title: Wendouree, Victoria

abstract: Wendouree is a large suburb on the north western rural-urban fringe of the city of Ballarat, in Victoria, Australia. It is the second most populated suburb in the City of Ballarat with a total of 10,376 inhabitants at the 2021 census. It is named after nearby Lake Wendouree, which derives its name from the Wathaurong word wendaaree, meaning "be off". It incorporates the unofficial locality of Wendouree West. Wendouree has the second major commercial and business hub in Greater Ballarat, and is also the location of several Ballarat-based commercial and industrial firms. Landmarks of Wendouree include the Ballarat Sports and Events Centre, the home of the Ballarat Miners and Ballarat Rush; the Ballarat Showgrounds; Eureka Stadium, the former St Mary's Redemptorist Monastery, Stockland Wendouree Shopping Complex, and the Wendouree Centre for the Performing Arts.

text:
# Wendouree, Victoria

**Wendouree** (/ˌwɛndəˈr/) is a large suburb on the north western rural-urban fringe of the city of Ballarat, in Victoria, Australia. It is the second most populated suburb in the City of Ballarat with a total of 10,376 inhabitants at the 2021 census.

It is named after nearby Lake Wendouree, which derives its name from the Wathaurong word *wendaaree*, meaning "be off" (or "go away"). It incorporates the unofficial locality of Wendouree West.

Wendouree has the second major commercial and business hub in Greater Ballarat, and is also the location of several Ballarat-based commercial and industrial firms.

Landmarks of Wendouree include the Ballarat Sports and Events Centre, the home of the Ballarat Miners and Ballarat Rush; the Ballarat Showgrounds (Venue for the annual Ballarat Show); Eureka Stadium (Home ground of the North Ballarat (Australian Football) club and Australian Football League venue), the former St Mary's Redemptorist Monastery, Stockland Wendouree Shopping Complex, and the Wendouree Centre for the Performing Arts.

## History

In 1838 a squatter called William Cross Yuille camped on the shores of the Black Swamp, now known as Lake Wendouree, the first Ballarat resident. The Yuille Pastoral Run developed during the mid-1800s.

Renowned fly fishing author Alfred Ronalds established Ballarat's first garden nursery in 1854 on the bank of the Swamp. He also built large tanks there and provided water for the town.

Wendouree Post Office opened on 17 February 1871.

Significant urban growth in Wendouree began shortly after the Second World War, encouraged by the development of industrial areas to the west.

The Howitt Street shopping centre opened in 1962, and Wendouree Village shopping centre (now Stockland) opened in 1978.

The landmark St Mary's Redemptorist Monastery in Gillies Street was converted into apartments beginning in 2000.

## Commerce and Industry

Wendouree's main commercial area is along the western section of Howitt Street between Forest and Gillies Streets, and along Gillies Street between Howitt and Norman Streets. Located in this area are the Howitt Street Shopping Centre, the Wendouree Homemaker Centre and Stockland Wendouree, as well as fast-food restaurants, car dealerships, community and health-care facilities and a number of small office buildings.

Newer industrial and commercial estates have recently commenced development on designated future growth zones to the West that will benefit from access to Ballarat's new western bypass road and planned redevelopment and expansion of the city's airport.

## Education

Wendouree is home to Ballarat Grammar School in Forest Street and the Mount Rowan Secondary College. The suburb also has four primary schools (Wendouree, Forest Street, Our Lady Help of Christians Parish, and Yuille Park Community College).

Ballarat Grammar is an independent Kindergarten to Year 12 school affiliated with the Anglican Church of Australia. It was opened by Bishop Green on the current site at the corner of Howitt and Forest Streets in 1911 as a school only for boys. In 1973 the school amalgamated with the Queens Grammar School for girls in Ballarat Central, with the girls making the move to the larger Wendouree campus.

Mount Rowan Secondary College (located at the corner of Forest Street and Giot Drive) is located at the northern end of the suburb opened in 1978 as the Wendouree High Technical School. Its name changed to Wendouree Secondary College in 1990. In 1993 the school was amalgamated with Ballarat East Secondary College (originally High School) and Midlands Secondary College (originally Ballarat North Technical School) to form Ballarat Secondary College. The new campus, like that of the others, catered for years 7 to 10. Years 11 and 12 were accommodated at the Barkly Street, Ballarat Central, campus opened in 2000. It replaced the Midlands campus, which was subsequently closed and demolished. In 2017, the college was re-instated as a separate college again catering for years P7-12.

Wendouree Primary School (PS 1813) is located on Howitt Street opposite the Howitt Street shopping centre.

Forest Street Primary School (PS 4936) is located at the northern end of Forest Street near the secondary college. It opened in February 1966.

Our Lady Help of Christians Parish Primary School is located on Gillies Street in the suburb's north-west. It was opened on 15 October 1961, with the foundation staff of Srs. Anne Gardan, Antoinette Russo, Paulinus Setford and Austin Connellan.

Wendouree West Primary School (State School No 4701) opened in 1957. The Victorian Government Gazette 815 dated 26 September 1956 records the first Primary School originally being constructed as a six classroom, concrete veneer, timber-framed building that cost 21,300 pounds to construct. The builder was the local Ballarat building firm A. V. Jennings Constructions. In 1972 the school was given a State award for having the best maintained school grounds in Victoria, with extensive plantings of flower beds and native trees. In 1975 a library, art room and multi-function hall complex was built at the expense of the removal of many of the best native flower and rose beds. In 1977 the primary school population peaked at 437 children. This number decreased significantly with the establishment of the temporary Yuille Primary School to the north in 1981. Wendouree West Primary was renamed Grevillea Park in the early 1990s.

Yuille Park Community College (PS 5520), located on Violet Grove in the west of the suburb, opened in brand new buildings in 2007 as the merger of Yuille Primary School and Grevillea Park Primary School. The Yuille Primary School buildings in McKenzie Drive are now used for running alternative education programs for disinterested students.

