title: Willard v. Tayloe

abstract: Willard v. Tayloe, 75 U.S. 557 (1869), was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that courts of equity deciding issues of contract have discretion to determine the form of relief based on the circumstances of each individual case. The Court established a new rule to determine the form of relief: Relief should serve the ends of justice, and should be withheld if it appears likely to produce hardship or injustice to either party. In the case, the Court held that plaintiff Henry Willard had not acted in bad faith by tendering United States Notes as down payment for the sale of property, even though the contract in question specified payment in gold or silver coin. Nonetheless, the contract specified payment in coin, and payment in coin must be made. The Court also held that fluctuations in the price of the property between the date on which the contract was agreed and the date the down payment was made do not create issues of equity.

text:
# Willard v. Tayloe

***Willard v. Tayloe***, 75 U.S. (8 Wall.) 557 (1869), was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that courts of equity deciding issues of contract have discretion to determine the form of relief based on the circumstances of each individual case. The Court established a new rule to determine the form of relief: Relief should serve the ends of justice, and should be withheld if it appears likely to produce hardship or injustice to either party.

In the case, the Court held that plaintiff Henry Willard had not acted in bad faith by tendering United States Notes as down payment for the sale of property, even though the contract in question specified payment in gold or silver coin. Nonetheless, the contract specified payment in coin, and payment in coin must be made. The Court also held that fluctuations in the price of the property between the date on which the contract was agreed and the date the down payment was made do not create issues of equity.

## Background

Colonel John Tayloe III built six two-story row houses facing Pennsylvania Avenue at 14th Street NW in the city of Washington, D.C., in 1816. Col. Tayloe leased them in 1817 to John Tennison, who turned them into a hotel under the name "Tennison's Hotel". The structures served as a hotel for the next three decades, the leaseholder and name changing several times: Williamson's Mansion Hotel, Fullers American House, and the City Hotel.

Col. Tayloe died on March 23, 1828, and his son, Benjamin Ogle Tayloe, inherited the property. Mr. Tayloe renovated the properties in 1843 and 1844. But by 1847 the structures were in disrepair and he was eager to find a tenant who would maintain them and run the enterprise profitably.

A chance encounter led to a new lease and the eventual sale of the property. Tayloe had become engaged to Phoebe Warren, a wealthy young woman from Troy, New York. Miss Warren was traveling on the steamer *Niagara* (a vessel which traveled up and down the Hudson River) when she met Henry Willard, a Chief Steward aboard the vessel. Warren was so impressed with the way Willard handled the ship's and passengers' needs that she recommended him to her fiancé. Willard visited Washington, D.C., in October 1847 to meet with Tayloe, who subsequently leased the six buildings to him for use as a hotel. Willard combined the six structures into one building in 1850, added two additional stories, and called the new business the Willard Hotel.

In 1854, Tayloe leased the property again to Willard, this time for 10 years at a rate of $1,200 per year. The lease contained a provision that Willard could purchase the entire property at any time during the life of the lease for $22,500—$2,000 in "cash" down payment and another $2,000 a year (plus interest) thereafter until the mortgage was paid. During the lease, the American Civil War broke out and property values in Washington, D.C., skyrocketed. Nearly all Northern banks suspended the use of specie (money backed by gold deposits) due to bank runs, and the federal government followed suit shortly thereafter. In 1863, Congress passed the National Banking Act, which authorized the federal government to issue United States Notes (paper money) rather than coins made of gold or silver. The U.S. Notes were not convertible into gold, and quickly depreciated in value.

On April 15, 1864, two weeks before the lease was due to expire, Willard tendered the down payment to Tayloe in paper money. Tayloe refused to issue the mortgage and turn over the deed, claiming that the hotel was now worth much more than $22,500 and that Willard had not paid in gold (the only form of cash available in 1854) as specified in the lease. Worse, due to inflation, the Notes were worth only about half what gold specie was worth. Willard sued for relief.

The Supreme Court of the District of Columbia held in favor of Tayloe. Willard appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which granted certiorari.

## Decision

### Majority opinion

Associate Justice Stephen Johnson Field delivered the unanimous opinion of the Court.

Justice Field concluded that contract law usually required courts to apply the terms of the contract as specified. But relief in cases of equity is a matter of discretion: "When a contract is of this character, it is the usual practice of courts of equity to enforce its specific execution upon the application of the party who has complied with its stipulations on his part or has seasonably and in good faith offered and continues ready to comply with them. But it is not the invariable practice. This form of relief is not a matter of absolute right to either party; it is a matter resting in the discretion of the court, to be exercised upon a consideration of all the circumstances of each particular case." That the initial contract was a fair one was not in dispute, Field noted: The sale price ($22,500) was much higher than the assessed value ($15,000), and no one could have foreseen that property values would more than double over the next 10 years.

The majority held that if "the contract \[is\] fair in its terms," discretion regarding relief may be exercised "if ... subsequent events, or even ... collateral circumstances... would work hardship or injustice to either of the parties." "\[E\]stablished doctrines and settled principles of equity" should be employed to determine the relief to be imposed, and the "specific relief will be granted when it is apparent from a view of all the circumstances of the particular case that it will subserve the ends of justice, and that it will be withheld when from a like view it appears that it will produce hardship or injustice to either of the parties."

Two issues now confronted the Court.

The first was the nature of the "cash" which the contract specified be used as the down payment in 1854. Justice Field concluded that "cash" meant gold coin, as no other form of legal tender existed in 1854. The creation of paper currency subsequent to the 1854 contract did not alleviate Willard of the requirement that the down payment be made in "cash" (e.g., gold coin), Field held. But the issue did not end there. Had Willard acted in good faith in offering the U.S. Notes? If not, then no relief was likely: The contract had expired, and Willard had not acted in a timely fashion to secure his rights under it by submitting a cash down-payment. But if he had acted in good faith, then Willard would be able to seek relief from courts of equity. The constitutionality of the National Banking Act was not at issue, the Court said, because the issue before the Court was not whether paper currency constituted "cash" but whether Willard acted in good faith (e.g., had assumed in good faith that U.S. Notes constitute cash, as Congress had said they did). Field laid out extensive reasons for why Willard had acted in good faith:

1. Congress had declared the Notes to be legal tender for all debts, and the National Banking Act made no distinction between debts contracted before or after this change.
2. Gold was no longer used for currency, and U.S. Notes constituted almost the entire currency.
3. Almost every state court had upheld the constitutionality of the National Banking Act.
4. Tayloe had left the city before the expiration of the contract, preventing Willard from discussing with him the nature of the "cash" to be used for the down payment.
5. Willard had petitioned the courts in a timely matter, expressing his desire to fulfill the contract in good faith.

Since Willard had acted in good faith, the Court concluded, the contract was still in force.

The second issue confronting the Court was the effect which inflation had on the sale price of the property. The Court flatly refused to overturn the contract on grounds of equity simply because the assessed value had exceeded the anticipated rate of inflation. The parties had considered the effect inflation might have, and had agreed on the terms. No objection had been raised at any time by either party prior to agreement, and the contract was (as Field previously noted) fair. But the Court also recognized that forcing Tayloe to accept paper currency valued at one-half that of coin would also be unjust.

The Court also dispensed with a third issue, which Tayloe had raised. Willard had transferred a half-interest in the deed to the property to his brother. Tayloe argued this rendered the contract void because he had not agreed to make the brother a party to the agreement. But the majority rejected this argument: "\[T\]hat is a matter with which the defendant has no concern."

The majority remanded the case back to the district court with the instruction that Willard make the down payment, subsequent purchase price payments, interest payments, and yearly rent to Tayloe in gold and silver coin. Upon satisfaction of the down payment, Tayloe must convey the deed to Willard. The price of the property, however, was not adjusted.

### Concurrence

Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase and Associate Justice Samuel Nelson concurred in the decision regarding payment in gold and silver coin, but not the reasoning behind the holding.

## Impact of the case

Henry Willard successfully purchased the property from Benjamin Ogle Tayloe, and the Willard Hotel became one of Washington, D.C.'s, landmark hotels. It still exists, although the name has changed to the Willard InterContinental Hotel, and it is one of the city's best-known luxury hotels.

*Willard v. Tayloe* was an important decision of the Chase Court. The case went directly to the heart of Chase's core convictions regarding banking and monetary policy. While Chase favored a banking system that was national and centralized, he was initially opposed to the introduction of paper money and (contrary to President Abraham Lincoln's policy) believed U.S. Bank Notes should be convertible into gold. *Willard v. Tayloe* and the Legal Tender Cases were "the most significant set of cases decided by the Chase Court".

The *Willard* decision is a classic example of a "conditional order of specific performance." Courts of equity often use a monetary calculus to judge hardship. Frustration of purpose can occur when the terms of a contract are applied literally and automatically without taking into consideration radical changes in the economic or physical environment.

The *Willard* court was also wrestling with a 19th-century concept of money that was quickly becoming outmoded. This concept, known as "nominalism," assumed that money had an intrinsic value which did not change. The value of a gold coin of a certain size was always the value of such a gold coin, and inflation did not exist. Metallism (using coins of some valuable metal like gold or silver) is a nominalistic money system, one which the United States had moved away from with the National Banking Act of 1863. Nominalism was critical to the development of the law of contract and the modern industrial economy. Most nations adhered to it until the 20th century but abandoned it thereafter. This trend away from nominalism was under way at the time the *Willard* case came before the Supreme Court, and it represents the Court's attempt to reconcile this modern economics with contract law.

The Supreme Court's ruling in *Willard* also was certainly influenced by the forthcoming Legal Tender Cases. The Court was ready to take up *Hepburn v. Griswold*, a case it would decide in 1870 and which would hold that the issuance of U.S. Notes was unconstitutional. Within a year, however, the Supreme Court would overrule *Hepburn v. Griswold*, and in *Knox v. Lee*, 79 U.S. 457 (1871) and *Parker v. Davis*, 79 U.S. 457 (1871) uphold the constitutionality of the Legal Tender Act of 1862. It would more broadly do so again in *Juilliard v. Greenman*, 110 U.S. 421 (1884). The problem for the *Willard* court was how to craft a conditional order of specific performance, for any adjustment in the amount of paper currency tendered by Willard would have tacitly indicated that paper currency was valid (e.g., constitutionally issued).

The decision is also notable for being the only one of four major Supreme Court decisions on equity which invoked the English common law roots of American equity jurisprudence. Even so, Justice Field never addressed the main point of English common law equity, which was to protect public interests.

