title: Susanna Dickinson

abstract: Susanna Wilkerson Dickinson and her infant daughter, Angelina, were among the few American survivors of the 1836 Battle of the Alamo during the Texas Revolution. Her husband, Almaron Dickinson, and 185 other Texian defenders were killed by the Mexican Army.

text:
# Susanna Dickinson

**Susanna Wilkerson Dickinson** (c.1814   October 7, 1883) and her infant daughter, Angelina, were among the few American survivors of the 1836 Battle of the Alamo during the Texas Revolution. Her husband, Almaron Dickinson, and 185 other Texian defenders were killed by the Mexican Army.

## Early life

Susanna was born c. 1814 in Williamson County, Tennessee, and apparently never learned to read or write. She married Almaron Dickinson on May 24, 1829, when she was 15 years old. After acquiring land along the San Marcos River, the couple became DeWitt Colonists two years later. The Dickinsons then constructed a blacksmith shop there and made investments in fellow colonist George Kimbell's Gonzales hat business.

## Texas Revolution

As the Mexican government increasingly abandoned its federalist structure in favor of a more centralized government, Almaron Dickinson became one of the early proponents of war. He would later join with other volunteers during the Battle of Gonzales, becoming one of the "Old Gonzales 18" in the battle which launched the Texas Revolution on October 2, 1835. By the end of the year, the Texian army had driven all Mexican soldiers from the territory. Soon after, Susanna joined Almaron at the former Alamo Mission in San Antonio de Bexar (now San Antonio, Texas) shortly after his assignment to the garrison there. The Dickinson family lived outside the Alamo, boarding with the Ruiz family.

In early 1836, Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna led troops into Texas, which arrived in San Antonio on February 23 and immediately besieged the Alamo. It did not even have food stocked inside the mission to withstand the siege. The men thus quickly herded cattle into it and scrounged for food in the recently abandoned houses outside. Susanna and Angelina were among the families of garrison members who were brought inside for safety.

For the next twelve days, the Alamo lay under siege. Santa Anna planned an early morning assault for March 6. At 8:10 pm on March 5 the Mexican artillery ceased their bombardment. As Santa Anna had planned, the exhausted Texans soon fell into the first uninterrupted sleep many had had since the siege began. At 5:30 am Santa Anna gave the order to advance. As the Mexican soldiers began to yell and their buglers sounded, the Texan defenders awakened and rushed to their posts. Susanna, Angelina, and most other noncombatants gathered in the chapel sacristy for safety. She later mentioned that Davy Crockett stopped briefly to pray before taking his assigned position.

The Mexican soldiers soon breached the Alamo's outer walls. As previously planned, most of the Texians fell back to the barracks and the chapel. Almaron Dickinson briefly slipped from his post manning a cannon in the chapel to join Susanna in the sacristy. He yelled "Great God, Sue, the Mexicans are inside our walls! If they spare you, save my child!", then kissed her and returned to his cannon. It took an hour for the Mexican army to secure complete control of the Alamo. Among the last Texians to die were the 11 men, including Almaron, manning the two 12-pounder cannon in the chapel. The entrance had been barricaded with sandbags, which the Texans were able to fire over. However, a shot from the Mexican 18-pounder cannon destroyed the barricade, and Mexican soldiers entered after an initial musket volley. Although Dickinson's crew fired their cannon from the apse into the Mexican soldiers, they had no time to reload. Dickinson, Gregorio Esparza, Bonham, and the remaining Texians grabbed rifles and fired before being bayoneted to death. Texian Robert Evans, the master of ordnance, had been tasked with keeping the gunpowder from falling into Mexican hands. Wounded, he crawled towards the powder magazine but was killed by a musket ball with his torch only inches from the powder. If he had succeeded, the blast would have destroyed the chapel, killing Susanna and the other women and children hiding in it. As soldiers approached the sacristy, one of defender Anthony Wolf's sons stood to pull a blanket over his shoulders and was killed. Possibly the last Texian to die in battle was Jacob Walker, who attempted to hide behind Susanna and the other women; four Mexican soldiers killed him in front of them. Another Texian, Brigido Guerrero, who had deserted from the Mexican Army in December 1835 also sought refuge in the sacristy, and was spared after convincing the soldiers he was a prisoner of the Texians. In the confusion, Susanna was lightly wounded.

On March 7, Santa Anna interviewed each of the survivors individually. Impressed with Susanna, he offered to adopt Angelina and have her educated in Mexico City. Susanna refused; the offer was not extended to fellow Alamo survivor Juana Navarro Alsbury for her son of similar age.

Santa Anna ordered that the Tejano civilian survivors be allowed to return to their homes in San Antonio. Susanna and Joe, a Texian slave, were allowed to travel towards the Anglo settlements, escorted by Ben, a former American slave who served as Mexican Colonel Juan Almonte's cook. Each woman received 2 and a blanket and was allowed to go free and spread the news of the destruction that awaited those who opposed the Mexican government. Before they departed, Santa Anna ordered that the surviving members of the Mexican army parade in a grand review, intending that Joe and Susanna would thus warn the remainder of the Texian forces that his army was unbeatable.

When the small party of survivors arrived in Gonzales on March 13, they found Sam Houston, the commander of all Texian forces, waiting there with about 400 men. After Susanna and Joe related the details of the battle and the strength of Santa Anna's army, Houston advised all civilians to evacuate and then ordered the army to retreat. This began the Runaway Scrape, in which much of Texas' population, including the acting government, rushed eastward to escape the advancing Mexican army.

## Susanna's witness accounts

Susanna reported, after the battle, the following about the siege and final fight:

* There were very few casualties before the final assault. She did not know the number.
* She confirmed the legendary "line in the sand" incident, where William Barrett Travis gave defenders the choice of staying or leaving, did happen. However, she said that it happened the day before the final assault, when it is believed to have happened on either March 3 or March 4.
* On the morning of the assault, Almaron ran into where she had hidden, made his final statements to her and revealed that the Mexicans were inside, then returned to his duty. She never saw him again, nor did she ever see his body.
* She hid inside the chapel, and did not see the actual battle. One defender ran inside during the battle, attempting to hide, but was killed by Mexican soldiers.
* When she was discovered, a Mexican officer intervened. She believed he was a British mercenary named either Black or Almonte. He actually was Juan Almonte, who spoke perfect English, having been educated in New Orleans.
* Outside there was a single survivor, found hiding, who unsuccessfully begged for mercy and was killed. Joe also reported this, claiming the man's name was Warner. However, no Warner is listed as being at the Alamo. The most similar name is Henry Warnell, who departed the Alamo as a courier, probably on February 28, 1836, and died in Port Lavaca, Texas, of wounds received either during the battle or his escape in June 1836.
* She saw the body of Davy Crockett between the chapel and the barracks building. This recollection of Crockett's death stands in direct conflict with the Jesús Sánchez Garza - José Enrique de la Peña account.
* She was taken to a house where she had previously lived, and from there could see the pyres of the dead being burned.
* The next day she was taken before Santa Anna, and Almonte, or Black, convinced Santa Anna to release her rather than imprison her.
* She was sent east with Joe, and on the way to Gonzales, she was intercepted by a party including Deaf Smith.
* At some point after the battle, she had no recollections, only that she wept for days.

Other survivors, including Enrique Esparza (the son of Alamo defender Gregorio Esparza) confirmed some of Susanna's account.

Since Susanna was an intelligent and well-spoken woman, Santa Anna had her identify the bodies of all the commanders and main players.

## After the Alamo

Illiterate, Susanna left no written accounts of what happened in the Alamo, but did give several similar oral accounts. She remarried soon afterward to a man named John Williams on Nov 27, 1837, but they divorced almost immediately afterward on the grounds of cruelty. She married a third time on Dec 20, 1838 to a man named Francis P. Herring, but he died of alcoholism in 1843. She married a fourth time on Dec 7, 1847, to a man named Peter Belles, but they divorced in 1857, allegedly due to her having an affair. On Dec 9, 1857 she married a fifth and final time to a man named Joseph W. Hannig, a cabinet maker, and with whom she remained for the rest of her life.

## Death and legacy

Susanna died in 1883 and was buried in Oakwood Cemetery in Austin, with the following inscription:

"Sacred to the Memory of Susan A. Wife of J. W. Hannig Died Oct. 7, 1883 Aged 68 Years."

Hannig lived long after Susanna (dying in 1890) and placed the original marble marker. The state of Texas added a marble slab above their graves on March 2, 1949. A cenotaph honoring Susanna was placed in the Texas State Cemetery in Austin.

The house Hannig built in Austin in 1869 became a museum, The Joseph and Susanna Dickinson Hannig Museum, dedicated to Susanna and the other Alamo survivors.

Susanna's daughter Angelina married at age 17, to a farmer supposedly hand-picked by her mother, but later the marriage ended in divorce. She then relocated to New Orleans, where a second marriage ended in divorce. She lived for a time in Galveston, with a man named Jim Britton, to whom she gave the ring given to her by Colonel Travis. She died at age 37, by then living under the name Emma Britton.

## In film and other media

Susanna was portrayed by Joan O'Brien in the 1960 John Wayne feature film *The Alamo*. She was featured in the dramatic final scene walking away from the fort and into the sunset with Angelina on the back of a mule, and a young slave boy walking with her. As she walks past Santa Anna she exchanges some very dramatic looks with him. Other important events dramatized in the film include her being captured in the chapel at bayonet point, and her electing to stay as Santa Anna allows the other women to leave the fort before the battle.

Kathleen York portrayed Susanna in the 1987 film *The Alamo: 13 Days to Glory*. After the battle, Col. Black (David Ogden Stiers) enters the room where the women and children are hiding and says that Santa Anna wishes to meet with her. After she refuses, he tells her that she should accept his invitation, that the lives of her children and comrades depend on it.

In the 2004 version of *The Alamo*, Laura Clifton portrays Susanna Dickinson. She has a fairly minor part in the film. However, in the final battle scene she is shown witnessing Almaron's death, who a little earlier calls her by her name. In almost every scene she is in, she is shown holding Angelina.

In 2015, Dickinson was portrayed by Alixandra von Renner, in the History Channel miniseries, *Texas Rising*.

