title: Surface chemistry of neural implants

text:
# Surface chemistry of neural implants

As with any material implanted in the body, it is important to minimize or eliminate foreign body response and maximize effectual integration. Neural implants have the potential to increase the quality of life for patients with such disabilities as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, epilepsy, depression, and migraines. With the complexity of interfaces between a neural implant and brain tissue, adverse reactions such as fibrous tissue encapsulation that hinder the functionality, occur. Surface modifications to these implants can help improve the tissue-implant interface, increasing the lifetime and effectiveness of the implant.

## Background on Intracranial Electrodes

Intracranial electrodes consist of conductive electrode arrays implanted on a polymer or silicon, or a wire electrode with an exposed tip and insulation everywhere that stimulation or recording is not desired. Biocompatibility is essential for the entire implant, but special attention is paid to the actual electrodes since they are the site producing the desired function.

### Issues with Current Intracranial Electrodes

One main physiological issue that current long-term implanted electrodes suffer from are fibrous glial encapsulations after implantation. This encapsulation is due to the poor biocompatibility and biostability (integration at the hard electrode and soft tissue interface) of many neural electrodes being used today. The encapsulation causes a reduced signal intensity because of the increased electrical impedance and decreased charge transfer between the electrode and the tissue. The encapsulation causes decreased efficiency, performance, and durability.

Electrical impedance is the opposition to current flow with an applied voltage, usually represented as *Z* in units of ohms (Ω). The impedance of an electrode is especially important as it is directly related to its effectiveness. A high impedance causes poor charge transfer and thus poor electrode performance for either stimulating or recording the neural tissue. Electrode impedance is related to surface area at the interface between the electrode and the tissue. At electrode sites, the total impedance is controlled by the double-layer capacitance. The capacitance value is directly related to the surface area. Increasing the surface area at the electrode-tissue interface will increase the capacitance and thus decrease the impedance. The equation below describes the inverse relationship between the capacitance and impedance.

$$Z={\frac {1}{{i}\omega C\_{b}+1/R\_{b}}}$$

where i is the imaginary unit, w is the frequency of the current, C is capacitance, and R is resistance.

A desirable electrode would have a low impedance meaning a higher surface area. One method to increase this area is coating the electrode surfaces with a variety of materials. Many new materials and techniques are being researched to improve the behavior of neural electrodes. Currently, research is being done to increase the biocompatibility and integration of electrodes in neural tissue; this research is discussed in more detail below.

## Importance of Surface Chemistry

Surface chemistry of implantable electrodes proves to be more of a design concern for chronically implanted electrodes as compared to those with only acute implantation times. For acute implantations, the main concerns are laceration damage and degradation of particles left behind after electrode removal. For chronically implanted electrodes the cellular response and tissue encapsulation of the foreign body, regardless of degradation – even for materials that are highly biocompatible – are the primary concerns. Degradation, however, is still undesirable because particles can be toxic to tissue, can spread throughout the body, and even trigger an allergic response. Surface chemistry is an area of science applicable to biological implants. Bulk material properties are important when considering applications, however, it is the materials' surface (top several layers of molecules) that determines the biological response and is therefore the key to implant success. Implants within the central nervous system are unique in their manor of cellular response; there is little room for error. Prosthesis in these areas are typically electrodes or electrode arrays.

## Electrochemical Considerations

Electrodes, especially stimulating electrodes and the high current density they discharge, can raise electrochemical issues. Electrodes will be surrounded by tissue and electrolytes; stimulation, resultant electric fields, and induced polarizations will change local ion concentrations and local pH which can then cause problems such as material corrosion and electrode fouling.

Pourbiax diagrams will show the phases that a material will take in an aqueous environment, based on electrical potential and pH. The brain maintains a pH of around 7.2 to 7.4, and from the Pourbaix diagram of platinum it can be seen that at around 0.8 volts Pt at the surface will oxidize to PtO2, and at around 1.6 volts, PtO2 will oxidize to PtO3. These voltages do not seem to be outside of reasonable range for neural stimulation. The voltage required for stimulation may change significantly over the life of a single electrode. This change is required to maintain a consistent current output through variations in the surrounding environmental resistance. The changes in resistance may be due to: adsorption of material onto the electrode, corrosion of the electrode, encapsulation of the electrode in fibrous tissue – known as a glial scar, or changes in the chemical environment around the electrode. Ohm's law *V* = *I* * *R* shows the interdependence of voltage, current and resistance. When voltage change causes a crossing of equilibrium lines as seen in a Pourbaix diagram during a stimulation, the changing polarization of the electrode is no longer linear. Undesirable polarization can lead to adverse effects such as corrosion, fouling, and toxicity. Because of this equilibrium potential, pH, and required current density should be considered when making material choice since these can affect the surface chemistry and biocompatibility of the implant.

### Corrosion

Corrosion is a major issue with neural electrodes. Corrosion can occur because electrode metals are placed in an electrolytic solution, where the presence of current can either increase the rate of corrosion mechanisms or overcome limiting activation energies. Redox reactions are a mechanism of corrosion that can lead to dissolution of ions from the electrode surface. There is a base level of metal ions in tissue, however, when these levels increase beyond threshold values the ions become toxic and can cause severe health problems. In addition, the fidelity of the electrode system can be compromised. Knowing the impedance of an electrode is important whether the electrode is used for stimulation or recording. When degradation of the electrode surface occurs because of corrosion, the surface area increases with its roughness. Calculating a new electrode impedance to compensate for the change in surface area once implanted it is not easy. This computational flaw can skew data from recording or pose a dangerous obstacle limiting safe stimulation.

### Electrode Fouling

Electrode fouling is a major hindrance on the performance of electrodes. Few materials are completely bioinert, as in they trigger no bodily reaction. Some material that may be bioinert in theory fails to be ideal in practice because of defects in their formation, processing, manufacturing or sterilization. Fouling can be caused by adsorption of proteins, fibrous tissue, trapped cells or dead cell fragments, bacteria, or any other reactive particle. Protein adsorption is influenced by the nature and geometry of domains including hydrophobicity, polar and ionic interactions of the material and surrounding particles, charge distribution, kinetic movement, and pH. Phagocytosis of bacteria and other particles is mainly affected by surface charge, hydrophobicity, and chemical composition of the implant. It is important to note that the initial environment the implant is subjected to after implantation is different and unique compared to the environment after some time has passed since the area will undergo wound repair; the body's natural healing of the trauma will cause changes in local pH, electrolyte concentrations, and the presence and activity of biological compounds.

## Properties of Metals

For many reasons known and unknown, protein adsorption varies from material to material. Two of the biggest determining factors that have been observed are surface roughness and surface free energy. In the case of exposed electrodes, it is desirable to have the adsorbed protein layer as thin as possible to increase sensitivity and performance. Noble metals are an obvious choice for achieving biocompatibility; however, when acting as electrodes, some of these noble metals will actually participate in the reaction, deteriorate, and trigger adverse effects via lost particles. The most (noble metals) are gold (Au), platinum (Pt), and iridium (Ir).

| **Material** | **Nobility (in volts, to the simplified product)** | **Surface free energy $\gamma $, (eV/Å2), in (111) plane** | **RMS roughness @ before exposure; 7; 28 days post exposure (nm)** | Thickness of protein film (nm) @ 1; 7; 28 days post-exposure |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gold (Au) | 1.42 V to Au3+ | 0.078 | 1.4; 22; 68 | 13; 110; 340 |
| Platinum (Pt) | 1.18 V to Pt2+ | 0.137 | 0.8; 51; x | 11; 113; x |
| Iridium (Ir) | 1.156 V to Ir3+ | 0.204 | 2.4; 29; 185 | 7; 108; 420 |
| ``` - An x refers to bad data - Nobility is the measure of potential needed to chemically reduce the material; these were measured against a standard hydrogen electrode.   - RMS roughness is a measure of deviation from the mean plane.  - Protein was measured in vitro with ellipsometry and step-technique atomic force microscopy, with metal in a dilute plasma solution.<br>  This is very similar to extracellular fluid, which is suspected to contain the proteins that make first contact with the surface, <br>  and form the first adsorbed layer. As stated before this first layer determines the adsorption from then on out. ``` | | | | |

$$\gamma ={\frac {(E\_{s}-E\_{b})}{2A}}$$

* $\gamma $ = Surface free energy
* *Es* = Total energy per unit cell at surface
* *Eb* = Total energy per unit cell in bulk of material
* *A* = Area of surface

The properties of titanium were also investigated in the study that produced the data for the above table, however, its properties are not listed here since its poor conductive properties make it unsuitable for neural implants. Insight on titanium's surface chemistry may give direction to future research. Titanium has the roughest and most hydrophilic surface of any metal described thus far (the importance of protein adsorption, its mechanisms, and the interplay of hydrophilic properties are discusses further in the hydrogels section of the page). Titanium adsorbed the thickest protein layer after the first day and still after the seventh day, but actually had its thickness reduced by the 28th day. Gold, platinum and iridium's protein layers all continued to grow up until the 28th day, but the rates slowed over time.

Two more conductive materials that have notable characteristics are tungsten and indium tin oxide. Tungsten is electrically conductive and can be manufactured down to a very fine point, and for this reason has been used in intraspinal microstimulation (ISMS) for mapping out spinal cords during terminal surgeries. Tungsten electrodes, however, can corrode and form tungstic ions in the presence of H2O2 and/or O2. Tungstic acid has been seen to be highly toxic to cat motorneurons, and for this reason, does not currently make a suitable material for chronic implants. Indium tin oxide (ITO) has been used as electrode material for in vitro studies. ITO electrodes are very precise when stimulating and recording and when placed amongst plasma proteins, develop and maintain the thinnest protein layer compared to the other materials so far mentioned. It may have potential for acute in vivo usage, but over time, it has been observed to let go of particles producing highly toxic effects.

## Mechanical Adaptations

A variety of mechanical adaptations, such as tip geometry and surface roughness, to aid in neural implant design have been investigated and implemented in recent years. The geometry of an electrode affects the shape of the electric field emitted. The electric field shape, in turn, affects the current density produced by the electrode. Determining optimum surface roughness for neural implants proves to be a challenging topic. Smooth surfaces may be preferable to rougher ones as they may decrease the likelihood of bacterial adsorption and infection. Smooth surfaces would also make it more difficult for the initiation of a corrosion cell. However, creating a rougher, porous surface, may prove beneficial for at least two reasons: decreased potential polarization at the electrode surface as a result of increased surface area and decreased current density, and a decrease in fibrous tissue encapsulation thickness due to opportunity for tissue ingrowth. It has been determined that if interconnected pores with sizes between 25 and 150 micrometers, ingrowth of tissue can occur and can decrease the exterior tissue encapsulation thickness by a factor of approximately 10 (compared to a smooth electrode such as polished platinum-iridium).

