abstract: Shippen Township is a township in Cameron County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,922 at the 2020 census. The borough of Emporium, the county seat, lies enclaved within the eastern part of the township, but is not part of it.

text:
# Shippen Township, Cameron County, Pennsylvania

**Shippen Township** is a township in Cameron County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,922 at the 2020 census. The borough of Emporium, the county seat, lies enclaved within the eastern part of the township, but is not part of it.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 157.0 square miles (406.6 km2), of which 156.6 square miles (405.7 km2) is land and 0.39 square miles (1.0 km2), or 0.24%, is water. It is the largest township in Pennsylvania, somewhat larger than the next largest, Rush Township in Centre County and Jones Township in Elk County. Its size is greater than that of Pennsylvania's two smallest counties, Montour and Philadelphia.

Shippen Township is bordered by McKean County to the north, Portage Township to the east, Lumber Township to the east and south and Elk County to the south and west.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | 2,495 |  |  |
| 2010 | 2,232 |  | −10.5% |
| 2020 | 1,922 |  | −13.9% |
| 2021 (est.) | 1,884 |  | −2.0% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,495 people, 989 households, and 725 families residing in the township. The population density was 15.9 people per square mile (6.1/km2). There were 1,458 housing units at an average density of 9.3/sq mi (3.6/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 99.48% White, 0.08% African American, 0.12% Asian, and 0.32% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.24% of the population.

There were 989 households, out of which 29.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.7% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.6% were non-families. 22.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the township the population was spread out, with 24.5% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 24.3% from 25 to 44, 27.5% from 45 to 64, and 18.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 105.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.0 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $37,781, and the median income for a family was $43,487. Males had a median income of $31,235 versus $21,422 for females. The per capita income for the township was $17,228. About 6.7% of families and 8.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.3% of those under age 18 and 3.5% of those age 65 or over.

41°32′30″N 78°14′29″W / 41.54167°N 78.24139°W / 41.54167; -78.24139

## InfoBox

| Shippen Township,
Cameron County,
Pennsylvania | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Countryside north of Emporium | |
| Map of Cameron County, Pennsylvania highlighting Shippen Township | |
| Map of Cameron County, Pennsylvania | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Cameron |
| Settled | 1810 |
| Area | |
| Total | 156.99 sq mi (406.61 km2) |
| Land | 156.62 sq mi (405.65 km2) |
| Water | 0.37 sq mi (0.96 km2) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 1,922 |
| Estimate (2021) | 1,884 |
| Density | 13.06/sq mi (5.04/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Area code | 814 |
| FIPS code | 42-023-70336 |


title: List of shipwrecks in August 1823

abstract: The list of shipwrecks in August 1823 includes all ships sunk, foundered, grounded, or otherwise lost during August 1823.

text:
# List of shipwrecks in August 1823

The **list of shipwrecks in August 1823** includes all ships sunk, foundered, grounded, or otherwise lost during August 1823.

## 3 August

List of shipwrecks: 3 August 1823
| Ship | State | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Concord* | United Kingdom | The ship was wrecked at Findhorn, Morayshire. Her crew survived. She was on a voyage from Liverpool, Lancashire, to Findhorn. |

## 4 August

List of shipwrecks: 4 August 1823
| Ship | State | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Hope* | United States | The schooner was wrecked on Little Bird Island Reef, off the coast of Antigua. |
| *Speedwell* | United Kingdom | The ship was driven ashore in Cardigan Bay. She was on a voyage from Chester, Cheshire, to Bristol, Gloucestershire. |

## 5 August

List of shipwrecks: 5 August 1823
| Ship | State | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Santa Maria Magdalena* | Spain | The ship was lost near Cádiz. She was on a voyage from A Coruña to Cádiz. |

## 8 August

List of shipwrecks: 8 August 1823
| Ship | State | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Iris* | United Kingdom | The ship was wrecked on Cobler's Rock, Barbados. Her crew were rescued. She was on a voyage from Demerara to London. |

## 10 August

List of shipwrecks: 10 August 1823
| Ship | State | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Lady Combermere* | United Kingdom | The ship was driven ashore at Southport, Lancashire. She was on a voyage from Africa to Liverpool, Lancashire. |
| *Nymph* | United Kingdom | The ship was wrecked at Dungeness, Kent. Her crew were rescued. She was on a voyage from Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland, to Falmouth, Cornwall. |

## 11 August

List of shipwrecks: 11 August 1823
| Ship | State | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Enterprize* | United Kingdom | The ship sprang a leak in the North Sea and was beached at Cromer, Norfolk. She was on a voyage from Colchester, Essex, to Sunderland, County Durham. |
| *Henderson* | United Kingdom | The ship was driven ashore at Workington, Cumberland. She was refloated on 22 August. |
| *Richard Harvey* | United States | The schooner was lost in the Turks Islands. Her crew were rescued. She was on a voyage from New York to Jamaica. |

## 12 August

List of shipwrecks: 12 August 1823
| Ship | State | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Isabella* | United Kingdom | The ship ran aground on the Insand, in the North Sea off the coast of Northumberland. |
| *Lapwing* | United Kingdom | The ship ran aground on the Insand. |

## 13 August

List of shipwrecks: 13 August 1823
| Ship | State | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Friendship* | United Kingdom | The ship was run down and sunk in the North Sea off "Skitter Ness" by *Dorothy* ( United Kingdom). |

## 14 August

List of shipwrecks: 14 August 1823
| Ship | State | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Parker and Sons* | United Kingdom | The ship was wrecked on Bahia Honda Key, Florida Territory. She was on a voyage from New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, to the Clyde. |
| *Swallow Packet* | United Kingdom | The ship ran aground on the Ballast Bank, off Bangor, County Down, and was severely damaged. |
| *Warrell* | United Kingdom | The brig ran aground on the West Hoyle Bank, in Liverpool Bay. Her crew were rescued. |

## 15 August

List of shipwrecks: 15 August 1823
| Ship | State | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *George IV* | United Kingdom | The brig was run down and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by the barque *Hannah* ( United Kingdom) with the loss of 123 of the 129 people on board. The survivors were rescued by *Hannah*. On 18 August, *Hannah* was abandoned, all on board were rescued by *Ospra* ( United States). *George IV* was on a voyage from Waterford to Quebec City, Lower Canada, British North America. *Hannah* was on a voyage from Prince Edward Island, British North America, to South Shields, County Durham. |
| *Mary* | United States | The ship was wrecked on the north coast of Bermuda. Her crew were rescued. She was on a voyage from New York to St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. |
| *Parker & Sons* | United Kingdom | The ship struck the Honda Rock, in the Gulf of Florida and was beached. She was on a voyage from New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, to the Clyde. |

## 16 August

List of shipwrecks: 16 August 1823
| Ship | State | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Caractacus* | United Kingdom | The sloop was wrecked on the West Hoyle Bank, in Liverpool Bay with the loss of all hands. |
| *Radius* | United States | The ship sank in Prince's Dock, Liverpool and was severely hogged. |
| *Success* | United Kingdom | The ship was wrecked at Les Sables d'Olonne, Vendée, France. Her crew were rescued. She was on a voyage from the Île d'Oléron, Charente-Maritime to Abbeville, Somme, France. |

## 17 August

List of shipwrecks: 17 August 1823
| Ship | State | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Clara* | Stettin | The ship struck a sandbank off "Cape Tortosa" and sank. She was on a voyage from Marseille, Bouches-du-Rhône, France, to Stettin. |

## 18 August

List of shipwrecks: 18 August 1823
| Ship | State | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Echo* | United States | The schooner was damaged by fire at Ramsgate, Kent, United Kingdom, with the loss of her captain. A crew member was severely injured. |
| *Neutralist* | Netherlands | The East Indiaman was wrecked at Gunwalloe, Cornwall, United Kingdom. She was on a voyage from La Rochelle, Charente-Maritime, France, to a Norwegian port. |

## 19 August

List of shipwrecks: 19 August 1823
| Ship | State | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Catharine* | United Kingdom | The ship was driven ashore near Port St. Mary, Isle of Man. Her crew were rescued. She was on a voyage from Caernarfon to Belfast, County Antrim. |
| *Mary* | United Kingdom | The ship struck a rock off The Skerries and foundered. Her crew survived. She was on a voyage from Whitehaven, Cumberland, to Dublin. |

## 22 August

List of shipwrecks: 22 August 1823
| Ship | State | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Betsey* | United Kingdom | The sloop foundered in the Irish Sea off the Smalls Lighthouse. Her crew were rescued by the schooner *Betsey* ( United Kingdom). |

## 23 August

List of shipwrecks: 23 August 1823
| Ship | State | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Mariner* | United Kingdom | The ship was abandoned in the Atlantic Ocean. She was on a voyage from Ayr to Richibucto, New Brunswick, British North America. She sank the next day. |

## 25 August

List of shipwrecks: 25 August 1823
| Ship | State | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Hind* | United Kingdom | The ship was in collision with a Revenue Cutter off Aberdeen and was beached. She was refloated the next day and found to be severely damaged. |
| *Salamander* | United Kingdom | The ship was lost off "Kole", Sweden. Her crew were rescued. She was on a voyage from Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, to London. |

## 27 August

List of shipwrecks: 27 August 1823
| Ship | State | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Nancy* | United Kingdom | The ship sprang a leak and was beached near Cabo Catoche, Mexico. She was on a voyage from Havana, Cuba, to Montego Bay, Jamaica. |
| *Neptune* | Stettin | The ship was driven ashore and wrecked near "Monkwich", Russia. She was on a voyage from Saint Petersburg, Russia, to Stettin. |

## 30 August

List of shipwrecks: 30 August 1823
| Ship | State | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Louisa* | United Kingdom | The ship foundered in the Baltic Sea off Helsinki, Finland. All on board were rescued. |

## 31 August

List of shipwrecks: 31 August 1823
| Ship | State | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Hadlow* | United Kingdom | The ship departed from Sierra Leone for London. No further trace, presumed foundered with the loss of all hands. |
| *James* | United Kingdom | The ship was driven ashore and wrecked at Ekenäs, Finland. All on board were rescued. |

## Unknown date

List of shipwrecks: Unknown date in August 1823
| Ship | State | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Edward* | United Kingdom | The brig was scuttled by her crew, who had murdered her captain. She was on a voyage from Portsmouth, Hampshire, to South America. |
| *La Jeune Émilie* | France | The ship was driven ashore and wrecked on the coast of Hampshire, United Kingdom. She was on a voyage from Rouen, Seine-Inférieure to Southampton, Hampshire. |
| *Rose* | United Kingdom | The ship was wrecked on the coast of Labrador, British North America, in early August. |
| *Sisters* | United Kingdom | The whaler was sighted off the coast of Japan. No further trace, presumed foundered with the loss of all hands. |
| *Vriendschap* | Netherlands | The ship foundered on a voyage from Liverpool, Lancashire, United Kingdom, to Antwerp. Her crew were rescued. |
| *William Henry* | United States | The schooner capsized neat the "Hole-in-the-Wall" in mid-August. Her crew were rescued. She was on a voyage from Havana, Cuba, to Savannah, Georgia. |


title: 1958 Big Ten Conference football season

abstract: The 1958 Big Ten Conference football season was the 63rd season of college football played by the member schools of the Big Ten Conference and was a part of the 1958 college football season. The 1958 Iowa Hawkeyes football team, under head coach Forest Evashevski, won the Big Ten football championship and was ranked No. 2 in the final AP and UPI polls, both taken before the bowl games. After defeating California, 38–12, in the 1959 Rose Bowl, the Hawkeyes were voted national champion by the Football Writers Association of America in its post-bowl ranking. Iowa quarterback Randy Duncan won the Chicago Tribune Silver Football trophy as the Big Ten's most valuable player, was a consensus first-team All-American, and finished second in the 1958 voting for the Heisman Trophy. The 1958 Wisconsin Badgers football team, under head coach Milt Bruhn, finished in second place in the Big Ten with a 7–1–1 record, led the conference in scoring defense, and was ranked No. 7 in the final AP Poll. Wisconsin's sole loss was to Iowa. Dale Hackbart led the Badgers with 641 passing yards and 1,032 yards of total offense. The 1958 Ohio State Buckeyes football team, under head coach Woody Hayes, compiled a 6–1–2 record and was ranked No. 8 in the final AP Poll. Fullback Bob White was a consensus first-team All-American and led the Big Ten with 859 rushing yards and 72 points scored. End Jim Houston and tackle Jim Marshall were also selected as first-team All-Americans by multiple selectors. Other notable individual performances during the 1958 season include Michigan State end Sam Williams who was selected as a consensus first-team All-American and Illinois end Rich Kreitling who led the Big Ten with 688 receiving yards.

