title: Vekoslav Grmič

abstract: Vekoslav Grmič was a Slovenian Roman Catholic bishop and theologian, known for his sympathy towards socialist ideas.

text:
# Vekoslav Grmič

**Vekoslav Grmič** (4 June 1923 – 21 March 2005) was a Slovenian Roman Catholic bishop and theologian, known for his sympathy towards socialist ideas.

## Biography

He was born in the Lower Styrian village of Sveti Jurij ob Ščavnici in what was then the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. He studied at a Roman Catholic priest seminary in Maribor. Already as a young man, he became influenced by the social thought of Janez Evangelist Krek, Edvard Kocbek and the German philosopher Romano Guardini. After the invasion of Yugoslavia and the Nazi occupation of northern Slovenia in April 1941, Grmič started collaborating with the Communist-led Liberation Front of the Slovenian People.

In 1950, he was ordained priest and between 1952 and 1958 he worked as a parish priest of Vransko. In 1961 he graduated from the Theological Faculty in Ljubljana with a thesis on the theological elements in the existentialist concept of *angst*. From 1962 until his retirement in 1991 he taught dogmatic theology at the same faculty.

In 1968 he was appointed auxiliary bishop of Maribor by Pope Paul VI. In 1980, he was removed from office by Pope John Paul II, although he nominally maintained the title of bishop and continued to teach at the Theological Faculty in Ljubljana.

Grmič was a strong supporter of the Liberation Theology and of the political-religious thought of the Swiss reformist theologian Hans Küng. Together with the fellow Slovene Roman Catholic theologian Janez Janžekovič, he became one of the supporters of a closer collaboration between Roman Catholics and Marxist in Yugoslavia. During his lifetime, Grmič published more than 40 books and several translation from German.

In the last decade of his life, he often voiced his opinion in public, thus becoming a somewhat controversial figure. He often held very different views from other members of the local Roman Catholic hierarchy on several issues of social and political matters.

He died in Maribor at the age of 82.

## Main works

* *O Bogu* (*On God*, Ljubljana, 1966)
* *Vprašanja našega časa v luči teologije: sodobna evangelizacija* (*The Issues of Our Time in the Light of Theology: Modern Evangelization*. Tinje/Tainach, Carinthia\], 1978)
* *Med vero in nevero* (*Between Faith and Infidelity*, Celje, 1969)
* *Resnica iz ljubezni* (*Truth from Love*, Ljubljana, 1979)
* *Teologija v službi človeka* (*Theology in the Service of Man*, Tinje/Tainach, 1975)
* *Življenje iz upanja* (*Life from Hope*, Ljubljana, 1981)
* *Humanizem problem našega časa* (*Humanism and the Problem of Our Time*, Trieste, 1983)
* *V duhu dialoga: za človeka gre* (*In the Spirit of Dialogue: It's about Man*, Ljubljana, 1986)
* *Kocbekova odločitev za OF in (njegov) krščanski etos* (*Kocbek's Decision for the Liberation Front and (His) Christian Ethos*, Ljubljana, 1994)
* *Ušeničnikovo razumevanje umetnosti in literature* (*Ušeničnik's Conception of Art and Literature*, Ljubljana, 1994)
* *Izzivi in odgovori* (*Challenges and Answers*, Ljubljana, 2000)
* *Poslednji spisi: misli o sodobnosti* (*Last Writings: Thoughts on Modernity*, Ljubljana, 2005)

## InfoBox

| Vekoslav Grmič | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Maribor | |
|  | |
| Church | Roman Catholic Church |
| Diocese | Maribor |
| See | Maribor |
| Orders | |
| Rank | Bishop |
| Personal details | |
| Died | Maribor, Slovenia |
| Buried | Pobrežje Cemetery, Maribor |
| Nationality | Slovenian |
| Coat of arms |  |


title: Veresk

abstract: Veresk is an alcoholic drink producing company. It is located in Kashin, Russia in the Tver Oblast. Veresk was founded in 1901. In 1992, it became a corporation under the name of ОАО «Вереск» (Veresk), and in 1996 it began to be called the open stock corporation «Кашинский ликеро-водоч-ный завод «Вереск».

text:
# Veresk

**Veresk** is an alcoholic drink producing company. It is located in Kashin, Russia in the Tver Oblast.

Veresk was founded in 1901. In 1992, it became a corporation under the name of ОАО «Вереск» (Veresk), and in 1996 it began to be called the open stock corporation «Кашинский ликеро-водоч-ный завод «Вереск» (Veresk Liquor-Vodka Factory of Kashin).

## Products

* Bitter brewed beverage "ТВЕРСКАЯ" (Tverskaya)
* Brewed beverage "ТВЕРСКАЯ брусничная" (Tverskaya Brusnichanya)
* Brewed beverage "РЯБИНОВАЯ на коньяке" (Riabnovaya na konyake)
* Brewed beverage "СМОРОДИНОВАЯ" (Smorodinaya)
* Brewed beverage "ЧЕРЕМУХОВАЯ" (Cheremuhovaya)
* Brewed beverage "КЛЮКВЕННАЯ" (Klyukvenaya)
* Bitter brewed beverage "ДЖИН" (Gin)
* Bitter brewed beverage "ВЕРЕСКОВЫЙ МЕД " (Vereskovyi Med)
* Tonic "СТАРЫЙ КАШИН" (Staryi Kashin)
* Vodka "МИРОВАЯ" (Mirovaya)
* Vodka "ПРЕСТОЛЬНАЯ" (Prestolnaya)
* Vodka "АФАНАСИЙ НИКИТИН" (Afanasii Nikitin)
* Vodka "ХЛЕБНАЯ особая" (Hlebnaya Osobaya)
* Vodka "ТВЕРЬ" (Tver)
* Vodka "РУССКАЯ особая" (Ruskaya Osobaya)
* Low alcohol cocktails
* Mineral water "АННА КАШИНСКАЯ" (Anna Kashinskaya)
* Cream-liqueur "СОЛО" (Solo) **with cream**
* Liqueur "КОФЕЙНЫЙ" (Kofeinyi)


abstract: The Vermont Organization of Koha Automated Libraries (VOKAL) is an organization of libraries in the U.S. State of Vermont. It provides a unified, online library catalog using the open source, Koha integrated library system. It was established as a part of the Green Mountain Library Consortium.

text:
# Vermont Organization of Koha Automated Libraries

**The Vermont Organization of Koha Automated Libraries** (VOKAL) is an organization of libraries in the U.S. State of Vermont. It provides a unified, online library catalog using the open source, Koha integrated library system. It was established as a part of the Green Mountain Library Consortium.

## History

The Vermont Organization of Koha Automated Libraries had its earliest beginnings in the fall of 2007, when several Vermont libraries, using Follett Co.'s Destiny Integrated Library System(ILS) (with the help of the Vermont Department of Libraries), began looking at open source alternatives.

In September 2010, the first libraries began being added to the VOKAL catalog.

## Current status

As of February 2016, it had grown to 57 member libraries (55 public libraries, 1 school library, and 1 church library).

VOKAL's catalog also allows users to search Listen Up Vermont (http://www.listenupvermont.org), a shared database of lendable e-books and audiobooks, also operated by the Green Mountain Library Consortium. In addition, VOKAL's catalog also allows users to search the Project Gutenberg Archive, and download its items.

## Database hosting

VOKAL's common Koha database and software are hosted by ByWater Solutions.

## Catamount Library Network

There is currently one other unified public library catalog in Vermont, the Catamount Library Network, also hosted by ByWater Solutions.