* Edmondson, J.R. (2000), *The Alamo Story-From History to Current Conflicts*, Plano, TX: Republic of Texas Press, ISBN 1-55622-678-0
* Groneman, Bill (1990), *Alamo Defenders, A Genealogy: The People and Their Words*, Austin, TX: Eakin Press, ISBN 0-89015-757-X
* Hardin, Stephen L. (1994), *Texian Iliad*, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, ISBN 0-292-73086-1
* Lord, Walter (1961), *A Time to Stand*, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 0-8032-7902-7
* Nofi, Albert A. (1992), *The Alamo and the Texas War of Independence, September 30, 1835 to April 21, 1836: Heroes, Myths, and History*, Conshohocken, PA: Combined Books, Inc., ISBN 0-938289-10-1
* Petite, Mary Deborah (1999), *1836 Facts about the Alamo and the Texas War for Independence*, Mason City, IA: Savas Publishing Company, ISBN 1-882810-35-X
* Tinkle, Lon (1985), *13 Days to Glory: The Siege of the Alamo*, College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, ISBN 0-89096-238-3. Reprint. Originally published: New York: McGraw-Hill, 1958
* Todish, Timothy J.; Todish, Terry; Spring, Ted (1998), *Alamo Sourcebook, 1836: A Comprehensive Guide to the Battle of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution*, Austin, TX: Eakin Press, ISBN 978-1-57168-152-2
* Feit, Rachel; Clark, John (2002), *Archeological and Historical Research Investigations on the Historic Hannig-Dickinson House and the Hedgecoxe House in Austin, Texas*, Austin, TX: Hicks & Company


title: Wisdom of the Ages

abstract: Wisdom of the Ages is a panel show aired on the DuMont Television Network from December 16, 1952, to June 30, 1953. The show combined the ideas of Juvenile Jury and Life Begins at Eighty, with a combined panel of youth and the elderly. Wisdom of the Ages aired Tuesdays at 9:30pm ET, and replaced Quick on the Draw which ended December 9, 1952. The show was hosted by Jack Barry, and was a production of Barry & Enright Productions. Viewers submitted often-amusing questions or problems to be discussed by five panelists from different age groups – under 20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80, and over 80 years old.

text:
# Wisdom of the Ages

***Wisdom of the Ages*** is a panel show aired on the DuMont Television Network from December 16, 1952, to June 30, 1953. The show combined the ideas of *Juvenile Jury* and *Life Begins at Eighty*, with a combined panel of youth and the elderly. *Wisdom of the Ages* aired Tuesdays at 9:30pm ET, and replaced *Quick on the Draw* which ended December 9, 1952.

The show was hosted by Jack Barry, and was a production of Barry & Enright Productions. Viewers submitted often-amusing questions or problems to be discussed by five panelists from different age groups – under 20 (Ronnie Mulluzzo, age 8), 20-40 (Marcia Van Dyke, age 28), 40-60 (Leo Cherne, age 40), 60-80 (Mrs. H. V. Kaltenborn, age 64), and over 80 years old (Thomas Clark, age 82).

## Episode status

An episode from June 16, 1953, survives at the UCLA Film and Television Archive.

## Bibliography

* David Weinstein, *The Forgotten Network: DuMont and the Birth of American Television* (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2004) ISBN 1-59213-245-6
* Alex McNeil, *Total Television*, Fourth edition (New York: Penguin Books, 1980) ISBN 0-14-024916-8
* Tim Brooks and Earle Marsh, *The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network TV Shows*, Third edition (New York: Ballantine Books, 1964) ISBN 0-345-31864-1

## InfoBox

| *Wisdom of the Ages* | |
| --- | --- |
| Publicity shot | |
| Genre | Panel show |
| Presented by | Jack Barry |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| Production | |
| Running time | 23-25 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | DuMont |
| Release | December 16, 1952 (1952-12-16) <br>June 30, 1953 (1953-06-30) |


title: 1989 Transnistrian census

abstract: The 1989 Transnistrian census was organized by the authorities of the MSSR in the final days of its existence as a Soviet republic. It took place as part of the Soviet Census of 1989. Results from the 1989 census showed that among the population of Transnistria, approximately 40% were ethnic Moldovans, 28% Ukrainians and 25% Russians.

text:
# 1989 Transnistrian census

The **1989 Transnistrian census** was organized by the authorities of the MSSR in the final days of its existence as a Soviet republic. It took place as part of the Soviet Census of 1989.

Results from the 1989 census showed that among the population of Transnistria, approximately 40% were ethnic Moldovans, 28% Ukrainians and 25% Russians.

## Census results

* Total population on the left bank of the Dniester river (minus Tighina): 546,400
* Total population in raions mostly on the left bank of the Dniester river (minus Tighina): 601,660
* (note that percentages below are given from the second figure)
* Moldovans: 39.9%
* Ukrainians: 28.3%
* Russians: 25.5%
* Others: 6.4%

## InfoBox

| 1989 Transnistrian census | |
| --- | --- |
| ---  --- | |
| Distribution of the major ethnic groups in the Moldavian SSR in 1989 | |
| General information | |
| Country | Transnistria (internationally recognized as part of Moldova) |


title: Titanium hydride

abstract: Titanium hydride normally refers to the inorganic compound TiH2 and related nonstoichiometric materials. It is commercially available as a stable grey/black powder, which is used as an additive in the production of Alnico sintered magnets, in the sintering of powdered metals, the production of metal foam, the production of powdered titanium metal and in pyrotechnics. Also known as titanium–hydrogen alloy, it is an alloy of titanium, hydrogen, and possibly other elements. When hydrogen is the main alloying element, its content in the titanium hydride is between 0.02% and 4.0% by weight. Alloying elements intentionally added to modify the characteristics of titanium hydride include gallium, iron, vanadium, and aluminium.

text:
# Titanium hydride

**Titanium hydride** normally refers to the inorganic compound TiH2 and related nonstoichiometric materials. It is commercially available as a stable grey/black powder, which is used as an additive in the production of Alnico sintered magnets, in the sintering of powdered metals, the production of metal foam, the production of powdered titanium metal and in pyrotechnics.

Also known as **titanium–hydrogen alloy**, it is an alloy of titanium, hydrogen, and possibly other elements. When hydrogen is the main alloying element, its content in the titanium hydride is between 0.02% and 4.0% by weight. Alloying elements intentionally added to modify the characteristics of titanium hydride include gallium, iron, vanadium, and aluminium.

## Production

In the commercial process for producing non-stoichiometric TiH2−*x*, titanium metal sponge is treated with hydrogen gas at atmospheric pressure at between 300-500 °C. Absorption of hydrogen is exothermic and rapid, changing the color of the sponge grey/black. The brittle product is ground to a powder, which has a composition around TiH1.95. In the laboratory, titanium hydride is produced by heating titanium powder under flowing hydrogen at 700 °C, the idealized equation being:

Ti + H2 → TiH2

Other methods of producing titanium hydride include electrochemical and ball milling methods.

## Reactions

TiH1.95 is unaffected by water and air. It is slowly attacked by strong acids and is degraded by hydrofluoric and hot sulfuric acids. It reacts rapidly with oxidizing agents, this reactivity leading to the use of titanium hydride in pyrotechnics.

The material has been used to produce highly pure hydrogen, which is released upon heating the solid. Hydrogen release in TiH~2 starts just above 400 °C but may not be complete until the melting point of titanium metal. Titanium tritide (Ti3H*x*) has been proposed for long-term storage of tritium gas.

## Structure

As TiH*x* approaches stoichiometry, it adopts a distorted body-centered tetragonal structure, termed the ε-form with an axial ratio of less than 1. This composition is very unstable with respect to partial thermal decomposition, unless maintained under a pure hydrogen atmosphere. Otherwise, the composition rapidly decomposes at room temperature until an approximate composition of TiH1.74 is reached. This composition adopts the fluorite structure, and is termed the δ-form, and only very slowly thermally decomposing at room temperature until an approximate composition of TiH1.47 is reached, at which point, inclusions of the hexagonal close packed α-form, which is the same form as pure titanium, begin to appear.

The evolution of the dihydride from titanium metal and hydrogen has been examined in some detail. α-Titanium has a hexagonal close packed (hcp) structure at room temperature. Hydrogen initially occupies tetrahedral interstitial sites in the titanium. As the H/Ti ratio approaches 2, the material adopts the β-form to a face centred cubic (fcc), δ-form, the H atoms eventually filling all the tetrahedral sites to give the limiting stoichiometry of TiH2. The various phases are described in the table below.

Temperature approx. 500 °C, taken from illustration
| Phase | Weight % H | Atomic % H | TiH*x* | Metal lattice |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| α | 0 – 0.2 | 0 – 8 | TiH0TiH0.1 | hcp |
| α & β | 0.2 – 1.1 | 8 – 34 | TiH0.1TiH0.5 |  |
| β | 1.1 – 1.8 | 34 – 47 | TiH0.5TiH0.9 | bcc |
| β & δ | 1.8 – 2.5 | 47 – 57 | TiH0.9TiH1.32 |  |
| δ | 2.7 – 4.1 | 57 – 67 | TiH1.32TiH2 | fcc |

If titanium hydride contains 4.0% hydrogen at less than around 40 °C then it transforms into a body-centred tetragonal (bct) structure called ε-titanium.

When titanium hydrides with less than 1.3% hydrogen, known as hypoeutectoid titanium hydride are cooled, the β-titanium phase of the mixture attempts to revert to the α-titanium phase, resulting in an excess of hydrogen. One way for hydrogen to leave the β-titanium phase is for the titanium to partially transform into δ-titanium, leaving behind titanium that is low enough in hydrogen to take the form of α-titanium, resulting in an α-titanium matrix with δ-titanium inclusions.

A metastable γ-titanium hydride phase has been reported. When α-titanium hydride with a hydrogen content of 0.02-0.06% is quenched rapidly, it forms into γ-titanium hydride, as the atoms "freeze" in place when the cell structure changes from hcp to fcc. γ-Titanium takes a body centred tetragonal (bct) structure. Moreover, there is no compositional change so the atoms generally retain their same neighbours.

## Hydrogen embrittlement in titanium and titanium alloys

The absorption of hydrogen and the formation of titanium hydride are a source of damage to titanium and titanium alloys. This hydrogen embrittlement process is of particular concern when titanium and alloys are used as structural materials, as in nuclear reactors.

Hydrogen embrittlement manifests as a reduction in ductility and eventually spalling of titanium surfaces. The effect of hydrogen is to a large extent determined by the composition, metallurgical history and handling of the Ti and Ti alloy. CP-titanium (**commercially pure**: ≤99.55% Ti content) is more susceptible to hydrogen attack than pure α-titanium. Embrittlement, observed as a reduction in ductility and caused by the formation of a solid solution of hydrogen, can occur in CP-titanium at concentrations as low as 30-40 ppm. Hydride formation has been linked to the presence of iron in the surface of a Ti alloy. Hydride particles are observed in specimens of Ti and Ti alloys that have been welded, and because of this welding is often carried out under an inert gas shield to reduce the possibility of hydride formation.

Ti and Ti alloys form a surface oxide layer, composed of a mixture of Ti(II), Ti(III) and Ti(IV) oxides, which offers a degree of protection to hydrogen entering the bulk. The thickness of this can be increased by anodizing, a process which also results in a distinctive colouration of the material. Ti and Ti alloys are often used in hydrogen containing environments and in conditions where hydrogen is reduced electrolytically on the surface. Pickling, an acid bath treatment which is used to clean the surface can be a source of hydrogen.

## Uses

Common applications include ceramics, pyrotechnics, sports equipment, as a laboratory reagent, as a blowing agent, and as a precursor to porous titanium. When heated as a mixture with other metals in powder metallurgy, titanium hydride releases hydrogen which serves to remove carbon and oxygen, producing a strong alloy.

The density of titanium hydride varies based on the alloying constituents, but for pure titanium hydride it ranges between 3.76 and 4.51 g/cm3.

Even in the narrow range of concentrations that make up titanium hydride, mixtures of hydrogen and titanium can form a number of different structures, with very different properties. Understanding such properties is essential to making quality titanium hydride. At room temperature, the most stable form of titanium is the hexagonal close-packed (HCP) structure α-titanium. It is a fairly hard metal that can dissolve only a small concentration of hydrogen, no more than 0.20 wt% at 464 °C (867 °F), and only 0.02% at 25 °C (77 °F). If titanium hydride contains more than 0.20% hydrogen at titanium hydride-making temperatures it transforms into a body-centred cubic (BCC) structure called β-titanium. It can dissolve considerably more hydrogen, more than 2.1% hydrogen at 636 °C (1,177 °F). If titanium hydride contains more than 2.1% at 636 °C (1,177 °F) then it transforms into a face-centred cubic (FCC) structure called δ-titanium. It can dissolve even more hydrogen, as much as 4.0% hydrogen 37 °C (99 °F), which reflects the upper hydrogen content of titanium hydride.

