title: Wehni

abstract:
Wehni is the name of one of the mountains of Ethiopia where most of the male heirs to the Emperor of Ethiopia were interned, usually for life. It was the last of the three such mountains, or amba, said to have been used for that purpose, the other two being Debre Damo and Amba Geshen. From some undetermined time in history, it was the custom that when the Emperor assumed the throne, his brothers and other male relatives would be taken to a royal prison, where they would live until either they were called forth to become the new emperor or died. Mount Wehni was first used as a prison by Fasilides, when he exiled his son Dawit there for leading a revolt. The mountain was abandoned as a prison during the Zemene Mesafint; more precisely in the 1790s, as Samuel Gobat learned from one Tekla Selassie, "a relative of the king". Although James Bruce first mentions the existence of the royal prison at Wehni, Thomas Pakenham was the first European to visit the site, in 1955. He notes that when he started to search for this half-forgotten complex, there were three possible locations for the prison in the province of Begemder, now part of the Amhara Region of Ethiopia: the Ethiopian expert Steven Wright believed it lay three days' journey to the west of Gondar; a Colonel Shifferaw, who was familiar with the area, knew of two locations to the east of Gondar. Pakenham's explorations determined that it lay in the mountains to the northeast of Emfraz, and he recorded his first clear view of it:
  - In the docile plain there opened a gorge perhaps half a mile wide, leading to a bowl-shaped valley. It was the valley of Wehni. From the centre rose the scoriated black thumb that was the Mountain. It was in fact twice the height it had first appeared, its sides perfectly sheer to the ground, its top flat and grassy. Pakenham found at the foot of the mountain a village that "hardly deserved the name". Although he found the inhabitants "wretched and poor", inspecting the local church he found a number of paintings that he dated to the 17th century, "fifty years after Fasil in fact, but were exciting evidence of the importance of Wehni at the time. Though the church and village were now so dilapidated, it was obvious that once they had enjoyed royal patronage as munificent as Gondar itself." Unfortunately, a landslide at some point in the previous 30 years made Pakenham unable to ascend Mount Wehni. Equipped with climbing gear, he made an unsuccessful second attempt a few months later. He concludes his account of travels in Ethiopia with a description of the compound at the top of the mountain, viewed from the air, after he had convinced the pilot of the Gondar-Addis Ababa flight to pass by and circle the peak. Travel writer Barbara Toy was the first Westerner to set foot on the top of Wehni, which she accessed in 1959 by helicopter. She camped overnight on the mountain, and wrote about her time in Ethiopia in her 1961 book In Search of Sheba: Across the Sahara to Ethiopia, published by John Murray. Mount Wehni was climbed in 2002 by members of the HotRock round the world climbing expedition. It was chronicled in the book The Reluctant Traveller by Bill Lumley, who joined HotRock for the Ethiopian leg of the journey. This royal prison at the top of Wehni left its influence on English literature by the accounts of Bruce and inspired the setting of Dr. Samuel Johnson's narrative The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia.

text:
# Wehni

**Wehni** (Amharic: ወህኒ) is the name of one of the mountains of Ethiopia where most of the male heirs to the Emperor of Ethiopia were interned, usually for life. It was the last of the three such mountains, or *amba*, said to have been used for that purpose, the other two being Debre Damo and Amba Geshen.

From some undetermined time in history, it was the custom that when the Emperor assumed the throne, his brothers and other male relatives would be taken to a royal prison, where they would live until either they were called forth to become the new emperor or died. Mount Wehni was first used as a prison by Fasilides, when he exiled his son Dawit there for leading a revolt. The mountain was abandoned as a prison during the Zemene Mesafint; more precisely in the 1790s, as Samuel Gobat learned from one Tekla Selassie, "a relative of the king" (that is, the Emperor of Ethiopia).

Although James Bruce first mentions the existence of the royal prison at Wehni, Thomas Pakenham was the first European to visit the site, in 1955. He notes that when he started to search for this half-forgotten complex, there were three possible locations for the prison in the province of Begemder, now part of the Amhara Region of Ethiopia: the Ethiopian expert Steven Wright believed it lay three days' journey to the west of Gondar; a Colonel Shifferaw, who was familiar with the area, knew of two locations to the east of Gondar. Pakenham's explorations determined that it lay in the mountains to the northeast of Emfraz, and he recorded his first clear view of it:

In the docile plain there opened a gorge perhaps half a mile wide, leading to a bowl-shaped valley. It was the valley of Wehni. From the centre rose the scoriated black thumb that was the Mountain. It was in fact twice the height it had first appeared, its sides perfectly sheer to the ground, its top flat and grassy.

Pakenham found at the foot of the mountain a village that "hardly deserved the name". Although he found the inhabitants "wretched and poor", inspecting the local church he found a number of paintings that he dated to the 17th century, "fifty years after Fasil in fact, but were exciting evidence of the importance of Wehni at the time. Though the church and village were now so dilapidated, it was obvious that once they had enjoyed royal patronage as munificent as Gondar itself."

Unfortunately, a landslide at some point in the previous 30 years made Pakenham unable to ascend Mount Wehni. Equipped with climbing gear, he made an unsuccessful second attempt a few months later. He concludes his account of travels in Ethiopia with a description of the compound at the top of the mountain, viewed from the air, after he had convinced the pilot of the Gondar-Addis Ababa flight to pass by and circle the peak.

Travel writer Barbara Toy was the first Westerner to set foot on the top of Wehni, which she accessed in 1959 by helicopter. She camped overnight on the mountain, and wrote about her time in Ethiopia in her 1961 book *In Search of Sheba: Across the Sahara to Ethiopia*, published by John Murray.

Mount Wehni was climbed in 2002 by members of the HotRock round the world climbing expedition. It was chronicled in the book *The Reluctant Traveller* by Bill Lumley, who joined HotRock for the Ethiopian leg of the journey.

This royal prison at the top of Wehni left its influence on English literature by the accounts of Bruce and inspired the setting of Dr. Samuel Johnson's narrative *The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia*.

12°08′54″N 37°45′59″E / 12.14833°N 37.76639°E / 12.14833; 37.76639


title: Tokia Saïfi

abstract: Tokia Afféda Saïfi is a French politician who served as Member of the European Parliament for the North-West of France from 1999 until 2019. She is a member of the Radical party and of the Union for a Popular Movement, part of the European People's Party. She is a former member of Ecology Generation.

text:
# Tokia Saïfi

**Tokia Afféda Saïfi** (born 11 July 1959 in Hautmont, Nord) is a French politician who served as Member of the European Parliament for the North-West of France from 1999 until 2019. She is a member of the Radical party and of the Union for a Popular Movement, part of the European People's Party. She is a former member of Ecology Generation.

## Political career

Saïfi was first elected as Member of the European Parliament in the 1999 elections. During her first term in parliament, she first served on the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs. Following the 2004 elections, she joined the Committee on International Trade; from 2014 until 2019, she served as the committee's vice-chairwoman under the leadership of Bernd Lange. In this capacity, she was the parliament's rapporteur on trade and investment-driven growth for developing countries as well as on human rights and social and environmental standards in international trade agreements.

In addition to her committee assignments, Saïfi was the vice-chairwoman of the parliament's delegation for relations with the Maghreb countries and the Arab Maghreb Union and a member of the delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean. In this capacity, she took part in the EU's observer mission for the 2012 legislative elections in Algeria.

## Political positions

In the Republicans’ 2016 presidential primaries, Saïfi endorsed Alain Juppé as the party's candidate for the office of President of France.


title: The Imperial German Dinner Service

abstract: The Imperial German Dinner Service is a 1983 novel by British writer David Hughes published by Constable, and republished by Paladin in 1987.

text:
# The Imperial German Dinner Service

***The Imperial German Dinner Service*** is a 1983 novel by British writer David Hughes published by Constable, and republished by Paladin in 1987.

## Outline

The narrator, Roland Patcham, by his own introduction a “redundant… spoilt, angry, bored and aimless reporter”, is losing his younger wife Sophie (“a spoilt, well-off, beautiful and busy journalist”) to her lover, the Director of National Arts. Sophie uncovers the existence of a one-thousand-piece dinner service made for Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1914, a Wedgwood set which depicts an enormous range of typically English urban, village and pastoral scenes, and which has been forgotten if not irretrievably lost throughout the course of two world wars. Patcham becomes obsessed with retrieving the surviving pieces, all the more so that his rival, Courtney Ranston, has already become engaged in their collection on behalf of the nation. Rummaging through South-East England, Belgium, Holland, France, Denmark, Sweden and finally Iceland, sparring with a carnival of eccentric characters, Patcham manages to outflank and defeat the National Arts, and in so doing win back his wife. The Dinner Service is quickly established as a metaphor for a destroyed past, both in the sense of an “olde Englande”, and in the joy of youthful love, and its partial restoration – both rediscovery and repair – describes the mitigated reconquest of love.


title: Turøy

abstract: Turøyna or Turøy is an island in Øygarden Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The 1.67-square-kilometre (0.64 sq mi) island lies just west of the islands of Toftøyna and Misje. Prior to 1964, the island was part of the old municipality of Herdla. Then from 1964 until 2020 it was part of Fjell municipality. About 100 people live on this island, which has a road connection to the mainland via the Turøy Bridge which connects to Toftøyna. The road then continues over a series of bridges connecting a string of islands to each other and to the city of Bergen. The postcode is 5365 Turøy. The island is a good spot for birdwatching and hosts an ornithological station. The island received some notoriety because of a 2016 helicopter crash that killed all 13 people on board, mainly oil workers. The chopper was flying from the Gullfaks oil field to Bergen.

text:
# Turøy

**Turøyna** or **Turøy** is an island in Øygarden Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The 1.67-square-kilometre (0.64 sq mi) island lies just west of the islands of Toftøyna and Misje. Prior to 1964, the island was part of the old municipality of Herdla. Then from 1964 until 2020 it was part of Fjell municipality.

About 100 people live on this island, which has a road connection to the mainland via the Turøy Bridge which connects to Toftøyna. The road then continues over a series of bridges connecting a string of islands to each other and to the city of Bergen. The postcode is 5365 Turøy.

The island is a good spot for birdwatching and hosts an ornithological station.

The island received some notoriety because of a 2016 helicopter crash that killed all 13 people on board, mainly oil workers. The chopper was flying from the Gullfaks oil field to Bergen.

