title: List of ship launches in 1796

abstract: The list of ship launches in 1796 includes a chronological list of some ships launched in 1796.

text:
# List of ship launches in 1796

The **list of ship launches in 1796** includes a chronological list of some ships launched in 1796.

| Date | Country | Builder | Location | Ship | Class | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 11 January | Great Britain | William Wallis | Blackwall | ***Raven*** | *Albatross*-class sloop | For Royal Navy. |
| 9 February | Great Britain | Thomas Pollard | Deptford Dockyard | ***Shannon*** | *Maidstone*-class frigate | For Royal Navy. |
| 10 February | France |  | Toulon | ***Diane*** | Fifth rate | For French Navy. |
| 10 February | France |  | Havre de Grâce | ***Libre*** | *Romaine*-class frigate | For French Navy. |
| 23 February | Great Britain | Wells & Co. | Rotherhithe | ***Cynthia*** | Sloop-of-war | For Royal Navy. |
| 24 February | Great Britain | Peter Everitt Mestaer | Rotherhithe | ***Princess Charlotte*** | East Indiaman | For British East India Company. |
| 24 February | Great Britain | John Tovery | Woolwich Dockyard | ***Trent*** | *Amazon*-class frigate | For Royal Navy. |
| February | Great Britain | Thomas King | Dover | ***Harpy*** | *Diligence*-class brig-sloop | For Royal Navy. |
| February | France | Pierre-Alexander Forfait | Havre de Grâce | ***La Menaçante*** | *Salamandre*-class bomb vessel | For French Navy. |
| February | Great Britain | Edward Grayson | Liverpool | ***Watt*** | West Indiaman | For private owner. |
| 10 March | Great Britain | Wells | Deptford | ***Henry Addington*** | East Indiaman | For British East India Company. |
| 11 March | France |  | Havre de Grâce | ***Comète*** | *Romaine*-class frigate | For French Navy. |
| 23 March | France |  | Nantes | ***Loire*** | Frigate | For French Navy. |
| 24 March | Great Britain | John Tovey | Woolwich Dockyard | ***Glenmore*** | *Amazon*-class frigate | For Royal Navy. |
| 24 March | Great Britain | Barnard | Deptford | ***York*** | Third rate | For Royal Navy. |
| 26 March | Great Britain | Thomas Pollard and Edward Sisson | Chatham Dockyard | ***Clyde*** | *Artois*-class frigate | For Royal Navy. |
| 26 March | Great Britain | Edward Sison | Chatham Dockyard | ***Tamar*** | *Artois*-class frigate | For Royal Navy. |
| 7 April | Great Britain | Balthazar Adams | Bucklers Hard | ***Bittern*** | *Bittern*-class sloop | For Royal Navy. |
| 9 April | Great Britain | Pitcher | Northfleet | ***Ardent*** | Third rate | For Royal Navy. |
| 9 April | Great Britain | William Wyatt | Fridsbury | ***Cyane*** | *Bittern*-class sloop | For Royal Navy. |
| 22 April | Great Britain | Perry, Sons & Green | Blackwall | ***Thames*** | East Indiaman | For British East India Company. |
| 23 April | France |  | Dunkerque | ***Désirée*** | *Romaine*-class frigate | For French Navy. |
| 23 April | Great Britain | Randall & Co. | Rotherhithe | ***Monmouth*** | Third rate | For Royal Navy. |
| 23 April | Great Britain | James Betts | Mistley | ***Plover*** | *Bittern*-class sloop | For Royal Navy. |
| 23 April | Great Britain | John Dudman | Deptford | ***Termagant*** | *Bittern*-class sloop | For Royal Navy. |
| 9 May | Great Britain | Joshua Young | Rotherhithe | ***Tellicherry*** | Merchantman | For John St Barbe. |
| 23 May | Great Britain | John & William Wells | Rotherhithe | ***Glatton*** | East Indiaman | For British East India Company. |
| 23 May | France |  | Dunkerque | ***Poursuivante*** | *Romaine*-class frigate | For French Navy. |
| 23 May | Great Britain | Frances Barnard | Deptford | ***Walmer Castle*** | East Indiaman | For British East India Company. |
| 24 May | Great Britain | Thomas Hills | Sandwich | ***Hound*** | *Diligence*-class brig-sloop | For Royal Navy. |
| 1 June | Great Britain | John Dudman | Deptford | ***Merlin*** | *Merlin*-class ship-sloop | For Royal Navy. |
| 6 June | Great Britain | Randall, Brent & Sons | Rotherhithe | ***Sir Stephen Lushington*** | East Indiaman | For British East India Company. |
| 7 June | France |  | Bordeaux | ***Volontaire*** | *Virginie*-class frigate | For French Navy. |
| 7 June | India | Hugh Edwards, Jonathan Gillett and Michael Larkins | Calcutta | ***Wellington*** | Merchantman | For private owner. |
| 23 June | India | David Glass & John Wood | Calcutta | ***Bellona*** | Merchantman | For private owner. |
| June | France |  | Toulon | ***Foudre*** | Aviso | For French Navy. |
| 5 July | Great Britain | Peter Everitt Mestaer | Rotherhithe | ***Martha*** | Merchantman | For Peter Everitt Mestaer. |
| 7 July | Great Britain | Bernard & Edward Adams | Bucklers Hard | ***Princess Mary*** | Merchantman | For private owner. |
| 23 July | Great Britain | Perry | Blackwall Yard | ***Agincourt*** | Third rate | For Royal Navy. |
| July | Great Britain |  | Liverpool | ***Beresford*** | Merchantman | For Messrs. Lake & Brown. |
| Unknown date | Republic of Venice |  | Venice | ***Pollux*** | Brig | For Venetian Navy. |
| 9 August | Batavian Republic | R. Dorman | Amsterdam | ***Washington*** | Ship of the line | For Batavian Navy. |
| 11 August | Denmark-Norway | Nyholm Naval Dockyard | Copenhagen | ***Najaden*** | Fifth rate | For Dano-Norwegian Navy. |
| 11 August | Denmark-Norway | Nyholm Naval Dockyard | Copenhagen | ***Nymfen*** | Fifth rate | For Dano-Norwegian Navy. |
| 24 August | Russia | G. Ignatyev | Archangelsk | ***Aziia*** | *Aziia*-class ship of the line | For Imperial Russian Navy. |
| 5 September | Great Britain | Frances Barnard | Deptford | ***Triton*** | *Triton*-class frigate | For Royal Navy. |
| 6 September | Russia | G. Ignatyev | Arkhangelsk | ***Vsevolod*** | *Yaroslav*-class ship of the line | For Imperial Russian Navy. |
| 9 October | Russia | D. Masalsky | Saint Petersburg | ***Sviatoi Konstantin*** | *Aleksandr*-class rowing frigate | For Imperial Russian Navy. |
| 9 October | Russia | D. Masalsky | Saint Petersburg | ***Sviatoi Nikolai*** | *Aleksandr*-class rpwing frigate | For Imperial Russian Navy. |
| 31 October | Russia | A. S. Katsanov | Kherson | ***Sviatoi Mikhail*** | Fourth rate | For Imperial Russian Navy. |
| October | Batavian Republic |  | Harlingen | ***Ajax*** | Corvette | For Batavian Navy. |
| 15 November | Great Britain | Perry & Co. | Blackwall | ***Warley*** | East Indiaman | For British East India Company. |
| 29 November | Great Britain | Thomas Pollard | Deptford Dockyard | ***Stork*** | *Cormorant*-class ship-sloop | For Royal Navy. |
| 30 November | Great Britain | Wells | Deptford | ***Neptune*** | East Indiaman | For British East India Company. |
| 15 December | Great Britain | Pitcher | Northfleet | ***Earl of Abergavenny*** | East Indiaman | For British East India Company. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain |  |  | ***Admiral Kingsmill*** | Brig | For J. Roche. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain | John & Philip Laing | Sunderland | ***Affinity*** | Merchantman | For J. Davie. |
| Unknown date | United States |  | Boston, Massachusetts | ***Alknomac*** | Brig | For Gairdner & Mitchell. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain |  | Hull | ***Amphitrite*** | Merchantman | For Mr. Atkinson. |
| Unknown date | India |  | Calcutta | ***Armenia*** | Merchantman | For Mr. Walker. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain | Hobbs & Hellyer | Redbridge | ***Arrow*** | *Dart*-class sloop | For Royal Navy. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain |  | Liverpool | ***Beaver*** | Slave ship | For Mr Molineaux. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain |  | Itchen Ferry | ***Brilliant*** | Schooner | Purchased on the stocks by the Royal Navy. |
| Unknown date | Ottoman Empire | Mustafa Molla | Kalas | ***Bülheves*** | Fifth rate | For Ottoman Navy. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain | John Perry | Blackwall Yard | ***Ceres*** | East Indiaman | For British East India Company. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain |  | Sunderland | ***Cicero*** | West Indiaman | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain |  |  | ***Coutts*** | East Indiaman | For British East India Company. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain |  |  | ***Dart*** | Privateer | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain | Hobbs & Hellyer | Redbridge | ***Dart*** | Experimental sloop-of-war | For Royal Navy. |
| Unknown date | France |  |  | ***Deux Amis*** | Privateer | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | Spain | Reales Astilleros de Esteiro | El Ferrol | ***Dilgencia*** | Fifth rate | For Spanish Navy. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain | Nicholas Bools | Bridport | ***Don Quixote*** | Brig | For Mr. Tremlett. |
| Unknown date | United States |  |  | ***Eagle*** | Brig | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain | John Perry | Blackwall Yard | ***Earl Talbot*** | East Indiaman | For British East India Company. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain | Nicholas Bools & William Good | Bridport | ***Eliza*** | Sloop | For Joseph Down and others. |
| Unknown date | Spain |  | El Ferrol | ***Galgo*** | Sloop-of-war | For Spanish Navy. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain | John & Philip Laing | Sunderland | ***Gemini*** | Merchantman | For James Swan. |
| Unknown date | France |  | Bordeaux | ***Hardi*** | Privateer | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | France |  | Bordeaux | ***Harmonie*** | *Virginie*-class frigate | For French Navy. |
| Unknown date | India |  | Calcutta | ***Harrington*** | Brig | For Bengal Pilot Service. |
| Unknown date | Ottoman Empire | Nikoli Kalfa | Bodrum | ***Heybetendaz*** | Third rate | For Ottoman Navy. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain |  |  | ***Hindostan*** | East Indiaman | For British East India Company. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain | John & Philip Laing | Sunderland | ***Hypomenes*** | Merchantman | For W. White. |
| Unknown date | France | Mathurin Crucy | Nantes | **L'Actif** | Privateer | For \[private owner. |
| Unknown date | France |  | Bayonne | ***La Gaieté*** | *Bonne Citoyenne*-class corvette | For French Navy. |
| Unknown date | France |  | Havre de Grâce | ***La Libre*** | *Romaine*-class frigate | For French Navy. |
| Unknown date | France |  | Nantes | ***La Nouvelle Eugenie*** | Privateer | For Feliz Cossin de Chourses. |
| Unknown date | France |  |  | ***L'Elizabeth*** | Fifth rate | For French Navy. |
| Unknown date | Ottoman Empire | Jacques Balthazar Brun de Sainte Catherine | Constantinople | ***Mesken-i Gazi*** | Fourth rate | For Ottoman Navy. |
| Unknown date | Ottoman Empire | Çamlicali Kalfa |  | ***Mürg-ı Bahri*** | Sixth rate | For Ottoman Navy. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain | John & Philip Laing | Sunderland | ***Neptune*** | Merchantman | For Peddie & Co. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain | Barnstaple | Broadstairs | ***Princess of Wales*** | Hoy | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain | Thomas Jones King | Dover | ***Rambler*** | Cutter | For Royal Navy. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain |  |  | ***Rattler*** | Collier | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | Ottoman Greece | Fredirk Ludwig af Klintberg | Rhodes | ***Rehber-i Nusret*** | Sixth rate | For Ottoman Navy. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain | James Walmsley | North Shields | ***Rosina*** | Merchantman | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | Bermuda | Nathaniel Tynes | Bermuda | ***Rover*** | Sloop-of-war | For Royal Navy. |
| Unknown date | Spain |  |  | ***San José*** | Polacca | For Spanish Navy. |
| Unknown date | Ottoman Greece | Antuvan Kalfa | Rhodes | ***Şehper-i Zafer*** | Fourth rate | For Ottoman Navy. |
| Unknown date | Ottoman Greece | Filip Kalfa | Lemnos | ***Şevketnüma*** | Fourth rate | For Ottoman Navy. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain | Nicholas Bools & William Good | Bridport | ***Stag*** | Sloop | For William Styles and others. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain |  | Liverpool | ***Tarleton*** | Slave ship | For Tarleton & Co. |
| Unknown date | France |  |  | ***Vaillante*** | *Bonne Citoyenne*-class corvette | For French Navy. |
| Unknown date | India |  | Calcutta | ***Varuna*** | Merchantman | For Prinsep & Co. |
| Unknown date | Ottoman Empire | Jacques Balthazar Brun de Sainte Catherine | Constantinople | ***Zafer Küsa*** | Sixth rate | For Ottoman Navy. |
| Unknown date | Ottoman Empire | Ahmed Hoca Kaptan | Midilli | ***Ziver-i Bahri*** | Third rate | For Ottoman Navy. |
| Unknown date | Unknown |  | Batavian Republic or Denmark-Norway | **Name unknown** | Merchantman | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | United States |  |  | **Name unknown** | Merchantman | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | France |  |  | **Name unknown** | Merchantman | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | United States |  |  | **Name unknown** | Merchantman | For private owner. |