## Healthcare and Community Services

Within Wendouree are a number of significant healthcare facilities. These include the Queen Elizabeth Village, an aged care complex next to Stockland Wendouree, in Gillies Street. It is a publicly owned service and part of the larger Queen Elizabeth Centres of the Ballarat Health Services. In Howitt Street near Wendouree Primary School is the Kelaston aged care centre and the Vision Australia Centre. Another facility, Mulvra Aged Care, is a privately run centre in Dowling Street, opposite the Wendouree Sports Complex.

Along both Howitt and Gillies Streets are many medical practices, some offering specialist services, such as podiatry, paediatrics, pathology, and medical imagery. The Ballarat Day Procedure Centre is in Howitt Street near the intersection with Forest Street.

Wendouree Veterinary Practice is also in Howitt Street.

Child care and pre-school centres in Wendouree are located in College Street; Forest Street, near the Forest Street Primary School; Dare Street, as part of Ballarat Grammar School; Howitt Street, opposite the Day Procedure Centre; Gillies Street, opposite Weeramar Park; Norman Street, next to Weeramar Park; and Hazel Road.

Adjoining Yuille Park College is the Wendouree West Community House, a neighbourhood centre offering social opportunities, adult education courses, and programs specifically designed for children, for youth, for men and for women. The Wendouree Community Health Centre, located near the corner of Learmonth Road and Gillies Street, provides health information and counselling, as well as space for hire for local groups and events.

## Transport

Wendouree is serviced by several bus routes: Route 11 terminates at Wendouree Station. Ballarat Station to Wendouree Station via Drummond Street. Route 12 terminates at Wendouree Station. Ballarat Station to Wendouree Station via Midland Highway and Dowling Street. Route 31 terminates at Wendouree Station. Wendouree Station to Miners Rest via Learmonth Road. Route 10 stops at Wendouree Station. Ballarat Station to Alfredton via Wendouree and Midland Highway, Forest Street and Gillies Street. Ballarat Taxis operates in Wendouree and throughout Ballarat and offers the only night transport in Wendouree excluding Night Trains and Coaches. Wendouree railway station, opened in 2009, is located on the south-western edge of the suburb, just off Learmonth Road. The station runs V/Line trains along the Ballarat line.

## Sports Facilities

Wendouree has a significant range of premier sporting facilities catering to seasonal and year-round competitions. Indoor and outdoor basketball, badminton, tennis and lawn bowls facilities at Hollioake Park in the North of Wendouree.

The Eureka sports precinct in the south-east comprises the Ballarat Agricultural and Pastoral Society Showgrounds, Eureka Stadium, North Ballarat No 2 oval, the Wendouree Football Oval (C. E. Brown Reserve), outdoor netball courts and the Ballarat Sports and Events Centre. The latter is the home of Basketball and Netball in Ballarat.

Other sports facilities include the Wendouree West Recreation Reserve off Holly Grove, which has two competition grade soccer fields and a BMX track; the large Ring Road reserve; and a number of small reserves within residential areas.

## Neighbourhoods

### Wendouree West

The Ballarat West Estate, later renamed as Wendouree West, was first planned in 1949 as a large public housing scheme of the Housing Commission of Victoria, to deal with the post-war housing shortage. Demand was also anticipated with the increasing 'baby boom' and intake of post-war immigrants. The estate originally consisted of 750 prefabricated timber bungalows that were mostly built between 1952 and 1962. Initially many of its residents worked in nearby manufacturing plants producing building laminate, caravans and roller bearings.

Wendouree West Post Office opened in February 1955. The post office was relocated to Wendouree Village Shopping Centre (now Stockland) in 1992.

Early plans envisaged the estate to be an urban planning model, however development of infrastructure was considerably slower than the construction of housing, with many homes not being connected to sewerage or served by sealed roads until the late 1950s. During the 1950s an aggressive and active community development committee was established, and elements of this committee still remain today, promoting the ongoing development of the neighbourhood. In the mid-1950s a small shopping centre, playgrounds, a kindergarten and other amenities were built. During the 1970s a further 500, more substantial modern brick veneer homes were built to the north of the estate. By the late 1970s the population of the suburb peaked at approximately 5,000.

Today, the estate has a resident population representing a mixture of cultures and age groups. The estate is noted as having low socio-economic resources due to higher-than-average unemployment, a high population of aged residents, and inter-generational social welfare dependency.

Attempts over the years to change the name of Wendouree West were met with mixed responses from residents throughout Ballarat. In the early 2000s, during a process to make official the boundaries of all cities, towns and suburbs in Victoria, it was determined that Wendouree West would exist only as an unofficial neighbourhood name. The name Wendouree West (or "Westie") was often used to stigmatise and as a term of derision, often placing its residents at a disadvantage when applying for employment and other positions in the wider Ballarat community. In large part, this historic stigmatisation has contributed to the ongoing disadvantage of its youths. The estate today is now included as part of Wendouree.

In recent years attempts have been made to rejuvenate the estate including the removal of many of the early prefabricated cottages and the construction of retirement units and modern private and public housing. Some 300 of the original houses are to be retained and many have already undergone extensive renovation and modernisation, but in such a way that the historical character of the area remains intact. The original Wendouree West State School buildings were demolished in early 2007, with the new replacement school opening as Yuille Park Community College, the product of amalgamation with Yuille Primary School. The renewal program has also seen a lot of civic improvements including street-scaping, an upgrade of the shopping centre, new footpaths and fences, as well as new play equipment, toilets and barbecue facilities in the parks.

## InfoBox

| Wendouree
Ballarat, Victoria | |
| --- | --- |
| View west over Howitt Street from the exhibition grounds. | |
| Wendouree | |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 37°31′55″S 143°49′23″E / 37.532°S 143.823°E / -37.532; 143.823 |
| Population | 10,376 (2021 census) |
| • Density | 1,067.5/km2 (2,764.8/sq mi) |
| Postcode(s) | 3355 |
| Area | 9.72 km2 (3.8 sq mi) |
| Location | 5 km (3 mi) NW of Ballarat Central |
| LGA(s) | City of Ballarat |
| State electorate(s) | Wendouree |
| Federal division(s) | Ballarat |
| **Suburbs around Wendouree:**  Miners Rest Mount Rowan Invermay Park  Mitchell Park Wendouree Ballarat North  Lake Gardens Lake Wendouree Soldiers Hill | |


title: Turris farouqui

abstract: Turris farouqui is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids.

text:
# Turris farouqui

***Turris farouqui*** is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 28 mm.

## Distribution

Fossils of this species were found in Vindobonian strata at Geneifa, Egypt.

