title: Siege of Savage's Old Fields

abstract: The siege of Savage's Old Fields was an encounter between Patriot and Loyalist forces in the back country town of Ninety Six, South Carolina, early in the American Revolutionary War. It was the first major conflict in South Carolina in the war, having been preceded by bloodless seizures of several military fortifications in the province. Patriot forces under the command of Major Andrew Williamson had been dispatched to the area to recover a shipment of gunpowder and ammunition intended for the Cherokee that had been seized by Loyalists. Williamson's force, numbering over 500, established a stockaded fort near Ninety Six, where it was surrounded by some 1,900 Loyalists. Because the war was in its early days and the partisan war in the southern back country had not become as brutal as it would be later in the war, the siege was conducted desultorily, and was effectively a stalemate. After two days the Loyalists withdrew, having lost four killed and 20 wounded to one Patriot killed and 12 wounded. The Patriots also withdrew toward the coast, but a major Patriot expedition not long after resulted in the arrest or flight of most of the Loyalist leadership.

text:
# Siege of Savage's Old Fields

The **siege of Savage's Old Fields** (also known as the **first siege of Ninety Six**, November 19–21, 1775) was an encounter between Patriot and Loyalist forces in the back country town of Ninety Six, South Carolina, early in the American Revolutionary War. It was the first major conflict in South Carolina in the war, having been preceded by bloodless seizures of several military fortifications in the province.

Patriot forces under the command of Major Andrew Williamson had been dispatched to the area to recover a shipment of gunpowder and ammunition intended for the Cherokee that had been seized by Loyalists. Williamson's force, numbering over 500, established a stockaded fort near Ninety Six, where it was surrounded by some 1,900 Loyalists.

Because the war was in its early days and the partisan war in the southern back country had not become as brutal as it would be later in the war, the siege was conducted desultorily, and was effectively a stalemate. After two days the Loyalists withdrew, having lost four killed and 20 wounded to one Patriot killed and 12 wounded. The Patriots also withdrew toward the coast, but a major Patriot expedition not long after resulted in the arrest or flight of most of the Loyalist leadership.

## Background

When the American Revolutionary War began in Massachusetts in April 1775, the free population of the Province of South Carolina was divided in its reaction. Many English coastal residents were either neutral or favored the rebellion, while significant numbers of back country residents, many of whom were German and Scottish immigrants, were opposed. Loyalist sentiment in the back country was dominated by Thomas Fletchall, a vocal and active opponent of Patriot attempts to resist King and Parliament. By August 1775 tensions between Patriot and Loyalist in the province had escalated to the point where both sides had raised sizable militia forces.

Events were largely nonviolent for some time, although there were isolated instances of tarring and feathering, but tensions were high as the sides struggled for control of munitions. The Council of Safety in early August sent William Henry Drayton and Reverend William Tennent to Ninety Six to rally Patriot support and suppress growing Loyalist support in the back country. Drayton was able to negotiate a tenuous truce with Fletchall in September.

On September 15, Patriot militia seized Fort Johnson, the principal fortification overlooking the Charleston harbor. Governor William Campbell dissolved the provincial assembly, and fearing for his personal safety, fled to the Royal Navy sloop of war HMS *Tamar*. This left the Patriot Council of Safety in control of the provincial capital. The council began improving and expanding Charleston's coastal defenses; eventually this culminated in a bloodless exchange of cannon fire between Patriot positions and Royal Navy ships in the harbor on November 11 and 12.

Matters also escalated after the seizure by Loyalists in October of a shipment of gunpowder and ammunition sent by the Council of Safety and intended for the Cherokee. The council responded by organizing a large-scale expedition to recover the munitions. On November 8 it voted to send Colonel Richard Richardson, the commander of the Camden militia, to recover the shipment and arrest Loyalist leaders.

## Siege

While Richardson gathered his forces, Major Andrew Williamson, who had already been recruiting in the back country, learned of the gunpowder seizure. He arrived at Ninety Six early on November 19 with 560 men. Finding the small town to be not very defensible, he established a camp on John Savage's plantation, provided a field of fire for the force's three swivel guns. He began fortifying the camp, ordering the construction of an improvised stockade. Loyalist recruiting had been more successful: Williamson had learned that Captain Patrick Cuningham and Major Joseph Robinson were leading a large Loyalist force (estimated to number about 1,900) toward Ninety Six. In a war council that day, the Patriot leaders decided against marching out to face the Loyalists. The Loyalists arrived the next day, and surrounded the Patriot camp.

The leaders of the two factions were in the midst of negotiating an end to the standoff when two Patriot militiamen were seized by Loyalists outside the stockade. This set off a gunfight that lasted for about two hours. The next morning the two sides resumed firing at each other at long range. The Loyalists attempted to set fires, creating a smokescreen they could use to approach the stockade. This attempt was frustrated by the wet ground. The Loyalists next constructed a large wooden shield behind which they sought to bring incendiaries closer to the fort, but they only succeeded in "\[setting\] Fire to their own Engine themselves", according to one account, and it was not proof against the Patriot's guns.

On the afternoon of November 21 the Patriots held a war council, in which they decided to sortie that night. They were preparing for this action at sunset when a Loyalist approached with a parley flag. Nothing was decided in the discussion beyond an agreement to meet the next morning. In that meeting, the Loyalists agreed to withdraw across the Saluda River and the Patriots agreed to destroy the fort. Both sides were to return prisoners taken since November 2 and not interfere with each other's communications with their respective political leaders. The Patriot leaders were also required to surrender their swivel guns, although they were returned three days later. The truce also included reinforcements for both sides, terms that the Council of Safety claimed did not apply to Colonel Richardson's force.

## Aftermath

The reasons why the Loyalists chose to negotiate the truce are unknown. Governor Campbell described the Loyalists as lacking in effective leadership, and historian Martin Cann speculates that it may have been caused by Colonel Richardson's preparations or approach. Richardson mobilized 2,500 men, which grew by the end of November to more than 4,000. This force scoured the back country, arresting or driving away most of the Loyalist leadership. The campaign effectively ended on December 22, when 15 inches (38 cm) of snow fell on the area. Richardson's men, unprepared for the snow, made a difficult trek back to the lowlands.

Some of the Loyalist leaders who escaped Richardson's expedition, including most notably Thomas Brown, fled to West Florida where they joined regular and irregular forces serving with the British. These events resulted in the end of large-scale Loyalist activity in the southern Appalachians, although what was in many ways a civil war became progressively more brutal in the following years. Ninety Six became a British outpost after the 1780 siege of Charleston, and was besieged in 1781 by forces under the command of Nathanael Greene. Although Greene was forced to lift that siege by the approach of a relief force, the British abandoned Ninety Six not long afterward.

## Order of Battle

Patriots:

Commanding Officer – Major Andrew Williamson of the Ninety-Six District Regiment of Militia.

* Ninety-Six District Regiment led by Major Andrew Williamson with the twelve known companies
* Little River District Regiment detachment including five known companies
* Camden District Regiment detachment including two known companies
* New Acquisition District Regiment detachment led by Capt. John Anderson with 11 men
* Lower District Regiment detachment led by Capt. Andrew Pickens with 40 men
* Spartan Regiment detachment led by Capt. John Lisle, Jr. with unknown number of men
* Independent Company of Rangers led by Capt. John Bowie with unknown number of men
* Independent Company of Rangers led by Capt. Benjamin Tutt with 34 men
* Independent Company of Rangers led by Capt. Ezekiel Polk with unknown number of men
* 3rd South Carolina Regiment (Rangers) detachment led by Major James Mayson with the seven known companies
* First Rowan County Regiment of Militia (NC) led by Col. Griffith Rutherford and Lt. Col. Francis Locke, with at least seven known companies
* Georgia Militia detachment led by Capt. Jacob Colson with 18 men

British/Loyalist:

* 1,892 Loyalists led by Major Joseph Robinson – the Ninety-Six District Loyalist Militia, New Acquisition Regiment with fifteen known companies

34°8′49″N 82°1′28″W / 34.14694°N 82.02444°W / 34.14694; -82.02444

## InfoBox

| Siege of Savage's Old Fields | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Southern Theatre of the American Revolutionary War | |
|
A portrait of Richard Richardson | |
| Date November 19–21, 1775  Location Ninety Six, South Carolina  Result  Inconclusive | |
| Belligerents | |
| South Carolina | Great Britain |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Andrew Williamson | Patrick Cuningham
Joseph Robinson |
| Strength | |
| 560 militia and regulars | 1,892 militia |
| Casualties and losses | |
| 1 killed
12 wounded | 4 killed
20 wounded |


title: Siegfried von Kospoth

abstract: Siegfried Freiherr von Kospoth, born in 1740 and died in Kremsier (Kromĕříž) Moravia on 16 December 1809, was an officer of the Habsburg Army during the Wars of First and Second Coalitions.

text:
# Siegfried von Kospoth

**Siegfried Freiherr von Kospoth**, born in 1740 and died in Kremsier (Kromĕříž) Moravia on 16 December 1809, was an officer of the Habsburg Army during the Wars of First and Second Coalitions.

## Military experience

Kospoth was a colonel from 1783 until 1790 and commander of the second Carabiniers Regiments N. 6, also known as the Archduke Franz Regiment. In the War of the First Coalition he served in the Habsburg Army of the Upper Rhine under Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser as Generalmajor and in 1793 as a brigade commander.

In 1796, he was promoted to Lieutenant Fieldmarshal under Baillet de Latour Kospoth participated with the 16th squadron of the second column under Sztáray in the Battle of Malsch and 2 October 1792, he commanded a mixed division of 6,100 men in the first Battle of Biberach. He participated in the preliminaries at the Battle of Handschuhsheim. From 10. November 1796 until 9. January 1797 he participated in the siege of the French bridgehead at the Kehl.

During the War of the Second Coalition, Kospoth commanded a division in the reserve corps of the main army of Archduke Charles. He participated in the battles at Ostrach on 21. March 1799 and Stockach am 25. March 1799. Until May 1799 he commanded the Corps of Observation Villingen and in the Black Forest. At the storming of Mannheim on 18 September 1799, he commanded Archduke Charles' second column.

At the beginning of 1800, he commanded the heavy Cavalry reserve of the main army in the Swabian Circle, under the orders of Paul Kray. In the same year, he participated in the Battle of Engen and Battle of Messkirch. On 1. March 1801 he was promoted to General of Cavalry.


title: Sigma 20mm F1.4 DG HSM Art

abstract: The Sigma 20mm F1.4 DG HSM Art is an interchangeable wide angle lens announced by Sigma Corporation on October 16, 2015. Much like the similar 24mm F1.4, it is designed for wide angle photography with shallow depth of field. At full aperture, it has similar focus depth to a 35mm at f/2.8.

text:
# Sigma 20mm F1.4 DG HSM Art

The **Sigma 20mm F1.4 DG HSM Art** is an interchangeable wide angle lens announced by Sigma Corporation on October 16, 2015.

Much like the similar 24mm F1.4, it is designed for wide angle photography with shallow depth of field. At full aperture, it has similar focus depth to a 35mm at f/2.8.

