title: On Chesil Beach

abstract: On Chesil Beach is a 2007 novella by the British writer Ian McEwan. It was selected for the 2007 Booker Prize shortlist. The Washington Post and Pulitzer Prize-winning book critic Jonathan Yardley placed On Chesil Beach on his top ten list for 2007, praising McEwan's writing and saying that "even when he's in a minor mode, as he is here, he is nothing short of amazing".

text:
# On Chesil Beach

***On Chesil Beach*** is a 2007 novella by the British writer Ian McEwan. It was selected for the 2007 Booker Prize shortlist.

*The Washington Post* and Pulitzer Prize-winning book critic Jonathan Yardley placed *On Chesil Beach* on his top ten list for 2007, praising McEwan's writing and saying that "even when he's in a minor mode, as he is here, he is nothing short of amazing".

## Plot summary

In July 1962, Edward Mayhew, a graduate student of history, and Florence Ponting, a violinist in a string quartet, are spending their honeymoon in a small hotel on the Dorset seashore, at Chesil Beach. The two are very much in love despite being from drastically different backgrounds.

During the course of an evening, the couple reflect upon their upbringing and future prospects. Edward is sexually motivated and has a taste for rash behaviour. Florence is bound by the social code of another era and, perhaps having been sexually abused by her father, is terrified of sexual intimacy. She tries to mentally prepare herself for the inevitable consummation, but the thought continues to repel her.

Just as the couple are about to have sex for the first time the inexperienced Edward involuntarily ejaculates onto her belly and thighs. Revolted, Florence runs out of the hotel and onto the beach. Edward follows and the couple argue, with Florence making it clear that she will never agree to have sex. Edward accuses her of lying during their marriage vows, and is further angered when Florence suggests that he could sleep with other women to relieve his sexual desires. The couple separate, and their marriage is annulled for lack of consummation.

A year after the annulment, ruminating on Florence's suggestion that he could sleep with other women, Edward realises that he no longer finds it to be insulting, though he remains unwilling to re-connect. Losing interest in writing history books, he becomes a shop manager. After his mother's death, he moves back to his childhood home to take care of his ailing father. Decades later, thinking back on his life, he recalls enjoying good relationships with his friends and family, and exploring other romances including a brief marriage with another woman, while acknowledging that he had never loved anyone as much as he loved Florence.

She, meanwhile, has been enjoying critical and commercial success with her string quartet. Edward does not attend any performance and avoids even reminders of it, unaware that Florence thinks of him after every performance. Edward chooses not to make contact, preferring to retain his early memories of her.

In his sixties, Edward recalls once again the night that he and Florence separated, wondering what could have been. He concludes that he and Florence would have enjoyed a loving and happy marriage, that Florence would have been beneficial to his career success, and that with love and patience he might have helped her to open up and enjoy sex. He muses that one's life can be changed by simply doing nothing: Florence had loved him deeply as she had walked away, and wanted nothing more than for him to call out so that she could turn back and reconcile. The novel ends with Edward remembering the sight of Florence walking away along the beach before disappearing from his sight.

## Pebbles

In a BBC Radio 4 interview, McEwan admitted to taking a few pebbles from Chesil Beach and keeping them on his desk while he wrote the novel. Protests by conservationists and a threat by Weymouth and Portland borough council to fine him £2,000 led the author to return the pebbles. "I was not aware of having committed a crime," he said. "Chesil Beach is beautiful and I'm delighted to return the shingle to it."

## Reception

On Book Marks, the book received a "positive" consensus, based on thirteen critic reviews: eight "rave" and two "positive" and two "mixed" and one "pan". In Bookmarks September/October 2007 issue, a magazine that aggregates critic reviews of books, the book received a  (3.5 out of 5) with the summary stating, "Most critics found McEwan’s vivid prose both wry and heartrending; his dry sense of humor underscores the innate sadness of the couple’s bewilderment and inability to connect". Globally, Complete Review saying on the consensus "Not quite a consensus, but the majority are impressed".

## Booker Prize nomination

After it was nominated for the Booker Prize in 2007, where its entry generated controversy over its length—at 166 pages and fewer than 40,000 words—even the author declared it to be a novella. In the end, the prize went to *The Gathering*.

## Film adaptation

On 17 February 2016, it was announced that Saoirse Ronan, who previously played Briony Tallis in the film adaptation of McEwan's *Atonement*, would star in *On Chesil Beach*. On 22 August 2016, Billy Howle was announced to play the role of Edward Mayhew. Dominic Cooke would be making his film directorial debut. The film was released in May 2018.

## InfoBox

On Chesil Beach
| Cover of UK hardback | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Ian McEwan |
| Cover artist | Chris Frazer Smith |
| Genre | Fiction |
| Publisher | Jonathan Cape |
| Publication date | 2007 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print (hardback) |
| Pages | 166 |
| ISBN | 0-224-08118-7 |
| OCLC | 76797966 |
| Dewey Decimal | 823.914 |


title: Neuberg (castle)

abstract: Neuberg is a ruins of castle in Podhradí, Cheb District in the Karlovy Vary Region of the Czech Republic.

text:
# Neuberg (castle)

**Neuberg** (also **Neuberk**) is a ruins of castle in Podhradí, Cheb District in the Karlovy Vary Region of the Czech Republic.

## History

The castle was built by the Neuberg probably in late 13th century, and was first mentioned in 1288. In that year, after Albrecht von Neuberg's death, King Rudolph I of Bohemia handed Neuberg and the whole village to the lords of Plauen as a fief. Later, the castle was damaged by the army of Charles IV. In 1392, the village and the castle were inherited by Zedtwitz, and became the centre of the whole Aš region.

After a big fire in 1610, the castle was seriously damaged. The House of Zedwitz divided into several lines that moved to new chateaus in , Kopaniny, Doubrava, Smrčina and two chateaus in Podhradí. Since then, the castle has been uninhabited.

Nowadays there is only the castle tower, 22 metres (72 ft) high. The local council tries to save it, but due to lack of finances it is a big problem.

50°15′18″N 12°12′24″E / 50.25500°N 12.20667°E / 50.25500; 12.20667


title: Of Light and Darkness: The Prophecy

abstract: Of Light and Darkness: The Prophecy, also known as simply Of Light and Darkness, is a first-person point-and-click adventure video game developed by Tribal Dreams and published by Interplay Entertainment in 1998.

text:
# Of Light and Darkness: The Prophecy

***Of Light and Darkness: The Prophecy***, also known as simply ***Of Light and Darkness***, is a first-person point-and-click adventure video game developed by Tribal Dreams and published by Interplay Entertainment in 1998.

## Plot and gameplay

*Of Light and Darkness: The Prophecy* is a point-and-click adventure game. The player's goal in the game is to prevent a global apocalypse by redeeming the cursed spirits that are attempting to start various possible disasters. Once all possible disasters are prevented, by redeeming all the spirits, the player must defeat the dark lord Gar Hob.

## Development

The game was published by Interplay Entertainment and developed by Tribal Dreams. The game featured art by Gil Bruvel, an award-winning artist. *Of Light and Darkness* ran on the EDEN engine, developed by Heartland Enterprises. The game was displayed at the 1996 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) in June. Its visuals were created by Gil Bruvel, a surrealist fine artist from France. It also appeared at E3 1997.

Actors Lolita Davidovich and James Woods did voice lines and motion capture for the game. Davidovich played the character Angel Gemini while Woods played the role of Gar Hob.

## Release

Before its original release, retailers such as Costco announced they would be refusing to carry the game due to its box art. Made by Bruvel, it featured the character Angel Gemini nude in a fetal position. Interplay's Vice President of sales Kim Motika criticized the decision, finding it hard to comprehend retailers selling games like *Tomb Raider* and claiming *Of Light and Darkness*'s box art is too provocative. Members of Interplay did, however, say that their ad campaign could have turned off family oriented chains. In December 2016, the game was re-released on GOG.com.

## Reception

The game received "mixed" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. *Next Generation* said of the game, "Imagine combining the realtime elements of *The Last Express* and the graphic style of *Zork Nemesis* with the play mechanics of *Myst*. It's an intriguing idea, but not one that will keep anyone sitting in front of a computer for more than a day or two." Aaron Curtiss from *Los Angeles Times* praised the visuals, calling "The Village of the Damned" area "a psychotic Disneyland".

The game was a major commercial flop.

In 2012, *Complex* called the ending of the game one of the worst endings for a video game.

## InfoBox

| Of Light and Darkness: The Prophecy | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Tribal Dreams |
| Publisher(s) | Interplay Entertainment |
| Director(s) | David Riordan |
| Producer(s) | Brian F. Christian |
| Designer(s) | Cliff Johnson |
| Programmer(s) | Eric Whelpley |
| Artist(s) | Todd J. Camasta
Wes Burian
Gil Bruvel |
| Writer(s) | Kenneth Melville
David Riordan |
| Composer(s) | Steve Gutheinz
Kenneth Melville |
| Platform(s) | Microsoft Windows |
| Release |  |
| Genre(s) | Point-and-click adventure |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Stanze di vita quotidiana

abstract: Stanze di vita quotidiana is an album from Italian singer-songwriter Francesco Guccini. It was released in 1974 by EMI Italiana. The title means "rooms of everyday life". Each piece in the album is titled with the prefix "Song of...". Some common themes in the album are solitude, memory of lost loved ones, sadness, and fear of death. They are often presented with a pessimistic and melancholic mood. "Canzone delle osterie di fuori porta" is a favourite among Guccini's fans and it is often played during his concerts.

text:
# Stanze di vita quotidiana

***Stanze di vita quotidiana*** is an album from Italian singer-songwriter Francesco Guccini. It was released in 1974 by EMI Italiana. The title means "rooms of everyday life". Each piece in the album is titled with the prefix "Song of...". Some common themes in the album are solitude, memory of lost loved ones, sadness, and fear of death. They are often presented with a pessimistic and melancholic mood.

"Canzone delle osterie di fuori porta" is a favourite among Guccini's fans and it is often played during his concerts.

## Track listing

* "Canzone delle osterie di fuori porta" (7:08)
* "Canzone della triste rinuncia" (7:20)
* "Canzone della vita quotidiana" (6:07)
* "Canzone per Piero" (6:22)
* "Canzone delle ragazze che se ne vanno" (4:50)
* "Canzone delle situazioni differenti" (9:03)

## InfoBox

| Stanze di vita quotidiana | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Francesco Guccini | |
| Released | 1974 |
| Genre | Italian singer-songwriters |
| Label | EMI Italia |
| Producer | Pier Farri |
| Francesco Guccini chronology | |
| *Opera buffa*
(1973) ***Stanze di vita quotidiana***
(1974) *Via Paolo Fabbri 43*
(1976) | |


abstract: The 1936 Slippery Rock Rockets football team represented Slippery Rock State Normal School—now known as Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania—in the 1936 college football season.

text:
# 1936 Slippery Rock Rockets football team

1936 Pennsylvania State Teachers Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| Lock Haven $ | 6 |  | 0 |  | 2 |  |  | 6 |  | 0 |  | 2 |
| Shippensburg | 6 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 7 |  | 1 |  | 0 |
| Mansfield | 4 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| Slippery Rock | 3 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| Indiana (PA) | 4 |  | 2 |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |  | 2 |  | 1 |
| West Chester | 1 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 4 |  | 1 |
| Kutztown | 1 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |  | 5 |  | 2 |  | 1 |
| California (PA) | 3 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 3 |  | 4 |  | 1 |
| Edinboro | 1 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 1 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Millersville | 1 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 3 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Bloomsburg | 1 |  | 6 |  | 0 |  |  | 1 |  | 7 |  | 0 |
| East Stroudsburg | 0 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 2 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
| Clarion | 0 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1936 Slippery Rock Rockets football team** represented Slippery Rock State Normal School—now known as Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania—in the 1936 college football season.

## History

In N. Kerr Thompson's 16th year as head coach, the Rockets compiled a 6–3 record and outscored their opponents 93 to 70. The Rockets went 3–1 against conference opponents, finishing fourth in the Pennsylvania State Teachers conference.