## InfoBox

| *Turris farouqui* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Turridae |
| Genus: | *Turris* |
| Species: | ***T. farouqui*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Turris farouqui***<br>Abbass 1977 | |
|


title: Leon Breeden

abstract: Harold Leon Breeden was a jazz educator and musician.

text:
# Leon Breeden

**Harold Leon Breeden** (3 October 1921 – 11 August 2010) was a jazz educator and musician.

## Biography

When he was three his parents moved to Wichita Falls, Texas, where he grew up and graduated from high school. He attended Texas Wesleyan College in Fort Worth on a scholarship and later transferred to Texas Christian University where he completed both his bachelor's and master's degrees. While doing graduate work at Columbia University in New York City, he studied clarinet with Reginald Kell who had immigrated to the U.S. in 1948. Benny Goodman began studies with Kell in 1949.

In 1944, after military duty, he became the Director of Bands at Texas Christian University and later served as Director of Bands at Grand Prairie High School from 1953 to 1959. In 1959, M.E. "Gene" Hall, Founding Director of Jazz Studies at the University of North Texas College of Music, recommended Breeden to replace Hall as Director of Jazz Studies, where Breeden remained until his retirement in 1984. A classically trained clarinetist, Breeden also played saxophone and studied composition and arranging at Texas Christian. He was a teaching assistant under Don Gillis, whom he worked with in New York City from 1950 to 1952 as his assistant. He married Bonna Joyce McKee, whom he had met while working on his master's degree at Texas Christian.

Gillis was producer of the NBC Symphony, conducted by Arturo Toscanini. Breeden met with and wrote arrangements for Arthur Fiedler, conductor of the Boston Pops. Gillis recommended Breeden for work. In 1950, after hearing his first arrangements for the group, Fiedler offered Breeden a position as staff writer and arranger for the orchestra, but with an ill father, Breeden declined and moved back to Texas. He worked as music coordinator for KXAS-TV in Fort Worth, known at the time as WBAP-TV.

In the last several years of his life, Breeden frequently soloed on clarinet with The Official Texas Jazz Orchestra. In 2009, The University of North Texas awarded Breeden with an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree.

Breeden died of natural causes on August 11, 2010, in Dallas. The Associated Press release of Breeden's death referred to him as a legendary director who made the One O'Clock Lab Band internationally famous.

## InfoBox

| Leon Breeden | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Harold Leon Breeden |
| Born | (1921-10-03)October 3, 1921
Guthrie, Oklahoma, U.S. |
| Died | August 11, 2010(2010-08-11) (aged 88)
Dallas, Texas |
| Genres | Jazz, classical |
| Occupation(s) | Educator, musician, composer |
| Instrument | Clarinet |


title: Today (Perry Como album)

abstract: Today is the 29th studio album by Perry Como. It was his final album for RCA Records and of his 55-year music career. This is also the penultimate recording ever made by Perry Como, the last being for a Christmas television special in 1994. This album is also significant in that it was the first and only album of Como's career to be released contemporaneously in both vinyl LP format and compact disc. The song "Wind Beneath My Wings" was recorded for the album in 1987, two years before it was a hit for Bette Midler. It was meant to be somewhat autobiographical. Como also sang this song some 5 years earlier as a tribute to his idol, Bing Crosby. Como wanted to release the song as a single, but RCA declined; Reportedly, Como was so upset that he vowed never to record for RCA again.

text:
# Today (Perry Como album)

***Today*** is the 29th studio album by Perry Como. It was his final album for RCA Records and of his 55-year music career. This is also the penultimate recording ever made by Perry Como, the last being for a Christmas television special in 1994. This album is also significant in that it was the first and only album of Como's career to be released contemporaneously in both vinyl LP format and compact disc.

The song "Wind Beneath My Wings" was recorded for the album in 1987, two years before it was a hit for Bette Midler. It was meant to be somewhat autobiographical. Como also sang this song some 5 years earlier as a tribute to his idol, Bing Crosby. Como wanted to release the song as a single, but RCA declined; Reportedly, Como was so upset that he vowed never to record for RCA again.

## Track listing

Side One

1. "Making Love to You" (music by Nick Perito, lyrics by Sammy Cahn)
2. "Sing Along with Me" (music by Nick Perito and lyrics by Dee Williams)
3. "Tonight I Celebrate My Love for You" (music by Michael Masser and lyrics by Gerry Goffin)
4. "Butterfly" (music by L. Russell Brown and lyrics by Irwin Levine)
5. "Bless the Beasts and the Children" (words and music by Barry De Vorzon and Perry Botkin, Jr.)
6. "That's What Friends Are For" (music by Burt Bacharach and lyrics by Carole Bayer Sager)

Side Two

1. "The Wind Beneath My Wings" (words and music by Larry Henley and Jeff Silbar)
2. "I'm Dreaming of Hawaii" (music by Nick Perito and lyrics by Jennifer L. Perito and Dick Williams)
3. "Do You Remember Me" (music by Nick Perito and lyrics by Richard B. Matheson)
4. "My Heart Stood Still" (music by Richard Rodgers and lyrics by Lorenz Hart)
5. "You're Nearer" (music by Richard Rodgers and lyrics by Lorenz Hart)
6. "The Best of Times" (words and music by Jerry Herman)

## InfoBox

| Today | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Perry Como | |
| Released | May 1987 |
| Recorded | February 1987 |
| Genre | Vocal pop |
| Label | RCA Victor |
| Producer | Mike Berniker, Nick Perito |
| Perry Como chronology | |
| *Perry Como, So It Goes / Goodbye for Now*
(1983) ***Today***
(1987) *Perry Como's Christmas Concert*
(1994) | |


title: March 76S

abstract: The March 76S is a Group 6 prototype race car, designed, developed and built by British manufacturer March Engineering, for sports car racing, in 1976.

text:
# March 76S

The **March 76S** is a Group 6 prototype race car, designed, developed and built by British manufacturer March Engineering, for sports car racing, in 1976.

