title: Lesser long-nosed bat

abstract: The lesser long-nosed bat is a medium-sized bat found in Central and North America. It is sometimes known as Sanborn's long-nosed bat or the Mexican long-nosed bat, though the latter name is better avoided since it is also used for the entire genus Leptonycteris and for one of the other species in it, the greater long-nosed bat. Originally described as a subspecies of the greater long-nosed bat, it was later considered a subspecies of the southern long-nosed bat, before being confirmed as a distinct species. Enthusiasts for the bats often refer to them simply as leptos because they are the best known members of the genus Leptonycteris. The scientific name is derived from the type locality, near Yerbabuena in Guerrero, Mexico.

text:
# Lesser long-nosed bat

The **lesser long-nosed bat** (***Leptonycteris yerbabuenae***) is a medium-sized bat found in Central and North America. It is sometimes known as **Sanborn's long-nosed bat** or the **Mexican long-nosed bat**, though the latter name is better avoided since it is also used for the entire genus *Leptonycteris* and for one of the other species in it, the greater long-nosed bat (*L. nivalis*).

Originally described as a subspecies of the greater long-nosed bat, it was later considered a subspecies of the southern long-nosed bat, before being confirmed as a distinct species. Enthusiasts for the bats often refer to them simply as **leptos** because they are the best known members of the genus *Leptonycteris*. The scientific name is derived from the type locality, near Yerbabuena in Guerrero, Mexico.

## Description

Lesser long-nosed bats are relatively small bats, with a total length as adults of around 8 centimetres (3.1 in), and weighing between 15 and 25 grams (0.53 and 0.88 oz), depending on the time of year. Males and females are similar in size, and virtually indistinguishable. As their common name implies, they have a long, narrow snout, and this terminates in a small triangular nose-leaf. While they do have three internal caudal vertebrae, they have no visible tail.

The tongue of lesser long-nosed bats has a number of adaptations for lapping nectar, including long ridges and rough, conical papillae, which may also help protect against periodontal disease by scraping the teeth clean. Their wings have a high wing loading, allowing for energy efficient long-distance flight in open habitats, at the expense of manoeuvrability.

Only three other species of North American bat have a nose-leaf, and two of these, the Mexican long-tongued bat, and the California leaf-nosed bat, have a distinct tail, and also, in the latter case, much larger ears than lesser long-nosed bats do. They are more easily confused with their close relatives, the greater long-nosed bats, but, in addition to being about 10% larger, the latter have shorter, greyish fur, and proportionately longer wings.

Adult lesser long-nosed bats are yellow-brown or grey above, with rusty brown fur below. Their ears are small.

## Distribution and habitat

Lesser long-nosed bats inhabit semi-arid grassland, scrub, or forest habitats below about 550 metres (1,800 ft). They are able to tolerate unusually high temperatures of up to 41 °C (106 °F), due in part to a low metabolic rate. They do not enter torpor or hibernate, but die at ambient temperatures of below about 10 °C (50 °F).

In the north, they reach southern California, Arizona and New Mexico. However, they are only found as summer migrants in the United States and, more generally, north of the mid-Sonora, arriving in these regions between April and July, and migrating south again in September. Some individuals have been estimated to migrate as far as 1,600 kilometres (990 mi) each year. Their migratory patterns have been shown to follow a path determined by seasonal availability of food plants, with cacti, *Agave*, and plants of the C3 metabolic pathway being strong predictors of distribution. They are found year-round in the western and southern parts of Mexico, and along the east coast, and in Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras.

There are no recognised subspecies.

## Diet and behaviour

Lesser long-nosed bats feed mainly on nectar from night-blooming plants such as saguaro, organ pipe cactus, as well as century plant and other agaves. They are important pollinators of night-blooming cactus. They may also eat some cactus fruits, and, during the winter, on pollen from a range of other plants as the opportunity arises.

Lesser long-nosed bats roost during the day in large colonies of up to several thousand individuals in caves or abandoned mines, dispersing at night to feed. The size and composition of such colonies varies throughout the year, as the bats migrate to summer feeding grounds. At some times of the year, many colonies become occupied only by nursing females and their young, with males occupying smaller temporary roosts.

## Reproduction

The breeding season lasts from November to December for bats that migrate northward during the summer, but from May to June in those that give birth in the south. Despite the presence of two distinct mating seasons, individual bats mate only once a year. Gestation lasts about six months, and results in the birth of a single pup, during the time of local peak flower availability.

Newborn young weigh 4 to 7 grams (0.14 to 0.25 oz) and are fully weaned at four to eight weeks of age. They are able fly after a month, but do not begin to exit the maternity cave for a further two to three weeks. They are known to live for up to at least eight years in the wild.

## InfoBox

| Lesser long-nosed bat | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Chiroptera |
| Family: | Phyllostomidae |
| Genus: | *Leptonycteris* |
| Species: | ***L. yerbabuenae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Leptonycteris yerbabuenae***
Martinez & Villa, 1940 | |
|
|  | |
| Synonyms | |
| *L. nivalis yerbabuenae*
*L. curasoae yerbabuenae*
*L. sanborni*, Hoffmeister, 1957 | |


abstract: The women's 48 kilograms event at the 1998 Asian Games took place on 7 December 1998 at Thunder Dome, Maung Thong Thani Sports Complex. The weightlifter from China won the gold, with a combined lift of 187.5 kg.

text:
# Weightlifting at the 1998 Asian Games – Women's 48 kg

The **women's 48 kilograms** event at the 1998 Asian Games took place on 7 December 1998 at Thunder Dome, Maung Thong Thani Sports Complex.

The weightlifter from China won the gold, with a combined lift of 187.5 kg.

## Schedule

All times are Indochina Time (UTC+07:00)

| Date | Time | Event |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Monday, 7 December 1998 | 16:00 | Group A |

## Results

| Rank | Athlete | Body weight | Snatch | Cl&Jerk | Total (kg) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liu Xiuhua (CHN) | 47.45 | 83.5 | 105.0 | **187.5** |
|  | Kay Thi Win (MYA) | 48.00 | 77.5 | 105.0 | **182.5** |
|  | Sri Indriyani (INA) | 46.85 | 80.0 | 100.0 | **180.0** |
| 4 | Udomporn Polsak (THA) | 47.65 | 77.5 | 100.0 | **177.5** |
| 5 | Chu Nan-mei (TPE) | 47.70 | 77.5 | 95.0 | **172.5** |
| 6 | Kaori Niyanagi (JPN) | 47.65 | 75.0 | 95.0 | **170.0** |
| 7 | Kunjarani Devi (IND) | 47.60 | 70.0 | 95.0 | **165.0** |

## InfoBox

| Women's 48 kg <br>at the 1998 Asian Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Thunder Dome |
| Date | 7 December |
| Competitors | 7 from 7 nations |
| Medalists | |
| China  Myanmar  Indonesia | |
|


title: Quantel Mirage

abstract: The Quantel Mirage, or DVM8000/1 "Digital Video Manipulator", was a digital real-time video effects processor introduced by Quantel in 1982. It was capable of warping a live video stream by texture mapping it onto an arbitrary three-dimensional shape, around which the viewer could freely rotate or zoom in real-time. It could also interpolate, or morph, between two different shapes. It was considered the first real-time 3D video effects processor. The Mirage was programmable - new shapes could be created by writing programs in the Pascal programming language on an attached Hewlett-Packard computer. This made the device extremely flexible, but such programming was difficult and it became a highly specialized skill known by few. The programming of the HP mini computer was so complex that only basic canned effects would be practically used by video editors in productions. Physically, the Mirage was a large device whose processing equipment filled a full-height 19-inch rack, weighed 400 kilograms and consumed over 4 kilowatts of electrical power. The Quantel Mirage did never-before seen effects, but required heavy math/geometrical programming via the HP computer to define the basic shapes that real-time video would be mapped onto. One of the effects shown on the National Association of Broadcasters trade-show floor to introduce the Mirage was a flattened Coke soft-drink can on video. The Mirage in real-time re-assembled the can on a tube, then allowed you to tumble or travel within it while it rotated with partial transparency - allowing you to see the Coke logo in reverse on the opposite side of the can as it would turn. One famous Mirage user was Mike Oldfield, who purchased one for his extensive home music studio and video production facility. Signature Mirage effects can be seen in the Wind Chimes video album, in the form of rotating spiky spheres and granulated morphing effects. A common spinning globe effect can be seen on the opening of USA for Africa's "We Are The World," and the Cyndi Lauper "Girls Just Wanna Have Fun" music videos.

text:
# Quantel Mirage

The **Quantel Mirage**, or DVM8000/1 "Digital Video Manipulator", was a digital real-time video effects processor introduced by Quantel in 1982. It was capable of warping a live video stream by texture mapping it onto an arbitrary three-dimensional shape, around which the viewer could freely rotate or zoom in real-time. It could also interpolate, or morph, between two different shapes. It was considered the first real-time 3D video effects processor.

The Mirage was programmable - new shapes could be created by writing programs in the Pascal programming language on an attached Hewlett-Packard computer. This made the device extremely flexible, but such programming was difficult and it became a highly specialized skill known by few. The programming of the HP mini computer was so complex that only basic canned effects would be practically used by video editors in productions.

Physically, the Mirage was a large device whose processing equipment filled a full-height 19-inch rack, weighed 400 kilograms and consumed over 4 kilowatts of electrical power.

The Quantel Mirage did never-before seen effects, but required heavy math/geometrical programming via the HP computer to define the basic shapes that real-time video would be mapped onto. One of the effects shown on the National Association of Broadcasters trade-show floor to introduce the Mirage was a flattened Coke soft-drink can on video. The Mirage in real-time re-assembled the can on a tube, then allowed you to tumble or travel within it while it rotated with partial transparency - allowing you to see the Coke logo in reverse on the opposite side of the can as it would turn.

One famous Mirage user was Mike Oldfield, who purchased one for his extensive home music studio and video production facility. Signature Mirage effects can be seen in the *Wind Chimes* video album, in the form of rotating spiky spheres and granulated morphing effects.

A common spinning globe effect can be seen on the opening of USA for Africa's "We Are The World," and the Cyndi Lauper "Girls Just Wanna Have Fun" music videos.


title: M28 (tram)

abstract: The M28 was a class of 70 four-axle trams built for use on the Gothenburg Tramway in Sweden between 1965 and 1967. The class carries fleet numbers 701-770, and was withdrawn from service in 2021. The M28 was one of three similar classes, along with the M25 and M29 classes. All three classes were of similar exterior design, and any combination of them could be operated together in multiple unit with any vehicle leading.

text:
# M28 (tram)

The **M28** was a class of 70 four-axle trams built for use on the Gothenburg Tramway in Sweden between 1965 and 1967. The class carries fleet numbers 701-770, and was withdrawn from service in 2021.

The M28 was one of three similar classes, along with the M25 and M29 classes. All three classes were of similar exterior design, and any combination of them could be operated together in multiple unit with any vehicle leading.

