title: Mark T. Gladwin

abstract: Mark T. Gladwin is an American physician-scientist and academic administrator serving as the dean of the University of Maryland School of Medicine since 2022. He is also the John Z. and Akiko K. Bowers Distinguished Professor and vice president for medical affairs of the University of Maryland, Baltimore.

text:
# Mark T. Gladwin

**Mark T. Gladwin** is an American physician-scientist and academic administrator serving as the dean of the University of Maryland School of Medicine since 2022. He is also the John Z. and Akiko K. Bowers Distinguished Professor and vice president for medical affairs of the University of Maryland, Baltimore.

## Education and career

Gladwin earned a B.S. and M.D. (1991) from the University of Miami. He completed an internal medicine internship and residency in 1994 and served as chief resident in 1995 at the Oregon Health & Science University. He was a critical care fellow at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center in 1996. In 1998, he completed a fellowship in pulmonary critical care at the University of Washington. He returned to the NIH Clinical Center as a senior research fellow in critical care medicine until 2000, also serving as the Chief of the Pulmonary and Vascular Medicine Branch of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.

Gladwin joined the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine in 2008 as a professor and the inaugural director of the University’s Vascular Medicine Institute. In 2015, he was appointed chair of the department of medicine. By the time Gladwin left the university in 2022, the department employed more than 1,000 faculty and had combined clinical and research revenues of almost $600 million.

On August 1, 2022, Gladwin was appointed dean of the University of Maryland School of Medicine, succeeding longtime dean E. Albert Reece. He oversees 46 academic departments with a total annual operating budget of $1.3 billion and more than 7,000 faculty, trainees, students and staff.

Gladwin is co-author of two medical textbooks in the "Made Ridiculously Simple" series from publisher Medmaster Inc. He wrote *Clinical Microbiology Made Ridiculously Simple* with physicians William Trattler and C. Scott Mahan, and *Critical Care and Hospitalist Medicine Made Ridiculously Simple* with physician Michael Donahoe.

## Research

Gladwin is a vascular, heart, and lung physician-scientist who has specialized in the study of reactive nitrogen molecules, like nitric oxide and nitrite, and how they regulate blood flow via reactions with hemoglobin. Researchers in the late 1970s discovered that nitric oxide (NO) regulated blood flow by triggering vasodilation, the widening of blood vessels. However, scientists considered metabolites of NO, such as nitrite (NO2), to be inert. But in 2003, Gladwin and a team of researchers published a paper in *Nature Medicine* demonstrating that nitrite could also trigger vasodilation, through conversion to NO, under low oxygen conditions in the body such as during a heart attack or stroke. Subsequent studies by other researchers suggest nitrite administered before or immediately following a heart attack could help preserve heart tissue.

Gladwin has also conducted research on hemoglobin-related proteins, such as neuroglobin, and their possible application as antidotes to carbon monoxide poisoning. He currently serves as Chair of the Board of Directors of Globin Solutions, Inc., a pre-clinical stage biopharmaceutical company researching rapidly acting antidotes for carbon monoxide poisoning, including a modified form of neuroglobin. In December 2023, Gladwin and his team of researchers published a study in *Nature Communications* on the discovery of the first-ever link between hemoglobin-like protein and normal cardiac development.

Gladwin's work on blood flow and hemoglobin also led to discoveries related to sickle cell disease. In 2004, Gladwin and his colleagues found that 10% of sickle cell patients also exhibited pulmonary hypertension, high blood pressure in the blood vessels that supply the lung, and determined that hypertension was a major cause of death among sickle cell patients. They described this new human disease syndrome, called hemolysis-associated pulmonary hypertension, in the New England Journal of Medicine.

In June 2020, Gladwin initiated a 22-site Phase II clinical trial in France, Brazil, and the U.S. that is exploring whether blood transfusions that use the patient's own blood can improve outcomes and extend survival in patients with sickle cell disease.

## Personal life

Dr. Gladwin was born in Palo Alto, California, and was raised in various locations in the U.S. as well as in remote locations in Ghana, Guatemala, and Mexico. His parents, Hugh Gladwin, Ph.D., a professor of anthropology at Florida International University, and Christina Gladwin, Ph.D., a professor of food and resource economics at the University of Florida, studied in these locations.

He is married to Dr. Tammy Shields, an epidemiologist and scientific investigator who has published research on cancer epidemiology and prevention. They have three children. Dr. Gladwin is an avid soccer and fitness enthusiast, currently playing competitive soccer in an over-40 outdoor premier league.

## InfoBox

| Mark T. Gladwin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Alma mater | University of Miami |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Heart and vascular medicine |
| Institutions | National Institutes of Health
University of Pittsburgh
University of Maryland, Baltimore |
|  | |
| Website | University of Maryland School of Medicine Office of the Dean |


abstract: United Nations Security Council Resolution 395, adopted unanimously on August 25, 1976, after hearing various points by the foreign ministers of Greece and Turkey regarding a territorial dispute in the Aegean Sea, the Council noted the ongoing tension and called on both sides to exercise restraint and enter negotiations. It also made both countries aware that the International Court of Justice is qualified enough to be able to settle any remaining legal disputes. Greece had accused Turkey of conducting seismological operations on the continental shelf claimed by Greece. Meanwhile, Turkey had protested against harassment and intimidation of a Turkish civilian research vessel.

text:
# United Nations Security Council Resolution 395

**United Nations Security Council Resolution 395**, adopted unanimously on August 25, 1976, after hearing various points by the foreign ministers of Greece and Turkey regarding a territorial dispute in the Aegean Sea, the Council noted the ongoing tension and called on both sides to exercise restraint and enter negotiations. It also made both countries aware that the International Court of Justice is qualified enough to be able to settle any remaining legal disputes.

Greece had accused Turkey of conducting seismological operations on the continental shelf claimed by Greece. Meanwhile, Turkey had protested against harassment and intimidation of a Turkish civilian research vessel.

## InfoBox

| UN Security Council<br>Resolution 395 | |
| --- | --- |
| Territorial waters of Greece and Turkey | |
| Date | 25 August 1976 |
| Meeting no. | 1,953 |
| Code | S/RES/395 (Document) |
| Subject | **Greece-Turkey** |
| Voting summary | * **15 voted for** * **None voted against** * **None abstained** |
| Result | Adopted |
| Security Council composition | |
| Permanent members |  |
| Non-permanent members |  |
|  | |


abstract: The Eparchy of Sambir – Drohobych is an eparchy of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, in the ecclesiastical province of Kyiv-Halych. The first eparch was Yulian Voronovskyi, M.S.U., who was appointed to this position by Pope John Paul II on 30 March 1994, having previously been as Archiepiscopal Administrator of the eparchy from its inception in 1993. Eparch Yaroslav Pryriz C.S.S.R., who had been Coadjutor Bishop of the Eparchy, became Eparch when Sviatoslav Shevchuk, Major Archbishop of Kyiv-Halych (Kyiv), Ukraine, with the consent of the Permanent Synod meeting in Curitiba, Brazil, on Saturday, 10 September 2011, and having informed the Apostolic See, accepted the resignation of Eparch Voronovskyi.

text:
# Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Sambir–Drohobych

The **Eparchy of Sambir – Drohobych** is an eparchy of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, in the ecclesiastical province of Kyiv-Halych.

The first eparch was Yulian Voronovskyi, M.S.U., who was appointed to this position by Pope John Paul II on 30 March 1994, having previously been as Archiepiscopal Administrator of the eparchy from its inception in 1993.

Eparch Yaroslav Pryriz C.S.S.R., who had been Coadjutor Bishop of the Eparchy, became Eparch when Sviatoslav Shevchuk, Major Archbishop of Kyiv-Halych (Kyiv), Ukraine, with the consent of the Permanent Synod meeting in Curitiba, Brazil, on Saturday, 10 September 2011, and having informed the Apostolic See, accepted the resignation of Eparch Voronovskyi.

