title: Suryamal Misran

abstract: Kaviraja Suryamall Misran was the Rajkavi (poet-historian) of Bundi kingdom. He was proficient in six languages including Dingal, Sanskrit, Prakrit, Apabhraṃśa, and was a scholar of grammar, logic, history and politics. His important works include Vansh Bhaskar, Vir Satsai, Balwant Vilas and Chhandomayukh.

text:
# Suryamal Misran

**Kaviraja Suryamall Misran** (also spelled **Suryamall Meesan**; 1815–1868) was the Rajkavi (poet-historian) of Bundi kingdom. He was proficient in six languages including Dingal, Sanskrit, Prakrit, Apabhraṃśa, and was a scholar of grammar, logic, history and politics. His important works include *Vansh Bhaskar, Vir Satsai, Balwant Vilas* and *Chhandomayukh*.

## Biography

### Early life and family

The great poet-historian of Rajasthan, Suryamall Misran was born in Harna village of Bundi district on 19 October 1815 AD (VS 1872). His father's name was Kaviraja Chandidan and his mother's name was Bhawani Bai. Suryamall Mishran's lineage can be traced back to poet Chandkoti, who was renowned for his mastery of six languages. He and his successors, including Bhan, who settled in Bundi, were all great poets. Among them, Kavi Badanji gained fame for his poetry in Pingal (Brij-Bhasha).

The family originally resided in the kingdom of Mewar. Bhan, an esteemed ancestor of Suryamall, held a respected position in the Chittorgarh darbar and would occasionally visit Rao Suryamal, the reigning ruler of Bundi. During one such visit, Rao bestowed great honor upon Bhan as his guest, and while on during a hunting expedition, Bhan and Rao Suryamal encountered two large bears, which Rao Suryamal skillfully dispatched with his katar. Impressed, Bhan immortalized the event in his poetry, evoking the appreciation of Rao Suryamal, who gifted him an elephant, a horse, and a substantial amount. Rao Suryamal persuaded Bhan to stay as his guest for several months. However, upon returning to Chittorgarh, Bhan narrated the tale of Suryamal's valor and generosity to Rana Ratan Singh, who, out of jealousy, asked him to leave his domain. Bhan then returned to Bundi, where he was warmly received and honored with a jagir in sasan and valuable presents. Later, Bhan's descendants made Bundi their permanent residence. Kaviraja Chandidan, the father of poet Suryamall Misran, was the tenth successor in line from Bhan.

Kaviraja Chandidan was a prolific scholar and poet of his time, skilled in Pingala, Dingala and Sanskrit. Vishnu Singh, the then Maharaja of Bundi, had conferred the fiefdom of a village in sasan, *lakh pasav*, and the title of Kaviraja to Chandi Dan. Chandi Dan composed three texts of utmost importance, namely *Balavigraha*, *Saar Sagar*, and *Vanshabharan*.

### Education

Suryamal was endowed with sharp acumen and extraordinary memory since childhood. He acquired deep knowledge of many disciplines in his childhood. Having been educated by the leading scholars of his age, Suryamal Misran was well-versed in astronomy, religion, culture, astrology, philosophy, and several languages, in addition to possessing exceptional literary gifts. His deep inclination towards music is reflected by the fact that he usually carried a *Veena* with him.

> "The boars lay waste the greenery, the elephants muddle the lake, While the lion is lost in his lioness' love oblivious of the stake
> Don't be called now Simhas (lions), O Thakurs, while alien mercy you seek
> Only those whose paws fell the elephants, are worth the name, not the meek."

--Suryamall Mishran

He received education in Dingala, Sanskrit, philosophy, history, and poetics from various Gurus besides his own father. Swami Swarupdas, a Dadupanthi, gave him training in Yoga, Vedanta, Nyaya, and Vaiseshika literature. From Pandit Ashanand, he learned grammar, verses, poetry, astrology, Ashvadhak, and Chanakya Shastra. From Muhammad, he learned *veena*-playing and Persian from another mentor. From another Muslim teacher, he acquired knowledge about Islamic religion and culture and had read Persian histories like the Tarikh-i-Firishta and the Akbar-Nama by Abul-Fazl. Thus, Suryamal Misran received an educational, literary, and historical atmosphere right from the beginning, giving rise to a unique confluence of knowledge, wisdom, and valor. In his book *Vansh-Bhaskar*, Suryamall expresses his deep respect for these Gurus. For one of his guru, a Muslim scholar named Mohammad, Suryamall writes:

> My Guru and Teacher Mohammad is an embodiment of virtue and is a staunch worshipper of Allah. It is from him that I have learnt the secrets of his religion. — *Vansh-Bhaskar*

## Career

Suryamall succeeded his father in the court in the office of Kaviraja in the reign of Maharao Raja Ram Singh. He wrote primarily in Dingal, though he also made occasional use of Sanskrit, Prakrit, Magadhi, Pingal and other dialects.

Misran was a court poet (*Raj-Kavi*) of the Bundi kingdom, which was ruled by Hada Chauhans. In the poetry world, they are known as "Mahakavi". He undertook the work *Vans Bhaskar* during the reign of Maharao Ram Singh. He intended to write *Vans Bhaskar* in two volumes and twelve parts as an analogy with the sun, which has two solstices and twelve months in a year. He left the work unfinished at the eighth part of the second volume because of differences with the king, whose territory became a British protectorate, while the poet supported the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

Suryamal Misran felt moved by the plight of ordinary Rajput soldiers. In at least three couplets of *Veer Satsai* he expressed his concern for the wives of brave soldiers, who asked the queen for a handful of grains against the promise of their husbands' heads rolling before hers, whenever needed in return. Veer-Satsai is a soulful expression of the hopes and aspirations of the valiant Rajasthani Warriors and their spouses. It sings of those who indulged unflinchingly in the dangerous game of defiance and death, preferring extinction with honour to a life of slavery and shame.

Misran's glorification of local heroes helped to develop the spirit of nationalization in Rajasthan.

## Anti-British Sentiment

Suryamal Misran was a proponent of resistance against colonial powers. In his views, subjection to the British implied loss of *dharma* (faith and way of life). He warned that if the British stayed on no one would be *jami ka thakur* (lord of the land) and all would become Isai (Christian).

Suryamal wrote to most Kings and Thakurs of Rajputana to stand up against the British. He envisioned a coalition of the Hindu kings of India who would wage war and drive out the British once and for all.

During the 1857 war against the British, Suryamal celebrated the courage of the Auwa Thakur Kushal Singh who had given shelter to the Purabia soldiers of the Jodhpur Legion which had rebelled against the British East India Company and were marching from Sirohi towards British India.

## Death

Although Suryamal had no dearth of wealth and resources he spent his days depressed because he had no children, he felt suffocated by the growing hold of British power over India. The last days of his life were spent in a crisis. He found shelter in music and alcohol, he was immersed in alcohol by night, and alcohol made him diseased, gradually his body became thin and he succumbed to death. In this way, he died in Bundi on 11 October 1868(VS 1925 Ashadh Krishna Ekadashi). His death was mourned by the people and nobles of Rajasthan and Malwa, many poems were written as a tribute to him.

## Legacy

Throughout his life, Suryamal Misran married six times. His first wedding was attended by Maharao Ram Singh, the King of Bundi himself.

He was counted among the five gems (*panch-ratna*) of Bundi. His epic creation "Vansh Bhaskar" book also remained incomplete, which was later completed by his adopted son Kaviraja Murari Dan.

Suryamal Misran is often referred to by Indian scholars as the ‘*Veda Vyas*’ of the recent modern period, in that his *Vansha Bhaskar* is regarded as an epic on par with Mahabharata.

## Works

### *Vansha Bhaskar*

Suryamall's monumental work, *Vansh-Bhaskar*, is a vast source of knowledge on war, astronomy, yoga, religion, and ancient traditional sciences of India, while extensively covering the history of the Chauhans and other dynasties of Rajasthan.

In the 19th century, publication of Vansh Bhaskar proved to be disruptive for bardic poetry in Bundi.

> Its publication has very nearly killed Bardic activity at Bundi, because every poet I met with recited verses from the Vamsabhaskar. I enquired about old families of bards, but I was told that during the last 70 years their libraries have been dissipated. In fact, I was shown a huge mass of loose pages of a collection of Bardic songs purchased from a Bania for two pice.

