title: Tailapa II

abstract: Tailapa II, also known as Taila II and by his title Ahavamalla, was the founder of the Western Chalukya Empire in peninsular India. Tailapa claimed descent from the earlier imperial Chalukyas of Vatapi (Badami), and initially ruled as a Rashtrakuta vassal from the Tardavadi-1000 province in the present-day Vijayapura district of Karnataka. When the Rashtrakuta power declined following an invasion by the Paramara king Siyaka, Tailapa overthrew the Rashtrakuta emperor Karka II, and established a new dynasty. Tailapa spent several years consolidating his control over the western Deccan region between the Narmada and the Tungabhadra rivers. Gradually, several former Rashtrakuta feudatories, including the Shilaharas, acknowledged his suzerainty. Tailapa successfully resisted Chola and Paramara invasions, and imprisoned and killed the invading Paramara king Munja. His general Barapa captured the Lata region in present-day Gujarat, establishing the Lata Chalukya line of chiefs. Tailapa's successors continued to rule the western Deccan region until the 12th century.

text:
# Tailapa II

**Tailapa II** (r. c. 973-997), also known as **Taila II** and by his title *Ahavamalla*, was the founder of the Western Chalukya Empire in peninsular India. Tailapa claimed descent from the earlier imperial Chalukyas of Vatapi (Badami), and initially ruled as a Rashtrakuta vassal from the Tardavadi-1000 province in the present-day Vijayapura district of Karnataka. When the Rashtrakuta power declined following an invasion by the Paramara king Siyaka, Tailapa overthrew the Rashtrakuta emperor Karka II, and established a new dynasty.

Tailapa spent several years consolidating his control over the western Deccan region between the Narmada and the Tungabhadra rivers. Gradually, several former Rashtrakuta feudatories, including the Shilaharas, acknowledged his suzerainty. Tailapa successfully resisted Chola and Paramara invasions, and imprisoned and killed the invading Paramara king Munja. His general Barapa captured the Lata region in present-day Gujarat, establishing the Lata Chalukya line of chiefs. Tailapa's successors continued to rule the western Deccan region until the 12th century.

## Ancestry

The records of Tailapa's dynasty trace his patrilineal ancestry to the Chalukyas of Vatapi, and also connect him to the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta and the Kalachuris of Chedi through matrilineal descent. The Chalukya emperor Vijayaditya was succeeded by his son Vikramaditya II: the records of Tailapa's family claim that Vijayaditya had another (unnamed) son, from whom the family descended.

The Chalukya court poet Ranna provides the following genealogy connecting Tailapa to the earlier Chalukya dynasty:

* Vijayaditya II, Chalukya crown prince of Vatapi
* Unnamed prince who was as strong as Bhima I
* Kirtivarman
* Taila I (Tailapa I)
* Bhima II (or Bhimaraja)
* Vikramaditya III
* Ayyana I, who married daughter of Krishna (identified as the Rashtrakuta king Krishna II)
* Vikramaditya IV, who married Bontha Devi, a daughter of the Kalachuri king Lakshmana-raja
* Taila II (Tailapa II)

The 11th century inscriptions of Tailapa's descendants (such as the Kauthem grant) provide a similar genealogy, but they state that Vikramaditya III was the son of Taila I and that Bhima II was the son of Vikramaditya. However, the Vatapi Chalukya records make no mention of Vijayaditya's unnamed son. The differences between the genealogies provided by Ranna and the later inscriptions also cast doubt on the claim that Tailapa's family was connected to the earlier Chalukya royals.

Tailapa's immediate ancestors appear to have been feudatories of the Rashtrakutas, who had displaced the earlier Chalukyas of Vatapi. The marriage of Tailapa's grandfather Ayyana I to a Rashtrakuta princess probably raised the family's political status. A Devihosur inscription of the Rashtrakuta emperor Krishna III (r. 939-967) mentions one Vikramaditya, who can be identified with Tailapa's father Vikramaditya IV.

## Early life

Like his father, Tailapa served as a feudatory to the Rashtrakuta emperor Krishna III. He finds a mention in the 957 Karjol inscription and the 965 Narasalagi inscriptions issued during the reign of Krishna. The 957 inscription calls him Tailapayya, and states that he ruled a *nadu* (administrative unit) as Krishna's subordinate. The 965 inscription calls him *Maha-samantadhipati Ahavamalla* Tailaparasa of Satyashraya family (*Satyashraya-kula-tilaka*), and states that Krishna had granted him the fief of Tardavadi-1000.

At this time, he also held the title "Chalukya Rama", and had a subordinate from the Khachara family.

## Rise to power

Tailapa's Rashtrakuta overlord Krishna III died around 967, and was succeeded by Khottiga. In 972, the Paramara ruler Siyaka, who had earlier served as a feudatory to the Rashtrakutas in Malwa, invaded and sacked their capital Manyakheta. As a result, the political status of the Rashtrakutas declined greatly. Khottiga died without an heir shortly after Siyaka's raid, and was succeeded by his nephew Karka II. Karka had sidelined Krishna's grandson Indra IV to ascend the throne, thus alienating Indra's maternal uncle Marasimha, who was a powerful Rashtrakuta feudatory from the Ganga family. The records of Tailapa's dynasty suggest that Karka was a weak ruler, and that the vicious nature of two of his principal ministers had led to dissatisfaction among his subjects.

Tailapa used this opportunity to usurp the throne. He was supported by his Yadava feudatory Bhillama II and the Chalukya chief Baddega II of Lakshmeshwara. He may also have been supported by the Kalachuris of Tripuri, the family of his mother: an enmity had developed between the Rashtrakutas and the Kalachuris during the reign of Krishna III.

In 973, Tailapa dethroned Karka and established a new dynasty. His records state that he became a sovereign after a fierce battle, in which Karka's two "wicked" ministers were killed. Karka's ally Ranakambha, a member of the Rashtrakuta family, was also killed in the battle. According to one theory, Karka was killed in the battle, but according to another theory, he escaped and ruled a small principality around Soraba until 991.

After this victory, Tailapa marched to the Rashtrakuta capital Manyakheta, and occupied the throne. Krishna's grandson Indra, supported by the Ganga chief Marasimha, disputed Tailapa's ascension. Tailapa defeated them decisively: both men ultimately retired as Jain monks, and died by *sallekhana* (death by starvation) - Marasimha in 975, and Indra in 982.

Marasimha's successor Panchaladeva also fought against Tailapa, and described himself as *Chalukya Panchanana* ("Lion to the Chalukyas") in his 975 Mulgund inscription. The inscription claims that he ruled the entire peninsular territory to the south of the Krishna River, which is an obvious exaggeration. Tailapa ultimately defeated and killed Panchaladeva: several Chalukya inscriptions boast that Tailapa cut off his head on the battlefield. These inscriptions also give Tailapa the title *Panchalamardana Panchanana* ("Lion who killed Panchala"). Tailapa must have defeated Panchaladeva around 975-976, because Tailapa's inscriptions dated to around 976 have been found in the neighbouring region.

Tailapa married a Rashtrakuta princess Jakavve, the daughter of Bhammaha Ratta, possibly to strengthen his political position. Gradually, many former Rashtrakuta feudatories accepted his suzerainty:

* Shantivarma, who ruled in the present-day Soraba area, and belonged to the Brahma-Kshatriya Mātūr-vaṃśa family.
* Kannapa, who ruled the Banavasi area: he was one of the first chiefs to recognize Tailapa's suzerainty. His younger brother and successor Sobhanarasa served Tailapa as a loyal general, and received the titles *giri-durga-malla* (wrestler with hill forts) and *samanta-chudamani" (the crest-jewel among the feudatories).*
* Rattas of Saundatti: The 980 Sogal inscription of Karttavirya and the Saundatti inscription of *Mahasamanta* Shantivarma acknowledge Tailapa as the overlord of the Rattas.
* The Sinda ruler Pulikala, who ruled the Bijapur area, as well as his successors of the Bagadage branch.
* The Nolambas, as attested by a 981 grant of the Nolamba queen Revaladevi, which was confirmed by Tailapa.

