title: U.S. Bank Center (Phoenix)

abstract: The US Bank Center is a high-rise office building located in Phoenix, Arizona. It is the second tallest building in the state of Arizona. Built in 1976, it is 407 feet (124 m) tall.

text:
# U.S. Bank Center (Phoenix)

The **US Bank Center** is a high-rise office building located in Phoenix, Arizona. It is the second tallest building in the state of Arizona. Built in 1976, it is 407 feet (124 m) tall.

## History

The design was released in 1973 by Thomas F. Marshall who at the time worked for the Tulsa Oklahoma firm of Kelley-Marshall & Associates. In 1974 Marshall formed his own firm of Thomas F. Marshall Associates. Associate architect was Schoenberger, Straub, Florence & Associates of Phoenix. Varney, Sexton, Sydnor Associates were consulting architects on the project. Ground was broken in 1974 and the tower was constructed by the M. M. Sundt Construction Company of Phoenix. In 1975 when the building was about half complete the Del E. Webb Realty & Management Company a subsidiary of the Del E. Webb Corporation was named the leasing and property manager. The Webb firm also served as project manager to Sundt for the last year of construction. When it was built, it served as the headquarters for Arizona Bancwest, parent company of The Arizona Bank, which (after Arizona passed legislation allowing for interstate banking) was acquired by Los Angeles–based Security Pacific Bank in 1986 (itself in turn acquired by Bank of America in 1992). Bank of America then occupied the tower until 2000 when the Bank of America Tower was built at the Collier Center. In January 2005, this tower was renamed U.S. Bank Center and underwent a modest renovation to reflect the building's newest and largest tenant. New ground-floor restaurants were added and the building was repainted; the restaurants have since closed. The new U.S. Bank signs were installed in February 2005. In September 2022, U.S. Bank left the tower, and the signs were removed shortly thereafter.

The building is designed in the International Style. Above the lobby sits a seven level garage. The tower rises an additional 23 floors for a total of 31 above ground floors.

The building was also the first high rise in Phoenix to be built with an automatic fire sprinkler system.

## InfoBox

| US Bank Center Phoenix | |
| --- | --- |
| Looking up at the US Bank Center | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Status | Completed |
| Type | Office |
| Architectural style | International style |
| Location | 101 North 1st Avenue
Phoenix, Arizona |
| Coordinates | 33°26′59″N 112°04′29″W / 33.4498°N 112.0748°W / 33.4498; -112.0748 |
| Groundbreaking | 1974 |
| Completed | 1976 |
| Height | |
| Roof | 407 ft (124 m) |
| Top floor | 31 |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 31 |
| Floor area | 386,263 sq ft (35,885.0 m2) |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Thomas F. Marshall Associates (Architect), Schoenberger, Straub, Florence & Associates (Associate), Varney, Sexton, Sydnor Associates (Consulting) |
| Main contractor | M. M. Sundt Construction Co. (general contractor), Del E. Webb Corporation (project manager) |


title: UGCG

abstract: Ceramide glucosyltransferase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UGCG gene. Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are a group of membrane components that contain lipid and sugar moieties. They are present in essentially all animal cells and are believed to have important roles in various cellular processes. UDP-glucose ceramide glucosyltransferase catalyzes the first glycosylation step in glycosphingolipid biosynthesis. The product, glucosylceramide, is the core structure of more than 300 GSLs. UGCG is widely expressed and transcription is upregulated during keratinocyte differentiation.

text:
# UGCG

**Ceramide glucosyltransferase** is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the *UGCG* gene.

Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are a group of membrane components that contain lipid and sugar moieties. They are present in essentially all animal cells and are believed to have important roles in various cellular processes. UDP-glucose ceramide glucosyltransferase catalyzes the first glycosylation step in glycosphingolipid biosynthesis. The product, glucosylceramide, is the core structure of more than 300 GSLs. UGCG is widely expressed and transcription is upregulated during keratinocyte differentiation.

## Interactions

UGCG has been shown to interact with RTN1.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| UGCG | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | UGCG, GCS, GLCT1, UDP-glucose ceramide glucosyltransferase | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 602874; MGI: 1332243; HomoloGene: 37763; GeneCards: UGCG; OMA:UGCG - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_003358   NM\_011673   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_003349<br>NP\_003349.1   NP\_035803   Location (UCSC) Chr 9: 111.9 – 111.94 Mb Chr 4: 59.19 – 59.22 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: UGCA 86

abstract: UGCA 86 is a Magellanic spiral galaxy. It was first thought to be part of the Local Group, but after the brightest stars in the galaxy were observed, it became clear that it was located in the IC 342/Maffei Group. UGCA 86 is thought to be a satellite galaxy of IC 342, however the separation between the two galaxies is over 50% larger than the distance between the Milky Way and the Magellanic Clouds.

text:
# UGCA 86

**UGCA 86** is a Magellanic spiral galaxy. It was first thought to be part of the Local Group, but after the brightest stars in the galaxy were observed, it became clear that it was located in the IC 342/Maffei Group. UGCA 86 is thought to be a satellite galaxy of IC 342, however the separation between the two galaxies is over 50% larger than the distance between the Milky Way and the Magellanic Clouds.

## InfoBox

| UGCA 86 | |
| --- | --- |
| UGCA 86 as taken by Hubble Space Telescope | |
| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Constellation | Camelopardalis |
| Right ascension | 03h 59m 50.5s |
| Declination | +67° 08 37 |
| Redshift | 67 ± 4 km/ |
| Distance | 9.72 ± 0.91 Mly (2.98 ± 0.28 Mpc) |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 13.5 |
| Absolute magnitude (V) | 17.0 |
| Characteristics | |
| Type | Im |
| Apparent size (V) | 5.0 × 3.0 |
| Other designations | |
| PGC 14241 | |


title: UGC (cinema operator)

abstract: UGC is a cinema operator in France and Belgium, operating 57 cinemas as of 2022. It is also a major film production and distribution company.

text:
# UGC (cinema operator)

**UGC** is a cinema operator in France and Belgium, operating 57 cinemas as of 2022. It is also a major film production and distribution company.

## France & Belgium

UGC was originally an exclusively French operator, privatized in 1971, who merged with several regional cinema companies running 22 cinemas. The name originally stood for *Union Générale Cinématographique*, but today only the initials are used. The company is focused on the business side of the film business and French-dubbed versions, showing little interest in the screening of artistic cinema, on the contrary to Pathé and Gaumont cinemas, except in some UGC Paris theatres where the programming is very diversified and includes both subtitled and dubbed versions. Out of Paris, in some cities like Nantes, Bordeaux or Lyon, a part of this diversified programming does exist, but mostly UGC cinemas are like Pathé and Gaumont cinemas. Its competitors include Pathé Cinémas, Cinéville, CGR and Kinepolis Group.

In 2016, Kinepolis Group had sold the four Belgian Utopolis cinemas it had happened to acquire when it had taken over Utopia Group to UGC. UGC had already owned three Belgian cinemas (one in Antwerp and two in Brussels) and now more than doubled that number, adding one cinema each in Aarschot, Lommel, Mechelen and Turnhout.

As of January 2022, UGC had:

## Former operations

### Italy and Spain

In Italy there were 4 UGC multiplexes : Porta di Roma and Parco Leonardo in Rome and Fiumicino, 45 ° N in Moncalieri in the urban area of Turin (located exactly on the 45th parallel north, from which it takes its name) and Romagna in Savignano sul Rubicone, close to Cesena and Rimini. The 4 multiplexes consisted of 66 screens and 15,000 total seats.

In Spain UGC had 5 multiplexes: three in Madrid and one each in Valladolid and Cadiz.

Odeon and UCI Cinema Group purchased in 2011 the UGC Cinemas in Italy which are integrated in UCI Cinemas Italy and in Spain which were integrated in the local chain of cinemas Cinesa.

### UK and Ireland

UGC was formerly also a leading UK cinema owner following the purchase of Richard Branson's Virgin Cinema Group, which it purchased in October 1999. In December 2004, the business was sold to Blackstone Group and joined with Cine-UK to trade as Cineworld. UGC's chain in the UK and Ireland consisted of:

* UK: 41 cinemas, 391 screens;
* Ireland: 1 cinema, 17 screens.

In July 2005, Cineworld began to phase out the UGC brand, replacing it with its own Cineworld logo. This rebranding was completed in September 2005. Cineworld has retained certain aspects of the UGC offer, including the Unlimited season ticket, originally introduced by Virgin, and the free magazine of the same name.

## InfoBox

UGC S.A.
|
|  |
| Formerly | Union Générale Cinématographique (1946–1988) |
| Company type | Société anonyme
(with board of directors) |
| Industry | Entertainment |
| Predecessor | Continental Films |
| Founded | 1946 (1946) |
| Headquarters | Neuilly-sur-Seine, France |
| Number of locations | 57 |
| Area served | France, Belgium |
| Key people | Brigitte Maccioni (CEO) |
| Number of employees | 1520 |
| Subsidiaries | UGC Ciné Cité
UGC Images
UGC Distribution
UGC Fiction |
| Website | www.ugc.fr
www.ugc.be |


title: U.Sudan Peace & Development Foundation

abstract: U.Sudan Peace & Development Foundation,(Arabic: المؤسّسة الأمريكية السودانية للسلام والتنمية) is a nonprofit public benefit organization and international aid and relief agency. It was registered in Tennessee in the United States under Article 501(c)3 section of the Department of Internal Revenue. The organization was established by Sudanese American public figures to help achieve peace in Sudan through highly specialized scientific modules and intervention strategies.

text:
# U.Sudan Peace & Development Foundation

**U.Sudan Peace & Development Foundation**,(Arabic: المؤسّسة الأمريكية السودانية للسلام والتنمية) is a nonprofit public benefit organization and international aid and relief agency. It was registered in Tennessee in the United States under Article 501(c)3 section of the Department of Internal Revenue. The organization was established by Sudanese American public figures to help achieve peace in Sudan through highly specialized scientific modules and intervention strategies.

## Overview

Sudan is known for its complex ethnic, religious and resources-based conflicts, especially in the western regions of Darfur, Nuba Mountains and Blue Nile. One of the most famous and prolonged African conflicts was the conflict between North and South Sudan that was resulted in the separation of the two parts on July 9, 2011. The conflict was also witnessed the largest intervention by world community and super blocs. Sudan's Comprehensive Peace Agreement also known as 'Naivasha Agreement" of January 2005 that were signed between the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) and the Government of Sudan put an end to this long civil war.

### Peace in Sudan

The peace process was backed by the UN, the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), as well as IGAD-Partners, a consortium of donor countries. Comprehensive Peace Agreement was meant to end the Second Sudanese Civil War, develop democratic governance countrywide, and share oil revenues. But because of the radical Islamic policies adopted by the government of Sudan, other four bloody wars erupted in Darfur, Nuba Mountains, Blue Nile and Eastern regions. Since 2003, the African Darfurians who were killed in the fighting with government forces and its allied Arab Janjaweed militias were estimated as 300,000 and more than two million have lost their homes and properties and now live in camps established by international aid and relief agencies and organizations. Those internally displaced refugees are still an easy target and vulnerable to ground and air attacks, especially at the mountainous region of the Nuba ethnic clans.