There are many types of heat treating processes available to titanium hydride. The most common are annealing and quenching. Annealing is the process of heating the titanium hydride to a sufficiently high temperature to soften it. This process occurs through three phases: recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth. The temperature required to anneal titanium hydride depends on the type of annealing. Annealing must be done under a hydrogen atmosphere to prevent outgassing.

## InfoBox

Titanium hydride
|
Titanium hydride powder | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| IUPAC name titanium dihydride (hydrogen deficient) | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.028.843 |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | TiH2−*x* |
| Molar mass | 49.88 g/mol (TiH2) |
| Appearance | black powder (commercial form) |
| Density | 3.76 g/cm3 (typical commercial form) |
| Melting point | Decomposes |
| Solubility in water | insoluble |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Palicourea heilbornii

abstract: Palicourea heilbornii is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador.

text:
# Palicourea heilbornii

***Palicourea heilbornii*** is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador.

## InfoBox

| *Palicourea heilbornii* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Rubiaceae |
| Genus: | *Palicourea* |
| Species: | ***P. heilbornii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Palicourea heilbornii***
Standl. | |
|


title: Nouveau (software)

abstract: nouveau is a free and open-source graphics device driver for Nvidia video cards and the Tegra family of SoCs written by independent software engineers, with minor help from Nvidia employees. The project's goal is to create an open source driver by reverse engineering Nvidia's proprietary Linux drivers. It is managed by the X.Org Foundation, hosted by freedesktop.org, and is distributed as part of Mesa 3D. The project was initially based on the 2D-only free and open-source "nv" driver, which Red Hat developer Matthew Garrett and others claim had been obfuscated. nouveau is licensed under the MIT License. The name of the project comes from the French word nouveau, meaning new. It was suggested by the original author, Stéphane Marchesin, after his IRC client's French-language autocorrect system offered the word "nouveau" as a correction for the letters "nv".

text:
# Nouveau (software)

**nouveau** (/nˈv/) is a free and open-source graphics device driver for Nvidia video cards and the Tegra family of SoCs written by independent software engineers, with minor help from Nvidia employees.

The project's goal is to create an open source driver by reverse engineering Nvidia's proprietary Linux drivers. It is managed by the X.Org Foundation, hosted by freedesktop.org, and is distributed as part of Mesa 3D. The project was initially based on the 2D-only free and open-source "nv" driver, which Red Hat developer Matthew Garrett and others claim had been obfuscated. nouveau is licensed under the MIT License.

The name of the project comes from the French word *nouveau*, meaning *new*. It was suggested by the original author, Stéphane Marchesin, after his IRC client's French-language autocorrect system offered the word "nouveau" as a correction for the letters "nv".

## Software architecture

nouveau is a Gallium3D-style device driver and works on top of the Direct Rendering Infrastructure (DRI). It is composed of the two Kernel-components DRM & KMS driver, and the user-space components libDRM, and Mesa 3D.

nouveau intends to support all Nvidia microarchitectures: Tesla, Fermi, Kepler, Maxwell, in Version 1.0.13 support of Pascal and in Version 1.0.15 support of Volta. Version 1.0.16 adds support for Turing.

### Re-clocking

For technical reasons Nvidia GPUs all boot with a low frequency (called "clock"). The device driver has to set a higher frequency after booting. Due to lack of documentation of GPU, nouveau lacked this capability from the beginning on. The result was/is a major loss in performance, as proven by benchmarks which compared the performance of Nvidia proprietary device driver with nouveau's. In June 2014, a breakthrough was finally achieved and initial re-clocking support was added to nouveau. With Version 1.0.14 Pascal support is at the level of Maxwell 2. With version 1.0.15 there is a patch for GTX 970 with 4GB and accelerations of Pascal to Maxwell 2 Level.

### Tools

Unlike AMD, Nvidia provides no documentation about their GPUs. The developers of nouveau have been forced to use clean-room reverse engineering to obtain the necessary data to enable them to write nouveau. The project uses several custom-made programs for its reverse engineering, such as MmioTrace (Memory Mapped I/O Trace), REnouveau and Valgrind MMT.

#### REnouveau

REnouveau (Reverse Engineering for nouveau) is a program licensed under the GNU GPL (using SDL) that collects data for most of nouveau's reverse engineering work. Users with the proprietary NVIDIA drivers can help the development of nouveau by providing information about the hardware of their NVIDIA cards through REnouveau. REnouveau works by copying the current graphics card MMIO register space, drawing some graphics and taking another copy of the MMIO, and outputting the difference to a text file. It runs about six dozen different tests which the user of the computer then makes a tar.bz2 archive of and submits by e-mail, after which it is automatically transferred to the project's FTP servers for the developers to analyze. Currently REnouveau has been mostly superseded by Valgrind-MMT.

## Supported interfaces

Only the kernel has direct access to the hardware, including the graphics card. End-user software accesses it through various interfaces, that are specific to the task. nouveau is being written as a Gallium3D-type of device driver, which means that it shares large amounts of code with other Gallium3D drivers. Most of this shared core is being mainlined in Mesa 3D and then distributed as such by the various Linux distributions.

### Rendering APIs

Mesa 3D and the drivers it includes, supports multiple rendering interfaces, all designed to give user-space programs, such as e.g. video games or CAD software, access to the correspondent SIP blocks.

#### Direct3D

A free and open-source implementation of Direct3D version 9 has been mainlined into Mesa 3D. It can be used with nouveau; however, since any software that is using Direct3D is programmed for Windows this software can only be used together with Wine on Linux.

#### OpenGL

The rendering interface OpenGL is being developed by the Khronos Group. Implementations of this API are part of Nvidia's drivers and AMD's proprietary "Catalyst". Another implementation is being written by free software enthusiasts, such as Brian Paul or Intel and coordinated in Mesa 3D. Being a Gallium3D-type of driver, nouveau needs only minor adaptations to work with this implementation.

#### Vulkan

As of December 2023, Nouveau has some Vulkan API support through the experimental NVK driver.

### Video acceleration

Mesa 3D supports multiple interfaces, all designed to give user-space programs, such as e.g. GStreamer or HandBrake, access to the correspondent SIP blocks. It is also possible to use the IC designed for rendering calculations for this purpose, though this approach consumes much more electrical power compared to utilizing the PureVideo SIP block.

nouveau supports PureVideo and provides access to it through VDPAU and partly through XvMC.

nouveau does not support Nvidia NVENC.

### Computing APIs

#### OpenCL

In Mesa GalliumCompute is also the main project for Nvidia, but only AMD part is near beta for OpenCL 1.0, 1.1, and 1.2.

#### CUDA

nouveau does not support CUDA.

With the project Coriander, conversion of CUDA Code in OpenCL 1.2 is possible.

### GPU System processor

#### Nvidia FALCON

Around the year 2006 Nvidia introduced FALCON (FAst Logic CONtroller) to their GPUs.

#### NV-RISCV

At the 4th RISC-V Workshop in July 2016 Nvidia employees introduced their plans to replace FALCON with a new proprietary custom design based on the RISC-V instruction set.

## History

nouveau was started in 2005 by Stéphane Marchesin as a series of patches upon the "nv" driver, and officially announced in February 2006 at a FOSDEM event. The first live demo of nouveau was at Linux.conf.au 2007. In 2010 nouveau was accepted in the 2.6.33 version of Linux kernel as an experimental driver. On 26 March 2012, the nouveau driver was marked as stable and promoted from the staging area of Linux 3.4. nouveau gained a major internal architecture overhaul in Linux 3.7.

nouveau originally used the Direct Rendering Infrastructure (DRI) of Mesa 3D for rendering 3D computer graphics, which allows to accelerate 3D drawing using the graphics processing unit (GPU) directly from the 3D application; but in February 2008 the work on DRI support ceased and moved on to the new Gallium3D.

On 23 September 2013, Nvidia publicly announced that they would release some documentation about their GPUs with the intent to address areas that impact the out-of-the-box usability of NVIDIA GPUs with nouveau.

As of 31 January 2014, Nvidia's Alexandre Courbot committed an extensive patch set which add initial support for the GK20A (Tegra K1) to nouveau.

As of 9 July 2016, Red Hat employee Ben Skeggs committed a patch which adds support for the Pascal-based GP104 chip found on GeForce GTX 1070 and GeForce GTX 1080-branded graphics cards to the Linux kernel.

Status of 2016 and Future work were introduced in XDC2016. Status of new efforts in OpenCL are shown on FOSDEM.

In 2019 Nvidia made some documentation about their Kepler, Maxwell, Pascal and Volta chipsets available. In 2024, lead engineer Ben Skeggs is hired by Nvidia, to continue working on the opensouce driver.

## Adoption

The nouveau driver and its 3D counterpart in Mesa have been used as the default open-source driver for Nvidia cards in many Linux distributions, including Fedora 11, openSUSE 11.3, Ubuntu 10.04, and Debian.

Compiz recommended in 2010 nouveau over the Nvidia proprietary driver.

In June 2014, Codethink reported to run Wayland-based Weston compositor with Linux kernel 3.15, making use of EGL and a "100% open-source graphics driver stack" on a Tegra K1.

In October 2016, NetBSD added experimental nouveau support in NetBSD 7.

## InfoBox

nouveau
| Initial release | 1.0 / 18 June 2012 (2012-06-18) |
| --- | --- |
| Repository |  |
| Written in |  |
| Operating system | Linux, NetBSD |
| Platform | x86, x86-64, ARM, PowerPC |
| Type | Device driver |
| License | MIT License |
| Website | nouveau.freedesktop.org |


title: Osael Romero

abstract: William Osael Romero Castillo is a Salvadoran former professional footballer. He was banned for life in 2013, for match fixing while playing for the El Salvador national football team.

text:
# Osael Romero

**William Osael Romero Castillo** (born 18 April 1986) is a Salvadoran former professional footballer. He was banned for life in 2013, for match fixing while playing for the El Salvador national football team.

## Career

### Club

Romero started his career at Atlético Chaparratique before joining Vista Hermosa in 2006.

On 1 February 2010, Chivas USA signed El Salvador international from FC Dallas who held a discovery claim on the player, the 23-year-old midfielder arrived in Los Angeles and comes on loan from Vista Hermosa. On 26 June 2010, Romero scored his first MLS goal with Chivas USA in a game against FC Dallas at The Home Depot Center, which ended 1–2 in favor of FC Dallas.

He returned to his home country to join Águila for the 2010 Apertura.

### International

Romero officially received his first cap on 13 October 2007 in a friendly match against Costa Rica. He scored his first goal for the national team on 22 October 2008 in a friendly match against Bolivia. Arguably, Romero's greatest moment to date as a Salvadoran international came on 11 February 2009 in a World Cup qualification match against Trinidad and Tobago when he scored two late goals from free kicks in the dying moments of the game to even the scores and save El Salvador from a disappointing home loss. The game ended at 2–2. During the 2009 Gold Cup, Romero scored two goals against Costa Rica that gave El Salvador a victory over traditional rivals Costa Rica.