The team is most famous for a news story that circulated around the United States and used the transitive property to declare Slippery Rock the national champion. Slippery Rock made its case by beating the Westminster Titans, which defeated West Virginia Wesleyan, which beat Duquesne, which upset Pittsburgh, which beat Notre Dame, which upset former #1 Northwestern, which defeated Minnesota, who was crowned national champions by the Associated Press. The humorous story was widely popular, and gave Slippery Rock college a good deal of notoriety.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 26 | at West Chester | West Chester, PA | L 6–13 | 2,000 |  |
| October 3 | at Geneva* | Beaver Falls, PA | L 0–25 |  |  |
| October 10 | Indiana Normal |  | W 10–0 | 3,500 |  |
| October 17 | at Westminster (PA)* | New Wilmington, PA | W 14–0 |  |  |
| October 24 | at Waynesburg* | Waynesburg, PA | L 0–20 |  |  |
| October 31 | Grove City* | * New Slippery Rock Stadium * Slippery Rock, PA | W 6–0 | 2,500 |  |
| November 7 | Bloomsburg | Bloomsburg, PA | W 10–0 |  |  |
| November 14 | Thiel* | * New Slippery Rock Stadium * Slippery Rock, PA | W 14–6 |  |  |
| November 21 | California (PA) | * New Slippery Rock Stadium * Slippery Rock, PA | W 33–6 |  |  |
| * \*Non-conference game * Homecoming | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| 1936 Slippery Rock Rockets football | |
| --- | --- |
| Northwestern Pennsylvania champion | |
| Conference | Pennsylvania State Teachers Conference |
| Record | 6–3 (3–1 PSTC) |
| Head coach |  |
| Home stadium | New Slippery Rock Stadium |
|


title: Malise IV, Earl of Strathearn

abstract: Malise IV of Strathearn was a Scottish nobleman, the seventh known ruler of Strathearn. He was an ardent supporter of King Robert the Bruce, in contrast to his father, Malise III, who sided with Edward I of England. He is first recorded in January 1306, when he and his mother petitioned King Edward to release his father, who had been mistakenly imprisoned. In 1309 he is noted as having received gifts of money and wine from Edward; nevertheless, he joined King Robert's side, and fought with him at the siege of Perth Castle in 1312, while his father fought for the English defenders. On the fall of the castle, the elder Malise was captured by his son, who then took control of the earldom of Strathearn. Little more is known of him, as his name does not often appear on record. He was one of the earls who signed the Declaration of Arbroath in 1320, and married at least twice. Though the identity of his first wife is not known, we know that by her he had a son and a daughter: Malise, who succeeded his father as eighth Earl, and Mary or Maria, who married John de Moray of Drumsargard. His second wife, whom he married around 1323, was Jean or Joanna, daughter of Sir John Menteith of Ruskie. They had no issue. After the Earl's death around 1329, the Dowager Countess would go on to marry three more times. Her third husband, Maurice Murray, was granted the earldom of Strathearn after it was lost by the eighth Earl.

text:
# Malise IV, Earl of Strathearn

**Malise IV of Strathearn** (Gaelic: *Maol Íosa*; died c. 1329) was a Scottish nobleman, the seventh known ruler of Strathearn. He was an ardent supporter of King Robert the Bruce, in contrast to his father, Malise III, who sided with Edward I of England.

He is first recorded in January 1306, when he and his mother petitioned King Edward to release his father, who had been mistakenly imprisoned. In 1309 he is noted as having received gifts of money and wine from Edward; nevertheless, he joined King Robert's side, and fought with him at the siege of Perth Castle in 1312, while his father fought for the English defenders. On the fall of the castle, the elder Malise was captured by his son, who then took control of the earldom of Strathearn.

Little more is known of him, as his name does not often appear on record. He was one of the earls who signed the Declaration of Arbroath in 1320, and married at least twice. Though the identity of his first wife is not known, we know that by her he had a son and a daughter: Malise, who succeeded his father as eighth Earl, and Mary or Maria, who married John de Moray of Drumsargard. His second wife, whom he married around 1323, was Jean or Joanna, daughter of Sir John Menteith of Ruskie. They had no issue. After the Earl's death around 1329, the Dowager Countess would go on to marry three more times. Her third husband, Maurice Murray, was granted the earldom of Strathearn after it was lost by the eighth Earl.

## Ancestry

## Bibliography

* *The Scots Peerage*, ed. James Balfour Paul, Vol VIII (Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1911), pp. 251–2
* Neville, Cynthia J., *Native Lordship in Medieval Scotland: The Earldoms of Strathearn and Lennox, c. 1140-1365*, (Portland & Dublin, 2005)


title: Weckt die Toten!

abstract: Weckt die Toten! is the third album by the German folk metal band In Extremo. It was released on 1 May 1998 through Vielklang Musikproduktion.

text:
# Weckt die Toten!

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Rock Hard* | 9.5/10 |
| AllMusic |  |

***Weckt die Toten!*** ("Wake the Dead!") is the third album by the German folk metal band In Extremo. It was released on 1 May 1998 through Vielklang Musikproduktion.

## Reception

In 2005, *Weckt die Toten!* was ranked number 391 in *Rock Hard* magazine's book of *The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time*.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Ai Vis Lo Lop" | 3:59 |
| 2. | "Stella Splendens" | 1:18 |
| 3. | "Hiemali Tempore" | 4:14 |
| 4. | "Rotes Haar" | 5:02 |
| 5. | "Villeman og Magnhild" | 3:44 |
| 6. | "Como Poden" | 3:19 |
| 7. | "Palästinalied" | 5:19 |
| 8. | "Vor vollen Schüsseln" | 3:32 |
| 9. | "Maria Virgin" | 4:56 |
| 10. | "Totus Floreo" | 3:37 |
| 11. | "Der Galgen" | 3:28 |
| 12. | "Two Søstra" | 2:32 |

## Personnel

* Das Letzte Einhorn – vocals, cittern
* Dr. Pymonte – German bagpipes, shawm
* Flex der Biegsame – German bagpipes, shawm
* Yellow Pfeiffer – German bagpipes, shawm
* Thomas der Münzer – guitar
* Morgenstern – drums
* Die Lutter – bass

## InfoBox

| Weckt die Toten! | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by In Extremo | |
| Released | 1 May 1998 |
| Length | 45:00 |
| Label | Metal Blade Records (US)
Vertigo Berlin (2015 German reissue)
Vielklang Musikproduktion |
| Producer | Ekkehard Straub
VTRAX |
| In Extremo chronology | |
| *Hameln*
(1998) ***Weckt die Toten!***
(1998) *Verehrt und angespien*
(1999) | |


title: The Theatre of Small Convenience

abstract: The Theatre of Small Convenience is a theatre on Edith Walk in Great Malvern, Worcestershire, England. In 2002 it entered the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's smallest commercial theatre, seating up to 12 people. It is less than half the size of the previous record holder, the Piccolo Theatre in Hamburg, Germany. The theatre looked like it might close on 25 February 2017 when Dennis Neale retired. Warwickshire College Group took over the lease in for a brief period. After a fire caused by a dehumidifier it was closed, after the pandemic Malvern Hills District Council took back possession. A new group The Theatre of Small Convenience CIC have now been identified as the new custodians of the building. They are embarking on a fundraising campaign to restore the interior and complete other structural work needed to enable the theatre to open again to the public for performances. The theatre is featured in a recent publication entitled Twenty Theatres You Should See Before You Die by Amber Massie-Blomfield. The theatre is located in Edith Walk, Great Malvern. Local puppeteer Dennis Neale started work on the theatre in 1997, opening for the first show in November 1999. The theatre's name comes from the building's original purpose – it was converted from a derelict Victorian gentlemen's public convenience. It is trapezoidal in shape, 16 feet (4.9 m) long and from 6 feet (1.8 m) to 10 feet (3.0 m) wide. The theatre regularly hosted puppetry, often created by Dennis himself, along with offerings by professional and amateur actors, drama, poetry, storytelling and opera, and became a regular venue of the Malvern Fringe Festival. In 2005 the theatre was chosen as one of the venues for an international puppetry festival.

text:
# The Theatre of Small Convenience

**The Theatre of Small Convenience** is a theatre on Edith Walk in Great Malvern, Worcestershire, England.

In 2002 it entered the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's smallest commercial theatre, seating up to 12 people. It is less than half the size of the previous record holder, the Piccolo Theatre in Hamburg, Germany. The theatre looked like it might close on 25 February 2017 when Dennis Neale retired. Warwickshire College Group took over the lease in (April 2018) for a brief period. After a fire caused by a dehumidifier it was closed, after the pandemic Malvern Hills District Council (the owners of the building) took back possession.

A new group The Theatre of Small Convenience CIC have now been identified as the new custodians of the building. They are embarking on a fundraising campaign to restore the interior and complete other structural work needed to enable the theatre to open again to the public for performances.

The theatre is featured in a recent publication entitled *Twenty Theatres You Should See Before You Die* by Amber Massie-Blomfield.

The theatre is located in Edith Walk, Great Malvern. Local puppeteer Dennis Neale started work on the theatre in 1997, opening for the first show in November 1999. The theatre's name comes from the building's original purpose – it was converted from a derelict Victorian gentlemen's public convenience. It is trapezoidal in shape, 16 feet (4.9 m) long and from 6 feet (1.8 m) to 10 feet (3.0 m) wide.

The theatre regularly hosted puppetry, often created by Dennis himself, along with offerings by professional and amateur actors, drama, poetry, storytelling and opera, and became a regular venue of the Malvern Fringe Festival. In 2005 the theatre was chosen as one of the venues for an international puppetry festival.

## Productions

* *Quackery Codswollop by Dennis Neale* (2002)
* *Quing by Dennis Neale* (2004)
* *The Tale of the Snowcake Man* *by Dennis Neale* (2004)
* *Tempuss Tantrum by Dennis Neale* (2006)

## InfoBox

The Theatre of Small Convenience
| ToSC | |
| --- | --- |
| The Theatre of Small Convenience | |
|  | |
| Address | Edith Walk
Malvern, Worcestershire
United Kingdom |
| Coordinates | 52°06′43″N 2°19′47″W / 52.11194°N 2.32972°W / 52.11194; -2.32972 |
| Owner | Malvern Hills District Council |
| Designation | World's smallest commercial theatre |
| Type | specialist, puppetry. exhibition space |
| Capacity | 12 |
| Construction | |
| Opened | November 1999 (1999-11) |
| Rebuilt | = |
| Years active | 18 |
| Tenants | |
| The Theatre of Small Convenience CIC | |


title: On Camera (Canadian TV series)

abstract: On Camera was a Canadian dramatic anthology television series which aired on CBC Television from 1954 to 1958.

text:
# On Camera (Canadian TV series)

***On Camera*** was a Canadian dramatic anthology television series which aired on CBC Television from 1954 to 1958.

## Premise

Various dramatic and comedic works were featured in *On Camera*, as written or adapted by Canadian writers.

## Scheduling

This half-hour series was broadcast for four seasons as follows:

| Day | Time | Season run |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Saturdays | 9:00 p.m. | 16 October 1954 to 2 July 1955 |
| Saturdays | 9:00 p.m. | 1 October 1955 to 23 June 1956 |
| Mondays | 8:30 p.m. | 29 October 1956 to 22 September 1958 |

## Episodes

Featured plays and presentations during *On Camera'*s series run included:

* "Absentee Murder" (Charles Templeton)
* "The Almighty Voice" (a censored version of George Salverson's radio play *Blasphemy*)
* "Blind Date" (Jacqueline Rosenfeld)
* "Mr. Gidding Attacks" (Henry Feisen)
* "Gold Mine in the House" (J. N. Harris story; Sidney Furie adaptation)
* "The Guests" (Jack Benthover)
* "The Last Long Crusade" (Doris French)
* "Markheim" (Robert Louis Stevenson story)
* "The President's Ghost" (Michael Sheldon)
* "Stagecoach Bride" (Elsie Park Gowan)
* "Thank You, Edmondo" (Mac Shoub)
* "Two From King Street" (Jack Kuper)
* "Waltz" (Stanley Mann)
* "Who Destroyed The Earth" (Len Peterson)

Hugh Garner and Joseph Schull also wrote for the series. Episode producers included Paul Almond, Arthur Hiller, Charles Jarrott and Ted Kotcheff.

