abstract: This is a list of royal commissions appointed by the Government of Western Australia since 1934:

text:
# List of Western Australian royal commissions

This is a **list of royal commissions** appointed by the Government of Western Australia since 1934:

| Name | Commissioner | Years |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Royal Commission Appointed to Investigate, Report and Advise Upon Matters in Relation to the Condition and Treatment of Aborigines | Henry D. Moseley | 1934–1935 |
| Royal Commission on the Electoral Act, 1907-1921 and Other Relative Matters | John C. Willcock | 1935 |
| Bulk Handling of Wheat Royal Commission | William C. Angwin | 1935 |
| Royal Commission on Money-Lending and Hire-Purchase Traders | Henry D. Moseley | 1936 |
| Royal Commission on the Claremont Hospital for the Insane | Henry D. Moseley | 1936 |
| Royal Commission Investigating Certain Charges of Corruption | Percy L. Hart | 1937–1938 |
| Royal Commission on Youth Employment and the Apprenticeship System | Albert Wolff | 1937–1938 |
| Royal Commission on Light Lands and Poison-Infested Lands | Charles G. Latham | 1938 |
| Royal Commission into the Heathcote Mental Reception Home and the Administration of Mental Hospitals Generally | Henry D. Moseley | 1938 |
| Royal Commission on the South-West National Power Scheme | Frank E. Shaw | 1938–1940 |
| Royal Commission into the Administration of the Municipal Council of the City of Perth | Howard S. Raphael | 1938 |
| Royal Commissioner on Stored Wheat | Albert Wolff | 1940 |
| Royal Commission on Coal Supplies and Development in the Collie Coalfields | Richard C. Wilson | 1940 |
| Royal Commission into the Financial and Economic Position of the Pastoral industry in the Leasehold areas in Western Australia | Wallace V. Fyfe | 1940 |
| Royal Commission on the Administration of the University of Western Australia | Albert Wolff | 1941–1942 |
| Royal Commission on the Provisions of the Companies Bill | Emil Nulsen | 1941 |
| Royal Commission into the Care and Reform of Youthful Delinquents | Hal Colebatch | 1943 |
| Royal Commission on Personal Covenants in Mortgages of Land | John E. Shillington | 1945 |
| Royal Commission on the Vermin Act | Arthur F. Watts | 1945 |
| Royal Commission to Ascertain the Next-of-Kin of Leslie Adamson | Leslie W. Stotter | 1945 |
| Royal Commission into the Australian Standard Garratt Locomotive | Albert Wolff | 1945–1946 |
| Royal Commission into the Administration, Conduct and Control of the Sport of Trotting in the State of Western Australia | Charles McLean | 1946 |
| Royal Commission on the Timber Industry (Housing of Employees) Bill | Herbert H. Styants | 1946 |
| Royal Commission on the Development of the Outports of the State | Herbert H. Styants | 1946 |
| Royal Commission into the Coal Mining Industry of Western Australia | William J. Wallwork | 1947 |
| Royal Commission on Wheat Marketing and Stabilisation in Western Australia | John S. Teasdale | 1947 |
| Royal Commission on Workers' Compensation | George W. Simpson | 1947–1948 |
| Royal Commission into the Management, Workings and Control of the Western Australian Government Railways | Alexander J. Gibson | 1947–1948 |
| Royal Commission into the Financial and Economic Position of the Milk Industry in Western Australia | William E. Stannard | 1947–1948 |
| Royal Commission on the State Housing Commission | Henry D. Moseley | 1947–1948 |
| Royal Commission on Municipal Boundaries | Emanuel H. Rosman | 1947–1949 |
| Royal Commission on Betting | Charles McLean | 1948 |
| Royal Commission into Some Aspects of the Administration of the Police Force of Western Australia Under the Commissioner of Police | C. H. Book | 1948–1949 |
| Royal Commission into the Fishing Industry of Western Australia | Hugh A. Leslie | 1949 |
| Royal Commission into Bran, Pollard and Stock Food Concentrates | Leslie C. Nimmo | 1949 |
| Royal Commission on the Local Government Bill | A. E. White | 1950 |
| Royal Commission into Alleged Cases of Brutality at the Claremont Mental Hospital | Adrian H. Curlewis | 1950 |
| Royal Commission into Forestry and Timber matters in Western Australia | G. J. Rodger | 1951 |
| Royal Commission into the Effect Generally of the Application of Lime with Super upon the Fertility of the Soil | John M. Hearman | 1951–1952 |
| Royal Commission into the Efficacy of the Agricultural Practices of Mr Eric Farleigh | John M. Hearman | 1951 |
| Royal Commission on the Town Planning and Development Act Amendment Bill 1951 | Harry Hearn | 1952 |
| Royal Commission on Kindergartens | Robert R. McDonald | 1952–1953 |
| Royal Commission into Allegations against Snowden and Willson Proprietary Limited, and Snowden and Willson (Housebuilders) Proprietary Limited | Alan G. Smith | 1952–1953 |
| Royal Commission into Allegations of Bribery in the Western Australian Transport Board | Alan G. Smith | 1953 |
| Royal Commission into Matters Relating to the Marketing and Distribution of Potatoes, Onions and Eggs | Alan G. Smith | 1955 |
| Royal Commission into Matters Relating to the Retailing of Motor Spirits and Accessories | Leslie C. Diver | 1956 |
| Royal Commission into the War Service Land Settlement Scheme in Western Australia | Leslie A. Logan | 1956–1957 |
| Royal Commission on Restrictive Trade Practices and Legislation | Arthur F. Watts | 1957 |
| Royal Commission appointed to inquire into administration of the Western Australian Government Railways | Alan G. Smith | 1957 |
| Royal Commission on Betting | George C. Ligertwood | 1959 |
| Royal Commission into Administration of the Western Australian Government Railways |  | 1957–1959 |
| Royal Commission into the Provisions of the Natural Therapists Bill | Hugh N. Guthrie | 1960–1961 |
| Royal Commission into Bribery or Inducements Offered to Members of Parliament Regarding the Totalisator Agency Board Betting Bill 1960 | William J. Wallwork | 1960 |
| Royal Commission into the Bush Fires of December, 1960 and January, February and March, 1961 in Western Australia | Geoffrey J. Rodger | 1961 |
| Royal Commission on the Builders' Registration Act 1961 | Norman E. Baxter | 1961 |
| Royal Commission on Procedures Affecting Financial Returns from Apple Growing | William C. Gillespie | 1961–1962 |
| Royal Commission into the Fisheries Act 1905-1962 and its Application to the Crayfishing Industry | Norman E. Baxter | 1964 |
| Royal Commission into the Safety of Ships | William J. Wallwork | 1964 |
| Royal Commission into Allegations Referring to the Operation of the Totalisator Agency Board | James H. Forrest | 1967 |
| Royal Commission into the Trading Activities of Wool Exporters Pty Ltd and Associated Companies | Francis Burt | 1968 |
| Royal Commission into Hire Purchase and Other Agreements | Walter R. McPharlin | 1971–1972 |
| Royal Commission into the Corridor Plan for Perth | Frederick R. White | 1972 |
| Royal Commission into Fremantle Prison | Robert E. Jones | 1972–1973 |
| Royal Commission into the Treatment of Alcohol and Drug Dependents in Western Australia | Richard J. Williams | 1972–1973 |
| Royal Commission upon all matters affecting the well being of persons of Aboriginal descent in Western Australia | Lyn C. Furnell | 1973–1974 |
| Royal Commission into Metropolitan Municipal District Boundaries | Laurence F. Johnson | 1973–1974 |
| Royal Commission on the State Government Insurance Office | Desmond C. Heenan | 1973–1974 |
| Royal Commission into Gambling | Phillip R. Adams | 1973–1974 |
| Royal Commission into Matters Relating to Homosexuality | Richard J. Williams | 1974 |
| Royal Commission on the Administration of the Stirling City Council Effluent Disposal Service | Lawrence F. Johnson | 1974 |
| Royal Commission upon Airline Services in the State and Related Matters | Reginald R. Sholl | 1974–1975 |
| Laverton Royal Commission | Gresley D. Clarkson | 1975–1976 |
| Royal Commission Concerning the Trial of Baymis Ugle | John E. Virtue | 1975–1976 |
| Royal Commission into Matters Surrounding the Administration of the Law Relating to Prostitution | John G. Norris | 1975–1976 |
| Royal Commission into the Marketing and Distribution of Beef and Sheep Meat Products | Albert V. Crane | 1975–1976 |
| Royal Commission into Dairy Products and Market Milk | Barry R. Blaikie | 1982 |
| Royal Commission into the Liquor Laws in Western Australia | John F. Syme | 1984–1985 |
| Royal Commission into Racing and Trotting in Western Australia | Norman E. Baxter | 1983 |
| Royal Commission into Parliamentary Deadlocks | Eric J. Edwards | 1984–1985 |
| Royal Commission into the Conservation and Land Management Act 1984 | Alexander A. Lewis | 1985 |
| Royal Commission into Grain Storage, Handling and Transport | James M. McColl | 1986–1988 |
| Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody | James Henry Muirhead QC | 1987–1991 |
| Royal Commission into Commercial Activities of Government and Other Matters | Geoffrey Kennedy QC | 1991–1992 |
| Royal Commission into Use of Executive Power | Kenneth Marks AM QC | 1995 |
| Royal Commission into the City of Wanneroo | Roger Davis | 1996–1997 |
| Royal Commission into the Finance Broking Industry | Ian Temby QC | 2001 |
| Royal Commission Into Whether There Has Been Corrupt or Criminal Conduct By Any Western Australian Police Officer | Geoffrey Kennedy QC | 2001–2004 |
| Perth Casino Royal Commission | Hon Neville Owen, Hon Lindy Jenkins & Colin Murphy PSM | 2021–2022 |
|

## Footnotes

1. "Royal Commissions held in Western Australia". Western Australian Parliamentary Library. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
2. The naming of commissions are also regularly known by the name of the appointed commissioner - see the notes in Zalums, E. (Elmar); Stafford, H. (Helen) (1980), *A bibliography of Western Australian royal commissions, select committees of parliament and boards of inquiry, 1870-1979*, E. Zalums & H. Stafford, ISBN 978-0-9594506-0-6
3. "Royal Commissions and Commissions of Inquiry". *www.aph.gov.au*. Parliament House, Canberra. Retrieved 10 April 2022.


title: Undaunted Courage

abstract: Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West (ISBN 0684811073), written by Stephen Ambrose, is a 1996 biography of Meriwether Lewis of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. The book is based on journals and letters written by Lewis, William Clark, Thomas Jefferson and the members of the Corps of Discovery. While most of the book is dedicated to the expedition, several chapters are also devoted to Lewis's early life as a Virginia planter and Jefferson's personal secretary, and his later life as governor of the Louisiana Territory before his untimely death in 1809.

text:
# Undaunted Courage

***Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West*** (ISBN 0684811073), written by Stephen Ambrose, is a 1996 biography of Meriwether Lewis of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. The book is based on journals and letters written by Lewis, William Clark, Thomas Jefferson and the members of the Corps of Discovery. While most of the book is dedicated to the expedition, several chapters are also devoted to Lewis's early life as a Virginia planter and Jefferson's personal secretary, and his later life as governor of the Louisiana Territory before his untimely death in 1809.

## Review

The book outlines the expedition in detail including the route, interactions with Native Americans, scientific discoveries, wildlife, and landscape. As a biography, the book is focused entirely on Lewis, Clark, Sacagawea and the others are addressed principally in their interactions with Lewis. The expedition, and Lewis' life as a whole, is placed within the broader context of Jefferson's presidency, the opening of the American west, and early Indian Policy. The text is supplemented by maps and illustrations, including some drawn by Lewis himself.

The book was number 1 *New York Times* Bestseller in 1996.

## Cancelled television series

In May 2014, HBO announced plans to produce a six-part miniseries based on the book titled *Lewis and Clark*. It starred Casey Affleck as Meriwether Lewis, Matthias Schoenaerts as William Clark, and Tanaya Beatty as Sacagawea, with Tom Hanks, Brad Pitt, and Edward Norton as executive producers.

Filming began in Manitoba during the summer of 2015. However, production was halted the following August after director John Curran and cinematographer Rob Hardy left the project due to creative differences.

In February 2016, HBO shut down production on the series.

## InfoBox

Undaunted Courage
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Stephen E. Ambrose |
| Cover artist | E. S. Paxson (*Lewis and Clark at Three Forks*, 1912) |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Historical |
| Genre | Non-fiction |
| Publisher | Simon & Schuster |
| Publication date | 1997 Hardback & 2003 Paperback |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Hardback & Paperback) |
| Pages | 592 pp (paperback edition |
| ISBN | 978-0-7434-7788-8 |
| OCLC | 56541137 |


title: List of heads of state of Cambodia

abstract: This is a list of heads of state of Cambodia from the accession of King Norodom on 19 October 1860 to the present day. It lists various heads of state which served in the modern history of Cambodia, under several different regimes and with various titles. From 1860 onward, there have been 12 heads of state. The current head of state of Cambodia is King Norodom Sihamoni, since his election by the Royal Council of the Throne on 14 October 2004.

text:
# List of heads of state of Cambodia

This is a list of heads of state of Cambodia from the accession of King Norodom on 19 October 1860 to the present day. It lists various heads of state which served in the modern history of Cambodia, under several different regimes and with various titles.

From 1860 onward, there have been 12 heads of state (acting heads of state are not counted).

The current head of state of Cambodia is King Norodom Sihamoni, since his election by the Royal Council of the Throne on 14 October 2004.

## Titles

* **1860–1960**: King of Cambodia (under French protectorate in 1863–1945 and 1945–1953, and Japanese puppet state in 1945)
* **1960**          : Chairman of the Regency Council
* **1960–1970**: Chief of State of Cambodia
* **1970–1975**: President of the Khmer Republic
* **1975**          : Chairman the Supreme Committee
* **1975–1976**: President of the State Presidium
* **1976–1979**: Chairman of the State Presidium
* **1979–1981**: Chairman of the People's Revolutionary Council
* **1981–1993**: President of the Council of State
* **1993**          : Head of State of the State of Cambodia
* **1993–present**: King of Cambodia

## List of officeholders

Political parties   Sangkum   Social Republican Party (PRS)   National United Front of Kampuchea (FUNK)   Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK)   Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party (KPRP) → Cambodian People's Party (CPP) Other factions   Military (FANK)   Independent

Note: Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of reign/office.

### Monarchy

| No. | Portrait | Name
(Birth–Death) | Reign/Tenure | | | House | Claim |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Start | End | Duration | | |
| 1 |  | Norodom
នរោត្តម
(1834–1904) | 19 October 1860 | 24 April 1904 | 43 years, 188 days | Norodom | Son of Ang Duong |
| 2 |  | Sisowath
ស៊ីសុវតិ្ថ
(1840–1927) | 27 April 1904 | 9 August 1927 | 23 years, 104 days | Sisowath | Brother of Norodom |
| 3 |  | Sisowath Monivong
ស៊ីសុវត្ថិ មុនីវង្ស
(1875–1941) | 9 August 1927 | 24 April 1941 | 13 years, 258 days | Sisowath | Son of Sisowath |
| 4 |  | Norodom Sihanouk
នរោត្តម សីហនុ
(1922–2012) | 24 April 1941 | 2 March 1955 | 13 years, 309 days | Norodom | Grandson of Sisowath Monivong |
| 5 |  | Norodom Suramarit
នរោត្តម សុរាម្រិត
(1896–1960) | 2 March 1955 | 3 April 1960 | 5 years, 32 days | Norodom | Son-in-law of Sisowath Monivong   ---  Father of Norodom Sihanouk |
|  |  | Chuop Hell
ជួប ហ៊ែល
(1909–c.1975)
*Acting Head of State* | 3 April 1960 | 6 April 1960 | 3 days |  | |
|  |  | Sisowath Monireth
ស៊ីសុវត្ថិ មុន្នីរ៉េត
(1909–1975)
*Chairman of the Regency Council* | 6 April 1960 | 13 June 1960 | 68 days | Sisowath | Son of Sisowath Monivong |
|  |  | Chuop Hell
ជួប ហ៊ែល
(1909–c.1975)
*Acting Head of State* | 13 June 1960 | 20 June 1960 | 7 days |  | |
| (4) |  | Norodom Sihanouk
នរោត្តម សីហនុ
(1922–2012) | 20 June 1960 | 18 March 1970 | 9 years, 271 days | Norodom | Son of Norodom Suramarit |
|  |  | Sisowath Kossamak
ស៊ីសុវត្ថិ កុសមៈ
(1904–1975)
 | 20 June 1960 | 9 October 1970 | 10 years, 111 days | Sisowath | Daughter of Sisowath Monivong   ---  Consort of Norodom Suramarit   ---  Mother of Norodom Sihanouk |
|  |  | Cheng Heng
ឆេង ហេង
(1910–1996)
*Acting Head of State* | 21 March 1970 | *9 October 1970* | 202 days |  | |

### Republic

| No. | Portrait | Name
(Birth–Death) | Elected | Term of office | | | Political party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | Took office | Left office | Time in office | |
| 6 |  | Cheng Heng
ឆេង ហេង
(1910–1996) |  | *9 October 1970* | 9 March 1972 | 1 year, 153 days | Independent |
| 7 |  | Lon Nol
លន់ នល់
(1913–1985) | 1972 | 10 March 1972 | 1 April 1975 | 3 years, 22 days | PRS /
FANK (ANK) |
|  |  | Saukam Khoy
សូកាំ ខូយ
(1915–2008)
*Acting for Lon Nol* |  | 1 April 1975 | 12 April 1975 | 11 days | PRS /
FANK (ANK) |
| 8 |  | Sak Sutsakhan
សក់ ស៊ុតសាខន
(1928–1994)
*Chairman of the Supreme Committee* |  | 12 April 1975 | 17 April 1975 | 5 days | FANK (ANK) |
| (4) |  | Norodom Sihanouk
នរោត្តម សីហនុ
(1922–2012) |  | 17 April 1975 | 2 April 1976 | 351 days | FUNK |
| 9 |  | Khieu Samphan
ខៀវ សំផន
(born 1931) |  | 11 April 1976 | 7 January 1979 | 2 years, 271 days | CPK |
| 10 |  | Heng Samrin
ហេង សំរិន
(born 1934) |  | 7 January 1979 | 6 April 1992 | 13 years, 90 days | KPRP |
| | | | | | | CPP |
| 11 |  | Chea Sim
ជា ស៊ីម
(1932–2015) |  | 6 April 1992 | 14 June 1993 | 1 year, 69 days | CPP |
| (4) |  | Norodom Sihanouk
នរោត្តម សីហនុ
(1922–2012) |  | 14 June 1993 | *24 September 1993* | 102 days | Independent |

### Restored monarchy

| No. | Portrait | Name
(Birth–Death) | Elected | Reign | | | House | Claim |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | Start | End | Duration | | |
| (4) |  | Norodom Sihanouk
នរោត្តម សីហនុ
(1922–2012) | 1993 | *24 September 1993* | 7 October 2004 | 11 years, 13 days | Norodom | Elected
(Son of Norodom Suramarit and Sisowath Kossamak) |
| 12 |  | Norodom Sihamoni
នរោត្តម សីហមុនី
(born 1953) | 2004 | 14 October 2004 | Incumbent | 19 years, 359 days | Norodom | Elected
(Son of Norodom Sihanouk) |

## Timeline

1. "Cambodia gets new king". UPI Archives. 14 October 2004. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
2. Samean, Yun (15 October 2004). "Throne Council Selects Sihamoni to be the Next King". The Cambodia Daily. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
3. "Cambodian King Abdicates Throne in Favor of Father". *The New York Times*. Reuters. 3 March 1955. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
4. "CAMBODIA NAMES RULER; Prince Sihanouk Agrees to Become 'Chief of State'". *The New York Times*. 14 June 1960. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
5. Henry Kamm (19 March 1970). "SIHANOUK REPORTED OUT IN A COUP BY HIS PREMIER". *The New York Times*. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
6. "Cambodian Queen is Dead in Peking". *The New York Times*. 28 April 1975. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
7. Chandler, David (4 May 2018). *A History of Cambodia* (4th ed.). Routledge. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-429-96406-0. In 1960 Sihanouk's father, King Suramarit, died. After a series of maneuvers, Sihanouk had himself named Cambodia's chief of state with his mother, Queen Kossamak, continuing to serve as a monarch for ceremonial purposes.
8. Henry Kamm (10 October 1970). "War Seems Far Away as Cambodia Becomes Republic". *The New York Times*. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
9. "LON NOL TIGHTENS RULE IN CAMBODIA". *The New York Times*. Reuters. 11 March 1972. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
10. "Lon Nol Turns Over Rule and Leaves". *The New York Times*. 2 April 1975. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
11. Sydney Schanberg (13 April 1975). "MILITARY TAKING OVER IN CAMBODIA AS LAST AMERICANS ARE EVACUATED". *The New York Times*. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
12. "Cambodians Designate Sihanouk as Chief for Life". *The New York Times*. UPI. 26 April 1975. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
13. "PHNOM PENH SAYS SIHANOUK RESIGNS". *The New York Times*. UPI. 5 April 1976. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
14. "Cambodia Announces Its New Government". *The New York Times*. AP. 14 April 1976. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
15. David Binder (9 January 1979). "New Cambodia Leaders Identified In Radio Broadcast From Vietnam". *The New York Times*. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
16. Downie, Sue (24 September 1993). "Sihanouk reinstated as king of Cambodia". UPI Archives. Retrieved 12 August 2022.

## InfoBox

| Head of State of Cambodia | |
| --- | --- |
| ប្រមុខរដ្ឋនៃកម្ពុជា | |
| Royal arms | |
| Royal standard | |
| Incumbent
Norodom Sihamoni
(as King)
since 14 October 2004 | |
| Style | His Majesty |
| Type | Head of state |
| Residence | Khemarin Palace (official)
The Royal Residence (secondary) |
| Seat | Phnom Penh (official)
Siem Reap (secondary) |
| Appointer | Royal Council of the Throne |
| Term length | Life tenure |
| Formation | 19 October 1860 (1860-10-19) |
| First holder | Norodom (as King) |


title: Ludger Rethmann

abstract: Ludger Rethmann is a German entrepreneur, chairman of the board of Remondis SE & Co. KG and member of the board of Rethmann SE & Co. KG and Vice President of the French Transdev Group, in which the Rethmann Group of Companies holds 34% of the shares.

text:
# Ludger Rethmann

**Ludger Rethmann** (born 4 May 1966 in Münster) is a German entrepreneur, chairman of the board of Remondis SE & Co. KG and member of the board of Rethmann SE & Co. KG and Vice President of the French Transdev Group, in which the Rethmann Group of Companies holds 34% of the shares.

## Life and education

Ludger Rethmann is the second child of entrepreneur Norbert Rethmann (\*1939) and grandson of Josef Rethmann. He grew up together with his three brothers in a Catholic business family in Selm.

Ludger Rethmann studied business administration in Münster and graduated as *Diplom-Kaufmann*. He is married with two children.

## Business activity

After studying business administration in Münster, he joined Rethmann Entsorgung (today: Remondis SE & Co. KG) in Lübeck shortly before German reunification. At the beginning of the 1990s, he devoted himself in particular to business development in Germany's new federal states, and later to the development of international business. In 1994, he was appointed to the management boards of both Rethmann SE & Co. KG as well as Remondis SE & Co. KG (previously: Rethmann Entsorgung AG & Co. KG). Remondis is active in the business areas of water management, industrial and municipal services and recycling. In 2000, Ludger Rethmann became spokesman of the board and then in 2008 Chairman of the Board of Remondis SE & Co. KG. In the sister companies belonging to the Rethmann Group, Rhenus SE & Co. KG and Saria SE & Co. KG, he holds supervisory board mandates. In 2019, Ludger Rethmann was also appointed Vice President of the internationally active, French Transdev Group, after the Rethmann family business acquired 30% of the shares in Transdev from Veolia and now holds 34% of the shares after the contribution of the public transport activity Rhenus Veniro.

## Memberships and honorary posts

* Chairman of the Board of Remondis SE & Co. KG
* Member of the Board of Rethmann SE & Co. KG
* Member of the supervisory board of Rhenus SE & Co. KG
* Member of the supervisory board of Saria SE & Co. KG
* Vice President of Transdev Group S.A.
* Member of the advisory board of Deutsche Bank AG
* Supervisory Board of Kath. St. Paulus Gesellschaft
* Board of Trustees of St. Marien Hospital Foundation
* Board of Trustees of German Wildlife Foundation (until 2020)

Reference

## Publications

## Awards

## Bibliography

* Stephan Mlodoch (2003), "Rethmann", *Neue Deutsche Biographie* (in German), vol. 21, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 447–448; (full text online)

## InfoBox

| Ludger Rethmann | |
| --- | --- |
| Ludger Rethmann (2016) | |
| Born | 4 May 1966<br>Münster |
| Occupations | * Chairman of the board of Remondis SE & Co. KG * Member of Rethmann SE & Co. KG * Vice President of Transdev Group |
| Years active | 1989– |
| Awards | Knight of the Legion of Honour (France) |


title: Tetamauara eximia

abstract: Tetamauara eximia is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Henry Walter Bates in 1885. It is known from Panama.

text:
# Tetamauara eximia

***Tetamauara eximia*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Henry Walter Bates in 1885. It is known from Panama.

## InfoBox

| *Tetamauara eximia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Tetamauara*** |
| Species: | ***T. eximia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tetamauara eximia***<br>(Bates, 1885) | |
|


abstract: Our Lady of the Sacred Heart College is an independent Roman Catholic single-sex secondary day school for girls, conducted in the traditions of the Daughters of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart, located in the eastern Sydney suburb of Kensington, New South Wales, Australia. The College was founded in 1897 by members of the Daughters of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart, a religious congregation founded by Father Jules Chevalier in France in 1874. The College provides a religious and general education for approximately 800 girls from Year 7 to Year 12.

text:
# Our Lady of the Sacred Heart College, Sydney

**Our Lady of the Sacred Heart College** (abbreviated as **OLSH College**) is an independent Roman Catholic single-sex secondary day school for girls, conducted in the traditions of the Daughters of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart, located in the eastern Sydney suburb of Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.

The College was founded in 1897 by members of the Daughters of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart, a religious congregation founded by Father Jules Chevalier in France in 1874. The College provides a religious and general education for approximately 800 girls from Year 7 to Year 12.

## History and description

The College was moved to the Kensington site in 1913 and until 1995 was administered by the Sisters. It is part of the system of schools under the auspices of the Catholic Education Office in the Archdiocese of Sydney.

At its opening, the college was an impoverished Catholic school, with little or no support from the government. As a result, the schools oldest structure, the Fyfe Wing, was not completed immediately, and construction stalled during 1914 when funds dried up. In 1915, the Franciscan friar Tony Macfarlane was assigned to teach mathematics and science at the school. Friar Tony Macfarlane had a strong background in carpentry and a brief career as a Civil Engineer prior to taking his vows as a monk. Friar Macfarlane took it upon himself to complete the construction of the school's main building, in an effort to remove classes from the OLSH convent next door. The OLSH nuns were involved in administration and some minor laboring work, with many parishioners volunteering their knowledge and labour time to help. The college was thus completed. The Fyfe Wing was listed as a heritage site in 1984.

Every year, the school celebrates this achievement on the Feast of St Francis. The school holds a bake sale, with all proceeds going to missionaries in Papua New Guinea and housing projects in the Northern Territory.

The college's present location in Kensington makes it accessible from the city and close to the University of New South Wales. It draws most of its students from the immediate local area and from Brighton-Le-Sands/Sans Souci. It is surrounded by community resources and leisure facilities.

The campus is adjacent to the OLSH Provincial House, OLSH Convent and St Joseph's Aged Care Facility. It is near the Sacred Heart Monastery, Chevalier Resource Centre, and the parish church and primary college of Our Lady of the Rosary.

The college has two sister schools of the same name, also founded by the Daughters of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart, one in Melbourne and the other in Adelaide. Each year exchange programs are run between the schools.

## InfoBox

| Our Lady of the Sacred Heart College | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
|  | |
| Kensington, Eastern Suburbs, Sydney, New South Wales<br>Australia | |
| Coordinates | 33°54′43″S 151°13′12″E / 33.911850°S 151.219895°E / -33.911850; 151.219895 |
| Information | |
| Type | Independent single-sex secondary day school |
| Motto | May Christ Reign |
| Religious affiliation(s) | Daughters of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart |
| Denomination | Roman Catholicism |
| Established | 1897 |
| Educational authority | New South Wales Department of Education |
| Oversight | Catholic Education Office, Archdiocese of Sydney |
| Principal | Gilda Pussich |
| Years | 12 |
| Gender | Girls |
| Enrolment | 823 |
| Colour(s) | Navy and gold |
| Affiliation | Alliance of Girls' Schools Australasia |
| Website | olshkensington.syd.catholic.edu.au |
|  | |


title: Peng Jianbing

abstract: Peng Jianbing is a Chinese geologist currently serving as doctoral supervisor and dean of the School of Geology Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University.

text:
# Peng Jianbing

**Peng Jianbing** (Chinese: 彭建兵; pinyin: *Péng Jiànbīng*; born April 1953) is a Chinese geologist currently serving as doctoral supervisor and dean of the School of Geology Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University.