## Specifications

The M28 Class was built by ASEA and ASJ as 70 single-car trams from 1969 to 1972. The standard gauge trams are 15.132 metres (49 ft 7.7 in) long, 2.650 metres (8 ft 8.3 in) wide and weigh 16.800 tonnes (16.5 long tons; 18.5 short tons). They are equipped with two bogies, each with two axles, giving a Bo'Bo' wheel arrangement. The axle distance is 1.800 metres (5 ft 10.9 in), the bogie-centre distance is 7.000 metres (22 ft 11.6 in) and the wheel diameter is 680 millimetres (2 ft 3 in).

Each tram has four motors totalling 176 kilowatts (236 hp) in power output, giving a maximum speed of 60 kilometres per hour (37 mph). The trams seat 38 people and stand 78 more. The cars are all single-ended (with a single driving cab) and single-sided (with passenger doors only on one side). All cars were built for operation in right-hand traffic, with doors on the right facing the drivers cab.

## History

Between 1958 and 1962, Göteborgs Spårvägar put into service 125 trams of class M25, which were built for left-hand traffic, but less than a year later Sweden decided to change from left to right-side driving. Faced with the need to re-equip with trams suitable for right-hand traffic, the tram company ordered an additional 70 trams in the M28 series, and subsequently the 60 M29 trams. Both series were built for operation in right-hand traffic.

The M28s were delivered before Dagen H (3 September 1967; the date the change was made) and were first placed into service coupled back-to-back to an M25 car, thus creating a double-ended but single-sided coupled-pair. Before the change these car-pairs were driven with the M25 leading, after the change the M28 led. In later years they typically operated in coupled pairs with a leading M29 and a trailing M28, or as single cars on less busy routes, but other combinations were sometimes seen.

After their introduction, the M28s were rebuilt and modernized several times. The most obvious change was the introduction of skirts over the bogies, which that were added to reduce noise and potential for accidents. The wagons were also the subject of a few different alternative colour schemes, both inside and out, and the exterior lights and displays were replaced. In 2010, an interior information display was added, showing the line number, destination and next stop and complementing the automatic stop announcement.

It was intended that the M28 and M29 classes would both be replaced by the M32, a variant of the AnsaldoBreda Sirio delivered between 2005 and 2013, but problems with those trams led to both classes being retained. Subsequently the plan was to replace the M28 trams with the M33, a variant of the Alstom Flexity Classic, but before the completion of the delivery of that class, it was decided to take the M28s out of service for safety reasons. The last M28 ran in service on 28 October 2021, with the sudden withdrawal having an impact on tram availability.

## M28 in preservation

Three members of the M28 class still exist in preservation:

| Number | Location | Notes | Image |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 755 | Gårdahallen, Gothenburg | Owned by the Ringlinien Tramway Society and undergoing restoration. To be restored to its condition as withdrawn in 2021. |  |
| 768 | Samskolan, Gothenburg | Statically preserved in the school yard, where it is in use as a classroom, break room and meeting room. This usage was suggested by a former pupil, whose grandfather worked on the design of the class. |  |
| 770 | Gårdahallen, Gothenburg | Owned by the Ringlinien Tramway Society and undergoing restoration. To be restored to its condition as introduced in 1967. |  |

## InfoBox

| M28 | |
| --- | --- |
| M28 tram 709 in Gothenburg in 2019 | |
| Manufacturer | ASEA and ASJ |
| Capacity | 116 |
| Operators | Göteborgs Spårvägar |
| Specifications | |
| Car length | 14.16 metres (46 ft 5 in) |
| Width | 2.65 metres (8 ft 8 in) |
| Weight | 17 tonnes |
| Electric system(s) | 600 V DC overhead line |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) |


title: Luís Marques Guedes

abstract: Luís Maria de Barros Serra Marques Guedes is a Portuguese lawyer and politician. He was Secretary of State for the Presidency of the Council of Ministers of the government of Pedro Passos Coelho, Secretary of State to the Prime Minister of Portugal, and the Government XII Undersecretary of State Assistant to the Prime Minister. He held the position of Chairman of the Parliamentary Group of the Social Democratic Party, of which he has been a member since 1995. When he ceased his activities as Minister of the Presidency, in late 2015, he became President of the Parliamentary Commission on Ethics, a section of the First Commission on Fundamental Rights. He was deputy mayor of Cascais, and was responsible for the legal departments, municipal police, and civil protection. He was also a member of the Municipal Assembly of Cascais and chairman of the Youth Institute. He is a younger brother of Armando Marques Guedes, political scientist, anthropologist and former diplomat.

text:
# Luís Marques Guedes

**Luís Maria de Barros Serra Marques Guedes** (born 25 August 1957) is a Portuguese lawyer and politician. He was Secretary of State for the Presidency of the Council of Ministers of the government of Pedro Passos Coelho, Secretary of State to the Prime Minister of Portugal, and the Government XII Undersecretary of State Assistant to the Prime Minister. He held the position of Chairman of the Parliamentary Group of the Social Democratic Party, of which he has been a member since 1995. When he ceased his activities as Minister of the Presidency, in late 2015, he became President of the Parliamentary Commission on Ethics, a section of the First Commission on Fundamental Rights.

He was deputy mayor of Cascais, and was responsible for the legal departments, municipal police, and civil protection. He was also a member of the Municipal Assembly of Cascais and chairman of the Youth Institute.

He is a younger brother of Armando Marques Guedes, political scientist, anthropologist and former diplomat.

## InfoBox

| Luís Marques Guedes | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Minister of Regional Development | |
| **In office**
30 October 2015  26 November 2015 | |
| Prime Minister | Pedro Passos Coelho |
| Preceded by | Miguel Poiares Maduro |
| Succeeded by | Ana Abrunhosa |
| Minister of the Presidency | |
| **In office**
13 April 2013  26 November 2015 | |
| Prime Minister | Pedro Passos Coelho |
| Preceded by | Pedro Silva Pereira |
| Succeeded by | Maria Manuel Leitão Marques |
| Minister of Parliamentary Affairs | |
| **In office**
13 April 2013  30 October 2015 | |
| Prime Minister | Pedro Passos Coelho |
| Preceded by | Miguel Relvas |
| Succeeded by | Carlos Costa Neves |
| Secretary of State for the Presidency of the Council of Ministers | |
| **In office**
21 June 2011  13 April 2013 | |
| Prime Minister | Pedro Passos Coelho |
| Preceded by | João Tiago Silveira |
| Succeeded by | Tiago Antunes |
| Secretary-General of the Social Democratic Party | |
| **In office**
20 June 2008  11 October 2010 | |
| President | Manuela Ferreira Leite
Pedro Passos Coelho |
| Preceded by | José Ribau Esteves |
| Succeeded by | Miguel Relvas |
| Secretary of State Assistant to the Prime Minister | |
| **In office**
7 December 1993  28 October 1995 | |
| Prime Minister | Aníbal Cavaco Silva |
| Preceded by | António Campos |
| Succeeded by | Joaquim Pina Moura |
| Member of the Assembly of the Republic | |
| **In office**
31 October 1995  28 March 2022 | |
| Constituency | Porto (1995–1999)
Santarém (1999–2002)
Lisbon (2002–2022) |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1957-08-25) 25 August 1957
Lisbon, Portugal |
| Political party | Social Democratic Party |
| Spouse | Ana Carlota de Andrade |
| Children | 2 |
| Alma mater | University of Lisbon |
|  | |


title: Pedanandipadu mandal

abstract: Pedanandipadu mandal is one of the 18 mandals in Guntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is under the administration of Guntur revenue division and the headquarters are located at Pedanandipadu.

text:
# Pedanandipadu mandal

**Pedanandipadu mandal** is one of the 18 mandals in Guntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is under the administration of Guntur revenue division and the headquarters are located at Pedanandipadu.

## Government

### Administration

The mandal is under the control of a tahsildar and the present tahsildar is G.V.Subba Reddy.

As of 2011 census, the mandal has thirteen villages with one town.

The settlements in the mandal are listed below:

1. Annaparru
2. Kopparru
3. Rajupalem
4. Annavaram
5. Uppalapadu
6. Palaparru
7. Pedanandipadu
8. Varagani
9. Gorijavoluguntapalem
10. Ravipadu
11. Pusuluru
12. Katrapadu

*Note: †-Headquarters*

## InfoBox

| Pedanandipadu mandal | |
| --- | --- |
| Mandal | |
| Interactive Map Outlining mandal | |
| Country | India |
| State | Andhra Pradesh |
| District | Guntur |
| Headquarters | Pedanandipadu |
| Government | |
| Body | Mandal Parishad |
| Area | |
| Total | 154.22 km2 (59.54 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 41,980 |
| Density | 270/km2 (710/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


title: Ursula van Rienen

abstract: Ursula van Rienen is a German applied mathematician and physicist whose research involves computational electrodynamics, the computational simulation of interactions between electromagnetic fields and biological tissue, and its applications in electrical brain stimulation. She is a university professor in the Institut für Allgemeine Elektrotechnik at the University of Rostock, where she holds the Chair of Electromagnetic Field Theory.

text:
# Ursula van Rienen

**Ursula van Rienen** (born 1957) is a German applied mathematician and physicist whose research involves computational electrodynamics, the computational simulation of interactions between electromagnetic fields and biological tissue, and its applications in electrical brain stimulation. She is a university professor in the Institut für Allgemeine Elektrotechnik at the University of Rostock, where she holds the Chair of Electromagnetic Field Theory.

## Education and career

Van Rienen studied mathematics and physics at the University of Bonn, earning a vordiplom (the equivalent of a bachelor's degree) in 1979, and a diploma (the equivalent of a master's degree) in 1983, with a minor in operations research. She worked as a researcher at DESY, the German Electron Synchrotron research center, from 1983 to 1989. In 1989 she defended a doctoral thesis through the Technische Universität Darmstadt, titled *Zur numerischen Berechnung zeitharmonischer elektromagntischer Felder in offenen, zylindersymetrischen Strukturen unter Verwendung von Mehrgitterverfahren* \[*On the numerical calculation of time-harmonic electromagnetic fields in open, cylindrically symmetrical structures using multi-grid methods*\], supervised by Willi Törnig.

Beginning in 1990, she worked as a research assistant at the Technische Universität Darmstadt, and then a lecturer in 1995. In 1997 she completed a habilitation there, and in the same year took her current position as a professor at the University of Rostock.

At Rostock, she has been dean of the Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering from 2004 to 2006, and vice rector for research and research training from 2009 to 2013.

## Books

Van Rienen published her habilitation thesis as the book *Numerical Methods in Computational Electrodynamics: Linear Systems in Practical Applications* (Springer, 2001).


title: Lesser long-tongued bat

abstract: The lesser long-tongued bat, also called the lesser long-tailed bat, is a bat species from South America.

text:
# Lesser long-tongued bat

The **lesser long-tongued bat** (***Choeroniscus minor***), also called the **lesser long-tailed bat**, is a bat species from South America.