title: Pierre Yves Kéralum

abstract: Pierre Yves Kéralum OMI (1817–1872) was a French-born Catholic missionary and member of the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate. He served in South Texas from 1853 to 1872, traveling long distances on horseback to minister to Catholics living on isolated ranches along the Rio Grande. He was also an architect who designed many buildings in the area, including the Immaculate Conception Cathedral in Brownsville, Texas.

text:
# Pierre Yves Kéralum

**Pierre Yves Kéralum** OMI (1817–1872) was a French-born Catholic missionary and member of the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate. He served in South Texas from 1853 to 1872, traveling long distances on horseback to minister to Catholics living on isolated ranches along the Rio Grande. He was also an architect who designed many buildings in the area, including the Immaculate Conception Cathedral in Brownsville, Texas.

## Early life and education

Pierre Yves Kéralum was born in the Brittany region of France on March 2, 1817, the youngest of ten children of Marc Yves Kéralum, a carpenter, and Jeanne Colcanap. As an apprentice carpenter and cabinetmaker, he was making his traditional Tour de France when he was called to the priesthood. He studied at the Pont-Croix minor seminary, then entered the Quimper major seminary in 1847. He was ordained a deacon in 1850. After deciding to join the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate, he began his novitiate at Notre-Dame-de-l'Osier in 1851, and spent several months at the Marseilles major seminary. He was ordained a priest by the Bishop of Marseille, Eugène de Mazenod, on February 15, 1852, and was sent to Galveston, Texas.

## Priesthood

Kéralum spent nine months in Galveston, where he helped establish the city's first Catholic college-seminary. Originally named Immaculate Conception College and Seminary, it was chartered in 1856 as St. Mary's University of Galveston. In 1853, he was transferred to Brownsville, Texas, where he began serving as a circuit rider for the Lower Rio Grande Valley.

### Architectural work

In addition to carpentry, Kéralum was skilled in masonry and could lay brick as well as building church pews, coffins, and whatever else was needed. In 1854, he was briefly transferred to the mission center in Roma, Texas, where he designed and helped build the parish church. Our Lady of Refuge Catholic Church is still in use and is part of the Roma Historic District.

In 1856, the priest originally in charge of building the Immaculate Conception Cathedral in Brownsville, Father Verdet, was returning from a trip to France when he was drowned in a shipwreck off the Louisiana coast. Father Kéralum was assigned to take over for him. The Gothic Revival church is still in use today and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Kéralum designed and helped with the construction of many other buildings in the Brownsville mission district.

In 1872, he helped the priests in Laredo, Texas, finish building the Cathedral of San Agustin. He designed Our Lady of Visitation Church in Santa Maria, another Gothic Revival edifice, and St. Joseph's chapel at the Toluca Ranch in Progreso. He may also have designed La Lomita Chapel in Mission, Texas.

### Cavalry of Christ

The Oblate fathers who ministered to the Rio Grande area in the 19th century were known as the Cavalry of Christ because they traveled by horseback. The priests traveled over harsh desert and through lawless territory to administer the sacraments to Catholics living on small, far-flung ranches. Father Kéralum was one of the best known and beloved members of this group. At least three times a year he covered a large territory spanning 70-120 ranches, where he would preach, catechize young people, hear confessions, and perform wedding and funeral rites. He also crossed the Rio Grande to preach at several Mexican missions in 1865. Known for his kindness and humility, he was called "El Santo Padre Pedrito" by the locals.

Stories about Kéralum illustrate his consideration for others. Once when he arrived at the Brownsville rectory late at night, he camped out in the graveyard rather than wake anyone. He preferred to wear second-hand clothes rather than spend money on new ones. A neighbor once saw him carrying lumber and tools into a shack on the outskirts of town; on investigation, it turned out that Kéralum was building a coffin for the impoverished woman who had died there.

While in his fifties, Kéralum's health began to fail and he became nearly blind. Nevertheless he insisted on continuing his rounds, and on several occasions lost his way. Once he returned covered with mesquite scratches after having become lost in the brush and survived for three days on mesquite beans and prickly pear.

On November 12, 1872, Kéralum left the Cano family ranch, northwest of Mercedes, Texas, and never returned. His horse turned up a few days later without its saddle. The Oblates formed a search party and scoured the area for days, but found no trace of him. For a time it was rumored that he had been murdered. In 1882 some cowhands found his remains in the brush, identifiable by his belongings: a rosary fragment, a chalice and other ceremonial items, and an old saddle hanging from a tree limb. Apparently he had died of snakebite or become hopelessly lost in the desert and starved to death.

## Memorials

Kéralum's memory is still honored by area Catholics. A life-size crucifixion scene, erected in 1920, marks the spot in Mercedes where his remains were originally interred before being transferred to San Antonio, Texas. The city of Roma has hosted an annual Kéralum festival, and in 2004 celebrated the 150th anniversary of the Oblates' arrival with a reenactment of the scene on horseback. A Knights of Columbus chapter and several streets and buildings in the region have been named for him. In 1995 the cathedral square in Brownsville was named for Kéralum.

In 2003, Vatican officials visited the area and were impressed with the respect for Kéralum that had been passed down from the original ranching families. Rev. Roy Snipes of Our Lady of Guadalupe Catholic Church in Mission, Texas, presented the visitors with a recording of a corrido, or Mexican folk ballad, written in Kéralum's honor. A member of the Fernandez family from Toluca Ranch wrote a history which Snipes adapted into a play about Kéralum, which is performed once a year at La Lomita Chapel. The Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate, supported by Bp. Daniel Flores of the Diocese of Brownsville, are prayerfully promoting his causes to be declared a saint by our Catholic church.

Author Paul Horgan wrote a fictionalized account of Kéralum's last days titled *The Devil in the Desert* (1952).

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Pierre Yves Kéralum | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1817-03-02)March 2, 1817
Quimper, Brittany, France |
| Died | November 12, 1872(1872-11-12) (aged 55)
Mercedes, Texas, U.S. |
| Other names | Peter Keralum |
| Occupation(s) | Catholic priest, architect |


title: Pools of ʻOheʻo

abstract: The Pools of ʻOheʻo, also known as the Seven Sacred Pools, are a group of tiered pools in ʻOheʻo Gulch in Haleakalā National Park in Maui, Hawaii. They are located in the national park's Kipahulu area. Despite its nickname, there are more than seven pools in the area. The Hawaiian word "ʻOheʻo" translates to "something special."

text:
# Pools of ʻOheʻo

The **Pools of ʻOheʻo**, also known as the **Seven Sacred Pools**, are a group of tiered pools in ʻOheʻo Gulch in Haleakalā National Park in Maui, Hawaii. They are located in the national park's Kipahulu area. Despite its nickname, there are more than seven pools in the area. The Hawaiian word "ʻOheʻo" translates to "something special."

## History

The nickname "Seven Sacred Pools" came from the owner of the Travaasa Hana hotel nearby in the 1940s, as it helped with advertising the isolated area to tourists. The pools are not sacred to Hawaiian culture. In 1960, many locals, including Sam Pryor, feared that the falls would be negatively affected by the tourists visiting the pools. Pryor was friends with philanthropist and conservationist Laurance Rockefeller, whom he asked to buy a part of the area to protect. This area was sold in 1969 to the National Park Service to become a part of Haleakalā National Park.

## Dangers

Visitors are not allowed to swim in the pools as they contain numerous rocks that have fallen from the nearby cliffs. Despite the many signs, jumping in the pool is rarely enforced and many tourists have jumped into the pools, resulting in multiple deaths and injuries.

## InfoBox

| Pools of ʻOheʻo | |
| --- | --- |
| The pools in 2008 | |
| Pools of ʻOheʻoPools of ʻOheʻo | |
| Location | Haleakalā National Park |
| Coordinates | 20°39′49″N 156°02′34″W / 20.6636°N 156.0429°W / 20.6636; -156.0429 |
| Etymology | "something special" in Hawaiian |
| Primary outflows | Pacific Ocean |


title: WKUB

abstract: WKUB is a radio station broadcasting a country music format. Licensed to Blackshear, Georgia, United States, the station is currently owned by John Higgs' Broadcast South, through licensee Higgs Multimedia Group, LLC. It features programming from ABC Radio.

text:
# WKUB

**WKUB** (105.1 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a country music format. Licensed to Blackshear, Georgia, United States, the station is currently owned by John Higgs' Broadcast South, through licensee Higgs Multimedia Group, LLC. It features programming from ABC Radio .

## InfoBox

WKUB
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Waycross, Georgia |
| Frequency | 105.1 MHz |
| Branding | *Kub Country 105.1* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Country music |
| Affiliations | ABC Radio |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | * Broadcast South * (Higgs Multimedia Group, LLC) |
| Sister stations |  |
| History | |
| First air date | December 10, 1979 |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 40704 |
| Class | C2 |
| ERP | 50,000 watts |
| HAAT | 106.2 meters |
| Transmitter coordinates | 31°10′54.00″N 82°22′51.00″W / 31.1816667°N 82.3808333°W / 31.1816667; -82.3808333 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |


title: Vauxhall helicopter crash

text:
# Vauxhall helicopter crash

On 16 January 2013, an Agusta A109 helicopter crashed in Vauxhall, London, after it collided with the jib of a construction crane attached to St George Wharf Tower. Two people died in the incident: the pilot, Pete Barnes, 50, and a pedestrian, Matthew Wood, 39, from Sutton in south London. Five people were taken to hospital and seven more were treated at the scene.

The pilot had diverted because of poor visibility. The official report concluded he was probably unaware how close the tower was, and that the deaths were accidental.

Barnes was an experienced helicopter pilot, flying commercially for many years – including having experience with the Great North Air Ambulance Service.

## History of the flight

Barnes had been en route from Redhill Aerodrome to Elstree Airfield to collect a passenger, businessman Richard Caring, and then fly onwards to Yorkshire. Before the pilot had taken off, Caring called him twice on his mobile phone to suggest either delaying or cancelling the flight. However, Barnes chose to proceed with the flight across London, in low cloud and freezing temperatures. After being unable to land at Elstree at 07:46, whilst returning south to Redhill, Barnes had asked Air Traffic Control at 07:56 for a change of route and permission to land at the London Heliport in Battersea.

