title: Tiabendazole

abstract: Tiabendazole, also known as thiabendazole or TBZ and the trade names Mintezol, Tresaderm, and Arbotect, is a preservative, an antifungal agent, and an antiparasitic agent.

text:
# Tiabendazole

**Tiabendazole** (INN, BAN), also known as **thiabendazole** (AAN, USAN) or **TBZ** and the trade names Mintezol, Tresaderm, and Arbotect, is a preservative, an antifungal agent, and an antiparasitic agent.

## Uses

### Preservative

Tiabendazole is used primarily to control mold, blight, and other fungal diseases in fruits (e.g. oranges) and vegetables; it is also used as a prophylactic treatment for Dutch elm disease.

Tiabendazole is also used as a food additive, a preservative with E number E233 (INS number 233). For example, it is applied to bananas to ensure freshness, and is a common ingredient in the waxes applied to the skins of citrus fruits. It is not approved as a food additive in the EU, Australia and New Zealand.

Use in treatment of aspergillosis has been reported.

It is also used in anti-fungal wallboards as a mixture with azoxystrobin.

### Parasiticide

As an antiparasitic, tiabendazole is able to control roundworms (such as those causing strongyloidiasis), hookworms, and other helminth species which infect wild animals, livestock, and humans. First approved for use in sheep in 1961 and horses in 1962, resistance to this drug was first found in *Haemonchus contortus* in 1964, and then in the two other major small ruminant nematode parasites, *Teladorsagia circumcincta* and *Trichostrongylus colubriformis.*

### Fungicide

Tiabendazole acts as a fungicide through binding fungal tubulin. Resistant *Aspergillus nidulans* specimens were found to have a mutation in the gene coding for β-tubulin, which was reversible by a mutation in the gene for α-tubulin. This showed that thiabendazole binds to both α- and β-tubulin.

This chemical is also used as a pesticide, including to treat Beech Leaf Disease.

### Other

In dogs and cats, tiabendazole is used to treat ear infections.

Tiabendazole is also a chelating agent, which means it is used medicinally to bind metals in cases of metal poisoning, such as lead, mercury, or antimony poisoning.

## Research

Genes responsible for the maintenance of cell walls in yeast have been shown to be responsible for angiogenesis in vertebrates. Tiabendazole serves to block angiogenesis in both frog embryos and human cells. It has also been shown to serve as a vascular disrupting agent to reduce newly established blood vessels. Tiabendazole has been shown to effectively do this in certain cancer cells.

## Pharmacodynamics

Tiabendazole works by inhibition of the mitochondrial, helminth-specific enzyme, fumarate reductase, with possible interaction with endogenous quinone.

## Safety

The substance appears to have a slight toxicity in higher doses, with effects such as liver and intestinal disorders at high exposure in test animals (just below LD50 level). Some reproductive disorders and decreasing weaning weight have been observed, also at high exposure. Effects on humans from use as a drug include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, diarrhea, dizziness, drowsiness, or headache; very rarely also ringing in the ears, vision changes, stomach pain, yellowing eyes and skin, dark urine, fever, fatigue, increased thirst and change in the amount of urine occur. Carcinogenic effects have been shown at higher doses.

## Synthesis

Intermediate aryl amidine (**2**) is prepared by aluminium trichloride-catalyzed addition of aniline to the nitrile of 4-cyanothiazole (**1**). The amidine (**2**) is then converted to its *N*-chloro derivative **3** with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Upon treatment with base, this undergoes a nitrene insertion reaction (**4**) to produce tiabendazole (**5**).

An alternative synthesis involves reacting 4-thiazolecarboxamide with *o*-phenylenediamine in polyphosphoric acid.

### Derivatives

A number of derivatives of tiabendazole are also pharmaceutical drugs, including albendazole, cambendazole, fenbendazole, oxfendazole, mebendazole, and flubendazole.

## InfoBox

Tiabendazole
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Clinical data | |
| Trade names | Mintezol, others |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | International Drug Names |
| Pregnancy
category | * AU: B3 |
| Routes of
administration | By mouth, topical |
| ATC code |  |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status | * AU: S4 (Prescription only) * In general: ℞ (Prescription only) |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | Сmax 1–2 hours (oral administration) |
| Metabolism | GI tract |
| Elimination half-life | 8 hours |
| Excretion | Urine (90%) |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * 4-(1*H*-1,3-Benzodiazol-2-yl)-1,3-thiazole | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| IUPHAR/BPS |  |
| DrugBank |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| KEGG |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| NIAID ChemDB |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.005.206 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C10H7N3S |
| Molar mass | 201.25 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| Density | 1.103 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 293 to 305 °C (559 to 581 °F) |
| SMILES * \[nH\]1c2ccccc2nc1c3cscn3 | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C10H7N3S/c1-2-4-8-7(3-1)12-10(13-8)9-5-14-6-11-9/h1-6H,(H,12,13) N * Key:WJCNZQLZVWNLKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N N | |
| NY (what is this?)  (verify) | |


title: Tiantangzhai

abstract: Tiāntángzhài is the second highest peak of the Dabie Mountains located on the border between Hubei and Anhui provinces in the People's Republic of China. Straddling Hubei's Luotian County and Huanggang City along with Jinzhai County in Anhui, the mountain rises to a height of 1,729.13 metres (5,673.0 ft) above sea level. It forms the watershed between the Huai and Yangtze Rivers and is also known as the "Number one pass in the southeastern Yangtze River region" (吴楚东南第一关). During the Tang and Song dynasties Tiantangzhai was known as "Yun Shan". In the Yuan and Ming dynasties it became "Duoyun Shan". The present name dates from the Qing dynasty.

text:
# Tiantangzhai

**Tiāntángzhài** (Chinese: 天堂寨) is the second highest peak of the Dabie Mountains located on the border between Hubei and Anhui provinces in the People's Republic of China. Straddling Hubei's Luotian County and Huanggang City along with Jinzhai County in Anhui, the mountain rises to a height of 1,729.13 metres (5,673.0 ft) above sea level. It forms the watershed between the Huai and Yangtze Rivers and is also known as the "Number one pass in the southeastern Yangtze River region" (吴楚东南第一关).

During the Tang and Song dynasties Tiantangzhai was known as "Yun Shan" (云山, *Cloud Mountain*). In the Yuan and Ming dynasties it became "Duoyun Shan" (多云山, *Mountain of Many Clouds*). The present name dates from the Qing dynasty.

## Tourism

There are three national forest parks in the vicinity of the mountain: Dabie Mountain National Forest Park in Luotian County, Tiantangtai National Forest Park in Jinzhai County, and Wujia Mountain National Forest Park in Yingshang County, Anhui Province.

In 1987, Tiantangzhai became a provincial level scenic area and in 1992 the State Forestry Administration approved the establishment of Tiantangtai International Forest Park. The Chinese State Council promoted the area to national scenic area in 1998. In August 2008, the Land & Resources Bureau approved the creation of Dabie Mountain State Geological Park (大别山国家地质公园). In 2007 the whole area became a National 4A Tourism Area.

## Flora and fauna

Tiantangzhai is home to more than 1,000 plant and animal species including many types of oak and cherry-apple trees as well as protected plants such as the Chinese plum yew and Chinese tulip tree. There are 18 rare animal species such as the leopard, small Indian civet, and Chinese giant salamander.

31°06′18″N 115°46′19″E / 31.10500°N 115.77194°E / 31.10500; 115.77194


title: Tiempo De Remixes

abstract: Tiempo De Remixes is a compilation of remixes by Cetu Javu released in 1994. It consists of 5 remixed tracks followed by the 5 tracks in their original form.

text:
# Tiempo De Remixes

***Tiempo De Remixes*** is a compilation of remixes by Cetu Javu released in 1994. It consists of 5 remixed tracks followed by the 5 tracks in their original form.

## Track listing

All songs written by Cetu Javu.

### CD: ModerMusic EP.1001M

1. "A Dónde" (Remix) – 5:30
2. "Una Mujer" (Remix) – 4:24
3. "Dáme Tu Mano" (Remix) – 4:23
4. "Por Que?" (Remix) – 5:02
5. "Tiempo" (Remix) – 4:59
6. "A Dónde" – 4:02
7. "Una Mujer" – 4:38
8. "Dáme Tu Mano" – 3:49
9. "Por Que?" – 4:10
10. "Tiempo" – 4:18

## Personnel

* Recorded and mixed at Hansa Tonstudios & Tritonus Studios
* Produced by Cetu Javu
* Mixed by Ivan Ten & Iñaki Marín (1–5)
* Remix by Xasqui Ten (1–5)
* Artwork by Toni Rubio

## InfoBox

| Tiempo De Remixes | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Cetu Javu | |
| Released | 1994 |
| Genre |  |
| Label | ModerMusic |
| Producer | Cetu Javu |
| Cetu Javu chronology | |
| *Where Is Where*
(1992) ***Tiempo De Remixes***
(1994) *Situations – The Very Best Of Cetu Javu*
(2009) | |


title: Tierra y Libertad (newspaper)

abstract: Tierra y Libertad is an anarchist periodical active in various incarnations. Initially published in Spain, it was later published in Mexico by Spanish exiles.

text:
# Tierra y Libertad (newspaper)

***Tierra y Libertad*** ('Land and Freedom') is an anarchist periodical active in various incarnations. Initially published in Spain, it was later published in Mexico by Spanish exiles.

## As an anarchist magazine

In 1888, a periodical named *Tierra y Libertad* started being published in Gracia by Sebastián Suñé on a biweekly basis, but its circulation was very low. Without apparent continuity with the previous newspaper, a periodical with the same name started being published again in Madrid, from May 20, 1899 firstly as a supplement to *La Revista Blanca* and two years later independently. It was directed by Federico Urales, González Solá and Saavedra in its first decade and editors included Rafael Urbano, Pahissa, Rodríguez Romero, Urales, Eliseo Reclus, Charles Malato and others. It was published on a weekly basis, although in 1903 it temporarily became daily.

It moved to Barcelona in 1906, where it was published quite continuously until 1919, when it was suppressed. It reappeared in 1923 but was suppressed again by the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera. In these years it was directed by Herreros, Cardenal, Basón and Soledad Gustavo and editors included Víctor García, Emilio Boal, Eduardo Gilimón, Federico Urales, Fernando Tarrida del Mármol, Anselmo Lorenzo, Fermín Salvochea and others.

## As an organ of FAI

*Tierra y Libertad* reappeared in 1930 in Valencia edited by the Federación Anarquista Ibérica (FAI). It was suspended and relaunched many times due to government persecution. In April 1931 it bore the subtitle *Órgano de la revolución social de España (Organ of the social revolution in Spain*). It contained various opinion articles, mostly on current affairs, as well as information on events and publications on libertarian issues. The magazine, like all anarchist publications, was self-managed by the FAI, refusing to receive subsidies from the State or institutions. In the 1930s it was one of the most widely read newspapers in Spain, with a circulation that reached 30,000 copies, the largest for a political press organ. Many anarchist thinkers and revolutionaries of the 20th century have written in it, including as Federica Montseny, Federico Urales, Piotr Kropotkin, Rudolf Rocker, Francisco Ascaso, Luigi Fabbri, Juan García Oliver, Max Nettlau, Melchor Rodríguez or Ramón Acín. Some of its directors were Alaiz, Juanel, Jacobo Maguid and Diego Abad de Santillán; Its administrators included Josep Peirats, Juanel and Ecorza.