## History

## Eparchial and auxiliary bishops

The following is a list of the bishops of Sambir – Drohobych and their terms of service:

(2 Mar 2006 – 21 Apr 2010) *Yaroslav Pryriz C.S.S.R., titular bishop of Auzia*, auxiliary (21 Apr 2010 – 10 Sep 2011) *Yaroslav Pryriz C.S.S.R.*, coadjutor bishop (since 25 Jun 2014 – ) *Hryhoriy Komar, titular bishop of Acci*, auxiliary

49°27′00″N 22°57′00″E / 49.4500°N 22.9500°E / 49.4500; 22.9500

## InfoBox

| Eparchy of Sambir – Drohobych
**Eparchia Samboriensis–Drohobychiensis Ucrainorum**
Українська Греко-Католицька Самбірсько-Дрогобицька Єпархія | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Coat of arms of Sambir–Drohobych | |
| Location | |
| Territory | 6 Raions of Lviv Oblast |
| Ecclesiastical province | Archeparchy of Lviv |
| Headquarters | Drohobych, Lviv Oblast, Ukraine |
| Statistics | |
| Area | 6,900 km2 (2,700 sq mi) |
| Population
- Total
- Catholics | (as of 2014)
598,180
396,721 (66.3%) |
| Information | |
| *Sui iuris* church | Ukrainian Greek Catholic |
| Rite | Byzantine |
| Established | 20 April 1993 (re-established) |
| Cathedral | Ukrainian Catholic Cathedral of Holy Trinity |
| Current leadership | |
| Pope | Francis |
| Major Archbishop | Major Archbishop Sviatoslav Shevchuk |
| Bishop | Yaroslav Pryriz Bishop of the Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Sambir-Drohobych. |
| Metropolitan Archbishop | Ihor Vozniak Metropolitan of the Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Lviv |
| Auxiliary Bishops | Hryhoriy Komar |
| Map | |
|  | |
| Website | |
| Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Sambir-Drohobych | |


title: Frank Phillips (oilman)

abstract: Frank Freeman Phillips was an American oilman who with his brother Lee Eldas Phillips co-founded the Phillips Petroleum Company in 1917. Phillips served as the company's president from 1917 to 1939 and as its chairman from 1939 to 1949.

text:
# Frank Phillips (oilman)

**Frank Freeman Phillips** (November 28, 1873 – August 23, 1950) was an American oilman who with his brother Lee Eldas Phillips co-founded the Phillips Petroleum Company in 1917. Phillips served as the company's president from 1917 to 1939 and as its chairman from 1939 to 1949.

## Early life and education

Frank Phillips was born on November 28, 1873, in Scotia, Nebraska where his parents Lucinda and Lewis Franklin Phillips, the county's first magistrate, had a farm. The family moved in 1874 to a small farm in rural southwest Iowa after a swarm of grasshoppers wrecked havoc on the farming region of Scotia. Frank had ten siblings, including two brothers with whom he later went into business. One notable family member is his younger brother Waite, who founded the Philmont Scout Ranch in New Mexico, a destination for thousands of Boy Scouts to backpack the mountains.

A few years later, the Phillips boy began his first occupational endeavor, hiring himself out to area farmers to dig potatoes for 10 cents a day (after completing his chores at home). It is said that Phillips liked the striped pants that barbers wore, particularly the uniform of the local barber so he wanted to be one. At age 14, Phillips dropped out of school and persuaded a barber in nearby Creston, Iowa, to take him on as an apprentice. His skill as a barber spread so that he was able to purchase Climax Barber Shop in no time. This was later called Climax Shaving Parlor, which was located in the basement of the Creston National Bank Building. Ten years later, Phillips owned all three barber shops in Creston. Aside from his barbershops, he was also selling baldness cures. When he reached 25, Phillips had already saved $75,000 from his sales schemes.

## Marriage and family

On February 18, 1897, Phillips married Jane Gibson, daughter of the bank president John Gibson, in Creston. Gibson was one of Phillips' customers. An account described how the elder Gibson promised not to get in the way of the pair's wedding if Phillips would give up barbering and join in the banking business. They had one son, John Gibson Phillips. Later they adopted two daughters, orphaned sisters whom they named Mary Francis and Sara Jane Phillips, where shortly after his wife died.

## Career

The bank's president, John Gibson, had considered Phillips an up-and-coming entrepreneur for some time. Shortly after Phillips married Jane Gibson, her father asked Phillips to join him in the bond business. Phillips began selling bonds in the New England states and the Chicago area.

During a stop in St. Louis en route back to Creston from Chicago in 1903, Phillips encountered C. B. Larabee, an old friend from Iowa who told him about the oil boom taking place in Oklahoma. He was serving as a Methodist missionary to the Osage Indians west of Bartlesville in Indian Territory. The area, which is now Osage County, Oklahoma, was rich in oil, and what proved to be a decades-long boom was just getting underway. Later that year, after Phillips and Gibson made two trips to Bartlesville, Phillips and his younger brother L. E. Phillips organized the Anchor Oil & Gas Company with Gibson's assistance. It had an authorized capital of $100,000 and the paid-in capital of $15,000.

Anchor opened an office in Bartlesville in 1905, secured a driller and drilled its first wildcat well, the Holland No. 1. The men struck oil on June 23, 1905. The brothers' second and third wells were dry holes, and they had barely enough money left to drill a fourth well, the Anna Anderson Number One. The Anna Anderson, completed September 6, 1905, was a gusher, and the successful well enabled the brothers to raise $100,000 through the sale of stock. The Anna Anderson was the first of 80 consecutive producing wells drilled for the brothers' company. The company was considered a pioneer in extracting value from natural gas during a period that considered it as a waste product in oil production.

Also in 1905, Frank and L. E. Phillips formed the Lewcinda Oil Company, with brother Waite. Waite, who preferred to work independently, soon left Lewcinda and formed his own bank and oil company, the Independent Oil & Gas Co. in Tulsa. In 1930 he merged it with Phillips Petroleum.

In late 1905, Frank and L.E. formed a bank, Citizens Bank and Trust, in Bartlesville with $50,000 capital. They also acquired a rival bank, the Bartlesville National Bank, and consolidating the two under the latter name. The bank later became the First National Bank of Bartlesville. Phillips still wanted to be a big-time banker. In 1916, he and L.E. decided that the boom-bust instability of the oil business was not for them. They made plans to open a bank in Kansas City that would be the cornerstone of a chain of banks throughout the Midwest. Before those plans could be carried out, the U.S. became involved in World War I.

With the price of oil quickly increasing from 40 cents a barrel to more than $1 a barrel, the brothers decided to consolidate their holdings in a single company, Phillips Petroleum Company. They incorporated on June 13, 1917, under Delaware law. The new company had assets of $3 million, 27 employees and leases throughout Oklahoma and Kansas.

Phillips once said to employees, to whom he was known as "Uncle Frank": "Work hard and demonstrate loyalty, and I'm a great guy to work for. Do neither, and there is no one worse." On another occasion, he said, "I am egotistical. I exercise the 'privilege and prestige of the office.' I'm bombastic, hard to get along with, an easy touch, a farm boy at heart, and conveniently hard of hearing. I'm just a sentimental old man. I'm tough. and I know it. I'm the boss, and don't let anybody try to question it."

Frank Phillips led the company as its president until age 65, when in 1939 he named Kenneth S. "Boots" Adams to succeed him. The company had reported record profits of $24.1 million the previous year. As Phillips turned over the presidency to Adams, he became the company's first chairman of the board, a position he held until he retired at the age of 76 in 1949, a year before his death. Jane Phillips, his wife of 50 years, died in 1948. He died while on a vacation in Atlantic City, New Jersey on August 23, 1950. He was buried beside his wife in the Phillips Family Mausoleum at Woolaroc, Phillips' ranch and country home in Osage County, Oklahoma, southwest of Bartlesville.

## Legacy and honors

* In 1944, Phillips had given 3,700-acre (15 km2) acres of the 17,000-acre (69 km2) ranch to the Frank Phillips Foundation and sold the remainder.
* Frank Phillips College, a community junior college in Borger, Texas, was named after him.
* Frank Phillips was inducted into the Oklahoma Hall of Fame in 1930.
* In 2008, the former home of Frank and Jane Phillips was added to Oklahoma's National Register of Historic Places

## Notes and references

## InfoBox

| Frank Freeman Phillips | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1873-11-28)November 28, 1873
Scotia, Nebraska, U.S. |
| Died | August 23, 1950(1950-08-23) (aged 76)
Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Resting place | Phillips Family Mausoleum
Woolaroc, Oklahoma |
| Known for | Co-founder of Phillips Petroleum Company |
| Spouse | Jane Gibson (m. 1898) |


title: Wyuna, Queensland

abstract: Wyuna is a rural locality in the Central Highlands Region, Queensland, Australia. Wyuna's postcode is 4723. In the 2021 census, Wyuna had a population of 46 people.

text:
# Wyuna, Queensland

**Wyuna** is a rural locality in the Central Highlands Region, Queensland, Australia. Wyuna's postcode is 4723 .

In the 2021 census, Wyuna had a population of 46 people.

## Demographics

At the 2016 census, Wyuna had a population of 45 people.

In the 2021 census, Wyuna had a population of 46 people.

## InfoBox

| Wyuna
Queensland | |
| --- | --- |
| Wyuna | |
| Coordinates | 23°22′02″S 148°20′45″E / 23.3672°S 148.3458°E / -23.3672; 148.3458 |
| Population | 46 (2021 census) |
| • Density | 0.0945/km2 (0.2447/sq mi) |
| Postcode(s) | 4723 |
| Area | 486.8 km2 (188.0 sq mi) |
| Time zone | AEST (UTC+10:00) |
| LGA(s) | Central Highlands Region |
| State electorate(s) | Gregory |
| Federal division(s) | Flynn |
| **Suburbs around Wyuna:**  Gordonstone Crinum Lilyvale  Fork Lagoons Wyuna Mackenzie River  Emerald Comet Mackenzie River | |


title: U.S. Navy Cyber Forces

abstract: The Navy Cyber Forces (CYBERFOR) was the Type Command (TYCOM) for the U.S. Navy's global cyber workforce. The headquarters was located at 115 Lake View Parkway in Suffolk, Virginia. CYBERFOR provided forces and equipment in cryptology/signals intelligence, cyber, electronic warfare, information operations, intelligence, networks, and space. Navy Cyber Forces was an operational component of the U.S. Navy Information Dominance Corps. CYBERFOR has been absorbed into the Naval Information Forces command.

text:
# U.S. Navy Cyber Forces

The **Navy Cyber Forces** (CYBERFOR) was the Type Command (TYCOM) for the U.S. Navy's global cyber workforce. The headquarters was located at 115 Lake View Parkway in Suffolk, Virginia. CYBERFOR provided forces and equipment in cryptology/signals intelligence, cyber, electronic warfare, information operations, intelligence, networks, and space. Navy Cyber Forces was an operational component of the U.S. Navy Information Dominance Corps. CYBERFOR has been absorbed into the Naval Information Forces command.

