title: St John the Baptist's Church, Clowne

abstract: St. John the Baptist's Church, Clowne, is a Grade II* listed Church of England parish church situated in Clowne, a village and civil parish in the Bolsover district of Derbyshire, England. The church, along with the medieval cross, is the oldest structure in the village.

text:
# St John the Baptist's Church, Clowne

**St. John the Baptist's Church, Clowne**, is a Grade II\* listed Church of England parish church situated in Clowne, a village and civil parish in the Bolsover district of Derbyshire, England. The church, along with the medieval cross, is the oldest structure in the village.

## History

The parish church in Clowne was built in 1138. Originally dedicated as "All Saints", the church stood adjacent on the ridgeway route between Mansfield and Worksop Priory.

The church's dedication was soon changed to John the Baptist and the first rector was John M. Leyaster, who was recorded in 1299. Throughout the churches history there have been a total of 49 rectors.

The tower dates back to the 15th century with the bells added at various times with the first being installed in 1591, then 1616 and finally 1812.

During 1955 the church was extended to accommodate new choir stalls, sanctuary and organ. It was around this time that additional chapels were created on the side; these were used as a children's chapel and the other a miners chapel. The men who lost their lives in the Creswell Colliery Disaster in 1950 are remembered in this chapel.

The church also features stained glass windows and two paintings by Jean Baptiste Butatte, "The Ten Commandments" and "The Ascension". The Creswell Colliery disaster is also remembered on a stained glass window within the chapel.

## List of rectors

* 1343 - Simon de Lamleye
* 1353 - John de Austan
* 1355 - John de Wilford
* ? - John de Welton
* 1359 - Robert Ragunhull
* 1364 - William de Halughton
* 1375 - Herbert Crello
* 1376 - Richard Ronclyff
* 1393 - Thomas Hexi
* 1394 - William Dande
* 1418 - Roger Morton
* 1422 - William Swethyng
* 1423 - Thomas Alston
* 1426 - William Cawode
* 1427 - Richard Westhall
* 1445 - John Thorneton
* ? - John Marshall
* 1449 - John Porter
* 1456 - William Grene
* 1489 - John Powis
* ? - Peter Mandiville
* ? - Brian Burton
* 1528 - Robert Hewet
* 1530 - William Inskype
* 1625 - Robert Harrison
* 1650 - John Burton
* 1663 - Phineas Mace
* 1669 - George Chantrey
* 1721 - Henry Lea
* 1722 - William Portall
* 1730 - Thomas Donne
* 1739 - Samuel Yate
* 1789 - George Bossley
* 1822 - Joseph Wilton Pawsey
* 1833 - Robert Shepherd
* 1834 - Charles Walter White
* 1870 - Charles Leonard Helps
* 1900 - Joseph Waugh
* 1938 - Alan Bacchus Gordon
* 1951 - Frederick James Brabyn
* 1958 - William Sydney Wilcox
* 1971 - Lawrence Rex Rowland Harris
* 2005 - John Pinder-Packard
* 2011 - Stephen Timothy Short

## Organ

A specification of the organ can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register.

## Bells

The tower contains a ring of six bells dating from 1932 cast by Mears and Stainbank.

## InfoBox

| St John the Baptist’s Church, Clowne | |
| --- | --- |
| St John the Baptist’s Church, Clowne | |
| St John the Baptist’s Church, ClowneLocation within Derbyshire | |
| 53°16′20.47″N 1°15′15.33″W / 53.2723528°N 1.2542583°W / 53.2723528; -1.2542583 | |
| Location | Clowne, Derbyshire |
| Country | England |
| Denomination | Church of England |
| History | |
| Dedication | St John the Baptist |
| Architecture | |
| Heritage designation | Grade II\* listed |
| Administration | |
| Diocese | Diocese of Derby |
| Archdeaconry | Chesterfield |
| Deanery | Bolsover & Staveley |
| Parish | Clowne |


title: St James' Church, Seacroft

abstract: The Church of the St. James in Seacroft, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England is an active Anglican parish church in the archdeaconry of Leeds and the Diocese of Leeds. The church is Grade II listed.

text:
# St James' Church, Seacroft

The **Church of the St. James** in Seacroft, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England is an active Anglican parish church in the archdeaconry of Leeds and the Diocese of Leeds. The church is Grade II listed.

## History

The church was built between 1845 and 1846 with later additions made in 1988.

## Architectural style

The church is of a Gothic Revival style; having been built to designs by T Hellyer of dressed stone and a stone tile roof. The church has tall narrow lancests and is tripartite at its east end. There is a gabled porch to the south and a tower to the north built in three stages with its original clock, topped by a stone broach spire. The church has a give bay nave with two bays screened off with a kitchen and toilet added in 1988. The original octagonal font is now situated in the churchyard with a replacement font given in memory of Ann Wilson in 1878.

53°49′06.8″N 1°27′32.9″W / 53.818556°N 1.459139°W / 53.818556; -1.459139

## InfoBox

| St. James' Church | |
| --- | --- |
| Church of Saint James | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Seacroft, Leeds |
| Country | England |
| Denomination | Anglican |
| History | |
| Status | Parish church |
| Architecture | |
| Architect(s) | T Hellyer |
| Architectural type | Gothic Revival |
| Groundbreaking | 1845 |
| Completed | 1846 |
| Administration | |
| Province | York |
| Diocese | Leeds |
| Archdeaconry | Leeds |
| Parish | Seacroft |


title: St James, Guernsey

abstract: St James is a former church in Saint Peter Port, Guernsey. After falling out of use, it was converted in 1985 and is now used as a concert and assembly hall. It stands on College Street, roughly opposite Elizabeth College.

text:
# St James, Guernsey

**St James** (formerly known as **St James-the-Less**) is a former church in Saint Peter Port, Guernsey. After falling out of use, it was converted in 1985 and is now used as a concert and assembly hall. It stands on College Street, roughly opposite Elizabeth College.

## History

In October 1815 Admiral James de Saumarez suggested the idea of building a church for use by the British garrison based in Guernsey where services could be held in English (as against French in other island churches). The church was designed by John Wilson and completed by 1818, at a cost of nearly £7,000.

Sketched in 1832 by J. M. W. Turner. Used as a chapel by nearby Elizabeth College.

In 1970 the church became redundant and started to decay until in 1981 *The Friends of St James* association was formed to restore and manage the building. The States of Guernsey agreed to pay for this restoration in 1983 and the building was officially re-opened on 5 July 1985 by the Duke of Kent. The restoration of the building winning a Civic Trust Award in 1986.

In 2002 the Dorey Centre, comprising meeting rooms, café and administration offices, were completed, which gave the centre additional facilities such as exhibition space and to cater for formal dinners and weddings. The gallery was chosen to house the Guernsey Millennium Tapestry.

## Features

* Whittaker Hall with superb acoustics for concerts, can accommodate 576 people in theatre style seating or 217 for dinners
* Dorey Room can seat 90 people
* Founders Room can seat 35
* Walter Room, boardroom
* Rothschild Room, boardroom
* Café St James
* Bailiwick of Guernsey Millennium Tapestry

* St James website
* Guernsey Tapestry
* Niven, Peter, *St. James, Guernsey*, 2016, ISBN 978-1526200761

49°27′24.3″N 2°32′20″W / 49.456750°N 2.53889°W / 49.456750; -2.53889


title: St James-the-Less, Bethnal Green

abstract: St James-the-Less is a church in Bethnal Green, London, England. It is an Anglican church in the Diocese of London. The church is in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. Prior to 1965 it was in the Metropolitan Borough of Bethnal Green.

text:
# St James-the-Less, Bethnal Green

**St James-the-Less** is a church in Bethnal Green, London, England. It is an Anglican church in the Diocese of London. The church is in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. Prior to 1965 it was in the Metropolitan Borough of Bethnal Green.

## History

St James-the-Less Church was built as a commissioners' church in 1840–2 and a district was assigned in 1843, taken from the parish of St Matthew's, Bethnal Green. The church was built with yellow, red, and white brick and stone in a Romanesque style and the architect was Lewis Vulliamy. It had a shallow semi-circular apse, wide aisled nave with galleries and a square south west tower with spire.

It suffered bomb damage in the 1940s and was rebuilt by J. A. Lewis, preserving the north and south walls, chancel arch, and tower. Stained glass windows by Keith New were added c.1959. The church was reconsecrated in 1961. The building was Grade II listed in 1973.

## School

The St James-the-Less National School on St James's Road and Sewardstone Road was built 1858. It had an adjoining teacher's house in St James's Road. George Lansbury attended the school from 1868 to 1870. The school was in disrepair by late 1898 and in 1900 the girls and infants' school was converted into parochial buildings.

## Notable clergy

## InfoBox

| St James-the-Less, Bethnal Green | |
| --- | --- |
| Church of St James-the-Less, Bethnal Green | |
| View of St James-the-Less, Bethnal Green | |
|  | |
| Location | St James’s Avenue, Bethnal Green, Tower Hamlets, London E2 9JD |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Denomination | Church of England |
| Website | www.stjamesthelessbg.org.uk |
| Administration | |
| Diocese | London |


title: St Anne's Church, Whitstone

abstract: St Anne's Church, Whitstone is a Grade I listed parish church in the Church of England Diocese of Truro in Whitstone, Cornwall, England, UK.

text:
# St Anne's Church, Whitstone

**St Anne's Church, Whitstone** is a Grade I listed parish church in the Church of England Diocese of Truro in Whitstone, Cornwall, England, UK.

## History

The church dates from the 13th century. the upper part of the tower and the arcades are 15th century. The chancel, porch and interior were rebuilt in 1882 by Samuel Hooper of Hatherleigh. The renovation of the windows, with the addition of new windows was executed by Messrs Beer and Driffield of Exeter. The restoration cost £2,000.

## Parish status

The church is in a joint parish with

## Organ

A new organ was presented in 1880 by Edward Mucklow of Bennets in the parish.

## Bells

The 3 medieval bells were expanded to 4 in the 18th century. In 1831 the tenor was recast by Mears of the Whitechapel Bell Foundry. In 1885 two additional trebles were cast by Llewellyn and James of Bristol, and the tenor was recast by John Warner & Sons of Cripplegate Foundry, to bring the ring up to 6.

