title: Proto-Hmongic language

abstract: Proto-Hmongic or Proto-Miao is the reconstructed ancestor of the Hmongic languages.

text:
# Proto-Hmongic language

**Proto-Hmongic** or **Proto-Miao** (Chinese: 原始苗语) is the reconstructed ancestor of the Hmongic languages.

## Reconstructions

In China, the first comprehensive reconstruction of Proto-Hmongic (Proto-Miao) was undertaken by Wang Fushi (1979). Wang's 1979 manuscript was subsequently revised and published as Wang (1994).

Ratliff (2010) includes reconstructions of Proto-Hmong–Mien, Proto-Hmongic, and Proto-Mienic.

## Phonological development

### Rimes

Below are some rime mergers in Proto-Hmongic, in which the first part of the Proto-Hmong-Mien rime is preserved.

| Proto-Hmong-Mien | Proto-Hmongic |
| --- | --- |
| \*ɛj, \*u̯̯ɛj | \*u̯ɛ |
| \*ei, \*æi, \*u̯ei, \*u̯əi | \*u̯ei |
| \*əj, \*aj, \*u̯əj | \*u̯a |
| \*i, \*i̯æn, \*i̯əu, \*i̯ɛk | \*i |
| \*ɨ, \*i̯eu, \*eu, \*ik, \*ek |  |
| \*æu, \*əu, \*au, \*ɔu | \*æw |
| \*uj, \*up, \*ut, \*uk, \*u̯ɛt, \*u̯ɛk | \*uw |
| \*e, \*ej, \*ep, \*et | \*e |

On the other hand, Proto-Hmongic retains some Proto-Hmong-Mien rime distinctions, whereas Proto-Mienic has merged the rimes.

| Proto-Hmong-Mien | Proto-Hmongic | Proto-Mienic |
| --- | --- | --- |
| \*u̯ɛ | \*ɛj | \*ai |
| \*u̯a | \*aj | \*ai |
| \*i | \*i̯æn | \*æn |
| \*æn | \*æn | \*æn |
| \*æw | \*əu | \*əu |
| \*o | \*əw | \*əu |
| \*æw | \*au | \*au |
|  | \*æw | \*au |
| \*æw | \*uw | \*u |
| \*o | \*u̯o | \*u |
| \*u | \*u | \*u |
| \*uw | \*ut | \*ut |
| \*ow | \*əut | \*ut |
| \*uw | \*uk | \*ok |
| \*ow | \*ok | \*ok |
| \*in | \*i̯əŋ | \*i̯əŋ |
| \*aŋ | \*i̯aŋ | \*i̯əŋ |
| \*en | \*eŋ | \*eŋ |
| \*ɔŋ | \*u̯eŋ | \*eŋ |
| \*əŋ | \*əŋ | \*u̯əŋ |
| \*ɔŋ | \*u̯ɔŋ | \*u̯əŋ |
| \*əŋ | \*əuŋ | \*uŋ |
| \*oŋ | \*uŋ | \*uŋ |
| \*əŋ | \*əaŋ | \*aŋ |
| \*aŋ | \*aŋ | \*aŋ |
| \*ɛŋ | \*ɛŋ | \*əŋ |
| \*ɔŋ | \*u̯əŋ | \*əŋ |

### Final stops

The Proto-Hmongic tonal category C is derived from Proto-Hmong–Mien final \*-k, while tonal category D in Proto-Hmongic is derived from Proto-Hmong–Mien finals \*-p and \*-t. Below are some examples of Proto-Hmongic tone C corresponding to Proto-Mienic tone D and Proto-Hmong-Mien final \*-k.

| Gloss | Proto-Hmong-Mien | Proto-Hmongic | Proto-Mienic |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| bird | \*m-nɔk | \*m-nɔŋC | \*nɔkD |
| guest (MC khæk ) | \*Khæk | \*qhæC | \*khækD |
| hundred (MC pæk ) | \*pæk | \*pæC | \*pækD |
| strength (OC \*kə.rək ) | \*-rək | \*-roC | \*khləkD |
| six (PTB \*k-ruk) | \*kruk | \*kruwC | \*krokD |

Although Proto-Hmongic does not have explicitly reconstructed final stops (i.e., \*-p, \*-t, \*-k), Pa-Hng and Qo Xiong have vowel quality distinctions that correspond to whether the Proto-Hmong-Mien rime was open or closed. For example:

| Proto-Hmong-Mien | Pa-Hng (Baiyun) | Qo Xiong (Jiwei) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| \*at | e, i | ei, i |
| \*a | a | ɑ |
| \*əp, \*ət, \*u̯ət | a |  |
| \*o, \*u̯o, \*əw, \*i̯ou | o |  |

Qo Xiong has -*u* for words developed from Proto-Hmong-Mien forms with closed rimes, while Qo Xiong words developed from Proto-Hmong-Mien forms with open rimes have -*ə*.

| Proto-Hmong-Mien | Qo Xiong |
| --- | --- |
| tone 7 (\< \*-p, \*-t, \*-k) | u |
| tones 1; 3, 4 (\< \*-X); 5, 6 (\< \*-H) | ə |

### Final nasals

Ratliff (2010) reconstructions only one final nasal for Proto-Hmongic. \*-n/\*-ŋ are in complementary distribution with each other, with \*-n occurring after front vowels. Other than as \*-ŋ, the Proto-Hmongic final nasal can alternatively be reconstructed as a single \*-N.

Taguchi (2022) proposes that nasal codas in open rimes in Proto-Hmongic are historically derived from nasal initial consonants.

### Proposed onset velarization

Ostapirat (2016) proposes velarized initials in Proto-Hmongic, which are not reconstructed by Ratliff (2010) and others. Qo Xiong retains distinct initial reflexes for forms developed from Proto-Hmongic \*m.l- (\> Qo Xiong *n*-) versus \*m.lˠ- (\> Qo Xiong *mj*-).

| Gloss | Proto-Hmongic | Qo Xiong (Jiwei) | Hmu (Yanghao) | Mashan Miao (Zongdi) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| rice plant | \*m.l- |  | na | mplæ |
| glutinous | \*m.l- | nu |  | mplu |
| tongue | \*m.lˠ- | mjɑ | ɲi | mple |
| smooth | \*m.lˠ- | mjɛ |  | mplein |

### Initial velar and uvular consonants

Taguchi (2023) also suggests that Ratliff's (2010) Proto-Hmongic \*k- and \*q- are in fact secondary developments from Proto-Hmong–Mien \*kr- and \*k-, respectively. Ostapirat (2016) also revises Ratliff's uvulars (\*q-, etc.) as velars (\*k-, etc.).

## Irregular correspondences with Proto-Mienic

Some Proto-Hmongic and Proto-Mienic forms are cognate with each other, but a precise Proto-Hmong-Mien form cannot be easily reconstructed due to mismatches between the tonal categories, rimes, or onsets. Some examples of irregular correspondences between Proto-Hmongic and Proto-Mienic:

| Gloss | Proto-Hmong-Mien | Proto-Hmongic | Proto-Mienic |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| to eat |  | \*nuŋA | \*ɲənC |
| finger |  | \*ntaB | \*ʔdokD |
| crossbow | (\*hnək) | \*hnænB | \*hnəkD |
| 3SG (he/she/it) | \*ni̯æn(X) | \*niB | \*nænA |
| to go | \*n-mʉŋ(X) | \*n-mʉŋB | \*n-mɨŋA |

1. Wang, Fushi 王輔世. 1994. *Miaoyu guyin gouni 苗语古音構擬 / Reconstruction of Proto-Miao Language*. Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA) / Ajia Afurika Gengo Bunka Kenkyūjo 國立亞非語言文化硏究所.
2. Wang, Fushi. 1979. *Miaoyu fangyan sheng yun mu bijiao* 苗语方言声韵母比较 \[The comparison of the initials and finals of the Miao dialects\]. Unpublished manuscript. Beijing.
3. Ratliff, Martha (2010). *Hmong–Mien language history*. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics. hdl:1885/146760. ISBN 978-0-85883-615-0.
4. Taguchi, Yoshihisa. (2022) Nasal transfer in Hmongic. *Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area* 45/1:72-92.
5. Ostapirat, Weera. 2016. Issues in the Reconstruction and Affiliation of Proto-Miao-Yao Archived 2019-11-13 at the Wayback Machine. *Language and Linguistics* 17(1) 133–145. doi:10.1177/1606822X15614522
6. Taguchi, Yoshihisa. 2023. *Toward a new reconstruction of Proto-Hmong-Mien*. 26th Himalayan Languages Symposium, 4-6 September 2023. Paris: INALCO.

## InfoBox

| Proto-Hmongic | |
| --- | --- |
| Proto-Miao | |
| Reconstruction of | Hmongic languages |
| Reconstructed
ancestor | Proto-Hmong–Mien |


title: Thomas Stegg Jr.

abstract: Thomas Stegg Jr., like his father of the same name, was a British merchant and politician in the Colony of Virginia.

text:
# Thomas Stegg Jr.

**Thomas Stegg Jr.** (died 1670), like his father of the same name, was a British merchant and politician in the Colony of Virginia.

## Career

He helped his father import indentured servants into the Virginia colony, and after his father's death at sea in late 1651 or early 1652, inherited property in Charles City County. He patented land in Henrico County with Manwaring Hammond, who was a justice of the peace in Charles City County, and made it his home and trading post.

In 1662 Stegg was appointed to the Virginia Governor's Council, and served until shortly before his death in 1670.

## Death and legacy

After Stegg died in 1670, his widow Sarah married burgess Thomas Grendon, Jr. of Charles City County, and bore a son. During Bacon's Rebellion, Sarah vociferously endorsed Nathaniel Bacon and the rebels, incurring the wrath of Governor William Berkeley.

## InfoBox

| Thomas Stegg | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Virginia Governor's Council | |
| **In office**<br>1662–1667 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Britain |
| Died | 1670 |
| Spouse | Sarah |
| Occupation | Merchant, politician |
|  | |


title: Patricio Caxés

abstract: Patricio Caxés, Caxesi, or Caxete, was an Italian painter who primarily lived and worked in Spain. His exact date of birth is not known. Caxés was a native of Arezzo. It is not known by whom he was instructed, but he became an artist of sufficient celebrity to be invited to Spain by Philip II, who employed him in the palaces of Madrid. He was commanded to paint the gallery of the queen in the Palace of the Pardo, on which occasion he made choice of the very inappropriate subject of the 'Chastity of Joseph.' It was destroyed with many other valuable works of art in the burning of that palace. Caxés translated into Spanish Vignola's 'Five Orders of Architecture,' for which he engraved the frontispiece and plates. Caxés, after serving Philip II and Philip III during forty-four years, died at Madrid in extreme poverty, at an advanced age, in 1612. The king being informed of the state of destitution in which he had left his widow and eight children, munificently assigned to them five-pence a day for one year. One of his sons Eugenio Caxés became a painter who also worked for Philip III.

text:
# Patricio Caxés

**Patricio Caxés**, **Caxesi**, or **Caxete**, (died 1612) was an Italian painter who primarily lived and worked in Spain. His exact date of birth is not known.

