title: WJKS

abstract:
WJKS may refer to:
  - WJKS (FM), a radio station licensed to serve Keeseville, New York, United States
  - WDEL-FM, a radio station licensed to serve Canton, New Jersey, United States, which held the call sign WJKS from 1997 to 2015
  - WCWJ, a television station licensed to serve Jacksonville, Florida, United States, which held the call sign WJKS-TV or WJKS from 1966 to 1997

text:
# WJKS

**WJKS** may refer to:

* WJKS (FM), a radio station (104.3 FM) licensed to serve Keeseville, New York, United States
* WDEL-FM, a radio station (101.7 FM) licensed to serve Canton, New Jersey, United States, which held the call sign WJKS from 1997 to 2015
* WCWJ, a television station (channel 34, virtual 17) licensed to serve Jacksonville, Florida, United States, which held the call sign WJKS-TV or WJKS from 1966 to 1997


title: WASP-60

abstract: WASP-60 is a F-type main-sequence star about 1420 light-years away. The stars age is much younger than the Sun's at 1.7±0.5 billion years. WASP-60 is enriched in heavy elements, having 180% of the solar abundance of iron. The star does not have noticeable starspot activity, an unexpected observation for a relatively young star. The age of WASP-60 determined by different methods is highly discrepant though, and it may actually be an old star which experienced an episode of spin-up in the past. The star was named Morava in 2019 by Serbian amateur astronomers as part of the NameExoWorlds contest, after the Morava River in Serbia. A multiplicity survey in 2015 did not detect any stellar companions to WASP-60.

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# WASP-60

**WASP-60** is a F-type main-sequence star about 1420 light-years away. The stars age is much younger than the Sun's at 1.7±0.5 billion years. WASP-60 is enriched in heavy elements, having 180% of the solar abundance of iron. The star does not have noticeable starspot activity, an unexpected observation for a relatively young star. The age of WASP-60 determined by different methods is highly discrepant though, and it may actually be an old star which experienced an episode of spin-up in the past.

The star was named **Morava** in 2019 by Serbian amateur astronomers as part of the NameExoWorlds contest, after the Morava River in Serbia.

A multiplicity survey in 2015 did not detect any stellar companions to WASP-60.

## Planetary system

In 2012 a transiting hot Jupiter planet  was detected on a tight, circular orbit. The planet was named *Vlasina* by Serbian astronomers in December 2019, after the Vlasina River, a tributary of the Morava.

Its equilibrium temperature is 1479±35 .

Measurement of the Rossiter–McLaughlin effect in 2018 revealed WASP-60b is on a retrograde orbit relative to the equatorial plane of the star, orbital obliquity equal to 129±17°.

The WASP-60 planetary system
| Companion
(in order from star) | Mass | Semimajor axis
(AU) | Orbital period
(days) | Eccentricity | Inclination | Radius |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **b (Vlasina)** | 0.560±0.036 MJ | 0.05548±0.00040 | 4.3050040 | 0 | 86.05±0.57 | 1.225±0.069 RJ |

## InfoBox

WASP-60 / Morava
| Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000 | |
| --- | --- |
| Constellation | Pegasus |
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| Right ascension | 23h 46m 39.9747s |
| Declination | 31° 09 21.3721 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 12.18 |
| Characteristics | |
| Evolutionary stage | Main sequence |
| Spectral type | F9 |
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| **Radial velocity (Rv)** | -26.604 km/s |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: 30.262 mas/yr
Dec.: −5.852 mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 2.2916 ± 0.0397 mas |
| **Distance** | 1,420 ± 20 ly
(436 ± 8 pc) |
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| Details | |
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| **Mass** | 1.229±0.026 |
| **Radius** | 1.401±0.066 |
| **Surface gravity (log *g*)** | 4.31±0.11 cgs |
| **Temperature** | 6105±50 |
| **Metallicity** \[Fe/H\] | 0.26±0.07 dex |
| **Rotation** | 34.8±2.7 |
| **Rotational velocity (*v* sin *i*)** | 3.8±0.6 km/s |
| **Age** | 1.7±0.5 Gyr |
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| Other designations | |
| Morava, Gaia DR2 2868528637464028160, TYC 2767-1746-1, 2MASS J23463997+3109213 | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |


title: WDMP-FM

abstract: WDMP-FM is a radio station broadcasting a Country music format. Licensed to Dodgeville, Wisconsin, United States, the station serves the Southwest Wisconsin and West Madison Metropolitan area. The station is currently owned by Dodge Point Broadcasting Co. Prior to broadcasting on 99.3 MHz, WDMP-FM was originally located at 107.1 on the FM dial.

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# WDMP-FM

**WDMP-FM** (99.3 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a Country music format. Licensed to Dodgeville, Wisconsin, United States, the station serves the Southwest Wisconsin and West Madison Metropolitan area. The station is currently owned by Dodge Point Broadcasting Co. Prior to broadcasting on 99.3 MHz, WDMP-FM was originally located at 107.1 on the FM dial.

## InfoBox

WDMP-FM
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Madison, Wisconsin |
| Frequency | 99.3 MHz |
| Branding | *D99.3 FM* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Country |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Dodge Point Broadcasting Co. |
| Sister stations | WZRK |
| History | |
| First air date | November 1, 1968 (at 107.1) |
| Former frequencies | 107.1 MHz (1968–1974) |
| Call sign meaning | **D**odgeville-**M**ineral **P**oint |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 17056 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | 1,550 watts |
| HAAT | 140 meters (460 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 42°55′10.00″N 90°8′6.00″W / 42.9194444°N 90.1350000°W / 42.9194444; -90.1350000 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | d99point3.com |


title: Wabush Lake Railway

abstract: The Wabush Lake Railway is a short line railway operating in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The railway was built in 1960 from the Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway to Wabush, initially called the Northern Lands Company Railway. Opened in 1963, the railway operates a line running between Labrador City, Labrador, and Wabush, where it interchanges with the Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway. The Wabush Lake Railway is owned by the Wabush Mining Company, which mines iron ore near Labrador City. The ore is transported from the mine to the Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway connection at Wabush. The Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway transports the ore between Wabush and Arnaud Jct., Quebec using Wabush locomotives, currently a mix of power leased from CEFX and QNS&L. At Arnaud Junction, the ore is transferred to Wabush Lake Railway's sister company, Chemin de fer Arnaud, for the final journey to ship loading facilities at nearby Pointe-Noire, Quebec. In 2010, Consolidated Thompson Iron Mines opened the Bloom Lake Mine, just west of Labrador City, Newfoundland, and the Bloom Lake Railway to transport iron ore from the mine to a connection with the Wabush Lake Railway. The Wabush Lake Railway began acting as a middle man, taking the Bloom Lake Railway trains, and transporting them to Wabush Junction for the Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway (QNS&L) to transport to the Chemin de fer Arnaud just as they would Wabush trains. The Arnaud then takes the trains to the Consolidated Thompson's dock at Pointe-Noire, Quebec. Consolidated Thompson has since been purchased by Cliffs Natural Resources. In 2011, Genesee & Wyoming began control of operations on behalf of the owners under the name WLRS. The new operation encompasses the Arnaud Railway, Bloom Lake Railway, and Wabush Lake Railway. This railway forms an isolated railroad network, as it does not interchange with any other rail lines on the North American network.

text:
# Wabush Lake Railway

The **Wabush Lake Railway** (reporting mark **WLRS**) (formerly **WABL** and **NLCL**) is a short line railway operating in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.

The railway was built in 1960 from the Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway to Wabush, initially called the Northern Lands Company Railway (reporting mark: NLC).

Opened in 1963, the railway operates a line running between Labrador City, Labrador, and Wabush, where it interchanges with the Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway.

The Wabush Lake Railway is owned by the Wabush Mining Company, which mines iron ore near Labrador City. The ore is transported from the mine to the Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway connection at Wabush. The Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway transports the ore between Wabush and Arnaud Jct., Quebec using Wabush locomotives, currently a mix of power leased from CEFX and QNS&L. At Arnaud Junction, the ore is transferred to Wabush Lake Railway's sister company, Chemin de fer Arnaud (Arnaud Railway), for the final journey to ship loading facilities at nearby Pointe-Noire, Quebec.

In 2010, Consolidated Thompson Iron Mines opened the Bloom Lake Mine, just west of Labrador City, Newfoundland, and the Bloom Lake Railway to transport iron ore from the mine to a connection with the Wabush Lake Railway. The Wabush Lake Railway began acting as a middle man, taking the Bloom Lake Railway trains, and transporting them to Wabush Junction for the Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway (QNS&L) to transport to the Chemin de fer Arnaud just as they would Wabush trains. The Arnaud then takes the trains to the Consolidated Thompson's dock at Pointe-Noire, Quebec. Consolidated Thompson has since been purchased by Cliffs Natural Resources.

In 2011, Genesee & Wyoming began control of operations on behalf of the owners under the name WLRS. The new operation encompasses the Arnaud Railway, Bloom Lake Railway, and Wabush Lake Railway.

This railway (along with the Arnaud Railway, Bloom Lake Railway, QNSX, and Tshiuetin Rail Transportation line) forms an isolated railroad network, as it does not interchange with any other rail lines on the North American network.

## InfoBox

Wabush Lake Railway
| Two MLW RS-18s pull a freight train in 2013 | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Headquarters | Wabush, NL |
| Reporting mark | WLRS |
| Locale | Labrador, Canada |
| Dates of operation | 1963 (1963) |
| Technical | |
| Track gauge | 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) |


title: Wahlenbergia stricta

abstract: Wahlenbergia stricta, the Australian bluebell, tall bluebell or austral bluebell, is an Australian wildflower from the Campanulaceae family. It is considered the most commonly encountered of the Wahlenbergias. It is found in all Australian states but not the Northern Territory. It is often seen growing by the side of the road, enjoying the extra runoff. Wahlenbergia stricta is a perennial herb flowering mainly in spring or summer with pale blue bell-like flowers. The leaves are long and linear, 5–70 millimetres (0.20–2.76 in) long. The five-petalled flowers are erect on long, slender stems and about 6–20 millimetres (0.24–0.79 in) in diameter. It forms thin, carrot shaped tubers.

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# Wahlenbergia stricta

***Wahlenbergia stricta***, the **Australian bluebell**, **tall bluebell** or **austral bluebell**, is an Australian wildflower from the Campanulaceae family. It is considered the most commonly encountered of the Wahlenbergias. It is found in all Australian states but not the Northern Territory. It is often seen growing by the side of the road, enjoying the extra runoff.

