title: Twice in a Lifetime (TV series)

abstract: Twice in a Lifetime is a Canadian mystery drama television series that originally aired from 1999 to 2001. Created by Steve Sohmer, the series aired on CTV in Canada and PAX in the United States.

text:
# Twice in a Lifetime (TV series)

***Twice in a Lifetime*** is a Canadian mystery drama television series that originally aired from 1999 to 2001. Created by Steve Sohmer, the series aired on CTV in Canada and PAX in the United States.

## Plot

The series follows an aspiring angel who for some reason, will not enter heaven, but is assigned to guide someone who has died prematurely. The prematurely deceased, played by the episode guest stars, may choose from the afterlife to correct something that went wrong earlier in their life. The key concept to the series was that each episode featured a different guest star in the leading role, while the series regulars played a supporting role.

Episodes are centered on an individual who had reached the end of their life in one timeline, and due to circumstances seen by their advocate and judge, is then given 3 days to travel into their past, and without revealing their true identity, convince their younger self to make a different choice at a pivotal point to effect a different outcome for example, by quitting smoking, or choosing a different job and in changing this learn a key lesson to make them become a better person. This way, the series was an anthology of many different arenas and characters.

Season One featured Gordie Brown as advocate Mr. Jones, and Paul Popowich played the role of advocate Mr. Smith in Season Two. Al Waxman played Judge Othniel in 40 of the 44 episodes. In Season One he appeared as Judge Jephtah in two episodes and Polly Bergen played Judge Deborah in two episodes. Waxman died in heart surgery on January 18, 2001, while the second season was airing.

## Cast

### Main

### Recurring

## Production

### Crew

Ten episodes were directed by sci-fi veteran David Winning; including "The Trouble with Harry" (Jere Burns, Brent Carver), "Moonshine Over Harlem" (Earle Hyman) and "It's a Hard Knock Life" (Markie Post). Veteran television producer Barney Rosenzweig (*Charlie's Angels*, *Cagney & Lacey*) oversaw the first season of the series.

### Writing

* The scenario of this series always takes place in four stages: the accidental death of a person, their judgment, their second chance in the past and the happy ending.
* In the premiere episode of season 2, Mr. Jones is replaced by Mr. Smith, a mystery man with no ID pulled out of a burning church by a firefighter. He dies in the firefighter's arms. His death seems to make him lose his memory. Jones is as much an expert as Smith is a clumsy beginner. Note that in the second season, the passage to the afterlife is different from season 1. Also Mr Smith seems to be trying to remember who he is and complete his job as a guide/defense attorney and helper to the souls he picks up so he can either get his life back or become an angel. It's never made clear and we never find out what his whole story is.
* In two episodes of the first season, we see Judge Deborah, played by Polly Bergen, and Prosecutor Jael, played by Diahann Carroll.

## Episodes

### Season 1: 1999–2000

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | "Sixteen Candles" | August 25, 1999 (1999-08-25) |
| A woman who dies in a fire while drinking is given the chance to prevent her addiction.
*Guest star*: Gwynyth Walsh | | | | |
| 2 | 2 | "Death and Taxes" | September 1, 1999 (1999-09-01) |
| When his son vanishes on a camping trip, a cold-hearted IRS agent is killed looking for him. He's given the chance to convince his younger self not to be so harsh with others. But when he returns, he finds his son still goes missing and worries things didn't change for the best.
*Guest star*: Corbin Bernsen | | | | |
| 3 | 3 | "Healing Touch" | September 8, 1999 (1999-09-08) |
| An ambitious doctor, who actually cut her own husband's medical career short to get ahead, is given a chance to sway her younger self from this selfish path. Her journey is complicated by how her future husband is attracted to her "new" self.
*Guest stars*: Jonelle Allen and Maurice Dean Wint | | | | |
| 4 | 4 | "Ashes to Ashes" | September 15, 1999 (1999-09-15) |
| A chain smoker dying of lung cancer is killed in a car accident. She's sent back as a guidance counselor to get her younger self to stop but discovers a shocking family secret that drove her to this path.
*Guest star*: Stephanie Zimbalist | | | | |
| 5 | 5 | "Double Exposure" | September 22, 1999 (1999-09-22) |
| A woman who listened to her mother's advice lives a cold and empty life with a cheating husband before dying in a park. She's given the chance to convince her younger self to follow her dreams of being a photographer.
*Guest stars*: Kate Jackson and Richard Eden | | | | |
| 6 | 6 | "The Blame Game" | September 29, 1999 (1999-09-29) |
| Feeling bitter toward his aged mother for never letting him go to college, a Vietnam veteran is given the chance to convince his younger self to follow his dreams and learns more of his mother's true motives.
*Guest stars*: Ron Glass and Michael Cera; Polly Bergen filled in for Al Waxman | | | | |
| 7 | 7 | "Blood Brothers" | October 13, 1999 (1999-10-13) |
| A former baseball pitcher is wallowing in guilt over sending his brother to prison when they were teenagers. When the brother gets out, he kills the pitcher, who is given a chance to stop his brother's path to crime... but time is running out before the key event happens.
*Guest star*: Joe Penny; Polly Bergen filled in for Al Waxman | | | | |
| 8 | 8 | "School's Out" | October 27, 1999 (1999-10-27) |
| A retiring teacher, hated for her cold ways with students, is killed in a robbery. She is sent back to convince her younger self to give a second chance to a promising athlete.
*Guest stars*: Roberta Maxwell and Cedric Smith | | | | |
| 9 | 9 | "O'er the Ramparts We Watched" | November 3, 1999 (1999-11-03) |
| After being killed in a robbery, a woman is ready to be accepted into heaven but instead argues that she be sent back to try and save a former love. But her attempts soon draw her into a conflict between her father and her love's radical group.
*Guest stars*: Mariette Hartley and Diahann Carroll | | | | |
| 10 | 10 | "A Match Made in Heaven" | November 10, 1999 (1999-11-10) |
| Long trapped by a loveless marriage to the woman he got pregnant and raising two spoiled children, an architect is sent back to pose as a priest. Along the way, he discovers a big secret as he tries to hook his younger self up with the love of his life and stop her from being deported.
*Guest star*: Patrick Duffy | | | | |
| 11 | 11 | "The Quality of Mercy" | November 17, 1999 (1999-11-17) |
| A bigoted prosecutor dies of a heart attack in a rough neighborhood and is sent back as a cop to try and save her former love from a shooting. She fails but then discovers the man she identified as the killer and was executed for the crime was truly innocent. Now, she must convince her grieving younger self to not make the same mistake.
*Guest star*: Joanna Cassidy | | | | |
| 12 | 12 | "What She Did for Love" | November 24, 1999 (1999-11-24) |
| A washed-up actress dies in a freak accident and Mr. Jones uses one of his three "freebies" to give her a second chance. She attempts to nail the audition she's convinced she was cheated out of only to realize that becoming a star is secondary to how to save her life.
*Guest star*: Donna Mills | | | | |
| 13 | 13 | "Second Service" | December 1, 1999 (1999-12-01) |
| Trapped in a wheelchair by a car accident, a bitter former tennis player is given a chance to return to her past. Becoming her own physical therapist, she tries to get her younger self to overcome her bitterness while helping a young girl also injured by an accident.
*Guest star*: Susan Blakely | | | | |
| 14 | 14 | "The Gift of Life" | December 15, 1999 (1999-12-15) |
| Just after deciding to call off her wedding, a bride sees her long-absent father (who she blames for not giving the bone marrow her dying younger sister needed) there and dies falling down the stairs. Sent back as a doctor, she discovers the true reason her father left the family long ago and tries to perhaps save her sister and keep them together.
*Guest star*: Michele Greene | | | | |
| 15 | 15 | "Birds of Paradise" | January 1, 2000 (2000-01-01) |
| A music teacher is given the chance to prevent the fatal overdose of his girlfriend but gets into trouble when he tells their band who he really is.
*Guest star*: Steve Landesberg | | | | |
| 16 | 16 | "Take Two" | February 2, 2000 (2000-02-02) |
| Dying of a heart attack on the set of a commercial, an arrogant and bigoted director is stunned to discover his former love raised their son he never knew about. He's sent back as a costume designer at the theater group they met at, trying to convince his younger, stage actor, self not to break them up for a job with a company making commercials.
*Guest stars*: Daniel Hugh Kelly and William Hutt | | | | |
| 17 | 17 | "For Love and Money" | February 9, 2000 (2000-02-09) |
| A woman, whose son finds a briefcase of drug money in the park years before, uses it to become a successful TV chef but also leads to her son becoming a criminal. Dying in a spa accident, she discovers an innocent cop was blamed for stealing that money and is given the chance to stop her younger self from that mistake.
*Guest star*: Julia Duffy | | | | |
| 18 | 18 | "Old Flames" | February 16, 2000 (2000-02-16) |
| Mr. Jones is stunned when Judge Othniel gives a woman the chance to go back and convince her younger self to have an affair with a friend. But there's a method to the Judge's madness and an important lesson for both the woman and Jones.
*Guest stars*: Michelle Phillips and Amy Price Francis | | | | |
| 19 | 19 | "Pride and Prejudice" | March 1, 2000 (2000-03-01) |
| After dying in a freak accident, a bitter publisher is sent back at first to convince his young wife to become a stay-at-home mom so their daughter won't turn out to be a mess. But when he sees how much his wife loves her job, he begins to rethink his plan.
*Guest stars*: Lance Kinsey and Lisa Yamanaka | | | | |
| 20 | 20 | "Party Girls" | May 3, 2000 (2000-05-03) |
| After losing custody of her daughter due to her drinking, a woman dies in a bar and is given a chance to stop her younger self from this path. But a tragic turn ensures her life will never be the same no matter what.
*Guest star*: Tracey Gold | | | | |
| 21 | 21 | "The Trouble with Harry" | May 10, 2000 (2000-05-10) |
| Dying when his apartment fills with gas, a song writer is sent back to convince his younger self to be more accepting of his neighbors. But he makes the mistake of telling his younger self point blank who he is which earns him a trip to the psych ward and he must find a way to get out before his time is up.
*Guest stars*: Jere Burns and Brent Carver | | | | |
| 22 | 22 | "Sins of Our Father" | May 17, 2000 (2000-05-17) |
| After seeing his photo on a milk carton, a teenager is told by his father that he took him and his sister to protect them from their drug-addicted mother. Killed in an accidental shooting, the teen is sent back to get his younger self to discover the truth of what really happened.
*Guest star*: Thomas Ian Nicholas | | | | |

### Season 2: 2000–2001

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 23 | 1 | "Fallen Angel" | August 20, 2000 (2000-08-20) |
| After being accidentally shot by his own son, a firefighter is sent back as a psychiatrist to get his son to open up and to try to stop his son from beating a younger boy. With him is Mr. Smith, who died in a fire despite the same firefighter's attempts (his last pre-death rescue) to save Smith, who is getting used to this new job.
*Guest star*: Bruce Boxleitner | | | | |
| 24 | 2 | "It's a Hard Knock Life" | August 30, 2000 (2000-08-30) |
| A woman who lived alone with just cats dies and is sent back to the orphanage where she grew up, determined to get her younger self adopted by the perfect family. But along the way, she realizes that the orphanage owner she long hated was under a lot of pressure and that the "perfect" family may not be what she thinks.
*Guest star*: Markie Post | | | | |
| 25 | 3 | "Matchmaker, Matchmaker" | September 6, 2000 (2000-09-06) |
| Dying from a fall at a construction pit, a divorcee learns that her warnings about men will lead to her daughter becoming a bitter and lonely woman. She's given the chance to sway her daughter to love but must contend with her own hard self.
*Guest star*: Lesley Ann Warren | | | | |
| 26 | 4 | "Curveball" | September 13, 2000 (2000-09-13) |
| Mr. Smith is upset when instead of an older abusive father, it's the man's teenage son who dies in a baseball accident. In a twist the boy is sent back to when his father was his age to discover the source of his anger, the truth of his dad's "fame" as a baseball player and to help his father with his own demanding, rough father.
*Guest stars*: Miko Hughes and Ed Marinaro | | | | |
| 27 | 5 | "My Blue Heaven" | October 4, 2000 (2000-10-04) |
| Killed by a man he once framed, a corrupt cop is given the chance to stop his younger self from going down that path. However, posing as an Internal Affairs officer doesn't help or the discovery of his own father's corrupt ways. Meanwhile, Mr. Smith is sent with him as a priest with a bad record to learn his own lesson.
*Guest star*: Ralph Macchio | | | | |
| 28 | 6 | "War of the Poseys" | October 11, 2000 (2000-10-11) |
| Killed on a car ride together, a long-fighting couple are sent back as the owners of the hotel their younger selves honeymooned at. Along the way, each discovers why the other has held such long grudges and try to get their selves back on track.
*Guest star*: Martin Mull | | | | |
| 29 | 7 | "The Escape Artist" | October 18, 2000 (2000-10-18) |
| Executed for the murder of his sister, a stage magician is sent back to discover the identity of the real killer... but must face the fact it's someone he thought he trusted.
*Guest star*: C. Thomas Howell | | | | |
| 30 | 8 | "Expose" | October 25, 2000 (2000-10-25) |
| After wasting her talent, a tabloid reporter is sent back to prevent her younger self from ruining the life of an actress. She finds it hard to sway her ambitious self until she decides to reveal their deepest secret.
*Guest star*: María Conchita Alonso | | | | |
| 31 | 9 | "Some Like It ... Not" | November 1, 2000 (2000-11-01) |
| After Mr. Smith agrees with the viewpoint of a womanizing dentist at only judging women by their appearances, Judge Othniel decides to teach them both a lesson by sending them to sway the dentist's younger self... only both men will be seen by everyone else as women.
*Guest star*: Patrick Cassidy | | | | |
| 32 | 10 | "Whistle Blower" | November 8, 2000 (2000-11-08) |
| A man who blames the toxic waste his company dumped for his son having Down's Syndrome is sent back and intends to ensure his son isn't born to "spare" him from that life. But as he sees his younger self and his wife, he realizes how important his son truly is.
*Guest star*: Reginald VelJohnson | | | | |
| 33 | 11 | "Used Hearts" | November 15, 2000 (2000-11-15) |
| A used car saleswoman is granted the chance to stop her younger self from selling a defective car that killed a teenager. But she finds it hard due to her feelings for the girl's brother and her own secret guilt.
*Guest star*: Jackée Harry | | | | |
| 34 | 12 | "Grandma's Shoes" | November 22, 2000 (2000-11-22) |
| A woman whose brother died of a snakebite because she convinced him to bury their late grandmother's shoes, dies after a return to their run-down farm. The woman intends to get her brother to leave with her and travel the world as she did when she was a teenager.
*Guest star*: Cloris Leachman | | | | |
| 35 | 13 | "The Night Before Christmas" | December 13, 2000 (2000-12-13) |
| A woman who has hated Christmas ever since her twin sister walked out on her Christmas eve and died in a motorcycle accident is given the chance to heal the rift they had over a boy in their band.
*Guest stars*: Stepfanie Kramer and Gordon Currie | | | | |
| 36 | 14 | "The Frat Pack" | January 1, 2001 (2001-01-01) |
| Dying after an argument with his brother, a bar owner is sent back to oversee the hazing her put on his brother at a fraternity and convince his younger self to cut the boy a break.
*Guest star*: Dale Midkiff | | | | |
| 37 | 15 | "Even Steven" | January 31, 2001 (2001-01-31) |
| Having long blamed a high school bully for ruining his life and costing him his dream girl, a doctor is sent back, at first to get back at this bully but soon discovers all is not what he believed it to be.
*Guest stars*: Ian Ziering, Laura Vandervoort, and Dean McDermott | | | | |
| 38 | 16 | "Moonshine Over Harlem" | February 7, 2001 (2001-02-07) |
| A former gangster in the 1930s, having long lectured at schools about a life of crime, is granted the chance to save his former love but faces opposition from her FBI agent father.
*Guest stars*: Earle Hyman and Candace Cameron Bure | | | | |
| 39 | 17 | "Daddy's Girl" | February 21, 2001 (2001-02-21) |
| Dying of a heart attack on the poker table after cheating at the poker game, a lifelong gambler learns that the woman he walked out on a decade before died and their daughter was raised in a cold environment. Posing as a family services agent, he tries to get his younger self to finally accept the responsibilities of fatherhood.
*Guest stars*: Eric Lutes and Amber Marshall | | | | |
| 40 | 18 | "The Knockout" | February 28, 2001 (2001-02-28) |
| A former boxing champ, who gave up on it all after killing his brother in a rigged fight, is given the chance to stop the death... but still determined to win the fight.
*Guest star*: Richard Burgi | | | | |
| 41 | 19 | "Then Love Came Along" | April 25, 2001 (2001-04-25) |
| A rich man is sent back as a hospital administrator who must decide whom to give a kidney to. He falls in love with a woman who has adopted her orphaned nephew but is also dying from the same kidney disease that killed her sister. When his own younger self gets hit by a car, he must decide whether to save himself or the woman he loves. Leaving the boy without a mother for the 2nd time and with no one else.
*Guest stars*: Daniel Baldwin and Kim Schraner | | | | |
| 42 | 20 | "Mama Mia" | May 2, 2001 (2001-05-02) |
| Having long put her own dreams aside to take care of her daughter and then granddaughter, a woman must convince her younger self to teach her grown daughter to take more motherly responsibility while she follows her own dreams she put aside for her husband and daughter.
*Guest stars*: Joan Van Ark and Yannick Bisson | | | | |
| 43 | 21 | "Final Flight" | May 9, 2001 (2001-05-09) |
| Dying during a flight to see his first wife, a pilot is sent back as a flight attendant to convince his arrogant younger self to correct the mistake that led to a dog's death on board. Meanwhile, Mr. Smith helps a cancer-stricken woman deal with her last days.
*Guest star*: John Schneider | | | | |
| 44 | 22 | "The Choice" | May 30, 2001 (2001-05-30) |
| Having long blamed himself for convincing his father to have a heart operation that left him brain damaged, a man is granted the chance to prevent it but must deal with how else to save his father's life.
*Guest star*: Wil Wheaton | | | | |

## Reception

### Awards

| Year | Award | Result | Category | Recipient |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | Chicago International Film Festival | **Won** | Best Direction, Variety/Entertainment | David Winning
(For episode: "Match Made in Heaven") |
| 2003 | | | Special Achievement in Direction | David Winning
(For episode: "Then Love Came Along") |
| 2000 | Columbus International Film & Video Festival | **Won** | Entertainment | David Winning
(For episode: "The Trouble With Harry") |
| 2002 | Directors Guild of Canada | **Nominated** | Outstanding Achievement in Direction | David Winning
(For episode: "Moonshine Over Harlem") |
| | | **Won** | Outstanding Achievement in a Television Series - Drama | Production crew |
| 2000 | Gemini Awards | **Nominated** | Best Performance by an Actor in a Guest Role in a Dramatic Series | Brent Carver(For episode: "The Trouble with Harry") |
| | | | Best Performance by an Actor in a Guest Role in a Dramatic Series | Jere Burns(For episode: "The Trouble with Harry") |
| | | | Best Dramatic Series | Stephen Brackley, Michael J. Maschio, Michael Prupas, Barney Rosenzweig and Marilyn Stonehouse |
| 2001 | | | Best Performance by an Actress in a Guest Role in a Dramatic Series | Cloris Leachman |
| | | | Best Performance by an Actor in a Guest Role in a Dramatic Series | Frank Moore |
| 2000 | New York Festivals | **Won** | Television Programming & Promotion - Craft: Program - Best Direction | David Winning
(For episode: "The Trouble With Harry") |
| 2003 | | | Television Programming & Promotion - Craft: Program - Best Direction | David Winning
(For episode: "Then Love Came Along") |
| 2001 | WorldFest Houston | **Won** | Television and Cable Production - TV Series-Dramatic | David Winning
(For episode: "Moonshine Over Harlem") |
| | | | Television and Cable Production - TV Series-Dramatic | David Winning
(For episode: "Hard Knock Life") |
| 2002 | | | Television and Cable Production - TV Series-Dramatic | David Winning
(For episode: "Then Love Came Along") |
| 2001 | Young Artist Award | **Nominated** | Best Performance in a TV Drama Series - Guest Starring Young Actor | Trevor Blumas |
| 2002 | | | Best Performance in a TV Drama Series - Guest Starring Young Actor | Corey Sevier |
| | | | Best Performance in a TV Drama Series - Guest Starring Young Actor | Marc Donato |

## Syndication

Reruns of *Twice in a Lifetime* are currently airing on the W Network in Canada and Ebru in the United States.

## Home media

Video Service Corp has released two volumes of *Twice in a Lifetime* on DVD, with each volume featuring two episodes.

In February 2022, Visual Entertainment released the complete series on DVD in Region 1.

## InfoBox

| *Twice in a Lifetime* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 2 stars Paul Popowich (left) and Al Waxman | |
| Genre | Drama
Mystery |
| Created by | Steve Sohmer |
| Written by | Randy Brown
Liz Coe
Star Frohman
Babs Greyhosky
Jim Kramer
Neil Landau
Suzanne Marcus Levine
Pamela K. Long
Mike Scott
Steve Sohmer
Marcy Vosburgh
Robert Wolterstorff |
| Directed by | Graeme Campbell
Holly Dale
Steve DiMarco
Alan Goluboff
Manfred Guthe
Allan King
Eleanor Lindo
Graeme Lynch
David Winning |
| Starring | Al Waxman
Gordie Brown
Paul Popowich |
| Theme music composer | Glenn Morley |
| Composers | Marvin Dolgay
Glenn Morley |
| Country of origin | Canada |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 2 |
| No. of episodes | 44 |
| Production | |
| Executive producers | Stephen J. Brackley (2000-2001)
Pamela K. Long (2000-2001)
Michael Prupas (1999-2000)
Barney Rosenzweig (1999-2000) |
| Producers | Paul Leishman
Deborah Nathan
Michael J. Maschio
Paula Smith
Marilyn Stonehouse |
| Cinematography | Manfred Guthe
Maris H. Jansons
Harald Ortenburger |
| Editors | Jean Coulombe
Eric Goddard
Rob MacKinnon
Brett Sullivan |
| Running time | 60 minutes |
| Production companies | Pebblehut Productions
Paxson Entertainment
CTV |
| Original release | |
| Network | CTV |
| Release | August 25, 1999 (1999-08-25)
May 30, 2001 (2001-05-30) |


title: Tuğba Melis Türk

abstract: Tuğba Melis Türk is a Turkish actress and model. She came first at the Best Model of Turkey contest in 2011.

text:
# Tuğba Melis Türk

**Tuğba Melis Türk** (born 7 September 1990) is a Turkish actress and model. She came first at the Best Model of Turkey contest in 2011.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2019 | *Hayatta Olmaz* |  |
| 2017 | *Tutsak* | Nazlı |
| 2017 | *Fazilet Hanım ve Kızları* | Nil |
| 2016 | *Muhteşem Yüzyıl: Kösem* | Katherina |
| 2015 | *Kaçak* | Zeynep | (last episode) |
| 2014 | *Şimdi Onlar Düşünsün* | Özge | (4–7th episode) |
| 2013 2014 | *Merhamet* | Melike |
| 2014 | *Hatasız Kul Olmaz* | Duygu |
| 2014 | *Sana Bir Sır Vereceğim* | Deniz |
| 2013 | *Leyla ile Mecnun* | Peri Kızı | Taş Bebek |
| 2012 2013 | *Krem* | şelale |
| 2011 | *Kolpaçino: Bomba* |  |
| 2010 | *Cehennem 3D* |  |
| 2008 | *Sevgili Düşmanım* | Ezgi |
| 2007 | *Annem* | Başak |
| 2007 | *Senin Uğruna* | Emel |
| 2006 | *Arka Sokaklar* | Nesrin |
| 2004 | *Büyük Buluşma* | Yasemin |
| 2012 | *Adını Feriha Koydum* | Rüya Çelik | guest act |
| 2012 | *Bitmesin* |  |
|  | *Kara Ekmek* | Canan | guest act |
|

## InfoBox

| Tuğba Melis Türk | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1990-09-07) 7 September 1990<br>Sofia, Bulgaria |
| Education | Istanbul Aydın University-Acting |
| Awards | Best Model of Turkey (2011) |


title: Turbo jonathani

abstract:
Turbo jonathani is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.
  - Taxonomic status: Some authors place the name in the subgenus Turbo (Marmarostoma)

text:
# Turbo jonathani

***Turbo jonathani*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.

* **Taxonomic status**: Some authors place the name in the subgenus *Turbo (Marmarostoma)*

## Description

The length of the shell varies between 50 mm and 65 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Tanzania and Oman.

Notes Sources * Alf A. & Kreipl K. (2003). *A Conchological Iconography: The Family Turbinidae, Subfamily Turbininae, Genus Turbo*. Conchbooks, Hackenheim Germany.
* Williams, S.T. (2007). *Origins and diversification of Indo-West Pacific marine fauna: evolutionary history and biogeography of turban shells (Gastropoda, Turbinidae).* Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 92, 573–592.

* "*Turbo (Turbo) jonathani*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 16 January 2019.

## InfoBox

| *Turbo jonathani* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Order: | Trochida |
| Superfamily: | Trochoidea |
| Family: | Turbinidae |
| Genus: | *Turbo* |
| Species: | ***T. jonathani*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Turbo jonathani***<br>Dekker, Moolenbeek & Dance, 1992 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Turbo (Aspilaturbo) jonathani* Dekker, Moolenbeek & Dance, 1992 * *Turbo (Turbo) jonathani* Dekker, Moolenbeek & Dance, 1992 | |


title: Twilight (company)

abstract: Twilight was a British video game developer based in Harrogate.

text:
# Twilight (company)

**Twilight** was a British video game developer based in Harrogate.

## History

Twilight was founded by Stuart Cook, Mark Mason, Jason McGann, Andy Swann, and Peter Tattersall. They worked together at Enigma Variations, a studio based in Harrogate, where they mostly created games based on licensed properties in short timespans. In 1989, Mason was fired, leading Cook, McGann, Swann, and Tattersall to leave the company in early 1990. The five founded Twilight on 1 May 1990. While trying to come up with a company name, Tattersall began humming the theme music of *The Twilight Zone*, leading them to settle on the name "Twilight". He also created the company's logo, taking inspiration from Roger Dean with the aim of making it easily representable on a Commodore 64.

The company rented its first office in a mid-terrace house on Mayfield Grove in Harrogate. Its first game was *Delta Charge*, a port of *Delta* from the Commodore 64 to the ZX Spectrum, released by Thalamus Ltd. Throughout 1990, Twilight attracted projects from multiple publishers, including several titles from licensed properties for Hi-Tec Software. Having hired Mark Barker, Wayne Billingham, Dave Box, Noel Hines, Rob Holman, Andy Severn, Martin Severn, and James Smart, the company operated with two development teams, one working for 8-bit platforms while the other began exploring games for 16-bit platforms. Twilight ultimately moved into proper offices within Harrogate.

In 1994, shortly after finishing *Alfred Chicken* for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, McGann and Tattersall left Twilight to form Hookstone. Twilight subsequently agreed to transfer the rights to *Alfred Chicken*, which McGann had conceived, to Hookstone. Swann also left the company around this time. In the following years, Cook and Mason continued to run the company, which saw a significant decline in development projects. Following the cancellation of *Frog Dude* and a game in the style of *Fantasy Quest* for Telstar, Twilight struggled with the transition to 3D video games. Cook and Mason paid off and fired all staff, and the company was ultimately shut down in 1997.

## Games

## InfoBox

Twilight
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Video games |
| Founded | 1 May 1990 (1990-05-01) |
| Founders | * Stuart Cook * Mark Mason * Jason McGann * Andy Swann * Peter Tattersall |
| Defunct | 1997 (1997) |
| Fate | Dissolved |
| Headquarters | Harrogate, England |
| Key people | * Stuart Cook * Mark Mason |


title: Turner Glacier

abstract: Turner Glacier is a glacier on the east side of Mount Liotard flowing northeast into Ryder Bay, Adelaide Island. The glacier was surveyed by Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS), 1948, and photographed from the air by Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition (FIDASE), 1956–57. Named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1977 after Andrew John Turner, British Antarctic Survey (BAS) builder, Halley Station, 1973–74; Signy Island, 1974–75; Rothera Station, 1976–77, 1978–80; and Faraday Station, 1982–83. It should not be confused with the Turner Glacier on Baffin Island in Nunavut, Canada, adjoining Mount Asgard.

text:
# Turner Glacier

**Turner Glacier** (67°37′S 68°29′W / 67.617°S 68.483°W / -67.617; -68.483) is a glacier on the east side of Mount Liotard flowing northeast into Ryder Bay, Adelaide Island. The glacier was surveyed by Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS), 1948, and photographed from the air by Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition (FIDASE), 1956–57. Named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1977 after Andrew John Turner, British Antarctic Survey (BAS) builder, Halley Station, 1973–74; Signy Island, 1974–75; Rothera Station, 1976–77, 1978–80; and Faraday Station, 1982–83.

It should not be confused with the Turner Glacier on Baffin Island in Nunavut, Canada, adjoining Mount Asgard.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Turner Glacier". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey.

## InfoBox

| Turner Glacier | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Adelaide Island in the Antarctic Peninsula | |
| Location of Turner Glacier in Antarctica | |
| Location | Adelaide Island |
| Coordinates | 67°37′S 68°29′W / 67.617°S 68.483°W / -67.617; -68.483 |
| Thickness | unknown |
| Terminus | Ryder Bay |
| Status | unknown |


abstract: The Turkey national beach handball team is the national team of Turkey. It is governed by the Turkey Handball Federation and takes part in international beach handball competitions.

text:
# Turkey men's national beach handball team

Turkey men's national beach handball team
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Men's beach handball | | |
| Representing  Turkey | | |
| World Championship | | |
|  | 2004 Egypt |  |
|  | 2006 Brazil |  |
|  | 2010 Turkey |  |
| European Championship | | |
|  | 2004 Turkey |  |
|  | 2006 Germany |  |

The **Turkey national beach handball team** is the national team of Turkey. It is governed by the Turkey Handball Federation and takes part in international beach handball competitions.

## Results

They finished second at the 2013 European Championship, in Randers, Denmark, losing the final with Hungary and received silver medal.

### World Championships

| Year | Position |
| --- | --- |
| 2004 | 2nd |
| 2006 | 2nd |
| 2008 | 6th |
| 2010 | 3rd |
| 2012 | *Did not qualify* |
| 2012 | |
| 2012 | |
| 2012 | |
| Total | 4/8 |

### World Games

| Year | Position |
| --- | --- |
| 2001 |  |
| 2005 | 7th |
| 2009 | 7th |
| Total | 2/3 |

## InfoBox

| Turkey | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Information | |
| Association | Turkey Handball Federation |
| Colours | |
|  | |
| Results | |
| World Games | |
| Appearances | 2 (*First in 2009*) |
| Best result | 7th (2005, 2009) |
| World Championship | |
| Appearances | 4 (*First in 2004*) |
| Best result | 2nd (2006) |
|  | |
| Last updated on Unknown. | |


title: Turrilatirus

abstract: Turrilatirus is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Fasciolariinae of the family Fasciolariidae, the spindle snails, the tulip snails and their allies.

text:
# Turrilatirus

***Turrilatirus*** is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Fasciolariinae of the family Fasciolariidae, the spindle snails, the tulip snails and their allies.

## Species

Species within the genus *Turrilatirus* include:

## InfoBox

| *Turrilatirus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Turrilatirus turritus*  (Gmelin, 1791) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Buccinoidea |
| Family: | Fasciolariidae |
| Genus: | *Turrilatirus*
Vermeij & M.A. Snyder, 2006 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Voluta turrita* Gmelin, 1791
 | |


title: Tylomelania carota

abstract: Tylomelania carota is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae.

text:
# Tylomelania carota

***Tylomelania carota*** is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Kalaena River drainage, Sulawesi, Indonesia.

## Ecology

*Tylomelania carota* is a riverine species.

## InfoBox

| *Tylomelania carota* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| An apertural view of a shell of *Tylomelania carota*. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Family: | Pachychilidae |
| Genus: | *Tylomelania* |
| Species: | ***T. carota*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tylomelania carota***<br>(Sarasin & Sarasin, 1898) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Melania carota* Sarasin & Sarasin, 1898 | |


abstract: The Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution Act 2001 is an amendment of the Constitution of Ireland which introduced a constitutional ban on the death penalty and removed all references to capital punishment from the text. It was approved by referendum on 7 June 2001 and signed into law on 27 March 2002. The referendum was held on the same day as referendums on the ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, which was also approved, and on the ratification of the Nice Treaty, which was rejected.

text:
# Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland

The **Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution Act 2001** (previously bill no. 16 of 2001) is an amendment of the Constitution of Ireland which introduced a constitutional ban on the death penalty and removed all references to capital punishment from the text. It was approved by referendum on 7 June 2001 and signed into law on 27 March 2002. The referendum was held on the same day as referendums on the ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, which was also approved, and on the ratification of the Nice Treaty, which was rejected.

## Background

Capital punishment in Ireland had been abolished by the Criminal Justice Act 1990. The purpose of the amendment was therefore not to end the practice, but rather to forbid the Oireachtas from reintroducing the death penalty in future, even during a state of emergency. This is the only explicit exception to the sweeping powers otherwise granted to the state during such an emergency.

The last execution in Ireland occurred in 1954 when the murderer Michael Manning was hanged, the sentence being carried out by Albert Pierrepoint who travelled from Great Britain where he was an official hangman. The penalty has been abolished in law since 1990. It is furthermore a condition of the membership of any country of the European Union that it abolish capital punishment. Ireland is also party to a number of international agreements forbidding the death penalty. These include Protocol No. 13 to the European Convention on Human Rights which forbids capital punishment even during time of war.

## Changes to the text

Article 15.5 to be renumbered as 15.5.1° and the insertion of a new subsection to Article 15.5:

> 2° The Oireachtas shall not enact any law providing for the imposition of the death penalty.

Addition of the highlighted text to the first sentence of Article 28.3.3°:

> Nothing in this Constitution **other than Article 15.5.2°** shall be invoked to invalidate any law enacted by the Oireachtas which is expressed to be for the purpose of securing the public safety and the preservation of the State in time of war or armed rebellion, or to nullify any act done or purporting to be done in time of war or armed rebellion in pursuance of any such law.

Deletion of the highlighted text from Article 13.6:

> The right of pardon and the power to commute or remit punishment imposed by any court exercising criminal jurisdiction are hereby vested in the President, but such power of commutation or remission may~~**, except in capital cases,**~~ also be conferred by law on other authorities.

Deletion of the following subsection from Article 40.4:

> 5° Where an order is made under this section by the High Court or a judge thereof for the production of the body of a person who is under sentence of death, the High Court or such judge thereof shall further order that the execution of the said sentence of death shall be deferred until after the body of such person has been produced before the High Court and the lawfulness of his detention has been determined and if, after such deferment, the detention of such person is determined to be lawful, the High Court shall appoint a day for the execution of the said sentence of death and that sentence shall have effect with the substitution of the day so appointed for the day originally fixed for the execution thereof.

Subsections 6° and 7° of Article 40.4 renumbered as subsections 5° and 6° respectively.

## Oireachtas debate

The Twenty-first Amendment was proposed in Dáil Éireann by Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform John O'Donoghue on 11 April 2001 on behalf of the Fianna FáilProgressive Democrats coalition government led by Taoiseach Bertie Ahern. One member spoke against, Fine Gael TD Brendan McGahon; otherwise, it had the support of all members of the Dáil. It passed final stages without amendment on the same day. It passed all stages in Seanad Éireann on 1 May, and proceeded to a referendum on 7 June 2001.

## Campaign

A Referendum Commission was established by Minister for the Environment and Local Government Noel Dempsey. It was chaired by former Chief Justice Thomas Finlay. At the time, its role included setting out the arguments for and against the proposal.

## Result

The Twenty-first Amendment was approved on a low turnout (34%), by 62% in favour to 38% against. There were media reports after the referendum on the Twenty-first Amendment that opponents of the death penalty had mistakenly cast a "no" vote, in the belief that they were being asked to vote on capital punishment *per se* rather than on an amendment that would prohibit it.

Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland referendum
| Choice | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Yes** | **610,455** | **62.08** |
| No | 372,950 | 37.92 |
| Valid votes | 983,405 | 98.55 |
| Invalid or blank votes | 14,480 | 1.45 |
| **Total votes** | **997,885** | **100.00** |
|
| Registered voters/turnout | 2,867,960 | 34.79 |
|

Results by constituency
| Constituency | Electorate | Turnout (%) | Votes | | Proportion of votes | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Yes | No | Yes | No |
| Carlow–Kilkenny | 92,470 | 34.1% | **18,264** | 12,777 | **58.9%** | 41.1% |
| Cavan–Monaghan | 85,803 | 34.7% | **18,378** | 10,783 | **63.1%** | 36.9% |
| Clare | 76,227 | 30.8% | **14,458** | 8,678 | **62.5%** | 37.5% |
| Cork East | 68,707 | 35.6% | **14,414** | 9,690 | **59.8%** | 40.2% |
| Cork North-Central | 75,038 | 33.4% | **14,721** | 10,020 | **59.6%** | 40.4% |
| Cork North-West | 49,749 | 37.5% | **10,874** | 7,364 | **59.7%** | 40.3% |
| Cork South-Central | 90,790 | 37.2% | **21,197** | 12,166 | **63.6%** | 36.4% |
| Cork South-West | 50,677 | 37.1% | **11,504** | 6,894 | **62.6%** | 37.4% |
| Donegal North-East | 55,035 | 27.6% | **9,405** | 5,554 | **62.9%** | 37.1% |
| Donegal South-West | 52,671 | 28.6% | **8,786** | 6,029 | **59.4%** | 40.6% |
| Dublin Central | 61,290 | 33.7% | **12,435** | 7,896 | **61.2%** | 38.8% |
| Dublin North | 70,321 | 37.8% | **17,110** | 9,245 | **65.0%** | 35.0% |
| Dublin North-Central | 64,007 | 43.2% | **17,207** | 10,187 | **62.9%** | 37.1% |
| Dublin North-East | 59,877 | 39.9% | **14,939** | 8,764 | **63.1%** | 36.9% |
| Dublin North-West | 57,284 | 38.3% | **13,570** | 8,139 | **62.6%** | 37.4% |
| Dublin South | 93,038 | 42.5% | **27,536** | 11,714 | **70.2%** | 29.8% |
| Dublin South-Central | 65,542 | 39.1% | **16,090** | 9,187 | **63.7%** | 36.3% |
| Dublin South-East | 58,820 | 39.6% | **16,562** | 6,394 | **72.2%** | 27.8% |
| Dublin South-West | 81,266 | 31.9% | **14,761** | 10,884 | **57.6%** | 42.4% |
| Dublin West | 77,760 | 34.4% | **16,723** | 9,868 | **62.9%** | 37.1% |
| Dún Laoghaire | 86,549 | 42.8% | **26,424** | 10,356 | **71.9%** | 28.1% |
| Galway East | 65,633 | 29.6% | **11,723** | 7,316 | **61.6%** | 38.4% |
| Galway West | 83,176 | 29.5% | **15,920** | 8,235 | **66.0%** | 34.0% |
| Kerry North | 53,366 | 32.8% | **9,845** | 7,360 | **57.3%** | 42.7% |
| Kerry South | 48,992 | 32.1% | **9,537** | 5,886 | **61.9%** | 38.1% |
| Kildare North | 59,035 | 34.4% | **13,026** | 7,087 | **64.8%** | 35.2% |
| Kildare South | 51,142 | 32.3% | **9,560** | 6,731 | **58.7%** | 41.3% |
| Laois–Offaly | 90,987 | 32.2% | **16,706** | 11,977 | **58.3%** | 41.7% |
| Limerick East | 80,339 | 34.5% | **15,935** | 11,400 | **58.3%** | 41.7% |
| Limerick West | 49,160 | 34.8% | **9,882** | 6,845 | **59.1%** | 40.9% |
| Longford–Roscommon | 67,305 | 32.0% | **12,766** | 8,375 | **60.4%** | 39.6% |
| Louth | 78,007 | 34.0% | **15,616** | 10,547 | **59.7%** | 40.3% |
| Mayo | 90,336 | 30.1% | **15,912** | 10,737 | **59.8%** | 40.2% |
| Meath | 101,888 | 32.6% | **20,221** | 12,582 | **61.7%** | 38.3% |
| Sligo–Leitrim | 66,748 | 35.2% | **13,894** | 9,086 | **60.5%** | 39.5% |
| Tipperary North | 56,278 | 34.0% | **11,590** | 7,143 | **61.9%** | 38.1% |
| Tipperary South | 53,463 | 37.0% | **11,373** | 7,989 | **58.8%** | 41.2% |
| Waterford | 71,946 | 35.0% | **14,984** | 9,775 | **60.6%** | 39.4% |
| Westmeath | 51,664 | 31.6% | **9,384** | 6,658 | **58.5%** | 41.5% |
| Wexford | 90,507 | 33.4% | **17,450** | 12,240 | **58.8%** | 41.2% |
| Wicklow | 85,067 | 38.3% | **19,773** | 12,392 | **61.5%** | 38.5% |
| Total | 2,867,960 | 34.8% | 610,455 | 372,950 | 62.1% | 37.9% |

## InfoBox

Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
| To ban the death penalty | |
| Results | |
| Choice Votes  %  **Yes** **610,455** **62.08%**  **No** 372,950 37.92%  Valid votes 983,405 98.55%  Invalid or blank votes 14,480 1.45%  **Total votes** **997,885** **100.00%**  Registered voters/turnout 2,867,960 34.79% | |


abstract: The Twenty-first Amendment (21A) to the Constitution of Sri Lanka was passed by the 225-member Sri Lankan Parliament with 179 voting in favor, 1 against and 45 abstained on 21 October 2022. The bill was passed with a two-third majority and it was reported that only one MP, Sarath Weerasekara, voted against the bill while 45 MPs were notably absent when the bill was passed in the parliament. The 21st Amendment was originally known as the 22nd Amendment in the political discourse and according to Newsfirst the said amendment would be added to Sri Lankan legislation as the 21st Amendment. The draft amendment was formulated during the critical juncture in Sri Lanka at a time when the country was reeling from massive economic crisis, political chaos and massive anti-government crackdowns. Major changes were made to the text of the draft of the 22nd amendment following the ousting of Gotabaya Rajapaksa. The draft was initially presented to the parliament by Minister of Justice, Prison Affairs and Constitutional Reforms Wijeyadasa Rajapakshe. in August 2022 and the cabinet granted approval for the draft. The 22nd Amendment was initially tabled in the Cabinet on 6 June 2022 by Wijeyadasa Rajapakshe and the discussion on it had been adjourned on multiple occasions due to the failure to reach a consensus after series of disagreements. The bill that was passed also reinstated some of the reforms back on track which previously existed in the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka which was passed all the way back in 2015. The Twenty Second Amendment also takes into account some of the underlying key features which previously existed in the 19th Amendment. However, critics argued that it is a farce by the politicians to create false impression among general public by misleading them by indicating that some of the reforms made in 19th Amendment would be reinstated in 22nd Amendment. The intention and thought process regarding passing of such bill is to curb the executive powers of the President to some extent and to empower the parliament which should serve on behalf of public interest. The bill also aims to restore independent commissions. The bill eventually superseded the Twentieth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka which meant that the latter would become invalid, null and void and defunct in the political context. The Twentieth Amendment was heavily criticised due to the constitution granting an excessive amount of powers and undue supreme authority to the executive president which was a major talking point during the aftermath of the 2019–present Sri Lankan economic crisis. Therefore, the 22nd amendment reverses most of the reforms and amendments which were introduced in the Twentieth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka in 2020. On 21 October 2022, the amendment was successfully passed in the parliament with a ⅔ majority in the parliament as the speaker of the House confirming that the third reading of the 22nd Constitution Amendment Bill was passed with amendments. The opposition party Samagi Jana Balawegaya, Sri Lanka Freedom Party and the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna all voted in favor of the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution. It was revealed that during the division for the second reading of the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution Bill, 179 parliamentarians voted in favor of the bill and only one MP voted against it as a result the bill was passed with an overwhelming majority breaching the 150 mark. It was insisted that the bill needed 150 MP votes as a minimum benchmark in order to pass it with a majority upfront. The third reading of the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution was also passed by Parliament with 174 MPs voting for and with 1 MP abstaining from voting. The second reading of the bill was taken up for debate in the parliament on 20 October 2022 and 21 October 2022 for discussions pertaining to the matters around the bill which could make an instant impact in the economy which has already hit rock-bottom. The President, cabinet of ministers as well as National Council will be held accountable to the Parliament of Sri Lanka under the provisions of 22nd Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka. Furthermore, fifteen committees and oversight committees are also liable and are also will be held accountable under this amendment. The bill also prohibits anyone with dual citizenship from contesting in elections in Sri Lanka and a move which is considered as a wake-up call aftermath the catastrophic economic collapse mainly triggered by the horrible decision making of Gotabaya Rajapaksa who held both Sri Lankan and American citizenships in his possession. The bill also indicates that dual citizens would eventually lose their seats in the parliament as they will play no longer part as far as the new amendment is concerned. The constitutional amendment however gives some powers to the president such as allowing the President to dissolve the parliament after two and a half years of the parliament being elected. Several prominent features, including curbing the Sri Lankan President's power to sack the Prime Minister and the Cabinet which were included in the draft were approved by the cabinet.

text:
# Twenty-first Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka

The **Twenty-first Amendment (21A) to the Constitution of Sri Lanka** was passed by the 225-member Sri Lankan Parliament with 179 voting in favor, 1 against and 45 abstained on 21 October 2022. The bill was passed with a two-third majority and it was reported that only one MP, Sarath Weerasekara, voted against the bill while 45 MPs were notably absent when the bill was passed in the parliament. The 21st Amendment was originally known as the 22nd Amendment in the political discourse and according to Newsfirst the said amendment would be added to Sri Lankan legislation as the 21st Amendment. The draft amendment was formulated during the critical juncture in Sri Lanka at a time when the country was reeling from massive economic crisis, political chaos and massive anti-government crackdowns. Major changes were made to the text of the draft of the 22nd amendment following the ousting of Gotabaya Rajapaksa. The draft was initially presented to the parliament by Minister of Justice, Prison Affairs and Constitutional Reforms Wijeyadasa Rajapakshe. in August 2022 and the cabinet granted approval for the draft. The 22nd Amendment was initially tabled in the Cabinet on 6 June 2022 by Wijeyadasa Rajapakshe and the discussion on it had been adjourned on multiple occasions due to the failure to reach a consensus after series of disagreements.

The bill that was passed also reinstated some of the reforms back on track which previously existed in the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka which was passed all the way back in 2015. The Twenty Second Amendment also takes into account some of the underlying key features which previously existed in the 19th Amendment. However, critics argued that it is a farce by the politicians to create false impression among general public by misleading them by indicating that some of the reforms made in 19th Amendment would be reinstated in 22nd Amendment.

The intention and thought process regarding passing of such bill is to curb the executive powers of the President to some extent and to empower the parliament which should serve on behalf of public interest. The bill also aims to restore independent commissions. The bill eventually superseded the Twentieth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka which meant that the latter would become invalid, null and void and defunct in the political context. The Twentieth Amendment was heavily criticised due to the constitution granting an excessive amount of powers and undue supreme authority to the executive president which was a major talking point during the aftermath of the 2019–present Sri Lankan economic crisis. Therefore, the 22nd amendment reverses most of the reforms and amendments which were introduced in the Twentieth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka in 2020. On 21 October 2022, the amendment was successfully passed in the parliament with a ⅔ majority in the parliament as the speaker of the House confirming that the third reading of the 22nd Constitution Amendment Bill was passed with amendments.

The opposition party Samagi Jana Balawegaya, Sri Lanka Freedom Party and the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna all voted in favor of the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution. It was revealed that during the division for the second reading of the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution Bill, 179 parliamentarians voted in favor of the bill and only one MP voted against it as a result the bill was passed with an overwhelming majority breaching the 150 mark. It was insisted that the bill needed 150 MP votes as a minimum benchmark in order to pass it with a majority upfront.

The third reading of the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution was also passed by Parliament with 174 MPs voting for and with 1 MP abstaining from voting. The second reading of the bill was taken up for debate in the parliament on 20 October 2022 and 21 October 2022 for discussions pertaining to the matters around the bill which could make an instant impact in the economy which has already hit rock-bottom.

The President, cabinet of ministers as well as National Council will be held accountable to the Parliament of Sri Lanka under the provisions of 22nd Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka. Furthermore, fifteen committees and oversight committees are also liable and are also will be held accountable under this amendment. The bill also prohibits anyone with dual citizenship from contesting in elections in Sri Lanka and a move which is considered as a wake-up call aftermath the catastrophic economic collapse mainly triggered by the horrible decision making of Gotabaya Rajapaksa who held both Sri Lankan and American citizenships in his possession. The bill also indicates that dual citizens would eventually lose their seats in the parliament as they will play no longer part as far as the new amendment is concerned.

The constitutional amendment however gives some powers to the president such as allowing the President to dissolve the parliament after two and a half years of the parliament being elected. Several prominent features, including curbing the Sri Lankan President's power to sack the Prime Minister and the Cabinet which were included in the draft were approved by the cabinet.

## 21st amendment and Supreme Court

The draft amendment was challenged in Supreme Court with regards to certain clauses such as Clause 2 and Clause 3 which were deemed as inconsistent with the Constitution. However, the Supreme Court cleared the bill on 6 September 2022 ruling that the bill could be adopted albeit with a two-thirds majority in the parliament and the court urged a nationwide referendum with reference to some special clauses which are mentioned in the bill.


abstract: The Turkish Cypriot Bureau of Telecommunications is a governmental organisation providing telecommunications services in Northern Cyprus. It is the only provider of Landline and wholesale Broadband services in Northern Cyprus, as well as providing and maintaining critical infrastructure required for all telecommunications.

text:
# Turkish Cypriot Bureau of Telecommunications

The **Turkish Cypriot Bureau of Telecommunications** is a governmental organisation providing telecommunications services in Northern Cyprus. It is the only provider of Landline and wholesale Broadband services in Northern Cyprus, as well as providing and maintaining critical infrastructure required for all telecommunications.

## Statistics

### ADSL

As of 31 January 2019, there is a total countrywide capacity of 38,914 ports for ADSL, and only 47.07% of these ports are under use. For comparison, there was a total countrywide capacity of 36,517 ports for ADSL and 53.91% of these ports were under use.

### Landline

As of 31 January 2019, there is a total countrywide capacity of 140,993 in the telephone exchange and 60.03% of this capacity has been taken.

## International Submarine Fiber Optic Connectivity

Currently, all international links are provided through the Turcyos-1 and Turcyos-2 fiber optic submarine cables provided by Türk Telekom. The **Turcyos-1** cable was inaugurated in July 1991 and was tendered to AT&T, Pirelli, and Alcatel-Lucent by PTT (Turkey). **Turcyos-2**, inaugurated in 2011, provides an 800 Gbps link to Northern Cyprus from Turkey, which aims to meet increasing data traffic demands in the TRNC, and grant users faster access to next generation technologies.

1. "Fixed Communication Providers | BTHK". *www.bthk.org*. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
2. "Turkish Cypriot Bureau of Telecommunications - ADSL Statistics 31 January 2019" (PDF).
3. "Turkish Cypriot Bureau of Telecommunications - ADSL Statistics - December 2017" (PDF).
4. "Turkish Cypriot Bureau of Telecommunications - Landline Statistics - January 2019" (PDF).
5. "Feasibility Study to identify the needs for development of ICT and Telecommunication infrastructure connectivity, policy and regulation regimes and ICT services in the ECO Member States" (PDF).
6. Polishuk, Paul (1993). "Submarine Fiber Optic Communications Systems". *Submarine Fiber Optic Communications Systems Newsletter*. Vol. 1 (1 ed.). Information Gatekeepers, Inc.
7. "Detail on TURCYOS-2".
8. "Turk Telekom deploys submarine cable to Northern Cyprus". *www.telegeography.com*. Retrieved 2019-03-01.

## InfoBox

Turkish Cypriot Bureau of Telecommunications
| Native name | Telekomünikasyon Dairesi |
| --- | --- |
| Company type | Governmental organisation |
| Industry | Telecommunications |
| Area served | Northern Cyprus |
| Website | http://telekom.gov.ct.tr |


title: Turquoise & Crimson (online version)

abstract: Turquoise & Crimson is the collection of Turquoise 3.x and Crimson 3.x released in a span from 2002 to 2004 online through VAST's website. EPs titled Turquoise 3.x and Crimson 3.x were released in lo-fi mp3 quality before being compiled onto the online release entitled Turquoise & Crimson. After the two EPs were released, many of the songs found their way onto the major-label backed album Nude with different mixes before finding their way onto the official double album release. However, there are two versions of Turquoise & Crimson; an official online version and an official "final" release released to retail. The songs were created during and after a short four-year hiatus instituted by Jon Crosby so he could do some "soul-searching". Many of the songs reflect the rough time in Crosby's life after the release of Music for People and the split between himself and a major-label. The songs on the online release are the same versions as the retail CD, however production and sound quality on the Retail Version is of higher quality.

text:
# Turquoise & Crimson (online version)

***Turquoise & Crimson (Online Version)*** is the collection of *Turquoise 3.x* and *Crimson 3.x* released in a span from 2002 to 2004 online through VAST's website. EPs titled *Turquoise 3.x* and *Crimson 3.x* were released in lo-fi mp3 quality before being compiled onto the online release entitled *Turquoise & Crimson*. After the two EPs were released, many of the songs found their way onto the major-label backed album *Nude* with different mixes before finding their way onto the official double album release. However, there are two versions of *Turquoise & Crimson*; an official online version and an official "final" release released to retail.

The songs were created during and after a short four-year hiatus instituted by Jon Crosby so he could do some "soul-searching". Many of the songs reflect the rough time in Crosby's life after the release of *Music for People* and the split between himself and a major-label.

The songs on the online release are the same versions as the retail CD, however production and sound quality on the Retail Version is of higher quality.

## Track listing

### Disc 1: Turquoise 3.x

1. "Turquoise" – 3:19
2. "Ecstasy" – 3:29
3. "Be With Me" – 3:53
4. "Thrown Away" – 4:00
5. "Don't Take Your Love Away" – 4:53
6. "Falling from the Sky" – 3:05
7. "Candle" – 4:01
8. "I Woke Up L.A." – 3:30
9. "I Can't Say No (To You)" – 4:12
10. "Desert Garden" – 3:17

### Disc 2: Crimson 3.x

1. "I Need to Say Goodbye" – 3:23
2. "Lost" – 2:37
3. "Winter in My Heart" – 3:36
4. "All I Found Was You (Japanese Fantasy)" – 3:25
5. "That's My Boy" – 3:54
6. "Evil Little Girl" – 3:59
7. "Beautiful" – 3:33
8. "Señorita" – 2:50
9. "Where It Never Rains" – 3:30
10. "Goodbye" – 3:04

## InfoBox

| Turquoise & Crimson (Online Version) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by VAST | |
| Released | 2002–2004 |
| Recorded | 2001–2002 in Santa Fe, New Mexico |
| Genre | Alternative rock
Industrial rock |
| Length | 71:30 |
| Label | N/A |
| Producer | Jon Crosby |
| VAST chronology | |
| *Music for People*
(2000) ***Turquoise & Crimson (Online Version)***
(2004) *Nude*
(2004) | |
|  | |
| Turquoise 3.x Online Release Cover | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Crimson 3.x Online Release Cover | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Submental lymph nodes

abstract: The submental lymph nodes are 2-3 lymph nodes situated in the submental triangle, between the anterior bellies of the digastric muscle and the hyoid bone.

text:
# Submental lymph nodes

The **submental lymph nodes** (or **suprahyoid lymph nodes**) are 2-3 lymph nodes situated in the submental triangle, between the anterior bellies of the digastric muscle and the hyoid bone.

## Anatomy

The submental lymph nodes are situated in the submental fascial space. They are situated close to the midline. They are immediately superficial to the mylohyoid muscle.

### Afferents

They drain the lower lip, floor of the mouth, apex of the tongue, chin, and inferior/mandibular incisor teeth and their associated periodontium and gingiva.

### Efferents

They drain either to submandibular lymph nodes (which then drain to deep cervical lymph nodes), or to the deep cervical lymph nodes directly.

## Clinical significance

The most common cause of enlargement of the submental lymph nodes are infections (including viral infections (mononucleosis, Epstein-Barr virus infection, and cytomegaloviral infections), toxoplasmosis, and dental infections (e.g. periodontitis)).

The lymph nodes may be affected by metastatic spread from cancers of their drained territories.

1. Fehrenbach, Margaret J.; Herring, Susan W. (2017). *Illustrated Anatomy of the Head and Neck* (5th ed.). St. Louis: Elsevier. p. 250. ISBN 978-0-323-39634-9.
2. Smeele, Ludi E. (2017-01-01), Brennan, Peter A.; Schliephake, Henning; Ghali, G. E.; Cascarini, Luke (eds.), "25 - Neck Dissection", *Maxillofacial Surgery (Third Edition)*, Churchill Livingstone, pp. 398–404, doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-6056-4.00026-5, ISBN 978-0-7020-6056-4, retrieved 2020-11-14

## InfoBox

| Submental lymph nodes | |
| --- | --- |
| 1: Submental lymph nodes
2: Submandibular lymph nodes
3: Supraclavicular lymph nodes
4: Retropharyngeal lymph nodes
5: Buccinator lymph node
6: Superficial cervical lymph nodes
7: Jugular lymph nodes
8: Parotid lymph nodes
9: Retroauricular lymph nodes and occipital lymph nodes | |
| Superficial lymph glands and lymphatic vessels of head and neck. (Buccinator glands labeled at center right.) | |
| Details | |
| System | Lymphatic system |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | *nodi lymphoidei submentales* |
| Anatomical terminology | |


title: Marsha Reall

abstract: Marsha Reall is an American former head coach of women's college basketball. She resigned after coaching one season at Purdue, to their then best ever record of 18–9. Reall started her coaching career at Saginaw Valley State University in 1979, becoming the first woman coach for their women's basketball program.

text:
# Marsha Reall

**Marsha Reall** is an American former head coach of women's college basketball. She resigned after coaching one season at Purdue, to their then best ever record of 18–9. Reall started her coaching career at Saginaw Valley State University in 1979, becoming the first woman coach for their women's basketball program.

## Early life

Marsha Reall graduated from Ohio State University. She is from Mount Gilead, Ohio. Reall was an assistant coach for Ohio State University in the 1970s.

## Coaching career

### Saginaw Valley State University

Reall began her coaching career at Saginaw Valley State University, becoming the first female coach for the women's basketball team. In the 1984–85 season, the Cardinals posted a 32–1 record, a record that still stands today. That team also holds the records for most points (2,753), most field goals made (1,163), and best field goal percentage (.485). Reall's coaching record at SVSU stands at 151–37.

### Ball State University

Reall was the head coach for one season at Ball State University. She finished the season with a record of 13–14, at the time her only losing season ever. It was the best record for the team for the past decade. She was on a three-year contract, and the director of women's athletics at Ball State was disappointed to see her go, and hoped their next coach would stay at Ball State even if they are successful there. Purdue did not recruit Reall for long, with their associate athletic director saying "Two weeks ago, I didn't know Marsha Reall existed". She also said, "We don't have multi-year contracts, but I don't think that will be a problem."

### Purdue University

Reall coached Purdue University's women's basketball team for one season, reaching a record of 18–9, the best year Purdue had to date. Her resignation came as a surprise. The associate athletic director, who was in charge of women's sports, said "I learned of Marsha's decision yesterday, and it came as a surprise. I know Marsha feels strongly she has to do this. She had a good, successful year, and we hate to see her do this."

### Ohio University

She took over the head coaching job in Ohio University in 1990. She coached there for nine seasons, including a Mid-American Conference Championship in 1995, and was voted coach of the year twice. She had the most wins in program history until her total was surpassed by Bob Boldon during the 2019–2020 season. She finished her coaching career with a record of 123–126.

## Head coaching record

Statistics overview
| Season | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Postseason |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Saginaw Valley State Cardinals**  *(Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference)* (1979–1985) | | | | | | | | |
| 1979–80 | Saginaw Valley State | 21–10 | 4–6 |  |  |
| 1980–81 | Saginaw Valley State | 16–14 | 7–7 |  |  |
| 1981–82 | Saginaw Valley State | 27–5 | 14–2 |  |  |
| 1982–83 | Saginaw Valley State | 25–6 | 13–3 |  |  |
| 1983–84 | Saginaw Valley State | 30–1 | 16–0 |  |  |
| 1984–85 | Saginaw Valley State | 32–1 | 16–0 |  |  |
| **Saginaw Valley State:** | | 151–37 (.803) | 70–18 (.795) |  | | | | |
| **Ball State Cardinals**  *(Mid-American Conference)* (1985–1986) | | | | | | | | |
| 1985–86 | Ball State | 13–14 | 9–9 |  |  |
| **Ball State:** | | 13–14 (.481) | 9–9 |  | | | | |
| **Purdue Boilermakers**  *(Big Ten Conference)* (1986–1987) | | | | | | | | |
| 1986–87 | Purdue | 18–9 | 10–8 | 5th |  |
| **Purdue:** | | 18–9 (.667) | 10–8 (.556) |  | | | | |
| **Ohio Bobcats**  *(Mid-American Conference)* (1990–1999) | | | | | | | | |
| 1990–91 | Ohio | 10–18 | 6–10 |  |  |
| 1991–92 | Ohio | 11–17 | 5–11 |  |  |
| 1992–93 | Ohio | 13–14 | 10–8 |  |  |
| 1993–94 | Ohio | 17–10 | 13–5 |  |  |
| 1994–95 | Ohio | 23–7 | 15–3 |  |  |
| 1995–96 | Ohio | 16–12 | 11–17 |  |  |
| 1996–97 | Ohio | 12–15 | 9–9 |  |  |
| 1997–98 | Ohio | 17–11 | 13–5 |  |  |
| 1998–99 | Ohio | 4–22 | 2–14 |  |  |
| **Ohio:** | | 123–126 (.494) | 84–82 (.506) |  | | | | |
| **Total:** | | 305–186 (.621) |  | | | | | | |
| National champion         Postseason invitational champion
Conference regular season champion          Conference regular season and conference tournament champion
Division regular season champion       Division regular season and conference tournament champion
Conference tournament champion | | | | | | | | |

## Further reading

* Chapin, Dwight (December 21, 1996). "Cards pass test". *San Francisco Examiner*. \[Tara\] VanDerveer and Ohio coach Marsha Reall were roommates for a year when both were graduate assistants at Ohio State in the 1970s.
* McKee, Pat (December 2, 1997). "Reall has fond memories of Purdue". *Indianapolis Star*. p. C8.
* Engle, Grant (August 11, 2012). "Card game builds bridges at Chautauqua". *The Chautauquan Daily*. Chautauqua Institution.

## InfoBox

Marsha Reall
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| --- | --- |
| 1985–1986 | Ball State |
| 1986–1987 | Purdue |
| 1990–1999 | Ohio |
|  | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 305–186 (.621) |
| Accomplishments and honors | |
| Awards | |
| * 2x MAC Coach of the Year (1994, 1995) | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Trees Field

abstract: Trees Field is a facility consisting of athletic fields located at the upper campus of the University of Pittsburgh located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The facility contained both a baseball and softball fields, which were often individually referred to as "Trees Field", as well as two adjacent artificial turf practice fields. Prior to the opening of the Petersen Sports Complex in 2010, the baseball and softball stadiums served as the home fields of the university's Panthers college baseball and softball teams and had listed capacities of 500 spectators. Prior to 1999, Trees Field had undergone greater than $500,000 in renovations that included the installation of an AstroTurf infield, lights, and the two AstroTurf practice fields. Although they still exist, it is planned that baseball and softball fields will serve as the site of a new track and field facility. The adjacent 1.5 acre athletic field had artificial turf that was lined for two regulation flag football fields installed in 1999. The fields are utilized as multi-purpose areas for intramural sports, club sports, as practice space for the Pitt Band.

text:
# Trees Field

**Trees Field** is a facility consisting of athletic fields located at the upper campus of the University of Pittsburgh located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The facility contained both a baseball and softball fields, which were often individually referred to as "Trees Field", as well as two adjacent artificial turf practice fields.

Prior to the opening of the Petersen Sports Complex in 2010, the baseball and softball stadiums served as the home fields of the university's Panthers college baseball and softball teams and had listed capacities of 500 spectators. Prior to 1999, Trees Field had undergone greater than $500,000 in renovations that included the installation of an AstroTurf infield, lights, and the two AstroTurf practice fields. Although they still exist, it is planned that baseball and softball fields will serve as the site of a new track and field facility.

The adjacent 1.5 acre athletic field had artificial turf that was lined for two regulation flag football fields installed in 1999. The fields are utilized as multi-purpose areas for intramural sports, club sports, as practice space for the Pitt Band.

## InfoBox

Trees Field
| Trees Field baseball field facility (right) and practice field (left) | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania |
| Owner | University of Pittsburgh |
| Operator | University of Pittsburgh |
| Capacity | 500 |
| Field size | Baseball:
**Left Field** – 302 feet (92 m)
**Left-Center** – 365 feet (111 m)
**Center Field** – 400 feet (122 m)
**Right-Center** – 385 feet (117 m)
**Right Field** – 328 feet (100 m) |
| Surface | baseball: AstroTurf infield and natural grass outfield
softball: natural grass outfield
practice fields: AstroTurf |
| Construction | |
| Opened | 1939 |
| Renovated | 1999 |
| Closed | 2010 |
| Demolished | TBD |
| Tenants | |
| Pittsburgh Panthers baseball
Pittsburgh Panthers softball | |


title: Megan Russert

abstract: Detective Megan Russert is a fictional character on Homicide: Life on the Street played by Isabella Hofmann. At the time of her introduction in the premiere episode of the third season, she is a lieutenant who takes charge of the homicide unit's second shift after the previous commander's retirement. Later in the season, a vacancy opens up in the chain of command and she is promoted to captain on a trial basis, as a token of the city's commitment to diversity and equal opportunity. Although she and Al Giardello get along reasonably well, he resents that she was promoted before him even though he had seniority over her. For her part she occasionally feels that he is diminishing or ignoring her authority. Her "softer" personality and ethical concerns about Frank Pembleton's interrogation methods also put her at odds with others. Her connections to national security officers, however, made her a valuable addition on certain cases. She is a widow, with one daughter named Caroline, who was born in 1988. Her husband was a tax attorney named Mike, introduced to her by her sister Eileen at a holiday party for the CPA firm where Eileen worked. Russert for the most part did not date during her two seasons on the series, though she is introduced to the series already having an affair with Beau Felton – the affair ends soon after their first case is solved, but she supports him as a friend after the breakdown of his marriage. She is a first cousin to the real life Tim Russert, who appears in the third-season episode "The Old and the Dead." In a later episode titled "Stakeout" she mentions her famous cousin to a one-shot character named Cathy Buxton, but the character is unimpressed as she watches a news show that competes with Russert's. She graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1983. During the 1980s, she worked in the Naval Intelligence Service and spent seven months and nine days at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. In season 4, Felton is suspended, ending their connection. In the first of two episodes concerning a sniper, she angers her boss, Colonel George Barnfather, due to problems at a press conference she held and the later suicide of the first sniper. Barnfather strips her of her probationary captain's rank and demotes her to detective, citing incompetence and insubordination. When the shootings begin again, she joins Giardello's shift and eventually gets the second sniper to confess. For the remainder of the season, she is partnered with John Munch. Russert's apparent disappointments lead her to start a new life in Europe with a French diplomat, and she is gone from Baltimore at the start of Season 5. She appears during that season's finale, having returned briefly to Baltimore to help the squad investigate Felton's death. However, Giardello removes both her and Sergeant Kay Howard from the case because they are both too emotionally involved and gives them the job of planning his memorial service instead. This marks the end of Russert's role in the series, but she returns in Homicide: The Movie, a post-series reunion released in 2000.

text:
# Megan Russert

**Detective (formerly Lieutenant, Captain) Megan Russert** is a fictional character on *Homicide: Life on the Street* played by Isabella Hofmann. At the time of her introduction in the premiere episode of the third season, she is a lieutenant who takes charge of the homicide unit's second shift after the previous commander's retirement. Later in the season, a vacancy opens up in the chain of command and she is promoted to captain on a trial basis, as a token of the city's commitment to diversity and equal opportunity.

Although she and Al Giardello get along reasonably well, he resents that she was promoted before him even though he had seniority over her. For her part she occasionally feels that he is diminishing or ignoring her authority. Her "softer" personality and ethical concerns about Frank Pembleton's interrogation methods also put her at odds with others. Her connections to national security officers, however, made her a valuable addition on certain cases.

She is a widow, with one daughter named Caroline (played by Sasha Miceli), who was born in 1988. Her husband was a tax attorney named Mike, introduced to her by her sister Eileen at a holiday party for the CPA firm where Eileen worked. Russert for the most part did not date during her two seasons on the series, though she is introduced to the series already having an affair with Beau Felton (played by the soon-to-be father of actress Hoffman's only child, Daniel Baldwin)  the affair ends soon after their first case is solved, but she supports him as a friend after the breakdown of his marriage.

She is a first cousin to the real life Tim Russert, who appears in the third-season episode "The Old and the Dead." In a later episode titled "Stakeout" she mentions her famous cousin to a one-shot character named Cathy Buxton (played by Kate Walsh), but the character is unimpressed as she watches a news show that competes with Russert's.

She graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1983. During the 1980s, she worked in the Naval Intelligence Service and spent seven months and nine days at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.

In season 4, Felton is suspended, ending their connection. In the first of two episodes concerning a sniper, she angers her boss, Colonel George Barnfather, due to problems at a press conference she held and the later suicide of the first sniper. Barnfather strips her of her probationary captain's rank and demotes her to detective, citing incompetence and insubordination. When the shootings begin again, she joins Giardello's shift and eventually gets the second sniper to confess. For the remainder of the season, she is partnered with John Munch.

Russert's apparent disappointments lead her to start a new life in Europe with a French diplomat, and she is gone from Baltimore at the start of Season 5. She appears during that season's finale, having returned briefly to Baltimore to help the squad investigate Felton's death. However, Giardello removes both her and Sergeant Kay Howard (Felton's former partner) from the case because they are both too emotionally involved and gives them the job of planning his memorial service instead. This marks the end of Russert's role in the series, but she returns in *Homicide: The Movie*, a post-series reunion released in 2000.

## InfoBox

| Lt./Capt./Det. Megan Russert | |
| --- | --- |
| Capt./Lt./Det. Megan Russert | |
| First appearance | October 14, 1994
(3x01, "Nearer My God to Thee") |
| Last appearance | May 17, 1996
(4x22, Work Related) (Regular)
May 16, 1997
(5x22, Strangers and Other Partners) (Guest)
February 13, 2000
Homicide: The Movie |
| Created by | Tom Fontana |
| Portrayed by | Isabella Hofmann |
| In-universe information | |
| Gender | Female |
| Title | Detective
Lieutenant
Captain |
| Occupation | Homicide Detective (formerly)
Shift Commander of Homicide Unit (Formerly)
Captain of Homicide Unit (Formerly) |
| Family | Eileen (Sister)
Caroline (Daughter)
Tim Russert (Cousin) |
| Spouse | Mike (First Husband, deceased)
Unnamed French ambassador |


title: Megan Ryan

abstract: Megan "Meg" Ryan is an Irish artistic gymnast who competed at the 2020 Olympic Games. She was the first Irish female gymnast to win a medal on the FIG World Cup series.

text:
# Megan Ryan

**Megan "Meg" Ryan** (born 3 April 2002) is an Irish artistic gymnast who competed at the 2020 Olympic Games. She was the first Irish female gymnast to win a medal on the FIG World Cup series.

## Early life

Ryan was born on 3 April 2002 in Cork. She began gymnastics at age five after watching her older sister Hayley train. She also played Gaelic football before she decided to concentrate on gymnastics.

## Career

### Junior

Ryan won the gold medal on every event at the 2016 Irish Championships, except for the uneven bars where she won the silver medal. She made her international debut at the European Championships where she finished 53rd in the all-around during the qualification round. In 2017, Ryan once again won the junior all-around at the Irish Championships. Then at the FIT Challenge, she finished seventh with the junior Irish team. She then competed at the European Youth Summer Olympic Festival and was chosen to be Ireland's flag bearer in the opening ceremony. The team of Ryan, Jane Heffernan, and Emma Slevin finished 18th in the team competition. At the Northern European Championships, she finished 12th in the all-around final and fifth in the vault final.

### Senior

Ryan became age-eligible for senior competition in 2018. However, she missed the entire 2018 season after having surgery to remove an extra bone in her ankle.

Ryan competed at the 2019 European Championships where she finished 49th in the all-around during the qualification round. She then won the gold medal in the all-around at the senior Irish Championships. She only competed on the balance beam at the Irish Super Championships, and she won the gold medal. At the Mersin World Challenge Cup, she won the silver medal on the uneven bars behind Nazli Savranbasi. This was Ireland's first medal at the women's FIG World Cup. She then competed at the 2019 World Championships where she finished 95th in the all-around in the qualification round. Due to this result, she was initially the first reserve for the Olympic Games. However, after North Korea withdrew from the Olympics, Ryan received the spot that initially went to Kim Su-jong.

At the 2021 European Championships, Ryan decided to only compete on the uneven bars, balance beam, and floor exercise in order to build up towards the Olympic Games. She did not qualify for any of the event finals. At the Olympic Games, Ryan finished 72nd in the all-around during the qualification round with a total score of 47.199.

## Awards

Ryan received the Echo Women in Sport Award in 2019. Gymnastics Ireland gave her the Rising Star award in 2017.

## Personal life

Ryan studies pharmacy at University College Cork.

## Competitive history

| Year | Event | Team | AA | VT | UB | BB | FX |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Junior** | | | | | | | |
| **2016** | Irish Championships |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| | European Championships |  | *53* |  |  |  |  |
| **2017** | Irish Championships |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| | FIT Challenge | 7 | 34 |  |  |  |  |
| | European Youth Olympic Festival | 18 |  |  |  |  |  |
| | Northern European Championships | 7 | 12 | 5 |  |  |  |
| **Senior** | | | | | | | |
| **2019** |
| | European Championships |  | *49* |  |  |  |  |
| | Irish Championships |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| | Irish Super Championships |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| | Mersin World Challenge Cup |  |  | 8 |  |  |  |
| | World Championships |  | *95* |  |  |  |  |
| **2021** |
| | **Olympic Games** |  | ***72*** |  |  |  |  |

## InfoBox

| Megan Ryan | |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | Meg, Mugsy |
| Country represented | Ireland |
| Born | (2002-04-03) 3 April 2002<br>Cork, Ireland |
| Discipline | Women's artistic gymnastics |
| Level | Senior International Elite |
| Club | Douglas Gymnastics Club |
| Head coach(es) | Emma Hamill |
| Medal record      Representing  Ireland  FIG World Cup   Event 1st 2nd 3rd  World Challenge Cup 0 1 0 | |


abstract: As minor planet discoveries are confirmed, they are given a permanent number by the IAU's Minor Planet Center (MPC), and the discoverers can then submit names for them, following the IAU's naming conventions. The list below concerns those minor planets in the specified number-range that have received names, and explains the meanings of those names. Official naming citations of newly named small Solar System bodies are approved and published in a bulletin by IAU's Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature (WGSBN). Before May 2021, citations were published in MPC's Minor Planet Circulars for many decades. Recent citations can also be found on the JPL Small-Body Database (SBDB). Until his death in 2016, German astronomer Lutz D. Schmadel compiled these citations into the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (DMP) and regularly updated the collection. Based on Paul Herget's The Names of the Minor Planets, Schmadel also researched the unclear origin of numerous asteroids, most of which had been named prior to World War II. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: SBDB New namings may only be added to this list below after official publication as the preannouncement of names is condemned. The WGSBN publishes a comprehensive guideline for the naming rules of non-cometary small Solar System bodies.

text:
# Meanings of minor planet names: 528001–529000

As minor planet discoveries are confirmed, they are given a permanent number by the IAU's Minor Planet Center (MPC), and the discoverers can then submit names for them, following the IAU's naming conventions. The list below concerns those minor planets in the specified number-range that have received names, and explains the meanings of those names.

Official naming citations of newly named small Solar System bodies are approved and published in a bulletin by IAU's Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature (WGSBN). Before May 2021, citations were published in MPC's *Minor Planet Circulars* for many decades. Recent citations can also be found on the JPL Small-Body Database (SBDB). Until his death in 2016, German astronomer Lutz D. Schmadel compiled these citations into the *Dictionary of Minor Planet Names* (DMP) and regularly updated the collection.

Based on Paul Herget's *The Names of the Minor Planets*, Schmadel also researched the unclear origin of numerous asteroids, most of which had been named prior to World War II.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: SBDB New namings may only be *added to this list below after official publication* as the preannouncement of names is condemned. The WGSBN publishes a comprehensive guideline for the naming rules of non-cometary small Solar System bodies.

## 528001–528100

| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 528101–528200

back to top

| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 528201–528300

back to top

| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 528301–528400

back to top

| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 528401–528500

back to top

| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 528489 Ntuef | 2008 UW54 | The National Taiwan University Experimental Forest was originally established in 1901. It lies in central Taiwan and the terrain rises from 220 meters at the southern bank of Jhuoshuei River to 3952 meters at the peak of Yushan. The forest covers 32770 ha and occupies about 1 percent of Taiwan Island. | IAU **·** 528489 |

## 528501–528600

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 528601–528700

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 528701–528800

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 528801–528900

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 528901–529000

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 528997 Tanakatakenori | 2009 HW104 | Tanaka Takenori (born 1941) is an Honored Sensei of the Japan Shotokai Karate Federation and Honorary President of the Russian Shotokai Karate Federation. | IAU **·** 528997 |

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text:
# Meanings of minor planet names: 542001–543000

As minor planet discoveries are confirmed, they are given a permanent number by the IAU's Minor Planet Center (MPC), and the discoverers can then submit names for them, following the IAU's naming conventions. The list below concerns those minor planets in the specified number-range that have received names, and explains the meanings of those names.

Official naming citations of newly named small Solar System bodies are approved and published in a bulletin by IAU's Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature (WGSBN). Before May 2021, citations were published in MPC's *Minor Planet Circulars* for many decades. Recent citations can also be found on the JPL Small-Body Database (SBDB). Until his death in 2016, German astronomer Lutz D. Schmadel compiled these citations into the *Dictionary of Minor Planet Names* (DMP) and regularly updated the collection.

Based on Paul Herget's *The Names of the Minor Planets*, Schmadel also researched the unclear origin of numerous asteroids, most of which had been named prior to World War II.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: SBDB New namings may only be *added to this list below after official publication* as the preannouncement of names is condemned. The WGSBN publishes a comprehensive guideline for the naming rules of non-cometary small Solar System bodies.

## 542001–542100

| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 542026 Kaszásattila | 2012 JL19 | Attila Kaszás (1960–2007) was a Slovak-born Hungarian actor and singer. | IAU **·** 542026 |

## 542101–542200

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 542201–542300

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 542246 Kulcsár | 2013 AL132 | Győző Kulcsár (1940–2018) was a Hungarian fencer and fencing coach who won several gold medals in the men's team épée events at the 1964, 1968, and 1972 Olympic Games. | IAU **·** 542246 |

## 542301–542400

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 542401–542500

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 542461 Slovinský | 2013 CA196 | Tomáš Slovinský (born 1994) is a Slovak astrophotographer and popularizer of astronomy using a portable planetarium. | IAU **·** 542461 |

## 542501–542600

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 542509 Lyatoshynsky | 2013 EU18 | Borys Mykolayovych Lyatoshynsky (1895–1968) was a Ukrainian composer, conductor, and teacher. A leading member of the new generation of twentieth-century Ukrainian composers, he wrote five symphonies, two operas, and a number of symphonic poems and orchestral works. | IAU **·** 542509 |
| 542561 Ritajochen | 2013 EB105 | Rita Jahn (1932–2015) and Jochen Jahn (1932–2017), parents of German amateur astronomer Jost Jahn, who discovered this minor planet. | IAU **·** 542561 |
| 542600 Lindahall | 2013 FM19 | The Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering and Technology in Kansas City, Missouri, is one of the largest science libraries in the world. | IAU **·** 542600 |

## 542601–542700

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 542701–542800

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 542801–542900

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 542888 Confino | 2013 MH11 | Bastien Confino (born 1978), a French-Swiss amateur astronomer and a radio reporter for Radio Télévision Suisse. | JPL **·** 542888 |

## 542901–543000

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 542926 Manteca | 2013 PP31 | José Manteca (born 1959), a Spanish astronomer and discoverer of minor planets, who is the director of the Begues Observatory in Barcelona. | IAU **·** 542926 |

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text:
# Meanings of minor planet names: 543001–544000

As minor planet discoveries are confirmed, they are given a permanent number by the IAU's Minor Planet Center (MPC), and the discoverers can then submit names for them, following the IAU's naming conventions. The list below concerns those minor planets in the specified number-range that have received names, and explains the meanings of those names.

Official naming citations of newly named small Solar System bodies are approved and published in a bulletin by IAU's Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature (WGSBN). Before May 2021, citations were published in MPC's *Minor Planet Circulars* for many decades. Recent citations can also be found on the JPL Small-Body Database (SBDB). Until his death in 2016, German astronomer Lutz D. Schmadel compiled these citations into the *Dictionary of Minor Planet Names* (DMP) and regularly updated the collection.

Based on Paul Herget's *The Names of the Minor Planets*, Schmadel also researched the unclear origin of numerous asteroids, most of which had been named prior to World War II.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: SBDB New namings may only be *added to this list below after official publication* as the preannouncement of names is condemned. The WGSBN publishes a comprehensive guideline for the naming rules of non-cometary small Solar System bodies.

## 543001–543100

| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 543018 ROTAT | 2013 RF18 | Named for the Remote Observatory Theoretical Astrophysics Tübingen at Observatoire de Haute-Provence. The main telescope is a 0.60-m Newtonian and the discovery instrument of this minor planet. The observatory is a member of the Foundation Interactive Astronomy and Astrophysics. | IAU **·** 543018 |
| 543060 Liefke | 2013 RQ95 | Carolin Liefke (born 1981) is an astronomer and astronomy educator at Haus der Astronomie in Heidelberg. She has used the telescope that was used to discover this asteroid in educational activities. | IAU **·** 543060 |
| 543081 Albertducrocq | 2013 SC26 | Albert Ducrocq (1921–2001), a French cybernetic scientist, journalist and essayist. | IAU **·** 543081 |

## 543101–543200

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 543198 Rastislavmráz | 2013 TT115 | Rastislav Mráz shihan (1897–1968) is a former Slovakian Karate champion. | IAU **·** 543198 |

## 543201–543300

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 543301–543400

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 543302 Hamvasbéla | 2013 XP7 | Béla Hamvas (1897–1968) was a Hungarian writer, philosopher, and social critic. | IAU **·** 543302 |
| 543315 Asmakhammari | 2013 YY14 | Asma Khammari-Steinhausser (born 1982) is a French promoter of scientific outreach. | JPL **·** 543315 |

## 543401–543500

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 543501–543600

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 543581 Laurenrubyjane | 2014 NL64 | Lauren Ruby Jane Forward (born 2006) is the granddaughter of British amateur astronomer Norman Falla, who discovered this minor planet. | IAU **·** 543581 |

## 543601–543700

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 543698 Miromesaroš | 2014 OF309 | Miroslav "Miro" Mesaroš (born 1967), a Slovak mathematics and physics teacher and popularizer of astronomy. | IAU **·** 543698 |

## 543701–543800

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 543801–543900

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 543901–544000

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 543914 Tessedik | 2014 QW291 | Sámuel Tessedik (1742–1820) was a Slovak Lutheran pastor, school founder, teacher and economic writer. | IAU **·** 543914 |

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