title: Nottawasaga River

abstract: The Nottawasaga River is a river in Simcoe County and Dufferin County in Central Ontario, Canada. It is part of the Great Lakes Basin, and is a tributary of Lake Huron. The river flows from the Orangeville Reservoir in the town of Orangeville, Dufferin County, through the Niagara Escarpment and the Minesing Wetlands, the latter a wetland of international significance, and empties into Nottawasaga Bay, an inlet of Georgian Bay on Lake Huron, at the town of Wasaga Beach, Simcoe County. The river takes its name from the Ojibwe word "Nottawasaga". Nottawa means "Iroquois" and saga means "mouth of the river"; the word "Nottawasaga" was used by Algonquin scouts as a warning if they saw Iroquois raiding parties approaching their villages. Thus, the name of the river, in Ojibwe is Naadawe-zaaga-ziibi.

text:
# Nottawasaga River

The **Nottawasaga River** is a river in Simcoe County and Dufferin County in Central Ontario, Canada. It is part of the Great Lakes Basin, and is a tributary of Lake Huron. The river flows from the Orangeville Reservoir in the town of Orangeville, Dufferin County, through the Niagara Escarpment and the Minesing Wetlands, the latter a wetland of international significance (Ramsar Convention site), and empties into Nottawasaga Bay, an inlet of Georgian Bay on Lake Huron, at the town of Wasaga Beach, Simcoe County.

The river takes its name from the Ojibwe word "Nottawasaga". *Nottawa* (or *Naadowe* in modern orthography) means "Iroquois" and *saga* (*zaagi* in modern orthography) means "mouth of the river"; the word "Nottawasaga" (*Naddowe-zaagi* in modern orthography) was used by Algonquin scouts as a warning if they saw Iroquois raiding parties approaching their villages.

Thus, the name of the river, in Ojibwe is *Naadawe-zaaga-ziibi*.

## Watershed

The Nottawasaga River's headwaters originate in the Niagara Escarpment, Simcoe Uplands, Oak Ridges Moraine and Oro Moraine. The area of the drainage basin is 3,361 square kilometres (1,298 sq mi), and as well as Dufferin County and Simcoe County, is located in Grey County and the Regional Municipality of Peel.

## History

The Nottawasaga River is the resting home of HMS *Nancy*, a merchant schooner taken into the Royal Navy during the War of 1812. It met three American warships: USS *Niagara*, USS *Tigress* and USS *Scorpion*. The small ship lost the battle but Lt. Miller Worsley and crew escaped. They rowed 360 miles to Fort Michilimackinac and three days later, Worsley returned with 92 men to take the *Tigress* and *Scorpion*. Since her sinking, an island formed around the *Nancy*. The hull is now preserved in a museum at Nancy Island Historic Site which is a part of Wasaga Beach Provincial Park.

## Natural history

Fish ladders allow rainbow trout to reach spawning grounds on the upper river. The river is under the auspices of the Nottawasaga Valley Conservation Authority.

## Tributaries

* McIntyre Creek (left)
* Little Marl Creek (right)
* Marl Creek (right)
* Willow Creek (right)
* Mad River (left)
* Bear Creek (right)
* Pine River (left)
* Boyne River (left)
* Innisfil Creek (right)
* Sheldon Creek (left)

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Nottawasaga River | |
| --- | --- |
| The Nottawasaga River in Wasaga Beach | |
| Location of the mouth of the Nottawasaga River in southern Ontario | |
| Etymology | From the Algonquin words for "Iroquois" and "river outlet" |
| Native name | *Naadawe-zaaga-ziibi* (Ojibwe) |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Ontario |
| Region | Central Ontario |
| Counties |  |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Orangeville Reservoir |
| location | Orangeville, Dufferin County |
| coordinates | 43°56′29″N 80°05′29″W / 43.94139°N 80.09139°W / 43.94139; -80.09139 |
| elevation | 412 m (1,352 ft) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Nottawasaga Bay |
| location | Wasaga Beach, Simcoe County |
| coordinates | 44°32′12″N 80°00′29″W / 44.53667°N 80.00806°W / 44.53667; -80.00806 |
| elevation | 176 m (577 ft) |
| Length | 120 km (75 mi) |
| Basin size | 3,361 km2 (1,298 sq mi) |
| Basin features | |
| River system | Great Lakes Basin |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | Boyne River |


title: Novembre (song)

abstract: "Novembre" is a song by Italian pop singer Giusy Ferreri, released as second single from her debut album Gaetana. It was written by Roberto Casalino and produced by Tiziano Ferro. The song was released digitally on 17 October 2008 in Italy, Austria, Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and other European countries. It debuted at the number one spot on the Italian charts.

text:
# Novembre (song)

"**Novembre**" is a song by Italian pop singer Giusy Ferreri, released as second single from her debut album *Gaetana*. It was written by Roberto Casalino and produced by Tiziano Ferro.

The song was released digitally on 17 October 2008 in Italy, Austria, Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and other European countries. It debuted at the number one spot on the Italian charts.

## Music video

The music video for "Novembre" was directed by Cosimo Alemà, who was also the director of "Non ti scordar mai di me", and was filmed on 9–10 October 2008 in Paris. The video premiered on 27 October 2008 on Fox Life Italy and the song has been used for the official Italian advertising of the fifth season of the American television series *Desperate Housewives*.

In the video Giusy Ferreri is chased by a man in Paris, but later she discovers that he was her neighbour.

## Formats and track listings

### Digital single

1. “Novembre" 3.09

## Charts

| Chart (2008) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Greece Singles Chart | 7 |
| Italian Singles Chart | 1 |
| Swiss Singles Chart | 65 |

## InfoBox

| "Novembre" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Giusy Ferreri | |
| from the album  *Gaetana* | |
| Released | 17 October 2008 |
| Recorded | 2008 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 3:09 |
| Label | Sony BMG |
| Songwriter(s) | Roberto Casalino |
| Producer(s) | Tiziano Ferro |
| Giusy Ferreri singles chronology | |
| "Non ti scordar mai di me"
(2008) "**Novembre**"
(2008) "Stai fermo lì"
(2009) | |


title: Notosetia aoteana

abstract: Notosetia aoteana is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc, unassigned in the superfamily Seguenzioidea.

text:
# Notosetia aoteana

***Notosetia aoteana*** is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc, unassigned in the superfamily Seguenzioidea.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off New Zealand.

* Powell A. W. B., *New Zealand Mollusca*, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 ISBN 0-00-216906-1
* Spencer, H.G., Marshall, B.A. & Willan, R.C. (2009). Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. pp 196–219. in: Gordon, D.P. (ed.) New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume one. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch

## InfoBox

| *Notosetia aoteana* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| (unranked): | clade Vetigastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Seguenzioidea |
| Family: | (unassigned) |
| Genus: | *Notosetia* |
| Species: | ***N. aoteana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Notosetia aoteana***<br>Powell, 1937 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Putilla aoteana* (Powel, 1937) | |


title: Novice round open medalists

text:
# Novice round open medalists

The novice round open was only held once in the 1976 Summer Paralympics. Both men and women competed.

## Men's novice round open

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1976 Toronto
 | J. M. Chapuis
France | A. Galea
France | Jack Hautle
Switzerland |

## Men's novice and tetraplegics round team A-C

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1976 Toronto
 | France (FRA) | Switzerland (SUI) | United States (USA) |

## Women's novice round open

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1976 Toronto
 | Tomoko Yamazaki
Japan | R. Alexander
South Africa | Noreen Vollbach
United States |


title: Now That's What I Call Music! 2 (Asia)

abstract: Now That's What I Call Music! 2, also referred to as Now Asia 2, was released on August 9, 1996. The album is the second edition of the Asia Now That's What I Call Music! series. It sold very well in Asia reaching 3× Platinum and Gold in Taiwan.

text:
# Now That's What I Call Music! 2 (Asia)

***Now That's What I Call Music! 2***, also referred to as ***Now Asia 2***, was released on August 9, 1996. The album is the second edition of the Asia *Now That's What I Call Music!* series. It sold very well in Asia reaching 3× Platinum and Gold in Taiwan.

## Asia edition track listing

1. Queen – "Heaven for Everyone" (5:36)
2. Yaki-Da – "I Saw You Dancing" (3:41)
3. Ace of Base – "Beautiful Life" (3:41)
4. Bon Jovi – "This Ain't a Love Song" (4:20)
5. The Cranberries – "Ode to My Family" (4:30)
6. Shaggy – "Boombastic" (4:07)
7. Roxette – "June Afternoon" (4:15)
8. Bryan Adams – "Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?" (4:52)
9. Michael Learns to Rock – "That's Why (You Go Away)" (4:10)
10. Tina Turner – "GoldenEye" (4:46)
11. Boyzone – "Coming Home Now" (3:43)
12. Janet Jackson – "Runaway" (3:34)
13. Boyz II Men – "Water Runs Dry" (3:21)
14. Portrait – "How Deep Is Your Love"
15. Joan Osborne – "One of Us" (5:21)
16. Meat Loaf – "I'd Lie for You (And That's the Truth)" (6:40)

## Indonesian edition track listing

1. Queen – "Heaven for Everyone" (5:36)
2. Wet Wet Wet – "Somewhere Somehow" (3:51)
3. Ace of Base – "Beautiful Life" (3:41)
4. Bon Jovi – "This Ain't a Love Song" (4:20)
5. The Cranberries – "Ode to My Family" (4:30)
6. Shaggy – "Boombastic" (4:07)
7. Roxette – "June Afternoon" (4:15)
8. Bryan Adams – "Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?" (4:52)
9. Michael Learns to Rock – "That's Why (You Go Away)" (4:10)
10. Tina Turner – "GoldenEye" (4:46)
11. Boyzone – "Coming Home Now" (3:43)
12. Janet Jackson – "Runaway" (3:34)
13. Boyz II Men – "Water Runs Dry" (3:21)
14. Blur – "Charmless Man" (3:37)
15. Joan Osborne – "One of Us" (5:21)
16. Meat Loaf – "I'd Lie for You (And That's the Truth)" (6:40)

## Certifications and sales

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Taiwan (RIT) | 3× Platinum+Gold | 177,180 |

## InfoBox

| Now That's What I Call Music! 2 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Various Artists | |
| Released | 9 August 1996 |
| Label | EMI/Virgin PVG/PolyGram |
| Various Artists chronology | |
| *Now That's What I Call Music!*
(1995) ***Now That's What I Call Music! 2***
(1996) *Now That's What I Call Music! 3*
(1997) | |


title: Tony Pamphlett

abstract: Tony John Pamphlett is an English former professional footballer, who played in The Football League for Maidstone United. After retiring from football he worked as a carpenter for over twenty years and later became a London taxi driver. As of 2012 he resided in Welling, Greater London.

text:
# Tony Pamphlett

**Tony John Pamphlett** (born 13 April 1960) is an English former professional footballer, who played in The Football League for Maidstone United.

After retiring from football he worked as a carpenter for over twenty years and later became a London taxi driver. As of 2012 he resided in Welling, Greater London.

## Honours

**Maidstone United**

1. The Dartford appearances and goals don't cover the 1982–83 & 1983–84 seasons.
2. The Redbridge Forest appearances and goals don't cover the 1990–91 season.