It stopped coming out after the end of the Spanish Civil War (during the war it was published as a newspaper). Ramón Rufat started publishing it clandestinely from 1944 in Madrid and Barcelona.

Since its relaunch in Spain in 1977 (after the Francoist dictatorship) it is published in a monthly basis.

## In Mexico

Between 1944 and 1988 it was also edited and published in Mexico by exiled Spanish anarchists.


title: Tillandsia paucifolia

abstract: Tillandsia paucifolia, the potbelly airplant, is a species of bromeliad in the genus Tillandsia. This species is native to Central America, central and southern Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, the West Indies, and Florida. Tillandsia paucifolia can either grow singularly or in clusters and typically have five to ten leaves. The leaves of this species of Tillandsia are light green and silver-gray in color and are short with tapered ends. T. paucifolia have a large bulbous base which distinguishes them from other Tillandsias. The leaves of T. paucifolia are covered in trichomes, which are hair-like structures that increase the surface area on the leaves to maximize nutrient and water absorption from the air. The particular trichomes of the Tillandsia paucifolia are exceptionally sizable and copious.

text:
# Tillandsia paucifolia

***Tillandsia paucifolia***, the **potbelly airplant**, is a species of bromeliad in the genus *Tillandsia*. This species is native to Central America, central and southern Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, the West Indies, and Florida.

*Tillandsia paucifolia* can either grow singularly or in clusters and typically have five to ten leaves. The leaves of this species of *Tillandsia* are light green and silver-gray in color and are short with tapered ends. *T. paucifolia* have a large bulbous base which distinguishes them from other *Tillandsias*. The leaves of *T. paucifolia* are covered in trichomes, which are hair-like structures that increase the surface area on the leaves to maximize nutrient and water absorption from the air. The particular trichomes of the *Tillandsia paucifolia* are exceptionally sizable and copious.

## Reproduction

*Tillandsia paucifolia* are angiosperms with flowers that range from a pale pink to a lavender-blue color. Flowers of these epiphytes can be animal-pollinated. Animals such as bees, beetles, and hummingbirds are known to pollinate *T. paucifolia* diurnally (during the day) while there have been reports of moths and bats that pollinate nocturnally. As a reward to the animals that facilitate the pollination, these angiosperms will sometimes produce nectar. With increased visitation from animal pollinators, these epiphytes are more likely to receive more genetically varying pollen, leading to better quality seeds.

## Hosts

*Tillandsia paucifolia* are vascular epiphytes that lack traditional roots like other plants. Their roots serve primarily to secure themselves to the trees that they reside on. *T. paucifolia* found in southwest Florida mainly inhabit slash pine trees although they are not host-specific and can be seen growing on numerous other trees. Although *T. paucifolia* are not parasitic and only use their host trees as support, there can be adverse effects when present in large numbers and in certain parts of the trees. Heavily infested host trees can undergo states of nutritional stress caused by these epiphytes (Benzing 1978). When present in large numbers, *T. paucifolia* can also cause limb breakage and excess shade on their host trees.

## Cultivars

* *Tillandsia* 'Aleta'
* *Tillandsia* 'Ask Harry'
* *Tillandsia* 'Asombroso'
* *Tillandsia* 'Diana'
* *Tillandsia* 'Frolic'
* *Tillandsia* 'Humbug'

## InfoBox

| *Tillandsia paucifolia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Tillandsia paucifolia*
on a slash pine tree in
Fort Myers, Florida | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Tillandsia* |
| Subgenus: | *Tillandsia* subg. *Tillandsia* |
| Species: | ***T. paucifolia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tillandsia paucifolia***
Baker | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Tillandsia bracteosa* Klotzsch ex Beer
*Tillandsia bracteosa* Klotzsch ex Baker
*Tillandsia yucatana* Baker
*Vriesea bracteosa* Beer | |


title: Tigre Noir Ruyigi

abstract: Tigre Noir Football Club is a football club based in Bujumbura, Burundi. The men's team plays in the Burundi Ligue A.

text:
# Tigre Noir Ruyigi

**Tigre Noir Football Club** is a football club based in Bujumbura, Burundi. The men's team plays in the Burundi Ligue A.

## Colours and badge

Tigre Noir FC's colors are black and white.

The Tigre Noir FC badge has the words, "Force, Determination, Success" an image of a flaming tiger,a football, and the club's date of inception.

## Stadium

Tigre Noir FC plays their home matches at Prince Louis Rwagasore Stadium. The stadium has a capacity of 10,000. It is renamed on 1 July 2019 after former Burundian prime minister and independence hero, Louis Rwagasore. It was formerly known as Stade Intwari.

## Squad

*As of 24 October 2022*

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  25 GK  BDI Jean Marie Harerimana  11 GK  BDI Ulimwengu Hakizimana  15 GK  BDI Samir Bukuru  24 DF  BDI Sostene Ndayikengurukiye  27 DF  BDI Kevin Icoyitungiye  80 DF  BDI Abdi Ineza  17 DF  BDI Miradji Gaturo  21 DF  BDI Ibrahim Bayisenge  19 DF  BDI Elvis Kadashira  23 DF  BDI Saleh Aslam | No. Pos. Nation Player  3 MF  BDI Karim Kamana  20 MF  BDI Fleury Baritonda  18 MF  BDI Pacifique Habonimana  8 MF  BDI Keita Bukuru  7 MF  BDI Elyssa Niyonsaba  4 MF  BDI Arnaud Niyomukiza  9 MF  BDI Adelard Igiraneza  10 FW  BDI Jean Marie Iradukunda  1 FW  BDI Aboubakar Bayisenge  7 FW  BDI Guy Ishimwe |
| --- | --- |

## Management and staff

Management and staff as of 12 August 2022
| Position | Name |
| --- | --- |
| Head Coach | Janvier Irakoze |
| Assistant coach | Vincent Masabo |
| Manager | Hodin Oleksin |
| Team Doctor | Eppaphrodite Ndayegamiye |
| Goalkeeper Coach | Jean Berchimas Nimpagaritse |
| Kit Manager | Vincent Masabo |
|

## InfoBox

Tigre Noir FC
| Full name | Tigre Noir FC Ruyigi |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | *The Warriors* |
| Ground | Prince Louis Rwagasore Stadium |
| Capacity | 10,000 |
| Manager | Hodin Oleksii |
| League | Second Division (II) |
| 2023–2024 | Burundi Premier League, 15th |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Tigre District

abstract: Tigre District is one of five districts of the province Loreto in Peru.

text:
# Tigre District

**Tigre District** is one of five districts of the province Loreto in Peru.

## Places of interest

3°31′45″S 74°43′48″W / 3.5292°S 74.7300°W / -3.5292; -74.7300

## InfoBox

| Tigre | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| Country | Peru |
| Region | Loreto |
| Province | Loreto |
| Founded | July 2, 1943 |
| Capital | Intutu |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Valentin Yaicate Pizango |
| Area | |
| Total | 19,785.7 km2 (7,639.3 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 125 m (410 ft) |
| Population (2005 census) | |
| Total | 7,616 |
| Density | 0.38/km2 (1.00/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (PET) |
| UBIGEO | 160303 |


title: Tim Teitelbaum

abstract: (Ray) Tim Teitelbaum is an American computer scientist known for his early work on integrated development environments (IDEs), syntax-directed editing, and incremental computation. He is Professor Emeritus at Cornell University. As an educator and faculty member of the Cornell University Computer Science Department since 1973, he was recognized for his large-scale teaching of introductory programming, and for his mentoring of highly successful graduate students. As a businessman, he is known for having co-founded GrammaTech, Inc. and for having been its sole CEO from 1988 to 2019.

text:
# Tim Teitelbaum

**(Ray) Tim Teitelbaum** (born April 12, 1943, United States) is an American computer scientist known for his early work on integrated development environments (IDEs), syntax-directed editing, and incremental computation. He is Professor Emeritus at Cornell University. As an educator and faculty member of the Cornell University Computer Science Department since 1973, he was recognized for his large-scale teaching of introductory programming, and for his mentoring of highly successful graduate students. As a businessman, he is known for having co-founded GrammaTech, Inc. and for having been its sole CEO from 1988 to 2019.

## Education

Teitelbaum was educated at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Carnegie Mellon University.

## Career and research

In 1978, Teitelbaum created the Cornell Program Synthesizer, one of the seminal systems that demonstrated the power of tightly integrating a collection of program development tools, all deeply knowledgeable about a programming language and its semantics, into one unified framework. The Cornell Program Synthesizer used PL/CS, a variant of the PL/C language dialect developed at Cornell. Teitelbaum's more than 45 lectures and demonstrations of this early IDE during 1979–82, as well as the credo of his 1981 paper co-authored with graduate student Thomas Reps, asserted:

> Programs are not text; they are hierarchical compositions of computational structures and should be edited, executed, and debugged in an environment that consistently acknowledges and reinforces this viewpoint.

This was followed in 1984 by the Synthesizer Generator, also done in collaboration with Reps, which allowed a Program Synthesizer to be generated for different programming languages based on supplying attribute grammars.

Motivated by the importance of immediate feedback in interactive systems such as IDEs, Teitelbaum's research in the 1980s and 1990s focused on the problem of incremental computation:

> Given a program P written in language L, and the result of executing P on input x, how can one efficiently determine the result of running P on input x′, where the difference between x and x′ is some small increment x′-x.

In a body of work with his graduate students, Teitelbaum investigated this problem for a range of languages L that included attribute grammars, SQL, first-order functional languages, and the lambda calculus. In addition to incremental evaluation methods, the work also included program transformation methods, i.e., the automatic derivation from P of an incremental program P′, where executing P′ on previous result P(x), increment x′-x, and auxiliary information retained from previous executions, efficiently performs the same computation as executing P on input x′.

Teitelbaum's work at GrammaTech aimed at the design and implementation of tools that assist in making software safer and more secure. Techniques include static program analysis and dynamic program analysis of both source code and machine code.

### Awards and honors

Teitelbaum was co-recipient of the Association for Computing Machinery SIGSOFT Retrospective Impact Paper Award (2010) for his 1984 paper co-authored with Thomas Reps on the Synthesizer Generator.