## Member libraries

**Total number of members: 57**

| Library | Library Type | Location | Website | Date Added |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Arvin A. Brown Public Library | Public | Richford, VT | http://aabrown.org/ | 2011-06-06 |
| Baldwin Memorial Library | Public | Wells River, VT | https://baldwinmemoriallibrary.wordpress.com/ | 2012 |
| Bent Northrop Memorial Library | Public | Fairfield, VT | http://www.bentnorthrop.org/ | 2011-03-01 |
| Blake Memorial Library | Public | East Corinth, VT | http://www.blakememorial.org/ |  |
| Bradford Public Library | Public | Bradford, VT | http://bradfordvtlibrary.org/ | 2012-12-10 |
| Brown Public Library | Public | Northfield, VT | http://www.brownpubliclibrary.org/ | 2011-05-16 |
| Brownell Library | Public | Essex Jct., VT | http://www.brownelllibrary.org/ | 2010-09-27 |
| Burnham Memorial Library | Public | Colchester, VT | http://colchestervt.gov/Library/ | 2011-02-14 |
| Calef Memorial Library | Public | Washington, VT | http://caleflibrary.com/ |  |
| Carpenter-Carse Library | Public | Hinesburg, VT | http://www.carpentercarse.org/ | 2011-08-01 |
| Charlotte Library | Public | Charlotte, VT | http://charlottepubliclibrary.org/ | 2011-09-12 |
| Chelsea Public Library | Public | Chelsea, VT | http://www.chelsealibrary.com/ | 2012-11-12 |
| Dorothy Alling Memorial Library | Public | Williston, VT | http://www.williston.lib.vt.us/ | 2010-11-15 |
| Enosburg Public Library | Public | Enosburg Falls, VT | http://enosburghlibrary.net/ | 2012-11-06 |
| Essex Free Library | Public | Essex, VT | http://www.essex.org/index.asp?Type=B\_BASIC&SEC=%7B7184EFBC-C919-43DF-8515-885060313675%7D |  |
| Fair Haven Free Library | Public | Fair Haven, VT | http://fairhavenfree.org/ |  |
| Fairlee Public Library | Public | Fairlee, VT | http://www.fairleelibrary.com/ | 2011-10-10 |
| Gilbert Hart Library | Public | Wallingford, VT | http://www.wallingfordvt.com/community/gilbert-hart-library/ | 2012-01-23 |
| Groton Free Public Library | Public | Groton, VT | http://grotonlibraryvt.org/ |  |
| Hartford Public Library | Public | Hartford, VT | http://www.hartfordvtlibrary.org/ | 2012-12-17 |
| Hartland Public Library | Public | Hartland, VT | http://www.hartlandlibraryvt.org/ | 2013-05-13 |
| Haston Library | Public | Franklin, VT | https://hastonlibrary.wordpress.com/ | 2013-05-13 |
| Highgate Public Library | Public | Highgate, VT | https://highgatelibrary.wordpress.com/ |  |
| Huntington Public Library | Public | Huntington, VT | https://sites.google.com/site/huntingtonvtlibrary/ | 2012-02-13 |
| Ilsley Public Library | Public | Middlebury, VT | http://www.ilsleypubliclibrary.org/ |  |
| Jericho Town Library | Public | Jericho Center, VT | http://www.jerichotownlibraryvt.org/ | 2011-01-03 |
| Johnson Public Library | Public | Johnson, VT | https://johnsonpubliclibrary.wordpress.com/ | 2011-02-11 |
| Joslin Memorial Library | Public | Waitsfield, VT | http://www.joslinmemoriallibrary.com/ | 2011-04-02 |
| Lanpher Memorial Library | Public | Hyde Park, VT | http://www.lanpherlibrary.org/ | 2011-04-18 |
| Lawrence Memorial Library | Public | Bristol, VT | http://www.lawrencelibrary.net/ |  |
| Maclure Library | Public | Pittsford, VT | http://www.maclurelibrary.org/ |  |
| Marlboro Elementary School Library | School | Marlboro, VT | http://marlboroschool.net/library | 2010-10-25 |
| Milton Public Library | Public | Milton, VT | http://www.miltonlibraryvt.org/ | 2011-10-24 |
| Montgomery Town Library | Public | Montgomery, VT | https://mtlvermont.wordpress.com/ |  |
| Moretown Memorial Library | Public | Moretown, VT | https://web.archive.org/web/20151210181935/http://www.moretownvt.org/moretown-library/ |  |
| New Haven Community Library | Public | New Haven, VT | http://www.nhcl.org/ |  |
| Norwich Public Library | Public | Norwich, VT | http://www.norwichlibrary.org/ | 2011-06-20 |
| Pawlet Public Library | Public | Pawlet, VT | https://pawletpubliclibrary.wordpress.com/ | 2012-01-30 |
| Pierson Library | Public | Shelburne, VT | http://www.piersonlibrary.org/ | 2011-04-25 |
| Quechee Library | Public | Quechee, VT | http://www.quecheeandwilderlibraries.com/home/?page\_id=2 |  |
| Richmond Free Library | Public | Richmond, VT | http://richmondfreelibraryvt.org/ | 2011-05-09 |
| Rockingham Free Public Library | Public | Bellows Falls, VT | http://rockinghamlibrary.org/ |  |
| Roxbury Free Library | Public | Roxbury, VT | http://roxburyfreelibrary.org/ | 2013-05-01 |
| St. Albans Free Library | Public | St. Albans, VT | http://www.stalbansfreelibrary.org/ | 2013-01-14 |
| St. Johnsbury Athenaeum | Public | St. Johnsbury, VT | http://www.stjathenaeum.org/ | 2011-12-05 |
| Stowe Free Library | Public | Stowe, VT | http://www.stowelibrary.org/ |  |
| Tenney Memorial Library | Public | Newbury, VT | http://tenneymemoriallibrary.org/ |  |
| Tunbridge Public Library | Public | Tunbridge, VT | http://www.tunbridgelibrary.org/ | 2011-12-19 |
| Varnum Memorial Library | Public | Jeffersonville, VT | http://thevarnum.org/ | 2012-03-26 |
| Vernon Free Library | Public | Vernon, VT | http://www.vernonfreelibrary.org/vernon/ | 2013-02-11 |
| Warren Public Library | Public | Warren, VT | http://www.warrenlibrary.com/warren/ | 2011-04-02 |
| Warren United Church | Church | Warren, VT | http://www.warrenchurch.org/ | 2011-04-02 |
| Weathersfield Proctor Library | Public | Ascutney, VT | http://www.weathersfieldproctorlibrary.org/ |  |
| West Hartford Library | Public | West Hartford, VT | https://westhartfordlibraryvt.wordpress.com/ |  |
| Westford Public Library | Public | Westford, VT | https://westfordpubliclibrary.wordpress.com/ | 2013-03-11 |
| Wilder Club & Library | Public | Wilder, VT | http://www.quecheeandwilderlibraries.com/home/?page\_id=10 |  |
| Windsor Public Library | Public | Windsor, VT | http://windsorlibrary.org/ | 2011-12-01 |

## InfoBox

The Vermont Organization of Koha Automated Libraries
|
|  |
| Abbreviation | VOKAL |
| Services | Unified library catalog and circulation system |
| Parent organization | Green Mountain Library Consortium |
| Website | http://www.gmlc.org/ |


title: Ver-o-Peso Dock

abstract: Ver-o-Peso Dock is an open-air municipal public fish market and a small port area that belongs to the Ver-o-Peso Complex, located on the shores of Guajará Bay in the Cidade Velha neighborhood, in the city of Belém, the capital of Pará, Brazil. The dock is surrounded by the Clock Square, the Açaí Fair and the Ver-o-Peso Market.

text:
# Ver-o-Peso Dock

**Ver-o-Peso Dock** (Portuguese: *Doca do Ver-o-Peso*) is an open-air municipal public fish market and a small port area that belongs to the Ver-o-Peso Complex, located on the shores of Guajará Bay in the Cidade Velha neighborhood, in the city of Belém, the capital of Pará, Brazil. The dock is surrounded by the Clock Square, the Açaí Fair and the Ver-o-Peso Market.

## History

In 1803, under the government of D. Marcos de Noronha e Brito, Count of Arcos, the Igarapé do Piri, a beach area on the edge of the Campina neighborhood, located next to the Meat Market, it was filled in to support Belém's urban development. The estuary was transformed into the Ver-o-Peso Dock and the Pedra do Peixe, where the Casa de Haver-o-Peso activities continued, along with an informal fishermen's market. In 1901, one of the city's first wide thoroughfares, Boulevard Castilhos França, was designed with an *art nouveau* influence. These works were the result of Belém's enrichment at the start of the rubber cycle.

## Historical heritage

The dock is a part of the architectural and landscape complex of Ver-o-Peso, which was listed as a historical heritage by the National Historic and Artistic Heritage Institute (IPHAN) in 1977. The complex covers an area of 35,000 square meters and includes a series of historic buildings such as the Boulevard Castilhos França, the Meat Market, the Ver-o-Peso Market, the Fisherman's Square, the Açaí Fair, the Ladeira do Castelo and the Solar da Beira.

The dock is located at the Portugal Avenue, where there are also other protected structures such as the Siqueira Campos Square, the Antônio Lemos Palace (Blue Palace), the Lauro Sodré Palace (Government Palace) and the Solar Barão de Guajará.

1. "Ver-o-Peso (PA)". *IPHAN*. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
2. "Boulevard Castilhos França : Belém (PA)". *IBGE*.
3. Duarte, Cristovão Fernandes (2011). "ASILO DA MENDICIDADE EM BELÉM DO PARÁ: A POBREZA URBANA COMO CONTRA-FACE DA BELLE-ÉPOQUE NA AMAZÔNIA". *Xiv Enanpur*. **14** (1).
4. Barbosa, Virginia. "Mercado Ver-o-Peso, Belém, Pará". *FUNDAJ*. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
5. "Monumentos e Espaços Públicos Tombados - Belém (PA)". *IPHAN*. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
6. "Belém celebra Dia do Patrimônio Histórico anunciando a reforma do Palácio Antônio Lemos". *CODEM*. 2021-08-18. Retrieved 2022-01-17.

## InfoBox

| Ver-o-Peso Dock | |
| --- | --- |
| *Doca do Ver-o-Peso* | |
| Ver-o-Peso architectural and landscape complex | |
|  | |
| Type | Dock
Open-air market |
| Location | Belém, Pará
Brazil |
| Coordinates | 01°27′12″S 48°30′13″W / 1.45333°S 48.50361°W / -1.45333; -48.50361 |


title: Verification condition generator

abstract: A verification condition generator is a common sub-component of an automated program verifier that synthesizes formal verification conditions by analyzing a program's source code using a method based upon Hoare logic. VC generators may require that the source code contains logical annotations provided by the programmer or the compiler such as pre/post-conditions and loop invariants. VC generators are often coupled with SMT solvers in the backend of a program verifier. After a verification condition generator has created the verification conditions they are passed to an automated theorem prover, which can then formally prove the correctness of the code. Methods have been proposed to use the operational semantics of machine languages to automatically generate verification condition generators.

text:
# Verification condition generator

A **verification condition generator** is a common sub-component of an automated program verifier that synthesizes formal verification conditions by analyzing a program's source code using a method based upon Hoare logic. VC generators may require that the source code contains logical annotations provided by the programmer or the compiler such as pre/post-conditions and loop invariants (a form of proof-carrying code). VC generators are often coupled with SMT solvers in the backend of a program verifier. After a verification condition generator has created the verification conditions they are passed to an automated theorem prover, which can then formally prove the correctness of the code.