text:
# 1958 Big Ten Conference football season

1958 Big Ten Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| No. 2 Iowa $ | 5 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 8 |  | 1 |  | 1 |
| No. 7 Wisconsin | 5 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |  | 7 |  | 1 |  | 1 |
| No. 8 Ohio State | 4 |  | 1 |  | 2 |  |  | 6 |  | 1 |  | 2 |
| No. 13 Purdue | 3 |  | 1 |  | 2 |  |  | 6 |  | 1 |  | 2 |
| Indiana | 3 |  | 2 |  | 1 |  |  | 5 |  | 3 |  | 1 |
| Illinois | 4 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| Northwestern | 3 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Michigan | 1 |  | 5 |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |  | 6 |  | 1 |
| Minnesota | 1 |  | 6 |  | 0 |  |  | 1 |  | 8 |  | 0 |
| Michigan State | 0 |  | 5 |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |  | 5 |  | 1 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion Rankings from AP Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1958 Big Ten Conference football season** was the 63rd season of college football played by the member schools of the Big Ten Conference and was a part of the 1958 college football season.

The 1958 Iowa Hawkeyes football team, under head coach Forest Evashevski, won the Big Ten football championship and was ranked No. 2 in the final AP and UPI polls, both taken before the bowl games. After defeating California, 38–12, in the 1959 Rose Bowl, the Hawkeyes were voted national champion by the Football Writers Association of America in its post-bowl ranking. Iowa quarterback Randy Duncan won the Chicago Tribune Silver Football trophy as the Big Ten's most valuable player, was a consensus first-team All-American, and finished second in the 1958 voting for the Heisman Trophy.

The 1958 Wisconsin Badgers football team, under head coach Milt Bruhn, finished in second place in the Big Ten with a 7–1–1 record, led the conference in scoring defense (8.6 points allowed per game), and was ranked No. 7 in the final AP Poll. Wisconsin's sole loss was to Iowa. Dale Hackbart led the Badgers with 641 passing yards and 1,032 yards of total offense.

The 1958 Ohio State Buckeyes football team, under head coach Woody Hayes, compiled a 612 record and was ranked No. 8 in the final AP Poll. Fullback Bob White was a consensus first-team All-American and led the Big Ten with 859 rushing yards and 72 points scored. End Jim Houston and tackle Jim Marshall were also selected as first-team All-Americans by multiple selectors.

Other notable individual performances during the 1958 season include Michigan State end Sam Williams who was selected as a consensus first-team All-American and Illinois end Rich Kreitling who led the Big Ten with 688 receiving yards.

## Season overview

### Results and team statistics

| Conf. Rank | Team | Head coach | AP final | AP high | Overall record | Conf. record | PPG | PAG | MVP |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Iowa | Forest Evashevski | #2 | #2 | 8–1–1 | 5–1 | **27.2** | 14.6 | **Randy Duncan** |
| 2 | Wisconsin | Milt Bruhn | #7 | #4 | 7–1–1 | 5–1–1 | 22.3 | **8.6** | Jon Hobbs<br>Dick Teteak |
| 3 | Ohio State | Woody Hayes | #8 | #1 | 6–1–2 | 4–1–2 | 20.2 | 14.7 | Jim Houston |
| 4 | Purdue | Jack Mollenkopf | #13 | #8 | 6–1–2 | 3–1–2 | 20.4 | 11.3 | Tom Franckhauser |
| 5 | Indiana | Phil Dickens | NR | NR | 5–3–1 | 3–2–1 | 9.0 | 15.7 | Mike Rabold |
| 6 | Illinois | Ray Eliot | NR | NR | 4–5 | 4–3 | 16.0 | 16.7 | Gene Cherney |
| 7 | Northwestern | Ara Parseghian | NR | #4 | 5–4 | 3–4 | 22.1 | 16.4 | Ron Burton |
| 8 | Michigan | Bennie Oosterbaan | NR | #14 | 2–6–1 | 1–5–1 | 14.7 | 23.4 | Bob Ptacek |
| 9 | Minnesota | Murray Warmath | NR | NR | 1–8 | 1–6 | 12.8 | 17.4 | Everett Gerths |
| 10 | Michigan State | Duffy Daugherty | NR | NR | 3–5–1 | 0–5–1 | 13.0 | 13.7 | Sam Williams |

**Key**
AP final = Team's rank in the final AP Poll of the 1958 season
AP high = Team's highest rank in the AP Poll throughout the 1958 season
PPG = Average of points scored per game
PAG = Average of points allowed per game
MVP = Most valuable player as voted by players on each team as part of the voting process to determine the winner of the Chicago Tribune Silver Football trophy; trophy winner in bold

### Preseason

Phil Dickens was hired by Indiana as its head football coach in 1957 but was suspended by the NCAA for recruiting violations. Accordingly, the 1958 season was Dickens' first as Indiana's head coach.

### Regular season

### Bowl games

On January 1, 1959, Iowa defeated the California Golden Bears, 3812, in the 1959 Rose Bowl. Iowa halfback Bob Jeter was named the Rose Bowl player of the game. Iowa finished No. 2 in the AP and UPI polls taken prior to the bowl games, but was named national champion in the FWAA poll taken after the bowl games.

### Post-season developments

On November 14, 1958, Bennie Oosterbaan resigned as Michigan's head football coach with two games remaining in the program's worst season since 1936. Bump Elliott, who had been Michigan's backfield coach for two years, was hired to replace him.

## Statistical leaders

The Big Ten's individual statistical leaders for the 1958 season included the following:

### Passing yards

| Rank | Name | Team | Yards |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Randy Duncan | Iowa | 1,397 |
| 2 | Dick Thornton | Northwestern | 828 |
| 3 | Bob Ptacek | Michigan | 763 |
| 4 | John Easterbrook | Illinois | 656 |
| 5 | Dale Hackbart | Wisconsin | 641 |

### Rushing yards

| Rank | Name | Team | Yards |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Bob White | Ohio State | 859 |
| 2 | Ron Burton | Northwestern | 613 |
| 3 | Don Clark | Ohio State | 582 |
| 4 | Ray Jauch | Iowa | 524 |
| 5 | Willie Fleming | Iowa | 505 |

### Receiving yards

| Rank | Name | Team | Yards |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Rich Kreitling | Illinois | 688 |
| 2 | Ron Burton | Northwestern | 392 |
| 3 | Don Norton | Iowa | 374 |
| 4 | Curt Merz | Iowa | 354 |
| 5 | Gary Prahst | Michigan | 313 |

### Total yards

| Rank | Name | Team | Yards |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Randy Duncan | Iowa | 1,462 |
| 2 | Dick Thornton | Northwestern | 1,078 |
| 3 | Dale Hackbart | Wisconsin | 1,032 |
| 4 | Bob Ptacek | Michigan | 887 |
| 5 | Bob White | Ohio State | 859 |

### Scoring

| Rank | Name | Team | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Bob White | Ohio State | 72 |
| 2 | Bob Jarus | Purdue | 60 |
| 2 | Willie Fleming | Iowa | 60 |
| 4 | Dale Hackbart | Wisconsin | 54 |
| 5 | Ed Hart | Wisconsin | 42 |

## Awards and honors

### All-Big Ten honors

The following players were picked by the Associated Press (AP) and/or the United Press International (UPI) as first-team players on the 1958 All-Big Ten Conference football team.

| Position | Name | Team | Selectors |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Quarterback | Randy Duncan | Iowa | AP, UPI |
| Halfback | Ron Burton | Northwestern | AP, UPI |
| Halfback | Willie Fleming | Iowa | AP |
| Halfback | Don Clark | Ohio State | UPI |
| Fullback | Bob White | Ohio State | AP, UPI |
| End | Rich Kreitling | Illinois | AP, UPI |
| End | Jim Houston | Ohio State | AP |
| End | Sam Williams | Michigan State | UPI |
| Tackle | Gene Selawski | Purdue | AP, UPI |
| Tackle | Andy Cvercko | Northwestern | AP |
| Tackle | Jim Marshall | Ohio State | UPI |
| Guard | Ron Maltony | Purdue | AP |
| Guard | Jerry Stalcup | Wisconsin | AP |
| Guard | Bill Burrell | Illinois | UPI |
| Guard | Ellison Kelly | Michigan State | UPI |
| Center | Dick Teteak | Wisconsin | AP |
| Center | Mike Svendsen | Minnesota | UPI |

### All-American honors

At the end of the 1958 season, Big Ten players secured three of the 12 consensus first-team picks on the 1958 College Football All-America Team. The Big Ten's consensus All-Americans were:

| Position | Name | Team | Selectors |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Quarterback | Randy Duncan | Iowa | AFCA, AP, FWAA, NEA, SN, UPI, CP, WCFF |
| Fullback | Bob White | Ohio State | FWAA, NEA, SN, UPI, CP, Time, WCFF |
| End | Sam Williams | Michigan State | AFCA, UPI, Time, WC |

Other Big Ten players who were named first-team All-Americans by at least one selector were:

| Position | Name | Team | Selectors |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| End | Jim Houston | Ohio State | AP, FWAA, CP |
| End | Curt Merz | Iowa | FWAA |
| End | Tom Franckhauser | Purdue | CP |
| Tackle | Jim Marshall | Ohio State | TSN, Time |
| Tackle | Andy Cvercko | Northwestern | FWAA |
| Tackle | Gene Selawski | Purdue | FWAA |

### Other awards

Two Big Ten players finished among the top five in the voting for the 1958 Heisman Trophy: Iowa quarterback Randy Duncan (second); and Ohio State fullback Bob White (fourth).

## 1959 NFL Draft

The following Big Ten players were among the first 100 picks in the 1959 NFL draft:

| Name | Position | Team | Round | Overall pick |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| Randy Duncan | Quarterback | Iowa | 1 | 1 |
| Don Clark | Running back | Ohio State | 1 | 7 |
| Dan James | Center | Ohio State | 1 | 8 |
| Rich Kreitling | Wide receiver | Illinois | 1 | 11 |
| Mike Rabold | Tackle | Indiana | 2 | 19 |
| Dick Schafrath | Guard | Ohio State | 2 | 23 |
| Tom Franckhauser | End | Purdue | 3 | 33 |
| Fran O'Brien | Tackle | Michigan State | 3 | 35 |
| Gary Prahst | End | Michigan | 4 | 37 |
| Blanche Martin | Back | Michigan State | 4 | 43 |
| Nick Mumley | Tackle | Purdue | 5 | 51 |
| Andy Cvercko | Center | Northwestern | 5 | 55 |
| Dick LeBeau | Defensive back | Ohio State | 5 | 58 |
| Ellison Kelly | Guard | Michigan State | 5 | 59 |
| Mac Lewis | Tackle | Iowa | 6 | 64 |
| Palmer Pyle | Tackle | Michigan State | 6 | 72 |
| Mitch Ogiego | Quarterback | Iowa | 7 | 79 |
| Willmer Fowler | Back | Northwestern | 8 | 86 |
| Bob Ptacek | Quarterback | Michigan | 8 | 87 |
| Tom Barnett | Back | Purdue | 8 | 91 |
| Willie Smith | Tackle | Michigan | 8 | 94 |
|

## InfoBox

| 1958 Big Ten Conference football season | |
| --- | --- |
| Sport | American football |
| Number of teams | 10 |
| Top draft pick | Randy Duncan |
| Champion | Iowa |
| Runners-up | Wisconsin |
| Season MVP | Randy Duncan |


title: Military career of Stonewall Jackson

abstract: Stonewall Jackson’s military career consists of a combination of various brevet, temporary, and permanent appointments in no less than five different military organizations. Stonewall Jackson was also a civilian military instructor and when the Civil War began Jackson became an officer in the state forces of Virginia. He was later appointed in the Provisional Army of the Confederates States (PACS) while also holding a permanent rank as a major in the Confederate States Army.

text:
# Military career of Stonewall Jackson

**Stonewall Jackson’s military career** consists of a combination of various brevet, temporary, and permanent appointments in no less than five different military organizations.