## InfoBox

| Tim Teitelbaum | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Ray Teitelbaum
(1943-04-12) April 12, 1943 |
| Alma mater | Massachusetts Institute of Technology (SB)
Carnegie Mellon University (PhD) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | Cornell University (1973-present)
GrammaTech (1988-2019)
Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (INRIA) in Rocquencourt, France (1982-83) |
| Thesis | *Minimum Distance Analysis of Syntax Errors in Computer Programs* (1975) |
| Doctoral advisor | Nico Habermann |
| Doctoral students | Thomas W. Reps
Susan B. Horwitz
Bill Pugh
Yanhong Annie Liu |
|  | |
| Website | www.cs.cornell.edu/info/people/tt/tim\_teitelbaum.html |


title: Tim Temple

abstract: Timothy Temple is an American politician from Louisiana. He has served as the Louisiana Insurance Commissioner since January 2024. Temple graduated from DeRidder High School in DeRidder, Louisiana, and Southern Methodist University. After graduating, he became an insurance agent. He became the president of Temptan, a family-owned company. In 2019, Temple ran against Jim Donelon for Louisiana Insurance Commissioner in the 2019 election. Donelon won reelection. Temple ran again in the 2023 election. Donelon opted not to run for reelection and Temple's only challenger dropped out of the race in August. Temple recommended a package of bills that loosened regulations on insurance companies, including tort reform, that passed the Louisiana Legislature and was signed into law by Governor Jeff Landry. Temple and his wife, Amy, have two children and live in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

text:
# Tim Temple

**Timothy Temple** (born 1969 or 1970) is an American politician from Louisiana. He has served as the Louisiana Insurance Commissioner since January 2024.

Temple graduated from DeRidder High School in DeRidder, Louisiana, and Southern Methodist University. After graduating, he became an insurance agent. He became the president of Temptan, a family-owned company.

In 2019, Temple ran against Jim Donelon for Louisiana Insurance Commissioner in the 2019 election. Donelon won reelection. Temple ran again in the 2023 election. Donelon opted not to run for reelection and Temple's only challenger dropped out of the race in August.

Temple recommended a package of bills that loosened regulations on insurance companies, including tort reform, that passed the Louisiana Legislature and was signed into law by Governor Jeff Landry.

Temple and his wife, Amy, have two children and live in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

## InfoBox

| Tim Temple | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Louisiana Insurance Commissioner | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office** <br>January 8, 2024 | |
| Governor | Jeff Landry |
| Preceded by | Jim Donelon |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1969 or 1970 (age 54–55) |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Amy |
| Children | 2 |
| Education | Southern Methodist University |
|  | |


title: Tiglic acid

abstract: Tiglic acid is a monocarboxylic unsaturated organic acid. It is found in croton oil and in several other natural products. It has also been also isolated from the defensive secretion of certain beetles.

text:
# Tiglic acid

**Tiglic acid** is a monocarboxylic unsaturated organic acid. It is found in croton oil and in several other natural products. It has also been also isolated from the defensive secretion of certain beetles.

## Properties and uses

Tiglic acid has a double bond between the second and third carbons of the chain. Tiglic acid and angelic acid form a pair of *cis-trans* isomers. Tiglic acid is a volatile and crystallizable substance with a sweet, warm, spicy odour. It is used in making perfumes and flavoring agents. The salts and esters of tiglic acid are called **tiglates**.

## Toxicity

Tiglic acid is a skin and eye irritant. The inhalation of the substance causes respiratory tract irritation. It is listed on the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA).

## Names and discovery

In 1819 Pelletier and Caventou isolated a peculiar volatile and crystallizable acid from the seeds of *Schoenocaulon officinalis*, a Mexican plant of family Melanthaceae (also called cevadilla or sabadilla). Consequently, the substance was named *sabadillic* or *cevadic acid*. In 1865 it was found to be identical with B. F. Duppa and Edward Frankland's methyl-crotonic acid. In 1870 Geuther and Fröhlich prepared an acid from croton oil to which they gave the name *tiglic acid* (or *tiglinic* acid) after *Croton tiglium* (Linn.), specific name of the croton oil plant. The compound was shown to be identical with the previously described methyl-crotonic acid.

## InfoBox

Tiglic acid
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name (2*E*)-2-Methylbut-2-enoic acid | |
| Other names (*E*)-2-Methylbut-2-enoic acid
Cevadic acid
Sabadillic acid
Tiglinic acid | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChEBI |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.001.178 |
| IUPHAR/BPS |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C5H8O2/c1-3-4(2)5(6)7/h3H,1-2H3,(H,6,7)/b4-3+ NKey: UIERETOOQGIECD-ONEGZZNKSA-N N * InChI=1/C5H8O2/c1-3-4(2)5(6)7/h3H,1-2H3,(H,6,7)/b4-3+Key: UIERETOOQGIECD-ONEGZZNKBL | |
| SMILES * O=C(O)/C(=C/C)C | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C5H8O2 |
| Molar mass | 100.116 g/mol |
| Density | 0.9641 g/cm3 (76 °C) |
| Melting point | 63.5 to 64 °C (146.3 to 147.2 °F; 336.6 to 337.1 K) |
| Boiling point | 198.5 °C (389.3 °F; 471.6 K) |
| Acidity (p*K*a) | 4.96 |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Tim Corcoran (first baseman)

abstract: Timothy Michael Corcoran is an American former baseball player who played nine years in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1977 to 1986, principally as a first baseman and right fielder. He played for the Detroit Tigers (1977–1980), Minnesota Twins (1981), Philadelphia Phillies (1983–1985), and New York Mets (1986). Over the course of his 9-year big league career, Corcoran played at first base, outfield, and designated hitter.

text:
# Tim Corcoran (first baseman)

**Timothy Michael Corcoran** (born March 19, 1953) is an American former baseball player who played nine years in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1977 to 1986, principally as a first baseman and right fielder. He played for the Detroit Tigers (19771980), Minnesota Twins (1981), Philadelphia Phillies (19831985), and New York Mets (1986).

Over the course of his 9-year big league career, Corcoran played at first base (183 games), outfield (174 games), and designated hitter (14 games).

## Early years

Corcoran was born in Glendale, California, in 1953. He graduated from Northview High School in Covina, California, and then Mount San Antonio College and California State University, Los Angeles.

## Professional baseball

### Minor leagues

Corcoran was overlooked in the amateur draft and signed with the Detroit Tigers in June 1974 as a free agent. He spent several years in the Tigers' minor league organization, playing for the Lakeland Tigers (1974), Bristol Tigers (1974), Montgomery Rebels (1975-1976), and Evansville Triplets (1977). He compiled a .346 batting average at Evansville early in the 1977 season and was promoted to the Tigers in May 1977.

### Detroit Tigers

Corcoran made his major league debut with the Tigers on May 18, 1977. He appeared in 55 games for the Tigers in 1977, including 16 games as a starter in the outfield, and compiled a .282 batting average.

In 1978, he appeared in a career-high 116 games, including 85 games as the Tigers' starting right fielder. He compiled a .265 batting average and a .322 on-base percentage.

Corcoran returned to the minor leagues in 1979, appearing in 87 games for Evansville where he had a .338 batting average and 50 RBIs.

Corcoran returned to the Tigers in 1980. He appeared in 84 games for the 1980 Tigers, posting a .288 batting average, .379 on-base percentage, and .405 slugging percentage.

### Minnesota Twins

In September 1981, Corcoran was sent to the Minnesota Twins as part of an earlier that sent Ron Jackson to the Tigers. Corcoran appeared in 22 games for Minnesota at the end of the 1981 season. He was released by the Twins in March 1982.

### Philadelphia Phillies

Corcoran signed as a free agent with the Philadelphia Phillies in April 1982. He spent the 1982 season and most of the 1983 season in the Phillies' minor league organization. He appeared in 120 games for Oklahoma City in 1982 and 128 games for Portland in 1983. He compiled a .311 batting average and had 93 RBIs in helping Portland win the 1983 Pacific Coast League championship.

In 1984, Corcoran made the Phillies' lineup, appearing in 102 games, including 34 starts at first base and 16 in the outfield. He compiled a .341 batting average and a .440 on-base percentage in 1984. He remained with the Phillies in 1985, appearing in 103 games (including 59 games at first base), but his batting average dropped 127 points to .214. He was released by the Phillies in December 1985. Corcoran said of his release by the Phillies: "It was a heck of a Christmas present. They told me they needed a roster spot. And I'd just gone out and bought a new truck and a house. It was a shock."

### New York Mets

In March 1986, Corcoran signed as a free agent with the New York Mets. He appeared in only six games with the Mets. He appeared in his final major league game on June 9, 1986, after which he was released.

### Career totals

Corcoran’s career MLB statistical totals include 509 games played, a career batting average of .270, and a .349 on-base percentage. Additionally, he complied 373 total bases, 283 hits, 120 runs scored, 128 runs batted in (RBI), 46 doubles, and 12 home runs.

## Later years

Corcoran was hired as a scout by the Anaheim Angels in 2000. He was assigned to the "Angels Elite" program in 2002.

## InfoBox

| Tim Corcoran | |
| --- | --- |
| Corcoran in 1986 | |
| **First baseman / Outfielder** | |
| **Born:**  (1953-03-19) March 19, 1953<br>Glendale, California, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Left**Threw:** Left | |
| MLB debut | |
| May 18, 1977, for the Detroit Tigers | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| June 6, 1986, for the New York Mets | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .270 |
| Home runs | 12 |
| Runs batted in | 128 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Till There Was You (1990 film)

abstract: Till There Was You is a 1990 Australian film directed by John Seale, written by Michael Thomas, and starring Mark Harmon, Martin Garner, Gregory T. Daniel, and Deborah Kara Unger. The film was shot on location in the South Pacific island nation of Vanuatu. The film's title is taken from the song "Till There Was You", written by Meredith Willson for his 1957 musical play The Music Man. Australian pop singer Kate Ceberano performed the song on the movie's soundtrack.

text:
# Till There Was You (1990 film)

***Till There Was You*** is a 1990 Australian film directed by John Seale, written by Michael Thomas, and starring Mark Harmon, Martin Garner, Gregory T. Daniel, and Deborah Kara Unger. The film was shot on location in the South Pacific island nation of Vanuatu.

The film's title is taken from the song "Till There Was You", written by Meredith Willson for his 1957 musical play *The Music Man*. Australian pop singer Kate Ceberano performed the song on the movie's soundtrack.

## Plot

Frank Flynn is summonsed from New York City to Vanuatu by his brother Charlie. He arrives only to find Charlie dead, and becomes involved with his late brother's partner, Viv, and Viv's unhappy wife, Anna.

## Cast

## Production

According to producer Jim McElroy, the aim of the movie was to make an adventure film in the style of *Elephant Walk* (1954) or *To Have and Have Not* (1944). It marked the directorial debut of highly regarded cinematographer John Seale. Dennis Quaid was originally rumoured to play the lead.

Half the budget was provided by the FFC, whose contribution amounted to $6,326,711.

The film was shot from 6 November 1989 to 19 January 1990.