## InfoBox

| *On Camera* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | anthology |
| Country of origin | Canada |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 4 |
| Production | |
| Running time | 30 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | CBC Television |
| Release | 16 October 1954 (1954-10-16) <br>22 September 1958 (1958-09-22) |


title: New Caledonian thicketbird

abstract: The New Caledonia thicketbird or New Caledonia grassbird, is a bird species. Previously placed in the "Old World warbler" family Sylviidae, it does not seem to be a close relative of the typical warblers; probably it belongs in the grass warbler family Locustellidae. This species is endemic to New Caledonia. This is a long-tailed, medium-sized "warbler" with a distinctive bold white supercilium. The bird's plumage is unstreaked, with olive-brown uppersides and creamy white undersides. The New Caledonia grassbird typically inhabits scrubby areas in the lowlands and hills of New Caledonia, particularly maquis minier with ferns, but also secondary forest and grasslands, and has even been seen in dense rainforest. It is generally solitary or seen in pairs and is non-migratory. The New Caledonian grassbird favours dense cover and is retiring in its habits and is a difficult bird to observe or study.

text:
# New Caledonian thicketbird

The **New Caledonia thicketbird** or **New Caledonia grassbird** (***Cincloramphus mariae***), is a bird species. Previously placed in the "Old World warbler" family Sylviidae, it does not seem to be a close relative of the typical warblers; probably it belongs in the grass warbler family Locustellidae. This species is endemic to New Caledonia.

This is a long-tailed, medium-sized "warbler" with a distinctive bold white supercilium. The bird's plumage is unstreaked, with olive-brown uppersides (including the crown and wings) and creamy white undersides.

The New Caledonia grassbird typically inhabits scrubby areas in the lowlands and hills of New Caledonia, particularly *maquis minier* with ferns, but also secondary forest and grasslands, and has even been seen in dense rainforest. It is generally solitary or seen in pairs and is non-migratory. The New Caledonian grassbird favours dense cover and is retiring in its habits and is a difficult bird to observe or study.

## InfoBox

| New Caledonian thicketbird | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Locustellidae |
| Genus: | *Cincloramphus* |
| Species: | ***C. mariae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cincloramphus mariae***
(Verreaux, J, 1869) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Megalurulus mariei* | |


title: List of Cunard Line ships

text:
# List of Cunard Line ships

The following is a list of ships operated by the Cunard Line.

## Fleet

The Cunard fleet, all built for Cunard unless otherwise indicated, consisted of the following ships in order of acquisition:

### 1840–1850

All ships of this period had wooden hulls and paddle wheels.

| Ship | Built | In service for Cunard | Type | GRT | Notes | Image |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Unicorn* | 1836 | 1840–1845 | Express | 650 | Coastal steamer purchased for Montreal service, sold 1846 |  |
| *Britannia* | 1840 | 1840–1849 | Express | 1,150 | Eastbound record holder, sold to North German Navy 1849 |  |
| *Acadia* | 1840 | 1840–1849 | Express | 1,150 | Sold to North German Navy 1849 |  |
| *Caledonia* | 1840 | 1840–1850 | Express | 1,138 | Sold to Spanish Navy 1850 |  |
| *Columbia* | 1841 | 1840–1843 | Express | 1,150 | Blue Riband, wrecked 1843 without loss of life |  |
| *Hibernia* | 1843 | 1843–1850 | Express | 1,422 | Eastbound record holder, sold to Spanish Navy 1850 |  |
| *Cambria* | 1845 | 1844–1860 | Express | 1,423 | Blue Riband, sold to Italian owners 1860 |  |
| *Margaret* | 1839 | 1842–1872 | Express | 750 | Bought from G & J Burns. Sold in 1856 for use as a coal hulk. |  |
| *America* | 1848 | 1848–1866 | Express | 1,826 | Blue Riband, sold 1863 and converted to sail, scrapped 1875 |  |
| *Niagara* | 1848 | 1848–1866 | Express | 1,824 | Sold 1866 and converted to sail, wrecked 1875 |  |
| *Satellite* | 1848 | 1848–1902 | Tender | 175 | Scrapped in 1902 |  |
| *Europa* | 1848 | 1848–1866 | Express | 1,834 | Blue Riband, sold 1867 |  |
| *Canada* | 1848 | 1848–1867 | Express | 1,831 | Eastbound record holder, sold 1866 and converted to sail, scrapped 1883 |  |
| *Asia* | 1850 | 1850–1867 | Express | 2,250 | Blue Riband, sold 1868, scrapped 1883 |  |
| *Africa* | 1850 | 1850–1868 | Express | 2,250 | Sold 1868 |  |

### 1850–1869

Only *Arabia* had a wooden hull and only *Arabia*, *Persia*, *Shamrock*, *Jackal* and *Scotia* had paddle wheels.

| Ship | Built | In service for Cunard | Type | GRT | Notes | Image |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Shamrock* | 1847 | 1851–1854 | Intermediate | 714 | Sold in 1854 |  |
| *Arabia* | 1852 | 1852–1864 | Express | 2,400 | Sold 1864 and converted to sail, sank 1868 |  |
| *Andes* | 1852 | 1852–1859 | Intermediate | 1,400 | Sold to Spanish Government 1859 |  |
| *Alps* | 1852 | 1852–1859 | Intermediate | 1,400 | Sold to Spanish Government 1859 |  |
| *Karnak* | 1853 | 1853–1862 | Intermediate | 1,116 | Wrecked 1862 |  |
| *Melita* | 1853 | 1853–1861 | Intermediate | 1,254 | Sold 1855 |  |
| *Jackal* | 1853 | 1853–1893 | Tender | 180 | Scrapped in 1893. |  |
| *Delta* | 1853 | 1854–1899 | Intermediate | 645 | Sold |  |
| *Curlew* | 1853 | 1853–1856 | Intermediate | 523 | Wrecked 1856 |  |
| *Jura* | 1854 | 1854–1861 | Intermediate | 2,200 | Sold to Allan Line 1860, wrecked off Liverpool 1864 |  |
| *Etna* | 1855 | 1855–1860 | Intermediate | 2,200 | Sold to Inman Line 1860, scrapped 1896 |  |
| *Emeu* | 1854 | 1854-1858 | Intermediate | 1,538 | Purchased from Australasian Pacific Mail in 1855. Chartered in 1857 to European & Australasian Pacific Mail, then sold to P&O in 1858. Troop transport in the Crimean War. |  |
| *Persia* | 1856 | 1856–1868 | Express | 3,300 | Blue Riband, taken out of service 1868 and scrapped 1872 |  |
| *Stromboli* | 1856 | 1859–1878 | Intermediate | 734 | Wrecked 1878 |  |
| *Italian* | 1855 | 1855–1864 | Intermediate | 784 | Sold 1864 |  |
| *Lebanon* | 1854 | 1855–1859 | Intermediate | 1,000 | Sold 1870 |  |
| *Palestine* | 1858 | 1858–1870 | Intermediate | 1,000 | Sold 1870 |  |
| *Australasian*
*Calabria* | 1857 | 1859–1876 | Intermediate | 2,700 | Built for other owners, sold 1876, scrapped 1898 |  |
| *Atlas* | 1860 | 1860–1896 | Intermediate | 2,393 | Lengthened and re-engined in 1873, scrapped 1896 |  |
| *Damascus* | 1860 | 1856-1860 | Intermediate | 1,213 | Sold 1881 |  |
| *Kedar* | 1860 | 1860–1897 | Intermediate | 1,783 | Scrapped 1897 |  |
| *Balbec* | 1852 | 1853–1884 | Intermediate | 1,783 | Scrapped 1884 |  |
| *Marathon* | 1860 | 1860–1898 | Intermediate | 2,403 | scrapped 1898 |  |
| *Morocco* | 1861 | 1861–1896 | Intermediate | 1,855 | Scrapped 1896 |  |
| *China* | 1862 | 1862–1880 | Intermediate | 2,638 | Sold to Spanish Government 1880 |  |
| *British Queen* | 1849 | 1852–1898 | Intermediate | 772 | Scrapped 1898 |  |
| *Scotia* | 1862 | 1862–1878 | Express | 3,850 | Blue Riband, Cunard's last paddle steamer, sold 1878 and converted to cable layer. Wrecked 1904 |  |
| *Hecla* | 1863 | 1860–1881 | Intermediate | 1,785 | Sold 1881 |  |
| *Alpha* | 1863 | 1863–1869 | Intermediate | 653 | Sold 1869 |  |
| *Sidon* | 1863 | 1861–1885 | Intermediate | 1,872 | wrecked 1885 |  |
| *Corscia* | 1863 | 1863–1867 | Intermediate | 1,134 | Sold 1868 |  |
| *Olympus* | 1863 | 1860–1881 | Intermediate | 1,794 | Sold 1881 |  |
| *Tripoli* | 1863 | 1863–1872 | Intermediate | 2,057 | Wrecked on Tuskar Rock, Wexford 1872 |  |
| *Cuba* | 1864 | 1864–1876 | Express | 2,700 | Sold 1876 and converted to sail, wrecked 1887 |  |
| *Aleppo* | 1865 | 1865–1909 | Intermediate | 2,056 | Scrapped 1909 |  |
| *Java* | 1865 | 1865–1877 | Express | 2,700 | Sold 1878 to Red Star Line, and renamed *Zeeland*, lost at sea 1895 |  |
| *Palmyra* | 1866 | 1866–1896 | Intermediate | 2,044 | Scrapped 1896 |  |
| *Malta* | 1866 | 1865–1889 | Intermediate | 2,132 | Wrecked 1899 |  |
| *Russia* | 1867 | 1867–1879 | Express | 2,950 | Sold to Red Star Line 1880 and renamed *Waesland*. Resold and renamed *Philadelphia*, sank after a collision 1902 |  |
| *Siberia* | 1867 | 1867–1880 | Intermediate | 2,550 | Sold to Spanish owners 1880, renamed *Manila*, wrecked 1882 |  |
| *Samaria* | 1868 | 1868–1902 | Intermediate | 2,550 | Sold 1892 |  |

### 1869–1901

| Ship | Built | In service for Cunard | Type | GRT | Notes | Image |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Batavia* | 1870 | 1870–1888 | Intermediate | 2,550 | Traded in for *Oregon* 1884, scrapped 1924 |  |
| *Abyssinia* | 1870 | 1870–1880 | Express | 3,250 | Sold to Guion Line 1880, destroyed by fire at sea 1891 |  |
| *Algeria* | 1870 | 1870–1881 | Express | 3,250 | Sold to Red Star Line 1881, scrapped 1903 |  |
| *Parthia* | 1870 | 1870–1884 | Intermediate | 3,150 | Traded in for *Oregon* 1884, scrapped 1956 |  |
| *Beta* | 1873 | 1874–1888 | intermediate | 1,070 | Sold 1889 |  |
| *Bothnia* | 1874 | 1874–1899 | Express | 4,550 | Sold 1896, scrapped 1899 |  |
| *Saragossa* | 1874 | 1874–1909 | Intermediate | 2,263 | Sold 1880, scrapped 1909 |  |
| *Nantes* | 1874 | 1873–1888 | Intermediate | 1,473 | Sank in 1888 |  |
| *Brest* | 1874 | 1874–1879 | Intermediate | 1,472 | Wrecked in 1879 |  |
| *Cherbourg* | 1875 | 1875–1909 | intermediate | 1,614 | Scrapped 1909 |  |
| *Scythia* | 1875 | 1875–1899 | Express | 4,550 | Sold for scrap 1898 |  |
| *Gallia* | 1879 | 1879–1897 | Express | 4,550 | Sold to Beaver Line 1897, scrapped 1900 |  |
| *Otter* | 1880 | 1880–1920 | Tender | 287 | Sold in 1920. |  |
| *Catalonia* | 1881 | 1881–1901 | Intermediate | 4,850 | Requisitioned for use in the Second Boer War, scrapped 1901 |  |
| *Cephalonia* | 1882 | 1882–1900 | Intermediate | 5,500 | Sold to Russian Navy 1900, sunk Port Arthur 1904 during the Russo-Japanese War |  |
| *Pavonia* | 1882 | 1882–1900 | Intermediate | 5,500 | Sold and scrapped 1900 |  |
| *Servia* | 1881 | 1881–1902 | Express | 7,400 | First Cunarder with a steel hull and electric lights, scrapped 1902 |  |
| *Aurania* | 1883 | 1883–1905 | Express | 7,250 | Sold and scrapped 1905 |  |
| *Oregon* | 1883 | 1884–1886 | Express | 7,400 | Blue Riband, built for Guion Line, purchased by Cunard 1884, sank 1886 without loss of life |  |
| *Umbria* | 1884 | 1884–1910 | Express | 7,700 | Blue Riband, with *Etruria* one of the two last Cunarders to carry sails, scrapped 1910 |  |
| *Etruria* | 1884 | 1885–1909 | Express | 7,700 | Blue Riband, with *Umbria* one of the two last Cunarders to carry sails, scrapped 1910 |  |
| *Skirmisher* | 1884 | 1884–1945 | Tender | 612 | Scrapped in 1947 |  |
| *Campania* | 1893 | 1893–1914 | Express | 12,900 | Blue Riband, sold to Royal Navy 1914 and converted to aircraft carrier HMS *Campania*, sank 1918 |  |
| *Lucania* | 1893 | 1893–1909 | Express | 12,900 | Blue Riband, scrapped after fire 1909 |  |
| *Sylvania* | 1895 | 1895–1910 | Cargo ship | 5,598 | sold in 1910 |  |
| *Carinthia* | 1895 | 1895–1900 | Cargo ship | 5,598 | Used as a troop transport in the Boer War. Wrecked off Haiti in 1900 |  |
| *Pavia* | 1897 | 1897–1928 | Cargo ship | 2,945 | scrapped in 1928 |  |
| *Tyria* | 1897 | 1897–1928 | Cargo ship | 2,936 | sold in 1928 |  |
| *Cypria* | 1898 | 1898–1928 | Cargo ship | 2,396 | scrapped in 1928 |  |
| *Veria* | 1899 | 1899–1915 | Cargo ship | 3,229 | sunk by a torpedo 1915 |  |
| *Ultonia* | 1899 | 1898–1917 | Intermediate | 10,400 | Sunk by SM *U-53* 1917 |  |
| *Ivernia* | 1900 | 1900–1917 | Intermediate | 14,250 | Sunk by SM *UB-47* 1917 |  |
| *Saxonia* | 1900 | 1900–1925 | Intermediate | 14,250 | Scrapped 1925 |  |

