title: Tukituki River

abstract: The Tukituki River is in the Hawke's Bay region of the eastern North Island of New Zealand. It flows from the Ruahine Ranges to the Pacific Ocean at the southern end of Hawke Bay. The river flows for 117 kilometres (73 mi), east and then northeast, passing through the town of Waipukurau before flowing into Hawke Bay, close to the city of Hastings. There, the Tukituki Valley is separated from Havelock North/Hastings by the craggy range of hills that includes Te Mata Peak.

text:
# Tukituki River

The **Tukituki River** is in the Hawke's Bay region of the eastern North Island of New Zealand. It flows from the Ruahine Ranges to the Pacific Ocean at the southern end of Hawke Bay.

The river flows for 117 kilometres (73 mi), east and then northeast, passing through the town of Waipukurau before flowing into Hawke Bay, close to the city of Hastings. There, the Tukituki Valley is separated from Havelock North/Hastings by the craggy range of hills that includes Te Mata Peak.

## Etymology

The Maori name Tukituki roughly translates "to demolish", presumably referring to the power of the river in flood. Maori legend has it that there are two taniwha living in lake at the southern end of the river that fought over a young boy after he fell into the lake. The struggle of the two taniwha was thought to split the river into the Waipawa and Tukituki Rivers and thereby draining the lake.

### Tributaries

## InfoBox

| Tukituki River | |
| --- | --- |
| Tukituki River and Te Mata Peak, May 2006 | |
| The Tukituki River system | |
| Etymology | Maori meaning "to demolish" |
| Native name | *Tukituki* (Māori) |
| Location | |
| Country | New Zealand |
| Region | Hawke's Bay |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Ruahine Ranges |
|  | |
| Mouth | Pacific Ocean |
| location | Haumoana |
| coordinates | 39°36′S 176°57′E / 39.600°S 176.950°E / -39.600; 176.950 |
| elevation | Sea level |
| Length | 117 kilometres (73 mi) |


title: Tungso

abstract: The tungso is a Korean notched, end-blown vertical bamboo flute used in Korean traditional music. It is similar to the danso, but longer and larger. The hanja tong (洞) was used to describe the shape of the instrument that resembles a long cave. The instrument is parallel to the Chinese xiao, and equivalent to its variant, dongxiao, and the Japanese name is shakuhachi. A distinctive feature of the tungso, unlike other vertical flutes is that it may have a buzzing membrane, similar to that of the Korean transverse flute, the daegeum. This is especially common in the folk variety of the instrument. The tungso is a vertical flute made of thick, aged bamboo. Until the mid-Joseon period, tungso had been used mainly in court music, but by the end of the 19th century and the early 20th century, it became a more widely used instrument. Today, it is played in accompaniment to masked dances like the Bukcheong sajanoreum. The tongso is made thicker and larger than danso, and the length is 55 cm and the inner diameter is 2 cm.

text:
# Tungso

The ***tungso*** (Korean: 퉁소; sometimes ***tongso***, transliteration of its Chinese name of *dòngxiāo*) is a Korean notched, end-blown vertical bamboo flute used in Korean traditional music. It is similar to the *danso*, but longer and larger. The hanja tong (洞) was used to describe the shape of the instrument that resembles a long cave.

The instrument is parallel to the Chinese *xiao*, and equivalent to its variant, *dongxiao*, and the Japanese name is *shakuhachi*. A distinctive feature of the *tungso*, unlike other vertical flutes is that it may have a buzzing membrane, similar to that of the Korean transverse flute, the *daegeum*. This is especially common in the folk variety of the instrument.

The *tungso* is a vertical flute made of thick, aged bamboo. Until the mid-Joseon period, *tungso* had been used mainly in court music, but by the end of the 19th century and the early 20th century, it became a more widely used instrument. Today, it is played in accompaniment to masked dances like the *Bukcheong sajanoreum*.

The tongso is made thicker and larger than *danso*, and the length is 55 cm and the inner diameter is 2 cm.

## Use

Like the *daegeum*, there is a special hole called *cheonggong* covered with a thin membrane made of reed between the breathing mouth and the hole, which produces a vibrating sound. The tungso was also played as court music, but is rarely played now.

## InfoBox

| Tungso | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 퉁소 |
| Hanja |  |
| Revised Romanization | *tungso, tongso* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *t'ungso, t'ongso* |


title: Pelargonium littorale

abstract: Pelargonium littorale is a species of Pelargonium found within the southwest botanical province of Australia.

text:
# Pelargonium littorale

***Pelargonium littorale*** is a species of *Pelargonium* found within the southwest botanical province of Australia.

## Description

A perennial herb found as an erect or semiprostrate shrub, *Pelargonium littorale* may be 100 to 500 mm in height. The flowers are pink with a deeper coloration at the center. The species bears a strong resemblance to a co-genor, *Pelargonium capitatum*; a 'rose scented' species, introduced from South Africa, that occupies a very similar habitat. The species was first described by Karl von Hügel, a plant collector who visited the state in 1837. This was published by Endlicher. It is described as native, not endemic.

## Distribution

The plant is found along coastal regions in the province, the range extends from most south eastern corner to the Geraldton Sandplains in the North. An occurrence is also given in South Australia and Victoria.

## Taxonomy

The species has been placed within *Pelargonium* sect. *Peristera*. A subspecies division has also been applied :

* *Pelargonium littorale* Huegel subsp. *littorale*
*

* "*Pelargonium littorale* Huegel". *FloraBase*. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
* "The Pelargonium Page". *Discussion List*. Retrieved 2007-08-31. Section *Peristera* DC. *littorale* Hügel
* "Pelargonium littorale Endl". *Australian Plant Name Index (APNI)*. IBIS. Retrieved 2007-08-31. Hugel, C.A.A. von ex Endlicher, S.L. in Hugel, C.A.A. von in Huegel, C.A.A. von (1837), Botanisches Archiv der Gartenbaugesellschaft der Ossterreichischen Kaiserstaates 2: t. 5 Type: "welche von dem Herausgeber am Schwanen flusse gesammelt, ..." \[given by Endlicher, Enum. Pl. Huegel (Apr. 1837) 14 as "Swan-River (Hügel.)."\].
* Rippey, Elizabeth; Rowland, Barbara (2004) \[1995\]. *Coastal plants: Perth and the south-west region* (2nd ed.). Perth: UWA Press. pp. 182, 13. ISBN 1-920694-05-6. **Pelargonium capitatum* (L.) Rose pelargonium ... high priority environmental weed.

## InfoBox

| *Pelargonium littorale* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Geraniales |
| Family: | Geraniaceae |
| Genus: | *Pelargonium* |
| Species: | ***P. littorale*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pelargonium littorale***<br>Hügel ex Endl. | |
|


title: Voice of Mongolia

abstract: Voice of Mongolia is the official international broadcasting station of Mongolia. The Voice Of Mongolia is the country's only overseas broadcasting service and is operated by Mongolian National Broadcaster, a pioneer sole public service broadcaster. Short-wave international broadcasting in Mongolia dates back over 40 years. The first broadcast in October, 1964 was a half hour transmission in Mongolian and Chinese, beamed to China. In the next few years, Mongolian international broadcasting expanded in terms of languages used, broadcast hours and target areas. The English service of Radio Ulaanbaatar, which was renamed The Voice Of Mongolia on January 1, 1997, was launched on January 29, 1965. Today the output of The Voice Of Mongolia consists of various programmes designed to provide information about Mongolia and the Mongolians, their history, traditions and culture. It broadcasts a total of 8 hours a day in 5 languages: Mongolian, English, Chinese, Russian and Japanese.

text:
# Voice of Mongolia

**Voice of Mongolia** is the official international broadcasting station of Mongolia.

The Voice Of Mongolia is the country's only overseas broadcasting service and is operated by Mongolian National Broadcaster, a pioneer sole public service broadcaster. Short-wave international broadcasting in Mongolia dates back over 40 years. The first broadcast in October, 1964 was a half hour transmission in Mongolian and Chinese, beamed to China. In the next few years, Mongolian international broadcasting expanded in terms of languages used, broadcast hours and target areas. The English service of Radio Ulaanbaatar, which was renamed The Voice Of Mongolia on January 1, 1997, was launched on January 29, 1965. Today the output of The Voice Of Mongolia consists of various programmes designed to provide information about Mongolia and the Mongolians, their history, traditions and culture. It broadcasts a total of 8 hours a day in 5 languages: Mongolian, English, Chinese, Russian and Japanese.

## Current broadcasts

All of the Voice Of Mongolia's broadcasts come directly from its Khonkhor Transmitting Station, about 25 km east of Ulan Bator, Mongolia's capital. It broadcasts through Soviet-made 100, 250, and 500 kW transmitters and curtain antennas built in the mid sixties. The transmissions beamed to East Asia provide fair reception in South America, and the South Asian transmissions can be heard in Southern Africa and in Europe as well. However, this reception is influenced by propagation conditions and frequency congestion.

In the 2010s, the Japanese service of VOM had the most listeners, the largest contributor of feedback to the service came from Japan.

47°55′00″N 107°00′00″E / 47.91667°N 107.00000°E / 47.91667; 107.00000

## InfoBox

Voice of Mongolia
| Programming | |
| --- | --- |
| Language(s) | Mongolian, English, Chinese, Russian, Japanese |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Mongolian National Broadcaster |
| History | |
| First air date | October 1964 (1964-10) |
| Links | |
| Website | vom.mn |


title: Windfall tax (Mongolia)

abstract: The Windfall tax or windfall profits tax in Mongolia was a taxation on the profits made by mining companies operating in Mongolia. It was implemented in 2006 and was the highest windfall profits tax in the world. It was a tax on unsmelted copper and gold concentrate that was produced in Mongolia. The tax was repealed in 2009 and phased out over two years. Repealing the 68% tax law was considered essential to enable foreign mining companies to invest in mineral resources development of Mongolia.

text:
# Windfall tax (Mongolia)

The **Windfall tax** or **windfall profits tax** in Mongolia was a taxation on the profits made by mining companies operating in Mongolia. It was implemented in 2006 and was the highest windfall profits tax in the world. It was a tax on unsmelted copper and gold concentrate that was produced in Mongolia. The tax was repealed in 2009 and phased out over two years. Repealing the 68% tax law was considered essential to enable foreign mining companies to invest in mineral resources development of Mongolia.

## Implementation

The tax was initially proposed to the State Great Khural (the Mongolian Parliament) in 2005, initially taxing copper and gold profits when their respective prices reach $2,600 per tonne and $500 per troy ounce. The bill passed in May 2006, a change to the law occurred in 2006 changing the gold price that would be taxed to $650 per ounce, and eventually to $850 per ounce. The tax rate was 68%, which was the highest in the world. The tax was implemented with the hopes that copper mining companies would smelt their copper within the country rather than shipping concentrate out as there would be no windfall tax if the material was smelted in Mongolia.

The implementation of the tax was not anticipated by Vancouver-based Ivanhoe Mines, owners of the Oyu Tolgoi Project in Mongolia. Following the announcement by the government shares of Ivanhoe (traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange) dropped over 21% (or CA$2.22)).