*Wahlenbergia stricta* is a perennial herb flowering mainly in spring or summer with pale blue bell-like flowers. The leaves are long and linear, 5–70 millimetres (0.20–2.76 in) long. The five-petalled flowers are erect on long, slender stems and about 6–20 millimetres (0.24–0.79 in) in diameter. It forms thin, carrot shaped tubers.

## Cultivation

Australian bluebells are generally easily propagated by division or root cutting. The seed is a very fine, black powder. It germinates readily in a few weeks and is best directly sown into tubes or cells as the seed and plant are very small and hard to separate and prick out.

There are a number of common cultivars, including various shades of blue from a saturated blue similar to #00f through to white. Various double forms are available. To maintain a cultivar propagation must be by vegetive means (division or cuttings).

Once established W. stricta is very hardy - the pot can be dried out completely and the plant reduced to a tuber, yet it will reshoot when the rain comes. It is hardy in a range of soils from sand to gravel, clay to humus.

* *Wahlenbergia gloriosa*, although the *gloriosa* is the ACT flower, the *stricta* is more commonly seen and often misidentified as *gloriosa*.

Media related to Wahlenbergia stricta at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| *Wahlenbergia stricta* | |
| --- | --- |
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| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Campanulaceae |
| Genus: | *Wahlenbergia* |
| Species: | ***W. stricta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Wahlenbergia stricta***<br>(R.Br.) Sweet | |
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title: Windsor (film)

abstract: Windsor is a 2015 American independent drama film written, directed and produced by Porter Farrell and starring Madelyn Deutch, Quinn Shephard, Nick Krause, Adam Hicks, Peyton Clark, Ian Colletti and Barry Corbin. The film is Farrell's directorial debut.

text:
# Windsor (film)

***Windsor*** is a 2015 American independent drama film written, directed and produced by Porter Farrell and starring Madelyn Deutch, Quinn Shephard, Nick Krause, Adam Hicks, Peyton Clark, Ian Colletti and Barry Corbin. The film is Farrell's directorial debut.

## Plot

In their last year of high school, six best friends prepare to leave their small, struggling hometown, a place caught in the slow, fine-grinding wheels of American big business that seem to leave no side doors.

Maisie, whose father is about to be released from prison, decides she can't leave the town where she has been embraced so lovingly since the dark day when her father nearly killed the man whose company foreclosed on their family farm. The town's patriarch, Gil Denton, a no nonsense, wealthy landowner dying from cancer, loves these six kids, and in his remaining time with them he serves as a sounding board, dependable guide, and sympathetic friend - while providing them a wistful link to a past they will never know.

Set in current time, the story shows that small town values are worth saving and that the mouse does indeed occasionally roar.

## Cast

## Production

Farrell had written the part of Gil Denton specifically for Corbin to portray. Early in development, Jake T. Austin was attached to the project. The film was shot in Gainesville, Texas.

## Awards

The film won Best Narrative Feature at the Garden State Film Festival in New Jersey.

## InfoBox

| Windsor | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Porter Farrell |
| Written by | Porter Farrell |
| Produced by | Adam Dietrich
Suzanne Weinert |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Josh Pickering |
| Edited by | Matt Brundige
Mark Hovland |
| Music by | Andy R. Jordan |
| Production
company | Turnpike Pictures |
| Release date |  |
| Running time | 97 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Thomas Anderson (actor)

abstract: Thomas Anderson was an American stage and television actor. He is best known for originating the role of Mr. Percy in the 1972 original Broadway production of Don't Play Us Cheap; a role he reprised in the 1973 film adaptation. He was born on November 29, 1905, in Pasadena, California and died on January 12, 1996, in Englewood, New Jersey.

text:
# Thomas Anderson (actor)

**Thomas Anderson** (November 29, 1905  January 12, 1996) was an American stage and television actor. He is best known for originating the role of Mr. Percy in the 1972 original Broadway production of *Don't Play Us Cheap*; a role he reprised in the 1973 film adaptation.

He was born on November 29, 1905, in Pasadena, California and died on January 12, 1996, in Englewood, New Jersey.

## Filmography

## InfoBox

| Thomas Anderson | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | November 29, 1905
Pasadena, California |
| Died | January 12, 1996(1996-01-12) (aged 90)
Englewood, New Jersey |


title: War profiteering

abstract: A war profiteer is any person or organization that derives unreasonable profit from warfare or by selling weapons and other goods to parties at war. The term typically carries strong negative connotations. General profiteering, making a profit criticized as excessive or unreasonable, also occurs in peacetime. An example of war profiteers were the "shoddy" millionaires who allegedly sold recycled wool and cardboard shoes to soldiers during the American Civil War. Some have argued that major modern defense conglomerates like Lockheed Martin, Mitsubishi, Boeing, BAE Systems, General Dynamics, and RTX Corporation fit the description in the post-9/11 era. This argument is based in the political influence of the defense industry, for example in 2010 the defense industry spent $144 million on lobbying and donated over $22.6 million to congressional candidates, as well as large profits for defense company shareholders in the post-9/11 period.

text:
# War profiteering

A **war profiteer** is any person or organization that derives unreasonable profit from warfare or by selling weapons and other goods to parties at war. The term typically carries strong negative connotations. General profiteering, making a profit criticized as excessive or unreasonable, also occurs in peacetime. An example of war profiteers were the "shoddy" millionaires who allegedly sold recycled wool and cardboard shoes to soldiers during the American Civil War. Some have argued that major modern defense conglomerates like Lockheed Martin, Mitsubishi, Boeing, BAE Systems, General Dynamics, and RTX Corporation fit the description in the post-9/11 era. This argument is based in the political influence of the defense industry, for example in 2010 the defense industry spent $144 million on lobbying and donated over $22.6 million to congressional candidates, as well as large profits for defense company shareholders in the post-9/11 period.

## History

### American Revolution

There were a number of food riots during the American Revolution against profiteering merchants, there were more than thirty riots in the period between 1776 and 1779. In 1777 a mob of Boston women beat the merchant Thomas Boylston and confiscated his stock for hoarding coffee and sugar to drive up the price. In East Hartford, Connecticut a mob of twenty women and three men took 218lbs of sugar from a Mr. Pitkin's. In Beverly, Massachusetts a mob of 60 women and some additional men forced local merchants to charge the same price for sugar in American paper money and gold coin.

### Industrial Revolution

In 1798, American inventor Eli Whitney received a government contract to manufacture 10,000 muskets in less than two years. After failing to produce a single musket, he was called to Washington to defend his expenditure of the treasury funds before a committee that included both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. Believing to demonstrate the ingenuity of interchangeable parts, Whitney earned widespread support and has been incorrectly credited with inventing the idea of interchangeable parts. However Merritt Roe Smith concluded that this demonstration was staged by marking the parts beforehand, so they were not as interchangeable as he made them seem. Eventually Whitney was able to accomplish his goal of 10,000 muskets with interchangeable parts at a relatively low cost in the next eight years, and later produced more than 15,000 in the following four years.

### Military–industrial complex

A prominent example of the impact arms-producing industries have over American policy is evident in the case of Lockheed Martin donating $75,000 to House Armed Services Committee chair Representative Mac Thornberry (R-TX). Rep. Thornberry later passed a bill through the House of Representatives that would benefit Lockheed Martin. This decision was made as a direct result of the influence of Lockheed Martin. Politico has stated Rep. Thornberry is the "highest overall recipient of contractor contributions among all of the 89 members of the House and Senate Armed Services Committees."

## Contemporary manufacturing

Currently, the United States is the world's largest weapons manufacturer and exporter, followed by Russia, France, Germany, China and the United Kingdom consecutively.

### International arms dealers

Basil Zaharoff's Vickers Company sold weapons to all the parties involved in the Chaco War. Companies like Opel and IBM have been labeled war profiteers for their involvement with the Third Reich. In the case of IBM they developed technologies that were used to count, catalog, and select Jewish people whom could then be targeted for efficient asset confiscation, consolidation in ghettos, deportation, enslaved labor, and, ultimately, annihilation.

#### Commodity dealers

War usually leads to a shortage in the supply of commodities, which results in higher prices and higher revenues. When it comes to supply and demand in terms of economics, profit is the most important end. During war time, "war-stuff" is in high demand, and demands must be met. Prior to the invasion of Iraq in 2003, oil production was controlled by the Iraqi government, and was off limits to Western companies. As of 2014, foreign owned private firms dominate Iraqi oil production.

#### Civilian contractors

Private military contractors, including civilian contractors, are businesses that supply weapons and training to the military, and also handle logistics and base management. While private military contractors may seem similar to mercenaries, the difference is that mercenaries operate illegally. More recently, companies involved with supplying the coalition forces in the Iraq War, such as Bechtel, KBR, Academi (formerly known as Blackwater) and Halliburton, have come under fire for allegedly overcharging for their services. The modern private military company is also offered as an example of sanctioned war profiteering. On the opposing side, companies like Huawei Technologies, which upgraded Saddam's air-defense system between the two Gulf Wars, face such accusations.

#### Black marketeers

A distinction can be made between war profiteers who gain by sapping military strength and those who gain by contributing to the war. For instance, during and after World War II, enormous profits were available by selling rationed goods like cigarettes, chocolate, coffee and butter on the black market. Dishonest military personnel given oversight over valuable property sometimes diverted rationed goods to the black market. The charge could also be laid against medical and legal professionals who accept money in exchange for helping young men and nascent politicians evade the draft.

## The state

Though war initially had the objective of territorial expansion and resource gathering, the country may also profit politically and strategically, replacing governments that do not fulfill its interests by key allied governments. One example of this is the CIA supporting the Contras with weapons to carry out terror attacks against the Nicaraguan government between the late 1970s and early 1990s.

### Politicians

Political figures taking bribes and favors from corporations involved with war production have been called war profiteers. Abraham Lincoln's first Secretary of War, Simon Cameron, was forced to resign in early 1862 after charges of corruption relating to war contracts. In 1947, Kentucky congressman Andrew J. May, Chairman of the powerful Committee on Military Affairs, was convicted for taking bribes in exchange for war contracts. In 1953 the United States began a covert mission to overthrow the Guatemalan government under Jacobo Arbenez. The process began with the United States labeling the government of Guatemala as a communist government. According to William Blum the reason for the United States’ intervention into Guatemala is that it was pushed by lobbyist from the United Fruit Company. The United Fruit Company had significant holdings within Guatemala and when the government decided to compete with the company this would not be accepted. Numerous officials such as President Eisenhower's Under-Secretary of State (and formerly director of the CIA) Walter Bedell Smith was a candidate for an executive position in the company while at the same time he was helping to plan the intervention. This coup was successful and the United Fruit Company was able to keep its holdings within Guatemala thus ensuring its profits were secure. This is typical of the sort of engagements that the U.S became involved in during the cold war that resulted in war profiteering.