### 1901–1918

| Ship | Built | In service for Cunard | Type | GRT | Notes | Image |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Brescia* | 1903 | 1903–1931 | Cargo ship | 3,225 | Scrapped in 1931. |  |
| *Carpathia* | 1903 | 1903–1918 | Intermediate | 13,600 | Rescued survivors from *Titanic*, later sunk by SM *U-55* 1918. |  |
| *Slavonia* | 1903 | 1903–1909 | Intermediate | 10,606 | Wrecked 1909. |  |
| *Pannonia* | 1903 | 1903–1914 | Intermediate | 9,851 | Chartered by Anchor Line 1914 for 4 trips, scrapped 1922. |  |
| *Caronia* | 1905 | 1905–1932 | Intermediate | 19,650 | Scrapped 1932. |  |
| *Carmania* | 1905 | 1905–1932 | Intermediate | 19,650 | Scrapped 1932. |  |
| *Lusitania* | 1907 | 1907–1915 | Express | 31,550 | Blue Riband, sunk by *U-20* 1915. |  |
| *Mauretania* | 1907 | 1907–1934 | Express | 31,938 | Blue Riband, scrapped 1935. |  |
| *Lycia* | 1896 | 1909–1917 | Cargo ship | 2,715 | Captured by SM *UC-65* and sunk by bombs 1917 |  |
| *Phrygia* | 1900 | 1909–1928 | Cargo ship | 3,352 | Sold in 1928 and scrapped in 1933. |  |
| *Thracia* | 1895 | 1909–1917 | Cargo ship | 2,891 | Sunk by SM *UC-69* 1917 |  |
| *Franconia* | 1911 | 1911–1916 | Intermediate | 18,100 | Sunk by SM *UB-47* 1916 |  |
| *Albania* | 1900 | 1911–1912 | Intermediate | 7,650 | Built for Thompson Line, purchased by Cunard 1911, sold to Bank Line 1912, scrapped 1930 |  |
| *Ausonia* | 1909 | 1911–1918 | Intermediate | 7,907 | Ex-*Tortona* built for Thompson Line, purchased by Cunard 1911, sunk by SM *U-62* 30 May 1918. |  |
| *Ascania* | 1911 | 1911–1918 | Intermediate | 9,100 | Wrecked 1918 |  |
| *Caria* | 1900 | 1911–1915 | Cargo ship | 3,023 | Sunk by U boat in 1915 |  |
| *Laconia* | 1912 | 1912–1917 | Intermediate | 18,100 | Sunk by SM *U-50* 1917 |  |
| *Andania* | 1913 | 1913–1918 | Intermediate | 13,400 | Sunk by SM *U-46* 1918 |  |
| *Alaunia* | 1913 | 1913–1916 | Intermediate | 13,400 | Sunk by mine 1916 |  |
| *Aquitania* | 1914 | 1914–1950 | Express | 45,647 | Served in both world wars, longest serving Cunard liner until *Scythia* in 1956, scrapped 1950 |  |
| *Transylvania* | 1914 | 1914–1917 | Intermediate | 14,348 | Sunk by *U-63* in 1917 |  |
| *Orduna* | 1914 | 1914–1921 | Intermediate | 15,700 | Built for PSN Co, acquired by Cunard 1914, returned to PSN 1921, scrapped 1951 |  |
| *Volodia* | 1913 | 1915–1917 | Cargo ship | 5,689 | Sunk SM *U-93* 1917 |  |
| *Vandalia* | 1912 | 1915–1918 | Cargo ship | 7,334 | Sunk by U boat in 1918 |  |
| *Vinovia* | 1906 | 1915–1917 | Cargo ship | 7,046 | Sunk by U boat 1917 |  |
| *Valeria* | 1913 | 1915-1918 | Cargo ship | 5.865 | caught fire in 1918 no casualties but the ship was a total loss. |  |
| *Aurania* | 1916 | 1916–1918 | Intermediate | 13,400 | Sunk by SM *UB-67* in 1918 |  |
| *Valacia* | 1916 | 1916–1931 | Cargo ship | 6,526 | Sold in 1931 Later sunk by *U-103* in 1941. |  |
| *Royal George* | 1907 | 1916–1920 | Intermediate | 11,142 | Ex *Heliopolis* Served on the Liverpool to New York route. Scrapped 1922. |  |
| *Justicia* | 1917 | Never operated | Intermediate | 32,120 | Acquired from the Holland America Line but never operated for Cunard due to a crew shortage, and was handed over to the White Star Line. |  |
| *Feltria* | 1891 | 1916–1917 | Intermediate | 2,254 | Sunk by UC-48 in 1917. |  |
| *Flavia* | 1902 | 1916–1918 | Intermediate | 9,285 | Sunk by U-107 In 1918. |  |
| *Folia* | 1907 | 1916–1917 | Intermediate | 6,560 | Sunk by U-53 in 1917. |  |

### 1918–1934

| Ship | Built | In service for Cunard | Type | GRT | Notes | Image |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Virgilia* | 1918 | 1919–1925 | Cargo ship | 5,697 | Sold in 1925. |  |
| *Vindelia* | 1918 | 1919-1919 | Cargo ship | 4,430 | Sold to Anchor Line 1919. |  |
| *Verentia* | 1918 | 1919-1919 | Cargo ship | 4,430 | Sold to Anchor Line 1919. |  |
| *Vitellia* | 1918 | 1919–1926 | Cargo ship | 5,185 | Sold 1926. |  |
| *Vardulia* | 1917 | 1919–1926 | Cargo ship | 5,691 | Sold in 1929 later sunk in 1935. |  |
| *Verbania* | 1918 | 1919–1926 | Cargo ship | 5,021 | Sold 1926. |  |
| *Vennonia* | 1918 | 1919–1923 | Cargo ship | 4,430 | Sold 1923. |  |
| *Vasconia* | 1918 | 1919–1927 | Cargo ship | 5,680 | Sold to Japan 1927. |  |
| *Venusia* | 1918 | 1919–1926 | Cargo ship | 5,223 | Sold 1923. |  |
| *Vauban* | 1912 | 1919–1922 | Intermediate | 10,660 | Chartered from Lamport & Holt Line for six voyages, scrapped 1932. |  |
| *Vestris* | 1912 | 1919–1922 | Intermediate | 10,494 | Chartered from Lamport & Holt Line for six voyages, Wrecked in 1928. |  |
| *Vasari (1908)* | 1908 | 1919–1921 | Intermediate | 8,401 | Chartered from Lamport & Holt Line for seven voyages |  |
| *Vellavia* | 1918 | 1919–1925 | Cargo ship | 5,272 | Sold in 1925. |  |
| *Albania* | 1920 | 1920–1930 | Intermediate | 12,750 | Sold to Libera Triestina 1930 and renamed *California*, sunk by Fleet Air Arm Swordfish |  |
| *Satellite* | 1896 | 1920–1924 | Tender | 333 | Scrapped in 1924. |  |
| *Berengaria* | 1913 | 1921–1938 | Express | 52,117 | Built by Hapag as *Imperator*, purchased by Cunard 1921, sold for scrap 1938 |  |
| *Scythia* | 1921 | 1921–1958 | Intermediate | 19,700 | Longest serving liner until *QE2* in 2005, scrapped 1958 |  |
| *Cameronia* | 1921 | 1921–1924 | Intermediate | 16,365 | Chartered from the Anchor Line |  |
| *Emperor Of India* | 1914 | 1921-1921 | Intermediate | 11,430 | Chartered from P&O for one voyage. |  |
| *Empress Of India* | 1907 | 1921-1921 | Intermediate | 16,992 | Chartered from Canadian and Pacific line for two voyages. |  |
| *Andania* | 1921 | 1921–1940 | Intermediate | 13,900 | Sunk by *UA* 1940. |  |
| *Samaria* | 1922 | 1922–1955 | Intermediate | 19,700 | Scrapped 1955 |  |
| *Vandyck* | 1921 | 1922–1922 | Intermediate | 13,234 | Chartered from Lamport Holt line for 1 voyage |  |
| *Laconia* | 1922 | 1922–1942 | Intermediate | 19,700 | Sunk by *U-156* 1942 |  |
| *Saturnia* | 1910 | 1922–1924 | Cargo liner | 8,611 | Chartered from Donaldson Line |  |
| *Antonia* | 1922 | 1922–1942 | Intermediate | 13,900 | Sold to Admiralty 1942, scrapped 1948 |  |
| *Ausonia* | 1922 | 1922–1942 | Intermediate | 13,900 | Sold to Admiralty 1942, scrapped 1965 |  |
| *Lancastria* | 1922 | 1922–1940 | Intermediate | 16,250 | Built as *Tyrrhenia*, sunk by bombing 1940 |  |
| *Athenia* | 1923 | 1923–1935 | Intermediate | 13,465 | Transferred to Anchor Donaldson, sunk by *U-30* 1939 |  |
| *Lotharingia* | 1923 | 1923–1933 | Tender | 1,256 | Sold in 1933 |  |
| *Alsatia* | 1923 | 1923–1933 | Tender | 1,310 | Sold in 1933 |  |
| *Franconia* | 1923 | 1923–1956 | Intermediate | 20,200 | Scrapped 1956 |  |
| *Aurania* | 1924 | 1924–1942 | Intermediate | 14,000 | Sold to Admiralty 1942, scrapped 1961 |  |
| *Cassandra* | 1924 | 1924–1929 | Cargo liner | 8,135 | Chartered from Donaldson Line, sold 1929, scrapped 1934 |  |
| *Carinthia* | 1925 | 1925–1940 | Ocean liner | 20,200 | Sunk by *U-46* 1940 |  |
| *Letitia* | 1925 | 1925–1935 | Intermediate | 13,475 | Transferred to Anchor Donaldson 1935 |  |
| *Ascania* | 1925 | 1925–1956 | Intermediate | 14,000 | Scrapped 1956 |  |
| *Alaunia* | 1925 | 1925–1944 | Intermediate | 14,000 | Sold to Admiralty 1944, scrapped 1957. |  |
| *Tuscania* | 1921 | 1926–1931 | Intermediate | 16,991 | Chartered from the Anchor Line. |  |
| *Bantria* | 1928 | 1928-1954 | Cargo ship | 2,402 | Sold to Costa Line 1954 and renamed *Giorgina Celli*. |  |
| *Bactria* | 1928 | 1928–1954 | Cargo ship | 2,407 | Sold to Costa Rica 1954 and renamed *Theo*. |  |
| *Bothnia* | 1928 | 1928–1955 | Cargo ship | 2,402 | Sold to Panama 1955 and renamed *Emily*. |  |
| *Bosnia* | 1928 | 1928–1939 | Cargo ship | 2,402 | Sunk by *U-47* in 1939. |  |

