a distinct ordination and distinct function. They are the primary preachers and teachers, celebrants of sacraments. There are sometimes further distinctions between the minister and the other elders. Some Presbyterian denominations enroll ministers as members of their respective congregations, while others enroll the minister as a member of the regional presbytery. The presbyteries are responsible for the ordination of the ministers.

Until the 20th century, only men had been eligible for ordination as elders or ministers of the word and sacrament. This is widely not the case any longer, although it is usually considered a demarcation issue, distinguishing "liberal" from "conservative" Presbyterian denominations. In North America, the Reformed Church in America, Christian Reformed Church in North America (both of Dutch Reformed heritage), Cumberland Presbyterian Church, ECO: A Covenant Order of Evangelical Presbyterians, Evangelical Presbyterian Church, Presbyterian Church in Canada, and Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) are denominations with presbyterian polity which allow for the ordination of women.

The general assembly of a denomination often decides on what grounds a person may be ordained, but the ordination of ministers is the right of the presbytery or classis, and the right to extend a call to a minister is the privilege of the members of the parish or congregation.

### Deacon

The office of deacon has different meanings among different presbyterian churches. In some churches, deacons exercise responsibility for practical matters of finance and fabric, either separately or together with the elders. In some cases deacons administer the welfare matters of the congregation, while a separate board of management or trustees administers the other material business (temporalities) of the congregation, such as its endowments, salaries and buildings.

## Governing bodies

### Session

A session is a corporate body of teaching and ruling elders elected by a particular church. *sessio* from *sedere* "to sit"), sometimes the *Kirk session*, *church session,* or (in Continental Reformed usage) *consistory*. In some Continental Reformed churches, deacons are members of the consistory; others, such as the Christian Reformed Church in North America, distinguish between the consistory, comprising the pastor and elders, and the council, which comprises the pastor(s), the elders, and the deacons.

In most denominations the pastor serves as Moderator and presides over the session (primus inter pares), in which all elders have an equal vote. In some denominations, the pastor is not given a vote; however, in a sitting body of an even number or with a quorum of the session counted they can break a tie by a casting vote.

In the Polity of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.), the pastor and associate pastor(s), if elected by the congregation and "installed" to a permanent pastorate by the presbytery, have votes as members of the session on any and all matters; however, often they refrain from voting except in tie situations. The Pastor is not a voting member of the congregation.

With the Session there is one person, usually an elder but not always, who will be given the title, "Clerk of Session". This person is more or less the secretary for Session. They take notes on each meeting and are responsible for records of the congregation. In addition they find a wide area of responsibility, including responsibility for conduct of worship should a minister suddenly not be available. Although it is the responsibility of the Moderator (minister), Session Clerks often have the ability to assist in keeping meetings on track due to skills which are received from experience and the Holy Spirit.

### Presbytery

In presbyterianism, congregations are united in accountability to a regional body called the *presbytery,* or, in Continental Reformed terminology, the *classis*, which comes from the Latin word for "fleet". Presbyteries are made up of all the teaching and ruling elders in a particular geographic region. In some Dutch Reformed bodies, a classis serves as a delegated body, which ceases to exist in between meetings, whereas a presbytery exists perpetually.

The officers of a presbytery are a moderator and a stated or principal clerk. The moderator acts as chair of presbytery meetings. As with the moderators of synods and assemblies, the moderatorship is a primus inter pares position appointed by the presbytery itself. The moderator is addressed as "moderator" during meetings, but their position has no bearing outside of the presbytery meeting and affords him/her no special place in other courts, although typically the moderator (especially if a member of the clergy) will conduct worship and oversee ordinations and installations of ministers as a "liturgical" bishop, and other ordinances which are seen as acts of the presbytery.

The stated or principal clerk takes minutes and deals with the correspondence of the presbytery, and is often appointed for an indefinite term. Presbytery Clerks are the ecclesiastical administrators and generally regarded as substantially influential due to their greater experience of the governance of the church and their ordering of the business of the presbytery. They are thus very much more than secretaries and often in fact are the lynch pin of the organisation.