## InfoBox

Tony Pamphlett
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Tony John Pamphlett | | |
| Date of birth | (1960-04-13) 13 April 1960 | | |
| Place of birth | Westminster, England | | |
| Height | 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1979–1981 | Cray Wanderers |  |  |
| 1981–1986 | Dartford | 105 | (11) |
| 1986–1990 | Maidstone United | 90 | (12) |
| 1990–1992 | Redbridge Forest | 37 |  |
| 1992–1993 | Dagenham & Redbridge | 29 |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Mark Philippi

abstract: Mark Philippi is an American world champion powerlifter and strongman competitor. Philippi is a multiple entrant to the World's Strongest Man competition, and former holder of the America's Strongest Man title.

text:
# Mark Philippi

**Mark Philippi** (born 21 March 1963) is an American world champion powerlifter and strongman competitor. Philippi is a multiple entrant to the World's Strongest Man competition, and former holder of the America's Strongest Man title.

## Strongman

As a young man, Mark saw the early strongman competitions featuring his soon-to-be hero, Bill Kazmaier. He has stated that having seen Kazmaier on television he said to himself *"I want to be like Bill."* A career in athletic events focused on strength including powerlifting and strength athletics followed.

After winning the title of America's Strongest Man in 1997, he went on to represent his country in the 1997 World's Strongest Man finals, the first of seven appearances. He made the final on 2 occasions, but his greatest success came in the World Muscle Power Championships where he placed in the top three on three consecutive occasions from 1997 to 1999. His progress to become the best in the field was hindered by two major injuries that required extensive rehabilitation. In 1998, Philippi was severely injured at the 1998 World's Strongest Man during the car flip event where he ruptured his patella tendon and also partially tore his biceps tendon when the car rolled back on him. Surgery and a long rehabilitation followed but when he returned to strongman contests in 2000 he ruptured a patella tendon again. Philippi returned to competition in 2001 and placed third in the America’s Strongest Man contest.

### Powerlifting/Football

As well as a successful career as a strength athlete, Mark was also a highly rated world champion powerlifter. He won the WDFPF World Drug Free Power Lifting Championships in 1996. In College, Mark was an offensive lineman and three-year starter at Montana Tech from 1983 to 1987.

### Outside competition

Mark opened the *Philippi Sports Institute* Mark has written for, and been featured in, Men’s Health, Men’s Fitness, Muscle and Fitness, Sports Illustrated, Las Vegas Life, Ironmind and Powerlifting USA and written or appeared in articles in Sports Illustrated, Men’s Health, Men’s Fitness and the New York Daily News. In addition he lectures on Coaching, Motivation, Strength Training, and Conditioning. For a number of years he has also been an instructor and designer of the Academic Strength Curriculum at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Paradise, Nevada.

**Statistics**

* Height 183 cm
* Weight 138 – 150 kg
* biceps 51 cm
* Chest 150 cm

## Personal life

Mark is married to Tracey with whom he has four children (Marc, born 1993, McKayla born 1998, Zach born 2001 and a fourth child born 2004).

## Strongman Competition record

### Other sports

#### Powerlifting

* 1996
    + 1. - 1996 American Drug Free Powerlifting National Championships
    + 1. - 1996 World Drug Free Powerlifting Federation Championships

#### American Football

* Offensive lineman and three-year starter at Montana Tech (1983–1987)

1. "ASA :: Mark Philippi". *www.americanstrongman.org*. Archived from the original on 15 April 2005. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
2. "Philippi Mark - results in powerlifting and benchpress, records, personal data, photos and video".
3. Profile at Official site of Arnold's Strongest Man
4. http://arnoldsstrongestman.com/2002%20Competitors.htm
5. "Staff". Archived from the original on 2009-11-13. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
6. "Home". *philippisportsinstitute.com*.
7. http://arnoldsstrongestman.com/mark\_philippi.htm
8. "The World's Strongest Man". *www.theworldsstrongestman.com*. Archived from the original on 6 June 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2022.

## InfoBox

Mark Philippi
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1965-03-21) March 21, 1965<br>Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin United States |
| Occupation(s) | Strongman, Powerlifting |
| Height | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) |
| Medal record      Strongman  Representing  United States  World's Strongest Man  7th 1997 World's Strongest Man   8th 1998 World's Strongest Man   Qualified 1999 World's Strongest Man   Qualified 2000 World's Strongest Man   Qualified 2001 World's Strongest Man   Qualified 2003 World's Strongest Man   Qualified 2005 World's Strongest Man   Arnold Strongman Classic  4th 2002 Arnold Strongman Classic   4th 2004 Arnold Strongman Classic   4th 2005 Arnold Strongman Classic   World Muscle Power Championships  2nd 1997   3rd 1998   2nd 1999   World Strongman Challenge  2nd 1998   Beauty and the Beast  1st 1998   4th 2000   America's Strongest Man  1st 1997   3rd 2001   8th 2002   3rd 2003   All-American Strongman Challenge  4th 2006   Powerlifting  Representing  United States  WDFPF World Powerlifting Championships  1st 1996 145kg | |


title: Seonginbong

abstract: Seonginbong (성인봉) is a mountain located on the South Korean island of Ulleungdo, in North Gyeongsang Province, off the eastern coast of the mainland Korean Peninsula. It is the tallest mountain on the island and has an elevation of 984 metres.

text:
# Seonginbong

**Seonginbong** (성인봉) is a mountain located on the South Korean island of Ulleungdo, in North Gyeongsang Province, off the eastern coast of the mainland Korean Peninsula. It is the tallest mountain on the island and has an elevation of 984 metres.

## InfoBox

| Seonginbong | |
| --- | --- |
| NASA Landsat7 image of Seonginbong and Ulleung-do (north oriented at top) | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 984 m (3,228 ft) |
| Prominence | 984 m (3,228 ft) |
| Coordinates | 37°30′12″N 130°51′58″E / 37.50333°N 130.86611°E / 37.50333; 130.86611 |
| Geography | |
| Location of Ulleung-do | |
| Location | Ulleung County, North Gyeongsang, South Korea |
| Geology | |
| Mountain type | Stratovolcano |
| Last eruption | 2990 BCE ± 40 years |


title: Vũ Hồng Khanh

abstract: Vũ Hồng Khanh born Vũ Văn Giảng, was a Vietnamese revolutionary of the Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng faction. Vũ Hồng Khanh left Vietnam for Yunnan during the French colonial crackdown of 1930 and enrolled in a Kuomintang military school in Kunming. He graduated and was granted a commission in the Nationalist Chinese Twentieth Army Corps, where he rose quickly to the rank of brigadier general. In 1941 he took on the role of head of a school training Vietnamese, Burmese and Thai recruits. He became the vice-president of the "Government of National Unity" from March to October 1946. After Mao declared a communist state in Beijing in 1949 the exiled Vietnamese nationalists in China formed the Liên Minh, supporting Cường Để and opposing both the French and the communists. Following the fall of Guangzhou to the communists the headquarters of the exiles moved to Hainan island, and Vũ Hồng Khanh became the leader of the part of the organisation which was to operate within Vietnam. Khanh retired to his home village of làng Thổ Tang, modern Vĩnh Tường District, where he died at the age of 95.

text:
# Vũ Hồng Khanh

**Vũ Hồng Khanh** (1898 – 14 November 1993) born **Vũ Văn Giảng**, was a Vietnamese revolutionary of the Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng faction.

Vũ Hồng Khanh left Vietnam for Yunnan during the French colonial crackdown of 1930 and enrolled in a Kuomintang military school in Kunming. He graduated and was granted a commission in the Nationalist Chinese Twentieth Army Corps, where he rose quickly to the rank of brigadier general. In 1941 he took on the role of head of a school training Vietnamese, Burmese and Thai recruits. He became the vice-president of the "Government of National Unity" from March to October 1946. After Mao declared a communist state in Beijing in 1949 the exiled Vietnamese nationalists in China formed the Liên Minh, supporting Cường Để and opposing both the French and the communists. Following the fall of Guangzhou to the communists the headquarters of the exiles moved to Hainan island, and Vũ Hồng Khanh became the leader of the part of the organisation which was to operate within Vietnam.

Khanh retired to his home village of làng Thổ Tang, modern Vĩnh Tường District, where he died at the age of 95.


title: Tecnologia Automotiva Catarinense

abstract: The Tecnologia Automotiva Catarinense (TAC) is an automotive corporation established by Adolfo Cesar dos Santos in 2004 in Joinville, Brazil. In the financial support of BNDES, the plant was opened after four years of construction on 13 March 2008. In collaboration with the Portuguese company Datasul, TAC finally developed the SUV TAC Stark. Most vehicle parts for the vehicle are of the Marcopolo S.A. owned subsidiary MVC Soluções em Plástico Ltda. Currently the company manufactures only the four-wheel drive TAC STARK. As of 2012, the vehicle is to be available for export and also be available in other countries. About 1200 units are produced per year. In 2015, it was announced that Chinese automotive manufacturer Zotye Auto would buy TAC, however the deal did not go through. After three years off the market, the manufacturer returned to producing the Stark in 2018. In 2021, a partnership was announced with a Brazilian holding company that intended to distribute Stark in Africa.

text:
# Tecnologia Automotiva Catarinense

The **Tecnologia Automotiva Catarinense** (**TAC**) is an automotive corporation established by Adolfo Cesar dos Santos in 2004 in Joinville, Brazil. In the financial support of BNDES, the plant was opened after four years of construction on 13 March 2008. In collaboration with the Portuguese company Datasul, TAC finally developed the SUV TAC Stark. Most vehicle parts for the vehicle are of the Marcopolo S.A. owned subsidiary MVC Soluções em Plástico Ltda.

Currently the company manufactures only the four-wheel drive TAC STARK. As of 2012, the vehicle is to be available for export and also be available in other countries. About 1200 units are produced per year.

In 2015, it was announced that Chinese automotive manufacturer Zotye Auto would buy TAC, however the deal did not go through. After three years off the market, the manufacturer returned to producing the Stark in 2018.

In 2021, a partnership was announced with a Brazilian holding company that intended to distribute Stark in Africa.