Works of Suryamal Misran remained influential even after a century. Gyasiram Misra (from Mathura) who was given the same position in Bundi Court based his work *Vamsa Pradipaka* on Suryamall’s *Vansh Bhaskar*.

Prominent compositions by Suryamal Misran are:

1. *Vansh Bhaskar*
2. *Veer Satsai*
3. *Dhatu Roopawali*
4. *Balwad Vilas (Balwant Vilas)*
5. *Ram Ranjat*
6. *Chhand Mayukh*
7. *Sati Raso*
8. *Sati Sujas*

## Suryamal Mishran Shikhar award

Suryamal Mishran Shikhar Award, in the memory of the 19th century poet-historian Suryamal Misran, is given on the basis of the commendation of the committee constituted by **Rajasthani Bhasha Sahitya and Sanskriti Akademi**, Bikaner (Government of Rajasthan) for special contribution to Rajasthani literature.

In recent years, his persona has been staged in theatre, most notably in Rajendra Panchal's '*Katha Sukavi Suryamall Ki'* performed by the Perafin group of Kota.

## InfoBox

| Kaviraj
Mahakavi
Suryamal Misran | |
| --- | --- |
| Commemorative stamp of Suryamall Mishran (1815-1868) | |
| Born | 19 October 1815
Harna, Bundi State |
| Died | 11 October 1868(1868-10-11) (aged 52)
Bundi |
| Occupation |  |
| Language |  |
| Nationality | Bundi State |
| Notable works | Vansha Bhaskar Veer Satsai

Sati Raso
 |
| Children | 1 Murari Dan Misran (Rajkavi of Bundi) |


title: Suryamukhi

abstract: Suryamukhi is a 1963 Oriya film directed by Prafulla Sengupta.

text:
# Suryamukhi

***Suryamukhi*** is a 1963 Oriya film directed by Prafulla Sengupta.

## Plot

Raju lives with his brother Mohan and mother in a remote village. Gita and Raju love each other. As Raju is a brilliant student, he goes to Cuttack for higher education. There, he meets Usha, his classmate. Usha is inspired by the honesty, simplicity and intellect of Raju and falls in love with him. But Usha's father Rai Bahadur, a wealthy person in the town, doesn't accept his daughter's love interest with a poor village boy. Rai Bahadur insults Raju and threatens him to leave Usha's life. In desperation, Raju leaves Cuttack and ventures into an unknown journey. In the meanwhile, Raju's widowed mother sends Loknath and Mohan to search the whereabouts of Raju. Loknath meets Rai Bahadur, who happens to be his old friend, but can't trace out Raju. Lokanath pursues Rai Bahadur a proposal of Mohan's marriage with Usha. Rai Bahadur agrees. Mohan and Usha's marriage takes place.

Raju eventually finds a job in a factory and one day loses his eyes in an accident. By knowing this, his mother gets terrible blow and passes away. Raju is admitted into a hospital and becomes fully cured. Raju returns home and surprisingly finds his girlfriend Usha is now his sister-in-law. Later, Usha convinces Raju to face the reality and asks him to marry Gita. At last, Raju agrees to marry Gita, with a happy ending.

## Cast

* Saumendra Misra as Raju
* Minati Mishra as Usha
* Sukhalata Mohanty as Gita
* Dhira Biswal as Lokanath
* Ananta Mahapatra as Debasis
* Laxmipriya Mahapatra as Odishi dancer
* Sahu Samuel as Mohan
* Bimal Choudhury as Rai Bahadur
* Lakshmi as Raju's mother

## Soundtrack

The music for the film is composed by Shantunu Mahapatra.

| Song | Lyrics | Singer(s) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "Antara Kande Bahare Hase Sei Mora Parichaya" | Gurukrushna Goswami | Pranab Patnaik |
| "Duniare Samayara Naee Bahi Jaere" | Gurukrushna Goswami | Manna Dey |
| "Sei Chuna Chuna Tara Phula Aaji" | Gurukrushna Goswami | Lata Mangeshkar |
| "Sei Nila Pari Deshe Janhi Chandarama Hase" | Gurukrushna Goswami | Sikandar Alam, Nirmla Mishra |
| "Niladri Bihari Hari" |  |  |

## Box office

The film was appreciated by the masses and was a success.

## Awards

## InfoBox

| Suryamukhi(1963) | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Prafulla Sengupta |
| Written by | Gurukrushna Goswami
Saumendra Misra |
| Produced by | Saumendra Misra |
| Starring | Saumendra Misra
Minati Mishra
Sukhalata Mohanty
Dhira Biswal |
| Cinematography | Kanai Dey |
| Edited by | Sukumar Sengupta |
| Music by | Shantanu Mahapatra |
| Production
company | Uday Pictures |
| Release date | * 2 October 1963 (1963-10-02) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Odia |


title: Tobias Enhus

abstract: Tobias Enhus is a Swedish music composer living in the US. His work has appeared in films, such as Black Hawk Down. He has also created music for television commercials, including the haunting score heard in a 2006 commercial for Mercedes-Benz S-Class vehicles. More recently, Enhus composed the majority of the track to The Matrix: Path of Neo, collaborating with other artists, such as Juno Reactor, Mark Killian, Todd Haberman and Rob Bennett, as well as composing the score for the Spider-Man 3 video game based on the 2007 film of the same name. Enhus has also composed for Machine Head. He also provided a track for Mondo Sex Head, a 2012 remix album by Rob Zombie.

text:
# Tobias Enhus

**Tobias Enhus** is a Swedish music composer living in the US. His work has appeared in films, such as *Black Hawk Down*. He has also created music for television commercials, including the haunting score (featuring female operatic singing) heard in a 2006 commercial for Mercedes-Benz S-Class vehicles (shown during PBS sponsor-appreciation segments). More recently, Enhus composed the majority of the track to *The Matrix: Path of Neo*, collaborating with other artists, such as Juno Reactor, Mark Killian, Todd Haberman and Rob Bennett, as well as composing the score for the *Spider-Man 3* video game based on the 2007 film of the same name. Enhus has also composed for Machine Head. He also provided a track for Mondo Sex Head, a 2012 remix album by Rob Zombie.

## InfoBox

| Tobias Enhus | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Swedish |
| Occupation | Composer |


title: Mordelloides

abstract: Mordelloides acuticauda is a species of beetle in the family Mordellidae, the only species in the genus Mordelloides.

text:
# Mordelloides

***Mordelloides acuticauda*** is a species of beetle in the family Mordellidae, the only species in the genus ***Mordelloides***.

## InfoBox

| *Mordelloides* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Mordellidae |
| Subfamily: | Mordellinae |
| Tribe: | Mordellini |
| Genus: | ***Mordelloides***
Ray, 1939 |
| Species: | ***M. acuticauda*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mordelloides acuticauda***
Ray, 1939 | |
|


title: Tilingia

abstract: Tilingia is a plant genus belonging to the family Apiaceae. The genus was named in 1859 by Heinrich Sylvester Theodor Tiling and Eduard August von Regel.

text:
# Tilingia

***Tilingia*** is a plant genus belonging to the family Apiaceae. The genus was named in 1859 by Heinrich Sylvester Theodor Tiling and Eduard August von Regel.

## Species

As of December 2022, Plants of the World Online accepted two species:

## InfoBox

| *Tilingia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Tilingia holopetala* in Japan | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Apiales |
| Family: | Apiaceae |
| Subfamily: | Apioideae |
| Genus: | *Tilingia*<br>Regel & Tiling |
|
| Species | |
| See text. | |


title: William Tooke

abstract: William Tooke was a British clergyman and historian of Russia.

text:
# William Tooke

**William Tooke** (1744 – 17 November 1820) was a British clergyman and historian of Russia.

## Life

Tooke was the second son of Thomas Tooke (1705–1773) of St. John's, Clerkenwell, by his wife Hannah, only daughter of Thomas Mann of St. James's, Clerkenwell, whom he married in 1738. The family claimed connection with Sir Bryan Tuke and George Tooke.

William was educated at an academy at Islington kept by one John Shield. In 1771 Tooke obtained letters of ordination as deacon and priest from Richard Terrick as bishop of London; and received from John Duncombe the offer of the living of West Thurrock, Essex, in the same year. This he declined on being appointed chaplain to the English church at Kronstadt. Three years later, on the resignation of Dr. John Glen King, Tooke was invited by the English merchants at St. Petersburg to succeed him as chaplain there. In this position he made the acquaintance of many members of the Russian nobility and episcopate, and also of the numerous men of letters and scientists of all nationalities whom Catherine II summoned to her court. He was a regular attendant at the annual *diner de tolérance* which the empress gave to the clergy of all denominations, and at which Gabriel, the metropolitan of Russia, used to preside. Among those whose acquaintance Tooke made was the French sculptor Étienne Maurice Falconet, then engaged on his statue of Peter the Great.