For many years, the *Willard* decision was the leading case in contract law regarding intent and enforcement. The case is still considered the leading decision on frustration of purpose regarding inflation in contracts. The *Willard* Court's conclusion that coin rather than paper currency be the form of payment (even though coin was no longer used) has drawn criticism from modern commentators, who found it inequitable. At least one modern commentator has characterized the decision "temporizing and cautious". Another has observed that the ruling never attempts to distinguish legitimate inflation from speculation or economic bubbles. The fact-specific nature of the Court-fashioned relief has also tended to limit the ruling's applicability. In part, this may be because modern contracts often require an independent re-appraisal of the land prior to sale.

A 1978 United States district court case, *Iowa Elec. Light & Power Co. v. Atlas Corp.*, 467 F. Supp. 129 (N.D. Iowa), has called into question the Supreme Court's assertion of discretion in equity cases, arguing that courts only have the ability to alter the time, place, and manner of payment and not the actual price.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Willard v. Tayloe | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Full case name | *Willard v. Tayloe* |
| Citations | 75 U.S. 557 (*more*)8 Wall. 557; 19 L. Ed. 501 |
| Case history | |
| Prior | On appeal from the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | Field, joined by Grier, Clifford, Swayne, Miller, Davis |
| Concurrence | Chase, Nelson |


title: Willardia caicosensis

abstract: Willardia caicosensis is a species of deep sea sclerosponge from the Turks and Caicos Islands. It was first described by Philippe Willenz of the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique in Brussels, Belgium and Shirley Pomponi, now of the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution at Florida Atlantic University.

text:
# Willardia caicosensis

***Willardia caicosensis*** is a species of deep sea sclerosponge (coralline sponge) from the Turks and Caicos Islands. It was first described by Philippe Willenz of the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique in Brussels, Belgium and Shirley Pomponi, now of the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution at Florida Atlantic University.

* "Willardia". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 22 August 2009.

## InfoBox

| *Willardia caicosensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Porifera |
| Class: | Demospongiae |
| Order: | Clionaida |
| Family: | Acanthochaetetidae |
| Genus: | *Willardia* |
| Species: | ***W. caicosensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Willardia caicosensis***<br>Willenz & Pomponi, 1996 | |
|


title: Province of Barcelona

abstract: Barcelona is a province of eastern Spain, in the center of the autonomous community of Catalonia. The province is bordered by the provinces of Tarragona, Lleida, and Girona, and by the Mediterranean Sea. Its area is 7,726 km⁲ (2,983 sq mi). A total of 5,743,402 people live in the province, of whom about 29% (1,664,182) live within the administrative limits of the city of Barcelona, which itself is contained in the Barcelona metropolitan area.

text:
# Province of Barcelona

**Barcelona** (Catalan: \[bəɾsəˈlonə\] ; Spanish: \[baɾθeˈlona\]) is a province of eastern Spain, in the center of the autonomous community of Catalonia. The province is bordered by the provinces of Tarragona, Lleida, and Girona, and by the Mediterranean Sea. Its area is 7,726 km2 (2,983 sq mi). A total of 5,743,402 people live in the province, of whom about 29% (1,664,182) live within the administrative limits of the city of Barcelona, which itself is contained in the Barcelona metropolitan area.

## Divisions

The capital of the province is the city of Barcelona, and the provincial council is based in the Casa Serra on the Rambla de Catalunya in that city. Some other cities and towns in Barcelona province include L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Badalona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Martorell, Mataró, Granollers, Sabadell, Terrassa, Sitges, Igualada, Vic, Manresa, and Berga.

Since the division by provinces in Spain and the division by *comarques* in Catalonia do not completely agree, the term *comarques of the province of Barcelona* would not be entirely correct. However, a list of the *comarques* that are included—totally or partially—in the province of Barcelona can be made:

## Geography

The Catalan Pre-Coastal Range and Catalan Coastal Range mountains run through the Province of Barcelona. There are several notable smaller mountain ranges that are located in the province, including Montseny Massif, Serra de Collserola, and Tibidabo. Pedraforca is the tallest mountain in the province, located on the north side as part of the Pre-Pyrenees. Tibidabo is the mountain that overlooks the city of Barcelona.

The majority of the Province of Barcelona has a Mediterranean climate on the coast and an oceanic climate inland.

## Population development

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Largest groups of foreign residents
| Nationality | Population (2022) |
| --- | --- |
| Morocco | 134,020 |
| Italy | 66,375 |
| China | 54,378 |
| Pakistan | 48,572 |
| Colombia | 38,991 |
| Honduras | 35,870 |
| Romania | 32,444 |
| France | 28,043 |

## Presidency

## Notes and references

* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Barcelona (Spanish province)". *Encyclopædia Britannica* (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

41°27′N 2°5′E / 41.450°N 2.083°E / 41.450; 2.083

## InfoBox

| Province of Barcelona *Província de Barcelona* (Catalan)
*Provincia de Barcelona* (Spanish) | |
| --- | --- |
| Province | |
| Aerial view | |
|  | |
| Map of Spain with Province of Barcelona highlighted | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Catalonia |
| Capital | Barcelona |
| Government | |
| Body | Provincial Deputation of Barcelona |
| President | Lluïsa Moret (PSC) |
| Area | |
| Total | 7,726 km2 (2,983 sq mi) |
| Rank | Ranked 33rd |
|  | 1.53% of Spain |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 5,743,402 |
| Rank | Ranked 2nd |
|  | 12.02% of Spain |
| ISO 3166 code | ES-B |
| Official language(s) | Catalan  Spanish |
| Parliament | Cortes Generales
Parliament of Catalonia |
| Website | www.diba.cat |


title: Selective digestive decontamination

abstract: Selective digestive decontamination (SDD) is a process used on intensive care units to reduce the occurrence of infections in critically ill people. It involves the administration of antibiotics to reduce bacteria and fungi in the digestive tract to prevent them from causing illness in those at high risk. It can target both normal and abnormal flora. A related treatment consists of the same antibiotics but only to remove bacteria in the mouth and not the bowel.

text:
# Selective digestive decontamination

**Selective digestive decontamination** (**SDD**) is a process used on intensive care units to reduce the occurrence of infections in critically ill people. It involves the administration of antibiotics to reduce bacteria and fungi in the digestive tract to prevent them from causing illness in those at high risk. It can target both normal and abnormal flora.

A related treatment (selective oropharyngeal decontamination, SOD) consists of the same antibiotics but only to remove bacteria in the mouth and not the bowel.


title: Temple University School of Pharmacy

abstract: The Temple University School of Pharmacy (TUSP) is a graduate pharmacy school of the Temple University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Founded in 1901, it offers Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) and Master of Science degrees.

text:
# Temple University School of Pharmacy

The **Temple University School of Pharmacy** (TUSP) is a graduate pharmacy school of the Temple University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Founded in 1901, it offers Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) and Master of Science degrees.

## History

Temple University School of Pharmacy was founded in 1901, initially as a two-year program sharing classes with the Medical School. First classes were held in 1901 at College Hall, but moved to Eighteenth and Buttonwood Campus (adjacent to the present Community College of Philadelphia) in 1907. The pharmacy school stayed in this building until 1947. In 1907, School of Pharmacy separated from the Medical School and Dr. John R. Minehart was appointed as the first Dean of Pharmacy, serving until 1932. Dean Minehart oversaw the expansion of School of Pharmacy to a three year course and its accreditation by American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy in 1928.

Harvey Evert Kendig succeeded Dean Minehart and oversaw the moving of the School of Pharmacy to a new campus located at 3223 N Broad Street in 1947 which is the current location of Temple University School of Dentistry. Under Dean Kendig, the School of Pharmacy curriculum saw the expansion to a coursework of four years. Joseph B. Sprowles became the Dean of Pharmacy in 1950, serving until 1967. A Master of Science program was established in 1968 in Quality Assurance and Regulatory Affairs (QA/RA) to serve the needs of professionals in pharmaceutical industry under his guidance.

In 1974, School of Pharmacy moved to its current location at 3307 N Broad Street with the help of funding from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Temple University and federal grants. Peter H. Doukas has been serving the School of Pharmacy since 1990. Under his leadership, the Master's program in QA/RA was moved to the Fort Washington Campus in order to accommodate the increased number of pharmaceutical companies located in the Greater Philadelphia Area.

On November 1, 2019, School of Pharmacy saw a change in leadership as Dean Doukas stepped down and was succeeded by Jayanth Panyam.

## Academics

Temple University School of Pharmacy awards Doctor of Pharmacy degree which is its main offering. In addition, a graduate program in Pharmaceutical Sciences is established with concentrations in Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics available offering Master of Science and Doctor of Pharmacy degrees. A Master of Science in Quality Assurance and Regulatory Affairs has been established since 1968 as the first program of its kind in United States at that time.

## Kendig Memorial Museum

The museum is dedicated to the memory of Dean Harvey Evert Kendig who served the School of Pharmacy from 1907 to 1950. It was opened in 1957 and moved to its current location in 1974. The museum houses fixtures which were originally part of Old Morgan Pharmacy, where Wyeth Brothers worked who went on to found Wyeth. The collection also houses pharmaceutical equipment, specie jars, show globes and other equipment of an apothecary.

40°00′14″N 75°09′07″W / 40.003901°N 75.151884°W / 40.003901; -75.151884

## InfoBox

Temple University School of Pharmacy
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | State-related |
| Established | 1901 |
| Dean | Jayanth Panyam |
| Academic staff | 42 (Fall 2017) |
| Students | 908 (Fall 2017) |
| Location | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States |
| Campus | Health Science Campus |
| Website | pharmacy.temple.edu |


title: Umro Ayyar

abstract: Umro Ayyar or Amar Ayyar is a fictional character, an ayyār, in Tilism-e-Hoshruba, an Urdu recension of the Islamic epic Hamzanama. He was first written about during the time of Mughal Emperor Akbar and many stories and novels have been written about him since. Modern Urdu authors like Zaheer Ahmed, Mazhar Kaleem, Safdar Shaheen and Akhter Rizvi have written various different stories about the character.

text:
# Umro Ayyar

**Umro Ayyar** or **Amar Ayyar** is a fictional character, an ayyār, in *Tilism-e-Hoshruba*, an Urdu recension of the Islamic epic *Hamzanama* (originally in Persian). He was first written about during the time of Mughal Emperor Akbar and many stories and novels have been written about him since.

Modern Urdu authors like Zaheer Ahmed, Mazhar Kaleem, Safdar Shaheen and Akhter Rizvi have written various different stories about the character.