Modern-day war profiteering among politicians has increased with the recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. According to an article by *USA Today* in 2011 the top 100 largest contractors sold 410 billion dollars’ worth of arms and services. Within this massive expense of services has evolved what is called the revolving door. This revolving door has not differentiated between the two political parties. An example of this revolving door is the case of William J. Lynn III. In 2010 he was confirmed to serve as the number two man in the Pentagon after he worked as a lobbyist for Raytheon. This example shows the process of a person joining the government, then being hired as a lobbyist, and back to government. The revolving door is still in existence to this day.

### Scientific research

War provides demand for military technology modernization. Technologies originally designed for the military frequently also have non-military use. Both the state and corporations have gains from scientific research. One famous example is Siri, the artificially intelligent "personal assistant" programmed into Apple devices since October 4, 2011. Siri was a spin-off of CALO, a project funded by the government military development group, DARPA. CALO is an acronym that stands for "Cognitive Assistant that Learns and Organizes".

### In the United States

The *War Profiteering Prevention Act of 2007* intended to create criminal penalties for war profiteers and others who exploited taxpayer-funded efforts in Iraq and elsewhere around the world. This act was introduced first on April 25, 2007, but was never enacted into law. War profiteering cases are often brought under the Civil False Claims Act, which was enacted in 1863 to combat war profiteering during the Civil War.

Major General Smedley Butler, United States Marine Corps, criticized war profiteering of US companies during World War I in *War Is a Racket*. He wrote that some companies and corporations increased their earnings and profits by up to 1,700 percent and how many companies willingly sold equipment and supplies to the US that had no relevant use in the war effort. In the book, Butler stated that "It has been estimated by statisticians and economists and researchers that the war cost your Uncle Sam $52,000,000,000. Of this sum, $39,000,000,000 was expended in the actual war period. This expenditure yielded $16,000,000,000 in profits."

In the American Civil War, concerns about war profiteering were not limited to the activities of a few "shoddy" millionaires in the North. In the Confederacy, where supplies were severely limited, and hardships common, the mere suggestion of profiteering was considered a scurrilous charge. Georgia Quartermaster General Ira Roe Foster attempted to increase the supply of material to the troops by urging the women of his state to knit 50,000 pairs of socks. Foster's sock campaign stimulated the supply of the much needed item, but it also met with a certain amount of suspicion and backlash. Either the result of a Union disinformation campaign, or the work of suspicious minds, rumors, which Foster denied as a "malicious falsehood!", began to spread that Foster and others were profiteering from the socks. It was alleged that the socks contributed were being sold, rather than given to the troops. The charge was not without precedent. The historian Jeanie Attie notes that in 1861, an "especially damaging rumor" (later found to be true) circulated in the North, alleging that the Union Army purchased 5,000 pairs of socks which had been donated, and intended for the troops, from a private relief agency, the United States Sanitary Commission. As the Sanitary Commission had done in the North, Foster undertook a propaganda campaign in Georgia newspapers to combat the damaging rumors and to encourage the continued contribution of socks. He offered $1,000.00 to any "citizen or soldier who will come forward and prove that he ever bought a sock from this Department that was either knit by the ladies or purchased for issue to said troops."

#### Iraq War profiteers

Companies such as Halliburton have been criticized in the context of the Iraq War for their perceived war profiteering.

Steven Clemons, a senior fellow at the New America Foundation think tank, has accused former CIA Director James Woolsey of both profiting from and promoting the Iraq War.

The Center for Public Integrity has reported that US Senator Dianne Feinstein, who voted in favor of the Iraq Resolution, and her husband, Richard Blum, are making millions of dollars from Iraq and Afghanistan contracts through his company, Tutor Perini Corporation. Financial disclosure forms indicate that as of January 2020 51 members of Congress and their partners own between $2.3 and $5.8 million of stock in the top 30 corporations that sell goods and services to the U.S. military.

Indicted defense contractor Brent R. Wilkes was reported to be ecstatic when hearing that the United States was going to go to war with Iraq. "He and some of his top executives were really gung-ho about the war," said a former employee. "Brent said this would create new opportunities for the company. He was really excited about doing business in the Middle East." One of the top profiteers from the Iraq War was oil field services corporation, Halliburton. Halliburton gained $39.5 billion in "federal contracts related to the Iraq war". Many individuals have asserted that there were profit motives for the Bush-Cheney administration to invade Iraq in 2003. Dick Cheney served as Halliburton's CEO from 1995 until 2000. Cheney claimed he had cut ties with the corporation although, according to a CNN report, "Cheney was still receiving about $150,000 a year in deferred payments." Cheney vowed to not engage in a conflict of interest. However, the Congressional Research Office discovered Cheney held 433,000 Halliburton stock options while serving as Vice President of the United States. 2016 Presidential Candidate, Rand Paul referenced Cheney's interview with the American Enterprise Institute in which Cheney said invading Iraq "would be a disaster, it would be vastly expensive, it would be civil war, we'd have no exit strategy...it would be a bad idea". Rand continues by concluding "that's why the first Bush didn't go into Baghdad. Dick Cheney then goes to work for Halliburton. Makes hundreds of millions of dollars- their CEO. Next thing you know, he's back in government, it's a good idea to go into Iraq." Another prominent critic is Huffington Post co-founder, Arianna Huffington. Huffington said, "We have the poster child of Bush-Cheney crony capitalism, Halliburton, involved in this. They, after all, were responsible for cementing the well."

#### Afghanistan War

During the Afghanistan War, defense sector stocks outperformed the average of the stock market by 58%. Commentators put into question whether the 2021 Taliban takeover of Afghanistan could be considered a failure for the United States. Jon Schwarz of *The Intercept* wrote that "These numbers suggest that it is incorrect to conclude \[that the\] Afghanistan War was a failure. On the contrary, from the perspective of some of the most powerful people in the U.S., it may have been an extraordinary success. Notably, the boards of directors of all \[top\] five defense contractors include retired top-level military officers."

From 2007, there were regularly more contractors than U.S. forces in Afghanistan. By 2016, private contractors outnumbered US state personnel three to one. In 2016, the Harris Corporation was awarded a $1.7 billion contract to supply communications equipment to Afghan security forces.

### Russian invasion of Ukraine

The major oil and gas companies, including Shell, ExxonMobil, Chevron, Phillips 66, BP and Sinopec, and the major weapon manufacturers, such as Raytheon, Lockheed Martin and BAE Systems, reported sharp rises in interim revenues and profits.

The term "ABCD" refers to the four companies – ADM, Bunge, Cargill and Louis Dreyfus – that dominate world agricultural commodity trading. The ABCD commodity-trading companies have seen large profits as a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine and rising food prices.

In March 2022, *Bloomberg* reported that China was reselling its US LNG shipments to a desperate Europe at a "hefty profit". India was buying discounted oil from Russia. Saudi Arabia also increased imports of discounted Russian oil. In September 2022, German Economy Minister Robert Habeck accused the United States and other "friendly" gas supplier nations that they were profiting from the Ukraine war with "astronomical prices". He called for more solidarity by the US to assist energy-pressed allies in Europe.

In April 2022, Russia supplied 45% of EU's gas imports, earning $900 million a day. In the first two months after Russia invaded Ukraine, Russia earned $66.5 billion from fossil fuel exports, and the EU accounted for 71% of that trade.

The term 'war profiteer' evokes two stereotypes in popular culture: the rich businessman who sells weapons to governments, and the semi-criminal black marketeer who sells goods to ordinary citizens. In English-speaking countries this is particularly associated with Britain during World War II. The image of the 'businessman profiteer' carries the implication of influence and power used to actively cause wars for personal gain, rather than merely passively profit from them. In the aftermath of World War I, such profiteers were widely asserted to have existed by both the Left, and the Right.

Fictional character Lieutenant Milo Minderbinder in the novel *Catch-22* has been called "perhaps the best known of all fictional profiteers" in American literature.

*The Adventures of Tintin* comic *The Broken Ear* features an arms dealer called Basil Bazarov who sells arms to both sides in a war. He is a recognisable example of this "type" and is specifically based on Basil Zaharoff.

Bertolt Brecht wrote the play *Mother Courage and Her Children* as a didactic indictment of war profiteering.

Daddy Warbucks was a war profiteer.

In the 1985 film *Clue*, Colonel Mustard was a war profiteer who sold stolen radio components on the black market.

The film *The Third Man* features a war profiteer named Harry Lime, who steals penicillin from military hospitals and sells it on the black market.

The film *Lord of War* is a fictional story based on the war profiteer named Viktor Bout, who illegally sold post-Soviet arms to Liberia and other nations in conflict.

The Suicide Machines released their 2005 album, entitled *War Profiteering Is Killing Us All*.

In the 2011 film *Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows*, Professor Moriarty acquires shares in many military supply companies and plots to instigate a world war and make a fortune.

In Book 2 of *The Legend of Korra*, the character Varrick attempted to incite and encourage a civil war among the water tribes to make profit from selling weapons.

The song "Masters of War" by Bob Dylan is about war profiteering and the military–industrial complex.

In the film *Star Wars: The Last Jedi*, Finn, Rose Tico and BB-8 travel to Canto Bight, a coastal city catering to the galaxy's rich and elite. Finn is initially mesmerized by the city's glitz and glamour until Rose informs him that most of the city's inhabitants are war profiteers, having made their fortunes selling weapons and ships to the First Order and the Resistance. Also, the character of DJ shows Finn that the owner of the ship they're on made his profit selling weapons to the good guys (the Resistance) and the bad (the First Order). DJ then tells Finn that "it's all a machine" and that he should "Live free, don't join."


title: Widjajachloa

abstract: Widjajachloa is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Poaceae. The only species is Widjajachloa producta. Its native range is New Guinea.

text:
# Widjajachloa

***Widjajachloa*** is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Poaceae. The only species is ***Widjajachloa producta***.

Its native range is New Guinea.

