abstract: The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Four Saints is an oil painting on panel by Pontormo in the Louvre, Paris. References in Giorgio Vasari's Lives of the Artists are taken by some to date the work to 1528–1529, the years immediately after Pontormo painted the Capponi Chapel. More recent art historians argue that its style is close to works he produced between 1524 and 1526. The work was produced for the monastery of Sant'Anna in Verzaia outside Florence's Porta San Frediano, hence the presence of Saint Anne. From left to right the other saints are Sebastian in green, Peter in saffron and blue, the Good Thief, and Benedict of Nursia in a monk's habit. Until 1370 the monastery's church was the halfway point of a procession on Saint Anne's feast day to commemorate the city's "liberation" from the Duke of Athens. The medallion at the foot of the Madonna's throne shows a group of people from the procession, including an infantry captain, the heads of companies, trumpeters, pipers, dealers, "commanders" and "benchers". The monastery was destroyed during the 1529 Siege of Florence and the work was in the Ospedale Sant'Eusebio al Prato in the western part of Florence's historic city centre by 1813, when it was looted by Napoleon and taken to Paris. It was first exhibited at the Louvre in 1814 and not returned to Florence after the end of the Napoleonic Wars.

text:
# Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Four Saints

The ***Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Four Saints*** is an oil painting on panel by Pontormo in the Louvre, Paris. References in Giorgio Vasari's *Lives of the Artists* are taken by some to date the work to 1528–1529, the years immediately after Pontormo painted the Capponi Chapel. More recent art historians argue that its style is close to works he produced between 1524 and 1526.

The work was produced for the monastery of Sant'Anna in Verzaia outside Florence's Porta San Frediano, hence the presence of Saint Anne. From left to right the other saints are Sebastian in green, Peter in saffron and blue, the Good Thief, and Benedict of Nursia in a monk's habit. Until 1370 the monastery's church was the halfway point of a procession on Saint Anne's feast day (26 July) to commemorate the city's "liberation" from the Duke of Athens. The medallion at the foot of the Madonna's throne shows a group of people from the procession, including an infantry captain (the work's commissioner), the heads of companies, trumpeters, pipers, dealers, "commanders" and "benchers".

The monastery was destroyed during the 1529 Siege of Florence and the work was in the Ospedale Sant'Eusebio al Prato in the western part of Florence's historic city centre by 1813, when it was looted by Napoleon and taken to Paris. It was first exhibited at the Louvre in 1814 and not returned to Florence after the end of the Napoleonic Wars.

## InfoBox

| Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Four Saints | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | Pontormo |
| Year | c.1524–1528 |
| Medium | Oil on panel |
| Location | Louvre, Paris |


title: William Robinson (priest)

abstract: The Venerable William Robinson DD was Archdeacon of Nottingham.

text:
# William Robinson (priest)

The Venerable **William Robinson** DD (d. 1642) was Archdeacon of Nottingham.

## Family

He was the son of John Robinson of Reading, Berkshire and Lucy Webb.

He married Sarah Bainbrigge, daughter of William Bainbrigge of Lockington, Leicestershire. They had the following children:

* John Robinson became 1st Robinson Baronet of London.
* Henry Robinson, rector of Long Whatton.

## Career

He was a Fellow of Queens' College, Cambridge from 1590 to 1603 and University Preacher.

He was appointed:

He was buried in All Saints Church, Long Whatton, Leicestershire.


abstract: University College of Engineering, Panruti is a college located in Panruti, Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu, India. It was established in 2008 and is affiliated to Anna University. This college, during its inception was under the administrative control of Anna University Tiruchirappalli. Dr.V.Ramachandran was the Founder Vice Chancellor of this university and he spearheaded the process of starting 6 new engineering colleges each at Ariyalur, Pattukottai, Thirukkuvalai, Panruti, Dindigul and Ramanathapuram. R.Sivaraman was the First Special Officer of this institution and V.Kumarasamy was the then Dean. All the initial infrastructures were created and subsequently the college was moved to Panikankuppam abutting Panruti. The college offers B.E. courses in various fields. As the Government of Tamil Nadu has adopted the online counselling for the Tamil Nadu Engineering Admissions (TNEA) from the year 2018 onwards for all 540 affiliated colleges, this institution acts as the TNEA facilitating centre for the Cuddalore District. This institution also has close ties with the Neyveli Lignite Corporation by offering various BTech Part Time Programmes to its employees.

text:
# University College of Engineering, Panruti

**University College of Engineering, Panruti** is a college located in Panruti, Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu, India. It was established in 2008 and is affiliated to Anna University. This college, during its inception was under the administrative control of Anna University Tiruchirappalli. Dr.V.Ramachandran was the Founder Vice Chancellor of this university and he spearheaded the process of starting 6 new engineering colleges each at Ariyalur, Pattukottai, Thirukkuvalai, Panruti, Dindigul and Ramanathapuram. R.Sivaraman was the First Special Officer of this institution and V.Kumarasamy was the then Dean. All the initial infrastructures were created and subsequently the college was moved to Panikankuppam abutting Panruti. The college offers B.E. courses in various fields. As the Government of Tamil Nadu has adopted the online counselling for the Tamil Nadu Engineering Admissions (TNEA) from the year 2018 onwards for all 540 affiliated colleges, this institution acts as the TNEA facilitating centre for the Cuddalore District.

This institution also has close ties with the Neyveli Lignite Corporation by offering various BTech Part Time Programmes to its employees.

## InfoBox

University College of Engineering, Panruti
| Type | Public |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 2008 (2008) |
| Principal | Dr.Ilangovan |
| Location | Panruti, Tamil Nadu, India |
| Affiliations | Anna University |
| Website | ucep.edu.in |


title: Masami Kikuchi

abstract: Masami Kikuchi is a Japanese voice actor and narrator. He was affiliated with Troubador Music Office until March 2010. He then worked as freelance until April 2011, when he was employed by Kenyu Office.

text:
# Masami Kikuchi

**Masami Kikuchi** (菊池 正美, *Kikuchi Masami*, born April 24, 1960 in Nagano) is a Japanese voice actor and narrator. He was affiliated with Troubador Music Office until March 2010. He then worked as freelance until April 2011, when he was employed by Kenyu Office.

## Filmography

### Television animation

#### Unknown date

### Original video animation (OVA)

### Films

### Tokusatsu

### Video games

### Drama CDs

* *Abunai* series 4: *Abunai Campus Love* (????), Harumi Okikura
* *Catch Me!* (????), Shikyou Katayama
* *C Kara Hajimaru Koi mo Ii* (????), Takenoshin
* *Eien no Midori ~Nochinoomohini~* (????), Junya Shibasaki
* *Koisuru Jewelry Designer* series 1 (????), Yuutarou Mori
* *My Sexual Harassment* series 3 (????), Shun Kazami
* *Onegai Darlin'* (????), Kouchirou Imada
* *Ourin Gakuen* series 1: *Ikenai Seitokaishitsu* (????), Shuuichirou Kazama

### Dubbing

* *Doug* (U.S. TV 1991, Japanese dub 1998), Skeeter Valentine
* *VeggieTales* (U.S. direct-to-video 1993, Japanese dub 1998), Bob the Tomato

* Gifford, Kevin. "The Official Art of Comic Party Revolution". (March 2007) *Newtype USA*. pp. 103–109.

## InfoBox

| Masami Kikuchi | |
| --- | --- |
| 菊池 正美 | |
| Born | (1960-04-24) April 24, 1960<br>Chino, Nagano, Japan |
| Occupation | Voice actor |
| Years active | 1983–present |


title: Marxism and the Oppression of Women

abstract: Marxism and the Oppression of Women: Toward a Unitary Theory is a book by the sociologist Lise Vogel that is considered an important contribution to Marxist Feminism. Vogel surveys Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels's comments on the causes of women's oppression, examines how socialist movements in Europe and in the United States have addressed women's oppression, and argues that women's oppression should be understood in terms of women's role in social reproduction and in particular in reproducing labor power. Vogel writes: "This book constitutes an argument for the power of Marxism to analyze the issues that face women today in their struggle for liberation. It strongly rejects, however, the assumption made by many socialists that the classical-Marxist tradition bequeaths a more or less complete analysis of the problem of women's oppression." The book received mixed reviews at the time of publication in 1983 but is now considered a founding text of Social Reproduction Theory.

text:
# Marxism and the Oppression of Women

***Marxism and the Oppression of Women: Toward a Unitary Theory*** (1983; revised edition 2013) is a book by the sociologist Lise Vogel that is considered an important contribution to Marxist Feminism. Vogel surveys Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels's comments on the causes of women's oppression, examines how socialist movements in Europe and in the United States have addressed women's oppression, and argues that women's oppression should be understood in terms of women's role in social reproduction and in particular in reproducing labor power.

Vogel writes: "This book constitutes an argument *for* the power of Marxism to analyze the issues that face women today in their struggle for liberation. It strongly rejects, however, the assumption made by many socialists that the classical-Marxist tradition bequeaths a more or less complete analysis of the problem of women's oppression."

The book received mixed reviews at the time of publication in 1983 but is now considered a founding text of Social Reproduction Theory.

## Summary

Vogel examines the European and North American socialist movements' treatment of the "woman question." She examines what contemporary North American socialist feminist authors have said about women's oppression and how it is related (or not) to class society and the capitalist mode of production. She also discusses key debates within the North American feminist movement.