## Activities

U.Sudan Peace & Development Foundation was established to advocate democracy, diversity and people-to-people peace negotiation between the dissenting tribes in these areas. Through carrying out some developmental projects, the foundation also helps improve the living conditions of the internally displaced by offering ideas for small businesses, building in-camp schools from local materials and providing children with local teachers and school supplies. The foundation's other projects include the highly participatory "Halfway Back Home" or (HBH Project) that aims at helping lower the relatively high mortality rates among children and infants in these camps and other marginalized areas inside the Sudan. HBH provides children with vaccines and cures for epidemic and endemic diseases like Tuberculosis, Malaria, Cholera, Ebola, etc. Providing laboratory devices that assist in diagnosis of diseases and to conduct promising research projects for new medications are also included in the project.

### Refugees in the United States

Locally, the foundation joins efforts with resettlement agencies to facilitate the adaptation of Sudanese refugees into the American communities and culture. It also helps refugees get access to education and minimize the fall of immigrant children into street fault-line gangs and drug cartels. Job placement opportunities for adults, housing, transportation are also among the services provided by the foundation.

## Category

List of ethnic organizations in the United States

1. Comprehensive Peace Agreement
2. 2014 UNHCR Country Operations Profile - Sudan." UNHCR News. UNHCR, n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2014

## InfoBox

U.Sudan Peace & Development Foundation
| المؤسّسة الأمريكية السودانية للسلام والتنمية | |
| --- | --- |
| Abbreviation | USUDANPDF |
| Founded | 2014 |
| Type | Public-Benefit Charitable Nonprofit and International Aid |
| Legal status | Active |
| Location |  |
| Website | usudanpdf official site |


title: UFTP

abstract: The UDP-based File Transfer Protocol (UFTP) is a communication protocol designed to transfer files to multiple recipients. To accomplish this, UFTP multicasts the files to recipients via the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). The reference implementation of UFTP is open-source software distributed under the GNU General Public License Version 3. The author of UFTP and its reference protocol is Dennis Bush. UFTP can perform effectively in a wide area network with high network delay, as well as in communication satellite transmissions. Bush published a pre-release version of UFTP on July 6, 2001. After two more intermediate releases, version 1.0 was published on December 17, 2002. He based UFTP on the Multicast File Transfer Protocol (MFTP), which was designed and developed at Starburst Communications. In 1997 and 1998, Starburst had submitted drafts of the MFTP specification to the Internet Engineering Task Force, with a view to promoting adoption of the protocol. Starburst later sold MFTP, along with their Omnicast file distribution software, to the Fantastic Corporation. Stratacache, a digital signage company in the United States, announced in February 2004 that they had purchased the property from Fantastic.

text:
# UFTP

The **UDP-based File Transfer Protocol** (**UFTP**) is a communication protocol designed to transfer files to multiple recipients. To accomplish this, UFTP multicasts the files to recipients via the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). The reference implementation of UFTP is open-source software distributed under the GNU General Public License Version 3. The author of UFTP and its reference protocol is Dennis Bush.

UFTP can perform effectively in a wide area network with high network delay, as well as in communication satellite transmissions.

Bush published a pre-release version of UFTP on July 6, 2001. After two more intermediate releases, version 1.0 was published on December 17, 2002. He based UFTP on the Multicast File Transfer Protocol (MFTP), which was designed and developed at Starburst Communications. In 1997 and 1998, Starburst had submitted drafts of the MFTP specification to the Internet Engineering Task Force, with a view to promoting adoption of the protocol. Starburst later sold MFTP, along with their Omnicast file distribution software, to the Fantastic Corporation. Stratacache, a digital signage company in the United States, announced in February 2004 that they had purchased the property from Fantastic.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

UFTP
| Developer(s) | Dennis Bush |
| --- | --- |
| Initial release | July 6, 2001 (2001-07-06) |
|  | |
| Stable release | 5.0.3 / December 17, 2023 (2023-12-17) |
|  | |
| Type | File transfer (multicast) |
| License | GPLv3 |
| Website | uftp-multicast.sourceforge.net |


title: USAT Meigs

abstract: The USAT Meigs was a United States Army transport ship that was built in 1921 and sunk in Darwin Harbour in the first Japanese air raid against the Australia mainland on 19 February 1942.

text:
# USAT Meigs

The **USAT *Meigs*** (sometimes incorrectly called USS *Meigs*) was a United States Army transport ship that was built in 1921 and sunk in Darwin Harbour in the first Japanese air raid against the Australia mainland on 19 February 1942.

## Building

The ship's keel was laid 30 July 1920 by the Los Angeles Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company (later Todd Pacific Shipyards) at San Pedro, California and completed in 1921 for the United States Shipping Board as ***West Lewark***. She had a steel hull, measured 7,358 GRT (also cited as 11,358 DWT), 430.7 ft (131.3 m), 54.3 ft (16.6 m) beam and 26.2 ft (8.0 m) depth. The ship's construction was canceled in 1919 but she was then completed to a larger and different design (Design EFC 1133) than the originally planned Design 1013 and launched 24 February 1921. She was evaluated for naval use with designation ID-4490.

## Peacetime service

After delivery the ship was operated by the Williams, Diamond & Company, Pacific Coast shippers for the Pacific Coast-European trade. Cargo handling equipment had been designed in light of the fact that many ports lacked sufficient handling equipment ashore to enable efficient cargo operations and initial service demonstrated increased efficiency. *West Lewark* and sister ship, *West Faralon* were placed in the company's Pacific Coast-European trade with *West Lewark* making an initial port call at Glasgow, Scotland. In 1922 the Army acquired the ship and renamed her *Meigs*.

USAT *Meigs* was one of the small fleet the Army maintained during the inter-war years and operated in the Pacific as a freight and animal transport. In 1939, with USAT *Ludington*, *Meigs* was one of only two Army owned freight transports. Included in the requirement to transport army goods and personal possessions of personnel changing duty stations to the Pacific was transport of cavalry and personal horses of officers with occasional mention of the ship transporting notable horses or owners transferring between Pacific and continental postings. In July 1938 *Meigs* found an oil slick along the course of the lost Pan American flying boat *Hawaii Clipper* about 500 miles from Manila, took samples and stood by for further investigation.

## War service

Shortly before the US entry into World War II, the ship was given the tentative Navy hull number AK-34 under an agreement that Navy would take over then commission and crew any Army transports operating in areas of potential naval opposition. The reality of war resulted in a December 1941 Presidential order suspending that agreement and the hull number is listed by Navy as "not used."

USAT *Meigs* was part of the Pensacola Convoy attempting to reinforce the Philippines in the early stages of the Pacific War and held at Fiji when it was evident the Japanese were already invading the Philippines. Despite a military decision to bring the convoy back to Hawaii or the West Coast, a presidential decision routed the ships to Australia to attempt Philippine support from there. After being part of an abortive convoy escorted by USS *Houston* and smaller escorts, that had departed on 15 February 1942 in an attempt to reinforce the island of Timor, she returned to the Australian town of Darwin, Northern Territory.

On 19 February 1942 Japanese aircraft attacked Darwin's land and shipping targets in two waves. The *Meigs* was one of six ships sunk, with one of its crew of 66 killed, after being struck by a number of bombs and aerial torpedoes.

## Wreck

Although the superstructure of the wreck was salvaged after the war by Fujita Salvage of Osaka, Japan, the cargo of munitions, railway rails, Bren gun carriers and trucks intended for Allied forces in Portuguese Timor remains. The *Meigs* is now a dive site, where the remnants of the cargo are as visible as the remains of the vessel itself. It lies in 18 metres (59 ft) of water at coordinates 12°29.26′S 130°49.10′E / 12.48767°S 130.81833°E / -12.48767; 130.81833, and due to the large tidal movements creating strong currents and poor visibility, is only divable around neap tides.

## Namesakes

The name USS *Meigs* is incorrectly applied to the USAT *Meigs* and also, properly, to the USS *General M. C. Meigs* (AP-116), which served in the Korean War.

There was also a small Quartermaster Corps passenger and freight steamer built in 1892 by John H. Dialogue & Son, Camden New Jersey, and serving in the early 20th century named *General Meigs*.

## InfoBox

| SS *West Lewark*, later USAT *Meigs* | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | * *West Lewark* (1921–22) * USAT *Meigs* (1922–42) |
| Owner |  |
| Ordered | Before September 1919 |
| Builder | Los Angeles Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co |
| Laid down | 30 July 1920 |
| Launched | 24 February 1921 |
| Completed | June 1921 |
| Acquired | by US Army 1922 |
| Out of service | 19 February 1942 |
| Renamed | 1922 |
| Fate | Sunk by Japanese air attack, 1942 |
| General characteristics | |
| Tonnage | 7,358 GRT, 5,310 NRT |
| Displacement | 11,358 tons |
| Length | 430.7 ft (131.3 m) |
| Beam | 54.3 ft (16.6 m) |
| Draft | 26.2 ft (8.0 m) |
| Installed power | 422 NHP |
| Propulsion | 3-cylinder triple-expansion steam engine, single screw |
| Sensors and <br>processing systems | wireless direction finding |


title: USS Eisner

abstract:
USS Eisner may refer to more than one United States Navy ship:
  - USS Eisner (DE-269), a destroyer escort transferred to the United Kingdom upon completion which served in the Royal Navy as the frigate HMS Domett (K473) from 1943 to 1946
  - USS Eisner (DE-28), a name assigned briefly to the destroyer escort USS Emery (DE-28) during her construction
  - USS Eisner (DE-192), a destroyer escort in commission from 1944 to 1946

text:
# USS Eisner

**USS *Eisner*** may refer to more than one United States Navy ship:

* USS *Eisner* (DE-269), a destroyer escort transferred to the United Kingdom upon completion which served in the Royal Navy as the frigate HMS *Domett* (K473) from 1943 to 1946
* USS *Eisner* (DE-28), a name assigned briefly to the destroyer escort USS *Emery* (DE-28) during her construction
* USS *Eisner* (DE-192), a destroyer escort in commission from 1944 to 1946


title: USS El Paso (PF-41)

abstract: USS El Paso (PF-41) was a Tacoma-class frigate crewed by the United States Coast Guard for the United States Navy. She was named after El Paso, a city situated in Western Texas and along the border with New Mexico and the Mexican state of Chihuahua. El Paso was launched on 16 July 1943 at Consolidated Steel Corporation, Ltd., in Wilmington, California, under a Maritime Commission contract, sponsored by Mrs. J. L. Kaster; and commissioned on 1 December 1943.

text:
# USS El Paso (PF-41)

**USS *El Paso* (PF-41)** was a *Tacoma*-class frigate crewed by the United States Coast Guard for the United States Navy. She was named after El Paso, a city situated in Western Texas and along the border with New Mexico and the Mexican state of Chihuahua.

*El Paso* was launched on 16 July 1943 at Consolidated Steel Corporation, Ltd., in Wilmington, California, under a Maritime Commission contract, sponsored by Mrs. J. L. Kaster; and commissioned on 1 December 1943.

## Service history

Sailing from San Diego, California, on 20 February 1944, *El Paso* arrived at Milne Bay, New Guinea, on 4 April after training at Pearl Harbor and convoy escort duty to the Gilberts and Espiritu Santo en route. The frigate patrolled in the New Guinea area, and carried out several bombardment missions. On 25 May she shelled enemy positions at Maffin Bay, and 2 days later in company with two destroyer escorts, bombarded Wakde Island. On the night of 14 June she provided fire support at Aitape, and on the 25th blasted the edge of the airfield on Wakde Island. The next mission was a combination scouting, salvage, and rescue work at Pagan and Fanildo Islands on 25 August.