Methods have been proposed to use the operational semantics of machine languages to automatically generate verification condition generators.


title: Verification of employment

abstract: Verification of Income and Employment (VOIE) is a process used by banks and mortgage lenders in the United States to review the employment history of a borrower, to determine the borrower's job stability and cross-reference income history with that stated on the Uniform Residential Loan Application. Lenders require complete VOE declaring all positions held for the last two years of employment history. For mortgage the majority of the lenders are following Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac guidelines. Fannie Mae's guidelines are outlined in their Selling Guide, while Freddie Mac's requirements are detailed in their Servicer Guide. Both agencies aim to ensure borrowers have a reliable and sufficient income to support mortgage payments, thereby minimizing risk for lenders and investors. Most mortgages are preceded by both written and verbal VOEs. There are multiple methods to verify employment available to the lenders.

text:
# Verification of employment

**Verification of Income and Employment** (VOIE) is a process used by banks and mortgage lenders in the United States to review the employment history of a borrower, to determine the borrower's job stability and cross-reference income history with that stated on the Uniform Residential Loan Application (Form 1003). Lenders require complete VOE declaring all positions held for the last two years of employment history.

For mortgage the majority of the lenders are following Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac guidelines. Fannie Mae's guidelines are outlined in their Selling Guide, while Freddie Mac's requirements are detailed in their Servicer Guide. Both agencies aim to ensure borrowers have a reliable and sufficient income to support mortgage payments, thereby minimizing risk for lenders and investors. Most mortgages are preceded by both written and verbal VOEs.

There are multiple methods to verify employment available to the lenders.

## Instant databases

Instant databases for Verification of Income and Employment (VOIE) are usually compiled through a collaboration between credit bureaus (The Work Number from Equifax, Experian Verify) and payroll providers with employers. These databases aggregate vast amounts of employment and income data by integrating directly with payroll systems and other financial data sources.

## Consumer permissioned verification

Consumer-permissioned Verification of Income and Employment is an innovative approach in the mortgage lending process that empowers borrowers to directly authorize lenders to access their employment and income information. This method enhances transparency and security by giving consumers control over who can view their sensitive data. By using secure, digital platforms, borrowers can grant permission to lenders to retrieve their employment and income records instantly from payroll providers, financial institutions, or other data repositories.

This system not only speeds up the mortgage approval process but also ensures greater accuracy in the information provided, as it eliminates the potential for errors and fraud associated with manual documentation. Consumer-permissioned VOIE aligns with the requirements of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, ensuring that the data accessed meets the rigorous standards set by these entities. Additionally, this approach reduces the administrative burden on employers, who no longer need to manually respond to verification requests, and provides a seamless, user-friendly experience for borrowers (e.g. Plaid, Truv, Finicity), contributing to a more efficient and secure mortgage lending ecosystem.

## Manual verification

Once a lender receives the initial loan application, a Written Verification of Employment (Form 1005) is sent to all current and previous employers within the last two years listed on the application. This form is filled out by an authorized representative of the employer and includes dates of employment, positions held and a breakdown of compensation received. This information is compared to both the loan application and the income documentation, such as W2's to ensure the information is correct. Employers are not required by law to complete the VOE forms.

Once a mortgage has been approved and the borrowers have signed their mortgage documents, a Verbal Verification of Employment (Form 90) is conducted with all current employers prior to funding the loan. This is done to ensure that the borrower has not stopped working since the application was submitted, which would influence the terms on which the loan was approved.

VOE guidelines are different for self-employed borrowers, as a VOE should not be completed by the loan applicant. Self-employed borrowers are typically asked to provide either a current business license or, for borrowers who do not have a traditional business model, a letter from their Certified Public Accountant indicating that they have firsthand knowledge of their previous and continued employment as their tax preparer.


abstract: Verification and validation of computer simulation models is conducted during the development of a simulation model with the ultimate goal of producing an accurate and credible model. "Simulation models are increasingly being used to solve problems and to aid in decision-making. The developers and users of these models, the decision makers using information obtained from the results of these models, and the individuals affected by decisions based on such models are all rightly concerned with whether a model and its results are "correct". This concern is addressed through verification and validation of the simulation model. Simulation models are approximate imitations of real-world systems and they never exactly imitate the real-world system. Due to that, a model should be verified and validated to the degree needed for the model's intended purpose or application. The verification and validation of a simulation model starts after functional specifications have been documented and initial model development has been completed. Verification and validation is an iterative process that takes place throughout the development of a model.

text:
# Verification and validation of computer simulation models

**Verification and validation of computer simulation models** is conducted during the development of a simulation model with the ultimate goal of producing an accurate and credible model. "Simulation models are increasingly being used to solve problems and to aid in decision-making. The developers and users of these models, the decision makers using information obtained from the results of these models, and the individuals affected by decisions based on such models are all rightly concerned with whether a model and its results are "correct". This concern is addressed through verification and validation of the simulation model.

Simulation models are approximate imitations of real-world systems and they never exactly imitate the real-world system. Due to that, a model should be verified and validated to the degree needed for the model's intended purpose or application.

The verification and validation of a simulation model starts after functional specifications have been documented and initial model development has been completed. Verification and validation is an iterative process that takes place throughout the development of a model.

## Verification

In the context of computer simulation, **verification** of a model is the process of confirming that it is correctly implemented with respect to the conceptual model (it matches specifications and assumptions deemed acceptable for the given purpose of application). During verification the model is tested to find and fix errors in the implementation of the model. Various processes and techniques are used to assure the model matches specifications and assumptions with respect to the model concept. The objective of model verification is to ensure that the implementation of the model is correct.

There are many techniques that can be utilized to verify a model. These include, but are not limited to, having the model checked by an expert, making logic flow diagrams that include each logically possible action, examining the model output for reasonableness under a variety of settings of the input parameters, and using an interactive debugger. Many software engineering techniques used for software verification are applicable to simulation model verification.

## Validation

Validation checks the accuracy of the model's representation of the real system. Model validation is defined to mean "substantiation that a computerized model within its domain of applicability possesses a satisfactory range of accuracy consistent with the intended application of the model". A model should be built for a specific purpose or set of objectives and its validity determined for that purpose.

There are many approaches that can be used to validate a computer model. The approaches range from subjective reviews to objective statistical tests. One approach that is commonly used is to have the model builders determine validity of the model through a series of tests.

Naylor and Finger \[1967\] formulated a three-step approach to model validation that has been widely followed:

Step 1. Build a model that has high face validity.

Step 2. Validate model assumptions.

Step 3. Compare the model input-output transformations to corresponding input-output transformations for the real system.

### Face validity

A model that has **face validity** appears to be a reasonable imitation of a real-world system to people who are knowledgeable of the real world system. Face validity is tested by having users and people knowledgeable with the system examine model output for reasonableness and in the process identify deficiencies. An added advantage of having the users involved in validation is that the model's credibility to the users and the user's confidence in the model increases. Sensitivity to model inputs can also be used to judge face validity. For example, if a simulation of a fast food restaurant drive through was run twice with customer arrival rates of 20 per hour and 40 per hour then model outputs such as average wait time or maximum number of customers waiting would be expected to increase with the arrival rate.

### Validation of model assumptions

Assumptions made about a model generally fall into two categories: structural assumptions about how system works and data assumptions. Also we can consider the simplification assumptions that are those that we use to simplify the reality.

#### Structural assumptions

Assumptions made about how the system operates and how it is physically arranged are structural assumptions. For example, the number of servers in a fast food drive through lane and if there is more than one how are they utilized? Do the servers work in parallel where a customer completes a transaction by visiting a single server or does one server take orders and handle payment while the other prepares and serves the order. Many structural problems in the model come from poor or incorrect assumptions. If possible the workings of the actual system should be closely observed to understand how it operates. The systems structure and operation should also be verified with users of the actual system.

#### Data assumptions

There must be a sufficient amount of appropriate data available to build a conceptual model and validate a model. Lack of appropriate data is often the reason attempts to validate a model fail. Data should be verified to come from a reliable source. A typical error is assuming an inappropriate statistical distribution for the data. The assumed statistical model should be tested using goodness of fit tests and other techniques. Examples of goodness of fit tests are the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and the chi-square test. Any outliers in the data should be checked.

#### Simplification assumptions

Are those assumptions that we know that are not true, but are needed to simplify the problem we want to solve. The use of this assumptions must be restricted to assure that the model is correct enough to serve as an answer for the problem we want to solve.