## Opposition

Ivanhoe made the case that addition of a smelter to the Oyu Tolgoi Project would increase the capital required to bring the project into production. Others suggested that the small scale independent miners would simply not report their full production to the government, or turn to smuggling to avoid the tax. There was opposition to the rate being established by the Mongol Bank by appointment of the government, and a claim that it was against the constitution. The Constitution Court of Mongolia later determined that this was not a violation. In 2009 the tax was repealed with a phase out period lasting until 2011.

## Repeal

Rio Tinto and its partner Ivanhoe Mines made the scrapping of the tax a precondition to their signing an agreement to establish the Oyu Tolgoi mine, a major copper-gold mining project in the Gobi Desert. The government agreed to the removal of the tax in return for an increase in royalties from Oyu Tolgoi. The tax was repealed in early 2011, with Oyu Tolgoi commencing commercial production in 2013.


title: Thomas Darnell (artist)

abstract: Thomas Darnell is an American artist known for his oil paintings of figurative landscapes and flowers, and abstracts. French newspaper L'Indépendant describes his work as being influenced by modern painters Gerhard Richter and Ross Bleckner, but also by Caravaggio and Rembrandt.

text:
# Thomas Darnell (artist)

**Thomas Darnell** (February 2, 1958) is an American artist known for his oil paintings of figurative landscapes and flowers, and abstracts.

French newspaper *L'Indépendant* describes his work as being influenced by modern painters Gerhard Richter and Ross Bleckner, but also by Caravaggio and Rembrandt.

## Life and work

Darnell and his second wife live in France, Darnell himself having initially moved to Paris in 1991 and subsequently to the South of France, however he exhibits internationally. His work has been featured in multiple international publications, including Taiwanese design magazine *ppapaer*, Australian journal *The Cool Hunter*, *Moco Loco*, American design and lifestyle magazine *Atlanta Homes* *Brigitte* (Germany's largest women's magazine), *Artful Living Magazine*, Spanish design magazine *El Mueble* and monthly British fashion magazine *Tatler*.

Darnell was initially drawn to paint seriously after the death of his first wife. Throughout the 1990s, Darnell exhibited in New York City in SoHo and Tribeca He has also exhibited in Hong Kong, Singapore, Korea, Argentina, and Europe. He exhibited in Barcelona in 2016.

During a 1995 exhibition at the Fernando Alcolea Gallery in Barcelona, a writeup in *El País* described his work as being "painted with an extreme manual dexterity, something, on the one hand, typical of North American painters, based in the Leonardesque principle suggesting innumerable images starting with stains and in this case, effects of luminosity." The article went on to state "Occasionally, it reflects a mystic atmosphere by means of diffused forms which resemble clouds, other times, suggesting hollow waves, or on the contrary, lights more recognizable closer to candles." Like *L'independant*, it compared his technique with that of Richter, and his preoccupation with light to that of Bleckner, but also referred to him as an echo of German Romantic landscape painter Caspar David Friedrich.

## InfoBox

| Thomas Darnell | |
| --- | --- |
| Painter Thomas Darnell in his studio | |
| Born | (1958-02-02) February 2, 1958<br>San Antonio, Texas, USA |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | University of Texas at Austin |
| Known for | painting |
| Website | http://thomasdarnell.com |


title: Wilhelmine Kähler

abstract: Wilhelmine Kähler was a German labour and women's rights activist, and politician.

text:
# Wilhelmine Kähler

**Wilhelmine Kähler** (née **Mohs** or **Moss**, 3 April 1864 – 22 February 1941) was a German labour and women's rights activist, and politician.

## Activism and politics

From 1890, Kähler was part of the labour movement. She co-founded and led the *Verband der Fabrik- und Handarbeiterinnen*, making her the only woman to lead a trade union in Germany during the 1890s. She sat on the General Commission of German Trade Unions. Her union became part of the Union of Domestic Workers of Germany, and she was acting president of that union in 1913.

Around 1900 Kähler lived in Dresden, where she primarily worked on improving the situation of working women.

Kähler wrote for the social democratic women's magazine *Die Gleichheit* and the Düsseldorf newspaper *Volkszeitung* starting in 1906. She was an editor of *Für unsere Frauen*, a women's movement correspondence, the yearbook *Der Frauenhausschatz*.

From 1919 until 1923 Kähler worked as a civil servant for the Reich Ministry of Economy. In 1919 she also became a member of the Weimar National Assembly, which drafted the Weimar Constitution. She was subsequently a member of the Reichstag until 1921, and then a member of the Landtag of Prussia until 1924. Kähler represented the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD/MSPD).

After 1926 she led a local Arbeiterwohlfahrt organisation in her home town of Kellinghusen until 1931.

## Personal life

Kähler was born in 1864 in Kellinghusen, where she also went to school. She was a seamstress and a housekeeper. In 1882 she married her first husband who was a cigar factory worker.

Kähler later remarried in 1924 and moved to Bonn with her husband in 1931, retiring from political activism. She died in Bonn in 1941.


title: Star Trek: The Q Continuum

abstract: Star Trek: The Q Continuum is an omnibus edition of a three novel miniseries written by Greg Cox, based on the television series Star Trek: The Next Generation. The novels explore the history of the multi-dimensional being Q prior to his introduction in the 1987 episode "Encounter at Farpoint". The Science Fiction Book Club released a similar edition with a different cover in 1998, also titled The Q Continuum. The edition is part of the Star Trek: Signature Edition (2003–04) series, published by Pocket Books. Included, is an interview of Cox by Kevin Dilmore.

text:
# Star Trek: The Q Continuum

***Star Trek: The Q Continuum*** is an omnibus edition of a three novel miniseries written by Greg Cox, based on the television series *Star Trek: The Next Generation*. The novels explore the history of the multi-dimensional being  prior to his introduction in the 1987 episode "Encounter at Farpoint". The Science Fiction Book Club released a similar edition with a different cover in 1998, also titled *The Q Continuum*.

The edition is part of the *Star Trek: Signature Edition* (2003–04) series, published by Pocket Books. Included, is an interview of Cox by Kevin Dilmore.

## Production

*The Q Continuum* trilogy was conceived by John J. Ordover at Pocket Books. Cox lamented he was uncertain he had "nine-hundred pages" in him when offered the project. He accepted the task after rewatching all the episodes featuring Q.

Cox said, in *Voyages of Imagination* (2006), the poetry included in the novels was written by Karen Palinko. Several printings included a facsimile signature from the author.

The edition includes *Q-Space*, *Q-Zone*, and *Q-Strike*, which were originally published as *The Next Generation*, Books 47  49.

## Plot summary

A Betazoid scientist, Lem Faal, claims to have found a way to penetrate the Galactic Barrier. The *Enterprise* is sent to offer aid. They return to Delta Vega, where Gary Mitchell was transformed in a god-like being after exposure radiation from the barrier in "Where No Man Has Gone Before". After gaining an understanding of Faal's technology, Capt. Picard orders the *Enterprise* to the barrier.  appears, warning Picard and Faal against breaking the barrier.

When asked why they should stop, Q takes Picard on a journey to the distant past—a young Q's distant past. With Riker in command, the *Enterprise* is attacked by the Calamarain, non-corporeal lifeforms introduced in the episode "Deja Q". Faal plots to complete his barrier breaking test, regardless of the consequences, eager to make his mark on the Universe.

While on his journey with Q, Picard discovers the truth: the barrier was constructed to protect the galaxy from a malevolent, near-omnipotent, entity known as 0. The entity had remorselessly ravaged several worlds 600,000 years prior. It had also tortured the Calamarain, almost compressing them all into a single point, before being stopped by the young Q.

A small portion of 0's consciousness had passed through the barrier a few years prior, and merged with Faal. He was promised immortality in exchange for opening the barrier. After 0 entered the galaxy, Q, other members of the Q Continuum, and the Calamarain, join forces to defeat it.

## Contents

All novels written by Greg Cox:

* *Q-Space* (1998)
* *Q-Zone* (1998)
* *Q-Strike* (1998)
* *A Look Inside 'The Q Continuum' with Greg Cox*, by Kevin Dilmore

## Reception

The omnibus was called "a marvelously funny and enlightening visit to the *Star Trek* universe" by reviewers at Readers Read. Fraser Ronald of SFReader, said the omnibus was "a more satisfying experience" than previous *The Next Generation* films, or many episodes of *Enterprise*, but there were caveats to issuing a full recommendation.

Cox responded to a fan question on TrekBBS about the omnibus with: "I remember writing \[the novels\] a trillion years ago."

## InfoBox

Star Trek: The Q Continuum
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Greg Cox |
| Cover artist | Dru Blair |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Science fiction |
| Publisher | Pocket Books |
| Publication date | October 7, 2003 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Paperback) |
| Pages | 368 |
| ISBN | 0-7434-9182-3 |
| OCLC | 53197141 |
| Preceded by | *Pantheon* |
| Followed by | *Worlds in Collision* |
| Website | startrekbooks.com |


title: The Relic (video game)

abstract: The Relic is a role-playing iOS game developed by British company Clickgamer.com and was released on April 14, 2011.

text:
# The Relic (video game)

***The Relic***  is a role-playing iOS game developed by British company Clickgamer.com and was released on April 14, 2011.

## Critical reception

The game received negative reviews, garnering a Metacritic score of 33% based on 4 critic ratings.

AppSmile said "Despite a recent update that fixed that control issues that plagued its initial launch, The Relic remains a sub-par title that lacks both realistic animations and a sense of enjoyment that would compel us to keep playing. " AppSpy wrote " Despite having a long, rich history supporting the Action-RPG, The Relic strikes out on its own and manages to get lost in the wilderness in the process; hold off on this one till updates address its core gameplay. " PocketGamerUK said " Although its control problems do much to limit its appeal, The Relic equally suffers from a clichéd plot, samey combat and uninspiring gameplay. " Modojo surmised " As for the game, well, it's god-awful. "

## InfoBox

| The Relic | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Clickgamer.com |
| Platform(s) | iOS, Android |
| Release | April 14, 2011 (2011-04-14) |
| Genre(s) | Role-playing |


title: Uruguay–Venezuela relations

text:
# Uruguay–Venezuela relations

Venezuela has an embassy in Montevideo. Uruguay has an embassy in Caracas and a consulate in Maracaibo.

In 29 of July of 2024, Venezuela announced a breakup of diplomatic relations with Uruguay, as because of the critical positioning of the uruguayan government about fraud reports that occurred in 2024 Venezuelan presidential election.

## History

Historically, both countries were part of the Spanish Empire until the early 19th century. Nowadays, both countries are full members of the Rio Group, of the Latin Union, of ALADI, of the Association of Spanish Language Academies, of the Organization of American States, of the Organization of Ibero-American States, of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, of the Union of South American Nations and of the Group of 77.

Relations between both countries are not easy. The ruling Broad Front had an official position of support for the regime of Nicolás Maduro, while opposition politicians flatly denounced its human rights violations. Lately, the Uruguayan diplomat Luis Almagro, who in his role as Secretary General of OAS denounced the Venezuelan situation, was facing harsh questioning inside his party.

In September 2020, the Foreign Minister of the Uruguayan new center-right government of President Luis Lacalle Pou said that the Venezuelan Nicolás Maduro regime is a dictatorship and that Uruguay would no longer encourage dialogue with the Maduro regime.