Stonewall Jackson was also a civilian military instructor (while still granted military status as an officer) and when the Civil War began Jackson became an officer in the state forces of Virginia. He was later appointed in the Provisional Army of the Confederates States (PACS) while also holding a permanent rank as a major in the Confederate States Army.

## West Point service

Stonewall Jackson was appointed to the United States Military Academy in the summer of 1842, at the age of eighteen years, after Cadet Gibson Butcher resigned after one day of service. After petitioning Congressman Samuel Hays to appoint Jackson as an emergency replacement for Butcher, Jackson reported for duty on June 18, 1842.

Considered simply as a "plebe" during his first semester at West Point, Jackson finished his first term in January 1843 and was appointed a cadet fourth class on February 20, 1843. Jackson's 1842–1843 4th-class year ended on a high note with the visit of Winfield Scott to West Point in June 1843.

Jackson assumed duties as a third class cadet in July 1843 and finished his sophomore year without incident in the spring of 1844. Now twenty years old, he was then appointed a second class cadet and granted his first ever summer vacation from West Point, returning on August 28, 1844. For the 1844–1845 school year, Jackson was appointed a cadet sergeant, the only leadership position he would hold in the corps. When his junior year ended in the spring of 1845, Jackson was advanced to cadet first class but was not granted a senior leadership position. He was thus referred to as a "cadet high private".

Jackson graduated from West Point at the age of 22 in June 1846. The academy at the time had no graduation ceremonies or formal presentation of diplomas, with Jackson departing on July 1, 1846, as a brevet second lieutenant.

**Key dates**

* June 18, 1842: appointed a plebe cadet, United States Military Academy
* February 20, 1843: appointed a fourth class cadet
* July 1, 1843: appointed a third class cadet
* June 25, 1844: appointed a second class cadet
* August 28, 1844: appointed a cadet sergeant
* July 1, 1845: appointed a first class cadet w/o position ("high private")
* June 30, 1846: graduated from West Point and commissioned a brevet second lieutenant

## Mexican War service

Jackson graduated West Point the same year that the Mexican–American War began. The commander of the United States Army, Winfield Scott, made it clear in his early campaign planning that he wanted leadership of his invasion army to comprise regular army officers with a minimal use of militia, who Scott felt were undertrained.

Jackson was issued official military orders on July 22, 1846, assigning him to Company K of the 1st U.S. Artillery presently headquartered at Fort Columbus in New York. Two weeks later, Jackson arrived at Fort Columbus to find his company already deployed to Mexico. Jackson's new commanding officer, Francis Taylor, who had remained behind, then detailed the young second lieutenant to recruiting duty to collect new recruits and horses for a future deployment to Texas.

Jackson was deployed on August 19, and it took until October 5 for himself and the new members of Company K to reach Camargo in Mexico. By November 24, the entire Company K had assembled at Monterrey, and on November 29 the first official combat campaign began in which Jackson was a participant. This was the attack against Saltillo although by the time the American forces arrived, the town was found to be deserted.

1847 brought hopes of an amphibious campaign, and by March 5, Company K had been relocated off the shores of Veracruz. Here Jackson's true war record begins as he participated in the Siege of Veracruz followed by combat at the Battle of Cerro Gordo. In April 1847, Jackson was informed that his brevet (temporary) rank of second lieutenant was now being made permanent in the United States Army.

Jackson was transferred to Company G of the 1st Artillery, but Captain Taylor delayed the actual move until May 1847. Jackson then assumed duties under Captain John H. Winder with the American forces next ordered to move against Perote, Veracruz. Jackson's new company, however, was ordered to garrison duty in the town of Xalapa. There Jackson would remain until June 18, 1847, when Company G was ordered forward into action although, in reality, this entailed simply further garrison duty in the city of Puebla.

On July 13, Jackson was transferred to Company I of the 1st Artillery, with the unit ordered into action on August 7. The Battle of Contreras followed, accompanied by an assault at Molino del Rey. Jackson's combat participation then continued in the Battle of Chapultepec with a culmination in September 1847, when Jackson participated in the Battle for Mexico City.

On August 20, 1847, Jackson had been promoted to first lieutenant with recommendations made for brevet promotions to both captain and major. He had also been made the acting company commander of Company I but was replaced by William French on December 4, 1847. On January 19, 1848, Jackson transferred back to his original company (Company K) and served as a company officer until the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in March 1848. On July 5, Company K was ordered to depart Mexico and by July 20 the unit was in New Orleans.

First Lieutenant Jackson's activities immediately following the Mexican War consisted mainly of administrative tasks accompanied by some free time in which Jackson engaged in some furloughs both to Virginia and Niagara Falls. Between the summer of 1848 and the start of 1849, Jackson was detailed to various Forts including Fort Columbus, Fort Hamilton, as well as a detail to serve on a court martial at Carlisle Barracks in Pennsylvania. With his primary posting at Fort Hamilton, Jackson performed duties as acting company commander, post adjutant, as well as the company quartermaster.

In February 1849, Jackson had heard nothing about his brevet promotions from the Mexican War and was still merely a first lieutenant. News came in the last days of February that Jackson had been promoted to brevet captain with a date of rank from August 20, 1847. Just two days later, Jackson learned of his promotion to brevet major with date of rank from September 13, 1847.

As a brevet major, Jackson next looked forward to what future assignments that the United States Army had to offer. This path led Jackson to the state of Florida, where events would transpire to eventually persuade Jackson to resign from the U.S. Army.

**Mexican War promotions**

* July 1, 1846: brevet second lieutenant of artillery, United States Army
* March 3, 1847: second lieutenant (permanent), United States Army
* August 20, 1847: first lieutenant (permanent), United States Army
* August 20, 1847: brevet captain, United States Army (appointed February 1849)
* September 13, 1847: brevet major, United States Army (appointed March 1849)

**Mexican War assignments**

* July 1846: Company K, 1st Artillery Regiment
* May 1847: Company G, 1st Artillery Regiment
* July 1847: Company I, 1st Artillery Regiment
* January 1848: Company K, 1st Artillery Regiment

## Florida and resignation

Following the Mexican War, Jackson was assigned to a garrison post in Florida, where he quickly became enemies with his commanding officer, Major William H. French, filing numerous complaints with the regional commander, Major General David E. Twiggs. Jackson's army career thereafter took a sharp downward turn, and he resigned from the military in 1851 in order to pursue a career as a military instructor at the Virginia Military Institute. In many ways, Jackson in fact behaved as if he had never left the army while at VMI, as he routinely wore a uniform and was addressed by faculty and students as "Major Jackson".

## Service at VMI

* September 24, 1851: Accepts appointment at VMI, wears major's insignia on U.S. Army uniform
* February 29, 1852: Resigns from the United States Army as a brevet major and permanent 1st lieutenant

## The Civil War

*See main article for details regarding Stonewall Jackson's Civil War career*

On April 17, 1861, Virginia seceded from the United States of America, and Jackson was ordered to mobilize the VMI Corps of cadets to Richmond. Upon arriving at Richmond, Jackson presented himself to the state governor and requested a formal military assignment. To Jackson's disappointment, he was appointed to his former rank in the U.S. Army (Major) and assigned to what he saw as unimportant duties with military engineers.

After a second conversation with the governor, in which Jackson made his displeasure of his previous appointment known, Jackson was approved by the Virginia General Assembly as a colonel in the new "Provisional Army of Virginia" (also known as the "Citizens Army of Virginia") to which Robert E. Lee was the supreme commander.

When Virginia formally joined the Confederacy in May 1861, Jackson's Virginia appointments were converted to the Provisional Army of Confederacy and he became a colonel in the Confederate Army. For administrative reasons, Jackson's appointment as a Confederate colonel was backdated to March 16, 1861 (the date that the Virginia Assembly first began debating formal succession). Thus, Jackson has the distinction of being a Confederate colonel (at least on paper) a full month before his state actually joined the Confederacy.

The Confederate Army also had a permanent regular army, this known as the Army of the Confederate States of America. In October 1862, after Jackson was already a major general in the Confederate Provisional Army, he was appointed to the permanent rank of major of artillery in the Army of the Confederate States.

While in Harpers Ferry as a Virginia States Forces colonel, Jackson was also placed in command of the entire Virginia Militia, making him by default a militia general. Jackson never referred to himself in this sense and quickly petitioned the Governor of Virginia to fold militia forces into the regular state army.

The earliest use of Jackson wearing a gray Confederate Army uniform was in Winchester, Virginia, in the early spring of 1862. Prior to this time, although a serving officer in the Confederacy, Jackson wore his blue VMI officer uniform with various insignia.

**Dates of Rank**

* April 25, 1861: Major of Topographic Engineers, Virginia Militia
* April 27, 1861: Colonel, Provisional Army of Virginia
* May 23, 1861: Colonel of Infantry, Provisional Army of the Confederacy
* June 17, 1861: Brigadier General, Provisional Army of the Confederacy
* October 7, 1861: Major General, Provisional Army of the Confederacy
* October 31, 1861: Major of Artillery (Permanent), Confederate States Army
* October 10, 1862: Lieutenant General, Provisional Army of the Confederacy

* "Stonewall Jackson: The Man, The Soldier, The Legend" by James I. Robertson Jr


title: Zhashan Subdistrict

abstract: Zhashan Subdistrict is a subdistrict in Caidian District, Wuhan, Hubei, China.

text:
# Zhashan Subdistrict

**Zhashan Subdistrict** (Chinese: 奓山街道; pinyin: *Zhāshān Jiēdào*) is a subdistrict in Caidian District, Wuhan, Hubei, China.

## History

In 1949, Zhashan was part of Hanyang First District. In 1950 it was part of Sixth District. In 1951 & 1955 it was part of Seventh District. In 1956, the area was named Zhashan Leadership Group. In 1958 it was part of Chaoyang Commune. In 1961, it was part if Daji District. In 1975, Yong'an District Xinmin Commune, Daji District Xinhua Commune and Zhashan Commune were combined into Zhashan Commune. In March 1984, Zhashan was made into a township and in December 1984, it was made into a town. In June 2000, Zhashan was made into a subdistrict.

## Administrative divisions

Four communities:

Thirty-seven villages:

## InfoBox

| Zhashan 奓山街道 | |
| --- | --- |
| Subdistrict | |
| ZhashanLocation in Hubei | |
| Coordinates: 30°26′51″N 114°00′39″E / 30.447571°N 114.01089°E / 30.447571; 114.01089 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Hubei |
| Sub-provincial city | Wuhan |
| District | Caidian |
| Area | |
| Total | 122.03 km2 (47.12 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 58,988 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |


title: Suresh Pachouri

abstract: Suresh Pachouri is an Indian politician and current member of Bharatiya Janata Party from Madhya Pradesh. He had served as union minister of state in the Ministry of Defence (1995-1996) and in the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions and Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (2004-2008) in the Government of India.

text:
# Suresh Pachouri

**Suresh Pachouri** (born 1 July 1952) is an Indian politician and current member of Bharatiya Janata Party from Madhya Pradesh. He had served as union minister of state in the Ministry of Defence (1995-1996) and in the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions and Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (2004-2008) in the Government of India.

