title: Marolles-sous-Lignières

abstract: Marolles-sous-Lignières is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

text:
# Marolles-sous-Lignières

**Marolles-sous-Lignières** (French pronunciation: \[maʁɔl su liɲjɛʁ\]; literally "Marolles under Lignières") is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 352 |  |
| 1968 | 314 | −10.8% |
| 1975 | 260 | −17.2% |
| 1982 | 275 | +5.8% |
| 1990 | 299 | +8.7% |
| 1999 | 304 | +1.7% |
| 2008 | 315 | +3.6% |

## InfoBox

| Marolles-sous-Lignières | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The Burgundy canal in Marolles-sous-Lignières | |
| Location of Marolles-sous-Lignières | |
| Marolles-sous-LignièresMarolles-sous-Lignières | |
| Coordinates: 47°57′00″N 3°55′09″E / 47.95°N 3.9192°E / 47.95; 3.9192 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Aube |
| Arrondissement | Troyes |
| Canton | Aix-Villemaur-Pâlis |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Alain Lieutier |
| Area**1** | 15.12 km2 (5.84 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 352 |
| Density | 23/km2 (60/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 10227 /10130 |
| Elevation | 188 m (617 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Phalangacris

abstract: Phalangacris is a genus of crickets in the family Phalangopsidae, tribe Phalangopsini, subtribe Heterogryllina. Both species are found in the Indian Ocean islands including the Seychelles.

text:
# Phalangacris

***Phalangacris*** is a genus of crickets (Orthoptera: Ensifera) in the family Phalangopsidae, tribe Phalangopsini, subtribe Heterogryllina. Both species are found in the Indian Ocean islands including the Seychelles.

## Species

The *Orthoptera Species File* lists:

## InfoBox

| *Phalangacris* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *P. alluaudi* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Ensifera |
| Family: | Phalangopsidae |
| Subfamily: | Phalangopsinae |
| Tribe: | Phalangopsini |
| Genus: | *Phalangacris*<br>Bolívar, 1895 |
|


title: Margaret Lemon

abstract: Margaret Lemon was an English artist's model. She was the most painted female commoner of the seventeenth century, and she was the partner of Anthony van Dyck.

text:
# Margaret Lemon

**Margaret Lemon** (born c. 1614) was an English artist's model. She was the most painted female commoner of the seventeenth century, and she was the partner of Anthony van Dyck.

## Life

It is known that Lemon was English, but her date of birth can only be guessed by estimating her age in paintings of her. She is believed to have had Flemish ancestry and she was probably a courtesan when she met Anthony van Dyck after he came to work, again, in England in 1632. She was a musician who could play the viol. Her life story is recreated based on gossip rather than records.

She is known to have been in London from 1629. Although she was extravagant with money she was given the responsibility of looking after her partner's houses in Blackfriars and at his suite of rooms at Eltham Palace. Van Dyck entertained his rich patrons at his houses including Charles I of England. It is not recorded that she and the King met although Charles later bought a portrait of her.

She was the model for Van Dyck's painting based on the classical idea of the "Modest Venus". The painting is in the British Royal Collection and it shows Lemon trying to, modestly, cover her breasts.

Lemon was said to have had Endymion Porter as a guest while Van Dyck was away, but she expected Van Dyck to be faithful. Wenceslaus Hollar said that she tried to put Van Dyck's career in jeopardy when she attempted to bite off his thumb in a fit of jealousy.

Lemon's relationship with Van Dyck ended and he married Mary Ruthven, who was considered more respectable, in February 1640. His new wife came from a Scottish aristocratic family and she was a lady-in-waiting to Queen Henrietta Maria. Van Dyck died two years later, but Lemon continued as a model attracting attention from younger ambitious painters including Peter Lely, Samuel Cooper, Cornelis Jansen van Ceulen and Adriaen Hanneman.

## Legacy

There is a portrait of her in the Frick Collection which was made in about 1638 by Van Dyck and which was lost for some years. There is another in the Royal Collection which is kept at Hampton Court Palace. In 2022 there were eight portraits of her in the National Portrait Gallery which were "after Anthony van Dyck". Peter Lely's painting of her, in "The Concert", is in the Courtauld Institute. Contemporary copies and engravings of Van Dyck's painting of her as Flora exist although the original is lost. The historian Susan E. James says that she was the most painted female commoner of the seventeenth century.

## InfoBox

| Margaret Lemon | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | c. 1614<br>Kingdom of England |
| Occupation | model |
| Known for | most painted female commoner of the 17th century |
| Partner | Anthony van Dyck |


title: Unclick

abstract: In computer interface design, to unclick is to deselect a specific preference, typically by tapping a selected checkbox with a finger or cursor. As a result, the check mark image or dark circle inside the box is removed.

text:
# Unclick

In computer interface design, to **unclick** is to deselect a specific preference, typically by tapping a selected checkbox with a finger or cursor. As a result, the check mark image or dark circle inside the box is removed.

## Background

As the Internet becomes an increasingly popular medium for marketers, vendors and marketers often presume that a user will prefer certain choices, such as receiving emails in the future, having specific computer settings, or preferring that specific programs will be operational when a computer is turned on. As a result, it is sometimes necessary for a user to *unclick* these choices to avoid exposure to unwanted advertising, or to avoid a situation in which a different website is chosen for one's home page.

In Internet marketing, *unclicking* is often required for a user to avoid being billed automatically for unnecessary services, sometimes part of a deceptive business practice termed negative option billing. A user's Facebook privacy settings have often been chosen in advance by Facebook Inc., which presumes that a user would like particular settings, and to un-choose these options, a user may need to *unclick* or opt-out of the Facebook-determined choices by finding the right menus. According to behavioral economics, computer and Internet users have a general tendency to go along with a default setting.

## Other contexts

The term *unclick* has also been used in other contexts, such as when there is a latching or locking mechanism, such as a lock on a briefcase, or seat belts in a car or airplane, or door lock, or other mechanisms which typically make a "clicking" sound. In these contexts, *unclicking* means to open the latch or seat belt. It has also been used in the context of guns, in which a safety catch is "unclicked", or flooring materials in which pieces are interlocked, The term has been used to describe the act of answering a cell phone by pressing on a button when it is ringing.


title: Morehous Residential Historic District

abstract: Morehous Residential Historic District is a national historic district located at Elkhart, Elkhart County, Indiana. The district encompasses 110 contributing buildings in a predominantly residential section of Elkhart. It was developed between about 1910 and 1950, and includes notable examples of Colonial Revival, Prairie School, and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture. Notable buildings include the Roosevelt School (1921) and Simpson Memorial Methodist Church (1923). It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.

text:
# Morehous Residential Historic District

**Morehous Residential Historic District** is a national historic district located at Elkhart, Elkhart County, Indiana. The district encompasses 110 contributing buildings in a predominantly residential section of Elkhart. It was developed between about 1910 and 1950, and includes notable examples of Colonial Revival, Prairie School, and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture. Notable buildings include the Roosevelt School (1921) and Simpson Memorial Methodist Church (1923).

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Morehous Residential Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| Stevens Avenue in Morehous, July 2012 | |
|  | |
| Location | Roughly bounded by E. Indiana, Morehouse, E. Hubbard, and the western side of Frances Aves., Elkhart, Indiana |
| Coordinates | 41°40′16″N 85°57′43″W / 41.67111°N 85.96194°W / 41.67111; -85.96194 |
| Area | 36 acres (15 ha) |
| Architect | A.H. Ellwood & Sons; Sears, Roebuck & Co. |
| Architectural style | Colonial Revival, Prairie School, Bungalow/craftsman |
| NRHP reference No. | 11000706 |
| Added to NRHP | September 16, 2011 |


# List of historic structures in Gilbert, Arizona

This is a list, which includes a photographic gallery, of some of the remaining historic buildings in Gilbert, Arizona, a town in Maricopa County which was founded as a farming community. The town of Gilbert is located southeast of Phoenix within the city's metropolitan area. During World War 1, Gilbert was known as the "Hay Shipping Capital of the World". The Gilbert Elementary School which was built in 1913, and now houses the Gilbert Historical Museum, is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Other structures are considered historical by the Gilbert Historical Society.

## Brief history

William Michael “Bobby” Gilbert was born on December 14, 1861, near Lexington, Kentucky. His mother Sally suffered from asthma and therefore in 1882, he and his family moved to Mesa, Arizona, believing that the subtropical, hot desert type of climate would benefit her. William and his father became very active in the real estate business in the East Valley and homesteaded 160 acres in the area.

The Phoenix and Eastern Railroad wanted to build a rail line from Phoenix to Kearny and the mining finds along the Gila River. On October 24, 1902, William sold the right-of-way across his homestead to the Phoenix and Eastern Railroad. Two months later, on December 14, 1902, the railroad company purchased an additional parcel in order to create a spur line parallel to the main line. The railroad company finished laying the line on the rectangular spur by 1903 and a depot was built which they named the Gilbert Depot. The local farmers used the depot to ship their produce. The first grocery store in Gilbert, named Ayer's Grocery Store, was established in 1910. The store also served as the first post office. The post office was moved various times until it was finally moved to 225 S Val Vista Dr. where it is currently located.

During World War 1, hay to feed the horses was very much in demand. Gilbert became known as the "Hay Capital of the World" until the late 1920s. The town of Gilbert was officially incorporated in 1920.

## Gilbert Historical Society & Museum

The Gilbert Historical Society & Museum is located within the original Gilbert Elementary School built in 1913 in the southern end of the Gilbert Heritage District at the southwest corner of Gilbert Rd. and Elliot Rd. The Gilbert Historical Society was established in 1960. The goal of the society is to "Preserve the Past for the Future."

## Historic structures

The following is a brief description of the historic structures which are pictured. One of these structures are listed in the National Register of Historic Places while others are located in Gilberts downtown Historic Heritage District and are listed as historical by the Gilbert Heritage District.