## InfoBox

Uruguay-Venezuela relations
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  |  |
|
Uruguay |
Venezuela |
|  | |


title: Urë

abstract: Urë is a village in the former municipality of Shëngjergj in Tirana County, Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Tirana.

text:
# Urë

**Urë** is a village in the former municipality of Shëngjergj in Tirana County, Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Tirana.

## InfoBox

| Urë | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Urë | |
| Coordinates: 41°19′N 20°6′E / 41.317°N 20.100°E / 41.317; 20.100 | |
| Country | Albania |
| County | Tirana |
| Municipality | Tirana |
| Municipal unit | Shëngjergj |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Urðr

abstract: Urðr is one of the Norns in Norse mythology. Along with Verðandi and Skuld, Urðr makes up a trio of Norns that are described as deciding the fates of people. Urðr is attested in stanza 20 of the Poetic Edda poem Völuspá and the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning. Urðr is together with the other Norns located at the well Urðarbrunnr beneath the world ash tree Yggdrasil of Asgard. They spin threads of life, cut marks in the pole figures and measure people's destinies, which shows the fate of all human beings and gods. Norns are always present when a child is born and decide its fate. The three Norns represent the past (Urðr), future (Skuld) and present (Verðandi). Urðr is commonly written as Urd or Urth. In some English translations, her name is glossed with the Old English form of urðr; Wyrd.

text:
# Urðr

**Urðr** (Old Norse: fate) is one of the Norns in Norse mythology. Along with Verðandi (possibly "happening" or "present") and Skuld (possibly "debt" or "future"), Urðr makes up a trio of Norns that are described as deciding the fates of people. Urðr is attested in stanza 20 of the *Poetic Edda* poem *Völuspá* and the *Prose Edda* book *Gylfaginning*.

*Urðr* is together with the other Norns located at the well Urðarbrunnr beneath the world ash tree Yggdrasil of Asgard. They spin threads of life, cut marks in the pole figures and measure people's destinies, which shows the fate of all human beings and gods. Norns are always present when a child is born and decide its fate. The three Norns represent the past (Urðr), future (Skuld) and present (Verðandi).

*Urðr* is commonly written as **Urd** or **Urth**. In some English translations, her name is glossed with the Old English form of *urðr*; **Wyrd**.

## Attestations

### Poetic Edda

Yggdrasil is said to stand "always over Urd's well", or the well of fate, Urd's well is located in Asgard. Urd appears in the Völva's Prophecy *Völuspá*:

>

## Sources


title: Unseo Station

abstract: Unseo station is a railway station on AREX. Unseo-dong is the site of Airport Town Square (공항신도시), a relatively new town with hotels and other facilities for those going to or coming from Incheon International Airport.

text:
# Unseo Station

**Unseo station** is a railway station on AREX. Unseo-dong is the site of Airport Town Square (공항신도시), a relatively new town with hotels and other facilities for those going to or coming from Incheon International Airport.

## Station layout

| **L2
Platform level** | Side platform, doors will open on the left | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | Eastbound | **AREX Local** toward Seoul (Yeongjong)
**AREX Express** does not stop here → |
| | Westbound | **AREX Local** toward Incheon International Airport Terminal 2 (Incheon Int'l Airport Cargo Terminal)
**AREX Express** does not stop here |
| | Side platform, doors will open on the left | |

| **L1
Concourse** | Lobby | Customer service, shops, vending machines, ATMs |
| --- | --- | --- |

| **G** | Street level | Exit |
| --- | --- | --- |

37°29′34″N 126°29′37″E / 37.49278°N 126.49361°E / 37.49278; 126.49361

## InfoBox

| **운서**
**Unseo** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 운서역 |
| Hanja |  |
| Revised Romanization | *Unseo-yeok* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Unsŏ-yŏk* |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | 1427-30 Unseo-dong,
26 Huinbawiro 59 Bongil,
Jung-gu, Incheon |
| Operated by | Airport Railroad Co., Ltd. |
| Line(s) | AREX |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Aboveground |
| History | |
| Opened | March 23, 2007 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Seoul Metropolitan Subway Following station  Yeongjongtowards Seoul  AREXLocal  Incheon International Airport Cargo Terminaltowards Incheon Int'l Airport Terminal 2 | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Unser Lieben Frauen Kirchhof

abstract: Unser Lieben Frauen Kirchhof is a central square in Bremen between the Bremer Marktplatz, Obernstraße, Sögestraße and the Domshof. The square is used as a flower market. The appearance of the square is quite consistent: sandstone, dark brick and clinker brick.

text:
# Unser Lieben Frauen Kirchhof

**Unser Lieben Frauen Kirchhof** (German: *Our Dear Lady's Churchyard*) is a central square in Bremen between the Bremer Marktplatz, Obernstraße, Sögestraße and the Domshof. The square is used as a flower market. The appearance of the square is quite consistent: sandstone (as in the church), dark brick (as in the Rathaus) and clinker brick.

## History

The square surrounds the Unser Lieben Frauen Kirche (Church of our Lady) on three sides; the fabric of Medieval Gothic, it is the second oldest church in Bremen.

In the 16th century, there was still a fenced graveyard, but later on, almost the whole square was packed with graves. The churchyard and the flour of the church were the most important burial ground of Bremen. The first city hall of Bremen was situated at the south western edge of the Square, facing Obernstraße (High Street) to the south and Sögestraße (Pig Street) to the west. At this time the square also served as a marketplace, together with the Bremer Market, which was levelled and paved already in the thirteenth century. Liebfrauenkirche was specified as market church. In the seventeenth century the Old Börse stood on the north side of Obernstraße (which was mentioned already in the 13th century as *Platea Superior* ("Upper Paved Street"); the construction was interrupted in the Thirty Years' War, the basement could already be used as a wine cellar, the top side was provisionally paved with fine ashlar that had been bought for the building and was used as a ground for lazy walking ("spazierplatz"). In 1687, a one-story building was erected above the wine cellar in Baroque style, following plans of the Council's architect Jean Baptiste Broebes, who had fled from Paris. A second floor was added between 1734 and 1736 by the plans of Giselher von Warneck.

For several centuries, despite its use as a market place, the soil under the square was packed with graves. In 1813, burials in the square and in the church were forbiddem for health reasons. The first office of the mutual bank "Sparkasse Bremen" was in the Alte Börse from 1825 to 1845. In 1888 the Alte Börse burnt down. When the yearly autumn market "Bremer Freimarkt" developed from a trade fair to a popular event, it was held here at first.

The Kaiser Wilhelm monument stood here from 1890/3 until it was melted down for armaments as a *Metallspende* (metal donation) i 1942. Today the square is surrounded on its northern and western sides by shops and offices; to the east still stands the Liebfrauenkirche with its rectory. In 1909, the decagonal Marcus Fountain, donated by Mayor Marcus, was inaugurated on the square. In the same year a monument was installed on the west façade of Liebfrauenkirche for Helmuth von Moltke.

The east side is formed by the Neues Rathaus, which was built on the location of the old Bishop's Palace in the Neo-Renaissance style, according to plans by Gabriel von Seidl and was inaugurated in 1913.

## Monuments

The whole square, with the following buildings is under cultural heritage management:

* Houses 6, 8–15, 17–24, 26–30
* Liebfrauenkirche from the 1220s
* Sculpture of the Town Musicians of Bremen by Gerhard Marcks in 1951, placed in 1953 near to the 17th-century office extension of the old town hall
* Marcus Fountain from 1909
* Kirchhof 6: Deutsche Nationalbank from 1896
* Kirchhof 15: Office house, c. 1900
* Kirchhof 17: Office house Herms from 1909
* Kirchhof 26: Residential and commercial building of Rohlandseck from 1914

1. Bremisches Urkundenbuch (Urkunden bis 1300) 1. Band (1863), Lieferung 2-3: Nr. 150 (1229), document on the division of Our Lady's parish in three, the town hall is mentioned as "(ad) domum theatralem", which means an exhibition hall for valuable articles.
2. Dieter Bischop: *Mit Knochen gepflastert: Die archäologischen Beobachtungen und Grabungen am historischen Bremer Markt.* (2006) – Periodical: *Zeitschrift für Archäologie des Mittelalters* vol. 34 (2006) p. 215–230.
3. Baroque was not completely new in Bremen at that time: The remodelling of the town hall by Lüder Bentheim comprised one of the first central risalites of Europe, though still rather in Renaissance forms. The office extension on the rear of the town hall, accomplished in 1661, had Baroque decorations in the west face, though the north face was rather an anticipation of modern architecture, without decoration and with long horizontal belts of glass, only interrupted by slim pillars.
4. "Unser Lieben Frauen Kirchhof - Landesamt für Denkmalpflege". *www.denkmalpflege.bremen.de*. Retrieved 2023-12-21.

53°4′36.70″N 8°48′26.88″E / 53.0768611°N 8.8074667°E / 53.0768611; 8.8074667


title: Ust-Srednekan Hydroelectric Plant

abstract: Ust-Srednekan Hydroelectric Plant is a hydroelectric power station located on the Kolyma River near the village of Ust-Srednekan, Srednekansky District, Magadan Oblast Russia. It has an installed power generation capacity of 570 MW. The dam is located 217 km (135 mi) downstream from the larger Kolyma Hydroelectric Station.

text:
# Ust-Srednekan Hydroelectric Plant

**Ust-Srednekan Hydroelectric Plant** is a hydroelectric power station located on the Kolyma River near the village of Ust-Srednekan, Srednekansky District, Magadan Oblast Russia. It has an installed power generation capacity of 570 MW.

The dam is located 217 km (135 mi) downstream from the larger Kolyma Hydroelectric Station.

## History

Following the completion of the Kolyma Hydroelectric Station in 1978, the site of the future Ust-Srednekan Hydroelectric Plant was inspected by Lenhydroproject engineers. A feasibility study was approved in 1989 by the USSR Ministry of Energy and Electrification. Preliminary construction work at the site of the hydroelectric complex began in 1990 and initially made rapid progress. The first phase included the construction of a road to Ust-Srednekan as well as the layout of a foundation. In 1992 the lintels of the foundation pit of the main structures were filled, and a temporary concrete plant was put into operation. In 1993 the first cubic meter of concrete at the construction of the hydroelectric power station was laid and a bridge across the Kolyma was built in order to provide a connection with the construction site on the opposite bank. In 1996 the first tower crane as well as the second stage of a temporary concrete plant and a 110/35/6 Kw substation were put into operation. In 1999 began the installation of hydraulic power equipment. All along the 1990s decade construction was hampered owing to insufficient funding.

