title: The Wife of Auchtermuchty

abstract: "The Wife of Auchtermuchty" is a Scots poem of the fifteenth or sixteenth centuries. The poem narrates how a farmer, envious of his wife's apparently easy life, proposes that the couple exchange their normal responsibilities. She will work the fields and he will take care of the home. The wife agrees to the proposal and proves to be quite capable with a plough. Meanwhile, under her husband's supervision, the housework descends into comical chaos. At the end of the day, with some encouragement from his shrewd and strong-willed wife, the husband decides that he has learnt a valuable lesson and will return to his plough. "The Wife of Auchtermuchty" is characterised by physical humour and wry observations on the relationship between husband and wife. In contrast to most of the works of the contemporary makars it concentrates on the life and circumstances of ordinary people. The poem gives a vivid depiction of domestic life in rural Scotland during the late medieval era.

text:
# The Wife of Auchtermuchty

"**The Wife of Auchtermuchty**" is a Scots poem of the fifteenth or sixteenth centuries.

The poem narrates how a farmer, envious of his wife's apparently easy life, proposes that the couple exchange their normal responsibilities. She will work the fields and he will take care of the home.

The wife agrees to the proposal and proves to be quite capable with a plough.

Meanwhile, under her husband's supervision, the housework descends into comical chaos. At the end of the day, with some encouragement from his shrewd and strong-willed wife, the husband decides that he has learnt a valuable lesson and will return to his plough.

"The Wife of Auchtermuchty" is characterised by physical humour and wry observations on the relationship between husband and wife. In contrast to most of the works of the contemporary makars it concentrates on the life and circumstances of ordinary people.

The poem gives a vivid depiction of domestic life in rural Scotland during the late medieval era.

## The text

"The Wife of Auchtermuchty" is of uncertain date and authorship. The text is found only in the Bannatyne Manuscript which dates to the latter sixteenth century and contains works of the sixteenth and fifteenth centuries. As such the poem is most likely to be of this era.

In the manuscript an unidentified scribe, not George Bannatyne himself, attributes the piece to an author called only "Mofat".

The poem's first modern publication, with many modifications, was in *The Ever Green* of Allan Ramsay between 1724 and 1727.

The text given in this article is that from the Bannatyne Manuscript.

## Historical context

The family depicted in the poem are tenant farmers in the lowlands of Scotland. They live with their livestock in a two-roomed cottage of the but and ben design. The *but* was an outer room, with external access, used for cooking, storage and other household work. The *ben* was an interior room, warmer and more comfortable than the *but*, used to accommodate the family.

The poem predates the introduction of draught horses in Scottish agriculture. The family's plough is pulled by oxen.

## Synopsis

### The husband's proposal

The narrator opens by describing a tenant farmer of Auchtermuchty who enjoys the small comforts of life. He attempts a day of ploughing in bad weather.

> In Auchtermuchty thair dwelt ane man,
> Ane husband as I heard it tawld,
> Quha weill could tippill out a can,
> And nathir luvit hungir nor cawld.
> Quhill anis it fell upoun a day,
> He yokkit his pluch upoun the plane,
> Gif it be trew as I hard say,
> The day was fowl for wind and rane.

At the day's end he arrives home, "weary, wet and cold", to find his wife warming herself by the fire, clean and dry, with a bowl of soup.

> He lowsit the pluch at the landis end,
> And draif his oxin hame at evin,
> When he come in he lookit ben,
> And saw the wyf baith dry and clene,
> And sittand at ane fyre beikand bawld,
> With ane fat soup as I hard say,
> The man being wery, weit and cauld,
> Between thay twa it was na play.

He demands that the couple exchange their duties on the next day. The wife shall plough while he keeps the house.

> Dame, ye mon to the pluch to morne,
> I salbe hussy gif I may,

The wife agrees and then describes what work will be required of him. The husband must tend to the livestock, sift, knead, keep their infant children clean, maintain the hearth and protect their goslings. In passing she reminds him that "We have a costly farm on our head."

> Husband, quho scho, content am I,
> To tak the pluch my day abowt,
> And ye will rowll baith kavis and ky,
> And all the hous baith in and owt.
> But sen that ye will husyskep ken,
> First ye sall sift and syne sall kned,
> And ay as ye gang but and ben,
> Luk that the bairnis dryt not the bed,
> Yeis lay ane soft wisp to the kill,
> We haif ane deir ferme on our heid,
> And ay as ye gang furth and in,
> Keip weill the gaislingis fra the gled.

The wife spends the rest of the evening churning a batch of butter and leaves only buttermilk instead of cream for her husband.

> Scho kyrnd the kyrne and skumd it clene,
> And left the gudman bot the bledoch bair,

### The wife and husband at work

The wife rises early the next morning and sets off for the fields carrying an unusually hearty lunch.

> Than in the mornyng up scho gatt,
> And on hir hairt laid hir disjune,
> Scho put alsmekle in hir lap,
> As micht haif servd thame baith at nune.

The husband rises next and his day starts badly when five out of seven goslings are taken by a hawk. Before he can recover his composure, some calves escape their pen and start to suckle at the cattle. While separating them he is gored in the buttock by an "ill willy cow". He returns home and attempts some spinning but spoils his work by sitting too close to the fire.

> Quod he, this wark has ill begynning.

He moves on to the churning, previously sabotaged by his wife, and unsurprisingly does not produce much butter. While he is distracted by this a sow starts to drink the buttermilk. While driving it off with a stick he accidentally bludgeons the two remaining goslings. A series of other mishaps occur before he attends to the babies and discovers that they have soiled the bed.

> The first that he gat in his armis,
> It was all dirt up to its ene,
> The divill cutt of thair handis quod he,
> That fild yow all sa fow this strene.

He drags the dirty bedclothes to a burn for cleaning but they are washed away in the spate. In despair, the husband shouts to his wife in the fields for help. She pretends not to hear him and continues her ploughing until evening.

> Scho hard him and scho hard him not,
> Bot stowtly steird the stottis abowt,
> Scho draif the day unto the nicht,
> Scho lowsit the pluch and syne come hame.

### The conclusion

Upon arriving home the wife observes the chaos wrought by her husband.

> Scho fand all wrang that sowld bene richt,
> I trow the man thocht richt grit schame,

After a quarrel the husband decides, with some persuasion from his cudgel-wielding wife, to return to his usual work.

> Than up scho gat ane mekle rung,
> And the gudeman maid to the dur,
> Quod he, deme, I sall hald my tung,
> For and we fecht ill get the woir
> Quod he, quhen I forsuk my pluche,
> I trow I but forsuk my seill,
> And I will to my pluch agane,
> For I and this hous will nevir do weill.

## Resource

* A printed edition of 1803 which differs somewhat from the Bannatyne text. It is accompanied by a Latin translation.


title: The Wife Between Us

abstract: The Wife Between Us is a 2018 thriller novel written by Greer Hendricks and Sarah Pekkanen.

text:
# The Wife Between Us

***The Wife Between Us*** is a 2018 thriller novel written by Greer Hendricks and Sarah Pekkanen.

## Plot

**Part 1**

The first part of the book moves between the perspectives of Vanessa and Nellie. Vanessa is watching her ex-husband Richard's new fiancée. She lives with her aunt in New York City and is working at a clothing store to get by after her divorce from Richard. Nellie is Richard's new fiancée, a pre-school teacher. Vanessa is determined to stop Richard from marrying his new fiancé while Nellie is nervous about marrying Richard and adjusting to a new life with him. Vanessa has suffered from mental health problems since college where she had a secret relationship with one of her professors which resulted in her becoming pregnant. She abandoned her sorority's initiation ceremony for the pledge she was overseeing, Maggie, to confront him only to learn he was married with children so Vanessa had an abortion. Maggie ended up drowning during the initiation ceremony and her older brother Jason blamed Vanessa and vowed to make her never forget it.

Near the end of the first part it is revealed that Vanessa and Nellie are the same person (Vanessa being her present self, and Nellie being her past self). It was Richard's idea to give Vanessa the nickname Nellie, because when they first met, she was a "nervous nellie".

**Part 2**

Vanessa confronts Richard's new fiancé Emma and tries to warn her about Richard but she does not believe her. Shortly into their marriage, Richard

## Critical reception

*The New York Times* wrot"The novel is halfway over before the first reveal, but it’s worth the wait, if only for its singularity. Then the twists come fast and furious."

## Film adaptation

In 2017 the film rights for *The Wife Between Us* were purchased by Steven Spielberg's Amblin Partners.

## InfoBox

The Wife Between Us
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Greer Hendricks<br>Sarah Pekkanen |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Thriller |
| Published | January 2, 2018 |
| Publisher | Pan Macmillan |
| Publication place | United States |
| Pages | 346 pp |


title: The Real Life (album)

abstract: The Real Life is the first major label studio album by Bread of Stone. DREAM Records released the album on September 24, 2013. Bread of Stone worked with Lynn Nichols and Tedd T., in the production of this album.

text:
# The Real Life (album)

***The Real Life*** is the first major label studio album by Bread of Stone. DREAM Records released the album on September 24, 2013. Bread of Stone worked with Lynn Nichols and Tedd T., in the production of this album.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Christian Music Zine | 4.25/5 |
| Cross Rhythms |  |
| *HM Magazine* |  |
| Indie Vision Music |  |
| Jesus Freak Hideout |  |
| New Release Tuesday |  |

Rating the album a three and a half stars for Jesus Freak Hideout, Bert Gangl states, "*The Real Life* nevertheless features an invigoratingly sunny disposition, sparkling production aesthetic and firm understanding of the intrinsic relationship between the indie and pop genres that render it the strongest installment in the Bread of Stone catalog thus far". Kelly Sheads, awarding the album three and a half stars at New Release Tuesday, writes, "*The Real Life* is any example of the creative musicianship this quartet has to offer". Giving the album a seven out of ten from Cross Rhythms, Danny McMartin says, "'The Real Life' features a sunny presentation and crisp production with a balance between approachable pop and indie."

Joshua Andre, rating the album a 4.25 out of five by Christian Music Zine, describes, "*The Real Life* is a great album full of inspiration, fervour, diverse music". Indicating in a three star review at Indie Vision Music, Jonathan Andre writes, "*The Real Life* is such an inspiring and fun album full of moments of contemplation as well as joyous melodies of praise and worship." Sarah Brehm, signaling in a two and a half star review at *HM Magazine*, describes, "Though the album contains a few gems, its lack of originality will keep it from making much of an impression."

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Hold On" | Ben Kristijanto, Lynn Nichols, Tedd T. | 5:03 |
| 2. | "The Real Life" | Wesley Holt, Kristijanto, Nichols, Tedd T. | 4:05 |
| 3. | "The Line" | Holt, Kristijanto, Nichols, Tedd T. | 3:46 |
| 4. | "Changed" | Kristijanto, Nichols, Tedd T. | 4:10 |
| 5. | "Parachute" | Blake Easter, Kristijanto, Nichols, Nathan Walters | 3:27 |
| 6. | "Beautiful" | Easter, Curt Gibbs, Kristijanto, Nichols | 3:24 |
| 7. | "Supernatural" | Kristijanto, Nichols, Tedd T. | 4:32 |
| 8. | "I'll Be" | Kristijanto, Tedd T. | 3:54 |
| 9. | "One Way Runner" | Holt, Kristijanto, Nichols, Tedd T. | 3:59 |
| 10. | "Heartbeat" | Easter, Kristijanto, Nichols, Tedd T. | 5:32 |
| Total length: | | | 41:52 |

## InfoBox

| The Real Life | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Bread of Stone | |
| Released | September 24, 2013 (2013-09-24) |
| Genre | Contemporary Christian music, pop rock |
| Length | 41:52 |
| Label | Dream |
| Producer | Lynn Nichols, Tedd T. |


title: Paula Howells

abstract: Paula Howells is an English footballer who plays as a midfielder for the FA Women's Championship club Lewes. She has previously played for England Under 19s and 23s and for the London Bees.

text:
# Paula Howells

**Paula Howells** (born 22 March 1997) is an English footballer who plays as a midfielder for the FA Women's Championship club Lewes. She has previously played for England Under 19s and 23s and for the London Bees.

## Life

Howells was born on 22 March 1997 in Sussex and she was an Arsenal fan as a child. She admired their striker Thierry Henry and she tried to follow his style. When she was at school she suffered early with discrimination against her as a female footballer. When there was a special match when she was thirteen then the boys at her school would be allowed to miss lessons. However the girls were expected to attend normal schooling. She protested, but this made no difference, and she got into some trouble.

## Club career

### Brighton

Howells played for Brighton WFC until July 2014.

### London Bees

She joined London Bees in 2014.

In 2017, Howells started playing with FA Women's Championship club London Bees playing as an attacking midfielder and making seventeen appearances. She got her only yellow card that season and she scored six goals. In the next season she scored just one goal but she was only in four line ups.

### Lewes

She joined Lewes for the 2019 team. The team are unusual as they pay their men's team and their women's team the same amount. The matches cost the same to see and Howell's has noted that the women and men practice together regularly. She is a midfielder who scores goals. In October 2021 she scored the opening goal against Charlton Athletic. It was a long range goal and she scored another against Coventry when her team beat them 4–1.

In June 2023, Howells announced her departure from Lewes, citing "sadly, the women's game hasn't grown enough yet for people like myself to not struggle each day, especially with the current climate."

## International career

Howells has been capped by England at two youth levels. In 2016 she appeared for the England under-19 team; once in a draw with Sweden and again in a win over Austria.

She received her first call up for an under-23 match in 2018 for a goalless draw against the USA.

## Other

Howells helped to organise her team mates to support a virtual Bingo night during the pandemic to support MindOut. MindOut is a mental health charity that supports the LGBTQ community.

## InfoBox

Paula Howells
| Howells in 2022 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Paula Howells | | |
| Date of birth | (1997-03-22) 22 March 1997 | | |
| Place of birth | Sussex, England | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| –2014 | Brighton & Hove Albion | 0 | (0) |
| 2014–2019 | London Bees | 105 | (20) |
| 2019–2023 | Lewes | 46 | (5) |
| International career | | | |
| 2019 | England U19 | 9 | (0) |
| 2019– | England U23 | 3 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 27 June 2023<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 1 October 2022 | | | |


title: Vesicular monoamine transporter 1

abstract: Vesicular monoamine transporter 1 (VMAT1) also known as chromaffin granule amine transporter (CGAT) or solute carrier family 18 member 1 (SLC18A1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC18A1 gene. VMAT1 is an integral membrane protein, which is embedded in synaptic vesicles and serves to transfer monoamines, such as norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin, between the cytosol and synaptic vesicles. SLC18A1 is an isoform of the vesicular monoamine transporter.

text:
# Vesicular monoamine transporter 1

**Vesicular monoamine transporter 1** (VMAT1) also known as **chromaffin granule amine transporter** (CGAT) or **solute carrier family 18 member 1** (SLC18A1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *SLC18A1* gene. VMAT1 is an integral membrane protein, which is embedded in synaptic vesicles and serves to transfer monoamines, such as norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin, between the cytosol and synaptic vesicles. SLC18A1 is an isoform of the vesicular monoamine transporter.

## Discovery

The idea that there must be specific transport proteins associated with the uptake of monoamines and acetylcholine into vesicles developed due to the discovery of specific inhibitors which interfered with monoamine neurotransmission and also depleted monoamines in neuroendocrine tissues. VMAT1 and VMAT2 were first identified in rats upon cloning cDNAs for proteins which gave non-amine accumulating recipient cells the ability to sequester monoamines. Subsequently, human VMATs were cloned using human cDNA libraries with the rat homologs as probes, and heterologous-cell amine uptake assays were performed to verify transport properties.

## Structure

Across mammalian species, VMATs have been found to be structurally well conserved; VMAT1s have an overall sequence identity exceeding 80%. However, there exists only a 60% sequence identity between the human VMAT1 and VMAT2.

VMAT1 is an acidic glycoprotein with an apparent weight of 40 kDa. Although the crystallographic structure has not yet been fully resolved, VMAT1 is known to have either twelve transmembrane domains (TMDs), based on Kyte-Doolittle hydrophobicity scale analysis or ten TMDs, based on MAXHOM alignment. MAXHOM alignment was determined using the "profile-fed neural network systems from Heidelberg" (PHD) program. The main difference between these two models arises from the placement of TMDs II and IV in the vesicle lumen or the cytoplasm.

## Localization

### Cell types

VMATs are found in a variety of cell types throughout the body, however, VMAT1 is found exclusively in neuroendocrine cells, in contrast to VMAT2, which is also found in the PNS and CNS. Specifically, VMAT1 is found in chromaffin cells, enterochromaffin cells, and small intensely fluorescent cells (SIFs). Chromaffin cells are responsible for releasing the catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine) into systemic circulation. Enterochromaffin cells are responsible for storing serotonin in the gastrointestinal tract. SIFs are interneurons associated with the sympathetic nervous system which are managed by dopamine.

### Vesicles

VMAT1 is found in both large dense-core vesicles (LDCVs) as well as in small synaptic vesicles (SSVs). This was discovered via studying rat adrenal medulla cells (PC12 cells). LDCVs are 70-200 nm in size and exist throughout the neuron (soma, dendrites, etc.). SSVs are much smaller (usually about 40 nm) and typically exist as clusters in the presynaptic cleft.

## Function

### Active transport of monoamines

#### Driving force

The active transport of monoamines from the cytosol into storage vesicles operates against a large (\>105) concentration gradient. Secondary active transport is the type of active transport used, meaning that VMAT1 is an antiporter. This transport is facilitated via proton gradient generated by the protein proton ATPase. The inward transport of the monoamine is coupled with the efflux of two protons per monoamine. The first proton is thought to cause a change in VMAT1's conformation, which pushes a high affinity amine binding site, to which the monoamine attaches. The second proton then causes a second change in the conformation which pulls the monoamine into the vesicle and greatly reduces the affinity of the binding site for amines. A series of tests suggest that His419, located between TMDs X and XI, plays the key role in the first of these conformational changes, and that Asp431, located on TMD XI, does likewise during the second change.

#### Inhibition

Several reuptake inhibitors of VMATs are known to exist, including reserpine (RES), tetrabenazine (TBZ), dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZOH), and ketanserin (KET). It is thought that RES exhibits competitive inhibition, binding to the same site as the monoamine substrate, as studies have shown that it can be displaced via introduction of norepinephrine. TBZ, DTBZOH, and KET are thought to exhibit non-competitive inhibition, instead binding to allosteric sites and decreasing the activity of the VMAT rather than simply blocking its substrate binding site. It has been found that these inhibitors are less effective at inhibiting VMAT1 than VMAT2, and the inhibitory effects of the tetrabenazines on VMAT1 is negligible.

### Clinical significance

#### Pancreatic cancer

The expression of VMAT1 in healthy endocrine cells was compared to VMAT1 expression in infants with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia and adults with pancreatic endocrine tumors. Through immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH), they found VMAT1 and VMAT2 were located in mutually exclusive cell types, and that in insulinomas VMAT2 activity disappeared, suggesting that if only VMAT1 activity is present in the endocrine system, this type of cancer is likely.

#### Digestive system

VMAT1 also has effects on the modulation of gastrin processing in G cells. These intestinal endocrine cells process amine precursors, and VMAT1 pulls them into vesicles for storage. The activity of VMAT1 in these cells has a seemingly inhibitory effect on the processing of gastrin. Essentially, this means that certain compounds in the gut can be taken into these G cells and either amplify or inhibit the function of VMAT1, which will impact gastrin processing (conversion from G34 to G17).

Additionally, VMAT1 is known to play a role in the uptake and secretion of serotonin in the gut. Enterochromaffin cells in the intestines will secrete serotonin in response to the activation of certain mechanosensors. The regulation of serotonin in the gut is critically important, as it modulates appetite and controls intestinal contraction.

#### Protection against hypothermia

Presence of VMAT1 in cells has been shown to protect them from the damaging effects of cooling and rewarming associated with hypothermia. Experiments were carried out on aortic and kidney cells and tissues. Evidence was found that an accumulation of serotonin using VMAT1 and TPH1 allowed for the subsequent release of serotonin when exposed to cold temperatures. This allows cystathionine beta synthase (CBS) mediated generation of H2S. The protection against the damage caused by hypothermia is due to a reduction in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can induce apoptosis, due to the presence of H2S.

#### Mental disorders

VMAT1 (SLC18A1) maps to a shared bipolar disorder(BPD)/schizophrenia locus, which is located on chromosome 8p21. It is thought that disruption in transport of monoamine neurotransmitters due to variation in the VMAT1 gene may be relevant to the etiology of these mental disorders. One study looked at a population of European descent, examining the genotypes of a bipolar group and a control group. The study confirmed expression of VMAT1 in the brain at a protein and mRNA level, and found a significant difference between the two groups, suggesting that, at least for people of European descent, variation in the VMAT1 gene may confer susceptibility. A second study examined a population of Japanese individuals, one group healthy and the other schizophrenic. This study resulted in mostly inconclusive findings, but some indications that variation in the VMAT1 gene would confer susceptibility to schizophrenia in Japanese women. While these studies provide some promising insight into the cause of some of the most prevalent mental disorders, it is clear that additional research will be necessary in order to gain a full understanding.

## InfoBox

| SLC18A1 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | SLC18A1, CGAT, VAT1, VMAT1, Vesicular monoamine transporter 1, solute carrier family 18 member A1, VMAT2 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 193002; MGI: 106684; HomoloGene: 20664; GeneCards: SLC18A1; OMA:SLC18A1 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_001135691
NM\_001142324
NM\_001142325
NM\_003053   NM\_153054   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001129163
NP\_001135796
NP\_001135797
NP\_003044   NP\_694694   Location (UCSC) Chr 8: 20.14 – 20.18 Mb Chr 8: 69.49 – 69.54 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: UV Piscium

abstract: UV Piscium is a binary star system in the constellation of Pisces. With a peak apparent visual magnitude of 8.98, it is too faint to be visible to the naked eye. This is an eclipsing binary system that decreases to magnitude 10.05 during the primary eclipse, then to magnitude 9.54 with the secondary eclipse. It is located at a distance of 232 light years from the Sun based on parallax measurements, and is receding with a radial velocity of 6.5 km/s. The position of this star near the ecliptic means it is subject to lunar occultation. This star was found to be variable by H. Huth in 1959. He determined it to be an eclipsing binary and published the first light curve with a period of 20.67 hours. R. B. Carr in 1969 proposed this to be an Algol-type variable with a minor tidal distortion of the components, plus a large, anomalous asymmetry in the light curve. D. S. Hall in 1976 grouped it among the class of short-period RS CVn binaries. The following year, variable, non-thermal radio emission was detected coming from this system, the first such discovered for a short-period binary. Daniel M. Popper in 1969 found a double-lined, G-type spectrum with both components showing emission in the H and K lines. In 1979, A. R. Sadik deduced the system is a detached binary and suggested a bright, hot spot may produce the observed asymmetry in the light curve. He found stellar classifications of G2V and K0IV for the primary and secondary components, respectively. With improved spectra, Popper found main sequence classes of G5 and K3 for the two stars. The presence of a prominence was deduced in 1992, and a flare of hydrogen alpha was observed the following year. This is a close binary system with an orbital period of 0.86 days. The orbit is circular and the components are spinning rapidly in-sync with their orbital period. This rotation rate is making both stars magnetically active, with average magnetic field strengths of 137 G and 88 G for the primary and secondary, respectively. Magnetic activity cycles appear to be causing the orbital period to oscillate with a 61 year period. The primary is a G-type main-sequence star of about the same size and mass as the Sun, while the secondary is a smaller K-type main-sequence star. They are estimated to be about 4.6 billion years old.

text:
# UV Piscium

**UV Piscium** is a binary star system in the constellation of Pisces. With a peak apparent visual magnitude of 8.98, it is too faint to be visible to the naked eye. This is an eclipsing binary system that decreases to magnitude 10.05 during the primary eclipse, then to magnitude 9.54 with the secondary eclipse. It is located at a distance of 232 light years from the Sun based on parallax measurements, and is receding with a radial velocity of 6.5 km/s. The position of this star near the ecliptic means it is subject to lunar occultation.

This star was found to be variable by H. Huth in 1959. He determined it to be an eclipsing binary and published the first light curve with a period of 20.67 hours. R. B. Carr in 1969 proposed this to be an Algol-type variable with a minor tidal distortion of the components, plus a large, anomalous asymmetry in the light curve. D. S. Hall in 1976 grouped it among the class of short-period RS CVn binaries. The following year, variable, non-thermal radio emission was detected coming from this system, the first such discovered for a short-period binary.

Daniel M. Popper in 1969 found a double-lined, G-type spectrum with both components showing emission in the H and K lines. In 1979, A. R. Sadik deduced the system is a detached binary and suggested a bright, hot spot may produce the observed asymmetry in the light curve. He found stellar classifications of G2V and K0IV for the primary and secondary components, respectively. With improved spectra, Popper found main sequence classes of G5 and K3 for the two stars. The presence of a prominence was deduced in 1992, and a flare of hydrogen alpha was observed the following year.

This is a close binary system with an orbital period of 0.86 days. The orbit is circular and the components are spinning rapidly in-sync with their orbital period. This rotation rate is making both stars magnetically active, with average magnetic field strengths of 137  and 88 G for the primary and secondary, respectively. Magnetic activity cycles appear to be causing the orbital period to oscillate with a 61 year period. The primary is a G-type main-sequence star of about the same size and mass as the Sun, while the secondary is a smaller K-type main-sequence star. They are estimated to be about 4.6 billion years old.

## Further reading

* Kjurkchieva, Diana P.; et al. (February 2005), "Spectroscopic and Photometric Observations of the Short-Period RS CVn-Type Star UV Piscium", *The Astronomical Journal*, **129** (2): 1084–1095, Bibcode:2005AJ....129.1084K, doi:10.1086/427396, S2CID 123212551.
* Lastennet, E.; et al. (October 2003), "Disentangling discrepancies between stellar evolution theory and sub-solar mass stars. The influence of the mixing length parameter for the UV Psc binary", *Astronomy and Astrophysics*, **409**: 611–618, arXiv:astro-ph/0307360, Bibcode:2003A&A...409..611L, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20031114, S2CID 14412880.
* Vivekananda Rao, P.; Radhika, P. (2002), "Long-Term Study of the Starspot Activity on the Eclipsing Short-Period RS Canum Venaticorum Star UV Piscium", *Astrophysics and Space Science*, **282** (1): 103–120, Bibcode:2002Ap&SS.282..103V, doi:10.1023/A:1021194218533, S2CID 118805992.
* Sowell, James R.; et al. (October 2001), "Period Changes in Four Short-Period Spotted Binaries: UV Piscium, YY Geminorum, CG Cygni, and XY Ursae Majoris", *The Astronomical Journal*, **122** (4): 1965–1973, Bibcode:2001AJ....122.1965S, doi:10.1086/323091, S2CID 121917917.
* Radhika, P.; Vivekananda Rao, P. (September 2001), "Long-term study of the starspot activity on the eclipsing short-period RS Canum Venaticorum binary UV Piscium", *Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India*, **29**: 317–322, Bibcode:2001BASI...29..317R.
* Qian, S. B. (2001), Brekke, Pål; et al. (eds.), "Possible Magnetic Activity Cycles of Four Chromospherically Active Binaries: ER Vul, UV Psc, AR Lac and BH Vir", *Recent Insights into the Physics of the Sun and Heliosphere: Highlights from SOHO and Other Space Missions, Proceedings of IAU Symposium 203*, vol. 203, Astronomical Society of the Pacific, p. 437, Bibcode:2001IAUS..203..437Q, ISBN 1-58381-069-2.
* Hughes, S. B.; et al. (December 2000), "An Investigation of Period Changes for Four RS CVn Stars: UV Psc, YY Gem, CG Cyg, and XY UMa", *American Astronomical Society, 197th AAS Meeting, id.46.17; Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society*, vol. 32, p. 1479, Bibcode:2000AAS...197.4617H.
* Heckert, Paul A. (November 1999), "1998 Photometry of UV Piscium", *Information Bulletin on Variable Stars*, **4806**: 1, Bibcode:1999IBVS.4806....1H.
* Frederik, Marina C.; Etzel, Paul B. (May 1996), "A Photometric Analysis and SPOT Model of the Detached Eclipsing Binary UV Leonis", *Astronomical Journal*, **111**: 2081, Bibcode:1996AJ....111.2081F, doi:10.1086/117944.
* Jassur, D. M. Z.; Kermani, M. H. (September 1994), "1992 UBV Observations of UV PISCIUM and Light Curve Analysis", *Astrophysics and Space Science*, **219** (1): 35–47, Bibcode:1994Ap&SS.219...35J, doi:10.1007/BF00657858, S2CID 123087898.
* Jassur, D. M. Z.; Kermani, M. H. (June 1993), "UBV Photoelectric Observations of UV Piscium", *Information Bulletin on Variable Stars*, **3896**: 1, Bibcode:1993IBVS.3896....1J.
* Popper, Daniel M. (August 1991), "Orbits of Close Binaries With CA II H and K in Emission. V. the Main-Sequence System UV Piscium", *Astronomical Journal*, **102**: 699, Bibcode:1991AJ....102..699P, doi:10.1086/115904.
* Han, Won-Yong; Kim, Tu-Hwan (August 1988), "A Photometric Study of UV Piscium", *Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific*, **100**: 964, Bibcode:1988PASP..100..964H, doi:10.1086/132258, S2CID 121457938.
* Akan, M. Can (April 1988), "Two-colour photoelectric photometry of UV PISCIUM and Fourier analysis of its out-of-eclipse light variations", *Astrophysics and Space Science*, **143** (2): 367–376, Bibcode:1988Ap&SS.143..367A, doi:10.1007/BF00637148, S2CID 189850621.
* Ibanoglu, C. (December 1987), "The light curve variations in UV Piscium", *Astrophysics and Space Science*, **139** (1): 139–147, Bibcode:1987Ap&SS.139..139I, doi:10.1007/BF00643819, S2CID 122074474.
* Busso, M.; et al. (September 1987), "A search for non-stellar contributions to the optical and near-IR flux of RS CVn binaries. I. The cases of TY Pyx, UV Psc, RU CNC and VV Mon", *Astronomy and Astrophysics*, **183**: 83–90, Bibcode:1987A&A...183...83B.
* Keskin, V.; et al. (August 1987), "The 1986 Light Curves of UV Piscium", *Information Bulletin on Variable Stars*, **3060**: 1, Bibcode:1987IBVS.3060....1K.
* Antonopoulou, E. (July 1987), "Infrared Photometry of UV-Piscium", *Astrophysics and Space Science*, **135** (2): 335–345, Bibcode:1987Ap&SS.135..335A, doi:10.1007/BF00641569, S2CID 120278242.
* Busso, M.; et al. (February 1986), "Differential rotation and activity cycles in RS CVn binaries. III. UV Piscium and UX Arietis", *Astronomy and Astrophysics*, **156**: 106–110, Bibcode:1986A&A...156..106B.
* Barden, S. C. (March 1984), "The Hα Nature of the Short Period RS CVn Systems HD86590, σ2Cr B, ER Vul and UV Psc", *Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society*, **16**: 473, Bibcode:1984BAAS...16..473B.
* Vivekananda Rao, P.; Sarma, B. K. (February 1984), Hidayat, Bambang; et al. (eds.), "Photometry of the RS-Canum Type Eclipsing Binary UV-Piscium", *Double Stars, Physical Properties and Generic Relations. Proceedings of IAU Colloquium No. 80, held at Lembang, Java, June 3–7, 1983*, vol. 99, no. 1–2, Dordrecht, Holland; Boston: D. Reidel Publishing Company, p. 239, Bibcode:1984Ap&SS..99..239V, doi:10.1007/BF00650248, S2CID 189849102.
* Rao, P. V.; Sarma, M. B. K. (September 1983), "The distortion wave on the light curve of the RS CVn binary UV Piscium.", *Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy*, **4** (3): 161–169, Bibcode:1983JApA....4..161R, doi:10.1007/BF02714902, S2CID 120045877.
* Antonopoulou, E. (September 1983), "Infrared photometry of the RS CVn binaries. III. JHK light curves of UV Psc", *Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series*, **53**: 347–349, Bibcode:1983A&AS...53..347A.
* Zeilik, M.; et al. (February 1982), "1981 UBVR Photometry of UV Psc", *Information Bulletin on Variable Stars*, **2089**: 1, Bibcode:1982IBVS.2089....1Z.
* Aslan, Z. (December 1978), "Photoelectric Times of Minima and the Period of UV Psc", *Information Bulletin on Variable Stars*, **1511**: 1, Bibcode:1978IBVS.1511....1A.
* Al-Naimiy, H.; et al. (April 1978), "Observations of UV Psc and XY Cet", *Information Bulletin on Variable Stars*, **1415**: 1, Bibcode:1978IBVS.1415....1A.
* Sadik, A. R. (January 1978), "UV Psc – a Short Period RS CVn Star", *Information Bulletin on Variable Stars*, **1381**: 1, Bibcode:1978IBVS.1381....1S.

## InfoBox

UV Piscium
|
A light curve for UV Piscium plotted from *TESS* data | |
| --- | --- |
| Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000 | |
| Constellation | Pisces |
|
| Right ascension | 01h 16m 55.119s |
| Declination | +06° 48 42.13 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 8.98 |
| Characteristics | |
| Primary | |
| Evolutionary stage | Main sequence |
| Spectral type | G5V |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| B−V color index | 0.65±0.02 |
|
|
|
|
| Variable type | Detached Algol \+ RS CVn |
| Secondary | |
| Evolutionary stage | Main sequence |
| Spectral type | K3V |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| B−V color index | 1.04±0.07 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Astrometry | |
|  | |
| **Radial velocity (Rv)** | 6.45±0.40 km/s |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: +85.250 mas/yr
Dec.: +20.946 mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 14.0593 ± 0.0236 mas |
| **Distance** | 232.0 ± 0.4 ly
(71.1 ± 0.1 pc) |
| **Absolute magnitude (MV)** | 4.48±0.05 |
|  | |
| Orbit | |
| **Period (P)** | 0.86104716 d |
| **Eccentricity (e)** | 0.0 (assumed) |
| **Inclination (i)** | 88.9±2.0° |
| **Periastron epoch (T)** | 2,448,897.4226±0.0003 HJD |
| **Semi-amplitude** (K1)
(primary) | 117.20±0.18 km/s |
| **Semi-amplitude** (K2)
(secondary) | 154.81±0.37 km/s |
| Details | |
| Primary | |
| **Mass** | 1.0225±0.0058 |
| **Radius** | 1.096 |
| **Surface gravity (log *g*)** | 4.340±0.018 cgs |
| **Temperature** | 5,780±100 |
| **Metallicity** \[Fe/H\] | 0.025±0.066 dex |
| **Rotation** | 0.86 d |
| **Rotational velocity (*v* sin *i*)** | 71.01+0.37
−0.36 km/s |
| **Age** | 4.7 Gyr |
| Secondary | |
| **Mass** | 0.7741±0.0034 |
| **Radius** | 0.829 |
| **Surface gravity (log *g*)** | 4.478±0.019 cgs |
| **Temperature** | 4,750±80 |
| **Rotation** | 0.86 d |
| **Rotational velocity (*v* sin *i*)** | 51.66+1.25
−1.20 km/s |
| Other designations | |
| UV Psc, BD+06°189, HD 7700, HIP 5980, SAO 109778 | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |


title: UV marker

abstract: An ultraviolet (UV) marker is a pen whose marks are fluorescent but transparent; the marks can be seen only under an ultraviolet light. They are commonly used in security situations to identify belongings or to prevent the reproduction of unauthorized banknotes. UV pens can now be bought at some stationery shops to securely mark items of high value in case of theft.

text:
# UV marker

An **ultraviolet** (**UV**) **marker** is a pen whose marks are fluorescent but transparent; the marks can be seen only under an ultraviolet light. They are commonly used in security situations to identify belongings or to prevent the reproduction of unauthorized banknotes. UV pens can now be bought at some stationery shops to securely mark items of high value in case of theft.

## Ink composition

In the past, the ink used in UV markers has been made from various things such as lemon juice, vinegar, diluted blood, or even urine. The main components in improvised inks have included dilute laundry detergent, body fluids, tonic water, and vitamin B-12 dissolved in vinegar.

Modern UV-visible ink uses a fluorescent component derived from materials that glow when exposed to an ultraviolet light. There are different types of UV-visible ink: opaque, semi-opaque, and translucent. All three types contain acrylic monomers which contain a diluent and a photoinitiator to participate in the curing reaction and to respond to UV radiation.

## Mechanism of operation

UV LEDs emitting near-ultraviolet light are used to read messages written by UV markers. The near-ultraviolet radiant energy is also called black light with a wavelength of 380 nm, which falls just outside the visible spectrum. The lamps used have very narrow bandwidth, compared to regular fluorescent black lights. Therefore, UV LEDs are claimed to be completely safe, causing no damage to eyes nor risks of skin cancer. When the black light falls upon UV-visible ink, it makes the ink fluoresce so that it emits visible light, making the message readable by human eyes.

In some cases, people can also use photocopiers to develop UV-visible ink messages, because the scanning head of the machine emits UV light.

## Applications

### Security and authentication

Commercially available UV markers are used to mark things for security purposes, such as to check for counterfeit money and mark property in the event of theft for the purpose of identifying ownership. It is also sometimes used in identifying whether a document is an original or a copy.

UV markers are also widely used on credit cards or lottery tickets for authentication, to help discourage counterfeiting. For example, in the state of Illinois, the lottery tickets are stamped with UV-invisible ink to indicate authenticity. Credit cards are marked with a particular logo or the card type. Moreover, various countries use UV markers to create marks on state issued driving licenses and identity cards to ensure they are authentic. Other applications include retailers marking their items to identify customers who might exchange or return items that were not originally bought from their stores.

### Secret messages

Many people and organizations use UV markers to protect and hide sensitive messages from the public. Especially during the wartime, invisible inks were widely used by militaries to hide secret messages and important addresses.

During World War II, a competition between laboratories to develop the best invisible ink developed between the Allies and the Axis powers. They were desperately trying to develop new, better invisible inks that could only be revealed by a specialized UV light with a very particular range of wavelengths.

### Toilet cleaning assessment

Supervisors may use UV markers to inspect whether the staff has cleaned a toilet properly, and to rate how well the toilet has been cleaned. The marker used in this case is a lotion which is non-toxic and water-soluble, so it can easily be removed by soap and water solutions. The UV marker is usually applied to the underside of the toilet seat, and is not readily visible under regular room lighting. The toilet will later be visually inspected with a hand-held UV light to rank how well the toilet has been cleaned. The inspector will assign a visual score; 1 represents light fluorescence, 2 for moderate, 3 for heavy and 0 represented no fluorescence. This scoring system is based on visual inspection, and an average cleaning score will be calculated. If no cleaning has taken place, the marker will show heavy fluorescence which will at least last for 7 days after it was applied.

## Limitations

Messages written by a UV marker can be discovered by unintended viewers when there is a change of reflectivity of the paper, or a pen scratches marks on the paper. The smell of the ink also reduces the security of secret messages as the hidden messages can be easily found with the help of trained animals.

UV markers should not be used on surfaces that may already contain similar chemicals found in the UV marker ink, such as in high-brightness copier papers. This is because the message will not contrast well on a surface which itself may fluoresce along with the ink when under UV light. Therefore, one should always test in an inconspicuous area to determine results. Similarly, when writing with a UV marker on very smooth and glossy surfaces, the ink will only show an unclear outline of what is written and may be rubbed off easily. This is because the ink is prevented from being deeply absorbed into the surface like it would on a piece of normal paper. Moreover, such messages can be easily visible when exposed under glancing light.

Unlike other invisible inks, which require heat or placing chemical liquid over to reveal the message, the UV invisible ink can be scanned and read quickly with an ultraviolet light source without damaging or changing the surface of the paper. This means that people will not be able to tell or notice if a secret message has been intercepted by a third party.


title: USS General LeRoy Eltinge

abstract: USS General LeRoy Eltinge (AP-154) was a General G. O. Squier-class transport ship for the US Navy in World War II. She was named in honor of US Army general LeRoy Eltinge. She was transferred to the US Army as USAT General LeRoy Eltinge in 1946. On 20 July 1950 she was transferred to the Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS) as USNS General LeRoy Eltinge (T-AP-154). She was later sold for commercial use and operated under the names SS Robert E. Lee and SS Robert Toombs, before being scrapped in 1980.

text:
# USS General LeRoy Eltinge

**USS *General LeRoy Eltinge* (AP-154)** was a *General G. O. Squier*-class transport ship for the US Navy in World War II. She was named in honor of US Army general LeRoy Eltinge. She was transferred to the US Army as **USAT *General LeRoy Eltinge*** in 1946. On 20 July 1950 she was transferred to the Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS) as **USNS *General LeRoy Eltinge* (T-AP-154)**. She was later sold for commercial use and operated under the names **SS *Robert E. Lee*** and **SS *Robert Toombs***, before being scrapped in 1980.

## Operational history

| International radio call sign of<br>***General LeRoy Eltinge*** | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |
| November | Mike | Charlie | Uniform |

*General LeRoy Eltinge* (AP-154) was launched 20 September 1944 by Kaiser Shipbuilding Co., Inc., Yard 3, Richmond, California; sponsored by Mrs. James McCloud; acquired by the Navy and commissioned 21 February 1945.

After shakedown out of San Diego, *General LeRoy Eltinge* departed San Pedro 23 March with 3,100 troops for Calcutta, India, arriving 27 April via Melbourne, Australia. Underway 7 May with more troops, she debarked some at Tinian and others at Guam, before arriving San Francisco 27 June with 1,161 troops embarked at Pearl Harbor. She sailed 20 June for Magic-Carpet duty in the Atlantic, arriving Norfolk 14 July. Between 30 July and 14 September she made two round trips from Norfolk to Marseille, France, to transport 6,206 home-bound veterans. On 29 September she departed Norfolk for Karachi, India, where she embarked veterans for Magic-Carpet passage to the United States, arriving New York 11 November.

Clearing New York 29 November for further duty in the Pacific, *General LeRoy Eltinge* carried replacement troops to the Canal Zone, proceeded to Shanghai and the Philippines and returned to Seattle, Washington, 26 January 1946 with veterans embarked at Manila. On a voyage from 3 March to 6 April she carried rotation troops to Korea and returned veterans to Seattle, before departing 27 April for New York. She arrived 13 May, decommissioned 29 May, was returned to the Maritime Commission and stricken from the Navy List June 1946. In 1949, the General LeRoy Eltinge was used to transport emigrants from Displaced Persons camps of World War II.

Reacquired 20 July 1950, from Maritime Commission *General LeRoy Eltinge* joined MSTS 1 August while operating in the Western Pacific. After joining MSTS, she participated in several major troop and refugee operations. For more than a year she transported troops from Seattle and San Francisco to Japan and Korea. In October 1951 she supported the International Refugee Program, making two trips from New York to Bremerhaven, Germany. The following year she made several runs for the United Nations, including the transportation of Dutch troops from Rotterdam to Korea. During 1953 she carried additional refugees from Bremerhaven to New York and transported Ethiopian and Greek troops to Korea. Her MSTS service continued until she was placed in reduced operational status 26 November 1955 at New York.

*General LeRoy Eltinge* resumed operations between the United States and Europe 18 May 1956. Following the Hungarian Revolution 23 October – 4 November 1956, she supported the refugee relief program; and during December she embarked several thousand refugees at Bremerhaven for passage to the United States. The 2007 documentary film *Freedom Dance*, which follows artist Edward Hilbert and his wife, Judy, during their escape from Hungary includes an account of this voyage of *General LeRoy Eltinge*. The ship suffered through a large storm during the crossing of the Atlantic.

From May to September 1957 she made UN runs to Turkey and Thailand. After the Lebanon crisis of July 1958, she conducted two voyages to Beirut during October to return troops to France and Germany; *General LeRoy Eltinge* had the distinction of hauling the final load of troops out of Beirut.

On November 6th 1957, USS Leroy Eltinge crossed the Arctic Circle to enter the Northern Domain of the Polar Bear.

She continued to operate in support of UN programs through 1959. While en route from New York to İzmir Turkey on 24 August 1960 she assisted in the rescue of 26 survivors from SS *Halcyon Mediterranean*, which had collided with tanker SS *Esso Switzerland* off the coast of Spain. Returning to New York 1 September, she again assumed reduced operational status 26 September.

Following the outbreak of violence in the Belgian Congo in July 1960, *General LeRoy Eltinge* departed New York 20 February 1961 to support the UN peace mission. After lifting a cargo of famine relief supplies to Pointe-Noire, Congo Republic 11 March; she steamed, via Cape Town, South Africa, to Port Swettenham, Malaya and Bombay, India to embark 1207 troops for the UN Congo operations. Departing Bombay 15 April, she debarked troops and supplies at Mombasa, Kenya, and Dar es Salaam, Tanganyika. After operating along the African coast from Nigeria to South Africa, she was released from UN operations and departed Cape Town for the United States 13 May, arriving New York 30 May. She returned to reduced operational status 29 June. Departing New York 16 July 1962, she sailed via the Panama Canal to San Francisco where she arrived 1 August to resume reserve status.

In response to the mounting crisis in South Vietnam, she returned to service 13 May 1965 and embarked from Oakland, CA 2,497 troops of the 101st Airborne Division, an Engineering Battalion, the 510th Engineer Co., Maintenance DS, for Southeast Asia. Painted entirely gray, and not in the best of condition, the ship lost all power on seven occasions and was stranded at sea until it was towed to Midway Island. The troops were allowed to disembark for one afternoon and relax on the beach. They waited for another World War II carrier to take them to Cam Ranh Bay, Vietnam, after stops in Manila and Subic Bay, the Philippines. One of the paratroopers, and many others, wondered what battle General Eltinge had lost to have such an apparently sorry ship named after him.

In late November 1965 *General LeRoy Eltinge* again supported the US escalation in South Vietnam and Southeast Asia through sealifts of men and supplies from west coast ports to the Far East. Her cargo included the 1st Infantry Division, the first full infantry division transported to the Vietnam War. Along with the more than 1,500 infantry troops were selected members of the 519th Military Intelligence Battalion from Fort Bragg, North Carolina. In September 1966, the Eltinge transported the 2nd Battalion (175mm) 94th Field Artillery from San Francisco to Da Nang, Vietnam with a stop at Okinawa. She returned to San Francisco in January 1967, underwent overhaul, was transferred to the Maritime Commission, and was placed in ready reserve status as part of the National Defense Reserve Fleet.

In 1968, *General LeRoy Eltinge* was sold for commercial use to Waterman Carriers, Inc. of New York and rebuilt as a 10,562 gross ton general cargo ship at Portland. In December 1969 she was renamed SS *Robert E. Lee*, and she was renamed *Robert Toombs* in September 1973. In April 1980 the ship was scrapped at Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

* Photo gallery of *General LeRoy Eltinge* at NavSource Naval History

## InfoBox

| USNS *General LeRoy Eltinge* (T-AP-154) leaving Sasebo, Japan, on 30 April 1951 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *General LeRoy Eltinge* |
| Namesake | LeRoy Eltinge |
| Builder |  |
| Launched | 20 September 1944 |
| Sponsored by | Mrs. James McCloud |
| Acquired | 21 February 1945 |
| Commissioned | 21 February 1945 |
| Decommissioned | 29 May 1946 |
| In service | * after June 1946 (Army) * 20 July 1950 (MSTS) |
| Out of service | * 20 July 1950 (Army) * January 1967 (MSTS) |
| Renamed | * SS *Robert E. Lee*, December 1969 * SS *Robert Toombs*, September 1973 |
| Reclassified | T-AP-154, 1 March 1950 |
| Stricken | June 1946 |
| Identification | IMO number: 7027215 |
| Fate | Scrapped 1980 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *General G. O. Squier*-class transport ship |
| Displacement | * As built: 9,950 tons (light), 17,250 tons (full) * Refitted to 13,100 gross tons in 1946 by U.S. Army |
| Length | 522 ft 10 in (159.36 m) |
| Beam | 71 ft 6 in (21.79 m) |
| Draft | 24 ft (7.32 m) |
| Propulsion | single-screw steam turbine with 9,900 shp (7,400 kW) |
| Speed | 17 knots (31 km/h) |
| Capacity | 3,823 troops |
| Complement | 356 (officers and enlisted) |
| Armament |  |


title: Udea suralis

abstract: Udea suralis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Schaus in 1933. It is found in Brazil.

text:
# Udea suralis

***Udea suralis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Schaus in 1933. It is found in Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Udea suralis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Udea* |
| Species: | ***U. suralis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Udea suralis***<br>(Schaus, 1933) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Hapalia suralis* Schaus, 1933 | |


title: Udea stigmatalis

abstract: Udea stigmatalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Wileman in 1911. It is found in Japan, Taiwan and Russia.

text:
# Udea stigmatalis

***Udea stigmatalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Wileman in 1911. It is found in Japan, Taiwan and Russia.

## Subspecies

* *Udea stigmatalis stigmatalis*
* *Udea stigmatalis tayulingensis* Heppner, 2005 (Taiwan)

## InfoBox

| *Udea stigmatalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Udea* |
| Species: | ***U. stigmatalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Udea stigmatalis***<br>(Wileman, 1911) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pionea stigmatalis* Wileman, 1911 | |


title: Udea tachdirtalis

abstract: Udea tachdirtalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Zerny in 1935. It is found in Morocco.

text:
# Udea tachdirtalis

***Udea tachdirtalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Zerny in 1935. It is found in Morocco.

## InfoBox

| *Udea tachdirtalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Udea* |
| Species: | ***U. tachdirtalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Udea tachdirtalis***<br>(Zerny, 1935) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pyrausta tachdirtalis* Zerny, 1935 | |


title: Udea subplanalis

abstract: Udea subplanalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Aristide Caradja in 1937. It is found in Yunnan, China.

text:
# Udea subplanalis

***Udea subplanalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Aristide Caradja in 1937. It is found in Yunnan, China.

## InfoBox

| *Udea subplanalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Udea* |
| Species: | ***U. subplanalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Udea subplanalis***<br>(Caradja in Caradja & Meyrick, 1937) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pionea subplanalis* Caradja in Caradja & Meyrick, 1937 | |


title: USS Radiant (ID-1324)

abstract: USS Radiant (ID-1324) was the proposed designation for a tugboat that never served in the United States Navy. Radiant was a commercial tug built in 1903 by Neafie & Levy at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. During the period of the United States' participation in World War I, the US Navy inspected her for possible acquisition by the Navy and assigned her the hull number ID-1324 in anticipation of commissioning her as USS Radiant. However, the Navy never took possession of her, and she remained in civilian service with her owners, the Atlantic Refining Company of Philadelphia.

text:
# USS Radiant (ID-1324)

**USS *Radiant* (ID-1324)** was the proposed designation for a tugboat that never served in the United States Navy.

*Radiant* was a commercial tug built in 1903 by Neafie & Levy at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. During the period of the United States' participation in World War I, the US Navy inspected her for possible acquisition by the Navy and assigned her the hull number ID-1324 in anticipation of commissioning her as USS *Radiant*. However, the Navy never took possession of her, and she remained in civilian service with her owners, the Atlantic Refining Company of Philadelphia.

1. Photo gallery of USS *Radiant* (ID-1324) at NavSource Naval History

## InfoBox

USS *Radiant* (ID-1324)
| *Radiant* sometime between 1903 and 1917. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Owner | Atlantic Refining Company |
| Builder | Neafie & Levy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Completed | 1903 |
| Acquired | Never |
| Commissioned | Never |
| Notes | Registered as ID-1324 for potential US Navy service |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Tugboat |
| Tonnage | 81 GRT |
| Displacement | 81 tons |
| Beam | 18 ft (5.5 m) |
| Draft | 9 ft (2.7 m) |


title: USS Water Witch (1847)

abstract: USS Water Witch was a steamer in the service of the United States Navy. She participated in the Mexican–American War which lasted from 1846 to 1848.

text:
# USS Water Witch (1847)

**USS *Water Witch*** was a steamer in the service of the United States Navy. She participated in the Mexican–American War which lasted from 1846 to 1848.

## Service history

The second *Water Witch* was a modification of the hull of the first USS *Water Witch* (1845). She entered the Philadelphia Navy Yard late in 1845; had her hull lengthened by some 30 feet; and had all her machinery removed and replaced with a new power plant to drive a Loper propeller. However, that configuration, after some months of experimentation, also proved unsatisfactory and; in 1847, she again traded her propulsion plant for an inclined condensing engine driving conventional side-wheels. She probably was not finally commissioned until 21 August 1847, Lt. George M. Totten in command.

The war with Mexico took her to blockade duty in the Gulf of Mexico where she arrived late in October 1847. At Anton Lizardo, Veracruz, she joined the squadron under Commodore Matthew C. Perry. Late in November and early in December, she cruised to reconnoiter the Veracruz ports of Alvarado and Coatzacoalcos, along the coast of Tabasco, and north to the ports of Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche, and Cd. Campeche in company with *Mississippi* and *Scorpion*. She served with the blockading forces in the Gulf of Mexico through the end of the U.S.–Mexican War in February 1848.

Thereafter, *Water Witch* served in American waters with the Home Squadron. Her much repaired hull prevented her from seeing overseas service, but her career continued until 1851. During the spring of that year, she sailed from Norfolk, Virginia, on a coastal voyage but broke down on her first day out and was towed back to port. She was placed out of commission on 25 April 1851. Her machinery was removed at Washington for use in the third *Water Witch*, and her hull became a target for gunnery practice

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Commissioned | 21 August 1847 |
| Decommissioned | 25 April 1851 |
| Fate | Expended as a target ship |
| General characteristics | |
| Displacement | 255 tons |
| Length | 131 ft (40 m) |
| Beam | 21 ft 10 in (6.65 m) |
| Draft | 7 ft 3 in (2.21 m) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 9 knots (17 km/h; 10 mph) |
| Complement | 54 |
| Armament | * 1 × 8 in (203 mm) shell gun * 2 × 32-pounder guns |


title: USS William Badger

abstract: USS William Badger was a whaler acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. She was used by the Union Navy as a supply ship and ship’s tender in support of the Union Navy blockade of Confederate waterways.

text:
# USS William Badger

**USS *William Badger*** was a whaler acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. She was used by the Union Navy as a supply ship and ship’s tender in support of the Union Navy blockade of Confederate waterways.

## Service history

*William Badger*—a wooden-hulled whaling ship—was purchased by the Union Navy on 18 May 1861 from Henry F. Thomas, at New Bedford, Massachusetts. Built in 1828, it was the last vessel constructed by master shipbuilder William Badger of Badger's Island in Kittery, Maine, so it received the name reserved for that honor. Assigned to the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron, *William Badger* served as a stationary supply ship at Hampton Roads, Virginia, into the summer of 1862.

Late in July, *William Badger*—laden with a "goodly supply of provisions, clothing, and stores" for the ships of the Union Navy maintaining the blockade off Confederate-held Wilmington, North Carolina—was towed by the steamer USS *State of Georgia* to the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron base at Beaufort, North Carolina. She remained there as a supply hulk for the remainder of the Civil War and, on occasion, served as an accommodations vessel. She was sold at auction at Beaufort on 17 October 1865 to a Capt. James Abel, *William Badger* may have been broken up shortly thereafter, as she is not carried on mercantile lists in succeeding years.

* *This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*
* Kurtz, Peter (2013). *Bluejackets in the Blubber Room: A Biography of the "William Badger," 1828-1865*. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-8645-0.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Namesake | William Badger |
| Builder | William Badger |
| Launched | 1828 |
| Acquired | 18 May 1861 |
| In service | 1861 |
| Out of service | 1865 |
| Fate | Sold, 17 October 1865 |
| General characteristics | |
| Displacement | 334 tons |
| Length | 106 ft (32 m) |
| Beam | 26 ft (7.9 m) |
| Depth of hold | 13 ft 3 in (4.04 m) |
| Propulsion | sail |
| Armament | one 32-pounder gun |


title: Uhlunga

abstract: Uhlunga is a monotypic genus of shield bugs belonging to the family Acanthosomatidae. The only species is Uhlunga typica, which is known from Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya, Namibia, and South Africa.

text:
# Uhlunga

***Uhlunga*** is a monotypic genus of shield bugs belonging to the family Acanthosomatidae. The only species is ***Uhlunga typica***, which is known from Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya, Namibia, and South Africa.

## InfoBox

| *Uhlunga* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Heteroptera |
| Family: | Acanthosomatidae |
| Subfamily: | Ditomotarsinae |
| Genus: | *Uhlunga*
Distant, 1892 |
| Species: | ***U. typica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Uhlunga typica***
Distant, 1892 | |
|


title: USS Locust (1910)

abstract: USS Locust was a tugboat built for the United States Navy in 1910 and served on the U.S. West Coast for several years towing coal barges from Tiburon, California to naval activities where the coal was needed.

text:
# USS Locust (1910)

**USS *Locust*** was a tugboat built for the United States Navy in 1910 and served on the U.S. West Coast for several years towing coal barges from Tiburon, California to naval activities where the coal was needed.

## Service history

The first ship to be so named by the Navy, *Locust*—a wooden tug—was built for the Navy by Crawford & Reid.Tacoma, Washington, and placed in service on 5 April 1910. Attached to the Naval Coal Depot, Tiburon, California, the tugboat served at that place, towing coal barges to naval installations along the northwest Pacific Ocean coast. *Locust* was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 6 January 1912 and sold.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Locust* |
| Namesake | Locust |
| Builder | Crawford & Reid, Tacoma, Washington |
| In service | 5 April 1910 |
| Out of service | 6 January 1912 |
| Stricken | 6 January 1912 |
| Fate | Sold 6 January 1912 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Tugboat |
| Length | 80 ft 9 in (24.61 m) |
| Beam | 16 ft 3 in (4.95 m) |
| Propulsion | Marine steam engine |


title: USS Logan

abstract: USS Logan (APA-196) was a Haskell-class attack transport of the United States Navy, named for counties in Colorado, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Ohio, Oklahoma, Nebraska, North Dakota, and West Virginia. The Haskell-class design, United States Maritime Commission standard type VC2-S-AP5, is a sub type of the World War II Victory ship design. The ship was laid down on 27 May 1944 by Kaiser Co., Vancouver, Washington; launched 19 September 1944; sponsored by Mrs. Paul E. Lattner; acquired by the Navy; and commissioned on 14 October 1944.

text:
# USS Logan

**USS *Logan* (APA-196)** was a *Haskell*-class attack transport of the United States Navy, named for counties in Colorado, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Ohio, Oklahoma, Nebraska, North Dakota, and West Virginia. The *Haskell*-class design, United States Maritime Commission standard type VC2-S-AP5, is a sub type of the World War II Victory ship design.

The ship was laid down on 27 May 1944 by Kaiser Co., Vancouver, Washington; launched 19 September 1944; sponsored by Mrs. Paul E. Lattner; acquired by the Navy; and commissioned on 14 October 1944.

## Service history

### World War II, 19441946

After shakedown off Santa Barbara during November, the new attack transport steamed to Pearl Harbor for two months of rigorous training with Vice Admiral Richmond K. Turner's TF 51 in preparation for the assault on Iwo Jima. Departing Hawaii on 26 January 1945, the ship stopped at Saipan, to use that recently liberated rugged atoll for five more days of very realistic training. She left Saipan on 16 February and on the 19th sighted the lamb chop-shaped little island of Iwo Jima, outlined against the morning sky by the battleship barrage that had been pounding the Japanese stronghold for several days. Pulling to within 1,000 yards (900 m) of the volcanic beaches, *Logan* lowered all boats, completing the intricate operation in under 30 minutes. Immediately thereafter, the beachmasters, engineers, and quartermasters were quickly dispatched ashore. During the early afternoon of "D-Day", *Logan* began the daily routine that was to last for nine days; receiving casualties from the beach to be treated by the ship's medical department and meanwhile unloading the vital combat gear as rapidly as possible to the LSMs and LSTs waiting alongside.

For Iwo Jima the ship was assigned to the 23rd Marines of the 4th Marine Division. She landed Hq Company of the 133rd NCB on yellow beach D Day for Shore Party duty. Later, on 21 February, at 0445 hours, The Logan rammed the USS NAPA (APA-157) along frames 98–102. The impact resulted in a 15 foot long hull breach to the NAPA, and extended 10 feet beyond the turn of the bilge. With Minimal damage done to the Logan, she continued her service in Iwo Jima until she received her departure orders. With 200 wounded soldiers resting comfortably in sick bay, the ship departed Iwo Jima on 28 February. Stopping briefly at Saipan, she made Guam on 4 March and debarked the casualties. The next day she sailed back to Saipan to prepare for the assault on Okinawa.

Following three weeks of extensive rehearsals off Saipan and Tinian with Rear Admiral Wright's TG 51.2, *Logan* steamed to Okinawa to feint an assault on the southeastern coast on 1 April, diverting the enemy's attention from the real attack which was made successfully on the western coast during the same day. The same maneuver was again successful the following day. For the next six days, Rear Admiral Wright's group laid off Okinawa, fully prepared, if needed, to reinforce the gallant men already ashore. By 11 April the success of the campaign was assured, and the task group steamed back to Saipan.

The ship was hit by a Japanese Kamikaze and Officer Percy McDonald Scarbrough and others rescued many wounded men in lifeboats. Scarbrough received the Meritorious Service Medal for his heroism and quick thinking.

*Logan* maintained her readiness with exercises off Saipan and in the New Hebrides. Leaving Nouméa, New Caledonia, on 17 July, the ship made the Marianas the 26th, embarked more, than 1,500 troops and 200 wounded from Saipan, Guam, and Tinian, and sailed for CONUS. She reached San Francisco on 13 August, two days before the Japanese surrender.

After V-J Day the tremendous job of occupying Japan and bringing home the veteran troops still faced the Navy. Consequently, *Logan* departed San Francisco on 23 August to embark troops at Pearl Harbor for occupation duty in Japan. She arrived at Honshū on 27 September. On 10 October she proceeded to the Philippines, thence to the Marshall Islands, embarking 1,932 for the passage home. The ship arrived Seattle on 27 October 1945.

In November and again in January 1946, Logan made "Magic Carpet" runs to the Philippines to bring the men home. She was released from "Magic Carpet" on 6 March, decommissioned on 27 November 1946, and joined the Pacific Reserve Fleet at San Francisco.

### Korean War, 19511955

*Logan* recommissioned on 10 November 1951, during the height of the Korean War. After shakedown and refresher training off San Diego, the attack transport departed for Yokosuka, Japan, on 9 April 1952, and arrived 26 April. Three weeks later she moved to Sasebo on the west coast of Japan. From there the ship made a quick 200-mile (300 km) cargo run to Koje-do Harbor, Korea, on 19 May, and returned to Sasebo the next morning.

On 25 June, after returning from Hong Kong, the ship left Sasebo for landing exercises at Inchon, scene of the brilliant amphibious assault during October 1950. Following realistic training in this setting, *Logan* proceeded to the west coast via Sasebo and Yokosuka. She arrived Long Beach on 24 August 1952.

Following nearly a year of amphibious operations, the ship again departed San Diego for Yokosuka on 3 July 1953, just after the s:Korean Armistice Agreement. She made Yokosuka on 25 July. During October she returned to Korea for extensive, month-long amphibious exercises at Inchon. For the next months she operated around Sasebo, then commenced roundabout passage home, stopping at Hong Kong, Manila, Guam, and Pearl Harbor. She arrived Long Beach on 23 April 1954.

During the remainder of 1954, *Logan* exercised with the amphibious forces off the west coast. In January 1955, she steamed to Seattle for inactivation. The ship decommissioned on 14 June 1955 and joined the Pacific Reserve Fleet at San Francisco. She was struck from the Navy List on 1 July 1960 and transferred to the Maritime Reserve Fleet at Suisun Bay, where she remained into 1969.

Logan received two battle stars for World War II service and one for Korean service.

## InfoBox

| *USS Logan* (APA-196) | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Logan* |
| Namesake |  |
| Builder | Kaiser Co., Vancouver, Washington |
| Laid down | 27 May 1944 |
| Launched | 19 September 1944 |
| Commissioned | 14 October 1944 |
| Decommissioned | 27 November 1946 |
| Recommissioned | 10 November 1951 |
| Decommissioned | 14 June 1955 |
| Stricken | 1 July 1960 |
| Honors and
awards |  |
| Fate | Scrapped |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Haskell*-class attack transport |
| Displacement | 6,873 long tons (6,983 t) |
| Length | 455 ft (139 m) |
| Beam | 62 ft (19 m) |
| Draft | 24 ft (7.3 m) |
| Propulsion | * Oil-fired Steam Turbine * 1 Shaft |
| Speed | 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph) |
| Boats & landing
craft carried | 26 |
| Complement | 56 Officers, 480 Enlisted |
| Armament |  |


title: Udwamau

abstract: Udwamau is a village in Lalganj block of Rae Bareli district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located 5 km from Lalganj, the block and tehsil headquarters. As of 2011, it has a population of 1,093 people, in 205 households. It has one primary school and no healthcare facilities. The 1961 census recorded Udwamau as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 628 people, in 89 households and 82 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 594 acres. The 1981 census recorded Udwamau as having a population of 780 people, in 140 households, and having an area of 240.37 hectares. The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.

text:
# Udwamau

**Udwamau** is a village in Lalganj block of Rae Bareli district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located 5 km from Lalganj, the block and tehsil headquarters. As of 2011, it has a population of 1,093 people, in 205 households. It has one primary school and no healthcare facilities.

The 1961 census recorded Udwamau as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 628 people (312 male and 316 female), in 89 households and 82 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 594 acres.

The 1981 census recorded Udwamau as having a population of 780 people, in 140 households, and having an area of 240.37 hectares. The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.

## InfoBox

| Udwamau Udwāmau | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Map showing Udwamau (#855) in Lalganj CD block | |
| UdwamauLocation in Uttar Pradesh, India | |
| Coordinates: 26°08′46″N 80°54′58″E / 26.146076°N 80.916154°E / 26.146076; 80.916154 | |
| Country India | India |
| State | Uttar Pradesh |
| District | Raebareli |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.368 km2 (0.914 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,093 |
| Density | 460/km2 (1,200/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | UP-35 |


title: Ujjanatti

abstract: Ujjanatti is a village in Belgaum district in the southern state of Karnataka, India.

text:
# Ujjanatti

**Ujjanatti** is a village in Belgaum district in the southern state of Karnataka, India.

## InfoBox

| Ujjanatti | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Karnataka |
| District | Belgaum |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayat raj |
| Languages | |
| Official | Kannada |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


title: USS W. L. Messick

abstract: USS W. L. Messick (SP-322) was a minesweeper that served in the United States Navy from 1917 to 1919. W. L. Messick was a wooden-hulled, screw steamer built in 1911 at Norfolk, Virginia, by Smith and McCoy. The U.S. Navy purchased her on April 7, 1917 from Joseph H. Bellows of Reedville, Virginia, for World War I service. Commissioned as USS W. L. Messick on the same day and classified as SP-322, she was assigned to the 5th Naval District and served as a minesweeper in the Virginia Capes area for the duration of World War I. She was subsequently decommissioned and sold on August 27, 1919 to her former owner.

text:
# USS W. L. Messick

**USS *W. L. Messick* (SP-322)** was a minesweeper that served in the United States Navy from 1917 to 1919.

*W. L. Messick* was a wooden-hulled, screw steamer built in 1911 at Norfolk, Virginia, by Smith and McCoy. The U.S. Navy purchased her on April 7, 1917 from Joseph H. Bellows of Reedville, Virginia, for World War I service. Commissioned as USS *W. L. Messick* on the same day and classified as SP-322, she was assigned to the 5th Naval District and served as a minesweeper in the Virginia Capes area for the duration of World War I. She was subsequently decommissioned and sold on August 27, 1919 to her former owner.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *W. L. Messick* |
| Namesake | Previous name retained |
| Owner | Joseph F. Bellows |
| Builder | Smith and McCoy, Norfolk, Virginia |
| Completed | 1911 |
| Acquired | April 7, 1917 |
| Commissioned | April 7, 1917 |
| Fate | Sold August 27, 1919 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Minesweeper |
| Tonnage | 237 tons gross |
| Length | 145 ft 0 in (44.20 m) |
| Beam | 23 ft 0 in (7.01 m) |
| Draft | 9 ft 0 in (2.74 m) mean |
| Propulsion | Steam engine |
| Complement | 36 |
| Armament | 1 × 6-pounder gun |


title: USS W. L. Bartlett

abstract: USS W. F. Bartlett was a schooner acquired by the United States Navy in 1861. W. L. Bartlett was a wooden-hulled Chesapeake Bay schooner acquired by the U.S. Navy on 13 August 1861 at Baltimore, Maryland. The Navy planned to use W. L. Bartlett and 21 other similar craft as blockships at entrances to inlets leading to the North Carolina sounds. The project — the U.S. Navy's first "stone fleet" venture -— ultimately failed. No record of W. L. Bartlett's ultimate fate has been found.

text:
# USS W. L. Bartlett

**USS *W. F. Bartlett*** was a schooner acquired by the United States Navy in 1861.

*W. L. Bartlett* was a wooden-hulled Chesapeake Bay schooner acquired by the U.S. Navy on 13 August 1861 at Baltimore, Maryland. The Navy planned to use *W. L. Bartlett* and 21 other similar craft as blockships at entrances to inlets leading to the North Carolina sounds. The project — the U.S. Navy's first "stone fleet" venture -— ultimately failed.

No record of *W. L. Bartlett*'s ultimate fate has been found.

## InfoBox

| History | |
| --- | --- |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *W. F. Bartlett* |
| Namesake | Previous name retained |
| Acquired | 13 August 1861 |
| Fate | Unknown |
| Notes | Acquired for use as blockship |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Schooner |
| Sail plan | Schooner-rigged |


title: Ulv Galiciefarer

abstract: Ulv Galiciefarer, aka Jarl Galizur-Ulfric, was a Danish jarl, a Viking chieftain who became famous for his raids, looting and pillaging the lands of Galicia in the early eleventh century, perhaps in 1028 or 1048, during the reign of Bermudo III and Ferdinand I of Leon. According to Saxo Grammaticus and the Knýtlinga saga, Galicieulv was grandfather of Boedil Thurgotsdatter, the wife of Eric I of Denmark.

text:
# Ulv Galiciefarer

**Ulv Galiciefarer** (also known as ***Galicieulv*** (Galiciwolf) c. 1000 / 1010), aka Jarl Galizur-Ulfric, was a Danish jarl, a Viking chieftain who became famous for his raids, looting and pillaging the lands of Galicia in the early eleventh century, perhaps in 1028 or 1048, during the reign of Bermudo III and Ferdinand I of Leon. According to Saxo Grammaticus and the Knýtlinga saga, Galicieulv was grandfather of Boedil Thurgotsdatter, the wife of Eric I of Denmark.

## Biography

The Knýtlinga saga is one of the main sources on his life. It states that he left "bravely with his westward to conquer Jakobsland" (the land of Santiago de Compostela). Most likely he was devoted to raiding and plundering with relatively little opposition. Some legends claim that he served as a mercenary for Galician count Rodrigo Romániz, in the assault on Labio Castle, near present-day Lugo, over the riots against Bermudo III. Ulf also helped Romariz against the Basque, achieving victory. The raids continued until Ulf was expelled by bishop Cresconius' troops, but not before looting Redondela monastic communities as on the islands of San Simón (island), Cíes and Toralla enclosures. After his expulsion, the Viking attacks on Galicia fell sharply.

## Family

According to Saxo Grammaticus, Úlfr (Old Norse: Wolf) was of noble family. It is speculated that he was the son of Ulf the Earl.

He married when young with Bothild Håkonsdatter (b. 1014), daughter of the Earl of Lade Håkon Eiriksson. They had a son, Thurgot Fagrskinna Ulfsen (n. 1032). Turgot would become Count Palatine (Leibhauptman des Königs). Turgot's daughter, Bothild Thorgunnsdatter (Bothilda, 1068-1134) married the Danish King Eric I of Denmark. The couple died on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. However, his son, Prince Lavard became Duke of Schleswig.


title: Ulvøya (Oslo)

abstract: Ulvøya is an inhabited island in the inner part of Oslofjord, in the municipality of Oslo. It is located east of the island Malmøya and west of the mainland at Nordstrand. A bridge over the strait Ulvøysundet connects the island to the mainland. The island covers an area of 0.3 square kilometres (0.12 sq mi).

text:
# Ulvøya (Oslo)

**Ulvøya** is an inhabited island in the inner part of Oslofjord, in the municipality of Oslo. It is located east of the island Malmøya and west of the mainland at Nordstrand. A bridge over the strait Ulvøysundet connects the island to the mainland. The island covers an area of 0.3 square kilometres (0.12 sq mi).

## The name

The first element is *ulv* 'wolf' - the last element is the finite form of *øy* 'island'.

59°52′13″N 10°46′23″E / 59.87028°N 10.77306°E / 59.87028; 10.77306


title: Ulvøysund

abstract: Ulvøysund is a village and an outport in the municipality of Lillesand in Agder county, Norway. The village lies on the east side of the Kvåsefjorden on the island of Ulvøya. Just northeast of Ulvøysund is the entrance to the Blindleia inland waterway which leads towards the town of Lillesand. The village is connected to the mainland by road. The nearby village of Ribe lies about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) straight north of Ulvøysund. The village was historically used as an outport along the Skaggerak coast for the large ships that couldn't navigate inland through the archipelago to the towns on the mainland.

text:
# Ulvøysund

**Ulvøysund** is a village and an outport in the municipality of Lillesand in Agder county, Norway. The village lies on the east side of the Kvåsefjorden on the island of Ulvøya. Just northeast of Ulvøysund is the entrance to the Blindleia inland waterway which leads towards the town of Lillesand. The village is connected to the mainland by road. The nearby village of Ribe lies about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) straight north of Ulvøysund. The village was historically used as an outport along the Skaggerak coast for the large ships that couldn't navigate inland through the archipelago to the towns on the mainland.

## History

The oldest sign of activity in Ulvøysund, is an old shipwreck on the approach of Kvåsefjorden. It was archaeologically investigated in 2011 by the Norwegian Maritime Museum, and a piece of a reindeer antler from the finding was later Carbon-14 dated to the period between the years 1020-1030.

In the Middle Ages, Ulvøysund had a permanent population. During the 14th century a bishop from Bergen wrote a letter (that still exists today) saying that he was stuck in Ulvøysund due to the weather. A compass rose carved into the rock on the island of Ulvøya is possibly from the 15th century. The outport is mentioned on Dutch maps from the 16th century as *Wolfsondt*. Ulvøysund's oldest house still standing and it is used as a guest house. The house's oldest parts are probably from the 17th century.

## InfoBox

| Ulvøysund | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| View of the village | |
| UlvøysundLocation of the villageUlvøysundUlvøysund (Norway) | |
| Coordinates: 58°06′49″N 8°12′36″E / 58.1137°N 08.2101°E / 58.1137; 08.2101 | |
| Country | Norway |
| Region | Southern Norway |
| County | Agder |
| Municipality | Lillesand |
| Elevation | 1 m (3 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Post Code | 4770 Høvåg |


title: Ulmus × hollandica 'Macrophylla Aurea'

abstract: The hybrid elm cultivar Ulmus × hollandica 'Macrophylla Aurea' was listed by Bean in Kew Hand-List Trees & Shrubs, ed. 3, 273, 1925 as U. montana var. macrophylla aurea, but without description.

text:
# Ulmus × hollandica 'Macrophylla Aurea'

The hybrid elm cultivar ***Ulmus × hollandica*** '**Macrophylla Aurea'** was listed by Bean in *Kew Hand-List Trees & Shrubs,* ed. 3, 273, 1925 as *U . montana* var. *macrophylla aurea*, but without description.

## Description

A tree with large, golden leaves.

## Cultivation

No specimens are known to survive. An *U. Macrophylla aurea* appeared in the 1904 catalogue of Kelsey's, New York, where it was described as a vigorous tree with a graceful habit and large, distinctive yellow foliage.

## Synonymy

* ?*Ulmus americana macrophylla aurea*: Späth nursery (Berlin, Germany), catalogue 116, p. 125, 190405.

## InfoBox

| *Ulmus × hollandica* 'Macrophylla Aurea' | |
| --- | --- |
| Hybrid parentage | *U. glabra* × *U. minor* |
| Cultivar | 'Macrophylla Aurea' |
| Origin | Europe |


title: UnionBank Plaza

abstract: UnionBank Plaza is an office skyscraper located in Pasig, Philippines. It rises 206 metres (676 feet) from ground level to roof, and is currently the tallest complete building in Pasig, and the 14th-tallest building in the country and Metro Manila as well. The building has 49 levels above ground, and 6 basement levels. True to its name, the bank serves as the headquarters for Union Bank of the Philippines, the seventh-largest bank in the Philippines in terms of assets. Other tenants of UnionBank Plaza include major business process outsourcing companies, like Sykes Enterprises, Branders.com, PCCW, among others. However, the building's main tenant, UnionBank, also maintains some executive offices at the SSS Building in Makati.

text:
# UnionBank Plaza

**UnionBank Plaza** is an office skyscraper located in Pasig, Philippines. It rises 206 metres (676 feet) from ground level to roof, and is currently the tallest complete building in Pasig, and the 14th-tallest building in the country and Metro Manila as well. The building has 49 levels above ground, and 6 basement levels.

True to its name, the bank serves as the headquarters for Union Bank of the Philippines, the seventh-largest bank in the Philippines in terms of assets. Other tenants of UnionBank Plaza include major business process outsourcing companies, like Sykes Enterprises, Branders.com, PCCW, among others. However, the building's main tenant, UnionBank, also maintains some executive offices at the SSS Building in Makati.

## Design and construction

Originally the building is owned and developed by Megaworld Corporation, and was known as the World Finance Plaza, but during construction the project was taken over by Union Properties, Inc., the real estate arm of Union Bank of the Philippines, and was renamed "UnionBank Plaza".

UnionBank Plaza was designed by renowned Filipino architectural firm Recio & Casas, with American architectural firm RTKL Associates as its design consultant. The structural design of the building was handled by British engineering group Ove Arup & Partners in cooperation with local engineering group G.E. Origenes & Associates. Project Management was handled by Union Properties, Inc. headed by Arch't. Cynthia V. Razon with her staff, Arch't Contrino del Carmen, Eng'r. Carlo Salvatierra and Arch't Angelo Torres. Construction Management works were undertaken by Jose Aliling & Associates, a well known project management company in the Philippines.

The building has an 8-level concrete podium as its base, while its main body is fully clad with aluminium unitized curtain wall.

## Amenities

The building has a 6-level basement and 7-level aboveground level parking for its tenants and guests, and has a helipad on the rooftop. The building features an executive skylounge at the 47th floor. Other amenities of the building include function rooms, health club, restaurants, and food court.

## InfoBox

| UnionBank Plaza | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Former names | World Finance Plaza |
| General information | |
| Status | Completed |
| Type | Office |
| Location | Meralco Avenue corner Onyx & Sapphire Streets, Ortigas Center, Pasig, Philippines |
| Coordinates | 14°35′13.45″N 121°3′48.51″E / 14.5870694°N 121.0634750°E / 14.5870694; 121.0634750 |
| Completed | 2004 |
| Opening | 2004 |
| Cost | Php 1,900,000,000 |
| Owner | Union Bank of the Philippines |
| Height | |
| Roof | 206 m (675.85 ft) |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 49 aboveground, 6 belowground |
| Lifts/elevators | 15 |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Recio + Casas Architects, RTKL Associates (design consultant) |
| Developer | Union Properties, Inc. |
| Structural engineer | Ove Arup & Partners, G.E. Origenes & Associates |
| References | |
|  | |


abstract: The United Liberation Movement for West Papua (ULMWP) is an organization formed from the merger of three political independence movements seeking independence for Western New Guinea from Indonesia. The ULMWP was formed on 7 December 2014 in Vanuatu uniting the Federal Republic of West Papua (NRFPB), the West Papua National Coalition for Liberation (WPNCL) and the National Parliament of West Papua (NPWP).

text:
# United Liberation Movement for West Papua

The **United Liberation Movement for West Papua** (**ULMWP**) is an organization formed from the merger of three political independence movements seeking independence for Western New Guinea (West Papua) from Indonesia. The ULMWP was formed on 7 December 2014 in Vanuatu uniting the Federal Republic of West Papua (NRFPB), the West Papua National Coalition for Liberation (WPNCL) and the National Parliament of West Papua (NPWP).

## History

In October 2013, the West Papua National Council for Liberation made an unsuccessful application to join the Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG). Indonesia had earlier been granted observer status in 2011 for Papua (province) and West Papua (province). The MSG advised that West Papua independence organisations must first unite for any future applications to be considered.

In December 2014, three West Papuan independence movement groups united under a single umbrella organisation, the United Liberation Movement for West Papua in Vanuatu.

In February 2015, Bishop Desmond Tutu of South Africa according to Benny Wenda, stated he was shocked that West Papua is still not free. In 2004, the Bishop had asked the UN to review the Act of Free Choice.

In June 2015, the ULMWP was granted MSG observer status as representative of West Papuans outside the country while Indonesia was upgraded to associate member.

In September 2016, at the 71st Session of the UN General Assembly, the Prime Ministers of Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, and the Presidents of Nauru and Marshall Islands, called for UN action on alleged human rights abuses committed on West Papua's indigenous Melanesians. The Solomon Islands stated that human rights abuses were linked to the pursuit for independence, and Tuvalu raised autonomy. Indonesia responded that the allegations were false and fabricated. The Solomon Islands said that Indonesia should give UN special rapporteurs access to West Papua to prove allegations were false.

In October, the UN Committee for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination initiated an early warning and urgent action procedure, and requested Indonesia to formally respond to allegations of racial violence by mid-November, where Indonesia never responded to the UN hearing.

In March 2017, at the 34th regular session of the UN Human Rights Council, Vanuatu made a joint statement on behalf of Tonga, Nauru, Palau, Tuvalu, the Marshall Islands and Solomon Islands raising human rights abuses and requested that the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights produce a report. Indonesia replied that it rejected Vanuatu's allegations. Also, a joint NGO statement was made raising the depopulation of indigenous West Papuans and health and medical services especially in remote areas. Indonesia replied that the allegation of depopulation of Papuan community is simply baseless.

In May 2017, at the Council of Ministers of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP) a joint statement by Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Nauru, Palau, and the Marshall Islands raised human rights abuses which were described as slow-motion genocide and called for a resolution to support self-determination. Papua New Guinea suggested a fact-finding mission. Guinea-Bissau compared the plight of West Papua to East Timor.

In May 2017, eleven New Zealand parliamentarians from four political parties signed the Westminster Declaration, which calls for West Papua's right to self-determination to be legally recognised through an internationally supervised vote.

In September 2017, at the 72nd Session of the UN General Assembly, the Prime Ministers of the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu and Vanuatu once again raised human rights concerns and the Caribbean nation of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Vanuatu called for a Human Rights Council investigation into killings and human rights abuses by Indonesian security forces and appealed to world leaders to support self-determination with the Solomon Islands also calling for self-determination. Indonesia denied all the allegations and stated that West Papua would remain part of Indonesia.

On 26 September 2017, ULMWP spokesperson Benny Wenda claimed that at the United Nations General Assembly he presented a secret petition for self-determination signed by 1.8 million West Papuans to the Special Committee on Decolonization. The Chair of the Special Committee on Decolonisation, Rafael Ramírez, subsequently responded that he had not received a petition and even if one was presented it would be outside the mandate of the committee. Ramírez said that the committee accepts Indonesia's sovereignty over West Papua and that his office had been "manipulated" for political purposes.

On 1 December 2017, Benny Wenda was elected Chairman of the ULMWP following an organisational restructure. Jacob Rumbiak now serves as the International Spokesperson.

On 1 July 2019, the ULMWP announced that earlier in May West Papuan military factions had united under the one command to form the West Papua Army, including the West Papua Revolutionary Army (TRWP), the West Papuan National Army (TNPB) and the West Papua National Liberation Army (TPNPB), with the command to be under "the political leadership of the ULMWP". The TPNPB released a statement in response denying that it had merged and called for a retraction and apology and said it had withdrawn from the ULMWP following a ULMWP summit in Vanuatu in 2017.

On 1 December 2020, the ULMWP announced it was forming a provisional government for the Republic of West Papua with a provisional constitution and that Benny Wenda would be the interim president. However this declaration was rejected and not recognised by other rebel groups such as the TPNPB who stated that the ULMWP and Benny Wenda is a failure, and Benny Wenda is a British citizen and therefore cannot be President of West Papua.

In November 2021, the ULMWP announced its Green State Vision at the COP26 Climate Conference in Glasgow, UK. During a yearly session at the National Parliament of West Papua on 14–17 October 2022 in Jayapura, the ULMWP has set a temporary constitution.

In September 2023, Menase Tabuni was appointed as the new President of ULMWP, replacing Benny Wenda, after a summit in Vanuatu. Markus Haluk was appointed as the new Secretary. Tabuni dissolved the provisional government of West Papua, but pledged to continue the struggle for independence.

The leadership change in September 2023 was disputed by some members of ULMWP who then held a new congress in November 2023 in Jayapura. The Jayapura congress resulted in the reinstatement of Benny Wenda as president of ULMWP.

The Vanuatu summit faction of ULMWP does not recognize the congress in Jayapura and the subsequent reinstatement of Benny Wenda. On 27 November 2023, Menase Tabuni and Markus Haluk announced that ULMWP had suspended Benny Wenda's membership, along with several prominent figures connected to the Jayapura congress.

## Organisational structure

### National Parliament of West Papua

The National Parliament of West Papua (PNWP) incorporates the National Committee for West Papua (KNPB).

### West Papua National Coalition for Liberation

The West Papua National Coalition for Liberation (WPNCL) is a group of organisations seeking independence that was formed on 20 December 2005. Its current Secretary General is Rex Rumakiek.

The Coalition aims to raise the issue of West Papua in Oceania's regional organisations. It is seeking observer status for West Papua at the Melanesian Spearhead Group, which it was granted in 2015, and has announced it would request the Papua New Guinean government to bring up the question of West Papua at the Pacific Islands Forum.

## International support

Vanuatu has been an advocate for the liberation of West Papua. The 11th Prime Minister of Vanuatu, Charlot Salwai, spoke 'in support of West Papuan human rights and self-determination'. Various other pacific leaders also provided their support at the United Nations.

International non-governmental actors have also demonstrated their belief in the cause. Indonesia has criticised Vanuatu for undermining Indonesian sovereignty, but it has not fettered their ongoing political and cultural support.

## InfoBox

United Liberation Movement for West Papua
|
|  |
| Formation | 7 December 2014 – present |
| Type | Independence movement |
| Purpose | West Papuan independence |
| Chairman | Disputed between Menase Tabuni and Benny Wenda |
| International Spokesperson | Jacob Rumbiak |
| Website | Official website |