Caxés was a native of Arezzo. It is not known by whom he was instructed, but he became an artist of sufficient celebrity to be invited to Spain by Philip II, who employed him in the palaces of Madrid. He was commanded to paint the gallery of the queen in the Palace of the Pardo, on which occasion he made choice of the very inappropriate subject of the 'Chastity of Joseph.' It was destroyed with many other valuable works of art in the burning of that palace. Caxés translated into Spanish Vignola's 'Five Orders of Architecture,' for which he engraved the frontispiece and plates. Caxés, after serving Philip II and Philip III during forty-four years, died at Madrid in extreme poverty, at an advanced age, in 1612. The king being informed of the state of destitution in which he had left his widow and eight children, munificently assigned to them five-pence a day for one year. One of his sons Eugenio Caxés became a painter who also worked for Philip III.

* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1886). "Caxes, Patricio". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). *Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K)*. Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.


title: Uchkun Kuranbaev

abstract: Uchkun Kuranbaev is an Uzbek Paralympic judoka. He won a gold medal at the 2020 Summer Paralympics in the men's 66 kg.

text:
# Uchkun Kuranbaev

**Uchkun Kuranbaev** (born 18 July 1996) is an Uzbek Paralympic judoka. He won a gold medal at the 2020 Summer Paralympics in the men's 66 kg.

## InfoBox

Uchkun Kuranbaev
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1996-07-18) 18 July 1996 |
| Sport | |
| Country | Uzbekistan |
| Sport | Paralympic judo |
| Medal record      Paralympic judo  Representing  Uzbekistan  Paralympic Games  2020 Tokyo 66 kg  2024 Paris 73 kg  Asian Para Games  2022 Hangzhou 73 kg | |


title: True-believer syndrome

abstract: True-believer syndrome is an informal or rhetorical term coined by M. Lamar Keene in his 1976 book The Psychic Mafia. He began using the term to refer to people who continued to believe in a paranormal phenomenon or event, even after it had successfully been debunked or proven to have been staged. Keene considered it to be a cognitive disorder, and regarded it as being a key factor in the success of many psychic mediums. The term "true believer" had earlier been used by Eric Hoffer in his 1951 book The True Believer to describe the psychological roots of fanatical groups. True-believer syndrome could be considered a type of belief perseverance for paranormal phenomena.

text:
# True-believer syndrome

**True-believer syndrome** is an informal or rhetorical term coined by M. Lamar Keene in his 1976 book *The Psychic Mafia*. He began using the term to refer to people who continued to believe in a paranormal phenomenon or event, even after it had successfully been debunked or proven to have been staged. Keene considered it to be a cognitive disorder, and regarded it as being a key factor in the success of many psychic mediums.

The term "true believer" had earlier been used by Eric Hoffer in his 1951 book *The True Believer* to describe the psychological roots of fanatical groups.

True-believer syndrome could be considered a type of belief perseverance for paranormal phenomena.

## Psychology

In an article published in *Skeptical Inquirer*, psychologist Matthew J. Sharps and his colleagues analyze and dissect the psychology of True Believers and their behavior after the predicted apocalypse fails to happen. Using the 2012 Mayan apocalypse prophecy as an example, and citing several other similar cases, Sharps contributes four psychological factors that compel these people to continue their belief (or even stronger belief) despite the conflicted reality.

* *Subclinical dissociative tendencies*: While not suffering from mental illness, people with subclinical dissociative tendencies have a higher inclination to experience disconnection with immediate physical reality and propensity to see highly improbable things with enhanced credulity. Such subclinical dissociation is usually associated with paranormal thinking.
* *Cognitive dissonance*: The more one invests in a belief, the more value one will place in this belief and, as a consequence, be more resistant to facts, evidence or reality that contradict this belief. Some of the True Believers in the Keech case in the example below had left their spouses, jobs and given up their possessions to prepare to board the alien spacecraft. When the world did not end, cognitive dissonance-reducing activity (belief disconfirmation response) provided an enhancement of their beliefs and outlet for their heavy investment and discomfort in front of reality.
* *Gestalt processing*: In the continuum in human information processing, people with Gestalt processing will consider a concept without detailed analysis (as opposed to feature-intensive thinking) and accept the idea as a whole relatively uncritically. Sharps suggests a relationship between dissociative tendencies and gestalt processing. People who incline to believe paranormal activities will be more likely to credulously entertain the ancient Mayan prophecies whose details most people know little about.
* *Availability heuristic*: Under the mental shortcut of availability heuristic, people place more importance and give more weight to a belief when examples related to the idea are more readily recalled, most often because they are recent information and latest news. The information of Mayan prophecies has been abundantly available, especially in the media, before the expected apocalyptic date. People's judgments tend to bias toward this latest news, particularly those with dissociative tendency toward supernatural and favor gestalt processing.

## Examples

### M. Lamar Keene and "Raoul"

In his book *The Psychic Mafia*, Keene told of his partner, a psychic medium named "Raoul". Some in their congregation still believed that Raoul was genuine, even after Keene openly admitted that he was a fake. Keene wrote "I knew how easy it was to make people believe a lie, but I didn't expect the same people, confronted with the lie, would choose it over the truth. ... No amount of logic can shatter a faith consciously based on a lie."

### José Alvarez and "Carlos"

According to *The Skeptic's Dictionary*, an example of this syndrome is evidenced by an event in 1988 when stage magician James Randi, at the request of an Australian news program, coached stage performer José Alvarez to pretend he was channelling a two-thousand-year-old spirit named "Carlos". Even after it was revealed to be a fictional character created by Randi and Alvarez, many people continued to believe that "Carlos" was real. Randi commented: "no amount of evidence, no matter how good it is or how much there is of it, is ever going to convince the true believer to the contrary."

### Marian Keech and "Clarion"

In the book *When Prophecy Fails*, Festinger and his colleagues observed a fringe group led by "Marian Keech" (researchers' pseudonym) who believed that the world would be destroyed on December 21, 1954, and the true believers would be rescued by aliens on a spaceship to a fictional planet, Clarion. When nothing happened, the group believed that their devotion convinced God to spare the world and they became even more feverish in proselytizing their belief. This is one of the first cases that led Festinger to form the theory of cognitive dissonance.

### Harold Camping's 2011 end times prediction

American Christian radio host Harold Camping claimed that the Rapture and Judgment Day would take place on May 21, 2011, and that the end of the world would take place five months later on October 21, 2011, based on adding the 153 fish of John 20 to May 21. Camping, who was then president of the Family Radio Christian network, claimed the Bible as his source and said May 21 would be the date of the Rapture and the day of judgment "beyond the shadow of a doubt". Camping suggested that it would occur at 6 pm local time, with the Rapture sweeping the globe time zone by time zone, while some of his supporters claimed that around 200 million people (approximately 3% of the world's population) would be "raptured". Camping had previously claimed that the Rapture would occur in September 1994. Following the failure of the prediction, media attention shifted to the response from Camping and his followers. On May 23, Camping amended that May 21 had been a "spiritual" day of judgment, and that the physical Rapture would occur on October 21, 2011, simultaneously with the destruction of the universe by God. However, on October 16, Camping admitted to an interviewer that he did not know when the end would come.

### Notes

### Bibliography

* Keene, M. Lamar and Spraggett, Allen (1997) *The Psychic Mafia*, Prometheus Books, ISBN 1-57392-161-0

### Further reading

* Hall, Harriet A., (2006). "Teaching Pigs to Sing: An Experiment in Bringing Critical Thinking to the Masses", *Skeptical Inquirer*, Vol 30, #3, May/June 2006, pp. 36–39
* Lalich, Janja. *Bounded Choice: True Believers and Charismatic Cults*. University of California Press, 2004. ISBN 0-520-23194-5
* Raymo, Chet. *Skeptics and True Believers: The Exhilarating Connection Between Science and Religion*. Walker Publishing, 1998. ISBN 0-8027-1338-6
* Singer, Barry and Benassi, Victor A., (1980). "Fooling Some of the People All of the Time", *Skeptical Inquirer*, Vol 5, #2, Winter 1980/81, pp. 17–24


title: Trond Waage

abstract: Trond Waage is a child rights expert at the UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre in Florence, Italy. Previously, he was for eight years Norway's Ombudsman for Children. In this role he initiated the European Network of Ombudspersons for Children (ENOC) and was involved in setting up ombuds offices for children in Europe and Africa. Norway was the first country to establish an Ombudsman for Children, in 1981. His previous positions have included Senior Advisor for the Ministry of Children and Family Affairs in Norway; Director of Research at Childwatch International Research Network, a global nongovernmental network of institutions that collaborate in research on improving children's well-being; Senior Programme Officer at what is now the International Council for Open and Distance Education (ICDE), where he ran multi-channel learning projects in developing countries in co-operation with UN agencies, bilateral agencies and national authorities; and Director of the TV Department at the University of Oslo, Department of Special Education. Trond Waage is a board member ofseveral organisations and he was also the first leader of the Norwegian Trade Council for Pharmacies, with the aim of monitoring the practice and quality of pharmacy services according to the Standards for Pharmacy Practice.

text:
# Trond Waage

**Trond Waage** (born 14 February 1953) is a child rights expert at the UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre in Florence, Italy. Previously, he was for eight years Norway's Ombudsman for Children. In this role he initiated the European Network of Ombudspersons for Children (ENOC) and was involved in setting up ombuds offices for children in Europe and Africa. Norway was the first country to establish an Ombudsman for Children, in 1981.

His previous positions have included Senior Advisor for the Ministry of Children and Family Affairs in Norway; Director of Research at Childwatch International Research Network, a global nongovernmental network of institutions that collaborate in research on improving children's well-being; Senior Programme Officer at what is now the International Council for Open and Distance Education (ICDE), where he ran multi-channel learning projects in developing countries in co-operation with UN agencies, bilateral agencies and national authorities; and Director of the TV Department at the University of Oslo, Department of Special Education.

Trond Waage is a board member ofseveral organisations and he was also the first leader of the Norwegian Trade Council for Pharmacies, with the aim of monitoring the practice and quality of pharmacy services according to the Standards for Pharmacy Practice.


title: Methylaspartate mutase

abstract:
In enzymology, a methylaspartate mutase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
  - L-threo-3-methylaspartate ⇌ L-glutamate Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, L-threo-3-methylaspartate, and one product, L-glutamate. This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically those intramolecular transferases transferring other groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-threo-3-methylaspartate carboxy-aminomethylmutase. Other names in common use include glutamate mutase, glutamic mutase, glutamic isomerase, glutamic acid mutase, glutamic acid isomerase, methylaspartic acid mutase, beta-methylaspartate-glutamate mutase, and glutamate isomerase. This enzyme participates in c5-branched dibasic acid metabolism. It employs one cofactor, cobamide.

text:
# Methylaspartate mutase

In enzymology, a **methylaspartate mutase** (EC 5.4.99.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

L-threo-3-methylaspartate $\rightleftharpoons $ L-glutamate

Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, L-threo-3-methylaspartate, and one product, L-glutamate.