## InfoBox

| St Anne’s Church, Whitstone | |
| --- | --- |
| St Anne’s Church, Whitstone | |
|  | |
| 50°45′39.34″N 4°27′51.27″W / 50.7609278°N 4.4642417°W / 50.7609278; -4.4642417 | |
| Location | Whitstone |
| Country | England |
| Denomination | Church of England |
| History | |
| Dedication | St Anne |
| Administration | |
| Province | Province of Canterbury |
| Diocese | Diocese of Truro |
| Archdeaconry | Bodmin |
| Deanery | Stratton |
| Parish | Whitstone |
|  | |
| Location of St Anne's Church, Whitstone in Cornwall | |
|  | |
| Listed Building – Grade I | |
| Official name | Parish Church of St Anne |
| Designated | 29 September 1961 |
| Reference no. | 1142426 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: St Anne's Church, Wandsworth

abstract: St Anne's Church, Wandsworth, is a Grade II* listed church on St Ann's Hill, Wandsworth, London.

text:
# St Anne's Church, Wandsworth

**St Anne's Church, Wandsworth**, is a Grade II\* listed church on St Ann's Hill, Wandsworth, London.

## History

A Commissioners' church, it was built from 1820 to 1824. It was designed by the architect Robert Smirke in Greek Revival style. Smirke also used the tower design for St Mary's, Bryanston Square and St Philip's Church, Salford, although these two churches have semicircular porticos unlike that of St Anne's.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| St Anne's Church, Wandsworth | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| St Anne's Church, Wandsworth | |
| 51°27′18″N 0°11′15″W / 51.4550°N 0.1875°W / 51.4550; -0.1875 | |
| Location | London |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Denomination | Church of England |
| Website | stanneswandsworth.org.uk |
| Architecture | |
| Architect(s) | Robert Smirke |
| Style | Greek Revival |


title: Thermophotovoltaic energy conversion

abstract: Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) energy conversion is a direct conversion process from heat to electricity via photons. A basic thermophotovoltaic system consists of a hot object emitting thermal radiation and a photovoltaic cell similar to a solar cell but tuned to the spectrum being emitted from the hot object. As TPV systems generally work at lower temperatures than solar cells, their efficiencies tend to be low. Offsetting this through the use of multi-junction cells based on non-silicon materials is common, but generally very expensive. This currently limits TPV to niche roles like spacecraft power and waste heat collection from larger systems like steam turbines.

text:
# Thermophotovoltaic energy conversion

**Thermophotovoltaic** (**TPV**) **energy conversion** is a direct conversion process from heat to electricity via photons. A basic thermophotovoltaic system consists of a hot object emitting thermal radiation and a photovoltaic cell similar to a solar cell but tuned to the spectrum being emitted from the hot object.

As TPV systems generally work at lower temperatures than solar cells, their efficiencies tend to be low. Offsetting this through the use of multi-junction cells based on non-silicon materials is common, but generally very expensive. This currently limits TPV to niche roles like spacecraft power and waste heat collection from larger systems like steam turbines.

## General concept

### PV

Typical photovoltaics work by creating a p–n junction near the front surface of a thin semiconductor material. When photons above the bandgap energy of the material hit atoms within the bulk lower layer, below the junction, an electron is photoexcited and becomes free of its atom. The junction creates an electric field that accelerates the electron forward within the cell until it passes the junction and is free to move to the thin electrodes patterned on the surface. Connecting a wire from the front to the rear allows the electrons to flow back into the bulk and complete the circuit.

Photons with less energy than the bandgap do not eject electrons. Photons with energy above the bandgap will eject higher-energy electrons which tend to thermalize within the material and lose their extra energy as heat. If the cell's bandgap is raised, the electrons that are emitted will have higher energy when they reach the junction and thus result in a higher voltage, but this will reduce the number of electrons emitted as more photons will be below the bandgap energy and thus generate a lower current. As electrical power is the product of voltage and current, there is a sweet spot where the total output is maximized.

Terrestrial solar radiation is typically characterized by a standard known as Air Mass 1.5, or AM1.5. This is very close to 1,000 W of energy per square meter at an apparent temperature of 5780 K. At this temperature, about half of all the energy reaching the surface is in the infrared. Based on this temperature, energy production is maximized when the bandgap is about 1.4 eV, in the near infrared. This just happens to be very close to the bandgap in doped silicon, at 1.1 eV, which makes solar PV inexpensive to produce.

This means that all of the energy in the infrared and lower, about half of AM1.5, goes to waste. There has been continuing research into cells that are made of several different layers, each with a different bandgap, and thus tuned to a different part of the solar spectrum. As of 2022, cells with overall efficiencies in the range of 40% are commercially available, although they are extremely expensive and have not seen widespread use outside of specific roles like powering spacecraft, where cost is not a significant consideration.

### TPV

The same process of photoemission can be used to produce electricity from any spectrum, although the number of semiconductor materials that will have just the right bandgap for an arbitrary hot object is limited. Instead, semiconductors that have tuneable bandgaps are needed. It is also difficult to produce solar-like thermal output; an oxyacetylene torch is about 3400 K (~3126 °C), and more common commercial heat sources like coal and natural gas burn at much lower temperatures around 900 °C to about 1300 °C. This further limits the suitable materials. In the case of TPV most research has focused on gallium antimonide (GaSb), although germanium (Ge) is also suitable.

Another problem with lower-temperature sources is that their energy is more spread out, according to Wien's displacement law. While one can make a practical solar cell with a single bandgap tuned to the peak of the spectrum and just ignore the losses in the IR region, doing the same with a lower temperature source will lose much more of the potential energy and result in very low overall efficiency. This means TPV systems almost always use multi-junction cells in order to reach reasonable double-digit efficiencies. Current research in the area aims at increasing system efficiencies while keeping the system cost low, but even then their roles tend to be niches similar to those of multi-junction solar cells.

### Actual designs

TPV systems generally consist of a heat source, an emitter, and a waste heat rejection system. The TPV cells are placed between the emitter, often a block of metal or similar, and the cooling system, often a passive radiator. PV systems in general operate at lower efficiency as the temperature increases, and in TPV systems, keeping the photovoltaic cool is a significant challenge.

This contrasts with a somewhat related concept, the "thermoradiative" or "negative emission" cells, in which the photodiode is on the hot side of the heat engine. Systems have also been proposed that use a thermoradiative device as an emitter in a TPV system, theoretically allowing power to be extracted from both a hot photodiode and a cold photodiode.

## Applications

### RTGs

Conventional radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) used to power spacecraft use a radioactive material whose radiation is used to heat a block of material and then converted to electricity using a thermocouple. Thermocouples are very inefficient and their replacement with TPV could offer significant improvements in efficiency and thus require a smaller and lighter RTG for any given mission. Experimental systems developed by Emcore (a multi-junction solar cell provider), Creare, Oak Ridge and NASA's Glenn Research Center demonstrated 15 to 20% efficiency. A similar concept was developed by the University of Houston which reached 30% efficiency, a 3 to 4-fold improvement over existing systems.

### Thermoelectric storage

Another area of active research is using TPV as the basis of a thermal storage system. In this concept, electricity being generated in off-peak times is used to heat a large block of material, typically carbon or a phase-change material. The material is surrounded by TPV cells which are in turn backed by a reflector and insulation. During storage, the TPV cells are turned off and the photons pass through them and reflect back into the high-temperature source. When power is needed, the TPV is connected to a load.

### Waste heat collection

TPV cells have been proposed as auxiliary power conversion devices for capture of otherwise lost heat in other power generation systems, such as steam turbine systems or solar cells.

## History

Henry Kolm constructed an elementary TPV system at MIT in 1956. However, Pierre Aigrain is widely cited as the inventor based on lectures he gave at MIT between 1960–1961 which, unlike Kolm's system, led to research and development.

In the 1980s, efficiency reached around 30%.

In 1997 a prototype TPV hybrid car was built, the "Viking 29" (TPV) powered automobile, designed and built by the Vehicle Research Institute (VRI) at Western Washington University.

In 2022, MIT/NREL announced a device with 41% efficiency. The absorber employed multiple III-V semiconductor layers tuned to absorb variously, ultraviolet, visible, and infrared photons. A gold reflector recycled unabsorbed photons. The device operated at 2400 °C, at which temperature the tungsten emitter reaches maximum brightness.

In 2024, researchers announced a device that achieved 44% efficiency, The cell used silicon carbide as the heat-storage material. SiC was enveloped a semiconductor material made of indium, gallium and arsenic. At 1,435 °C (2,615 °F) the device radiates thermal photons at various energy levels. The semiconductor captures 20 to 30% of the photons. Additional layers include air and a gold reflector layer.

## Details

### Efficiency

The upper limit for efficiency in TPVs (and all systems that convert heat energy to work) is the Carnot efficiency, that of an ideal heat engine. This efficiency is given by:

$$\eta =1-{\frac {T\_{cell}{T\_{emit}}}}$$

where Tcell is the temperature of the PV converter. Practical systems can achieve Tcell= ~300 K and Temit= ~1800 K, giving a maximum possible efficiency of ~83%. This assumes the PV converts the radiation into electrical energy without losses, such as thermalization or Joule heating, though in reality the photovoltaic inefficiency is quite significant. In real devices, as of 2021, the maximum demonstrated efficiency in the laboratory was 35% with an emitter temperature of 1,773 K. This is the efficiency in terms of heat input being converted to electrical power. In complete TPV systems, a necessarily lower total system efficiency may be cited including the source of heat, so for example, fuel-based TPV systems may report efficiencies in terms of fuel-energy to electrical energy, in which case 5% is considered a "world record" level of efficiency. Real-world efficiencies are reduced by such effects as heat transfer losses, electrical conversion efficiency (TPV voltage outputs are often quite low), and losses due to active cooling of the PV cell.

### Emitters

Deviations from perfect absorption and perfect black body behavior lead to light losses. For selective emitters, any light emitted at wavelengths not matched to the bandgap energy of the photovoltaic may not be efficiently converted, reducing efficiency. In particular, emissions associated with phonon resonances are difficult to avoid for wavelengths in the deep infrared, which cannot be practically converted. An ideal emitter would emit no light at wavelengths other than at the bandgap energy, and much TPV research is devoted to developing emitters that better approximate this narrow emission spectrum.

### Filters

For black body emitters or imperfect selective emitters, filters reflect non-ideal wavelengths back to the emitter. These filters are imperfect. Any light that is absorbed or scattered and not redirected to the emitter or the converter is lost, generally as heat. Conversely, practical filters often reflect a small percentage of light in desired wavelength ranges. Both are inefficiencies. The absorption of suboptimal wavelengths by the photovoltaic device also contributes inefficiency and has the added effect of heating it, which also decreases efficiency.

### Converters

Even for systems where only light of optimal wavelengths is passed to the photovoltaic converter, inefficiencies associated with non-radiative recombination and Ohmic losses exist. There are also losses from Fresnel reflections at the PV surface, optimal-wavelength light that passes through the cell unabsorbed, and the energy difference between higher-energy photons and the bandgap energy (though this tends to be less significant than with solar PVs). Non-radiative recombination losses tend to become less significant as the light intensity increases, while they increase with increasing temperature, so real systems must consider the intensity produced by a given design and operating temperature.

### Geometry

In an ideal system, the emitter is surrounded by converters so no light is lost. Realistically, geometries must accommodate the input energy (fuel injection or input light) used to heat the emitter. Additionally, costs have prohibited surrounding the filter with converters. When the emitter reemits light, anything that does not travel to the converters is lost. Mirrors can be used to redirect some of this light back to the emitter; however, the mirrors may have their own losses.

## Black body radiation

For black body emitters where photon recirculation is achieved via filters, Planck's law states that a black body emits light with a spectrum given by:

$I'(\lambda ,T)={\frac {2hc^{2}{\lambda ^{5}{\frac {1}{e^{\frac {hc}{\lambda kT}-1}}}}}}$

where *I*′ is the light flux of a specific wavelength, *λ*, given in units of 1 m–3⋅s–1. *h* is the Planck constant, k is the Boltzmann constant, *c* is the speed of light, and *T*emit is the emitter temperature. Thus, the light flux with wavelengths in a specific range can be found by integrating over the range. The peak wavelength is determined by the temperature, *T*emit based on Wien's displacement law:

$$\lambda \_{\mathrm {max} }={\frac {b}{T},}$$

where *b* is Wien's displacement constant. For most materials, the maximum temperature an emitter can stably operate at is about 1800 °C. This corresponds to an intensity that peaks at *λ* ≅ 1600 nm or an energy of ~0.75 eV. For more reasonable operating temperatures of 1200 °C, this drops to ~0.5 eV. These energies dictate the range of bandgaps that are needed for practical TPV converters (though the peak spectral power is slightly higher). Traditional PV materials such as Si (1.1 eV) and GaAs (1.4 eV) are substantially less practical for TPV systems, as the intensity of the black body spectrum is low at these energies for emitters at realistic temperatures.

