title: The Worker (TV series)

abstract: The Worker is a British sitcom that aired on ITV from 1965 to 1978. Co-written by and starring comedian Charlie Drake, the programme revolved around a man who has been dismissed from nearly 1,000 jobs.

text:
# The Worker (TV series)

***The Worker*** is a British sitcom that aired on ITV from 1965 to 1978. Co-written by and starring comedian Charlie Drake, the programme revolved around a man who has been dismissed from nearly 1,000 jobs.

## Cast

## Plot

Charlie, although willing to work, has been dismissed from the 980 jobs that the local Labour Exchange has found him over the previous 20 years. Mr Whittaker, and later Mr Pugh, is the clerk at the exchange who tries to find Charlie a suitable job.

## Episodes

The first two series of *The Worker*, a total of thirteen 35 minute episodes, aired in 1965 on Saturdays at 8.25pm. The next two series - by now in colour - broadcast from 1969 to 1970, with the first airing on Mondays at 9.30pm and the second on Thursdays at 9.00pm. This time the twelve episodes were 30 minutes long. A short special as part of *All-Star Comedy Carnival* was shown on Christmas Day 1970. The final ten episodes - all of about 15 minutes duration - aired in 1978. The first eight were shown as part of *Bruce Forsyth's Big Night*, the ninth as a stand-alone programme and the final episode as part of *Bruce Forsyth's Christmas Eve*.

Due to the archival policies of the time, not all of the programme exist in the archives. The 1970 Christmas short is missing and is presumed wiped. All but the first episode of the third series and the entire fourth series exist only in black-and-white, though they were originally shot in colour.

### Series One

| # | Episode Title | Original Broadcast Date | Plot |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "The Machinery of Organisation" | 27 February 1965 | Charlie's job at a breakfast cereal company gets off to a slow start when his signing-in process takes all day. |
| 2 | "Out of the Mouths of Casual Labourers" | 6 March 1965 | Charlie applies for work at a self-help agency and ends up helping the helpers. |
| 3 | "The Mechanics of Piecework" | 13 March 1965 | Charlie is excited at the prospect of piecework at a generous rate per unit, until he discovers that each unit is a complex automaton that takes months to complete. |
| 4 | "No Automation Without Representation" | 20 March 1965 | Charlie uses his union connections to help out a brother worker who is set to lose his "dirty money". |
| 5 | "A Democratic Democratism" | 27 March 1965 | Charlie applies as a lift operator at a talent agency, but is spotted by a talent scout and ends up topping the bill at the London Palladium... or so he claims. |
| 6 | "And Never the Twine Shall Meet" | 3 April 1965 | Mr Whittaker retires to run a small grocery store \- just before a major supermarket opens across the street. Charlie adopts a variety of disguises in an attempt to ward off the competition. |
|

### Series Two

The closing logo for Series Two reads: "An ATV Production by arrangement with Bernard Delfont".

| # | Episode Title | Original Broadcast Date | Plot |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "A Host of Golden Casual Labourers" | 2 October 1965 | Charlie is forced to wear a variety of humiliating promotional costumes, culminating with "The Daffodil Man". Not even a Wordsworth-inspired competition can endear him to the public. |
| 2 | "Eight and Thrupence" | 9 October 1965 | When Charlie is desperate for a loan his interview at a bank seems to provide the perfect opportunity, but all of the employees seem more interested in pursuing their various hobbies. |
| 3 | "Little Tom" | 16 October 1965 | Charlie's interview at a family firm causes him to become the intended victim in a bizarre murder plot. Worse still, there's no sugar in his tea. |
| 4 | "A Punting We Will Go" | 23 October 1965 | Charlie's addiction to betting on horse races is not helped by his getting a cleaning job at a betting shop. Later he joins Gamblers Anonymous and tries to help a man who is depressed at never being able to lose. |
| 5 | "Through a Glass Darkly" | 30 October 1965 | Inspired by "Doctor Frood", Charlie tries a spot of regression therapy, first to his infancy and then to his disastrous military service in World War II. |
| 6 | "The Man Who Moved His Head" | 6 November 1965 | Charlie is angry that an actor playing a corpse on television moved his head. Mr. Pugh thinks Charlie is developing an unhealthy obsession with TV. This seems to be borne out by Charlie's next company, where all of the departments remind him of TV shows. |
| 7 | "I Just Don't Want to Get Involved" | 13 November 1965 | Charlie thinks that getting involved leads to trouble, but he soon discovers that not getting involved can make things worse. |
|

### Series Three

| # | Episode Title | Original Broadcast Date | Plot |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Hallo Cobbler" | 29 December 1969 | Returning to the Labour Exchange after a three-and-a-half-year absence, Charlie spins a tall tale about a trip to Australia, and then hallucinates the entire story after his boomerang comes back and hits him on the head. |
| 2 | "You Have Enjoyed the Sweets – Now You Must Suffer the Sours" | 5 January 1970 | After accidentally ingesting a bovine fertility drug, Charlie thinks he's pregnant and visits a maternity clinic. |
| 3 | "The Siege of Kidney Street" | 12 January 1970 | Charlie's newfound interest in ornithology clashes with his new job in demolition, causing him to stage a sit-in at a condemned house in which rare birds are nesting. |
| 4 | "Now Is The Time For All Left Legs" | 19 January 1970 | Charlie is inducted into a top secret Government project that will require him to spend four hours standing on one leg. |
| 5 | "When Adam Delved and Eve Span" | 26 January 1970 | After being interviewed in the street by a TV reporter, Charlie is upset when his interview is not shown on TV. Arriving at the studio to complain, he is confused to discover that he is an actor in a TV show called *The Worker*. |
|

### Series Four

| # | Episode Title | Original Broadcast Date | Plot |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "A Change Is As Good As A Rest" | 6 August 1970 | Charlie is contemplating a sex change, until Mr. Pugh tells him what it actually entails. A subsequent encounter with a handsome stranger fails to awaken Charlie's feminine side. |
| 2 | "Breed In For Speed, Breed Out For Stamina" | 13 August 1970 | Charlie dreams of marrying into the aristocracy and thinks his new job as a chimney sweep at a stately home will provide him with the opportunity. |
| 3 | "Cough" | 20 August 1970 | Charlie hopes to find a golden voucher in a promotional cigarette packet, which will give him the opportunity to win fabulous competition prizes. |
| 4 | "The Saucerer's Apprentice" | 27 August 1970 | Charlie is befriended by an alien being which resembles an animated pillowcase and eats plastic. |
| 5 | "Ma Chandelle Est Mort" | 3 September 1970 | Charlie falls into depression and takes to his bed. Mr. Pugh arrives to cheer him up with a Charlie-based edition of *This Is Your Life*... which soon becomes a nightmare. |
| 6 | "I Babble, Babble As I Flow to Join the Brimming River" | 10 September 1970 | Charlie's latest obsession is angling. When he learns that pollution has killed all the fish in his river, he persuades Mr. Pugh and the local vicar to join him in a protest at 10 Downing Street. |
| 7 | "No Room at the Inn For the Odd Couple Up the Staircase" | 17 September 1970 | When Mr. Pugh is evicted by his wife and can find no alternative accommodation, he is horrified to realise that his only option is to move in with Charlie. |
|

### Christmas Special

| Episode Title | Original Broadcast Date |
| --- | --- |
| Christmas short | 25 December 1970 |
|

### Series Five

| # | Episode Title | Original Broadcast Date |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Episode One | 7 October 1978 |
| 2 | Episode Two | 14 October 1978 |
| 3 | "Self-Inflicted Compensation" | 21 October 1978 |
| 4 | "Bitter Bit" | 28 October 1978 |
| 5 | "Big Apple" | 4 November 1978 |
| 6 | Episode Six | 11 November 1978 |
| 7 | Episode Seven | 18 November 1978 |
| 8 | Episode Eight | 16 December 1978 |
| 9 | "A Worker's Christmas" | 17 December 1978 |
| 10 | Episode Ten | 24 December 1978 |
|

## DVD release

The 25 episodes from the first four series of *The Worker* were released on DVD on 28 May 2007. The colour episodes were presented in their surviving black and white versions with ITC Entertainment logos. The only surviving colour episode from the original series ("Hallo, Cobbler" with incomplete end titles) is included as an extra. This DVD also included episodes 3-5 from the 1978 series, claimed to be the only ones that survive, with introductions and endpieces by Bruce Forsyth.

General * "The Worker". British Comedy Guide. 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014.

Specific

## InfoBox

| *The Worker* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Sitcom |
| Written by | Charlie Drake
Lew Schwarz |
| Starring | Charlie Drake
Percy Herbert
Henry McGee |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| No. of series | 5 |
| No. of episodes | 35 + 1 short |
| Production | |
| Running time | 35 minutes (13 episodes)
30 minutes (12 episodes)
15 minutes (10 episodes) |
| Production companies | ATV (1965-70)
LWT (1978) |
| Original release | |
| Network | ITV |
| Release | 27 February 1965 (1965-02-27)
24 December 1978 (1978-12-24) |


title: Loricariichthys rostratus

abstract: Loricariichthys rostratus is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Paraná River basin in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay, with its type locality being designated as the Itaipu Dam's reservoir. The species reaches 27.5 cm in standard length and is believed to be a facultative air-breather.

text:
# Loricariichthys rostratus

***Loricariichthys rostratus*** is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Paraná River basin in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay, with its type locality being designated as the Itaipu Dam's reservoir. The species reaches 27.5 cm (10.8 inches) in standard length and is believed to be a facultative air-breather.

## Further reading

* Gubiani, Éder André, et al. "Variations in fish assemblages in a tributary of the upper Paraná River, Brazil: A comparison between pre and post‐closure phases of dams." River Research and Applications 26.7 (2010): 848–865.
* Gubiani, Éder André, et al. "Fish, Piquiri River, Upper Paraná River Basin, Paraná State, Brazil." Check List 2.3 (2006): 9–14.
* Oliveira, E. F., Erivelto Goulart, and Carolina Viviana Minte-Vera. "Patterns of dominance and rarity of fish assemblage along spatial gradients in the Itaipu reservoir, Paraná, Brazil." Acta Scientiarum Biological Sciences 25.1 (2003): 71–78.