## Personal life

Pachouri was born on 1 July 1952 to Kalika Prasad. He graduated with a Bachelor of Engineering degree in mechanical engineering from Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal in 1983. He also received an LLB degree from Sofia Art and Commerce College, Bhopal in 2002. He is married to Suparna S. Pachouri, with whom he has two sons.

## Political career

Pachouri is one of the senior most leaders of Indian National Congress and he entered politics as an Indian Youth Congress worker in 1972. He was the General Secretary of the Madhya Pradesh Youth Congress(I) from 1981 to 1983. He then became President of the Madhya Pradesh Youth Congress from 1984 to 1985. He was General Secretary of the Indian Youth Congress from 1985 to 1988. He was first elected to the Rajya Sabha in 1984 and was re-elected in 1990, 1996 & 2002. He was the Minister of State in the Ministry of Defence from 1995 to 1996. He was the Chairman of the Congress Seva Dal. He was a Member of the Consultative Committee of the Ministry of Home Affairs and Defence and was also nominated to the Panel of Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha in 2000. He served as a Minister of State in the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions and Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs from 24 May 2004 – 6 April 2008. He was the President of the Madhya Pradesh Congress Committee from 14 February 2008 – 5 April 2011. He has also served as the Convener of the Research and Coordination Department of the All India Congress Committee. He joined Bharatiya Janata Party on 9 March 2024.

## Positions held

* 1981-83: General secretary of Madhya Pradesh Youth Congress
* 1984-85: President of Madhya Pradesh youth congress
* 1985-88: General secretary of Indian youth congress
* 1984-90: Member of parliament, Rajyasabha
* 1990: Member of consultative committee of Ministry of Home affairs and Defence
* 1990-96: Member of Parliament, Rajyasabha
* 1995-96: Union minister of state for Defence Production
* 1996-2002: Member of parliament, Rajyasabha
* 2000: Vice chairman of Rajyasabha (Panel)
* 2002-2008: Member of Parliament, Rajyasabha
* 2004: Chief whip, Rajyasabha
* 2004-2008: Union minister of state in the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances, Pension and Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs
* 2008-2011: President of MP congress

## InfoBox

| Suresh Pachouri | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Minister of State, Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, and Parliamentary Affairs | |
| **In office**
23 May 2004  6 April 2008 | |
| Prime Minister | Manmohan Singh |
| Succeeded by | Prithviraj Chavan & V. Narayanasamy |
| Minister of State, Defence (Defence Production and Supplies) | |
| **In office**
10 June 1995  16 May 1996 | |
| Prime Minister | P. V. Narasimha Rao |
| Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha | |
| **In office**
10 April 1984  9 April 2008 | |
| Constituency | Madhya Pradesh |
| President, Madhya Pradesh Congress Committee | |
| **In office**
17 February 2008  5 April 2011 | |
| Preceded by | Subhash Yadav |
| Succeeded by | Kantilal Bhuria |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1952-07-01) 1 July 1952
Bhopal, Bhopal State, India |
| Political party | Bharatiya Janata Party (2024–present) |
| Other political
affiliations | Indian National Congress (1972–2024) |
| Spouse | Suparna S. Pachouri |
| Children | 2 |
| Residence(s) | Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India |
| Alma mater | Sofia Art and Commerce College, Bhopal (LLB)
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology (B.E) |
|  | |


title: Tsukumizu

abstract: Tsukumizu Tsukumizu (つくみず) is a pseudonymous Japanese manga artist. Their notable works include the post-apocalyptic iyashikei manga Girls' Last Tour and the four-panel surreal comedy manga Shimeji Simulation.

text:
# Tsukumizu

**Tsukumizu** (つくみず) is a pseudonymous Japanese manga artist. Their notable works include the post-apocalyptic *iyashikei* manga *Girls' Last Tour* and the four-panel surreal comedy manga *Shimeji Simulation*.

## Biography

Tsukumizu had been reading extensively since they were in primary school, and read novels all through upper secondary. They cite Haruki Murakami's *Norwegian Wood* and *Dance Dance Dance*, and Kaori Ekuni's *Kirakira Hikaru* as having influenced the themes behind *Girls' Last Tour*.

In upper secondary, they started to become interested in anime, and began drawing *moe* in their third year. This interest would bloom to encompass manga as well. Tsukumizu attended the Aichi University of Education, and wished to study painting to become an art teacher. At that temporal juncture, they only saw drawing manga as a hobby.

As a post-secondary student, Tsukumizu loved war movies, especially *Saving Private Ryan*. The Kettenkrad that appears in *Girls' Last Tour* is a homage to the movie.

In 2013, they published a *Touhou Project* dōjinshi, *Flan Wants to Die,* about an immortal vampire named Flandre who longs to die.

In their second year of post-secondary, Tsukumizu began drawing manga and was invited to a manga circle by a friend. They regularly uploaded their work on the Internet, and this caught the eye of someone at the publishing company Shinchosha. Their first commercially published work was *Girls' Last Tour,* which was adapted into an anime in 2017.

Their next major series, *Shimeji Simulation*, began serialization in Media Factory's *Comic Cune* magazine on 26 January 2019 and had its last chapter published in the same magazine on 27 November 2023.

## Works

## InfoBox

| Tsukumizu | |
| --- | --- |
| つくみず | |
| Citizenship | Japanese |
| Alma mater | Aichi University of Education |
| Occupation | Mangaka |
| Notable work | *Girls' Last Tour*<br>*Shimeji Simulation* |
| Awards | Seiun Award |
| Website | twitter.com/lililjiliijili |
| Signature | |
|  | |


title: Tsiaki District

abstract: Tsiaki is a district in the Bouenza Department of Republic of the Congo.

text:
# Tsiaki District

**Tsiaki** is a district in the Bouenza Department of Republic of the Congo.

## InfoBox

| Tsiaki | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| Tsiaki | |
| Coordinates: 3°43′05″S 13°51′50″E / 3.7180°S 13.8638°E / -3.7180; 13.8638 | |
| Country | Republic of the Congo |
| Region | Bouenza Department |
| Area | |
| Total | 428 sq mi (1,109 km2) |
| Population (2023 census) | |
| Total | 10,966 |
| Density | 26/sq mi (9.9/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (GMT +1) |


title: Tsuwano Station

abstract: Tsuwano Station Tsuwano Station is a passenger railway station located in the town of Tsuwano, Kanoashi District, Shimane Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the West Japan Railway Company.

text:
# Tsuwano Station

**Tsuwano Station** (津和野駅, *Tsuwano-eki*) is a passenger railway station located in the town of Tsuwano, Kanoashi District, Shimane Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the West Japan Railway Company (JR West).

## Lines

Tsuwano Station is served by the JR West Yamaguchi Line, and is located 62.0 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Shin-Yamaguchi. Limited Express *Super Oki* stops here, and it is the terminal of sightseeing train *SL Yamaguchi* (steam train).

## Station layout

The station consists of one island platform connected to the station building by a footbridge. Platform 1 is a track adjacent to the station building, but it does not have boarding and alighting facilities and is used for train parking. "SL Yamaguchi" temporarily stores the passenger cars on this line, and then heads to the turntable to change the direction of the locomotive alone. The station is staffed. JNR Class D51 194 is on static display in front of the station.

### Platforms

| **2** | Yamaguchi Line | for Yamaguchi and Shin-Yamaguchi |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **3** | Yamaguchi Line | for Masuda and Hamada |

## History

Tsuwano Station was opened on 5 August 1918 on the Japanese Government Railway Tsuwano Line when the line was extended from Tokusa Station. The line was further extended to Iwami Masuda Station (now Masuda Station) and became the Yamaguchi Line on 1 April 1923. With the privatization of the Japan National Railway (JNR) on 1 April 1987, the station came under the aegis of the West Japan railway Company (JR West).

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2020, the station was used by an average of 140 passengers daily.

## Surrounding area

* Tsuwano Preservation District for Groups of Traditional Buildings
* Tsuwano Town Office
* Former residence of Mori Ogai
* Tsuwano Castle Ruins

Media related to Tsuwano Station at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Tsuwano Station
津和野駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Tsuwano Station Building, May 2017 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Ushiroda, Tsuwano-cho, Kanoashi-gun, Shimane-ken 6699-5605
Japan |
| Coordinates | 34°28′21.37″N 131°46′25.76″E / 34.4726028°N 131.7738222°E / 34.4726028; 131.7738222 |
| Owned by | West Japan Railway Company |
| Operated by | West Japan Railway Company |
| Line(s) | Yamaguchi Line |
| Distance | 62.0 km (38.5 mi) from Shin-Yamaguchi |
| Platforms | 1 island platform |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Connections | * Bus stop |
| Other information | |
| Status | Staffed |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | 5 May 1918 (1918-05-05) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2020 | 140 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  JR West Following station  Funahirayamatowards Shin-Yamaguchi  Yamaguchi Line**Local**  Aonoyamatowards Masuda | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Tsuwano StationLocation within Shimane PrefectureTsuwano StationTsuwano Station (Japan) | |


title: Tsuyaka Uchino

abstract: Tsuyaka Uchino Tsuyaka Uchino is a Japanese racing cyclist representing Team Rakuten K Dreams at professional level and the Japanese national cycling team. She won a bronze medal in the points race at the 2023 UCI Track Cycling World Championships.

text:
# Tsuyaka Uchino

**Tsuyaka Uchino** (内野 艶和, *Uchino Tsuyaka*, born 13 January 2002) is a Japanese racing cyclist representing Team Rakuten K Dreams at professional level and the Japanese national cycling team. She won a bronze medal in the points race at the 2023 UCI Track Cycling World Championships.

## InfoBox

Tsuyaka Uchino
| Uchino at the 2019 UCI Junior Track Cycling World Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (2002-01-13) 13 January 2002<br>Fukuoka, Japan |
| Team information | |
| Current team | Team Rakuten K Dreams |
| Discipline | Track |
| Role | Rider |
| Professional team | |
| 2022– | Team Rakuten K Dreams |
|  | |
| Medal record      Representing  Japan  Women's track cycling  World Championships  2023 Glasgow Points race  World Junior Championships  2019 Frankfurt Points race  Asian Games  2022 Hangzhou Madison  2022 Hangzhou Team pursuit  Asian Championships  2022 New Delhi Madison  2022 New Delhi Omnium  2022 New Delhi Points race  2023 Nilai Madison  2023 Nilai Elimination  2023 Nilai Team pursuit  2024 New Delhi Points race  2024 New Delhi Madison  2024 New Delhi Team pursuit | |


title: Trần Thủ Độ

abstract: Prince Trung Võ Trần Thủ Độ was a general and leader of the Trần clan during the reign of Lý Huệ Tông and Lý Chiêu Hoàng of Vietnam. He was the chief mastermind between the overthrowal the Lý dynasty and the establishment of the Trần dynasty by his arrangement of marriage between the Empress Regnant Chiêu Hoàng and his nephew Trần Cảnh. He later forced Lý Chiêu Hoàng to abdicate the throne to Trần Cảnh, who became emperor as Trần Thái Tông. Trần Thủ Độ was appointed grand chancellor and regent to the emperor. As the most powerful figure in the Trần royal family and court, Trần Thủ Độ was responsible for both civil and military matters in Đại Việt; his successful governance was considered by historical books as the crucial factor that not only led to the stability of the early Trần dynasty but also contributed to the victory of Đại Việt over the first Mongol invasion. Although a skilled and devoted official of the Trần dynasty, Trần Thủ Độ still remains a controversial figure in the history of Vietnam for his ruthlessness in massacring members of the deposed Lý royal family, and for his responsibility in the forced marriage between Trần Thái Tông and his brother Trần Liễu's wife, Princess Thuận Thiên, which was highly criticized by later historians.

text:
# Trần Thủ Độ

Prince Trung Võ **Trần Thủ Độ** (chữ Hán: 陳守度, 1194–1264) was a general and leader of the Trần clan during the reign of Lý Huệ Tông and Lý Chiêu Hoàng of Vietnam. He was the chief mastermind between the overthrowal the Lý dynasty and the establishment of the Trần dynasty by his arrangement of marriage between the Empress Regnant Chiêu Hoàng and his nephew Trần Cảnh. He later forced Lý Chiêu Hoàng to abdicate the throne to Trần Cảnh, who became emperor as Trần Thái Tông. Trần Thủ Độ was appointed grand chancellor and regent to the emperor.