## Active components and materials selection

### Emitters

Efficiency, temperature resistance and cost are the three major factors for choosing a TPV emitter. Efficiency is determined by energy absorbed relative to incoming radiation. High temperature operation is crucial because efficiency increases with operating temperature. As emitter temperature increases, black-body radiation shifts to shorter wavelengths, allowing for more efficient absorption by photovoltaic cells.

#### Polycrystalline silicon carbide

Polycrystalline silicon carbide (SiC) is the most commonly used emitter for burner TPVs. SiC is thermally stable to ~1700 °C. However, SiC radiates much of its energy in the long wavelength regime, far lower in energy than even the narrowest bandgap photovoltaic. Such radiation is not converted into electrical energy. However, non-absorbing selective filters in front of the PV, or mirrors deposited on the back side of the PV can be used to reflect the long wavelengths back to the emitter, thereby recycling the unconverted energy. In addition, polycrystalline SiC is inexpensive.

#### Tungsten

Tungsten is the most common refractory metal that can be used as a selective emitter. It has higher emissivity in the visible and near-IR range of 0.45 to 0.47 and a low emissivity of 0.1 to 0.2 in the IR region. The emitter is usually in the shape of a cylinder with a sealed bottom, which can be considered a cavity. The emitter is attached to the back of a thermal absorber such as SiC and maintains the same temperature. Emission occurs in the visible and near IR range, which can be readily converted by the PV to electrical energy. However, compared to other metals, tungsten oxidizes more easily.

#### Rare-earth oxides

Rare-earth oxides such as ytterbium oxide (Yb2O3) and erbium oxide (Er2O3) are the most commonly used selective emitters. These oxides emit a narrow band of wavelengths in the near-infrared region, allowing the emission spectra to be tailored to better fit the absorbance characteristics of a particular PV material. The peak of the emission spectrum occurs at 1.29 eV for Yb2O3 and 0.827 eV for Er2O3. As a result, Yb2O3 can be used a selective emitter for silicon cells and Er2O3, for GaSb or InGaAs. However, the slight mismatch between the emission peaks and band gap of the absorber costs significant efficiency. Selective emission only becomes significant at 1100 °C and increases with temperature. Below 1700 °C, selective emission of rare-earth oxides is fairly low, further decreasing efficiency. Currently, 13% efficiency has been achieved with Yb2O3 and silicon PV cells. In general selective emitters have had limited success. More often filters are used with black body emitters to pass wavelengths matched to the bandgap of the PV and reflect mismatched wavelengths back to the emitter.

#### Photonic crystals

Photonic crystals allow precise control of electromagnetic wave properties. These materials give rise to the photonic bandgap (PBG). In the spectral range of the PBG, electromagnetic waves cannot propagate. Engineering these materials allows some ability to tailor their emission and absorption properties, allowing for more effective emitter design. Selective emitters with peaks at higher energy than the black body peak (for practical TPV temperatures) allow for wider bandgap converters. These converters are traditionally cheaper to manufacture and less temperature sensitive. Researchers at Sandia Labs predicted a high-efficiency (34% of light emitted converted to electricity) based on TPV emitter demonstrated using tungsten photonic crystals. However, manufacturing of these devices is difficult and not commercially feasible.

### Photovoltaic cells

#### Silicon

Early TPV work focused on the use of silicon. Silicon's commercial availability, low cost, scalability and ease of manufacture makes this material an appealing candidate. However, the relatively wide bandgap of Si (1.1eV) is not ideal for use with a black body emitter at lower operating temperatures. Calculations indicate that Si PVs are only feasible at temperatures much higher than 2000 K. No emitter has been demonstrated that can operate at these temperatures. These engineering difficulties led to the pursuit of lower-bandgap semiconductor PVs.

Using selective radiators with Si PVs is still a possibility. Selective radiators would eliminate high and low energy photons, reducing heat generated. Ideally, selective radiators would emit no radiation beyond the band edge of the PV converter, increasing conversion efficiency significantly. No efficient TPVs have been realized using Si PVs.

#### Germanium

Early investigations into low bandgap semiconductors focused on germanium (Ge). Ge has a bandgap of 0.66 eV, allowing for conversion of a much higher fraction of incoming radiation. However, poor performance was observed due to the high effective electron mass of Ge. Compared to III-V semiconductors, Ge's high electron effective mass leads to a high density of states in the conduction band and therefore a high intrinsic carrier concentration. As a result, Ge diodes have fast decaying "dark" current and therefore, a low open-circuit voltage. In addition, surface passivation of germanium has proven difficult.

#### Gallium antimonide

The gallium antimonide (GaSb) PV cell, invented in 1989, is the basis of most PV cells in modern TPV systems. GaSb is a III-V semiconductor with the zinc blende crystal structure. The GaSb cell is a key development owing to its narrow bandgap of 0.72 eV. This allows GaSb to respond to light at longer wavelengths than silicon solar cell, enabling higher power densities in conjunction with manmade emission sources. A solar cell with 35% efficiency was demonstrated using a bilayer PV with GaAs and GaSb, setting the solar cell efficiency record.

Manufacturing a GaSb PV cell is quite simple. Czochralski tellurium-doped n-type GaSb wafers are commercially available. Vapor-based zinc diffusion is carried out at elevated temperatures (~450 °C) to allow for p-type doping. Front and back electrical contacts are patterned using traditional photolithography techniques and an anti-reflective coating is deposited. Efficiencies are estimated at ~20% using a 1000 °C black body spectrum. The radiative limit for efficiency of the GaSb cell in this setup is 52%.

#### Indium gallium arsenide antimonide

Indium gallium arsenide antimonide (InGaAsSb) is a compound III-V semiconductor. (InxGa1−xAsySb1−y) The addition of GaAs allows for a narrower bandgap (0.5 to 0.6 eV), and therefore better absorption of long wavelengths. Specifically, the bandgap was engineered to 0.55 eV. With this bandgap, the compound achieved a photon-weighted internal quantum efficiency of 79% with a fill factor of 65% for a black body at 1100 °C. This was for a device grown on a GaSb substrate by organometallic vapour phase epitaxy (OMVPE). Devices have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and liquid phase epitaxy (LPE). The internal quantum efficiencies (IQE) of these devices approach 90%, while devices grown by the other two techniques exceed 95%. The largest problem with InGaAsSb cells is phase separation. Compositional inconsistencies throughout the device degrade its performance. When phase separation can be avoided, the IQE and fill factor of InGaAsSb approach theoretical limits in wavelength ranges near the bandgap energy. However, the Voc/Eg ratio is far from the ideal. Current methods to manufacture InGaAsSb PVs are expensive and not commercially viable.

#### Indium gallium arsenide

Indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) is a compound III-V semiconductor. It can be applied in two ways for use in TPVs. When lattice-matched to an InP substrate, InGaAs has a bandgap of 0.74 eV, no better than GaSb. Devices of this configuration have been produced with a fill factor of 69% and an efficiency of 15%. However, to absorb higher wavelength photons, the bandgap may be engineered by changing the ratio of In to Ga. The range of bandgaps for this system is from about 0.4 to 1.4 eV. However, these different structures cause strain with the InP substrate. This can be controlled with graded layers of InGaAs with different compositions. This was done to develop of device with a quantum efficiency of 68% and a fill factor of 68%, grown by MBE. This device had a bandgap of 0.55 eV, achieved in the compound In0.68Ga0.33As. It is a well-developed material. InGaAs can be made to lattice match perfectly with Ge resulting in low defect densities. Ge as a substrate is a significant advantage over more expensive or harder-to-produce substrates.

#### Indium phosphide arsenide antimonide

The InPAsSb quaternary alloy has been grown by both OMVPE and LPE. When lattice-matched to InAs, it has a bandgap in the range 0.3–0.55 eV. The benefits of such a low band gap have not been studied in depth. Therefore, cells incorporating InPAsSb have not been optimized and do not yet have competitive performance. The longest spectral response from an InPAsSb cell studied was 4.3 μm with a maximum response at 3 μm. For this and other low-bandgap materials, high IQE for long wavelengths is hard to achieve due to an increase in Auger recombination.

#### Lead tin selenide/Lead strontium selenide quantum wells

PbSnSe/PbSrSe quantum well materials, which can be grown by MBE on silicon substrates, have been proposed for low cost TPV device fabrication. These IV-VI semiconductor materials can have bandgaps between 0.3 and 0.6 eV. Their symmetric band structure and lack of valence band degeneracy result in low Auger recombination rates, typically more than an order of magnitude smaller than those of comparable bandgap III-V semiconductor materials.

## Applications

TPVs promise efficient and economically viable power systems for both military and commercial applications. Compared to traditional nonrenewable energy sources, burner TPVs have little NOx emissions and are virtually silent. Solar TPVs are a source of emission-free renewable energy. TPVs can be more efficient than PV systems owing to recycling of unabsorbed photons. However, losses at each energy conversion step lower efficiency. When TPVs are used with a burner source, they provide on-demand energy. As a result, energy storage may not be needed. In addition, owing to the PV's proximity to the radiative source, TPVs can generate current densities 300 times that of conventional PVs.

### Energy storage

#### Man-portable power

Battlefield dynamics require portable power. Conventional diesel generators are too heavy for use in the field. Scalability allows TPVs to be smaller and lighter than conventional generators. Also, TPVs have few emissions and are silent. Multifuel operation is another potential benefit.

Investigations in the 1970s failed due to PV limitations. However, the GaSb photocell led to a renewed effort in the 1990s with improved results. In early 2001, JX Crystals delivered a TPV based battery charger to the US Army that produced 230 W fueled by propane. This prototype utilized an SiC emitter operating at 1250 °C and GaSb photocells and was approximately 0.5 m tall. The power source had an efficiency of 2.5%, calculated as the ratio of the power generated to the thermal energy of the fuel burned. This is too low for practical battlefield use. No portable TPV power sources have reached troop testing.

#### Grid storage

Converting spare electricity into heat for high-volume, long-term storage is under research at various companies, who claim that costs could be much lower than lithium-ion batteries. Graphite may be used as a storage medium, with molten tin as heat transfer, at temperatures around 2000°. See LaPotin, A., Schulte, K.L., Steiner, M.A. et al. Thermophotovoltaic efficiency of 40%. Nature 604, 287–291 (2022). Thermophotovoltaic efficiency of 40%.

### Spacecraft

Space power generation systems must provide consistent and reliable power without large amounts of fuel. As a result, solar and radioisotope fuels (extremely high power density and long lifetime) are ideal. TPVs have been proposed for each. In the case of solar energy, orbital spacecraft may be better locations for the large and potentially cumbersome concentrators required for practical TPVs. However, weight considerations and inefficiencies associated with the more complicated design of TPVs, protected conventional PVs continue to dominate.