## InfoBox

Tecnologia Automotiva Catarinense S/A
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Automotive |
| Founded | 2004 in Joinville |
| Founder | Adolfo Cesar dos Santos |
| Headquarters | Sobral, Ceará, Brazil |
| Area served | Brazil |
| Key people | Antonio Ferreira Souza (CEO) |
| Products | SUVs |
| Website | www.tacmotors.com.br |


abstract: Rear-Admiral Sir Thomas Hardy was a Royal Navy officer of the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Having joined the navy sometime before 1688, Hardy's career was supported by Captain George Churchill, whom he served as first lieutenant during the Battle of Barfleur in 1692. Promoted to captain in 1693, Hardy served in the Channel Islands and off the coast of England until 1702 when he was given command of HMS Pembroke off the coast of Spain. He fought at the Battle of Cádiz, and subsequently discovered the location of the Franco-Spanish fleet through the intervention of his chaplain, which resulted in the Battle of Vigo Bay. Hardy was knighted for his services. Having commanded several ships in the Mediterranean Fleet, in 1706 Hardy was given command of a small squadron in the west of the English Channel tasked with protecting arriving merchant ships. In 1707 Hardy was sent as escort to a 200-ship convoy sailing for Lisbon. While conveying the ships he met with the squadron of René Duguay-Trouin in late August, chasing him until dusk before returning to shepherd the convoy. Hardy returned to England in September and was court martialled in the following month for not fully engaging Duguay-Trouin. He was acquitted but was further investigated by a panel from the Admiralty and committees of the Houses of Commons and Lords, which again exonerated him. Hardy became first captain to Sir John Leake in the Mediterranean in 1708, assisting in the transport of Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel to Spain for her marriage to the important British ally Archduke Charles, and participating in the capture of Cagliari and assault on Minorca. In 1711 he was promoted to rear-admiral and given command of a squadron to blockade Dunkirk. Pushed off station by a storm, he was unable to stop a force of privateers from escaping and destroying a British convoy. After briefly serving as commander-in-chief, the Nore, Thames and Medway Hardy commanded a squadron off Ushant where he failed to intercept the squadrons of Duguay-Trouin and Jean-Baptiste du Casse in 1712. In 1715 he was second-in-command of the Baltic Fleet sent to serve in the Great Northern War. He was dismissed in 1716 possibly because, as a Tory, he continued to support the deposed House of Stuart after the succession of the House of Hanover.

text:
# Thomas Hardy (Royal Navy officer, died 1732)

Rear-Admiral **Sir Thomas Hardy** (13 September 1666 – 16 August 1732) was a Royal Navy officer of the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Having joined the navy sometime before 1688, Hardy's career was supported by Captain George Churchill, whom he served as first lieutenant during the Battle of Barfleur in 1692. Promoted to captain in 1693, Hardy served in the Channel Islands and off the coast of England until 1702 when he was given command of HMS *Pembroke* off the coast of Spain. He fought at the Battle of Cádiz, and subsequently discovered the location of the Franco-Spanish fleet through the intervention of his chaplain, which resulted in the Battle of Vigo Bay. Hardy was knighted for his services.

Having commanded several ships in the Mediterranean Fleet, in 1706 Hardy was given command of a small squadron in the west of the English Channel tasked with protecting arriving merchant ships. In 1707 Hardy was sent as escort to a 200-ship convoy sailing for Lisbon. While conveying the ships he met with the squadron of René Duguay-Trouin in late August, chasing him until dusk before returning to shepherd the convoy. Hardy returned to England in September and was court martialled in the following month for not fully engaging Duguay-Trouin. He was acquitted but was further investigated by a panel from the Admiralty and committees of the Houses of Commons and Lords, which again exonerated him.

Hardy became first captain to Sir John Leake in the Mediterranean in 1708, assisting in the transport of Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel to Spain for her marriage to the important British ally Archduke Charles, and participating in the capture of Cagliari and assault on Minorca. In 1711 he was promoted to rear-admiral and given command of a squadron to blockade Dunkirk. Pushed off station by a storm, he was unable to stop a force of privateers from escaping and destroying a British convoy. After briefly serving as commander-in-chief, the Nore, Thames and Medway Hardy commanded a squadron off Ushant where he failed to intercept the squadrons of Duguay-Trouin and Jean-Baptiste du Casse in 1712. In 1715 he was second-in-command of the Baltic Fleet sent to serve in the Great Northern War. He was dismissed in 1716 possibly because, as a Tory, he continued to support the deposed House of Stuart after the succession of the House of Hanover.

### Early service

Thomas Hardy was born on Jersey on 13 September 1666. He was the son of John le Hardy, Solicitor-General of Jersey, whose father in turn had held the same position. Coming from a naval-minded family, Hardy's first cousin was the future Vice-Admiral Sir Charles Hardy. Hardy himself joined the Royal Navy sometime before 1688, at which time he was serving as a captain's clerk to Captain George Churchill, who would go on to support Hardy in his rise through the service. By 1692 Hardy had been promoted to lieutenant, and was serving as the first lieutenant of Churchill's 96-gun ship of the line HMS *St Andrew*. With the Nine Years' War ongoing, he fought at the Battle of Barfleur, between 19 and 24 May.

### Initial commands

On 6 January 1693 Hardy was promoted to captain and given command of the 6-gun fireship HMS *Charles*. In May he moved to the 18-gun frigate HMS *Swallow Prize*. In *Swallow Prize* Hardy served in the Channel Islands protecting Guernsey merchant ships from French privateers. In 1695 and 1696 he served a term as High Sheriff of Dorset. In September 1695 he was transferred into the brand new 48-gun ship of the line HMS *Pendennis*, which he commissioned in 1696. Serving in Captain John Benbow's squadron, he sailed from Norway protecting a convoy of ships carrying masts in October. He continued in command of *Pendennis* until the end of the Nine Years' War in September 1697. Hardy's next command came in May 1698 when he joined the 20-gun frigate HMS *Deal Castle*. This began a streak of changes in command for Hardy, with him moving to the 50-gun ship of the line HMS *Coventry* in April 1701 and the 60-gun ship of the line HMS *Pembroke* in January 1702.

With the War of the Spanish Succession ongoing, in *Pembroke* Hardy formed part of Admiral Sir George Rooke's Grand Alliance fleet off the coast of Spain. *Pembroke* subsequently fought at the Battle of Cádiz, an attempt to capture Cádiz from the Spanish so that it could not be used as a base by French fleets. Rooke's fleet arrived on 12 August, with the landings beginning three days later. *Pembroke* and the 70-gun ship of the line HMS *Lenox* bombarded the fort guarding the landing location, and the Anglo-Dutch army successfully got ashore. On 25 August *Pembroke* was the lead ship in a probe far into the Bay of Cádiz, sailing close enough to the shore that the ship ran aground at one point. The fortifications of Cádiz proved too strong, and the army re-embarked between 15 and 16 September.

After Cádiz *Pembroke* joined a squadron of Rooke's fleet commanded by Captain James Wishart. The squadron subsequently sailed to Lagos in Portugal to take on supplies of water. There Hardy's chaplain, also from Jersey, went ashore and was assumed by the locals to be French. The French consul boasted to him that the Spanish treasure fleet, commanded by Vice-Admiral François Louis Rousselet de Châteaurenault, had recently arrived from the West Indies and was sheltering off Vigo.

The location of the Franco-Spanish fleet was passed by Hardy to Rooke on 6 October, who in response sailed the fleet to Vigo. There they fought the successful Battle of Vigo Bay on 12 October, capturing or destroying the entire enemy fleet. After the battle Rooke gave Hardy the duty of sailing to England with news of the victory. He was rewarded with a knighthood by Queen Anne on 31 October. The biographer Stephen Leake wrote of Hardy in this period that he was "so ignorant of sea affairs that he did not know one rope from another", a claim that the historian John Charnock rebuffs. In January 1703 Hardy was given a new command, the 70-gun ship of the line HMS *Bedford*.

### Mediterranean service

*Bedford* was sent to serve in the Mediterranean Fleet under Admiral Sir Cloudesley Shovell. While sailing out to the Mediterranean with Shovell's fleet Hardy was given command of a squadron of four ships to gather information at Lagos. The Portuguese there were unable to provide Hardy with any intelligence of French movements, but did inform him of the size of the French fleet in Toulon. Hardy's subsequent service in the Mediterranean was un-notable, apart from his capture of a "valuable ship" sailing from Santo Domingo. In October Hardy took a squadron of three ships to Tangier, Morocco, to present some diplomatic papers, while the rest of Shovell's fleet returned to England. Having completed his task Hardy also sailed home, arriving at Plymouth on 12 November.

Hardy sailed again with the Mediterranean Fleet, this time under Rooke, in January 1704. Forming part of a squadron commanded by Rear-Admiral Thomas Dilkes, *Bedford* cruised off the Tagus in March. Dilkes subsequently received word of a Spanish force nearby, and on 12 March the squadron attacked and captured two enemy warships and an armed merchant ship, although the surrender occurred before Hardy could reach the fight. Hardy was also not present at the capture of Gibraltar in early August, but on 13 August *Bedford* formed part of the force that fought the Battle of Málaga, fighting in the centre division of the fleet and having seventy-four casualties from a total crew complement of around 460.

Vice-Admiral Sir John Leake took command in the Mediterranean in 1705, and Hardy joined him in February, again serving in Dilkes's squadron. Towards the end of the year Hardy returned to England and left *Bedford*. He was appointed to the 70-gun ship of the line HMS *Kent* on 13 December. In summer 1706 *Kent* was attached to a squadron commanded by Vice-Admiral Sir Stafford Fairborne in the Bay of Biscay. It subsequently participated in the successful siege of Ostend between June and July.

### Squadron command

In October 1706 Hardy was appointed a commodore and given command of a small squadron with which to protect merchant ships travelling through the Bay of Biscay and to the west of the English Channel. Ten days after assuming command of his squadron, Hardy captured a well-known French 20-gun privateer that had itself recently captured two British merchant ships. Hardy continued in command of his squadron into 1707, contending with the poor weather in the area and occasionally escorting convoys from Ireland to England. Present in the same area was René Duguay-Trouin's marauding French squadron that had begun patrolling the Channel in June, but Duguay-Trouin moved to the coast of Portugal soon afterwards, leaving Hardy's position safe for incoming shipping.

#### Convoy escort

On 13 June Hardy was appointed as escort to a convoy of around 200 merchant ships intended for Lisbon, with an expanded squadron. Before Hardy could sail with the convoy his orders were modified, with his convoy expanded to protect shipping going to other locations as well. This was in response to a fear that Duguay-Trouin was still in the Channel. Hardy was to stay with the convoy until it was safely away from the Channel, and then protect shipping returning from Portugal, with his orders being updated every ten days from Plymouth. Other parts of his squadron would continue on with the different sections of the convoy to their final destinations. The convoy sailed from Spithead in the first week of July.

With the winds against them the convoy made slow progress down the Channel, finally clearing it only on 24 August. With some ships having already left the fleet, Hardy had 150 merchant ships and 30 military store ships left to convoy. In the meantime Duguay-Trouin had returned to the Channel, having been unproductive off Portugal. On 27 August Hardy and the convoy were sailing off the Lizard. There they encountered Duguay-Trouin's six-ship squadron. Hardy initially set sail to attack the French force as his orders required, but after several hours of chase he decided to return to close escort of the convoy, in fear that the French would avoid him in the night and destroy the convoy while he was parted from it. This decision was made through a council of war, with fourteen captains signing the agreement to discontinue the chase. With Hardy in attendance the convoy sailed unmolested, reaching the point at which Hardy could leave them to continue their journey on 30 August.

Hardy then began to fulfil the second part of his orders, patrolling off the Scilly Isles to protect returning merchant ships. They occasionally caught sight of French privateers, but these vessels stayed at a safe distance from Hardy's squadron which was slowed by heavy biological growth on their hulls. On the evening of 10 September Hardy's ships sighted the French squadron of Rear-Admiral Claude de Forbin as it made a circuitous return from capturing British and Dutch merchant ships in the White Sea. Hardy thought he had encountered Duguay-Trouin again. Hardy formed line of battle and began a chase of Forbin, but the French force was far ahead of him and by the morning of 11 September he had lost contact with them. One of Hardy's ships, the 60-gun ship of the line HMS *Canterbury*, encountered Forbin later on 11 September, but the French ignored the vessel, entering Brest, France, on 13 September.

#### Court martial

In mid-September the squadron returned to Torbay, where it was split up variously for refits and redeployments. The Lord High Admiral, Prince George of Denmark, subsequently charged Hardy with "neglect of duty" for not continuing to chase Duguay-Trouin's squadron. He was court martialled at Portsmouth on 10 October. Hardy argued that his actions were more appropriate than "to continue an uncertain chase which might give the enemy an opportunity of getting by and falling in with \[the convoy\] after separation". The court, headed by Leake, fully acquitted him from blame, saying that Hardy had complied with his orders to chase any French force he fell in with, and had reacted sensibly to return to the convoy.