## Conflicts with neighbouring rulers

### Shilaharas

*Gadayuddha*, composed by the Chalukya court poet Ranna, states that by Tailapa's order, prince Satyashraya chased the *Konkaneshvara* (the Shilahara ruler of Konkan) to the sea. The Shilaharas ultimately transferred their allegiance from the Rashtrakutas to the Chalukyas, as attested by the 997 Bhadana inscription of *Mahamandaleshvara* Aparajita.

### Lata

According to *Gadayuddha*, prince Satyashraya also conquered the Gurjaradesa region on Tailapa's orders. Tailapa's commander Barapa, who captured the Lata region in present-day Gujarat, established the Lata Chalukya branch of the family. A 980 inscription that describes Tailapa as a lion to the Lata elephant probably refers to Barapa's conquest of Lata.

### Paramaras

Tailapa seems to have inherited the Rashtrakuta enmity with their northern neighbours, the Paramaras. Tailapa's conflict with the Paramara ruler Munja (Siyaka's successor) finds a mention in several inscriptions and literary works.

According to the 14th century Jain scholar Merutunga, whose *Prabandha-Chintamani* account of Munja is based on a now-lost Apabhramsa poem called *Munja-rasa*, Tailapa harassed Munja by raiding his kingdom on multiple occasions. Munja defeated him six times (sixteen times, according to one manuscript). Ultimately, Munja decided to launch a decisive war against Tailapa, and against the advice of his prime minister Rudraditya, crossed the Godavari River to invade the Chalukya kingdom. During this campaign, Tailapa defeated and captured Munja. Merutunga further states that Munja and Tailapa's sister Mrinalavati fell in love during his imprisonment. Meanwhile, Munja's ministers entered the Chalukya kingdom in disguise, and managed to get in touch with Munja. They made a rescue plan, which Munja divulged to Mrinalavati, because he wanted to take her with him. Mrinalavati told her brother about Munja's escape plan. As a result, Tailapa humiliated Munja by forcing him to beg door-to-door, and then had him executed.

While Merutunga's account may not be entirely accurate from a historical perspective, there is little doubt that Munja was killed in Deccan in the mid-990s, as a result of his campaign against Tailapa. The 1003 Kauthem inscription records Tailapa's imprisonment of Utpala (another name for Munja).

In his victory against Munja, Tailapa appears to have been aided by his Yadava vassal Bhillama II. The 1000 Sangamner inscription of Bhillama II poetically boasts that Bhillama thrashed the goddess of prosperity Lakshmi on the battlefield because she had sided with Munja, and forced her to become an obedient housewife in the palace of king Rana-ranga-bhima (a synonym of Tailapa's title *Ahavamalla*).

### Cholas

As a Rashtrakuta vassal, Tailapa may have participated in his overlord Krishna III's campaigns against their southern neighbours, the Cholas. A 980 inscription describes Tailapa as Indra's thunderbolt to the strong Chola mountain. At that time, the Chola king was Uttama, and it is possible that his attempts to recover the territories captured by Krishna brought him into conflict with Tailapa.

Uttama's successor Rajaraja I invaded and captured several territories in present-day Karnataka, as attested by a 991 Mysore inscription and other inscriptions that mention his conquest of Ganga and Nolamba territories 993 onwards. Tailapa's 992 Kogali inscription states that he stayed at a military camp at Rodda (in present-day Anantapur district) after defeating the Chola king and seizing 150 war elephants from the enemy.

## Successors

Tailapa died around 997. He and his queen Jakavve had two sons: Satyashraya and Dashavarman (alias Yashovarman). Tailapa was succeeded by his elder son Satyashraya, and then by Dashavarman's son Vikramaditya V.

Tailapa maintained his headquarters at the former Rashtrakuta capital Manyakheta. His son and successor Satyashraya ruled Rattapadi, and the contemporary Chola inscriptions often use the term Rattapadi to describe the Chalukya kingdom. The later Chalukya rulers ruled from Kalyani.

## Cultural activities

The Chalukya court poet Ranna composed his *Gadayuddha* during the reign of *Ahavamalla*, who is identified as Tailapa II by some scholars. However, the text refers to his son Satyashraya as an emperor, and the title *Ahavamalla* was also held by Satyashraya. Because of this, other scholars believe that the *Gadayuddha* was composed during Satyashraya's reign. Govinda Pai, a 20th-century Kannada poet, theorized that Ranna composed the first version of *Gadayuddha* in 982 (during Tailapa's reign). To explain the text's mention of a mid-990s battle and its comparison to a 993 solar eclipse, Pai theorized that Ranna must have revised the text at a later date.

The Kalleshvara temple complex at Bagali, originally consecrated during the late Rashtrakuta rule, was completed during Tailapa's reign. In 987, an individual named Duggimayya consecrated the shrine, and a feudatory named Mahasamanta Adityavarma commissioned a garden in the temple complex.

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Tailapa | |
| --- | --- |
| *Ahavamalla* | |
| Old Kannada inscription dated c. 991 of Tailapa II | |
| Founder of Western Chalukya Empire | |
| Reign | c.973 – c.997 (24 years) |
| Predecessor | Karka II |
| Successor | Satyashraya |
|  | |
| Issue | Satyashraya, Dashavarman |
| Dynasty | Chalukya |


title: Panhandle–Plains Historical Museum

abstract: Panhandle–Plains Historical Museum is a history museum located on the campus of West Texas A&M University in Canyon, Texas, United States, a small city south of Amarillo. The museum's contents are owned and controlled by the Panhandle-Plains Historical Society, while West Texas A&M University and the Texas A&M University Board of Regents maintain and provide the facilities. Panhandle–Plains Historical Museum is the largest history museum in the state of Texas with 70,000 visitors annually and more than three million artifacts. The museum's permanent exhibits include American Western life and agriculture history artifacts, art, paleontology, geology, Native American art and artifacts, firearms, antique vehicles, decorative arts and furniture, petroleum industry artifacts, sports artifacts, and textiles. The museum also features the outdoor Pioneer Town that includes a livery, saloon, schoolhouse, pioneer cabin and other buildings. The Panhandle-Plains Historical Society was founded in 1921 by faculty and students of West Texas State Teachers College and area supporters to preserve the history of pioneer life and natural history in the West Texas region. The museum received financial assistance from the Commission of Control for the 1936 Texas Centennial. The museum opened its permanent and present location on April 14, 1933. The noted historian Angie Debo served as curator of the museum from 1933 to 1934. In 2001, the museum underwent a $5.8 million renovation. Some of the permanent exhibits include "People of the Plains: Experiments in Living", displays the difference and similarities of past and present Southern Plains settlers; "Pioneer Town", a recreation of a small settlement in the Texas Panhandle in the early 1900s; "The Don D. Harrington Petroleum Wing", a two floor exhibit showing the Texas Panhandle's oil boom years in the 1920s and 1930s; and "The T-Anchor Ranch House", an exhibit outside of the museum which recreates the original house that was constructed in the late 1870s.

text:
# Panhandle–Plains Historical Museum

**Panhandle–Plains Historical Museum** is a history museum located on the campus of West Texas A&M University in Canyon, Texas, United States, a small city south of Amarillo. The museum's contents are owned and controlled by the Panhandle-Plains Historical Society, while West Texas A&M University and the Texas A&M University Board of Regents maintain and provide the facilities. Panhandle–Plains Historical Museum is the largest history museum in the state of Texas with 70,000 visitors annually and more than three million artifacts.

The museum's permanent exhibits include American Western life and agriculture history artifacts, art, paleontology, geology, Native American art and artifacts, firearms, antique vehicles, decorative arts and furniture, petroleum industry artifacts, sports artifacts, and textiles. The museum also features the outdoor Pioneer Town that includes a livery, saloon, schoolhouse, pioneer cabin and other buildings.

The Panhandle-Plains Historical Society was founded in 1921 by faculty and students of West Texas State Teachers College and area supporters to preserve the history of pioneer life and natural history in the West Texas region. The museum received financial assistance from the Commission of Control for the 1936 Texas Centennial. The museum opened its permanent and present location on April 14, 1933.

The noted historian Angie Debo served as curator of the museum from 1933 to 1934.

In 2001, the museum underwent a $5.8 million renovation.

Some of the permanent exhibits include "People of the Plains: Experiments in Living", displays the difference and similarities of past and present Southern Plains settlers; "Pioneer Town", a recreation of a small settlement in the Texas Panhandle in the early 1900s; "The Don D. Harrington Petroleum Wing", a two floor exhibit showing the Texas Panhandle's oil boom years in the 1920s and 1930s; and "The T-Anchor Ranch House", an exhibit outside of the museum which recreates the original house that was constructed in the late 1870s.