She argues that Marx's views on women's issues are inadequately under-developed, but that they contain insights that are useful for struggles against female oppression within capitalist class society and the capitalist mode of production. She argues that Marx's work on individual consumption, the value of labour-power and the industrial reserve army, provided a useful basis for further work on the issue of social reproduction. In contrast, Vogel finds Engels' work defective because of its utopianism and its reliance on a dual system theory of women's oppression vs. class oppression. She acknowledges, however, that the work of Engels was very influential in socialist debates despite its theoretical weaknesses.

Vogel examines the socialist movement around the time of the Second International and the Russian Revolution in order to analyse what leading activists had to say. She critiques much of what was written as a conflation of utopianism, liberalism and dual systems theory. However, she does find that Vladimir Lenin's work and German SPD leader Clara Zetkin's work both represented much more pragmatic attempts to seriously address women's oppression and involvement in revolutionary activity.

Vogel outlines two contradictory tendencies in the socialist debate about women's oppression - one which uses a dual systems analysis and the other which is rooted in social reproduction. She argues in favour of the social reproduction approach and elaborates her own theory of women's oppression from that perspective.

## Publication history

The book was first published in the United States in 1983 by Rutgers University Press. It was published in the United Kingdom by Pluto Press. In 2013, the work was republished by Brill Publishers, with a new introduction by the political scientist David McNally and Susan Ferguson, and as part of the Historical Materialism Book Series.

## Reception

*Marxism and the Oppression of Women* received mixed reviews from the sociologist Johanna Brenner in *Contemporary Sociology*, Gilda Zwerman in the *American Journal of Sociology*, Bonnie J. Fox in the *Canadian Journal of Sociology*, and Scarlet Pollock in the *Canadian Review of Sociology & Anthropology*. The book was also reviewed by Hester Eisenstein in *Science & Society*, Carol A. Brown in *Qualitative Sociology*, and Mary Margaret Fonow in *Signs*, and in *Choice*.

Brenner credited Vogel with providing a "clear and lively presentation" which demonstrated that "classical marxist theory grappled with key questions for today's feminists". However, she wrote that Vogel's analysis "remains at such a high level of abstraction and generality that it never quite addresses the central issues that socialist-feminist theory has been engaging for more than a decade", and criticized Vogel for failing to explain "why the outcome of this class struggle seems to be almost universally a family system in which men exercise power over women", and for her neglect of the work of the anarchist Emma Goldman and the Bolshevik Alexandra Kollontai. Zwerman considered Vogel's strategy for "demonstrating the power of Marxist theory" to be "interesting and intelligent". She credited Vogel with demonstrating that "those texts used most often by socialist feminists as representative of a Marxist perspective" are seriously flawed. However, she added that "there is far more to women's oppression than can be accounted for by their relationship to production" and wrote that Vogel "provides neither conceptual nor empirical tools for studying and understanding the significance of variations in women's domestic arrangements."

Fox credited Vogel with providing a "useful review of socialist analyses of women's subordinate position", and with showing that Lenin's analysis has not been substantially extended by subsequent socialist feminist writers, who unlike Lenin have neglected non-economic issues. However, she criticized Vogel for focusing on 19th-century theorists and ignoring more recent writers, and despite considering some of her ideas, such as those concerning women's child-bearing role, promising, found her attempt to provide "a theoretical framework for understanding women's oppression" unsuccessful because it ignored the radical feminist insight that "a theory of women's subordination must analyze the social relations between men and women (with their material base in sexual relations) which organize personal life." She criticized Vogel for failing to see the merits of views such as those of Nancy Chodorow, and wrote that her book was "discordant with the reality of North American women's daily lives" and "fails to touch on their dreams and visions for the future."

Pollock welcomed Vogel's attempt to rework Marxist theory, and her criticism of "the tendency in earlier work to analyze gender and class relations separately." However, she maintained that it left unresolved questions and problems, noting that while Vogel argued that, "Women's oppression is rooted in the function which their biology serves in terms of generational replacement in class relations", she was left with the need to "explain theoretically why the fact of different functions equals oppression" and also had to "find some way to account for the evidence of women's oppression prior to class-based societies as, theoretically, it has been made non-existent outside of the needs of the class struggle."

The 2016 edition of *Marxism and the Oppression of Women* received a positive review from Jessie Muldoon in *International Socialist Review*. She considered Vogel correct to acknowledge contributions made by Marx, Engels, August Bebel, Zetkin, and Lenin, though she considered it debatable whether Vogel was correct to make sharp distinctions between Marx's views and those of Engels. She credited Vogel with creating a framework to make possible a theory of women's oppression by developing the implications of partially developed insights elaborated by Marx in *Das Kapital* (1867–1883), thereby completing Marx's work in this field, with discrediting Mariarosa Dalla Costa's view that "domestic labor produces surplus value", and with demonstrating that "capital depends as much on reproduction as it does on production". She wrote that Vogel's "emphasis on material conditions and the biological differences between men and women ... may strike some readers as overly rigid" and dated, but she considered Vogel's "insistence on the material roots of both and the concomitant need for a united working-class force that can challenge both simultaneously" a "huge contribution to the building of a feminist movement rooted in Marxism" and concluded that Vogel's book "deserves to be recognized as a classic, indispensable companion to be read alongside Capital."

The political theorist Terrell Carver described *Marxism and the Oppression of Women* as a founding text of Marxist feminism.

McNally and Ferguson argued that the book had only a small number of supporters, due to being published at "a moment of acute disarray for the socialist-feminist movement", but that its originality prevented it from being forgotten completely. In their view, the book was "arguably the most sophisticated Marxist intervention in the theoretical debates thrown up by socialist feminism", and the contemporary "resurgence of anti-capitalist struggle" made its republication timely.

### Bibliography

Books  * Carver, Terrell (1995). "Guide to Further Reading". *Karl Marx: His Life and Environment*. London: Fontana Press. ISBN 0-00-686339-6.
* Vogel, Lise; Ferguson, Susan; McNally, David (2013). *Marxism and the Oppression of Women: Toward a Unitary Theory*. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-9004228269.

Journals  * Brenner, Johanna (1984). "Marxism and the oppression of women (Book Review)". *Contemporary Sociology*. **13**.   via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
* Brown, Carol A. (1986). "Marxism and the Oppression of Women: Toward a Unitary Theory (Book)". *Qualitative Sociology*. **9** (2).   via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
* Eisenstein, Hester (1985). "Marxism and the oppression of women (Book Review)". *Science & Society*. **49**.   via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
* Fonow, Mary Margaret (1988). "Marxism and the oppression of women (Book Review)". *Signs*. **13**.   via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
* Fox, Bonnie J. (1985). "Marxism and the Oppression of Women: Toward a Unitary Theory (Book)". *Canadian Journal of Sociology*. **10** (3). doi:10.2307/3339980. JSTOR 3339980.   via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
* Muldoon, Jessie (2016). "A Marxist theory of women's oppression". *International Socialist Review* (100).
* Pollock, Scarlet (1987). "Marxism and the oppression of women (Book Review)". *Canadian Review of Sociology & Anthropology*. **24** (1).   via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
* Zwerman, Gilda (1985). "Marxism and the oppression of women (Book Review)". *American Journal of Sociology*. **91** (1). doi:10.1086/228272.   via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
* "Recommended reading". *Choice*. **21**. 1984.   via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)

## InfoBox

Marxism and the Oppression of Women: Toward a Unitary Theory
| Cover of the first edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Lise Vogel |
| Language | English |
| Series | Historical Materialism Book Series |
| Subject | Marxist feminism |
| Publisher | Rutgers University Press |
| Publication date | 1983 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Hardcover and Paperback) |
| Pages | 231 (1987 edition)<br>266 (2014 edition) |
| ISBN | 978-1-60846-340-4 |


title: Pheneridine

abstract: Pheneridine is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine (meperidine). Pheneridine is not currently used in medicine. Presumably it has similar effects to other opioid derivatives, such as analgesia, sedation, nausea and respiratory depression, however unlike most opioid derivatives it is not specifically listed as an illegal drug, although it would probably be regarded as a controlled substance analogue of pethidine on the grounds of its related chemical structure in some jurisdictions such as the United States, Canada and Australia, and would be classified as a "Pethidine Analogue" under the New Zealand Misuse of Drugs Act Class C7.

text:
# Pheneridine

**Pheneridine** is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine (meperidine).

Pheneridine is not currently used in medicine. Presumably it has similar effects to other opioid derivatives, such as analgesia, sedation, nausea and respiratory depression, however unlike most opioid derivatives it is not specifically listed as an illegal drug, although it would probably be regarded as a controlled substance analogue of pethidine on the grounds of its related chemical structure in some jurisdictions such as the United States, Canada and Australia, and would be classified as a "Pethidine Analogue" under the New Zealand Misuse of Drugs Act Class C7.

## InfoBox

Pheneridine
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Clinical data | |
| ATC code | * none |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * Ethyl 4-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidine-4-carboxylate | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C22H27NO2 |
| Molar mass | 337.463 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * O=C(OCC)C3(c1ccccc1)CCN(CCc2ccccc2)CC3 | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C22H27NO2/c1-2-25-21(24)22(20-11-7-4-8-12-20)14-17-23(18-15-22)16-13-19-9-5-3-6-10-19/h3-12H,2,13-18H2,1H3 Y * Key:IUNKCJPURQMGKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y | |
| NY (what is this?)  (verify) | |


abstract: The University of Washington School of Dentistry is the dental school of the University of Washington in Seattle. It is the only school of dentistry in the state of Washington. The school emphasizes research in anxiety, orofacial pain, tissue repair and regeneration, immune response to bacteria, and practice based research.

text:
# University of Washington School of Dentistry

The **University of Washington School of Dentistry** is the dental school of the University of Washington in Seattle. It is the only school of dentistry in the state of Washington. The school emphasizes research in anxiety, orofacial pain, tissue repair and regeneration, immune response to bacteria, and practice based research.