## Summary

is a thief and most famous character of the *Hamzanama* after Amir Hamza, the titular hero of the epic. He's known for his cleverness and theft in the city 'Tilism-e-Hoshruba'. His life is full of adventure. It is his habit to travel around the world and to face evils and bad spirits. Umro has a magical *zambeel (*bag) from which he can extract whatever he wants. He mostly uses it to show off and to kill evil. He steals from the rich and gives to the poor.

## Legacy

The immense popularity of the dastan had a long-lasting effect on other forms of fictional narratives. The earliest novels in Urdu as well as Hindi often seem nothing more than simplified or bowdlerized forms of Dastans. Babu Devaki Nandan Khatri's *Chandrakanta* and *Chandrakanta Santati* and Ratan Nath Dhar Sarshar's *Fasana-e-Azad* are only the two most stellar examples of this genre. Chandrakanta bears the direct influence of dastans as witnessed in the case of eponymous protagonist Chandrakanta who is trapped in a tilism and the presence of notable ayyars. The dastan also influenced Munshi Premchand (1880-1936) who was fascinated and later on inspired by the stories of *Tilism-e Hoshruba* that he heard at the tobacconist shop in his childhood days. The conventions of the dastan narrative also conditioned Urdu theatre: the trickster Ayyar, permanent friend of Hamza provided the convention of the hero's \[comic\] sidekick that achieved culmination in the Hindi cinema of the sixties.

The story is also performed in Indonesian puppet theatre, where it is called *Wayang Menak*. Here, Hamza is also known as Wong Agung Jayeng Rana or Amir Ambyah.

Frances Pritchett's former student at Columbia University, Pasha Mohamad Khan, who currently teaches at McGill University, researches qissa/dastan (romances) and the art of dastan-goi (storytelling), including the *Hamzanama*.

## In fiction

### Films

| Film | Director | Played by |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Chandrakanta* (1956) | G. P. Sippy |  |
| *Umro Ayyar - A New Beginning* (2024) | Azfar Jafri | Usman Mukhtar |
| *Taalismaan* (unreleased) | Ram Madhvani | Amitabh Bachchan |

### Animated films

| Film | Director | Played by |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *The Chronicles of Umro Ayyar* (unreleased) | Syed Arsalan Ali
Haris Basharat | Afraz Rasool |
|

### Dramas

| Drama | Writer | Played by |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Ainak Wala Jin* (1993) | Abdul Hameed | Nisar Butt |
| *Chandrakanta* (1994) | Devaki Nandan Khatri | Brahmachari |
| *Kahani Chandrakanta Ki* (2011) | Shrikant Vishvakarma | Sparsh Sharma |
| *Chandrakanta* (2017) | Devaki Nandan Khatri
Ekta Kapoor | Punit Talreja |
| *Prem Ya Paheli – Chandrakanta* (2017) | Devaki Nandan Khatri | Chandan K Anand |

### Other books

| No. | Book | Writer(s) | Publisher |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | *Hamzanama* | Ghalib Lakhnavi | Modern Library |
| 2 | *Chandrakanta* | Devaki Nandan Khatri | Lehri Book Depot |
| 3 | *Umru Ayar* (comic series) | Hasan Ansari | Kachee Goliyan |
| 4 | *Tilism-e-Hoshruba* | Shahnaz Aijazuddin | Penguin Books Ltd |
| 5 | *Hoshruba: The Land and the Tilism* | Musharraf Ali Farooqi | Penguin Random House Pvt. Ltd |
|

1. "Ayyar, Ê»Umro (Fictitious character) \[WorldCat Identities\]".
2. Ahmad, Dr Saeed; Fatima, Ambar (1 March 2020). "عمر و عیار۔ داستانِ امیر حمزہ کا ایک دلچسپ کردار". *Noor e Tahqeeq*. **4** (13): 49–55  via ojs.lgu.edu.pk.
3. "Umro Aur Botal Ka Jin by Zaheer Ahmed\]". 7 July 2019.
4. "Umro Aur Veran Qila by Mazhar Kaleem M.A\]".
5. "Tilism-i-Hoshruba: Umro Ayyar Collection Series".
6. "Zambeel – The legendary bag of tricks". *Zambeel Dramatic Readings*. 28 April 2013.
7. Introduction to Dastangoi. dastangoi.blogspot.com.
8. "Pasha M. Khan | Institute of Islamic Studies - McGill University". *www.mcgill.ca*. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
9. "Chandrakanta (1956)". *Cinemaazi*.
10. "Umro Ayyar: Usman Mukhtar revives the Persian legend of magic, adventure". *Geo News*. 17 November 2021.
11. "The Chronicles of Umro Ayyar". *IMDb*. 21 April 2023.
12. "NISAR BUTT in Ainak Wala Jin". *FUN4ALL*.
13. "Chandrakanta (1994)". *Indiancine.ma*.
14. "Chandrakanta (2017)". *Indiancine.ma*.
15. "Prem Ya Paheli: Chandrakanta (2017)". *Indiancine.ma*.
16. "Comic review: Umru Ayar, the rebirth of a hero". *The Express Tribune*. 28 April 2013.
17. *Tilism-e-Hoshruba*. Penguin UK. 30 October 2009. ISBN 9788184758245. `{{cite book}}`: `|website=` ignored (help)
18. "The Magical Tale of Hoshruba, a Dastangoi Classic". *Asia Society*.

## InfoBox

| Umro Ayyar | |
| --- | --- |
| First appearance | *Hamzanama* |
| In-universe information | |
| Nickname | Umro |
| Gender | Male |
| Weapon | Suleimani |
| Home | Tilism-e-Hoshruba |


title: Zinc finger protein basonuclin-2

abstract:
Zinc finger protein basonuclin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BNC2 gene.
BNC2 has recently been shown to influence skin pigmentation levels in Europeans. Genomic region spanning the BNC2 gene has 60% Neanderthal DNA sequence.

text:
# Zinc finger protein basonuclin-2

**Zinc finger protein basonuclin-2** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *BNC2* gene. BNC2 has recently been shown to influence skin pigmentation levels in Europeans. Genomic region spanning the BNC2 gene has 60% Neanderthal DNA sequence.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| BNC2 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | BNC2, BSN2, basonuclin 2, LUTO | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 608669; MGI: 2443805; HomoloGene: 18243; GeneCards: BNC2; OMA:BNC2 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_017637
NM\_001317939
NM\_001317940   NM\_172870
NM\_001369081
NM\_001369082
NM\_001369083
NM\_001369084   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001304868
NP\_001304869
NP\_060107   NP\_766458
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NP\_001356013   Location (UCSC) Chr 9: 16.41 – 16.87 Mb Chr 4: 84.19 – 84.59 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
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title: Ulster Protestants

abstract: Ulster Protestants are an ethnoreligious group in the Irish province of Ulster, where they make up about 43.5% of the population. Most Ulster Protestants are descendants of settlers who arrived from Britain in the early 17th century Ulster Plantation. This was the settlement of the Gaelic, Catholic province of Ulster by Scots and English speaking Protestants, mostly from the Scottish Lowlands and Northern England. Many more Scottish Protestant migrants arrived in Ulster in the late 17th century. Those who came from Scotland were mostly Presbyterians, while those from England were mostly Anglicans. There is also a small Methodist community and the Methodist Church in Ireland dates to John Wesley's visit to Ulster in 1752. Although most Ulster Protestants descend from Lowland Scottish people, many descend from English, and to a lesser extent, from Irish, Welsh and Huguenots. Since the 17th century, sectarian and political divisions between Ulster Protestants and Irish Catholics have played a major role in the history of Ulster, and of Ireland as a whole. It has led to bouts of violence and political upheaval, notably in the Irish Confederate Wars, the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, the Williamite War, the Armagh disturbances, Irish Rebellion of 1798, the Irish revolutionary period, and the Troubles. Today, the vast majority of Ulster Protestants live in Northern Ireland, which was created in 1921 to have an Ulster Protestant majority, and in the east of County Donegal. Politically, most are unionists, who have an Ulster British identity and want Northern Ireland to remain part of the United Kingdom.

text:
# Ulster Protestants

**Ulster Protestants** are an ethnoreligious group in the Irish province of Ulster, where they make up about 43.5% of the population. Most Ulster Protestants are descendants of settlers who arrived from Britain in the early 17th century Ulster Plantation. This was the settlement of the Gaelic, Catholic province of Ulster by Scots and English speaking Protestants, mostly from the Scottish Lowlands and Northern England. Many more Scottish Protestant migrants arrived in Ulster in the late 17th century. Those who came from Scotland were mostly Presbyterians, while those from England were mostly Anglicans (see Church of Ireland). There is also a small Methodist community and the Methodist Church in Ireland dates to John Wesley's visit to Ulster in 1752. Although most Ulster Protestants descend from Lowland Scottish people (some of whose descendants consider themselves Ulster Scots), many descend from English, and to a lesser extent, from Irish, Welsh and Huguenots.

Since the 17th century, sectarian and political divisions between Ulster Protestants and Irish Catholics have played a major role in the history of Ulster, and of Ireland as a whole. It has led to bouts of violence and political upheaval, notably in the Irish Confederate Wars, the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, the Williamite War, the Armagh disturbances, Irish Rebellion of 1798, the Irish revolutionary period, and the Troubles. Today, the vast majority of Ulster Protestants live in Northern Ireland, which was created in 1921 to have an Ulster Protestant majority, and in the east of County Donegal. Politically, most are unionists, who have an Ulster British identity and want Northern Ireland to remain part of the United Kingdom.

## History

The Ulster Protestant community emerged during the Plantation of Ulster. This was the colonisation of Ulster with loyal English-speaking Protestants from Great Britain under the reign of King James. Those involved in planning the plantation saw it as a means of controlling, anglicising, and "civilising" Ulster. The province was almost wholly Gaelic, Catholic and rural, and had been the region most resistant to English control. The plantation was also meant to sever Gaelic Ulster's links with the Gaelic Highlands of Scotland.

Most of the land colonised was confiscated from the native Irish. Begun privately in 1606, the plantation became government-sponsored in 1609, with much land for settlement being allocated to the Livery Companies of the City of London. By 1622 there was a total settler population of about 19,000, and by the 1630s it is estimated there were up to 50,000.

The native Irish reaction to the plantation was generally hostile, as Irish Catholics lost their land and became marginalized. In 1641 there was an uprising by Irish Catholics in Ulster who wanted an end to anti-Catholic discrimination, greater Irish self-governance, and to undo the plantations. Some rebels attacked, expelled or massacred Protestant settlers during the rebellion, most notably the Portadown massacre. Some settlers massacred Catholics in kind. It is estimated that up to 12,000 Ulster Protestants were killed or died of illness after being driven from their homes. The rebellion had a lasting psychological impact on the Ulster Protestant community and they commemorated its anniversary for two centuries. In the war that followed, a Scottish Covenanter army invaded and re-captured eastern Ulster from the rebels, while a Protestant settler army held northwestern Ulster. These Protestant armies retreated from central Ulster after the Irish Confederate victory at Benburb. Following the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland (1649–52), Catholicism was repressed and most Catholic-owned land was confiscated.

Another influx of an estimated 20,000 Scottish Protestants, mainly to the coastal counties of Antrim, Down and Londonderry, was a result of the seven ill years of famines in Scotland in the 1690s. This migration decisively changed the population of Ulster, giving it a Protestant majority. While Presbyterians of Scottish descent and origin had already become the majority of Ulster Protestants by the 1660s, when Protestants still made up only a third of the population, they had become an absolute majority in the province by the 1720s.

There were tensions between the two main groups of Ulster Protestants; Scottish Protestant migrants to Ulster were mostly Presbyterian and English Protestants mostly Anglican. The Penal Laws discriminated against both Catholics and Presbyterians, in an attempt to force them to accept the state religion, the Anglican Church of Ireland. Repression of Presbyterians by Anglicans intensified after the Glorious Revolution, especially after the Test Act of 1703, and was one reason for heavy onward emigration to British America by Ulster Presbyterians during the 18th century; emigration was particularly heavy to the Thirteen Colonies, where they became known as the Scotch-Irish or Scots-Irish. Between 1717 and 1775, an estimated 200,000 migrated to what became the United States. Some Presbyterians also returned to Scotland during this period, where the Presbyterian Church of Scotland was the state religion. These Penal Laws are partly what led Ulster Presbyterians to become founders and members of the United Irishmen, a republican movement which launched the Irish Rebellion of 1798. Repression of Presbyterians largely ended after the rebellion, with the relaxation of the Penal Laws.

The Kingdom of Ireland became part of the United Kingdom in 1801. As Belfast became industrialised in the 19th century, it attracted yet more Protestant immigrants from Scotland. After the partition of Ireland in 1920, the new government of Northern Ireland launched a campaign to entice Irish unionists/Protestants from the Irish Free State to relocate to Northern Ireland, with inducements of state jobs and housing, and large numbers accepted.

## Present day

The vast majority of Ulster Protestants live in Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom. Most tend to support the Union with Great Britain, and are referred to as unionists. Unionism is an ideology that (in Ulster) has been divided by some into two camps; Ulster British, who are attached to the United Kingdom and identify primarily as British; and Ulster loyalists, whose politics are primarily ethnic, prioritising their Ulster Protestantism above their British identity. The Loyal Orders, which include the Orange Order, Royal Black Institution and Apprentice Boys of Derry, are exclusively Protestant fraternal organisations which originated in Ulster and still have most of their membership there.

At the time of the partition of Ireland about 70,000 Ulster Protestants lived in the three counties of Ulster that are now in the Republic of Ireland, Cavan, Monaghan, and Donegal, although their numbers have significantly declined in the intervening century. They now make up around a fifth of the Republic's Protestant population. Unlike Protestants in the rest of the Republic, some retain a strong sense of Britishness, and a small number have difficulty identifying with the independent Irish state. Ulster Protestants also share common religious, political and social ties with some protestants in counties that border Ulster, particularly County Leitrim that hosts a number of Orange Halls. Sir Jim Kilfedder, Ulster Unionist MP, and Gordon Wilson were both Leitrim Protestants.

Ulster Protestants are also found in diaspora communities, particularly in Scotland, England, and in some other areas of Ireland such as Dublin.

Most Ulster Protestants speak Ulster English, and some on the north-east coast and in East Donegal speak with the Ulster Scots dialects. A very small number have also learned the Irish language as a second language.

## InfoBox

Ulster Protestants
| Total population | |
| --- | --- |
| Total ambiguous
(900,000–1,000,000) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Northern Ireland | 827,500 (Self-identified)
(Northern Irish Protestants) |
| Republic of Ireland | 201,400 (Self-identified)
(Irish Anglicans)
(Irish Presbyterians)
(Irish Methodists)
(Other Irish Protestants) |
| Languages | |
| Ulster English, Ulster Scots, Ulster Irish | |
| Religion | |
| Protestantism
(mostly Presbyterianism, Anglicanism, Pentecostalism, and Methodism) | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Ulster Scots, Anglo-Irish people, Irish people, Scottish people, English people, Scotch-Irish Americans, Scotch-Irish Canadians | |


title: Tsukumo Happy Soul

abstract: Tsukumo Happy Soul (99ハッピーソウル) is a Japanese manga written and drawn by Kendi Oiwa. It was serialized in Shōnen Ace in 2003, from July to October, later becoming a 172-page tankoban.

text:
# Tsukumo Happy Soul

***Tsukumo Happy Soul*** (99(ツクモ)ハッピーソウル) is a Japanese manga written and drawn by Kendi Oiwa. It was serialized in Shōnen Ace in 2003, from July to October, later becoming a 172-page tankoban.

## Plot

When an object is cherished for 99 years a deity is born within that object; also known as a Tsukumo deity. Yukiji's companion, Tamakichi, is a deity; he was born from a certain item her mother left behind. As Yukiji enters Mizuhozaka Girls’ Academy Tamakichi constantly puts in a troublesome appearance. Yukiji's hopes for a good school life looks dimmer and dimmer.

## Characters

**Shinazuki Tamakichi:** A perverted Tsukumo whose object he comes from is a pink vibrator with a happy face, the blunt of many jokes in the chapters. You find out many of his habits right off the bat as he threatens to wake Yukiji up by "fondling her boobs".

**Shinazuki Yukiji:** A teenage girl who goes to an all-girls school with another side she doesn't find out about until she meets another girl with a deity in her headband, despite it focusing around her. She seems to have a short temper only with Tamakichi, and even then, he always tells her that she's very patient. Yukiji is referred to as 'Sleeping Beauty' or 'Sleeping Princess' by Tamakichi, because she's the Tsukumo Master that many have been looking for or trying to hide. It is hinted at that she's on the Student Council.

**Mitsuki:** An eccentric girl who takes out her emotions on others with her Tsukumo or cellphones, Kei. She is stopped from killing the perverted Vice-Principal by Tamakichi.

**Furukawa Miku:** A girl who has a Tsukumo of the headband she wears all the time, named Popuri.

## InfoBox

| Tsukumo Happy Soul | |
| --- | --- |
| 99(ツクモ)ハッピーソウル | |
| Manga | |
| Written by | Kendi Oiwa |
| Magazine | *Shōnen Ace* |
| Demographic | *Shōnen* |
| Original run | July 2003October 2003 |
| Volumes | 1 |


abstract: Mirabile Township is one of twelve townships in Caldwell County, Missouri, and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area with the USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 362. Mirabile is also the name of the school district.

text:
# Mirabile Township, Caldwell County, Missouri

**Mirabile Township** is one of twelve townships in Caldwell County, Missouri, and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area with the USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 362. Mirabile is also the name of the school district.

## History

Mirabile is derived from a Latin word meaning "wonderful".

## Geography

Mirabile Township covers an area of 35.82 square miles (92.8 km2) and contains no incorporated settlements. It contains three cemeteries: Hill, Morris and Paxton.

The streams of Brushy Creek, Plum Creek, Sheep Creek and Willow Branch run through this township.

1. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Mirabile Township, Caldwell County, Missouri
2. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
3. Eaton, David Wolfe (1916). *How Missouri Counties, Towns and Streams Were Named*. The State Historical Society of Missouri. pp. 266.

## InfoBox

| Mirabile Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 39°39′52″N 094°08′05″W / 39.66444°N 94.13472°W / 39.66444; -94.13472 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Missouri |
| County | Caldwell |
| Area | |
| Total | 35.82 sq mi (92.77 km2) |
| Land | 35.76 sq mi (92.62 km2) |
| Water | 0.06 sq mi (0.16 km2)  0.17% |
| Elevation | 948 ft (289 m) |
| Population (2000) | |
| Total | 362 |
| Density | 10.1/sq mi (3.9/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 64671 |
| Area code | 660 |
| FIPS code | 29-48872 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0766367 |


title: Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy

abstract: Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy is a skin condition that occurs in one in 3000 people, about 0.2% of cases, who are in their second to third trimester of pregnancy where the hair follicle becomes inflamed or infected, resulting in a pus filled bump. Some dermatologic conditions aside from pruritic folliculitis during pregnancy include "pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy, atopic eruption of pregnancy, pemphigoid gestationis, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, and pustular psoriasis of pregnancy". This pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy differs from typical pruritic folliculitis; in pregnancy, it is characterized by sterile hair follicles becoming inflamed mainly involving the trunk, contrasting how typical pruritic folliculitis is mainly localized on "the upper back, shoulders, and chest." This condition was first observed after some pregnant individuals showed signs of folliculitis that were different than seen before. The inflammation was thought to be caused by hormonal imbalance, infection from bacteria, fungi, viruses or even an ingrown hair. However, there is no known definitive cause as of yet. These bumps usually begin on the belly and then spread to upper regions of the body as well as the thighs. This condition does not harm the fetus or the mother and usually resolves after delivery of the baby. The rate of incidence could possibly be higher but due to the unknown etiology of the condition, misdiagnosis, and varying levels of severity, it is difficult to differentiate. Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy is currently classified as atopic eruption of pregnancy (AEP) in a retrospective study done in 2006 that compared this condition to eczema and prurigo of pregnancy, which occurred in 49.7% and 0.8% of cases respectively, with eczema clearly being more frequent. Unlike typical pruritic folliculitis which does not resolve on its own, pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy clears spontaneously on delivery or in postpartum period. Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy has no mortality effects or significant adverse effects on the mother or on the fetus. Currently, there are no treatment guidelines for this condition due to the nature of its unknown etiology but symptom relief is strongly emphasized using non-pharmacological interventions such as warm baths or wearing loose clothing. If itchiness and discomfort persists, benzoyl peroxide, low to mid potency topical steroids, or antihistamines can be tried. Novel treatments have also shown potential in treating case studies of pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy, such as using ultraviolet phototherapy. However, further investigation is still required to study its efficacy and safety in second to third trimester pregnant patients.

text:
# Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy

**Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy** is a skin condition that occurs in one in 3000 people, about 0.2% of cases, who are in their second to third trimester of pregnancy where the hair follicle becomes inflamed or infected, resulting in a pus filled bump. Some dermatologic conditions aside from pruritic folliculitis during pregnancy include "pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy, atopic eruption of pregnancy, pemphigoid gestationis, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, and pustular psoriasis of pregnancy". This pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy differs from typical pruritic folliculitis; in pregnancy, it is characterized by sterile hair follicles becoming inflamed mainly involving the trunk, contrasting how typical pruritic folliculitis is mainly localized on "the upper back, shoulders, and chest." This condition was first observed after some pregnant individuals showed signs of folliculitis that were different than seen before. The inflammation was thought to be caused by hormonal imbalance, infection from bacteria, fungi, viruses or even an ingrown hair. However, there is no known definitive cause as of yet. These bumps usually begin on the belly and then spread to upper regions of the body as well as the thighs.

This condition does not harm the fetus or the mother and usually resolves after delivery of the baby. The rate of incidence could possibly be higher but due to the unknown etiology of the condition, misdiagnosis, and varying levels of severity, it is difficult to differentiate. Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy is currently classified as atopic eruption of pregnancy (AEP) in a retrospective study done in 2006 that compared this condition to eczema and prurigo of pregnancy, which occurred in 49.7% and 0.8% of cases respectively, with eczema clearly being more frequent. Unlike typical pruritic folliculitis which does not resolve on its own, pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy clears spontaneously on delivery or in postpartum period. Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy has no mortality effects or significant adverse effects on the mother or on the fetus.

Currently, there are no treatment guidelines for this condition due to the nature of its unknown etiology but symptom relief is strongly emphasized using non-pharmacological interventions such as warm baths or wearing loose clothing. If itchiness and discomfort persists, benzoyl peroxide, low to mid potency topical steroids, or antihistamines can be tried. Novel treatments have also shown potential in treating case studies of pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy, such as using ultraviolet phototherapy. However, further investigation is still required to study its efficacy and safety in second to third trimester pregnant patients.

## History

This condition was first observed in six people in 1981 with many different speculations but no real evidence as to a specific cause. These people had papules starting at various times throughout the second to third trimester with varying severity. Biopsies were taken from these people over a 15 month period in order to examine the composition of these papules. After using H&E, hematoxylin and eosin, to stain the samples, the researchers only found some inflammatory cells like neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, and eosinophils. In four of the samples, immunofluorescence microscopy, where fluorescent antibodies bind to a protein of interest and the expression levels are observed through microscopy, was used but there were no signs of immunoglobulins such as IgG, IgM, IgA or C3 found. Since the first description of this condition, there were very few case reports after, indicating the infrequency of pruritic folliculitis. This was also shown by a prospective study that was conducted in 1994 by Roger et al. that concluded with one individual out of 3,192 pregnant mothers (0.03%) had symptoms which were consistent with the diagnosis of pruritic folliculitis.

## Pathophysiology

Folliculitis, by itself, is a common inflammation process of hair follicles in response to infection or damage to the hair follicles. This inflammatory response can be caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, or simply ingrown hair. However, pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy is different in that it only occurs in pregnant women and during the second or third trimester of pregnancy. There is no clear mechanism in how pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy develops. Because this is a rare condition, there is still currently not enough research to study the cause of it. Some research suggest that this condition may be due to hormone level imbalance during pregnancy . Other research indicate that this condition could be due to immunological changes, such as the reduction of T helper 1 immune cells and the increase in T helper 2 immune cells that occur specifically when pregnant. However, there is not enough evidence to clearly support these claims. Although the pathophysiology of pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy is currently unknown, it has not been significantly linked to harm to either mother or baby. Moreover, this condition resolves after pregnancy and does not affect the development of the baby or recovery of the mother after delivery.

### Suspected risk factors

There are currently no studies into the etiology behind pruritic folliculitis specifically in pregnancy; however, suspected risk factors include:

* Dry skin
* Genetics affecting hormone production
* Poor personal hygiene
* Family history of pruritus in pregnancy
* Family history of eczema, hay fever, or asthma
* Pruritus while taking contraceptive pill prior to pregnancy

## Signs and Symptoms

The signs and symptoms of pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy include: redness of the skin, small red bumps that surrounds a hair follicle, and red bumps that are filled with pus "that usually appear first on the abdomen and may spread to the chest, upper portion of the back, shoulders, arms, and thighs" and it occurs during the second or third trimester of pregnancy. These symptoms are typically "mildly pruritic or asymptomatic" lasting between one week to several months. However, symptoms usually self-relieves spontaneously within one month after birth.

## Diagnosis

The diagnosis of pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy is established based on clinical features such as redness of the skin consisting of small red bumps that surrounds a hair follicle and histopathologic features such as immune cells within the pus along with microscopic testing that shows there is no bacteria, microorganism, or other conditions that could cause itchy skin. Diagnosis for pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy requires patients to go through a biopsy, which consists of taking samples from the tissue to evaluate whether their lesions match the physical factors of pruritic folliculitis. Other pregnancy associated skin diseases must be ruled out alongside obstetric cholestasis, which is a disorder that affects the liver during pregnancy.

There is a great deal of overlap between the following conditions in pregnancy: eczema, prurigo, and pruritic folliculitis. Because of this, they are grouped in a class called atopic eruption of pregnancy. Compared to other pregnancy associated skin conditions, conditions in the class of atopic eruption of pregnancy occurs much earlier.

## Management/Treatment

There is currently no official treatment guidelines for pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy as its etiology and clinical presentations still require further investigation; however, the goal of treatment is to relieve symptoms without causing harm to the mother or fetus. Non-pharmacological intervention is recommended first before using pharmacological agents to treat symptoms.

Since pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy appears in later stages of pregnancy and self-resolves post-partum, non-pharmacological interventions are recommended first to relieve itching symptoms. These interventions focuses on incorporating lifestyle changes which include: switching to loose-fitting clothes, using emollients, taking warm baths, avoiding harsh soaps, and maintaining good personal hygiene.

If itching symptoms still persist, low to mid potency topical corticosteroids and first-generation antihistamines can be considered and may improve appearance of skin lesions. However, they may also not provide complete relief. Commonly used agents to treat pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy include: 10% topical benzoyl peroxide, 1% topical hydrocortisone, first generation H1 receptor blockers such as diphenhydramine or chlorpheniramine, and a short course of systemic corticosteroids such as prednisone.

Narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy has also been explored as a novel treatment option for pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy in one case study. Further investigation that leads to clinical trials is still required to understand the efficacy and safety of this unconventional treatment option.

A comprehensive literature review using Medline and Cochrane Database relating to skin disease in pregnancy from 1990-2005 found that pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy has no associated morbidity for the mother or fetus and the condition will go away after pregnancy.

An article from American Family Physician in 2007 states pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy has "no identified adverse effects" on pregnancy risks and that pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy can be treated using topical corticosteroids, topical benzoyl peroxide, or ultraviolet B light therapy.

## Clinical Studies and Case Reports

There was a case report about a 30 year old women who was in her tenth week of her second pregnancy. She had widespread papulopustular follicular eruption (rash involving hair follicles) mainly affecting her limbs. She was first treated for a bacteria-associated folliculitis, to which she had some symptom relief. However, the continuation of the pruritic folliculitis still persisted. She was later diagnosised with pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy after a histopathologic test was done to confirm sterility and immune cells. She then started "narrowband ultraviolet (UV) B phototherapy at 70% of the minimal erythemal dose with 20% increments using a three times per week treatment schedule" at 11 weeks of her pregnancy. With this treatment, her skin greatly improved after 10 treatments and completely resolved after 20 treatments. She did not have pruritic folliculitis for the remainder of her pregnancy.

Treatment, whether it is pharmacological or non-pharmacological, can vary in pregnant individuals with pruritic folliculitis. The patients' choice to accept such treatment can vary as well. There have been case reports on resolution of pruritic folliculitis in patients who declined and accepted treatment. There was a case report on a 39-year-old woman who experienced a 2-month long manifestation of pruritic folliculitis during the 27th week of pregnancy. The signs, symptoms, and histology of physical presentation were consistent with pruritic folliculitis. Although benzoyl peroxide was prescribed, the patient declined treatment. Without any treatment, her pruritic folliculitis condition resolved after giving birth. In another case report, a 26 year old woman who was 31 weeks into her pregnancy, reported that these inflamed pustules formed over her upper torso especially around her linea nigra and changed over the course of the last 2 months. The diagnosis was confirmed after laboratory tests showed that there was mainly neutrophils and damaged follicle structures. The symptoms were treated with a 5% topical benzoyl peroxide gel but the pruritic folliculitis completely went away after the first week after delivering the baby.

In an effort to establish a possible pathophysiologic mechanism behind pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy, a 2005 case study found pityrosporum yeast in the hair follicles of a pregnant 24 year-old patient. Pityrosporum yeast is typically grouped in hair follicles, leading to an inflammation of the pore causing folliculitis and symptoms of itching. However, it is important to note that this patient's pruritic folliculitis lesions did not improve after delivery of the baby. This finding may lead investigators to believe that this patient's lesions may not be contributed from the pregnancy, but instead it can be speculated that the reason behind the presence of this patient's lesions postpartum is due to hot and humid weather, making her lesions more difficult to heal after giving birth.


title: Viscount Marchwood

abstract: Viscount Marchwood, of Penang and of Marchwood in the County of Southampton, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1945 for the businessman and Conservative politician Frederick Penny, 1st Baron Marchwood. He had already been created a baronet, of Marchwood in the county of Southampton, in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 19 June 1933, and Baron Marchwood, of Penang and of Marchwood in the County of Southampton, in 1937, also in the peerage of the United Kingdom. As of 2022 the titles are held by his great-grandson, the fourth Viscount, who succeeded his father in that year. The third Viscount was educated at Winchester College and served in the Royal Horse Guards, before a career in the drinks industry, first at Cadbury Schweppes, then as managing director of Moet et Chandon. The family seat was The Filberts in Aston Tirrold, Berkshire.

text:
# Viscount Marchwood

**Viscount Marchwood**, of Penang and of Marchwood in the County of Southampton, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1945 for the businessman and Conservative politician Frederick Penny, 1st Baron Marchwood. He had already been created a baronet, of Marchwood in the county of Southampton, in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 19 June 1933, and **Baron Marchwood**, of Penang and of Marchwood in the County of Southampton, in 1937, also in the peerage of the United Kingdom.

As of 2022 the titles are held by his great-grandson, the fourth Viscount, who succeeded his father in that year. The third Viscount was educated at Winchester College and served in the Royal Horse Guards, before a career in the drinks industry, first at Cadbury Schweppes, then as managing director of Moet et Chandon.

The family seat was The Filberts in Aston Tirrold, Berkshire (now Oxfordshire).

## Viscounts Marchwood (1945)

The heir apparent is the present holder’s only son Hon. Christopher (Kit) David George Penny (b. 1999)

Coat of arms of Viscount Marchwood
| CrestIssuant from a circlet Or a demi-lion Gules collard Sable charged on the shoulder with a rose and holding in the dexter paw a fleur-de-lis Gold. EscutcheonGules six fleurs-de-lis three two and one Or on a chief engrailed of the second three roses of the first barbed and seeded Proper. SupportersOn the dexter side a Malayan tiger and on the sinister side a sea lion both Proper. MottoSemper Paratus |
| --- |

## Line of succession

* *Frederick George Penny, 1st Viscount Marchwood (1876–1955)*
    + *Peter George Penny, 2nd Viscount Marchwood (1912–1979)*
        - *David George Staveley Penny, 3rd Viscount Marchwood* (1936–2022)
            * *Peter George Worsley Penny, 4th Viscount Marchwood* (b. 1965)
                + (1) *Hon.* Christopher David George Penny (b. 1999)
            * (2) *Hon.* Nicholas Mark Staveley Penny (b. 1967)
            * (3) *Hon.* Edward James Frederick Penny (b. 1970)
                + (4) Alexander George Robert Penny (b. 1997)

* Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). *Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage* (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,


title: Viscount Mountgarret

abstract:
Viscount Mountgarret is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. The title was created in 1550 for the Hon. Richard Butler, younger son of Piers Butler, 8th Earl of Ormond. Butler had largely rebuilt the tower house at Mountgarret in County Wexford.
His grandson, the third Viscount, was outlawed and excepted from pardon in 1652, one year after his death. His son, the fourth Viscount, received a pardon for all treasons and rebellions from King Charles II and was restored to his estates. He was succeeded by his son, the fifth Viscount who was a supporter of King James II and led the siege of Derry in 1688 to 1689. Lord Mountgarret was taken prisoner and outlawed, with his estates forfeited. However, in 1715 the outlawry was reversed and in 1721 he claimed his seat in the Irish House of Lords. His great-grandson, the eleventh Viscount, represented County Kilkenny in the Irish House of Commons. He was succeeded by his son, the twelfth Viscount. He was made Earl of Kilkenny in the Peerage of Ireland in 1793. The earldom technically became extinct on his death in 1846, when he was succeeded in the viscountcy by his nephew, the thirteenth Viscount. Despite the official title version, members of the Butler family have been known to refer to themselves as the rightful heirs to both the earldom and dukedom of Kilkenny. His son, the fourteenth Viscount, assumed in 1891 by Royal licence the surname of Rawson-Butler and the arms of Rawson when he inherited the Nidd Hall estate but in 1902 he resumed by Royal licence the surname of Butler only. In 1911 he was created Baron Mountgarret, of Nidd in the West Riding of the County of York, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. As of 2017 the titles are held by his great-great-grandson, the eighteenth Viscount, who succeeded his father in 2004. He is understood to be the likely heir to the ancient earldom of Ormond as well as to the 16th century earldom of Ossory, but has not successfully proven the claim. The family seat is Stainley House, near Harrogate, North Yorkshire. The ancestral family home was Nidd Hall, also near Harrogate,

text:
# Viscount Mountgarret

**Viscount Mountgarret** is a title in the Peerage of Ireland.

The title was created in 1550 for the Hon. Richard Butler, younger son of Piers Butler, 8th Earl of Ormond. Butler had largely rebuilt the tower house at Mountgarret in County Wexford. His grandson, the third Viscount, was outlawed and excepted from pardon in 1652, one year after his death. His son, the fourth Viscount, received a pardon for all treasons and rebellions from King Charles II and was restored to his estates.

He was succeeded by his son, the fifth Viscount who was a supporter of King James II and led the siege of Derry in 1688 to 1689. Lord Mountgarret was taken prisoner and outlawed, with his estates forfeited. However, in 1715 the outlawry was reversed and in 1721 he claimed his seat in the Irish House of Lords.

His great-grandson, the eleventh Viscount, represented County Kilkenny in the Irish House of Commons. He was succeeded by his son, the twelfth Viscount. He was made **Earl of Kilkenny** in the Peerage of Ireland in 1793. The earldom technically became extinct on his death in 1846, when he was succeeded in the viscountcy by his nephew, the thirteenth Viscount.

Despite the official title version, members of the Butler family have been known to refer to themselves as the rightful heirs to both the earldom and dukedom of Kilkenny. His son, the fourteenth Viscount, assumed in 1891 by Royal licence the surname of Rawson-Butler and the arms of Rawson (which were those of his maternal grandfather) when he inherited the Nidd Hall estate but in 1902 he resumed by Royal licence the surname of Butler only. In 1911 he was created **Baron Mountgarret**, of Nidd in the West Riding of the County of York, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. As of 2017 the titles are held by his great-great-grandson, the eighteenth Viscount, who succeeded his father in 2004. He is understood to be the likely heir to the ancient earldom of Ormond (created in 1328) as well as to the 16th century earldom of Ossory, but has not successfully proven the claim.

The family seat is Stainley House, near Harrogate, North Yorkshire. The ancestral family home was Nidd Hall, also near Harrogate,

## Viscounts Mountgarret (created 1550)

## Earls of Kilkenny (1793)

## Viscounts Mountgarret (reverted)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. Theo Oliver Stafford Butler (b. 2015).

## InfoBox

| Viscountcy of Mountgarret | |
| --- | --- |
| *Or, a chief indented azure a crescent for difference* | |
| Creation date | 1550 |
| Created by | Edward VI |
| Peerage | Peerage of Ireland |
| First holder | The Hon. Richard Butler |
| Present holder | Piers James Richard Butler, 18th Viscount Mountgarret |
| Heir apparent | The Hon. Theo Oliver Stafford Butler (b. 2015) |
| Seat(s) | Stainley House, near Harrogate, North Yorkshire |
| Former seat(s) | Nidd Hall, near Harrogate |


title: Viscount Netterville

abstract: Viscount Netterville was a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1622 for Nicholas Netterville, 1st Viscount Netterville (1581–1654), eldest son of John Netterville of Dowth, County Meath and Eleanor Gernon, daughter of Sir James Gernon of Castleton, County Louth. The Netterville family are recorded in Ireland from before 1280, and became substantial landowners: they intermarried with leading Anglo-Irish families like the FitzGeralds of Kildare and the Flemings of Slane. He was a favourite of King James I of England who in 1622 conferred the title on him "in consideration of his many good qualities". He suffered considerable financial hardship during the English Civil War when the English Parliament, after the failure of the Royalist cause, sequestered his estates, along with those of his eldest son, John, the 2nd Viscount. During the Irish Rebellion of 1641 John, who adhered to Roman Catholicism, was accused of favouring the rebels, and it does not seem that either side of the conflict fully trusted him. Possibly for this reason his son Nicholas, the 3rd Viscount, had some difficulty after the Restoration of Charles II in recovering the family estates. Eventually, the Court of Claims restored 6,000 acres to him. Because of Nicholas's loyalty to James II the estates were again forfeited after the Glorious Revolution of 1688, but were later restored to his son John, the 4th Viscount. Nicholas, the 5th Viscount, who succeeded to the title in 1727, gained notoriety in 1743 when he was charged with the murder of his valet Michael Walsh: he was tried by his peers and acquitted. Little is known of the details of the alleged murder, partly because both the Crown's key witnesses had died before the trial started. His son John, the 6th Viscount, is best remembered for building an impressive mansion, Dowth Hall, which still exists. He died at a considerable age in 1826, without issue. A distant cousin, James Netterville, made a successful claim to be recognised as 7th Viscount; and after his death, leaving no son, another distant cousin Arthur James Netterville made out his claim to be recognised as 8th Viscount. The 8th Viscount had no son and on his death in 1882 the title became extinct.

text:
# Viscount Netterville

**Viscount Netterville** was a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1622 for Nicholas Netterville, 1st Viscount Netterville (1581–1654), eldest son of John Netterville of Dowth, County Meath and Eleanor Gernon, daughter of Sir James Gernon of Castleton, County Louth. The Netterville family are recorded in Ireland from before 1280, and became substantial landowners: they intermarried with leading Anglo-Irish families like the FitzGeralds of Kildare and the Flemings of Slane.

He was a favourite of King James I of England who in 1622 conferred the title on him "in consideration of his many good qualities". He suffered considerable financial hardship during the English Civil War when the English Parliament, after the failure of the Royalist cause, sequestered his estates, along with those of his eldest son, John, the 2nd Viscount. During the Irish Rebellion of 1641 John, who adhered to Roman Catholicism, was accused of favouring the rebels, and it does not seem that either side of the conflict fully trusted him. Possibly for this reason his son Nicholas, the 3rd Viscount, had some difficulty after the Restoration of Charles II in recovering the family estates. Eventually, the Court of Claims restored 6,000 acres to him. Because of Nicholas's loyalty to James II the estates were again forfeited after the Glorious Revolution of 1688, but were later restored to his son John, the 4th Viscount.

Nicholas, the 5th Viscount, who succeeded to the title in 1727, gained notoriety in 1743 when he was charged with the murder of his valet Michael Walsh: he was tried by his peers and acquitted. Little is known of the details of the alleged murder, partly because both the Crown's key witnesses had died before the trial started.

His son John, the 6th Viscount, is best remembered for building an impressive mansion, Dowth Hall, which still exists. He died at a considerable age in 1826, without issue. A distant cousin, James Netterville, made a successful claim to be recognised as 7th Viscount; and after his death, leaving no son, another distant cousin Arthur James Netterville made out his claim to be recognised as 8th Viscount. The 8th Viscount had no son and on his death in 1882 the title became extinct.

## Viscount Netterville (1622)


title: Virginia Haussegger

abstract: Virginia Haussegger,, is an Australian journalist, academic advocate for gender equity, media commentator and television presenter. Haussegger presented ABC News on ABC TV in Canberra from 2001 until 2016. She is an adjunct professor at the University of Canberra Institute For Governance and Policy Analysis. In 2018 she was named the ACT's Australian of the Year for 2019. She presents the podcast BroadTalk.

text:
# Virginia Haussegger

**Virginia Haussegger**, AM (born 21 March 1964), is an Australian journalist, academic advocate for gender equity, media commentator and television presenter.

