title: The Anatomy Of

abstract: The Anatomy Of is a cover album by American progressive metalcore band Between the Buried and Me. It is the second release to include Dan Briggs, Blake Richardson, and Dustie Waring and consists entirely of cover songs by Between the Buried and Me's favorite bands and musical inspirations. The band stays close to the original style of each song, resulting in an album of widely varying genres.

text:
# The Anatomy Of

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | link |
| Lambgoat | link |

***The Anatomy Of*** is a cover album by American progressive metalcore band Between the Buried and Me. It is the second release to include Dan Briggs, Blake Richardson, and Dustie Waring and consists entirely of cover songs by Between the Buried and Me's favorite bands and musical inspirations.

The band stays close to the original style of each song, resulting in an album of widely varying genres.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Original artist (date) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Blackened" | James Hetfield, Jason Newsted, Lars Ulrich | Metallica (1988) | 6:40 |
| 2. | "Kickstart My Heart" | Nikki Sixx | Mötley Crüe (1989) | 4:55 |
| 3. | "The Day I Tried to Live" | Chris Cornell | Soundgarden (1994) | 5:28 |
| 4. | "Bicycle Race" | Freddie Mercury | Queen (1978) | 3:09 |
| 5. | "Three of a Perfect Pair" | Adrian Belew, Bill Bruford, Robert Fripp, Tony Levin | King Crimson (1984) | 4:11 |
| 6. | "Us and Them" | Richard Wright, Roger Waters | Pink Floyd (1973) | 7:52 |
| 7. | "Geek U.S.A." | Billy Corgan | The Smashing Pumpkins (1993) | 5:25 |
| 8. | "Forced March" | Karl Buechner | Earth Crisis (1995) | 3:52 |
| 9. | "Territory" | Igor Cavalera, Max Cavalera, Andreas Kisser, Paulo Jr. | Sepultura (1993) | 4:50 |
| 10. | "Change" | Shannon Hoon | Blind Melon (1992) | 4:07 |
| 11. | "Malpractice" | Mike Patton | Faith No More (1992) | 4:02 |
| 12. | "Little 15" | Martin L. Gore | Depeche Mode (1987) | 4:31 |
| 13. | "Cemetery Gates" | Phil Anselmo, Darrell Abbott, Rex Brown, Vinnie Paul Abbott | Pantera (1990) | 7:05 |
| 14. | "Colorblind" | Adam Duritz, Charlie Gillingham | Counting Crows (1999) | 3:47 |
| Total length: | | | | 69:56 |

## Chart positions

| Year | Chart | Peak |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 | Top Heatseekers | 2 |
| 2006 | Independent Albums | 9 |
| 2006 | Billboard 200 | 151 |
|

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| The Anatomy Of | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album of cover songs by Between the Buried and Me | |
| Released | June 13, 2006 (2006-06-13) |
| Studio | The Basement Studios, Rural Hall, North Carolina |
| Length | 69:56 |
| Label | Victory |
| Producer | Jamie King |
| Between the Buried and Me chronology | |
| *Alaska*
(2005) ***The Anatomy Of***
(2006) *Colors*
(2007) | |


title: Mary Mitchell O'Connor

abstract: Mary Mitchell O'Connor is an Irish former Fine Gael politician who served as a Minister of State from 2017 to 2020 and Minister for Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation from 2016 to 2017. She served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dún Laoghaire constituency from 2011 to 2020.

text:
# Mary Mitchell O'Connor

**Mary Mitchell O'Connor** (born 10 June 1959) is an Irish former Fine Gael politician who served as a Minister of State from 2017 to 2020 and Minister for Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation from 2016 to 2017. She served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dún Laoghaire constituency from 2011 to 2020.

## Early and personal life

Born Mary O'Connor in Milltown, County Galway. She graduated from Carysfort College and NUI, Maynooth, and worked as a teacher. She was appointed principal of Scoil Cholmcille, Skryne, County Meath. In 1999, she became school principal at The Harold School, Glasthule, a position she held until her election to the Dáil.

She lives in Cabinteely, Dublin. She is divorced and has two sons from her marriage.

## Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council: 2004–2011

In 2004, as a Progressive Democrats candidate, she was elected to Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council. As a councillor, she campaigned against the reintroduction of university fees, against the budget-related increase in pupil-teacher ratios. In 2006, when the Maritime Museum closed, she called on the council to financially support it.

In December 2007, she resigned from the Progressive Democrats and joined Fine Gael. Welcoming her to the party, Enda Kenny said that it was "the first move by a Progressive Democrats public representative to join an alternative party since the general election". Mitchell O'Connor said that she "made a decision on how best to represent the people that elected me". In 2008–2009, she was Chairperson of Dún Laoghaire Area Committee for Transport, Economic Development and Planning.

In June 2009, she was re-elected to Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council. She was the Chairperson of Dún Laoghaire Area Committee for Environment, Housing, Culture, Community Development and Amenities.

In August 2010, she called for a reform of Dáil Éireann, so that women can work efficiently there. She campaigned for the eviction of men who are perpetrators of domestic violence.

## Dáil Éireann: 2011–2020

In December 2010, she was selected as a Fine Gael candidate for the Dún Laoghaire constituency.

Mitchell O'Connor was elected as a TD for the Dún Laoghaire constituency at the 2011 general election. The newly elected Fine Gael TD surprised staff at Leinster House on 2 March 2011, by driving her campaign car across the pedestrian plinth in the Dáil car park and down the steps.

On 8 June 2015, Mitchell O'Connor was selected by Dún Laoghaire Fine Gael as their candidate to contest the next general election at a selection convention. She defeated councillors Barry Ward and Maria Bailey, daughter of John Bailey, although Bailey was later added to the ticket, and both were elected. After a delay due to talks on government formation, Mitchell O'Connor was appointed Minister for Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation in May 2016. Faced with the challenges to Ireland posed by the 2016 British vote to leave the European Union, she set up a Brexit unit and boosted staffing in the Industrial Development Authority and Enterprise Ireland.

After Leo Varadkar was appointed Taoiseach in June 2017, she was not re-appointed to cabinet, but was instead appointed by the government as Minister of State at the Department of Education and Skills with responsibility for Higher Education. This was a "super junior" role which allowEd her attend cabinet meetings, without a vote. In November 2018, Mitchell O'Connor announced female only academic posts to increase the proportion of senior female academics in universities and institutes of technology in Ireland. There had never been a female university president in 400 years of higher education. She opened applications to the senior academic leadership initiative in June 2019.

In the 2020 general election, O'Connor stood for re-election but lost her seat. *The Irish Times* reported her defeat as "the big surprise" of the Dún Laoghaire election.

## Campaigns and policies

In July 2011, Mitchell O'Connor turned Leinster House pink in aid of breast cancer. Mitchell O'Connor is pro-choice and supported repealing the Eighth Amendment.

## InfoBox

| Mary Mitchell O'Connor | |
| --- | --- |
| Mitchell O'Connor in 2017 | |
|  | |
| Minister of State | |
| 2017–2020 | Education and Skills |
| Minister for Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation | |
| **In office**
6 May 2016  14 June 2017 | |
| Taoiseach | Enda Kenny |
| Preceded by | Richard Bruton |
| Succeeded by | Frances Fitzgerald |
| Teachta Dála | |
| **In office**
February 2011  February 2020 | |
| Constituency | Dún Laoghaire |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Mary O'Connor
(1959-06-10) 10 June 1959
Milltown, County Galway, Ireland |
| Political party | Fine Gael |
| Other political
affiliations | Progressive Democrats
(2004–2007) |
| Spouse | Joe Mitchell  (m. 1984; div. 2004) |
| Children | 2 |
| Alma mater |  |
| Website | marymitchelloconnor.ie |
|  | |


title: Udumban

abstract: Udumban is a 2012 Indian Tamil-language action drama film directed by Ramji S. Balan and starring Dilip Rogger, Sana, Geethika, and G. Sunil.

text:
# Udumban

***Udumban*** is a 2012 Indian Tamil-language action drama film directed by Ramji S. Balan (who previously directed *Nagareega Komali*) and starring Dilip Rogger, Sana, Geethika, and G. Sunil.

## Cast

* Dilip Rogger as Udumban
* Sana as Isaipriya, a PhD student researching education
* Geethika as a saree thief, who is engaged to Udumban
* G. Sunil as Kaalai, Udumban's elder brother who is allergic to lizard meat
* Senthil as Maari, Udumban's friend
* Chellakuri as Inspector Courtallam
* Kambam Meena as Udumban's mother
* Paravai Muniyamma (special appearance in the song "Ange Idi Muzhangathu")

## Production

Bike racer Dilip Rogger debuted as an actor with this film and trained for six months for the role. Rogger's character was based on Paruthi Vooran from Paruthi-Oor (previously depicted in *Paruthiveeran*), who actually existed according to the director. The film was shot in the same locations where Paruthi Vooran lived. A monitor lizard (*udumbu* in Tamil) plays a prominent role in the film. Malayalam actress Radhika (who starred in *Classmates*) was cast opposite Rogger in the role of a researcher and Kerala model Nachathra as the second heroine, and they were rechristened as Sana and Geethika, respectively. The film was shot in the interior villages of Madurai and Karaikudi, and was shot for three years because when it rained the land would get wet and not look authentic. The famous folk song "Ange Idi Muzhangudhu" took eight days to shoot instead of five because of the intervention by religious villagers.

## Soundtrack

The soundtrack was composed by Ramji S. Balan. It features five songs that were written by Bharathidasan and two written by Pattukottai Kalyanasundaram, and includes "Ange Idi Muzhangathu", which is dedicated to Karuppasamy.

## Release

The film was scheduled to release on 10 February, but ran into trouble as wildlife enthusiast P. Selvaraj sought to ban the film for violence against monitor lizards, which is an endangered species. Rogger claimed that the monitor lizard was only present during the first photoshoot and appeared in the film through the use of graphics. Although a court hearing was scheduled on 16 February, the film released on 17 February. Producer Jeganathan obtained permission from forest officials before shooting with the monitor lizard. Jeganathan filed a ₹1 crore defamation suit against Selvaraj.

## Reception

Malathi Rangarajan of *The Hindu* opined that "But isn't neat execution even more important \[than a strong storyline\] to make the film worth your while? It is in this area that Udumban falls terribly short". Siddharth Varma of *The Times of India* stated that "The storyline is a little confusing as it tries to incorporate too many things – sibling rivalry, the rich becoming richer, police corruption, the plight of farmers and, yes, the education system too. Ultimately, it falls victim to the many flaws it wants to highlight". A critic from *The New Indian Express* wrote that "But what is consistent and holds up the film to a large extent, is the line of humour and satire that runs throughout. ‘Udumban’ delivers much more that what one expected". A critic from *Sify* said that "On the whole, the film is well-intentioned, humourous \[*sic*\] and criticizes the flaws of our education system and how anybody can start a school with prime focus on minting money in an entertaining manner. It addresses the topical issue about the challenge that parents go through to get their kids admitted to private schools". A critic from *Behindwoods* wrote that "Although the movie has a good message to deliver, despite the fact that the message is increasingly being delivered repeatedly in recent times, slapdash production values bring the cause down. However, it is commendable that director Balan attempted a social satire with his first movie with a valuable catch on our education system". A critic from *Dinamalar* praised several aspects of the film including the performance of the cast, the music, the lyrics, the cinematography, the editing, but criticised the storyline of the second half of the film. A critic from *Filmibeat* praised the film for highlighting what needs to be changed about education while also praising the cinematography, editing, and music.