## InfoBox

| Till There Was You | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | John Seale |
| Written by | Michael Thomas |
| Produced by | Hal and Jim McElroy |
| Starring | Mark Harmon
Deborah Unger
Jeroen Krabbe
Shane Briant |
| Cinematography | Geoffrey Simpson |
| Edited by | Jill Bilcock |
| Music by | Graeme Revell |
| Production
company | Ayer Productions |
| Distributed by | CIC (video) |
| Release date | * 1990 (1990) |
| Running time | 90 minutes |
| Countries | Australia
United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | A$13 million |


title: Tilt (American TV series)

abstract: Tilt is an American drama television series set against the backdrop of the (fictional) World Championship of Poker tournament in Las Vegas, and with the tagline "You're playing poker. They're playing you." The series first aired on January 13, 2005, and is the second original drama series from ESPN, following Playmakers. It was created by Brian Koppelman and David Levien, who co-wrote the poker-themed feature film Rounders. The series title refers to being "on tilt", which is poker jargon for letting frustration or other emotional stress interfere with one's poker-playing judgment. While that term is applicable to any form of poker, only one form of the game—no-limit Texas hold'em—is featured in the series. This was presumably meant to capitalize on the growing popularity of no-limit hold'em in the mid-2000s (decade), which was due in part to ESPN's own coverage of the annual World Series of Poker (WSOP), the event upon which the "World Championship of Poker" (WCOP) depicted in Tilt is presumably based. Tilt is a nine-episode mini-series and was not renewed beyond that. A DVD set of the entire nine-episode run of the series was released on June 14, 2005, about three months after "The Last Hand" ran on ESPN.

text:
# Tilt (American TV series)

***Tilt*** is an American drama television series set against the backdrop of the (fictional) World Championship of Poker tournament in Las Vegas, and with the tagline "You're playing poker. They're playing you." The series first aired on January 13, 2005, and is the second original drama series from ESPN, following *Playmakers*. It was created by Brian Koppelman and David Levien, who co-wrote the poker-themed feature film *Rounders*.

The series title refers to being "on tilt", which is poker jargon for letting frustration or other emotional stress interfere with one's poker-playing judgment. While that term is applicable to any form of poker, only one form of the gameno-limit Texas hold'emis featured in the series. This was presumably meant to capitalize on the growing popularity of no-limit hold'em in the mid-2000s (decade), which was due in part to ESPN's own coverage of the annual World Series of Poker (WSOP), the event upon which the "World Championship of Poker" (WCOP) depicted in *Tilt* is presumably based.

*Tilt* is a nine-episode mini-series and was not renewed beyond that. A DVD set of the entire nine-episode run of the series was released on June 14, 2005, about three months after "The Last Hand" ran on ESPN.

## Plot

Most of the series takes place within the confines of the fictitious Colorado Casino in Las Vegas. There, a group of professional poker players has banded together to take down legendary gambler Don "The Matador" Everest (Michael Madsen) in a cash game. Each player has his own reason for wanting to hurt Everest, including a cop, Lee Nickel (Chris Bauer), who wants to see him in prison for killing Nickel's brother.

Everest, as it turns out, is a sophisticated poker cheat. His preferred cheating method is collusion with hired partners (Everest calls them his "horses") at the same table, who signal their hole cards to Everest by flashing subtle hand signs. Toward the end of the series, during the "World Championship of Poker" tournament, Everest's horses also help him advance in the tournament by accumulating chips during their own play, then "dumping" them to Everest by intentionally losing to him and passing them during breaks. Everest runs his cheating racket in much the same manner as a Mafia boss, treating his loyal partners lavishly but also coming down brutally on those who violate his trust (up to and including murder, thus giving his "Matador" nickname a whole new literal meaning), and bribing Colorado Casino officials and even local law enforcement to turn a blind eye toward his illegal activities.

One member of the group arrayed against Everest, Eddie Towne (Eddie Cibrian), manages to gain the Matador's trust and is offered a role as one of his horses. This enables Towne to learn firsthand how Everest operates, and eventually to set up a high-stakes game involving himself, his partners and Everest, in which he and his partners plan to use the Matador's own signaling system against him. Unfortunately for them, they learn the hard way that Everest was onto them from the beginning. Towne is brutally cast out of Everest's stable, and his partners are forced to abandon their stake money to Everest (as the price for not having charges pressed against them for their own attempt at cheating).

No longer able to break Everest at the poker table, Towne's group decides to take a different approach: Join forces with Nickel to try and turn Everest's associates against him. Nickel has also gained another ally: erstwhile Colorado Casino President Bart "Lowball" Rogers, recently ousted for crossing Everest one too many times. Lowball stakes Towne and his partners the $10,000 buy-in for the WCOP tournament, so that they can keep Everest preoccupied while he and Nickel put the heat on his henchmen.

Meanwhile, one of Towne's partners, Clark Marcellin (Todd Williams), brings Everest's cheating racket and attendant murders to the attention of an undercover FBI agent. In between WCOP playing sessions, Towne and his partners help the agent build a federal case against Everest. Ultimately Everest and Towne become the last two players left in the WCOP tournament. Towne wins the heads-up battle, only to learn later that Everest had deliberately thrown the hand—and had his daughter bet enough money on Towne to more than cover the prize difference between first and second place. Everest is then arrested by the FBI, but in the closing moments of the final episode a key witness against Everest is found hanged in a shower tub, as an apparent suicide.

## Cast

### Cameos

The series featured cameo appearances by a few real-life poker personalities, all portraying themselves:

Mike Golic and Mike Greenberg (ESPN morning talk show hosts on *Mike and Mike in the Morning*) appeared. Golic played one of the poker players in the tournament. He can be seen at the buffet table eating a donut during one of the tournament breaks. Greenberg played as a bartender when Clark Marcellin (Todd Williams) went to a bar after the loss of his job.

## Production

Filming took place primarily in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, although scenes were shot in Las Vegas in December 2004.

## Episodes

| No. | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "The Game" | Brian Koppelman & David Levien | Brian Koppelman & David Levien | January 13, 2005 (2005-01-13) |
| 2 | "Risk Tolerance" | T. J. Scott | Roberto Benabib, Brian Koppelman & David Levien | January 20, 2005 (2005-01-20) |
| 3 | "The Whale" | Jeremiah S. Chechik | Nick Kendrick, Brian Koppelman & David Levien | January 27, 2005 (2005-01-27) |
| 4 | "The Aftermath" | T. J. Scott | Lawrence Block | February 10, 2005 (2005-02-10) |
| 5 | "Rivered" | Michael DeCarlo | Lawrence Block, Brian Koppelman, & David Levien | February 17, 2005 (2005-02-17) |
| 6 | "Gentleman Jim" | T. J. Scott | Thomas Kelly | February 24, 2005 (2005-02-24) |
| 7 | "Shuffle Up And Deal" | John Dahl | Willie Reale | March 3, 2005 (2005-03-03) |
| 8 | "Nobody Ever Listens" | Jeremiah S. Chechik | Rafael Álvarez | March 10, 2005 (2005-03-10) |
| 9 | "The Last Hand" | T. J. Scott | John Dahl | March 13, 2005 (2005-03-13) |

## InfoBox

| *Tilt* | |
| --- | --- |
| Created by | Brian Koppelman
David Levien |
| Starring | Chris Bauer
Eddie Cibrian
Kristin Lehman
Todd Williams
Michael Madsen
Michael Murphy |
| Composer | Lou Natale |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 9 |
| Production | |
| Running time | 60 minutes
(with commercials) |
| Production companies | Koppelman/Levien
Orly Adelson Productions
Whizbang Films |
| Original release | |
| Network | ESPN |
| Release | January 13 (2005-01-13)
March 13, 2005 (2005-03-13) |


title: Warren E. Tilson

abstract: Warren Edward "Tex" Tilson was an American college football player and coach for the Washington and Lee Generals. He was the brother of Sumner D. Tilson. He was captain of the 1924 football team, and also wrestled. As a coach, he led 1934 Washington and Lee Generals football team to the Southern Conference championship. Tilson also founded the Rockbridge fox hunt.

text:
# Warren E. Tilson

**Warren Edward "Tex" Tilson** (June 8, 1902 –March 3, 1984) was an American college football player and coach for the Washington and Lee Generals. He was the brother of Sumner D. Tilson. He was captain of the 1924 football team, and also wrestled. As a coach, he led 1934 Washington and Lee Generals football team to the Southern Conference championship. Tilson also founded the Rockbridge fox hunt.

## Head coaching record

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Bowl/playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Washington and Lee Generals** *(Southern Conference)* (1933–1940) | | | | | | | | |
| 1933 | Washington and Lee | 4–4–2 | 1–1–1 | T–5th |  |
| 1934 | Washington and Lee | 7–3 | 4–0 | 1st |  |
| 1935 | Washington and Lee | 3–4–1 | 1–3–1 | 7th |  |
| 1936 | Washington and Lee | 4–5 | 2–2 | T–8th |  |
| 1937 | Washington and Lee | 4–5 | 2–3 | T–8th |  |
| 1938 | Washington and Lee | 4–4–1 | 2–2 | 6th |  |
| 1939 | Washington and Lee | 3–4–1 | 1–2 | 10th |  |
| 1940 | Washington and Lee | 2–7–1 | 1–1–1 | 9th |  |
| **Washington and Lee:** | | 31–36–6 | 14–14–3 |  | | | | |
| **Total:** | | 31–36–6 |  | | | | | | |
| National championship         Conference title         Conference division title or championship game berth | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

Warren E. Tilson
| Biographical details | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1902-06-08)June 8, 1902
Motley County, Texas, U.S. |
| Died | March 3, 1984(1984-03-03) (aged 81)
Albemarle County, Virginia, U.S. |
| Playing career | |
| 1922–1925 | Washington and Lee |
|  | |
| Position(s) | Tackle |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| 1926–1931 | Duke (line) |
| 1932 | Washington and Lee (assistant) |
| 1933–1940 | Washington and Lee |
|  | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 31–36–6 |
| Accomplishments and honors | |
| Championships | |
| 1 SoCon (1934) | |
|  | |
|  | |


abstract: The Students' Educational and Cultural Movement of Ladakh is an Indian non-governmental organisation based in Leh, Ladakh, India.

text:
# Students' Educational and Cultural Movement of Ladakh

The **Students' Educational and Cultural Movement of Ladakh** is an Indian non-governmental organisation based in Leh, Ladakh, India.

## History

The Students' Educational and Cultural Movement of Ladakh (SECMOL) is an organisation founded in 2017 aimed at reforming the educational system of Ladakh, by a group of young Ladakhis returning from university who understood the problems of the younger generation with modern education, their lack of focus and the cultural confusion. Their activities include working to reform the government school system, helping village students in their education, awakening youth to the problems stemming from inappropriate and insensitive schooling, producing related videos and radio programmes, and designing and building solar-heated eco-friendly buildings.

## Phey campus

SECMOL Campus is located near the village of Phey in the Indus valley 18 km from Leh. It was developed between 1994 and 1999 and was inaugurated in 1998 by the Dalai Lama.

Built using simple, low-cost traditional techniques, the campus now comprises three residential houses, 20 small "cell rooms" and a large school building, all solar heated. Part of SECMOL's work is to develop techniques that use alternative energy sources. Ladakh has over 300 sunny days per year and the sun is therefore a reliable source of energy and an alternative to fossil fuels. The campus is home to about 70 students and a few staff and volunteers, who live, work and study there. The campus is maintained, and to a large degree run, by the students themselves on a democratic basis.

## Notable alumni and staff

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

Students' Educational and Cultural Movement of Ladakh (SECMOL)
| Company type | Non-governmental organisation |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1988 |
| Founder | Sonam Wangchuk |
| Headquarters | Leh, Ladakh, India |
| Website | www.secmol.org |


title: Photonectes

abstract: Photonectes is a genus of fish in the family Stomiidae found in Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean.

text:
# Photonectes

***Photonectes*** is a genus of fish in the family Stomiidae found in Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean.

