title: Terebra bellanodosa

abstract: Terebra bellanodosa is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Terebridae, the auger snails.

text:
# Terebra bellanodosa

***Terebra bellanodosa*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Terebridae, the auger snails.

* Grabau A.W. & King S.G. (1928). Shells of Peitaiho. Chapter V. Common univalves or gastropods of the Peitaiho beaches. The China Journal of Science and Arts. 8(6): 320–332
* Aubry U. (1999) Nuove terebre e antichi versi. Ancona: L'Informatore Piceno. 47 pp
* Liu, J.Y. \[Ruiyu\] (ed.). (2008). Checklist of marine biota of China seas. China Science Press. 1267 pp.
* Grabau A.W. & King S.G. (1928). Shells of Peitaiho. Second edition. Revised and enlarged with 14 text-figures and numerous photographs of shells. Peking: The Peking Laboratory of Natural History, \[vi\], 281 pp., 14 text figures, 11 plates.

## InfoBox

| *Terebra bellanodosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Terebridae |
| Genus: | *Terebra* |
| Species: | ***T. bellanodosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Terebra bellanodosa***<br>Grabau & S. G. King, 1928 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Duplicaria bellanodosa* (Grabau & King, 1928) * *Pristiterebra milelinae* (Aubry, 1999) * *Terebra milelinae* Aubry, 1999 | |


title: Terebra

abstract: Terebra is a genus of small to large-sized predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Terebrinae of the family Terebridae, the auger snails. Species in this genus do not possess a radula.

text:
# Terebra

***Terebra*** is a genus of small to large-sized predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Terebrinae of the family Terebridae, the auger snails.

Species in this genus do not possess a radula.

## Species

Species in the genus *Terebra* include:

*Nomen dubium* * *Terebra bicincta* Hinds, 1844
* *Terebra dispar* Deshayes, 1859
* *Terebra tuberosa* Hinds, 1844
* *Terebra violascens* Hinds, 1844

Uncertain status

## Synonyms

This list is incomplete

## InfoBox

| *Terebra* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Terebra* spp. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Terebridae |
| Genus: | *Terebra*
Bruguière, 1789 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Buccinum subulatum*
Linnaeus, 1767 | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cinguloterebra* Oyama, 1961 * *Dimidacus* Iredale, 1929 * *Myurellina* Bartsch, 1923 * *Noditerebra* Cossmann, 1896 * *Nototerebra* Cotton, 1947 * *Panaterebra* Olsson, 1967 * *Perirhoe (Dimidacus)* Iredale, 1929 * *Paraterebra* Woodring, 1928 * *Subula* Schumacher, 1817 * *Terebra (Dimidacus)* Iredale, 1929 * *Terebra (Subula)* Schumacher, 1817 * *Terebra (Triplostephanus)* Dall, 1908 * *Terebrina* Bartsch, 1923 (Invalid: junior homonym of Terebrina Rafinesque, 1815; Dimidacus is a replacement name) * *Terebrum* Montfort, 1810 * *Triplostephanus* Dall, 1908 * *Vertagus* Link, 1807 | |


title: Teretrius placitus

abstract: Teretrius placitus is a species of clown beetle in the family Histeridae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Teretrius placitus

***Teretrius placitus*** is a species of clown beetle in the family Histeridae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2015). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 2: Hydrophiloidea - Staphylinoidea*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-29685-5.

## InfoBox

| *Teretrius placitus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Histeridae |
| Genus: | *Teretrius* |
| Species: | ***T. placitus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Teretrius placitus***<br>Horn, 1880 | |
|


title: Teramulus

abstract: Teramulus is a genus of fresh and brackish water fishes in the family Atherinidae endemic to Madagascar.

text:
# Teramulus

***Teramulus*** is a genus of fresh and brackish water fishes in the family Atherinidae endemic to Madagascar.

## Species

The currently recognized species in this genus are:

## InfoBox

| *Teramulus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Atheriniformes |
| Family: | Atherinidae |
| Subfamily: | Atherinomorinae |
| Genus: | *Teramulus*
J. L. B. Smith, 1965 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Teramulus kieneri*
Smith, 1965 | |


title: Teran Matthews

abstract: Teran Matthews is a former swimmer from Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, who specialized in sprint freestyle events. Matthews competed only in the women's 50 m freestyle at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. She received a ticket from FINA, under a Universality program, in an entry time of 31.87. She challenged six other swimmers in heat two, including Cambodia's two-time Olympian Hem Raksmey and Maldives' 13-year-old Fariha Fathimath. Diving in with a 0.94-second deficit, she scorched the field with a quick pace to a fifth-seeded time of 31.87 and slash off her entry standard by 16-hundredths of a second. Matthews failed to advance into the semifinals, as she placed sixty-seventh overall in the prelims.

text:
# Teran Matthews

**Teran Matthews** (born February 14, 1980) is a former swimmer from Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, who specialized in sprint freestyle events. Matthews competed only in the women's 50 m freestyle at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. She received a ticket from FINA, under a Universality program, in an entry time of 31.87. She challenged six other swimmers in heat two, including Cambodia's two-time Olympian Hem Raksmey and Maldives' 13-year-old Fariha Fathimath. Diving in with a 0.94-second deficit, she scorched the field with a quick pace to a fifth-seeded time of 31.87 and slash off her entry standard by 16-hundredths of a second. Matthews failed to advance into the semifinals, as she placed sixty-seventh overall in the prelims.

## InfoBox

Teran Matthews
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Teran Matthews |
| National team | St. Vincent |
| Born | (1980-02-14) 14 February 1980 |
| Height | 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) |
| Weight | 56 kg (123 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Swimming |
|  | |
| Strokes | Freestyle |
|  | |


title: Terraforming of Venus

abstract:
The terraforming of Venus or the terraformation of Venus is the hypothetical process of engineering the global environment of the planet Venus in order to make it suitable for human habitation. Adjustments to the existing environment of Venus to support human life would require at least three major changes to the planet's atmosphere:
  - Reducing Venus's surface temperature of 737 K
  - Eliminating most of the planet's dense 9.2 MPa (91 atm) carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide atmosphere via removal or conversion to some other form
  - The addition of breathable oxygen to the atmosphere. These three changes are closely interrelated because Venus's extreme temperature is due to the high pressure of its dense atmosphere and the greenhouse effect. The most simple proposal is to "veil" the planet from the sun, thus dropping the temperature low enough to condense or solidify carbon dioxide which would then need to be removed or stored in some way.

text:
# Terraforming of Venus

The **terraforming of Venus** or the **terraformation of Venus** is the hypothetical process of engineering the global environment of the planet Venus in order to make it suitable for human habitation. Adjustments to the existing environment of Venus to support human life would require at least three major changes to the planet's atmosphere:

1. Reducing Venus's surface temperature of 737 K (464 °C; 867 °F)
2. Eliminating most of the planet's dense 9.2 MPa (91 atm) carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide atmosphere via removal or conversion to some other form
3. The addition of breathable oxygen to the atmosphere.

These three changes are closely interrelated because Venus's extreme temperature is due to the high pressure of its dense atmosphere and the greenhouse effect.

The most simple proposal is to "veil" the planet from the sun, thus dropping the temperature low enough to condense or solidify carbon dioxide which would then need to be removed or stored in some way.

## History of the idea

Poul Anderson, a successful science fiction writer, had proposed the idea in his 1954 novelette "The Big Rain", a story belonging to his Psychotechnic League future history.

The first known suggestion to terraform Venus in a scholarly context was by the astronomer Carl Sagan in 1961.

Prior to the early 1960s, the atmosphere of Venus was believed by many astronomers to have an Earth-like temperature. When Venus was understood to have a thick carbon dioxide atmosphere with a consequence of a very large greenhouse effect, some scientists began to contemplate the idea of altering the atmosphere to make the surface more Earth-like. This hypothetical prospect, known as terraforming, was first proposed by Carl Sagan in 1961, as a final section of his classic article in the journal *Science* discussing the atmosphere and greenhouse effect of Venus. Sagan proposed injecting photosynthetic bacteria into the Venus atmosphere, which would convert the carbon dioxide into reduced carbon in organic form, thus reducing the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

The knowledge of Venus's atmosphere was still inexact in 1961, when Sagan made his original proposal. Thirty-three years after his original proposal, in his 1994 book *Pale Blue Dot*, Sagan conceded his original proposal for terraforming would not work because the atmosphere of Venus is far denser than was known in 1961:

> "Here's the fatal flaw: In 1961, I thought the atmospheric pressure at the surface of Venus was a few bars ... We now know it to be 90 bars, so if the scheme worked, the result would be a surface buried in hundreds of meters of fine graphite, and an atmosphere made of 65 bars of almost pure molecular oxygen. Whether we would first implode under the atmospheric pressure or spontaneously burst into flames in all that oxygen is open to question. However, long before so much oxygen could build up, the graphite would spontaneously burn back into CO2, short-circuiting the process."

Following Sagan's paper, there was little scientific discussion of the concept until a resurgence of interest in the 1980s.

## Proposed approaches to terraforming

A number of approaches to terraforming are reviewed by Martyn J. Fogg (1995) and by Geoffrey A. Landis (2011).

### Eliminating the dense carbon dioxide atmosphere

The main problem with Venus today, from a terraformation standpoint, is the very thick carbon dioxide atmosphere. The ground level pressure of Venus is 9.2 MPa (91 atm; 1,330 psi). This also, through the greenhouse effect, causes the temperature on the surface to be several hundred degrees too hot for any significant organisms. Therefore, all approaches to the terraforming of Venus include somehow removing almost all the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

#### Biological approaches

The method proposed in 1961 by Carl Sagan involves the use of genetically engineered algae to fix carbon into organic compounds. Although this method is still proposed in discussions of Venus terraforming, later discoveries showed that biological means alone would not be successful.

Difficulties include the fact that the production of organic molecules from carbon dioxide requires hydrogen, which is very rare on Venus. Because Venus lacks a protective magnetosphere, the upper atmosphere is exposed to direct erosion by the solar wind and has lost most of its original hydrogen to space. And, as Sagan noted, any carbon that was bound up in organic molecules would quickly be converted to carbon dioxide again by the hot surface environment. Venus would not begin to cool down until after most of the carbon dioxide had already been removed.

Although it is generally conceded that Venus could not be terraformed by introduction of photosynthetic biota alone, use of photosynthetic organisms to produce oxygen in the atmosphere continues to be a component of other proposed methods of terraforming.

#### Capture in carbonates

On Earth nearly all carbon is sequestered in the form of carbonate minerals or in different stages of the carbon cycle, while very little is present in the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide. On Venus, the situation is the opposite. Much of the carbon is present in the atmosphere, while comparatively little is sequestered in the lithosphere. Many approaches to terraforming therefore focus on getting rid of carbon dioxide by chemical reactions trapping and stabilising it in the form of carbonate minerals.

