title: North Yamaska River

abstract: The North Yamaska river is a tributary of the Yamaska river. It flows over 47.8 kilometres (29.7 mi) on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence river in Quebec, Canada and passes through five municipalities, some of them sourcing their fresh water from it. Like the rest of the Yamaska, it is an important source of life, though urban development, agriculture and industrial uses have had a negative impact on the ecosystem depending on its waters since the colonization of the Eastern Townships. An awakening in regards to pollution in the North Yamaska has led to an increasing amount of movements such as collective art and eco-friendly action around the river; efforts are noted in local municipalities and their regional county municipalities to alter the impacts of towns and villages on water quality.

text:
# North Yamaska River

The **North Yamaska river** (in French: *Rivière Yamaska Nord*) is a tributary of the Yamaska river. It flows over 47.8 kilometres (29.7 mi) on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence river in Quebec, Canada and passes through five municipalities, some of them sourcing their fresh water from it.

Like the rest of the Yamaska, it is an important source of life, though urban development, agriculture and industrial uses have had a negative impact on the ecosystem depending on its waters since the colonization of the Eastern Townships.

An awakening in regards to pollution in the North Yamaska has led to an increasing amount of movements such as collective art and eco-friendly action around the river; efforts are noted in local municipalities and their regional county municipalities to alter the impacts of towns and villages on water quality.

## Toponymy

The name "North Yamaska River" (officially *Rivière Yamaska Nord*) dates from December 5, 1968 (after its inscription at the Commission de toponymie du Québec (toponymy commission of Quebec)); it used to be known as *rivière de Granby* (Granby river) and *rivière de Waterloo* (Waterloo river).

"Yamaska" can come from Abenaki language and means "there are rushes in the water" or "there is much hay"; these names are a reference to the humid lands of Lavallière bay, where the river's mouth is and the vegetation is abundant. Another possible origin would be Algonquin language "hia muskeg" means "savanna river" or "muddy water river".

This tributary arrives from a northern direction when it merges into the Yamaska river.

## Geography

### Hydrography

The drainage basin of this river covers 303 km2 and its average mass flow rate is of 0.59 m³/s, its mass flux increases and diminishes according to seasons. The North Yamaska river's source comes from Waterloo lake (*lac Waterloo*) (altitude: 204 m), located south of the village of Waterloo; its course forms an arc that goes around mont Shefford on the north side.

### River's Course

#### Superior course of the river (segment of 17 km)

From lake Waterloo, the North Yamaska river flows:

* 5,4 km north, gathering the western waters from *lac Enchanté* and *lac des Sources* until the village of Warden;
* 1,9 km north until a creek (coming from the east);
* 5,9 km north-west until the end of a bay from Choinière reservoir;
* 3,8 km west crossing the Choinière reservoir (length of 4,9 km; altitude: 143 m).

#### Course from Réservoir Choinière (segment of 30,8 km)

From the dam located west of the Choinière reservoir, the North Yamaska flows:

* 7,4 km south-west until a retention basin on the east shore of *lac Boivin* (Boivin lake) (altitude: 110 m);
* 3,5 km south west crossing lac Boivin, located in the town of Granby;
* 10,0 km south-west crossing Granby until it reaches *Autoroute 10* (highway 10);
* 9,9 km south-west in cultivated lands to where its mouth is.
* The North Yamaska river merges into the Yamaska river's north shore near Adamsville and Farnham.

### Regional County Municipalities and Local Municipalities Crossed

La Haute-Yamaska: Waterloo, Saint-Joachim-de-Shefford, Granby, and Saint-Alphonse-de-Granby;

Brome-Missisquoi: Brigham.

## Biodiversity

A multitude of creatures and plants of diverse shapes and sizes live within or depend on the North Yamaska river, these vary greatly from one season to the other. Because of its natural richness, the exploitation of this watercourse is common under commercial and recreational forms, in fact, its slow debit, the presence of many species of fish, and the strategic locations of artificial lakes and a national park make it one of the most popular rivers for fishing and tourism in the Eastern Townships; the presence of pollution in the water, mainly because of the use of pesticides and other agricultural runoffs ending in the drainage basin of the Yamaska is problematic for the native species and for citizens who wish to enjoy the nature of the river. To counter the disappearance of species that do not tolerate pollution, the government of Quebec sometimes adds selected fish to the river (and the rest of the Yamaska).

Vegetation surrounding the North Yamaska is mixed, in parts there are trees, marsh plants in others; during winter, a majority of vegetation lays dormant, with the exception of coniferous species. Winter has the number of species reduced, although easier to observe since trees are bared. In the spring, hibernating species reappear and migratory birds return; they remain until fall and are very active around the river.

### Ichthyological studies

A few samples of species where conducted in the North Yamaska river in 1995 and 2003 by the Ministry of Sustainable Development, Environment and Parks, others were made in 1998 or 1999 by the Minister of Natural Resources and Fauna, this allowed the creation of a list of 33 fish that live in its waters.

### Birdwatching census

Inventories of birds living in Quebec are conducted by ÉPOQ (*Étude des populations d'oiseaux du Québec* (translates to: study of bird populations of Quebec)); the North Yamaska river being very important for birds because of the vast swamps surrounding Boivin lake and the Yamaska National Park, an interest is given to it and allows for a good source of data based on the observations of the COOHY (*Club d'Observateurs d'Oiseaux de la Haute-Yamaska* (English: Haute-Yamaska birdwatching club)).

A myriad of species reside there year-round, though a large part migrates southwards in the autumn, only to return in the spring. The presence of the watercourse means that many aquatic species thrive there; among these, some of the most impressive and common are the great blue heron, the double-crested cormorant, and the Canada goose. Water often means insects will gather in large amounts, many birds live by the waterside for its abundance of food.

### Mammals

Mink, beaver, and muskrat are the three main mammals to inhabit the waters of the North Yamaska river, but most land species find themselves drinking from it or hunting amphibians or reptile eggs on the banks; among the most common are the striped skunk, raccoon, and white-tailed deer.

## Conservation

For many years, citizens of the municipalities that compose the drainage basin of the Yamaska river aim to reduce the negative impact that humans have on nature that depends on it. One can notice a multiplication of community art projects, events and distribution of information on the subject as well as an invitation for people to adopt an eco-friendly lifestyle, a sense of responsibility, and a general appreciation of nature.

### Efforts in Granby

Granby is one of the municipalities that leads direct actions towards the river's health; through public consultations and expert studies regarding the future of lac Boivin, the city also promotes murals with environmental messages on public walls and municipal buildings, forming partnerships with non-profit organizations and cause-sensitive citizens.

### Art-Yamaska

#### Urgence Yamaska

Through a visionary project, *Atelier 19 art et créativité* (translated as Workshop 19 arts and creativity) (a non-profit organization from Granby) conducted a series of workshops on the subject of mural arts and mosaic during which volunteer citizens created two mural artworks on panels, which were hung on the pumping station A-B-C; the placing is appropriate for the station pumps water from the North Yamaska river for drinking water in the town, its proximity to the river, and lake Boivin increase its impact. *Urgence Yamaska* (Yamaska Emergency) represents a call to help by the river and its inhabitants; *La Yamaska, c'est nous* (The Yamaska, it is us), is a series of nine panels filled with informative messages on the subject of the river's water and the life that inhabits it. Both artworks were officially presented May 11, 2013 during the annual celebration of the river. The message brought by these murals come from a collective reflection on the subject of the river's health. It is easy to spot the murals from the cycling paths that go around lac Boivin.

#### Qu'es-tu devenu Yamaska?

Two years later, the sequel to the Art-Yamaska project happened under Patrick-Hackett bridge, located a bit lower on the North Yamaska, in downtown Granby; this time youth citizens partake in a series of eight workshops given at *Centre culturel France-Arbour* (France-Arbour cultural center) at *Atelier 19*, these were on the subject of graffiti art and aimed at the development of a mural with a themed message: environment and habits that are respectful of nature. The bridge's underside is often vandalized, a portion of the illegal art has been kept, while the top and sides were transformed into a unique representation of the Yamaska river. The official title of the mural "*Qu'es-tu devenu, Yamaska?*" (Yamaska, what have you become?) is hand-painted with a style reminiscing graffiti; it was created by over thirty volunteers of all age groups; the concept of the message comes from a group of youth from the region that have environment at heart.

## InfoBox

| North Yamaska River | |
| --- | --- |
| North Yamaska River downstream from Patrick-Hackett bridge. | |
|  | |
| Native name | *Rivière Yamaska Nord* (French) |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Quebec |
| Administrative region | Montérégie |
| MRC | La Haute-Yamaska Regional County Municipality, Brome-Missisquoi Regional County Municipality |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Lac Waterloo |
| location | Waterloo |
| coordinates | 45°20′34″N 72°31′14″W / 45.342826°N 72.520628°W / 45.342826; -72.520628 |
| elevation | 204 |
|  | |
| Mouth | Yamaska River |
| location | Brigham |
| coordinates | 45°17′20″N 72°51′14″W / 45.28889°N 72.85389°W / 45.28889; -72.85389 |
| elevation | 73 m |
| Length | 47.8 km (29.7 mi) |
| Basin size | 303 km2 (117 sq mi) |
| Basin features | |
| River system | Saint Lawrence River |


title: 1912 South Sydney season

abstract: The 1912 South Sydney season was the 5th in the club's history. The club competed in the New South Wales Rugby Football League Premiership (NSWRFL), finishing the season 4th and missing the finals for the first time in club history. Souths also competed in the inaugural season of the post season tournament, the City Cup. The competition culminated with Souths defeating Glebe in the final.

