title: Top (clothing)

abstract: A top is an item of clothing that covers at least the chest, but which usually covers most of the upper human body between the neck and the waistline. The bottom of tops can be as short as mid-torso, or as long as mid-thigh. Men's tops are generally paired with pants, and women's with pants or skirts. Common types of tops are t-shirts, blouses and shirts.

text:
# Top (clothing)

A **top** is an item of clothing that covers at least the chest, but which usually covers most of the upper human body between the neck and the waistline. The bottom of tops can be as short as mid-torso, or as long as mid-thigh. Men's tops are generally paired with pants, and women's with pants or skirts. Common types of tops are t-shirts, blouses and shirts.

## Design

The neckline is the highest line of the top, and may be as high as a head-covering hood, or as low as the waistline or bottom hem of the top. A top may be worn loose or tight around the bust or waist, and may have sleeves or shoulder straps, spaghetti straps (noodle straps), or may be strapless. The back may be covered or bare. Tops may have straps around the waist or neck, or over the shoulders.

## Types

| Picture | Type | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | **T-shirt** | with sleeve, either half or full. |
|  | **Tank top** | sleeveless, maybe just strap over shoulder. |
|  | **Crop top** | high waistline, exposing belly. |
|  | **Tube top** | no sleeve, no strap over shoulder, just wraps around bust. |
|  | **Jean top** | A top made out of denim fabrics. |
|

## Neck styles

| Picture | Type | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Halter top** | single strap around neck. |
|  | **Turtleneck** | A top with close-fitting, round, and high collar that folds over and covers the neck. |


title: Raham Mihran

abstract: Raham Mihran was a powerful Iranian military officer from the House of Mihran. He is first mentioned during the Sasanian dynastic struggle of 457-459 between the two brothers Hormizd III and Peroz I. Raham was a supporter of Peroz I, who was also his protege, and played a key role in the dynastic struggle, defeating Hormizd's forces and crowning Peroz I as the new Sasanian king.

text:
# Raham Mihran

**Raham Mihran** was a powerful Iranian military officer from the House of Mihran. He is first mentioned during the Sasanian dynastic struggle of 457-459 between the two brothers Hormizd III and Peroz I. Raham was a supporter of Peroz I, who was also his protege, and played a key role in the dynastic struggle, defeating Hormizd's forces and crowning Peroz I as the new Sasanian king.

## Sources

* Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008). *Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran*. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-645-3.
* Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2004). "Hormozd III". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). *Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XII/5: Homosexuality III–Human migration II*. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 465–466. ISBN 978-0-933273-79-5.


title: Tylonotus

abstract:
Tylonotus is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae, containing the following species:
  - Tylonotus bimaculatus Haldeman, 1847
  - Tylonotus masoni

text:
# Tylonotus

***Tylonotus*** is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae, containing the following species:

## InfoBox

| *Tylonotus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Tylonotus bimaculatus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Tylonotus*** |
|


title: Foreman For Real

abstract: Foreman For Real is a 1995 boxing video game for the Game Boy, Game Gear, Sega Genesis, and the Super Nintendo Entertainment System featuring George Foreman. It is the follow-up to Acclaim's previous release, George Foreman's KO Boxing. The game was met with negative reviews which criticized the simplistic and unexciting gameplay and low production values.

text:
# Foreman For Real

***Foreman For Real*** (フォアマン フォーリアル, *Foaman Fō Riaru*) is a 1995 boxing video game for the Game Boy, Game Gear, Sega Genesis, and the Super Nintendo Entertainment System featuring George Foreman. It is the follow-up to Acclaim's previous release, *George Foreman's KO Boxing*. The game was met with negative reviews which criticized the simplistic and unexciting gameplay and low production values.

## Gameplay

This game is similar to the arcade game *Punch-Out!!* and consists of three different modes (exhibition, career, and tournament). Players can choose between three rounds (as in amateur boxing) and 12 rounds (as in professional boxing). Acclaim's proprietary graphics technology was used to create photorealistic digital representations of the boxers. Two camera views are available. Career mode has the player start out as the bottom of the world rankings and winning fights makes him move up the ladder until he has to face off against George Foreman for the world heavyweight championship belt. This makes the game similar to the career modes found in most modern sports games. All of the fighters can earn money and are ranked based on their offense and defense. Passwords allow careers to be resumed from certain spots in the game.

A coach gives advice on the strengths and weaknesses of each opponent. Punches and jabs are available with several variations. In addition, an AI-controlled judge helps to determine the score of each and every round.

## Reception

Greasy Gus of *GamePro* remarked that while the Super NES version has faster gameplay and better character graphics than the Genesis version, it is still mediocre in absolute terms, with unengaging gameplay and a crowd which shows no reaction to developments in the fight. He summarized "A school bus full of Don Kings couldn't generate any excitement for this fight." The same magazine's Tommy Glide reviewed the Genesis version. He likewise commented on the "stiff gameplay", and severely criticized the audio: "The average music severely drowns out the sound effects in each fight. You won't hear the ref count on knockdowns, the punch effects sound like bad kung fu noises from '70s films, the crowd's silent, and the round bell sounds like someone tapping a children's toy piano." A reviewer for *Next Generation* slammed the Genesis version as well, commenting that the gameplay ultimately comes down to blindly mashing buttons. He gave it one out of five stars, summarizing that "There seems to be no real effort put into any single aspect of this title, and the end result is arguably one of the poorer boxing efforts ever released." *Video Games The Ultimate Gaming Magazine* gave the game a score of 5 out of 10, giving some praise to the graphics although giving criticism to the playability, the game speed, lack of variety and concluding, "Don’t waste your time with this game when you could just as easily pick up Electronic Arts *Foes of Ali*."

## InfoBox

| Foreman For Real | |
| --- | --- |
| Super NES cover art | |
| Developer(s) | Software Creations |
| Publisher(s) | Acclaim Entertainment |
| Director(s) | Stephen Ruddy |
| Producer(s) | Jeff Carnell |
| Designer(s) | Jeff Carnell
Brian Ulrich |
| Programmer(s) | Stephen Ruddy |
| Artist(s) | David McLachlan |
| Composer(s) | Chris Jojo
Paul Tonge
Suddi Raval |
| Platform(s) | Game Boy, Game Gear, Genesis, Super NES |
| Release | **Game Boy:**  **Super NES:**  **Game Gear:**  **Genesis:** |
| Genre(s) | Boxing |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Wilamowo, Działdowo County

abstract: Wilamowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Działdowo, within Działdowo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) north of Działdowo and 58 km (36 mi) south of the regional capital Olsztyn.

text:
# Wilamowo, Działdowo County

**Wilamowo** \[vilaˈmɔvɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Działdowo, within Działdowo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) north of Działdowo and 58 km (36 mi) south of the regional capital Olsztyn.

## InfoBox

| Wilamowo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Wilamowo | |
| Coordinates: 53°18′N 20°11′E / 53.300°N 20.183°E / 53.300; 20.183 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Warmian-Masurian |
| County | Działdowo |
| Gmina | Działdowo |
| Population | 42 |


title: V. M. Gupte

abstract: V. M. Gupte is a former Indian cricket umpire. Having umpired mainly at the first-class level, he has only officiated in two international fixtures, both of them One Day Internationals, in 1999.

text:
# V. M. Gupte

**V. M. Gupte** is a former Indian cricket umpire. Having umpired mainly at the first-class level, he has only officiated in two international fixtures, both of them One Day Internationals, in 1999.

## InfoBox

V. M. Gupte
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | V. M. Gupte |
| Umpiring information | |
| ODIs umpired | 2 (1999) |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 18 May 2014 | |


title: Leucocoprinus attinorum

abstract: Leucocoprinus attinorum is a species of mushroom-producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae.

text:
# Leucocoprinus attinorum

| *Leucocoprinus attinorum*Mycological characteristics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | **Gills** on hymenium |
|  | Cap is **campanulate** or **flat** |
|  | Hymenium is **free** |
|  | Stipe has a **ring** |
|  | Spore print is **white** |
|  | Ecology is **saprotrophic** |
|  | Edibility is **unknown** |

***Leucocoprinus attinorum*** is a species of mushroom-producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae.

## Taxonomy

It was described in 2023 by the mycologists Salomé Urrea‑Valencia, Rodolfo Bizarria Júnior, Pepijn W. Kooij, Quimi Vidaurre Montoya and Andre Rodrigues who conducted a study on fungal species cultivated by lower attine ants which described the new species *Leucocoprinus attinorum* and *L. dunensis*.

## Description

*Leucocoprinus attinorum* is a fungus cultivated by *Mycocepurus goeldii* ants.

**Cap:** 3-4cm wide, starting campanulate before expanding to applanate with age. The surface is coated in small brown scales with a darker brown centre disc. **Gills:** Free with a collar, crowded and whitish. **Stem:** 2.5-8cm long and 4-8mm thick with a slightly bulbous base but otherwise generally consistent thickness across the length and solid inner flesh. The surface light brown and is coated in fine fibrils but turns dark brown when bruised or touched. The movable stem ring is white with a dark brown margin of a similar colour to the cap centre. **Spore print:** Pale white. **Spores:** 7-8 x 5-6 (6.5) μm. Ellipsoid to amygdaliform with a rounded apex and germ pore covered with a hyaline cap. Smooth, thick walled and hyaline with no colour change in KOH. Congophilous, dextrinoid, metachromatic in cresyl blue. **Basidia:** 22-30 x 10-11 μm. Clavate, 4-spored, hyaline.

## Etymology

The specific epithet *attinorum* is named in reference to the subtribe *Attina* to which the *Mycocepurus goeldii* ants belong.

## Habitat and distribution

The species is cultivated by the fungus farming ant species *Mycocepurus goeldii*, the geographical range of which includes Brazil, parts of Bolivia, Paraguay and Northern Argentina. so this fungus may possibly extend over this same range.

## InfoBox

| *Leucocoprinus attinorum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Agaricaceae |
| Genus: | *Leucocoprinus* |
| Species: | ***L. attinorum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Leucocoprinus attinorum***<br>S. Urrea-Valencia, A. Rodrigues & R.J. Bizarria (2023) | |
|


title: Torre-Cardela

abstract: Torre-Cardela is a municipality located in the province of Granada, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the city had a population of 1,134.

text:
# Torre-Cardela

**Torre-Cardela** is a municipality located in the province of Granada, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the city had a population of 1,134.

37°30′N 3°21′W / 37.500°N 3.350°W / 37.500; -3.350

## InfoBox

| Torre-Cardela | |
| --- | --- |
| city | |
|  | |
| Location of Torre-Cardela | |
| Country | Spain |
| Province | Granada |
| Municipality | Torre-Cardela |
| Area | |
| Total | 15 km2 (6 sq mi) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 759 |
| Density | 51/km2 (130/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Rafael Navarro-Gonzalez

abstract: Rafael Navarro-Gonzalez, also known as Rafael Navarro-González and Rafael Navarro, was a Mexican NASA astrobiologist who worked with the Curiosity rover on the planet Mars, and who helped lead researchers in the identification of ancient organic compounds on the planet. He was an internationally recognized scientist who merged laboratory simulations, field studies and modeling based on biology, chemistry and physics. Navarro-Gonzalez noted the significance of volcanic lightning in the origin of life on Earth. His professional work included the SAM component on the Mars Science Laboratory, and the HABIT instrument on the Exomars mission. He died from complications of COVID-19 on January 28, 2021. In April 2021, NASA named a mountain, "Rafael Navarro Mountain", on the planet Mars in his honor.

text:
# Rafael Navarro-Gonzalez

**Rafael Navarro-Gonzalez**, also known as **Rafael Navarro-González** and **Rafael Navarro**, (April 25, 1959 – January 28, 2021) was a Mexican NASA astrobiologist who worked with the *Curiosity* rover on the planet Mars, and who helped lead researchers in the identification of ancient organic compounds on the planet. He was an internationally recognized scientist who merged laboratory simulations, field studies and modeling based on biology, chemistry and physics. Navarro-Gonzalez noted the significance of volcanic lightning in the origin of life on Earth. His professional work included the SAM component on the Mars Science Laboratory, and the HABIT instrument on the Exomars mission.