In September 1944, *El Paso* joined the screen of the forces landing at Morotai, then operated between this newly won base and New Guinea during the buildup for the invasion of the Philippines. On 29 October, nine days after the initial landings, *El Paso* arrived at Leyte for patrol and screen duty. She returned to New Guinea in November to bombard Sarmi Point and Mount Makko on the 11th, then was assigned to escort duty between New Guinea and the Philippines until the year's end.

*El Paso* departed Humboldt Bay (Hollandia) on 6 January 1945, and sailed to New York for overhaul during which she was converted to a weather ship. Her conversion was interrupted by a convoy escort voyage to Oran, Algeria, in April and May 1945.

When World War II ended, the frigate was on the way back to the Pacific, and arriving at Leyte on 23 September, served as a weather station ship in the Philippines until 16 April 1946. She returned to the west coast, was decommissioned at Seattle, Washington, on 18 July 1946, and sold on 14 October 1947.

*El Paso* received Five battle stars for World War II service.

## Sources

* *The Coast Guard at War, Transports and Escorts*, Vol. V, No. 1.
* *Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922-1946*. London: Conway Maritime Press, 1992, pp. 148–149.
* USCG Home Website
* *This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*, Vol. II, pp. 345–346.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *El Paso* |
| Namesake | City of El Paso, Texas |
| Builder | Consolidated Steel Corporation, Wilmington, California |
| Launched | 16 July 1943 |
| Commissioned | 1 December 1943 |
| Decommissioned | 18 July 1946 |
| Honors and<br>awards | 3 × battle stars (World War II) |
| Fate | Sold for scrapping, 14 October 1947 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Tacoma*-class frigate |
| Displacement | 2,230 long tons (2,266 t) |
| Length | 303 ft 11 in (92.63 m) |
| Beam | 37 ft 6 in (11.43 m) |
| Draft | 12 ft 8 in (3.86 m) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) |
| Range | 9,500 nmi (17,600 km) at 12 kn (22 km/h; 14 mph) |
| Complement | 190 |
| Armament |  |


title: USS El Cano

abstract: USS El Cano (IX-79), an unclassified miscellaneous vessel, was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for Elcano (PG-38). A schooner, she was acquired on 8 August 1942 as Pioneer, renamed El Cano on 17 August 1942, and served in a noncommissioned status in the 11th Naval District during World War II.

text:
# USS El Cano

**USS *El Cano* (IX-79)**, an unclassified miscellaneous vessel, was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for *Elcano* (PG-38). A schooner, she was acquired on 8 August 1942 as *Pioneer*, renamed *El Cano* on 17 August 1942, and served in a noncommissioned status in the 11th Naval District during World War II.

## Ship History

On 13 Jul 42 VCNO asked BuShips to negotiate a bareboat charter agreement with the owner of the auxiliary steel schooner yacht PIONEER at $1.00 per year. This vessel had been designed by Cox & Stevens and built by Krupp's Germaniawerft at Kiel, Germany, in 1927 as CRESSIDA for the German-American industrialist Hermann Oelrichs, who was a member of the Vanderbilt family. She was reputed to be one of the fastest tall ships on the west coast, often making 14 knots in races off Newport Beach, Calif. Oelrichs sold her in the mid-1930s to George Washington Vanderbilt III, who used her for recreational cruises and to explore Africa and the South Seas. Vanderbilt renamed her PIONEER after 1937 and before visiting Isla Floreana (Galapagos) in her on 4 Jun 41. On 17 Aug 42 the Navy assigned her the name EL CANO "after the former vessel of that name" (presumably ELCANO, PG-38), and she operated during the rest of the war "in service" in the 11th Naval District. A report that the Coast Guard used EL CANO ex PIONEER for merchant training between 1939 and her return to the MC on 31 Aug 42 appears to be inconsistent with the preceding information, but merchant training could have been her function in the 11th Naval District. The schooner was returned to Mr. Vanderbilt in late 1945. PIONEER made her last major voyage in 1951, from California to Hawaii, and then remained pierside at Newport Beach from 1954 until Vanderbilt's death in 1961. She was sold in 1965 to Windjammer Barefoot Cruises and converted into the passenger ship YANKEE CLIPPER. She was refitted in 1987 with a third mast and a top deck. Windjammer ceased operations in 2007 and the ship is now (2009) laid up in Trinidad and looking for a buyer.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *El Cano* |
| Namesake | USS *Elcano* |
| Acquired | 8 August 1942, as *Pioneer* |
| Renamed | *El Cano*, 17 August 1942 |
| Fate | Struck from Naval Register, Disposed of, 24 October 1945 |
| Status | Laid up, awaiting buyer (2009) |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Schooner |
| Displacement | 600 long tons (610 t) |


title: USS Elcano

abstract: USS Elcano (PG-38) was a gunboat that the United States Navy captured from the Spanish Navy during the Spanish–American War. She was officially commissioned in the U.S. Navy in 1902. She served for many years in the Yangtze Patrol where she saw action against pirates and warlords. She served until decommissioning in 1928, when she was sunk for target practice.

text:
# USS Elcano

**USS *Elcano* (PG-38)** was a gunboat that the United States Navy captured from the Spanish Navy during the Spanish–American War. She was officially commissioned in the U.S. Navy in 1902. She served for many years in the Yangtze Patrol where she saw action against pirates and warlords. She served until decommissioning in 1928, when she was sunk for target practice.

## Service history

### Spanish Navy

The Carraca Arsenal at Cadiz, Spain, built *Elcano* in 1885. The Spanish Navy stationed her at the Port of Manila, where she arrived on 26 September 1886.

During the Spanish–American War, she captured the American bark *Saranac* on 26 February 1898. *Saranac*—under Captain Bartaby—was carrying 1,640 short tons (1,490 t) of coal from Newcastle, New South Wales, to Iloilo, for Admiral Dewey's fleet.

The Americans seized *Elcano* during the Battle of Manila Bay on 1 May 1898. She was officially turned over to the US Navy on 9 November 1898.

### U.S. Navy

The U.S. Navy had *Elcano* fitted at the Cavite Naval Yard, Philippines, for use as a gunboat. The U.S. Navy commissioned her on 20 November 1902 as the **USS *Elcano***, Gunboat No. 38, under her first captain, Lieutenant Commander A.G. Winterhalter.

*Elcano* left Manila on 26 December 1902 for service with what would become the U.S. Yangtze Patrol. She sailed with another ex-Spanish gunboat—*Villalobos*—and the collier *Pompey*; the little flotilla arrived in Shanghai in February 1903.

The gunboats' task was primarily to protect American lives and property in China, especially American-flagged vessels operating on the Yangtze River. The U.S. had sent gunboats to China in the past, but this flotilla was the first that the U.S. Navy had created specifically to patrol the Yangtze. However, they were not well-suited to river patrol because of their deep (ocean-going) draft and their weak power.

Still, *Elcano* remained based in Shanghai until 20 October 1907. She then returned to Cavite where the U.S. Navy decommissioned her on 1 November.

The U.S. Navy recommissioned *Elcano* on 5 December 1910 and she returned to China in March 1911. There she was based at Amoy until the start of World War I. She returned to Manila in April 1917, and then patrolled off Mariveles, Bataan, and Corregidor Island until the end of the war.

*Elcano* returned to Shanghai on 3 February 1920 where she rejoined the Yangtze Patrol. On 17 July, the Navy reclassified her as **PG-38** (Patrol Gunboat 38).

As a member of the Yangtze River Patrol *Elcano* was involved in numerous skirmishes with Chinese warlords and pirates. In July 1921, she assisted in the landing of U.S. Marines at Ichang, where she remained until September 1922. During the Chinese revolution of 1926–1927, *Elcano* brought refugees back to the coast from deep inland. On 24 March 1927, *Elcano* shelled the base of Socony Hill in Nanking to protect the American Consul General and others who were being besieged there. Eventually, American sailors rescued the American civilians.

## Fate

In November 1927, *Elcano* became a receiving ship at Shanghai for American sailors arriving to man the new gunboats that the Navy was building for service with the Patrol. The U.S. Navy decommissioned *Elcano* on 30 June 1928. She sank on 4 October as a result of having been used for target practice.

## Awards

## Citations

* Coello Lillo, Juan Luis; Rodríguez González, Agustín (2001). *Buques de la Armada Española a Través de la Fotografía, 1849–1900*. Ministerio de Defensa, Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval, Madrid. ISBN 84-95088-37-1.
* Zolandez, Thomas (2016). "Question 8/52: Ex-Spanish Gunboats Sunk as Targets off China". *Warship International*. **LIII** (1): 26–27. ISSN 0043-0374.
* *This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*

## InfoBox

| USS *Elcano* | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Spain | |
| Name | *Elcano* |
| Ordered | 1882 |
| Laid down | 3 March 1882 |
| Launched | 28 January 1884 |
| Fate | War prize transferred to the U.S. Navy |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Elcano* |
| Acquired | 9 November 1898 |
| Commissioned | 20 November 1902 |
| Decommissioned | 30 June 1928 |
| Fate | Sunk as target, 4 October 1928 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Gunboat |
| Displacement | 620 long tons (630 t) |
| Length | 165 ft 6 in (50.4 m) |
| Beam | 26 ft (7.9 m) |
| Draft | 10 ft (3.0 m) |
| Installed power | 1,200 ihp (890 kW) |
| Propulsion | * 2 × vertical compound steam engines * 2 × single-ended Scotch boilers * 2 × screws |
| Speed | 11 kn (13 mph; 20 km/h) |
| Complement | * **Spanish Navy:** 115 * **U.S. Navy:** 103 |
| Armament |  |


title: USS Galveston (CL-19)

abstract: USS Galveston (C-17/PG-31/CL-19) was a Denver-class protected cruiser in the United States Navy during World War I. She was the first Navy ship named for the city of Galveston, Texas. Galveston was laid down 19 January 1901 by William R. Trigg Company, Richmond, Virginia; launched 23 July 1903; sponsored by Miss Ella Sealey; and commissioned at Norfolk, Virginia, 15 February 1905.

text:
# USS Galveston (CL-19)

**USS *Galveston* (C-17/PG-31/CL-19)** was a *Denver*-class protected cruiser in the United States Navy during World War I. She was the first Navy ship named for the city of Galveston, Texas.

*Galveston* was laid down 19 January 1901 by William R. Trigg Company, Richmond, Virginia; launched 23 July 1903; sponsored by Miss Ella Sealey; and commissioned at Norfolk, Virginia, 15 February 1905.

## Service history

### 19051918

*Galveston* departed Norfolk on 10 April 1905 for Galveston, Texas, where on 19 April she was presented a silver service by citizens of her namesake city. Returning to the East Coast 3 May, she departed New York 18 June for Cherbourg, France, where she arrived 30 June and took part in the ceremonies commemorating the return of the remains of John Paul Jones to the U.S. Naval Academy, reaching Annapolis on 22 July.

She next joined *Dolphin* and *Mayflower* as one of the host ships for the Russo-Japanese Peace Conference (48 August) serving at Oyster Bay, New York; Newport, Rhode Island, and Portsmouth, New Hampshire. From 13 August to 11 September 1905 the cruiser had special duty with Minister Plenipotentiary Hollander's State Department cruise from Norfolk to the West Indies ports of Santo Domingo and Port-au-Prince, followed by preparations for foreign service at Norfolk and New York.

