abstract: United States gubernatorial elections were held in 1887, in six states. Kentucky and Maryland held their gubernatorial elections in odd numbered years, every 4 years, preceding the United States presidential election year. Massachusetts and Rhode Island both elected their respective governors to a single-year term. They would abandon this practice in 1920 and 1912, respectively. Iowa and Ohio at this time held gubernatorial elections in every odd numbered year.

text:
# 1887 United States gubernatorial elections

**United States gubernatorial elections** were held in 1887, in six states.

Kentucky and Maryland held their gubernatorial elections in odd numbered years, every 4 years, preceding the United States presidential election year. Massachusetts and Rhode Island both elected their respective governors to a single-year term. They would abandon this practice in 1920 and 1912, respectively. Iowa and Ohio at this time held gubernatorial elections in every odd numbered year.

## Results

| State | Incumbent | Party | Status | Opposing candidates |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Iowa** | **William Larrabee** | Republican | Re-elected, 50.17% | T. J. Anderson (Democratic) 45.47%
M. J. Cain (Union Labor) 4.23%
V. G. Farnham (Prohibition) 0.10%
J. M. Anderson 0.01%
Scattering 0.01%
 |
| **Kentucky**
(held, 1 August 1887) | J. Proctor Knott | Democratic | Term-limited, Democratic victory | **Simon Bolivar Buckner** (Democratic) 50.70%
William O'Connell Bradley (Republican) 44.78%
Fontaine T. Fox (Prohibition) 2.97%
A. H. Cardin (Union Labor) 1.57%
 |
| **Maryland** | Henry Lloyd | Democratic | Retired, Democratic victory | **Elihu Emory Jackson** (Democratic) 51.12%
Walter B. Brooks (Republican) 45.57%
Summerfield Baldwin (Prohibition) 2.32%
 |
| **Massachusetts** | **Oliver Ames** | Republican | Re-elected, 51.12% | Henry B. Lovering (Democratic) 44.50%
William H. Earle (Prohibition) 4.11%
Charles E. Marks (Union Labor) 0.22%
Scattering 0.04%
 |
| **Ohio** | **Joseph B. Foraker** | Republican | Re-elected, 47.91% | Thomas E. Powell (Democratic) 44.78%
Morris Sharp (Prohibition) 3.99%
John Seitz (Union Labor) 3.32%
 |
| **Rhode Island**
(held, 6 April 1887) | George Peabody Wetmore | Republican | Defeated, 43.01% | **John W. Davis** (Democratic) 51.50%
Thomas H. Peabody (Prohibition) 5.39%
Scattering 0.10%
 |

1. Robert Waterman (R) succeeded California Governor Washington Bartlett (D) who died in office in September 1887.

## Bibliography

* Glashan, Roy R. (1979). *American Governors and Gubernatorial Elections, 1775-1978*. Meckler Books. ISBN 0-930466-17-9.
* *Gubernatorial Elections, 1787-1997*. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Inc. 1998. ISBN 1-56802-396-0.
* Dubin, Michael J. (2014). *United States Gubernatorial Elections, 1861-1911: The Official Results by State and County*. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-4722-0.
* *The Tribune Almanac for 1888*. New York, NY: The Tribune Association. 1888.

## InfoBox

1887 United States gubernatorial elections
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  6 state governorships | |
| Majority party Minority party   Party Democratic Republican  Last election 22 governorships 16 governorships  Seats before 21 17  Seats after 22 16  Seat change 1 1 | |
| ---  Democratic gain      Democratic hold
Republican hold | |


title: Peter Philipp

abstract: Peter Philipp was a German writer and comedian.

text:
# Peter Philipp

**Peter Philipp** (16 July 1971 – 6 February 2014) was a German writer and comedian.

## Life and work

Peter Philipp was born in 1971 in Düsseldorf in Northrhine-Westphalia. There he studied from 1992 to 2000 German literature and philosophy at the Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf. He published several books and founded the cabaret vocal ensemble *Waschkraft*, as its chief songwriter, bassist, singer and master of ceremonies, he served since 2000.

In 1998, the book *Logisch-philosophische Untersuchungen* was published by Walter de Gruyter. In 2000 Philipp published his first poetry book (Grupello publisher in Düsseldorf). In 2003, the book of poems *Die Flötentöne* was published. In 2004 he received the Förderpreis für Literatur der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf in Northrhine-Westphalia.

Philip lived as a freelance writer in Düsseldorf and wrote poetry and prose. He died on 6 February 2014 at the age of 42 in his home town of Düsseldorf.

## Awards

## Publications

### Books

* “Fatimas Träume: Deutsche-Welle-Literaturwettbewerb für die arabischsprachige Welt”, Berlin 1994 (als Herausgeber zusammen mit George Khoury)
* “Logisch-philosophische Untersuchungen”, Berlin 1998
* “Kleine Automatenhunde”, Gedichte, Grupello-Verlag, Düsseldorf, 2000
* “Die Flötentöne - Ein Lehrgang in 12 Schritten”, Gedichte, Grupello-Verlag, Düsseldorf, 2003

### Contributions in Anthologies

* “John Linthicum zugewandt” Grupello-Verlag, Düsseldorf, 2003
* “Nix verraten dich, Grupello!”, Eine Festschrift, Grupello-Verlag, Düsseldorf, 2005
* “M8worte”, mit Autorengruppe M8worte, 2005
* “Feinschmecker und Zeitschmecker”, mit Autorengruppe M8worte, 2006

## Discography

* 2003: „Waschblatt“, CD
* 2008: „Cocktail Scheisse Katze“, CD
* 2009: „Feine Stücke“, CD

## InfoBox

| Peter Philipp | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1971-07-16)16 July 1971
Düsseldorf, Northrhine-Westphalia, Germany |
| Died | 6 February 2014(2014-02-06) (aged 42)
Düsseldorf, Northrhine-Westphalia, Germany |
| Occupation(s) | writer, poet and comedian |
| Years active | 1998-2013 |
| Website | Website by Peter Philipp (in German) |


title: Urolepis hecatantha

abstract: Urolepis is a genus of South American plants in the tribe Eupatorieae within the family Asteraceae.

text:
# Urolepis hecatantha

***Urolepis*** is a genus of South American plants in the tribe Eupatorieae within the family Asteraceae.

## Species

The only known species is ***Urolepis hecatantha***, native to Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia, northern Argentina (Provinces of Salta, Jujuy, Chaco, Entre Ríos, Misiones, Corrientes, Buenos Aires, Tucumán), and southern Brazil (States of Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo).

## InfoBox

| *Urolepis hecatantha* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Subfamily: | Asteroideae |
| Tribe: | Eupatorieae |
| Genus: | *Urolepis*
(DC.) R.M.King & H.Rob. |
| Species: | ***U. hecatantha*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Urolepis hecatantha***
(DC.) R.M.King & H.Rob. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Eupatorium* sect. *Urolepis* (DC.) Benth. * *Hebeclinium* sect. *Urolepis* DC. * *Hebeclinium hecatanthum* DC. (type species) * *Hebeclinium urolepis* DC. * *Eupatorium urolepis* Daveau * *Eupatorium populifolium* Hook. & Arn. * *Eupatorium appendiculatum* Less. ex Baker | |


title: List of peers 1660–1669

text:
# List of peers 1660–1669

This page lists all peers who held extant titles between 1660 and 1669.

## Peerage of England

| Title | Holder | Date gained | Date lost | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Duke of Cornwall (1337) | none | 1649 | 1688 |  |
| Duke of Norfolk (1483) | Thomas Howard, 5th Duke of Norfolk | 1660 | 1677 | The 23rd Earl of Arundel was restored to the Dukedom |
| Duke of Somerset (1547) | William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset | 1660 | 1660 | Restored; also 1st Marquess of Hertford (1641); died |
| | William Seymour, 3rd Duke of Somerset | 1660 | 1671 |  |
| Duke of Buckingham (1623) | George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham | 1628 | 1687 |  |
| Duke of Richmond (1641) | Esmé Stewart, 2nd Duke of Richmond | 1655 | 1660 | Died |
| | Charles Stewart, 3rd Duke of Richmond | 1660 | 1672 |  |
| Duke of Cumberland (1644) | Prince Rupert of the Rhine | 1644 | 1682 |  |
| Duke of York (1644) | James Stuart | 1644 | 1685 |  |
| Duke of Gloucester (1659) | Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester | 1659 | 1660 | Died, title extinct |
| Duke of Albemarle (1660) | George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle | 1660 | 1670 | New creation |
| Duke of Monmouth (1663) | James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth | 1663 | 1685 | New creation |
| Duke of Cambridge (1664) | James Stuart, Duke of Cambridge | 1664 | 1667 | New creation; died, title extinct |
| Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne (1665) | William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne | 1665 | 1676 | New creation for the 1st Marquess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne |
| Duke of Kendal (1666) | Charles Stuart, Duke of Kendal | 1666 | 1667 | New creation; died, title extinct |
| Duke of Cambridge (1667) | Edgar Stuart, Duke of Cambridge | 1667 | 1671 | New creation |
| Marquess of Winchester (1551) | John Paulet, 5th Marquess of Winchester | 1628 | 1675 |  |
| Marquess of Worcester (1642) | Edward Somerset, 2nd Marquess of Worcester | 1646 | 1667 | Died |
| | Henry Somerset, 3rd Marquess of Worcester | 1667 | 1700 |  |
| Marquess of Dorchester (1645) | Henry Pierrepont, 1st Marquess of Dorchester | 1645 | 1680 |  |
| Earl of Oxford (1142) | Aubrey de Vere, 20th Earl of Oxford | 1632 | 1703 |  |
| Earl of Shrewsbury (1442) | Francis Talbot, 11th Earl of Shrewsbury | 1654 | 1668 | Died |
| | Charles Talbot, 12th Earl of Shrewsbury | 1668 | 1718 |  |
| Earl of Kent (1465) | Anthony Grey, 11th Earl of Kent | 1651 | 1702 |  |
| Earl of Derby (1485) | Charles Stanley, 8th Earl of Derby | 1651 | 1672 |  |
| Earl of Rutland (1525) | John Manners, 8th Earl of Rutland | 1641 | 1679 |  |
| Earl of Huntingdon (1529) | Theophilus Hastings, 7th Earl of Huntingdon | 1656 | 1701 |  |
| Earl of Southampton (1547) | Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton | 1624 | 1667 | Died, title extinct |
| Earl of Bedford (1550) | William Russell, 5th Earl of Bedford | 1641 | 1700 |  |
| Earl of Pembroke (1551) | Philip Herbert, 5th Earl of Pembroke | 1649 | 1669 | Died |
| | William Herbert, 6th Earl of Pembroke | 1669 | 1674 |  |
| Earl of Devon (1553) | William Courtenay, de jure 5th Earl of Devon | 1638 | 1702 |  |
| Earl of Northumberland (1557) | Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland | 1632 | 1668 | Died |
| | Josceline Percy, 11th Earl of Northumberland | 1668 | 1670 |  |
| Earl of Lincoln (1572) | Theophilus Clinton, 4th Earl of Lincoln | 1619 | 1667 | Died |
| | Edward Clinton, 5th Earl of Lincoln | 1667 | 1692 |  |
| Earl of Nottingham (1596) | Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Nottingham | 1642 | 1681 |  |
| Earl of Suffolk (1603) | James Howard, 3rd Earl of Suffolk | 1640 | 1689 |  |
| Earl of Dorset (1604) | Richard Sackville, 5th Earl of Dorset | 1657 | 1677 |  |
| Earl of Exeter (1605) | David Cecil, 3rd Earl of Exeter | 1643 | 1678 |  |
| Earl of Salisbury (1605) | William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury | 1612 | 1668 | Died |
| | James Cecil, 3rd Earl of Salisbury | 1668 | 1683 |  |
| Earl of Bridgewater (1617) | John Egerton, 2nd Earl of Bridgewater | 1649 | 1686 |  |
| Earl of Northampton (1618) | James Compton, 3rd Earl of Northampton | 1643 | 1681 |  |
| Earl of Leicester (1618) | Robert Sidney, 2nd Earl of Leicester | 1626 | 1677 |  |
| Earl of Warwick (1618) | Charles Rich, 4th Earl of Warwick | 1659 | 1673 |  |
| Earl of Devonshire (1618) | William Cavendish, 3rd Earl of Devonshire | 1628 | 1684 |  |
| Earl of Carlisle (1622) | James Hay, 2nd Earl of Carlisle | 1636 | 1660 | Died, title extinct |
| Earl of Denbigh (1622) | Basil Feilding, 2nd Earl of Denbigh | 1643 | 1675 |  |
| Earl of Bristol (1622) | George Digby, 2nd Earl of Bristol | 1653 | 1677 |  |
| Earl of Middlesex (1622) | Lionel Cranfield, 3rd Earl of Middlesex | 1651 | 1674 |  |
| Earl of Anglesey (1623) | Charles Villiers, 2nd Earl of Anglesey | 1630 | 1661 | Died, title extinct |
| Earl of Holland (1624) | Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Holland | 1649 | 1675 |  |
| Earl of Clare (1624) | John Holles, 2nd Earl of Clare | 1637 | 1666 | Died |
| | Gilbert Holles, 3rd Earl of Clare | 1666 | 1689 |  |
| Earl of Bolingbroke (1624) | Oliver St John, 2nd Earl of Bolingbroke | 1646 | 1688 |  |
| Earl of Westmorland (1624) | Mildmay Fane, 2nd Earl of Westmorland | 1629 | 1666 | Died |
| | Charles Fane, 3rd Earl of Westmorland | 1666 | 1691 |  |
| Earl of Cleveland (1626) | Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Cleveland | 1626 | 1667 | Died, title extinct |
| Earl of Manchester (1626) | Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester | 1642 | 1671 |  |
| Earl of Marlborough (1626) | James Ley, 3rd Earl of Marlborough | 1638 | 1665 | Died |
| | William Ley, 4th Earl of Marlborough | 1665 | 1679 |  |
| Earl of Mulgrave (1626) | John Sheffield, 3rd Earl of Mulgrave | 1658 | 1721 |  |
| Earl of Berkshire (1626) | Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Berkshire | 1626 | 1669 | Died |
| | Charles Howard, 2nd Earl of Berkshire | 1669 | 1679 |  |
| Earl of Monmouth (1626) | Henry Carey, 2nd Earl of Monmouth | 1639 | 1661 | Died, title extinct |
| Earl Rivers (1626) | Thomas Savage, 3rd Earl Rivers | 1654 | 1694 |  |
| Earl of Lindsey (1626) | Montagu Bertie, 2nd Earl of Lindsey | 1642 | 1666 | Died |
| | Robert Bertie, 3rd Earl of Lindsey | 1666 | 1701 |  |
| Earl of Dover (1628) | Henry Carey, 1st Earl of Dover | 1628 | 1666 | Died |
| | John Carey, 2nd Earl of Dover | 1666 | 1677 |  |
| Earl of Peterborough (1628) | Henry Mordaunt, 2nd Earl of Peterborough | 1643 | 1697 |  |
| Earl of Stamford (1628) | Henry Grey, 1st Earl of Stamford | 1628 | 1673 |  |
| Earl of Winchilsea (1628) | Heneage Finch, 3rd Earl of Winchilsea | 1639 | 1689 |  |
| Earl of Carnarvon (1628) | Charles Dormer, 2nd Earl of Carnarvon | 1643 | 1709 |  |
| Earl of Newport (1628) | Mountjoy Blount, 1st Earl of Newport | 1628 | 1666 | Died |
| | Mountjoy Blount, 2nd Earl of Newport | 1666 | 1675 |  |
| Earl of Chesterfield (1628) | Philip Stanhope, 2nd Earl of Chesterfield | 1656 | 1714 |  |
| Earl of Thanet (1628) | John Tufton, 2nd Earl of Thanet | 1632 | 1664 | Died |
| | Nicholas Tufton, 3rd Earl of Thanet | 1664 | 1679 |  |
| Earl of Portland (1633) | Jerome Weston, 2nd Earl of Portland | 1635 | 1663 | Died |
| | Charles Weston, 3rd Earl of Portland | 1663 | 1665 | Died |
| | Thomas Weston, 4th Earl of Portland | 1665 | 1668 |  |
| Earl of Strafford (1640) | William Wentworth, 2nd Earl of Strafford | 1662 | 1695 | Restored |
| Earl of Strafford (1641) | William Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford | 1641 | 1695 | Restored to Earldom of Strafford (1640), see above |
| Earl of Sunderland (1643) | Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland | 1643 | 1702 |  |
| Earl of Sussex (1644) | James Savile, 2nd Earl of Sussex | 1659 | 1671 |  |
| Earl of Norwich (1644) | George Goring, 1st Earl of Norwich | 1644 | 1663 | Died |
| | Charles Goring, 2nd Earl of Norwich | 1663 | 1671 |  |
| Earl of Scarsdale (1645) | Nicholas Leke, 2nd Earl of Scarsdale | 1655 | 1681 |  |
| Earl of Lichfield (1645) | Charles Stewart, 1st Earl of Lichfield | 1645 | 1672 | Succeeded as Duke of Richmond, see above |
| Earl of Rochester (1652) | John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester | 1658 | 1680 |  |
| Earl of St Albans (1660) | Henry Jermyn, 1st Earl of St Albans | 1660 | 1684 | New creation |
| Earl of Chesterfield (1660) | Katherine Stanhope, Countess of Chesterfield | 1660 | 1667 | New creation, for life only; died, title extinct |
| Earl of Sandwich (1660) | Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich | 1660 | 1672 | New creation |
| Earl of Guilford (1660) | Elizabeth Boyle, Countess of Guilford | 1660 | 1667 | New creation, for life only; died, title extinct |
| Earl of Brecknock (1660) | James Butler, 1st Earl of Brecknock | 1660 | 1688 | New creation; Duke of Ormonde in the Peerage of Ireland |
| Earl of Anglesey (1661) | Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey | 1661 | 1686 | New creation |
| Earl of Bath (1661) | John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath | 1661 | 1701 | New creation |
| Earl of Cardigan (1661) | Thomas Brudenell, 1st Earl of Cardigan | 1661 | 1663 | New creation; died |
| | Robert Brudenell, 2nd Earl of Cardigan | 1663 | 1703 |  |
| Earl of Clarendon (1661) | Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon | 1661 | 1674 | New creation; cr. Baron Hyde in 1660 |
| Earl of Essex (1661) | Arthur Capell, 1st Earl of Essex | 1661 | 1683 | New creation |
| Earl of Carlisle (1661) | Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Carlisle | 1661 | 1685 | New creation |
| Earl of Craven (1664) | William Craven, 1st Earl of Craven | 1664 | 1697 | New creation |
| Earl of Falmouth (1664) | Charles Berkeley, 1st Earl of Falmouth | 1664 | 1665 | New creation; died, title extinct |
| Earl of Ailesbury (1664) | Robert Bruce, 1st Earl of Ailesbury | 1664 | 1685 | New creation; Earl of Elgin in the Peerage of Scotland |
| Earl of Burlington (1664) | Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Burlington | 1664 | 1698 | New creation; Earl of Cork in the Peerage of Ireland |
| Viscount Hereford (1550) | Leicester Devereux, 6th Viscount Hereford | 1658 | 1676 |  |
| Viscount Montagu (1554) | Francis Browne, 3rd Viscount Montagu | 1629 | 1682 |  |
| Viscount Saye and Sele (1624) | William Fiennes, 1st Viscount Saye and Sele | 1624 | 1662 | Died |
| | James Fiennes, 2nd Viscount Saye and Sele | 1662 | 1674 |  |
| Viscount Conway (1627) | Edward Conway, 3rd Viscount Conway | 1655 | 1683 |  |
| Viscount Campden (1628) | Baptist Noel, 3rd Viscount Campden | 1643 | 1682 |  |
| Viscount Stafford (1640) | William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford | 1640 | 1680 |  |
| Viscount Fauconberg (1643) | Thomas Belasyse, 2nd Viscount Fauconberg | 1652 | 1700 |  |
| Viscount Mordaunt (1659) | John Mordaunt, 1st Viscount Mordaunt | 1659 | 1675 |  |
| Viscount Halifax (1668) | George Savile, 1st Viscount Halifax | 1668 | 1695 | New creation |
| Baron FitzWalter (1295) | Benjamin Mildmay, 17th Baron FitzWalter | 1667 | 1679 | Barony was dormant since 1629 |
| Baron de Clifford (1299) | Anne Clifford, 14th Baroness de Clifford | 1605 | 1676 |  |
| Baron Morley (1299) | Thomas Parker, 15th Baron Morley | 1655 | 1697 |  |
| Baron Dacre (1321) | Francis Lennard, 14th Baron Dacre | 1630 | 1662 | Died |
| | Thomas Lennard, 15th Baron Dacre | 1662 | 1715 |  |
| Baron Grey of Ruthyn (1325) | Susan Longueville, 13th Baroness Grey de Ruthyn | 1643 | 1676 |  |
| Baron Darcy de Knayth (1332) | Conyers Darcy, 8th Baron Darcy de Knayth | 1653 | 1689 |  |
| Baron Berkeley (1421) | George Berkeley, 9th Baron Berkeley | 1658 | 1698 |  |
| Baron Dudley (1440) | Frances Ward, 6th Baroness Dudley | 1643 | 1697 |  |
| Baron Stourton (1448) | William Stourton, 11th Baron Stourton | 1633 | 1672 |  |
| Baron Willoughby de Broke (1491) | Greville Verney, 9th Baron Willoughby de Broke | 1648 | 1668 | Died |
| | William Verney, 10th Baron Willoughby de Broke | 1668 | 1683 |  |
| Baron Monteagle (1514) | Thomas Parker, 6th Baron Monteagle | 1655 | 1697 |  |
| Baron Vaux of Harrowden (1523) | Edward Vaux, 4th Baron Vaux of Harrowden | 1595 | 1661 | Died |
| | Henry Vaux, 5th Baron Vaux of Harrowden | 1661 | 1663 | Died, Barony fell into abeyance until 1838 |
| Baron Sandys of the Vine (1529) | William Sandys, 6th Baron Sandys | 1645 | 1668 | Died |
| | Henry Sandys, 7th Baron Sandys | 1668 | 1680 |  |
| Baron Windsor (1529) | Thomas Hickman-Windsor, 7th Baron Windsor | 1660 | 1687 | Abeyance terminated |
| Baron Wentworth (1529) | Henrietta Wentworth, 6th Baroness Wentworth | 1667 | 1686 | Barony previously held by the Earl of Cleveland |
| Baron Eure (1544) | George Eure, 6th Baron Eure | 1652 | 1672 |  |
| Baron Wharton (1545) | Philip Wharton, 4th Baron Wharton | 1625 | 1695 |  |
| Baron Willoughby of Parham (1547) | Francis Willoughby, 5th Baron Willoughby of Parham | 1618 | 1666 | Died |
| | William Willoughby, 6th Baron Willoughby of Parham | 1666 | 1673 |  |
| Baron Paget (1552) | William Paget, 5th Baron Paget | 1629 | 1678 |  |
| Baron North (1554) | Dudley North, 3rd Baron North | 1600 | 1666 | Died |
| | Dudley North, 4th Baron North | 1666 | 1677 |  |
| Baron Chandos (1554) | William Brydges, 7th Baron Chandos | 1655 | 1676 |  |
| Baron De La Warr (1570) | Charles West, 5th Baron De La Warr | 1628 | 1687 |  |
| Baron Norreys (1572) | James Bertie, 5th Baron Norreys | 1657 | 1699 |  |
| Baron Gerard (1603) | Charles Gerard, 4th Baron Gerard | 1640 | 1667 | Died |
| | Digby Gerard, 5th Baron Gerard | 1667 | 1684 |  |
| Baron Petre (1603) | William Petre, 4th Baron Petre | 1638 | 1684 |  |
| Baron Arundell of Wardour (1605) | Henry Arundell, 3rd Baron Arundell of Wardour | 1643 | 1694 |  |
| Baron Stanhope of Harrington (1605) | Charles Stanhope, 2nd Baron Stanhope | 1621 | 1675 |  |
| Baron Clifton (1608) | Mary Butler, 5th Baroness Clifton | 1660 | 1668 | Title previously held by the Dukes of Lennox; died, title succeeded by the Duke of Lennox |
| Baron Teynham (1616) | John Roper, 3rd Baron Teynham | 1628 | 1673 |  |
| Baron Brooke (1621) | Robert Greville, 4th Baron Brooke | 1658 | 1677 |  |
| Baron Montagu of Boughton (1621) | Edward Montagu, 2nd Baron Montagu of Boughton | 1644 | 1684 |  |
| Baron Grey of Warke (1624) | William Grey, 1st Baron Grey of Werke | 1624 | 1674 |  |
| Baron Robartes (1625) | John Robartes, 2nd Baron Robartes | 1625 | 1685 |  |
| Baron Craven (1627) | Willian Craven, 1st Baron Craven | 1627 | 1697 | Created Earl of Craven, see above |
| Baron Lovelace (1627) | John Lovelace, 2nd Baron Lovelace | 1634 | 1670 |  |
| Baron Poulett (1627) | John Poulett, 2nd Baron Poulett | 1649 | 1665 | Died |
| | John Poulett, 3rd Baron Poulett | 1665 | 1679 |  |
| Baron Clifford (1628) | Elizabeth Boyle, Baroness Clifford | 1643 | 1691 |  |
| Baron Brudenell (1628) | Thomas Brudenell, 1st Baron Brudenell | 1628 | 1663 | Created Earl of Cardigan, see above |
| Baron Maynard (1628) | William Maynard, 2nd Baron Maynard | 1640 | 1699 |  |
| Baron Coventry (1628) | Thomas Coventry, 2nd Baron Coventry | 1640 | 1661 | Died |
| | George Coventry, 3rd Baron Coventry | 1661 | 1680 |  |
| Baron Mohun of Okehampton (1628) | Warwick Mohun, 2nd Baron Mohun of Okehampton | 1640 | 1665 | Died |
| | Charles Mohun, 3rd Baron Mohun of Okehampton | 1665 | 1677 |  |
| Baron Powis (1629) | Percy Herbert, 2nd Baron Powis | 1655 | 1667 | Died |
| | William Herbert, 3rd Baron Powis | 1667 | 1696 |  |
| Baron Herbert of Chirbury (1629) | Edward Herbert, 3rd Baron Herbert of Chirbury | 1655 | 1678 |  |
| Baron Finch (1640) | John Finch, 1st Baron Finch | 1640 | 1660 | Died, title extinct |
| Baron (A)bergavenny (1641) | John Nevill, 1st Baron Bergavenny | 1641 | 1662 | Died, title extinct |
| Baron Seymour of Trowbridge (1641) | Francis Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Trowbridge | 1641 | 1664 |  |
| | Charles Seymour, 2nd Baron Seymour of Trowbridge | 1664 | 1665 | Died |
| | Francis Seymour, 3rd Baron Seymour of Trowbridge | 1665 | 1678 |  |
| Baron Capell of Hadham (1641) | Arthur Capell, 2nd Baron Capell of Hadham | 1649 | 1683 | Created Earl of Essex, see above |
| Baron Hatton (1642) | Christopher Hatton, 1st Baron Hatton | 1642 | 1670 |  |
| Baron Newport (1642) | Francis Newport, 2nd Baron Newport | 1651 | 1708 |  |
| Baron Leigh (1643) | Thomas Leigh, 1st Baron Leigh | 1643 | 1672 |  |
| Baron Jermyn (1643) | Henry Jermyn, 1st Baron Jermyn | 1643 | 1684 | Created Earl of St Albans, see above |
| Baron Byron (1643) | Richard Byron, 2nd Baron Byron | 1652 | 1679 |  |
| Baron Loughborough (1643) | Henry Hastings, 1st Baron Loughborough | 1643 | 1667 | Died, title extinct |
| Baron Widdrington (1643) | William Widdrington, 2nd Baron Widdrington | 1651 | 1675 |  |
| Baron Ward (1644) | Humble Ward, 1st Baron Ward | 1644 | 1670 |  |
| Baron Colepeper (1644) | John Colepeper, 1st Baron Colepeper | 1644 | 1660 | Died |
| | Thomas Colepeper, 2nd Baron Colepeper | 1660 | 1689 |  |
| Baron Astley of Reading (1644) | Isaac Astley, 2nd Baron Astley of Reading | 1652 | 1662 | Died |
| | Jacob Astley, 3rd Baron Astley of Reading | 1662 | 1688 |  |
| Baron Cobham (1645) | John Brooke, 1st Baron Cobham | 1645 | 1660 | Died, title extinct |
| Baron Lucas of Shenfield (1645) | John Lucas, 1st Baron Lucas of Shenfield | 1645 | 1671 |  |
| Baron Belasyse (1645) | John Belasyse, 1st Baron Belasyse | 1645 | 1689 |  |
| Baron Rockingham (1645) | Edward Watson, 2nd Baron Rockingham | 1653 | 1689 |  |
| Baron Gerard of Brandon (1645) | Charles Gerard, 1st Baron Gerard of Brandon | 1645 | 1694 |  |
| Baron Lexinton (1645) | Robert Sutton, 1st Baron Lexinton | 1645 | 1668 | Died |
| | Robert Sutton, 2nd Baron Lexinton | 1668 | 1723 |  |
| Baron Wotton (1650) | Charles Kirkhoven, 1st Baron Wotton | 1650 | 1683 |  |
| Baron Langdale (1658) | Marmaduke Langdale, 1st Baron Langdale | 1658 | 1661 |  |
| | Marmaduke Langdale, 2nd Baron Langdale | 1661 | 1703 |  |
| Baron Crofts (1658) | William Crofts, 1st Baron Crofts | 1658 | 1677 |  |
| Baron Berkeley of Stratton (1658) | John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton | 1658 | 1678 |  |
| Baron Ashley (1661) | Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Baron Ashley | 1661 | 1683 | New creation |
| Baron Cornwallis (1661) | Frederick Cornwallis, 1st Baron Cornwallis | 1661 | 1662 | New creation; died |
| | Charles Cornwallis, 2nd Baron Cornwallis | 1662 | 1673 |  |
| Baron Crew (1661) | John Crew, 1st Baron Crew | 1661 | 1679 | New creation |
| Baron Delamer (1661) | George Booth, 1st Baron Delamer | 1661 | 1684 | New creation |
| Baron Holles (1661) | Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles | 1661 | 1680 | New creation |
| Baron Townshend (1661) | Horatio Townshend, 1st Baron Townshend | 1661 | 1687 | New creation |
| Baron (A)bergavenny (1662) | George Nevill, 11th Baron Bergavenny | Aft. 1662 | 1666 | New creation; died |
| | George Nevill, 12th Baron Bergavenny | 1666 | 1695 |  |
| Baron Lucas of Crudwell (1663) | Mary Grey, 1st Baroness Lucas | 1663 | 1702 | New creation |
| Baron Arundell of Trerice (1664) | Richard Arundell, 1st Baron Arundell of Trerice | 1664 | 1687 | New creation |
| Baron Arlington (1664) | Henry Bennet, 1st Baron Arlington | 1664 | 1685 | New creation |
| Baron Frescheville (1665) | John Frescheville, 1st Baron Frescheville | 1665 | 1682 | New creation |
| Baron Howard of Castle Rising (1669) | Henry Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Castle Rising | 1669 | 1684 | New creation |

## Peerage of Scotland

| Title | Holder | Date gained | Date lost | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Duke of Rothesay (1398) | none | 1649 | 1688 |  |
| Duke of Lennox (1581) | Esmé Stewart, 5th Duke of Lennox | 1655 | 1660 | Died |
| | Charles Stewart, 6th Duke of Lennox | 1660 | 1672 |  |
| Duke of Hamilton (1643) | Anne Hamilton, 3rd Duchess of Hamilton | 1651 | 1698 |  |
| Duke of Albany (1660) | Prince James, Duke of Albany | 1660 | 1685 | New creation |
| Duke of Buccleuch (1663) | Anne Scott, 1st Duchess of Buccleuch | 1663 | 1732 | New creation |
| Marquess of Huntly (1599) | George Gordon, 4th Marquess of Huntly | 1653 | 1716 |  |
| Marquess of Douglas (1633) | William Douglas, 1st Marquess of Douglas | 1633 | 1660 | Died |
| | James Douglas, 2nd Marquess of Douglas | 1660 | 1700 |  |
| Marquess of Argyll (1641) | Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll | 1641 | 1661 | Attainted and all his honours forfeit |
| Marquess of Montrose (1644) | James Graham, 2nd Marquess of Montrose | 1650 | 1669 | Died |
| | James Graham, 3rd Marquess of Montrose | 1669 | 1684 |  |
| Earl of Argyll (1457) | Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll | 1663 | 1685 | Restored to the Earldom |
| Earl of Crawford (1398) | John Lindsay, 17th Earl of Crawford | 1652 | 1678 |  |
| Earl of Erroll (1452) | Gilbert Hay, 11th Earl of Erroll | 1636 | 1674 |  |
| Earl Marischal (1458) | William Keith, 7th Earl Marischal | 1635 | 1671 |  |
| Earl of Sutherland (1235) | John Gordon, 14th Earl of Sutherland | 1615 | 1679 |  |
| Earl of Mar (1114) | John Erskine, Earl of Mar | 1654 | 1668 | Died |
| | Charles Erskine, Earl of Mar | 1668 | 1689 |  |
| Earl of Rothes (1458) | John Leslie, 7th Earl of Rothes | 1641 | 1681 |  |
| Earl of Morton (1458) | William Douglas, 9th Earl of Morton | 1649 | 1681 |  |
| Earl of Menteith (1427) | William Graham, 7th Earl of Menteith | 1598 | 1661 | Died |
| | William Graham, 8th Earl of Menteith | 1661 | 1694 |  |
| Earl of Glencairn (1488) | William Cunningham, 9th Earl of Glencairn | 1631 | 1664 | Died |
| | Alexander Cunningham, 10th Earl of Glencairn | 1664 | 1670 |  |
| Earl of Eglinton (1507) | Alexander Montgomerie, 6th Earl of Eglinton | 1612 | 1661 | Died |
| | Hugh Montgomerie, 7th Earl of Eglinton | 1661 | 1669 | Died |
| | Alexander Montgomerie, 8th Earl of Eglinton | 1669 | 1701 |  |
| Earl of Cassilis (1509) | John Kennedy, 6th Earl of Cassilis | 1615 | 1668 | Died |
| | John Kennedy, 7th Earl of Cassilis | 1668 | 1701 |  |
| Earl of Caithness (1455) | George Sinclair, 6th Earl of Caithness | 1643 | 1672 |  |
| Earl of Buchan (1469) | James Erskine, 7th Earl of Buchan | 1628 | 1664 | Died |
| | William Erskine, 8th Earl of Buchan | 1664 | 1695 |  |
| Earl of Moray (1562) | Alexander Stuart, 5th Earl of Moray | 1653 | 1701 |  |
| Earl of Linlithgow (1600) | George Livingston, 3rd Earl of Linlithgow | 1650 | 1690 |  |
| Earl of Winton (1600) | George Seton, 4th Earl of Winton | 1650 | 1704 |  |
| Earl of Home (1605) | James Home, 3rd Earl of Home | 1633 | 1666 | Died |
| | Alexander Home, 4th Earl of Home | 1666 | 1674 |  |
| Earl of Perth (1605) | John Drummond, 2nd Earl of Perth | 1611 | 1662 | Died |
| | James Drummond, 3rd Earl of Perth | 1662 | 1675 |  |
| Earl of Dunfermline (1605) | Charles Seton, 2nd Earl of Dunfermline | 1622 | 1672 |  |
| Earl of Wigtown (1606) | John Fleming, 3rd Earl of Wigtown | 1650 | 1665 | Died |
| | John Fleming, 4th Earl of Wigtown | 1665 | 1668 | Died |
| | William Fleming, 5th Earl of Wigtown | 1668 | 1681 |  |
| Earl of Abercorn (1606) | James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Abercorn | 1618 | 1670 |  |
| Earl of Kinghorne (1606) | Patrick Lyon, 3rd Earl of Kinghorne | 1646 | 1695 |  |
| Earl of Roxburghe (1616) | William Ker, 2nd Earl of Roxburghe | 1650 | 1675 |  |
| Earl of Kellie (1619) | Alexander Erskine, 3rd Earl of Kellie | 1643 | 1677 |  |
| Earl of Buccleuch (1619) | Mary Scott, 3rd Countess of Buccleuch | 1651 | 1661 | Died |
| | Anne Scott, 4th Countess of Buccleuch | 1661 | 1732 | Created Duchess of Buccleuch, see above |
| Earl of Haddington (1619) | John Hamilton, 4th Earl of Haddington | 1645 | 1669 | Died |
| | Charles Hamilton, 5th Earl of Haddington | 1669 | 1685 |  |
| Earl of Nithsdale (1620) | Robert Maxwell, 2nd Earl of Nithsdale | 1646 | 1667 | Died |
| | John Maxwell, 3rd Earl of Nithsdale | 1667 | 1677 |  |
| Earl of Galloway (1623) | James Stewart, 2nd Earl of Galloway | 1649 | 1671 |  |
| Earl of Seaforth (1623) | Kenneth Mackenzie, 3rd Earl of Seaforth | 1651 | 1678 |  |
| Earl of Lauderdale (1624) | John Maitland, 2nd Earl of Lauderdale | 1645 | 1682 |  |
| Earl of Tullibardine (1628) | James Murray, 2nd Earl of Tullibardine | 1644 | 1670 |  |
| Earl of Atholl (1629) | John Murray, 2nd Earl of Atholl | 1642 | 1703 |  |
| Earl of Lothian (1631) | William Kerr, 1st Earl of Lothian | 1631 | 1675 |  |
| Earl of Airth (1633) | William Graham, 1st Earl of Airth | 1633 | 1661 | Died |
| | William Graham, 2nd Earl of Airth | 1661 | 1694 |  |
| Earl of Loudoun (1633) | John Campbell, 1st Earl of Loudoun | 1633 | 1662 | Died |
| | James Campbell, 2nd Earl of Loudoun | 1662 | 1684 |  |
| Earl of Kinnoull (1633) | William Hay, 4th Earl of Kinnoull | 1650 | 1677 |  |
| Earl of Dumfries (1633) | William Crichton, 2nd Earl of Dumfries | 1643 | 1691 |  |
| Earl of Queensberry (1633) | James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Queensberry | 1640 | 1671 |  |
| Earl of Stirling (1633) | Henry Alexander, 4th Earl of Stirling | 1644 | 1691 |  |
| Earl of Elgin (1633) | Thomas Bruce, 1st Earl of Elgin | 1633 | 1663 | Died |
| | Robert Bruce, 2nd Earl of Elgin | 1663 | 1685 |  |
| Earl of Southesk (1633) | James Carnegie, 2nd Earl of Southesk | 1658 | 1669 | Died |
| | Robert Carnegie, 3rd Earl of Southesk | 1669 | 1688 |  |
| Earl of Traquair (1633) | John Stewart, 2nd Earl of Traquair | 1659 | 1666 | Died |
| | William Stewart, 3rd Earl of Traquair | 1666 | 1673 |  |
| Earl of Ancram (1633) | Charles Kerr, 2nd Earl of Ancram | 1654 | 1690 |  |
| Earl of Wemyss (1633) | David Wemyss, 2nd Earl of Wemyss | 1649 | 1679 |  |
| Earl of Dalhousie (1633) | William Ramsay, 1st Earl of Dalhousie | 1633 | 1672 |  |
| Earl of Findlater (1638) | James Ogilvy, 3rd Earl of Findlater | 1658 | 1711 |  |
| Earl of Airlie (1639) | James Ogilvy, 1st Earl of Airlie | 1639 | 1665 | Died |
| | James Ogilvy, 2nd Earl of Airlie | 1665 | 1703 |  |
| Earl of Carnwath (1639) | Gavin Dalzell, 2nd Earl of Carnwath | 1654 | 1674 |  |
| Earl of Callendar (1641) | James Livingston, 1st Earl of Callendar | 1641 | 1674 |  |
| Earl of Leven (1641) | Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven | 1641 | 1661 |  |
| | Alexander Leslie, 2nd Earl of Leven | 1661 | 1664 | Died |
| | Margaret Leslie, Countess of Leven | 1664 | 1674 |  |
| Earl of Hartfell (1643) | James Johnstone, 1st Earl of Annandale and Hartfell | 1655 | 1672 | Resigned the Earldom, regranted, see below |
| Earl of Dysart (1643) | Elizabeth Tollemache, 2nd Countess of Dysart | 1654 | 1698 |  |
| Earl of Panmure (1646) | Patrick Maule, 1st Earl of Panmure | 1646 | 1661 | Died |
| | George Maule, 2nd Earl of Panmure | 1661 | 1671 |  |
| Earl of Selkirk (1646) | William Hamilton, 1st Earl of Selkirk | 1646 | 1694 |  |
| Earl of Tweeddale (1646) | John Hay, 2nd Earl of Tweeddale | 1653 | 1697 |  |
| Earl of Northesk (1647) | John Carnegie, 1st Earl of Northesk | 1647 | 1667 | Died |
| | David Carnegie, 2nd Earl of Northesk | 1667 | 1679 |  |
| Earl of Kincardine (1647) | Edward Bruce, 1st Earl of Kincardine | 1647 | 1662 | Died |
| | Alexander Bruce, 2nd Earl of Kincardine | 1662 | 1680 |  |
| Earl of Balcarres (1651) | Charles Lindsay, 2nd Earl of Balcarres | 1659 | 1662 | Died |
| | Colin Lindsay, 3rd Earl of Balcarres | 1662 | 1722 |  |
| Earl of Tarras (1660) | Walter Scott, Earl of Tarras | 1660 | 1693 | New creation, life peerage |
| Earl of Aboyne (1660) | Charles Gordon, 1st Earl of Aboyne | 1660 | 1681 | New creation |
| Earl of Middleton (1660) | John Middleton, 1st Earl of Middleton | 1660 | 1674 | New creation |
| Earl of Newburgh (1660) | James Levingston, 1st Earl of Newburgh | 1660 | 1670 | New creation |
| Earl of Dundee (1660) | John Scrymgeour, 1st Earl of Dundee | 1660 | 1668 | New creation; died, title dormant until 1953 |
| Earl of Annandale and Hartfell (1661) | James Johnstone, 1st Earl of Annandale and Hartfell | 1661 | 1672 | New creation |
| Earl of Kilmarnock (1661) | William Boyd, 1st Earl of Kilmarnock | 1661 | 1692 | New creation |
| Earl of Forfar (1661) | Archibald Douglas, 1st Earl of Forfar | 1661 | 1712 | New creation |
| Earl of Teviot (1663) | Andrew Rutherford, 1st Earl of Teviot | 1663 | 1664 | New creation; died, title extinct |
| Earl of Dundonald (1669) | William Cochrane, 1st Earl of Dundonald | 1669 | 1685 | New creation |
| Viscount of Falkland (1620) | Henry Cary, 4th Viscount of Falkland | 1649 | 1663 | Died |
| | Anthony Cary, 5th Viscount of Falkland | 1663 | 1694 |  |
| Viscount of Dunbar (1620) | John Constable, 2nd Viscount of Dunbar | 1645 | 1668 | Died |
| | Robert Constable, 3rd Viscount of Dunbar | 1668 | 1714 |  |
| Viscount of Stormont (1621) | David Murray, 4th Viscount of Stormont | 1658 | 1668 | Died |
| | David Murray, 5th Viscount of Stormont | 1668 | 1731 |  |
| Viscount of Kenmure (1633) | Robert Gordon, 4th Viscount of Kenmure | 1643 | 1663 | Died |
| | Alexander Gordon, 5th Viscount of Kenmure | 1663 | 1698 |  |
| Viscount of Arbuthnott (1641) | Robert Arbuthnot, 2nd Viscount of Arbuthnott | 1655 | 1682 |  |
| Viscount of Dudhope (1641) | John Scrymgeour, 3rd Viscount of Dudhope | 1644 | 1668 | Created Earl of Dundee, see above |
| Viscount of Frendraught (1642) | James Crichton, 2nd Viscount of Frendraught | 1650 | 1678 |  |
| Viscount of Newburgh (1647) | James Levingston, 1st Viscount of Newburgh | 1647 | 1670 | Created Earl of Newburgh, see above |
| Viscount of Oxfuird (1651) | James Makgill, 1st Viscount of Oxfuird | 1651 | 1663 | Died |
| | Robert Makgill, 2nd Viscount of Oxfuird | 1663 | 1706 |  |
| Viscount of Kingston (1651) | Alexander Seton, 1st Viscount of Kingston | 1651 | 1691 |  |
| Viscount of Irvine (1661) | Henry Ingram, 1st Viscount of Irvine | 1661 | 1666 | New creation; died |
| | Edward Ingram, 2nd Viscount of Irvine | 1666 | 1668 | Died |
| | Arthur Ingram, 3rd Viscount of Irvine | 1668 | 1702 |  |
| Viscount of Kilsyth (1661) | James Livingston, 1st Viscount of Kilsyth | 1661 | 1661 | New creation; died |
| | James Livingston, 2nd Viscount of Kilsyth | 1661 | 1706 |  |
| Lord Somerville (1430) | James Somerville, 10th Lord Somerville | 1640 | 1677 |  |
| Lord Forbes (1442) | Alexander Forbes, 10th Lord Forbes | 1641 | 1672 |  |
| Lord Saltoun (1445) | Alexander Abernethy, 9th Lord Saltoun | 1612 | 1668 | Died |
| | Margaret Abernethy, 10th Lady Saltoun | 1668 | 1669 | Died |
| | Alexander Fraser, 11th Lord Saltoun | 1669 | 1693 |  |
| Lord Gray (1445) | Andrew Gray, 7th Lord Gray | 1611 | 1663 | Died |
| | Patrick Gray, 8th Lord Gray | 1663 | 1711 |  |
| Lord Sinclair (1449) | John Sinclair, 9th Lord Sinclair | 1615 | 1676 |  |
| Lord Borthwick (1452) | John Borthwick, 9th Lord Borthwick | 1623 | 1675 |  |
| Lord Boyd (1454) | William Boyd, 10th Lord Boyd | 1654 | 1692 | Created Earl of Kilmarnock, see above |
| Lord Oliphant (1455) | Patrick Oliphant, 6th Lord Oliphant | 1631 | 1680 |  |
| Lord Cathcart (1460) | Alan Cathcart, 6th Lord Cathcart | 1628 | 1709 |  |
| Lord Lovat (1464) | Hugh Fraser, 8th Lord Lovat | 1646 | 1672 |  |
| Lord Sempill (1489) | Robert Sempill, 7th Lord Sempill | 1644 | 1675 |  |
| Lord Herries of Terregles (1490) | John Maxwell, 7th Lord Herries of Terregles | 1631 | 1677 | Succeeded as the 3rd Earl of Nithsdale, see above |
| Lord Ross (1499) | George Ross, 11th Lord Ross | 1656 | 1682 |  |
| Lord Elphinstone (1509) | Alexander Elphinstone, 7th Lord Elphinstone | 1654 | 1669 |  |
| | John Elphinstone, 8th Lord Elphinstone | 1669 | 1718 |  |
| Lord Ochiltree (1543) | William Stewart, 5th Lord Ochiltree | 1658 | 1675 |  |
| Lord Torphichen (1564) | Walter Sandilands, 6th Lord Torphichen | 1649 | 1696 |  |
| Lord Spynie (1590) | George Lindsay, 3rd Lord Spynie | 1646 | 1671 |  |
| Lord Lindores (1600) | James Leslie, 3rd Lord Lindores | 1649 | 1666 | Died |
| | John Leslie, 4th Lord Lindores | 1666 | 1706 |  |
| Lord Colville of Culross (1604) | John Colville, 4th Lord Colville of Culross | 1656 | 1680 |  |
| Lord Balmerinoch (1606) | John Elphinstone, 3rd Lord Balmerino | 1649 | 1704 |  |
| Lord Blantyre (1606) | Alexander Stewart, 4th Lord Blantyre | 1641 | 1670 |  |
| Lord Coupar (1607) | James Elphinstone, 1st Lord Coupar | 1607 | 1669 | Died, title succeeded by the Lord Balmerinoch, see above |
| Lord Balfour of Burleigh (1607) | Robert Balfour, 2nd Lord Balfour of Burleigh | 1619 | 1663 | Died |
| | John Balfour, 3rd Lord Balfour of Burleigh | 1663 | 1688 |  |
| Lord Cranstoun (1609) | William Cranstoun, 3rd Lord Cranstoun | 1648 | 1664 | Died |
| | James Cranstoun, 4th Lord Cranstoun | 1664 | 1688 |  |
| Lord Maderty (1609) | David Drummond, 3rd Lord Madderty | 1647 | 1692 |  |
| Lord Dingwall (1609) | Elizabeth Preston, 2nd Lady Dingwall | 1628 | 1684 |  |
| Lord Cardross (1610) | David Erskine, 2nd Lord Cardross | 1634 | 1671 |  |
| Lord Melville of Monymaill (1616) | George Melville, 4th Lord Melville | 1643 | 1707 |  |
| Lord Aston of Forfar (1627) | Walter Aston, 2nd Lord Aston of Forfar | 1639 | 1678 |  |
| Lord Fairfax of Cameron (1627) | Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron | 1648 | 1671 |  |
| Lord Napier (1627) | Archibald Napier, 2nd Lord Napier | 1645 | 1660 | Died |
| | Archibald Napier, 3rd Lord Napier | 1660 | 1683 |  |
| Lord Reay (1628) | John Mackay, 2nd Lord Reay | 1649 | 1681 |  |
| Lord Cramond (1628) | Thomas Richardson, 2nd Lord Cramond | 1651 | 1674 |  |
| Lord Forbes of Pitsligo (1633) | Alexander Forbes, 2nd Lord Forbes of Pitsligo | 1636 | 1690 |  |
| Lord Kirkcudbright (1633) | John Maclellan, 3rd Lord Kirkcudbright | 1647 | 1664 | Died |
| | William Maclellan, 4th Lord Kirkcudbright | 1664 | 1669 |  |
| | John Maclellan, 5th Lord Kirkcudbright | 1669 | 1678 |  |
| Lord Fraser (1633) | Andrew Fraser, 2nd Lord Fraser | 1636 | 1674 |  |
| Lord Forrester (1633) | James Baillie, 2nd Lord Forrester | 1654 | 1676 |  |
| Lord Bargany (1641) | John Hamilton, 2nd Lord Bargany | 1658 | 1693 |  |
| Lord Banff (1642) | George Ogilvy, 1st Lord Banff | 1642 | 1663 | Died |
| | George Ogilvy, 2nd Lord Banff | 1663 | 1668 |  |
| | George Ogilvy, 3rd Lord Banff | 1668 | 1713 |  |
| Lord Elibank (1643) | Patrick Murray, 2nd Lord Elibank | 1649 | 1661 | Died |
| | Patrick Murray, 3rd Lord Elibank | 1661 | 1687 |  |
| Lord Dunkeld (1645) | James Galloway, 1st Lord Dunkeld | 1645 | 1660 | Died |
| | Thomas Galloway, 2nd Lord Dunkeld | 1660 | 1728 |  |
| Lord Falconer of Halkerton (1646) | Alexander Falconer, 1st Lord Falconer of Halkerton | 1646 | 1671 |  |
| Lord Abercrombie (1647) | James Sandilands, 2nd Lord Abercrombie | 1658 | 1681 |  |
| Lord Belhaven and Stenton (1647) | John Hamilton, 1st Lord Belhaven and Stenton | 1647 | 1679 |  |
| Lord Cochrane of Dundonald (1647) | William Cochrane, Lord Cochrane of Dundonald | 1647 | 1685 | Created Earl of Dundonald, see above |
| Lord Carmichael (1647) | James Carmichael, 1st Lord Carmichael | 1647 | 1672 |  |
| Lord Duffus (1650) | Alexander Sutherland, 1st Lord Duffus | 1650 | 1674 |  |
| Lord Rollo (1651) | James Rollo, 2nd Lord Rollo | 1659 | 1669 | Died |
| | Andrew Rollo, 3rd Lord Rollo | 1669 | 1700 |  |
| Lord Ruthven of Freeland (1650) | Thomas Ruthven, 1st Lord Ruthven of Freeland | 1651 | 1673 |  |
| Lord Rutherfurd (1661) | Andrew Rutherfurd, 1st Lord Rutherfurd | 1661 | 1664 | New creation, died |
| | Thomas Rutherfurd, 2nd Lord Rutherfurd | 1664 | 1668 | Died |
| | Archibald Rutherfurd, 3rd Lord Rutherfurd | 1668 | 1685 |  |
| Lord Bellenden (1661) | William Bellenden, 1st Lord Bellenden | 1661 | 1671 | New creation |
| Lord Newark (1661) | David Leslie, 1st Lord Newark | 1661 | 1682 | New creation |

## Peerage of Ireland

| Title | Holder | Date gained | Date lost | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Duke of Ormonde (1661) | James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde | 1661 | 1688 | New creation |
| Marquess of Ormonde (1642) | James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde | 1642 | 1688 | Created Duke of Ormonde, see above |
| Marquess of Antrim (1645) | Randal MacDonnell, 1st Marquess of Antrim | 1645 | 1683 |  |
| Earl of Kildare (1316) | George FitzGerald, 16th Earl of Kildare | 1620 | 1660 | Died |
| | Wentworth FitzGerald, 17th Earl of Kildare | 1660 | 1664 | Died |
| | John FitzGerald, 18th Earl of Kildare | 1664 | 1707 |  |
| Earl of Waterford (1446) | Francis Talbot, 11th Earl of Waterford | 1654 | 1667 |  |
| | Charles Talbot, 12th Earl of Waterford | 1667 | 1718 |  |
| Earl of Clanricarde (1543) | Richard Burke, 6th Earl of Clanricarde | 1657 | 1666 | Died |
| | William Burke, 7th Earl of Clanricarde | 1666 | 1687 |  |
| Earl of Thomond (1543) | Henry O'Brien, 7th Earl of Thomond | 1657 | 1691 |  |
| Earl of Castlehaven (1616) | James Tuchet, 3rd Earl of Castlehaven | 1630 | 1684 |  |
| Earl of Cork (1620) | Richard Boyle, 2nd Earl of Cork | 1643 | 1698 |  |
| Earl of Westmeath (1621) | Richard Nugent, 2nd Earl of Westmeath | 1642 | 1684 |  |
| Earl of Roscommon (1622) | Wentworth Dillon, 4th Earl of Roscommon | 1649 | 1685 |  |
| Earl of Londonderry (1622) | Weston Ridgeway, 3rd Earl of Londonderry | 1641 | 1672 |  |
| Earl of Meath (1627) | Edward Brabazon, 2nd Earl of Meath | 1651 | 1675 |  |
| Earl of Barrymore (1628) | Richard Barry, 2nd Earl of Barrymore | 1642 | 1694 |  |
| Earl of Carbery (1628) | Richard Vaughan, 2nd Earl of Carbery | 1634 | 1687 |  |
| Earl of Fingall (1628) | Luke Plunkett, 3rd Earl of Fingall | 1649 | 1684 |  |
| Earl of Downe (1628) | Thomas Pope, 2nd Earl of Downe | 1640 | 1660 | Died |
| | Thomas Pope, 3rd Earl of Downe | 1660 | 1668 | Died |
| | Thomas Pope, 4th Earl of Downe | 1668 | 1668 | Died, title extinct |
| Earl of Desmond (1628) | George Feilding, 1st Earl of Desmond | 1628 | 1665 | Died |
| | William Feilding, 2nd Earl of Desmond | 1665 | 1685 |  |
| Earl of Ardglass (1645) | Wingfield Cromwell, 2nd Earl of Ardglass | 1653 | 1668 | Died |
| | Thomas Cromwell, 3rd Earl of Ardglass | 1668 | 1682 |  |
| Earl of Donegall (1647) | Arthur Chichester, 1st Earl of Donegall | 1647 | 1675 |  |
| Earl of Cavan (1647) | Charles Lambart, 1st Earl of Cavan | 1647 | 1660 | Died |
| | Richard Lambart, 2nd Earl of Cavan | 1660 | 1690 |  |
| Earl of Clanbrassil (1647) | Henry Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Clanbrassil | 1659 | 1675 |  |
| Earl of Inchiquin (1654) | Murrough O'Brien, 1st Earl of Inchiquin | 1654 | 1674 |  |
| Earl of Clancarty (1658) | Donough MacCarty, 1st Earl of Clancarty | 1658 | 1665 | Died |
| | Charles MacCarty, 2nd Earl of Clancarty | 1665 | 1666 | Died |
| | Callaghan MacCarty, 3rd Earl of Clancarty | 1666 | 1676 |  |
| Earl of Orrery (1660) | Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery | 1660 | 1679 | New creation |
| Earl of Mountrath (1660) | Charles Coote, 1st Earl of Mountrath | 1660 | 1661 | New creation; died |
| | Charles Coote, 2nd Earl of Mountrath | 1661 | 1672 |  |
| Earl of Tyrconnell (1661) | Oliver FitzWilliam, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell | 1661 | 1667 | New creation; died, title extinct |
| Earl of Drogheda (1661) | Henry Moore, 1st Earl of Drogheda | 1661 | 1675 | New creation |
| Earl of Carlingford (1661) | Theobald Taaffe 1st Earl of Carlingford | 1661 | 1677 | New creation |
| Earl of Mount Alexander (1661) | Hugh Montgomery, 1st Earl of Mount Alexander | 1661 | 1663 | New creation; died |
| | Hugh Montgomery, 2nd Earl of Mount Alexander | 1663 | 1717 |  |
| Earl of Castlemaine (1661) | Roger Palmer, 1st Earl of Castlemaine | 1661 | 1705 | New creation |
| Earl of Arran (1662) | Richard Butler, 1st Earl of Arran | 1662 | 1686 | New creation |
| Viscount Gormanston (1478) | Jenico Preston, 7th Viscount Gormanston | 1643 | 1691 |  |
| Viscount Mountgarret (1550) | Edmund Butler, 4th Viscount Mountgarret | 1651 | 1679 |  |
| Viscount Grandison (1621) | John Villiers, 3rd Viscount Grandison | 1643 | 1661 | Died |
| | George Villiers, 4th Viscount Grandison | 1661 | 1699 |  |
| Viscount Wilmot (1621) | Henry Wilmot, 3rd Viscount Wilmot | 1658 | 1680 |  |
| Viscount Valentia (1622) | Francis Annesley, 1st Viscount Valentia | 1642 | 1660 | Died |
| | Arthur Annesley, 2nd Viscount Valentia | 1660 | 1686 | Created Earl of Anglesey in the Peerage of England |
| Viscount Moore (1621) | Henry Moore, 3rd Viscount Moore | 1643 | 1675 | Created Earl of Drogheda, see above |
| Viscount Dillon (1622) | Thomas Dillon, 4th Viscount Dillon | 1630 | 1672 |  |
| Viscount Loftus (1622) | Edward Loftus, 2nd Viscount Loftus | 1643 | 1680 |  |
| Viscount Beaumont of Swords (1622) | Thomas Beaumont, 3rd Viscount Beaumont of Swords | 1658 | 1702 |  |
| Viscount Netterville (1622) | Nicholas Netterville, 3rd Viscount Netterville | 1659 | 1689 |  |
| Viscount Montgomery (1622) | Hugh Montgomery, 3rd Viscount Montgomery | 1642 | 1663 | Created Earl of Mount Alexander, see above |
| Viscount Magennis (1623) | Arthur Magennis, 3rd Viscount Magennis | 1639 | 1683 |  |
| Viscount Kilmorey (1625) | Charles Needham, 4th Viscount Kilmorey | 1657 | 1660 | Died |
| | Robert Needham, 5th Viscount Kilmorey | 1660 | 1668 | Died |
| | Thomas Needham, 6th Viscount Kilmorey | 1668 | 1687 |  |
| Viscount Baltinglass (1627) | Thomas Roper, 2nd Viscount Baltinglass | 1637 | 1670 |  |
| Viscount Castleton (1627) | George Saunderson, 5th Viscount Castleton | 1650 | 1714 |  |
| Viscount Killultagh (1627) | Edward Conway, 3rd Viscount Killultagh | 1655 | 1683 |  |
| Viscount Mayo (1627) | Theobald Bourke, 4th Viscount Mayo | 1652 | 1676 |  |
| Viscount Sarsfield (1627) | David Sarsfield, 3rd Viscount Sarsfield | 1648 | 1687 |  |
| Viscount Chaworth (1628) | Patrick Chaworth, 3rd Viscount Chaworth | 1644 | 1693 |  |
| Viscount Savile (1628) | James Savile, 2nd Viscount Savile | 1659 | 1671 |  |
| Viscount Lumley (1628) | Richard Lumley, 1st Viscount Lumley | 1628 | 1663 | Died |
| | Richard Lumley, 2nd Viscount Lumley | 1663 | 1721 |  |
| Viscount Taaffe (1628) | Theobald Taaffe, 2nd Viscount Taaffe | 1642 | 1677 | Created Earl of Carlingford, see above |
| Viscount Molyneux (1628) | Caryll Molyneux, 3rd Viscount Molyneux | 1654 | 1699 |  |
| Viscount Monson (1628) | William Monson, 1st Viscount Monson | 1628 | 1660 | Degraded by Parliament |
| Viscount Strangford (1628) | Philip Smythe, 2nd Viscount Strangford | 1635 | 1708 |  |
| Viscount Scudamore (1628) | John Scudamore, 1st Viscount Scudamore | 1628 | 1671 |  |
| Viscount Wenman (1628) | Thomas Wenman, 2nd Viscount Wenman | 1640 | 1665 | Died |
| | Philip Wenman, 3rd Viscount Wenman | 1665 | 1686 |  |
| Viscount Ranelagh (1628) | Arthur Jones, 2nd Viscount Ranelagh | 1643 | 1669 | Died |
| | Richard Jones, 3rd Viscount Ranelagh | 1669 | 1711 |  |
| Viscount FitzWilliam (1629) | Oliver FitzWilliam, 2nd Viscount Fitzwilliam | 1650 | 1667 | Died |
| | William FitzWilliam, 3rd Viscount FitzWilliam | 1667 | 1670 |  |
| Viscount Fairfax of Emley (1629) | Charles Fairfax, 5th Viscount Fairfax of Emley | 1651 | 1711 |  |
| Viscount Ikerrin (1629) | Pierce Butler, 1st Viscount Ikerrin | 1629 | 1674 |  |
| Viscount Clanmalier (1631) | Lewis O'Dempsey, 2nd Viscount Clanmalier | 1638 | 1683 |  |
| Viscount Cullen (1642) | Charles Cokayne, 1st Viscount Cullen | 1642 | 1661 | Died |
| | Brien Cokayne, 2nd Viscount Cullen | 1661 | 1687 |  |
| Viscount Carrington (1643) | Charles Smyth, 1st Viscount Carrington | 1643 | 1665 | Died |
| | Francis Smith, 2nd Viscount Carrington | 1665 | 1701 |  |
| Viscount Tracy (1643) | Robert Tracy, 2nd Viscount Tracy | 1648 | 1662 | Died |
| | John Tracy, 3rd Viscount Tracy | 1662 | 1687 |  |
| Viscount Bulkeley (1644) | Robert Bulkeley, 2nd Viscount Bulkeley | 1659 | 1688 |  |
| Viscount Bellomont (1645) | Charles Rupert Bard, 2nd Viscount Bellomont | 1656 | 1667 | Died, title extinct |
| Viscount Brouncker (1645) | William Brouncker, 2nd Viscount Brouncker | 1645 | 1684 |  |
| Viscount Ogle (1645) | William Ogle, 1st Viscount Ogle | 1645 | 1682 |  |
| Viscount Barnewall (1646) | Nicholas Barnewall, 1st Viscount Barnewall | 1646 | 1663 | Died |
| | Henry Barnewall, 2nd Viscount Barnewall | 1663 | 1688 |  |
| Viscount Galmoye (1646) | Edward Butler, 2nd Viscount of Galmoye | 1653 | 1667 | Died |
| | Piers Butler, 3rd Viscount of Galmoye | 1667 | 1697 |  |
| Viscount Tara (1650) | Thomas Preston, 3rd Viscount Tara | 1659 | 1674 |  |
| Viscount Massereene (1660) | John Clotworthy, 1st Viscount Massereene | 1660 | 1665 | New creation; died |
| | John Skeffington, 2nd Viscount Massereene | 1665 | 1695 |  |
| Viscount Shannon (1660) | Francis Boyle, 1st Viscount Shannon | 1660 | 1699 | New creation |
| Viscount Fanshawe (1661) | Thomas Fanshawe, 1st Viscount Fanshawe | 1661 | 1665 | New creation; died |
| | Thomas Fanshawe, 2nd Viscount Fanshawe | 1665 | 1674 |  |
| Viscount Cholmondeley (1661) | Robert Cholmondeley, 1st Viscount Cholmondeley | 1661 | 1681 | New creation |
| Viscount Dungan (1662) | William Dongan, 1st Viscount Dungan | 1662 | 1698 | New creation |
| Viscount Dungannon (1662) | Marcus Trevor, 1st Viscount Dungannon | 1662 | 1670 | New creation |
| Viscount Clare (1662) | Daniel O'Brien, 1st Viscount Clare | 1662 | 1666 | New creation; died |
| | Connor O'Brien, 2nd Viscount Clare | 1666 | 1670 |  |
| Viscount Fitzhardinge (1663) | Charles Berkeley, 1st Viscount Fitzhardinge | 1663 | 1665 | New creation; died |
| | Charles Berkeley, 2nd Viscount Fitzhardinge | 1665 | 1668 | Died |
| | Maurice Berkeley, 3rd Viscount Fitzhardinge | 1668 | 1690 |  |
| Viscount Charlemont (1665) | William Caulfeild, 1st Viscount Charlemont | 1665 | 1671 | New creation |
| Viscount Powerscourt (1665) | Folliott Wingfield, 1st Viscount Powerscourt | 1665 | 1717 | New creation |
| Baron Athenry (1172) | Francis de Bermingham, 12th Baron Athenry | 1645 | 1677 |  |
| Baron Kingsale (1223) | Patrick de Courcy, 20th Baron Kingsale | 1642 | 1663 | Died |
| | John de Courcy, 21st Baron Kingsale | 1663 | 1667 | Died |
| | Patrick de Courcy, 22nd Baron Kingsale | 1667 | 1669 | Died |
| | Almericus de Courcy, 23rd Baron Kingsale | 1669 | 1720 |  |
| Baron Kerry (1223) | Patrick Fitzmaurice, 19th Baron Kerry | 1630 | 1661 | Died |
| | William Fitzmaurice, 20th Baron Kerry | 1661 | 1697 |  |
| Baron Slane (1370) | Charles Fleming, 15th Baron Slane | 1641 | 1661 | Died |
| | Randall Fleming, 16th Baron Slane | 1661 | 1676 |  |
| Baron Howth (1425) | William St Lawrence, 12th Baron Howth | 1643 | 1671 |  |
| Baron Trimlestown (1461) | Matthias Barnewall, 8th Baron Trimlestown | 1639 | 1667 | Died |
| | Robert Barnewall, 9th Baron Trimlestown | 1667 | 1689 |  |
| Baron Dunsany (1462) | Patrick Plunkett, 9th Baron of Dunsany | 1603 | 1668 | Died |
| | Christopher Plunkett, 10th Baron of Dunsany | 1668 | 1690 |  |
| Baron Power (1535) | John Power, 5th Baron Power | 1607 | 1661 | Died |
| | Richard Power, 6th Baron Power | 1661 | 1690 |  |
| Baron Dunboyne (1541) | James Butler, 4th/14th Baron Dunboyne | 1640 | 1662 | Died |
| | Pierce Butler, 5th/15th Baron Dunboyne | 1662 | 1690 |  |
| Baron Louth (1541) | Oliver Plunkett, 6th Baron Louth | 1629 | 1679 |  |
| Baron Upper Ossory (1541) | Barnaby Fitzpatrick, 6th Baron Upper Ossory | 1638 | 1666 | Died |
| | Barnaby Fitzpatrick, 7th Baron Upper Ossory | 1666 | 1691 |  |
| Baron Bourke of Castleconnell (1580) | William Bourke, 6th Baron Bourke of Connell | 1635 | 1665 | Died |
| | Thomas Bourke, 7th Baron Bourke of Connell | 1665 | 1680 |  |
| Baron Cahir (1583) | Pierce Butler, 4th Baron Cahir | 1648 | 1676 |  |
| Baron Hamilton (1617) | George Hamilton, 4th Baron Hamilton of Strabane | 1655 | 1668 | Died |
| | Claud Hamilton, 5th Baron Hamilton of Strabane | 1668 | 1691 |  |
| Baron Bourke of Brittas (1618) | John Bourke, 2nd Baron Bourke of Brittas | 1654 | 1668 | Died |
| | Theobald Bourke, 3rd Baron Bourke of Brittas | 1668 | 1691 |  |
| Baron Mountjoy (1618) | Mountjoy Blount, 1st Baron Mountjoy | 1618 | 1665 | Died |
| | Mountjoy Blount, 2nd Baron Mountjoy | 1665 | 1675 |  |
| Baron Castle Stewart (1619) | Josias Stewart, 4th Baron Castle Stewart | 1650 | 1662 | Died |
| | John Stewart, 5th Baron Castle Stewart | 1662 | 1685 |  |
| Baron Folliot (1620) | Thomas Folliott, 2nd Baron Folliott | 1622 | 1697 |  |
| Baron Maynard (1620) | William Maynard, 2nd Baron Maynard | 1640 | 1699 |  |
| Baron Gorges of Dundalk (1620) | Richard Gorges, 2nd Baron Gorges of Dundalk | 1650 | 1712 |  |
| Baron Digby (1620) | Kildare Digby, 2nd Baron Digby | 1642 | 1661 | Died |
| | Robert Digby, 3rd Baron Digby | 1661 | 1677 |  |
| Baron Fitzwilliam (1620) | William Fitzwilliam, 3rd Baron Fitzwilliam | 1658 | 1719 |  |
| Baron Caulfeild (1620) | William Caulfeild, 5th Baron Caulfield | 1642 | 1671 | Created Viscount Charlemont, see above |
| Baron Aungier (1621) | Francis Aungier, 3rd Baron Aungier of Longford | 1655 | 1700 |  |
| Baron Blayney (1621) | Edward Blayney, 3rd Baron Blayney | 1646 | 1669 | Died |
| | Richard Blayney, 4th Baron Blayney | 1669 | 1670 |  |
| Baron Brereton (1624) | William Brereton, 2nd Baron Brereton | 1631 | 1664 | Died |
| | William Brereton, 3rd Baron Brereton | 1664 | 1680 |  |
| Baron Herbert of Castle Island (1624) | Edward Herbert, 3rd Baron Herbert of Castle Island | 1655 | 1678 |  |
| Baron Baltimore (1625) | Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore | 1632 | 1675 |  |
| Baron Coleraine (1625) | Hugh Hare, 1st Baron Coleraine | 1625 | 1667 | Died |
| | Henry Hare, 2nd Baron Coleraine | 1667 | 1708 |  |
| Baron Sherard (1627) | Bennet Sherard, 2nd Baron Sherard | 1640 | 1700 |  |
| Baron Boyle of Broghill (1628) | Roger Boyle, 1st Baron Boyle of Broghill | 1628 | 1679 | Created Earl of Orrery, see above |
| Baron Alington (1642) | William Alington, 3rd Baron Alington | 1659 | 1685 |  |
| Baron Hawley (1646) | Francis Hawley, 1st Baron Hawley | 1646 | 1684 |  |
| Baron Kingston (1660) | John King, 1st Baron Kingston | 1660 | 1676 | New creation |
| Baron Coote (1660) | Richard Coote, 1st Baron Coote | 1660 | 1683 | New creation |
| Baron Barry of Santry (1661) | James Barry, 1st Baron Barry of Santry | 1661 | 1673 | New creation |
| Baron Hamilton of Glenawly (1661) | Hugh Hamilton, 1st Baron Hamilton of Glenawly | 1661 | 1679 | New creation |

* Cokayne, George Edward, ed. (1887). *Complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, extant, extinct or dormant*. Vol. 1–8 (1st ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.

* Cracroft-Brennan, Patrick. "Cracroft's Peerage" (web). Heraldic Media Limited. Retrieved 14 October 2013.


title: Turgutalp

abstract: Turgutalp is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Soma, Manisa Province, Turkey. Its population is 16,219 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde). It is situated to the south of Turkish state highway D240 and to the west of Soma to which it is almost merged to. The distance to Manisa is 97 kilometres (60 mi). Turgutalp was founded by Muslim people from present Bulgaria in 1877, during the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878). The settlement was named as Turgutalp upon the suggestion of the sultan. In 1986 it was declared a seat of township. Major economic sector of the town is agriculture. The main crops are tobacco, cotton, olive, tomato and wheat. Some town residents work in the power plant and coal mine of Soma.

text:
# Turgutalp

**Turgutalp** is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Soma, Manisa Province, Turkey. Its population is 16,219 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (*belde*). It is situated to the south of Turkish state highway D240 and to the west of Soma to which it is almost merged to. The distance to Manisa is 97 kilometres (60 mi).

Turgutalp was founded by Muslim people from present Bulgaria in 1877, during the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878). The settlement was named as Turgutalp upon the suggestion of the sultan (Turgut Alp was one of the early gazis of the Ottoman Empire). In 1986 it was declared a seat of township. Major economic sector of the town is agriculture. The main crops are tobacco, cotton, olive, tomato and wheat. Some town residents work in the power plant and coal mine of Soma.

1. Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
2. "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
3. "Law No. 6360". *Official Gazette* (in Turkish). 6 December 2012.
4. "Classification tables of municipalities and their affiliates and local administrative units" (DOC). *Official Gazette* (in Turkish). 12 September 2010.
5. Mayor's page (in Turkish)

## InfoBox

| Turgutalp | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
| TurgutalpLocation in TurkeyTurgutalpTurgutalp (Turkey Aegean) | |
| Coordinates: 39°11′N 27°35′E / 39.183°N 27.583°E / 39.183; 27.583 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Manisa |
| District | Soma |
| Elevation | 130 m (430 ft) |
| Population (2022) | 16,219 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |
| Postal code | 45540 |
| Area code | 0236 |


title: The Christian Recorder

abstract: The Christian Recorder is the official newspaper of the African Methodist Episcopal Church and is the oldest continuously published African-American newspaper in the United States. It has been called "arguably the most powerful black periodical of the nineteenth century," a time when there were few sources for news and information about Black communities. The Recorder covered secular as well as religious news, and reported news of the black regiments serving in the Civil War. It advocated support for Union troops. It was also known for having an Information Wanted section, where Black families who had been forcibly separated in the slave trade could seek news about their missing loved ones. The paper's coverage included birth, marriage, and death notices. It also featured music, poetry, and reader stories, and was "a major source of literature by and for African-Americans" during this time period. The paper published Julia C. Collins' novel as 31 serialized chapters in 1865, as well as many of her essays. It also printed works by Frances Ellen Watkins Harper and James W. C. Pennington.

text:
# The Christian Recorder

***The Christian Recorder*** is the official newspaper of the African Methodist Episcopal Church and is the oldest continuously published African-American newspaper in the United States. It has been called "arguably the most powerful black periodical of the nineteenth century," a time when there were few sources for news and information about Black communities.

*The Recorder* covered secular as well as religious news, and reported news of the black regiments serving in the Civil War. It advocated support for Union troops. It was also known for having an Information Wanted section, where Black families who had been forcibly separated in the slave trade could seek news about their missing loved ones. The paper's coverage included birth, marriage, and death notices.

It also featured music, poetry, and reader stories, and was "a major source of literature by and for African-Americans" during this time period. The paper published Julia C. Collins' novel as 31 serialized chapters in 1865, as well as many of her essays. It also printed works by Frances Ellen Watkins Harper and James W. C. Pennington.

## History

*The Christian Recorder* was originally a weekly paper called the *Mystery*, later *The Christian Herald*, started by Rev. Augustus R. Green in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The name was changed to *The Christian Recorder* in 1852 under the editorship of Rev. M. M. Clark, with approval of the AME Church General Conference. It published ads to reunite black families following emancipation. It was published by the AME Church Book Concern in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a city that became a publishing center. The paper covered all geographic areas of the AME Church, but regional versions also developed, including the *Southern Christian Recorder and* the *Western Christian Recorder*. These two were later merged to create the *Southwestern Christian Recorder.*

In 1952 after the AME Church Book Concern was dissolved, the paper's headquarters moved to Nashville, Tennessee. In 1960 the *Southwestern Christian Recorder* and *The Christian Recorder* combined to form *The AME Christian Recorder*. In 1984, the paper reverted to using the original name *The Christian Recorder*. Today, the paper is a member of the Associated Church Press, the Religion Communicators Council, and the National Newspaper Publishers Association.

## InfoBox

The Christian Recorder
| *The Christian Recorder*, August 2020 | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Monthly newspaper |
| Owner(s) | African Methodist Episcopal Church |
| Publisher | Roderick D. Belin |
| Editor | John Thomas III |
| Founded | July 1,1852 (July 1,1852) |
| Headquarters | 1722 Scovel Street<br>Nashville, TN 37208 |
| ISSN | 1050-6039 |
| OCLC number | 14096028 |
| Website | www.thechristianrecorder.com |


title: List of governors of Hawaii

abstract: The governor of the State of Hawaii is the head of government of Hawaii, and commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws; the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Hawaii Legislature; the power to convene the legislature; and the power to grant pardons, except in cases of treason and impeachment. Of the eight governors of the state, two have been elected to three terms, four have been elected to two terms, and one has been elected to one term. No state governor has yet resigned or died in office, nor did any territorial governor die in office. George Ariyoshi was the first Asian American to be governor of any U.S. state. The current governor is Democrat Josh Green, who took office on December 5, 2022. The longest-serving governors are John A. Burns (1962–1974) and George Ariyoshi (1974–1986), both of whom served 12 years each.

text:
# List of governors of Hawaii

The **governor of the State of Hawaii** is the head of government of Hawaii, and commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws; the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Hawaii Legislature; the power to convene the legislature; and the power to grant pardons, except in cases of treason and impeachment.

Of the eight governors of the state, two have been elected to three terms, four have been elected to two terms, and one has been elected to one term. No state governor has yet resigned or died in office, nor did any territorial governor die in office. George Ariyoshi was the first Asian American to be governor of any U.S. state. The current governor is Democrat Josh Green, who took office on December 5, 2022.

The longest-serving governors are John A. Burns (1962–1974) and George Ariyoshi (1974–1986), both of whom served 12 years each.

## List of governors

The Republic of Hawaii was annexed by the United States in 1898. It was organized into Hawaii Territory in 1900, and admitted as a state in 1959. The Republic had only one president, Sanford B. Dole, who later was the first territorial governor.

### Hawaii Territory

Hawaii Territory was organized on June 14, 1900, remaining a territory for 59 years. Twelve people served as territorial governor, appointed by the president of the United States.

Governors of the Territory of Hawaii
| No. | Governor | | Term in office | Appointed by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  | **Sanford B. Dole**
(1844–1926)
 | June 14, 1900

November 23, 1903
(resigned) | William McKinley |
| 2 |  | **George R. Carter**
(1866–1933)
 | November 23, 1903

August 15, 1907
(resigned) | Theodore Roosevelt |
| 3 |  | **Walter F. Frear**
(1863–1948)
 | August 15, 1907

November 29, 1913
(successor appointed) | Theodore Roosevelt |
| 4 |  | **Lucius E. Pinkham**
(1850–1922)
 | November 29, 1913

June 22, 1918
(successor appointed) | Woodrow Wilson |
| 5 |  | **Charles J. McCarthy**
(1861–1929)
 | June 22, 1918

July 5, 1921
(successor appointed) | Woodrow Wilson |
| 6 |  | **Wallace Rider Farrington**
(1871–1933)
 | July 5, 1921

July 5, 1929
(successor appointed) | Warren G. Harding |
| | | | Calvin Coolidge |
| 7 |  | **Lawrence M. Judd**
(1887–1968)
 | July 5, 1929

March 1, 1934
(successor appointed) | Herbert Hoover |
| 8 |  | **Joseph Poindexter**
(1869–1951)
 | March 1, 1934

August 24, 1942
(successor appointed) | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| 9 |  | **Ingram Stainback**
(1883–1961)
 | August 24, 1942

April 30, 1951
(resigned) | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| | | | Harry S. Truman |
| 10 |  | **Oren E. Long**
(1889–1965)
 | May 8, 1951

February 28, 1953
(successor appointed) | Harry S. Truman |
| 11 |  | **Samuel Wilder King**
(1886–1959)
 | February 28, 1953

August 29, 1957
(resigned) | Dwight D. Eisenhower |
| 12 |  | **William F. Quinn**
(1919–2006)
 | September 2, 1957

August 21, 1959
(elected state governor) | Dwight D. Eisenhower |

### State of Hawaii

Hawaii was admitted to the Union on August 21, 1959, consisting of Hawaii Territory minus Palmyra Atoll. Since then, there have been nine governors.

The governor is elected to a four-year term commencing on the first Monday in the December following the election. The lieutenant governor is elected for the same term and, since 1964, on the same ticket as the governor. The 1978 constitutional convention established a term limit of two consecutive terms for both offices. If the office of governor is vacant, the lieutenant governor becomes governor; if the governor is out of the state or unable to fulfill duties, the lieutenant governor acts as governor during such absence or disability.

Governors of the State of Hawaii
| No. | Governor | | | Term of office | Party | Election | Lt. Governor | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  |  | **William F. Quinn**
(1919–2006)
 | August 21, 1959

December 3, 1962
(lost election) | Republican | 1959 |  | James Kealoha |
| 2 |  |  | **John A. Burns**
(1909–1975)
 | December 3, 1962

December 2, 1974
(did not run) | Democratic | 1962 |  | William S. Richardson
(resigned April 13, 1966) |
| | | | | | | | Andrew T.F. Ing |
| | | | | | 1966 | | Thomas Gill |
| | | | | | 1970 | | George Ariyoshi |
| 3 | |  | **George Ariyoshi**
(b. 1926)
 | December 2, 1974

December 1, 1986
(term-limited) | Democratic | | 1974 | Nelson Doi |
| | | | | 1978 | Jean King | |
| | | | | 1982 | John D. Waiheʻe III | |
| 4 | |  | **John D. Waiheʻe III**
(b. 1946)
 | December 1, 1986

December 5, 1994
(term-limited) | Democratic | | 1986 | Ben Cayetano |
| | | | | 1990 | | |
| 5 | |  | **Ben Cayetano**
(b. 1939)
 | December 5, 1994

December 2, 2002
(term-limited) | Democratic | | 1994 | Mazie Hirono |
| | | | | 1998 | | |
| 6 |  |  | **Linda Lingle**
(b. 1953)
 | December 2, 2002

December 6, 2010
(term-limited) | Republican | 2002 |  | Duke Aiona |
| | | | | | 2006 | | |
| 7 |  |  | **Neil Abercrombie**
(b. 1938)
 | December 6, 2010

December 1, 2014
(lost nomination) | Democratic | 2010 |  | Brian Schatz
(resigned December 26, 2012) |
| | | | | | | *Vacant* | |
| | | | | | |  | Shan Tsutsui
(took office December 27, 2012)
(resigned January 31, 2018) |
| | | 8 |  | **David Ige**
(b. 1957)
 | December 1, 2014

December 5, 2022
(term-limited) | Democratic | 2014 |
| | | | | | *Vacant* | |
| | | | | |  | Doug Chin
(took office February 2, 2018) |
| | | | | 2018 | Josh Green |
| | | 9 |  | **Josh Green**
(b. 1970)
 | December 5, 2022

Incumbent | Democratic | 2022 | Sylvia Luke |

General  * "Former Hawaii Governors". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
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* McMullin, Thomas A. (1984). *Biographical directory of American territorial governors*. Westport, CT : Meckler. ISBN 978-0-930466-11-4. Retrieved January 19, 2023.
* Kallenbach, Joseph Ernest (1977). *American State Governors, 1776-1976*. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-00665-0. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
* Glashan, Roy R. (1979). *American Governors and Gubernatorial Elections, 1775-1978*. Meckler Books. ISBN 978-0-930466-17-6.
* "Our Campaigns - Governor of Hawaii - History". *www.ourcampaigns.com*. Retrieved July 25, 2023.

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## InfoBox

| Governor of Hawaii | |
| --- | --- |
| Ke Kiaʻaina o Hawaiʻi | |
| Gubernatorial standard | |
| Incumbent
Josh Green
since December 5, 2022 | |
| Residence | Washington Place |
| Term length | Four years, renewable once |
| Precursor | Governor of Hawaii Territory |
| Inaugural holder | William F. Quinn |
| Formation | August 21, 1959 (1959-08-21) |
| Deputy | Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii |
| Website | governor.hawaii.gov |


title: Padrauna

abstract: Padrauna is a city and headquarter of Kushinagar district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is the place where Rama spent a few days of his life. After passing from Padrauna, Rama reached at Ramkola where he made a hut with his wife Sita and younger brother Lakshman to stay. It is situated 19 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Kushinagar International Airport. Udit Narayan Intermediate College is the biggest College in the Kushinagar district.

text:
# Padrauna

**Padrauna** is a city and headquarter of Kushinagar district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is the place where Rama spent a few days of his life. After passing from Padrauna, Rama reached at Ramkola where he made a hut with his wife Sita and younger brother Lakshman to stay. It is situated 19 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Kushinagar International Airport. Udit Narayan Intermediate College is the biggest College in the Kushinagar district .

## Connectivity

The town is connected to many important cities through National Highway 28B and State Highway No. 64. A daily bus travels the route from Padrauna to Kanpur, while another bus route connects Padrauna with Lucknow. Padrauna Railway Station connects Padrauna to Chhapra, Gorakhpur, Lucknow, Siddharthnagar, Delhi, Katihar, Jalandar, and other important cities. Padrauna is also close to Kushinagar International Airport. The proposed Buddha Expressway between Kushinagar and Sarnath will provide connectivity with southeastern cities in the state like Varanasi, Allahabad, Azamgarh as well as Kolkata through National Highway 2 in Varanasi.

## Economy

The economy of Padrauna mainly consists of Agriculture followed by Services and a little contribution is made by Industrial sector. There are many family run businesses, shops, vendors, hawkers, etc., in tamkhurod. A number of small and mid-size hotels exist in Padrauna. Earlier there were few industries (Kanpur Sugar Works, sugar factory for example) which are no more operational. The shutting down of factories led to poverty and backwardness of this region. The backwardness is further soared by the power shortage in this region.

## Landmarks and geography

Notable landmarks are: Subhash Chowk, Tilak Chowk, Ambay Chowk, Chawani, Ravindra Nagar, Nahar, Rajdarbar, Gudaribajar, Lajpat Nagar, Durgamandir, Jataharoad, Belawan chungi, Bawali Chowk Sugar Factory etc. Though Padrauna is a district headquarter yet almost all the offices like Kutchery, Vikas Bhavan, Income Tax Office, Collectorate, District Hospital etc. are situated in Ravindra Nagar Dhoos. It lies in the Great Plains and is Terai area, very close to piedmont plains of Himalayas, and is very close to borders of Nepal and Bihar. It is located on the bank of river Bansi, a Ganges tributary originating in Nepal. The town presents characteristics distinct from natural features of the western districts of Uttar Pradesh. This difference is due primarily to the relative proximity of the Himalayas, the outermost foothills of which are only a few kilometres from the northern borders. The peak of Dhaulagiri, some 8,230 meters above sea-level, is visible under favourable climatic conditions as far south as Padrauna itself. Below the outer hills is a dry boulder-strewn tract, corresponding to the Bhabar of Kumaun and Garhwal and here the bulk of the moisture contributed by the rainfall and the small streams is absorbed by the soil, to reappear through seepage in the damp and unhealthy tract, known as the terai. The climate is extreme temperate climate, with soaring temperatures in summer crossing 40 degrees and in winters temperatures as low as 3 to 4 degrees.

## Education

The town has several schools like Vivekanand Inter College, Kendriya Vidyalaya Navodaya Vidyalaya, Goswami Tulsi Das Intermediate college, VBD INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC SCHOOL, Tulsi vidya niketan, Udit Narayan Intermediate College, JDS International School, (Affiliate to CBSE) Kiddy's Corner School, D.D.N. Public School, Midas School of Learning, Geeta International Public School, Udit Narayan Post Graduate College, Bhartiya Intermediate College, St. Therese's School (affiliated to ICSE), Summer Field Public School, Hanuman Intermediate College, Real Paradise Academy School, ITI, Tapesawari Vidya Mandir, HIIT institute, Shree Ganga Public School, St. Xavier's Senior Secondary School (affiliated to CBSE), Seth M R Jaipuria School, Post Graduate Colleges affiliated to DDU Gorakhpur

Literacy rate is relatively low as compared to the UP state average 69.72 and 63% of its residents are literate. After pursuing 10th and 12th standard from Padrauna, students travel to other cities like Lucknow, Allahabad, Varanasi and sometimes up to New Delhi as well. Students from here are primarily interested in government sector jobs and secondary preference is private jobs.

## Radio stations

Radio Pragya 90.4 MHz is a community radio station in Padrauna, Kushinagar district.

## Demographics

The majority is Hinduism while other religions with dominant position are Islam, Sikhism and small population of Buddhism and Christianity exists in Padrauna. Padrauna is also known for garh of Saithwar . RPN Singh belong to this community.

## InfoBox

| Padrauna Caste\_santhwar/koormi koormkshatriya | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Main gate of the palace | |
| Nickname: PAVA | |
| PadraunaLocation in Uttar Pradesh, India | |
| Coordinates: 26°54′N 83°59′E / 26.9°N 83.98°E / 26.9; 83.98 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Uttar Pradesh |
| District | Kushinagar |
| Government | |
| Type | Democratic |
| Body | Municipal board |
| Area | |
| Total | 6.89 km2 (2.66 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 49,723 |
| Rank | 300+ |
| Density | 7,200/km2 (19,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 274304 |
| Telephone code | 05564 |
| Vehicle registration | UP-57 |
| Sex ratio | 950 (approx.) / |
| Website | www.kushinagar.nic.in |


title: Petra Tichá-Adámková

abstract: Petra Tichá-Adámková is a Czech handballer for DHC Sokol Poruba and the Czech national team. She participated at the 2018 European Women's Handball Championship.

text:
# Petra Tichá-Adámková

**Petra Tichá-Adámková** (born 21 June 1991) is a Czech handballer for DHC Sokol Poruba and the Czech national team.

She participated at the 2018 European Women's Handball Championship.

## Achievements

## InfoBox

| Petra Tichá-Adámková | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Born | (1991-06-21) 21 June 1991<br>Ostrava, Czechoslovakia | | |
| Nationality | Czech | | |
| Height | 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) | | |
| Playing position | Pivot | | |
| Club information | | | |
| Current club | DHC Sokol Poruba | | |
| Number | 67 | | |
| Senior clubs | | | |
| Years | **Team** | | |
| 0000–2015 | DHC Sokol Poruba | | |
| 2015–2016 | TuS Koblenz-Horchheim | | |
| 2016–2020 | Frisch Auf Göppingen | | |
| 2020- | DHC Sokol Poruba | | |
| National team | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2010– | Czech Republic | 65 | (80) |


title: Pinch District, Memphis

abstract: The Pinch District is a historical district of downtown Memphis roughly bordered by the Wolf River lagoon on the west, Market Street on the south, Danny Thomas Boulevard on the east, and A.W. Willis Avenue on the north.

text:
# Pinch District, Memphis

The **Pinch District** is a historical district of downtown Memphis roughly bordered by the Wolf River lagoon on the west, Market Street on the south, Danny Thomas Boulevard on the east, and A.W. Willis Avenue on the north.

## History

The area known as the Pinch District was part of the original plan of Memphis, and emerged as the city's first commercial area. It was originally located north of Market Street and south of the Bayou Gayoso, a stream that ran through (now under) downtown Memphis. The name "Pinch" was originally a derisive term, referring to emaciated Irish immigrants who fled the Great Famine in the 1840s. The area was known as Pinch-Gut, in reference to the starving look of many of its impoverished residents. It was home to the earliest immigrant communities in Memphis, mainly Irish, Italian, Russian, Greek, and Jewish. From the 1890s to the 1930s, it was the center of Memphis' Jewish community, with many synagogues and Jewish-owned businesses. After World War II many of the area's residents moved to the eastern suburbs, and businesses began closing. The area became predominantly African-American, and remains so today. During the 1970s, the Pinch was a target of slum clearance and urban renewal. The Barry Homes housing project was constructed in the Pinch in 1970, and the neighborhood was bisected by Interstate 40 as part of the construction of the Hernando de Soto Bridge in 1973.

### Growth

In 1991, the City of Memphis constructed the Pyramid Arena along the Wolf River lagoon. Initial prospects of turning the area into a new entertainment district diminished by the late 1990s. With the arrival of an NBA franchise, the Memphis Grizzlies, the fate of the Pyramid became grim as a new arena was constructed near Beale Street on the southern side of downtown. Both the Grizzlies and the University of Memphis moved their home games to the FedEx Forum in 2004, and the Pyramid closed as an arena. Several proposals for new development were devised in the mid-2000s, though many never materialized. Recent development has centered on MATA's North End Terminal, which operates as the city's main bus terminal. The Pyramid now has been converted into a Bass Pro Shops megastore opened in May 2015, a hint that gentrification may be returning to the struggling neighborhood.

In 2016, conceptual plans for revitalizing the Pinch District were announced. The design calls for a mixed-used district that would complement a $1 billion expansion of St. Jude. New research and office buildings will be located outside the existing St. Jude gates and will have public-facing retail and restaurant tenants at ground level. Additional mixed-use buildings would provide a mix of office, residential, and hotel space. A long-awaited pedestrian bridge to connect the Pyramid to the greater Pinch District is also planned.

35°08′12″N 90°00′53″W / 35.1366°N 90.0147°W / 35.1366; -90.0147


title: Von der Goltz

abstract: The House von der Goltz is the name of an old and influential German noble family whose members occupied many important political and military positions in the Kingdom of Prussia and later in the German Empire.

text:
# Von der Goltz

The **House von der Goltz** is the name of an old and influential German noble family whose members occupied many important political and military positions in the Kingdom of Prussia and later in the German Empire.

## History

The family can trace their lineage from East Brandenburg back to 12th century. On 19 September 1786 the family was raised to the title of Count in Prussia by King Frederick William II.

## Notable members


title: VLSI Project

abstract: The VLSI Project was a DARPA-program initiated by Robert Kahn in 1978 that provided research funding to a wide variety of university-based teams in an effort to improve the state of the art in microprocessor design, then known as Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI). The VLSI Project is one of the most influential research projects in modern computer history. Its offspring include Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) Unix, the reduced instruction set computer (RISC) processor concept, many computer-aided design (CAD) tools still in use today, 32-bit graphics workstations, fabless manufacturing and design houses, and its own semiconductor fabrication plant (fab), MOSIS, starting in 1981. A similar DARPA project partnering with industry, VHSIC had little or no impact. The VLSI Project was central in promoting the Mead and Conway revolution throughout industry.

text:
# VLSI Project

The **VLSI Project** was a DARPA-program initiated by Robert Kahn in 1978 that provided research funding to a wide variety of university-based teams in an effort to improve the state of the art in microprocessor design, then known as Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI).

The VLSI Project is one of the most influential research projects in modern computer history. Its offspring include Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) Unix, the reduced instruction set computer (RISC) processor concept, many computer-aided design (CAD) tools still in use today, 32-bit graphics workstations, fabless manufacturing and design houses, and its own semiconductor fabrication plant (fab), MOSIS, starting in 1981. A similar DARPA project partnering with industry, VHSIC had little or no impact.

The VLSI Project was central in promoting the Mead and Conway revolution throughout industry.

## Project

### New design rules

In 1975, Carver Mead, Tom Everhart and Ivan Sutherland of Caltech wrote a report for ARPA on the topic of microelectronics. Over the previous few years, Mead had coined the term "Moore's law" to describe Gordon Moore's 1965 prediction for the growth rate of complexity, and in 1974, Robert Dennard of IBM noted that the scale shrinking that formed the basis of Moore's law also affected the performance of the systems. These combined effects implied a massive increase in computing power was about to be unleashed on the industry. The report, published in 1976, suggested that ARPA fund development across a number of fields in order to deal with the complexity that was about to appear due to these "very-large-scale integrated circuits".

Later that year, Sutherland wrote a letter to his brother Bert who was at that time working at Xerox PARC. He suggested a joint effort between PARC and Caltech to begin studying these issues. Bert agreed to form a team, inviting Lynn Conway and Doug Fairbairn to join. Conway had previously worked at IBM on a supercomputer project known as ACS-1. After considering the notes from Mead, Conway realized that the rapid scaling of CMOS being predicted would allow it to surpass the otherwise faster ECL systems used on larger systems as the feature sizes shrank and Dennard's speed predictions kicked in. It also implied that the entire ACS-1 mainframe would one day fit on a single chip. In 1976, Sutherland and Mead wrote an article in *Scientific American* on the challenges presented by the new complexity.

At the time, microprocessor design was plateauing at the 100,000 transistor level because the tools available to the designers were simply unable to deal with more complex designs. 16-bit and 16/32-bit designs were coming to market, but beyond that seemed too difficult and expensive to contemplate. Mead and Conway felt that there was no theoretical problem impeding progress, simply a number of practical ones, and set about solving these in order to make much more complex designs possible. Simply put, the solution was to simplify everything, inventing new practical rules-of-thumb for designers and applying computers to the problems that were larger. This process was aided by the recent introduction of depletion mode NMOS logic, which greatly simplified the conceptual model of the active elements.

The mid-1970s were a period of rapid change as new processes were being introduced at different companies at a rapid pace. Each new process led to a set of design rules that often ran to 40 pages. These would include details like "do not place to parallel lines on the metallization layer (MET) that are closer than 2 micrometers apart". Dozens of such rules were developed for each layer to squeeze out maximum performance. In early 1977, Conway began developing a new set of completely generic rules. These would not offer the highest performance possible for any given system, but her concept was that it would so greatly reduce design time that it could be adapted to a new underling fabrication technology with little or no changes, and such a move would offer many times the performance benefit that using every published trick of the existing rules would.

Starting with three colored whiteboard pens representing each of the types of layers, MET, POLY, DIFF, Conway developed a set of design rules that worked on every current process. Further development led to the realization that all of the dimensions could be expressed as multiples of some fundamental minimum feature size possible using that process, which became known as λ (the Greek letter lambda). λ was set to be one half of the minimum width of a line of POLY or DIFF, and the rules expressed in those terms; "a line has to be two λ wide", "two lines on the same layer must be at least three λ apart", "lines on different layers must be one λ apart" and so forth. The end result was a short set of design rules that applied at any scale. Conway later noted "I vividly recall seeing Mead's jaw drop that spring morning in 1977 as I presented my strategy for λ-based rules on my whiteboard at PARC."

### Internet based process

One of the primary efforts under VLSI was the creation of the hardware and software needed to automate the design process, which at that point was still largely manual. For a design containing hundreds of thousands of transistors, there was simply no machine short of a supercomputer that had the memory and performance needed to work on the design as a whole.

To address this problem, and thereby allow "average" companies to use automated tools, VLSI funded the **Geometry Engine** and **Pixel-Planes** projects at Stanford University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (respectively) to create suitable graphics hardware at the desktop level. The former evolved into an effort to design a networked CAD workstation, known as the **Stanford University Network**. This is better known today under its acronym, "SUN", as in Sun Microsystems, which commercialized the design.

To provide a common *software* platform to run these new tools, VLSI also funded a Berkeley project to provide a standardized Unix implementation, known today as the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). Almost all early workstations used BSD, including designs that evolved into Sun, SGI, Apollo Computer, and others. BSD later spawned several descendants, OpenBSD, FreeBSD, NetBSD, and DragonFlyBSD.

CAD software was an important part of the VLSI effort. This led to major improvements in CAD technology for layout, design rule checking, and simulation. The tools developed in this program were used extensively in both academic research programs and in industry. The ideas were developed in commercial implementations by companies such as VLSI Technology, Cadnetix, and Synopsis.

With these tools in hand, other VLSI funded projects were able to make huge strides in design complexity, sparking off the RISC revolution. The two major VLSI-related projects were Berkeley RISC and Stanford MIPS, both of which relied heavily on the tools developed in previous VLSI projects. To allow design teams to produce test examples, the project also funded the building of their own fabrication facility, **MOSIS** (*Metal Oxide Semiconductor Implementation Service*), which received plans electronically. MOSIS remains in operation today.

Another important part of the MOSIS fabrication process was the development of the **multichip wafer**, which allowed a single wafer of silicon to be used to produce several chip designs at the same time. Previously a wafer would normally be used to produce a single design, which meant that there was a definite minimum production run one could consider starting up. In contrast, the multichip wafer a small batch of a chip design could be produced in the middle of a larger run, dramatically lowering the startup cost and prototyping stage.

## Investigators

## Direct outcomes of the VLSI Project

### Bibliography