## Accident

At 07:59 GMT, the helicopter collided with the jib of a construction crane attached to St George Wharf Tower in Vauxhall. The existence of the crane was subject to a Notice to Airmen (NOTAM),\[Note 1\] but the investigators were unable to ascertain whether or not the pilot was aware of the NOTAM. Although the pilot would have seen the building when he previously flew in to Battersea, it was not on the database of the GPS system in use in the helicopter, as that had not been updated since May 2012. The impact sent the helicopter plunging towards the ground, where it caught fire, killing the pilot and pedestrian Matthew Wood.

The BBC reported that the crash happened "in heavy mist". The location of the incident was near Vauxhall bus station, where eyewitnesses reported seeing a "ball of flame". An eyewitness told the BBC that he had heard a "very unusual buzzing sound" just after 08:00.

## Aircraft

The helicopter involved was an Agusta A109E with the registration G-CRST. At the time of the accident, it had flown for 2,304.5 hours. The helicopter was owned by Castle Air of Cornwall and leased to RotorMotion of Redhill, Surrey.

## Emergency response

The main wreckage landed in Wandsworth Road, in front of the Wendle Court building. Five people were taken to hospital and seven more were treated at the scene.

The London Fire Brigade said that they had rescued one person from a burning car and that two office buildings, five cars and two motorbikes were damaged as the helicopter crashed to the ground. The scene of the wreckage itself was attended by 88 fire brigade personnel who extinguished the blaze within 20 minutes, while a further 57 worked to make the damaged crane safe and to help evacuate residents from the tower.

The London Heliport contacted the Royal National Lifeboat Institution after having been unable to make contact with the helicopter. An inshore rescue boat from Tower Lifeboat Station was scrambled, as well as the London Heliport's own fire and rescue service after reports of people in the water, but was later recalled. A fireboat also conducted a precautionary search of the river.

## Aftermath

Vauxhall station was closed in the aftermath of the incident but reopened the following day. Road users were still advised to avoid the area. ITV News reported that First Capital Connect warned passengers against travelling in the area, though the station was at the time actually served by South West Trains and London Underground.

Vauxhall bus station took five days to fully reopen. Nine Elms Lane remained closed so that a Terex TC 2800-1 lattice boom truck crane (one of the biggest mobile cranes in the country), brought down from Leyland, Lancashire, could be used to remove the jib of the damaged Terex CTL 180 crane. The work was completed by 11 February, with all roads reopened.

## Reactions

Kate Hoey, the Labour Member of Parliament for the Vauxhall constituency, told the BBC that, in her opinion, there should be an "inquiry into the increasing numbers of helicopters flying around London". In 1991, she had tabled a Ten Minute Rule Bill to tighten the rules on helicopter and heliport legislation, although the bill was not successful in becoming law.

Boris Johnson, the Mayor of London, announced a review of the regulations concerning flying in central London and the safety of tall buildings.

David Cameron said, on the day of the accident, that there would be a review of the rules governing helicopter flights over central London.

## Investigation

The Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB), the body responsible for air accident investigation in the UK, announced an inquiry into the incident. The Civil Aviation Authority announced that the crash was the first fatal helicopter crash in central London since records began in 1976.

A preliminary report published by the AAIB on 23 January indicated that Caring, the client Barnes was to collect, had expressed concerns about the weather and twice suggested he delay take-off. But Barnes stated that he had already started his engine, and chose to proceed with the flight across London in weather later described by the Met Office as prone to widespread low cloud, poor visibility and patches of freezing fog. After being unable to land at Elstree at 07:46, Barnes decided to return to Redhill. After being put under radar control, having entered the London CTR at 07:55, at 07:56 Barnes asked ATC for clearance to divert to the London Heliport. The ATC controller placed Barnes in a hold over the River Thames between Vauxhall Bridge and Westminster Bridge, while checking with controllers at Battersea as to whether they could accept the helicopter.

The report stated that at 07:59, just 15 seconds before hitting the crane, the final exchange between ATC and the helicopter, callsign Rocket 2, was:

* ATC: *Rocket 2, yeah Battersea diversion approved; you're cleared to Battersea.*
* Barnes: *Lovely thanks; Rocket 2.*
* ATC: *Rocket 2, contact Battersea 122.9.* \[Note 2\]
* Barnes: *229, thanks a lot.*

After the exchange ended at 07:59:18, when the helicopter was approximately 150 metres (490 ft) south-west of Vauxhall Bridge, it immediately afterwards began to turn right. At 07:59:25, it struck the crane on the south side of the river 275 metres (902 ft) from the south-west end of Vauxhall Bridge.

The AAIB report also stated that:

* Calculations suggest that the collision happened at about 682 feet (208 m) above ground level. The total height from the ground to the top of the crane's jib was 719 feet (219 m).
* The main rotor head, gearbox, and a section of one of the four rotor blades from the helicopter, which had all separated from the fuselage as an immediate result of the initial collision with the jib, landed in the loading bay of New Covent Garden Market in Nine Elms, where they hit a delivery van.
* The solar-powered red warning lights on top of the crane were not switched on during the crash, because the official requirement was that "the obstacle be lit at night only." An official Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) warning had been issued about the structure.

In March 2013, BBC London report indicated that the crash could have been prevented, based on a study written in 2005 to which "19 experts contributed, from organisations including National Air Traffic Services (NATS), the MoD, the Metropolitan Police Air Support Unit and the British Helicopter Advisory Board". A number of safety issues had been raised by the study  particularly relating to visibility, meteorology and flying in a crowded and complex urban environment  but the CAA had not yet made any changes to the air rules. However, the studies and commentary were claimed to be productive.

The final report was published on 9 September 2014. The report identified two causal factors:

1. The pilot turned onto a collision course with the crane attached to the building and was probably unaware of the helicopter’s proximity to the building at the beginning of the turn. 2. The pilot did not see the crane or saw it too late to take effective avoiding action.

Ten recommendations were made.

An inquest determined that the deaths of Barnes and Wood were accidental.

1. The NOTAM read: "Q) EGTT/QOBCE/IV/M/ AE/000/008/5129N00007W001 B) FROM: 13/01/07 17:00C) TO: 13/03/15 23:59 E) HIGH RISE JIB CRANE (LIT AT NIGHT) OPR WI 1NM 5129N 00007W, HGT 770FT AMSL (VAUXHALL, CENTRAL LONDON), OPS CTC 020 7820 3151 12-10-0429/AS 2.", which translates as "In the London Flight Information Region an obstacle has been erected affecting both instrument and visual traffic. Aerodrome and en route traffic is affected. The obstacle is from the surface up to 800 ft amsl and is positioned within 1 nm radius of 51°29’ N 000° 07’W. The obstacle will be in place from 1700 hrs on 7 Jan 2013 to 2359 hrs on 15 March 2013. It is a high rise jib crane (lit at night extending to 770 ft amsl).
2. 122.9 MHz is the VHF communications frequency for the control tower at London Heliport, callsign Battersea Tower.

## InfoBox

Vauxhall helicopter crash
| The damaged crane attached to St George Wharf Tower as seen on the day of the crash | |
| --- | --- |
| Accident | |
| Date | 16 January 2013 (2013-01-16) |
| Summary | Collision with obstacle in poor visibility |
| Site | Vauxhall, London, England
51°28′57″N 0°7′38.5″W / 51.48250°N 0.127361°W / 51.48250; -0.127361 |
| Total fatalities | 2 |
| Total injuries | 12 |
| Aircraft | |
| Aircraft type | Agusta A109E |
| Operator | RotorMotion |
| ICAO flight No. | RKT2 |
| Call sign | ROCKET 2 |
| Registration | G-CRST |
| Flight origin | Redhill Aerodrome, Surrey, England |
| Destination | Elstree Airfield, Hertfordshire, England |
| Occupants | 1 |
| Crew | 1 |
| Fatalities | 1 |
| Survivors | 0 |
| Ground casualties | |
| Ground fatalities | 1 |
| Ground injuries | 12 |


title: Live and Mo'

abstract: Live and Mo' is the tenth studio album by Keb' Mo'. It was released on October 20, 2009. It is his first album released by the Yolabelle International label which he started after leaving Sony Music in 2004. It is his first album to include live recordings, intertwined with studio tracks hand-picked by Mo' himself. The album is underlined with soul and jazz, and has a laid-back feel to it.

text:
# Live and Mo'

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *about.com* |  |
| *AllMusic* |  |

***Live and Mo'*** is the tenth studio album by Keb' Mo'. It was released on October 20, 2009. It is his first album released by the Yolabelle International label which he started after leaving Sony Music in 2004. It is his first album to include live recordings, intertwined with studio tracks hand-picked by Mo' himself. The album is underlined with soul and jazz, and has a laid-back feel to it.

## Track listing

1. "Victims Of Comfort" (Kevin Moore, Tim Kimber) - 4:00
2. "More Than One Way Home" (John Lewis Parker, Kevin Moore) - 4:58
3. "Change" (Kevin Moore) - 4:23
4. "Shave Yo' Legs" (Jeff Paris, Kevin Moore) - 4:43
5. "Hole In The Bucket" (John Lewis Parker, Kevin Moore) - 2:54
6. "One Friend" (Kevin Moore, Zuriani Zonneveld) - 3:26
7. "The Action" (Kevin Moore) - 4:33
8. "Perpetual Blues Machines" (Georgina Graper, Kevin Moore) - 5:27
9. "Government Cheese" (Kevin Moore) - 4:39
10. "A Brand New America" (John Lewis Parker, Kevin Moore) - 3:21

## Live personnel

## Studio personnel

* Keb' Mo' - guitars, bass guitar (tr.1), vocals, harmonica (tr. 2), mandolin (tr. 2)
* Les King - bass guitar (tr.2)
* Kevin Moore II - drums (tr.1, 5, 10)
* Jeff Paris - keyboards (tr.1, 9)
* Courtney Branch - percussion (tr.1, 2, 9, 10)
* Lavalle Belle - drums (tr.9)
* Andrew Gouche' - bass guitar (tr.9)
* Tracy Carter - keyboards (tr.9)
* Paulie Cerra - tenor saxophone (tr.9)
* Paul Literall- trumpet (tr.9)
* Kevin McCormick - bass guitar (tr.10)
* Gregory Wachter - keyboards (tr.10)
* Agape Children's Choir - vocals (tr.10)
* Calabria Foti- violin (tr.10)

Tracks 1, 5, 9 and 10 are studio recordings. Tracks 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8 are recorded live.

## InfoBox

| Live and Mo' | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album / Live album by Keb' Mo' | |
| Released | October 20, 2009 |
| Recorded | Studio Tracks recorded at Stu Stu Studio, West Los Angeles, Ca |
| Genre | Blues |
| Length | 42:24 |
| Label | Yolabelle International |
| Producer | Keb' Mo' |
| Keb' Mo' chronology | |
| *Suitcase*
(2006) ***Live and Mo'***
(2009) *The Reflection*
(2011) | |


title: Ma-le'l Dunes

abstract: The Ma-le’l Dunes Cooperative Management Area (CMA) is located south of Lanphere Dunes at the upper end of the North Spit of Humboldt Bay, being approximately one mile north of the unincorporated town of Manila and 3.5 miles (5.6 km) west of the City of Arcata, in Humboldt County, California. It consists of approximately 444 acres (180 ha) of public land. Ma-le’l dunes are divided into northern and southern sections. The northern portion is part of Humboldt Bay National Wildlife Refuge and is administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). The southern portion of Ma-le’l is managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and provides access to the coastal dune environment for dog-walking and equestrian use on designated trails.

text:
# Ma-le'l Dunes

The **Ma-le’l Dunes** Cooperative Management Area (CMA) is located south of Lanphere Dunes at the upper end of the North Spit of Humboldt Bay, being approximately one mile north of the unincorporated town of Manila and 3.5 miles (5.6 km) west of the City of Arcata, in Humboldt County, California. It consists of approximately 444 acres (180 ha) of public land. Ma-le’l dunes are divided into northern and southern sections. The northern portion is part of Humboldt Bay National Wildlife Refuge and is administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). The southern portion of Ma-le’l is managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and provides access to the coastal dune environment for dog-walking and equestrian use on designated trails.