## Species

There are currently 23 recognized species in this genus:

## InfoBox

| *Photonectes* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Photonectes gracilis* | |
|  | |
| *Photonectes margarita* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Stomiiformes |
| Family: | Stomiidae |
| Subfamily: | Melanostomiinae |
| Genus: | *Photonectes*<br>Günther, 1887 |
|


title: Moliendo Vidrio

abstract: Moliendo Vidrio is a Nueva Trova band from Puerto Rico, founded in 1975. Band members included Gary Núñez, Sunshine Logroño, Rosita Velázquez, Iván Martínez, Pedro Villalón and Carmen Nydia Velázquez, among many others. Moliendo Vidrio's repertoire has been sung by generations and it has become part of the Puerto Rican folklore.

text:
# Moliendo Vidrio

**Moliendo Vidrio** (originally called **Moliendo Vidrio con el Pecho**) is a Nueva Trova band from Puerto Rico, founded in 1975.

Band members included Gary Núñez, Sunshine Logroño, Rosita Velázquez, Iván Martínez, Pedro Villalón and Carmen Nydia Velázquez, among many others. Moliendo Vidrio's repertoire has been sung by generations and it has become part of the Puerto Rican folklore.

## Band history

### Un Junte para la Historia

In November 1998, the band reunited for a concert with Puerto Rican bands Fiel a la Vega and Haciendo Punto en Otro Son. During the concert, the bands alternated sets performing the hit songs of each other, ending with a huge "junte" of all of the musicians singing several songs of each band. The concert was recorded and released later as an album titled *Un Junte para la Historia*.

## InfoBox

| Moliendo Vidrio | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Puerto Rico |
| Genres | Nueva trova |
| Years active | 1975present |
|  | |
| Past members | Gary Núñez
Sunshine Logroño
Rosita Velázquez
Iván Martínez
Pedro Villalón |


title: The True Cost

abstract: The True Cost is a 2015 documentary film directed by Andrew Morgan that focuses on fast fashion. It discusses several aspects of the garment industry from production—mainly exploring the life of low-wage workers in developing countries—to its after-effects such as river and soil pollution, pesticide contamination, disease and death. Using an approach that looks at environmental, social and psychological aspects, it also examines consumerism and mass media, ultimately linking them to global capitalism. The documentary is a collage of several interviews with environmentalists, garment workers, factory owners, and people organizing fair trade companies or promoting sustainable clothing production. Morgan's attention was drawn to the topic after the 2013 Savar building collapse when a commercial building in Bangladesh named Rana Plaza toppled and killed over a thousand workers. Starting the project in October of that year, he traveled to thirteen countries to collect information and conduct interviews. The film was funded by Kickstarter and premiered as a side screening during the 2015 Cannes Film Festival in May 2015 before its release in select American and British theaters later that month. Critics have been both positive and dismissive, with reviews ranging from "vitally important documentary" to "vague liberal agitprop".

text:
# The True Cost

***The True Cost*** is a 2015 documentary film directed by Andrew Morgan that focuses on fast fashion. It discusses several aspects of the garment industry from production—mainly exploring the life of low-wage workers in developing countries—to its after-effects such as river and soil pollution, pesticide contamination, disease and death. Using an approach that looks at environmental, social and psychological aspects, it also examines consumerism and mass media, ultimately linking them to global capitalism. The documentary is a collage of several interviews with environmentalists, garment workers, factory owners, and people organizing fair trade companies or promoting sustainable clothing production.

Morgan's attention was drawn to the topic after the 2013 Savar building collapse when a commercial building in Bangladesh named Rana Plaza toppled and killed over a thousand workers. Starting the project in October of that year, he traveled to thirteen countries to collect information and conduct interviews. The film was funded by Kickstarter and premiered as a side screening during the 2015 Cannes Film Festival in May 2015 before its release in select American and British theaters later that month. Critics have been both positive and dismissive, with reviews ranging from "vitally important documentary" to "vague liberal agitprop".

## Content

In *The True Cost*, Morgan examines the garment industry—specifically the fast fashion business— and links it to consumerism, globalization, capitalism, structural poverty, and oppression. In the film, it is stated that in the 1960s, the American fashion industry produced 95% of the clothes its people wore, while in the 2010s only 3% percent is produced in the United States, with the rest produced in developing countries. Operating in countries such as Bangladesh, India, Cambodia, and China, major brand manufacturers minimize costs and maximize profits by having companies in those countries competing against each other. The international brands pressure the factory owners, threatening to close and move production to another country if the clothes are not cheap enough; the owners, in turn, pressure their workers and, as one owner says, "They're hampering me, I'm hampering my workers".

According to Morgan, despite garment manufacturing being a three-trillion-dollar industry, the working conditions in those countries are poor. In addition to having to work in those conditions and live on low salaries, these workers have a difficult time demanding their rights; Bangladeshi workers in Dhaka may be beaten by their employers while Cambodians are shot by police. In Dhaka, workers must work in hot and chemical-ridden environments and structurally unsound buildings. The film shows the events of the 2013 Savar building collapse when an eight-story commercial building named Rana Plaza collapsed. Just prior to that, workers had been forced into the factory even though a crack was seen in the walls.

The film shows how the demand for cotton in India has led to the planting of genetically modified (GM) cotton, and how the monopoly inherent in its use by seed companies causes an increase in the price of cotton, leading to suicides among farmers who lose their land to these companies because they cannot pay the higher seed prices. GM crops need more pesticides, causing environmental damage, birth defects leading to mental and physical disabilities among the Punjab people, and an increased rate of cancer. The film claims that sometimes the companies that produce the pesticides are the same ones that produce the needed medications. A similar scenario occurs in contaminated cotton fields in Texas, where pesticides are causing brain tumors. The garment industry is the second-most-polluting industry the world, according to the film, which is illustrated by leather tanneries pouring chromium into the Ganges River in Kanpur, India.

In the film, the focus returns to America, where it looks at how media affects the desire of people—especially teenagers—to buy and create an identity focused on consumption. This is borne out by a 500% worldwide increase in clothing consumption compared to the 1990s. However, clothes are quickly disposed of; an average American wastes 82 lb (37 kg) of textiles a year. Only 10% percent of donated clothes go to thrift shops; the rest go to landfills, such as those in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Aside from weakening local industries by this constant disposal of clothes, land and water are polluted because most apparel is made from non-biodegradable materials.

Throughout the film, Morgan shows people who defend the low-cost prices such as Benjamin Powell of the Free Market Institute at Texas Tech University and Kate Ball-Young, former sourcing manager of Joe Fresh. Ball-Young says that, in comparison to more precarious alternative work, the fashion industry is a good choice for workers. Powell argues sweatshops are "part of the very process that raises living standards and leads to better working conditions over time". In contrast, the film shows a Texas organic cotton farmer, eco fashion activist Livia Firth and her sustainability-focused consulting firm, and people who manage fair trade clothing companies, such as animal-rights activist Stella McCartney, People Tree's Safia Minney, Redress's Christina Dean, and Patagonia's Vincent Stanley.

Other individuals interviewed and appearing in the film include: television personalities Stephen Colbert and John Oliver, economist Richard D. Wolff, John Hilary of the charity War on Want, professor of media studies Mark Crispin Miller, psychologist Tim Kasser, physician Pritpal Singh, and environmentalists Rick Ridgeway and Vandana Shiva.

## Production

*The True Cost* was produced by Morgan's Untold Creative in association with Life is My Movie Entertainment. The documentary's budget of US$500,000 was obtained through individual investors and Kickstarter, with Kickstarter crowd funders contributing US$76,546. Morgan refused to accept money from companies, non-governmental organizations, and foundations to keep the project "autonomous". During two years beginning in October 2013, Morgan traveled to twenty-five cities in thirteen countries, where he collected information and conducted interviews. Some of the interviews were made possible through the efforts of executive producer Livia Firth, who introduced Morgan to eco-fashion. Morgan had planned to interview Firth, but when she learned about the project she became interested in it and recommended people for him to talk to. Firth became heavily involved with the project, and after completing several interviews with her, Morgan showed Firth the final cut and made her an executive producer for the film. He had also planned to conduct interviews with 25 "major" brands, but none of them agreed to appear in the film.

With no knowledge of the fashion industry, Morgan decided to make a film on the topic after being shocked by the news of the collapse of Rana Plaza. After spending several days getting information, and discovering the industry's human rights violations and "staggering environmental impacts", he was sure he had to make the film. He had also previously had an appreciation for the genre, saying he was "actually fascinated by those \[fashion\] films that follow one person". Like Morgan a non-connoisseur of fashion, executive producer and eco-activist Lucy Siegle said that she does not like such films as they are usually limited to exploring the aesthetic aspects of the industry. It is *The True Cost* differential in her opinion; it "goes there and then someit unravels the grim, gritty, global supply chain of fast fashion". Nevertheless, the film purposely does not give viewers a clear answer on how to solve the problems as there are "no straightforward answers". Morgan commented, "I'm probably most proud that we avoided easy answers and instead chose to trust people to both feel and think deeply about the issues raised."

> This doesn't have to be \[a\] liberal versus pro-business debate. What it has to become is an honest debate. This isn't about 'Let's throw the system out the window.' I'm not against the idea of competition and profit and businesses. ... Those are really good forces. We can channel those forces in a more humane and more sustainable way. It's very similar to what's happened with the food movement. A lot of it starts with customer demand.
>
> Andrew Morgan, director

Regarding the ultimate objectives behind the making of the film, Morgan said he was not trying to blame just a single company nor the fast fashion industry as "it did not invent a very irresponsible way of manufacturing, it did not invent overmarketing the consumption of things." The director said the film was intended to be a caution on the "incessant consumption of mediocre stuff" and an incentive to view shopping as something more than a hobby, adding that buying is "a moral act and there is a chain reaction of consequences". He commented he was not trying to be "anti-business or anti-market" but was just reaffirming basic human rights and showing the limits of natural resources.

Morgan said his main hope for the film was that it would spark a debate on the topic and make people "more mindful and choose things that support life and not take it away." Morgan thought he had included a good number of counter-examples of how people can make a difference, so the film does not simply show "the destructive ways this industry operates but also the opportunity to reinvent it" through "small choices \[that\] actually impact those \[big problems\]." Ultimately, he considered his film an introduction to the topic that was able to connect several elements, any one of which would be worth being covered in a film.

## Release and response

To coincide with Fashion Revolution Day, which seeks transparency in clothes production, the trailer of *The True Cost* was released on April 24, 2015. It premiered at Cannes as a side screening during the 2015 Cannes Film Festival on May 15, when film producer Harvey Weinstein said, "This movie's going to shock the fashion world". A week before the official release, the crowd funders received personal links to allow them to watch the film. Distributed by Life is My Movie and Bullfrog Films, It was released on May 29 through iTunes, video on demand services, DVD, Blu-Ray, and in select theaters in Los Angeles, New York, Tokyo, and London. It has since been translated into 19 languages. After its release, companies that were subjects of the film, including H&M and Zara, defended themselves in a CNBC article. The film has been subject to dissonant reviews that ranged from extremely positive to very dismissive. Aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes says there were five positive reviews and three negative reviewswhich indicates that 63% of critics were favorableand that it received an average score of 6.3. Based on one positive, two mixed, and one negative review, Metacritic assigns an average score of 46 out of 100. It also received an Environmental Media Awards nomination for Best Documentary Film.

