abstract: Bekenntnis der Professoren an den Universitäten und Hochschulen zu Adolf Hitler und dem nationalsozialistischen Staat officially translated into English as the Vow of allegiance of the Professors of the German Universities and High-Schools to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialistic State was a document presented on 11 November 1933 at the Albert Hall in Leipzig. It had statements in German, English, Italian, and Spanish by selected German academics and included an appendix of signatories. The purge to remove academics and civil servants with Jewish ancestry began with a law being passed on 7 April 1933. This document was signed by those that remained in support of Nazi Germany. Martin Heidegger in his inaugural lecture in May 1933 as ''Rektor'', and who was later in October appointed "Führer of the university", said (translated): "The much celebrated "academic freedom" is being banished from the German university; for this freedom was not genuine, since it was only negative. It meant primarily freedom from concern, arbitrariness of intentions and inclinations, lack of restraint in what was done and left undone. The concept of freedom of the German is now brought back to its truth".

text:
# Vow of allegiance of the Professors of the German Universities and High-Schools to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialistic State

***Bekenntnis der Professoren an den Universitäten und Hochschulen zu Adolf Hitler und dem nationalsozialistischen Staat*** officially translated into English as the **Vow of allegiance of the Professors of the German Universities and High-Schools to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialistic State** was a document presented on 11 November 1933 at the Albert Hall in Leipzig. It had statements in German, English, Italian, and Spanish by selected German academics and included an appendix of signatories. The purge to remove academics and civil servants with Jewish ancestry began with a law being passed on 7 April 1933. This document was signed by those that remained in support of Nazi Germany.

Martin Heidegger in his inaugural lecture in May 1933 as ''Rektor'', and who was later in October appointed "Führer of the university", said (translated):

"The much celebrated "academic freedom" is being banished from the German university; for this freedom was not genuine, since it was only negative. It meant primarily freedom from concern, arbitrariness of intentions and inclinations, lack of restraint in what was done and left undone. The concept of freedom of the German is now brought back to its truth".

## List of institutions

The academics of the following institutions were included as signatories:

## Signatories

There were nearly 900 signatories to the document including the following professors and academics apart from some independent scholars.

### A

Karl von der Aa (Leipzig ), Narziß Ach (Göttingen psychologist), Eberhard Ackerknecht (Leipzig veterinarian), Gustav Aeckerlein (Freiberg physicist), Friedrich Ahlfeld (Marburg geologist), Karl Albrecht (Hamburg), Karl Alnor (Kiel), Hermann Altrock (Leipzig sports trainer), Friedrich Alverdes (Marburg zoologist), Georg Anschütz (Hamburg psychologist), Christian Aretz (Bonn scientist), Emil Artin (Hamburg mathematician), Richard Augst (Dresden)

### B

Ernst Baars (Marburg chemist), Adolf Bach (Bonn Germanist), Heinrich Barkhausen (Dresden physicist), Sophie Barrelet (Hamburg), Julius Bartels (Eberswald geophysicist), Karl Hugo Friedrich Bauer (Leipzig chemist), Lorenz Bauer (Theologian), Friedrich Baumann (Marburg physician), Karl Baumann (Bonn physicist), Max Baur (Marburg pharmacist), Werner Bavendamm (Dresden botanist), Fritz Beckert (Dresden), Hermann Beenken (Leipzig art historian), Paul Johannes Beger (Hannover mineralogist), Johannes Behm (Göttingen theologist), Carl Julius Peter Behr (Hamburg ophthalmologist), Hans Hermann Bennhold (Hamburg), Ewald Berge (Leipzig veterinarian), Walther Bergt (Dresden geologist), Erhard Berndt (Leipzig agronomist), Georg Berndt (Dresden physicist), Luise Berthold (Marburg Germanist), Helmut Berve (Leipzig historian), Theodor Beste (Dresden administrator), Erich Bethe (Leipzig philologist), Kurt Beyer (Dresden civil engineer), Robert Bierich (Hamburg physician), Wilhelm Biltz (Hannover chemist), Ludwig Binder (Dresden electrotechnician), Lothar Birckenbach (Clausthal chemist), Herbert Birtner (Marburg musicologist), Fritz Blättner (Hamburg teacher), Max Le Blanc (Leipzig chemist), Edwin Blanck (Göttingen soil scientist), Wilhelm Blaschke (Austrian mathematician), Hermann Block (Hamburger teacher), Otto Blum (Hannover civil engineer), Werner Blume (Göttingen anatomist), Paul Böckmann (Hamburg Germanist), Ernst Boehm (Leipzig teacher), Gerhard Bohne (Kiel), Gerrit Bol (Dutch Mathematician, Hamburg), Otto Friedrich Bollnow (Göttingen philosopher), Conrad Borchling (Hamburg Germanist), Bruno Borowski (Leipzig Anglicist), Wilhelm Böttger (Leipzig chemist), Kurt Brand (Marburg pharmacist), Erich Brandenburg (Leipzig historian), Wilhelm Braeucker (Hamburg surgeon), Gustav Brandes (Dresden zoologist), Ludolph Brauer (Hamburg aviation medicine specialist), Friedrich Braun (Leipzig Germanist), Hermann Braune (Hannover chemist), Erich Bräunlich (Leipzig orientalist), Gustav Bredemann (Hamburg agronomist), Hellmut Bredereck (Leipzig chemist), Franz Brenthel (Freiberg metallurgist), Roland Brinkmann (Hamburger geographer), Georg Brion (1873–1950, Freiberg), Joachim Brock (Marburg pediatrician), Johannes Brodersen (Hamburg anatomist), Ernst Broermann (Bonn psychologist), Paul Brohmer (Kiel biologist), Leo Bruhns (Leipzig art historian), Otto Brunck (Freiberg chemist), Curt Brunst (Dresden), Eberhard Buchwald (Danziger physicist), Günther Budelmann, Alfred Burgardsmeier (Bonner Kirchenhistoriker), Felix Burkhardt (Leipzig statistician), Otto Burmeister (Rostock teacher), Werner Burmeister (Hamburg art-historian), Adolf Busemann (Dresden aeronatician), Adolf Butenandt (Danzig Chemist and later Nobel prize winner)

### C–D

Hans Freiherr von Campenhausen (Göttingen theologian), Ernst Carlsohn (Leipzig chemist), Wilhelm Cauer (Göttingen mathematician), Peter Claussen (Marburg botanist), Paul Cohrs (Leipzig veterinarian), Hermann Cranz (Mechanical engineer, Hannover), Nikolaus Creutzburg (Geographer, Danzig), Rudolf Criegee (Marburg chemist), Adolf Dabelow (Marburg physician), Hans Dachs (Regensburg), Petrus Dausch (Theologian), Rudolf Degkwitz (senior) (Hamburg physician), Friedrich Delekat (Dresden theologian), Alfred Dengler (Eberswald forester), Georg Dettmar (Hannover technician), Gustaf Deuchler (Hamburg teacher), Paul Deutsch (Leipzig economist), Max Deutschbein (Marburg Anglicist), Hans Diller (Hamburg philologist), Rudolf Dittler (Marburg ophthalmologist), Ottmar Dittrich (Leipzig linguist), Walter Döpp (Marburg botanist), Hans Dörries (Göttingen geographer), Carl Dolezalek (Civil engineer, Hannover), Heinz Dotterweich (Dresden zoologist), Friedrich Drenckhahn (Rostock teacher), Johannes von den Driesch (Bonn teacher), Karlfried Graf Dürckheim (Kiel psychologist), Herbert W. Duda (Leipzig Orientalist), Gerhard Duters

### E

August Eber (Leipzig veterinarian), Margarete Eberhardt (Hamburg teacher), Adolf Eberle (Moral theologian), Georg von Ebert (Nürnberg), Friedrich August Ebrard (Hamburg law historian), Heinrich Eddelbüttel (Rostock biologist), Richard Egenter (Theologian), Rudolf Ehrenberg (Göttingen biologist), Walter Ehrenstein (Danzig psychologist), Hermann August Eidmann (Hannoversch Münden, entomologist), Karl Eimer (Marburg physician, Otto Eiselin (Danzig architect), Ludwig Eisenhofer (Eichstätt theologian), Curt Eisfeld (Hamburg administrator), Ernst Elster (Marburg Germanist), Otto Emicke (Freiberg mineralogist), Josef Engert (Regensburg philosopher), Willi Enke (Marburg psychiatrist), Wilhelm Ernst (Hamburg), Ben Esser (Bonn music teacher), Erich Everth (Leipzig publicist)

### F

Theodor Fahr (Hamburg pathologist), Rudolf Fahrner (Marburg Germanist), Ferdinand Fehling (Lübeck-Hamburger historian), Karl Feist (Göttinger pharmacist), Friedrich Feld (Berlin), Rainer Fetscher (Dresden geneticist), Fritz Fichtner (Dresden art historian), Paul Ficker (Dresden teacher), Otto Fiederling (Hannover architect), Carl August Fischer (Hamburg), Eugen Fischer (physician), Friedrich Fischer (TH Hannover), Otto Flachsbart (Technician TU Hannover), Ulrich Fleck (Göttingen neurologist), Hans Fliege (Marburg dentist), Wilhelm Flitner (Hamburg teacher), Karl Florenz (Hamburg Japanologist), Gustav Flügel (Danzig), Johann Ulrich Folkers (Rostock historian), Alfred Forke (Hamburg Sinologist), Günther Franz (Marburg historian), Otto Franzius (Civil engineer, Hannover), Hans Freese (Dresden architect), Julius Fressel (Hamburg gynaecologist), Joseph Freundorfer (Bishop of Augsburg), Hans Freyer (Leipzig sociologist), Walter Freytag (Hamburg), Ernst Friedrich (Leipzig geographer), Johannes Friedrich (Leipzig Rector), Theodor Frings (Leipzig Germanist), Otto Emil Fritzsche (Freiberg engineer), Gotthold Frotscher (Danzig musicologist), Hugo Fuchs (Göttingen anatomist), Vinzenz Fuchs (theologian), Erwin Fues (Hannover physicist)