Modelling by astrobiologists Mark Bullock and David Grinspoon of Venus's atmospheric evolution suggests that the equilibrium between the current 92-bar atmosphere and existing surface minerals, particularly calcium and magnesium oxides, is quite unstable, and that the latter could serve as a sink of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide through conversion to carbonates. If these surface minerals were fully converted and saturated, then the atmospheric pressure would decline and the planet would cool somewhat. One of the possible end states modelled by Bullock and Grinspoon was an atmosphere of 43 bars (42 atm; 620 psi) and a surface temperature of 400 K (127 °C; 260 °F). To convert the rest of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, a larger portion of the crust would have to be artificially exposed to the atmosphere to allow more extensive carbonate conversion. In 1989, Alexander G. Smith proposed that Venus could be terraformed by lithosphere overturn, allowing crust to be converted into carbonates. Landis 2011 calculated that it would require the involvement of the entire surface crust down to a depth of over 1 km to produce enough rock surface area to convert enough of the atmosphere.

Natural formation of carbonate rock from minerals and carbon dioxide is a very slow process. Recent research into sequestering carbon dioxide into carbonate minerals in the context of mitigating global warming on Earth however points out that this process can be considerably accelerated (from hundreds or thousands of years to just 75 days) through the use of catalysts such as polystyrene microspheres. It could therefore be theorised that similar technologies might also be used in the context of terraformation on Venus. It can also be noted that the chemical reaction that converts minerals and carbon dioxide into carbonates is exothermic, in essence producing more energy than is consumed by the reaction. This opens up the possibility of creating self-reinforcing conversion processes with potential for exponential growth of the conversion rate until most of the atmospheric carbon dioxide can be converted.

Bombardment of Venus with refined magnesium and calcium from off-world could also sequester carbon dioxide in the form of calcium and magnesium carbonates. About 8×1020 kg of calcium or 5×1020 kg of magnesium would be required to convert all the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which would entail a great deal of mining and mineral refining (perhaps on Mercury which is notably mineral rich). 8×1020 kg is a few times the mass of the asteroid 4 Vesta (more than 500 kilometres (310 mi) in diameter).

#### Injection into volcanic basalt rock

Research projects in Iceland and the US state of Washington have shown that potentially large amounts of carbon dioxide could be removed from the atmosphere by high-pressure injection into subsurface porous basalt formations, where carbon dioxide is rapidly transformed into solid inert minerals.

Other studies predict that one cubic meter of porous basalt has the potential to sequester 47 kilograms of injected carbon dioxide. According to these estimates a volume of about 9.86 × 109 km3 of basalt rock would be needed to sequester all the carbon dioxide in the Venusian atmosphere. This is equal to the entire crust of Venus down to a depth of about 21.4 kilometers. Another study concluded that under optimal conditions, on average, 1 cubic meter of basalt rock can sequester 260 kg of carbon dioxide. Venus's crust appears to be 70 kilometres (43 mi) thick and the planet is dominated by volcanic features. The surface is about 90% basalt, and about 65% consists of a mosaic of volcanic lava plains. There should therefore be ample volumes of basalt rock strata on the planet with very promising potential for carbon dioxide sequestration.

Research has also demonstrated that under the high temperature and high pressure conditions in the mantle, silicon dioxide, the most abundant mineral in the mantle (on Earth and probably also on Venus) can form carbonates that are stable under these conditions. This opens up the possibility of carbon dioxide sequestration in the mantle.

#### Introduction of hydrogen

According to Birch, bombarding Venus with hydrogen and reacting it with carbon dioxide could produce elemental carbon (graphite) and water by the Bosch reaction. It would take about 4 × 1019 kg of hydrogen to convert the whole Venusian atmosphere, and such a large amount of hydrogen could be obtained from the gas giants or their moons' ice. Another possible source of hydrogen could be somehow extracting it from possible reservoirs in the interior of the planet itself. According to some researchers, the Earth's mantle and/or core might hold large quantities of hydrogen left there since the original formation of Earth from the nebular cloud. Since the original formation and inner structure of Earth and Venus are generally believed to be somewhat similar, the same might be true for Venus.

Iron aerosol in the atmosphere will also be required for the reaction to work, and iron can come from Mercury, asteroids, or the Moon. (Loss of hydrogen due to the solar wind is unlikely to be significant on the timescale of terraforming.) Due to the planet's relatively flat surface, this water would cover about 80% of the surface, compared to 70% for Earth, even though it would amount to only roughly 10% of the water found on Earth.

The remaining atmosphere, at around 3 bars (about three times that of Earth), would mainly be composed of nitrogen, some of which will dissolve into the new oceans of water, reducing atmospheric pressure in accordance with Henry's law. To further reduce the pressure even more, nitrogen could also be fixated into nitrates.

Futurist Isaac Arthur has suggested using the hypothesized processes of starlifting and stellasing to create a particle beam of ionized hydrogen from the sun, tentatively dubbed a "hydro-cannon". This device could be used both to thin the dense atmosphere of Venus, but also to introduce hydrogen to react with carbon dioxide to create water, thereby further lowering the atmospheric pressure.

### Direct removal of atmosphere

The thinning of the Venusian atmosphere could be attempted by a variety of methods, possibly in combination. Directly lifting atmospheric gas from Venus into space would probably prove difficult. Venus has sufficiently high escape velocity to make blasting it away with asteroid impacts impractical. Pollack and Sagan calculated in 1994 that an impactor of 700 km diameter striking Venus at greater than 20 km/s, would eject all the atmosphere above the horizon as seen from the point of impact, but because this is less than a thousandth of the total atmosphere and there would be diminishing returns as the atmosphere's density decreases, a very great number of such giant impactors would be required. Landis calculated that to lower the pressure from 92 bar to 1 bar would require a minimum of 2,000 impacts, even if the efficiency of atmosphere removal was perfect. Smaller objects would not work, either, because more would be required. The violence of the bombardment could well result in significant outgassing that would replace removed atmosphere. Most of the ejected atmosphere would go into solar orbit near Venus, and, without further intervention, could be captured by the Venerian gravitational field and become part of the atmosphere once again.

Another variant method involving bombardment would be to perturb a massive Kuiper belt object to put its orbit onto a collision path with Venus. If the object, made of mostly ices, had enough velocity to penetrate just a few kilometers past the Venusian surface, the resulting forces from the vaporization of ice from the impactor and the impact itself could stir the lithosphere and mantle thus ejecting a proportional amount of matter (as magma and gas) from Venus. A by-product of this method would be either a new moon for Venus or a new impactor-body of debris that would fall back to the surface at a later time.

Removal of atmospheric gas in a more controlled manner could also prove difficult. Venus's extremely slow rotation means that space elevators would be very difficult to construct because the planet's geostationary orbit lies an impractical distance above the surface, and the very thick atmosphere to be removed makes mass drivers useless for removing payloads from the planet's surface. Possible workarounds include placing mass drivers on high-altitude balloons or balloon-supported towers extending above the bulk of the atmosphere, using space fountains, or rotovators.

In addition, if the density of the atmosphere (and corresponding greenhouse effect) were dramatically reduced, the surface temperature (now effectively constant) would probably vary widely between day side and night side. Another side effect to atmospheric-density reduction could be the creation of zones of dramatic weather activity or storms at the terminator because large volumes of atmosphere would undergo rapid heating or cooling.

### Cooling planet by solar shades

Venus receives about twice the sunlight that Earth does, which is thought to have contributed to its runaway greenhouse effect. One means of terraforming Venus could involve reducing the insolation at Venus's surface to prevent the planet from heating up again.

#### Space-based

Solar shades could be used to reduce the total insolation received by Venus, cooling the planet somewhat. A shade placed in the Sun–Venus L1 Lagrangian point also would serve to block the solar wind, removing the radiation exposure problem on Venus.

A suitably large solar shade would be four times the diameter of Venus itself if at the L1 point. This would necessitate construction in space. There would also be the difficulty of balancing a thin-film shade perpendicular to the Sun's rays at the Sun–Venus Lagrange point with the incoming radiation pressure, which would tend to turn the shade into a huge solar sail. If the shade were simply left at the L1 point, the pressure would add force to the sunward side and the shade would accelerate and drift out of orbit. The shade could instead be positioned nearer to the Sun, using the solar pressure to balance the gravitational forces, in practice becoming a statite.

Other modifications to the L1 solar shade design have also been suggested to solve the solar-sail problem. One suggested method is to use polar-orbiting, solar-synchronous mirrors that reflect light toward the back of the sunshade, from the non-sunward side of Venus. Photon pressure would push the support mirrors to an angle of 30 degrees away from the sunward side.

Paul Birch proposed a slatted system of mirrors near the L1 point between Venus and the Sun. The shade's panels would not be perpendicular to the Sun's rays, but instead at an angle of 30 degrees, such that the reflected light would strike the next panel, negating the photon pressure. Each successive row of panels would be +/- 1 degree off the 30-degree deflection angle, causing the reflected light to be skewed 4 degrees from striking Venus.

Solar shades could also serve as solar power generators. Space-based solar shade techniques, and thin-film solar sails in general, are only in an early stage of development. The vast sizes require a quantity of material that is many orders of magnitude greater than any human-made object that has ever been brought into space or constructed in space.

#### Atmospheric or surface-based

Venus could also be cooled by placing reflectors in the atmosphere. Reflective balloons floating in the upper atmosphere could create shade. The number and/or size of the balloons would necessarily be great. Geoffrey A. Landis has suggested that if enough floating cities were built, they could form a solar shield around the planet, and could simultaneously be used to process the atmosphere into a more desirable form, thus combining the solar shield theory and the atmospheric processing theory with a scalable technology that would immediately provide living space in the Venusian atmosphere. If made from carbon nanotubes or graphene (a sheet-like carbon allotrope), then the major structural materials can be produced using carbon dioxide gathered *in situ* from the atmosphere. The recently synthesised amorphous carbonia might prove a useful structural material if it can be quenched to Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) conditions, perhaps in a mixture with regular silica glass. According to Birch's analysis, such colonies and materials would provide an immediate economic return from colonizing Venus, funding further terraforming efforts.

Increasing the planet's albedo by deploying light-colored or reflective material on the surface (or at any level below the cloud tops) would not be useful, because the Venerian surface is already completely enshrouded by clouds, and almost no sunlight reaches the surface. Thus, it would be unlikely to be able to reflect more light than Venus's already-reflective clouds, with Bond albedo of 0.77.