## InfoBox

| Ust-Srednekan Hydroelectric Plant | |
| --- | --- |
| Building of the dam in 2011 | |
| Location of Ust-Srednekan Hydroelectric Plant in Magadan OblastUst-Srednekan Hydroelectric Plant (Russia) | |
| Official name | Усть-Среднеканская ГЭС |
| Country | Russia |
| Location | Ust-Srednekan, Srednekansky District, Magadan Oblast |
| Coordinates | 62°25′04″N 152°09′09″E / 62.41778°N 152.15250°E / 62.41778; 152.15250 |
| Purpose | Power |
| Status | Under construction |
| Construction began | 1991 |
| Opening date | 2022 (2022) |
| Owner(s) | RusHydro |
| Dam and spillways | |
| Type of dam | Earth, concrete |
| Impounds | Kolyma River |
| Height | 74 m (243 ft) |
| Length | 2,490 m (8,170 ft) |
| Operator(s) | RusHydro |
| Type | Conventional |


title: Upile Chisala

abstract: Upile Chisala is a poet from Malawi. She prefers the term "storyteller." She is considered an Instapoet. She is often considered to belong to Malawi's third generation of writers. She has won numerous awards, including Forbes Africa's 30 Under 30. Chisala was born in south-east Malawi in 1994, and grew up in Zomba. She began writing poetry at thirteen. At seventeen, Chisala moved to the United States, where she majored in sociology with minors in Women's Studies and Law & Society at New Mexico State University. She began writing poetry at college to process experiences with racism. She graduated in 2015, but struggled finding a steady job. Chisala continued to write poetry, and self-published her first book of poems, Soft Magic, which includes poems she wrote during college. These poems reflected on her feeling like "an oddity." Chisala then attended the University of Oxford, where she enrolled for a Master's of Science in African studies. She later moved to Johannesburg, South Africa. In 2017, Chisala published her second collection, Nectar, exploring her experience with depression and complicated relationship with her parents. Following the book's success, Chisala signed a book deal with Andrews McMeel Publishing. Andrews McMeel republished her first two books. Her third collection is titled A Fire Like You. Chisala founded a mentorship program for writers in Johannesburg, Khala Series.

text:
# Upile Chisala

**Upile Chisala** (born 1994) is a poet from Malawi. She prefers the term "storyteller." She is considered an Instapoet. She is often considered to belong to Malawi's third generation of writers. She has won numerous awards, including Forbes Africa's 30 Under 30.

Chisala was born in south-east Malawi in 1994, and grew up in Zomba. She began writing poetry at thirteen.

At seventeen, Chisala moved to the United States, where she majored in sociology with minors in Women's Studies and Law & Society at New Mexico State University. She began writing poetry at college to process experiences with racism. She graduated in 2015, but struggled finding a steady job. Chisala continued to write poetry, and self-published her first book of poems, *Soft Magic,* which includes poems she wrote during college. These poems reflected on her feeling like "an oddity."

Chisala then attended the University of Oxford, where she enrolled for a Master's of Science in African studies. She later moved to Johannesburg, South Africa.

In 2017, Chisala published her second collection, *Nectar*, exploring her experience with depression and complicated relationship with her parents. Following the book's success, Chisala signed a book deal with Andrews McMeel Publishing. Andrews McMeel republished her first two books. Her third collection is titled *A Fire Like You.*

Chisala founded a mentorship program for writers in Johannesburg, Khala Series.

## Awards

## Bibliography

* soft magic (2015)
* nectar (2017)
* a fire like you (2020)

## InfoBox

| Upile Chisala | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1994 (age 2930)
Malawi |
| Occupation | Poet |
| Education | University of Oxford
New Mexico State University |
| Literary movement | instapoetry |
| Notable works | soft magic, nectar, a fire like you |


title: Upalat

abstract: Upalat is a village in the Palghar district of Maharashtra, India. It is located in the Talasari taluka.

text:
# Upalat

**Upalat** is a village in the Palghar district of Maharashtra, India. It is located in the Talasari taluka.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census of India, Upalat has 1880 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 60.51%.

Demographics (2011 Census)
|  | Total | Male | Female |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Population | 10893 | 5446 | 5447 |
| Children aged below 6 years | 1785 | 881 | 904 |
| Scheduled caste | 100 | 54 | 46 |
| Scheduled tribe | 10365 | 5170 | 5195 |
| Literates | 5511 | 3379 | 2132 |
| Workers (all) | 4661 | 2592 | 2069 |
| Main workers (total) | 3071 | 1859 | 1212 |
| Main workers: Cultivators | 1330 | 799 | 531 |
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers | 580 | 276 | 304 |
| Main workers: Household industry workers | 109 | 31 | 78 |
| Main workers: Other | 1052 | 753 | 299 |
| Marginal workers (total) | 1590 | 733 | 857 |
| Marginal workers: Cultivators | 413 | 178 | 235 |
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers | 651 | 270 | 381 |
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers | 128 | 48 | 80 |
| Marginal workers: Others | 398 | 237 | 161 |
| Non-workers | 6232 | 2854 | 3378 |

## InfoBox

| Upalat | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| UpalatLocation in Maharashtra, IndiaUpalatUpalat (India) | |
| Coordinates: 20°11′55″N 72°54′17″E / 20.198545°N 72.9047136°E / 20.198545; 72.9047136 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Maharashtra |
| District | Palghar |
| Taluka | Talasari |
| Elevation | 44 m (144 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 10,893 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| 2011 census code | 551534 |


title: Upalco, Utah

abstract: Upalco is an unincorporated community in eastern Duchesne County, Utah, United States.

text:
# Upalco, Utah

**Upalco** is an unincorporated community in eastern Duchesne County, Utah, United States.

## Description

The community is located in the Uinta Basin on the Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation, approximately 7.5 miles (12.1 km) southeast of the town of Altamont and has an elevation of 5,755 feet (1,754 m). Upalco uses the same ZIP code (84007) that is assigned to Bluebell, a census-designated place located about 5.5 miles (8.9 km) to the north.

Upalco was originally named **Lake Fork**, after the nearby Lake Fork River, which flows southerly to the west of the community. The name Upalco came from the initial letters of Utah Power and Light Company, which provided funding for an associated, but unidentified project. The Big Sand Wash Reservoir is located about one mile (1.6 km) north of Upalco. (Big Sand State Park, a former Utah state park, was located at the reservoir.)

Road access to Upalco is primarily by State Route 87 (SR-87), which passes northsouth through the community.

Utah portal

1. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Upalco
2. Van Cott, John W. (1990). *Utah Place Names: A Comprehensive Guide to the Origins of Geographic Names: A Compilation*. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. p. 380. ISBN 978-0-87480-345-7. OCLC 797284427. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
3. "Search Results for ZIP code 84007". *zipinfo.com*. CD Light, LLC. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
4. "Upalco, Utah 84066" (Map). *Google Maps*. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
Note: Google Maps indicates an incorrect ZIP Code of 84066, which is for Roosevelt. not the correct 84007.
5. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Big Sand State Park

Media related to Upalco, Utah at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Upalco, Utah | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Looking south along State Route 87 in Upalco, December 2008 | |
| UpalcoLocation of Upalco within the State of UtahUpalcoLocation of Upalco within the United States | |
| Coordinates: 40°16′41″N 110°13′06″W / 40.27806°N 110.21833°W / 40.27806; -110.21833 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Utah |
| County | Duchesne |
| Elevation | 5,755 ft (1,754 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-7 (Mountain (MST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-6 (MDT) |
| ZIP codes | 84002 |
| Area code | 435 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1433790 |


title: Utah State Route 117

abstract: State Route 117 (SR-117) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Utah, connecting Wales and Mount Pleasant in Sanpete County. Running for 12.19 miles (19.62 km) as a two-lane highway, the road was originally placed under state jurisdiction in 1935, but renumbered to its current designation in 1966.

text:
# Utah State Route 117

**State Route 117** (**SR-117**) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Utah, connecting Wales and Mount Pleasant in Sanpete County. Running for 12.19 miles (19.62 km) as a two-lane highway, the road was originally placed under state jurisdiction in 1935 (as SR-30), but renumbered to its current designation in 1966.

## Route description

State Route 117 begins on 200 North at the intersection of 200 West in Wales, travelling east for two blocks before turning south on State Street. After less than 1 mile (1.6 km), it leaves the southern end of Wales, the road turns again to the east for approximately 7.4 miles (11.9 km), passing through the town of Chester and crossing US-89 before entering Spring City along 300 North. In Spring City, the route turns north on Main Street, turning to the northeast after about 0.5 miles (0.80 km), continuing this direction for about 3 miles (4.8 km) before terminating at US-89 in Mount Pleasant, directly opposite the Mount Pleasant Airport.

## History

This route was originally part of former **State Route 30**, a somewhat longer route which was designated as running from Fountain Green on former SR-11, south through Freedom and Wales, then east through Chester and Spring City, then northeast to former SR-32 (US-89) in Mount Pleasant.

In 1966, the counties in northern Utah requested that the State Road Commission designate a single route number to run east–west across that part of the state. Since Nevada's portion of the highway was numbered SR 30, Utah selected that number. As a result, in November 1966 the former State Route 30 was renumbered as **State Route 117**. Route 117 had been freed up four months prior in July when former SR-117 from Bicknell to Boulder was absorbed by former SR-54 (now part of SR-12).

In 1969, the legislature shortened the route by 9.925 miles (15.973 km), moving the western terminus from Fountain Green to Wales. After this change, the route has remained the same through the present day.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Sanpete County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Wales | 0.000 | 0.000 | 200 West | Western terminus |
| Chester | 4.907 | 7.897 | SR-132 |  |
| West of Spring City | 7.145 | 11.499 | US 89 (6200 East) |  |
| Mt. Pleasant | 12.192 | 19.621 | US 89 (State Street) | Eastern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br> | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Utah State Route 117KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Route 117 | |
| --- | --- |
| SR-117 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by UDOT | |
| Length | 12.192 mi (19.621 km) |
| Existed | as SR-30 in 1935, renumbered to SR-117 in 1966–present |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | 200 West in Wales |
| East end | US 89 in Mt. Pleasant |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Utah |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **Utah State Highway System** | |
| SR-116   SR-118 | |


title: Utah State Route 121

abstract: State Route 121 (SR-121) is a state highway that is an alternative to US-40 and US-191. It serves the communities of Vernal, Lapoint, Neola, Cedarview, and Roosevelt.

text:
# Utah State Route 121

**State Route 121** (**SR-121**) is a state highway that is an alternative to US-40 and US-191. It serves the communities of Vernal, Lapoint, Neola, Cedarview, and Roosevelt.

## Route description

Starting in Roosevelt at the intersection with US-40/US-191 (200 East), the route travels west for approximately one half mile, before turning northwest, then turning north through Cedarview to Neola. In Neola, the route makes a right turn onto 9000 North and begins travelling east. It generally follows this easterly direction across the Duchesne County/Uintah County county line, through Lapoint, before entering Vernal. In Vernal, the route makes a right turn, and travels south for less than one mile (1.6 km) before terminating at the intersection with Main Street US-40/US-191 (Main Street).

## History

The state legislature added the entire length of SR-121 to the state highway system in 1931 (though it was known as SR-122 until 1933). The route was truncated in 1953 to run only from Roosevelt to the east of Lapoint. A short piece at the east end was redesignated **State Route 245**, from Vernal west to the bridge over the Highline Canal west of Maeser, but the more rugged section between the bridges was removed from the state highway system. This split was undone in 1969, when SR-121 again became a continuous route from Roosevelt to Vernal.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Duchesne | Roosevelt | 0.000 | 0.000 | US 40 / US 191 (200 East) | Southern terminus |
| Uintah | Vernal | 40.293 | 64.845 | US 40 / US 191 (Main Street) | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br> | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Utah State Route 121KML is not from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Route 121 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by UDOT | |
| Length | 40.293 mi (64.845 km) |
| Existed | 1931–present |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | US 40 / US 191 in Roosevelt |
| East end | US 40 / US 191 in Vernal |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Utah |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **Utah State Highway System** | |
| SR-120   SR-122 | |


title: Upper Sapey

abstract: Upper Sapey is a small village and civil parish in Herefordshire, England. It is located 4 miles (6 km) northeast of Bromyard. The population of this civil parish as taken at the 2011 census was 460.

text:
# Upper Sapey

**Upper Sapey** is a small village and civil parish in Herefordshire, England. It is located 4 miles (6 km) northeast of Bromyard. The population of this civil parish as taken at the 2011 census was 460.