## InfoBox

March 76S
| Category | Group 6 |
| --- | --- |
| Technical specifications | |
| Chassis | fibreglass body on aluminium monocoque |
| Suspension | double wishbones, push-rod actuated coil springs over shock absorbers, anti-roll bar (front)
twin lower links, single upper links, trailing arms, coil springs over dampers, anti-roll bar (rear) |
| Engine | Ford-Cosworth DFV 3.0 L (183.1 cu in) DOHC 90° V8 naturally-aspirated mid-engined
BMW M12/7 2.0 L (122.0 cu in) DOHC I4 naturally-aspirated mid-engined |
| Transmission | Hewland FT200 5-speed manual |
| Power | 300–400 hp (220–300 kW) |
| Weight | 575 kg (1,268 lb) |
| Competition history | |
| Debut | 1976 300km of Nürburgring |


title: Wari Kayan

abstract: Wari Kayán is an archaeological site located on the Paracas Peninsula in Peru, approximately 250 kilometers south of Lima. It is renowned for its ancient cemetery, also known as the Paracas Necropolis, which contains hundreds of well-preserved funerary bundles dating back to the Paracas culture.

text:
# Wari Kayan

**Wari Kayán** is an archaeological site located on the Paracas Peninsula in Peru, approximately 250 kilometers south of Lima. It is renowned for its ancient cemetery, also known as the Paracas Necropolis, which contains hundreds of well-preserved funerary bundles dating back to the Paracas culture.

## Discovery and excavation

The site was discovered in 1927 by Peruvian archaeologist Julio C. Tello, often referred to as the "father of Peruvian archaeology." Tello unearthed 429 funerary bundles at Wari Kayán, which were buried 1–5 meters below ground. This discovery led Tello to identify a new cultural phase he named "Paracas Necrópolis," distinct from the earlier "Paracas Cavernas" tradition he had previously identified in the area.

## Funerary bundles

The funerary bundles, or "mummy bundles," found at Wari Kayán are notable for their exceptional preservation and the wealth of artifacts they contain. Between 1930 and 1960, approximately 100 of these bundles were opened and inventoried, revealing an extraordinary collection of textiles, ceramics, precious metals, and other grave goods.

### Textiles

The textiles found in the Wari Kayán bundles are particularly significant, representing some of the finest examples of Pre-Columbian textile art. These include elaborately embroidered garments, shrouds, and other cloth items, many featuring complex iconography and vibrant colors.

## Cultural significance

The Wari Kayán cemetery provides valuable insights into the material culture and mortuary practices of the Paracas people. Research indicates that the site represents a period of cultural transition and interaction, with evidence of three distinct "material culture traditions" coexisting during the creation of the cemetery: late Paracas, Topará, and early Nasca.

## Platform mound

Wari Kayán is notable for its large platform mound, which is composed of multiple levels. The uppermost level includes a central plaza surrounded by smaller structures. It is believed to have served as a ceremonial or administrative center for the surrounding area.

## Ongoing research

Ongoing studies of the Wari Kayán site and its artifacts continue to yield new information about the Paracas culture and its relationships with neighboring groups. The "*Prácticas en Vida, Presencia después de la Muerte: Lo estilístico y lo material en las Necrópolis de Paracas*" project, supported by the National Science Foundation, aims to compile years of research by archaeologists, bio-anthropologists, and art historians to further our understanding of this significant archaeological site.

Paracas culture

## Further reading

* Daggett, Richard E. (1994). "The Paracas Mummy Bundles of the Great Necropolis of Wari Kayan: A History," *Andean Past*: Vol. 4, Article 7.


title: Quantum circuit

abstract: In quantum information theory, a quantum circuit is a model for quantum computation, similar to classical circuits, in which a computation is a sequence of quantum gates, measurements, initializations of qubits to known values, and possibly other actions. The minimum set of actions that a circuit needs to be able to perform on the qubits to enable quantum computation is known as DiVincenzo's criteria. Circuits are written such that the horizontal axis is time, starting at the left hand side and ending at the right. Horizontal lines are qubits, doubled lines represent classical bits. The items that are connected by these lines are operations performed on the qubits, such as measurements or gates. These lines define the sequence of events, and are usually not physical cables. The graphical depiction of quantum circuit elements is described using a variant of the Penrose graphical notation. Richard Feynman used an early version of the quantum circuit notation in 1986.

text:
# Quantum circuit

In quantum information theory, a **quantum circuit** is a model for quantum computation, similar to classical circuits, in which a computation is a sequence of quantum gates, measurements, initializations of qubits to known values, and possibly other actions. The minimum set of actions that a circuit needs to be able to perform on the qubits to enable quantum computation is known as DiVincenzo's criteria.

Circuits are written such that the horizontal axis is time, starting at the left hand side and ending at the right. Horizontal lines are qubits, doubled lines represent classical bits. The items that are connected by these lines are operations performed on the qubits, such as measurements or gates. These lines define the sequence of events, and are usually not physical cables.

The graphical depiction of quantum circuit elements is described using a variant of the Penrose graphical notation. Richard Feynman used an early version of the quantum circuit notation in 1986.

## Reversible classical logic gates

Most elementary logic gates of a classical computer are not reversible. Thus, for instance, for an AND gate one cannot always recover the two input bits from the output bit; for example, if the output bit is 0, we cannot tell from this whether the input bits are 01 or 10 or 00.