## Mission

Its mission is to organize and prioritize, training, modernization, and maintenance, requirements, and capabilities of command and control architecture/networks, cryptologic and space-related systems and intelligence and information operations activities, and to coordinate with Type Commanders, to deliver interoperable, relevant and ready forces at the right time at the best cost, today and in the future.

## Organization

CYBERFOR was the U.S. Navy C5I Type Commander responsible to man, train and equip all C5I forces afloat and ashore. They reported to Fleet Forces Command.

### Reporting Commands

* Navy and Marine Corps Spectrum Center
* Navy Communications Security Material System Command
* Fleet Intelligence Adaptive Force (FIAFs)
* Fleet Intelligence Detachments (FIDs)

## InfoBox

| United States Navy Cyber Forces | |
| --- | --- |
| U.S. Navy Cyber Forces emblem | |
| Active | January 26, 2010 – October 1, 2014 |
| Country | United States of America |
| Branch | United States Navy |
| Type | Type Command |
| Garrison/HQ | Little Creek-Fort Story |


title: Viceroys of Vietnam

abstract: In Vietnamese history, the position of viceroy existed for 30 years, during the reign of the Gia Long Emperor and the early years of the Minh Mạng Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty. They were abolished by the Minh Mạng Emperor in 1831, and replaced with provincial governors.

text:
# Viceroys of Vietnam

In Vietnamese history, the position of **viceroy** (總鎮; *Tổng Trấn*) existed for 30 years, during the reign of the Gia Long Emperor and the early years of the Minh Mạng Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty. They were abolished by the Minh Mạng Emperor in 1831, and replaced with provincial governors.

## Viceroys of Tonkin (Bắc thành)

## Viceroys of Cochinchina (Gia Định thành)

## Further reading

* Woodside, Alexander (1988). *Vietnam and the Chinese model: a comparative study of Vietnamese and Chinese government in the first half of the nineteenth century*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-93721-X.


title: William H. Forrest

abstract: William Hezekiah Forrest, called Bill Forrest, was one of the six Forrest brothers who engaged in the interregional slave trade in the United States prior to the American Civil War. During the war he served under his brother Nathan Bedford Forrest's command as leader of a group of Confederate-aligned raiders called the Forty Thieves. After the war Forrest was involved in several shooting incidents and was implicated in the assassination of a Freedmen's Bureau sub-commissioner in 1866. Multiple accounts describe Forrest as an unstable and lethal "desperado." Forrest died in 1875 of either "dissipation" or "stomach congestion."

text:
# William H. Forrest

**William Hezekiah Forrest** (c.1831  March 14, 1875), called **Bill Forrest**, was one of the six Forrest brothers who engaged in the interregional slave trade in the United States prior to the American Civil War. During the war he served under his brother Nathan Bedford Forrest's command as leader of a group of Confederate-aligned raiders called the Forty Thieves. After the war Forrest was involved in several shooting incidents and was implicated in the assassination of a Freedmen's Bureau sub-commissioner in 1866. Multiple accounts describe Forrest as an unstable and lethal "desperado." Forrest died in 1875 of either "dissipation" (alcohol dependence) or "stomach congestion."

## Early life

Bill Forrest was the fourth-born son of William and Miriam (Beck) Forrest, and he grew up in rural areas of Tennessee and northern Mississippi. The Forrest children were generally afforded little education as the family was preoccupied with subsistence farming and then animal trading. Later, Nathan Bedford Forrest's five younger brothers were "ideal junior partners" who contributed to a "building a formidable slave-trading operation." William H. Forrest began working for Bedford around 1857. Bill Forrest was described in a highly critical anti-Forrest article published in the aftermath of the Battle of Fort Pillow as "an extensive negro trader at Vicksburg." According to historian Jack Hurst, Bill Forrest frequented St. Louis where he collected "sizable" gangs of Missouri slaves for resale.

In autumn 1853, when he was about 23 years old, Bill Forrest allegedly shot and killed James Holt of Vine Grove, Texas. Holt had founded that community and was its first postmaster. Forrest was arrested 18 years later in Gonzalez, Texas. At the 1871 trial he was acquitted of murder by a jury of 11 whites "and one negro."

## American Civil War

According to one database of Confederate military leadership, Forrest served as an officer in several Confederate cavalry units. He started out as a first lieutenant in the 11th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment, and then became a captain and was later promoted to major in a unit that ended the war as the 3rd Tennessee Cavalry Regiment. However, at least one military historian argues that Forrest primarily operated outside the mainline Confederate States Army command structure:

> Perhaps no part of \[N.B.\] Forrest's organization is quite so characteristic of him as his use of scouts. Information is of tremendous importance in war. Forrest intuitively appreciated this from the very beginning; in his own unique way he organized the gathering of information extremely well. Trained regular soldiers are notoriously poor at mingling with civilians to gain information. Even volunteer soldiers in uniform are somewhat at a disadvantage. Forrest's Scouts, who were more or less continuously commanded throughout various organizations by his brother, Captain Bill Forrest, were never on the Confederate payroll. They came together in times of stress and fought bravely, mounted or on foot; however, they usually operated semi-independently. They were not spies; they were always armed and operated under direct control against the enemy. There was an informality about the Southern uniform, however, which allowed the scouts to appear to be civilians when it was desirable. Forrest was undoubtedly the best informed commander on either side.
>
> Jac Weller, "The Logistics of Nathan Bedford Forrest" (1953)

For at least part of the American Civil War, Forrest led a group colloquially known as the Forty Thieves. The nature of this group is described in Joel Chandler Harris's 1904 *A Little Union Scout*, wherein a character explains, "I was billeted with Captain Bill Forrest's company of Independents, sometimes known as the Forty Thieves, owing to their ability as foragers." An 1899 review of a Forrest biography described them similarly: "They drew no pay except from the enemy, and lived by foraging on the enemy when they could, and on friends when no enemy was at hand. Such troops, well directed, were particularly uncomfortable customers to those whom they wished to harass and disquiet."

In April 1863, Bill Forrest was wounded and captured at the Battle of Day's Gap"after being unhorsed by a bullet that smashed one of his thigh bones." Union lieutenant colonel and later governor of Louisiana Henry C. Warmoth wrote almost 70 years later "My regiment fought Bill Forrest, brother of Nathan Bedford Forrest, at Decatur, Alabama, and one of my men shot him through the hips."

On May 21, 1864, Forrest and his men routed a scouting party of the 4th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Union) (Col. George E. Waring Jr.) in a skirmish near Mount Pleasant, Mississippi.

In August 1864, Bill Forrest was one of the leaders of Forrest's raid on Memphis, which ultimately yielded no major advantage but did plenty to embarrass U.S. Army officers who nominally controlled the town. A young Mississippian named William Brown Winter was in the unit led by Bill Forrest on the Memphis raid; "on the outskirts of Memphis they rode through a camp of black Union troops and shot it up." Forrest and his company rode their horses into the lobby of the elegant Gayoso Hotel, "where he thumped on his desk with the butt end of his revolver to gain the attention of the clerk," and "there gave further instructions to his men, who barred all egress and streamed through the corridors in search of their prey." Forrest's mission was capturing General Stephen A. Hurlbut, but Hurlburt "happened to be staying that night in the quarters of a colonel friend and thus missed capture." The U.S. Army gathered their forces in due course and began to run the rebels back out of town, and "a battery that Bill Forrest had run over but had not stopped to spike now gave the retiring raiders trouble, but they were soon withdrawing from the city with their captures, about six hundred men, a number of horses and mules, and private plunder." The hotel later installed a bronze plaque in the lobby commemorating the raid.

In April 1865, after Robert E. Lee had surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox Court House, but before Bedford Forrest resigned in May 1865, Bill Forrest continued to battle. According to one news account, "Seventeen men of the 11th New York Cavalry, under command of a Lieutenant, were bushwhacked near Germantown this morning by about 100 rebels under Capt. Bill Forrest, and all but one officer and two others killed, wounded or captured. A force of 100 Federals was sent in pursuit from Germantown, but failed to overtake the enemy. They found eight of their comrades, dead, along the road. Four were shot through the heart."

## After the war

In 1930, Warmoth wrote of Bill Forrest, "He spent some time in New Orleans after the War and he well remembered our contests and the incidents of the battles which we fought. There was a pretty girl living near Cherokee Station. We fought and drove each other to and fro by this girl's home day after day for a week. She said that Colonel Forrest was her 'Rebel Sweetheart' and that I was her 'Yankee Sweetheart.'"