* **Gilbert Elementary School** was built in 1913. It is located at 10 S. Gilbert Rd. and now houses the Gilbert Historical Museum. It is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.
* **Gilbert High School** was built in 1920. It now houses the Gilbert Public School District Office. The structure is listed as historical by the Gilbert Heritage District.
* The **Gilbert Water Tower** was built in 1925. The structure is listed as historical by the Gilbert Heritage District.
* **Gilbert's First Jail House** was built in 1918 and later used as a pump house. The structure is listed as historical by the Gilbert Heritage District.
* The **Tone Building** was built in 1929 and now houses Joe's Real BBQ Restaurant. The structure is listed as historical by the Gilbert Heritage District.
* The **Liberty Market Building** was built in 1936. Liberty Market was established by the Ong family. The neon sign which is still on display was designed by Mae Ong, the wife of Ben Ong, who purchased the market in 1943. The structure is listed as historical by the Gilbert Heritage District.
* The **Creed Building** was built in 1918. It now houses the Farmhouse Restaurant. The structure is listed as historical by the Gilbert Heritage District.
* The **Attaway Phelps-Blakely Building** was built in 1910. It now houses the Norwood Furniture store. The structure is listed as historical by the Gilbert Heritage District.
* The **Bank of Gilbert Building** was built in 1917. It now houses an insurance company. The structure is listed as historical by the Gilbert Heritage District.
* The **Clare's Metal Shop** house was built in 1918. It now houses Bergies Coffee. The structure is listed as historical by the Gilbert Heritage District.
* **Clement's Garage Building** was built in 1934. The structure is listed as historical by the Gilbert Heritage District.
* The **American Legion Post 39** building was built in 1934.
* The **Higley General Store** – The community of Higley was named after one of its early landowners, Stephen Weaver Higley, born May 3, 1857. The Higley General Store building was built in 1910, The brown structure pictured in the middle is a remodeled version of the original which still stands near the southwest corner of Higley Road and Williams Field Road and now houses various businesses. The first Post Office was in a back corner of the Higley Store. Listed as historical by the **San Tan Historical Society**.

## Further reading

* *Gilbert, Arizona (Images of America Series)*; by: Dale Hallock, Kayla Kolar, Ann Norbut, The Gilbert Historical Society; Publisher: Arcadia Publishing SC; ISBN 9781467132855.

## InfoBox

| List of historic properties<br>in Gilbert, Arizona | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Gilbert's Heritage Court as viewed from Gilbert Road | |
| Location of Gilbert in Arizona | |
| Coordinates: 33°21′10″N 111°47′20″W / 33.35278°N 111.78889°W / 33.35278; -111.78889 | |


abstract: US Post Office-Cooperstown is a historic post office building located at Cooperstown in Otsego County, New York, United States. It was built in 1935-1936, and is one of a number of post offices in New York State designed by the Office of the Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department, Louis A. Simon. It is one story in front and two stories in the rear with and exposed basement. It is constructed of brick on a raised concrete foundation and limestone watercourse and beltcourse. The principal facade is symmetrically composed with a three bay pedimented central section faced entirely with ashlar limestone. The building displays Colonial Revival style details. The interior features a 1938 sculpture by artist Bela Janowsky depicting James Fenimore Cooper and two characters from his writings, Chingachgook and Natty Bumpo. In 1988, the post office was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is also a contributing property to the Cooperstown Historic District, which was listed on the National Register in 1980.

text:
# United States Post Office (Cooperstown, New York)

**US Post Office-Cooperstown** is a historic post office building located at Cooperstown in Otsego County, New York, United States. It was built in 1935-1936, and is one of a number of post offices in New York State designed by the Office of the Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department, Louis A. Simon. It is one story in front and two stories in the rear with and exposed basement. It is constructed of brick on a raised concrete foundation and limestone watercourse and beltcourse. The principal facade is symmetrically composed with a three bay pedimented central section faced entirely with ashlar limestone. The building displays Colonial Revival style details. The interior features a 1938 sculpture by artist Bela Janowsky depicting James Fenimore Cooper and two characters from his writings, Chingachgook and Natty Bumpo.

In 1988, the post office was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is also a contributing property to the Cooperstown Historic District, which was listed on the National Register in 1980.

## Description

From the nomination file: "The building is situated on the north side of Main Street at the eastern edge of the village's central business district. It is isolated from other buildings on Main Street by an alley on its west side and a large landscaped lot to the east at the corner of Fair Street.A cross Main Street, to the south, is the National Baseball Hall of Fame. The post office is set back from the street with mature foundation plantings at the front. On the west side is a parking lot and maneuvering area. The property slopes downward at the rear and along the. eastern side of the building. A retaining wall extends along the north side of the parking area. A stairway leading down from this wall provides access to the exposed basement at the rear of the post office. The building retains its integrity to a high degree on the exterior, although the interior has been altered. \[...\] "

"Cooperstown Post Office is one story in height in the front and two stories in the rear where the basement is fully exposed. It is constructed on\_a raised foundation of poured concrete and brick with facades clad in red brick laid in English bond. Rectangular in shape, it is five bays wide and six bays deep with an unadorned low parapet. A limestone watercourse and beltcourse and low hipped roof distinguish the main section from the rear or workroom section, which is more plainly decorated and has a flat roof. The principal facade is symmetrically composed with a three-bay pedimented central section faced entirely with ashlar limestone. Reminiscent of a Greek- temple, it consists of four square engaged pilasters with molded capitals supporting a plain frieze and shallow pediment. Wide stone steps flanked by Greek-inspired torchere lamps resting on stone wing walls lead to the central entry which contains modern doors. On either side of the entry are windows with eight-over-eight double-hung metal sash. The single bays which flank the central section contain similar windows, each with a limestone lintel and eight-over-eight double-hung sash above a stone panel. "UNITED STATES POST OFFICE COOPERSTOWN NEW YORK" is affixed in bronze letters above the entrance. The three-bay-wide east and west facades of the main section have similar window treatments. The rear section has windows with eight-over-eight sash and four-light transoms on the first floor and smaller windows with eight-over-eight sash on the basement level along the north and east sides.On the west side is a chimney and covered mailing platform."

"The public lobby of the post office building occupies the space behind four of the five bays of the main facade. The postmaster's office is located in the southeast corner of the lobby and the workroom occupies most of the remainder of the first floor. The lobby was completely altered in 1978 and 1981. Originally rectangular, it now features a wide, deep alcove in the center section which contains lock boxes. The ceiling has been dropped and the screenline changed. The only remnant of the original scheme is the paneled wood wainscotting and bulletin cases on the east wall. A cast-metal sculptural relief, once located over the postmaster's door, is now on the wall inside the vestibule. It was executed by Bela Janowsky in 1938 and depicts writer James Fenimore Cooper and two principal characters from his writings, Chingachcook and Natty Bumpo."

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| US Post Office-Cooperstown | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district<br>Contributing property | |
|  | |
| Front and side of the post office, June 2008 | |
|  | |
| Location | 28-40 Main St., Cooperstown, New York |
| Coordinates | 42°42′1″N 74°55′24″W / 42.70028°N 74.92333°W / 42.70028; -74.92333 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1935 |
| Architect | Louis A. Simon; Bela Janowsky |
| Architectural style | Colonial Revival |
| Part of | Cooperstown Historic District (ID80002742) |
| MPS | US Post Offices in New York State, 1858-1943, TR |
| NRHP reference No. | 88002473 |
| Added to NRHP | November 17, 1988 |


title: Yiannis Armeftis

abstract: Yiannis Armeftis is a Greek Cypriot architect who has served as the Mayor of Limassol since July 2024.

text:
# Yiannis Armeftis

**Yiannis Armeftis** (Greek: Γιάννης Αρμεύτης; born in 1971) is a Greek Cypriot architect who has served as the Mayor of Limassol since July 2024.

## Political career

Armeftis served as a municipal councillor of Limassol from 2007 to 2016, during Andreas Christou's mayoral tenure. During this time, he was President of the Development and Tourism Committee, head of DIKO's Municipal Group, and the Union of Municipalities' representative on the Council for the Study of Deviations.

In the municipal election on June 9, 2024, he ran as an independent candidate supported by AKEL, DIKO, EDEK, and Volt Cyprus. He won the election with 48% of the votes, surpassing incumbent Nicos Nicolaides, who received 43%, and Christos Michaelides, who garnered 8%.

1. "Αρχιτέκτονας και Ενεργός Πολίτης – Γιάννης Αρμεύτης | Yiannis Armeftis". Retrieved 2024-06-27.
2. "Ο Γιάννης Αρμεύτης νέος Δήμαρχος Λεμεσού. «Θα δουλέψω ενωτικά»". *cyprustimes.com* (in Greek). 2024-06-09. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
3. "Ανέλαβε καθήκοντα Δημάρχου Λεμεσού ο Γιάννης Αρμεύτης (εικόνες)". *Philenews*. 1 July 2024.
4. ltd, Vavel netmedia. "Election results". *Election results* (in Greek). Retrieved 2024-06-09.

## InfoBox

| Yiannis Armeftis | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 18th Mayor of Limassol | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
1 July 2024 | |
| Preceded by | Nicos Nicolaides |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1971 (age 5253)
Limassol, Cyprus |
| Political party | Independent |
| Alma mater | Aristotle University of Thessaloniki |
| Profession | Architect |
| Website | yiannisarmeftis.com |
|  | |


title: Mastocarpus stellatus

abstract: Mastocarpus stellatus, commonly known as carrageenan moss or false Irish moss, is a species in the Rhodophyceae division, a red algae seaweed division, and the Phyllophoracea family. M. stellatus is closely related to Irish Moss. It grows in the intertidal zone. It is most collected in North Atlantic regions such as Ireland and Scotland, together with Irish moss, dried, and sold for cooking and as the basis for a drink reputed to ward off colds and flu. Marine biologists have completed studies on the medicinal reputation of M. stellatus to discover the full potential of its pharmaceutical benefits. Additionally, marine biologists have conducted research on its potential to serve as an alternative to plastic. The application of M. stellatus in these different industries is correlated with the seaweed's adaptations which developed in response to the environmental stressors present around its location on the rocky intertidal.

text:
# Mastocarpus stellatus

***Mastocarpus stellatus***, commonly known as **carrageenan moss** or **false Irish moss**, is a species in the Rhodophyceae division, a red algae seaweed division, and the Phyllophoracea family. *M. stellatus* is closely related to Irish Moss (*Chondrus crispus*). It grows in the intertidal zone. It is most collected in North Atlantic regions such as Ireland and Scotland, together with Irish moss, dried, and sold for cooking and as the basis for a drink reputed to ward off colds and flu. Marine biologists have completed studies on the medicinal reputation of *M. stellatus* to discover the full potential of its pharmaceutical benefits. Additionally, marine biologists have conducted research on its potential to serve as an alternative to plastic. The application of *M. stellatus* in these different industries is correlated with the seaweed's adaptations which developed in response to the environmental stressors present around its location on the rocky intertidal.

## Description

It grows from a discoid holdfast stipe, and the fronds are channeled unlike those of *Chondrus crispus,* which are flat. It grows to a height of 10–20 cm (3.9–7.9 in) and branches dichotomously. The frond is cartilaginous and reddish-brown in colour, with a greenish or purplish tinge. The mature algae show reproductive structures which develop on erect filaments up to 1 mm (0.039 in) in diameter, these make it readily distinguishable from *Chondrus crispus*. In colour it is reddish brown, purple or bleached.