## Education

Peng was born in Macheng, Hubei in April 1953. In 1978 he graduated from China University of Geosciences (Wuhan). He earned his Ph.D. degree in engineering from Xi'an Institute of Engineering (now Chang'an University) in June 1999.

## Career

From 1978 to 1997 he assumed various posts in Xi'an Institute of Geology. He taught at Xi'an Institute of Engineering between 1997 and 2000. He was dean of the College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang’an University in 2000, and held that office until 2011. He has been dean of the School of Geology Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University since 2011.

## Honours and awards

## InfoBox

| Peng Jianbing | |
| --- | --- |
| 彭建兵 | |
| Born | April 1953 (age 71)
Macheng, Hubei, China |
| Alma mater | China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)
Chang'an University |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Engineering geology and disaster geology |
| Institutions | Chang'an University |
| Doctoral advisor | Hu Guangtao (胡广韬) |
|  | |


title: Phaeoceros laevis

abstract: Phaeoceros laevis, the smooth hornwort, is a species of hornwort of the genus Phaeoceros. It is commonly found in areas where moisture is plentiful, such as moist soils in fields, the banks of streams and rivers or inundated beneath the surface of the rivers. It grows to a maximum height of about 5 millimetres and the plants are monoecious; the sex organs are visible on the dorsal surface. The thallus is nearly flat on the upper surface. It is of dark green and somewhat lustrous color, devoid of intercellular spaces. Its capsule is commonly 6 inches (150 mm) to 18 inches (460 mm) in length. The base is surrounded by a cylindrical sheath that often flares at the mouth. Spores are yellow with a granular-papillose surface. The elaters are yellowish, often branches, and varying in size and form. The slender green capsules, when produced in large numbers, resemble grass tufts. Mature spores are necessary for species determination. The cytology of P. laevis has been subject to considerable study. In 1909, Lotsy reported that the plant contained one chloroplast in each cell of the gametophyte and two in each cell of the sporophyte. The sporophyte is likened to an elongated spindle. Research conducted by Lorbeer in 1924 revealed that two plastids are present in a cell when it is undergoing cell division, of which according to McAllister may vary in size. The centrosomes of the species, much like Marchantia polymorpha, are composed of two centrioles apposed end-to end, which are connected by a continuation of their cartwheel structures.

text:
# Phaeoceros laevis

***Phaeoceros laevis***, the **smooth hornwort**, is a species of hornwort of the genus *Phaeoceros*. It is commonly found in areas where moisture is plentiful, such as moist soils in fields, the banks of streams and rivers or inundated beneath the surface of the rivers. It grows to a maximum height of about 5 millimetres and the plants are monoecious; the sex organs are visible on the dorsal surface.

The thallus is nearly flat on the upper surface. It is of dark green and somewhat lustrous color, devoid of intercellular spaces. Its capsule is commonly 6 inches (150 mm) to 18 inches (460 mm) in length. The base is surrounded by a cylindrical sheath that often flares at the mouth. Spores are yellow with a granular-papillose surface. The elaters are yellowish, often branches, and varying in size and form. The slender green capsules, when produced in large numbers, resemble grass tufts. Mature spores are necessary for species determination.

The cytology of *P. laevis* has been subject to considerable study. In 1909, Lotsy reported that the plant contained one chloroplast in each cell of the gametophyte and two in each cell of the sporophyte. The sporophyte is likened to an elongated spindle. Research conducted by Lorbeer in 1924 revealed that two plastids are present in a cell when it is undergoing cell division, of which according to McAllister may vary in size. The centrosomes of the species, much like *Marchantia polymorpha*, are composed of two centrioles apposed end-to end, which are connected by a continuation of their cartwheel structures.

* Proskauer, Johannes (1951). "Studies on Anthocerotales. III. The genera *Anthoceros* and *Phaeoceros*". *Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club*. **78** (4): 331–349. doi:10.2307/2481996. JSTOR 2481996.

## InfoBox

| *Phaeoceros laevis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Anthocerotophyta |
| Class: | Anthocerotopsida |
| Order: | Notothyladales |
| Family: | Notothyladaceae |
| Genus: | *Phaeoceros* |
| Species: | ***P. laevis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phaeoceros laevis***<br>(L.) Prosk. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Anthoceros laevis* L. | |


title: Unate function

abstract:
A unate function is a type of boolean function which has monotonic properties.
They have been studied extensively in switching theory. A function f is said to be positive unate in x i if for all possible values of x j, j ≠ i
  - f ≥ f. Likewise, it is negative unate in x i if
  - f ≥ f. If for every x i f is either positive or negative unate in the variable x i then it is said to be unate. A function is binate if it is not unate. For example, the logical disjunction function or with boolean values used for true (1) and false (0) is positive unate. Conversely, Exclusive or is non-unate, because the transition from 0 to 1 on input x0 is both positive unate and negative unate, depending on the input value on x1. Positive unateness can also be considered as passing the same slope and negative unate is passing the opposite slope....
non unate is dependence on more than one input

text:
# Unate function

A **unate function** is a type of boolean function which has monotonic properties. They have been studied extensively in switching theory.

A function $f(x\_{1},x\_{2},\ldots ,x\_{n})$ is said to be **positive unate** in $x\_{i}$ if for all possible values of $x\_{j}$, $j\neq i$

$$f(x\_{1},x\_{2},\ldots ,x\_{i-1},1,x\_{i+1},\ldots ,x\_{n})\geq f(x\_{1},x\_{2},\ldots ,x\_{i-1},0,x\_{i+1},\ldots ,x\_{n}).\\,$$

Likewise, it is **negative unate** in $x\_{i}$ if

$$f(x\_{1},x\_{2},\ldots ,x\_{i-1},0,x\_{i+1},\ldots ,x\_{n})\geq f(x\_{1},x\_{2},\ldots ,x\_{i-1},1,x\_{i+1},\ldots ,x\_{n}).\\,$$

If for every $x\_{i}$ *f* is either positive or negative unate in the variable $x\_{i}$ then it is said to be **unate** (note that some $x\_{i}$ may be positive unate and some negative unate to satisfy the definition of unate function). A function is **binate** if it is not unate (i.e., is neither positive unate nor negative unate in at least one of its variables).

For example, the logical disjunction function *or* with boolean values used for true (1) and false (0) is positive unate. Conversely, Exclusive or is non-unate, because the transition from 0 to 1 on input x0 is both positive unate and negative unate, depending on the input value on x1.

Positive unateness can also be considered as passing the same slope (no change in the input) and negative unate is passing the opposite slope.... non unate is dependence on more than one input (of same or different slopes)


abstract: Hertfordshire is a county in eastern England. It is bordered by Bedfordshire to the north, Cambridgeshire to the north-east, Essex to the east, Buckinghamshire to the west and Greater London to the south. The county town is Hertford. As of 2018, the county has a population of 1,184,400 in an area of 634 square miles (1,640 km⁲). As of July 2019, there are 43 sites designated within this Area of Search, 36 of which have been designated for their biological interest and 7 for their geological interest. In England the body responsible for designating SSSIs is Natural England, which chooses a site "because of its flora, fauna, or geological or physiographical features".

text:
# List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Hertfordshire

**Hertfordshire** is a county in eastern England. It is bordered by Bedfordshire to the north, Cambridgeshire to the north-east, Essex to the east, Buckinghamshire to the west and Greater London to the south. The county town is Hertford. As of 2018, the county has a population of 1,184,400 in an area of 634 square miles (1,640 km2).