Media related to Upper Sapey at Wikimedia Commons

52°16′N 2°28′W / 52.267°N 2.467°W / 52.267; -2.467

## InfoBox

| Upper Sapey | |
| --- | --- |
| St Michael and All Angels, Upper Sapey | |
| Upper SapeyLocation within Herefordshire | |
| Population | 460 (2011 Census) |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Worcester |
| Postcode district | WR6 |
|  | |
| Police | West Mercia |
| Fire | Hereford and Worcester |
| Ambulance | West Midlands |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Upper Santan Village, Arizona

abstract: Upper Santan Village is a census-designated place in Pinal County, in the U.S. state of Arizona. The population was 495 at the 2010 census.

text:
# Upper Santan Village, Arizona

**Upper Santan Village** is a census-designated place in Pinal County, in the U.S. state of Arizona. The population was 495 at the 2010 census.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 665 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

## InfoBox

| Upper Santan Village, Arizona | |
| --- | --- |
| CDP | |
| Location of Upper Santan Village in Pinal County, Arizona. | |
| Upper Santan Village, ArizonaLocation in the United States | |
| Coordinates: 33°06′55″N 111°44′31″W / 33.11528°N 111.74194°W / 33.11528; -111.74194 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Arizona |
| County | Pinal |
| Area | |
| Total | 6.73 sq mi (17.44 km2) |
| Land | 6.73 sq mi (17.44 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 665 |
| Density | 98.78/sq mi (38.14/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-7 (MST (no DST)) |
| FIPS code | 04-78300 |


title: Upland and lowland

abstract: Upland and lowland are conditional descriptions of a plain based on elevation above sea level. In studies of the ecology of freshwater rivers, habitats are classified as upland or lowland.

text:
# Upland and lowland

**Upland and lowland** are conditional descriptions of a plain based on elevation above sea level. In studies of the ecology of freshwater rivers, habitats are classified as upland or lowland.

## Definitions

Upland and lowland are portions of a plain that are conditionally categorized by their elevation above the sea level. Lowlands are usually no higher than 200 m (660 ft), while uplands are somewhere around 200 m (660 ft) to 500 m (1,600 ft). On unusual occasions, certain lowlands such as the Caspian Depression lie below sea level. Uplands areas tend to spike into valleys and mountains, forming mountain ranges while lowland areas tend to be uniformly flat, although both can vary such as the Mongolian Plateau.

Upland habitats are cold, clear and rocky whose rivers are fast-flowing in mountainous areas; lowland habitats are warm with slow-flowing rivers found in relatively flat lowland areas, with water that is frequently colored by sediment and organic matter.

These classifications overlap with the geological definitions of "upland" and "lowland". In geology an "upland" is generally considered to be land that is at a higher elevation than the alluvial plain or stream terrace, which are considered to be "lowlands". The term "bottomland" refers to low-lying alluvial land near a river.

Much freshwater fish and invertebrate communities around the world show a pattern of specialization into upland or lowland river habitats. Classifying rivers and streams as upland or lowland is important in freshwater ecology, as the two types of river habitat are very different, and usually support very different populations of fish and invertebrate species.

## Uplands

In freshwater ecology, upland rivers and streams are the fast-flowing rivers and streams that drain elevated or mountainous country, often onto broad alluvial plains (where they become lowland rivers). However, elevation is not the sole determinant of whether a river is upland or lowland. Arguably the most important determinants are those of stream power and stream gradient. Rivers with a course that drops rapidly in elevation will have faster water flow and higher stream power or "force of water". This in turn produces the other characteristics of an upland river—an incised course, a river bed dominated by bedrock and coarse sediments, a riffle and pool structure and cooler water temperatures. Rivers with a course that drops in elevation very slowly will have slower water flow and lower force. This in turn produces the other characteristics of a lowland river—a meandering course lacking rapids, a river bed dominated by fine sediments and higher water temperatures. Lowland rivers tend to carry more suspended sediment and organic matter as well, but some lowland rivers have periods of high water clarity in seasonal low-flow periods.

The generally clear, cool, fast-flowing waters and bedrock and coarse sediment beds of upland rivers encourage fish species with limited temperature tolerances, high oxygen needs, strong swimming ability and specialised reproductive strategies to prevent eggs or larvae being swept away. These characteristics also encourage invertebrate species with limited temperature tolerances, high oxygen needs and ecologies revolving around coarse sediments and interstices or "gaps" between those coarse sediments.

The term "upland" is also used in wetland ecology, where "upland" plants indicate an area that is not a wetland.

## Lowlands

The generally more turbid, warm, slow-flowing waters and fine sediment beds of lowland rivers encourage fish species with broad temperature tolerances and greater tolerances to low oxygen levels, and life history and breeding strategies adapted to these and other traits of lowland rivers. These characteristics also encourage invertebrate species with broad temperature tolerances and greater tolerances to low oxygen levels and ecologies revolving around fine sediments or alternative habitats such as submerged woody debris ("snags") or submergent macrophytes ("water weed").

### Lowland alluvial plains

Lowland alluvial plains form when there is deposition of sediment over a long period of time by one or more rivers coming from highland regions, and then are deposited in lowland regions for long periods of time. Examples include American Bottom, a flood plain of the Mississippi River in Southern Illinois, Bois Brule Bottom, and Bottomland hardwood forest a deciduous hardwood forest found in broad lowland floodplains of the United States.


title: Upland antshrike

abstract: The upland antshrike is a species of bird in subfamily Thamnophilinae of family Thamnophilidae, the "typical antbirds". It is found in the eastern Andes of Bolivia and southeastern Peru.

text:
# Upland antshrike

The **upland antshrike** (***Thamnophilus aroyae***) is a species of bird in subfamily Thamnophilinae of family Thamnophilidae, the "typical antbirds". It is found in the eastern Andes of Bolivia and southeastern Peru.

## Taxonomy and systematics

The upland antshrike is monotypic.

## Description

The upland antshrike is 14.5 to 15 cm (5.7 to 5.9 in) long and weighs about 20 g (0.71 oz). Members of genus *Thamnophilus* are largish members of the antbird family; all have stout bills with a hook like those of true shrikes. This species exhibits significant sexual dimorphism. Adult males have medium gray upperparts with a blacker crown and a hidden white patch between their scapulars. Their wings are black or brownish black and their wing coverts have white tips. Their tail is black or brownish black with white tips on all but the central pair of feathers. Their underparts are a slightly paler gray than their upperparts. Adult females have a dark rufous crown and nape and a gray face with white streaks or spots. Their upperparts are dark olive-brown. Their underparts are tawny olive or tawny brown. Both sexes have a highly variable (from buffy white to brown) iris color, a black maxilla, a paler mandible, and gray or blue-gray legs and feet. Juvenile males are similar to adult females but have buff spots on their wing coverts and buff tips on their tail feathers.

## Distribution and habitat

The upland antshrike is found in the Andean foothills from the Department of Puno in extreme southeastern Peru southeast to Cochabamba and western Santa Cruz departments in Bolivia. It inhabits the edges of humid montane forest, where it favors dense shrubby areas and vine tangles, and almost never penetrates far into the forest interior. It also occurs in newer regrowth in landslide scars and along roads. One publication states its elevational range as between 800 and 1,000 m (2,600 and 3,300 ft) in Peru and up to 1,700 m (5,600 ft) in Bolivia. Another states a wider range in Bolivia of 600 to 1,900 m (2,000 to 6,200 ft).

## Behavior

### Movement

The upland antshrike is presumed to be a year-round resident throughout its range.

### Feeding

The upland antshrike's diet is not known in detail but is mostly insects. It usually forages singly or in pairs and infrequently joins mixed-species feeding flocks. It usually forages between 1.5 and 3 m (5 and 10 ft) above the ground but will feed as high as 6 m (20 ft). It gleans prey from leaves, stems, vines, and branches while perched and with short upward sallies. It also searches in clusters of dead leaves caught in vine tangles.

### Breeding

Nothing is known about the upland antshrike's breeding biology.

### Vocalization

The upland antshrike's song is "a fast-paced, accelerating series of nasal notes, ending in a downslurred terminal note...*wur wur-wur-wur-wur'rrrr*". Its calls include "high whines; a drawn-out, modulated, throaty, descending caw *aarrrr*; and a mewing *awww*".

## Status

The IUCN originally in 1988 assessed the upland antshrike as Near Threatened, in 1994 as Unknown, and since 2004 as of Least Concern. Its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified. It is considered "poorly known" in Peru and "uncommon to locally fairly common" in Bolivia. "At least in the short term, Upland Antshrike may even benefit from disturbance, as it can colonize newly created young second growth and edge habitats; but presumably it remains vulnerable to larger-scale habitat modifications, such as whole conversion of forests to agriculture."

## InfoBox

| Upland antshrike | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Thamnophilidae |
| Genus: | *Thamnophilus* |
| Species: | ***T. aroyae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Thamnophilus aroyae***
(Hellmayr, 1904) | |
|
|  | |


title: Utah Tech Trailblazers men's basketball

abstract: The Utah Tech Trailblazers men's basketball team represents Utah Tech University, in St. George, Utah as a member of NCAA Division I and the Western Athletic Conference (WAC). Previously, the school's program participated in the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference (RMAC), at the NCAA Division II level. The Trailblazers are currently led by seventeenth-year head coach Jon Judkins. The team plays its games at the Burns Arena on its campus in St. George. In 2022, the university changed its name from Dixie State University to Utah Tech University. The name change was made in mid-May, ahead of the legal change on July 1. The "Trailblazers" nickname was not affected.

text:
# Utah Tech Trailblazers men's basketball

The **Utah Tech Trailblazers men's basketball** team represents Utah Tech University (formerly known as **Dixie State**), in St. George, Utah as a member of NCAA Division I and the Western Athletic Conference (WAC). Previously, the school's program participated in the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference (RMAC), at the NCAA Division II level.

The Trailblazers are currently led by seventeenth-year head coach Jon Judkins.

The team plays its games at the Burns Arena on its campus in St. George.

In 2022, the university changed its name from Dixie State University to Utah Tech University. The name change was made in mid-May, ahead of the legal change on July 1. The "Trailblazers" nickname was not affected.

## Postseason results

### NJCAA results

Dixie College, as the school was then known, experienced tremendous success as a junior college. In 1985, Dixie won its first national title, defeating Kankakee Community College, 57–55. National player of the year Averian Parrish and Brent Stephenson were the leading players on the 35–1 team coached by Neil Roberts. In 2012, the 1984–85 team was inducted into the school's Hall of Fame. Parrish and Roberts have been both been inducted into the school's Hall of Fame.