## Ecology

### Habitat and distribution

*M. stellatus* occurs commonly on rocks in the mid and lower-intertidal. It is generally found on all coasts of Ireland and Britain, except perhaps for parts of the east of England: Lincoln, Norfolk and Suffolk. Other recorded locations include: Iceland, Faeroes, North Russia to Rio de Oro, Canada (Newfoundland) to U.S. (North Carolina). *Mastocarpus stellatus* is able to coexist with *C. crispus* on the northern New England coast despite being a competitive inferior to *C. crispus*. A greater tolerance for freezing allows it to exist above *C. crispus* in northern environments where freezing stresses are significant. *M. stellatus* is rarely found south of Cape Cod on the United States Atlantic coast because it is out competed by *C. crispus* when the freezing tolerances are lower.

### Evolutionary adaptations

*M. stellatus* is morphologically similar to *Chondrus crispus*. Both species endure high levels of environmental stress from freezing temperatures, desiccation, high light, and hyper or hypo-osmotic shock. The degree of stress placed on the algae by these factors varies depending on the time of year and latitude. These stressors result in the production of reactive oxygen; large amounts of reactive oxygen around the algae can damage the organisms’ DNA, proteins, and lipids.

To defend against excessive production of reactive oxygen, these organisms use antioxidants to reduce oxygen levels. Compared to *C. crispus*, *M. stellatus*’ location on the rocky intertidal experiences greater fluctuations in environmental stressors. *M. stellatus* was found to have higher levels of oxygen metabolism and a faster decomposition rate than *C. crispus*. Additionally, *M. stellatus* makes use of scavenging enzymes including: catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and ascorbate peroxidase (to scavenge hydrogen peroxide). After conducting his research on *M. stellatus* and *C. crispus* in 1999, Jonas Collén argued that the difference between the species may be an evolutionary adaptation by adopting different strategies to cope with environmental stressors at differing intertidal zones and locations. *M. stellatus* showed responses to changes to tidal height with changes in oxygen metabolism, suggesting that the increase in this enzyme activity (which produces a higher content of soluble protein to break down reactive oxygen compounds) requires energy allocation to these enzymes in order to adapt stress tolerance.

## Reproduction and life history

In 1979, Michael Guiry and John A. West conducted a study and determined that *M. stellatus* exhibits two distinct biological life cycles and reproduction processes; the first type being heteromorphic and the second being direct. *M. stellatuses* exhibiting the heteromorphic-type life history are dioecious plants (in a broad sense) that reproduce sexually by alternating diploid crustose tetrasporophytes with foliose gametophytes. *M. stellatus* that have direct-type life histories reproduce asexually because fertilization never occurred. This results in the production of carpospores by the female gametophytes, resulting in the growth of foliose plants that lack tetrasporangia. Tetrasporangia are pivotal in sexual reproduction because, through meiosis, they create four unique tetraspores as male or female gametes. Since *M. stellatus* that produce asexually do not develop tetrasporangia, they are "genetically isolated" from sexually producing *M. stellatus*.

## Modern uses

The earliest record of collecting Irish seaweed is evidenced by 12th century poems by monks, according to Michael Guiry. In a 2001 market analysis of Irish seaweed aquaculture, the estimated combined annual national seaweed harvest of *M. stellatus* and *C. crispus* was less than 100 tonnes. *M. stellatus* is harvested during the gametophyte life phase because later phases, with more sulphated carrageenan, are harder to remove from its rock. The food and pharmaceutical industries are interested in the seaweed for their antioxidant, anticoagulant, and thickening or gelling properties. Antioxidant and anticoagulant properties are determined by sulfation, molecular weight, location of sulfate groups, sugar composition, and glycosidic branching. In addition to its health properties and applications, the gelling properties of *M. stellatus* can create a biodegradable film that may be a sustainable and edible alternative to plastics for food preservation and functional food development.

### Alternative to plastic

Carrageen is the active polysaccharide compound that is responsible for the mechanisms that give the plant its antioxidant, anticoagulant, and gelling properties. The process of extracting the carrageenan from the *M. stellatus* usually consists of boiling the plant for several hours and using ethanolic precipitation to isolate the compound. Researchers found that the concentration of carrageen substance and efficiency of properties is dependent on the extraction conditions including boiling temperatures, drying methods, and dilution techniques. These compounds were used to create films to determine how chemical structures and biological reactions can be manipulated to produce beneficial levels of elasticity, durability, solubility, water resistance, and thickness required for an effective alternative to food packaging. Their findings suggest that higher concentrations of sulfate and proteins in the carrageenan reinforces the molecular structure, increases thickness, increases elasticity, and prevents water filtration, making the gel stronger. However, the strength between these bonds causes a concentration of force at their intersection which makes it easier to break. More studies must be conducted to test for more factors of *M. stellatus* and degrees of property efficacy.

### Medicinal supplement

Carrageenan, or phycocolloids are sulfated linear polysaccharides composed of carrageenan and carrageenan precursors. In order for carrageenan compounds to be useful, the kappa and/or iota carrageenan need to be isolated from its mu-carrageenan or nu-carrageenan precursors. Lower molecular weight and higher amounts of sulfate results in higher antioxidant properties. Heavier molecular weight and higher amounts of sulfate result in anticoagulant properties. The relationships between antioxidant and anticoagulant mechanisms suggest that inflammation and coagulation are interconnected and interdependent processes in *M. stellatus*. *M. stellatus* has been used in home remedies to treat coughs, colds, and sore throats by mixing it with *C. crispus* and other herbs, spices, and sweeteners.

## InfoBox

| Carageen | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| A-D *Chondrus crispus* ; E-F *Mastocarpus stellatus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| *Clade*: | Archaeplastida |
| Division: | Rhodophyta |
| Class: | Florideophyceae |
| Order: | Gigartinales |
| Family: | Phyllophoraceae |
| Genus: | *Mastocarpus* |
| Species: | ***M. stellatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mastocarpus stellatus***<br>(Stackhouse) Guiry | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Gigartina stellata* | |


title: Duello nel Texas

abstract: Duello nel Texas, also known as Gunfight in the Red Sands and Gringo, is a 1963 Italian/Spanish international co-production directed by Ricardo Blasco and Mario Caiano, and produced by Albert Band as his first Spaghetti Western. It was also the first Western to feature a score by Ennio Morricone and the second Spaghetti Western to star Richard Harrison.

text:
# Duello nel Texas

***Duello nel Texas***, also known as ***Gunfight in the Red Sands*** and ***Gringo***, is a 1963 Italian/Spanish international co-production directed by Ricardo Blasco and Mario Caiano, and produced by Albert Band as his first Spaghetti Western. It was also the first Western to feature a score by Ennio Morricone and the second Spaghetti Western to star Richard Harrison.

## Plot

Outside of Carterville, Texas, the sheepherding Martinez family has discovered gold on their land. Manuel, the wayward youngest son boasts about the fact under the influence of alcohol in a saloon. The next day three masked men ride to the Martinez house, where they murder the father, wound Manuel and steal the gold belonging to the family. Unaware of the crimes they committed, the three masked riders are seen by Richard Martinez, called "Gringo" who is an adopted Anglo-American son of the Martinez family. Gringo has been away for four years fighting with guerillas against the Mexican Government. Discovering the tragedies, Gringo seeks the help of Sheriff Lance Corbett to find the killers who Gringo can only identify by their horses. Gringo kills one of the men who attempts to ambush him and gradually discovers that certain people in the town of Carterville want to obtain the land of the Martinez family for themselves.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Duello nel Texas | |
| --- | --- |
| Spanish film poster | |
| Directed by | Ricardo Blasco
Mario Caiano |
| Written by | Albert Band
Ricardo Blasco
James Donald Prindle (story) |
| Produced by | Albert Band
José Gutiérrez Maesso |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Massimo Dallamano |
| Edited by | Rosa G. Salgado |
| Music by | Ennio Morricone |
| Release date | * 19 September 1963 (1963-09-19) |
| Running time | 97 minutes |
| Countries | Italy
Spain |
| Language | Italian |


title: Petroleum naphtha

abstract: Petroleum naphtha is an intermediate hydrocarbon liquid stream derived from the refining of crude oil with CAS-no 64742-48-9. It is most usually desulfurized and then catalytically reformed, which rearranges or restructures the hydrocarbon molecules in the naphtha as well as breaking some of the molecules into smaller molecules to produce a high-octane component of gasoline. There are hundreds of different petroleum crude oil sources worldwide and each crude oil has its own unique composition or assay. There are also hundreds of petroleum refineries worldwide and each of them is designed to process either a specific crude oil or specific types of crude oils. Naphtha is a general term as each refinery produces its own naphthas with their own unique initial and final boiling points and other physical and compositional characteristics. Naphthas may also be produced from other material such as coal tar, shale deposits, tar sands, and the destructive distillation of wood.

text:
# Petroleum naphtha

**Petroleum naphtha** is an intermediate hydrocarbon liquid stream derived from the refining of crude oil with CAS-no 64742-48-9. It is most usually desulfurized and then catalytically reformed, which rearranges or restructures the hydrocarbon molecules in the naphtha as well as breaking some of the molecules into smaller molecules to produce a high-octane component of gasoline (or petrol).

There are hundreds of different petroleum crude oil sources worldwide and each crude oil has its own unique composition or assay. There are also hundreds of petroleum refineries worldwide and each of them is designed to process either a specific crude oil or specific types of crude oils. Naphtha is a general term as each refinery produces its own naphthas with their own unique initial and final boiling points and other physical and compositional characteristics.

Naphthas may also be produced from other material such as coal tar, shale deposits, tar sands, and the destructive distillation of wood.

## Source

The first unit operation (after being desalinated) in a petroleum refinery is the crude oil distillation unit. The overhead liquid distillate from that unit is called *virgin* or *straight-run* naphtha and that distillate is the largest source of naphtha in most petroleum refineries. The naphtha is a mixture of many different hydrocarbon compounds. It has an initial boiling point (IBP) of about 35 °C and a final boiling point (FBP) of about 200 °C, and it contains paraffins, naphthenes (cyclic paraffins) and aromatic hydrocarbons ranging from those containing 4 carbon atoms to those containing about 10 or 11 carbon atoms.