## Description

Relatively small among bats, members of this species have a total length of 6 to 7 centimetres (2.4 to 2.8 in), a forearm around 3.5 centimetres (1.4 in) long, and weigh from 7 to 12 grams (0.25 to 0.42 oz); females are slightly larger than males. The tail is 6 to 9 millimetres (0.24 to 0.35 in) long, with the first half being embedded within the uropatagium, which is also partially supported by well developed calcars. The body is covered with thick hair that is dark brown to almost black in colour.

As the common name for the species suggests, the muzzle is slender and elongated, although not unusually so among glossophagine bats, and is tipped with a triangular nose-leaf. The ears are rounded, with curved folds along either edge, and a large tragus. The tongue is remarkably long, and can be extended even when the bat's jaws are closed, because of a wide gap between the front teeth, reaching up to 50% of the animal's entire body length. The tip of the tongue bears a small patch of bristles, which presumably helps the bat lap up nectar. The teeth are somewhat variable in form, but only the canines are prominent, with all the remaining teeth being small and delicate.

## Distribution

The lesser long-tongued bat inhabits tropical rainforest environments from the Amazon Basin in Brazil, north to the Guianas, Colombia, Venezuela and Trinidad, and west to Ecuador, Peru and northern Bolivia. It prefers lowland habitats and montane forest up to 1,300 metres (4,300 ft).

## Biology and behaviour

The lesser long-tongued bat is nocturnal and feeds mainly on nectar and pollen, which it can extract from flowers using its long tongue and narrow snout, but it does also eat small quantities of insects. During the day, they roost alone or in small groups, sheltering beneath logs or in hollow trees no more than 70 centimetres (28 in) above the ground. Little else is known about their biology or habits.

## InfoBox

| Lesser long-tongued bat | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Chiroptera |
| Family: | Phyllostomidae |
| Genus: | *Choeroniscus* |
| Species: | ***C. minor*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Choeroniscus minor***
Peters, 1868 | |
|
|  | |
| Lesser long-tongued bat range | |
| Synonyms | |
| *C. intermedius* (J.A. Allen & Chapman, 1893)
*C. inca* (Thomas, 1912) | |


title: Mill A, Washington

abstract: Mill A is a small unincorporated community in Skamania County in the southwestern part of the U.S. state of Washington. It is near the southernmost edge of the Gifford Pinchot National Forest and lies between Willard to the north and Cook to the south.

text:
# Mill A, Washington

**Mill A** is a small unincorporated community in Skamania County in the southwestern part of the U.S. state of Washington. It is near the southernmost edge of the Gifford Pinchot National Forest and lies between Willard to the north and Cook to the south.

## Geography

The town has an elevation of 1,027 feet (313 meters).

## Parks and recreation

Mill A is located next to the Little White Salmon River, a popular local spot for white water kayaking. The Willard National Fish Hatchery is also situated on the river, just outside of the town. Other activities such as wind-surfing, skiing, snow boarding, camping, hunting, fishing, bicycling, golfing, and boating are also popular near Mill A and other communities. Nearby hiking locations include Dog Mountain, Indian Heaven, and Beacon Rock State Park. There is also nearby access to the Pacific Crest Trail.

## Education

Mill A is located in the Mill A School District, home to both the Mill A Elementary School and Pacific Crest Innovation Academy. This district contains about 491 residents.

## InfoBox

| Mill A, Washington | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Mill A, Washington | |
| Coordinates: 45°45′22″N 121°39′00″W / 45.756°N 121.650°W / 45.756; -121.650 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Washington |
| County | Skamania |
| Elevation | 1,027 ft (313 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-8 (Pacific (PST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-7 (PDT) |
| ZIP code | 98605 |
| Area code | 509 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1523144 |


title: Tomorrow Never Dies (video game)

abstract: Tomorrow Never Dies is a 1999 third-person shooter stealth video game based on the 1997 James Bond film of the same name. It was developed by Black Ops Entertainment and co-published by Electronic Arts and MGM Interactive for the PlayStation. Development began in 1997, before the film's release. The game's storyline was originally meant to pick up after the events of the film, but this was scrapped following feedback from focus groups. The game's release was delayed several times, and additional levels and a multiplayer mode were removed during development. The game was eventually released in November 1999, the same month that the next film in the Bond series, The World Is Not Enough, was released in cinemas. It is the first 007 game to be published by Electronic Arts since acquiring the James Bond licence. It was released following the success of another James Bond game, GoldenEye (1997). Critics were disappointed with Tomorrow Never Dies, believing that it fell short of the previous game, although the soundtrack was praised.

text:
# Tomorrow Never Dies (video game)

***Tomorrow Never Dies*** (also known as ***007: Tomorrow Never Dies***) is a 1999 third-person shooter stealth video game based on the 1997 James Bond film of the same name. It was developed by Black Ops Entertainment and co-published by Electronic Arts and MGM Interactive for the PlayStation.

Development began in 1997, before the film's release. The game's storyline was originally meant to pick up after the events of the film, but this was scrapped following feedback from focus groups. The game's release was delayed several times, and additional levels and a multiplayer mode were removed during development.

The game was eventually released in November 1999, the same month that the next film in the Bond series, *The World Is Not Enough*, was released in cinemas. It is the first 007 game to be published by Electronic Arts since acquiring the James Bond licence. It was released following the success of another James Bond game, *GoldenEye* (1997). Critics were disappointed with *Tomorrow Never Dies*, believing that it fell short of the previous game, although the soundtrack was praised.

## Gameplay

*Tomorrow Never Dies* is a third-person shooter with elements of stealth gameplay. MI6 agent James Bond is the player character for most of the game, and Chinese agent Wai Lin is also playable in one level. The player can walk, run, sneak, sidestep, and roll. A variety of weapons can be used throughout the game, including a sniper. The game switches to a first-person perspective when aiming weapons.

Clips from the film are shown after each level to advance the story. The game is played across ten levels, two of which include a skiing portion. Another level is played primarily as a driving game, with the player using an armed car to destroy enemy vehicles.

## Plot

The game's plot closely follows that of the film. Bond begins to cross the China–Russia border into a Russian radar base, which is intercepting messages delicate in subject. Using a laser designator, Bond targets the dish and a British jet flies over, dropping an air-to-surface missile. A helicopter arrives, and Bond kills the occupants and recovers a key. He uses the key to unlock a large gate and makes his escape on skis. Bond reaches the end of the run - a sheer cliff drop. Bond continues, and opens his Union Jack parachute.

Bond later lands in an arms bazaar. After taking photographs of military hardware, a British naval ship launches a BGM-109 Tomahawk to eliminate all potential threats and hardware. Bond realizes there are nuclear weapons at the Bazaar on a L-39 Albatros jet. After an intense firefight between Bond and Russian terrorists, he hijacks the jet and returns to MI6.

Bond is sent to investigate a man called Elliot Carver during a party in Hamburg, Germany after a British warship sank in the South China Sea, with all hands going down. Carver Media published the full story before MI6 received a full report, raising MI6's suspicions. During the party Bond meets his former lover, Paris, now Carver's wife, who slaps him. Carver arrives, and offers a "tour of the facilities". Bond follows, but is knocked out by a henchman. He wakes up in a room with a large 2-way mirror. He uses his laser-cufflinks to escape, then he destroys the central computer, allowing him to make his escape. He then makes his way to the press and engages in a firefight between Carver's guards.

He recovers Henry Gupta's GPS scrambler, which was used to lure the British navy into Chinese waters to try and spark an international incident. As the existing Chinese government is not receptive to giving Carver Media Group Network exclusive broadcast rights in China, Carver plans to start a war to eliminate the present government and replace it with politicians more supportive of his plans. Bond then escapes to the Hotel Atlantic, where Paris is being held prisoner. He arrives, and heads to the bar where he asks to see Paris; resulting in a shootout between Bond and the guards, who were working for Carver. Bond uses the elevator to get to Paris' apartment, where he meets Kaufman. Kaufman tries to kill Bond by using spinning razor discs and an AK-47. Bond kills Kaufman and helps Paris escape. They go to the underground garage, where Bond drives away in his BMW 7 Series.

MI6 has found the headquarters of Henry Gupta near the foothills of the Swiss Alps. The convoy of terrorist cars and trucks is heading to Gupta's Alpine hideout for an important meeting. Bond is sent to stop the convoy. Along the way, Bond meets Q, who gives him the BMW to stop the convoy. Bond successfully destroys the convoy with the BMW and drives away. Bond is then sent to a ski ridge in Hokkaido, Japan, to track down and kill chemical expert Satoshi Isagura, who is thought to be working for Elliot Carver after a nerve gas attack in Yokohama. Carver Media was also the first to report the story. Bond kills Isagura and is sent to Saigon.

Bond steals a data disk from Carver Media Tower in Saigon but is captured. Bond manages to escape with the data disk. The next night, Carver bribes the Saigon Military Police to kill Bond on sight, so MI6 pulls Bond out as the mission would be compromised were Bond to be seen or killed. Bond gives Wai Lin the data disk, and Wai Lin engages the Saigon Military Police in a gun battle with the police setting roadblocks and using fast-firing chain guns. She makes it back to her lab to find the location of Carter's stealth boat, hidden in Hạ Long Bay. On the stealth boat, Bond uses the boat's commlink to give MI6 its position. Wai Lin is kidnapped but is later freed by Bond after he kills Carver's right-hand man, Stamper. Wai Lin stops the engine while Bond shoots and kills Carver and stops the stolen nuclear missile from destroying Beijing. Bond and Wai Lin escape the stealth boat before it self-destructs.

## Development

Before the 1997 release of the film, MGM Interactive approached Black Ops Entertainment about developing a video game adaptation. Early development was already underway by the time that another James Bond game, *GoldenEye*, had been released. Black Ops CEO John Botti said that *GoldenEye* "raised the bar for video gaming in general, but our different platform and movie inspiration destined us to make a different game – one specifically for the PlayStation – with a similar but different Bond experience". The skiing and driving portions, along with the third-person perspective, were added to distinguish the game from *GoldenEye*, a first-person shooter which lacked such gameplay elements.

As work began on the game, Botti watched all of the James Bond films released up to that point. For the sake of gameplay, the game includes some differences from the film such as skiing, a feature that Black Ops was intent on adding. Scuba diving had also been planned. Programmer Will Botti began working on the game in November 1997, and was given a short period of 30 days to create a game engine for the skiing levels. Will Botti would become the project director in April 1998.

The game had a development period of approximately two years. It was originally intended as a continuation of the film with a story that would have picked up where the film left off. David Bishop, president of MGM Home Entertainment, said in June 1998, "We didn't see any benefit to following the script verbatim. We just felt we had more freedom in what we could bring the gaming world if we went outside the set script." However, focus groups were more interested in seeing familiar scenes from the film. The game's release was delayed several times, and was scheduled at one point for January 1999. Additional levels and a two-player mode were eventually removed. The latter feature was scrapped as the developers sought to focus on the single-player mode.