## InfoBox

| *Loricariichthys rostratus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Siluriformes |
| Family: | Loricariidae |
| Genus: | *Loricariichthys* |
| Species: | ***L. rostratus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Loricariichthys rostratus***<br>R. E. dos Reis & E. H. L. Pereira, 2000 | |
|


abstract: The 1973 Northwestern Wildcats team represented Northwestern University in the 1973 Big Ten Conference football season. In their first year under head coach John Pont, the Wildcats compiled a 4–7 record and finished in a four-way tie for fourth place in the Big Ten Conference. The team's offensive leaders were quarterback Mitch Anderson with 1,224 passing yards, Stan Key with 894 rushing yards, and Steve Craig with 479 receiving yards. Four Northwestern players received All-Big Ten honors. They are: (1) tight end Steve Craig; (2) linebacker Mike Varty; (3) quarterback Mitch Anderson; and (4) running back Stan Key (AP-2).

text:
# 1973 Northwestern Wildcats football team

1973 Big Ten Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| No. 2 Ohio State \+ | 7 |  | 0 |  | 1 |  |  | 10 |  | 0 |  | 1 |
| No. 6 Michigan \+ | 7 |  | 0 |  | 1 |  |  | 10 |  | 0 |  | 1 |
| Minnesota | 6 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 7 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Illinois | 4 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
| Michigan State | 4 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
| Purdue | 4 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
| Northwestern | 4 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 7 |  | 0 |
| Wisconsin | 3 |  | 5 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 7 |  | 0 |
| Indiana | 0 |  | 8 |  | 0 |  |  | 2 |  | 9 |  | 0 |
| Iowa | 0 |  | 8 |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  | 11 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * \+  Conference co-champions Rankings from AP Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1973 Northwestern Wildcats team** represented Northwestern University in the 1973 Big Ten Conference football season. In their first year under head coach John Pont, the Wildcats compiled a 4–7 record (4–4 against Big Ten Conference opponents) and finished in a four-way tie for fourth place in the Big Ten Conference.

The team's offensive leaders were quarterback Mitch Anderson with 1,224 passing yards, Stan Key with 894 rushing yards, and Steve Craig with 479 receiving yards. Four Northwestern players received All-Big Ten honors. They are: (1) tight end Steve Craig (AP-1, UPI-1); (2) linebacker Mike Varty (AP-1, UPI-2); (3) quarterback Mitch Anderson (AP-2, UPI-2); and (4) running back Stan Key (AP-2).

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 15 | Michigan State |  | W 14–10 | 27,305 |
| September 22 | at No. 8 Notre Dame* |  | L 0–44 | 59,075 |
| September 29 | Pittsburgh* | * Dyche Stadium * Evanston, IL | L 14–21 | 24,462 |
| October 6 | Ohio* | * Dyche Stadium * Evanston, IL | L 12–14 |  |
| October 13 | Iowa | * Dyche Stadium * Evanston, IL | W 31–15 | 25,194 |
| October 20 | at Purdue |  | L 10–21 | 57,657 |
| October 27 | at No. 1 Ohio State |  | L 0–60 | 87,453 |
| November 3 | Minnesota | * Dyche Stadium * Evanston, IL | L 43–52 | 30,081 |
| November 10 | at Indiana |  | W 21–20 | 41,053 |
| November 17 | at Wisconsin |  | L 34–36 | 46,248 |
| November 24 | Illinois | * Dyche Stadium * Evanston, IL (rivalry) | W 9–6 | 26,117 |
| * \*Non-conference game * Rankings from AP Poll released prior to the game | | | | |

## Personnel

| 1973 Northwestern Wildcats football team roster | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Players | | | Coaches |
| **Offense**  Pos. # Name Class  QB  Mitch Anderson  RB  Rich Boothe  RB  Greg Boykin  TE  Steve Craig  WR  Mike Darraugh  OL  Ray Felton  OL  James Foskett  WR,   Wayne Frederickson  QB  Kim Girkins  WR  Steve Harris  OL  Donnie Haynes  OL  Paul Hiemenz  RB `21` Stan Key **(C)** Sr  OL  Larry Lilja  TE  Frank Lutostanski  WR  Pat McNamara  RB  Jim Pooler  WR  Bill Stevens  RB  Jim Trimble  TE  Scott Yelvington | **Defense**  Pos. # Name Class  LB  Steve Anenen  DL  Doug Belko  DL  Darryl Branford  DB  Charles Hickerson  DL  John Holliday  DB  Neil Little  DL  Paul Maly  DL  Rob Mason  DB  Ken Shaw  DL  Jamie Summerfelt  DB  Greg Swanson  LB  Mike Varty  DB  Pete Wessel | **Special teams**  Pos. # Name Class | Head coach Coordinators/assistant coaches  ---  Legend* **(C)** Team captain * **(S)** Suspended * **(I)** Ineligible * Injured * Redshirt |

## InfoBox

| 1973 Northwestern Wildcats football | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | Big Ten Conference |
| Record | 4–7 (4–4 Big Ten) |
| Head coach |  |
| Captain | Stan Key |
| Home stadium | Dyche Stadium |
|


title: Porvoo Communion

abstract: The Porvoo Communion is a communion of 15 predominantly northern European Anglican and Evangelical Lutheran churches, with a couple of far-southwestern European church bodies of the same denomination. It was established in 1992 by a theological agreement entitled the Porvoo Common Statement which establishes full communion between and among these churches. The agreement was negotiated in the town of Järvenpää in Finland, but the communion's name comes from the nearby city of Porvoo, where a joint Eucharist was celebrated in Porvoo Cathedral after the formal signing in Järvenpää.

text:
# Porvoo Communion

The **Porvoo Communion** is a communion of 15 predominantly northern European Anglican and Evangelical Lutheran churches, with a couple of far-southwestern European (in the Iberian Peninsula) church bodies of the same denomination. It was established in 1992 by a theological agreement entitled the *Porvoo Common Statement* which establishes full communion between and among these churches. The agreement was negotiated in the town of Järvenpää in Finland, but the communion's name comes from the nearby city of Porvoo, where a joint Eucharist (or Holy Communion) was celebrated in Porvoo Cathedral after the formal signing in Järvenpää.

## Overview

The first seeds to the broader communion formed in 1992 were planted in 1922 when the Anglican Church and the Church of Sweden agreed to enter communion with each other. In 1938, the Archbishop of Canterbury, symbolic head of the Anglican Communion, invited the representatives of the Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church and Latvian Lutheran Church to Lambeth Palace in London in order to reach "altar and pulpit fellowship" between the Anglican and Baltic Lutheran churches. This process came to a formal conclusion with the establishment of the much wider Porvoo Communion in 1992. The churches involved are the several Anglican churches of the British Isles (headed by the founding Church of England) and the other Evangelical Lutheran churches of the Northern European countries. Later negotiations brought the small Anglican churches of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) into the agreement. These churches all share episcopal polity of church organization with the three-fold ministry of bishops, priests (or pastors) and deacons within the historical episcopate with apostolic succession (only bishops ordaining clergy or other bishops, priests and deacons). This is based on the original ministry of the early church.

The Porvoo Communion has no central office or overseer. Each member church has a contact person and these form a contact group which meets each year. Two bishops, one Lutheran and the other Anglican, are co-moderators of the contact group, and there are two co-secretaries also drawn from each tradition. Both are members of the Lutheran World Federation and the Anglican Communion. There are also various conferences and meetings organized to discuss issues of concern to the entire Communion.

## Participants

Signatories of the Porvoo Communion:

1994 1995 2001 2010 2014 Observers

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Porvoo Communion | |
| --- | --- |
| The distinctive gable of Porvoo Cathedral used to symbolize the Porvoo Communion | |
| Type | Communion |
| Orientation | Protestant |
| Theology | Lutheran and Anglican |
| Region | Europe |
| Origin | 1992 |
| Official website | https://porvoocommunion.org/ |


title: Vokesimurex hamanni

abstract: Vokesimurex hamanni is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

text:
# Vokesimurex hamanni

***Vokesimurex hamanni*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 64.7 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off *Venezuela*.

* Merle D., Garrigues B. & Pointier J.-P. (2011) Fossil and Recent Muricidae of the world. Part Muricinae. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 648 pp.
* Houart, R. (2014). Living Muricidae of the world. Muricinae. Murex, Promurex, Haustellum, Bolinus, Vokesimurex and Siratus. Harxheim: ConchBooks. 197 pp.

## InfoBox

| *Vokesimurex hamanni* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Genus: | *Vokesimurex* |
| Species: | ***V. hamanni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Vokesimurex hamanni***<br>(Myers & Hertz, 1994) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Bolinus hamanni* Myers & Hertz, 1994 | |


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

abstract: USS Ranger (CV-4) was an interwar United States Navy aircraft carrier, the only ship of its class. As a Treaty ship, Ranger was the first U.S. vessel to be designed and built from the keel up as a carrier. She was relatively small, just 730 ft (222.5 m) long and under 15,000 long tons (15,000 t), closer in size and displacement to the first US carrier—Langley—than later ships. An island superstructure was not included in the original design, but was added after completion. Deemed too slow for use with the Pacific Fleet's carrier task forces against Japan, she spent most of World War II in the Atlantic Ocean, where the German fleet, the Kriegsmarine, was a weaker opponent. Ranger saw combat in that theater and provided air support for Operation Torch. In October 1943, she fought in Operation Leader, air attacks on German shipping off Norway. She was sold for scrap in 1947.

text:
# USS Ranger (CV-4)

**USS *Ranger* (CV-4)** was an interwar United States Navy aircraft carrier, the only ship of its class. As a Treaty ship, *Ranger* was the first U.S. vessel to be designed and built from the keel up as a carrier. She was relatively small, just 730 ft (222.5 m) long and under 15,000 long tons (15,000 t), closer in size and displacement to the first US carrier—*Langley*—than later ships. An island superstructure was not included in the original design, but was added after completion.

Deemed too slow for use with the Pacific Fleet's carrier task forces against Japan, she spent most of World War II in the Atlantic Ocean, where the German fleet, the *Kriegsmarine*, was a weaker opponent. *Ranger* saw combat in that theater and provided air support for Operation Torch. In October 1943, she fought in Operation Leader, air attacks on German shipping off Norway. She was sold for scrap in 1947.

## Design and development

Work began in 1925 on the design of a fourth aircraft carrier for the US Navy, as a follow-on to the small *Langley*, converted from a collier, and the large *Lexington* and *Saratoga*, which were in the process of being converted from incomplete battlecruisers. Carrier number four was the Navy's first opportunity to design a ship built as an aircraft carrier. Preliminary design work occurred before extensive operation of the preceding three. Having limited experience to draw on, key characteristics of the design were derived from wargaming experience at the U.S. Naval War College. During design and construction many alterations would occur as a result of increasing experience with *Langley, Lexington,* and *Saratoga*.

The major limitation constraining any design was the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. After *Lexington* and *Saratoga*, there were 69,000 long tons (70,000 ) remaining for construction of aircraft carriers. This resulted in modeling for three 23,000 long ton carriers, four 17,250 ton carriers, and five 13,800 ton carriers. Of the three sizes, the smaller 13,800 was selected because the five hulls would have the largest aggregate aircraft capacity. Wargames had indicated that severe attrition to airframes and hulls would occur in any war. The college's solution was to maximize the number of aircraft and hulls allowable under the treaty.