Dixie went to the Final Four in 2001 behind the play of future NBA player Marcus Banks. The following year, Dixie won its second national title behind the play of Jaime Lloreda. Jeff Kidder was the head coach for Dixie's second title run.

Dixie transitioned to Division II in 2007.

### NCAA Division II tournament results

Dixie State enjoyed its best run in Division II when led by Tom Whitehead, a two-time first All-Pace West selection. Whitehead, teamed with players like Jeremiah Barnes, Zach Robbins, and Andy Palmer, led Dixie to a share of the 2010 Pac-West title and their first tournament berth. The following season, the Red Storm, as they were then called, were even better. Seeded as No. 4 in the West, they made it to the Sweet 16. Barnes scored 22 points to lift to Dixie their first-ever tournament win over Chaminade. Whitehead had 17 as Dixie beat top-seeded Seattle Pacific. Dixie lost a close game to rival BYU-Hawaii in the Sweet 16.

The Trailblazers appeared in nine NCAA Division II Tournaments. Their combined record is 2–8.

| Year | Round | Opponent | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | First Round | Cal Poly Pomona | L 62–71 |
| 2011 | First Round
Second Round
Regional Finals | Chaminade
Seattle Pacific
BYU Hawaii | **W 92–81**
**W 75–73**
L 73–79 |
| 2012 | First Round | Seattle Pacific | L 68–70 |
| 2013 | First Round | CSU San Bernardino | L 69–75 |
| 2014 | First Round | Cal Poly Pomona | L 63–73 |
| 2015 | First Round | Cal Poly Pomona | L 60–62 |
| 2017 | First Round | UC San Diego | L 68–94 |
| 2018 | First Round | Azusa Pacific | L 65–69 |
| 2020 | First Round | Colorado Mines | *Cancelled* |

## InfoBox

| Utah Tech Trailblazers | |
| --- | --- |
| *2024–25 Utah Tech Trailblazers men's basketball team* | |
|  | |
| University | Utah Tech University |
| First season | 2006–07 (NCAA) |
| Head coach | Jon Judkins (20th season) |
| Conference | Western Athletic Conference |
| Location | St. George, Utah |
| Arena | Burns Arena
(capacity: 4,779) |
| Nickname | Trailblazers |
| Colors | Red, navy blue, and white
 |
| NCAA tournament Sweet Sixteen | |
| **Division II: 2011** | |
| NCAA tournament round of 32 | |
| **Division II: 2011** | |
| NCAA tournament appearances | |
| **Division II: 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2020** | |
| Conference tournament champions | |
| **Pacific West: 2013, 2018** | |


title: Uttanur

abstract: Uthanur or Uttanur is a village located in Mulbagal Tehsil of Kolar district in the southern Indian state of Karnataka. It is located about 85 km east of the state capital, Bangalore. In 2011, its population was 1604 inhabitants, with 817 males and 787 females. In this village the Shri Varadaraja Swamy, the Chowdeshary, and the Uttameshwara temples are very famous.

text:
# Uttanur

**Uthanur** or **Uttanur** is a village located in Mulbagal Tehsil of Kolar district in the southern Indian state of Karnataka. It is located about 85 km east of the state capital, Bangalore. In 2011, its population was 1604 inhabitants, with 817 males and 787 females. In this village the Shri Varadaraja Swamy, the Chowdeshary, and the Uttameshwara temples are very famous.

## Education

* Govt Higher primary school
* MV Krishnappa High School
* Anjanadri D.Ed College
* General and BCM Boys Hostels
* Sudhasri Vidydari Vidya Samsthe, Bandarahalli
* Jayaprakash Narayan High School, M.Agrahara

## Divisions

* Alaganahalli
* Banahalli
* Doddagurki
* K.G. Lakshmisagara
* Kenchanahalli
* Nagareddyhalli
* Nallandahalli
* Pombarahalli
* Shivanarahalli
* Uthanur
* Vaniganahalli
* Yanadigollahalli
* Mallasandra
* Maralamedu
* Ramapura

## Infrastructure

Uttanur is near by 6 km for NH-4, a newly-laid four-lane road from Bangalore to Nangali Mulbagal Kolar district. Approximately 354 km of major roads connect other locations to this area.

13°12′26″N 78°17′04″E / 13.20722°N 78.28444°E / 13.20722; 78.28444


title: Uttar Bagdogra

abstract: Uttar Bagdogra is a census town in the Siliguri subdivision of the Darjeeling district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

text:
# Uttar Bagdogra

**Uttar Bagdogra** is a census town in the Siliguri subdivision of the Darjeeling district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

## Geography

8km
5milesNEP A LBAN G LADESH Mahananda
River Balason River Mechi
River Bagdogra AirportF BatasiR PhansidewaR PanitankiR NaxalbariR BengdubiR BagdograR Uttar BagdograCT ShyamdhanCT LalmanCT KharibariCT GeniCT Dakshin
BagdograCT  BhimramCT  DumriguriCT**Places in the south-western portion of Siliguri subdivision in Darjeeling district**
CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, F: facilities
Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

### Location

Uttar Bagdogra is located at 26°41′N 88°19′E / 26.69°N 88.31°E / 26.69; 88.31.

### Area overview

The map alongside shows the Siliguri subdivision of Darjeeling district. This area is spread across the foothills of the Himalayas and is a plain land gently sloping from north to south. While the northern part is mentioned as the Terai region, the larger southern portion forms the western part of the Dooars region. While 55.11% per cent of the population resides in the rural areas, 44.89% resides in the urban areas. On the western side the Mechi River forms a long border with Nepal. On the eastern side the Mahananda River forms a short border with Bangladesh.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

## Civic Administration

### Police station

Bagdogra police station has jurisdiction over parts of Siliguri municipal corporation.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 Census of India, Uttar Bagdogra had a total population of 25,044 of which 13,781 (55%) were males and 11,263 (45%) were females. There were 2,597 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Uttar Bagdogra was 20,227 (80.77% of the population over 6 years).

As of 2001 India census, Uttar Bagdogra had a population of 15,772. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Uttar Bagdogra has an average literacy rate of 75%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 81%, and female literacy is 68%. In Uttar Bagdogra, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

### Languages

Languages spoken in Uttar Bagdogra (2011)

Bengali (27.61%)  Hindi (33.26%)  Nepali (18.11%)  Bhojpuri (4.16%)  Maithili (2.53%)  Odia (1.55%)  Others (12.75%)

## Infrastructure

According to the *District Census Handbook 2011, Darjiling*, Uttar Bagdogra covered an area of 1.63 km2. Among the civic amenities, it had 20 km roads with open drains, the protected water supply involved tap water from treated sources and uncovered wells, it had 3,000 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities, it had 1 dispensary/ health centre, 1 maternity and child welfare centre, 1 nursing home. Among the educational facilities it had were 4 primary schools, 1 middle school, 1 secondary school, the nearest general degree college at Buridalson, 2.5 km away. Among the social, recreational and cultural facilities it had 1 cinema theatre. It had the branch of 1 nationalised bank.

## Transport

There is station at Bagdogra on the Katihar-Siliguri line.

Bagdogra Airport, (IATA: **IXB**, ICAO: **VEBD**), an international airport, is located nearby.

## Education

University of North Bengal was established at Raja Rammohunpur in 1962.

Kalipada Ghosh Tarai Mahavidyalaya was established at Bagdogra in 1988. Affiliated with the University of North Bengal, it offers honours courses in Bengali, Nepali, Hindi, English, geography, history, political science, sociology, accountancy, management, and general courses in arts, science and commerce.

## InfoBox

| Uttar Bagdogra | |
| --- | --- |
| Census Town | |
| Uttar BagdograLocation in West Bengal, IndiaUttar BagdograUttar Bagdogra (India) | |
| Coordinates: 26°41′N 88°19′E / 26.69°N 88.31°E / 26.69; 88.31 | |
| Country | India |
| State | West Bengal |
| District | Darjeeling |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.63 km2 (0.63 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 25,044 |
| Density | 15,000/km2 (40,000/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Bengali, English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | WB 73/74 |
| Website | wb.gov.in |


title: V883 Orionis

abstract: V883 Orionis is a protostar in the constellation of Orion. It is associated with IC 430, a peculiar Hα object surveyed by Guillermo Haro in 1952. It is assumed to be a member of the Orion Nebula cluster at 414±7 pc. V883 Orionis, like most protostars, is surrounded by a circumstellar disc of dust. The dust has a water snow-line, a certain distance where the stellar irradiance from the star is low enough that water can freeze to snow. The water snow-line was directly imaged by ALMA, when a stellar outburst increased the amount of insolation and pushed the line out farther. In 2023, it was announced that signs of water vapor had been detected in V883 Orionis' disc.

text:
# V883 Orionis

**V883 Orionis** is a protostar in the constellation of Orion. It is associated with **IC 430** (Haro 13A), a peculiar Hα object surveyed by Guillermo Haro in 1952. It is assumed to be a member of the Orion Nebula cluster at 414±7 pc.

V883 Orionis, like most protostars, is surrounded by a circumstellar disc of dust. The dust has a water snow-line, a certain distance where the stellar irradiance from the star is low enough that water can freeze to snow. The water snow-line was directly imaged by ALMA, when a stellar outburst increased the amount of insolation and pushed the line out farther. In 2023, it was announced that signs of water vapor had been detected in V883 Orionis' disc.

## InfoBox

V883 Orionis
|
The location of V883 Orionis (circled) | |
| --- | --- |
| Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000 | |
| Constellation | Orion |
|
| Right ascension | 05h 38m 18.102s |
| Declination | −07° 02 26.02 |
|
| Characteristics | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Variable type | FU Ori |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Astrometry | |
|  | |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: −0.938 mas/yr
Dec.: +1.490 mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 1.5259 ± 0.2923 mas |
| **Distance** | 414 pc |
|  | |
| Details | |
|  | |
| **Mass** | 1.29±0.02 |
| **Luminosity (bolometric)** | 195 |
| **Age** | 0.5 Myr |
|  | |
| Other designations | |
| V883 Ori, HBC 489 | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |


title: V & SAR The Overland carriages

abstract: The first passenger cars built specifically for The Overland train service operated by the Victorian and South Australian Railways (V & SAR) were introduced in 1949. By the end of 1951, eight new sleeping cars and six new sitting cars had entered service. Additions to the fleet continued until 1972; in all, 44 carriages were built. About eight were still in service as of 2024 on The Overland operated by Journey Beyond. Other carriages have been transferred to different services or sold.

text:
# V & SAR The Overland carriages

The first **passenger cars** built specifically for ***The Overland*** train service operated by the **Victorian and South Australian Railways** (V & SAR) were introduced in 1949. By the end of 1951, eight new sleeping cars and six new sitting cars had entered service. Additions to the fleet continued until 1972; in all, 44 carriages were built. About eight were still in service as of 2024 on *The Overland* operated by Journey Beyond. Other carriages have been transferred to different services or sold.