As of February 2012, he has represented his country in 19 FIFA World Cup qualification matches and played at the 2009 and 2011 UNCAF Nations Cups as well as at the 2009 and 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cups.

On 20 September 2013, Romero was one of 14 Salvadoran players banned for life due to their involvement with match fixing.

#### International goals

| Goal | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | 22 October 2008 | RFK Stadium, Washington, D.C., United States | Bolivia | **2**–0 | 2–0 | Friendly |
| 2. | 6 February 2009 | Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles, United States | Peru | **1**–0 | 1–0 | |
| 3. | 11 February 2009 | Estadio Cuscatlán, San Salvador, El Salvador | Trinidad and Tobago | **1**–2 | 2–2 | 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification |
| 4. | | | | **2**–2 | | |
| 5. | 27 May 2009 | Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles, United States | Ecuador | **1**–1 | 3–1 | Friendly |
| 6. | | | | **3**–1 | | |
| 7. | 3 July 2009 | The Home Depot Center, Carson, United States | Costa Rica | 0–**1** | 2–1 | 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup |
| 8. | | | | 1–**2** | | |
| 9. | 16 January 2011 | Estadio Rommel Fernández, Panama City, Panama | Belize | **1**–0 | 5–2 | 2011 Copa Centroamericana |
| 10. | 12 June 2011 | Soldier Field, Chicago, United States | Cuba | **2**–0 | 6–1 | 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup |
| 11. | 7 October 2011 | Estadio Olímpico Félix Sánchez, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic | Dominican Republic | **1**–0 | 2–1 | 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification |
| 12. | 15 November 2011 | Estadio Cuscatlán, San Salvador, El Salvador | Suriname | **1**–0 | 4–0 | |
| 13. | | | | **2**–0 | | |
| 14. | 8 June 2012 | Estadio Nacional de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica | Costa Rica | **2**–2 | 2–2 | |
| 15. | 7 September 2012 | Estadio Cuscatlan, San Salvador, El Salvador | Guyana | **2**–1 | 2–2 | |
| 16. | 11 September 2012 | Providence Stadium, Providence, Guyana | | **1**–1 | 3–2 | |

## Awards

| Achievement | Club | Season |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Primera División | C.D. Vista Hermosa | 2005 |

### Individual achievement

| Award | Year |
| --- | --- |
| Top Scorer Primera División FESFUT (15 goles) | 2009 |
| Player of the Year Primera División FESFUT | 2006–2010 |

## InfoBox

Osael Romero
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | William Osael Romero Castillo | | |
| Date of birth | (1986-04-18) 18 April 1986 | | |
| Place of birth | Usulután, El Salvador | | |
| Height | 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder/Attacking midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2006 | Atlético Chaparratique |  |  |
| 2006–2010 | Vista Hermosa | 115 | (26) |
| 2010 | Chivas USA *(loan)* | 9 | (1) |
| 2011–2012 | Águila | 72 | (24) |
| 2013 | Alianza | 23 | (8) |
| International career | | | |
| 2004–2005 | El Salvador U-20 |  |  |
| 2007–2013 | El Salvador | 69 | (16) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 1 March 2014<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 7 September 2012 | | | |


title: Margaret J. Kartomi

abstract: Margaret Joy Kartomi is an Australian ethnomusicologist who is known especially for her contributions to the study of Asian music. She is an emeritus professor of Monash University in Melbourne. She specialises in the music of Indonesia and Southeast Asia.

text:
# Margaret J. Kartomi

**Margaret Joy Kartomi** AM FAHA (née Hutchesson) is an Australian ethnomusicologist who is known especially for her contributions to the study of Asian music. She is an emeritus professor of Monash University in Melbourne. She specialises in the music of Indonesia and Southeast Asia.

## Biography

Born in Adelaide on November 24, 1940, Margaret Kartomi studied at the University of Adelaide, and then got her doctorate in musicology in Berlin, from the Humboldt University. She started at Monash University in 1969, where she had a research fellowship (1969), then a lectureship (1979), and a readership (1976); she became a professor in 1989. At Monash, she founded the Sumatra Music Archive, the Asian Music Archive, and the Australian Archive of Jewish Music.

She is on the editorial board of the Ethnomusicology Monograph Series of the University of Chicago Press, and of the Music, Dance and Theatre Iconography series of the Hollizer Wissenschaftsverlag. She has published many books, four monographs, and a number of important journal articles.

## Awards and recognition

In 1982 Kartomi was elected Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities.

She was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia in the 1991 Australia Day Honours for " service to ethnomusicology, particularly south east Asian music ".

### Bernard Heinze Memorial Award

The Sir Bernard Heinze Memorial Award is given to a person who has made an outstanding contribution to music in Australia.

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2015 | Margaret J. Kartomi | Sir Bernard Heinze Memorial Award | awarded |  |

## Bibliography

* Kartomi, Margaret J; Monash University (1974), *Matjapat songs in central and west Java*, Australian National University Press in association with Monash University and the Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University, ISBN 978-0-7081-0355-5
* Kartomi, Margaret J; Monash University (1981), *Five essays on the Indonesian arts : music, theatre, textiles, painting and literature*, Monash University, ISBN 978-0-86746-074-2
* Kartomi, Margaret J; Indonesian Arts Society (1985), *Musical instruments of Indonesia*, Indonesian Arts Society, ISBN 978-0-9589225-0-0
* Kartomi, Margaret J (1990), *On concepts and classifications of musical instruments*, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-42549-8
* Kartomi, Margaret J (2002), *The gamelan Digul and the prison camp musician who built it : an Australian link with the Indonesian revolution* (Ed. 1 ed.), University of Rochester Press, ISBN 978-1-58046-088-0
* Kartomi, Margaret J. (Margaret Joy); Monash University. Monash Asia Institute (2005), *The year of voting frequently : politics and artists in Indonesia's 2004 elections*, Monash Asia Institute, Monash University Press, ISBN 978-1-876924-38-6
* Kartomi, Margaret J (2012), *Musical journeys in Sumatra*, University of Illinois Press, ISBN 978-0-252-03671-2


title: Lempster Meetinghouse

abstract: The Lempster Meetinghouse, formerly Union Hall, is a historic meeting house and church on Lempster Street in Lempster, New Hampshire. Built in 1794 to serve multiple Christian congregations, it is now a multifunction space owned by the town. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

text:
# Lempster Meetinghouse

The **Lempster Meetinghouse**, formerly **Union Hall**, is a historic meeting house and church on Lempster Street in Lempster, New Hampshire. Built in 1794 to serve multiple Christian congregations, it is now a multifunction space owned by the town. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

## Description and history

The former Lempster Meetinghouse stands in the town's village center, on the east side of Lempster Street near its junction with Allen Road and North Pitkin Road. It is a two-story wood-frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. Its main facade is fronted by a projecting square tower, which rises through multiple stages to an open belfry with arched openings, and an octagonal cupola. The right side houses what was originally its main entrance, set centrally on the seven-bay facade.

The meetinghouse was built in 1794, and is one of a modest number of New England meeting houses to survive from the 18th century, and one of a very small number with twin porches. It was built at town expense, serving as both a town hall and church until 1822. At that time it was divested of its religious functions and moved about 1 mile (1.6 km) to its present location. The upper gallery level was extended to create a second floor, and the box pews and pulpit were removed. A bell tower was added (with a Revere bell hung in 1824). It has since then served a variety of community functions, include Grange activities, the local library, a high school academy, and a local theatrical company.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Lempster Meetinghouse | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Lempster St., Lempster, New Hampshire |
| Coordinates | 43°14′20″N 72°12′38″W / 43.23889°N 72.21056°W / 43.23889; -72.21056 |
| Area | 1 acre (0.40 ha) |
| Built | 1794 (1794) |
| Architect | Bingham, James; Frink, Elijah |
| Architectural style | Rural Twin Porch |
| NRHP reference No. | 80000319 |
| Added to NRHP | September 08, 1980 |


title: Sunset, South Carolina

abstract: Sunset is an unincorporated community in Pickens County, South Carolina, United States. The community is located along South Carolina Highway 11 8.3 miles (13.4 km) northwest of Pickens. Sunset has a post office with ZIP code 29685, which opened on January 11, 1906.

text:
# Sunset, South Carolina

**Sunset** is an unincorporated community in Pickens County, South Carolina, United States. The community is located along South Carolina Highway 11 8.3 miles (13.4 km) northwest of Pickens. Sunset has a post office with ZIP code 29685, which opened on January 11, 1906.

## InfoBox

| Sunset, South Carolina | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| SunsetSunset | |
| Coordinates: 34°58′39″N 82°47′56″W / 34.97750°N 82.79889°W / 34.97750; -82.79889 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | South Carolina |
| County | Pickens |
| Elevation | 1,024 ft (312 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 29685 |
| Area codes | 864, 821 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1226969 |


title: Toke Atoll

abstract: Toke Atoll or Taka Atoll is a small, uninhabited coral atoll in the Ratak Chain of the Marshall Islands. It is one of the smaller atolls in the Marshalls and located at 11°17′N 169°37′E. It is visited regularly by the residents of nearby Utirik Atoll.

text:
# Toke Atoll

**Toke Atoll** or **Taka Atoll** (Marshallese: ***Tōkā***, \[tˠʌɡæ\]) is a small, uninhabited coral atoll in the Ratak Chain of the Marshall Islands. It is one of the smaller atolls in the Marshalls and located at 11°17′N 169°37′E / 11.283°N 169.617°E / 11.283; 169.617. It is visited regularly by the residents of nearby Utirik Atoll.

## Geography

The atoll is 160 kilometers (100 mi) north of Majuro Atoll, the capital of the Marshall Islands, and 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) southwest of Utirik Atoll. It comprises six islands with a combined land area of 0.57 square kilometers (0.22 sq mi) and a lagoon area of 93.1 square kilometers (35.96 sq mi).

## Physical features

The atoll is roughly triangular in shape, its length and width approximately 9 miles (14 kilometers). The highest point is 15 feet (4.6 meters) above sea level. The small land area is the second smallest in the Marshalls, besting only Bikar. Among its islets, only Toke, Eluk, and Lojrong are large enough to support permanent vegetation. The other sand islets have shown considerable shifting in size and location over the years. Ground water sampled from the midsection of Toke islet is brackish, with chloride levels of 440 to 840 ppm (compared to 19400 ppm for sea water) With a moderately shallow lagoon and single, deep, narrow western passage through the reef, Toke and its neighbor Utirik are an intermediate atoll type between the shallow, perched lagoons of Bokak and Bikar, and the deep lagoons and many reef passages of the central Marshall atolls.

Based on the results of drilling operations on Enewetak (Eniwetok) Atoll, in the nearby Ralik Chain of the Marshall Islands, Toke may include as much as 1,400 meters (4,600 ft) of reef material atop a basalt rock base. As most local coral growth stops at about 46 meters (150 ft) below the ocean surface, such a massive stony coral base suggests a gradual isostatic subsidence of the underlying extinct volcano, which itself rises 3,000 meters (10,000 ft) from the surrounding ocean floor. Shallow water fossils taken from just above Enewetak's basalt base are dated to about 55 mya.