## InfoBox

Sigma 20mm F1.4 DG HSM Art
| Maker | Sigma |
| --- | --- |
| Lens mount(s) | Canon EF, Nikon F (FX), Sigma SA, Sony E |
| Technical data | |
| Type | Prime |
| Focus drive | Ring-type ultrasonic |
| Close focus distance | 0.30 metres (0.98 ft) |
| Max. magnification | 0.14 |
| Diaphragm blades | 9 |
| Construction | 15 elements in 11 groups |
| Features | |
| Manual focus override | Yes |
| Weather-sealing | No |
| Lens-based stabilization | No |
| Aperture ring | No |
| Physical | |
| Max. length | 130 millimetres (5.1 in) |
| Diameter | 91 millimetres (3.6 in) |
| Weight | 950 grams (2.09 lb) |
| History | |
| Introduction | 2015 |


title: Signal Corps Band

abstract: The Signal Corps Band was a military band maintained by the United States Army and associated with the United States Army Signal Corps. It was activated in 1943 as the band of the 4th Engineer Amphibian Brigade and was posted to Fort Gordon, Georgia, for most of its existence. The band was inactivated in 2016. The Signal Corps Band did not share a common lineage with an identically named unit active from 1930 to 1944.

text:
# Signal Corps Band

The **Signal Corps Band** (officially the **434th Army Band**) was a military band maintained by the United States Army and associated with the United States Army Signal Corps. It was activated in 1943 as the band of the 4th Engineer Amphibian Brigade and was posted to Fort Gordon, Georgia, for most of its existence. The band was inactivated in 2016.

The Signal Corps Band did not share a common lineage with an identically named unit active from 1930 to 1944.

## History

### Predecessor unit

The band of the 13th Cavalry Regiment was organized in 1901. In 1916 it saw action in New Mexico at the Battle of Columbus where it became separated from the rest of the regiment and had to engage Villistas armed only with pistols, during which three bandsmen were killed in action. Inactivated in 1930, its equipment and personnel were reorganized as the newly activated Signal Corps Band.

In 1941 Edward Matlack, great-great grandson of Timothy Matlack, the scribe of the United States Declaration of Independence and Secretary of the Supreme Council of Pennsylvania, was among the Signal Corps Band's personnel. The band was inactivated in 1944 and its equipment and personnel used to form the 389th Army Band, which was later given the special designation Army Materiel Command Band before being inactivated in 2018.

### Modern unit

The Signal Corps Band, officially known as the 434th Army Band, was activated in February 1943 within the Army of the United States as the band of the 4th Engineer Amphibian Brigade at Fort Devens, Massachusetts. In 1944 it was redesignated the 434th Army Service Forces Band, before being inactivated two years later. In 1955 it was reactivated within the regular United States Army at Fort Gordon, Georgia and redesignated as the 434th Army Band. In 1985 it received the special designation "United States Army Signal Corps Band" commonly rendered as "Signal Corps Band".

In 2013 the Army announced the band would be inactivated within three years. It was inactivated in October 2016, and its colors were cased and transferred to the Center for Military History for storage. Its last Commander was CW4 Scott MacDonald. Twelve musicians formerly with the band were retained on-post at Fort Gordon but formally assigned to the 282nd Army Band at Fort Jackson, South Carolina.

#### Notable performances

The band went on notable concert tours of the southeast United States in 2004 and 2005 performing for audiences numbering in the thousands. In 2011 the Signal Corps Band's jazz ensemble performed in concert with Wycliffe Gordon. In 2014 the Signal Corps Band performed a concert for the 70th anniversary of the D-Day Invasion in Augusta, GA. In 2015, the Band performed for packed houses at the Ft. Gordon Dinner theatre in a tribute to Frank Sinatra’s 100th birthday.

## Organization

As of 2008, the Signal Corps Band had 35 personnel assigned to it.

## InfoBox

| 434th Army Band | |
| --- | --- |
| The Signal Corps Band pictured in 2012 | |
| Active | 1943 – 1946, 1950 – 2016 |
| Country | United States |
| Branch | United States Army |
| Type | Military band |
| Role | Public duties |
| Final post | Fort Gordon, Georgia |
| Nickname(s) | Signal Corps Band |
| Engagements | World War II |
| Decorations | Philippine Republic Presidential Unit Citation (1944) |
| Insignia | |
| Distinctive unit insignia |  |


title: Signe Svendsen

abstract: Signe Svendsen is a Danish singer. She took part in Eurovision Song Contest 2001 with the duo formation Rollo & King singing "Never Ever Let You Go" that was runner-up in the competition. She has developed a solo career with release of two albums.

text:
# Signe Svendsen

**Signe Svendsen** (born 16 October 1974) is a Danish singer. She took part in Eurovision Song Contest 2001 with the duo formation Rollo & King singing "Never Ever Let You Go" that was runner-up in the competition. She has developed a solo career with release of two albums.

## Career

Svendsen graduated from Nyborg Gymnasium and Rytmisk Musikkonservatorium in 1998. She gained fame through her participation in Eurovision Song Contest in 2001.

She continued on with a solo career and toured with Niels Hausgaard in 2007-2010 releasing *Ny passager*, her debut solo album in 2010. She wrote or co-wrote eight of the ten titles of the album. She promoted the album with a tour later releasing recordings from the tour in her 2011 album *Live 2010*. In June 2012, she released the single "Din Sang" (meaning Your Song) from her second album *Kun de faldne rejser sig igen* on 9 September 2013 that reached Top 3 in Tracklisten, the official Danish Albums Chart.

Svendsen has also appeared in a number of Danish television programs, including *Spørg Charlie* (Ask Charlie) and *Signe og B.S. på afveje* (with B. S. Christiansen).

## Discography

### Albums

| Year | Album | Peak positions | Certification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | DEN
 | |
| 2010 | *Ny passager* | 12 |  |
| 2013 | *Kun de faldne rejser sig igen* | 3 |  |
|

Live albums * 2011: *Live 2010*

### Singles

| Year | Single | Peak positions | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | DEN
 | |
| 2012 | "Din Sang" |  |  |
|

featured in

| Year | Single | Peak positions | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | DEN
 | |
| 2001 | "Never Ever Let You Go"
(Credited to Rollo & King) | 3 |  |
|


title: Sika Deer Ecological Park

abstract: The Sika Deer Ecological Park is a zoo housing sika deer in Green Island, Taitung County, Taiwan.

text:
# Sika Deer Ecological Park

The **Sika Deer Ecological Park** (traditional Chinese: 綠島梅花鹿生態園區; simplified Chinese: 绿岛梅花鹿生态园区; pinyin: *Lǜ Dǎo Méihuālù Shēngtài Yuánqū*) is a zoo housing sika deer in Green Island, Taitung County, Taiwan.

## History

The growing of deer population in the island started in the 1970s. During its peak, the deer population outnumbered the population of the local people. After 1986, local residents started to release the deer into the wild. A zoo to be the captive place for those deer was established in 2007.

## Architecture

The zoo features a captivity area, information center, paintball area, shops and viewing platform.

## InfoBox

| Sika Deer Ecological Park<br>綠島梅花鹿生態園區 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 22°40′17.8″N 121°29′39.9″E / 22.671611°N 121.494417°E / 22.671611; 121.494417 | |
| Date opened | 2007 |
| Location | Lüdao, Taitung County, Taiwan |
|  | |


title: Sika

abstract:
Sika may refer to:
  - Sika (people), an ethnic group in Indonesia
  - Sika, Burkina Faso, a village
  - Sika, Iran, a village
  - Sika, Võru County, a village
  - Sika, Rõuge Parish, a village
  - Sika language, the language of the Sika people
  - Sika deer, a species of deer native to East Asia
  - Sika AG, a chemical company based in Switzerland
  - Sika Club Beirut, a former association football club in Lebanon

text:
# Sika

**Sika** may refer to:

## People with the given name

* Sika Anoaʻi (born 1945), American Samoan professional wrestler
* Sika Koné (born 2002), Malian women's basketball player
* Sika Manu (born 1987), New Zealand rugby league player

## People with the surname

* Jutta Sika (1877–1964), Austrian graphic designer and artist
* Paul Sika (born 1985), Ivorian fashion and advertising photographer, creative director and artist
* Salesi Sika (born 1980), Tongan-American rugby union player
* Seïdou Mama Sika (born 1949), Beninese politician
* Semisi Sika, Tongan politician


title: Sika, Burkina Faso

abstract: Sika, Burkina Faso is a village in the Nassere Department of Bam Province in northern Burkina Faso. It has a population of 634.

text:
# Sika, Burkina Faso

**Sika, Burkina Faso** is a village in the Nassere Department of Bam Province in northern Burkina Faso. It has a population of 634.

## InfoBox

| Sika, Burkina Faso | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Burkina Faso |
| Region | Centre-Nord Region |
| Province | Bam Province |
| Department | Nassere Department |
| Population (2005) | |
| Total | 634 |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (GMT 0) |


title: Sikory-Piotrowięta

abstract: Sikory-Piotrowięta is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kobylin-Borzymy, within Wysokie Mazowieckie County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland.

text:
# Sikory-Piotrowięta

**Sikory-Piotrowięta** \[ɕiˈkɔrɨ pjɔtrɔˈvjɛnta\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kobylin-Borzymy, within Wysokie Mazowieckie County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland.

## InfoBox

| Sikory-Piotrowięta | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Sikory-Piotrowięta | |
| Coordinates: 53°07′27″N 22°37′36″E / 53.12417°N 22.62667°E / 53.12417; 22.62667 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Podlaskie |
| County | Wysokie Mazowieckie |
| Gmina | Kobylin-Borzymy |


title: Sikory Juskie

abstract: Sikory Juskie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stare Juchy, within Ełk County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) east of Stare Juchy, 12 km (7 mi) north-west of Ełk, and 119 km (74 mi) east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

text:
# Sikory Juskie

**Sikory Juskie** \[ɕiˈkɔrɨ ˈjuskʲɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stare Juchy, within Ełk County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) east of Stare Juchy, 12 km (7 mi) north-west of Ełk, and 119 km (74 mi) east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

## InfoBox

| Sikory Juskie | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Sikory Juskie | |
| Coordinates: 53°55′N 22°17′E / 53.917°N 22.283°E / 53.917; 22.283 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Warmian-Masurian |
| County | Ełk |
| Gmina | Stare Juchy |


title: Shyra Ely

abstract: Shyra Quontae Ely is an American basketball player who last played in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) for the Indiana Fever. The 6–2 power forward had originally played for two seasons with the San Antonio Silver Stars. She was selected with the 14th overall pick in the 2005 WNBA draft in the second round, out of Tennessee.

text:
# Shyra Ely

**Shyra Quontae Ely** (born August 9, 1983) is an American basketball player who last played in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) for the Indiana Fever. The 6–2 power forward had originally played for two seasons with the San Antonio Silver Stars. She was selected with the 14th overall pick in the 2005 WNBA draft in the second round, out of Tennessee.