While the court martial was ongoing Duguay-Trouin continued to harry British merchant ships in the Channel, incensing the Cabinet who considered Hardy at fault for not stopping him. In November the Admiralty was ordered to review Hardy's case. A panel of admirals discussed the acquittal, and decreed that the result of an honourable court martial should be upheld. Despite this result, Hardy's actions had upset the powerful merchant community and the Whig Junto that was attempting to bring down Hardy's patron Churchill, who was serving on the Lord High Admirals Council. Hardy was brought before committees of the House of Lords and House of Commons, to be further investigated as a "test case" on the results of failures to protect merchant ships.

The House of Commons committee brought forward Hardy's court martial papers to be examined on 22 November, but the evidence was found by Hardy's accusers to be unsuitable to challenge the earlier decision, and debate on the matter was quickly dropped. Hardy left *Kent* in January 1708. His examination before the House of Lords in February was more in-depth and included the extra charge of refusing to convoy a merchant ship from Plymouth to Portsmouth, but Hardy was again acquitted of blame. Since he had already been found innocent at his court martial, the parliamentary investigations were widely denounced as "un-English".

### Return to service

Leake, influenced by Churchill, subsequently demonstrated his support of Hardy by appointing him as first captain of his flagship for the Mediterranean, the 90-gun ship of the line HMS *Albemarle*. Despite this sign of naval approval, Hardy's appointment was not embraced by many of Leake's inner circle, who thought him "unpopular, a coward, and an incompetent seaman". The fleet sailed from England on 6 February, but Hardy only joined it after it had reached Lisbon.

From Lisbon the fleet travelled to Barcelona, Spain, whence Hardy was sent to the court of Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel at Vado. Elizabeth Christine was the intended wife of Britain's ally Archduke Charles of the Holy Roman Empire, who was fighting for the kingship of Spain. Hardy coordinated Elizabeth Christine's planned move to Spain with Leake's fleet. He returned on 9 June, at which point Leake moved out of *Albemarle* and left Hardy in command of the ship. With *Albemarle* Hardy was given five other ships with which to embark Elizabeth Christine. He completed this on 2 July; the fleet conveyed her to Barcelona, where she and Charles married.

The fleet afterwards captured Cagliari, the capital of Sardinia, on 1 August before sailing to Minorca, which it blockaded. Soon after an allied army arrived to assault the island; Leake split off part of his fleet to assist with this, and sailed for England with the remainder, including Hardy, on 19 September. They arrived off Portland on 15 October. Continuing with Leake now in the English Channel, in December Hardy was appointed to his flagship the 100-gun ship of the line HMS *Royal Sovereign*, moving with Leake in May 1709 to the 80-gun ship of the line HMS *Russell*. They both left *Russell* in July. In 1710 Hardy became an elder brother of Trinity House.

### Flag rank

On 27 January 1711 Hardy was promoted to rear-admiral of the blue. In April he fought a by-election to become Member of Parliament for Weymouth and Melcombe Regis as a Tory, and upon petition was granted the seat on 22 May. His naval duties would mean that he spent little time in parliament. In this period Hardy was also given command of a squadron to blockade Dunkirk, France, with *Canterbury* as his flagship. While cruising he captured a French merchant ship, as it attempted to sail to Newfoundland, around 26 April.

The squadron arrived off Dunkirk on 21 May, driving two 20-gun privateers and an 8-gun dogger into the port. At Dunkirk a French privateer squadron was fitting out to sail, and Hardy was tasked with ensuring that it did not escape, and to intercept a convoy that was expected to arrive there from Brittany. While there he captured several small privateers. His squadron was sometime afterwards blown off station and forced to shelter in Yarmouth Roads. There on 8 August Hardy was ordered to escort a convoy destined for Russia as far as the Orkney Islands. He sailed with the ships as far as the Shetland Isles and then returned to England. From there he was sent to search for the French squadron of Jean-Baptiste du Casse, who managed to escape him. Hardy was then finally able to re-start his blockade of Dunkirk, having been told that the squadron there was ready to leave. However, before he reached Dunkirk the French escaped and captured sixteen out of twenty-two ships sailing in a convoy from Virginia, although Hardy was not blamed for this.

Hardy was discussed but eventually discarded as a candidate to lead the Quebec Expedition, an attempt to capture Quebec with a fleet of warships and troopships. His squadron arrived at Plymouth on 23 October, Hardy having instead on 6 October been made commander-in-chief, the Nore, Thames and Medway. He continued in that command until the start of 1712. In January 1712 Hardy was given a new squadron, moving to serve off Ushant, with *Kent* as his flagship. Tasked with intercepting the squadrons of du Casse and Duguay-Trouin off Cape Finisterre he failed to stop either, but was not deemed to be at fault. In August Hardy's squadron discovered and chased a French squadron of six merchant ships. The French formed line of battle assuming that Hardy was a force of privateers, but then attempted to escape once the warships were recognised. Hardy captured four of the ships while a fifth blew up when attacked. The sixth ship was not captured. At the time of the action there was an armistice in place to allow peace negotiations to begin, and the ships were later released to avoid legal entanglements relating to their status as prizes.

### Dismissal and death

The Peace of Utrecht subsequently ended the War of the Spanish Succession and Hardy relinquished his command. He lost his Weymouth seat in the 1713 election, but had the decision reversed with another petition on 3 June 1714. On 11 June he was named a manager of the Longitude Act bill, providing a reward for discovering a method to accurately measure longitude. The bill was given royal assent on 9 July. This was Hardy's only significant parliamentary committee action, although he participated at the same time in the committee for the Stranded Ships Act, which created safeguards for such vessels.

In the first half of 1715 Hardy was appointed second-in-command to Admiral Sir John Norris in the Baltic Fleet sent to serve in the Great Northern War. Hardy's flagship for the operation was the 80-gun ship of the line HMS *Norfolk*. They sailed on 18 May, and arrived on 10 June where they joined with an allied Dutch fleet. Charnock comments that "the events of this expedition were totally uninteresting", the fleet doing little but escorting merchantmen safely into port. Hardy relinquished his position within the fleet later in the year. This was his last active service with the Royal Navy, as he was dismissed from the service in 1716 because his secondary political career was looked upon unfavourably in the wake of George I's succession.

Paula Watson in The History of Parliament suggests that Hardy's dismissal came about because of a suspicion that he was a Jacobite; after the Hanoverian succession much of the Tory party was believed to be supportive of the deposed House of Stuart, and the new administration removed many from positions of power. Hardy was also not returned for his seat in the 1715 election. He continued in naval circles after his dismissal, serving two terms as Master of Trinity House between 1729 and 1730. The naval historian John Knox Laughton suggests that Hardy was reinstated in the navy and promoted to vice-admiral of the red, but there is no official report of such a promotion occurring. Hardy died on 16 August 1732, age 67, and was buried with his late wife in Westminster Abbey. His monument, designed in 1737 by Sir Henry Cheere, shows him dressed in Roman armour lying on top of a sarcophagus and is a pair to the monument to John Conduitt opposite his.

## Personal life

Hardy married Constance Hook (died 28 April 1720) sometime before 1710. She was the daughter of Colonel Henry Hook, Lieutenant-Governor of Plymouth. Together the couple had three children; one son and two daughters. Hardy's son, Thomas, and his younger daughter, Charlotte, never married. His other daughter, Constance, married the politician George Chamberlayne. She inherited Hardy's estate in Middlesex upon his death.

## Notes and citations

### Notes

### Citations

1. Charnock (2012), p. 17.
2. Watson, Paula. "Hardy, Sir Thomas (1666–1732)". *The History of Parliament*. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
3. Laughton & Davies (2008).
4. Winfield (2008), pp. 10–11.
5. Winfield (2008), p. 19.
6. Winfield (2009), p. 137.
7. Winfield (2009), pp. 755–756.
8. Winfield (2009), p. 756.
9. Winfield (2009), p. 465.
10. Charnock (2012), p. 18.
11. Winfield (2009), p. 435.
12. Owen (2011), p. 71.
13. Owen (2011), p. 72.
14. Owen (2011), p. 77.
15. Owen (2011), p. 80.
16. Owen (2011), pp. 79–80.
17. Charnock (2012), p. 19.
18. Clowes (1898a), p. 380.
19. Owen (2011), p. 83.
20. Owen (2011), pp. 85–86.
21. Charnock (2012), pp. 19–20.
22. Charnock (2012), p. 20.
23. Winfield (2009), p. 304.
24. Clowes (1898a), p. 506.
25. Charnock (2012), pp. 20–21.
26. Charnock (2012), p. 21.
27. Owen (2011), p. 204.
28. Owen (2011), pp. 203–204.
29. Owen (2011), p. 69.
30. Owen (2011), pp. 206–207.
31. Owen (2011), p. 209.
32. Owen (2011), p. 207.
33. Owen (2011), pp. 207–208.
34. Owen (2011), pp. 210–211.
35. Owen (2011), p. 211.
36. Charnock (2012), p. 23.
37. Owen (2011), p. 212.
38. Owen (2011), p. 203.
39. Owen (2011), p. 213.
40. Charnock (2012), pp. 23–24.
41. Campbell (1817), p. 9.
42. Charnock (2012), p. 25.
43. Charnock (2012), p. 26.
44. Hattendorf (2011).
45. Charnock (2012), p. 27.
46. Charnock (2012), p. 28.
47. Charnock (2012), pp. 28–29.
48. Charnock (2012), p. 29.
49. Winfield (2009), p. 296.
50. Lyons (2013), p. 64.
51. "No. 4998". *The London Gazette*. 29 April 1712. p. 2.
52. Clowes (1898a), p. 531.
53. Charnock (2012), pp. 29–30.
54. Clowes (1898a), pp. 531–532.
55. Lyons (2013), p. 2.
56. Charnock (2012), p. 30.
57. Winfield (2009), p. 308.
58. Charnock (2012), p. 31.
59. Clowes (1898a), p. 532.
60. Charnock (2012), pp. 30–31.
61. Charnock (2012), p. 32.
62. Mobbs & Unwin (2016), p. 166.
63. Mobbs & Unwin (2016), p. 167.
64. Mobbs & Unwin (2016), p. 157.
65. Laughton (1890), p. 357.
66. Clowes (1898b), p. 26.
67. McLynn (1982), pp. 107–108.
68. Charnock (2012), p. 33.
69. "Sir Thomas Hardy". *Westminster Abbey*. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
70. Lea, R. S. "Chamberlayne, George (?1703-57), of Wardington, Oxon. and Hillesden, Bucks". *The History of Parliament*. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
71. "Hillingdon, including Uxbridge: Manors and other estates". *British History Online*. Retrieved 10 June 2022.