## InfoBox

| *Widjajachloa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Bambusoideae |
| Tribe: | Bambuseae |
| Subtribe: | Racemobambosinae |
| Genus: | *Widjajachloa*
K.M.Wong & S.Dransf. |
| Species: | ***W. producta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Widjajachloa producta***
(Pilg.) K.M.Wong & S.Dransf. | |
|


title: The Second World War Experience Centre

abstract: The Second World War Experience Centre, based in Otley, West Yorkshire, England, is a registered charity and museum/archive which was set up in 1998 to preserve personal memories of the Second World War before they are lost forever. The archive is international in scope and holds letters, diaries, photographs and papers donated by individuals - the collection is unique as it concentrates only on the Second World War and personal experience. A network of volunteers across the UK also tapes record veterans' memories for the Centre, and its collection now numbers in excess of 9000 lives. The Centre is used by researchers, students, schoolchildren, authors and members of the public studying for degrees, books or simply their family history. The Centre's mission is "To collect and encourage access to the surviving testimony of men and women who lived through the years of the Second World War, and to ensure that different audiences share and learn from the personal recollections preserved in the collection".

text:
# The Second World War Experience Centre

53°55′01″N 1°18′50″W / 53.917°N 1.314°W / 53.917; -1.314 The **Second World War Experience Centre**, based in Otley, West Yorkshire, England, is a registered charity and museum/archive which was set up in 1998 to preserve personal memories of the Second World War before they are lost forever. The archive is international in scope and holds letters, diaries, photographs and papers donated by individuals - the collection is unique as it concentrates only on the Second World War and personal experience. A network of volunteers across the UK also tapes record veterans' memories for the Centre, and its collection now numbers in excess of 9000 lives.

The Centre is used by researchers, students, schoolchildren, authors and members of the public studying for degrees, books or simply their family history. The Centre's mission is *"To collect and encourage access to the surviving testimony of men and women who lived through the years of the Second World War, and to ensure that different audiences share and learn from the personal recollections preserved in the collection"*.

* www.war-experience.org
* "*The Second World War Experience Centre, registered charity no. 1072965*". Charity Commission for England and Wales.


title: Pentafluorothiophenol

abstract: Pentafluorothiophenol is an organosulfur compound with the formula C6F5SH. It is a colorless volatile liquid. The compound is prepared by the reaction of sodium hydrosulfide and hexafluorobenzene. With a pKa of 2.68, it is one of the most acidic thiols. Its conjugate base has been used as a ligand in coordination chemistry

text:
# Pentafluorothiophenol

**Pentafluorothiophenol** is an organosulfur compound with the formula C6F5SH. It is a colorless volatile liquid. The compound is prepared by the reaction of sodium hydrosulfide and hexafluorobenzene. With a pKa of 2.68, it is one of the most acidic thiols. Its conjugate base has been used as a ligand in coordination chemistry

1. Robson, P.; Stacey, M.; Stephens, R.; Tatlow, J. C. "Aromatic polyfluoro compounds. VI. Penta- and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorothiophenol" Journal of the Chemical Society (1960), 4754-60. doi:10.1039/jr9600004754
2. William P. Jencks, Karin Salvesen "Equilibrium deuterium isotope effects on the ionization of thiol acids" J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1971, volume 93, pp 4433–4436. doi:10.1021/ja00747a016
3. Torrens, Hugo "Pentafluorobenzenethiolato derivatives of the platinum group metals" Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2000, vol. 196, pp. 331-352. doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(99)00055-7

## InfoBox

Pentafluorothiophenol
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name Pentafluorobenzenethiol | |
| Other names Pentafluorophenylthiol, 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzenethiol, 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorothiophenol. mercapto(pentafluoro)benzene | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.011.124 |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C6HF5S/c7-1-2(8)4(10)6(12)5(11)3(1)9/h12HKey: UVAMFBJPMUMURT-UHFFFAOYSA-N * InChI=1/C6HF5S/c7-1-2(8)4(10)6(12)5(11)3(1)9/h12HKey: UVAMFBJPMUMURT-UHFFFAOYAU | |
| SMILES * c1(c(c(c(c(c1F)F)S)F)F)F | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C6HF5S |
| Molar mass | 200.13 |
| Appearance | colorless liquid |
| Density | 1.625±0.06 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | −24 °C (−11 °F; 249 K) |
| Boiling point | 143 °C (289 °F; 416 K) |
| Solubility in water | organic solvents |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


title: Pentagastrin

abstract: Pentagastrin is a synthetic polypeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid as the pentagastrin-stimulated calcitonin test. Pentagastrin binds to the cholecystokinin-B receptor, which is expressed widely in the brain. Activation of these receptors activates the phospholipase C second messenger system. When given intravenously it may cause panic attacks. Pentagastrin's IUPAC chemical name is "N-(carbonyl)-beta-alanyl-L-tryptophyl-L-methionyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninamide".

text:
# Pentagastrin

**Pentagastrin** (trade name **Peptavlon**) is a synthetic polypeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid as the pentagastrin-stimulated calcitonin test.

Pentagastrin binds to the cholecystokinin-B receptor, which is expressed widely in the brain. Activation of these receptors activates the phospholipase C second messenger system. When given intravenously it may cause panic attacks.

Pentagastrin's IUPAC chemical name is "N-((1,1-dimethylethoxy)carbonyl)-beta-alanyl-L-tryptophyl-L-methionyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninamide".

## Pentagastrin stimulation test

Pentagastrin is also used as a stimulation test to elevate of several hormones, such as serotonin. It provokes flushing and is useful in evaluating patients who describe flushing, but have normal or only marginally elevated biochemical markers for carcinoid syndrome.

It has been used to stimulate ectopic gastric mucosa for the detection of Meckels diverticulum by nuclear medicine.

### Calcitonin test

The **pentagastrin-stimulated calcitonin test** is a diagnostic test for medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MTC). MTC is a malignancy of the calcitonin-secreting cells of the thyroid gland, and thus MTC is commonly associated with an elevated calcitonin level, but an elevated level may not always be obvious. The pentagastrin-stimulated calcitonin test is useful in cases of suspected MTC that are not associated with elevated calcitonin. In these patients, injecting pentagastrin will cause calcitonin levels to rise significantly above the normal or basal range. After a total thyroidectomy for medullary thyroid carcinoma, the pentagastrin-stimulated calcitonin release can be used to detect residual parafollicular C-cells.

## InfoBox

Pentagastrin
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Clinical data | |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information |
| ATC code |  |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Elimination half-life | 10 minutes or less |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * *N*-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-β-alanyl-L-tryptophyl-L-methionyl-L-α-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninamide | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| IUPHAR/BPS |  |
| DrugBank |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| KEGG |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.024.445 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C37H49N7O9S |
| Molar mass | 767.90 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * O=C(N)\[C@@H\](NC(=O)\[C@@H\](NC(=O)\[C@@H\](NC(=O)\[C@@H\](NC(=O)CCNC(=O)OC(C)(C)C)Cc2c1ccccc1\[nH\]c2)CCSC)CC(=O)O)Cc3ccccc3 | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C37H49N7O9S/c1-37(2,3)53-36(52)39-16-14-30(45)41-28(19-23-21-40-25-13-9-8-12-24(23)25)34(50)42-26(15-17-54-4)33(49)44-29(20-31(46)47)35(51)43-27(32(38)48)18-22-10-6-5-7-11-22/h5-13,21,26-29,40H,14-20H2,1-4H3,(H2,38,48)(H,39,52)(H,41,45)(H,42,50)(H,43,51)(H,44,49)(H,46,47)/t26-,27-,28-,29-/m0/s1 Y * Key:NEYNJQRKHLUJRU-DZUOILHNSA-N Y | |
| (verify) | |


title: Pendleton, South Carolina

abstract: Pendleton is a town in Anderson County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 3,489 at the 2020 census. It is a sister city of Stornoway in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland. The Pendleton Historic District, consisting of the town and its immediate surroundings, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. Particularly notable historic buildings on the Pendleton town square include Farmer's Hall and Hunter's Store, which is currently the headquarters of the Pendleton District Historical, Recreational and Tourism Commission. Near Pendleton are the historic plantation homes Ashtabula and Woodburn.

text:
# Pendleton, South Carolina

**Pendleton** is a town in Anderson County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 3,489 at the 2020 census. It is a sister city of Stornoway in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland.

The Pendleton Historic District, consisting of the town and its immediate surroundings, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. Particularly notable historic buildings on the Pendleton town square include Farmer's Hall and Hunter's Store, which is currently the headquarters of the Pendleton District Historical, Recreational and Tourism Commission. Near Pendleton are the historic plantation homes Ashtabula and Woodburn.

## History

For centuries, the land that is now Pendleton was the territory of the Cherokee nation. After England claimed South Carolina as a colony, the Cherokee traded with the British. After the Cherokee lost the war of 1759–60 against the British, the British dominated trade in the region and began to settle more of the land with large farms. Andrew Pickens, who was a general in the Revolutionary War moved to the area and commissioned the District of Pendleton in 1790. During the first half of the 1800s, wealthy families built homes in Pendleton. These homes were built as a summer vacation spot for the low-country plantation owners. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney (17891865) built Woodburn Plantation in 1830. Later, the Adger family, a wealthy family from Charleston, expanded the plantation to over 1,000 acres (400 ha) and enlarged the house to over 18 rooms.

The Ashtabula, Boone-Douthit House, Faith Cabin Library at Anderson County Training School, Pendleton Historic District, and Woodburn are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## Geography

Pendleton is located in northwestern Anderson County at 34°39′2″N 82°46′51″W / 34.65056°N 82.78083°W / 34.65056; -82.78083 (34.650672, -82.780736). Its northwestern edge touches the Anderson County/Pickens County line and borders the city of Clemson. U.S. Route 76 passes through the southwest part of town, bypassing the town center and leading northwest to Clemson and southeast 14 miles (23 km) to Anderson, the county seat. Greenville is 30 miles (48 km) to the northeast by U.S. Route 123.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 3.8 square miles (9.9 km2), of which 3.8 square miles (9.8 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km2), or 0.70%, is water.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1860 | 854 |  |  |
| 1870 | 985 |  | 15.3% |
| 1880 | 672 |  | −31.8% |
| 1890 | 476 |  | −29.2% |
| 1900 | 568 |  | 19.3% |
| 1910 | 822 |  | 44.7% |
| 1920 | 1,040 |  | 26.5% |
| 1930 | 1,035 |  | −0.5% |
| 1940 | 1,278 |  | 23.5% |
| 1950 | 1,432 |  | 12.1% |
| 1960 | 2,358 |  | 64.7% |
| 1970 | 2,615 |  | 10.9% |
| 1980 | 3,154 |  | 20.6% |
| 1990 | 3,314 |  | 5.1% |
| 2000 | 2,966 |  | −10.5% |
| 2010 | 2,964 |  | −0.1% |
| 2020 | 3,489 |  | 17.7% |
| 2022 (est.) | 3,589 |  | 2.9% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2020 census

Pendleton racial composition
| Race | Num. | Perc. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| White (non-Hispanic) | 2,323 | 66.58% |
| Black or African American (non-Hispanic) | 713 | 20.44% |
| Native American | 4 | 0.11% |
| Asian | 81 | 2.32% |
| Pacific Islander | 1 | 0.03% |
| Other/Mixed | 235 | 6.74% |
| Hispanic or Latino | 132 | 3.78% |

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 3,489 people, 1,504 households, and 677 families residing in the town.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,966 people, 1,397 households, and 799 families residing in the town. The population density was 831.5 inhabitants per square mile (321.0/km2). There were 1,533 housing units at an average density of 429.7 units per square mile (165.9 units/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 64.70% White, 33.07% African American, 0.20% Native American, 0.47% Asian, 0.54% from other races, and 1.01% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.52% of the population.