This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically those intramolecular transferases transferring other groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is **L-threo-3-methylaspartate carboxy-aminomethylmutase**. Other names in common use include **glutamate mutase**, **glutamic mutase**, **glutamic isomerase**, **glutamic acid mutase**, **glutamic acid isomerase**, **methylaspartic acid mutase**, **beta-methylaspartate-glutamate mutase**, and **glutamate isomerase**. This enzyme participates in c5-branched dibasic acid metabolism. It employs one cofactor, cobamide.

## Structural studies

As of late 2007, 8 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1B1A, 1BE1, 1CB7, 1CCW, 1FMF, 1I9C, 1ID8, and 2PWH.

* BARKER HA, ROOZE V, SUZUKI F, IODICE AA (1964). "The Glutamate Mutase System. Assays and Properties". *J. Biol. Chem*. **239**: 3260–6. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)97713-6. PMID 14245371.
* Weissbach H, Toohey J, Barker HA (1959). "Isolation and properties of B12 coenzymes containing benzimidazole or dimethylbenzimidazole". *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA*. **45** (4): 521–528. Bibcode:1959PNAS...45..521W. doi:10.1073/pnas.45.4.521. PMC 222591. PMID 16590408.

## InfoBox

| methylaspartate mutase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 5.4.99.1 |
| CAS no. | 9032-97-7 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: WGNB

abstract: WGNB is a radio station broadcasting a religious format. Licensed to Zeeland, Michigan, it previously broadcast under the WXYB call sign.

text:
# WGNB

**WGNB** (89.3 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a religious format. Licensed to Zeeland, Michigan, it previously broadcast under the WXYB call sign.

42°50′13″N 85°59′17″W / 42.837°N 85.988°W / 42.837; -85.988

1. "Facility Technical Data for WGNB". *Licensing and Management System*. Federal Communications Commission.

## InfoBox

WGNB
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Grand Rapids, Michigan |
| Frequency | 89.3 MHz |
| Programming | |
| Format | Religious |
| Affiliations | Moody Broadcasting Network |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |  |
| History | |
| Former call signs | WXYB (7/24/87-4/15/91) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 18425 |
| Class | B |
| ERP | 30,000 watts |
| HAAT | 152 meters (499 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | type:city 42°50′14.00″N 85°59′17.00″W / 42.8372222°N 85.9880556°W / 42.8372222; -85.9880556 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Website | www.moodyradio.org/grandrapids/ |


title: 1979 DFB-Pokal final

abstract: The 1979 DFB-Pokal Final decided the winner of the 1978–79 DFB-Pokal, the 36th season of Germany's knockout football cup competition. It was played on 23 June 1979 at the Niedersachsenstadion in Hanover. Fortuna Düsseldorf won the match 1–0 against Hertha BSC after extra time, to claim their 1st cup title.

text:
# 1979 DFB-Pokal final

The **1979 DFB-Pokal Final** decided the winner of the 1978–79 DFB-Pokal, the 36th season of Germany's knockout football cup competition. It was played on 23 June 1979 at the Niedersachsenstadion in Hanover. Fortuna Düsseldorf won the match 1–0 against Hertha BSC after extra time, to claim their 1st cup title.

## Route to the final

The DFB-Pokal began with 128 teams in a single-elimination knockout cup competition. There were a total of six rounds leading up to the final. Teams were drawn against each other, and the winner after 90 minutes would advance. If still tied, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a replay would take place at the original away team's stadium. If still level after 90 minutes, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a penalty shoot-out was used to determine the winner.

*Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away).*

| Hertha BSC | | Round | Fortuna Düsseldorf | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Opponent | Result | 1978–79 DFB-Pokal | Opponent | Result |
| FV 04 Würzburg (A) | 2–0 (a.e.t.) | Round 1 | Stuttgarter Kickers (H) | 7–2 |
| Wormatia Worms (A)
(H) | 1–1 (a.e.t.)
2–0 (replay) | Round 2 | VfR Heilbronn (H) | 3–0 |
| Borussia Mönchengladbach (H) | 2–0 | Round 3 | Alemannia Aachen (H) | 2–1 |
| 1. FC Köln (H) | 2–0 (a.e.t.) | Round of 16 | MSV Duisburg (A) | 1–0 |
| Bayer Uerdingen (H) | 6–0 | Quarter-finals | Bayer Leverkusen (H) | 2–1 |
| Eintracht Frankfurt (H) | 2–1 | Semi-finals | 1. FC Nürnberg (H) | 4–1 (a.e.t.) |

## Match

### Details

| Hertha BSC | 0–1 (a.e.t.) | Fortuna Düsseldorf |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report | Seel  116' |

Niedersachsenstadion, HanoverAttendance: 56,000Referee: Günter Linn (Altendiez)

| GK **1**  Norbert Nigbur  RB   Michael Sziedat  CB   Uwe Kliemann ()  CB   Hans Weiner  LB   Ole Rasmussen  RM   Holger Brück  CM   Wolfgang Sidka  CM   Dieter Nüssing  LM   Erich Beer  CF   Jürgen Milewski   72'  CF   Dietmar Krämer   91'  **Substitutes:**  FW   Henrik Agerbeck   72'  FW   Thomas Remark   91'  **Manager:**  Kuno Klötzer |  | GK **1**  Jörg Daniel  RB **2**  Josef Weikl  CB **3**  Gerd Zewe ()  CB **6**  Reinhold Fanz  LB **5**  Heiner Baltes  RM **4**  Egon Köhnen  CM **7**  Hubert Schmitz  CM **9**  Rudolf Bommer  LM **8**  Thomas Allofs   72'  CF **10**  Klaus Allofs  CF **11**  Wolfgang Seel  **Substitutes:**  MF   Ralf Dusend   72'  **Manager:**  Hans-Dieter Tippenhauer |
| --- | --- | --- |

## InfoBox

1979 DFB-Pokal Final
| Match programme cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Event | 1978–79 DFB-Pokal |
|  | |
| After extra time | |
| Date | 23 June 1979 (1979-06-23) |
| Venue | Niedersachsenstadion, Hanover |
| Referee | Günter Linn (Altendiez) |
| Attendance | 56,000 |
|


title: Thomas Steele (Australian politician)

abstract: Thomas Steele was a politician and soldier in New South Wales, Australia. He was born in Young to miller Henry Steele and Frances Jell. He was educated at local public schools and worked in a general store before serving in the AIF during World War I. He was a major in the 2nd Division's Field Artillery, and was mentioned in despatches. On 26 August 194 he married Alma Ann Black, with whom he had a daughter. After the war he returned to the general store, later purchasing his own business in Monteagle and acquiring property, on which he ran an orchard. From 1931 to 1933 he was an alderman at Young. In 1934 he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Council as a member of the Country Party to a term ending in 1937, and was re-elected in 1936, and 1949. He returned to the armed forces in World War II as a lieutenant-colonel. He was elected Chairman of Committees in 1946, serving until 1953. His term on the council expired in 1961 and he was not a candidate for re-election. Steele died at Crows Nest on 3 September 1963 (aged 76).

text:
# Thomas Steele (Australian politician)

**Thomas Steele** (25 August 1887  3 September 1963) was a politician and soldier in New South Wales, Australia.

He was born in Young to miller Henry Steele and Frances Jell. He was educated at local public schools and worked in a general store before serving in the AIF during World War I. He was a major in the 2nd Division's Field Artillery, and was mentioned in despatches. On 26 August 194 he married Alma Ann Black, with whom he had a daughter. After the war he returned to the general store, later purchasing his own business in Monteagle and acquiring property, on which he ran an orchard. From 1931 to 1933 he was an alderman at Young. In 1934 he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Council as a member of the Country Party to a term ending in 1937, and was re-elected in 1936, and 1949. He returned to the armed forces in World War II as a lieutenant-colonel. He was elected Chairman of Committees in 1946, serving until 1953. His term on the council expired in 1961 and he was not a candidate for re-election.

Steele died at Crows Nest on 3 September 1963(1963-09-03) (aged 76).


title: Patricio Ponce de León

abstract: Patricio Ponce de León was a Cuban mycologist. He was a professor at Belen School in Havana and at the University of Havana, and later a curator at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Illinois. He wrote a monograph on the worldwide species of the family Geastraceae, the earthstar fungi. Ponce de León died in Miami, Florida.

text:
# Patricio Ponce de León

**Patricio Ponce de León** (August 26, 1915 – February 26, 2010) was a Cuban mycologist. He was a professor at Belen School in Havana and at the University of Havana, and later a curator at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Illinois. He wrote a monograph on the worldwide species of the family Geastraceae, the earthstar fungi. Ponce de León died in Miami, Florida.

## Taxa described

## Selected publications

The standard author abbreviation P. Ponce de León is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.


abstract: Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis Mahavidyalaya, established in 1965, is a general degree college in Baranagar, Kolkata. It offers undergraduate courses in arts, commerce and sciences. It is affiliated to West Bengal State University.

text:
# Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis Mahavidyalaya

**Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis Mahavidyalaya** (formerly **Bon Hooghly College of Commerce**), established in 1965, is a general degree college in Baranagar, Kolkata. It offers undergraduate courses in arts, commerce and sciences. It is affiliated to West Bengal State University.

## Accreditation

The National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) visited the college in 2008 and accredited it with 'B' grade. The National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) visited the college in 2019 and accredited it with 'C' grade.

## History

Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis Mahavidyalaya (Formerly Bon Hooghly College of Commerce) was established in 1965 as a private evening Commerce College affiliated to the University of Calcutta.

## Academic departments

### Science

* Chemistry
* Mathematics
* Computer Science
* Food and Nutrition

### Arts

* Bengali
* English
* Geography
* Sociology
* Philosophy
* Economics
* Education

### Commerce

* Accountancy

## InfoBox

Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis Mahavidyalaya
| Type | Undergraduate college |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 1965 (1965) |
| Affiliation | West Bengal State University |
| Principal | Dr. Arnab Ghosh |
| Address | 111, 3, Barrackpore Trunk Road, Baranagar, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700108, India<br>22°38′52″N 88°22′52″E / 22.6476766°N 88.3810711°E / 22.6476766; 88.3810711 |
| Campus | Urban |
| Website | pcmm.edu.in |
| Location in West BengalPrasanta Chandra Mahalanobis Mahavidyalaya (India) | |


title: Uchoten

abstract: Uchōten is a Japanese experimental new wave/post punk band, active in the 1980s and early 1990s. They formed in 1982 and disbanded in 1991, after releasing eight studio albums and two live albums. In 2015, after over two decades apart, Uchoten reunited.

text:
# Uchoten

**Uchōten** (有頂天 ecstasy) is a Japanese experimental new wave/post punk band, active in the 1980s and early 1990s. They formed in 1982 and disbanded in 1991, after releasing eight studio albums and two live albums. In 2015, after over two decades apart, Uchoten reunited.

## History

Uchoten formed in Tokyo, Japan from the band Densenbyou. Densenbyou's last concert and Uchoten's first concert were both on 6 April 1982. They are led by vocalist Kera.

Uchoten released their first album and singles on Kera's independent record label, Nagomu. In 1985, they released *Kokoro no tabi* on a bigger indie label, Captain, a cover of a popular Japanese song from 1973 performed by Tulip. Uchoten, The Willard and Laughin' Nose were referred to as the *Indies Big Three*.

In September 1986 they released their major debut album, *Peace*. *Peace* has a theme of ending and death, and because of this some fans worried that Uchoten were going to break up, however they lasted five more years with several lineup changes.

Uchoten initially played their last concert on 15 September 1991, a recording of which was later released on a CD titled *Search For 1/3 Fin*, until reforming in 2015 after 24 years disbanded.

Throughout their career, Uchoten has performed a number of covers, of artists including King Crimson, Gilbert O'Sullivan, Lizard, P-Model and Takuro Yoshida.

## Lineups

1. April 1982 - September 1982
    * Kera - Vocals
    * Toshi - Guitar
    * Tabo - Guitar
    * Chachamaru - Bass
    * Mika - Bass
    * Eriko - Keyboard
    * Zin - Percussion
    * Minosuke - Drums
2. September 1982 - May 1984
    * Kera - Vocals
    * Toshi - Guitar
    * Tabo - Guitar
    * Chachamaru - Bass
    * Eriko - Keyboard
    * Zin - Drums
3. July 1984 - May 1985
    * Kera - Vocals
    * Toshi - Guitar
    * Tabo - Guitar
    * Kubobryu - Bass
    * Eriko - Keyboards
    * Zin - Drums
4. June 1985 - February 1986
    * Kera - Vocals
    * Huckai - Guitar
    * Cou - Guitar
    * Kubobryu - Bass
    * Charity - Keyboard
    * Zin - Drums
5. February 1986 - February 1988
    * Kera - Vocals
    * Huckai - Guitar
    * Cou - Guitar
    * Kubobryu - Bass
    * Myue - Keyboard
    * Zin - Drums
6. March 1988 - May 1989
    * Kera - Vocals
    * Huckai - Guitar
    * Cou - Guitar
    * Kubobryu - Bass
    * Shiu - Keyboard
    * Zin - Drums
7. May 1989 - September 1991
    * Kera - Vocals
    * Cou - Guitar
    * Kubobryu - Bass
    * Shiu - Keyboard
    * Zin - Drums

## Discography

* *Dohyou ouji* (1983)
* *Because* (1986)
* *Peace* (1986)

* Vegetable Demo (1987)
* *Aissle* (1987)

* *Search For 1/3 Boil* (1988) Live album
* *Gan* (1988)
* *Search For 1/3 Stop! Hand In Hand* (1989)
* *Colorful Merry ga futta machi* (1990)
* *Dekkachi* (1990)
* *Search For 1/3 Fin* (1991) Live album
* *1984-1987 Vegetable* (1992) Best-of
* *Lost and Found* (2015)
* *Kafka's Rock/Nietzsche's Pop* (2016)

## InfoBox

| Uchōten | |
| --- | --- |
| Uchoten, mid 1985 (From left to right) Kera, Cou, Tabo, Kubobryu, Zin, and Eriko. | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Tokyo, Japan |
| Genres | Experimental/new wave/post punk |
| Years active | 1982 (1982)–1991 (1991), 2015-present |


title: Trivigliano

abstract: Trivigliano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Frosinone in the Italian region Lazio, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) east of Rome and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northwest of Frosinone, in the Monti Ernici area.

text:
# Trivigliano

**Trivigliano** is a *comune* (municipality) in the Province of Frosinone in the Italian region Lazio, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) east of Rome and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northwest of Frosinone, in the Monti Ernici area.

## InfoBox

| Trivigliano | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Trivigliano | |
| Location of Trivigliano | |
| TriviglianoLocation of Trivigliano in ItalyTriviglianoTrivigliano (Lazio) | |
| Coordinates: 41°47′N 13°16′E / 41.783°N 13.267°E / 41.783; 13.267 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Lazio |
| Province | Frosinone (FR) |
| *Frazioni* | San Giovanni, Pratovalle, Sassotello, 3 Fontane, Cerreta, Valcagnano, Canterno, Padoni, Collitimi, Pezze, Colle Jorio, Rasella, Monte Santa Croce, Dello Spreco |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Gianluca Latini |
| Area | |
| Total | 12.7 km2 (4.9 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 780 m (2,560 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2010) | |
| Total | 1,743 |
| Density | 140/km2 (360/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Triviglianesi |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 03010 |
| Dialing code | 0775 |
| Patron saint | St. Oliva |
| Saint day | 11 June |


title: Trond Viggo Toresen

abstract: Trond Viggo Toresen is a Norwegian football midfielder who currently plays for Verdal. He joined the team from Levanger in 2011. Before he went back to his home towns of Verdal and Levanger he played in Norwegian Tippeliga and Adeccoliga for Odd Grenland and Notodden as a midfielder. He was a regular midfielder on the Odd team which played in Tippeligaen.

text:
# Trond Viggo Toresen

**Trond Viggo Toresen** (born 22 February 1978) is a Norwegian football midfielder who currently plays for Verdal.

He joined the team from Levanger in 2011. Before he went back to his home towns of Verdal and Levanger he played in Norwegian Tippeliga and Adeccoliga for Odd Grenland and Notodden as a midfielder. He was a regular midfielder on the Odd team which played in Tippeligaen.

## InfoBox

Trond Viggo Toresen
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1978-02-22) 22 February 1978 | | |
| Place of birth | Levanger, Norway | | |
| Height | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Verdal | | |
| Number | 2 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Verdal | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1997 | Verdal |  |  |
| 19982002 | Byåsen | 89 | (0) |
| 2003 | Pors Grenland | 22 | (8) |
| 20042007 | Odd Grenland | 72 | (0) |
| 20082009 | Notodden | 33 | (10) |
| 2010 | Levanger | 26 | (5) |
| 2011 | Verdal | 106 | (13) |
| International career | | | |
| 1993 | Norway U15 | 9 | (1) |
| 1994 | Norway U16 | 1 | (0) |
| 1995 | Norway U17 | 6 | (1) |
| 1996 | Norway U18 | 5 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 14 December 2012<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 23 May 2009 | | | |


title: WHO Goodwill Ambassador

abstract: WHO Goodwill Ambassador is an official postnominal honorific title, title of authority, legal status and job description assigned to those goodwill ambassadors and advocates who are designated by the United Nations. WHO goodwill ambassadors are celebrity advocates of the World Health Organization (WHO) and use their talent and fame to advocate for health and well-being.

text:
# WHO Goodwill Ambassador

**WHO Goodwill Ambassador** is an official postnominal honorific title, title of authority, legal status and job description assigned to those goodwill ambassadors and advocates who are designated by the United Nations. WHO goodwill ambassadors are celebrity advocates of the World Health Organization (WHO) and use their talent and fame to advocate for health and well-being.

## Current WHO goodwill ambassadors

Current goodwill ambassadors, and the year they were appointed:

| Ambassador | Country | Term | Actions |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Amitabh Bachchan | India | 2017 | Goodwill ambassador for awareness of Hepatitis |
| Christine Kaseba-Sata | Zambia | 2012–2014 | Doctor, Against Gender-based Violence |
| Peng Liyuan | China | 2011 | Vocal artist. Goodwill Ambassador for Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS |
| Jet Li | China | 2009–2014 | International film star. Goodwill Ambassador |
| Yohei Sasakawa | Japan | 2001 | Chairman, Nippon Foundation. Goodwill Ambassador for Leprosy Elimination |
| Craig David | United Kingdom | 2010 | Singer. Goodwill Ambassador for the Stop TB Partnership |
| Nancy Brinker | United States | 2009 | Founder, Susan G. Komen for the Cure. Goodwill Ambassador for Cancer Control |
| Liya Kebede | Ethiopia | 2005 | Goodwill Ambassador |
| Sylvie Vartan | Bulgaria | 2005 | Goodwill Ambassador |
| Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra | Austria | 2005 | Goodwill Ambassador |

## Cancellation of status

On 21 October 2017 the WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus appointed Zimbabwe’s president Robert Mugabe as a WHO goodwill ambassador to help tackle non-communicable diseases for Africa. The appointment address praised Mugabe for his commitment to public health in Zimbabwe. The naming attracted widespread condemnation in WHO member states and international organisations due to Mugabe's poor record on human rights and presiding over a decline in Zimbabwe's public health. Following widespread criticism, Tedros Adhanom was forced to withdraw the appointment (cancel the title) the next day.


abstract: The 1979 Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the Hordern Pavilion in Sydney, Australia and was part of the 1979 Colgate-Palmolive Grand Prix. It was the seventh edition of the tournament and was held from 15 October through 21 October 1979. First-seeded Vitas Gerulaitis won the singles title.

text:
# 1979 Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships

The **1979 Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships** was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the Hordern Pavilion in Sydney, Australia and was part of the 1979 Colgate-Palmolive Grand Prix. It was the seventh edition of the tournament and was held from 15 October through 21 October 1979. First-seeded Vitas Gerulaitis won the singles title.

## Finals

### Singles

Vitas Gerulaitis defeated  Guillermo Vilas 4–6, 6–3, 6–1, 7–6

* It was Gerulaitis' 3rd title of the year and the 22nd of his career.

### Doubles

Rod Frawley /  Francisco González defeated  Vijay Amritraj /  Pat Du Pré by default

* It was Frawley's only title of the year and the 1st of his career. It was González's 2nd title of the year and the 2nd of his career.

## InfoBox

| 1979 Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 15–21 October |
| Edition | 7th |
| Category | Grand Prix circuit (Four star) |
| Draw | 32S / 16D |
| Prize money | $175,000 |
| Location | Sydney, Australia |
| Venue | Hordern Pavilion |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Vitas Gerulaitis | |
| Doubles | |
| Rod Frawley /  Francisco González | |
|  | |


title: Thomas Stegg

abstract: Thomas Stegg was a British merchant and politician in the Colony of Virginia. He served in both houses of the Virginia General Assembly, and became the first elected Speaker of the Virginia House of Burgesses during the 1643 session, when the Burgesses first met as a separate lower house.

text:
# Thomas Stegg

**Thomas Stegg** (died 1652) was a British merchant and politician in the Colony of Virginia. He served in both houses of the Virginia General Assembly, and became the first elected Speaker of the Virginia House of Burgesses during the 1643 session, when the Burgesses first met as a separate lower house.

## Career

Stegg divided his time between Virginia and London. He imported indentured servants into the Virginia colony and sold the contracts paying for their passage to planters seeking labor, and his son Thomas Stegg Jr. served as security. Stegg was a factor for London merchant Maurice Thompson, who was a principal architect of Parliament's commercial policy during the period, and also had business ties with London stationer Michael Sparke. also an ardent Puritan. Stegg invested with William Claiborne and others in the trading post on Kent Island, Maryland and owned more than 600 acres on Old Man's Creek which later became part of the Westover Plantation in Charles City County at the time of his death.

Stegg supported Virginia's Governor John Harvey, and helped Richard Kemp (the Colony's secretary) escape from Virginia in 1640, three years before he became a burgess. Although Stegg was on the Virginia Governor's Council in 1642 (the upper body of the Virginia General Assembly), he resigned, and became one of the three men representing Charles City County in the 1643 session, the first in which the upper and lower houses sat separately. He again served as a member of the Virginia Governor's Council in 1647 through his death in late 1651 or early 1652.

Stegg supported Parliament against the king during the English Civil War. In the summer of 1644, in Boston harbor, he brought his 24 gun ship abreast of the 100-ton ship 'Mary', which had sailed from the royalist port of Bristol and had been loaded with fish to be sold in Bilbao on the return trip. He showed the captain his commission from Lord High Admiral Robert Rich for the capture of royalist vessels, and successfully demanded its surrender.

## Personal life

Stegg's widow, primary heir and executrix was named Elizabeth. His son Thomas Stegg Jr. was named reversionary heir (and later also served on the Virginia Governor's Council, and Stegg also made bequests to his daughter Grace Stegg Byrd and her children. Her son (this man's grandson) William Byrd I would become a powerful planter and politician.

## Death and legacy

In September 1651, Parliament appointed Stegg, William Claiborne, Richard Bennett, Robert Dennis and Edmond Curtis as Parliament's commissioners to secure Virginia's and Maryland's surrender and due obedience to the Commonwealth of England. That was secured by Claiborne and Bennett, who sailed in the Parliamentary fleet aboard Captain Curtis's ship 'Guinea', and obtained Virginia's peaceful surrender on 12 March 1652. However, Stegg sailed with Captain Dennis and died aboard the 'John' after having written his last will and testament dated 6 October 1651, which was admitted to probate in July 1652. His widow married burgess Thomas Grendon, Jr., and bore a son, Thomas Grendon III.

## InfoBox

| Thomas Stegg | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 1st Speaker of the Virginia House of Burgesses | |
| **In office**
1643–1643 | |
| Preceded by | position created |
| Succeeded by | Edward Hill, Sr. |
| Member of the Virginia House of Burgesses for Charles City County, Colony of Virginia | |
| **In office**
1643 | |
| Preceded by | Edward Hill, Sr. |
| Succeeded by | Edward Hill, Sr. |
| Member of the Virginia Governor's Council | |
| **In office**
1642-1642, 1647-1650 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Britain |
| Died | 1652
Atlantic Ocean, aboard the ship *John* |
| Spouse(s) | Thomas Stegg Jr., Grace Stegge Byrd |
| Occupation | Merchant |
|  | |


title: Patentable subject matter

abstract: Patentable, statutory or patent-eligible subject matter is subject matter of an invention that is considered appropriate for patent protection in a given jurisdiction. The laws and practices of many countries stipulate that certain types of inventions should be denied patent protection. Together with criteria such as novelty, inventive step or nonobviousness, utility, which differ from country to country, the question of whether a particular subject matter is patentable is one of the substantive requirements for patentability. The problem of patentable subject matter arises usually in cases of biological and software inventions, and much less frequently in other areas of technology.

text:
# Patentable subject matter

**Patentable**, **statutory** or **patent-eligible subject matter** is subject matter of an invention that is considered appropriate for patent protection in a given jurisdiction. The laws and practices of many countries stipulate that certain types of inventions should be denied patent protection. Together with criteria such as novelty, inventive step or nonobviousness, utility (or industrial applicability), which differ from country to country, the question of whether a particular subject matter is patentable is one of the substantive requirements for patentability.

The problem of patentable subject matter arises usually in cases of biological and software inventions, and much less frequently in other areas of technology.

## Legislation

The subject-matter which is regarded as patentable as a matter of policy, and correspondingly the subject-matter which is excluded from patentability as a matter of policy, depends on the national legislation or international treaty.

### Canada

According to the Canadian Intellectual Property Office (CIPO) patents may only be granted for physical embodiments of an idea, or a process that results in something that is tangible or can be sold. This excludes theorems and computer programs per se. However, business methods are patentable.

### European Patent Convention

The European Patent Convention (EPC) does not provide positive guidance on what *should* be considered an invention for the purposes of patent law. However, it provides in Article 52(2) EPC a non-exhaustive list of what are not to be regarded as inventions, and therefore *not* patentable subject matter:

> The following in particular shall not be regarded as inventions within the meaning of paragraph 1:
>
> (a) discoveries, scientific theories and mathematical methods; (b) aesthetic creations; (c) schemes, rules and methods for performing mental acts, playing games or doing business, and programs for computers; (d) presentations of information.

Article 52(3) EPC then qualifies Art. 52(2) EPC by stating:

> The provisions of paragraph 2 shall exclude patentability of the subject-matter or activities referred to in that provision only to the extent to which a European patent application or European patent relates to such subject-matter or activities as such.

(In a previous version of the EPC, some further items were excluded under Article 52(4) EPC, as formally being not industrially applicable, notable medical methods as applied by a physician or a veterinarian. Nowadays these methods are excluded directly under Art. 53 EPC, together with other policy exclusions.)

#### Practice at the European Patent Office (EPO)

Under Article 52(1) EPC, "European patents shall be granted for any inventions, in all fields of technology, provided that they are new, involve an inventive step and are susceptible of industrial application." So, four questions need to be assessed:

1. Is there an invention?
2. Is the invention susceptible of industrial application?
3. Is the invention novel?
4. Does the invention involve an inventive step?

The first question "Is there an invention?" is equivalent to: "Is the claimed subject-matter as a whole within the realm of patentable subject-matter?" The invention question or patentable subject-matter question precedes the three further questions, which cannot, and need not, be assessed if there is no invention.

According to the case law of the Boards of Appeal of the EPO, the question "Is there an invention?" also implicitly implies the further question: "Does the claimed subject-matter have a technical character?" "Having technical character is an implicit requirement of the EPC to be met by an invention to be an invention within the meaning of Article 52(1) EPC".

Patentable subject-matter considerations also intervene again at a secondary level, during the inventive step assessment. In T 641/00 (Comvik/Two Identities), the Board held that, "An invention consisting of a mixture of technical and non-technical features and having technical character as a whole is to be assessed with respect to the requirement of inventive step by taking account of all those features which contribute to said technical character whereas features making no such contribution cannot support the presence of inventive step." The non-technical features are the ones that are excluded from the realm of patentable subject-matter as a matter of policy. T 258/03 (Hitachi/Auction Method) further developed this test for patentable subject-matter.

Under this test, a patent application or patent which does not provide a technical solution to a technical problem would be refused (under Article 97(1) EPC) or revoked (under Article 102(1) EPC) as lacking inventive step.

The EPO provides guidelines for evaluating the patent-eligibility of computer-implemented inventions (CII), such as in particular based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). For instance, AI-based image processing programs are considered technical and therefore patent-eligible. Conversely, AI-based text processing programs with a text classification only based on the content of the text are not considered technical. These are excluded from patentability because attaching meaning to words is a cognitive task and not a technical implementation.

#### Practice in the United Kingdom

Following the 2006 Court of Appeal judgment in Aerotel v Telco and Macrossan's application, which contains a lengthy discussion of case law in the area, the UKPO has adopted the following test:

(1) properly construe the claim (2) identify the actual contribution (3) ask whether it falls solely within the excluded subject matter (4) check whether the actual or alleged contribution is actually technical in nature.

The Court decided that the new approach provided a structured and more helpful way of applying the statutory test for assessing patentability which was consistent with previous decisions of the Court.

This test is quite different from the test used by the EPO, as expressed in T 641/00 (Comvik/Two Identities) and T 258/03 (Hitachi/Auction Method), but it is considered that the end result will be the same in nearly every case.

### United States

Patentable subject matter in the United States is governed by 35 U.S.C. 101. The two particularly contentious areas, with numerous reversals of prior legislative and judicial decisions, have been computer-based and biological inventions. The US practice of patentable subject matter is very different from that of the European Patent Office. Whereas the EPO adopted an exclusionary approach by denying patentability to specific types of inventions (discoveries, scientific theories and mathematical methods; aesthetic creations; schemes, rules and methods for performing mental acts, playing games or doing business, and programs for computers; presentations of information), the US Supreme Court in its Alice-Mayo framework proposed an inclusionary approach: instead of categorically excluding certain types of invention, an additional "inventive concept" is required to limit the scope of the patent claims to certain applications of a newly discoved algorithm or a law of nature.

There is an important relationship between patent eligibility and non-obviousness tests in the US patent law. The non-obviousness criterion can be easily met if a claim is based on a discovery of new natural phenomenon/principle/law. In the patentable subject matter analysis, however, this "discovery" is assumed to be prior art, and an "additional inventive concept" must be present in the claim.

Things (including living organisms and nucleic acids) found in nature are not patent-eligible (Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co.) even, when isolated from their natural environment (e.g. a protein-encoding gene from a chromosome), but things (even alive) "made by man" may be (Diamond v. Chakrabarty, Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.), provided that they are different in a useful manner from their natural predecessor(s).

In the case of computer-implemented methods, the algorithms (even new and non-obvious) per se are not patentable (Gottschalk v. Benson, Parker v. Flook), and an additional "inventive concept" is required to limit the algorithm to new and useful application(s) (Diamond v. Diehr).

### Japan

The question of what should and should not be patentable subject matter has spawned a number of battlegrounds in recent years, setting against each other those in each area supporting patentability, claiming that patents would cause increased innovation and public good, against opponents with views that patentability is being sought only for private good but would do public harm.

Flashpoints have included the patenting of naturally occurring biological material, genetic sequences, stem cells, "traditional knowledge," programs for computers, and business methods.

## References and notes

## Further reading

* Typepad.com, *Ex parte Lundgren* (U.S. Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences, October 2005), especially the dissent of Judge Barrett, which contains a lengthy presentation of statutory subject matter following page 19.
* Patent.gov, UK Patent Office Manual of Patent Practice section on patentability.


title: Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador

abstract: The premier of Newfoundland and Labrador is the first minister and head of government for the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. Since 1949, the premier's duties and office has been the successor to the ministerial position of the prime minister of the former Dominion of Newfoundland. Before 2001, the official title was Premier of Newfoundland. The premier is appointed by the lieutenant governor of Newfoundland and Labrador, as representative of the King in Right of Newfoundland and Labrador. They are usually the leader of the party that commands a majority in the House of Assembly. The word premier is derived from the French word of the same spelling, meaning "first"; and ultimately from the Latin word primarius, meaning "primary". The current premier of Newfoundland and Labrador is Andrew Furey, since August 19, 2020. He currently represents Humber-Gros Morne in the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly.

text:
# Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador

The **premier of Newfoundland and Labrador** is the first minister and head of government for the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. Since 1949, the premier's duties and office has been the successor to the ministerial position of the prime minister of the former Dominion of Newfoundland. Before 2001, the official title was *Premier of Newfoundland*.

The premier is appointed by the lieutenant governor of Newfoundland and Labrador, as representative of the King in Right of Newfoundland and Labrador. They are usually the leader of the party that commands a majority in the House of Assembly. The word *premier* is derived from the French word of the same spelling, meaning "first"; and ultimately from the Latin word *primarius*, meaning "primary".

The current premier of Newfoundland and Labrador is Andrew Furey, since August 19, 2020. He currently represents Humber-Gros Morne in the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly.