## InfoBox

| Sir<br>Thomas Hardy | |
| --- | --- |
| Mezzotint of Hardy by John Faber the Younger, based on an earlier portrait by Michael Dahl | |
| Born | 13 September 1666<br>Jersey |
| Died | 16 August 1732 |
| Buried | Westminster Abbey |
| Allegiance | Kingdom of Great Britain |
| Service/branch | Royal Navy |
| Years of service | 1688–1716 |
| Rank | Rear-Admiral |
| Commands | HMS *Charles*<br>HMS *Swallow Prize*<br>HMS *Pendennis*<br>HMS *Deal Castle*<br>HMS *Coventry*<br>HMS *Pembroke*<br>HMS *Bedford*<br>HMS *Kent*<br>HMS *Albemarle*<br>HMS *Royal Sovereign*<br>HMS *Russell*<br>The Nore |
| Battles/wars |  |
| Awards | Knight bachelor |
| Spouse(s) | Constance Hook |
| Relations | Sir Charles Hardy (cousin) |
| Other work | High Sheriff of Dorset<br>MP for Weymouth and Melcombe Regis<br>Master of Trinity House |


title: Tenacibaculum amylolyticum

abstract: Tenacibaculum amylolyticum is a bacterium. It was first isolated from sponge and green algae which were collected on the coast of Japan and Palau. Its type strain is MBIC 4355T.

text:
# Tenacibaculum amylolyticum

***Tenacibaculum amylolyticum*** is a bacterium. It was first isolated from sponge and green algae which were collected on the coast of Japan and Palau. Its type strain is MBIC 4355T (= IFO 16310T).

## Further reading

* Falkow, Stanley; Dworkin, Martin (2006). *The prokaryotes: a handbook on the biology of bacteria*. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 0-387-25497-8.
* Lawrence, John M., ed. Sea Urchins: Biology and Ecology. Vol. 38. Academic Press, 2013.
* Pavlidis, Michalis, and Constantinos Mylonas, eds. Sparidae: Biology and aquaculture of gilthead sea bream and other species. Wiley. com, 2011.

## InfoBox

| *Tenacibaculum amylolyticum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Bacteroidota |
| Class: | Flavobacteriia |
| Order: | Flavobacteriales |
| Family: | Flavobacteriaceae |
| Genus: | *Tenacibaculum* |
| Species: | ***T. amylolyticum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tenacibaculum amylolyticum***
Suzuki, Nakagawa, Harayama & Yamamoto, 2001 | |
|


title: Stewardship Partners

abstract: Stewardship Partners is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization based in Seattle, Washington, United States with a mission to help private landowners restore and preserve the natural landscapes of Washington State. They have programs that promote incentive-based tools to encourage landowners and businesses to participate in voluntary conservation practices. The goal is to restore fish and wildlife habitat, improve water quality, and protect open space while maintaining the working landscape of farms, forestland, and communities throughout the state.

text:
# Stewardship Partners

**Stewardship Partners** is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization based in Seattle, Washington, United States with a mission to help private landowners restore and preserve the natural landscapes of Washington State. They have programs that promote incentive-based tools to encourage landowners and businesses to participate in voluntary conservation practices. The goal is to restore fish and wildlife habitat, improve water quality, and protect open space while maintaining the working landscape of farms, forestland, and communities throughout the state.

## History

Stewardship Partners co-founder Chris Bayley ran in a political campaign in the late 1990s that took him around the state of Washington where he was introduced to agriculturalists. Here he started to see the reluctance of landowners to listen to "outsiders" telling them how manage their land and the disconnect between government policy and landowners.

In 1999 Stewardship Partners set out on a mission to become a catalyst for a new cooperative model and to help landowners preserve the environment. In addition to cooperation, their other focus was to be a catalyst for local action and to develop models that others could follow. Since their inception in 1999, they have assisted hundreds of landowners, community groups, and businesses in Washington State to implement habitat restoration, environmental planning, and sustainable resource management.

## Programs and accomplishments

Stewardship Partners serve as liaison between private landowners and businesses and the technical, financial, and marketing resources available from governmental and non-governmental sources to help steward the environment. Their projects restore fish and wildlife habitat, improve water quality, protect open space, and "green up" the built environment while maintaining working landscapes of farms, forestland, and livable communities throughout the state.

### Salmon-Safe

The Salmon-Safe Certification Program recognizes farm operations who adopt conservation practices that help restore native salmon habitat in Pacific Northwest rivers and streams. Salmon-Safe farms protect water quality, fish and wildlife habitat, and watershed health. The independent eco-label is gaining national recognition and appears on products including wine, dairy, produce, and fruit. In the four years that the Salmon Safe Certification program has been established in Washington State over 60 farms and 25 vineyards have been certified. Stewardship Partners is working on expanding the Salmon-Safe program to include golf courses and residential developments.

### Snoqualmie initiative

In the Snoqualmie Valley there has been 18 land-owner based habitat restoration projects with Valley farms, restoring seven miles of river bank. Products from these farms go mainly to the Seattle market.

### Nisqually Watershed

Stewardship Partners, the Nisqually Tribe, and several other non-governmental organizations came together and created the 50-year Nisqually Stewardship Plan. The program promotes environmentally sensitive land development while preserving forest, farm, and fish assets. This effort has pioneered Low Impact Development techniques in urbanizing areas, supported a sustainable natural resource economy and launched a watershed branding campaign to support local businesses.

### Rain gardens

Rain gardens, along with other low impact development tools (e.g. vegetated roofs, bio-swales, pervious pavement) protect water quality in Puget Sound by infiltrating polluted storm-water on site. Since 2007 Stewardship Partners have taught over 700 homeowners, landscapers, and institutional managers about rain gardens and built 30 demonstration rain gardens with a host of community partners.


title: Steven McNicoll

abstract: Steven McNicoll is a Scottish actor, director, playwright and television presenter. He co-wrote and starred in seven series of the BBC sketch show Velvet Soup on radio and later television, which earned him a BAFTA nomination. He is also known to viewers for playing the young Rab C. Nesbitt in the series of the same name which stars Gregor Fisher. He also appears regularly as Bra's Jeff in Donald McLeary and Sanjeev Kohli's Sony Award winning BBC Radio 4 sitcom Fags, Mags and Bags. McNicoll has also presented 4 series of the educational programme Around Scotland for the BBC. McNicoll has co written several plays for stage and radio. In 2001, his play for BBC Radio 4, There Are Such Things, about the life and career of horror movie legend, Bela Lugosi, won the Hamilton Deane Award for best dramatic presentation from the Dracula Society. Prior to that, in 1997, as writer and actor, McNicoll was a recipient of The Herald Angel Award for his stage play Empty Jesters. In 2003, he received the Leon Sinden Award for best supporting actor in Tony Roper's classic comedy/drama The Steamie. In 2005, he received plaudits for his portrayal of Oliver Hardy opposite Barnaby Power in the Tom McGrath play Laurel and Hardy, which was first performed at the Royal Lyceum Theatre Edinburgh and later transferred to the Olympia Theatre Dublin. The same year he was nominated for best supporting actor at the Theatrical Management Association awards for his portrayal of Cliff, opposite David Tennant as Jimmy Porter in Look Back in Anger which premiered at the Royal Lyceum Theatre and then transferred to the Theatre Royal, Bath. In 2005, Scottish cultural magazine The List nominated him at number 69 in their Hot 100 List which celebrated those who had made the biggest cultural impact in Scotland that year. In 2007, he starred as Sammy Fox in the critically acclaimed BBC TV comedy series Legit, which was nominated for a Rose d'Or. On stage, McNicoll has appeared in a huge variety of roles. In 2009, McNicoll starred along with Gordon Kennedy Colin McCredie and Sara Crowe in Tim Firth's comedy musical The Corstorphine Road Nativity at The Festival Theatre. In November 2010, McNicoll's play The House was premiered at Òran Mór in Glasgow. In 2011, he played Toby Belch in Twelfth Night and in 2012, David O. Selznick in Moonlight and Magnolias in two hugely successful productions directed by Rachel O'Riordan in her debut season at Perth Theatre. Later that same year he was a recipient of The Argos Angel award for his performances in Paddy Cunneen's Fleeto and Wee Andy at the Brighton Festival. McNicoll has also appeared regularly at the Kings Theatre, Glasgow in the annual Christmas pantomime. On radio, he has worked extensively for the BBC for over thirty years, starting as a child actor, then progressing to writing and acting in plays and series for Radio 3 and 4. In July 2012, he could be heard as Pa Joad opposite Michelle Fairley in a three part Radio 4 Classic Serial adaptation of John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath. And with Brian Cox in episodes of McLevy. In April 2013, he co-starred With Johnny Watson and Gail Watson in Rob Drummond's play Quiz Show that launched The Traverse Theatre's Fiftieth Anniversary Season. In 2016, he starred with Freddie Fox in the comedy horror short The Northleach Horror directed by David Cairns. In 2017, he played Biesenthal in Marathon Man with Ian McDiarmid for Radio 4. McNicoll is familiar to younger audiences as the teacher Mr Mackie in the much loved BBC TV version of Katie Morag. And his numerous appearances in the hugely popular Teacup Travels. Most recently he has starred as Bob in the BAFTA nominated CBeebies series Molly and Mack. The show ran for four successful series and a fifth series has just been commissioned to start filming in 2022. He has recently appeared as an interviewer as part of Ian Lavender's Dad's Army reminiscence show "Don't tell him Pike!" which played to full houses at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe at the Assembly Rooms. He starred as Jean at the Royal Lyceum in Murat Daltaban's DOT theatre company's acclaimed production of Zinnie Harris' adaptation of Ionesco's Rhinoceros as part of the Edinburgh International Festival in 2017.

text:
# Steven McNicoll

**Steven McNicoll** is a Scottish actor, director, playwright and television presenter.

He co-wrote and starred in seven series of the BBC sketch show *Velvet Soup* on radio and later television, which earned him a BAFTA nomination.

He is also known to viewers for playing the young Rab C. Nesbitt in the series of the same name which stars Gregor Fisher. He also appears regularly as Bra's Jeff in Donald McLeary and Sanjeev Kohli's Sony Award winning BBC Radio 4 sitcom *Fags, Mags and Bags*.

McNicoll has also presented 4 series of the educational programme *Around Scotland* for the BBC.

McNicoll has co written several plays for stage and radio. In 2001, his play for BBC Radio 4, *There Are Such Things*, about the life and career of horror movie legend, Bela Lugosi, won the Hamilton Deane Award for best dramatic presentation from the Dracula Society. Prior to that, in 1997, as writer and actor, McNicoll was a recipient of The Herald Angel Award for his stage play *Empty Jesters*.

In 2003, he received the Leon Sinden Award for best supporting actor in Tony Roper's classic comedy/drama *The Steamie*. In 2005, he received plaudits for his portrayal of Oliver Hardy opposite Barnaby Power in the Tom McGrath play *Laurel and Hardy*, which was first performed at the Royal Lyceum Theatre Edinburgh and later transferred to the Olympia Theatre Dublin. The same year he was nominated for best supporting actor at the Theatrical Management Association awards for his portrayal of Cliff, opposite David Tennant as Jimmy Porter in *Look Back in Anger* which premiered at the Royal Lyceum Theatre and then transferred to the Theatre Royal, Bath.

In 2005, Scottish cultural magazine *The List* nominated him at number 69 in their Hot 100 List which celebrated those who had made the biggest cultural impact in Scotland that year. In 2007, he starred as Sammy Fox in the critically acclaimed BBC TV comedy series *Legit*, which was nominated for a Rose d'Or.

On stage, McNicoll has appeared in a huge variety of roles.

In 2009, McNicoll starred along with Gordon Kennedy Colin McCredie and Sara Crowe in Tim Firth's comedy musical *The Corstorphine Road Nativity* at The Festival Theatre.

In November 2010, McNicoll's play *The House* was premiered at Òran Mór in Glasgow.