*The New York Times* reviewer Jeannette Catsoulis praised it for avoiding the dichotomy of "corporate greed versus environmental well-being", adding that instead of being an exposé, "Under the gentle, humane investigations of its director, what emerges most strongly is a portrait of exploitation that ought to make us more nauseated than elated over those $20 jeans". Tamsin Blanchard, for the *Daily Telegraph*, called it a work that will "do for the fast fashion business what *Food Inc* did for fast food". *The Hollywood Reporter*'s Frank Scheck commended it for approaching an issue often "untouched by major news organizations". He said the film was "more despair-inducing than instructive", but was optimistic about its possible impact on the fashion culture, citing the effect that films such as *Super Size Me* and *Fast Food Nation* had on the fast food industry. Carson Quiros of *Paste* also compared it to the former film. David Noh of *Film Journal International* called it a "vitally important documentary" that contains scenes that "are enough to make you never want to go shopping again". Gabrielle Wilson of MTV stated it is "hard to swallow but never feels preach-y or like a barrage of depressive factoids" and will empower viewers to change their shopping habits. Casey Jarman said she was disappointed by "the only solution offered: eliminating global capitalism"; however, ultimately, she wrote for *Willamette Week* that it is a "compelling film, which is, above all else, a badly needed conversation-starter".

Alan Scherstuhl wrote a very critical piece for *The Village Voice*; he called the film predictable and repetitive, and said it contained several facts that have been clearly "common knowledge for years". Scherstuhl said it is scattershot, "a litany of Things We Can All Agree Are Bad", but ultimately jumps between several topicswithout sufficient detail, in his opinionbut comes to no conclusion or alternative. Scherstuhl said not even common people would have their beliefs challenged and that they would "dismiss it as the vague liberal agitprop that it is". Similarly while saying the film discusses important issues, both Genevieve Koski of *The Dissolve* and Jennie Kermode of Eye for Film said it deals with several themes quickly but does not expand upon any of them. Koski said, "*The True Cost* is methodical to a fault", while Kermode said it is "a good starting point" on the topic. Fashion critic Vanessa Friedman said it has an "easy-to-swallow accessibility" but that it "oversimplifies" some aspects of the industry. In addition to commenting on the lack of attribution for "lots of eye-popping statements", she said, "trying to do everything, he skirted a lot of things". The *Los Angeles Times*' Martin Tsai criticized Morgan for interviewing his own executive producers, saying "the effects of fertilizers ... don't appear quite as tangible", and faulted Morgan for not exploring "retailer markups that could have gone toward improving sweatshop conditions instead of profit margins", but appreciated that he had interviewed people with both pro and con views. Lizzie Crocker of *The Daily Beast* said Morgan had socialist views and that the film implies he wants to go back to the 1960s. She also criticized some interviewees, such as Miller, whom she called a "conspiracy theorist", and Wolff, whom she called a "Marxist idealist". Crocker was dismissive of the film, saying, "the film loses focus and credibility, criticizing not just the fashion industry but the global capitalist system that supports it".

## InfoBox

| The True Cost | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Andrew Morgan |
| Produced by | Michael Ross |
| Edited by | Michael Ross |
| Music by | D |
| Production
companies | Untold Creative
Life Is My Movie Entertainment |
| Distributed by | Life Is My Movie Entertainment
Bullfrog Films (home media) |
| Release dates | * May 15, 2015 (2015-05-15) (Cannes) * May 29, 2015 (2015-05-29) (United States) |
| Running time | 93 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | US$500,000 |


title: USS LST-39

abstract: USS LST-39 was a United States Navy LST-1-class tank landing ship used exclusively in the Asiatic-Pacific Theater during World War II. Like many of her class, she was not named and is properly referred to by her hull designation.

text:
# USS LST-39

**USS *LST-39*** was a United States Navy *LST-1*-class tank landing ship used exclusively in the Asiatic-Pacific Theater during World War II. Like many of her class, she was not named and is properly referred to by her hull designation.

## Construction

*LST-39* was laid down on 23 April 1943, at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania by the Dravo Corporation; launched on 29 July 1943; sponsored by Mrs. L. A. Mertz; and commissioned on 8 September 1943.

## Service history

During World War II, *LST-39* was assigned to the Asiatic-Pacific theater, but saw no combat action. She sank 21 May 1944, as part of the West Loch disaster and she was struck from the Navy list on 18 July 1944.

She was later refloated, converted to a spare parts issue barge, and redesignated *YF-1079*. In early October 1945, *YF-1079* was in Buckner Bay, when Typhoon Louise passed over. She was one of over 200 US military vessels to be grounded or severely damaged. During the storm she was struck by another ship, severely damaging her starboard side. She was again struck from the Navy list 25 February 1946, and destroyed August 1946.

## Bibliography

* "LST-39". *Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. Naval History and Heritage Command. 30 July 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2018. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
* "USS LST-39". NavSource Online. 16 September 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2018.

## InfoBox

| USS *LST-39* and USS *LST-480* still ablaze on 22 May 1944. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *LST-39* |
| Builder | Dravo Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania |
| Laid down | 23 April 1943 |
| Launched | 29 July 1943 |
| Commissioned | * 2 September 1943 (Partial commission) * 8 September 1943 (Full commission) |
| Stricken | 18 July 1944 |
| Identification |  |
| Fate | Sunk, 21 May 1944, later refloated |
| United States | |
| Name | *YF-1079* |
| Out of service | c. July 1945 – January 1946 |
| Reclassified | Spare Parts Issue Barge |
| Stricken | 25 February 1946 |
| Identification | Hull symbol: YF-1079 |
| Fate | Destroyed, 1946 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | *LST-1*-class tank landing ship |
| Displacement | * 4,080 long tons (4,145 t) full load * 2,160 long tons (2,190 t) landing |
| Length | 328 ft (100 ) oa |
| Beam | 50 ft (15 m) |
| Draft | * Full load: 8 ft 2 in (2.49 m) forward; 14 ft 1 in (4.29 m) aft * Landing at 2,160 t: 3 ft 11 in (1.19 m) forward; 9 ft 10 in (3.00 m) aft |
| Installed power |  |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 12 kn (22 km/h; 14 mph) |
| Range | 24,000 nmi (44,000 km; 28,000 mi) at 9 kn (17 km/h; 10 mph) while displacing 3,960 long tons (4,024 t) |
| Boats & landing <br>craft carried | 2 or 6 x LCVPs |
| Capacity | * 2,100 tons oceangoing maximum * 350 tons main deckload |
| Troops | 16 officers, 147 enlisted men |
| Complement | 13 officers, 104 enlisted men |
| Armament |  |
| Service record | |
| Awards: |  |


title: Vilaça e Fradelos

abstract: Vilaça e Fradelos is a civil parish in the municipality of Braga, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes Vilaça and Fradelos. The population in 2011 was 1,580, in an area of 2.80 km².

text:
# Vilaça e Fradelos

**Vilaça e Fradelos** is a civil parish in the municipality of Braga, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes Vilaça and Fradelos. The population in 2011 was 1,580, in an area of 2.80 km².

## InfoBox

| Vilaça e Fradelos | |
| --- | --- |
| Civil parish | |
| Vilaça e FradelosLocation in Portugal | |
| Coordinates: 41°31′01″N 8°28′34″W / 41.517°N 8.476°W / 41.517; -8.476 | |
| Country | Portugal |
| Region | Norte |
| Intermunic. comm. | Cávado |
| District | Braga |
| Municipality | Braga |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.80 km2 (1.08 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,580 |
| Density | 560/km2 (1,500/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC±00:00 (WET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+01:00 (WEST) |


title: Water immersion objective

abstract: In light microscopy, a water immersion objective is a specially designed objective lens used to increase the resolution of the microscope. This is achieved by immersing both the lens and the specimen in water which has a higher refractive index than air, thereby increasing the numerical aperture of the objective lens.

text:
# Water immersion objective

In light microscopy, a **water immersion objective** is a specially designed objective lens used to increase the resolution of the microscope. This is achieved by immersing both the lens and the specimen in water which has a higher refractive index than air, thereby increasing the numerical aperture of the objective lens.

## Applications

Water immersion objectives are used not only at very large magnifications that require high resolving power, but also of moderate power as there are water immersion objectives as low as 4X. Objectives with high power magnification have short focal lengths, facilitating the use of water. The water is applied to the specimen (conventional microscope), and the stage is raised, immersing the objective in water. Sometimes with water dipping objectives, the objective is directly immersed in the solution of water which contains the specimens to look at. Electrophoretic preparations used in the case of comet assay can benefit from the use of water objectives.

The refractive index of the water (1.33) is closer to those of imaged materials or to the glass of the cover-slip, so more light will be collected/focused by this type of objective comparing to air-immersion ones, leading to a range of higher numerical apertures (NA).

## Correction collar

Unlike oil, water does not have the same or near identical refractive value as the cover slip glass, so a correction collar is needed to be able to variate for its thickness. Lenses without a correction collar generally are made for the use of a 0.17 mm cover slip or for use without a coverslip (dipping lens).


title: Witt, Tennessee

abstract: Witt is an unincorporated community in Hamblen County, Tennessee, United States.

text:
# Witt, Tennessee

**Witt** is an unincorporated community in Hamblen County, Tennessee, United States.

## History

Witt was settled by its namesake Caleb Witt, an American Revolutionary War veteran, and at least two of his brothers in 1783 when the area was still known as the State of Franklin. They established Witt's Foundry and a community slowly began to grow. Caleb Witt went on to become a locally well-known pastor until his death in 1827. Witt School was created around 1916 and was replaced by the newly constructed Witt Elementary in 1951. The elementary school is still in use and has had additions to the building in 1968, 1992, and 2001. Witt Elementary School is part of the Hamblen County Board of Education.

## Geography

Witt is located near Tennessee State Route 113, Tennessee State Route 32, Interstate 81, and a freight rail route. Other than some parts already annexed by Morristown, Witt is located around 6 miles (9.7 km) south of Morristown's central business district.

## Economy

Witt is now primarily used as the site of the East Tennessee Progress Center (ETPC) industrial park. All of the factories and industrial complexes formally in Witt have now been annexed into the larger city of Morristown. Notable companies that have locations in the Witt area of Morristown are International Paper, Kawasaki Tennessee (a subsidiary of Kawasaki Heavy Industries), and Koch Foods.

In 2018, Belgian bus manufacturer Van Hool announced the construction of a 500,000 square feet (46,000 m2) facility at the ETPC, one of the largest industrial development projects in the history of Morristown.