Post-bellum, William H. Forrest was involved in a number of shootings that made headlines in part due to his brother's fame. The most consequential of these was the assassination of a U.S. Army veteran and Freedmen's Bureau sub-commissioner from Rhode Island named J. B. Blanding, who was shot twice in the head while out on an evening walk in Grenada, Mississippi, likely by a man named Tom Wilson. Forrest, described by the Freedmen's Bureau as the leader of a gang of local thugs, later clubbed a man who dared suggest there was anything amiss in Yalobusha County. The Freedmen's Bureau investigated the incident, which led to increased military presence in the region, but no arrests were ever made.

There were at least four other shootings involving Bill Forrest. The *Memphis Avalanche* commented about Forrest at the time of the 1874 incident in Hot Springs, Arkansas: "He has 'planted' his man and oftentimes men in very near all the Southern States and is about the last man for a noncombatant to rush up against." When William H. Forrest died in 1875, the *Tuskaloosa Gazette* of Tuscaloosa, Alabama wrote "Capt. Forrest was a brave man, and never took undue advantage of an enemy, however he was so dangerous that society will be better off because of his death."

Shootings (alleged)
| Date | State | City or county | Opponent or victim | Allies or accomplices | Outcome | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| April 30, 1866 | Mississippi | Grenada | Lt. J. B. Blanding | Tom Wilson | Blanding killed by three shots | Forrest named as prime suspect in news coverage and Freedmen's Bureau files |
| November 29, 1868 | Tennessee | Memphis | Judge P. M. Dickinson, Officer Schoeke | Bedford Forrest, Jesse Forrest | Officer Schoeke gut-shot by Wm. H. Forrest, in critical condition as of newspaper deadline | Wm. H. Forrest arrested, $4,000 bail |
| November 1, 1869 | Alabama | Marion | Col. John S. Smith |  | Smith killed | Smith attended Amherst College for two years and served as adjutant-general for the 20th Alabama and later an Alabama brigade; Forrest not arrested as of Thursday after Monday shooting |
| October 29, 1872 | Mississippi | Aberdeen | Lucius Morgan, Steve Moore killed | Harry Cozart, "and another man" |  | Forrest escaped, others captured |
| June 26, 1874 | Arkansas | Hot Springs | Billy Davis | n/a | Davis shot three times, one self-inflicted, doctors hopeful of his survival | Forrest arrested, $500 bond |

Forrest died at his brother Jesse Forrest's house in 1875; the cause was said to be "congestion stomach." The journalist Lafcadio Hearn attended Nathan Bedford Forrest's funeral in 1877 (two years after the death of Bill Forrest) and reported his observations in the *Cincinnati Commercial* newspaper, writing:

> It was a terrible family, this Forrest family. There were seven boys and three girls; the eldest of the sons being Nathan Bedford. All the sons grew up to be fighting men; and several were killed in the ranks of the Confederacy. There was only one of the seven, however, who turned out to be what we might really term a desperado, and that was Bill Forrest, the only man General Forrest used to say that he ever felt afraid of. "No one living," said the General, "can tell when Bill's going to get mad." And whenever Bill got mad he shot, and he never missed his man. "He used to carry a 'navy' about this long," said my informant, putting his hands three feet apart, "and wore a long coat to hide it." Bill killed men almost at regular intervals, both before and after the war. I am told he killed many during the war, but that, I suppose, was legitimate. Since the war he slew men in Mississippi, and Alabama, and Georgia, and had to leave various cities in those various States because of these things. Where known he was feared, as a Western chronicler said of a border desperado, "much more than the Almighty." Yet he had many warm friends, and might have settled down into a man of peace had he not finally killed himself by dissipation.

### Citations

1. Huebner (2023), p. 58.
2. Knoxville correspondent, *N.Y. Tribune* (1864).
3. Hurst (1993), pp. 57–58.
4. Christian, Carole E. (2016) \[1952\]. "Vine Grove, TX". *Handbook of Texas Online*. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 2023-12-17.
5. "Wm. Forrest, who killed Jas. Holt, at Vine Grove, in this county..." *The Galveston Daily News*. November 8, 1871. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-12-16.
6. "W. H. Forrest, a brother of General N. B. Forrest". *The Tennessean*. November 25, 1871. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-12-13.
7. "Texas. The Trial and Acquital of Capt. Forrest". *Memphis Daily Appeal*. November 26, 1871. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-12-13.
8. "Acquittal". *Selma Morning Times*. December 3, 1871. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
9. "Entry for William H Forrest". *United States Confederate Officers Card Index, 1861–1865*  via FamilySearch.
10. Weller (1953), p. 59.
11. Wyeth (1899), p. 124.
12. Harris (1904), p. 37.
13. "A Great Confederate". Second Part. *The Times*. No. 1974. Washington, D.C. September 17, 1899. p. 18. Retrieved 2023-12-17.
14. Hurst (1993), p. 119.
15. Warmoth (1930), p. 28-29.
16. "War of the Rebellion: Serial 077 Page 0017 Chapter LI. SKIRMISH NEAR MOUNT PLEASANT, MISS". *ehistory.osu.edu*. Retrieved 2023-12-17.
17. Bolton (2013), p. 14.
18. "The War Day by Day: Fifty Years Ago". *The Washington Herald*. No. 2874. August 22, 1914. p. 6. Retrieved 2023-12-17.
19. Wyeth (1899), p. 473.
20. Hurst (1993), p. 212.
21. Lytle (1992), p. 325.
22. *Tennessee* (American Guide Series) (1939), p. 212.
23. "Article clipped from The Atchison Daily Champion". *The Atchison Daily Champion*. April 23, 1865. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
24. "The Report from Mississippi". *The Weekly Democrat*. July 16, 1866  via Newspapers.com.
25. Howard (1907), p. 289.
26. "Step Ten Feet and Pull - William Forrest Shoots Billy Davis at Hot Springs". *The Daily Memphis Avalanche*. June 30, 1874. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-12-13.
27. "Capt. Bill Forrest". *The Tuskaloosa Gazette*. March 25, 1875. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
28. Brown (1912), p. 233.
29. "Forrest. He and Squire Dickinson Collide—Jesse and Wm. Forrest Interfere—A Flourish of Pistols..." *The Courier-Journal*. November 30, 1868. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-12-13.
30. Groves, J. A. (1901). *The Alstons and Allstons of North and South Carolina*. Atlanta, Ga.: Franklin Printing and Publishing Company. p. 246.
31. "The Marion (Alabama) Commonwealth of the 6th inst. says". *The Tennessean*. November 10, 1869. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
32. "BILL FORREST MURDER". *Public Ledger*. October 31, 1872. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
33. "Memphis, Oct. 31—It is reported here that..." *Sioux City Journal*. November 1, 1872. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
34. "Entry for Wm H Forest, 14 Mar 1875". *Tennessee, Shelby County, Memphis, Board of Health Death Records, 1848-1913*  via FamilySearch.
35. "WILLIAM H FORREST". *Nashville Union and American*. March 17, 1875. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-12-13.
36. "BILL FORREST DEATH". *Memphis Daily Appeal*. March 21, 1875. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-12-13.
37. Watkins (1912), p. 196.
38. Hearn (1925), p. 146.

#### Books

#### Journal articles

#### Newspaper articles

## InfoBox

| William H. Forrest | |
| --- | --- |
| Quarter-plate tintype, Matt Hagans Collection (*Military Images*, Spring 2018) | |
| Born | c.1831
Tennessee, U.S. |
| Died | (1875-03-14)March 14, 1875
Memphis, Tennessee, U.S. |


title: Marillet

abstract: Marillet is a commune in the Vendée department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France. Marillet is the smallest commune in Vendée and is associated with the Puy-de-Serre and Faymoreau coal mines.

text:
# Marillet

**Marillet** (French pronunciation: \[maʁijɛ\]) is a commune in the Vendée department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France.

Marillet is the smallest commune in Vendée and is associated with the Puy-de-Serre and Faymoreau coal mines.

## InfoBox

| Marillet | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The sign showing the entrance of Marillet | |
|  | |
| Location of Marillet | |
| MarilletMarillet | |
| Coordinates: 46°34′03″N 0°38′04″W / 46.5675°N 0.6344°W / 46.5675; -0.6344 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Pays de la Loire |
| Department | Vendée |
| Arrondissement | Fontenay-le-Comte |
| Canton | La Châtaigneraie |
| Intercommunality | Pays de la Châtaigneraie |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Ghislaine Lesauvage |
| Area**1** | 4.25 km2 (1.64 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 123 |
| Density | 29/km2 (75/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 85136 /85240 |
| Elevation | 64–114 m (210–374 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Mantra Sunrise

abstract: Mantra Sunrise is an American Progressive Rock group.

text:
# Mantra Sunrise

**Mantra Sunrise** is an American Progressive Rock group.

## Information

Mantra Sunrise was a progressive rock band that performed and recorded in the early 1990s. The band's power trio format featured vocalist and bass guitarist Joel Bissing, guitarist John Miner, and Wayne Garabedian, who doubled on drums and keyboards.