## Design

| Sitting cars (AJ, BJ, RBJ & CCL) | |
| --- | --- |
| Constructed | 1949–1970 |
| Number built | 16 |
| Fleet numbers | 1-3AJ, 1-10BJ, 1-3RBJ, Club Car No.1-3, 1-3CCL |
| Capacity | 48 1st class passengers (AJ)
64 2nd class passengers (BJ)
34 2nd class passengers (RBJ)
43 1st class passengers (Club Car/CCL) |
| Specifications | |
| Weight | 48.35 long tons (49.13 t) (AJ)
45.7 long tons (46.43 t) (BJ)
45.1 long tons (45.82 t) (RBJ)
42.25 long tons (42.93 t) (CCL/Club Car) |

| Sleeping Cars (Named, later SJ, JRA, JRB, JTA, JTB, BMC, RZEY, QCAY, CDAY, ADFY) | |
| --- | --- |
| Tantini (aka SJ 282) as preserved by Steamrail Victoria | |
| Constructed | 1949–1972 |
| Number built | 22 |
| Number preserved | 4 |
| Fleet numbers | Allambi, Chalaki, Dorai, Juki, Kuldalai, Malkari, Mokai, Mururi, Nanjuri, Nomuldi, Paiti, Purpawi, Tantini, Tarkinji, Tawarri, Weroni, Yankai, Yanni, Sleeping cars No.11-14, SJ281-284, JRA 1–6, JRB 1 & 2, JTA 1–6, JTB 1–4, Sir Hans Heysen, Sir John Forrest, |
| Capacity | 20 sleeping passengers, either Roomette or Twinette style. Twinette cars could seat 30 passengers in 'day mode'. |
| Specifications | |
| Weight | 52 long tons (52.83 t) |

| Brake van, power van | |
| --- | --- |
| Constructed | 1970–1972 |
| Number built | 6 |
| Number in service | 4 |
| Fleet numbers | 1-2CO, 1-4PCO, PCJ491-493 |

From 1949, new air-conditioned steel carriages gradually entered service on *The Overland* train between Melbourne and Adelaide. The construction and exterior appearance had been introduced in the South Australian Railways' cafeteria car, built in 1947, which became the design precursor of Australian interstate cars in the years that followed.

The livery, in regal red paint with a fluted stainless steel panel on each side and a black roof, remained until the 1990s.

The sitting cars were all organised as eight compartments linked to a side corridor, with different fittings as suited to the type. First-class cars seated 48; second-class cars seated 64. The sleeping cars each held 20 passengers, either in ten compartments for two each, connected to a side corridor, or ten compartments either side of a central corridor.

## Construction

### Phase one

Six sleeping carriages had been built by the end of 1950; 1951 saw two first-class sitting carriages and a further two sleeping cars entering service, and four second-class sitting cars entered service the following year, for a fleet total of fourteen cars.

### Phase two

To respond to growing patronage, a further two sleeping cars were built in each of 1955, 1956, 1957 and 1958. 1960 saw a further two second-class sitting cars constructed, and in 1962 a third first-class sitting car was constructed.

### Phase three

Construction picked up again in 1966, with two more second-class sitting cars built to a slightly modified design, replacing 1ABS and 2ABS which were returned to the VR fleet. The next year saw two further sleeping cars added, then the final two second-class sitting cars entered service in 1968.

### Phase four

From 1970, the train underwent significant changes. The last of the E type timber carriages were withdrawn from joint-stock service and split between the South Australian and the Victorian Railways. To replace them, two Luggage Vans (CO), three Club Cars, and four Power Vans (PCO) were built for the train; and the remaining rolling stock was converted away from axle-mounted generator sets to instead take power from the generators fitted to the PCO.

Shortly afterwards, the first three second-class sitting cars (1BJ, 2BJ and 3BJ) were modified to include a buffet and were reclassed RBJ. Also around the same time, the Victorian Railways (VR) purchased the South Australian Railways' (SAR) share in the first four Sleeping cars for their use on *The Vinelander*; these were replaced by 1972 with four new cars, taking on the old identities.

## Operations

### V & SAR era 1949–1975

Following World War II, the VR and SAR agreed that a major upgrade of *The Overland* service was needed. At the time, the train was formed using a handful of E type carriages, perhaps with the occasional air-conditioned carriage taken from Victoria's fleet.

To provide for the upgrade, a new design of steel carriages was developed, to replace the worst of the E type sleeping carriages. The first car, *Allambi*, entered service in 1949 as a roomette sleeping car with a central corridor and ten sleeping compartments either side, with room for 20 passengers. The car was fitted with airconditioning and electric lighting, powered by axle-driven generators.

When the carriage was deemed successful, and additional three Roomette sleeping cars (*Tantini, Mururi* and *Chalaki*), and two Twinette sleeping cars with a side corridor and ten two-berth compartments. These five entered service in 1950, and with *Allambi* they displaced some of the E Type carriages which were split between the VR and SAR fleets.

Two further sleeping and six sitting cars were added to the fleet over the next few years, for a total of 14 carriages by the end of 1952.

* Fit HEP 1970
* RBJ 1, 2, 3
* Club Cars could've been RAJ

### V & ANR era 1975–1997

In 1975, Australian National (AN) took over the non-metropolitan South Australian Railways, and the former SAR share of the carriages was transferred to AN.

In 1986, ANR introduced a new computerised rolling stock tracking system, with the carriages awarded check letters following the first four letters of their names as the class; for example, *Yanni* was officially known as YANN, with check letter K.

In 1987, the sleeping cars were given computer codes but retained their original names. The codes were JRA and JTA from the original cars built between 1949 and 1958; cars built between 1967 and 1972 were given the codes JRB and JTB.

Between 1987 and 1993, the deployment was thus:

**Shared between V/Line and AN**

* AJ cars 1, 2 and 3
* RBJ cars 1, 2 and 3
* BJ cars 4–10
* Club Cars 1, 2 and 3
* Luggage Vans CO 1 and 2
* Power Vans PCO 1 through 4
* JRA cars 1 through 6 were *Mururi, Chalaki, Nankuri, Purpawi, Juki* and *Tarkinji*
* JRB cars 1 and 2 were *Allambi* 2nd and *Tantini* 2nd
* JTA cars 1 through 6 were *Nomuldi, Mokai, Malkari, Paiti* (later renamed *Sir Hans Heysen*), *Yanni* (later renamed *Sir John Forrest*) and *Kuldalai*
* JTB cars 1 through 4 were *Tawarri, Yankai, Weroni* 2nd and *Dorai* 2nd

**With V/Line for *The Vinelander***

* Sleeping cars 11, 13 were *Allambi* and *Tantini*, later SJ281, SJ283.
* Sleeping cars 12, 14 were *Dorai* and *Weroni* later SJ282, SJ284.

With the pending gauge conversion of the Adelaide to Melbourne line in 1994–1996 and falling patronage in any case, the oldest cars were withdrawn from service and sold. The remaining fleet – the sitting cars and the newest of the sleeping cars – were converted to standard gauge: sitting cars AJ 1, 2 and 3, roomettes JRB 1 and 2, and twinettes JTB 1, 2, 3 and 4.

In 1993, *The Vinelander* was withdrawn and the V/Line carriages were placed in storage at Newport Workshops. When V/Line was split into passenger and freight divisions in 1995, the cars were retained by the Victorian State Government rather than being allocated to either group.

#### Dispersal 1995

In 1995, the CO, JRA and JTA cars and power van PCO 2 were removed from AN's rolling stock register and later onsold. During the early 1990s, full ownership of power vans PCO 1 and PCO 3 passed to V/Line and PCO 2 and 4 passed to Australian National. As part of Australian National taking total control of The Overland V/Line retained club car No.1, latter was renamed *Victoria*.

In 1997, JTA 4 and JTA 5 were sold to Blue Bird Rail, then to Grand Corporate Rail. At some point, they were converted to luxury cars, with some bedrooms retained and others converted to an open lounge and dining area. Under this form the two became BMC1 and BMC2 respectively. Grand Corporate Rail was forced to stop operating by the insurance crisis of 2003, so the cars were sold to Great Southern Railway and renamed *Sir Hans Heyson* and *Sir John Forrest* in 2003. JTA 6 was privately purchased in 1998.

Also in 1998, West Coast Railway purchased cars PCO 2, CO 2, JRA 1, 3 and 4, and JTA 1 and 3. They were transferred to Melbourne on standard gauge bogies, then railed to Ballarat North Workshops for reconditioning and use on excursion trips. When West Coast Railway folded in 2004, the cars were dispersed by the Australian Loco & Railway Carriage Company. PCO 2 was immediately sold to V/Line; in 2009, it was reconditioned and renumbered PCJ493, and it operated with PCJ491 and 492 (ex PCO 1 and 3) on the standard gauge service from Melbourne to Albury. After PCO 2, the next two sold were JTA 1 and JRA 3, also in 2004. JTA 1 was sold privately, then again in 2012 and is now in Kaniva, restored, at the Overland Museum. CO 2 and JRA 3 were sold to Rail Experience and held at South Geelong yard, then moved to Newport Workshops in 2012.

In 2007, JRA 1, JRA 4 and JTA 3 were sold by the Australian Loco & Railway Carriage Company to Bluebird Rail Operations. About the same time, Bluebird acquired JRA 2. All four were refurbished as crew cars, and they re-entered service in the period 2008–2010 as, respectively, RZEY 1, 4 and 3, and QCAY 2; the latter for Queensland Rail.

Not much information is available for JRA 5 or JTA 2 immediately following their purchase by Bluebird Rail. At some point JTA2 was sold to Genesee & Wyoming Australia, and JRA5 was sold to Queensland Rail as QCAY5.

### GSR era 1997–2010

On 1 November 1997, the remaining passenger services operated by Australian National were sold to Great Southern Rail (GSR). The sale included the standard gauge *Overland* passenger fleet – two roomette and four twinette sleeping cars; three first-class and six second-class sitting cars, three composite second-class sitting cars with buffet, and two club cars. Power van PCO4 was also included in the sale, but at the time it was on broad gauge for the short-lived Explorer train, in a dark blue livery with wide yellow bands. It was converted to standard gauge in 1998 and given a quick coat of grey paint.

In 1999 the carriages were refurbished and repainted to a plain grey scheme at Keswick, and most of the cars had names applied, recycled from the sleeping carriages. Respectively, 5BJ through 10BJ became *Mururu, Nankuri, Purpawi* (sic), *Chalaki* and *Tarkinji*, and PCO 4 became *Paite* (sic). The three RBJ cars were all named *Kookaburra Club Car*; the Club Cars 2 and 3 were classed CCL and named *Nomuldi* and *Malkari*. AJ1, 2 and 3, RBJ1, RBJ3 and 4BJ were not named following their refurbishment; and shortly afterwards *Chalaki* was renamed *Kildalai* (sic). In 2003 *Purpawi* was corrected to *Purwapi*.

Then, in 2002–2003, the fleet was sold to a third party consortium and leased back for operational purposes.

A second refurbishment was undertaken in 2006–2007, applicable mainly to the second-class sitting cars. Retention toilets were fitted, with the male toilets shifted to the former ladies' toilet, and the latter shifted into the former powder room. The original male toilets were converted into showers, allowing the cars to be used on *The Ghan* and *Indian Pacific* services if and as necessary. At this time RBJ3 was refitted again, this time named Cafe 828. Similarly, CCL2 "Nomuldi" was upgraded to the "Charles Sturt" Outback Explorer lounge car, re-entering service in 2008; and PCO4 had its name removed, along with door replacements and a general overhaul.