Presbyteries meet at a regularity between monthly and quarterly, some half-yearly.

### Synod

In denominations too large for all the work of the denomination to be done by a single presbytery, the parishes may be divided into several presbyteries under *synods* and *general assemblies*, the synod being the lower court of the two. In the United Church of Canada, this is referred to as "conferences" and "General Council". However, the United Church of Canada does not bear the formal ecclesiastical structure of classic Presbyterianism.

Often all members of the constituent presbyteries are members of the synod. Like the commissioners to presbyteries, the commissioners to synods do not act on instruction from their congregations or presbyteries, but exercise their own judgement. A synod also has a moderator and clerk, and generally meet less often than the presbytery.

Some presbyterian churches, like the Church of Scotland, Orthodox Presbyterian Church and Presbyterian Church in America have no intermediate court between the presbytery and the general assembly.

### General assembly

The *general assembly* (or general synod) is the highest court of presbyterian polity. Each presbytery selects a number of its members to be commissioners to the general assembly. The general assembly is chaired by its own moderator, who is usually elected to a single term. He or she is addressed as moderator during meetings, but like the other moderators, their position has no bearing outside of the assembly meeting and affords him/her no special place in other courts. He or she presides over meetings of the assembly, and may be called on in a representative function for the remainder of the year.

The stated clerk and deputy clerk of the general assembly administer the minutes, correspondence, and business of the assembly. In some cases a separate business convenor is appointed to deal with the agenda. General assemblies meet less regularly than their subordinate courts, often annually, or in the case of the Presbyterian Church (USA), every other year.

The General Assembly also has members serve as Advisory Delegates. There are four different types of advisory delegates, each with a focus on a different area in the Presbyterian Church like young adult, theological student, missionary and ecumenical. The role of an advisory delegate is to speak about issues or topics that commissioners would usually not worry about or care to speak about during a General Assembly meeting. Advisory Delegates may not present motions or vote in meetings of the General Assembly.

The powers of the general assembly are usually wide-ranging. However, they may be limited by some form of external review. For example, the rules of the Church of Scotland include the Barrier Act, which requires that certain major changes to the polity of the church be referred to the presbyteries, before being enacted by the general assembly.

There may be issues arising between annual General Assemblies which require urgent attention. In these cases some presbyterian churches have a 'commission of assembly' who will deal with the issue and refer it to the next General Assembly for homologation.

## Regions

### British Isles

The word *Presbyterianism*, when capitalized, often refers specifically to churches founded on principles of presbyterian polity in the British Isles and their derivatives in other countries.

### France

In France, presbyterianism was represented by the Église réformée de France. There are also Lutherans and Evangelicals. The logo is a Huguenot Cross (*Croix huguenote*) with the burning bush.

### Italy

The origins of the Waldensian Evangelical Church lie in the medieval Waldensian movement for religious reform. The Waldensians adopted Calvinist theology during the Reformation and became the Italian branch of the Reformed churches. In 1975 the Waldensian Church joined with the Italian Methodist Church to form the Union of Waldensian and Methodist Churches, which is a member of the World Council of Churches, the World Communion of Reformed Churches, and the World Methodist Council.

## Cultural references

* Robert Burns published a brief irreverent poem, "On A Celebrated Ruling Elder", as an elegy for a Scottish Presbyterian.