*Galveston* departed Tompkinsville, New York, on 28 December 1905 for service in the Mediterranean with the European Squadron until 28 March 1906 when she set course from Port Said to join the fleet at Cavite in the Philippines for service on the Asiatic Station. She was a part of the fleet reception for Secretary of War William H. Taft at Manila on 13 October 1906 and served in his honor escort to Vladivostok, Siberia, the next month.

*Galveston* spent the following years in cruises among ports of the Philippines, China and Japan. She arrived in San Francisco, California, from the Philippines on 17 February 1910; was decommissioned in the Puget Sound Navy Yard on 21 February; and recommissioned there on 29 June 1912 for service that included a training cruise to Alaska. She left the Puget Sound Navy Yard on 19 September 1913, touching San Francisco, Hawaii and Guam on her way to Cavite, where she joined the Asiatic Fleet on 2 November.

*Galveston*'s tour on the Asiatic Station was largely taken up with convoy service for supply ships and troop transports shuttling Marines and other garrison forces and stores between the Philippines and ports of Japan and China for the protection of American lives, property, and interests with brief intervals of Yangtze River Patrol for the same purpose. She also made one convoy trip from the Philippines to British North Borneo and two trips to Guam in the Marianas. She arrived in San Diego from the Asiatic Station on 10 January 1918 and passed through the Panama Canal on 23 January convoying the British liner acting as a troopship *Athenic* from Cristobal, in the Canal Zone, to Norfolk, and on to New York, arriving on 11 February 1918.

### World War I, 1918

*Galveston* was assigned to Squadron 2 of the Atlantic Fleet Cruiser Force for convoy escort duties concurrent with the training of Armed Guard crews. After one convoy run through heavy weather from Tompkinsville to Halifax, Nova Scotia, she was largely employed in repeated convoy escort voyages between New York and Norfolk until 22 September 1918 when she departed Tompkinsville with a 19-ship convoy bound for Ponta Delgada, Azores. On the morning of 30 September a convoy straggler was attacked by German submarine *U-152*. Alerted by the flashing explosion to starboard, *Galveston* headed for the scene of attack and opened fire on the U-boat. Cargo ship *Ticonderoga* was shelled and sunk in the 2-hour battle with a loss of 213 lives and the submarine escaped but the remaining ships of the convoy were brought safely into Ponta Delgada 4 October 1918. *Galveston* returned to Norfolk on 20 October 1918 to resume her coastal convoy escort work until the Armistice.

### 19191923

She arrived in Plymouth, England, 26 March 1919; transported a contingent of British-American troops from Harwich to Murmansk, USSR as part of Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War there; then served as flagship of Squadron 3, Patrol Force, in Western European waters. She was largely concerned with the movement of prize crews and repatriation of crews of German ships until 22 June 1919 when she got underway to serve as station and flagship at Constantinople, Turkey. She arrived on station 14 July 1919 and broke the flag of Rear Admiral Mark L. Bristol; transported refugees and American Red Cross officials to Constantinople from the Russian ports of Novorossiysk and Theodosia; and carried Rear Admiral Newton A. McCully from Theodosia to Yalta. She was relieved as station ship at Constantinople on 15 July 1920 by cruiser *Chattanooga*.

With the initial assignment of hull classification symbols and numbers to U.S. Navy ships in 1920, *Galveston* was classified as **PG-31**. She then returned home by way of Suez Canal and Mediterranean ports reached Boston 17 September 1920, and became a unit of the Special Service Squadron watching over American interests in waters ranging to the Panama Canal and down the West Coast of the Central American States to Corinto, Nicaragua. On 8 August 1921 she was reclassified **CL-19**. She also intermittently patrolled in the Gulf of Mexico with periodic calls at ports of Florida, Texas, Alabama, and Louisiana. The end of this service was climaxed by a visit to her namesake city in Texas, where she arrived from Panama 26 August 1923 to represent the Navy at the American Legion convention. She then steamed to the Charleston Navy Yard and decommissioned 30 November 1923.

### 19241930

*Galveston* was recommissioned 5 February 1924 for duty with the Special Service Squadron. She based most of her operations out of Cristóbal and Balboa, Panama, in a series of patrols that took her off the coast of Honduras, Cuba, and Nicaragua. On 27 August 1926 she arrived at Bluefields, Nicaragua, landing a force of 195 men at the request of the American Consul to protect American interests during a revolutionary uprising. Thereafter much of her time was spent cruising between that-port and Balboa to cooperate with the State Department in the restoration and preservation of order, and to insure the protection of American lives and property in Central America.

After a voyage north in the fall of 1929 for overhaul in the Boston Navy Yard, *Galveston* revisited her namesake 26 to 29 October for the Navy Day celebrations, then touched Cuba on her way to Haiti, where she embarked Marines for transport to the Panama Canal. She resumed her watchful cruises between Balboa and Corinto until 19 May 1930 when she transited the Panama Canal for a last courtesy visit to Galveston (24–31 May) before inactivation overhaul in the Philadelphia Navy Yard.

### Decommissioning

She was decommissioned at Philadelphia on 2 September 1930; struck from the Navy List 1 November 1930, and sold for scrapping 13 September 1933 to the Northern Metal Company of Philadelphia.

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*

* "The U.S.S. Galveston: General Description—Standardization, Official and Endurance Tests". *Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers*. **XVII** (3): 678–695. August 1905.

* Photo gallery of USS *Galveston* (CL-19) at NavSource Naval History

## InfoBox

| USS *Galveston* (CL-19) underway soon after completion, c. 1905. Note that her topmasts are partially lowered. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *Galveston* |
| Namesake | City of Galveston, Texas |
| Ordered | 3 March 1899 |
| Awarded | 14 December 1899 |
| Builder | William R. Trigg Company, Richmond, Virginia |
| Cost | $1,027,000 (contract price of hull and machinery)($32,199,420 in 2021 dollars) |
| Laid down | 19 January 1901 |
| Launched | 23 July 1903 |
| Sponsored by | Miss Ella Sealey |
| Commissioned | 15 February 1905 |
| Decommissioned | 2 September 1930 |
| Reclassified | * PG-31, 17 July 1920 * CL-19, 8 August 1921 |
| Stricken | 1 November 1930 |
| Identification |  |
| Fate | Sold for scrapping, 13 September 1933 |
| General characteristics (as built) | |
| Class and type | *Denver*-class protected cruiser |
| Displacement | * 3,200 long tons (3,251 ) (standard) * 3,514 long tons (3,570 t) (full load) |
| Length | * 308 ft 9 in (94.11 m) oa * 292 ft (89 m)pp |
| Beam | 44 ft (13 m) |
| Draft | 15 ft 9 in (4.80 m) (mean) |
| Installed power |  |
| Propulsion |  |
| Sail plan | Schooner |
| Speed | * 16.5 knots (30.6 km/h; 19.0 mph) * 16.65 knots (30.84 km/h; 19.16 mph) (Speed on Trial) |
| Complement | 30 officers 261 enlisted men |
| Armament |  |
| Armor | * **Deck:** 2+12 in (64 mm) (slope) * 316 in (4.8 mm) (flat) * **Shields:** 1+34 in (44 mm) |
| General characteristics (1921) | |
| Armament | * 8 × 5 in (127 mm)/50 caliber Mark 5 breech-loading rifles * 1 × 3 in (76 mm)/50 anti-aircraft gun * 6 × 6-pounder (57 mm (2.2 in)) rapid fire guns * 2 × 1-pounder (37 mm (1.5 in)) guns |


title: USP27X

abstract: The ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 27, also known as deubiquitinating enzyme 27, ubiquitin thioesterase 27 and USP27X, is a deubiquitinating enzyme which is mainly characterized for cleaving ubiquitin (Ub) from proteins and other molecules. Ubiquitin binds to proteins so as to regulate the degradation of them via the proteasome and lysosome among many other functions. USP27X is encoded by the ubiquitin specific peptidase 27 X-linked gene, found in chromosome X in region Xp11.23. It is mainly found in the cytosol and nucleus of cells, as well as the nucleoplasm and in vesicles. It is an intracellular protein found in many human tissues with low blood cell specificity. DUBs belong to the superfamily of proteases enzymes. Proteases can be classified into five different classes depending on the mechanism of catalysis: aspartic, metallo, serine, threonine and cystein proteases. Cysteine proteases comprise ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolases (UCHs), Machada Josepchin domain proteases (MJDs), ovarian tumour proteases (OTU) and ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs). USP27X is included in the ubiquitin-specific proteases enzymes.

text:
# USP27X

The **ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 27** (EC 3.4.19.12), also known as **deubiquitinating enzyme 27**, **ubiquitin thioesterase 27** and **USP27X**, is a deubiquitinating enzyme which is mainly characterized for cleaving ubiquitin (Ub) from proteins and other molecules. Ubiquitin binds to proteins so as to regulate the degradation of them via the proteasome and lysosome among many other functions.

USP27X is encoded by the ubiquitin specific peptidase 27 X-linked gene, found in chromosome X in region Xp11.23. It is mainly found in the cytosol and nucleus of cells, as well as the nucleoplasm and in vesicles. It is an intracellular protein found in many human tissues with low blood cell specificity.

DUBs belong to the superfamily of proteases enzymes. Proteases can be classified into five different classes depending on the mechanism of catalysis: aspartic, metallo, serine, threonine and cystein proteases.

Cysteine proteases comprise ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolases (UCHs), Machada Josepchin domain proteases (MJDs), ovarian tumour proteases (OTU) and ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs). USP27X is included in the ubiquitin-specific proteases enzymes.

| Ec | 3.4.19.12 |
| --- | --- |
| Taxonomic identifier (assigned by the NCBI) | 9606 |
| Taxonomic lineage | eukaryotametazoachordatacraniatavertebrataeuteleostomimammaliaeutheriaeuarchontogliresprimateshaplorrhinicatarrhinihomonidaehomo |
| Length | 1574bp |
| Mass | 49.6299 kDa |
| Gene Location (in humans) | Cytogenetic band: Xp11.23 |
| Cellular location | nucleus, cytoplasm |
| **Databases** | **accession ID** |
| HumanCyc | HS17606 |
| UniProt, nextProt | A6NNY8 |
| HGNC | HGNC:13486 |
| proteomics DB | A6NNY8 |
| biogrid | 133302 |

## Protein structure

Deubiquitinating enzymes contain a conserved catalytic domain surrounded by other subdomains, some of which are known to contribute to target recognition, protein-protein interactions and location domains. Specifically, USP domains are characterized for having interspersed points with insertions in the catalytic domain. This insertions have the capacity of folding into independent domains that can be involved in the regulation of the enzyme's activity.

All USP domains, including USP27X, can be divided into six conserved boxes that are mapped onto the USP domain core structure. These structures have been identified through multiple sequence alignment of the USP catalytic cores. Box 1 is known to contain the catalytic cysteine (Cys) residue, box 5 contains the catalytic histidine (His) residue, box 6 contains the catalytic asparagine (Asn)/ aspartate (Asp) residue. Box 3 and box 4 can vary its content although in most human USP enzyme domains each contain a conserved Cys-X-X-Cys motif, which is commonly associated with a zinc-binding site.

USP27X has a length of 438 aminoacids. The residues that play a critical role in the active site can be found in position 87, in which resides the nucleophilic residue, and position 380 in which the proton acceptor is located.

The number of aminoacids in USPs catalytic domain can vary from 295 and 850 residues. This variations suggest that either different subclasses of USP domains exist (variations of a catalyc fold) or that insertions are incorporated into a similar catalytic fold.