## Box office

The film had a below average opening at the Chennai box office.

1. Literally monitor lizard man, referring to the film's protagonist.

## InfoBox

| Udumban | |
| --- | --- |
| Poster | |
| Directed by | Ramji S. Balan |
| Written by | Ramji S. Balan |
| Produced by | S. Jaganathan |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Kichas |
| Edited by | M. Sunil Kumar
**Editing Supervisor:**
V. T. Vijayan |
| Music by | Ramji S. Balan |
| Production
company | Modern Cinemas |
| Release date | * 17 February 2012 (2012-02-17) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |


title: Tunku Besar Burhanuddin

abstract: Tunku Besar Burhanuddin ibni Almarhum Yamtuan Antah was a member of the Negeri Sembilan royal family and once served as regent of Negeri Sembilan. His father was Yamtuan Antah ibni Yamtuan RadIn, who served as the 6th Yamtuan Besar from 1869 to 1888. Tunku Burhanuddin's elder brother, Tuanku Muhammad became the 7th Yamtuan Besar and the first to use the title Yang di-Pertuan Besar upon Yamtuan Antah's death.

text:
# Tunku Besar Burhanuddin

**Tunku Besar Burhanuddin ibni Almarhum Yamtuan Antah** CMG (22 September 1878 – 5 July 1961) was a member of the Negeri Sembilan royal family and once served as regent of Negeri Sembilan. His father was Yamtuan Antah ibni Yamtuan RadIn, who served as the 6th Yamtuan Besar (now known as Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan) from 1869 to 1888. Tunku Burhanuddin's elder brother, Tuanku Muhammad became the 7th Yamtuan Besar and the first to use the title Yang di-Pertuan Besar upon Yamtuan Antah's death.

## Title

Tunku Besar (Malay literally meaning "grand prince") is the title of the heir presumptive of the throne of Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. In ancient times it was also the title of the heir apparent of Melaka, Johor, Pahang (all in Malaysia) as well as several Malay sultanates in Sumatra, Indonesia.

## Genealogy

Tunku Burhanuddin is best known as father of Negeri Sembilan queens. Three of his daughters served as Tunku Ampuan or queen consorts. His eldest daughter, Tunku Kurshiah binti Almarhum Tunku Besar Burhanuddin was married to Tuanku Abdul Rahman and was Tunku Ampuan from 1933. She was succeeded as Tunku Ampuan by her sister and Tunku Burhanuddin's second daughter, Tunku Ampuan Durah, who was married to Tunku Munawir. Tunku Burhanuddin's youngest daughter, Tuanku Najihah was the Tunku Ampuan of Negeri Sembilan. She was formerly the Tunku Ampuan Besar or Queen Consort of Negeri Sembilan from 1967 to 2008, when she ascended to the throne.

Both Tunku Kurshiah and Tuanku Najihah also served a five-year term as Raja Permaisuri Agong or Queen of Malaysia.

His granddaughter, Tuanku Bahiyah, daughter of Tunku Kurshiah, was Sultanah of Kedah and also served a term as Raja Permaisuri Agong. His grandson, Tuanku Muhriz, son of Tunku Ampuan Durah is the current Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan.

Tunku Besar Burhanuddin died in 1961.

## Foreign honours

1. Geni
2. The right royal address, The Star, July 22, 2010
3. "No. 34166". *The London Gazette* (Supplement). 3 June 1935. p. 3598.

## InfoBox

| Tunku Besar Burhanuddin | |
| --- | --- |
| *Tunku Besar of Seri Menanti* | |
| Born | (1878-09-22)22 September 1878
Seri Menanti, Negeri Sembilan, Federated Malay States, British Malaya |
| Died | 5 July 1961(1961-07-05) (aged 82)
Istana Baroh, Seri Menanti, Negeri Sembilan, Malaya |
| Burial | Seri Menanti Royal Mausoleum, Seri Menanti, Negeri Sembilan, Malaya |
| Spouse | *   Tunku Sharifah Alawiyah Binti Sayyid Abdul Hamid  (m. 1907; died 1949) *   Cik Halija Binti Haji Umar  (m. 1911; died 1968) |
| Issue | Tunku Mustapha
Tunku Mohamed
Tunku Indrian
Tunku Daud
Tunku Adnan
Tunku Mahmud
Tunku Shahabuddin
Tuanku Kurshiah
Tunku Hamdah
Tuanku Ampuan Duratun Nafisah Azibah
Tunku Sharifah Alawiyah
Tunku Muhammad Jamil
Tunku Ahmad
Tunku Ghariba
Tunku Zahariah
Tuanku Najihah |
| Names  Tunku Besar Burhanuddin Ibni Almarhum Tuanku Antah | |
| Dynasty | Pagaruyung |
| Father | Tuanku Antah ibni Almarhum Yamtuan Radin |
| Mother | Encik Puan Besar Halimah Binti Uggoh |
| Religion | Sunni Islam |


title: Type 351 Radar

abstract: The Type 351 is the Chinese copy of the Russian Reya radar system which came into service in 1960. It is an improved version of earlier Pot Drum (1958) with higher resolutions. Type 351 operates in two pulse bands, the wide one for search, and the narrow one for track, and both in X-band. It was found primarily in older FACs such as the Hainan.

text:
# Type 351 Radar

The **Type 351** is the Chinese copy of the Russian Reya radar system which came into service in 1960. It is an improved version of earlier Pot Drum (1958) with higher resolutions. Type 351 operates in two pulse bands, the wide one for search, and the narrow one for track, and both in X-band.

It was found primarily in older FACs such as the Hainan.

## Specifications

(Based on Reya)

* I–band
* Beam: 3°
* Peak Power: 100 kW
* Pulse width: 0.25–1 μs
* PRF: 1600–1650, 3200–3300 pps
* Other reported names:
    + POTHEAD
    + Reya


title: Tusitala (miniseries)

abstract: Tusitala is a 1986 three-part mini series for television based on the last years in the life of Robert Louis Stevenson, when he left Great Britain for Sydney and west Samoa.

text:
# Tusitala (miniseries)

***Tusitala*** is a 1986 three-part mini series for television based on the last years in the life of Robert Louis Stevenson, when he left Great Britain for Sydney and west Samoa.

## Samoa Connection

In the Samoan language *Tusitala* means writer of stories and it is there that Robert Louis Stevenson spent his last four years. He was buried there at Mount Vaea.

## Cast

## Production

There had been plans to film this in the 1960s by Cinesound Productions.

In 1983 producer Ray Alchin announced Ted Roberts would be the writer. The ABC deliberately aimed at an international co production. "We're branching out with an international figure," said Alchin.

The budget was $5 million.

Filming started June 1985 by which stage the writer had become Peter Yeldham. It was the only production Don Sharp ever directed in his native Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Tusitala* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Drama |
| Written by | Peter Yeldham |
| Directed by | Don Sharp |
| Starring | John McEnery
Angela Punch McGregor |
| Country of origin | Australia
United Kingdom |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 6 |
| Production | |
| Producer | Ray Alchin |
| Production locations | Australia
West Samoa |
| Production company | Australian Broadcasting Corporation |
| Original release | |
| Network | ABC (Australia)
Channel 4 (UK) |
| Release | 15 June 1986 (1986-06-15) |


title: Tytthoscincus monticolus

abstract: Tytthoscincus monticolus, the Sungai Bubu forest skink, is a species of skink. It is endemic to Malaysia.

text:
# Tytthoscincus monticolus

***Tytthoscincus monticolus***, the **Sungai Bubu forest skink**, is a species of skink. It is endemic to Malaysia.

## InfoBox

| *Tytthoscincus monticolus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Scincidae |
| Genus: | *Tytthoscincus* |
| Species: | ***T. monticolus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tytthoscincus monticolus***<br>Grismer, Wood Jr., Ahmad, Baizul-Hafsyam, Afiq-Shuhaimi, Rizal, & Quah, 2018 | |
|


title: Tytthoscincus parvus

abstract: Tytthoscincus parvus is a species of skink. It is found in Indonesia.

text:
# Tytthoscincus parvus

***Tytthoscincus parvus*** is a species of skink. It is found in Indonesia.

## InfoBox

| *Tytthoscincus parvus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Scincidae |
| Genus: | *Tytthoscincus* |
| Species: | ***T. parvus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tytthoscincus parvus***<br>(Boulenger, 1897) | |
|


title: Turtlestitch

abstract: Turtlestitch is a free and open source platform for generating and sharing patterns for embroidery machines. Turtlestitch is derived from educational programming languages such as Logo, Scratch and Snap! using the same jigsaw style programming paradigm which offers simplicity suitable for novices but has powerful features, described as ‘low threshold, high ceiling’ by Seymour Papert. Its microworld is a turtle representing the needle of a programmable embroidery machine. Turtlestitch can be used for creating novel patterns for embroidery, combining the abstract logic of computing and the physical materiality of textiles. Its primary use is educational, as it offers a way of introducing programming to audiences with diverse interests. A growing gallery of open source embroidery designs enables community-based collaboration and shared learning. In 2017, Turtlestitch received the award for the best Open Educational Resource in the German-speaking countries.

text:
# Turtlestitch

**Turtlestitch** (stylized as **TurtleStitch**) is a free and open source platform (or web application) for generating and sharing patterns for embroidery machines. Turtlestitch is derived from educational programming languages such as Logo, Scratch and Snap! using the same jigsaw style programming paradigm which offers simplicity suitable for novices but has powerful features, described as ‘low threshold, high ceiling’ by Seymour Papert. Its microworld is a turtle representing the needle of a programmable embroidery machine. Turtlestitch can be used for creating novel patterns for embroidery, combining the abstract logic of computing and the physical materiality of textiles. Its primary use is educational, as it offers a way of introducing programming to audiences with diverse interests. A growing gallery of open source embroidery designs enables community-based collaboration and shared learning. In 2017, Turtlestitch received the award for the best Open Educational Resource in the German-speaking countries.

## Educational approach

Embroidery is graphically similar to line drawing and Turtlestitch builds on the concept of Turtle Geometry and the constructionist approach developed by Seymor Papert and Cynthia Solomon at MIT which first informed the Logo and later the Scratch programming languages. Turtlestitch is an active member of the global Scratch community. It updates this approach by bringing it to the Maker Culture (Maker Movement), which combines computing and physical creation.

Turtlestitch's approach does not focus on solving pre-existing problems, but on developing free creativity in programming and designing. Users can approach this field either from the side of code or from the side of textile design, thus speaking to diverse audiences. The shared open-source designs allows for community peer-learning.

A global community is actively using Turtlestitch in formal and informal educational contexts. Cynthia Solomon, involved since the 1960s in developing the constructionist approach described above, has been working with Suzan Klimczak to develop a Turtlestitch collaborative community, named Tea & TurtleStitchers, based on a 24-week Sunday morning online workshop with participants from all over the world.

## Technical infrastructure

Turtlestitch, with Michael Aschauer as lead developer, builds upon Snap! developed by Jens Mönig und Brian Harvey. Snap! is a free open-source blocks-based graphical language implemented in JavaScript and actively maintained by UC Berkeley. Turtlestitch's community website is based on Beetle Cloud by Bernat Romagosa, a member of the Snap! development team at SAP, who partners with UCB in the development of Snap!.

The generated patterns can be exported as an embroidery file (Melco/EXP and Tajima/DST are supported) or SVG vector graphic.

## Project history

The project was initiated by Andrea Mayr-Stalder as a collaboration with the fashion designer Dominique Raffa (aka Raphaela Grundnigg) in 2008 in Vienna and used in numerous artistic projects subsequently.

In 2014, Turtlestitch was relaunched by Andrea Mayr-Stalder with a focus on an educational approach.

### Funding and institutional support

2014 & 2016: funded by netidee.at

2018: Kickstarter campaign

2021: European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme

Turtlestitch is hosted by OSEDA.org (Association for Development of Open Source Software in Education, Design and Art, Vienna) in collaboration with the Vienna University Children's Office.

### Main software releases

01/2015: initial version Turtlestitch 1.0

07/2017: Version 2.0 BDX (Bordeaux)

04/2019: Version 2.5 (The Whizzy Needle)

06/2020: Version 2.6 (Berkley Beaver)

08/2022: Version 2.7.7 (Heidelberg Hedgehog)

Upcoming: Version 3.0

## Derivatives

In 2018, the project Catrobat Embroidery Designer translated the Turtlestitch framework to mobile phones.

in 2021, the project "Turtlestitchkomplott" started to use Turtlestitch with plotters, instead of embroidery machines.

## InfoBox

TurtleStitch
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Paradigm | object-oriented, educational, event-driven |
| Designed by | Andrea Mayr-Stalder (project leader) |
| Developer | Michael Aschauer |
| First appeared | 2015 (2015) |
|  | |
| Stable release | 2.7.7 / August 2, 2022 (2022-08-02) |
|  | |
| Typing discipline | dynamic |
| Implementation language | JavaScript (Snap!) |
| OS | Cross-platform |
| License | AGPL |
| Filename extensions | .xml (Snap*!*), embroidery formats: Melco/EXP and Tajima/DST |
| Website | www.turtlestitch.org |
| Influenced by | |
| Snap!, Scratch, Logo, Maker Culture | |
| Influenced | |
| Catrobat Embroidery Designer | |


title: Two-step floating catchment area method

abstract: The two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) method is a method for combining a number of related types of information into a single, immediately meaningful, index that allows comparisons to be made across different locations. Its importance lies in the improvement over considering the individual sources of information separately, where none on its own provides an adequate summary.

text:
# Two-step floating catchment area method

The **two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) method** is a method for combining a number of related types of information into a single, immediately meaningful, index that allows comparisons to be made across different locations. Its importance lies in the improvement over considering the individual sources of information separately, where none on its own provides an adequate summary.

## Background

The two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) method is a special case of a gravity model of spatial interaction that was developed to measure spatial accessibility to primary care physicians. 2SFCA is based on the accessibility measure developed by Shen (1998), who used it to compare accessibility to jobs among workers residing in different locations and traveling by different transportation means, and more generally, to measure accessibility to spatially distributed opportunities that have capacity limitations (i.e., rival goods). 2SFCA was inspired by the spatial decomposition idea first proposed by Radke and Mu (2000).

The 2SFCA method not only has most of the advantages of a gravity model, but is also intuitive to interpret, as it uses essentially a special form of physician-to-population ratio. It is easy to implement in a GIS environment. In essence, applying the accessibility measure formulated by Shen (1998) the 2SFCA method is an automated procedure for measuring spatial accessibility as a ratio of primary-care physicians to population, combining two steps:

1. it first assesses “physician availability” at the physicians' (supply) locations as the ratio of physicians to their surrounding population (i.e., within a threshold travel time from the physicians)
2. it sums up the ratios (i.e., physician availability derived in the first step) around (i.e., within the same threshold travel time from) each residential (demand) location.

It has been recently enhanced by considering distance decay within catchments and called the enhanced two-step floating catchment area (E2SFCA) method.

Furthermore, the use of capping certain services according to nearby population size, can improve the accuracy when analyzing across areas of different environments (i.e. rural and urban).

The method has been applied to other related public health issues, such as access to healthy food retailers.


title: Ty Krentler

abstract: Walter Lisle "Ty" Krentler, sometimes shown as Walter Lyle Krentler, was an American football player. He played at the fullback position for the 1920 Detroit Heralds during the first regular season of the NFL. He also played college football for the University of Detroit in 1918 and 1919 and professional football for the Detroit Maroons in 1921.

text:
# Ty Krentler

**Walter Lisle "Ty" Krentler** (April 23, 1895 - November 30, 1971), sometimes shown as **Walter Lyle Krentler**, was an American football player. He played at the fullback position for the 1920 Detroit Heralds during the first regular season of the NFL (then known as the American Professional Football Association). He also played college football for the University of Detroit in 1918 and 1919 and professional football for the Detroit Maroons in 1921.

## Early years

Krentler was born in 1895 in Detroit, Michigan. He attended Detroit's Eastern High School (now Martin Luther King High School and first gained notoriety in 1913 when he scored two touchdowns in the first five minutes of a game against Bay City Eastern High School.

## Football player

After graduating from high school, Krentler enrolled at Washington & Jefferson College intending to play college football for the Washington & Jefferson Presidents, then one of the leading football programs in the country. He left Washington & Jefferson due to "poor scholarship" and later enrolled at the University of Detroit. He played for the Detroit Titans football team in 1918 and 1919. After a game against the University of Michigan, the *Detroit Free Press* wrote that Krentler "showed the greatest exhibition of line plunging seen in a long while on Goldberg field." He also worked in 1918 as an accident investigator for the Detroit United Railway.

In 1920, Krentler played for the Detroit Heralds during the first regular season of the National Football League (then known as the American Professional Football Association). The Heralds finished the 1920 season with a game against the Detroit Maroons for the city championship. Krentler scored the Heralds' only touchdown in the final minute of the third quarter. The Maroons tied the game with a touchdown in the fourth quarter by fullback Schultz.

In 1921, Krentler played for the Detroit Maroons, a professional football team based in Detroit.

## Family and later years

Krentler was married to Alice McClenmont in 1921. They had two sons, Walter (born c. 1923) and Robert (born c. 1924). In 1930, Krentler was living with his family in Detroit and was employed as a salesman of automobile tires. Krentler and his wife divorced in 1938.

In 1940, Krentler lived in Detroit and was employed as a state sales tax auditor. In 1942, he lived in Warren, Ohio, where he worked for the U.S. Navy at the Cleveland Diesel Motor Co. Krentler lived in his later years at St. Clair Shores, Michigan. He died there in 1971 at age 76.

## InfoBox

Ty Krentler
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born: | (1895-04-23)April 23, 1895
Detroit, Michigan |
| Died: | November 30, 1971(1971-11-30) (aged 76)
St. Clair Shores, Michigan |
| Weight: | 160 lb (73 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Eastpointe (MI) East Detroit |
| College: | Detroit |
| Position: | Fullback |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: UFO: Extraterrestrials

abstract: UFO: Extraterrestrials is a turn-based strategy game for Windows aimed to be a spiritual sequel to X-COM: UFO Defense. Developed by Chaos Concept, the game incorporates a twist of the aliens defeating the humans on Earth. The game takes place on a human-colonized planet named Esperanza, where the alien threat has just arrived. An updated version of the game, UFO: Extraterrestrials Platinum, was released in 2023.

text:
# UFO: Extraterrestrials

***UFO: Extraterrestrials*** is a turn-based strategy game for Windows aimed to be a spiritual sequel to *X-COM: UFO Defense*. Developed by Chaos Concept, the game incorporates a twist of the aliens defeating the humans on Earth. The game takes place on a human-colonized planet named Esperanza, where the alien threat has just arrived. An updated version of the game, *UFO: Extraterrestrials Platinum*, was released in 2023.

## Gameplay

Gameplay in *UFO: Extraterrestrials* is similar to the original *X-COM* games. The player starts out with a base where they can add buildings, allocate scientists, equip soldiers and vehicles, manufacture equipment, etc. Additional bases can be bought in different countries but are used mainly for housing interceptors. Most buildings cannot be built in bases other than your main base.

The research side of the game is extensive, with about 120 projects to complete. These projects lead to improved weaponry, equipment, and understanding of the aliens.

When a UFO is spotted on the global view (or "geoscape") the player must send interceptors to shoot it down. Once the UFO has been shot down the player can send in a transport of soldiers to carry out a tactical mission to neutralize the aliens and capture their equipment. Alien commanders can also be captured for interrogation.

The tactical missions are turn based, with no real-time option. The tactical squad that is sent to the crash site can include robots and tanks as well as soldiers; tanks and robots take up more space in the transport, however, and space is limited. Tactical missions can take approximately 30 minutes and there are about 200 pre-made levels. When a mission begins a level is chosen according to the environment where the action takes place; the environment in missions is destructible.

The aliens can start a tactical mission if they attack any of the player's bases. Aliens can attack the player's base with UFOs, in which case it is a fight between your SAM sites and the UFO; if the SAM sites are destroyed, a tactical mission within your base will take place (or aliens will take it over in which case the player needs to send a transport ship). The aliens may also initiate a terror mission against any country; in this scenario the environment is a city with civilians in it.

The more aliens a soldier kills the more experience he receives (tanks and robots do not gain experience). There are rank insignias that show this and titles linked with each; when a soldier accumulates enough experience they go up a rank. Soldiers lose experience when they are recovering from injuries in the hospital; they can even lose a rank if they are in there long enough, but when a soldier comes back from the hospital they will gain experience faster for a time.

## Release and reception

*UFO: Extraterrestrials* was first released for digital download via the Matrix Games website on May 1, 2007. It received a retail release the same year in North America on May 21, and in Europe on June 29.

*UFO: Extraterrestrials* received mixed reviews on Metacritic. *Eurogamer* said it is a flawed clone and recommended it only to *X-COM* fans who couldn't wait to see what 2K Games did with the license. *IGN* disliked how closely it followed the original *X-COM* and said the few deviations were poorly done.

The August 2008 edition of *Pelit* featured a retrospective of *UFO: Extraterrestrials* that focused on the effects mods have had on the game. Long-time reviewer Niko Nirvi, a strong admirer of the original *X-COM: UFO Defense*, described the original *UFO: Extraterrestrials* as a pleasant but visibly rushed substitute. He focused on "Bman's Ease of Use Mod 4.07 (fixed by Coasty)" as the prevailing merger of minor modifications, and pronounced it "the true successor of *X-COM: UFO Defense*" that "genuinely achieves some of its predecessor's magic." According to the magazine, the more visible features of Bman's mod are added weaponry, incorporation of the original *UFO Defense* enemies (although graphically by copying and enlarging the older game's sprites), improving AI and rebalancing the game mechanics by changing them towards those of *UFO Defense*.

## Prequel

In September 2009, Chaos Concept unveiled a new website announcing a prequel, *UFO2Extraterrestrials: Shadows over Earth*, which has been in development since early 2009. Some of the announced improvements to the game include dynamic lighting (night missions complete with the need for light sources), and naval forces in the geoscape phase of the game (such as heavy aircraft carrier/cruisers that can launch fighters and defenses against UFOs).

After many failed release date attempts, Chaos Concept decided to withdraw a release date from the game's completely, but have since changed announced a new released date of Q4 2013 and the game was re-titled as *UFO2Extraterrestrials: Battle for Mercury*. Estimated release dates ranged from 2014 to 2020. The game was eventually released on 15 June 2021.

## InfoBox

| UFO: Extraterrestrials | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Chaos Concept |
| Publisher(s) |  |
| Designer(s) | IRou.<br>Michal Doležal |
| Programmer(s) | Petr Fiedler |
| Composer(s) | Dmitry Lugovoy |
| Platform(s) | Microsoft Windows |
| Release | May 1, 2007 |
| Genre(s) | Turn-based strategy |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: UFC 111

abstract: UFC 111: St-Pierre vs. Hardy was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) on March 27, 2010 at the Prudential Center in Newark, New Jersey, United States.

text:
# UFC 111

***UFC 111: St-Pierre vs. Hardy*** was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) on March 27, 2010 at the Prudential Center in Newark, New Jersey, United States.

## Background

The *UFC Primetime* series returned to build up the UFC Welterweight Championship fight between GSP and Dan Hardy. It was the first time a British fighter had ever fought for a UFC title.

Martin Kampmann was originally set to fight Ben Saunders, but Kampmann was replaced by Jake Ellenberger, due to a deep cut suffered in training by Kampmann.

Ricardo Funch was forced to pull out of a fight against Matthew Riddle for an undisclosed reason. UFC newcomer Greg Soto was his replacement.

Spike TV broadcast three preliminary bouts one hour before the live PPV broadcast began.

This event was seen in movie theaters throughout the United States via National CineMedia's Fathom event distribution service. Also, it was shown at the Cineplex Odeon chain in Canada.

On March 10, 2010 it was announced that the event was officially sold out.

There was also some controversy that the UFC airbrushed Hardy's tattoo which reads "om mani padme hum" for their promotional poster. UFC president Dana White later admitted that this was done so as to not provoke the Chinese government.

On March 25, 2010 Thiago Alves was removed from the card due to brain irregularity from a pre-fight CAT scan. After learning of the removal, Ben Saunders, who was scheduled to fight Jake Ellenberger, requested Alves's opponent, Jon Fitch, and subsequently replaced Ellenberger on the card. As a result, Ellenberger did not compete but received his "show" and "win" money to make up for the last minute switch. The fight between Kurt Pellegrino and Fabricio Camoes was moved up to the main card as a result of the cancellation.

On March 26 at the official weigh-ins, Rory Markham weighed 177 lb. He forfeited $1,000 (12.5% of his purse) to Nate Diaz.

## Results

| Main card | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Weight class |  |  |  | Method | Round | Time | Notes |
| Welterweight | Georges St-Pierre (c) | def. | Dan Hardy | Decision (unanimous) (50–43, 50–44, 50–45) | 5 | 5:00 |  |
| Heavyweight | Shane Carwin | def. | Frank Mir | KO (punches) | 1 | 3:48 |  |
| Lightweight | Kurt Pellegrino | def. | Fabrício Camões | Submission (rear-naked choke) | 2 | 4:20 |  |
| Welterweight | Jon Fitch | def. | Ben Saunders | Decision (unanimous) (30–27, 30–27, 30–27) | 3 | 5:00 |  |
| Lightweight | Jim Miller | def. | Mark Bocek | Decision (unanimous) (29–28, 29–28, 29–28) | 3 | 5:00 |  |
| Preliminary card (Spike TV) | | | | | | | |
| Catchweight (177 lb) | Nate Diaz | def. | Rory Markham | TKO (punches) | 1 | 2:47 |  |
| Welterweight | Ricardo Almeida | def. | Matt Brown | Submission (rear-naked choke) | 2 | 3:30 |  |
| Preliminary card | | | | | | | |
| Middleweight | Rousimar Palhares | def. | Tomasz Drwal | Submission (heel hook) | 1 | 0:45 |  |
| Light Heavyweight | Jared Hamman | def. | Rodney Wallace | Decision (unanimous) (29–28, 29–28, 29–28) | 3 | 5:00 |  |
| Welterweight | Matthew Riddle | def. | Greg Soto | DQ (illegal upkick) | 3 | 1:30 |  |

## Bonus awards

Fighters were awarded $65,000 bonuses:

* **Fight of the Night: Rodney Wallace vs. Jared Hamman**
* **Knockout of the Night: Shane Carwin**
* **Submission of the Night: Kurt Pellegrino**

## Television rating

The preliminary bouts shown on Spike TV at 9 pm EST drew a series-low of 1.2 million viewers, and coincided with the Elite Eight round of the NCAA basketball tournament.

1. "New Jersey's UFC 111 event draws 17,000 attendance and $4 million live gate". mmajunkie.com. March 28, 2010. Archived from the original on August 8, 2010. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
2. "MMAPayout.com Blue Book". Archived from the original on 2011-06-27. Retrieved 2012-06-29.
3. "UFC 111". ufc.com. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
4. "Spike TV brings back "UFC Primetime" series for UFC 111's GSP vs. Har…". Archived from the original on 2012-07-11. Retrieved 2012-11-18.
5. "Kampmann out of UFC 111, Ellenberger faces Saunders at UFC 111". mmajunkie.com. Archived from the original on 2010-02-12. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
6. "Ricardo Funch off UFC 111 prelim card, newcomer Greg Soto to meet Matthew Riddle | MMAjunkie.com". Archived from the original on 2010-02-28. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
7. "Spike's "UFC Prelim" broadcast returns for "UFC 111: St-Pierre vs. Hardy" in March | MMAjunkie.com". *mmajunkie.com*. Archived from the original on 2010-02-17.
8. "Unknown".
9. "UFC 118: Edgar vs. Penn 2". Archived from the original on 2010-07-25.
10. "Tckets sold out for UFC 111 in New Jersey". Archived from the original on 2010-03-22.
11. "Cagewriter".
12. "Alves out of UFC 111 due to failed CT scan, Pellegrino vs. Camoes promoted to PPV | MMAjunkie.com". *mmajunkie.com*. Archived from the original on 2010-03-27.
13. "Jon Fitch replaces Jake Ellenberger, meets Ben Saunders on UFC 111 main card | MMAjunkie.com". *mmajunkie.com*. Archived from the original on 2010-03-26.
14. "The Weekly Wrap: March 27 - April 2 - Top Story".
15. "UFC 111 bonuses: Carwin, Pellegrino, Hamman and Wallace earn $65K each". *MMAjunkie*. 2010-03-28. Retrieved 2018-09-23.
16. "UFC 111's "UFC Prelims" broadcast draws 1.2 million viewers, ratings dip". MMAjunkie.com. March 30, 2010. Retrieved March 30, 2010.

## InfoBox

| UFC 111: St-Pierre vs. Hardy | |
| --- | --- |
| The poster for UFC 111: St-Pierre vs. Hardy | |
| Promotion | Ultimate Fighting Championship |
| Date | March 27, 2010 |
| Venue | Prudential Center |
| City | Newark, New Jersey |
| Attendance | 17,000 |
| Total gate | $4,000,000 |
| Buyrate | 770,000 |
| Event chronology | |
| UFC Live: Vera vs. Jones UFC 111: St-Pierre vs. Hardy UFC Fight Night: Florian vs. Gomi | |


title: Tzazo

abstract: Tzazo was the brother to King Gelimer (530–534), the last Vandal ruler of the North Africa. Tzazo died on 15 December 533 during the Battle of Tricamarum, which finally brought to an end the Vandal Kingdom in North Africa. Tzazo had not been involved in the earlier Battle of Ad Decimum because Godas, likely instigated by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian, had declared the Vandal province on the island of Sardinia independent from Carthage. King Gelimer was unaware that the Byzantines were planning an invasion and sent Tzazo to repress the rebellion, which he did. After his defeat at Ad Decimum, Gelimer recalled the victorious Tzazo, Tzazo and his expeditionary force of 5,000 Vandals Gelimer went on the offensive. Their joined forces marched on Carthage, damaging the city’s aqueduct. Belisarius had spent the weeks since the Battle of Ad Decimum strengthening the city defences; he did not want to face a siege and he was beginning to grow suspicious of the loyalty of the Huns and other barbarians under his command, knowing some of his army was being approached by agents of Gelimer. The Battle of Tricamarum took place on December 15, 533 between the armies of the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer and his brother Tzazo, and the Byzantines commanded by Belisarius. The two forces met some 30 miles outside Carthage and the Roman cavalry immediately charged the Vandal lines, reforming and attacking two more times. In the third charge, Tzazo was cut down in front of Gelimer, who lost heart and fled to the mountains of Numidia. Gelimer soon realised that his position was hopeless and eventually gave himself up to the Emperor.

text:
# Tzazo

**Tzazo** (also known as **Tzazon** or **Zano**) was the brother to King Gelimer (530–534), the last Vandal ruler of the North Africa. Tzazo died on 15 December 533 during the Battle of Tricamarum, which finally brought to an end the Vandal Kingdom in North Africa.

Tzazo had not been involved in the earlier Battle of Ad Decimum because Godas, likely instigated by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian, had declared the Vandal province on the island of Sardinia independent from Carthage. King Gelimer was unaware that the Byzantines were planning an invasion and sent Tzazo to repress the rebellion, which he did.

After his defeat at Ad Decimum, Gelimer recalled the victorious Tzazo, Tzazo and his expeditionary force of 5,000 Vandals Gelimer went on the offensive. Their joined forces marched on Carthage, damaging the city’s aqueduct. Belisarius had spent the weeks since the Battle of Ad Decimum strengthening the city defences; he did not want to face a siege and he was beginning to grow suspicious of the loyalty of the Huns and other barbarians under his command, knowing some of his army was being approached by agents of Gelimer.

The Battle of Tricamarum took place on December 15, 533 between the armies of the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer and his brother Tzazo, and the Byzantines commanded by Belisarius. The two forces met some 30 miles outside Carthage and the Roman cavalry immediately charged the Vandal lines, reforming and attacking two more times. In the third charge, Tzazo was cut down in front of Gelimer, who lost heart and fled to the mountains of Numidia. Gelimer soon realised that his position was hopeless and eventually gave himself up to the Emperor.


title: Type 63 anti-aircraft gun

abstract: The Type 63 and Type 65 are Chinese self-propelled anti-aircraft gun based on the Soviet T-34-76 or T-34-85 medium tank chassis.

text:
# Type 63 anti-aircraft gun

The **Type 63** and **Type 65** are Chinese self-propelled anti-aircraft gun based on the Soviet T-34-76 or T-34-85 medium tank chassis.

## Description

The Type 63 is a T-34-76 Obr.1943 produced by UralVagonZavod converted into an anti-aircraft vehicle, armed with Chinese twin 37 mm Type 61 AA guns. The related Type 65 variant was instead based on the T-34-85 chassis. None of the original Type 63's survive today.

The Type 65 retained the hull from the T-34-85 but the turret was replaced by an open-top box turret armed with twin Type 61 37mm anti-aircraft guns. The guns were loaded manually with 5-round clips. While the Type 65 was on par with contemporary anti-aircraft systems, such as the M42 Duster, due to the lack of hydraulic elevation systems, the guns had to be elevated manually. Because of this, the Type 65 was ineffective against fast moving, low flying aircraft, and while it proved somewhat effective in the ground support anti-armour role, it was ineffective against then-modern main battle tank armour of the Vietnam War.

### Construction

The modification was made by bolting a steel plate over the opening in the hull for the turret with 27 bolts. The plate was reinforced with a vertical steel beam welded to the hull floor and the bottom of the roof plate. A twin 37mm Type 61 anti aircraft gun was removed from its 4-wheeled carriage and it's traversing gearbox was bolted to the middle of the steel plate. A turret was made from welded sheet metal and bolted to the floor of the anti aircraft gun mount. The only ammunition stowage was two metal bins, one located on each side of the outside of the hull. A travel lock made from channel iron is located on the engine deck of the tank.

## Service history

Both Type 63 and Type 65 were supplied to the NVA by China during the Vietnam War. The NVA were supplied with several examples of the tank from China and used them during the Vietnam War, but only a small number were available due to the lack of adequate anti-aircraft equipment. It remained in service with the post-war People's Army of Vietnam, as well as the PLA, with the last numbers being retired in 1990.

One example of the Type 65 was captured by the ARVN 4th Infantry Regiment during the 1972 Easter Offensive. This vehicle was turned over to the United States military and shipped to Bayonne, New Jersey in the Summer of 1975. From there it was shipped to Aberdeen Proving Ground where it was evaluated. It was placed on display at the Aberdeen Proving Grounds where it remained until the early 2010s, when it was transferred to the Air Defense Artillery Museum in Fort Sill, Oklahoma.

### Uncertainty over Origin

There is disagreement over the origin of the tank. While many sources claim it is of Chinese manufacture, it may be a single Vietnamese improvised vehicle. It was crudely made, with basic materials which is common of improvised fighting vehicles, and little information on the vehicle exists in Chinese military archives, though recent studies indicate that such a vehicle was in service with the People's Liberation Army. The vehicle captured by the ARVN 4th Infantry Regiment is the only known example to exist. This vehicle did have the number "045" painted on at least the left and presumably both sides of the turret, which suggests there may have been more examples manufactured, but no other vehicles are currently known. Similar Vietnamese SPAAGs exist, including a T-34 hull with a 57mm anti-aircraft gun mounted in turret with a similar design, also missing the hull machine gun. However, recent studies have confirmed the existence of both Type 63 and Type 65.

Many sources state that the armament are paired "Type 63" anti-aircraft guns, however the Type 65 is the more likely armament, as the Type 63 AA gun is not mentioned in any sources beyond references to this self-propelled anti-aircraft gun. This could be due to the limited information on Chinese military equipment available in the United States during the Cold War.

## Operators

## Bibliography

* Hogg, Ian (2000). *Twentieth-Century Artillery*. Friedman/Fairfax Publishers. ISBN 1-58663-299-X.
* Dougherty, Martin J. (2007). *The World's Worst Weapons*. Amber Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-905704-36-1.

## InfoBox

| Type 63 | |
| --- | --- |
| A Type 63 on display at the US Army Aberdeen Proving Grounds. | |
| Type | Self-propelled anti-aircraft gun |
| Place of origin | China |
| Service history | |
| Wars | Vietnam War |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 32 tonnes (35.2 tons) |
| Length | 6.432 metres (21 feet 1.2 inches) |
| Width | 2.99 metres (9 feet 10 inches) |
| Height | 2.99 metres (9 feet 10 inches)
Fording depth: 1.32 metres (4 feet 4 inches) |
| Crew | 6 |
| --- | |
| Armor | 18–45 mm (0.71–1.77 in) |
| Main
armament | twin Type 61 37 mm (1.5 in) anti-aircraft autocannons |
| Engine | 12-cylinder turbocharged diesel
580 hp (430 kW) |
| Power/weight | 18.1 hp/tonne (13.5 kW/tonne) |
| Suspension | Christie |
| Operational
range | 300 km (190 mi) |
| Maximum speed | Road: 55 km/h (34 mph) |


title: Tytthoscincus atrigularis

abstract: The Zamboanga sphenomorphus is a species of skink. It is endemic to the Philippines.

text:
# Tytthoscincus atrigularis

The **Zamboanga sphenomorphus** (***Tytthoscincus atrigularis***) is a species of skink. It is endemic to the Philippines.

## InfoBox

| *Tytthoscincus atrigularis* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Scincidae |
| Genus: | *Tytthoscincus* |
| Species: | ***T. atrigularis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tytthoscincus atrigularis***
(Stejneger, 1908) | |
|


title: Tárnokréti

abstract: Tárnokréti is a village in Győr-Moson-Sopron County, Hungary.

text:
# Tárnokréti

**Tárnokréti** is a village in Győr-Moson-Sopron County, Hungary.

## InfoBox

| Tárnokréti | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| TárnokrétiLocation of Tárnokréti | |
| Coordinates: 47°43′00″N 17°19′00″E / 47.7167°N 17.3167°E / 47.7167; 17.3167 | |
| Country | Hungary |
| County | Győr-Moson-Sopron |
| Area | |
| Total | 9.54 km2 (3.68 sq mi) |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 218 |
| Density | 23/km2 (59/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 9165 |


title: Töttös

abstract:
Töttös is a village in Baranya county, Hungary.
Until the end of World War II, the majority of the inhabitants was Danube Swabian, also called locally as Stifolder, because their ancestors arrived in the 17th and 18th centuries from Fulda (district). Most of the former German settlers were expelled to allied-occupied Germany and allied-occupied Austria in 1945–1948, pursuant to the 1945 Potsdam Agreement.
Only a few Germans of Hungary live there, the majority today are the descendants of Hungarians from the Czechoslovak–Hungarian population exchange. They occupied the houses of the former Danube Swabian inhabitants.

text:
# Töttös

**Töttös** is a village in Baranya county, Hungary. Until the end of World War II, the majority of the inhabitants was Danube Swabian, also called locally as *Stifolder*, because their ancestors arrived in the 17th and 18th centuries from Fulda (district). Most of the former German settlers were expelled to allied-occupied Germany and allied-occupied Austria in 1945–1948, pursuant to the 1945 Potsdam Agreement. Only a few Germans of Hungary live there, the majority today are the descendants of Hungarians from the Czechoslovak–Hungarian population exchange. They occupied the houses of the former Danube Swabian inhabitants.

## InfoBox

| Töttös | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Coordinates: 45°55′N 18°33′E / 45.917°N 18.550°E / 45.917; 18.550 | |
| Country | Hungary |
| County | Baranya |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: USS Avenger (MCM-1)

abstract: USS Avenger (MCM-1) was the lead ship of her class of mine countermeasures ship, and the third U.S. Navy ship of that name.

text:
# USS Avenger (MCM-1)

**USS *Avenger* (MCM-1)** was the lead ship of her class of mine countermeasures ship, and the third U.S. Navy ship of that name.

## Service history

*Avenger* was ordered on 29 June 1982, laid down on 3 June 1983 by the Peterson Shipbuilders Co., Sturgeon Bay, Wisc., launched on 15 June 1985, and commissioned on 12 September 1987.

Subsequent to her commissioning and a period of test and trials, *Avenger* arrived in her homeport of NS Charleston, South Carolina, and began operating as a member of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet. Following the 1990 Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, *Avenger* deployed to the Persian Gulf as a coalition force member in support of Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm on 16 August 1990. *Avenger* was the longest-serving ship from all of the coalition forces during the Shield/Storm conflict, as well as the first ship in the history of naval warfare to locate and neutralize bottom mines. *Avenger* was awarded the Navy Unit Commendation and Combat Action Ribbon for her wartime accomplishments.

In 1993, *Avenger* shifted homeports to the newly constructed Naval Station Ingleside, Texas. Since that time she deployed to the Eastern Atlantic in 1993 and 1995, Mediterranean Sea in 1997 and 1999. In 2001 *Avenger* deployed to the Eastern Pacific via the Panama Canal and conducted Joint, Combined, and Bilateral exercises and operations on the West Coast. Late in 2001, *Avenger* conducted test operations of a revolutionary jam-resistant electronic navigation system. In 2004, the *Avenger* deployed to participate in the Rim of the Pacific Exercise (RIMPAC), and in October of that year the ship returned to her homeport of Ingleside, Texas. *Avenger* completed her most significant modernization in the summer of 2008. In 2009, *Avenger* shifted her homeport to San Diego and then in December became permanently forward deployed to Sasebo, Japan. Later that same year the ship commenced her first deployment around the western Pacific.

On 30 September 2014, USS *Avenger* was decommissioned at San Diego, California. As of 2019, she is a part of the Pacific Reserve Fleet.

## Awards

## InfoBox

| *Avenger* undergoing shock test | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Avenger* |
| Ordered | 29 June 1982 |
| Builder | Peterson Shipbuilders |
| Laid down | 3 June 1983 |
| Launched | 15 June 1985 |
| Commissioned | 12 September 1987 |
| Decommissioned | 30 September 2014 |
| Homeport | Sasebo, Japan |
| Motto | * *Dux et Defensor Semitae* * ("Guide & Defender of the Pathway") |
| Status | In reserve in the Pacific Reserve Fleet as of 2019 |
| Badge |  |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Avenger*-class mine countermeasures ship |
| Displacement | 1,367 tons (1,390 ) |
| Length | 224 ft (68 m) overall |
| Beam | 39 ft (12 m) |
| Draft | 13 ft (4.0 m) |
| Propulsion | * 4 × Waukesha diesel engines, * 2 × controllable/reversible pitch propellers, * 2 × rudders, * 2 × light-load electric motors |
| Speed | 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) |
| Complement | 6 officers, 75 enlisted |
| Sensors and <br>processing systems |  |
| Armament |  |


title: USS Avoyel

abstract: USS Avoyel (ATF-150) was a Navajo-class fleet tug built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name. Avoyel was laid down 25 March 1944 by the Charleston Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company of Charleston, South Carolina; launched on 9 August 1944; sponsored by Mrs. George E. Goodman; and commissioned at Charleston Navy Yard on 8 January 1945.

text:
# USS Avoyel

**USS *Avoyel* (ATF-150)** was a *Navajo*-class fleet tug built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name.

*Avoyel* was laid down 25 March 1944 by the Charleston Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company of Charleston, South Carolina; launched on 9 August 1944; sponsored by Mrs. George E. Goodman; and commissioned at Charleston Navy Yard on 8 January 1945.

## Service history

Following shakedown training in Chesapeake Bay, the tug reported to Norfolk Navy Yard, Portsmouth, Virginia, for post-shakedown availability. Upon completion of the yard period, the tug was ordered to proceed to the Hudson River, which had frozen to a depth of two to three feet. Though not designed as an icebreaker, *Avoyel* was able to clear a path to Long Island so that ammunition barges could be moved down the river. When this assignment was finished, the vessel returned to Norfolk.

In early March, the tug sailed for New Orleans, Louisiana, where she picked up a tow and pulled it to Gulfport, Mississippi, for loading. *Avoyel* departed the gulf coast on 20 March, bound for the Pacific. She transited the Panama Canal and continued on to the South Pacific. The ship paused at Bora Bora, Society Islands, to refuel before reaching Seeadler Harbor, Manus Island, on 13 May. Upon her arrival there, the tug reported to Commander, Service Force 10, for duty. On 15 May, the tug was redesignated ATF-150.

During the remaining months of World War II, *Avoyel* carried out various towing operations among the Philippine Islands; Hollandia, New Guinea; Ulithi, Caroline Islands; Guam, Mariana Islands; Okinawa; and Eniwetok, Marshall Islands. Following the Japanese capitulation on 15 August, the tug got underway with Task Group 95.4 to clear mines from the waters of the Yellow Sea, off the coast of Korea. *Avoyel* sank several mines with rifle fire; and, on 7 September, Allied occupation forces began steaming through the cleared area toward the Korean mainland.