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# 1912 South Sydney season

The **1912 South Sydney season** was the 5th in the club's history. The club competed in the New South Wales Rugby Football League Premiership (NSWRFL), finishing the season 4th and missing the finals for the first time in club history. Souths also competed in the inaugural season of the post season tournament, the City Cup. The competition culminated with Souths defeating Glebe in the final.

## Ladder

|  | Team | Pld | W | D | L | PF | PA | PD | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Eastern Suburbs | 14 | 13 | 0 | 1 | 230 | 86 | +144 | **26** |
| 2 | Glebe | 14 | 11 | 0 | 3 | 199 | 83 | +116 | **22** |
| 3 | Newtown | 14 | 9 | 0 | 5 | 178 | 132 | +46 | **18** |
| 4 | **South Sydney** | 14 | 8 | 0 | 6 | 207 | 137 | +70 | **16** |
| 5 | Balmain | 14 | 6 | 0 | 8 | 138 | 168 | -30 | **12** |
| 6 | North Sydney | 14 | 6 | 0 | 8 | 124 | 197 | -73 | **12** |
| 7 | Annandale | 14 | 2 | 0 | 12 | 86 | 134 | -48 | **4** |
| 8 | Western Suburbs | 14 | 1 | 0 | 13 | 100 | 325 | -225 | **2** |

## Fixtures

### Regular season (NSWRFL)

| Round | Opponent | Result | Score | Date | Venue | Crowd | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | North Sydney | Win | 16 – 3 | Saturday 4 May | North Sydney Oval | 5,000 |  |
| 2 | Newtown | Win | 12 – 6 | Saturday 11 May | Sports Ground | 15,000 |  |
| 3 | Eastern Suburbs | Loss | 8 – 9 | Saturday 18 May | Royal Agricultural Society Showground | 18,000 |  |
| 4 | Balmain | Win | 29 – 5 | Saturday 25 May | Birchgrove Oval | 6,000 |  |
| 5 | Western Suburbs | Win | 26 – 10 | Saturday 8 June | Sports Ground | 400 |  |
| 6 | Annandale | Win | 12 – 5 | Saturday 15 June | Sports Ground | 6,000 |  |
| 7 | Glebe | Loss | 5 – 6 | Saturday 29 June | Sports Ground | 15,000 |  |
| 8 | North Sydney | Loss | 7 – 18 | Saturday 6 July | Sports Ground | 4,500 |  |
| 9 | Newtown | Win | 20 – 13 | Saturday 20 July | Sports Ground | 10,000 |  |
| 10 | Eastern Suburbs | Loss | 10 – 7 | Saturday 27 July | Sports Ground | 14,000 |  |
| 11 | Balmain | Loss | 5 – 14 | Saturday 3 August | Birchgrove Oval | 1,200 |  |
| 12 | Western Suburbs | Win | 33 – 12 | Saturday 10 August | Sports Ground | 400 |  |
| 13 | Annandale | Win | 11 – 7 | Saturday 17 August | Sports Ground | 4,000 |  |
| 14 | Glebe | Loss | 16 – 19 | Saturday 24 August | Wentworth Park | 4,000 |  |

### City Cup

| Round | Opponent | Result | Score | Date | Venue | Crowd | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Preliminary Final | Eastern Suburbs | Win | 21 – 10 | Saturday 31 August | Sports Ground | 11,000 |  |
| Semi Final | North Sydney | Win | 16 – 11 | Saturday 7 September | Sports Ground | 10,000 |  |
| Final | Glebe | Win | 30 – 5 | Saturday 14 September | Royal Agricultural Society Showground | 13,000 |  |

## Statistics

| Name | App |  |  | FG | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Harry Almond | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Os Brown | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| Arthur Butler | 17 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 10 |
| Harold Butler | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| William "Billy" Cann | 9 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
| Charlie Collier | 13 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 30 |
| Stephen Darmody | 7 | 5 | 21 | 0 | 57 |
| Walter Davis | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| Herbert "Herb" Gilbert | 7 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| Dick Green | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Bill Groves | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| Perce Hale | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| George Hallett | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Eddie Hilliard | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Clarence Horder | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Harold Horder | 4 | 5 | 12 | 0 | 39 |
| Ernie Hucker | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| John Leveson | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Arthur McCabe | 16 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 33 |
| Tom McCann | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Eugene McCarthy | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| George Maidment | 6 | 1 | 12 | 0 | 27 |
| Harry Nicholls | 12 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 15 |
| Edward Rigney | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| A. Smith | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| William Spence | 14 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
| Hash Thompson | 14 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
| **Total** | **221** | **60** | **47** | **0** | **274** |

## InfoBox

| 1912 South Sydney season | |
| --- | --- |
| NSWRFL Rank | 4th (out of 8) |
| Play-off result | Did not qualify |
| City Cup | Winners |
| 1912 record | Wins: 8; draws: 0; losses: 6 |
| Points scored | For: 207; against: 137 |
| Team information | |
| Captain |  |
| Stadium | Sydney Sports Ground |
| Top scorers | |
| Tries | Arthur McCabe (11) |
| Goals | Stephen Darmody (21) |
| Points | Stephen Darmody (57) |
| 1911  1913 | |


title: Machiavellian (horse)

abstract: Machiavellian was an American-bred Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. In a racing career which lasted from August 1989 to August 1990 he ran seven times and won four races. He was the leading French two-year-old of 1989 when he was unbeaten in three races including the Group One Prix Morny and Prix de la Salamandre. He later became a highly successful sire of winners.

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# Machiavellian (horse)

**Machiavellian** (31 January 1987 – 27 June 2004) was an American-bred Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. In a racing career which lasted from August 1989 to August 1990 he ran seven times and won four races. He was the leading French two-year-old of 1989 when he was unbeaten in three races including the Group One Prix Morny and Prix de la Salamandre. He later became a highly successful sire of winners.

## Background

Machiavellian was a bay horse sired by the outstanding American stallion Mr Prospector. Machiavellian's dam Coup de Folie produced several important winners including Coup de Genie (Prix Morny), Exit To Nowhere (Prix Jacques le Marois) and Hydro Calido (Prix d'Astarte).

## Racing career

Machiavellian began his racing career by winning the Prix Yacowlef at Deauville on 3 August 1989. Seventeen days later he was moved up to Group One level to contest the Prix Morny over the same course and distance. Ridden by Freddy Head, he won by two lengths from Qirmazi. Three weeks later he was moved up in distance for the Prix de la Salamandre at Longchamp Racecourse over 1400m. He won the race by half a length from Qirmazi.

Machiavellian began his three-year-old season by winning the Prix Djebel, beating the sprinter Ron's Victory by two and a half lengths. At Newmarket Racecourse on 5 May, Machiavellian started 6/4 favourite for the 2000 Guineas. He finished second, beaten two lengths by Tirol. In the Irish 2000 Guineas two weeks later he finished fourth to Tirol. On his final start, he finished last of the five runners in the Prix Maurice de Gheest behind the English filly Dead Certain.

## Stud career

Machiavellian was based throughout his stud career at the Dalham Hall Stud at Newmarket. He sired the winners of races worth more than £6M in prize money. His best winners included Street Cry, Almutawakel, Medicean, West Wind, Storming Home and Chic. Pensioned from stud duties in 2004 because of laminitis. Euthanized on 27 June 2004 due to laminitis.

## Cultural references

Machiavellian was the subject of a painting by Mark Wallinger entitled *Half-Brother (Exit to Nowhere – Machiavellian)*.

## Pedigree

Pedigree of Machiavellian (USA), bay stallion, 1987
| Sire
Mr Prospector (USA)
1970 | Raise a Native (USA)
1961 | Native Dancer | Polynesian |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Geisha |
| | Raise You | Case Ace |
| | Lady Glory |
| | Gold Digger (USA)
1962 | Nashua | Nasrullah |
| | | Segula |
| | Sequence | Count Fleet |
| | Miss Dogwood |
| Dam
Coup de Folie (USA)
1982 | Halo (USA)
1969 | Hail To Reason | Turn-To |
| | | Nothirdchance |
| | Cosmah | Cosmic Bomb |
| | Almahmoud |
| | Raise the Standard (CAN)
1978 | Hoist the Flag | Tom Rolfe |
| | | Wavy Navy |
| | Natalma | Native Dancer |
| | Almahmoud |

## InfoBox

| Machiavellian | |
| --- | --- |
| Sire | Mr. Prospector |
| Grandsire | Raise A Native |
| Dam | Coup de Folie |
| Damsire | Halo |
| Sex | Stallion |
| Foaled | 31 January 1987 |
| Country | United States |
| Colour | Bay |
| Owner | Stavros Niarchos |
| Trainer | François Boutin |
| Record | 7:4-1-0 |
| Earnings | £201,327 |
| Major wins | |
| Prix Morny (1989)
Prix de la Salamandre (1989)
Prix Djebel (1990) | |


title: Office for Victims of Crime

abstract: The Office for Victims of Crime (OVC) is a part of the Office of Justice Programs, within the U.S. Department of Justice. The OVC's mission is to provide aid and promote justice for crime victims. The office was created in 1988 in an amendment to the Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) of 1984. OVC sponsors the annual Crime Victims' Rights Week that promotes victims' rights and services. Jessica E. Hart was appointed to the role of Director by President Donald Trump and sworn in on March 31, 2020. She left office on January 20, 2021. Between January and July 2021, the office was led by Acting Director Katherine Darke Schmitt. Kristina Rose is the current Director, appointed by President Joe Biden and sworn into the position on July 12, 2021. Rose previously served as acting director and deputy director for the National Institute of Justice, and as the Chief of Staff for the Office on Violence Against Women.

text:
# Office for Victims of Crime

The **Office for Victims of Crime** (**OVC**) is a part of the Office of Justice Programs, within the U.S. Department of Justice.

The OVC's mission is to provide aid and promote justice for crime victims.

The office was created in 1988 in an amendment to the Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) of 1984.

OVC sponsors the annual Crime Victims' Rights Week that promotes victims' rights and services.

Jessica E. Hart was appointed to the role of Director by President Donald Trump and sworn in on March 31, 2020. She left office on January 20, 2021. Between January and July 2021, the office was led by Acting Director Katherine Darke Schmitt.

Kristina Rose is the current Director, appointed by President Joe Biden and sworn into the position on July 12, 2021. Rose previously served as acting director and deputy director for the National Institute of Justice, and as the Chief of Staff for the Office on Violence Against Women.

## InfoBox

Office for Victims of Crime
| Seal of the United States Department of Justice | |
| --- | --- |
| Logo of the Office for Victims of Crime | |
| Bureau/Office overview | |
| Formed | 1988 (1988) |
| Jurisdiction | Federal government of the United States |
| Headquarters | 810 7th Street NW<br>Washington, D.C., United States |
| Bureau/Office executive | * Kristina Rose, Director |
| Parent department | Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice |
| Website | ovc.ojp.gov |


title: Nathoon

abstract: Nathoon is a 1974 Indian Malayalam-language film, directed by K. Narayanan. The film stars Rani Chandra, Vincent, Sudheer and Bahadoor. The film has musical score by M. S. Baburaj.

text:
# Nathoon

***Nathoon*** is a 1974 Indian Malayalam-language film, directed by K. Narayanan. The film stars Rani Chandra, Vincent, Sudheer and Bahadoor. The film has musical score by M. S. Baburaj.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by M. S. Baburaj and the lyrics were written by Sreekumaran Thampi.

| No. | Song | Singers | Lyrics | Length (m:ss) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Kaarthika Njaattuvela" | K. J. Yesudas, Chorus | Sreekumaran Thampi |  |
| 2 | "Kavilathu Kannoru" | S. Janaki | Sreekumaran Thampi |  |
| 3 | "Oru Kannil Oru Kadal" | K. J. Yesudas, L. R. Anjali | Sreekumaran Thampi |  |
| 4 | "Sathyathin Chirakodinju" | K. J. Yesudas | Sreekumaran Thampi |  |
| 5 | "Yesumaathave" | S. Janaki | Sreekumaran Thampi |  |

## InfoBox

| Nathoon | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | K. Narayanan |
| Written by | Muttathu Varkey
A. Sheriff (dialogues) |
| Screenplay by | A. Sheriff |
| Starring | Rani Chandra
Sudheer
Vincent
Bahadoor |
| Cinematography | Kanniyappan |
| Edited by | K. Narayanan |
| Music by | M. S. Baburaj |
| Production
company | Malithra Productions |
| Distributed by | Malithra Productions |
| Release date | * 13 April 1974 (1974-04-13) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Malayalam |


title: Splendora Independent School District

abstract: Splendora Independent School District (SISD) is a public school district based in Splendora, Texas (USA). In addition to Splendora, the district also serves the city of Patton Village. A small portion of the city of Cleveland and a section of Deerwood are also is within the district. For the 2018–2019 school year, the district received a B grade from the Texas Education Agency.

text:
# Splendora Independent School District

**Splendora Independent School District** (**SISD**) is a public school district based in Splendora, Texas (USA). In addition to Splendora, the district also serves the city of Patton Village. A small portion of the city of Cleveland and a section of Deerwood are also is within the district.

For the 2018–2019 school year, the district received a B grade from the Texas Education Agency.

## Academics

For each school year, the Texas Education Agency rates school district performance using an A–F grading system based on statistical data. For 2018–2019, the district received a score of 83 out of 100, resulting in a B grade. The district received a similar score of 81 the previous year.

Splendora ISD has developed a partnership with Lone Star College–Kingwood to create the Splendora Early College High School program. Students enrolled in the program attend college courses, paid for by the school district, while also completing the requirements for a high school diploma. Students who complete the program will earn an associate degree. College credit may also be applied for up to two years of a bachelor's degree.

## Schools

* Splendora High School (Grades 9-12)
* Splendora Junior High (Grades 7-8)
* Greenleaf Elementary (Grades PK-6)
* Peach Creek Elementary (Grades PK-6)
* Piney Woods Elementary (Grades PK-6)
* Timber Lakes Elementary (Grades PK-6)

## InfoBox

| Splendora Independent School District | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
| 23419 FM 2090 Splendora, Texas, 77372<br>United States | |
| District information | |
| Type | Public |
| Motto | Cultivating Exceptional People |
| Grades | PK–12 |
| Superintendent | Jeffrey Burke |
| Governing agency | Texas Education Agency |
| Schools | 5 |
| NCES District ID | 4841070 |
| Students and staff | |
| Enrollment | 4,108 (2018–2019) |
| Teachers | 251.77 (on an FTE basis) |
| Staff | 301.22 (on an FTE basis) |
| Student–teacher ratio | 15.12 |
| Other information | |
| Website | www.splendoraisd.org |


title: WNNC

abstract: WNNC is a commercial radio station broadcasting an oldies music format and licensed to serve the community of Newton, North Carolina, part of the Hickory-Newton-Conover metro area. The station is owned by Newton-Conover Communications, Inc and broadcasts in C-QUAM AM stereo.

text:
# WNNC

**WNNC** (1230 AM) is a commercial radio station broadcasting an oldies music format and licensed to serve the community of Newton, North Carolina, part of the Hickory-Newton-Conover metro area. The station is owned by Newton-Conover Communications, Inc and broadcasts in C-QUAM AM stereo.

## Translator

WNNC programming is simulcast on the following translator:

| Call sign | Frequency | City of license | FID | ERP () | HAAT | Class | Transmitter coordinates | FCC info |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| W267CH | 101.3 FM | Hickory, North Carolina | 157753 | 250 | 85  (279 ft) | D | 35°43′20.5″N 81°16′37.3″W / 35.722361°N 81.277028°W / 35.722361; -81.277028 (W267CH) | LMS |

## InfoBox

WNNC
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Hickory, North Carolina |
| Frequency | 1230 kHz C-QUAM AM Stereo |
| Branding | *WNNC 101.3 FM & 1230 AM* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Oldies |
| Affiliations |  |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Newton-Conover Communications, Inc. |
| History | |
| First air date | June 18, 1948 |
| Call sign meaning | Newton, North Carolina |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 48788 |
| Class | C |
| Power | 1,000 watts unlimited |
| Transmitter coordinates | 35°40′20.48″N 81°14′11.3″W / 35.6723556°N 81.236472°W / 35.6723556; -81.236472 (WNNC) |
| Translator(s) | See § Translator |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen live |
| Website | WNNC Online |


title: The Phantom Fighter

abstract: The Phantom Fighter is a collection of Occult detective short stories by author Seabury Quinn. It was released in 1966 by Mycroft & Moran in an edition of 2,022 copies. The stories are about Quinn's detective Jules de Grandin and were originally published in the magazine Weird Tales. Quinn was still alive in 1966, and he revised and modernized the stories in this collection.

text:
# The Phantom Fighter

***The Phantom Fighter*** is a collection of Occult detective short stories by author Seabury Quinn. It was released in 1966 by Mycroft & Moran in an edition of 2,022 copies. The stories are about Quinn's detective Jules de Grandin and were originally published in the magazine *Weird Tales*. Quinn was still alive in 1966, and he revised and modernized the stories in this collection.

## Contents

*The Phantom Fighter* contains the following tales:

1. "Terror on the Links"
2. "The Dead Hand"
3. "Children of Ubasti"
4. "The Jest of Warburg Tantavul"
5. "The Corpse-Master"
6. "The Poltergeist"
7. "The Wolf of Saint Bonnet"
8. "Restless Souls"
9. "The Silver Countess"
10. "The Doom of the House of Phipps"

* Jaffery, Sheldon (1989). *The Arkham House Companion*. Mercer Island, WA: Starmont House, Inc. pp. 81–82. ISBN 1-55742-005-X.
* Chalker, Jack L.; Mark Owings (1998). *The Science-Fantasy Publishers: A Bibliographic History, 1923-1998*. Westminster, MD and Baltimore: Mirage Press, Ltd. pp. 43, 844–845.
* Joshi, S.T. (1999). *Sixty Years of Arkham House: A History and Bibliography*. Sauk City, WI: Arkham House. pp. 180–181. ISBN 0-87054-176-5.
* Nielsen, Leon (2004). *Arkham House Books: A Collector's Guide*. Jefferson, NC and London: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 152. ISBN 0-7864-1785-4.

## InfoBox

The Phantom Fighter
| Dust-jacket illustration by Frank Utpatel for *The Phantom-Fighter* | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Seabury Quinn |
| Cover artist | Frank Utpatel |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Supernatural fiction, detective fiction |
| Publisher | Mycroft & Moran |
| Publication date | 1966 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (hardback) |
| Pages | 263 pp |


title: North Province (Western Australia)

abstract: North Province was an electoral province of the Legislative Council of Western Australia between 1894 and 1989. It elected three members between 1894 and 1965 and two members between 1965 and 1989.

text:
# North Province (Western Australia)

**North Province** was an electoral province of the Legislative Council of Western Australia between 1894 and 1989. It elected three members between 1894 and 1965 and two members between 1965 and 1989.

## Members

| Three members (1900–1965) | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Member 1 | | Party | Term | Member 2 | | Party | Term | Member 3 | | Party | Term |
|  | Frank Stone | None | 1894–1906 |  | John Richardson | None | 1894–1904 |  | Edward Robinson | None | 1894–1896 |
|  | | | |  | | | |  | Donald McDonald MacKay | None | 1896–1902 |
|  | | | |  | | | |  | Sir Edward Wittenoom | None | 1902–1906 |
|  | | | | | |  | R. F. Sholl | None | 1904–1909 |  |
|  | Francis Connor | | | | | None | 1906–1911 |  |  |
|  | | | | |  |  | Richard Pennefather | None | 1907–1911 |
|  | | | | | |  | Sir Edward Wittenoom | None | 1910–1911 |  |
|  | | | | Independent | 1911–1916 |  | Liberal | 1911–1917 |  | Independent | 1911–1914 |
|  | | |  | | |  | Joseph Holmes | Independent | 1914–1942 |
|  | George Miles | | | | | Independent | 1916–1930 |  |  |
|  | | | | | |  | Nationalist | 1917–1934 |  |
|  | | | | | | Nationalist | 1930–1936 |  |  |
|  | | | | | |  | Edward Angelo | Nationalist | 1934–1940 |  |
|  | | | | | | Independent | 1936–1950 |  |  |
|  | | | | | |  | Frank Welsh | Nationalist | 1940–1945 |  |
|  | | | | |  |  | Cyril Cornish | Independent | 1942–1946 |
|  | | | | | |  | Liberal | 1945–1954 |  |
|  | | | |  |  | Mervyn Forrest | Liberal | 1946–1952 |
|  | Harry Strickland | | | | | Labor | 1950–1965 |  |  |
|  | | | |  |  | Don Barker | Labor | 1952–1956 |
|  | | | | | |  | William Willesee | Labor | 1954–1965 |  |
|  | | | | |  |  | Frank Wise | Labor | 1956–1965 |

---

| Two members (1965–1989) | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Member 1 | | Party | Term | Member 2 | | Party | Term |
|  | Frank Wise | Labor | 1965–1971 |  | Harry Strickland | Labor | 1965–1970 |
|  | | | |  | John Hunt | Labor | 1971–1974 |
|  | Bill Withers | | | | Liberal | 1971–1981 |  |
|  | | | |  | John Tozer | Liberal | 1974–1980 |
|  | | | |  | Peter Dowding | Labor | 1980–1986 |
|  | | | | | Independent | 1981–1982 |  |
|  | Tom Stephens | | | | Labor | 1982–1989 |  |
|  | | | |  | Tom Helm | Labor | 1986–1989 |


title: Maata "Te Reo" Hura

abstract: Maata "Te Reo" Hura was the fifth President of the Ratana Church of New Zealand. One of seven children of the founder of the church Tahupotiki Wiremu Ratana and his wife Te Urumanao Ngapaki, she was born in the family homestead, later to become part of the church settlement, and was with her parents in 1918 when her father started having the visions that would later cause him to found the church. She accompanied her father on his missions around the country and overseas, and in 1925 was married whilst in Japan to Huia Whenuaroa, another member of the Ratana concert group. She later remarried twice, having two children from her second marriage, and six from her third. In 1966, following the death of her aunt Puhi o Aotea Ratahi, Hura succeeded her as head of the church. She succeeded in building a good relationship with Te Atairangikaahu, the then Maori Queen, and raising funds to repair many of the church buildings. Hura continued to take an active role in the church right up to her death in 1991, survived by seven of her children. On Monday 15 August 1983, a handful of followers and herself sanctioned the Ratana Church of Australia. As of 2008, there has been a reported membership of 20,000 Ratana faithful residing in various parts of Australia.

text:
# Maata "Te Reo" Hura

**Maata "Te Reo" Hura** (also known as **Maata Tawhirimatea**) (16 January 1904 – 25 September 1991) was the fifth President of the Ratana Church of New Zealand.

One of seven children of the founder of the church Tahupotiki Wiremu Ratana and his wife Te Urumanao Ngapaki, she was born in the family homestead, later to become part of the church settlement, and was with her parents in 1918 when her father started having the visions that would later cause him to found the church.

She accompanied her father on his missions around the country and overseas, and in 1925 was married whilst in Japan to Huia Whenuaroa, another member of the Ratana concert group. She later remarried twice, having two children from her second marriage, and six from her third.

In 1966, following the death of her aunt Puhi o Aotea Ratahi, Hura succeeded her as head of the church. She succeeded in building a good relationship with Te Atairangikaahu, the then Maori Queen, and raising funds to repair many of the church buildings. Hura continued to take an active role in the church right up to her death in 1991, survived by seven of her children.

On Monday 15 August 1983, a handful of followers and herself sanctioned the Ratana Church of Australia. As of 2008, there has been a reported membership of 20,000 Ratana faithful residing in various parts of Australia.

1. "WikiChristian".


abstract: The Office for administration and payment of individual entitlements, also known as the Paymaster's Office or PMO is a central office of the European Commission. The PMO's mission is to manage the financial rights of permanent, temporary and contractual staff working at the Commission, to calculate and to pay their salaries and other financial entitlements. The PMO provides these services to other EU institutions and agencies as well. The PMO is also responsible for managing the health insurance fund of the Institutions, together with processing and paying the claims of reimbursement from staff members. The PMO also manages the pension fund and pays the pensions of retired staff members. The PMO's head office, horizontal services and four operational units are located in Brussels, while two other units are located in Luxembourg and in Ispra, where they provide services to local EU staff.

text:
# Office for administration and payment of individual entitlements

The **Office for administration and payment of individual entitlements**, also known as the **Paymaster's Office** or **PMO** is a central office of the European Commission.

The PMO's mission is to manage the financial rights of permanent, temporary and contractual staff working at the Commission, to calculate and to pay their salaries and other financial entitlements. The PMO provides these services to other EU institutions and agencies as well. The PMO is also responsible for managing the health insurance fund of the Institutions, together with processing and paying the claims of reimbursement from staff members. The PMO also manages the pension fund and pays the pensions of retired staff members.

The PMO's head office, horizontal services and four operational units are located in Brussels, while two other units are located in Luxembourg and in Ispra, where they provide services to local EU staff.

## PMO activities

### Remuneration

The PMO determines and records the financial rights of new staff members of their first day at the Commission, and then calculates and pays their remuneration. The remuneration includes:

* a basic salary according to Article 66 of the Staff Regulation
* family allowances, as per Section 1 of Annex VII of the Staff Regulation
* other allowances (Section 2 of Annex VII)

Basic monthly Commission salaries range from around €2,300 per month for a newly recruited AST 1 official to around €16,000 per month for a top level AD 16 official with over 4 years of seniority. Each grade is broken up into five seniority steps with corresponding salary increases. Basic salaries are adjusted annually in line with inflation and purchasing power in the EU countries.

Officials are also entitled to the reimbursement of certain expenses, for example travel expenses for taking up their duties or removal expenses, when moving their families to their place of employment.

### Health insurance

PMO manages the Joint Sickness Insurance Scheme (JSIS) of the European Communities. Officials and other agents are entitled to benefit from the JSIS, as well as their family members (under certain conditions). The JSIS covers medical expenses at a rate of 80% for medical treatments and is funded by a contribution of ~2%, deducted from the salaries of officials and agents.

### Pensions

An official is entitled to an EU pension after at least 10 years of service (or if he reaches the age of 63). EU officials normally reach retirement age at 63, but it is also possible to take early retirement with a reduced pension from the age of 55, or to work up until the age of 67 (but with no corresponding increase in pension rights).

Officials accumulate 1.9% pension rights every year and are entitled to a maximum pension of 70% of their final basic salary. Upon leaving active service, the PMO calculates the pension rights of officials and other agents, including the rights transferred in from national pension schemes. In the case of the decease of officials, the pension rights are paid to the surviving spouse and/or child(ren).

Officials and other agents contribute to up to 1/3 of the costs of the pension scheme. Their contribution is 9.25% of their monthly basic salary and is deducted monthly.

### Unemployment benefits

Temporary and contractual agents may receive a temporary unemployment allowance, when their contract with the Commission expires. This allowance is calculated and paid by the PMO, in accordance with Title 2 of Conditions of employment of other servants of the European Communities.

### Missions and experts' expenses

The expenses incurred by the officials and agents on their official missions, as well as certain experts engaged by the Commission, are reimbursed. The PMO receives and processes all these claims and then pays the expenses according to the rules governing entitlement.

For the experts' expenses, the following persons are entitled:

* anyone **outside** the Commission who has been invited to participate in the work of a certain commission or to give a professional opinion
* anyone responsible for accompanying a disabled person who was invited as an external expert

The entitlement covers a daily allowance, travel and accommodation expenses.

## Sources


title: Naticidae

abstract: Naticidae, common name moon snails or necklace shells, is a family of medium to large-sized predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. The shells of the species in this family are mostly globular in shape. Naticidae is the only family in the superfamily Naticoidea. It has been estimated that worldwide there are about 260–270 recent species of naticid snails. This group is assumed to have originated in the late Triassic or in the early Jurassic. Members of this family can be recognized by the shape of their shells, distinct appearance, or by their predatory behavior.

text:
# Naticidae

**Naticidae**, common name **moon snails** or **necklace shells**, is a family of medium to large-sized predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. The shells of the species in this family are mostly globular in shape.

Naticidae is the only family in the superfamily **Naticoidea**.

It has been estimated that worldwide there are about 260–270 recent species of naticid snails. This group is assumed to have originated in the late Triassic or in the early Jurassic. Members of this family can be recognized by the shape of their shells, distinct appearance, or by their predatory behavior.

## Distribution

Naticids are widely distributed and occur worldwide and are considered to be a delicate part of the web of nature amongst many others. The greatest diversity of both species and genera is found in tropical regions. Even so, naticid snails are also plentiful in temperate, Arctic and Antarctic waters.

## Habitat

Moon snails live on sandy substrates, at a great variety of depths depending on the species (from the intertidal zone to thousands of meters in depth). They are often seen ploughing along in the sand, searching for bivalves and other prey, resulting in countersunk bore-holes.

## Life habits

Naticids are predatory, feeding mostly on bivalves. They will also attack almost any other shelled mollusk they encounter in the sand, such as scaphopods and other gastropods, including other moon snails. Additionally, *Conuber sordidum* was shown to prey on the soldier crab *Mictyris longicarpus* (Crustacea) by drilling predation. To catch soldier crabs, *C. sordidum* uses the same behaviour as when hunting shelled molluscan prey.

The moon snail envelops the prey and then bores a hole through the shell using its radula and an acid secretion. Once the shell is bored open, the proboscis is used to consume the flesh of the prey. The hole in the shell, which has a "countersunk" appearance with chamfered edges, and which varies in size according to the species, is a characteristic sign of moon snail predation.

In the breeding season, the female moon snail lays a rather stiff egg mass which includes sand and mucus. These objects wash up on sandy beaches fairly often, and are known by the common name "sand collars" because of their resemblance to an old-fashioned removable shirt collar or false-collar.

## Human interactions

In Korean cuisine, moon snails are called *golbaengi* (골뱅이) and eaten as *golbaengi-muchim* (moon snail salad).

Moon snail shells are attractive and relatively large, and often popular in jewellery and ornamentation.

## Taxonomy

### Traditional classification

Some authors have suggested a distinct separation of the Naticidae into four subfamilies: Ampullospirinae, Naticinae, Polinicinae and Sininae. This arrangement is mainly based on morphological data, such as details of the operculum including the material (calcareous in the Naticinae, corneous in the Polinicinae and Sininae) and size, and also the morphology of the shell.

### 2005 taxonomy

The following four subfamilies were recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005):

* Naticinae Guilding, 1834 - synonyms: Neveritinae Gray, 1857; Choristidae Verrill, 1882; Euspiridae Cossmann, 1907; Mammillinae Iredale & McMichael, 1962; Eunaticinini Oyama, 1469
* Sininae Woodring, 1928 - synonyms: Sigaretidae Gary, 1827; Cryptostomidae Gray, 1827
* Globisininae Powell, 1933
* Polinicinae Gray, 1847

## Genera

Genera in the family Naticidae include:

Unassigned to a subfamily:

subfamily Naticinae

subfamily Globisininae

subfamily Polinicinae Gray, 1847

subfamily Sininae

subfamily ?

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Naticidae
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| A live individual of *Naticarius hebraeus* (Martyn, 1786), viewed from the front | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Superfamily: | Naticoidea |
| Family: | Naticidae
Guilding, 1834 |
|
| Type genus | |
| *Pseudomelatoma*
Dall, 1918 | |
| Genera | |
| See text | |
| Diversity | |
| 260–270 Recent species | |


abstract: St. Andrew's Episcopal Church is a historic Episcopal church located at 2067 Fifth Avenue at 127th Street in the neighborhood of Harlem in Manhattan, New York City. Built in 1872, it was designed by noted New York City architect Henry M. Congdon (1834–1922) in the Gothic Revival style. It features a 125 foot tall clock tower surmounted by a slate covered spire surrounded by four towerlets. On March 18, 1980, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The church was designated as a city landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1967. It is still an active parish in the Episcopal Diocese of New York. In 2020, it reported 138 members, average attendance of 32, and $192,540 in plate and pledge income.

text:
# St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (New York City)

**St. Andrew's Episcopal Church** is a historic Episcopal church located at 2067 Fifth Avenue at 127th Street in the neighborhood of Harlem in Manhattan, New York City. Built in 1872, it was designed by noted New York City architect Henry M. Congdon (1834–1922) in the Gothic Revival style. It features a 125 foot tall clock tower surmounted by a slate covered spire surrounded by four towerlets.

On March 18, 1980, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The church was designated as a city landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1967. It is still an active parish in the Episcopal Diocese of New York.

In 2020, it reported 138 members, average attendance of 32, and $192,540 in plate and pledge income.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| St. Andrew's Episcopal Church | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| NYC Landmark | |
|  | |
| St. Andrews Episcopal Church, March 2009 | |
|  | |
| Location | 2067 5th Ave. New York City, New York |
| Coordinates | 40°48′28″N 73°56′33″W / 40.80778°N 73.94250°W / 40.80778; -73.94250 |
| Built | 1872 |
| Architect | Henry M. Congdon |
| Architectural style | Gothic |
| NRHP reference No. | 80002717 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | March 18, 1980 |
| Designated NYCL | April 12, 1967 |


# Liberia national football team results (2020–present)

This article provides details of international football games played by the Liberia national football team from 2020 to present.

## Results

| Key | |
| --- | --- |
|  | Win |
|  | Draw |
|  | Defeat |

### 2021

| 27 March 2021 Friendly | **Saudi Arabia U23** | **3–2** | **Liberia** | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14:30 (UTC±0) | Maran  55'
Al-Ghamdi  84'
Al-Eisa  90+6' | Report | Macauley  72'
Dweh  90+2' | Stadium: Prince Faisal bin Fahd Stadium
Attendance: 0 |

| 30 March 2021 Friendly | **Saudi Arabia U23** | **0–0** | **Liberia** | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14:05 (UTC±0) |  | Report |  | Stadium: Prince Faisal bin Fahd Stadium
Attendance: 0 |

| 3 September 2021 2022 World Cup qualification | **Nigeria** | **2–0** | **Liberia** | Lagos, Nigeria |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 17:00 UTC+1 | Iheanacho  22', 44' | Report |  | Stadium: Teslim Balogun Stadium
Referee: Kouassi Attisso Attiogbe (Togo) |

### 2022

| 29 March 2022 Friendly | **Burundi** | **2–1** | **Liberia** | Antalya, Turkey |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13:00 UTC+3 |  | Report |  | Stadium: Mardan Sports Complex |

| 9 June 2022 2023 AFCON Q | **Zimbabwe** | **Cancelled** | **Liberia** | Zimbabwe |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 UTC+2 |  |  |  |  |

| 25 September 2022 Friendly | **Niger** | **0–0** | **Liberia** | Alexandria, Egypt |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 17:00 UTC+2 |  | Report |  | Stadium: Alexandria Stadium
Referee: Ahmed Gamal (Egypt) |

## Forthcoming fixtures

The following matches are scheduled:

| March 2023 2023 AFCON Q | **South Africa** | **v** | **Liberia** | South Africa |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| March 2023 2023 AFCON Q | **Liberia** | **v** | **South Africa** | Liberia |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |


title: Wachpal

abstract: Wachpal is a village covering a very large area of Orakzai Agency and a little bit of Khyber Agency in tribal area of Pakistan. It's a linkage village between Orakzai and Khyber Agencies. Two main tribes from both of the mentioned agencies have been living there since 1940. Qammar Khel tribe belongs to Khyber Agency and Mishthee Tribe belongs to Orakzai Agency. It has a plan area covered by a sequence of large mountains. Its boundaries connect with Khwah, Anjanri, Khazza, Miro Darah and Khammata. All traffics of Orakzai and Khyber Agencies go through this village when they are going to go to Khyber Agency or Orakzai Agency.

text:
# Wachpal

**Wachpal** is a village covering a very large area of Orakzai Agency and a little bit of Khyber Agency in tribal area of Pakistan. It's a linkage village between Orakzai and Khyber Agencies. Two main tribes from both of the mentioned agencies have been living there since 1940. Qammar Khel tribe belongs to Khyber Agency and Mishthee Tribe belongs to Orakzai Agency. It has a plan area covered by a sequence of large mountains. Its boundaries connect with Khwah, Anjanri, Khazza, Miro Darah and Khammata. All traffics of Orakzai and Khyber Agencies go through this village when they are going to go to Khyber Agency or Orakzai Agency.

## Demographics

The population of the village, according to 2017 census was 5,442.


title: The Phantom Gondola

abstract: The Phantom Gondola is a 1936 French-Italian drama film directed by Augusto Genina and starring Marcelle Chantal, Henri Rollan and Paul Bernard. The film was a co-production between the two countries shot at the Cines Studios in Rome and based on a 1926 novel by Maurice Dekobra.

text:
# The Phantom Gondola

***The Phantom Gondola*** (Italian: ***La gondola delle chimere***) is a 1936 French-Italian drama film directed by Augusto Genina and starring Marcelle Chantal, Henri Rollan and Paul Bernard. The film was a co-production between the two countries shot at the Cines Studios in Rome and based on a 1926 novel by Maurice Dekobra.

## Synopsis

A British aristocrat falls in love with a Venetian Count, without realising that he is a spy against the Turks. When she discovers that he has been captured by the notorious Sélim Pacha she does everything she can to save him.

## Cast

## Reception

Writing for *The Spectator* in 1936, Graham Greene gave the film a poor review, characterizing it as "a cheap, trivial and pretentious story by a popular writer of rather low reputation." While acknowledging that "it is one of the only two films this last year I have found myself unable to endure till the end," and that he had not therefore completed the entire film, Greene explained his action "for never has a melodrama proceeded so slowly, with such a saga-like tread".

## Bibliography

* Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey & Hay, James & Volpi, Gianni. *The Companion to Italian Cinema*. Cassell, 1996.

## InfoBox

| The Phantom Gondola | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Augusto Genina |
| Written by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography |  |
| Edited by | Fernando Tropea |
| Music by |  |
| Production<br>companies | * Hélianthe-Film * Tiberia Film |
| Distributed by | Grandi Film (Italy) |
| Release date | * March 1936 (1936-03) |
| Running time | 85 minutes |
| Countries | * France * Italy |
| Language | Italian |


# Northern Mariana Islands at the 2015 Pacific Games

The Northern Mariana Islands competed at the 2015 Pacific Games in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea from 4 to 18 July 2015. The Northern Mariana Islands listed 26 competitors as of 4 July 2015. One competitor qualified for two sports.

## Athletics

Northern Mariana Islands qualified 2 athletes in track and field:

Men

## Beach volleyball

Northern Mariana Islands qualified 2 athletes in beach volleyball:

Men * Andrew Scott Johnson
* Clay McCullough-Stearns

## Bodybuilding

Northern Mariana Islands qualified 3 athletes in bodybuilding:

Men * Gerald Christopher Panaligan Galang
* Donivan Benavente Mendiola
* Aaron James Quitugua Tomokane

## Outrigger canoeing

Northern Mariana Islands qualified 8 athletes in va'a:

Men * Joe Erra Ayuyu
* Carter Aguon A. Calma
* Ketson Kabiriel
* James Ka Hing Lee
* Dino Anfranc Manning
* Benusto Jonavan Lisua Olopai
* Jose Tenorio Quan
* Jason Takami Tarkong
* Joshua Ngiraibai Franklin Andrew

## Golf

Northern Mariana Islands qualified 4 athletes in golf:

Men * Joseph Sasamoto Sasamoto Camacho
* Harry Taitano Nakamura Jr.
* Franco Mendiola Santos
* Luis Selepeo Tilipao

## Sailing

Northern Mariana Islands qualified 3 athletes in sailing:

Women * Janet Lynn McCullough
* Emma Rose McCullough-Stearns

Men * Anthony Richard Stearns

## Swimming

Northern Mariana Islands qualified 3 athletes in swimming:

Women * Victoria Olegovna Chentsova
* Angel Felice Delos Santos De Jesus

Men * Takumi Fukumoto Sugie

## Triathlon

Northern Mariana Islands qualified 2 athletes in triathlon:

Men * Peter Balboni Prestley
* Anthony Richard Stearns

1. "Athletes: Northern Mariana Islands". *Pacific Games 2015*. 4 July 2015. Archived from the original on 6 June 2022. Retrieved 4 July 2015.

## InfoBox

| Northern Mariana Islands at the<br>2015 Pacific Games | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC code | NMI |
| 4 July 2015 (2015-07-04) – 18 July 2015 (2015-07-18) | |
| Competitors | 26 in 8 sports |
| Medals | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 |
| Pacific Games appearances | |
|  | |
|


title: Tyson–Maner House

abstract: The Tyson–Maner House is a historic mansion in Montgomery, Alabama, U.S.. It was built in 1890 for Archibald Pitt Tyson, a former farmer turned real estate developer. It remained in the family until 1930, as it was inherited by his wife Ellen Nicholson Arrington in 1918 and later by their children. By the 1970s, it belonged to Carl Herbert Lancaster, an architect. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since May 10, 1979.

text:
# Tyson–Maner House

The **Tyson–Maner House** is a historic mansion in Montgomery, Alabama, U.S.. It was built in 1890 for Archibald Pitt Tyson, a former farmer turned real estate developer. It remained in the family until 1930, as it was inherited by his wife Ellen Nicholson Arrington in 1918 and later by their children. By the 1970s, it belonged to Carl Herbert Lancaster, an architect. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since May 10, 1979.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Tyson-Maner House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The Tyson-Maner House in 2009 | |
|  | |
| Location | 469 South McDonough Street, Montgomery, Alabama |
| Coordinates | 32°21′47″N 86°18′16″W / 32.36306°N 86.30444°W / 32.36306; -86.30444 |
| Area | 0.6 acres (0.24 ha) |
| Built | 1890 (1890) |
| Architectural style | Late Victorian, Italian Villa |
| NRHP reference No. | 79000399 |
| Added to NRHP | May 10, 1979 |


title: Officialdom Unmasked

abstract: Officialdom Unmasked, is a late-Qing Chinese novel by Li Baojia. The theme of the work is the disintegration of the late Qing dynasty civil service bureaucracy as it is deteriorating. The novel was translated to English in 2002 in an abridged format by T. L. Yang and published by Hong Kong University Press. Donald Holoch, author of "A Novel of Setting: The Bureaucrats", wrote that the novel is very long with a "bewildering" amount of content, and therefore he argues that discussing the novel is difficult. Officialdom Unmasked has over 600,000 Chinese characters. It has over 800 dramatis personæ and many episodes. Holoch wrote that the work "integrates the decline of the state, the status of women, the bureaucratic personality, the role of imperialism, and the commercialization of human relations."

text:
# Officialdom Unmasked

***Officialdom Unmasked*** (simplified Chinese: 官场现形记; traditional Chinese: 官場現形記; pinyin: *Guānchǎng Xiànxíng Jì*; Wade–Giles: *Kuan-ch'ang hsien-hsing chi*), is a late-Qing Chinese novel by Li Baojia (Li Boyuan). The theme of the work is the disintegration of the late Qing dynasty civil service bureaucracy as it is deteriorating. The novel was translated to English in 2002 in an abridged format by T. L. Yang and published by Hong Kong University Press.

Donald Holoch, author of "A Novel of Setting: *The Bureaucrats*", wrote that the novel is very long with a "bewildering" amount of content, and therefore he argues that discussing the novel is difficult. *Officialdom Unmasked* has over 600,000 Chinese characters. It has over 800 dramatis personæ and many episodes. Holoch wrote that the work "integrates the decline of the state, the status of women, the bureaucratic personality, the role of imperialism, and the commercialization of human relations."

## Title

The title can be translated literally as *Official circles: a revelation*., or variously as "A Revelation of Official Circles", "The Bureaucrats: A Revelation", or "Observations on the Current State of Officialdom", "The Bureaucracy Exposed," "The Exposure of the Official World", or "Official Circles: A Revelation".

## Development

Jaroslav Průšek wrote that Li Baojia wrote *Officialdom Unmasked* because Li Baojia wanted to entice people into opposing a corrupt bureaucracy.

Li Baojia wrote the book from 1901 to 1906 while simultaneously writing other books. The first half of the work appeared in installments of *Shanghai Shijie Fanhua Bao*, serialized there from April 1903 to June 1905. Donald Holoch, author of "A Novel of Setting: *The Bureaucrats*", wrote that *Officialdom Unmasked* was Li Baojia's "magnum opus". Li died in 1906.