## Formal responsibilities

The responsibilities of the premier usually include:

* serving as the president of the Executive Council and head of the provincial Cabinet. The Executive Council is the formal name of the Cabinet when it is acting in its legal capacity.
* serving as the head of the provincial government
* leading the development and implementation of government policies and priorities
* serving as the senior communicator of government priorities and plans between:
    + the lieutenant governor and Cabinet
    + the Newfoundland and Labrador government and other provincial and territorial governments
    + the Newfoundland and Labrador government and the federal government and international governments
* functions in respect of the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador, such as recommending to the lieutenant governor the appointment of cabinet ministers and allocating ministerial portfolios
* serving as leader of a major political party and its caucus of MHAs
* representing their constituency in the House of Assembly

## Office of the Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador

The Office of the Premier is located at the Confederation Building East Block. Staff at the office consists of:

* Director of Communications
* Special assistant (Strategic Communications)
* Special assistant (Communications)

## InfoBox

| Premier of
Newfoundland and Labrador | |
| --- | --- |
| *Premier ministre de Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador* | |
| Incumbent
Andrew Furey
since August 19, 2020 | |
| Office of the Premier | |
| Style |  |
| Status | Head of Government |
| Member of |  |
| Reports to |  |
| Seat | Confederation Building, East Block, St. John's |
| Appointer | Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador
with the confidence of the Newfoundland and Labrador Legislature |
| Term length | At His Majesty's pleasure
contingent on the premier's ability to command confidence in the legislative assembly |
| Formation | April 1, 1949 |
| First holder | Joey Smallwood |
| Deputy | Deputy premier of Newfoundland and Labrador |
| Salary | $95,357 plus $39,514 (indemnity and allowances) |
| Website | Office of the Premier |


title: Malpertuis (film)

abstract: Malpertuis is a 1971 Belgian fantasy horror film directed by Harry Kümel, based on the 1943 novel of the same name. It was selected for the official selection and was presented "in competition" at the 1972 Cannes Film Festival. A Flemish "director's cut" version was released in 1973.

text:
# Malpertuis (film)

***Malpertuis*** (released in the US as ***The Legend of Doom House***) is a 1971 Belgian fantasy horror film directed by Harry Kümel, based on the 1943 novel of the same name. It was selected for the official selection and was presented "in competition" at the 1972 Cannes Film Festival. A Flemish "director's cut" version was released in 1973.

## Plot

Jan (Mathieu Carrière), a young sailor, returns to land, and while searching for his childhood home, is mysteriously abducted. He awakens in an isolated old mansion called Malpertuis, where he find himself among various relatives, including his sister Nancy (Susan Hampshire), as well as a strange taxidermist and a resident madman called Lampernisse (Jean-Pierre Cassel). The mansion turns out to be a labyrinth of corridors, staircases, and secret chambers, belonging to his family.

His bedridden occultist uncle Cassavius (Orson Welles) is about to divide the estate among his heirs, but, as it turns out, only if they commit themselves never to leave the premises. They find themselves trapped in a mystery where they enact gods from Greek mythology, which Cassavius believes them to be, while anyone who tries to escape is found horribly murdered. The plot remains obscure to the end, as Jan tries to unravel the mystery, and seems to spiral into a dreamlike madness.

## Cast

## Versions

The English language version of the film that premiered at the 1972 Cannes Film Festival was 100 minutes, as it had been edited by the American distributor from the original 1971 version, and retitled *The Legend of Doom House*. It was subsequently edited further by other distributors. The Royal Belgian Film Archive, together with director Harry Kümel, worked to restore the uncut Flemish version of the film, which was released in 1973 as "the director's cut". This version is 20 minutes longer, containing scenes of the film which had been edited out. Although this version is more complete, the original voice of Orson Welles is missing from it.

## Reception

Neil Smith of the BBC gave the film 2/5 stars, calling it "Bizarre, lurid and baffling". Michael Barrett from *PopMatters* rated it 7/10 stars, calling it "ragged and dizzy, full of sharp zooms and frantic cuts." On his website *Fantastic Movie Musings and Ramblings*, Dave Sindelar called it "\[a\] disorienting, slightly disturbing and sometimes infuriating movie"

## InfoBox

| Malpertuis | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Harry Kümel |
| Written by | Jean Ferry |
| Based on | *Malpertuis*
by Jean Ray |
| Produced by | Paul Laffargue
Ritta Laffargue
Pierre Levie |
| Starring | Orson Welles
Susan Hampshire
Michel Bouquet
Mathieu Carrière
Jean-Pierre Cassel
Daniel Pilon
Walter Rilla
Dora van der Groen
Charles Janssens
Sylvie Vartan |
| Cinematography | Gerry Fisher |
| Edited by | Richard Marden |
| Music by | Georges Delerue |
| Production
companies | Artemis Film
Les Productions Artistes Associés |
| Distributed by | Premier Releasing |
| Release date | * 1971 (1971) |
| Running time | 119 minutes |
| Countries | Belgium
France
West Germany |
| Languages | Dutch
French
English |


title: Tromsø Region

abstract: Tromsø Region is a region in Troms county, Norway. It is centered on the city of Tromsø and consists of two municipalities: Tromsø Municipality and Karlsøy Municipality. The European route E8 passes through the region, and the Tromsø Airport, Langnes, is also located here. In 2020, Troms county became the newly established Troms og Finnmark county. In 2024, the county merger was undone.

text:
# Tromsø Region

**Tromsø Region** is a region in Troms county, Norway. It is centered on the city of Tromsø and consists of two municipalities: Tromsø Municipality (population: 76,974) and Karlsøy Municipality (population: 2,200).

The European route E8 passes through the region, and the Tromsø Airport, Langnes, is also located here. In 2020, Troms county became the newly established Troms og Finnmark county. In 2024, the county merger was undone.

69°39′07″N 18°57′12″E / 69.6519°N 18.9533°E / 69.6519; 18.9533


title: Trond Øyen

abstract: Trond Øyen was a Norwegian violinist from Vardø. He was recognized as one of Norway's leading violinists of his time. After growing up in Mosjøen, Øyen studied in Oslo under Alf Sjøen and Bjarne Brustad in 1945. He studied under Ernst Glaser until his public debut concert with Guttorm Skjerven as an accompanist in 1954. He regularly worked as a substitute violinist for the Norwegian Radio Orchestra, the National Theater orchestra, and the Norwegian National Opera orchestra. Over the years he performed several times on solo programs on NRK radio. He studied further in Copenhagen under Henry Holst and the royal theater musician Henrik Sachsenskjold. He studied harmony under the philharmonic member and solo cellist Karl Andersen. Øyen's became the second concert master of the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra in 1960, and the first violinist with the Oslo Philharmonic in 1964. In the Oslo Philharmonic, he spent the last twenty years of his career as the fourth member in the first violin group. with regular promotion to first chair. He joined the Hindar Quartet in 1964 as the second violinist and participated as such in several recordings. As a soloist, he distinguished himself with performances of Christian Sinding's three violin concertos and his Suite in A Minor for Violin and Orchestra.

text:
# Trond Øyen

**Trond Øyen** (December 26, 1929 – July 12, 1999) was a Norwegian violinist from Vardø. He was recognized as one of Norway's leading violinists of his time.

After growing up in Mosjøen, Øyen studied in Oslo under Alf Sjøen and Bjarne Brustad in 1945. He studied under Ernst Glaser until his public debut concert with Guttorm Skjerven as an accompanist in 1954. He regularly worked as a substitute violinist for the Norwegian Radio Orchestra, the National Theater orchestra (starting in 1957), and the Norwegian National Opera orchestra (starting in 1958). Over the years he performed several times on solo programs on NRK radio. He studied further in Copenhagen under Henry Holst and the royal theater musician Henrik Sachsenskjold. He studied harmony under the philharmonic member and solo cellist Karl Andersen.

Øyen's became the second concert master of the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra in 1960, and the first violinist with the Oslo Philharmonic in 1964. In the Oslo Philharmonic, he spent the last twenty years of his career as the fourth member in the first violin group. with regular promotion to first chair. He joined the Hindar Quartet in 1964 as the second violinist and participated as such in several recordings. As a soloist, he distinguished himself with performances of Christian Sinding's three violin concertos (Op. 45, 60, and 119) and his *Suite in A Minor for Violin and Orchestra* (Op. 10).

## Awards and recognitions


title: Provoke (horse)

abstract: Provoke was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. In a career which lasted from autumn 1964 until September 1965, he ran seven times and won four races. He won the Classic St Leger as a three-year-old in 1965, defeating Meadow Court by ten lengths. He was later exported to stand as a stallion in the Soviet Union.

text:
# Provoke (horse)

**Provoke** (foaled 1962) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. In a career which lasted from autumn 1964 until September 1965, he ran seven times and won four races. He won the Classic St Leger as a three-year-old in 1965, defeating Meadow Court by ten lengths. He was later exported to stand as a stallion in the Soviet Union.

## Background

Provoke was a bay horse with a narrow white blaze and white socks on his hind feet, bred and owned by Jakie Astor. He was sired by the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes winner Aureole. His dam, Tantalizer was a good racemare who was placed in the Irish Oaks and the Ribblesdale Stakes and was a half-sister of the outstanding stayer Trelawny. As a descendant of the mare Popinjay, Provoke was a member of the same branch of Thoroughbred family 1-n which produced Swale and Shadeed.

Astor sent the colt into training with Dick Hern at stables in West Ilsley in Berkshire.

## Racing career

### 1964: two-year-old season

Provoke was slow to mature and was not highly tried as a two-year-old. He made his only racecourse appearance in late October, when he finished unplaced in the Theale Plate at Newbury Racecourse.

### 1965: three-year-old season

Provoke began the 1965 season by finishing fourth in the Glasgow Maiden Stakes at York Racecourse in early May and then finished second in the Shaw Maiden Plate at Newbury later in the month. He was never beaten again. In June, Provoke recorded his first win when taking the Childrey Maiden Stakes over thirteen furlongs at Newbury. He then won the Cranbourn Chase Stakes at Ascot in July and the Melrose Stakes at York in August.

In September, Provoke was sent to Doncaster to contest the St Leger. Provoke was ridden by Joe Mercer and started as a 28/1 outsider in a field of eleven runners. Meadow Court, the winner of the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes started 4/11 favourite in a race which was run on extremely soft ground. Provoke was well-suited and by the muddy conditions and after taking the lead three furlongs from the finish he pulled clear of the opposition to win by ten lengths. Meadow Court's connections offered no excuses apart from the state of the ground, which was described as the worst for 39 years. The result was described as "one of the biggest upsets in British horse racing history".

Provoke remained in training in 1966, but was afflicted by a viral infection and did not run.

## Assessment

Provoke was given a rating of 130 by Timeform in 1965.

In their book *A Century of Champions*, John Randall and Tony Morris rated Provoke an "average" St Leger winner.

## Stud career

In 1966 Provoke was sold and exported to the Soviet Union. He died shortly after his arrival in Russia.

## Pedigree

Pedigree of Provoke (GB), bay stallion, 1962
| Sire
Aureole (GB) | Hyperion | Gainsborough | Bayardo |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Rosedrop |
| | Selene | Chaucer |
| | Serenissima |
| | Angelola | Donatello | Blenheim |
| | | Delleana |
| | Feola | Friar Marcus |
| | Aloe |
| Dam
Tantalizer (GB) | Tantieme | Deux-Pour-Cent | Deiri |
| | | Dix Pour Cent |
| | Turka | Indus |
| | La Furka |
| | Indian Night | Umidwar | Blandford |
| | | Uganda |
| | Fairly Hot | Solario |
| | Fair Cop (Family 1-n) |

## InfoBox

| Provoke | |
| --- | --- |
| Sire | Aureole |
| Grandsire | Hyperion |
| Dam | Tantalizer |
| Damsire | Tantieme |
| Sex | Stallion |
| Foaled | 1962 |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Colour | Bay |
| Breeder | Jakie Astor |
| Owner | Jakie Astor |
| Trainer | Dick Hern |
| Record | 7:4-1-0 |
| Major wins | |
| Melrose Handicap (1965)
St. Leger Stakes (1965) | |
| Last updated on July 26, 2008 | |


title: Patent thicket

abstract: A patent thicket is "an overlapping set of patent rights" which requires innovators to reach licensing deals for multiple patents. This concept has negative connotations and has been described as "a dense web of overlapping intellectual property rights that a company must hack its way through in order to actually commercialize new technology".

text:
# Patent thicket

A **patent thicket** is "an overlapping set of patent rights" which requires innovators to reach licensing deals for multiple patents. This concept has negative connotations and has been described as "a dense web of overlapping intellectual property rights that a company must hack its way through in order to actually commercialize new technology".

## Etymology

The expression may come from *SCM Corp. v. Xerox Corp.,* 645 F.2d 1195 (2d Cir. 1981), patent litigation case in the 1970s, wherein SCM's central charge had been that Xerox constructed a "patent thicket" to prevent competition.

## Uses and alternative names

Patent thickets are used to defend against competitors designing around a single patent. It has been suggested by some that this is particularly true in fields such as software or pharmaceuticals, but Sir Robin Jacob has pointed out that "every patentee of a major invention is likely to come up with improvements and alleged improvements to his invention" and that "it is in the nature of the patent system itself that \[patent thickets\] should happen and it has always happened".

Patent thickets are also sometimes called **patent floods**, or **patent clusters**. According to a report by Professor Ian Hargreaves, published in May 2011, patent thickets "obstruct entry to some markets and so impede innovation." Patent thickets are said to have become common in fields like nanotechnology as more fundamental science is patented. Some authors have expressed concern that this could reduce technological development and innovation.

## Economic effects

The economics of innovation literature suggests that patent thickets may have an ambiguous effect on patent transactions. On one hand, dispersion in the ownership of patents increases the number of patent owners with whom bargains have to be struck, and this may reduce the incentives to conduct patent transactions. But there is a second, countervailing effect: the presence of overlapping patent rights may reduce the value at stake in each individual patent licensing negotiation, and this may facilitate licensing deals.

## Potential antitrust implications in American law

Patent thickets also have potential antitrust implications. In *In re Humira*, 465 F.Supp.3d 811 (N.D. Ill. 2020), a class of third-party payors for Humira argued that pharmaceutical company AbbVie's patent thicket on Humira, consisting of over 100 patents, was in violation of antitrust laws. This patent thicket extended the term of AbbVie's monopoly past the twenty year limit and effectively prevented a generic version of the drug from entering the market keeping prices inflated to upwards of $72,000 a year. The district court ruled that the patents were protected from the allegations by the First Amendment regardless of anti-competitive effect. The case is currently on appeal at the Seventh Circuit.


title: Ulster Canal

abstract: The Ulster Canal is a canal running through part of County Armagh, County Tyrone and County Fermanagh in Northern Ireland and County Monaghan in the Republic of Ireland. The Ulster Canal was built between 1825 and 1842 and was 74 km (46 mi) long with 26 locks. It ran from Charlemont on the River Blackwater to near Wattlebridge on the Finn River, south-east of Upper Lough Erne. It was an ill-considered venture, with the locks built narrower than the other Irish waterways, preventing through trade, and an inadequate water supply. It was an abject failure commercially, and contributed to the collapse of the Lagan Navigation Company, who took it over from the government but were then refused permission to abandon it when they could not afford the maintenance costs. It finally closed in 1931. Waterways Ireland started work on rebuilding the canal at its southern end in 2015.

text:
# Ulster Canal

| Ulster Canal |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

The **Ulster Canal** is a canal running through part of County Armagh, County Tyrone and County Fermanagh in Northern Ireland and County Monaghan in the Republic of Ireland. The Ulster Canal was built between 1825 and 1842 and was 74 km (46 mi) long with 26 locks. It ran from Charlemont on the River Blackwater to near Wattlebridge on the Finn River, south-east of Upper Lough Erne. It was an ill-considered venture, with the locks built narrower than the other Irish waterways, preventing through trade, and an inadequate water supply. It was an abject failure commercially, and contributed to the collapse of the Lagan Navigation Company, who took it over from the government but were then refused permission to abandon it when they could not afford the maintenance costs. It finally closed in 1931. Waterways Ireland started work on rebuilding the canal at its southern end in 2015.

## History

In 1778, a proposal was made for a canal from Ballyshannon to the Lower Lough Erne. The estimated cost of the scheme was £32,000, but it was already seen as part of a larger project, since a further £8,000 would have provided a link to Enniskillen, Belturbet and Ballyconnell. A future link from Ballyconnell to Ballymore, along the Woodford River valley, and on to Lough Scurr and the River Shannon at Leitrim was suggested but not costed. It would thus be an important section of a trans-Irish waterway, linking Belfast in the east to Limerick in the west, which would compete with a similar link formed by the Grand Canal and the Royal Canal further to the south. Government funding was forthcoming in 1783, and a section of the canal was constructed between Ballyshannon and Belleek, with Richard Evans, the engineer for the Royal Canal, overseeing the work, which included a lock at Belleek. The project stalled in 1794, when funds ran out.

The Directors General of Inland Navigation asked Evans to prepare an estimate of the costs to finish the work in 1801, but no action was taken. By 1814, the Directors General were faced with problems of unemployment in the area, and a canal from Lough Neagh to Lough Erne was seen as a way to provide jobs for the local population. John Killaly was commissioned to survey the route of such a link, and produced his report in February 1815. His estimate of £233,000 would provide a canal which ascended through six locks from Wattlebridge to a summit near Monaghan and then descended through another sixteen to reach Lough Neagh. It would be 35.5 miles (57.1 km) long, and would include a branch to Armagh. The plan was ill-thought-out, as he decided to make the locks of a similar size to those on the Royal Canal, 76 by 14 feet (23.2 by 4.3 m), which would accommodate boats up to about 13.3 feet (4.1 m) wide, but those that already used Lough Neagh, and the Lagan Canal, the Newry Canal and the Coalisland Canal, were 14.8 feet (4.5 m) wide, and would not therefore be able to use the route.

| Ulster Canal Act 1825 | |
| --- | --- |
| Act of Parliament | |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | |
| Long title | An Act for making and maintaining a navigable Canal from Lough Erne, in the County of Fermanagh, to the River Blackwater, near the Village of Charlemont, in the County of Armagh. |
| Citation | 6 Geo. 4. c. cxciii |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 5 July 1825 |
| Text of statute as originally enacted | |

A public meeting was held at Monaghan in February 1817, and despite strong local support, including an offer to provide two-thirds of the cost by a group of landowners and businessmen, the Directors General did not take any action, and the project remained an idea. The proprietors who had taken over the Lagan Canal in 1810 saw the link as a way to increase traffic on their own canal, and public support for it grew steadily, until a large group of people requested parliamentary approval for a revised scheme, which was very similar to Killaly's of a decade previously. The government remained unconvinced that they would receive a return on any money advanced, and so the Directors General could not act. Finally, in 1825, a private company was authorised to construct the canal by the passing of the **Ulster Canal Act 1825** (6 Geo. 4. c. cxciii). It was estimated to cost £160,050, as a new survey had produced a plan which only needed eighteen locks.

| Ulster Canal Act 1828 | |
| --- | --- |
| Act of Parliament | |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | |
| Long title | An Act to amend an Act for making and maintaining a Navigable Canal from Lough Erne, in the County of Fermanagh, to the River Blackwater near the Village of Charlemont in the County of Armagh. |
| Citation | 9 Geo. 4. c. xcvi |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 19 June 1828 |
| Text of statute as originally enacted | |

| Ulster Canal Act 1829 | |
| --- | --- |
| Act of Parliament | |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | |
| Citation | 10 Geo. 4. c. cix |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 1 June 1829 |
| Text of statute as originally enacted | |

| Ulster Canal Act 1831 | |
| --- | --- |
| Act of Parliament | |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | |
| Citation | 1 & 2 Will. 4. c. lvi |

The company then applied to the borrow £100,000 from the Exchequer Bill Loan Commission, a body created under the Public Works Loans Act 1817 (57 Geo. 3. c. 34). The engineer Thomas Telford was sent to Ireland to inspect the plans and estimates, which he duly approved, but the interest rates on the loan could not be agreed, and three further acts of Parliament, the **Ulster Canal Act 1828** (9 Geo. 4. c. xcvi), the **Ulster Canal Act 1829** (10 Geo. 4. c. cix), and the **Ulster Canal Act 1831** (1 & 2 Will. 4. c. lvi), were obtained before a loan of £120,000 was agreed. Problems were then experienced with the contractors, Henry, Mullins and MacMahon from Dublin, who were awarded the construction contract in 1832. Telford then decided that there were serious problems with the design and that a new survey should be made. This increased the number of locks to 26, and the contractors were asked for a new estimate. Agreement could not be reached, and they eventually withdrew from the project. John Killaly, the local engineer, died in 1832, and it is not known whether he decided to reduce the width of the locks before he died, or whether the decision was made by Telford, but they were built 12 feet (3.7 m) wide, preventing through traffic except in specially built boats. William Cubitt succeeded Telford after he died in 1834. The canal was eventually finished in 1841. From the summit pound, nineteen locks descended to Lough Neagh, and in the other direction, seven descended to Lough Erne. Water was supplied by Quig Lough reservoir, a lake near Monaghan which had been enlarged. The final lock at Wattlebridge was only 11.7 feet (3.6 m) wide, making it the narrowest in Ireland. The project had cost over £230,000.

### Operation

The canal failed to generate significant trade, as the water supply was inadequate, and goods had to be transhipped at either end into narrower boats. In addition, there was no link to the River Shannon to generate through traffic, and unlikely to be one while the canal did not prosper. The company were unable to repay any of the loan made by the Exchequer Bill Loan Commissioners, and in 1851, the Office of Public Works (also known as the Board of Works) took control of it. After cosmetic repairs, it was leased to William Dargan, who had built most of it as contractor, and ran the only significant carrying operation on the waterway. The Ulster Railway reached Monaghan in 1858, and three years later the canal was in a ruinous state. Sir John Macneill, the Irish railway engineer, suggested that the best use of it was to drain the water and let cows graze on it.

| Ulster Canal Act 1865 | |
| --- | --- |
| Act of Parliament | |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | |
| Long title | An Act for transferring the Ulster Canal to the Commissioners of Public Works in Ireland. |
| Citation | 28 & 29 Vict. c. 109 |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 5 July 1865 |

In an attempt to recoup their losses, the government took control of it again in 1865, closed it, and spent £22,000 over eight years on repairs. Their main priority was to secure an adequate water supply, but when the canal reopened in 1873, this proved not to have been achieved. Maintenance costs far exceeded revenue, and what little traffic there was, was confined to the Lough Erne end of the canal, as the summit was mostly unnavigable, and there was only sufficient water during eight months of every year. However, there was a slight improvement in traffic in 1880, when W. R. Rea, the secretary of the Lagan Navigation Company, set up a new carrying company using smaller boats. There was a vague promise of government aid for any company interested in taking it over. A series of negotiations then took place, but the government failed on three occasions to pass a bill to authorise the sellout to the Lagan Canal. They eventually suggested that the Lagan Canal should try to obtain a private bill to achieve the aim, and they were successful in doing so in 1888.

### Decline

The House of Lords had succeeded in removing a clause from the bill which allowed the Lagan Navigation Company to close the Ulster Canal after ten years, and they were saddled with a liability in perpetuity. Vast sums were spent on maintenance, compared to income, and although some trade developed, profits from the Lagan Canal and the Coalisland Canal, which they also owned, were swallowed up in trying to keep the Ulster Canal open. The company never really recovered from the acquisition. The last boat to enter the canal did so in 1929, and a "warrant of abandonment" was finally obtained on 9 January 1931. This allowed them to abandon the section of the canal in Northern Ireland. An "order of release", obtained on 15 April, removed all liability for maintenance.

A similar order in the newly established Republic of Ireland was refused. In the 1940s Monaghan County Council was granted a judgment mortgage on the canal in lieu of unpaid rates. The Lagan Navigation Company offered to give the canal to the council in lieu of monies owed, but the council declined, having been advised that the upkeep of bridges etc. would be beyond their ability to finance. The Lagan Navigation Company was dissolved under the Inland Navigation Act (Northern Ireland) 1954 (c. 1 (N.I.)). This left the stretch through Monaghan as 'ownerless goods' (*bona vacantia*) and as such fell to the Minister for Finance. Ownership in the Republic passed back to the Office of Public Works under the State Property Act 1954. In the early 1970s, Monaghan County Council, Monaghan Urban District Council and Clones Urban District Council each acquired some sections of the canal under the Derelict Sites Act 1961. Stretches in County Monaghan which were not derelict at that time (i.e., which were being occupied) could not be acquired and ownership remains with the Office of Public Works.

## Route

The canal follows a fairly straight south-west to north-east course, from the island and townland of Derrykerrib, at the mouth of the Finn River, very near Wattlebridge in the south-east of County Fermanagh, to Charlemont in the north-west of County Armagh, where it joins the River Blackwater. There were two locks close to the Finn River, two beyond Clones, and three near Smithborough, where the summit was reached. The summit pound was less than 6 miles (10 km) long, and was fed from Quig Lough reservoir, just to the north of the end of the summit. Two locks drop the level before Monaghan is reached and there is a flight of seven shortly after the town. The border with County Armagh in Northern Ireland crosses the canal below them. There are two isolated locks near Middletown, and the a level section before the canal reaches a gorge to the west of Benburb. Fitting the canal through here presented a lot of problems for the builders, as another six locks were required in awkward terrain. There is another lock above Blackwatertown, and the final lock below Charlemont, before the canal joins the River Blackwater.

The summit level was 213 feet (65 m) above sea level. The original locks were built for boats which were 62 by 11 feet (18.9 by 3.4 m). Of the large number of bridges that crossed the canal, 56 remained in 2002.

## Restoration

A feasibility study into the possible reopening of the waterway was carried out in 1998 (and revised in 2000). The report found that there were no insurmountable engineering problems to such a plan but issues such as lock capacity/size and the adequacy of the water supply would need to be addressed. All historic locks would need to be significantly widened to at least 5 metres (16 ft) to accommodate modern waterway craft. A restored canal would create significant long-term financial benefits to the local economy; however, the report concluded that unless the reasons that caused it to be an abject failure in the first place were addressed, there seemed little point in restoring the canal.

In 2004 Waterways Ireland announced that a reopened canal would bring enormous benefits to the areas it passed through, because it would reconnect with the already restored Shannon–Erne Waterway (opened 23 May 1994). Rather than being a true restoration, it involved the construction of a state-of-the-art waterway along a historic route, and a similar approach would be required on the Ulster Canal.

At the North/South Ministerial Council meeting on 17 July 2007, it was announced that the governments would work towards the restoration of the stretch of the canal linking the town of Clones, in County Monaghan, to Upper Lough Erne. The cost of the development would be €35 million, paid for by the Irish Exchequer. In August 2010, Waterways Ireland published an Ulster Canal Restoration Plan, an Environmental Report and an Appropriate Assessment. In September 2010 it held two Public Information Days, one in Clones, County Monaghan, and one in Newtownbutler, County Fermanagh, and invited written comments on its plans by 30 September 2010. Reports on the proposed restoration were available in both Northern Ireland and the Republic.

Despite a few objections, Minister Heather Humphreys announced in February 2015 that the Irish government had given its approval to Waterways Ireland for the restoration of the canal between Castle Saunderson and Erne basin. The funding would come from Waterways Ireland. On 24 April 2015 the project was formally launched, when a meeting was held at Derrykerrib Bridge, attended by Heather Humphreys and representatives of Waterways Ireland. The first phase involved extending the Erne Navigation from Quivvy Lough to Castle Saunderson, near Belturbet. Of the 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) forming this phase, some 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) was a new cut, following a somewhat different route to the original canal, and a new Derrykerrib Bridge was built, to increase the size of boats that can pass through it. Dredging of a section of the Finn River was expected to take place in Autumn 2015, but this was delayed, with "contractual issues" being cited as the cause. Waterways Ireland's budget for 2016 included €2.7 million earmarked for the Ulster Canal project. There were further delays caused by poor ground conditions, flooding, and the need to maintain access for residents while the work was ongoing. The new bridge and its associated channel were expected to be completed by April 2018. The first phase of the Ulster Canal restoration was nearing completion in September 2019.

With phase 1 completed and open to the public, funding for phase 2 of the project was announced. The Taoiseach's Shared Island fund promised €6 million in December 2020, and a further €5.57 million was provided by the Department of Rural and Community Development on 28 April 2021. This will fund a relatively short section, detached from the Phase 1 section, between Clones and Clonfad in County Monaghan. The work includes around 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) of canal and towpath, a 40-berth marina, two new bridges and restoration of a third bridge, together with the provision of an amenity area with car parks. Crucially, it will include the provision of a sustainable water supply. The main project is expected to be completed in mid-2023, with some of the amenities taking a little longer. Phase 3 of the project, which will increase the length of restored canal to 13.5 kilometres (8.4 mi), will link the first two phases together, and involves several crossings of the border.

## Bibliography

* Cumberlidge, Jane (2002). *The Inland Waterways of Ireland*. Imray Laurie Norie and Wilson. ISBN 978-0-85288-424-9.
* Delany, Ruth (2004). *Ireland's Inland Waterways*. Appletree Press. ISBN 978-0-86281-824-1.
* Hall, Thomas (3 April 2017). "Restoration of Ulster Canal Proves A Technical Challenge". Afloat. Archived from the original on 19 October 2019.
* McCutcheon, W A (1965). *The Canals of the North of Ireland*. David and Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-4028-8.
* O'Brien, Tim (26 April 2016). "Work delayed on first stage of reopened Ulster Canal". *Irish Times*. Archived from the original on 15 August 2020.

### References

54°08′N 7°22′W / 54.133°N 7.367°W / 54.133; -7.367

## InfoBox

| Ulster Canal | |
| --- | --- |
| The remains of the Ulster Canal at Tyholland | |
| Specifications | |
| Length | 74 km (46 miles) |
| Locks | 26 |
| Status | largely abandoned |
| History | |
| Date completed | 1842 |
| Date closed | 1931 |
| Geography | |
| Start point | Charlemont, Lough Neagh |
| End point | Wattlebridge, Upper Lough Erne |


title: Tristam Burges

abstract: Tristam Burges was a U.S. Representative from Rhode Island, and great-great-uncle of Theodore Francis Green.

text:
# Tristam Burges

**Tristam Burges** (February 26, 1770  October 13, 1853) was a U.S. Representative from Rhode Island, and great-great-uncle of Theodore Francis Green.

## Early life and law career

Burges was born in Rochester in the Province of Massachusetts Bay on February 26, 1770, to John and Abigail Burges. Burges's father was a cooper and farmer, and a Revolutionary War veteran.

Burges attended the common schools. He studied medicine at a school in Wrentham. Upon the death of his father he abandoned the study of medicine. He was graduated from Rhode Island College (now Brown University), Providence, Rhode Island, valedictorian of the class of 1796. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1799 and commenced practice in Providence, Rhode Island.

He married in 1801 to a daughter of Hon. Welcome Arnold, and had several children.

## Political career

He served as member of the Rhode Island General Assembly in 1811 and a prominent member of the Federalist Party. He was appointed chief justice of the Supreme Court of Rhode Island in May 1815, serving for just one year.

In 1815 Burges was named as professor of oratory and *belles letters* at Brown University; he taught lectures in rhetoric and oratory. He was dismissed from this position in 1830.

Burges was elected to the US Congress in 1825 as a Federalist and served for ten years. He was known for his witty repartee with Anti-New England Virginian John Randolph. He favored a protective trade tariff, and he lost re-electing because he refused to accept a tariff compromise proposed by Henry Clay.

Burges was elected as an Adams candidate to the Nineteenth and Twentieth Congresses and elected as an Anti-Jacksonian to the Twenty-first through the Twenty-third Congresses (March 4, 1825 – March 3, 1835). He served as chairman of the Committee on Revolutionary Pensions (Nineteenth Congress), Committee on Military Pensions (Nineteenth and Twentieth Congresses), Committee on Revolutionary Claims (Twenty-first Congress), Committee on Invalid Pensions (Twenty-second and Twenty-third Congresses). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection.

After an unsuccessful run for Rhode Island Governor as a Whig party candidate in 1836, he resumed the practice of law in East Providence, Rhode Island.

His desk and bookcase currently resides in the Stanley Weiss Collection. It was made in Providence, Rhode Island in the early 1800s. The maker is uncertain, but it was possibly made by James Halyburton.

He died on his estate, "Watchemoket Farm" in 1853 in the town of Seekonk, Massachusetts (in the portion of which that would later be given from Massachusetts to Rhode Island and be incorporated as East Providence, Rhode Island, from a Supreme Court order settling a boundary dispute between the two states). He was interred in North Burial Ground, Providence, Rhode Island.

## Sources

This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

## InfoBox

| Tristam Burges | |
| --- | --- |
| Tristam Burges painted by Charles Bird King | |
|  | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Rhode Island's At-large district | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1825  March 3, 1835 | |
| Preceded by | Samuel Eddy |
| Succeeded by | William Sprague III |
| Member of the Rhode Island General Assembly | |
| **In office**
1811 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1770-02-26)February 26, 1770
Rochester, Province of Massachusetts Bay, British America |
| Died | October 13, 1853(1853-10-13) (aged 83)
Seekonk, Massachusetts, U.S. (now East Providence, Rhode Island) |
| Resting place | North Burial Ground |
| Political party | Federalist Party
Whig |
| Alma mater | Brown University |
| Occupation | Lawyer |
| Signature |  |
|  | |