## Federal grants

In 2015, the University of Washington School of Dentistry was ranked 21st out of 48 dental schools receiving federal grants from the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research.

## Departments

* Department of Endodontics
* Department of Oral Health Sciences
* Department of Oral Medicine
* Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
* Department of Orthodontics
* Department of Pediatric Dentistry
* Department of Periodontics
* Department of Restorative Dentistry

## Accreditation

The University of Washington School of Dentistry is currently accredited by ADA.

## Debt Problem

Despite its reputation as a top standing dental school, the University of Washington School of Dentistry has been in a serious debt crisis between 2010-2020. As of 2020, the School of Dentistry has accumulated a debt of $40 million to the university over the course of a decade. Faculty have complained that the mounting debt has been attributed to poor decisions and mismanagement from the administration, as well as the lack of transparency regarding the budget. However, the administration faults the state of Washington's low Medicaid reimbursement. Since the majority of patients at the UW School of Dentistry are on Medicaid, the school must work with the low reimbursement rates. As a result of the worsening debt, Gary Chiodo, previously the interim dean at Oregon Health & Science University's dental school who helped sort out the financial issues there, was hired to straighten out the finances. Since Dean Chiodo was instated as dean of the UW School of Dentistry, the university has taken some steps to address the amassing debt. However, a report from the State Auditor's office has stated that " The university's Board of Regents has given its schools and colleges significant autonomy over their financial decisions. While there is nothing inherently wrong with delegating those decisions, the university's leaders and the board are ultimately responsible for the financial impact of those decisions. To its credit, the university has taken positive steps to help prevent situations similar to what happened at the School of Dentistry from happening again. However, the gaps in financial oversight, the antiquated financial systems and the lack of business training for department chairs identified in this audit show the University of Washington still has plenty of work to do."

47°38′57″N 122°18′26″W / 47.64917°N 122.30722°W / 47.64917; -122.30722

## InfoBox

School of Dentistry
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Public dental school |
| Established | 1945 |
| Dean | Dr. Andre V. Ritter |
| Students | 240 |
| Location | Seattle, Washington, U.S. |
| Website | dental.washington.edu |


title: Margaret Clark (psychologist)

abstract: Margaret (“Peggy”) Sydnor Clark is an American psychologist. Clark received her B.A. in Government and Psychology from Franklin and Marshall College in 1973, and obtained a Ph.D. in Psychology at the University of Maryland in 1977. She joined the faculty of Carnegie Mellon University as Assistant Professor upon completing her studies, and taught there until moving to Yale University in 2005. At Carnegie Mellon she served as chair of the faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences for a year. At Yale, Clark has served first as master, a position subsequently renamed as head, of Trumbull College since 2013, was named John M. Musser Professor of Psychology in 2015. and in 2021 was named Dean of Academic Affairs for Yale College. She has served as the president of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology and of the Society of Experimental Social Psychology. In 2015, Clark was elected to membership of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

text:
# Margaret Clark (psychologist)

**Margaret (“Peggy”****) Sydnor Clark** is an American psychologist.

Clark received her B.A. in Government and Psychology from Franklin and Marshall College in 1973, and obtained a Ph.D. in Psychology at the University of Maryland in 1977. She joined the faculty of Carnegie Mellon University as Assistant Professor upon completing her studies, and taught there until moving to Yale University in 2005. At Carnegie Mellon she served as chair of the faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences for a year. At Yale, Clark has served first as master, a position subsequently renamed as head, of Trumbull College since 2013, was named John M. Musser Professor of Psychology in 2015. and in 2021 was named Dean of Academic Affairs for Yale College. She has served as the president of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology and of the Society of Experimental Social Psychology. In 2015, Clark was elected to membership of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

## Research contributions

Clark is an experimental social psychologist specializing in the psychology of interpersonal relationships and emotion. Since the late 1970’s, she has published extensively on several topics in psychology including the norms governing benefits in close relationships, such as favors and repayments, the norms governing benefits in communal relationships, and the ability of people to adhere to norms in intimate relationships, such as marriages.

She has also investigated the social functions of emotion in both communal relationships. This has included the value of experiencing and communicating emotion, including guilt, hurt, and gratitude, in preserving and strengthening communal relationships.

## Awards and honors

In 1991, Dr. Clark received the Berscheid-Hatfield Mid-Career Award from the International Association for Relationships Research (IARR).

In 2014, she was awarded the Distinguished Career Award from the IARR.

In 2015, Clark was elected to membership of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

She has received several awards for excellence in teaching, including the Elliot Dunlop Smith Award and the Ryan Award both from Carnegie Mellon.


title: Virtual machining

abstract: Virtual machining is the practice of using computers to simulate and model the use of machine tools for part manufacturing. Such activity replicates the behavior and errors of a real environment in virtual reality systems. This can provide useful ways to manufacture products without physical testing on the shop floor. As a result, time and cost of part production can be decreased.

text:
# Virtual machining

**Virtual machining** is the practice of using computers to simulate and model the use of machine tools for part manufacturing. Such activity replicates the behavior and errors of a real environment in virtual reality systems. This can provide useful ways to manufacture products without physical testing on the shop floor. As a result, time and cost of part production can be decreased.

## Applications

Virtual machining provides various benefits:

* Simulated machining process in virtual environments reveals errors without wasting materials, damaging machine tools, or putting workers at risk.
* A computer simulation helps improve accuracy in the produced part.
* Virtual inspection systems such as surface finish, surface metrology, and waviness can be applied to the simulated parts in virtual environments to increase accuracy.
* Systems can augment process planning of machining operations with regards to the desired tolerances of part designing.
* Virtual machining system can be used in process planning of machining operations by considering the most suitable steps of machining operations with regard to the time and cost of part manufacturing.
* Optimization techniques can be applied to the simulated machining process to increase efficiency of parts production.
* Finite element method (FEM) can be applied to the simulated machining process in virtual environments to analyze stress and strain of the machine tool, workpiece and cutting tool.
* Accuracy of mathematical error modeling in prediction of machined surfaces can be analyzed by using the virtual machining systems.
* Machining operations of flexible materials can be analyzed in virtual environments to increase accuracy of part manufacturing.
* Vibrations of machine tools as well as possibility of chatter along cutting tool paths in machining operations can be analyzed by using simulated machining operations in virtual environments.
* Time and cost of accurate production can be decreased by applying rules of production process management to the simulated manufacturing process in the virtual environment.
* Feed rate scheduling systems based on virtual machining can also be presented to increase accuracy as well as efficiency of part manufacturing.
* Material removal rate in machining operations of complex surfaces can be simulated in virtual environments for analysis and optimization.
* Efficiency of part manufacturing can be improved by analyzing and optimizing production methods.
* Errors in actual machined parts can be simulated in virtual environments for analysis and compensation.
* Simulated machining centers in virtual environments can be connected by the network and Internet for remote analysis and modification.
* Elements and structures of machine tools such as spindle, rotation axis, moving axes, ball screw, numerical control unit, electric motors (step motor and servomotor), bed and et al. can be simulated in virtual environments so they can be analyzed and modified. As a result, optimized versions of machine tool elements can boost levels of technology in part manufacturing.
* Geometry of cutting tools can be analyzed and modified as a result of simulated cutting forces in virtual environments. Thus, machining time as well as surface roughness can be minimized and tool life can be maximized due to decreasing cutting forces by modified geometries of cutting tools. Also, the modified versions of cutting tool geometries with regards to minimizing cutting forces can decrease cost of cutting tools by presenting a wider range of acceptable materials for cutting tools such as high-speed steel, carbon tool steels, cemented carbide, ceramic, cermet and et al.
* The generated heat in engagement areas of cutting tool and workpiece can be simulated, analyzed, and decreased. Tool life can be maximized as a result of decreasing generated heat in engagement areas of cutting tool and workpiece.
* Machining strategies can be analyzed and modified in virtual environments in terms of collision detection processes.
* 3D vision of machining operations with errors of actual machined parts and tool deflection error in virtual environments can help designers as well as machining strategists to analyze and modify the process of part production.
* Virtual machining can augment the experience and training of novice machine tool operators in a virtual machining training system.
* To increase added value in processes of part production, energy consumption of machine tools can be simulated and analyzed in virtual environments by presenting an efficient energy use machine tool.
* Machining strategies of freeform surfaces can be analyzed and optimized in virtual environments to increase accuracy of part manufacturing.

## Future research works

Some suggestions for the future studies in virtual machining systems are presented as:

* Machining operations of new alloy can be simulated in virtual environments for study. As a result, deformation, surface properties and residue stress of new alloy can be analyzed and modified.
* New material of cutting tool can be simulated and analyzed in virtual environments. Thus, tool deflection error of new cutting tools along machining paths can be studied without the need of actual machining operations.
* Deformation and deflections of large workpieces can be simulated and analyzed in virtual environments.
* Machining operations of expensive materials such as gold as well as superalloys can be simulated in virtual environments to predict real machining conditions without the need of shop floor testing.


title: William W. Webster House

abstract: The William W. Webster House is a historic house in Clearwater, Minnesota, United States, built around 1863. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 for having local significance in the themes of architecture and commerce. It was nominated for its Greek Revival architecture, fine craftsmanship, and association with William W. Webster, an early settler and civic leader in Clearwater.

text:
# William W. Webster House

The **William W. Webster House** is a historic house in Clearwater, Minnesota, United States, built around 1863. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 for having local significance in the themes of architecture and commerce. It was nominated for its Greek Revival architecture, fine craftsmanship, and association with William W. Webster, an early settler and civic leader in Clearwater.