## Tennessee statistics

Source

Legend
| GP | Games played | GS | Games started | MPG | Minutes per game |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| FG% | Field goal percentage | 3P% | 3-point field goal percentage | FT% | Free throw percentage |
| RPG | Rebounds per game | APG | Assists per game | SPG | Steals per game |
| BPG | Blocks per game | PPG | Points per game | **Bold** | Career high |

| Year | Team | GP | Points | FG% | 3P% | FT% | RPG | APG | SPG | BPG | PPG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2001-02 | Tennessee | 33 | 308 | 49.0 | \- | 58.5 | 5.4 | 1.1 | 0.8 | **0.4** | 9.3 |
| 2002-03 | Tennessee | **36** | 354 | **49.5** | **37.5** | 71.3 | 6.6 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 9.8 |
| 2003-04 | Tennessee | 35 | **508** | 48.1 | \- | 67.8 | **8.0** | 1.5 | 1.3 | **0.4** | **14.5** |
| 2004-05 | Tennessee | 35 | 503 | 45.6 | 29.4 | **72.3** | 7.0 | **1.7** | **1.5** | 0.3 | 14.4 |
| Career | Tennessee | 139 | 1673 | 47.8 | 29.6 | 67.9 | 6.8 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 12.0 |

## High school

Ely played for Ben Davis High School in Indianapolis, Indiana, where she was named a WBCA All-American. She was also recognized as the 2001 Indiana Miss Basketball award winner. She participated in the 2001 WBCA High School All-America Game where she scored two points.

## Professional

Through three seasons in the league, she has scored 245 points, and has collected 132 rebounds, 48 assists, 17 steals, and 5 blocks. She scored a career high 15 points, in the 2005 season, against the Phoenix Mercury.

### WNBA career statistics

Legend
| GP | Games played | GS | Games started | MPG | Minutes per game | RPG | Rebounds per game |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| APG | Assists per game | SPG | Steals per game | BPG | Blocks per game | PPG | Points per game |
| TO | Turnovers per game | FG% | Field-goal percentage | 3P% | 3-point field-goal percentage | FT% | Free-throw percentage |
| **Bold** | Career best | ° | League leader |

#### Regular season

| Year | Team | GP | GS | MPG | FG% | 3P% | FT% | RPG | APG | SPG | BPG | TO | PPG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | San Antonio | 31 | **11** | **17.0** | 37.9 | 29.0 | 76.9 | 2.0 | **0.9** | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 4.5 |
| 2006 | San Antonio | 12 | 1 | 11.3 | 27.3 | 22.2 | 57.7 | 2.6 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 3.4 |
| 2007 | Seattle | 29 | 0 | 9.7 | 32.3 | 33.3 | 64.5 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.0 | **0.7** | 2.2 |
| 2008 | Seattle | **34** | 1 | 11.4 | 40.9 | 36.4 | 62.5 | 2.6 | 0.5 | **0.4** | 0.1 | 0.9 | 3.3 |
| 2009 | Chicago | **34** | 9 | 14.6 | **41.8** | **38.3** | **80.4** | 2.6 | 0.6 | **0.4** | **0.2** | 1.1 | **6.8** |
| 2011 | Indiana | 33 | 0 | 10.8 | 35.8 | 20.8 | 69.0 | 2.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | **0.2** | 0.8 | 3.1 |
| Career | 6 years, 4 teams | 173 | 22 | 12.6 | 38.0 | 32.0 | 70.5 | 2.2 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 4.0 |

#### Playoffs

| Year | Team | GP | GS | MPG | FG% | 3P% | FT% | RPG | APG | SPG | BPG | TO | PPG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2008 | Seattle | 2 | 0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 2011 | Indiana | **3** | 0 | **4.3** | **42.9** | **100.0** | 0.0 | **0.3** | **0.3** | **0.7** | 0.0 | 0.3 | **2.3** |
| Career | 2 years, 2 teams | 5 | 0 | 3.0 | 42.9 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 1.4 |

## Personal

Her brother Shyron Ely is also a professional basketball player who played for the MLP Academics Heidelberg for most of his career.

## InfoBox

Shyra Ely
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1983-08-09) August 9, 1983<br>Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |
| Listed height | 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) |
| Listed weight | 182 lb (83 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school | Ben Davis (Indianapolis, Indiana) |
| College | Tennessee (2001–2005) |
| WNBA draft | 2005: 2nd round, 14th overall pick |
| Selected by the San Antonio Silver Stars | |
| Position | Forward |
| Career history | |
| 2005–2006 | San Antonio Silver Stars |
| 2007–2008 | Seattle Storm |
| 2009 | Chicago Sky |
| 2011 | Indiana Fever |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
| * SEC Tournament MVP (2005) * Third-team All-American – AP (2004) * Kodak All-American (2004) * All-American – USBWA (2004) * 2x First-team All-SEC (2004, 2005) * SEC All-Freshman Team (2002) | |
|  | |
| Stats at WNBA.com | |


title: Shyqyri Alushi

abstract: Shyqyri Alushi was an Albanian singer of folk and the traditional urban music of Shkodër, also known as aheng.

text:
# Shyqyri Alushi

**Shyqyri Alushi** (Albanian pronunciation: \[ʃycyˈɾi aˈluʃi\]; 10 May 1934  18 March 2019) was an Albanian singer of folk and the traditional urban music of Shkodër, also known as aheng.

## Life and career

He was born on 10 May 1934 in Bahçallëk, a neighbourhood of Shkodër. Singing from a young age, he first performed in public at the age of ten, with the song *Mori drandofilja e kuqe* ("O you red rose"). Then, at the age of 17, he became part of the folk group *Grupi karakteristik i ahengut shkodran* ("The Particular Group of Shkodran Aheng"), performing all over the city. In 1974, he becomes part of the Shkodër variety show group, oftentimes performing alongside fellow folk singer Bik Ndoja. After joining he started performing more serious compositions, such as works from masters like Pjetër Gaci, Mark Kaftalli, Nazmi Lishi, Luan Barova, Shefqet Kruja, Sait Hoxha, etc.

In a 60 year long career, Alushi was awarded *Merited Artist of Albania* in 1984, *Krenaria e qytetit* ("City's Pride") in 2000, *Çmimi i karrierës* ("Career Award") in 1996. He was also a winner of *Disku i artë* ("Golden Disc"), a countrywide marathon of folk music.

## Selected songs

* *"Thotë lulja për lulen"*
* *"Kur natyra kenka veshur"*
* *"Nëpër fusha në kodrina"*
* *"Pranvera filloi me ardhë"*
* *"O bilbil më i bukuri i shpendëve"*
* *"T’parën herë kur jena pa"*
* *"Eni more shokë"*

## InfoBox

| Shyqyri AlushiAM NK | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1934-05-10)10 May 1934
Shkodër, Albanian Kingdom |
| Died | 18 March 2019(2019-03-18) (aged 84)
Shkodër, Albania |
| Occupations | * Singer * songwriter |
| **Musical career** | |
| Genres |  |
| Instruments | Vocals |
|  | |


title: Sicaya, Cochabamba

abstract: Sicaya or Silaya is a locality in the Cochabamba Department in central Bolivia. It is the seat of the Sicaya Municipality, the third municipal section of the Capinota Province.

text:
# Sicaya, Cochabamba

**Sicaya** or **Silaya** is a locality in the Cochabamba Department in central Bolivia. It is the seat of the Sicaya Municipality, the third municipal section of the Capinota Province.

## InfoBox

| Sicaya | |
| --- | --- |
| SicayaLocation of Sicaya within Bolivia | |
| Coordinates: 17°46′0″S 66°18′0″W / 17.76667°S 66.30000°W / -17.76667; -66.30000 | |
| Country | Bolivia |
| Department | Cochabamba Department |
| Province | Capinota Province |
| Municipality | Sicaya Municipality |
| Canton | Sicaya Canton |
| Population | |
| Total | 374 |
| Time zone | UTC-4 (BOT) |


title: Sicarius ornatus

abstract: Sicarius ornatus is a species of venomous spider found in South America (Brazil). It has a highly toxic venom like the other South American sicariid, Loxosceles laeta and the African Hexophthalma hahni, but there are few human bites recorded. Its venom has active sphingomyelinase D, and can lead to a severe pathology. The venom of Sicarius ornatus contains active sphingomyelinase D, the main toxin responsible for local and systemic effects, the venom of S. ornatus is endowed with all toxic properties in vitro and ex vivo, and like Loxosceles, it is capable and hydrolyzes sphingomyelin, induce cell death of keratinocytes and complement-dependent hemolysis, harmful events that have been associated with the presence of active sphingomyelinase D and pathologies in vivo, these studies indicate that the venom of S. ornatus can potentially lead to a pathology similar to that of Loxosceles. Its venom can induce more than 60% of hemolysis with only 5 micrograms, while Sicarius tropicus causes 50% of hemolysis even at higher concentrations.

text:
# Sicarius ornatus

***Sicarius ornatus*** is a species of venomous spider found in South America (Brazil). It has a highly toxic venom like the other South American sicariid, *Loxosceles laeta* and the African *Hexophthalma hahni*, but there are few human bites recorded. Its venom has active sphingomyelinase D, and can lead to a severe pathology.

The venom of *Sicarius ornatus* contains active sphingomyelinase D, the main toxin responsible for local and systemic effects, the venom of *S. ornatus* is endowed with all toxic properties in vitro and ex vivo, and like *Loxosceles*, it is capable and hydrolyzes sphingomyelin , induce cell death of keratinocytes and complement-dependent hemolysis, harmful events that have been associated with the presence of active sphingomyelinase D and pathologies in vivo, these studies indicate that the venom of *S. ornatus* can potentially lead to a pathology similar to that of Loxosceles. Its venom can induce more than 60% of hemolysis with only 5 micrograms, while *Sicarius tropicus* causes 50% of hemolysis even at higher concentrations.

## InfoBox

| *Sicarius ornatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Sicariidae |
| Genus: | *Sicarius* |
| Species: | ***S. ornatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sicarius ornatus***<br>Magalhaes, Brescovit & Santos, 2013 | |
|


title: Sicaya, Peru

abstract: Sicaya is a town in Central Peru, capital of the district Sicaya in the province Huancayo in the region Junín.

text:
# Sicaya, Peru

**Sicaya** is a town in Central Peru, capital of the district Sicaya in the province Huancayo in the region Junín.

## InfoBox

| Sicaya | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Sicaya | |
| Coordinates: 12°00′54.70″S 75°16′48.54″W / 12.0151944°S 75.2801500°W / -12.0151944; -75.2801500 | |
| Country | Peru |
| Region | Junín |
| Province | Huancayo |
| District | Sicaya |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Angel Abelardo Napaico Gutarra |
| Elevation | 3,282 m (10,768 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (PET) |


title: Sidney D. Jackman

abstract: Sidney Drake Jackman was an American farmer, teacher, and soldier. He served as an officer in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, most noted for his performance in the early part of the Battle of Westport in 1864. After the war, Jackman fled to Mexico, then returned to the United States. He again took up farming, served as a state legislator, and later entered law enforcement.

text:
# Sidney D. Jackman

**Sidney Drake Jackman** (March 7, 1826 or March 21, 1828  June 2, 1886) was an American farmer, teacher, and soldier. He served as an officer in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, most noted for his performance in the early part of the Battle of Westport in 1864.