## InfoBox

Turøyna
Turøy
| TurøyLocation of the islandTurøyTurøy (Norway) | |
| --- | --- |
| Geography | |
| Location | Vestland, Norway |
| Coordinates | 60°26′48″N 4°54′59″E / 60.4466°N 4.9163°E / 60.4466; 4.9163 |
| Area | 1.67 km2 (0.64 sq mi) |
| Length | 2.5 km (1.55 mi) |
| Width | 1 km (0.6 mi) |
| Coastline | 7.63 km (4.741 mi) |
| Highest elevation | 74.5 m (244.4 ft) |
| Highest point | Turøyvarden |
| Administration | |
| **Norway** | |
| County | Vestland |
| Municipality | Øygarden Municipality |


title: Tsukamoto Katsuyoshi

abstract: Tsukamoto Katsuyoshi Baron Tsukamoto Katsuyoshi was a lieutenant general in the early Imperial Japanese Army.

text:
# Tsukamoto Katsuyoshi

Baron **Tsukamoto Katsuyoshi** (塚本勝嘉, 27 December 1847  15 January 1912) was a lieutenant general in the early Imperial Japanese Army.

## Biography

Tsukamoto was born as the third son to a samurai named Inomichi Juzaemon of the Ogaki Domain (present day Gifu prefecture), and was adopted into the Tsukamoto family as a child. As a young samurai, he commanded a squad dispatched by the domain during the suppression of the anti-Shogunate forces in the Second Chōshū expedition; however, he later fought for the pro-imperial Satchō Alliance when the domain changed its alliance in the Boshin War. In 1872 he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the fledgling Imperial Japanese Army. He was commander of the 6th Battalion during the 1874 Taiwan Expedition. Afterwards, he was stationed at the Kumamoto Garrison, and participated in suppression of the Satsuma Rebellion from February to October 1877.

During the First Sino-Japanese War Tsukamoto was commander of the IJA 6th Infantry Regiment, and served with distinction at the Battle of Pyongyang. After the war, he served as commandant of the Army Staff College and Chief of Staff of the IJA 6th Infantry Division. In September 1897, he was promoted to major general.

Tsukamoto commanded the IJA 21st Infantry Brigade during the Boxer Rebellion and early in the Russo-Japanese War, including the Battle of Nanshan. In September 1904, he was promoted to lieutenant general. He succeeded General Ogawa Mataji as commander of the IJA 4th Infantry Division after the latter was wounded in combat during the Battle of Liaoyang. He continued to command the division through the Battle of Mukden. After the end of the war, he was reassigned to command the IJA 9th Infantry Division.

In September 1907, Tsukamoto was ennobled with the title of baron (*danshaku*) under the *kazoku* peerage system. He left active service in December 1908, and died in 1912. He was posthumously given the honorary title of Junior Second Court Rank

## Decorations

### Foreign

* Kowner, Rotem (2006). *Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War*. The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-4927-5.
* Jukes, Geoffry (2002). *The Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905*. Osprey Essential Histories. ISBN 978-1-84176-446-7.
* Fukagawa, Hideki (1981). *(陸海軍将官人事総覧 (陸軍篇)) Army and Navy General Personnel Directory (Army)*. Tokyo: Fuyo Shobo. ISBN 4829500026.
* Dupuy, Trevor N. (1992). *Encyclopedia of Military Biography*. I B Tauris & Co Ltd. ISBN 1-85043-569-3.
* Hata, Ikuhiko (2005). *(日本陸海軍総合事典) Japanese Army and Navy General Encyclopedia*. Tokyo: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 4130301357.

## InfoBox

| Tsukamoto Katsuyoshi | |
| --- | --- |
| General Tsukamoto Katsuyoshi | |
| Native name | 塚本勝嘉 |
| Born | (1847-12-27)27 December 1847<br>Ogaki, Gifu, Japan |
| Died | 15 January 1912(1912-01-15) (aged 64) |
| Allegiance | Empire of Japan |
| Service/branch | Imperial Japanese Army |
| Years of service | 1872 -1908 |
| Rank | Lieutenant General |
| Commands | IJA 4th Division, IJA 9th Division |
| Battles/wars |  |


title: Tsukahara Station

abstract: Tsukahara Station is a passenger railway station located in the city of Minamiashigara, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, operated by the Izuhakone Railway.

text:
# Tsukahara Station

**Tsukahara Station** (塚原駅, *Tsukahara-eki*) is a passenger railway station located in the city of Minamiashigara, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, operated by the Izuhakone Railway.

## Lines

Tsukahara Station is served by the Daiyūzan Line, and is located 6.3 kilometers from the line’s terminus at Odawara Station.

## Station layout

The station consists of a single side platform with a small attached station building. The station is unmanned.

## Adjacent stations

|  |  | Service |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Iwahara |  | Daiyūzan Line |  | Wadagahara |

## History

Tsukahara Station was officially opened on October 15, 1925.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 1,126 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

The passenger figures (boarding passengers only) for previous years are as shown below.

| Fiscal year | daily average |
| --- | --- |
| 2005 | 1,267 |
| 2010 | 1,226 |
| 2015 | 1,192 |
|

## Surrounding area

Prefectural Road 74 runs on the west side of the station, and the Karikawa River on the east side. On the opposite bank of Karikawa, there are Minamiashigara City Okamoto Junior High School, Minamiashigara City Okamoto Elementary School, Minamiashigara City Hall Okamoto Branch, and Minamiashigara City Library, which are connected to the station side by a prefectural road bridge. In addition, the Tsukahara Post Office is located near the station.

Media related to Tsukahara Station at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Tsukahara Station
塚原駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Tsukahara Station in March 2014 | |
| General information | |
| Location | 2680-1 Tsukahara, Minamiashigara-shi, Kanagawa-ken 250-0117
Japan |
| Coordinates | 35°18′05.39″N 139°7′35.45″E / 35.3014972°N 139.1265139°E / 35.3014972; 139.1265139 |
| Operated by | Izuhakone Railway |
| Line(s) | Daiyūzan Line |
| Distance | 6.3 km from Odawara. |
| Platforms | 1 side platform |
| Connections | * Bus stop |
| Other information | |
| Station code | ID09 |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | October 15, 1925 |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2019 | 1,126 daily boarding passengers |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Tsukahara StationLocation within Kanagawa PrefectureTsukahara StationTsukahara Station (Japan) | |


title: Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)

abstract: From 1990 to 1995, a rebellion by various Tuareg groups took place in Niger and Mali, with the aim of achieving autonomy or forming their own nation-state. The insurgency occurred in a period following the regional famine of the 1980s and subsequent refugee crisis, and a time of generalised political repression and crisis in both nations. The conflict is one in a series of Tuareg-based insurgencies in the colonial and post-colonial history of these nations. In Niger, it is also referred to as the Second or Third Tuareg Rebellion, a reference to the pre-independence rebellions of Ag Mohammed Wau Teguidda Kaocen of the Aïr Mountains in 1914 and the rising of Firhoun of Ikazkazan in 1911, who reappeared in Mali in 1916. In fact, the nomadic Tuareg confederations have come into sporadic conflict with the sedentary communities of the region ever since they migrated from the Maghreb into the Sahel region between the 7th and 14th centuries CE. Some Tuareg wanted an independent Tuareg nation to be formed when French colonialism ended. This, combined with dissatisfaction over the new governments, led some Tuareg in Northern Mali to rebel in 1963.

text:
# Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)

From 1990 to 1995, a rebellion by various Tuareg groups took place in Niger and Mali, with the aim of achieving autonomy or forming their own nation-state. The insurgency occurred in a period following the regional famine of the 1980s and subsequent refugee crisis, and a time of generalised political repression and crisis in both nations. The conflict is one in a series of Tuareg-based insurgencies in the colonial and post-colonial history of these nations. In Niger, it is also referred to as the **Second** or **Third Tuareg Rebellion**, a reference to the pre-independence rebellions of Ag Mohammed Wau Teguidda Kaocen of the Aïr Mountains in 1914 (Kaocen Revolt) and the rising of Firhoun of Ikazkazan in 1911, who reappeared in Mali in 1916. In fact, the nomadic Tuareg confederations have come into sporadic conflict with the sedentary communities of the region ever since they migrated from the Maghreb into the Sahel region between the 7th and 14th centuries CE. Some (but not all) Tuareg wanted an independent Tuareg nation to be formed when French colonialism ended. This, combined with dissatisfaction over the new governments, led some Tuareg in Northern Mali to rebel in 1963.

## Background

Tuareg people form a distinct minority in all the Saharan countries they inhabit and a majority in many Saharan regions. In many cases, the Tuareg have been marginalised by governments based in the Sahel or on the Mediterranean coast. Desertification and droughts in 1972–74 and 84–85 killed livestock and forced the alteration of traditional migration routes, increasing conflict between neighboring groups. Aid from national governments was often unforthcoming, and many sided against the Tuareg–one notable exception being Libya. In both Mali and Niger, large numbers of Tuareg nomads fled to refugee camps in Algeria and Libya. There, militants who blamed their respective national governments for failing to aid communities in need began to co-mingle and form the future rebel groups.

Both Mali and Niger, unable to cope economically with famine, and plagued by weak, authoritarian governments, faced dissent in all communities. In Mali, President Moussa Traoré, a former military leader who had come to power in a 1968 military coup, was facing growing pressure over poverty, International Monetary Fund restrictions on government spending, drought, and 20 years of one-party rule. On 22 March 1991, he was overthrown in another military coup.

In Niger, president Ali Saïbou, the unelected military successor to 1974 coup leader General Seyni Kountché, was facing similar problems. On 9 February 1990, police suppression of a peaceful student march at Niamey's Kennedy Bridge killed at least three people. Ongoing student and labor protests began to target the government and army throughout the country.

### Niger, 1985–1990

In Niger's far north, drought, economic crisis, and the central government's political weakness came to a head in 1985. That year, a number of Tuareg in Libya formed a political opposition group called the Popular Front for the Liberation of Niger (FPLN). An armed attack by FPLN members in Tchin-Tabaradene sparked the closing of the borders with Libya and Algeria, and the resettlement of thousands of Tuareg and other nomads away from the area. As economic and political conditions worsened, grievances grew. When aid promised by Ali Saïbou's government to Tuareg returning from Algeria failed to materialise, some Tuareg attacked a police station in Tchin-Tabaradene in May 1990, leading to the death of 31, including 25 of the attackers. Initially the rebel's main demand was for the right for their children to learn Tamashek at school, but this soon escalated to a demand for autonomy. Later in May 1990, the Nigerien Military responded by arresting, torturing, and killing several hundred Tuareg civilians in Tchin-Tabaradene, Gharo and In-Gall. This became known as the Tchin-Tabaradene massacre. Tuareg outrage sparked the creation of two armed insurgent groups: the Front for the Liberation of Aïr and Azaouak and the Temoust Liberation Front.