In late 1998, MGM partnered with Electronic Arts to co-publish games such as *Tomorrow Never Dies*. The game was completed on October 29, 1999, and released in North America on November 16, and in the United Kingdom on November 25.

The game includes voice-acting, although none of the film's actors reprised their roles. The game's musical score was composed by Tommy Tallarico, and was released separately as *Tomorrow Never Dies The Original Soundtrack from the Videogame*. It includes 16 tracks written for the game and a bonus track.

## Reception

The game received mixed reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings. Adam Pavlacka of *NextGen* said of the game, "Take away the Bond license, and what's left is a very basic third-person shooter with little innovation." In Japan, where the game was ported and published by Electronic Arts Square on February 10, 2000, *Famitsu* gave it a score of 27 out of 40.

Following the success of *GoldenEye*, critics were disappointed with *Tomorrow Never Dies*, believing that it fell far short of the previous game. Rick Mears of *GameFan* wrote that after *GoldenEye*, "did we really ever expect anything to come close?" *IGN*'s Douglass C. Perry wrote, "Despite wanting to avoid comparisons, it's nearly impossible for TND to shake the legacy of *Goldeneye*". Uncle Dust of *GamePro* wrote in one review, "Unfortunate comparisons to *Goldeneye* will probably occur, and to that *Tomorrow Never Dies* is an inferior game. But on its own *TND* gives you great Bond-style thrills in a less-than-polished package." In another *GamePro* review, Air Hendrix said, "You can't beat the marquee value of *007*, so *TND* is worth renting to check its license to kill—even if there is no multiplayer action. Still, *Tomorrow Never Dies* is no *GoldenEye*, and gamers have come to expect much more from *Bond*." Scott Alan Marriott, writing for *AllGame*, felt that the game lacked the polishing that would be expected considering its delays. He concluded that the game "makes you appreciate GoldenEye that much more". Joe Fielder of *GameSpot* stated that unlike *GoldenEye*, each mission in *Tomorrow Never Dies* "ends on an anticlimactic note, making you think, 'Oh, it's over?'"

The game received comparisons to *Syphon Filter*, which some critics deemed superior. The artificial intelligence was criticized, as was the game's short length. Critics also complained of problems such as clipping and poor collision detection. Mears stated that walls "become translucent" and "bad guys appear out of nowhere". The game also received some criticism for its lack of multiplayer.

Marriott found the film-based clips to be short and of little value, while Johnny Liu of *GameRevolution* wrote that much of the film footage "just doesn't flow because of the game's choppy graphics".

The camera and controls were criticized as well. Justin Braxton-Brown, writing for *The Cincinnati Enquirer*, complained of Bond's slow running speed. He also stated that when Bond "attempts a 180-degree turn to face an adversary, gamers end up being shot in the back several times or spinning too far and being shot while trying to locate the enemy Bond just spun past". Perry stated that "even walking over simple power-ups can be a task". Marriott complained of Bond's limited moves, noting that he cannot jump, climb, or crawl.

Mears commended the game for its inclusion of skiing and driving portions, but also considered them "passable at best", while Marriott praised them. Perry found the car level to be uninspired and considered the skiing portions to be "the biggest area of missed opportunities". Liu stated that these portions of the game "aren't very well done and don't add much. They're really just there to proclaim variety".

The soundtrack was praised by critics, with Mears calling it the game's most "astounding" feature. *IGN* called it "a much better value than the horrible excuse for a PlayStation game that it's from".

The game received a "Platinum" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 units in the UK.

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16. "PlayStation Previews: Tomorrow Never Dies". *Electronic Gaming Monthly*. No. 103. Ziff Davis. February 1998. p. 76. Retrieved 2023-10-07.
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37. "ELSPA Sales Awards: Platinum". *Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association*. Archived from the original on 2009-05-15.
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## InfoBox

| Tomorrow Never Dies | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Black Ops Entertainment |
| Publisher(s) | Electronic Arts
MGM Interactive |
| Director(s) | William Botti |
| Producer(s) | John Botti |
| Designer(s) | William Botti
Daryl Kimoto
Michael Guttentag
Flint Dille |
| Programmer(s) | An Nguyen
William Botti |
| Artist(s) | Kris Kilayko |
| Writer(s) | William Botti
Flint Dille |
| Composer(s) | Tommy Tallarico
Howard Ulyate
Sonic Mayhem
Todd Dennis |
| Series | *James Bond* |
| Platform(s) | PlayStation |
| Release |  |
| Genre(s) | Third-person shooter, stealth |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


abstract: Québec Solidaire fielded 123 candidates in the 2007 Quebec provincial election, none of whom were elected. Information about these candidates may be found on this page.

text:
# Québec solidaire candidates in the 2007 Quebec provincial election

**Québec Solidaire** fielded 123 candidates in the 2007 Quebec provincial election, none of whom were elected. Information about these candidates may be found on this page.

## Candidates

### Argenteuil: Guy Dufresne

**Guy Dufresne** is a university lecturer and union activist at the Université du Québec à Montréal. He received 600 votes (2.25%), finishing fifth against Liberal incumbent David Whissell.

### Brome—Missisquoi: Lorraine Lasnier

**Lorraine Lasnier** has a professional background in administration and the arts, and she once owned a jewelry business. After suffering a serious illness, she researched alternative medicine and became active with events pertaining to indigenous spirituality. In the 2007 campaign, she focused on poverty issues and highlighted her party's pledge to raise the Quebec minimum wage to ten dollars an hour. She received 1,032 votes (2.90%), finishing fifth against Liberal incumbent Pierre Paradis.

### Chapleau: Jennifer Jean-Brice Vales

**Jennifer Jean-Brice Vales** was nineteen years old at the time of the election and was a communications student at the Université du Québec en Outaouais. Of Haitian background, she said that she joined Québec Solidaire because of its positions on women's rights and immigration issues. She received 774 votes (2.39%), finishing fifth against Liberal incumbent Benoît Pelletier.

### Nicolet-Yamaska: Jean Proulx

**Jean Proulx** was born in Baie-du-Febvre. He has a Master's Degree in Social Work, and has worked in the field of industrial relations at the Université du Québec à Montréal. He has also been involved in several community organizations, including those for women, youth, and persons with intellectual disabilities. During the 2007 election, he identified as a former Parti Québecois supporter who was disappointed with that party's shift away from its social democratic origins. He took an interest in health issues and called for the creation of a state company to coordinate pharmaceutical purchases, arguing that this would result in lower prices.

He received 1,121 votes (4.26%), finishing fourth against Action démocratique du Québec candidate Éric Dorion.

1. "Les syndiqués et étudiants de l'UQAM rejettent le plan de redressement," *Canada NewsWire*, accessed 21 January 2011.
2. Official Results, Le Directeur général des élections du Québec, accessed 21 January 2011.
3. Présentation de Lorraine Lasnier, candidate de Québec solidaire dans Brome-Missisquoi, *Québec Solidaire*, 6 March 2007, accessed 12 December 2010.
4. Maurice Crossfield, "Candidates battle to change old habits," *Sherbrooke Record*, 22 March 2007, p. 4.
5. Official Results: Government of Quebec, accessed 12 December 2010.
6. Maria Kubacki, "Gatineau transit project 'good for the riding'," *Ottawa Citizen*, 10 March 2007, E6.
7. ARCHIVE CHAPLEAU 2007: "À Québec solidaire, les femmes immigrantes ont leur place," Québec Solidaire, 10 March 2007, E6.
8. Jean Proulx à l’investiture de Québec Solidaire dans Nicolet-Yamaska, *Le Courrier Sud*, 8 January 2007, accessed 19 November 2009.
9. Entrevue avec un candidat Solidaire, Le Blogue du Québec, 21 March 2007, accessed 19 November 2009.


title: Two Ocean Lake Trail

abstract: The Two Ocean Lake Trail is a 6.4-mile (10.3 km) long hiking trail in Grand Teton National Park in the U.S. state of Wyoming. The trail is accessed from the Two Ocean Lake trailhead and loops completely around Two Ocean Lake, providing views of the lake and the Teton Range. Connecting trails lead to the Emma Matilda Lake Trail and a loop of both Two Ocean and Emma Matilda Lakes can be done which covers 13.2 mi (21.2 km).

text:
# Two Ocean Lake Trail

The **Two Ocean Lake Trail** is a 6.4-mile (10.3 km) long hiking trail in Grand Teton National Park in the U.S. state of Wyoming. The trail is accessed from the Two Ocean Lake trailhead and loops completely around Two Ocean Lake, providing views of the lake and the Teton Range. Connecting trails lead to the Emma Matilda Lake Trail and a loop of both Two Ocean and Emma Matilda Lakes can be done which covers 13.2 mi (21.2 km).

43°54′56″N 110°31′16″W / 43.9154991°N 110.5210397°W / 43.9154991; -110.5210397

## InfoBox

| Two Ocean Lake Trail | |
| --- | --- |
| View of Two Ocean Lake and Mount Moran from the trail | |
| Length | 6.4 mi (10.3 km) |
| Location | Jackson Hole |
| Trailheads | Two Ocean Lake trailhead |
| Use | Hiking |
| Elevation change | Approximate gain of 625 ft (191 m) |
| Highest point | Along trail, 7,300 ft (2,200 m) |
| Lowest point | Two Ocean Lake trailhead, 6,910 ft (2,110 m) |
| Difficulty | Moderate |
| Season | Spring to Fall |
| Sights | Teton Range<br>Two Ocean Lake |
| Hazards | Severe weather |


title: Pechbonnieu

abstract: Pechbonnieu is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

text:
# Pechbonnieu

**Pechbonnieu** (French pronunciation: \[pɛʃbɔnjø\]; Languedocien: *Puègbonieu*) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

## Population

The inhabitants of the commune are known as *Pechbonniliens* and *Pechbonniliennes* in French.

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 781 |  |
| 1975 | 1,289 | +7.42% |
| 1982 | 1,535 | +2.53% |
| 1990 | 1,940 | +2.97% |
| 1999 | 2,997 | +4.95% |
| 2007 | 3,688 | +2.63% |
| 2012 | 4,147 | +2.37% |
| 2017 | 4,425 | +1.31% |
| 2019 | 4,544 | +1.34% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## Monuments

## InfoBox

| Pechbonnieu | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Pechbonnieu | |
|  | |
| Location of Pechbonnieu | |
| PechbonnieuPechbonnieu | |
| Coordinates: 43°42′17″N 1°28′03″E / 43.7047°N 1.4675°E / 43.7047; 1.4675 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Occitania |
| Department | Haute-Garonne |
| Arrondissement | Toulouse |
| Canton | Pechbonnieu |
| Intercommunality | Coteaux-Bellevue |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Sabine Geil-Gomez |
| Area**1** | 7.52 km2 (2.90 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 4,662 |
| Density | 620/km2 (1,600/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 31410 /31140 |
| Elevation | 140–208 m (459–682 ft)
(avg. 200 m or 660 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Weyrauchia marcelae

abstract: Weyrauchia marcelae is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins & Galileo in 2008.

text:
# Weyrauchia marcelae

***Weyrauchia marcelae*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins & Galileo in 2008.

## InfoBox

| *Weyrauchia marcelae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Weyrauchia* |
| Species: | ***W. marcelae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Weyrauchia marcelae***<br>Martins & Galileo, 2008 | |
|


title: Maria Ubach i Font

abstract: Maria Ubach i Font is an Andorran diplomat who served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs from 17 June 2017 to 16 May 2023 under the governments of Prime Minister Antoni Martí and the current Head Xavier Espot. In 1998 she obtained a degree in economics from the University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail and a master's degree in International Relations from the University of Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne.

text:
# Maria Ubach i Font

**Maria Ubach i Font** (born 14 June 1973) is an Andorran diplomat who served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs from 17 June 2017 to 16 May 2023 under the governments of Prime Minister Antoni Martí and the current Head Xavier Espot.