### Validating input-output transformations

The model is viewed as an input-output transformation for these tests. The validation test consists of comparing outputs from the system under consideration to model outputs for the same set of input conditions. Data recorded while observing the system must be available in order to perform this test. The model output that is of primary interest should be used as the measure of performance. For example, if system under consideration is a fast food drive through where input to model is customer arrival time and the output measure of performance is average customer time in line, then the actual arrival time and time spent in line for customers at the drive through would be recorded. The model would be run with the actual arrival times and the model average time in line would be compared with the actual average time spent in line using one or more tests.

#### Hypothesis testing

Statistical hypothesis testing using the t-test can be used as a basis to accept the model as valid or reject it as invalid.

The hypothesis to be tested is

H0 the model measure of performance = the system measure of performance

versus

H1 the model measure of performance ≠ the system measure of performance.

The test is conducted for a given sample size and level of significance or α. To perform the test a number *n* statistically independent runs of the model are conducted and an average or expected value, E(Y), for the variable of interest is produced. Then the test statistic, *t*0 is computed for the given α, *n*, E(Y) and the observed value for the system μ0

$t\_{0}={(E(Y)-u\_{0})}/{(S/{\sqrt {n})}}$ and the critical value for α and n-1 the degrees of freedom $t\_{a/2,n-1}$ is calculated.

If

$$\left\vert t\_{0}\right\vert \>t\_{a/2,n-1}$$

reject H0, the model needs adjustment.

There are two types of error that can occur using hypothesis testing, rejecting a valid model called type I error or "model builders risk" and accepting an invalid model called Type II error, β, or "model user's risk". The level of significance or α is equal the probability of type I error. If α is small then rejecting the null hypothesis is a strong conclusion. For example, if α = 0.05 and the null hypothesis is rejected there is only a 0.05 probability of rejecting a model that is valid. Decreasing the probability of a type II error is very important. The probability of correctly detecting an invalid model is 1 - β. The probability of a type II error is dependent of the sample size and the actual difference between the sample value and the observed value. Increasing the sample size decreases the risk of a type II error.

##### Model accuracy as a range

A statistical technique where the amount of model accuracy is specified as a range has recently been developed. The technique uses hypothesis testing to accept a model if the difference between a model's variable of interest and a system's variable of interest is within a specified range of accuracy. A requirement is that both the system data and model data be approximately Normally Independent and Identically Distributed (NIID). The t-test statistic is used in this technique. If the mean of the model is μm and the mean of system is μs then the difference between the model and the system is D = μm \- μs. The hypothesis to be tested is if D is within the acceptable range of accuracy. Let L = the lower limit for accuracy and U = upper limit for accuracy. Then

H0 L ≤ D ≤ U

versus

H1 D \< L or D \> U

is to be tested.

The operating characteristic (OC) curve is the probability that the null hypothesis is accepted when it is true. The OC curve characterizes the probabilities of both type I and II errors. Risk curves for model builder's risk and model user's can be developed from the OC curves. Comparing curves with fixed sample size tradeoffs between model builder's risk and model user's risk can be seen easily in the risk curves. If model builder's risk, model user's risk, and the upper and lower limits for the range of accuracy are all specified then the sample size needed can be calculated.

#### Confidence intervals

Confidence intervals can be used to evaluate if a model is "close enough" to a system for some variable of interest. The difference between the known model value, μ0, and the system value, μ, is checked to see if it is less than a value small enough that the model is valid with respect that variable of interest. The value is denoted by the symbol ε. To perform the test a number, *n*, statistically independent runs of the model are conducted and a mean or expected value, E(Y) or μ for simulation output variable of interest Y, with a standard deviation *S* is produced. A confidence level is selected, 100(1-α). An interval, \[a,b\], is constructed by

$a=E(Y)-t\_{a/2,n-1}S/{\sqrt {n}\qquad and\qquad b=E(Y)+t\_{a/2,n-1}S/{\sqrt {n}}}$,

where

$$t\_{a/2,n-1}$$

is the critical value from the t-distribution for the given level of significance and n-1 degrees of freedom.

If |a-μ0| \> ε and |b-μ0| \> ε then the model needs to be calibrated since in both cases the difference is larger than acceptable. If |a-μ0| \< ε and |b-μ0| \< ε then the model is acceptable as in both cases the error is close enough. If |a-μ0| \< ε and |b-μ0| \> ε or vice versa then additional runs of the model are needed to shrink the interval.

#### Graphical comparisons

If statistical assumptions cannot be satisfied or there is insufficient data for the system a graphical comparisons of model outputs to system outputs can be used to make a subjective decisions, however other objective tests are preferable.

## ASME Standards

Documents and standards involving verification and validation of computational modeling and simulation are developed by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Verification and Validation (V&V) Committee. ASME V&V 10 provides guidance in assessing and increasing the credibility of computational solid mechanics models through the processes of verification, validation, and uncertainty quantification. ASME V&V 10.1 provides a detailed example to illustrate the concepts described in ASME V&V 10. ASME V&V 20 provides a detailed methodology for validating computational simulations as applied to fluid dynamics and heat transfer. ASME V&V 40 provides a framework for establishing model credibility requirements for computational modeling, and presents examples specific in the medical device industry.


title: Vernonia proctorii

abstract: Vernonia proctorii is a rare species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common name Proctor's ironweed. It is endemic to Puerto Rico, where there are two populations. It is threatened by the destruction of its habitat. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States. This plant was first discovered in 1987 at Cerro Mariquita in the Sierra Bermeja of Puerto Rico. It was described to science as a new species in 1989. It is a shrub growing up to 1.5 meters tall with a stem covered in silvery hairs. The leaves have shiny green blades which are oval in shape and measure up to 3.5 centimeters long by 2.6 wide. The inflorescence is a cluster of 2 to 5 flower heads containing small purple flowers. The single wild population has 150 individuals as of the year 2008. Another population was started in 2009 when 36 cultivated individuals were planted in the Cabo Rojo National Wildlife Refuge. Both populations are healthy and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service considers the plant's outlook to be improving. It is still threatened because the population at the type locality is on privately owned land that may be used for grazing or cleared for development.

text:
# Vernonia proctorii

***Vernonia proctorii*** is a rare species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common name **Proctor's ironweed**. It is endemic to Puerto Rico, where there are two populations. It is threatened by the destruction of its habitat. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.

This plant was first discovered in 1987 at Cerro Mariquita in the Sierra Bermeja of Puerto Rico. It was described to science as a new species in 1989. It is a shrub growing up to 1.5 meters tall with a stem covered in silvery hairs. The leaves have shiny green blades which are oval in shape and measure up to 3.5 centimeters long by 2.6 wide. The inflorescence is a cluster of 2 to 5 flower heads containing small purple flowers.

The single wild population has 150 individuals as of the year 2008. Another population was started in 2009 when 36 cultivated individuals were planted in the Cabo Rojo National Wildlife Refuge. Both populations are healthy and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service considers the plant's outlook to be improving. It is still threatened because the population at the type locality is on privately owned land that may be used for grazing or cleared for development.

## InfoBox

| *Vernonia proctorii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered (ESA) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | *Vernonia* |
| Species: | ***V. proctorii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Vernonia proctorii***
Urbatsch | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Lepidaploa proctorii* | |


title: Vernonia lettermannii

abstract: Vernonia lettermannii, the narrowleaf ironweed, is a plant species known only from Arkansas and Oklahoma. It grows on floodplains and terraces at elevations of 100–200 m (330–660 ft). Vernonia lettermannii is a perennial herb up to 60 cm (24 in) tall. Leaves are filiform (thread-shaped), up to 9 cm (3.5 in) long but less than 3 mm (0.12 in) wide. Flower heads are purple, arranged as a corymb.

text:
# Vernonia lettermannii

***Vernonia lettermannii***, the **narrowleaf ironweed**, is a plant species known only from Arkansas and Oklahoma. It grows on floodplains and terraces at elevations of 100–200 m (330–660 ft).

*Vernonia lettermannii* is a perennial herb up to 60 cm (24 in) tall. Leaves are filiform (thread-shaped), up to 9 cm (3.5 in) long but less than 3 mm (0.12 in) wide. Flower heads are purple, arranged as a corymb.

## InfoBox

| *Vernonia lettermannii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | *Vernonia* |
| Species: | ***V. lettermannii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Vernonia lettermannii***<br>Engelm. ex A. Gray | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Cacalia lettermannii* (Engelm. ex A. Gray) Kuntze | |


title: Vera Lúcia Salgado

abstract: Vera Lúcia Pereira da Silva Salgado better known as Vera Lúcia is a Brazilian politician affiliated with the Unified Workers' Socialist Party. She has contested elections many times, including the 2018 Brazilian presidential election, but has not been elected to public office.

text:
# Vera Lúcia Salgado

**Vera Lúcia Pereira da Silva Salgado** (born 12 September 1967) better known as **Vera Lúcia** is a Brazilian politician affiliated with the Unified Workers' Socialist Party. She has contested elections many times, including the 2018 Brazilian presidential election, but has not been elected to public office.

## Personal life

Salgado grew up the youngest of 10 children, in a poor Afro-Brazilian family in the state of Pernambuco. In her youth she worked in the shoe making industry, and became involved in trade unionist organizations as a result of the companies taking advantage of their workers. Throughout her life Salgado has worked various jobs to sustain herself, such as a being a waitress, cleaning lady, and even a typist. She is an alumnus of the Federal University of Sergipe.