## Mali

### Mali Civil War, 1990–1996

In Mali, the uprising began in 1990 when Tuareg separatists attacked government buildings around Gao in Mali. The Malian Army's reprisals led to a full-blown rebellion in which the absence of opportunities for Tuareg in the army was a major complaint. The conflict died down after Alpha Konaré formed a new government and made reparations in 1992. Also, Mali created a new self-governing region, the Kidal Region, and provided for greater Tuareg integration into Malian society.

In 1994, Tuareg, reputed to have been trained and armed by Libya, attacked Gao, which again led to major Malian Army reprisals and to the creation of the Ghanda Koi Songhai militia to combat the Tuareg. Mali effectively fell into civil war.

In 1995, moderates on both sides negotiated a peace settlement.

Weapons were ceremonially burnt in 1996 in Timbuktu as a symbolic conclusion to the conflict. Aid has since been given to the Tuareg areas of the country and separatism has declined. The situation, however, remained tense with fears that the conflict would be renewed.

### 1996–2007

Malian Tuareg insurgents have taken part in a long series of peace processes. The 1995 peace deals which ended the First Tuareg Rebellion promised the repatriation of Tuareg communities forced into resettlement camps in the south of the country and opportunities for Malian Tuaregs to join the central government in Bamako. Unlike the Niger ex-combatants who appeared successfully integrated into national life, small numbers of Malian Tuaregs remained restive, complaining of the Kidal region's poverty, some involved in cross-border smuggling and crime, while a splinter faction of the Tuareg ex-combatants rose in 2006. The Mali-based Tuareg group *May 23, 2006 Democratic Alliance for Change* (*Mai 23, 2006 Alliance démocratique pour le changement - ADC)*, led a short, sporadic campaign in the north of Mali from May to July 2006, when they signed another peace deal with the Bamako government. After renewing the ceasefire, these forces apparently splintered further in 2007.

Attacks in the extreme northeast of Mali began to grow in number and intensity in August 2007, as reports appeared that the ADC splinter group, led by former combatant Ibrahim Ag Bahanga claiming these attacks had formally confederated with the Niger-based MNJ. The MNJ has formally denied this, but witnesses of one kidnapping attack in Mali said the rebels had moved back towards the Niger border. Former Malian rebel leaders, notably the 1990s commander Iyad Ag Ghaly, denounced the 2007 violence and called on the Bahanga group to cease their attacks and offered to negotiate on behalf of the Bamako government. Regardless of the connection with the Second Tuareg Rebellion of 2007 in Niger, the small size of forces involved in the 2007 Malian violence, and the wide support for the 1995 and 2006 accords among Malian Tuareg leaders, paint a picture of a largely successful peace process.

## Niger

In the autumn of 1991, the Tuareg rebellion escalated in Niger. The FLAA declared the attacks on administrative centers as a reaction to the events of Tchin Tabaraden. Since 1993, the Nigerien government has been confronted with four rebel organisations: the FLAA (Front de Liberation de l'Air et de l'Azaouak), the FLT (Front de Liberation Tamoust), the ARLNN (Armée Revolutionaire de la Liberation du Nord Niger) and the FPLS (Front patriotique de libération du Sahara).

### 1990 to 1995 peace accord

In Niger, sporadic fighting in the Aïr Mountains of the far north continued from 1990. The tourist center of Agadez, the uranium mining town of Arlit (largely exploited by the French multinational Areva), and the traditional Tuareg trade town of In-Gall were evacuated of foreigners and armed by the Nigerien Army. Attacks were few, the response was ineffective, but great economic damage was done, rendering the Agadez Department largely off-limits to outsiders.

The two main rebel groups in Niger agreed to a truce in 1994, just as war flared up again in Mali. The Niger-based groups formed two umbrella organisations called the Organisation of Armed Resistance (*Organisation de Résistance Armée*, ORA), and the Coordinated Armed resistance (*Coordination de Résistance Armée*, CRA), and continued a series of negotiations with the government, punctuated by fighting on both sides. The CRA signed an October 1994 accord, but by 1995 was in conflict with the government again. The ORA then negotiated an April 1995 Peace Accord, rejected by the CRA Mano Dayak, the CRA negotiator and leader of Tuareg rebels in the Tenere region died in a suspicious plane crash in 1995, on his way to meet government officials.

Finally, the government reached peace accords on 15 April 1995 with all Tuareg (and some Toubou) rebel groups, negotiated in Ouagadougou. These "Ouagadougou Accords" marked the end of most fighting, with the last armed group signing up in 1998. Since the late 1990s, the Tuareg have claimed they lacked attention and resources from the central government. The government agreed to absorb some former rebels into the military and, with French assistance, help others return to a productive civilian life. Controversy has continued to revolve around Tuareg leaders brought into government, with the arrest of the Minister of Tourism Rhissa ag Boula in 2004 and his July 2005 pardon, on suspicion of involvement in a political murder. Niger's Tuaregs continue to watch closely the development and economic activities of the government, especially in regards the Aïr Mountains' burgeoning tourist trade, and Arlit's recovering uranium industry.

### An uneasy peace: 1995–2007

In the early first decade of the 21st century, sporadic attacks continued to be claimed by Tuareg groups and the Toubou Revolutionary Armed Forces of the Sahara, but press accounts suggested these have little support in the larger community. Whatever the feelings of the broader Tuareg community in Niger, 2007 saw a complete break in relations between ex-combatants and the government. A unified force of ex-combatants began attacks against the government and mining interests in the north and repudiated the 1995 accords. This marks the beginning of the Second Tuareg Rebellion.

The Niger Movement for Justice (*Mouvement des Nigériens pour la justice*, MNJ) is apparently led by Aghaly ag Alambo, a former member of the Front de libération de l'Aïr et de l'Azawagh (FLAA), and Mohamed Acharif, a former captain in the Nigerien Armed Forces who defected to the rebels in May 2007.

Little information on the motivation or the make-up of the Niger-based rebels was publicly available by the summer of 2007 outside of statements by the MNJ and the Nigerien government. The government of Niger claimed these attacks were the work of small scale "bandits" and drug-trafficking gangs, and has also suggested "foreign interests" (or Areva, specifically) were funding the rebel forces. Three newspapers in Niger which speculated that Libya might be behind the rebel group were threatened with legal action by the Libyan government. On the other hand, the MNJ statements portray their movement as Niger-wide (as opposed to Tuareg nationalism) and limited to the demand for economic, political and environmental reforms.

Niger rebels say their government has failed to honor the 1995 peace deal, which ended the First Tuareg Rebellion and promised them a bigger share of the region's mineral wealth. Nigerien Tuareg leaders and some Non Government Organizations have claimed the violence of February 2007 was the culmination of widespread disaffection amongst Tuareg ex-combatants with the slow progress of promised benefits, lack of functioning democratic institutions, and a perceived special status given to foreign mining interests and southern political leaders.

## Rebel groups

### Malian Tuareg groups

Numerous rebel groups were active in Mali during the rebellion, including:

Most of these groups united in 1991 to form the United Movements and Fronts of Azawad (MFUA).

### Nigerien Tuareg groups

Rebel groups in Niger included:

### For Niger

## Further reading

* Baz Lecocq (2004). Unemployed Intellectuals in the Sahara: The Teshumara Nationalist Movement and the Revolutions in Tuareg Society. International Review of Social History, 49, pp 87–109

## InfoBox

| 1990-1995 Tuareg rebellion | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Tuareg rebellions | |
| Date 1990–1995
(5 years)  Location Northern Mali and Niger  Result  1995 peace accords | |
| Belligerents | |
| Niger
Mali
Ganda Koy | **Mali:**
Arab Islamic Front of Azawad (FIAA),
Popular Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MPLA),
United Movements and Fronts of Azawad (MFUA).
**Niger:**
Front for the Liberation of Aïr and Azaouak (FLAA),
Front for the Liberation of Tamoust, (FLT),
CRA & ORA coalitions (1994–95) |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Ali Saibou
Mahamane Ousmane
Moussa Traoré
Alpha Oumar Konaré
Seydou Cissé (Ganda Koy) | **Mali:**
Iyad Ag Ghaly
**Niger:**
Mano Dayak
Rhissa Ag Boula |
| Strength | |
|  | **Mali:**
7,000+
**Niger:** |
|  | |


title: Turbonilla halidoma

abstract: Turbonilla halidoma is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

text:
# Turbonilla halidoma

***Turbonilla halidoma*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## Description

The milk-white shell has an elongate-conic shape. Its length measures 6.7 millimetres (0.26 in). The 2+14 whorls of the protoconch are small. They form a moderately elevated spire whose axis is at right angles to that of the succeeding turns, in the first of which it is about one-fourth immersed. The nine whorls of the teleoconch are flattened in the middle. They have a sloping shoulder that extends over the posterior fourth between the sutures and renders the whorls slightly angulated at their anterior margin. They are weakly contracted at the suture. They are marked by moderately strong, well rounded, low, retractive axial ribs, of which 24 occur upon the first, 26 upon the second and third, and 24 upon the remaining turns. The intercostal spaces are a little more than double the width of the ribs. They are marked by pits and incised spiral lines. Of these the one at the periphery and the one at the anterior termination of the posterior third between the sutures are of equal width, and much wider than the rest. Two other pits a little less strong divide the space between the two strong pits into three segments, the middle one of which is a trifle wider than the other two which are equal. The three areas are again divided by finer lines, the first above the periphery being crossed by one, the next by three and the third by two fine striations. The space between the summit and the deep series of pits anterior to it is crossed by four incised and wavy, exceedingly fine spiral lines. The periphery of the body whorl is well rounded. It is marked by the feeble extensions of the axial ribs which disappear shortly after crossing it. The base of the shell is well rounded. It is marked by twenty-two well incised subequal and subequally spaced spiral lines. The aperture is oval. The posterior angle is acute. The outer lip is thin, showing the external sculpture within. The columella is slender, twisted and slightly revolute.