Soils are ultimately based on storm-driven ridges of coral rubble, standing 0.61 to 1.22 meters (2 to 4 ft) high. Away from the shorelines, soils are primarily sandy. A thick layer of humus with a phosphate hardpan lies under the Pisonia forests.

## Climate

Toke is moderately dry, with annual precipitation in the range of 1,500–1,800 millimeters (60–70 in). Air temperature is usually near 28 °C (82 °F). The prevailing trade winds are from the northeast. Rainfall in the Marshalls is primarily influenced by the equatorial front, which expands seasonally to 11 degrees north. To the north of that zone, rainfall quickly falls off. A quarter degree further north of Toke, annual rainfall at Enewetak Atoll is 1,200 millimeters (49 in) per year.

## Vegetation

Facing the lagoon shore, about a quarter of Toke islet is planted in coconuts with a thick ground cover of *Microsorum scolopendria*. There is a small grove of *Pisonia grandis*, while the rest of the islet is covered with brushy woods of *Heliotropium foertherianum*, *Portulaca oleracea*, and *Pandanus tectorius*, fringed by *Lepturus repens* grasses, *Laportea ruderalis* shrubs, *Boerhavia diffusa*, *B. tetrandra* and other typical Marshallese species. There is also a tiny grove of *Pisonia* on Lojiron.

## Fauna

Toke supports a healthy coral reef, with over 93 coral types identified. Evidence of green sea turtle nesting has been found on the three largest islets, and hawksbill sea turtles have been seen along the outer reef. The lagoon is home to the rare giant clam Tridacna gigas, as well as smaller giant clam varieties. The number of specimens is lower than that seen at Bokak and Bikar, perhaps because of poaching by foreign fishermen.

Nineteen bird species are presently known on Toke Atoll. These include the reef heron, the migratory pectoral sandpiper and accidental examples of the spotted sandpiper and skua, for which Toke is their only sighting in Marshall Islands. Others include the resident crested tern, sooty tern, brown noddy, black noddy, white tern, black-naped tern, and the migrant wedge-tailed shearwater, red-tailed tropicbird, red-footed booby, brown booby, great frigatebird, golden plover, bristle-thighed curlew, wandering tattler, and ruddy turnstone.

## History

### Prehistory

Although humans migrated to the Marshall Islands about 2000 years ago, there appear to be no traditional Marshallese artifacts present that would indicate any long-term settlement. The lack of potable water and tiny lot of arable land compared to nearby Utirik has discouraged settlement. The atoll is traditionally occupied for brief periods for seasonal harvesting of copra, fish, turtles, coconut crabs, and other resources. Along with the other uninhabited northern Ratak atolls of Bikar and Bokak, Toke was traditionally the hereditary property of the Ratak atoll chain Iroji Lablab. The exploitation of resources was regulated by custom, and overseen by the Iroji.

### 16th century

The first sighting recorded by Europeans of Toke Atoll was by the Spanish navigator Álvaro de Saavedra on 29 December 1527 commanding the carrack *Florida*, and sailing from Zihuatanejo in New Spain. Together with Utirik, Rongelap and Ailinginae atolls they were charted as *Islas de los Reyes* (Islands of the Three Wise Kings in Spanish) due to the proximity of Epiphany.

### 19th century

A number of Western ships recorded landfall on or passage by Toke during the 1800s, but no attempt at settlement or establishment of food animals was noted, likely due to the convenience of the settlement on nearby Utirik.

The Russian brig *Rurik*, Captain Otto von Kotzebue, visited in the summer, 1817 during a search for a north passage between western Russia and its North American territories.

### 20th century to present

The German Empire annexed the Marshall Islands in 1885 and added to the protectorate of German New Guinea in 1906. Using the justification that uninhabited atolls were unclaimed, the Germans seized Toke as government property, despite the protests of the Iroji.

In 1914, the Empire of Japan occupied the Marshall Islands, and transferred German government properties to their own, including Toke. Like the Germans before them, the Japanese colonial administration (the South Seas Mandate) did not attempt to exploit the atoll, and the Northern Radak Marshallese continued to hunt and fish unmolested. Following the end of World War II, it came under the control of the United States as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands

While en route from the US to Asia in April 1953, LST 1138, later commissioned as USS *Steuben County*, dropped anchor at Toke to search for rumored Japanese WWII-era stragglers. The landing party found no signs of any current occupants.

Toke Atoll was within the fallout zone of the Castle Bravo nuclear test. The degree of contamination in coconuts and coconut crabs is unknown, but levels are monitored on nearby Utirik.

A 1981 study of fish and invertebrates within the lagoon found that the level of radio-nucleotides in muscle tissue was within the range found in fish products imported to the US and Japanese markets. The worldwide source of seafood-borne radio-nucleotides is a result of atmospheric nuclear testing since 1945, and therefore any residual activity from the 1950s Castle series of tests contributes only a small fraction of the contamination within the lagoon's sea life.

## Footnotes

* Aerial photos from EG&G (1978), and War Dept. (1944).
* Amerson, A.Binion Jr. (1969). "Atoll Research Bulletin No. 127, Ornithology of the Marshall and Gilbert Islands". Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. hdl:10088/6092. `{{cite web}}`: Missing or empty `|url=` (help)
* Arnow, Ted (1954). "Atoll Research Bulletin No. 30, The Hydrology of the Northern Marshall Islands". Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. hdl:10088/6094. `{{cite web}}`: Missing or empty `|url=` (help)
* Brand, Donald D. (1967). Friis, Herman R. (ed.). *The Pacific basin; a history of its geographical exploration*. New York: American Geographical Society. p. 121.
* Fosberg, F. Raymond (1955). "Atoll Research Bulletin No. 38, Northern Marshall Islands Expedition, 1951-1952, Narrative". Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. hdl:10088/4939. `{{cite web}}`: Missing or empty `|url=` (help)
* Fosberg, F. Raymond (1955-05-15). "Atoll Research Bulletin No. 39, Northern Marshall Islands Expedition, 1951-1952. Land biota: Vascular plants". Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. hdl:10088/4938. `{{cite web}}`: Missing or empty `|url=` (help)
* Fosberg, F. Raymond (1965). "Atoll Research Bulletin No. 113, Terrestrial Sediments and Soils of the Northern Marshall Islands". Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. p. 47. hdl:10088/4842. `{{cite web}}`: Missing or empty `|url=` (help)
* Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990). "Atoll Research Bulletin No. 330, A Review of the Natural History of the Marshall Islands". Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. hdl:10088/4933. `{{cite web}}`: Missing or empty `|url=` (help)
* Kirch, Patrick V. "Introduction to Pacific Islands Archaeology". Archaeological Research Facility, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. Retrieved 2010-06-04.
* "LST 1138 aka USS STEUBEN COUNTY, Years 1952-1955". C.D. Pardee. 2007-07-11. Archived from the original on 2009-10-26.
* Maragos, James E. (1994-08-30). "Atoll Research Bulletin No. 419, Description of reefs and corals for the 1988 Protected Area Survey of the Northern Marshall Islands". Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. hdl:10088/5870. `{{cite web}}`: Missing or empty `|url=` (help)
* "Northern Marshall Island Rad Survey: Radionuclide Concentrations in Fish and Clams and Estimated Doses via the Marine Pathway". Department of Health, Safety, and Security , DOE. 1981-08-18.
* Shar, Andrew (1960). *Discovery of the Pacific Islands*. Oxford University Press. pp. 18, 23. ISBN 978-0198215196.
* Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2000). "Marshall Islands Atoll Information, Taka". *Digital Micronesia*. Albury NSW 2640, Australia: Institute of Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University. Retrieved 2009-04-26.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: location (link)
* Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2000). "Ships visiting the Marshall Islands (until 1885), Taka Atoll". *Digital Micronesia*. Albury NSW 2640, Australia: Institute of Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University. Retrieved 2009-04-26.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: location (link)
* Tobin, J. E. (1952-09-01). "Atoll Research Bulletin No. 11, Land Tenure in the Marshall Islands". Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. hdl:10088/5075. `{{cite web}}`: Missing or empty `|url=` (help)

## InfoBox

Toke Atoll
| Map of Toke Atoll | |
| --- | --- |
| Toke Atoll | |
| Geography | |
| Location | North Pacific |
| Coordinates | 11°17′N 169°37′E / 11.283°N 169.617°E / 11.283; 169.617 |
| Archipelago | Marshall Islands |
| Total islands | 6 |
| Major islands | 1 |
| Area | 36.18 sq mi (93.7 km2) |
| Highest elevation | 1 ft (0.3 m) |
| Administration | |
| **Marshall Islands** | |


title: Palicourea sodiroi

abstract: Palicourea sodiroi is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is a shrub and grows primarily in wet tropical habitats. It is endemic to Ecuador. The specific epithet of sodiroi refers to Luis Sodiro (1836–1909), who was an Italian Jesuit priest and a field botanist, who collected many plants in Ecuador. It was first published in Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. vol.22 on page 198 in 1940.

text:
# Palicourea sodiroi

***Palicourea sodiroi*** is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is a shrub and grows primarily in wet tropical habitats. It is endemic to Ecuador.

The specific epithet of *sodiroi* refers to Luis Sodiro (1836–1909), who was an Italian Jesuit priest and a field botanist, who collected many plants in Ecuador.

It was first published in Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. vol.22 on page 198 in 1940.

## InfoBox

| *Palicourea sodiroi* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Rubiaceae |
| Genus: | *Palicourea* |
| Species: | ***P. sodiroi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Palicourea sodiroi***
Standl. | |
|


title: Nouveau Québec (film)

abstract: Nouveau Québec is a Canadian drama film, directed by Sarah Fortin and released in 2021. The film stars Christine Beaulieu and Jean-Sébastien Courchesne as Sophie and Mathieu, a couple whose relationship is tested by their differing reactions to being exposed to First Nations culture while visiting the remote northern town of Schefferville, Quebec. The film premiered in October 2021 at the Festival du nouveau cinéma. It was subsequently screened at the 2021 Whistler Film Festival, where Fortin won both the Alliance of Women Film Journalists's EDA Award for best narrative feature directed by a woman, and the Borsos Competition award for Best Screenplay for a Canadian film. The film received two Canadian Screen Award nominations at the 11th Canadian Screen Awards in 2023, for Best Supporting Performance in a Film and Best Cinematography.

text:
# Nouveau Québec (film)

***Nouveau Québec*** is a Canadian drama film, directed by Sarah Fortin and released in 2021. The film stars Christine Beaulieu and Jean-Sébastien Courchesne as Sophie and Mathieu, a couple whose relationship is tested by their differing reactions to being exposed to First Nations culture while visiting the remote northern town of Schefferville, Quebec.

The film premiered in October 2021 at the Festival du nouveau cinéma. It was subsequently screened at the 2021 Whistler Film Festival, where Fortin won both the Alliance of Women Film Journalists's EDA Award for best narrative feature directed by a woman, and the Borsos Competition award for Best Screenplay for a Canadian film.

The film received two Canadian Screen Award nominations at the 11th Canadian Screen Awards in 2023, for Best Supporting Performance in a Film (Jean-Luc Kanapé) and Best Cinematography (Vincent Gonneville).