In 1998 she obtained a degree in economics from the University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail and a master's degree in International Relations from the University of Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne.

## Political and diplomatic career

In 1998 she began her career at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Andorra as a technician. Until 2001 she was a permanent representative attached to the Council of Europe in Strasbourg. Between 2001 and 2006 she was the first secretary at the Embassy of Andorra in France and a permanent delegate attached to UNESCO. From 2006 until 2011, she was director of the Multilateral Affairs and Cooperation office of the Ministry.

Between October 2011 and June 2015 she was ambassador in France and Portugal (residing in Paris), as well as being a permanent delegate to UNESCO and representative to the Permanent Council of La Francophonie. Between 2015 and 2017 she was Ambassador to Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Germany and the European Union, residing in Brussels.

As Minister, Ubach is leading the negotiations for an association agreement between Andorra and the European Union. She was reappointed by newly elected Prime Minister Xavier Espot on 22 May 2019.

## InfoBox

| Maria Ubach i Font | |
| --- | --- |
| Ubach in 2022 | |
|  | |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs of Andorra | |
| **In office**
17 July 2017  16 May 2023 | |
| Prime Minister | Antoni Martí
Xavier Espot |
| Preceded by | Gilbert Saboya Sunyé |
| Succeeded by | Imma Tor Faus |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1973-06-14) 14 June 1973
La Massana, Andorra |
| Political party | Democrats for Andorra |
| Alma mater | University of Toulouse-Jean Jaurès
Sorbonne University |
|  | |


title: Let Me Let Go

abstract: "Let Me Let Go" is a song written by Steve Diamond and Dennis Morgan and recorded by American country music singer Faith Hill. It was released on September 14, 1998, as the third single from Hill's third studio album, Faith (1998). The song features background vocals from Vince Gill. At the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards, it received a nomination for Best Female Country Vocal Performance.

text:
# Let Me Let Go

"**Let Me Let Go**" is a song written by Steve Diamond and Dennis Morgan and recorded by American country music singer Faith Hill. It was released on September 14, 1998, as the third single from Hill's third studio album, *Faith* (1998). The song features background vocals from Vince Gill. At the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards, it received a nomination for Best Female Country Vocal Performance.

## History

"Let Me Let Go" was also remixed into a pop version and used as the soundtrack for the movie *Message in a Bottle*. The remix was also added to the international album *Love Will Always Win* and the compilation album *There You'll Be*. The song was nominated for a Grammy for Best Female Country Vocal Performance; Hill performed the remix version of the song at the 2000 Grammy Awards ceremony. The footage of the performance was released on the DVD *Grammy's Greatest Moments* later that year.

In 2000, saxophonist Michael Lington covered the song from his album, *Vivid*.

## Critical reception

The song received a positive review in *Billboard*, which said, "Let Me Let Go" is a well-written song about moving on after a failed relationship, and Hill's intimate, vulnerable vocal illustrates why she's one of the genre's top female talents. The fact that her voice is combined with Vince Gill's lush, lovely backing harmonies elevates this record to heavenly heights. The production by Hill and Dann Huff is a little more pop-driven than on her previous ballads, but radio seems to be firmly behind this deserving artist, and are willing to stretch with her."

## Charts

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label(s) | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United States | September 14, 1998 | Country radio | Warner Bros. |  |
| | February 23, 1999 | | Contemporary hit radio |  |
| United Kingdom | April 5, 1999 | | * CD * cassette |  |

## InfoBox

| "Let Me Let Go" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Faith Hill | |
| from the album  *Faith* | |
| Released | September 14, 1998 (1998-09-14) |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | * 4:25 (album version) * 4:23 (pop remix) * 4:07 (soundtrack version) |
| Label | Warner Bros. Nashville |
| Songwriter(s) | Steve Diamond, Dennis Morgan |
| Producer(s) | Faith Hill, Dann Huff |
| Faith Hill singles chronology | |
| "Just to Hear You Say That You Love Me"
(1998) "**Let Me Let Go**"
(1998) "Love Ain't Like That"
(1999) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Let Me Let Go" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Mimaletis postica

abstract: Mimaletis postica is a moth in the family of Geometridae first described by Francis Walker in 1869. This species is known from Equatorial Guinea and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

text:
# Mimaletis postica

***Mimaletis postica*** is a moth in the family of Geometridae first described by Francis Walker in 1869.

This species is known from Equatorial Guinea and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

## InfoBox

| *Mimaletis postica* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Mimaletis* |
| Species: | ***M. postica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mimaletis postica***<br>(Walker, 1869) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Aletis postica*  Walker, 1869 | |


abstract:
Look Around the Corner is an album by Quantic and Alice Russell, recorded and produced by Holland in his studio in Cali, Colombia, and released in 2012 on Tru Thoughts. The production was granted by the PRS for Music Foundation. The title track "Look Around the Corner" was released up front as 10" single, and was added to the daily rotation play list of BBC 6Music.
Louis Pattison entitled his review for the BBC "An exceptional collaboration – like manna from heaven for leftfield soul fans", characterising it as "mixing warm, brassy funk and soul grooves with Latin jazz and cumbia, it's a soft sort of fusion, mixing flavours with a lightness of touch."

text:
# Quantic & Alice Russell: Look Around the Corner

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 83/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| PopMatters | 8/10 |
| Allmusic |  |

***Look Around the Corner*** is an album by Quantic (Will Holland) and Alice Russell, recorded and produced by Holland in his studio in Cali, Colombia, and released in 2012 on Tru Thoughts. The production was granted by the PRS for Music Foundation. The title track "Look Around the Corner" was released up front as 10" single, and was added to the daily rotation play list of BBC 6Music. Louis Pattison entitled his review for the BBC "An exceptional collaboration – like manna from heaven for leftfield soul fans", characterising it as "mixing warm, brassy funk and soul grooves with Latin jazz and cumbia, it's a soft sort of fusion, mixing flavours with a lightness of touch."

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Look Around the Corner" | 4:28 |
| 2. | "Here Again" | 4:06 |
| 3. | "Traveling Song" | 4:44 |
| 4. | "Magdalena" | 3:25 |
| 5. | "I'll Keep My Light in My Window" | 5:41 |
| 6. | "Una tarde en Mariquita" | 5:55 |
| 7. | "Interlude" | 0:36 |
| 8. | "Su Suzy" | 5:04 |
| 9. | "Boogaloo 33" | 3:45 |
| 10. | "Road to Islay" | 3:08 |
| 11. | "Similau" | 2:04 |
| 12. | "I'd Cry" | 7:11 |
| 13. | "Magdalena (Reprise)" | 2:08 |
| 14. | "Look Around the Corner (Reprise)" | 0:19 |

## InfoBox

| Look Around the Corner | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Quantic, Alice Russell | |
| Released | 20 February 2012 (2012-02-20) |
| Genre | Soul, latin jazz, funk |
| Length | 52:34 |
| Label | Tru Thoughts |
| Producer | Will Holland |


title: Two O'Clock Courage

abstract: Two O'Clock Courage is a 1945 American film noir directed by Anthony Mann and written by Robert E. Kent, based on a novel by Gelett Burgess. The drama features Tom Conway and Ann Rutherford. It is a remake of Two in the Dark (1936).

text:
# Two O'Clock Courage

***Two O'Clock Courage*** is a 1945 American film noir directed by Anthony Mann and written by Robert E. Kent, based on a novel by Gelett Burgess. The drama features Tom Conway and Ann Rutherford. It is a remake of *Two in the Dark* (1936).

## Plot

An amnesiac who fears he's the mystery man in a high-profile murder case searches for the truth with the help of a female cabdriver.

## Cast

## Production

The film was based on a 1934 novel that had been filmed by RKO in 1936 as *Two in the Dark*. It was directed by Benjamin Stoloff who produced *Two O'Clock Courage*. The film starred Tom Conway, who was appeared in The Falcon series at RKO. Ann Rutherford had just left MGM studios. Filming started August 1944.

## Reception

*The New York Times* called the film "a modest little item of second-rate cinematic fun".

*Variety* called it a "slow paced, drab mystery... situations are obvious, the dialog routine" although it felt the leads "give film some story strength." Has been shown on the Turner Classic Movies show 'Noir Alley' with Eddie Muller.

## InfoBox

| Two O'Clock Courage | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Anthony Mann |
| Screenplay by |  |
| Based on | *Two O'Clock Courage*
1934 novel
by Gelett Burgess |
| Produced by | Benjamin Stoloff |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Jack MacKenzie |
| Edited by | Philip Martin |
| Music by | Roy Webb |
| Production
company | RKO Pictures |
| Distributed by | RKO Pictures |
| Release date | * April 13, 1945 (1945-04-13) (United States) |
| Running time | 68 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: M. P. Sukumaran Nair

abstract: M. P. Sukumaran Nair is an Indian film director and producer, working in Malayalam film industry. He is an alumnus of the Film and Television Institute of India. He has won both national and Kerala state film awards, multiple times, and is considered one of the prominent Malayalam filmmakers. He produced and directed Aparahnam (1991), Kazhakam (1995), Shayanam (2000), Drishtantham (2006), Raamanam (2009), and Jalaamsham (2017). His films won two National Awards for the best film in Malayalam: Shayanam in 2000, and Drishtantham in 2006. Kazhakam and Drishtantham also won the Best Film award at the Kerala State Film Awards. Aparahnam and Raamanam won the award for second best film. Nair won the best screenplay award for Shayanam in 2000. Urvashi got the award for the best actress at the Kerala State Film Awards for Kazhakam in 1995.

text:
# M. P. Sukumaran Nair

**M. P. Sukumaran Nair** is an Indian film director and producer, working in Malayalam film industry. He is an alumnus of the Film and Television Institute of India.

He has won both national and Kerala state film awards, multiple times, and is considered one of the prominent Malayalam filmmakers. He produced and directed Aparahnam (1991), Kazhakam (1995), Shayanam (2000), Drishtantham (2006), Raamanam (2009), and Jalaamsham (2017).