The virgin naphtha is often further distilled into two streams:

* a virgin *light* naphtha with an IBP of about 30 °C and a FBP of about 145 °C containing most (but not all) of the hydrocarbons with six or fewer carbon atoms
* a virgin *heavy* naphtha containing most (but not all) of the hydrocarbons with more than six carbon atoms. The heavy naphtha has an IBP of about 140 °C and a FBP of about 205 °C.

The virgin heavy naphtha is usually processed in a catalytic reformer, because the light naphtha has molecules with six or fewer carbon atoms—which, when reformed, tend to crack into butane and lower molecular weight hydrocarbons that are not useful as high-octane gasoline blending components. Also, the molecules with six carbon atoms tend to form aromatics, which is undesirable because the environmental regulations of a number of countries limit the amount of aromatics (most particularly benzene) in gasoline.

## Types of virgin naphthas

The table below lists some typical virgin heavy naphthas, available for catalytic reforming, derived from various crude oils. It can be seen that they differ significantly in their content of paraffins, naphthenes and aromatics:

Typical heavy naphthas
| Crude oil name $\Rightarrow $
Location $\Rightarrow $ | Barrow Island
Australia | Mutineer-Exeter
Australia | CPC Blend
Kazakhstan | Draugen
North Sea |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Initial boiling point, °C | 150 | 140 | 149 | 150 |
| Final boiling point, °C | 200 | 190 | 204 | 180 |
| Paraffins, liquid volume % | 46 | 62 | 57 | 38 |
| Naphthenes, liquid volume % | 42 | 32 | 27 | 45 |
| Aromatics, liquid volume % | 12 | 6 | 16 | 17 |

## Cracked naphthas

Some refinery naphthas also contain some olefinic hydrocarbons, such as naphthas derived from the fluid catalytic cracking, visbreakers and coking processes used in many refineries. Those olefin-containing naphthas are often referred to as *cracked* naphthas.

In some (but not all) petroleum refineries, the cracked naphthas are desulfurized and catalytically reformed (as are the virgin naphthas) to produce additional high-octane gasoline components.

## Other uses

Some petroleum refineries also produce small amounts of specialty naphthas for use as solvents, cleaning fluids and dry-cleaning agents, paint and varnish diluents, asphalt diluents, rubber industry solvents, recycling products, and cigarette-lighter, portable-camping-stove and lantern fuels. Those specialty naphthas are subjected to various purification processes which adjusts chemical characteristics to suit specific needs.

Specialty naphtha comes in many varieties and each are referred to by separate names such as *petroleum ether*, *petroleum spirits*, *mineral spirits*, *paraffin*, *benzine*, *hexane*, *ligroin*, *white oil* or *white gas*, *painters naphtha*, *refined solvent naphtha* and *Varnish makers' & painters' naphtha (VM&P)*. The best way to determine the boiling point and other compositional characteristics of any of the specialty naphtha is to read the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for the specific naphtha of interest. Safety Data Sheets can be found on a chemical suppliers websites or by contacting the supplier directly.

On a much larger scale, petroleum naphtha is also used in the petrochemicals industry as feedstock to steam reformers and steam crackers for the production of hydrogen (which may be and is converted into ammonia for fertilizers), ethylene, and other olefins. Natural gas is also used as feedstock to steam reformers and steam crackers.

## Safety

People can be exposed to petroleum naphtha in the workplace by breathing it, swallowing it, skin contact, and eye contact. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) set the legal limit (permissible exposure limit) for petroleum naphtha exposure in the workplace as 500 ppm (2000 mg/m3) over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 350 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday and 1800 mg/m3 over 15 minutes. At levels of 1100 ppm, 10% of the lower explosive limit, petroleum naphtha is immediately dangerous to life and health.

*This article incorporates material from the Citizendium article "Petroleum naphtha", which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License but not under the GFDL.*


title: Margaret Mead Film Festival

abstract: The Margaret Mead Film Festival is an annual film festival held at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. It is the longest-running, premiere showcase for international documentaries in the United States, encompassing a broad spectrum of work, from indigenous community media to experimental nonfiction. The Festival is distinguished by its outstanding selection of titles, which tackle diverse and challenging subjects, representing a range of issues and perspectives, and by the forums for discussion with filmmakers and speakers. The Mead Festival has a distinguished history of “firsts,” including being the first venue to screen the now-classic documentary Paris Is Burning (1990) about the urban transgender community. Furthermore the Mead Festival has introduced New York audiences to such acclaimed films as the Oscar-winning documentary The Blood of Yingzhou District (2006), Oscar-winning animated short The Moon and the Son: An Imagined Conversation (2005), The Future of Food (2004), Power Trip (2003), and Spellbound (2002).

text:
# Margaret Mead Film Festival

The **Margaret Mead Film Festival** is an annual film festival held at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. It is the longest-running, premiere showcase for international documentaries in the United States, encompassing a broad spectrum of work, from indigenous community media to experimental nonfiction. The Festival is distinguished by its outstanding selection of titles, which tackle diverse and challenging subjects, representing a range of issues and perspectives, and by the forums for discussion with filmmakers and speakers.

The Mead Festival has a distinguished history of “firsts,” including being the first venue to screen the now-classic documentary Paris Is Burning (1990) about the urban transgender community. Furthermore the Mead Festival has introduced New York audiences to such acclaimed films as the Oscar-winning documentary The Blood of Yingzhou District (2006), Oscar-winning animated short The Moon and the Son: An Imagined Conversation (2005), The Future of Food (2004), Power Trip (2003), and Spellbound (2002).

## Background

The festival owes its origins (and its name) to renowned anthropologist Margaret Mead, who worked for 52 years at the American Museum of Natural History. She acted as curator in the museum's Department of Anthropology, where she helped create the Hall of Pacific Peoples, which bears her name. In her lifetime, Margaret Mead greatly advanced the academic standing and popular appeal of cultural anthropology, and was also one of the earliest anthropologists to integrate visual methods into her research, focus on the study of visual communication, and teach courses on culture and communication. "Pictures are held together," Dr. Mead wrote, "by a way of looking that has grown out of anthropology, a science in which all peoples, however contrasted in physique and culture, are seen as members of the same species, engaged in solving problems common to humanity."

In 1976, in commemoration of her 75th birthday, the museum decided to pay tribute to her work with a film festival of top ethnographic and other documentary films. In its early years, the festival focused on ethnographic films and was hosted by the USC Center for Visual Anthropology (directed by Mead's student, the late filmmaker Tim Asch). Today, the Festival continues to exemplify Mead's teachings: that film is a tool for cross-cultural understanding and that it is possible, and important, for societies to learn from each other.

## Margaret Mead Filmmaker Award

Margaret Mead Filmmaker Award recognizes documentary filmmakers who embody the spirit, energy, and innovation demonstrated by anthropologist Margaret Mead in her research, fieldwork, films, and writings. Each year the award is given to a filmmaker whose feature documentary offers a new perspective on a culture or community remote from the majority of our audiences' experience as well as displays artistic excellence and originality in storytelling technique. U.S., North American, or World Premiere documentaries (60 minutes or longer) are eligible for the Award. This award has a cash prize.

* 2010 Winner: Marc Francis/Nick Francis for *When China Met Africa*
* 2011 Winner: Yuanchen Liu for *To the Light*
* 2012 Winner: Adam Isenberg for *A Life Without Words*

## Traveling Festival

The Margaret Mead Traveling Film & Video Festival presents highlights of the Festival that takes place in November. Each year titles are selected from the annual Mead Festival to participate in this year-long program which brings innovative non-fiction work to communities throughout the United States and abroad.

## 2011 Mead Festival

### 2011 Films

* *At Night, They Dance (La nuit, elles dansent)* by Isabelle Lavigne and Stéphane Thibault
* *The Bengali Detective* by Phil Cox
* *Blue Meridian* by Sofie Benoot
* *Broad Channel* by Sarah J. Christman
* *Cinema and the Future of Space* by Michael Shara
* *Convento* by Jarred Alterman
* *The Creators* by Laura Gamse
* *Deus Ex Boltanski* by Robert Gardner
* *Empty Quarter* by Alain LeTourneau and Pam Minty
* *The End of the World (Kres Šwiata)* by Mateusz Skalski
* *Extraction* by Myron Lameman
* *Flames of God* by Meshakai Wolf
* *Grande Hotel* by Lotte Stoops
* *Guañape Sur* by János Richter
* *Hula and Natan* by Robby Elmaliah
* *Moroloja* by Alexander Ingham Brooke
* *The Observers* by Jacqueline Goss
* *Planet Kirsan (Planeta Kirsan)* by Magdalena Pita
* *Skydancer* by Katja Esson
* *Space Tourists* by Christian Frei
* *Voice Unknown* by Jinhee Park
* *White Elephant (Nzoku ya Pembe)* by Kristof Bilsen

### 2011 Mead Filmmaker Award Nominees

* *All for the Good of the World and Nošovice* (Vše Pro Dobro Svêta a Nošovic)by Vit Klusák
* *Kinder (Kids)* by Bettina Büttner
* *Memoirs of a Plague* by Robert Nugent
* *Rainmakers* by Floris-Jan van Luyn
* *Small Kingdom of Lo* by Caroline Leitner, Daniel Mazza, and Giuseppe Tedesch
* *Space Sailors (Fliegerkosmonauten)* by Marian Kiss
* *To the Light* by Yuanchen Liu

### 2011 Retrospective Series

### 2011 Jury

The Mead Award jury is led by the Academy Award-nominated director of Black Swan and The Wrestler, Darren Aronofsky, Karen Cooper, director of New York City's Film Forum; Liz Garbus, Academy Award-nominated director of Bobby Fischer Against the World, The Farm and 2002 MacArthur Fellow Stanley Nelson, director of the Emmy-winning documentary The Murder of Emmett Till.