Their self-titled debut album was recorded during 1992 and 1993 in a converted farmhouse in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Seven years later the album was released on the Las Vegas-based Tributary Music Label in 2000. The twenty-minute epic "Land of Sprinagar" became a favorite of late night progressive rock radio shows.

## Albums

## Track list

* Why
* Time of Year
* Brudenell
* Dying Day
* Sleeping Whales
* Northern Light
* Your Heart (acoustic)
* Your Heart
* Casino
* Land of Sprinagar
* Mantra Sunset

## History

Miner and Garabedian had worked together in several local bands before deciding to get more serious and explore the possibility of recording material Miner had written during his recent world travels. Miner's compositions were based for the most part on alternate tunings and the use of odd time signatures, a direction Miner would continue to explore further in years to come, particularly in his work with Art Rock Circus. Garabedian found Bissing in a coffee shop in Fresno, California and arranged an audition with Miner upon his return to California. Bissing gave the music a unique voice, a stylistic approach on bass guitar, and also made significant contributions as a songwriter on their album.

The group expanded their live shows by featuring special guests performing on violin and flute. The band also incorporated elements of modern dance and eastern belly dancing at their shows. Visual elements were aided by stage smoke, slide shows and other psychedelic special lighting effects. Mantra's sophisticated staging did find its critics within the grunge movement that favored a more stripped down, no nonsense approach to live music in the early 1990s.

## Unfinished recordings

The band had plans to record a follow-up concept album with some tracks recorded in Seattle by Bissing and Miner, but the band was not able to finish the recording due to management and logistical problems. Another aborted attempt to revive the project with Art Rock Circus drummer Nolan Stolz fell through in 2002 in Las Vegas where Miner was working on his rock opera Heavens Cafe. The future of the follow-up album is still in question to this day.

## Discussions and critical analysis

## Interviews

## InfoBox

| Mantra Sunrise | |
| --- | --- |
| Self Titled 1994 | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | California |
| Genres | Progressive rock
Hard rock
Psychedelic rock
Folk rock |
| Years active | 1992–Present |


title: Malwyn a'Beckett

abstract: Malwyn a'Beckett was an English-born Australian cricketer who played for Victoria. He was born in London and died in Sale, Victoria. A'Beckett made a single first-class appearance for the side, during the 1851–52 season, against Tasmania. From the tailend, he scored three runs in the first innings and seven in the second. Six seasons later, he played in a Gentlemen v Players match on a Gentlemen's team which won by an innings margin. A'Beckett's brother, Edward, played two first-class matches for Victoria, while his great-nephew, Ted played four Test matches for Australia.

text:
# Malwyn a'Beckett

**Malwyn a'Beckett** (26 September 1834 – 25 June 1906) was an English-born Australian cricketer who played for Victoria. He was born in London and died in Sale, Victoria.

A'Beckett made a single first-class appearance for the side, during the 1851–52 season, against Tasmania. From the tailend, he scored three runs in the first innings and seven in the second.

Six seasons later, he played in a Gentlemen v Players match on a Gentlemen's team which won by an innings margin.

A'Beckett's brother, Edward, played two first-class matches for Victoria, while his great-nephew, Ted played four Test matches for Australia.


title: Frank Phillips (cricketer)

abstract: Francis Ashley Phillips was a Welsh cricketer who played 108 first-class cricket matches in his career between 1892 and 1919. He was educated at Rossall School and Exeter College, Oxford. A right-handed batsman and right-arm medium pace bowler, who occasionally kept wicket, Phillips scored 4,310 first-class runs. He played the majority of his career for Somerset, but also represented the county of his birth, Monmouthshire in second-class cricket.

text:
# Frank Phillips (cricketer)

**Francis Ashley Phillips** (11 April 1873  5 March 1955) was a Welsh cricketer who played 108 first-class cricket matches in his career between 1892 and 1919. He was educated at Rossall School and Exeter College, Oxford. A right-handed batsman and right-arm medium pace bowler, who occasionally kept wicket, Phillips scored 4,310 first-class runs. He played the majority of his career for Somerset, but also represented the county of his birth, Monmouthshire in second-class cricket.

## InfoBox

Frank Phillips
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Francis Ashley Phillips |
| Born | (1873-04-11)11 April 1873
Monmouthshire, Wales |
| Died | 5 March 1955(1955-03-05) (aged 81)
Kingsland, Herefordshire, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm medium |
| Relations | Gerald Phillips (brother)
Noel Phillips (brother) |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 18921895 | Oxford University |
| 1896 | MCC |
| 18971911 | Somerset |
| 18901899 | Monmouthshire |
|  | |
| FC debut | 19 May 1892 Oxford University v Gentlemen of England |
| Last FC | 15 August 1919 HK Foster's XI v Worcestershire |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 108  Runs scored 4,310  Batting average 23.17  100s/50s 4/25  Top score 163  Balls bowled 481  Wickets 7  Bowling average 55.71  5 wickets in innings 0  10 wickets in match 0  Best bowling 2/8  Catches/stumpings 65/2 | |
|  | |
| Source: CricketArchive, 7 May 2010 | |


title: Xenohormone

abstract: Xenohormones or environmental hormones are compounds produced outside of the human body which exhibit endocrine hormone-like properties. They may be either of natural origin, such as phytoestrogens, which are derived from plants, or of synthetic origin. These compounds can cause endocrine disruption by multiple mechanisms including acting directly on hormone receptors, affecting the levels of natural hormones in the body, and by altering the expression of hormone receptors. The most commonly occurring xenohormones are xenoestrogens, which mimic the effects of estrogen. Other xenohormones include xenoandrogens and xenoprogesterones. Xenohormones are used for a variety of purposes including contraceptive & hormonal therapies, and agriculture. However, exposure to certain xenohormones early in childhood development can lead to a host of developmental issues including infertility, thyroid complications, and early onset of puberty. Exposure to others later in life has been linked to increased risks of testicular, prostate, ovarian, and uterine cancers.

text:
# Xenohormone

**Xenohormones** or **environmental hormones** are compounds produced outside of the human body which exhibit endocrine hormone-like properties. They may be either of natural origin, such as phytoestrogens, which are derived from plants, or of synthetic origin. These compounds can cause endocrine disruption by multiple mechanisms including acting directly on hormone receptors, affecting the levels of natural hormones in the body, and by altering the expression of hormone receptors. The most commonly occurring xenohormones are xenoestrogens, which mimic the effects of estrogen. Other xenohormones include xenoandrogens (anabolic-androgenic steroids) and xenoprogesterones. Xenohormones are used for a variety of purposes including contraceptive & hormonal therapies, and agriculture. However, exposure to certain xenohormones early in childhood development can lead to a host of developmental issues including infertility, thyroid complications, and early onset of puberty. Exposure to others later in life has been linked to increased risks of testicular, prostate, ovarian, and uterine cancers.

## Etymology

The term is derived from the Greek words ξένος (*xenos*), meaning "stranger". The prefix "xeno-" is added because xenohormones are foreign to the body, even though they mimic natural hormones.

## Sources

Xenohormones can come from a variety of sources, both natural and man-made. Man-made xenoestrogens are often found in cosmetic products, some foods, certain pharmaceuticals, plastic products, flame retardants, and pesticides. Naturally occurring xenoestrogens include phytoestrogens (estrogen-like compounds from plants) and mycoestrogens (estrogen-like compounds from fungi).

While natural xenohormones exist, there are not as many compounds found in nature which are capable of interacting with human androgen receptors, so humans are most likely to come into contact with man-made xenoandrogens by taking anabolic steroids or through pollutants which contain xenoandrogens. "Organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polychlorinated dibenzo-*p*-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs)" are several pesticides known to contain xenoandrogens.

Xenohormones are found in a variety of different consumer products, agricultural products, and chemicals. Common sources of xenohormones include:

Contraceptives and Hormone TherapiesXenohormones and xenoestrogens are commonly used in oral contraceptives such as birth control pills and hormone replacement therapies due to their similarities to natural hormones.

There are many alternatives to prevent pregnancy to stop using oral contraceptives that use xenohormones such as Dropspirenone and Ethinyl Estroidal. Non-hormonal birth control includes, but not subject to the use of a: diaphragm, cervical cap, sponge, copper IUD, spermicide, vaginal gel, male condom, and female condom.

AgricultureSynthetic estrogenic drugs such as the bovine growth hormone (BVG) are commonly used to increase the size of cattle and maximize the amount of meat and dairy product that can come from them. Xenohormones are also found in certain pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides. PlasticsXenohormones are found in almost all plastics, and they appear in many consumer products that use plastic elements or plastic packaging. Common xenohormones in plastics and other industrial compounds include BPA, Phthalates, PVC, and PCBs. These can be found in several household items, including plastic dishes and utensils, Styrofoam, cling wrap, flooring, toys, and other items containing plastic or plasticizers. In 2000, the FDA banned the use of phthalates in baby toys due to health concerns. Cleaning and Cosmetic ProductsMany household products can contain certain xenohormones, including laundry detergent, fabric softeners, soap, shampoo, toothpaste, makeup and cosmetic products, feminine hygiene products. Again, many of these products contain Parabens, Phthalates, and Sulfates. A group of scientists created an easy way to check to see if your products are safe to use. For cosmetic products, they offer important information through *EWG's Skin Deep*. There is also one provided for household cleaning products known as, *EWG's Guide to Healthy Cleaning.*

## Endocrinology

When present in excessive amounts in the human body, xenohormones can cause a host of health issues due to their disruption of the endocrine system. The name given to these exogenous (coming from an external source) hormones is endocrine disruptors, due to their tendency to mimic the behaviors of naturally produced bodily hormones. Endocrine disruptors have also been found to affect the levels and behaviors of a number of other bodily hormones. Because of this, it is difficult to establish a definitive relationship between xenohormones and health problems, making effects hard to predict.

Xenohormones pose a problem because they are retained by the body in fat tissue for a very long time. As we are exposed more and more to these chemicals, they build up within the body in ever-increasing amounts, a process known as bioaccumulation. With the amount of xenohormones we are exposed to every day, the health effects of xenohormones are becoming more relevant.

The human body's endocrine system functions through hormones that act as messengers within the body. Hormones, upon release, travel through the body to their receptors and trigger a physiological response. Hormones naturally work at very low concentrations in the body. This means that even low concentrations of xenohormones in the body can act as an excess and have a profound effect on the body's endocrine system.

The levels of hormones present in the body at any given time are tightly controlled through feedback mechanisms. When xenohormones are present in the body, they alter the levels of hormones in the body and therefore alter the feedback mechanisms that the endocrine system relies on.

Xenohormones can interact with the human endocrine system because they are structurally similar to natural hormones. This similarity allows for xenohormones to act on hormone receptors, usually either as an agonist or antagonist. Agonists activate a receptor by binding to the receptor, enhancing the effect of the natural hormone. Antagonists inhibit the activation of a receptor by preventing the binding of the natural hormone to its receptor. In this way, xenohormones act as endocrine disruptors by increasing or decreasing the activation of hormone receptors in the body.

Xenohormones can often act on multiple hormone receptor types and enact multiple different effects. For example, BPA acts as an agonist of estrogen receptors and as an antagonist of androgen receptors. Methoxychlor is an organochlorine pesticide that can act on both estrogen receptors and androgen receptors.

Other than having effects by directly acting on the endocrine receptors, xenohormones can also act to decrease the availability of natural hormones. Phthalates inhibit testosterone synthesis and decrease the production of natural androgens in the body. Dioxins and some organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) can cause increased metabolism of estrogen, decreasing the amount of estrogen in the body. Xenohormones can also alter the expression of hormone receptors to either increase or decrease the amount of receptors available in tissues.

When xenohormone exposure occurs during the early developmental stages of life, the effects tend to be permanent. The consequences of excessive xenohormone exposure in adulthood are different, and typically more temporary in nature. This is to say that the health risks can be minimized if the individual is removed from their state of excessive exposure. Xenohormone-related issues in adults frequently take the form of increased cancer risk in reproductive/secondary sexual areas (breast, uterine, ovarian, prostate, and testicular).

### Xenoestrogens

Xenoestrogens are xenohormones that mimic the effects of natural estrogen. When present in the body, xenoestrogens can bind with estrogen receptors in the brain, leading to a disruption in the gonadal endocrine system.

Xenoestrogen exposure during different developmental periods can have differing effects on the reproductive system. Prenatal and perinatal exposure results in greater reproductive defects than exposure in adult life.

The negative effects of excessive xenoestrogen involve a long list of developmental abnormalities, especially when the exposure occurs during a critical postnatal period. When high levels of xenoestrogen are experienced shortly after birth, urogenital tract and nervous system development are hindered, as they are known to be especially sensitive to hormonal disruption.

Known xenoestrogens include bisphenol A (BPA), the organochlorine pesticide methoxychlor, and the insecticide endosulfan.

### Xenoandrogens

Xenoandrogens are xenohormones that mimic the effects of natural androgen hormones. Androgen hormones are often associated with males and include the major hormone testosterone. Androgens work on the metabolic system playing roles in muscle growth, bone formation, and endocrine function.

There are not many compounds found in nature that are capable of interacting with human androgen receptors, so humans are most likely to come into contact with man-made xenoandrogens by taking anabolic steroids or through pollutants that contain xenoandrogens. Organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polychlorinated dibenzo-*p*-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs) are several pesticides known to contain xenoandrogens.

## Effect on humans

Research indicates that exposure to certain xenohormones can result in severe health risks, including infertility, early onset puberty, thyroid problems, endometriosis, and certain types of cancers. The effect that xenohormones have on the health of humans is complex with a wide range and can effect multiple systems and process within the human body. It has also been claimed that certain xenoestrogens, most notably phytoestrogens and mycoestrogens can potentially have beneficial health effects, though it is not yet clear to what extent the benefits are present or whether they outweigh the possible health risks of these compounds. Xenohormones and other endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) can block and disrupt the natural function of hormones and the functionality of endocrine system in the human body, so conditions related to hormone imbalance or an improperly functioning endocrine system are possible after exposure. The specific risk that a xenohormone has on a person is based on the exposure level and their biological make up. There has been difficult comprehensive research on the specific outcomes on the relationship of xenohormone exposure and its effect on the health of humans. There have also been research on ways to mitigate the risk and its threats to public health like the development of a biomarker to identify and measure the level of xenohormones in blood to approximate the level of exposure.

### Males

Xenohormones can negatively impact the reproductive health of men by disrupting their hormone levels and sperm production which leads to reduced fertility. There is also an increased rate of prostate cancer or prostate related disorders in males due to xenohormone exposure. There are also studies done on how during certain stages of development xenohormone exposure can effect sexual maturation and the development of secondary sexual characteristics in males.

### Females

Xenohormones can have a negative impact on the reproductive health of females by disrupting their hormone levels and the natural flow of their menstrual cycles. This disruption can lead to miscarriages, fertility problems, and irregular ovulation. Hormone imbalances in females caused by xenohormones caused health issues like thyroid cancer and polycystic ovary syndrome. There is also an increased risk on breast cancer or breast related disorders depending onto length of exposure to xenohormones. In older women going through menopause the exposure to xenohormones can cause a dramatic increase in their menopausal symptoms from hot flashed to severe mood swings.

### Cancer risk

Researchers suspect that xenohormones promotes the growth of cancer by causing aboral cell growth and playing a role in altering hormone levels. Certain xenohormones have been detected in the breast tissue of humans with breast cancer, which hints at a correlation between xenoestrogen exposure and breast cancer. This can occur in both men and women, although women may be more likely to develop breast cancer from xenohormones due to the popularity of cosmetic products that contain endocrine disruptors among women. It is also important to note that it may also be the case that women simply develop breast cancer in general more often than men, as there is no conclusive evidence that xenoestrogen-related breast cancers are more common among women than men after adjusting for the differing rates of breast cancer. Xenohormones are also linked to increased risks of susceptibility to testicular, prostate, ovarian, and uterine cancers.

### Prenatal effects

Several women treated with xenoestrogens while pregnant showed signs an effect to the central nervous system of their offspring leading to them having psychiatric/somatic disorders. There was a significant amount of offspring treated with xenohormones during the prenatal period that showed an alteration of genes will lead to psychosis and other psychiatric disorders during their neurodevelopment. The primary part of the brain affected by the prenatal xenohormone exposure to the offspring and mother were the hippocampus and amygdala. There was also evidence of autism spectrum disorders and learning disabilities in addition to the mood and behavior disorders found in the offspring of mothers treated with xenohormones. The effects found to be transgenerational so that if the offspring grew to have children as an adult the alternation of genes caused by xenohormones in the offspring carry over to future offspring for multiple generations.

## Environmental risks

The use of xenohormones in both agriculture and industry raises concerns about their effect on the environment and public health. Xenohormones have been observed to contaminate food and water through the use of pesticides, hormone treatments in livestock, and plastic packing such as water bottles.

### Wildlife

In addition to posing health threats for humans, EDCs in the environment also pose health risks to wildlife. Common source of EDCs in the environment are agricultural pesticides, which are often effective due to their effects on the endocrine systems of pest species. A well known example of a xenohormone having detrimental effects on wildlife is the pesticide xenoestrogen DDT, which causes reproductive defects in birds and can persist in the environment, leading to bioaccumulation in the food chain. However, it can be difficult to accurately measure the effects of EDCs on the environment, as the extent of the influence a compound can have on an organism can vary across taxa. Pesticides which affect the endocrine system of a target species can have led to unintended effects on other species. For example, PCBs can interrupt animal fetal development, cause changes in an animal's response to stress, and cause thyroid and immune function diseases. Plastics specifically pose a commendable environment threat due to the fact that many of them do not decompose. Xenohormones in plastic litter have the potential to contaminate natural water sources and expose both humans and wildlife to a variety of different EDCs.

### Regulations

Regulations on the use of xenohormone-containing substances vary by country. In the United States, the Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing Advisory Committee was formed in 1996 and developed the Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP). The EDSP is used by the EPA and other regulatory bodies to screen chemicals such as pesticides and potential environmental pollutants for their effects on the endocrine systems of humans and wildlife. Because xenohormones such as BPA have demonstrated health concerns for humans and animals, both the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and FDA have conducted research and issued statements and regulations to reduce their impact on public health and the environment. In March 2010, the EPA published its Bisphenol A (BPA) Action Plan, which details measures to reduce the impact of BPA on aquatic species. Under this action plan, the EPA is considering listing BPA as a substance that may present a significant risk to the environment on the Toxic Substances Control Act Concern List. The EU banned pesticides from containing EDCs in the passing of the 2009 Plant Protection Products Regulation as well as the 2012 Biocidal Products Regulation.


title: Vicki Christiansen

abstract: Vicki Christiansen is an American government official who served as the 19th chief of the United States Forest Service from October 2018 to July 2021. Prior to assuming the role, Christiansen had spent seven years with the Forest Service and 30 years with the Washington State Department of Natural Resources and Arizona Department of Forestry and Fire Management.

text:
# Vicki Christiansen

**Vicki Christiansen** is an American government official who served as the 19th chief of the United States Forest Service from October 2018 to July 2021. Prior to assuming the role, Christiansen had spent seven years with the Forest Service and 30 years with the Washington State Department of Natural Resources and Arizona Department of Forestry and Fire Management.

## Education

While a student at the University of Washington, Christiansen began working as a firefighter with the Washington State Department of Natural Resources. She eventually earned a Bachelor of Science degree in forestry in 1983.

## Career

Christiansen worked as a firefighter in Washington for 26 years, eventually serving as the Washington State Forester. She then served as the Arizona State Forester from 2009 to 2010. She joined the United States Forest Service in 2010 as the acting director of legislative affairs before serving as deputy director of fire and aviation management. In 2012, she served as acting regional forester for the Northern Region, which covers 25 million acres across five states and includes 12 national forests.

Christiansen was named the 19th chief of the Forest Service in October 2018. Christiansen assumed the role on an interim basis after Tony Tooke, who had been serving as chief for six months, resigned amid allegations of sexual assault and workplace misconduct. Christiansen later said that, as chief, she would seek to end the culture of harassment within the Forest Service.

In June 2021, Christiansen announced her intention to retire from the Forest Service in August 2021, and she formally stepped down as chief on July 26, 2021. She was succeeded by Randy Moore, the former regional forester for the Pacific Southwest Region.

## InfoBox

| Vicki Christiansen | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 19th Chief of the United States Forest Service | |
| **In office**
October 2018  July 26, 2021 | |
| President | Donald Trump
Joe Biden |
| Preceded by | Tony Tooke |
| Succeeded by | Randy Moore |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Aged 64–65 |
| Education | University of Washington (BS) |
|  | |


title: William Comer Petheram

abstract: Sir William Comer Petheram was the Chief Justice of Calcutta High Court and Vice Chancellor of University of Calcutta. He was made a Knight Bachelor in 1884.

text:
# William Comer Petheram

**Sir William Comer Petheram** KC (1835 – 15 May 1922) was the Chief Justice of Calcutta High Court and Vice Chancellor of University of Calcutta. He was made a Knight Bachelor in 1884.

## Career

Petheram was born in 1835 in Lympsham, Somerset, the son of William Petheram of Pinhoe. In 1862 he was qualified as Special Pleader and passed from Middle Temple in 1869. He joined service as Chief Judge of the Chief Court of North-Western Provinces in India. Petheram first served as Chief justice of Allahabad High Court in 1884 to 1886 then became the Chief Justice of Calcutta High Court on 24 March 1886 after Sir Richard Garth and retired in November 1896. In 1887-90 he was also the Vice Chancellor of the Calcutta University. In 1864, he wrote a book named *The law and practice relating to discovery by interrogatories under the Common law procedure act, 1854*.

He presided over the first seditious libel case in colonial india.

He was knighted in 1884.

He married Isabel Congreve, daughter of Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet.


title: Mark Colegrave

abstract: Mark David Colegrave, is an Australian cricketer who played for Tasmania in the 2000–01 season. Colegrave is a talented fast bowler who excelled in the Tasmanian Grade Cricket competition, but never managed to properly break into the Tigers team. Colegrave was born at Hobart and was also a champion Australian rules footballer who played in the Tasmanian Football League for both the Hobart Tigers from 1988 to 1997 and later the Clarence Football Club from 1998 to 2000, playing in Hobart's 1990 premiership team and finishing his career with a premiership with Clarence in 2000.

text:
# Mark Colegrave

**Mark David Colegrave**, (born 1 July 1968) is an Australian cricketer who played for Tasmania in the 2000–01 season. Colegrave is a talented fast bowler who excelled in the Tasmanian Grade Cricket competition, but never managed to properly break into the Tigers team.

Colegrave was born at Hobart and was also a champion Australian rules footballer who played in the Tasmanian Football League for both the Hobart Tigers from 1988 to 1997 and later the Clarence Football Club from 1998 to 2000, playing in Hobart's 1990 premiership team and finishing his career with a premiership with Clarence in 2000.

## InfoBox

Mark Colegrave
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Mark David Colegrave |
| Born | (1968-07-01) 1 July 1968<br>Hobart, Tasmania, Australia |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm fast-medium |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 2000/01 | Tasmania |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 1  Runs scored 6  Batting average 6.00  100s/50s 0/0  Top score 5  Balls bowled 202  Wickets 1  Bowling average 131.00  5 wickets in innings 0  10 wickets in match 0  Best bowling 1/76  Catches/stumpings 0/ | |
|  | |
| Source: CricketArchive, 15 August 2010 | |


title: Mark Borthwick

abstract: Mark Borthwick is a British photographer now living in Brooklyn, New York. His photos are often minimal and crisp, yet somewhat 'blown-out' in terms of colour saturation. He has contributed to many publications, including Vogue, George, Purple, and Index. He was also responsible for all the album artwork and promotional material behind Passion Pit's 2012 album "Gossamer". He was married to fashion designer Maria Cornejo, they have a daughter and a son.

text:
# Mark Borthwick

**Mark Borthwick** (born 1963) is a British photographer now living in Brooklyn, New York. His photos are often minimal and crisp, yet somewhat 'blown-out' in terms of colour saturation. He has contributed to many publications, including *Vogue*, *George*, *Purple*, and *Index*. He was also responsible for all the album artwork and promotional material behind Passion Pit's 2012 album "Gossamer". He was married to fashion designer Maria Cornejo, they have a daughter and a son.


title: Mantra for a State of Mind

abstract: "Mantra for a State of Mind" is a song by British dance act S'Express, released as a single in September 1989. It was their penultimate top 40 hit, reaching No. 21 on the UK Singles Chart. The song formed part of their second album, Intercourse (1991). In 2016, Primal Scream released a cover of the track on a double A-side for Record Store Day. This version featured backing vocals from original S'Express vocalist Naomi Osbourne and Jason Pierce of Spiritualized on guitar.

text:
# Mantra for a State of Mind

"**Mantra for a State of Mind**" is a song by British dance act S'Express, released as a single in September 1989. It was their penultimate top 40 hit, reaching No. 21 on the UK Singles Chart. The song formed part of their second album, *Intercourse* (1991).

In 2016, Primal Scream released a cover of the track on a double A-side for Record Store Day. This version featured backing vocals from original S'Express vocalist Naomi Osbourne and Jason Pierce of Spiritualized on guitar.

## Critical reception

David Giles from *Music Week* wrote, "The only mantra here is the hypnotic sequencer which is supplemented by an almost bluesy vocal and occasional switches to other rhythmic modes. The swirling keyboards induce further levitation. A potential number one."

## InfoBox

| "Mantra for a State of Mind" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by S'Express | |
| from the album  *Intercourse* | |
| Released | 1989 |
| Recorded | September 1989 |
| Genre | Acid house |
| Length | 3:59 (single edit) |
| Label | Rhythm King |
| Songwriter(s) | Mark Moore, Brendan Beal |
| Producer(s) | Mark Moore, Mark McGuire |
| S'Express singles chronology | |
| "Hey Music Lover"
(1989) "**Mantra for a State of Mind**"
(1989) "Nothing to Lose"
(1990) | |


title: Mambai people

abstract: The Mambai people are the second largest ethnic group after the Tetum Dili people in East Timor. Originally, they were known as the Maubere by the Portuguese. Maubere or Mau Bere is a widespread male first name among the Mambai people.

text:
# Mambai people

The **Mambai** (**Mambae**, **Manbae**) people are the second largest ethnic group after the Tetum Dili people in East Timor. Originally, they were known as the **Maubere** by the Portuguese. *Maubere* or *Mau Bere* is a widespread male first name among the Mambai people.

## Settlement area

The Mambai number about 80,000 from the interior of Dili District to the south coast of the territory, especially in the districts of Ainaro and Manufahi. Its principal centers are Ermera, Aileu, Remexio Administrative Post, Turiscai, Maubisse, Ainaro and Same, East Timor. Among the East Timorese exiles in Australia, the Mambai people are one of the main groups.

## Culture

The Mambai language belongs to the Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages of the Timoric languages branch. It is the second most common mother tongue in East Timor with 195,778 speakers.

Circular houses with conical roofs are typical dwellings, and the Mambai cultivate maize, rice, and root vegetables.

## Notable people

Ethnically Mambai politicians include Francisco Xavier do Amaral, Manuel Tilman, Lúcia Lobato, and Fernando de Araújo.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

**Mambai people**
**Mambae / Manbae / Maubere**
| Orchestra in front of a church in Suco Ducurai, Letefoho Subdistrict, Ermera District, Timor Leste. | |
| --- | --- |
| Total population | |
| 195.778 (2015) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| East Timor (Dili District) | |
| Languages | |
| Mambai language, Portuguese language | |
| Religion | |
| Catholic (predominantly), traditional beliefs | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Kemak people, Melanesians, Austronesians | |


title: Vicki Cocchiarella

abstract: Vicki J. Cocchiarella is a Democratic Party member of the Montana Senate, representing District 47 since 1998. Earlier she was a member of the Montana House of Representatives from 1989 through 1998, and was House Minority Leader from 1997 through 1998.

text:
# Vicki Cocchiarella

**Vicki J. Cocchiarella** is a Democratic Party member of the Montana Senate, representing District 47 since 1998. Earlier she was a member of the Montana House of Representatives from 1989 through 1998, and was House Minority Leader from 1997 through 1998.

## InfoBox

| Vicki Cocchiarella | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Montana Senate
from the 47th district | |
| **In office**
1998 - | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1949-12-19) December 19, 1949
Livingston, Montana |
| Political party | Democratic Party |
| Spouse | Larry |
| Residence | Missoula, Montana |
| Alma mater | University of Montana |
| Occupation | Business consultant |
|  | |


title: Monica Ross

abstract: Monica Ross (1950–2013) was a British artist, academic, and feminist. Her career producing feminist works spanned four decades. She is notable particularly for her contributions to performance art, which reflected her passion for social change and were displayed in such diverse places as public libraries and Greenham Common. These works were often collaborative, with Ross contributing to the establishment both of the seminal Women's Postal Art Event and Sister Seven. The culminating work of her career and life was Anniversary – an act of memory: solo, collective and multi-lingual recitations from memory of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, a 5-year extended performance work which involved the recitation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by heart. Ross also worked in video, drawing, installation, and text.

text:
# Monica Ross

**Monica Ross** (1950–2013) was a British artist, academic, and feminist. Her career producing feminist works spanned four decades. She is notable particularly for her contributions to performance art, which reflected her passion for social change and were displayed in such diverse places as public libraries and Greenham Common. These works were often collaborative, with Ross contributing to the establishment both of the seminal Women's Postal Art Event and Sister Seven. The culminating work of her career and life was *Anniversary – an act of memory: solo, collective and multi-lingual recitations from memory of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights*, a 5-year extended performance work which involved the recitation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by heart. Ross also worked in video, drawing, installation, and text.

## Early life

Monica Ross was born in Lancashire, England, on 26 November 1950.

## Artistic career

Ross began her career as a feminist artist and organiser. She took an active role in mounting collective initiatives such as *Feministo: Representations of the Artist as Housewife*, a 1977 women's postal art event, and *Fenix*, a 1978–1980 touring project. In 1980, she co-founded Sister Seven, a distribution network for poster art and shows held in churches, libraries, peace camps, and on the street.

The culminating work of her career and life was *Anniversary – an act of memory: solo, collective and multi-lingual recitations from memory of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights*, an extended performance work which involved the recitation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, learnt by heart. Launched by Ross in 2008, the thirty articles were intended to be delivered in sixty instalments to mark the sixtieth anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The sixtieth and final recital took place at the 23rd session of the United Nations Human Rights Council in Geneva on 14 June 2013. On the same day she died in a hospice in Hove, only a few weeks after being diagnosed with cancer.

## Academic career

Ross began teaching in 1985. Her academic positions included Senior Lecturer on Fine Art at London's Saint Martins School of Art (now Central Saint Martins) from 1985 to 1990, and supervisor of the Critical Fine Art Practice course at that school from 1990 to 1998. She was a guest professor at the *Institut für Kunst in Kontext* (Universität der Künste, Berlin) in 2004 and an Arts and Humanities Research Council Research Fellow in Fine Art at Newcastle University from 2001 to 2004. In 2014, the year following her death, a digital archive of Ross's work from the 1970s through 2013 was acquired by the British Library, which described her as "one of the most significant feminist artists and distinguished educators of her generation".

## Legacy

The Monica Ross Action Group (MRAG) was established in 2013, following her death, to ensure that new audiences benefitted from her legacy. The group undertakes projects with the professed aim "to make visible Monica's invaluable contribution to contemporary practice, expand an understanding of the nature and impact of her long-standing radical practice, and demonstrate how her work is crucially relevant to a contemporary reassessment of feminist performance practice and theory".

As of 2015, the Monica Ross Action Group consisted of artists Susan Hiller, Suzanne Treister, and Anne Tallentire, as well as partner Bernard Mills and daughter Alice Ross. The group was responsible for the organisation of "Monica Ross: A Symposium", which took place at the British Library on Friday 28 November 2014.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Monica Ross | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1950-11-26)26 November 1950
Lancashire, England |
| Died | 14 June 2013(2013-06-14) (aged 62)
Brighton and Hove, England |
| Nationality | British |
| Education | University of Reading |
| Spouse | Bernard Mills |
| Website | monicaross.org |


title: Mark Colenburg

abstract: Mark Colenburg, is an American drummer and percussionist.

text:
# Mark Colenburg

**Mark Colenburg** (born in St. Louis, MO), is an American drummer and percussionist.

## Life and career

Colenburg started using household objects as drums at the age of 2, and had his first performance at his home church at the age of 6. While in high school, he joined a music ministry under Levi "Too" King and played drums on his first professional recording and played with Willie Atkins. Colenburg won the Outstanding Musicianship Award, the All Suburban Jazz Ensemble Drum Chair and the All State Jazz Ensemble Drum Chair in Missouri.

After high school, Colenburg moved to New York to attend the Mannes School of Music at The New School University. His breakout gig in New York was with rapper Common, which led to work with Q-Tip and other hip-hop headliners as well as jazz musicians Cecil McBee, Chico Freeman, Kenny Garrett and Stefon Harris.

In New York, he became exposed to various genres of music. Colenburg has performed with Mos Def, Lauryn Hill, Amel Larrieux, Kurt Rosenwinkel, Lalah Hathaway, and Macy Gray.

In 2011, Colenburg joined the Robert Glasper Experiment, which explores fusions between jazz and hip-hop. In 2016, he served as Producer, Composer, Drummer, and vocalist on *Artscience* for Robert Glasper Experiment.

Colenburg is a Grammy Award Nominee for "Best R&B Album" for Robert Glasper Experiment, *Black Radio II* and Grammy Award-winning drummer for "Best Traditional R&B Performance" on "Jesus Children" with Robert Glasper Experiment, Lalah Hathaway, Malcolm-Jamal Warner.

Colenburg plays drums on "Water Games" on the album 2015 REVIVE Music Presents: Supreme Sonacy (Vol. 1), a compilation album produced by REVIVE in partnership with Blue Note Records. In 2016, Colenburg played drums on several tracks for Derrick Hodge's album *The Second*. The album was released on August 8, 2016. Mark also collaborated with Tribe Called Quest for their release *We Got It From Here, Thank You For 4 Your Service.*

Colenburg has appeared on various television broadcasts including *Conan* and *The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon.*


title: Marketecture

abstract: Marchitecture is a portmanteau of the words marketing and architecture. The term is applied to any form of electronic architecture, especially software, perceived to have been produced purely for marketing reasons. It may be used by a vendor to place itself in such a way as to promote all their strongest abilities whilst simultaneously masking their weaknesses. The term marketecture is also used in the context of an abstract description of a complex system, such as a distributed software system, for the purpose of discussion and analysis. In his book Essential Software Architecture, Ian Gorton describes it as [A marketecture] is one page, typically informal depiction of the system's structure and interactions. It shows the major components, their relationships and has a few well chosen labels and text boxes that portray the design philosophies embodied in the architecture. A marketecture is an excellent vehicle for facilitating discussion by stakeholders during design, build, review, and of course the sales process. It's easy to understand and explain, and serves as a starting point for deeper analysis.

text:
# Marketecture

**Marchitecture** (or marketecture) is a portmanteau of the words marketing and architecture. The term is applied to any form of electronic architecture, especially software, perceived to have been produced purely for marketing reasons. It may be used by a vendor to place itself in such a way as to promote all their strongest abilities whilst simultaneously masking their weaknesses.

The term marketecture is also used in the context of an abstract description of a complex system, such as a distributed software system, for the purpose of discussion and analysis. In his book *Essential Software Architecture*, Ian Gorton describes it as

> \[A marketecture\] is one page, typically informal depiction of the system's structure and interactions. It shows the major components, their relationships and has a few well chosen labels and text boxes that portray the design philosophies embodied in the architecture. A marketecture is an excellent vehicle for facilitating discussion by stakeholders during design, build, review, and of course the sales process. It's easy to understand and explain, and serves as a starting point for deeper analysis.