Initially, *Ranger* was designed as a flush-decker, like *Langley*, with nothing extending above the flight deck. Keeping the flightdeck clear of obstacles complicated the arrangement of machinery. The smoke from her six boilers was vented up six small stacks, with three on each side of the aft hangar. The stacks were hinged and were rotated to a position parallel with the hangar deck during flight operations. The unusual stack arrangement is a carry-over from her flush-deck design. When an island was added midway through construction, rebuilding the uptakes into the island was rejected as too costly. The further aft the boilers were placed, the further aft the stacks could be too, dispersing smoke over less of the deck. Concerns about smoke dispersion impacted propulsion design. Size of the plant influenced both the placement of the boilers and the amount of smoke generated. A moderate 53,000shp power plant could be placed further aft than a 100,000shp plant without affecting trim. The smaller plant also produced fewer gasses than a 100,000shp plant. Due to space limits, the carrier was equipped with geared turbines.

Nearly her entire upper deck was devoted to the hangar. The large height and open girders of the flight deck structure allowed for stowage of spare fuselages. The hangar deck was semi-open and had large roll-up metal curtain doors which could be closed in bad weather. The open hangar was adopted to allow the installation of two catapults on the hangar deck for the launching of observation aircraft. The catapults were dropped to save cost. *Ranger* also incorporated a gallery deck between the flight deck and hangar deck.

The flight deck was a light superstructure sheathed in wood. Designed as a weight-saving measure, the light wood deck was found to be easily repairable. Three elevators were provided to move aircraft between the flight deck and hangar deck. Outriggers at the edge of the flight deck provided extra stowage for aircraft on deck. The carrier operated 76 aircraft as constructed; equal to *Lexington* with half the displacement.

The carrier was one of the first U.S. Navy ships mounted with light automatic weapons to defend against dive-bombing attacks, and was initially armed with forty .50 cal machine guns. Complementing the machine guns were eight dual-purpose 5-inch (127 mm)/25 caliber guns controlled by two Mark 33 directors. The machine guns were arrayed along the gallery and the 5-inch guns arrayed with one at each corner of the gallery, two at the bow, and two on the fantail.

## Construction, refit, and modernization

Authorized by Congress on 13 February 1929, the U.S. Navy opened bids for the construction of the aircraft carrier on 3 September 1930. Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company outbid Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation and New York Shipbuilding Company for the contract. In November, Newport News Shipbuilding received the contract to build her. The contract price was 15.2 million dollars. On 10 December, the name *Ranger* was assigned to the planned aircraft carrier.

*Ranger* was laid down on 26 September 1931 by the Newport News Shipbuilding & Drydock Co., Newport News, Virginia, and launched on 25 February 1933, sponsored by Lou Henry Hoover, First Lady of the United States. Late in construction the design was modified to include an island, increasing her displacement to 14,500 tons. Commencing trials on 1 May 1934, *Ranger* made 30.35 kn and generated 58,700 shp. She was commissioned at the Norfolk Navy Yard on 4 June 1934, with Captain Arthur L. Bristol in command.

To save money, *Ranger* was initially designed and commissioned without torpedo stowage or a torpedo bomber squadron. *Wasp* was designed and commissioned to match. On 17 October 1941 approval was given to install torpedo stowage during the next overhaul in conjunction with the activation of a torpedo squadron. On 10 January 1942 Torpedo Squadron 4 (VT-4) was activated on *Ranger.*

Across the years many alterations were made to her armament. The first change was to consolidate the 5-in gun battery by pairing the four main deck guns with the four gallery deck guns. The anti-aircraft armament received a major upgrade when six 1.1-in quadruple mounts were installed; the 1.1-in battery replaced a battery of 3-inch (76 mm)/50 caliber guns installed months before as placeholders. In March 1942, the .50 cal machine guns were exchanged for much more capable Oerlikon 20mm cannons. Similarly, the 1.1-in battery was swapped with quadruple Bofors 40mm guns in December 1942. *Ranger's* ultimate armament was six 40mm quadruple mounts and forty-six 20mm mounts.

On 13 December 1943, Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Ernest King had approved an extensive modernization. Since *Ranger'*s commissioning, the size of carrier aircraft had grown enormously. Her flight deck supports were no longer capable of supporting the weight of a complete, modern air group. Other aircraft operating improvements were contemplated. The aft elevator was to be enlarged, the amidship elevator was to be replaced with a deck-edge elevator, and two flight deck catapults were to be installed. Weight and protection issues were to be solved by blistering the hull. Armament was to be increased with six additional 40mm quadruple mounts. Admiral King favored having the conversions done, but the Bureau of Ships insisted that allocating the manpower and resources required to accomplish this would considerably delay the completion of new aircraft carriers under construction. The full project was indefinitely postponed on 5 April 1944 after the third, increasing estimate. After arriving at New York Harbor on 16 May, *Ranger* entered the Norfolk Navy Yard to have her flight deck strengthened, new aircraft catapults installed, and radar equipment updated. This provided her with the capability of night fighter-interceptor training.

## Service history

### Inter-war period

*Ranger* conducted her initial flight operations off the Virginia Capes on 21 June 1934 and departed Norfolk on 17 August for a shakedown training cruise that took her to Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, and Montevideo. She returned to Norfolk on 4 October for operations off the Virginia Capes and two stints in dry dock for post trial repairs until 1 April 1935, when she sailed for the Pacific. Transiting the Panama Canal on 7 April, she arrived in San Diego on 15 April. For nearly four years, she participated in fleet problems reaching to Hawaii, the first-ever carrier cold weather test trials in Alaska, and in western seaboard operations that took her as far south as Callao, Peru, and as far north as Seattle, Washington. On 4 January 1939, she departed San Diego for winter fleet operations in the Caribbean based at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. She then steamed north to Norfolk, arriving on 20 April.

*Ranger* cruised along the eastern seaboard out of Norfolk and into the Caribbean Sea. In the fall of 1939, she commenced Neutrality Patrol operations, operating out of Bermuda along the trade routes of the middle Atlantic and up the eastern seaboard up to NS Argentia, Newfoundland.

In December 1940, *Ranger*'s VF-4 became one of the first units to receive the newer Grumman F4F-3 Wildcats.

### World War II

#### 1942

In December 1941, she was returning to Norfolk from an ocean patrol extending to Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. Arriving in Norfolk on 8 December, she sailed on 21 December for patrol in the South Atlantic. She then entered the Norfolk Navy Yard for repairs on 21 March 1942. *Ranger* was one of 14 ships to receive the early RCA CXAM-1 radar.

*Ranger* served as flagship of Rear Admiral Arthur B. Cook, Commander, Carriers, Atlantic Fleet until 6 April 1942, when he was relieved by Rear Admiral Ernest D. McWhorter, who also broke his flag in *Ranger*.

On 15 April 1942, Prime Minister Winston Churchill cabled President Franklin Delano Roosevelt requesting *North Carolina* and *Ranger* reinforce the British Eastern Fleet in the wake of the Indian Ocean Raid. The day before in response to advance notice of the reinforcement request routed through General George Marshall, who was then visiting London, Admiral Ernest King had already definitely stated that *Ranger* and any other major fleet unit could not be made available for the Indian Ocean. He stated the only manner at all in which the Navy could assist was by using *Ranger* to ferry the pursuit planes necessary to bring the 10th Air Force up to full operational strength. King's draft response to Churchill's insistence displayed a lack of tact. Roosevelt supported King, but toned down King's draft by playing up *Ranger's* faults to steer the British towards accepting the ferry mission.

Steaming to Naval Air Station Quonset Point, Rhode Island, *Ranger* loaded 68 Curtiss P-40Es and put to sea on 22 April, launching the Army planes on 10 May to land at Accra, on the Gold Coast of Africa (Ghana). The P-40s were a general reinforcement for the American Volunteer Group Flying Tigers (soon to be redesignated as the Army Air Forces' 23rd Fighter Group) in China, to replenish their losses as well as forming a second unit, the 51st Fighter Group. Although no difficulties were encountered in flying off *Ranger*'s deck, errors in crossing Africa led to the loss of 10 or so en route. Upon return to Quonset Point on 28 May, she made a patrol to Argentia, Newfoundland.

After Rommel's victories in May and June, most notably the fall of Tobruk during the Battle of Gazala, the United States agreed to commit to the North African theater a total of nine combat groups, of which seven groups were to be in operation by the end of 1942. *Ranger*'s contribution to the establishment of the Ninth Air Force was to ferry another 72 Army P-40s. This time she ferried a complete combat unit, 57th Fighter Group, which she launched off the coast of Africa for Accra on 19 July. Lessons learned from the previous ferry mission resulted in negligible losses, for which the 57th received commendations. The Group was operational with the Desert Air Force in time to participate in the Second Battle of El Alamein.

After calling at Trinidad, she returned to Norfolk for local battle practice until 1 October, then based her training at Bermuda, in the company of four new *Sangamon*-class escort carriers, ships converted from oil tankers to increase U.S. air power in the Atlantic Ocean.

As the largest carrier in the Atlantic Fleet, *Ranger* led the task force that comprised herself and the four escort carriers. These provided air superiority during the amphibious invasion of Vichy-ruled French Morocco. On 8 November 1942, Allied landings in French North Africa (Operation Torch) began. Vichy French government forces attacked the Allied forces in defense of the neutrality of French Morocco, in what became known as the Naval Battle of Casablanca.

It was still dark at 06:15 that day, when *Ranger*—stationed 30 mi (48 km) northwest of Casablanca—began launching her aircraft to support the landings made at three points on the Atlantic coast of North Africa (Operation Torch). Nine of her Wildcat fighters attacked the Rabat and Rabat-Sale aerodromes, headquarters of the French air forces in Morocco. Without loss to themselves, they destroyed seven planes at one field, and 14 bombers at the other. Another flight destroyed seven planes on the Port Lyautey field. Some of *Ranger*'s planes strafed four French destroyers in Casablanca Harbor, while others strafed and bombed nearby shore batteries.

The Vichy French battleship *Jean Bart* opened fire with the four 15 in (381 mm) guns of her one operational turret on U.S. warships covering the landings. She was hit and moderately damaged by *Ranger*'s dive bombers, then silenced by the fifth hit from the 16 in (406 mm) guns of the American battleship *Massachusetts*, which jammed the rotating mechanism of the one working turret.