## Description

The William W. Webster House is a two-story wood-frame building. A one-and-a-half-story addition to the south dates to the house's original construction or shortly after. A rear addition was added in the early 20th century after Webster's death, along with a detached garage. The main section has a footprint of 23 by 30 feet (7.0 by 9.1 m) while the south wing measures 16 by 14 feet (4.9 by 4.3 m).

## History

William W. Webster was a merchant in Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, before emigrating to Clearwater, Minnesota, in 1857. He resumed his merchandising trade there. However, when the American Civil War broke out in 1861, Webster enlisted in the 3rd Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment and was elected first lieutenant by his company. He was promoted to major in part due to his actions at the Battle of Murfreesboro. Webster was mustered out in 1864 and returned to his mercantile business in Clearwater. He was also an active organizer in civic affairs. Webster died on November 18, 1895.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| William W. Webster House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The William W. Webster House from the east | |
|  | |
| Location | 205 Spring Street,<br>Clearwater, Minnesota |
| Coordinates | 45°25′19.5″N 94°3′4.3″W / 45.422083°N 94.051194°W / 45.422083; -94.051194 |
| Area | Less than one acre |
| Built | c. 1863 |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival |
| MPS | Wright County MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 79001261 |
| Designated NRHP | December 11, 1979 |


title: Yogyakarta Principles

abstract: The Yogyakarta Principles is a document about human rights in the areas of sexual orientation and gender identity that was published as the outcome of an international meeting of human rights groups in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, in November 2006. The principles were supplemented and expanded in 2017 to include new grounds of gender expression and sex characteristics and a number of new principles. However, the Principles have never been accepted by the United Nations (UN) and the attempt to make gender identity and sexual orientation new categories of non-discrimination has been repeatedly rejected by the General Assembly, the UN Human Rights Council and other UN bodies. The principles and the supplement contain a set of precepts intended to apply the standards of international human rights law to address the abuse of human rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) people.

text:
# Yogyakarta Principles

The **Yogyakarta Principles** is a document about human rights in the areas of sexual orientation and gender identity that was published as the outcome of an international meeting of human rights groups in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, in November 2006. The principles were supplemented and expanded in 2017 to include new grounds of gender expression and sex characteristics and a number of new principles. However, the Principles have never been accepted by the United Nations (UN) and the attempt to make gender identity and sexual orientation new categories of non-discrimination has been repeatedly rejected by the General Assembly, the UN Human Rights Council and other UN bodies.

The principles and the supplement contain a set of precepts intended to apply the standards of international human rights law to address the abuse of human rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) people.

## Versions

### Original 2006 Principles

The Principles themselves are a lengthy document addressing legal matters. A website that was established to hold the principles and to make them accessible has an overview of the principles, reproduced here in full:

* **Preamble:** The Preamble acknowledges human rights violations based on sexual orientation and gender identity, which undermine the integrity and dignity, establishes the relevant legal framework, and provides definitions of key terms.
* **Rights to Universal Enjoyment of Human Rights, Non-Discrimination and Recognition before the Law:** Principles 1 to 3 set out the principles of the universality of human rights and their application to all persons without discrimination, as well as the right of all people to recognition as a person before the law.
    + *Example:*
        - Laws criminalising homosexuality violate the international right to non-discrimination (decision of the UN Human Rights Committee).
* **Rights to Human and Personal Security:** Principles 4 to 11 address fundamental rights to life, freedom from violence and torture, privacy, access to justice and freedom from arbitrary detention, and human trafficking.
    + *Examples:*
        - Some nations still have laws imposing the death penalty for homosexual sex between consenting adults, despite UN resolutions specifically opposing such laws.
        - Eleven men were arrested in a gay bar and held in custody for over a year. The UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention concluded that the men were detained in violation of international law, noting with concern that "one of the prisoners died as a result of his arbitrary detention".
* **Economic, Social and Cultural Rights:** Principles 12 to 18 set out the importance of non-discrimination in the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights, including employment, accommodation, social security, education, sexual and reproductive health including the right for informed consent and sex reassignment therapy.
    + *Examples:*
* **Rights to Expression, Opinion and Association:** Principles 19 to 21 emphasise the importance of the freedom to express oneself, one's identity and one's sexuality, without State interference based on sexual orientation or gender identity, including the rights to participate peaceably in public assemblies and events and otherwise associate in community with others.
    + *Example:*
        - A peaceful gathering to promote equality on the grounds of sexual orientation and gender identity was banned by authorities, and participants were harassed and intimidated by police and extremist nationalists shouting slogans such as "Let's get the fags" and "We'll do to you what Hitler did with Jews" (report of the UN Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia & related intolerance).
* **Freedom of Movement and Asylum:** Principles 22 and 23 highlight the rights of persons to seek asylum from persecution based on sexual orientation or gender identity.
* **Rights of Participation in Cultural and Family Life:** Principles 24 to 26 address the rights of persons to participate in family life, public affairs and the cultural life of their community, without discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity.
    + *Example:*
        - States have an obligation not to discriminate between different-sex and same-sex relationships in allocating partnership benefits such as survivors' pensions (decision of the UN Human Rights Committee).
* **Rights of Human Rights Defenders:** Principle 27 recognises the right to defend and promote human rights without discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, and the obligation of States to ensure the protection of human rights defenders working in these areas.
    + *Examples:*
        - Human rights defenders working on sexual orientation and gender identity issues in countries and regions around the world "have been threatened, had their houses and offices raided, they have been attacked, tortured, sexually abused, tormented by regular death threats and even killed. A major concern in this regard is an almost complete lack of seriousness with which such cases are treated by the concerned authorities." (report of the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General on Human Rights Defenders).
* **Rights of Redress and Accountability:** Principles 28 and 29 affirm the importance of holding rights violators accountable, and ensuring appropriate redress for those who face rights violations.
    + *Example:*
        - The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights has expressed concern about "impunity for crimes of violence against LGBT persons" and "the responsibility of the State to extend effective protection. The High Commissioner notes that "excluding LGBT individuals from these protections clearly violates international human rights law as well as the common standards of humanity that define us all."
* **Additional Recommendations:** The Principles set out 16 additional recommendations to national human rights institutions, professional bodies, funders, NGOs, the High Commissioner for Human Rights, UN agencies, treaty bodies, Special Procedures, and others.
    + *Example:*
        - The Principles conclude by recognising the responsibility of a range of actors to promote and protect human rights and to integrate these standards into their work. A joint statement delivered at the United Nations Human Rights Council by 54 States from four of the five UN regions on 1 December 2006, for example, urges the Human Rights Council to "pay due attention to human rights violations based on sexual orientation and gender identity" and commends the work of civil society in this area, and calls upon "all Special Procedures and treaty bodies to continue to integrate consideration of human rights violations based on sexual orientation and gender identity within their relevant mandates." As this statement recognises, and the Yogyakarta Principles affirm, effective human rights protection truly is the responsibility of all.

### 2017 Yogyakarta Principles plus 10

* **Preamble:** The Preamble recalls developments in international human rights law, and an intention to regularly update the Principles. It defines gender expression and sex characteristics, applies these grounds to the original Principles, recognizes the intersectionality of the grounds adopted in the Principles, and their intersectionality with other grounds.
* **The Rights to State Protection:** Principle 30 recognises the right to State protection from violence, discrimination and harm, including the exercise of due diligence in prevention, investigation, prosecution and remedies.
* **The Right to Legal Recognition:** Principle 31 calls for a right to legal recognition without reference to sex, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression or sex characteristics, ending the superfluous inclusion of such information in identification documents.
* **The Right to Bodily and Mental Integrity:** Principle 32 recognizes a right to bodily and mental integrity, autonomy and self-determination, including a freedom from torture and ill-treatment. It calls for no-one to be subjected to invasive or irreversible medical procedures to modify sex characteristics without their consent unless necessary to prevent urgent and serious harm.
* **The Right to Freedom from Criminalization and Sanction:** Principle 33 recognizes a right to freedom from indirect or direct criminalization or sanction, including in customary, religious, public decency, vagrancy, sodomy and propaganda laws.
* **The Right to Protection from Poverty:** Principle 34 calls for the right to protection from poverty and social exclusion.
* **The Right to Sanitation:** Principle 35 calls on a right to safe and equitable access to sanitation and hygiene facilities.
* **The Right to the Enjoyment of Human Rights in Relation to Information and Communication Technologies:** Principle 36 calls for the same protection of rights online as offline.
* **The Right to Truth:** Principle 37 calls for the right to know the truth about human rights violations, including investigation and reparation unlimited by statutes of limitations, and including access to medical records.
* **The Right to Practise, Protect, Preserve and Revive Cultural Diversity:** Principle 38 calls on the right to practise and manifest cultural diversity.
* **Additional State Obligations:** the YP Plus 10 set out a range of additional obligations for States, including in relation to HIV status, access to sport, combating discrimination in prenatal selection and genetic modification technologies, detention and asylum, education, the right to health, and freedom of peaceful assembly and association.
* **Additional Recommendations:** the Principles also set out recommendations for national human rights institutions and sporting organizations.