**Notes**

**Citations**

1. Bannerman 1868b, pp201-331.
2. W.A. Jurgens, "The Faith of the Early Fathers." The Order of St. Benedict, Inc., 1979, pg. 194
3. "Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume III: Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 311-600 - Christian Classics Ethereal Library". *ccel.org*. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
4. "Presbyterianism". *Oxford English Dictionary* (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
5. M'Crie 1875, pp48-51.
6. Bannerman 1868b, pp260- 295.
7. Bannerman 1868b, pp245- 259.
8. Westminster Assembly, 1645A *"The Form of Presbyterial Church-Government"* (ASSEMBLY AT EDINBURGH, February 10, 1645, Sess. 16. ACT of the GENERAL ASSEMBLY of the KIRK of SCOTLAND, approving the Propositions concerning Kirk-government, and Ordination of Ministers). Online at CRTA Archived 2019-04-06 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved on September 6, 2006.
9. Bannerman 1868a, pp433 passim.
10. Bannerman 1868b, pp296- 331.
11. M'Crie 1875, pp203 & passim.
12. Miller 1842.
13. Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.), 2007. "Book of Order"
14. McHugh 1911.
15. Presbyterian Publications Office, London, 1884, "The Qualifications and Duties of Elders", in Matthews, George D. ed "Alliance of the Reformed Church Holding the Presbyterian System, Minutes and Proceedings of the Third General Council, Belfast, 1884"
16. Christian Reformed Church of North America Church Order Article 35 a-b(2015)
17. PCUSA Book of Order G-10.0101
18. PCUSA Book of Order G-7.0308
19. "General Assembly" (PDF).
20. Benedict 2002.
21. Burns, Robert. "On A Celebrated Ruling Elder" available online in English translation from The World Burns Club Archived 12 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on August 25, 2006.

## Sources


title: Visa policy of Nicaragua

abstract: Visitors to Nicaragua must obtain a visa from one of the Nicaraguan diplomatic missions, unless they come from one of the visa exempt countries or countries that can obtain a visa on arrival. All visitors must hold a passport valid for 6 months.

text:
# Visa policy of Nicaragua

Visitors to **Nicaragua** must obtain a visa from one of the Nicaraguan diplomatic missions, unless they come from one of the visa exempt countries or countries that can obtain a visa on arrival. All visitors must hold a passport valid for 6 months.

## Visa policy map

## Visa exemption

Holders of passports of the following jurisdictions can visit Nicaragua without a visa for up to 90 days (unless otherwise noted).
All visitors must hold proof of sufficient funds to cover their stay and documents required for next destination. Extension of stay is possible for additional 30 days for a fee.

ID - May also enter with an ID card if come from a country that is part of the CA-4 Agreement.
1 - 30 days

Visa is not required for a maximum stay of 90 days within 180 days for valid visa holders or residents of Canada, the European Union member states, or the United States. This does not apply to nationals of China and Iran.

Holders of diplomatic, official or service passports of Bolivia, Colombia, China, Dominica, Egypt, Grenada, Guyana, India, Jamaica, Japan, Kazakhstan (30 days), Kenya, Malaysia, Montenegro, Morocco, Papua New Guinea (30 days), Peru, Philippines, Serbia (30 days), Singapore, Suriname and Thailand do not require a visa for a maximum stay of 90 days (unless otherwise stated).

## Visa on arrival

Citizens of the following countries and territories can visit Nicaragua by obtaining a visa on arrival up to 90 days:

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

### Substitute visas

Nationals of Afghanistan, Albania, Armenia, Bangladesh, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eritrea, Iraq, Laos, Liberia, Libya, Mali, Mongolia, Nepal, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, Timor-Leste, and Yemen or ordinary passport holders issued by Cameroon, Haiti, India, Kenya, Pakistan, and Vietnam are granted a visa on arrival for US$50 provided the passport contains a credible US, Canada or Schengen visa.

## Transit

Transit without a visa is allowed for travellers who normally require a visa but are transiting within 24 hours and hold onward tickets.
This does not apply to nationals of Afghanistan, Albania, Armenia, Bangladesh, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Cameroon, China, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cuba, Eritrea, Haiti, India, Iraq, Kenya, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Mali, Mongolia, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, Timor-Leste, Vietnam and Yemen.

## Tourist card

Nationals from all visa-exempt countries are required to obtain a tourist card (US$10) on arrival. Exempt are the citizens of El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras, as well as holders of diplomatic, official, service or special passports issued to any country.