However, reversible gates in classical computers are easily constructed for bit strings of any length; moreover, these are actually of practical interest, since irreversible gates must always increase physical entropy. A reversible gate is a reversible function on *n*-bit data that returns *n*-bit data, where an *n*-bit data is a string of bits *x*1,*x*2, ...,*x**n* of length *n*. The set of *n*-bit data is the space {0,1}*n*, which consists of 2*n* strings of 0's and 1's.

More precisely: an *n*-bit reversible gate is a bijective mapping *f* from the set {0,1}*n* of *n*-bit data onto itself. An example of such a reversible gate *f* is a mapping that applies a fixed permutation to its inputs. For reasons of practical engineering, one typically studies gates only for small values of *n*, e.g. *n*=1, *n*=2 or *n*=3. These gates can be easily described by tables.

## Quantum logic gates

The quantum logic gates are reversible unitary transformations on at least one qubit. Multiple qubits taken together are referred to as quantum registers. To define quantum gates, we first need to specify the quantum replacement of an *n*-bit datum. The *quantized version* of classical *n*-bit space {0,1}*n* is the Hilbert space

$$H\_{\operatorname {QB} (n)}=\ell ^{2}(\\{0,1\\}^{n}).$$

This is by definition the space of complex-valued functions on {0,1}*n* and is naturally an inner product space. $\ell ^{2}$ means the function is a square-integrable function. This space can also be regarded as consisting of linear combinations, or superpositions, of classical bit strings. Note that *H*QB(*n*) is a vector space over the complex numbers of dimension 2*n*. The elements of this vector space are the possible state-vectors of *n*-qubit quantum registers.

Using Dirac ket notation, if *x*1,*x*2, ...,*x**n* is a classical bit string, then

$$|x\_{1},x\_{2},\cdots ,x\_{n}\rangle \quad $$

is a special *n*-qubit register corresponding to the function which maps this classical bit string to 1 and maps all other bit strings to 0; these 2*n* special *n*-qubit registers are called *computational basis states*. All *n*-qubit registers are complex linear combinations of these computational basis states.

Quantum logic gates, in contrast to classical logic gates, are always reversible. One requires a special kind of reversible function, namely a unitary mapping, that is, a linear transformation of a complex inner product space that preserves the Hermitian inner product. An *n*-qubit (reversible) quantum gate is a unitary mapping *U* from the space *H*QB(*n*) of *n*-qubit registers onto itself.

Typically, we are only interested in gates for small values of *n*.

A reversible *n*-bit classical logic gate gives rise to a reversible *n*-bit quantum gate as follows: to each reversible *n*-bit logic gate *f* corresponds a quantum gate *W**f* defined as follows:

$$W\_{f}(|x\_{1},x\_{2},\cdots ,x\_{n}\rangle )=|f(x\_{1},x\_{2},\cdots ,x\_{n})\rangle .$$

Note that *W**f* permutes the computational basis states.

Of particular importance is the controlled NOT gate (also called CNOT gate) *W*CNOT defined on a quantized 2 qubit. Other examples of quantum logic gates derived from classical ones are the Toffoli gate and the Fredkin gate.

However, the Hilbert-space structure of the qubits permits many quantum gates that are not induced by classical ones. For example, a relative phase shift is a 1 qubit gate given by multiplication by the phase shift operator:

$$P(\varphi )={\begin{bmatrix}1&0\\0&e^{i\varphi }\end{bmatrix},}$$

so

$$P(\varphi )|0\rangle =|0\rangle \quad P(\varphi )|1\rangle =e^{i\varphi }|1\rangle .$$

## Reversible logic circuits

Again, we consider first *reversible* classical computation. Conceptually, there is no difference between a reversible *n*-bit circuit and a reversible *n*-bit logic gate: either one is just an invertible function on the space of *n* bit data. However, as mentioned in the previous section, for engineering reasons we would like to have a small number of simple reversible gates, that can be put together to assemble any reversible circuit.

To explain this assembly process, suppose we have a reversible *n*-bit gate *f* and a reversible *m*-bit gate *g*. Putting them together means producing a new circuit by connecting some set of *k* outputs of *f* to some set of *k* inputs of *g* as in the figure below. In that figure, *n*=5, *k*=3 and *m*=7. The resulting circuit is also reversible and operates on *n*+*m**k* bits.

We will refer to this scheme as a *classical assemblage* (This concept corresponds to a technical definition in Kitaev's pioneering paper cited below). In composing these reversible machines, it is important to ensure that the intermediate machines are also reversible. This condition assures that *intermediate* "garbage" is not created (the net physical effect would be to increase entropy, which is one of the motivations for going through this exercise).

Note that each horizontal line on the above picture represents either 0 or 1, not these probabilities. Since quantum computations are reversible, at each 'step' the number of lines must be the same number of input lines. Also, each input combination must be mapped to a single combination at each 'step'. This means that each intermediate combination in a quantum circuit is a bijective function of the input.

Now it is possible to show that the Toffoli gate is a universal gate. This means that given any reversible classical *n*-bit circuit *h*, we can construct a classical assemblage of Toffoli gates in the above manner to produce an (*n*+*m*)-bit circuit *f* such that

$$f(x\_{1},\ldots ,x\_{n},\underbrace {0,\dots ,0} )=(y\_{1},\ldots ,y\_{n},\underbrace {0,\ldots ,0} )$$

where there are *m* underbraced zeroed inputs and

$(y\_{1},\ldots ,y\_{n})=h(x\_{1},\ldots ,x\_{n})$.

Notice that the result always has a string of *m* zeros as the ancilla bits. No "rubbish" is ever produced, and so this computation is indeed one that, in a physical sense, generates no entropy. This issue is carefully discussed in Kitaev's article.

More generally, any function *f* (bijective or not) can be simulated by a circuit of Toffoli gates. Obviously, if the mapping fails to be injective, at some point in the simulation (for example as the last step) some "garbage" has to be produced.

For quantum circuits a similar composition of qubit gates can be defined. That is, associated to any *classical assemblage* as above, we can produce a reversible quantum circuit when in place of *f* we have an *n*-qubit gate *U* and in place of *g* we have an *m*-qubit gate *W*. See illustration below:

The fact that connecting gates this way gives rise to a unitary mapping on *n*+*m**k* qubit space is easy to check. In a real quantum computer the physical connection between the gates is a major engineering challenge, since it is one of the places where decoherence may occur.