There were 1,397 households, out of which 21.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.0% were married couples living together, 16.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.8% were non-families. 35.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.12 and the average family size was 2.75.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 20.2% under the age of 18, 12.8% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 17.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 83.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.5 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $28,052, and the median income for a family was $37,606. Males had a median income of $30,341 versus $23,843 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,630. About 15.7% of families and 20.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32.2% of those under age 18 and 17.2% of those age 65 or over.

## Education

Schools include Pendleton Elementary, Mount Lebanon Elementary, LaFrance Elementary, Riverside Middle School, and Pendleton High School. Tri-County Technical College is located within the town.

Pendleton has a public library, a branch of the Anderson County Library System.

Pendleton has 4 schools: 4 public schools and 0 private schools. Pendleton schools spend $11,812 per student (The US average is $12,383). There are 16 pupils per teacher, 488 students per librarian, and 366 children per counselor.

## Notable residents

## InfoBox

| Pendleton | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Top, left to right: Downtown Pendleton, Saint Paul's Episcopal Church, Farmers Hall | |
|  | |
| Motto(s): "History, Hospitality, Happenings...Home" | |
| PendletonLocation within the state of South Carolina | |
| Coordinates: 34°39′2″N 82°46′51″W / 34.65056°N 82.78083°W / 34.65056; -82.78083 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | South Carolina |
| County | Anderson |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.85 sq mi (12.57 km2) |
| Land | 4.83 sq mi (12.50 km2) |
| Water | 0.03 sq mi (0.07 km2) |
| Elevation | 850 ft (260 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 3,489 |
| Density | 722.81/sq mi (279.05/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 29670 |
| Area codes | 864, 821 |
| FIPS code | 45-55645 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1225357 |
| Website | www.townofpendleton.org |


title: Pendleton, Lancashire

abstract: Pendleton is a small village and civil parish in Ribble Valley, within the county of Lancashire, England. It is close to the towns of Whalley and Clitheroe. The parish lies on the north west side of Pendle Hill below the Nick o' Pendle. The village is just off the A59, Liverpool to York main road, since the construction of the Clitheroe By-Pass. Older roads through the parish include one from Clitheroe to Whalley which passes through the Standen area and another to Burnley which passes Pendleton Hall. Pendleton Brook runs down the centre of Main Street in the village. The village pub, the Swan with Two Necks, won the Campaign for Real Ale's (CAMRA) national pub of the year award in 2013. According to the 2001 census, the parish had a population of 203; however, the United Kingdom Census 2011 grouped the parish with Mearley and Worston, giving a total of 349. The parish adjoins the other Ribble Valley parishes of Clitheroe, Mearley, Sabden, Wiswell, Barrow and Little Mitton. Higher areas of the parish, west of the village, are part of the Forest of Bowland Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB).

text:
# Pendleton, Lancashire

**Pendleton** is a small village and civil parish in Ribble Valley, within the county of Lancashire, England. It is close to the towns of Whalley and Clitheroe. The parish lies on the north west side of Pendle Hill below the Nick o' Pendle. The village is just off the A59, Liverpool to York main road, since the construction of the Clitheroe By-Pass. Older roads through the parish include one from Clitheroe to Whalley which passes through the Standen area and another to Burnley which passes Pendleton Hall.

Pendleton Brook runs down the centre of Main Street in the village. The village pub, the Swan with Two Necks, won the Campaign for Real Ale's (CAMRA) national pub of the year award in 2013.

According to the 2001 census, the parish had a population of 203; however, the United Kingdom Census 2011 grouped the parish with Mearley and Worston (2001 pop. 25 and 76), giving a total of 349.

The parish adjoins the other Ribble Valley parishes of Clitheroe, Mearley, Sabden, Wiswell, Barrow and Little Mitton. Higher areas of the parish, west of the village, are part of the Forest of Bowland Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB).

## History

The brief details of the Blackburnshire hundred in the Domesday survey, mention Pendleton with King Edward holding half a hide of land here.

Wymondhouses (an old farm in the south of the parish) was purchased in 1667 by the Nonconformist preacher Thomas Jollie. He had a meeting-place licensed in 1672, later building a chapel that was still in-use until the 1860s.

Pendleton also has an interesting history related to traditional folk customs and the witchcraft persecutions. A book was written on this subject entitled *The Pendle Witches* by William Harrison Ainsworth, published 1849. Doreen McGlashan, born Doreen Wilson, a Pendleton native, stated that as a child in the 1920s there was frequent talk of witches and witchcraft in the village, and that she and her siblings were kept indoors on certain Saturdays because of "witches Sabbaths" happening in the town on those days. She also recounts large May Day celebrations in her youth which included dancing around a maypole, and states that as a girl she specifically remembers "pretty girls" often being suspected of witchcraft by the villagers.

## Governance

Pendleton was once a township in the ancient parish of Whalley. This became a civil parish in 1866, forming part of the Clitheroe Rural District from 1894. Parts of the parish transferred to Sabden on its creation in 1904, however the area around Coldcoats was added in 1935. Since 1974 it has formed part of the Borough of Ribble Valley.

Along with Wiswell, Barrow (since 2015), Mearley and Worston, the parish forms the Wiswell and Pendleton ward of Ribble Valley Borough Council.

## Notable people

**Notes**

**Citations**

1. "Parish headcount" (PDF). Lancashire County Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 December 2006. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
2. Farrer and Brownbill 1911, pp. 392–396
3. Rebecca Smithers (19 August 2015). "Camra crowns Swan with Two Necks in Lancashire national pub of the year". *The Guardian*. London.
4. UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – Pendleton Parish (1170215123)". *Nomis*. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
5. "Wards and parishes map". *MARIO*. Lancashire County Council. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
6. *Forest of Bowland map* (Map). forestofbowland.com. Lancashire County Council.
7. "Domesday Book Online". *domesdaybook.co.uk*. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
8. Historic England, "No. 2 Wymondhouses, Pendleton (1165082)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 18 August 2015
9. *Lancashire and Furness* (Map) (1st ed.). 1 : 10,560. County Series. Ordnance Survey. 1848.
10. "Pendleton Tn/CP through time". *visionofbritain.org.uk*. GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
11. "Wiswell and Pendleton". *Ordnance Survey Linked Data Platform*. Ordnance Survey. Retrieved 26 March 2016.

**Bibliography**

## InfoBox

| Pendleton | |
| --- | --- |
| Pendleton | |
| PendletonShown within Ribble ValleyPendletonLocation within Lancashire | |
| Population | 203 (2001) |
| OS grid reference | SD756395 |
| Civil parish | * Pendleton |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | CLITHEROE |
| Postcode district | BB7 |
| Dialling code | 01200 |
|  | |
| Police | Lancashire |
| Fire | Lancashire |
| Ambulance | North West |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Pendé

abstract: Pendé is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

text:
# Pendé

**Pendé** (French pronunciation: \[pɑ̃de\]) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

## Geography

The commune is situated on the D2 road, some 13 miles (21 km) northwest of Abbeville, near the bay of the Somme River.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 1,099 |  |
| 1975 | 1,052 | −0.62% |
| 1982 | 1,043 | −0.12% |
| 1990 | 1,055 | +0.14% |
| 1999 | 980 | −0.82% |
| 2007 | 1,118 | +1.66% |
| 2012 | 1,118 | +0.00% |
| 2017 | 1,069 | −0.89% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Pendé | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Pendé | |
| Location of Pendé | |
| PendéPendé | |
| Coordinates: 50°09′37″N 1°35′05″E / 50.1603°N 1.5847°E / 50.1603; 1.5847 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Hauts-de-France |
| Department | Somme |
| Arrondissement | Abbeville |
| Canton | Friville-Escarbotin |
| Intercommunality | CA Baie de Somme |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Bernard Ducrocq |
| Area**1** | 16.43 km2 (6.34 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 1,046 |
| Density | 64/km2 (160/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 80618 /80230 |
| Elevation | 2–56 m (6.6–183.7 ft)
(avg. 5 m or 16 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Pendências

abstract: Pendências is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Norte in the Northeast region of Brazil.

text:
# Pendências

**Pendências** is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Norte in the Northeast region of Brazil.

5°16′S 36°43′W / 5.267°S 36.717°W / -5.267; -36.717

## InfoBox

| Pendências | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | Nordeste |
| State | Rio Grande do Norte |
| Mesoregion | Oeste Potiguar |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 15,272 |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |


title: Pennepack Baptist Church

abstract: Pennepack Baptist Church, also known as the Pennepek Baptist Church and the Lower Dublin Baptist Church, is an historic, American Baptist church that is located in Bustleton, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. It is one of the oldest Baptist congregations in North America, and is situated in the 23rd Ward of Philadelphia, near Pennypack Creek.

text:
# Pennepack Baptist Church

**Pennepack Baptist Church**, also known as the **Pennepek Baptist Church** and the **Lower Dublin Baptist Church**, is an historic, American Baptist church that is located in Bustleton, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

It is one of the oldest Baptist congregations in North America, and is situated in the 23rd Ward of Philadelphia, near Pennypack Creek (also known as the Pennepek).

## History and architectural features

The congregation of this church was founded in 1688 by Elias Keach, the son of Benjamin Keach, as the first Baptist church in Pennsylvania, and originally was based on Calvinist (Reformed) theology. Ebenezer Kinnersley, a notable scientist, served as minister for a period during the 1700s. The current church building was constructed in 1805 on the site of two earlier church buildings dating back to 1707.

The church congregation still meets weekly.