## InfoBox

| Witt, Tennessee | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Witt | |
| Sinking Creek in Witt | |
| WittWitt | |
| Coordinates: 36°09′0″N 83°16′58″W / 36.15000°N 83.28278°W / 36.15000; -83.28278 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Tennessee |
| County | Hamblen |
| City | Morristown |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 37813 |
| Area code | 423 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1304642 |


title: Witt's theorem

abstract: - "Witt's theorem" or "the Witt theorem" may also refer to the Bourbaki–Witt fixed point theorem of order theory. In mathematics, Witt's theorem, named after Ernst Witt, is a basic result in the algebraic theory of quadratic forms: any isometry between two subspaces of a nonsingular quadratic space over a field k may be extended to an isometry of the whole space. An analogous statement holds also for skew-symmetric, Hermitian and skew-Hermitian bilinear forms over arbitrary fields. The theorem applies to classification of quadratic forms over k and in particular allows one to define the Witt group W(k) which describes the "stable" theory of quadratic forms over the field k.

text:
# Witt's theorem

*"Witt's theorem" or "the Witt theorem" may also refer to the Bourbaki–Witt fixed point theorem of order theory.*

In mathematics, **Witt's theorem**, named after Ernst Witt, is a basic result in the algebraic theory of quadratic forms: any isometry between two subspaces of a nonsingular quadratic space over a field *k* may be extended to an isometry of the whole space. An analogous statement holds also for skew-symmetric, Hermitian and skew-Hermitian bilinear forms over arbitrary fields. The theorem applies to classification of quadratic forms over *k* and in particular allows one to define the Witt group *W*(*k*) which describes the "stable" theory of quadratic forms over the field *k*.

## Statement

Let (*V*, *b*) be a finite-dimensional vector space over a field *k* of characteristic different from 2 together with a non-degenerate symmetric or skew-symmetric bilinear form. If *f* : *U**U'* is an isometry between two subspaces of *V* then *f* extends to an isometry of *V*.

Witt's theorem implies that the dimension of a maximal totally isotropic subspace (null space) of *V* is an invariant, called the **index** or **Witt index** of *b*, and moreover, that the isometry group of (*V*, *b*) acts transitively on the set of maximal isotropic subspaces. This fact plays an important role in the structure theory and representation theory of the isometry group and in the theory of reductive dual pairs.

## Witt's cancellation theorem

Let (*V*, *q*), (*V*1, *q*1), (*V*2, *q*2) be three quadratic spaces over a field *k*. Assume that

$$(V\_{1},q\_{1})\oplus (V,q)\simeq (V\_{2},q\_{2})\oplus (V,q).$$

Then the quadratic spaces (*V*1, *q*1) and (*V*2, *q*2) are isometric:

$$(V\_{1},q\_{1})\simeq (V\_{2},q\_{2}).$$

In other words, the direct summand (*V*, *q*) appearing in both sides of an isomorphism between quadratic spaces may be "cancelled".

## Witt's decomposition theorem

Let (*V*, *q*) be a quadratic space over a field *k*. Then it admits a **Witt decomposition**:

$$(V,q)\simeq (V\_{0},0)\oplus (V\_{a},q\_{a})\oplus (V\_{h},q\_{h}),$$

where *V*0 = ker *q* is the radical of *q*, (*V**a*, *q**a*) is an anisotropic quadratic space and (*V**h*, *q**h*) is a split quadratic space. Moreover, the anisotropic summand, termed the **core form**, and the hyperbolic summand in a Witt decomposition of (*V*, *q*) are determined uniquely up to isomorphism.

Quadratic forms with the same core form are said to be *similar* or **Witt equivalent**.

## Citations

* Emil Artin (1957) *Geometric Algebra*, page 121 via Internet Archive
* Lam, Tsit-Yuen (2005), *Introduction to Quadratic Forms over Fields*, Graduate Studies in Mathematics, vol. 67, American Mathematical Society, ISBN 0-8218-1095-2, MR 2104929, Zbl 1068.11023
* Lorenz, Falko (2008), *Algebra. Volume II: Fields with Structure, Algebras and Advanced Topics*, Springer-Verlag, pp. 15–27, ISBN 978-0-387-72487-4, Zbl 1130.12001
* Roman, Stephen (2008), *Advanced Linear Algebra*, Graduate Texts in Mathematics (Third ed.), Springer, ISBN 978-0-387-72828-5
* O'Meara, O. Timothy (1973), *Introduction to Quadratic Forms*, Die Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften, vol. 117, Springer-Verlag, Zbl 0259.10018


title: Winton Pickering

abstract: Winton Brian Pickering is a Cook Islands politician and former member of the Cook Islands Parliament, representing the seat of Oneroa. He is a member of the Cook Islands Democratic Party. Pickering was born on Rarotonga and attended Avarua and Nikao Side School Primary Schools and Nukutere College. He was first elected to Parliament at the 2004 election. He was re-elected at the 2010 election. He did not stand in the 2014 election.

text:
# Winton Pickering

**Winton Brian Pickering** (born 8 December 1962) is a Cook Islands politician and former member of the Cook Islands Parliament, representing the seat of Oneroa. He is a member of the Cook Islands Democratic Party.

Pickering was born on Rarotonga and attended Avarua and Nikao Side School Primary Schools and Nukutere College. He was first elected to Parliament at the 2004 election. He was re-elected at the 2010 election. He did not stand in the 2014 election.

## InfoBox

| Winton Pickering | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Cook Islands Parliament
for Oneroa | |
| **In office**
7 September 2004  9 July 2014 | |
| Succeeded by | Wesley Kareroa |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 8 December 1962
Rarotonga |
| Political party | Cook Islands Democratic Party |
|  | |


title: Winter in Venice

abstract: Winter in Venice is a studio album by Swedish jazz band Esbjörn Svensson Trio (E.S.T.), released in 1997. It was awarded the Swedish Grammy in 1998 for Best Jazz Album. It was released by the record label ACT Music.

text:
# Winter in Venice

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* |  |

***Winter in Venice*** is a studio album by Swedish jazz band Esbjörn Svensson Trio (E.S.T.), released in 1997. It was awarded the Swedish Grammy in 1998 for Best Jazz Album. It was released by the record label ACT Music.

## Track listing

1. "Calling Home"
2. "Winter In Venice"
3. "At Saturday"
4. "Semblance Suite In Three Or Four Movements I"
5. "Semblance Suite In Three Or Four Movements II"
6. "Semblance Suite In Three Or Four Movements III"
7. "Semblance Suite In Three Or Four Movements IV"
8. "Don't Cuddle That Crazy Cat"
9. "Damned Back Blues"
10. "In The Fall Of Things"
11. "As The Crow Flies"
12. "Second Page"
13. "Herkules Jonssons Låt"

## Personnel

* Esbjörn Svensson – piano
* Dan Berglund – bass
* Magnus Öström – drums

* Johan Ekelund – producer

## InfoBox

| Winter in Venice | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Esbjörn Svensson Trio | |
| Released | 1997 |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Label | ACT Music |
| Producer | Johan Ekelund |
| Esbjörn Svensson Trio chronology | |
| ***Winter in Venice***
(1997) *Good Morning Susie Soho*
(2000) | |


title: Wirth Building

abstract: The Wirth Building is a commercial building in downtown Duluth, Minnesota, United States. When it was constructed in 1886 it was the city's first example of Richardsonian Romanesque style, and it stands as an early work of architect Oliver G. Traphagen. The Wirth Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 for its local significance in the theme of architecture. It was nominated for being a leading local example of its architectural style and a key turning point in the career of an important Duluth-based architect. The building was commissioned by Max Wirth to house his pharmacy business. Wirth's brother George happened to be one of Minnesota's best-known architects at the time, and had just forged a partnership with his star employee Traphagen. Evidence is lacking to say which of the two partners might have been more responsible for the building, which was a stylistic departure for both. Shortly after the building was completed, Wirth moved back to his native Bavaria while Traphagen remained in Duluth and became its premier architect.

text:
# Wirth Building

The **Wirth Building** is a commercial building in downtown Duluth, Minnesota, United States. When it was constructed in 1886 it was the city's first example of Richardsonian Romanesque style, and it stands as an early work of architect Oliver G. Traphagen. The Wirth Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 for its local significance in the theme of architecture. It was nominated for being a leading local example of its architectural style and a key turning point in the career of an important Duluth-based architect.

The building was commissioned by Max Wirth to house his pharmacy business. Wirth's brother George happened to be one of Minnesota's best-known architects at the time, and had just forged a partnership with his star employee Traphagen. Evidence is lacking to say which of the two partners might have been more responsible for the building, which was a stylistic departure for both. Shortly after the building was completed, Wirth moved back to his native Bavaria while Traphagen remained in Duluth and became its premier architect.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Wirth Building | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district<br>Contributing property | |
|  | |
| The Wirth Building viewed from the southeast | |
|  | |
| Location | 13 W. Superior Street, Duluth, Minnesota |
| Coordinates | 46°47′12″N 92°5′56″W / 46.78667°N 92.09889°W / 46.78667; -92.09889 |
| Area | Less than one acre |
| Built | 1886 |
| Architect | Oliver G. Traphagen, George Wirth |
| Architectural style | Richardsonian Romanesque |
| Part of | Duluth Commercial Historic District (ID98001220) |
| NRHP reference No. | 91000896 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | July 25, 1991 |
| Designated CP | May 31, 2006 |


title: Wolfgang Grodd

abstract: Wolfgang Grodd is a German neuroradiologist and professor emeritus of the University hospital at the University of Tübingen. He is known for his scientific works on the development and application of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging in metabolic diseases, sensorimotor representation, language production, and cognitive processing, cerebellum, thalamus, and basal ganglia. Currently, Wolfgang Grodd is a research scientist at the Department of the High-Field MR at the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics.

text:
# Wolfgang Grodd

**Wolfgang Grodd** (born 25 July 1942 in Detmold) is a German neuroradiologist and professor emeritus of the University hospital at the University of Tübingen. He is known for his scientific works on the development and application of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging in metabolic diseases, sensorimotor representation, language production, and cognitive processing, cerebellum, thalamus, and basal ganglia. Currently, Wolfgang Grodd is a research scientist at the Department of the High-Field MR at the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics.

## Biography

After serving as a temporary soldier in the German Army from 1959 to 1964 and training as an electronics technician, W. Grodd obtained his Abitur (high school diploma) in 1968 at Westfalen Kolleg in Bielefeld and studied biology from 1968 to 1977 and medicine from 1974 to 1981 at the University of Tübingen. From 1972 to 1975 he was a scholarship holder of the Protestant Student Union Villigst. He received his diploma in biology in 1977 and his license to practice medicine in 1981. This was followed by residency training as a radiologist at the Medical Radiation Institute of the University of Tübingen (1981-1986), which was interrupted by a DFG research fellowship at the Department of Radiology at the University of San Francisco from 1984 to 1985.

In 1987, he initially moved to the Department of Neuroradiology at the University of Tübingen as a consultant, where he worked as a senior physician from 1991 to 1995. In 1991, he habilitated in the field of radiology/neuroradiology on the topic of experimental and clinical investigations of volume-selective proton spectroscopy of the human brain, and in the same year he was granted a teaching license in the field of neuroradiology. The following year, W. Grodd was appointed Professor of Neuroradiology at the Steglitz Clinic of the Free University of Berlin, but declined. From 1995, he was professor and head of the scientific section Experimental Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of the Central Nervous System at the University Hospital of Tübingen, where he gave his farewell lecture in 2010. Currently, Grodd is at the Department High-field Magnetic Resonance at the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics. He is ranked 463 globally and 33 in Germany in the 2023 Ranking of Best Scientists in Neuroscience (https://research.com/scientists-rankings/neuroscience). He has also been recognized with research.com’s “Neuroscience Leader Award for 2023” (https://research.com/u/wolfgang-grodd).