### G

Hans-Georg Gadamer (Marburg philosopher), Kurt Gaede (Hannover civil engineer), Paul Gast (Hannover geographer), Julius Gebhard (Hamburg teacher), Arnold Gehlen (Leipzig sociologist), Willy Gehler (Dresden civil engineer), Hans Gehrig (Dresden), Oscar Gehrig (Rostock art historian), Karl August Geiger (moralist), Otto Geißler (Hannover ), Wilhelm Geißler (Dresden civil engineer), Felix Genzmer (Marburg), Herbert Gerdessen (1892– , Rostock), Ernst Gehrhardt (forest researcher), Hans Geyr von Schweppenburg (forest researcher), Gustav Giemsa (Hamburg chemist), Wilhelm Giese (Hamburg), Josef Giesen (Bonn art historian), Otto Glauning (Leipzig), Engelhardt Glimm (1877- , Danzig chemist), Hermann Gmelin (Danzig romanist), Otto Goebel (Hannover), Kurt Göcke (Dresden orthopaedist), August Götte (Clausthal geologist), Arthur Golf (Leipzig), Fritz Goos (Hamburg physicist), Hugo Grau (Leipzig veterinarian), Georg Grimpe (Leipzig zoologist), Waldemar Grix (Danzig electronics engineer), Franz Groebbels (Hamburg physician), Walter Große (Leipzig economist), H. Großmann (Göttingen geneticist), Hermann Großmann (Leipzig economist), Rudolf Grossmann (Romanist) (Hamburg), Eduard Grüneisen (Marburg physicist), Georg Wilhelm Grüter (Marburg ophthalmologist), Herbert Grundmann (Leipzig historian), Georg Grunwald (Regensburg theologian), Adolf Güntherschulze (Dresden physicist)

### H

Rudolf Habermann (1884–1941, Hamburg dermatologist), Fedor Haenisch (Hamburg radiologist), Reinhard Haferkorn (Danzig Anglicist), Konstantin von Haffner (Hamburg zoologist), Jörgen Hansen (Kiel geographer), Karl Hansen (Hamburg teacher), Richard Hanssen (Hamburg ophthalmologist), Richard Harder (Göttingen), Helmut Hasse (Marburg mathematician), Kurt Hassert (Dresden geographer), Edwin Hauberrisser (Göttingen dentist), Herbert Haupt (Leipzig veterinarian), Johann Nepomuk Hebensperger (historian), Erich Hecke (Hamburg mathematician), Otto Heckmann (Göttingen astronomer), Enno Heidebroek (Dresden engineer), Martin Heidegger (philosopher), Robert Heidenreich (Leipzig archaeologist), Georg Heidingsfelder (Eichstätt theologian), Alfred Heiduschka (Dresden food chemist), Willi Heike (1880–1944, Freiberg metallurgist), Franz Hein (Leipzig), Wilhelm Heinitz (Hamburg musicologist), Rudolf Heinz (Hamburg), Heinrich Heiser (Dresden engineer), Emil Heitz (Hamburg), Sven Helander (economist), Gustav Heller (Leipzig chemist), Karl Helm (Marburg Germanist), Eberhard Hempel (Dresden art historian), Johannes Hempel (Göttingen theologian), Friedrich Hempelmann (Leipzig zoologist), Ernst Hentschel (Hamburg zoologist), Eduard Hermann (Göttingen linguist), Ernst Hertel (Leipzig ophthalmologist), Johannes Hertel (Leipzig Indologist), Julius Herweg (Hannover physicist), Alois Herzog (Dresden textile engineer), Franz Heske (Dresden forester), Herbert Hesmer (Eberswald forester), Paul Hesse (Göttingen agronomist), Theodor Hetzer (Leipzig art historian), Max Heuwieser (church historian), Johannes Erich Heyde (Rostock philosopher), Theodor Heynemann (Hamburg gynaecologist), Emil Hilarius (Dresden teacher), Heinrich Hildebrand (Marburg), Leo von Hibler (Anglicist in Leipzig and Dresden), Emanuel Hirsch (Göttingen theologian), Alexander Höfer (Dresden sculptor), Emil Högg (Dresden architect), Otto Hölder (Leipzig mathematician), Cornelius Hölk (Marburg teacher), Robert Höltje (Danzig chemist), Alexander Hoffmann (Leipzig administrator), Hans Hoffmann (Hamburg), Walter Hoffmann (Freiberg), Albert von Hofmann (Marburg historian), Erich Hofmann (Göttingen linguist), Johannes Hofmann (librarian, Leipzig), Paul Hofmann(Dresden), Gustav Hopf (Hamburg dermatologist), Carl Horst (Marburg art historian), Joseph Anton Huber (Dillingen), Alfred Hübner (Göttingen Germanist), Valerius Hüttig (Dresden aircraft engineer), Reinhard Hugershoff (Dresden geodesist ), Karl Humburg (Hannover technician)

### I–J

Edgar Irmscher (Hamburg botanist), Otto Israel-Oesterhelt (Dresden geodesist ), Bernhard Iversen (Kiel music teacher), Arnold Jacobi (Dresden zoologist), Eduard Jacobshagen (Marburg anatomist), Peter Jaeck (Marburg sports researcher), Fritz Jäger (Hamburg sinologist), Erich Jaensch (Marburg psychologist), Walther Jaensch (Berlin sports medicine), Eduard Jahn (botanist), Maximilian Jahrmärker (Marburg psychologist), Eduard von Jan (Leipzig Romanist), Christian Janentzky (Dresden Germanist), Heinz Janert (Leipzig soil scienst), Harro de Wet Jensen (Marburg Anglicist), Christian Jensen (Hamburg physicist), Peter Jensen (Marburg Hittitologist), Gerhard de Jonge (Danzig engineer), Wilhelm Hermann Jost (Dresden architect), Erich Jung (Marburg law expert), Heinrich Junker (Leipzig linguist), Hubert Junker (theologian)

### K

Felix Kämpf (Leipzig physicist), Alfred Kaestner (Dresden zoologist), Alfred Kalähne (Danzig physicist), Paul Kanold (Hannover architect), Helmuth Kanter (Hamburg geographer), Oskar Fritz Karg (Leipzig Germanist), August Karolus (Leipzig physicist), Walter Kayser (Berlin sports researcher), Eduard Keeser (Hamburg pharmacologist), Karl Kegel (Freiberg mining engineer), Erwin Kehrer (1874–1959, Marburg gynaecologist), Egon Keining (Hamburg dermatologist), Gustav Keppeler (Hannover chemist), Otto Kestner (Hamburg physician), Karl Kiefer (Eichstätt theologian), Hans Kienle (Göttingen astronomer), Sebastian Killermann (PTH Regensburg, theologian), Heinz Kindermann (Danzig), Karl Kindler (Hamburg pharmacologist), Paul Kirn (Leipzig historian), Walter Rudolf Kirschbaum (Hamburg neurologist), Otto Kirschmer (Dresden physicist), Julius Kister (Hamburg bacteriologist), Rudolf Klapp (Marburg surgeon), Heinrich Klebahn (Hamburg mycologist), Johannes Klein (Marburg), Ludwig Klein (Hannover machine maker), Otto Klemm (Leipzig psychologist), Wilhelm Klemm (Danzig), Felix Klewitz (Marburg physician), Martin Klimmer (Leipzig veterinarian), Erich Klinge(Berlin-Charlottenburg), August Klingenheben (Hamburg Africanist), Friedrich Klingner (Leipzig philologist), Otto Kloeppel (Danzig architect), August Klughardt (1887–1970, Dresden optician), Friedrich Knauer (Hamburg), Alfred Kneschke (Dresden mathematician), Hans Otto Kneser (Marburg physicist), Werner Kniehahn (Dresden machine maker), Hugo Wilhelm Knipping (Hamburg Internist), Wilhelm Knoll (Hamburg sports medicine specialist), Emil Koch (Hamburg geographer), Peter Paul Koch (Hamburg physicist), Carl Walter Kockel (Leipzig geologist), Paul Koebe (Leipzig mathematician), Franz Kögler (Freiberg civil engineer), Walter König (Dresden), Max Koernicke (Bonn agronomist), Alfred Körte (Leipzig philologist), Rudolf Kötzschke (Leipzig historian), Friedrich Kolbeck (Freiberg geologist), Willy Kolz (Rostock teacher), Harald Koschmieder (Danzig meteorologist), Walter Kossel (Danzig physicist), Franz Kossmat (Leipzig geologist), Gerhard Kowalewski (Dresden mathematician), Maximilian Krafft (Marburg mathematician), Werner Krauss (Romanist) (Marburg), Erich Krenkel (Leipzig geologist), Ernst Kretschmer (Marburg psychiatrist), Julius Krieg (Regensburg theologian), Martin Kröger (Leipzig chemist), Felix Krueger (Leipzig psychologist), Fritz Krüger (Romanist) (Hamburg), Gerhard Krüger (Marburg), Friedrich Küch (Marburg archivist), Karl Küpfmüller (Danzig electrotechnician), Hermann Kümmell (Hamburg surgeon), Josef Kürzinger (Eichstätt theologian), Hans Kuhn (Marburger Germanist), Friedrich Kutscher (Marburg), Karl Kutzbach (Dresden machinist)

### L

Max Otto Lagally (Dresden mathematician), Albrecht Langelüddeke (Hamburg psychiatrist), Otto Lauffer (Hamburg folklorist), Fritz Laves (Göttingen mineralogist), Joseph Lechner (Eichstätt canon), Kurt Leese (Hamburg philosopher), Bruno Lehmann (Dresden), Max Rudolf Lehmann (Nürnberg economist), Rudolf Lehmann (Leipzig ethnologist), Walther Lehmann (Hamburg), Erich Lehmensick (Kiel teacher), Hans Lemmel (Eberswalde), Wilhelm Lenz (Hamburg physicist), Philipp Lersch (Leipzig psychologist), E. H. Lieber, Otto Lienau (Danzig ship builder), Paul Lindemann (Hamburg), Joseph Lippl (Regensburg Old Testament scholar), Hans Lipps (Marburg philosopher), Friedrich Lipsius (philosopher), Theodor Litt (philosopher), Helmut Loebell (Marburg physician), Ernst Lommatzsch (Marburg philologist), Hans Lorenz (Danzig engineer), Alexander Lorey (Hamburg radiologist), Alfred Lottermoser (Dresden chemist), Heinrich Lottig (Hamburg physiologist), Rudolf Lütgens (Hamburg geographer), Robert Luther (Dresden)