## Function

As previously said USP27X belongs to deubiquitinase family, thus its main function is catalyzing the removal of ubiquitin from substrates (cleaving the bond between the last aminoacid of ubiquitin, glycine 76, and a lysine residue on the substrate), the reversal process of ubiquitination, regulating the fate of ubiquitin-conjugated proteins.

Based on its conserved catalytic domains and its mechanism of catalysis, deubiquitinating enzymes are classified in the group of cysteine proteases. These enzymes use catalytic triads (groups of three aminoacids) to catalize the hydrolysis of the amine bonds between the ubiquitin and the substrate. USP27X's catalytic triad is constituted by a cysteine, a histidine, and a third residue, which tends to be an asparagine.

The ubiquitin is linked to the polypeptide molecule by an isopeptide bond between the carboxyl group (COO) of ubiquitin's last glycine and the epsilon-amino group (ε-NH3+) of the substrate's lysine. The Asp functions to polarize and orient the imidazolium ring of the His, while the His gains a proton desprotonating the thiol group of the adjacent Cys. This Cys attacks on the isopeptide carbonyl carbon, breaking carbon's double bond with oxygen and converting it into a simple bond. At the same time, the His gives its proton to the lysine epsilon-amino group, forming a bond between them. The isopeptide bond is broken and the carbonyl group (double bond) remade*.* The result of the reaction is the release of the target protein from histidine and the formation of a covalent intermediate with the Ub moiety since the bond between the thiol group from the cysteine and the carbon is broken and a new radical binds to the carboxyl group. Finally, a reaction of this intermediate with a water molecule results in the release of the free enzyme and Ub molecule.

The Ub-proteasome system is the fundamental regulatory mechanism of protein stability, quality, and abundance, so USP27X plays a key role in a great number of processes regulated by this system, such as Snail 1 stabilization in pancreatic and breast cancer, resistance to chemotherapeutic agents on cancerous cells, e. g., Cisplatin, and it also intervenes on the regulation of Bim in melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer cells.

## Clinical relevance

USP27X deubiquitinating action has been discovered to regulate the presence of multiple proteins related to various human cancers, as well as affecting cancerous cells' resistance to chemotherapeutic agents.

### Regulation of Snail1 in pancreatic and breast cancer

Cancerous cells gain the ability to migrate towards other parts of the body and to invade other tissues through what is called epithelial-mesenchymal transition. This process consists of a series of biochemical changes that transform an epithelial polarized cancerous cell into a cell with a mesenchymal phenotype. This new phenotype gives the cell an increased ability to migrate and invade other tissues, while it also decreases apoptotic activity. Therefore, EMT allows the cancerous cell to abandon the epithelial layer in which it originated, and migrate to other tissues. This is how metastasis in epithelial cancer begins. EMT is controlled by various mesenchymal markers, amongst them Snail1, a protein also necessary in the activation of cancer associated fibroblasts (CAF). In a normal epithelial cell, Snail1 is continuously degraded by proteasomes, due to its previous ubiquitination. However, in cancer cells and CAFs, Snail1 degradation is prevented. One of the mechanisms that cancerous cells use to do so is USP27X. This protein deubiquitinates Snail1, meaning it cannot be degraded, therefore causing it to stabilize and to activate EMT, allowing metastasis. In cancerous cells, USP27X is regulated by TGFβ, and, summarizing, it causes the stabilization of Snail1 and other mesenchymal markers, leading to EMT. Although USP27X is not the only deubiquitinase that affects Snail1, it is one of the most effective and it has been proved to directly increase Snail1 presence by preventing its degradation. USP27X mechanism was observed in breast and pancreatic cancers, therefore opening a new door for treatments. Inhibition of USP27X would cause Snail1 to be ubiquitinated and then degraded, and therefore it would impair EMT.

### Influence on cancerous cells' resistance to chemotherapeutic agents

Snail1 has also been shown to increase the resistance of cancerous cells to certain chemotherapeutic agents, such as Cisplatin. When treated with Cisplatin, the amount of Snail1 increased, and this made the cells more resistant. However, when cisplatin was used in USP27X KO cells (cells without USP27X presence), Snail1 wasn't upregulated. This suggests that, after treatment with Cisplatin, Snail1 requires USP27X in order to increase its presence and make cells resistant. Therefore, inhibition of USP27X would impair Snail1 stabilization, leading to an increase in cancerous cells’ sensitivity to Cisplatin.

### Regulation of Bim in melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer cells

Bim is one of the proteins that induces apoptosis, and its depletion has been observed in multiple human tumours, meaning that cancer cells have mechanisms to avoid Bim expression or to degrade it, therefore annulling its apoptotic effects.

In some cancers, Bim is downregulated thanks to ERK-signaling. Phosphorylation and ubiquitination of Bim dependent on ERK caused Bim to be degraded in proteasomes. However, presence of USP27X reduced ERK deubiquitination of BIM, causing Bim to stabilize and therefore increasing its apoptotic effects. This process has been proved in melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer (nsclc) cells.

Accordingly, we can conclude that USP27X can act as a tumour suppressor by inhibiting ERK-signalling, causing the deubiquitination and consequent stabilization of Bim, allowing it to induce apoptosis in cancer cells that use ERK-signalling.

### X-linked cognitive disorder

A relationship has been established between X-linked intellectual disability and certain mutations in the USP27X gene; specifically, an error in the reading of this gene causes a premature stop codon in the protein USP27X. Not much is known about the function of the USP27X protein yet, but its gene was found in mouse serotonin neurons, and that might mean that it is important for the serotonergetic function. USP27X interacts with USP22 which interacts with the KIF7 gene, which signals pathways involved in early development, cell growth and cell specialisation. Besides, other proteins from the same peptidase C19 family such as the USP9X have been linked to several neurologic disorders.


title: USP4

abstract: Ubiquitin specific protease 4 (USP4) is an enzyme that cleaves ubiquitin from a number of protein substrates. Prior to the standardization of nomenclature USP4 was known as UNP, and was one of the first deubiquitinating enzymes to be identified in mammals. In the mouse and human the USP4 protein is encoded by a gene containing 22 exons. This protein is a member of cysteine peptidase family C19. As a deubiquitinating enzyme it is unusual in having the capacity to cleave ubiquitin-proline bonds. This property may reflect structural flexibility in the active site of the enzyme, and may explain its ability to cleave ubiquitin chains of various linkages. USP4 has substrates of important function in a number of cell signalling pathways, including the NF-κB, TGF-β, Wnt/β-catenin, p53, and spliceosome pathways. Other substrates include the adenosine A2A receptor and the Ro52 (TRIM21) protein. USP4 is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein that bears a functional nuclear localization signal (NLS) ⁷⁶⁶QPQKKKK⁷⁷⁲ and a nuclear export signal (NES) ⁱ⁳⁳VEVYLLELKLⁱ⁴⁲. Those signals initiate the translocation of USP4 to the nucleus from the cytoplasm and vice versa, respectively. The proportion of cytoplasmic to nuclear USP4 pool varies depending on the cell type, the phase of cell cycle and the level of protein expression.

text:
# USP4

**Ubiquitin specific protease 4** (USP4) is an enzyme that cleaves ubiquitin from a number of protein substrates. Prior to the standardization of nomenclature USP4 was known as UNP, and was one of the first deubiquitinating enzymes to be identified in mammals. In the mouse and human the USP4 protein is encoded by a gene containing 22 exons.

This protein is a member of cysteine peptidase family C19. As a deubiquitinating enzyme it is unusual in having the capacity to cleave ubiquitin-proline bonds. This property may reflect structural flexibility in the active site of the enzyme, and may explain its ability to cleave ubiquitin chains of various linkages. USP4 has substrates of important function in a number of cell signalling pathways, including the NF-κB, TGF-β, Wnt/β-catenin, p53, and spliceosome pathways. Other substrates include the adenosine A2A receptor and the Ro52 (TRIM21) protein.

USP4 is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein that bears a functional nuclear localization signal (NLS) 766QPQKKKK772 and a nuclear export signal (NES) 133VEVYLLELKL142. Those signals initiate the translocation of USP4 to the nucleus from the cytoplasm and vice versa, respectively. The proportion of cytoplasmic to nuclear USP4 pool varies depending on the cell type, the phase of cell cycle and the level of protein expression.

## Interactions

USP4 has been shown to interact with the tumor suppressor pRb protein and the pocket-related proteins p107 and p130.

## Further reading

* Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: *Q13107* (Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 4) at the PDBe-KB.

## InfoBox

| USP4 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Available structures  PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | USP4, UNP, Unph, ubiquitin specific peptidase 4 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 603486; MGI: 98905; HomoloGene: 20716; GeneCards: USP4; OMA:USP4 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_199443
NM\_001251877
NM\_003363   NM\_011678
NM\_001311157   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001238806
NP\_003354
NP\_955475   NP\_001298086
NP\_035808   Location (UCSC) Chr 3: 49.28 – 49.34 Mb Chr 9: 108.23 – 108.27 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: USS SC-499

abstract: USS SC-499 was a SC-497 class submarine chaser that served in the United States Navy and later the United States Coast Guard during World War II. She was laid down as SC-499 on 24 February 1941 by the Fisher Boat Works in Detroit, Michigan, and launched on 24 October 1941. She was commissioned as USS SC-499 on 18 March 1942. She was later transferred to the Coast Guard on 20 August 1945. Her exact fate is unknown.

text:
# USS SC-499

**USS *SC-499*** was a *SC-497* class submarine chaser that served in the United States Navy and later the United States Coast Guard during World War II. She was laid down as *SC-499* on 24 February 1941 by the Fisher Boat Works in Detroit, Michigan, and launched on 24 October 1941. She was commissioned as USS *SC-499* on 18 March 1942. She was later transferred to the Coast Guard on 20 August 1945. Her exact fate is unknown.

* Other ships built by Fisher Boat Works:

## InfoBox

| USS *SC-661*, a fellow *SC-497* class submarine chaser. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *SC-499* |
| Operator |  |
| Builder | Fisher Boat Works |
| Laid down | 24 February 1941 |
| Launched | 24 October 1941 |
| Commissioned | 18 March 1942 |
| Fate | Unknown |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *SC-497* class submarine chaser |
| Type | submarine chaser |
| Displacement | 148 tons |
| Length | 110 ft 10 in (34 m) |
| Beam | 17 ft (5 m) |
| Draft | 6 ft 6 in (2 m) |
| Propulsion | * 2 × 1,540bhp General Motors (Electro-Motive Div.) 16-184A diesel engines * 2 × shafts |
| Speed | 21 knots |
| Complement | 28 |
| Armament |  |


title: USS SC-41

abstract: USS SC-41, until July 1920 known as USS Submarine Chaser No. 41 or USS S.C. 41, was an SC-1 class submarine chaser built for the United States Navy during World War I. SC-41 was a wooden-hulled 110-foot submarine chaser built at the New York Navy Yard in Brooklyn, New York. She was commissioned on 19 February 1918 as USS Submarine Chaser No. 41, abbreviated at the time as USS S.C. 41. When the U.S. Navy adopted its modern hull number system on 17 July 1920, Submarine Chaser No. 41 was classified as SC-41 and her name was shortened to USS SC-41. On 24 June 1921, the Navy sold the SC-41 for scrap to the C. P. Comerford Company of Lowell, Massachusetts. "Cinderellas of the Fleet"- over 400 of these sub-chasers were built during the war. Manned mostly by American college men, they were intended primarily to guard the home shores. "Many were sent across where they served effectively against the submarines." - Jim Geldert

text:
# USS SC-41

**USS *SC-41***, until July 1920 known as **USS *Submarine Chaser No. 41*** or **USS *S.C. 41***, was an SC-1 class submarine chaser built for the United States Navy during World War I.