After the war, Jackman fled to Mexico, then returned to the United States. He again took up farming, served as a state legislator, and later entered law enforcement.

## Early life and career

Jackman was born in Jessamine County, Kentucky, in the spring of either 1826 or 1828, the son of Thomas Jackman and his wife Mary Drake. Sometime in 1830, the family moved to Howard County, Missouri, where Sidney Jackman was taught some basic schooling. By late in the 1840s he was living in Boone County, Missouri, where he look up work as a schoolteacher as well as farming. On February 18, 1849, Jackman married his first wife, Martha Rachael Slavin, in Boone County, and they had two daughters and four sons together.

Soon after getting married Jackman moved his family to Howard County, Missouri, and in 1855 they settled in Papinville, located in Bates County. In both locales Jackman again was farming and teaching. Jackman organized local militias while in Papinville to deal with "Jayhawker" and other raids from nearby Kansas, and in 1860 he relocated his family further into Missouri's interior to try to avoid these troubles. By the time of the American Civil War, Jackman was a captain in the Missouri State Militia.

## Civil War service

Jackman chose to follow the Confederate cause in 1861 and entered the Missouri State Guard. In May 1862, he led cavalry troops in the raid of Neosho, Missouri. In the summer of 1862, was authorized to raise a cavalry regiment of Missourians in Arkansas. Finding this slow going, he obtained permission to recruit in Missouri. On August 16 Jackman fought at the Battle of Lone Jack, where he led troops that helped defeat the Union forces occupying Lone Jack, Missouri. While this unit was originally mounted, upon its return to Arkansas it was dismounted by Maj. Gen. Thomas C. Hindman. It was mustered into Confederate service on August 31 in Arkansas under Col. Jackman. It was designated the 7th, then the 16th Missouri Infantry. On October 25, 1862, Jackman resigned to resume recruiting in Missouri.

Jackman served in the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War, mainly participating in irregular guerilla style tactics against Union targets. By the fall and winter of 1862, Jackman had successfully recruited enough troops to aid the regular Confederate Army raids into Missouri. On January 11, 1863, his men entered Union-held Columbia, hoping to free Confederates in the city's jail, but the attempt failed. On April 23, Jackman and his troopers kidnapped Missouri Militia (Union) Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Bartholow and then set up camp at Glasgow. On June 1, Jackman's small command encountered and defeated a group of Federal cavalry, where he reportedly shot the leader of the Union horsemen.

In May 1864, Jackman and his men entered Arkansas and were based near the Boston Mountains in the northwest part of the state. By June, he had recruited a cavalry regiment that was to be called "Jackman's Missouri Cavalry" which was added to Brig. Gen. Joseph Shelby's cavalry division of Maj. Gen. Sterling Price's Army of Missouri in the Trans-Mississippi Department. That fall, Jackman's command (a cavalry brigade consisting of two regiments and two battalions of raw recruits) participated in Price's Raid. During the first stages of the raid Jackman led the attack and capture of Union-held Glasgow.

### Westport

Jackman fought in the Union victory at the Battle of Westport near modern-day Kansas City, Missouri, on October 22  23, 1864, one of the war's largest clash of mounted troops. During the first day of the battle, he led the attack that routing the Federals from their initial position, and early on second day his brigade launched a successful attack directly on Westport. When the Confederate rear collapsed during his attack he was ordered to halt and act as rear guard to fend off the Union pursuit.

Two days later in Kansas at the Battle of Mine Creek, Jackman's cavalry was ordered to guard Price's supply trains and thus missed the Confederate defeat and resulting rout, though his brigade succeeded in slowing the Federal pursuit.

During his raids and skirmishes Union soldiers had taken his family into custody in 1865, as "retribution for his guerilla activities." At first, they were held in St. Louis, Missouri, later moved to Natchez, Mississippi, and finally held at Alexandria, Louisiana, until the end of the war.

On May 10, 1865, Jackman was promoted to the rank of brigadier general by the commander of the Trans-Mississippi Department, Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith; however his appointment was never confirmed by the Confederate Congress.

## Postbellum

With the collapse of the Confederate States in 1865, Jackman and some of his men decided not to surrender and headed for Mexico. Along the way, Jackman reunited with his now-released family in Shreveport, Louisiana, and proceeded with them toward Texas and the border. Near the end of 1865 they arrived in the city of San Marcos, located in Hays County, Texas. Jackman entered northern Mexico, leaving his family in Texas while he ascertained whether to relocate there. Deciding against it, he crossed back into the United States and surrendered to Federal authorities in San Antonio. Taken to New Orleans, Louisiana, took the loyalty oath to the U.S. Government, and was subsequently paroled.

During 1867 Jackman bought a ranch near Kyle, Texas, and settled his family there, farming and raising cattle. He and his wife helped found the First Christian Church, Disciples of Christ, and he later was a Blanco Chapel Free School trustee. His wife of 21 years, Martha, died in 1870. In 1873 Jackman won election as representative to the Fourteenth Texas Legislature. Jackman remarried in 1875 to Cass (Kyle) Gains, a widow, and they had two sons and two daughters together.

On March 17, 1885, Jackman was appointed the U.S. Marshal for western Texas by U.S. President Grover Cleveland. He held this post until his death at his home in Kyle in June 1886. He is buried in the town's Kyle Cemetery.

* Allardice, Bruce S. *Confederate Colonels: A Biographical Register.* Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-8262-1809-4.
* Allardice, Bruce S. *More Generals in Gray.* Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0-8071-3148-0.
* Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, *Civil War High Commands.* Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-8047-3641-1.
* McGhee, James E., *Guide to Missouri Confederate Units, 1861-1865*, University of Arkansas Press, 2008
* Sifakis, Stewart. *Who Was Who in the Civil War.* New York: Facts On File, 1988. ISBN 978-0-8160-1055-4.
* www.tshaonline.org Texas St. Historical Assn. biography of Jackman.
* mmcwrt.missouri.org missouri.org biography of Jackman.
* www.usmarshals.gov U.S. Marshals List of Texas Western District Marshals.
* www.pricecamp.org Copy of Jackman's report concerning Price's 1864 Missouri Expedition.

## Further reading

* Hearn, Jo Ann Elam, and Kerbow, Dorothy Wimberley, comps., *Hays County, Texas Cemetery Inscriptions*, Hays County Historical Commission, 1990.
* Jackman, Sidney D. and Norton, Richard L., editor, *Behind Enemy Lines: The Memoirs and Writings of Brigadier General Sidney Drake Jackman*, Oak Hills Publishing, 1997.
* Mundie, James A. Jr., with Allardice, Bruce S., Letzring, Dean E., and Luckey, John H., *Texas Burial Sites of Civil War Notables* College Press, 2002.
* Stovall, Frances, et al., *Clear Springs and Limestone Ledges: A History of San Marcos and Hays County*, Hays County Historical Commission, 1986.

## InfoBox

| Sidney Drake Jackman | |
| --- | --- |
| Sidney Drake Jackman | |
| Born | (1826-03-07)March 7, 1826 or (1828-03-21)March 21, 1828
Jessamine County, Kentucky |
| Died | June 2, 1886(1886-06-02) (aged 60)
Hays County, Texas |
| Place of burial | Kyle Cemetery |
| Allegiance |  |
| Service/branch | Confederate Army |
| Years of service | 186165 |
| Rank | Colonel, CSA
Assigned to duty as:
Brigadier General |
| Battles/wars | American Civil War |
| Other work | farmer, legislator, law enforcement |


title: Siege of Aachen (1614)

abstract: The siege of Aachen took place in 24 August 1614, when the Spanish Army of Flanders, led by Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases, marched from Maastricht to Germany to support Wolfgang Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Neuburg, during the War of the Jülich Succession. Despite its status as a free imperial city, Aachen was under the protection of John Sigismund of Brandenburg, Neuburg's ally, and then rival, in the battle for the United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg. In 1611, the Protestant population of Aachen had revolted against the Catholic city council and had seized power. When the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II, observing the Peace of Augsburg, had ordered the previous state to be restored, the Protestants had allied themselves with the Margraviate of Brandenburg. The unexpected arrival of a Spanish army at the gates of the city, however, caused the Protestants to lose courage and surrender Aachen to Spinola. A Catholic garrison was installed and a process of re-Catholicization began.

text:
# Siege of Aachen (1614)

The **siege of Aachen** took place in 24 August 1614, when the Spanish Army of Flanders, led by Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases, marched from Maastricht to Germany to support Wolfgang Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Neuburg, during the War of the Jülich Succession. Despite its status as a free imperial city, Aachen was under the protection of John Sigismund of Brandenburg, Neuburg's ally, and then rival, in the battle for the United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg. In 1611, the Protestant population of Aachen had revolted against the Catholic city council and had seized power. When the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II, observing the Peace of Augsburg, had ordered the previous state to be restored, the Protestants had allied themselves with the Margraviate of Brandenburg. The unexpected arrival of a Spanish army at the gates of the city, however, caused the Protestants to lose courage and surrender Aachen to Spinola. A Catholic garrison was installed and a process of re-Catholicization began.

## Background

Aachen was a free imperial city of importance from the times of Charlemagne to the 16th century. It was the place of coronation of the King of the Germans until Maximilian II was crowned in Frankfurt in 1562. Since then, Aachen went into a slow decline. A mainly Catholic city at the time of the Peace of Augsburg, it became religiously divided in the 1560s through the immigration of Protestant refugees from the Netherlands as a consequence of the Spanish persecution during the Dutch revolt. By the 1570s Aachen's population numbered 12,000 Catholics and 8,000 Protestants. The city council and the Emperor tried to exclude the Protestants from political participation in 1581, but thanks to the economic influence of many of the Protestant citizens, Catholics were forced to allow them access to the city council. As jurisdiction over Aachen was claimed by the Duke of Jülich and the Bishop of Liege, both of them Catholics, the Catholic population appealed to the first, who complained to Emperor Rudolf II, claiming that his ecclesiastic rights over Aachen had been violated. In 1593 the Reichshofrat declared that the city council could not change the religious status of Aachen, and therefore the Calvinists had to be expelled from the council. When they tried to resist, Rudolf outlawed the city and gave Archduke Albert, governor of the Spanish Netherlands, the task of enforcing his decision. The subsequent re-Catholicization of the city was conducted by the Archbishop of Cologne.

In 1611, during the War of the Jülich Succession, the Elector of Brandenburg and the Duke of Palatinate-Neuburg, claimants of the Jülich heirdom in opposition to the Catholic Leopold V, Archduke of Austria, organized Protestant religious services in the nearby villages of Stolberg and Weiden. In response, the city council of Aachen imposed a fine on those inhabitants who attended these services. Five citizens were detained for ignoring the town's decree and banished as they refused to pay the fine. This caused a riot against the council on 5 July. The Catholic counsellors were expelled and many Catholic buildings were sacked. The rebels assaulted the church and the college of the Jesuits, smashed the altars and images, and held a mock mass dressed in priestly garments. One priest was injured and eight others dragged to the city council. A new Protestant council was established and appealed for support to John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, the new Duke of Cleves-Mark.