### M

Gerhard Mackenroth (Marburg jurist), Johannes Madel (Freiberg geologist), Dietrich Mahnke (Marburg philosopher), Erich Manegold (Göttingen chemist), Johann Wilhelm Mannhardt (Folklorist), Otto Mattes (Marburg zoologist), Eduard Maurer (Freiberg metallurgist), Friedrich Mauz (Marburg psychiatrist), Kurt May (Göttingen Germanist), Martin Mayer (Hamburg physician), Franz Xaver Mayr (Eichstätt), Hans Mayer-Wegelin (Hannoversch Münder forest researcher), Harry Maync (Marburg Germanist), Rudolf Meerwarth (Leipzig statistician), Hans Meerwein (Marburg chemist), Carl Meinhof (Hamburg Africanist), Edwin Meister (Dresden textile engineer), Konrad Mellerowicz (Berlin economist), Gerhard Menz (Leipzig economist), Heinrich Menzel (Dresden chemist), Eugen von Mercklin (Hamburg archaeologist), Walther Merk (Marburg jurist), Adolf Meyer (Hamburg biologist), Hans Meyer (Hamburg), Heinrich Meyer-Benfey (Hamburg Germanist), Adolf Meyn (Leipzig veterinarian), Fritz Micheel (Göttingen chemist), Eugen Michel (Hannover architect), Heinrich von Minnigerode (Marburg jurist), Hermann Mirbt (Göttingen jurist), Waldemar Mitscherlich (Göttingen political scientist), Max Mitterer (Passau theologian), Walther Mitzka (Marburg linguist), Willy Möbius (Leipzig physicist), Hans Georg Möller (Hamburg), Eugen Mogk (Leipzig Nordist), Bruno Moll (Leipzig economist), Wilhelm Mommsen (Marburg historian), Max Momsen (Kiel teacher), Lorenz Morsbach (Göttingen Anglicist), Adolf Muesmann (Dresden architect), Peter Mühlens (Hamburg public health), Conrad Müller (Hannover mathematician), Erich Müller (Chemist), Friedrich Müller (Dresden), Kurt Müller (Göttingen), Wilhelm Müller-Lenhartz (Leipzig agronomist), Paul Mulzer (Hamburg dermatologist), Karl Mylius (Hamburg)

### N

Alwin Nachtweh (Hannover engineer), Adolph Nägel (Dresden engineer), Emil Naetsch (Dresden mathematician), Ernst Georg Nauck (Hamburg physician), Hans Naujoks (Marburg gynaecologist), Friedrich Neesen (Danzig civil engineer), Walter Nehm (Clausthal mine surveyor), Harald Nehrkorn (Hamburg mathematician), Friedrich Wilhelm Neuffer (Dresden civil engineer), Willy Neuling (Hamburg economist), Ernst Richard Neumann (Marburg mathematician), Friedrich Neumann (Germanist) (Göttingen), Johannes Neumann (Hamburg veterinarian), Kurt Neumann (Hannover engineer), Rudolf Otto Neumann (Hamburg bacteriologist), Karl Nieberle (Leipzig veterinarian), Arthur Philipp Nikisch (Dresden jurist), Hermann Noack (Hamburg), Johannes Nobel (Marburg Indologist), Bernhard Nocht (Hamburg tropical medicine specialist), Max Nordhausen (Marburg botanist)

### O–P

Karl Justus Obenauer (Leipzig Germanist), Erich Obst (Hannover geographer), Franz Oehlecker (Hamburg haematologist), Julius Oelkers (Hannoversch Münder forest researcher), Fritz Oesterlen (Hannover engineer), Wolfgang Ostwald (Leipzig chemist), Max Pagenstecher (Hamburg jurist, Georg Pallaske (Leipzig veterinarian), Giulio Panconcelli-Calzia (Hamburg phonetician), Erwin Papperitz (Freiberg mathematician), Erich Parnitzke (Kiel art teacher), Enrique Paschen (Hamburg physician), Siegfried Passarge (Hamburg geographer and folklorist), Walther Pauer (Dresden energy researcher), Gustav Pauli (Hamburg art historian), Friedrich Peemöller (Hamburg physician), Balduin Penndorf (Leipzig economist), Hans Pesta (Hamburg teacher), Rudolf Peter (Hamburg teacher), Ulrich Peters (Kiel rector), Richard Petersen (Danzig engineer), Hans Petersson (Hamburg mathematician), Robert Petsch (Hamburg Germanist), Heinrich Pette (Hamburg neurologist), Wilhelm Pfannenstiel (Marburg eugenicist), Georg Pfeilschifter (München church historian), Kurt Pietzsch (Leipzig geologist), Wilhelm Pinder (München art historian), Hans Plischke (Göttingen ethnologist), Ernst Pohlhausen (Danzig mathematician), Hermann Potthoff (Hannover engineer), Georg Prange (Hannover mathematician), Julius Precht (Hannover physicist), Heinrich Prell (Dresden forester), Anton von Premerstein (Marburg historian), Edgar Pröbster (Leipzig orientalist), Arthur Pröll (Hannover aircraft engineer), Arthur Prüfer (Leipzig musicologist)

### R

Paul Rabe (Hamburg), Michael Rackl (Eichstätt theologian), Georg Raederscheidt (Director of the Bonn academy of pedagogy), Berthold Rassow (Leipzig chemist), Fritz Rauda (Dresden architect), Hans Rebel (Göttingen dentist), Otto Reche (Leipzig anthropologist), Joachim von Reckow (Marburg dentist), Konstantin Reichardt (Leipzig Nordist), Eduard Reichenow (Hamburg biologist), Ferdinand Reiff (Marburg chemist), Adolf Rein (Hamburg historian), Hermann Rein (Göttingen physician), Richard Reinhardt (Leipzig veterinarian), Richard Reisig (Leipzig teacher), Viktor Rembold (Danzig ship builder), Heinrich Remy (Hamburg chemist), Theodor Remy (Bonn forester), Oscar Reuther (Dresden archaeologist), Johannes Max Hugo Richter (Leipzig), Paul Riebesell (Hamburg actuary), Wilhelm Rieder (Hamburg surgeon), August Rippel (Göttingen microbiologist), Curt Risch (Hannover railway engineer), Eberhard Rimann (Dresden geologist), Curt Risch (Hannover civil engineer), Joachim Ritter (Hamburg philosopher), Erich Rix (Marburg pathologist), Ernst Roedelius (Hamburg surgeon), Karl Röder (Hannover engineer), Fritz Rössel (Hamburg physician), Georg Rohde (Marburg philologist), Hermann Rose (Hamburg geologist), Heinrich Roth (Elektrotechnician) (Danzig, 1880–1945), Konrad Rubner (Dresden forester), Hans Rudolphi (Leipzig geographer), Georg Rüth (Dresden engineer), Alfred Ruete (Marburg dermatologist), Wilhelm Ruhland (Leipzig botanist), Max Rumpf (Nürnberg sociologist), Hermann Gustav Runge (Hamburg physician)

### Sa–Sch

Ewald Sachsenberg (Dresden academic administrator), Horst von Sanden (Hannover mathematician), Curt Sandig (Leipzig economist), Heinrich Sauer (Hamburg), Ferdinand Sauerbruch (Berlin physician), Erich Schäfer (Nürnberg economist), Karl Theodor Schäfer (Regensburg theologian), Wilhelm Schäperclaus (Eberswald zoologist), Carl Schall (Leipzig chemist), Georg Schaltenbrand (Hamburg neurologist), Johannes Scheffler (Dresden), Johannes Scheiber (Leipzig chemist), Walter Scheidt (Hamburg eugenicist), Georg Scheller (Nürnberg), Martin Schenck (Leipzig chemist), Harald Schering (Hannover technician), Siegmund Schermer (Göttingen veterinarian), Karl-Hermann Scheumann (Leipzig geologist), Carl Arthur Scheunert (Leipzig veterinarian), Eberhard Freiherr von Scheurl (Nürnberg jurist), Martin Schieblich (Leipzig veterinarian), Ernst Schiebold (Leipzig mineralogist), Carl Schiffner (Freiberg metallurgist), Ludwig Schiller (Leipzig physicist), Bernhard Schilling (Dresden mathematician), Friedrich Schilling (Danzig mathematician), Werner Schingnitz (Leipzig philosopher), Arthur Schleede (Leipzig chemist), Carl Schlieper (Marburg zoologist), Josef Schmid (Dillingen theologian), Ernst Schmidt (Danzig physicist), Harry Schmidt (Leipzig chemist), Johannes Schmidt (Leipzig veterinarian), Jonas Schmidt (Göttingen zoologist), Werner Schmidt (Eberswalde forest researcher), Wolfgang Schmidt-Hidding (Marburg Anglicist), G. Schmitthenner, Eugen Schmitz (Dresden musicologist), Leonhard Schmöller (Passau theologian), Friedrich Schneider (Bonn), Hermann Schneider (Leipzig philosopher), Paul Schneider (Hamburg), Wilhelm Schneider-Windmüller (Bonn), Franz Schob (Dresden psychologist), Roland Scholl (Dresden), Richard Scholz (Leipzig historian), Richard Schorr (Hamburg astronomer), Gerhard Schott (Hamburg oceanographer), Hugo Schottmüller (Hamburg bacteriologist), Friedrich Schreiber (Dresden), Alfred Schröder (Dillingen theologian), Bruno Schröder (Dresden archaeologist), Edward Schröder (Göttingen Germanist), Joseph Schröffer (Eichstätt theologian), Paul Schubring (Hannover art historian), Walther Schubring (Hamburg Indologist), Levin Ludwig Schücking (Leipzig Anglicist), Alfred Schüz (Hamburg historian), Hans Schulten (Hamburg internist), Bruno Schultz (Dresden economist), Helmut Schultz (Leipzig, musicologist), Ernst Schultze (Leipzig), Walter Schultze (Hamburg teacher), Leonhard Schultze-Jena (Marburg zoologist), Otto Theodor Schulz (Leipzig historian), Alfred Schulze (Marburg Romanist), Franz Arthur Schulze (Marburg physicist), Otto Schulze (Danzig), Gerhard Schulze-Pillot (Danzig engineer), Paul Schulz-Kiesow (Hamburg researcher), Rudolf Schulz-Schaeffer (Marburg jurist), Friedrich Schumacher (Geologist, Freiberg), Otto Schumm (Hamburg chemist), Kurt Schwabe (Dresden chemist), Carl Leopold Schwarz (Hamburg public health specialist), Paul Schwarz (Leipzig Orientalist), Bernhard Schweitzer (Leipzig archaeologist), Alfred Schwenkenbecher (Marburg Internist), Friedrich Schwerd (Hannover engineer), Wilhelm Schwinning (Dresden metallurgist)