## InfoBox

| *Turbonilla halidoma* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Drawing of a shell of *Turbonilla halidoma* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Family: | Pyramidellidae |
| Genus: | *Turbonilla* |
| Species: | ***T. halidoma*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Turbonilla halidoma***<br>Dall & Bartsch, 1909 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) halidoma* Dall & Bartsch, 1909 | |


title: Turbonilla hamata

abstract: Turbonilla hamata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

text:
# Turbonilla hamata

***Turbonilla hamata*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the following locations:

## InfoBox

| *Turbonilla hamata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Family: | Pyramidellidae |
| Genus: | *Turbonilla* |
| Species: | ***T. hamata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Turbonilla hamata***<br>Nordsieck, 1972 | |
|


title: Turbonilla guillemi

abstract: Turbonilla guillemi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

text:
# Turbonilla guillemi

***Turbonilla guillemi*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## Description

The shell grows to a length of 3 mm.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Pacific Ocean off the Solomons.

## InfoBox

| *Turbonilla guillemi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Family: | Pyramidellidae |
| Genus: | *Turbonilla* |
| Species: | ***T. guillemi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Turbonilla guillemi***<br>Peñas & Rolán, 2010 | |
|


title: Typallia

abstract: Typallia was a town of ancient Lycia. Its site is located on a rocky hill called Asarlık Tepe near the modern village of Çitdibi. It is on the ancient road between Trebenna and Kitanaura as is clearly recorded on the Miliarium Lyciae. The inscriptions on the sarcophagi record the name of the settlement which was localised for the first time by İplikçioğlu. He also determined that the settlement formed a sympoliteia together with Termessos. The acropolis is on top of the hill and on its south slopes is the settlement. The entrance to the acropolis is cut into the bedrock. On the southeast slope of the acropolis are the reasonably well-preserved baths, still standing to the level of the upper walls. It comprises three rooms side by side and is a good example of Roman period provincial baths. The walls were plastered inside and out and the white marble plaques and marble plate fragments establish beyond doubt the function of this building.

text:
# Typallia

**Typallia** was a town of ancient Lycia.

Its site is located on a rocky hill called Asarlık Tepe near the modern village of Çitdibi.

It is on the ancient road between Trebenna and Kitanaura as is clearly recorded on the Miliarium Lyciae. The inscriptions on the sarcophagi record the name of the settlement which was localised for the first time by İplikçioğlu. He also determined that the settlement formed a sympoliteia together with Termessos.

The acropolis is on top of the hill and on its south slopes is the settlement. The entrance to the acropolis is cut into the bedrock.

On the southeast slope of the acropolis are the reasonably well-preserved baths, still standing to the level of the upper walls. It comprises three rooms side by side and is a good example of Roman period provincial baths. The walls were plastered inside and out and the white marble plaques and marble plate fragments establish beyond doubt the function of this building.

36°48′27″N 30°26′41″E / 36.807500°N 30.444722°E / 36.807500; 30.444722


title: Turnpike Bluff

abstract: Turnpike Bluff is a conspicuous rock formation in the Shackleton Mountains of Antarctica.

text:
# Turnpike Bluff

**Turnpike Bluff** (80°44′S 30°4′W / 80.733°S 30.067°W / -80.733; -30.067) is a conspicuous rock formation in the Shackleton Mountains of Antarctica.

## Exploration

First mapped in 1957 by the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition, and so named because it marks entry to a crevassed area of Recovery Glacier through which the Expedition's vehicles had difficulty in passing on their journey from Shackleton Base to the South Pole in 1957.

## Location

Turnpike Bluff is in the south of the Otter Highlands, to the north of the Recovery Glacier. It lies five nautical miles (9 km) southwest of Mount Homard, at the southwest extremity of the Shackleton Range.

## Geology

The Turnpike Bluff Group is a sedimentary sequence of rocks exposed on the south flank of the Shackleton Range. The sequence includes basal clastics and quartzite, followed by carbonate-bearing clastics with Riphean age stromatolite colonies, and capped by over 1 km of greywacke and quartzitic arenite, alternating with pelite. The sequence is underlain unconformably by an Archean granitoid basement (1400 Ma). Metamorphism occurred at 526 Ma. The group contains four formations, named after Wyeth Heights, Stephenson Bastion, Flett Crags and Mount Wegener. These are features along the southern margin of the Shackleton Mountains, from west to east.

## Sources

* Alberts, Fred G., ed. (1995), *Geographic Names of the Antarctic* (PDF) (2 ed.), United States Board on Geographic Names, retrieved 3 December 2023  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Board on Geographic Names.
* Clarkson, Peter D. (1983), "Geology of the Shackleton Range II The Turnpike Bluff Group" (PDF), *British Antarctic Survey Bulletin*, no. 52, pp. 109–124, retrieved 10 December 2023
* Paech, H.-J.; Hahne, K.; Vogler, P. (1991), Thomson, M.R.A.; Crame, J.A.; Thomson, J.W. (eds.), *Crustal development: the Transantarctic Mountains, in Geological Evolution of Antarctica*, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521372664
* *Shackleton Range*, United States Geological Survey, 1983, retrieved 4 December 2023  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey.

## InfoBox

| Turnpike Bluff | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Highest point | |
| Coordinates | 80°44′S 30°4′W / 80.733°S 30.067°W / -80.733; -30.067 |


title: Turnow-Preilack

abstract: Turnow-Preilack is a municipality in the district of Spree-Neiße, in Lower Lusatia, Brandenburg, Germany.

text:
# Turnow-Preilack

**Turnow-Preilack** (Lower Sorbian: **Turnow-Pśiłuk**) is a municipality in the district of Spree-Neiße, in Lower Lusatia, Brandenburg, Germany.

## History

The municipality of Turnow-Preilack was formed on 31 December 2001 by merging the municipalities of Turnow and Preilack.

From 1815 to 1947, Turnow and Preilack were part of the Prussian Province of Brandenburg.

After World War II, Turnow and Preilack were incorporated into the State of Brandenburg from 1947 to 1952 and the Bezirk Cottbus of East Germany from 1952 to 1990. Since 1990, they have been part of Brandenburg, since 2001 united as the municipality of Turnow-Preilack.

## Demography

Turnow-Preilack: Population development
within the current boundaries (2017)
| Year Pop. ±% p.a.  1875  879       1890  1,226 +2.24%  1910  1,236 +0.04%  1925  1,202 −0.19%  1933  1,234 +0.33%  1939  1,251 +0.23%  1946  1,542 +3.03%  1950  1,505 −0.61%  1964  1,297 −1.06%  1971  1,291 −0.07%  1981  1,181 −0.89%  1985  1,161 −0.43%  1989  1,143 −0.39%  1990  1,122 −1.84% | Year Pop. ±% p.a.  1991  1,120 −0.18%  1992  1,109 −0.98%  1993  1,109 +0.00%  1994  1,138 +2.61%  1995  1,173 +3.08%  1996  1,236 +5.37%  1997  1,262 +2.10%  1998  1,282 +1.58%  1999  1,302 +1.56%  2000  1,291 −0.84%  2001  1,290 −0.08%  2002  1,304 +1.09%  2003  1,294 −0.77%  2004  1,293 −0.08% | Year Pop. ±% p.a.  2005  1,289 −0.31%  2006  1,269 −1.55%  2007  1,235 −2.68%  2008  1,233 −0.16%  2009  1,222 −0.89%  2010  1,204 −1.47%  2011  1,184 −1.66%  2012  1,163 −1.77%  2013  1,150 −1.12%  2014  1,145 −0.43%  2015  1,154 +0.79%  2016  1,147 −0.61%  2017  1,145 −0.17% |
| --- | --- | --- |

## InfoBox

| Turnow-Preilack  Turnow-Pśiłuk | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location of Turnow-Preilack within Spree-Neiße district | |
| Turnow-Preilack Turnow-Preilack | |
| Coordinates: 51°52′00″N 14°24′00″E / 51.86667°N 14.40000°E / 51.86667; 14.40000 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Brandenburg |
| District | Spree-Neiße |
| Municipal assoc. | Peitz |
| Subdivisions | 2 Ortsteile |
| Government | |
| Mayor (202429) | René Sonke |
| Area | |
| Total | 38.02 km2 (14.68 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 59 m (194 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 1,103 |
| Density | 29/km2 (75/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 03185 |
| Dialling codes | 035601 |
| Vehicle registration | SPN |


title: Type 354 radar

abstract: Type 354 Radars are one of the most widely deployed air and surface search naval radars in Chinese service. The Type 354 was predominantly found on major People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) surface combatants such as the Luda class destroyer and Jianghu class frigate in the 1980s and 1990s. By 2006 it was slowly being replaced in favour of the Type 360 radar, which in turn, itself being replaced by Type 364 radar for new vessels. Type 354 is the first generation low altitude air search radar indigenously developed by China. Originally assigned designers were the 706th Institute and 714th Institute in October 1965, but the design work was subsequently transferred to the 724th Institute in August 1970. Sea trials begun in 1972 and completed in the following year. Certification received in January 1974, and production begun three months later. There are three types of displays A, B, & P for various platforms. The radar can be recognised by its distinctive large "orange-peel" paraboloid reflector antenna.

text:
# Type 354 radar

**Type 354 Radars** are one of the most widely deployed air and surface search naval radars in Chinese service. The Type 354 was predominantly found on major People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) surface combatants such as the Luda class destroyer and Jianghu class frigate in the 1980s and 1990s. By 2006 it was slowly being replaced in favour of the Type 360 radar, which in turn, itself being replaced by Type 364 radar for new vessels.

Type 354 is the first generation low altitude air search radar indigenously developed by China. Originally assigned designers were the 706th Institute and 714th Institute in October 1965, but the design work was subsequently transferred to the 724th Institute in August 1970. Sea trials begun in 1972 and completed in the following year. Certification received in January 1974, and production begun three months later. There are three types of displays A, B, & P for various platforms.

The radar can be recognised by its distinctive large "orange-peel" paraboloid reflector antenna.