He died from complications of COVID-19 on January 28, 2021. In April 2021, NASA named a mountain, "Rafael Navarro Mountain", on the planet Mars in his honor.

## Awards and honors

## InfoBox

| Rafael Navarro-Gonzalez | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Rafael Navarro-González
(1959-04-25)April 25, 1959
Mexico City, Mexico |
| Died | January 28, 2021(2021-01-28) (aged 61)
Mexico |
| Education | Bachelors in Biology, Doctorate in Chemistry |
| Alma mater | National Autonomous University of Mexico (BS-Biology); University of Maryland at College Park (PhD-Chemistry) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Astrobiology, Biology, Chemistry, Physics |
|  | |


title: Rab geranylgeranyltransferase

abstract:
Rab geranylgeranyltransferase also known as (protein) geranylgeranyltransferase II is one of the three prenyltransferases. It transfers (usually) two geranylgeranyl groups to the cystein(s) at the C-terminus of Rab proteins.
  - geranylgeranyl diphosphate + protein-cysteine ⇌ S-geranylgeranyl-Cys-protein + diphosphate The C-terminus of Rab proteins varies in length and sequence and is referred to as hypervariable. Thus Rab proteins do not have a consensus sequence, such as the CAAX box, which the Rab geranylgeranyltransferase can recognise. Instead Rab proteins are bound by the Rab escort protein (REP) over a more conserved region of the Rab protein and then presented to the Rab geranylgeranyltransferase. Once Rab proteins are prenylated, the lipid anchor(s) ensure that Rabs are no longer soluble. REP therefore plays an important role in binding and solubilising the geranylgeranyl groups and delivers the Rab protein to the relevant cell membrane.

text:
# Rab geranylgeranyltransferase

| Rab geranylgeranyltransferase, alpha subunit | |
| --- | --- |
| Crystallographic structure of rat RabGGTase (rainbow colored, N-terminus = blue, C-terminus = red). | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | RABGGTA |
| NCBI gene | 5875 |
| HGNC | 9795 |
| OMIM | 601905 |
| RefSeq | NM\_004581 |
| UniProt | Q92696 |
| Other data | |
| EC number | 2.5.1.60 |
| Locus | Chr. 14 *q11.2* |
| Search for  Structures Swiss-model  Domains InterPro | |

| Rab geranylgeranyltransferase, beta subunit | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | RABGGTB |
| NCBI gene | 5876 |
| HGNC | 9796 |
| OMIM | 179080 |
| RefSeq | NM\_004582 |
| UniProt | P53611 |
| Other data | |
| EC number | 2.5.1.60 |
| Locus | Chr. 1 *p31* |
| Search for  Structures Swiss-model  Domains InterPro | |

**Rab geranylgeranyltransferase** also known as **(protein) geranylgeranyltransferase II** is one of the three prenyltransferases. It transfers (usually) two geranylgeranyl groups to the cystein(s) at the C-terminus of Rab proteins.

geranylgeranyl diphosphate + protein-cysteine $\rightleftharpoons $ S-geranylgeranyl-Cys-protein + diphosphate

The C-terminus of Rab proteins varies in length and sequence and is referred to as hypervariable. Thus Rab proteins do not have a consensus sequence, such as the CAAX box, which the Rab geranylgeranyltransferase can recognise. Instead Rab proteins are bound by the Rab escort protein (REP) over a more conserved region of the Rab protein and then presented to the Rab geranylgeranyltransferase.

Once Rab proteins are prenylated, the lipid anchor(s) ensure that Rabs are no longer soluble. REP therefore plays an important role in binding and solubilising the geranylgeranyl groups and delivers the Rab protein to the relevant cell membrane.

## Reaction

Rab geranylgeranyltransferase (RabGGTase; enzyme commission code EC 2.5.1.60) is classified as a transferase enzyme; specifically, it is in the protein prenyltransferase family along with two other enzymes (protein farnesyltransferase and protein geranylgeranyltransferase type-I). The reaction catalyzed by RabGGTase is summarized as follows:

* geranylgeranyl diphosphate + protein-cysteine = S-geranylgeranyl-protein + diphosphate

This reaction is essential in the control of membrane docking and fusion. Studies of mice have shown that Rab GGTase genes are expressed in all major adult organs, as well as in some embryonic units, including the spinal cord and liver (Chinpaisal).

Rab geranylgeranyltransferase’s “outsourcing” of specificity (using REP to interact with the Rab proteins it prenylates, as mentioned above) is unique among prenyltransferases. Rab GGTase is “responsible for the largest number of individual protein prenylation events in the cell,” probably due to this ability to interact with many different Rab proteins (it can prenylate any sequence containing a cysteine residue).

In vitro studies have shown that Rab GGTase can be inhibited by nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate drugs such as risedronate; however, the effects of such drugs seem to be much more limited in vivo (Coxon).

## Structure

RabGGTase is a heterodimer composed of alpha and beta subunits that are encoded by the *RABGGTA* and *RABGGTB* genes, respectively. The structure of rat RabGGTase has been determined by X-ray diffraction (see image to the left) to a resolution of 1.80 Å. RabGGTase’s secondary structure is largely composed of alpha helices; the alpha subunit is 74% helical with no beta sheets, while the beta subunit is 51% helical and 5% beta sheet. There are 28 alpha helices total (15 in the alpha subunit and 13 in the beta subunit) and 15 very short (no more than 4 residues) beta sheets. Functional RabGGTase binds three metal ions as ligands: two calcium ions (Ca2+) and a zinc ion (Zn2+), all of which interact with the beta subunit.

## InfoBox

| Rab-protein geranylgeranyltransferase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 2.5.1.60 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


abstract: MSR – The Israel Center for Medical Simulation is Israel's national institute for simulation-based medical education (SBME) and patient safety training. It is located at the Chaim Sheba Medical Center in the Tel HaShomer neighborhood of Ramat Gan, in the Tel Aviv District. MSR is internationally recognized as leader in patient safety simulation-based training.

text:
# MSR – The Israel Center for Medical Simulation

**MSR – The Israel Center for Medical Simulation** (Hebrew: מסר - המרכז הארצי לסימולציה רפואית) is Israel's national institute for simulation-based medical education (SBME) and patient safety training. It is located at the Chaim Sheba Medical Center in the Tel HaShomer neighborhood of Ramat Gan, in the Tel Aviv District. MSR is internationally recognized as leader in patient safety simulation-based training.

## Overview

The Israel Center for Medical Simulation (MSR) was established at the Chaim Sheba Medical Center in 2001. The center's purpose is to lead a nationwide effort to introduce new standards and innovative approaches to health care training and patient safety education for the benefit of the people of Israel. Reports on patient safety have indicated that health care is far less safe than it should be, and that medical errors are the third cause of death in the US after heart disease and cancer. Simulation based medical education has been recognized as a powerful tool in addressing patient safety and quality-care training.

MSR is under the direction of Professor Amitai Ziv, MD, MHA. He is a veteran combat pilot and flight instructor in the Israeli Air Force where he was first exposed to simulation-based training. Ziv has testified before the U.S. Congress on MSR's medical emergency preparedness programs. He has briefed the Federal Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Homeland Security, the Greater New York Hospital Association, the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations, and has presented at major medical centers including the Mayo Clinic, Harvard University, McGill University, New York Presbyterian Hospital and Cleveland Clinic/Case Western Reserve.

The 2400-square-meter center is designed as a virtual healthcare environment and encompasses the whole spectrum of medical simulation modalities. These include simulated patients (role-playing actors for communication and clinical skills' training), advanced task trainers (for training of complex manual skills), virtual reality surgical simulators and computer-driven, full-body mannequins, that enable team training for challenging and high-risk clinical conditions. State-of-the-art audiovisual equipment and one-way mirror observation booths ensure effective debriefing and constructive feedback to trainees.

Staffed with a multidisciplinary team of 40, MSR has trained over 200,000 trainees and over 4500 instructors and raters of various health professions in a variety of courses and exams. These courses have been carried out in collaboration with major medical institutions, including health professional schools, the Israel Ministry of Health, Israeli Defense Forces, the Medical Corps, emergency medical services, medical associations, HMOs, major hospitals, risk management bodies and medical simulation, medical equipment and pharmaceutical industries.

## MSR's programs

### Communication skills

The Simulated Patient Unit trains medical professionals in communication skills essential for their practices, to help them achieve effective and compassionate interactions with their patients. The unit develops and conducts a wide range of training activities and scenarios to improve and promote human skills in general, and clinical communication skills in particular.

MSR engages some 150 role-playing actors of various ages, from adolescents to the elderly. The actors are specially trained to represent a variety of characters found in different encounters with medical caregivers: patients, family members, team members or other colleagues. The role-playing actors participate in a variety of simulations, each of which is a platform for learning, practicing and improving communication and clinical skills. These include delivering bad news, obtaining informed consent, coping with refusal of treatment, apologizing for a mistake, and practicing of neurological tests on a patient, among many others. After participating in a simulation scenario, the trainees receive feedback from the actors, their colleagues and MSR staff, based on direct observations and video recordings.

### Clinical skills

The advanced training wing is equipped with high-tech patient simulators that provide practice opportunities in a simulated, controlled medical environment. The spectrum of medical simulation equipment used at MSR include:

### MSR on Wheels

Established in 2013, *MSR on Wheels* is a mobile unit able to provide simulation-based medical training to medical teams on=site, throughout Israel. *MSR on Wheels* makes MSR's services and experience training clinical and communication skills and patient safety accessible to as broad a population as possible.

## Exams and assessment

MSR specializes in developing simulation-based tests that expose an examinee's performance and ability to function and provide or oversee treatment in "real-life" situations. MSR also specializes in developing oral exams and training healthcare professionals to evaluate examinees in oral exams. MSR's partnership with the *National Institute for Testing and Evaluation (NITE)* enables professional consulting, analysis and research in simulation-based exams.

MSR partners with the NITE in the following:

* Developing simulation-based examinations conducted at MSR – Board Exams are conducted at MSR for residents specializing in Anesthesiology, Adult and Pediatric Emergency Medicine, and Radiotherapy, in collaboration with their respective professional associations. MSR also conducts registration exams for all specialized nurses in Israel in collaboration with Israel's Ministry of Health, Nursing Division, and the certification exam for paramedics, in partnership with Magen David Adom.
* Consulting development teams for examinations that are not conducted at MSR – Most of these are oral exams for Israeli medical associations. Exam development: choosing the exam structure, grading and decision-making systems, developing structured evaluation sheets, participating in writing the testing station scenarios, review of psychometric quality. MSR has assisted in developing and updating testing stations and evaluation sheets with the Israeli Associations of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology.
* Training the raters of the exams – training of the raters who conduct the screening exam for medical student candidates, and exams for nursing registration (over 2000 raters), certification of raters for oral exams for many of the medical associations (ENT, emergency medicine, orthopedics, surgery of the hand, etc.).