### Combination of solar shades and atmospheric condensation

Birch proposed that solar shades could be used to not merely cool the planet but to also reduce atmospheric pressure as well, by the process of freezing of the carbon dioxide. This requires Venus's temperature to be reduced, first to the liquefaction point, requiring a temperature less than 304.128(15) K (30.978(15) °C or 87.761(27) °F) and partial pressures of CO2 to bring the atmospheric pressure down to 73.773(30) bar (carbon dioxide's critical point); and from there reducing the temperature below 216.592(3) K (−56.558(3) °C or −69.8044(54) °F) (carbon dioxide's triple point). Below that temperature, freezing of atmospheric carbon dioxide into dry ice will cause it to deposit onto the surface. He then proposed that the frozen CO2 could be buried and maintained in that condition by pressure, or even shipped off-world (perhaps to provide greenhouse gas needed for terraforming of Mars or the moons of Jupiter). After this process was complete, the shades could be removed or solettas added, allowing the planet to partially warm again to temperatures comfortable for Earth life. A source of hydrogen or water would still be needed, and some of the remaining 3.5 bar of atmospheric nitrogen would need to be fixed into the soil. Birch suggests disrupting an icy moon of Saturn, for example Hyperion, and bombarding Venus with its fragments.

### Cooling planet by heat pipes, atmospheric vortex engines or radiative cooling

Paul Birch suggests that, in addition to cooling the planet with a sunshade in L1, "heat pipes" could be built on the planet to accelerate the cooling. The proposed mechanism would transport heat from the surface to colder regions higher up in the atmosphere, similar to a solar updraft tower, thereby facilitating radiation of excess heat out into space. A newly proposed variation of this technology is the atmospheric vortex engine, where instead of physical chimney pipes, the atmospheric updraft is achieved through the creation of a vortex, similar to a stationary tornado. In addition to this method being less material intensive and potentially more cost effective, this process also produces a net surplus of energy, which could be utilised to power venusian colonies or other aspects of the terraforming effort, while simultaneously contributing to speeding up the cooling of the planet. Another method to cool down the planet could be with the use of radiative cooling This technology could utilise the fact that in certain wavelengths, thermal radiation from the lower atmosphere of Venus can "escape" to space through partially transparent atmospheric "windows" – spectral gaps between strong CO2 and H2O absorption bands in the near infrared range 0.8–2.4 μm (31–94 μin). The outgoing thermal radiation is wavelength dependent and varies from the very surface at 1 μm (39 μin) to approximately 35 km (22 mi) at 2.3 μm (91 μin). Nanophotonics and construction of metamaterials opens up new possibilities to tailor the emittance spectrum of a surface via properly designing periodic nano/micro-structures. Recently there has been proposals of a device named a "emissive energy harvester" that can transfer heat to space through radiative cooling and convert part of the heat flow into surplus energy, opening up possibilities of a self-replicating system that could exponentially cool the planet.

## Introduction of water

Since Venus has only a fraction of the water of Earth (less than half the Earth's water content in the atmosphere, and none on the surface), water would have to be introduced either by the aforementioned method of introduction of hydrogen, or from some other interplanetary or extraplanetary source.

### Capture the Ice Moons

Paul Birch suggests the possibility of colliding Venus with one of the ice moons from the outer solar system, thereby bringing in all the water needed for terraformation in one go. This could be achieved through gravity assisted capture of Saturn's moons Enceladus and Hyperion or the Uranian moon Miranda. Simply changing the velocity of these moons enough to move them from their current orbit and enable gravity-assisted transport to Venus would require large amounts of energy. However, through complex gravity-assisted chain reactions the propulsion requirements could be reduced by several orders of magnitude. As Birch puts it, "\[t\]heoretically one could flick a pebble into the asteroid belt and end up dumping Mars into the Sun."

### Outgassing from the mantle

Studies have shown that substantial amounts of water (in the form of hydrogen) might be present in the mantle of terrestrial planets. It has therefore been speculated that it would be technically possible to extract this water from the mantle to the surface even if no feasible method to accomplish this exists currently.

## Altering day–night cycle

Venus rotates once every 243 Earth days—by far the slowest rotation period of any known object in the Solar System. A Venusian sidereal day thus lasts more than a Venusian year (243 versus 224.7 Earth days). However, the length of a solar day on Venus is significantly shorter than the sidereal day; to an observer on the surface of Venus, the time from one sunrise to the next would be 116.75 days. Therefore, the slow Venerian rotation rate would result in extremely long days and nights, similar to the day-night cycles in the polar regions of earth—shorter, but global. The exact period of a solar day is very important for terraforming since 117 days of *daytime* would be the equivalent of a summer in the more temperate regions of Alaska whereas 58 days of *daytime* would result in a very short growing season found in the high arctic. It could mean the difference between permafrost and perpetual ice or green lush boreal forests. The slow rotation might also account for the lack of a significant magnetic field.

### Arguments for keeping the current day-night cycle unchanged

It has until recently been assumed that the rotation rate or day-night cycle of Venus would have to be increased for successful terraformation to be achieved. More recent research has shown, however, that the current slow rotation rate of Venus is not at all detrimental to the planet's capability to support an Earth-like climate. Rather, the slow rotation rate would, given an Earth-like atmosphere, enable the formation of thick cloud layers on the side of the planet facing the sun. This in turn would raise planetary albedo and act to cool the global temperature to Earth-like levels, despite the greater proximity to the Sun. According to calculations, maximum temperatures would be just around 35 °C (95 °F), given an Earth-like atmosphere. Speeding up the rotation rate would therefore be both impractical and detrimental to the terraforming effort. A terraformed Venus with the current slow rotation would result in a global climate with "day" and "night" periods each roughly 2 months (58 days) long, resembling the seasons at higher latitudes on Earth. The "day" would resemble a short summer with a warm, humid climate, a heavy overcast sky and ample rainfall. The "night" would resemble a short, very dark winter with quite cold temperature and snowfall. There would be periods with more temperate climate and clear weather at sunrise and sunset resembling a "spring" and "autumn".

### Space mirrors

The problem of very dark conditions during the roughly two-month long "night" period could be solved through the use of a space mirror in a 24-hour orbit (the same distance as a geostationary orbit on Earth) similar to the Znamya (satellite) project experiments. Extrapolating the numbers from those experiments and applying them to Venerian conditions would mean that a space mirror just under 1700 meters in diameter could illuminate the entire nightside of the planet with the luminosity of 10-20 full moons and create an artificial 24-hour light cycle. An even bigger mirror could potentially create even stronger illumination conditions. Further extrapolation suggests that to achieve illumination levels of about 400 lux (similar to normal office lighting or a sunrise on a clear day on earth) a circular mirror about 55 kilometers across would be needed.

Paul Birch suggested keeping the entire planet protected from sunlight by a permanent system of slated shades in L1, and the surface illuminated by a rotating soletta mirror in a polar orbit, which would produce a 24-hour light cycle.

### Changing rotation speed

If increasing the rotation speed of the planet would be desired (despite the above-mentioned potentially positive climatic effects of the current rotational speed), it would require energy of a magnitude many orders greater than the construction of orbiting solar mirrors, or even than the removal of the Venerian atmosphere. Birch calculates that increasing the rotation of Venus to an Earth-like solar cycle would require about 1.6 × 1029 Joules (50 billion petawatt-hours).

Scientific research suggests that close flybys of asteroids or cometary bodies larger than 100 kilometres (60 mi) across could be used to move a planet in its orbit, or increase the speed of rotation. The energy required to do this is large. In his book on terraforming, one of the concepts Fogg discusses is to increase the spin of Venus using three quadrillion objects circulating between Venus and the Sun every 2 hours, each traveling at 10% of the speed of light.

G. David Nordley has suggested, in fiction, that Venus might be spun up to a day length of 30 Earth days by exporting the atmosphere of Venus into space via mass drivers. A proposal by Birch involves the use of dynamic compression members to transfer energy and momentum via high-velocity mass streams to a band around the equator of Venus. He calculated that a sufficiently high-velocity mass stream, at about 10% of the speed of light, could give Venus a day of 24 hours in 30 years.

## Creating an artificial magnetosphere

Protecting the new atmosphere from the solar wind, to avoid the loss of hydrogen, would require an artificial magnetosphere. Venus presently lacks an intrinsic magnetic field, therefore creating an artificial planetary magnetic field is needed to form a magnetosphere via its interaction with the solar wind. According to two NIFS Japanese scientists, it is feasible to do that with current technology by building a system of refrigerated latitudinal superconducting rings, each carrying a sufficient amount of direct current. In the same report, it is claimed that the economic impact of the system can be minimized by using it also as a planetary energy transfer and storage system (SMES).

Another study proposes the possibility of deployment of a magnetic dipole shield at the L1 Lagrange point, thereby creating an artificial magnetosphere that would protect the whole planet from solar wind and radiation.


title: Terborg railway station

abstract: Terborg is a railway station in Terborg, Netherlands. The station was opened on 15 July 1885 and is located on the Winterswijk–Zevenaar railway. The train services are operated by Arriva.

text:
# Terborg railway station

**Terborg** is a railway station in Terborg, Netherlands. The station was opened on 15 July 1885 and is located on the Winterswijk–Zevenaar railway. The train services are operated by Arriva.

## Train services

| Route | Service type | Operator | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Arnhem - Doetinchem - Winterswijk | Local ("Sprinter") | Arriva | 2x per hour (only 1x per hour after 20:00, on Saturday mornings and Sundays) |

## Bus services

| Line | Route | Operator | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 40 | Doetinchem - Gaanderen - Terborg - Silvolde - Kroezenhoek - Breedenbroek - Dinxperlo | Arriva | On weekday evenings, this bus only operates between Terborg and Dinxperlo. |
| 195 | Terborg - Etten - Ulft - Gendringen - Megchelen | Arriva | On evenings and weekends, this bus only operated if called one hour before its supposed departure ("belbus") and only operates between Ulft and Megchelen. |
| 197 | 's-Heerenberg - Lengel - Azewijn - Varsselder - Ulft - Bontebrug - Silvolde - Terborg | Arriva | On evenings and weekends, this bus only operated if called one hour before its supposed departure ("belbus") and only operates between 's Heerenberg and Ulft. |
| 890 | Terborg - Silvolde - Etten - Ulft - Gendringen | Arriva | Only runs on weekdays evenings. The bus is always stand-by on Terborg Station and can be entered freely, but needs to be called one hour before its supposed departure ("belbus") when one wants to depart from another bus stop. |

## InfoBox

| Terborg | |
| --- | --- |
| Terborg railway station | |
| General information | |
| Location | Terborg, Gelderland<br>Netherlands |
| Coordinates | 51°55′20″N 6°21′53″E / 51.92222°N 6.36472°E / 51.92222; 6.36472 |
| Owned by | Nederlandse Spoorwegen |
| Line(s) | Winterswijk–Zevenaar railway |
| Platforms | 1 |
| Tracks | 2 |
| History | |
| Opened | 15 July 1885 |
| Electrified | No |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| 2005 | 885 per day |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Arriva Following station  Gaanderentowards Arnhem Centraal  Stoptrein 30900  Varsseveldtowards Winterswijk | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  TerborgLocation in Netherlands | |


title: Terminal Island (Antarctica)

abstract: Terminal Island is a low snow-covered island 0.5 nmi (0.93 km) off the north tip of Alexander Island, in the Bellingshausen Sea west of Palmer Land, Antarctic Peninsula. It was first mapped by the Falklands Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) in 1960 from air photography taken by Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (RARE), 1947–1948. The name, given by the UK Antarctic Place-names Committee (UK-APC), is descriptive of its position relative to Alexander Island.

text:
# Terminal Island (Antarctica)

**Terminal Island** is a low snow-covered island 0.5 nmi (0.93 km) off the north tip of Alexander Island, in the Bellingshausen Sea west of Palmer Land, Antarctic Peninsula. It was first mapped by the Falklands Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) in 1960 from air photography taken by Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (RARE), 1947–1948. The name, given by the UK Antarctic Place-names Committee (UK-APC), is descriptive of its position relative to Alexander Island.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Terminal Island (Antarctica)". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey.

## InfoBox

Rothschild Island
| Rothschild IslandLocation in Antarctica | |
| --- | --- |
| Geography | |
| Location | Antarctica |
| Coordinates | 68°45′S 70°35′W / 68.750°S 70.583°W / -68.750; -70.583 |
| Administration | |
| Administered under the Antarctic Treaty System | |
| Demographics | |
| Population | Uninhabited |


title: Teresa Czartoryska

abstract: Princess Teresa Czartoryska was a Polish noblewoman. She was a daughter of Józef Klemens Czartoryski and Dorota Barbara Jabłonowska. She married Prince Henryk Ludwik Lubomirski (1777–1850) on 24 May 1807. Her daughter Jadwiga Lubomirska married Eugène, 8th Prince of Ligne in Vienna on 28 October 1836.

text:
# Teresa Czartoryska

Princess **Teresa Czartoryska** (13 July 1785 - 31 December 1868) was a Polish noblewoman. She was a daughter of Józef Klemens Czartoryski and Dorota Barbara Jabłonowska.

She married Prince Henryk Ludwik Lubomirski (1777–1850) on 24 May 1807.

Her daughter Jadwiga Lubomirska married Eugène, 8th Prince of Ligne in Vienna on 28 October 1836.

## Ancestors

## InfoBox

| Teresa Czartoryska | |
| --- | --- |
| Teresa Czartoryska by Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun, 1801 | |
| Born | (1785-07-13)13 July 1785
Korzec, Ukraine |
| Died | 31 December 1868(1868-12-31) (aged 83)
Kraków, Poland |
| Noble family | Czartoryski |
| Spouse(s) | Henryk Ludwik Lubomirski |
| Issue | with Henryk Ludwik Lubomirski:
Izabela Lubomirska
Jadwiga Lubomirska

Jerzy Henryk Lubomirski |
| Father | Józef Klemens Czartoryski |
| Mother | Dorota Barbara Jabłonowska |


title: Tere Ríos

abstract: Marie Teresa Ríos, known as Tere Ríos, was an American writer and the author of the 1965 book The Fifteenth Pelican, which was the basis for the 1960s Screen Gems television sitcom The Flying Nun. Ríos was the mother of Humbert Roque Versace, the first U.S. Army prisoner of war in Southeast Asia awarded the Medal of Honor.

text:
# Tere Ríos

**Marie Teresa Ríos** (November 9, 1917 – October 17, 1999), known as **Tere Ríos**, was an American writer and the author of the 1965 book *The Fifteenth Pelican*, which was the basis for the 1960s Screen Gems television sitcom *The Flying Nun*. Ríos was the mother of Humbert Roque Versace, the first U.S. Army prisoner of war in Southeast Asia awarded the Medal of Honor.

## Early years

Ríos was born in Brooklyn, New York City, to Rafael Rios, a native of Puerto Rico who moved and settled in Brooklyn in the early part of the 20th century and to Marie Teresa Dowd, an American of Irish heritage. Ríos was proud of her Puerto Rican heritage and a devout Catholic who became interested in writing at a young age.

In the 1930s, she met and married Humbert Joseph Versace, a 1933 graduate of the United States Military Academy (West Point). Together they had five children, Humbert Roque, twins Stephen and Richard Versace (former coach of the Indiana Pacers), Michael and Trilby. As an Army wife, she traveled to different places around the world, including Hawaii, where her first child, Humbert Roque, was born.

## Career as a writer

During World War II, Ríos (also known as **Marie Teresa Ríos Versace**) drove Army trucks and buses. She also served as a pilot for the Civil Air Patrol. Ríos wrote and edited for various newspapers around the world, including places such as Guam, Germany, Wisconsin, and South Dakota, and publications such as the Armed Forces *Star & Stripes* and *Gannett*.

She also taught creative writing at the University of Pittsburgh and was on the staff of the Rhinelander Writers Conference. In 1958, she was named "Wisconsin Writer of the Year". In 1957, Ríos published her first book *An Angel Grows Up* using the pen name "Tere Ríos". She soon followed that with another book, *Brother Angel* (1963).

## *The Fifteenth Pelican* and Humbert Roque Versace

Her eldest son, Humbert Roque Versace, followed his father's footsteps and graduated from West Point. He was sent to the Republic of Vietnam as a military advisor with the rank of captain. During his second tour in Vietnam he was captured on October 29, 1963, along with two other Americans, by the Viet Cong. Captain Versace was executed by his captors on September 26, 1965, an event which devastated her.

She published her third book, titled *The Fifteenth Pelican,* in 1966. At the time, uncertain of her son's death, the book's dedication read as follows: *"FOR THE ROCK* \[her son's nickname\] *and the children and sugar people of NamCan"*. The TV series *The Flying Nun,* starring Sally Field, was based on this book. The sitcom was produced by Screen Gems for the ABC television network between 1967 and 1970.

Upon learning of their son's fate, Ríos and her husband tried to find out what they could about the circumstances surrounding his death. She went to Paris in the late 1960s, trying unsuccessfully to see the North Vietnamese delegation as it arrived for peace talks. Ríos expressed her frustration and anguish in poems and in unpublished novels.

## Final years

Ríos was presented with a Special Forces patch and unit membership certificate. In 1970, a movement to award her son the Medal of Honor failed and instead Ríos and her husband were presented with their son's Silver Star. Her husband Colonel Humbert Joseph Versace died on June 12, 1972.

Ríos returned to Puerto Rico in 1990, retiring in the town of Fajardo. In 1999, she was diagnosed with lung cancer and she left the island to return to the mainland. She was hospitalized in Sarasota, Florida. Marie Teresa Rios died on October 17, 1999, and her funeral was held at the Ft. Myer Old Post Chapel. Representatives of the Special Operations Command from Fort Bragg were present. Her ashes were buried with her husband at Arlington National Cemetery on November 12, 1999. She was survived by her four children Dr. Stephen, Richard (former coach of the Indiana Pacers), Michael and Trilby Versace.

On July 8, 2002, President George W. Bush presented Marie Teresa Ríos' surviving children with the Medal of Honor which was posthumously awarded to Captain Humbert Roque Versace.

## Bibliography

* *An Angel Grows Up* (1957)
* *Brother Angel*, Academy Guild Press (1963)
* *The Fifteenth Pelican*, Avon Camelot (1966)

1. This name uses Spanish marriage naming customs; the first is the maiden family name "***Ríos***" and the second or matrimonial family name is "***Versace***".

## InfoBox

| Marie Teresa Ríos | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1917-11-09)November 9, 1917
New York City, U.S. |
| Died | October 17, 1999(1999-10-17) (aged 81)
Sarasota, Florida, U.S. |
| Resting place | Arlington National Cemetery |
| Occupation | Author |
| Spouse | Humbert Joseph Versace |
| Children | 5, including Humbert Roque and Richard |
| Notes | |
| 1. Authored *The Fifteenth Pelican*, which was the basis for the 1960s television sitcom *The Flying Nun*.
2. Mother of Medal of Honor recipient Humbert Roque Versace and of Dick Versace, former coach of the Indiana Pacers. | |


title: Terrell County Sun

abstract: The Terrell County Sun is a newspaper published in Sanderson, Texas, operated by a nonprofit corporation. The first issue was published in November 2013. As of that year, the editor is Allison Taylor. The headquarters is located on Main Street, in a building that was previously a beauty parlor. The printing for the newspaper occurs in Del Rio. The newspaper describes itself as a local-interest publication. It states: “You won't find us publishing letters to the editor, political statements or news that is not directly related to our community." Each issue is $0.50 and the newspaper charges $25 for one year of delivery to someone's residence. Taylor stated in December 2013 that the newspaper had a circulation of 500 and that there were 35 subscriptions. The newspaper replaced the Terrell County News-Leader, which closed in July 2013. Between the closing of the News-Leader and the opening of the Sun the only source of local news was a bulletin board. Taylor stated that "The first issue was very well received. The community is really excited to have a newspaper again to get information from rather than the board at the post office."

text:
# Terrell County Sun

The ***Terrell County Sun*** is a newspaper published in Sanderson, Texas, operated by a nonprofit corporation. The first issue was published in November 2013. As of that year, the editor is Allison Taylor. The headquarters is located on Main Street, in a building that was previously a beauty parlor. The printing for the newspaper occurs in Del Rio.

The newspaper describes itself as a local-interest publication. It states: “You won't find us publishing letters to the editor, political statements or news that is not directly related to our community." Each issue is $0.50 and the newspaper charges $25 for one year of delivery to someone's residence. Taylor stated in December 2013 that the newspaper had a circulation of 500 and that there were 35 subscriptions.

The newspaper replaced the *Terrell County News-Leader*, which closed in July 2013. Between the closing of the *News-Leader* and the opening of the *Sun* the only source of local news was a bulletin board. Taylor stated that "The first issue was very well received. The community is really excited to have a newspaper again to get information from rather than the board at the post office."


title: Terrell County Courthouse (Georgia)

abstract: The Terrell County Courthouse, in Dawson, Georgia, is a historic courthouse built in 1892. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. Its NRHP nomination asserts it is the best exemplification of High Victorian architecture amongst all of Georgia's courthouses. It is described:The building is asymmetrically massed with a tall pyramidal corner clock tower emphasised by turrets. Huge double Romanesque arches are on a lesser facade tower, The entrance which has a center one story projecting gabled porch is capped by a stepped gable; the side elevation has the same gable in a center entrance bay. Additional turrets - one with an onion dome, others which are helmeted - plus assorted gables, balconies, round arched, rectangular, and even a Palladian window combine in a grand and dramatic manner.

text:
# Terrell County Courthouse (Georgia)

The **Terrell County Courthouse**, in Dawson, Georgia, is a historic courthouse built in 1892. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

Its NRHP nomination asserts it is the best exemplification of High Victorian architecture amongst all of Georgia's courthouses. It is described:

> The building is asymmetrically massed with a tall pyramidal corner clock tower emphasised by turrets. Huge double Romanesque arches are on a lesser facade tower, The entrance which has a center one story projecting gabled porch is capped by a stepped gable; the side elevation has the same gable in a center entrance bay. Additional turrets - one with an onion dome, others which are helmeted - plus assorted gables, balconies, round arched, rectangular, and even a Palladian window combine in a grand and dramatic manner.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Terrell County Courthouse | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | E. Lee St., Dawson, Georgia |
| Coordinates | 31°46′23″N 84°26′45″W / 31.77306°N 84.44583°W / 31.77306; -84.44583 (Terrell County Courthouse) |
| Area | 2 acres (0.81 ha) |
| Built | 1892 |
| Built by | J.B. Sample |
| Architect | William H. Parkins |
| Architectural style | High Victorian |
| MPS | Georgia County Courthouses TR |
| NRHP reference No. | 80001244 |
| Added to NRHP | September 18, 1980 |


title: Terrell County News-Leader

abstract: The Terrell County News-Leader was a newspaper headquartered in Sanderson, Texas. The newspaper closed in July 2013. Christine Hinkle owned and operated the newspaper for a five-year period. She said that her husband used to be involved with the newspaper; he sold advertisements, did typing, and drove to a printer in McCamey. According to Hinkle, her husband was eventually "burned out" by his work. Hinkle sold the newspaper to Jim Street in 2002. Street said that "I never took any money out of it. My little portfolio kept getting littler and littler because I had to keep chipping in. Overall, I think I lost about $25,000, something like that." The newspaper closed in July 2013. According to Street, at the time the circulation was about 500. By November 2013 the Terrell County Sun was established to replace the News-Leader.

text:
# Terrell County News-Leader

The ***Terrell County News-Leader*** was a newspaper headquartered in Sanderson, Texas. The newspaper closed in July 2013.

Christine Hinkle owned and operated the newspaper for a five-year period. She said that her husband used to be involved with the newspaper; he sold advertisements, did typing, and drove to a printer in McCamey. According to Hinkle, her husband was eventually "burned out" by his work. Hinkle sold the newspaper to Jim Street in 2002. Street said that "I never took any money out of it. My little portfolio kept getting littler and littler because I had to keep chipping in. Overall, I think I lost about $25,000, something like that." The newspaper closed in July 2013. According to Street, at the time the circulation was about 500. By November 2013 the *Terrell County Sun* was established to replace the *News-Leader*.


title: Pusztaederics

abstract: Pusztaederics is a village in Zala County, Hungary.

text:
# Pusztaederics

**Pusztaederics** is a village in Zala County, Hungary.

## InfoBox

| Pusztaederics | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Zala county in Hungary | |
| PusztaedericsLocation of Pusztaederics | |
| Coordinates: 46°38′24″N 16°47′54″E / 46.64000°N 16.79840°E / 46.64000; 16.79840 | |
| Country | Hungary |
| County | Zala |
| Area | |
| Total | 9.55 km2 (3.69 sq mi) |
| Population (2004) | |
| Total | 199 |
| Density | 20.83/km2 (53.9/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 8946 |
| Area code | 92 |


abstract: Wharton Creek is a 36.1-mile-long (58.1 km) tributary of the Unadilla River in western Otsego County, in the state of New York. Via the Unadilla River, it is part of the Susquehanna River watershed, flowing to Chesapeake Bay. Wharton Creek rises in the town of Richfield and flows southwest through the towns of Plainfield, Exeter, Burlington, Edmeston, and Pittsfield, where it empties into the Unadilla River at the village of New Berlin.

text:
# Wharton Creek (Unadilla River tributary)

**Wharton Creek** is a 36.1-mile-long (58.1 km) tributary of the Unadilla River in western Otsego County, in the state of New York. Via the Unadilla River, it is part of the Susquehanna River watershed, flowing to Chesapeake Bay.

Wharton Creek rises in the town of Richfield and flows southwest through the towns of Plainfield, Exeter, Burlington, Edmeston, and Pittsfield, where it empties into the Unadilla River at the village of New Berlin.

## Tributaries

**Fly Brook** converges with Wharton Creek south of Burlington Flats. **Dundee Brook** converges with Wharton Creek north-northeast of Burlington Flats.

## InfoBox

| Wharton Creek | |
| --- | --- |
| Wherton Creek upstream of County Route 23 | |
| Location of the mouth of Wharton CreekWharton Creek (Unadilla River tributary) (the United States) | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| Region | Central New York |
| County | Otsego |
| Towns | Richfield, Plainfield, Exeter, Burlington, Edmeston, Pittsfield |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth | Unadilla River |
| location | New Berlin |
| coordinates | 42°37′06″N 75°19′40″W / 42.6182°N 75.3279°W / 42.6182; -75.3279 |
| Length | 36.1 mi (58.1 km) |
| Basin size | 92.4 sq mi (239 km2) |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | Wharton Creek → Unadilla River → Susquehanna RiverChesapeake BayAtlantic Ocean |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | Fly Brook, Dundee Brook |
| right | Mill Creek |


title: Vokesimurex coulsoni

abstract: Vokesimurex coulsoni is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

text:
# Vokesimurex coulsoni

***Vokesimurex coulsoni*** is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 24.3 mm, its diameter 15.6 mm.

The small shell has strongly inflated whorls, separated by a deep suture. The aperture is small, ovate with a thin, erect peristome that is crenulated to form the outer lip that is conspicuously dentate within. The inner lip has a smooth margin but shows internally several rounded denticles anteriorly. Posteriorly, the peristome bears a shallow notch, anteriorly, it is extended as a narrow siphonal canal that is almost completely roofed over. Each whorl has three prominent varices which, on the body whorl, converge to the base of the anterior canal. The varices of the body whorl are aligned with those of earlier whorls. Two to four axial ribs are present between each two varices. The varices and ribs are overridden by alternating primary and secondary spirals, the primary spirals, on some specimens, being extended as short spines.

## Distribution

Fossils of this marine species were found in Pliocene and late Miocene strata off Fiji.

The Fijian fossils are closely related to † *Vokesimurex multiplicatus bantamensis* (K. Martin, 1895) and may be identical with that species, known from the Neogene of Java (Martin, 1895, p. 126, pi. 19, figs. 288–290) and of North Borneo (Cox, 1948, p. 43, pi. 4, fig. 4a-c) and the Pliocene of Timor (Tesch, 1915, p. 63, pi. 81, fig. 140).

## InfoBox

| *Vokesimurex coulsoni* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Vokesimurex coulsoni* (holotype) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Subfamily: | Muricinae |
| Genus: | *Vokesimurex* |
| Species: | ***V. coulsoni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Vokesimurex coulsoni***<br>(Ladd, 1977) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Murex (Murex) bantamensis coulsoni* Ladd, 1977 · | |


title: Seten, Zara

abstract: Seten is a village in the Zara District of Sivas Province in Turkey. It is populated by Kurds and had a population of 19 in 2023.

text:
# Seten, Zara

**Seten** is a village in the Zara District of Sivas Province in Turkey. It is populated by Kurds and had a population of 19 in 2023.

## InfoBox

| Seten | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| SetenLocation in TurkeySetenSeten (Turkey Central Anatolia) | |
| Coordinates: 39°45′32″N 37°56′38″E / 39.759°N 37.944°E / 39.759; 37.944 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Sivas |
| District | Zara |
| Population (2023) | 19 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Seticosta retearia

abstract: Seticosta retearia is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Loja Province, Ecuador. The wingspan is 18 mm.

text:
# Seticosta retearia

***Seticosta retearia*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Loja Province, Ecuador.

The wingspan is 18 mm.

## InfoBox

| *Seticosta retearia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Seticosta* |
| Species: | ***S. retearia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Seticosta retearia***<br>Razowski & Pelz, 2004 | |
|


title: Seticosta senecta

abstract: Seticosta senecta is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Paraná, Brazil.

text:
# Seticosta senecta

***Seticosta senecta*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Paraná, Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Seticosta senecta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Seticosta* |
| Species: | ***S. senecta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Seticosta senecta***<br>Razowski & Becker, 1999 | |
|


title: Sezer Şener Komsuoğlu

abstract: Sezer Şener Komsuoğlu is a Turkish neurologist. She was the rector of Kocaeli University between 2006 and 2014.

text:
# Sezer Şener Komsuoğlu

**Sezer Şener Komsuoğlu** (born 1949) is a Turkish neurologist. She was the rector of Kocaeli University between 2006 and 2014.

## Biography

Komsuoğlu was born in 1949 in Trabzon. She graduated from the Atatürk Girls' High School and studied medicine at Atatürk University, graduating in 1974. She specialised in neurology at Ankara University and Hacettepe University between 1974 and 1978 and completed her PhD at the University of Birmingham in 1981. She helped with the foundation of the Karadeniz Technical University Faculty of Medicine and was the Educational Coordinator of Neurology between 1982 and 1992. She became a docent in 1982 and a professor in 1988. In 1995, she moved to Kocaeli to help the establishment of the new medical faculty there and became the head of neurology and internal medicine. She was chosen as the rector of the university in 2006.

Komsuoğlu's principal areas of research are epilepsy and electroencephalography, but she has also undertaken research about action potentials. She has written 44 articles published in journals listed in the Science Citation Index, including publications in the *European Heart Journal* and *European Journal of Neurology*. She has 63 other articles published in scientific journals.

She was married to Baki Komsuoğlu, the rector of Kocaeli University before her.


title: Sexsational (Tom Malar album)

abstract: Sexsational is the debut album by Czech R&B singer Tom Malar.

text:
# Sexsational (Tom Malar album)

***Sexsational*** is the debut album by Czech R&B singer Tom Malar.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Sexsational" | Michael Jay, Sevon Daze |  |
| 2. | "Always Be My Angel" |  |  |
| 3. | "Closer" |  |  |
| 4. | "Flipside" |  |  |
| 5. | "Twist It Up" | Michael Jay, Marco Rakascan |  |
| 6. | "Country Girl" |  |  |
| 7. | "Hard Core" |  |  |
| 8. | "Wish You Were Here" |  |  |
| 9. | "You Remind Me Of Something" | R. Kelly, Barry Hankerson |  |
| 10. | "If Last Night Was Our Last Night" | Oji Pierce, Michael Jay |  |
| 11. | "She Wasn't Your Girlfriend Last Night" |  |  |
| 12. | "Gravitate" | Jorge Corante, Scott Krippayne |  |

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| musicserver.cz |  |
| muzikus.cz |  |

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Sexsational | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Tom Malar | |
| Released | October 2005 |
| Genre | R&B, soul, hip hop |
| Length | 46:44 |
| Label | EMP |
| Producer | Ludek Malar |
| Tom Malar chronology | |
| ***Sexsational***
(2005) *MALAR&B*
(2012) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Sexsational* | |
| 1. "Sexsational"
Released: May 2004 2. "Twist It Up"
Released: September 2004 3. "If Last Night Was Our Last Night"
Released: February 2005 4. "You Remind Me Of Something"
Released: May 2005 5. "Gravitate"
Released: August 2005 | |
|  | |


title: Seth Harp

abstract: Seth Harp is an American politician who served in the Georgia State Senate from 2001 to 2011. Harp was a delegate of the Republican National Convention in 2000. Harp got a Bachelor of Pharmacy at Auburn University and a Doctor of Law from Mercer University. Harp served as a Captain of the United States Marine Corps and as an Assistant Staff Judge Advocate for the United States Naval Forces. Harp is currently a practicing Methodist. Harp is a member of the National Rifle Association of America.

text:
# Seth Harp

**Seth Harp** (born February 26, 1943) is an American politician who served in the Georgia State Senate from 2001 to 2011. Harp was a delegate of the Republican National Convention in 2000. Harp got a Bachelor of Pharmacy at Auburn University and a Doctor of Law from Mercer University. Harp served as a Captain of the United States Marine Corps and as an Assistant Staff Judge Advocate for the United States Naval Forces. Harp is currently a practicing Methodist. Harp is a member of the National Rifle Association of America.

## InfoBox

| Seth Harp | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Georgia State Senate from the 29th district | |
| **In office**
January 10, 2005  January 10, 2011 | |
| Preceded by | Dan Lee |
| Succeeded by | Joshua McKoon |
| Member of the Georgia State Senate from the 16th district | |
| **In office**
January 8, 2001  January 10, 2005 | |
| Preceded by | Clay D. Land |
| Succeeded by | Ronnie Chance |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1943-02-26) February 26, 1943
Monticello, Arkansas |
| Political party | Republican |
|  | |


title: Sept-Saulx

abstract: Sept-Saulx is a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France.

text:
# Sept-Saulx

**Sept-Saulx** (French pronunciation: \[sɛt so\]) is a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France.

## InfoBox

| Sept-Saulx | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Sept-Saulx | |
|  | |
| Location of Sept-Saulx | |
| Sept-SaulxSept-Saulx | |
| Coordinates: 49°09′00″N 4°15′15″E / 49.15°N 4.2542°E / 49.15; 4.2542 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Marne |
| Arrondissement | Reims |
| Canton | Mourmelon-Vesle et Monts de Champagne |
| Intercommunality | CU Grand Reims |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Valérie Chaumet |
| Area**1** | 18.3 km2 (7.1 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 686 |
| Density | 37/km2 (97/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 51530 /51400 |
| Elevation | 91–151 m (299–495 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Seth et Holth

abstract: Seth et Holth is a Japanese film released on September 29, 1993, best noted for starring musicians hide and Tusk. The film is based on an original short story by hide and features the tragic plot of two beings from a different plane of existence coming to earth, specifically Tokyo, and being overwhelmed by the city' sensory overload. The two communicate through swapping blood, and are persecuted and executed.

text:
# Seth et Holth

***Seth et Holth*** is a Japanese film released on September 29, 1993, best noted for starring musicians hide and Tusk. The film is based on an original short story by hide and features the tragic plot of two beings from a different plane of existence coming to earth, specifically Tokyo, and being overwhelmed by the city' sensory overload. The two communicate through swapping blood, and are persecuted and executed.

## Plot

In the sphere of Athum there once lived two beautiful angels by the names of Seth and Holth. Seth was gentle, kind, and anxious one; Holth was strong, determined, and bold. They lived in peace in the sphere of Athum for eternity, since there is no time, nor age, nor decay in this world. The waters flow uphill and time is irrelevant. Athum takes all and creates everything, for eternity. The angels Seth and Holth lived there undisturbed forever. They made love by their eyes, tasting their tears, they spoke to each other by their blood. They slept in Athum's womb not knowing of any evil, plight or fear. No worry, no pain ever harmed them... and they could have gone on like this forever, if not one day bold Holth had started to ask questions... questions about other worlds, other beings, questions about life and death.

He tried to force Athum to tell him but instead for an answer the angels Seth and Holth were banished to planet Earth, thrown into the harshness of light, noise and madness. They woke up from their eternal dream to find themselves reborn to a world full of questions; hectic and evil. Not knowing what to do, only trying to get home again, home to Athum, home to peace.

Hunted down by humans who did not understand, nor ever loved, Seth and Holth were sacrificed and murdered. Seeing their plight in the human world Athum pitied them and allowed them to return home, but home was not the same anymore. They had seen too much, heard too much, felt too much in the human world. They lost their innocence and their faith, they could ignore the questions no longer.

## Cast

### Names

Seth or Set is an Egyptian god. Holth may be Horus, if pronounced as the Japanese would, but with wrong romanization. Using foreign, "exotic" mythologies is common in Japanese pop culture.

## Credits

* Planning and basic conception: hide and Tusk
* Music composition: hide
* Lyrics & vocals: Tusk
* Producer/Script: Hideaki Utsumi (*Fool's Mate*)
* Co-producer: Takahiro Ishii (*Fool's Mate*)

## Soundtrack

1. "Eyes"
2. "Descent to Earth"
3. "Crosses Everywhere"
4. "The Church"
5. "Running ~Persecution"
6. "Sacrifice ~Death"
7. "Ending Theme ~Music Box"

## InfoBox

| Seth et Holth | |
| --- | --- |
| VHS cover | |
| Written by | Hideaki Utsumi
hide (original story) |
| Produced by | Hideaki Utsumi |
| Starring | hide
Tusk |
| Music by | hide
Tusk |
| Distributed by | King Video |
| Release date | * September 29, 1993 (1993-09-29) |
| Running time | 45 minutes |
| Country | Japan |
| Language | Japanese |


title: Sečevo

abstract: Sečevo is a village in the municipality of Travnik, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

text:
# Sečevo

**Sečevo** is a village in the municipality of Travnik, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 141.

Ethnicity in 2013
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Croats | 97 | 68.8% |
| Bosniaks | 33 | 23.4% |
| other/undeclared | 11 | 7.8% |
| **Total** | **141** | **100%** |

## InfoBox

| Sečevo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Sečevo | |
| Coordinates: 44°15′18″N 17°33′56″E / 44.2550327°N 17.5654602°E / 44.2550327; 17.5654602 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Canton | Central Bosnia |
| Municipality | Travnik |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.25 sq mi (8.41 km2) |
| Population (2013) | |
| Total | 141 |
| Density | 43/sq mi (17/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Serendipity (Walt Dickerson album)

abstract: Serendipity is a live album recorded by composer and vibraphonist Walt Dickerson in Philadelphia in 1976 for the SteepleChase label.

text:
# Serendipity (Walt Dickerson album)

***Serendipity*** is a live album recorded by composer and vibraphonist Walt Dickerson in Philadelphia in 1976 for the SteepleChase label.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Allmusic* |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* |  |

Allmusic reviewer Stewart Mason said "*Serendipity* is a stunner for fans of Dickerson's more out-there sets".

## Track listing

*All compositions by Walt Dickerson*

1. "My Prayer" - 5:34
2. "Magnificent Glimps" - 14:55
3. "Serendipity" - 10:48
4. "This Way, Please" - 13:53
5. "Inner View" - 14:51 Bonus track on CD reissue

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Serendipity | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Walt Dickerson Trio | |
| Released | 1977 |
| Recorded | August 11, 1976
Players Palace, Philadelphia, PA |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 60:01 |
| Label | SteepleChase
SCS 1070 |
| Producer | Nils Winther |
| Walt Dickerson chronology | |
| *Walt Dickerson 1976*
(1976) ***Serendipity***
(1977) *Divine Gemini*
(1977) | |


title: Serendipitia

abstract: Serendipitia is a monotypic moth genus in the family Autostichidae first described by László Anthony Gozmány in 2008. Its single species, Serendipitia sakuntala, described by the same author in the same year, is found in Afghanistan.

text:
# Serendipitia

***Serendipitia*** is a monotypic moth genus in the family Autostichidae first described by László Anthony Gozmány in 2008. Its single species, ***Serendipitia sakuntala***, described by the same author in the same year, is found in Afghanistan.

## InfoBox

| *Serendipitia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Autostichidae |
| Genus: | ***Serendipitia***
Gozmány, 2008 |
| Species: | ***S. sakuntala*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Serendipitia sakuntala***
Gozmány, 2008 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Serendipitia sacuntala* | |


title: Sergio Cortopassi

abstract: Sergio Cortopassi is an Italian politician. He was a member of the Italian Socialist Party and was elected Mayor of Pisa on 16 July 1990. He resigned and left his office on 1 September 1994.

text:
# Sergio Cortopassi

**Sergio Cortopassi** (born 7 May 1946 in San Miniato) is an Italian politician.

He was a member of the Italian Socialist Party and was elected Mayor of Pisa on 16 July 1990. He resigned and left his office on 1 September 1994.

## InfoBox

| Sergio Cortopassi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mayor of Pisa | |
| **In office**
16 July 1990  1 September 1994 | |
| Preceded by | Giacomino Granchi |
| Succeeded by | Piero Floriani |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1946-05-07) 7 May 1946
San Miniato, Tuscany, Italy |
| Political party | Italian Socialist Party |
| Profession | employee |
|  | |


title: Seymour Shapiro

abstract:
Seymour Lester Shapiro was an organic chemist best known for his pioneering work on a class of drugs used to treat symptoms of adult-onset diabetes. Phenformin was marketed under the name "DBI" until it was taken off the market after being linked to increased incidence of lactic acidosis, a potentially fatal condition. Shapiro was born in New York City, New York, on October 1, 1916. After graduation at age 14 from the storied Abraham Lincoln High School in 1931, he entered Brooklyn College where he majored in Chemistry and received the degree of Bachelor of Science in June 1935 at the age of 19. In 1934 while a junior in Brooklyn College, he tied for first place in a citywide contest in handling difficult problems of calculus. He completed the degree of Master of Science in June 1937 at Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, New York. His thesis, "Equimolecular Condensation of Aldehydes with Phenols" was published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS) in 1937. During the period 1936 - 41, Shapiro was employed in the Railway Mail Service and as a quantitative organic microanalyst at Van Ameringen-Haebler in Elizabeth, NJ. In July, 1941 he entered the United States Army. His initial tour within the United States included an assignment covered by Time magazine. During this period he was assigned the task of making injectable poison ivy extract for use in treatment of poison ivy infections. While it proved quite successful on the troops, Shapiro himself developed an extreme sensitivity to the extract and the ivy plant itself. He was then assigned as Toxicologist in the 15th Medical General Laboratory and then as Chemist of the Board for the Study of the Severely Wounded, Mediterranean Theater of Operations. The findings of this group were published in the book entitled, "The Physiologic Effects of Wounds." As an additional outgrowth of this work, Shapiro published "A Suggested Simplification of Blood Volume Analysis Using the Dye T 1824," For his work on this Board, Shapiro was awarded the Bronze Star Medal. He was discharged from the army in 1946 with the rank of Major. Following his military service, Shapiro became Director of the Biological Laboratory, Arlington Chemical Co., Yonkers, New York, and, in January 1952, was assigned as Assistant Director, Organic Research, US Vitamin Corp., Yonkers, New York. His work there drew attention from "The Talk of the Town" section of The New Yorker. The work for Shapiro's doctoral thesis, "Reaction of Phenyl Biguanide with Esters and Related Compounds", published in JACS in 1954, was performed at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn and in the laboratories of the Arlington Chemical Co. and US Vitamin Corp. under the direction of Prof. Charles G. Overberger. His work there led to the development of DBI.
  - "Developments in triazine chemistry continued in our laboratories under the direction of Shapiro...We selected betaphenyl ethyl triazine as the product to be studied for its diuretic properties. Pharmacological and toxicological studies having been completed, we were about to start clinical trials - when Lederle's Diamox broke into the market. It was obvious to us that Diamox was superior to our triazine compound and we wisely shelved the product. This left us with a fairly large stock of betaphenetheylbiguanide. We had for some time considered investigating the hypoglycemic properties of our biguanide compounds... Of the more than 260 biguanide compounds derivatized on the 1 and 1,5 nitrogens, it is unusual that of the 6 to 8 compounds found to be safe and pharmacologically active as oral hypoglycemic agents we found the very first, the betaphenethyl derivative, proved to be the most effective. The compound, with the generic name Phenformin was, after exhaustive clinical evaluation, finally chosen. After approval by the FDA, it was introduced in 1958 to the medical profession under the trade name DBI, about one year after the introduction of tolbutamide, the first sulfonylurea oral antidiabetic drug marketed in the US. DBI, after a modest start, has in ten years since its introduction become the second best selling oral antidiabetic drug in the United States and abroad." Shapiro was the author or co-author of 70 articles in scientific journals specializing in organic and pharmaceutical chemistry. The subject range included blood chemistry, anesthetics, androgens, biguanides, diuretics, indanols, indandiones, triazines and others. A total of 76 patents bear his name as inventor or co-inventor, all on subjects related to organic and pharmaceutical chemistry. In an ironic turn, after a successful career in the field of hypoglycemic and blood chemistry, he fell victim to diabetes and leukemia. After a protracted illness he died on December 9, 1961, at 45 years of age. In 1962, the Seymour L. Shapiro Award in Organic Chemistry was established at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. The award is given as merited to an outstanding graduate in Organic Chemistry. Shapiro was posthumously awarded the Freedman Patent Award from the American Institute of Chemists in 1968. Shapiro married Florence Susan Mintz in 1951, and had two sons, Mitchell and Saul Shapiro.

text:
# Seymour Shapiro

**Seymour Lester Shapiro** (1916 - 1961) was an organic chemist best known for his pioneering work on a class of drugs used to treat symptoms of adult-onset diabetes. Phenformin was marketed under the name "DBI" until it was taken off the market after being linked to increased incidence of lactic acidosis, a potentially fatal condition.

Shapiro was born in New York City, New York, on October 1, 1916. After graduation at age 14 from the storied Abraham Lincoln High School (Brooklyn, New York) in 1931, he entered Brooklyn College where he majored in Chemistry and received the degree of Bachelor of Science in June 1935 at the age of 19. In 1934 while a junior in Brooklyn College, he tied for first place in a citywide contest in handling difficult problems of calculus. He completed the degree of Master of Science in June 1937 at Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute (now part of New York University), New York. His thesis, "Equimolecular Condensation of Aldehydes with Phenols" was published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS) in 1937.

During the period 1936 - 41, Shapiro was employed in the Railway Mail Service and as a quantitative organic microanalyst at Van Ameringen-Haebler in Elizabeth, NJ (later part of International Flavors & Fragrances). In July, 1941 he entered the United States Army.

His initial tour within the United States included an assignment covered by *Time* magazine. During this period he was assigned the task of making injectable poison ivy extract for use in treatment of poison ivy infections. While it proved quite successful on the troops, Shapiro himself developed an extreme sensitivity to the extract and the ivy plant itself.

He was then assigned as Toxicologist in the 15th Medical General Laboratory and then as Chemist of the Board for the Study of the Severely Wounded, Mediterranean Theater of Operations. The findings of this group were published in the book entitled, "The Physiologic Effects of Wounds." As an additional outgrowth of this work, Shapiro published "A Suggested Simplification of Blood Volume Analysis Using the Dye T 1824,"

For his work on this Board, Shapiro was awarded the Bronze Star Medal. He was discharged from the army in 1946 with the rank of Major.

Following his military service, Shapiro became Director of the Biological Laboratory, Arlington Chemical Co., Yonkers, New York, and, in January 1952, was assigned as Assistant Director, Organic Research, US Vitamin Corp., Yonkers, New York. His work there drew attention from "The Talk of the Town" section of *The New Yorker*.

The work for Shapiro's doctoral thesis, "Reaction of Phenyl Biguanide with Esters and Related Compounds", published in JACS in 1954, was performed at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn and in the laboratories of the Arlington Chemical Co. and US Vitamin Corp. under the direction of Prof. Charles G. Overberger. His work there led to the development of DBI.

"Developments in triazine chemistry continued in our laboratories under the direction of Shapiro...We selected betaphenyl ethyl triazine as the product to be studied for its diuretic properties. Pharmacological and toxicological studies having been completed, we were about to start clinical trials - when Lederle's Diamox broke into the market. It was obvious to us that Diamox was superior to our triazine compound and we wisely shelved the product. This left us with a fairly large stock of betaphenetheylbiguanide. We had for some time considered investigating the hypoglycemic properties of our biguanide compounds... Of the more than 260 biguanide compounds derivatized on the 1 and 1,5 nitrogens, it is unusual that of the 6 to 8 compounds found to be safe and pharmacologically active as oral hypoglycemic agents we found the very first, the betaphenethyl derivative, proved to be the most effective. The compound, with the generic name Phenformin was, after exhaustive clinical evaluation, finally chosen. After approval by the FDA, it was introduced in 1958 to the medical profession under the trade name DBI, about one year after the introduction of tolbutamide, the first sulfonylurea oral antidiabetic drug marketed in the US. DBI, after a modest start, has in ten years since its introduction become the second best selling oral antidiabetic drug in the United States and abroad."

Shapiro was the author or co-author of 70 articles in scientific journals specializing in organic and pharmaceutical chemistry. The subject range included blood chemistry, anesthetics, androgens, biguanides, diuretics, indanols, indandiones, triazines and others. A total of 76 patents bear his name as inventor or co-inventor, all on subjects related to organic and pharmaceutical chemistry.

In an ironic turn, after a successful career in the field of hypoglycemic and blood chemistry, he fell victim to diabetes (Type 1, against which DBI was not effective) and leukemia. After a protracted illness he died on December 9, 1961, at 45 years of age. In 1962, the Seymour L. Shapiro Award in Organic Chemistry was established at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. The award is given as merited to an outstanding graduate in Organic Chemistry. Shapiro was posthumously awarded the Freedman Patent Award from the American Institute of Chemists in 1968.

Shapiro married Florence Susan Mintz in 1951, and had two sons, Mitchell and Saul Shapiro.


title: Sevasadanam

abstract: Sevasadanam is a 1938 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by K. Subrahmanyam. It is one of the early Tamil films to be set in a contemporary social setting and to advocate reformist social policies. This was the first film for M. S. Subbulakshmi and the Tamil debut of Telugu actress S. Varalakshmi.

text:
# Sevasadanam

***Sevasadanam*** (transl.House of Service) is a 1938 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by K. Subrahmanyam. It is one of the early Tamil films to be set in a contemporary social setting and to advocate reformist social policies. This was the first film for M. S. Subbulakshmi and the Tamil debut of Telugu actress S. Varalakshmi.

## Plot

An abused wife Sumathi (M. S. Subbulakshmi) is driven out of her house by husband and later forced into prostitution. Later she reforms her ways and devotes her life to running an institution for the children of prostitutes.

## Production

After the success of *Balayogini* (1937), director Subramanyam was encouraged to make more socially oriented films. In 1938 he decided to make a film version of Premchand's novel *Bazaar-e-Husn* and bought the rights for 4,000 (worth 72 lakh in 2021 prices). While *Balayogini* was about the travails of widows, *Sevasadanam* dealt with domestic abuse, prostitution and women's liberation. Subramanyam wrote the screenplay himself and made the film under his Madras United Artists Corporation Banner. The completed film was 18,900 feet in length with a run time of 210 minutes.

## Cast

## Reception

*Sevasadanam* was released on 2 May 1938. It was a critical and commercial success. Ananda Vikatan favourably reviewed the film on 8 May 1938:

> We should always expect somethings from Subramaniam's direction – for instance depiction of social ills.. If we have to say only two words about this talkie based on Premchand's story it is – Go see (it).

As was the case with *Balayogini*, conservative Hindus were upset with *Sevasadanam*.

The veteran Marxist leader N. Sankaraiah, has described Seva Sadhanam as an "unusual film" for choosing the subject of marriages between young girls and old men (which had social sanction). According to him, the film successfully broughout the "sufferings of the girl" and the "mental agony of the aged husband". Sankariah particularly appreciated Natesa Iyer's performance in the role of the old man, which he said " was impressive". Tamil film critic and historian Aranthai Narayanan observes in his book *Thamizh Cinemavin Kathai* (The Story of Tamil Cinema) that "Seva Sadhanam proved a turning point in the history of Tamil cinema. In the climax, the aged husband, now a totally changed man, was shown as casting aside with utter contempt his \`sacred thread', which symbolises his Brahmin superiority. It came as a stunning blow to the then Brahmin orthodoxy."

## Availability

No print of *Sevasadanam* is known to survive, making it a lost film. While K. Subrahmanyam's family only have a few surviving photographs related to the film in their possession, the complete set of 78 rpm gramophone records in their original envelopes has survived in the collection of musicologist V. A. K. Ranga Rao in Chennai.