## Flora

Dunes succession is well-illustrated at Ma-le’l Dunes, which also provides habitat for unique flora, with two listed under the Endangered Species Act: Humboldt Bay wallflower (*Erysimum menziesii*) and beach layia (*Layia carnosa*). From 2005 to 2010 removal of European beachgrass (*Ammophila arenaria*) and other non-native plants was done in an attempt to provide native species expansion and increase biodiversity. Invasive species eradication removes vegetation that inhibits natural succession and/or alters soil that impacts native species.

40°52′21″N 124°09′06″W / 40.8724°N 124.1518°W / 40.8724; -124.1518


title: Pan-European Automated Clearing House

abstract: A pan-European automated clearing house (PE-ACH) is a clearing house that is able to settle SEPA compliant credit transfers and direct debits across the Eurozone. At present there is only one PE-ACH in operation – STEP2 – which was established by the Euro Banking Association in April 2003. STEP2 reaches all corners of SEPA, processing over 22 Billion transactions per year. The Pan-European Clearing House plays an important role in connecting local clearing houses and minimising risks of fragmentation. According to a survey done by Equens, in the future PE-ACH might be less relevant as banks will settle their transactions via multiple clearing houses rather than using one central clearing house.

text:
# Pan-European Automated Clearing House

A **pan-European automated clearing house** (PE-ACH) is a clearing house that is able to settle SEPA compliant credit transfers and direct debits across the Eurozone.

At present there is only one PE-ACH in operation – STEP2 – which was established by the Euro Banking Association in April 2003. STEP2 reaches all corners of SEPA, processing over 22 Billion transactions per year (as of 2023). The Pan-European Clearing House plays an important role in connecting local clearing houses and minimising risks of fragmentation.

According to a survey done by Equens, in the future PE-ACH might be less relevant as banks will settle their transactions via multiple clearing houses rather than using one central clearing house.


title: The Library (book)

abstract:
The Library by Andrew Lang is a late 19th-century book published by McMillan & Co. as part of the “Art as Home” series. Continuing the tradition of de Bury’s The Philobiblon and Dibdin’s Bibliomania, The Library is a half-serious look at the craft of book-collecting for the amateur bibliophile. Lang begins his book with a quote from Thomas Frognall Dibdin: "All men," says Dr. Dibdin, "like to be their own librarians." A writer on the library has no business to lay down the law as to the books that even the most inexperienced amateurs should try to collect. There are books which no lover of literature can afford to be without; classics, ancient and modern, on which the world has pronounced its verdict. These works, in whatever shape we may be able to possess them, are the necessary foundations of even the smallest collections. Homer, Dante and Milton Shakespeare and Sophocles, Aristophanes and Moliere, Thucydides, Tacitus, and Gibbon, Swift and Scott, these
every lover of letters will desire to possess in the original languages or in translations. The list of such classics is short indeed, and when we go beyond it, the tastes of men begin to differ very widely. Lang’s book is at both an investigation of the “gentle-madness” of book collecting and a staunch defense of its practice. Lang writes: This apology must be followed by a brief defence of the taste and passion of book-collecting, and of the class of men known invidiously as bookworms and bookhunters. They and their simple pleasures are the butts of a cheap and shrewish set of critics, who cannot endure in others a taste which is absent in themselves. Important new books have actually been condemned of late years because they were printed on good paper, and a valuable historical treatise was attacked by reviewers quite angrily because its outward array was not mean and forbidding. Of course, critics who take this view of new books have no patience with persons who care for "margins," and "condition," and early copies of old books. We cannot hope to convert the adversary, but it is not necessary to be disturbed by his clamour. People are happier for the possession of a taste as long as they possess it, and it does not, like the demons of Scripture, possess them. The wise collector gets instruction and pleasure from his pursuit, and it may well be that, in the long run, he and his family do not lose money. The amusement may chance to prove a very fair investment. At times, Lang describes book-hunting as a sport, somewhat analogous to fishing, in which patience is paid off with a rare find. He also describes the pleasure of book-hunting through the book stalls of Paris and other cosmopolitan cities. While often written within the language of hyperbole, Lang’s descriptive choice of words paints a picture of the collector’s love of books: Selling books are nearly as bad as losing friends, than which life has no worse sorrow. A book is a friend whose face is constantly changing... Books change like friends, like ourselves, like everything; but they are most piquant in the contrasts they provoke, when the friend who gave them and wrote them is a success, though we laughed at him; a failure, though we believed in him; altered in any case, and estranged from his old self and old days. The vanished past returns when we look at the pages. The vicissitudes of years are printed and packed in a thin octavo, and the shivering ghosts of desire and hope return to their forbidden home in the heart and fancy. It is as well to have the power of recalling them always at hand, and to be able to take a comprehensive glance at the emotions which were so powerful and full of life, and now are more faded and of less account than the memory of the dreams of childhood. It is because our books are friends that do change, and remind us of change, that we should keep them with us, even at a little inconvenience, and not turn them adrift in the world to find a dusty asylum in cheap bookstalls. We are a part of all that we have read... In contrast to Lang’s musings on the joys and sorrows of the bibliophile, Dobson’s treatment of illustrated manuscripts is more languid in language but factual and somewhat helpful to the amateur collector. In this chapter on illustrated English manuscripts, Dobson gives clear examples of the artwork he is describing, allowing the reader to understand and follow the development of illustration.

text:
# The Library (book)

***The Library*** by Andrew Lang is a late 19th-century book published by McMillan & Co. as part of the “Art as Home” series. Continuing the tradition of de Bury’s *The Philobiblon* and Dibdin’s *Bibliomania*, *The Library* is a half-serious look at the craft of book-collecting for the amateur bibliophile.

Lang begins his book with a quote from Thomas Frognall Dibdin:

> "All men," says Dr. Dibdin, "like to be their own librarians." A writer on the library has no business to lay down the law as to the books that even the most inexperienced amateurs should try to collect. There are books which no lover of literature can afford to be without; classics, ancient and modern, on which the world has pronounced its verdict. These works, in whatever shape we may be able to possess them, are the necessary foundations of even the smallest collections. Homer, Dante and Milton Shakespeare and Sophocles, Aristophanes and Moliere, Thucydides, Tacitus, and Gibbon, Swift and Scott, these every lover of letters will desire to possess in the original languages or in translations. The list of such classics is short indeed, and when we go beyond it, the tastes of men begin to differ very widely.

Lang’s book is at both an investigation of the “gentle-madness” of book collecting and a staunch defense of its practice. Lang writes:

> This apology must be followed by a brief defence of the taste and passion of book-collecting, and of the class of men known invidiously as bookworms and bookhunters. They and their simple pleasures are the butts of a cheap and shrewish set of critics, who cannot endure in others a taste which is absent in themselves. Important new books have actually been condemned of late years because they were printed on good paper, and a valuable historical treatise was attacked by reviewers quite angrily because its outward array was not mean and forbidding. Of course, critics who take this view of new books have no patience with persons who care for "margins," and "condition," and early copies of old books. We cannot hope to convert the adversary, but it is not necessary to be disturbed by his clamour. People are happier for the possession of a taste as long as they possess it, and it does not, like the demons of Scripture, possess them. The wise collector gets instruction and pleasure from his pursuit, and it may well be that, in the long run, he and his family do not lose money. The amusement may chance to prove a very fair investment.

At times, Lang describes book-hunting as a sport, somewhat analogous to fishing, in which patience is paid off with a rare find. He also describes the pleasure of book-hunting through the book stalls of Paris and other cosmopolitan cities.

While often written within the language of hyperbole, Lang’s descriptive choice of words paints a picture of the collector’s love of books:

> Selling books are nearly as bad as losing friends, than which life has no worse sorrow. A book is a friend whose face is constantly changing... Books change like friends, like ourselves, like everything; but they are most piquant in the contrasts they provoke, when the friend who gave them and wrote them is a success, though we laughed at him; a failure, though we believed in him; altered in any case, and estranged from his old self and old days. The vanished past returns when we look at the pages. The vicissitudes of years are printed and packed in a thin octavo, and the shivering ghosts of desire and hope return to their forbidden home in the heart and fancy. It is as well to have the power of recalling them always at hand, and to be able to take a comprehensive glance at the emotions which were so powerful and full of life, and now are more faded and of less account than the memory of the dreams of childhood. It is because our books are friends that do change, and remind us of change, that we should keep them with us, even at a little inconvenience, and not turn them adrift in the world to find a dusty asylum in cheap bookstalls. We are a part of all that we have read...

In contrast to Lang’s musings on the joys and sorrows of the bibliophile, Dobson’s treatment of illustrated manuscripts is more languid in language but factual and somewhat helpful to the amateur collector. In this chapter on illustrated English manuscripts, Dobson gives clear examples of the artwork he is describing, allowing the reader to understand and follow the development of illustration.

## Chapters

**CHAPTER I**

**An Apology for the Book-hunter**

" Every man his own Librarian" — Bibliography and Literature — Services of the French to Bibliography — A defence of the taste of the Book-collector — Should Collectors buy for the purpose of selling again? — The sport of Book-hunting — M. de Resbecq's anecdotes — Stories of success of Book-hunters — The lessons of old Bookstalls — Booksellers' catalogues — Auctions of Books — Different forms of the taste for collecting — The taste serviceable to critical Science — Books considered as literary relics — Examples — The \** Imitatio Christi " of J. J. Rousseau — A brief vision of mighty Book-hunters.

**CHAPTER II**

**The Library**

The size of modern collections — ^The Library in English houses — Bookcases — Enemies of Books — Damp, dust, dirt — ^The book- worm — Careless readers — Book plates — Borrowers — Book stealers — ^Affecting instance of the Spanish Monk — The Book- ghoul — Women the natural foes of books — Some touching exceptions — Homage to Madame Fertiault — Modes of pre- serving books; binding — Various sorts of coverings for books — Half-bindings — Books too good to bind, how to be entertained — Iniquities of Binders — Cruel case of a cropped play of Molière — Recipes (not infallible) for cleaning books — Necessity of possessing bibliographical works, such as catalogues.

**CHAPTER III**

**The Books of the Collector**

Manuscripts, early and late — Early Printed Books — How to recog- nise them — Books printed on Vellum — "Uncut" copies — Livres de Luxe," and Illustrated Books — Invective against "Christmas Books"— The "Hypnerotomachia Poliphili" — Old woodcuts — French vignettes of the eighteenth century — Books of the Aldi — Books of the Elzevirs — " Curious" Books — Singular old English poems — First editions — Changes of fashion in Book-collecting — Examples of the variations in prices — Books valued for their bindings, and as relics — Anecdotes of Madame du Barry and Marie Antoinette.

**CHAPTER IV**

**Illustrated Books**

Beginnings of Modem Book -Illustration in England — Stothard, Blake, FlaxmanBoydell's Shakespeare," Macklin's "Bible," Martin's "Milton"— The " Annuals "-Rogers's "Italy" and "Poems" — Revival of Wood -Engraving — Bewick — Bewick's Pupils —The 'London School " — Progress of Wood-Engraving — Illustrated "Christmas" and other Books — The Humorous Artists — Cruikshank — Doyle — Thackeray — Leech — Tenniel — Du Maurier — Samboume — Keene — Minor Humorous Artists — Children's Books — Crane — Miss Greenaway — Caldecott — The New American School " — Conclusion

1. The Library (1881). *The Nation* \[book review\].


title: 1951 Syracuse Grand Prix

abstract: The 1951 Syracuse Grand Prix was a non-championship Formula One motor race held in Syracuse, Sicily on 11 March 1951.

text:
# 1951 Syracuse Grand Prix

The **1951 Syracuse Grand Prix** was a non-championship Formula One motor race held in Syracuse, Sicily on 11 March 1951.