## 2012 Mead Festival

* 18 Days in Egypt by Jigar Mehta and Yasmin Elayat
* Bad Weather by Giovanni Giommi - Mead Filmmaker Award Nominee
* Bay of All Saints
* Bury the Hatchet by Aaron Walker
* Buzkashi!
* Children of Srikandi
* A Fierce Green Fire: The Battle for a Living Planet
* George Stoney Tribute: How the Myth Was Made
* Grab
* Himself He Cooks by Valérie Berteau and Philippe Witjes - Mead Filmmaker Award Nominee
* The Human Tower by Ram Devineni and Cano Rojas - Mead Filmmaker Award Nominee
* Jai Bhim Comrade
* Keep Me Upright (Tiens moi droite) by Zoé Chantre - Mead Filmmaker Award Nominee
* A Life Without Words (Una Vida Sin Palabras) by Adam Isenberg - Mead Filmmaker Award Nominee
* The Light in Her Eyes
* Manapanmirr, in Christmas Spirit by Miyarrka Media - Mead Filmmaker Award Nominee
* Maori Boy Genius by Pietra Brettkelly - Mead Filmmaker Award Nominee
* Mead Arcade
* Meanwhile in Mamelodi by Benjamin Kahlmeyer
* Nagaland: The Last of the Headhunters by Patrick Morell - Mead Filmmaker Award Nominee
* Re-Seeing the Century: The Expedition on Film
* Sun Kissed
* Sweet Dreams
* The Other Half of Tomorrow by Sadia Shepard and Samina Quraeshi - Mead Filmmaker Award Nominee
* Through Navajo Eyes
* Tropicália
* Tundra Book. A Tale of Vukvukla, the Little Rock (Kniga Tundry. Povest' o Vukvukaye - malen'kom kamne)
* Tunniit: Retracing the Lines of Inuit Tattoos (Atuaqsiniq Inuit Tunninginnik)
* Wheat and Tares (Het Kaf en Het Koren) by Stefan Wittekamp and Suzanne Arts - Mead Filmmaker Award Nominee
* Whose Story Is It? Story Lounge

## Further reading

* Lutkehaus, Nancy D. *Margaret Mead: The Making of an American Icon*. Princeton University Press, 2008.
* "Mead Film Festival." Yarrow, A. New York Times, Monday, September 14, 1987.
* "A World of Families" Press Release, American Museum of Natural History, 2002.


title: Vincent Orange (historian)

abstract: George Vincent Orange was a British-born New Zealand historian of military aviation. A lecturer at the University of Canterbury for many years up until his retirement in 2002, he wrote several biographies of senior Royal Air Force officers, including Hugh Dowding and Keith Park. He was also involved in academic controversy through his supervision of a student that produced a master's thesis denying some aspects of the Holocaust.

text:
# Vincent Orange (historian)

**George Vincent Orange** (24 September 1935 — 26 November 2012) was a British-born New Zealand historian of military aviation. A lecturer at the University of Canterbury for many years up until his retirement in 2002, he wrote several biographies of senior Royal Air Force officers, including Hugh Dowding and Keith Park. He was also involved in academic controversy through his supervision of a student that produced a master's thesis denying some aspects of the Holocaust.

## Biography

George Vincent Orange was born on 24 September 1935 in Shildon in County Durham, England. He was educated at St. Mary's Grammar School in nearby Darlington. He then served in the Royal Air Force from 1953 to 1956, after which he went to the University of Hull. Graduating with a Doctor of Philosophy, he emigrated to New Zealand in 1962, where he took up a position lecturing in history at the University of Canterbury in Christchurch. His academic interests was the medieval period and the First and Second World Wars. He was considered to be a popular lecturer, teaching in an engaging style.

Orange authored numerous articles and conference papers in addition to several books, primarily biographies of senior officers of the Royal Air Force. His subjects included Hugh Dowding and Keith Park, both of whom played prominent roles in the Battle of Britain as well as Johnny Checketts, a New Zealand flying ace. He also contributed several biographical essays to the *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography*.

In 2000, Orange's supervision of a master's student, Joel Hayward, was the subject of academic and media attention. The resulting thesis, written by Hayward in 1993 but embargoed until 1999 and for which he received an A+ grade, was determined to deny some aspects of the Holocaust. The New Zealand Jewish Council had sought revocation of Hayward's master's degree but after an investigation, the University of Canterbury found it had no powers to do so. The investigation found that while the thesis should have not been awarded such a high mark, a degree could only be revoked upon evidence of dishonesty. It could find no such evidence. The university issued an apology for accepting the thesis. Orange, who had defended his supervision of Hayward during the investigation, later commented on the lack of expertise on Holocaust revisionism among the members of the inquiry.

After 40 years of teaching at the University of Canterbury, Orange retired in 2002, by which time he was a reader. He later lectured at the New Zealand Defence Force's Command and Staff College. He died on 26 November 2012 and was survived by his wife and two step-children. His last book, exploring the relationship between Prime Minister Winston Churchill and the senior command of the Royal Air Force, was released posthumously by the publishing company Grub Street. It received praise for "offering a readable and at times insightful account of Britain’s leading airmen" but noted that its discussion of Bomber Command's air offensive "seems inadequate".

## Selected publications

His published titles include:

* *Churchill and His Airmen: Relationships, Intrigue and Policy Making 1914-1945*, (Grub Street, March 2013)
* *Dowding of Fighter Command: Victor of the Battle of Britain*, (Grub Street, September 2008)
* *Slessor: Bomber Champion - The Life of Sir John Slessor*, (Grub Street, October 2006)
* *Tedder: Quietly in Command*, (Routledge, April 2004)
* *Winged Promises: History of No.14 Squadron, RAF 1915-1945*, (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, November 1998)
* *Ensor's Endeavour: A Biography of Wing Commander Mick Ensor*, (Grub Street, May 1994)
* *Coningham: A Biography of Sir Arthur Coningham*, (Methuen, February 1990)
* *Johnny Checketts: The Road to Biggin Hill*, (Airlife, February 1987; re-published by Grub Street in an updated edition, March 2007)
* *Park: The Biography of Air Chief Marshal Sir Keith Park*, (Methuen, August 1984)

## InfoBox

| Vincent Orange | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1935-09-24)24 September 1935
Shildon, County Durham, England |
| Died | (2012-11-26)26 November 2012 (aged 77)
Christchurch, New Zealand |
| Nationality | New Zealand |
| Occupation(s) | Historian
Lecturer |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | University of Hull (PhD) |
| Academic work | |
| Institutions | University of Canterbury |
| Notable students | Joel Hayward |
| Main interests | Military Aviation |
|  | |


title: William Langlais

abstract: William Langlais is a Canadian professional football fullback for the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League (CFL).

text:
# William Langlais

**William Langlais** (born April 23, 1990) is a Canadian professional football fullback for the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League (CFL).

## Amateur career

Langlais played high school football at École secondaire Mont-Bleu for Les Panthères. He first played college football at Cégep Beauce-Appalaches as a linebacker from 2009 to 2011 before transferring to the Université de Sherbrooke. While playing for the Sherbrooke Vert et Or, he played as a linebacker in 2012 and a defensive end in 2013, before moving to the offensive side as a running back in his final year. During his only year as a running back at the collegiate level, Langlais rushed only four times for 14 yards, adding five catches for 44 yards.

## Professional career

Despite relatively unimpressive statistics in his single year as a running back at Sherbrooke, Langlais attracted the attention of scouts after performing well at the regional CFL Combine in Montreal and the national CFL combine in Toronto, including recording the fastest shuttle time of 4.08 seconds and a 40-yard time of 4.71 seconds in Montreal. He was selected by the Calgary Stampeders in the third round of the 2015 CFL Draft with the 27th overall pick, and was signed by Calgary on May 28, 2015. He made the active roster following the preseason, and debuted in the Stampeders' first week game against the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. Langlais played in 17 regular season games for the Stampeders in this rookie season where he had 11 special teams tackles.

In 2016, Langlais appeared in 16 games for the Stampeders, where he had one punt return for 0 yards and 17 special teams tackles. In 2017, he recorded the first reception of his career against in a Week 6 game against the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. In a later game against the Tiger-Cats, on October 13, 2017, Langlais recovered a fumble following a blocked punt and returned the ball for his first professional touchdown. He appeared in all 18 games for the first time in his career and finished the season with three catches for 30 yards, a kickoff return for 21 yards, and 16 special teams tackles.

The 2018 season was Langlais' best season offensively, with him appearing in 16 regular season games and recording six catches for 105 yards in addition to nine special teams tackles. He also played in both post-season games, including the 106th Grey Cup championship win over the Ottawa Redblacks, which was the first Grey Cup win of his career.

In 2019 season, he was limited to just nine regular season games, but still caught four passes for 54 yards and had one carry for three yards. He did not play in 2020 due to the cancellation of the 2020 CFL season. Langlais re-signed with the Stampeders on December 21, 2020.

In a pandemic-shortened 2021 season, Langlais played in 12 regular season games and had one catch for five yards and four special teams tackles.

## InfoBox

William Langlais
| No. 23     Calgary Stampeders | |
| --- | --- |
| Langlais with the Calgary Stampeders in 2022 | |
| Born: | (1990-04-23) April 23, 1990<br>Hull, Quebec, Canada |
| Career information | |
| Status | Active |
| CFL status | National |
| Position(s) | Fullback |
| Height | 6 ft 3 in (191 cm) |
| Weight | 235 lb (107 kg) |
| University | Sherbrooke |
| High school | Mont-Bleu Secondary School |
| CFL draft | 2015, round: 3, pick: 27 |
| Drafted by | Calgary Stampeders |
| Career history | |
| As player | |
| 2015–present | Calgary Stampeders |
|  | |
| Career stats | |
|  | |
|  | |


abstract: The United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) is a dedicated training arm of the United Nations system. UNITAR provides training and capacity development activities to assist mainly developing countries with special attention to Least Developed Countries (LDCs), Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and other groups and communities who are most vulnerable, including those in conflict situations.

text:
# United Nations Institute for Training and Research

The **United Nations Institute for Training and Research** (**UNITAR**) is a dedicated training arm of the United Nations system. UNITAR provides training and capacity development activities to assist mainly developing countries with special attention to Least Developed Countries (LDCs), Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and other groups and communities who are most vulnerable, including those in conflict situations.

## Facts

* Established in 1963
* Close to 133,420 participants per year
* Close to 670 training related activities per year
* Headquarters in Geneva (Switzerland) with offices in New York City (US), Hiroshima (Japan), and Bonn (Germany); project offices in Port Harcourt (Nigeria), and Juba (South Sudan); and UNITAR-UNOSAT Centres in Bangkok (Thailand), and Nairobi (Kenya).
* 22 associated training centers (CIFAL)
* About 220 staff and collaborators

## History

The idea of a United Nations training and research institute was mentioned for the first time in a 1962 resolution of the UN General Assembly. UNITAR was founded in 1963, following the recommendation of the UN Economic and Social Council to the General Assembly, which commissioned the UN Secretary-General with the establishment of a United Nations Institute for Training and Research as an autonomous body within the UN system.

The creation of UNITAR coincided with the addition of 36 States since 1960, including 28 African States to the United Nations. That unprecedented wave of decolonization created a critical need for assistance, as many of the newly independent States lacked the capacity to train their young diplomats. Shaped by its first four Executive Directors originally from newly independent African States, the Institute's vision of training was developed considering the very needs and priorities of recipient countries.

UNITAR commenced functioning in March 1965. The Institute originally had its headquarters based in New York City. In 1993, UNITAR's headquarters were transferred to Geneva (Switzerland).

## UNITAR today

The Institute provides training and learning services to national and local government officials of UN member states and civil society representatives from around the world. UNITAR strives to respond to the growing demand from UN member States, especially the Least Developed Countries, for capacity development in the thematic areas of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

UNITAR helps governments to understand climate change, chemicals and waste management, and green economy. The institute also assists ministries of finance through its courses on public debt management, finance and trade, and it provides government officials with training in Peacekeeping and conflict prevention. Through the United Nations Satellite Centre (UNOSAT), the Institute supports United Nations funds, programmes, specialized agencies and Member States with satellite imagery analysis over their respective territories, and provide training and capacity development in the use of geospatial information technologies.

Since 2003, UNITAR provides courses to support municipal and regional leaders dealing with complex public policies.

Another task of the institute is to organize knowledge sharing events for the UN Secretary-General, including the annual seminar for Special Representatives of the UN Secretary-General as well as strategic meetings for UN Departments. UNITAR also spearheads UN inter-agency initiatives such as the one UN Learning Platform on Climate Change or the Global Migration Group.

UNITAR's research activities are focusing on knowledge systems and their practical applications. They support the Institute's training activities through the provision of learning environments adapted to respond to the needs of adult learners, thus facilitating the increase, efficiency and outreach of the Institute's capacity development activities.

## Governance

Operated as an autonomous body within the United Nations system, UNITAR is headed by an Executive Director and governed by a board of trustees. The Executive Director and the members of the board of trustees are appointed by the United Nations Secretary-General.

UNITAR Executive Directors:

| Nikhil Seth | India | 2015–present |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Sally Fegan-Wyles | Ireland | 2012–2015 |
| Carlos Lopes | Guinea-Bissau | 2007–2012 |
| Marcel André Boisard | Switzerland | 1992–2007 |
| Michel Doo-Kingué | Cameroon | 1983–1992 |
| Davidson Nicol | Sierra Leone | 1972–1982 |
| S.O. Adebo | Nigeria | 1969–1972 |
| Gabriel d’Arboussier | Senegal | 1965–1967 |

## Funding

UNITAR is a project-based organization and does not receive any funds from the regular United Nations budget. The institute is financed entirely from voluntary contributions mainly from UN Member States, other UN agencies, international and Intergovernmental organization, NGOs and the private sector.

## Offices

Headquarters are based in Geneva (Switzerland), complemented with three out posted offices in New York City (US) Hiroshima (Japan), and Bonn (Germany); two project offices in Port Harcourt (Nigeria), and Juba (South Sudan); and two UNITAR-UNOSAT Centres in Bangkok (Thailand), and Nairobi (Kenya).

UNITAR also delivers training through its CIFAL Global Network (*Centre International de Formation des Autorités et Leaders*) composed of 22 international, associated training centers. These CIFAL centers are located across Asia, Africa, Australia, Europe, the Americas and the Caribbean.

## Areas of Work

UNITAR has training expertise in multilateral diplomacy, conflict prevention and peacemaking, peacekeeping, adaptation to climate change, green economy, environmental governance, chemicals and waste management, local governance, as well as public finance and trade, and supporting coherence for the 2030 Agenda amongst others. UNITAR also serves as a research centre for application of satellite imagery to humanitarian, conflict or disaster situations, through UNOSAT, the United Nations Satellite Centre.

The work of the institute is organized under five pillars:

* Promote peace and just and inclusive societies *(Peace)*
* Prosperity through sustainable economic growth *(Prosperity)*
* People and social inclusion *(People)*
* Planet, environmental protection and restoration, and climate change *(Planet)*
* Optimizing the use of technology and supporting coherence for the 2030 Agenda **(***Cross-fertilizing knowledge and expertise)*

## InfoBox

United Nations Institute for Training and Research
|
|  |
| Abbreviation | UNITAR |
| Formation | 11 December 1963 (1963-12-11) |
| Type | Research and training institute |
| Legal status | Active |
| Headquarters | Geneva, Switzerland |
| Head | Executive Director
Nikhil Seth |
| Parent organization | United Nations General Assembly
United Nations Economic and Social Council |
| Website | www.unitar.org |
| Politics portal | |


title: List of historical British telcos

abstract: This list of historical British telcos is a list of telecommunications companies that either existed prior to British Telecom's (BT) privatisation, or, if created subsequently to BT's privatisation, took over telecoms networks that existed prior to the privatisation.

text:
# List of historical British telcos

This **list of historical British telcos** is a list of telecommunications companies that either existed prior to British Telecom's (BT) privatisation, or, if created subsequently to BT's privatisation, took over telecoms networks that existed prior to the privatisation.

## BT and predecessors

These are the early British telecommunications companies that were nationalised by the British government, the nationalised government organisations that succeeded them, and the privatisation entity that in turn succeeded those.

### Telegraph companies

Between 1846 and 1868, that is, from the formation of the first company until the announcement of nationalisation, 64 telegraph companies were formed. However, 68% of them failed, and only a handful of them grew to any significant size.

### Telephone companies

### Nationalised successors

### Post-privatisation

## Early BT competitors


abstract: US Post Office-Corning is a historic post office building located at Corning in Steuben County, New York. It was built in 1908-1909 and is one of a number of post offices in New York State designed by the Office of the Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department, James Knox Taylor. It is a rectangular, one story building faced with pressed yellow brick in the Classical Revival style. The exterior features elaborate terra cotta decoration. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

text:
# United States Post Office (Corning, New York)

**US Post Office-Corning** is a historic post office building located at Corning in Steuben County, New York. It was built in 1908-1909 and is one of a number of post offices in New York State designed by the Office of the Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department, James Knox Taylor. It is a rectangular, one story building faced with pressed yellow brick in the Classical Revival style. The exterior features elaborate terra cotta decoration.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| US Post Office-Corning | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| U.S. Post Office, November 2010 | |
|  | |
| Location | 129 Walnut St., Corning, New York |
| Coordinates | 42°8′34″N 77°3′28″W / 42.14278°N 77.05778°W / 42.14278; -77.05778 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1908 |
| Architect | US Treasury Dept.; Taylor, James Knox |
| Architectural style | Classical Revival, Neoclassical |
| MPS | US Post Offices in New York State, 1858-1943, TR |
| NRHP reference No. | 88002474 |
| Added to NRHP | November 17, 1988 |


title: Yirrkala bark petitions

abstract: The Yirrkala bark petitions, sent by the Yolngu people, an Aboriginal Australian people of Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory, to the Australian Parliament in 1963, were the first traditional documents prepared by Indigenous Australians that were recognised by the Australian Parliament, and the first documentary recognition of Indigenous people in Australian law. The petitions asserted that the Yolngu people owned land over which the federal government had granted mining rights to a private company, Nabalco. In 1971 the court decided that the ordinances and mining leases were valid, and that the Yolngu people were not able to establish their native title at common law, in a decision known as the Milirrpum decision, or the Gove land rights case.

text:
# Yirrkala bark petitions

The **Yirrkala bark petitions**, sent by the Yolngu people, an Aboriginal Australian people of Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory, to the Australian Parliament in 1963, were the first traditional documents prepared by Indigenous Australians that were recognised by the Australian Parliament, and the first documentary recognition of Indigenous people in Australian law. The petitions asserted that the Yolngu people owned land over which the federal government had granted mining rights to a private company, Nabalco.

In 1971 the court decided that the ordinances and mining leases were valid, and that the Yolngu people were not able to establish their native title at common law, in a decision known as the *Milirrpum* decision, or the Gove land rights case.

## History

Wali Wunungmurra, one of the 12 signatories to the petitions, describes the background of the petitions as follows:

> "In the late 1950s Yolngu became aware of people prospecting for minerals in the area of the Gove Peninsula, and shortly after, discovered that mining leases had been taken out over a considerable area of our traditional land. Our response, in 1963, was to send a petition framed by painted bark to the Commonwealth Government demanding that our rights be recognised."

Five brothers of the Rirratjingu clan, Mawalan Marika, Mathaman Marika, Milirrpum Marika, Dhunggala Marika and Dadaynga "Roy" Marika led the thirteen clans, being traditional owners of the land in question. Wandjuk Marika (son of Mawalan) helped to draft the bark petitions, of which two of the four original petitions, which were signed by nine men and three women, were sent to the Australian House of Representatives. The petitions were written in the Yolngu language, together with an English translation. They were tabled on 14 and 28 August 1963. They are called bark petitions because, although typed on paper they were framed by traditional bark paintings. The typing was done on a Remington typewriter by author Ann E. Wells, wife of Rev. Edgar Wells, who was superintendent of the Yirrkala Methodist Mission at the time.

The bark petitions asserted that the Yolngu people owned the land and protested the Commonwealth Government's granting of mining rights to Nabalco of land excised from the Arnhem Aboriginal Land reserve. The son of one of the Yirrkala plaintiffs and painters, a Gumatj clan leader, Munggurrawuy Yunupingu, was Galarrwuy Yunupingu, who assisted in drafting the petitions.

The petitions stated that "the land in question has been hunting and food gathering land for the Yirrkala tribes from time immemorial" and "that places sacred to the Yirrkala people, as well as vital to their livelihood are in the excised land". They expressed the petitioners' "fear that their needs and interests will be completely ignored as they have been ignored in the past". The petitions called on the House of Representatives to "appoint a Committee, accompanied by competent interpreters, to hear the views of the people of Yirrkala before permitting the excision" of the land for the mine and to ensure "that no arrangements be entered into with any company which will destroy the livelihood and independence of the Yirrkala people". Thus, the petitions are the first formal assertion of native title.

Later in 1963, the federal government established a select committee known as the House of Representatives Select Committee on Grievances of the Yirrkala Aborigines, Arnhem Land Reserve, chaired by Liberal MP Roger Dean. In its report, the Select Committee recommended that the Yirrkala people should be compensated for the loss of their traditional occupancy, by way of (1) land grant; (2) payment of at least the first A$300,000 received in mining royalties; and (3) direct monetary compensation, even though Aboriginal land rights were not expressly recognised under Northern Territory laws.

However, the recommendations of the House of Representatives Select Committee regarding compensation payments were ignored in the *Mining (Gove Peninsula Nabalco Agreement) Ordinance 1968* (NT), which unilaterally revoked part of the Yirrkala Aboriginal reserve in order to enable Nabalco to develop the mine.

The Aboriginal clans whose traditional lands were affected by the Gove project were so strongly opposed to the making of the *Mining (Gove Peninsula Nabalco Agreement) Ordinance 1968* that they challenged it in the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory in 1968 in *Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd* (the "Gove land rights case"). In 1971 Justice Richard Blackburn held that the ordinances and mining leases were valid and that the Yolngu people were not able to establish their native title at common law. Justice Blackburn stated that the "doctrine of communal native title does not form and never has formed, part of the law of any part of Australia".

The *Milirrpum* decision had wide-ranging impacts on relations between Aboriginal people and the mining industry generally throughout Australia. In response to the *Milirrpum* decision, in 1973 the Whitlam government established the Aboriginal Land Rights Commission, headed by Justice Edward Woodward, to inquire into "the appropriate means to recognise and establish the traditional rights and interests of the Aborigines in and in relation to the land, and to satisfy in other ways the reasonable aspirations of the Aborigines to rights in or in relation to land".

## Significance

The 1963 Yirrkala petitions were the first traditional documents prepared by Indigenous Australians recognised by the Australian Parliament, and are the first documentary recognition of Indigenous people in Australian law. They were also the first formal assertion of native title in Australia.

## Today

As of December 2023, the only surviving signatory of the petitions is Dhuŋgala Mununggurr.

The two petitions presented to Parliament are on permanent display at Parliament House, Canberra, along with a digging stick known as the Djang'kawu digging stick, associated with the creation story of the Yolngu people. A third petition is in the National Museum of Australia, also in Canberra.

The fourth petition was found by historian Clare Wright at La Trobe University to be privately owned by the first wife of Stan Davey, who had been secretary of the Federal Council for Aboriginal Advancement in 1963. In the 1980s, Davey's ex-wife Joan McKie had moved to Western Australia and was living in Derby. In November 2022 Wright organised the handover of the petition to descendants of the original signatories. It was initially restored and conserved at Artlab Australia in Adelaide, before being repatriated to Arnhem Land, to go on permanent display at Buku-Larnŋgay Mulka Centre. The typewriter on which the petitions were typed has also been donated to the centre by the son of Ann and Edgar Wells. A repatriation ceremony was held on Thursday 7 December 2023 at the centre. Among the attendees was Rirratjiŋu clan elder Witiyana Marika.

The Yolŋu people are still contesting mining being carried out on their land without proper legal consultation through the courts.


title: Matagorda Bay

abstract: Matagorda Bay is a large Gulf of Mexico bay on the Texas coast, lying in Calhoun and Matagorda counties and located approximately 80 miles (130 km) northeast of Corpus Christi, 143 miles (230 km) east-southeast of San Antonio, 108 miles (174 km) south-southwest of Houston, and 167 miles (269 km) south-southeast of Austin. It is one of seven major estuaries along the Gulf Coast of Texas and serves as the mouth of numerous streams, most notably the Lavaca and Colorado Rivers. The Texas seaport of Port Lavaca is located on the system's northwestern extension of Lavaca Bay. The city of Palacios is found on northeastern extension of Tres Palacios Bay, and Port O'Connor is located on the southwestern tip of the main bay's shore. The ghost town of Indianola, which was a major port before it was destroyed by two hurricanes in the late 19th century, is also found on the bay. The bay is separated from the Gulf of Mexico by Matagorda Peninsula. Its shore, especially near the Colorado River delta, provides a habitat for a wide variety of wildlife. The wildlife serves as a basis for the birding and fishing tourism, and is an essential component of the production of seafood, specifically shrimp and blue crab, which are the specialties of the area. The fertile land near the bay is ideal for farming, especially for the propagation of rice.

text:
# Matagorda Bay

**Matagorda Bay** (/ˌmætəˈɡɔːrdə/ ) is a large Gulf of Mexico bay on the Texas coast, lying in Calhoun and Matagorda counties and located approximately 80 miles (130 km) northeast of Corpus Christi, 143 miles (230 km) east-southeast of San Antonio, 108 miles (174 km) south-southwest of Houston, and 167 miles (269 km) south-southeast of Austin. It is one of seven major estuaries along the Gulf Coast of Texas and serves as the mouth of numerous streams, most notably the Lavaca and Colorado Rivers. The Texas seaport of Port Lavaca is located on the system's northwestern extension of Lavaca Bay. The city of Palacios is found on northeastern extension of Tres Palacios Bay, and Port O'Connor is located on the southwestern tip of the main bay's shore. The ghost town of Indianola, which was a major port before it was destroyed by two hurricanes in the late 19th century, is also found on the bay.

The bay is separated from the Gulf of Mexico by Matagorda Peninsula. Its shore, especially near the Colorado River delta, provides a habitat for a wide variety of wildlife. The wildlife serves as a basis for the birding and fishing tourism, and is an essential component of the production of seafood, specifically shrimp and blue crab, which are the specialties of the area. The fertile land near the bay is ideal for farming, especially for the propagation of rice.

## History

Early European records suggest that the bay and the surrounding area went by the names *Espíritu Santo* and *Costa y Bahía de San Bernardo*. Spanish explorer Alonso Álvarez de Pineda's map from the late 1510s appears to be the first documentation of the bay. In 1685, French explorer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle established the colony of Fort St. Louis along the bay's shore after missing the entrance to the Mississippi River. Half of the colonists were killed by disease, and the other half, save for five children, were killed by Karankawa Indians. It was afterward referred to as a "lost colony." The Indians kept the children until they were rescued by the Spanish during the Alonso De León and Domingo Terán de los Ríos expeditions near the bay. In 1722 Spanish built a fort, Presidio La Bahia, and Mission Nuestra Señora del Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga on the site of Fort Saint Louis.

The port of Linnville was established on Matagorda Bay in 1831, and served as a main port for the Republic of Texas. The Great Comanche Raid of 1840 destroyed the town and forced the inhabitants to flee to the nearby Labbacca, which would later become known as Port Lavaca. Lavaca or *la vaca*, Spanish for cow, was founded in the wake of the Comanche Raid in 1841. It replaced Linnville as the main port on Matagorda Bay. However, the sandbar-heavy Lavaca Bay caused some navigational problems for ships. As a result, Lavaca was surpassed by Indianola as the main port on Matagorda Bay in the 1850s, even though the sandbars were dredged later in the decade. Indianola had been founded in 1846 as a landing place for German immigrants. It rapidly developed into a major seaport, and became the second largest in the state (after Galveston) by the 1860s. The two ports, and strategic control of Matagorda Bay in particular, became important during the American Civil War. Control of the bay shifted between the Union and Confederate forces several times. The Union presence in the area ended in June 1864. After the war, Indianola continued its growth, and had a population of 5,000 in the 1870s. A hurricane in 1875 caused massive damage to the city. It was rebuilt on a smaller scale shortly thereafter, but a second and more intense hurricane made landfall in 1886 (the fifth most intense in U.S. history), causing even greater destruction. The following year, Indianola was completely abandoned. Although Lavaca was also significantly affected by the hurricanes, it survived as a port, and again became the largest on the bay. It continues to hold this distinction today. It was renamed Port Lavaca in the late 19th century. Palacios was established around 1901, and Port O'Connor was founded on the bay in 1909.

Before 1900, East Matagorda Bay was a free flowing extension, which formed the eastern segment of Matagorda Bay. Flooding and drainage issues caused by the Colorado River, which at the time emptied into the bay, precipitated a massive dredging campaign in the 1920s. Flooding was not remedied by the dredging, as sediment deposited in the bay and formed a tidal marsh that grew at 500 acres (2.0 km2) a year. As a result, local citizens decided to change the course of the Colorado River in 1934 to bypass Matagorda Bay into the Gulf of Mexico, the dredging from this project causing the split and forming the isolated East Matagorda Bay. In 1992, the river was diverted back to the bay.

## Features

The shoreline of the bay is included in the Texas Coastal Plain. At the eastern end, near the Colorado River delta, there is a swampy terrain, with an abundance of wetlands and tidal marshes. Extended coastal prairies supporting native grasses, can be found throughout the area. On average, the Matagorda Bay system is 2 meters (6.6 ft) deep, and covers approximately 1,093 square kilometers (422 sq mi). The main extensions include: Lavaca Bay, which extends westward to the mouth of the Lavaca River; Tres Palacios Bay, which extends northeast to the mouth of the Tres Palacios River and East Matagorda Bay, which is nearly isolated from the system by the Colorado River delta. Other inlets include Turtle Bay, Carancahua Bay, Keller Bay, and Cox Bay.

Together with its extensions, Matagorda Bay forms one of seven major estuaries along the Gulf Coast of Texas, and the third largest estuarine system in Texas behind Galveston Bay and Laguna Madre. It receives the discharge from the Colorado River and the Lavaca River, as well as numerous smaller creeks. Every second, approximately 150 cubic meters (40,000 U.S. gal) of water flows into the bay. Water exchange with the Gulf of Mexico occurs at Pass Cavallo, Matagorda Ship Channel, Greens Bayou, the Colorado River Delta Complex and Brown Cedar Cut. As a result of the seawater exchange, the bay's salinity is 19 parts per thousand (ppt), which is lower than the seawater average of 35 ppt.

## Ecosystem

A wide variety of wildlife can be found in and around Matagorda Bay. The Mad Island-Oyster Lake conservation area, located on the eastern shore of Matagorda Bay, is a habitat for over 300 species of birds including songbirds, shorebirds and waterfowl. More species of birds were found in the area than any other in the nation during the National Audubon Society's annual Christmas Bird Count from 2000 to 2002. Other fauna located along the bay include bobcats, white-tailed deer, river otters, Texas horned lizards, reddish egret, white-tailed hawk, peregrine falcon, the piping plover and alligators.

According to Texas Parks and Wildlife, the following fish have been caught in the bay: striped bass, gafftopsail catfish, Atlantic croaker, black drum, red drum, southern flounder, barred grunt, hake, skipjack herring, crevalle jack, ladyfish, Gulf menhaden, pigfish, smooth puffer, sand seatrout, spotted seatrout, blacktip shark, gray snapper, southern stingray, Gulf toadfish and tripletail. The bay serves as a nursery for finfish, shrimp and crabs.

## Industry

The Matagorda Bay system is a renowned fishing location in the region, due to its status as a nutrient-rich estuary. The mainstays of the settlements on the bay include seafood processing, manufacturing, agriculture and tourism. Commercial fishermen specialize in oyster, blue crab, and shrimp. Port Lavaca is the national leader in the processing of shrimp, and passed four million tons of seafood through its port in 1985 alone. Palacios houses the largest blue crab processing plant in the United States, and is home to the only individually quick frozen shrimp plant in Texas. Recreational fishing also contributes to the local economies via tourism. Tourists often flock to the Port Lavaca State Fishing Pier, which is a major point of interest for fishermen. Other activities for visitors include hunting, oyster roasts, beach combing and birding.

Several manufacturing complexes have been erected along the bay, which employ local residents. The Aluminum Company of America, Union Carbide, Du Pont, and Formosa Plastics all established plants in Point Comfort. The South Texas Nuclear Generating Station is found in nearby Bay City. Petroleum and natural gas were discovered in the bay in the 1930s. Maize, cotton, soybeans, turf, and rice grow well around the bay, especially in the fertile delta region.

## InfoBox

| Matagorda Bay | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Matagorda Bay | |
| Matagorda Bay at Jensen Point | |
| Location | Central Texas Gulf Coast |
| Coordinates | 28°33′56″N 96°12′36″W / 28.56556°N 96.21000°W / 28.56556; -96.21000 |
| River sources | Colorado River (Texas), Lavaca River |
| Ocean/sea sources | Gulf of Mexico |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Surface area | 244,490 acres (98,940 ha) |
|  | |
| Settlements | Port Lavaca, Texas |


title: Martha Stahr Carpenter

abstract: Martha Stahr Carpenter was an American astronomer and president of the AAVSO for three terms between 1951 and 1954. In 1947, she became the first women faculty member in the Cornell University College of Arts and Sciences. Stahr advised distinguished astronomer Vera Rubin in galactic dynamics while at Cornell, after which, Rubin went on to provide the first evidence for dark matter using galactic rotation curves.

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# Martha Stahr Carpenter

**Martha Stahr Carpenter** was an American astronomer and president of the AAVSO for three terms between 1951 and 1954. In 1947, she became the first women faculty member in the Cornell University College of Arts and Sciences. Stahr advised distinguished astronomer Vera Rubin in galactic dynamics while at Cornell, after which, Rubin went on to provide the first evidence for dark matter using galactic rotation curves.

## Research

Stahr's research interests included observations of variable stars, galactic structure using 21-cm emission, and microwave radio astronomy. During her graduate studies between 1944 and 1945, she was able to use the Lick Observatory as a student because very few astronomers were around during war time. She recounted in 2011,

> "most of the astronomers had left. There was a discussion as to whether a woman could handle the big telescope, \[but\] I just went up there. The man was there doing all he could to handle it, and it wasn’t before long that I was doing it with him, so they were very glad that the telescope was kept in use, because it was more than one person could handle"

She published the first comprehensive bibliography of scientific literature on microwave radio sources in 1948 and continued to provide updated supplements throughout her career to help astronomers around the world discover and remain informed of recent research done in radio astronomy.

## InfoBox

| Martha Stahr Carpenter | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | March 29, 1920 |
| Died | February 12, 2013(2013-02-12) (aged 92) |
| Alma mater | University of California, Berkeley (Ph.D. 1945, M.S. 1943)
Wellesley College (B.A. 1941) |
| Known for | Microwave astronomy
Variable stars |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Astronomy |
| Institutions | University of Virginia (Associate professor 1973-1986)
Cornell University (Assistant professor 1947-1953, Associate professor 1953-1955, Research associate 1955-1969)
Wellesley College (Instructor 1945-1947) |
| Notable students | Vera Rubin |
|  | |


title: Freelance League

abstract: The Freelance League is a name for a loosely defined high school athletic league that is part of the CIF Southern Section. Member schools are small schools. The word "Freelance" describes that they find competitive situations where available without a formal league structure. Schools are spread across the entire section from San Luis Obispo County to San Bernardino County and Riverside County. In certain sports some of these teams are part of other leagues. The 1993 film Gridiron Gang was inspired by the Kilpatrick Mustangs. Jordan Hasay was a hero at the 2008 Olympic Trials while still a junior at Mission Prep. Verbum Dei has a lengthy championship history. Bellarmine-Jefferson High School has hosted the Bell-Jeff Invitational, a large cross country meet, since 1974 that has become a Southern California institution.

text:
# Freelance League

The **Freelance League** is a name for a loosely defined high school athletic league that is part of the CIF Southern Section. Member schools are small schools. The word "Freelance" describes that they find competitive situations where available without a formal league structure. Schools are spread across the entire section from San Luis Obispo County to San Bernardino County and Riverside County. In certain sports some of these teams are part of other leagues.

The 1993 film *Gridiron Gang* was inspired by the Kilpatrick Mustangs. Jordan Hasay was a hero at the 2008 Olympic Trials while still a junior at Mission Prep. Verbum Dei has a lengthy championship history. Bellarmine-Jefferson High School has hosted the Bell-Jeff Invitational, a large cross country meet, since 1974 that has become a Southern California institution.

## Members


# List of historic structures in Oatman, Arizona

This is a list with images of some of the structures in the historic mining town of Oatman, Arizona which is located in the Black Mountains of Mohave County. Two of the structures are listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Also, included is the gas station of Cool Springs, which served automobile travelers on the historic Route 66 in the vicinity of Oatman.

## Brief history

The Black Mountains of northwest Arizona are an extensive long mountain range. The Hualapai Native-American Tribe inhabited the area. Tensions between the Hualapai people and settlers began with encroachment of Indian lands. Between 1867 and 1869, the Hualapai were at war with the American settlers from the east coast who lived in this area after the death of the prominent Yavapai leader Anasa. The United States Army arrived in the defense of the settlers in what now is known as the Hualapai War. Skirmishing continued for almost two more years in the area after the majority of the Hualapais surrendered due to an outbreak of dysentery and whooping cough in 1869.

### Vivian tent city

John Thomas Moss was a frontiersman and prospector from Utica, New York who learned the languages of many of the tribes in the area. In 1862, he discovered gold in the Black Mountains and staked a claim in what became known as the Moss Mine. In 1863, he went into the Hualapai Mountains and organized the profitable Wauba Yuma Mining District.

Soon after a tent city was established and named "Vivian" nestled in the southern portion of the Black Mountain range. The tent city of Vivian grew as miners and prospectors continued to arrive in the area. Burros, which is the Spanish word for Donkey, were used by the miners to carry essential supplies, including rock and metals in those days. The wild burros, roaming the streets of Oatman today, are the offspring of the burros that were let lose after they became useless to the miners as resources ran out and mines closed.

In 1902, John Durlin built the Drulin Hotel which provided shelter and food to many of the miners in the area. Currently, the hotel, which was renamed in 1960 "Oatman Hotel" is the only historic two-story adobe building in Mohave County. By 1904, the Vivian Mining Company began operations and a Post Office was established. Between 1903 and 1905, the town and mines were served by a narrow gauge rail line. The narrow gauge trail line ran 17 miles to the Colorado River near Needles, California.

### Oatman

In 1909, Vivian was formally named Oatman in honor of Olive Oatman. a young 14-year-old girl whose family was attacked by a small group from a Native American tribe believed to be Tolkepayas (Western Yavapai). All were killed except for three of the children: Lorenzo, age 15 (who was left for dead), Olive, and Mary Ann, age 7, who were taken to be slaves for the Yavapais. Olive and Mary Ann were sold as slaves to the Mohave who tattooed both girls on their chins and arms. Olive survived the ordeal, but her younger sister Mary Ann died while in captivity. Eventually. Olive was released when the Mohaves were told by a messenger that the whites would destroy the Mohaves if they did not release her. The trade items included were blankets and a white horse.

In 1915, another boom was provided to the settlement when two miners struck a gold find. However, in 1921, a fire of huge proportions consumed many of the structures in the town. The townspeople worked hard to rebuild the small town. Five years later the main mining company, United Eastern Mines, shut down operations for good. The town continued to survive due to the travelers who passed through the old U.S. Route 66 which was built in 1920. The town's economy was once again affected when the route became what is now Interstate 40 and was completely bypassed in 1953.

In 1995, the Gold Road Mine was reopened, however the decline of gold prices resulted in its closure in 1998. A renewed interest in the town and travel in Route 66 began with the growth of the nearby gaming town of Laughlin, Nevada. The hotels in Laughlin promotes visits to the town. Oatman is now a tourist attraction.

### Cool Springs

Before reaching Oatman through the historic Route 66, there is a gas station, the Cool Springs camp and service station, which originally was built in 1920. The original building burned to the ground in the 1960s and a new one was rebuilt in its place. The pillars are the only items which remained from the original structure. Part of the movie "Universal Soldier" was filmed there. Between the station and Oatman there is a stone bridge on the narrow Route 66. The stone bridge is located in what is known as "Bloody 66" in Sitgreaves Pass. According to the book “The Big Roads”, authored by Earl Swift, the 18-foot stone bridge that crossed the wash was too narrow for two speeding cars to pass safely in opposite directions. One car would hit another or worse impale itself, and sometimes its driver, on the wooden guard rail.

## National Register of Historic Places

Among the structures listed in the National Register of Historic Places are the following:

* The **Oatman Hotel** – listed as the "Durlin Hotel" on August 25, 1983, reference: #83002988.
* The **Oatman Drug Company Building** – listed on April 6, 2006, reference: #05001064.

## Historic Oatman structures

Pictured are the following structures:

* The **Oatman Hotel** originally the **Durlin Hotel** – built in 1902 and listed in the NRHP\`\`
* The **Oatman Theatre** – built in the 1920s
* The **Oatman Drug Company Building** – built in 1915 and listed in the NRHP
* The **Oatman Jail** and jail cell- established in 1936
* The **Old Building** – now a gift shop
* The **Olive Oatman Restaurant and Saloon** – built in 1925 and named after **Olive Oatman**
* **Fast Fanny's Place** – a former brothel

Also pictured:

* The **Oatman Memorial** – on Main Street
* The **Clark Gable and Carole Lombard honeymoon suite** in the Oatman Hotel. Allegedly Clark Gable and Carole Lombard spent their honeymoon in this suite, however after they were married in Kingman, Arizona, they returned to Los Angeles where they met with the press at Lombard's home.

## Further reading

* "Oatman--gold mining center"; By: Roman Malach (Author); Publisher: Arizona Bicentennial Commission; ASIN B0006CJGL6
* "Geology of the Oatman Gold District, Arizona"; By: F. L. Ransome (Author); Publisher: Sylvanite, Inc.; ISBN 978-1614740834

## InfoBox

| List of historic structures<br>in Oatman, Arizona | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Oatman Highway/Old US 66 to Oatman | |
| Location of Oatman in Mohave County, Arizona. | |
| Coordinates: 35°01′35″N 114°23′01″W / 35.02639°N 114.38361°W / 35.02639; -114.38361 | |