*SC-41* was a wooden-hulled 110-foot (34 m) submarine chaser built at the New York Navy Yard in Brooklyn, New York. She was commissioned on 19 February 1918 as USS *Submarine Chaser No. 41*, abbreviated at the time as USS *S.C. 41*.

When the U.S. Navy adopted its modern hull number system on 17 July 1920, *Submarine Chaser No. 41* was classified as SC-41 and her name was shortened to USS *SC-41*.

On 24 June 1921, the Navy sold the *SC-41* for scrap to the C. P. Comerford Company of Lowell, Massachusetts.

"Cinderellas of the Fleet"- over 400 of these sub-chasers were built during the war. Manned mostly by American college men, they were intended primarily to guard the home shores. "Many were sent across where they served effectively against the submarines." - Jim Geldert

* *This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*
* NavSource Online: Submarine Chaser Photo Archive: SC-41
* The Subchaser Archives: The History of U.S. Submarine Chasers in the Great War Hull number: SC-41
* Woofenden, Todd A. *Hunters of the Steel Sharks: The Submarine Chasers of World War I*. Bowdoinham, Maine: Signal Light Books, 2006. ISBN 978-0-9789192-0-7.

## InfoBox

| United States Navy *SC-1*-class submarine chasers at Lisbon, Portugal. *Submarine Chaser No. 41*, later *SC-41*, is closest to the camera, with a canvas cover marked "SC 41" over her crow's nest. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | * USS *Submarine Chaser No. 41* (1917-1920) * USS *SC-41* (1920-1921) |
| Builder | New York Navy Yard, Brooklyn, New York |
| Commissioned | 19 February 1918 |
| Reclassified | SC-41 on 17 July 1920 |
| Fate | Sold 24 June 1921 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *SC-1*-class submarine chaser |
| Displacement | * 77 tons normal * 85 tons full load |
| Length |  |
| Beam | 14 ft 9 in (4.50 m) |
| Draft | * 5 ft 7 in (1.70 m) normal * 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) full load |
| Propulsion | Three 220 bhp (160 kW) Standard Motor Construction Company six-cylinder gasoline engines, three shafts, 2,400 US gallons (9,100 L) of gasoline; one Standard Motor Construction Company two-cylinder gasoline-powered auxiliary engine |
| Speed | 18 knots (33 km/h) |
| Range | 1,000 nautical miles (1,900 km) at 10 knots (19 km/h) |
| Complement | 27 (2 officers, 25 enlisted men) |
| Sensors and <br>processing systems | One Submarine Signal Company S.C. C Tube, M.B. Tube, or K Tube hydrophone |
| Armament |  |


title: USS Belknap (DD-251)

abstract: USS Belknap (DD-251/AVD-8/DD-251/APD-34) was a Clemson-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War II. She was named for Rear Admiral George Belknap.

text:
# USS Belknap (DD-251)

**USS *Belknap* (DD-251/AVD-8/DD-251/APD-34)** was a *Clemson*-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War II. She was named for Rear Admiral George Belknap.

## History

*Belknap* was launched 14 January 1919 by Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation; sponsored by Miss Frances Georgiana Belknap, granddaughter of Admiral Belknap; and commissioned 28 April 1919.

Following her shakedown cruise, *Belknap* joined US naval forces in the eastern Mediterranean. After several months she returned to the United States and served with Division 28, Atlantic Fleet, until placed in reserve at Charleston Navy Yard in 1920. She was decommissioned 28 June 1922 at Philadelphia Navy Yard and remained there until 1940.

## World War II

During 1940 *Belknap* was converted into a seaplane tender (reclassified **AVD-8**, 2 August 1940) and recommissioned 22 November 1940. She was assigned to Patrol Wing 5 at Hamilton, Bermuda, and remained there until early 1941 when she returned to Newport, Rhode Island. Between May and September 1941 she made three voyages from Newport to Newfoundland and Iceland. She remained at Reykjavík, Iceland, during September 1941 May 1942 and then went to Charleston Navy Yard for an extensive overhaul From August 1942 to January 1943 she patrolled in the Caribbean and between February 194S and January 1944 she served with the escort carriers *Bogue*, *Croatan*, and *Core* offensive antisubmarine groups in the Atlantic. Reclassified **DD-251**, 14 November 1943, *Belknap* received the Presidential Unit Citation (US) for her service with TG 21.12 (*Bogue* group), 20 April-20 June 1943. Following convoy duty along the east and Gulf coasts (February–June 1944), *Belknap* underwent conversion into a high speed transport (reclassified **APD-34**, 22 June 1944).

Conversion completed, *Belknap* arrived in the Pacific during September 1944. During 18–22 October she served as a screen ship during the Leyte invasion and during 3–11 January 1945 as a shore bombardment and beach reconnaissance vessel at the Lingayen Gulf landings. On 11 January she trained all her guns on a Japanese kamikaze which eventually crashed into *Belknap*'s number two stack, crippling her engines, killing 38 and wounding 49 including the UDTs on board. UDT 9 was on board when she was hit. It cost the team one officer, 7 enlisted, 3 MIA and 13 wounded. The ship remained at Lingayen for emergency repairs until 18 January when USS Hidatsa, ATF-102 towed her to Manus, Admiralty Islands. Following temporary repairs at Manus, *Belknap* proceeded to Philadelphia Navy Yard via the west coast, arriving 18 June. Decommissioned 4 August 1945, *Belknap* was sold 30 November 1945 for scrapping. In addition to her Presidential Unit Citation, *Belknap* received three battle stars for her World War II service.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Namesake | George Belknap |
| Builder | Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation, Fore River Shipyard, Quincy |
| Cost | $1,233,888.43 (hull and machinery) |
| Laid down | 31 July 1918 |
| Launched | 14 January 1919 |
| Commissioned | 28 April 1919 |
| Decommissioned | 4 August 1945 |
| Stricken | 13 August 1945 |
| Fate | Sold for scrap, 30 November 1945 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Clemson*-class destroyer |
| Displacement | 1,215 tons |
| Length | 314 ft 4 in (95.8 m) |
| Beam | 31 ft 8 in (9.7 m) |
| Draft | 9 ft 10 in (3.0 m) |
| Propulsion | * 26,500 shp (19,800 kW); * Geared turbines, * 2 screws |
| Speed | 35 knots (65 km/h) |
| Range | 4,900 nmi (9,100 km) at 15 knots (28 km/h) |
| Complement | 130 officers and enlisted |
| Armament |  |


title: USS General O. H. Ernst

abstract: USS General O. H. Ernst (AP-133) was a General G. O. Squier-class transport ship for the U.S. Navy in World War II. She was named in honor of U.S. Army general Oswald Herbert Ernst. She was decommissioned in 1946 and transferred to the Army Transport Service as USAT General O. H. Ernst. She was sold privately in 1964 and renamed SS Calmar, and was scrapped in 1980.

text:
# USS General O. H. Ernst

**USS *General O. H. Ernst* (AP-133)** was a *General G. O. Squier*-class transport ship for the U.S. Navy in World War II. She was named in honor of U.S. Army general Oswald Herbert Ernst. She was decommissioned in 1946 and transferred to the Army Transport Service as **USAT *General O. H. Ernst***. She was sold privately in 1964 and renamed **SS *Calmar***, and was scrapped in 1980.

## Operational history

*General O. H. Ernst* was laid down under Maritime Commission contract 29 June 1942 by Kaiser Co., Inc., Yard 3, Richmond, California; launched 14 April 1943; sponsored by Mrs. L. M. Giannini; acquired by the Navy 31 March 1944; commissioned 22 April 1944 transferred to Portland, Oregon for conversion to a transport by Commercial Iron Works; decommissioned 13 May 1944; and recommissioned 15 July 1944.

*General O. H. Ernst* sailed from Seattle 27 August 1944; and, after embarking more than 3,000 fighting men at Honolulu, she transported troops to Guadalcanal, Manus, and Ulithi before returning to San Diego 4 December. Underway again 10 days later, she carried troops to Guadalcanal and promptly returned to the West Coast, reaching Seattle 20 January 1945. Following a round-trip voyage during February to Honolulu and back to San Francisco, the busy transport made a round-trip voyage between 17 March and 22 May, carrying troops from San Francisco to the New Hebrides, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Leyte, and the Admiralties.

*General O. H. Ernst* departed San Francisco 30 May for the Panama Canal and Europe; and, after embarking veterans at Le Havre, France, she steamed to Norfolk, arriving 2 July. A week later she departed for Naples, Italy, and carried troops thence via the Panama Canal to Hollandia, New Guinea, where she arrived 27 August. Touching Manila 2 September, the ship departed Tacloban 15 September for San Pedro, Los Angeles, arriving 1 October. As part of the post-war "Magic-Carpet" fleet, she, between 1 November and 29 July 1946, made six troop-rotation voyages out of San Pedro and Seattle to Japan, Korea, Okinawa, and Pearl Harbor.

*General O. H. Ernst* returned to San Francisco from the Far East 29 July 1946, decommissioned there 15 August, and was returned to the WSA the same day. She was then transferred to the Transportation Service of the U.S. Army. USAT *General O. H. Ernst* made at least one trip from the Philippines, arriving in San Francisco on 30 September 1946.

She later entered the National Defense Reserve Fleet at Suisun Bay, California.

She was sold to Bethlehem Steel Wilmington (aka Harlan and Hollingsworth) of Wilmington, Delaware in April 1964, renamed SS *Calmar*, USCG ON 294756, IMO 6413754, and rebuilt into a general cargo ship for Bethlehem's subsidiary Calmar Line. In 1974 the ship was sold to Compañía Anónima Venezolana de Navegación (CAVN) and renamed *Orinoco*. She was scrapped in 1980.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| USS *General O. H. Ernst* (AP-133) in San Francisco Bay, California, circa 1945-1946 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *General O. H. Ernst* |
| Namesake | Oswald Herbert Ernst |
| Builder |  |
| Laid down | 29 June 1942 |
| Launched | 14 April 1943 |
| Acquired | 31 March 1944 |
| Commissioned | * 22 April 1944 * 15 July 1944 |
| Decommissioned | * 13 May 1944 * 15 August 1946 |
| In service | USAT *General O. H. Ernst*, 1946 |
| Out of service | date unknown |
| Renamed | * USAT *General O. H. Ernst*, 1946 * SS *Calmar*, April 1964 |
| Identification | IMO number: 6413754 |
| Fate | Scrapped 1980 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *General G. O. Squier*-class transport ship |
| Displacement | 9,950 tons (light), 17,250 tons (full) |
| Length | 522 ft 10 in (159.36 m) |
| Beam | 71 ft 6 in (21.79 m) |
| Draft | 26 ft 6 in (8.08 m) |
| Propulsion | single-screw steam turbine with 9,900 shp (7,400 kW) |
| Speed | 17 knots (31 km/h) |
| Capacity | 3,343 troops |
| Complement | 426 (officers and enlisted) |
| Armament |  |


title: USS Philippine Sea (CV-47)

abstract: USS Philippine Sea was one of 24 Essex-class aircraft carriers of the United States Navy, and the first ship to be named for the Battle of the Philippine Sea. She was launched on 5 September 1945, after the end of World War II, and sponsored by the wife of the Governor of Kentucky. During her career, Philippine Sea served first in the Atlantic Ocean and saw several deployments to the Mediterranean Sea as well as a trip to Antarctica as a part of Operation Highjump. Sent to the Korean Peninsula at the outbreak of the Korean War, she sent aircraft in support of United Nations ground troops, first during the Battle of Pusan Perimeter and then during the Inchon Landings and the Second Battle of Seoul. She subsequently supported UN troops during the surprise Chinese attack and the Chosin Reservoir Campaign. Philippine Sea saw three tours to Korea during the war, receiving nine battle stars for her service. For the remainder of her service, she operated primarily out of San Diego and San Francisco, seeing several deployments to the Far East and being redesignated an anti-submarine warfare carrier. She was decommissioned on 28 December 1958 and sold for scrap in 1970.

text:
# USS Philippine Sea (CV-47)

**USS *Philippine Sea* (CV/CVA/CVS-47, AVT-11)** was one of 24 *Essex*-class aircraft carriers of the United States Navy, and the first ship to be named for the Battle of the Philippine Sea. She was launched on 5 September 1945, after the end of World War II, and sponsored by the wife of the Governor of Kentucky.