## Specifications

* G/H band (48 GHz)
* Beam: 1.2 × 5 deg
* Peak power: 500 kW
* Pulse width: 4 μs
* Polarisation: linear
* Beam width: 1.20 (horizontal); 1.30 (vertical)
* PRF: 400 or 800 Hz
* Scan rate: 410 rpm
* Resolution: 800 m (range); 1.30 (azimuth)
* Range: more than 93 km on aircraft with RCS of 10 m2
* Other reported names:
    + MX902
    + H/LJQ-354


title: Tusindårsskoven

abstract: Tusindårsskoven is a forest in southwestern Odense, Funen, Denmark. Measuring approximately 74,000 square metres (800,000 sq ft), it is located between the districts Bolbro and Sanderum, and is situated between the railway and the Odense Adventure Golf. The open grass area features a hill and is surrounded by newer afforestation. The forest was established in 1988, in connection with Odense Municipality's celebration of the city's thousandth anniversary.

text:
# Tusindårsskoven

**Tusindårsskoven** (meaning "The Thousand Year Forest") is a forest in southwestern Odense, Funen, Denmark. Measuring approximately 74,000 square metres (800,000 sq ft), it is located between the districts Bolbro and Sanderum, and is situated between the railway and the Odense Adventure Golf. The open grass area features a hill and is surrounded by newer afforestation. The forest was established in 1988, in connection with Odense Municipality's celebration of the city's thousandth anniversary.

## InfoBox

| Tusindårsskoven | |
| --- | --- |
| Tusindårsskoven view | |
| Map | |
| Location in Denmark | |
| Geography | |
| Location | island of Odense, Denmark |
| Coordinates | 55°22′56″N 10°20′32″E / 55.38222°N 10.34222°E / 55.38222; 10.34222 |
| Area | 740 hectares |


title: Typhistes

abstract: Typhistes is a genus of sheet weavers that was first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1894.

text:
# Typhistes

***Typhistes*** is a genus of sheet weavers that was first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1894.

## Species

As of June 2019 it contains four species:

## InfoBox

| *Typhistes* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Linyphiidae |
| Genus: | *Typhistes*
Simon, 1894 |
|
| Type species | |
| *T. comatus*
Simon, 1894 | |
| Species | |
| 4, see text | |


title: Typhlacontias

abstract: Typhlacontias is a genus of legless, burrowing skinks in the family Scincidae, a genus endemic to Sub-Saharan Africa. Its sister group is the clade consisting of the genera Feylinia and Melanoseps.

text:
# Typhlacontias

***Typhlacontias*** is a genus of legless, burrowing skinks in the family Scincidae, a genus endemic to Sub-Saharan Africa. Its sister group is the clade consisting of the genera *Feylinia* and *Melanoseps*.

## Species

Seven species are recognized as being valid:

## Further reading

* Bocage JVB ("1872" \[1873\]). "*Mélanges erpétologiques. II. Sur quelques Reptiles et Batraciens nouveaux, rares ou peu connus d'Afrique occidentale* ". *Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas Physicas e Naturaes, Academia Real das Sciencias de Lisboa* **4**: 209–227. (*Typhlacontias*, new genus, p. 213). (in French).

## InfoBox

| *Typhlacontias* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Typhlacontias rohani* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Scincidae |
| Subfamily: | Scincinae |
| Genus: | *Typhlacontias*
Bocage, 1873 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Typhlacontias punctatissimus*
Bocage, 1873 | |


title: Two-state vector formalism

abstract: The two-state vector formalism (TSVF) is a description of quantum mechanics in terms of a causal relation in which the present is caused by quantum states of the past and of the future taken in combination.

text:
# Two-state vector formalism

The **two-state vector formalism** (**TSVF**) is a description of quantum mechanics in terms of a causal relation in which the present is caused by quantum states of the past and of the future taken in combination.

## Theory

The two-state vector formalism is one example of a time-symmetric interpretation of quantum mechanics (see Interpretations of quantum mechanics). Time-symmetric interpretations of quantum mechanics were first suggested by Walter Schottky in 1921, and later by several other scientists. The two-state vector formalism was first developed by Satosi Watanabe in 1955, who named it the Double Inferential state-Vector Formalism (DIVF). Watanabe proposed that information given by forwards evolving quantum states is not complete; rather, both forwards and backwards evolving quantum states are required to describe a quantum state: a first state vector that evolves from the initial conditions towards the future, and a second state vector that evolves backwards in time from future boundary conditions. Past and future measurements, taken together, provide complete information about a quantum system. Watanabe's work was later rediscovered by Yakir Aharonov, Peter Bergmann and Joel Lebowitz in 1964, who later renamed it the Two-State Vector Formalism (TSVF). Conventional prediction, as well as retrodiction, can be obtained formally by separating out the initial conditions (or, conversely, the final conditions) by performing sequences of coherence-destroying operations, thereby cancelling out the influence of the two state vectors.

The *two-state vector* is represented by:

$\langle \Phi |\ \ \ |\Psi \rangle $

where the state $\langle \Phi |$ evolves backwards from the future and the state $|\Psi \rangle $ evolves forwards from the past.

In the example of the double-slit experiment, the first state vector evolves from the electron leaving its source, the second state vector evolves backwards from the final location of the electron on the detection screen, and the combination of forwards and backwards evolving state vectors determines what occurs when the electron passes the slits.

The two-state vector formalism provides a time-symmetric description of quantum mechanics, and is constructed such as to be time-reversal invariant. It can be employed in particular for analyzing pre- and post-selected quantum systems. Building on the notion of two-state, Reznik and Aharonov constructed a time-symmetric formulation of quantum mechanics that encompasses probabilistic observables as well as nonprobabilistic weak observables.

## Relation to other work

In view of the TSVF approach, and in order to allow information to be obtained about quantum systems that are both pre- and post-selected, Yakir Aharonov, David Albert and Lev Vaidman developed the theory of weak values.

In TSVF, causality is time-symmetric; that is, the usual chain of causality is not simply reversed. Rather, TSVF combines causality both from the past (forward causation) and the future (backwards causation, or retrocausality).

Similarly as the de Broglie–Bohm theory, TSVF yields the same predictions as standard quantum mechanics. Lev Vaidman emphasizes that TSVF fits very well with Hugh Everett's many-worlds interpretation, with the difference that initial and final conditions single out one branch of wavefunctions (our world).

The two-state vector formalism has similarities with the transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics proposed by John G. Cramer in 1986, although Ruth Kastner has argued that the two interpretations (Transactional and Two-State Vector) have important differences as well. It shares the property of time symmetry with the Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory by Richard Feynman and John Archibald Wheeler and with the time-symmetric theories of Kenneth B. Wharton and Michael B. Heaney

## Further reading


title: Tverberg's theorem

abstract:
In discrete geometry, Tverberg's theorem, first stated by Helge Tverberg in 1966, is the result that sufficiently many points in Euclidean space can be partitioned into subsets with intersecting convex hulls. Specifically, for any positive integers d, r and any set of
  - + 1   points in d-dimensional Euclidean space there exists a partition of the given points into r subsets whose convex hulls all have a common point; in other words, there exists a point x such that x belongs to the convex hull of all of the subsets. The partition resulting from this theorem is known as a Tverberg partition. The special case r = 2 was proved earlier by Radon, and it is known as Radon's theorem.

text:
# Tverberg's theorem

In discrete geometry, **Tverberg's theorem**, first stated by Helge Tverberg in 1966, is the result that sufficiently many points in Euclidean space can be partitioned into subsets with intersecting convex hulls. Specifically, for any positive integers *d*, *r* and any set of

$$(d+1)(r-1)+1\ $$

points in *d*-dimensional Euclidean space there exists a partition of the given points into *r* subsets whose convex hulls all have a common point; in other words, there exists a point *x* (not necessarily one of the given points) such that *x* belongs to the convex hull of all of the subsets. The partition resulting from this theorem is known as a **Tverberg partition**.

The special case *r* = 2 was proved earlier by Radon, and it is known as Radon's theorem.

## Examples

The case *d* = 1 states that any 2*r*−1 points on the real line can be partitioned into *r* subsets with intersecting convex hulls. Indeed, if the points are *x*1 \< x2 \< ... \< x2r \< *x*2r-1, then the partition into Ai = {x*i*, x2*r*-*i*} for i in 1,...,*r* satisfies this condition (and it is unique).

For *r* = 2, Tverberg's theorem states that any *d* + 2 points may be partitioned into two subsets with intersecting convex hulls. This is known as Radon's theorem. In this case, for points in general position, the partition is unique.

The case *r* = 3 and *d* = 2 states that any seven points in the plane may be partitioned into three subsets with intersecting convex hulls. The illustration shows an example in which the seven points are the vertices of a regular heptagon. As the example shows, there may be many different Tverberg partitions of the same set of points; these seven points may be partitioned in seven different ways that differ by rotations of each other.

## Topological Tverberg Theorem

An equivalent formulation of Tverberg's theorem is:

> Let *d*, *r* be positive integers, and let N := (*d*+1)(*r*-1). If ƒ is any affine function from an *N*-dimensional simplex Δ*N* to d, then there are *r* pairwise-disjoint faces of Δ*N* whose images under ƒ intersect. That is: there exist faces F1,...,Fr of Δ*N* such that $\forall i,j\in \[r\]:F\_{i}\cap F\_{j}=\emptyset $ and $f(F\_{1})\cap \cdots \cap f(F\_{r})\neq \emptyset $.

They are equivalent because any affine function on a simplex is uniquely determined by the images of its vertices. Formally, let ƒ be an affine function from ΔN to d. Let $v\_{1},v\_{2},\dots ,v\_{N+1}$ be the vertices of ΔN, and let $x\_{1},x\_{2},\dots ,x\_{N+1}$ be their images under *ƒ*. By the original formulation, the $x\_{1},x\_{2},\dots ,x\_{N+1}$ can be partitioned into *r* disjoint subsets, e.g. ((*xi*)i in Aj)j in \[r\] with overlapping convex hull. Because *f* is affine, the convex hull of (*xi*)i in Aj is the image of the face spanned by the vertices (*vi*)i in Aj for all *j* in \[*r*\]. These faces are pairwise-disjoint, and their images under *f* intersect - as claimed by the new formulation. The **topological Tverberg theorem** generalizes this formluation. It allows *f* to be any continuous function - not necessarily affine. But, currently it is proved only for the case where *r* is a prime power:

> Let *d* be a positive integer, and let *r* be a power of a prime number. Let N := (*d*+1)(*r*-1). If ƒ is any continuous function from an *N*-dimensional simplex Δ*N* to d, then there are *r* pairwise-disjoint faces of Δ*N* whose images under ƒ intersect. That is: there exist faces F1,...,Fr of Δ*N* such that $\forall i,j\in \[r\]:F\_{i}\cap F\_{j}=\emptyset $ and $f(F\_{1})\cap \cdots \cap f(F\_{r})\neq \emptyset $.

### Proofs

The topological Tverberg theorem was proved for prime $r$ by Barany, Shlosman and Szucs. Matousek presents a proof using deleted joins.

The theorem was proved for $r$ a prime-power by Ozaydin, and later by Volovikov and Sarkaria.

## Further reading

* Hell, Stephan (2006), *Tverberg-type theorems and the Fractional Helly property* (Ph.D. thesis), Technische Universität Berlin, doi:10.14279/depositonce-1464


title: Twin tail

abstract: A twin tail is a type of vertical stabilizer arrangement found on the empennage of some aircraft. Two vertical stabilizers—often smaller on their own than a single conventional tail would be—are mounted at the outside of the aircraft's horizontal stabilizer. This arrangement is also known as an H-tail, as it resembles a capital "H" when viewed from the rear. The twin tail was used on a wide variety of World War II multi-engine designs that saw mass production, especially on the American B-24 Liberator and B-25 Mitchell bombers, the British Avro Lancaster and Handley Page Halifax heavy bombers, and the Soviet Union's Petlyakov Pe-2 attack bomber. It can be easily confused for the similarly named twin-boom arrangement, which has two separate tail-booms from the same fuselage rather than a single tail with twin stabilizers. One variation on the twin tail is the triple tail, but the twin-boom arrangement can also be considered a variation of the twin tail.

text:
# Twin tail

A **twin tail** is a type of vertical stabilizer arrangement found on the empennage of some aircraft. Two vertical stabilizers—often smaller on their own than a single conventional tail would be—are mounted at the outside of the aircraft's horizontal stabilizer. This arrangement is also known as an **H-tail**, as it resembles a capital "H" when viewed from the rear. The twin tail was used on a wide variety of World War II multi-engine designs that saw mass production, especially on the American B-24 Liberator and B-25 Mitchell bombers, the British Avro Lancaster and Handley Page Halifax heavy bombers, and the Soviet Union's Petlyakov Pe-2 attack bomber.

It can be easily confused for the similarly named twin-boom (or "double tail") arrangement, which has two separate tail-booms from the same fuselage rather than a single tail with twin stabilizers (a singular "twin tail" vs. two identical tails).

One variation on the twin tail is the **triple tail**, but the twin-boom arrangement can also be considered a variation of the twin tail**.**

## Design

Separating the control surfaces allows for additional rudder area or vertical surface without requiring a massive single tail. On multi-engine propeller designs twin fin and rudders operating in the propeller slipstream give greater rudder authority and improved control at low airspeeds, and when taxiing. A twin tail can also simplify hangar requirements, give dorsal gunners enhanced firing area, and in some cases reduce the aircraft's weight. It also affords a degree of redundancy: if one tail is damaged, the other may remain functional.

Most often, the twin vertical surfaces are attached to the ends of the horizontal stabilizer, but a few aircraft, like the Armstrong Whitworth Whitley, Mitsubishi G3M and Dornier Do 19 bombers, had their twin vertical surfaces mounted to the upper surface of the fixed stabilizer instead, at some distance *inwards* from the horizontal stabilizer's tips.

## Variations

Many canard aircraft designs incorporate twin tails on the tips of the main wing. Very occasionally, three or more tails are used, as on the Breguet Deux-Ponts, Lockheed Constellation and Boeing 314 Clipper. A very unusual design can be seen on the C-2 Greyhound and E-2 Hawkeye, which has two additional vertical tails fixed to the horizontal stabilizer between the normal vertical twin-tail surfaces. This arrangement was chosen for the stringent size limitations of carrier-based aircraft.

A special case of twin tail is the twin-boom tail or double tail, where the aft airframe consists of two separate fuselages, "tail booms", which each have a rudder but are usually connected by a single horizontal stabilizer. Examples of this construction are the twin-engined Lockheed P-38 Lightning; Northrop P-61 Black Widow; Focke-Wulf Fw 189; the single jet-engined de Havilland Vampire; cargo-carrying Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar and the little known Transavia PL-12 Airtruk.

## Notable twin-tail aircraft

Significant aircraft with twin tails include the Consolidated B-24 Liberator, Handley Page Halifax, Avro Lancaster, and P-38 Lightning. The arrangement is not limited to World War II-era aircraft, however. Many fighter aircraft, like the Grumman F-14 Tomcat, McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle, Sukhoi Su-27, MiG-29, and Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II, make use of twin tail configurations, as do civilian and cargo designs like the Antonov An-14, Antonov An-22, Antonov An-28, Antonov An-38, Antonov An-225, Beechcraft 18, Beriev Be-12, ERCO Ercoupe, Short 330, Rutan Long-EZ and SpaceShipOne.

The V-22 Osprey uses a twin tail arrangement.


title: Tytherleigh

abstract: Tytherleigh is a village in the civil parish of Chardstock in Devon, England, close to the borders with Dorset and Somerset on the A358 road between the towns of Axminster and Chard. It was in Dorset until 1896. The place-name, first recorded in 1154 as Tiderlege, is from the Old English tīedre "thin" or "tender" and lēah "woodland", and therefore means "thin or tender woodland". The Tytherleigh Arms public house in the village displays the Tytherleigh family coat of arms on its sign. The Tytherleigh family lived at Tytherleigh Manor for about 500 years until 1729. Part of Tytherleigh manor house survives as a farmhouse, dating from the 16th century, with a gateway arch bearing the family coat of arms. The village is on the route of the Fosse Way Roman Road.

text:
# Tytherleigh

**Tytherleigh** is a village in the civil parish of Chardstock in Devon, England (historically in Dorset), close to the borders with Dorset and Somerset on the A358 road between the towns of Axminster and Chard. It was in Dorset until 1896.

The place-name, first recorded in 1154 as *Tiderlege*, is from the Old English *tīedre* "thin" or "tender" and *lēah* "woodland", and therefore means "thin or tender woodland".

The Tytherleigh Arms public house in the village displays the Tytherleigh family coat of arms on its sign. The Tytherleigh family lived at Tytherleigh Manor for about 500 years until 1729. Part of Tytherleigh manor house survives as a farmhouse, dating from the 16th century, with a gateway arch bearing the family coat of arms.

The village is on the route of the Fosse Way Roman Road.

Media related to Tytherleigh at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Tytherleigh | |
| --- | --- |
| TytherleighLocation within Devon | |
| OS grid reference | ST319032 |
| Civil parish |  |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | AXMINSTER |
| Postcode district | EX13 |
|  | |
| Police | Devon and Cornwall |
| Fire | Devon and Somerset |
| Ambulance | South Western |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: UFO: Game of Close Encounters

abstract: UFO is a 1976 board wargame published by Gamma Two Games.

text:
# UFO: Game of Close Encounters

***UFO*** is a 1976 board wargame published by Gamma Two Games.

## Gameplay

*UFO* is a game in which the people of Earth in the near future must defend the planet from invading flying saucers before they land.

## Reception

Norman S. Howe reviewed *U. F. O.* in *The Space Gamer* No. 16. Howe reviewed both *UFO* and *Starwars* and commented that "They are attractively packaged and illustrated, and are made of sturdy materials. These are ideal games to play when you are too dazed to continue with *War in the Pacific*, or can't bear the sound of the pencils in *Stellar Conquest*."

## Reviews


title: UFO's and the Men Who Fly Them!

abstract: UFO's and the Men Who Fly Them! is a 1996 Man or Astro-man? 7-inch EP released jointly by Jezz Thorpe and Henry Owings of Chunklet (magazine) on Drug Racer Records. It was released on gray vinyl, anti-freeze green vinyl, red vinyl and black vinyl—with red being the rarest. The EP was recorded at Zero Return Studios in Wetumpka, AL. This single featured a die-cut sleeve that unfolded to reveal a punch-out "flying saucer disc". The punch-out and assemble UFO led to many a damaged picture sleeve, making the procurement of a mint copy of this record even more difficult.

text:
# UFO's and the Men Who Fly Them!

***UFO's and the Men Who Fly Them!*** is a 1996 Man or Astro-man? 7-inch EP released jointly by Jezz Thorpe (Drug Racer) and Henry Owings of Chunklet (magazine) on Drug Racer Records. It was released on gray vinyl, anti-freeze green vinyl, red vinyl and black vinyl—with red being the rarest (only 100 pressed). The EP was recorded at Zero Return Studios in Wetumpka, AL.

This single featured a die-cut sleeve that unfolded to reveal a punch-out "flying saucer disc" (assembled in 5 easy steps). The punch-out and assemble UFO led to many a damaged picture sleeve, making the procurement of a mint copy of this record even more difficult.

## Track listing

### Drug Side

* "9-Volt (Rechargeable Version)"
* "The Sound Waves, Reversing"

### Racer Side

* "Italian Movie Theme"
* "High Wire"

## InfoBox

| UFO's and the Men Who Fly Them! | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Man or Astro-man? | |
| Released | 1996 |
| Recorded | 25 June 1996 |
| Studio | Zero Return |
| Genre | Surf rock |
| Label | Drug Racer Records |
| Man or Astro-man? chronology | |
| *Schoolhouse Rock! Rocks*
(1996) ***UFO's and the Men Who Fly Them!***
(1996) *Intravenous Television Continuum*
(1996) | |


title: UFC 114

abstract: UFC 114: Rampage vs. Evans was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on May 29, 2010 at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada. The UFC Fan Expo took place at the Mandalay Bay Convention Center.

text:
# UFC 114

***UFC 114: Rampage vs. Evans*** was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on May 29, 2010 at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada. The UFC Fan Expo took place at the Mandalay Bay Convention Center.

## Background

Spike TV once again broadcast two live preliminary bouts one hour before the PPV broadcast began. In addition, the three-part *UFC Primetime* series returned to Spike TV in the build up for this event.

The full fight card featured five Ultimate Fighter season champions (Rashad Evans, Michael Bisping, Diego Sanchez, Amir Sadollah and Efrain Escudero), making it just the second UFC event (after The Ultimate Fighter: United States vs. United Kingdom Finale the previous year) to feature 5 TUF champions. Another Ultimate Fighter winner, Forrest Griffin, was also scheduled to compete at this event, but had to pull out due to injury.

A bout between Forrest Griffin and Antônio Rogério Nogueira was scheduled for this event, however Griffin withdrew due to a shoulder injury. Griffin was replaced by Jason Brilz.

Melvin Guillard was scheduled to face Thiago Tavares, but Tavares was forced off the card with an elbow injury. Waylon Lowe then stepped in as Tavares' replacement.

UFC President Dana White confirmed that the winner between Jackson vs. Evans would fight UFC Light Heavyweight Champion Mauricio Rua for the title in their next bout, but it never took place after Rashad Evans (who won the UFC 114 main event) was injured and ultimately replaced by Jon Jones for the title match at UFC 128 in March 2011. Rua's manager had originally suggested he could see Rua's first title defense against Randy Couture, though that bout was not likely to occur.

Jackson was originally supposed to fight Evans for the title after defeating Keith Jardine at UFC 96 in March 2009, but a jaw injury during that fight allowed Lyoto Machida to replace him in the UFC 98 title fight, which Machida won. Jackson was then expected to fight for the title against Machida, but instead became a coach on The Ultimate Fighter: Heavyweights against Evans.

## Results

| Main Card | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Weight class |  |  |  | Method | Round | Time | Notes |
| Light Heavyweight | Rashad Evans | def. | Quinton Jackson | Decision (unanimous) (29–28, 29–28, 29–28) | 3 | 5:00 |  |
| Middleweight | Michael Bisping | def. | Dan Miller | Decision (unanimous) (30–27, 30–27, 29–28) | 3 | 5:00 |  |
| Heavyweight | Mike Russow | def. | Todd Duffee | KO (punch) | 3 | 2:32 |  |
| Light Heavyweight | Antônio Rogério Nogueira | def. | Jason Brilz | Decision (split) (28–29, 29–28, 29–28) | 3 | 5:00 |  |
| Welterweight | John Hathaway | def. | Diego Sanchez | Decision (unanimous) (30–27, 30–27, 30–26) | 3 | 5:00 |  |
| Preliminary card (Spike TV) | | | | | | | |
| Welterweight | Dong Hyun Kim | def. | Amir Sadollah | Decision (unanimous) (30–27, 30–27, 30–27) | 3 | 5:00 |  |
| Lightweight | Efrain Escudero | def. | Dan Lauzon | Decision (unanimous) (29–27, 29–27, 29–27) | 3 | 5:00 |  |
| Preliminary card | | | | | | | |
| Lightweight | Melvin Guillard | def. | Waylon Lowe | TKO (knee to the body) | 1 | 3:28 |  |
| Light Heavyweight | Cyrille Diabaté | def. | Luiz Cane | TKO (punches) | 1 | 2:13 |  |
| Lightweight | Aaron Riley | def. | Joe Brammer | Decision (unanimous) (30–27, 30–27, 30–27) | 3 | 5:00 |  |
| Middleweight | Ryan Jensen | def. | Jesse Forbes | Submission (guillotine choke) | 1 | 1:06 |  |

## Bonus awards

Fighters were awarded $65,000 bonuses.

* **Fight of the Night: Antônio Rogério Nogueira vs. Jason Brilz**
* **Knockout of the Night: Mike Russow**
* **Submission of the Night: Ryan Jensen**

## Reported payout

The following is the reported payout to the fighters as reported to the Nevada State Athletic Commission. It does not include sponsor money or "locker room" bonuses often given by the UFC and also do not include the UFC's traditional "fight night" bonuses.

* Rashad Evans $410,000 ($185,000 win bonus) def. Quinton Jackson $250,000
* Michael Bisping $325,000 ($150,000 win bonus) def. Dan Miller $15,000
* Mike Russow $24,000 ($12,000 win bonus) def. Todd Duffee $8,000
* Antônio Rogério Nogueira $120,000 ($40,000 win bonus) def. Jason Brilz $11,000
* John Hathaway $22,000 ($11,000 win bonus) def. Diego Sanchez $50,000
* Dong Hyun Kim $64,000 ($32,000 win bonus) def. Amir Sadollah $15,000
* Efrain Escudero $30,000 ($15,000 win bonus) def. Dan Lauzon $15,000
* Melvin Guillard $38,000 ($19,000 win bonus) def. Waylon Lowe $6,000
* Cyrille Diabate $12,000 ($6,000 win bonus) def. Luiz Cane $19,000
* Aaron Riley $20,000 ($10,000 win bonus) def. Joe Brammer $5,000
* Ryan Jensen $16,000 ($8,000 win bonus) def. Jesse Forbes $6,000

1. "NSAC corrects UFC 114 attendance and gate; promotion's estimates nearly spot-on". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
2. "Updated UFC 114 Buyrate: 1,050,000". Bloody Elbow. 23 June 2010.
3. "UFC 114". ufc.com. Archived from the original on March 22, 2010. Retrieved March 18, 2010.
4. "Spike TV confirms three part UFC Primetime: Rampage vs. Evans special for UFC 114". MMAjunkie. 16 April 2010.
5. Dan Stupp. "UFC 114 takes place at MGM in Las Vegas, UFC Fan Expo 2010 at Mandalay Bay". MMAjunkie. Archived from the original on 2012-07-11.
6. Morgan, John (May 4, 2010). "Jason Brilz agrees to face Antonio Rogerio Nogueira at UFC 114". MMAjunkie.com. Retrieved May 16, 2010.
7. "Thiago Tavares Out of UFC 114 Matchup with Melvin Guillard". mmafrenzy.com. Retrieved May 11, 2010.
8. carmichaeldave (May 10, 2010). "Dana White: Shogun's first defense at 205 « Sports 1140 KHTK". Khtk.cbslocal.com. Retrieved May 16, 2010.
9. "UFC 114 fighter bonuses: Jensen, Russow, Nogueira and Brilz earn $65K awards".
10. "UFC 114 Payouts: Evans Earns $410,000". sherdog.com. Retrieved June 2, 2010.

## InfoBox

| UFC 114: Rampage vs. Evans | |
| --- | --- |
| The poster for UFC 114: Rampage vs. Evans | |
| Promotion | Ultimate Fighting Championship |
| Date | May 29, 2010 |
| Venue | MGM Grand Garden Arena |
| City | Las Vegas, Nevada |
| Attendance | 14,996 |
| Total gate | $3,895,000 |
| Buyrate | 1,050,000 |
| Event chronology | |
| UFC 113: Machida vs. Shogun 2 UFC 114: Rampage vs. Evans UFC 115: Liddell vs. Franklin | |


title: Táta Vega

abstract: Táta Vega is an American vocalist, whose career spans theater, film, and a variety of musical genres.

text:
# Táta Vega

**Táta Vega** (born **Carmen Rosa Vega**, October 7, 1951) is an American vocalist, whose career spans theater, film, and a variety of musical genres.

## Early life

Vega was born in Jamaica, Queens, New York and raised between New York, Chicago, Texas, Panama and Puerto Rico. She is of African-Puerto Rican, Dominican, and Spanish descent. Her parents are Luis Alfredo De La Vega, who served in the United States Air Force, and Rosaura Maltés. As a result of her father's work, the family moved frequently. Before she was even a teenager, the family lived in Panama, Puerto Rico, San Antonio, Texas, and Colorado Springs, Colorado. Her father nicknamed her Táta, because that was the first word she uttered as a child. At the age of 17, she had her name legally changed.

## Career

Vega began her professional singing career in 1963. In California (1969–70) she was cast in the Los Angeles, California production of the Broadway musical, *Hair*. From there went on to join the group Pollution (managed by Max Baer Jr.), led by Dobie Gray (who also appeared in the Los Angeles cast of *Hair*). While performing in another group with vocalists Brie Brandt and Laurie Ann Bell at the Troubadour, Berry Gordy was in the audience and signed them on the spot. As Earthquire, the group released a self-titled album produced by Tom Wilson in 1972 on Motown's Natural Resources label. After the album failed to make a commercial impact, Motown dropped the group, but retained her.

After the demise of Earthquire, Vega continued to work steadily in Top 40 bands and occasionally with some former members of Pollution. After hearing her voice on a demo for Jobete, Motown's publishing wing, producer Winston Monseque and Motown executive Iris Gordy, were interested in managing her.

Vega went on to release four solo albums on the Tamla record label: *Full Speed Ahead* (1976), *Totally Táta* (1977), *Try My Love* (1978), and *Givin' All My Love* (1981).

She is probably best remembered in the UK for her 1979 release, "Get It Up for Love", from the album, *Try My Love* written by Ned Doheny. This was released a year later than the LP on 12" format (Motown 12 TMG 1140) as well as 45 RPM. It proved to be popular in the discos in the late 1970s in the UK.

She has had an active career as a lead backing vocalist, working with Russ Taff, Stevie Wonder, Andraé Crouch, Chaka Khan, Patti LaBelle, Michael Jackson, Ray Charles and Madonna, singing duets with Lou Rawls, Jermaine Jackson, Peter Rivera with Rare Earth and Michael Sembello. Vega is featured on the 2010 Elton John and Leon Russell CD *The Union*. She also worked in film, performing the voice of Shug Avery in *The Color Purple*; she is featured on four songs on the 1986 soundtrack album, one of which, "Miss Celie's Blues (Sister)", was nominated for an Academy Award in the Best Song category. Táta still remains uncredited for her contribution to writing some of the lyrics to 'Maybe God Is Trying To Tell You Something (Speak Lord)' for the film.

In 1985, Vega was nominated for Best Soul Female Gospel Performance at the 27th Annual Grammy Awards for her vocals on "Oh, It is Jesus", written by Andrae Crouch. In 1994, she recorded two Spanish versions of the song "Circle of Life" from Disney's *The Lion King*, one for Latin America ("Ciclo Sin Fin") and the other one for Spain ("El ciclo de la vida"). In 1998, she signed with Quincy Jones' Qwest Records and released a gospel album, *Now I See*, which was nominated for a Stellar Award.

In 2006, Vega signed with Do Rite Records, releasing a gospel album entitled *This Joy* on October 27, 2009.

In 2010 Tata joined Elton John's band as a full-time backing vocalist along with Rose Stone, Lisa Stone and Jean Johnson Witherspoon.

In 2011, her first two solo albums, *Full Speed Ahead* and *Totally Táta* (1977), were reissued on CD by soulmusic.com records.

On January 18, 2013, Vega, alongside Darlene Love, Merry Clayton, Lisa Fischer and Judith Hill, premiered *20 Feet from Stardom*, a documentary about background singers, at Robert Redford's annual Sundance Film Festival.

On February 18, 2014, in the wake of *20 Feet from Stardom'*s success, her solo albums at Motown were released digitally.

Táta’s music has been sampled by Daft Punk and rappers such as Eminem, Drake and Jim Jones. Teena Marie credited both Táta and Iris Gordy for publishing one of her first songs on Táta’s debut album in 1976. Teena and Táta reconnected through her longtime manager, Lee Cadena, in the late 2000s and were in talks of forming a supergroup with Shirley Murdock shortly before Teena’s death.

## Personal life

In 1975, while departing from a gas station in West Adams, Los Angeles, en route to a writing session with Carmen Twilie, Vega was shot in the back of the head by a young sniper on a shooting spree positioned atop a nearby building. Following the incident, Vega remarkably walked to a hospital located adjacent to the gas station.

Vega has two daughters, Angelica, Chloé and step son, Jeffrey. Táta was married to fellow musician Jeffery Vanderplate whom she met at Andraé Crouch’ home. Vanderplate is credited working with Sly Stone from the legendary group Sly and The Family Stone, Bobby Womack, Andraé Crouch and others. He later owned a Winery and Brewery in Northern, CA. He was close with Billy Preston. He died in 2004 from small cell lung cancer.

Chloé’s Godmother is long time collaborator, Rose Stone from Sly and The Family Stone and her Godfather was legendary gospel music pioneer and songwriter, Andraé Crouch.

## Discography

### As group member

* 1971: Pollution; *Pollution* (Prophesy Records)
* 1972: Pollution; *Pollution II* (Prophesy)
* 1972: Earthquire; *Earthquire* (Natural Resources/Motown)

### Solo albums

* 1976: *Full Speed Ahead*, Hollywood, Calif.: Tamla Motown, OCLC 33057917
* 1977: *Totally Táta*, Hollywood, Calif.: (Tamla Motown), OCLC 33057752
* 1978: *Try My Love*, Hollywood, Calif.: Tamla Motown, OCLC 6634273
* 1980: *Givin' All My Love* (Tamla Motown)
* 1988: *Time's So Right*
* 1998: *Now I See*, Burbank, CA: (Qwest Records), OCLC 40485132
* 2009: *This Joy* (Do Rite Records)

### Appearances on other albums

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Role |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | *20 Feet from Stardom* | Herself |

## InfoBox

| Táta Vega | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Carmen Rosa Vega |
| Born | (1951-10-07) October 7, 1951<br>Jamaica, Queens, New York |
| Genres | R&B, contemporary gospel |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, actress |
| Instrument | Vocals |
| Years active | 1969–present |
| Labels | Tamla, Qwest, Prophesy |
|  | |
| Website | tatavega.com |


title: UIMID

abstract: A UIMID is a 32-bit Electronic Serial Number (ESN) stored in a R-UIM or CSIM used for TDMA or CDMA2000 phones. It is given a different name to avoid confusion with the hardware ESN stored in the phone. In all known systems the UIMID displaces the ESN in signaling. Because the UIMID is allocated from the same numbering space as ESN its existence is transparent to the network. The reason the UIMID is transmitted instead of the ESN is because the card contains the MIN or IMSI and devices such as the HLR running the Asbi mobility management protocol insist on a static association between these identifiers for subscription validation. The HLR will store the MIN or IMSI alongside the ESN in each record, and if an ANSI-41 message is received containing a different pair it will be rejected as invalid. UIMID codes are allocated by the TIA using industry-defined guidelines and with codes that have been transferred from the ESN administrator. ESN and UIMID codes were exhausted by late 2008 at which point only reclaimed codes could be assigned to manufacturers including portions of blocks assigned to manufacturers but never used and portions used for technologies other than CDMA2000. The TIA stopped accepting applications for UIMID blocks on June 30, 2010. Only one assignment has been made since 2010. The replacement identifier for UIMID is EUIMID although for backwards compatibility a pseudo-UIMID (pUIMID) is still retained in cards. The pUIMID is composed of the prefix 0x80 to make it distinct from unique UIMID codes and a 24-bit SHA-1 hash of the EUIMID. pUIMID codes are not unique as there are only 2⁲⁴ of them and many times more EUIMID codes. The pUIMID can usually be used in place of a unique UIMID, except when uniqueness is important.

text:
# UIMID

A **UIMID** (user identity module identifier) is a 32-bit Electronic Serial Number (ESN) stored in a R-UIM or CSIM ('smart card') used for TDMA or CDMA2000 phones (mainly the latter). It is given a different name to avoid confusion with the hardware ESN stored in the phone. In all known systems the UIMID displaces the ESN in signaling (based on setting bit 1 of the 'UsgInd' field to '1' in the card). Because the UIMID is allocated from the same numbering space as ESN its existence is transparent to the network. The reason the UIMID is transmitted instead of the ESN is because the card contains the MIN or IMSI and devices such as the HLR running the Asbi

mobility management protocol insist on a static association between these identifiers for subscription validation. The HLR will store the MIN or IMSI alongside the ESN in each record, and if an ANSI-41 message is received containing a different pair it will be rejected as invalid.

UIMID codes are allocated by the TIA using industry-defined guidelines and with codes that have been transferred from the ESN administrator (also the TIA).

ESN and UIMID codes were exhausted by late 2008 at which point only reclaimed codes could be assigned to manufacturers including portions of blocks assigned to manufacturers but never used and portions used for technologies other than CDMA2000. The TIA stopped accepting applications for UIMID blocks on June 30, 2010. Only one assignment has been made since 2010.

The replacement identifier for UIMID is EUIMID although for backwards compatibility a pseudo-UIMID (pUIMID) is still retained in cards. The pUIMID is composed of the prefix 0x80 to make it distinct from unique UIMID codes and a 24-bit SHA-1 hash of the EUIMID. pUIMID codes are not unique as there are only 224 of them and many times more EUIMID codes. The pUIMID can usually be used in place of a unique UIMID, except when uniqueness is important.

1. 3GPP2 SC.R4004-0, Version 2.0. May, 2010. User Identification Module ID Manufacturer’s Code Assignment Guidelines and Procedures


title: Tōna Station

abstract: Tōna Station is a railway station in the city of Higashimatsushima, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company.

text:
# Tōna Station

**Tōna Station** (東名駅, *Tōna-eki*) is a railway station in the city of Higashimatsushima, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

## Lines

The station is served by the Senseki Line. It is located 32.2 kilometers from the terminus of the Senseki Line at Aoba-dōri Station.

## Station layout

Tōna Station has one side platform serving a single bi-directional track. The station is unattended.

## History

Tōna Station opened on December 1, 1931 as a station on the Miyagi Electric Railway. The line was nationalized on May 1, 1944. The station was absorbed into the JR East network upon the privatization of JNR on April 1, 1987.

The station was destroyed on March 11, 2011 due to damage associated with the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, and services were replaced by provisional bus services. The station reopened on May 30, 2015 on a higher ground where the former community around the station would be reconstructed. Due to the relocation, the distance from Aoba-Dōri was changed from 32.4 kilometers to 32.2 kilometers.

## Surrounding area

* Tōna Post Office
* Tōna beach

Media related to Tōna Station at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Tōna Station
東名駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Tōna Station in September 2021 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Ōtsuka Kitabayashi-shita, Higashimatsushima-shi, Miyagi-ken 981-0411
Japan |
| Coordinates | 38°22′31.1″N 141°8′38.3″E / 38.375306°N 141.143972°E / 38.375306; 141.143972 |
| Operated by | JR East |
| Line(s) | Senseki Line |
| Distance | 32.2 km from Aoba-dōri |
| Platforms | 1 side platform |
| Tracks | 1 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Unstaffed |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | 1 December 1931 |
| Rebuilt | 2015 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  JR East Following station  Rikuzen-Ōtsukatowards Aoba-dori  Senseki Line  Nobirutowards Ishinomaki | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Tōna StationLocation within Miyagi PrefectureTōna StationTōna Station (Japan) | |


title: UL Bohemians R.F.C.

abstract: UL Bohemian RFC is a rugby club based in Limerick, playing in Division 2A of the All-Ireland League. It is affiliated with the University of Limerick. UL Bohemians are sponsored by UL Sport, Samurai Sports and HOMS Solicitors. The symbol of the club is the Red Robin Bohemians field four men's and two women's senior teams along with youth and mini rugby teams from U6s to U19s, and play their home matches at Annacotty, the University's North Campus 4G pitches and Thomond Park.

text:
# UL Bohemians R.F.C.

**UL Bohemian RFC** is a rugby club based in Limerick, playing in Division 2A of the All-Ireland League. It is affiliated with the University of Limerick. UL Bohemians are sponsored by UL Sport, Samurai Sports and HOMS Solicitors. The symbol of the club is the Red Robin

Bohemians field four men's (1XV, 2XV, 3XV, U20s) and two women's senior teams along with youth and mini rugby teams from U6s to U19s, and play their home matches at Annacotty, the University's North Campus 4G pitches and Thomond Park.

## History

The Bohemian RFC was founded in 1922 and amalgamated with the University of Limerick in 1999, although the University has its own separate colleges competition teams.

## Academy

The UL Bohemian Rugby Academy was first established in 2000 and is based on the University of Limerick’s sporting campus. It avails of UL's world class training facilities to provide a pathway for players to achieve their rugby goals, whether that is to play senior, provincial or international rugby.

The academy has an outstanding record for producing exceptional talent. Tommy O'Donnell, JJ Hanrahan, Dave Kilcoyne and Dave Foley are all academy graduates currently playing at the highest level. Former Connacht player Keith Matthews is academy manager and Cathal Sheridan is academy sports psychologist.

## Notable players

## InfoBox

ULB RFC
| Full name | UL Bohemian Rugby Football Club |
| --- | --- |
| Union | IRFU<br>Munster |
| Nickname(s) | UL Bohs/The Robins |
| Founded | 1922 amalgamated 1999 |
| Ground(s) | Thomond Park, Limerick (Capacity: 26,500 (15,100 seated)) |
| Chairman | Anthony Murphy |
| President | David Culligan |
| Coach(es) | BJ Botha |
| Captain(s) | Paul Clancy |
| League(s) | All-Ireland League, 2A |
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| Official website | |
| www.ulbohemian.com | |