## History

The website promoting the Principles notes that concerns have been voiced about a trend of people's human rights being violated because of their sexual orientation or gender identity. While the United Nations human rights instruments detail obligations to ensure that people are protected from discrimination and stereotypes, which includes people's expression of sexual orientation or gender identity, implementation of these rights has been fragmented and inconsistent internationally. The Principles aim to provide a consistent understanding about application of international human rights law in relation to sexual orientation and gender identity.

The Yogyakarta Principles were developed at a meeting of the International Commission of Jurists, the International Service for Human Rights and human rights experts from around the world at Gadjah Mada University on Java from 6 to 9 November 2006. The seminar clarified the nature, scope and implementation of states' human rights obligations under existing human rights treaties and law, in relation to sexual orientation and gender identity. The principles that developed out of this meeting were adopted by human rights experts from around the world, and included judges, academics, a former UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, NGOs and others. The Irish human rights expert Michael O'Flaherty was rapporteur responsible for drafting and development of the Yogyakarta Principles adopted at the meeting. Vitit Muntarbhorn and Sonia Onufer Corrêa were the co-chairpersons.

The concluding document "contains 29 principles adopted unanimously by the experts, along with recommendations to governments, regional intergovernmental institutions, civil society, and the UN itself". The principles are named after Yogyakarta, the city where the conference was held. These principles have not been adopted by States in a treaty, and are thus not by themselves a legally binding part of international human rights law. However the Principles are intended to serve as an interpretive aid to the human rights treaties.

Among the 29 signatories of the principles were Mary Robinson, Manfred Nowak, Martin Scheinin, Mauro Cabral, Sonia Corrêa, Elizabeth Evatt, Philip Alston, Edwin Cameron, Asma Jahangir, Paul Hunt, Sanji Mmasenono Monageng, Sunil Babu Pant, Stephen Whittle and Wan Yanhai. The signatories intended that the Yogyakarta Principles should be adopted as a universal standard, affirming binding international legal standard with which all States must comply but some states have expressed reservations.

In alignment with the movement towards establishing basic human rights for all people, the Yogyakarta Principles specifically address sexual orientation and gender identity. The Principles were developed in response to patterns of abuse reported from around the world. These included examples of sexual assault and rape, torture and ill-treatment, extrajudicial executions, honour killing, invasion of privacy, arbitrary arrest and imprisonment, medical abuse, denial of free speech and assembly and discrimination, prejudice and stigmatization in work, health, education, housing, family law, access to justice and immigration. These are estimated to affect millions of people who are, or have been, targeted on the basis of perceived or actual sexual orientation or gender identity.

### Launch

The finalised **Yogyakarta Principles** was launched as a global charter on 26 March 2007 at a public event in Geneva, timed to coincide with the main session of the United Nations Human Rights Council. Michael O'Flaherty, spoke at the International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) Conference in Lithuania on 27 October 2007; he explained that "all human rights belong to all of us. We have human rights because we exist – not because we are gay or straight and irrespective of our gender identities", but that in many situations these human rights are not respected or realised, and that "the Yogyakarta Principles is to redress that situation".

The Yogyakarta Principles were presented at a United Nations event in New York City on 7 November 2007, co-sponsored by Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. Human Rights Watch explain that the first step towards this would be the de-criminalisation of homosexuality in 77 countries that still carry legal penalties for people in same-sex relationships, and repeal of the death penalty in the seven countries that still have the death penalty for such sexual practice.

### Yogyakarta Principles plus 10

On 10 November 2017, the "Yogyakarta Principles plus 10" (The YP +10) to the supplement the Principles, formally as "Additional Principles and State Obligation on the Application of International Human Rights Law in Relation to Sexual Orientation, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics to Complement the Yogyakarta Principles", emerged from the intersection of the developments in international human rights law with the emerging understanding of violations suffered by person on ground of sexual orientation and gender identity and the recognition of the district and intersectional grounds of gender expression and sex characteristics.

The update was drafted by a committee of Mauro Cabral Grinspan, Morgan Carpenter, Julia Ehrt, Sheherezade Kara, Arvind Narrain, Pooja Patel, Chris Sidoti and Monica Tabengwa. Signatories additionally include Philip Alston, Edwin Cameron, Kamala Chandrakirana, Sonia Onufer Corrêa, David Kaye, Maina Kiai, Victor Madrigal-Borloz, Sanji Mmasenono Monageng, Vitit Muntarbhorn, Sunil Pant, Dainius Puras, Ajit Prakash Shah, Sylvia Tamale, Frans Viljoen, and Kimberly Zieselman.

## Reasoning

The compilers explain that the Principles detail how international human rights law can be applied to sexual orientation and gender identity issues, in a way that affirms international law and to which all states can be bound. They maintain that wherever people are recognised as being born free and equal in dignity and rights, this should include LGBT people. They argue that human rights standards can be interpreted in terms of sexual orientation and gender identity when they touch on issues of torture and violence, extrajudicial execution, access to justice, privacy, freedom from discrimination, freedom of expression and assembly, access to employment, health-care, education, and immigration and refugee issues. The Principles aim to explain that States are obliged to ensure equal access to human rights, and each principle recommends how to achieve this, highlighting international agencies' responsibilities to promote and maintain human rights.

The Principles are based on the recognition of the right to non-discrimination. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) has dealt with these matters in its General Comments, the interpretative texts it issues to explicate the full meaning of the provisions of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. In General Comments Nos. 18 of 2005 (on the right to work), 15 of 2002 (on the right to water) and 14 of 2000 (on the right to the highest attainable standard of health), it indicated that the Covenant proscribes any discrimination on the basis of, *inter alia*, sex and sexual orientation "that has the intention or effect of nullifying or impairing the equal enjoyment or exercise of \[the right at issue\]".

The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), notwithstanding that it has not addressed the matter in a General Comment or otherwise specified the applicable provisions of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, on a number of occasions has criticised states for discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. For example, it addressed the situation of sexual minority women in Kyrgyzstan and recommended that, 'lesbianism be reconceptualised as a sexual orientation and that penalties for its practice be abolished'.

## Reception

### United Nations

The Principles have never been accepted by the United Nations and the attempt to make gender identity and sexual orientation new categories of non-discrimination has been repeatedly rejected by the General Assembly, the UN Human Rights Council and other UN bodies. In July 2010, Vernor Muñoz, United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Education, presented to the United Nations General Assembly an interim report on the human right to comprehensive sexual education, in which he cited the Yogyakarta Principles as a Human Rights standard. In the ensuing discussion, the majority of General Assembly Third Committee members recommended against adopting the principles. The Representative of Malawi, speaking on behalf of all African States argued that the report:

> Reflected an attempt to introduce controversial notions and a disregard to the Code of Conduct for Special Procedures Mandate-holders as outlined in Human Rights Council resolution 8/4. She expressed alarm at the reinterpretation of existing human rights instruments, principles and concepts. The report also selectively quoted general comments and country-specific recommendations made by treaty bodies and propagated controversial and unrecognized principles, including the so-called Yogyakarta Principles, to justify his personal opinion.

Trinidad and Tobago, on behalf of the Caribbean States members of CARICOM, argued that the special rapporteur "had chosen to ignore his mandate, as laid down in Human Rights Council resolution 8/4, and to focus instead on the so-called 'human right to comprehensive education.' Such a right did not exist under any internationally agreed human rights instrument or law and his attempts to create one far exceeded his mandate and that of the Human Rights Council." The representative of Mauritania, speaking on behalf of the Arab League, said that the Arab States were "dismayed" and accused the rapporteur of attempting to promote "controversial doctrines that did not enjoy universal recognition" and to "redefine established concepts of sexual and reproductive health education, or of human rights more broadly". The Russian Federation expressed "its disappointment and fundamental disagreement with the report," writing of the rapporteur:

> As justification for his conclusions, he cited numerous documents which had not been agreed to at the intergovernmental level, and which therefore could not be considered as authoritative expressions of the opinion of the international community. In particular, he referred to the Yogyarkarta Principles and also to the International Technical Guidance on Sexuality Education. Implementation of various provisions and recommendations of the latter document would result in criminal prosecution for such criminal offences as corrupting youth.

### Regional institutions

The Council of Europe states in "Human Rights and Gender Identity" that Principle 3 of the Yogyakarta Principles is "of particular relevance". They recommend that member states "abolish sterilisation and other compulsory medical treatment as a necessary legal requirement to recognise a person's gender identity in laws regulating the process for name and sex change," (V.4) as well as to "make gender reassignment procedures, such as hormone treatment, surgery and psychological support, accessible for transgender persons, and ensure that they are reimbursed by public health insurance schemes." (V.5) Similarly, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe adopted a document titled "Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity" on 23 March 2010, describing the prejudice that "homosexuality is immoral" as a "subjective view usually based on religious dogma that, in a democratic society, cannot be a basis for limiting the rights of others." The document argued that the belief that "homosexuality is worsening the demographic crisis and threatening the future of the nation" is "illogical," and that "granting legal recognition to same-sex couples has no influence on whether heterosexuals marry or have children."

### National institutions

However, the Principles have been cited by numerous national governments and court judgments. The principles influenced the proposed UN declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity in 2008.

Human rights and LGBT-rights groups took up the principles, and discussion has featured in the gay press, as well as academic papers and text books (see bibliography).