### Se-Sz

Wilhelm Seedorf (Göttingen agroeconomist), Walter Seiz (Danzig engineer), Emil Sieg (Göttingen Indo-Germanist), Arthur Simon (Dresden chemist), Aladar Skita (Hannover chemist), Alexander Snyckers (Belgian linguist), Emil Sörensen (Dresden engineer), Max Graf zu Solms (Marburg sociologist), Julius Sommer (Danzig mathematician), Curt Sonnenschein (Hamburg tropical medicine specialist), Adolf Spamer (Dresden Germanist), Curt Sprehn (Leipzig veterinarian), Paul Ssymank (Göttingen historian), Franz Stadtmüller (Göttingen anatomist), Martin Stammer (Rostock theologian), Otto Hermann Steche (Leipzig zoologist), Kurt Steinbart (Marburg art historian), Martha Steinert (Kiel teacher), Wilhelm Steinkopf (Dresden chemist), Edmund E. Stengel (Marburg historian), Hermann Stephani (Marburg musicologist), Johannes Evangelist Stigler (Eichstätt mathematician), Hans Stobbe (Leipzig chemist), Karl Stöckl (Regensburg physicist), Rose Stoppel (Hamburg botanist), Werner Straub (Dresden psychologist), Reinhard Strecker (Eberswald), Wilhelm Strecker (Marburg chemist), Rudolf Streller (Leipzig economist), Hermann Stremme (Danzig soil scientist), Bernhard Struck (Dresden folklorist), Fritz Stückrath (Hamburg teacher), Otto Stutzer (Freiberg geologist), Paul Sudeck (Hamburg surgeon), Heinrich Süchting (Hannoversch Münden soil scientist), Karl Süpfle (Dresden public health expert), Heinrich Sulze (Dresden civil engineer), Karl Friedrich Suter (Leipzig art historian)

### T–U

Ernst Tams (Hamburg geophysicist), Jehangir S. Tevadia (Hamburg Indologist), Horst Teichmann (Dresden physicist), Fritz Terhalle (Hamburg economist), Adolf Teuscher (Dresden teacher), Karl Thalheim (Leipzig economist), Alfred Thiel (Marburg chemist), Hermann Thiersch (Göttingen archaeologist), Georg Thilenius (Hamburg folklorist), Arthur Thost (Hamburg physician), William Threlfall (British Mathematician in Dresden), Friedrich Tobler (Dresdnen botanist), Maximilian Toepler (Dresden physicist), Rudolf Tomaschek (Marburg physicist), Reinhold Trautmann (Leipzig Slavist), Erich Trefftz (Dresden mathematician), Emil Treptow (Freiberg mining engineer), Karl Tripp (Marburg biologist), Walter Ehrenreich Tröger (Dresden mineralogist), Carl von Tyszka (Hamburg economist), Hans Ueberschaar (Leipzig Japanologist), Jakob Johann von Uexküll (Hamburg environmental researcher), Walther Uffenorde (Marburg physician), Wolfgang Heinz Uhlitzsch (Freiberg), Egon Ullrich (Marburg Mathematician), Hermann Ullrich (Leipzig botanist), Adalbert von Unruh (Göttingen jurist)

### V

Siegfried Valentiner (Clausthal physicist), Max Versé (Marburg physician), Wilhelm Vershofen (Economist), Wilhelm Ernst Vetter (Dresden theologian), Ernst Vetterlein (Hannover architect), Hermann Vogel (Göttingen agronomist), Paul Vogel (1877–1960; Leipzig teacher), Richard Vogel (Dresden), Rudolf Vogel (Göttingen physicist), Sebastian Vogl (Passau historian), Eckhardt Vogt (Marburg physicist), Walter Voigtländer (Dresden teacher), Hans Volkelt (Leipzig psychologist), Wilhelm Volz (Leipzig geographer), Friedrich Voß (Göttingen entomologist), Otto Voss (Hamburg neurosurgeon)

### W

Friedrich Wachtsmuth (Marburg art historian), Kurt Wagner (Marburg Germanist), Friedrich August Wahl (Marburg gynaecologist), Gustav Wahl (Hamburg librarian), Bernhard Walde (Dillingen theologian), Michael Waldmann (Regensburg theologian), Andreas Walther (Hamburg sociologist), Paul Erich Wandhoff (Freiberg geographer), Otto Wawrziniok (Dresden metallurgist), Anton Weber (Dillingen), Constantin Weber (Dresden mechanic), Ewald Weber (Leipzig veterinarian), Hermann Weber (TH Danzig), Werner Weber (Göttingen mathematician), Edgar Wedekind (Hannoversch Münden chemist), Rudolf Wedekind (Marburg palaeontologist), Emil Wehrle (Marburg jurist), Ludwig Weickmann (Leipzig geophysicist), Walther Weigelt (Freiberg), Walter Weigmann (Leipzig economist), Karl Friedrich Weimann (Leipzig historian), Paul Weinrowsky (Kiel physicist), Franz Heinrich Weißbach (Leipzig Orientalist), Friedrich Weller (Leipzig Indologe), Hermann Wendorf (Leipzig historian), Ferdinand von Werden (Eichstätt art historian), Paul Werkmeister (Dresden engineer), Otto Westphal (Hamburg historian), Wilhelm Weygandt (Hamburg psychiatrist), Georg Wiarda (Dresden mathematician), Paul Wichmann (Hamburg dermatologist), Walter Wickop (Hannover architect), Eilhard Wiedemann (Eberswald), Kurt Wiedenfeld (Leipzig economist), Gebhardt Wiedmann (Dresden physicist), Heinrich Wienhaus (Göttingen chemist), Friedrich Adolf Willers (Freiberg mathematician), Hans Winkler (Hamburg botanist), Hugo Wippler (Leipzig artist), Wilhelm Wirth (Leipzig philosopher), Hans Adolf Wislicenus (Dresden forester), Karl Wittmaack (Hamburg physician), Michael Wittmann (Eichstätt), Georg Wobbermin (Göttingen theologian), Gerhard Wörner (Leipzig jurist), Georg Wohlmuth (Eichstätt philosopher), Walther Wolf (Leipzig Egyptologist), Ludwig Wolff (Göttingen Germanist), Max Wolff (Eberswald zoologist), Richard Woltereck (Leipzig zoologist), Ferdinand Wrede (Marburg linguist), Heinz-Georg Wünscher (Leipzig veterinarian), Feodor Wünschmann (Leipzig economist), Heinz Wulf (Hamburg physician), Wunniger, Franz Wutz (Eichstädt theologian), Johann Wysogorski (Hamburg geologist)

### Z

Eduard Zarncke (Leipzig philologist), Rudolph Zaunick (Dresden librarian), Oskar Zdralek (Dresden engineer), Egmont Zechlin (Marburg historian), Paul Zenetti (Dillingen geologist), Peter Zepp (Bonn geographer), Erich Ziebarth (Hamburg historian), Hans-Willi Ziegler (Rostock psychologist), Ludwig Zimmermann (Marburg historian), Waldemar Zimmermann (Hamburg), Friedrich Zoepfl (Dillingen church historian), Ernst Zyhlarz (Hamburg Africanist)


title: Thomas Jay Ryan

abstract: Thomas Jay Ryan is an American actor. He may be best known for his starring role in the 1997 film Henry Fool.

text:
# Thomas Jay Ryan

**Thomas Jay Ryan** (born August 1, 1962) is an American actor. He may be best known for his starring role in the 1997 film *Henry Fool*.

## Early life and education

Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Ryan attended Carnegie Mellon University and has worked in such theaters as the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis and the Yale Repertory Theatre in New Haven. In addition, he has worked with avant garde playwright Richard Foreman and has played roles ranging from Dracula to Degas.

## Career

Ryan had supporting roles in a variety of films, including *Teknolust*, *Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind*, *The Book of Life*, *Dream Boy*, and the sequels to *Henry Fool*, *Fay Grim* (2007) and *Ned Rifle* (2014).

He played pioneering gay activist Harry Hay in the initial production of the play *The Temperamentals* in 2009 in New York. In 2016, Ryan played Thomas Putnam in Ivo van Hove's production of Arthur Miller's play *The Crucible* at the Walter Kerr Theatre on Broadway. In 2019 he appeared in the off-Broadway play *Eureka Day*.

From August 8-25 2023, Ryan performed as Serebryakov in Uncle Vanya, a off-off broadway production in an unmarked Manhattan loft. He replaced Bill Irwin, who had performed the role earlier in the summer.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1997 | *Henry Fool* | Henry Fool |  |
| 1998 | *The Book of Life* | Satan |  |
| 2000 | *The Legend of Bagger Vance* | Spec Hammond |  |
| 2001 | *Dischord* | Jimmy |  |
| 2002 | *New World Order* | Zeus |  |
| 2002 | *Teknolust* | Preacher |  |
| 2004 | *Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind* | Frank |  |
| 2005 | *The Dying Gaul* | Uncredited |  |
| 2005 | *The Pigs* | Larry Wemuth |  |
| 2006 | *Fay Grim* | Henry Fool |  |
| 2007 | *Strange Culture* | Steve Kurtz |  |
| 2007 | *The Attic* | Dr. Perry |  |
| 2008 | *Dream Boy* | Harland Davies |  |
| 2008 | *South of Heaven* | Hood 2 |  |
| 2009 | *My Sweet Misery* | Psychologist |  |
| 2014 | *Ned Rifle* | Henry Fool |  |
| 2014 | *Sabbatical* | Dan Keaton |  |
| 2015 | *Equals* | Gideon |  |
| 2015 | *The Missing Girl* | Stan Colvins |  |
| 2016 | *Burn Country* | Dmitri Sokurov |  |
| 2018 | *Dedalus* | Older unrequited lover | Part 2 of triptych |
| 2018 | *My Entire High School Sinking into the Sea* | Principal Grimm | Voice |
| 2020 | *The Return of Tragedy* | Chef de la police |  |
| 2021 | *Cryptozoo* | Nicholas | Voice |
| 2021 | *Scenes from an Empty Church* | Father James |  |
| 2021 | *Ghostwritten* | Martin |  |
| 2024 | *Darla in Space* | Arnot Pickens |  |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1998 | *Degas and the Dancer* | Edward Degas | Television film |
| 1999 | *Mary Cassatt: An American Impressionist* | | |
| 2012 | *Elementary* | Ken Whitman | Episode: "Dead Mans's Switch" |
| 2014 | *Nurse Jackie* |  | Episode: "Rat on a Cheeto" |
| 2016 | *The Good Wife* | Ed Janoway | Episode: "Targets" |
| 2017 | *Blue Bloods* | Judge Carter Metcalf | Episode: "Love Lost" |

## InfoBox

| Thomas Jay Ryan | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1962-08-01) August 1, 1962<br>Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Education | Carnegie Mellon University |
| Occupation | Actor |


title: Thomas Fraser (singer)

abstract: Thomas James Fraser was a Scottish fisherman and Country and Western and rhythm and blues musician from Shetland. Fraser was born in on the isle of Burra. He never released any recordings during his lifetime and rarely played live before paying audiences. He made a number of recordings on a reel to reel tape recorder, which family members circulated after his death. In the late 1990s some of these tapes were transferred to CD. In 2002 Nel Records put out a small pressing of Long Gone Lonesome Blues a selection of some of the original tapes. Two more CDs followed, and a yearly Thomas Fraser memorial festival was begun in Shetland in 2002. A fourth CD of previously unreleased material, That Far Away Land, was released in November 2008. The following month, BBC Scotland aired a 30-minute documentary on the life of Thomas Fraser entitled Shetland Lone Star. A DVD featuring this programme and highlights of the annual Thomas Fraser Festival was released in October 2009. The National Theatre of Scotland also toured Scotland during October with a full theatrical production on the life of Thomas Fraser, entitled Long Gone Lonesome. The production was revived for a 2012 tour of the United States of America. A fifth CD of unreleased material is due out in November 2010.

text:
# Thomas Fraser (singer)

**Thomas James Fraser** (20 March 1927 – 6 January 1978) was a Scottish fisherman and Country and Western and rhythm and blues musician from Shetland.

Fraser was born in on the isle of Burra. He never released any recordings during his lifetime and rarely played live before paying audiences. He made a number of recordings on a reel to reel tape recorder, which family members circulated after his death. In the late 1990s some of these tapes were transferred to CD.

In 2002 Nel Records put out a small pressing of *Long Gone Lonesome Blues* a selection of some of the original tapes. Two more CDs followed (*You & My Old Guitar* (2003) and *Treasure Untold* (2005)), and a yearly Thomas Fraser memorial festival was begun in Shetland in 2002. A fourth CD of previously unreleased material, *That Far Away Land*, was released in November 2008. The following month, BBC Scotland aired a 30-minute documentary on the life of Thomas Fraser entitled *Shetland Lone Star*. A DVD featuring this programme and highlights of the annual Thomas Fraser Festival was released in October 2009. The National Theatre of Scotland also toured Scotland during October with a full theatrical production on the life of Thomas Fraser, entitled *Long Gone Lonesome*. The production was revived for a 2012 tour of the United States of America. A fifth CD of unreleased material is due out in November 2010.

## Death

He died from complications of a sailing incident on 6 January 1978.

## InfoBox

| Thomas Fraser | |
| --- | --- |
| Thomas Fraser | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1927-03-20)20 March 1927 |
| Origin | Burra, Shetland, Scotland |
| Died | 6 January 1978(1978-01-06) (aged 50) |
| Genres | Country and Western |
| Occupation | Musician |
| Instrument | Fiddle/Guitar |
| Years active | Posthumously |
| Labels | Nel Records |


title: Vučkovica (Knić)

abstract: Vučkovica is a village situated in Knić municipality in Serbia.

text:
# Vučkovica (Knić)

**Vučkovica** is a village situated in Knić municipality in Serbia.

43°56′40″N 20°47′20″E / 43.94444°N 20.78889°E / 43.94444; 20.78889

## InfoBox

| Vučkovica Вучковица | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Vučkovica | |
| Coordinates: 43°56′40″N 20°47′20″E / 43.94444°N 20.78889°E / 43.94444; 20.78889 | |
| Country | Serbia |
| District | Šumadija District |
| Municipality | Knić |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Thomas Fraser (Upper Canada politician)

abstract: Thomas Fraser was a soldier and political figure in Upper Canada. He was born in Stratherrick, Inverness, Scotland in 1749. His family came to North America in 1767 and settled on the estate of Sir William Johnson in Tryon County, New York. In 1777, he and his brother were captured while trying to escape to Quebec. They escaped and joined Major-General John Burgoyne at Fort Edward. After the fall of Saratoga, they escaped north to Quebec. In 1779, they served as border guards at the Yamaska River and later became Lieutenants in Edward Jessup's Loyal Rangers. In 1784, he settled in Edwardsburg Township, where he built a sawmill. In 1786, he became a justice of the peace and, in 1792, was appointed to the land board for Leeds and Grenville counties. He was also the first sheriff in the Johnstown District. He represented Dundas in the 2nd Parliament of Upper Canada and Glengarry in the 5th Parliament. During the War of 1812, he commanded the Dundas County Militia, and was in command of all Canadian Militia at the Battle of Ogdensburg. After the war, he moved to Matilda Township in Dundas County. He was appointed to the Legislative Council for the province in 1815. He died in Matilda Township in 1821.

text:
# Thomas Fraser (Upper Canada politician)

**Thomas Fraser** (1749  October 18, 1821) was a soldier and political figure in Upper Canada.

He was born in Stratherrick, Inverness, Scotland in 1749. His family came to North America in 1767 and settled on the estate of Sir William Johnson in Tryon County, New York. In 1777, he and his brother were captured while trying to escape to Quebec. They escaped and joined Major-General John Burgoyne at Fort Edward. After the fall of Saratoga, they escaped north to Quebec. In 1779, they served as border guards at the Yamaska River and later became Lieutenants in Edward Jessup's Loyal Rangers.

In 1784, he settled in Edwardsburg Township, where he built a sawmill. In 1786, he became a justice of the peace and, in 1792, was appointed to the land board for Leeds and Grenville counties. He was also the first sheriff in the Johnstown District. He represented Dundas in the 2nd Parliament of Upper Canada and Glengarry in the 5th Parliament.

During the War of 1812, he commanded the Dundas County Militia, and was in command of all Canadian Militia at the Battle of Ogdensburg. After the war, he moved to Matilda Township in Dundas County. He was appointed to the Legislative Council for the province in 1815. He died in Matilda Township in 1821.

## External references

## InfoBox

| Thomas Fraser | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| MLA for Dundas | |
| **In office**
1800–1804 | |
| Preceded by | Alexander Campbell |
| Succeeded by | Jacob Weager |
| MLA for Glengarry County | |
| **In office**
1812–1821 | |
| Preceded by | Walter Butler Wilkinson (for Glengarry & Prescott) |
| Succeeded by | John Macdonell |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1749
Stratherrick, Inverness, Scotland |
| Died | October 18, 1821
Matilda Township, Dundas County, Upper Canada |
| Relatives | Richard Duncan Fraser (son)
Richard Duncan (brother-in-law) |
| Occupation | Mill owner, local official |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Great Britain
Upper Canada |
| Branch/service | British Army
Canadian militia |
| Years of service | 1777 - 1783
1812 - 1814 |
| Rank | Lieutenant
Colonel |
| Unit | Loyal Rangers
Dundas County Militia |
| Battles/wars | American Revolution War of 1812 |
|  | |


title: Vui Clarence Nelson

abstract: Vui Clarence Joseph Nelson is a Samoan judge. He sits on the Supreme Court of Samoa, and was the first Pacific Islands judge appointed to the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child. Nelson was born in Apia, Samoa, and educated at St. Joseph's College in Samoa and Timaru Boys' High School in New Zealand. He studied law at the University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand, graduating in 1977. He returned to Samoa in 1979, where he worked for the Office of the Attorney General and then in private practice. In 2000 he was appointed to the District Court of Samoa, becoming Senior District Court Judge in 2001. In 2006 he was appointed to the Supreme Court of Samoa. As a supreme court judge he decided the case of Police v Vailopa [2009], which set requirements for police interviews of child suspects. He also advocated for the creation of a sex offender's registry in Samoa, resulting eventually in the passage of the Sex Offenders Registration Act in 2018. In 2014 Vui became the first Pacific Islands judge appointed to the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child. He was appointed for a second four-year term in 2018. In this role he criticised the Samoan government's attempted re-introduction of corporal punishment in schools. In 2019 following the retirement of Patu Tiava'asu'e Falefatu Sapolu he was appointed acting Chief Justice of Samoa. He served in that role for almost a year before the appointment of Satiu Simativa Perese as Chief Justice in March 2020. On 30 November 2021 he was appointed as Senior Judge of the Supreme Court. In April 2023 he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws by the University of Canterbury.

text:
# Vui Clarence Nelson

**Vui Clarence Joseph Nelson** (born 22 December 1955) is a Samoan judge. He sits on the Supreme Court of Samoa, and was the first Pacific Islands judge appointed to the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child.

Nelson was born in Apia, Samoa, and educated at St. Joseph's College in Samoa and Timaru Boys' High School in New Zealand. He studied law at the University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand, graduating in 1977. He returned to Samoa in 1979, where he worked for the Office of the Attorney General and then in private practice. In 2000 he was appointed to the District Court of Samoa, becoming Senior District Court Judge in 2001. In 2006 he was appointed to the Supreme Court of Samoa. As a supreme court judge he decided the case of *Police v Vailopa* \[2009\], which set requirements for police interviews of child suspects. He also advocated for the creation of a sex offender's registry in Samoa, resulting eventually in the passage of the Sex Offenders Registration Act in 2018.

In 2014 Vui became the first Pacific Islands judge appointed to the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child. He was appointed for a second four-year term in 2018. In this role he criticised the Samoan government's attempted re-introduction of corporal punishment in schools.

In 2019 following the retirement of Patu Tiava'asu'e Falefatu Sapolu he was appointed acting Chief Justice of Samoa. He served in that role for almost a year before the appointment of Satiu Simativa Perese as Chief Justice in March 2020. On 30 November 2021 he was appointed as Senior Judge of the Supreme Court.

In April 2023 he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws by the University of Canterbury.


title: Thomas Steers

abstract: Thomas Steers was thought to have been born in 1672 in Kent and died in 1750. He was England's first major civil engineer and built many canals, the world's first commercial wet dock, St. George's Church at the site of Liverpool Castle, and a theatre. He designed Salthouse Dock in Liverpool, which was completed by Henry Berry after Steers' death.

text:
# Thomas Steers

**Thomas Steers** was thought to have been born in 1672 in Kent and died in 1750. He was England's first major civil engineer and built many canals, the world's first commercial wet dock (the Old Dock at Liverpool), St. George's Church at the site of Liverpool Castle, and a theatre. He designed Salthouse Dock in Liverpool, which was completed by Henry Berry after Steers' death.

## Early life

Thomas Steers was born in 1672, probably at Deptford or Rotherhithe. He is thought to have had a good education, in view of his obvious skills in mathematics, and he joined the army during his teenage years. He was part of William of Orange's 4th Regiment of Foot (The King's Own), which fought at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690, and subsequently campaigned in the Low Countries against the French until the Peace of Namur was signed in 1697. He probably learnt about hydraulics at this time, a skill which served him well in later years. In 1698 or 1699 he married Henrietta Maria Barber, and her father gave them a house in Queen Street, Rotherhithe.