In 2010, GSR was looking at selling parts of the fleet for use as crew cars by other operators.

### Subsequent status

In 2011, 8BJ "Mokai", CCL3 "Malkari", RBJ1 and RBJ2 and JRB2 were sold to Genesee & Wyoming Australia and converted to crew cars ADFY1 through 5.

JRB1 was sold to Pacific National and renumbered RZEY2, slotting between RZEY1, 3 and 4. The original RZEY gap was left for Aurizon's QCAY2.

AJ1-3 were also sold though their current ownership is unclear.

As of 2021, the V/Line Passenger Network Service Plan Addenda lists these vehicles as accredited for operation in Victoria:

Other vehicles were deployed thus:

## Fleet details

### First Class Sitting – AJ

1AJ, 2AJ, 3AJ

### Second Class Sitting – BJ

1BJ, 2BJ, 3BJ, 4BJ, 5BJ, 6BJ, 7BJ, 8BJ, 9BJ, 10BJ

### Second Class Sitting with Buffet – RBJ

1RBJ, 2RBJ, 3RBJ

### Club cars

Club Car No.1, Club Car No.2, Club Car No.3

### Sleeping cars

When *The Overland* service was converted from E type carriages to a new steel, fully airconditioned train, eight new sleeping cars were built. The interiors of these new cars were of a more modern design than the older cars. The roomette cars had a zigzag corridor instead of a straight one, and the compartments had the shape of a trapezium. This enabled the use of the toilet and washbasin units while the bed was still down, not possible in the older roomettes.

In 1949, the classleader, *Allambi*, entered service, followed by *Tantini, Weroni, Dorai, Mururi* and *Chalaki* in 1950 and *Nomuldi* and *Mokai* in 1951. Of those, *Allambi, Tantini, Mururi* and *Chalaki* were roomette cars with zigzag corridors; the other four were standard compartment-style twinette cars.

The sleeping cars were of two types. Twinette cars had two-berth compartments (as had the E and Mann cars before them), but each compartment had an adjoining toilet and shower room; roomette cars had single-berth compartments either side of a central aisle, and a shower room at the end of the car. The new cars were not numbered, but instead given names based on Aboriginal words related to sleep or dreams.

Additional carriages were built a few years later, with Roomettes *Nankuri* and *Purpawi* in 1955, Twinettes *Tolkini* (later *Malkari*) and *Tandeni* (later *Paiti*) in 1956, Twinettes *Yanni* and *Kuldalai* in 1957 and Roomettes *Juki* and *Tarkinji* in 1958.

Two further cars were built in 1967, Twinettes *Tawarri* and *Yankai*, for a total fleet of eighteen. These last two had a slightly different interior layout.

In 1971, the SAR's share in roomette cars *Allambi* and *Tantini* and twinette cars *Dorai* and *Weroni* was sold to the Victorian Railways for use on *The Vinelander* to Mildura. They were repainted dark blue and their names removed; these names were then applied to the same type of new cars built to replace them.

The new sleeping cars, *Weroni* and *Dorai* (1971) and *Allambi* and *Tantini* (1972) were built with the altered interior matching the 1967 batch (though *Allambi* and *Tantini* were still roomettes).

Under Victorian Railways, the cars had blue painted where maroon had previously been used, with *Vinelander* nameplates on the carriage sides in place of the names. The cars were numbered as sleeping cars numbers 11 to 14, previously *Allambi, Tantini, Weroni* and *Dorai*. The New Deal in 1983 resulted in the four Victorian Railways sleeping cars renumbered to SJ 281 to 284, and the carriages were repainted again, this time with orange replacing the blue, with V/Line logos on plates fitted to the left ends.

Under Australian National, the vehicles were allocated classes, with *Mururi*, *Chalaki*, *Nankuri*, *Purpawi*, *Juki* and *Tarkinji* becoming JRA1-6, *Nomuldi*, *Mokai*, *Tolkini*, *Tandeni*, *Yanni* and *Kuldalai* JTA1-6, and *Tawarri* and *Yankai* JTB1-2. The second *Allambi* and *Tantini* became JRB1-2, and the second *Weroni* and *Dorai* JTB3-4. "R" was for Roomette and "T" for Twinette, with "A" or "B" respectively indicating first class for the pre-1967 fleet, or second class for the post-1967 fleet. Therefore it is safe to assume that if the four carriages passed to the Victorian Railways had been retained, they would have been classed as further JRA and JTA units.

### Power vans

In the early 1970s, *The Overland* required head end power for air conditioning and lighting. Prior to this time, all electrical power had been supplied by axle-driven generators. As a result, the two railways between them built four PCO vans, numbered 1 – 4, in 1970. They were Joint Stock vehicles owned and maintained jointly by the VR and SAR, and their later, respective incarnations of VicRail and V/Line (VR), and Australian National (SAR). Each had two 162.5 kilowatts (217.9 hp) diesel generators and could carry 10 tonnes (9.8 long tons; 11 short tons) of luggage. In 1990, the V/Line N class locomotives, which had their own head end power units, took over hauling the *Overland* and the PCO vans were put into storage.

In 1995, V/Line and Australian National took full ownership of two vans each. V/Line took PCOs 1 and 3, which it renumbered PCJ 491 and 492 respectively, and AN took PCOs 2 and 4. PCO 2 remained in storage until was purchased by West Coast Railway in 1998. When West Coast Railway ceased operation in 2004, it was acquired by V/Line and in 2009 was refurbished and renumbered to PCJ 493. All three PCJ vans were converted to standard gauge in 2011 for use on the V/Line Albury service. Australian National used PCO4 on the short-lived *Explorer* tour train in South Australia and converted to standard gauge for use again on *The Overland*. It was completely refurbished in 2007 with new diesel generator sets.

Following the launch of VLocity's on the Albury V/Line rail service in 2022, V/Line began withdrawing the power vans paired with the standard gauge N sets from service and were initially stored. In 2023, PCJ492 and PCJ493 were allocated to 707 Operations, with PCJ 491 being allocated to Steamrail Victoria. In preservation, PCJ492 has had its original identity of 3PCO restored.

### Luggage vans

In 1970, two Joint Stock guards vans were built for the Melbourne to Adelaide *The Overland* service. They were coded CO, and remained in use until 1994, when they were transferred to Australian National. Both vans were written off of the shared V/Line and Australian National rolling stock register in 1995.

2CO was sold to West Coast Railway in 1998 and transferred to Melbourne in early December of that year. However, there is no evidence that it was ever restored or utilised by that group. In 2004, when West Coast Railway shut down, the carriage was sold to Australian Loco & Railway Carriage Company for the *Murraylander* service, but quickly passed on to the Geelong-based group Rail Experience.

Detailed information about the cars, including drawings: VictorianRailways.net.

## InfoBox

| Victorian & South Australian Railways *The Overland* carriages | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| In service | 1949–present |
| Manufacturer | South Australian Railways |
| Built at | Islington Railway Workshops |
| Constructed | 1949–1972 |
| Operators |  |
| Specifications | |
| Car body construction | 75 ft (22.86 m) |
| Car length | 78 ft 3 in (23.85 m) |
| Width | 9 ft 9 in (2.97 m) |
| Height | 13 ft 6.0625 in (4.12 m) |
| Doors | Manual swing "stable", 2 per side |
| Maximum speed | 115 km/h (71 mph) |
| Power supply | Axle generators, later head-end power 415vAC |
| Bogies | 53 ft (16.15 m) centres |
| Braking system(s) | Westinghouse |
| Coupling system | Autocouplers |
| Track gauge | 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm) & 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) |


title: Using Daeng Rangka

abstract: Using Daeng Rangka, also known as Husein Daeng Rangka was a Makassan fisherman and ship's captain, one of many trepangers who had early contact with Aboriginal Australians in northern Australia, and said to be the last to visit Australia in 1907. He had children with at least one Yolngu woman and has descendants in both Indonesia and Australia.

text:
# Using Daeng Rangka

**Using Daeng Rangka**, also known as **Husein Daeng Rangka** (c.1845–1927) was a Makassan fisherman and ship's captain, one of many trepangers who had early contact with Aboriginal Australians in northern Australia, and said to be the last to visit Australia in 1907. He had children with at least one Yolngu woman and has descendants in both Indonesia and Australia.

## Early life

Using Daeng Rangka was born around 1845 in Labbakang, in the south Celebes (Sulawesi), His father was Bugis and his mother Macassarese. He first travelled to Australia on a trepanging boat when he was a child.

His name is often recorded as Husein Daeng Rangka, as the name Husein has Arabic roots and becomes Using when translated into the Makassarese language. "Daeng" is derived from an honorific title of Gowa.

## Trepanging career

Fishermen from the Indonesian islands travelled across to the Australian continent to harvest trepang, a type of sea cucumber, from at least the 18th century. In December 1883, Rangka acquired one of the first trepanging licences issued by the South Australian Government, for his *prau*, *Bondeng Patola*. His published accounts and memoirs formed the basis for great study in the history of Australia–Indonesia relations.

Using suffered several setbacks during his career. His ship was wrecked on Melville Island in 1886, and he fought off Aboriginal Australian attacks with a rifle until rescued. He was wrecked once more in 1895, and forced to undertake a 644-kilometre (400 mi) journey in a canoe. Working in a time of great decline in Makassan trepanging in Australasia, Using was sent by a fellow entrepreneur to sound out the Australian government on their new laws restricting the trade to Australian businesses in the 1890s.

## Family

There is one story that he abducted the wife of a local Aboriginal leader during his time at Melville Bay, and that he is believed to have had two Aboriginal wives.

Using's married first a Macassarese woman called Basse'; they had no children. He then married another Maccassarese woman, Daeng Tanang, with whom he had 11 children. One of his sons, Mangngellai Daeng Maro, travelled with his father to Australia on his last two trips.

He also had two Aboriginal wives. He had children with a Yolngu woman in eastern Arnhem Land, two daughters and either one or two sons. A great-grandson, Kaharuddin Lewa, known as Pak Kahar, reported that he respected and liked Aboriginal people, and wanted to share his Islamic religion with them.

## Later life and death

The Australian authorities shut down the trepang trade in 1907, as British settlement spread across the top of the continent, and in this year, Rangka made his final voyage to the continent. He made one last journey to the Lesser Sunda Islands before retiring to Kampong Maloku.

He died at Kampong Maloku in 1927.

## InfoBox

| DaengHusein Daeng Rangka | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | c.1845 |
| Died | 1927 (aged 8182) |


title: VM Jakarta Elektrik PLN

abstract: Jakarta Elektrik PLN is an Indonesian men's volleyball club owned and managed by the Perusahaan Listrik Negara that plays at the Proliga. The club won the 2015 Proliga championship.

text:
# VM Jakarta Elektrik PLN

**Jakarta Elektrik PLN** is an Indonesian men's volleyball club owned and managed by the Perusahaan Listrik Negara that plays at the Proliga. The club won the 2015 Proliga championship.

## Honours

**Proliga** * Champions (1): 2015

## InfoBox

Jakarta Elektrik PLN
| Founded | 2004 |
| --- | --- |
| Ground | Jakarta |
| Chairman | Danni Irawan |
| League | Proliga |