### Medical school candidates screening

In collaboration with the National Institute for Testing and Evaluation (NITE), MSR provides simulation-based humanistic screening of medical school candidates.

## International collaborations

### Consultation services

Among the simulation centers that MSR has helped in their establishment and/or collaborated with on establishing simulation-based curriculum:


title: MTV Base: SA's Hottest MCs

abstract: MTV Base: SA's Hottest MCs is an annual segment that has aired on MTV Base at the end of every year since 2014. The segment consists of a panel of judges who are South African hip hop performers or personalities associated with the South African hip hop genre. The finalists of the list are judged based on impact, lyrics, sales, buzz, style and intangibles.

text:
# MTV Base: SA's Hottest MCs

**MTV Base: SA's Hottest MCs** is an annual segment that has aired on MTV Base at the end of every year since 2014. The segment consists of a panel of judges who are South African hip hop performers or personalities associated with the South African hip hop genre. The finalists of the list are judged based on impact, lyrics, sales, buzz, style and intangibles.

## 2014

The inaugural edition of the Hottest MCs list was revealed at a two day event on 19–20 November 2014, hosted by Sizwe Dlomo.

1. K.O
2. Cassper Nyovest
3. AKA
4. Khuli Chana
5. Riky Rick
6. Reason
7. Kid X
8. Da L.E.S
9. Kwesta
10. Maggz

## 2015

The 2015 list was revealed on 26–27 November 2015.

1. Cassper Nyovest
2. AKA
3. K.O
4. Riky Rick
5. Okmalumkoolkat
6. Kwesta
7. Khuli Chana
8. Kid X
9. iFani
10. L-Tido

## 2016

The 2016 list was revealed at a two-day event airing 1-2 December 2016.

1. Cassper Nyovest
2. Emtee
3. Nasty C
4. Kwesta
5. AKA
6. Riky Rick
7. Fifi Cooper
8. A-Reece
9. Okmalumkoolkat
10. Gigi LaMayne

## 2017

The 2017 list was announced at a two-day event on 30 November-1 December 2017.

1. Kwesta
2. Cassper Nyovest
3. AKA
4. Nasty C
5. Emtee
6. Shane Eagle
7. Riky Rick
8. Okmalumkoolkat
9. A-Reece
10. YoungstaCPT
11. MrNytmares

## 2018

The 2018 list was announced 6 December 2018.

1. Kwesta
2. AKA
3. Nasty C
4. Cassper Nyovest
5. Rouge
6. Shane Eagle
7. Anatii
8. Riky Rick
9. Moozlie
10. Nadia Nakai

## 2019

The 2019 list was announced on 11–12 December 2019.

1. Nasty C
2. Sho Madjozi
3. Yanga Chief
4. AKA
5. YoungstaCPT
6. Kwesta
7. Shane Eagle
8. K.O and Riky Rick
9. Nadia Nakai
10. Boity

## 2020

The 2020 list was announced on 3–4 December 2020 in an event hosted by Ms Cosmo.

1. Focalistic
2. Yanga Chief
3. Nasty C
4. Cassper Nyovest
5. Big Zulu
6. YoungstaCPT
7. Busiswa
8. Costa Titch
9. Riky Rick
10. K.O

## 2023

The 2023 list was announced on 3–4 December 2023 in an event hosted by Tshego Koke.

1. Nasty C
2. JAYIE KLOIE
3. Bravo le Roux
4. Blxckie
5. A-Reece
6. K.O
7. AKA
8. Lucas Raps
9. Priddy Ugly
10. Dee Koala

1. Shumba, Ano (7 December 2023). "SA: MTV Base announces Hottest MCs of 2023". *Music In Africa*. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
2. Patricks, Fritz (22 November 2014). "K.O crowned MTV Base Hottest MC of 2014". *metrosmag*. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
3. Mahlalela, Sasha (2 December 2015). "South Africa's Hottest MC of 2015 Top 10 List Revealed". *www.gq.co.za*. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
4. Ndlangisa, Amanda (5 December 2016). "Cassper Nyovest crowned SA's hottest MC". *Truelove*. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
5. Donkoh, Ebenezer (2 December 2016). "SA's Hottest MCs of 2016 List Revealed". *NY DJ Live*. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
6. "KWESTA crowned SA's Hottest MC of 2017 | YOMZANSI". *www.yomzansi.com*. 1 December 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
7. Mkhabela, Sabelo (7 December 2018). "These Are The 10 Hottest South African MCs According to MTV Base". *OkayAfrica*. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
8. Mkhabela, Sabelo (12 December 2019). "These Are The 10 Hottest South African MCs of 2019 According to MTV Base". *OkayAfrica*. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
9. Herbst, Denika (8 December 2020). "Focalistic named South Africa's Hottest MC for 2020 by MTV Base". *Briefly*. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
10. Tucker, Mercia (27 January 2021). "MTV Base ranks its Hottest MCs (and new wave artists) for 2020". *The Plug*. Retrieved 6 March 2022.


title: Foreman-Case House

abstract: Foreman-Case House, also known as the Foreman-Case-Schermerhorn House, is a historic home located at Delphi, Carroll County, Indiana, United States. It was built about 1851, and is a two-story, Greek Revival style red brick dwelling with a front gable roof. It has a two-story, hip roofed rear section, with a brick first story and frame second story. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

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# Foreman-Case House

**Foreman-Case House**, also known as the Foreman-Case-Schermerhorn House, is a historic home located at Delphi, Carroll County, Indiana, United States. It was built about 1851, and is a two-story, Greek Revival style red brick dwelling with a front gable roof. It has a two-story, hip roofed rear section, with a brick first story and frame second story.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Foreman-Case House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Foreman-Case House, June 2011 | |
|  | |
| Location | 312 E. Main St., Delphi, Indiana |
| Coordinates | 40°35′12″N 86°40′15″W / 40.58667°N 86.67083°W / 40.58667; -86.67083 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | c. 1851 (1851) |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 90000811 |
| Added to NRHP | May 24, 1990 |


title: Wilfrid Heron

abstract: Wilfrid Ledlie Heron was an Australian rules footballer who played with University in the Victorian Football League in 1913 and 1914. Wilfrid Heron was born in Brighton, the second child of the prominent banker Herbert Ledlie Heron and Lilian Jessie Howard. He was educated at Melbourne Grammar School before commencing employment with the pastoral company Dalgety & Co. During this period he played football for University and after a goalless first season in 1913, scored five goals during the 1914 VFL season. A career highlight was scoring two goals against a strong Essendon side in Round 2. He enlisted to serve shortly after the commencement of World War I, having already spent several years serving in the Army Reserve. He was Mentioned in Despatches for “various acts of conspicuous gallantry during May/Jane 1915 at Gallipoli“ before he was shot and lost his right eye. He was invalided home but later returned to serve in France, was injured again, and then served in England as Adjunct at a Training Unit for the rest of the war. After the war he became a plantation owner at Rabaul in Papue New Guinea. He married Madge Laurence Clapin in June 1929 but she died in January 1933, shortly after the birth of their daughter. In November 1934 he married Audrey May Clapperton and he continued to manage the Tovakundum Estate plantation in Rabaul, making frequent trips back to Melbourne. He was taken as a prisoner of war by the Japanese after the Battle of Rabaul (1942). He subsequently died as a civilian prisoner of war when the SS Montevideo Maru, an unmarked POW ship, was sunk by a US submarine.

text:
# Wilfrid Heron

**Wilfrid Ledlie Heron** (20 July 1894 – 1 July 1942) was an Australian rules footballer who played with University in the Victorian Football League in 1913 and 1914.

Wilfrid Heron was born in Brighton, the second child of the prominent banker Herbert Ledlie Heron and Lilian Jessie Howard. He was educated at Melbourne Grammar School before commencing employment with the pastoral company Dalgety & Co. During this period he played football for University and after a goalless first season in 1913, scored five goals during the 1914 VFL season. A career highlight was scoring two goals against a strong Essendon side in Round 2.

He enlisted to serve shortly after the commencement of World War I, having already spent several years serving in the Army Reserve. He was Mentioned in Despatches for “various acts of conspicuous gallantry during May/Jane 1915 at Gallipoli“ before he was shot and lost his right eye. He was invalided home but later returned to serve in France, was injured again, and then served in England as Adjunct at a Training Unit for the rest of the war.

After the war he became a plantation owner at Rabaul in Papue New Guinea. He married Madge Laurence Clapin in June 1929 but she died in January 1933, shortly after the birth of their daughter. In November 1934 he married Audrey May Clapperton and he continued to manage the Tovakundum Estate plantation in Rabaul, making frequent trips back to Melbourne.

He was taken as a prisoner of war by the Japanese after the Battle of Rabaul (1942). He subsequently died as a civilian prisoner of war when the SS Montevideo Maru, an unmarked POW ship, was sunk by a US submarine.

## InfoBox

| Wilfrid Heron | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Wilfrid Ledlie Heron | | |
| Date of birth | (1894-07-20)20 July 1894 | | |
| Place of birth | Brighton, Victoria | | |
| Date of death | 1 July 1942(1942-07-01) (aged 47) | | |
| Place of death | SS Montevideo Maru, near Philippines | | |
| Original team(s) | Melbourne Grammar | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1913–14 | University | 23 (5) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1914. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: V. M. Muddiah

abstract: Venkatappa Musandra Muddiah was an Indian cricketer who played in 2 Tests from 1959 to 1960. Born in Bangalore, Mysore, Muddiah came up through the Mysore University and Mysore State 'B' team. He studied in the Malleswaram Middle and High School and Central College, Bangalore. He later played club cricket for Malleswaram Gymkhana and Friends Union CC. He joined the Indian Air Force in 1948, but was soon found 'unfit for flying'. He left the Air Force and represented Mysore in 1951–52 but was recalled to the IAF as an Air Traffic Controller in the next year. He went on to become a wing commander before taking voluntary retirement in 1979. Muddiah started off a batsman, became a medium pacer and finally an off-spinner. He retained his fifteen step runup even while bowling spin. He had a great start to his first class career when he took 8 for 54 and 4 for 43 for Services against Southern Punjab in 1949. But for most of his career he had to live in the shadow of Ghulam Ahmed who was the primary Indian off spinner at the time. Muddiah was not selected to the Indian team till Ghulam retired in 1959. Muddiah toured England in 1959, took thirty wickets in first class matches but did not appear in a Test. He failed to take a wicket on Test debut against Australia at Delhi in 1959–60. In his only other appearance, against Pakistan a year later, he took the wickets of Mushtaq Mohammad, Hanif Mohammad and Imtiaz Ahmed and had Wallis Mathias dropped at short-leg by Polly Umrigar. Another chance came against the visiting England team in 1961–62. Muddiah took 6 for 71 for the North Zone, all the wickets were top-order batsmen. But after an unsuccessful match for Services against MCC on the eve of the fourth Test he was not selected. He retired soon after. Muddiah took 175 wickets in his first class career that lasted until late 1962. One of his more notable performances was for Mysore in the 1951-52 Ranji semifinal against Bombay. After Mysore made 170, Bombay finished the first day on 163 for 1. It rained overnight and Muddiah took six wickets in eight overs to bowl Bombay out for 205 on the second day. Mysore still lost by an innings. He also took 5 for 2 against Jammu and Kashmir in 1961–62. Muddiah had his benefit match in 1980. The Government of Karnataka provided him with 5 acres (20,000 m⁲) of land outside Bangalore where he ran a farm. He had two daughters and a son who is a lieutenant colonel in the Army.

text:
# V. M. Muddiah

**Venkatappa Musandra Muddiah** (8 June 1929 – 1 October 2009) was an Indian cricketer who played in 2 Tests from 1959 to 1960.