## Spanish intervention

Rudolf II ordered the princes of Brandenburg and Palatinate-Neuburg to restore the previous religious and political situation of Aachen under the menace of a ban. The Protestants, however, ignored the command and seriously wounded an Imperial commissary sent to implement the Emperor's edict. In May 1612, elections were held and Calvinists took control of the town council. In 1613, as disputes over the Jülich succession continued, one of the claimants, Wolfgang Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Neuburg, converted to Catholicism and gained the support of Spain and of the Catholic League of Germany. On 20 February 1614, Emperor Matthias ordered the restoration of Catholic rule in Aachen, allowing the Spanish Army of Flanders under Ambrogio Spinola to intervene. Fearing an attack, the town council requested help from the Elector of Brandenburg, who sent several hundred soldiers under general Georg von Pulitz to reinforce the local militia. The city gates were manned and partly walled-up.

The Spanish preparations to intervene in the succession dispute alarmed the Dutch statholder Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, who supported John Sigismund of Brandenburg, and knew that the Spanish intervention would destabilize the course of succession. In the middle of June, William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg, warned Prince Maurice that the Spaniards already had 9,800 men ready for field service, and that they would soon be joined by a further force of 13,200 men. With the imminent Spanish threat, Maurice strongly reinforced the garrison of Jülich with seven infantry companies, and an additional force of 2,000 men, for a possible siege. The situation was tense for the two sides. Maurice, with additional troops from towns that were not under serious threat, expected to be able to raise an army of 20,000 men, composed of 136 infantry companies and 40 cavalry companies. Meanwhile, Ambrogio Spinola was ready to start the campaign. His first movement was upon Aachen:

> Before we think of the Affairs of Juliers, the vicinity of Aachen ought to engage us to make on that side the first efforts of our army to punish the heretics of that city, and to execute the Imperial Mandate discerned against them, of which the Archduke and the Elector of Cologne are Bearers. Every one knows with what boldness and with what contempt for the Imperial Mandates, the heretic citizens have dar'd usurp the government of Aachen, which belong'd formerly to the Catholics only. Thus an infinity of reasons oblige us to repress by force so unjust an usurpation.
>
> Ambrogio Spinola to his army, Maastricht, 1614

In August 1614, Spinola advanced to Maastricht and its surroundings and established his camp with an army of 18,000 infantry, 2,500 cavalry, and 11 artillery pieces. From Maastricht, Spinola's army entered the Rhineland accompanied by Guido Bentivoglio, the papal nuncio at Brussels, and two Imperial commissaries. Luis de Velasco, general of the cavalry, opened the way with 600 cavalry, followed by four battalions of foot: one of Spaniards, one of Germans and Burgundians, and two of Walloons. 600 other horses closed the march. To prevent Aachen from being relieved by the Dutch from Jülich, Spinola detached what remained of his cavalry to block the road between the two cities. Two hours after its departure from Maastricht, the Spanish army appeared before Aachen. The city lacked modern fortifications and was surrounded by a single medieval wall. The Spanish troops took the hills which commanded the city, within musket-shot of the walls, and erected a battery to threaten the inhabitants and the 600-man Brandenburgian garrison. After several days of negotiations, and with little hope of reinforcements, the defenders surrendered the city to the Spanish army, to the great regret of Maurice, who could not arrive in time for relief.

## Aftermath

The 600 Brandenburg soldiers were allowed to leave Aachen with their flags and were replaced by 1,200 Catholic Germans under the Count of Emden. Although the soldiers of the Spanish army, after several years of inactivity following the beginning of the Twelve Years' Truce (in 1609) with the Dutch Republic, expected to sack the city, Spinola forbade any looting and Spanish troops did not enter the town. The Catholic city council was restored, and, on 10 September, it issued an edict which gave the Protestant preachers three days to abandon the town, and six weeks for the non-citizen Anabaptists and other foreigners to do the same. From then on, only Catholic schools and schoolmasters were tolerated, books labeled as heretics were banned, meat dishes were not allowed to be eaten in inns on the fast days, and a fitting homage was to be paid to the Holy Sacrament and relics when public processions were held. The people who took part in the 1611 rebellion were punished: in 1616 two ringleaders were executed, more than one hundred citizens who participated in the disturbances were exiled, and others were forced to pay a fine.

After the capture of Aachen, Spinola took several towns and castles in the lands disputed by the claimants to the Jülich heritage, including Neuss, Mülheim, and the important German fortress-city of Wesel, whish was garrisoned by troops of Brandenburg, As a consequence, the Protestant position in the Rhineland was weakened despite Spinola deciding not to lay siege to Jülich due to the city's strong defense and large garrison. Maurice of Nassau then marched on Rees with an estimated force of 18,000 men. Spinola subsequently established a position near Xanten, whereupon Spinola and Maurice started negotiations about a neutrality pact, leading to the Treaty of Xanten, which ended the War of the Jülich Succession and all hostilities between Wolfgang Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Neuburg, and John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, until 1621. The territories of Jülich-Berg and Ravenstein went to Wolfgang Wilhelm of Neuburg, while Cleves-Mark and Ravensberg went to John Sigismund. Spinola refused to give up the key fortress of Wesel, and further negotiations were necessary, but in the end a shaky peace was maintained.

* Duerloo, Luc (2012). *Dynasty and Piety: Archduke Albert (1598-1621) and Habsburg Political Culture in an Age of Religious Wars*. England: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 9780754669043.
* Hayden, J. Michael (1973). *Continuity in the France of Henry IV and Louis XIII: French Foreign Policy 1598-1615. Journal of Modern History. Vol. 45. No. 1*. University of Chicago Press. OCLC 4642814626.
* Holborn, Hajo (1982). *A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation*. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691007953.
* Janssen, Johannes (1906). *History of the German people at the close of the Middle Ages. Vol. X. Leading up to the Thirty Years' War*. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner, & Co., Ltd. OCLC 1520859.
* Lawrence, David R. (2009). *The Complete Soldier: Military Books and Military Culture in Early Stuart England 1603-1645*. Boston: Brill Academic Publishing. ISBN 978-90-04-17079-7.
* Rodríguez Villa, Antonio (1905). *Ambrosio Spínola, Primer Marqués de los Balbases*. Madrid: Estab. tip. de Fortanet. OCLC 803742214.
* Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2010). *The Dutch Army and the Military Revolutions 1588-1688*. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-575-2.
* Whaley, Joachim (2011). *Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493-1648*. England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198731016.

## InfoBox

| Siege of Aachen | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of War of the Jülich Succession | |
|
The siege of Aachen by the Spanish Army of Flanders under Ambrogio Spinola in 1614. Oil on canvas. Attributed to Peter Snayers. | |
| Date 24 August, 1614  Location Aachen, North Rhine-Westphalia
(present-day Germany)  Result  Spanish victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| Free Imperial City of Aachen
Margraviate of Brandenburg | Spanish Empire |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| George von Pulitz | Ambrosio Spinola |
| Strength | |
| 600 regulars | 15,000 |
| Casualties and losses | |
| None | None |


title: Silver overlay

abstract: Silver overlay is an electroplated coating of silver on a non-conductive surface such as porcelain or glass. Most techniques used to create silver overlay involve the use of special flux which contains silver and turpentine oil. This is then painted on the glass ornament as a design. After the painting is complete, the entire ornament is fired under relatively low heat, it is then cleaned after being quenched and cooled, then it is placed in a solution of silver. A low voltage current is run through the solution and the silver binds in the design, creating a permanent fusion of the silver with the glass. A much older technique of overlay, which was commonly used in the Indian subcontinent since ancient times, involves the use of a silver sheet wrapped around the ornament and then the design beaten onto the sheet or it may be burnished. This technique renders the design silhouetted against a dark backdrop and was commonly called the Aftabi design technique. This technique of overlay predates the technique that is common today, but without the use of electroplating, it was a time consuming and tedious process, which could only be accomplished by skilled artisans.

text:
# Silver overlay

**Silver overlay** is an electroplated coating of silver on a non-conductive surface such as porcelain or glass. Most techniques used to create silver overlay involve the use of special flux which contains silver and turpentine oil. This is then painted on the glass ornament as a design. After the painting is complete, the entire ornament is fired under relatively low heat, it is then cleaned after being quenched and cooled, then it is placed in a solution of silver. A low voltage current is run through the solution and the silver binds in the design, creating a permanent fusion of the silver with the glass.

A much older technique of overlay, which was commonly used in the Indian subcontinent since ancient times, involves the use of a silver sheet wrapped around the ornament and then the design beaten onto the sheet or it may be burnished. This technique renders the design silhouetted against a dark backdrop and was commonly called the Aftabi design technique. This technique of overlay predates the technique that is common today, but without the use of electroplating, it was a time consuming and tedious process, which could only be accomplished by skilled artisans.

## History

The history of who first devised the process is unknown. What is known is that from 1870 onwards, a number of patents were filed for the process. Although all patents appear after 1870, it has been suggested that the process may have been discovered earlier, and the patents claimed a short time afterwards. The most well known patent holders are Frederick Shirley from the United States of America, whose patent dates to 1879, Erard and Round who were under the auspices of Stevens & Williams Ltd. whose patent is from 1889, John Sharling also of the USA, whose patent is from 1893 and Friedrich Deusch, the German inventor whose name is most associated with silver overlay today, whose patented the process in 1895 and displayed his work in 1907 at an exhibition in Bordeaux.

Deusch returned to Schwäbisch Gmünd in southern Germany where, in 1912, he founded his firm Deusch & Co. Deusch continued exhibiting his wares and gained the Gold Medal at the 1913 World Exposition in Ghent, Belgium.

With his presence, Schwäbisch Gmünd became the center of German silver overlay production. Schwäbisch Gmünd (about 20,000 inhabitants in that time) had a long tradition since the 16th century in the art of artists working with gold and silver. A school for applied arts existed there from an early date, which became a school for the precious metal industry in 1907. In the 1920s almost 190 firms were involved in the precious metals industry. The presence of materials, artisans, and component suppliers in on place created an ideal environment for the industry to thrive.

After Deusch and Company, other firms specializing in silver overlay were founded. In particular, the firms of Friedrich Wilhelm Spahr and Alfred and Manfred Veyhl were established.

Parallel to the development of German silver overlay, silver overlay production was also initiated in the United States.

## Technique

The specific feature of German silver overlay is the degree of purity – 925 for Sterling silver or 999 for fine silver. The quality of silver used for German overlay can be seen by identifying the impressed 1000 mark (usually on the base or side of an item). The purity and thickness of the silver overlay ensures the beauty of the item is maintained without any loss to the silver even after many years of cleaning. Although other kinds of silver, such as nickel silver, can be sued for silver overlay, the effect is not as vibrant.

Bohemian and Venetian Murano glass are often described as silver overlay, but the silver is so thin that it looks as though it has been painted onto the surface, producing a flat effect.

Friedrich Deusch invented a way to combine silver and a non-conductive surface such as porcelain or glass with galvanization. He achieved this with a special conductive fluid (a type of flux) which was fixed permanently on the prepared form. The particular objects (such as a vase) were first roughened by engraving or using hydrofluoric acid to etch a design. This implies that a very exact covering of the surfaces had to be achieved to prevent any damage to areas which were not to be overlaid. Maybe they used a masking lacquer which could withstand the following baking in the kiln which was used to fuse the flux with the surface of the item. The next step was to galvanize the item with the purest silver (1000).

It was very important to monitor items being overlaid with silver – waiting too long resulted in visible dark spots and slight roughness where the cathode or anode were fixed. The cathode and anode were used to charge the item electronically and this allowed the fusion of silver to the area painted with the silver flux. The thickness of silver desired on the finished item determined how long the item needed to be left in the silver bath; this could be more than 30 hours. Finally, if the masking lacquer (discussed earlier) did not burn in the kiln, it must have been removed later (probably with chemical fluids).

When colored enamels were to be used on the finished product, they had to be fired prior to the final stage of the silver overlay process. Engraving the silver was the last, and sometimes most laborious, work; it was brought to the highest level by Friedrich Wilhelm Spahr and his workers.

## Classifying

Early items designed and produced by Friedrich Deusch are very classical, and this was followed by an abstract phase of Art Déco in its purest form. From the 1950s, it was more a concrete style with flowers and so forth. Deusch applied silver overlay to vases, plates, coffee and tea services, and other items.

From the outset, the firm of Alfred Veyhl had its own style. It was mostly the combination of polychromatic painted details of birds, flowers, and similar motifs, framed with silver. The more abstract designs are rare. Alfred, and later his son Manfred Veyhl, were the only ones who used a varnish to avoid silver oxidation. Alfred used more softer and rounder lines in his designs, whereas Manfred had a more angular, expressive style. A specialty for this company was that clients could choose from a certain range of porcelain forms and décors. The items were then produced exclusively in a single production run.

An outstanding figure is Friedrich Wilhelm Spahr. There is evidence that he learned his skill from Friedrich Deusch (some items of both firms have very similar formal designs). He was not only an artisan but an artist in developing repeating circumferential forms in a perfect and harmonic proportion. Very often it is the pure arrangement of lines (curved or straight), or their combination, with flowers or birds. Never over-designed, but enough to divide the small surface (for example of a vase) in a self-evident and harmonious way. Like the others, not only did he design and apply the silver overlay, he also prepared the porcelain with his own enamel colors, painted the motifs and engraved the silver. Of course he did not produce all these items by himself. Spahr's factory employed about forty specialized workers. The outstanding engraved pieces show the unrivaled quality of Spahr.

The early items typically have a thicker silver layer. One can also see the stroke of the brush which proves the overlay and painted surface were handcrafted. Printed designs were used more often on items produced later, especially those of Manfred Vehyl. These can be recognized by studying the design: if the color is flat and full of small dots, this strongly indicates a printed design. Also, the silver work on printed color designs appears not to cover the design closely, as it should.

The three companies bought and used porcelain blanks from several well known producers such as Rosenthal, Hutschenreuther, Thomas Bavaria, Krautheim & Adelberg and marketed the finished products under their own names. They also produced silver overlay glass in the same manner. A large amount of glassware came from WMF in Geislingen, which is not far from Schwäbisch Gmünd. A respectable amount of glass to be overlaid also came from Jean Beck, a famous glass designer in Munich. Until recently, it was believed that Beck created the brilliant silver designs himself and that Deusch only produced them. However, this was not the case. As with the porcelain, Deusch and others bought the delightfully stylized glass blanks, decorated them in silver overlay, and sold them under their own names.

## The marks

Friedrich Deusch used the impressed mark "Deusch 1000 / 1000" on the early items. This mark was punched directly into the silver. Very often one may also find a red three-digit number on the bottom of the porcelain or glass which indicates this early production. Later, it was replaced by a red stamp which shows a coffeepot and the name Deusch. In addition, to these marks, the following marks may also be found: "1000 / 1000 Silber" or "1000 / 1000 Feinsilber". Later items may have the additional mark "Made in Western Germany".

Alfred and Manfred Veyhl used many different marks, stamps and labels (always placed on the bottom of the item). Vehyl's work often shows the "1000/1000 silver" mark included in the body of the design. Some rare items are signed by handwritten monogram (MV for Manfred Veyhl) and the word "Handgemalt" (handpainted).

Friedrich Wilhelm Spahr mostly used marks impressed directly into the silver. The very earliest and rarest of Spahr's marks began with "MSG 1000 10" ("MSG" standing for "Manufaktur Schwäbisch Gmünd"). This mark was followed by "Spahr 1000 10" (sometimes stamped in black letters on a porcelain base), later with "Spahr 1000", and finally with transparent plastic labels on the bottom printed "Spahr Feinsilberauflage 1000 / 1000".

Alvin Corporation, which was later owned by the Gorham Mfg. Co. after 1928, also used special marks. They manufactures pieces of sterling silver flatware, as well as hollowware and special toilet ware.

The La Pierre Manufacturing Company also sued special marks. It was established by Frank H. La Pierre in 1885, and headquartered at 18 East 14th Street, NY. It relocated its offices to Newark, NJ before its incorporation in 1895. Their special marks appear on their silver overlay item such as hollowware and novelty items.

The Rockwell Silver Company established in Meriden, CT around 1905 created a number designs which featured silver overlay, however they were merged with Silver City Glass Company in 1978, so even though they have done extensive work, there are no unique marks associated with the company.

The Gorham Manufacturing Co. which was active from 1848 till 1865 used a lion as their mark. They also used a rams head and the phrase "coin" to mark their items.

## Sales and Distribution

These luxurious products were most often sold in important jewellery stores. Sometimes the retailer's paper labels survived the cleaning attempts of the last decades, and these labels are always a keen addition for any collector. They confirm that silver overlay porcelain and glass was sold all over Germany.

Friedrich Deusch, the oldest and biggest firm, also sold internationally and even produced a large amount of silver overlay tableware for the Royal House of Saudi Arabia. Deusch is the only firm that has survived (as of 2013), although the focus of production has changed from fine art to galvanizing parts for the automobile industry. In 1976, after three generations, the Deusch family relinquished interest in the firm of Friedrich Deusch and Company Today, there is scant knowledge and interest about this firm's history.

Veyhl (father and son) traveled a lot offering their newest items to different jewellery stores. Later, they opened their own shop in Plüderhausen (close to Schwäbisch Gmünd). Friedrich Wilhelm Spahr created timeless designs which can be found today all over Europe and even in the United States. These are rare, desirable and mostly exquisite.

Silver overlay was a very exclusive luxury ware from the beginning because of the very complicated and time-consuming steps of manufacturing. Silver overlay items were never mass-produced and were made in limited numbers. The development of silver overlay was forged by a technical alliance between artists, artisans and advances in chemistry, physics, electronics and, ultimately, the industrialized techniques of the late 19th century. The arts movements of the day were philosophically against industrialized techniques. Yet, ironically, many delightfully decorated pieces of silver overlay porcelain and glass can be seen with superb handicraft and Art Nouveau-inspired designs. Thus, while the handicraft movement died after a single incandescent generation, their designs live on, as do the stunning works of Friedrich Deusch, Friedrich Wilhelm Spahr, and Alfred & Manfred Vehyl.

## Further reading

* Otto F. Götz (November 2009), "Jean Beck/part2 - WMF und Deusch", *Sammlerjournal* (in German)pages 38 – 45
* Otto F. Götz (January 2013), "Beck und Poschinger", *Sammlerjournal* (in German)page 27
* Monika Boosen; Gabriele Holthuis (2010), *Aufbruch in die Moderne - Silber aus Schwäbisch Gmünd* (in German), Schwäbisch Gmünd, ISBN 978-3-936988-17-8`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Carlo Burschel; Heinz Scheiffel (2006), *WMF Ikora Metall* (in German), Stuttgart: Arnold, ISBN 3-89790-191-9
* Otto F. Götz about Silver overlay on Glass of Jean Beck
* Collectors journal (Sammlerjournal) of 2009, pages 38 – 45.
* Article about other inventors of Silver overlay on glass and porcelain like Oscar Pierre Erard of Birmingham or the American John H. Scharling


title: Silvia Arber

abstract: Silvia Arber is a Swiss neurobiologist. She teaches and researches at both the Biozentrum of the University of Basel and the Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research in Basel Switzerland.

text:
# Silvia Arber

**Silvia Arber** (born 1968 in Geneva) is a Swiss neurobiologist. She teaches and researches at both the Biozentrum of the University of Basel and the Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research in Basel Switzerland.

## Education

Silvia Arber studied biology at the Biozentrum of the University of Basel and completed her doctorate in 1995 at the Friedrich Miescher Institute (FMI) in Basel.

## Career and research

Arber subsequently worked as a postdoctoral fellow at the Columbia University in New York City. In 2000, she returned to Basel as a Professor of Neurobiology and Cell Biology continuing her research work and teaching at the Biozentrum as well as at the FMI.

Arber's research investigates the mechanisms involved in the function and assembly of neuronal circuits controlling motor behavior. She has shown that premotor interneuron groups differ from each other in their functionality and distribution in the spinal cord and that this property depends on the timing of their generation during development. Silvia Arber then turned her attention to deciphering the anatomical and functional organization of the brain stem (since 2014). This provided insight into the neuronal networks that transmit instructions for various body movements from the brain to the spinal cord. This work showed that very specific neurons are connected into circuit modules that control different aspects of body movements. For example, the fine motor skills of the arm and hand are regulated by different brainstem networks than walking or posture.

She serves as a member of the Editorial Board for *Cell*.

### Awards and honors

## Personal life

Arber is the daughter of the Swiss microbiologist and geneticist Werner Arber, who in 1978 was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.