His films won two National Awards for the best film in Malayalam: Shayanam in 2000, and Drishtantham in 2006.

Kazhakam and Drishtantham also won the Best Film award at the Kerala State Film Awards. Aparahnam and Raamanam won the award for second best film. Nair won the best screenplay award for Shayanam in 2000.

Urvashi got the award for the best actress at the Kerala State Film Awards for Kazhakam in 1995.


title: Forewords and Afterwords

abstract: Forewords and Afterwords is a 1973 non-fiction book by W. H. Auden. The book contains 46 essays by Auden on literary, historical, and religious subjects, written between 1943 and 1972 and slightly revised for this volume. The essays include Auden's introduction to The Portable Greek Reader, his introduction to the anthology The Protestant Mystics, his introduction to an edition of Shakespeare's Sonnets, reviews and introductions on Goethe, Sydney Smith, Kierkegaard, Edgar Allan Poe, Tennyson, Wagner, Lewis Carroll, A. E. Housman, Cavafy, Kipling, Thomas Mann, Dag Hammarskjöld, and others, and a partly autobiographical essay, "As It Seemed To Us". The contents were selected by Edward Mendelson and the book is dedicated to Hannah Arendt.

text:
# Forewords and Afterwords

***Forewords and Afterwords*** is a 1973 non-fiction book by W. H. Auden.

The book contains 46 essays by Auden on literary, historical, and religious subjects, written between 1943 and 1972 and slightly revised for this volume.

The essays include Auden's introduction to *The Portable Greek Reader* (retitled "The Greeks and Us" in this volume), his introduction to the anthology *The Protestant Mystics*, his introduction to an edition of Shakespeare's Sonnets, reviews and introductions on Goethe, Sydney Smith, Kierkegaard, Edgar Allan Poe, Tennyson, Wagner, Lewis Carroll, A. E. Housman, Cavafy, Kipling, Thomas Mann, Dag Hammarskjöld, and others, and a partly autobiographical essay, "As It Seemed To Us".

The contents were selected by Edward Mendelson and the book is dedicated to Hannah Arendt.


title: Weyr canonical form

abstract: In mathematics, in linear algebra, a Weyr canonical form is a square matrix which induces "nice" properties with matrices it commutes with. It also has a particularly simple structure and the conditions for possessing a Weyr form are fairly weak, making it a suitable tool for studying classes of commuting matrices. A square matrix is said to be in the Weyr canonical form if the matrix has the structure defining the Weyr canonical form. The Weyr form was discovered by the Czech mathematician Eduard Weyr in 1885. The Weyr form did not become popular among mathematicians and it was overshadowed by the closely related, but distinct, canonical form known by the name Jordan canonical form. The Weyr form has been rediscovered several times since Weyr’s original discovery in 1885. This form has been variously called as modified Jordan form, reordered Jordan form, second Jordan form, and H-form. The current terminology is credited to Shapiro who introduced it in a paper published in the American Mathematical Monthly in 1999. Recently several applications have been found for the Weyr matrix. Of particular interest is an application of the Weyr matrix in the study of phylogenetic invariants in biomathematics.

text:
# Weyr canonical form

In mathematics, in linear algebra, a **Weyr canonical form** (or, **Weyr form** or **Weyr matrix**) is a square matrix which (in some sense) induces "nice" properties with matrices it commutes with. It also has a particularly simple structure and the conditions for possessing a Weyr form are fairly weak, making it a suitable tool for studying classes of commuting matrices. A square matrix is said to be *in* the Weyr canonical form if the matrix has the structure defining the Weyr canonical form. The Weyr form was discovered by the Czech mathematician Eduard Weyr in 1885. The Weyr form did not become popular among mathematicians and it was overshadowed by the closely related, but distinct, canonical form known by the name Jordan canonical form. The Weyr form has been rediscovered several times since Weyr’s original discovery in 1885. This form has been variously called as *modified Jordan form,* *reordered Jordan form,* *second Jordan form,* and *H-form*. The current terminology is credited to Shapiro who introduced it in a paper published in the American Mathematical Monthly in 1999.

Recently several applications have been found for the Weyr matrix. Of particular interest is an application of the Weyr matrix in the study of phylogenetic invariants in biomathematics.

## Definitions

### Basic Weyr matrix

### Definition

A basic Weyr matrix with eigenvalue $\lambda $ is an $n\times n$ matrix $W$ of the following form: There is an integer partition

$n\_{1}+n\_{2}+\cdots +n\_{r}=n$ of $n$ with $n\_{1}\geq n\_{2}\geq \cdots \geq n\_{r}\geq 1$

such that, when $W$ is viewed as an $r\times r$ block matrix $(W\_{ij})$, where the $(i,j)$ block $W\_{ij}$ is an $n\_{i}\times n\_{j}$ matrix, the following three features are present:

1. The main diagonal blocks $W\_{ii}$ are the $n\_{i}\times n\_{i}$ scalar matrices $\lambda I$ for $i=1,\ldots ,r$.
2. The first superdiagonal blocks $W\_{i,i+1}$ are full column rank $n\_{i}\times n\_{i+1}$ matrices in reduced row-echelon form (that is, an identity matrix followed by zero rows) for $i=1,\ldots ,r-1$.
3. All other blocks of *W* are zero (that is, $W\_{ij}=0$ when $j\neq i,i+1$).

In this case, we say that $W$ has Weyr structure $(n\_{1},n\_{2},\ldots ,n\_{r})$.

### Example

The following is an example of a basic Weyr matrix.

$W=$  $={\begin{bmatrix}W\_{11}&W\_{12}&&\\\&W\_{22}&W\_{23}&\\\&&W\_{33}&W\_{34}\\\&&&W\_{44}\\\end{bmatrix}}$

In this matrix, $n=9$ and $n\_{1}=4,n\_{2}=2,n\_{3}=2,n\_{4}=1$. So $W$ has the Weyr structure $(4,2,2,1)$. Also,

$W\_{11}={\begin{bmatrix}\lambda &0&0&0\\0&\lambda &0&0\\0&0&\lambda &0\\0&0&0&\lambda \\\end{bmatrix}=\lambda I\_{4},\quad W\_{22}={\begin{bmatrix}\lambda &0\\0&\lambda &\\\end{bmatrix}=\lambda I\_{2},\quad W\_{33}={\begin{bmatrix}\lambda &0\\0&\lambda &\\\end{bmatrix}=\lambda I\_{2},\quad W\_{44}={\begin{bmatrix}\lambda \\\end{bmatrix}=\lambda I\_{1}}}}}$

and

$W\_{12}={\begin{bmatrix}1&0\\0&1\\0&0\\0&0\\\end{bmatrix},\quad W\_{23}={\begin{bmatrix}1&0\\0&1\\\end{bmatrix},\quad W\_{34}={\begin{bmatrix}1\\0\\\end{bmatrix}.}}}$

### General Weyr matrix

### Definition

Let $W$ be a square matrix and let $\lambda \_{1},\ldots ,\lambda \_{k}$ be the distinct eigenvalues of $W$. We say that $W$ is in Weyr form (or is a Weyr matrix) if $W$ has the following form:

$W={\begin{bmatrix}W\_{1}&&&\\\&W\_{2}&&\\\&&\ddots &\\\&&&W\_{k}\\\end{bmatrix}}$

where $W\_{i}$ is a basic Weyr matrix with eigenvalue $\lambda \_{i}$ for $i=1,\ldots ,k$.

### Example

The following image shows an example of a general Weyr matrix consisting of three basic Weyr matrix blocks. The basic Weyr matrix in the top-left corner has the structure (4,2,1) with eigenvalue 4, the middle block has structure (2,2,1,1) with eigenvalue -3 and the one in the lower-right corner has the structure (3, 2) with eigenvalue 0.

## Relation between Weyr and Jordan forms

The Weyr canonical form $W=P^{-1}JP$ is related to the Jordan form $J$ by a simple permutation $P$ for each Weyr basic block as follows: The first index of each Weyr subblock forms the largest Jordan chain. After crossing out these rows and columns, the first index of each new subblock forms the second largest Jordan chain, and so forth.

## The Weyr form is canonical

That the Weyr form is a canonical form of a matrix is a consequence of the following result: *Each square matrix $A$ over an algebraically closed field is similar to a Weyr matrix $W$ which is unique up to permutation of its basic blocks. The matrix $W$ is called the Weyr (canonical) form of $A$.*

## Computation of the Weyr canonical form

### Reduction to the nilpotent case

Let $A$ be a square matrix of order $n$ over an algebraically closed field and let the distinct eigenvalues of $A$ be $\lambda \_{1},\lambda \_{2},\ldots ,\lambda \_{k}$. The Jordan–Chevalley decomposition theorem states that $A$ is similar to a block diagonal matrix of the form

$A={\begin{bmatrix}\lambda \_{1}I+N\_{1}&&&\\\&\lambda \_{2}I+N\_{2}&&\\\&&\ddots &\\\&&&\lambda \_{k}I+N\_{k}\\\end{bmatrix}={\begin{bmatrix}\lambda \_{1}I&&&\\\&\lambda \_{2}I&&\\\&&\ddots &\\\&&&\lambda \_{k}I\\\end{bmatrix}+{\begin{bmatrix}N\_{1}&&&\\\&N\_{2}&&\\\&&\ddots &\\\&&&N\_{k}\\\end{bmatrix}=D+N}}}$

where $D$ is a diagonal matrix, $N$ is a nilpotent matrix, and $\[D,N\]=0$, justifying the reduction of $N$ into subblocks $N\_{i}$. So the problem of reducing $A$ to the Weyr form reduces to the problem of reducing the nilpotent matrices $N\_{i}$ to the Weyr form. This is leads to the generalized eigenspace decomposition theorem.

### Reduction of a nilpotent matrix to the Weyr form

Given a nilpotent square matrix $A$ of order $n$ over an algebraically closed field $F$, the following algorithm produces an invertible matrix $C$ and a Weyr matrix $W$ such that $W=C^{-1}AC$.

**Step 1**

Let $A\_{1}=A$

**Step 2**

1. Compute a basis for the null space of $A\_{1}$.
2. Extend the basis for the null space of $A\_{1}$ to a basis for the $n$-dimensional vector space $F^{n}$.
3. Form the matrix $P\_{1}$ consisting of these basis vectors.
4. Compute $P\_{1}^{-1}A\_{1}P\_{1}={\begin{bmatrix}0&B\_{2}\\0&A\_{2}\end{bmatrix}}$. $A\_{2}$ is a square matrix of size $n$  nullity $(A\_{1})$.

**Step 3**

If $A\_{2}$ is nonzero, repeat Step 2 on $A\_{2}$.