## InfoBox

| Sevasadanam | |
| --- | --- |
| Poster | |
|  | |
| Tamil | *சேவாசதனம்* |
|  | |
| Directed by | K. Subrahmanyam |
| Written by | Premchand
K. Subramanyam |
| Produced by | K. Subrahmanyam |
| Starring | M. S. Subbulakshmi
F. G. Natesa Iyer
S. G. Pattu Iyer
S. Varalakshmi |
| Cinematography | Sailen Bose
Ellappa
Rama Rao |
| Edited by | Dharam Veer Singh |
| Music by | Papanasam Sivan |
| Release date | * 2 May 1938 (1938-05-02) |
| Running time | 210 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |


title: Shaaticup

abstract: Shaaticup is a Bangladeshi crime drama streaming television series directed by Mohammad Touqir Islam. The eight-episode series was released on 13 January 2022 on Chorki.

text:
# Shaaticup

***Shaaticup*** (Bengali: **শাটিকাপ**) is a Bangladeshi crime drama streaming television series directed by Mohammad Touqir Islam. The eight-episode series was released on 13 January 2022 on Chorki.

## Premise

Hannan and Joynal plan to invade drug lord Sohel's monopoly kingdom. Sohel assigns Uttam, the most influential Investigation Officer in the area, to capture Hannan and Joynal. Several complex moves come one after another in this SnakeLudo game. Who will win this game? Drug lord, new traders, cunning officer, or anyone beyond imagination?

## Cast

* Ahsabul Yamin Riad as Joynal
* Omar Masum as Babu
* Amit Rudra as Uttam Kumar
* Najmus Saaqib as Hannan
* Sajia Khanom as Tuli (Babu's wife)
* Galib Sarder as Shohel Bhai
* Wasikul Islam Romit as Liakot Ali
* Mahinur Rahman Khan as Asad
* Mehdi Hasan Rumie as Kazi Maruf
* Akash bin Osama as Mizu Dakat
* Rifat Bin Sajid as Faju
* Kazi Sushmin Afsana as Lisa Aarzoomand
* Shiblee Noman as Habibul Bashar

## Production

Principal photography has taken place in different locations of Rajshahi, Bangladesh from October 2020 to August 2021.

## Release

*Shaaticup* aired on Chorki on 13 January 2022. A premiere screening was held in Rajshahi at District Council Auditorium on the same day.

## Episodes

| No. | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original release date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Paaper Shuru" | Mohammad Touqir Islam | Mohammad Touqir Islam | 13 January 2022 (2022-01-13) |
| 2 | "Khidirbidir" | Mohammad Touqir Islam | Mohammad Touqir Islam | 13 January 2022 (2022-01-13) |
| 3 | "Vyatam" | Mohammad Touqir Islam | Mohammad Touqir Islam | 13 January 2022 (2022-01-13) |
| 4 | "Vyantara" | Mohammad Touqir Islam | Mohammad Touqir Islam | 13 January 2022 (2022-01-13) |
| 5 | "Hasher Pyach" | Mohammad Touqir Islam | Mohammad Touqir Islam | 13 January 2022 (2022-01-13) |
| 6 | "Velki" | Mohammad Touqir Islam | Mohammad Touqir Islam | 13 January 2022 (2022-01-13) |
| 7 | "Le Ghire Le" | Mohammad Touqir Islam | Mohammad Touqir Islam | 13 January 2022 (2022-01-13) |
| 8 | "Mathar Opor Saap, Baap re Baap!" | Mohammad Touqir Islam | Mohammad Touqir Islam | 13 January 2022 (2022-01-13) |

## Reception

Shadique Mahbub Islam of *The Financial Express* praised the series, commenting, "The series has retained its local flavour in its dialogues and character development, so much so that it feels like an authentic visual experience of the city, the char, the Padma river".

Shankhayan Ghosh wrote in Film Companion, *"Shaaticup* is making a splash in Bangladesh, being talked about for the raw authenticity it brings to the screen and its eye for local details."

## InfoBox

| *Shaaticup* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Bengali | *শাটিকাপ* |
|  | |
| Genre | Crime drama |
| Screenplay by | * Mohammad Touqir Islam * Omar Masum * Ahsabul Yamin Riad * Khalid Saifullah Saif |
| Story by | Mohammad Touqir Islam |
| Directed by | Mohammad Touqir Islam |
| Theme music composer | Nabarun Bose |
| Composer | Nabarun Bose |
| Country of origin | Bangladesh |
| Original language | Bengali |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 8 |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Amit Rudra |
| Producer | Redoan Rony |
| Production locations | Rajshahi, Bangladesh |
| Cinematography | Mohammad Touqir Islam |
| Editor | Saleh Sobhan Auneem |
| Camera setup | Multi-camera |
| Running time | 19-23 minutes |
| Production company | Footprint Film Production |
| Original release | |
| Network | Chorki |
| Release | 13 January 2022 (2022-01-13) |


title: Shaari Zedek Synagogue

abstract: St. Leonard's Anglican Church, previously known as Shaari Zedek Synagogue and Congregation Achavat Achim, is a historic synagogue and church building at 767 Putnam Ave. in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, New York. Built in 1909–1910, the building served as a synagogue until 1944, when it was bought by an Afro-Caribbean church in the Anglican tradition. The church has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2009 under the name "Shaari Zedek Synagogue", although it has been a church for significantly longer than it was a synagogue.

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# Shaari Zedek Synagogue

**St. Leonard's Anglican Church**, previously known as **Shaari Zedek Synagogue** and **Congregation Achavat Achim**, is a historic synagogue and church building at 767 Putnam Ave. in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, New York. Built in 1909–1910, the building served as a synagogue until 1944, when it was bought by an Afro-Caribbean church in the Anglican tradition. The church has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2009 under the name "Shaari Zedek Synagogue", although it has been a church for significantly longer than it was a synagogue.

## History

### Use as a synagogue (1910–1944)

The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw a substantial influx of Eastern European Jewish immigrants in Bedford-Stuyvesant. In 1902, new residents of Stuyvesant Heights who were members of Congregation Shaare Zedek of New York organized a new English-speaking synagogue by the same name. The synagogue was self-described as "conservative", blending Orthodoxy and Reform Judaism, with men and women sitting together and men wearing hats but prayer shawls being optional. Its first building was located on Quincy Street, but in 1909, the congregation commissioned Eugene Schoen to design a building at 767 Putnam Avenue.

The new building was dedicated on September 25, 1910. However, Shaari Zedek's growth continued, becoming New York City's largest Conservative synagogue. In 1924, the synagogue left Putnam Avenue for a new and larger building at Kingston Avenue and Park Place in Brooklyn. The new facility—which Shaari Zedek occupied until 1969 and is now a black church—included space for Shabbat services, Sunday school, a dance hall and a gymnasium. President Calvin Coolidge participated in the dedication by pushing a button at the White House that caused the new building's electric lights to illuminate.

In 1924, Shaari Zedek sold its building to an older Conservative Brooklyn synagogue named **Achavat Achim**, a branch of Brooklyn's first synagogue, Beth Elohim. Achavat Achim owned the building until 1944, when—amid demographic changes in Bedford-Stuyvesant that saw it become heavily African-American—it sold the building to an Afro-Caribbean church in the Anglican tradition named St. Leonard's.

### Use by St. Leonard's (1944–present)

St. Leonard's was founded by a couple dozen Afro-Caribbean immigrants—primarily Barbadians but also Antiguans and Trinidadians—in Brooklyn in 1936. “St Leonard’s was formed mainly by Barbadians who were Anglicans but who weren’t welcome by the Episcopal Church. It was systemic racism at work," according to longtime St. Leonard's rector Trevor Bentley. The congregation eventually became part of the Afro-American Orthodox Church, not aligned with the Anglican Communion, under the leadership of Archbishop Donald M. Forster, who was a founding member of St. Leonard's and its rector from 1950 until his death in 1975.

At some point after Forster's death, the intercommunion with the Afro-American Orthodox Church ended. St. Leonard's later joined the Convocation of Anglicans in North America and, through it, the Anglican Church in North America.

## Architecture

According to the National Register of Historic Places nomination form, \[w\]hile St. Leonard’s Church made a few modifications to the former synagogue after acquiring it in 1944, the building retains integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association."

### Exterior

From Putnam Street, St. Leonard's appears as a two-story building faced in brick with trim in cast stone. The design combines classical motifs with abstract geometric patterns of rectangles, squares and diamonds. On the first story, a wide central double door is flanked on each side by a single door separated by pilasters supporting an attic and architrave. Three identical tall, arched stained-glass windows sit directly above the entrance, linked as an arcade by cast stone capitals. The full façade has a large pilaster on either site, above which is an entablature and frieze. An original cast stone pediment has been removed from above the entablature and replaced with stucco. The plain eastern side, facing an accessibility ramp, features five bays with tall arched windows to the sanctuary's balcony.

### Interior

Inside the main entrance is a shallow vestibule. Five arches divide the vestibule into five bays, with three entrances to the sanctuary in the three middle bays. The mosaic floors include a Star of David inscribed in the center. The sanctuary is framed by a series of rounded arches stretching side-to-side, suggesting a barrel vault. At the end of the sanctuary, an ornamental arch frames a recessed area that housed the ark when the building was a synagogue. Roundels on this arch with abstract ornamentation have been redecorated with Christian symbols. The altar is located in this recessed area on a platform surmounted by a pipe organ.

On each side, the sanctuary is divided by the arches into five bays, each with a tall round-arched stained glass window. A balcony rings the sanctuary on three sides. The sanctuary is illuminated by an original metal chandelier adorned with Star of David motifs. A social hall and kitchen is located in the basement.

## Churchmanship

As of the 2010s, St. Leonard's remained strongly influenced by Barbadian Anglicanism and followed high church practices.

Media related to St. Leonard's Anglican Church at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| St. Leonard's Anglican Church | |
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| Location | Brooklyn, New York |
| Country | United States |
| Denomination | Anglican Church in North America |
| Website | www.stleonardsbrooklyn.org |
| History | |
| Status |  |
| Founded | 1936 |
| Administration | |
| Diocese | Living Word |
| Clergy | |
| Priest(s) | The Rev. Mark Kiesel |
| Archdeacon | The Ven. Samuel Orimogunje |
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| Shaari Zedek Synagogue | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
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| Location | 767 Putnam Avenue, Brooklyn, New York |
| Coordinates | 40°41′11.19″N 73°55′51.24″W / 40.6864417°N 73.9309000°W / 40.6864417; -73.9309000 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1909 |
| Architect | Eugene Schoen |
| Architectural style | Neoclassical |
| NRHP reference No. | 09000968 |
| Added to NRHP | December 4, 2009 |
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