In 2011, he played Toby Belch in *Twelfth Night* and in 2012, David O. Selznick in *Moonlight and Magnolias* in two hugely successful productions directed by Rachel O'Riordan in her debut season at Perth Theatre. Later that same year he was a recipient of The Argos Angel award for his performances in Paddy Cunneen's *Fleeto* and *Wee Andy* at the Brighton Festival.

McNicoll has also appeared regularly at the Kings Theatre, Glasgow in the annual Christmas pantomime.

On radio, he has worked extensively for the BBC for over thirty years, starting as a child actor, then progressing to writing and acting in plays and series for Radio 3 and 4. In July 2012, he could be heard as Pa Joad opposite Michelle Fairley in a three part Radio 4 Classic Serial adaptation of John Steinbeck's *The Grapes of Wrath*. And with Brian Cox in episodes of *McLevy*.

In April 2013, he co-starred With Johnny Watson and Gail Watson in Rob Drummond's play *Quiz Show* that launched The Traverse Theatre's Fiftieth Anniversary Season.

In 2016, he starred with Freddie Fox in the comedy horror short *The Northleach Horror* directed by David Cairns.

In 2017, he played Biesenthal in *Marathon Man* with Ian McDiarmid for Radio 4.

McNicoll is familiar to younger audiences as the teacher Mr Mackie in the much loved BBC TV version of Katie Morag. And his numerous appearances in the hugely popular *Teacup Travels*. Most recently he has starred as Bob in the BAFTA nominated CBeebies series *Molly and Mack*. The show ran for four successful series and a fifth series has just been commissioned to start filming in 2022.

He has recently appeared as an interviewer as part of Ian Lavender's *Dad's Army* reminiscence show "Don't tell him Pike!" which played to full houses at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe at the Assembly Rooms.

He starred as Jean at the Royal Lyceum in Murat Daltaban's DOT theatre company's acclaimed production of Zinnie Harris' adaptation of Ionesco's *Rhinoceros* as part of the Edinburgh International Festival in 2017.

## Selected stage appearances

| Year | Play/Theatre | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2022 | *A Christmas Carol*, Lyceum Theatre, Edinburgh | Mr Fezziwig / Nouadays |  |
| 2018 | *The Belle's Stratagem*, Lyceum Theatre, Edinburgh | Provost Hardy, Phillip, Gibson | Tony Cownie's adaptation of Hannah Cowley's play |
| 2017 | *Rhinoceros*, Lyceum Theatre, Edinburgh | Jean |  |
| 2014 | *Kill Johnny Glendenning*, Lyceum Theatre, Edinburgh | Bruce | play by D.C. Jackson |
| 2013 | *The Shawshank Redemption*, Assembly Rooms/The Gaiety, Dublin | Brian Hadley |  |
| 2013 | *Quiz Show*, Traverse Theatre, Edinburgh | Gerry Holland | Winner: Best New Play Critic's Award for Theatre 2013 |
| 2012 | *Pygmalion*, Òran Mór, Glasgow | Henry Higgins |  |
| 2012 | *Fleeto*, Tumult in the Clouds | DCI Martin Booth | Winner: Argos Angel Award Brighton Festival |
| 2012 | *Wee Andy*, Tumult in the Clouds | Andrew Graham | Winner: Argos Angel Award Brighton Festival |
| 2012 | *Moonlight and Magnolias*, Perth Theatre | David O Selznick |  |
| 2011 | *Twelfth Night*, Perth Theatre | Sir Toby Belch |  |
| 2011 | *Educating Agnes*, Lyceum Theatre, Edinburgh | Hamish |  |
| 2010 | *While You Lie*, Traverse Theatre, Edinburgh | Chris |  |
| 2010 | *The Importance of Being Earnest*, Lyceum Theatre, Edinburgh | Merriman/Lane |  |
| 2007 | *The Merchant of Venice*, Lyceum Theatre, Edinburgh | Gratiano |  |
| 2006 | *Look Back in Anger* : 50 years, Royal Court | Cliff |  |
| 2006 | *Joking Apart*, Northcott Theatre | Sven |  |
| 2005 | *Laurel and Hardy*, Lyceum Theatre, Edinburgh / Olympia Theatre Dublin | Oliver Hardy | play by Tom McGrath |
| 2005 | *Look Back in Anger*, Lyceum Theatre, Edinburgh / Theatre Royal Bath | Cliff | Nominated: T.M.A Best supporting actor |
| 2004 | *Dead Funny*, Borderline Theatre | Brian |  |
| 2003 | *Man and Superman* / *The Steamie* / *The Matchmaker*, Pitlochry Festival Theatre | Hector Malone/ Andy/ Auguste | Winner: Leon Sinden Award Best Actor |
| 2001 | *The Comedy of Errors*, Lyceum Theatre, Edinburgh | Dromio of Syracuse |  |
| 1992 | *The Jesuit*, Netherbow Theatre, Edinburgh | Watt | play by Donald Campbell |

## Selected film and TV

| Year | Title | Company | Role |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | *Katie Morag* | BBC | Mr Mackie |
| 2010 | *Garrow's Law* | BBC | Yardley |
| 2009 | *Joe Smeal's Wheels* | Film Nouveau | Davie Bell |
| 2008 | *Empty* | BBC | Tam |
| 2007 | *Legit* | BBC | Sammy Fox |
| 2006 | *Wearside Jack: The Ripper Hoaxer* | Channel 4 | DCI Dick Holland |
| 2004 | *The Return of Peg Leg Pete* | Fox Searchlight | Pete |
| 2002 | *Cry For Bobo* | Forged Film | Coco |
| 2001 | *V'elvet Soup* | BBC | Writer/ Performer |
| 2000 | *Velvet Soup* | BBC | Writer/ Performer |
| 1994–2011 | *Rab C. Nesbitt* | BBC | Young Rab C |
|

## Selected radio appearances

| Date | Title | Role | Director | Station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 31 May 1999 | *Let It Bleed* |  | Gaynor Macfarlane | BBC Radio 4 Afternoon Play |
| 25 May 2004 | *15 Minutes to Go: Viper in the Nest* | Headmaster / Radio Announcer | Lu Kemp | BBC Radio 4 Woman's Hour Drama |
| 31 March 2003 | *The Life Trainer* | Chaz | Lu Kemp | BBC Radio 4 Afternoon Play |
| 28 October 2003 | *The Time Between Two Tides* | Loan Shark/Operator | Gaynor Macfarlane | BBC Radio 4 Afternoon Play |
| 8 January 2004 | *Bampot Central* | Constable McLaren | Lu Kemp | BBC Radio 3 The Wire |
| 21 August 2008 | *Sex for Volunteers* | Joe | Kirsty Williams | BBC Radio 4 Afternoon Play |
| 24 December 2008 | *Christmas Eve* | Vakula | Bruce Young | BBC Radio 4 Afternoon Play |
| 23 July 2010 | *No Help When Dead* | Baxter | Kirsty Williams | BBC Radio Scotland Drama |
| 11 November 201218 November 2012 | *The Black Book* | Mickey Rebus | Bruce Young | BBC Radio 4<br>Classic Serial |

## InfoBox

| Steven McNicoll | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Edinburgh, Scotland |
| Nationality | Scottish |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, playwright, comedian, television presenter |


title: Stomias nebulosus

abstract: Stomias lampropeltis is a species of deep-sea fish in the genus Stomias. The species has been documented in the Indo-Pacific Ocean.

text:
# Stomias nebulosus

***Stomias lampropeltis*** is a species of deep-sea fish in the genus *Stomias*. The species has been documented in the Indo-Pacific Ocean.

## InfoBox

| *Stomias nebulosus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Stomiiformes |
| Family: | Stomiidae |
| Genus: | *Stomias* |
| Species: | ***S. nebulosus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Stomias nebulosus***
Alcock, 1889 | |
|


title: Stomiati

abstract: Stomiati is a group of teleost fish belonging to the cohort (group) Euteleostei, which is a group of bony fishes within the infra-class Teleostei that evolved ~240 million years ago. Teleostei is a group of ray-finned fishes with the exception of primitive bichirs, sturgeons, paddlefishes, freshwater garfishes, and bowfins. The cohort of Euteleostei is divided into two smaller groups: the Protacanthopterygii and the Neoteleostei. Stomiati happen to be descendants of the Protacanthopterygii, and contains the order of Osmeriformes and Stomiiformes. Stomiati is one of five major euteleost lineages that were recently placed in one monophyly, a group of organisms all descending from one common ancestor. The five being a clade formed by Esociformes and Salmoniformes; second being the Stomiatii consisting of only Osmeriformes and Stomiiformes; Argentiniformes; Galaxiiformes; and Neotelestei. Stomiati are known for their large mouth, long throat/barbel, and no caudal filament.

text:
# Stomiati

**Stomiati** is a group of teleost fish belonging to the cohort (group) **Euteleostei**, which is a group of bony fishes within the infra-class **Teleostei** that evolved ~240 million years ago. Teleostei is a group of ray-finned fishes with the exception of primitive bichirs, sturgeons, paddlefishes, freshwater garfishes, and bowfins. The cohort of **Euteleostei** is divided into two smaller groups: the **Protacanthopterygii** and the **Neoteleostei**. Stomiati happen to be descendants of the Protacanthopterygii, and contains the order of Osmeriformes and Stomiiformes (Betancur-R, et al.).

**Stomiati** is one of five major euteleost lineages that were recently placed in one monophyly, a group of organisms all descending from one common ancestor. The five being a clade formed by Esociformes and Salmoniformes; second being the **Stomiatii** consisting of only Osmeriformes and Stomiiformes; Argentiniformes (excludes Alepocephaliformes); Galaxiiformes (excludes *Lepidogalaxias*); and Neotelestei. **Stomiati** are known for their large mouth, long throat/barbel, and no caudal filament.

## Osmeriformes

**Osmeriformes smelts** belong to the subcohort **Protacanthopterygii**. Osmeriformes mainly spawn in freshwater habitats except for the osmerid (family Osmeridae) *Osmerus eperlanus*, and one or two salangids (family Salangidae). Fourteen different families comprise the order of **Osmeriformes**.

## Stomiiformes

**Stomiiformes** are an order of deep sea ray-finned fishes. These fishes are known, and named, for their absurdly large mouth openings. Stomiiformes is derived from Ancient Greek meaning “mouth” + “external form” which references their large mouth openings. Four (some may claim 5) different families comprise the order of Stomiiformes.

### Bioluminescence

The order of stomiiformes is linked to some of the most interesting deep sea dragonfishes. The genera of *Malacosteus**, Aristostomias* and *Pachystomias* are the only fishes that have the ability to produce red bioluminescence. The species ***Malacosteus*** ***niger*** is found lurking below a depth of 500 m (1,600 ft) illuminating its red light in order pick out prey. The reason this red bioluminescent light is so interesting is the fact that below the depth of 500 meters, there are very few organisms that have the ability to perceive this wavelength. Therefore, ***M. niger*** effortlessly hunts for prey with the aid of light while its prey remains in seemingly complete darkness.

Little is known about their ability to use and let alone sense light at such depths. Due to them lurking at a depth well below 500 m, they can only be observed in their natural habitat, and bringing one up to the surface alive is infeasible. The change in pressure the fish would experience would be too great and most certainly be fatal.