1. Compute a basis for the null space of $A\_{2}$.
2. Extend the basis for the null space of $A\_{2}$ to a basis for the vector space having dimension $n$  nullity $(A\_{1})$.
3. Form the matrix $P\_{2}$ consisting of these basis vectors.
4. Compute $P\_{2}^{-1}A\_{2}P\_{2}={\begin{bmatrix}0&B\_{3}\\0&A\_{3}\end{bmatrix}}$. $A\_{2}$ is a square matrix of size $n$  nullity $(A\_{1})$  nullity $(A\_{2})$.

**Step 4**

Continue the processes of Steps 1 and 2 to obtain increasingly smaller square matrices $A\_{1},A\_{2},A\_{3},\ldots $ and associated invertible matrices $P\_{1},P\_{2},P\_{3},\ldots $ until the first zero matrix $A\_{r}$ is obtained.

**Step 5**

The Weyr structure of $A$ is $(n\_{1},n\_{2},\ldots ,n\_{r})$ where $n\_{i}$ = nullity $(A\_{i})$.

**Step 6**

1. Compute the matrix $P=P\_{1}{\begin{bmatrix}I&0\\0&P\_{2}\end{bmatrix}{\begin{bmatrix}I&0\\0&P\_{3}\end{bmatrix}\cdots {\begin{bmatrix}I&0\\0&P\_{r}\end{bmatrix}}}}$ (here the $I$'s are appropriately sized identity matrices).
2. Compute $X=P^{-1}AP$. $X$ is a matrix of the following form:

$X={\begin{bmatrix}0&X\_{12}&X\_{13}&\cdots &X\_{1,r-1}&X\_{1r}\\\&0&X\_{23}&\cdots &X\_{2,r-1}&X\_{2r}\\\&&&\ddots &\\\&&&\cdots &0&X\_{r-1,r}\\\&&&&&0\end{bmatrix}}$.

**Step 7**

Use elementary row operations to find an invertible matrix $Y\_{r-1}$ of appropriate size such that the product $Y\_{r-1}X\_{r,r-1}$ is a matrix of the form $I\_{r,r-1}={\begin{bmatrix}I\\O\end{bmatrix}}$.

**Step 8**

Set $Q\_{1}=$ diag $(I,I,\ldots ,Y\_{r-1}^{-1},I)$ and compute $Q\_{1}^{-1}XQ\_{1}$. In this matrix, the $(r,r-1)$-block is $I\_{r,r-1}$.

**Step 9**

Find a matrix $R\_{1}$ formed as a product of elementary matrices such that $R\_{1}^{-1}Q\_{1}^{-1}XQ\_{1}R\_{1}$ is a matrix in which all the blocks above the block $I\_{r,r-1}$ contain only $0$'s.

**Step 10**

Repeat Steps 8 and 9 on column $r-1$ converting $(r-1,r-2)$-block to $I\_{r-1,r-2}$ via conjugation by some invertible matrix $Q\_{2}$. Use this block to clear out the blocks above, via conjugation by a product $R\_{2}$ of elementary matrices.

**Step 11**

Repeat these processes on $r-2,r-3,\ldots ,3,2$ columns, using conjugations by $Q\_{3},R\_{3},\ldots ,Q\_{r-2},R\_{r-2},Q\_{r-1}$. The resulting matrix $W$ is now in Weyr form.

**Step 12**

Let $C=P\_{1}{\text{diag}(I,P\_{2})\cdots {\text{diag}(I,P\_{r-1})Q\_{1}R\_{1}Q\_{2}\cdots R\_{r-2}Q\_{r-1}}}$. Then $W=C^{-1}AC$.

## Applications of the Weyr form

Some well-known applications of the Weyr form are listed below:

1. The Weyr form can be used to simplify the proof of Gerstenhaber’s Theorem which asserts that the subalgebra generated by two commuting $n\times n$ matrices has dimension at most $n$.
2. A set of finite matrices is said to be approximately simultaneously diagonalizable if they can be perturbed to simultaneously diagonalizable matrices. The Weyr form is used to prove approximate simultaneous diagonalizability of various classes of matrices. The approximate simultaneous diagonalizability property has applications in the study of phylogenetic invariants in biomathematics.
3. The Weyr form can be used to simplify the proofs of the irreducibility of the variety of all *k*-tuples of commuting complex matrices.


title: Maria Tumarkin

abstract: Maria Tumarkin is an Australian cultural historian, essayist and novelist, and is as of 2019 senior lecturer in the School of Culture and Communication at the University of Melbourne, teaching creative writing.

text:
# Maria Tumarkin

**Maria Tumarkin** is an Australian cultural historian, essayist and novelist, and is as of 2019 senior lecturer in the School of Culture and Communication at the University of Melbourne, teaching creative writing.

## Early life and education

Tumarkin was born and raised in Kharkov, then part of the Soviet Union, now in Ukraine. She left her home country in 1989 when she was a teenager, before the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.

She holds a Bachelor of Arts and a PhD in cultural history from the University of Melbourne.

## Writing

She writes books of ideas, reviews, essays and pieces for performance.

## Academia and projects

She was an Honorary Artistic Outreach Associate (2015–2016) at the ARC Centre of Excellence for the History of Emotions and a co-creator, with Moya McFadzean, of "The Unending Absence" project.

As of 2021 Tumarkin taught creative writing at the School of Culture and Communication at the University of Melbourne.

## Works

### Books

### Essays (selected)

* *This Narrated Life* (Griffith Review, 1 May 2014)
* *No Skin* (2 September 2015)
* *Against Motherhood* (20 October 2018)

## Awards

## InfoBox

| Maria Tumarkin | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Kharkov, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Alma mater | University of Melbourne |
| Occupation(s) | Author, cultural historian |
| Employer | University of Melbourne |
| Notable work | *Axiomatic* |
| Awards | Windham-Campbell Literature Prize |


title: Lev Sarkisov

abstract: Lev Sarkisov was an Armenian mountaineer known for being the oldest Armenian to have climbed Mount Everest.

text:
# Lev Sarkisov

**Lev Sarkisov** (2 December 1938 – 2 February 2024) was an Armenian mountaineer known for being the oldest Armenian to have climbed Mount Everest.

## Career

Sarkisov worked as a mentor for mountaineers in the Georgian Armed Forces before moving onto recreational climbing.

On 12 May 1999, Sarkisov became the oldest man to have reached the peak of Mount Everest at the age of 60 years and 161 days, breaking the previous record held by Venezuelan climber Ramón Balanca Suárez. He was officially recognized by the Guinness World Records as the oldest mountaineer to have ever scaled the mountain. His record was surpassed in 2001 by American mountaineer Sherman Bull.

Sarkisov was awarded the Order of Honor by President Eduard Shevardnadze in 1999 and was also a recipient of the Snow Leopard award.

Sarkisov died on 2 February 2024, at the age of 85.

## InfoBox

| Lev Sarkisov | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Lev Sarkisov
(1938-10-02)2 October 1938
Voronezh |
| Died | 2 February 2024(2024-02-02) (aged 85) |
| Nationality | Georgian |
| Occupation | Mountaineer |


title: Wendy Windham

abstract: Wendy Windham is an American actress, working primarily in Italy.

text:
# Wendy Windham

**Wendy Windham** (born January 13, 1967) is an American actress, working primarily in Italy.

## Biography

The niece of comedian / actor Stan Laurel, Wendy moved to Italy to work in television in 1988, taking part in *Il gioco dei nove* ("The game of nine") and appearing on Maurizio Costanzo's talk-show. In 1990, she appeared on *TG delle vacanze* ("News of holidays") and then on programs such as *Casa dolce casa* ("Home Sweet Home", 1992), *i Cervelloni* ("Brains", 1994 and 1995) and *Faccia tosta* (1997).

In 2001 Windham retired from Italian television and retired to private life in Miami, Florida.

## Personal life

Windham married the manufacturer Jeff Safchik.

## Filmography

### Film

* *L'odissea* (1991)
* *Omicidio a luci blu* (1991)
* *Gratta e vinci* (1996)

### Television

* *Raimondo... e le altre* – Rai1 1991
* *Il TG delle vacanze* – Canale 5 1991–1992
* *Sabato al circo* – Canale 5 1991–1992
* *Casa dolce casa* – Canale 5 1992–1994
* *Dido...menica* – Italia 1 – 1992–1993
* *Ma mi faccia il piacere...* – Italia 1 – 1993
* 'I cervelloni *– Rai1 – 1994/1998*
* *Il Gioco delle Coppie Beach* – Rete 4 – 1994
* *I Fatti Vostri – Piazza Italia di sera* – Rai2 – 1995–1996
* *Miss Italia nel Mondo* Rai1 – 1996
* *Il Gatto e la Volpe* – Canale 5 – 1997
* *Faccia Tosta* – Rai1 – 1997
* *Mezzanotte: Angeli in piazza* – Rai1/Rai2 – 1998–1999

## InfoBox

| Wendy Windham | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1967-01-13) January 13, 1967<br>Los Angeles, California |
| Occupation | actress |
| Years active | 1990–present |


title: RAF M1 'Roksana'

abstract: The RAF M1 "Roksana" was designed by Rīgas Autobusu Fabrika in 1991. It was designed to replace the aging RAF-2203 and offer a new, modern vehicle to the newly opened market after the collapse of Soviet Union. Only 1 prototype was ever produced until the bankruptcy of Rīgas Autobusu Fabrika in 1998. The prototype was lost after the bankruptcy, but was found in Ventspils in 2017 and soon presented to the public. Rīgas Autobusu Fabrika developed 2 concept models to replace the RAF-2203, the 1st concept being the RAF M1 'Roksana' and 2nd the RAF M2 'Stils' which was chosen as successor of RAF-2203, but start of mass production failed, hopes for small production failed soon after due lack of parts, budget and manpower. The body building and engine installation was done in Riga experimental workshop, after which it was sent to United Kingdom for final design works. RAF M1 'Roksana' was designed together with British International Automotive Design. The minivan could have seated nine people. Unlike the RAF M2 'Stils', the RAF M1 'Roksana' has stayed as rear-wheel drive as in its predecessor RAF-2203.

text:
# RAF M1 'Roksana'

The **RAF M1 "Roksana"** was designed by Rīgas Autobusu Fabrika in 1991. It was designed to replace the aging RAF-2203 and offer a new, modern vehicle to the newly opened market after the collapse of Soviet Union. Only 1 prototype was ever produced until the bankruptcy of Rīgas Autobusu Fabrika in 1998. The prototype was lost after the bankruptcy, but was found in Ventspils in 2017 and soon presented to the public.

Rīgas Autobusu Fabrika developed 2 concept models to replace the RAF-2203, the 1st concept being the **RAF M1 'Roksana'** and 2nd the RAF M2 'Stils' which was chosen as successor of RAF-2203, but start of mass production failed, hopes for small production failed soon after due lack of parts, budget and manpower.

The body building and engine installation was done in Riga experimental workshop, after which it was sent to United Kingdom for final design works. **RAF M1 'Roksana'** was designed together with British International Automotive Design. The minivan could have seated nine people. Unlike the RAF M2 'Stils', the RAF **M1 'Roksana'** has stayed as rear-wheel drive as in its predecessor RAF-2203.