### 1934–1949

See also: White Star Line's *Olympic*, *Homeric*, *Majestic*, *Doric*, and *Laurentic*.

| Ship | Built | In service for Cunard | Type | GRT | Notes | Image |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Queen Mary* | 1936 | 1936–1967 | Express | 80,774
(1936)
81,237
(1947) | WWII troopship 1940–1945; Blue Riband, sold 1967, now a stationary hotel ship |  |
| *Mauretania* | 1939 | 1939–1965 | Express | 35,738 | WWII troopship 1940–1945; scrapped by 1966 |  |
| *Queen Elizabeth* | 1940 | 1946–1968 | Express | 83,673 | WWII troopship 1940–1945, sold to The Queen Corporation in 1968, renamed *Elizabeth*; auctioned off to Tung Chao Yung in 1970, refitted as a floating university, renamed *Seawise University*, destroyed by fire in 1972; partially scrapped 1974–1975 |  |
| *Valacia* | 1943 | 1946–1950 | Cargo ship | 7,052 | Sold to Bristol city line 1950 |  |
| *Vasconia* | 1944 | 1946–1950 | Cargo ship | 7,058 | Sold to Blue star line 1950 |  |
| *Media* | 1947 | 1947–1961 | Passenger-cargo liner | 13,350 | Sold to Cogedar Line 1961, refitted as an ocean liner, renamed *Flavia*; sold to Virtue Shipping Company in 1969, renamed *Flavian*; sold to Panama, renamed *Lavia* in 1982, caught fire and sank in 1989 in Hong Kong Harbour during refitting and was scrapped afterwards in Taiwan |  |
| *Asia* | 1947 | 1947–1963 | Cargo ship | 8,723 | Sold to Taiwan 1963 and renamed *Shirley* |  |
| *Brescia* | 1945 | 1947–1966 | Cargo ship | 3,834 | Ex Hickory Isle Purchased from MOWT 1947 sold to Panama 1966 and renamed *Timber One* |  |
| *Parthia* | 1947 | 1947–1961 | Passenger-cargo liner | 13,350 | Sold to P&O 1961, renamed *Remuera*; transferred to P&O's Eastern and Australian Steamship Company in 1964, refitted as a cruise ship, renamed *Aramac*; scrapped in Taiwan by 1970 |  |
| *Vardulia* | 1944 | 1947-1968 | Cargo ship | 7,176 | Scrapped in 1968 |  |
| *Britannic* | 1930 | 1949–1960 | Intermediate | 26,943 (1930)
27,666
(1947) | Built for White Star Line, scrapped 1960 |  |
| *Georgic* | 1931 | 1949–1956 | Intermediate | 27,759 | Built for White Star Line, scrapped 1956 |  |
| *Caronia* | 1949 | 1949–1968 | Cruise ship | 34,183 | Sold to Star Shipping 1968, renamed *Columbia*; renamed *Caribia* in 1969; wrecked 1974 at Apra Harbor, Guam and broke up while being towed to Taiwan to be scrapped |  |
|

### 1949–1968

| Ship | Built | In service for Cunard | Type | GRT | Notes | Image |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Assyria* | 1950 | 1950–1963 | Cargo ship | 8663 | Sold to Greece as *Laertis* |  |
| *Alsatia* | 1948 | 1951–1963 | Cargo ship | 7226 | 1951 ex *Silverplane* purchased from Silver Line, 1963 sold to Taiwan, renamed *Union Freedom* |  |
| *Andria* | 1948 | 1951–1963 | Cargo ship | 7228 | 1951 ex *Silverbriar* purchased from Silver Line, 1963 sold to Taiwan, renamed *Union Faith*. Sank on 6 April 1969 after a collision and fire. |  |
| *Pavia* | 1953 | 1953–1965 | Cargo ship | 3,411 | Sold to Greece as Toula N 1965 |  |
| *Lycia* | 1954 | 1954–1965 | Cargo ship | 3,543 | Served on Great Lakes trade in 1964. Sold to Greece a year later and renamed *Flora N* |  |
| *Saxonia*

*Carmania* | 1954 | 1954–1962
1962–1973 | Canadian service
Cruise ship | 21,637
21,370 | Refitted as cruise ship in 1962, renamed *Carmania*; sold to the Black Sea Shipping Company, Soviet Union 1973, renamed *Leonid Sobinov*, scrapped 1999 |  |
| *Phrygia* | 1955 | 1955–1965 | Cargo ship | 3,534 | Served on Cunard Great Lakes route in 1964. Sold to Panama a year later and renamed *Dimitris N* |  |
| *Ivernia*
*Franconia* | 1955 | 1955–1963
1963–1973 | Canadian service
Cruise ship | 21,800 | Refitted as cruise ship in 1963, renamed *Franconia*; sold to the Far Eastern Shipping Company, Soviet Union 1973, renamed *Fedor Shalypin*; transferred to the Black Sea Shipping Company in 1980; transferred to the Odessa Cruise Company in 1992; scrapped 2004 |  |
| *Carinthia* | 1956 | 1956–1968 | Canadian service | 21,800 | Sold to Sitmar Line 1968, refitted as a full-time cruise ship, renamed *Fairsea*; transferred to Princess Cruises, renamed *Fair Princess* in 1988 when Sitmar was sold to P&O; transferred to P&O Cruises Australia in 1996; sold to China Sea Cruises in 2000, renamed *China Sea Discovery*; scrapped 2005 or 2006 |  |
| *Sylvania* | 1957 | 1957–1968 | Canadian service | 21,800 | Sold to Sitmar Line 1968, renamed *Fairwind*, renamed *Sitmar Fairland* in 1988; transferred to Princess Cruises, renamed *Dawn Princess*; sold to V-Ships in 1993, renamed *Albatros*; sold to the Alang, India scrapyard, renamed *Genoa* and scrapped 2004 |  |
| *Andania* | 1959 | 1959–1969 | Cargo liner | 7,004 | Sold to Brocklebank Line in 1969 |  |
| *Alaunia* | 1960 | 1960–1969 | Cargo liner | 7,004 | Sold to Brocklebank Line in 1969 |  |
| *Arabia* | 1955 | 1967–1969 | Cargo liner | 3,803 | Ex-*Castilian* chartered from Ellerman Lines |  |
| *Nordia* | 1961 | 1961–1963 | Cargo ship | 4,560 | sold 1963 |  |
| *Media* | 1963 | 1963–1971 | Cargo ship | 5,586 | Sold 1971 to Western Australian Coastal Shipping Commission renamed *Beroona* |  |
| *Parthia* | 1963 | 1963–1971 | Cargo ship | 5,586 | Sold 1971 to Western Australian Coastal Shipping Commission renamed *Wambiri* |  |
| *Saxonia* | 1963 | 1963–1970 | Cargo ship | 5,586 | Sold to Brocklabank Line renamed *Maharonda* |  |
| *Sarmania* | 1964 | 1964–1969 | Cargo ship | 5,837 | Sold 1969 to T & J. Harrison, Liverpool renamed *Scholar* |  |
| *Scythia* | 1964 | 1964–1969 | Cargo ship | 5,837 | Sold 1969 to T & J. Harrison, Liverpool renamed *Merchant* |  |
| *Ivernia* | 1964 | 1964–1970 | Cargo ship | 5,586 | Sold 1970 to Brocklebank Line renamed *Manipur* |  |
| *Scotia* | 1966 | 1966–1970 | Cargo ship | 5,837 | Sold 1970 to Singapore renamed *Neptune Amber* |  |