At the time, the Great Dock at Rotherhithe was being constructed, on land leased from Elizabeth Howland, which formed part of the Howland Estate. There is no record of Steers's direct involvement in the project, although he produced a survey of the completed docks in 1707, and seems to have been employed as a surveyor for the estate. A lease agreement at the time described him as a house-carpenter.

## Engineering

In 1708, plans for a dock at Liverpool, similar to that at Rotherhithe, were formulated, and had been drawn up by George Sorocold and Henry Huss by mid-1709. Neither man accepted the offer to act as engineer for the construction of the docks. On 17 May 1710, the Town Council learned that Steers was in Liverpool, and had his own designs for the project, which involved reclaiming land from the Pool, rather than building the dock of existing land. The precise reason for Steers' arrival in Liverpool is not clear, but may well be connected to the rise to power of James Stanley, who became mayor in 1707 and Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire until 1710, and who had noticed Steers in Flanders, while commanding the 16th Regiment of Foot. Steers' design was accepted, and the construction was overseen by him, assisted by William Braddock. He also contracted for some of the excavation work, and although it was incomplete at the time, the dock opened for shipping in 1715. A tidal basin and three graving docks or dry docks were authorised by another Act of Parliament obtained in 1717, and during their construction, various alterations and extensions were made to the original dock. The works were completed in 1721. Since 1717, Steers had also acted at Dock Master, for which he was paid £50 per year, and Braddock had been the Water Bailiff. From 1724, he took over Braddock's role as well, though was no longer paid, as this post included a number of perks and fees.

Concurrently with his work on the Liverpool Docks, Steers was active in other projects. He surveyed the rivers Irwell and Mersey from Bank Quay at Warrington to Manchester in 1712. An Act of Parliament authorizing the Mersey and Irwell Navigation was passed in 1721 and the work, which included eight locks in a distance of 15 miles (24 km) to overcome a rise of 52 feet (16 m), was completed about 1725. It is generally believed he was the engineer. The authorising Act named him as one of the Undertakers.

He also made surveys for the Douglas Navigation which connected the Ribble estuary to Wigan in 1712, and was again named as an Undertaker in the Act of Parliament obtained in 1720. He built a lock and a bridge, straightened a section of the river, and started the construction of a tidal lock, but his partner William Squire, who was raising finance for the scheme in London, became involved in the South Sea Bubble, and appears to have lost most of the money he raised. With the money gone, Steers moved on. The navigation was eventually completed in 1742, and carried coal from Wigan to Liverpool and onwards to Ireland by ship.

His most significant navigation achievement was the Newry Canal, in Ireland, which was the first summit-level canal in the British Isles. The promoters asked him to act as engineer for the scheme in 1729, but then declined to pay him the fees he requested, and so the initial construction work was overseen by Edward Lovett Pearce. Pearce died in 1734, and his assistant Richard Castle took over the role. Steers returned to the project in 1736, when he conducted a survey of the existing work. Castle was sacked in December 1736, and Steers then supervised construction until 1741, working on a part-time basis. The work took longer than expected, and the canal finally opened in the spring of 1742. The 19.4 miles (31.2 km) of canal included 13 locks, and ran from Newry, where it connected to Carlingford Lough and the sea by a narrow channel, which was made into a ship canal in the 1760s. At its northern end it ran to Portadown where it joined the Upper Bann River to reach Lough Neagh. It was built to transport coal from the Tyrone collieries to Dublin.

In order to build locks with a larger fall than was possible with conventional gate paddles, Steers built two of the locks with sluices and ground paddles, which fed water into the bottom of the lock through the side walls. Water supply for the summit level was taken from local streams, supplemented by water from Lough Shark, which was used as a reservoir. As a whole, the work was not well executed, and the innovative locks had to be rebuilt soon after 1750.

## Other activity

Besides his work on docks and canals, Steers was involved with a wide range of other projects. Even the Mersey and Irwell Navigation and the Douglas Navigation were promoted not just to make carriage of existing trade easier, but to generate new trade which would contribute to the prosperity of the region. Jointly with Sir Cleave Moore and Sir Thomas Johnson, he promoted the Liverpool Waterworks in 1720. He set up a smithy making anchors near the Liverpool Docks, and was a partner in the *Dove*, a ship which traded between Liverpool and the West Indies.

He appears to have been a keen amateur architect (before that term was in popular parlance) and as well as the work on Liverpool Old Dock, executed alongside chief mason Edward Litherland, is paid in the accounts of The Blue Coat School (1715) once again with Litherland, "a new Street, called Chorley Street or Squire's Garden" (1720), St. George's Church (1725) (Litherland cited as mason) and what would become Salt House Dock once again winning the contract along regular collaborator Litherland. Their working relationship ended with Litherland's death in 1739. His best known architectural work was that of "Seel's House" on Hanover Street, Liverpool which would later become a bank before making way for the Liverpool One Tesco supermarket. It is highly likely that he designed a number of other buildings in Liverpool, no longer extant, including buildings on Paradise Street.

In 1725 he became a commissioner for the turnpike road from Prescot to Liverpool, and drew up plans for St George's Church on the site of the Liverpool Castle. He subsequently was responsible for the construction of its foundations and steeple. He built houses for poor and destitute seamen in 1739, and opened the Old Ropery Theatre in the following year.

Steers became a Freeman of the town of Liverpool in 1713, and served on the town council in 1717. In 1719 and 1722, he was a Town Bailiff, became mayor of Liverpool from 1739 to 1740, and was an Out-burgess in Wigan in 1746. He was responsible for the fortification of Liverpool during the Jacobite rising of 1745.

## Family

Steers' first marriage to Henrietta Maria ended in 1717 with her death. Of their seven children, four died in childhood, while the other three are thought to have become seamen, and all had died by 1732. In 1719 he married Ann Tibington, who came from Rotherhithe and was the widow of a seaman. She had a son called John, and they had four children of their own, two of which died in childhood. He died in 1750, and was buried in the grounds of St Peter's Church. His only surviving son, Spencer, carried on his anchor making business after his death.

There was also a Thomas Steers, lime burner of Greenwich (probably the owner and/or digger of "Jack Cade's Cavern" and of a nearby sand mine) who was born about this time and in the right area, but who was probably not the same person. Other Steers were involved in pottery. This hints at an extended Steers family with interests in kilns and building mortar.

## Legacy

Despite his considerable contribution to civil engineering, his death went almost unnoticed, although the civil engineer John Smeaton, writing to the Calder and Hebble Navigation in 1757, noted that Steers was an esteemed man of character and ability in his profession. He built the first successful commercial dock in the world, and the United Kingdom's first summit level canal. He trained his assistants well, as several went on to have illustrious careers of their own. Above all, he understood his work in its wider social context, being active in the politics and trade of Liverpool, and understanding the need for the town to be well-connected to its hinterland. His work paved the way for Liverpool to become one of the world's greatest ports, and was a contributory factor in the industrial revolution which began shortly after his death.

## Bibliography

* Cumberlidge, Jane (2002). *The Inland Waterways of Ireland*. Imray Laurie Norie and Wilson. ISBN 978-0-85288-424-9.
* Hadfield, Charles; Biddle, Gordon (1970). *The Canals of North West England, Vol 1 (pp.1-236)*. David and Charles. ISBN 0-7153-4956-2.
* L.T.C. Rolt (1969). *Navigable Waterways*. Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-12751-7.
* Skempton, Sir Alec; et al. (2002). *A Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland: Vol 1: 1500 to 1830*. Thomas Telford. ISBN 0-7277-2939-X.

### References


title: Voice of Music

abstract: Voice Of Music was the premier brand of V-M Corporation, an American audio equipment manufacturing company.

text:
# Voice of Music

**Voice Of Music** (abbreviated V-M) was the premier brand of V-M Corporation, an American audio equipment manufacturing company (EIA manufacturer's code 857).

## History

V-M Corporation was founded in June 1944 by Walter Miller in Benton Harbor, Michigan. The company originally manufactured only 78 rpm record changers and labelled them simply as "A V-M Product". The brand name "Voice of Music" was suggested by a V-M engineer and first used in 1952.

V-M designed a two-speed changer after Columbia Records introduced the LP in 1948, then added the 45rpm speed after RCA brought that innovation to market in 1949. In 1954, V-M added the fourth speed (16⅔ rpm) for "talking books." A new changer mechanism, used throughout the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s was developed in 1950. The basic design was retained until record changer production was terminated and was updated throughout the years to keep V-M's record changers aligned with their competitors. The speed control mechanism was redesigned in 1961. V-M Corporation claimed that their record changers were jam-proof and enjoyed a reputation of being both well-built and reliable. These mass-produced record changers, while competitive with other manufacturers' products, i.e. BSR and Garrard, in both build quality and product specifications, were not competitive with high-end record changers. Like other mass-produced record changers, some tonearms had heavier vertical tracking force (VTF), and poorer speed accuracy and rumble specifications than higher grade record changers. V-M mass-produced record changers, like their competitors' offerings, were used in low to medium priced audio equipment - compact systems, console stereos, and portable systems. Unlike their competitors, V-M often customized their units for large OEM customers with uniquely styled controls, platter mats, colors, tonearms, and trim pieces. They were sold also as separate components. Most had ceramic cartridges with dual style stylus for LPs/45s, and one for 78 rpm records. Most had two pole synchronous motors. From the late 1950s onward, V-M record changers, sold to original equipment manufacturers (OEM), were either unlabeled or labelled with the OEM customer's trademark. Record changers sold to OEM customers were sold in two configurations; fully assembled or unassembled, requiring final assembly, at half the OEM fully assembled price.

V-M developed its first high end record changer in 1966. This record changer had a twenty-four pole synchronous motor and a separate motor for operating the tone arm and lowering the record to the turntable. This professional record changer was a two-speed unit and did not play 78 rpm records. This professional record changer was marketed under the Voice of Music trademark and also sold to other manufacturers such as Sherwood, Philco (Ford), and Westinghouse. Their second-generation professional record changers design was developed in 1971 and was sold to BIC. V-M's deteriorating financial condition did not permit V-M to market this design under the Voice of Music trademark.

Amplified phonographs were introduced in the early 1950s, and V-M introduced the Model 700 tape recorder late in 1954. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, tape recorders, phonographs, consoles, and components by V-M were popular with consumers for a variety of reasons. V-M Corporation's "Educational Systems" tape recorders and phones with rugged cases were popular with schools and institutions. A brief entry into the audiophile market in 1970 with the V-M "Professional Series" was technically successful - but by this point, V-M Corporation was too financially weak to back a successful marketing campaign, so these products are rare and sought after today.

First and foremost, V-M was a record changer and tape deck supplier (less the electronics) to dozens of familiar brand names of their day, such as Zenith and Motorola to name only two. V-M Corporation, from the late 1950s through 1968, was the world's largest record changer manufacturer. During the peak years of record changer production, V-M Corporation produced more record changers than all other record changer manufacturers combined. In the early 1960s, V-M Corporation advertisements were placed in an audio magazine, stating this fact. Also, in this advertisement, V-M listed their original equipment manufacturers, (customers), by name. BSR Ltd, a British record changer manufacturer, in the 1970s, copied the format of this ad. V-M produced over three million record changers in 1966. By 1969, BSR had surpassed V-M Corporation in record changer production to become the world's largest manufacturer of record changers. In several countries, V-M record changers were produced under license. Telefunken, of then West Germany, was one such manufacturer signing a licensing agreement with V-M Corporation to utilize their record changer technology. JVC is known to have produced a copy of the V-M 1200 series without a license. Large record changer production volumes helped V-M keep its own Voice of Music brand profitable for many years. After 1965, American audio companies began going out of business or shifting production overseas. As V-M's record changer volumes declined, it became difficult for the company to remain profitable. Retailing began to change from small "mom and pop" stores (V-M's strength) to large electronics retailers where V-M was under-represented. At the end of 1972, V-M quit offering console stereos and terminated all tape recorder model sales to retail customers, with the exception of an eight-track player. At the end of 1974, all remaining retail products, except record changers, were discontinued. After 1974, V-M record changers were the only consumer product sold to the retail market as components. Record changers continued to be sold to original equipment manufacturers up to the bankruptcy in mid-July, 1977. Cassette decks still produced, after leaving the retail consumer market, were highly specialized professional units. Some of the companies that bought these professional cassette decks were New Century Education Corporation, Beltone, and Terra Technology. V-M also did contract engineering projects for various manufacturers, along with some assembly projects for outside companies. For the December 1976 Christmas Season, V-M assembled an electronic ping pong game for Factory Direct Marketing.

## Bankruptcy

V-M filed for bankruptcy in mid-July 1977 when a power failure in New York City prevented a wire transfer of critically needed funds. At first within the bankruptcy, V-M Corporation was regulated by the Bankruptcy Court and had to obtain permission for all activity, especially manufacturing. Customers had to prepay for any manufacturing or services performed since V-M could not use the creditors' money. V-M projects done, while under Bankruptcy Court supervision, included reworking 20,000 turntables for Thompson Electronics of France in 1978 and 1979. V-M also manufactured Model 270-6 monaural record changers, and a number of cassette decks for New Century Education Corporation, Beltone, and Terra Technology. (Assembly of cassette decks continued through the calendar year of 1989.) All manufacturing ceased by September 1979 when the bankruptcy auction occurred. Of the ten buildings V-M Corporation owned at the time of the bankruptcy, only a few were sold. Building number #17 did not sell and this was the building V-M operated out of from 1979 until it was demolished in September 1998.

After the bankruptcy auction, October 1979 through the calendar year of 1991, V-M Corporation had a small group of people employed rebuilding/repairing telephones for AT&T, along with other small projects. One such project, in 1985, involved Factory Direct Marketing having V-M repair a large quantity of Cobra feature phones, AT&T answering machines, and radio/cassette players. V-M also did some assembly of model 791/792 tape duplicators as late as 1989 for continuing customers. By 1992, none of these projects remained profitable. From 1992 to 1998, V-M Corporation's business activities were limited to selling parts and service manuals for V-M products manufactured in the past, and helping owners of V-M equipment to link up with qualified service shops. In September 1998, building #17, V-M Corporation's former office building, and building #1, the former record changer plant, were demolished.

## Present

In September 1998, the service parts and technical files were transferred to the care of V-M Audio Enthusiasts at the website shown below. The revival of "vinyl" (records) and tube audio in recent years has sparked a renewed interest in quality-built, easy-to-service V-M products. V-M Audio Enthusiasts offers original and remanufactured parts for V-M record changers and tape recorders.

## InfoBox

Voice of Music
| Founded | June 1944 in Benton Harbor, Michigan |
| --- | --- |
| Founder | Walter Miller |


title: Thomas J. Drennan

abstract: Thomas J. Drennan was appointed the tenth New York City Fire Commissioner by Mayor John F. Hylan.

text:
# Thomas J. Drennan

**Thomas J. Drennan** (1877  July 15, 1928) was appointed the tenth New York City Fire Commissioner by Mayor John F. Hylan.

## Biography

He was born in 1877. He was appointed the tenth Fire Commissioner of the City of New York by Mayor John F. Hylan on January 1, 1918, and resigned his position on April 30, 1926. He died on July 15, 1928, of a heart attack. He was buried in Calvary Cemetery in Woodside, New York.


title: Vojtěchov (Chrudim District)

abstract: Vojtěchov is a municipality and village in Chrudim District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.

text:
# Vojtěchov (Chrudim District)

**Vojtěchov** is a municipality and village in Chrudim District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.

## Administrative parts

The village of Pláňavy is an administrative part of Vojtěchov.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 577 |  |
| 1880 | 553 | −4.2% |
| 1890 | 535 | −3.3% |
| 1900 | 559 | +4.5% |
| 1910 | 567 | +1.4% |
| 1921 | 589 | +3.9% |
| 1930 | 622 | +5.6% |
| 1950 | 476 | −23.5% |
| 1961 | 494 | +3.8% |
| 1970 | 466 | −5.7% |
| 1980 | 439 | −5.8% |
| 1991 | 434 | −1.1% |
| 2001 | 422 | −2.8% |
| 2011 | 427 | +1.2% |
| 2021 | 390 | −8.7% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## InfoBox

| Vojtěchov | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Vojtěchov observation tower | |
|  | |
| VojtěchovLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 49°47′19″N 15°58′25″E / 49.78861°N 15.97361°E / 49.78861; 15.97361 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | Pardubice |
| District | Chrudim |
| First mentioned | 1392 |
| Area | |
| Total | 7.13 km2 (2.75 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 528 m (1,732 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 393 |
| Density | 55/km2 (140/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 539 01 |
| Website | www.obecvojtechov.cz |


title: Thomas Warner (explorer)

abstract: Sir Thomas Warner was a captain in the guards of James I of England who became an explorer in the Caribbean. In 1620 he served at the brief-lived English settlement of Oyapoc in present-day Guyana of South America, which was abandoned the same year. The Dutch controlled most of the territory. Warner is noted for settling on Saint Kitts and establishing it in 1624 as the first English colony in the Caribbean.

text:
# Thomas Warner (explorer)

**Sir Thomas Warner** (1580  10 March 1649) was a captain in the guards of James I of England who became an explorer in the Caribbean. In 1620 he served at the brief-lived English settlement of Oyapoc in present-day Guyana of South America, which was abandoned the same year. The Dutch controlled most of the territory. Warner is noted for settling on Saint Kitts and establishing it in 1624 as the first English colony in the Caribbean.

## Early life and education

Warner was born in Suffolk, England in 1580. He entered the army at an early age, which provided him with his main training.

He later married and started a family with his wife, which included their son Philip. Thomas Warner had an Island Carib mistress on St. Kitts, and their son was called "Indian Warner". Indian Warner was killed in the Dominica Massacre.

## Military career

Warner became a captain in James I's guards. In 1620 he accepted assignment to the colonies, and took his family with him to the Oyapoc Colony in 1620 in today's Guyana. He served as a captain under the command of Roger North.

Tomas Painton, another captain in the colony, suggested that Warner should try to colonise one of the islands in the Lesser Antilles, which Painton thought had more favourable conditions. In 1623 Warner abandoned his Guiana post and set sail North through the archipelago. Oyapoc was soon abandoned by the English.

## St Kitts

### Early settlement

After checking each island, Warner decided that Saint Kitts would be the best-suited site for an English colony. He noted its strategic central position ideal for expansion, friendly native population, fertile soil, abundant fresh water, and large salt deposits. He and his family landed on the island and made peace with the local *Kalinago* people, whose leader was *Ouboutou Tegremante*. They were part of the Indigenous Carib people of the islands.

Warner left his family on the island and returned to England to gather more men to officially establish a colony. He was supported by Ralph Merrifield, a merchant, who provided the capital, and the brothers John and Samuel Jeaffreson. The Jeaffresons agreed to bring a second vessel with settlers and supplies. Warner returned to St. Kitts on January 28, 1624, with the *Hopewell* and established the colony of Saint Christopher, the first English colony in the Caribbean. He established a port town at Old Road, downhill from Tegremante's capital village. Another name for St. Kitts is St.Christopher.

### French arrival

In 1625, a French captain, Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc, arrived on the island. He had organized a fleet of colonists hoping to establish an island colony, after hearing about the success of the English on Saint Kitts, but his fleet was destroyed by a run-in with the Spanish Armada. Only his flagship and its passengers survived to reach St. Kitts. Feeling sorry for the French colonists, Warner allowed them to settle on the island. Saint Kitts was thus the site of the first French settlement in the Caribbean. They took the ruins of the town of Dieppe, which they rebuilt. Warner accepted the French to gain more Europeans on the island, as he thought the local Kalinago were becoming less enthusiastic about the newcomers.

### Kalinago genocide

Warner's concerns proved accurate. As the European population on Saint Kitts continued to increase, Tegremante grew suspicious of the foreigners. In 1626, after a secret meeting with Kalinago heads from neighbouring Waitikubuli (Dominica) and Oualie, the natives decided to ambush the European settlements on the night of the next full moon. The plan was revealed to the Europeans by an Igneri woman named Barbe. She had recently been brought to St. Kitts as a slave-wife after the Kalinago raided an Arawak island. According to the French historian Jean-Baptiste Du Tertre, she despised the Kalinago and had fallen in love with Warner.

The English and French joined forces and attacked the Carib at night. The colonists killed between 100 and 120 Caribs in their beds that night, with only the most beautiful Carib women spared to serve as slaves. The French and English set about fortifying the island against the expected invasion of Carib from other islands.

According to Du Tertre, in the ensuing battle, three to four thousand Caribs took up arms against the Europeans. He did not estimate the number of Caribs killed, but said the fallen Amerindians on the beach were piled high into a mound. The English and French suffered at least 100 casualties. Others report that at Bloody Point, which then was the site of the island's main Kalinago settlement, over 2,000 Kalinago men were massacred. Many had come from Waitikubuli, planning to attack the Europeans the next day. The Europeans dumped the dead into the river, at the site of the Kalinago place of worship. For weeks, blood flowed down the river, for which it was named Bloody River. The Europeans deported the remaining Kalinago to Waitikubuli.

The early accounts were by Europeans and told from their point of view. Modern scientists and historians estimate that many of their claims were fraudulent or exaggerated in order to justify the killings.

Ethnologists have put the events into a different context. The killings occurred in late January, near the middle of the dry season. The Kalinago called this the season of "Bat man", due to the abundance of the species then. Usually, they made raids on the Taino and other Amerindians at this time to take sacrifices to appease "Bat man," to ensure the dry season ended and the wet season began. (This was called the season of "Frog woman".) Kalinago had gathered from various islands at St. Christopher at the time, because of its location: on the border between the islands controlled by different groups, it was used as a base for Kalinago raids against the Taino. Evidence of atrocity was that the Europeans killed so many and defiled the Kalinago place of worship, a means of frightening the Kalinago of neighbouring islands.

After the Kalinago Genocide of 1626, the Europeans partitioned the island, with the French gaining the ends, Capisterre in the North and Basseterre in the south; and the British gaining the centre. Both groups colonised neighbouring islands from their bases. The English settled Nevis (1628), Antigua (1632), and Montserrat (1632). Warner was appointed as Governor of St. Kitts, Nevis, Barbados and Montserrat in 1625.

The French colonised Martinique (1635), the Guadeloupe archipelago (1635), and St Barts (1648).

In 1643 Warner was appointed as Parliamentary Governor of the Caribee Islands. After his first wife died, he was said to have taken a Carib woman in a 'common-law marriage' and they had a lasting relationship. Warner died on March 10, 1649, in St. Kitts and was buried in a tomb in Middle Island. The Carib woman was reported to have given birth to many other children after Warner's death.

## Slave trade

After the Kalinago Genocide of 1626 and the subsequent partitioning of the island, Warner imported many thousands of African slaves for labour. They were forced to develop and work on large sugar and tobacco plantations to raise commodity crops for export. As the years passed, Sir Thomas Warner amassed a wealth that would amount to over £100 million in today's terms. He died on March 10, 1649, in St. Kitts, and he was buried in a tomb in Middle Island.


title: Thomas Warner (poet)

abstract: Thomas C. Warner is a British poet. He graduated with an MA with Distinction in Creative Writing from the University of East Anglia in 2002. He won an Eric Gregory Award in 2001, and was commended in the National Poetry Competition 2014.

text:
# Thomas Warner (poet)

**Thomas C. Warner** (born 1979) is a British poet.

He graduated with an MA with Distinction in Creative Writing from the University of East Anglia in 2002. He won an Eric Gregory Award in 2001, and was commended in the National Poetry Competition 2014.

## Awards

## Bibliography

* *Faber New Poets 8* (2010)
* *Yoga* (2014)

## InfoBox

| Thomas Warner | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1979 (age 4445)<br>Mansfield, England |
| Occupation | Poet |
| Language | English |
| Alma mater | University of East Anglia |
| Notable awards | Eric Gregory Award (2001) |
| Website | |
| www.tomwarner.co.uk | |


title: Third Coast Kings

abstract: Third Coast Kings was an American funk / soul band based in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. The Kings were formed in 2007 by drummer James Keovongsak and bassist Nate Ayers. Their record label Record Kicks describes them as "an eight element proper deep funk and soul outfit from Detroit/Ann Arbor, Michigan, that is influenced by the great James Brown, as well as the many artists from the 60s and 70s whose music was carefully salvaged by the crate digging revolution.". The Kings disbanded just short of their 10 year anniversary.

text:
# Third Coast Kings

**Third Coast Kings** was an American funk / soul band based in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. The Kings were formed in 2007 by drummer James Keovongsak and bassist Nate Ayers. Their record label Record Kicks describes them as "an eight element proper deep funk and soul outfit from Detroit/Ann Arbor, Michigan, that is influenced by the great James Brown, as well as the many artists from the 60s and 70s whose music was carefully salvaged by the crate digging revolution.". The Kings disbanded just short of their 10 year anniversary.

## Band members

In the Summer of 2007, drummer James Keovongsak and bassist Nate Ayers found each other via Craigslist for the project that would become the Third Coast Kings. Originally known as "The Monarchs", Ayers coined the name "Third Coast Kings" as a nod to Michigan's musical legacy (Michigan's Great Lakes are known as the "Third Coast"). After assembling guitarist Andy Filisko, saxophonist Brian Einstein Lassiter, and trumpeter Ryan Dolan, the band performed its first show as TCK on Halloween of 2007 at the Corner Brewery in Ypsilanti, Michigan.

2008 saw the addition of Alec Cooper on the tenor sax, with a brief stint by Heather Schwartz on vocals. In 2009, vocalist Michelle Camilleri joined the band and was featured on their Record Kicks release of "Give Me Your Love/Tonic Stride" on 45 and digital.

In 2011, Ayers left the band to pursue permaculture, Camilleri took a hiatus and the Kings added Terry Kimura on trombone, Sean Ike on vocals and original Monarch's member Steve Barker on bass.

## Notable Performances

The Kings' most high-profile performance was at Fuji Rock Festival '12, where they performed Friday afternoon on the White Stage. The trip was also notable for the fact that it was not only bandleader Keovongsak's first time out of the country, but also his first time on a plane.

TCK was also a frequent performer at local and regional events and venues such as the Ann Arbor Summer Festival, Toronto Jazz Festival, Taste of Ann Arbor, Sweet Earth Arts & Music Festival, Brighton Smokin’ Jazz & Barbecue Blues Festival, Kitchener Blues Festival, Cliff Bell's, and others.

## Reception

The Kings' release of "Give Me Your Love/Tonic Stride" in 2009 garnered attention in the worldwide funk scene. The tracks were played by prominent DJs such as Lance Ferguson and Adrian Gibson, in addition to being featured on Craig Charles' Funk&Soul Show on BBC 6.

Since the release of their video single "Spicy Brown" and full length self-titled album in March 2012, the Kings have received considerable attention from the blogosphere. THIS IS BOOK'S MUSIC called their music, "\[a\] funky sound that will bring to mind the heat of James Brown‘s deep grooves", while SoulTracks.com said "Detroit's Third Coast Kings are a 21st Century answer to 20th Century funk." The band has received enthusiastic reviews in the United States, Japan, France, and the U.K.

## Discography

## InfoBox

| Third Coast Kings | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S. |
| Genres | Deep funk, soul |
| Years active | 2007-2017 |
| Labels | Record Kicks |
|  | |
| Past members | Steve Barker (bass), Alec Cooper (saxes), Ryan Dolan (trumpet), Andy Filisko (guitar), Sean Ike (vocals), James Keovongsak (drums), Nate Ayers (bass), Brian Einstein Lassiter (saxophone), Michelle Camilleri (vocals), Terry Kimura (trombone) |
|  | |
| Website | http://www.thirdcoastkings.com |


title: Thomas Young (footballer)

abstract: Thomas Young was a Scottish amateur football outside left who played in the Scottish League for Queen's Park and Queen of the South. He was capped by Scotland at amateur level.

text:
# Thomas Young (footballer)

**Thomas Young** was a Scottish amateur football outside left who played in the Scottish League for Queen's Park and Queen of the South. He was capped by Scotland at amateur level.

## InfoBox

Thomas Young
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Thomas Young | | |
| Place of birth | Scotland | | |
| Position(s) | Full back | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1936–1938 | Queen's Park | 11 | (0) |
| 1938 | Queen of the South | 1 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 1936–1937 | Scotland Amateurs | 3 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Thomas P. Carnes

abstract: Thomas Petters Carnes was an American lawyer and politician from Franklin County, Georgia. He served as a colonel in the Maryland Line during the American Revolution and received bounty land in Franklin County for his service. He served in the Georgia House of Representatives at Milledgeville as a state court judge, and represented Georgia in the United States House of Representatives from 1793 until 1795. Carnesville, Georgia, is his namesake. Although he considered his home to be Athens in Clarke County, he died in Milledgeville and is buried there at Memory Hill Cemetery.

text:
# Thomas P. Carnes

**Thomas Petters Carnes** (1762 in Bladensburg, Maryland – May 5, 1822 in Milledgeville, Georgia) was an American lawyer and politician from Franklin County, Georgia. He served as a colonel in the Maryland Line during the American Revolution and received bounty land in Franklin County for his service.

He served in the Georgia House of Representatives at Milledgeville as a state court judge, and represented Georgia in the United States House of Representatives from 1793 until 1795. Carnesville, Georgia, is his namesake. Although he considered his home to be Athens in Clarke County (created from Franklin County), he died in Milledgeville and is buried there at Memory Hill Cemetery.


title: Thonetschlössl

abstract: Thonetschlössl in Mödling, Austria is a symmetric building with three floors. The building's architecture is mainly influenced by the Late-Baroque style. Currently the Thonetschlössl houses the local museum of Mödling.

text:
# Thonetschlössl

**Thonetschlössl** in Mödling, Austria is a symmetric building with three floors. The building's architecture is mainly influenced by the Late-Baroque style. Currently the Thonetschlössl houses the local museum of Mödling.

## The history of the building

In 1631, Johann Baptist Verda von Verdenberg donated a Capuchin monastery to Mödling. In 1683, the monastery was destroyed in the Turkish War, but eventually rebuilt in 1684. Two years later, in 1686, Giacomo Caliano bought the monastery to use a factory to produce silk and towels.

From 1806 to 1821 the monastery was used for chemical bleaching, but later became a theater. In 1833, the entomologist Ernst Heeger bought the monastery and continued to use it for a silk factory. A few years later, in 1845, the countess Eise von Salm, who was a member of the Liechtenstein clan, bought the monastery and rebuilt it to look like a castle. In 1889, the Thonet family bought the castle-like building, hence the name Thonetschlössl ("Thonet Castle"). In 1931, the city of Mödling bought the Thonetschlössl to use for the museum of Mödling, which had existed elsewhere since 1904.

## The museum park

The museum park is a national heritage site, and opened to the public in 1957. The park itself contains a Baroque fountain basin, a Pietà group on a pedestal from the year 1756, three grave stones from the 16th and 17th century and a fragment of a gothic pillar from 1529.

## Museum collections

The museum documents the historical emergence of the city of Mödling. There are also rocks, fossils and historical artifacts, like biographies of famous citizens of the city of Mödling or weapons from the Turkish Wars, displayed. The museum also owns one of Austria's first Avars collections. Some parts of the museum are originally from Oskar Spiegel's private palaeontological collection, which was acquired by the city of Mödling. Furthermore, another section of the museum consists of Joseph Hyrtl's library, which contains books and writings by famous writers like Paracelsus and Johannes Wesling. These were digitized and are now available on the Internet to the general public.

48°05′12″N 16°17′16″E / 48.0867°N 16.2879°E / 48.0867; 16.2879