## Classification

### Race

| Pos | No | Driver | Manufacturer | Laps | Time/Retired | Grid |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 24 | Luigi Villoresi | Ferrari | 80 | 2:57:31.6 | 3 |
| 2 | 18 | Dorino Serafini | Ferrari | 77 | \+ 3 laps | 4 |
| 3 | 26 | Rudi Fischer | Ferrari | 77 | \+ 3 laps | 6 |
| 4 | 2 | Henri Louveau | Talbot-Lago | 76 | \+ 4 laps | 7 |
| 5 | 4 | Louis Rosier | Talbot-Lago | 75 | \+ 5 laps | 9 |
| Ret | 20 | Alberto Ascari | Ferrari | 69 | Engine | 1 |
| NC | 10 | Pierre Staechelin | Ferrari | 68 | \+ 12 laps | 12 |
| Ret | 16 | Nino Farina | Maserati | 47 | Engine | 2 |
| Ret | 22 | Harry Schell | Maserati | 40 |  | 10 |
| Ret | 14 | Prince Bira | Maserati | 38 |  | 8 |
| Ret | 8 | Ferdinando Righetti | Ferrari | 18 |  | 11 |
| Ret | 12 | Giovanni Bracco | Ferrari | 3 |  | 5 |

## InfoBox

| 1951 Syracuse Grand Prix | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Non-championship race in the 1951 Formula One season | | | |
|  | | | |
| Race details | | | |
| Date | 11 March 1951 | | |
| Official name | I Gran Premio di Siracusa | | |
| Location | Syracuse Circuit, Syracuse, Sicily | | |
| Course | Temporary road circuit | | |
| Course length | 5.400 km (3.355 miles) | | |
| Distance | 80 laps, 432.027 km (268.449 miles) | | |
| Pole position | | | |
| Driver |  | Ferrari |
| Fastest lap | | | |
| Driver | Alberto Ascari | Ferrari |
| Time | 2:06.1 | | |
| Podium | | | |
| First |  | Ferrari |
| Second |  | Ferrari |
| Third |  | Ferrari |


title: List of ship launches in 1899

abstract: The list of ship launches in 1899 includes a chronological list of some ships launched in 1899.

text:
# List of ship launches in 1899

The **list of ship launches in 1899** includes a chronological list of some ships launched in 1899.

| Date | Country | Builder | Location | Ship | Class / type | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 11 January | United Kingdom | Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company | Jarrow | ***Spiteful*** | *Spiteful*-class destroyer | For Royal Navy |
| 14 January | United Kingdom | Harland and Wolff | Belfast | ***Oceanic*** | Ocean liner | For White Star Line |
| 30 January | United Kingdom | Blyth Shipbuilding Co. Ltd | Blyth | ***Moorabool*** | Steamship | For Huddart Parker & Co. Pty. Ltd. |
| 13 February | United Kingdom | Allsup & Co. Ltd. | Preston | ***Energy*** | Tug | For Mayor, Aldermen & Burgesses of the Borough of Preston. |
| February | United Kingdom | Armstrong Whitworth | Newcastle upon Tyne | ***Albany*** | *New Orleans*-class protected cruiser | For United States Navy |
| 11 March | United Kingdom | Cammell Laird | Birkenhead | ***Glory*** | *Canopus*-class battleship | For Royal Navy |
| 11 March | United Kingdom | HMNB Devonport | Devonport | ***Implacable*** | *Formidable*-class battleship | For Royal Navy |
| 11 March | United Kingdom | Harland & Wolff | Belfast | ***Winifredian*** | Passenger ship | For F. Leyland & Co. |
| 13 March | United Kingdom | John Brown & Company | Glasgow | ***Asahi*** | Battleship | For Imperial Japanese Navy |
| 30 March | United Kingdom | Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company | Jarrow | ***Peterel*** | *Spiteful*-class destroyer | For Royal Navy |
| 13 April | United Kingdom | Blyth Shipbuilding Co. Ltd | Blyth | ***Warwick*** | Steamship | For Warwick Steamship Co. Ltd. |
| 18 April | Germany | Flensburger Schiffbau-Gesellschaft | Flensburg | ***Saxonia*** | Cargo ship | For Hamburg America Line |
| 8 May | Russia | Baltic Works | St Petersburg | ***Gromoboi*** | Armoured cruiser | For Imperial Russian Navy |
| 29 May | United States | Bath Iron Works | Bath, Maine | ***Dahlgren*** | Torpedo boat | For United States Navy |
| 1 June | Germany | Germaniawerft | Kiel | ***Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse*** | *Kaiser Friedrich III*-class battleship | For Imperial German Navy |
| 8 June | France | Arsenal de Toulon | Toulon | ***Jeanne d'Arc*** | Armoured cruiser | For French Navy |
| 10 June | United States | Harlan & Hollingsworth | Wilmington, Delaware | ***Stringham*** | Torpedo boat | For United States Navy |
| 24 June | France | Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire | Saint-Nazaire | ***Azuma*** | Armored cruiser | For Imperial Japanese Navy |
| 26 June | Russia | Neva Shipyard | St Petersburg | ***Gagara*** | Torpedo boat | For Imperial Russian Navy |
| 27 June | United Kingdom | Armstrong Whitworth | Newcastle upon Tyne | ***Hatsuse*** | *Shikishima*-class battleship | For Imperial Japanese Navy |
| 28 June | United Kingdom | Armstrong Whitworth | Newcastle upon Tyne | ***Cobra*** | Destroyer | For Royal Navy |
| 28 June | United Kingdom | HM Dockyard Chatham | Chatham, Kent | ***Pioneer*** | *Pelorus*-class cruiser | For Royal Navy |
| 28 June | United Kingdom | Blyth Shipbuilding Co. Ltd | Blyth | ***Somerford*** | Steamship | For Speeding & Marshall Steam Shipping Co. Ltd. |
| 29 June | Italy | Gio. Ansaldo & C. | Sestri Ponente, Genoa | ***Giuseppe Garibaldi*** | *Giuseppe Garibaldi*-class cruiser | For Regia Marina |
| 30 June | United States | Bath Iron Works | Bath, Maine | ***Chesapeake*** | Barque | For United States Navy |
| 8 July | Germany | Stettiner Vulcan AG | Stettin | ***Yakumo*** | Armoured cruiser | For Imperial Japanese Navy |
| 11 July | United Kingdom | Alexander Stephen and Sons | Glasgow | ***Montezuma*** | Cargo liner | For Elder Dempster Lines |
| 18 July | Germany | AG Weser | Bremen | ***Niobe*** | *Gazelle*-class cruiser | For Imperial German Navy |
| 25 July | France | Arsenal de Brest | Brest | ***Suffren*** | Pre-dreadnought battleship | For French Navy |
| 25 July | United Kingdom | Vickers | Barrow in Furness | ***Vengeance*** | *Canopus*-class battleship | For Royal Navy |
| 27 July | Japan | Mitsubishi Shipbuilding & Engineering Co | Nagasaki | ***Awa Maru*** | Ocean liner | For Nippon Yusen |
| 29 July | United States | Wolff & Zwicker Iron Works | Portland, Maine | ***Goldsborough*** | Torpedo boat | For United States Navy |
| 6 August | Italy | Cantiere navale fratelli Orlando | Livorno | ***Varese*** | *Giuseppe Garibaldi*-class cruiser | For Regia Marina |
| 29 August | Norway | Navy Yard | Karljohansvern | ***Myg*** | Torpedo boat | For Royal Norwegian Navy |
| August | Russia | Admiralty Shipyard | St Petersburg | ***Pallada*** | *Pallada*-class cruiser | For Imperial Russian Navy |
| 6 September | United Kingdom | R. & W. Hawthorn, Leslie & Co. Ltd. | Newcastle upon Tyne | ***Viper*** | *Viper*-class destroyer | For Royal Navy. |
| 7 September | United Kingdom | Harland & Wolff | Belfast | ***Persic*** | Passenger ship | For White Star Line. |
| 9 September | Austria-Hungary | STT | Trieste | ***Habsburg*** | *Habsburg*-class battleship | For Austro-Hungarian Navy |
| 16 September | Sweden | William Lindbergs Verkstads- och Varfs AB | Stockholm | ***Hansa*** | Passenger ship | For Ångfartygs AB Gotland, Visby |
| 20 September | France | Compagnie Générale Transatlantique | St. Nazaire | ***La Lorraine*** | Ocean liner | For Compagnie Générale Transatlantique |
| 20 September | Germany | Blohm + Voss | Hamburg | ***Rhein*** | Ocean liner | For Norddeutscher Lloyd |
| 21 September | United Kingdom | Portsmouth Dockyard | Portsmouth | ***London*** | *London*-class battleship | For Royal Navy |
| 23 September | France | Arsenal de Cherbourg | Cherbourg | ***Henri IV*** | Pre-dreadnought battleship | For French Navy |
| 25 September | United States | Bath Iron Works | Bath, Maine | ***Craven*** | Torpedo boat | For United States Navy |
| 30 September | Russia | Admiralty Shipyard | St Petersburg | ***Diana*** | *Pallada*-class cruiser | For Imperial Russian Navy |
| 5 October | United Kingdom | Harland & Wolff | Belfast | ***Michigan*** | Passenger ship | For Atlantic Transport Co. |
| 7 October | United States | Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company | Newport News, Virginia | ***El Cid*** | Cargo ship | For Southern Pacific Steamship Company |
| 18 October | United Kingdom | HMNB Devonport | Devonport | ***Bulwark*** | *London*-class battleship | For Royal Navy |
| 18 October | Germany | Blohm + Voss | Hamburg | ***Kaiser Karl der Grosse*** | *Kaiser Friedrich III*-class battleship | For Imperial German Navy |
| 19 October | United Kingdom | Blyth Shipbuilding Co. Ltd | Blyth | ***Everingham*** | Steamship | For East Yorkshire Steamship Co. Ltd. |
| 21 October | United Kingdom | Harland and Wolff | Belfast | ***Galeka*** | Ocean liner | For Union-Castle Line |
| 31 October | United Kingdom | Wm. Denny & Bros. | Dumbarton | ***Sir Walter Scott*** | Steamship |  |
| 31 October | United States | William Trigg Company | Richmond, Virginia | ***Shubrick*** | Torpedo boat | For United States Navy |
| 31 October | United States | William Cramp & Sons | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | ***Varyag*** | Cruiser | For Imperial Russian Navy |
| 2 November | United Kingdom | HM Dockyard Chatham | Chatham, Kent | ***Venerable*** | *London*-class battleship | For Royal Navy |
| 18 November | United Kingdom | Harland & Wolff | Belfast | ***Minneapolis*** | Passenger ship | For Atlantic Transport Co. |
| 18 November | United Kingdom | John Brown & Company | Clydebank | ***Sutlej*** | *Cressy*-class cruiser | For Royal Navy |
| 21 November | Germany | Germaniawerft | Kiel | ***Nymphe*** | *Gazelle*-class cruiser | For Imperial German Navy |
| 25 November | Germany | AG Vulcan | Stettin | ***Hamburg*** | *Barbarossa*-class ocean liner | For Hamburg America Line |
| 2 December | Germany | F Schichau | Danzig | ***Grosser Kurfürst*** | Ocean liner | For Norddeutsche Lloyd |
| 4 December | United Kingdom | Fairfield Shipbuilding & Engineering Co Ltd | Govan | ***Cressy*** | *Cressy*-class cruiser | For Royal Navy |
| 5 December | United States | Gas Engine & Power Company / Charles L Seabury Company | Morris Heights, New York | ***Bailey*** | Torpedo boat | For United States Navy |
| 5 December | United Kingdom | Blyth Shipbuilding & Dry Docks Co. Ltd | Blyth | ***Gelderland*** | Steamship | For N.V. Scheepvaart en Steenkolen Maatschappij. |
| 9 December | Sweden | Bergsunds Shipyard | Stockholm | ***Claes Uggla*** | Torpedo cruiser | For Royal Swedish Navy |
| 15 December | Germany | Blohm + Voss | Hamburg | ***Potsdam*** | Ocean Liner | For Holland-America Line |
| 16 December | United Kingdom | John Brown & Company | Clydebank | ***Saxonia*** | Ocean liner | For Cunard Line |
| 20 December | United Kingdom | William Denny and Brothers | Dumbarton | ***Anglia*** | Ferry | For London and North Western Railway |
| 21 December | United Kingdom | Harland & Wolff | Belfast | ***Saxon*** | Passenger ship | For Union Steamship Co. |
| 23 December | United States | Bath Iron Works | Bath, Maine | ***Virginia*** | Yacht | For Isaac Stern |
| 31 December | United States | Detroit Shipbuilding Company | Detroit | ***Tashmoo*** | Paddle steamer | For White Star Line, ~Detroit |
| Unknown date | Netherlands | Kalkman | Capelle aan den IJssel | ***Albatros*** | Ketch | Last commercially trading cargo sailing ship in Europe. |
| Unknown date | United States | W. & A. Fletcher Company | Hoboken, New Jersey | ***Corsair*** | Yacht | For J. P. Morgan, Jr. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | Armstrong Whitworth | Newcastle upon Tyne | ***Eidsvold*** | *Eidsvold*-class coastal defence ship | For Royal Norwegian Navy |
| Unknown date | United States | John Roach and Sons | Chester, Pennsylvania | ***Eugenia*** | Yacht |  |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | Allsup & Co. Ltd. | Preston | ***Florence*** | Barge | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson | Newcastle upon Tyne | ***Ivernia*** | Ocean liner | For Cunard Line |
| Unknown date | United States | A C Brown | Tottenville, New York | ***Jack T Scully*** | Tugboat | For Neptune Line |
| Unknown date | Germany |  | Geestemunde | ***Köln*** | Ocean Liner | For Norddeutscher Lloyd |
| Unknown date | Germany | Flensburger Schiffsbaugesellschaft | Flensburg, Germany | ***Korea*** | Passenger liner | for Russian East Asiatic Steamship Company |
| Unknown date | United States |  | Portland, Oregon | ***Leona*** | Paddle steamer | For Oregon City Transportation Company |
| Unknown date | United States | Neafie and Levy | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | ***Luckenbach No. 3*** | Tugboat | For Luckenbach Steamship Company |
| Unknown date | United States | Neafie and Levy Ship and Engine Building Company | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | ***Lykens*** | Tugboat | For the Reading Company |
| Unknown date | Germany | Neptun AG. | Rostock | ***Marie*** | Cargo ship | For Flensburger Dampschiff Gesellschaft. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | D S Hall | Reedham, Norfolk | ***Maud*** | Norfolk wherry | For Walter Bunn |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | Sir Raylton Dixon & Co | Middlesbrough | ***Mont-Blanc*** | Tramp steamer | For Compagnie Générale Transatlantique |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | Armstrong Whitworth | Newcastle upon Tyne | ***Norge*** | *Eidsvold*-class coastal defence ship | For Royal Norwegian Navy |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | Beeching & Co. | Great Yarmouth | ***Olive*** | Passenger ship | For Laura Beeching. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | Brown & Clapson | Barton-upon-Humber | ***Only Son*** | Humber Keel | For John Charles Raper. |
| Unknown date | United States |  | Jersey City, Illinois | ***Patrol*** | Harbor launch |  |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | Allsup & Co. Ltd. | Preston | ***Petschora*** | Paddle steamer | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | Allsup & Co. Ltd. | Preston | ***Pioneer*** | Steamboat | For William Monk Jr. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | Beeching Brothers Ltd. | Great Yarmouth | ***Piscator*** | Steam drifter | For Henry F. Eastick and others. |
| Unknown date | Denmark | Helsingørs Jernskib-og Maskinbyggeri A/S | Helsingør | ***Söderhamn*** | Cargo ship |  |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | John I. Thornycroft & Company | Woolston, Hampshire | ***Stag*** | Destroyer | For Royal Navy |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | Allsup & Co. Ltd. | Preston | ***Toroa*** | Coaster | For Richardson & Co. Ltd. |

Sources * Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). *The Empire Ships* (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. ISBN 1-85044-275-4.


title: Pierre Yves Lenik

abstract: Pierre Yves Lenik is a French composer, known for his work in French documentaries. His work included the scores for TV series: "Régis l'éventreur" by Georges Combe and TV documentaries "Le juste NON" documentary by Caroline Buffard (2000), "La vie en question" documentary by Caroline Puig-Grenetier (2009), "Entre désir et incertitude" documentary by Abdelkader Lagtaâ (2010). He is also working on English language films: "Prediction" a short film directed by John Jennissen (2010) and French language films with English subtitles: "Contumace" a short film directed by Nelson Rodrigo (2020). He won three Best musical awards: Best original score for "Contumace" in absentia by Nelson Rodrigo (2021); for his work on "La formation en quatre actes" by Olivier Xueref (1992) and "L'esprit et la matiere" by Arielle Mémery (2000).

text:
# Pierre Yves Lenik

**Pierre Yves Lenik**  (born 27 July 1958) is a French composer, known for his work in French documentaries.

His work included the scores for TV series: "Régis l'éventreur" by Georges Combe and TV documentaries "Le juste NON" documentary by Caroline Buffard (2000), "La vie en question" documentary by Caroline Puig-Grenetier (2009), "Entre désir et incertitude" documentary by Abdelkader Lagtaâ (2010).

He is also working on English language films: "Prediction" a short film directed by John Jennissen (2010) and French language films with English subtitles: "Contumace" a short film directed by Nelson Rodrigo (2020).

He won three Best musical awards: (Virgin Spring Cinefest) Best original score for "Contumace" in absentia by Nelson Rodrigo (2021) (Le Creusot film festival); for his work on "La formation en quatre actes" by Olivier Xueref (1992) and "L'esprit et la matiere" by Arielle Mémery (2000).

## Biography

Pierre Yves Lenik obtained a degree in history at Lumière University Lyon 2. In 1981, he attended the SERAV film course directed by Ange Casta (French director). He previously attended the Lyon Conservatory of Music teacher's course Charles Montaland and learned the rules of harmony, but his formal musical education really began when he met Gabriel Yared in 1984, and learned the rules of music composition and counterpoint from Julien Falk.

## Advertising

Since 1984, he had collaborations with folk music and classical musicians, and also contributed to many radio and TV jingles, such as ANPE (from 2004 to 2009) and Société Générale (since 2005) jingles.

## Selected filmography

* "Le Nerf de la Guerre" - 2 x 52' (2020) Documentary by *Veronique Garcia* original score
* "Contumace" (In Absentia) - Short film by *Nelson Rodrigo*(2020) original score (OCS)*CONTUMACE (In Absentia) VF ST English*
* "Les Heures vert-de-gris" (2019) Documentary by *Veronique Garcia*original score
* "14-18 coup de canon sur le cinema francais" (2018) Documentary by *Veronique Garcia*(original score (selected by "Pessac Historical films festival" - France) 2020 )
* *"Prediction" (short)*\[\[Prediction (Beltane)- Short film by John Jennissen (2010) original score (uk)
* "Entre désir et incertitude" Documentary by Abdelkader Lagtaâ (2010) original score
* "La vie en question (Bioethics)" Documentary by Caroline Puig-Grenetier (2009) original score

## Awards

* Best music score : "Contumace - in absentia" (2021) by Nelson Rodrigo at "Virgin Spring Cinefest"
* Best music score : "La formation en quatre actes" (1992) by Olivier Xueref at "Le Creusot film festival"
* Best music score : "L'esprit et la matiere" (2000) by Arielle Memery at "Le Creusot film festival"


title: Politics of Henan

abstract: The Politics of Henan Province in the People's Republic of China is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Governor of Henan is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Henan. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Henan Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Henan CCP Party Chief".

text:
# Politics of Henan

The **Politics of Henan** Province in the People's Republic of China is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China.

The Governor of Henan is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Henan. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Henan Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Henan CCP Party Chief".

## List of the CCP Party chiefs

1. Zhang Xi (张玺): May 1949-November 1952
2. Pan Fusheng (潘复生): November 1952-August 1958
3. Wu Zhipu (吴芝圃): August 1958-July 1961
4. Liu Jianxun (刘建勋): July 1961-September 1966
5. Wen Minsheng (文敏生), acting: September 1966-August 1967
6. Liu Jianxun (刘建勋): March 1971-October 1978
7. Duan Junyi (段君毅): October 1978-January 1981
8. Liu Jie (刘杰): January 1981-April 1985
9. Yang Xizong (杨析综): April 1985-March 1990
10. Hou Zongbin (侯宗宾): March 1990-December 1992
11. Li Changchun (李长春): December 1992-March 1998
12. Ma Zhongchen (马忠臣): March 1998-October 2000
13. Chen Kuiyuan (陈奎元): October 2000-December 2002
14. Li Keqiang (李克强): December 2002-December 2004
15. Xu Guangchun (徐光春): December 2004-December 2009
16. Lu Zhangong (卢展工): 2009–2013
17. Guo Gengmao (郭庚茂): 2013–2016
18. Xie Fuzhan (谢伏瞻): 2016–2018
19. Wang Guosheng (王国生): 2018–2021
20. Lou Yangsheng (楼阳生): 2021–

## List of governors

1. Wu Zhipu: 1949–1962
2. Wen Minsheng: 1962–1967
3. Liu Jianxun: 1968–1978
4. Duan Junyi: 1978–1979
5. Liu Jie: 1979–1981
6. Dai Suli (acting): 1981–1982
7. Yu Mingtao (acting): 1982–1983
8. He Zhukang: 1983–1987
9. Cheng Weigao: 1987–1990
10. Li Changchun: 1990–1993
11. Ma Zhongchen: 1993–1998
12. Li Keqiang: 1998–2003
13. Li Chengyu: 2003–2008
14. Guo Gengmao: 2008–2013
15. Xie Fuzhan: 2013–2016
16. Chen Run'er: 2016–2019
17. Yin Hong: 2019–2021
18. Wang Kai: 2021–

## List of chairmen of Henan People's Congress

1. Hu Lijiao (胡立教): 1979–1981
2. Liu Jie (刘杰): 1981–1983
3. Zhao Wenfu (赵文甫): 1983–1985
4. Zhang Shude (张树德): 1985–1988
5. Lin Xiao (林晓): 1988–1989
6. Yang Xizong (杨析综): 1989–1992
7. Lin Xiao (林晓): 1992–1993
8. Li Changchun (李长春): 1993–1998
9. Ren Keli (任克礼): 1998–2003
10. Li Keqiang (李克强): 2003–2005
11. Xu Guangchun (徐光春): 2005–2010
12. Lu Zhangong (卢展工): 2010–2014
13. Guo Gengmao: 2013–2016
14. Xie Fuzhan: 2016–2018
15. Wang Guosheng: 2018–incumbent

## List of chairmen of CPPCC Henan Committee

1. Pan Fusheng (潘复生): 1955–1959
2. Wu Zhipu (吴芝圃): 1959–1962
3. Liu Jianxun (刘建勋): 1962–1966, 1977–1979
4. Zhao Wenfu (赵文甫): 1979–1983
5. Wang Huayun (王化云): 1983–1985
6. Song Yuxi (宋玉玺): 1985–1988
7. Yan Jimin (阎济民): 1988–1993
8. Lin Yinghai (林英海): 1993–2003
9. Fan Qinchen (范钦臣): 2003–2006
10. Wang Quanshu (王全书): 2006–2011
11. Ye Dongsong (叶冬松): 2011–2018
12. Liu Wei (刘伟): 2018–incumbent


title: Variable-Rate Multimode Wideband

abstract: Variable-Rate Multimode Wideband (VMR-WB) is a source-controlled variable-rate multimode codec designed for robust encoding/decoding of wideband/narrowband speech. The operation of VMR-WB is controlled by speech signal characteristics and by traffic condition of the network. Depending on the traffic conditions and the desired quality of service (QoS), one of the 4 operational modes is used. All operating modes of the existing VMR-WB standard are fully compliant with cdma2000 rate-set II. VMR-WB modes 0, 1, and 2 are cdma2000 native modes with mode 0 providing the highest quality and mode 2 the lowest ADR. VMR-WB mode 3 is the AMR-WB interoperable mode operating at an ADR slightly higher than mode 0 and providing a quality equal or better than that of AMR-WB at 12.65 kbit/s when in an interoperable interconnection with AMR-WB at 12.65 kbit/s. Now also a cdma2000 rate-set I compliant mode is implemented to the coder as mode 4. The average bitrate of the mode is 6.1 kbit/s. Source coding bitrates are: Rate-Set I - 8.55, 4.0, 2.0, 0.8 kbit/s, Rate-Set II - 13.3, 6.2, 2.7, 1.0 kbit/s. VMR-WB uses 16 kHz sampling frequency. Algorithmic delay is 33.75ms. VMR-WB can be also used in 3GPP2 container file format - 3G2. VMR-WB was designed by Nokia and VoiceAge. It is based on AMR-WB.

text:
# Variable-Rate Multimode Wideband

**Variable-Rate Multimode Wideband** (**VMR-WB**) is a source-controlled variable-rate multimode codec designed for robust encoding/decoding of wideband/narrowband speech. The operation of VMR-WB is controlled by speech signal characteristics (i.e., source-controlled) and by traffic condition of the network (i.e., network-controlled mode switching). Depending on the traffic conditions and the desired quality of service (QoS), one of the 4 operational modes is used. All operating modes of the existing VMR-WB standard are fully compliant with cdma2000 rate-set II. VMR-WB modes 0, 1, and 2 are cdma2000 native modes with mode 0 providing the highest quality and mode 2 the lowest ADR. VMR-WB mode 3 is the AMR-WB interoperable mode operating at an ADR slightly higher than mode 0 and providing a quality equal or better than that of AMR-WB at 12.65 kbit/s when in an interoperable interconnection with AMR-WB at 12.65 kbit/s.

Now also a cdma2000 rate-set I compliant mode is implemented to the coder as mode 4. The average bitrate of the mode is 6.1 kbit/s (maximum is 8.55 kbit/s). Source coding bitrates are: Rate-Set I - 8.55, 4.0, 2.0, 0.8 kbit/s, Rate-Set II - 13.3, 6.2, 2.7, 1.0 kbit/s. VMR-WB uses 16 kHz sampling frequency. Algorithmic delay is 33.75ms.

VMR-WB can be also used in 3GPP2 container file format - 3G2.

VMR-WB was designed by Nokia and VoiceAge. It is based on AMR-WB.

## InfoBox

Variable-Rate Multimode Wideband (VMR-WB)
| Internet media type | audio/VMR-WB |
| --- | --- |
| Developed by | 3GPP2 |
| Type of format | Lossy audio |
| Contained by | 3G2, RTP |
| Extended from | AMR-WB/G.722.2 |
| Website | 3GPP2 standards |


title: Liu Qing (runner)

abstract: Liu Qing is a Chinese middle-distance runner who specializes in the 800 and 1500 metres. At the 2005 Summer Universiade she finished fourth in the 800 m and won a bronze in the 1500 m, and at the 2006 Asian Games she finished seventh and sixth. She competed in both events at the 2007 World Championships without reaching the final. She represented her country in the 1500 metres event at the 2008 Summer Olympics. At this event she led the pack at the early stages, perhaps to avoid being jostled by the bigger and bulkier competitors. Her early sprint robbed her of speed for the rest of the run and she was overtaken with some jostling and she lagged out of contention. Her personal best 800 metres time is 1:59.74 minutes, achieved in October 2005 in Nanjing. In the 1500 metres she has 4:04.00 minutes, achieved in the same time and place.

text:
# Liu Qing (runner)

**Liu Qing** (Chinese: 刘青; pinyin: *Liú Qīng*; born 28 April 1986 in Xuecheng, Shandong) is a Chinese middle-distance runner who specializes in the 800 and 1500 metres.

At the 2005 Summer Universiade she finished fourth in the 800 m and won a bronze in the 1500 m, and at the 2006 Asian Games she finished seventh and sixth. She competed in both events at the 2007 World Championships without reaching the final. She represented her country in the 1500 metres event at the 2008 Summer Olympics. At this event she led the pack at the early stages, perhaps to avoid being jostled by the bigger and bulkier competitors. Her early sprint robbed her of speed for the rest of the run and she was overtaken with some jostling and she lagged out of contention.

Her personal best 800 metres time is 1:59.74 minutes, achieved in October 2005 in Nanjing. In the 1500 metres she has 4:04.00 minutes, achieved in the same time and place.


title: Madawaska Collins Field Aerodrome

abstract: Madawaska Collins Field Aerodrome is located 0.32 nautical miles north of Madawaska, Ontario, Canada.

text:
# Madawaska Collins Field Aerodrome

**Madawaska Collins Field Aerodrome** (TC LID: **CMW4**) is located 0.32 nautical miles (0.59 km; 0.37 mi) north of Madawaska, Ontario, Canada.

## InfoBox

| Madawaska Collins Field Aerodrome | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Private |
| Operator | Ian Collins |
| Location | Madawaska |
| Time zone | EST (UTC−05:00) |
| Summer (DST) | EDT (UTC−04:00) |
| Elevation AMSL | 1,040 ft / 317 m |
| Coordinates | 45°30′27″N 077°59′26″W / 45.50750°N 77.99056°W / 45.50750; -77.99056 |
| Map | |
| CMW4Location in OntarioCMW4CMW4 (Canada) | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  13/31 1,318 402 Sand/gravel | |
| Source: Canada Flight Supplement | |


title: Farmoor

abstract: Farmoor is a village 3.5 miles (5.6 km) west of the centre of Oxford, England. The village was part of Berkshire until the 1974 local government boundary changes transferred it to Oxfordshire. The village is 550 yards (500 m) from Pinkhill Lock on the River Thames. Farmoor has a village shop, filling station and a small business park called Farmoor Court. Historically the Farmoor area was called the tything of Stroud. Farmoor Common was an open field within the tything. It is now submerged under the reservoir. The village was developed in the early decades of the 20th century and took its name from the Common. Farmoor is part of the parish of Cumnor, and until the 20th century parishioners worshipped 2 miles (3 km) away at the Church of England parish church of Saint Michael, Cumnor. There is now the church of Saint Mary, Farmoor that was built as a chapel of ease. Farmoor Reservoir was built in 1967 and extended in 1976. It has a number of wetland nature areas. BBC Television used Oaken Holt Rest Home in Eynsham Road, Farmoor, as a location for the 1990s sitcom Waiting for God.

text:
# Farmoor

**Farmoor** is a village 3.5 miles (5.6 km) west of the centre of Oxford, England. The village was part of Berkshire until the 1974 local government boundary changes transferred it to Oxfordshire. The village is 550 yards (500 m) from Pinkhill Lock on the River Thames. Farmoor has a village shop, filling station and a small business park called Farmoor Court. Historically the Farmoor area was called the tything of Stroud. Farmoor Common was an open field within the tything. It is now submerged under the reservoir. The village was developed in the early decades of the 20th century and took its name from the Common.

Farmoor is part of the parish of Cumnor, and until the 20th century parishioners worshipped 2 miles (3 km) away at the Church of England parish church of Saint Michael, Cumnor. There is now the church of Saint Mary, Farmoor that was built as a chapel of ease. Farmoor Reservoir was built in 1967 and extended in 1976. It has a number of wetland nature areas. BBC Television used Oaken Holt Rest Home in Eynsham Road, Farmoor, as a location for the 1990s sitcom *Waiting for God*.

## InfoBox

| Farmoor | |
| --- | --- |
| St Mary's parish church | |
| FarmoorLocation within Oxfordshire | |
| OS grid reference | SP4507 |
| Civil parish |  |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Oxford |
| Postcode district | OX2 |
| Dialling code | 01865 |
|  | |
| Police | Thames Valley |
| Fire | Oxfordshire |
| Ambulance | South Central |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: List of ship launches in 1898

abstract: The list of ship launches in 1898 includes a chronological list of some ships launched in 1898.

text:
# List of ship launches in 1898

The **list of ship launches in 1898** includes a chronological list of some ships launched in 1898.