As the most powerful figure in the Trần royal family and court, Trần Thủ Độ was responsible for both civil and military matters in Đại Việt; his successful governance was considered by historical books as the crucial factor that not only led to the stability of the early Trần dynasty but also contributed to the victory of Đại Việt over the first Mongol invasion. Although a skilled and devoted official of the Trần dynasty, Trần Thủ Độ still remains a controversial figure in the history of Vietnam for his ruthlessness in massacring members of the deposed Lý royal family, and for his responsibility in the forced marriage between Trần Thái Tông and his brother Trần Liễu's wife, Princess Thuận Thiên, which was highly criticized by later historians.

## Background

Trần Thủ Độ was born in 1194 as the third son of Trần Quả, a member of the Trần clan in Lưu Gia village (now Hưng Hà, Thái Bình). The Trần clan had made a great fortune by fishing for generations.

In 1209, the emperor Lý Cao Tông was overthrown by the general Quách Bốc. The emperor and his court sought refuge at the home of Trần Lý, Trần Thủ Độ's uncle. The emperor's son, Crown Prince Lý Sảm decided to marry Trần Lý's daughter Trần Thị Dung later that year. As a result of this marriage, the Trần clan assisted the emperor in retaking the capital from Quách Bốc. As a reward, the emperor granted several members of the Trần clan positions at the imperial court: they included Tô Trung Từ, who was uncle of Trần Thị Dung, as well as Trần Tự Khánh and Trần Thừa who were Trần Lý's sons. In 1211, the emperor died and Lý Sảm was enthroned as Lý Huệ Tông; the power of the Trần clan's power at court continued to increase. After the death of Trần Tự Khánh in 1223, Trần Thừa was appointed to the highest military position at the royal court, while his cousin Trần Thủ Độ took charge of the royal guard (Vietnamese: Điện tiền chỉ huy sứ).

## Rise to power

### Overthrowing the Lý dynasty

In October 1224, Lý Huệ Tông grew mentally ill and ceded the throne to his youngest daughter, the Princess Chiêu Thánh, now the Empress Regnant Lý Chiêu Hoàng. Chiêu Hoàng was only six at that time, and all important decisions in royal court were made by members of the Trần clan. Trần Thủ Độ arranged a marriage between Chiêu Hoàng and Trần Cảnh, the six-year-old son of Trần Thừa. With Trần Cảnh being the Empress Regnant's husband, Trần Thủ Độ was able to overthrow the Lý dynasty by making Lý Chiêu Hoàng yield the throne to Trần Cảnh, now Trần Thái Tông, in 1225. After the coronation of his son, Trần Thừa acted as Regent of the Emperor, but it was Trần Thủ Độ who served as Grand Chancellor (Vietnamese: thái sư) and decided both military and civil matters in the royal court; he was respectfully called by Trần Thái Tông as Father of the Nation (Quốc thượng phụ).

After the collapse of the Lý dynasty, Trần Thủ Độ was afraid that the newly established Trần dynasty might be dislodged by its political opponents and thus ruthlessly conspired to eliminate members of Lý royal family. On the eighth day of the tenth lunar month (October 30) 1226, he forced the former emperor Lý Huệ Tông, who had already abdicated his power, to commit suicide. Trần Thủ Độ married Huệ Tông's former empress, Princess Thiên Cực Trần Thị Dung, who was also Trần Thủ Độ's cousin. These actions were criticized by historian Ngô Sĩ Liên in his *Đại Việt sử kí toàn thư* as inhumane, though their purpose was to reinforce the reign of Trần Thái Tông. It has been alleged that Trần Thủ Độ decided to massacre members of the Lý royal family in August 1232 during the death anniversary of Lý emperors held in Thái Đường, Hoa Lâm (now Nam Trực, Nam Định). However, the authenticity of this account was challenged by the historian Ngô Sĩ Liên, because a member of the Lý clan was still appointed as general by Trần Anh Tông and there is no mention this event in Phan Phu Tiên's historical record.

### Strengthening the reign of Trần Thái Tông

Trần Thái Tông was enthroned when he was only an 8-year-old boy and there were several revolts in Đại Việt at that time, so Trần Thủ Độ had to devote all of his efforts to consolidating the rule of the new Emperor in the royal court and over the country. Right after the coronation of the Emperor in 1226, Nguyễn Nộn and Đoàn Thượng rose a revolt in the mountainous region of Bắc Giang and Hải Dương, by both military and diplomatic measures such as sending army to pacify them or even awarding two leaders of the revolt by the title Prince (Vương), Trần Thủ Độ was able to put down this revolt in 1229.

According to *Đại Việt sử kí toàn thư*, Thái Tông and his wife, the Empress Chiêu Thánh, did not have their first son for a while, so this situation in the royal family made grand chancellor Trần Thủ Độ worried because he had profited in the same circumstances of the Emperor Lý Huệ Tông to overthrow the Lý dynasty. Therefore, in 1237 Trần Thủ Độ decided to force Trần Liễu to give up his wife Princess Thuận Thiên for the Emperor when she had been already pregnant with Trần Quốc Khang for three months. After the royal marriage, Thuận Thiên was entitled the new empress of the Trần dynasty while Chiêu Thánh was downgraded to princess. In the fury of losing his pregnant wife, Trần Liễu rose in revolt against the royal family.Emperor Thái Tông felt awkward about the situation and decided to become a monk in Yên Tử Mountain. Finally Trần Thủ Độ successfully persuaded Thái Tông to return to the throne and Trần Liễu had to surrender after judging that he could not stand with his fragile force. All soldiers who participated in this revolt were killed, and Trần Thủ Độ even wanted to behead Trần Liễu but was stopped by Emperor Thái Tông. Vietnamese historians in dynastic era such as Ngô Sĩ Liên or Phan Phu Tiên often criticized decisions of Trần Thủ Độ and Trần Thái Tông in this event and considered it as origin for the downfall of the Trần dynasty afterwards during the reign of Trần Dụ Tông.

In 1258, the Trần dynasty had to face the first Mongol invasion. In the beginning, the Đại Việt army suffered several defeats by an overwhelming force which had already conquered vast areas of Asia. Several high-ranking officials of the Trần dynasty were so scared that Prince Khâm Thiên Trần Nhật Hiệu, younger brother of Thái Tông, even suggested to the Emperor that they might escape from Đại Việt to the Song Empire. When the concerned emperor asked Trần Thủ Độ about the situation of the Trần Dynasty, the grand chancellor answered with a famous phrase:

> As long as my head has not fallen down, Your Majesty please do not worry.

Indeed, the Trần dynasty was able to counterattack and ultimately drive the Mongols out of Đại Việt in 1258.

Until his death in January 1264, Trần Thủ Độ still actively contributed to the royal court. He was posthumously entitled as Prince Trung Vũ (Trung Vũ đại vương).

## Legacy

Almost all historical accounts agree that it was no one else but Trần Thủ Độ who deserved credit for the birth of the Trần dynasty, *Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục* commented that maybe for that reason temple name of the first emperor of the Trần dynasty was Thái Tông, which was often used for the second emperor of a dynasty, instead of Thái Tổ as usual.

Despite his lack of learning, Trần Thủ Độ was praised as a skilled and devoted official of the Trần dynasty, the ruling dynasty which was found by his very own effort. As a result, the grand chancellor held a position in royal court which was so powerful that he was suspected by some of overruling the Emperor. Once there was a person who went to the Emperor to report him about this suspicion, Thái Tông immediately visited Trần Thủ Độ's place with this man and made him tell everything in front of the grand chancellor. After hearing the story, Trần Thủ Độ not only accepted that the man had somewhat his reason but also awarded him for being concerned for the Trần dynasty. His successful governing was considered by historical books as the main factor that not only led to the stability of Early Trần period but also contributed to the victory of Đại Việt over the first Mongol invasion.

Trần Thủ Độ was also an honest mandarin who never profited his high position for the benefit of his family. It was said that one time the Emperor wanted to appointed Trần Thủ Độ's elder brother Trần An Quốc for the position of grand chancellor. Trần Thủ Độ politely declined the Emperor's request by an answer: "An Quốc is my brother, if he is better than me then I had better retire from the position, but if Your Majesty think that I am better than him, so please not appoint him for grand chancellor. Because if we hold the same position then what royal court will become?". For his dedication, the Emperor personally redacted an epitaph for Trần Thủ Độ in his tomb. However, Trần Thủ Độ still remains as a controversial figure in History of Vietnam for his ruthless decisions against members of Lý royal family and his responsibility in the forced marriage between Trần Thái Tông and his brother Trần Liễu's wife, which was highly criticized by dynastic-era historians. Sometimes, his Machiavellian figure was compared with Dorgon, the powerful general who helped establish the Qing dynasty's rule in China, or Cardinal Mazarin who was chief minister of France for 20 years.

Today, the role of Trần Thủ Độ in the history of Vietnam is always a matter for debate between modern historians. For this reason, it was not until 2008 that a new street in Hanoi was named in honour of Trần Thủ Độ, a decision which is still met with some opposition from public opinion. Unlike his relatives Trần Hưng Đạo or Trần Quang Khải, the grand chancellor of the Trần dynasty is worshipped in only one place in Hanoi which is the Cầu Đông Pagoda. However, on the occasion of the millenary anniversary of Hanoi, the Feature Film Studio 1 decided to invest 2.66 million USD for a 30-episode television movie named *Trần Thủ Độ* which will focus on his life and the turbulent period of the Late Lý and Early Trần dynasty. In theatre, on the contrary, there were several plays which exploited the controversial role of Trần Thủ Độ in history such as *Rừng trúc* (*Bamboo Forest*) by the writer Nguyễn Huy Tưởng or *Anh hùng và mỹ nhân* (*The Hero and the Beauty*) by Chu Thơm. According to the stage director Lê Hùng, the life full of events of Trần Thủ Độ was a good source of inspiration in theatre because the play could focus on his inner feelings when Trần Thủ Độ had to act ruthlessly toward Lý clan for the benefit of his own Trần clan.

## Family

Trần Thủ Độ had one wife, Lady Linh Từ Trần Thị Dung, who was entitled as Mother of the Nation (Linh Từ quốc mẫu). She was daughter of Trần Lý, uncle of Trần Thủ Độ, and the former empress of the Emperor Lý Huệ Tông. She had an important role in the reconciliation between Trần Thái Tông and his brother Trần Liễu, Lady Linh Từ also had many activities to help the royal family during the Mongol invasion. Trần Thủ Độ's son Trần Duyệt and his grandson Trần Văn Lộng were both granted by the Emperor the title marquis as Marquis Nhân Thành (Nhân Thành hầu) and Marquis Chương Hoài (Chương Hoài thượng hầu) respectively, during the second Mongol invasion of Đại Việt, Trần Văn Lộng was one of the highest-ranking officials and royal members of Trần dynasty who defected to the Yuan side.

## InfoBox

| Trần Thủ Độ
陳守度 | |
| --- | --- |
| *Prince Trung Võ* | |
| Born | 1194
Long Hưng, Vietnam |
| Died | 1264 (aged 6970)
Thăng Long, Vietnam |
| Spouse | Lady Linh Từ Trần Thị Dung |
| House | Trần dynasty |
| Father | Trần Quả |


title: Tukituki (New Zealand electorate)

abstract: Tukituki is a New Zealand parliamentary electorate, and it returns one Member of Parliament to the New Zealand House of Representatives. It was established for the 1996 general election and is named after the Tukituki River. The current member for Tukituki is Catherine Wedd of the National Party, who won the seat from first-term Labour MP Anna Lorck at the 2023 general election.

text:
# Tukituki (New Zealand electorate)

**Tukituki** is a New Zealand parliamentary electorate, and it returns one Member of Parliament to the New Zealand House of Representatives. It was established for the 1996 general election and is named after the Tukituki River. The current member for Tukituki is Catherine Wedd of the National Party, who won the seat from first-term Labour MP Anna Lorck at the 2023 general election.