The tug anchored at Sasebo, Japan, on 16 September, and operated in the Sasebo area for the next four months, performing towing jobs and making resupply and refueling runs. On one occasion, *Avoyel* lost her 3,000-pound starboard anchor and 54 fathoms of chain in the East China Sea. This was temporarily replaced, however, with a comparable anchor salvaged from a wrecked Japanese vessel. During this period, *Avoyel* detonated a total of 47 mines swept clear of nearby minefields, and supplied over 160,000 gallons of distilled water to other vessels in the fleet.

On 5 February 1946, the ship delivered supplies to a destroyer tender anchored off Wakayama, and moored briefly with her sister ship USS *Chawasha*. On 10 February she returned to Sasebo, and underwent repairs alongside USS *Hoist* before sailing for Hawaii on 2 March with *ARD-22* in tow. A sick crewman, however, forced an emergency detour to Saipan, after which her destination was changed to Eniwetok. Upon arrival there, *Avoyel* anchored *ARD-22* so that she could assist *YC-827*, which was adrift 90 miles west of Eniwetok. Upon returning to Eniwetok with the Lighter, the ship made plans to assist USS *Jicarilla*, which had lost its tow, *AFD-17*. Sighting the wayward drydock on 26 March, *Avoyel* towed the vessel to Guam, where she rode out a typhoon warning. While at Guam, the ship had a minor hole in her starboard side repaired and a few alterations conducted. Finally, on 12 May 1946, the ship resumed her interrupted trip to Pearl Harbor, and soon thereafter for the Canal Zone. The vessel retransited the Panama Canal on 12 July and reached New Orleans on the 28th, where the ship underwent a preinactivation overhaul. On 17 October, *Avoyel* proceeded to Orange, Texas, and was placed out of commission, in reserve, on 11 January 1947.

## Transfer to the U.S. Coast Guard

On 9 July 1956, both the *Avoyel* and USS *Chilula* were removed from the Beaumont Reserve Fleet, and towed to Curtis Bay, Maryland, for conversion and transfer to the United States Coast Guard. Assigned to duty at Eureka, California, the ship continued to provide valuable firefighting, salvage, and rescue services through 1967. On 10 January 1969, the ship was involved in an accidental collision with USCGC *Resolute* during high-line drills, which resulted in a six-foot hole on the port side of the latter vessel courtesy of the *Avoyel*'s starboard anchor. Though the damage to *Avoyel* was classified as "moderate", the incident apparently hastened her decommissioning, which occurred on 30 September 1969. Subsequently sold in 1970 to Gulf Atlantic Oceanographic Research, Inc. of Pensacola, Florida, *Avoyel* continued to serve in a commercial capacity for the remainder of her career. Her final disposition is unknown.

* *This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*
* "ATF-150 *Avoyel*". *Auxiliary Photo Archive*. Retrieved 4 July 2011.

## InfoBox

| USS *Avoyel* (AT-150), underway on the Cooper River at Charleston, S.C., during builders trials in December 1945. Note Measure 32/17Ax camouflage. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *Avoyel* |
| Builder | Charleston Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co. |
| Laid down | 25 March 1944 |
| Launched | 9 August 1944 |
| Commissioned | 8 January 1945 |
| Decommissioned | 11 January 1947 |
| Reclassified | USCGC *Avoyel* (WMEC-150) |
| Reinstated | 1956 |
| Homeport | Eureka, California |
| Fate | Placed in commercial service |
| Status | Unknown |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Navajo*-class fleet tug |
| Displacement | * 1,205 long tons (1,224 t) light * 1,646 long tons (1,672 t) full |
| Length | 205 ft (62 m) |
| Beam | 38 ft 6 in (11.73 m) |
| Draft | 15 ft 4 in (4.67 m) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 16 knots (18 mph; 30 km/h) |
| Complement | 8 officers, 68 enlisted men |
| Armament |  |


title: U.S. Route 283 in Texas

abstract: U.S. Route 283 (US 283) is a United States Numbered Highway whose southern terminus is in the state of Texas near Brady. It runs primarily south–north through rural areas of the state, via towns and cities such as Coleman, Albany, and Seymour, before crossing the Red River into Oklahoma north of Vernon. At a length of 150 miles (241 km), US 283 in Texas is relatively short compared to other U.S. highways that travel the state.

text:
# U.S. Route 283 in Texas

**U.S. Route 283** (**US 283**) is a United States Numbered Highway whose southern terminus is in the state of Texas near Brady. It runs primarily south–north through rural areas of the state, via towns and cities such as Coleman, Albany, and Seymour, before crossing the Red River into Oklahoma north of Vernon. At a length of 150 miles (241 km), US 283 in Texas is relatively short compared to other U.S. highways that travel the state.

## Route description

The southern terminus of US 283 is at an intersection with US 87 about three miles (4.8 km) northwest of Brady. The highway travels through rural areas of McCulloch County before entering Coleman County. US 283 maintains its rural route before entering the town of Santa Anna, beginning an overlap with US 84. The two highways travel northwest together to the town of Coleman before they split. US 283 returns to a rural route once again and intersects State Highway 36 (SH 36) in southern Callahan County. The highway runs through the city of Baird, where it crosses Interstate 20 (I-20). US 283 next enters the city of Albany, where it shares a short overlap with US 180 and SH 6. Just south of Throckmorton, US 283 begins a lengthy overlap with US 183. The two routes travel to Seymour and begin an overlap with US 277 and US 82. US 183 and US 283 separate from US 82 and US 277 in the unincorporated community of Mabelle. In Vernon, US 283 separates from US 183 at a junction with US 70 and US 287. US 283 runs in a slight northwest direction before crossing the Red River into Oklahoma.

The segment that is concurrent with US 84 in Coleman County and the segment that is concurrent with US 277 between Seymour and Mabelle are part of the National Highway System (NHS), a network of roads important to the country's economy, defense, and mobility.

## History

The US 283 route and number were originally approved by the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) in 1930, and the route was officially listed as part of the Texas state highway system by 1932. Its southern terminus was originally near Brownwood in the vicinity of the present-day city of Early, which would be incorporated in 1951. It ran north along present-day US 183 to Rising Star and Cisco, then northwest to Albany along what is now SH 6, at which point it continued north into Oklahoma along its present route.

The segment of present-day US 283 between Albany and Throckmorton had been designated as part of the Southwest Trail, connecting Laredo to the Oklahoma state line near Burkburnett, in 1917. By 1922, the roadway connecting Cisco and Throckmorton was shown as part of SH 23. SH 23 was extended to Seymour in 1923 and via Vernon to the Oklahoma state line in 1925. The segment from Brownwood to Rising Star was designated as SH 129 in 1928, and it and US 283 were briefly cosigned until 1934, when SH 129 was cancelled. By 1935, US 283 and SH 23 were cosigned from Rising Star to the Oklahoma state line.

By the time the state highway system was redescribed in 1939, US 283 had replaced SH 23 from Brownwood to Brady and was extended to US 83 in Junction, replacing SH 9 between Brady and Mason and SH 29 between Mason and Junction. The codesignation with SH 23 was also removed, as that route was cancelled. AASHO had also approved the extension of US 183 into Texas that year; it overlapped US 283 from the Oklahoma state line to Albany, then ran over former SH 191 via Baird to Coleman, and replaced SH 16 to Brady. From here, US 87, US 183, and US 283 ran together to Mason, where US 87 separated and US 183 and US 283 continued concurrently to Junction. In 1940, TxDOT requested that the US 283 designation be removed between Brady and Junction, but this was denied by AASHO.

In 1951, the US 183 and US 283 designations were switched south of Albany, in anticipation of an extension of US 183 to Corpus Christi, and also to reduce the overlap in the two routes. US 283 took over the routing of US 183 from Albany to Brady; US 183 was rerouted to run from Early to Refugio, replacing SH 284 and SH 74, and overlapping SH 29. The roadway from Brady to Junction became part of an extended US 377. US 283 is indicated as having run concurrently with US 87 from its current southern terminus to the center of Brady until at least 1972.

In 1952, US 183 was rerouted along its current configuration from Cisco via Breckenridge to the current southern end of its concurrency with US 283 near Throckmorton, replacing SH 187 and a segment of SH 6. This was done to further reduce the concurrency of the two routes, and because it was desired to route US 183 over roadways that were superior and saw more traffic. The road between Albany and Cisco was renumbered as an extension of US 380, and would become part of SH 6 in 1971.

The US 84/US 283 bypass route around the east side of Coleman had been proposed by 1965. The project was let in 1968, and construction was completed by 1969. The section on the south side of Coleman that did not overlap SH 206 became an extension of FM 53 (now SH 153).

In 2006, US 283, along with US 183 and US 277, was redesignated to follow a new freeway bypass around Seymour. The bypass was completed in 2009, and the former route was retained on the state highway system as a business route.

## Junction list

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| McCulloch |  | 0.00 | 0.00 | US 87 San Angelo, Brady |  |
| |  |  |  |
FM 1121 east Rochelle |  |
| |  |  |  |
FM 504 west Pear Valley |  |
| |  |  |  | FM 765 Millersview |  |
| Coleman |  |  |  |
FM 1026 west |  |
| |  |  |  |
FM 2633 south |  |
| | Santa Anna |  |  |

US 67 north / US 84 east Brownwood | South end of US 67/84 overlap |
| |  |  |
US 67 south San Angelo | North end of US 67 overlap |
| |  |  |  | FM 568 (Santa Anna Avenue) |  |
| | Coleman |  |  |
SH 153 west Coleman, Winters | Interchange |
| |  |  |
FM 3425 north Coleman Municipal Airport |  |
| |  |  |
SH 206 south Coleman | South end of SH 206 overlap |
| |  |  |
US 84 west Abilene | North end of US 84 overlap |
| |  |  |
SH 206 north Cross Plains | North end of SH 206 overlap |
| |  |  |  |
FM 1274 west |  |
| Callahan |  |  |  |
FM 2926 west |  |
| |  |  |  | SH 36 Abilene, Cross Plains |  |
| | Baird |  |  | I-20 BL (4th Street) | Former US 80 |
| |  |  | I-20 Abilene, Fort Worth | I-20 exit 307 |
| Shackelford |  |  |  |
FM 576 east Moran |  |
| | Albany |  |  |

US 180 west / SH 6 north Anson, Stamford | South end of US 180/SH 6 overlap |
| |  |  |

SH 6 south / FM 1084 north Cisco | North end of SH 6 overlap |
| |  |  |
US 180 east Breckenridge | North end of US 180 overlap |
| |  |  |  |
FM 2482 east |  |
| |  |  |  |
PR 58 north Fort Griffin State Historical Site |  |
| |  |  |  |
PR 54 east Fort Griffin Campsite |  |
| Throckmorton |  |  |  |
FM 209 east Woodson |  |
| |  |  |  |
US 183 south Breckenridge | South end of US 183 overlap |
| |  |  |  | FM 923 |  |
| | Throckmorton |  |  | US 380 Haskell, Newcastle |  |
| |  |  |
SH 79 north Archer City |  |
| Baylor |  |  |  |
US 277 south / Spur 334 Stamford, Seymour | South end of US 277 overlap |
| |  |  |  |

Bus. US 183 / Bus. US 277 / Bus. US 283 Seymour | South end of freeway; no northbound entrance |
| |  |  |  | SH 114 Lubbock, Jacksboro | No southbound entrance |
| |  |  |  | FM 422 Seymour |  |
| |  |  |  |

US 82 west / Bus. US 183 / Bus. US 277 / Bus. US 283 Seymour, Lubbock | North end of freeway; south end of US 82 overlap |
| | Mabelle |  |  |

US 82 east / US 277 north / FM 1790 south Wichita Falls | North end of US 82/277 overlap |
| Wilbarger |  |  |  |
FM 1763 east |  |
| |  |  |  |
FM 2585 north |  |
| |  |  |  |
FM 433 west | South end of FM 433 overlap |
| |  |  |  |
FM 433 east Oklaunion | North end of FM 433 overlap |
| | Vernon |  |  |
Bus. US 287 (Wilbarger Street) |  |
| |  |  |
US 183 south / US 287 Amarillo, Wichita Falls | North end of US 183 overlap |
| |  |  |  |
FM 2072 east |  |
| |  |  |  |
FM 925 west |  |
| |  |  |  | FM 924 Chillicothe |  |
| |  |  |  |
FM 91 south Chillicothe |  |
| |  | 150.45 | 242.13 |
US 283 north Altus | Continuation into Oklahoma |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

## Seymour business route

US 283 has one business route in Texas, inventoried as **Business U.S. Highway 283-B** (**Bus. US 283-B**), in Seymour. It runs concurrently with **Business U.S. Highway 183-B** (**Bus. US 183-B**) and **Business U.S. Highway 277-C** (**Bus. US 277-C**) for its entire length. The combined business route begins just south of the Seymour city limits at an interchange with the US 183/US 277/US 283 freeway bypass. It runs north along Main Street, intersecting Spur 334, before reaching a junction with SH 114 (Ingram Street). Westbound SH 114 runs concurrently with the business route until they reach US 82 (California Street). Here, westbound SH 114 turns onto westbound US 82, and FM 422 begins to the east. The business routes and eastbound US 82 run concurrently to the north, curving to the northeast at an intersection with RM Spur 1919, before meeting mainline RM 1919. Business US 183/US 277/US 283 end at another interchange with the US 183/US 277/US 283 bypass northeast of the city, with eastbound US 82 joining the other three routes toward Mabelle.

The business routes, along with Spur 334, were designated on August 24, 2006, while the designations of US 183, US 277, and US 283 were all shifted onto the freeway bypass to the south and east of Seymour. Upon completion of the bypass in 2009, the former route through the city along Main Street, along with the newly-constructed connection to the bypass, was redesignated Business US 183/US 277/US 283, while the 0.8-mile (1.3 km) former segment between the US 277 south cutoff and Main Street became Spur 334.

## InfoBox

| U.S. Highway 283 | |
| --- | --- |
| US 283 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by TxDOT | |
| Length | 150.45 mi (242.13 km) |
| Existed | 1932–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | US 87 near Brady |
| Major intersections | I-20 in Baird
US 183 near Throckmorton to Vernon |
| North end | US 283 at Texas–Oklahoma state line |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Texas |
| Counties | McCulloch, Coleman, Callahan, Shackelford, Throckmorton, Baylor, Wilbarger |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| SH 282   SH 284 | |


title: U.S. Route 281

abstract: U.S. Route 281 (US 281) is a north–south United States Numbered Highway. At 1,875 miles (3,018 km) it is the longest continuous three-digit U.S. Route. The highway's northern terminus is at the International Peace Garden, north of Dunseith, North Dakota, at the Canadian border, where it continues as Highway 10. The route between Dunseith and the border is shared with North Dakota Highway 3. US 281 has two southern termini. The western terminus, known as International Blvd. in Hidalgo, begins from the McAllen-Hidalgo International Bridge. The southern eastern terminus of US 281 is in Brownsville, Texas, just short of the Mexican border ending on Bus. 77. The two spurs come together at South Cage Blvd in Las Milpas, Texas going north into Pharr, Texas. Thus, US 281 is the only continuous three-digit US route to extend from the Canadian border to the Mexican border. The original Military Telegraph Road was incorporated into the US-281 route. US 281 is a "child" of US 81. As a result of decommissioning portions of the parent route that have been superseded by concurrent Interstate Highways, the length of US 281 is 672 miles (1,081 km) greater than that of its parent. US 281 no longer connects to its "parent", US 81.

text:
# U.S. Route 281

**U.S. Route 281** (**US 281**) is a north–south United States Numbered Highway. At 1,875 miles (3,018 km) it is the longest continuous three-digit U.S. Route.

The highway's northern terminus is at the International Peace Garden, north of Dunseith, North Dakota, at the Canadian border, where it continues as Highway 10. The route between Dunseith and the border is shared with North Dakota Highway 3. US 281 has two southern termini. The western terminus, known as International Blvd. in Hidalgo, begins from the McAllen-Hidalgo International Bridge. The southern eastern terminus of US 281 is in Brownsville, Texas, just short of the Mexican border ending on Bus. 77. The two spurs come together at South Cage Blvd in Las Milpas, Texas going north into Pharr, Texas. Thus, US 281 is the only continuous three-digit US route to extend from the Canadian border to the Mexican border.

The original *Military Telegraph Road* was incorporated into the US-281 route.

US 281 is a "child" of US 81. As a result of decommissioning portions of the parent route that have been superseded by concurrent Interstate Highways, the length of US 281 is 672 miles (1,081 km) greater than that of its parent. US 281 no longer connects to its "parent", US 81.

## Route description

### Texas

US 281, beginning at the west, or the lower Rio Grande Valley, at an intersection with Business US 77 and SH 48 about two miles (3.2 km) from the Mexico border. It travels along close to the border through the Rio Grande Valley. At the east, or Upper Rio Grande Valley, turning north from Hidalgo, travelling through Las Milpas, Pharr, Edinburg, and many small towns while also having a Border Patrol checkpoint in Brooks County south of Falfurrias, Texas. It is alternating as a divided highway and main street, until joining I-37. It splits with I-37 and travels through Pleasanton as Business 281, travelling north to San Antonio. In San Antonio, US 281 overlaps I-410 on the south side of the city until the interchange with I-37. US 281 and I-37 then overlap north into downtown San Antonio until I-37 ends at I-35. US 281 continues north from downtown San Antonio as a freeway, intersecting I-410 again on the north side of the city, with access to the San Antonio International Airport. A project to construct a stack interchange at I-410 (the "San Antonio Web") was completed June 9, 2008; formerly there was no direct access between the two freeways and surface streets were required travel between the freeways. North of San Antonio, US 281 is not a freeway and forms the Main Street of Blanco. It overlaps US 290 south of Johnson City. US 290 continues toward Austin, so US 281 and US 290 between San Antonio and Austin are available as a scenic and less congested alternate to I-35.

North of San Antonio, US 281 continues through central and north-central Texas, passing through many towns, including Stephenville, Mineral Wells and Jacksboro before reaching Wichita Falls, where the highway begins a concurrency with I-44 north across the Red River into Oklahoma.

### Oklahoma

US 281 enters the state of Oklahoma at the Red River bridge north of Burkburnett, Texas on a route concurrent with I-44 starting in Wichita Falls. About six miles (9.7 km) north of the Red River, US 281 leaves I-44 at Randlett and follows a two-lane roadway parallel to the newer I-44, which becomes the Wichita Falls–Lawton section of the H.E. Bailey Turnpike, from Randlett to a point six miles (9.7 km) south of Lawton.

Through the Lawton/Fort Sill metropolitan area, US 281 again overlaps a toll-free section of I-44, while the former US 281 alignment through the city of Lawton is designated as Business US 281 between I-44 exits 34 and 39B. About eight miles (13 km) north of downtown Lawton, US 281 departs from I-44 to continue north through the cities of Apache, Anadarko, Gracemont, Binger and Hinton. About two miles (3.2 km) north of its junction with I-40 near Hinton, US 281 crosses a 1930s-vintage 38-span steel pony truss bridge over the South Canadian River that served traffic of the former east–west US 66 before that highway was superseded by I-40 in the 1960s. A four-mile (6.4 km) section of US 281's paving from north of I-40 to a point south of Geary is the original 18-foot (5.5 m) concrete surface of US 66.

Through central and northern Oklahoma, US 281 then proceeds through the cities of Geary, Watonga, Seiling, Waynoka and Alva. The highway crosses the Kansas state line about 14 miles (23 km) north of Alva at Hardtner, Kansas.

### Kansas

Passing largely through sparsely populated areas of central Kansas, US 281 enters the state at Hardtner in Barber County and passes through Medicine Lodge, Pratt, St. John and Great Bend, the only city along the route in Kansas which has more than 7,000 people. Along its venture through southern Kansas, US 281 intersects several major east–west routes: first US 54 and US 400, which heads east to Wichita and west to Dodge City, Garden City and Liberal; US 50, which veers east to Hutchinson and west to Garden City; and US 56, heading to Dodge City westbound and Overland Park eastbound.

Following a four-mile (6 km) concurrency with K-4 near Hoisington, the highway intersects I-70 at Russell before joining K-18 near Paradise for an eight-mile (13 km) concurrency.

The two highways split at Luray, and US 281 turns north into Osborne County, passing through the town of Osborne before joining US 24 and K-9 for another concurrency. US 281 joins US 36 at Smith Center, turning east before the two highways split; US 281 turns north for its final stretch in the state, passing through Lebanon. All sections of US 281 in Kansas are two-lane. The last stretches of the highway overlaid with bricks, through downtown Pratt and Hoisington, were recently resurfaced with concrete.

### Nebraska

US 281 enters Nebraska south of Red Cloud and meets US 136 there. It continues north to Hastings and meets US 6 and US 34. Between Hastings and Grand Island, US 281 overlaps US 34 and is designated as the Tom Osborne Expressway after the former Nebraska Cornhuskers football coach and U.S. Representative, who is a native of Hastings.

At Grand Island, US 281 intersects I-80, loses US 34 and intersects US 30. US 281 continues north of Grand Island to St. Libory as American Legion Memorial Highway. From there northward, US 281 is a two-lane undivided highway passing mostly through unpopulated areas, with the exception of the regional trade center O'Neill, where it junctions US 20 and US 275. US 281 exits the state north of Spencer.

### South Dakota

US 281 enters South Dakota in Gregory County. Just north of the South Dakota-Nebraska border, it is cosigned with US 18. It crosses the Missouri River at Fort Randall Dam. Just south of Armour, US 18 leaves the US 281 alignment. North of Armour, US 281 makes a short jaunt west on South Dakota Highway 44, then continues north. US 281 and I-90 intersect at Plankinton. On both sides of Wolsey, US 14 is cosigned with US 281 for a stretch of seven miles (11 km) \- from 3 miles south of Wolsey to 4 miles north of town. US 281 becomes an expressway at South Dakota Highway 20. This expressway continues through Aberdeen to a point near Westport. South Dakota Highway 10 is cosigned with US 281 for three miles (4.8 km) near Barnard. It exits the state north of Frederick.

US 281 was recently realigned in the city of Aberdeen. A bypass was built that travels on the west side of Aberdeen, and the US 281 designation was moved onto that new roadway. It runs north from US 12 and connects with the old alignment south of 24th Avenue Northeast.

The South Dakota section of US 281, with the exception of concurrencies with US 18 and US 14, is defined at South Dakota Codified Laws § 31-4-229.

### North Dakota

In North Dakota, US 281 is a major north–south artery. It enters south of Ellendale and intersects I-94 and US 52 at Jamestown. US 281 and US 52 remain paired together to Carrington. From there, US 281 continues northward through Sheyenne. Ten miles (16 km) north of Sheyenne, the highway curves in order to go around Devil's Lake, and it then continues to west of Minnewaukan, North Dakota. From there it goes to North Dakota Highway 5 at Rocklake. US 281 follows ND 5 westward to Dunseith, where the highway turns north in concurrence with North Dakota Highway 3 to its end at the Canadian border in the International Peace Garden. The northernmost section of US 281 passes through North Dakota's Turtle Mountains. Recently, US 281 was rebuilt near Minnewaukan, North Dakota to accommodate flooding close to the city.

## Future

US 281 will be upgraded between US 59 in George West in Texas to I-2 in Pharr to become I-69C, a spur of I-69. An 18-mile (29 km) segment exists running from Business US 281 in Edinburg to I-2 in Pharr.

US 281 between Grand Island and St. Paul in Nebraska is planned to be a four-lane expressway for its entire length. Currently, some sections are still two lanes, with stubs and grading in place for expansion to four lanes in these areas.

## Major intersections

Texas
Bus. US 77 / SH 48 in Brownsville  I-2 / I-69C / US 83 in Pharr. I-69C/US 281 travels concurrently to Edinburg. They will travel concurrently to George West
Future I-69W / US 59 / Future I-69C in George West  I-37 north of Three Rivers. The highways travel concurrently to southeast of Pleasanton.  I-410 in San Antonio. The highways travel concurrently through San Antonio.  I-37 / I-410 in San Antonio. I-37/US 281 travels concurrently through San Antonio.  I-10 / US 87 / US 90 in San Antonio  I-35 / I-37 in San Antonio  I-410 in San Antonio  US 290 south-southeast of Johnson City. The highways travel concurrently to Johnson City.  US 183 / US 190 in Lampasas. The highways travel concurrently through Lampasas.  US 84 in Evant  US 67 in Stephenville  US 377 in Stephenville  I-20 south-southeast of Brazos  US 180 in Mineral Wells  US 380 south-southeast of Jacksboro. The highways travel concurrently to Jacksboro.  US 82 / US 287 in Wichita Falls. The highways travel concurrently through Wichita Falls.  US 82 / US 277 in Wichita Falls. US 277/US 281 travels concurrently to east of Medicine Park, Oklahoma.  I-44 in Wichita Falls. The highways travel concurrently to west-southwest of Randlett, Oklahoma. Oklahoma  I-44 / US 70 west-southwest of Randlett. US 70/US 281 travels concurrently to Randlett.  I-44 in Walters  I-44 northwest of Geronimo. The highways travel concurrently to east of Medicine Park.  US 62 in Lawton. The highways travel concurrently to Anadarko.  I-40 in Hinton  US 270 in Geary. The highways travel concurrently to Seiling.  US 60 in Seiling. The highways travel concurrently to Chester.  US 412 south of Waynoka  US 64 in Alva. The highways travel concurrently through Alva. Kansas  US 160 west-southwest of Medicine Lodge. The highways travel concurrently to Medicine Lodge.  US 54 / US 400 in Pratt  US 50 south of St. John  US 56 in Great Bend  I-70 / US 40 south of Russell  US 24 in Osborne. The highways travel concurrently to south of Portis.  US 36 in Smith Center. The highways travel concurrently to south of Lebanon. Nebraska  US 136 in Red Cloud  US 6 / US 34 in Hastings. US 6/US 281 travels concurrently through Hastings. US 34/US 281 travels concurrently to Grand Island.  I-80 south of Grand Island  N-2 in Grand Island. The highways travel concurrently from the junction of US 34/US 281 to the north end of Grand Island.  US 20 / US 275 in O'Neill. US 20/US 281 travels concurrently through O'Neill. South Dakota  US 18 east-southeast of Fairfax. The highways travel concurrently to south of Armour.  I-90 southeast of Plankinton  US 14 south-southeast of Wolsey. The highways travel concurrently to north-northwest of Wolsey.  US 212 in Redfield. The highways travel concurrently through Redfield.  US 12 in Aberdeen North Dakota  I-94 / US 52 in Jamestown. I-94/US 281 travels concurrently through Jamestown. US 52/US 281 travels concurrently to Carrington.  US 2 west-northwest of Churchs Ferry. The highways travel concurrently to west of Churchs Ferry.  ND 3 / PTH 10 at the Canada–United States border north-northeast of Dunseith

## Bypass

| U.S. Highway 281 Alternate | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Great Bend, Kansas |
| Length | 1.4 mi (2.3 km) |
| Existed | c.1955c.1983 |

**U.S. Route 281 Alternate** was a 1.4-mile (2.3 km) long alternate of U.S. Route 281 running within the northeastern and eastern portions of Great Bend, Kansas. US-281 Alternate was formed in 1955 and was decommissioned about 1983. Since then it has been known as US 281 Bypass, which is mostly unsigned, two-lane surface highway bypasses downtown Great Bend. The only visible indication of this being a bypass is via street signs along intersecting streets; thus it is not a true bypass route, but a local street that is named as a bypass.

### Route description

281 Bypass begins its journey near the intersection of 10th (US-56/K-96/K-156) and Pine Streets. 10th Street, which is normally east–west, travels slightly southwest-northeast for one block with its intersection with the bypass.

The bypass travels mostly to the northwest until near Park and Frey Streets. Then, it steers towards the north-northwest.

After intersecting with 22nd Street, 281 Bypass starts to curve to the west until it intersects with 24th Street. It remains unsigned on 24th Street until its northwestern terminus with its parent route on Main Street (US-281). The northwestern terminus of U.S. Highway 281 Bypass is directly adjacent to Brit Spaugh Park in Great Bend.

Template:Attached KML/U.S. Route 281KML is from Wikidata

| Browse numbered routes | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| US 277 | **OK** | US 283 |
| K-279 | **KS** | US-283 |
| US 275 | **NE** | US 283 |
| SD 273 | **SD** | SD 296 |

## InfoBox

| U.S. Route 281 | |
| --- | --- |
| US 281 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Auxiliary route of US 81 | |
| Length | 1,875 mi (3,018 km) |
| Existed | 1931–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end |  |
| Major intersections |  |
| North end | ND 3 / PTH 10 at the U.S.–Canada border |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| States | Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |


title: U.S. Bank Building (Spokane)

abstract: The U.S. Bank Building, previously the Old National Bank Building, is a high-rise in Spokane, Washington, United States. Having been completed in 1910, it was the first skyscraper in the Inland Northwest. At 219 ft (67 m) tall, the building was the tallest in the state of Washington from 1910 to 1911, when it was surpassed by the Key Bank Center in Tacoma—which itself was far surpassed by Seattle's Smith Tower in 1914. It remained the tallest building in Spokane, until the 1929 completion of the Paulsen Medical and Dental Building, located across the street.

text:
# U.S. Bank Building (Spokane)

The **U.S. Bank Building**, previously the **Old National Bank Building**, is a high-rise in Spokane, Washington, United States. Having been completed in 1910, it was the first skyscraper in the Inland Northwest. At 219 ft (67 m) tall, the building was the tallest in the state of Washington from 1910 to 1911, when it was surpassed by the Key Bank Center in Tacoma—which itself was far surpassed by Seattle's Smith Tower in 1914. It remained the tallest building in Spokane, until the 1929 completion of the Paulsen Medical and Dental Building, located across the street.

## History

In 1891, the Old National Bank of Spokane was founded. The bank quickly grew to be a large institution within the Inland Northwest and in 1910, decided to build a headquarters worthy of the Northwest. There was a national design competition to decide the buildings appearance. The winning design was awarded to D.H. Burnham & Company of Chicago, a notable firm for building some of Americas most famous buildings of the 20th century. The tower was built in the Chicago School style and had Beaux-Arts architecture features throughout the facade. This was the last office building to be designed by Burnham, with its completion being quickly followed by his death in 1912. The building broke ground in March 1910 and was completed a mere eight months later, opening its doors to the public in January 1911.

The Old National Bank building was notable for having 90 per cent of the building rented out to tenants at the time of its completion, and for being built having been financed by large bankers of the area, causing it to be built without a mortgage or deficit at a cost of $1,300,000. These happenings made the building, and the bank, worthy of the city of Spokane and the patrons who financed its construction, who gained valuable profit and recognition.

### Architecture

The bank was built using fireproofed steel frame construction, with the exterior faced with semi-enamel Terra Cotta. To enhance the contrast between the white Terra Cotta and the fenestration, the wood window frames were painted a forest green. The first level is topped with a four-foot cornice of Vermont granite, eleven stories higher from the twelfth floor to the fifteenth floor, an arcade was implemented crowning the entire structure. A walk on the roof offered views of the growing city.

The interiors were just as elaborate as the exteriors, at least at the time of their creation. There were two entrances off of Riverside Ave; the banking entrance and the office tower entrance. The banking entrance opens up to a grand lobby two levels in height. Granite ionic columns hold up the clerestory space being connected by service stations and tellers all facing the open lobby for ease of access by the people. The office tower entrance opens up immediately to the elevator lobby, servicing the other floors of the bank and the tenants in the rented spaces above. These five elevators were provided by the Otis Elevator Company, and ran smoothly up the entirety of the building with the help of live elevator operators. Two of these elevators service the first through ninth floors, two more service the eighth through the fourteenth floors, and the fifth elevator services the entire building. These elevator operations were planned to accommodate the best circulation of tenants throughout the building.

### Banking Features

Some of the most notable features within the bank was not in its architecture or design, but in its operations. The facilities were state of the art and served Spokane with the highest quality equipment at the time, providing banking in the northwest with the maximum convenience it could. Another feature that caused the Old National Bank to stand out against the rest of the Inland Empire was featured in its basement, often out of public view. Directly within the banking entrance, the main stairs led down to the vault floor. The vault door was twenty-three inches thick and weighed thirty-six tons. This door guarded the largest private vault in the Northwest, a 27 by 9 foot room, with walls covered in three layers of laminated steel, Bessemer steel, and chrome steel, each layer being one and a half inches thick. Besides this main vault, there was a vault located on every floor of the building, each one being fire and burglar proof, proving to the community that whatever was kept in the building would be safe.

## Renovations

The Old National Bank building has undergone two major renovations since its construction in 1910. The first renovation took place in the early 1920s. It consisted of turning the clerestory space into a mezzanine, allowing for the second floor to look down onto the lobby. The second renovation in the late 1963 dramatically altered the appearance of the interiors. The ceiling of the lobby was lowered, allowing for the first two floors of the bank to be pancaked on top of each other; the granite ionic columns were also stripped. After the 1963 renovation, the building took part in a lighting contest winning a national award, the entire facade of the building was lit up with fluorescent lights, glowing in the Spokane skyline. Today the Old National Bank building is occupied by US Bank.

1. US Bank Building\[usurped\] at Emporis
2. US Bank Building at SkyscraperPage
3. The American Skyscraper, 1850-1940: A celebration of height. Boston: Branden Books, 2008. 291-292. Print
4. The Spokesman Review 6 Nov 1910, Sunday Morning: 1-12. Print

## InfoBox

| U.S. Bank Building | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Record height | |
| Tallest in Washington state from 1910 to 1911\[I\] | |
| Preceded by | Alaska Building (Seattle) |
| Surpassed by | Key Bank Center (Tacoma) |
| General information | |
| Status | Completed |
| Architectural style | Chicago School |
| Location | 422–428 West Riverside Avenue
Spokane, Washington |
| Coordinates | 47°39′30″N 117°25′09″W / 47.65833°N 117.41917°W / 47.65833; -117.41917 |
| Completed | 1910 |
| Height | |
| Roof | 219 ft (67 m) |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 16 |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Daniel Burnham |