#### Brazil

In a unanimous decision on May 5, 2011, the Brazilian Supreme Federal Court became the first supreme court in the world to recognize same-sex civil unions as a family entity equal in rights to a heterosexual one, as certified by UNESCO, expressly citing the Yogyakarta Principles as a significant legal guideline:

> *It is important to point out, for relevant, that this examination is in line with the Yogyakarta Principles, that translates recommendations addressed to the national States, as a result of a conference held in Indonesia, in November 2006, under the coordination of the International Commission of Jurists and the International Service for Human Rights. This Charter of Principles on the application of international human rights regarding sexual and gender identity has, in its text, the Principle 24, the wording of which is as follows: THE RIGHT TO CONSTITUTE FAMILY (...)*.

#### India

The Supreme Court of India relied on the Yogyakarta Principles (200*7)*, when ruling in the case of *NLSA v. Union of India (2014)*, which recognised the right to self-identify gender and recognized non-binary gender as "Third Gender." The court held that Yogyakarta Principles must be recognised and followed as long as they are consistent with the fundamental rights enshrined in the Constitution of India.

> 53. ...Any international convention not inconsistent with the fundamental rights and in harmony with its spirit must be read into those provisions, e.g., Articles 14, 15, 19 and 21 of the Constitution to enlarge the meaning and content thereof and to promote the object of constitutional guarantee. Principles discussed hereinbefore on \[Transgender Person\]s and the International Conventions, including Yogyakarta principles, which we have found not inconsistent with the various fundamental rights guaranteed under the Indian Constitution, must be recognized and followed, which has sufficient legal and historical justification in our country.

The Constitutional Bench of the Supreme Court of India held that the Yogyakarta Principles (2007) conform to the constitutional view of fundamental rights, when decriminalizing homosexuality in the case of *Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India* *(2018)*. In his concurring opinion, Justice R.F. Nariman said,

> 84. ...the Yogyakarta Principles on the Application of International Human Rights Law in relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity discussed below, which were also referred to by Radhakrishnan, J. in NALSA (supra), conform to our constitutional view of the fundamental rights of the citizens of India and persons who come to this Court.
> 85. The International Commission of Jurists and the International Service for Human Rights, on behalf of a coalition of human rights organisations, had undertaken a project to develop a set of international legal principles on the application of international law to human rights violations based on sexual orientation and gender identity to bring greater clarity and coherence to States' human rights obligations...
> 88. These principles give further content to the fundamental rights contained in Articles 14, 15, 19 and 21, and viewed in the light of these principles also, Section 377 will have to be declared to be unconstitutional.

Essentially, the Supreme Court read the Yogyakarta Principles (2007) into the Fundamental Rights of the Indian Constitution.

## Intersex people

The Yogyakarta Principles mention intersex people only briefly. In a manual on *Promoting and Protecting Human Rights in relation to Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Sex Characteristics* the Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions (APF) states, "The Principles do not deal appropriately or adequately with the application of international human rights law in relation to intersex people. They do not specifically distinguish sex characteristics."

Those issues were addressed in the Yogyakarta Principles plus 10 update. Boris Dittrich of Human Rights Watch comments that the new update "protects intersex children from involuntary modification of their sex characteristics".

## Bibliography


title: Martin MacDonald

abstract: Martin MacDonald is a Canadian conductor.

text:
# Martin MacDonald

**Martin MacDonald** (born ca 1977) is a Canadian conductor.

## Early life

He was born on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, MacDonald is the youngest of 12 children, and started to play cello when he was six years old. He participated in the family's Celtic music band. He studied cello at Memorial University of Newfoundland and earned a master's degree in conducting at McGill University.

## Career

When he graduated he was hired at National Academy Orchestra of Canada and in 2008 he took a job as Associate Conductor for Symphony Nova Scotia.

He has guest conducted for Hamilton Philharmonic, Thunder Bay Symphony, Orchestra London and the Windsor Symphony, and the National Arts Centre Orchestra.

## Awards

In 2010, MacDonald was awarded the Jean-Marie Beaudet Award in Orchestral Conducting awarded by the Canada Council for the Arts and in 2013 he won the Heinz Unger Award awarded by the Ontario Arts Council.

## InfoBox

| Martin MacDonald | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | ca 1977<br>Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Canada |
| Education |  |
| Occupation | conductor |


title: Pheneticillin

abstract: Pheneticillin is a penicillin. It is not approved by the FDA for use in the United States.

text:
# Pheneticillin

**Pheneticillin** (or **phenethicillin**) is a penicillin. It is not approved by the FDA for use in the United States.

* *Index Nominum: International Drug Directory*. Swiss Pharmaceutical Society. Jan 2000. p. 816. ISBN 978-3887630751. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
* Dougherty T, Pucci MJ (21 Dec 2011). *Antibiotic Discovery and Development* (2012 ed.). Springer. p. 86. ISBN 978-1461413998. Retrieved 20 April 2015.

## InfoBox

Pheneticillin
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Clinical data | |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | International Drug Names |
| ATC code |  |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * (2*S*,5*R*,6*R*)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-6-\[(2-phenoxypropanoyl)amino\]-4-thia-1-azabicyclo\[3.2.0\]heptane-2-carboxylic acid | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| KEGG |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.005.175 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C17H20N2O5S |
| Molar mass | 364.42 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * CC(C(=O)N\[C@H\]1\[C@@H\]2N(C1=O)\[C@H\](C(S2)(C)C)C(=O)O)OC3=CC=CC=C3 | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C17H20N2O5S/c1-9(24-10-7-5-4-6-8-10)13(20)18-11-14(21)19-12(16(22)23)17(2,3)25-15(11)19/h4-9,11-12,15H,1-3H3,(H,18,20)(H,22,23)/t9?,11-,12+,15-/m1/s1 N * Key:NONJJLVGHLVQQM-JHXYUMNGSA-N N | |
| NY (what is this?)  (verify) | |


abstract: The University of Washington School of Public Health is the public health school at the University of Washington in Seattle. It is also the only public health school in the Northwestern United States. The School is accredited through the Council on Education for Public Health. It ranks among the United States' best schools for public health. U.S. News & World Report ranked the school sixth among all public health schools in its last survey of this discipline (2014).

text:
# University of Washington School of Public Health

The **University of Washington School of Public Health** is the public health school at the University of Washington in Seattle. It is also the only public health school in the Northwestern United States.

The School is accredited through the Council on Education for Public Health. It ranks among the United States' best schools for public health. U.S. News & World Report ranked the school sixth among all public health schools in its last survey of this discipline (2014).

## History

The school was founded on July 1, 1970, with four departments: Biostatistics, Environmental Health, Epidemiology, and Health Systems & Population Health (formerly Health Services).

The Department of Global Health is the newest department and was established jointly with the School of Medicine in late 2006. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, also located in Seattle, partnered with the University of Washington to establish the department.

The Department of Environmental Health changed its name to the Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences in 2003.

The Online MPH Program is a partial distance learning public health program in the Department of Health Systems and Population Health. This program is designed for working professionals that began in 1980 with money from a Bureau of Health Professions Special Project Grant. It has options for a Master in Public Health (MPH) degree, a Graduate Certificate in Public Health, or single courses. It was called the Extended MPH Degree Program and later the Executive MPH (MPH) until being renamed the Online MPH Program in 2020.

## Academics

The School of Public Health has five departments: Biostatistics;Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences; Epidemiology; Health Systems and Population Health (formerly Health Services); and Global Health. In addition, there are interdisciplinary programs in maternal and child health, nutritional sciences, and public health genetics.

The School of Public Health confers the following graduate degrees: MPH (Master of Public Health), MS, MHIHIM (Master of Health Informatics and Health Information Management), MHA (Master of Health Administration), and PhD. For undergraduate students, the School offers a major in Public Health (BA or BS), the Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences offers a major in Environmental Health (BS), and the Department of Health Systems and Population Health offers a BS in Health Informatics and Health Information Management.

## InfoBox

School of Public Health
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Public school of public health |
| Established | 1970 (1970) |
| Parent institution | University of Washington |
| Budget | $241 million |
| Dean | Hilary Godwin |
| Academic staff | 244 |
| Administrative staff | 543 |
| Students | 1,704 |
| Undergraduates | 696 |
| Postgraduates | 1,008 |
| Location | Seattle, Washington, U.S.<br>47°38′57″N 122°18′26″W / 47.64917°N 122.30722°W / 47.64917; -122.30722 |
| Campus | Urban |
| Website | sph.washington.edu |


# List of historic places in Allentown, Pennsylvania

Allentown, Pennsylvania, established in 1762, the third-largest city in Pennsylvania and largest city in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania.

Allentown is one of the oldest major cities in the United States with deep roots in the nation's history. The city was the hiding place of the Liberty Bell for nine months during the American Revolutionary War, and the city's oldest cemetery includes the gravesites of American patriots who served in the Continental Army, Union Army, and later wars.

The following 18 places in Allentown have been named to National Register of Historic Places:

## Locations

### National Register of Historic Places

### Notable landmarks

### Significant legacy historical sites


title: Urbanspoon

abstract: Urbanspoon was a restaurant information and recommendation service founded in 2006 by former Jobster employees that offered its services in North America and parts of English-speaking Australasia and Europe. In January 2015, Zomato, an India-based restaurant search and discovery service, acquired Urbanspoon. The Urbanspoon website and Seattle business operation initially evolved with addition of content team workers for door-to-door data collection of restaurant information, an operational design that had served Zomato well in India. However, Zomato discontinued the Urbanspoon website on June 1, 2015, redirecting Urbanspoon traffic to Zomato servers; at the same time, Urbanspoon's logo was incorporated into a new Zomato logo. Zomato had previously ceased Urbanspoon app development, leading to departure of all Seattle engineers by August 2015. Mid-October 2015, multiple U.S. Zomato offices were closed, including the former corporate headquarters in Seattle. Business reports as of October 2015 indicate either that Zomato-Urbanspoon has ceased all U.S. operations, or that it will retain a couple of sites, including Dallas, the new site of Zomato's U.S. administrative functions.

text:
# Urbanspoon

**Urbanspoon** was a restaurant information and recommendation service founded in 2006 by former Jobster employees that offered its services in North America and parts of English-speaking Australasia and Europe. In January 2015, Zomato, an India-based restaurant search and discovery service, acquired Urbanspoon.