## InfoBox

| Stomiati | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Illustration of a stoplight loosejaw (*M. niger*) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Cohort: | Euteleostei |
| *Clade*: | Stomiati |
|
| Orders | |
|  | |


title: Stizocera rugicollis

abstract: Stizocera rugicollis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville in 1844.

text:
# Stizocera rugicollis

***Stizocera rugicollis*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville in 1844.

## InfoBox

| *Stizocera rugicollis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Stizocera* |
| Species: | ***S. rugicollis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Stizocera rugicollis***<br>(Guérin-Méneville, 1844) | |
|


title: Strange many-whorled land snail

abstract: Millerelix peregrina is a species of land snail in the family Polygyridae. It is known by the common names strange many-whorled land snail and white liptooth. It is endemic to Arkansas in the United States, where it is found in Izard, Marion, Stone, Newton, and Searcy County in the Ozark Mountains. It occurs in dolomite cliff habitat.

text:
# Strange many-whorled land snail

***Millerelix peregrina*** (syn. *Polygyra peregrina*) is a species of land snail in the family Polygyridae. It is known by the common names **strange many-whorled land snail** and **white liptooth**. It is endemic to Arkansas in the United States, where it is found in Izard, Marion, Stone, Newton, and Searcy County in the Ozark Mountains. It occurs in dolomite cliff habitat.

## InfoBox

| Strange many-whorled land snail | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Near Threatened  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Order: | Stylommatophora |
| Family: | Polygyridae |
| Genus: | *Millerelix* |
| Species: | ***M. peregrina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Millerelix peregrina***
(Rehder, 1932) | |
|


abstract:
Strategic assumptions surfacing and testing (SAST) is a method for approaching ill-structured problems. It can be applied as a dialectical approach to policy and planning. An ill-structured problem may alternatively be also labelled as a wicked problem. SAST may be applied as a technique of systems thinking. An ill-structured problem is "one for which various strategies for providing a possible solution rest on assumptions that are in sharp conflict with one another". The purposes for an SAST method are:
  - to help surface for explicit examination the underlying assumptions that analysts often unconsciously bring with them to a problem situation;
  - to compare and to evaluate systematically the assumptions of different analysts;
  - to examine the relationship between underlying assumptions and the resulting policies which are derived and dependent upon them; and
  - to attempt to formulate new, novel, and originally unforeseen policies based on previously unforeseen assumptions. Four stages in the method include:
  - Assumption specification
  - Dialectic phase
  - Assumption integration phase
  - Composite strategy creation The method originated through the collaboration between Richard O. Mason and Ian Mitroff, as an extension of the philosophy on the design of inquiring systems originating from C. West Churchman. SAST follows the prescriptions of dialectic inquiry, sweeping in multiple perspective onto the full breadth of underlying assumptions to collaborative problem solving and strategic design.

text:
# Strategic assumption surfacing and testing

**Strategic assumptions surfacing and testing** (**SAST**) is a method for approaching ill-structured problems. It can be applied as a dialectical approach to policy and planning.

An ill-structured problem may alternatively be also labelled as a wicked problem. SAST may be applied as a technique of systems thinking.

An ill-structured problem is "one for which various strategies for providing a possible solution rest on assumptions that are in sharp conflict with one another". The purposes for an SAST method are:

* to help surface for explicit examination the underlying assumptions that analysts often unconsciously bring with them to a problem situation;
* to compare and to evaluate systematically the assumptions of different analysts;
* to examine the relationship between underlying assumptions and the resulting policies which are derived and dependent upon them; and
* to attempt to formulate new, novel, and originally unforeseen policies based on previously unforeseen assumptions.

Four stages in the method include:

1. Assumption specification
2. Dialectic phase
3. Assumption integration phase
4. Composite strategy creation

The method originated through the collaboration between Richard O. Mason and Ian Mitroff, as an extension of the philosophy on the design of inquiring systems originating from C. West Churchman. SAST follows the prescriptions of *dialectic inquiry*, sweeping in multiple perspective onto the full breadth of underlying assumptions to collaborative problem solving and strategic design.

Mitroff, I. I., and J. R. Emshoff. 1979. “On Strategic Assumption-making: A Dialectical Approach to Policy and Planning.” *Academy of Management Review*: 1–12. https://www.jstor.org/stable/257398

Mason, R.O., and Mitroff, I.I., 1981; "Challenging Strategic Planning Assumptions:Theory,Cases and Techniques", NY, Wiley, ISBN 0-471-08219-8

Mitroff, Ian I., and Richard O. Mason. 1981. *Creating a Dialectical Social Science: Concepts, Methods, and Models*. D. Reidel. https://books.google.com/books?id=cKJ8AAAAIAAJ.

Mason, Richard O., and Ian I. Mitroff. 1981. *Challenging Strategic Planning Assumptions: Theory, Cases, and Techniques*. Wiley. https://books.google.com/books?id=EmaQAAAAIAAJ.


title: Storyworks

abstract: Storyworks is a literary magazine published in the United States by Scholastic Inc., for students in grades 3-6 and their teachers. The magazine was founded in 1993 by Scholastic editor Tamara Hanneman. It is published six times during the academic year. Each issue features fiction, nonfiction, poetry and a play. The magazine also publishes numerous writing prompts, word games, contests, and short articles related to reading and writing. An accompanying Teacher's Edition provides ideas and guidelines for using the magazine in the classroom. It is now edited by Lauren Tarshis, who is also the author of many children's books including the New York Times bestselling I Survived series. The Storyworks editorial headquarters are in New York City and its distribution center is in Jefferson City, Missouri.

text:
# Storyworks

***Storyworks*** is a literary magazine published in the United States by Scholastic Inc., for students in grades 3-6 and their teachers. The magazine was founded in 1993 by Scholastic editor Tamara Hanneman. It is published six times during the academic year. Each issue features fiction, nonfiction, poetry and a play. The magazine also publishes numerous writing prompts, word games, contests, and short articles related to reading and writing. An accompanying Teacher's Edition provides ideas and guidelines for using the magazine in the classroom. It is now edited by Lauren Tarshis, who is also the author of many children's books including the *New York Times* bestselling *I Survived* series. The *Storyworks* editorial headquarters are in New York City and its distribution center is in Jefferson City, Missouri.

## InfoBox

*Storyworks*
| Editor | Lauren Tarshis |
| --- | --- |
| Categories | Children's magazine |
| Frequency | Monthly |
| Publisher | Scholastic Press |
| Founder | Lauren Tarshis |
| Founded | 1993 |
| Country | United States |
| Based in | Jefferson City, Missouri |
| Website | storyworks.scholastic.com |


title: Stop Laughing...This Is Serious

abstract: Stop Laughing...This Is Serious is a conversational-style Australian television documentary program which debuted in 2015 on the ABC. The first season of three episodes is narrated by Eric Bana and features 63 well-known comedians and actors who analyse the history of comedy in Australia and relive their own experiences. It includes Barry Humphries, Andrew Denton, Adam Hills, Shaun Micallef, Garry McDonald, Magda Szubanski and Paul Hogan. The second season, narrated by Colin Lane, screened in 2017. Its title references a famous 1933 cartoon by Stan Cross.

text:
# Stop Laughing...This Is Serious

***Stop Laughing...This Is Serious*** is a conversational-style Australian television documentary program which debuted in 2015 on the ABC. The first season of three episodes is narrated by Eric Bana and features 63 well-known comedians and actors who analyse the history of comedy in Australia and relive their own experiences. It includes Barry Humphries, Andrew Denton, Adam Hills, Shaun Micallef, Garry McDonald, Magda Szubanski and Paul Hogan. The second season, narrated by Colin Lane, screened in 2017. Its title references a famous 1933 cartoon by Stan Cross.

## Episodes

### Season 1

* Episode 1 Faark, Faark
* Episode 2 Look At Moi, Look At Moi
* Episode 3 Hello Possums

**Narrator**: Eric Bana
**Participants**: Adam Hills, Andrew Denton, Andrew Knight, Austen Tayshus, Barry Humphries, Chris Taylor, Christiaan Van Vuuren, Colin Lane, Craig Reucassel, Dave Hughes, Denise Scott, Frank Woodley, Garry McDonald, Gary Reilly, Glenn Robbins, Graeme Blundell, Grahame Bond, Greig Pickhaver, Ian McFadyen, Jane Turner, John Clarke, John Doyle, John Pinder, John Safran, Judith Lucy, Julia Morris, Julia Zemiro, Kevin Kropinyeri, Lawrence Mooney, Libbi Gorr, Magda Szubanski, Mary Coustas, Mary Kenneally, Mick Molloy, Mikey Robins, Nazeem Hussain, Neill Gladwin, Nicholas Boshier, Nick Giannopoulos, Noeline Brown, Paul Fenech, Paul Hogan, Paul McDermott, Richard Fidler, Rod Quantock, Rodney Rude, Rove McManus, Santo Cilauro, Sean Choolburra, Shane Bourne, Shane Jacobson, Shaun Micallef, Steve Kearney, Steve Vizard, Sue Ingleton, Susan Provan, Tim Ferguson, Tim Minchin, Tom Ballard, Toni Lamond, Tony Martin, Tony Sattler, and Wendy Harmer

### Season 2

* Episode 1 She Goes... She Goes... She Just Goes
* Episode 2 I Said Pet, I Said Pet, I said Love
* Episode 3 Too Much Variety Is Barely Enough


title: Stop Making This Hurt

abstract: "Stop Making This Hurt" is a song by American indie pop act Bleachers. It released on May 18, 2021, as the third single from their third studio album Take the Sadness Out of Saturday Night. The song was nominated for "Best Alternative" in 2021 MTV Video Music Awards. A remix of the track by British electronic musician and founder of record label PC Music, A. G. Cook, was released in June 2022, alongside Verdine White's remix of "How Dare You Want More". American singer-songwriter and musician Alaska Reid provides additional vocals on Cook's remix.

text:
# Stop Making This Hurt

"**Stop Making This Hurt**" is a song by American indie pop act Bleachers. It released on May 18, 2021, as the third single from their third studio album *Take the Sadness Out of Saturday Night*. The song was nominated for "Best Alternative" in 2021 MTV Video Music Awards.

A remix of the track by British electronic musician and founder of record label PC Music, A. G. Cook, was released in June 2022, alongside Verdine White's remix of "How Dare You Want More". American singer-songwriter and musician Alaska Reid provides additional vocals on Cook's remix.