## Population centres

Tukituki was created ahead of the change to mixed-member proportional (MMP) voting at the 1996 election; it is a merger of the old Hastings seat with Central Hawke's Bay District. Tukituki centres on the southern Hawke's Bay region, with the bulk of the electorate's population coming from the city of Hastings, with other towns drafted in to bring the electorate up to the required population. In 2008, a general northwards tug on boundaries in the Taranaki, Manawatū-Whanganui and Hawke's Bay regions saw Waipukurau and Waipawa moved into the Wairarapa electorate, in exchange for which Tukituki gained the suburbs and towns around Cape Kidnappers from the Napier electorate. No boundary adjustments were undertaken in the subsequent 2013/14 redistribution.

## History

Labour's Rick Barker, who had represented Hastings since 1993 was elected as MP for Tukituki, and re-elected twice before a large provincial swing to the National Party in 2005 cost Barker his seat. This was the third time in over thirty years that a Hastings electorate had elected a National MP – the other two times being National's landslide victories in 1975 and 1990.

National's Craig Foss first contested the Tukituki electorate in the 2002 election, but Barker comfortably held the electorate. Ranked 47th on National's party list, Foss did not enter Parliament.

Foss defeated the incumbent in the 2005 election. He was returned to the 49th Parliament with a greatly increased majority in the 2008 election. His majority increased to nearly 10,000 votes in the 2011 election. In the 2014 election, his majority dropped to 6,490 votes.

On 14 December 2016, Foss announced that he would quit politics at the 2017 general election. The electorate was won at the election by Lawrence Yule, retaining it for the National Party.

Anna Lorck narrowly took the seat off of Yule after the 2020 election, returning the seat to Labour after 15 years with National.

The 2023 election saw Catherine Wedd re-capture the electorate back from Labour for National. Hawke's Bay Today described it as part of a "blue wave" across Hawke's Bay; Wedd overturned a 1,590 Labour majority, with a margin of 10,118 votes.

### Members of Parliament

**Key**

Labour   National

| Election | Winner | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1996 election |  | Rick Barker |
| 1999 election | | |
| 2002 election | | |
| 2005 election |  | Craig Foss |
| 2008 election | | |
| 2011 election | | |
| 2014 election | | |
| 2017 election |  | Lawrence Yule |
| 2020 election |  | Anna Lorck |
| 2023 election |  | Catherine Wedd |

### List MPs

Members of Parliament elected from party lists in elections where that person also unsuccessfully contested the Tukituki electorate. Unless otherwise stated, all MPs terms began and ended at general elections.

| Election | Winner | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 election |  | Rick Barker |
| 2008 election | | |

## Election results

### 2023 election

| 2023 general election: Tukituki | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Notes: | | Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. | | | | | | | |
| Party | | Candidate | | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% |
|  | National | Catherine Wedd | | 21,981 | 53.5% |  | 17,165 | 41.3% |  |
|  | Labour | N Anna Lorck | | 11,863 | 28.9% |  | 10,518 | 25.3% |  |
|  | Green | Nick Ratcliffe | | 2,383 | 5.8% |  | 3,284 | 7.9% |  |
|  | ACT | Rob Douglas | | 2,016 | 4.9% |  | 5,117 | 12.3% |  |
|  | NZ Loyal | Rob Hulman | | 1,030 | 2.5% |  | 620 | 1.5% |  |
|  | Legalise Cannabis | Romana (Marnz) Manning | | 631 | 1.5% |  | 228 | 0.5% |  |
|  | Independent | Michael Ngahuka | | 379 | 0.9% |  |  | | |
|  | Independent | Melanie Lorraine Petrowski | | 181 | 0.4% |  |  | | |
|  | Independent | Allister David Tosh | | 66 | 0.2% |  |  | | |
|  | Independent | Michael Ponk | | 45 | 0.1% |  |  | | |
|  | Animal Justice Party |  | | | | | 68 | 0.2% |  |
|  | DemocracyNZ |  | | | | | 71 | 0.2% |  |
|  | Freedoms NZ |  | | | | | 123 | 0.3% |  |
|  | Leighton Baker Party |  | | | | | 35 | 0.1% |  |
|  | New Conservatives |  | | | | | 64 | 0.2% |  |
|  | New Nation |  | | | | | 14 | 0.0% |  |
|  | NZ First |  | | | | | 2550 | 6.1% |  |
|  | NewZeal |  | | | | | 432 | 1.0% |  |
|  | Te Pāti Māori |  | | | | | 410 | 1.0% |  |
|  | Opportunities |  | | | | | 587 | 1.4% |  |
|  | Women's Rights |  | | | | | 39 | 0.1% |  |
| Informal votes | | | | 507 |  |  | 264 |  |  |
| **Total valid votes** | | | | 41,082 |  |  | 41,589 |  |  |
| **Turnout** | | | | 41,863 |  |  |  | | |
|  | National **gain** from Labour | | **Majority** | 10118 | +24.2% |  |  | | |

### 2020 election

| 2020 general election: Tukituki | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Notes: | | Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. | | | | | | | |
| Party | | Candidate | | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% |
|  | Labour | Anna Lorck | | 19,132 | 45.51 | +5.38 | 20,300 | 47.93 | +13.90 |
|  | National | N Lawrence Yule | | 17,542 | 41.72 | -5.70 | 12,524 | 29.57 | -19.46 |
|  | Green | Chris Perley | | 1,808 | 4.30 | -0.83 | 2,273 | 5.36 | 0.26 |
|  | ACT | Jan Daffern | | 1,051 | 2.50 |  | 3,745 | 8.84 | +8.50 |
|  | New Conservative | Nick McMinn-Collard | | 685 | 1.62 | +1.08 | 902 | 2.12 | +1.79 |
|  | Legalise Cannabis | Marnz Manning | | 521 | 1.23 |  | 204 | 0.48 | +0.17 |
|  | Advance NZ | Carl Peterson | | 336 | 0.79 |  | 396 | 0.93 |  |
|  | ONE | Melanie Lorraine Petrowski | | 175 | 0.41 |  | 104 | 0.24 |  |
|  | Future Youth | Allister David Tosh | | 50 | 0.11 | -0.10 |  | | |
|  | NZ First |  | | | | | 869 | 2.05 | -5.78 |
|  | Opportunities |  | | | | | 454 | 1.07 | -0.87 |
|  | Māori Party |  | | | | | 162 | 0.38 | +0.03 |
|  | Outdoors |  | | | | | 33 | 0.07 | +0.01 |
|  | Sustainable NZ |  | | | | | 25 | 0.05 |  |
|  | Social Credit |  | | | | | 20 | 0.04 | -0.01 |
|  | Vision NZ |  | | | | | 19 | 0.04 |  |
|  | TEA |  | | | | | 5 | 0.01 |  |
|  | Heartland |  | | | | | 5 | 0.01 |  |
| Informal votes | | | | 737 |  |  | 309 |  |  |
| **Total valid votes** | | | | 42,037 |  |  | 42,349 |  |  |
| **Turnout** | | | | 42,349 |  |  |  | | |
|  | Labour **gain** from National | | **Majority** | 1,590 | 3.78 | -3.52 |  | | |

### 2017 election

| 2017 general election: Tukituki | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Notes: | | Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. | | | | | | | |
| Party | | Candidate | | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% |
|  | National | Lawrence Yule | | 18,280 | 47.42 | -4.58 | 19,166 | 49.03 | -2.78 |
|  | Labour | Anna Lorck | | 15,467 | 40.13 | +6.33 | 13,302 | 34.03 | 11.27 |
|  | NZ First | Joe Kairau | | 2,027 | 5.26 |  | 3,062 | 7.83 | +0.17 |
|  | Green | Chris Perley | | 1,977 | 5.13 | -0.92 | 1,993 | 5.1 | -3.44 |
|  | Conservative | Roger Larkins | | 209 | 0.54 | -4.85 | 129 | 0.33 | -6.21 |
|  | Future Youth | Allister David Tosh | | 82 | 0.21 |  |  | | |
|  | Democrats | Dick Ryan | | 51 | 0.13 | -0.14 | 18 | 0.05 | ±0 |
|  | Opportunities |  | | | | | 758 | 1.94 |  |
|  | Māori Party |  | | | | | 135 | 0.35 | -0.16 |
|  | ACT |  | | | | | 134 | 0.34 | -0.06 |
|  | Legalise Cannabis |  | | | | | 123 | 0.31 | -0.11 |
|  | Ban 1080 |  | | | | | 40 | 0.1 | -0.04 |
|  | United Future |  | | | | | 33 | 0.08 | -0.08 |
|  | People's Party |  | | | | | 30 | 0.08 |  |
|  | Outdoors |  | | | | | 24 | 0.06 |  |
|  | Mana |  | | | | | 9 | 0.02 | -0.66 |
|  | Internet |  | | | | | 6 | 0.02 | -0.66 |
| Informal votes | | | | 454 |  |  | 128 |  |  |
| **Total valid votes** | | | | 38,547 |  |  | 39,090 |  |  |
|  | National **hold** | | **Majority** | 2,813 | 7.3 | -10.9 |  | | |

### 2014 election

| 2014 general election: Tukituki | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Notes: | | Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. | | | | | | | |
| Party | | Candidate | | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% |
|  | National | Y Craig Foss | | 18,537 | 52.00 | -6.42 | 18,680 | 51.81 | -0.79 |
|  | Labour | Anna Lorck | | 12,047 | 33.80 | +4.50 | 8,205 | 22.76 | -1.38 |
|  | Green | Chris Perley | | 2,156 | 6.05 | -0.94 | 3,078 | 8.54 | -1.12 |
|  | Conservative | Stephen Jenkinson | | 1,920 | 5.39 | +2.14 | 2,357 | 6.54 | +2.74 |
|  | Legalise Cannabis | Romana (Marnz) Manning | | 355 | 0.96 | -0.08 | 150 | 0.42 | -0.16 |
|  | ACT | Duncan Lennox | | 163 | 0.46 | -0.30 | 144 | 0.40 | -1.06 |
|  | Democrats | Dick Ryan | | 97 | 0.27 | +0.05 | 18 | 0.05 | +0.01 |
|  | NZ First |  | | | | | 2,357 | 7.66 | +1.81 |
|  | Internet Mana |  | | | | | 244 | 0.68 | +0.34 |
|  | Māori Party |  | | | | | 185 | 0.51 | -0.26 |
|  | United Future |  | | | | | 59 | 0.16 | -0.49 |
|  | Ban 1080 |  | | | | | 50 | 0.14 | +0.14 |
|  | Civilian |  | | | | | 12 | 0.03 | +0.03 |
|  | Focus |  | | | | | 5 | 0.01 | +0.01 |
|  | Independent Coalition |  | | | | | 4 | 0.01 | +0.01 |
| Informal votes | | | | 368 |  |  | 135 |  |  |
| **Total valid votes** | | | | 35,643 |  |  | 36,057 |  |  |
|  | National **hold** | | **Majority** | 6,490 | 18.20 | -11.18 |  | | |