There are also universality theorems for certain sets of well-known gates; such a universality theorem exists, for instance, for the pair consisting of the single qubit phase gate *U*θ mentioned above (for a suitable value of θ), together with the 2-qubit CNOT gate *W*CNOT. However, the universality theorem for the quantum case is somewhat weaker than the one for the classical case; it asserts only that any reversible *n*-qubit circuit can be *approximated* arbitrarily well by circuits assembled from these two elementary gates. Note that there are uncountably many possible single qubit phase gates, one for every possible angle θ, so they cannot all be represented by a finite circuit constructed from {*U*θ, *W*CNOT}.

## Quantum computations

So far we have not shown how quantum circuits are used to perform computations. Since many important numerical problems reduce to computing a unitary transformation *U* on a finite-dimensional space (the celebrated discrete Fourier transform being a prime example), one might expect that some quantum circuit could be designed to carry out the transformation *U*. In principle, one needs only to prepare an *n* qubit state ψ as an appropriate superposition of computational basis states for the input and measure the output *U*ψ. Unfortunately, there are two problems with this:

* One cannot measure the phase of ψ at any computational basis state so there is no way of reading out the complete answer. This is in the nature of measurement in quantum mechanics.
* There is no way to efficiently prepare the input state ψ.

This does not prevent quantum circuits for the discrete Fourier transform from being used as intermediate steps in other quantum circuits, but the use is more subtle. In fact quantum computations are *probabilistic*.

We now provide a mathematical model for how quantum circuits can simulate *probabilistic* but classical computations. Consider an *r*-qubit circuit *U* with register space *H*QB(*r*). *U* is thus a unitary map

$$H\_{\operatorname {QB} (r)}\rightarrow H\_{\operatorname {QB} (r)}.$$

In order to associate this circuit to a classical mapping on bitstrings, we specify

* An *input register* *X* = {0,1}*m* of *m* (classical) bits.
* An *output register* *Y* = {0,1}*n* of *n* (classical) bits.

The contents *x* = *x*1, ..., *x**m* of the classical input register are used to initialize the qubit register in some way. Ideally, this would be done with the computational basis state

$$|{\vec {x},0\rangle =|x\_{1},x\_{2},\cdots ,x\_{m},\underbrace {0,\dots ,0} \rangle ,}$$

where there are *r*-*m* underbraced zeroed inputs. Nevertheless, this perfect initialization is completely unrealistic. Let us assume therefore that the initialization is a mixed state given by some density operator *S* which is near the idealized input in some appropriate metric, e.g.

$$\operatorname {Tr} \left({\big |}|{\vec {x},0\rangle \langle {\vec {x},0|-S{\big |}\right)\leq \delta .}}$$

Similarly, the output register space is related to the qubit register, by a *Y* valued observable *A*. Note that observables in quantum mechanics are usually defined in terms of *projection valued measures* on **R**; if the variable happens to be discrete, the projection valued measure reduces to a family {Eλ} indexed on some parameter λ ranging over a countable set. Similarly, a *Y* valued observable, can be associated with a family of pairwise orthogonal projections {E*y*} indexed by elements of *Y*. such that

$$I=\sum \_{y\in Y}\operatorname {E} \_{y}.$$

Given a mixed state *S*, there corresponds a probability measure on *Y* given by

$$\operatorname {Pr} \\{y\\}=\operatorname {Tr} (S\operatorname {E} \_{y}).$$

The function *F*:*X**Y* is computed by a circuit *U*:*H*QB(*r*)*H*QB(*r*) to within ε if and only if for all bitstrings *x* of length *m*

$$\left\langle {\vec {x},0{\big |}U^{\*}\operatorname {E} \_{F(x)}U{\big |}{\vec {x},0\right\rangle =\left\langle \operatorname {E} \_{F(x)}U(|{\vec {x},0\rangle ){\big |}U(|{\vec {x},0\rangle )\right\rangle \geq 1-\epsilon .}}}}$$

Now

$$\left|\operatorname {Tr} (SU^{\*}\operatorname {E} \_{F(x)}U)-\left\langle {\vec {x},0{\big |}U^{\*}\operatorname {E} \_{F(x)}U{\big |}{\vec {x},0\right\rangle \right|\leq \operatorname {Tr} ({\big |}|{\vec {x},0\rangle \langle {\vec {x},0|-S{\big |})\\|U^{\*}\operatorname {E} \_{F(x)}U\\|\leq \delta }}}}$$

so that

$$\operatorname {Tr} (SU^{\*}\operatorname {E} \_{F(x)}U)\geq 1-\epsilon -\delta .$$

**Theorem**. If ε + δ \< 1/2, then the probability distribution

$$\operatorname {Pr} \\{y\\}=\operatorname {Tr} (SU^{\*}\operatorname {E} \_{y}U)$$

on *Y* can be used to determine *F*(*x*) with an arbitrarily small probability of error by majority sampling, for a sufficiently large sample size. Specifically, take *k* independent samples from the probability distribution Pr on *Y* and choose a value on which more than half of the samples agree. The probability that the value *F*(*x*) is sampled more than *k*/2 times is at least

$$1-e^{-2\gamma ^{2}k},$$

where γ = 1/2 - ε - δ.

This follows by applying the Chernoff bound.

## Accelerating Quantum Computing Simulations with FPGAs

With the advent of quantum computing, there has been a significant surge in both the number of developers and available tools. However, the slow pace of technological advancement and the high maintenance costs associated with quantum computers have limited broader participation in this field. In response, developers have turned to simulators, such as IBM's Qiskit, to model quantum behavior without relying solely on real quantum hardware. Nevertheless, simulators, being classical computers, are constrained by computation speed. The fundamental advantage of quantum computers lies in their ability to process qubits, leveraging properties like entanglement and superposition simultaneously. By running quantum simulations on classical computers, the inherent parallelism of quantum computing is taken away. Moreover, as the number of simulated qubits increases, the simulation's speed decreases proportionally.