## Political career

Originally affiliated with the Worker's Party, Salgado and several other politicians were expelled in 1992 after supporting the impeachment of then president Fernando Collor de Mello. In 1994 she joined the newly formed Unified Workers' Socialist Party, and was one of the party's key founders. She is the leader for the party in the northeast division of Brazil.

Salgado has been the PSTU candidate for mayor of Aracaju in the last four elections, with the best result coming in 2012 where she received 20,241 votes, or 6.6% of the valid votes. In the 2006 Brazilian general election and the 2014 Brazilian general election she ran for the Chamber of Deputies and in 2010 was a candidate for the governor of Sergipe, although she was not successful in any of these elections. Salgado was nominated and ran for president in the 2018 election, and received 55,762 votes, or 0.05% of the valid votes.

## InfoBox

| Vera Lúcia Salgado | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Vera Lúcia Pereira da Silva Salgado
(1967-09-12) 12 September 1967
Inajá, Pernambuco, Brazil |
| Political party | PSTU (1994–present) |
| Other political
affiliations | PT (1992) |
| Alma mater | Federal University of Sergipe |
|  | |


title: Veronica Mehta

abstract: Veronica Mehta or simply Veronica is a singer and songwriter based in London, UK. She sings in English, Hindi and Punjabi.

text:
# Veronica Mehta

**Veronica Mehta** or simply **Veronica** is a singer and songwriter based in London, UK. She sings in English, Hindi and Punjabi.

## Career

Aged 16, Veronica successfully auditioned for the part of female vocalist for the 2Kool album *2Kool Flavor*. She was featured on the track "Sambhala Hai Meine". Veronica began her singing career when she teamed up with Rishi Rich to form VR1, a band and production unit that experimented with traditional Asian music, remixing, and giving vocals an R'n'B twist. VR1 sold more than 50,000 records in the UK and Europe and earned two Asian Pop Media Awards.

After VR1, Veronica joined ePark / Urbanstar and released the single "Girls Gotta Have Fun". Veronica has recorded a few tracks with her new management record company 2Point9, "Indian Girl" featuring Hard Kaur, and "U 'n' I (Mere Dil Vich Hai)", from the Yash Chopra film *Hum Tum*.

Veronica's first album, *Theen*, was released in 2005. "Hey Ya" (featuring Juggy D) was the only single released from the album. In 2006, Veronica won "Best Female Act" at the UK Asian Music Awards. After almost a 3-year gap, she released her third single "Soniya". Veronica released her second album, *Rush*, in 2010.

Veronica was affected by Breast cancer in 2016. She has taken initiative to end the stigma about breast cancer in society.

## Discography

### Albums

* *Theen* (2005)
* *Rush* (2010)

### Compilation appearances

* *King of Hearts Queen of Hearts Vol.1*
* *King of Hearts Queen of Hearts Vol.2*
* *Love 2 Love 2000 - Chapter 6*
* *Playback*
* *Pure Garage - Chapter 1*
* *Pure Garage - Chapter 2*
* *Pure Garage - Chapter 3*
* *Playback 2*
* *Gift 2 U*
* *Let the Music Play - "2005"*
* *Bombay Mix - CD 1*

## InfoBox

| Veronica | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | London |
| Genres | R&B, Bollywood, bhangra |
| Years active | 1996–present |


title: Veronica Mars (character)

abstract: Veronica Mars is the fictional protagonist, occasional narrator, and antiheroine of the American television series Veronica Mars, which aired on UPN from 2004 to 2006 and on The CW from 2006 to 2007. The character, portrayed by Kristen Bell, remained the central figure throughout the show's run. After the series was canceled, Bell reprised her role in the 2014 film continuation and the 2019 revival on Hulu. The character was created by Rob Thomas and was originally conceived as a male protagonist for his unproduced novel Untitled Rob Thomas Teen Detective Novel. However, when the concept transitioned into a television series, Thomas changed the character's gender, believing that a noir narrative from a female perspective would be more compelling. Before the events of the show, Veronica's best friend, Lilly Kane, is murdered, and her father, Keith Mars, loses his job as sheriff of the fictional town of Neptune, California after accusing Lilly's boyfriend's father of involvement in the murder. This accusation also damages his reputation and results in his wife leaving him. The series opens with Veronica at the bottom of her high school's social hierarchy, having been ostracized by her peers after losing her popular status and friends due to her father's actions.

text:
# Veronica Mars (character)

**Veronica Mars** is the fictional protagonist, occasional narrator (through voice-overs), and antiheroine of the American television series *Veronica Mars*, which aired on UPN from 2004 to 2006 and on The CW from 2006 to 2007. The character, portrayed by Kristen Bell, remained the central figure throughout the show's run. After the series was canceled, Bell reprised her role in the 2014 film continuation and the 2019 revival on Hulu. The character was created by Rob Thomas and was originally conceived as a male protagonist for his unproduced novel *Untitled Rob Thomas Teen Detective Novel*. However, when the concept transitioned into a television series, Thomas changed the character's gender, believing that a noir narrative from a female perspective would be more compelling.

Before the events of the show, Veronica's best friend, Lilly Kane, is murdered, and her father, Keith Mars, loses his job as sheriff of the fictional town of Neptune, California after accusing Lilly's boyfriend's father of involvement in the murder. This accusation also damages his reputation and results in his wife leaving him. The series opens with Veronica at the bottom of her high school's social hierarchy, having been ostracized by her peers after losing her popular status and friends due to her father's actions.

## Character history

### Background and Plot

At the beginning of the series, Veronica Mars is a 17-year-old junior at Neptune High in the fictional town of Neptune, California, located near San Diego. According to series creator Rob Thomas, Veronica's birthday is in August. After school, Veronica works for her father, Keith Mars, a private investigator and the former sheriff of Balboa County, California. Initially, Veronica has few friends due to her social downfall after her father’s controversial actions, but her situation changes when she meets Wallace Fennel, whom she helps out of a difficult situation. Wallace quickly becomes Veronica's best friend and closest ally throughout the series.

### Back-story to season one

Veronica's story is narrated through voice-overs and flashbacks, woven into the main plot of the series. A year before the events of the show, Veronica was part of the popular "in-crowd" at Neptune High, which was dominated by the wealthy and influential "09er" clique, named after Neptune's elite 90909 zip code. Veronica's best friend was Lilly Kane, and she was dating Lilly's brother, Duncan Kane. Meanwhile, Lilly was in a relationship with Logan Echolls, Duncan's good friend. Though Veronica didn't come from the same wealth as other 09ers, she was accepted into the group because of her relationship with Duncan and her father Keith Mars' position as sheriff.

However, Veronica's life took a sharp turn when Duncan suddenly broke up with her without explanation, and Lilly refused to tell her what had gone wrong. Shortly afterward, Lilly was found murdered near her family's pool. In the aftermath, Sheriff Keith Mars accused Lilly's father, Jake Kane, a beloved and powerful software entrepreneur, of involvement in the murder. The accusation shocked the citizens of Neptune, and Keith was swiftly voted out of office and shunned by the wealthy 09er community.

Keith's situation worsened when his successor, Sheriff Don Lamb, arrested Abel Koontz, a former disgruntled employee of Kane Software, who confessed to Lilly's murder. This further tarnished Keith's reputation, leading the community to view him as a pariah.

The shock and loss of income following Keith Mars' fall from grace devastated the Mars family. Veronica's mother, Lianne Mars, turned to alcohol and eventually abandoned the family a few months later. Despite the social pressure, Veronica refused to denounce her father, solidifying her status as an outsider. Duncan Kane and the rest of the 09ers cut ties with her, leaving Veronica isolated and banished from Neptune High's elite social circle.

Two months after Lilly's death, in an act of defiance, Veronica attended an 09er party hosted by Shelley Pomroy to show her former friends that she no longer cared about their opinions. At the party, Veronica’s drink was spiked with GHB, a date-rape drug, and she woke up the next morning in a guest bedroom, disoriented and without any memory of the night. To her horror, she realized she had been raped. When she reported the assault to Sheriff Don Lamb, he dismissed her claims, calling her a liar and humiliating her by throwing her out of his office.

These traumatic events left a deep mark on Veronica, fueling her cynicism and disgust toward her classmates and Neptune’s wealthy elite. Like her father, she became a social outcast. Veronica began channeling her anger and energy into working at her father’s detective agency, assisting with investigations. A turning point came when she met new transfer student Wallace Fennel, who became her best friend. With his friendship and support, Veronica started using her investigative skills to help fellow students and, in doing so, found herself frequently confronting the 09ers.

Over time, with the help of Wallace, as well as her newfound friends Wallace Fennel, Cindy "Mac" Mackenzie, and Meg Manning, Veronica slowly began to outgrow her bitterness and cynicism, allowing her to rebuild her sense of purpose and move forward.

### Detective

After being ousted from the Sheriff's Department, Keith Mars opens Mars Investigations, a private investigation agency. Veronica takes on an after-school job as his secretary, but despite her father's wishes, she often oversteps her role, tackling cases on her own. In fact, she frequently solves cases before her father, including some that she is explicitly told not to get involved with. At Neptune High, Veronica also becomes an unofficial private investigator, using her skills to track down computer hackers, uncover secrets about parents, find stolen items like the school’s mascot, and much more. She stays one step ahead of both her father and Vice-Principal Van Clemmons, often with the help of her best friend Wallace Fennel, who becomes the Watson to her Holmes and Eli "Weevil" Navarro, the leader of the PCH Biker Gang.