*Jean Bart*'s 15 in turret was quickly repaired. On 10 November, *Jean Bart* opened fire again, and almost hit the heavy cruiser *Augusta*, the Task Force 34 flagship. In retaliation, bombers from *Ranger* inflicted severe damage on *Jean Bart* with two heavy bombs hitting the bow and the stern, causing the French battleship to sink into the harbor mud with decks awash. In addition to damaging and sinking *Jean Bart*, *Ranger*'s attack aircraft scored two direct bomb hits on the French destroyer leader *Albatros*, completely wrecking her forward half and causing 300 casualties. They also attacked the French cruiser *Primauguet* as she sortied from Casablanca Harbor and dropped depth charges within killing range of two submarines. *Ranger*'s planes also knocked out coastal defense and anti-aircraft batteries, destroyed more than 70 enemy aircraft on the ground, and shot down 15 aircraft in aerial combat. It was estimated that 21 enemy light tanks were immobilized and some 86 military vehicles destroyed – most of them troop-carrying trucks. *Ranger* had launched 496 combat sorties in the three-day operation, with 16 planes lost or damaged beyond repair.

Casablanca capitulated to the American forces on 11 November. *Ranger* departed from the Moroccan coast on 12 November, returning to Hampton Roads on 24 November and Norfolk on 14 December 1942.

On 2 December 1942, *Ranger* was again requested for in a cable from Churchill to Roosevelt, this time in connection to American misfortunes. The loss of *Hornet* in the Battle of Santa Cruz Islands kicked off a confused series of messages seeking British carrier reinforcement in the Pacific. To meet the request, Churchill offered both *Illustrious* and *Victorious* in exchange for *Ranger* replacing *Victorious* in the Home Fleet. King accepted one carrier but retained *Ranger* to use in the Atlantic or the Pacific at his discretion.

#### 1943

Following training in Chesapeake Bay, *Ranger* underwent an overhaul at the Norfolk Navy Yard from 16 December 1942 to 7 February 1943. By December 33 Fighter Group had taken heavy losses in Tunisia and needed reinforcement. Responding to Eisenhower's request, *Ranger* departed Norfolk on 8 January with the 325th Fighter Group aboard for delivery to Casablanca. She repeated the mission with another load, 75 P-40L fighters of the Army Air Forces' 58th Fighter Group to Africa, arriving at Casablanca on 23 February.

On 25 April 1943, German radio announced "Achtung! Achtung! We are proud to announce that a German submarine has sunk the United States aircraft carrier *Ranger* in the North Atlantic!" Following this broadcast, German news releases reported that Commander Otto von Bülow of the U-boat *U-404*, personally decorated by Adolf Hitler with Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross, had "in addition to torpedoing four steamers, caught and sank the American aircraft carrier *Ranger*."

The US Navy, concerned about the impact of the German announcement on families of *Ranger* crewmen, issued a denial of the German claim. In the radio broadcast dated 15 February 1944, Captain Gordon Rowe, Commanding Officer of USS *Ranger*, stated:

> The story that we were sunk was a coward's trick—spreading anxiety and fear among the innocent.... The next day we issued a denial and ... on October 4 we spread panic and chaos in the Norwegian shipping lanes. Only one thing we regret. We kept looking for the *Tirpitz* but either she wouldn't or couldn't come out.... Meanwhile, the *Ranger*, still very much afloat, is doing her job.

She patrolled and trained pilots along the New England coast steaming as far north as Halifax, Nova Scotia. Departing from Halifax on 11 August, she joined the British Home Fleet at Scapa Flow, Scotland, on 19 August, with which she patrolled the approaches to the British Isles.

*Ranger* departed from Scapa Flow with the Home Fleet on 2 October to attack German shipping in Norwegian waters (Operation Leader). The objective of the force was the northern Norwegian port of Bodø. The task force reached launch position off Vestfjorden before dawn on 4 October completely undetected. At 06:18, *Ranger* launched 20 Douglas SBD Dauntless dive bombers and an escort of eight Wildcats. One division of dive bombers attacked the 8,000-gross register ton (GRT) freighter *La Plata*, while the rest continued north to attack a German ship convoy. The bombers severely damaged a 10,000 GRT tanker and a smaller troop transport. They also sank two of four small German merchant ships in the Bodø roadstead.

A second attack group from *Ranger*—consisting of 10 Grumman TBF Avenger torpedo bombers and six Wildcats—destroyed a German freighter and a small coastal ship, and bombed a troop-laden transport. Three of the aircraft were lost to anti-aircraft fire. On the afternoon of 4 October, *Ranger* was located by three German aircraft; her combat air patrol shot down two of the enemy planes and chased away the third.

*Ranger* returned to Scapa Flow on 6 October. She patrolled with the British 2nd Battle Squadron in waters extending northwestward to Iceland, and then she departed from Hvalfjord on 26 November, arriving at Boston on 3 December.

#### 1944–1945

On 3 January 1944, *Ranger* became a training carrier out of Quonset Point, Rhode Island. This duty was interrupted on 20 April when she steamed to Staten Island, New York, to take on 76 Lockheed P-38 Lightning fighters—together with Army, Navy, and French Navy personnel—for transportation to Casablanca. Steaming out on 24 April for her fifth and final transatlantic ferry mission, she arrived at Casablanca on 4 May. The new aircraft were exchanged with damaged U.S. Army aircraft marked for repair in the U.S., while military passengers were embarked for the return to New York City. After New York City, she moved to Norfolk for refit on 19 May 1944.

On 11 July, she departed from Norfolk and headed for Panama. She transited the Panama Canal five days later, embarked several hundred U.S. Army passengers at Balboa, Panama, then sailed to San Diego, arriving there on 25 July. After embarking the men and aircraft of Night Fighting Squadron 102 and nearly 1,000 U.S. Marines, *Ranger* steamed for Hawaiian waters on 28 July, reaching Pearl Harbor on 3 August. During the next three months, *Ranger* conducted night carrier flight training operations out of Pearl Harbor.

*Ranger* departed from Pearl Harbor on 13 October to train new naval pilots for combat duty. Operating out of San Diego under the Commander, Fleet Air, Alameda, California, *Ranger* continued training air groups and squadrons along the California coast throughout the remainder of the war. *Ranger* was the only pre-war U.S. carrier never to have engaged Japanese forces in battle.

### Post war

Departing San Diego on 30 September 1945, she embarked civilian and military passengers at Balboa and then steamed for New Orleans, Louisiana, arriving on 18 October. Following Navy Day celebrations there, she sailed on 30 October for brief operations at Pensacola, Florida, as a training carrier, later relieved in that role by *Saipan*. After calling at Norfolk, she entered the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard on 19 November for overhaul. She remained on the eastern seaboard until decommissioned at the Norfolk Navy Yard on 18 October 1946. Struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 29 October, she was sold for scrap to Sun Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, Chester, Pennsylvania, on 31 January 1947.

## Awards

*Ranger* was awarded two Service stars and various ribbons/awards:

| American Defense Service Medal <br>with "A" Device | | American Campaign Medal | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| European-African-Middle<br>Eastern Campaign Medal<br>with 2 stars | Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal | | World War II Victory Medal |

Service stars awarded
| Action No. | Operation:Action | Operation<br>Period | Period of CV-4<br>Participation | Battle Stars<br>Awarded | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| (1)<br><br>(2) | North African occupation: Algeria-Morocco landings<br><br>North African occupation: Actions off Casablanca | 8–11 Nov 42<br><br>8 Nov 42 | 8 Nov 42 – 11 Nov 42<br><br>8 Nov 42 | 1 | One battle star awarded for participation in 1 or more of the North African occupation actions. *Ranger* participated in 2 actions (Actions No. (1) and (2)) out of 3 total actions that took place during the North African occupation and thus was awarded 1 star. The North African occupation was code named *Torch*. |
| (3) | Norway raid | 2–6 Oct 43 | 2 Oct 43 – 6 Oct 43 | 1 | Operation was code named *Leader*. |
|  |  |  | Total Battle Stars | 2 |  |

## Citations

1. Ford, Roger (2001) *The Encyclopedia of Ships*, pg. 343. Amber Books, London. ISBN 978-1-905704-43-9
2. "Ranger IX (CV-4)". *www.history.navy.mil*. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
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4. Naval Historical Center (U.S.) (2017). *Winning a Future War, War Gaming and Victory in the Pacific War, 2018*. s.n. p. 98. OCLC 1086493659.
5. Chesneau 1998, p. 205.
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7. Friedman 1983, pp. 58–63.
8. Naval Historical Center (U.S.) (2017). *Winning a Future War, War Gaming and Victory in the Pacific War, 2018*. s.n. p. 223. OCLC 1086493659.
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11. Naval Historical Center (U.S.) (2017). *Winning a Future War, War Gaming and Victory in the Pacific War, 2018*. s.n. p. 91. OCLC 1086493659.
12. Green, Michael (30 April 2015). *Aircraft Carriers of the United States Navy: Rare Photographs from Wartime Archives*. Pen and Sword. p. 14. ISBN 9781473854680.
13. Stille, Mark (20 May 2012). *US Navy Aircraft Carriers 1922–45: Prewar classes*. Osprey Publishing. pp. 22–23. ISBN 9781780967509.
14. Erickson, Mark St. John. "The mighty USS Ranger becomes the Navy's first purpose-built flattop". *dailypress.com*. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
15. Cressman, p. 5
16. Cressman, pp. 3–6
17. "U.S.S. 'Ranger' Official Trials". *Shipyard Bulletin*. **5** (8). Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company: 1–2. June–July 1934.
18. Cressman, pp. 8–9
19. Cressman, pp. 158, 178, 411
20. Cressman, p. 157
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23. Cressman, pp. 352–354, 358–360, 370
24. Cressman, p. 364
25. "USS Ranger (CV-4)". *Naval History and Heritage Command*. US Navy.
26. Cressman, p. 16
27. Cressman, p. 18
28. Cressman, p. 23
29. Cressman, pp. 23–25
30. Cressman, p. 28
31. Cressman, pp. 30–35, 52–56, 75–82, 106–111, 119–125
32. Cressman, pp. 44–50
33. Cressman, pp. 99–104
34. Cressman, pp. 117–119
35. Cressman, p. 125
36. Cressman, pp. 130–173
37. Young, Edward M. (20 August 2013). *F4F Wildcat vs A6M Zero-sen: Pacific Theater 1942*. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 9781780963235.
38. Cressman, p. 173
39. Cressman, p. 177
40. Cressman, p. 181
41. Macintyre, Donald (September 1967). "Shipborne Radar". *United States Naval Institute Proceedings*.
42. Army Information Branch (1944) \[1944\]. *Newsmap, Volume II No. 49B*. United States Army Service Forces. p. 1.
43. Kimball, Warren, ed. (1984). *Churchill & Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence, I, Alliance Emerging, October 1933 – November 1942*. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 449–456.
44. Cressman, p. 184
45. Cressman, p. 186, 190
46. Craven, Wesley Frank; Cate, James (1983). *The Army Air Forces in World War II*. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History. pp. 339–340. ISBN 091279903X. OCLC 9828710.
47. Molesworth, Carl. (2011). *57th Fighter Group : First in the Blue*. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781849083379. OCLC 646113571.
48. Cressman, p. 186
49. Cressman, p. 196
50. Cressman, p. 208
51. Cressman, p. 209 for Torch, 327 for Leader
52. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1 January 2001). *History of United States Naval Operations in World War II: Operations in North African Waters, October 1942 – June 1943*. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252069727.
53. Lepotier 1967, pp. 158–166.
54. Dumas 2001, pp. 69–70.
55. Cressman, pp. 280–285
56. Cressman, pp. 289–292
57. Cressman, p. 292
58. Kimball, Warren, ed. (1984). *Churchill & Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence, II, Alliance Forged, November 1942 – February 1944*. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 52–53, 60.
59. Craven, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea (1983). *The Army Air Forces in World War II*. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History. p. 131. ISBN 091279903X. OCLC 9828710.
60. Cressman, p. 294
61. "NAZIS SAY U-BOAT SANK U.S.S. RANGER; Aircraft Carrier Said to Have Been Destroyed While Guarding North Atlantic Convoy NAZIS SAY U-BOAT SANK U.S.S. RANGER". *The New York Times*. 26 April 1943. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
62. "Otto Von Bulow Decorated for Sinking USS Ranger – Air Group 4". *www.airgroup4.com*. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
63. Cressman, p. 322
64. Cressman, p. 323
65. Cressman, p. 327
66. Cressman, pp. 327–347 — for Ranger's activities during Operation Leader
67. Cressman, p. 347
68. Cressman, p. 354
69. Cressman, pp. 362–363
70. Cressman, pp. 363, 364
71. Cressman, p. 366
72. Cressman, p. 370
73. Cressman, p. 390
74. "Pensacola's Flattops". National Naval Aviation Museum. 9 July 2014. Archived from the original on 5 September 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
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76. Cressman, p. 397
77. Navy and Marine Corps Awards Manual, NAVPERS 15,790 (REV.1953), PART IV – LIST OF SHIPS AND UNITS ELIGIBLE FOR ENGAGEMENT STARS, (A) UNITED STATES SHIPS, Ranger (CV 4)
78. Navy and Marine Corps Awards Manual, NAVPERS 15,790 (REV.1953), Part III.--List of Authorized Operations and Engagements, EUROPEAN-AFRICAN-MIDDLE EASTERN AREA, Ranger (CV 4), Code E1-1, E1-2, and E223
* Blair, Clay (2000). *Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunted, 1942–1945*. New York: Modern Library. ISBN 0-679-64033-9.
* Chesneau, Roger (1998). *Aircraft Carriers of the World, 1914 to the Present: An Illustrated Encyclopedia*. London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 1-86019-87-5-9.
* Cressman, Robert J. (2003). *USS Ranger: The Navy's First Flattop from Keel to Mast, 1934–1946*. Potomac Books. ISBN 978-1-57488-720-4.
* Dumas, Robert (2001). *Le cuirassé Jean Bart 1939–1970* \[*The Battleship Jean Bart 1939–1970*\] (in French). Rennes: Marine Éditions. ISBN 978-2-909675-75-6.
* Ford, Roger; Gibbons, Tony; Hewson, Rob; Jackson, Bob; Ross, David (2001). *The Encyclopedia of Ships*. London: Amber Books, Ltd. p. 343. ISBN 978-1-905704-43-9.
* Friedman, Norman (1983). *U.S. Aircraft Carriers: An Illustrated Design History*. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-739-9.
* Coyle, Darcy C. (1989). *Censored Mail: A Personal Narrative of World War II Aboard the Aircraft Carriers, U.S.S. Ranger (CV-4) and U.S.S. Randolph (CV-15)*. Francetown, New Hampshire, USA: Marshall Jones Company. ISBN 978-0-833802-00-2.
* Friedman, Norman (2017). *Winning a Future War: War Gaming and Victory in the Pacific War*. Washington, District of Columbia, USA: Naval History and Heritage Command. ISBN 9781943604241.
* *This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*
* Lepotier, Adolphe (1967). *Les Derniers Cuirassés* \[*The Last Battleships*\] (in French). Paris: Éditions France-Empire. OCLC 491030583.

## InfoBox

| USS *Ranger* underway at sea, 1930s | |
| --- | --- |
| Class overview | |
| Operators | United States Navy |
| Preceded by | *Lexington* class |
| Succeeded by | *Yorktown* class |
| Built | 1931–1934 |
| In commission | 1934–1946 |
| Completed | 1 |
| Scrapped | 1 |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Ranger* |
| Ordered | 1 November 1930 |
| Builder | Newport News Shipbuilding & Drydock Co. |
| Laid down | 26 September 1931 |
| Launched | 25 February 1933 |
| Sponsored by | Lou Henry Hoover (the wife of the President of the United States) |
| Commissioned | 4 June 1934 |
| Decommissioned | 18 October 1946 |
| Stricken | 29 October 1946 |
| Honors and<br>awards | * American Defense Service Medal ("A" device) * American Campaign Medal * European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal (2 stars) * Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal * World War II Victory Medal |
| Fate | Acquired for scrap for $259K on 31 January 1947 |
| Badge |  |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Aircraft carrier |
| Displacement | * As built: 14,576 long tons (14,810 t) (standard) * 17,577 long tons (17,859 t) (full load) |
| Length | * 730 ft (222.5 m) (w/l) * 769 ft (234.4 m) (o/a) * 709 ft (216.1 m) (fd) |
| Beam | * 80 ft (24.4 m) (waterline) * 109 ft 5 in (33.4 m) (overall) |
| Draft | 22 ft 4.875 in (6.8 m) |
| Installed power |  |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 29.3 knots (54.3 km/h; 33.7 mph) |
| Range | 10,000 nmi (19,000 km; 12,000 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph) |
| Complement | * 216 officers and 2,245 enlisted men including embarked air group (as built) * 2,148 (1941) |
| Sensors and <br>processing systems | CXAM-1 radar |
| Armament |  |
| Armor | * Belt 2 in (5.1 cm) * Bulkheads: 2 in (5.1 cm) * Deck: 1 in (2.5 cm) (over steering gear) |
| Aircraft carried | * 86 (maximum) * 76 (normal) |
| Aviation facilities |  |


title: Part XVIII of the Albanian Constitution

abstract: Part Eighteen of the Constitution of Albania is the last of eighteen parts. Titled Transitory and Final Dispositions, it consists of 8 articles.

text:
# Part XVIII of the Albanian Constitution

**Part Eighteen** (**Part XVIII**) of the Constitution of Albania is the last of eighteen parts. Titled *Transitory and Final Dispositions*, it consists of 8 articles.

## Transitory and Final Dispositions

> **— Article 178 —**
>
> 1. Laws and other normative acts approved before the date this Constitution enters into force will be applied as long as they have not been abrogated.
> 2. The Council of Ministers presents to the Assembly draft laws necessary for implementing this Constitution.

> **— Article 179 —**
>
> 1. Members of the Constitutional Court shall continue their activity as members of the Constitutional Court, in accordance with the previous mandate.
> 2. The first member to be replaced in the Constitutional Court shall be appointed by the President of the Republic, the second shall be elected by the Assembly and the third shall be appointed by the High Court. This shall be the order for all future appointments after the entry into force of this law.
> 3. Aiming at the regular renewal of the Constitutional Court, the new judge who shall succeed the judge whose mandate will end in 2017 shall remain in office until 2025 and the new judge who will succeed the judge whose mandate will end in 2020 shall remain in office until 2028. The other Constitutional Court judges shall be appointed for the entire duration of the mandate in accordance with the law.
> 4. Members of the High Court shall continue their activities in accordance with the previous mandate. The new members due to replace the members whose mandate expires, shall be appointed under the provisions of this law.
> 5. The High Judicial Council shall be established within 8 months from the entry into force of this law. Three judge members and two lay members of the High Judicial Council shall be appointed initially for a 3-year term, with the purpose of partial renewal of this body. The members of the High Council of Justice shall end their mandate after the establishment of the High Judicial Council, but not later than after all members of the High Judicial Council are elected as determined by law. For the first appointment of the lay members of the High Judicial Council that shall be made after the entry into force of this law, the verification of the candidates as provided in article 147 of the Constitution shall be conducted by the General Secretary of the Assembly and the International Monitoring Operation.
> 6. The High Prosecutorial Council shall be established within 8 months from the entry into force of this law. Three prosecutor members and two lay members of the High Prosecutorial Council shall be appointed initially for a 3-years term, with the purpose of partial renewal of this body. For the first appointment of the lay members of the High Prosecutorial Council that shall be made after the entry into force of this law, the verification of the candidates as provided in article 149 of the Constitution shall be conducted by the General Secretary of the Assembly and the International Monitoring Operation.
> 7. During their 9 year mandate, the judges of the Appeal Chamber under Article 179/b shall have disciplinary jurisdiction over all Constitutional Court judges, the members of High Judicial Council, the High Prosecutorial Council, the Prosecutor General, and the High Justice Inspector. The Appeal Chamber shall also have jurisdiction on the appeals against decisions of the High Judicial Council, High Prosecutorial Council as well as High Justice Inspector, imposing disciplinary sanctions respectively against judges, prosecutors and other inspectors.
> 8. The Serious Crimes Court of First Instance and the Serious Crimes Court of Appeal shall assume the name, function and competence of the first instance court and appeals court within 2 months of the establishment of the High Judicial Council, in accordance with the law. The transfer of cases shall be done in accordance with the law. The incumbent judges of these courts shall be transferred to other courts, if they or their close family members refuse to agree to the periodic reviews of their financial accounts and personal telecommunication. The prosecutors attached to the Special Prosecution Office shall be appointed within 2 months of the establishment of the High Prosecutorial Council. The Serious Crimes Prosecution Office shall cease to exist. The transfer of cases under investigation and adjudication shall be done in accordance with the law.
> 9. The High Justice Inspector shall be appointed within 6 months after the entry into force of this law. The manner of functioning of the existing inspectorates during the transition period shall be regulated by law.
> 10. Judges and prosecutors who have not finished the School of Magistrate shall hold their office and shall be subject to the process of transitional re-evaluation of the qualification of judges and prosecutors under Article 179/b and the Annex to this law.
> 11. Within 5 days of the entry into force of this law, the President of the Republic shall elect by lot the members of the Justice Appointments Council in accordance with Article 149/d paragraph 3 of the Constitution. If the President of the Republic fails to select the members within 5 days of the entry into force of this law, the Speaker of the Assembly shall select them by lot within 10 days of the entry into force of this law. Those selected shall hold office until December 31 of the year that this law enters into force. The People’s Advocate shall participate as an observer in the selection by lot, as well as in the meetings and operations of the Justice Appointments Council. The members of the Justice Appointments Council shall be as soon as possible subject to the transitional re-evaluation of the qualification of judges and prosecutors under Article 179/b of this law.
> 12. The President of the Republic shall remain as Chairperson of the High Council of Justice until the High Judicial Council is established within 8 months from the entry into force of this law. Upon the establishment of the High Judicial Council, the President shall appoint the judges of the High Court in accordance with Article 136 of the Constitution. The President of the Republic shall fill in the first vacancy in the Constitutional Court under paragraph 2 of this Article and Article 125 of the Constitution.
> 13. Until the Parliamentary elections, which will be held after the entry into force of this law, but not later than 1 September 2017, the election of the High Justice Inspector and the Prosecutor General, shall be made by 2/3 of the members of the Assembly. Other elections shall be made by 3/5 of the members of the Assembly.

> **— Article 179/a —**
>
> 1. The mandate of the functionaries being elected or appointed to the constitutional bodies or bodies established by law, being obtained prior to the entry of this law into effect shall end or become invalid, upon the elected or appointed person falling under the circle of persons being exempted from the right to the elected, under Articles 6/1 and 45, point 3, of the Constitution.
> 2. The Assembly shall, under procedure of Article 81, point 2, of the constitution, within 30 days since the entry of this law into effect, approve the law setting out the conditions and rules for guaranteeing the integrity of the bodies being elected, appointed or assuming public functions.”

> **— Article 179/b —**
>
> 1. The re-evaluation system shall be established in order to guarantee the proper functioning of the rule of law, the independence of the judicial system, as well as to re-establish the public trust and confidence in these institutions. 2. The re-evaluation shall be carried out on the basis of the principles of the fair trial and conducted by respecting the fundamental rights of the assessee.
> 3. All judges, including judges of the Constitutional Court and High Court, all prosecutors, including the Prosecutor General, the Chief Inspector and the other inspectors of the High Council of Justice shall ex officio be re-evaluated.
> 4. All legal advisors of the Constitutional Court and High Court, legal assistants of the administrative courts, legal assistants of the General Prosecution Office shall ex officio be re-evaluated. Former judges or prosecutors, and former legal advisors of the Constitutional Court and High Court with at least three years of work experience in this function may undergo upon their request the re-evaluation process, if they fulfil the criteria regulated by law.
> 5. The re-evaluation shall be conducted by an Independent Qualification Commission, while the appeals filed by the assessees or the Public Commissioners shall be considered by the Appeal Chamber attached to the Constitutional Court. During the transition period of 9 years, the Constitutional Court shall consist of two chambers.
> 6. The Commission and the Appeal Chamber shall be independent and impartial.
> 7. Failure to successfully pass the re-evaluation process constitutes a ground for the immediate termination of the exercise of functions, in addition to the grounds provided for in the Constitution. Judges and prosecutors including those seconded in other positions, former judges or former prosecutors, who successfully pass the re-evaluation, shall hold the office or will be appointed judges and prosecutors. All other assessees, who successfully pass the reevaluation shall be appointed as judges or prosecutors under the law.
> 8. The mandate of the members of the Independent Qualification Commission and the Public Commissioner shall expire after five years from the date of commencement of their operation, while the mandate of the judges of the Appeal Chamber is nine years. After the dissolution of the Commission, pending re-evaluation cases shall be conducted by the High Judicial Council in accordance with the law. Pending re-evaluation cases of the prosecutors shall be conducted by the High Prosecutorial Council in accordance with the law. After the dissolution of the Public Commissioners, their competences shall be exercised by the Chief Special Prosecutor of the Special Prosecution Office. Any appeals against pending decisions of the Commission shall be considered by the Constitutional Court.
> 9. The Assembly shall decide on repealing this Annex after the last reevaluation decision becomes final, following a report submitted by the Chairperson of the Appeal Chamber on the state of affairs of the pending cases or at the end of the mandate of the Special Qualification Chamber.
> 10. Re-evaluation procedures and criteria shall be regulated in compliance with the provisions of the Annex and the law.

> **— Article 180 —**
>
> 1. International agreements ratified by the Republic of Albania before this Constitution enters into force are considered ratified according to this Constitution.
> 2. The Council of Ministers presents to the Constitutional Court the international agreements which contain provisions that come in conflict with the Constitution.

> **— Article 181 —**
>
> 1. The Assembly, within two to three years from the date this Constitution enters into force, issues laws for the fair resolution of different issues related to expropriations and confiscations done before the approval of this Constitution, guided by the criteria of Article 41.
> 2. Laws and other normative acts, adopted before the date this Constitution enters into force, that relate to the expropriations and confiscations shall be applied when they do not come in conflict with it

> **— Article 182 —**
>
> Law No. 7491, dated 29.4. 1991, "On the Main Constitutional Provisions" as well as the other constitutional laws are abrogated the day this Constitution enters into force.

> **— Article 183 —**
>
> This Constitution enters into force with its promulgation by the President of the Republic.

1. Kushtetuta e Republikës së Shqipërisë


title: Lothkunta

abstract: Lothkunta is a suburb in the Secunderabad cantonment on the northern border of Hyderabad city, Telangana, India. It is situated at a distance of around 7 km from Secunderabad and approximately 14 km from Hyderabad. It lies on the national highway 7.

text:
# Lothkunta

**Lothkunta** is a suburb in the Secunderabad cantonment on the northern border of Hyderabad city, Telangana, India.

It is situated at a distance of around 7 km from Secunderabad and approximately 14 km from Hyderabad. It lies on the national highway 7.

## Economy

Lothkunta is located in the commercial district within the cantonment area where restaurants, theatres, and other establishments can be found. This place is connected to Bollaram and Rashtrapati Nilayam.

## Transport

Lothkunta is 7 km away from Secunderabad Railway station, 12 km away from the Old Hyderabad Airport in Begumpet Begumpet Airport, and about 40 km from New International Airport in Shamshabad Rajiv Gandhi International Airport.

TSRTC runs buses here connecting Lothkunta to all parts of the city.

## InfoBox

| Lothkunta Alwal | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
| Coordinates: 17°29′50″N 78°30′47″E / 17.49722°N 78.51306°E / 17.49722; 78.51306 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Telangana |
| District | Hyderabad |
| Metro | Hyderabad |
| Government | |
| Body | Cantonment Board |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 500 015 |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Secunderabad |
| Vidhan Sabha constituency | Secunderabad |
| Planning agency | Cantonment Board |


title: Loretta Dwojak

abstract: Loretta Dwojak was an infielder and outfielder who played in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Listed at 5' 5", 135 lb., she batted and threw right handed. Born in Chicago, Illinois, Loretta Dwojak played with two teams during the 1944 season. A classic line drive hitter, Dwojak was also a skillful bunter and a fast and smart runner. She started the season with the Minneapolis Millerettes, playing mainly at third base, but also appeared at shortstop and was often used in pinch-running duties. Traded to the South Bend Blue Sox during the midseason, she eventually replaced Rose Gacioch at right field when Gacioch was pitching. She posted a combined.201 batting average with 18 stolen bases in 63 games. She was not located after leaving the league in 1944. Dwojak received further recognition when she became part of Women in Baseball, a permanent display based at the Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown, New York, which was unveiled in 1988 to honor the entire All-American Girls Professional Baseball League.

text:
# Loretta Dwojak

**Loretta Dwojak** (born December 19, 1925) was an infielder and outfielder who played in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Listed at 5' 5", 135 lb., she batted and threw right handed.

Born in Chicago, Illinois, Loretta Dwojak played with two teams during the 1944 season.

A classic line drive hitter, Dwojak was also a skillful bunter and a fast and smart runner. She started the season with the Minneapolis Millerettes, playing mainly at third base, but also appeared at shortstop and was often used in pinch-running duties.

Traded to the South Bend Blue Sox during the midseason, she eventually replaced Rose Gacioch at right field when Gacioch was pitching. She posted a combined .201 batting average with 18 stolen bases in 63 games.

She was not located after leaving the league in 1944.

Dwojak received further recognition when she became part of *Women in Baseball*, a permanent display based at the Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown, New York, which was unveiled in 1988 to honor the entire All-American Girls Professional Baseball League.

## Career statistics

**Batting**

| GP | AB |  |  | 2B | 3B | HR | RBI | SB | TB | BB | SO | BA | OBP | SLG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 76 | 174 | 21 | 35 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 19 | 29 | 43 | 18 | 17 | .201 | .276 | .247 |

**Fielding**

| GP | PO |  |  | TC | DP | FA |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 39 | 52 | 24 | 7 | 83 | 10 | .916 |

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Loretta Dwojak | |
| --- | --- |
| All-American Girls Professional Baseball League | |
| **Third base / Right field** | |
| **Born:** (1925-12-19)December 19, 1925
Chicago, Illinois, U.S. | |
| **Bats:** Right**Throws:** Right | |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
| * Women in Baseball – AAGPBL Permanent Display
at Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum (1988) | |


title: 1973 Norwegian Second Division

abstract: The 1973 2. divisjon was a Norwegian second-tier football league season. The league was contested by 36 teams, divided into a total of four groups; A and B and two district groups which contained teams from Northern Norway: district IX–X and district XI. The winners of group A and B were promoted to the 1974 1. divisjon, while the winners of the district groups qualified for the Northern Norwegian final. The second placed teams in group A and B met the winner of the district IX–X in a qualification round where the winner was promoted to 1. divisjon. The winner of district XI was not eligible for promotion. The bottom two teams inn all groups were relegated to the 3. divisjon.

text:
# 1973 Norwegian Second Division

The **1973 2. divisjon** was a Norwegian second-tier football league season.

The league was contested by 36 teams, divided into a total of four groups; A and B (non-Northern Norwegian teams) and two district groups which contained teams from Northern Norway: district IX–X and district XI. The winners of group A and B were promoted to the 1974 1. divisjon, while the winners of the district groups qualified for the Northern Norwegian final. The second placed teams in group A and B met the winner of the district IX–X in a qualification round where the winner was promoted to 1. divisjon. The winner of district XI was not eligible for promotion. The bottom two teams inn all groups were relegated to the 3. divisjon.

## Overview

### Summary

Sarpsborg FK won group A. Molde won group B with two matches to spare. Both teams promoted to the 1974 1. divisjon. Vålerengen won the qualification play-offs and was also promoted.

## Tables

### Group A

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion, qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Sarpsborg FK (C, P) | 18 | 13 | 3 | 2 | 44 | 21 | +23 | 29 | Promotion to First Division |
| 2 | Vålerengen (O, P) | 18 | 11 | 3 | 4 | 38 | 20 | +18 | 25 | Qualification for the promotion play-offs |
| 3 | Odd | 18 | 9 | 3 | 6 | 27 | 21 | +6 | 21 |  |
| 4 | Eidsvold Turn | 18 | 10 | 0 | 8 | 38 | 27 | +11 | | 20 |
| 5 | Moss | 18 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 23 | 19 | +4 | | 19 |
| 6 | Østsiden | 18 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 18 | 26 | 8 | | 18 |
| 7 | Larvik Turn | 18 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 20 | 20 | 0 | | 17 |
| 8 | Pors | 18 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 28 | 35 | 7 | | 15 |
| 9 | Stabæk (R) | 18 | 3 | 3 | 12 | 16 | 36 | 20 | 9 | Relegation to Third Division |
| 10 | Sandefjord BK (R) | 18 | 3 | 1 | 14 | 18 | 45 | 27 | | 7 |

Source: rsssf.no
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
(C) Champions; (O) Play-off winners; (P) Promoted; (R) Relegated

### Group B

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion, qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Molde (C, P) | 18 | 14 | 3 | 1 | 58 | 19 | +39 | 31 | Promotion to First Division |
| 2 | Bryne | 18 | 11 | 3 | 4 | 24 | 12 | +12 | 25 | Qualification for the promotion play-offs |
| 3 | Aalesund | 18 | 6 | 9 | 3 | 16 | 12 | +4 | 21 |  |
| 4 | Vard | 18 | 6 | 8 | 4 | 29 | 26 | +3 | | 20 |
| 5 | Clausenengen | 18 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 16 | 21 | 5 | | 17 |
| 6 | Hødd | 18 | 6 | 4 | 8 | 32 | 34 | 2 | | 16 |
| 7 | Florvåg | 18 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 32 | 38 | 6 | | 16 |
| 8 | Steinkjer | 18 | 2 | 9 | 7 | 12 | 29 | 17 | | 13 |
| 9 | Skarbøvik (R) | 18 | 4 | 4 | 10 | 30 | 36 | 6 | 12 | Relegation to Third Division |
| 10 | Sogndal (R) | 18 | 2 | 5 | 11 | 15 | 37 | 22 | | 9 |

Source: rsssf.no
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
(C) Champions; (P) Promoted; (R) Relegated

### District IX–X

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Mjølner (C) | 14 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 28 | 13 | +15 | 18 | Qualification for the promotion play-offs |
| 2 | Mo | 14 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 21 | 15 | +6 | 18 |  |
| 3 | Bodø/Glimt | 14 | 8 | 1 | 5 | 34 | 16 | +18 | | 17 |
| 4 | Grand Bodø | 14 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 26 | 22 | +4 | | 17 |
| 5 | Harstad | 14 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 21 | 19 | +2 | | 14 |
| 6 | Andenes | 14 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 12 | 18 | 6 | | 14 |
| 7 | Stålkameratene (R) | 14 | 5 | 2 | 7 | 13 | 17 | 4 | 12 | Relegation to Third Division |
| 8 | Mosjøen (R) | 14 | 0 | 2 | 12 | 9 | 44 | 35 | | 2 |

Source: rsssf.no
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
(C) Champions; (R) Relegated

### District XI

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Kirkenes (C) | 14 | 11 | 2 | 1 | 33 | 9 | +24 | 24 |  |
| 2 | Norild | 14 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 36 | 10 | +26 | | 20 |
| 3 | Honningsvåg | 14 | 7 | 1 | 6 | 29 | 25 | +4 | | 15 |
| 4 | Sørild | 14 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 22 | 22 | 0 | | 14 |
| 5 | Stein | 14 | 5 | 3 | 6 | 22 | 24 | 2 | | 13 |
| 6 | Polarstjernen | 14 | 6 | 1 | 7 | 20 | 28 | 8 | | 13 |
| 7 | Vadsø Turn (R) | 14 | 3 | 3 | 8 | 13 | 25 | 12 | 9 | Relegation to Third Division |
| 8 | Rafsbotn (R) | 14 | 1 | 2 | 11 | 6 | 38 | 32 | | 4 |

Source: rsssf.no
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
(C) Champions; (R) Relegated

## Promotion play-offs

### Results

*Vålerengen won the qualification round and won promotion to the 1. divisjon.*

### Play-off table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Vålerengen (O, P) | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | +3 | 4 | Promotion to First Division |
| 2 | Bryne | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |  |
| 3 | Mjølner | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | | 1 |

Source: rsssf.no
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
(O) Play-off winners; (P) Promoted

## Northern Norwegian Final

A Northern Norwegian Final was played between the winners of the two district groups, Mjølner and Kirkenes.

## InfoBox

2. divisjon
| Season | 1973 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Sarpsborg FK (Group A)
Molde (Group B)
*Mjølner (District IX–X)
Kirkenes (District XI)* |
| Promoted | Sarpsborg FK (Group A)
Vålerengen (Group A)
Molde (Group B) |
| Relegated | Stabæk (Group A)
Sandefjord BK (Group A)
Skarbøvik (Group B)
Sogndal (Group B) |
| 1972 1974 | |


title: Portal hypertension

abstract: Portal hypertension is defined as increased portal venous pressure, with a hepatic venous pressure gradient greater than 5 mmHg. Normal portal pressure is 1–4 mmHg; clinically insignificant portal hypertension is present at portal pressures 5–9 mmHg; clinically significant portal hypertension is present at portal pressures greater than 10 mmHg. The portal vein and its branches supply most of the blood and nutrients from the intestine to the liver. Cirrhosis is the most common cause of portal hypertension; other, less frequent causes are therefore grouped as non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. The signs and symptoms of both cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic portal hypertension are often similar depending on cause, with patients presenting with abdominal swelling due to ascites, vomiting of blood, and lab abnormalities such as elevated liver enzymes or low platelet counts. Treatment is directed towards decreasing portal hypertension itself or in the management of its acute and chronic complications. Complications include ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, variceal hemorrhage, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome, and cardiomyopathy.

text:
# Portal hypertension

**Portal hypertension** is defined as increased portal venous pressure, with a hepatic venous pressure gradient greater than 5 mmHg. Normal portal pressure is 1–4 mmHg; clinically insignificant portal hypertension is present at portal pressures 5–9 mmHg; clinically significant portal hypertension is present at portal pressures greater than 10 mmHg. The portal vein and its branches supply most of the blood and nutrients from the intestine to the liver.

Cirrhosis (a form of chronic liver failure) is the most common cause of portal hypertension; other, less frequent causes are therefore grouped as **non-cirrhotic portal hypertension**. The signs and symptoms of both cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic portal hypertension are often similar depending on cause, with patients presenting with abdominal swelling due to ascites, vomiting of blood, and lab abnormalities such as elevated liver enzymes or low platelet counts.

Treatment is directed towards decreasing portal hypertension itself or in the management of its acute and chronic complications. Complications include ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, variceal hemorrhage, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome, and cardiomyopathy.

## Signs and symptoms

Signs and symptoms of portal hypertension include:

In addition, a widened (dilated) portal vein as seen on a CT scan or MRI may raise the suspicion about portal hypertension. A cutoff value of 13 mm is widely used in this regard, but the diameter is often larger than this is in normal individuals as well.

## Causes

The causes for portal hypertension are classified as originating in the portal venous system before it reaches the liver (*prehepatic* causes), within the liver (*intrahepatic*) or between the liver and the heart (post-hepatic). The most common cause is cirrhosis (chronic liver failure). Other causes include:

**Prehepatic causes**

**Hepatic causes**

**Posthepatic causes**

## Pathophysiology

### Cirrhotic portal hypertension

The pathophysiology of cirrhotic portal hypertension is indicated by increased resistance to blood flow in vessels via different mechanisms. There is sinusoidal endothelial cell dysfunction (SEC), hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation, Kupffer cell activation, and myofibroblast activation.

Normally, SECs generate nitric oxide, which has several functions, including the maintenance of vascular tone and prevention of HSC activation. HSC activation results in liver fibrosis, which also predisposes to portal hypertension.

Nitric oxide is an endogenous vasodilator and it regulates intrahepatic vascular tone (it is produced from L-arginine). Nitric oxide inhibition has been shown in some studies to increase portal hypertension and hepatic response to norepinephrine.

Rising portal pressures leads to increased production of vasodilators, defective response to vasoconstrictors, and the formation of new blood vessels all within the splanchnic circulation. All of this is done in order to recruit more blood to sinusoids, thereby promoting more blood flow within the portal vein, further contributing to portal hypertension. Splanchnic vasodilation results in decreased effective arterial blood volume, causing low blood pressure. To compensate for this low blood pressure, neurohumoral factors (RAAS, SNS, ADH) are activated, leading to sodium and water retention, and therefore, a high volume state.

### Non-cirrhotic portal hypertension

The pathophysiology of non-cirrhotic portal hypertension is most commonly disrupted blood flow to or from the liver. This results in a backing up of blood in either the liver or the vessels supplying it, leading to an increased portal pressure.

## Diagnosis

Ultrasonography (US) is the first-line imaging technique for the diagnosis and follow-up of portal hypertension because it is non-invasive, low-cost and can be performed on-site.

A dilated portal vein (diameter of greater than 13 or 15 mm) is a sign of portal hypertension, with a sensitivity estimated at 12.5% or 40%. On Doppler ultrasonography, a slow velocity of \<16 cm/s in addition to dilatation in the main portal vein are diagnostic of portal hypertension. Other signs of portal hypertension on ultrasound include a portal flow mean velocity of less than 12 cm/s, porto–systemic collateral veins (patent paraumbilical vein, spleno–renal collaterals and dilated left and short gastric veins), splenomegaly and signs of cirrhosis (including nodularity of the liver surface).

The hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) measurement has been accepted as the gold standard for assessing the severity of portal hypertension. Portal hypertension is defined as HVPG greater than or equal to 5 mmHg and is considered to be clinically significant when HVPG exceeds 10 to 12 mmHg.

## Complications

### Ascites

#### Pathogenesis

The activation of neurohumoral factors as described in the "Pathophysiology" section results in a high volume state due to sodium and water retention. Additionally, with cirrhosis, there is increased hydrostatic pressure and decreased production of albumin, which lead to decreased oncotic pressure. Combined, this leads to leakage of fluid into the peritoneal cavity.

#### Management

The management of ascites needs to be gradual to avoid sudden changes in systemic volume status, which can precipitate hepatic encephalopathy, kidney failure, and death. The management includes salt restriction in diet, diuretics to urinate excess salt and water (furosemide, spironolactone), paracentesis to manually remove the ascitic fluid, and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS).

### Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

#### Pathogenesis

In cirrhosis, there is bacterial overgrowth in the intestinal tract and increased permeability of the intestinal wall. These bacteria (most commonly E. coli & Klebsiella) are able to pass through the intestinal wall and into ascitic fluid, leading to an inflammatory response.

#### Management

Antibiotic treatment is usually with a third generation cephalosporin (ceftriaxone or cefotaxime) after a diagnostic paracentesis. Patients are also given albumin.

#### Prevention

Primary prevention is given to high-risk groups; secondary prevention is given to anyone who has previously been diagnosed with SBP. Medications for prevention are usually fluoroquinolones or sulfonamides.

### Variceal hemorrhage

#### Pathogenesis

Increased portal pressure leads to dilation of existing vessels and the formation of new vascular connections. These newly formed vascular connections are weak and prone to rupture, which leads to bleeding. Esophageal varices are due to a connection between the left gastric vein and the azygos-hemiazygos veins; gastroesophageal varices are due to connections between either the anterior branch of the left gastric vein and esophageal veins or the short gastric & posterior gastric vein and esophageal veins.

#### Management

Both pharmacological (non-specific β-blockers, nitrate isosorbide mononitrate, vasopressin such as terlipressin) and endoscopic (banding ligation) treatment have similar results. TIPS (transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting) is effective at reducing the rate of rebleeding.

The management of active variceal bleeding includes administering vasoactive drugs (somatostatin, octreotide), endoscopic banding ligation, balloon tamponade and TIPS.

### Hepatic encephalopathy

#### Pathogenesis

In portal hypertension, ammonia levels increase and this ammonia can cross the blood brain barrier. As brain cells attempt to clear the ammonia, glutamine is formed excessively, which results in swelling of brain cells and neurologic dysfunction.

#### Management

A treatment plan may involve lactulose, enemas, and use of antibiotics such as rifaximin, neomycin, vancomycin, and the quinolones. Restriction of dietary protein was recommended but this is now refuted by a clinical trial which shows no benefit. Instead, the maintenance of adequate nutrition is now advocated.

### Hepatorenal syndrome

#### Pathogenesis

Activation of neurohumoral factors (discussed in the Pathophysiology section) leads to renal vasoconstriction, which results in decreased blood supply to the kidneys and therefore, a decreased glomerular filtration rate. This can be an acute kidney injury (HRS type 1) or a slowly progressive kidney failure (HRS type 2).

#### Management

Management depends on whether or not patients are in the intensive care unit (ICU). When not in the ICU, patients are given albumin and splanchnic vasoconstrictors such as terlipressin. This use of splanchnic vasoconstrictors increases mean arterial pressure, which increases the amount of blood supplied to the kidneys. This decreases the compensatory neurohumoral response that led to the renal vasoconstriction and improves overall kidney function.

### Cardiomyopathy

#### Pathogenesis

Initially, the heart compensates for the decreased effective arterial blood volume that is the result of splanchnic vasodilation by increasing cardiac output, which results in high-output heart failure. Eventually, the heart will no longer be able to maintain this increased cardiac output in the setting of prolonged splanchnic vasodilation. As a result, the heart will not fill with or pump out blood appropriately.

#### Management

Non-selective beta blockers have been successful in some clinical studies. Patients are also treated with diuretics. Liver transplant may reverse the cardiomyopathy.

## Treatment

### Portosystemic shunts

Selective shunts select non-intestinal flow to be shunted to the systemic venous drainage while leaving the intestinal venous drainage to continue to pass through the liver. The most well known of this type is the splenorenal. This connects the splenic vein to the left renal vein thus reducing portal system pressure while minimizing any encephalopathy. In an H-shunt, which could be mesocaval (from the superior mesenteric vein to the inferior vena cava) or could be, portocaval (from the portal vein to the inferior vena cava) a graft, either synthetic or the preferred vein harvested from elsewhere on the patient's body, is connected between the superior mesenteric vein and the inferior vena cava. The size of this shunt will determine how selective it is.

With the advent of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting (TIPS), portosystemic shunts are less performed. TIPS has the advantage of being easier to perform and doesn't disrupt the liver's vascularity.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Portal hypertension | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| The portal vein and its tributaries | |
| Specialty | Gastroenterology |
| Symptoms | Ascites |
| Causes | Splenic vein thrombosis, stenosis of portal vein |
| Diagnostic method | Ultrasonography |
| Treatment | Portosystemic shunts, Nonselective beta-blockers |


title: Ubu

abstract: Ubu or UBU may refer to:

text:
# Ubu

**Ubu** or **UBU** may refer to:

## Arts and entertainment

* The title character of *Ubu Roi* (*King Ubu*), an 1896 French play by Alfred Jarry and subsequent plays
* Ubu Repertory Theater, New York City, dedicated to presenting French plays translated into English
* Ubu Awards for Italian theater – see Italian entertainment awards
* Ubu Films, a Sydney-based Australian underground filmmakers' cooperative that existed from 1965 to ca. 1972
* Ubu Productions, Inc., a production company founded by television producer Gary David Goldberg
* *Ubu* (album), the debut album by Illion, aka Radwimps vocalist Yojiro Noda
* Ubu (*Dragon Ball*), a character in *Dragon Ball* media
* "Ubu", a song by Blurt on their album *Blurt in Berlin*
* "Ubu", a song by Methyl Ethel on their album *Everything Is Forgotten*
* Ubu, a member of the League of Assassins and the trusted henchman of supervillain Ra's al Ghul in DC Comics

## UBU

## Other uses


title: Procopius aeneolus

abstract: Procopius aeneolus is a species of spider in the family Corinnidae, found in Equatorial Guinea.

text:
# Procopius aeneolus

***Procopius aeneolus*** is a species of spider in the family Corinnidae, found in Equatorial Guinea.

## InfoBox

| *Procopius aeneolus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Corinnidae |
| Genus: | *Procopius* |
| Species: | ***P. aeneolus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Procopius aeneolus***<br>Simon, 1903 | |
|


title: Wang Pi

abstract: Wang Pi was a Chinese calligrapher and politician of the Tang dynasty, who was a close associate of Emperor Shunzong. He, along with his ally Wang Shuwen, was powerful during Emperor Shunzong's brief reign in 805, but soon lost power and died in exile.

text:
# Wang Pi

**Wang Pi** (Chinese: 王伾; died 805?) was a Chinese calligrapher and politician of the Tang dynasty, who was a close associate of Emperor Shunzong (Li Song). He, along with his ally Wang Shuwen, was powerful during Emperor Shunzong's brief reign in 805, but soon lost power and died in exile.

## Background and service under Li Song as crown prince

It is not known when Wang Pi was born, but it is known that his family was from Hang Prefecture (杭州, in modern Hangzhou, Zhejiang). He was at some point made a reserve official at Hanlin Institute (翰林院), where imperial scholars gathered, and later made a member of the staff of Li Song—then crown prince under his father Emperor Dezong. It was said that he became favored by Li Song because of his abilities in calligraphy, and he became a close associate of Li Song's, having easy access to Li Song's palace and often spending time with Li Song in leisure activities. He and another close associate of Li Song's, Wang Shuwen, became friends and allies.

## During Emperor Shunzong's reign

In late 804, Li Song suffered a debilitating stroke that left him partially paralyzed and unable to speak. When Emperor Dezong died on February 25, 805, there were initially some eunuchs who suggested that someone else should succeed Emperor Dezong, but at the strong advocacy of the imperial scholar Wei Cigong (衛次公), Li Song's succession was not further questioned despite his illness. To show that he was still not completely incapacitated, Li Song was forced to personally show himself to the imperial guards, and he took the throne (as Emperor Shunzong).

However, Emperor Shunzong remained seriously ill, and he was often attended to only by the eunuch Li Zhongyan (李忠言) and his concubine Consort Niu. Much of the decisions on important matters of state were entrusted to Wang Pi and Wang Shuwen, both of whom were named imperial scholar and was largely making decisions at the Hanlin Institute. Under Wang Shuwen's recommendation, Wei Zhiyi was made a chancellor, and it was said that Wei, Wang Shuwen, Wang Pi, Li Zhongyan, and Consort Niu formed a group of decision makers. It was said that much authority were also delegated to Han Tai (韓泰), Liu Zongyuan, and Liu Yuxi, and that Wang Shuwen was effectively the leader. His associates were also said to be praising each other and comparing each other to such great historical figures as Yi Yin, the Duke of Zhou, Guan Zhong, and Zhuge Liang. Many officials were being promoted and demoted based on their recommendations. Wang Pi also received the office of *Zuo Sanqi Changshi* (左散騎常侍), a high-level consultant at the examination bureau of government (門下省, *Menxia Sheng*).

Traditional historical accounts painted an unflattering picture of Wang Pi—describing him as ugly in appearance, lacking ambitions in accomplishment, and speaking in Wu tongue. It was said that Wang Pi was taking a large amount of bribes, and that his house had no closets or regular chests, but a single large chest in which he stored his treasure; at night, he and his wife would sleep on it.

In summer 805, when the powerful eunuch Ju Wenzhen (俱文珍) had Wang Shuwen technically promoted—to be the deputy minister of census—but removed from the post of imperial scholar, thus disallowing him from attending to matters of state at Hanlin Institute—Wang Pi interceded with Emperor Shunzong on Wang Shuwen's behalf, and Wang Shuwen was allowed to visit Hanlin Institute once every three to five days. Soon, however, Wang Shuwen's mother died, and he was forced to leave governmental service to observe a mourning period. Left without his main ally, it was said that Wang Pi became panicked, and he made repeated petitions to have Wang Shuwen recalled to government service to be chancellor, to no avail. In fall 805, knowing that he and his allies were near defeat, Wang Pi claimed to have suffered a stroke and no longer attended to governmental matters.

## Death

Late in 805, Emperor Shunzong yielded the throne to his son Li Chun the Crown Prince (as Emperor Xianzong). Even before he was formally enthroned, Emperor Xianzong immediately had Wang Shuwen and Wang Pi exiled, on September 2—in Wang Pi's case, to be the military advisor to the prefect of Kai Prefecture (開州, in modern Chongqing). It was said that Wang Pi soon died in exile, and it was implied that that was later in 805.

## Notes and references


title: Vranci

abstract: Vranci is a village in the municipality of Kreševo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

text:
# Vranci

**Vranci** is a village in the municipality of Kreševo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 65.

Ethnicity in 2013
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Croats | 63 | 96.9% |
| Bosniaks | 1 | 1.5% |
| Serbs | 1 | 1.5% |
| **Total** | **65** | **100%** |

## InfoBox

| Vranci | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Vranci | |
| Coordinates: 43°51′22″N 18°00′24″E / 43.855998°N 18.0067712°E / 43.855998; 18.0067712 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Canton | Central Bosnia |
| Municipality | Kreševo |
| Area | |
| Total | 9.30 sq mi (24.08 km2) |
| Population (2013) | |
| Total | 65 |
| Density | 7.0/sq mi (2.7/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |