title: Mary Virginia Gaver

abstract: Mary Virginia Gaver was a United States librarian. She was considered by one source to be one of the most important leaders in library science in the 20th century.

text:
# Mary Virginia Gaver

**Mary Virginia Gaver** (December 10, 1906 – December 31, 1991) was a United States librarian. She was considered by one source to be one of the most important leaders in library science in the 20th century.

## Biography

Mary Virginia Gaver was the oldest of three children born to Clayton Daniel Gaver and Ruth Lydia Clendenning Gaver. She was born on December 10, 1906, in Washington, D.C. Her siblings were brother, Perry, who died of an injury while attending Virginia Tech, and Lydia, a history teacher at Stratford College. Mary's father relocated the family to the mill town of Danville, Virginia located in Pittsylvania County. Her father's family had owned and operated Gaver Woolen Mill in Hillsboro, Virginia in the 1800s. She arrived in Danville in 1912 and lived there for much of her life. It was her life in the impoverished area that influenced her and shaped much of what she did later in her career as an educator, author and a librarian.

Gaver's interest in books was displayed when she was very young. Since her mother was a teacher, she had grown up in a family where books were an important component to education and enrichment. While still a young child, she discovered that many of the local school children in Schoolfield, Virginia, which is a suburb of Danville, did not have access to books. To help alleviate this situation, she convinced her mother to help collect money to start a school library in this nearby town. Mary Gaver and her mother solicited donations door-to-door and gathered $100 that was then graciously matched by executives at Dan River Mill, where her father was executive secretary to the president, for a total of $200. This was enough to start a school library for the area children.

## Education

Gaver attended the local public schools until she enrolled in fifth grade at the Randolph-Macon Institute, which was a private girls school. After graduation, her mother wanted her to attend the prestigious Trinity College which is currently known as Duke University. Although she had earned a scholarship to cover the cost of her education at Trinity, she chose to further her education at Randolph-Macon Women's College. At the age of 21, she received a B.A. with a major in English and two minors that included Bible and the organ.

Gaver's education continued while she was employed full-time and often took classes during the summers. She earned a B.S. in library sciences in 1932 from Columbia University and went on to earn an M.S. in library sciences, also at Columbia in 1938. Gaver did take additional classes later in her career and was awarded an honorary doctoral degree by Columbia.

## Career

She followed in her mother's footsteps and became an English teacher at a local high school, but she disliked the job. While having an extensive background in English, she encountered problems with the management of her classroom. Her principal recommended that she transfer to a position in the school's library the following school year. That summer she not only worked in a library, but she also got some training at George Washington University to help improve on the fact that she had no formal schooling in library sciences. This unplanned job transfer, led to a long career as a librarian and advocate for the development of school libraries.

She worked at George Washington High School for 10 years before she earned her degree in library science. While working as a librarian during The Depression, she became aware of the funding problems of the library systems. Due to this, Gaver decided to dedicate her life not only to improving funding for the library systems but to get training in the schools to help improve the skills of the staff as well as the library skills of the children.

Gaver taught at many different schools and colleges, including 12 years (1942–1954) at the New Jersey State Teachers College. In addition, she was an associate professor, then a professor, at Rutgers University for the Graduate School of Library Services for which she held that position for 17 years from 1954 to 1971. In 1970, while at Rutgers University, Gaver served as a committee member of the Rutgers University Council on Children's Literature. She also embarked on an international mission to assist other countries improve their library systems, worked as a visiting professor at the University of Teheran, and became an advisor to Iran in 1952–1953.

During her time at Rutgers, she worked on several projects to help improve the library system. She was passionate about her work and wanted others to realize the importance of a well trained library staff and the benefit it had on the students' educational outcomes. Her work included, but is not limited to, the following projects: *Every Child Needs a School Library*, 1957; *Effectiveness of Centralized School Library Services (Phase I)*, 1959–1960; *Standards for School Library Programs*, 1960; *Are You Ready?*, 1960; *Creative Elementary School Library*, 1962; *Effectiveness of Centralize Library Service in Elementary Schools*, 1963; and *Libraries for the People of New Jersey*, 1964.

Miss Gaver also held many prominent positions including serving as president for not only the New Jersey Library Association (1954–1955) but for both the American Association of School Librarians (1959–1960) and the American Library Association (1966–1967).

## Awards

In addition to her leadership roles in various organizations, she earned several awards throughout her lifetime. These awards include:

* Herbert Putnam Honor Award, American Library Association, 1963;
* Rutgers's Research Council Award, 1962;
* Randolph-Macon Woman's College Achievement Award, 1964;
* Beta Phi Mu
* Award of Good Teaching, 1964;
* Constance Lindsay Skinner Award, Woman's National Book Association, 1973;
* American Library Association Honorary Membership, 1976;
* President's Award, American Association of School Librarians, 1980.

Gaver's career and influence as a librarian and author did not end when she retired from Rutgers University. She continued to conduct research, write, edit and publish articles well after her career as an educator ended. She went on to hold several positions, including vice president at Brodart Industries, a wholesale book supplier. Gaver stopped working at Brodart Industries in 1975.

Mary Gaver never married and died at the age of 85 on December 31, 1991, while suffering from Parkinson's disease. She left a lasting effect on how school libraries are run today.

## Publications

* *Iranian Libraries* (Library Journal, 1953)
* *Every Child Needs a School Library* (ALA, 1957)
* *New Jersey Plans for Library Development* (Wilson Library Bulletin, 1957)
* *Are You Ready?* (Wilson Library Bulletin, 1960)
* *The Creative Elementary School Librarian* (Wilson Library Bulletin, 1962)
* *Effectiveness of Centralized Libraries in Elementary Schools* (Rutgers University Press, 1963)
* *Libraries for the People of New Jersey* (NJLA, 1964)
* *Patterns of Development in Elementary School Libraries Today* (Encyclopædia Britannica, 1963, 1965, 1969)
* *The Elementary School Library Collection* (Brodart Foundation, 1965)
* *Librarians in the Academic Community—A New Breed?* (Wilson Library Bulletin, 1969)
* *Good News From Iran* (Top of the News, 1971)
* "The Elementary School Library Collection"

## Further reading

* *Mary Virginia Gaver. A Braided Cord: Memoirs of a School Librarian.* Peggy Sullivan. (The Librarian Quarter, 1989).
* *School Library Journal's Best: A Reader for Children's, Young Adult & School Librarians.* Thomas W. Domen, Marilyn L. Miller. (Neal-Schuman Publishers, 1997).
* *The Elementary School Library Collection: A Guide to Books and Other Media; Phases 1-2-3.* Mary Virginia Gaver. (The Bro-Dart Foundation, 1973).

## InfoBox

| Mary Virginia Gaver | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| President of the American Library Association | |
| **In office**
1966–1967 | |
| Preceded by | Robert Vosper |
| Succeeded by | Foster E. Mohrhardt |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1906-12-10)December 10, 1906
Washington, D.C., US |
| Died | December 31, 1991(1991-12-31) (aged 85)
Danville, Virginia, US |
| Education |  |
| Occupation |  |
|  | |


title: Marthanda Varma (film)

abstract: Marthanda Varma is a 1933 black and white Indian silent film directed by P. V. Rao, based on the 1891 Malayalam novel by C. V. Raman Pillai. This was the first film based on Malayalam literature and the next film of the Malayalam film industry after Vigathakumaran.

text:
# Marthanda Varma (film)

***Marthanda Varma*** is a 1933 black and white Indian silent film directed by P. V. Rao, based on the 1891 Malayalam novel by C. V. Raman Pillai. This was the first film based on Malayalam literature and the next film of the Malayalam film industry after *Vigathakumaran*.

## Plot

Based on the novel *Marthandavarma*, the film recounts the adventures of the crown Prince, Marthandavarma on how he eliminates his arch rivals one by one, so as to ascend to the throne of Kingdom of Travancore.