1. "Silvia Arber: University of Basel". *nasonline.org*.
2. "Silvia ARBER | Jeantet". 4 October 2017.
3. "Elected Member of the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO)". Retrieved 8 April 2022.
4. Silvia Arber publications from Europe PubMed Central
5. "Prize winners | Jeantet". 11 December 2017.
6. "Research Group Silvia Arber". *www.biozentrum.unibas.ch*.
7. Esposito, Maria Soledad; Capelli, Paolo; Arber, Silvia (2014-04-17). "Brainstem nucleus MdV mediates skilled forelimb motor tasks". *Nature*. **508** (7496): 351–6. Bibcode:2014Natur.508..351E. doi:10.1038/nature13023. PMID 24487621. S2CID 4453827.
8. Capelli, Paolo; Pivetta, Chiara; Esposito, Maria Soledad; Arber, Silvia (2017-11-16). "Locomotor speed control circuits in the caudal brainstem" (PDF). *Nature*. **551** (7680): 373–377. Bibcode:2017Natur.551..373C. doi:10.1038/nature24064. PMID 29059682. S2CID 205260887.
9. Ruder, Ludwig; Schina, Riccardo; Kanodia, Harsh; Valencia-Garcia, Sara; Pivetta, Chiara; Arber, Silvia (2021-02-01). "A functional map for diverse forelimb actions within brainstem circuitry" (PDF). *Nature*. **590** (7846): 445–450. Bibcode:2021Natur.590..445R. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03080-z. PMID 33408409. S2CID 230817639.
10. "Editorial board: Cell".
11. "Pfizer Forschungspreis". Archived from the original on 24 May 2006.
12. National Latsis Prize Archived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
13. "DF ⁄ Prix Schellenberg ⁄ Arber". *forschdb2.unibas.ch*.
14. Friedrich Miescher Award
15. ERC Advanced Investigators Grant
16. Silvia Arber receives Otto Naegeli Prize 2014 Retrieved 26 March 2014.
17. Elected Member of the Academia Europaea ae-info.org. Retrieved 4 September 2014
18. "2019 Prize Lecture announcement". The Physiological Society. 26 September 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
19. "Winners of The Brain Prize 2022". The Brain Prize. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
20. "Curriculium Vitae". Retrieved 8 April 2022.

## InfoBox

| Silvia ArberMAE | |
| --- | --- |
| Silvia Arber in 2019 | |
| Born | 1968 (age 5556)
Geneva |
| Nationality | Swiss |
| Alma mater | University of Basel |
| Awards |  |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Neurobiology |
| Institutions | Columbia University
Friedrich Miescher Institute
Biozentrum University of Basel |
| Thesis | *Activity-sensitive signaling at the neuromuscular junction* (1995) |
|  | |
| Website | www.biozentrum.unibas.ch/research/research-groups/research-groups-a-z/overview/unit/research-group-silvia-arber |


title: Sigillography

abstract: Sigillography, also known by its Greek-derived name, sphragistics, is the scholarly discipline that studies the wax, lead, clay, and other seals used to authenticate archival documents. It investigates not only aspects of the artistic design and production of seals, but also considers the legal, administrative and social contexts in which they were used. It has links to diplomatics, heraldry, social history, and the history of art, and is regarded as one of the auxiliary sciences of history. A student of seals is known as a sigillographer.

text:
# Sigillography

**Sigillography**, also known by its Greek-derived name, **sphragistics**, is the scholarly discipline that studies the wax, lead, clay, and other seals used to authenticate archival documents. It investigates not only aspects of the artistic design and production of seals (both matrices and impressions), but also considers the legal, administrative and social contexts in which they were used. It has links to diplomatics, heraldry, social history, and the history of art, and is regarded as one of the auxiliary sciences of history. A student of seals is known as a *sigillographer*.

## Etymology

The word *sigillography* derives from the Latin word *sigillum*, meaning 'seal', and the Greek suffix γραφή, meaning 'description'. It was effectively coined in Italian (as *sigillografia*) by Anton Stefano Cartari in 1682. It entered English at a much later date: the earliest instances recorded by the *Oxford English Dictionary* date from 1879 (*sigillography*) and 1882 (*sigillographer*). The alternative term, *sphragistics*, is derived from the Greek word σϕρᾱγίς, meaning 'seal': this word is first recorded in English in 1836.

## History

Antiquaries such as Thomas Elmham and John Rous began to record and to discuss the historic use of seals in the 15th century. In the 16th and 17th centuries the consideration of seals became a fairly widespread antiquarian activity. Notable early students and collectors included Robert Glover, John Dee, Sir Robert Cotton and Nicolas-Claude de Peiresc.

The first published treatises dedicated to seals included Giorgio Longo's *De anulis signatoriis antiquorum* (Milan, 1615); Olivier de Wree's *Sigilla comitum Flandriae* (Bruges, 1639); and Theodorus Hoepingk's *De sigillorum prisco et novo jure tractatus* (Nuremberg, 1642). Especially influential in shaping the discipline were Jean Mabillon's *De re diplomatica* (1681) and Johann Michael Heineccius' *De veteribus Germanorum aliarumque nationum sigillis* (1710). In England, John Anstis compiled a substantial study titled "Aspilogia", but this remained in manuscript: the first work to reach print was a much slighter tract by John Lewis, *Dissertation on the Antiquity and Use of Seals in England* (1740). In the second half of the 19th century sigillography was further developed by German scholars including Hermann Grotefend and Otto Posse, and French scholars including Louis Douët d'Arcq and Germain Demay.

Sigillography is also an important subdiscipline of Byzantine studies, involving the study of Byzantine lead seal impressions and the text and images thereon. Its importance derives from both the scarcity of surviving Byzantine documents themselves, and from the large number (over 40,000) of extant seals. One of the largest compendiums of Byzantine seals can be found in the large volume by Gustave Schlumberger, *Sigillographie de l'empire Byzantin*, published in 1904.

The first international colloquium on Byzantine sigillography was held at Dumbarton Oaks in August 1986.

Sigillography features in the plot of *King Ottokar's Sceptre* (1939/1947), one of *The Adventures of Tintin*. Tintin accompanies Professor Alembick, a sigillographer, on a research trip to the fictional Balkan nation of Syldavia, only to become embroiled in a plot to dethrone the King.


abstract: Upper Greensand Hangers: Wyck to Wheatley is a 13.2-hectare (33-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest east of Alton in Hampshire. It is part of the East Hampshire Hangers Special Area of Conservation. This site is composed of woods on the steep rocky slopes of the Upper Greensand. Bare rocks are covered by lime-loving bryophytes such as Tortula marginata, Chiloscyphus pallescens and Fissidens gracilifolius. There is also a population of the nationally scarce mollusc Macrogastra rolphii.

text:
# Upper Greensand Hangers: Wyck to Wheatley

**Upper Greensand Hangers: Wyck to Wheatley** is a 13.2-hectare (33-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest east of Alton in Hampshire. It is part of the East Hampshire Hangers Special Area of Conservation.

This site is composed of woods on the steep rocky slopes of the Upper Greensand. Bare rocks are covered by lime-loving bryophytes such as *Tortula marginata*, *Chiloscyphus pallescens* and *Fissidens gracilifolius*. There is also a population of the nationally scarce mollusc *Macrogastra rolphii*.

51°09′00″N 0°53′35″W / 51.150°N 0.893°W / 51.150; -0.893

## InfoBox

Upper Greensand Hangers: Wyck to Wheatley
| Site of Special Scientific Interest | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Hampshire |
| Grid reference | SU 775 395 |
| Interest | Biological |
| Area | 13.2 hectares (33 acres) |
| Notification | 1999 |
| Location map | *Magic Map* |


title: 17 Crateris

abstract: 17 Crateris is a wide binary star system in the equatorial constellation of Hydra, located 90.5 light years away from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, yellow-white hued star with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 4.93. The system is traversing the celestial sphere with a relative proper motion of 24.9 mas/y, and is moving away from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +5.8 km/s. The dual nature of this system was discovered by W. Herschel in 1783, when they showed an angular separation of 9.8″. As of 2015, the two components of this system had a separation of 9.60″ along a position angle of 210°. This is equivalent to a projected separation of 241.3 AU; wide enough that, thus far, their orbital track appears linear. They are nearly identical F-type main-sequence stars with a stellar classification of F8V. The primary is slightly brighter at magnitude 5.64, while the secondary is magnitude 5.76.

text:
# 17 Crateris

**17 Crateris** is a wide binary star system in the equatorial constellation of Hydra, located 90.5 light years away from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, yellow-white hued star with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 4.93. The system is traversing the celestial sphere with a relative proper motion of 24.9 mas/y, and is moving away from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +5.8 km/s.

The dual nature of this system was discovered by W. Herschel in 1783, when they showed an angular separation of 9.8. As of 2015, the two components of this system had a separation of 9.60 along a position angle of 210°. This is equivalent to a projected separation of 241.3 AU; wide enough that, thus far, their orbital track appears linear. They are nearly identical F-type main-sequence stars with a stellar classification of F8V. The primary is slightly brighter at magnitude 5.64, while the secondary is magnitude 5.76.

## InfoBox

17 Crateris
| Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000 | |
| --- | --- |
| **Constellation** | Hydra |
|
| **17 Crt A** | |
| **Right ascension** | 11h 32m 16.40436s |
| **Declination** | −29° 15 39.6740 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 5.64 |
| **17 Crt B** | |
| **Right ascension** | 11h 32m 16.03998s |
| **Declination** | −29° 15 47.8935 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 5.76 |
| Characteristics | |
|
| Spectral type | F8V + F8V |
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| B−V color index | 0.540±0.004 |
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| Astrometry | |
| 17 Crt A | |
| **Radial velocity (Rv)** | +5.8±0.4 km/s |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: −19.601 mas/yr
Dec.: +144.524 mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 36.0601 ± 0.1266 mas |
| **Distance** | 90.4 ± 0.3 ly
(27.73 ± 0.10 pc) |
| 17 Crt B | |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: −22.025 mas/yr
Dec.: +139.982 mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 35.9838 ± 0.1320 mas |
| **Distance** | 90.6 ± 0.3 ly
(27.8 ± 0.1 pc) |
| Details | |
| 17 Crt A | |
| **Mass** | 1.20 |
| **Luminosity** | 3.2 |
| **Surface gravity (log *g*)** | 4.17 cgs |
| **Temperature** | 6,240 |
| **Metallicity** \[Fe/H\] | 0.04±0.15 dex |
| **Rotational velocity (*v* sin *i*)** | 10.0 km/s |
| **Age** | 3.95 Gyr |
| 17 Crt B | |
| **Mass** | 1.18 |
| **Luminosity** | 2.8 |
| **Surface gravity (log *g*)** | 4.20 cgs |
| **Temperature** | 6,269 |
| **Metallicity** \[Fe/H\] | −0.06±0.15 dex |
| **Rotational velocity (*v* sin *i*)** | 9.6 km/s |
| **Age** | 3.67 Gyr |
| Other designations | |
| 17 Crt, CD−28°8928, HIP 56280, ADS 8202, CCDM J11323-2916AB, WDS J11323-2916 | |
| **17 Crt A**: HD 100287, HR 4444, SAO 179968 | |
| **17 Crt B**: HD 100286, HR 4443, SAO 179967 | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |


title: Víctor Mora (footballer)

abstract: Víctor Hugo Mora Llamas, known as Víctor Mora, is a Mexican football manager and former player. Since 2020 he works at U. de G. Premier as Manager.

text:
# Víctor Mora (footballer)

**Víctor Hugo Mora Llamas** (born July 12, 1974), known as **Víctor Mora**, is a Mexican football manager and former player. Since 2020 he works at U. de G. Premier as Manager.