In a quantum circuit, the vectors are used to represent the state of the qubits and different matrices are used to represent the gate that is applied on the qubits. Since linear algebra is a major component of the quantum simulation, Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) could be used to accelerate the simulation of quantum computing. FPGA is a kind of hardware that excels at executing operations in parallel, supports pipelining, has on-chip memory resources with low access latency, and offers the flexibility to reconfigure the hardware architecture on-the-fly which make it a well suited tool to handle matrix multiplication.

The main idea of accelerating quantum computing simulations is to offload some of the heavy computation to special hardware like FPGA in order to speed up the whole simulation process. And the bigger quantum circuits (more qubits and more gates) we simulate, the more speedup we gain from offloading to FPGA compared with software simulations on CPU. The data flow of the simulation is explained below. First, the user inputs all the information of the quantum circuit including initial state and various gates through the user interface. Then, all this information is compressed and sent to the FPGA through some hardware communication protocols like AXI. Then, all the information is stored in the on-chip memory in the FPGA. And the simulation starts when the data is read from the memory and sent to the Matrix multiplication module. After all the calculation is done, the result will be sent back to the memory and to the CPU.

Suppose we are simulating 5-qubit circuits, then we need to store the vector that holds 32 (2⁵) 16-bit values, each of which represents the square-root probability of a possible existing state. We also need to store the 32x32 matrix that represents the gate. In order to parallel this computation, we can store the 32 rows of the matrix separately and replicate 32 row\_vec\_mult hardware such that each row can calculate the multiplication in parallel. This will dramatically speed up the simulation with a price of more hardware and memory usage in FPGA.

It has been discovered that with careful hardware design, it's possible to achieve a hardware architecture with O(n) time complexity, where 'n' denotes the number of qubits. In contrast, the runtime of Numpy approaches O(2^2^n). This finding underscores the feasibility of leveraging FPGAs to accelerate quantum computing simulations.


title: Food quality

abstract: Food quality is a concept often based on the organoleptic characteristics and nutritional value of food. Producers reducing potential pathogens and other hazards through food safety practices is another important factor in gauging standards. A food's origin, and even its branding, can play a role in how consumers perceive the quality of products.

text:
# Food quality

**Food quality** is a concept often based on the organoleptic characteristics (e.g., taste, aroma, appearance) and nutritional value of food. Producers reducing potential pathogens and other hazards through food safety practices is another important factor in gauging standards. A food's origin, and even its branding, can play a role in how consumers perceive the quality of products.

## Sensory

Consumer acceptability of foods is typically based upon flavor and texture, as well as its color and smell.

## Safety

The International Organization for Standardization identifies requirements for a producer's food safety management system, including the processes and procedures a company must follow to control hazards and promote safe products, through ISO 22000. Federal and state level departments, specifically The Food and Drug Administration, are responsible for promoting public health by, among other things, ensuring food safety. Food quality in the United States is enforced by the Food Safety Act 1990. The European Food Safety Authority provides scientific advice and communicates on risks associated with the food chain on the continent.

There are many existing international quality institutes testing food products in order to indicate to all consumers which are higher quality products. Founded in 1961 in Brussels, The international Monde Selection quality award is the oldest in evaluating food quality. The judgements are based on the following areas: taste, health, convenience, labelling, packaging, environmental friendliness and innovation. As many consumers rely on manufacturing and processing standards, the Institute Monde Selection takes into account the European Food Law.

Food quality in the United States is enforced by the Food Safety Act 1990. Members of the public complain to trading standards professionals, \[specify\] who submit complaint samples and also samples used to routinely monitor the food marketplace to public analysts. Public analysts carry out scientific analysis on the samples to determine whether the quality is of sufficient standard. It is an important food manufacturing requirement because food consumers are susceptible to any form of contamination that may occur during the manufacturing process.

Food quality also deals with product traceability, (e.g., of ingredient, and packaging suppliers), should a recall of the product be required. It also deals with labeling issues to ensure there is correct ingredient and nutritional information. It is an important food manufacturing requirement, because food consumers are susceptible to any form of contamination that may occur during the manufacturing process. There are also sanitation requirements because it is important to ensure that the food processing environment is as clean as possible in order to produce the safest possible food for the consumer.

## Origin

Environmentally sustainable practices, animal welfare, and authenticity play a subjective role when considering the quality of food.

Many consumers also rely on manufacturing and processing standards, particularly to know what ingredients are present, due to dietary, nutritional requirements (kosher, halal, vegetarian), or medical conditions (e.g., diabetes, or allergies).

## Food labeling

General food labeling is required by law to be present on food packages. Food containers and packages should be labeled on the front label panels or the principal display panel (PDP).

The Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004 covers the eight food groups that qualify as "major food allergens": milk, eggs, fish, crustacean shellfish, tree nuts, wheat, peanuts, and soybeans.

The United States Department of Agriculture requires food labels to ensure the quality of food products sold. There are different types of food labeling guidelines depending on the type of food group, this includes: dairy, beef, poultry, eggs, USDA Certified Organic, Plant Variety Protection, fruits, vegetables, and specialty crops. Grade shields, official seals and labels are all granted to products that have completed review through USDA’s Agricultural Marketing Service as well as following required labeling guidelines. To consumers and buyers, these shields, seals, and labels ensure the quality and integrity of products.

In Sweden, food labeling is regulated by the Swedish Food Agency (Livsmedelsverket) and follows the guidelines set by the European Union. The EU's primary regulation on food labeling is Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 on the provision of food information to consumers.