## Coatings

Different material coatings for neural electrode surfaces are being researched to improve the long-term integration of electrodes in the neural tissue by improving biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and the charge transport between the electrode and the living tissue. The electrode functionality can be increased by adding a surface modification on the electrode of a conducting porous polymer with the incorporation of cell adhesion peptides, proteins, and anti-inflammatory drugs.

### Conducting polymers

Polymers, especially conductive ones, have been widely researched to coat electrode surfaces. Conductive polymers are organic materials that have properties similar to metals and semiconductors in their ability conduct electricity and attractive optical properties. These materials have rough surfaces, resulting in large surface area and charge density. Conducting polymer coatings have been shown to improve the performance and stability of neural electrode.

Conductive polymers have been shown to lower the impedance of electrodes (an important property as mentioned above), increase the charge density, and improve the mechanical interface between the soft tissue and hard electrode. The porous (rough) structure of many conductive polymer coatings on the electrode increases the surface area. The high surface area of conductive polymers is directly related to decreased impedance and charge transfer improvement at the tissue-electrode interface. This improved charge transfer allows for better recording and stimulating in neural application. Table 2 below shows some common impedance and charge density values of different electrodes at a frequency of 1 kHz, which is the characteristic of neural biological activity. The porous, high surface area of the conductive polymer coatings allows for target cell adhesion (increased cell and tissue integration), which increase the bio-compatibility and stability of the device.

| **Electrode type** | **Impedance at 1 kHz (kΩ)** | **Charge density (mC·cm−2)** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Bare gold electrode | 400 | 3.1 |
| Gold electrode with PPy/PSS coating | \<10 | 63.0 |
| Gold electrode with PEDOT coating | 3–6 | 54.6 |
|

Conducting polymer coatings as mentioned above can greatly improve the interface between the soft tissue in the body and the hard electrode surface. Polymers are softer, which reduces the inflammation from strain mismatch between tissue and electrode surface. The reduced inflammatory reaction causes a decrease in thickness of the glial encapsulation which causes signal degeneration. The elastic modulus of silicon (a common material that electrodes are made from) is around 100 GPa and the tissue in the brain is about 100 kPa. The electrode modulus (stiffness) is about 100 times greater than that of the tissue in the brain. For the best device integration in the body, it is important to get the stiffness between the two to be as similar as possible. To improve this interface, a conductive polymer coating (smaller modulus than the electrode) can be applied to the electrode surface which causes a gradient of mechanical properties to act as a mediator between the hard and soft surfaces. The added polymer coating reduces the stiffness of the electrode and allows for better integration of the electrode. The figure to the right shows a graph of how the modulus changes when integrating the polymer coating onto the electrode.

#### Processing of conducting polymer coatings

Another benefit of using conductive polymers as a coating for neural devices is the ease of synthesis and flexibility in processing. Conducting polymers can be directly "deposited onto electrode surfaces with precisely controlled morphologies". There are two current ways conducting polymers can be deposited onto electrode surfaces which are chemical polymerization and electrochemical polymerization. In the application for neural implants, electrochemical polymerization is used because of its ability to create thin films and the ease of synthesis. Films can be formed on the order of 20 nm. Electrochemical polymerization (electrochemical deposition) is performed using a three-electrode configuration in a solution of the monomer of the desired polymer, a solvent, and an electrolyte (dopant). In the case of depositing a polymer coating onto electrode a common dopant used is poly (styrene sulfonate) or PSS because of its stability and biocompatibility. Two common conductive polymers being investigated for coatings use PSS as a dopant to be electrochemically deposited onto the electrode surface (see sections below).

#### Specific conducting polymers being researched

##### Polypyrrole

One conducting polymer coating that has shown promising results for improving the performance of neural electrodes is polypyrrole (PPy). Polypyrrole has great biocompatibility and conductive properties, which makes it a good option for the use in neural electrodes. PPy has been shown to have a good interaction with biological tissues. This is due to the boundary it creates between the hard electrode and the soft tissue. PPy has been shown to support cell adhesion and growth of a number of different cell types including primary neurons which is important in neural implants. PPy also decreases the impedance of the electrode system by increasing the roughness on the surface. The roughness on the electrode surface is directly related to an increased surface area (increased neuron interface with electrode) which increases the signal conduction. In one paper, polypyrrole (PPy) was doped with polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) to electrochemically deposit a polypyrrole coating on the electrode surface. The film was coated onto the electrode at different thickness, increasing the roughness. The increased roughness (increased effective surface) leads to a decreased overall electrode impedance from about 400 kΩ (bare stent) to less than 10 kΩ (PPy/PSS coating) at 1 kHz. This decrease in impedance leads to improved charge transfer from the electrode to the tissue and an overall more effective electrode for recording and stimulating applications.

##### Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is another conducting polymer that is being investigated for coating an electrode surface. Some benefits of PEDOT over PPy is that it is more stable to oxidation and more conductive; however PPy is much cheaper. As with PPy, PEDOT has been shown to decrease the electrical impedance. In one article, a PEDOT coating was electrochemically deposited on to gold recording electrodes. The results showed that impedance of the electrode decreased significantly when the PEDOT coating was added. The unmodified gold electrodes had an impedance of 500–1000 kΩ, while the modified gold electrode with the PEDOT coating had an impedance of 3–6 kΩ. The paper also showed that the interaction between the polymer and neurons improved the stability and durability of the electrode. The study concluded that by adding a conductive polymer the impedance of the electrode system decreased, which increased the charge transfer making a more effective electrode. The ease and control of electrochemically depositing conducting coatings onto electrode surfaces makes it a very attractive surface modification for neural electrodes.

### Growth factors and pharmaceutical agents

#### Neural progenitor cells (NPCs)

Seeding implants with growth factors, such as neural progenitor cells (NPCs), improves the brain-implant interface. NPCs are progenitor cells that have the ability to differentiate into neurons or cells found in the brain. By coating the implant with NPCs, it can reduce the foreign body reaction and improve biocompatibility. To attach the NPCs, prior surface modification of the implant is required; these modifications can be done via the immobilization of laminin (an extracellular matrix derived protein) on an implant, such as silicon. To verify the success of surface immobilization, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and an analysis of hydrophobicity can be used. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy can be used to characterize the chemical composition of the surface or a contact angle goniometer can be used to determine the contact angle of water to determine the hydrophobicity. A higher contact angle indicates higher hydrophobicity, showing successful modification of the surface via the laminin protein. The laminin immobilized surface promotes the attachment and growth of the NPCs and also allows for their differentiation, thereby reducing the glial response and foreign body response to the implant.

#### Nerve growth factors (NGFs)

Using nerve growth factor (NGF) as a neurotrophic co-dopant could induce ideal cell responses *in vivo*. NGF is a water-soluble protein that promotes the survival and differentiation of neurons. The addition of NGF into polymeric films can induce biological interactions without compromising the conductive properties or the morphology of the polymeric film. Various polymers such as PPy, PEDOT, as well as collagen, can be used as electrode coatings. Extended neurites for both the PPy and PEDOT show that the NGF is biologically active.

#### Anti-inflammatory drugs

Dexamethasone (DEX) is a glucocorticoid that is used as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agent. PLGA nanoparticles loaded with DEX via oil-in-water emulsion/solvent evaporation method can be embedded in alginate hydrogel matrices. To quantify the amount of DEX that was successfully seeding into the nanoparticle, UV spectrophotometry can be used. It has been shown that the amount of DEX that can be successfully loaded into the nanoparticles was ≈13 wt% and the typical particle size ranged from 400 to 600 nm.

In vitro tests have revealed that the impedance of the nanoparticle-loaded hydrogel-coated electrodes have similar impedance to the non-coated electrode (bare gold). This shows that the nanoparticle-loaded hydrogel coating does not significantly hinder the electrical transport. The *in vivo* tests have shown that the impedance amplitude of the DEX-loaded electrodes was maintained at the same level it was at initially. However, non-coated electrodes had an impedance about 3 times greater than its original impedance 2 weeks earlier. This addition of anti-inflammatory drugs via nanoparticles indicates that this form of surface modification does not have a negative effect on the electrodes performance.

### Hydrogels

Hydrogel modifications, as with other coatings, are designed to improve the body's response to the implant and thereby improve their consistency and long-term performance. Hydrogel surface modifications achieve this by significantly altering the hydrophilicity of the neural implant surface to one that is less favorable for protein adsorption. In general, protein adsorption increases with increasing hydrophobicity as a result of the decreased Gibbs energy from the energetically favorable reaction (as seen in the equation below)

$$\Delta \_{ads}G=\Delta \_{ads}H-T\Delta \_{ads}S$$

Water molecules are bonded to both the proteins and to the surface of the implant; as the protein binds to the implant, water molecules are liberated, resulting in an entropy gain, decreasing the overall energy in the system. For hydrophilic surfaces, this reaction is energetically unfavorable due to the strong attachment of water to the surface, hence the decreased protein adsorption. The decrease in protein adsorption is beneficial for the implant as it limits the body's ability to both recognize the implant as a foreign material as well as attach potentially deleterious cells such as astrocytes and fibroblasts that can create fibrous glial scars around the implant and hinder stimulating and recording processes. Increasing the hydrophilicity can also enhance the electrical signal transfer by creating a stable ionic conductance layer. However, increasing the water content of the hydrogel too much can cause swelling and eventually mechanical instability. An appropriate water balance must be created to optimize the efficacy of the implant coating.

### Proteins

Significant nonspecific protein adsorption during implantation can cause adverse effects. However, some proteins can be beneficial in stabilizing the implant by reducing micro-motion and implant migration, as well as improving the signal quality through increased neuron connection; improving the long-term performance. Instead of relying on the native cells to secrete these proteins, they can be added to the surface of the material prior to implantation. The surface modification of biomaterials with proteins has been done with great success in various regions of the body. However, since the anatomy of the brain is different from the rest of the body, the types of proteins that must be used in these applications vary from those used elsewhere. Proteins like laminin that promotes neuronal outgrowth and L1 that promotes axonal outgrowth have shown great promise in surface modification applications; L1 more so than laminin because of the decreased attachment associated with astrocytes – the cells responsible for glial scar formation. Proteins are typically added to the material surface via self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formation.

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title: Morten Risager

abstract: Morten Risager is a former motorcycle speedway rider from Denmark. He earned one cap for the Denmark national speedway team.

text:
# Morten Risager

**Morten Risager** (born 30 September 1987 in Denmark) is a former motorcycle speedway rider from Denmark. He earned one cap for the Denmark national speedway team.

## Career

Risager earned his speedway licence in 2003. He first appeared in the British leagues during the 2004 season, riding for Coventry Bees.

He first rode for Ipswich Witches in 2009 and 2011, which included being part of the Ipswich team that won the Premier League Four-Team Championship, held on 23 October 2011, at Beaumont Park Stadium. He also spent two seasons with Swindon Robins.

He announced his retirement in January 2018.

## Results

### Speedway Grand Prix

2007 Speedway Grand Prix Final Championship standings
(Riding No 18)
| Race no. | Grand Prix | Pos. | Pts. | Heats | Draw No |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 4 /11 | Danish SGP | 16 | 2 | (0,2) | 18 |

|  | permanent speedway rider |
| --- | --- |
|  | wild card, track reserve or qualified reserve |
|  | rider not classified (track reserve who did not start) |

### Honours

## InfoBox

Morten Risager
| Born | (1987-09-30) 30 September 1987<br>Aarhus, Denmark |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Danish |
| Career history | |
| **Denmark** | |
| 2003, 2008–2009 | Slangerup |
| 2006 | Brovst |
| 2004–2005 | Fredericia |
| 2010–2012 | Holsted |
| 2013–2014 | Munkebo |
| 2015 | Grindsted |
| 2016 | Fjelsted |
| 2017 | Region Varde |
| **Great Britain** | |
| 2004–2007 | Coventry |
| –2007 | Eastbourne |
| 2008– | Wolverhampton |
| 2008 | Peterborough |
| 2009, 2011–2014, 2016 | Ipswich |
| 2009, 2011 | Belle Vue |
| 2009–2010 | Swindon |
| 2015 | Plymouth |
| **Poland** | |
| 2006–2007 | Ostrów |
| 2008 | Grudziądz |
| 2009 | Gniezno |
| 2010 | Łódź |
|  | |
| Team honours | |
| 2011 | Premier League Fours Champion |
|  | |


title: To Age or Not to Age

abstract: To Age or Not to Age is a documentary film directed by Robert Kane Pappas with Steven N. Austad, Ph.D., Rev. Nicanor Pier Giorgio Austriaco, O.P., Ph.D., Nir Barzilai, M.D., Troy Duster, Aubrey de Grey, Leonard P. Guarente, Cynthia Kenyon, Tom Kirkwood, Gordon Lithgow, Ph.D., David Sinclair and Christoph Westphal. The screenwriter was Robert Kane Pappas. The film was produced by Miriam Foley and Joseph Zock. The film opened at the Village East Cinema in New York City on July 16, 2010.

text:
# To Age or Not to Age

***To Age or Not to Age*** is a documentary film directed by Robert Kane Pappas with Steven N. Austad, Ph.D., Rev. Nicanor Pier Giorgio Austriaco, O.P., Ph.D., Nir Barzilai, M.D., Troy Duster, Aubrey de Grey, Leonard P. Guarente, Cynthia Kenyon, Tom Kirkwood, Gordon Lithgow, Ph.D., David Sinclair and Christoph Westphal. The screenwriter was Robert Kane Pappas. The film was produced by Miriam Foley and Joseph Zock. The film opened at the Village East Cinema in New York City on July 16, 2010.

## Plot summary

It is a documentary that features interviews with the pioneers in the field of anti-aging research at Harvard, MIT, Cambridge and other research centers.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| To Age or Not to Age | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Robert Kane Pappas |
| Written by | Robert Kane Pappas |
| Produced by | Miriam Foley
Joseph Zock |
| Cinematography | Robert Kane Pappas |
| Edited by | Robert Kane Pappas |
| Music by | Spider Barbour
Paul Groueff
Mira Spektor |
| Production
company | Sag Harbor Basement Pictures |
| Distributed by | Sag Harbor Basement Pictures |
| Release date | * July 16, 2010 (2010-07-16) |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Pogonocherus

abstract: Pogonocherus is a genus of flat-faced longhorn beetles in the family Cerambycidae.

text:
# Pogonocherus

***Pogonocherus*** is a genus of flat-faced longhorn beetles in the family Cerambycidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Pogonocherus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Pogonocherus hispidulus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Subfamily: | Lamiinae |
| Tribe: | Pogonocherini |
| Genus: | *Pogonocherus*<br>Dejean, 1821 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Eupogonocherus* Linsley, 1935 * *Pogonochaerus* Gemminger & Harold, 1873 | |


title: ZPV1

abstract: ZPV1 is the FM station of Paraguay's state broadcaster, Radio Nacional del Paraguay. It transmits on 95.1 MHz with an effective radiated power of 100,000 watts. It is the sister station to AM station ZP1, but airs different programming. ZPV1 airs a public radio format in the Spanish & Guarani languages.

text:
# ZPV1

**ZPV1** is the FM station of Paraguay's state broadcaster, Radio Nacional del Paraguay. It transmits on 95.1 MHz with an effective radiated power of 100,000 watts. It is the sister station to AM station ZP1, but airs different programming. ZPV1 airs a public radio format in the Spanish & Guarani languages.

## InfoBox

Radio Nacional del Paraguay (ZPV1)
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Asunción capital region |
| Frequency | 95.1 MHz |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | Spanish, Guarani |
| Format | Public radio |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | * Government of Paraguay * (Estado Paraguayo) |
| Sister stations | ZP1 |
| History | |
| Call sign meaning | Sequentially issued |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | CONATEL |
| ERP | 100,000 watts |
| Links | |
| Webcast | ZPV1 live stream |


title: Milica Čubrilo

abstract: Milica Čubrilo - Filipović is a Serbian politician and diplomat. She served as the Minister of Diaspora from 2007 to 2008. In May 2010, she was appointed Serbian Ambassador to Tunisia, and held the position until November 2013.

text:
# Milica Čubrilo

**Milica Čubrilo - Filipović** (Serbian Cyrillic: Милица Чубрило - Филиповић) is a Serbian politician and diplomat. She served as the Minister of Diaspora from 2007 to 2008. In May 2010, she was appointed Serbian Ambassador to Tunisia, and held the position until November 2013.

## Education and career

She was born in Carthage, Tunisia in 1969. She graduated in 1992 at the Law School of Panthéon-Assas University. In 1993, she received her MA degree in Anthropology and Law at the Sorbonne.

In 2007, prior to taking the post of the Ministry of Diaspora, she worked as a coordinator of the world congress of the International Press Institute (IPI), scheduled to take place in Belgrade in June 2008. In 2006, she was a consultant for the USAID Regional Competitiveness Initiative, on the strategy and promotion of tourism in the Balkans. From 2003 to 2006, she was the director of the Tourist Organisation of Serbia (TOS). She was in charge of promoting Serbia as a tourist destination, as well as coordinating 80 tourist local organisations in Serbia. During her term, Serbia was featured in over 300 media worldwide, and promoted in all major tourist fairs. As a result, in three years, the number of foreign visitors went up by 60% and the income from the tourist industry was 7 times higher. In 2005, Lonely Planet voted Serbia one of the ten most interesting destinations in the world. From 2001 to 2003, she worked as a correspondent for Le Figaro, La Croix, Radio France Internationale.

From 1996 to 2000, she was active in the field of tourism and organisation of cultural and sports events worldwide. She is fluent in French and English and has a working knowledge of Italian and Spanish.

## InfoBox

| Milica Čubrilo-Filipović | |
| --- | --- |
| Милица Чубрило-Филиповић | |
|  | |
| Serbian Ambassador to Tunisia | |
| **In office**
26 May 2010  7 November 2013 | |
| Minister of Diaspora | |
| **In office**
15 May 2007  7 July 2008 | |
| Preceded by | Vojislav Vukčević |
| Succeeded by | Srđan Srećković |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1969-12-29) 29 December 1969
Carthage, Tunisia |
| Nationality | Serbian |
| Political party | Democratic Party |
| Alma mater | Panthéon-Assas University
Sorbonne University |
| Occupation | Politician, diplomat |
|  | |


title: Tillandsia paraensis

abstract: Tillandsia paraensis is a species of flowering plant in the genus Tillandsia. This species is native to Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, the Guianas, Brazil and Venezuela.

text:
# Tillandsia paraensis

***Tillandsia paraensis*** is a species of flowering plant in the genus *Tillandsia*. This species is native to Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, the Guianas, Brazil and Venezuela.

## InfoBox

| *Tillandsia paraensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Tillandsia* |
| Subgenus: | *Tillandsia* subg. *Tillandsia* |
| Species: | ***T. paraensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tillandsia paraensis***<br>Mez | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Tillandsia boliviensis* Baker * *Tillandsia sanctae-crucis* S.Moore * *Vriesea sanctae-crucis* S.Moore * *Tillandsia juruana* Ule | |


title: Wilson Whitley

abstract: Wilson Carl Whitley Jr. was an American professional football defensive tackle who played in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Houston Cougars, where he was named a consensus All-American under defensive coordinator Don Todd. He led the Cougars to the Southwest Conference championship in during Houston's first season as a conference member and won the 1976 Lombardi Award as the nation's top lineman. Former President Gerald Ford presented him the award. He was later named to the 1970s Southwest Conference All-Decade Team.

text:
# Wilson Whitley

**Wilson Carl Whitley Jr.** (May 28, 1955 – October 27, 1992) was an American professional football defensive tackle who played in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Houston Cougars, where he was named a consensus All-American under defensive coordinator Don Todd. He led the Cougars to the Southwest Conference championship in during Houston's first season as a conference member and won the 1976 Lombardi Award as the nation's top lineman. Former President Gerald Ford presented him the award. He was later named to the 1970s Southwest Conference All-Decade Team.

## Professional career

Whitley was drafted in the first round of the 1977 NFL draft by the Cincinnati Bengals and started alongside another Lombardi Award winner, Ross Browner, for 6 seasons.

## Death

Whitley died at the age of 37, due to a heart attack.

## Honors

He is a 1998 inductee into University of Houston's Hall of Honor and was a perennial candidate for the College Football Hall of Fame until his selection in 2007.

## InfoBox

Wilson Whitley
| No. 75 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Defensive tackle |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1955-04-28)April 28, 1955
Brenham, Texas, U.S. |
| Died: | October 27, 1992(1992-10-27) (aged 37)
Marietta, Georgia, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) |
| Weight: | 265 lb (120 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Brenham (TX) |
| College: | Houston (1973–1976) |
| NFL draft: | 1977 / round: 1 / pick: 8 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Sacks: 11.5  Fumble recoveries: 5  Interceptions: 1 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
| **College Football Hall of Fame** | |
|  | |


title: Swedish motorcycle Grand Prix

abstract: The Swedish motorcycle Grand Prix was a motorcycling event that was part of the Grand Prix motorcycle racing season in various stints from 1958 to 1990.

text:
# Swedish motorcycle Grand Prix

The **Swedish motorcycle Grand Prix** was a motorcycling event that was part of the Grand Prix motorcycle racing season in various stints from 1958 to 1990.

## Formerly used circuits

## Official names and sponsors

* 1971–1972: Sveriges Grand Prix för motorcyklar (no official sponsor)
* 1973–1974, 1976–1977, 1981–1989: Swedish TT (no official sponsor)
* 1975: Pommac Swedish TT
* 1978: Sveriges Grand Prix (no official sponsor)
* 1979: Grand Prix of Sweden (no official sponsor)
* 1990: Nordic TT (no official sponsor)

## Winners of the Swedish motorcycle Grand Prix

### Multiple winners (riders)

| \# Wins | Rider | Wins | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Category | Years won |
| 7 | Barry Sheene | 500cc | 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1981 |
| | 125cc | 1971 |
| 4 | Giacomo Agostini | 500cc | 1971, 1972 |
| | 350cc | 1971, 1972 |
| | Ángel Nieto | 125cc | 1972, 1977 |
| | 50cc | 1971, 1976 |
| | Takazumi Katayama | 500cc | 1982 |
| | 350cc | 1977 |
| | 250cc | 1974, 1976 |
| | Eddie Lawson | 500cc | 1984, 1986, 1988, 1989 |
| 3 | Teuvo Länsivuori | 500cc | 1974 |
| | 350cc | 1973, 1974 |
| | Pier Paolo Bianchi | 125cc | 1976, 1978, 1979 |
| | Anton Mang | 250cc | 1981, 1985, 1987 |
| | Fausto Gresini | 125cc | 1984, 1986, 1987 |
| 2 | Geoff Duke | 500cc | 1958 |
| | 350cc | 1958 |
| | Gary Hocking | 500cc | 1961 |
| | 250cc | 1959 |
| | Rodney Gould | 250cc | 1971, 1972 |
| | Jan de Vries | 50cc | 1972, 1973 |
| | Gregg Hansford | 350cc | 1978 |
| | 250cc | 1978 |
| | Ricardo Tormo | 125cc | 1981 |
| | 50cc | 1977 |
| | Freddie Spencer | 500cc | 1983, 1985 |
| | Sito Pons | 250cc | 1988, 1989 |

### Multiple winners (manufacturers)

| \# Wins | Manufacturer | Wins | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Category | Years won |
| 17 | Yamaha | 500cc | 1974, 1981, 1984, 1986, 1988, 1990 |
| | 350cc | 1973, 1974, 1977 |
| | 250cc | 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1983, 1986 |
| | 125cc | 1974 |
| 13 | Honda | 500cc | 1982, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1989 |
| | 250cc | 1961, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990 |
| | 125cc | 1961, 1990 |
| 8 | MV Agusta | 500cc | 1961, 1971, 1972, 1973 |
| | 350cc | 1959, 1971, 1972 |
| | 125cc | 1959 |
| 7 | Morbidelli | 250cc | 1979, 1982 |
| | 125cc | 1975, 1976, 1982, 1983, 1984 |
| 6 | Suzuki | 500cc | 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979 |
| | 125cc | 1971 |
| 4 | Kawasaki | 350cc | 1978 |
| | 250cc | 1977, 1978, 1981 |
| 3 | Bultaco | 125cc | 1977 |
| | 50cc | 1976, 1977 |
| | Derbi | 125cc | 1972, 1988 |
| | 50cc | 1971 |
| 2 | Norton | 500cc | 1958 |
| | 350cc | 1958 |
| | MZ | 250cc | 1958, 1959 |
| | Kreidler | 50cc | 1972, 1973 |
| | Minarelli | 125cc | 1978, 1979 |
| | Garelli | 125cc | 1986, 1987 |

### By year

| Year | Track | 125cc | | 250cc | | 500cc | | Report |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Rider | Manufacturer | Rider | Manufacturer | Rider | Manufacturer | |
| 1990 | Anderstorp | Hans Spaan | Honda | Carlos Cardús | Honda | Wayne Rainey | Yamaha | Report |

| Year | Track | 80cc | | 125cc | | 250cc | | 500cc | | Report |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Rider | Manufacturer | Rider | Manufacturer | Rider | Manufacturer | Rider | Manufacturer | |
| 1989 | Anderstorp |  |  | Àlex Crivillé | JJ Cobas | Sito Pons | Honda | Eddie Lawson | Honda | Report |
| | 1988 |  |  | Jorge Martínez | Derbi | Sito Pons | Honda | Eddie Lawson | Yamaha | Report |
| | 1987 |  |  | Fausto Gresini | Garelli | Anton Mang | Honda | Wayne Gardner | Honda | Report |
| | 1986 |  |  | Fausto Gresini | Garelli | Carlos Lavado | Yamaha | Eddie Lawson | Yamaha | Report |
| | 1985 |  |  | August Auinger | Monnet | Anton Mang | Honda | Freddie Spencer | Honda | Report |
| | 1984 |  |  | Fausto Gresini | MBA | Manfred Herweh | Real-Rotax | Eddie Lawson | Yamaha | Report |
| Year | Track | 50cc | | 125cc | | 250cc | | 500cc | | Report |
| | | Rider | Manufacturer | Rider | Manufacturer | Rider | Manufacturer | Rider | Manufacturer | |
| 1983 | Anderstorp |  |  | Bruno Kneubühler | MBA | Christian Sarron | Yamaha | Freddie Spencer | Honda | Report |

| Year | Track | 50cc | | 125cc | | 250cc | | 350cc | | 500cc | | Report |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Rider | Manufacturer | Rider | Manufacturer | Rider | Manufacturer | Rider | Manufacturer | Rider | Manufacturer | |
| 1982 | Anderstorp |  |  | Iván Palazzese | MBA | Roland Freymond | MBA |  |  | Takazumi Katayama | Honda | Report |
| | 1981 |  |  | Ricardo Tormo | Sanvenero | Anton Mang | Kawasaki |  |  | Barry Sheene | Yamaha | Report |
| 1979 | Karlskoga |  |  | Pier Paolo Bianchi | Minarelli | Graziano Rossi | Morbidelli |  |  | Barry Sheene | Suzuki | Report |
| | 1978 |  |  | Pier Paolo Bianchi | Minarelli | Gregg Hansford | Kawasaki | Gregg Hansford | Kawasaki | Barry Sheene | Suzuki | Report |
| 1977 | Anderstorp | Ricardo Tormo | Bultaco | Ángel Nieto | Bultaco | Mick Grant | Kawasaki | Takazumi Katayama | Yamaha | Barry Sheene | Suzuki | Report |
| | 1976 | Ángel Nieto | Bultaco | Pier Paolo Bianchi | Morbidelli | Takazumi Katayama | Yamaha |  |  | Barry Sheene | Suzuki | Report |
| | 1975 | Eugenio Lazzarini | Piovaticci | Paolo Pileri | Morbidelli | Walter Villa | Harley-Davidson |  |  | Barry Sheene | Suzuki | Report |
| | 1974 | Henk van Kessel | Van Veen Kreidler | Kent Andersson | Yamaha | Takazumi Katayama | Yamaha | Teuvo Länsivuori | Yamaha | Teuvo Länsivuori | Yamaha | Report |
| | 1973 | Jan de Vries | Kreidler | Börje Jansson | Maico | Dieter Braun | Yamaha | Teuvo Länsivuori | Yamaha | Phil Read | MV Agusta | Report |
| | 1972 | Jan de Vries | Kreidler | Ángel Nieto | Derbi | Rod Gould | Yamaha | Giacomo Agostini | MV Agusta | Giacomo Agostini | MV Agusta | Report |
| | 1971 | Ángel Nieto | Derbi | Barry Sheene | Suzuki | Rod Gould | Yamaha | Giacomo Agostini | MV Agusta | Giacomo Agostini | MV Agusta | Report |
| Year | Track |  | | 125cc | | 250cc | | 350cc | | 500cc | | Report |
| | |  |  | Rider | Manufacturer | Rider | Manufacturer | Rider | Manufacturer | Rider | Manufacturer | |
| 1961 | Kristianstad |  |  | Luigi Taveri | Honda | Mike Hailwood | Honda | František Šťastný | Jawa | Gary Hocking | MV Agusta | Report |
| | 1959 |  |  | Tarquinio Provini | MV Agusta | Gary Hocking | MZ | John Surtees | MV Agusta |  |  | Report |
| 1958 | Hedemora |  |  | Alberto Gandossi | Ducati | Horst Fügner | MZ | Geoff Duke | Norton | Geoff Duke | Norton | Report |

57°15′55″N 13°36′15″E / 57.26528°N 13.60417°E / 57.26528; 13.60417

## InfoBox

Swedish Grand Prix
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Grand Prix motorcycle racing | |
| Venue | Scandinavian Raceway (1971–1977, 1981–1990)
Karlskoga Motorstadion (1978–1979)
Råbelövsbanan (1959, 1961)
Hedemora Circuit (1958) |
| First race | 1958 |
| Last race | 1990 |
| Most wins (rider) | Barry Sheene (7) |
| Most wins (manufacturer) | Yamaha (17) |


title: Willie Williams (cornerback, born 1970)

abstract: Willie James Williams is a former American football cornerback of the National Football League (NFL), and youth football coach. He is also the cousin of WNBA player Tamera Young.

text:
# Willie Williams (cornerback, born 1970)

**Willie James Williams** (born December 26, 1970) is a former American football cornerback of the National Football League (NFL), and youth football coach. He is also the cousin of WNBA player Tamera Young.

## Career

Williams was drafted out of Western Carolina University by the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1993, spending 6 of his 13 seasons in the league with the team. He was a key member of the 1995 team that played in Super Bowl XXX, and the only member from that team to be on the roster of the 2005 squad, who won Super Bowl XL. From 1997 to 2003, Williams played for the Seattle Seahawks, before returning to the Steelers for the 2004 and 2005 seasons.

On March 3, 2006, Willams and veteran QB Tommy Maddox, were released as salary cap cuts. Williams then retired from football.

On January 26, 2017, he was named the head coach for Winston Churchill High School, where he coached until leaving the team in December 2019.

## InfoBox

Willie Williams
| No. 27 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Cornerback |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1970-12-26) December 26, 1970<br>Columbia, South Carolina, U.S. |
| Height: | 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) |
| Weight: | 194 lb (88 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Spring Valley (Columbia, South Carolina) |
| College: | Western Carolina |
| NFL draft: | 1993 / round: 6 / pick: 162 |
| Career history | |
| **As player:** **As coach:** | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Tackles: 602  Interceptions: 26  Sacks: 4  Touchdowns: 4 | |
|  | |


abstract: To All My Friends, Blood Makes the Blade Holy: The Atmosphere EP's is a double EP by American hip hop group Atmosphere. It was released on Rhymesayers Entertainment on September 7, 2010.

text:
# To All My Friends, Blood Makes the Blade Holy: The Atmosphere EP's

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| HipHopDX | 4.0/5 |
| Pitchfork Media | 7.3/10 |

***To All My Friends, Blood Makes the Blade Holy: The Atmosphere EP's*** is a double EP by American hip hop group Atmosphere. It was released on Rhymesayers Entertainment on September 7, 2010.

## Commercial performance

It debuted at number 38 on the *Billboard* 200 selling 9,400 copies in its first week.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Until the Nipple's Gone" | 4:20 |
| 2. | "The Major Leagues" | 3:21 |
| 3. | "Scalp" | 3:24 |
| 4. | "The Best Day" | 3:37 |
| 5. | "Americareful" | 3:18 |
| 6. | "Hope" | 1:56 |
| 7. | "The Loser Wins" | 3:36 |
| 8. | "Shotgun" | 4:10 |
| 9. | "Commodities" | 2:42 |
| 10. | "The Number None" | 3:01 |
| 11. | "Freefallin'" | 4:10 |
| 12. | "To All My Friends" | 3:17 |
| Total length: | | 40:52 |

## Charts

| Chart | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| *Billboard* 200 | 38 |
| Independent Albums | 5 |
| Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums | 9 |
| Rap Albums | 4 |
| Digital Albums | 9 |
|

## InfoBox

| To All My Friends, Blood Makes the Blade Holy: The Atmosphere EP's | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Atmosphere | |
| Released | September 7, 2010 (2010-09-07) |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Length | 40:45 |
| Label | Rhymesayers Entertainment |
| Producer | Atmosphere |
| Atmosphere chronology | |
| *Leak at Will*
(2009) ***To All My Friends, Blood Makes the Blade Holy: The Atmosphere EP's***
(2010) *The Family Sign*
(2011) | |


title: Togiola Tulafono

abstract: Togiola Talalelei A. Tulafono is an American Samoan politician and lawyer who served as the sixth governor of American Samoa. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He had previously served as the seventh lieutenant governor. Tulafono was lieutenant governor when, on March 26, 2003, Governor Tauese Pita Fiti Sunia died. He then became acting governor and officially became governor on April 7, 2003. He was elected to a full 4-year term in the November 2004 gubernatorial elections and was re-elected in the November 2008 gubernatorial election. Tulafono did not run for governor in 2012 as he was term-limited and could not seek a third consecutive term. He was an unsuccessful candidate for American Samoa's at-large congressional district in 2014.

text:
# Togiola Tulafono

**Togiola Talalelei A. Tulafono** (born February 28, 1947) is an American Samoan politician and lawyer who served as the sixth governor of American Samoa. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He had previously served as the seventh lieutenant governor.

Tulafono was lieutenant governor when, on March 26, 2003, Governor Tauese Pita Fiti Sunia died. He then became acting governor and officially became governor on April 7, 2003. He was elected to a full 4-year term in the November 2004 gubernatorial elections and was re-elected in the November 2008 gubernatorial election.

Tulafono did not run for governor in 2012 as he was term-limited and could not seek a third consecutive term. He was an unsuccessful candidate for American Samoa's at-large congressional district in 2014.

## Biography

### Early life

Togiola T. A. Tulafono was born on February 28, 1947, in Aunu'u Island, American Samoa.

Tulafono was educated in Samoa, attending elementary school in Autu'u and Samoana High School. He attended Chadron State College in the United States, where he earned bachelor's degrees in both political science and sociology in 1970. He received a doctor of laws degree from the Washburn University School of Law in Topeka, Kansas, in 1975.

Tulafono has served as a deacon of the Congregational Christian Church in Sa'ilele, American Samoa, for over 25 years.

### Career

After college, Tulafono worked as a legal assistant at American Samoa's Attorney General's Office and as an administrative assistant for the Secretary of Samoan Affairs. He spent two years each working as a private practice attorney and as a vice president for South Pacific Island Airways during the late 1970s.

Tulafono was appointed as a district court judge in 1978 and then to the American Samoa Senate in 1980. After serving one term in the upper house for Sa'Ole County, he reentered law practice, but then ran again successfully for a Senate seat in 1989. However, he was later elected to the American Samoa Senate for Sua County for eight years. He also chaired the board of directors for the American Samoa Power Authority and was the first chairman of the Board of Higher Education.

Tulafono further co-chaired the South Pacific Mini Games committee in 1997 when American Samoa hosted the games. He later co-chaired the American Samoa Centennial Committee in 2000, which was formed to commemorate the 100th anniversary of American Samoa becoming a territorial possession of the United States.

Tulafono presently serves as vice chairman of the territorial church general assembly of American Samoa as of 2008.

After his term as governor ended, Tulafono ran for U.S. Delegate for American Samoa's at-large congressional district for the 2014 elections, but he lost at third place with 11% of the vote.

## Governor of American Samoa

Tulafono was sworn in as the Lieutenant Governor of American Samoa under Governor Tauese Sunia on January 3, 1997. Sunia and Tulafono were re-elected in 2000 and sworn into their second terms in office on January 3, 2001.

Tulafono remained lieutenant governor until Sunia's sudden death from a heart attack on March 26, 2003. Tulafono became acting governor until he was formally sworn into office as Governor of American Samoa on April 7, 2003.

In the first round of elections on November 2, 2004, Tulafono received 48.4% of the vote. In the second round on November 16, Tulafono defeated Afoa Moega Lutu, who had run against him for the position of lieutenant governor in 2000, by a vote of 56%-44%. As governor, Tulafano is a member of the National Governors Association and the Democratic Governors Association.

Tulafono took part in endorsing Senator Hillary Clinton for President of the United States during the 2008 presidential primaries and the American Samoa Democratic caucuses, 2008 and became the national co-chair of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders for Hillary.

It was under Tulafono's leadership that American Samoa became, in November 2011, a founding member of the Polynesian Leaders Group, a regional grouping intended to cooperate on a variety of issues including culture and language, education, responses to climate change, and trade and investment.

### The dispute with Hawaiian Airlines

In July 2006, Governor Tulafono issued a mandate to Hawaiian Airlines, giving the airline ninety days to cease service to Pago Pago International Airport in Pago Pago. The carrier, which offers the only service to American Samoa (beside commuter flights to Apia, in the country of Samoa), from its hub in Honolulu, was accused of predatory pricing practices and ethnic harassment by the governor.

In August 2006, the FAA stated in an official letter to the governor that the territory must continue to allow Hawaiian Airlines to fly the Honolulu-Pago Pago route or risk losing U.S. financial assistance.

### 2008 gubernatorial election

Governor Togiola Tulafono and Lieutenant Governor Ipulasi Aitofele Sunia announced their joint reelection campaign on May 10, 2008, at the Tradewinds Hotel in Tafuna. The 2008 American Samoa gubernatorial election took place on November 4, 2008. Governor Tulafono and Lieutenant Governor Sunia received 41.1% of the vote, challengers Utu Abe Malae and Nua Mailo Saoluaga received 31.4%, and Afoa Leulumoega Lutu and Velega Savali received 26.8 percent. Because no candidate exceeded 50% of the vote, a runoff election was held between the top two candidates, Tulafono and Utu Abe Malae on November 18, 2008, which Tulafono won.

### Independence discussion

In 2012, both the Governor and American Samoa's delegate to the US Congress called for the populace to consider a move towards autonomy if not independence, to a mixed response.

## InfoBox

| Togiola Tulafono | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 6th Governor of American Samoa | |
| **In office**
March 26, 2003  January 3, 2013
Acting: March 26, 2003 – April 7, 2003 | |
| Lieutenant | Faoa Aitofele Sunia |
| Preceded by | Tauese Sunia |
| Succeeded by | Lolo Matalasi Moliga |
| 7th Lieutenant Governor of American Samoa | |
| **In office**
January 3, 1997  March 26, 2003 | |
| Governor | Tauese Sunia |
| Preceded by | Tauese Sunia |
| Succeeded by | Faoa Aitofele Sunia |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1947-02-28) February 28, 1947
Aunu'u, American Samoa, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Mary Ann Tu |
| Children | 5 daughters
1 son |
| Education | Chadron State College (BA)
Washburn University (JD) |
|  | |


title: Token coin

abstract: In numismatics, token coins or trade tokens are coin-like objects used instead of coins. The field of token coins is part of exonumia and token coins are token money. Their denomination is shown or implied by size, color or shape. They are often made of cheaper metals like copper, pewter, aluminium, brass and tin, or non-metals like bakelite, leather and porcelain. A legal tender coin is issued by a governmental authority and is freely exchangeable for goods. A token coin has a narrower utility and is issued by a private entity. In many instances, token coins have become obsolete due to the use of cash, payment cards, stored value cards or other electronic transactions.

text:
# Token coin

In numismatics, **token coins** or **trade tokens** are coin-like objects used instead of coins. The field of token coins is part of exonumia and token coins are token money. Their denomination is shown or implied by size, color or shape. They are often made of cheaper metals like copper, pewter, aluminium, brass and tin, or non-metals like bakelite, leather and porcelain.

A legal tender coin is issued by a governmental authority and is freely exchangeable for goods. A token coin has a narrower utility and is issued by a private entity. In many instances, token coins have become obsolete due to the use of cash, payment cards, stored value cards or other electronic transactions.

## Trade

Coin-like objects from the Roman Empire called *spintriae* have been interpreted as an early form of token. Their functions are not documented, but they appear to have been brothel tokens or possibly gaming tokens.

Medieval English monasteries issued tokens to pay for services from outsiders. These tokens circulated in nearby villages, where they were called "Abbot's money". Also, counters called jetons were used as small change without official blessing.

From the 17th to the early 19th century in the British Isles (and also elsewhere in the British Empire) and North America, tokens were commonly issued by merchants in times of acute shortage of coins of the state. These tokens were in effect a pledge redeemable in goods, but not necessarily for currency. These tokens never received official sanction from government but were accepted and circulated quite widely.

In England, the production of copper farthings was permitted by royal licence in the first few decades of the 17th century, but production ceased during the English Civil War and a great shortage of small change resulted. This shortage was felt more keenly because of the rapid growth of trade in the towns and cities, and this in turn prompted both local authorities and merchants to issue tokens.

These tokens were most commonly made of copper or brass, but pewter, lead and occasionally leather tokens are also found. Most were not given a specific denomination and were intended to substitute for farthings, but there are also a large number of halfpenny and sometimes penny tokens. Halfpenny and penny tokens usually, but not always, bear the denomination on their face.

Most such tokens show the issuer's full name or initials. Where initials were shown, it was common practice to show three initials: the first names of husband and wife and their surname. Tokens would also normally indicate the merchant establishment, either by name or by picture. Most were round, but they are also found in square, heart or octagonal shapes.

Thousands of towns and merchants issued these tokens from 1648 until 1672, when official production of farthings resumed, and private production was suppressed.

There were again coin shortages in the late 18th century, when the British Royal Mint almost ceased production. Merchants once again produced tokens, but they were then machine made and typically larger than their 17th century predecessors, with values of a halfpenny or more. While many were used in trade, they were also produced for advertising and political purposes, and some series were produced for the primary purpose of sale to collectors. These tokens are usually known as Conder tokens, after the writer of the first reference book on them.

These were issued by merchants in payment for goods with the agreement that they would be redeemed in goods to an equivalent value at the merchants' own outlets. The tokens play a role of convenience, allowing the seller to receive his goods at a rate and time convenient to himself, and the merchant to tie the holder of the token coin to his shop.

In North America, tokens were originally issued by merchants from the 18th century in regions where national or local colonial governments did not issue enough small denomination coins for circulation. In the United States, Hard times tokens issued from 1832 to 1844 and Civil War tokens issued in the 1860s made up for shortages of official money.

Tokens were also used as company scrip to pay labor for use only in company stores owned by the employers.

The collecting of trade tokens is part of the field of exonumia, and includes other types of tokens, including transit tokens, encased cents, and many others. In a narrow sense, trade tokens are "good for" tokens, issued by merchants. Generally, they have a merchant's name or initials, sometimes a town and state, and a value legend (such as "good for 5¢" or other denomination) somewhere on the token. Merchants that issued tokens included general stores, grocers, department stores, dairies, meat markets, drug stores, saloons, bars, taverns, barbers, coal mines, lumber mills and many other businesses. The era of 1870 through 1920 marked the highest use of "trade tokens" in the United States, spurred by the proliferation of small stores in rural areas. There were thousands of small general and merchandise stores all over the United States, and many of them used trade tokens to promote trade and extend credit to customers. Aluminum tokens almost always date after 1890, when low-cost production began. Wooden nickels, another type of token, were usually issued by a merchant or bank as a promotion, sometimes redeemable for a specific item.

## Slot machines

Metal token coins are used in lieu of cash in some coin-operated arcade games and casino slot machines. Money is exchanged for the token coins or chips in a casino where they may be interchangeable with money.

In many jurisdictions, casinos are not permitted to use currency in slot machines, necessitating tokens for smaller denominations. After the increase in the value of silver ended the use of silver coins in the United States around 1964, casinos rushed to find a substitute, as most slot machines at that time used that particular coin. The Nevada State Gaming Control Board consulted with the U.S. Treasury, and casinos were soon allowed to start using their own tokens to operate their slot machines. The Franklin Mint was the main minter of casino tokens at that time.

In 1971, many casinos adopted the Eisenhower Dollar for use in machines and on tables. When that coin was replaced with the Susan B. Anthony dollar in 1979, most casinos reinstituted tokens, fearing confusion with quarters and not wishing to extensively retool their slot machines. Casinos which still use tokens in slot machines still use Eisenhower-sized ones.

Tokens are being phased out by many casinos in favor of coinless machines which accept banknotes and print receipts for payout. These receipts, abbreviated "TITOs" for ticket-in, ticket-out, can also be inserted into the machines. In video arcades, they are also being phased out in favor of magnetic cards, which can also count how many tickets one has, allowing arcades to also do away with paper tickets.

## Other types

* Car washes: their use has decreased in favor of cash or credit cards.
* Communion tokens were given to church members passing a religious test required for entry prior to the day of communion. While mostly in Scotland, some U.S. churches used communion tokens. Generally, these were pewter, often cast by the minister in church-owned molds.
* Military "pogs": Cardboard or plastic military tokens ("pogs") were used as a substitute for coins for United States military overseas. Pogs are lighter and less expensive to ship. The Army and Air Force Exchange Service officials made pogs in denominations of 5, 10, and 25 cents and they feature images of troops, aircraft, comic book characters, etc.
* Parking garages
* Pay toilets

## Further reading


title: Token of Darkness

abstract: Token of Darkness is the eleventh novel by American author, Amelia Atwater-Rhodes and is the sixth novel in the Den of Shadows. The novel was published on February 9, 2010. "The Raven" by Edgar Allan Poe is featured in the book.

text:
# Token of Darkness

***Token of Darkness*** is the eleventh novel by American author, Amelia Atwater-Rhodes and is the sixth novel in the Den of Shadows. The novel was published on February 9, 2010. "The Raven" by Edgar Allan Poe is featured in the book.

## Summary

Cooper Blake is a high school football player who dreamed of going pro until a car accident that destroyed it all. Now he sees this ghost named Samantha, who wants a body. Intent on helping her Cooper goes to the library to find a way to help her. Along the way he meets Delilah and Brent, both who know of Samantha and realize the danger Cooper is in. Intent on helping him they must discover more about Samantha and where she came from, which puts all of them in more danger than they can handle.

## InfoBox

Token of Darkness
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Amelia Atwater-Rhodes |
| Cover artist | Amanda Abram |
| Language | English |
| Series | Den of Shadows |
| Genre | Gothic, Horror, Teen |
| Publisher | Delacorte Press, a division of Random House |
| Publication date | February 9, 2010 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (hardback & paperback) |
| Pages | 197 pp (first edition hardcover) |
| ISBN | 978-0-385-73750-0 |
| Preceded by | *Persistence of Memory* |
| Followed by | *All Just Glass* |


title: Tohi Tala Niue

abstract: Tohi Tala Niue was a Niuean daily newspaper published from October 1953 to June 1992. It began in 1953 as a news sheet published by the New Zealand colonial administration in the Niuean language, alongside an English language news sheet called the Niue Newsletter. It was started by CEH Quin after the death of Hector Larsen as a way of building relationships between the Islanders and the Administration. In January 1966, both versions were combined into a bilingual Tohi Tala Niue, published by Niue's Community Development Office in Alofi.

text:
# Tohi Tala Niue

***Tohi Tala Niue*** was a Niuean daily newspaper published from October 1953 to June 1992.

It began in 1953 as a news sheet published by the New Zealand colonial administration in the Niuean language, alongside an English language news sheet called the *Niue Newsletter*. It was started by CEH Quin after the death of Hector Larsen as a way of building relationships between the Islanders and the Administration. In January 1966, both versions were combined into a bilingual *Tohi Tala Niue*, published by Niue's Community Development Office (which in 1987 became the Office of Community Affairs) in Alofi.


title: Tom Egbers

abstract: Tom Egbers is a Dutch journalist of Irish descent, writer and TV presenter since 1985. He studied at the School voor de Journalistiek in Utrecht, and was employed at Studio Sport (NOS) in 1984 as presenter. Between 1990 and 1992 Egbers worked for Veronica. He has written a book, The Black Meteor, about black footballer Steve Mokone that has been made into the film The Black Meteor.

text:
# Tom Egbers

**Tom Egbers** (Dutch pronunciation: \[tɔm ˈɛɣbərs\]; 18 October 1957) is a Dutch journalist of Irish descent, writer and TV presenter (*Studio Sport*) since 1985. He studied at the School voor de Journalistiek in Utrecht, and was employed at *Studio Sport* (NOS) in 1984 as presenter. Between 1990 and 1992 Egbers worked for Veronica. He has written a book, *The Black Meteor*, about black footballer Steve Mokone that has been made into the film *The Black Meteor*.

## InfoBox

| Tom Egbers | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 18 October 1957 (1957-10-18) (age 66)<br>Almelo, Netherlands |
| Nationality | Netherlands |
| Occupation | Television presenter |
| Known for | *Studio Sport* |


title: Tom Egeland

abstract: Tom Egeland is a Norwegian author. His great-grandfather was Jon Flatabø from Kvam in Hardanger, one of the pioneer authors of popular literature in Norway. Egeland's novels are published in Norwegian and translated into 25 languages. His most famous novel is Sirkelens ende, published in English with the title Relic, which deals with several of the same topics as The Da Vinci Code. Egeland's book was published in 2001, two years before The Da Vinci Code. European readers and critics quickly noted some striking similarities between the Da Vinci Code and Circle's End. Like The Da Vinci Code, Circle's End involves an ancient mystery and a worldwide conspiracy, the discovery that Jesus was married to Mary Magdalene, and an albino as one of the main characters. In both novels, the main female character is revealed to be the last living descendant of Christ and Mary Magdalene, and the daughter/granddaughter of the last grandmaster of a secret order. Many European readers have speculated that Dan Brown had plagiarized Tom Egeland's book. Since the Norwegian novel had not yet been translated into English when The Da Vinci Code was first published, it is generally assumed now that the similarities between the two books, although striking, are coincidental. The author himself, Tom Egeland, has been in numerous interviews in European media, and on his own website, dismissed the claim of Brown's novel plagiarizing his own novel, stating that the similarities just show that he and Brown more or less have done the same research and found the same sources. Egeland's novel Guardians of the Covenant has been translated into 17 languages. Both Guardians of the Covenant and the 2001 bestseller Relic have been acquired by the British publishing house John Murray. The thriller Night of the Wolf (2005) - about Chechen terrorists taking control of a live television debate show - as also been made into a feature-length movie and a television mini-series. Egeland wrote the script himself. In 2007 Tom Egeland published two books: The Girl in the Mirror and Guardians of the Covenant, a thriller with the same main character as Relic: The albino archaeologist Bjørn Beltø. Egeland's thriller The Gospel Of Lucifer was published in Norwegian in May 2009 and has been translated into 12 languages. The novel was awarded the Norwegian Riverton Prize for best crime novel 2009. According to IMDB, he was an extra in The Empire Strikes Back, portraying one of the rebel soldiers fighting in the Battle of Hoth. During the autumn of 2016, Egeland became the topic of controversy after he was banned by Facebook for publishing the famous war photograph of "the Napalm girl" Phan Thị Kim Phúc on his personal Facebook page. Facebook eventually reconsidered its opinion concerning this picture and republished it, recognizing "the history and global importance of this image in documenting a particular moment in time". Egeland has been president of the Norwegian Crime Writers' Association (Rivertonklubben) since 2015 and has been a board member of the Norwegian Authors' Union since 2010. He is a book critic for the Norwegian newspaper VG.

text:
# Tom Egeland

**Tom Egeland** (born 8 July 1959 in Oslo) is a Norwegian author. His great-grandfather was Jon Flatabø from Kvam in Hardanger, one of the pioneer authors of popular literature in Norway. Egeland's novels are published in Norwegian and translated into 25 languages. His most famous novel is *Sirkelens ende* (Circle's End), published in English with the title *Relic*, which deals with several of the same topics as *The Da Vinci Code*. Egeland's book was published in 2001, two years before *The Da Vinci Code*.

European readers and critics quickly noted some striking similarities between the *Da Vinci Code* and *Circle's End*. Like *The Da Vinci Code*, *Circle's End* involves an ancient mystery and a worldwide conspiracy, the discovery that Jesus was married to Mary Magdalene, and an albino as one of the main characters. In both novels, the main female character is revealed to be the last living descendant of Christ and Mary Magdalene, and the daughter/granddaughter of the last grandmaster of a secret order.

Many European readers have speculated that Dan Brown had plagiarized Tom Egeland's book. Since the Norwegian novel had not yet been translated into English when *The Da Vinci Code* was first published, it is generally assumed now that the similarities between the two books, although striking, are coincidental.

The author himself, Tom Egeland, has been in numerous interviews in European media, and on his own website, dismissed the claim of Brown's novel plagiarizing his own novel, stating that the similarities just show that he and Brown more or less have done the same research and found the same sources.

Egeland's novel *Guardians of the Covenant* has been translated into 17 languages. Both *Guardians of the Covenant* and the 2001 bestseller *Relic* have been acquired by the British publishing house John Murray.

The thriller *Night of the Wolf* (2005) - about Chechen terrorists taking control of a live television debate show - as also been made into a feature-length movie and a television mini-series. Egeland wrote the script himself.

In 2007 Tom Egeland published two books: *The Girl in the Mirror* (for young adults) and *Guardians of the Covenant*, a thriller with the same main character as *Relic*: The albino archaeologist Bjørn Beltø.

Egeland's thriller *The Gospel Of Lucifer* was published in Norwegian in May 2009 and has been translated into 12 languages. The novel was awarded the Norwegian Riverton Prize for best crime novel 2009.

According to IMDB, he was an extra in *The Empire Strikes Back*, portraying one of the rebel soldiers fighting in the Battle of Hoth.

During the autumn of 2016, Egeland became the topic of controversy after he was banned by Facebook for publishing the famous war photograph of "the Napalm girl" Phan Thị Kim Phúc on his personal Facebook page. Facebook eventually reconsidered its opinion concerning this picture and republished it, recognizing "the history and global importance of this image in documenting a particular moment in time".

Egeland has been president of the Norwegian Crime Writers' Association (Rivertonklubben) since 2015 and has been a board member of the Norwegian Authors' Union (Den norske Forfatterforening) since 2010. He is a book critic for the Norwegian newspaper VG (Verdens Gang).

## Bibliography

* *Stien mot fortiden* (Path To The Past) (1988)
* *Skyggelandet* (Shadowland) (1993)
* *Trollspeilet* (Troll-Mirror) (1997)
* *Sirkelens ende* (Circle's End) (2001) *Translated to English as Relic.*
* *Åndebrettet* (Ouija Board) (2004)
* *Ulvenatten* (Wolf's Night) (2005)
* *Piken i speilet* (Girl In Mirror) (2007) *A children's book.*
* *Paktens voktere* (Covenant's Guardians) (2007)
* *Lucifers Evangelium* (Lucifer's Gospel) (2009)
* *Fedrenes løgner* (The Fathers' Lies) (2010)
* *Nostradamus' testamente* (Nostradamus's Testament) (2012)
* *Katakombens hemmelighet* (Catacomb's Secret) (2013) *Young adult.*
* *Den 13. disippel* (The 13th Disciple) (2014)
* *Skatten fra Miklagard* (Treasure From Miklagard) (2014) *Young adult.*
* *Mumiens mysterium* (Mummy's Mystery) (2015) *Young adult.*
* *Den store spøkelsesboka* (Great Ghost-Book) (2015) *A children's book.*
* *Djevelmasken* (Devil's Mask) (2016)
* *Lasaruseffekten* (The Lazarus Effect) (2017)
* *Codex* (Codex) (2018)
* *Falken* (Falcon) (2019)
* *Kongen* (The King) (2020)

## Awards and honors

2009 – Riverton Prize for "Lucifer's Gospel"

2013 – ARK Children's Book Prize for "The Secret of the Catacombs"

2016 – Norwegian Language Society's Literature Prize for "The Devil's Mask"

## InfoBox

| Tom Egeland | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1959-07-08) 8 July 1959<br>Oslo, Norway |
| Occupation | Author, novelist |
| Nationality | Norwegian |
| Genre | Fiction |
| Notable awards | Riverton Prize 2009 |
| Website | |
| www.tomegeland.com/en | |


title: Tom Atkins (footballer)

abstract: Tom Atkins is an Australian rules footballer playing for Geelong in the Australian Football League (AFL). An inside midfielder with goalkicking ability, he spent his early career with Geelong's Victorian Football League (VFL) affiliate. After being overlooked in two AFL drafts, he was selected by Geelong with pick 11 in the 2019 rookie draft and made his debut in the opening round of the 2019 season.

text:
# Tom Atkins (footballer)

**Tom Atkins** (born 18 September 1995) is an Australian rules footballer playing for Geelong in the Australian Football League (AFL). An inside midfielder with goalkicking ability, he spent his early career with Geelong's Victorian Football League (VFL) affiliate. After being overlooked in two AFL drafts, he was selected by Geelong with pick 11 in the 2019 rookie draft and made his debut in the opening round of the 2019 season.

## Early career

Atkins began playing in the VFL with Geelong in 2014. He spent his first year on the club's development list before playing VFL matches under the 23rd-player rule (which permitted teams to be expanded to allow players recently listed with a TAC Cup club to play with its VFL affiliate). In 2015, Atkins played for St Joseph's in the Geelong Football League, assisting in their first premiership victory since 1989. In the VFL, he played only ten games from 2014 to 2015, but became an important inside midfielder for Geelong in 2016 after others left the club or were injured. Atkins kicked 15 goals and averaged eight tackles, 18 disposals and four clearances per match, winning Geelong's best and fairest with 389 votes. He was also named in the VFL team of the year in the forward pocket and was considered by *Fox Sports* one of 15 VFL prospects likely to be selected in the 2016 AFL draft. Atkins' strong season attracted interest from interstate clubs but he stayed with Geelong.

In 2017, Atkins was Geelong's co-captain and became a permanent midfielder, but his season was interrupted by a hamstring injury causing him to miss six games. When uninjured he was still regularly named among Geelong's best and in round 18 laid 23 tackles against Collingwood, including 12 in the last quarter – the equal-most in a VFL match and the equal-second-most recorded by Champion Data in any competition. Atkins also kicked two goals and amassed 25 disposals to perform best on ground. He was again named, this time by *ESPN*, as a strong mature-age player likely to be drafted.

Atkins again missed out on selection in the 2017 draft, but was encouraged by Geelong's head of football Simon Lloyd to continue pushing for an AFL career. He was named Geelong's sole VFL captain and played every game in the 2018 season, with career-high averages of 21.8 disposals and 9.4 tackles. Atkins was among the VFL's top ten players in score assists, handballs, contested possessions, clearances and hard ball gets. He led the competition in tackles, recording 188, and captained the VFL team of the year as a rover. Atkins won his second Geelong best and fairest with 413 votes. He was named by *AFL.com.au* as among the best mature-age players ahead of the 2018 draft.

## AFL career

Atkins was selected by Geelong with pick 11 in the 2019 AFL rookie draft and cited as "another graduate of the Geelong VFL production line" alongside other AFL-listed players such as Tom Stewart, Scott Thompson and Shane Mumford. He anticipated playing primarily as a small forward rather than an inside midfielder as he had done in the VFL, due to Geelong's abundance of high-quality midfielders. Atkins made his debut in the opening round of the 2019 season against Collingwood at the Melbourne Cricket Ground.

During his first two seasons, Atkins was most used as a pressure forward by Geelong coach Chris Scott, switching to defence during the 2021 AFL season. He would take an opportunity to move into the Geelong midfield during the 2022 AFL season, with his tenacity and pressure often setting the tone for his teammates to follow. Atkins would play a key role in Geelong's 2022 success, with the club winning the 2022 AFL Grand Final. Atkins would finish fifth in the club's Carji Greeves Medal count, winning the Tom Harley Award as best clubman for 2022.

Atkins followed up 2022 with a strong season in 2023. He finished second to Tom Stewart in the 2023 Carji Greeves Medal count, and won the Tom Harley Award for best clubman for the second consecutive year.

## Statistics

*Updated to round 1 of the 2024 season*.

**Legend**
| G | Goals | K | Kicks | D | Disposals | T | Tackles |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| B | Behinds | H | Handballs | M | Marks |

| Season | Team | No. | Games | Totals | | | | | | | Averages (per game) | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | G | B | K | H | D | M | T | G | B | K | H | D | M | T |
| 2019 | Geelong | 30 | 23 | 5 | 4 | 122 | 162 | 284 | 36 | 110 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 5.3 | 7.0 | 12.3 | 1.6 | 4.8 |
| 2020 | Geelong | 30 | 12 | 4 | 1 | 43 | 74 | 117 | 11 | 38 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 3.6 | 6.2 | 9.8 | 0.9 | 3.2 |
| 2021 | Geelong | 30 | 22 | 0 | 1 | 207 | 169 | 376 | 84 | 75 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 9.4 | 7.7 | 17.1 | 3.8 | 3.4 |
| **2022**# | Geelong | 30 | 25 | 4 | 3 | 238 | 214 | 452 | 65 | 157 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 9.5 | 8.6 | 18.1 | 2.6 | 6.3 |
| 2023 | Geelong | 30 | 23 | 4 | 1 | 195 | 251 | 446 | 33 | 175 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 8.5 | 10.9 | 19.4 | 1.4 | 7.6 |
| 2024 | Geelong | 30 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 14 | 21 | 2 | 3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 7.0 | 14.0 | 21.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 |
| Career | | | 106 | 17 | 10 | 812 | 884 | 1696 | 231 | 558 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 7.6 | 8.3 | 16.0 | 2.2 | 5.3 |

**Notes**

## Honours and achievements

**Team**

**Individual**

1. McPherson, David (26 November 2018). "Atkins' story of persistence". *geelongcats.com.au*. Telstra Media. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
2. "Atkins answers Cats' call". *vfl.com.au*. AFL Victoria. 10 August 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
3. Wade, Nick (30 September 2016). "VFL 2016: St Joseph's midfielder Tom Atkins wins Geelong's VFL best-and-fairest award". *Geelong Advertiser*. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
4. "VFL 2016 best-and-fairest winners". *vfl.com.au*. AFL Victoria. 7 October 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
5. Waterworth, Ben; Olle, Sarah (4 November 2016). "The 15 VFL stars AFL clubs should consider at 2016 national and rookie drafts". *Fox Sports*. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
6. Guthrie, Ben (21 August 2017). "VFL Cat enters record books with amazing stat". *AFL.com.au*. Telstra Media. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
7. Doerre, Christopher (17 October 2017). "Knightmare's Draft Wrap: The best mature-age draft prospects". *ESPN*. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
8. Cleary, Mitch (5 December 2018). "Twos company for a young Cat on the rise". *AFL.com.au*. Telstra Media. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
9. Kramer, Angus (5 February 2018). "Atkins appointed VFL captain". *geelongcats.com.au*. Telstra Media. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
10. Kramer, Angus (27 September 2018). "VFL: Atkins awarded Best and Fairest". *geelongcats.com.au*. Telstra Media. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
11. Guthrie, Ben (11 November 2018). "Who will be the next Tim Kelly? The best mature-age prospects". *AFL.com.au*. Telstra Media. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
12. Johnson, Paul (22 March 2019). "Tom Hawkins the hero for Geelong in AFL round one win over Collingwood". *news.com.au*. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
13. Beveridge, Riley (23 September 2022). "Earning his stripes: How Cat became a key cog in Geelong machine". *afl.com.au*. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
14. Kalaja, Sarah (30 September 2022). "Cameron and Guthrie win 2022 'Carji' Greeves Meda". *Geelong Football Club*. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
15. "Stewart Claims His Second Carji Greeves Medal". 5 October 2023.
16. Tom Atkins' player profile at AFL Tables

## InfoBox

| Tom Atkins | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Atkins playing for Geelong in April 2019 | | | |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1995-09-18) 18 September 1995 | | |
| Original team(s) | Geelong (VFL)/St Joseph's | | |
| Draft | No. 11, 2019 rookie draft | | |
| Debut | Round 1, 2019, Geelong vs. Collingwood, at the MCG | | |
| Height | 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) | | |
| Weight | 86 kg (190 lb) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder/forward | | |
| Club information | | | |
| Current club | Geelong | | |
| Number | 30 | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 2019– | Geelong | 127 (17) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 2024. | | | |
| Career highlights | | | |
|  | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Tom Aspinwall

abstract: Thomas Henry Aspinwall is an English cricketer who plays for Lancashire County Cricket Club. He is a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium pace bowler. He made his List-A cricket debut for Lancashire against Essex on 1 August 2023.

text:
# Tom Aspinwall

**Thomas Henry Aspinwall** (born 13 March 2004) is an English cricketer who plays for Lancashire County Cricket Club. He is a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium pace bowler. He made his List-A cricket debut for Lancashire against Essex on 1 August 2023.

## Early life

From Cumbria, Aspinwall started playing cricket as a youngster in Kendal.

## Career

He signed a rookie contract with Lancashire in September 2022. He had a breakthrough season in 2023 for Lancashire Lightning featuring for the county in the 2023 One-Day Cup. He took his best bowling figures against Middlesex when he returned figures of 4/52 on 20 August 2023. He also top scored for Lightning in the quarter-final as he hit 47 to help his side into the semi-finals. He made his first-class debut for Lancashire on 5 April 2024, against Surrey in the 2024 County Championship.

## International career

Aspinwall featured for the England under-19 team that reached the final of the 2022 Under-19 Cricket World Cup.

## InfoBox

Tom Aspinwall
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Thomas Henry Aspinwall |
| Born | (2004-03-13) 13 March 2004<br>Lancaster, Lancashire, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm medium |
| Role | All-rounder |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 2023–present | Lancashire *(squad no. 13)* |
| 2024 | Manchester Originals |
|  | |
| First-class debut | 5 April 2024 Lancashire v Surrey |
| List A debut | 1 August 2023 Lancashire v Essex |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition FC LA T20  Matches 6 11 8  Runs scored 76 112 27  Batting average 12.66 16.00 13.50  100s/50s 0/0 0/0 0/0  Top score 26 47 18  Balls bowled 562 390 116  Wickets 14 11 5  Bowling average 31.85 35.00 32.40  5 wickets in innings 1 0 0  10 wickets in match 0 0 0  Best bowling 5/41 4/52 4/18  Catches/stumpings 0/– 1/– 1/– | |
|  | |
| Source: CricInfo, 29 September 2024 | |


title: Together (Anne Murray album)

abstract: Together is the eleventh studio album by Anne Murray, released in November 1975. The album reached number 15 on the U.S. country album charts and #142 on the pop albums charts. It was one of Murray's few albums during this time period that did not chart in Canada. Two singles were released from the album: "The Call", which reached #19 and #6 on the U.S. country and A/C singles charts respectively, and "Sunday Sunrise", which reached #49 on the country singles charts, and #13 on the A/C singles charts. "The Call" was a rerecording of a song, which Murray had originally included on her Honey, Wheat and Laughter album in 1970. This album also has the distinction of having the great Dusty Springfield doing backup vocals.

text:
# Together (Anne Murray album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Christgau's Record Guide* | C |

***Together*** is the eleventh studio album by Anne Murray, released in November 1975. The album reached number 15 on the U.S. country album charts and #142 on the pop albums charts. It was one of Murray's few albums during this time period that did not chart in Canada. Two singles were released from the album: "The Call" (also sometimes referred to as "Long Distance Call"), which reached #19 and #6 on the U.S. country and A/C singles charts respectively, and "Sunday Sunrise", which reached #49 on the country singles charts, and #13 on the A/C singles charts. "The Call" was a rerecording of a song, which Murray had originally included on her *Honey, Wheat and Laughter* album in 1970. This album also has the distinction of having the great Dusty Springfield doing backup vocals.

## Track listing

1. "If It's All Right With You" (Gene MacLellan) - 3:08
2. "Sunday Sunrise" (Mark James) - 3:16
3. "Out On The Road Again" (Steve Eaton) - 4:01
4. "Part-Time Love" (David Gates) - 2:29
5. "The Call" (Gene MacLellan) - 2:34
6. "Everything Old Is New Again" (Peter Allen, Carole Bayer Sager) - 2:20
7. "Lady Bug" (James Stein) - 4:10
8. "Player In The Band" (Brenda Russell, Brian Gordon Russell) - 4:03
9. "Blue Finger Lou" (Alan O'Day) - 2:39
10. "Together" (Buddy G. De Sylva, Lew Brown, Ray Henderson) - 2:51

## Personnel

**Orchestra**

* Michael Omartian – arrangements and conductor (1, 2, 8, 9)
* Lee Holdridge – arrangements and conductor (3, 5, 7)
* Artie Butler – arrangements and conductor (4, 6, 10)
* Sid Sharp – concertmaster
* Plas Johnson, Johnny Rotella, Ernie Watts, George Bohanon, Lew McCreary, Paul Hubinon, Steve Madaio and Tony Terran – horns
* Gene Cipriano, Louise Di Tullio and Terry Herrington – woodwinds
* Murray Adler, Myer Bello, Arnold Belnick, Byron Berline, Samuel Boghossian, David Campbell, Assa Drori, Jesse Ehrlich, Henry Ferber, Elliott Fisher, Ronald Folsom, James Getzoff, Anne Goodman, Debbie Grossman, Allan Harshman, Harry Hyams, Ray Kelley, Jerome Kessler, Bernard Kundell, William Kurasch, Joy Lyle, Peter Mercurio, Milton E. Nadel, Jay Rosen, Nathan Ross, Harry Shlutz, Haim Shtrum, Polly Sweeney and Tibor Zelig – strings

## Production

* Balmur Ltd. and Alive Enterprises, Inc. – executive producers
* Tom Catalano – producer
* Armin Steiner – engineer
* Linda Tyler – second engineer
* The Mastering Lab (Hollywood, California) – mastering location
* Rod Dyer – design
* Terry O'Neill – photography

1. "Anne Murray – Together (1975, Vinyl)". *Discogs*. 1975.
2. "*Together*". *AllMusic*. Retrieved 2018-11-05.
3. Christgau, Robert (1981). "Consumer Guide '70s: M". *Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies*. Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 089919026X. Retrieved March 8, 2019  via robertchristgau.com.

## InfoBox

| Together | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Anne Murray | |
| Released | November 1975 |
| Genre | Country |
| Label | Capitol/EMI |
| Producer | Tom Catalano |
| Anne Murray chronology | |
| *Highly Prized Possession*
(1974) ***Together***
(1975) *Keeping in Touch*
(1976) | |


title: Tom Merry

abstract: Tom Merry is the principal character in the "St Jim's" stories which appeared in the boy's weekly paper, The Gem, from 1907 to 1939. The stories were all written using the pen-name of Martin Clifford, the majority by Charles Hamilton who was more widely known as Frank Richards, the creator of Billy Bunter.

text:
# Tom Merry

**Tom Merry** is the principal character in the "St Jim's" stories which appeared in the boy's weekly paper, *The Gem*, from 1907 to 1939. The stories were all written using the pen-name of Martin Clifford, the majority by Charles Hamilton who was more widely known as Frank Richards, the creator of Billy Bunter.

## Origins

The first Tom Merry story appeared in *Gem* number 3 dated 10 March 1907 and introduced him as a new boy at a school called Clavering College. In issue number 11, Clavering was closed down and the boys and masters transferred to St Jim's, a school which has previously featured in a boy's paper called "Pluck". From this time onwards the pattern was established and St Jim's and, Tom Merry made weekly appearances.

## Character

In his initial appearance, Merry was a likeable boy who was dominated by his overbearing nurse and guardian, Miss Priscilla Fawcett. As the years passed her influence disappeared and Merry became the acknowledged leader of the lower school of St Jim's and the focal point of most of the stories.

As his name suggests, he was cheerful and good humoured. He was also good at sports and a natural leader. With his friends, Manners and Lowther, he formed a group known as the 'Terrible Three' who were looked up to by all other juniors.

## After the Gem

After a lull, interest in Charles Hamilton's writing increased during the 1950s and further St Jim's stories were published by Spring Books from about 1949 and by Mandeville from the 1950s. There were 13 books in all which books re-introduced the characters that appeared in the Gem in pre-war days. St. Jim's stories were also published in six Tom Merry Annuals published by Mandeville from 1949 to 1954. Eleven Tom Merry stories were also published in the 1950s by Gold Hawk in paperback form.

In the 1970s Howard Baker Press published over 20 Gem Volumes in facsimile form.

* Cadogan, Mary (1988), *Frank Richards - The Chap Behind The Chums*, Middlesex: Viking.
* Fayne, Eric; Jenkins, Roger (1972), *A History of The Magnet and The Gem*, Kent: Museum Press.
* Hamilton Wright, Una; McCall, Peter (2006), *The Far Side of Billy Bunter: the Biography of Charles Hamilton*, London: Friars Library.
* Lofts, W.O.G.; Adley, D.J. (1975), *The World of Frank Richards*, London: Howard Baker.
* Orwell, George (1940), "Boys Weeklies", *Horizon*, archived from the original on 2008-12-19.
* Richards, Frank (1940), "Frank Richards Replies to Orwell" (PDF), *Horizon*.
* Richards, Frank (1962), *The Autobiography of Frank Richards*, London: Skilton.
* Richards, Jeffery (1991), *Happiest Days: Public Schools in English Fiction*, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
* Turner, E.S. (1975), *Boys will be Boys – 3rd edition*, London: Penguin.