## Track listing

**Stop Making This Hurt (A. G. Cook Remix) / How Dare You Want More (Verdine White of Earth, Wind & Fire Remix) - Single**

## Personnel

* Jack Antonoff – vocals, songwriting, production, acoustic guitar, bass, drums, electric guitar, percussion
* Patrik Berger – songwriting, production, tom toms
* Annie Clark – background vocals
* Blu DeTiger – bass
* Sounwave – programming
* Anna – saxophone
* Bobby Hawk – violin
* Evan Smith – saxophone, synthesizer
* Zem - saxophone
* Mikey Freedom Hart – bass, electric guitar
* Sean Hutchinson – congas, drums
* Laura Sisk – engineer
* Chris Gehringer – mastering engineer
* John Rooney – additional producer
* Michael Riddleberger – percussion
* Mike "Spike" Stent – mixing engineer
* Jon Sher – assistant engineer
* Matt Wolach – assistant engineer
* Rob Lebret – assistant engineer
* Will Quinnell – assistant engineer

## Charts

Chart performance for "Stop Making This Hurt"
| Chart (2021) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada Rock (*Billboard*) | 45 |
| US Adult Pop Airplay (*Billboard*) | 36 |
| US Hot Rock & Alternative Songs (*Billboard*) | 44 |
| US Rock Airplay (*Billboard*) | 16 |

## Release history

Release dates and formats for "Stop Making This Hurt"
| Region | Date | Format | Version | Label | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Various | May 18, 2021 |  | Original |  |  |
| United States | May 24, 2021 | | | Triple A radio |  |
| | May 25, 2021 | | | Alternative radio |  |
| Various | June 16, 2022 | * Digital download * streaming | | A. G. Cook remix |  |

## InfoBox

| "Stop Making This Hurt" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Bleachers | |
| from the album  *Take the Sadness Out of Saturday Night* | |
| Released | May 18, 2021 (2021-05-18) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:19 |
| Label | RCA |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | * Jack Antonoff * Patrik Berger |
| Bleachers singles chronology | |
| "Chinatown"
(2020) "**Stop Making This Hurt**"
(2021) "How Dare You Want More"
(2021) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Stop Making This Hurt" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Stop Listening

abstract: "Stop Listening" is a song by British singer-songwriter Tanita Tikaram, which was released in 1998 as the lead single from her sixth studio album The Cappuccino Songs. The song was written by Tikaram and Marco Sabiu, and produced by Sabiu. "Stop Listening" reached No. 67 on the UK Singles Chart and remained in the Top 100 for two weeks. "Stop Listening" was Tikaram's first recording for her new record label, Mother Records. Included as b-sides on the single are re-recorded "electronic" versions of her hit singles "Good Tradition" and "Twist in My Sobriety", and the previously unreleased "The Feeling Is Gone". In a 1998 Polydor press release, Tikaram described "Stop Listening" as being "about still loving somebody with whom you have nothing left in common, being pulled this way and that way. Not being able to speak to somebody who you love is so awful."

text:
# Stop Listening

"**Stop Listening**" is a song by British singer-songwriter Tanita Tikaram, which was released in 1998 as the lead single from her sixth studio album *The Cappuccino Songs*. The song was written by Tikaram and Marco Sabiu, and produced by Sabiu. "Stop Listening" reached No. 67 on the UK Singles Chart and remained in the Top 100 for two weeks.

"Stop Listening" was Tikaram's first recording for her new record label, Mother Records. Included as b-sides on the single are re-recorded "electronic" versions of her hit singles "Good Tradition" and "Twist in My Sobriety", and the previously unreleased "The Feeling Is Gone".

In a 1998 Polydor press release, Tikaram described "Stop Listening" as being "about still loving somebody with whom you have nothing left in common, being pulled this way and that way. Not being able to speak to somebody who you love is so awful."

## Critical reception

Upon its release as a single, *Music Week* announced that Tikaram is "back with a richer, fuller sound" and commented, "She's as dark and moody as ever, conveying her thoughts with her trademark breathy style, and the introduction of strings by producer Marco Sabiu adds a new layer to her sound. Matching the success of 'Good Tradition' will be tough, but this is her best single since her early hits." Andrew Hirst of the *Huddersfield Daily Examiner* wrote, "It's 10 years since she shot to fame with her dark, deep voice and the depressing-sounding deadpan single 'Twist in My Sobriety'. She's not lightened up much – this is the sad and sorry tale about a crumbling relationship." In a review of *The Cappuccino Songs*, *NME* felt the song was "heavy with distress and the imminent threat of Tanita bursting into tears".

## Releases

**Cassette single** (UK)

1. "Stop Listening" – 3:54
2. "Twist In My Sobriety" – 3:18

**CD single** (Europe and UK #2)

1. "Stop Listening" – 3:54
2. "Twist In My Sobriety" – 3:18
3. "Good Tradition" – 3:28

**CD single** (UK #1)

1. "Stop Listening" – 3:54
2. "The Cappuccino Song" – 3:50
3. "Feeling Is Gone" – 3:23
4. "Stop Listening" (Directors Cut) – 7:29

**12-inch single** (UK promo)

1. "Stop Listening" (Dub Maraglio) – 5:40
2. "Stop Listening" (Purple Haze Mix) – 5:57
3. "Stop Listening" (Directors Cut) – 7:30
4. "Stop Listening" (Directors Dub) – 6:25

## Charts

| Chart (1998) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| UK Singles Chart | 67 |

## InfoBox

| "Stop Listening" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Tanita Tikaram | |
| from the album  *The Cappuccino Songs* | |
| Released | 18 May 1998 |
| Length | 4:23 |
| Label | Mother Records |
| Songwriter(s) | Tanita Tikaram, Marco Sabiu |
| Producer(s) | Marco Sabiu |
| Tanita Tikaram singles chronology | |
| "And I Think of You - E penso a te"
(1996) "**Stop Listening**"
(1998) "I Don't Wanna Lose At Love"
(1998) | |


abstract: "Story of My Life" is a 1990 song by American punk rock band Social Distortion, written by frontman Mike Ness. It was released as a single and also appeared on their self-titled album as well as Live at the Roxy live album. The song describes a man looking back wistfully on life, such as a love interest he had as a teenager, and how things have changed and how quickly his life has passed him by.

text:
# Story of My Life (Social Distortion song)

"**Story of My Life**" is a 1990 song by American punk rock band Social Distortion, written by frontman Mike Ness. It was released as a single and also appeared on their self-titled album as well as *Live at the Roxy* live album. The song describes a man looking back wistfully on life, such as a love interest he had as a teenager, and how things have changed and how quickly his life (and the opportunity) has passed him by.

## Track listing

1. "Story of My Life"
2. "1945"
3. "Mommy's Little Monster"
4. "Pretty Thing"
5. "Shame on Me"

## Personnel

## TV, movie, and video game appearances

## Covers

## InfoBox

| "Story of My Life" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Social Distortion | |
| from the album  *Social Distortion* | |
| Released | 1990 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 5:48 |
| Label | Epic |
| Songwriter(s) | Mike Ness |
| Producer(s) | Dave Jerden |
| Social Distortion singles chronology | |
| "Sick Boys"
(1990) "**Story of My Life**"
(1990) "Bad Luck"
(1992) | |


title: Story of My Heart

abstract: Story of My Heart is the debut studio album by R&B singer Mario Winans under the name Mario "Yellow Man" Winans. The album was released on June 24, 1997 under Motown Records.

text:
# Story of My Heart

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Story of My Heart*** is the debut studio album by R&B singer Mario Winans under the name Mario "Yellow Man" Winans. The album was released on June 24, 1997 under Motown Records.

## Track listing

1. "Prayerlude" (Mario Winans) (0:59)
2. "Every Now and Then" (Mario Winans, Kenneth "Hicklo" Hickson) (4:16)
3. "Stay with Me" (Mario Winans) (4:32)
4. "Arouse Me" (Mario Winans) (4:41)
5. "Don't Know" (Mario Winans, Artie Hoyle) (3:59)
6. "Love Man" (Mario Winans) (4:34)
7. "I Wanna Be Your Man" (Interlude) (Mario Winans) (0:55)
8. "You Never Know" (Mario Winans, Kenneth "Hicklo" Hickson) (3:56)
9. "Come Back Home" (Mario Winans, Kenneth "Hicklo" Hickson) (4:43)
10. "My Sweetheart" (Mario Winans) (3:36)
11. "Don't Know Remix" (featuring Mase and Allure) (Mario Winans, Mason Betha, Samuel Barnes, Jean-Claude Olivier) (4:35)
12. "It's All Good" (Mario Winans, Kenneth "Hicklo" Hickson) (3:48)
13. "Don't Take Your Love Away" (Mario Winans, Kenneth "Hicklo" Hickson) (3:45)
14. "One Last Chance" (Mario Winans, Kenneth "Hicklo" Hickson) (3:57)
15. "Love Is in the Air" (Mario Winans, Kenneth "Hicklo" Hickson) (5:26)
16. "Loving Arms" (Mario Winans, Kenneth "Hicklo" Hickson) (3:58)
17. "Take My Breath Away" (Mario Winans, Kenneth "Hicklo" Hickson) (4:14)

## Personnel

* Mario Winans: All instruments and drum programming on all songs except "Don't Know (Remix)", executive producer
* Donyell Boynton: Additional keyboards on "Don't Take Your Love Away"
* Poke And Tone: Drum programming on "Don't Know (Remix)"
* Timothy "Tyme" Riley: Keyboards on "Don't Know (Remix)"
* Brian Smith: Recording engineer
* Paul D. Allen: Recording engineer, mixing
* Carlton Lynn: Recording engineer
* Bryan Frye: Recording engineer
* Robin Moore: Recording engineer, mixing
* Alvin Speights: mixing
* Vernon Mungo: mixing
* Andre Harrell: Executive producer
* Edward "Eddie F." Ferrell: Executive producer, A&R direction
* Perri "Pebbles" Reid: Executive producer
* Andrew "Sugar Dice" Ramhdanny: Executive producer
* Herb Powers: Mastering
* Elli Hershko: Photography
* David Harley: Art direction, design

## Samples

* "Every Now and Then" contains a sample of "Make Me Say It Again Girl" as performed by The Isley Brothers
* "Don't Know" contains a sample of "With You in Mind" as performed by Acoustic Alchemy
* "Don't Know (Remix)" contains an interpolation of "A Day in the Life" as performed by Diamond D featuring Brand Nubian
* "It's All Good" contains a sample of "I'll Be Good to You" as performed by The Brothers Johnson
* "Don't Take Your Love Away" contains an interpolation of "Westchester Lady" as performed by Bob James
* "One Last Chance" contains a sample of "Sarah Victoria" as performed by Acoustic Alchemy

## InfoBox

| Story of My Heart | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Mario Winans | |
| Released | June 24, 1997 |
| Recorded | 1996–1997
Studio LaCoCo, Silent Sound, Doppler Studios, D.A.R.P. Studios
Atlanta, Georgia
Vanguard Studios
Oak Park, Michigan
Giant Recording Studios
New York City, New York |
| Genre | R&B |
| Length | 65:54 |
| Label | Motown |
| Producer |  |
| Mario Winans chronology | |
| ***Story of My Heart***
(1997) *Hurt No More*
(2004) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Story of My Life* | |
| 1. "Don't Know"
Released: 1997 | |
|  | |


title: Strathmartine Castle Stone

abstract: The Strathmartine Castle Stone is a class I Pictish stone from Strathmartine, Angus, Scotland.

text:
# Strathmartine Castle Stone

The **Strathmartine Castle Stone** is a class I Pictish stone from Strathmartine, Angus, Scotland.

## Description

The stone is of Old Red Sandstone and bears two pictish symbols, the Pictish beast and the crescent and v-rod. It was formerly built into a wall south east of Strathmartine Castle, but moved to a property in Dundee in the early 20th century. It was acquired for Dundee Museums in 1969 and is now on display at the McManus Galleries in Dundee.

## InfoBox

| The Strathmartine Castle Stone | |
| --- | --- |
| The Strathmartine Castle Stone | |
| Material | Old Red Sandstone |
| Height | 1.35 metres (4.4 ft) |
| Symbols |  |
| Present location | McManus Galleries, Dundee, Scotland |
| Coordinates | 56°31′34″N 3°01′04″W / 56.5261°N 3.0179°W / 56.5261; -3.0179 |
| Classification | Class I Incised Stone |
| Culture | Picto-Scottish |