## Central America-4 Border Control Agreement

The Central America-4 Border Control Agreement is a treaty between Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua. A visa issued by one of the four countries is honored by all four of the countries.
The time period for the visa, however, applies to the total time spent in any of the four countries without leaving the CA-4 area.

## Visitor statistics

Most visitors arriving to Nicaragua were from the following countries of nationality:

| Country | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Honduras | 276,767 | 263,927 | 273,015 |
| United States | 275,406 | 267,320 | 243,039 |
| Costa Rica | 167,448 | 146,071 | 163,758 |
| El Salvador | 155,701 | 143,303 | 150,963 |
| Guatemala | 90,296 | 85,283 | 94,957 |
| Canada | 35,260 | 39,370 | 33,832 |
| Panama | 22,223 | 24,553 | 24,676 |
| Mexico | 19,030 | 15,666 | 14,947 |
| Germany | 17,392 | 16,155 | 13,936 |
| United Kingdom | 14,737 | 15,596 | 10,604 |
| Total | 1,386,481 | 1,329,663 | 1,229,410 |


title: Ulrichoceras

abstract: Ulrichoceras is recognised as the basal cyrtogomphoceratid genus, which is the source for the rest of the Cyrtogomphoceratidae as well as for the Westonoceratidae. The Cyrtogomphoceratidae are endogastric, the Westonoceratidae, exogastric. Ulrichoceras has a cyrtoconic, endogastric shell that expands fairly rapidly to the middle of the body chamber, then contracts toward the aperture. The cross section is slightly depressed, atypical for cyrtogomphoceratids but not so for Reudemannoceratids; dorsal and ventro lateral sides are broadly rounded, the venter moderately flattened. Sutures have broad ventral lobes. The siphuncle is between the center and the venter; segments are short and not strongly contracted at the septal foremina, connecting rings are thickened and have enlarged bullettes. Ulrichoceras, named by Foerste, 1925, type U. beloitense, comes from the Middle Ordovician of Wisconsin, U.S.A. It is intermediary in form between Reudemanoceras and the more derived, M -U Ordovician, Strandoceras.

text:
# Ulrichoceras

***Ulrichoceras*** is recognised as the basal cyrtogomphoceratid genus, which is the source for the rest of the Cyrtogomphoceratidae as well as for the Westonoceratidae. The Cyrtogomphoceratidae are endogastric, the Westonoceratidae, exogastric.

*Ulrichoceras* has a cyrtoconic, endogastric shell that expands fairly rapidly to the middle of the body chamber, then contracts toward the aperture. The cross section is slightly depressed, atypical for cyrtogomphoceratids but not so for Reudemannoceratids; dorsal and ventro lateral sides are broadly rounded, the venter moderately flattened. Sutures have broad ventral lobes. The siphuncle is between the center and the venter; segments are short and not strongly contracted at the septal foremina, connecting rings are thickened and have enlarged bullettes.

*Ulrichoceras*, named by Foerste, 1925, type *U. beloitense*, comes from the Middle Ordovician of Wisconsin, U.S.A. It is intermediary in form between *Reudemanoceras* and the more derived, M -U Ordovician, *Strandoceras*.

* Flower, R H and Teichert, C; 1957. The Cephalopod Order Discosorida. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions. Mollusca, Article 6, pp 1–144.
* Teicher, C. 1964. Nautiloidea-Discosorida. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part K. Teichert and Moore, eds.

## InfoBox

| *Ulrichoceras*
Temporal range: M Ordovician | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Cephalopoda |
| Subclass: | Nautiloidea |
| Order: | Discosorida |
| Family: | Cyrtogomphoceratidae |
| Genus: | *Ulrichoceras*
Foerste, 1925 |
|


title: TrueScale Miniatures

abstract: TrueScale Miniatures is a Hong Kong–based manufacturing company of collectible scale model vehicles, founded by the Taiwanese Glen Chou in 2006. By 2007 TrueScale Miniatures had released their first product; scale replicas of snap-on brand tools called "Garage Essentials". "TrueScale" or "TSM" as it is often referred to in collecting community forums, exhibits a focus on motor sports with leanings towards classic Formula 1 and sports car racing in its various forms.

text:
# TrueScale Miniatures

**TrueScale Miniatures** (also known for its acronym **TSM**) is a Hong Kong–based manufacturing company of collectible scale model vehicles, founded by the Taiwanese Glen Chou in 2006. By 2007 TrueScale Miniatures had released their first product; scale replicas of snap-on brand tools called "Garage Essentials".

"TrueScale" or "TSM" as it is often referred to in collecting community forums, exhibits a focus on motor sports with leanings towards classic Formula 1 and sports car racing in its various forms.

## Industry

TrueScale Miniatures caters to model car collectors and motor sports fans through various channels, but their main focus is in the model car hobby industry as evidenced in their heavy advertising and product reviews in industry specific magazines such as Car Room magazine, and attendance at select hobby related trade shows such as the Nuremberg International Toy Fair. Typically, their products can be found in hobby and collectible shops, various online retailers, motor sports related shops, race track vendors, and occasionally even automotive museums.

## Snap-On

TrueScale Miniatures’ first products were 1:18 and 1:43 scale replicas of specific tools from the Snap-on catalog. These miniature tool sets are typically used by modelers and collectors for use in automotive dioramas. These first sets are called "Garage Essentials" and include miniature replicas of 10 tools in the 2006 Snap-on Tool Catalog that would be found in many household garages. In 2008 they released their "Shop Essentials" set which offers scaled replicas of Snap-on tools found in many automotive service stations. Both sets are a part of their "Garage Series" which can still be found not only in many industry related retail outlets, but some official Snap-on franchisees as well. The 1:18 scale sets are mainly diecast metal with some plastic implementation whereas the 1:43 scale sets are mainly plastic with some diecast metal.

## Entrance into diecast model market

In early 2008, TrueScale made its entrance into the diecast model car market when it began producing its own line of 1:18 scale replicas, beginning with the 1980 Porsche 935 K3 Le Mans Apple Computer car. With opening doors, and a removable hood and tail section revealing a highly detailed engine, they had debuted what Sports Car Digest called "A thoroughly impressive (model) from every angle."

## Signature Series

The Signature Series is a line of models within the TrueScale Miniatures brand in which the race car driver, team owner, or someone pivotal in the successes of the real race car lends their hand signature to the base of the model. The signatures are hand signed and not artificially replicated making their Signature Series models more sought after than similar models. The models themselves are limited in production quantity, typically less than a thousand pieces, which further adds to their appeal to collectors.

Persons associated with the Signature Series:

## Worldwide presence

TrueScale Miniatures is currently distributed in over 20 countries around the world. Their products have also been routinely featured in numerous international magazines, including The Diecast Magazine of Australia, Modell Fahrzeug of Germany and Model Cars of Japan.

## Coca-Cola

Beginning in late 2009 and continuing through 2010, TrueScale Miniatures produced a series of Porsche race car models featuring Coca-Cola livery, all driven by famous driver Bob Akin. While this was not the first time that a Coca-Cola race car model had been produced by a company, TrueScale has received recognition for their production of such a widely encompassing collection of cars under such a recognizable livery.

## Mini GT

A 1:64 scale line featuring a variety of vehicles was launched in the mid-2010s. While still producing highly detailed models, the Mini GT line focuses more on affordability, being similar to Greenlight Collectibles and POP RACE products in quality. Each MINI GT Model is produced in full diecast metal, with the chassis being fully reproduced.

## Brands of models produced

## InfoBox

TrueScale Miniatures
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Manufacturing |
| Founded | 2006 (2006) |
| Headquarters | Hong Kong |
| Area served | Global |
| Key people | Glen Chou (director) |
| Products | die-cast scale model cars |
| Subsidiaries | MINI GT |
| Website | tsm-models.com |