### 2011 election

| 2011 general election: Tukituki | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Notes: | | Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. | | | | | | | |
| Party | | Candidate | | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% |
|  | National | Y Craig Foss | | 19,378 | 58.42 | +1.24 | 17,935 | 52.60 | +2.36 |
|  | Labour | Julia Haydon-Carr | | 9,718 | 29.30 | -5.67 | 8,231 | 24.14 | -8.01 |
|  | Green | Jim MacDonald | | 2,319 | 6.99 | +1.89 | 3,294 | 9.66 | +3.64 |
|  | Conservative | Stephen Jenkinson | | 1,078 | 3.25 | +3.25 | 1,296 | 3.80 | +3.80 |
|  | Legalise Cannabis | Romana (Marnz) Manning | | 352 | 1.06 | +1.06 | 198 | 0.58 | +0.22 |
|  | ACT | Robert Burnside | | 252 | 0.76 | -0.73 | 498 | 1.46 | -2.89 |
|  | Democrats | Barry Pulford | | 74 | 0.22 | +0.02 | 15 | 0.04 | -0.02 |
|  | NZ First |  | | | | | 1,995 | 5.85 | +2.68 |
|  | Māori Party |  | | | | | 263 | 0.77 | -0.10 |
|  | United Future |  | | | | | 220 | 0.65 | +0.10 |
|  | Mana |  | | | | | 117 | 0.34 | +0.34 |
|  | Libertarianz |  | | | | | 19 | 0.06 | +0.03 |
|  | Alliance |  | | | | | 17 | 0.05 | -0.04 |
| Informal votes | | | | 787 |  |  | 225 |  |  |
| **Total valid votes** | | | | 33,171 |  |  | 34,098 |  |  |
|  | National **hold** | | **Majority** | 9,660 | 29.12 | +6.90 |  | | |

**Electorate** (as at 26 November 2011): 44,708

### 2008 election

| 2008 general election: Tukituki | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Notes: | | Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. | | | | | | | |
| Party | | Candidate | | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% |
|  | National | Y Craig Foss | | 20,103 | 57.18 |  | 17,904 | 50.24 |  |
|  | Labour | Rick Barker | | 12,292 | 34.96 |  | 11,457 | 32.15 |  |
|  | Green | Quentin Duthie | | 1,792 | 5.10 |  | 2,146 | 6.02 |  |
|  | ACT | Duncan Lennox | | 523 | 1.49 |  | 1,552 | 4.35 |  |
|  | Progressive | Dawn Patchett | | 270 | 0.77 |  | 309 | 0.87 |  |
|  | Alliance | Thomas O'Neill | | 104 | 0.30 |  | 32 | 0.09 |  |
|  | Democrats | Barry Pulford | | 73 | 0.21 |  | 22 | 0.06 |  |
|  | NZ First |  | | | | | 1,129 | 3.17 |  |
|  | Māori Party |  | | | | | 310 | 0.87 |  |
|  | United Future |  | | | | | 196 | 0.55 |  |
|  | Bill and Ben |  | | | | | 187 | 0.52 |  |
|  | Kiwi |  | | | | | 135 | 0.38 |  |
|  | Legalise Cannabis |  | | | | | 127 | 0.36 |  |
|  | Family Party |  | | | | | 63 | 0.18 |  |
|  | Pacific |  | | | | | 37 | 0.10 |  |
|  | Workers Party |  | | | | | 14 | 0.04 |  |
|  | Libertarianz |  | | | | | 10 | 0.03 |  |
|  | RAM |  | | | | | 5 | 0.01 |  |
|  | RONZ |  | | | | | 4 | 0.01 |  |
| Informal votes | | | | 284 |  |  | 134 |  |  |
| **Total valid votes** | | | | 35,157 |  |  | 35,639 |  |  |
|  | National **hold** | | **Majority** | 7,811 | 22.22 |  |  | | |

### 2005 election

| 2005 general election: Tukituki | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Notes: | | Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. | | | | | | | |
| Party | | Candidate | | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% |
|  | National | Craig Foss | | 17,239 | 49.31 | +17.83 | 16,487 | 46.50 |  |
|  | Labour | N Rick Barker | | 14,837 | 42.44 | -9.47 | 13,353 | 37.66 |  |
|  | Green | Liz Earth | | 1,171 | 3.35 |  | 1,373 | 3.87 |  |
|  | United Future | Jocelyn Smith | | 670 | 1.92 |  | 856 | 2.41 |  |
|  | Māori Party | Ngahiwi Tomoana | | 541 | 1.55 |  | 256 | 0.72 |  |
|  | ACT | John Ormond | | 456 | 1.30 |  | 407 | 1.15 |  |
|  | Direct Democracy | Scott Burch | | 49 | 0.14 |  | 10 | 0.03 |  |
|  | NZ First |  | | | | | 1,852 | 5.22 |  |
|  | Progressive |  | | | | | 458 | 1.29 |  |
|  | Destiny |  | | | | | 183 | 0.52 |  |
|  | Legalise Cannabis |  | | | | | 87 | 0.25 |  |
|  | Christian Heritage |  | | | | | 50 | 0.14 |  |
|  | Alliance |  | | | | | 22 | 0.06 |  |
|  | 99 MP |  | | | | | 14 | 0.04 |  |
|  | Democrats |  | | | | | 13 | 0.04 |  |
|  | One NZ |  | | | | | 10 | 0.03 |  |
|  | Libertarianz |  | | | | | 8 | 0.02 |  |
|  | Family Rights |  | | | | | 6 | 0.02 |  |
|  | RONZ |  | | | | | 3 | 0.01 |  |
| Informal votes | | | | 329 |  |  | 135 |  |  |
| **Total valid votes** | | | | 34,963 |  |  | 35,454 |  |  |
|  | National **gain** from Labour | | **Majority** | 2,402 | 6.87 | +27.30 |  | | |

### 1999 election

Refer to Candidates in the New Zealand general election 1999 by electorate#Tukituki for a list of candidates.

1. "Enrolment by general electorate". *Electoral commission*. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
2. *Report of the Representation Commission 2007* (PDF). Representation Commission. 14 September 2007. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-477-10414-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
3. *Report of the Representation Commission 2014* (PDF). Representation Commission. 4 April 2014. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-477-10414-2. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
4. New Zealand Parliament – Rick Barker MP
5. "Official Count Results – Tukituki". Chief Electoral Office. 1 October 2005. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
6. "Hon Craig Foss". New Zealand Parliament. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
7. "Official Count Results – Tukituki". Electoral Commission. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
8. "Party Lists of Successful Registered Parties". Electoral Commission. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
9. "Official Count Results – Tukituki". Chief Electoral Office. 22 November 2008. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
10. "Official Count Results – Tukituki". Electoral Commission. 10 December 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
11. "Official Count Results – Tukituki". Electoral Commission. 10 October 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
12. "National MP Craig Foss quits politics". *The New Zealand Herald*. 14 December 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
13. "Election 2020: Labour takes candidate and party vote victory in Tukituki". *Hawke's Bay Today (via NZHerald)*. 17 October 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
14. Hageman, Mitchell (15 October 2023). "Tukituki election 2023 results: First-time MP Catherine Wedd follows in grandfather's footsteps, vows to strengthen horticulture sector in Hawke's Bay". *Hawke's Bay Today (via NZHerald)*. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
15. "Tukituki – Official Result". Electoral Commission.
16. "Tukituki – Official Result". Electoral Commission. 6 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
17. "Official Count Results – Tukituki". Wellington: New Zealand Electoral Commission. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
18. "Official Count Results – Tukituki". Electoral Commission. 10 October 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
19. "Enrolment statistics". Electoral Commission. 26 November 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2011.

## InfoBox

| Tukituki | |
| --- | --- |
| Single-member general constituency for the New Zealand House of Representatives | |
|  | |
| Tukituki River, namesake of the electorate | |
| Formation | 1996 |
| Region | Hawke's Bay |
| Territorial authority | Hastings District
Central Hawke's Bay District |
| Character | Urban and rural |
| Electors | 69,491 |
| Term | 3 years |
| Member for Tukituki | |
|
**Catherine Wedd**
since 14 October 2023 | |
| Party | National |
| Electorate office | Hastings |
| Previous MP | Anna Lorck (Labour) |
| **Party vote distribution**

 | |


title: Tshumelo Ikatelaho

abstract: The Tshumelo Ikatelaho - General Service Medal was instituted by the President of the Republic of South Africa on 16 April 2003, and came into effect on 27 April 2003. It can be awarded to all ranks who have participated in military campaigns or operations which, while not warranting the institution of particular campaign medals, still justify the award of a medal for general service. The bilingual title of the medal is in Tshivenda and English.

text:
# Tshumelo Ikatelaho

The **Tshumelo Ikatelaho - General Service Medal** was instituted by the President of the Republic of South Africa on 16 April 2003, and came into effect on 27 April 2003. It can be awarded to all ranks who have participated in military campaigns or operations which, while not warranting the institution of particular campaign medals, still justify the award of a medal for general service. The bilingual title of the medal is in Tshivenda and English.

## The South African military

The Union Defence Force (UDF) was established in 1912 and renamed the South African Defence Force (SADF) in 1958. On 27 April 1994, it was integrated with six other independent forces into the South African National Defence Force (SANDF).

## Award criteria

The medal can be awarded to all ranks of the South African National Defence Force, Auxiliary Service of the South African National Defence Force, and Armed Forces attached to or serving with or rendering any service to the South African National Defence Force who, for one day or more, have participated directly in or in support of military campaigns or operations, belligerent or otherwise, in accordance with the provisions of the Defence Act, which operations in themselves may not warrant the institution of particular campaign medals but which are nevertheless judged to be of sufficient significance to justify the award of a medal for general service.

The medal may be awarded posthumously. A member who is injured, killed, or dies before completing the required period of duty is deemed to have rendered the qualifying service for awarding of the medal or a clasp. The period of qualifying service for official visits or inspections in connection with an operation is a minimum of 34 days, which may be continuous or interrupted.

Guidelines consisting of appropriate phrases which may be useful when writing a citation for the award of the Tshumelo Ikatelaho - General Service Medal have been published by the South African Defence Department.

## Clasps

Clasps may be awarded to indicate a particular campaign or operation for which the medal has been conferred. The three clasps which have been instituted to date are the Peace Support Clasp, Humanitarian Aid Clasp, and Force Intervention Brigade Clasp.

## Mentioned in Dispatches - Okhankanyiweyo

The Mentioned in Dispatches - Okhankanyiweyo emblem was instituted by the President on 16 April 2003 and came into effect on 27 April 2003. The bilingual title of the honour is in English and isiNdebele. Members of all ranks whose names have been mentioned in dispatches to the President for having distinguished themselves in the execution of duty for actions of bravery or meritorious conduct, leadership, service, or devotion to duty, which may not warrant the award of a particular decoration or medal, are awarded a miniature emblem in the form of the coat of arms of the Republic of South Africa.

The Mentioned in Dispatches - Okhankanyiweyo emblem is worn above any campaign clasp on the ribbon of the relevant campaign medal, or on the ribbon of the Tshumelo Ikatelaho - General Service Medal or, if the recipient has no such medal, in the position of a single ribbon on a ribbon bar after all other honours worn by the recipient.

## Order of wear

The position of the Tshumelo Ikatelaho - General Service Medal in the official military and national orders of precedence is as follows:

Official military order of precedence Official national order of precedence * Preceded by the South Africa Service Medal of Umkhonto we Sizwe and the Azanian People's Liberation Army.
* Succeeded by the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal of the United Kingdom.

## Description

Front

The Tshumelo Ikatelaho - General Service Medal is a bronze, octagonal medal, 38 millimetres in diameter, with a faceted nine-pointed star charged within a laurel wreath. The star represents the nine Provinces of the Republic of South Africa.

Reverse

The reverse bears, in relief, the coat of arms of the Republic of South Africa. The medal is attached to a plain nickel-silver suspender fixed to the upper rim of the medal. The medal number is stamped below the coat of arms.

Ribbon

The ribbon is 32 millimetres wide, with a 5 millimetre wide national flag blue band, a 2 millimetre wide white band, a 6 millimetre wide national flag red band, and a 1½ millimetre wide gold band, repeated in reverse order and separated by a 3 millimetre wide black band in the centre.

Clasps

Clasps are 33 millimetres wide and 5 millimetres high, struck in bronze, and embossed with a name, date, description, or device to indicate a particular campaign or operation. On the ribbon, the clasps are read from the bottom up in order of award. To date, three clasps have been instituted, inscribed "PEACE SUPPORT", "HUMANITARIAN AID", and "FORCE INTERVENTION BRIGADE" respectively.

Mentioned in Dispatches - Okhankanyiweyo

The Mentioned in Dispatches - Okhankanyiweyo emblem is in the form of the coat of arms of the Republic of South Africa, struck in bronze and 16 millimetres in height. When only a ribbon bar is worn a miniature emblem, 8 millimetres in height, is affixed in the centre of the relevant ribbon bar. When the emblem is worn with miniature medals the same miniature emblem is worn above any campaign clasp.

## InfoBox

| Tshumelo Ikatelaho
General Service Medal | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type | Military campaign medal |
| Awarded for | Participation in military campaigns or operations |
| Country | South Africa |
| Presented by | the President |
| Eligibility | All ranks |
| Clasps | PEACE SUPPORT
HUMANITARIAN AID
FORCE INTERVENTION BRIGADE |
| Status | Current |
| Established | 27 April 2003 |
|  | |
| Ribbon bar | |
|  | |
| Order of wear | |
| Next (higher) | South Africa Service Medal |
| Next (lower) | Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal |


title: Tully Jensen

abstract: Alicia Tully Jensen is a model and an actress. She has been on the cover of Playboy, Vogue, Cosmopolitan, Elle, and Mademoiselle magazines.

text:
# Tully Jensen

**Alicia Tully Jensen** (born December 2, 1963) is a model and an actress. She has been on the cover of *Playboy*, *Vogue*, *Cosmopolitan*, *Elle*, and *Mademoiselle* magazines.

## Early life and family

Jensen, born (youngest of four girls) into a career military home, was raised in Europe and is of English and Scottish descent on her mother's side and of English, Filipino, and Spanish descent on her father's side.

## Career

She has appeared in the films *One Long Day*, *Anni 50*, *The Family Web*, *Not even the Trees*, *The Brady Bunch Movie*, *Inside the Goldmine*, and *A letter to True*. She has also been on the television series *Wild Oats* and *Sex and the City*.

## Personal life

She was married to Antonio Sabàto Jr., and was on the 2009 VH1 show *My Antonio* trying to win him back. She was eliminated in the ninth episode, finishing in third place.

## Filmography

* Inside the Goldmine (1994) (Emily) (as Alicia Tully Jensen)
* The Brady Bunch Movie (1995) (Model) (as Alicia Tully Jensen)
* Sex and the City (1998) (Yvette)
* Anni '50 (1998) (Martine) (as Alicia Tully Jensen)
* The Family Web (1998) (as Alicia Tully Jensen)
* Not Even the Trees (1998) (as Alicia Tully Jensen)
* One Long Day (2004) (as Alicia Tully Jensen)

## InfoBox

| Tully Jensen | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Alicia Tully Jensen
(1963-12-02) December 2, 1963
United States |
| Other names | Tully |
| Occupation(s) | Model, actress |
| Spouse | Antonio Sabàto Jr.  (m. 1992; div. 1993) |
| **Modeling information** | |
| Height | 5 ft 7 in (1.70 m) |
| Hair color | Brown |
| Eye color | Brown |
|  | |


title: Tupolev '102'

abstract: The Tupolev '102' and Tupolev '101' were 1950s projects for a turboprop airliner and assault transport by the Tupolev Design Bureau. The aircraft designs were almost identical but the '101' had a rear loading ramp and tail barbette for two Nudelman-Rikhter NR-23 cannon. The internal arrangement also differed with the '101' cabin being unpressurised apart from the flightdeck and a small cabin for ten passengers, whilst the '102's pressurised cabin was in one section, configured for 40 passengers. Similar requirements were also issued to OKB-23 and OKB-473, resulting in the Antonov An-8 which formed the design root of all Antonov's turboprop transports up to the An-22.

text:
# Tupolev '102'

The **Tupolev '102'** and **Tupolev '101'** were 1950s projects for a turboprop airliner and assault transport by the Tupolev Design Bureau. The aircraft designs were almost identical but the '101' had a rear loading ramp and tail barbette for two Nudelman-Rikhter NR-23 cannon. The internal arrangement also differed with the '101' cabin being unpressurised apart from the flightdeck and a small cabin for ten passengers, whilst the '102's pressurised cabin was in one section, configured for 40 passengers.

Similar requirements were also issued to OKB-23 (V.M. Myasischchev) and OKB-473 (Oleg K. Antonov), resulting in the Antonov An-8 which formed the design root of all Antonov's turboprop transports up to the An-22.

## Specifications ('102' projected)

*Data from* OKB Tupolev : a history of the design bureau and its aircraft

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** 7

'**101'** 4 to 5 * **Capacity:** 40 pax / 4,000–5,000 kg (8,800–11,000 lb)

'**101'** 10 pax with 4,000–8,000 kg (8,800–17,600 lb) * **Length:** 40 m (131 ft 3 in) / 36 m (118 ft)
* **Wingspan:** 40 m (131 ft 3 in)
* **Diameter:** 3.8 m (12 ft 6 in) fuselage
* **Wing area:** 140 m2 (1,500 sq ft)
* **Gross weight:** 36,000 kg (79,366 lb)

'**101'** 37,500 m (123,000 ft) * **Powerplant:** 2 × Kuznetsov TV-2F turboprop engines, 5,200 kW (7,000 shp) each

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 650 km/h (400 mph, 350 kn) to 700 km/h (430 mph; 380 kn) at 8,000 m (26,000 ft)

'**101'** 650–700 km/h (400–430 mph; 350–380 kn) at 8,000 m (26,000 ft) * **Range:** 3,000 km (1,900 mi, 1,600 nmi) to 4,000 km (2,500 mi; 2,200 nmi)

'**101'** 4,000 km (2,500 mi; 2,200 nmi) with 4,000 kg (8,800 lb) payload at 34,500 kg (76,100 lb) Take-off weight '**101'** 2,650 km (1,650 mi; 1,430 nmi) with 5,000 kg (11,000 lb) payload at 34,500 kg (76,100 lb) Take-off weight * **Service ceiling:** 1,000 m (3,300 ft) - 12,000 m (39,000 ft)

'**101'** 11,000–12,000 m (36,000–39,000 ft)
* **Take-off run:** 500–600 m (1,600–2,000 ft)
* **Landing run '102':** 600–750 m (1,970–2,460 ft)
    + **Landing run '101':** 350–400 m (1,150–1,310 ft) with reverse pitch

**Armament**

## InfoBox

| '102' | |
| --- | --- |
| Role | Airliner |
| National origin | Soviet Union |
| Manufacturer | Tupolev |
| Designer | Andrei Tupolev |
| Number built | None |
| Developed from | Tupolev Tu-101 |


title: Turkansaari

abstract: Turkansaari is an island in the Oulujoki river with an open-air museum in the Madekoski district in Oulu, Finland. The museum is run by the Northern Ostrobothnia museum. Turkansaari island was a marketplace for Russian traders in the Oulujoki river. The open-air museum started out when the old church, from the year 1694, was restored on the island in 1922. Every summer there is a demonstration of burning tar in a pit to produce tar in the traditional way.

text:
# Turkansaari

**Turkansaari** is an island in the Oulujoki river with an open-air museum in the Madekoski district in Oulu, Finland. The museum is run by the Northern Ostrobothnia museum.

Turkansaari island was a marketplace for Russian traders in the Oulujoki river. The open-air museum started out when the old church, from the year 1694, was restored on the island in 1922.

Every summer there is a demonstration of burning tar in a pit to produce tar in the traditional way.

Media related to Turkansaari at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

Turkansaari Open-Air Museum
| Turkansaaren ulkomuseo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Established | 1922 (1922) |
| Location | Madekoski, Oulu, Finland Turkansaarentie 165, 90310 Oulu |
| Coordinates | 64°56′53″N 25°42′22″E / 64.948°N 25.706°E / 64.948; 25.706 |
| Type | Open-air museum |
| Website | Official website |


title: Tunjuelo River

abstract: The Tunjuelo or Tunjuelito River is a river on the Bogotá savanna and a left tributary of the Bogotá River. The river, with a length of 73 kilometres (45 mi) originates in the Sumapaz Páramo and flows northward through the Usme Synclinal to enter the Colombian capital Bogotá. There, the river is mostly canalised flowing westward into the Bogotá River. It is one of the three main rivers of the city, together with the Fucha and Juan Amarillo Rivers.

text:
# Tunjuelo River

The **Tunjuelo** or **Tunjuelito River** is a river on the Bogotá savanna and a left tributary of the Bogotá River. The river, with a length of 73 kilometres (45 mi) originates in the Sumapaz Páramo and flows northward through the Usme Synclinal to enter the Colombian capital Bogotá. There, the river is mostly canalised flowing westward into the Bogotá River. It is one of the three main rivers of the city, together with the Fucha and Juan Amarillo Rivers.

## Etymology

The names Tunjuelo and Tunjuelito ("little Tunjuelo") are derived from the Cerro de los Tunjos, also Los Tunjos Lake, named after the *tunjos*, the religious votive figurines of the indigenous language of the Muisca, who inhabited the Bogotá savanna before the Spanish conquest.

## Description

sourcemouthclass=notpageimage|Source and mouth of the Tunjuelo River on the Bogotá savanna

The Tunjuelo River has a total length of 73 kilometres (45 mi) and originates in the Sumapaz Páramo, in the southern part of Bogotá. It flows through the southern part of the Colombian capital, south of the Fucha River, and has the largest drainage basin of the rivers of Bogotá. The river flows through the Usme Synclinal, where the type localities of various geological formations (among others the Marichuela Formation) are situated. The Tunjuelo River forms the border between the localities Usme and Ciudad Bolivar and between the namesake locality Tunjuelito and Ciudad Bolívar. The Tunjuelo River is highly contaminated.

### Geology

The Tunjuelo River valley hosts the type localities of various geologic formations of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense.

| Age | Formation | Lithologies |
Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pleistocene | Tunjuelo Formation | Conglomerates, sandstones, shales |  |
| Early Pliocene | Marichuela Formation | Conglomerates |  |
| Late Miocene | | | |
| Early Oligocene | Usme Formation | Shales, sandstones, conglomerates |  |
| Late Eocene | | | |
| | Regadera Formation | Sandstones, conglomerates, shales |  |
| | | | Early Eocene |
| | Bogotá Formation | Mudstones, shales, siltstones, sandstones |  |
| | | | Late Paleocene |

### Wetlands

**mouth**class=notpageimage|Wetlands in the Tunjuelo River basin

Three of the fifteen protected wetlands of Bogotá are located in the Tunjuelo River basin.

| Wetland | Location | Altitude (m) | Area (ha) | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| La Vaca | Kennedy | 2548 | 7.96 |  |
| La Isla | Bosa | 2550 | 7.7 |  |
| Tibanica | Bosa
Soacha | 2542 | 28.8 |  |
|

### Bibliography

* Montoya Arenas, Diana María; Reyes Torres, Germán Alfonso (2005), *Geología de la Sabana de Bogotá*, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–104
* Osorio Osorio, Julián Antonio (2007), *El río Tunjuelo en la historia de Bogotá, 1900-1990* (PDF), Alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá, pp. 1–116, retrieved 2017-02-28

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Tunjuelo River
Tunjuelito River | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location of the Tunjuelo River in Colombia | |
| Etymology | Muysccubun: "cerro de los *tunjos*" |
| Native name |  |
| Location | |
| Country | Colombia |
| Department | Cundinamarca |
| Municipalities | Bogotá |
| Localities |  |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Sumapaz Páramo |
| coordinates | 4°18′25″N 74°07′50″W / 4.3070°N 74.1306°W / 4.3070; -74.1306 |
|  | |
| Mouth | Bogotá River |
| coordinates | 4°37′45″N 74°13′21″W / 4.6291°N 74.2225°W / 4.6291; -74.2225 |
| Length | 73 km (45 mi) |
| Basin features | |
| River system | Bogotá River
Magdalena Basin
Caribbean Sea |