The Urbanspoon website and Seattle business operation initially evolved with addition of content team workers for door-to-door data collection of restaurant information, an operational design that had served Zomato well in India. However, Zomato discontinued the Urbanspoon website on June 1, 2015, redirecting Urbanspoon traffic to Zomato servers; at the same time, Urbanspoon's logo was incorporated into a new Zomato logo.

Zomato had previously ceased Urbanspoon app development, leading to departure of all Seattle engineers by August 2015. Mid-October 2015, multiple U.S. Zomato (previously Urbanspoon) offices were closed, including the former corporate headquarters in Seattle. Business reports as of October 2015 indicate either that Zomato-Urbanspoon has ceased all U.S. operations, or that it will retain a couple of sites, including Dallas, the new site of Zomato's U.S. administrative functions.

## Services

Urbanspoon was a restaurant information and recommendation service that operated in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, and in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It offered services via its website and standard apps for mobile operating systems. In its evolution from an initial and popular iPhone application, UrbanSpoon adapted its appearance and capabilities, including to the Android market. In these and other efforts to develop the product, the results were apps that were aware and competitive with alternative businesses Yelp and Where.

Via its apps and webpage, Urbanspoon offered a restaurant search utility, with filtering by price, type of food, neighborhood, nearby businesses (movie theaters, sports venues, etc.), and special features (gluten-free fare, child-friendliness, BYOB-service, etc.). Users could then participate in the simple "like" or "don't like" rating system to review restaurants, and share restaurant information with friends via email, Facebook, Google+, Twitter, and Pinterest, and by photo pages. Users who create an account could track dining experiences (menu items, price of meal, and photos), and could create a "Wishlist" to save restaurants for future use and a "Guide" to share personal lists of dining favorites. In addition, the Urbanspoon app featured a "Slot Machine," allowing users to "Spin" (or shake their device) to randomly see a new eating establishment based on neighborhood, cuisine, or price.

The Urbanspoon website evolved in response to the Zomato acquisition, adding content based on the work of new team workers doing door-to-door data collection of restaurant information (menus, hours, etc.), an operational design that had served Zomato well in India. Zomato discontinued operation of the Urbanspoon website on June 1, 2015 (redirecting Urbanspoon search traffic to Zomato website servers), and rolled out a new Zomato logo that incorporated the earlier logo of Urbanspoon; hence, as of this date, Urbanspoon services ceased to exist.

## Acquisitions overview

Urbanspoon was acquired from its former Jobster employees Ethan Lowry, Adam Doppelt, and Patrick O'Donnell by American media and internet business InterActiveCorp (IAC) in April 2009. It launched RezBook in 2011, an online reservation booking service for restaurants. OpenTable purchased the RezBook venture and capabilities from Urbanspoon for an undisclosed sum in 2013.

Urbanspoon was then acquired in an all-cash deal by Zomato, an Indian restaurant search and discovery service, in January 2015. Its location has been based since its inception in Seattle, Washington, where the company was founded.

## Operations after Zomato acquisition

Urbanspoon offered Zomato an annual user base estimated to be approximately 31 million in early 2015 based on app downloads, and a directory of \>1 million restaurants; Zomato's intention, based on information from its CEO, Deepinder Goyal, as reported by John Cook of *GeekWire,* is to give the company "a nice footprint" as it expands in preparation to "battle industry heavyweight Yelp." Goyal is reported to have said: "'The biggest challenge and most fun part of this move, however, is the fight we're going to be picking with Yelp, … \[i\]n the market they have dominated for so long. After all, like Mark Twain famously said, it isn't the size of the dog in the fight, it's the size of the fight in the dog." Zomato reportedly will integrate the Urbanspoon app and Web site over the next few months \[of early 2015\], "meaning the Urbanspoon brand will be phased out." Goyal has further stated, as reported by *The Seattle Times,* that a result of the acquisition will likely be a downsizing of Urbanspoon in Seattle (by ≈10% of its employees), and "phase out its popular restaurant-finding app." Goyal has acknowledged that Urbanspoon was a valuable brand and that Zomato would lose brand equity in the short-term, but that uniformity of product was an aim, and that "to manage two brands within the same company" would be "harder for us \[Zomato\] in the longer term."

On June 1, 2015, Zomato discontinued the Urbanspoon website, redirecting Urbanspoon traffic to Zomato website servers; at the same time, a new Zomato logo incorporated the earlier logo of Urbanspoon. These visible changes came alongside Zomato's business decision to cease app development, which led 12 engineers (two-thirds of its Seattle engineering workforce at time of acquisition) to leave between January and August 2015; the remaining engineers were laid off on August 6. Further extensive cuts in the U.S. workforce were made in mid-October 2015, with the closing of multiple U.S. Zomato (previously Urbanspoon) offices, including the former corporate headquarters in Seattle. This layoff of the remainder of what was a workforce of 150 in the U.S., at San Francisco, Chicago, Denver, Dallas, Philadelphia, and New York offices, led former employees to report that the company has ceased all U.S. operations, with a Zomato source refining the report to say that some workers will be retained at a couple of sites, including Dallas, the new site of Zomato's U.S. administrative functions.

## Further reading

* Demmitt, Jacob (2015). "Zomato makes widespread job cuts, closes Seattle office after shutting down Urbanspoon," *GeekWire* (online, October 15), see , accessed 27 November 2015.
* Soper, Taylor (2015). "Zomato lays off Urbanspoon engineering team 7 months after acquisition," *GeekWire* (online, August 6), see , accessed 27 November 2015.
* Duryee, Tricia (2015). "Zomato says goodbye to Urbanspoon, shuts down iconic shake-to-search feature," *GeekWire* (online, June 1), see , accessed 27 November 2015.
* Shu, Catherine (2015), "Restaurant Discovery Site Zomato Buys IAC's Urbanspoon, Enters The U.S.," at *TechCrunch* (online, January 12), see , accessed 23 May 2015.
* Cook, John (2015). "Zomato confirms acquisition of Urbanspoon, plans to phase out brand as it looks to pick fight with Yelp," *GeekWire* (online, January 12), see , accessed 23 May 2015.
* Dudley, Brier (2015). "Business/Technology: Urbanspoon app shutting down after Zomato takeover," *The Seattle Times* (online, January 13), see , accessed 23 May 2015.

## InfoBox

Urbanspoon
|
|  |
| Founded | 2006 (2006) |
| Founders | * Ethan Lowry * Adam Doppelt * Patrick O'Donnell |
| Defunct | June 1, 2015 (2015-06-01) |
| Fate | Shut down as separate service, merged into parent operations |
| Headquarters | Seattle, Washington, United States |
| Area served |  |
| Parent |  |
| Subsidiaries | RezBook (2011–2013) |


title: Matt Adams

abstract: Matthew James Adams is an American former professional baseball first baseman. Nicknamed "Big City" for his imposing size and ability to regularly hit long home runs, the St. Louis Cardinals selected Adams in the 23rd round of the 2009 MLB draft from Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cardinals, Atlanta Braves, Washington Nationals, and Colorado Rockies. Playing in the Texas League in 2011, Adams was recognized as that league's Most Valuable Player and the Cardinals Minor League Player of the Year with a.300 batting average, 32 home runs and 101 runs batted in. He made his Major League Baseball (MLB) debut with the St. Louis Cardinals in 2012. In his rookie season in 2013, Adams hit 17 home runs in 296 at-bats. He won the 2019 World Series with the Washington Nationals.

text:
# Matt Adams

**Matthew James Adams** (born August 31, 1988) is an American former professional baseball first baseman. Nicknamed **"Big City"** for his imposing size and ability to regularly hit long home runs, the St. Louis Cardinals selected Adams in the 23rd round of the 2009 MLB draft from Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cardinals, Atlanta Braves, Washington Nationals, and Colorado Rockies.

Playing in the Texas League in 2011, Adams was recognized as that league's Most Valuable Player and the Cardinals Minor League Player of the Year with a .300 batting average, 32 home runs and 101 runs batted in. He made his Major League Baseball (MLB) debut with the St. Louis Cardinals in 2012. In his rookie season in 2013, Adams hit 17 home runs in 296 at-bats. He won the 2019 World Series with the Washington Nationals.

## Early life

Adams grew up in Philipsburg, Centre County, Pennsylvania. After graduating from Philipsburg-Osceola High School he attended Slippery Rock University where he holds the career records of batting average (.473) and slugging percentage (.754). In 2009, he was named the National Collegiate Baseball Writers Association's Division II National Player of the Year.

## Professional career

### St. Louis Cardinals

#### Minor leagues

The St. Louis Cardinals drafted Matt Adams in the 23rd round of the 2009 Major League Baseball draft. At each level he played in the minor leagues, Adams displayed prodigious hitting ability. His first full-season assignment came in 2010 with the Quad Cities River Bandits of the Single–A Midwest League. In 121 games, he batted .310 with 71 runs scored, 44 doubles, 22 home runs (HR), and 88 runs batted in (RBI). His .541 slugging percentage (SLG) led all Cardinals minor leaguers.