## InfoBox

| Nouveau Québec | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Sarah Fortin |
| Written by | Sarah Fortin |
| Produced by | Gabrielle Tougas-Fréchette
Guillaume Vasseur |
| Starring | Christine Beaulieu
Jean-Sébastien Courchesne |
| Cinematography | Vincent Gonneville |
| Edited by | Guillaume Fortin |
| Music by | Olivier Fairfield
Simon Trottier |
| Production
company | Voyelles Films |
| Release date | * October 9, 2021 (2021-10-09) (FNC) |
| Running time | 96 minutes |
| Country | Canada |
| Language | French |


title: Oskar Böhme

abstract: Oskar Böhme was a German composer and trumpeter.

text:
# Oskar Böhme

**Oskar Böhme** (February 24, 1870  October 3, 1938) was a German composer and trumpeter.

## Life

Oskar Böhme, a son of Wilhelm Böhme, also a trumpeter, was born in Potschappel, a small town near Dresden, Germany, which is now part of Freital. For much of his early career, after studying trumpet and composition in the Leipzig Conservatory of Music until graduating in 1888, it is unknown what Böhme's musical activities were, though it is probable he concertized, playing in smaller orchestras around Germany.

From 1894-1896 he played in the Budapest Opera Orchestra and then moved to St. Petersburg, Russia, in 1897. Böhme played cornet for 24 years in the Mariinsky Theatre, turned to teaching at a music school on Vasilievsky Island in St. Petersburg for nine further years, and at the Central Music College on Mokhovaya Street, from 1921-1930, and then returned to opera with the Leningrad Drama Theatre until 1934.

All his life in St. Petersburg, he lived on Vasilievsky Island, 3rd line, 26

In 1934, however, the Great Terror began under Joseph Stalin and in 1936 a committee was established to oversee the arts in Soviet Russia. According to Russia's anti-foreign policies, Böhme was exiled to Orenburg on account of his German heritage. On October 3, 1938 he was sentenced to death and executed by shooting the same day.

## Music

Böhme composed 46 known works, of which his *Trompetensextett* in E-flat minor for brass sextet and *Trumpet Concerto* (Op. 18) are the best known. He wrote in the Romantic style, primarily works for trumpet and brass instruments in general. While, as a consequence of his exile, his works were neglected during the Stalinist era, Böhme is increasingly being rediscovered.


title: Margaret J. M. Ezell

abstract: Margaret J. M. Ezell is a Distinguished Professor at Texas A&M University and the Sara and John Lindsey Chair of Liberal Arts. Her scholarship focuses on late 17th- and early 18th-century literary culture, early modern women writers, history of authorship, reading and handwritten culture, feminist theory, digital cultures, and electronic media.

text:
# Margaret J. M. Ezell

**Margaret J. M. Ezell** is a Distinguished Professor at Texas A&M University and the Sara and John Lindsey Chair of Liberal Arts. Her scholarship focuses on late 17th- and early 18th-century literary culture, early modern women writers, history of authorship, reading and handwritten culture, feminist theory, digital cultures, and electronic media.

## Educational career

She received her PhD at Cambridge University and her BA with Honors in English and History at Wellesley College.

## Works

She is the author of several books including *Writing Women's Literary History* , *The Patriarch's Wife* , *Social Authorship and the Advent of Print* , and *The Oxford English Literary History Volume v: 1645-1714: The Later Seventeenth Century* . She has published articles in *English Literary History* and *Shakespeare Studies*. In 2011, she published an article in *Modern Philology* entitled "Elizabeth Isham's Books of Remembrance and Forgetting."

## Books

* *The Oxford English Literary History: Volume V: 1645-1714: The Later Seventeenth Century*. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
* "*My Rare Wit Killing Sin": Poems of a Restoration Courtier, Anne Killigrew* Toronto: Center for Renaissance and Reformation Studies/ ITER, 2013.
* *Social Authorship and the Advert of Print*. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University, 1999.
* With Katherine O'Brien O'Keeffe, *Cultural Artifacts and the Production of Meaning: The Page, The Image, and The Body*. Ann Arbor, MI: Univ. of Michigan Press, 1994.
* *Writing Women's Literary History*. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1993.
* *The Patriarch's Wife: Literary Evidence and the History of the Family*. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987.


title: Lehigh, Barbour County, West Virginia

abstract: Lehigh was an unincorporated community in Barbour County, West Virginia, United States.

text:
# Lehigh, Barbour County, West Virginia

**Lehigh** was an unincorporated community in Barbour County, West Virginia, United States.

## InfoBox

| Lehigh | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| LehighLocation within the state of West VirginiaLehighLehigh (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 39°2′10″N 79°57′40″W / 39.03611°N 79.96111°W / 39.03611; -79.96111 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | West Virginia |
| County | Barbour |
| Elevation | 1,700 ft (500 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| GNIS ID | 1697102 |


title: Susanna Freeborn

abstract: Susanna Freeborn (1674–1723) was a minister in the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Providence, Rhode Island. She travelled with Esther Palmer on Palmer's epic journey of 3,230 miles through eight colonies.

text:
# Susanna Freeborn

**Susanna Freeborn** (1674–1723) was a minister in the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Providence, Rhode Island. She travelled with Esther Palmer on Palmer's epic journey of 3,230 miles through eight colonies.

## Life

Freeborn was born in Portsmouth, Rhode Island, in 1674 to Gideon Freeborn (1640-1720) and his wife Sarah (Brownell) Freeborn (1640-1676).

* Ordination of women
* Susanna Freeborn and Esther Palmer, Journall of Susanna Freeborn and Esther Palmer from Rhoad Island to and from Pennsylvania, 28/8M/1704. MS. Box X 1/10. Library of the Society of Friends, London.
* Quaker biographical sketches of ministers and elders, Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of the Society of Friends, 1972.
* Meredith Baldwin Weddle, Walking in the Way of Peace: Quaker Pacifism in the Seventeenth Century, Oxford University Press, 2001.
* Alan Taylor, Writing Early American History, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006.
* H. M. Jenkins, Old Times in Nantucket, Friends Intelligencer, Society of Friends, volume 53, 1896, page 516.
* Christopher Coffin Hussey, Recollections of Nantucket — I, Friends' Intelligencer United with the Friends' Journal, vol 43, 1886.

## InfoBox

| Susanna Freeborn | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1674
Portsmouth, Rhode Island, United States |
| Died | 1723 |
| Denomination | Society of Friends |
| Parents | Gideon Freeborn
Sarah Brownell Freeborn |


title: List of monuments in Rwanda

text:
# List of monuments in Rwanda

This is a list of cultural heritage monuments in Rwanda.

## List of monuments in Kigali City

## List of monuments in Southern Province

## List of monuments in Western Province

## List of monuments in Eastern Province

## List of monuments in Northern Province

* Ku kirenge cya Ruganzu

1. polly (2019-06-21). "Bisesero Genocide Memorial Centre". *Nyungwe Forest National Park*. Retrieved 2020-10-01.
2. "Utubindi twa Rubona: Rwanda's hidden past". *The New Times | Rwanda*. 2014-09-06. Retrieved 2020-10-13.
3. "Ever heard about Urutare rwa Ngarama?". *The New Times | Rwanda*. 2014-11-11. Retrieved 2020-10-13.
4. "Thousands of people took refuge in the local Catholic church, thinking they would be safe there". *www.rwandanstories.org*. Retrieved 2020-10-13.
5. Bolin, Annalisa (2019). "Dignity in Death and Life: Negotiating Agaciro for the Nation in Preservation Practice at Nyamata Genocide Memorial, Rwanda". *Anthropological Quarterly*. **92** (2): 345–374. doi:10.1353/anq.2019.0018. ISSN 1534-1518. S2CID 199848818.
6. "'Ku Kirenge cya Ruganzu': Inside Rulindo's emerging cultural tourism hub". *The New Times | Rwanda*. 2017-09-15. Retrieved 2020-10-13.
1. https://www.visitrwanda.com/interests/museums-and-art-galleries/
2. https://www.inspirock.com/cultural-activities-in-rwanda
3. https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/190538
4. https://www.visitrwandaguide.com/rwanda-safari/rwanda-cultural-attractions/
5. http://www.cyangugu.anglican.org/


abstract: The 1987 Wisconsin–Stevens Point Pointers represented the University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point as a member of the Wisconsin State University Conference (WSUC) during the 1987 NAIA Division II football season. Led by sixth-year head coach D. J. LeRoy, the Pointers finished the season with an overall record of 12–2–1 and a mark of 7–1 in conference play, winning the WSUC title. Wisconsin–Stevens Point advanced to the NAIA Division II Championship playoffs, where the Pointers defeated Westmar in the first round, St. Ambrose in the quarterfinals, and Geneva in the semifinals before tying Pacific Lutheran in the title game. In May 1988, Wisconsin–Stevens Point forfeited their twelve wins, one tie, and both the WSUC and NAIA titles because of the use of two ineligible players, wide receiver Aatron Kenney, and fullback Keith Majors. Both natives of Dallas, Kenney and Majors had each attended Cisco Junior College in Cisco, Texas for two years and then Angelo State University in San Angelo, Texas during the 1986–87 academic year, before transferring to Wisconsin–Stevens Point. An internal investigation conducted by Wisconsin–Stevens Point revealed that both players had improperly altered college transcripts and had violated National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) eligibility rules. LeRoy was fired by Wisconsin–Stevens Point on May 11, 1988, and was succeeded as head coach by John Miech, who had served as the team's defensive coordinator under LeRoy.

text:
# 1987 Wisconsin–Stevens Point Pointers football team

1987 Wisconsin State University Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| Wisconsin–Whitewater \+ | 6 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 8 |  | 2 |  | 1 |
| No. 25 Wisconsin–River Falls \+ | 6 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 7 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| No. 24 Wisconsin–Eau Claire | 5 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Wisconsin–La Crosse | 5 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Wisconsin–Stout | 5 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| Wisconsin–Platteville | 4 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| Wisconsin–Oshkosh | 3 |  | 5 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| Wisconsin–Superior | 2 |  | 6 |  | 0 |  |  | 3 |  | 7 |  | 0 |
| No. 4 Wisconsin–Stevens Point ^ | 0 |  | 8 |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  | 15 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * \+  Conference co-champions * ^ – NAIA Division II playoff participant
Wisconsin–Stevens Point finished the season with an overall record of 12–2–1 and a conference mark of 7–1, winning the WSUC title and advancing to the NAIA Division II Football National Championship playoffs, where they tied Pacific Lutheran in the title game, sharing the NAIA Division II title. In May 1988, Stevens Point forfeited its 12 wins, the one tie, and the conference and NAIA titles because of the use of two ineligible players. Rankings from NAIA Division II poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1987 Wisconsin–Stevens Point Pointers** represented the University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point as a member of the Wisconsin State University Conference (WSUC) during the 1987 NAIA Division II football season. Led by sixth-year head coach D. J. LeRoy, the Pointers finished the season with an overall record of 12–2–1 and a mark of 7–1 in conference play, winning the WSUC title. Wisconsin–Stevens Point advanced to the NAIA Division II Championship playoffs, where the Pointers defeated Westmar in the first round, St. Ambrose in the quarterfinals, and Geneva in the semifinals before tying Pacific Lutheran in the title game.

In May 1988, Wisconsin–Stevens Point forfeited their twelve wins, one tie, and both the WSUC and NAIA titles because of the use of two ineligible players, wide receiver Aatron Kenney, and fullback Keith Majors. Both natives of Dallas, Kenney and Majors had each attended Cisco Junior College in Cisco, Texas for two years and then Angelo State University in San Angelo, Texas during the 1986–87 academic year, before transferring to Wisconsin–Stevens Point. An internal investigation conducted by Wisconsin–Stevens Point revealed that both players had improperly altered college transcripts and had violated National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) eligibility rules. LeRoy was fired by Wisconsin–Stevens Point on May 11, 1988, and was succeeded as head coach by John Miech, who had served as the team's defensive coordinator under LeRoy.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 5 | 9:00 p.m. | at Portland State* |  | L 7–33 | 3,648 |  |
| September 12 | 7:30 p.m. | at St. Ambrose* |  | L 21–20 (forfeit) | 3,500 |  |
| September 19 |  | Wisconsin–Whitewater |  | L 26–23 (forfeit) | 5,086 |  |
| September 26 |  | at Northwest Missouri State* |  | L 28–10 (forfeit) | 7,000 |  |
| October 3 |  | at Wisconsin–La Crosse | La Crosse, WI | L 23–22 (forfeit) | 3,100 |  |
| October 10 |  | Wisconsin–Eau Claire | * Goerke Field * Stevens Point, WI | L 22–31 | 4,272 |  |
| October 17 |  | at Wisconsin–Superior | Superior, WI | L 52–6 (forfeit) | 1,496 |  |
| October 24 |  | Wisconsin–Stout | * Goerke Field * Stevens Point, WI | L 52–27 (forfeit) | 1,496 |  |
| October 31 |  | at Wisconsin–Oshkosh |  | L 52–20 (forfeit) | 1,000 |  |
| November 7 |  | Wisconsin–River Falls | * Goerke Field * Stevens Point, WI | L 37–0 (forfeit) | 2,969 |  |
| November 14 |  | at Wisconsin–Platteville | Platteville, WI | L 27–7 (forfeit) | 1,000 |  |
| November 21 |  | Westmar* |  | L 50–24 (forfeit) |  |  |
| November 28 | 1:00 p.m. | at St. Ambrose* | * Brady Street Stadium * Davenport, IA (NAIA Division II Quarterfinal) | L 30–14 (forfeit) |  |  |
| December 5 |  | Geneva* | * Goerke Field * Stevens Point, WI (NAIA Division II Semifinal) | L 48–25 (forfeit) |  |  |
| December 13 | 4:00 p.m. | vs. Pacific Lutheran* |  | L 16–16 (forfeit) | 4,453 |  |
|  | | | | | | |

## Roster

| 1987 Wisconsin–Stevens Point Pointers football team roster | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Players | | | Coaches |
| **Offense**  Pos. # Name Class  QB `12` Kirk Baumgartner So | **Defense**  Pos. # Name Class  DT `78` Bill Kolodziej | **Special teams**  Pos. # Name Class | Head coach Coordinators/assistant coaches   ---  Legend* **(C)** Team captain * **(S)** Suspended * **(I)** Ineligible * Injured * Redshirt |

## InfoBox

| 1987 Wisconsin–Stevens Point Pointers football | |
| --- | --- |
| NAIA co-champion (forfeited)
WSUC champion (forfeited) | |
| NAIA Division II Championship, T 16–16 (forfeit) vs. Pacific Lutheran | |
| Conference | Wisconsin State University Conference |
| Record | 0–15, 12 wins forfeited, 1 tie forfeited (0–8 WSUC, 7 wins forfeited) |
| Head coach |  |
| Defensive coordinator | John Miech (3rd season) |
| Home stadium | Goerke Field |
|


title: Toke (lake)

abstract: Toke is a lake in Telemark county, Norway. The lake is located primarily in Drangedal Municipality, but it also extends slightly into Kragerø Municipality and Bamble Municipality. The lake consists of several areas: Upper Toke and Lower Toke, which is connected via Straumen, literally 'the stream'. At the north end of Upper Toke is the village of Prestestranda. In the south, the eastern arm of Lower Toke (Rørholtfjorden) reaches into Bamble municipality and the southern part reaches into Kragerø, where its outlet is the river Lundereidelva where the Dalfoss hydroelectric plant is located. The lake, with its inflow, constitutes the majority of the Kragerø watershed. With a surface of about 30 km⁲ (12 sq mi) and a drainage basin of 1,156 km⁲ (446 sq mi), Toke is a substantial body of water in Telemark. Its approximately 185 km (115 mi)-long shoreline, a large part of which consists of an old lakebed with clay and deposits of silt, is strongly exposed to erosion because of development for power production. With its long shoreline and innumerable larger and smaller islands and narrow bays, Toke is a popular destination for boaters and sport fishers. Trout, Arctic char, whitefish, and perch are all found in the lake. The municipality's investment areas for the development of leisure housing are mainly located around Tokevassdraget and in the Gautefall area. The municipality's plans for these areas provide for increased use of the areas for outdoor recreation.

text:
# Toke (lake)

**Toke** is a lake in Telemark county, Norway. The lake is located primarily in Drangedal Municipality, but it also extends slightly into Kragerø Municipality and Bamble Municipality. The lake consists of several areas: Upper Toke and Lower Toke, which is connected via *Straumen*, literally 'the stream'. At the north end of Upper Toke is the village of Prestestranda. In the south, the eastern arm of Lower Toke (Rørholtfjorden) reaches into Bamble municipality and the southern part reaches into Kragerø, where its outlet is the river Lundereidelva where the Dalfoss hydroelectric plant is located. The lake, with its inflow, constitutes the majority of the Kragerø watershed.

With a surface of about 30 km2 (12 sq mi) and a drainage basin of 1,156 km2 (446 sq mi), Toke is a substantial body of water in Telemark. Its approximately 185 km (115 mi)-long shoreline, a large part of which consists of an old lakebed with clay and deposits of silt, is strongly exposed to erosion because of development for power production.

With its long shoreline and innumerable larger and smaller islands and narrow bays, Toke is a popular destination for boaters and sport fishers. Trout, Arctic char, whitefish, and perch are all found in the lake. The municipality's investment areas for the development of leisure housing are mainly located around Tokevassdraget and in the Gautefall area. The municipality's plans for these areas provide for increased use of the areas for outdoor recreation.

## History

After the last ice age, about 9,500 years ago, the sea along the coast of Telemark was about 100 metres (330 ft) higher than today and the old Drangedalsfjorden reached about 60 km (37 mi) into the mainland from Kragerø, through Drangedal, and up to  in Tørdal (this fjord was where the present lake is now located). The land rose quickly after the weight of the ice had gone. After about 1,000 years Toke became a lake, as it is known today. At the bottom of Rørholtfjorden, about 90 m (300 ft) under the surface of the sea, a 10–12 m (33–39 ft) layer of saltwater still exists from that time.

Since the arrival of humans in the area, Toke has served as a main artery between the sea and the inland. Remnants from the Stone Age are found spread along the banks and on the islands of the lake. Cairns from the Bronze Age and Iron Ages are a common sight along the water's edge.

## Boat traffic

In 1864, a canal was constructed in Straumen, 'the stream', between Upper and Lower Toke to make trade with larger vessels possible, and to make the transport of timber easier. Steamboat traffic started the same year, with DS *Tokedølen* which serviced the Prestestranda-Merkebekk stretch. In the fall of 1888, the more luxurious DS *Turist* joined the boat traffic. The owner of this boat, Halvor H. Strømme, had plans to build a canal in the area from Merkebekk down to the sea, but nothing came of it.

Trains and buses overtook most transportation then, and *Tokedølen* ran out of steady traffic around 1923. *Turist* continued operating until 1929, when transport was taken care of by tugboats and barges.

Car traffic to Grenland was dependent on ferry transport across Lower Toke from Vefall to Kjenndalen, over the Vefall sound. This area was served by the ferry captain Karl Straume, first with barges of increasing size, and later with self-built ferries. The last ferry, MF *Vefaldsund II*, went out of service when *riksvei* (RV) 356 was built. RV356, on the east side of Toke and across Straume bridge, opened for traffic on 15 December 1967. This was the last inland ferry in this kind of trade in Norway. Today the sightseeing boat MS *Tokedølen II* sails on Toke: from Prestestranda in the north to Rørholtfjorden in Bamble and Merkebekk in Kragerø to the south.

## Regulation

Around 1530, water-powered sawmills came to the area, and the use of saws and export of timber grew steadily. All of the rivers running into Toke were dammed for saw operation and timber transport, as well as Toke's outlet to the Lundereid river down towards Kragerø, where more sawing occurred, making use of the hydropower before the water went out into the sea.

*Kragerøvassdragets fellesfløtningsforening* (English: Kragerø Watershed Logging Association) was given the first rights to regulate and dam Toke (and Hoseidvann) in 1899. With the advent of electricity, the rights to dam Toke were given to *Norsk Elektrokemisk Aktieselskap* (Norwegian Electrochemical Corporation) in 1916. These rights were followed by more extensions and delays, before Toke was dammed around 1940 as it is seen today, from 55.75–60.35 m (182.9–198.0 ft) above sea level. On average, more than 32,000 L (7,000 imp gal; 8,500 US gal) of water run out of Toke each second. On its path towards the sea the water is used for power production in five hydroelectric plants throughout the municipality of Kragerø.

Since the beginning, regulation has been the subject of repeated complaints from the landowners along Toke, including Drangedal municipality. They believe that the water rights are misinterpreted, and that the banks around Toke are illegally washed out unnecessarily every year.

## InfoBox

| Toke | |
| --- | --- |
| View of the lake | |
| TokeLocation of the lakeTokeToke (Norway) | |
| Map of the lake | |
| Location | Bamble, Kragerø, Drangedal (Telemark) |
| Coordinates | 59°1′54″N 9°12′28″E / 59.03167°N 9.20778°E / 59.03167; 9.20778 |
| Primary inflows | Heldøla, Solbergelva and Tørneselva |
| Primary outflows | Lundereidelva |
| Catchment area | 1,156 km2 (446 sq mi) |
| Basin countries | Norway |
|  | |
| Surface area | 30.3 km2 (11.7 sq mi) |
| Average depth | 42.5 m (139 ft) |
| Max. depth | 147.5 m (484 ft) (Rørholtfjorden) |
| Water volume | 1.29 km3 (0.31 cu mi) |
| Shore length1 | 185.5 km (115.3 mi) |
| Surface elevation | 60.35–55.75 m (198.0–182.9 ft), regulated |
|  | |
| References | NVE |
| 1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. | |


title: Palicourea jaramilloi

abstract: Palicourea jaramilloi is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador.

text:
# Palicourea jaramilloi

***Palicourea jaramilloi*** is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador.

## InfoBox

| *Palicourea jaramilloi* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Rubiaceae |
| Genus: | *Palicourea* |
| Species: | ***P. jaramilloi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Palicourea jaramilloi***
C.M.Taylor | |
|


title: Numidio Quadrato (Rome Metro)

abstract: Numidio Quadrato is a station on the Rome Metro. It is on Line A and is located in the Quadraro district of Rome, under the intersection of Via Tuscolana and Via Scribonio Curione. The station is named after Via Numidio Quadrato, a nearby road whose name changed in 1980.

text:
# Numidio Quadrato (Rome Metro)

**Numidio Quadrato** is a station on the Rome Metro. It is on Line A and is located in the Quadraro district of Rome, under the intersection of Via Tuscolana and Via Scribonio Curione. The station is named after Via Numidio Quadrato, a nearby road whose name changed in 1980.

## Structure

The station features many mosaic art works as a part of Rome Metro art programs.

The platforms in this station are much larger than most stations on Line A. This is because it was originally planned to be a transfer station with Line D. This is no longer a possible situation as Line D has been rerouted to another part of Rome.

Media related to Metropolitana di Roma linea A - Numidio Quadrato at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Numidio Quadrato | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Coordinates | 41°51′44″N 12°33′10″E / 41.8621°N 12.5527°E / 41.8621; 12.5527 |
| Owned by | ATAC |
| Platforms | Side platform |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Underground |
| History | |
| Opened | 1980 (1980) |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Rome Metro Following station  Porta Furba - Quadrarotowards Battistini  Line A  Lucio Sestiotowards Anagnina | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location   Click on the map to see marker | |


title: Oskar Brajter

abstract: Oskar Brajter was a Polish footballer who played as a forward. He played in two matches for the Poland national team from 1931 to 1936.

text:
# Oskar Brajter

**Oskar Brajter** (30 May 1929  27 November 2004) was a Polish footballer who played as a forward. He played in two matches for the Poland national team from 1931 to 1936.

## InfoBox

Oskar Brajter
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1929-05-30)30 May 1929 | | |
| Place of birth | Chorzów, Poland | | |
| Date of death | 27 November 2004(2004-11-27) (aged 75) | | |
| Place of death | Bochum, Germany | | |
| Height | 1.72 m (5 ft 8 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 0000–1949 | Azoty Chorzów |  |  |
| 1949–1950 | Unia Chorzów |  |  |
| 1950–1952 | CWKS Warsaw | 25 | (13) |
| 1952–1955 | Unia Chorzów |  |  |
| 1956 | Unia Oświęcim |  |  |
| 1957 | Siemianowiczanka |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1950–1952 | Poland | 4 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Marian Spychała

abstract: Marian Spychała was a motorcycle speedway rider and manager from Poland. He managed the Poland national speedway team.

text:
# Marian Spychała

**Marian Spychała** (3 April 1932 – 26 February 2015) was a motorcycle speedway rider and manager from Poland. He managed the Poland national speedway team.

## Career

Spychała started his speedway career with Kolejarz Rawicz during the 1949 Polish speedway season. He remained with the club for eight years, in which time he won a silver (1955) and bronze medal (1954) with the team in the Team Speedway Polish Championship.

After spells with Sparta Wrocław and Unia Tarnów he joined Stal Rzeszów for the 1961 Polish speedway season. He rode with the team for ten years until 1970 and won several team medals, including the gold medal for the league championship in 1961.

In 1970, he was denied the chance to appear in the 1970 Speedway World Pairs Championship final because Poland did not send the team to the event despite qualifying for the final.

He retired after the 1970 season and later began coaching. He gained significant recognition as the manager of the Polish national team manager in the late 1970s and the manager of the Kolejarz Opole team from 1994 to 2008.

He died in 2015 after falling into bad health following the murder of his daughter by an unknown perpetrator.

on 2 July 2015, the Opole Speedway Stadium was renamed in his memory and took the name the Marian Spychała Speedway Stadium.

## InfoBox

Marian Spychała
| Born | 3 April 1932 (1932-04-03)
Pasierby, Poland |
| --- | --- |
| Died | 26 February 2015(2015-02-26) (aged 82)
Opole, Poland |
| Nationality | Polish |
| Career history | |
| **Poland** | |
| 1949–1956, 1959 | Rawicz |
| 1958 | Wrocław |
| 1960 | Tarnów |
| 1961–1970 | Rzeszów |
|  | |
| Team honours | |
| 1961 | Polish league champion |
|  | |


title: Leicester Spring

abstract: Leicester Spring was a New Zealand cricketer. He played three first-class matches for Auckland in 1936/37. Spring was also a thoroughbred racehorse owner. He bought his first horse, Rising Fast, for 325 guineas in 1950. Rising Fast won numerous Group One races in New Zealand and Australia, including the 1954 Melbourne Cup, and ended up winning 66,765 pounds in prize money. With the proceeds, Spring was able to buy a sheep and cattle farm at Te Awamutu, build a new house in Whakatāne, and expand his newspaper the Whakatane Beacon.

text:
# Leicester Spring

**Leicester Spring** (2 September 1908  31 May 1997) was a New Zealand cricketer. He played three first-class matches for Auckland in 1936/37.

Spring was also a thoroughbred racehorse owner. He bought his first horse, Rising Fast, for 325 guineas in 1950. Rising Fast won numerous Group One races in New Zealand and Australia, including the 1954 Melbourne Cup, and ended up winning 66,765 pounds in prize money. With the proceeds, Spring was able to buy a sheep and cattle farm at Te Awamutu, build a new house in Whakatāne, and expand his newspaper the *Whakatane Beacon*.

## InfoBox

Leicester Spring
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Leicester Russell Spring |
| Born | (1908-09-02)2 September 1908
Waipawa, New Zealand |
| Died | 31 May 1997(1997-05-31) (aged 88)
Auckland, New Zealand |
| Source: ESPNcricinfo, 22 June 2016 | |


title: Susanna Fogel

abstract: Susanna Fogel is an American director, screenwriter and author, best known for co-writing the 2019 film Booksmart and for co-writing and directing the 2018 action/comedy The Spy Who Dumped Me. Her many accolades include a DGA Award and nominations at the BAFTA Film Awards, the Primetime Emmy Awards and the WGA Awards.

text:
# Susanna Fogel

**Susanna Fogel** is an American director, screenwriter and author, best known for co-writing the 2019 film *Booksmart* and for co-writing and directing the 2018 action/comedy *The Spy Who Dumped Me*. Her many accolades include a DGA Award and nominations at the BAFTA Film Awards, the Primetime Emmy Awards and the WGA Awards.

## Early life and education

Fogel was born in Providence, Rhode Island, where her parents were both faculty at Brown University. Her father is the neuropsychiatrist and Harvard Medical School professor Barry S. Fogel, who founded the American Neuropsychiatric Association, and her mother, Margaret Selkin Fogel, is a psychologist. Her grandfather, Daniel Fogel, was a personal lawyer to Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley. Her uncle, Jeremy Fogel, is a former United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. She graduated from Concord Academy in 1998.

In the summer before her senior year in college, she worked for James Schamus while he was producing Ang Lee's *The Hulk*. She graduated from Columbia University in 2002. At Columbia, she was a writer of its 2001 Varsity Show. Her classmates included television writer and producer Lang Fisher.

## Career

Fogel and her writing partner Joni Lefkowitz originally wrote *Life Partners* as a one act play. They eventually adapted it into a screenplay which Fogel went on to direct. The film premiered at the 2014 Tribeca Film Festival.

Fogel co-created and executive produced the Lionsgate/ABC drama series *Chasing Life*, which ran for two seasons.

Fogel co-wrote the script for *Booksmart* with Emily Halpern, Sarah Haskins and Katie Silberman and was originally hired to direct the project, but was replaced during preproduction. The screenplay was later nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay and the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay.

Frustrated by her experiences in the industry, Fogel co-wrote and directed the action-comedy *The Spy Who Dumped Me*. The film was released in 2018 and starred Mila Kunis and Kate McKinnon, the latter of whom had appeared briefly in Fogel's debut film.

She directed the pilot episodes for the television series *The Wilds* on Amazon, and *The Flight Attendant* on HBO Max, which she also Executive Produced. She has also directed episodes of Gillian Flynn’s *Utopia*, also for Amazon, and the return of Steven Spielberg’s *Amazing Stories* for Apple TV+. The Flight Attendant was nominated in the category of Best Television Series (Musical or Comedy) at the 2021 Golden Globe Awards.

In April 2021 Fogel was awarded the DGA Award in the Outstanding Directorial Achievement in a Comedy Series category for her work on *The Flight Attendant*. In July 2021 she was nominated for an Emmy Award for Best Comedy Director, also for *The Flight Attendant*.

She is a co-screenwriter of *The Addams Family 2*.

Fogel directed *Cat Person*, a thriller based on the short story of the same name by Kristen Roupenian, starring Emilia Jones and Nicholas Braun. She also directed the 2024 comedy-drama film *Winner*, about the life of American whistleblower Reality Winner.

### Writing career

Fogel is a regular contributor to *The New Yorker* online.

Her novel, *Nuclear Family: A Tragicomic Novel in Letters*, was published in 2017.

## Filmography

### Film

| **Director** | **Writer** |  |
| --- | --- | --- |

### Television

| Year | Title | Director | Executive
Producer | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2017 | *Chasing Life* | Yes | Yes | 1 episode |
| | *Famous in Love* | Yes | No | 1 episode |
| | *Play by Play* | Yes | No | 4 episodes |
| 2020 | *Amazing Stories* | Yes | No | 1 episode |
| | *Utopia* | Yes | No | 2 episodes |
| | *The Wilds* | Yes | No | 1 episode |
| | *The Flight Attendant* | Yes | Yes | 2 episodes |
| 2023 | *A Small Light* | Yes | Yes | Miniseries |

## Awards and nominations

| Association | Year | Category | Work | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Alliance of Women Film Journalists | 2020 | Best Woman Screenwriter | *Booksmart* | Nominated |  |
| British Academy Film Awards | 2020 | Best Original Screenplay | *Booksmart* | Nominated |  |
| Directors Guild of America Awards | 2020 | Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy Series | *The Flight Attendant* | Won |  |
| Dublin Film Critics Circle | 2020 | Best Screenplay | *Booksmart* | Nominated |  |
| Hollywood Critics Association | 2020 | Best Original Screenplay | *Booksmart* | Nominated |  |
| Hollywood Critics Association Midseason Awards | 2020 | Best Original Screenplay | *Booksmart* | Won |  |
| Primetime Emmy Awards | 2021 | Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series | *The Flight Attendant* | Nominated |  |
| St. Louis Film Critics Association | 2020 | Best Original Screenplay | *Booksmart* | Nominated |  |
| Writers Guild of America Awards | 2020 | Best Original Screenplay | *Booksmart* | Nominated |  |

## InfoBox

| Susanna Fogel | |
| --- | --- |
| Fogel in 2018 | |
| Born | Providence, Rhode Island |
| Education | Concord Academy
Columbia University (BA) |
| Occupation(s) | director, screenwriter, author |
| Years active | 2014 – present |
| Father | Barry S. Fogel |
| Relatives | Jeremy Fogel (uncle) |
| Awards | Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Comedy Series (2020) |


title: Wisel Creek

abstract: Wisel Creek is a stream in Fillmore County, in the U.S. state of Minnesota. Wisel Creek was named for David Weisel, a pioneer who built two mills near its mouth in the 1850s. Portions of Wisel Creek are designated by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources as a trout stream.

text:
# Wisel Creek

**Wisel Creek** is a stream in Fillmore County, in the U.S. state of Minnesota.

Wisel Creek was named for David Weisel, a pioneer who built two mills near its mouth in the 1850s.

Portions of Wisel Creek are designated by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources as a trout stream.

## InfoBox

| Wisel Creek | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Minnesota |
| County | Fillmore |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| coordinates | 43°32′55″N 91°56′47″W / 43.5485772°N 91.9462686°W / 43.5485772; -91.9462686 --\> |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| coordinates | 43°37′32.34″N 91°49′38.14″W / 43.6256500°N 91.8272611°W / 43.6256500; -91.8272611 |
| elevation | 886 ft (270 m) |