During her career, *Philippine Sea* served first in the Atlantic Ocean and saw several deployments to the Mediterranean Sea as well as a trip to Antarctica as a part of Operation Highjump. Sent to the Korean Peninsula at the outbreak of the Korean War, she sent aircraft in support of United Nations ground troops, first during the Battle of Pusan Perimeter and then during the Inchon Landings and the Second Battle of Seoul. She subsequently supported UN troops during the surprise Chinese attack and the Chosin Reservoir Campaign. *Philippine Sea* saw three tours to Korea during the war, receiving nine battle stars for her service.

For the remainder of her service, she operated primarily out of San Diego and San Francisco, seeing several deployments to the Far East and being redesignated an anti-submarine warfare carrier. She was decommissioned on 28 December 1958 and sold for scrap in 1970.

## Construction

*Philippine Sea* was the last of the 24 *Essex*-class ships to be completed, among the largest and most numerous capital ships produced for World War II. CV-47 was ordered simultaneously to *Valley Forge* and *Iwo Jima* in June 1943.

The ship was one of the "long-hull" designs of the class, which had begun production after March 1943. This "long-hull" variant involved lengthening the bow above the waterline into a "clipper" form. The increased rake and flare provided deck space for two quadruple 40-millimeter (1.6 in) mounts; these units also had the flight deck slightly shortened forward to provide better arcs of fire. Of the *Essex*-class ships laid down after 1942, only *Bon Homme Richard* followed the original "short-hull" design. The later ships have been variously referred to as the "long-bow units", the "long-hull group", or the "*Ticonderoga* class". However, the U.S. Navy never maintained any institutional distinction between the long-hull and short-hull members of the *Essex* class, and applied postwar refits and upgrades to both groups equally. The ship was powered by eight 600 psi Babcock & Wilcox boilers, and Westinghouse geared steam turbines that developed 150,000 shaft horsepower that turned four propellers. Like other *Essex*-class carriers, she had a maximum speed of 33 knots (61 km/h; 38 mph). The ship's cost is estimated at $68,000,000 to $78,000,000.

Like other "long-hull" *Essex*-class carriers, *Philippine Sea* had a displacement of 27,100 tonnes (26,700 long tons; 29,900 short tons). She had an overall length of 888 feet (271 m), a beam of 93 feet (28 m) and a draft of 39 feet (12 m). The ship was powered by 150,000-shaft-horsepower (110,000 kW) steam turbines with a designed range of 20,000 nautical miles (37,000 km; 23,000 mi). While *Essex*-class carriers typically had a designed maximum speed of 33 knots (61 km/h; 38 mph), *Philippine Sea* only made 30 knots (56 km/h; 35 mph) on sea trials. The ship had a total crew complement of 3,310. Like other *Essex*-class ships, she was armed with twelve 38-caliber 5-inch (127 mm) dual-purpose guns arrayed in four twin and four single mountings, as well as 8 quadruple Bofors 40 mm guns and a variable number of Oerlikon 20 mm cannon. Unlike her sisters, however, *Philippine Sea* substituted additional Bofors guns for the Oerlikons with forty-four 40 mm (1.6 in) guns arrayed in 10 quadruple and two double mounts.

The keel of CV-47 was laid down 19 August 1944 at the Bethlehem Steel Company in Quincy, Massachusetts. Originally, the ship was to be named USS *Wright* in honor of the Wright brothers, but following the 19 June 1944 Battle of the Philippine Sea, the Navy decided that the ship be named after the battle, and on 13 February 1945, she was renamed. Construction on the ship continued throughout the summer of 1945, but *Philippine Sea* was not completed at the time of V-E Day. The ship was launched on 5 September 1945, only days after V-J Day and the end of World War II. She was christened by the wife of Governor of Kentucky Albert "Happy" Chandler.

## Service history

*Philippine Sea* commissioned on 11 May 1946, when Rear Admiral Morton Deyo placed the ship under the command of Captain Delbert Strother Cornwell at the Boston Navy Yard in South Boston, Massachusetts. The ship remained drydocked at the yard for two weeks before sailing for Naval Air Station Quonset Point on 13 June. However, a shortage of men following the post-World War II demobilization forced her to remain at reduced operational status until 23 September when she embarked for sea trials.

Returning from trials on 27 September, the carrier embarked Carrier Air Group 20, which flew two squadrons of Grumman F8F Bearcat fighter aircraft as well as a squadron each of Curtiss SB2C Helldiver dive bombers and Grumman TBM-3E Avenger torpedo bombers, about 90 aircraft total. She left port 30 September and commenced training en route to Norfolk, Virginia. CVG-20 Commander Robert M. Milner made the first takeoff from the carrier on 1 October aboard a Bearcat. *Philippine Sea* departed Norfolk Naval Shipyard 12 October for Cuban waters where she conducted an abbreviated shakedown cruise and training exercises for CVG-20's Grumman F8F Bearcats and Curtiss SB2C Helldivers until 20 November.

Following these trials, *Philippine Sea* was assigned to Operation Highjump. She returned to Quonset and disembarked CVG-20 before sailing for Boston for repairs and alterations. She then headed to Norfolk where Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd boarded her and she took on six Douglas R4D-5 Skytrain transports, two Stinson OY-1 Sentinel liaison aircraft, and a Sikorsky HO3S-1 helicopter along with cargo, spare parts, skis and Task Force 68 personnel. She left Norfolk 29 December and stood out of Hampton Roads 2 January 1947 en route to Antarctica. *Philippine Sea* passed through the Panama Canal 8 January and cleared Balboa by 10 January. By 12 January the ship had crossed the equator in an elaborate ceremony, but on 22 January its HO3S-1 was lost due to pilot error, though the crew was recovered. Two days later, it met the remaining ships of Task Force 68. The ship arrived on station on 29 January, 660 miles (1,060 km) from Little America, and launched its R4Ds in the next few days to explore the Antarctic. Commander William M. Hawkes and Byrd both disembarked from *Philippine Sea* aboard the aircraft to begin their expedition. After her aircraft departed, *Philippine Sea* returned to Quonset, passing through Balboa again on 22 February and arriving back in port on 27 February.

In late March, the carrier embarked Carrier Air Group 9, which flew two squadrons of Gruman F8F Bearcats and Grumman F6F Hellcat fighters as well as a squadron each of SB2C Helldivers and TBM Avengers, and a detachment of HO3S helicopters for a total of about 100 aircraft. She completed her shakedown cruise at Guantánamo Bay until late May. She continued sea trials in the area until 1 July when she arrived at Gravesend Bay, New Jersey, for refit. She was refitted for most of the year at New York Naval Shipyard and Bayonne, New Jersey through 15 November 1947 before conducting trials and training around Quonset and Guantánamo Bay through February 1948. That month, she became flagship of Carrier Division Four led by Rear Admiral Ralph E. Jennings, who established his command aboard her on 4 February. On 20 February she departed for her first deployment in the Mediterranean Sea as part of Vice Admiral Forrest Sherman's 6th Fleet. Here she logged 8,534 flight hours, including 85 hours of night operations. She returned to Quonset 26 June and for repairs to her catapult machinery. She spent the remainder of the year as a part of the Operational Development Force testing new carrier aircraft doctrine, and her pilots logged 750 hours in 670 carrier controlled approach tests and 314 successful landings. On 22 October she was sent to the North Atlantic to conduct cold-weather landing tests and tested problem landing scenarios along the Arctic Circle until 23 November 1948.

In January 1949, *Philippine Sea* returned to Carrier Division Four under Rear Admiral Joseph J. Clark and embarked Carrier Air Group 7 for another tour in the Mediterranean, which had a similar fighter complement. She sailed 4 January with the aircraft carrier *Midway* and supporting ships. There, she conducted joint exercises with carriers of the British fleet. She returned in late May and began an overhaul at the Boston Naval Shipyard. On 18 August, Captain Raymond R. "Raoul" Waller was assigned as her commanding officer. That fall, the ship returned to the Caribbean to shake down with its new upgrades, this time with Carrier Air Group 1. For the rest of the year, she continued fleet exercises in the North Atlantic and testing for new jet engine powered fighter aircraft to test their abilities to operate on aircraft carriers.

Operating again from her base at Quonset Point, *Philippine Sea* spent early 1950 qualifying new carrier pilots. During February and most of March, she took part in more fleet exercises throughout the Atlantic. During April and May 1950 she conducted demonstration cruises for guests of the Secretary of the Navy, the Armed Forces Industrial College, Air War College, and the Armed Forces Staff College. On 24 May 1950, *Philippine Sea* sailed from Norfolk through the Panama Canal, arriving at her new home port of San Diego to join the Pacific Fleet. She was replaced in the Atlantic Fleet by *Oriskany*. She was scheduled to begin a tour in the Far East in October 1950 before she was called to combat duty.

### Korean War

With the outbreak of the Korean War on 25 June 1950, *Philippine Sea* was ordered to Naval Base Pearl Harbor. She sailed for Hawaiian waters on 5 July with Carrier Air Group 11 embarked, flying four squadrons of Vought F4U Corsair fighter-bombers. The ship departed for Japan on 24 July. Leaving Pearl Harbor, *Philippine Sea* sailed at full speed for the Western Pacific, reaching Okinawa on 4 August. During this time, she took command of Carrier Division One. She was the third aircraft carrier to arrive in Korea, as her sister ship *Valley Forge* as well as HMS *Triumph* had arrived in July. By the time *Philippine Sea* arrived in Korea, the UN forces had established superiority in the air and sea.

*Philippine Sea* arrived in Korean waters on 1 August, and became flagship of Task Force 77 on 5 August. She immediately began launching air strikes against strategic targets, as the Battle of Pusan Perimeter began and United Nations and United States Army forces fought a defensive battle against the North Korean Korean People's Army. Her first strikes were against Iri, Mokpo, and Kunsan. The strikes were at first planned to target North Korean lines of communication but the intensity of the battle at Pusan Perimeter forced the carrier to fly primarily close air support missions for troops on the front lines. They also hit targets of opportunity, such as North Korean boats, bridges and dams spotted during missions. As many as 140 sorties a day were launched from the carrier. Except for brief rests to re-arm, refuel, or repair, *Philippine Sea* was in action continuously. She was put in a rotation of continuous action with *Valley Forge* to assure at least one was launching aircraft at all times. Following the beginning of The Great Naktong Offensive on 31 August, the two carriers launched 263 sorties to prevent the North Koreans from overrunning Pusan Perimeter. The ship sent sorties to defend Masan during the Battle of Masan, in spite of being 200 miles (320 km) from the area. The ship steamed to the southern tip of the Peninsula at 27 knots (50 km/h; 31 mph) on 1 September to support the Masan area more easily during the North Korean attacks.

With the other carriers of Task Force 77, *Philippine Sea* targeted rail and communication centers around North Korean-controlled Seoul to Wonsan in September. The strikes were part of a deception plan to draw North Korean attention away from the UN force massing for an attack on Inchon. Stationed in the Yellow Sea, she sent numerous air attacks on Inchon and Wolmi-do in preparation for Operation Chromite. The day of the operation, 15 September, *Philippine Sea* dispatched planes far inland to destroy North Korean positions and prevent reinforcements from countering the Inchon landings. Following the initial assault, she continued to provide close air support for the thrust inland to recapture Seoul. During this time, she was joined by *Boxer*. They were part of a massive invasion force of some 230 ships and hundreds of aircraft.

On 17 September 1950 a pair of Grumman F9F-2 Panthers launched from the deck of *Philippine Sea*. VF-112 Ensign Edward D. Jackson Jr. was leading a section dispatched to strafe an airfield near North Korea's capital, Pyongyang. Flying on his wing was Ensign Dayl E. Crow. The airfield turned out to be little more than a grass strip littered with burned and shattered Soviet-built war machines. After strafing a locomotive and setting it ablaze, the jets turned north and started down the Han River. Soon, Jackson spotted about 75 river boats. When they starting receiving small arms fire from "passengers" on the vessels, Crow followed Jackson down as they made a low strafing pass, splintering many of the small craft with 20 mm cannon fire. After the pass both attackers started to climb from 50 feet (15 m) AGL. Jackson then flew through an aerial booby trap: steel cables strung across the Han to "clothesline" low flying planes. The Panther ripped through the cables like twine, but the whipsawing cable strands caught the starboard wing, shredded the wingtip tank and snapped across the canopy, punching out the windscreen and side windows. The impact knocked Jackson unconscious with severe facial injuries. Crow, flying just astern noticed something wrong, then saw the crushed wing tank and shattered canopy, its inner surface misted with blood. After 20 seconds Jackson regained consciousness and found himself blinded by shards of Plexiglas and blood. Crow was able to guide his leader towards the Yellow Sea, but Jackson was fading in and out of consciousness. With only the left flap down due to damage to the right wing the Panther approached the ship and with the help of LSO Lt.j.g. "Les" Bruestle and Crow the blind pilot trapped the #4 wire on the first attempt. Jackson survived with 36 stitches and an emergency blood transfusion.

In November 1950 when China surprised the United Nations ground troops with an unexpected counterattack from the Yalu River by the People's Liberation Army, *Philippine Sea* planes saw heavy action. The US Navy had sent *Valley Forge* and several other ships away from Korea, expecting the conflict to end, and so the unprepared forces remaining in the area were heavily engaged. Throughout the long retreat from the Yalu River, the four carriers' Panthers, Skyraiders and Corsairs provided close air support for the trapped X Corps at Chosin Reservoir. Though the increasingly cold weather proved a problem for *Philippine Sea*, the ship continued to support the troops as they tried to evacuate from the reservoir and then cleared the path for their retreat to Hungnam. The carriers provided support with hundreds of aircraft sorties as 150,000 UN troops and civilians were evacuated, and then destroyed the port. During this support, *Valley Forge* and *Philippine Sea* were tightly clustered with *Leyte* and *Princeton* and commanders worried that they would be a target for air attack by North Korean MiG-15 fighters, prompting a large screen of 32 destroyers.

For the rest of 1950 and early 1951, she launched numerous attacks against Chinese forces around the 38th Parallel hoping to slow their advance as UN troops retreated. With only brief stops for repair and rest, the carrier continued numerous sorties against Chinese targets. On 25 February, command of Task Force 77 was transferred to *Valley Forge*. During this time, the cold weather hampered operations and blizzards occasionally shut them down completely. Putting into Yokosuka Naval Base, Japan, in late March 1951 for repair and refit, *Philippine Sea* exchanged Air Group 11 for Carrier Air Group 2 from *Valley Forge*, a group which consisted mostly of Vought F4U Corsair fighter-bombers. The same date as the transfer on 28 March, *Philippine Sea* became flagship of Vice Admiral H. M. Martin, the commander of the 7th Fleet.

Returning to the Sea of Japan in April, *Philippine Sea* led Task Force 77 as well as other ships of the 7th Fleet through the Strait of Formosa to the South China Sea. From the Formosa Strait, planes flew in parades over Formosa as part of a show of support for the newly formed nation of Taiwan, in an effort to boost morale of the nation. She steamed back to Korea three days later, in time to lend close air support to UN forces throughout early 1951 as they faced repeated offensives by the Chinese.

### Post-Korea

*Philippine Sea* completed her first deployment to Korea and arrived at San Francisco on 9 June 1951. It conducted refits, repairs and patrol operations along the West Coast continued for the remainder of the year. On 19 December, she was the site of a test for an emergency nuclear weapon assembly, the first such test involving a nuclear weapon aboard a US Navy ship. The ship departed from San Diego on 31 December 1951. Arriving at Pearl Harbor on 8 January 1952, *Philippine Sea* continued on to Yokosuka for a second deployment to Korea, arriving 20 January 1952 with Carrier Air Group 11, which flew five squadrons of the F4U Corsair, about 100 aircraft. During this tour, the front lines in Korea had largely stabilized, and instead the ship directed its aircraft against strategic targets, including the 23 June attack on the Sui-ho Dam in conjunction with *Boxer*, *Princeton*, and *Bon Homme Richard*, and sending aircraft against targets in Pyongyang.

*Philippine Sea* returned to San Diego in August 1952. Her designation was changed to CVA, denoting an "attack aircraft carrier" in October. With five more Corsair squadrons of Carrier Air Group 9 embarked, she began a third cruise to the Far East early in December 1952 with about 100 aircraft. In this third tour in Korea, *Philippine Sea* focused primarily on interdiction attacks against rail and communication lines in North Korea, hoping to limit supplies to the front lines. The North Korean offensive, begun at the same time truce talks began at Panmunjom, marked the beginning of a series of "round the clock" air sorties designed to weaken North Korean and Chinese front line troops and support UN troops when under attack. This mission continued until an armistice was signed in the summer of 1953, resulting in the *de jure* cessation of open warfare.

Following the end of her tour in Korea, the ship arrived in Alameda Naval Air Station in Alameda, California, on 14 August 1953 to offload Air Group 9, then entered drydock at Hunters Point in San Francisco for overhaul. On 9 January 1954, *Philippine Sea* once more began training off the coast of San Diego. She then steamed west on 12 March, for her fourth tour in the Far East. She operated out of U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay near Olongapo, Philippines. She was part of Carrier Division 3 and operated alongside *Hornet* around French Indochina.

The most significant event of the tour occurred in late July 1954. Chinese airplanes had shot down a Douglas DC-4 passenger aircraft operated by Cathay Pacific Airways near Hainan Island off the Chinese coast. The Chinese military had believed it to be a Taiwanese military airplane. *Philippine Sea* was ordered into the area as part of a search mission to recover some of the 19 on board. While engaged in the search mission, a flight of the ship's Douglas AD Skyraiders was attacked by two Chinese fighter aircraft. The Skyraiders returned fire and shot down the airplanes. Later this came to be known unofficially as the "Hainan Incident".

Following this duty, the ship sailed for Hawaii, where she was used as a prop in the movie *Mister Roberts*. The ship returned to San Diego on 18 November. Remaining in the area for four months, *Philippine Sea* conducted several training operations off the California coast. She then began her fifth cruise of the Far East on 1 April 1955 *en route* to Yokosuka. She operated in waters of Japan, Okinawa, and Taiwan for most of 1955, with Air Task Group 2 consisting of VF-123, VF-143 and VA-55, VF-123 flying the F9F-2 Panther jet fighter-bomber, VF-143 flying the Grumman F9F-6 Cougar jet fighter, and VA-55 flying the AD-6 Skyraider propeller attack bomber. During this time, she made trips to Hong Kong, Keelung and Formosa. On 23 November, she was redesignated as a **CVS**, or an anti-submarine warfare carrier. Her aircraft complement was replaced with several dozen S2F Tracker anti-submarine aircraft and HSS-1 Seabat helicopters. She returned to San Diego on 23 November 1955. Throughout 1956 she saw little activity as crew went on leave and she was docked for maintenance, and only conducted several routine training operations off the coast of southern California. In late 1956 she moved to Hawaii for more training operations.

In March 1957, she sailed for the western Pacific on a sixth tour to the area with the HSS-1s and S2Fs of VS-21, VS-23, and VS-37. She was there for two months before returning to San Diego and resuming training missions off the west coast in summer 1957. In November 1957, she found some debris of Pan Am Flight 7, an airline flight that disappeared en route to Hawaii. In January 1958, she steamed west on her last 7th Fleet deployment. Remaining six months, she returned to San Diego on 15 July and commenced inactivation. She was decommissioned 28 December 1958 and berthed with the United States Reserve Fleet at Long Beach, California. She was redesignated **AVT-11**, an auxiliary aircraft transport and landing training ship, on 15 May 1959. After 10 years docked at the reserve fleet, she was struck from the Naval Vessel Registry on 1 December 1969 and sold for scrapping on 23 March 1971 to Zidell Explorations Corporation in Portland, Oregon.

*Philippine Sea* received nine battle stars for Korean War service. During her career, she logged 82,000 launches, including 33,575 catapult shots, and 82,813 landings. In April 1987, a new USS *Philippine Sea* (CG-58) was launched, a *Ticonderoga*-class guided missile cruiser. An organization was also formed of veterans who had served aboard the ship, the *Philippine Sea* Association.

## Awards

| World War II Victory Medal | Navy Occupation Service Medal<br>(with Europe clasp) | China Service Medal<br>(extended) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| National Defense Service Medal | Korean Service Medal<br>(9 battle stars) | Antarctica Service Medal |
| Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation | United Nations Korea Medal | Republic of Korea War Service Medal<br>(retroactive) |
|

### Notes

### Sources

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*

## InfoBox

| *Philippine Sea* underway, 9 July 1955 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *Philippine Sea* |
| Namesake | Battle of the Philippine Sea |
| Builder | Fore River Shipyard |
| Laid down | 19 August 1944 |
| Launched | 5 September 1945 |
| Commissioned | 11 May 1946 |
| Decommissioned | 28 December 1958 |
| Reclassified | * CVA-47, October 1952 * CVS-47, 15 November 1955 * AVT-11, 15 May 1959 |
| Stricken | 1 December 1969 |
| Fate | Scrapped, March 1971 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Essex*-class aircraft carrier |
| Displacement | 27,100 long tons (27,500 ) standard |
| Length | 888 feet (271 m) overall |
| Beam | 93 feet (28 m) |
| Draft | 28 feet 7 inches (8.71 m) |
| Installed power | * 8 × boilers * 150,000 shp (110 MW) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 33 knots (61 km/h; 38 mph) |
| Complement | 3448 officers and enlisted |
| Armament |  |
| Armor | * Belt: 4 in (102 mm) * Hangar deck: 2.5 in (64 mm) * Deck: 1.5 in (38 mm) * Conning tower: 1.5 inch |
| Aircraft carried | 90–100 aircraft |