Born in Bangalore, Mysore, Muddiah came up through the Mysore University and Mysore State 'B' team. He studied in the Malleswaram Middle and High School and Central College, Bangalore. He later played club cricket for Malleswaram Gymkhana and Friends Union CC. He joined the Indian Air Force in 1948, but was soon found 'unfit for flying'. He left the Air Force and represented Mysore in 1951–52 but was recalled to the IAF as an Air Traffic Controller in the next year. He went on to become a wing commander before taking voluntary retirement in 1979.

Muddiah started off a batsman, became a medium pacer and finally an off-spinner. He retained his fifteen step runup even while bowling spin. He had a great start to his first class career when he took 8 for 54 and 4 for 43 for Services against Southern Punjab in 1949. But for most of his career he had to live in the shadow of Ghulam Ahmed who was the primary Indian off spinner at the time. Muddiah was not selected to the Indian team till Ghulam retired in 1959.

Muddiah toured England in 1959, took thirty wickets in first class matches but did not appear in a Test. He failed to take a wicket on Test debut against Australia at Delhi in 1959–60. In his only other appearance, against Pakistan a year later, he took the wickets of Mushtaq Mohammad, Hanif Mohammad and Imtiaz Ahmed and had Wallis Mathias dropped at short-leg by Polly Umrigar.

Another chance came against the visiting England team in 1961–62. Muddiah took 6 for 71 for the North Zone, all the wickets were top-order batsmen. But after an unsuccessful match for Services against MCC on the eve of the fourth Test he was not selected. He retired soon after.

Muddiah took 175 wickets in his first class career that lasted until late 1962. One of his more notable performances was for Mysore in the 1951-52 Ranji semifinal against Bombay. After Mysore made 170, Bombay finished the first day on 163 for 1. It rained overnight and Muddiah took six wickets in eight overs to bowl Bombay out for 205 on the second day. Mysore still lost by an innings. He also took 5 for 2 against Jammu and Kashmir in 1961–62.

Muddiah had his benefit match in 1980. The Government of Karnataka provided him with 5 acres (20,000 m2) of land outside Bangalore where he ran a farm. He had two daughters and a son who is a lieutenant colonel in the Army.

## Sources

* Rajan Bala, "In the shadow of Ghulam Ahmed", Crickettalk magazine, 20 July 2000.
* Vedam Jaishankar, *Casting a spell: The story of Karnataka cricket*, UBS Publishers, ISBN 81-7476-505-0, pp. 47–51

## InfoBox

V. M. Muddiah
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Venkatappa Musandra Muddiah |
| Born | (1929-06-08)8 June 1929
Bangalore, British India |
| Died | 1 October 2009(2009-10-01) (aged 80)
Bangalore, Karnataka, India |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right arm off break / medium |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
| Test debut (cap 94) | 12 December 1959 v Australia |
| Last Test | 21 December 1960 v Pakistan |
|  | |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1949–1962 | Services |
| 1951–1952 | Mysore |
| 1953–1954 | Hyderabad |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition Test First-class  Matches 2 61  Runs scored 11 805  Batting average 5.50 13.87  100s/50s 0/0 0/4  Top score 11 67  Balls bowled 318 9,918  Wickets 3 175  Bowling average 44.66 23.76  5 wickets in innings  10  10 wickets in match  1  Best bowling 2/40 8/54  Catches/stumpings 0/– 62/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 21 October 2009 | |


title: Liar! Liar!

abstract: Biri Biri "Liar! Liar!" is the twenty-third single by B'z, released on October 8, 1997. This song is one of B'z many number-one singles in Oricon chart, selling 794,000 copies during its chartrun. "Liar! Liar!" was featured on the PlayStation 2 music video game GuitarFreaks. Marty Friedman, ex-Megadeth guitarist who is acquainted with J-pop, stated that this song is one of his favorites in a column he wrote for the magazine Nikkei Entertainment.

text:
# Liar! Liar!

"**Liar! Liar!**" is the twenty-third single by B'z, released on October 8, 1997. This song is one of B'z many number-one singles in Oricon chart, selling 794,000 copies during its chartrun.

"Liar! Liar!" was featured on the PlayStation 2 music video game *GuitarFreaks*. Marty Friedman, ex-Megadeth guitarist who is acquainted with J-pop, stated that this song is one of his favorites in a column he wrote for the magazine *Nikkei Entertainment*.

## Track listing

All songs composed and arranged by Tak Matsumoto, lyrics written by Koshi Inaba

1. "Liar! Liar!"
2. "Biri Biri (ビリビリ)"

## Personnel

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Japan (RIAJ) | Million | 1,000,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "Liar! Liar!" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by B'z | |
| from the album  *Survive* | |
| Released | October 8, 1997 |
| Genre | Hard rock |
| Label | Rooms Records |
| Songwriter(s) | Tak Matsumoto, Koshi Inaba |
| Producer(s) | Tak Matsumoto |
| B'z singles chronology | |
| "'Calling'"
(1997) "**Liar! Liar!**"
(1997) "'Samayoeru Aoi Dangan'"
(1998) | |


title: Weihnachtsmann vom Dach

abstract: "Weihnachtsmann vom Dach" is a Christmas song by Die Toten Hosen, released as Die Roten Rosen. It's the first single and the sixth track from the Christmas album Wir warten auf's Christkind.... The song is sung from the perspective of somebody that believes a depressed Santa is hiding from Christmas in his attic. On a card he has written "Merry Christmas" and that he hopes everyone's happy and apologises for his escape. Present wrapping is littered around and in his diary he wrote "I am here and Bethlehem is far away".

text:
# Weihnachtsmann vom Dach

**"Weihnachtsmann vom Dach"** (*Santa Claus from the roof*) is a Christmas song by Die Toten Hosen, released as Die Roten Rosen. It's the first single and the sixth track from the Christmas album *Wir warten auf's Christkind...*.

The song is sung from the perspective of somebody that believes a depressed Santa is hiding from Christmas in his attic. On a card he has written "Merry Christmas" and that he hopes everyone's happy and apologises for his escape. Present wrapping is littered around and in his diary he wrote "I am here and Bethlehem is far away".

## Music video

The music video was directed by Ralf Schmerberg.

The music video depicts a girl hanging a figurine Santa in her home, as she notices a midget in a Santa costume stealing her presents. She starts chasing him as he notices the Santa doll and is devastated. Then, a life-sized version of a similar Santa is shown hanging in a similar room as the self-made dollhouse had. He is surrounded by others like him, who then visit the girl (probably to seek revenge). The man, who tried to steal the girl's presents then saves her by somehow turning them small, like the figurine, and escaping to a tunnel on a railroad maquette as the lifesize figurine Santas search the house. The Santa-like people leave and the two hug. The next scene shows them ice-skating on the maquette with a man with a similar hat that the Santa-like people were wearing.

## Track listing

1. "Weihnachtsmann vom Dach" (von Holst/Frege) − 4:02
2. "Come All Ye Faithful" – 2:34
3. "Jingle Bells (Dub Version)" – 5:34
4. "Baby, du sollst nicht weinen" (*Baby, you shouldn't cry*) − 3:34

## Charts

| Year | Country | Position |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1998 | Germany | 49 |
| 1998 | Austria | 19 |

## InfoBox

| "Weihnachtsmann vom Dach" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Die Roten Rosen | |
| from the album  *Wir warten auf's Christkind...* | |
| Released | November 16, 1998 |
| Genre | Punk rock |
| Length | 4:02 |
| Label | JKP |
| Songwriter(s) | Andreas Frege
Andreas von Holst |
| Die Roten Rosen singles chronology | |
| "Pushed Again"
(1998) "**Weihnachtsmann vom Dach**"
(1998) "Auld Lang Syne"
(1999) | |


title: Torre de Babel (TV series)

abstract: Torre de Babel is a Brazilian primetime telenovela produced by TV Globo and broadcast in its traditional schedule of 9 p.m. between May 25, 1998 and January 16, 1999. Starring Tarcísio Meira, Glória Menezes, Cláudia Raia, Edson Celulari, Letícia Sabatella, Marcos Palmeira, Adriana Esteves, Juca de Oliveira, Natália do Vale, Maitê Proença and Tony Ramos in the lead roles.

text:
# Torre de Babel (TV series)

**Torre de Babel** (English: *Tower of Babel*) is a Brazilian primetime telenovela produced by TV Globo and broadcast in its traditional schedule of 9 p.m. between May 25, 1998 and January 16, 1999.

Starring Tarcísio Meira, Glória Menezes, Cláudia Raia, Edson Celulari, Letícia Sabatella, Marcos Palmeira, Adriana Esteves, Juca de Oliveira, Natália do Vale, Maitê Proença and Tony Ramos in the lead roles.

## History

### Synopsis

#### First phase

The former expert in fireworks, José Clementino gets a job as a bricklayer in the construction of a magnificent shopping center, one of the many works carried out by the construction engineer, César Toledo. During the feast of the ridge, where engineers and workers gather to celebrate the laying of the slab work, Clementino's wife flirts with several men. At one point, José Clementino goes looking for his wife and finds her in a far corner of the building having sex with two men. Overcome with rage, Clementino kills his wife and one of the men with paddle strokes. The family hears the screams and Toledo contains Clementino, with the help of a group of workers. Shocked by the violence of the employee, the employer calls the police, and later earns an indictment against him at trial. His testimony is crucial to the eventual conviction of Clementino.

#### Second phase

Twenty years pass, and in 1998 José Clementino is freed from jail. The time during which he was exposed to the harsh reality of the prison system made him a man even more bitter. He is rejected by most people around him, including his own relatives, because of the double stigma of being an ex-convict and unemployed. Although he tries to rebuild his life, Clementino remains obsessed by the desire to seek revenge against César Toledo, whom he deems largely responsible for his conviction.

César Toledo has become a powerful businessman, but leads a life full of troubles. His marriage to Martha is in crisis and can only be sustained thanks to her efforts. Their union takes a turn for the worse when César finds an old love, the lawyer Lucia Prado, and the two begin a romance. On top of that Martha is still dealing with the trauma of her father's death and even begins to develop suspicions that César might have been involved in the car accident which led to that death.

César and Martha's relationship with their children is also characterized by tensions. The eldest, Henrique, administers the affairs of the mall, but has a very different temperament from his father. Extravagant and vain, he welcomes the inauguration of the Tropical Towers by organizing a pompous carnival event. Alexandre is the middle child of the Toledo family. A young law student who resents still being dependent on financial help from his father, he wishes to complete his studies before leaving home. The youngest son, Guilherme, is the main source of the torments of the family. A drug addict and social outcast, he keeps fleeing from rehab clinics and trying to extort money from relatives and friends to support his habit. During the inauguration of the mall, after trying to get money without success, he breaks into the main lobby of the building with a motorbike and has to be restrained by security guards. Guilherme later gets arrested for the homicide of a drug trafficker to whom he owed a lot of money and in spite of the help provided from his family to have him released from jail, he eventually dies a tragic death.

Following the liberation of José Clementino from jail, he and his family work and live in the junkyard of his father, Agenor, a cruel and violent man who physically and psychologically tortures his children and grand-children. There live Clementino's two half-brothers, Gustinho and Boneca, as well as Shirley, his youngest daughter, a sweet and gracious young woman who suffers from a physical defect in the leg. She takes care of Jamanta, a person with mental disability who lives with the family and works in the junkyard with her uncles, managing a diner that prepares meals for blue collar workers. In that cold and lifeless environment, there are some of the best comedic moments of the telenovela, thanks to the interaction of Gustinho and Boneca - making fun of and engaging with one another - and the intricacies of Jamanta, a character who fell into the graces of the public. Much to Clementino's annoyance, his two half-brothers regularly get into brawls and fights.

Shirley develops a close friendship with Adriano, a shy young man who also suffers from a handicap. Adriano is in love with her and even asks to marry her. However Shirley turns down the proposal because she knows Adriano's father does not approve of their relationship. To her parents' dismay she starts a relationship with Dino, only to realize the only genuine feelings she has are for Adriano.

José Clementino's other daughter is Sandrinha Clementino (Sandra). Unlike Shirley, she has never forgiven her father for his past and has negative feelings in relation to all other family members. Sandrinha is a young and ambitious character who works as a waitress at the diner of Edmundo Falcão and will do anything to move up in life. This is how she gets involved with Alexandre Toledo. Completely in love with the girl, he later realizes that she is interested mainly in their money and will betray him whenever possible.

In the cafeteria of Edmundo Falcão also works the waitress Bina Colombo, a spontaneous, funny but also naïve woman, who dreams the dream of becoming rich. She lives with Aunt Sadie in a small apartment, but the lives of two changes when, thanks to a quirk of fate, the waitress becomes the owner of a fortune. Bina is always accompanied by her best friend and co-worker at the cafeteria, the docile cook Luzineide, whom she dazzles with her exuberant personality. Bina frequently prevents the girl from uttering a word by instructing her to "Shut up, Luzineide!".

Kicking off his plan for revenge, José Clementino gets a job as caretaker of Tropical Towers. He plans to install explosives in the building. His idea is to destroy the great enterprise of César Toledo, but without hurting any innocent people. The explosives are meant to be detonated when the mall is empty. However his existence changes completely when he falls in love with Clara, who is none other than César's sister-in-law. Determined to change his ways so that he can win over her, Clementino calls off the plan he had conceived to destroy Tropical Towers via an explosion.

For mysterious reasons, the explosion still happens, the artifacts being triggered before the scheduled time while the building is still full of visitors. The explosion leaves many injured and kills several people. Some characters featured earlier in the novela die in the explosion of Tropical Towers. Guilherme, the troubled son who torments the lives of Martha and César Toledo, is one of them. Two other victims are the fashion designer Rafaela Katz as well as her associate and former model Leila Sampaio. Rafaela and Leila are owners of a fashion boutique and have a loving relationship. Before dying Rafaela has even revealed to Leila that Clementino, whom she employed for a while in her fashion boutique, is in fact her brother.

Meanwhile the businesswoman Angela Vidal, right-hand man of the Toledo administration of the mall, nurtures a platonic passion for Henrique Toledo, her close friend and coworker. Henrique, however, is married to Vilma, besides being an incorrigible womanizer who collects romantic conquests, raising the suspicions of Angela. Gradually the latter's passion becomes increasingly unhealthy. To get what she wants, she turns into a cold and ruthless killer, who comes to celebrate the deaths of her victims. Angela murders Vilma Toledo believing that in her absence, Henrique will grow close to her and eventually fall in love with her. Instead Henrique becomes a prime suspect in his wife's murder and incurs the wrath of his mother-in-law Josefa, who is adamant that he has to be the murderer. Josefa only changes her mind upon being informed by Martha that a finger ring belonging to Vilma was found in Angela Vidal's car.

Later during a sting operation Angela is heard confessing to Luísa - the elderly woman who raised her and now works for the Toledo household - that she murdered Vilma and has even been thinking about murdering other members of the Toledo family as well. Luísa, who had participated in the operation thinking that Angela could not possibly be guilty of such crimes, is shocked to discover the truth. Angela is arrested and taken to a detention centre where she is beaten up by other inmates. She manages to escape from the prison, only to find out that Henrique is about to marry Celeste, the mother of a child born fathered by Guilherme. Upon learning of that development the desperate Angela jumps from the top of the Maksoud Hotel committing suicide, following an attempt to take Celeste's son Emilio as hostage.

When the romance between Lucia Prado and César Toledo comes to an end, the lawyer finally reconciles with Alexandre. Lucia also patches up with Martha, helping her and César to rebuff the attempts of Leda Sampaio who was trying to become the majority shareholder of Tropical Towers. Towards the end of the novela, having finally admitted the real character of Sandrinha, Alexandre ultimately decides to stay with her ex-love of the father. César Toledo and Martha end up reconciling in spite of Martha's past suspicions and César numerous affairs with other women. Following a confrontation with Clara, Martha is forced to realise that her father Otavio Leme was a sexual predator who repeatedly raped a young Clara after he had adopted her from an orphanage. Upon being confronted by César, Otavio was overwhelmed with shame and he asked somebody to sabotage the brakes of his vehicle so that he would die while driving it.

Now César and Alexandre can work on finding out who caused the deadly explosion at the commercial centre. José Clementino is the prime suspect because of his troubled past and his much-publicized animosity towards César Toledo. Many people have witnessed him claiming that he would exact revenge upon César for sending him to jail twenty years ago. However, no solid evidence against Clementino is found on the scene of the crime. While he confesses that he did plan to blow up the Tropical Towers, he is adamant that he did not go ahead with that idea and that somebody else must have triggered the explosives. In his efforts to clear his name, José Clementino has the support of his daughter Shirley as well as that of Clara. Clementino is determined to protect himself from any allegations and even claims that César Toledo himself might have been the mastermind behind the explosion.

Another suspect is Bruno Maia, Martha's confidant and secret lover. Just like Clementino, Bruno holds a long-standing grudge with César, whom he blames for the death of his daughter when she was still a child. Bruno admits to Martha that while he loves her, his hatred for César remains profound and he is determined to bring him down by any means necessary to gain revenge. Martha thus suspects that Bruno may well have set up the explosion at Tropical Towers in order to damage both the business operations and the reputation of her husband.

Meanwhile Clementino believes that the person who holds the key to what actually happened during the explosion is none other than his own father, Agenor. The old man has disappeared and nobody has yet been able to locate him.

#### The End

José Clementino is on the run from police, having been sent back to a detention centre after his daughter Sandrinha denounced him for breaking into César Toledo's office at night. He managed to break free from police while attending the wedding of his other daughter Shirley a few weeks earlier. During the wedding ceremony of Henrique and Celeste, Clementino reappears accompanied by his half-brothers and their father Agenor, whom they have been able to track. They request Agenor to tell the story of what truly happened during the explosion of the commercial centre.

Agenor explains that he was indeed involved in such a project and was paid by Ângela Vidal to execute part of the dirty work, using the plans that had been drawn by Clementino. However they had no intention of killing anybody, their plan was only meant to scare people and harm the reputation of César Toledo. One person however got wind of the plan and hijacked it to trigger an earlier explosion which proved to be deadly. That person is none other than José Clementino's own daughter Sandrinha. In spite of the latter's denials she is immediately arrested by police, with several of the wedding guests able to provide testimonies about the role she played on the night of the explosion.

## Cast and episodes

| Actor | Character | Episodes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Tarcísio Meira | César Toledo | 203 eps |
| Glória Menezes | Marta Leme Toledo | 203 eps |
| Tony Ramos | José Clementino da Silva | 202 eps |
| Maitê Proença | Clara Soares | 197 eps |
| Adriana Esteves | Sandra da Silva (Sandrinha); Villain, responsible for the shopping explosion **(Ends in jail)** | 200 eps |
| Cláudia Raia | Ângela Vidal; Main Villain **(Commits suicide by throwing herself from the top of a building)** | 201 eps |
| Edson Celulari | Henrique Leme Toledo | 194 eps |
| Letícia Sabatella | Celeste Brunmer/Leme Toledo | 156 eps |
| Natália do Vale | Lúcia Prado | 171 eps |
| Marcos Palmeira | Alexandre Leme Toledo | 199 eps |
| Stênio Garcia | Bruno Maia | 73 eps |
| Cláudia Jimenez | Balbina Colombo Falcão (Bina) | 179 eps |
| Christiane Torloni | Rafaela Katz (Neusa Maria da Silva); **(Killed by Sandrinha)** | 26 eps |
| Sílvia Pfeifer | Leda Sampaio / Leila Sampaio **(Killed by Sandrinha)** | 28 eps |
| Marcello Antony | Guilherme Leme Toledo | 30 eps |
| Juca de Oliveira | Agenor da Silva | 58 eps |
| Cacá Carvalho | Ariovaldo da Silva (Jamanta) | 112 eps |
| Karina Barum | Shirley da Silva | 139 eps |
| Danton Mello | Adriano de Almeida Paes (Chicletinho) | 51 eps |
| Isadora Ribeiro | Vilma Toledo; Villain **(Killed by Ângela)** | 97 eps |
| Oscar Magrini | Gustinho da Silva / Johnny Percebe | 103 eps |
| Ernani Moraes | Ariclenes da Silva (Boneca) | 105 eps |
| Victor Fasano | Edmundo Falcão | 115 eps |
| Cleyde Yáconis | Diolinda Falcão | 120 eps |
| Carlos Gregório | Paulo de Almeida Paes | 27 eps |
| Liana Duval | Luísa | 95 eps |
| Vanda Lacerda | Eglantine Colombo | 17 eps |
| Etty Fraser | Sarita | 92 eps |
| Irving São Paulo | Gilberto Lobo | 7-15 eps |
| Maria Sílvia | Dirce Lobo | 41 eps |
| Manitou Felipe | Pedro Pacheco | 31 eps |
| Bruno Costa | Marco | 32 eps |
| Carvalhinho | Cláudio | 71 eps |
| Eliane Costa | Luzineide | 98 eps |
| Duda Mamberti | Carlito | 67 eps |
| Cleyde Blota | Josefa Navarro | 49 eps |
| Carlos Henrique Kroeber | Navarro | 29 eps |
| Roberto Lobo | Navarrinho | 40 eps |
| Felipe Rocha | Dino | 39 eps |
| Sthephanie Neves | Tiffany Toledo | 84 eps |
| Caio Graco | Henrique Toledo Júnior | 81 eps |
| Felipe Latgé | Guilherme Leme Toledo Brummer (Guiminha) | 42 eps |

**Special Participation**

| Actor | Character | Episodes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Berta Loran | Sara Bentes | 1 ep |
| Chico Expedito | Claudionor | 2 eps |
| Patrícia Gordo | José Clementino's wife | 1 ep |
| Beto Bellini | Lover of José Clementino's wife | 1 ep |
| Alexandre Borges | Boyfriend of Ângela | 1 ep |

## Cast

| Actor | Character |
| --- | --- |
| Tarcísio Meira | César Toledo |
| Glória Menezes | Marta Leme Toledo |
| Tony Ramos | José Clementino da Silva |
| Maitê Proença | Clara Soares |
| Adriana Esteves | Sandra da Silva (Sandrinha) |
| Cláudia Raia | Ângela Vidal |
| Edson Celulari | Henrique Leme Toledo |
| Letícia Sabatella | Celeste Brunmer/Leme Toledo |
| Natália do Vale | Lúcia Prado |
| Marcos Palmeira | Alexandre Leme Toledo |
| Isadora Ribeiro | Vilma Toledo |
| Stênio Garcia | Bruno Maia |
| Cláudia Jimenez | Balbina Colombo Falcão (Bina) |
| Victor Fasano | Edmundo Falcão |
| Juca de Oliveira | Agenor da Silva |
| Karina Barum | Shirley da Silva |
| Danton Mello | Adriano de Almeida Paes (Chicletinho) |
| Oscar Magrini | Gustinho da Silva / Johnny Percebe |
| Ernani Moraes | Ariclenes da Silva (Boneca) |
| Cacá Carvalho | Ariovaldo da Silva (Jamanta) |
| Roberto Lopes | Delegate Jorge Machado |
| Cleyde Yáconis | Diolinda Falcão |
| Cleyde Blota | Josefa Navarro |
| Carlos Henrique Kroeber | Cristóvão Navarro |
| Eliane Costa | Luzineide |
| Irving São Paulo | Gilberto Lobo |
| Manitou Felipe | Pacheco |
| Bruno Costa | Marco |
| Mário Lago | Padre João Luiz |
| Liana Duval | Luísa Vidal |
| Dary Reis | Jaime Pacheco |
| Roberto Lobo | Navarrinho |
| Duda Mamberti | Carlito |
| Etty Fraser | Sarita Teixeira |
| Carlos Gregório | Paulo de Almeida Paes |
| Carvalhinho | Cláudio |
| Maria Sílvia | Dirce |
| Felipe Rocha | Dino |
| Sthephanie Neves | Tiffany Toledo |
| Caio Graco | Henrique Toledo Júnior |
| Felipe Latgé | Guilherme Leme Toledo Brummer (Guiminha) |
|

**Participação Especial**

| Actor | Character |
| --- | --- |
| Christiane Torloni | Rafaela Katz/Neusa Maria da Silva |
| Sílvia Pfeifer | Leda Sampaio / Leila Sampaio |
| Marcello Antony | Guilherme Leme Toledo |
| Vanda Lacerda | Eglantine Colombo |
| Berta Loran | Sara Bentes |
| Pedro Paulo Rangel | Pedro Lobo |
| Maria Lúcia Dahl | Cecilia da Silva |
| Flávio Migliaccio | Caju |
| Ronaldo Reis | Aquino |
| William Vorhees | Pretão |
| Célia Biar | Terezinha Romano |
| Ada Chaseliov | Eliane Mauad |
| Eliane Giardini | Wanda "Wandona" |
| Andréa Cavalcanti | Odete |
| Celso Frateschi | Inspector Armando |
| Beto Simas | Guga |
| Neusa Maria Faro | Leda |
| Norma Geraldy | Adriano's Grandmother |
| Jorge Cherques | Jota |
| Milhem Cortaz | Bandit |
| D. Zefa | Laundress |
| Chico Expedito | Claudionor |
| Patrícia Gordo | José Clementino's wife |
| Beto Bellini | Lover of José Clementino's wife |
| Renato Master | Juiz |
| Rúbem de Bem | Foreman |
| Xuxa | Herself |
| Fausto Silva | Herself |
| Jorge Fernando | Herself |

## InfoBox

| *Torre de Babel* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Telenovela |
| Created by | Silvio de Abreu |
| Directed by | Denise Saraceni |
| Starring | Tarcísio Meira
Glória Menezes
Tony Ramos
Maitê Proença
Cláudia Raia
Edson Celulari
Letícia Sabatella
Adriana Esteves
Marcos Palmeira
Natália do Vale
Christiane Torloni
Sílvia Pfeifer
Juca de Oliveira
Karina Barum
Cláudia Jimenez
Victor Fasano
Cleyde Yáconis |
| Country of origin | Brazil |
| Original language | Portuguese |
| No. of episodes | 203 |
| Production | |
| Running time | 60 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | TV Globo |
| Release | May 25, 1998 (1998-05-25)
January 16, 1999 (1999-01-16) |


title: Raiamas buchholzi

abstract: Raiamas buchholzi is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Raiamas.

text:
# Raiamas buchholzi

***Raiamas buchholzi*** is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus *Raiamas*.

## InfoBox

| *Raiamas buchholzi* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Cyprinidae |
| Subfamily: | Danioninae |
| Genus: | *Raiamas* |
| Species: | ***R. buchholzi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Raiamas buchholzi***
(W. K. H. Peters, 1876) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Opsaridium buchholzi* Peters, 1876 * *Barilius buchholzi* (Peters, 1876) * *Opsaridium fasciatum* Vaillant, 1886 * *Barilius kingsleyae* Boulenger, 1899 | |


title: Rab Wilson

abstract: Rab Wilson is a Scottish poet who writes mainly in the Scots language. His works include a Scots translation of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, and the poetry books Accent o the Mind, Life Sentence, and A Map for the Blind.

text:
# Rab Wilson

**Rab Wilson** (born 1 September 1960, in New Cumnock, Ayrshire) is a Scottish poet who writes mainly in the Scots language. His works include a Scots translation of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, and the poetry books *Accent o the Mind*, *Life Sentence*, and *A Map for the Blind*.

## Life

He held an engineering apprenticeship with the National Coal Board, working at Barony Pit in Ayrshire, but gave up mining as a result of the UK miners' strike (1984–1985) and instead trained as a psychiatric nurse.

As well as poetry, he has also campaigned on health issues, for the rights of health workers to speak openly about their concerns and act as whistleblowers.

In 2012 he spoke to lawyers at the 4th European Collaborative Conference.

He is closely connected with Scottish national poet Robert Burns, who was also from Ayrshire. Wilson worked on the project *Burnsiana* with Calum Colvin and discovered that Burns may have taken part of *Tam O' Shanter* from English poet Edmund Bolton.

In 2013 he was selected as the first James Hogg Creative Resident, living and writing in Ettrick Valley, home of the poet and writer James Hogg.

He won the 2008 McCash Scots poetry competition.

In 2009 he jokingly threatened to behead Conservative politician Kenneth Baker while giving the address to the haggis at the Wordsworth Trust Book Festival Burns Night.

## Works

### *The Ruba'iyat of Omar Khayyam*

His free translation of *The Ruba'iyat of Omar Khayyam* was published in 2010.

### *The Jolly Beggars*

Wilson adapted Robert Burns' *The Jolly Beggars* for the stage. It was a runner-up for the 2007 McLellan Award for Play Writing.

### *Ye're There Horace!*

*Ye're There Horace!* was an art book based on the Roman satirist Horace, made in conjunction with artist Hugh Bryden.

### *Burnsiana*

*Burnsiana* is a collaboration with artist Calum Colvin, producing an art exhibition and book featuring poems written by Wilson in response to the work of Robert Burns. Colvin produced artworks by painting Burns-related images onto rooms full of objects.

### Other poetry

His other works include the 15-sonnet sequence *1957 Flying Scot*, a tribute to a Scottish bicycle manufacturer's marque, Flying Scot. The sequence has been performed as far afield as Brooklyn.


title: MV Sheaf Mount (1944)

abstract: Sheaf Mount was a 7,123 GRT cargo ship that was built in 1944 by Burntisland Shipbuilding Company, Burntisland, Fife, United Kingdom as Empire Fancy for the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT). In 1947, she was sold and renamed Sheaf Mount. A further sale in 1957 saw her renamed Valldemosa. In 1961, she was sold to Hong Kong and renamed Ardfinnan. A sale in 1968 to Gibraltar saw her renamed Court Harwell. She was scrapped in Hong Kong in 1969.

text:
# MV Sheaf Mount (1944)

***Sheaf Mount*** was a 7,123 GRT cargo ship that was built in 1944 by Burntisland Shipbuilding Company, Burntisland, Fife, United Kingdom as ***Empire Fancy*** for the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT). In 1947, she was sold and renamed *Sheaf Mount*. A further sale in 1957 saw her renamed ***Valldemosa***. In 1961, she was sold to Hong Kong and renamed ***Ardfinnan***. A sale in 1968 to Gibraltar saw her renamed ***Court Harwell***. She was scrapped in Hong Kong in 1969.

## Description

The ship was built in 1944 by Burntisland Shipbuilding Company, Burntisland, Fife. She was yard number 286.

The ship was 427 feet 1 inch (130.18 m) long, with a beam of 57 feet 0 inches (17.37 m). She had a depth of 35 feet 4 inches (10.77 m) and a draught of 27 feet 4.75 inches (8.35 m). She was assessed at 7,123 GRT, 4,701 NRT.

The ship was propelled by a two-stroke Single Cycle, Single Action diesel engine, which had three cylinders of 2334 inches (60 cm) diameter by 91516 inches (232 cm) stroke driving a screw propeller. The engine was built by William Doxford & Sons, Sunderland, County Durham. It was rated at 516 nhp.

## History

*Empire Fancy* was launched on 16 November 1944 and completed in January 1945. The Code Letters GJWX and United Kingdom Official Number 180349 were allocated. Her port of registry was Burntisland. She was initially operated under the management of Haldin Phillips & Co Ltd, later being placed under the management of W A Souter & Co Ltd.

*Empire Fancy* made her maiden voyage as part of Convoy FS1715, which departed from Methil, Fife on 1 February 1945 arrived at Southend, Essex on 3 February. She left the convoy at Sunderland, County Durham on 2 February. She departed on 18 March to join Convoy FS1760, which had departed from Methil that day and arrived at Southend on 20 March. She then joined Convoy ON292, which departed from Southend on 23 March and arrived at New York, United States on 8 April.

*Empire Fancy* departed from New York on 2 May 1945 and joined Convoy UGS90, which departed from the Hampton Roads, Virginia on 3 May and dispersed at sea on 18 May. She arrived at Port Said, Egypt on 15 May. *Empire Fancy* then sailed to Suez, from where she departed on 26 May for Aden, arriving on 31 May. She sailed the next day for Colombo, Ceylon, where she arrived on 9 June, sailing later that day for Calcutta, India arriving on 15 July. *Empire Fancy* sailed on 29 July for Cochin, India, arriving on 6 August. She departed on 18 August for Lourenço Marques, Mozambique, where she arrived on 1 August. She departed from Lourenço Marques on 11 September for Aden, arriving on 23 September and sailing the next day for Suez, where she arrived on 29 September.

*Empire Fancy* then sailed to Kosseir, Egypt, from where she departed on 20 October for Aden, arriving on 24 October. She sailed two days later for Albany, Western Australia, arriving on 19 November. She sailed two days later for Hobart, Tasmania arriving on 27 November and sailing the next day for Melbourne, New South Wales, where she arrived on 1 December. In June 1946, Captain John Harmann Korn was awarded an OBE in the 1946 King's Birthday Honours List.

The Ministry of Transport sold *Empire Fancy* to her managers in 1947. She was renamed *Sheaf Mount*. In 1957, *Sheaf Mount* was sold for £550,000 to Harrisons (Clyde) Ltd and was renamed *Valldemosa*. In 1961, *Valldemosa* was sold to Mullion & Co Ltd, Hong Kong and was renamed *Ardfinnan*. With the introduction of IMO Numbers in the late 1960s, *Ardfinnan* was allocated the IMO Number 5022716. In 1968, *Ardfinnan* was sold to Mullion & Co Ltd, Gibraltar and was renamed *Court Harwell*. She arrived at Hong Kong on 9 June 1969 for scrapping.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Name | * *Empire Fancy* (1944–47) * *Sheaf Mount* (1947–57) * *Valldemosa* (1957-61) * *Ardfinnan* (1961-68) * *Court Harwell* (1968-69) |
| Owner | * Ministry of War Transport (1944–45) * Ministry of Transport (1945–47) * W A Souter & Co Ltd (1947–57) * Harrisons (Clyde) Ltd (1957–61) * Mullion & Co Ltd, Hong Kong (1961–68) * Mullion & Co Ltd, Gibraltar (1968–69) |
| Operator | * Haldin & Phillips Ltd (1945) W A Souter & Co Ltd (1945–57) * Harrisons (Clyde) Ltd (1957–61) * Mullion & Co Ltd, Hong Kong (1961–68) * Mullion & Co Ltd, Gibraltar (1968–69) |
| Port of registry |  |
| Builder | Burntisland Shipbuilding Company |
| Yard number | 286 |
| Launched | 16 November 1944 |
| Completed | January 1945 |
| Maiden voyage | 1 February 1945 |
| Out of service | 9 June 1969 |
| Identification |  |
| Fate | Scrapped |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Cargo ship |
| Tonnage |  |
| Length | 427 ft 1 in (130.18 m) |
| Beam | 57 ft 0 in (17.37 m) |
| Draught | 27 ft 4.75 in (8.35 m) |
| Depth | 35 ft 4 in (10.77 m) |
| Propulsion | Diesel engine, single screw propeller |


title: Fortress (cancelled video game)

abstract: Fortress is the code name of a cancelled action role-playing video game that was in development by Swedish game developer Grin. Director Ulf Andersson devised the concept for Fortress before preproduction began in the second half of 2008. During development, Square Enix approached the developer and proposed making the game a spin-off of Final Fantasy XII. Grin reconceived the game in the recurring Final Fantasy world of Ivalice, and included elements of XII, such as stylistic motifs and character designs; additional elements included chocobos and other recurring creatures from the Final Fantasy series. It was to be released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360. During development, Square Enix did not pay Grin over several months and disapproved of the game's Nordic art style. Grin worked to bring the game's art style closer to the Final Fantasy series, but after six months of development was told that no funding would ever come from Square Enix, and the developer filed for bankruptcy several days later. Word of the project leaked out through art portfolios of those who worked on the project and even a tech demo surfaced. In 2011, Fortress was thought to have been in development by an undisclosed studio, but this was also suspended, and the game was not released in any form.

text:
# Fortress (cancelled video game)

***Fortress*** is the code name of a cancelled action role-playing video game that was in development by Swedish game developer Grin. Director Ulf Andersson devised the concept for *Fortress* before preproduction began in the second half of 2008. During development, Square Enix approached the developer and proposed making the game a spin-off of *Final Fantasy XII*. Grin reconceived the game in the recurring *Final Fantasy* world of Ivalice, and included elements of *XII*, such as stylistic motifs and character designs; additional elements included chocobos and other recurring creatures from the *Final Fantasy* series. It was to be released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360.

During development, Square Enix did not pay Grin over several months and disapproved of the game's Nordic art style. Grin worked to bring the game's art style closer to the *Final Fantasy* series, but after six months of development was told that no funding would ever come from Square Enix, and the developer filed for bankruptcy several days later. Word of the project leaked out through art portfolios of those who worked on the project and even a tech demo surfaced.

In 2011, *Fortress* was thought to have been in development by an undisclosed studio, but this was also suspended, and the game was not released in any form.

## Premise

According to scenario writer Ulf Andersson, the story was set several years after the events of *Final Fantasy XII: Revenant Wings*. The plot revolved a magical fortress designed to defend Ivalice from a being known as the Sea King Loemund, who rose every 10,000 years to attempt to conquer the land. During his last attempt, he was slain and his crown was lost in the fortress. Though the myth is mostly disregarded, the story is believed by Basch fon Ronsenburg, now serving the current Archadian Emperor Larsa Solidor under the name of "Judge Gabranth". Marching to the fortress' location, he and his forces would have needed to fend off the forces of Loemund, who seeks vengeance against his killer's descendant Queen Ashelia B'nargin Dalmasca. A central character plot was to be a romantic connection between Basch and Ashe that would fade as Larsa and Ashe grew closer and Basch became entrenched in his fight against Loemund. Other characters involved included the sky pirate Balthier, and earlier main protagonists Vaan and Penelo. A new character, a demigod named Laegd, would join Basch after being defeated in single combat. The main aim of the story was to bring the entire cast of *Final Fantasy XII* back together for a final fight to save Ivalice.

## Development

*Fortress* started out as an original fantasy game concept designed by Ulf Andersson, Grin's co-founder. Preproduction began in the second half of 2008. Lead character artist Björn Albihn described *Fortress* as "a game with an epic scale both in story and production values". The project was developed on a game engine compatible with Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360. The development team, led by Andersson as a creative director, produced concept art and 3D assets under art director Anders De Geer and Albihn. The game design was led by technical artist Erik Lindqvist. The art style of the game was supposed to be realistic and similar to *The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim* according to Guillaumue Mraz, a level designer at Grin.

The game was pitched to various publishers, and the Japanese gaming company Square Enix took an interest in the project. Square Enix president Yoichi Wada visited Grin several times, and liked the action role-playing game concept and its Nordic visual style. After getting the chance to see a boss fight from *Bionic Commando*, which at the time was being developed by Grin for the Japanese company Capcom, Wada said he had seen enough, and decided that Square Enix would publish *Fortress* as a *Final Fantasy* spin-off.

Once it became a *Final Fantasy* title, the Grin founders wanted to come in and revolutionize *Final Fantasy* in new ways with their project. *Fortress* was to be set in the fictional world of Ivalice, specifically the version seen in *Final Fantasy XII*, only set some time in the future. In addition to many original characters and locations, concept art for the game included the character Ashe and a Judge from *Final Fantasy XII*, as well as chocobos and other recurring creatures of the *Final Fantasy* series. A portfolio video created by lead technical artist Anders Bodbacka revealed that Larsa Solidor and Basch fon Ronsenburg from *Final Fantasy XII* were also to be featured. The setting was to be different from a normal *Final Fantasy* game, with familiar characters exploring a "Nordic" version of *Final Fantasy*, and "primarily set in a massive fortress" according to Linda Dahlberg, a Grin associate producer. Other landscapes such as plains, forests, deserts and snowfields were also designed.

Invaders from the sea were to be the main enemies of the game. They were visually based on the Vikings and wielded armor and weapons decorated with sea and sea monster imagery. Planned boss battles included fighting a gargantuan version of the *Final Fantasy* monster Malboro, where the player would use the seaweed on its back to climb on top of it and drop bombs on the creature's weak spots. According to a design document, the game was divided into at least seven chapters, starting at the gate of the Fortress and leading up to the top of the stronghold. Grin's music director Erik Thunberg was responsible for the game's score, including a track that features a rearrangement of the "Prelude" theme from the *Final Fantasy* series.

## Cancellation

Square Enix was supposed to pay Grin US$16.5 million for the production of *Fortress* in successive waves in accordance with the project's milestones. No payments were made during the first two months of development, but Grin's co-founder Bo Andersson was initially not worried as he considered delayed payments common and had faith in the project. However, several more months went by without payments, costing the studio 12 million kr a month. Grin closed all of their offices except for the main one in Stockholm, but still no money came. In 2009, Grin released *Terminator Salvation*, *Wanted: Weapons of Fate*, and *Bionic Commando* to negative reviews and poor sales, which caused further financial woes and seemed to make Square Enix nervous. The publisher wanted updates and asked that all of the game's assets, including the code, the music files, and even the game's developer language be faxed to them. This move was described as impossible and "almost a criminal behavior" by Andersson.

Square Enix had changed its mind, and no longer liked the Nordic style of this spin-off game, so a last-minute style change was attempted. The game had been such a well-guarded secret, and had been through so many changes, that most employees did not know they had been working on a *Final Fantasy* game until very late in development. Grin attempted to change the art style to fit more with traditional *Final Fantasy* games, but still did not receive any positive feedback. In response, Grin sent Square Enix an image of one of the latter's own games, *Final Fantasy XII*, and were told that it does not look like a game in *Final Fantasy*'s style. Following that exchange, Grin came to the conclusion that there was no longer any way to satisfy the publisher.

In early August 2009, a call was received from Square Enix telling them that no payments were coming. Grin's founders considered suing, but had run out of money, leading them to stop production after six months of work. Furthermore, Grin ceased production on all of their other projects and declared bankruptcy due to Sweden's severe laws against operating businesses under a debt load. Magnus Ihrefors, one of the 3D artists who worked on the project, stated that he had only found out about the game's cancellation in August, but it was like a "punch in the belly" for their last chance to get on track again. The developer closed its offices on August 12, stating that delayed payments from "too many publishers" caused "an unbearable cashflow situation" and referred to *Fortress* in a farewell note as an "unreleased masterpiece that \[they\] weren't allowed to finish". According to the bankruptcy papers, Square Enix felt that the development goals for *Fortress* "had not been met in a satisfactory way", whereas Andersson claimed the contrary, arguing that the milestones initially set up with a producer from Square Enix had been met. Mraz stated that Grin seemed to have ignored Square Enix's requests for changes, and the *Final Fantasy* franchise was too important to overlook this behavior. The Anderssons later called the game's cancellation a "betrayal", and said they have never received any payment for the initial work done on the game.

## Aftermath

After Grin's closure, the former existence of *Fortress* spread as mentions and concept art of the project appeared on former employees' resumes and portfolios. In January 2010, footage from an alleged tech demo of *Fortress* was leaked onto the Internet. The video description stated the game's events are "set some time after *Final Fantasy XII: Revenant Wings*" and mentioned Square Enix's subsidiary Eidos Montreal as a possible new home for the project. Replying to a fan question in May, David Hoffman, director of business development at the North American branch of Square Enix, mentioned *Fortress* without confirming its existence, also saying that he had no involvement in the rumored project. The *Fortress* project, still supported by Square Enix, was for a time being developed by a different, undisclosed studio, but this ended as well. At an interview at the 2011 Electronic Entertainment Expo, Motomu Toriyama of Square Enix said that *Fortress* was suspended, saying that the game "won't be released". In 2012, music director Erik Thunberg posted a music track intended for the game.

## InfoBox

| Fortress | |
| --- | --- |
| Concept art by Tony Holmsten, one of the artists for the game. | |
| Developer(s) | Grin |
| Publisher(s) | Square Enix |
| Director(s) | Ulf Andersson |
| Designer(s) | Erik Lindqvist |
| Artist(s) | Ulf Andersson
Anders De Geer
Björn Albihn |
| Writer(s) | Ulf Andersson |
| Composer(s) | Erik Thunberg |
| Series | *Final Fantasy* |
| Platform(s) | Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 |
| Release | Cancelled |
| Genre(s) | Action role-playing game |


title: Wilcza Góra, Silesian Voivodeship

abstract: Wilcza Góra is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Przystajń, within Kłobuck County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south of Przystajń, 18 km (11 mi) south-west of Kłobuck, and 70 km (43 mi) north of the regional capital Katowice.

text:
# Wilcza Góra, Silesian Voivodeship

**Wilcza Góra** \[ˈvilt͡ʂa ˈɡura\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Przystajń, within Kłobuck County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south of Przystajń, 18 km (11 mi) south-west of Kłobuck, and 70 km (43 mi) north of the regional capital Katowice.

## InfoBox

| Wilcza Góra | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Wilcza Góra sunrise in 2020 | |
| Wilcza Góra | |
| Coordinates: 50°51′N 18°42′E / 50.850°N 18.700°E / 50.850; 18.700 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Silesian |
| County | Kłobuck |
| Gmina | Przystajń |
| Population | 96 |


title: Liberty (franchise)

abstract: Liberty is a science fiction media franchise and shared fictional universe created by Travis Vengroff. It premiered via a self-released comic book titled Liberty: Defiance in 2010, and has since extended to other media. Liberty comic books are written by Vengroff, while fiction podcasts are directed and produced by Vengroff and written by his wife K. A. Statz. The franchise alternatively uses the name The Liberty Podcast to separate itself from similarly titled unrelated works. Each work in the franchise tells a stand-alone story set within the same universe. Liberty takes place on a failed Earth terraforming mining colony on a desert-like planet beyond Earth's Solar System, which has been cut off from the rest of humanity for centuries. Over time, resource scarcity led to schisms in the population within Atrius, the planet's vast sole city, and the only area in which Humans live; Atrius is now split between a police state ruled by a totalitarian regime, and the Fringe, a post-apocalyptic-like area populated by lawless gangs. Vengroff originally conceptualized and developed the world of Liberty for seven years, first as an idea for a film. After concluding that a film was unrealistic for financial reasons and turning to comic books, Defiance in 2010 was unsuccessful and remained an obscure one-off work. In 2015, Fool and Scholar Productions was formed to venture into creating fiction podcasts, premiering with the release of the serialized podcast Liberty: Critical Research, which was a success, and led to the expansion of the franchise. Subsequent works included the comic book Liberty: Deception, the anthology podcast Liberty: Tales From the Tower, and the actual play podcast Liberty: Vigilance, which uses Liberty: A.F.T.E.R, a tabletop role-playing game part of the franchise. All Liberty works have completed their runs, with the exception of Tales from the Tower, which is still ongoing.

text:
# Liberty (franchise)

***Liberty*** is a science fiction media franchise and shared fictional universe created by Travis Vengroff. It premiered via a self-released comic book titled *Liberty: Defiance* in 2010, and has since extended to other media. *Liberty* comic books are written by Vengroff, while fiction podcasts are directed and produced by Vengroff and written by his wife K. A. Statz. The franchise alternatively uses the name ***The Liberty Podcast*** to separate itself from similarly titled unrelated works.

Each work in the franchise tells a stand-alone story set within the same universe. *Liberty* takes place on a failed Earth terraforming mining colony on a desert-like planet beyond Earth's Solar System, which has been cut off from the rest of humanity for centuries. Over time, resource scarcity led to schisms in the population within Atrius, the planet's vast sole city, and the only area in which Humans live; Atrius is now split between a police state ruled by a totalitarian regime, and the Fringe, a post-apocalyptic-like area populated by lawless gangs.

Vengroff originally conceptualized and developed the world of *Liberty* for seven years, first as an idea for a film. After concluding that a film was unrealistic for financial reasons and turning to comic books, *Defiance* in 2010 was unsuccessful and remained an obscure one-off work. In 2015, Fool and Scholar Productions was formed to venture into creating fiction podcasts, premiering with the release of the serialized podcast *Liberty: Critical Research*, which was a success, and led to the expansion of the franchise (as well as the development of several unrelated Fool and Scholar Productions works). Subsequent works included the comic book *Liberty: Deception*, the anthology podcast *Liberty: Tales From the Tower*, and the actual play podcast *Liberty: Vigilance*, which uses *Liberty: A.F.T.E.R*, a tabletop role-playing game part of the franchise. All *Liberty* works have completed their runs, with the exception of *Tales from the Tower*, which is still ongoing.

## Releases

### Comic books

#### *Liberty: Defiance* (2010)

Vengroff completed *Defiance* in 2010, consisting of about eighteen pages; he hoped to turn it into a full comic book series, but was unsuccessful in selling it to any publisher. He stated in 2016 (translated from Russian): "It took me almost a year to realize that no one would buy this. It took a few more years to realize that it looked like something I would not have liked as a reader myself." In the following years, 3200 copies were given away at various events throughout Florida like Free Comic Book Day and Tampa Bay Comic Con to build interest in the series.

#### *Liberty: Deception* (2016-present)

The "Zero Issue" of *Deception*, acting as an introduction to the rest of the comic, was officially released at the Chicago Comic & Entertainment Expo in 2016, after years of Vengroff promoting the comic book to several publishers, including by giving away over 3200 copies at various events throughout Florida like Free Comic Book Day and Tampa Bay Comic Con. The first volume was released at New York Comic Con in October 2016.

In August 2018, a *Liberty: Deception* motion comic was released in collaboration with the Florida-based video game production team Astro Crow, featuring voice actors Jon St. John, Lani Minella, and Dave Fennoy.

#### *Liberty: Bridget Goes on a Date* (2018)

*Liberty: Bridget Goes on a Date*, written by Vengroff, drawn by Karl Moline and including characters from the *Deception* series, was released on June 9, 2018, with a dedicated event at Gods and Monsters in Orlando, Florida on June 9, 2018.

### Picture books

#### *Atrius: A Citizen's Guide* (2016)

*Atrius: A Citizen's Guide* is a picture book published in 2016 by John Dossinger Publishing, made available to Patreon supporters of Fool and Scholar Productions. Written as a guidebook existing within the *Liberty* universe, it explores the history and lore of Atrius.

#### *Liberty: Fringe Iconography Guidebook* (2020)

*Liberty: Fringe Iconography Guidebook* is another picture book presented as an 28-pages in-universe guidebook, written from the perspective of Dr. Martollow Kovski, the main protagonist of the *Critical Research* podcast; it is dedicated to the iconography of the Fringers.

### Podcasts

#### *Liberty: Critical Research* (2015-2017)

Consisting of two seasons released between 2015 and 2017, *Critical Research* follows a team of five individuals from the city, led by Dr. Martollow Kovski, who set out to the Southern Fringe in order to study and learn more about its inhabitants, unprepared for the trials to come.

#### *Liberty: Tales From the Tower* (2016-2021)

Consisting of four seasons released between 2016 and 2021 (2021-2024 on YouTube), *Tales From the Tower* is a horror anthology. The first two and a half seasons consisted solely of stand-alone episodes, while the last half of season three and all of season four each consisted of one serialized story, distinct for both.

#### *Liberty: Vigilance* (2018)

An actual play podcast using the *Liberty: A.F.T.E.R* tabletop role-playing game, consisting of a single season of 13 episodes released in 2018. It features the voice talents of Ashly Burch, Eric Nelsen, Dave Fennoy, Lani Minella, and George Lowe.

### Role-playing game (2018)

*Liberty: A.F.T.E.R* is a tabletop role-playing game based on the *Liberty* universe, using a modified version of the open-source rules from *Dungeons & Dragons* 5th edition. Players can play as either Citizens or Fringers. Artists who worked on the *Liberty* comics helped illustrate the rulebook.

## Reception

*Critical Research* was a Parsec Award finalist in 2016 under the category of Best New Speculative Fiction Team, as well as an Audio Verse Award finalist in 2016 for Best Writing of an Original, Long Form, Small Cast, Ongoing Production, and Best Performance of an Actor in an Original Leading Role for a Short Form Production.

*Deception's* "Zero Issue" received praise for its unique art style, paneling, detailed universe, use of dialects, and for its limited edition cover by Dave Dorman.

*Vigilance* has received praise for its audio design and was nominated for several Audio Verse Awards in the fields of audio design, production, and acting.

## InfoBox

| Liberty | |
| --- | --- |
| Created by | Travis Vengroff |
| Original work | *Liberty: Defiance* (2010) |
| Owners | Travis Vengroff
K. A. Statz |
| Years | 2010–present |
| Print publications | |
| Book(s) | *Atrius: A Citizen's Guide* (2016)
*Liberty: Fringe Iconography Guidebook* (2020) |
| Comics | *Liberty: Defiance* (2010)
*Liberty: Deception* (2016-2018)
*Liberty: Bridget Goes on a Date* (2018) |
| Games | |
| Role-playing | *Liberty: A.F.T.E.R* (2018) |
| Audio | |
| Radio program(s) | *Liberty: Critical Research* (2015-2017)
*Liberty: Tales From the Tower* (2016-2021)
*Liberty: Vigilance* (2018) |


title: Milliken–Taylor theorem

abstract:
In mathematics, the Milliken–Taylor theorem in combinatorics is a generalization of both Ramsey's theorem and Hindman's theorem. It is named after Keith Milliken and Alan D. Taylor. Let P f denote the set of finite subsets of N, and define a partial order on P f by α<β if and only if max α<min β. Given a sequence of integers ⟨ a n ⟩ n = 0 ∞ ⊂ N and k > 0, let
  - [ F S ] < k = { { ∑ t ∈ α 1 a t, …, ∑ t ∈ α k a t } : α 1, ⋯, α k ∈ P f  and  α 1 < ⋯ < α k }. Let [ S ] k denote the k-element subsets of a set S. The Milliken–Taylor theorem says that for any finite partition [ N ] k = C 1 ∪ C 2 ∪ ⋯ ∪ C r, there exist some i ≤ r and a sequence ⟨ a n ⟩ n = 0 ∞ ⊂ N such that [ F S ] < k ⊂ C i. For each ⟨ a n ⟩ n = 0 ∞ ⊂ N, call [ F S ] < k an MTk set. Then, alternatively, the Milliken–Taylor theorem asserts that the collection of MTk sets is partition regular for each k.

text:
# Milliken–Taylor theorem

In mathematics, the **Milliken–Taylor theorem** in combinatorics is a generalization of both Ramsey's theorem and Hindman's theorem. It is named after Keith Milliken and Alan D. Taylor.

Let $\mathcal {P}\_{f}(\mathbb {N} )$ denote the set of finite subsets of $\mathbb {N} $, and define a partial order on $\mathcal {P}\_{f}(\mathbb {N} )$ by α\<β if and only if max α\<min β. Given a sequence of integers $\langle a\_{n}\rangle \_{n=0}^{\infty }\subset \mathbb {N} $ and *k* \> 0, let

$$\[FS(\langle a\_{n}\rangle \_{n=0}^{\infty })\]\_{\<}^{k}=\left\\{\left\\{\sum \_{1}a\_{t},\ldots ,\sum \_{k}a\_{t}\right\\}:\alpha \_{1},\cdots ,\alpha \_{k}\in {\mathcal {P}\_{f}(\mathbb {N} ){\text{ and }\alpha \_{1}\<\cdots \<\alpha \_{k}\right\\}.}}$$

Let $\[S\]^{k}$ denote the *k*-element subsets of a set *S*. The Milliken–Taylor theorem says that for any finite partition $\[\mathbb {N} \]^{k}=C\_{1}\cup C\_{2}\cup \cdots \cup C\_{r}$, there exist some *i*  *r* and a sequence $\langle a\_{n}\rangle \_{n=0}^{\infty }\subset \mathbb {N} $ such that $\[FS(\langle a\_{n}\rangle \_{n=0}^{\infty })\]\_{\<}^{k}\subset C\_{i}$.

For each $\langle a\_{n}\rangle \_{n=0}^{\infty }\subset \mathbb {N} $, call $\[FS(\langle a\_{n}\rangle \_{n=0}^{\infty })\]\_{\<}^{k}$ an *MTk set*. Then, alternatively, the Milliken–Taylor theorem asserts that the collection of MT*k* sets is partition regular for each *k*.

* Milliken, Keith R. (1975), "Ramsey's theorem with sums or unions", *Journal of Combinatorial Theory*, Series A, **18** (3): 276–290, doi:10.1016/0097-3165(75)90039-4, MR 0373906.
* Taylor, Alan D. (1976), "A canonical partition relation for finite subsets of ω", *Journal of Combinatorial Theory*, Series A, **21** (2): 137–146, doi:10.1016/0097-3165(76)90058-3, MR 0424571.