40°04′53″N 75°03′04″W / 40.08127°N 75.05120°W / 40.08127; -75.05120


title: Penjaringan

abstract: Penjaringan is a district of North Jakarta Administrative City, Indonesia. It is the westernmost district of North Jakarta. Muara Angke Port and the mouth of Sunda Kelapa Port are located within Penjaringan. Penjaringan contains the remnants of the original mangrove forest of Jakarta, some of which are protected by the Muara Angke Wildlife Sanctuary. Penjaringan District is criss-crossed with water-draining channels, canals, and water reservoirs to protect the land from sea flooding. The Cengkareng Drain, part of Jakarta's flood control system, flows to the sea through this bdistrict. Penjaringan District, especially within Penjaringan Administrative Village, contains several historic Dutch colonial buildings such as the remains of the city wall of Batavia and the 17th-century warehouses. The boundaries of Penjaringan District are Jakarta Bay to the north, Sunda Kelapa Port to the east, and Kamal Muara Road - Kapuk Raya Road to the south.

text:
# Penjaringan

**Penjaringan** is a district of North Jakarta Administrative City, Indonesia. It is the westernmost district of North Jakarta. Muara Angke Port and the mouth of Sunda Kelapa Port are located within Penjaringan. Penjaringan contains the remnants of the original mangrove forest of Jakarta, some of which are protected by the Muara Angke Wildlife Sanctuary.

Penjaringan District is criss-crossed with water-draining channels, canals, and water reservoirs to protect the land from sea flooding. The Cengkareng Drain, part of Jakarta's flood control system, flows to the sea through this bdistrict.

Penjaringan District, especially within Penjaringan Administrative Village, contains several historic Dutch colonial buildings such as the remains of the city wall of Batavia and the 17th-century warehouses (now a Maritime Museum).

The boundaries of Penjaringan District are Jakarta Bay to the north, Sunda Kelapa Port to the east, and Kamal Muara Road - Kapuk Raya Road to the south.

## History

The coastal area of Penjaringan District is one of the most historic areas in Jakarta. The mouth of the Ciliwung or Liwung River was an important port in West Java. It was used as the main port of the kingdom of Pakuan Pajajaran and Batavia. Around the 16th century, the Muara Angke (a coastal area to the west of old Batavia) was used by the Sultanate of Banten and the Sultanate of Demak as a strategic post to capture the port of Sunda Kelapa from the Portuguese.

In the 17th century, during the Dutch colonial era, the area that is now Penjaringan Administrative Village was developed into a ship docking area. Warehouses and shipbuilding facilities are built in this area, and some of these 17th-century structures still exist today (such as the now *Museum Bahari* and *Galangan Kapal VOC*, a former trade office built in 1628).

In the 18th century, local villages started to appear around the Dutch Batavia. Some of these villages, located within the port of Batavia, are today known as Kampung Luar Batang. Kampung Luar Batang is the location of the Luar Batang Mosque, established in 1739.

During the 1970s, because of insufficient capacity and the lack of facilities, a new fishing port called *Pelabuhan Perikanan Samudera Jakarta (PPSJ)* (also known as "Jakarta Fishing Port") was created on the west side of Sunda Kelapa Harbor, within Penjaringan District. The feasibility and engineering study was done by Japan International Cooperation Agency from 1973 to 1979. The construction was divided into four phases which began in 1980 and was finished in 2002.

## Mangroves

Penjaringan contains some of Jakarta's original mangrove forest. Some of these mangrove forests are protected by the Muara Angke Wildlife Sanctuary (located at Kapuk Muara Administrative Village). Another protected mangrove forest in the Penjaringan Subdistrict is the privately-owned Angke Kapuk Nature Tourism Park (99.82 ha), which was given by the Jakarta government to PT Murindra Karya Lestari in an attempt to rehabilitate the area back into its original natural state.

## Muara Angke marina

On January 5, 2012, the new Muara Angke marina opened to service passenger ships plying routes between the Thousand Islands and the mainland.

## Flooding

Being a low plain coastal area, Penjaringan is constantly threatened by flooding from high tide. In Penjaringan Administrative Village itself, a series of plans to reduce flooding has been planned, including settlement relocation, drainage improvement, and the construction of a dike. Research about flooding has been done especially within Penjaringan District.

In 2008, seven dikes were installed within the district of Penjaringan to protect the area from increasing levels of sea tide. The dike consists of Muara Baru dike, Muara Angke dike, Luar Batang dike, Pluit Reservoir, Kapuk Muara dike, Pelindo Harbor dike, and Mutiara Beach dike.

## Kelurahan (Administrative Village)

The district of Penjaringan is divided into five *kelurahan* ("administrative villages"):

* Penjaringan - area code 14440
* Pluit \- area code 14450
* Pejagalan - area code 14450
* Kapuk Muara - area code 14460
* Kamal Muara - area code 14470

## List of important places

www.wisatapesisir.com


title: Perineum sunning

abstract: Perineum sunning or butthole sunning is a wellness practice that involves exposing the perineum to sunlight. Adherents claim various unproven health benefits such as improved libido, circulation, sleep, and longevity. There is no scientific evidence that this behavior promotes any of the alleged benefits. The practice of exposing a sensitive area of skin to sunlight also increases the risk of skin cancers such as melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal-cell carcinoma. Doctors recommend safer alternative options such as relaxation, meditation, and mindfulness, which can actually achieve the desired benefits.

text:
# Perineum sunning

**Perineum sunning** or **butthole sunning** is a wellness practice that involves exposing the perineum (area between the genitals and anus) to sunlight. Adherents claim various unproven health benefits such as improved libido, circulation, sleep, and longevity. There is no scientific evidence that this behavior promotes any of the alleged benefits. The practice of exposing a sensitive area of skin to sunlight also increases the risk of skin cancers such as melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal-cell carcinoma. Doctors recommend safer alternative options such as relaxation, meditation, and mindfulness, which can actually achieve the desired benefits.


title: Perinetia (wasp)

abstract: Perinetia is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae.

text:
# Perinetia (wasp)

***Perinetia*** is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae.

## InfoBox

| *Perinetia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Eulophidae |
| Subfamily: | Eulophinae |
| Genus: | *Perinetia*<br>Risbec, 1952 |
|
| Species | |
|  | |


title: Pennsylvania Route 513

abstract: Pennsylvania Route 513 is a 6.5-mile-long (10.5 km) state highway in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. The route runs from U.S. Route 13 in Bensalem Township north to PA 413 in Penndel. The route passes through suburban areas in lower Bucks County, serving Bensalem Township, Hulmeville, and Penndel. PA 513 has intermediate junctions with PA 132 in Bensalem Township and US 1 Business in Penndel. PA 513 was designated in 1928 between US 13 in Cornwells Heights and PA 101 near South Langhorne. By 1947, PA 513 was rerouted to its current northern terminus, replacing a part of PA 113.

text:
# Pennsylvania Route 513

**Pennsylvania Route 513** (**PA 513**) is a 6.5-mile-long (10.5 km) state highway in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. The route runs from U.S. Route 13 (US 13) in Bensalem Township north to PA 413 in Penndel. The route passes through suburban areas in lower Bucks County, serving Bensalem Township, Hulmeville, and Penndel. PA 513 has intermediate junctions with PA 132 in Bensalem Township and US 1 Business (US 1 Bus.) in Penndel. PA 513 was designated in 1928 between US 13 in Cornwells Heights and PA 101 near South Langhorne. By 1947, PA 513 was rerouted to its current northern terminus, replacing a part of PA 113.

## Route description

PA 513 begins at an intersection with US 13 in the Cornwells Heights section of Bensalem Township, Bucks County, heading northeast on two-lane undivided Hulmeville Road. The route passes through suburban residential areas, running to the east of Bensalem Township Country Club. The road crosses PA 132 in a commercial area, where it becomes a three-lane road with a center left-turn lane. PA 513 heads through areas of homes and businesses, passing to the west of Bensalem High School. The road comes to a bridge over the Pennsylvania Turnpike (Interstate 276) and continues through suburban development as a two-lane road. The route crosses the Neshaminy Creek into the borough of Hulmeville, where it turns north onto Bellevue Avenue at the Trenton Road intersection and passes through wooded areas of homes. The road continues north into the borough of Penndel and runs past more homes and businesses, reaching an intersection with US 1 Bus. (Lincoln Highway). A short distance later, PA 513 comes to its northern terminus at an intersection with PA 413, at which point Bellevue Avenue continues north as PA 413.

## History

By 1911, what is now PA 513 was a paved road between present-day US 13 and PA 132 while the remainder was unpaved. PA 513 was designated in 1928 to run from US 13 in Cornwells Heights north to PA 101 (Durham Road) near South Langhorne, following its present alignment to Hulmeville and continuing northeast on Trenton Road to PA 101. By this time, the entire route was paved. By 1947, PA 513 was realigned at Hulmeville to head north to US 1 (now US 1 Bus.) and PA 413 in Penndel, replacing a portion of PA 113.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Bucks County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bensalem Township | 0.000 | 0.000 | US 13 (Bristol Pike) | Southern terminius |
| | 1.630 | 2.623 | PA 132 (Street Road) Southampton, Eddington |  |
| Penndel | 6.444 | 10.371 |
US 1 Bus. (Lincoln Highway) |  |
| | 6.522 | 10.496 | PA 413 (Bellevue Avenue/Durham Road) | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Pennsylvania Route 513KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Pennsylvania Route 513 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by PennDOT | |
| Length | 6.522 mi (10.496 km) |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | US 13 in Bensalem Township |
| Major intersections |  |
| North end | PA 413 in Penndel |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| Counties | Bucks |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| PA 512   PA 514 | |


title: Pernem

abstract: Pernem is a town and a municipal council in North Goa district in the Indian state of Goa. It is the capital of the Pernem Sub-District.

text:
# Pernem

**Pernem** (*Peddnne*; \[pɛːɽɳɛ̃ː\]) is a town and a municipal council in North Goa district in the Indian state of Goa. It is the capital of the Pernem Sub-District.

## Geography

Pernem is one of the twelve sub-districts of Goa. It consists of twenty village panchayats and one municipality (Pernem city), and is surrounded by Vengurla and Sawantwadi sub-districts of Sindhudurga to the north, Dodamarg sub-district of Sindhudurga to the east, Bardez and Bicholim to the south and the Arabian Sea to the west.

Villages and towns in the area include Agarvado, Alorna, Amberem, Arambol, Cansarvornem, Casnem, Chandel, Chopdem, Corgao, Dargalim, Ibrampur, Mandrem, Morjim, Mopa, Ozorim, Paliem, Parcem, Pernem, Poroscodem, Querim, Tamboxem, Tiracol, Torxem, Tuem, Uguem, Varconda and Virnora.

Pernem has two waterfalls, one in the Mauli Temple area at Sarmale and another in the Mulvir Temple area at Malpe.

## Demographics

As of 2011, Pernem has a population of 70,726, of which 36,095 are male and 34,631 are female. The literacy rate is 79.7%, with the male literacy rate at 84.1% and the female literacy rate at 75.3%.