## InfoBox

| RAF M1 "Roksana" | |
| --- | --- |
| RAF M1 "Roksana" | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Rīgas Autobusu Fabrika (RAF) |
| Production | 1991 |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | Light commercial vehicle () |
| Body style | 4-door van/minibus |
| Related | RAF M2 'Stils' |
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | RAF-2203 |


title: Turtle Bay (album)

abstract: Turtle Bay is an album by flautist Herbie Mann recorded in 1971 and 1973 and released on the Atlantic label.

text:
# Turtle Bay (album)

***Turtle Bay*** is an album by flautist Herbie Mann recorded in 1971 and 1973 and released on the Atlantic label.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

The Allmusic site awarded the album 3 stars stating: "Herbie Mann goes back to the well of soul on this LP and comes up with another tastefully funky selection of rock/R&B hits mixed with a few originals of his own. ... Herbie's own flute work is often low-key, maybe even a bit lazy, but he is audibly sympathetic with the material".

## Track listing

All compositions by Herbie Mann except where noted.

1. "Family Affair" (Sylvester Stewart) – 3:02
2. "Never Ending Song of Love" (Delaney Bramlett) – 5:48
3. "Rainy Night in Georgia" (Tony Joe White) – 3:56
4. "(Just an Old) Balalaika Love Song" – 3:46
5. "Reverend Lee" (Eugene McDaniels) – 3:00
6. "Turtle Bay" – 2:45
7. "In Memory of Elizabeth Reed" (Dickey Betts; arranged by William Eaton) – 3:36
8. "A Theme from "Cries And Whispers"" (Frédéric Chopin) – 3:24
9. "Do It Again" (Walter Becker, Donald Fagen) – 2:59
10. "Now I've Found a Lady (Soul Rachanga)" (arranged by Herbie Mann) – 3:36
11. "Happier Than the Morning Sun" (Stevie Wonder) – 2:59

* Recorded at Atlantic Recording Studios, NYC on December 20, 1971 (track 2), December 21, 1971 (track 3) and December 22, 1971 (tracks 1, 4 & 5) and at Regent Sound Studios, NYC on March 9, 1973 (tracks 6–11)

## Personnel

Technical * Jimmy Douglass – engineer
* Don Brautigam – cover illustration
* Joel Brodsky – photography
* Paula Bisacca – art direction, design

## InfoBox

| Turtle Bay | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Herbie Mann | |
| Released | 1973 |
| Recorded | December 20–22, 1971 and March 9, 1973 |
| Studio |  |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 42:19 |
| Label | Atlantic
SD 1642 |
| Producer | Arif Mardin, Herbie Mann |
| Herbie Mann chronology | |
| *Hold On, I'm Comin'*
(1972) ***Turtle Bay***
(1973) *London Underground*
(1973) | |


title: Two Ocean Glacier

abstract: Two Ocean Glacier is in Glacier National Park in the U.S. state of Montana. The glacier is situated on the west side Continental Divide below Vulture Peak at an average elevation of 8,400 feet (2,600 m) above sea level. As of 2005, Two Ocean Glacier consisted of numerous ice patches covering a total of 67 acres (0.27 km⁲) and is more than 35 percent smaller than it was in 1966.

text:
# Two Ocean Glacier

**Two Ocean Glacier** is in Glacier National Park in the U.S. state of Montana. The glacier is situated on the west side Continental Divide below Vulture Peak at an average elevation of 8,400 feet (2,600 m) above sea level. As of 2005, Two Ocean Glacier consisted of numerous ice patches covering a total of 67 acres (0.27 km2) and is more than 35 percent smaller than it was in 1966.

## InfoBox

| Two Ocean Glacier | |
| --- | --- |
| Two Ocean Glacier, 1913 | |
| Two Ocean GlacierLocation in Montana | |
| Type | Mountain glacier |
| Location | Glacier National Park, Flathead County, Montana, United States |
| Coordinates | 48°49′57″N 114°00′41″W / 48.83250°N 114.01139°W / 48.83250; -114.01139 |
| Area | Approximately 67 acres (0.27 km2) in total including numerous ice patches |
| Length | .20 mi (0.32 km) |
| Terminus | Talus |
| Status | Retreating |


title: Forking paths problem

abstract: The garden of forking paths is a problem in frequentist hypothesis testing through which researchers can unintentionally produce false positives for a tested hypothesis, through leaving themselves too many degrees of freedom. In contrast to fishing expeditions such as data dredging where only expected or apparently-significant results are published, this allows for a similar effect even when only one experiment is run, through a series of choices about how to implement methods and analyses, which are themselves informed by the data as it is observed and processed.

text:
# Forking paths problem

The **garden of forking paths** is a problem in frequentist hypothesis testing through which researchers can unintentionally produce false positives for a tested hypothesis, through leaving themselves too many degrees of freedom. In contrast to fishing expeditions such as data dredging where only expected or apparently-significant results are published, this allows for a similar effect even when only one experiment is run, through a series of choices about how to implement methods and analyses, which are themselves informed by the data as it is observed and processed.

## History

Exploring a forking decision-tree while analyzing data was at one point grouped with the multiple comparisons problem as an example of poor statistical method. However Gelman and Loken demonstrated that this can happen implicitly by researchers aware of best practices who only make a single comparison and only evaluate their data once.

The fallacy is believing an analysis to be free of multiple comparisons despite having had enough degrees of freedom in choosing the method, after seeing some or all of the data, to produce similarly-grounded false positives. Degrees of freedom can include choosing among main effects or interactions, methods for data exclusion, whether to combine different studies, and method of data analysis.

## Multiverse analysis

A multiverse analysis is an approach that acknowledges the multitude of analytical paths available when analyzing data. The concept is inspired by the metaphorical "garden of forking paths," which represents the multitude of potential analyses that could be conducted on a single dataset. In a multiverse analysis, researchers systematically vary their analytical choices to explore a range of possible outcomes from the same raw data. This involves altering variables such as data inclusion/exclusion criteria, variable transformations, outlier handling, statistical models, and hypothesis tests to generate a spectrum of results that could have been obtained given different analytic decisions.

The key benefits of a multiverse analysis include.

* Transparency. It makes the analytical process more transparent by openly discussing the impact of different analytic choices on the results.
* Robustness. By examining how conclusions vary across a range of analytical scenarios, researchers can assess the robustness of their findings. If a conclusion holds across many plausible analyses, it is considered more robust and less likely to be a product of arbitrary decision-making.
* Identifying Consequential Decisions. It helps identify which analytical decisions most strongly influence the outcomes, guiding researchers towards more informed methodological choices in future studies.

This approach is valuable in fields where research findings are sensitive to the methods of data analysis, such as psychology, neuroscience, economics, and social sciences. Multiverse analysis aims to mitigate issues related to reproducibility and replicability by revealing how different analytical choices can lead to different conclusions from the same dataset. Thus, it encourages a more nuanced understanding of data analysis, promoting integrity and credibility in scientific research.

Concepts that are closely related to multiverse analysis are specification-curve analysis and the assessment of vibration of effects.


title: Whitebred Shorthorn

abstract: Whitebred Shorthorn is a British type of beef cattle originating in north west England and south west Scotland. It is derived from Shorthorn cattle, but is always white, rather than being the range of colours found in other Shorthorns. It has not undergone the specialisation seen in other Shorthorns, and so it remains as a more traditional hardy and thrifty cattle type. This favours its use for conservation grazing of hill pastures, grazing rank grass species to maintain a diverse flora.

text:
# Whitebred Shorthorn

**Whitebred Shorthorn** is a British type of beef cattle originating in north west England and south west Scotland. It is derived from Shorthorn cattle, but is always white, rather than being the range of colours found in other Shorthorns. It has not undergone the specialisation seen in other Shorthorns (Beef Shorthorn and Dairy Shorthorn), and so it remains as a more traditional hardy and thrifty cattle type. This favours its use for conservation grazing of hill pastures, grazing rank grass species to maintain a diverse flora.

## Uses

The Whitebred Shorthorn was developed to provide white Shorthorn bulls for crossing with black Galloway cows. The offspring of this cross form a popular type, the Blue Grey, which has useful characteristics of both parents, and an intermediate blue roan colour. As this colour does not consistently breed true, Blue Greys are normally produced each generation from the parent breeds.

## Breed history

While the exact origin is unknown the breed came to be noticed in the late nineteenth century when it was known as the Cumberland White. At that time Mr David Hall of Larriston, Newcastleton, Roxburghshire, and Mr Andrew Park of Stelshaw, Bailey, Cumberland sold Blue-grey suckled calves at Newcastleton suckler sales. Numbers of Whitebred cattle, mainly bulls for cross breeding, increased after about 1900, until a separate day was needed at the Newcastleton auctions. The Whitebred Shorthorn Association was formed on 12 March 1962 by a meeting of almost 200 breeders. In the autumn of 1964 official breed society sales were held at Newcastleton and Bellingham and there was another successful Newcastleton sale in 1965. In that year the first sale of Whitebreds in Carlisle was held at Botchersgate Mart. Breed association sales continue to be held in Carlisle, in spring and autumn, although numbers sold are now in single figures.


title: Urushibara nickel

abstract: Urushibara nickel is a nickel-based hydrogenation catalyst. It is a heterogeneous catalyst, comparable to Raney nickel. Urushibara nickel is however not pyrophoric. For most hydrogenations, it performs comparably to W-7 grade Raney nickel.

text:
# Urushibara nickel

**Urushibara nickel** is a nickel-based hydrogenation catalyst. It is a heterogeneous catalyst, comparable to Raney nickel. Urushibara nickel is however not pyrophoric. For most hydrogenations, it performs comparably to W-7 grade Raney nickel.

## Preparation

Metallic nickel is precipitated by treating a solution of a nickel salt with an excess of zinc. This precipitated nickel contains relatively large amounts of zinc and zinc oxide. Then the catalyst is activated by digesting with either base or acid. There are different designations for differently prepared Urushibara nickel catalysts. The most common is U-Ni-A and U-Ni-B. U-Ni-A is prepared by digesting the precipitated nickel with an acid such as acetic acid. U-Ni-B is prepared by digesting with a base such as sodium hydroxide. After the digestion with acid most of the zinc and zinc oxide is dissolved from the catalyst, while after digestion with base it still contains considerable amounts of zinc and zinc oxide. It is also possible to precipitate the nickel using aluminium or magnesium.

## Variations

The cobalt\- or iron-based catalysts have also been developed, They are termed Urushibara cobalt and Urushibara iron. As a hydrogenation catalyst, Urushibara cobalt is used for nitrile reduction where it serves as a superior catalyst for the production of primary amines. Urushibara iron is limited as a catalyst due to its relatively low activity toward most functional groups, however; it does finds some use in the partial hydrogenation of alkynes to alkenes.

## History

The first of these catalysts were discovered by Yoshiyuki Urushibara in 1951, while doing research on the reduction of estrone to estradiol.