Since the year of Li Baojia's death, the current version of *Officialdom Unmasked* is a 60 chapter version. Holoch wrote that a man named Ouyang Juyuan (T: 歐陽巨源, S: 欧阳巨源, P: *Ōuyáng Jùyuán*, W: *Ou-yang Chü-yüan*), a friend of Li Baojia, "allegedly" added the final 12 chapters after Li Baojia died, and therefore the 60 chapter version is "commonly held to be the work of two men." Holoch argued that Li Baojia and Ouyang Juyuan shared the same conception of the work over a period of several years.

## Structure

Holoch stated that the book has action episodes, where a goal is conceived and the protagonist or someone on his behalf begins an action to a successful or non-successful conclusion, and non-action episodes. Holoch defines the beginning of a new action episode as whenever a new goal appears or when a new protagonist appears. According to Holoch, each episode may vary from 1 page to 30 pages and they are not distinctly marked off like a chapter would. He defines a non-action episode as one without character movement or no action. The episode instead illustrates the setting. According to Holoch the work has 61 action episodes.

## Characters

The novel has over 800 dramatis personæ. Within the action episodes, there are four types of protagonists present: civil officials/bureaucrats, people aspiring to become officials, people who are motivated by making money, and women. The bureaucrats include civil officials of all ranks, including army officers, clerks and aides, the warden, up to the governor. The aspirants wanting to become officials include one examination candidate, sons of officials, former petty bureaucrats, wealthy men, and the sons of wealthy men. The female characters are dependents of male characters, wives, concubines, and/or are negatively affected by male characters.

* **Qu Nai'an** (T: 瞿耐菴, S: 瞿耐庵, P: *Qú Nài'ān*, W: *Ch'ü Nai-an*) - A Man in his late forties who is married to a woman in the same age group. They do not have children, and Qu Nai'an decides to take a mistress.
* **Qu Nai'an's wife** (C: 瞿太太, P: *Qú-tàitai*, W: *Ch'ü tai-tai*)

## Reception

Donald Holoch wrote in the essay "A Novel of Setting: *The Bureaucrats*", published in *The Chinese Novel at the Turn of the Century*, that *Officialdom Unmasked* is "A masterpiece of satirical writing so inexhaustibly inventive in terms of incident that it bears comparison with the plotting in any great Chinese novel." Holoch argued that the work "is an impressively coherent materialist critique, a serious interpretation of history; for its ideological power and its artistic achievement it deserves to be known in the West." Bruce Doar, author of a book review of *The Chinese Novel at the Turn of the Century*, wrote that "Holoch's enthusiasm" for the work was "infectious".

Holoch believes that the novel manipulates characterization and the plot to emphasize the Chinese society's mercantile orientation and that the setting unifies the novel. Holoch argues it is "an impressively coherent materialistic critique, a serious interpretation of history". Holoch's paper analyzes the work in terms of "cycles", a group of four to nine thematic units. According to Holoch's analysis, each thematic unit, which serves as an episode in the story, illustrates a particular aspect of the social setting and is centered around a set of localities or a group of characters. Robert E. Hegel, author of a book review of *The Chinese Novel at the Turn of the Century*, wrote that Holoch "takes pains to show cause for his praise" even though the novel had been written by two men who had a single conception over a period of several years.

* Doar, Bruce. "The Chinese Novel at the Turn of the Century" (book review). *The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs*, ISSN 0156-7365, 01/1982, Issue 7, pp. 199 – 201 (Available on JSTOR)
* Doleželová-Velingerová, Milena. "Chapter 38: Fiction from the End of the Empire to the Beginning of the Republic (1897-1916)" in: Mair, Victor H. (editor). *The Columbia History of Chinese Literature*. Columbia University Press, August 13, 2013. p. 697-731. ISBN 0231528515, 9780231528511.
* Hegel, Robert E. "The Chinese Novel at the Turn of the Century" (book review). *Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews* (CLEAR), ISSN 0161-9705, 07/1983, Volume 5, Issue 1/2, pp. 188 – 191.
* Holoch, Donald. "A Novel of Setting: *The Bureaucrats*" in: Doleželová-Velingerová, Milena (editor). *The Chinese Novel at the Turn of the Century* (Toronto: University of Toronto Press; January 1, 1980), ISBN 0802054730, 9780802054739.
* Yang, Xiaobin. *The Chinese Postmodern: Trauma and Irony in Chinese Avant-garde Fiction*. University of Michigan Press, 2002. ISBN 0472112414, 9780472112418.
* Yee, Cordell D. K. "The Chinese Novel at the Turn of the Century" (book review). *Journal of Asian Studies*, ISSN 0021-9118, 05/1982, Volume 41, Issue 3, p. 574


title: National Alien Registration Authority

abstract: The National Alien Registration Authority (NARA) was an institution of the Government of Pakistan, under the Ministry of Interior and Narcotics Control, for the main purpose of legally registering and documenting immigrants and other foreign residents in the country. NARA was established in 2000, and was headquartered in the City of Karachi. NARA was formally merged into the National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) in 2015.

text:
# National Alien Registration Authority

The **National Alien Registration Authority** (**NARA**) was an institution of the Government of Pakistan, under the Ministry of Interior and Narcotics Control, for the main purpose of legally registering and documenting immigrants and other foreign residents in the country.

NARA was established in 2000, and was headquartered in the City of Karachi.

NARA was formally merged into the National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) in 2015.

## InfoBox

National Aliens Registration Authority (NARA)
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | 2000 (2000) |
| Dissolved | 2015 (2015) |
| Type | Government database |
| Headquarters | Karachi |


title: SpongeBob's Greatest Hits

abstract: SpongeBob's Greatest Hits is the first compilation album for the tenth anniversary of the animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants. The album was released on February 24, 2009, in conjunction with the year-long celebration of the show's tenth anniversary. The album features many songs released on previous albums, and many featured in the show. As of 6 October 2010, the album has sold 456,000 copies in the US.

text:
# SpongeBob's Greatest Hits

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | link |

***SpongeBob's Greatest Hits*** is the first compilation album for the tenth anniversary of the animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants. The album was released on February 24, 2009, in conjunction with the year-long celebration of the show's tenth anniversary. The album features many songs released on previous albums, and many featured in the show.

As of 6 October 2010, the album has sold 456,000 copies in the US.

## Track listing

1. "SpongeBob SquarePants Theme Song"
2. "The Goofy Goober Song"
3. "F.U.N. Song"
4. "Campfire Song Song"
5. "Ripped Pants"
6. "Where's Gary?"
7. "My Tighty Whiteys"
8. "Doing the Sponge"
9. "Stadium Rave"
10. "Goofy Goober Rock"
11. "The Best Day Ever"
12. "Idiot Friends"
13. "Gary's Song"
14. "I Can't Keep My Eyes Off of You"
15. "The Bubble Song"
16. "This Grill is Not a Home”

### Re-release

The album was re-released on July 14, 2009, with the following changes in the track listing:

14. "The Bubble Song" 15. "SpongeBob SquarePants Theme Song" (performed by Cee-Lo Green) 16. "We've Got Scurvy" (performed by P!nk) 17. "Don't Be a Jerk (It's Christmas)"

## Charts

| Chart (2009–13) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Hitseeker Albums (ARIA) | 2 |
| Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) | 63 |
| Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE) | 15 |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 62 |
| US Kid Albums (*Billboard*) | 2 |
| US Top Soundtracks (*Billboard*) | 8 |

## InfoBox

| SpongeBob's Greatest Hits | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by SpongeBob SquarePants | |
| Released | February 24, 2009 (original)
July 14, 2009 (re-release) |
| Recorded | 1999–2009 |
| Genre | Pop rock, surf rock |
| Label | Nick Records |
| Producer | Stephen Hillenburg |
| SpongeBob SquarePants chronology | |
| *The Best Day Ever*
(2006) ***SpongeBob's Greatest Hits***
(2009) *It's a SpongeBob Christmas! Album*
(2012) | |


abstract: Liberia women's national under-17 football team is a youth association football team operated under the auspices of Liberia Football Association. Its primary role is the development of players in preparation for the senior Liberia women's national football team.

text:
# Liberia women's national under-17 football team

**Liberia women's national under-17 football team** is a youth association football team operated under the auspices of Liberia Football Association. Its primary role is the development of players in preparation for the senior Liberia women's national football team.

## Competitive record

### FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup record

| FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Result | Pld | W | D * | L | GF | GA |
| 2008 | *Did not qualify* | | | | | | | |
| 2010 | *Did not enter* | | | | | | | |
| 2012 | |
| 2014 | |
| 2016 | |
| 2018 | |
| 2022 | *Did not qualify* | | | | | | | |
| 2024 | |
| 2025 | *To be determined* | | | | | | | |
| Total | 0/9 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

1.
2. "Liberia Advance To Women's U17 Qualifiers 3RD Round". *frontpageafricaonline.com*. 12 January 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024.