## Scientific focus

## Awards

For his scientific research activity, Grodd was awarded the "Kurt-Decker Award" of the German Society for Neuroradiology in 1988, 1989, 1992 and in 1998. In 1989 the German Society for Neurotraumatology honored him for his outstanding scientific work.

## Memberships in scientific organizations

Grodd is a member of various national and international scientific organizations:

* since 1988 International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine(ISMRM)
* since 1988 European Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine and Biology (ESMRMB)
* since 1996 Organization for Human Brain Mapping(OHBM)
* since 1998 American Society of Advancement of Science(AAAS)
* since 2000 German Society of Clinical Neurophysiology(DGKN)
* since 2001 Society for Neuroscience(SNS)

## Publications

Grodd is the author and co-author of over 250 publications in neuroscientific journals and 26 chapters in monographs and books.

1. Grodd, W., Krägeloh-Mann, I., Petersen, D., Trefz, F.K., and Harzer, K. (1990). In vivo assessment of N-acetylaspartate in the brain in spongy degeneration (Canavan’s disease) by proton spectroscopy. Lancet 336, 437–438. PMID 1974962
2. Grodd, W., Krägeloh-Mann, I., Klose, U., and Sauter, R. (1991). Metabolic and destructive brain disorders in children: findings with localized proton MR spectroscopy. Radiology 181, 173–181. PMID 1887030
3. Grodd, W. (1993). Normal and abnormal patterns of myelin development of the fetal and infantile human brain using magnetic resonance imaging. Curr Opin Neurol Neurosurg 6, 393–397. PMID 8507909
4. Staudt, M., Krägeloh-Mann, I., and Grodd, W. (2000). \[Normal myelination in childhood brains using MRI--a meta analysis\]. Rofo 172, 802–811. PMID 11111291
5. Wilke, M., Staudt, M., Juenger, H., Grodd, W., Braun, C., and Krägeloh-Mann, I. (2009). Somatosensory system in two types of motor reorganization in congenital hemiparesis: topography and function. Hum Brain Mapp 30, 776–788. PMID 18286510
6. Eichler, F., Grodd, W., Grant, E., Sessa, M., Biffi, A., Bley, A., Kohlschuetter, A., Loes, D.J., and Kraegeloh-Mann, I. (2009). Metachromatic leukodystrophy: a scoring system for brain MR imaging observations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 30, 1893–1897. PMID 19797797
7. Birbaumer, N., Veit, R., Lotze, M., Erb, M., Hermann, C., Grodd, W., and Flor, H. (2005). Deficient fear conditioning in psychopathy: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 62, 799–805. PMID 15997022
8. Veit, R., Flor, H., Erb, M., Hermann, C., Lotze, M., Grodd, W., and Birbaumer, N. (2002). Brain circuits involved in emotional learning in antisocial behavior and social phobia in humans. Neurosci. Lett. 328, 233–236. PMID 12147314
9. Wild, B., Rodden, F.A., Rapp, A., Erb, M., Grodd, W., and Ruch, W. (2006). Humor and smiling: cortical regions selective for cognitive, affective, and volitional components. Neurology 66, 887–893. PMID 16567707
10. Wild, B., Rodden, F.A., Grodd, W., and Ruch, W. (2003). Neural correlates of laughter and humour. Brain 126, 2121–2138. PMID 12902310
11. Heun, R., Klose, U., Jessen, F., Erb, M., Papassotiropoulos, A., Lotze, M., and Grodd, W. (1999). Functional MRI of cerebral activation during encoding and retrieval of words. Hum Brain Mapp 8, 157–169. PMID 10619411
12. Heun, R., Freymann, K., Erb, M., Leube, D.T., Jessen, F., Kircher, T.T., and Grodd, W. (2007). Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and actual retrieval performance affect cerebral activation in the elderly. Neurobiol. Aging 28, 404–413. PMID 16530885
13. Heun, R., Jessen, F., Klose, U., Erb, M., Granath, D.-O., and Grodd, W. (2004). Response-related fMRI of veridical and false recognition of words. Eur. Psychiatry 19, 42–52. PMID 14969780
14. Wildgruber, D., Ackermann, H., and Grodd, W. (2001). Differential contributions of motor cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum to speech motor control: effects of syllable repetition rate evaluated by fMRI. Neuroimage 13, 101–109. PMID 11133313
15. Riecker, A., Ackermann, H., Wildgruber, D., Dogil, G., and Grodd, W. (2000). Opposite hemispheric lateralization effects during speaking and singing at motor cortex, insula and cerebellum. NeuroReport 11, 1997–2000. PMID 10884059
16. Lidzba, K., Wilke, M., Staudt, M., Krägeloh-Mann, I., and Grodd, W. (2008). Reorganization of the cerebro-cerebellar network of language production in patients with congenital left-hemispheric brain lesions. Brain Lang 106, 204–210. PMID 18158178
17. Brendel, B., Hertrich, I., Erb, M., Lindner, A., Riecker, A., Grodd, W., and Ackermann, H. (2010). The contribution of mesiofrontal cortex to the preparation and execution of repetitive syllable productions: an fMRI study. Neuroimage 50, 1219–1230. PMID 20080191
18. Grodd, W., Hülsmann, E., and Ackermann, H. (2005). Functional MRI localizing in the cerebellum. Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am. 16, 77–99, v. PMID 15561530
19. Sokolov, A.A., Erb, M., Grodd, W., and Pavlova, M.A. (2014). Structural loop between the cerebellum and the superior temporal sulcus: evidence from diffusion tensor imaging. Cereb. Cortex 24, 626–632. PMID 23169930
20. Anders, S., Birbaumer, N., Sadowski, B., Erb, M., Mader, I., Grodd, W., and Lotze, M. (2004). Parietal somatosensory association cortex mediates affective blindsight. Nat. Neurosci. 7, 339–340. PMID 15034586
21. Staudt, M., Gerloff, C., Grodd, W., Holthausen, H., Niemann, G., and Krägeloh-Mann, I. (2004). Reorganization in congenital hemiparesis acquired at different gestational ages. Ann. Neurol. 56, 854–863. PMID 15562409
22. Lotze, M., Grodd, W., Birbaumer, N., Erb, M., Huse, E., and Flor, H. (1999). Does use of a myoelectric prosthesis prevent cortical reorganization and phantom limb pain? Nat. Neurosci. 2, 501–502. PMID 10448212
23. Lotze M, Erb M, Flor H, Huelsmann E, Godde B, Grodd W (2000) fMRI evaluation of somatotopic representation in human primary motor cortex. Neuroimage 11:473-481. doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0556
24. Lotze M, Montoya P, Erb M, Hulsmann E, Flor H, Klose U, Birbaumer N, Grodd W (1999) Activation of cortical and cerebellar motor areas during executed and imagined hand movements: an fMRI study. J Cogn Neurosci 11:491-501. PMID 10511638
25. Lotze M, Grodd W, Rodden FA, Gut E, Schönle PW, Kardatzki B, Cohen LG. Neuroimaging patterns associated with motor control in traumatic brain injury. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2006 Mar;20(1):14-23. PMID 16467275
26. Kumar, V., Mang, S., and Grodd, W. (2014). Direct diffusion-based parcellation of the human thalamus. Brain Struct Funct 220, 1619–1635.^ PMID 24659254
27. Mang, S.C., Busza, A., Reiterer, S., Grodd, W., Klose, and Uwe (2012). Thalamus segmentation based on the local diffusion direction: A group study. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 67, 118–126. PMID 21656553
28. Kourtzi, Z., Bülthoff, H.H., Erb, M., and Grodd, W. (2002). Object-selective responses in the human motion area MT/MST. Nat. Neurosci. 5, 17–18. PMID 11740503
29. Bilalić, M., Turella, L., Campitelli, G., Erb, M., and Grodd, W. (2012). Expertise modulates the neural basis of context dependent recognition of objects and their relations. Hum. Brain Mapp. 33, 2728–2740. PMID 21998070
30. Bilalić, M., Langner, R., Ulrich, R., and Grodd, W. (2011). Many faces of expertise: fusiform face area in chess experts and novices. J. Neurosci. 31, 10206–10214. PMID 21752997
31. Bilalić, M., Langner, R., Campitelli, G., Turella, L., and Grodd, W. (2015). Editorial: Neural implementation of expertise. Front. Hum. Neurosci 545. PMID 26483662
32. Chassy, P., and Grodd, W. (2012). Comparison of Quantities: Core and Format-Dependent Regions as Revealed by fMRI. Cereb. Cortex 22, 1420–1430. PMID 21878489
33. Chassy, P., and Grodd, W. (2016). Editorial: Abstract Mathematical Cognition. Front. Hum. Neurosci 719. PMID 26858630
34. German Society for Neuroradiology, Kurt-Decker Award
35. Curriculum Vitae of Wolfgang Grodd, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics

## InfoBox

| Wolfgang Grodd | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1942-07-25) July 25, 1942<br>Detmold |
| Nationality | German |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Anatomy, MRI, Neuroradiology, Neurosciences |
| Institutions | Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics |
|  | |


title: Wolferton

abstract: Wolferton is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Sandringham, in the King's Lynn and West Norfolk district, in the county of Norfolk, England. It is 2 miles west of Sandringham, 7½ miles north of King's Lynn and 37¼ miles northwest of Norwich. In 1931 the parish had a population of 185. On 1 April 1935 the parish was abolished and merged with Sandringham.

text:
# Wolferton

**Wolferton** is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Sandringham, in the King's Lynn and West Norfolk district, in the county of Norfolk, England. It is 2 miles west of Sandringham, 7½ miles north of King's Lynn and 37¼ miles northwest of Norwich. In 1931 the parish had a population of 185. On 1 April 1935 the parish was abolished and merged with Sandringham.

## Background

The village's name means 'Wulfhere's farm/settlement'.

Wolferton is best known as the location of Wolferton railway station. The station was opened in 1862 after Queen Victoria had purchased the site of Sandringham House as a Norfolk retreat. The station contained a set of elegant reception rooms, where the several generations of the royal family and their visitors would wait for transportation to Sandringham House. The 13th-century St Peter's Church was damaged by fire in the 15th century, and restored in the 19th century by Arthur Blomfield. It retains its medieval parclose screens.

The first episode of the Netflix series *The Crown* is called "Wolferton Splash" because part of it takes place on a marsh duck shooting expedition from Sandringham House on which King George VI (Elizabeth's father) invites newly married Prince Philip.

## InfoBox

| Wolferton | |
| --- | --- |
| Church of St Peter, Wolferton | |
| WolfertonLocation within Norfolk | |
| Civil parish |  |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | King's Lynn |
| Postcode district | PE31 |
|