On 5 June 1783 he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society, and on 14 May 1784 was admitted sizar of Jesus College, Cambridge, but neither resided nor graduated. Shortly afterwards he became a corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg and of the Free Economical Society of St. Petersburg. While chaplain at St. Petersburg Tooke made frequent visits to Poland and Germany, some details of which are printed from his letters in John Nichols's *Literary Anecdotes*. At Königsberg he made the acquaintance of Immanuel Kant.

In 1792 Tooke was left a fortune by a maternal uncle, returned to England, and devoted himself to writing. In 1814 Tooke served as chaplain to the lord mayor of London, Sir William Domville, and preached in that capacity several sermons, which were published separately.

Tooke resided during his latter years in Great Ormond Street, Bloomsbury, but moved to Guilford Street just before his death, which took place on 17 November 1820. He was buried on the 23rd in St. Pancras new burial-ground. An engraving by J. Collyer, after a portrait by Martin Archer Shee, is prefixed to his *Lucian.*

## Works

Tooke early turned his attention to literature, and in 1767 published an edition of John Weever's *Funeral Monuments*. In 1769 he issued in two volumes *The Loves of Othniel and Achsah, translated from the Chaldee.* The "translation" was merely a blind, and Tooke's object appears to have been to give an account of Chaldean philosophy and religion; he evinces an acquaintance with Hebrew. This was followed in 1772 by an edition of *Mary Magdalen's Funeral Tears* by Robert Southwell. In 1777 he published *Pieces written by Mons. Falconet and Mons. Diderot, on Sculpture in General, and Particularly on the Celebrated Statue of Peter the Great, ... translated from the French by William Tooke, with several additions* (London: W. Bowyer and J. Nichols).

His residence at St. Petersburg had given him chances for the study of Russian history, and he now set to work to publish the results of his researches. He had already translated from German *Russia, or a compleat Historical Account of all the Nations which compose that Empire* (London, 4 vols. 1780–1783). In 1798 appeared *The Life of Catharine II, Empress of Russia; an enlarged translation from the French* (3 vols), more than half of which consisted of Tooke's additions. It was followed in 1799 by *A View of the Russian Empire during the Reign of Catharine II and to the close of the present Century* (3 vols); a second edition appeared in 1800, and was translated into French in six volumes (Paris, 1801). In 1800 Tooke published a *History of Russia from the Foundation of the Monarchy by Rurik to the Accession of Catharine the Second* (London, 2 vols).

In 1795 he produced two volumes of *Varieties of Literature*, followed in 1798 by the similar *Selections from Foreign Literary Journals.* He was principal editor, assisted by William Beloe and Robert Nares, of the *New and General Biographical Dictionary*, published in fifteen volumes in 1798; and in the same year he wrote *Observations on the Expedition of General Bonaparte to the East* A few years later he began a translation in ten volumes of the sermons of the Swiss divine Georg Joachim Zollikofer. The first two appeared in 1804 (2nd edit. 1807), two in 1806, two in 1807, and two in 1812; they were followed in 1815 by a translation of the same divine's *Devotional Exercises and Prayers.*

He contributed largely to the *Monthly Review* and the *Gentleman's Magazine*, and is credited with the authorship of the memoir of Sir Hans Sloane, written in French, and extant (British Library Add MS 30066 (Cat. Addit. MSS. 1882, p. 30)). His last work was *Lucian of Samosata, from the Greek, with the Comments and Illustrations of Wieland and others*, London, 1820, 2 vols.

For *Rees's Cyclopædia* he contributed articles on geography (perhaps of Russia) but the details are not known.

## Family

In 1771, Tooke married Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Eyton of Llanganhafal, Denbighshire, and they had two sons, Thomas Tooke and William Tooke, and a daughter, Elizabeth.

1. Rachel May, *The Translator in the Text: On Reading Russian Literature in English* (Northwestern University Press, 1994: ISBN 0810111586), p. 13.

## Attribution

## Works by William Tooke online


title: Plexippus lutescens

abstract: Plexippus lutescens is a species of jumping spider in the genus Plexippus that lives in Namibia and Zimbabwe. It was first described in 2002 by Wanda Wesołowska. Only the male has been described. In 2017, Jerzy Prószyński declared it should be reclassified as the spider has a different palpal bulb to others in the genus, but this was not undertaken. It is a medium-sized spider, with a cephalothorax typically 3.3 mm (0.13 in) long and an abdomen that is 4 mm (0.16 in) long. The dark brown carapace has three white stripes and the reddish-brown abdomen has a single stripe of lighter brown. The spider has a short tibial apophysis and thin embolus. It lacks the lateral lobe on the palpal bulb that is visible on other species in the genus.

text:
# Plexippus lutescens

***Plexippus lutescens*** is a species of jumping spider in the genus *Plexippus* that lives in Namibia and Zimbabwe. It was first described in 2002 by Wanda Wesołowska. Only the male has been described. In 2017, Jerzy Prószyński declared it should be reclassified as the spider has a different palpal bulb to others in the genus, but this was not undertaken. It is a medium-sized spider, with a cephalothorax typically 3.3 mm (0.13 in) long and an abdomen that is 4 mm (0.16 in) long. The dark brown carapace has three white stripes and the reddish-brown abdomen has a single stripe of lighter brown. The spider has a short tibial apophysis and thin embolus. It lacks the lateral lobe on the palpal bulb that is visible on other species in the genus.

## Taxonomy

*Plexippus lutescens* is a jumping spider that was first described by the Polish arachnologist Wanda Wesołowska in 2011. It was one of over 500 species that she has identified. It was placed in the genus *Plexippus*, first raised by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1846. The word plexippus is Greek and can be translated striking or driving horses. It was the name of a number of heroes in Homer's *Iliad*. The species name is derived from a Latin word that can be translated dark, recalling the generally light colours on the palpal bulb. The genus was placed in the subtribe Plexippina in the tribe Plexippini, both named after the genus, by Wayne Maddison in 2015, who listed the tribe in the clade Saltafresia. It was allocated to the subclade Simonida, named in honour of the French arachnologist Eugène Simon. In 2016, it was combined with 31 other genera into the group Christillines, named after the genus *Chrysilla*. In his 2017 study of the genus, Jerzy Prószyński found that, as the palpal bulb does nor resemble other spiders in the genus, it should be reclassified. This was not undertaken, so the species remained in the genus *Plexippus*.

## Description

*Plexippus lutescens* is a medium-sized spider, with a cephalothorax that measures typically 3.3 mm (0.13 in) in length and 2.4 mm (0.094 in) in width, while the abdomen is typically 4 mm (0.16 in) long and 2.1 mm (0.083 in) wide. The carapace is a dark brown oval with a large white stripe that runs down the back from the eye field all the way to the back. There are two other white stripes on the edges. It has a covering of dense brown hairs. The chelicerae are a lighter brown and unidentate. The labium is brown with yellow tips. The abdomen is ovoid and has a more red-brown tinge and lighter stripe, surrounded by narrow lines. It is also covered with hairs, but these are generally colourless, although some examples have orange hairs on the stripes. The underside is orange, with a large triangular area in the middle that has three lines that cut across the design. The spinnerets are brown. The spider has hairy legs and pedipalps that have a short tibial apophysis, or appendage. The palpal bulb is very light, almost yellow, and lacks the lateral lobe seen on other species in the genus. The embolus is small and thin. Only the male has been described.

## Distribution

The male holotype was identified near Bindura in Zimbabwe. A paratype was found in the Otjozondjupa Region of Namibia in 2009. Examples include both fully-grown adults and younger, less well-developed spiders.

### Citations

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| *Plexippus lutescens* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| A spider of the genus *Plexippus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Salticidae |
| Subfamily: | Salticinae |
| Genus: | *Plexippus* |
| Species: | ***P. lutescens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Plexippus lutescens***<br>Wesołowska, 2011 | |
|


title: Yueliangdao

abstract: Yueliangdao is a subdistrict of Wangcheng district, Changsha, Hunan, China. It is located on the western bank of Xiang river, the subdistrict is bordered by Dazehu subdistrict to the north, Huangjinyuan to the west, Wangyue and Guanshaling subdistricts of Yuelu district to the south, Xiufeng subdistrict across the Xiang river to the east. Yueliangdao has an area of 22.77 km⁲ (8.79 sq mi) with a population of 30,061. the subdistrict has four residential communities and three villages under its jurisdiction.

text:
# Yueliangdao

**Yueliangdao** (simplified Chinese: 月亮岛街道; traditional Chinese: 月亮島街道; pinyin: *Yuèliàngdǎo Jiēdào*) is a subdistrict of Wangcheng district, Changsha, Hunan, China. It is located on the western bank of Xiang river, the subdistrict is bordered by Dazehu subdistrict to the north, Huangjinyuan to the west, Wangyue and Guanshaling subdistricts of Yuelu district to the south, Xiufeng subdistrict across the Xiang river to the east. Yueliangdao has an area of 22.77 km2 (8.79 sq mi) with a population of 30,061. the subdistrict has four residential communities and three villages under its jurisdiction.

## History

Yueliangdao was formed by the revocation of Xingcheng (and setting up three new subdistricts) in 2012. Xingcheng (星城镇) was formed by Dahu (大湖乡) and Gushan (谷山乡) in 1995. there were 22 villages and two residential communities in 1997.

In July 2012, Xingcheng was changed from a town as a subdistrict. On August 28, 2012, Xingcheng was divided into three subdistricts, they are Baishazhou (白沙洲街道), Dazehu (大泽湖街道) and Yueliangdao (月亮岛街道) subdistricts.

* The Yueliangdao contains Yueliangdao residential community (月亮岛社区), Yinxing (银星村), Zhonghualing (中华岭村) and Daigongmiao (戴公庙村) villages;
* The Dazehu subdistrict contains Dongma residential community (东马社区), Xitang (西塘村), Huilong (回龙村) and Nantang (南塘村) villages;
* The Baishazhou subdistrict contains Maqiaohe (马桥河村), Tengfei (腾飞村) and huangtian (黄田村) three villages.

## InfoBox

| Yueliangdao subdistrict 月亮岛街道 | |
| --- | --- |
| Subdistrict | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Hunan |
| Prefecture-level city | Changsha |
| District | Wangcheng |
| Area | |
| Total | 22.77 km2 (8.79 sq mi) |
| Population (2013) | |
| Total | 30,061 |
| Density | 1,300/km2 (3,400/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |


title: W. G. R. Sprague

abstract: William George Robert Sprague was a theatre architect.

text:
# W. G. R. Sprague

**William George Robert Sprague** (1865  4 December 1933) was a theatre architect.

## Biography

He was born in Australia in 1865, the son of actress Dolores Drummond, who returned with acclaim to London in 1874.

Sprague was an articled clerk for Frank Matcham for four years, then in 1880 was an articled clerk for Walter Emden for three years. He was in a partnership with Bertie Crewe until 1895. He went on to design a large number of theatres and music halls, almost all of them in London. At the height of his career he showed a productivity worthy of mentor Matcham, producing six theatres in Westminster in less than four years. Unlike Matcham and Emden, Sprague studied architectural forms and conventions and used his knowledge in his designs, saying of himself that he "liked the Italian Renaissance" as a style for his frontages, but would take liberties when needed "to get the best effects" In 1902, the theatre newspaper *The Era* described him as "Britain's youngest theatrical designer, with more London houses to his credit than any other man in the same profession."

In 1898, William Morton, owner and manager of the Greenwich Theatre, commissioned Sprague to produce plans for a 3,000-seat theatre to replace his existing theatre on a new site on London Street, but this was never followed through.

Sprague married Isabel Katherine Bennett on 30 April 1900, and they had a son in 1907.

Sprague died from heart failure at his home in Maidenhead on 4 December 1933.

## Theatres

| Theatre | Location | Build Date | Original Seating Capacity | Status | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Theatre Royal | Lincoln, Lincolnshire | 1889 |  |  | with Bertie Crewe |
| Olympic | London | 1890 |  | Demolished | with Bertie Crewe |
| Theatre Royal | Aldershot | 16 February 1891 | 700 | Demolished 1959 | With Bertie Crewe |
| Lyceum | Newport | 1896 | 1,250 | Demolished | The Lyceum Theatre on Bridge Street, Newport was built in 1896 at a cost of £20,000 on the site of the former Victoria Hall, later the Victoria Theatre, which had opened 20 years earlier in 1876 but been destroyed by fire. It was determined from the outset that the new theatre should hold a place amongst the best in the kingdom, and Mr W. G. R. Sprague was commissioned. He recommended that the handsome Grecian style exterior of the old Victoria Theatre might be preserved. He therefore designed the newer, bigger Lyceum Theatre to be created within the walls of the old Victoria Theatre. This was a unique undertaking and sets it apart from Sprague's other theatres. The Lyceum Theatre was demolished in 1967 to make way for the building of a new Cinema by ABC which cost £250,000 |
| Lyceum | Sheffield | 1897 | 1,068 | Listed building | Traditional proscenium arch theatre, this 1,068-seat listed building is Sprague's only surviving design outside London. Following closure in 1968, the Lyceum endured spells as a bingo hall and a rock venue before undergoing a £12 million renovation and reopening as a Number One Touring Venue in 1991 |
| The Coronet Theatre | Notting Hill, London | 1898 | 1,143 | Listed building | Grade II Listed status |
| Wyndham's Theatre | London | 1899 |  |  | Grade II\* Listed status in 1960 |
| The Rotherhithe Hippodrome | London | 1899 | 2,087 | demolished | Originally the "Terriss Theatre" |
| Empire | Holloway, London | 1899 | 1210 | closed 1938 demolished 1953 | Built for Oswald Stoll, became part of Moss chain; renamed Empire Theatre of Varieties, became part of Biocolour cinema chain 1923, Gaumont 1926. |
| KOKO | Camden Town, London | 26 December 1900 | 2,434 |  | Grade II Listed status in 1991 |
| King's Theatre | Hammersmith, London | 1902 | 3,000+ | Demolished 1963 | "King's Studio" for BBC 1955–56 |
| Noël Coward Theatre | West End, London | 1903 |  |  | Originally the "New Theatre", then the "Albery" from January 1973 to May 2006 |
| Aldwych Theatre | London | December 1905 | 1,092 | 1,176 seats. Currently operated by the Nederlander Organization | Built for Seymour Hicks and Charles Frohmann, as one of a pair of a similar, though not identical theatres to each side of the not yet built Waldorf Hilton, London \- the other being the "Waldorf Theatre", 1909 renamed "Strand Theatre". Opened Dec 1905 with Seymour Hicks's musical comedy *Bluebell in Fairyland* |
| Novello Theatre | London | 22 May 1905 |  |  | Built as one of a pair with the Aldwych Theatre on either side of The Waldorf Hilton, London. Opened as the **Waldorf Theatre** on 22 May 1905, renamed the **Strand Theatre** in 1909. It was again renamed as the **Whitney Theatre** in 1911 before again becoming the Strand Theatre in 1913. In 2005 was renamed by its owners Delfont Mackintosh Theatres the Novello Theatre in honour of Ivor Novello. |
| Gielgud Theatre | London | 1906 |  |  | Opened in 1907 as the Hicks Theatre, paired with the Queens Theatre, then became the Globe, before becoming the Gielgud Theatre to allow the reconstruction of William Shakespeare's Globe Theatre on the Southbank to be named the Globe Theatre |
| Sondheim Theatre | London | 1907 |  |  | One of a pair, the other part being what is now called the Gielgud Theatre. The front of the theatre was blown off during World War II, restored and opened again in 1959. The building had been given a new façade and front, which was designed by Brian Westwood and Sir Hugh Casson |
| Ambassadors Theatre | London | 1913 |  |  | Grade II listed 1973. First home of Agatha Christie's *"The Mousetrap"* |
| St Martin's Theatre | London | 1916 |  |  | Present home of Agatha Christie's *"The Mousetrap"* |
| Streatham Hill Theatre | London | 1929 |  |  | Built in 1929, it was the last theatre designed by Sprague, but possibly his largest and one of the best-equipped in London, outside of the West End. Became a bingo hall in 1962. Grade 2 listed. Bingo closed in 2017. |
|

## InfoBox

| W. G. R. Sprague | |
| --- | --- |
| In *The Sketch*, 20 September 1899 | |
| Born | William George Robert Sprague
1865 (1865)
Australia |
| Died | 4 December 1933(1933-12-04) (aged 67–68)
Maidenhead, England |
| Occupation | Architect |
| Spouse | Isabel Katherine Bennett  (m. 1900) |
| Children | 1 |


abstract: The United States Post Office in Trenton, Tennessee was built in 1935. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988, the nomination for which describes it as "simplified Greek Revival" in style.

text:
# United States Post Office (Trenton, Tennessee)

The **United States Post Office** in Trenton, Tennessee was built in 1935. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988, the nomination for which describes it as "simplified Greek Revival" in style.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| U.S. Post Office | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 200 S. College St.<br>Trenton, Tennessee |
| Coordinates | 35°58′55″N 88°56′30″W / 35.98194°N 88.94167°W / 35.98194; -88.94167 (US Post Office) |
| Area | 0.7 acres (0.28 ha) |
| Built | 1935 |
| Architect | Louis A. Simon |
| Engineer | George O. Von Nerta |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 88001576 |
| Added to NRHP | September 23, 1988 |


title: Mickey's WaterWorks

abstract: Mickey's WaterWorks was the summertime parade at Hong Kong Disneyland from 2007-2013. It was originally created exclusively for Hong Kong Disneyland for the 2007 summer season by Walt Disney Creative Entertainment, and was presented by Bonaqua Drinking Water. Although Mickey's WaterWorks officially began its run on July 14 of that year, it made its debut one week earlier. The only year it didn't run during its run was in 2011, when Hong Kong Disneyland continued on with their Flights of Fantasy Parade. This parade has not run since summer 2013.

text:
# Mickey's WaterWorks

**Mickey's WaterWorks** was the summertime parade at Hong Kong Disneyland from 2007-2013. It was originally created exclusively for Hong Kong Disneyland for the 2007 summer season by Walt Disney Creative Entertainment, and was presented by Bonaqua Drinking Water. Although Mickey's WaterWorks officially began its run on July 14 of that year, it made its debut one week earlier. The only year it didn't run during its run was in 2011, when Hong Kong Disneyland continued on with their Flights of Fantasy Parade. This parade has not run since summer 2013.

## History

As the title suggests, Mickey's WaterWorks is a splashy parade created to refresh and bring watery fun to guests from all walks of life. The parade showcases how Mickey Mouse and more than 30 other Disney characters keep Hong Kong Disneyland's landscape looking so beautiful and lush. However, guests viewing the parade must be aware that water is everywhere on the route, except for the Dry Areas of the route located by signs along the route.

Favorite Disney characters, some of whom had never appeared at Hong Kong Disneyland before (such as the Big Bad Wolf and Pinocchio) prior to the debut of this parade, entertain guests with a water-filled extravaganza of music, dance and a host of colorful themed floats together with over 100 performers (including said 30 characters) set to an original score.

1. Geryak, Cole (February 8, 2018). "Disney Extinct Attractions: Mickey's WaterWorks, Glow in the Park, and Let It Snow Parades". *The Laughing Place*. Retrieved 17 July 2020.

## InfoBox

| Mickey's WaterWorks | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Hong Kong Disneyland | |
| Status | Removed |
| Opening date | July 14, 2007 |
| Closing date | August 31, 2013 |
| Replaced by | Pixar Water Street Party! |
|  | |
| Ride statistics | |
| Attraction type | Parade |
| Sponcor | Bonaqua |


title: Micranthes palmeri

abstract: Micranthes palmeri, commonly called Palmer's saxifrage, is a species of plant in the saxifrage family that is native to Oklahoma and Arkansas in the United States.

text:
# Micranthes palmeri

***Micranthes palmeri***, commonly called **Palmer's saxifrage**, is a species of plant in the saxifrage family that is native to Oklahoma and Arkansas in the United States.

## InfoBox

| *Micranthes palmeri* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Saxifragales |
| Family: | Saxifragaceae |
| Genus: | *Micranthes* |
| Species: | ***M. palmeri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Micranthes palmeri***<br>Bush | |
|


title: Micranthes rufidula

abstract: Micranthes rufidula is a species of flowering plant known by the common name rustyhair saxifrage. It is native to western North America from British Columbia to Oregon, and one location in northern California. It grows in moist, open and rocky habitat in mountainous areas. It is a perennial herb growing from a small caudex and system of rhizomes. The leaves have oval blades lined with blunt teeth borne on long petioles. The inflorescence arises on a hairy peduncle, the flowers bearing white petals.

text:
# Micranthes rufidula

***Micranthes rufidula*** is a species of flowering plant known by the common name **rustyhair saxifrage**. It is native to western North America from British Columbia to Oregon, and one location in northern California. It grows in moist, open and rocky habitat in mountainous areas. It is a perennial herb growing from a small caudex and system of rhizomes. The leaves have oval blades lined with blunt teeth borne on long petioles. The inflorescence arises on a hairy peduncle, the flowers bearing white petals.

## InfoBox

| *Micranthes rufidula* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Saxifragales |
| Family: | Saxifragaceae |
| Genus: | *Micranthes* |
| Species: | ***M. rufidula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Micranthes rufidula***<br>Small | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Saxifraga rufidula* (Small) Fedde | |


title: Mickey Vann

abstract: Michael Van Norman better known as Mickey Vann is a former boxer and British boxing referee. Vann was a 'Class A Star' referee and boxing judge. He arbitrated his first professional bout on 14 January 1985, and since has refereed many World, regional, and national title fights.

text:
# Mickey Vann

**Michael Van Norman** better known as **Mickey Vann** (born 29 December 1943 in London, England) is a former boxer and British boxing referee. Vann was a 'Class A Star' referee and boxing judge. He arbitrated his first professional bout on 14 January 1985, and since has refereed many World, regional, and national title fights.

## Life as a Fighter

Before becoming a referee, Vann was a professional boxer. He fought 11 times, as a featherweight, winning two and losing nine. His first fight was on 24 April 1969 and his last was on 11 November 1970.

## Life as Referee and Autobiography

In September 2002 he disqualified challenger Stephen Smith as Ricky Hatton defended his WBU light welterweight title. Smith's father pushed Vann in the second round.

Mickey's autobiography, *Give Me a Ring* was published 2003 by Mainstream, revealing the colourful story of his childhood. Mickey was the son of Hal Denver (a friend of Elvis Presley)-who once threw knives at John Major's mother-and the grandson of The Silver King, a showman with The Elephant Man among his sideshows. Mickey's childhood was spent in fairs appearing as the giraffe necked woman, and at a Dickensian foster home.

His career in boxing has seen him take charge of many great champions. He was in charge of the world heavyweight 'Battle of Britain' in Cardiff between Lennox Lewis and Frank Bruno.

In his sixties, Mickey qualified to coach rugby league and has worked with Leeds Rhinos Academy. He also hopes to make it onto the veterans over 65 athletic team, having competed in events over 60 and 100 metres.

## Retired and Still A Championship Referee

Mickey was forcibly retired from by the British Boxing Board of Control regulation stating referees over 65 are no longer allowed to referee. However, he continues to referee international contests and is still regularly used as a judge by major world boxing bodies. On 14 July 2012, at Upton Park in London, Vann was still active refereeing in the professional ring in Great Britain despite the ban, serving as man in the middle for Liam Walsh versus Domenico Urbano vacant WBO European Lightweight title 12 round contest on the undercard of David Haye versus Derek Chisora. The card was sanctioned by Luxembourg Boxing Federation to the defiance of British Boxing Board of Control. At the start of the sixth round, Vann, still a strong referee, took a point from Urbano for illegal headbutting in the previous round, with Urbano bleeding from a facial cut. The cut was caused by a proper blow. Vann stopped the bout at 2:10 in the eighth round with Walsh giving Urbano a one-sided beating on his feet.

## InfoBox

| Mickey Vann | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Michael Van Norman
(1943-12-29) 29 December 1943
London, England |
| Nationality | British |
| **Statistics** | |
| Weight(s) | Featherweight |
| Stance | Orthodox |
|  | |
| **Boxing record** | |
| Total fights | 11 |
| Wins | 2 |
| Wins by KO | 1 |
| Losses | 9 |
| Draws | 0 |
| No contests | 0 |
|  | |


title: Michael Sánchez

abstract: Michael Sánchez Bozhulev is a Cuban Ukrainian volleyball player who plays for the Cuban men's national volleyball team. He is a member of the national squad that claimed the bronze medal at the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He also won the silver medal with Al Rayyan in the 2014 World club championship. After the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro he had a major injury, but he recuperated and continued his career.

text:
# Michael Sánchez

**Michael Sánchez Bozhulev** (born 5 June 1986) is a Cuban Ukrainian volleyball player who plays for the Cuban men's national volleyball team. He is a member of the national squad that claimed the bronze medal at the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He also won the silver medal with Al Rayyan in the 2014 World club championship. After the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro he had a major injury, but he recuperated and continued his career.

## InfoBox

| Michael Sánchez | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Michael Sánchez Bozhulev |
| Nationality | Cuban / Russian |
| Born | (1986-06-05) 5 June 1986
Poltava, Soviet Union |
| Height | 2.06 m (6 ft 9 in) |
| Weight | 100 kg (220 lb) |
| Spike | 365 cm (144 in) |
| Block | 340 cm (130 in) |
| Volleyball information | |
| Position | Opposite Spiker |
| Current club | Minas Tênis Clube |
| Number | 11 |
| Career | |
| Years Teams  2009
2011–2012
2012–2013
2013– Al-Rayyan Sports Club
Lokomotiv Novosibirsk
Fakel Novy Urengoy
Korean Air Jumbos | |
| National team | |
| 2006–2009  Cuba | |
| Honours      Representing  Cuba  Men's Volleyball  Pan American Cup  2022 Gatineau   Pan American Games  2007 Rio de Janeiro Team | |


title: Microbial collagenase

abstract:
Microbial collagenase is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
  - Digestion of native collagen in the triple helical region at -Gly bonds. With synthetic peptides, a preference is shown for Gly at P3 and P1', Pro and Ala at P2 and P2', and hydroxyproline, Ala or Arg at P3' Six species of metalloendopeptidase acting on native collagen can be isolated from the medium of Clostridium histolyticum.

text:
# Microbial collagenase

**Microbial collagenase** (EC 3.4.24.3, *Clostridium histolyticum collagenase*, *clostridiopeptidase A*, *collagenase A*, *collagenase I*, *Achromobacter iophagus collagenase*, *collagenase*, *aspergillopeptidase C*, *nucleolysin*, *azocollase*, *metallocollagenase*, *soycollagestin*, *Clostridium histolyticum proteinase A*, *clostridiopeptidase II*, *MMP-8*, *clostridiopeptidase I*, *collagen peptidase*, *collagen protease*, *collagenase MMP-1*, *metalloproteinase-1*, *kollaza*, *matrix metalloproteinase-1*, *matrix metalloproteinase-8*, *matirx metalloproteinase-18*, *interstitial collagenase*) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

Digestion of native collagen in the triple helical region at -Gly bonds. With synthetic peptides, a preference is shown for Gly at P3 and P1', Pro and Ala at P2 and P2', and hydroxyproline, Ala or Arg at P3'

Six species of metalloendopeptidase acting on native collagen can be isolated from the medium of *Clostridium histolyticum*.

## InfoBox

| Microbial collagenase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 3.4.24.3 |
| CAS no. | 2593923 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Microbial contamination of diesel fuel

abstract:
Diesel bug is contamination of diesel fuel by microbes such as bacteria and fungi. Water can get into diesel fuel as a result of condensation, rainwater penetration or adsorption from the air — modern biodiesel is especially hygroscopic. The presence of water then encourages microbial growth which either occurs at the interface between the oil and water or on the tank walls, depending on whether the microbes need oxygen. Species which may grow in this way include:
  - bacteria — Clostridium; Desulfotomaculum; Desulfovibrio; Flavobacterium; Acidovorax facilis; Pseudomonas; Sarcina
  - fungi — Aspergillus; Candida keroseneae; Fusarium; Hormoconis resinae Fuel companies agree that if left untreated fuel will remain reliable for just 6–12 months, after which fuel contamination begins to appear. Most industrial engine manufacturers now recommend a fuel conditioning programme to ensure the reliability of fuel.

text:
# Microbial contamination of diesel fuel

**Diesel bug** is contamination of diesel fuel by microbes such as bacteria and fungi.

Water can get into diesel fuel as a result of condensation, rainwater penetration or adsorption from the air — modern biodiesel is especially hygroscopic. The presence of water then encourages microbial growth which either occurs at the interface between the oil and water or on the tank walls, depending on whether the microbes need oxygen. Species which may grow in this way include:

Fuel companies agree that if left untreated fuel will remain reliable for just 6–12 months, after which fuel contamination (such as the diesel bug) begins to appear. Most industrial engine manufacturers now recommend a fuel conditioning programme to ensure the reliability of fuel.


title: Microbial art

abstract: Microbial art, agar art, or germ art is artwork created by culturing microorganisms in certain patterns. The microbes used can be bacteria, yeast, fungi, or less commonly, protists. The microbes can be chosen for their natural colours or engineered to express fluorescent proteins and viewed under ultraviolet light to make them fluoresce in colour.

text:
# Microbial art

**Microbial art**, **agar art**, or **germ art** is artwork created by culturing microorganisms in certain patterns. The microbes used can be bacteria, yeast, fungi, or less commonly, protists. The microbes can be chosen for their natural colours or engineered to express fluorescent proteins and viewed under ultraviolet light to make them fluoresce in colour.

## Methods

Agar plates are used as a canvas, while pigmented or fluorescent bacteria and yeasts represent paint. In order to preserve a piece of microbial art after a sufficient incubation, the microbe culture is sealed with epoxy.

Microbe species can be artistically chosen for their natural colours to form a palette. Suitable species of bacteria (with their colours) include *Bacillus subtilis* (cream to brown), *Chromobacterium violaceum* (violet), *Escherichia coli* (colourless), *Micrococcus luteus* (yellow), *Micrococcus roseus* (pink), *Proteus mirabilis*, *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* (brown), *Pseudomonas fluorescens* (naturally blue-green fluorescent with pyoverdine), *Serratia marcescens* (pink or orange), *Staphylococcus aureus* (yellow), and *Vibrio fischeri* (bioluminescent).

Yeast species – which are fungi – used in microbial art include *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* (yellow–white) *Aspergillus flavus* (yellow–green spores), *Aspergillus ochraceus* (yellow), *Aureobasidium pullulans* (black), *Candida albicans* (whitish buff), *Candida sake*, *Candida* sp. (whitish), *Cladosporium herbarum* (brown to black), *Cladosporium resinae*, *Epicoccum nigrum* (yellow, orange, red, brown, and black), *Fusarium* sp., *Rhodotorula* sp., and *Scopulariopsis brevicaulis*.

Protist species used in microbial art include *Euglena gracilis* (photosynthetic, green) and *Physarum polycephalum* (yellow–green).

A technique called "bacteriography" involves selectively killing certain areas of a bacterial culture with radiation in order to produce artistic patterns. After incubation, the culture is sealed with acrylic.

The type of medium in the agar plates is also important. Chromagar Candida is a differential medium used to identify different *Candida* species. When grown on this medium, *C. albicans* is light green, *C. tropicalis* is steel blue with purple around the edges, and *C. krusei* is rose pink with white around the edges. However, using a different medium, *C. tropicalis* has maroon colonies. The color of the medium itself can also be changed using microbes. In TCBS agar, Bromthymol Blue and Thymol Blue turn yellow when pH decreases, such as when bacteria consume sucrose. In this way, the background color of the medium can be changed from dark green to light yellow.

## Artists

Alexander Fleming, who is commonly credited with the discovery of penicillin in 1928, was known for creating germ paintings. Throughout his career, Fleming’s paintings became more colorful as he came to know more microbial species. He would incorporate them into his paintings of ballerinas, families, and other images.

The biochemist Roger Tsien won the 2008 Nobel prize for chemistry for his contributions to knowledge of green fluorescent protein (GFP) that has been used to create art-like works.

## Agar Art Competition

The American Society for Microbiology hosts an annual contest for microbial art: the Agar Art Contest. The contest was organized after a picture from a Christmas tree, made by Rositsa Tashkova, went viral in 2014. The 2015 edition covered 85 submissions, of which microbial art created by Mehmet Berkmen and Maria Peñil called *Neurons* won first place. The artwork used yellow *Nesterenkonia* and orange *Deinococcus* and *Sphingomonas*.

In 2020, the ASM received over 200 submissions, and awarded first place to Joanne Dungo for her multi-plate creation titled "The Gardener."

1. Torrice, Michael, ed. (6 November 2009). "Petri Dish Artists". *Science*. **326** (5954). AAAS: 777. doi:10.1126/science.326\_777b.
2. Palermo, Elizabeth (22 October 2015). "Microbe Masterpieces: Scientists Create Cool Art from Bacteria". *Live Science*. Purch. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
3. Dunn, Rob (11 July 2010). "Painting With Penicillin: Alexander Fleming's Germ Art". *Smithsonian*. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
4. McGuinness, Ross (3 May 2010). "Putting art under the microscope". *Metro*. Associated Newspapers Limited. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
5. "Meet the Microbes". Microbial Art. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
6. Mole, Beth Marie (19 October 2012). "Bacteriography". *The Scientist*. LabX Media Group. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
7. Nadeem, S.G., Hakim, S.T., Kazmi, S.U. (2010). Use of CHROMagar Candida for the presumptive identification of *Candida* species directly from clinical specimens in resource-limited settings. *Libyan Journal of Medicine 5.*
8. Ozcan, K., Ilkit, M., Ates, A., Turac-Bicer, A., Demirhindi, H. (2010). Performance of Chromogenic Candida Agar and CHROMagar Candida in recovery and presumptive identification of monofungal and polyfungal vaginal isolates. *Medical Mycology 48*(1), 29-34.
9. Fisher Scientific. (n.d.). *BD Difco dehydrated culture media: TCBS agar thiosulfate-citrate-bile-sucrose agar.* Fischer scientific. https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/bd-difco-dehydrated-culture-media-tcbs-agar-thiosulfate-citrate-bile-sucrose-agar/DF0650174 .
10. Dunn, R. (2010, July 11). *Painting with penicillin: Alexander Fleming’s germ art.* Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/painting-with-penicillin-alexander-flemings-germ-art-1761496/ .
11. Cressey, Daniel (1 September 2016). "Roger Tsien's legacy: The creations that lit up biology". Nature. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
12. Tsang, Jennifer (20 November 2019). "This gorgeous art was made with a surprising substance: live bacteria". *Science*. National Geographic. Archived from the original on November 21, 2019.
13. bacterialart.com
14. "Neurons". Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
15. "Announcing the 2015 ASM Agar Art Winners". *MicrobeWORLD*. American Society for Microbiology. 2015. Archived from the original on 29 October 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
16. *American society for microbiology agar art*. (n.d.). American Society for Microbiology. Retrieved March 14, 2021, from https://asm.org/Events/ASM-Agar-Art-Contest/2020-Winners .


title: Microbial biodegradation

abstract: Microbial biodegradation is the use of bioremediation and biotransformation methods to harness the naturally occurring ability of microbial xenobiotic metabolism to degrade, transform or accumulate environmental pollutants, including hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heterocyclic compounds, pharmaceutical substances, radionuclides and metals. Interest in the microbial biodegradation of pollutants has intensified in recent years, and recent major methodological breakthroughs have enabled detailed genomic, metagenomic, proteomic, bioinformatic and other high-throughput analyses of environmentally relevant microorganisms, providing new insights into biodegradative pathways and the ability of organisms to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Biological processes play a major role in the removal of contaminants and take advantage of the catabolic versatility of microorganisms to degrade or convert such compounds. In environmental microbiology, genome-based global studies are increasing the understanding of metabolic and regulatory networks, as well as providing new information on the evolution of degradation pathways and molecular adaptation strategies to changing environmental conditions.

text:
# Microbial biodegradation

**Microbial biodegradation** is the use of bioremediation and biotransformation methods to harness the naturally occurring ability of microbial xenobiotic metabolism to degrade, transform or accumulate environmental pollutants, including hydrocarbons (e.g. oil), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heterocyclic compounds (such as pyridine or quinoline), pharmaceutical substances, radionuclides and metals.

Interest in the microbial biodegradation of pollutants has intensified in recent years, and recent major methodological breakthroughs have enabled detailed genomic, metagenomic, proteomic, bioinformatic and other high-throughput analyses of environmentally relevant microorganisms, providing new insights into biodegradative pathways and the ability of organisms to adapt to changing environmental conditions.

Biological processes play a major role in the removal of contaminants and take advantage of the catabolic versatility of microorganisms to degrade or convert such compounds. In environmental microbiology, genome-based global studies are increasing the understanding of metabolic and regulatory networks, as well as providing new information on the evolution of degradation pathways and molecular adaptation strategies to changing environmental conditions.

## Aerobic biodegradation of pollutants

The increasing amount of bacterial genomic data provides new opportunities for understanding the genetic and molecular bases of the degradation of organic pollutants. Aromatic compounds are among the most persistent of these pollutants and lessons can be learned from the recent genomic studies of *Burkholderia xenovorans* LB400 and *Rhodococcus* sp. strain RHA1, two of the largest bacterial genomes completely sequenced to date. These studies have helped expand our understanding of bacterial catabolism, non-catabolic physiological adaptation to organic compounds, and the evolution of large bacterial genomes. First, the metabolic pathways from phylogenetically diverse isolates are very similar with respect to overall organization. Thus, as originally noted in pseudomonads, a large number of "peripheral aromatic" pathways funnel a range of natural and xenobiotic compounds into a restricted number of "central aromatic" pathways. Nevertheless, these pathways are genetically organized in genus-specific fashions, as exemplified by the b-ketoadipate and Paa pathways. Comparative genomic studies further reveal that some pathways are more widespread than initially thought. Thus, the Box and Paa pathways illustrate the prevalence of non-oxygenolytic ring-cleavage strategies in aerobic aromatic degradation processes. Functional genomic studies have been useful in establishing that even organisms harboring high numbers of homologous enzymes seem to contain few examples of true redundancy. For example, the multiplicity of ring-cleaving dioxygenases in certain rhodococcal isolates may be attributed to the cryptic aromatic catabolism of different terpenoids and steroids. Finally, analyses have indicated that recent genetic flux appears to have played a more significant role in the evolution of some large genomes, such as LB400's, than others. However, the emerging trend is that the large gene repertoires of potent pollutant degraders such as LB400 and RHA1 have evolved principally through more ancient processes. That this is true in such phylogenetically diverse species is remarkable and further suggests the ancient origin of this catabolic capacity.

## Anaerobic biodegradation of pollutants

Anaerobic microbial mineralization of recalcitrant organic pollutants is of great environmental significance and involves intriguing novel biochemical reactions. In particular, hydrocarbons and halogenated compounds have long been doubted to be degradable in the absence of oxygen, but the isolation of hitherto unknown anaerobic hydrocarbon-degrading and reductively dehalogenating bacteria during the last decades provided ultimate proof for these processes in nature. While such research involved mostly chlorinated compounds initially, recent studies have revealed reductive dehalogenation of bromine and iodine moieties in aromatic pesticides. Other reactions, such as biologically induced abiotic reduction by soil minerals, has been shown to deactivate relatively persistent aniline-based herbicides far more rapidly than observed in aerobic environments. Many novel biochemical reactions were discovered enabling the respective metabolic pathways, but progress in the molecular understanding of these bacteria was rather slow, since genetic systems are not readily applicable for most of them. However, with the increasing application of genomics in the field of environmental microbiology, a new and promising perspective is now at hand to obtain molecular insights into these new metabolic properties. Several complete genome sequences were determined during the last few years from bacteria capable of anaerobic organic pollutant degradation. The ~4.7 Mb genome of the facultative denitrifying *Aromatoleum aromaticum* strain EbN1 was the first to be determined for an anaerobic hydrocarbon degrader (using toluene or ethylbenzene as substrates). The genome sequence revealed about two dozen gene clusters (including several paralogs) coding for a complex catabolic network for anaerobic and aerobic degradation of aromatic compounds. The genome sequence forms the basis for current detailed studies on regulation of pathways and enzyme structures. Further genomes of anaerobic hydrocarbon degrading bacteria were recently completed for the iron-reducing species *Geobacter metallireducens* (accession nr. NC\_007517) and the perchlorate-reducing *Dechloromonas aromatica* (accession nr. NC\_007298), but these are not yet evaluated in formal publications. Complete genomes were also determined for bacteria capable of anaerobic degradation of halogenated hydrocarbons by halorespiration: the ~1.4 Mb genomes of *Dehalococcoides ethenogenes* strain 195 and *Dehalococcoides* sp. strain CBDB1 and the ~5.7 Mb genome of *Desulfitobacterium hafniense* strain Y51. Characteristic for all these bacteria is the presence of multiple paralogous genes for reductive dehalogenases, implicating a wider dehalogenating spectrum of the organisms than previously known. Moreover, genome sequences provided unprecedented insights into the evolution of reductive dehalogenation and differing strategies for niche adaptation.

Recently, it has become apparent that some organisms, including *Desulfitobacterium chlororespirans*, originally evaluated for halorespiration on chlorophenols, can also use certain brominated compounds, such as the herbicide bromoxynil and its major metabolite as electron acceptors for growth. Iodinated compounds may be dehalogenated as well, though the process may not satisfy the need for an electron acceptor.

## Bioavailability, chemotaxis, and transport of pollutants

Bioavailability, or the amount of a substance that is physiochemically accessible to microorganisms is a key factor in the efficient biodegradation of pollutants. O'Loughlin *et al.* (2000) showed that, with the exception of kaolinite clay, most soil clays and cation exchange resins attenuated biodegradation of 2-picoline by *Arthrobacter* sp. strain R1, as a result of adsorption of the substrate to the clays. Chemotaxis, or the directed movement of motile organisms towards or away from chemicals in the environment is an important physiological response that may contribute to effective catabolism of molecules in the environment. In addition, mechanisms for the intracellular accumulation of aromatic molecules via various transport mechanisms are also important.

## Oil biodegradation

Petroleum oil contains aromatic compounds that are toxic to most life forms. Episodic and chronic pollution of the environment by oil causes major disruption to the local ecological environment. Marine environments in particular are especially vulnerable, as oil spills near coastal regions and in the open sea are difficult to contain and make mitigation efforts more complicated. In addition to pollution through human activities, approximately 250 million litres of petroleum enter the marine environment every year from natural seepages. Despite its toxicity, a considerable fraction of petroleum oil entering marine systems is eliminated by the hydrocarbon-degrading activities of microbial communities, in particular by a recently discovered group of specialists, the hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (HCB). *Alcanivorax borkumensis* was the first HCB to have its genome sequenced. In addition to hydrocarbons, crude oil often contains various heterocyclic compounds, such as pyridine, which appear to be degraded by similar mechanisms to hydrocarbons.

## Cholesterol biodegradation

Many synthetic steroidic compounds like some sexual hormones frequently appear in municipal and industrial wastewaters, acting as environmental pollutants with strong metabolic activities negatively affecting the ecosystems. Since these compounds are common carbon sources for many different microorganisms their aerobic and anaerobic mineralization has been extensively studied. The interest of these studies lies on the biotechnological applications of sterol transforming enzymes for the industrial synthesis of sexual hormones and corticoids. Very recently, the catabolism of cholesterol has acquired a high relevance because it is involved in the infectivity of the pathogen *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* (*Mtb*). *Mtb* causes tuberculosis disease, and it has been demonstrated that novel enzyme architectures have evolved to bind and modify steroid compounds like cholesterol in this organism and other steroid-utilizing bacteria as well. These new enzymes might be of interest for their potential in the chemical modification of steroid substrates.

## Analysis of waste biotreatment

Sustainable development requires the promotion of environmental management and a constant search for new technologies to treat vast quantities of wastes generated by increasing anthropogenic activities. Biotreatment, the processing of wastes using living organisms, is an environmentally friendly, relatively simple and cost-effective alternative to physico-chemical clean-up options. Confined environments, such as bioreactors, have been engineered to overcome the physical, chemical and biological limiting factors of biotreatment processes in highly controlled systems. The great versatility in the design of confined environments allows the treatment of a wide range of wastes under optimized conditions. To perform a correct assessment, it is necessary to consider various microorganisms having a variety of genomes and expressed transcripts and proteins. A great number of analyses are often required. Using traditional genomic techniques, such assessments are limited and time-consuming. However, several high-throughput techniques originally developed for medical studies can be applied to assess biotreatment in confined environments.

## Metabolic engineering and biocatalytic applications

The study of the fate of persistent organic chemicals in the environment has revealed a large reservoir of enzymatic reactions with a large potential in preparative organic synthesis, which has already been exploited for a number of oxygenases on pilot and even on industrial scale. Novel catalysts can be obtained from metagenomic libraries and DNA sequence based approaches. Our increasing capabilities in adapting the catalysts to specific reactions and process requirements by rational and random mutagenesis broadens the scope for application in the fine chemical industry, but also in the field of biodegradation. In many cases, these catalysts need to be exploited in whole cell bioconversions or in fermentations, calling for system-wide approaches to understanding strain physiology and metabolism and rational approaches to the engineering of whole cells as they are increasingly put forward in the area of systems biotechnology and synthetic biology.

## Fungal biodegradation

In the ecosystem, different substrates are attacked at different rates by consortia of organisms from different kingdoms. *Aspergillus* and other moulds play an important role in these consortia because they are adept at recycling starches, hemicelluloses, celluloses, pectins and other sugar polymers. Some aspergilli are capable of degrading more refractory compounds such as fats, oils, chitin, and keratin. Maximum decomposition occurs when there is sufficient nitrogen, phosphorus and other essential inorganic nutrients. Fungi also provide food for many soil organisms.

For *Aspergillus* the process of degradation is the means of obtaining nutrients. When these moulds degrade human-made substrates, the process usually is called biodeterioration. Both paper and textiles (cotton, jute, and linen) are particularly vulnerable to *Aspergillus* degradation. Our artistic heritage is also subject to *Aspergillus* assault. To give but one example, after Florence in Italy flooded in 1969, 74% of the isolates from a damaged Ghirlandaio fresco in the Ognissanti church were *Aspergillus versicolor*.


title: Michael Peter Olsen

abstract: Michael Peter Olsen is a Grammy-nominated multi-instrumentalist, producer, engineer, composer and arranger currently based in Toronto, Ontario. Olsen has collaborated live on tour and on records with bands and artists such as Arcade Fire, Drake, K-OS, Jim Guthrie, Kevin Hearn, The Constantines, Gentleman Reg, Great Lake Swimmers The Hidden Cameras. and Zoon. He is also well known as a producer and has worked with Ohbijou, and Spiral Beach. Olsen was a founder and operator of the Toronto recording studio Uncomfortable Silence. Olsen currently fronts the Toronto band Our Founders, whose members include Spencer Cole of Weaves. Their album The Nines was released in October 2013. He was a Canadian Film Centre Slaight Music Lab Resident from 2014 to 2015 in Toronto. As a solo artist, Olsen released a full-length record titled "Yearning Flow" in the spring of 2021 on the Canadian independent label Hand Drawn Dracula

text:
# Michael Peter Olsen

**Michael Peter Olsen** (born June 28, 1974) is a Grammy-nominated multi-instrumentalist, producer, engineer, composer and arranger currently based in Toronto, Ontario.

Olsen has collaborated live on tour and on records with bands and artists such as Arcade Fire, Drake, K-OS, Jim Guthrie, Kevin Hearn, The Constantines, Gentleman Reg, Great Lake Swimmers The Hidden Cameras. and Zoon.

He is also well known as a producer and has worked with Ohbijou, and Spiral Beach. Olsen was a founder and operator of the Toronto recording studio Uncomfortable Silence.

Olsen currently fronts the Toronto band Our Founders, whose members include Spencer Cole of Weaves. Their album *The Nines* was released in October 2013.

He was a Canadian Film Centre Slaight Music Lab Resident from 2014 to 2015 in Toronto.

As a solo artist, Olsen released a full-length record titled "Yearning Flow" in the spring of 2021 on the Canadian independent label Hand Drawn Dracula

## Selected performance discography

### Drake

### Our Founders

* *The Nines* (2013)

### The Great Lake Swimmers

### Arcade Fire

### Hidden Cameras

### K-os

### Jim Guthrie

## Selected production discography

### Ohbijou

* *Swift Feet for Troubling Times* (2006), Producer/Engineer

### Spiral Beach

* *Ball* (Sparks/EMI, 2007), Co-Producer/Engineer
* *The Bonus Disc* (Sparks/EMI, 2008), Producer/Engineer
* *The Only Really Thing* (Sparks/EMI, 2009), Producer/Engineer

### The Organ

* *The Organ* (Mint Records/604, 2008), Mix Engineer