## InfoBox

Liberia women's U-17
| Association | Liberia Football Association |
| --- | --- |
| Confederation | CAF (Africa) |
| Sub-confederation | WAFU (West Africa) |
| FIFA code | LBR |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| African U-17 Women's World Cup qualification | |
| Appearances | 3 (*first in 2008*) |
| Best result | Fourth round (2024) |
| FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup | |
| Appearances | None |


title: WQBH-LP

abstract: WQBH-LP is a radio station licensed to serve the community of St. Joseph, Michigan. The station is owned Marriage and Family Commitment, Inc., and airs a Christian radio format. The station was assigned the WQBH-LP call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on March 14, 2014.

text:
# WQBH-LP

**WQBH-LP** (102.9 FM, "WQBH Radio") is a radio station licensed to serve the community of St. Joseph, Michigan. The station is owned Marriage and Family Commitment, Inc., and airs a Christian radio format.

The station was assigned the WQBH-LP call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on March 14, 2014.

## InfoBox

WQBH-LP
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | 102.9 MHz |
| Branding | *WQBH Radio* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Christian radio |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Marriage and Family Commitment, Inc. |
| History | |
| First air date | June 27, 2015 |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 195764 |
| Class | LP1 |
| ERP | 61 watts |
| HAAT | 38 metres (125 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 42°05′34.1″N 86°27′28.0″W / 42.092806°N 86.457778°W / 42.092806; -86.457778 |
| Links | |
| Public license information | LMS |
| Website | www.wqbhradio.com |


title: Nostalgia (Blanco song)

abstract: "Nostalgia" is a song by Italian singer Blanco. It was released as a single on 3 June 2022 by Island Records. It was written by Blanco and Michelangelo, and produced by Michelangelo.

text:
# Nostalgia (Blanco song)

"**Nostalgia**" is a song by Italian singer Blanco. It was released as a single on 3 June 2022 by Island Records. It was written by Blanco and Michelangelo, and produced by Michelangelo.

## Music video

The music video for "Nostalgia", directed by Simone Peluso and filmed in New York City, was released on 3 June 2022 via Blanco's YouTube channel.

## Personnel

Credits adapted from Tidal.

* Blanco – associated performer, lyricist, composer, vocals
* Michelangelo – producer and composer

## Charts

## Certifications

Certifications for "Nostalgia"
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Italy (FIMI) | 4× Platinum | 400,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "Nostalgia" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Blanco | |
| Released | 3 June 2022 (2022-06-03) |
| Length | 3:02 |
| Label | Island |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Michelangelo |
| Blanco singles chronology | |
| "Brividi"
(2022) "**Nostalgia**"
(2022) "L'isola delle rose"
(2023) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Nostalgia" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Mafuga Central Forest Reserve

abstract: Mafuga Central Forest Reserve is a protected area nestled within the landscapes of Rubanda district and Rukungiri district in Western Uganda. This forest reserve, managed by the National Forestry Authority (NFA), is renowned for its biodiversity, stunning mountain scenery, and ecological features. As a key component of Uganda's Central Forest Reserves system, Mafuga Central Forest Reserve plays a crucial role in conservation efforts and serves as a haven for numerous plant and animal species.

text:
# Mafuga Central Forest Reserve

**Mafuga Central Forest Reserve** is a protected area nestled within the landscapes of Rubanda district and Rukungiri district in Western Uganda. This forest reserve, managed by the National Forestry Authority (NFA), is renowned for its biodiversity, stunning mountain scenery, and ecological features. As a key component of Uganda's Central Forest Reserves system, Mafuga Central Forest Reserve plays a crucial role in conservation efforts and serves as a haven for numerous plant and animal species.

## Location and geography

The Mafuga Central Forest Reserve is located in the districts of Kabale and Rukungiri in the southwest of Uganda and covers 3,699 hectares (9,140 acres). The reserve includes a variety of geography, including undulating hills, deep valleys, and lush forested areas, and it spans an area between 1,200 and 2,800 meters above sea level. The approximate coordinates of the reserve are 0.4574697806304446, 33.01142117301238.

## Setting and structure

### Flora and fauna

Mafuga Central Forest Reserve boasts a remarkable array of plant and animal species, making it an invaluable treasure trove of biodiversity. The forest is classified as a moist semi-deciduous medium-altitude forest, characterized by its distinct tree species and lush vegetation. The towering canopy is dominated by trees, with giant mahoganies and other species reaching heights of up to 60 meters.

The forest is home to an array of wildlife, including mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Several endangered and endemic species find sanctuary within the reserve, contributing to its conservation significance. The avian inhabitants of Mafuga Central Forest Reserve are particularly noteworthy, with a diverse range of bird species, including rare and regionally significant species.

### Mountains

Within the boundaries of Mafuga Central Forest Reserve, there are two prominent mountains, the highest of which is Bihangire, reaching an elevation of 2,324 meters above sea level. The other named mountain in the reserve is Mafuga, with an elevation of 2,324 meters above sea level.

## Importance and conservation

Mafuga Central Forest Reserve holds immense ecological, environmental, and socio-economic importance. It provides essential ecosystem services such as water regulation, carbon sequestration, and soil stabilization, contributing to the overall well-being of the surrounding communities and the region at large. The reserve also plays a vital role in supporting research and education initiatives, furthering our understanding of forest ecology and conservation strategies. To safeguard the fragile ecosystems within Mafuga Central Forest Reserve, the National Forestry Authority (NFA) actively manages and protects the area. NFA's efforts include implementing sustainable forestry practices, combating illegal logging and encroachment, and promoting community engagement and participation in conservation activities.

## InfoBox

| Mafuga Central Forest Reserve | |
| --- | --- |
| Mafuga Forest | |
| Location in Uganda | |
| Location | Rubanda, Rukungiri, Western Region, Uganda |
| Coordinates | 01°03′00″S 29°52′00″E / 1.05000°S 29.86667°E / -1.05000; 29.86667 |
| Area | 3699 ha |
| Established | 1932 |


title: Officialese

abstract: Officialese, bureaucratese, or governmentese is language that sounds official. It is the "language of officialdom". Officialese is characterized by a preference for wordy, long sentences; complex words, code words, or buzzwords over simple, traditional ones; vagueness over directness; and passive over active voice. The history of officialese can be traced to the history of officialdom, as far back as the eldest human civilizations and their surviving official writings. Officialese is meant to impress the listener and increase the authority of the user, making them appear more professional. Ernest Gowers noted that officialese also allows the user to remain vague. It can be used to make oneself understood to insiders while being hard to decipher by those unfamiliar with the jargon and subtexts used. Its use is known to put off members of the general public and reduce their interest in the material presented. Officialese has been criticized as making one's speech or prose "stilted, convoluted, and sometimes even indecipherable"; or simply as the "cancer of language". It is thus more pejoratively classified as one of the types of gobbledygook. Its use can also result in unintended humorous incidents, and has been often satirized. Several similar concepts to officialese exist, including genteelism, commercialese, academese, and journalese. The existence of officialese has been recognized by a number of organizations, which have made attempts to curtail its use in favour of plain language.

text:
# Officialese

**Officialese**, **bureaucratese**, or **governmentese** is language that sounds official. It is the "language of officialdom". Officialese is characterized by a preference for wordy, long sentences; complex words, code words, or buzzwords over simple, traditional ones; vagueness over directness; and passive over active voice (some of those elements may, however, vary between different times and languages). The history of officialese can be traced to the history of officialdom, as far back as the eldest human civilizations and their surviving official writings.

Officialese is meant to impress the listener (or reader) and increase the authority (more than the social status) of the user, making them appear more professional. Ernest Gowers noted that officialese also allows the user to remain vague. It can be used to make oneself understood to insiders while being hard to decipher by those unfamiliar with the jargon and subtexts used. Its use is known to put off members of the general public and reduce their interest in the material presented. Officialese has been criticized as making one's speech or prose "stilted, convoluted, and sometimes even indecipherable"; or simply as the "cancer of language". It is thus more pejoratively classified as one of the types of gobbledygook. Its use can also result in unintended humorous incidents, and has been often satirized.

Several similar concepts to officialese exist, including *genteelism*, *commercialese*, *academese*, and *journalese*. The existence of officialese has been recognized by a number of organizations, which have made attempts to curtail its use in favour of plain language.


title: Natalie Spilger

abstract: Natalie Marie Spilger is a retired American soccer defender. Spilger is a former member of the United States U-21 women's national soccer team. Spilger is also the CEO and founder of GreenLaces, an international organization that activates the global athletic community to improve our environment by inspiring personal action, connecting a community and educating fans.

text:
# Natalie Spilger

**Natalie Marie Spilger** (born May 19, 1982) is a retired American soccer defender. Spilger is a former member of the United States U-21 women's national soccer team.

Spilger is also the CEO and founder of GreenLaces, an international organization that activates the global athletic community to improve our environment by inspiring personal action, connecting a community and educating fans.

## InfoBox

Natalie Spilger
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Natalie Marie Spilger | | |
| Date of birth | (1982-05-19) May 19, 1982 | | |
| Place of birth | El Cajon, California, United States | | |
| Height | 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| College career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2000–2003 | Stanford Cardinal |  |  |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | California Storm |  |  |
| 2008 | Bälinge IF |  |  |
| 2009–2010 | Chicago Red Stars | 17 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
|  | United States U-18 |  |  |
|  | United States U-21 |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |