title: Václav Mrázek

abstract: Václav Mrázek was a Czechoslovak serial killer who was convicted of killing at least seven people in Chomutov from 1951 to 1957. While primarily sexually motivated, he also robbed his victims, and at trial, he was convicted of 127 total crimes. For the murders, Mrázek was hanged at the Pankrác Prison in 1957.

text:
# Václav Mrázek

**Václav Mrázek** (22 October 1925 – 29 December 1957) was a Czechoslovak serial killer who was convicted of killing at least seven people in Chomutov from 1951 to 1957. While primarily sexually motivated, he also robbed his victims, and at trial, he was convicted of 127 total crimes. For the murders, Mrázek was hanged at the Pankrác Prison in 1957.

## Early life

Mrázek was born on 22 October 1925 in Svinařov as one of 12 children to a poor family, four of whom died young. Due to their circumstances, the family had to sleep in a railroad car at one point. Mrázek only studied until the 5th grade of primary school, and after that, with his parents' knowledge, he and his brother Karel began stealing, mostly food and clothing. Due to his profiency, Mrázek's father forced him to teach his younger siblings as well. For one of these thefts, he was given a conditional sentence in 1941 and served 18 months in prison. After his release, Mrázek longed to become a police officer or soldier, but could not be accepted due to his small stature; because of this, in 1946, he enlisted as an armed escort of a humanitarian convoy to Romania and Bulgaria. However, Mrázek later claimed that the soldiers constantly looted the supplies and distributed them in exchange for sexual services of all kinds, which he witnessed and sometimes directly participated in, and that they also fired at everything alive they saw while on the moving train. Holding a weapon gave a subtle sense of superiority over Mrázek, who is said to have constantly replayed his travel experiences in his mind for his own pleasure, eventually leading to his interest in pornographic literature, which was often sadistic in nature.

Gradually, his sexual desires became more and more unnatural, as at one point he tried to break into a morgue so he could have sex with a corpse. Mrázek admitted that feeling his immobilized victim was the greatest form of excitement, saying that seeing them collapse to the ground after being shot felt even better than the intercourse itself. Nevertheless, he had "normal" relationships, in which his partners described as average and weak-minded, and were often repulsed by his excessive thrifting, stemming from his poor upbringing. At the time of his murders, Mrázek had a long-time partner with whom he had had several children.

## Murders

During walks around Chomutov, Mrázek often came across lonely young women, which secretly made him feel a compulsion to sexually assault them. Apparently, his desire was so strong that it gave him an intense headache, and to alleviate it, he decided to act out on his desires. On 22 August 1951, Mrázek came across 15-year-old cow herder Hana Chloubová, who was grazing cows in the forest near Drahonice, whom he killed by beating her to death with a stick. He then dragged the body to a secluded area, where he had sex with it. This murder was not connected to his later crime spree until Václav confessed to it. On September 16, he fired three shots from his pistol at 32-year-old Bronislava Pajúrková on the road between Jirkov and Kyjice, killing her. Mrázek then dragged the corpse across to the stream, had sex with it, and then dumped it in the water. As the loudness of the shots frightened him, Mrázek opted to use a knife for the next two attacks, but both of his victims survived. In the first case, the knife punctured the girl's jaw; in the second, the girl was stabbed 18 times, but her wounds were shallow. Due to the nature of the wounds, the perpetrator's low stature and thin voice made the investigations believe that the attacker might have been a woman.

On 1 June 1952, Mrázek passed by a local pub, where a dance party was taking place. The view of the dancing girls through the window excited him, so he decided to carry out another attack. Mrázek then stole a bicycle left in front of the pub and started looking for a potential victim. He came across 19-year-old Elena Mermanová, whom he shot at three times. The first bullet pierced her coat's collar and hair, which made the surprised Mermanová duck, causing the second bullet to pierce the back of her coat. While she was on the ground, Mrázek stepped closer and attempted to shoot again, but the last bullet got stuck in the barrel. As he had ejaculated during the shots, Mrázek lost interest in finishing her off and left. On the following morning, Mermanová found bullet holes while examining her coat, dispelling her belief that her attacker was a teenager with a toy gun. She went back to the place where the assault had taken place, noticing what appeared to be drag marks going towards a bush. She followed them, and to her horror, found the body of 16-year-old Marie Dvořácková, who had been killed approximately one hour after Mrázek had attacked Mermanová. On that night, Dvořácková had been left on the road by a friend who had to return home briefly, and so, she went to the Seník settlement to wait for their return. On the way, however, Dvořácková came across Mrázek while he was riding on his bicycle, who promptly killed her with one fatal shot. After killing her, he checked the area to make sure nobody had heard the shot, then returned to the body and dragged it to a nearby field. He then cut off Dvořácková's clothes with a knife, had sex with her body, and after he was done, he covered his head with remnants of Dvořácková's clothes and put on her shoes.

On 14 July 1954, Mrázek killed his fourth victim, 16-year-old student Jiřina Helmichová. On the day of her death, Helmichová had arranged to meet her friend at the forest near Černice, where she was supposed to mow some grass, but arrived late. On her way back home, she passed by Mrázek, who soon after dismounted his bicycle and called out to her. When Helmichová turned to see what he needed, he shot her in the face and then had sex with her body. Following this murder, extensive investigation attempted to capture the killer. On 9 August 1955, while walking along a road between Chomutov and Březenec, Mrázek came across a couple, 19-year-old Libuše Dufková and 26-year-old Karel Trlifaj. Mrázek pulled out his gun and shot Trlifaj thrice, stealing all the valuables from his body and then threw it in a nearby ditch, where he covered it with vegetation. Dufková, who had also been shot at, pretended to be dead, and when she thought the killer had left, she stood up and ran. To her misfortune, Mrázek saw her and shot her in the back, killing Dufková. He then dragged her body to a nearby field, where he had sex with it. Despite intensifying investigations from authorities in Chomutov, the elusive killer continued to avoid capture. As a result, a special task force was set up for the first time in Czechoslovak history. The "Bronislava Task Force", named after the first known victim, investigated around 25,000 suspects, detained several wanted persons and seized a large number of weapons. However, thanks to his inconspicuous behaviour and a full-time job, Mrázek was never considered a suspect, allowing him to change his modus operandi once again.

Mrázek attempted to strangle several women, all of whom survived and called for help. In addition to attempted murders, he also began raping girls as young as six years old, whom he did not kill because he thought it was "useless". After one such attack, he barely eluded capture and probable lynching by angry citizens. He was able to keep track of investigation procedures through acquaintances who worked for the police, as well as his subordinates at the workplace. Fearing capture, he decided to switch jobs and leave for Kladno. Due to an official's mistake, his name was excluded from people who should be questioned about the killings.

On 9 November 1956, Mrázek broke into the house of his acquaintance Ladislav Beran, from whom he decided to steal as he had heard rumours that the family had a considerable sum of money. Assuming that Beran had a night shift and was out of the house, he broke into the house, but immediately came across Beran's 57-year-old wife Alžběta, who recognized Mrázek and shouted out his name. Mrázek then killed her with an axe he had picked up in the yard, which he had only planned to use for burglary. After killing Alžběta, he forced her 11-year-old daughter Jarmilla to help him find money and valuables. Once they were done, he raped the girl before leaving the house. The daughter was unable to identify her assailant, as he had covered his face with a handkerchief.

## Arrest, trial and execution

Mrázek remained unapprehended until 17 March 1957, when he was caught after a police inspection of his home. This was preceded by him being reported for a theft at a mine in Libušín, where he worked as a spa staff attendant. One of the miners, who had injured his hand, had caught Mrázek rifling through his clothes in the locker room. As many similar thefts had been reported to the police, Mrázek was arrested and his house searched. During the search, authorities discovered a hair clipper which had been stolen from the Beran crime scene. As they continued, police also found a Walther PP hidden in a hollow leg of a table in the cellar, whose bullets matched those used in the Chomutov murders. Investigators later expressed their shock that virtually the entire apartment was stocked with stolen items, some of which were of no meaningful use to him.

Mrázek initially admitted to a few thefts, and refused to confide any information to his cellmate, who was secretly an informant. It was only after he learned of the results of the ballistic expertise that he broke down crying and confessed to all the murders and numerous other crimes. He was mentally conscious of the harm his actions caused. While committing crimes he behaved in a very organized manner, as evidenced by his ability to evade justice for a long time. One peculiar claim made by him was that he hated the sight of blood.

At one point, Mrázek was considered a suspect in three murders committed in North Bohemia in 1951 (nicknamed "Operation Erika", after one of the victims), but he claimed no responsibility for them and was eventually eliminated as a suspect in two of them. Mrázek was speedily convicted for 7 murders, 4 attempted murders and 14 rapes, which came as a surprise to him, as he thought that there was no death penalty and expected a maximum sentence of 10 years. On 29 December 1957, Václav Mrázek was hanged at the Pankrác Prison. On the same day, a death mask was made and an autopsy was performed on his body. The following day, his remains were cremated at the Motol Crematorium. For his participation in some of the thefts, Karel Mrázek was sentenced to 12 years.

## Books

* Jaromír Slušný (2006). *Černá kniha českých bestialních vrahů* \[*The black book of infamous Czech murderers*\] (in Czech). XYZ Publishing House. ISBN 80-87021-06-1.

## In media and film

* The case loosely inspired Petr Schulhoff's 1966 film *Vrah skrývá tvář* (The Murderer Hides a Face)
* Mrázek's case is covered in the first part of the crime documentary *Hrdelní zločiny* in 2001

## InfoBox

| Václav Mrázek | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1925-10-22)22 October 1925
Svinařov, Czechoslovakia |
| Died | 29 December 1957(1957-12-29) (aged 32)
Pankrác Prison, Prague, Czechoslovakia |
| Cause of death | Execution by hanging |
|  | |
| Conviction(s) | Murder x7 |
| Criminal penalty | Death |
| Details | |
| Victims | 7+ |
| Span of crimes | 1951–1956 |
| Country | Czechoslovakia |
| State(s) | Ústí nad Labem, Central Bohemia |
| Date apprehended | 17 March 1957 |
|  | |
| Signature | |
|  | |


title: Vıləşə

abstract: Vıləşə is a village in the municipality of Rinə in the Astara Rayon of Azerbaijan.

text:
# Vıləşə

**Vıləşə** is a village in the municipality of Rinə in the Astara Rayon of Azerbaijan.

## InfoBox

| Vıləşə | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Vıləşə | |
| Coordinates: 38°35′25″N 48°46′44″E / 38.59028°N 48.77889°E / 38.59028; 48.77889 | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| Rayon | Astara |
| Municipality | Rinə |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+5 (AZT) |


title: WBDB-LP

abstract: WBDB-LP was a radio station licensed to serve the community of Richmond, Virginia. The station was owned by Big Deal Productions, Inc., and aired a variety format. The station was assigned the WBDB-LP call sign by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on October 20, 2015. On February 9, 2024, the FCC cancelled WBDB-LP's license, due to the station having been silent since at least June 14, 2022.

text:
# WBDB-LP

**WBDB-LP** (103.3 FM, "103.3 The Bridge") was a radio station licensed to serve the community of Richmond, Virginia. The station was owned by Big Deal Productions, Inc., and aired a variety format.

The station was assigned the WBDB-LP call sign by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on October 20, 2015.

On February 9, 2024, the FCC cancelled WBDB-LP's license, due to the station having been silent since at least June 14, 2022.

## InfoBox

WBDB-LP
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | 103.3 MHz |
| Branding | *103.3 The Bridge* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Defunct (formerly Variety) |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Big Deal Productions, Inc. |
| History | |
| First air date | January 1, 2018 |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 193889 |
| Class | LP1 |
| ERP | 39 watts |
| HAAT | 42 metres (138 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 37°37′01.5″N 77°29′33.9″W / 37.617083°N 77.492750°W / 37.617083; -77.492750 |
| Links | |
| Public license information | LMS |


title: Mechonoid

abstract: Mechonoids are fictional robots who appear in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, in episodes 5 and 6 of the 1965 serial "The Chase". They were conceived by writer Terry Nation, designed by Raymond Cusick, and built by Shawcraft Engineering. In the story, the Mechonoids are robots sent to the planet Mechanus to prepare for an Earth colony. The colonists never arrived, but the self-repairing robots built and maintained a city. When the First Doctor and his companions arrive on Mechanus, they struggle to communicate with the robots. A team of time-travelling Daleks appears, pursuing the Doctor and his friends, and the Mechonoids defend their city in a ferocious battle. Both the Daleks and the Mechonoids are destroyed in the fight, allowing the Doctor and his companions to escape. Intended as an enemy of the series' most popular monsters, the Daleks, it was hoped that the Mechonoids would prove equally crowd-pleasing, appearing in further stories and selling merchandise, as the Daleks had. Unfortunately, the bulky Mechonoid props proved burdensome in the studio, and the producers quickly decided that there would be no return for the creatures. Several toy Mechonoids were offered for sale, but could not compete with the best-selling Daleks. The Mechonoids were included in comic book stories as enemies of the Daleks in 1965 and 1966, and they have appeared sparingly in later spin-off Doctor Who material.

text:
# Mechonoid

**Mechonoids** (sometimes spelled "Mechanoids") are fictional robots who appear in the British science fiction television series *Doctor Who*, in episodes 5 and 6 of the 1965 serial "The Chase". They were conceived by writer Terry Nation, designed by Raymond Cusick, and built by Shawcraft Engineering.

In the story, the Mechonoids are robots sent to the planet Mechanus to prepare for an Earth colony. The colonists never arrived, but the self-repairing robots built and maintained a city. When the First Doctor and his companions arrive on Mechanus, they struggle to communicate with the robots. A team of time-travelling Daleks appears, pursuing the Doctor and his friends, and the Mechonoids defend their city in a ferocious battle. Both the Daleks and the Mechonoids are destroyed in the fight, allowing the Doctor and his companions to escape.

Intended as an enemy of the series' most popular monsters, the Daleks, it was hoped that the Mechonoids would prove equally crowd-pleasing, appearing in further stories and selling merchandise, as the Daleks had. Unfortunately, the bulky Mechonoid props proved burdensome in the studio, and the producers quickly decided that there would be no return for the creatures. Several toy Mechonoids were offered for sale, but could not compete with the best-selling Daleks. The Mechonoids were included in comic book stories as enemies of the Daleks in 1965 and 1966, and they have appeared sparingly in later spin-off *Doctor Who* material.

## Creation

Scriptwriter Terry Nation introduced the robots in *The Chase* Episode 5, "The Death of Doctor Who". He originally called the creatures Mechons (pronounced Meck-ons), and the first draft of his script described them:

> "It is a mechanical robot that moves on the same principle as the Daleks... legless. \[It\] is shaped like a large spinning top. Slightly convex at the top... Imagine a capstan with a pronounced top. Sprouting... antennae... there are a number of flashing discs built into the surface of the Mechon... voice might be produced in the same way as the voice in the recording of Sparky's Magic Piano."

In Episode 6, "The Planet of Decision", Nation envisioned the Mechons keeping the travellers in a human zoo, along with a stranded astronaut who arrived five years earlier and was captured by the robots. The cell is described as being furnished as an Earth dwelling from four hundred years ago.

After receiving Nation's draft, producer Verity Lambert wrote to Nation asking for a change to the Mechons' backstory, as the current draft was too similar to an unproduced story, "The Masters of Luxor", and may have presented copyright problems. She suggested that instead of the Mechons establishing a human zoo, "they could be programmed to imprison any new arrivals who lack knowledge of the decoding system used by the expected colonists."

The robots' name was changed from Mechon to Mechonoid during the production period, so that they would not be confused with a villain named the Mekon, who appears in *Dan Dare* comics. However, there is a reference to "Mechons" in the finished program, because the name was changed after the pre-recorded Dalek dialogue was taped.

While the original scripts called the characters Mechonoids, the name is often misspelled as "Mechanoid", including in the credits for episode 5. (The error was corrected in the episode 6 credits.) The misspelled "Mechanoid" was also used extensively in merchandising and in print, including the 1965-66 *TV Century 21* comics and the 1965 annual *The Dalek World*.

## Design

Since the producers hoped that the Mechonoids would catch on as a new fad, they decided to invest a considerable percentage of the story's budget in the Mechonoids' construction. Designer Raymond Cusick was inspired by American architect Richard Buckminster Fuller's geodesic designs, with the surface of the props decorated with a pattern of interlocking triangles. The roughly spherical casings were made primarily of fiberglass, in two parts. Three Mechonoid props were produced by Shawcraft Engineering, the company that also produced the Dalek props, costing the production £812. They took two weeks to build.

The Mechonoids have no recognizable faces, just a complex of antennae at the top. They have two long pincer arms that extend from the middle of the geodesic structure. They are equipped with gun discs, and one of the three props had a working flame-thrower, for their battle with the Daleks.

Each Mechonoid was large enough to fit two people inside during filming: an operator and a special-effects technician. The operator could move the prop around with their feet, extend an aerial, and move the arms and the gun disc. The technician would operate the flame-thrower. Lights on the prop lit up when the robot spoke. According to *Doctor Who: The Complete History*, "For one shot, of a Mechonoid destroyed by a Dalek, a special pre-cut upper dome was rigged to collapse on cue, with smoke emitted from dummy mechanics inside the casting."

The operators hired by director Richard Martin had previously worked with him on serials featuring the Daleks or the Zarbi (from the 1965 story *The Web Planet*). Murphy Grumbar operated Mechonoids seen in episodes 5 and 6, joined by Jack Pitt and John Scott Martin in episode 6.

The electronically-treated Mechonoid voice performed by David Graham was grating and difficult to understand. The robots' dialogue was written in a pastiche of computer code; for example, the Mechonoid's first line of dialogue in episode 5 is, "Eight hundred - Thirty - Mechonoid - English - Input - Enter".

## Filming

The Mechonoids' climactic battle with the Daleks was shot on film at Ealing Studios, on stage 3A/B on Wednesday 14 and Thursday 15 April, 1965. Those days were also used to shoot film inserts of Shawcraft's model Mechonoid city, designed by Cusick.

According to *Doctor Who: The Complete History*, "Although the script required the Mechonoid city to burn and collapse into the jungle below, it was decided to avoid destroying the model in case it should be needed in a further Mechonoid story. The effect was achieved by crossfading between a shot of the model to stock film of a volcanic eruption and explosions. The battle scene, cut in on telecine, now incorporated cross faded images, and several animated explosions superimposed on the action. Although shot silently, in addition to sound effects, new Mechonoid dialogue was overlayed whilst the bulk of the Dalek dialogue was lifted from earlier episodes, notably *The Executioners* \[episode 1 of *The Chase*\]."

The taping of episode 5 took place on Friday 28 May at Riverside Studios. Episode 6 was taped at Riverside on Friday 4 June.

Problems experienced during the recordings with moving the bulky props brought a swift end to the production's plans for a return match between the Daleks and Mechonoids. The robot casings were 5'6" wide, plus an extra foot and a half for their extendable weapons, and they were difficult to move around. Only two of the three constructed were used in the taping at Riverside. In a 1986 interview, script editor Dennis Spooner recalled, "No one could have stood the problems if they had caught on. They were just physically impossible to move in and out of the studios."

## Publicity and broadcast

On 14 April, 1965, the production held a press call at Ealing Studios to show off the show's newest stars. Producer Verity Lambert was playfully photographed lighting her cigarette from a Mechonoid's flame-thrower.

The photocall was successful in generating positive press attention the next day. The *Daily Mirror* published a report called "Mechanoids Challenge the Daleks", asserting, "The next mechanical monsters to invade BBC-TV's Dr Who series are enough to make even the Daleks break out in a rust rash." The *Daily Express* printed the photo of Lambert with the headline "Me? I'm a Mechanoid," and there was also mention in the *Daily Mail* and *The Daily Telegraph*.

The two episodes in which the Mechonoids appear are episode 5, "The Death of Doctor Who" (broadcast 19 June 1965), and episode 6, "The Planet of Decision" (26 June 1965).

## Merchandise

It was hoped that the Mechonoids would prove popular enough to support an extensive line of merchandise, as the Daleks had. The day after the 14 April press call, the production office was already receiving enquiries from potential licensees asking about the Mechonoids.

Herts Plastic Moulders issued a Dalek and a "Mechanoid" model in 1965, as an exclusive to Woolworths stores. The sales of the Dalek figure were much higher than the Mechanoid, and the line was discontinued.

Cherilea Toys, who had success with their Swappit Dalek kits, also tried to capitalize on the Mechonoids, producing two-inch plastic models in black, light blue and silver, which could be broken into detachable pieces and put back together in different colour combinations. The toys didn't sell well, but Cherilea was able to repurpose the Mechonoid molds with some modifications to create plastic "Space Pods" for their "Astronauts" toy line.

Mechonoid models have also been produced by Fine Art Castings in 1986, Media Collectables in 2001, and Eaglemoss in 2016.

## Comics

The "Mechanoids" appeared in Souvenir Press' 1965 annual *The Dalek World*, in a comics story called "The World That Waits". In the story, the Daleks return to Mechanus for another battle. While the Mechanoids gain the upper hand, the Black Dalek deploys the powerful atom divider, which destroys the Mechanoid City.

The "Mechanoids" also battled the Daleks in the pages of the comic *TV Century 21* in 1965 and 1966. The publication featured a weekly one-page series, *The Daleks*, which depicted the metal monsters in full color as galactic conquerors. The Mechanoids were introduced to the series in issue 47 (11 December 1965), beginning a five-issue story about a Dalek/Mechanoid standoff in outer space. They returned in issue 62 (26 March 1966) for a story about the Daleks aiming a runaway planet at the Mechanoids' homeworld. They last appeared in issue 69 (14 May 1966).

## Reception

A contemporary review in *The Stage and Television Today* praised the final episode of *The Chase*, with Marjorie Norris writing, "The battle scene between the two opposing robot armies — the Daleks and the Mechanoids (sic) — was handled with imagination and ingenuity to provide a spectacle as exciting as many that have been achieved at far greater cost in feature films."

Tat Wood and Lawrence Miles took a dimmer view of the Mechonoids in their book *About Time, volume 1*, writing, "And that's humanity's idea of a servo-robot, is it? An impractically large and clumsy ball of metal that shuffles along very, very slowly and has no obvious functions except for building corridors that are flagrantly too small for it. Wouldn't something smaller / nippier / more versatile have been preferable?" Elizabeth Sandifer agreed in *Tardis Eruditorum, volume 1*: "The thing is, in the sixth episode, it's quickly clear that the Mechanoids are rubbish and everyone knows it. (Well, except Nation.)... The Mechanoids, in fact, are among the most incoherently speaking monsters we've ever seen."

## Legacy

*War of the Daleks* (1997), an Eighth Doctor BBC Books novel written by John Peel, features a Mechonoid identified as Mechon 179. It works as a gardener on the planet Hesperus and is destroyed helping to defend the planet against a Dalek invasion.

The Mechonoids appear in the 2005 Big Finish Productions audio drama *The Juggernauts* by Scott Alan Woodard, which features the Sixth Doctor and Melanie Bush. In this story, Davros adds human nervous tissue to robotic Mechanoid shells to create the titular Juggernauts.

The third issue of *Doctor Who - Battles in Time* magazine (2006) featured a two-page *Dalek Wars* image and accompanying text entitled *The Battle for the Planet Mechanus*, depicting a battle inside a Mechonoid city.

In the 2010 graphic novel *The Only Good Dalek,* the Mechonoids are depicted as having been destroyed by the Daleks, with some of their remains making their way to a human space station, where research is being conducted on the Daleks in the hopes of finding a way to defeat them.

The 2020 *Daleks!* animation series included Mechonoids in two chapters: the third installment, *Planet of the Mechanoids*, the fourth, *The Deadly Ally*, and the fifth and final chapter, *Day of Reckoning*.

In the 2021 Big Finish audio drama *Queen of the Mechonoids*, River Song is seen ruling a city of Mechonoids. The robots are also seen in another 2021 Big Finish story, *The Dalek Universe: The House of Kingdom*.

1. Ainsworth 2016, p. 82.
2. Brunt 2024, 1965, 23 February.
3. Brunt 2024, 1965, 25 February.
4. Ainsworth 2016, p. 74.
5. Ainsworth 2016, p. 108.
6. Howe & Walker 2013, The Chase.
7. Helm, Jonathan (February 2021). "Special Effects". In Hearn, Marcus (ed.). *Doctor Who Chronicles: 1965*. Panini Magazines. p. 40.
8. Ainsworth 2016, p. 87.
9. Ainsworth 2016, p. 112.
10. Ainsworth 2016, p. 101.
11. Brunt 2024, 1965, 28 May.
12. Brunt 2024, 1965, 4 June.
13. Barnes 2008, pp. 52–53.
14. Barnes, Alan (February 2021). "The Chase". In Hearn, Marcus (ed.). *Doctor Who Chronicles: 1965*. Panini Magazines. p. 58.
15. McGown, Alistair (February 2021). "Breaking News". In Hearn, Marcus (ed.). *Doctor Who Chronicles: 1965*. Panini Magazines. pp. 103–107.
16. Ainsworth 2016, p. 103.
17. Brunt 2024, 1965, 15 April.
18. Hill, Christopher (February 2021). "Toy Stories". In Hearn, Marcus (ed.). *Doctor Who Chronicles: 1965*. Panini Magazines. p. 46, 49.
19. Kilburn, Matthew (February 2021). "Pages of History". In Hearn, Marcus (ed.). *Doctor Who Chronicles: 1965*. Panini Magazines. p. 83.
20. Wood & Miles 2006, pp. 170–171.
21. Sandifer 2018.
22. Barnes 2008, p. 53.

## Bibliography

* Ainsworth, John, ed. (2016). "The Crusade, The Space Museum, The Chase and The Time Meddler". *Doctor Who: The Complete History* (5). London: Panini Comics, Hachette Partworks. ISSN 2057-6048.
* Barnes, Alan (9 Jan 2008). "The Fact of Fiction: The Chase". *Doctor Who Magazine* (390).
* Brunt, David (2024). *The Doctor Who Production Diary: The Hartnell Years*. Telos Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84583-222-3.
* Hearn, Marcus, ed. (February 2021). *Doctor Who Chronicles: 1965*. Panini Magazines.
* Howe, David J.; Walker, Stephen James (2013). "The Chase". *The Television Companion: The Unofficial and Unauthorised Guide to Doctor Who*. Telos Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84583-156-1.
* Sandifer, Elizabeth (2018). "Anybody Remotely Interesting Is Mad (The Chase)". *TARDIS Eruditorum: An Unofficial Critical History of Doctor Who, Volume One*. Eruditorum Press. ISBN 978-1720823933.
* Wood, Tat; Miles, Lawrence (2006). *About Time: The Unauthorized Guide to Doctor Who: 1963-1966, Seasons 1 to 3*. Mad Norwegian Press. ISBN 0-9759446-0-6.

## InfoBox

| Mechonoid | |
| --- | --- |
| *Doctor Who* race | |
| A trio of Mechonoids as they appear in *The Chase*. | |
| First appearance | *The Chase* (1965) |
| Created by | Terry Nation |
| In-universe information | |
| Home world | Mechanus |
| Type | Robots |


title: WANK (computer worm)

abstract: The WANK Worm and the OILZ Worm were computer worms that attacked DEC VMS computers in 1989 over the DECnet. They were written in DIGITAL Command Language.

text:
# WANK (computer worm)

The **WANK Worm** and the **OILZ Worm** were computer worms that attacked DEC VMS computers in 1989 over the DECnet. They were written in DIGITAL Command Language.

## Origin

The worm is believed to have been created by Melbourne-based hackers, the first to be created by an Australian or Australians. The Australian Federal Police thought the worm was created by two hackers who used the names Electron and Phoenix. Julian Assange may have been involved, but this has never been proven.

Approximately two weeks later, a modified version of the worm called OILZ attacked other systems. The original version, WANK, had bugs preventing access to accounts with no password. In OILZ, some of the problems of the first worm were corrected, allowing penetration of unpassworded accounts and altering passwords. The code indicated that the worms evolved over time and was not written by a single person.

## Political message

The WANK worm had a distinct political message attached; it was the first major worm to have a political message. WANK in this context stands for Worms Against Nuclear Killers. The following message appeared on an infected computer's screen:

The worm coincidentally appeared on a DECnet network operated by NASA days before the launch of a NASA Space Shuttle carrying the *Galileo* spacecraft. At the time, there were protests by anti-nuclear groups regarding the use of the plutonium-based power modules in *Galileo*. The protesters contended that if this shuttle blew up as *Challenger* did three years earlier in 1986, the plutonium spilled would cause widespread death to residents of Florida.

The worm propagated through the network pseudo-randomly from one system to the other by using an algorithm which converted the victim machine's system time into a candidate target node address (composed of a DECnet Area and Node number) and subsequently attempted to exploit weakly secured accounts such as SYSTEM and DECNET that had password identical to the usernames. The worm did not attack computers within DECnet area 48, which was New Zealand. A comment inside the worm source code at the point of this branch logic indicated that New Zealand was a nuclear-free zone. New Zealand had recently forbidden U.S. nuclear-powered vessels from docking at its harbours, thus further fueling the speculation inside NASA that the worm attack was related to the anti-nuclear protest. The line "You talk of times of peace for all, and then prepare for war" is drawn from the lyrics of the Midnight Oil song "Blossom and Blood". Midnight Oil is an Australian rock band known for political activism and opposition to both nuclear power and nuclear weapons. The process name of the second version of the worm to be detected was "oilz", an Australian shorthand term for the band.

## Playful nature

DECnet networks affected included those operated by the NASA Space Physics Analysis Network (SPAN), the US Department of Energy's High Energy Physics Network (HEPnet), CERN, and Riken. The only separation between the networks was a prearranged division of network addresses (DECnet "Areas"). Thus, the worm, by picking a random target address, could affect all infected networks equally. The worm code included 100 common VAX usernames that were hard-coded into its source code. In addition to its political message, the worm contained several features of an apparently playful nature. The words "wank" and "wanked" are slang terms used in many countries to refer to masturbation. In addition, the worm contained "over sixty" randomizable messages that it would display to users, including "Vote anarchist" and "The FBI is watching YOU". The worm was also programmed to trick users into believing that files were being deleted by displaying a file deletion dialogue that could not be aborted, though no files were actually erased by the worm.

## Anti-WANK, OILZ and WANK\_SHOT

R. Kevin Oberman (from DOE) and John McMahon (from NASA) wrote separate versions of an anti-WANK procedure and deployed them into their respective networks. It exploited the fact that before infecting a system, WANK would check for NETW\_(random number), that is a copy of its own, in the process table. If one was found, the worm would destroy itself. When anti-WANK was run on a non-infected system, it would create a process named NETW\_(random number) and just sit there. anti-WANK only worked against the earlier version of the worm, though, because the process name of the worm in a later version was changed to OILZ.

A second version of WANK, called OILZ, was released on October 22, 1989. Unlike the previous version of WANK, this version was designed to actually damage the computers it infected, rather than only falsely claim to do so, and would alter the passwords of infected computers. Like the previous version of WANK, this program would utilise the RIGHTSLIST database to find new computers to infect. The program WANK\_SHOT was designed by Bernard Perrow of the French National Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics to rename RIGHTLIST and replace it with a dummy database. This would cause WANK to go after the dummy, which could be designed with a hidden logic bomb. WANK\_SHOT was then provided to the system administrators of affected networks to be installed onto their computers. It still took weeks for the worm to be completely erased from the network.

## InfoBox

WANK (Worms Against Nuclear Killers)
| Initial release | 1989 |
| --- | --- |
| Written in | DIGITAL Command Language |
| Operating system | VMS |
| Type | Computer worm |


title: Melanopleurus pyrrhopterus

abstract: Melanopleurus pyrrhopterus is a species of seed bug in the family Lygaeidae. It is found in the continental United States, Mexico, and has also been recorded in Canada.

text:
# Melanopleurus pyrrhopterus

***Melanopleurus pyrrhopterus*** is a species of seed bug in the family Lygaeidae. It is found in the continental United States, Mexico, and has also been recorded in Canada.

## Subspecies

There are two recognized subspecies of *Melanopleurus pyrrhopterus**:*

* *Melanopleurus pyrrhopterus melanopleurus* (Uhler, 1893)
* *Melanopleurus pyrrhopterus pyrrhopterus* (Stål, 1874)

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Melanopleurus pyrrhopterus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Heteroptera |
| Family: | Lygaeidae |
| Genus: | *Melanopleurus* |
| Species: | ***M. pyrrhopterus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Melanopleurus pyrrhopterus***<br>(Stal, 1874) | |
|


title: Melaka FM

abstract: Melaka FM is a regional Malay language radio station operated by Radio Televisyen Malaysia out of the state capital of Malacca, Malaysia. Broadcasting started in 1946 from the Stadthuys building. The Station transmits on FM 102.3 MHz from Gunung Ledang. The Melaka FM transmissions were formerly on AM 1008 kHz, until 2002. The Station can be received statewide as well as in some parts of Johor, Negeri Sembilan, south west Pahang and part of Selangor.

text:
# Melaka FM

**Melaka FM** (English: Malacca FM) is a regional Malay language radio station operated by Radio Televisyen Malaysia out of the state capital of Malacca, Malaysia. Broadcasting started in 1946 from the Stadthuys building. The Station transmits on FM 102.3 MHz from Gunung Ledang. The Melaka FM transmissions were formerly on AM 1008 kHz, until 2002. The Station can be received statewide as well as in some parts of Johor, Negeri Sembilan, south west Pahang (Bandar Tun Abdul Razak and Bandar Muadzam Shah) and part of Selangor (Sungai Pelek and Tanjung Sepat).

## Etymology

The Station was formerly known as Radio Malaysia Melaka and Radio 3 Melaka.

## History

Radio Malaya Malacca began its first broadcast from the Stadthuys in 1946, which was transmitted using a 25 watt powered transmission tower in Malacca City Centre. In 1948, the Station was moved to a wooden building in Bandar Hilir when Stadthuys was repurposed as a court building, and was transmitted using a 300 watt powered transmission tower at Malacca Straits Inn. Radio Malaya Malacca was rebranded as Radio Malaysia Melaka, when Malacca became a part of the newly formed Federation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963. Radio Malaysia Melaka moved to its present location at Jalan Mata Kuching (now Jalan Taming Sari), with the building officiated by Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Malacca – Tun Haji Abdul Malek Yusof, on 17 August 1965 and broadcast using AM Frequency 1008 kHz with a power of 10 kilowatt through a transmission tower located at Batu Berendam.

## InfoBox

Melaka FM
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Peninsular Malaysia (Malacca) |
| Frequency | 102.3 MHz |
| Programming | |
| Format |  |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Radio Televisyen Malaysia |
| Sister stations | National: Regional: |
| History | |
| First air date | 1946 |
| Former frequencies | AM 1008 kHz |
| Links | |
| Webcast | rtmklik.rtm.gov.my/radio/negeri/melaka-fm |
| Website | melakafm.rtm.gov.my |


title: Melanin theory

abstract: Melanin theory is a set of pseudoscientific claims made by some proponents of Afrocentrism, which holds that black people, including ancient Egyptians, have superior mental, physical, and paranormal powers because they have higher levels of melanin, the primary skin pigment in humans.

text:
# Melanin theory

**Melanin theory** is a set of pseudoscientific claims made by some proponents of Afrocentrism, which holds that black people, including ancient Egyptians, have superior mental, physical, and paranormal powers because they have higher levels of melanin, the primary skin pigment in humans.

## Claims

Melanin theory posits that individuals' responses to social stimuli are determined by the prevalence of the skin pigment melanin. Historian Stephen Ferguson describes melanin theory as a component of "strong" Afrocentrism, which assigns biological causes to social phenomena such as white supremacy. Proponents of melanin theory ("melanists") argue that insecurity among European males leads to efforts to socially dominate and emasculate African males, taking the form of unemployment, incarceration, and political and social marginalization.

Some black supremacists, including professor of black studies Leonard Jeffries and psychologist Frances Cress Welsing, argue without evidence that higher levels of melanin give black people inherently superior qualities to white people, including supernatural abilities such as extrasensory perception. According to Bernard Ortiz de Montellano, "the alleged properties of melanin, mostly unsupported, irrelevant, or distortions of the scientific literature, are \[...\] used to justify Afrocentric assertions. One of the most common is that humans evolved as blacks in Africa, and that whites are mutants (albinos, or melanin recessives)". Ortiz de Montellano wrote in 1993 that melanin theory as an ideological movement would increase scientific illiteracy and would contribute to "widening the gap between the races".

Welsing states that Africans possess dominant genes in comparison to the recessive genes of Europeans, which, she posits, leads to a struggle by Europeans to maintain their genetic distinctness. Welsing derived her hypothesis partly through a neo-Freudian analysis of cultural symbols rather than scientific evidence, arguing that the motivation for white supremacy is an unconscious response to white genetic and sexual inferiority. Ferguson equates this argument with "white male penis envy" toward black men.

In 2006, the views of adherents and critics of melanin theory were dramatized in Cassandra Medley's play *Relativity*.

In 2020, melanin theory was promoted by Nick Cannon in an interview with Professor Griff of Public Enemy on the Cannon's Class podcast, among anti-Semitic ideas.


title: Melanio Olmedo

abstract: Melanio Olmedo was a Paraguayan footballer. He was part of Paraguay's squad that won the 1953 South American Championship.

text:
# Melanio Olmedo

**Melanio Olmedo** (19 January 1932 - 4 February 2012) was a Paraguayan footballer. He was part of Paraguay's squad that won the 1953 South American Championship.

## International career

Olmedo was selected in Paraguay's squad for the 1953 South American Championship in Peru. He played four games in the tournament, including the final against Brazil, a 3–2 win that enabled Paraguay to win the competition, its first Copa America. The game against Uruguay on 12 March was his first cap with Paraguay.

Olmedo's fifth cap was a 1954 FIFA World Cup qualification game against Chile on 21 February 1954.

He was again in Paraguay's squad for the 1955 South American Championship in Chile. He only played one game during the competition, against Peru on 13 March. It was his sixth and last cap with Paraguay.

## InfoBox

Melanio Olmedo
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Melanio Olmedo Bretón | | |
| Date of birth | (1932-01-19)19 January 1932 | | |
| Date of death | 4 February 2012(2012-02-04) (aged 80) | | |
| Place of death | Ciudad del Este, Paraguay | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1948-1955 | Sol de América |  |  |
| 1955-1958 | FC Barcelona | 22 | (1) |
| 1956-1957 | UE Lleida (loan) | 6 | (0) |
| 1957-1958 | CE Europa (loan) |  |  |
| 1958-1959 | Lusitano Evora | 17 | (2) |
| 1959-1960 | Marítimo |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1953-1955 | Paraguay | 6 | (0) |
| Medal record      Representing  Paraguay  Copa América  **Winner** 1953 Peru | | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Västergötland Runic Inscription 8

abstract: Västergötland Runic Inscription 8 or Vg 8 is the Rundata listing for a Viking Age memorial runestone located at the church at Hjälstad, which is about one kilometer west of Moholm, Västra Götaland County, Sweden, and in the historic province of Västergötland.

text:
# Västergötland Runic Inscription 8

**Västergötland Runic Inscription 8** or **Vg 8** is the Rundata listing for a Viking Age memorial runestone located at the church at Hjälstad, which is about one kilometer west of Moholm, Västra Götaland County, Sweden, and in the historic province of Västergötland.

## Description

The inscription on Vg 8 consists of runes carved in the younger futhark on a serpent that runs up one edge of the runestone, across its face, and then down the other edge. On the face of the stone is a large cross, and a second cross is located above the end of the serpent's tail. The inscription is classified as being carved in runestone style Fp. This is the classification for inscriptions with runic bands that have attached serpent or beast heads depicted as seen from above. The stone was discovered in the north wall of the church in 1890. Before the historic nature of runestones was understood, they were often reused as materials in the construction of buildings, churches, and bridges. The stone was removed from the church wall in 1937 and raised in the churchyard.

The runic text states that the stone was raised by a man possibly named Geitingr in memory of his brother Geirmundr. Geirmundr is described as being *þegn goðan* or "a good thegn," a phrase that is also used on runestone DR 143 from Gunderup and, in its plural form, on Sö 34 from Tjuvstigen. A thegn was a class of retainer, and about fifty memorial runestones in Denmark and Sweden mention that the deceased was a thegn. The runic text ends with a short prayer, which is on the serpent's tail below the smaller cross.

## Inscription

### Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters

**kitikr × risti × stin × þena × eftiʀ × kimut × bruþur × sin × þen × kuþaa × kuþ albi ×**

### Transcription into Old Norse

*Gæitingʀ(?) ræisti stæin þenna æftiʀ Gæiʀmund, broður sinn, þegn goðan. Guð hialpi.*

### Translation in English

Geitingr(?) raised this stone in memory of Geirmundr, his brother, a good thegn. May God help.

58°36′27″N 14°00′41″E / 58.6075°N 14.0114°E / 58.6075; 14.0114


title: Melanella mamilla

abstract: Melanella mamilla is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Eulimidae.

text:
# Melanella mamilla

***Melanella mamilla*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Eulimidae.

## Distribution

This marine species is endemic to Australia and occurs off Tasmania.

* May, W.L. 1915 \[1916\]. *Additions to the Tasmanian Mollusca, with descriptions of new species*. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 1915: 75-99 \[issued separately 31 December 1915\]

## InfoBox

| *Melanella mamilla* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Eulimidae |
| Genus: | *Melanella* |
| Species: | ***M. mamilla*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Melanella mamilla***<br>(May, 1915) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Eulima mamilla* May, 1915 | |


title: Mediterranean Lingua Franca

abstract: The Mediterranean Lingua Franca, or Sabir, was a contact language, or languages, that were used as a lingua franca in the Mediterranean Basin from the 11th to the 19th centuries. April McMahon describes Sabir as a "fifteenth century proto-pidgin" and "a relic of the original Lingua Franca, a medieval language used by Mediterranean traders and by the Crusaders." Operstein and McMahon categorize Sabir and "Lingua Franca" as separate but related languages.

text:
# Mediterranean Lingua Franca

The **Mediterranean Lingua Franca**, or **Sabir**, was a contact language, or languages, that were used as a lingua franca in the Mediterranean Basin from the 11th to the 19th centuries. April McMahon describes Sabir as a "fifteenth century proto-pidgin" and "a relic of the original Lingua Franca, a medieval language used by Mediterranean traders and by the Crusaders." Operstein and McMahon categorize Sabir and "Lingua Franca" as separate but related languages.

## Etymology

*Lingua franca* meant literally "Frankish language" in Late Latin, and it originally referred specifically to the language that was used around the Eastern Mediterranean Sea as the main language of commerce. However, the term "Franks" was actually applied to all Western Europeans during the late Byzantine Period. Later, the meaning of *lingua franca* expanded to mean any bridge language. Its other name in the Mediterranean area was *Sabir*, a term cognate of *saber* ("to know") in most Iberian languages and of Italian and Latin *sapere* and French *savoir*.

## Origins

Based mostly on Northern Italy's languages (mainly Venetian and Genoese) and secondarily on Occitano-Romance languages (Catalan and Occitan) in the western Mediterranean area at first, Lingua Franca later came to have more Spanish and Portuguese elements, especially on the Barbary Coast (now referred to as the Maghreb). Lingua Franca also borrowed from Tamazight, Turkish, French, Greek and Arabic.

The grammar of the language used aspects from many of its lexifiers. The infinitive was used for all verb forms and the lexicon was primarily Italo-Romance, with a Spanish interface. As in Arabic, vowel space was reduced, and Venetian influences can be seen in the dropping of certain vowels and intervocalic stops.

## History

This mixed language was used widely for commerce and diplomacy and was also current among slaves of the bagnio, Barbary pirates and European renegades in precolonial Algiers. Historically, the first to use it were the Genoese and Venetian trading colonies in the eastern Mediterranean after the year 1000.

> As the use of Lingua Franca spread in the Mediterranean, dialectal fragmentation emerged, the main difference being more use of Italian and Provençal vocabulary in the Middle East, while Ibero-Romance lexical material dominated in the Maghreb. After France became the dominant power in the latter area in the 19th century, Algerian Lingua Franca was heavily gallicised (to the extent that locals are reported having believed that they spoke French when conversing in Lingua Franca with the Frenchmen, who in turn thought they were speaking Arabic), and this version of the language was spoken into the nineteen hundreds.... Algerian French was indeed a dialect of French, although Lingua Franca certainly had had an influence on it.... Lingua Franca also seems to have affected other languages. Eritrean Pidgin Italian, for instance, displayed some remarkable similarities with it, in particular the use of Italian participles as past or perfective markers. It seems reasonable to assume that these similarities have been transmitted through Italian foreigner talk stereotypes.

The similarities contribute to discussions of the classification of Lingua Franca as a language. Although its official classification is that of a pidgin, some scholars adamantly oppose that classification and believe it would be better viewed as an interlanguage of Italian.

Hugo Schuchardt (1842–1927) was the first scholar to investigate the Lingua Franca systematically. According to the monogenetic theory of the origin of pidgins that he developed, Lingua Franca was known by Mediterranean sailors including the Portuguese. When the Portuguese started exploring the seas of Africa, America, Asia and Oceania, they tried to communicate with the natives by mixing a Portuguese-influenced version of Lingua Franca with the local languages. When English or French ships came to compete with the Portuguese, the crews tried to learn the "broken Portuguese". A process of relexification caused the Lingua Franca and Portuguese lexicon to be substituted by the languages of the peoples in contact.

The theory is one way of explaining the similarities between most of the European-based pidgins and creole languages, such as Tok Pisin, Papiamento, Sranan Tongo, Krio and Chinese Pidgin English. Those languages use forms similar to or derived from *sabir* for 'to know' and *piquenho* for "children".

Lingua Franca left traces in present Algerian slang and Polari. There are traces even in geographical names, such as Cape Guardafui, which literally means "Cape Look and Escape" in Lingua Franca and ancient Italian.

## Bibliography

* Brown, Joshua. 2022. "On the Existence of a Mediterranean Lingua Franca and the Persistence of Language Myths". *Language Dynamics in the Early Modern Period* (edited by Karen Bennett and Angelo Cattaneo). London: Routledge, pp. 169–189. ISBN 9780367552145.
* Brown, Joshua. 2024. "Digital approaches to multilingual text analysis: the Dictionnaire de la langue franque and its morphology as hybrid data in the past". *Multilingual Digital Humanities* (edited by Lorella Viola and Paul Spence). Digital Research in the Arts and Humanities. London: Routledge, pp.213-229.
* Dakhlia, Jocelyne, *Lingua Franca – Histoire d'une langue métisse en Méditerranée*, Actes Sud, 2008, ISBN 2-7427-8077-7.
* John A. Holm, *Pidgins and Creoles*, Cambridge University Press, 1989, ISBN 0-521-35940-6, p. 607.
* Henry Romanos Kahane, *The Lingua Franca in the Levant: Turkish Nautical Terms of Italian and Greek Origin*, University of Illinois, 1958.
* Hugo Schuchardt, "The Lingua Franca". *Pidgin and Creole languages: selected essays by Hugo Schuchardt* (edited and translated by Glenn G. Gilbert), Cambridge University Press, 1980. ISBN 0-521-22789-5.
* Nolan, Joanna. 2020. *The Elusive Case of Lingua Franca*. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
* Drusteler, Eric R. 2012. "Speaking in Tongues: Language and communication in the Early Modern Mediterranean." *Past and Present* 217: 4-77. doi:10.1093/pastj/gts023.
* Hitchcock, Louise A., and Aren M. Maeir. 2016. "A Pirate's Life for me: The Maritime culture of the Sea Peoples." *Palestine Exploration Quarterly* 148(4):245-264.
* Lang, George. 1992. "The Literary Settings of Lingua Franca (1300-1830)." *Neophilologus* 76(1): 64-76. doi:10.1007/BF00316757.
* Operstein, Natalie. 2018. "Inflection in Lingua Franca: from Haedo's *Topographia* to the *Dictionnaire de la langue franque*." *Morphology* 28: 145-185. doi:10.1007/s11525-018-9320-8.

## InfoBox

| Mediterranean Lingua Franca | |
| --- | --- |
| *sabir* | |
| Region | Mediterranean Basin (esp. Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Greece, Cyprus) |
| Extinct | 19th century |
| Language family | primarily Romance-based pidgin * **Mediterranean Lingua Franca** |
| Dialects | * Sabir * Lingua Franca |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | `pml` |
| Linguist List | `pml.html` |
| *Glottolog* | `ling1242` |
| Linguasphere | `51-AAB-c` |


title: WFIV-FM

abstract: WFIV-FM is a radio station broadcasting an oldies format. Licensed to the suburb of Loudon, Tennessee it serves the Knoxville metropolitan area including Farragut. It first began broadcasting in 1990 under the call sign WJDG. The station is currently owned by Horne Radio.

text:
# WFIV-FM

**WFIV-FM** (105.3 FM) is a radio station broadcasting an oldies format. Licensed to the suburb of Loudon, Tennessee it serves the Knoxville metropolitan area including Farragut. It first began broadcasting in 1990 under the call sign **WJDG**. The station is currently owned by Horne Radio.

## History

After being assigned the call sign "WJDG" on April 13, 1990, WFIV-FM changed call signs briefly to "WESK" in March 1991. In May 1991 the call sign was again changed to "WXST" but was changed back to "WESK" on March 16, 1998. In February 2000 the station adopted an '80s format with the call sign WKVL-FM; the station would switch from talk back to 80s music many times up until November 1, 2005. That is when the station switched to the WFIV-FM call sign.

WFIV adopted an eclectic variety format, referred to by the radio industry as Adult Album Alternative (AAA).

Syndicated programming on WFIV included *The House of Blues Hour*, as well as *Little Steven's Underground Garage* hosted by Little Steven.

On March 1, 2010, the station "relaunched" as "i-105," "Knoxville's Independent Radio", maintaining the Adult Alternative format but dropping any reference to their actual studio location in Farragut.

On September 4, 2020, WFIV changed formats from adult alternative to oldies, branded as "105.3 WFIV".

## InfoBox

WFIV-FM
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Knoxville, Tennessee |
| Frequency | 105.3 MHz |
| Branding | *105.3 WFIV* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Oldies |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | * Douglas and Susan Horne * (Horne Radio, LLC) |
| Sister stations | WMTY, WDEH |
| History | |
| First air date | 1990 (as WJDG) |
| Former call signs | WKVL-FM (2001–2005)
WESK (1998–2001)(3/1991–5/1991)
WXST (5/1991-1998)
WJDG (1990–1991) |
| Call sign meaning | **W**e're **F**arragut's **I**ndependent **V**oice |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 65151 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | 6,000 watts |
| HAAT | 100 meters (330 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 35°48′40″N 84°16′2″W / 35.81111°N 84.26722°W / 35.81111; -84.26722 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen live |
| Website | wfiv.com |


title: Meine engen Grenzen

abstract: "Meine engen Grenzen" is a Christian poem by Eugen Eckert, written in 1981, and made a hymn of the genre Neues Geistliches Lied with a melody and setting by Winfried Heurich the same year. The song, bringing one's shortcomings and limitations before God and praying for a broader perspective, is part of the common German Protestant and Catholic hymnals, and of other songbooks.

text:
# Meine engen Grenzen

"**Meine engen Grenzen**" ("My narrow limits") is a Christian poem by Eugen Eckert, written in 1981, and made a hymn of the genre Neues Geistliches Lied with a melody and setting by Winfried Heurich the same year. The song, bringing one's shortcomings and limitations before God and praying for a broader perspective, is part of the common German Protestant and Catholic hymnals, and of other songbooks.

## History

The poem was written by the Protestant theologian and minister Eugen Eckert from Frankfurt, who has taken care of students, the football arena, and persons outcast by society. He wrote the text when he, as minister of a home for girls in difficult circumstances, was unable to help one of the girls. The topic is bringing one's shortcomings before God and praying for a broader perspective.

Eckert and Heurich are regarded as prolific authors of songs of Neues Geistliches Lied (New sacred song), and "Meine engen Grenzen" as one of their most successful songs. It became part of the Protestant hymnal *Evangelisches Gesangbuch*, in Baden-Württemberg as EG 589, and in Rheinland / Westfalen / Lippe as EG 600. It also appears in the German common Catholic hymnal *Gotteslob* as GL 437, in the section *Bitte and Klage* (request and lament). The song is part of many other hymnals and songbooks.

## Text and music

In the four stanzas of four lines each, "Herr, erbarme dich" (Lord, have mercy) is the final line in every stanza, which is the German version of the liturgical Kyrie eleison, Christe eleison of the mass, a regular part of also of Protestant church services. The singer speaks in the first person, beginning each first line, and most of the second lines, with *meine* ("my"), and then mentioning something limiting and troubling. The second line always ends *bringe ich vor dich* (I bring before you). The third line always begins with the request *Wandle sie in ...* (transform them to ...) and then mentions one positive term. In the first stanza, narrow limits and a short sight (*kurze Sicht*) are hoped to be transformed to broadness (*Weite*), in the second stanza, powerlessness (*Ohnmacht*) and things paralyzing (*was mich lähmt*) to strength, in the third stanza, lost confidence (*verlornes Zutraun*) and anxiety to warmth, and finally deep longing for comfort to be transformed to a sense of home (*Heimat*). The song is suitable as a song of penitence, specifically for the Kyrie of the mass.

The text has been set to music by Winfried Heurich. The melody is in D, undecided if D minor or Doric mode. The range is from low D to high D. The melody begins in the middle, on A, repeated twice and then moving downward in even steps for the first line, in a bowing motion. For the second line, the melody rises step by step to A again, but in faster notes in irregular rhythm. The melody of the third line, carrying the prayer for transformation, is similar to the beginning but intensely from the highest note. The fourth line, the plea for mercy, is similar to the beginning in both rhythm and range, bringing the song to rest on a long D. Lines 3 and 4 of each stanza are repeated.

It was recorded in 2003 on a collection *Halte deine Träume fest* (hold on to your dreams), a performance by the band Habakuk of all songs from a songbook of the same name by the Dehm-Verlag. In 2006, Gerhard Fleischer created a different melody and composed settings for choir, and for voice with organ or piano.

## InfoBox

| "Meine engen Grenzen" | |
| --- | --- |
| Christian poem and hymn | |
| Eugen Eckert in 2008 | |
| English | My narrow limits |
| Written | 1981 (1981) |
| Text | by Eugen Eckert |
| Language | German |
| Melody | by Winfried Heurich |
| Performed | 1981 (1981) |


title: Meine Seele soll Gott loben, BWV 223

abstract: Meine Seele soll Gott loben, BWV 223, is a church cantata probably composed by Johann Sebastian Bach in Mühlhausen around 1707. The music of the cantata is lost, except for four measures of the theme of the closing fugue, which is given by Spitta. According to Spitta the cantata included a duet aria for soprano and bass. The cantata has also been attributed to Johann Ernst Bach and George Frideric Handel.

text:
# Meine Seele soll Gott loben, BWV 223

****Meine Seele soll Gott loben**** (My soul will praise God), BWV 223, is a church cantata probably composed by Johann Sebastian Bach in Mühlhausen around 1707. The music of the cantata is lost, except for four measures of the theme of the closing fugue, which is given by Spitta. According to Spitta the cantata included a duet aria for soprano and bass.

The cantata has also been attributed to Johann Ernst Bach and George Frideric Handel.


title: Vĩnh Yên

abstract: Vĩnh Yên is the city capital of Vĩnh Phúc Province, in the Red River Delta region of northern Vietnam. As of census 2019, the population is 119,128 people, the area is 50.78 km⁲. This city hosted 2012 Asian Men's Cup Volleyball Championship.

text:
# Vĩnh Yên

**Vĩnh Yên** (Vietnamese: \[vǐɲˀ ʔīən\] ) is the city capital of Vĩnh Phúc Province, in the Red River Delta region of northern Vietnam. As of census 2019, the population is 119,128 people, the area is 50.78 km2.

This city hosted 2012 Asian Men's Cup Volleyball Championship.

## Climate

| Climate data for Vĩnh Yên | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 31.4
(88.5) | 35.2
(95.4) | 36.3
(97.3) | 39.5
(103.1) | 41.1
(106.0) | 41.4
(106.5) | 39.5
(103.1) | 39.0
(102.2) | 38.3
(100.9) | 35.8
(96.4) | 34.4
(93.9) | 31.5
(88.7) | 41.4
(106.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 19.8
(67.6) | 20.9
(69.6) | 23.5
(74.3) | 27.8
(82.0) | 32.0
(89.6) | 33.3
(91.9) | 33.2
(91.8) | 32.6
(90.7) | 31.8
(89.2) | 29.4
(84.9) | 26.0
(78.8) | 22.3
(72.1) | 27.7
(81.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 16.7
(62.1) | 17.9
(64.2) | 20.5
(68.9) | 24.3
(75.7) | 27.7
(81.9) | 29.2
(84.6) | 29.3
(84.7) | 28.7
(83.7) | 27.8
(82.0) | 25.3
(77.5) | 21.9
(71.4) | 18.3
(64.9) | 24.0
(75.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 14.5
(58.1) | 16.0
(60.8) | 18.8
(65.8) | 22.0
(71.6) | 24.8
(76.6) | 26.2
(79.2) | 26.4
(79.5) | 26.0
(78.8) | 25.0
(77.0) | 22.6
(72.7) | 19.1
(66.4) | 15.6
(60.1) | 21.4
(70.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 3.7
(38.7) | 5.0
(41.0) | 7.7
(45.9) | 13.2
(55.8) | 16.3
(61.3) | 20.4
(68.7) | 21.1
(70.0) | 21.8
(71.2) | 17.4
(63.3) | 13.1
(55.6) | 8.9
(48.0) | 4.4
(39.9) | 3.7
(38.7) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 24.9
(0.98) | 22.5
(0.89) | 43.0
(1.69) | 93.7
(3.69) | 172.0
(6.77) | 246.6
(9.71) | 270.4
(10.65) | 306.7
(12.07) | 178.1
(7.01) | 124.9
(4.92) | 53.6
(2.11) | 16.4
(0.65) | 1,564.7
(61.60) |
| Average rainy days | 10.5 | 11.1 | 14.8 | 13.6 | 14.5 | 15.2 | 17.2 | 16.9 | 12.8 | 9.8 | 7.4 | 6.0 | 149.6 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 80.8 | 82.6 | 84.0 | 84.1 | 80.7 | 80.7 | 81.6 | 83.4 | 81.5 | 79.7 | 78.9 | 78.3 | 81.3 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 68.3 | 51.4 | 51.8 | 95.0 | 180.9 | 172.4 | 191.3 | 181.7 | 180.5 | 163.5 | 136.6 | 115.5 | 1,585.2 |
| Source: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

1. General Statistics Office of Vietnam (web)
2. "Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology" (PDF).

## InfoBox

| Thị Xã Vĩnh Yên Thành phố Vĩnh YênThị xã Vĩnh Yên | |
| --- | --- |
| City (Class-2) | |
| Vĩnh Yên City | |
| Vĩnh Phúc Provincial Post Office in the center of Vĩnh Yên city | |
|  | |
| Nickname: Vĩnh Yên | |
| Interactive map outlining Vĩnh Yên District | |
| Thị Xã Vĩnh YênLocation of Vĩnh Yên in Vietnam | |
| Coordinates: 21°18′36″N 105°35′48″E / 21.31000°N 105.59667°E / 21.31000; 105.59667 | |
| Country | Vietnam |
| Province | Vĩnh Phúc |
| Area | |
| Total | 50.80 km2 (19.61 sq mi) |
| Population (2013) | |
| Total | 152,801 |
| Density | 3,007.8/km2 (7,790/sq mi) |
| Climate | Cwa |


title: Tenzin Nyima Glow

abstract: Tenzin Nyima Glow is an Indian politician from Arunachal Pradesh. He is a member of the Legislative Assembly in the 11th Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.

text:
# Tenzin Nyima Glow

**Tenzin Nyima Glow** is an Indian politician from Arunachal Pradesh. He is a member of the Legislative Assembly in the 11th Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.

## InfoBox

| Tenzin Nyima Glow | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office** <br>1 June 2024 | |
| Preceded by | Kumsi Sidisow |
| Constituency | Thrizino-Buragaon |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Independent |
|  | |


title: Thomas L. Baptiste

abstract: Lieutenant General Thomas L. Baptiste was the Deputy Chairman of the NATO Military Committee, in Brussels, Belgium. He entered the United States Air Force in 1973. He has held various leadership positions, and has commanded a fighter squadron, operations group and the Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center, Cheyenne Mountain Air Station, Colo. General Baptiste is a command pilot and has flown nearly 3,000 hours, including nearly 60 combat hours in the F-16 supporting Operation PROVIDE COMFORT. In 1973, he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in business administration-finance, from California State University, Chico. In 2010, Lt. Gen. Thomas L. Baptiste was appointed president and executive director of the National Center for Simulation, a non-profit, national membership organization which works to expand awareness of simulation modeling, training, and applications for the military, healthcare, transportation, education, and technology sectors.

text:
# Thomas L. Baptiste

Lieutenant General **Thomas L. Baptiste** was the Deputy Chairman of the NATO Military Committee, in Brussels, Belgium. He entered the United States Air Force in 1973. He has held various leadership positions, and has commanded a fighter squadron, operations group and the Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center, Cheyenne Mountain Air Station, Colo.

General Baptiste is a command pilot and has flown nearly 3,000 hours, including nearly 60 combat hours in the F-16 supporting Operation PROVIDE COMFORT.

In 1973, he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in business administration-finance, from California State University, Chico.

In 2010, Lt. Gen. Thomas L. Baptiste was appointed president and executive director of the National Center for Simulation, a non-profit, national membership organization (based in Orlando, Florida) which works to expand awareness of simulation modeling, training, and applications for the military, healthcare, transportation, education, and technology sectors.


title: Nu Hydri

abstract: ν Hydri, Latinized as Nu Hydri, is a single star in the southern circumpolar constellation of Hydrus. It is orange-hued and faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.76. This object is located approximately 331 light years from the Sun based on parallax, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +3 km/s. It is a member of the Ursa Major Moving Group of stars that share a common motion through space. This is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K3III. With the supply of hydrogen at its core exhausted, the star has expanded and cooled. At present it has 21 times the girth of the Sun. It is 2.4 billion years old with estimates of its mass ranging from 1.8 to 3.5 times the mass of the Sun. The star is radiating 184 times the Sun's luminosity from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,612 K.

text:
# Nu Hydri

**ν Hydri**, Latinized as **Nu Hydri**, is a single star in the southern circumpolar constellation of Hydrus. It is orange-hued and faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.76. This object is located approximately 331 light years from the Sun based on parallax, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +3 km/s. It is a member of the Ursa Major Moving Group of stars that share a common motion through space.

This is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K3III. With the supply of hydrogen at its core exhausted, the star has expanded and cooled. At present it has 21 times the girth of the Sun. It is 2.4 billion years old with estimates of its mass ranging from 1.8 to 3.5 times the mass of the Sun. The star is radiating 184 times the Sun's luminosity from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,612 K.

## InfoBox

Nu Hydri
| Location of ν Hydri (circled) | |
| --- | --- |
| Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000 | |
| Constellation | Hydrus |
|
| Right ascension | 02h 50m 28.45915s |
| Declination | −75° 04 00.9969 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 4.76 |
| Characteristics | |
|
| Spectral type | K3III |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| U−B color index | +1.56 |
| B−V color index | +1.33 |
|
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| Astrometry | |
|  | |
| **Radial velocity (Rv)** | +3.09±0.16 km/s |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: −33.392 mas/yr
Dec.: −27.286 mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 9.8538 ± 0.1433 mas |
| **Distance** | 331 ± 5 ly
(101 ± 1 pc) |
| **Absolute magnitude (MV)** | −0.33 |
|  | |
| Details | |
|  | |
| **Mass** | 3.5 or 1.79 |
| **Radius** | 21.23+3.23
−4.50 |
| **Luminosity** | 183.8±3.2 |
| **Surface gravity (log *g*)** | 3.30 cgs |
| **Temperature** | 4,612+584
−315 |
| **Metallicity** \[Fe/H\] | −1.52 dex |
| **Rotation** | 50 d |
| **Rotational velocity (*v* sin *i*)** | 1.3 km/s |
| **Age** | 2.38 Gyr |
|  | |
| Other designations | |
| ν Hyi, CPD−75°204, FK5 2199, GC 3463, HD 18293, HIP 13244, HR 872, SAO 255929 | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |


title: Telus Optik TV

abstract: Telus Optik TV is a product of Telus Communications, a subsidiary of Telus Corporation, that provides IPTV service in the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, and Quebec. The service offers over 630 digital channels, including more than 100 in HD. Despite its name, the service is available to both Fibre To The Node (FTTN) or Fibre To The Home (FTTH) clients, with FTTN implementations using telephone lines instead of fibre optics for a portion of the connection. Telus launched IPTV service in November 2005 to customers in select Alberta communities. As of February 2017, over 1 million customers are subscribed to the Optik TV. Major competitors include satellite services Shaw Direct and Bell Satellite TV, as well as various cable and communications companies across British Columbia and Alberta, such as Rogers, Novus and Eastlink.

text:
# Telus Optik TV

**Telus Optik TV** is a product of Telus Communications, a subsidiary of Telus Corporation, that provides IPTV service in the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, and Quebec. The service offers over 630 digital channels, including more than 100 in HD. Despite its name, the service is available to both Fibre To The Node (FTTN) or Fibre To The Home (FTTH) clients, with FTTN implementations using telephone lines instead of fibre optics for a portion of the connection. Telus launched IPTV service in November 2005 to customers in select Alberta communities. As of February 2017, over 1 million customers are subscribed to the Optik TV. Major competitors include satellite services Shaw Direct and Bell Satellite TV, as well as various cable and communications companies across British Columbia and Alberta, such as Rogers, Novus and Eastlink.

## Other television services

### Pik TV

**Telus Pik TV** was an internet television service that offered live TV and on demand video from 125 television networks. Pik TV was available as an add-on to residential Telus Internet customers. The service was named after the pick-and-pay television model, where customers purchase channels *à la carte*.

The service was available at two pricing points:

* **Basic** included up to 23 standard channels, plus the core Crave service or five free *à la carte* TV channels.
* **Pik Max** included up to 23 standard channels, plus Crave, ten free *à la carte* TV channels, three Sportsnet channels and five TSN channels. Pik Max promotions may have offered the Apple TV 4K on contract.

Pik TV service was available on iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch, Apple TV, Android, and web browsers.

The service was discontinued and instead new services called **Stream+** and **TELUS TV+** have been announced and introduced with similar features that bundles streaming apps like Netflix, Crave, Apple TV+, Prime Video, Crave, Hayu, discovery+, Shudder, Sundance Now, IFC Films Unlimited and Acorn TV.

### Satellite TV

From June 2009 to April 2018, Telus resold BCE's satellite Bell Satellite TV service in parts of Alberta and British Columbia as **Telus Satellite TV**. The agreement was designed to allow Telus the ability to offer a quadruple play of services in markets where it had not yet deployed Optik TV, while also allowing Bell to increase its television market share in Western Canada. The Telus-branded service co-exists with the Bell-branded version of Bell TV, which is still offered in the markets that Telus Satellite TV is offered. With the resale agreement ending March 31, 2018, Telus continues to support existing subscribers, but no longer accepts new ones.

### TELUS Presents

**TELUS Presents** is a collection of, as described by Telus, "hard-to-find" international programs available on demand at no additional charge to Optik TV and Pik TV subscribers in Alberta and B.C., introduced in October 2020. Programs available as part of the collection include *I Hate Suzie* and *The Newsreader*.

### TELUS STORYHIVE

**TELUS STORYHIVE** is the community access channel for TELUS Optik TV under the CRTC guidelines for community television in Canada. As described by TELUS it gives underrepresented communities in British Columbia and Alberta an opportunity to share their stories on the Canadian Broadcasting System. Through various programs called Editions, Voices, Video Podcast, Summer Crew, On Location and Community Stories they provide production funding, training, mentorship and distribution on TELUS Optik TV towards short films, podcasts, web series, and live streams often by beginning filmmakers and content creators. They often partner with other Canadian media organizations like Creative BC and the National Screen Institute. STORYHIVE also recently celebrated its 10 year anniversary.

### TELUS originals

**TELUS originals** according to TELUS supports the production of social purpose documentaries features and series by mid-career independent filmmakers in B.C. and Alberta. They contribute funds to local production in accordance with the same CRTC conditions of license, created seemingly as an off-shoot of STORYHIVE. This means that TELUS originals films are funded from the same community access pool, an allotment that allows them to commission local producers to produce content that TELUS' supports. This is a production fund, that does not acquire finished films. All their programming is distributed through TELUS Optik TV.

## InfoBox

Telus Optik TV
|
|  |
| Company type | Division |
| Founded | 2006 (2006) |
| Headquarters | Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada |
| Parent | Telus Communications |
| Website | www.telus.com/tv |


title: Sharon Callahan

abstract: Sharon Callahan was an American athlete. She competed in the women's high jump at the 1968 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Sharon Callahan

**Sharon Callahan** (March 25, 1952  April 30, 2015) was an American athlete. She competed in the women's high jump at the 1968 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Sharon Callahan
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | American |
| Born | (1952-03-25)March 25, 1952 |
| Died | April 30, 2015(2015-04-30) (aged 63) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Event | High jump |


title: Twist and Shout, Inc.

abstract: Twist and Shout, Inc. was an American software company based in San Francisco, California and founded in 2011. Its main product was a mobile application called Twist which allowed users to share their estimated time of arrival (ETA) and real-time GPS location while traveling. Twist closed its doors on April 1, 2014.

text:
# Twist and Shout, Inc.

**Twist and Shout, Inc.** was an American software company based in San Francisco, California and founded in 2011. Its main product was a mobile application called Twist which allowed users to share their estimated time of arrival (ETA) and real-time GPS location while traveling.

Twist closed its doors on April 1, 2014.

## History

Twist and Shout, Inc. was founded by Bill Lee, Mike Belshe, Frank VanZile and Edward Marks. Twist and Shout, Inc. collected $6 million in venture capital funds  from Bridgescale Partners, Eric Hahn, Jeff Skoll, Bill Lee and Mike Belshe.

## Corporate

Twist and Shout's advisors included David Sacks, CEO of Yammer, Matthew Cowan, Bridgescale Partners Managing Director, and Eric Hahn, Inventures Group Partner. The Twist website and mobile application team included engineers from MIT, Apple, Google and Stanford.

## Products

The concept for the mobile application called Twist, came from co-founder and CEO Bill Lee. Twist adjusted to user transportation modes such as driving, public transit or walking, and allowed private sharing of estimated arrival times with others. Twist functioned on a user's phone and integrated with their calendar, contacts, email, chat and Google Map features. Twist incorporated traffic conditions into its arrival time calculations. The service was free and was advertisement-free. It was available in the United States, Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom, and was compatible with both iPhones and Android phones.

## InfoBox

Twist and Shout, Inc.
| Industry | Software |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2011 (2011) |
| Defunct | April 1, 2014 (2014-04-01) |
| Headquarters | San Francisco, California |
| Products | Twist (mobile application) |


title: Subminor and supermajor

abstract: In music, a subminor interval is an interval that is noticeably wider than a diminished interval but noticeably narrower than a minor interval. It is found in between a minor and diminished interval, thus making it below, or subminor to, the minor interval. A supermajor interval is a musical interval that is noticeably wider than a major interval but noticeably narrower than an augmented interval. It is found in between a major and augmented interval, thus making it above, or supermajor to, the major interval. The inversion of a supermajor interval is a subminor interval, and there are four major and four minor intervals, allowing for eight supermajor and subminor intervals, each with variants. Traditionally, "supermajor and superminor, [are] the names given to certain thirds [9:7 and 17:14] found in the justly intoned scale with a natural or subminor seventh."

text:
# Subminor and supermajor

In music, a **subminor interval** is an interval that is noticeably wider than a diminished interval but noticeably narrower than a minor interval. It is found in between a minor and diminished interval, thus making it below, or subminor to, the minor interval. A **supermajor interval** is a musical interval that is noticeably wider than a major interval but noticeably narrower than an augmented interval. It is found in between a major and augmented interval, thus making it above, or supermajor to, the major interval. The inversion of a supermajor interval is a subminor interval, and there are four major and four minor intervals, allowing for eight supermajor and subminor intervals, each with variants.

|  | diminished | subminor | minor | neutral | major | supermajor | augmented |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| seconds | D | D | D | D | D | ≊ D | D |
| thirds | E | ≊ E | E | E | E | ≊ E | E |
| sixths | A | ≊ A | A | A | A | ≊ A | A |
| sevenths | B | ≊ B | B | B | B | ≊ B | B |

Traditionally, "supermajor and superminor, \[are\] the names given to certain thirds \[9:7 and 17:14\] found in the justly intoned scale with a natural or subminor seventh."

## Subminor second and supermajor seventh

Thus, a subminor second is intermediate between a minor second and a diminished second (enharmonic to unison). An example of such an interval is the ratio 26:25, or 67.90 cents (D- ). Another example is the ratio 28:27, or 62.96 cents (C- ).

A supermajor seventh is an interval intermediate between a major seventh and an augmented seventh. It is the inverse of a subminor second. Examples of such an interval is the ratio 25:13, or 1132.10 cents (B); the ratio 27:14, or 1137.04 cents (B ); and 35:18, or 1151.23 cents (C ).

## Subminor third and supermajor sixth

Subminor third on G and its inverse, the supermajor sixth on B

A subminor third is in between a minor third and a diminished third. An example of such an interval is the ratio 7:6 (E), or 266.87 cents, the septimal minor third, the inverse of the supermajor sixth. Another example is the ratio 13:11, or 289.21 cents (E).

A supermajor sixth is noticeably wider than a major sixth but noticeably narrower than an augmented sixth, and may be a just interval of 12:7 (A). In 24 equal temperament A = B. The septimal major sixth is an interval of 12:7 ratio (A ), or about 933 cents. It is the inversion of the 7:6 subminor third.

## Subminor sixth and supermajor third

A subminor sixth or septimal sixth is noticeably narrower than a minor sixth but noticeably wider than a diminished sixth, enharmonically equivalent to the major fifth. The sub-minor sixth is an interval of a 14:9 ratio (A) or alternately 11:7. (G- ) The 21st subharmonic (see subharmonic) is 729.22 cents.

A supermajor third is in between a major third and an augmented third, enharmonically equivalent to the minor fourth. An example of such an interval is the ratio 9:7, or 435.08 cents, the septimal major third (E). Another example is the ratio 50:39, or 430.14 cents (E).

## Subminor seventh and supermajor second

Harmonic seventh and its inverse, the septimal whole tone

A subminor seventh is an interval between a minor seventh and a diminished seventh. An example of such an interval is the 7:4 ratio, the harmonic seventh (B).

A supermajor second (or supersecond) is intermediate to a major second and an augmented second. An example of such an interval is the ratio 8:7, or 231.17 cents, also known as the septimal whole tone (D- ) and the inverse of the subminor seventh. Another example is the ratio 15:13, or 247.74 cents (D).

## Use

Composer Lou Harrison was fascinated with the 7:6 subminor third and 8:7 supermajor second, using them in pieces such as *Concerto for Piano with Javanese Gamelan*, *Cinna* for tack-piano, and *Strict Songs* (for voices and orchestra). Together the two produce the 4:3 just perfect fourth.

19 equal temperament has several intervals which are simultaneously subminor, supermajor, augmented, and diminished, due to tempering and enharmonic equivalence (both of which work differently in 19-ET than standard tuning). For example, four steps of 19-ET (an interval of roughly 253 cents) is all of the following: subminor third, supermajor second, augmented second, and diminished third.


title: Marple Bridge

abstract: Marple Bridge is a district of Marple in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport, Greater Manchester, England. The River Goyt runs through the centre of the village. Marple Bridge shares borders with Mellor, Marple, Compstall, New Mills, Strines, Mill Brow and Chisworth. It is in the ecclesiastical parish of Mellor; the parish church of St. Thomas stands several hundred feet higher than the village, overlooking Greater Manchester and Cheshire.

text:
# Marple Bridge

**Marple Bridge** is a district of Marple in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport, Greater Manchester, England. The River Goyt runs through the centre of the village. Marple Bridge shares borders with Mellor, Marple, Compstall, New Mills, Strines, Mill Brow and Chisworth. It is in the ecclesiastical parish of Mellor; the parish church of St. Thomas stands several hundred feet higher than the village, overlooking Greater Manchester and Cheshire.

## History

Historically part of the civil parish of Glossop in Derbyshire, it was included in the new parish of Ludworth and Chisworth in 1866. Ludworth became a separate parish in 1896 and was abolished in 1936, when the former parish was transferred to Cheshire and amalgamated into Marple Urban District. In 1974, the urban district was abolished and Marple Bridge became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport in the county of Greater Manchester.

## Transport

The village is served by Marple station on the Hope Valley line between Manchester Piccadilly and Sheffield. There are two services generally per hour each way; eastbound, services alternate between New Mills Central and Sheffield.

The village has several bus services running through it. The most regular services run on a Stockport circular route to Romiley and Bredbury (383 anticlockwise) and to Marple and Offerton (384 clockwise). There is also an hourly 394 service to Glossop in Derbyshire and Stepping Hill Hospital in the other direction. It also has bus services to Hayfield and New Mills in Derbyshire.

## Conservation area

Marple Bridge village centre has been designated as a conservation area; it was established originally in 1974 and was extended in 2006 to incorporate Brabyns Park.

Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council has produced a *Conservation Area Character Appraisal* document, outlining the reasons that the conservation area has been designated as such; in justifying this, the document states of the town: “Marple Bridge is a predominantly stone-built village situated on the banks of the River Goyt, just to the north-east of Marple... Historically the location had significance as a bridging point on the route between Stockport and Derbyshire and where water power was available initially for a forge and corn mill. Marple Bridge developed from the 18th century as a small urban centre. Of special importance is the landscape setting of Marple Bridge formed by the steep-sided valley of the \[River\] Goyt...”

The bridge itself was built in the 19th century and was widened in the 1930s; it is a Grade II listed building.

## Education

Marple Bridge has two schools: Ludworth Primary School and St Mary's Catholic Voluntary Academy.

## Notable people

### Community

## InfoBox

| Marple Bridge | |
| --- | --- |
| Looking downstream to Marple Bridge over the Goyt | |
| Marple BridgeLocation within Greater Manchester | |
| OS grid reference | SJ971893 |
| Metropolitan borough |  |
| Metropolitan county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | STOCKPORT |
| Postcode district | SK6 |
| Dialling code | 0161 |
|  | |
| Police | Greater Manchester |
| Fire | Greater Manchester |
| Ambulance | North West |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Tenzin Pelsang

abstract: Tenzin Pelsang was a Tibetan Buddhist Geshe and monk who led the Dranggo Monastery. A political prisoner arrested in 2012 and freed in 2018, he died from injuries sustained in prison in November 2022.

text:
# Tenzin Pelsang

**Tenzin Pelsang** (1965 – November 2022) was a Tibetan Buddhist Geshe and monk who led the Dranggo Monastery. A political prisoner arrested in 2012 and freed in 2018, he died from injuries sustained in prison in November 2022.

## Biography

According to the Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy, Tenzin was born in the village of Norpa in Luhuo County in 1965. After learning Tibetan and Mandarin in primary school, he became a monk and studied Tibetan Buddhism. In 1986, he joined the Drepung Monastery, located at the foot of Mount Gephel. After graduating as a Geshe in 2009, he returned to Tibet and joined the Dranggo Monastery.

Two months after the January 2012 protests in Luhuo County, Chinese police with the Ministry of Public Security arrested Tenzin. He was accused of leading the protests and was held for ten months before being sent to Chengdu. He was in prison from 2012 to 2018 along with two other monks, who were sentenced to six years and five years, respectively.

According to *Tibet Watch*, Tenzin died from injuries sustained in prison in November 2022. It was said that local authorities interfered with his medical treatment following his release.

## InfoBox

| Tenzin Pelsang | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1965 (1965)<br>Luhuo County, China |
| Died | November 2022 (aged 56–57) |
| Nationality | Chinese |
| Education | Drepung Monastery |
| Occupation | Buddhist monk |


title: Terebra argosyia

abstract: Terebra argosyia is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Terebridae, the auger snails.

text:
# Terebra argosyia

***Terebra argosyia*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Terebridae, the auger snails.

## Description

## Distribution

## InfoBox

| *Terebra argosyia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| shell of *Terebra argosyia* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Terebridae |
| Genus: | *Terebra* |
| Species: | ***T. argosyia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Terebra argosyia***<br>Olsson, 1971 | |
|


title: Teretrius cylindrellus

abstract: Teretrius cylindrellus is a species of clown beetle in the family Histeridae. It is found in North America. Teretrius is the Genus of beetle.

text:
# Teretrius cylindrellus

***Teretrius cylindrellus*** is a species of clown beetle in the family Histeridae. It is found in North America.

Teretrius is the Genus of beetle.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2015). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 2: Hydrophiloidea - Staphylinoidea*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-29685-5.

## InfoBox

| *Teretrius cylindrellus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Histeridae |
| Genus: | *Teretrius* |
| Species: | ***T. cylindrellus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Teretrius cylindrellus***<br>Casey, 1916 | |
|


title: Teretrius orbus

abstract: Teretrius orbus is a species of clown beetle in the family Histeridae. It is found in Central America and North America.

text:
# Teretrius orbus

***Teretrius orbus*** is a species of clown beetle in the family Histeridae. It is found in Central America and North America.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2015). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 2: Hydrophiloidea - Staphylinoidea*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-29685-5.

## InfoBox

| *Teretrius orbus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Histeridae |
| Genus: | *Teretrius* |
| Species: | ***T. orbus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Teretrius orbus***<br>Lewis, 1888 | |
|


title: Teramulus waterloti

abstract: Teramulus waterloti is a species of silverside from the subfamily Atherinomorinae which is endemic to Madagascar. This species occurs in rivers, creeks, and streams in north western Madagascar from the Mananjeba River south to the Anjingo River. The IUCN classify this species as Endangered and it is threatened by deforestation which degrades its habitat through sedimentation and by the introduction of invasive fish species such as Channa maculata. This fish was described in 1932 as the subspecies waterloti of Atherina duodecimalis by Jacques Pellegrin who named it after Georges Waterlot (1877-1939), a collector of specimens in Africa and Madagascar for Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, including the type of this species, which he collected from Antikotazo Creek, District d'Ambilobé, Diégo Suarez Province.

text:
# Teramulus waterloti

***Teramulus waterloti*** is a species of silverside from the subfamily Atherinomorinae which is endemic to Madagascar. This species occurs in rivers, creeks, and streams in north western Madagascar from the Mananjeba River south to the Anjingo River. The IUCN classify this species as Endangered and it is threatened by deforestation which degrades its habitat through sedimentation and by the introduction of invasive fish species such as *Channa maculata*. This fish was described in 1932 as the subspecies *waterloti* of *Atherina duodecimalis* by Jacques Pellegrin who named it after Georges Waterlot (1877-1939), a collector of specimens in Africa and Madagascar for Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, including the type of this species, which he collected from Antikotazo Creek, District d'Ambilobé, Diégo Suarez Province.

## InfoBox

| *Teramulus waterloti* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Atheriniformes |
| Family: | Atherinidae |
| Genus: | *Teramulus* |
| Species: | ***T. waterloti*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Teramulus waterloti***
(Pellegrin, 1932) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Atherina duodecimalis waterloti* Pellegrin, 1932 | |


title: Temagami North

abstract: Temagami North, formerly known as Goward, is a community comprising part of the municipality of Temagami in Nipissing District, Ontario, Canada. It is a residential subdivision centred on Spruce Drive, about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) north of Temagami itself. In 1924 the post office at Goward was opened to serve the needs of the lumber operation. At its peak, Goward had 36 houses, 3 bunkhouses, a small grocery store, a mill, blacksmith building and a one room school house. The lumber mill closed in 1965. In 1967, the post office was closed, Goward was to be demolished and the land reverted to the crown. Temagami North is locally known as the "Townsite" because it was created in the 1960s to supply Sherman Mine further south and as a new residential location away from the town of Temagami. Temagami North is surrounded by historic mines. Barton Mine to the north produced molybdenum on a small-scale in 1918 and Norrie Mine on the eastern shore of Net Lake was in development prior to 1920. There are known kimberlite pipes that are considered diamondiferous in the area that could lead to future mining. Temagami North sits on the western shore of Net Lake, where people can go canoeing, fishing, and boating. The main arena of Temagami is situated near the shore of Net Lake and is used seasonally for hockey and curling. In 2005, the roof of the arena collapsed inward from snow weight during winter.

text:
# Temagami North

**Temagami North**, formerly known as **Goward**, is a community comprising part of the municipality of Temagami in Nipissing District, Ontario, Canada. It is a residential subdivision centred on Spruce Drive, about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) north of Temagami itself.

In 1924 the post office at Goward was opened to serve the needs of the lumber operation. At its peak, Goward had 36 houses, 3 bunkhouses, a small grocery store, a mill, blacksmith building and a one room school house. The lumber mill closed in 1965. In 1967, the post office was closed, Goward was to be demolished and the land reverted to the crown.

Temagami North is locally known as the "Townsite" because it was created in the 1960s to supply Sherman Mine further south and as a new residential location away from the town of Temagami. Temagami North is surrounded by historic mines. Barton Mine to the north produced molybdenum on a small-scale in 1918 and Norrie Mine on the eastern shore of Net Lake was in development prior to 1920. There are known kimberlite pipes that are considered diamondiferous in the area that could lead to future mining.

Temagami North sits on the western shore of Net Lake, where people can go canoeing, fishing, and boating. The main arena of Temagami is situated near the shore of Net Lake and is used seasonally for hockey and curling. In 2005, the roof of the arena collapsed inward from snow weight during winter.

47°06′40″N 79°47′30″W / 47.11111°N 79.79167°W / 47.11111; -79.79167


title: Temagami Water Aerodrome

abstract: Temagami Water Aerodrome is located 2 nautical miles southwest of Temagami, Ontario, Canada.

text:
# Temagami Water Aerodrome

**Temagami Water Aerodrome** (TC LID: **CNC8**) is located 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) southwest of Temagami, Ontario, Canada.

1. Nav Canada's Water Aerodrome Supplement. Effective 0901 26 March 2020 to 0901Z 22 April 2021.

## InfoBox

| Temagami Water Aerodrome | |
| --- | --- |
| Lakeland Airways, Beaver | |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Operator | Lakeland Airways Ltd. |
| Location | Temagami, Ontario |
| Time zone | EST (UTC−05:00) |
| Summer (DST) | EDT (UTC−04:00) |
| Elevation AMSL | 962 ft / 293 m |
| Coordinates | 47°03′45″N 079°47′36″W / 47.06250°N 79.79333°W / 47.06250; -79.79333 |
| Map | |
| CNC8Location in Ontario | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  n/a n/a n/a Water | |
| Source: Water Aerodrome Supplement | |