| Date | Country | Builder | Location | Ship | Class / type | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5 January | United Kingdom | Vickers Limited | Barrow-in-Furness | ***Amphitrite*** | *Diadem*-class cruiser |  |
| 24 January | United Kingdom | Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company | Govan, Scotland | ***Argonaut*** | *Diadem*-class cruiser |  |
| 10 February | United Kingdom |  | Kingston upon Hull | ***Bullfinch*** | *Bullfinch*-class destroyer |  |
| 22 February | United Kingdom | Hawthorn Leslie and Company | Newcastle-upon-Tyne | ***Mermaid*** | *Mermaid*-class destroyer |  |
| 26 February | United States | Detroit Dry Dock Company | Wyandotte, Michigan | ***City of Erie*** | Paddle steamer |  |
| 7 March | Sweden | Bergsunds Shipyard | Stockholm | ***Thor*** | *Oden*-class coastal defence ship |  |
| 21 March | United Kingdom |  | Kingston upon Hull | ***Dove*** | *Bullfinch*-class destroyer |  |
| 23 March | United Kingdom | Chatham Dockyard | Chatham, Kent | ***Goliath*** | *Canopus*-class battleship |  |
| 24 March | United States | Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company | Newport News, Virginia | ***Kearsarge*** | *Kearsarge*-class battleship |  |
| 24 March | United States | Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company | Newport News, Virginia | ***Kentucky*** | *Kearsarge*-class battleship |  |
| 30 March | Sweden | Lindholmens Shipyard | Lindholmen, Gothenburg | ***Niord*** | *Oden*-class coastal defence ship |  |
| 31 March | Germany | Germaniawerft | Kiel | ***Gazelle*** | *Gazelle*-class cruiser |  |
| 7 April | United Kingdom | Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company | Govan, Scotland | ***Hermes*** | *Highflyer*-class cruiser |  |
| 7 April | United Kingdom | Harland & Wolff | Belfast | ***New England*** | Passenger ship | For Richard Mills & Co. |
| 7 April | United Kingdom | Harland and Wolff | Belfast | ***New England*** | Ocean liner | For the Dominion Line |
| 21 April | United Kingdom | Armstrong Whitworth | Newcastle upon Tyne | ***Sampo*** | Icebreaker | For Finnish Board of Navigation |
| 21 April | United Kingdom | Blyth Shipbuilding Co. Ltd | Blyth | ***William Broadley*** | Steamship | For Red 'R' Steamship Co. Ltd. |
| 22 April | United Kingdom | J & G Thompson | Clydebank | ***Ariadne*** | *Diadem*-class cruiser |  |
| 7 May | United Kingdom | Harland and Wolff | Belfast | ***Statendam*** | Ocean liner | For the Holland America Line |
| 18 May | United States | William Cramp & Sons | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | ***Alabama*** | *Illinois*-class battleship |  |
| 1 June | Norway | Karljohansvern naval yard | Horten, Norway | ***Storm*** | 1.-class torpedo boat |  |
| 4 June | United Kingdom | Harland & Wolff | Belfast | ***Bay State*** | Cargo ship | For George Warren & Co. |
| 4 June | France | Société Nouvelle des Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée | La Seyne-sur-Mer | ***Deodoro*** | *Deodoro*-class coastal defense ship | For Brazilian Navy |
| 4 June | United Kingdom | Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company | Govan, Scotland | ***Highflyer*** | *Highflyer*-class cruiser |  |
| 4 June | United Kingdom | Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson | Wallsend | ***Ultonia*** | Cargo liner | For the Cunard Line |
| 21 June | United Kingdom | Thames Iron Works | London | ***Albion*** | *Canopus*-class battleship |  |
| 5 July | United Kingdom | Devonport Dockyard | Devonport | ***Ocean*** | *Canopus*-class battleship |  |
| 4 August | United Kingdom | Harland & Wolff | Belfast | ***German*** | Passenger ship | For Union Steamship Co. |
| 18 August | United Kingdom | Blyth Shipbuilding Co. Ltd | Blyth | ***Sigrid*** | Steamship | For Russische Baltische Dampfschffahrts Gessellschaft. |
| 1 September | France | Arsenal de Brest | Brest | ***Iéna*** | Pre-dreadnought battleship |  |
| 5 September | United Kingdom | Blyth Shipbuilding Co. Ltd | Blyth | ***Longbenton*** | Steamship | For T. & W. Smith. |
| 22 September | Norway | Karljohansvern naval yard | Horten, Norway | ***Brand*** | 1.-class torpedo boat |  |
| 4 October | United States | Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company | Newport News, Virginia | ***Illinois*** | *Illinois*-class battleship |  |
| 14 October | United Kingdom | Allsup & Co. Ltd. | Preston | ***Rimu*** | Coaster | For Keith Ramsay. |
| 27 October | United Kingdom | London and Glasgow Shipbuilding Company | Glasgow | ***Hyacinth*** | *Highflyer*-class cruiser |  |
| 27 October | United Kingdom | Royal Navy Dockyard | Pembroke Dock | ***Spartiate*** | *Diadem*-class cruiser |  |
| October | United Kingdom | W Brighton | Oulton Broad | ***Albion*** | Norfolk wherry | For WD & AE Walker, Bungay |
| 1 November | United Kingdom | Thames Ironworks | Leamouth, London | ***Shikishima*** | *Shikishima*-class battleship | For Imperial Japanese Navy |
| 6 November | United Kingdom | Harland & Wolff | Belfast | ***Afric*** | Passenger ship | For White Star Line. |
| 15 November | United Kingdom | London and Glasgow Shipbuilding Company | Govan | ***Dwarf*** | *Bramble*-class Gunboat |  |
| 16 November | United Kingdom | Harland and Wolff | Belfast | ***Afric*** | Jubilee-class ocean liner | For the White Star Line |
| 17 November | United Kingdom | Portsmouth Dockyard | Portsmouth | ***Formidable*** | *Formidable*-class battleship |  |
| 26 November | United Kingdom | W.H. Potter & Sons | Liverpool | ***Bramble*** | *Bramble*-class Gunboat |  |
| 26 November | United States | Union Iron Works | San Francisco, California | ***Wisconsin*** | *Illinois*-class battleship |  |
| 1 December | United States | Bath Iron Works | Bath, Maine | ***Aphrodite*** | Yacht | For Col. O H Payne |
| 15 December | United Kingdom | Chatham Dockyard | Chatham, Kent | ***Irresistible*** | *Formidable*-class battleship |  |
| 15 December | United Kingdom | Harland and Wolff | Belfast | ***Medic*** | Jubilee-class ocean liner | For the White Star Line |
| Date unknown | United Kingdom | Brown & Clapson | Barton-upon-Humber | ***Hope*** | Humber Keel | For George Hill. |
| Date unknown | United Kingdom | Allsup & Co. Ltd. | Preston | ***Kittiwake*** | Lightship | For Commissioners of Irish Lights. |
| Date unknown | United Kingdom | Cleland Graving Dock & Slipway Co. | Wallsend | ***Majestic*** | Tug | For private owner. |
| Date unknown | Germany | G. Seebeck AG | Bremerhaven | ***Phaedra*** | Cargo ship | For Neptun Line. |

Sources * Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). *The Empire Ships* (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. ISBN 1-85044-275-4.


title: Politics of Hainan

abstract: The politics of Hainan Province in the People's Republic of China is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Governor of Hainan is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Hainan. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Hainan Chinese Communist Party Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Hainan CCP Party Chief".

text:
# Politics of Hainan

The **politics of Hainan** Province in the People's Republic of China is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China.

The Governor of Hainan is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Hainan. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Hainan Chinese Communist Party Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Hainan CCP Party Chief".

## List of the CCP Hainan committee secretaries

1. Xu Shijie (许士杰): 1988–1990
2. Deng Hongxun (邓鸿勋): 1990–1993
3. Ruan Chongwu: 1993–1998
4. Du Qinglin: 1998–2001
5. Bai Keming: 2001–2002
6. Wang Qishan: 2002–2003
7. Wang Xiaofeng: 2003–2006
8. Wei Liucheng: 2006 – August 2011
9. Luo Baoming: August 2011 – April 2017
10. Liu Cigui: April 2017 – November 2020
11. Shen Xiaoming: December 2020 – present

## List of governors of Hainan

1. Liang Xiang: 1988–1989
2. Liu Jianfeng (刘剑峰): 1989–1993
3. Ruan Chongwu: 1993 – 1998
4. Wang Xiaofeng: 1998 – 2003
5. Wei Liucheng: 2003 – 2007
6. Luo Baoming: 2007 – August 2011
7. Jiang Dingzhi: August 2011 – January 2015
8. Liu Cigui: January 2015 – April 2017
9. Shen Xiaoming: April 2017 – December 2020
10. Feng Fei: December 2020 – April 2023
11. Liu Xiaoming: April 2023 – present

## List of chairmen of Hainan People's Congress

1. Xu Shijie (许士杰): 1988–1992
2. Deng Hongxun (邓鸿勋): 1992–1993
3. Du Qinglin: 1993–2001
4. Bai Keming: 2001–2002
5. Wang Qishan: January 2003 – April 2003
6. Wang Xiaofeng: February 2004 – December 2006
7. Wei Liucheng: February 2007 – 2011
8. Luo Baoming: August 2011 – April 2017
9. Liu Cigui: April 2017 – November 2020
10. Shen Xiaoming: December 2020 – present

## List of chairmen of CPPCC Hainan Committee

1. Yao Wenxu (姚文绪): 1988–1996
2. Chen Yuyi (陈玉益): 1996–2003
3. Wang Guangxian (王广宪): 2003–2007
4. Zhong Wen (钟文): 2007 – 2011
5. Yu Xun (于迅): 2011 – 2018
6. Mao Wanchun (毛万春): 2018-present

## List of chairmen of the Hainan National Supervisory Commission

1. Lan Fo'an (蓝佛安): 2018-2021
2. Chen Guomeng (陈国猛): 2021-present


title: WGTE-FM

abstract: WGTE-FM is a non-commercial, listener-supported, public radio station in Toledo, Ohio, and is the sister station of Channel 30 WGTE-TV, Toledo's PBS network affiliate. WGTE-FM features classical music and jazz along with news and talk. It is a member of National Public Radio and also carries programs from other public radio networks. The studios and offices are on South Detroit Avenue. WGTE-FM is a Class B station. It has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 13,500 watts. The transmitter is on Corduroy Road at North Wynn Avenue in Oregon, Ohio. Programming is simulcast on three other Ohio radio stations: WGBE in Bryan, WGDE in Defiance and WGLE in Lima. Several times each year, WGTE-FM holds on-air fundraisers to ask for listener support.

text:
# WGTE-FM

**WGTE-FM** (91.3 MHz) is a non-commercial, listener-supported, public radio station in Toledo, Ohio, and is the sister station of Channel 30 WGTE-TV, Toledo's PBS network affiliate. WGTE-FM features classical music and jazz along with news and talk. It is a member of National Public Radio and also carries programs from other public radio networks. The studios and offices are on South Detroit Avenue.

WGTE-FM is a Class B station. It has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 13,500 watts. The transmitter is on Corduroy Road at North Wynn Avenue in Oregon, Ohio. Programming is simulcast on three other Ohio radio stations: WGBE (90.9 FM) in Bryan, WGDE (91.9 FM) in Defiance and WGLE (90.7 FM) in Lima. Several times each year, WGTE-FM holds on-air fundraisers to ask for listener support.

## Programming

Most of the day, WGTE-FM airs classical music. But on weekdays, it breaks during morning drive time, middays and afternoons for news and information programs from NPR: *Morning Edition, Here and Now, Marketplace* and *All Things Considered*.

On weekends, it mixes music programs with one-hour weekly public radio shows: *Snap Judgement, Milk Street Radio, Radiolab, This American Life, The Moth Radio Hour, Hidden Brain, Travel with Rick Steves, On The Media* and *Wait, Wait, Don't Tell Me*. On Friday and Saturday evenings, the music switches to jazz. And on weekends, specialty music programs are heard: *Hearts of Space, The Thistle and Shamrock, Pipedreams* and during the season, *The Metropolitan Opera*.

## History

WGTE-FM signed on the air on May 2, 1976. At first, its programming was mostly classical music with six hours of jazz per week and hourly news updates. It also featured NPR's first weekday news program, *All Things Considered.*

When NPR began *Morning Edition* in 1979, that program was also heard on the weekday schedule. Gradually more news and talk programs from NPR and PRI were added, although unlike most other NPR affiliates, WGTE-FM continues to air a sizable number of classical music programs with some jazz music and other genres on weekends.

In 1981, WGLE-FM in Lima became the first simulcast station of WGTE-FM. WGBE-FM in Bryan was added in 1996 and WGDE-FM in Defiance signed on in 1999.

## Repeaters

| Call sign | Frequency | City of license | FID | ERP () | HAAT | Class | Transmitter coordinates | FCC info |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| WGBE | 90.9 FM | Bryan, Ohio | 53733 | 850 | 120  (394 ft) | A | 41°28′47″N 84°35′50″W / 41.47972°N 84.59722°W / 41.47972; -84.59722 | LMS |
| WGDE | 91.9 FM | Defiance, Ohio | 53713 | 6,000 | 93 m (305 ft) | A | 41°17′41″N 84°23′24″W / 41.29472°N 84.39000°W / 41.29472; -84.39000 | LMS |
| WGLE | 90.7 FM | Lima, Ohio | 53715 | 50,000 | 128 m (420 ft) | B | 40°39′04″N 84°06′33″W / 40.65111°N 84.10917°W / 40.65111; -84.10917 | LMS |

1. "Facility Technical Data for WGTE-FM". *Licensing and Management System*. Federal Communications Commission.
2. Radio-Locator.com/WGTE
3. *Broadcasting Yearbook 1978* page C-172. Retrieved Aug. 15, 2024.

## InfoBox

WGTE-FM
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area |  |
| Frequency | 91.3 MHz |
| Branding | WGTE FM 91 |
| Programming | |
| Format | Public Radio \- Classical \- News - Talk |
| Affiliations | National Public Radio
Public Radio Exchange
American Public Media |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Public Broadcasting Foundation of Northwestern Ohio |
| Sister stations | WGTE-TV |
| History | |
| First air date | May 2, 1976 (1976-05-02) |
| Call sign meaning | "Greater Toledo Education" |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 66287 |
| Class | B |
| ERP | 13,500 watts |
| HAAT | 289 meters (948 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 41°39′29″N 83°25′55″W / 41.658°N 83.432°W / 41.658; -83.432 |
| Repeater(s) |  |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen live |
| Website | www.wgte.org |