### 1968–1999

| Ship | Built | In service for Cunard | Type | GRT/GT | Notes | Image |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Queen Elizabeth 2* | 1969 | 1969–2008 | Ocean Liner | 70,327 | Sold 2008, Last ocean liner built for Cunard until the QM2, longest serving Cunarder in history; operating as a floating hotel in Dubai since April 2018 |  |
| *Atlantic Causeway* | 1969 | 1970–1986 | Container ship | 14,950 | Scrapped in 1986 |  |
| *Atlantic Conveyor* | 1970 | 1970–1982 | Container ship | 14,946 | Sunk in Falklands War 1982 |  |
| *Cunard Adventurer* | 1971 | 1971–1977 | Cruise ship | 14,150 | Sold to Norwegian Cruise Line 1977, renamed *Sunward II*, renamed *Triton* in 1991; auctioned in 2004 to Louis Cruises and renamed *Coral*; sold to a Turkish scrapping company and then to the Alang, India shipbreaking yard and scrapped in 2014 |  |
| *Cunard Campaigner* | 1971 | 1971–1974 | Bulk carrier | 15,498 | Sold to the Great Eastern Shipping Co in 1974 and renamed *Jag Shakti*. Scrapped at Alang, India in 1997 |  |
| *Cunard Caravel* | 1971 | 1971–1974 | Bulk carrier | 15,498 | Sold to the Great Eastern Shipping Co in 1974 and renamed *Jag Shanti*. Scrapped at Alang, India in 1997 |  |
| *Cunard Carronade* | 1971 | 1971–1978 | Bulk carrier | 15,498 | Sold to Olympic Maritime in 1978. and renamed *Olympic History*. |  |
| *Cunard Calamanda* | 1972 | 1972–1978 | Bulk carrier | 15,498 | Sold in 1978 and renamed *Ionian Carrier*. |  |
| *Cunard Ambassador* | 1972 | 1972–1974 | Cruise ship | 14,150 | Sold after fire 1974 to C. Clausen, refitted as sheep carrier *Linda Clausen*; sold to Lembu Shipping Corporation and renamed *Procyon*, caught fire a second time in 1981 in Singapore but was repaired; sold to Qatar Transport and Marine Services; sold to Taiwanese ship breakers and scrapped in 1984 following a 1983 fire |  |
| *Cunard Carrier* | 1973 | 1973– | Bulk carrier | 15,498 | Sold to Silverdale Ltd and renamed *Aeneas*. |  |
| *Cunard Cavalier* | 1973 | 1973–1978 | Bulk carrier | 15,498 | Sold to Olympic Maritime in 1978 and renamed *Olympic Harmony*. Wrecked at Port Muhammad in 1990 and scrapped at Alang in 1992. |  |
| *Cunard Chietain* | 1973 | 1973– | Bulk carrier | 15,498 | Sold to Superblue and renamed *Chieftain*. Resold to Great City Navigation in 1981 and renamed *Great City*. |  |
| *Cunard Countess* | 1975 | 1976–1996 | Cruise ship | 17,500 | Sold to Awani Cruise Line 1996, renamed *Awani Dream II*; transferred to Royal Olympic Cruises 1998, renamed *Olympic Countess*; sold to Majestic International Cruises 2004, renamed *Ocean Countess*, chartered to Louis Cruise Lines as *Ruby* during 2007; retired in 2012; caught fire in 2013 at Chalkis, Greece while laid up; sold to a Turkish scrapyard and scrapped in 2014 |  |
| *Cunard Princess* | 1975 | 1977–1995 | Cruise ship | 17,500 | Charted to StarLauro Cruises in 1995; sold to MSC Cruises in 1995, renamed *Rhapsody*; sold to Mano Maritime in 2009 and renamed *Golden Iris.* Scrapped July 2022 at Aliaga, Turkey. |  |
| *Sarmania* | 1973 | 1976–1986 | Reefer | 8,557 | Ex-*Chrysantema*, 1976 purchased from Paravon Shipping, Glasgow, 1986 sold to Greece renamed *Capricorn*. Scrapped at Alang, India in 1997 |  |
| *Alastia* | 1973 | 1976–1981 | Reefer | 7,722 | 1972 Ex- *Edinburgh Clipper*, 1976 purchased from Maritime Fruit Carriers Corp., renamed Alsatia, 1981 sold to Restis Group renamed *America Freezer* |  |
| *Andania* | 1972 | 1976–1981 | Reefer | 7,689 | Ex-*Glasgow Clipper*, 1976 purchased from Souvertur Shipping, Glasgow renamed Andania, 1981 sold to Restis Group renamed *Europa Freezer*. Scrapped at Alang, India in 1995 |  |
| *Saxonia* | 1973 | 1976–1986 | Reefer | 8,547 | Ex-*Gladiola*, 1976 purchased from Adelaide Shipping, Glasgow, 1986 sold to Tondo Shipping Corp renamed *Carina* |  |
| *Andria* | 1972 | 1976–1981 | Reefer | 7,722 | Ex- *Teesside Clipper*, 1976 purchased from Maritime Island Fruit Reefers Ltd, renamed Andria, 1981 sold to Restis Group renamed *Australia Freezer* |  |
| *Carmania* | 1972 | 1976–1986 | Reefer | 7,323 | Ex- *Orange*, 1976 purchased from Chichester Shipping, Glasgow renamed Carmania, 1986 sold to Greece renamed Perseus |  |
| *Scythia* | 1972 | 1976–1986 | Reefer | 8,557 | Ex- *Iris Queen*, 1976 purchased from Adelaide Shipping, Glasgow, 1986 sold to Greece renamed *Centaurus*. Destroyed by fire in 1989 |  |
| *England* | 1964 | 1982–1986 | Ferry | 8,116 | 1982 purchased from DFDS, 1986 left for Jeddah as accommodation ship renamed *America XIII*. Sank in the Red Sea en route to Alang, India for scrapping in 1999 |  |
| *Sagafjord* | 1965 | 1983–1997 | Ocean Liner | 24,500 | Built for Norwegian America Line; chartered to Transocean Tours as *Gripsholm* during 1996–1997; sold to Saga Cruises 1997 and renamed *Saga Rose*; retired in 2009, sold to a Chinese ship recycling yard and scrapped 2011–2012 |  |
| *Vistafjord*
*Caronia* | 1973 | 1983–1999
1999–2004 | Cruise ship | 24,300 | built for Norwegian America Line; operated under Norwegian America Line from 1973 to 1983, and under Cunard from 1983 to 2004, renamed *Caronia* in 1999; sold to Saga Cruises 2004 and renamed *Saga Ruby*; retired in 2014, sold to Millennium View Ltd. in 2014, renamed *Oasia* and planned to be refitted as a floating hotel ship in Myanmar, but this never happened; towed to the Alang shipbreaking yard and scrapped in 2017 |  |
| *Atlantic Star* | 1967 | 1983–1987 | Container ship | 15,055 | Transferred from Holland America Line |  |
| *Atlantic Conveyor* | 1985 | 1985–1996 | Container ship | 58,438 | Transferred to Atlantic Container Line then sold for scrap 2017 to Alang, India |  |
| *Sea Goddess I* | 1984 | 1986–1998 | Cruise ship | 4,333 | Built for Sea Goddess Cruises; transferred to Cunard in 1986; transferred to Seabourn Cruise Line 1998 and renamed *Seabourn Goddess I*; sold to SeaDream Yacht Club in 2001 and renamed *SeaDream I* |  |
| *Sea Goddess II* | 1985 | 1986–1998 | Cruise ship | 4,333 | Built for Sea Goddess Cruises, transferred to Cunard in 1986; transferred to Seabourn Cruise Line 1998 and renamed *Seabourn Goddess II*; sold to SeaDream Yacht Club in 2001 and renamed *SeaDream II* |  |
| *Cunard Crown Monarch* | 1990 | 1993–1994 | Cruise ship | 15,271 | Built for Crown Cruise Line, transferred to Crown Cruise Line 1994 |  |
| *Cunard Crown Jewel* | 1992 | 1993–1995 | Cruise ship | 19,089 | Built for Crown Cruise Line, transferred to Star Cruises 1995 |  |
| *Cunard Crown Dynasty* | 1993 | 1993–1997 | Cruise ship | 19,089 | Built for Crown Cruise Line, transferred to Majesty Cruise Line 1997 |  |
| *Royal Viking Sun* | 1988 | 1994–1999 | Cruise ship | 37,850 | Built for Royal Viking Line, transferred to Seabourn Cruise Line 1999 |  |

### 1999–Present

| Ship | Built | In service | Type | Gross tonnage | Flag | Notes | Image |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Queen Mary 2* | 2003 | 2004–present | Ocean liner | 149,215 GT | Bermuda | In service |  |
| *Queen Victoria* | 2007 | 2007–present | Cruise ship | 90,049 GT | Bermuda | In service |  |
| *Queen Elizabeth* | 2010 | 2010–present | Cruise ship | 90,901 GT | Bermuda | In service |  |
| *Queen Anne* | 2024 | 2024-present | Cruise ship | 113,300 GT | Bermuda | In service |  |


title: Of Long Duration Anguish

abstract: Of Long Duration Anguish is the second album by Estonian death metal band Aggressor. This was the last album the band did under the name Aggressor before being renamed to "No-Big-Silence" in 1996. In 1993 their second album "Of Long Duration Anguish" was released as MC and in 1994 as CD. Korrozia Metalla cover "Russian Vodka" on that album was sung by bassist Cram which resulted in the idea of changing their style. In 1995 Aggressor performed at the biggest rock-festival in Estonia, "Rock Summer '95". After that they went into studio where they were suggested a name-change. So in 1996 they wrote lyrics to a song titled "No-Big-Silence 99". So the album was titled "99" and the band was renamed to "No-Big-Silence".

text:
# Of Long Duration Anguish

***Of Long Duration Anguish*** is the second album by Estonian death metal band Aggressor. This was the last album the band did under the name Aggressor before being renamed to "No-Big-Silence" in 1996.

In 1993 their second album "Of Long Duration Anguish" was released as MC and in 1994 as CD. Korrozia Metalla cover "Russian Vodka" on that album was sung by bassist Cram which resulted in the idea of changing their style. In 1995 Aggressor performed at the biggest rock-festival in Estonia, "Rock Summer '95". After that they went into studio (still as Aggressor) where they were suggested a name-change. So in 1996 they wrote lyrics to a song titled "No-Big-Silence 99" (a street in the U.S. where a massmurder was committed). So the album was titled "99" and the band was renamed to "No-Big-Silence".

## Track listing

1. "Path of the Lost God"
2. "Unholy Trinity"
3. "The Dark Tower"
4. "Sanctimonious"
5. "Fled into Immunity"
6. "Enchantress of Desires"
7. "Immaculate Conception"
8. "Those Who Leave in the End"
9. "Of Long Duration Anguish"
10. "Russian Vodka" (Korrozia Metalla cover)

## Credits

* Villem Tarvas - vocals, guitar
* Marek Piliste - bass, lead vocals on Russian Vodka
* Kristo Kotkas - guitar
* Marko Atso - drums

## InfoBox

| Of Long Duration Anguish | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Aggressor | |
| Released | 1993 |
| Recorded | 1993 |
| Genre | Death metal |
| Label | Fugata |
| Aggressor chronology | |
| *Procreate the Petrifactions*
(1993) ***Of Long Duration Anguish***
(1993) *99*
(1997) | |


title: 1949 Buenos Aires Grand Prix (III)

abstract: The third of three 1949 Buenos Aires Grand Prix, was a Grand Prix motor race held at the Palermo street circuit in Buenos Aires on December 18, 1949.

text:
# 1949 Buenos Aires Grand Prix (III)

The third of three 1949 **Buenos Aires Grand Prix** (official name: IV Gran Premio del General Juan Perón y de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires), was a Grand Prix motor race held at the Palermo street circuit in Buenos Aires on December 18, 1949.

## Classification

| Pos | Driver | Constructor | Laps | Time/Retired |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Alberto Ascari | Ferrari 166 FL | 35 | 1:29:00.2 |
| 2 | Juan Manuel Fangio | Ferrari 166 FL | 35 | 1:29:29.4 |
| 3 | Luigi Villoresi | Ferrari 166 FL | 35 | 1:30:38. |
| 4 | Benedicto Campos | Ferrari 166 FL | 34 | N/A |
| 5 | Froilán González | Maserati 4CLT | 34 | N/A |
| 6 | P. Bira | Maserati 4CLT | 34 | N/A |
| 7 | Emmanuel de Graffenried | Maserati 4CLT | 33 | N/A |
| 8 | Dorino Serafini | Ferrari 125C F1 | 33 | N/A |
| 9 | Clemente Biondetti | Maserati 4CLT | 33 | N/A |
| 10 | Peter Whitehead | Ferrari 125C F1 | 32 | N/A |
| 11 | Louis Chiron | Maserati 4CLT | 32 | N/A |
| Ret | Philippe Étancelin | Maserati 4CLT | 32 | Oil pressure |
| Ret | Eitel Cantoni | Maserati 4CM | 32 |  |
| Ret | Piero Taruffi | Maserati 4CLT | 20 |  |
| Ret | Nino Farina | Maserati 4CLT | 16 | N/A |
| Ret | Louis Rosier | Talbot T26 | 14 |  |
| Ret | Piero Carini | Maserati 4CLT | 11 |  |
| Ret | Pascual Puopolo | Maserati 4CLT | 9 |  |
| Ret | Reg Parnell | Maserati 4CLT | 6 |  |
| Ret | Clemar Bucci | Alfa Romeo 12C | 5 |  |
| Ret | Felice Bonetto | Maserati 4CLT | 4 |  |
| DNS | Óscar Alfredo Gálvez | Alfa Romeo 308 |  |  |
| DNS | Manfred von Brauchitsch | Maserati 8CL |  |  |

## InfoBox

| 1949 Buenos Aires Grand Prix | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Race details | | | |
| Date | December 18, 1949 | | |
| Official name | IV Gran Premio del General Juan Perón<br>y de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires | | |
| Location | Parco Palermo Buenos Aires | | |
| Course | Public roads | | |
| Course length | 4.865 km (3.022 miles) | | |
| Distance | 35 laps, 170.27 km (105.80 miles) | | |
| Pole position | | | |
| Driver |  | Maserati 4CL |
| Time | N/A | | |
| Fastest lap | | | |
| Driver | Juan Manuel Fangio | Ferrari 166 FL |
| Time | 2m 29.2 (117.39 km/h) | | |
| Podium | | | |
| First |  | Ferrari 166 FL |
| Second |  | Ferrari 166 FL |
| Third |  | Ferrari 166 FL |


title: Stanley Park Ecology Society

abstract: The Stanley Park Ecology Society (SPES) is a non-profit organization founded in 1988 that works alongside of the Vancouver Board of Parks and Recreation to promote stewardship and conservation in Stanley Park. The park is an urban oasis located in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and is important because it adds value to the city while providing environmental and cultural benefits. With an abundance of wildlife, the Stanley Park Ecology Society protects the species of Stanley Park through conservation.

text:
# Stanley Park Ecology Society

The **Stanley Park Ecology Society** (**SPES**) is a non-profit organization founded in 1988 that works alongside of the Vancouver Board of Parks and Recreation to promote stewardship and conservation in Stanley Park. The park is an urban oasis located in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and is important because it adds value to the city while providing environmental and cultural benefits. With an abundance of wildlife, the Stanley Park Ecology Society protects the species of Stanley Park through conservation.

## History

The Society was formed in 1988 by ecologists and residents in order to upgrade the facilities of the Stanley Park Zoo, which led to the creation of the Stanley Park Zoological Society (SPZS). They were responsible for leading conservation programs for threatened species and provided nature education. The Park's Nature House was converted from a boathouse on the Lost Lagoon and they turned it into one of their headquarters and is Vancouver’s only existing ecology centre.

Vancouver residents had voted to phase out the zoo in 1993 and, as a result, the SPZS renamed itself the Stanley Park Ecology Society (SPES). Following the closure of the Park's zoo in 1997, the SPES shifted towards conservation and nature education programs while providing ecological advice to the board.

## Staff

The SPES is overseen by a board of around 14 to 15 members. The staff includes the following: executive director, conservation programs manager, school programs manager, volunteer coordinator and nature house interpreter, fundraising and communications specialist, urban wildlife coordinator, conservation technician and stewardship coordinator. However, the majority of people involved with the SPES are volunteers.

## Facilities

The SPES uses three facilities provided by the Vancouver Park Board. Their main office is located on the second floor of the Stanley Park Pavilion and the other two facilities are Stanley Park Nature House (located on the Lost Lagoon where the SPES meet for their public programs) and the Earthen Architecture Cob Popcorn Stand in the Miniature Train Plaza.

## Conservation

### Animal conservation

The Society's projects include animal species monitoring to provide necessary information about the park species in order to create and update new conservation practices. Small mammals are a daily sight at Stanley Park, therefore, the SPES has created programs like Co-existing with Coyotes and Adopt A Nest.

#### Co-existing with Coyotes (CwC)

Beginning in 2001, the Society began work with the Provincial Ministry of Environment and the City of Vancouver to start the Co-Existing with Coyotes (CwC) public education program. After three reports of coyote attacks on children in Vancouver in 2000 as well as instances of pets being attacked and reported missing, the SPES aimed to reduce the conflict that coyotes were causing among people and pets. They provided information on how to deal with any potentially dangerous coyotes while also directly intervening with individual scenarios in a non-lethal manner.

The program had been successful for nine years in preventing and reducing the conflict between coyotes, people and pets but also in reducing the number of sightings in repeat areas. Although four children were bit between 2006 and 2009 in Surrey and Coquitlam (cities located within Metro Vancouver), no attacks occurred in Vancouver proper where the educational program exists. However, the program lost its provincial funding in 2011 and funding was since supported by only the Vancouver Park Board and school program fees. On May 16, 2013, a funding request of $19,000 in order for the SPES to expand its CwC program was denied by the Vancouver Park Board. The program expansion was estimated to cost between $55,000 and $61,000 but they were only able to obtain $42,000 from the park board and society service fees.

As a result of these outcomes, there has been an increase in coyote sightings in the Lower Mainland area of Vancouver. The SPES has a coyote sightings map on their website where users can plot sightings and see where others have been spotted.

#### Adopt A Nest

The SPES's "Adopt A Nest" program encourages people to learn more about these birds and protect their homes within the Park. The program is set up for both the great blue heron and the urban bald eagles. The program is used to raise funds for their programs for instance monitoring of the birds. Though the great blue heron has not been placed directly under the Species at Risk Act (SARA), this species has been placed on the "special concern" list. However, the subspecies of Ardea herodias fannin found primarily in British Columbia has been listed under the SARA.

### Plant conservation

Vancouver is part of the coastal western hemlock biogeoclimatic zone. Therefore, Stanley Park is considered very biodiverse, with many different tree, flower, and grass species. There are many threats to these plants such as invasive species. Conservation of these species is a priority for the Society as well as the management of existing flora; for instance, the Hollow Tree is a landmark of Stanley Park that needs constant maintenance. Below are some plant species present in Stanley Park:

**Trees**

**Shrubs**

**Ornamental plants**

## Stewardship

The SPES is responsible for stewardship and conservation projects in Stanley Park. They work to continually improve the habitats of the species that live there, remove invasive species, maintain the aquatic systems and to make the park more sustainable using restoration ecology and trail maintenance practices.

### HSBC Freshwater Initiatives Revitalization Project

In 2012, the Society received an eco-donation of $50,000 by HSBC and created the HSBC Freshwater Initiatives. The goal is this initiative was to aid the aquatic systems of Stanley Park, including the famed Lost Lagoon. The funding enabled it to create “floating islands” for ducks and migratory birds, remove invasive species from riparian habitats, install nest boxes for birds, maintain water levels from Beaver Lake, and to create a tree wire-wrapping project to protect trees from beaver damage.

### Beaver Lake

| Stanley Park's Beaver Lake | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Stanley Park, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada |
| Basin countries | Canada |

Stanley Park’s Beaver Lake is an important part of its ecology and a popular recreational site. However, it is becoming overrun with silt, leaving the lake’s water levels low and depleted due to clearcut logging, the introduction of invasive species such as fragrant lilies, and the construction of the Stanley Park causeway in 1938 among other trails and roads. The lake had shrunk from an area of 6.7 hectares in 1938 to 3.9 hectares in 1997 with more than 70 percent of its surface currently covered by water lilies and other plants. The lake provides a habitat for several at risk species in British Columbia, including coastal cutthroat trout, blue dasher dragonflies, and great blue herons.

In January 2011, the Stanley Park Ecological Action Plan was created and one of the main issues that needed to be addressed was the state of Beaver Lake. A part of that action called for the dredging of the lake in order to restore it as there was the threat that it would fill in completely by 2020 without intervention. It was last dredged in 1929. The planning for the enhancing of Beaver Lake is underway with open houses held by consultants AquaTerra Environmental that have already taken place to discuss its future with the public. Currently, no action plans have been made other than being made part of the Vancouver Park Board 2012-2014 Capital Plan.

### Environmental art

#### Stanley Park Eco-Stewards Program

The Stanley Park Eco-Stewards Program was initiated to remove invasive species from Stanley Park and is based on a volunteer-run program called Ivy Busters that began in 2004. Since then, it has removed over 3.95 hectares of invasive vegetation including English Ivy. The mission is to abolish and decrease the spread of invasive species while enhancing the natural habitat and planting more native species. . This project finds a use for the unwanted biomass in a creative way to reuse and repurpose the bio materials and for people to learn more and connect with nature in a community-based way. They work in partnership with the Vancouver Park Board as well as the Stanley Park Ecology Society.

#### Restoration

The SPES works towards using remnants of old buildings and fixtures to repurpose them for continued use with a sustainability focus and to turn them into an artistic focal point and for functional use. The Stanley Park Nature House was converted from a boathouse on the Lost Lagoon and they turned it into one of their headquarters and is Vancouver’s only existing ecology centre. The Earthen Architecture Cob Popcorn Stand in the Miniature Train Plaza was refurbished from a traditional cob building because it met the Park Board's criteria of an environmental, arts and culture, and community building. It has been upgraded as a concession stand that is also used as one of their three facilities as well as to raise money for SPES programs. Volunteers worked towards using recycled products in order to salvage the cob building and a graphic designer sculpted the exterior to add a public art touch.

## InfoBox

Stanley Park Ecology Society
|
|  |
| Company type | Non-profit |
| Industry | Urban ecological conservation and stewardship |
| Founded | Vancouver, British Columbia (1988) |
| Headquarters | Stanley Park, Vancouver, British Columbia |
| Website | www.stanleyparkecology.ca |


title: Malovan

abstract: Malovan is a mountain in the municipality of Kupres, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It has an altitude of 1,826 metres (5,991 ft).

text:
# Malovan

**Malovan** (Serbian Cyrillic: Малован) is a mountain in the municipality of Kupres, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It has an altitude of 1,826 metres (5,991 ft).

## InfoBox

| Malovan | |
| --- | --- |
| View of Malovan mountain. | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,826 m (5,991 ft) |
| Coordinates | 43°54′56.98″N 17°10′35″E / 43.9158278°N 17.17639°E / 43.9158278; 17.17639 |
| Geography | |
| MalovanLocation of Malovan in Bosnia and HerzegovinaMalovanMalovan (Bosnia and Herzegovina) | |
| Location | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Parent range | Dinaric Alps |


title: Wendorf, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

abstract: Wendorf is a municipality in the Vorpommern-Rügen district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

text:
# Wendorf, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

**Wendorf** is a municipality in the Vorpommern-Rügen district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

## InfoBox

| Wendorf, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Manor in Groß-Lüdershagen (Wendorf) | |
| Location of Wendorf, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern within Vorpommern-Rügen district | |
| Wendorf, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Wendorf, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern | |
| Coordinates: 54°15′N 13°04′E / 54.250°N 13.067°E / 54.250; 13.067 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Mecklenburg-Vorpommern |
| District | Vorpommern-Rügen |
| Municipal assoc. | Niepars |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Heinz-Werner Jennek |
| Area | |
| Total | 15.68 km2 (6.05 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 8 m (26 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 859 |
| Density | 55/km2 (140/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 18442 |
| Dialling codes | 03831 |
| Vehicle registration | NVP |
| Website | www.amt-niepars.de |


title: The Theatre School at DePaul University

abstract: The Theatre School at DePaul University, previously the Goodman School of Drama is the drama school of DePaul University. Its first class was conducted at the Art Institute of Chicago on January 5, 1925, the Goodman School was associated with the Goodman Theatre. The school officially became part of DePaul University on July 1, 1978, and was renamed The Theatre School at DePaul University in 1982. The Theatre School is the Midwest region's oldest theatre conservatory and is ranked as one of the top professional theatrical training programs in the United States, enrolling approximately 450 students from North America and abroad. The Theatre School's main performance spaces are the Merle Reskin Theatre in Downtown Chicago, the Healy BlackBox theatre, and the Watts Theater in the Lincoln Park Campus.

text:
# The Theatre School at DePaul University

**The Theatre School at DePaul University**, previously the **Goodman School of Drama** (also known as **TTS** and **GSD**, respectively) is the drama school of DePaul University. Its first class was conducted at the Art Institute of Chicago on January 5, 1925, the Goodman School was associated with the Goodman Theatre. The school officially became part of DePaul University on July 1, 1978, and was renamed The Theatre School at DePaul University in 1982. The Theatre School is the Midwest region's oldest theatre conservatory and is ranked as one of the top professional theatrical training programs in the United States, enrolling approximately 450 students from North America and abroad. The Theatre School's main performance spaces are the Merle Reskin Theatre (formerly Blackstone Theatre) in Downtown Chicago, the Healy BlackBox theatre, and the Watts Theater in the Lincoln Park Campus.

## Academics

The Theatre School is organized in three departments with the following degrees are currently on offer:

Design/Technology 1. Bachelor of Fine Arts in Costume Design, Costume Technology, Lighting Design, Projection Design, Scenic Design, Sound Design, Stage Management, Theatre Technology, and Wig and Makeup Design

Performance 1. Bachelor of Fine Arts in Acting
2. Master of Fine Arts in Acting and Directing

Theatre Studies 1. Bachelor of Fine Arts in Comedy Arts, Dramaturgy/Criticism, Playwriting, Theatre Arts (with possible concentrations in Directing and Theatre for Young Audiences), and Theatre Management
2. Master of Fine Arts in Arts Leadership

The Theatre School produces over two dozen public theatrical productions and nearly forty total productions each season. The Theatre School Showcase Series features contemporary and classic plays, while the Chicago Playworks for Families and Young Audiences presents plays for children. Other mainstage productions include the New Directors Series (MFA Directing theses) and the New Playwrights Series (BFA Playwriting pieces).

## Notable alumni

### Goodman School of Drama at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago (1925–1978)

### Goodman School of Drama at DePaul University (1978–1982)

### The Theatre School at DePaul University (1982–present)

41°55′29.2″N 87°39′31.6″W / 41.924778°N 87.658778°W / 41.924778; -87.658778

## InfoBox

The Theatre School at DePaul University
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Former name | Goodman School of Drama |
| Type | Private |
| Established | 1925 |
| Parent institution | School of the Art Institute of Chicago (1925–1978)<br>DePaul University (1978–present) |
| Dean | Martine Green-Rogers |
| Location | Chicago, Illinois, United States |
| Website | theatre.depaul.edu |


title: Neuroanatomy of memory

abstract: The neuroanatomy of memory encompasses a wide variety of anatomical structures in the brain.

text:
# Neuroanatomy of memory

The **neuroanatomy of memory** encompasses a wide variety of anatomical structures in the brain.

## Subcortical structures

### Hippocampus

The hippocampus is a structure in the brain that has been associated with various memory functions. It is part of the limbic system, and lies next to the medial temporal lobe. It is made up of two structures, the **Ammon's Horn**, and the Dentate gyrus, each containing different types of cells.

#### Cognitive maps

There is evidence that the hippocampus contains cognitive maps in humans. In one study, single-cell recordings were taken from electrodes implanted in a rat's hippocampus, and it was found that certain neurons responded strongly only when the rat was in certain locations. These cells are called place cells, and collections of these cells can be considered to be mental maps. Individual place cells do not only respond to one unique area only however, the patterns of activation of these cells overlap to form layered mental maps within the hippocampus. A good analogy is the example of the same television or computer screen pixels being used to light up any trillions of possible combinations to produce images, just as the place cells can be used in any multiple possible combinations to represent mental maps. The hippocampus' right side is more oriented towards responding to spatial aspects, whereas the left side is associated with other context information. Also, there is evidence that experience in building extensive mental maps, such as driving a city taxi for a long time (since this requires considerable memorization of routes), can increase the volume of one's hippocampus.

#### Encoding

Damage to the hippocampus and surrounding area can cause anterograde amnesia, the inability to form new memories. This implies that the hippocampus is important not only for storing cognitive maps, but for encoding memories.

The hippocampus is also involved in memory consolidation, the slow process by which memories are converted from short to long term memory. This is supported by studies in which lesions are applied to rat hippocampi at different times after learning. The process of consolidation may take up to a couple years.

It has also been found that it is possible to form new semantic memories without the hippocampus, but not episodic memories, which means that explicit descriptions of actual events (episodic) cannot be learned, but some meaning and knowledge is gained from experiences (semantic).

### Cerebellum

The cerebellum ("little brain") is a structure located at the rear of the brain, near the spinal cord. It looks like a miniature version of the cerebral cortex, in that it has a wavy, or convoluted surface.

Unlike the hippocampus which is involved in the encoding of complex memories, the cerebellum plays a role in the learning of procedural memory, and motor learning, such as skills requiring co-ordination and fine motor control. An example of a skill requiring procedural memory would be playing a musical instrument, or driving a car or riding a bike. Individuals with transient global amnesia that have difficulty forming new memories and/or remembering old events may sometimes retain the ability to perform complex musical pieces, suggesting that procedural memory is completely dissociated from conscious memory, also known as explicit memory.

This separation makes sense if the cerebellum, which is far removed from the hippocampus, is responsible for procedural learning. The cerebellum is more generally involved in motor learning, and damage to it can result in problems with movement, specifically it is considered to co-ordinate timing and accuracy of movements, and to make long-term changes (learning) to improve these skills.

### Amygdala

Located above the hippocampus in the medial temporal lobes are two amygdalae (singular "amygdala"). The amygdalae are associated with both emotional learning and memory, as it responds strongly to emotional stimuli, especially fear. These neurons assist in encoding emotional memories and enhancing them. This process results in emotional events being more deeply and accurately encoded into memory. Lesions to the amygdalae in monkeys have been shown to impair motivation, as well as the processing of emotions.

#### Memory of fear conditioning

Pavlovian conditioning tests have shown the active role of the amygdala in fear conditioning in rats. Research involving lesions to the basolateral nucleus have shown a strong association with memories involving fear. The central nucleus is linked with the behavioral responses that are dependent on the basolateral's reaction to fear. The central nucleus of the amygdala is also linked to emotions and behaviors motivated by food and sex.

#### Memory consolidation

Emotional experiences and events are somewhat fragile and take a while to be completely set into memory. This slow process, referred to as consolidation, allows emotions to influence the way the memory is stored.

The amygdala is involved in memory consolidation, which is the process of transferring information that is currently in working memory into ones long-term memory. This process is also known as memory modulation. The amygdala works to encode recent emotional information into memory. Memory research has shown that the greater ones emotional arousal level at the time of the event, the greater the chance that the event will be remembered. This may be due to the amygdala enhancing the emotional aspect of the information during encoding, causing the memory to be processed at a deeper level and therefore, more likely to withstand forgetting.

### Basal ganglia and motor memory

The basal ganglia are a group of nuclei which are located in the medial temporal lobe, above the thalamus and connected to the cerebral cortex. Specifically, the basal ganglia includes the subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, the globus pallidus, the ventral striatum and the dorsal striatum, which consists of the putamen and the caudate nucleus. The basic functions of these nuclei deal with cognition, learning, and motor control and activities. The basal ganglia are also associated with learning, memory, and unconscious memory processes, such as motor skills and implicit memory. Particularly, one division within the ventral striatum, the nucleus accumbens core, is involved in the consolidation, retrieval and reconsolidation of drug memory.

The caudate nucleus is thought to assist in learning and memory of associations taught during operant conditioning. Specifically, research has shown that this part of the basal ganglia plays a role in acquiring stimulus-response habits, as well as in solving sequence tasks.

Damage to the basal ganglia has been linked to dysfunctional learning of motor and perceptual-motor skills. Most disorders that are associated with damage to these areas of the brain involve some type of motor dysfunction, as well as trouble with mental switching between tasks in working memory. Such symptoms are often present in those who suffer from dystonia, athymhormic syndrome, Fahr's syndrome, Huntington's disease or Parkinson's disease. Huntington's and Parkinson's disease involve both motor deficits and cognitive impairment.

## Cortical structures

### Frontal lobe

The frontal lobes are located at the front of each cerebral hemisphere and positioned anterior to the parietal lobes. It is separated from the parietal lobe by the primary motor cortex, which controls voluntary movements of specific body parts associated with the precentral gyrus. The cortex here serves our ability to plan the day, organize work, type a letter, pay attention to details and control the movements of your arms and legs. It also contributed to your personality and behaviour.

When considering the frontal lobes in regards to memory, we see that it is very important in the coordination of information. Therefore, the frontal lobes are important in working memory. For example, when you are thinking about how to get to a mall you have never been to before, you combine various bits of knowledge you already have: the layout of the city the mall is in, information from a map, knowledge of traffic patterns in that area and conversations with your friends about the location of the mall. By actively using all of this information, you can determine the best route for you to take. This action involves the controlled use of information in working memory, coordinated by the frontal lobes.

The frontal lobes help a person select out memories that are most relevant on a given occasion. It can coordinate various types of information into a coherent memory trace. For example, the knowledge of the information itself, as well as knowing where information came from must be put together into a single memory representation; this is called source monitoring. Sometimes we experience situations where information becomes separated, such as when we recall something, but cannot remember where we remember it from; this is referred to as a source monitoring error.

The frontal lobes are also involved in the ability to remember what we need to do in the future; this is called prospective memory.

### Temporal lobe

The temporal lobes are a region of the cerebral cortex that is located beneath the Sylvian fissure on both the left and right hemispheres of the brain. Lobes in this cortex are more closely associated with memory and in particular autobiographical memory.

The temporal lobes are also concerned with recognition memory. This is the capacity to identify an item as one that was recently encountered. Recognition memory is widely viewed as consisting of two components, a familiarity component (i.e. Do I know this person waving at me?) and a recollective component (i.e. That is my friend Julia, from evolutionary psychology class).

Damage to the temporal lobe can affect an individual in a litany of ways ranging from: disturbance of auditory sensation and perception, disturbance of selective attention of auditory and visual input, disorders of visual perception, impaired organization and categorization of verbal material, disturbance of language comprehension, and altered personality.

In regard to memory, temporal lobe damage can impair long-term memory. Thus, general semantic knowledge or more personal episodic memories of one's childhood could be affected.

### Parietal lobe

The parietal lobe is located directly behind the central sulcus, superior to the occipital lobe and posterior to the frontal lobe, visually at the top of the back of the head. The make up of the parietal lobe is defined by four anatomical boundaries in the brain, providing a division of all the four lobes.

The parietal lobe has many functions and duties in the brain and its main functioning can be divided down into two main areas: (1) sensation and perception (2) constructing a spatial coordinate system to represent the world around us. The parietal lobe helps us to mediate attention when necessary and provides spatial awareness and navigational skills. Also, it integrates all of our sensory information (touch, sight, pain etc.) to form a single perception. Parietal lobe gives the ability to focus our attention on different stimuli at the same time, PET scans show high activity in the parietal lobe when participates being studied were asked to focus their attention at two separate areas of attention. Parietal lobe also assists with verbal short term memory and damage to the supramarginal gyrus cause short term memory loss.

Damage to the parietal lobe results in the syndrome ‘neglect' which is when patients treat part of their body or objects in their visual field as though it never existed. Damage to the left side of the parietal lobe can result in what is called Gerstmann syndrome. It includes right-left confusion, difficulty with writing (agraphia) and difficulty with mathematics (acalculia). It can also produce disorders of language (aphasia) and the inability to perceive objects. Damage to the right parietal lobe can result in neglecting part of the body or space (contralateral neglect), which can impair many self-care skills such as dressing and washing. Right side damage can also cause difficulty in making things (constructional apraxia), denial of deficits (anosognosia) and drawing ability. Neglect syndrome tends to be more prevalent on the right side of the parietal lobe, because the right mediates attention to both the left and right fields. Damage in the somatic sensory cortex results in loss of perception of bodily sensations, namely sense of touch.

### Occipital lobe

The occipital lobe is the smallest of all four lobes in the human cerebral cortex and located in the rearmost part of the skull and considered to be part of the forebrain. The occipital lobe sits directly above the cerebellum and is situated posterior to the Parieto-occipital sulcus, or parieto-occipital sulcus. This lobe is known as the centre of the visual perception system, the main function of the occipital lobe is that of vision.

Retinal sensors send signals through the optic tract to the Lateral geniculate nucleus. Once the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus receives the information it is sent down the primary visual cortex where it is organized and sent down one of two possible path ways; dorsal or ventral stream. The ventral stream is responsible for object representation and recognition and is also commonly known as the "what" stream. The dorsal stream is responsible for guiding our actions and recognizing where objects are in space, commonly known as the "where" or "how" stream. Once in the information is organized and sent through the pathways it continues to the other areas of the brain responsible for visual processing.

The most important function of the Occipital lobe is vision. Due to the positioning of this lobe at the back of the head it is not susceptible to much injury but any significant damage to the brain can cause a variety of damage to our visual perception system. Common problems in the occipital lobe are field defects and scotomas, movement and colour discrimination, hallucinations, illusions, inability to recognize words and inability to recognize movement. A study was done in which patients suffered from a tumour on the occipital lobe and the results shows that the most frequent consequence was contralateral damage to the visual field. When damage occurs in the occipital lobe it is most common to see the effects on the opposite side of the brain. Since the brain regions are so specialized in their functioning, damages done to specific areas of the brain can cause specific type of damage. Damage to the left side of the brain can lead to language discrepancies, i.e. difficulty in properly identifying letters, numbers and words, inability to incorporate visual stimuli to comprehend multiple ways an object can be found. Right side damage causes non-verbal problems, i.e. identifying geometric shapes, perception of figures and faces. In almost all regions of the brain left side damage leads to general language problems whereas right side damage leads to general perception and problem solving skills.

### Damage to the cortex

Many studies of different disease and disorders that have symptoms of memory loss have provided reinforcing evidence to the study of the anatomy of the brain and which parts are more utilized in memory.

#### Frontotemporal lobar degeneration and memory

Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a common form of dementia due to the degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes. Studies have found significant decreases in the essential needs for proper functioning in these lobes. The autobiographical domain in memory is largely affected by this disease. In one study, FTLD patients were interviewed and asked to describe a significant event from five different periods of their lives. Using the interview and different methods of imaging, the experimenters hoped to find links between patterns of brain volume loss and performance in the interview.

Through image processing, patterns of significant reduced parenchymal volumes that encompass the frontal and temporal lobes were found. Through comparison to a control group of patients it was found that parenchymal volumes increased during episodic recall, and decreased during semantic recall. The experimenters discussed that lifespan autobiographical episodic recall was largely damaged in FTLD patients and semantic autobiographical memory seemed to be spared.

#### Parkinson's disease and memory

Parkinson's disease involves both damage to the basal ganglia and certain memory dysfunctions, suggesting that the basal ganglia are involved in specific types of memory. Those who have this disease have problems with both their working memory and spatial memory.

Most people can instantly and easily use visual-spatial memory to remember locations and pictures, but a person with Parkinson's disease would find this difficult. He or she would also have trouble encoding this visual and spatial information into long-term memory. This suggests that the basal ganglia work in both encoding and recalling spatial information.

People with Parkinson's disease display working memory impairment during sequence tasks and tasks involving events in time. They also have difficulty in knowing how to use their memory, such as when to change strategies or maintain a train of thought.

* Robbins, TW; Kadhim, Z; Ersche KD; Everitt BJ (2008). "Drug Addiction and the memory systems of the brain". New York Academy of Sciences 1141