The output of isotopes is thermal energy. In the past thermoelectricity (direct thermal to electrical conversion with no moving parts) has been used because TPV efficiency is less than the ~10% of thermoelectric converters. Stirling engines have been deemed too unreliable, despite conversion efficiencies \>20%. However, with the recent advances in small-bandgap PVs, TPVs are becoming more promising. A TPV radioisotope converter with 20% efficiency was demonstrated that uses a tungsten emitter heated to 1350 K, with tandem filters and a 0.6 eV bandgap InGaAs PV converter (cooled to room temperature). About 30% of the lost energy was due to the optical cavity and filters. The remainder was due to the efficiency of the PV converter.

Low-temperature operation of the converter is critical to the efficiency of TPV. Heating PV converters increases their dark current, thereby reducing efficiency. The converter is heated by the radiation from the emitter. In terrestrial systems it is reasonable to dissipate this heat without using additional energy with a heat sink. However, space is an isolated system, where heat sinks are impractical. Therefore, it is critical to develop innovative solutions to efficiently remove that heat. Both represent substantial challenges.

### Commercial applications

#### Off-grid generators

TPVs can provide continuous power to off-grid homes. Traditional PVs do not provide power during winter months and nighttime, while TPVs can utilize alternative fuels to augment solar-only production.

The greatest advantage for TPV generators is cogeneration of heat and power. In cold climates, it can function as both a heater/stove and a power generator. JX Crystals developed a prototype TPV heating stove/generator that burns natural gas and uses a SiC source emitter operating at 1250 °C and GaSb photocell to output 25,000 BTU/hr (7.3kW of heat) simultaneously generating 100W (1.4% efficiency). However, costs render it impractical.

Combining a heater and a generator is called combined heat and power (CHP). Many TPV CHP scenarios have been theorized, but a study found that generator using boiling coolant was most cost efficient. The proposed CHP would utilize a SiC IR emitter operating at 1425 °C and GaSb photocells cooled by boiling coolant. The TPV CHP would output 85,000 BTU/hr (25kW of heat) and generate 1.5 kW. The estimated efficiency would be 12.3% (?)(1.5kW/25kW = 0.06 = 6%) requiring investment or 0.08 €/kWh assuming a 20 year lifetime. The estimated cost of other non-TPV CHPs are 0.12 €/kWh for gas engine CHP and 0.16 €/kWh for fuel cell CHP. This furnace was not commercialized because the market was not thought to be large enough.

#### Recreational vehicles

TPVs have been proposed for use in recreational vehicles. Their ability to use multiple fuel sources makes them interesting as more sustainable fuels emerge. TPVs silent operation allows them to replace noisy conventional generators (i.e. during "quiet hours" in national park campgrounds). However, the emitter temperatures required for practical efficiencies make TPVs on this scale unlikely.


title: The Wheel of Fortune (novel)

abstract: The Wheel of Fortune (1984) is a novel by Susan Howatch and recounts the trials and tribulations of a fictitious British family, the Godwins, who appear to be part of the minor aristocracy. As the title of the novel and Boethius' comments on Fortune as printed on the first page of the very first part suggest, defying the ravages of time and fate forms a central theme to this novel, where the six primary characters seek to challenge fate or to make their own destinies regardless of the social norms or circumstances of the time.

text:
# The Wheel of Fortune (novel)

***The Wheel of Fortune* (1984)** is a novel by Susan Howatch and recounts the trials and tribulations of a fictitious British family, the Godwins, who appear to be part of the minor aristocracy.

As the title of the novel and Boethius' comments on Fortune as printed on the first page of the very first part suggest, defying the ravages of time and fate forms a central theme to this novel, where the six primary characters seek to challenge fate or to make their own destinies regardless of the social norms or circumstances of the time.

## Synopsis

The book's main events all revolve around a stately Georgian era home named Oxmoon, and are set on the Gower Peninsula in Wales, spanning a period of over fifty years in which the owners of Oxmoon all have to face immense challenges, financial hardship and even personal tragedy.

The book is divided into six parts, each one based on the point-of-view of several characters, namely:

* Robert "the Winner" Godwin (Part 1) The eldest of five brothers (the others being John, Lionel, Edmund and Thomas) Robert is a successful lawyer based in London and the heir apparent of a family of Welsh rural gentry which while seemingly happy, successful and prosperous, has a skeleton or two in the closet that as usual involves murder and adultery.

His high-handed attitude and dominating personality makes him aloof from his siblings, with two exceptions being... * Ginevra "Ginette" (Part 2), Robert's cousin and later Robert's wife. Ginevra is haunted by an even darker secret from her past that threatens her relationship with Robert's family and her marriage to Robert; and ...
* John Godwin (Part 3), Robert's brother, a sensitive soul trapped in spiritual limbo following the death of his first wife, torn between convention and passion.
* Kester (Part 4), Robert and Ginevra's son (and John's nephew), a gifted writer but a terrible financial manager.
* Harry (Part 5), John's son and Kester's cousin, who resents Kester's inheritance of Oxmoon and is engaged in a lifelong feud over the same that ends only with Kester's death.
* Hal (Part 6), Harry's son, who unlike his father is close to Kester. Hal's story is in fact more of a detective story, in which he investigates the circumstances revolving around Kester Godwin's apparent suicide.

### Part 1: Robert (1913)

Upon the death of her husband Conor, Ginevra decides to leave New York City, entrust her young children to her late husband's family from Ireland, and return to Wales to stay with her childhood friend, the lawyer and politician Robert Godwin (who is also heir presumptive to the Godwin family estate, Oxmoon). Robert, who usually prizes logical thinking, willpower and level-headedness, initially expresses annoyance and worry with his feelings for Ginevra (which are mutually reciprocated), but eventually gives in.

As Robert and Ginevra revive their childhood relationship and eventually consummate it, he then decides to marry Ginevra but the marriage is vehemently opposed by his mother Margaret, and Robert soon learns why when he discovers several dark secrets in his family revolving around his father Bobby and his grandmother. Bobby killed his mother's lover, Owen Bryn-Davies, to keep him from defrauding the Godwin family of Oxmoon, and has been psychologically damaged ever since. With Margaret's resigned tolerance and understanding, Bobby engaged in many sexual affairs to relieve himself of the guilt of having murdered Owen and one of the women he slept with was a teenaged Ginevra.

### Part 2: Ginevra (19131919)

Notwithstanding the opposition of his family, Robert goes ahead and marries Ginevra, and despite the abrasive differences inherent in their own individual personalities (Ginevra's describes her mind was all "splashes of colour" and Robert as "emotionally colour-blind") as well as the opposition of Ginevra's children with Conor, Robert and Ginevra stay together as husband and wife in London (where Robert has his practice as a lawyer), eventually having two sons of their own together, Robin and Kester.

The First World War breaks out, and with it, the first of several family tragedies befalls the Godwin family. Robert's brothers Lionel and Edmund are sent to France, where Lionel is killed in action and Edmund is left psychologically maimed, leaving Robert broken and despondent. He takes up mountaineering, and goes off by himself periodically, leaving a bored and slightly paranoid Ginevra alone in their rural setting, with uncomfortable relations with her inlaws, including straitlaced and judgmental John. She travels to London frequently, to see girlfriends and drink away her worries. Robert confides to Ginevra that following a friend's death in a mountaineering accident, he is terrified of the prospect of dying, especially more so now that Lionel is dead. Robert eventually decides to retire to Oxmoon with Ginevra, but even then that is not the end of their tribulations.

Robert suddenly contracts an unnamed degenerative neurological disorder (described later in Part 6 as multiple sclerosis) that first manifests itself as unexplained tremors, later intensifying into full-blown paralysis over the next nine years. By the end of Ginevra's story, Robert requires the use of a wheelchair and realises his condition will only get worse. Feeling she might be happier married to someone else, Robert offers his wife a divorce but Ginevra declines, vowing to stay on by Robert's side till the bitter end, saying "I could always walk out on a husband. But I could never turn my back on a friend."

### Part 3: John (19211928)

Back in Oxmoon, John Godwin, one of Robert's surviving brothers, begins planning to take over as the heir of Oxmoon as Robert's disease begins to take hold, but more deaths soon take place. Bobby's wife, Margaret, suddenly dies following a party, upsetting the balance of the family and unhinging Bobby, who then takes on a mistress, Milly Straker, who turns out to be a gold digger intent on seizing Oxmoon from the Godwins. As Bobby lapses into senility and falls under Straker's control, John, Robert, and their younger brother Thomas vie with her for control of Oxmoon. Due to Bobby's mismanagement a workers' strike breaks out, forcing Straker out of Oxmoon, leaving the mansion and the lands back in the hands of the Godwins.

John is also personally affected when his young wife Blanche passes away from a congenital cardiac defect, and his nephew Robin falls to his death through a window. In the immediate aftermath of this, John caves in to his "inappropriate" feelings for Bronwen, the sister-in-law of his farm manager. He later resumes his business life in London with his brother Edmund and falls under the spell of a powerful American millionaire, Armstrong. He's given a choice, marry Constance Armstrong, his American employer's daughter and advance his family's commercial and social standing, or follow his heart and spend the rest of his life with the working-class Welshwoman Bronwen, who is, he feels, the only person who knows his true self. John marries Constance but finds his marriage emotionally unsatisfying, so after finding out he has fathered a child with Bronwen, he leaves Constance, choosing love and ostracism over profit and respectability. He struggles socially while making his living through market farming with Thomas' help. The supportive Bronwen convinces John do the right thing: relinquish his personal claim to Oxmoon, and to help aid his nephew Kester to succeed Bobby as master of Oxmoon, now that both Robert and Bobby are dying.

### Part 4: Kester (19281939)

Home-schooled by Ginevra and living a somewhat sheltered life in a house with a dying father and a sainted deceased older brother, Kester Godwin survives an awkward adolescence to become an author. His recollections reveal that he has inherited his mother's emotional intensity, her propensity for melodrama and sensual excess, as well as Robert's competitive spirit and obsessive nature, leaving Kester with a manipulative streak that becomes more apparent in Harry and Hal's stories.

Upon his father's passing, Kester's Uncle John, whose brave romantic decision made him a hero in Ginevra's eyes, makes good his promise to the now deceased Robert and attempts to help Kester prepare for his role as the master of Oxmoon. Once Ginevra dies, Kester comes into his inheritance, but is an incurable romantic who prefers writing over farming, choosing to invest money in indulging his taste for art and sculpture rather than properly running the estate, much to the disgust of his uncle Thomas, and evoking the envy of his cousin Harry, John's son . Harry's jealousy stems from the fact Harry felt that his father should have inherited Oxmoon instead of Ginevra and Kester.

Kester's relationship with Thomas becomes more heated and violent when he marries Anna, a German Jew on the run from Hitler's Nazi regime. With the Oxmoon estate in arrears thanks to Kester's mismanagement, John and Thomas are forced to seize control of Oxmoon's management from Kester and Anna. Naturally, Kester vows vengeance to retake back Oxmoon, and on Thomas for having publicly humiliated him and insulted his wife.

### Part 5: Harry (19391952)

Harry is seen as the perfect boy - handsome, clever and tough - but we learn he is a lost soul, wanting to follow music and desperate for his father's approval. After Bronwen leaves her beloved John to go to Canada to escape their socially-derided relationship, John resumes his London life with Constance and Harry silently melts down at boarding school. John's absence from Wales gives young master of the castle Kester more room to live an idyllic life at Oxmoon, which infuriates Harry. He finds some solace in a local, distant relative, with whom he has nothing in common but sexual attraction. They later marry and have four mostly accidental children who cause Harry more trouble than joy. Desperately unhappy, he volunteers for military service in World War II to get away from his pain. A moment of pure joy awaits Harry upon his return  since his stepmother Constance died two years ago, his father rekindled his relationship with Bronwen, the woman Harry considers his mother and his guide towards the good. He arrives at the estate to find her there waiting, and after a tearful reunion, he sees John and Bronwen finally marry.

The conflict between the two cousins still remains however, and grows with the eerily coinciding deaths of the young wives of both men. Harry's hatred of Kester only increases when it's revealed that he is estranged from his own young sons (who blame him for their mother's death from complications in childbirth) even as Kester ingratiates himself with one of them, Hal. Yet when Kester kills Thomas (in apparent self-defence), Harry chooses to help cover up the killing and make it look like he died in a car crash, but the struggle is far from over. Kester fears Harry exposing his killing of Thomas, while Harry in turn is afraid Kester will deprive him of Oxmoon and frame him for his uncle's death. Harry's story ends with a cliffhanger, following Kester's invitation to Harry to discuss and resolve their differences in an isolated area near a dangerous stretch of cliffs by the seashore.

### Part 6: Hal (1966)

By 1966, Oxmoon is barely a shadow of its prewar self and in a state of disrepair due to the lack of funds available for renovation. In Hal Godwin's account, it is revealed that his uncle Kester was found drowned fourteen years before, and so Hal's story is reminiscent of a crime fiction tale as he seeks to prove that his uncle's death was neither due to suicide nor accident. Hal eventually discovers that his father murdered Kester, but along with this terrible revelation, Hal finds an unlikely means of saving Oxmoon thanks to Kester's literary genius.

The novel ends with Oxmoon being restored and reopened as a tourist attraction under the auspices of the National Trust. Shortly after the inauguration ceremony, the Godwin family enjoys one last dance in Oxmoon's now restored ballroom before closing for the night.

## Author's note

Howatch acknowledges that this novel is in fact a re-creation in a modern form of the story of the Plantagenet family of Edward III of England, the modern characters being created from those of his eldest son Edward of Woodstock (*The Black Prince*) and his wife Joan of Kent, John of Gaunt and his mistress, later wife, Katherine Swynford, Richard II (son of Edward of Woodstock), Henry IV (son of John of Gaunt) and Henry IV's eldest son King Henry V.

## InfoBox

The Wheel of Fortune
| First edition (UK) | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Susan Howatch |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Historical fiction |
| Publisher | Hamish Hamilton (UK)<br>Simon & Schuster (US) |
| Publication date | 1984 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print (Hardcover) |
| Pages | 1,100 pp |
| ISBN | 0-241-11217-6 |


title: St Anne's College, Leuven

abstract: St Anne's College was one of the colleges of Leuven University, now listed as built heritage of Flanders, Belgium. The college was founded in 1553 through a bequest by Nicolas Goblet, licentiate in canon law and provost of the chapter of Notre Dame de Dinant. It was intended to provide accommodation for poor students of philosophy, theology, and law, particularly those from Bouvignes-sur-Meuse or the County of Namur. In 1597 the college moved to a new building, which was extensively renovated in the mid-18th century. The college was closed in 1797 and the building was sold in 1806. It has since then been in private hands and currently houses a notary's office.

text:
# St Anne's College, Leuven

**St Anne's College** was one of the colleges of Leuven University, now listed as built heritage of Flanders, Belgium.

The college was founded in 1553 through a bequest by Nicolas Goblet, licentiate in canon law and provost of the chapter of Notre Dame de Dinant. It was intended to provide accommodation for poor students of philosophy, theology, and law, particularly those from Bouvignes-sur-Meuse or the County of Namur. In 1597 the college moved to a new building, which was extensively renovated in the mid-18th century. The college was closed in 1797 and the building was sold in 1806. It has since then been in private hands and currently houses a notary's office.

## InfoBox

St Anne's College
| Sint-Annacollege | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type | college |
| Active | 1553 (1553)–1797 (1797) |
| Religious affiliation | Catholic |
| Academic affiliation | Old University of Leuven |
| Location | Leuven, Belgium<br>50°52′37″N 4°42′02″E / 50.87694°N 4.70056°E / 50.87694; 4.70056 |


title: Stanislas Sorel

abstract: Stanislas Sorel was a French civil engineer, inventor, and chemist, raised the son of a poor clock-maker. A poorly known aspect of Sorel early works was the development of heating appliances. In 1833 he invented an apparatus able to regulate the combustion, and therefore the temperature, in an oven. It could be considered as a first rudimentary thermostat. He applied this principle to a commercial portable stove to facilitate safe and unattended cooking in the home kitchens. From these very first developments, he was intrigued by the properties of different metals, a.o. these of zinc to protect steel against corrosion. Sorel filed a patent on 10 May 1837 for a "galvanic" method of protecting iron from rust by either coating it in a bath of molten zinc or by covering it with galvanic paint. This was the precursor of the modern hot-dip galvanizing. Sorel patent led to the industrial application and to the widespread use of the hot-dip galvanization process invented nearly one century earlier, in 1742, by the French physician and chemist Paul Jacques Malouin. In 1857, Sorel patented a new type of paint based on zinc oxychloride and much less toxic than the then currently used lead-based paints containing ceruse, a basic carbonate of lead. In 1867, Sorel made a new form of cement from a combination of magnesium oxide and magnesium chloride, which had a remarkable capacity to bond with and contain other materials. Sorel cement as it is known has been used for grindstones, tiles, artificial stone and even artificial ivory. It is stronger than the more usual Portland cement.

text:
# Stanislas Sorel

**Stanislas Sorel** (born 1803, Putanges, France; died 18 March 1871, Paris) was a French civil engineer, inventor, and chemist, raised the son of a poor clock-maker.

A poorly known aspect of Sorel early works was the development of heating appliances. In 1833 he invented an apparatus able to regulate the combustion, and therefore the temperature, in an oven. It could be considered as a first rudimentary thermostat. He applied this principle to a commercial portable stove (‘Le Cordon Bleu’) to facilitate safe and unattended cooking in the home kitchens. From these very first developments, he was intrigued by the properties of different metals, a.o. these of zinc to protect steel against corrosion.

Sorel filed a patent on 10 May 1837 for a "galvanic" method of protecting iron from rust by either coating it in a bath of molten zinc or by covering it with galvanic paint (cold galvanizing). This was the precursor of the modern hot-dip galvanizing. Sorel patent led to the industrial application and to the widespread use of the hot-dip galvanization process invented nearly one century earlier, in 1742, by the French physician and chemist Paul Jacques Malouin.

In 1857, Sorel patented a new type of paint based on zinc oxychloride and much less toxic than the then currently used lead-based paints containing ceruse, a basic carbonate of lead.

In 1867, Sorel made a new form of cement from a combination of magnesium oxide and magnesium chloride, which had a remarkable capacity to bond with and contain other materials. Sorel cement as it is known has been used for grindstones, tiles, artificial stone and even artificial ivory (e.g. for billiard balls). It is stronger than the more usual Portland cement.

1. Beach, Alfred Ely (1871). Stanislas Sorel. Sci. Am, 25, 151.
2. Beach, Alfred Ely (1872). *The Science Record*. Munn. pp. 382.
3. Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2017). Advertisements for Stanislas Sorel’s portable stove ‘Le Cordon Bleu’ (1833–1849). A visual data set. Institute for Land, Water and Society Report nº 101. Albury, NSW: Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University. ISBN 978-1-86-467289-3
4. Spennemann, Dirk H. R. (2020). "Stanislas Sorel's zinc-based paints". *Transactions of the IMF*. **98** (1): 8–13. doi:10.1080/00202967.2020.1698858. ISSN 0020-2967. S2CID 214413679.
5. Stanislas Sorel (1867). "Sur un nouveau ciment magnésien". *Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences*, volume 65, pages 102–104.

## Further reading

* White, Alfred Holmes (1948). *Engineering Materials*. McGraw-Hill.
* Sorel S. (1838). Procédé de préparation du fer dit galvanisé pour le préserver de l'oxidation. Archives des découvertes et des inventions nouvelles, 264–266.
* Sorel S. (1858). Peinture à base d'oxychlorure de zinc. Le Génie Industriel, 15(90), 327–328.
* Sorel S. (1858). Note sur un nouveau procédé pour la peinture à l'oxychlorure de zinc. Bulletin de la Société d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationale, 57, 231–232.
* Sorel S. (1857). New chemical compositions producing either house paintings, cement, or plastic paste to be moulded. Being Patent Number: 1710, published 19 June 1857. London: Eyre and Spottiswood; 1857.
* Société Sorel et Laissement (1859). Peinture Sorel à l'oxychlorure de zinc. La Presse, 1859 Jul 20.

## InfoBox

| Stanislas Sorel | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Stanislas Sorel
3 February 1803
Putanges-Pont-Ecrepin |
| Died | 18 March 1871
Paris |
| Nationality | French |
| Citizenship | French |
| Education | Civil engineer |
| **Engineering career** | |
| Discipline | Civil engineering, chemistry |
| Significant design | Thermostated oven, hot dipping galvanization, zinc paint, zinc oxychloride, magnesium oxychloride, Sorel cement |
|  | |


title: Theodor Wisén

abstract: Theodor Wisén was a Swedish philologist of Scandinavian languages.

text:
# Theodor Wisén

**Theodor Wisén** (31 March 1835 – 15 February 1892) was a Swedish philologist of Scandinavian languages.

## Biography

Wisén was born in the parish of Vissefjärda in Kalmar County. He studied the classics, especially Greek, before turning to Scandinavian languages. He was appointed professor in Lund in 1865, a position he held until his death. Wisén was reportedly a gifted teacher. His edition of the *Homiliu-bok* was awarded the prize by the Swedish Academy in 1874, and he published a number of notable books and monographs on Icelandic poetry.

He held the chair of Scandinavian languages at Lund University from 1865, was the rector of the university 1876–1877, its prorector 1877–1885, and again rector 1885–1891. He was elected a member of the Swedish Academy in 1878.

In 1889 he published the second edition of the Swedish Academy's *Ordlista*, and in the 1880s was appointed editor-in-chief of Academy's dictionary.

## Select bibliography

* *Homiliu-bok* (edited, Lund, 1872)
* *Riddara-rimur* (published by Samfund til Udgivelse af gammel nordisk Literatur, 1881)
* *Carmina norrena* (1886, with glossary published 1889)

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Theodor Wisén | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1835-03-31)31 March 1835
Vissefjärda, Kalmar County, Sweden |
| Died | 15 February 1892(1892-02-15) (aged 56)
Lund, Sweden |
| Alma mater | Lund University |
| Occupation(s) | Professor of Nordic languages at Lund University; Member of the Swedish Academy |
| Awards | Kungliga priset (1874) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Swedish Academy
(Seat No. 5) | |
| **In office**
20 December 1878  15 February 1892 | |
| Preceded by | Johan Erik Rydqvist |
| Succeeded by | Knut Fredrik Söderwall |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Thierry Cygan

abstract: Thierry Cygan is a French former footballer who played as a defender for SO Cholet.

text:
# Thierry Cygan

**Thierry Cygan** (born 4 April 1975) is a French former footballer who played as a defender for SO Cholet.

## Career

In the 1996-1997 season, he played 24 matches and won the Championnat National with ES Wasquehal. He then played five seasons in the Ligue 2 for Wasquehal. In 2002, he was signed up by Angers.

While playing for Angers in the 2002–03 season, he finishes as the runner-up in the National. As a result, Angers was promoted to the Ligue 2 under the leadership of Éric Guérit. After two seasons in the Ligue 2, the club was relegated once again.

In 2008, after Angers finished the season on the 10th spot, the club fires him after six seasons spent in the Maine-et-Loire.

In November 2008, Cygan signed a one-year-and-a-half deal with AS Cherbourg. He played his first game in the Coupe de France against Vannes OC on 22 November 2008 (final score: 3–1 to Vannes, after extra time).

After the club was relegated to the CFA, Cygan joined SO Cholet in the CFA2.

He retired in 2011 and in 2012 he was appointed the coach of USSCA Champtocé in the French Regional Football League (DRH).

## Personal life

Thierry is the younger brother of Pascal Cygan.

1. "Fiche de Thierry Cygan (), l'actu le palmares et les stats de Thierry Cygan".
2. "Cherbourg : Thierry Cygan vers Cholet". 29 June 2009. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
3. "Thierry Cygan, nouvel entraîneur de l'USSCA Champtocé !". 4 July 2012. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.

## InfoBox

Thierry Cygan
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1975-04-04) 4 April 1975 | | |
| Place of birth | Lens, France | | |
| Height | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1996–2002 | Wasquehal | 140 | (6) |
| 2002–2008 | Angers | 114 | (4) |
| 2008–2009 | AS Cherbourg | 5 | (0) |
| 2009–2010 | Cholet | 6 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Theodore Reed (zoologist)

abstract: Theodore Harold Reed was an American veterinarian and zoologist.

text:
# Theodore Reed (zoologist)

**Theodore Harold Reed** (July 25, 1922 -July 2, 2013) was an American veterinarian and zoologist.

## Life

He was born at Walter Reed Army Hospital in Washington, D.C.

He graduated from Kansas State College (now Kansas State University) in veterinary medicine and zoology. He served as the veterinarian at the Portland Zoo in Oregon.

He joined the National Zoological Park (United States) in 1955. He was named associate director in 1956, and director in 1958. In 1972, he helped bring the pandas Ling-Ling and Hsing-Hsing to the National Zoo. In 1975, he helped create the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute.

He died in a nursing home in Milford, Delaware.

## InfoBox

| Theodore Harold Reed | |
| --- | --- |
| Theodore Reed holding maned wolf pup, c. 1983 | |
| Born | Theodore Harold Reed
(1922-07-25)July 25, 1922
Washington, D.C., United States |
| Died | July 2, 2013(2013-07-02) (aged 90)
Milford, Delaware, United States |
| Alma mater | Kansas State University |
| Occupation(s) | Veterinarian, Zoologist |
| Years active | 1955-2013 |
| Employer | National Zoological Park (United States) |
| Known for | Bringing pandas Ling-Ling and Hsing-Hsing to the National Zoo, Creating the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute |


title: Stagecoach West

abstract: Stagecoach West is a bus operator providing services in Gloucestershire, Bristol, Swindon, Oxfordshire, Wiltshire, North Somerset and Herefordshire, in the West of England. The company is a subsidiary of the Stagecoach Group.

text:
# Stagecoach West

**Stagecoach West** is a bus operator providing services in Gloucestershire, Bristol, Swindon, Oxfordshire, Wiltshire, North Somerset and Herefordshire, in the West of England. The company is a subsidiary of the Stagecoach Group.

## History

On 11 September 1983, the National Bus Company (NBC) split its loss-making Bristol Omnibus operation into three separate companies, with Gloucestershire-based operations transferred to a new company named the Cheltenham and Gloucester Omnibus Company. The NBC's National Travel (South) coaching operation would be transferred to Cheltenham and Gloucester during 1984, while the Swindon and District bus operation would follow in 1985. In 1986, in preparation for the break-up of the National Bus Company as a result of bus deregulation, all company assets were transferred to a new legal entity named Western Travel.

Western Travel was the fourth NBC subsidiary to be privatised following deregulation, being purchased in a £1 million (equivalent to £3,701,000 in 2023) management buyout in November 1986. The Cheltenham and Gloucester and Swindon and District companies were maintained as subsidiaries, joined in December 1987 by Midland Red South following Western Travel's purchase of the company. Among other acquisitions in and around their operating area, the company would go on to acquire the eastern division of National Welsh Omnibus Services in February 1991, reforming the division as a reconstituted Red & White Services, which was based out of depots in Cwmbran, Chepstow, Brynmawr and Crosskeys, with an additional depot in Merthyr Tydfil opening in May 1993.

After having also purchased the independent Circle Line of Gloucester earlier in the year, Western Travel was purchased by Stagecoach Holdings in November 1993 for £9.25 million (equivalent to £23,800,000 in 2023). Red & White's Welsh operations would be transferred to what is today Stagecoach South Wales, with the remainder of Western Travel eventually rebranded as Stagecoach West.

Having worked in partnership with the company's owners from 2017 onwards, in September 2019, Stagecoach West took over the 53-vehicle South Gloucestershire Bus & Coach business for an undisclosed sum after the SGBC's owners decided to step down. This takeover saw 100 employees transferring to Stagecoach West, with Stagecoach taking on SGBC's existing local bus and private hire work in the Bristol area, as well as their Megabus contract.

In February 2021, it was announced that Stagecoach West would merge with neighbouring Stagecoach Oxfordshire, with the headquarters of the combined operating company located in Gloucester. Stagecoach West would take on Stagecoach Oxfordshire's three depots in Banbury, Oxford and Witney and outstations at Bicester, Chipping Norton and Grove, along with around 500 vehicles and the Oxford Tube coach service between Oxford and London.

## Depots

Stagecoach West has eight depots:

There are also outstations at Bicester, Coleford, Chipping Norton and Grove.

As of October 2022, the Stagecoach West fleet consists of 270 buses and coaches.

## Services

Stagecoach West mainly operates local bus services in Gloucestershire, Bristol, Herefordshire, Wiltshire, Oxfordshire and into South Gloucestershire, although some routes serve more distant destinations including Brackley, Hereford, Monmouth and Bath.

### Stagecoach Gold

Routes branded as Stagecoach Gold have vehicles of a higher specification and provide more frequent, higher profile or interurban journeys. These services are:

Gloucester depot's 10 and 97/98 services were previously among these Gold routes, however in June 2021, 21 new Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC bodied Scania N250UD double-decker buses in the group's replacement "Long Distance" livery were delivered for service on the routes.

### Oxford Tube

The Oxford Tube service is a limited-stop express coach service between Oxford and Victoria Coach Station in London, using a fleet of 34 Plaxton Panorama double-decker coaches on Volvo B11RLE chassis, uniquely equipped with solar panels on the roof, which began to enter service on the route from October 2020. The service was founded in 1987 by Thames Transit in competition with the Oxford Bus Company's X90 service, withdrawn in January 2020 as it had become unprofitable, and was originally operated by Stagecoach Oxfordshire before being included in the merger with Stagecoach West in February 2021.

### Oxford SmartZone

Stagecoach West's operations in the City of Oxford, in partnership with the Oxford Bus Company, are part of Oxford SmartZone joint ticketing scheme, launched on 24 July 2011 as a successor to the Plus+Pass scheme, which had ceased operations three years earlier. This ticketing scheme, introduced by Oxfordshire County Council following the passage of the Local Transport Act 2008, allowed for bus users in Oxford to buy and use one paper ticket until its expiry on services operated by both Stagecoach and the Oxford Bus Company, who worked with the council to introduce coordinated service timetables using a fleet of 46 new double-decker buses.

On 15 January 2024, the Oxford SmartZone was officially relaunched as an enhanced partnership between Stagecoach West and the Oxford Bus Company, with the aim to reduce bus journey times by 10%. Orders for battery electric buses have been funded for both operators, with Stagecoach West taking delivery of the first of 55 'electro'-branded Alexander Dennis Enviro400EVs for use in the Oxford SmartZone area in March 2024.

## InfoBox

Stagecoach West
| Alexander Dennis Enviro400 bodied Scania N230UD in Weston-super-Mare, North Somerset in October 2022 | |
| --- | --- |
| Parent | Stagecoach Group |
| Founded | 11 September 1983 (1983-09-11) |
| Headquarters | Gloucester |
| Service area | Gloucestershire
Bath & North East Somerset
Bristol
Herefordshire
Wiltshire
South Gloucestershire
Oxfordshire
Swindon
North Somerset |
| Service type | Bus and coach |
| Depots | 9 |
| Fleet | 270 (October 2022) |
| Annual ridership | 24.9 million (2018/19) |
| Managing director | Chris Hanson |
| Website | Official website |


title: Theodore Reed

abstract: Theodore Reed was an American film director, producer and former president of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.

text:
# Theodore Reed

**Theodore Reed** (June 18, 1887 – February 22, 1959) was an American film director, producer and former president of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.

## Selected filmography

## InfoBox

| Theodore Reed | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | June 18, 1887
Cincinnati, Ohio, USA |
| Died | February 22, 1959
San Diego, USA |
| Occupation | Film director |
| Years active | 1919–1941 |


title: St Clare John Byrne

abstract: St Clare John Byrne (1831-1915) was a British naval architect, who specialized in the design of luxury yachts during the late Victorian and early Edwardian period.

text:
# St Clare John Byrne

**St Clare John Byrne** (1831-1915) was a British naval architect, who specialized in the design of luxury yachts during the late Victorian and early Edwardian period.

## Family background

His father, Charles Holtzendorf Byrne (1781-1853), was an Irish ship owner who in 1812 married Scottish Susanna Ewing (1789–1868). They had 8 children, 4 of whom were born in Renfrew Scotland and the remainder in Liverpool, including St Clare Byrne.

By the age of 20 Byrne was a merchant’s clerk, living with his parents in Birkenhead, an area associated with shipbuilding.

In 1867 he married Kate Chatteris, they had 3 children: Henry, Arthur and Lionel. Byrne's granddaughter was Muriel St. Clare Byrne (1894-1983), historian and author. She and her mother lived with Byrne after her father died in 1905; she would later say of him that he was a genius.

## Shipbuilding

Byrne's elder brother, shipping merchant Andrew Ewing Byrne (1818-1908), was a keen yachtsman. Byrne followed his interest, but designed and built his own yacht. In 1856 he was elected a member of the Royal Mersey Yacht Club.

By the mid 1850s he was designing larger vessels constructed in iron for the shipyard Brassey, Peto and Betts of Canada Works at Birkenhead. These included the paddle steamer *Elizabeth Jackson* (143 ft), *Edith Byrne* (729 tons) for his brother Andrew, and the yacht *Albatross* (110 tons) for Thomas Brassey, son of a proprietor of the Canada Works.

In 1865 he was Superintendent Shipbuilder in the Humber Iron Works and later a partner in shipbuilding company called Byrne, Humphreys & Co. of Hull; the partnership was dissolved in 1867. In the early 1870s he was designing merchant ships and private yachts often constructed as composite, where the frame was made of iron but planked in wood. He delivered a paper on this subject to the Institute of Naval Architects in 1878.

Byrne designed a steam auxiliary barquentine yacht for Thomas Brassey of composite construction named *Sunbeam*. It was 532 tons, 159 ft in length, built by Bowdler and Chaffer’s in Seacombe and launched in 1874 . *Sunbeam* would become one of the most famous private yachts of the period. Brassey took the yacht on a world cruise with his wife Anna (Allnutt) Brassey (1839-1887) and their children. Anna wrote a book describing their travels and this became a best seller, reprinted many times and translated into many languages. In 1915 Brassey sailed *Sunbeam* to Mudros Bay to act as a hospital ship during the Gallipoli campaign.

In 1877 the first of 3 yachts Byrne designed for Manchester industrialist Samuel Radcliff Platt was launched; they were all named *Norseman*. The 2nd, launched in 1890, was eventually sold to an American buyer and become the *USS Mohican - SP117* during WW1.

The *Lancashire Witch* was designed and built for Sir Thomas George Fermor-Hesketh on the lines of *Sunbeam* and launched in 1877. Like Brassey, Hesketh went on a world tour in the *Lancashire Witch* and on one of the legs set a record for the crossing between the Falkland Islands and South Africa. The *Lancashire Witch* was sold to the Admiralty in 1893 and become *HMS Waterwitch*.

Two American clients, James Gordon Bennett and William Kissam Vanderbilt, had yachts designed by Byrne, but built in America. Vanderbilt's yacht *Alva* was sunk in 1892 and Byrne was commissioned to design a replacement, the *Valiant* at 2148 tons, said to be the largest yacht in the world. This was constructed in Britain by Laird Brothers at Birkenhead.

Byrne continued to design yachts into his senior years: *Portia* designed for Col Herbert A Foster and built by Cammell Laird was launched in 1906 when Byrne was 75. *Portia* was used by the Royal Navy during WWI as armed yacht *Portia II*, becoming involved with the chase and final sinking of German submarine U12.

St Clare John Byrne died on 13 December 1915 aged 86 and was buried at Holy Trinity Church, then Hoylake Parish church. The church has since been demolished but the grave yard remains. Sadly, Byrne's tomb stone is now damaged and overgrown.

### Table

Many of the larger yachts (over 100 tons) designed by St Clare Byrne are listed below. The list does not included his designs for small yachts or merchant vessels. Source data from contemporary Lloyd's Yacht Registers.

| Yacht Name | Tons | Year | Builder | Owner When Launched |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Albatross | 110 | 1859 | Canada Works | Thomas Brassey |
| Nooya | 160 | 1870 | Laird Brothers (378) | John Thomas Molson |
| Sirex | 102 | 1871 | Bowdler & Chaffer, Seacombe | Sir Hickman Bacon |
| Modwena | 225 | 1872 | Bowdler & Chaffer Seacombe | John Gretton |
| Sunbeam | 532 | 1874 | Bowdler & Chaffer Seacombe | Thomas Brassey |
| Norseman | 221 | 1875 | Laird Brothers (428) | Samuel Radcliffe Platt |
| Dobhran | 440 | 1876 | Cunliffe & Dunlop | Thomas Valentine Smith |
| Lancashire Witch | 479 | 1877 | B Steele & Co., Greenock | Sir Thomas George Fermor-Hesketh |
| Amy | 416 | 1877 | Barrow Shipbuilding Company, Barrow | Ninian B Stewart |
| Margaret | 395 | 1877 | Barrow Shipbuilding Company, Barrow | H Jameson |
| Amy | 639 | 1880 | Cunliffe & Dunlop Glasgow | Ninian B Stewart |
| Chonita | 122 | 1880 | Thomas Brassey & Co Birkenhead | Henry Pigeon |
| Cruiser | 470 | 1881 | Barrow Shipbuilding Company, Barrow | Earl of Eglinton |
| Gelert | 122 | 1881 | J Fullerton & Co., Paisley | Albert Wood |
| Namouna | 740 | 1882 | Ward Stanton & Co., Newburg, Hudson USA | James Gordon Bennett, Jr. |
| Cuhona/Empress | 498 | 1882 | Earles Shipbuilding & Engineering Company | Sir Andrew B Walker |
| Gaviota | 159 | 1882 | J Fullerton & Co., Paisley | Don Thomas Heredia |
| Gitana | 471 | 1882 | Ramage & Ferguson, Leith | Henry Jameson |
| Rover | 565 | 1882 | Ramage & Ferguson, Leith | Earl of Eglinton |
| Alva | 1241 | 1886 | Harlan & Hollingsworth Wilmington USA | W K Vanderbilt |
| Miranda | 349 | 1886 | Ramage & Ferguson, Leith | Baron Ashburton |
| St Kilda | 142 | 1887 | J Reid & Co., Glasgow | E J Allcard |
| Jeannette | 147 | 1888 | Cochran & Co., Birkenhead | Frederick Platt |
| Red Eagle | 305 | 1888 | Ramage & Ferguson, Leith | Charles J Fletcher |
| Norseman | 325 | 1890 | Laird Brothers (538) | Samuel Radcliffe Platt |
| Lady Ina | 459 | 1891 | Ramage & Ferguson, Leith | John Anderson |
| Athena | 332 | 1892 | London & Glasgow Engineering and Iron Shipbuilding Company | R Clifford Smith |
| Jeannette | 225 | 1892 | The Naval Construction & Armament Co Barrow | Frederick Platt |
| Valiant | 2184 | 1893 | Laird Brothers (594) | W K Vanderbilt |
| Maria | 812 | 1893 | Napier Shanks & Bell Glasgow | Ninian B Stewart |
| Zoraide | 549 | 1894 | Earle Ship Building Company | Thomas J Waller |
| St Elian | 283 | 1894 | Ramage & Ferguson, Leith | Col Henry Platt |
| Erl-King | 565 | 1894 | Ramage & Ferguson, Leith | Maj Alex H Davis |
| Arcturus | 474 | 1895 | Ramage & Ferguson, Leith | R Stuyesant |
| Lady Sofia | 307 | 1895 | Ramage & Ferguson, Leith | W H Robertson |
| Kethailes | 479 | 1897 | Ramage & Ferguson, Leith | William Johnston |
| Leon Pauilhac | 308 | 1897 | Ramage & Ferguson, Leith | Pauilac, Calvat, Marsan |
| Jeannette | 313 | 1898 | Vickers Sons and Maxim Barrow | Frederick Platt |
| Norseman | 521 | 1898 | D & W Henderson Ltd Glasgow, | Samuel Radcliffe Platt |
| Sabrina | 513 | 1899 | Vickers Sons and Maxim Barrow | Sir William H Wills |
| Portia | 527 | 1906 | Cammell Laird Birkenhead (666) | Col Herbert A Foster |

## Additional Interests

St Clare John Byrne was a keen golfer and a member of the Royal Liverpool Golf Club, Hoylake having joined in 1890. When younger he was a leading marksman in the 2nd Cheshire Rifle Volunteers. He continued to take an interest in sailing, becoming president of the Hoylake Sailing Club in his later years.


title: Stadio Gino Pistoni

abstract: Stadio Gino Pistoni is a multi-use stadium in Ivrea, Italy. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of A.S.D. Calcio Ivrea. The stadium holds 3,500 people.

text:
# Stadio Gino Pistoni

**Stadio Gino Pistoni** is a multi-use stadium in Ivrea, Italy. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of A.S.D. Calcio Ivrea. The stadium holds 3,500 people.

45°27′59″N 7°53′3″E / 45.46639°N 7.88417°E / 45.46639; 7.88417

https://int.soccerway.com/venues/italy/stadio-comunale-gino-pistoni/ (In Italian)

## InfoBox

Stadio Gino Pistoni
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Former names | Stadio Littorio (1934–1945) |
| Location | Ivrea, Italy |
| Owner | Municipality of Ivrea |
| Capacity | 3,500 |
| Surface | Grass<br>105x65m |
| Opened | 1934 |
| Tenants | |
| A.S.D. Calcio Ivrea (Eccellenza) | |


title: Stacy's Pita Chips

abstract: Stacy's Pita Chips is an American brand of snack products based in Randolph, Massachusetts, specializing in various flavors of pita chips. Pita chips are slices of pita bread which are baked until crunchy. They are commonly eaten as a snack and come in a variety of flavors including Simply Naked, Cinnamon Sugar, and Garlic Parmesan among others. Stacy's also makes other crunchy snacks such as Pita Thins, Cheese Petites, and Bagel Chips. Stacy's Pita Chips was founded by Stacy Madison and her now ex-husband Mark Andrus in 1996, originally giving the pita chips away for free at their food cart to keep customers happy while waiting in line. In 2006, Stacy's Pita Chips reached US$65 million in revenue and was sold to PepsiCo where it now operates under the Frito-Lay division.

text:
# Stacy's Pita Chips

**Stacy's Pita Chips** is an American brand of snack products based in Randolph, Massachusetts, specializing in various flavors of pita chips. Pita chips are slices of pita bread which are baked until crunchy. They are commonly eaten as a snack and come in a variety of flavors including Simply Naked (flavored only with sea salt), Cinnamon Sugar, and Garlic Parmesan among others. Stacy's also makes other crunchy snacks such as Pita Thins, Cheese Petites, and Bagel Chips.

Stacy's Pita Chips was founded by Stacy Madison and her now ex-husband Mark Andrus in 1996, originally giving the pita chips away for free at their food cart to keep customers happy while waiting in line. In 2006, Stacy's Pita Chips reached US$65 million in revenue and was sold to PepsiCo where it now operates under the Frito-Lay division.

## History

### Stacy's D'Lites

In 1996, Stacy Madison and Mark Andrus began selling pita bread sandwiches out of their food cart, called Stacy's D'Lites, in Boston, Massachusetts. Due to the popularity of the sandwiches, Stacy and Mark would over-order pita bread from a local bakery. Rather than wasting the extra bread, they sliced the pita into chips, seasoned them with cinnamon sugar or Parmesan, and baked the bread until it became crunchy. The chips were distributed for free while customers waited for their sandwiches to be made.

### Stacy's Pita Chips

As the popularity of the pita chips grew, Stacy and Mark began selling the chips alongside their sandwiches. In the winter, the harsh weather made the food cart inoperable. Stacy and Mark decided to fully transition to selling pita chips, an operation they could continue year-round, and chose the name Stacy's Pita Chips because they believed a woman's name would appeal more to customers.

### Growth

From 1997 to 1999, Stacy and Mark gave out samples of their chips in local grocery stores. They purchased a custom conveyor belt oven in 1999 which allowed for explosive growth and wholesale purchases. The business reached $1 million in sales in 2001 and $65 million in sales in 2005.

### Acquisition

In 2005, Stacy and Mark were approached with multiple acquisition offers from large snack food companies in the United States. They agreed to a $243 million sale to PepsiCo and would operate under their Frito-Lay snack food division. Although Pepsi Co. was not the highest bidder for the business, Stacy and Mark believed Pepsi's operations and culture fit best with Stacy's Pita Chips.

### Complications

While scaling the business, Stacy and Mark married in 1997. Personal differences led to their divorce in 2001, however the divorce was amicable and Stacy and Mark agreed to split the business 50/50.