One of the key relationships in Veronica’s life is with Logan Echolls (played by Jason Dohring). Once her close friend, Logan had been instrumental in organizing her blacklisting from the 09er clique. Their relationship remains strained, and they often clash until Logan seeks Veronica’s help to investigate whether his mother, Lynn Echolls, had faked her death after jumping into the ocean. Still dealing with the abandonment of her own mother, Veronica empathizes with Logan’s situation, and they reconcile most of their differences.

By the end of the third season, Veronica successfully completes her California state examination and earns her official license as a private investigator, scoring an impressive 95 on her test.

Years later, Veronica is shown to have moved on from her life as a private investigator and is on the verge of accepting a prestigious job offer from a law firm in New York. However, when Logan is accused of murder, Veronica returns to Neptune to clear his name. This case reignites her passion for justice, leading her to stay in Neptune, where she decides to continue fighting against the local corruption and classism that have worsened since her departure.

## Romantic relationships

### Duncan Kane

Veronica dated Duncan Kane until approximately September 2003, though both her mother, Lianne Mars, and Duncan’s mother, Celeste Kane, were against their relationship. Veronica didn’t understand why until much later. Prior to Lilly Kane's death, Celeste revealed to Duncan that his father, Jake Kane, had an affair with Lianne, raising the possibility that Veronica might be Duncan’s half-sister. This revelation prompted Duncan to break up with Veronica without explanation. However, after Keith Mars conducted a paternity test, it was confirmed that he, not Jake, was Veronica’s father.

Veronica and Duncan did not speak until well into her junior year. A few episodes into the series, they begin to rebuild their relationship, becoming friends again. This is briefly halted when Veronica believes Duncan raped her during a party where both were under the influence of GHB. However, the misunderstanding is cleared up once the circumstances of that night come to light.

During the summer between the first and second seasons, Veronica and Duncan rekindle their romance on her 18th birthday, staying together until about midway through season two. Unbeknownst to Duncan, his former girlfriend, Meg Manning, was pregnant when they broke up. Meg was on the school bus that crashed at the beginning of season two and, although she survived initially, she was left in a coma. She later died from a blood clot after briefly regaining consciousness. Their daughter was born just before Meg's death.

To prevent Meg's abusive parents from gaining custody of his daughter, Duncan decides to kidnap the baby and flee. Veronica helps him with the plan, and the two share an emotional farewell, knowing they can never see each other again. Duncan does not return to the series, except for a brief cameo at the end of season two, where he is shown living in Australia with his daughter. In this scene, Duncan is seen on a beach when his phone rings. He answers with "CW?" (a meta-joke about the show moving to the new CW network), and Clarence Weidman informs him, "It’s a done deal," implying Duncan orchestrated the killing of Aaron Echolls in revenge for Aaron being acquitted of Lilly’s murder.

### Troy Vandegraff

Troy Vandegraff was a childhood friend of Duncan Kane who briefly attended Neptune High during the early episodes of the first season. Despite the negative rumors circulating about Veronica, Troy took an interest in her. Initially hesitant, Veronica eventually warmed to him after seeing his seemingly genuine intentions. However, in the fifth episode, Troy deceives Veronica, manipulating her into helping him escape being sent to boarding school so he can run away with his old girlfriend. Veronica uncovers his plan and, in a twist, double-crosses him, thwarting his escape.

Veronica doesn’t encounter Troy again until the second season episode titled "The Rapes of Graff", when both of them visit Hearst College. Initially cold towards him, Veronica listens as Troy insists he has changed and apologizes for how he treated her. He also admits that his feelings for her were real when they dated. When Troy becomes a suspect in the rape and head-shaving of a student after a party, Veronica steps in to help prove his innocence. After the situation is resolved, the two part on amicable terms.

### Leo D'Amato

Leo D'Amato (played by Max Greenfield) is a deputy at the Neptune Sheriff’s Department, who briefly dated Veronica during the middle of the first season. Initially, Veronica sought Leo's help to gain access to classified evidence or police files for her investigations, but over time, she developed romantic feelings for him. Their relationship ended when Veronica kissed Logan Echolls, leading her to break up with Leo as she didn’t want to continue dating him while sorting out her feelings for Logan.

Years later, in the fourth season, Leo reappears as an FBI agent working on the same case as Veronica. While their friendship is rekindled and there is still evident chemistry between them, the flirtation ultimately helps Veronica solidify her decision to be with Logan.

### Logan Echolls

Veronica began dating Logan Echolls at the end of the first season. While she was still dating Leo D’Amato, she kissed Logan as a thank-you for saving her from a would-be kidnapper (played by Jonathan Taylor Thomas), who was later revealed to be an ATF agent. The kiss quickly turned into something more as Logan pulled her into a passionate embrace, leading them to begin secretly dating.

Their relationship soon hit a rough patch when it was revealed that Logan had supplied the GHB that was used to drug Veronica at Shelly Pomroy's party, the night she was raped. For a time, Veronica even suspected that Logan was her rapist. However, after discovering that he wasn’t responsible, she reconciled with him. Their relationship became public at a party attended by Logan's fellow 09ers. During the same party, Veronica discovered hidden cameras in the bed of Logan's pool house, leading her to flee in distress. Around this time, Veronica also learned that Logan had no alibi on the day Lilly Kane was murdered, which made her fear that Logan might have been involved in Lilly's death.

Veronica later discovered that the cameras in the pool house had been installed by Logan's father, Aaron Echolls, who had been secretly having an affair with Lilly. Aaron murdered Lilly after she stole tapes of their encounters. The night Aaron was arrested for Lilly's murder, Logan showed up at Veronica's house, having been brutally beaten by the PCHers. Despite the accusations against him, Veronica stood by Logan when he was accused of murdering Felix Toombs, one of the PCH bikers. Although Logan was acquitted, his behavior became increasingly erratic during the summer, fueled by the emotional toll of his trial and the shocking revelations about his father’s affair with Lilly and her murder.

After Logan and the 09ers started a violent turf war with the PCHers, Veronica broke up with him, telling him that he had become out of control and seemed to enjoy the violence too much.

Later in the season, Logan drunkenly confessed to Veronica that he still had deep feelings for her, calling their love "epic." The next morning, Veronica visited Logan to tell him she felt the same, but he had no memory of what he’d said and had spent the night with his ex, Kendall Casablancas. Despite this, during her confrontation with Cassidy Casablancas on the roof of the Neptune Grand, it was Logan whom Veronica called for help. Logan arrived in time to tackle Cassidy, stopping him from shooting Veronica. He then talked her out of shooting Cassidy herself and comforted her when she feared her father had died in the explosion of Woody Goodman's plane.

Following this intense encounter, Veronica and Logan resumed their relationship and grew closer over the summer. As the third season begins, they both attend Hearst College, and their relationship remains as passionate as before. However, Veronica's trust issues—developed over the past few years—start to take a toll. She struggles with the impulse to monitor and verify everything Logan says or does, while Logan grows frustrated with the pressure she places on him and her inability to admit she could be wrong.

Their relationship faces a breaking point when Logan reveals that he and Mercer had left a motel in Tijuana in flames without helping anyone escape. Veronica is furious and distances herself from him. However, when Logan comes to her rescue after she is drugged and attacked by the Hearst rapist, Veronica realizes that her feelings for him are still strong.

Unable to handle the constant danger Veronica faces, Logan tries to persuade her to stop investigating the rapes at Hearst College. He even goes as far as hiring a bodyguard to follow her without her knowledge, which infuriates Veronica when she finds out. Though they work through their issues and both admit their love for each other, Logan breaks up with Veronica in the ninth episode of season three. He explains that despite their feelings, they both know their relationship isn’t working—Veronica's trust issues and Logan’s need to protect her, despite her wishes, have created an unresolvable tension. He tells her that he would rather deal with a little pain now than face a much bigger heartbreak later. Logan assures her he will always be there for her. Veronica is devastated by the breakup and breaks down when she gets home.

Though Logan continues to help Veronica in her search for the rapist, he is elsewhere when Mercer and Moe attack her. When Logan learns that Mercer was behind the assault, he deliberately gets himself arrested to land in the same cell as Mercer—seeking revenge.

The couple spends the next six weeks apart. During the breakup, Dick Casablancas tries to help Logan move on by taking him to the beach, where they meet up with a group of girls. Later, Veronica shows up at Logan's place, and the two share a passionate kiss, realizing how much they missed each other, leading them to get back together.

However, in the following episode, Logan confesses that he had hooked up with someone during their six-week break, though he insists it meant "less than nothing" to him. It is later revealed that Logan slept with Madison Sinclair in Aspen, which Veronica sees as one of the worst possible betrayals due to their complicated history. This time, jealousy and Veronica's inability to forgive end their relationship once more.

Logan eventually moves on with Parker Lee, while Veronica starts dating Stosh "Piz" Piznarski. Veronica vows never to speak to Logan again after he violently attacks Piz, mistakenly believing that Piz had shared a racy video of him and Veronica across campus. The series ends with Logan and Veronica sharing a final, ambiguous look, leaving their relationship unresolved.

After not seeing each other for nine years, Logan and Veronica reconnect in the *Veronica Mars* film, where Veronica returns to help Logan when he is accused of murder. They rekindle their relationship, and Logan vows to return to Veronica after his deployment with the Navy. This relationship continues into the fourth season, which includes a subplot involving Logan’s proposal to Veronica. Though she initially rejects it, she later accepts, and the two get married.

In a tragic turn, the series ends with Logan’s death. The Neptune Bomber's final attack occurs when a bomb left in their car detonates just as Logan and Veronica are about to leave for their honeymoon.

### Stosh "Piz" Piznarski

Veronica first met Piz Piznarski on her first day at Hearst College, introduced through her best friend Wallace Fennel, who was Piz's roommate. In the episode "Welcome Wagon", Wallace asks Veronica to help Piz find his stolen belongings. Upon their first meeting, Piz is immediately captivated by Veronica, developing a crush on her. However, at the time, Veronica is still dating Logan Echolls, and while Piz’s feelings for her are clear, she doesn’t reciprocate them, though they develop a steady friendship.

Throughout their friendship, Veronica confides in Piz about her relationship troubles with Logan. Although Piz is quietly disappointed, he offers her advice that leads to her reconciliation with Logan. Despite this, Piz and Veronica remain close, and later, when her relationship with Logan ends, their friendship gradually evolves into a romantic relationship.

Piz and Veronica seem to be happy together, especially when they support each other through a crisis involving a racy video of them that gets emailed around Hearst College. When Logan—jumping to conclusions—attacks Piz, believing he made the video, Veronica vows never to speak to Logan again. This incident also leads to Logan's breakup with Parker Lee, as Parker realizes Logan still has feelings for Veronica.

Later, after Veronica and Piz discover the real culprit behind the video, Piz advises Veronica to drop the matter when she angrily confronts the person responsible. Although Veronica is reluctant, she listens to Piz and walks away. However, when Logan learns that the student responsible for the video has mob connections, he confronts him and beats him up, showing his continued emotional investment in Veronica. Logan apologizes to Piz for attacking him, as Veronica had suggested, and leaves without looking back. This moment leaves Piz with the realization that, despite his relationship with Veronica, he may never have the deep, unshakable connection with her that Logan does. Veronica's lingering gaze on Logan further cements this feeling of doubt in Piz.

In the *Veronica Mars* film, it is revealed that Piz and Veronica broke up after she transferred to Stanford following her freshman year. They reconnect when Veronica moves to New York for law school, and at the start of the film, they are dating again. However, Piz breaks up with her when her reluctance to leave Neptune—and Logan—makes him question her true feelings for him.

## Reception

AOL included Veronica Mars in its list of TV's Smartest Detectives. The same website ranked her as the 8th Most Memorable Female TV Character. She was also featured on UGO.com's list of 50 Top TV Characters, where she was ranked at No. 17. Additionally, AfterEllen.com placed her at No. 14 in their Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters.

Media journalists frequently noted that Bell's portrayal of Veronica Mars was critically underrated, with many arguing that her performance deserved both an Emmy nomination and win.

## InfoBox

| Veronica Mars | |
| --- | --- |
| Kristen Bell as Veronica Mars | |
| First appearance | "Pilot" (2004) |
| Last appearance | "Years, Continents, Bloodshed" (2019) |
| Created by | Rob Thomas |
| Portrayed by | Kristen Bell |
| In-universe information | |
| Gender | Female |
| Occupation |  |
| Family | * Keith Mars (father) * Lianne Mars (mother) * Tanner Scott (step-father) * Aurora Scott (step-sister) * Hunter Scott (half-brother) |
| Significant other | * Logan Echolls (husband, deceased) * Stosh "Piz" Piznarski (ex-boyfriend) * Duncan Kane (ex-boyfriend) * Leo D'Amato (ex-boyfriend) * Troy Vandegraff (ex-boyfriend) |


title: Vero Beach South, Florida

abstract: Vero Beach South is a census-designated place (CDP) in Indian River County, Florida, United States. The population was 23,092 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Sebastian–Vero Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area.

text:
# Vero Beach South, Florida

**Vero Beach South** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Indian River County, Florida, United States. The population was 23,092 at the 2010 census. It is part of the SebastianVero Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## Geography

Vero Beach South is located at 27°37′11″N 80°24′42″W / 27.619697°N 80.411622°W / 27.619697; -80.411622.

According to the United States Census Bureau, this unincorporated area in Indian River County has a total area of 10.9 square miles (28.2 km2), of which 10.3 square miles (26.8 km2) is land and 0.6 square mile (1.5 km2) (5.23%) is water.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | 20,362 |  |  |
| 2010 | 23,092 |  | 13.4% |
| 2020 | 28,020 |  | 21.3% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 20,362 people, 8,649 households, and 5,881 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,969.8 inhabitants per square mile (760.5/km2). There were 9,505 housing units at an average density of 919.5 per square mile (355.0/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 94.18% White, 2.29% African American, 0.32% Native American, 0.94% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 0.79% from other races, and 1.40% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.37% of the population.

There were 8,649 households, out of which 27.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.7% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.0% were non-families. 26.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.81.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 21.9% under the age of 18, 5.8% from 18 to 24, 25.3% from 25 to 44, 25.1% from 45 to 64, and 21.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.7 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $39,569, and the median income for a family was $46,664. Males had a median income of $32,079 versus $24,506 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $21,604. About 4.6% of families and 7.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.4% of those under age 18 and 7.9% of those age 65 or over.

## InfoBox

| Vero Beach South, Florida (South Vero, FL) | |
| --- | --- |
| CDP | |
| Location in Indian River County and the state of Florida | |
| Coordinates: 27°37′11″N 80°24′42″W / 27.61972°N 80.41167°W / 27.61972; -80.41167 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Florida |
| County | Indian River |
| Area | |
| Total | 12.41 sq mi (32.13 km2) |
| Land | 11.79 sq mi (30.52 km2) |
| Water | 0.62 sq mi (1.61 km2) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 28,020 |
| Density | 2,377.60/sq mi (918.01/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP codes | 32962, 32968 |
| Area code | 772 |
| FIPS code | 12-74200 |


title: Vesicular transport adaptor protein

abstract: Vesicular transport adaptor proteins are proteins involved in forming complexes that function in the trafficking of molecules from one subcellular location to another. These complexes concentrate the correct cargo molecules in vesicles that bud or extrude off of one organelle and travel to another location, where the cargo is delivered. While some of the details of how these adaptor proteins achieve their trafficking specificity has been worked out, there is still much to be learned. There are several human disorders associated with defects in components of these complexes including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.

text:
# Vesicular transport adaptor protein

**Vesicular transport adaptor proteins** are proteins involved in forming complexes that function in the trafficking of molecules from one subcellular location to another. These complexes concentrate the correct cargo molecules in vesicles that bud or extrude off of one organelle and travel to another location, where the cargo is delivered. While some of the details of how these adaptor proteins achieve their trafficking specificity has been worked out, there is still much to be learned.

There are several human disorders associated with defects in components of these complexes including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.

## The proteins

Most of the adaptor proteins are heterotetramers. In the AP complexes, there are two large proteins (100 ) and two smaller proteins. One of the large proteins is termed β (beta), with β1 in the AP-1 complex, β2 in the AP-2 complex, and so on. The other large protein has different designations in the different complexes. In AP-1 it is named γ (gamma), AP-2 has α (alpha), AP-3 has δ (delta), AP-4 has ε (epsilon) and AP-5 has ζ (zeta). The two smaller proteins are a medium subunit named μ (mu ~50 kD) and a small subunit σ (sigma ~20 kD), and named 1 through 5 corresponding to the 5 AP complexes. Components of COPI (cop one) a coatomer, and TSET (T-set) a membrane trafficking complex have similar heterotetramers of the AP complexes.

Retromer is not closely related, has been reviewed, and its proteins will not be described here. GGAs (Golgi-localising, Gamma-adaptin ear domain homology, ARF-binding proteins) are a group of related proteins (three in humans) that act as monomeric clathrin adaptor proteins in various important membrane vesicle traffickings, but are not similar to any of the AP complexes and will not be discussed in detail in this article. Stonins (not shown in the lead figure) are also monomers similar in some regards to GGA and will also not be discussed in detail in this article.

PTBs are protein domains that include NUMB, DAB1 and DAB2. Epsin and AP180 in the ANTH domain are other adaptor proteins that have been reviewed.

An important transport complex, COPII, was not shown in the lead figure. The COPII complex is a heterohexamer, but not closely related to the AP/TSET complexes. The individual proteins of the COPII complex are called **SEC** proteins, because they are encoded by genes identified in **sec**retory mutants of yeast. One especially interesting aspect of COPII is that it can form typical spherical vesicles *and* tubules to transport large molecules like collagen precursors, which cannot fit inside typical spherical vesicles. COPII structure has been discussed in an open article and will not be a focus of this article. These are examples of the much larger set of cargo adaptors.

## Evolutionary considerations

The most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of the eukaryotes must have had a mechanism for trafficking molecules between its endomembranes and organelles, and the likely identity of the adaptor complex involved has been reported. It is believed that the MRCA had 3 proteins involved in trafficking and that they formed a heterotrimer. That heterotrimer next "dimerized" to form a 6 membered-complex. The individual components further changed into the current complexes, in the order shown, with AP1 and AP2 being the last to diverge.

In addition, one component of TSET, a muniscin also known as the TCUP protein, appears to have evolved into part of the proteins of opisthokonts (animals and fungi). Parts of the AP complexes have evolved into parts of the GGA and stonin proteins. There is evidence indicating that parts of the nuclear pore complex and COPII may be evolutionarily related.

## Formation of transport vesicles

The best characterized type of vesicle is the clathrin coated vesicle (CCV). The formation of a COPII vesicle at the endoplasmic reticulum and its transport to the Golgi body. The involvement of the heterotetramer of COPI is similar to that of the AP/clathrin situation, but the coat of COPI is not closely related to the coats of either CCVs or COPII vesicles. AP-5 is associated with 2 proteins, SPG11 and SPG15, which have some structural similarity to clathrin, and may form the coat around the AP-5 complex, but the ultrastructure of that coat is not known. The coat of AP-4 is unknown.

An almost universal feature of coat assembly is the recruitment of the various adaptor complexes to the "donor" membrane by the protein Arf1. The one known exception is AP-2, which is recruited by a particular plasma membrane lipid.

Another almost universal feature of coat assembly is that the adaptors are recruited first, and they then recruit the coats. The exception is COPI, in which the 7 proteins are recruited to the membrane as a heptamer.

As illustrated in the accompanying image, the production of a coated vesicle is not instantaneous, and a considerable fraction of the maturation time is used by making "abortive" or "futile" interactions until enough interactions occur simultaneously to allow the structure to continue to develop.

The last step in the formation of a transport vesicle is "pinching off" from the donor membrane. This requires energy, but even in the well studied case of CCVs, not all require dynamin. The accompanying illustration shows the case for AP-2 CCVs, however AP-1 and AP-3 CCVs do not use dynamin.

## Selection of cargo molecules

Which cargo molecules are incorporated into a particular type of vesicle relies on specific interactions. Some of these interactions are directly with AP complexes and some are indirectly with "alternative adaptors", as shown in this diagram. As examples, membrane proteins can have direct interactions, while proteins that are soluble in the lumen of the donor organelle bind indirectly to AP complexes by binding to membrane proteins that traverse the membrane and bind at their lumenal end to the desired cargo molecule. Molecules that should not be included in the vesicle appear to be excluded by "molecular crowding".

The "signals" or amino acid "motifs" in the cargo proteins that interact with the adaptor proteins can be very short. For example, one well-known example is the dileucine motif, in which a leucine amino acid (aa) residue is followed immediately by another leucine or isoleucine residue. An even simpler example is the tyrosine based signal, which is YxxØ (a t**y**rosine residue separated by 2 aa residues from another bulky, hydrophobic aa residue). The accompanying figure shows how a small part of a protein can interact specifically with another protein, so these short signalling motifs should not be surprising. The sort of sequence comparisons used, in part, to define these motifs.

In some cases, post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylations (shown in the figure) are important for cargo recognition.

## Diseases

**Adaptor diseases** have been reviewed.

AP-2/CCVs are involved in autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia through the associated low-density lipoprotein receptor adapter protein 1.

Retromer is involved in recycling components of the plasma membrane. The importance of that recycling at a synapse is hinted at in one of the figures in the gallery. There are at least 3 ways in which retromer dysfunction can contribute to brain disorders, including Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases.

AP-5 is the most recently described complex, and one reason supporting the idea that it is an authentic adaptor complex is that it is associated with hereditary spastic paraplegia, as is AP-4. AP-1 is linked to MEDNIK syndrome. AP-3 is linked to Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome. COPI is linked to an autoimmune disease. COPII is linked to cranio-lenticulo-sutural dysplasia. One of the GGA proteins may be involved in Alzheimer's disease.

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title: Victor Bulat

abstract: Victor Bulat is a Moldovan professional football player. Currently, he plays for FC Tiraspol.

text:
# Victor Bulat

**Victor Bulat** (born 5 January 1985) is a Moldovan professional football player. Currently, he plays for FC Tiraspol.

## InfoBox

Victor Bulat
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1985-01-05) 5 January 1985 | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | FC Tiraspol | | |
| Number | 33 | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2003–2004 | Agro Chişinău | 19 | (0) |
| 2004–2008 | Tiligul-Tiras | 100 | (11) |
| 2008–2010 | Dacia Chişinău | 73 | (6) |
| 2011 | Yenisey Krasnoyarsk | 13 | (0) |
| 2012–2014 | Tiraspol | 64 | (10) |
| International career | | | |
| 2008– | Moldova | 8 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 31 January 2014<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 24 January 2010 | | | |


title: Victor Bumbalo

abstract: Victor Bumbalo is an American actor and playwright.

text:
# Victor Bumbalo

**Victor Bumbalo** (born November 30, 1948) is an American actor and playwright.

## Early life and education

Bumbalo graduated from the Masters Program in Theater at Bennington College. In New York City, Bumbalo became immersed in the Off- and Off-Off Broadway theater scene. He directed the American premiere of Mrozek's *The Enchanted Night* and became the artistic director of the Soul and Latin Theater, one of the first successful street theaters. Their productions toured the streets of New York for four consecutive summers.

## Career

As a gay man, he felt the need to put the lives of gay people on the stage. He wrote *Kitchen Duty*, produced by John Glines. Then came *Niagara Falls*, a comedy about a working-class family's reaction to their gay son and his lover arriving unexpectedly for his sister's wedding. This play has enjoyed a long life, playing in both mainstream and alternative theaters.

In the 1980s he received two MacDowell Fellowships and a Yaddo and Helene Wurlitzer Residency.

Then the era of AIDS began. Almost everyone involved with *Kitchen Duty* died of the disease. Bumbalo volunteered with GMHC where he headed a team that took care of people with AIDS. He worked with the Anti-Violence Project and tried to avoid writing. Finally, confronting his demons, an award from the Ingram Merrill Foundation allowed him to complete *Adam And The Experts*, his first play dealing with AIDS. It was loosely based on his relationship with his friend, the novelist and journalist, George Whitmore, and their search for a way out of the nightmare. The New York Times said of the play "it is the most important play to deal with the AIDS crisis in gay society since William Hoffman's *As Is* and Larry Kramer's *The Normal Heart*." After the successful Off-Broadway run the play has had numerous productions in the United States, England, and Canada.

*What Are Tuesdays Like?* follows a set of strangers in the waiting room of an AIDS clinic over several months. Bumbalo was able to expand the world of HIV and deal with issues of class, gender, and race. The play was featured at the Carnegie Mellon Showcase of New Plays and premiered at the Contemporary American Theater Festival. The play has had productions throughout the United States, Germany, Japan, England, Costa Rica, and Sweden.

In 1995, David Milch, executive producer of *NYPD Blue*, having seen a reading of *What Are Tuesdays Like?*, invited Bumbalo to write an episode for his series. He moved from New York to Los Angeles.

The success of his *NYPD Blue* episode led to a staff writing position on *American Gothic*. Since then he has written several movies of the week and a number of episodes for network television series. In addition, Bumbalo wrote for HBO's animated series *Spawn*.

*Questa* opened at the Court Theatre in Los Angeles. The play was produced by David Milch and starred Wendie Malick, Dan Lauria, and Dorian Harewood. It was a 2007 finalist for the Lambda Literary Award. Margo Jefferson, Pulitzer Prize–winning critic said of the play "it is a wonder ... the talents of Victor Bumbalo—the comic charm, the moral courage, the range of characters—are in perfect accord.

Bumbalo has served on the playwriting committee for the Massachusetts State Arts Council. Most of Bumbalo's plays are published. *Show*, *Tell*, *Kitchen Duty*, and *After Eleven* appear in various anthologies. *Show* can also be found in Applause's collection of *Best American Short Plays*. *Adam And The Experts*, *Niagara Falls*, *What Are Tuesdays Like?*, and *Questa* are published by Broadway Play Publishing Inc.

Most recently he wrote and directed a short film, *Two Boys*. It has appeared in many festivals throughout the United States and won the Jury Award for Best Drama at the Beverly Hills Shorts Festival (2011) and Best Director at the ITN Distribution Film Festival (2012).

Outside of his theatre work, Bumbalo also appeared in an ad campaign for "Orgy of the Living Dead," a theatrical reissue package created by Europix International in the early 70s combining the films *Kill, Baby, Kill*, *The Murder Clinic*, and *Malenka* under new titles and in abbreviated edits. Bumbalo appeared in the trailer and promotional ads as "John Austin Frazier", a man who was driven to insanity as a result of viewing the triple feature of "Living Dead" films. The campaign was created by his friend and future writer/director Alan Ormsby.

## Bibliography

Bumbalo, Victor (2010) What Are Tuesdays Like? Broadway Play Pub ISBN 978-0-88145-418-5

Bumbalo, Victor (2007) Niagara Falls Broadway Play Pub ISBN 978-0-88145-365-2

http://bavabook.blogspot.com/2007/05/john-austin-frazier-unmasked.html http://monstermemories.blogspot.com/2010/04/orgy-of-living-dead.html

## InfoBox

| Victor Bumbalo | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1948-11-30) November 30, 1948<br>Utica, New York |
| Occupation(s) | Playwright, screenwriter |