1. Pioneer Town Archived 2009-01-05 at the Wayback Machine
2. "TEXAS CENTENNIAL". *The Handbook of Texas*. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
3. Lester Fields Sheffy, *The Life and Times of Timothy Dwight Hobart, 1855–1935: Colonization of West Texas* (Panhandle-Plains Historical Society, 1950), p. 283.
4. "Angie Debo Papers: Biography -- SCUA -- OSU Library". Archived from the original on 2008-07-20. Retrieved 2009-01-14.

## InfoBox

Panhandle–Plains Historical Museum
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Museum main entrance | |
| Interactive fullscreen map | |
| Established | April 14, 1933 (1933-04-14) |
| Location | 2503 4th Avenue
Canyon, Texas 79015 |
| Coordinates | 34°58′48″N 101°55′1″W / 34.98000°N 101.91694°W / 34.98000; -101.91694 |
| Visitors | 55,000 (2021) |
| Founder | Panhandle-Plains Historical Society |
| Director | Andrew Hay |
| Curator | Deana Craighead
Jenni Opalinski
Veronica Arias |
| Website | panhandleplains.org |


title: Lightsource BP

abstract: Lightsource BP, rebranded from Lightsource Renewable Energy in 2018, is the largest solar developer in Europe, and third largest in the world outside of China. Lightsource BP is a British company with headquarters in London, and offices in Madrid, Milan, Athens, San Francisco, Austin, Philadelphia, Mumbai, New Delhi, Cairo, Melbourne, Amsterdam, Bath, Belfast and Dublin. The company is a subsidiary of BP.

text:
# Lightsource BP

**Lightsource BP,** rebranded from **Lightsource Renewable Energy** in 2018, is the largest solar developer in Europe, and third largest in the world outside of China. Lightsource BP is a British company with headquarters in London, and offices in Madrid, Milan, Athens, San Francisco, Austin, Philadelphia, Mumbai, New Delhi, Cairo, Melbourne, Amsterdam, Bath, Belfast and Dublin. The company is a subsidiary of BP.

## History

The company was founded in 2010 as Lightsource Renewable Energy. In 2011, the company's first solar park was established in Truro. It consists of more than 5,000 panels that can generate enough electricity to supply 430 homes in the area. In 2013, Lightsource completed a 5 MW rooftop solar PV installation at Bentley Motors' factory in Crewe.

In 2016, the company launched Europe's largest floating solar project at the Queen Elizabeth II Reservoir, in Walton-on-Thames.

In 2016, Lightsource completed the Crookedstone Solar Farm, in Antrim, Northern Ireland, which provides a third of the Belfast International Airport's electricity needs.

In 2017, BP acquired a 43% stake in the company by investing $200 million. The company was accordingly renamed Lightsource BP. At the same year, the company established teams in North America, the Netherlands and India.

In 2018, the company completed its first international installation, a 60 MW solar farm in Maharashtra, India. Lightsource BP won the offtake contract through a 450 MW tender process. The project comprises 200,000 LONGi Solar photovoltaic panels ground-mounted across 240 acres (97 ha). In that year, Lightsource BP also signed a 25-year power purchase and asset acquisition agreement with Mid-Kansas Electric Company in Stanton County, Kansas, United States.

In 2018, Lightsource BP formed EverSource Capital, a partnership with Everstone Group to create a major fund management platform for green energy infrastructure in India. The launch fund for EverSource Capital was the Green Growth Equity Fund, which has a fundraising target of £500 million and joint anchor investments from the UK Government and the India's National Investment and Infrastructure Fund, with a commitment of £120 million each. Also in 2018, the company formed a joint venture Lightsource BP Powered by Hassan Allam Utilities in Egypt with HA Utilities, the utilities subsidiary of Hassan Allam Holding.

In 2019, BP increased its stake in Lightsource BP to 50%.

In 2022 Lightsource BP raised $A540 million to develop two new zero emission projects in the Australian states of New South Wales and Victoria.

The company is 50% owned by Bp Alternative Energy Investments Limited, which in turn is owned by BP International Ltd. In November 2023, bp announced an agreement to acquire full ownership of Lightsource BP, subject to regulatory approvals, to close in mid-2024.

## Operations

As of 2018, Lightsource BP has commissioned 1,300 MW of solar capacity and manages about 2,000 MW of solar capacity. It plans to increase the capacity up to 8,000 MW through projects in the Americas, India, Europe and the Middle East.

Alongside funding, developing, constructing and connecting solar installations across the globe, Lightsource BP provides operations and maintenance, and asset management services to solar assets owners in the UK and beyond.

## InfoBox

Lightsource bp
|
|  |
| Formerly | Lightsource Renewable Energy |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| Industry | Solar power |
| Founded | 2010 |
| Founder | Nick Boyle |
| Headquarters | London, United Kingdom |
| Key people | Nick Boyle (CEO) |
| Products | Electric power |
| Services | Development and operation of solar power farms |
| Number of employees | ~1000 |
| Parent | BP 50% |
| Website | lightsourcebp.com |


title: Tsuga heterophylla

abstract: Tsuga heterophylla, the western hemlock or western hemlock-spruce, is a species of hemlock native to the west coast of North America, with its northwestern limit on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, and its southeastern limit in northern Sonoma County, California. The Latin species name means 'variable leaves'.

text:
# Tsuga heterophylla

***Tsuga heterophylla***, the **western hemlock** or **western hemlock-spruce**, is a species of hemlock native to the west coast of North America, with its northwestern limit on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, and its southeastern limit in northern Sonoma County, California. The Latin species name means 'variable leaves'.

## Description

Western hemlock is a large evergreen conifer growing to 50–70 metres (165–230 feet) tall, exceptionally 83 m (273 ft), and with a trunk diameter of up to 2.7 m (9 ft). It is the largest species of hemlock, with the next largest (mountain hemlock) reaching a maximum height of 59 m (194 ft). The bark is brown, thin, and furrowed (outwardly appearing similar to that of Douglas-fir). The crown is a very neat broad conic shape in young trees with a strongly drooping lead shoot, becoming cylindrical in older trees, which may have no branches in the lowest 30–40 m (100–130 ft). At all ages, it is readily distinguished by the pendulous branchlet tips. The shoots are very pale buff-brown, almost white, with pale pubescence about 1 millimetre (132 in) long.

The leaves are needle-like, 5–23 mm (3162932 in) long and 1.5–2 mm (116332 in) broad, strongly flattened in cross-section, with a finely serrated margin and a bluntly acute apex. They are mid to dark green above; the underside has two distinctive white bands of stomata with only a narrow green midrib between the bands. They are arranged spirally on the shoots but are twisted at the base to lie in two ranks on either side of the shoot. The cones appear on trees over about 25 years old; they are small, pendulous, slenderly cylindrical, 14–30 mm (9161+316 in) long and 7–8 mm (932516 in) broad when closed, opening to 18–25 mm (23323132 in) broad. They have 15–25 thin, flexible scales 7–13 mm (93212 in) long. The immature cones are green, maturing gray-brown 5–7 months after pollination. They are usually plentiful enough to cover the ground beneath the tree. The abundant seeds are brown, 2–3 mm (33218 in) long, with a slender, pale-brown wing measuring 7–9 mm (9321132 in) long.

Initial growth is slow; one-year-old seedlings are commonly only 3–5 centimetres (1+18–2 in) tall, and two-year-old seedlings 10–20 cm (4–8 in) tall. Once established, saplings in full light may have an average growth rate of 50–120 cm (20–47 in) (rarely 140 cm, 55 in) annually until they are 20–30 m (65–100 ft) tall, and in good conditions still 30–40 cm (12–16 in) annually when 40–50 m (130–165 ft) tall. The tallest specimen, 82.83 m (271 ft 9 in) tall, is in Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park, California (United States). The species is long-lived, especially at higher elevations, with trees over 1,200 years old known.

## Distribution and habitat

*T. heterophylla* is an integral component of Pacific Northwest forests west of the Coast Ranges, where it is a climax species. It is also an important timber tree throughout the region, along with many of its large coniferous associates. The species is closely associated with temperate rainforests, and most of its range is less than 100 kilometres (62 miles) from the Pacific Ocean. Valleys it can be found in usually receive at least 80 cm (31 in) of rain annually. It mostly grows at low altitudes, from sea level to 600 m (2,000 ft). In western Washington, it can be found up to elevations of 1,070 m (3,510 ft). The species can also be found in humid areas of mountains further inland, where western white pine is normally dominant. For example, in the Columbia Mountains in and around southeastern British Columbia and northern Idaho, it grows up to 1,500 m (4,900 ft), particularly on north-facing slopes. In the interior part of its range in Idaho, it can be found up to 1,800 m (5,900 ft).

## Ecology

Western hemlock is a very shade-tolerant tree; among associated species in the Pacific Northwest, it is matched or exceeded in shade tolerance only by Pacific yew and Pacific silver fir. Young plants typically grow up under the canopy of other conifers such as Sitka spruce or Douglas-fir, where they can persist for decades waiting to exploit a gap in the canopy. They eventually replace these conifers, which are relatively shade-intolerant, in climax forest. However, storms and wildfires will create larger openings in the forest where these other species can then regenerate. Its thin bark and shallow roots makes it susceptible to fire. At higher elevations, the species can be found mingling with *T. mertensiana* (mountain hemlock), seeming to take on some of its characteristics although there is no hard evidence of hybridization.

Western hemlock forms ectomycorrhizal associations with some well-known edible fungi such as chanterelles (*Cantharellus formosus*, *C. subalbidus*, and *Craterellus tubaeformis*). It is capable of associating with wood-decay fungi in addition to soil fungi; this enables its seedlings to survive on rotting stumps and logs. Older forests are damaged by rot-causing fungi, dwarf mistletoe, and leaf-consuming insects such as *Acleris gloverana* and *Lambdina fiscellaria*.

## Uses

The bark has long served as a source of tannin for tanning leather.

### Cultivation

Western hemlock is cultivated as an ornamental tree in gardens in its native habitats and along the U.S. Pacific Coast, where its best reliability is seen in wetter regions. In relatively dry areas, as at Victoria, British Columbia, it is exacting about soil conditions. It needs a high level of organic matter (well-rotted wood from an old log or stump is best; animal manures may have too much nitrogen and salt), in a moist, acidic soil. It is also cultivated in temperate regions worldwide. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

It can also be found in large gardens in northwest Europe and southern New Zealand.

### Forestry

When planted on the banks of a river, western hemlock can help reduce erosion. Outside of its natural range, the tree is of importance in forestry.

Until the early 1920s, the tree was largely ignored for use as lumber due to its presumed similarity to the poor-quality eastern hemlock. Since then, it has been greatly utilized for timber (as a softwood) and paper production; it is used for making doors, joinery, and furniture. Its fiber is used to make rayon and various plastics.

It has naturalised in some parts of Great Britain and New Zealand—not so extensively as to be considered an invasive species, but as an introduced one.

### Food and medicine

The edible cambium can be collected by scraping slabs of removed bark. The resulting shavings can be eaten immediately, or can be dried and pressed into bread, as was done by the natives of Southeast Alaska. The inner bark was eaten by some Native American tribes as an emergency food, and the bark was cooked to make medicinal extracts for tuberculosis, rheumatic fever, and hemorrhage. The bark could also be boiled to make dark red dyes to make fishing nets and lines less visible to fish.

Western hemlocks have been submerged to collect herring eggs during the spring spawn in southeast Alaska. The boughs provide an easily collectible surface for the eggs to attach to as well as providing a distinctive taste. This practice originates from traditional gathering methods used by Native Alaskans from southeast Alaska, specifically the Tlingit people.

Tender new-growth needles can be chewed directly or made into a bitter tea, rich in vitamin C (similar to some other hemlock and pine species).

## Culture

Western hemlock is the state tree of Washington.

## InfoBox

| Western hemlock | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Gymnospermae |
| Division: | Pinophyta |
| Class: | Pinopsida |
| Order: | Pinales |
| Family: | Pinaceae |
| Genus: | *Tsuga* |
| Species: | ***T. heterophylla*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tsuga heterophylla***
(Raf.) Sarg. | |
|
|  | |
| Natural range | |


title: Paul Humphries

abstract: Paul Jonathan Humphries is a former English cricketer. Humphries was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born at Bromsgrove, Worcestershire. Hughes made his debut for Herefordshire in the 1993 Minor Counties Championship against Cheshire. From 1993 to 1994, he played 3 further Championship matches for the county. In 1995, he joined Staffordshire. His debut for the county came in the Minor Counties Championship against Hertfordshire. During the 1995 season, he played 3 further Championship matches, the last of which came against Cumberland. In 1997, he rejoined Herefordshire. It was during his second spell that he made his debut in the MCCA Knockout Trophy against Wiltshire in 1998. From 1998 to 2001, he represented the county in 15 Trophy matches, the last of which came against the Worcestershire Cricket Board. In his second spell with the county, he made a further 31 Minor Counties Championship matches, the last of which came against Oxfordshire in 2001. He also represented Herefordshire in List A cricket during his second stint. His debut List A match came against Middlesex in the 1998 NatWest Trophy. From 1998 to 2001, he represented the county in 5 List A matches, the last of which came against the Gloucestershire Cricket Board in the 2nd round of the 2001 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy. In his 5 matches, he took 6 wickets at a bowling average of 30.83, with best figures of 2/25.

text:
# Paul Humphries

**Paul Jonathan Humphries** (born 20 October 1965) is a former English cricketer. Humphries was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born at Bromsgrove, Worcestershire.

Hughes made his debut for Herefordshire in the 1993 Minor Counties Championship against Cheshire. From 1993 to 1994, he played 3 further Championship matches for the county.

In 1995, he joined Staffordshire. His debut for the county came in the Minor Counties Championship against Hertfordshire. During the 1995 season, he played 3 further Championship matches, the last of which came against Cumberland.

In 1997, he rejoined Herefordshire. It was during his second spell that he made his debut in the MCCA Knockout Trophy against Wiltshire in 1998. From 1998 to 2001, he represented the county in 15 Trophy matches, the last of which came against the Worcestershire Cricket Board. In his second spell with the county, he made a further 31 Minor Counties Championship matches, the last of which came against Oxfordshire in 2001.

He also represented Herefordshire in List A cricket during his second stint. His debut List A match came against Middlesex in the 1998 NatWest Trophy. From 1998 to 2001, he represented the county in 5 List A matches, the last of which came against the Gloucestershire Cricket Board in the 2nd round of the 2001 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy. In his 5 matches, he took 6 wickets at a bowling average of 30.83, with best figures of 2/25.

## InfoBox

Paul Humphries
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Paul Jonathan Humphries |
| Born | (1965-10-20) 20 October 1965<br>Bromsgrove, Worcestershire, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm fast-medium |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1997-2001 | Herefordshire |
| 1995 | Staffordshire |
| 1993-1994 | Herefordshire |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition List A  Matches 5  Runs scored 6  Batting average   100s/50s /  Top score 5  Balls bowled 270  Wickets 6  Bowling average 30.83  5 wickets in innings   10 wickets in match   Best bowling 2/25  Catches/stumpings / | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 26 November 2010 | |


title: Versailles (play)

abstract: Versailles is a 2014 play by the Welsh playwright Peter Gill. It deals with the aftermath of World War I and the Treaty of Versailles, marking the centenary of the war's outbreak. The premiere production was at the Donmar Warehouse from 20 February to 5 April 2014, directed by the playwright himself and with a cast including Gwilym Lee, Helen Bradbury, Barbara Flynn, Tom Hughes, Tamla Kari, Josh O'Connor, Simon Williams and Eleanor Yates.

text:
# Versailles (play)

***Versailles*** is a 2014 play by the Welsh playwright Peter Gill. It deals with the aftermath of World War I and the Treaty of Versailles, marking the centenary of the war's outbreak.

The premiere production was at the Donmar Warehouse from 20 February to 5 April 2014, directed by the playwright himself and with a cast including Gwilym Lee, Helen Bradbury, Barbara Flynn, Tom Hughes, Tamla Kari, Josh O'Connor, Simon Williams and Eleanor Yates.


title: Yetlington

abstract: Yetlington is a village in the civil parish of Callaly, in the county of Northumberland, England. Yetlington seems to have been known in the Middle Ages as Yatlington, and was owned by the de Clavering family.

text:
# Yetlington

**Yetlington** is a village in the civil parish of Callaly, in the county of Northumberland, England.

Yetlington seems to have been known in the Middle Ages as Yatlington, and was owned by the de Clavering family.

## Governance

Yetlington is in the parliamentary constituency of Berwick-upon-Tweed.

## InfoBox

| Yetlington | |
| --- | --- |
| YetlingtonLocation within Northumberland | |
| OS grid reference | NU025095 |
| Civil parish |  |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | ALNWICK |
| Postcode district | NE66 |
| Dialling code | 01665 |
|  | |
| Police | Northumbria |
| Fire | Northumberland |
| Ambulance | North East |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Table Rock, West Virginia

abstract: Table Rock was an unincorporated community in Raleigh County, West Virginia, United States. Its post office no longer exists.

text:
# Table Rock, West Virginia

**Table Rock** was an unincorporated community in Raleigh County, West Virginia, United States. Its post office no longer exists.

## InfoBox

| Table Rock | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Table RockLocation within the state of West VirginiaTable RockTable Rock (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 37°46′53″N 81°2′49″W / 37.78139°N 81.04694°W / 37.78139; -81.04694 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | West Virginia |
| County | Raleigh |
| Elevation | 2,805 ft (855 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| GNIS ID | 1547856 |


title: Papuanthes

abstract: Papuanthes is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Loranthaceae. The only species is Papuanthes albertisii. Its native range is New Guinea.

text:
# Papuanthes

***Papuanthes*** is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Loranthaceae. The only species is ***Papuanthes albertisii***.

Its native range is New Guinea.

## InfoBox

| *Papuanthes* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Santalales |
| Family: | Loranthaceae |
| Genus: | *Papuanthes*
Danser |
| Species: | ***P. albertisii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Papuanthes albertisii***
(Tiegh.) Danser | |
|


title: Operation Nightingale (United States)

abstract: Operation Nightingale was an intensive effort by the United States Army Nurse Corps (ANC) to recruit nurses during the Vietnam War. The ANC had a shortage of nurses, and Operation Nightingale was aimed at recruiting 2,000 employees. It was not completely successful.

text:
# Operation Nightingale (United States)

**Operation Nightingale** was an intensive effort by the United States Army Nurse Corps (ANC) to recruit nurses during the Vietnam War. The ANC had a shortage of nurses, and Operation Nightingale was aimed at recruiting 2,000 employees. It was not completely successful.

## Background

By early 1963 the United States Army Nurse Corps (ANC) was grappling with a shortage of nursesit had only around 3,000 nurses. During the Cuban Missile Crisis in late 1962 army hospitals struggled to find enough nurses and in the decades prior the ANC had failed to grow in proportion with the size of the greater United States Army.

## Program

Begun on February 28, 1963, the nationwide program sought to add 2,000 nurses. At its peak, almost 150 people were working to sign up nurses. Recruiters "lecturing at high schools, universities, and career fairs, placing advertisements in stores, making radio announcements and TV commercials, and at times enlisting celebrity endorsements." They said that “women would experience an equality with men that they would not find in the civilian world.”

The operation included a 'Army Student Nurse Program', which offered to help a nurse pay for their education in return for service in the corps. The program accounted for most of the nurses who joined the ANC during the Vietnam War, and was utilized by around 600 nurses every year it was in operation. Other efforts to train nurses included through a four year degree offered through the Walter Reed Army Institute of Nursing (associated with the University of Maryland). While the ANC did gain some nurses through these efforts, they were hindered by the time it took to train students, often several years. The ANC never overcame a shortage of nurses during the Vietnam War.


title: Library of Latin Texts

abstract: The Library of Latin Texts (LLT) is a subscription-based database of Latin texts, from antiquity up to the present day. Started in 1991 as the Cetedoc Library of Christian Latin Texts (CLCLT), it continues to be developed by the Centre ‘Traditio Litterarum Occidentalium’ and is hosted by Brepols Publishers.

text:
# Library of Latin Texts

The **Library of Latin Texts** (**LLT**) is a subscription-based database of Latin texts, from antiquity up to the present day. Started in 1991 as the *Cetedoc Library of Christian Latin Texts* (CLCLT), it continues to be developed by the *Centre ‘Traditio Litterarum Occidentalium’* and is hosted by Brepols Publishers.

## History

In 1991, development of the *Cetedoc Library of Christian Latin Texts* (CLCLT) started, with the aim of encompassing the entirety of Christian Latin literature. This digital database, initially released as a CD-ROM, was produced by the Cetedoc, led by prof. Paul Tombeur at the Université catholique de Louvain. Since 2001, the activities of Cetedoc have been continued in Turnhout, Belgium by the *Centre ‘Traditio Litterarum Occidentalium’* (CTLO), still led by Paul Tombeur.

In 2002, it was decided to expand the database's chronological scope beyond medieval and patristic times, its name was changed to *Library of Latin Texts*. In 2009, a B series (LLT-B) was added to the original LLT (hence known as LLT-A). The LLT-B's scope was to accelerate the growth of the database by directly adopting the text of existing editions, without the intensive research work that is applied to the texts of the LLT-A. This work includes verifying facts related to the text and correcting errors in the printed edition.

## Difference between the LLT and similar databases

Unlike similar initiatives, like *Corpus Corporum* and The Latin Library, the LLT is not an open-access database. This allows for the adoption of copyrighted editions. In fact, while open-access initiatives have to rely on out-of-copyright, possibly outdated editions, the LLT's policy is to select texts that have "been edited according to best contemporary scholarly practice". The texts edited in Brepols' *Corpus Christianorum* series form the core of the LLT, even though numerically, they are outnumbered by texts edited in other publishers' series and, if no modern edition is available, by out-of-copyright editions. Nevertheless, for scholarly purposes, the LLT should be used in conjunction with the printed editions, as the critical apparatus is not included in the database.

### LLT-A

### LLT-B


title: Tsuga caroliniana

abstract: Tsuga caroliniana, the Carolina hemlock, is a species of hemlock endemic to the United States. As of 2023, it is under review for listing under the Endangered Species Act of 1973.

text:
# Tsuga caroliniana

***Tsuga caroliniana***, the **Carolina hemlock**, is a species of hemlock endemic to the United States. As of 2023, it is under review for listing under the Endangered Species Act of 1973.

## Distribution and habitat

Carolina hemlock is native to the Appalachian Mountains in southwest Virginia, western North Carolina, extreme northeast Georgia, northwest South Carolina, and eastern Tennessee. Its habitat is on rocky mountain slopes at elevations of 700–1,200 m (2,300–3,900 ft). The optimal growing condition is a partly shady area with moist but well-drained soil in a cool climate. There is a small, self-sustaining population of Carolina hemlock in the Virginia Kendall State Park Historic District of the Cuyahoga Valley National Park in northeast Ohio planted originally as part of reforestation efforts during the park’s development in the 1930s and 40s.

## Description

It is an evergreen coniferous tree growing up to 30 m (98 ft) (exceptionally 34 m or 112 ft) tall and 110 cm (43 in) in trunk diameter under forest conditions. The crown is compact and pyramidal, growing up to 8 m (26 ft) wide. The bark is thick and reddish-brown, and becomes fissured between scaly ridges. The branches are stout and usually horizontal, but often slightly drooping. The shoots are red-brown to orange-brown, and finely hairy. The leaves are 5–20 mm (0.20–0.79 in) long and 1.8–2 mm (0.071–0.079 in) broad, flattened, not tapering toward their ends, with a rounded or slightly notched apex; they radiate outward in all directions from the twigs, and smell of tangerine if crushed. They are glossy dark green above and paler on the underside, with two white stomatal bands. The cones are 2–4 cm (0.79–1.57 in) long, green, maturing light to mid-brown 6–7 months after pollination. When fully open, their scales are positioned at a right angle or reflexed to the central axis.

## Threats

The hemlock woolly adelgid (*Adelges tsugae*), an adelgid introduced to the United States from Asia in 1924, threatens Carolina hemlock, which is as susceptible as the related eastern hemlock. The trees may also be attacked by elongate hemlock scale (*Fiorinia externa*).

## Horticulture

Carolina hemlock is used more often as an ornamental tree than for timber production, due to its overall rarity. In landscaping, it is similar in appearance to eastern hemlock, but the Carolina hemlock has a deep taproot, compared with the shallow, aggressive roots of eastern hemlock. This means shrubs and other plants can be grown more easily under Carolina hemlock.

## InfoBox

| Carolina hemlock | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Habit, Arboretum in Rogów, Poland | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) | |
|
Imperiled  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Gymnospermae |
| Division: | Pinophyta |
| Class: | Pinopsida |
| Order: | Pinales |
| Family: | Pinaceae |
| Genus: | *Tsuga* |
| Species: | ***T. caroliniana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tsuga caroliniana***
Engelm. | |
|
|  | |


title: Paul Stapleton

abstract: Paul Stapleton was the chairman of Plymouth Argyle from August 2001 to July 2009, and was a director of the club between 1998 and 2010. He is a senior partner at accountancy firm Parkhurst-Hill based in Plymouth.

text:
# Paul Stapleton

**Paul Stapleton** was the chairman of Plymouth Argyle from August 2001 to July 2009, and was a director of the club between 1998 and 2010. He is a senior partner at accountancy firm Parkhurst-Hill based in Plymouth.

## Early life and education

Stapleton attended Victoria Road Primary School and then Devonport High School for Boys. He then studied Accountancy at Plymouth University.

## Career

In August 2001, Stapleton succeeded Dan McCauley as chairman of Plymouth Argyle, heading a consortium of local businessmen each with an equal share in the club.

Stapleton's tenure saw Argyle win two championships, in 2001/02 and 2003/04, which took them from the fourth division of English football to the second. Stapleton also presided over the Board's purchase of the freehold of Argyle's ground, Home Park, from Plymouth City Council in early 2007. During Stapleton's 11 years as Director then Chairman Plymouth Argyle had five managers, two caretaker managers, and broke the transfer record four times, rebuilt three-quarters of Home Park and purchased the freehold of the stadium.

In July 2009, Stapleton stepped down as the club's chairman following the completion of a takeover by a consortium led by Sir Roy Gardner.

In July 2020 he took over as chairman at Tavistock. He stood down in June 2022.


title: Loet Geutjes

abstract: Louis ("Loet") Geutjes is a former water polo player from The Netherlands, who finished in seventh position with the Dutch Men's Team at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Mexico. After an active career as water polo player, Geutjes became a successful swimming coach, first with AZ&PC Amersfoort, and currently with De Otters Het Gooi Bussum. He has trained and coached several athletes that went on to perform at international level, such as the twins Mildred and Marianne Muis, and Chantal Groot.

text:
# Loet Geutjes

**Louis ("Loet") Geutjes** (born August 12, 1943) is a former water polo player from The Netherlands, who finished in seventh position with the Dutch Men's Team at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Mexico. After an active career as water polo player, Geutjes became a successful swimming coach, first with AZ&PC Amersfoort, and currently with De Otters Het Gooi Bussum. He has trained and coached several athletes that went on to perform at international level, such as the twins Mildred and Marianne Muis, and Chantal Groot.

## InfoBox

Loet Geutjes
| Geutjes in 1964 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1943-08-12) August 12, 1943<br>Amersfoort, Utrecht, Netherlands |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Water polo |


title: Mary Laschinger

abstract: Mary Laschinger is the former chairman and chief executive officer of Veritiv. While she was the CEO of Veritiv, it was the largest woman-run company in Georgia.

text:
# Mary Laschinger

**Mary Laschinger** (born circa 1959) is the former chairman and chief executive officer of Veritiv.

While she was the CEO of Veritiv, it was the largest woman-run company in Georgia.

## Early life and education

Laschinger was born around 1959 and grew up on her family's dairy farm in Arkansaw, Wisconsin. She was third from the youngest, with four brothers and three sisters. Her father took advantage of government subsidies and the family did not have many of the hardships of other small farms. She did laundry and scrubbed the floors as a child on the farm.

After graduating high school, she worked several odd jobs and spent several years attending a local tech school. She was 21 when she began attending university, and in 1985, she graduated with a degree in business administration from the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire. She completed her Executive MBA at the University of Connecticut and her postgraduate studies at Northwestern University’s, Kellogg School of Management in executive management.

## Career

In 1985, Laschinger went to work as a production planner for Kimberly-Clark and then for James River (now Georgia-Pacific).

She joined International Paper in 1992, where she held various roles. She was a senior vice president of the company from 2007, until June 2014. From January 2010 until June 2014, she was the company's president of its xpedx division.

On July 1, 2014, Veritiv was formed upon the merger of International Paper Company's xpedx division with the parent company of Unisource Worldwide, at which time Laschinger became chairman and CEO of the company.

By June 2016, Laschinger was one of 21 women CEOs of Fortune 500 companies.

In 2019, with compensation of $7 million, she was the highest paid female CEO in the Atlanta metropolitan area.

In September 2020, Laschinger retired.

## InfoBox

| Mary A. Laschinger | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1959 (age 6465)
Arkansaw, Wisconsin |
| Alma mater | University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
University of Connecticut
Kellogg School of Management |
| Years active | 1985-2020 |
| Known for | Former Chairman & CEO of Veritiv |


title: Yogyogeshwar Jai Shankar

abstract: Yogyogeshwar Jai Shankar is an Indian Marathi language mythological TV series. It is directed by Chinmay Udgirkar and produced by Sanjay Zankar under the banner of Zankar Films. The show premiered from 30 May 2022 on Colors Marathi by replacing Tujhya Rupacha Chandana. It stars Aarush Bedekar and Sangram Samel in lead roles.

text:
# Yogyogeshwar Jai Shankar

***Yogyogeshwar Jai Shankar*** is an Indian Marathi language mythological TV series. It is directed by Chinmay Udgirkar and produced by Sanjay Zankar under the banner of Zankar Films. The show premiered from 30 May 2022 on Colors Marathi by replacing *Tujhya Rupacha Chandana*. It stars Aarush Bedekar and Sangram Samel in lead roles.

## Plot

A master in the tradition of Nath Siddhas and one of the greatest Yogi saints of Maharashtra from the modern age, Shankar Maharaj, brought changes to the lives of those who needed them the most. The series concludes with Shankar Maharaj's departure from Solapur after bidding adieu to his devotees.

## Cast

* Aarush Bedekar as child Shankar Maharaj
    + Sangram Samel as adult Shankar Maharaj
* Uma Pendharkar
* Vishwanath Kulkarni
* Shrushti Pagare as Pawani
* Sonali Patil
* Pranit Hate
* Akhil Lale

## Reception

### Special episode (1 hour)

1. 21 August 2022
2. 9 October 2022
3. 30 October 2022
4. 20 November 2022
5. 11 December 2022
6. 1 January 2023
7. 29 January 2023
8. 5 March 2023
9. 16 April 2023
10. 28 May 2023

### Airing history

| No. | Airing Date | Days | Time (IST) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 30 May 2022 – 14 August 2023 | Mon-Sat (sometimes Sun) | 7 pm |
| 2 | 15 August – 14 October 2023 | | 6.30 pm |

## InfoBox

| *Yogyogeshwar Jai Shankar* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Mythology |
| Written by | Balkrushna Tidake |
| Directed by | Chinmay Udgirkar |
| Starring | See below |
| Country of origin | India |
| Original language | Marathi |
| No. of episodes | 460 |
| Production | |
| Producer | Sanjay Zankar |
| Production locations | Nashik, Maharashtra |
| Cinematography | Vinayak Jadhav |
| Editor | Ganesh Lamhane |
| Camera setup | Multi-camera |
| Running time | 22 minutes |
| Production company | Zankar Films |
| Original release | |
| Network | Colors Marathi |
| Release | 30 May 2022 (2022-05-30) <br>14 October 2023 (2023-10-14) |


title: T Kid

abstract: Julius Cavero, T-KID is a graffiti artist from the Bronx, New York.

text:
# T Kid

**Julius Cavero**, **T-KID** (or **Terrible T-KID 170**) is a graffiti artist from the Bronx, New York.

## Biography

### Background and early life

T Kid's father was an immigrant from Peru, who worked at the Linden Assembly in New Jersey. His mother emigrated from Puerto Rico in the mid 1950s.

### Graffiti

He started in the 1970s, tagging the name "King 13" every time he'd win a challenge, performing daredevil tricks on swings in local parks. He was a short lived member of a gang called the Bronx Enchanters and The Renegades of Harlem, where he learned how to paint trains.

He later became the president of TNB (The Nasty Boyz) and ex-president of TVS (The Vamp Squad), one of the most notorious New York graffiti crews. T-KID is still active and his work can be seen in the Bronx as well as around the world. He is also a member of MAC crew from Paris. T-Kid was originally asked to be the narrator for the Hip-Hop documentary *Style Wars* but he declined.

## Appearances in other media

More recently T-Kid has appeared in the videogame *Marc Eckō's Getting Up: Contents Under Pressure*.

## InfoBox

| The TerribleT-KID 170TAT TNB MAC | |
| --- | --- |
| T Kid piece (centre) alongside Phos4 (left) and Jay1 (right), Rummelsburg 1994 | |
| Born | Julius Cavero
United States |
| Nationality | American |
| Known for | Public art
Graffiti
Painting
Street art |
| Style | Wildstyle |
| Movement | Graffiti |


title: Pappophorum

abstract:
Pappophorum is a genus of plants in the grass family, native to the Western Hemisphere. Members of the genus are commonly known as pappusgrass.
  - Species
  - Pappophorum bicolor E.Fourn. – pink pappusgrass - Texas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Guanajuato, D.F., Veracruz, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosí
  - Pappophorum caespitosum R.E.Fr. - Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay
  - Pappophorum hassleri Hack. - Paraguay
  - Pappophorum krapovickasii Roseng. - Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil
  - Pappophorum mucronulatum Nees - Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Mexico, Honduras, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay
  - Pappophorum pappiferum (Lam.) Kuntze – limestone pappusgrass - Mexico, West Indies, South America
  - Pappophorum philippianum Parodi - Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Sonora
  - formerly included see Bouteloua Bromus Enneapogon Pentameris Triodia

text:
# Pappophorum

***Pappophorum*** is a genus of plants in the grass family, native to the Western Hemisphere. Members of the genus are commonly known as **pappusgrass**.

Species formerly included

see *Bouteloua Bromus Enneapogon Pentameris Triodia*

## InfoBox

| *Pappophorum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Pappophorum bicolor* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Chloridoideae |
| Tribe: | Cynodonteae |
| Subtribe: | Pappophorinae |
| Genus: | *Pappophorum*
Schreb. |
|
| Type species | |
| *Pappophorum alopecuroideum* (syn of *P. pappiferum)*
Vahl. | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Polyrhaphis* Lindl. | |


abstract: The Ordinariate for Eastern Catholics in Poland is the Ordinariate for Eastern Catholic faithful for the members of Eastern Catholic particular churches sui iuris in Poland without their own jurisdiction. Currently it serves only Armenian Catholics in 3 parishes.

text:
# Ordinariate for Eastern Catholics in Poland

The **Ordinariate for Eastern Catholics in Poland** (Polish **Ordynariat dla wiernych obrządku wschodniego**) is the Ordinariate for Eastern Catholic faithful (an Eastern Catholic jurisdiction within a country's Latin Church hierarchy) for the members of Eastern Catholic particular churches *sui iuris* in Poland without their own jurisdiction. Currently it serves only Armenian Catholics in 3 parishes.

## History

In September 18, 1981, it was established as the Ordinariate of Poland for Byzantine Rite and Armenian Catholics by Pope John Paul II. The ordinariate was separate from the Archdiocese of Warszawa but vested in that see.

On 16 January 1991, following the erection of two Ukrainian Greek Catholic eparchies, the ordinariate assumed its current name and limited its jurisdiction.

As of 2007, 147 faithful of the Catholic Church of the Byzantine Catholics who belonged to a parish of Kostomłoty were entrusted to the pastoral care of the Latin Bishop of Siedlce.

Since Archbishop Nycz's decree on 1 December 2009, the ordinariate maintained jurisdiction over three churches, all for Armenian Catholics.

## Territory and statistics

The ordinariate is exempt, directly dependent on the Holy See (not part of any ecclesiastical province and the Roman Congregation for the Oriental Churches). It is headquartered in Warsaw (the primatial see and its ordinary is the Latin hierarch of the Archdiocese of Warsaw.

### Parishes

As of 2024, there are three parishes in the Ordinariate:

* Armenian-Catholic Southern Parish in Gliwice (Holy Trinity Church)
* Armenian Catholic Central Parish in Warsaw (Church of Saint Gregory of Narek)
* Armenian Catholic Northern Parish in Gdańsk (Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul)

As per 2014, its pastorally served 670 Eastern Catholics in 3 parishes and 2 missions with 4 diocesan priests.

## Episcopal ordinaries

## Sources

* Annuario Pontificio, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Città del Vaticano, 2003, ISBN 88-209-7422-3.

## InfoBox

| Ordinariate for Eastern Catholics in Poland | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Poland |
| Statistics | |
| Population
- Catholics | (as of 2013)
670 |
| Parishes | 3 |
| Information | |
| Established | 18 September 1981 |
| Current leadership | |
| Pope | Francis |
| Bishop | Kazimierz Nycz |


# List of Canadian Comedy Awards ceremonies

Founded in 1999, the Canadian Comedy Awards have a mandate "to recognize, celebrate and promote Canadian achievements in comedy at home and abroad." The awards ceremonies are known for placing "gags over glamour" with quick wit and improvisational skills shown by hosts, presenters and recipients. From 2002 to 2015, the awards ceremony was held as part of the Canadian Comedy Awards Festival, with dozens of comedy events.

| No. | Date | Venue | Host city | Host(s) | Artist of the Year | Festival | Televised | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1st | 6 Apr 2000 | Masonic Temple | Toronto, Ontario | Dave Thomas |  |  | CTV
The Comedy Network |  |
| 2nd | Apr 2001 | The Guvernment | Toronto | Sheila McCarthy
Patrick McKenna |  |  | The Comedy Network
Star! |  |
| 3rd | 4 Apr 2002 | The Docks | Toronto | Brent Butt |  |  |  |  |
| 4th | Sep 2003 | Grand Theatre | London, Ontario | Royal Canadian Air Farce |  |  |  |  |
| 5th | Oct 2004 |  | London | Scott Thompson |  |  |  |  |
| 6th | 22 Oct 2005 |  | London | Bruce Hunter as
Rocko the Dog |  | 18–22 Oct |  |  |
| 7th | 27 Oct 2006 | London Music Hall Complex | London | Debra DiGiovanni |  | 24–28 Oct | Gala review only |  |
| 8th | 12 Oct 2007 | London Music Hall Complex | London | Ryan Belleville |  | 9–13 Oct | Variety specials only |  |
| 9th | 5 Oct 2008 | Casino Regina | Regina, Saskatchewan | Alan Park | Seth Rogen | 1–5 Oct | Variety special only |  |
| 10th | 2 Oct 2009 | Imperial Theatre | Saint John, New Brunswick | Seán Cullen | Seth Rogen | 1–4 Oct | Variety special only |  |
| 11th | 18 Oct 2010 | Winter Garden Theatre | Toronto | Dave Foley | Irwin Barker | 14–18 Oct |  |  |
| 12th | 17 Oct 2011 | Isabel Bader Theatre | Toronto | Steve Patterson | Samantha Bee | 13–17 Oct |  |  |
| 13th | 26 Aug 2012 | Fairmont Royal York | Toronto | Alan Thicke | Nikki Payne | 23–26 Aug |  |  |
| 14th | 6 Oct 2013 | Centrepointe Theatre | Ottawa, Ontario | Ryan Belleville | Colin Mochrie | 3–6 Oct |  |  |
| 15th | 14 Sep 2014 | Ottawa Little Theatre | Ottawa | Tom Green | Dave Foley | 10–14 Sep |  |  |
| 16th | 13 Sep 2015 | Toronto Reference Library | Toronto |  | Samantha Bee |  |  |  |
| 17th | 6 Nov 2016 | The Second City | Toronto |  | Mike Ward |  |  |  |
| 18th | 18 Jun 2018 |  | Toronto |  | Mike MacDonald |  |  |  |
| 19th | 4 Jun 2019 | The Second City | Toronto | Ali Hassan | Catherine O'Hara |  |  |  |

## Footnotes

### Notes

### References

1. "Meet Tim Progosh of the Canadian Comedy Awards". *Conversations with Influencers* (Press release). Fordham PR. 6 July 2014. Archived from the original on 15 July 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
2. Spevack, Leatrice (6 April 2002). "The Beaver goes to ... a pretty funny show". *The Globe and Mail*. Toronto, Ontario: The Globe and Mail Inc. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
3. "Canadian Comedy Awards | History". Canadian Comedy Awards. 2017. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
4. Ryan, Andrew (14 May 2010). "Taking a break from the Daily grind". *The Globe and Mail*. Toronto: The Globe and Mail Inc. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
5. "Walsh, Mercer are comic royalty". *The Globe and Mail*. Toronto, Ontario: The Globe and Mail Inc. 7 April 2000. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
6. March, Catherine Dawson (26 May 2001). "The Critical List". *The Globe and Mail*. Toronto, Ontario: The Globe and Mail Inc. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
7. "Canadian Comedy Awards & Festival Leaves them laughing in London again". *Survival of the Funniest*. 2005. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
8. "Canadian comic performers to celebrate at annual awards". *CBC News*. London, Ontario: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 27 October 2006. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
9. "'Gas' nabs six noms for Canadian Comedy Awards". *CTV News*. Toronto: Bell Media. The Canadian Press. 26 July 2007. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
10. "Superbad, Juno snap up comedy awards". *The Province*. Vancouver, British Columbia: Southam Publications. Canwest News Service. 5 October 2008. p. D3. ProQuest 269545399.
11. "CBC shows pick up trophies at Canadian Comedy Awards". *CBC News*. Toronto: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 5 October 2008. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
12. Mooney, Megan (20 July 2009). "Canadian Comedy Awards – Nominees announced, let the voting begin..." *Mooney on Theatre*. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
13. "Less Than Kind leads comedy nominees". *CBC News*. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 22 June 2010. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
14. Sumi, Glenn (19 October 2010). "Canadian Comedy Awards". *NOW Magazine*. Toronto: NOW Communications, Inc. Archived from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
15. Kaplan, Jon; Sumi, Glenn (20 October 2011). "Artistic Dance". *NOW Magazine*. Toronto: NOW Communications, Inc. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
16. "Steve Patterson wins best male stand-up at comedy awards". *The Globe and Mail*. The Globe and Mail Inc. 17 October 2011. Archived from the original on 3 February 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
17. "Canadian comedy feted at annual awards". *CBC News*. Toronto: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 18 October 2011. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
18. Wheeler, Brad (18 August 2012). "The Lineup: August 18 – August 24". *The Globe and Mail*. The Globe and Mail Inc. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
19. Sumi, Glenn (28 August 2012). "The Canadian Comedy Awards". *NOW Magazine*. Toronto: NOW Communications Inc. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
20. Helmer, Aedan (2 October 2013). "Canadian Comedy Awards Festival prepares for one helluva funny weekend in Ottawa". *Ottawa Sun*. Ottawa, Ontario. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
21. Langston, Patrick (6 September 2014). "Borg and Gnome bring comedy to a high note". *Ottawa Citizen*. Ottawa, Ontario. p. F3. ProQuest 2069475746.
22. "Canadian Comedy Awards Festival returns to Ottawa". *Ottawa Citizen* (Press release). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Postmedia Network Inc. 7 March 2014. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
23. Sumi, Glen (30 June 2015). "2015 Canadian Comedy Awards nominees". *Now Magazine*. Toronto: Now Communications Inc. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
24. "Shot-in-Midland movie nominated for Canadian Comedy Awards". *The Midland-Penetanguishene Mirror*. Midland, Ontario: Metroland Media Group. 3 July 2015. p. 1. ProQuest 1693321041.
25. "Awards | Canadian Comedy Awards". Canadian Comedy Awards. 2016. Archived from the original on 17 February 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
26. "FAQ | Canadian Comedy Awards". Canadian Comedy Foundation for Excellence. 23 June 2018. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
27. "Nominations & Awards Archives". Canadian Comedy Awards. 2017. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
28. "Awards | Canadian Comedy Awards". Canadian Comedy Awards. 2019. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2019.


abstract: The following list of Carnegie libraries in Mississippi provides detailed information on United States Carnegie libraries in Mississippi, where 11 public libraries were built from 10 grants awarded by the Carnegie Corporation of New York from 1904 to 1916. In addition, academic libraries were built at 2 institutions.

text:
# List of Carnegie libraries in Mississippi

The following **list of Carnegie libraries in Mississippi** provides detailed information on United States Carnegie libraries in Mississippi, where 11 public libraries were built from 10 grants (totaling $145,500) awarded by the Carnegie Corporation of New York from 1904 to 1916. In addition, academic libraries were built at 2 institutions (totaling $90,000).

## Key

Building still operating as a library
Building standing, but now serving another purpose
Building no longer standing
Building listed on the National Register of Historic Places
Building contributes to a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places

## Public libraries

|  | Library | City or
town | Image | Date
granted | Grant
amount | Location | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Clarksdale | Clarksdale |  | Nov 21, 1911 | $10,000 | 114 Delta Ave. | Still serving original function as Free Public Library |
| 2 | Greenwood | Greenwood |  | Sep 29, 1911 | $10,000 | 408 W. Washington St. | Closed in the 1970s |
| 3 | Gulfport | Gulfport |  | May 15, 1916 | $10,000 | 1300 24th Ave. | Building is currently operating as the Gulfport Galleria of Fine Art a 501(c)(3) organization. |
| 4 | Houston | Houston |  | Feb 25, 1908 | $6,000 | 105 W. Madison St.
33°53′47″N 89°00′03″W / 33.89639°N 89.00083°W / 33.89639; -89.00083 (Houston) | Still serving original function as Free Public Library |
| 5 | Jackson | Jackson |  | Jan 31, 1911 | $25,000 |  |  |
| 6 | Meridian Carnegie Library (white) | Meridian |  | Dec 2, 1904 | $30,000 | 628 25th Ave.
32°21′50″N 88°42′11″W / 32.36389°N 88.70306°W / 32.36389; -88.70306 (Meridian) | Currently houses the Meridian Museum of Art |
| 7 | Meridian Carnegie Library (black) | Meridian |  | Dec 2, 1904 | $8,000 | 2721 13th St.
32°22′10″N 88°42′23″W / 32.36944°N 88.70639°W / 32.36944; -88.70639 (Meridian 13th St.) | Open 1913–1974, demolished 2008 |
| 8 | Mound Bayou | Mound Bayou |  | Feb 13, 1909 | $4,000 |  | Never used as a library building. |
| 9 | Okolona | Okolona |  | Mar 11, 1914 | $7,500 | 321 W. Main St. | Still serving original function as Free Public Library |
| 10 | Vicksburg | Vicksburg |  | Jul 23, 1914 | $25,000 | 819 South St.
32°20′53″N 90°52′51″W / 32.34806°N 90.88083°W / 32.34806; -90.88083 (Vicksburg) | Now houses city offices |
| 11 | West Point | West Point |  | Jan 31, 1913 | $10,000 | 510 E. Broad St. | Now houses community development organization |

## Academic libraries

|  | Institution | Locality | Image | Year
granted | Grant
amount | Location | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Millsaps College | Jackson |  | Mar 12, 1906
Nov 22, 1923 | $15,000
$50,000 | 1701 N. State St. |  |
| 2 | University of Mississippi | University |  | Mar 15, 1905 | $25,000 |  | Built in 1911, now called Bryant Hall. A contributing property to Lyceum–The Circle Historic District |

* Anderson, Florence (1963). *Carnegie Corporation Library Program 1911–1961*. New York: Carnegie Corporation. OCLC 1282382.
* Bobinski, George S. (1969). *Carnegie Libraries: Their History and Impact on American Public Library Development*. Chicago: American Library Association. ISBN 0-8389-0022-4.
* Jones, Theodore (1997). *Carnegie Libraries Across America*. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-14422-3.
* Miller, Durand R. (1943). *Carnegie Grants for Library Buildings, 1890-1917*. New York: Carnegie Corporation of New York. OCLC 2603611.

*Note: The above references, while all authoritative, are not entirely mutually consistent. Some details of this list may have been drawn from one of the references without support from the others. Reader discretion is advised.*