It is estimated that Pernem's population is around 90,529 at 2022.

## Religion

### Igreja de São José

A chapel was built in 1852 by the Portuguese after their successful Nova Conquistador campaign. It was elevated into a Parish on 2 January 1855. St. Joseph Church was rebuilt in 1864 and renovated in 2002. The Parish has 5 substations constituted of 11 small Christian communities. Fr. Paulo Dias is the Parish Priest.

### Hindu Festivals

Pernem is famous for Dussehra. The festival spans 5 days, ending on Kojagiri Pournima. On the day of Kojagiri Pournima one of Goa's biggest feasts is organised. Temples include Adisthan Mangar, Bhagwati, Rawalnath, Bhootnath, Sateri, Dwarpal, Mauli, Gautameshwar, Narayan, Mulvir, Maruti and Shri somnath.

## Economy

There is no major source of income in the sub-district. The sub-district market is not large. Most of the people depend on other regions for employment. Pernem hosts around 300 to 400 small and medium enterprises. The Thursday weekly market is the second largest in North Goa.

## Government and politics

Pernem is part of Pernem (Goa Assembly constituency) and North Goa (Lok Sabha constituency).

## Education

There are four high schools in Pernem, namely Vikas High School, Viscount of Pernem High School, Shree Bhagwati and St. Joseph. Higher education is pursued at Govt Higher Secondary of Commerce, Arts, Science & Vocational studies, Govt College Sohirobanath Ambiye college of arts and commerce. There are no institutions for higher education for Science, Engineering and Medicine in Pernem.

## Medical facilities

There is one hospital in Pernem, the Government Health Centre.

## Transport

Pernem is well connected, by Air{Manohar International Airport},road and the Konkan Railway. Pernem railway station is the first railway station in Goa for inbound trains from Mumbai. The Mandovi Express, Konkan Kanya Express and Goa Sampark Kranti Express stop there. National Highway 66 passes through the area, connecting it to Mumbai, Pune and Mangaluru.

### Casa de Hospides

Also called the House of Hospitality (in English), this building was built by the Portuguese for the *Visconde de Pernem* (Viscount of Pernem). It was basically a Guest house for Europeans visiting the northern frontier of Goa. The Hindu Deshprabhus the only family from India family to receive a Viscountship in all of European nobility reside in it to this date.

## List of towns and villages

List of towns in Pernem taluk:

List of villages in Pernem taluk:

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Pernem Pedne | |
| --- | --- |
| Town / Sub-District Capital | |
| Igreja de São José Pernem (1855) | |
| PernemPernem | |
| Coordinates: 15°43′00″N 73°47′49″E / 15.716740°N 73.796996°E / 15.716740; 73.796996 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Goa |
| District | North Goa |
| Established | Early 1800s |
| Government | |
| MLA | Pravin Prabhakar Arlekar |
| Chairperson | Shivram Tukoji |
| Area | |
| Total | 4 km2 (2 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 6 m (20 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 70,726 |
| Density | 18,000/km2 (46,000/sq mi) |
| Demonym(s) | Pednekar, Pernecar |
| Languages | |
| Official | Konkani |
| Also spoken | English, Portuguese, Marathi |
| Religions | |
| Dominant | Hinduism 93.13% |
| Minor | Christianity 5.08% |
| Historical | Roman Catholicism |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Postcode | 403512 |
| Telephone code | 0832 2201 |


title: Pennsylvania Route 861

abstract: Pennsylvania Route 861 is a 11.67-mile-long (18.78 km) state highway located in Clarion County in Pennsylvania. The western terminus is at PA 68 in Rimersburg. The eastern terminus is at PA 66 in New Bethlehem.

text:
# Pennsylvania Route 861

**Pennsylvania Route 861** (**PA 861**) is a 11.67-mile-long (18.78 km) state highway located in Clarion County in Pennsylvania. The western terminus is at PA 68 in Rimersburg. The eastern terminus is at PA 66 in New Bethlehem.

## Route description

PA 861 begins at an intersection with PA 68 in the borough of Rimersburg, heading southeast on a two-lane undivided road. The route heads into Toby Township and runs through forests, soon crossing into Madison Township. The road curves south, passing through Diamond before making a turn to the east and continuing into agricultural areas. PA 861 enters Porter Township and continues east through a mix of farmland and woodland with occasional homes. The route heads to the southeast through more rural areas before curving east and heading into the borough of New Bethlehem. At this point, the PA 861 becomes Penn Street and passes homes, ending at an intersection with PA 66.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Clarion County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Rimersburg | 0.00 | 0.00 | PA 68 (Main Street) East Brady, Clarion | Western terminus |
| New Bethlehem | 11.67 | 18.78 | PA 66 (Wood Street) Clarion, Kittanning | Eastern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br> | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Pennsylvania Route 861KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Pennsylvania Route 861 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by PennDOT | |
| Length | 11.67 mi (18.78 km) |
| Existed | 1928–present |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | PA 68 in Rimersburg |
| East end | PA 66 in New Bethlehem |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| Counties | Clarion |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| PA 860   PA 862 | |


title: Perceptual (album)

abstract: Perceptual is the second studio album by Brian Blade Fellowship, released in 2000, on the Blue Note label.

text:
# Perceptual (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Perceptual*** is the second studio album by Brian Blade Fellowship, released in 2000, on the Blue Note label.

## Track listing

All tracks composed by Brian Blade; except where indicated

1. "Perceptual" (Jon Cowherd) – 6:28
2. "Evinrude-Fifty (Trembling)" – 7:56
3. "Reconciliation" (Cowherd) – 6:44
4. "Crooked Creek" (Cowherd) – 9:10
5. "Patron Saint of Girls" – 2:40
6. "The Sunday Boys (Improvisation)" (Cowherd, Myron Walden) – 1:06
7. "Variations of A Bloodline" – 9:09
8. "Steadfast" – 8:21
9. "Trembling" – 2:17

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Perceptual | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Brian Blade | |
| Released | April 11, 2000 |
| Recorded | September 1999 |
| Length | 53:51 |
| Label | Blue Note |
| Producer |  |
| Brian Blade chronology | |
| *Brian Blade Fellowship*
(1998) ***Perceptual***
(2000) *Season of Changes*
(2008) | |


title: Perceptual Evaluation of Audio Quality

abstract: Perceptual Evaluation of Audio Quality (PEAQ) is a standardized algorithm for objectively measuring perceived audio quality, developed in 1994–1998 by a joint venture of experts within Task Group 6Q of the International Telecommunication Union's Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R). It was originally released as ITU-R Recommendation BS.1387 in 1998 and last updated in 2023. It utilizes software to simulate perceptual properties of the human ear and then integrates multiple model output variables into a single metric. PEAQ characterizes the perceived audio quality as subjects would do in a listening test according to ITU-R BS.1116. PEAQ results principally model mean opinion scores that cover a scale from 1 (bad) to 5 (excellent). The Subjective Difference Grade (SDG), which measures the degree of compression damage (impairment) is defined as the difference between the opinion scores of tested version and the reference (source). The SDG typically ranges from 0 to -4. The Objective Difference Grade (ODG) is the actual output of the algorithm, designed to match SDG.

text:
# Perceptual Evaluation of Audio Quality

**Perceptual Evaluation of Audio Quality** (**PEAQ**) is a standardized algorithm for objectively measuring perceived audio quality, developed in 1994–1998 by a joint venture of experts within Task Group 6Q of the International Telecommunication Union's Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R). It was originally released as ITU-R Recommendation BS.1387 in 1998 and last updated in 2023. It utilizes software to simulate perceptual properties of the human ear and then integrates multiple model output variables into a single metric.

PEAQ characterizes the perceived audio quality as subjects would do in a listening test according to ITU-R BS.1116. PEAQ results principally model mean opinion scores that cover a scale from 1 (bad) to 5 (excellent). The *Subjective Difference Grade* (SDG), which measures the degree of compression damage (impairment) is defined as the difference between the opinion scores of tested version and the reference (source). The SDG typically ranges from 0 (no perceived impairment) to -4 (terrible impairment). The ***Objective Difference Grade*** (ODG) is the actual output of the algorithm, designed to match SDG.

| Impairment description | BS.1284 Grade | ODG |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Imperceptible | 5.0 | 0.0 |
| Perceptible, but not annoying | 4.0 | −1.0 |
| Slightly annoying | 3.0 | −2.0 |
| Annoying | 2.0 | −3.0 |
| Very annoying | 1.0 | −4.0 |

## Motivation

The need to conserve bandwidth has led to developments in the compression of the audio data to be transmitted. Various encoding methods remove both redundancy and perceptual irrelevancy in the audio signal so that the bit rate required to encode the signal is significantly reduced. They take into account knowledge of human auditory perception and typically achieve a reduced bit rate by ignoring audio information that is not likely to be heard by most listeners. Traditional audio measurements like frequency response based on sinusoidal sweeps, S/N, THD+N do not necessarily correlate well with the audio codec quality. A psychoacoustic model must be used to predict how the information is masked by louder audio content adjacent in time and frequency.

Since subjective listening tests are time-consuming, expensive and impractical for everyday use, it was beneficial to substitute listening tests with objective, computer-based methods. Steered by the ITU-R Task Group 6Q, a group of leading sound quality experts developed a new objective model for sound quality: PEAQ. These contributors were:

## Principles

In perceptual coding it is fundamental to determine the level of noise that can be introduced into a signal before it becomes audible. Because the human auditory system is highly non-linear, noise levels vary with time and frequency characteristics of the audio signal. Psychoacoustic studies can deliver threshold criteria for various acoustic events and the resulting perceived sounds. The key is masking, that describes the effect that a sound produces into another simultaneous sound. Masking depends on the spectral composition of both masker and masking signal, and on other variations with time. The basic block diagram of a perceptual coding system is shown in the figure.

The input signal is decomposed into subsampled spectral components. For each sample an estimation of the actual masked threshold is derived using rules known from psychoacoustics. This is the perceptual model of the encoding system. The spectral components are quantized and coded, keeping the quantization noise below the masked threshold. Finally, the bitstream is formed.

The analysis of the results are based on the Subjective Difference Grade. It compares the signal under test with the original reference signal.

## Models

The model follows the fundamental properties of the auditory system and it differences stages of physiological and psychoacoustic effects. The first part models the construction of the signal with a Discrete Fourier transform and filter banks. The second part provides cognitive processing as the human brain does. The next image represents a simple block diagram of the relationship between the human audio system and an objective psychoacoustic model.

From the model comparison of the test signal with the (original) reference signal, a number of model output variables are derived. Each model output variable may measure different psychoacoustic dimensions. In the final stage the model output variables are combined using a neural network (weights defined in standard) to produce a result that copes with subjective quality assessment.

There are two variations of the model. The Basic version (less processing intensive) was developed to be fast enough for real-time monitoring and only uses FFT. The Advanced version is computationally more demanding and may deliver slightly more accurate results; it uses FFT and filter banks to produce more MOVs for the neural network to work with.

## License

The PEAQ technology as recommended by ITU-R Rec. BS.1387 is protected by several patents and is available under license together with the original code for commercial applications according to ITU fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory terms.

### Royalty-free implementations

* An early open-source implementation of the basic model, named EAQUAL, was discontinued in 2002 because of patent infringement claims.
* For educational use, there exists a free cross-platform program called Peaqb which accomplishes the same functions in a limited manner, as it has not been validated with the ITU data. Evaluation by GstPEAQ authors show an RMSE of 0.2063 for 16 ITU test vectors.
* Another unvalidated implementation of the PEAQ basic model for educational use, PQevalAudio, is available from the TSP Lab of McGill University. Evaluation by GstPEAQ authors show an RMSE of 0.2329 for 16 ITU test vectors.
* GstPEAQ implements both the basic and advanced models, but fails to conform to BS.1387-1 tolerances. Nevertheless, the difference from conformance (RMSE 0.2009 in basic mode) is smaller than previous open-source implementations. The author also found that the difference to be statistically insignificant in terms of using the ODG as an estimate of the SDG.

## Further reading

* ITU-R Recommendation BS.1387: Method for objective measurements of perceived audio quality (PEAQ)
* ITU-R Recommendation BS.1116: Methods for the subjective assessment of small impairments in audio systems including multichannel sound systems
* ITU-R Recommendation BS.1534: Method for the subjective assessment of intermediate quality levels of coding systems (MUSHRA)
* Spanias, Andreas; Painter, Ted; Atti, Venkatraman (2007). "Quality Measures for Perceptual Audio Coding". *Audio Signal Processing and Coding*. Wiley-Interscience. pp. 401. ISBN 978-0-47179147-8.
* Cvejic, Nedeljko; Seppänen, Tapio Tapio (2007). "Subjective and Objective Quality Evaluation of Watremarked Audio". *Digital Audio Watermarking Techniques and Technologies*. Idea Group Inc. p. 270. ISBN 978-1-59904515-3.
* Delgado, Pablo M.; Herre, Jürgen (May 2020). *Can We Still Use PEAQ? A Performance Analysis of the ITU Standard for the Objective Assessment of Perceived Audio Quality*. 2020 Twelfth International Conference on Quality of Multimedia Experience (QoMEX). pp. 1–6. arXiv:2212.01467. doi:10.1109/QoMEX48832.2020.9123105.  finds PEAQ falling behind other objective methods in terms of accuracy, but retraining the MOV-to-ODG neural network produces a model surpassing other objective methods


title: Perales, Los Santos

abstract: Perales is a corregimiento in Guararé District, Los Santos Province, Panama with a population of 421 as of 2010. It was created by Law 58 of July 29, 1998, owing to the Declaration of Unconstitutionality of Law 1 of 1982. Its population as of 2000 was 416.

text:
# Perales, Los Santos

**Perales**  is a corregimiento in Guararé District, Los Santos Province, Panama with a population of 421 as of 2010. It was created by Law 58 of July 29, 1998, owing to the Declaration of Unconstitutionality of Law 1 of 1982. Its population as of 2000 was 416.

## InfoBox

| Perales | |
| --- | --- |
| Corregimiento | |
| Perales | |
| Coordinates: 7°47′00″N 80°20′00″W / 7.7833°N 80.3333°W / 7.7833; -80.3333 | |
| Country | Panama |
| Province | Los Santos |
| District | Guararé |
| Established | July 29, 1998 |
| Area | |
| Land | 17.9 km2 (6.9 sq mi) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 421 |
| Density | 23.6/km2 (61/sq mi) |
|  | Population density calculated based on land area. |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (EST) |


title: Perry Marshall

abstract: Perry Sink Marshall is an American business consultant, and author of books on marketing, business strategy, communications technology, and evolution.

text:
# Perry Marshall

**Perry Sink Marshall** is an American business consultant, and author of books on marketing, business strategy, communications technology, and evolution.

## Life

Marshall is the son of a pastor. He graduated with a degree in electrical engineering from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.

## Work and publications

After graduating, Marshall worked as an acoustical engineer at Jensen, where he designed loudspeaker systems for Honda, Mazda, Ford and Chrysler.

Subsequently, he was a national sales manager at Synergetic Micro Systems; he left in 2001 after the company was bought by Lantronix. He started a marketing consultancy, Perry S. Marshall & Associates, and published his first book, *Industrial Ethernet: A Pocket Guide*. It was followed by second and third editions, co-written with John Rinaldi.

Marshall learned to use Google AdWords soon after it was first introduced.

In 2002, he released *Guerrilla Marketing for Hi-Tech Sales People*, an audio CD. With Bryan Todd, he wrote *The Definitive Guide to Google AdWords* in 2006, and *Ultimate Guide to Google AdWords* in 2007.

In 2011, with Thomas Meloche, Marshall published *Ultimate Guide to Facebook Advertising*.

He wrote *80/20 Sales and Marketing*, published in 2013, expanding on Richard Koch's 80/20 rule, as it applies to various areas in the operation of a business. *Inc.* magazine reviewed it as one of the "5 Best Sales Books of 2013".

He wrote a paper detailing the underlying mathematical basis of the 80/20 rule, which was published in the June 2018 issue of the Harvard Business Review, Italian edition.

His paper entitled *Biology transcends the limits of computation* was published in the journal Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology in October 2021.

With William Miller, Arthur Reber and Frantisek Baluska, he co-authored the paper *Cellular and Natural Viral Engineering in Cognition-Based Evolution*, which was published in the May 2023 issue of *Communicative and Integrative Biology*.

His paper entitled *The Role of Quantum Mechanics in Cognition Based Evolution* was published in the journal Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology in July 2023

He continues to design high performance loudspeakers and write on the design philosophy he follows. In January 2021, one of his designs was featured on the cover of AudioXpress magazine. Another of his speakers won the Parts Express annual design competition. He hosted the June 2023 meeting of the Chicago Audio Society in 2023.

## Evolution

In 2015, he published *Evolution 2.0: Breaking the Deadlock Between Darwin And Design* (BenBella Books, Inc., ISBN 978-1-940363-80-6), a publicly accessible account of scientific progress supporting extended evolutionary synthesis.

The book accepts the process of Natural Selection, but based on the work of Barbara McClintock, Lynn Margulis, James A. Shapiro and Denis Noble, rejects the hypothesis that variation arises primarily from random DNA copying errors. It summarises the argument of Hubert Yockey that DNA transcription and translation are encoding and decoding as defined in information theory expounded by Claude Shannon and not derivable from currently known laws of physics. He provides an overview of the following mechanisms, which he regards as more likely sources of variation:

* Epigenetics – heritable phenotype changes that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence
* Transposition – the rearrangement of DNA segments to different locations in the gene
* Horizontal gene transfer – the transfer of genetic material between organisms
* Hybridization – the outcome of sexual reproduction between two distinct species
* Symbiogenesis – the theory that some organelles of eukaryotic cells are descended from formerly free-living prokaryotes

He debated these issues with Michael Levin at the Institute of Art and Ideas.

### Evolution 2.0 Technology Prize

Marshall has organized a private equity group and created the Evolution 2.0 prize, which is presently a $10 million reward for an Origin Of Information experiment that can be specified as a patentable process. He announced the prize at the Royal Society in May 2019.

The Evolution 2.0 prize is offered to anyone who can demonstrate a spontaneously arising communication system that matches Claude Shannon’s 1948 definition. Marshall says that if claims that codes are an emergent property of nature are true, then the problem should be in principle solvable and commercially valuable. He suggests that such a discovery would produce breakthrough results in Artificial Intelligence research.

Submissions will be evaluated by a judging panel consisting of:

### Cancer Symposium and Working Group

Marshall was a co-organizer – with Frank H. Laukien, James A. Shapiro, Denis Noble and Henry Heng – of the three-day *Cancer and Evolution Symposium* in October 2020, and was the facilitator of the third day of that event. This symposium led to the creation of the Cancer Evolution Working Group within the American Association for Cancer Research, and to the monthly online Cancer Evolution Seminar Series.

Marshall is a faculty member at the *1st International Conference on Polyploid Giant Cancer Cells* at the University of Texas, February 2024.

## InfoBox

| Perry Marshall | |
| --- | --- |
| Perry Marshall c. 2013 | |
| Alma mater | University of Nebraska |
| Occupation(s) | Marketing consultant, author |
| Website | perrymarshall.com |


title: Percidae

abstract: The Percidae are a family of ray-finned fish, part of the order Perciformes, which are found in fresh and brackish waters of the Northern Hemisphere. The majority are Nearctic, but there are also Palearctic species. The family contains more than 200 species in 11 genera. The perches and their relatives are in this family; well-known species include the walleye, sauger, ruffe, and three species of perch. However, small fish known as darters are also a part of this family.

text:
# Percidae

The **Percidae** are a family of ray-finned fish, part of the order Perciformes, which are found in fresh and brackish waters of the Northern Hemisphere. The majority are Nearctic, but there are also Palearctic species. The family contains more than 200 species in 11 genera. The perches and their relatives are in this family; well-known species include the walleye, sauger, ruffe, and three species of perch. However, small fish known as darters are also a part of this family.

## Characteristics

The family is characterised by having the dorsal fin split into two which are normally separated or have a narrow connection, although this is wider in the genus *Zingel*, the front section contains the spines and the rear section contains the soft rays. The anal fin contains 1 or 2 spines, if there is a second spine it is typically weak. The pelvic fins are placed on the thorax and have a single spine and 5 soft rays. They also have skeletal synapomorphies. The maximum size attained is 100 centimetres (39 in) in the zander (*Sander lucioperca*) but most of the species in the family are much smaller. Their scales are ctenoid and their bodies are normally somewhat elongate.

## Systematics

The 5th Edition of *Fishes of the World* classifies the Percidae into five subfamilies and Fishbase recognises 239 species in 11 genera.

### Fossil genera

## InfoBox

| Percidae
Temporal range: Eocene to present | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Yellow perch (*Perca flavescens*) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Perciformes |
| Superfamily: | Percoidea |
| Family: | Percidae
Rafinesque, 1815 |
|
| Subfamilies | |
| see text | |