## Cast

A short list of artists who acted in the movie

* Jaidev
* Andi
* A. V. P. Menon
* V. Naik
* Padmini
* Devaki
* V. C. Kutty
* S. V. Nath
* Sundaram Iyer
* A. P. Padmanabha Menon
* Pattammal
* Pious
* Sunder Raj
* Kesava Menon
* Thilakam

The casting credits of the above artists variably contradict in the sources. The character Marthanda Varma is attributed to the actor Jaidev in IMDb, whereas in Weblokam (Malayalam Webdunia), the same character is attributed to actor Andi, who is referred to as a Tamil from Thalassery. The possibility of the name Jaidev being the screen alias of Andi conflicts with the information in Cini Diary, where both the names are listed separately under the artist credits of the movie.

Weblokam further states that Tamil actresses Pattamal and Devaki Bhai donned the roles of Subadra and Sulaikha respectively, of which the former's character credit brings up another contradiction as Cini Diary states Pattamal is Padmini or rather Pattamal's screen alias is Padmini, who is attributed to the character Parukutty in IMDb.

The producer R. Sunder Raj has done the role of Bheeram Khan, whereas A. V. P. Menon and V. Naik did the roles of Anantha Padmanaban and Padmanabhan Thampi, respectively.

## Crew

A short list of crew behind the film

* Producer - R. Sunder Raj
* Screenplay, Direction – P. V. Rao
* Cinematography – Pandurang E. Naik

## Production

The film was produced by R. Sunder Raj under the banner of Shri Rajeswari Films and production of the film was started in 1931, during which the producer ignored the queries regarding the copyright of the novel related to adapting it to the film.

The film had title cards in English and Malayalam, some of which were taken from the original text. A few of the title cards and actions make reference to the Swadeshi movement. The film also featured with a seven-minute actual newsreel footage of temple procession of the late Sri. Chithira Thirunal Maharaja of Travancore.

## Release

The movie was released through Shri Rajeswari Films in 1933 at Capitol theatre, Thiruvananthapuram of Thiruvithaankoor. The movie ran into copyright problems during its release with the publishers of the novel in that period, Kamalalaya Book Depot and was withdrawn from screenings after its opening day, following a court order marking the first copyright case in the Indian film industry and literature publishing of Kerala. The print of film was under the custody of Kamalalaya Book Depot until 1974, when the National Film Archive of India negotiated and acquired the same.

Apparently, this film also contain the first lip kiss of Indian Cinema.

A print of film, which is the only silent film of south India fully available as of now is preserved at the National Film Archive of India (NFAI), Pune. The film was reportedly shown at the 1994 Film Festival of Kerala. In 2011, this film was screened at the "Filka" International film festival in Thiruvananthapuram.

## InfoBox

| Marthanda Varma | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Malayalam | *മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ* |
|  | |
| Directed by | P. V. Rao |
| Written by | P. V. Rao (screenplay) |
| Based on | *Marthandavarma*
by C. V. Raman Pillai |
| Produced by | R. Sunder Raj |
| Starring | Jaidev
A. V. P. Menon
Devaki
Padmini |
| Cinematography | Pandurang E. Naik |
| Distributed by | Shri Rajeshwari Films |
| Release date |  |
| Running time | 118 mins. |
| Country | India |
| Languages | Silent film with intertitles in English and Malayalam |


title: French theatre of the late 18th century

abstract: The French theatre of the late 18th century functioned as a forum for political expression and debate; during this period, society and art became highly politicised. The French took great national pride in their theatres. A report commissioned by the Commune of Paris in 1789 declared Paris to be a centre for the "foremost theatres of Europe" that served as an "exemplar for foreigners." An audience's response to the play was important to its success—if a play was received poorly (claques), rather than favourably (cabales), the play would not receive royalty payments.

text:
# French theatre of the late 18th century

The **French theatre of the late 18th century** functioned as a forum for political expression and debate; during this period, society and art became highly politicised. The French took great national pride in their theatres. A report commissioned by the Commune of Paris in 1789 declared Paris to be a centre for the "foremost theatres of Europe" that served as an "exemplar for foreigners." An audience's response to the play was important to its success—if a play was received poorly (*claques*), rather than favourably (*cabales*), the play would not receive royalty payments.

## Theatre of the *Ancien Régime*

Before the creation of the National Assembly in 1789, the monarchy supported only three theatres in Paris: the Académie Royale de Musique (Paris Opera), the Comédie-Italienne, and the Comédie-Française. Royal patronage resulted in a monopoly over the theatre and safeguarded the monarch from mockery and criticism. It was not until the late 1780s that this system was criticised for preventing the success and freedom enjoyed by theatres elsewhere.

The government of the *Ancien Régime* attempted to silence a growing political unrest. In an attempt to rid society of the disruption caused by "*honnêtes hommes*," the lieutenant-general of police, Marc-Pierre de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson, tried to control the behaviour of spectators in theatres. This resulted in a temporary lull in politicised drama. Nearly all of the top fifty plays of the decade had nothing to do with the Revolution and were uncritical and silent about the revolutionary ideals of liberty.

## The Chapelier Law of 1791

With the introduction of the Chapelier Law in 1791, the National Assembly instituted the freedom of theatres, which could now function without governmental interference or censorship. A dramatic increase in the number of theatres followed, from fourteen in Paris in 1791 to thirty-five in 1792. As a result of the law, the censor now expressed not the absolute will of the monarch but the more negotiable, democratic preferences of the nation.

## The *parterre*

The physical space of a theatre in France during the Enlightenment allowed a large number of people to attend. With capacities of up to two thousand audience members, the theatre was an important arena for the French community. During this time, nearly fifty new theatres opened, over one thousand plays were written, and approximately twenty-four plays were performed on a daily basis. Giving the working class access to the theatre meant opening it to their demands. Ravel calls the pit the "parterre", where the working class could participate in the performance by voicing their reactions in an unmediated, sometimes aggressive way, thus anticipating in some form the coming Revolution. This group embodied the revolutionary spirit for direct democracy and subsequently became an important political actor, confounding the hierarchies of royal authority.

## *Pieces de circonstances*

A Parisian citizen during the Enlightenment may have attended the theatre principally for two reasons: firstly, its aesthetic value as an awe-inspiring spectacle and secondly, because of its political suggestiveness. When drama lacked this latter aspect, it was criticised for distracting audiences from the pressing public political issues of the time. For example, a petition was sent to the National Assembly regarding Paisiello's flashy opera *Nina, osia la pazza d'amore*, because it lacked political and educational meaning. This resulted in the opera's closure in 1792 and the National Assembly banned theatre that did not incorporate the events of the Revolution.

French theatre became full of "*pieces de circonstance*," or "works of social circumstances," particularly where the events of the military were concerned. For example, in December 1793, a member of the Committee of Public Safety, Bertrand Barère, demanded that playwrights create work about the French capture of Toulon. Seven new plays were subsequently written about the battle, including *La prise de Toulon*, which made direct references to political leaders and philosophers. Aubin-Louis Millin de Grandmaison claimed that "tragedy should teach great political truths and public virtues. If they want to express a powerful idea, tragic authors are therefore obliged to torment their genius, to cloak their idea with a veil of allegory"

While French theatre was praised for its ability to engage in the political debates of its time, it was also criticised by members of the aristocracy for corrupting the public sphere. A notable proponent of this notion was Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who, in his *Letter to M. D'Alembert on Spectacles*, argued that theatre could not improve the morality of the audience and instead could only re-inforce their existing beliefs. He was enraged by Molière's *Le Misanthrope* for the way it praised the hypocritical character Philinte at the expense of Alcest, the honest character in the play.

## Politics and the theatre

The worlds of politics and drama converged, since some leading playwrights of this period were also politicians. For example, tragedian Marie-Joseph Chénier belonged to the Paris Jacobins and was elected to the National Convention; Collot d'Herbois wrote both comedies and tragedies, while being an active member of the Committee for Public Safety; and interior minister François de Neufchâteau was also a popular playwright of the time.

Theatrics also played a large role in politics, in terms of the way political speeches and campaigns were carried out. Politicians of the time, such as the Marquis de Mirabeau, used the public's ability to be captivated by the theatre to arouse support for their regimes. In fact, in a production called *Assemblée fédérative*, citizens were allowed to pay to role-play as great speakers of the Enlightenment, re-enacting debates and speeches of propaganda. Inevitably, this situation resulted in a mockery of politics, and performances where actors played the parts of politicians were often controversial.

Along with the theatricality of politics, the role of drama in French society is reflected in the theatrical portrayal of the visions and beliefs of the National Convention regarding surveillance. The content of Revolutionary plays also reflected the beliefs of Jean Jacques Rousseau and the Age of Enlightenment. As described by Rousseau, surveillance provides the means through which the authenticity and goodness of the person can be constituted, recognized and affirmed. These ideas regarding surveillance resonated with Revolutionary culture, as there was a general push for complete visibility. The power of surveillance was thought to be shared by all citizens and was considered by many to be the single most important means to protect the Revolution from counter-revolutionary citizens and would-be usurpers.

Along with *L’Époux républicain*, plays such as *Plus de bâtards en France*, and *La Veuve du républicain, ou, Le Calomniateur* all reflected the Convention’s belief that surveillance in the private sphere was extremely important to the transparency of the Revolution. The Convention believed that citizens needed to police themselves and their peers, and then had a duty to report counterrevolutionaries. This was all encouraged in order to continue the safety and well-being of the Republic. Robespierre was particularly consumed with both the elimination of theatricality from the government and the elimination of the distance between the representatives and the people that they represented. Therefore, the aforementioned plays were encouraged and accepted.

*L'Époux républicain* was one play in particular that was enormously popular and very effective at portraying the importance of the acceptance of surveillance. The main character’s wife, Mélisse, has an affair and is also revealed to be counter-revolutionary, showing the link between immoral activity and treason. There were also characters within these plays that questioned whether or not surveillance was ethical or warranted. However, the characters that endorsed this surveillance were the ones that the plays portrayed as the moral, just, and ultimately correct citizens. Revolutionary drama depicted domestic life as inherently connected to political life, which in turn linked the practice of surveillance to the protection of the Revolution. Theater was considered a machine for propaganda to further the beliefs and ideals of the Revolution and its leaders.

Alternatively, there were plays that provided a critique of surveillance, such as *La Chaste Suzanne*, a play which actually caused riots because of supposed counter-revolutionary messages. *La Chaste Suzanne* cast an unfavorable light on two elected officials engaged in the surveillance of the main character, Suzanne, during a private moment in a bath. The officials attempt to extort sexual favors from Suzanne and when she refuses, they denounce her and allege that she was having an affair with a young man. Suzanne is brought to trial for adultery and is almost stoned to death before a sympathetic lawyer comes to her rescue and reveals the nefarious plot. This play represented a rejection of the ideas of surveillance encouraged by the government and society (embodied by the spying officials invading Suzanne’s privacy), and was thus seen as counter-revolutionary. The play was staged in a very momentous time in Revolutionary history - King Louis XVI had recently been tried and executed and the lines separating the Jacobin and Girondin values began to widen and cause animosity.

Due to the atmosphere of the Terror, and the subject matter of the play, riots began to break out condemning the performance. Even one of the actors in the play wrote a letter detailing citizens’ disgruntled reactions in the crowd upon hearing certain lines of the play they believed associated the play’s heroine, Suzanne, with Marie Antoinette. Patriots showed their discontent with the counter-revolutionary ideas in the play by storming the stage with drawn swords and threatening to turn the theatre into a hospital if they play continued. The Convention voted to ban *La Chaste Suzanne* after complaints that it disrupted the public order and was morally corrupt. Shortly after it was banned, on September 27, 1793, Pierre-Yves Barré, one of those responsible for the staging the performance and several actors and writers including the Radet and Desfontaines-Lavallée, were arrested for staging plays filled with "perfidious allusions".

In addressing the National Assembly in early 1791, the aforementioned Mirabeau declared that "when the time comes for us to concern ourselves with the education of the masses, in which the theatre must play its part, it will be seen that drama can be transformed into a very active, very rigorous morality."

As Mirabeau’s declaration suggests, the revolutionary governments used theatre to promote republican ideology and morality. According to F. W. J. Hemmings, in the plays produced in Paris between 1793 and 1794, over two-thirds conveyed a political message. However, the question of what constituted a drama that espoused proper political messages and appropriate republican morals ultimately fell to the government. Consequently, in its efforts to utilize the theatre for political ends, the government became repressive, much in the same way that the monarchy had been. Because the theatre was viewed as a tool of political advancement, plays that did not purify public morals or politically align with the central government became censored in some way. Plays were either outright banned, or altered to remove any references to the defunct institutions of the *Ancien Régime* and to better promote republican morals, as was often the case with familiar classics such as Molière’s *Tartuffe*. Prior to August 1793, the central government enforced such censorship through repressive means. Because of the Chapelier Law of 1791, passed under the National Assembly, abolishing the censorship of theatre, the government could only ban a particular dramatic performance that could be argued had caused a public disturbance.

This was the case with the play *L’Ami des Lois*. As the controversial trial of the King was taking place in early 1793, Jean-Louis Laya created the play *L’Ami des Lois* as an attack on perceived Jacobin extremism of the time and as an expression of his desire for moderation. In the play, Jacobins are depicted as self-interested and calculating villains, while the aristocrats are portrayed as patriotic. Resulting complaints from the public led to the Paris Commune, in part controlled by Jacobins, banning the play for public disturbance. This occurred on January 10, 1793, only eight days after its first production. Playwright Laya protested what he considered an arbitrary censorship to his play. He criticized the new censorship undertaken by the revolutionary French government as more despotic than that of the institutions of the Ancien Régime. Although a supporter of the early stages of the Revolution, Laya’s *L’Ami des Lois*, and subsequent criticisms of the government, resulted in his official denunciation by Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois, a member of the Committee of Public Safety. To avoid punishment, Laya went into hiding and did not reappear until after the Reign of Terror had come to an end.

Censorship of the theatre only increased in the following months, paralleling the increasing division amidst the Revolution during the Reign of Terror. On August 2, 1793, the recently formed Committee of Public Safety passed a decree introducing penalties to theatres producing plays contrary to republican ideology by proclaiming that "every theatre in which plays are performed that tend to lower public morale and to revive the shameful superstition of monarchy shall be closed, and the directors arrested and punished in accordance with the full rigor of the law." Furthermore, the following month, the Committee of Public Safety granted the Commune the task of preemptively previewing plays to ensure that they followed republican ideology and did not include any critiques of the current administration. This marked a shift from repressive censorship to that of preventive censorship, carried out in the name of the Republic. Even while undertaking preventive censorship measures, the National Convention continued to promote plays that aligned with its political and moral creed.

The play *Guillaume Tell* by Antoine-Marin Lemierre, which displayed popular themes of the struggle against tyranny, revolt, sacrifice and liberty, is an example of a play promoted by both the Convention and the Committee of Public Safety. Productions of *Guillaume Tell* were actually subsidized by the state, as it was one of several plays deemed by the government to best propagate revolutionary ideals. Following the precedent set by the earlier revolutionary governments, even the more conservative government that came to power during the Thermidorian Reaction continued to censor and support plays of its choosing.

## The fourth wall in theatre and politics

Paul Friedland suggests that actors in the time of the *Ancien Régime* were expected to experience the emotions that they were portrayed on-stage. In 1750, however, critics such as Denis Diderot and François Riccoboni argued that the emotions presented on-stage should be illusionary. Friedland argues that by the time of the creation of the National Assembly there was a metaphorical "fourth wall" that divided an awed audience from the actors who created illusions of reality. Friedland interprets this change as resulting from the emergence of revolutionary politics. He calls pre-revolutionary France a "*corpus mysticum,*" or a "mystical body," that was subject only to the will of the monarchy, aristocracy, and clergy. During the Revolution, he continues, power shifted to the *parlementaires*, who began to operate behind a political "fourth wall", still removed from the actual interests of citizens. Just as audiences in a theatre would suspend their disbelief for the spectacle of the show, so too did citizens begin to have blind faith in the National Assembly's representation of national will.

Friedland uses Marie-Joseph Chénier's play *Charles IX*, which expresses an anti-monarchical attitude, as an example of the controversy that the "fourth wall" created. When actors refused to participate in the play, the National Assembly and other political organizations intervened, defying the Chapelier law that outlawed government intervention in theatre.

Critics of the theatre argued that the divide between spectators and performers not only reflected, but encouraged the separation between citizens and government. The remodelling of the Théâtre Feydeau in 1789, for example, removed audience boxes on-stage so that the audience was more confined to an area separate from the stage. This change, they argued, signified the lack of transparency of the *Ancien Régime*. Maximilien Robespierre was an advocate for public vigilante surveillance over the government and so was against this counter-revolutionary form of theatre. Susan Maslan, utilising the theories of Michel Foucault, argues that the shift from the *Ancien Régime* to the post-revolutionary system signified a "shift from a regime of spectacle to a regime of surveillance."

## Sources

* Friedland, Paul. 2002. *Political Actors: Representative Bodies and Theatricality in the Age of the French Revolution*. New York: Cornell UP.
* Kennedy, Emmet, Marie-Laurence Netter, James P. McGregor, and Mark V.Olsen. 1996. *Theatre, Opera, and Audiences in Revolutionary Paris.* Connecticut: Greenwood P.
* Maslan, Susan. 2005. *Revolutionary Acts: Theatre, Democracy, and the French Revolution.* Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins UP.
* McClellan, Michael E. 2004. "The Revolution on Stage: Opera and Politics in France, 1789–1800." National Library of Australia: accessed April 1, 2009.
* Ravel, Jeffrey S. 1999. *The Contested Parterre: Public Theatre and French Political Culture, 1680–1791.* New York: Cornell UP. ISBN 978-0-8014-8541-1.
* Hemmings, F. W. J. 1994. *Theatre and State in France, 1760–1905.* Cambridge, England: Cambridge UP.
* Carlson, Marvin. 1966. *The Theatre of the French Revolution*. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell UP.
* Kennedy, Emmet. 1989. *A Cultural History of the French Revolution.* New Haven: Yale UP.
* Israel, Johnathan. 2014. *Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution from the Rights of Man to Robespierre*. Princeton, NJ: The Princeton UP.
* McCready, Susan. 2001. *Performing Time in the Revolutionary Theater*. Dalhousie French Studies, 55, 26-30.

## Further reading

* Brown, Frederick.1980. *Theater and Revolution : The Culture of the French Stage.* New York: Viking Press.
* Censer, Jack and Lynn Hunt. 2001. *Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution*. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press.
* Kafker, Frank et al. 2002. *The French Revolution: Conflicting Interpretations*, fifth edition. Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Company
* Popkin, Jeremy D. 2002. *A Short History of the French Revolution*. Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Prentice Hall.
* Leon, Mechele. 2009. *Moliere, the French Revolution, and the Theatrical Afterlife*. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press..
* Root-Bernstein, Michel̀e. 1984. *Boulevard Theater and Revolution in Eighteenth-Century Paris*. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research Press.
* Feilla, Cecilia. 2013. *The Sentimental Theatre of the French Revolution performing virtue*. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
* Daniels, Barry. 1983. *Revolution in the Theatre: French Romantic Theories of Drama*. Westport, CT.: Greenwood Press.
* Leon, Mechele. 2009. *Moliere, the French Revolution, and the Theatrical Afterlife*. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press.


title: Upton, Somerset

abstract: Upton is a village and civil parish north of Skilgate in Somerset, England. It is situated on a hill above the eastern end of Wimbleball Lake.

text:
# Upton, Somerset

**Upton** is a village and civil parish north of Skilgate in Somerset, England. It is situated on a hill above the eastern end of Wimbleball Lake.

## History

The parish of Upton was part of the Williton and Freemanners Hundred.

Pepperpot Castle, which is also known as Haddon Lodge, was built By Lady Harriet Acland, during the long period of her widowhood, 1778–1815, as a lodge to the drive to connect Pixton Park in Dulverton where her daughter the Countess of Carnarvon lived, with her own estates near Wiveliscombe.

## Governance

The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council’s operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.

The village falls within the non-metropolitan district of Somerset West and Taunton, which was established on 1 April 2019. It was previously in the district of West Somerset, which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, and part of Dulverton Rural District before that. The district council is responsible for local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection and recycling, cemeteries and crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism.

Somerset County Council is responsible for running the largest and most expensive local services such as education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, policing and fire services, trading standards, waste disposal and strategic planning.

It is also part of the Tiverton and Minehead county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.

## Religious sites

The remains of the Old Church of St James, which dates from the 14th century can still be seen. The current parish church of St James was built in 1870.

The non conformist Ebenezer Chapel dates from 1878.

Media related to Upton, Somerset West and Taunton at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Upton | |
| --- | --- |
| Church of St James, Upton | |
| UptonLocation within Somerset | |
| Population | 250 (2011) |
| OS grid reference | SS993287 |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Taunton |
| Postcode district | TA4 |
|  | |
| Police | Avon and Somerset |
| Fire | Devon and Somerset |
| Ambulance | South Western |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: United Acid Emirates

abstract: United Acid Emirates is an acid house album by Ceephax Acid Crew, released in 2010 on Planet Mu. The Roland TB-303 synthesizer is prominently featured on the album's cover art.

text:
# United Acid Emirates

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | link |

***United Acid Emirates*** is an acid house album by Ceephax Acid Crew, released in 2010 on Planet Mu. The Roland TB-303 synthesizer is prominently featured on the album's cover art.

## Track listing

### CD release

1. Cedric's Sonnet – 3:07
2. Castilian – 4:54 †
3. New River Company – 2:23
4. Commuter – 5:31
5. Glocker – 1:06 †
6. Life Funk – 5:21
7. Sidney's Sizzler – 5:21
8. Trabzonspor – 3:02
9. Topaz – 2:54
10. Emotinium II – 8:16
11. The Celebrity – 3:57
12. Denizlispor – 2:03
13. Arcadian (Castilian II) – 4:05
14. Royal Lounge – 4:11

† indicates CD-only track

### Vinyl release

#### Side one

1. Cedric's Sonnet – 3:07
2. Commuter – 5:31
3. New River Company – 2:23

#### Side two

1. Life Funk – 5:21
2. Sidney's Sizzler – 5:21
3. Trabzonspor – 3:02

#### Side three

1. Topaz – 2:54
2. Emotinium II – 8:16
3. The Celebrity – 3:57

#### Side four

1. Arcadian (Castilian II) – 4:05
2. Royal Lounge – 4:11
3. Denizlispor – 2:03

## InfoBox

| United Acid Emirates | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Ceephax Acid Crew | |
| Released | January 25, 2010 |
| Recorded | 2007–2010 |
| Genre | Acid house |
| Length | 56:11 (CD)
50:11 (vinyl) |
| Label | Planet Mu |
| Producer | Andy Jenkinson |
| Ceephax Acid Crew chronology | |
| *Ceeland*
(2009) ***United Acid Emirates***
(2010) *Psychtapolis*
(2010) | |


title: Mordella aeruginosa

abstract: Mordella aeruginosa is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1891.

text:
# Mordella aeruginosa

***Mordella aeruginosa*** is a species of beetle in the genus *Mordella* of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1891.

## InfoBox

| *Mordella aeruginosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Mordellidae |
| Genus: | *Mordella* |
| Species: | ***M. aeruginosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mordella aeruginosa***<br>Champion, 1891 | |
|


# List of electoral wards in Gloucestershire

This is a list of electoral divisions and wards in the ceremonial county of Gloucestershire in South West England. All changes since the re-organisation of local government following the passing of the Local Government Act 1972 are shown. The number of councillors elected for each electoral division or ward is shown in brackets.

## County council

### Gloucestershire

Electoral Divisions from 1 April 1974 (first election 12 April 1973) to 2 May 1985:

1. Berkeley (1)
2. Bisley (1)
3. Cam (1)
4. Charlton Kings (1)
5. Cheltenham (All Saints) (1)
6. Cheltenham (College) (1)
7. Cheltenham (Hatherley) (1)
8. Cheltenham (Hesters Way) (1)
9. Cheltenham (Lansdown) (1)
10. Cheltenham (Park) (1)
11. Cheltenham (Pittville) (1)
12. Cheltenham (St Marks) (1)
13. Cheltenham (St Pauls) (1)
14. Cheltenham (St Peters) (1)
15. Cheltenham Rural No. 1 (Winchcombe) (1)
16. Cheltenham Rural No. 2 (1)
17. Cheltenham Rural No. 3 (1)
18. Cheltenham Rural No. 4 (1)
19. Cheltenham Rural No. 5 (1)
20. Cirencester (North) (1)
21. Cirencester (South) (1)
22. Cirencester Rural No. 1 (1)
23. Cirencester Rural No. 2 (1)
24. Dursley (1)
25. East Dean No. 1 (Mitcheldean) (1)
26. East Dean No. 2 (Cinderford) (1)
27. East Dean No. 3 (1)
28. East Dean No. 4 (1)
29. Gloucester (Barnwood) (1)
30. Gloucester (Barton) (1)
31. Gloucester (Eastgate) (1)
32. Gloucester (Hucclecote) (1)
33. Gloucester (Kingsholm) (1)
34. Gloucester (Linden) (1)
35. Gloucester (Longlevens) (1)
36. Gloucester (Matson) (1)
37. Gloucester (Podsmead) (1)
38. Gloucester (Tuffley) (1)
39. Gloucester (Westgate) (1)
40. Gloucester Rural No. 1 (Brockworth) (1)
41. Gloucester Rural No. 2 (Churchdown) (1)
42. Gloucester Rural No. 3 (1)
43. Gloucester Rural No. 4 (1)
44. Lydney (1)
45. Minchinhampton (1)
46. Nailsworth (1)
47. Newent (1)
48. North Cotswold No. 1 (Campden) (1)
49. North Cotswold No. 2 (1)
50. North Cotswold No. 3 (1)
51. Northleach (1)
52. Painswick (1)
53. Stonehouse (1)
54. Stroud East (1)
55. Stroud West (1)
56. Tetbury (1)
57. Tewkesbury (1)
58. Tidenham (1)
59. West Dean No. 1 (1)
60. West Dean No. 2 (1)
61. Wotton-under-Edge (1)

Electoral Divisions from 2 May 1985 to 5 May 2005:

1. All Saints (1)
2. Ashchurch & Twyning (1)
3. Barnwood (1)
4. Barton (1)
5. Berkeley Vale (1)
6. Bishops Cleeve & Swindon (1)*; electoral division abolished in 1991*
7. Bisley (1)
8. Bourton & Stow (1)
9. Brockworth & Hucclecote (1)
10. Brooksdean (1)
11. Cam (1)
12. Charlton Kings (1)
13. Churchdown (1)
14. Cinderford (1)
15. Cirencester North (1)
16. Cirencester South (1)
17. Coleford (1)
18. College (1)
19. Cotswold Edge (1)*; electoral division abolished in 1991*
20. Dursley (1)
21. East Cotswold (1)
22. East Dean (1)
23. Eastgate (1)
24. Hatherley (1) †
25. Hesters Way (1)
26. Hucclecote (1)
27. Kingsholme (1) †
28. Lansdown (1)
29. Linden (1)
30. Longlevens (1) †
31. Lydney (1)
32. Matson (1) †
33. Mid-Tewkesbury (1) †
34. Minchinhampton (1)
35. Moreton-in-the-Marsh (1)
36. Nailsworth (1)
37. Newent (1)
38. North Cotswold (1)
39. Northleach (1)
40. Painswick (1)
41. Park (1)
42. Pittville (1)
43. Podsmead (1)
44. Prestbury (1)
45. Quedgeley (1) †
46. Severn (1) †
47. Severn Dean (1)
48. Severn Vale (1) †
49. South Cotswold (1) †
50. St Marks (1)
51. St Pauls (1)
52. St Peters (1) †
53. Stonehouse (1)
54. Stroud East (1)
55. Stroud West (1)
56. Tetbury (1)
57. Tewkesbury (1)
58. Tidenham (1)
59. Tuffley (1)
60. West Dean (1)
61. Westgate (1) †
62. Winchcombe (1) †
63. Wotton-under-Edge (1)
64. Bishop’s Cleeve (1)*; new electoral division added in 1991*
65. Leckhampton with Up Hatherley (1)*; new electoral division added in 1991*

† minor boundary changes in 1991

Electoral Divisions from 5 May 2005 to 2 May 2013:

1. Abbey (1)
2. All Saints (2)
3. Ashchurch, Cleeve & Oxenton Hill (1)
4. Barnwood (1)
5. Barton & Tredworth (1)
6. Berkeley Vale (1)
7. Bourton (1) †
8. Brockworth (1)
9. Brooksdean (1)
10. Cam & Dursley (2)
11. Chalford (1)
12. Charlton Kings (1)
13. Churchdown Brookfield (1)
14. Churchdown St John's (1)
15. Cinderford (1)
16. Cirencester (2)
17. Cleeve (1)
18. Coleford (1)
19. East Cotswold (1) †
20. Hesters Way & Up Hatherley (2)
21. Hucclecote (1)
22. Lansdown, Park & Warden Hill (2)
23. Longlevens (1)
24. Lydney (1)
25. Mid Dean (1)
26. Moreland (1)
27. Moreton-Stow (1)
28. Nailsworth & Minchinhampton (1) †
29. Newent (1)
30. North Cotswold (1)
31. North Stroud (1)
32. Northleach (1)
33. Oakley, Pittville & Prestbury (2)
34. Pillowell & Littledean (1)
35. Podsmead (1)
36. Quedgeley (2)
37. Robinswood (1)
38. Rodborough (1) †
39. Severn Vale (1)
40. South Cotswold (1)
41. Springbank (1)
42. St Mark's, St Paul’s & St Peter's (2)
43. Stonehouse (1)
44. Stroud East (1)
45. Stroud West (1)
46. Tetbury (1)
47. Tewkesbury (2)
48. Tidenham (1)
49. Upton St Leonards, Bisley & Painswick (1)
50. West Dean (1)
51. Westgate (2)
52. Winchcombe (1)
53. Wotton-under-Edge (1)

† minor boundary changes in 2009

Electoral Divisions from 2 May 2013 to present:

1. Abbey (1)
2. All Saints & Oakley (1)
3. Barnwood & Hucclecote (1)
4. Barton & Tredworth (1)
5. Battledown & Charlton Kings (1)
6. Benhall & Up Hatherley (1)
7. Bishop’s Cleeve (1)
8. Bisley & Painswick (1)
9. Blakeney & Bream (1)
10. Bourton-on-the-Water & Northleach (1)
11. Brockworth (1)
12. Cam Valley (1)
13. Campden-Vale (1)
14. Charlton Park & College (1)
15. Churchdown (1)
16. Cinderford (1)
17. Cirencester Beeches (1)
18. Cirencester Park (1)
19. Coleford (1)
20. Coney Hill & Matson (1)
21. Drybrook & Lydbrook (1)
22. Dursley (1)
23. Fairford & Lechlade on Thames (1)
24. Grange & Kingsway (1)
25. Hardwicke & Severn (1)
26. Hempsted & Westgate (1)
27. Hesters Way & Springbank (1)
28. Highnam (1)
29. Kingsholm & Wotton (1)
30. Lansdown & Park (1)
31. Leckhampton & Warden Hill (1)
32. Longlevens (1)
33. Lydney (1)
34. Minchinhampton (1)
35. Mitcheldean (1)
36. Nailsworth (1)
37. Newent (1)
38. Pittville & Prestbury (1)
39. Quedgeley (1)
40. Rodborough (1)
41. Sedbury (1)
42. South Cerney (1)
43. St Mark’s & St Peter’s (1)
44. St Paul’s & Swindon (1)
45. Stonehouse (1)
46. Stow-on-the-Wold (1)
47. Stroud Central (1)
48. Tetbury (1)
49. Tewkesbury (1)
50. Tewkesbury East (1)
51. Tuffley (1)
52. Winchcombe & Woodmancote (1)
53. Wotton-under-Edge (1)

## Unitary authority council

### South Gloucestershire

Wards from 1 April 1996 (first election 4 May 1995) to 6 May 1999:

1. Almondsbury (1)
2. Alveston (2)
3. Bitton (2)
4. Bradley Stoke (North) (2)
5. Bradley Stoke (South) (3)
6. Charfield (1)
7. Chipping Sodbury (1)
8. Cotswold Edge (1)
9. Dodington (2)
10. Downend (3)
11. Filton (Charborough) (1)
12. Filton (Conygre) (1)
13. Filton (Northville) (1)
14. Frampton Cotterell (2)
15. Hanham (3)
16. Kings Chase (3)
17. Ladden Brook (1)
18. Oldbury-on-Severn (1)
19. Oldland Common (2)
20. Parkwall (3)
21. Patchway (3)
22. Pilning & Severn Beach (1)
23. Pucklechurch (1)
24. Rodway (3)
25. Siston (3)
26. Staple Hill (2)
27. Stoke Gifford (North) (1)
28. Stoke Gifford (South) (2)
29. Thornbury North (2)
30. Thornbury South (2)
31. Westerleigh (1)
32. Wick & Abson (1)
33. Winterbourne (3)
34. Woodstock (3)
35. Yate (North West) (1)
36. Yate (North) (2)
37. Yate (South) (2)
38. Yate (West) (1)

Wards from 6 May 1999 to 3 May 2007:

1. Almondsbury (1)
2. Alveston (1)
3. Bitton (1)
4. Boyd Valley (2)
5. Bradley Stoke Baileys Court (1)
6. Bradley Stoke Bowsland (2)
7. Bradley Stoke Sherbourne (2)
8. Charfield (1)
9. Chipping Sodbury (2)
10. Cotswold Edge (1)
11. Dodington (2)
12. Downend (3)
13. Filton (3)
14. Frampton Cotterell (2)
15. Hanham (3)
16. Kings Chase (3)
17. Ladden Brook (1)
18. Longwell Green (2)
19. Oldland Common (2)
20. Parkwall (2)
21. Patchway (3)
22. Pilning & Severn Beach (1)
23. Rodway (3)
24. Severn (1)
25. Siston (3)
26. Staple Hill (2)
27. Stoke Gifford (3)
28. Thornbury North (2)
29. Thornbury South (2)
30. Westerleigh (1)
31. Winterbourne (3)
32. Woodstock (3)
33. Yate Central (2)
34. Yate North (2)
35. Yate West (2)

Wards from 3 May 2007 to 2 May 2019:

1. Almondsbury (1)
2. Bitton (1)
3. Boyd Valley (2)
4. Bradley Stoke Central & Stoke Lodge (2)
5. Bradley Stoke North (1)
6. Bradley Stoke South (2)
7. Charfield (1)
8. Chipping Sodbury (2)
9. Cotswold Edge (1)
10. Dodington (2)
11. Downend (3)
12. Emersons Green (3)
13. Filton (3)
14. Frampton Cotterell (2)
15. Frenchay & Stoke Park (2)
16. Hanham (3)
17. Kings Chase (3)
18. Ladden Brook (1)
19. Longwell Green (2)
20. Oldland Common (2)
21. Parkwall (2)
22. Patchway (3)
23. Pilning & Severn Beach (1)
24. Rodway (3)
25. Severn (1)
26. Siston (1)
27. Staple Hill (2)
28. Stoke Gifford (3)
29. Thornbury North (2)
30. Thornbury South & Alveston (2)
31. Westerleigh (1)
32. Winterbourne (2)
33. Woodstock (3)
34. Yate Central (2)
35. Yate North (3)

Wards from 2 May 2019 to present:

1. Bitton & Oldland Common (2)
2. Boyd Valley (2)
3. Bradley Stoke North (2)
4. Bradley Stoke South (2)
5. Charfield (1)
6. Charlton & Cribbs (3)
7. Chipping Sodbury & Cotswold Edge (2)
8. Dodington (2)
9. Emersons Green (3)
10. Filton (2)
11. Frampton Cotterell (3)
12. Frenchay & Downend (3)
13. Hanham (3)
14. Kingswood (2)
15. Longwell Green (2)
16. New Cheltenham (2)
17. Parkwall & Warmley (2)
18. Patchway Coniston (1)
19. Pilning & Severn Beach (1)
20. Severn Vale (2)
21. Staple Hill & Mangotsfield (3)
22. Stoke Gifford (3)
23. Stoke Park & Cheswick (1)
24. Thornbury (3)
25. Winterbourne (2)
26. Woodstock (2)
27. Yate Central (2)
28. Yate North (3)

## District councils

### Cheltenham

Wards from 1 April 1974 (first election 7 June 1973) to 5 May 1983:

Wards from 5 May 1983 to 2 May 2002:

1. Hatherley ()*; ward abolished in 1991*
2. Hatherley & The Reddings (4)*; new ward added in 1991*
3. Leckhampton with Up Hatherley (3)*; new ward added in 1991*
4. Prestbury (3)*; new ward added in 1991*
5. Swindon (1)*; new ward added in 1991*

Wards from 2 May 2002 to present:

1. All Saints (2)
2. Battledown (2)
3. Benhall & The Reddings (2)
4. Charlton Kings (2)
5. Charlton Park (2)
6. College (2)
7. Hesters Way (2)
8. Lansdown (2)
9. Leckhampton (2)
10. Oakley (2)
11. Park (2)
12. Pittville (2)
13. Prestbury (2)
14. St Mark's (2)
15. St Paul's (2)
16. St Peter's (2)
17. Springbank (2)
18. Swindon Village (2)
19. Up Hatherley (2)
20. Warden Hill (2)

### Cotswold

Wards from 1 April 1974 (first election 7 June 1973) to 3 May 1979:

Wards from 3 May 1979 to 1 May 2003:

1. Ermin () †

† minor boundary changes in 1991

Wards from 1 May 2003 to 7 May 2015:

1. Ampney-Coln (1)
2. Avening (1)
3. Beacon-Stow (2)
4. Blockley (1)
5. Bourton-on-the-Water (2)
6. Campden-Vale (3)
7. Chedworth (1)
8. Churn Valley (1)
9. Cirencester Beeches (2)
10. Cirencester Chesterton (2)
11. Cirencester Park (2)
12. Cirencester Stratton-Whiteway (2)
13. Cirencester Watermoor (2)
14. Ermin (1)
15. Fairford (2) †
16. Fosseridge (1)
17. Grumbolds Ash (1)
18. Hampton (1)
19. Kempsford-Lechlade (2)
20. Moreton-in-Marsh (2)
21. Northleach (1)
22. Rissingtons (1)
23. Riversmeet (1) †
24. Sandywell (1)
25. Tetbury (3)
26. Thames Head (1)
27. Three Rivers (1)
28. Water Park (3)

† minor boundary changes in 2007

Wards from 7 May 2015 to present:

1. Abbey (1)
2. Blockley (1)
3. Bourton Vale (1)
4. Bourton Village (1)
5. Campden & Vale (2)
6. Chedworth & Churn Valley (1)
7. Chesterton (1)
8. Coln Valley (1)
9. Ermin (1)
10. Fairford North (1)
11. Fosseridge (1)
12. Four Acres (1)
13. Grumbolds Ash with Avening (1)
14. Kemble (1)
15. Lechlade, Kempsford & Fairford South (2)
16. Moreton East (1)
17. Moreton West (1)
18. New Mills (1)
19. Northleach (1)
20. Sandywell (1)
21. Siddington & Cerney Rural (1)
22. South Cerney Village (1)
23. St Michael’s (1)
24. Stow (1)
25. Stratton (1)
26. Tetbury East & Rural (1)
27. Tetbury Town (1)
28. Tetbury with Upton (1)
29. The Ampneys & Hampton (1)
30. The Beeches (1)
31. The Rissingtons (1)
32. Watermoor (1)

### Forest of Dean

Wards from 1 April 1974 (first election 7 June 1973) to 5 May 1983:

Wards from 5 May 1983 to 1 May 2003:

1. Bream (2); *changed to (3) in 1999*
2. Broadwell (3); *changed to (2) in 1999*
3. Coleford (3); *changed to (5) in 1999*

Wards from 1 May 2003 to 2 May 2019:

1. Alvington, Aylburton & West Lydney (2)
2. Awre (1)
3. Berry Hill (1)
4. Blaisdon & Longhope (1)
5. Bream (2)
6. Bromesberrow & Dymock (1)
7. Christchurch & English Bicknor (1)
8. Churcham & Huntley (1)
9. Cinderford East (2)
10. Cinderford West (3)
11. Coleford Central (2)
12. Coleford East (3)
13. Hartpury (1)
14. Hewelsfield & Woolaston (1)
15. Littledean & Ruspidge (2)
16. Lydbrook & Ruardean (3)
17. Lydney East (3)
18. Lydney North (1)
19. Mitcheldean & Drybrook (3)
20. Newent Central (2)
21. Newland & St Briavels (2)
22. Newnham & Westbury (2)
23. Oxenhall & Newent North East (1)
24. Pillowell (2)
25. Redmarley (1)
26. Tibberton (1)
27. Tidenham (3)

Wards from 2 May 2019 to present:

1. Berry Hill (2)
2. Bream (2)
3. Cinderford East (2)
4. Cinderford West (2)
5. Coleford (3)
6. Dymock (1)
7. Hartpury & Redmarley (2)
8. Longhope & Huntley (2)
9. Lydbrook (1)
10. Lydney East (3)
11. Lydney North (1)
12. Lydney West & Aylburton (1)
13. Mitcheldean, Ruardean & Drybrook (3)
14. Newent & Taynton (3)
15. Newland & Sling (1)
16. Newnham (2)
17. Pillowell (1)
18. Ruspidge (1)
19. St. Briavels (1)
20. Tidenham (3)
21. Westbury-on-Severn (1)

### Gloucester

Wards from 1 April 1974 (first election 7 June 1973) to 3 May 1979:

Wards from 3 May 1979 to 2 May 2002:

1. Barnwood (); *changed to (3) in 1998*
2. Hucclecote (); *changed to (3) in 1998*
3. Kingsholm () †
4. Longlevens () †
5. Matson () †
6. Westgate () †
7. Quedgeley (2); *new ward added in 1991*
8. Abbeymead (3); *new ward added in 1998*

† minor boundary changes in 1991

Wards from 2 May 2002 to 5 May 2016:

1. Abbey (3)
2. Barnwood (3)
3. Barton & Tredworth (3)
4. Elmbridge (2)
5. Grange (2)
6. Hucclecote (3)
7. Kingsholm & Wotton (2)
8. Longlevens (3)
9. Matson & Robinswood (3)
10. Moreland (3)
11. Podsmead (1)
12. Quedgeley Fieldcourt (2)
13. Quedgeley Severn Vale (2)
14. Tuffley (2)
15. Westgate (2)

Wards from 5 May 2016 to present:

1. Abbeydale (2)
2. Abbeymead (2)
3. Barnwood (2)
4. Barton & Tredworth (3)
5. Coney Hill (1)
6. Elmbridge (2)
7. Grange (2)
8. Hucclecote (2)
9. Kingsholm & Wotton (2)
10. Kingsway (2)
11. Longlevens (3)
12. Matson & Robinswood (3)
13. Moreland (3)
14. Podsmead (1)
15. Quedgeley Fieldcourt (2)
16. Quedgeley Severn Vale (2)
17. Tuffley (2)
18. Westgate (3)

### Stroud

Wards from 1 April 1974 (first election 7 June 1973) to 5 May 1983:

Wards from 5 May 1983 to 2 May 2002:

1. Parklands () †
2. Quedgeley & Hardwicke ()*; ward abolished in 1991*
3. Hardwicke (2)*; new ward added in 1991*

† minor boundary changes in 1991

Wards from 2 May 2002 to 5 May 2016:

1. Amberley & Woodchester (1) †
2. Berkeley (2)
3. Bisley (1)
4. Cainscross (3)
5. Cam East (2)
6. Cam West (2)
7. Central (1)
8. Chalford (3)
9. Coaley & Uley (1)
10. Dursley (3)
11. Eastington & Standish (1)
12. Farmhill & Paganhill (1)
13. Hardwicke (2)
14. Kingswood (1)
15. Minchinhampton (2) †
16. Nailsworth (3) †
17. Over Stroud (1)*; renamed Randwick, Whiteshill & Ruscombe in 2009*
18. Painswick (2)
19. Rodborough (2)
20. Severn (2)
21. Slade (1)
22. Stonehouse (3)
23. The Stanleys (2)
24. Thrupp (1)
25. Trinity (1)
26. Uplands (1)
27. Upton St Leonards (1)
28. Vale (1)
29. Valley (1)
30. Wotton-under-Edge (3)

† minor boundary changes in 2008

Wards from 5 May 2016 to present:

1. Amberley & Woodchester (1)
2. Berkeley Vale (3)
3. Bisley (1)
4. Cainscross (3)
5. Cam East (2)
6. Cam West (2)
7. Chalford (3)
8. Coaley & Uley (1)
9. Dursley (3)
10. Hardwicke (3)
11. Kingswood (1)
12. Minchinhampton (2)
13. Nailsworth (3)
14. Painswick & Upton (3)
15. Randwick, Whiteshill & Ruscombe (1)
16. Rodborough (2)
17. Severn (2)
18. Stonehouse (3)
19. Stroud Central (1)
20. Stroud Farmhill & Paganhill (1)
21. Stroud Slade (1)
22. Stroud Trinity (1)
23. Stroud Uplands (1)
24. Stroud Valley (1)
25. The Stanleys (2)
26. Thrupp (1)
27. Wotton-under-Edge (3)

### Tewkesbury

Wards from 1 April 1974 (first election 7 June 1973) to 5 May 1983:

Wards from 5 May 1983 to 1 May 2003:

1. Bishop’s Cleeve South () †
2. Cleeve Hill () †
3. Coombe Hill () †
4. De Winton () †
5. Leckhampton with Up Hatherley ()*; ward abolished in 1991*
6. Prestbury St Mary's ()*; ward abolished in 1991*
7. Prestbury St Nicholas & Swindon ()*; ward abolished in 1991*
8. Shurdington () †

† minor boundary changes in 1991

Wards from 1 May 2003 to 2 May 2019:

1. Ashchurch with Walton Cardiff (2)
2. Badgeworth (1)
3. Brockworth (3)
4. Churchdown Brookfield (2)
5. Churchdown St John's (3)
6. Cleeve Grange (1)
7. Cleeve Hill (2)
8. Cleeve St Michael's (2)
9. Cleeve West (2)
10. Coombe Hill (2)
11. Highnam with Haw Bridge (2)
12. Hucclecote (1)
13. Innsworth with Down Hatherley (1)
14. Isbourne (1)
15. Northway (2)
16. Oxenton Hill (1)
17. Shurdington (1)
18. Tewkesbury Newtown (1)
19. Tewkesbury Prior’s Park (2)
20. Tewkesbury Town with Mitton (2)
21. Twyning (1)
22. Winchcombe (3)

Wards from 2 May 2019 to present:

1. Badgeworth (1)
2. Brockworth East (2)
3. Brockworth West (2)
4. Churchdown Brookfield with Hucclecote (3)
5. Churchdown St John's (3)
6. Cleeve Grange (1)
7. Cleeve Hill (2)
8. Cleeve St Michael's (2)
9. Cleeve West (2)
10. Highnam with Haw Bridge (2)
11. Innsworth (2)
12. Isbourne (2)
13. Northway (2)
14. Severn Vale North (1)
15. Severn Vale South (1)
16. Shurdington (1)
17. Tewkesbury East (2)
18. Tewkesbury North & Twyning (2)
19. Tewkesbury South (2)
20. Winchcombe (3)

## Former county council

### Avon

Electoral Divisions from 1 April 1974 (first election 12 April 1973) to 7 May 1981:

1. Axbridge No. 1 (1)
2. Axbridge No. 2 (1)
3. Bath No. 1 (1)
4. Bath No. 2 (1)
5. Bath No. 3 (1)
6. Bath No. 4 (1)
7. Bath No. 5 (1)
8. Bath No. 6 (1)
9. Bath No. 7 (1)
10. Bathavon No. 1 (1)
11. Bathavon No. 2 (1)
12. Bitton (1)
13. Bristol Avon (1)
14. Bristol Bedminster (1)
15. Bristol Bishopston (1)
16. Bristol Bishopsworth (1)
17. Bristol Brislington (1)
18. Bristol Cabot (1)
19. Bristol Clifton (1)
20. Bristol District (1)
21. Bristol Durdham (1)
22. Bristol Easton (1)
23. Bristol Eastville (1)
24. Bristol Henbury (2)
25. Bristol Hengrove (2)
26. Bristol Hillfields (1)
27. Bristol Horfield (1)
28. Bristol Knowle (1)
29. Bristol Redland (1)
30. Bristol Somerset (1)
31. Bristol Southmead (1)
32. Bristol Southville (1)
33. Bristol Ss Philip & Jacob (1)
34. Bristol St George East (1)
35. Bristol St George West (1)
36. Bristol St Paul (1)
37. Bristol Stapleton (2)
38. Bristol Stockwood (2)
39. Bristol Westbury-on-Trym (2)
40. Bristol Windmill Hill (1)
41. Clevedon (1)
42. Clutton No. 1 (1)
43. Clutton No. 2 (1)
44. Keynsham East (1)
45. Keynsham West (1)
46. Kingswood No. 1 (1)
47. Kingswood No. 2 (1)
48. Long Ashton No. 1 (1)
49. Long Ashton No. 2 (1)
50. Long Ashton No. 3 (1)
51. Mangotsfield No. 1 (1)
52. Mangotsfield No. 2 (1)
53. Norton/Radstock (1)
54. Portishead (1)
55. Siston (1)
56. Sodbury No. 1 (1)
57. Sodbury No. 2 (1)
58. Sodbury No. 3 (1)
59. Sodbury No. 4 (1)
60. Sodbury No. 5 (1)
61. Thornbury No. 1 (1)
62. Thornbury No. 2 (1)
63. Thornbury No. 3 (1)
64. Weston-super-Mare No. 1 (1)
65. Weston-super-Mare No. 2 (1)
66. Weston-super-Mare No. 3 (1)
67. Weston-super-Mare No. 4 (1)

Electoral Divisions from 7 May 1981 to 1 April 1996 (county abolished):

1. Ashley (1)
2. Avonmouth (1)
3. Bath Central (1)
4. Bath North East (1)
5. Bath North West (1)
6. Bath South (1)
7. Bath South East (1)
8. Bath South West (1)
9. Bath West (1)
10. Bathavon (1)
11. Bedminster (1)
12. Bishopston (1)
13. Bishopsworth (1)
14. Bitton (1)
15. Brislington East (1)
16. Brislington West (1)
17. Cabot (1)
18. Chew Valley (1)
19. Clevedon (1)
20. Clifton (1)
21. Cotham (1)
22. Downend (1)
23. Easton (1)
24. Eastville (1)
25. Filton (1)
26. Filwood (1)
27. Frome Vale (1)
28. Gordano Valley (1)
29. Hartcliffe (1)
30. Henbury (1)
31. Hengrove (1)
32. Henleaze (1)
33. Hillfields (1)
34. Horfield (1)
35. Keynsham East (1)
36. Keynsham West (1)
37. Kings Chase (1)
38. Kingsweston (1)
39. Knowle (1)
40. Ladden Brook (1)
41. Lawrence Hill (1)
42. Lockleaze (1)
43. Longwell Green (1)
44. Midsomer Norton (1)
45. Mount Hill (1)
46. Nailsea (1)
47. Patchway (1)
48. Portishead (1)
49. Priory (1)
50. Radstock (1)
51. Redland (1)
52. Rodway (1)
53. Severn Vale (1)
54. Siston (1)
55. Sodbury (1)
56. Southmead (1)
57. Southville (1)
58. St George East (1)
59. St George West (1)
60. Stockwood (1)
61. Stoke Bishop (1)
62. The Combe (1)
63. Thornbury (1)
64. Westbury-on-Trym (1)
65. Weston East (1)
66. Weston North (1)
67. Weston South (1)
68. Weston West (1)
69. Whitchurch Park (1)
70. Wick (1)
71. Windmill Hill (1)
72. Winscombe & Wrington Vale (1)
73. Winterbourne (1)
74. Worle (1)
75. Yate (1)
76. Yatton & Yeo Moor (1)

## Former district councils

### Kingswood

Wards from 1 April 1974 (first election 7 June 1973) to 6 May 1976:

Wards from 6 May 1976 to 7 May 1987:

Wards from 7 May 1987 to 1 April 1996 (district abolished):

1. Badminton (1)
2. Bitton North Common (2)
3. Bitton Oldland Common (2)
4. Bitton South (1)
5. Blackhorse (1)
6. Bromley Heath (3)
7. Chase (3)
8. Chiphouse (3)
9. Downend (3)
10. Forest (3)
11. Hanham (3)
12. Hanham Abbots East (1)
13. Hanham Abbots West (2)
14. Mangotsfield (3)
15. New Cheltenham (3)
16. Oldland Barrs Court (2)
17. Oldland Cadbury Heath (3)
18. Oldland Longwell Green (2)
19. Siston (1)
20. Soundwell (2)
21. Springfield (1)
22. Staple Hill (2)
23. Woodstock (3)

### Northavon

Wards from 1 April 1974 (first election 7 June 1973) to 6 May 1976:

Wards from 6 May 1976 to 1 April 1996 (district abolished):

## Electoral wards by constituency

### Cheltenham

All Saints, Battledown, Benhall and The Reddings, Charlton Kings, Charlton Park, College, Hesters Way, Lansdown, Leckhampton, Oakley, Park, Pittville, St Mark’s, St Paul’s, St Peter’s, Springbank, Up Hatherley, Warden Hill.

### Filton and Bradley Stoke

Almondsbury, Bradley Stoke Baileys Court, Bradley Stoke Bowsland, Bradley Stoke Sherbourne, Downend, Filton, Patchway, Pilning and Severn Beach, Staple Hill, Stoke Gifford, Winterbourne.

### Forest of Dean

Alvington, Aylburton and West Lydney, Awre, Berry Hill, Blaisdon and Longhope, Bream, Bromesberrow and Dymock, Christchurch and English Bicknor, Churcham and Huntley, Cinderford East, Cinderford West, Coleford Central, Coleford East, Hartpury, Hewelsfield and Woolaston, Highnam with Haw Bridge, Littledean and Ruspidge, Lydbrook and Ruardean, Lydney East, Lydney North, Mitcheldean and Drybrook, Newent Central, Newland and St Briavels, Newnham and Westbury, Oxenhall and Newent North East, Pillowell, Redmarley, Tibberton, Tidenham.

### Gloucester

Abbey, Barnwood, Barton and Tredworth, Elmbridge, Grange, Hucclecote, Kingsholm and Wotton, Matson and Robinswood, Moreland, Podsmead, Quedgeley Fieldcourt, Quedgeley Severn Vale, Tuffley, Westgate.

### Kingswood

Bitton, Hanham, Kings Chase, Longwell Green, Oldland Common, Parkwall, Rodway, Siston, Woodstock.

### Stroud

Amberley and Woodchester, Berkeley, Bisley, Cainscross, Cam East, Cam West, Central, Chalford, Coaley and Uley, Dursley, Eastington and Standish, Farmhill and Paganhill, Hardwicke, Nailsworth, Over Stroud, Painswick, Rodborough, Severn, Slade, Stonehouse, The Stanleys, Thrupp, Trinity, Uplands, Upton St Leonards, Vale, Valley.

### Tewkesbury

Ashchurch with Walton Cardiff, Badgeworth, Brockworth, Churchdown Brookfield, Churchdown St John’s, Cleeve Grange, Cleeve Hill, Cleeve St Michael’s, Cleeve West, Coombe Hill, Hucclecote, Innsworth with Down Hatherley, Isbourne, Longlevens, Northway, Oxenton Hill, Prestbury, Shurdington, Swindon Village, Tewkesbury Newtown, Tewkesbury Prior’s Park, Tewkesbury Town With Mitton, Twyning, Winchcombe.

### The Cotswolds

Ampney-Coln, Avening, Beacon-Stow, Blockley, Bourton-on-the-Water, Campden-Vale, Chedworth, Churn Valley, Cirencester Beeches, Cirencester Chesterton, Cirencester Park, Cirencester Stratton-Whiteway, Cirencester Watermoor, Ermin, Fairford, Fosseridge, Grumbolds Ash, Hampton, Kempsford-Lechlade, Kingswood, Minchinhampton, Moreton-in-Marsh, Northleach, Rissingtons, Riversmeet, Sandywell, Tetbury, Thames Head, Three Rivers, Water Park.

### Thornbury and Yate

Alveston, Boyd Valley, Charfield, Chipping Sodbury, Cotswold Edge, Dodington, Frampton Cotterell, Ladden Brook, Severn, Thornbury North, Thornbury South, Westerleigh, Yate Central, Yate North, Yate West.