As of July 2019, there are 43 sites designated within this Area of Search, 36 of which have been designated for their biological interest and 7 for their geological interest. In England the body responsible for designating SSSIs is Natural England, which chooses a site "because of its flora, fauna, or geological or physiographical features".

## Key

### Interest

* **B** = a site of biological interest
* **G** = a site of geological interest

### Other classifications

## Sites

| Site name | Photograph | B | G | Area | Public
access | Location | Other
classifications | Map | Citation | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Aldbury Nowers |  |  |  | 19.8 hectares (49 acres) | YES | Tring
51°48′43″N 0°37′19″W / 51.8120°N 0.6219°W / 51.8120; -0.6219 (Aldbury Nowers)
SP951135 | HMWT | Map | Citation | The site hosts the flowers of chalk grassland and has butterfly habitats with several different species of butterfly including the Duke of Burgundy, hairstreaks and the Essex skipper. There are also large areas of woodland and calcareous grassland. |
| Alpine Meadow |  |  |  | 0.8 hectares (2.0 acres) | YES | Berkhamsted
51°46′57″N 0°34′04″W / 51.7826°N 0.5677°W / 51.7826; -0.5677 (Alpine Meadow)
SP989103 | HMWT | Map | Citation | This steeply sloping small meadow is a rare example of unimproved chalk grassland. Grass species include upright brome, false brome and sheep's fescue, and there are many orchids, especially common twayblade and common spotted orchid. |
| Amwell Quarry |  |  |  | 37.1 hectares (92 acres) | YES | Great Amwell
51°47′52″N 0°00′16″W / 51.7978°N 0.0045°W / 51.7978; -0.0045 (Amwell Quarry)
TL377129 | HMWT, SPA, SPA Ramsar | Map | Citation | This is an internationally important site for wintering wildfowl, and is Britain's most important site for dragonflies. Plants include marsh dock and hairlike pondweed, both nationally rare. Amwell has a quarter of all British species of molluscs. |
| Ashridge Commons & Woods |  |  |  | 627.3 hectares (1,550 acres) | YES | Little Gaddesden
51°48′42″N 0°35′14″W / 51.8116°N 0.5871°W / 51.8116; -0.5871 (Ashridge Commons & Woods)
SP975135 | CAONB, NT | Map | Citation | Ths site is mainly semi-natural vegetation, with has extensive areas of woodland, grass and scrub. There are many species of breeding birds, including some which are rare nationally, such as firecrests. Other species which are rare in Hertfordshire are common redstart, nightingale and wood warbler. |
| Ashwell Springs |  |  |  | 0.3 hectares (0.74 acres) | YES | Ashwell
52°02′32″N 0°08′59″W / 52.0421°N 0.1497°W / 52.0421; -0.1497 (Ashwell Springs)
TL270398 |  | Map | Citation | The site consists of a series of freshwater springs, which provide a habitat for cold water, invertebrate animals, some of which are rare. The site is particularly important for flatworms, including Crenobia alpina and the Polycelis felina. |
| Benington High Wood |  |  |  | 20.7 hectares (51 acres) | YES | Benington
51°53′43″N 0°08′02″W / 51.8952°N 0.1339°W / 51.8952; -0.1339 (Benington High Wood)
TL285235 |  | Map | Citation | The site is ancient woodland, described by Natural England as "one of the best remaining examples in the county of the pedunculate oak-hornbeam of the ash-maple variety". Shrub species include field maple and hazel, with a higher ground flora diversity in clearings and rides. |
| Blagrove Common |  |  |  | 5.0 hectares (12 acres) | YES | Sandon
51°59′12″N 0°04′13″W / 51.9868°N 0.0704°W / 51.9868; -0.0704 (Blagrove Common)
TL326338 | HMWT | Map | Citation | The site is one of the few areas of unimproved marshy grassland in east Hertfordshire. It is crossed by a stream and has a rich diversity of vegetation, including a variety of orchids. Kestrels often hunt mice and voles, which are common on the site. |
| Bricket Wood Common |  |  |  | 75.5 hectares (187 acres) | YES | Bricket Wood
51°41′47″N 0°21′59″W / 51.6964°N 0.3664°W / 51.6964; -0.3664 (Bricket Wood Common)
TL130010 |  | Map | Citation | The common is a remnant of a lowland heath, with much it on the heavy soils of boulder clay which have poor drainage and wet habitats. There are also areas of ancient woodland and dry heath. In drier heath areas there are heather, purple moor-grass and heath milkwort. |
| Castle Lime Works Quarry |  |  |  | 1.4 hectares (3.5 acres) | NO | South Mimms
51°42′31″N 0°13′22″W / 51.7087°N 0.2227°W / 51.7087; -0.2227 (Castle Lime Works Quarry)
TL229026 | GCR | Map | Citation | Natural England states: "This reveals extensive piping in the top of the chalk resulting from solution at the Chalk - Tertiary sediment interface. Believed to have formed during the Tertiary and Pleistocene, it is the finest exposure of clay-filled pipes in the Chalk Karst of England." |
| Croxley Common Moor |  |  |  | 39.6 hectares (98 acres) | YES | Croxley Green
51°38′33″N 0°26′11″W / 51.6425°N 0.4363°W / 51.6425; -0.4363 (Croxley Common Moor)
TQ083949 | LNR | Map | Citation | The site is mainly grass heathland with some ancient woodland and hazel coppice. Over 250 species of plants have been recorded, including sheep sorrel, common bent and sheep's fescue. There are many ant hills made by yellow meadow ants. |
| Downfield Pit, Westmill |  |  |  | 0.3 hectares (0.74 acres) | YES | Ware
51°49′51″N 0°02′37″W / 51.8308°N 0.0437°W / 51.8308; -0.0437 (Downfield Pit, Westmill)
TL349165 |  | Map | Citation | The site provides an example of the complex sequence of Pleistocene gravels and clays laid down by the River Thames when it flowed through the Vale of St Albans before the river was diverted south by the Anglian ice age around 450,000 years ago. |
| Frogmore Meadows |  |  |  | 4.6 hectares (11 acres) | YES | Chenies
51°40′47″N 0°31′29″W / 51.6796°N 0.5247°W / 51.6796; -0.5247 (Frogmore Meadows)
TQ021989 | CAONB, HMWT, | Map | Citation | The site has marshy areas and fens next to the river, damp grassland and drier, more acidic areas. The river bank has water voles, and damp areas are dominated by meadow foxtail and Yorkshire fog, with some marsh marigold and marsh bedstraw. |
| Great Hormead Park |  |  |  | 15.0 hectares (37 acres) | YES | Great Hormead
51°56′36″N 0°03′42″E / 51.9432°N 0.0616°E / 51.9432; 0.0616 (Great Hormead Park)
TL418292 |  | Map | Citation | The site is coppiced ancient woodland on boulder clay. It has diverse tree species, including wych elm and hornbeam, resulting in a rich ground flora. Dog's mercury is dominant over most of the woodland floor, with plants such as angelica sylvestris and tufted hair grass in wetter areas. |
| Hertford Heath |  |  |  | 29.1 hectares (72 acres) | YES | Hertford Heath
51°46′53″N 0°02′14″W / 51.7813°N 0.0372°W / 51.7813; -0.0372 (Hertford Heath)
TL355110 &
TL350106 | HMWT | Map | Citation | The heath is dominated by heather, and there are grass snakes and slow worms. Sphagnum mosses and creeping willow are found in wetter areas. Ponds support the rare water violet and a rich invertebrate fauna such as great crested and smooth newts, the water spider and eight species of dragonfly. |
| Hillcollins Pit |  |  |  | 0.2 hectares (0.49 acres) | YES | Furneux Pelham
51°55′16″N 0°05′43″E / 51.9211°N 0.0954°E / 51.9211; 0.0954 (Hillcollins Pit)
TL442268 | GCR | Map | Citation | This disused gravel pit is the type site for the Westland Green Gravels, which were laid down by the ancestral River Thames 1.6 to 1.8 million years ago, and which show the river's ancient course. |
| Hunsdon Mead |  |  |  | 34.2 hectares (85 acres) | YES | Harlow
51°46′47″N 0°03′15″E / 51.7797°N 0.0541°E / 51.7797; 0.0541 (Hunsdon Mead)
TL418110 | HMWT | Map | Citation | This is unimproved grassland which is subject to winter flooding. Notable grass species include meadow brome and the quaking grass briza media, and there are other unusual flora such as pepper saxifrage and green-winged orchid. |
| Knebworth Woods |  |  |  | 128.8 hectares (318 acres) | YES | Stevenage
51°53′09″N 0°13′02″W / 51.8857°N 0.2172°W / 51.8857; -0.2172 (Knebworth Woods)
TL228223 |  | Map | Citation | The wood is ancient in origin and ecologically diverse. The dominant trees are oak and hornbeam. Ponds have unusual plant species, and the site is rich in fungi and bryophytes. Breeding birds include nightingales. |
| Little Heath Pit |  |  |  | 1.2 hectares (3.0 acres) | YES | Potten End
51°45′48″N 0°31′40″W / 51.7633°N 0.5278°W / 51.7633; -0.5278 (Little Heath Pit)
TL017082 | GCR, NT | Map | Citation | The lowest layer is gravel dating to the beginning of the Pleistocene 2.6 million years ago. A higher layer of gravel was laid down some 20,000 years ago, when the last ice age was at its maximum, and the site was cold tundra like western Siberia today. |
| Moor Hall Meadows |  |  |  | 24.0 hectares (59 acres) | YES | Ardeley
51°55′16″N 0°04′03″W / 51.9211°N 0.0674°W / 51.9211; -0.0674 (Moor Hall Meadows)
TL330265 |  | Map | Citation | The site has a variety of types of meadows, with marshy grassland being the most extensive. Its rich flora makes it one of the most important grassland sites in the county. There is also a small ancient woodland which has a variety of breeding birds. |
| Moor Mill Quarry, West |  |  |  | 0.2 hectares (0.49 acres) | NO | How Wood
51°42′43″N 0°21′02″W / 51.7119°N 0.3506°W / 51.7119; -0.3506 (Moor Mill Quarry, West)
TL141027 | GCR | Map | Citation | The pit displays the advance of ice during the Anglian glaciation around 450,000 years ago, which diverted the Thames south to its present course. The site is regarded by Natural England as of fundamental importance as the only one which demonstrates the diversion of the Thames from its pre-Anglian course. |
| Northaw Great Wood |  |  |  | 224.3 hectares (554 acres) | YES | Cuffley
51°43′22″N 0°08′54″W / 51.7228°N 0.1483°W / 51.7228; -0.1483 (Northaw Great Wood)
TL280043 | LNR | Map | Citation | The site has one of the county's most extensive areas of ancient hornbeam woodland, with other trees including oak and silver birch. Glades, streams and springs add to the biodiversity. |
| Oddy Hill and Tring Park |  |  |  | 36.0 hectares (89 acres) | YES | Tring
51°47′20″N 0°38′50″W / 51.7890°N 0.6473°W / 51.7890; -0.6473 (Oddy Hill)
SP934109
51°47′01″N 0°39′22″W / 51.7837°N 0.6561°W / 51.7837; -0.6561 (Tring Park)
SP928103 | RHPG. | Map | Citation | This is one of the most extensive areas of unimproved chalk downland in Hertfordshire. The site has diverse grass and flowering plant species. Orchids include common spotted-orchid, common twayblade, greater butterfly-orchid and southern marsh-orchid. |
| Oughtonhead Lane |  |  |  | 1.0 hectare (2.5 acres) | YES | Hitchin
51°57′19″N 0°17′45″W / 51.9552°N 0.2959°W / 51.9552; -0.2959 (Oughtonhead Lane)
TL172299 | GCR | Map | Citation | The site probably dates to the Hoxnian interglacial 420,000 to 300,000 years ago. It was then a marsh fed by springs, and it has a tufa which contains fossil land snails and mammal bones which show the climate and local environmental conditions. |
| Patmore Heath |  |  |  | 8.5 hectares (21 acres) | YES | Albury
51°54′43″N 0°05′47″E / 51.9120°N 0.0965°E / 51.9120; 0.0965 (Patmore Heath)
TL443258 | HMWT | Map | Citation | The site is home to a large amount of dry grass, as well as marshy-areas. Much of the turf is dominated by Deschampsia, as well as occurrences of Anthoxanthum odoratum. Uncommon plants are heath rush and heath grass. There are a wide variety of dragonfly, including the emperor dragonfly. |
| Plashes Wood |  |  |  | 73.2 hectares (181 acres) | YES | Standon
51°52′01″N 0°00′21″E / 51.8669°N 0.0058°E / 51.8669; 0.0058 (Plashes Wood)
TL382206 |  | Map | Citation | The site is mainly oak and hornbeam woodland near the northern limit of its natural distribution. It has varied ground flora on soils from damp heavy clay to light gravels. There are also ponds and extensive clearings dominated by bracken, and other flora including hoary cinquefoil. |
| Redwell Wood |  |  |  | 52.6 hectares (130 acres) | YES | South Mimms
51°42′29″N 0°14′45″W / 51.7081°N 0.2459°W / 51.7081; -0.2459 (Redwell Wood)
TL213025 |  | Map | Citation | The site has ancient and secondary woodland, heath and scrub. The woodland canopy is dominated by pedunculate oak. Ground flora include bluebells and enchanter's-nightshade, while heathland species include heather and the rare creeping willow. |
| Roughdown Common |  |  |  | 3.7 hectares (9.1 acres) | YES | Hemel Hempstead
51°44′25″N 0°29′06″W / 51.7402°N 0.4850°W / 51.7402; -0.4850 (Roughdown Common)
TL047057 | CAONB | Map | Citation | This is one of the few examples of unimproved calcareous grassland in Hertfordshire. The dominant grasses are meadow fescue and meadow oat-grass, and there are colonies of orchids. It is the only site in the county where common juniper regenerates naturally. |
| Rye Meads |  |  |  | 60.3 hectares (149 acres) | YES | Rye House
51°46′34″N 0°00′22″E / 51.7760°N 0.0061°E / 51.7760; 0.0061 (Rye Meads)
TL385105 | Ramsar, SPA RSPB, HMWT | Map | Citation | Part of this site is an ancient flood meadow which has a variety of habitats including reedbed, marshy grassland and fen. It is grazed by ponies and water buffalo. There are also ponds which have kingfisher, snipe, green sandpiper, shoveler, gadwall and tufted duck. |
| Sarratt Bottom |  |  |  | 3.5 hectares (8.6 acres) | NO | Sarratt
51°40′46″N 0°30′37″W / 51.6794°N 0.5102°W / 51.6794; -0.5102 (Sarratt Bottom)
TQ031989 |  | Map | Citation | The site is a meadow beside the River Chess. It is an example of damp grassland which has been traditionally managed for grazing. There are also areas of swamp and marsh. The main plants in grassland areas include sweet vernal grass and meadow foxtail, and marsh horsetail and common spike-rush are common in damper areas. |
| Sawbridgeworth Marsh |  |  |  | 6.2 hectares (15 acres) | YES | Sawbridgeworth
51°49′15″N 0°09′48″E / 51.8209°N 0.1634°E / 51.8209; 0.1634 (Sawbridgeworth Marsh)
TL492158 | EWT | Map | Citation | The site is a river valley marsh close to the River Stort, which has a varied wetland flora. Grazing and cutting of the marsh in rotation maintain biological diversity. The site also has an important wetland fauna and many moth species. |
| Sherrardspark Wood |  |  |  | 74.4 hectares (184 acres) | YES | Welwyn Garden City
51°48′37″N 0°13′02″W / 51.8102°N 0.2172°W / 51.8102; -0.2172 (Sherrardspark Wood)
TL230139 | LNR | Map | Citation | The site is an ancient semi-natural sessile oak and hornbeam wood on acid soils. There are also swallowholes fed by streams, and a woodland ride provides a habitat for invertebrates. |
| Tewinbury |  |  |  | 7.3 hectares (18 acres) | NO | Tewin
51°48′34″N 0°10′04″W / 51.8095°N 0.1679°W / 51.8095; -0.1679 (Tewinbury)
TL264139 | HMWT | Map | Citation | The site borders the River Mimram. It has alluvial meadows and marshes which are rare in lowland Britain. There are areas of swamp and tall fens, with plants including butterbur and angelica. Otters have been observed on the riverbank, in possibly the only site in the county. |
| Therfield Heath |  |  |  | 146.5 hectares (362 acres) | YES | Therfield
52°02′32″N 0°03′18″W / 52.0423°N 0.0549°W / 52.0423; -0.0549 (Therfield Heath)
TL335400 | LNR, SM | Map | Citation | This site is described by Natural England as describing some to the richest chalkland in England. It is unimproved pasture which has a wide variety of plants including the rare pasque flower. There is a diverse insect fauna. |
| Thorley Flood Pound |  |  |  | 17.3 hectares (43 acres) | YES | Thorley
51°50′36″N 0°09′41″E / 51.8434°N 0.1615°E / 51.8434; 0.1615 (Thorley Flood Pound)
TL490183 | HMWT | Map | Citation | Habitats include tall wash grassland, which is now rare, marsh and waterlogged grassland. It has a wide variety of plant species, including reed sweet-grass and meadowsweet. There are flowers such as fen bedstraw and early marsh orchid. Breeding birds include snipe and water rails. |
| Tring Reservoirs |  |  |  | 100.0 hectares (247 acres) | YES | Tring
51°48′49″N 0°40′06″W / 51.8135°N 0.6683°W / 51.8135; -0.6683 (Tring Reservoirs)
SP919136
SP905131 | HMWT | Map | Citation | These four reservoirs are on the sites of ancient marshes, and their diverse fauna and flora include some dating back to their marshland origins. The site is important for breeding and wintering birds, including nationally important numbers of shovelers. The site is also significant for invertebrates. |
| Tring Woodlands |  |  |  | 24.1 hectares (60 acres) | YES | Tring
51°46′52″N 0°40′20″W / 51.7812°N 0.6721°W / 51.7812; -0.6721 (Tring Woodlands)
SP917100 | CAONB | Map | Citation | The wood has a rich flora, showing that it is well established. It is one of the best examples of semi-natural beech woodland in Hertfordshire. Plants include woodruff, wood anemone and dog's mercury, and there is a variety of woodland birds. |
| Turnford and Cheshunt Pits |  |  |  | 174.4 hectares (431 acres) | YES | Cheshunt
51°42′32″N 0°01′07″W / 51.7090°N 0.0186°W / 51.7090; -0.0186 (Turnford & Cheshunt Pits)
TL370030 | SPA | Map | Citation | This site includes ten former gravel pits, which are of national importance for wintering gadwalls and shovelers. It is also valuable for invertebrates, especially grasshoppers and bush-crickets. |
| Wain Wood |  |  |  | 19.0 hectares (47 acres) | YES | Preston
51°54′56″N 0°17′09″W / 51.9155°N 0.2858°W / 51.9155; -0.2858 (Wain Wood)
TL180255 |  | Map | Citation | The wood lies on a north-east facing slope of decalcified boulder clay. The woodland area is also home to pedunculate oak and *Quercus petraea*, with much of the south of the area consisting of acidic grassland. There are many butterfly species, including *Thecla quercus*. |
| Water End Swallow Holes |  |  |  | 11.1 hectares (27 acres) | YES | Welham Green
51°43′26″N 0°13′14″W / 51.7239°N 0.2206°W / 51.7239; -0.2206 (Water End Swallow Holes)
TL230043 |  | Map | Citation | The site covers more than fifteen sinkholes, the only ones in chalk which are a permanent feature of the landscape. Next to the holes is a swamp area of willow carr which is biologically important, and in deep water there is reed sweet-grass. The site also has areas of woodland and grassland. |
| Westwood Quarry |  |  |  | 0.1 hectares (0.25 acres) | NO | Watford
51°40′56″N 0°27′08″W / 51.6823°N 0.4523°W / 51.6823; -0.4523 (Westwood Quarry)
TQ071993 | GCR | Map | Citation | This site throws light on the early history of the River Thames, when it flowed through the Vale of St Albans, before it was diverted south to its present course during the Anglian Ice Age around 450,000 years ago. |
| Whippendell Wood |  |  |  | 66.7 hectares (165 acres) | YES | Watford
51°40′07″N 0°26′44″W / 51.6687°N 0.4455°W / 51.6687; -0.4455 (Whippendell Wood)
TQ076978 |  | Map | Citation | This is ancient woodland, and the main trees are oak, ash, hazel and hornbeam. Ground flora include Yorkshire fog, bluebells and honeysuckle. There are diverse species of fungi, invertebrates and birds. |
| Wormley-Hoddesdonpark Wood North |  |  |  | 143.9 hectares (356 acres) | YES | Hoddesdon
51°45′32″N 0°02′33″W / 51.7589°N 0.0425°W / 51.7589; -0.0425 (Wormley-Hoddesdonpark Wood North)
TL352085
TL325075 | NNR, WT, *NCR*, HMWT, SAC | Map | Citation | The site is oak and hornbeam on acid gravel. The ground flora is diverse, including dog's mercury and yellow archangel. Small ponds and streams are important for bryophytes, and invertebrates include the green tiger beetle. |
| Wormley-Hoddesdonpark Wood South |  |  |  | 196.2 hectares (485 acres) | YES | Cheshunt
51°44′39″N 0°04′25″W / 51.7441°N 0.0735°W / 51.7441; -0.0735 (Wormley-Hoddesdonpark Wood South)
TL331068 | NNR, *NCR*, SAC | Map | Citation | The site is oak and hornbeam woodland mainly on London clay. Plants in the variable ground flora include brambles, wood anemones and bluebells. Other habitats include marshland and acidic grassland. |

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