## InfoBox

Víctor Mora
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Víctor Hugo Mora Llamas | | |
| Date of birth | (1974-07-12) 12 July 1974 | | |
| Place of birth | Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico | | |
| Height | 1.72 m (5 ft 7+12 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2003 | Atlético Cihuatlán | 7 | (0) |
| 2003–2004 | Zacatepec | 23 | (0) |
| 2004–2005 | Querétaro | 29 | (0) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2009–2011 | U. de C. (Assistant) | | |
| 2011–2019 | U. de C. | | |
| 2020 | U. de G. (Assistant) | | |
| 2020–2021 | U. de G. Premier | | |
| 2021 | U. de G. (Assistant) | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Terry Redlin

abstract: Terry Avon Redlin was an American illustrator popular for painting outdoor themes and wildlife, often pictured in twilight. During the 1990s he was frequently named "America's most popular artist" in annual gallery surveys conducted by U.S. Art magazine.

text:
# Terry Redlin

**Terry Avon Redlin** (July 11, 1937 – April 24, 2016) was an American illustrator popular for painting outdoor themes and wildlife, often pictured in twilight. During the 1990s he was frequently named "America's most popular artist" in annual gallery surveys conducted by *U.S. Art* magazine.

## Early life and career

Redlin was born and raised in Watertown, South Dakota. He originally planned to become a forest ranger, but at 15 was disabled in a motorcycle accident. In 1967 Redlin and his family moved to Forest Lake, Minnesota. He earned a degree from the St. Paul School of Associated Arts in St. Paul, Minnesota, and spent 25 years working in commercial art as a layout artist, graphic designer, illustrator and art director.

Redlin's painting *Winter Snows* appeared on the cover of *The Farmer* magazine in 1977. Two years later, he became a full-time illustrator. He retired in 2007 after being diagnosed with dementia that proved to be caused by Alzheimer's disease.

In addition to individual works, Redlin produced series of paintings on the first stanza of "America the Beautiful" (1992) and on the life of an American boy, based on his own life (*An American Portrait*, 2004).

## Honors

Redlin was many times in the 1990s named "America's most popular artist" in *U.S. Art* magazine's annual surveys of gallery sales. In 1992 the magazine inducted him into its hall of fame. He won the Minnesota Duck Stamp contest twice and the state trout stamp contest once, and in 1982 came second in the Federal Duck Stamp contest.

## Legacy

Built in 1997, the Redlin Art Center in Watertown is devoted to his works. The Terry Redlin Environmental Center, also in Watertown, opened in 2010; Redlin was known for his donations to raise funds for conservation, including a record $28 million for Ducks Unlimited. The Terry Redlin Elementary School in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, opened in 1998, was named in his honor.

## Personal life

He married Helene Marie Langenfeld in 1956, when they were both 19 years old; they had three children.

Redlin died at a retirement home in Watertown, South Dakota on April 24, 2016, at the age of 78.

https://wildwings.com/pages/terry-redlin-1


title: Qu'a: Live at the Iridium, Vol. 1

abstract: Qu'a: Live at the Iridium, Vol. 1 is a live album by pianist Cecil Taylor. It was recorded at the Iridium Jazz Club in New York City in March 1998, and was released later that year by Cadence Jazz Records. On the album, Taylor is joined by saxophonist Harri Sjöström, bassist Dominic Duval, and drummer Jackson Krall. The recording is the companion to Qu'a Yuba: Live at the Iridium, Vol. 2, recorded on the same date.

text:
# Qu'a: Live at the Iridium, Vol. 1

***Qu'a: Live at the Iridium, Vol. 1*** is a live album by pianist Cecil Taylor. It was recorded at the Iridium Jazz Club in New York City in March 1998, and was released later that year by Cadence Jazz Records. On the album, Taylor is joined by saxophonist Harri Sjöström, bassist Dominic Duval, and drummer Jackson Krall. The recording is the companion to *Qu'a Yuba: Live at the Iridium, Vol. 2*, recorded on the same date.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz* |  |

In a review for AllMusic, Steve Loewy wrote: "During the course of more than one hour, Taylor and his quartet perform only one piece, but do it with such exquisite finesse that it incorporates dozens of shades and styles of expression. The instrumentation may look conventional... but as with any Taylor group, the music is unique and astonishing... The results are enthralling in a very Tayloresque way."

The authors of the *Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* wrote: "Krall... is inventive and often delicately propulsive: his brushwork halfway through the first set is impeccable. Taylor's intensity seems as trenchant as ever."

## Track listing

1. "Qu'a" (Cecil Taylor) – 1:02:25

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Qu'a: Live at the Iridium, Vol. 1 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Cecil Taylor | |
| Released | 1998 |
| Recorded | March 29, 1998 |
| Venue | Iridium Jazz Club, New York City |
| Genre | Free jazz |
| Length | 1:02:25 |
| Label | Cadence Jazz Records<br>CJR 1092 |
| Producer | Bob Rusch |


title: NGC 409

abstract: NGC 409 is an elliptical galaxy located in the constellation Sculptor. It was discovered on November 29, 1837 by John Herschel. It was described by Dreyer as "extremely faint, small, round, very small (faint) star near."

text:
# NGC 409

**NGC 409** is an elliptical galaxy located in the constellation Sculptor. It was discovered on November 29, 1837 by John Herschel. It was described by Dreyer as "extremely faint, small, round, very small (faint) star near."

## InfoBox

| NGC 409 | |
| --- | --- |
| NGC 409 as seen by DECam | |
| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Constellation | Sculptor |
| Right ascension | 01h 09m 33.2s |
| Declination | −35° 48 20 |
| Redshift | 0.022075 |
| Heliocentric radial velocity | 6,618 km/s |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 14.26 |
| Characteristics | |
| Type | E: |
| Apparent size (V) | 1.3' × 1.1' |
| Other designations | |
| ESO 352- G 012, MCG -06-03-023, 2MASS J01093323-3548203, 2MASXi J0109332-354820, ESO-LV 3520120, 6dF J0109332-354820, PGC 4132. | |


title: William Leighton (Lord Mayor of London)

abstract: Sir William Leighton was a British shipowner and merchant who served as the Lord Mayor of London in 1806. Leighton's family was from County Durham in the North East of England and he moved to London around 1779 following his father's death. Leighton worked as a coal merchant shipping coal from the port of Newcastle, and was based at Newcastle's Coal Exchange. Leighton was a prominent shipowner who owned Borrowdale, Fishburn and Golden Grove, three of the ships of the First Fleet, which transported convicts to the British colony of New south Wales. Leighton also owned several ships that were sent as military transports to the British Province of Quebec with contracts from the British Navy. Because of his maritime interests, Leighton served on various shipping committees.

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# William Leighton (Lord Mayor of London)

**Sir William Leighton** (1752 – 23 April 1826) was a British shipowner and merchant who served as the Lord Mayor of London in 1806.

Leighton's family was from County Durham in the North East of England and he moved to London around 1779 following his father's death. Leighton worked as a coal merchant shipping coal from the port of Newcastle, and was based at Newcastle's Coal Exchange.

Leighton was a prominent shipowner who owned *Borrowdale*, *Fishburn* and *Golden Grove*, three of the ships of the First Fleet, which transported convicts to the British colony of New south Wales. Leighton also owned several ships that were sent as military transports to the British Province of Quebec with contracts from the British Navy.

Because of his maritime interests, Leighton served on various shipping committees.

## Civic career

Leighton was a member of the Livery company of the Worshipful Company of Wheelwrights. He was created an alderman in the City of London's Billingsgate ward in 1799, before his resignation as an alderman in 1821. He was subsequently elected one of the Sheriffs of the City of London in 1803.

In 1806, Leighton was proclaimed Lord Mayor of London, and knighted on 1 May that year. Leighton was listed as one of the governors of Christ's Hospital in 1825.

Leighton died at Kemnal House in Kent, in 1826. He had previously lived in Charlton.


title: Wild Dog Valley, South Australia

abstract: Wild Dog Valley is a locality located within the Naracoorte Lucindale Council in the Limestone Coast region of South Australia.

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# Wild Dog Valley, South Australia

**Wild Dog Valley** is a locality located within the Naracoorte Lucindale Council in the Limestone Coast region of South Australia.

## InfoBox

| Wild Dog Valley
South Australia | |
| --- | --- |
| Wild Dog Valley | |
| Coordinates | 36°52′54″S 140°44′37″E / 36.881768°S 140.743618°E / -36.881768; 140.743618 |
| Population | 180 (2016 census) |
| Established | 12 April 2001 |
| Postcode(s) | 5271 |
| Time zone | ACST (UTC+9:30) |
| • Summer (DST) | ACST (UTC+10:30) |
| LGA(s) | Naracoorte Lucindale Council |
| Region | Limestone Coast |
| County | MacDonnell
Robe |
| State electorate(s) | MacKillop |
| Federal division(s) | Barker |


title: Ventral propriospinal tract

abstract: Ventral propriospinal tract is a collection of nerve fibers, ascending, descending, crossed and uncrossed, that interconnect various levels of the spinal cord. It is a component of the white anterior columns. The fibers are largely myelinated and run close to the spinal central gray for the length of the cord. Shorter fibers are closer to, longer fibers further from the gray. Other prominent components of the anterior columns are the medial longitudinal fasciculus of the spinal cord, the anterior spinothalamic tract of the spinal cord and the lateral vestibulospinal tract of the spinal cord. The ventral propriospinal tract is one of three propriospinal tracts in which most pathways intrinsic to the spinal cord are located. The others are the dorsal propriospinal tract and the lateral propriospinal tract.,

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# Ventral propriospinal tract

**Ventral propriospinal tract** is a collection of nerve fibers, ascending, descending, crossed and uncrossed, that interconnect various levels of the spinal cord. It is a component of the white anterior columns. The fibers are largely myelinated and run close to the spinal central gray for the length of the cord. Shorter fibers are closer to, longer fibers further from the gray. Other prominent components of the anterior columns are the medial longitudinal fasciculus of the spinal cord, the anterior spinothalamic tract of the spinal cord and the lateral vestibulospinal tract of the spinal cord. The ventral propriospinal tract is one of three propriospinal tracts in which most pathways intrinsic to the spinal cord are located. The others are the dorsal propriospinal tract and the lateral propriospinal tract.,


title: NGC 4084

abstract: NGC 4084 is an elliptical galaxy located 315 million light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. NGC 4084 was discovered by astronomer Heinrich d'Arrest on April 26, 1865. NGC 4084 is an isolated member of the Coma Supercluster and is classified as a LINER galaxy.

text:
# NGC 4084

**NGC 4084** is an elliptical galaxy located 315 million light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. NGC 4084 was discovered by astronomer Heinrich d'Arrest on April 26, 1865. NGC 4084 is an isolated member of the Coma Supercluster and is classified as a LINER galaxy.

## InfoBox

| NGC 4084 | |
| --- | --- |
| SDSS image of NGC 4084. | |
| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Constellation | Coma Berenices |
| Right ascension | 12h 05m 15.2s |
| Declination | 21° 12 52 |
| Redshift | 0.022576 |
| Heliocentric radial velocity | 6768 km/s |
| Distance | 315 Mly (96.6 Mpc) |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 15.40 |
| Characteristics | |
| Type | E |
| Size | ~112,100 ly (34.37 kpc) (estimated) |
| Apparent size (V) | 0.4 x 0.4 |
| Other designations | |
| PGC 038272, MCG +04-29-014 | |