In 2005, while Stacy and Mark were fielding offers for their business, the pita chip factory suffered a fire that affected 25% of the factory. A wall was built to separate the unaffected areas and the factory was able to maintain the majority of its operations. Within a few weeks, the factory was fully repaired and the deal with Pepsi was able to close.

## Products

Stacy's Pita Chips offers five product lines: Stacy's Pita Chips, Stacy's Pita Thins, Stacy's Cheese Petites, Stacy's Bagel Chips, and Stacy's Organic Pita Chips.

### Stacy's Pita Chips

Stacy's Pita Chips are the original product under the Stacy product line. They are made by slicing pita bread into small pieces and baking them until they become crunchy. As of 2019, flavors include: Simply Naked (sea salt), Parmesan Garlic & Herb, Cinnamon Sugar, Fire Roasted Jalapeño, Multigrain, Toasted Cheddar, and Garden Veggie Medley. As of 2020, the product has changed to facilitate mass manufacturing. The character, flavor, sizes, shapes and textures of the original Stacy’s Pita Chips have been modified.

### Stacy's Pita Thins

Stacy's Pita Thins are thinner versions of the original chips and come in three flavors: Simply Naked, 5 Cheese, and Garlic & Herbs.

### Stacy's Bagel Chips

Stacy's Bagel Chips are made by slicing bagels into small, thin pieces and baking them until they become crunchy. Currently, there are three flavors of Stacy's Bagel Chips: Simply Naked, Everything, and Toasted Garlic.

### Stacy's Cheese Petites

Stacy's Cheese Petites are thin slices of cheese which are flavored and baked until crispy. Flavors include Romano With Garlic and Parmesan With Rosemary.

### Stacy's Organic Pita Chips

Stacy's Organic Pita Chips are Non-GMO Project Certified and are free of artificial colors, flavors, or MSG. They come in Simply Naked flavor and Rosemary Garlic flavor.

## Nutrition facts

Stacy's Pita Chips, Pita Thins, and Organic Pita Chips contain 190 calories per serving (about 10 chips), as well as 5 grams of fat, 9 grams of carbohydrates and 3 grams of protein. Stacy's Cheese Petites have 150 calories, 8 grams of fat, 11 grams of carbohydrates, and 6 grams of protein per serving. Stacy's Bagel Chips contain 130 calories, 4 grams of fat, 19 grams of carbohydrates, and 4 grams of protein per serving.

## Recalls

In February 2019, 228 bags of Stacy's Simply Naked Pita Chips were recalled after a manufacturing error resulted in the addition of an ingredient that caused allergic reactions to people with dairy-related allergies.

## Rise Project

Stacy's Rise Project helps women entrepreneurs find mentors, consultants, advising networks, and financial support. The project hope to empower women to start and grow their food-focused businesses and offers cash prizes to the project's finalists. As of 2019, Stacy's has committed over $300,000 to the project.

## About Stacy Madison

Stacy Madison grew up in Boston before moving to California to obtain a master's degree in Social Work. After spending some time in Washington D.C. working in underprivileged communities, she joined then boyfriend and future business partner Mark Andrus in moving to Hawaii. Stacy and Mark founded Stacy's Pita Chips in 1996 upon returning to Boston and married in 1997, but the couple divorced in 2001. Stacy started a family in 2003 after having twins. Around the time of the Frito-Lay acquisition of Stacy's Pita Chips, Stacy was diagnosed with breast cancer and an auto-immune disease. She has since recovered and went on to launch several other successful food ventures, including Stacy's Juice Bar and Be Bold bars. Stacy served on the board of Evolution Fresh prior to its acquisition by Starbucks while working at private equity firm Fireman Capital Partners. She still maintains her role as a consultant at Fireman Capital Partners as she continues to raise her family and grow her other ventures in Massachusetts.

1. Morell, Katie (May 11, 2012). "The Story Behind Stacy's Pita Chips". *Business Trends and Insights \> Getting Customers \> Marketing & Sales*. American Express Company. Retrieved 9 Dec 2019. Stacy Madison shares her story from sandwich cart to snack empire and offers advice to budding businesspeople. (sub-title)
2. Gore, Elizabeth (March 12, 2019). "The Co-Founder of Stacy's Pita Chips Has an Interesting Story--and You Can Learn a Lot From It". *Inc*. Retrieved 9 Dec 2019.
3. "Stacy's Pita Chips: Stacy Madison". *NPR.org*. Retrieved 2019-10-13.
4. "Stacy Madison | Fireman Capital Partners | Boston Massachusetts". *www.firemancapital.com*. Retrieved 2019-10-13.
5. "The Co-Founder of Stacy's Pita Chips Has an Interesting Story--and You Can Learn a Lot From It". *www.msn.com*. Retrieved 2019-10-13.
6. "Can an Organic Chip Company Survive the Snack Aisle's Street Fight?". *Boston Magazine*. 2012-03-27. Retrieved 2019-10-13.
7. "The CEO and the owner broke up. Now what? - Nov. 20, 2009". *money.cnn.com*. Retrieved 2019-10-13.
8. "Products". *www.stacyssnacks.com*. Retrieved 2019-10-13.
9. "STACY'S® SIMPLY NAKED® Pita Chips | FritoLay". *www.fritolay.com*. Retrieved 2019-10-13.
10. "STACY'S® Sea Salt Pita Thins | FritoLay". *www.fritolay.com*. Retrieved 2019-10-13.
11. "STACY'S® Everything Flavored Bagel Chips | FritoLay". *www.fritolay.com*. Retrieved 2019-10-13.
12. "The Cheese Crackers Spoon University Staff Is Weirdly Obsessed With". *Spoon University*. 2018-09-25. Retrieved 2019-10-13.
13. "STACY'S® Organic Simply Naked Pita Chips | FritoLay". *www.fritolay.com*. Retrieved 2019-10-13.
14. "Stacy's Pita Chips". *www.fooducate.com*. Retrieved 2019-10-13.
15. "Stacy's Cheese Petites". *www.fooducate.com*. Retrieved 2019-10-13.
16. "Stacy's Bagel Chips". *www.fooducate.com*. Retrieved 2019-10-13.
17. "Bags of Stacy's Pita Chips recalled after report of severe allergic reaction". *TODAY.com*. 8 February 2019. Retrieved 2019-10-13.
18. foodnavigator-usa.com (14 May 2019). "Stacy's Rise Project expands funds for female founders to help close the investing gender divide". *foodnavigator-usa.com*. Retrieved 2019-10-13.

## InfoBox

Stacy's Pita Chip Company
| Industry | Food Industry |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1998 (1998) |
| Founder | * Stacy Madison * Mark Andrus |
| Parent | PepsiCo |


title: They Called Us Enemy

abstract: They Called Us Enemy is a 2019 graphic novel that is a collaboration by George Takei, Justin Eisinger, Steven Scott, and Harmony Becker. It is about his experiences during the internment of Japanese Americans in World War II. It is published by Top Shelf Productions. The writing was done by Takei, Eisinger, and Scott, with Becker creating the grey-scale, manga-inspired illustrations. The memoirs focusing on Takei's time as a child take up the bulk of the work, and the "harsh reality" and "minutiae of daily life" occur back and forth. Throughout the book, "Takei describe[s] how these early experiences in the camps shaped his subsequent coming of age both in the theater and in politics." A Spanish-language translation of the book was released in June 2020, as well as an expanded edition in July 2020 including bonus material.

text:
# They Called Us Enemy

***They Called Us Enemy*** is a 2019 graphic novel that is a collaboration by George Takei, Justin Eisinger, Steven Scott, and Harmony Becker. It is about his experiences during the internment of Japanese Americans in World War II. It is published by Top Shelf Productions.

The writing was done by Takei, Eisinger, and Scott, with Becker creating the grey-scale, manga-inspired illustrations.

The memoirs focusing on Takei's time as a child take up the bulk of the work, and the "harsh reality" and "minutiae of daily life" occur back and forth. Throughout the book, "Takei describe\[s\] how these early experiences in the camps shaped his subsequent coming of age both in the theater and in politics."

A Spanish-language translation of the book was released in June 2020, as well as an expanded edition in July 2020 including bonus material.

## Creation and conception

The book's writing began in the beginning part of 2017, and in the same part of 2018 the writing process concluded. In the latter year, the producers of the comic hired the artist.

The writers used *Allegiance* and *To The Stars* as inspiration. The research process involved books, documents, film, and photographic works. Clip Studio Paint was used to create the artwork, and the work intended to have inspiration from American artwork and Japanese artwork.

## Reception

*They Called Us Enemy* is a *New York Times* bestselling book.

The book was generally well-received by critics, including starred reviews from *Booklist*, *Kirkus Reviews*, and *Publishers Weekly*.

*Kirkus Reviews* stated that the work is "A powerful reminder of a history" and that the images "effectively convey the intense emotions and the stark living conditions." *Booklist*'s Sarah Hunter also discussed the images, stating, "Becker’s spare, fine-lined, manga-inspired artwork focuses intently on faces and body language, keeping the story centered in the realm of the personal." Hunter concluded by writing, "This approachable, well-wrought graphic memoir is important reading, particularly in today’s political climate."

*Publishers Weekly* wrote, "Giving a personal view into difficult history, Takei’s work is a testament to hope and tenacity in the face of adversity."

Writing for *The New York Times*, Ed Park praised the "pure" "power of the story" and how the artwork is "clear, empathic." However, according to Park, the shifting to the past and the present day occurs too often, and due to so many people collaborating on the work at the same time, "There are some glitches."

Michael Cavna of the *Washington Post* argued that the work is more similar to *March* than to *Maus*.

*Kirkus Reviews* named *They Called Us Enemy* one of the best books of the year. The book also "claimed the top spot on *PW’s* annual Graphic Novel Critic’s Poll," an annual review "compiled by asking participating critics to list up to 10 trade book releases they consider the best graphic novel and comics works of the year."

Awards for *They Called Us Enemy*
| Year | Award | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2019 | Cybils Award for Young Adult Graphic Novel | Finalist |  |
| 2019 | Goodreads Choice Award for Graphic Novels & Comics | Nominee |  |
| 2019 | Outstanding Books for the College Bound: History and Cultures | Selection |  |
| 2019 | VLA Graphic Novel Diversity Award for Youth | **Winner** |  |
| 2020 | ALSC Notable Children's Books | Selection |  |
| 2020 | American Book Award | **Winner** |  |
| 2020 | Asian/Pacific American Award for Literature for Young Adult Literature | **Winner** |  |
| 2020 | Booklist Editors' Choice: Adult Books for Young Adults | Selection |  |
| 2020 | Great Graphic Novels for Teens | Top 10 |  |
| 2020 | Eisner Award for Best Reality-Based Work | **Winner** |  |
| 2021 | Quick Picks for Reluctant Young Adult Readers | Selection |  |
| 2022 | Rebecca Caudill Young Readers' Book Award | Nominee |  |

## InfoBox

They Called Us Enemy
| First edition cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | George Takei, Justin Eisinger, and Steven Scott |
| Illustrator | Harmony Becker |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Internment of Japanese Americans during World War II |
| Genre | Memoir, Graphic novel |
| Publisher | Top Shelf Productions |
| Publication date | July 16, 2019 |
| ISBN | 9781603094504 |