In 2011, Adams was named the Cardinals Minor League Player of the Year and the Texas League Most Valuable Player (MVP) after hitting .300, a .357 on-base percentage (OBP) and .566 SLG with 32 HR and 101 RBI in 115 games. He set club records in home runs and RBI, including eclipsing the mark of 29 HR Colby Rasmus set in 2007. After the season, Adams played in the Arizona Fall League (AFL), and he was selected to represent the Cardinals in the AFL Rising Stars Game.

#### Major leagues

#### 2012

Prior to the 2012 season, *Baseball America* considered him the ninth best prospect in the Cardinals organization. On May 20, 2012, the Cardinals called Adams up after placing Lance Berkman on the disabled list (DL). He went 2-for-4 in his major league debut. He hit his first major league home run six days later. Adams played in 27 games with the Cardinals where he hit .244 with 13 RBI and two home runs before returning to Memphis.

Splitting time between the Memphis Redbirds of the Triple–A Pacific Coast League and the Cardinals, he continued to show consistent power and batting average in the minor leagues. At Memphis, Adams hit 18 home runs with 50 RBI as he batted .329 with a .624 slugging percentage. However, an elbow injury brought an early end to his 2012 season. The injury, which had been a nagging problem much of summer, finally had to be treated surgically in mid-August to remove a bone spur.

#### 2013

Adams led the Cardinals in 2013 spring training with 17 RBI. It was at that point that Adams earned his nickname, "Big City." According to former teammate David Freese, several players had been searching for a nickname for the 6 ft 3 inch 230-pounder, when one day someone shouted out "Big City". Said Freese: "Well he's a big boy that can rake \[the ball\]. I guess it hit because the guy can flat-out hit." Adams started off the regular season on the St. Louis Cardinals roster as a bench player, backing up first baseman Allen Craig. He caught the attention of the fans and media early on when in his first ten plate appearances he hit three home runs, two doubles, three singles, and a walk. For a significant part of April, his batting average hovered between .640 and .700.

With a right oblique strain, the Cardinals placed Adams on the 15-day disabled list on April 26, retroactive to April 22. As the season progressed, teams began to notice his pull-hitting tendencies and often employed an extreme infield shift on him that left one or no fielders on the left side of the second base bag. He also had difficulty hitting off-speed pitches from left-handed pitchers. Because he often grounded out to the right side of the bag, his batting average began to precipitously decline. In June, he batted just .179 and .205 in August.

At the conclusion of his rookie season, Adams finished with a .284 batting average and .503 SLG. He connected for 17 HR in 296 AB for a ratio of one home run every 17.41 at bats. That represented the third-best figure for rookies in franchise history. His home run to fly ball ratio was 21.8%, ranking 11th in the major leagues for all players with at least 300 PA. Regular right fielder Carlos Beltrán became a free agent after the season. Craig shifted to right field to replace him, clearing a way for Adams to assume first base regularly.

#### 2014

During a game against the Cincinnati Reds on April 3, 2014 in Cincinnati, Adams was attempting to catch a Chris Heisey pop-up that sailed into the shallow part of the seats. The infield tarp was in Adams' run path. As he leaned over the tarp to catch the ball, it was falling toward the second row of seats, and a fan named Chris Smith caught the ball with his own glove just above Adams' outstretch glove. Adams shifted his momentum to stand back up behind the tarp, and planted his glove on Smith's chest, pushing himself backward with a moderate shove. Smith, who had been recovering from knee surgery, gestured an obscenity with his hand toward him. During post-game interviews, Adams stated that he did not realize he had shoved Smith, but that he was preventing himself from falling into the stands.

Opponents escalated the rate of infield shifting the employed against Adams in 2014, as it was already a league-wide trend. To foil the shift, he began to hit the ball more to left field (also a technique known as "taking the pitch the other way") from the outset of the season. Another difference from the season prior was that he did not hit his first home run until the eleventh game of 2014, which took place against the Chicago Cubs. The results of his modified approach began to show, as he was batting .357 with a .400 OBP and .548 SLG through that game. Despite the drop-off in the power numbers, he continued to hit well against the shift. As of June 10, he was batting .390 (16 for 41) on ground balls and line drives against the shift with three home runs for the year. He also did it without successfully bunting for a base hit.

The team placed Adams on the DL for the second time in his MLB career from May–June. After his return, he homered in the first three games. His first multi-homer game of the season came against the Colorado Rockies on June 23 at Coors Field with two home runs and six RBI in an 8–0 victory. This was Adams' third MLB multi-home run game and first the six-RBI game for the Cardinals since David Freese did it June 7, 2012 against the Houston Astros. In a July 7 contest against the Pittsburgh Pirates, Adams hit the first walk-off home run in the regular season by a Cardinals batter since Skip Schumaker did so against the Kansas City Royals in 2011.

In Game 4 of the 2014 NLDS, Adams erased the Los Angeles Dodgers' 2–0 lead in the 7th inning with a three-run homer off ace Clayton Kershaw. The home run accounted for the winning runs in the Cardinals' 3–2 victory, helping to secure their fourth straight NLCS appearance.

#### 2015–2017

On May 27, 2015, the Cardinals placed Adams on the DL with a torn quadriceps muscle, and he was initially supposed to miss the remainder of the season. The Cardinals reactivated him on September 9. As an arbitration-eligible player prior to the 2016 season, Adams and the Cardinals agreed to a one-year, $1.65 million contract. He continued his success in foiling the shift through May 2016 by a slight modification to his swing, and as a result, successfully gaining hits to each of the three outfield zones over 30 percent of the time. He had hit .354, three home runs, 14 RBI and .604 SLG through the first 25 days of that month.

On July 22, 2016, while playing the Dodgers, Adams hit a 444 feet (135 m) home run in the 16th inning for walk-off, 4−3, win. It was the second time in his career he had hit a walk-off home run in the 16th inning.

### Atlanta Braves

On May 20, 2017, the Cardinals traded Adams and cash considerations to the Atlanta Braves in exchange for minor league infielder Juan Yepez.

### Washington Nationals

Adams signed a one-year contract with the Washington Nationals on December 22, 2017. On May 7, he homered twice versus the San Diego Padres, giving him his sixth and seventh in seven games, along with 13 RBI. He had hit 10 home runs through that point in the season. Before he was traded, with the Nationals in 2018 he batted .257/.332/.510 with 18 home runs and 48 RBIs.

### St. Louis Cardinals (second stint)

On August 21, 2018, Adams was traded to the St. Louis Cardinals in exchange for cash considerations. With the Cardinals in 2018, he batted .158/.200/.333 in 57 at bats. Between the two teams in 2018, he batted .239/.309/.477 with 21 home runs and 57 RBIs in 306 at bats.

### Washington Nationals (second stint)

On December 15, 2018, Adams agreed to a one year, $4 million deal with the Washington Nationals. In 2019 he batted .226/.276/.465 with 20 home runs and 56 RBIs as the Nationals went on to win the 2019 World Series. The Nationals did not exercise a mutual option to bring Adams back for the 2020 season.

### Atlanta Braves (second stint)

On January 31, 2020, Adams signed a minor league contract with the New York Mets. He elected to become a free agent on July 18.

On July 20, 2020, Adams signed a minor league contract with the Atlanta Braves organization. He was informed that he made the Braves' Opening Day roster on July 23. In 16 games for Atlanta, Adams batted .184/.216/.347 with two home runs and nine RBI. He was designated for assignment by the Braves on August 30, and released by the organization on September 3.

### Colorado Rockies

On March 28, 2021, Adams signed a minor league contract with the Colorado Rockies organization. He began the year with the Triple–A Albuquerque Isotopes. On April 29, Adams was selected to the active roster. Adams hit .167/.250/.194 in 22 games for the Rockies before he was released on July 27.

### Kansas City Monarchs

On April 21, 2022, Adams signed with the Kansas City Monarchs of the American Association of Professional Baseball. Adams played in 80 games for the Monarchs, slashing .248/.327/.554 with 27 home runs and 85 RBI. He was named an All-Star for the team in 2022. Adams was released by the Monarchs on August 25.

### Washington Nationals (third stint)

On December 14, 2022, Adams signed a minor league deal with the Washington Nationals organization. He played in 102 games for the Triple–A Rochester Red Wings, batting .246/.296/.431 with 17 home runs and 53 RBI. Adams elected free agency following the season on November 6, 2023.

### Toros de Tijuana

On January 29, 2024, Adams signed with the Toros de Tijuana of the Mexican League. In 62 games for Tijuana, he slashed .272/.309/.491 with 12 home runs and 53 RBI.

On September 15, 2024, Adams announced his retirement from baseball in an Instagram post. He signed a one-day contract with St. Louis to retire a Cardinal.

## Personal life

Adams and his wife, Kim, married in 2020. They reside in St. Louis during the offseason.

Prior to the 2017 season, Adams lost over thirty pounds.

## InfoBox

| Matt Adams | |
| --- | --- |
| Adams with the St. Louis Cardinals | |
| **First baseman** | |
| **Born:**  (1988-08-31) August 31, 1988<br>Philipsburg, Pennsylvania, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Left**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| May 20, 2012, for the St. Louis Cardinals | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| July 24, 2021, for the Colorado Rockies | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .258 |
| Home runs | 118 |
| Runs batted in | 399 |
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| Teams | |
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| Career highlights and awards | |
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