Haussegger presented *ABC News* on ABC TV in Canberra from 2001 until 2016. She is an adjunct professor at the University of Canberra Institute For Governance and Policy Analysis. In 2018 she was named the ACT's Australian of the Year for 2019. She presents the podcast *BroadTalk* .

## Career in journalism

Haussegger was previously a reporter and presenter of the ABC's national program *7:30 Report*, and was a senior reporter at Nine Network and the Seven Network on flagship current affairs programs. In addition to broadcast, she is a columnist and leading commentator on a range of social and gender issues and is published across various Australian media. She was awarded the United Nations Association of Australia Media Peace Prize for her coverage of Indigenous Affairs in 1996.

In September 2016, she announced that she would be leaving *ABC News* in October to take up a role at the University of Canberra's 50/50 by 2030 Foundation. She has served on numerous boards and committees including the UN Women National Committee Australia, the Snowy Hydro SouthCare Trust, the Australia Forum Steering Committee, the ACT Government's Cultural Facilities Corporation, and Women in Media Canberra. She is also patron of the Canberra Rape Crisis Centre.

## Author

Haussegger is the author of *Wonder Woman: The Myth of Having it All* which examines issues of feminism, fertility and female choice.

## *BroadTalk* podcast

Haussegger is the presenter of the podcast *BroadTalk*. The first 7-part series of *BroadTalk* in 2020 focused on a 'feminised' style of leadership that emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic and included interviews with Marise Payne, Kate Ellis, and Julia Gillard among others. The second series in 2021 looked at gender equality in individual lives, and included interviews with Julia Banks, Jocelynne Scutt, and others. The third series in 2022 focused on the Australian Federal Election. Season four, also in 2022, focused on Australian women Changemakers, and ties in to an exhibition curated by Virginia Haussegger at the Museum of Australian Democracy.

## 50/50 by 2030 Foundation and BroadAgenda

Haussegger is the founding Director and former Chair of the 50/50 by 2030 Foundation, which she established at the University of Canberra in 2017. She is also the former Chief Editor of BroadAgenda, a news platform created to shine a gender lens on academic research for a mainstream audience.

## Social issues

Haussegger has promoted public awareness of the non-government organisation Mahboba's Promise that assists women, widows and orphans in Afghanistan. She served on the board of UN Women National Committee Australia from late 2010 to 2015.

Haussegger is an adjunct professor at the University of Canberra Institute For Governance and Policy Analysis.

In 2016, Haussegger wrote an article for *The Sydney Morning Herald* attacking Samantha Armytage, labelling her a "mindless bimbo", saying that "when it comes to the important stuff of the day – the stuff that makes the news – there is a screaming lack of representation of women's knowledge, wisdom and expertise."

## Honours

In the 2014 Queen's Birthday Honours, Haussegger was appointed as a Member of the Order of Australia (AM), for "significant service to the community, particularly as an advocate for women's rights and gender equity, and to the media". In October 2018 she was named the ACT's Australian of the Year for 2019.

## Personal life

On 15 October 2005, Haussegger married fellow journalist, Mark Kenny, who became the national political editor for Fairfax Media. It was the second marriage for both. Australian National University academic, John Warhurst described them as one of Canberra's most powerful couples. In December 2018 Hausseger wrote about her bowel cancer diagnosis.


title: Voda, Kansas

abstract: Voda is an unincorporated community in Trego County, Kansas, United States. It is located approximately 7 miles west of WaKeeney.

text:
# Voda, Kansas

**Voda** is an unincorporated community in Trego County, Kansas, United States. It is located approximately 7 miles west of WaKeeney.

## History

A post office in Voda opened in 1904, closed in 1907, reopened in 1912, and closed permanently in 1913.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Voda, Kansas | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| KDOT map of Trego County (legend) | |
| VodaVoda | |
| Coordinates: 39°2′57″N 100°1′11″W / 39.04917°N 100.01972°W / 39.04917; -100.01972 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kansas |
| County | Trego |
| Elevation | 2,549 ft (777 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code | 785 |
| FIPS code | 20-74125 |
| GNIS ID | 471360 |


title: Vodable

abstract: Vodable is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne in central France.

text:
# Vodable

**Vodable** (French pronunciation: \[vɔdabl\]) is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne in central France.

## Buildings

## InfoBox

| Vodable | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Vodable | |
|  | |
| Location of Vodable | |
| VodableVodable | |
| Coordinates: 45°30′31″N 3°08′51″E / 45.5086°N 3.1475°E / 45.5086; 3.1475 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes |
| Department | Puy-de-Dôme |
| Arrondissement | Issoire |
| Canton | Le Sancy |
| Intercommunality | Agglo Pays d'Issoire |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Jean-Marc Labussière |
| Area**1** | 11.68 km2 (4.51 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 190 |
| Density | 16/km2 (42/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 63466 /63500 |
| Elevation | 552–946 m (1,811–3,104 ft)
(avg. 690 m or 2,260 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Visage (Rob Brown album)

abstract: Visage is an album by American jazz saxophonist Rob Brown recorded in 1998 and released on the French Marge label. It features a never previously heard Rob Brown trio with bassist Wilber Morris and drummer Lou Grassi. These three musicians were programmed with different bands during the 1998 edition of the French Rive de Gier jazz festival and producer Gérard Terronès took the opportunity to record the trio in Paris.

text:
# Visage (Rob Brown album)

***Visage*** is an album by American jazz saxophonist Rob Brown recorded in 1998 and released on the French Marge label. It features a never previously heard Rob Brown trio with bassist Wilber Morris and drummer Lou Grassi. These three musicians were programmed with different bands during the 1998 edition of the French Rive de Gier jazz festival and producer Gérard Terronès took the opportunity to record the trio in Paris.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

In his review for AllMusic, Thom Jurek states "The entire album is a meditation on the instinct of blues and mood, and as such it presents Brown in an entirely different light as a soloist and as a leader."

## Track listing

*All compositions by Rob Brown, Wilber Morris, Lou Grassi* 1. "A Step Out the Door" – 8:35
2. "Vigil" – 8:30
3. "Pivot-full Swing" – 6:52
4. "Pussy Foot" – 9:50
5. "Bated Breath" – 9:53
6. "Skipper" – 15:34
7. "Tatters" – 10:18

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Visage | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Rob Brown | |
| Released | 2000 |
| Recorded | October 18, 1998 |
| Studio | Faubourg Saint Antoine cellar, Paris |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 69:32 |
| Label | Marge |
| Producer | Gérard Terronès |
| Rob Brown chronology | |
| *Scratching the Surface*
(1998) ***Visage***
(2000) *Jumping Off the Page*
(2000) | |


title: Volkswagen Group B-VX62 platform

abstract: The Volkswagen Group B-VX62 platform was an automobile platform shared among various marques of multi-purpose vehicles (MPVs) in the European market from the Volkswagen Group and Ford. It was co-developed by Volkswagen AG and Ford Europe, and used by Volkswagen Group for its Volkswagen Passenger Cars and SEAT car marques. All B-VX62-based vehicles were built at the joint venture plant AutoEuropa in Portugal.

text:
# Volkswagen Group B-VX62 platform

The **Volkswagen Group B-VX62 platform** (sometimes called the **VX62** platform) was an automobile platform shared among various marques of multi-purpose vehicles (MPVs) in the European market from the Volkswagen Group and Ford.

It was co-developed by Volkswagen AG and Ford Europe, and used by Volkswagen Group for its Volkswagen Passenger Cars and SEAT car marques. All B-VX62-based vehicles were built at the joint venture plant AutoEuropa in Portugal.

## B-VX62 platform vehicles

1. "Im Fokus: Volkswagen" (PDF). *Automobil-Produktion* (in German). March 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
2. Fulthorpe, Mark (April 2002). "Europe's slight rise & anticipated decline - Auto by the Numbers - car sales, production in Western Europe - Illustration - Statistical Data Included". CBS Interactive Business UK. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
3. "Who we are". *volkswagenautoeuropa.pt*. Volkswagen AutoEuropa. 2008. Archived from the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2010.


title: Volkswagen Group B platform

abstract:
The Volkswagen Group B platform is a mid-size automobile platform from the Volkswagen Group. It has been used for saloon cars/sedans, estate cars/station wagon, and coupés - under the Volkswagen Passenger Cars, Audi, SEAT and Škoda marques. Volkswagen Group revised the alphanumeric nomenclature used for car platforms. The revised platform code is composed as follows:
  - A letter, P, indicating a passenger car platform
  - A letter indicating the configuration of the engine:
    - Q indicates a transverse engine
    - L indicates a longitudinal engine
  - A digit indicating the platform size or class:
    - 4 corresponds to mid-size cars
  - A digit indicating the generation or evolution An additional + suffix indicates a long-wheelbase variant.

text:
# Volkswagen Group B platform

The **Volkswagen Group B platform** is a mid-size automobile platform from the Volkswagen Group. It has been used for saloon cars/sedans, estate cars/station wagon, and coupés \- under the Volkswagen Passenger Cars, Audi, SEAT and Škoda marques.

Volkswagen Group revised the alphanumeric nomenclature used for car platforms. The revised platform code is composed as follows:

* A letter, **P**, indicating a *passenger car* platform
* A letter indicating the configuration of the engine:
* A digit indicating the platform *size* or *class*:
* A digit indicating the *generation* or *evolution*

An additional **+** suffix indicates a long-wheelbase variant.

## B1

19741988. An Audi derived platform, the first Volkswagen Passat was nearly identical to the Audi 80 (Audi Fox in US), sharing much of its mechanical systems, including its longitudinal engine placement.

## BX

19801996. The **BX** platform, developed by Volkswagen's Brazilian subsidiary (Volkswagen do Brasil), again borrowed heavily from the Audi 80 (Fox/4000) of the day. The BX platform was used for the Brazilian Volkswagen Gol (hatchback), Voyage (sedan, also sold as the Gacel or Senda in Argentina, Fox in the US, or Amazon in some other markets), Parati (3-door wagon/estate), Saveiro (pickup) and Furgão (van) models. The BX platform was quite unique in that it started life with a four-cylinder Volkswagen air-cooled engine (borrowed from the Volkswagen Beetle), and eventually ended up with a more modern water-cooled engine, being sold in the US for the first time as a 1987 model. The VW BX family was restyled in 1987 and 1991.

## B2

Still an Audi derived platform, this time based on the Audi 80/4000, again, including its longitudinal engine placement and, on some European models, the quattro four-wheel drive system, rebranded Syncro for Volkswagen cars. The Santana (facelifted) was produced until January 2013 in China.

## B3

The **B3** designation is used to refer to both the third generation Volkswagen Passat produced from 1988-1993, and the "*Typ* 89" version of the Audi 80/90 produced from 1987 to 1992 and the "*Typ* 8B" Audi Coupé and S2, which are based on different platforms. The B3 Passat switched to a transverse engine layout while the Audi 80/90 continued to use a longitudinal engine layout.

The B3 Volkswagen Passat was the first B platform car to be called Passat in the United States. The B3 was also the first Passat with an independently designed platform, which did not share parts with Audi models. Instead, the design borrowed heavily from the Volkswagen Group A2 platform, being essentially a stretched version of it, and sharing the same transverse engine layout.

The Volkswagen Corrado was an A2 platform car, but it borrowed heavily from the B3 Passat platform for ancillary components (the VR6 version borrowed some suspension components from the A3 platform too).

## B4

As with B3, the **B4** designation is used to refer to the "*Typ* 8C" version of the Audi 80 and RS2 produced from 1991 to 1994, as well as the Volkswagen Passat B4, however they are *not* based on the same platform.

The longitudinal engine B4 vehicles were developed from the longitudinal B3 platform, with some modifications such as an extended rear overhang, longer wheelbase, redesigned suspension, and fuel tank.

The B4 Passat was a face lifted B3 (receiving its own generation number is controversial), remaining nearly mechanically identical, but with entirely new sheetmetal, and an updated interior design.

## PL45 (B5)

The **B5** platform (also known as **PL45** under Volkswagen's revised naming scheme) returned to a longitudinal engine layout. This platform was introduced with the first-generation Audi A4 and the 1996 Volkswagen Passat. B5 platform cars can be equipped with a multilink front suspension and a Torsen centre differential for quattro or 4motion branded four-wheel drive systems. A long-wheelbase derivative of this platform - originally designed for the Chinese market and being used in the 1999 Volkswagen Passat Lingyu, but ultimately being used for its rebadged version under the Škoda brand, the 2002 Škoda Superb - is referred to as **PL45+**.

In late 2000, the B5 Passat received a facelift, and is referred to as the "B5.5" generation.

### PL45

### PL45+

## PL46 (B6)

The designation **B6** is used to identify the "*Typ* 8E/8H" Audi A4/S4 produced from late 2000 to 2005. The platform used by these models is formally known as the **PL46** platform.

* Audi A4 (*Typ* 8E/8H (saloon: 8E2, Avant: 8E5) / 8H7 (Cabriolet), 2001–2005)
* Audi S4 (*Typ* 8E/8H (saloon: 8E2, Avant: 8E5) / 8H7 (Cabriolet), 2003–2005)

Confusingly, the sixth generation of the Volkswagen Passat is also colloquially referred to by "B6", given that its fifth generation was previously based on the B5 platform. However, this generation of the Passat returned to the A platform, a stretched version of the Golf Mk5 and Jetta Mk5's transverse engine PQ35 platform.

## PL47 (B7)

The designation **B7** is used to identify the "*Typ* 8E/8H" Audi A4, S4, and RS4 produced from 2005 to 2008. The B7 A4/S4 retains the *Typ* 8E/8H numbers of the B6 A4/S4 with different suffixes, while the SEAT Exeo (which was derived from the B7 A4) takes the *Typ* 3R number.

* Audi A4 (*Typ* 8E2 (saloon), 8E5 (Avant), 8H7 (Cabriolet), 2005–2008\**)
* Audi S4 (*Typ* 8E2 (saloon), 8E5 (Avant), 8H7 (Cabriolet), 2006–2008)
* Audi RS4 quattro (*Typ* 8E2 (saloon), 8E5 (Avant), 8H7 (Cabriolet), 2006–2008)
* SEAT Exeo (*Typ* 3R5 (saloon), 3R9 (Sport Tourer), 20092013)

\**Audi 2009 Cabriolet was a carry-over from the 2008 model year

## MLB/MLP (B8)

The **MLB** (***M**odularer **L**ängs**b**aukasten* in German) or **MLP** (Modular Longitudinal Platform) component matrix is used in the B8 (A4, A5, Q5), C7 (A6, A7, Q7) and D4 (A8) families of Audi vehicles. The design is noteworthy for placing the front differential ahead of the clutch, allowing the front axle to be moved forward 4 inches. This results in an increase in wheelbase and a slightly more rearward weight distribution for better vehicle dynamics.

## InfoBox

| Volkswagen Group B platform | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Volkswagen Group |
| Production | 1972–2013 |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | Mid-size/large family car () <br>Compact executive car () |
| Layout |  |
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | Audi F103 |
| Successor | Volkswagen Group MLB platform |


title: Teinoptera lunaki

abstract: Teinoptera lunaki is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Yugoslavia, North Macedonia, Bulgaria and Greece. Adults are on wing from May to June.

text:
# Teinoptera lunaki

***Teinoptera lunaki*** is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Yugoslavia, North Macedonia, Bulgaria and Greece.

Adults are on wing from May to June.

## Subspecies

* *Teinoptera lunaki lunaki*
* *Teinoptera lunaki boursini* (Greece)
* *Teinoptera lunaki moreana* (Greece)

## InfoBox

| *Teinoptera lunaki* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Genus: | *Teinoptera* |
| Species: | ***T. lunaki*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Teinoptera lunaki***<br>(Boursin, 1940) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Copiphana lunaki* Boursin, 1940 | |


title: William Bard

abstract: William Bard was a lawyer and pioneer in life insurance who founded the New York Life Insurance and Trust Company.

text:
# William Bard

**William Bard** (April 4, 1778 – October 17, 1853) was a lawyer and pioneer in life insurance who founded the New York Life Insurance and Trust Company.

## Early life

Bard was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on April 4, 1778. He was the son of cousins, Mary (née Bard) Bard and Samuel Bard, a prominent doctor who was a founder of Columbia University's medical school and physician to George Washington. His younger sister, Eliza, was the wife of John McVickar, the First Rector of St. James Church in Hyde Park and professor at Columbia University.

His paternal grandparents were Suzanne (née Valleau) Bard, a granddaughter and heiress of Pierre Fauconnier, and John Bard, a friend of George Washington and Benjamin Franklin who had invested in Hyde Park, then a 3,600 acre plantation.

William graduated from Columbia College, in 1798 and began the study of law under Judge Maturin Livingston, the former Recorder of New York City.

## Career

After his marriage in 1820, they moved to Hyde Park where his father had transferred a large portion of his estate, together with a considerable fortune that his wife received from her grandmother, Madame du Nully of San Croix. Around 1826, Bard sold their estate in Hyde Park to David Hosack (the doctor who tended to the fatal injuries of Alexander Hamilton after his duel with Aaron Burr in July 1804) and moved to Manhattan, before eventually settling in Staten Island where he purchased a large piece of property becoming the first of his family to reside on Staten Island. There he built a large house in West New Brighton, located on the north shore of the island, at Bard Ave. (which was named for him) and Delafield Place. He was offered the position of president of Columbia College, but declined the offer.

He later founded the New York Life Insurance and Trust Company, which was the first insurance company in New York, and served as its first president. After his retirement in 1847, he was succeeded by Morris Franklin, who served as president from 1848 until his death in 1885.

## Personal life

On October 7, 1802, Bard was married to Catherine Cruger (1781–1868) at Trinity Church in Manhattan. Catherine was the daughter of Ann (née du Nully) Cruger and Nicholas Cruger (brother of Henry Cruger), a slave-trader in St. Croix, West Indies. Together, they were the parents of fourteen children, eight of whom lived to adulthood:

Bard died on October 17, 1853, at his home on Staten Island. He was buried in the family vault in St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery. His widow, Catherine, died on October 14, 1868, also in Staten Island. Their Staten Island estate in the Livingston neighborhood, which was later owned by their daughter Eliza, became the Staten Island Cricket Club.

Notes Sources  1. Hirsch, Felix (October 1941). "The Bard Family". *Columbia University Quarterly*. Bard College Archives, Annandale-on-Hudson, NY.
2. *Year Book of the Dutchess County Historical Society*. Dutchess County Historical Society. 1938. p. 79. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
3. "The Bard Era (1764-1821) |". *www.vanderbiltgarden.org*. F. W. Vanderbilt Garden Association, Inc. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
4. Wilder, Craig Steven (2014). *Ebony and Ivy: Race, Slavery, and the Troubled History of America's Universities*. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 229. ISBN 9781608194025. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
5. Helffenstein, Abraham Ernest (1911). *Pierre Fauconnier and His Descendants: With Some Account of the Allied Valleaux*. Press of S. H. Burbank & Company. p. 95. ISBN 9780598995292. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
6. Brooks, Charles E. (1996). *Frontier Settlement and Market Revolution: The Holland Land Purchase*. Cornell University Press. p. 209. ISBN 9780801431203. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
7. *Report of the New-York Life Insurance and Trust Company; made to the Chancellor of the State of New-York, March 29, 1831*. New York Life Insurance and Trust Company. 1831. p. 24. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
8. "MORRIS FRANKLIN". *The New York Times*. 23 October 1885. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
9. "| Bard College: A 150 Year History". Hvmag.com. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
10. "COL. S. V. R. CRUGER ACCUSED.; John Bard Says that He Has Held Back Money Due Him Under His Wife's Will" (PDF). *The New York Times*. 6 February 1898. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
11. Hall, Henry (1895). *America's Successful Men of Affairs: The city of New York*. New York Tribune. p. 527. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
12. Johnson, Dale T. (1990). *American Portrait Miniatures in the Manney Collection*. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 193. ISBN 9780870995972. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
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## InfoBox

| William Bard | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| President of the New York Life Insurance and Trust Company | |
| **In office**
1830–1847 | |
| Preceded by | *Inaugural holder* |
| Succeeded by | Morris Franklin |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1778-04-04)April 4, 1778
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | October 17, 1853(1853-10-17) (aged 75)
Staten Island, New York, U.S. |
| Spouse | Catherine Cruger
(m. 1802) |
| Children | 14, including John Bard |
| Parent(s) | Samuel Bard
Mary Bard |
| Alma mater | Columbia College |
|  | |