## Academic resources

* *Food Quality and Preference*
* *Journal of Food Quality*
* *Sensing and Instrumentation for Food Quality and Safety*, ISSN 1932-7587, ISSN 1932-9954

## Notes and references

## Bibliography

* Potter, Norman N. and Joseph H. Hotchkiss (1995). *Food Science.* 5th Edition. New York: Chapman & Hall. pp. 90–112.


title: Weigela hortensis

abstract: Weigela hortensis is a species of flowering plant in the family Caprifoliaceae, native to Hokkaido and Honshu islands of Japan. A rounded shrub reaching 10 ft (3 m), and hardy in USDA zones 6 through 9, it is occasionally found in commerce.

text:
# Weigela hortensis

***Weigela hortensis*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Caprifoliaceae, native to Hokkaido and Honshu islands of Japan. A rounded shrub reaching 10 ft (3 m), and hardy in USDA zones 6 through 9, it is occasionally found in commerce.

## InfoBox

| *Weigela hortensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| In bloom in Aizu, Japan | |
|  | |
| Botanical illustration | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Dipsacales |
| Family: | Caprifoliaceae |
| Genus: | *Weigela* |
| Species: | ***W. hortensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Weigela hortensis***<br>(Siebold & Zucc.) K.Koch | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Diervilla hortensis* Siebold & Zucc. | |


title: Lužane

abstract: Lužane is a village in the municipality of Aleksinac, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 942 people.

text:
# Lužane

**Lužane** (Serbian Cyrillic: Лужане) is a village in the municipality of Aleksinac, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 942 people.

## Education

Lužane has only one elementary school called "Vuk Karadžić". It provides education from 1st to 4th grade, and preschool. After 4th grade, kids then go to a school in Žitkovac.

43°28′51″N 21°43′30″E / 43.48083°N 21.72500°E / 43.48083; 21.72500

## InfoBox

| Lužane Лужане | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Lužane | |
| Country | Serbia |
| District | Nišava |
| Municipality | Aleksinac |
| Elevation | 554 ft (169 m) |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 942 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Leigné-les-Bois

abstract: Leigné-les-Bois is a commune in the Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France.

text:
# Leigné-les-Bois

**Leigné-les-Bois** (French pronunciation: \[lɛɲe le bwa\]) is a commune in the Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 578 |  |
| 1975 | 519 | −1.53% |
| 1982 | 509 | −0.28% |
| 1990 | 500 | −0.22% |
| 1999 | 465 | −0.80% |
| 2007 | 570 | +2.58% |
| 2012 | 579 | +0.31% |
| 2017 | 592 | +0.45% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Leigné-les-Bois | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The parish church of Saint-Rémi, in Leigné-les-Bois | |
| Location of Leigné-les-Bois | |
| Leigné-les-BoisLeigné-les-Bois | |
| Coordinates: 46°45′37″N 0°42′26″E / 46.7603°N 0.7072°E / 46.7603; 0.7072 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Nouvelle-Aquitaine |
| Department | Vienne |
| Arrondissement | Châtellerault |
| Canton | Châtellerault-3 |
| Intercommunality | CA Grand Châtellerault |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Philippe Guenaire |
| Area**1** | 29.97 km2 (11.57 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 583 |
| Density | 19/km2 (50/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 86125 /86450 |
| Elevation | 83–142 m (272–466 ft)
(avg. 139 m or 456 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Today (Talk Talk song)

abstract: "Today" is a song by English band Talk Talk released in June 1982 and is the third single from their debut album The Party's Over. It was the band's first top 20 hit and was their second ever biggest hit, peaking at number 14 on the UK Singles Chart.

text:
# Today (Talk Talk song)

"**Today**" is a song by English band Talk Talk released in June 1982 and is the third single from their debut album *The Party's Over*. It was the band's first top 20 hit and was their second ever biggest hit, peaking at number 14 on the UK Singles Chart.

## Versions

The 7" version of "Today" is a slight edit of the album version. However, this is not mentioned anywhere on the release. It was included on the 1997 compilation *The Very Best of Talk Talk*, entitled "Today (Single Version)".

The 12" B-side song, "It's So Serious", is from a BBC radio session, recorded for the David Jensen Show in November 1981, and was produced by John Sparrow. Similar to the 7" single, there is no mention of the fact that "Today" is an extended version or that "It's So Serious" is from a BBC radio session.

In the Netherlands, "It's So Serious" was released as the A-side, with "Today" as the B-side.

## Track listings

**7": EMI / EMI 5314 (UK)**

1. "Today" – 3:13
2. "It's So Serious" – 3:19

**12": EMI / 12 EMI 5314 (UK)**

1. "Today" – 4:27
2. "It's So Serious" – 4:16

## Charts

| Chart (1982–83) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Ireland (IRMA) | 16 |
| New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) | 10 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 14 |
|

1. "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
2. "Talk Talk Setlist at David Jensen BBC Studios Session, London". *setlist.fm*. Retrieved 2020-03-05.
3. "Talk Talk - It's So Serious • Today". *Discogs*. Retrieved 2020-03-05.
4. "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Today". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
5. "Talk Talk – Today". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 5 March 2020.

## InfoBox

| "Today" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Talk Talk | |
| from the album  *The Party's Over* | |
| B-side | "It's So Serious" |
| Released | 21 June 1982 (1982-06-21) |
| Genre | Synth-pop |
| Length | 3:30 |
| Label | EMI |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Colin Thurston |
| Talk Talk singles chronology | |
| "Talk Talk"
(1982) "**Today**"
(1982) "Talk Talk (Reissue)"
(1982) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Today" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Marcel Nogues

abstract: Sous Lieutenant Marcel Joseph Maurice Nogues was a World War I flying ace credited with thirteen aerial victories. He was an ace over enemy observation balloons, as well as enemy airplanes.

text:
# Marcel Nogues

Sous Lieutenant **Marcel Joseph Maurice Nogues** was a World War I flying ace credited with thirteen aerial victories. He was an ace over enemy observation balloons, as well as enemy airplanes.

## Early life

Marcel Joseph Maurice Nogues was born on 24 January 1895 in Paris.

## World War I service

Nogues joined the artillery on 4 September 1914. After volunteering for pilot's training, he was detached from the artillery to aviation on 24 January 1916. He gained his Military Pilot's Brevet, No. 3486, on 20 May 1916. He then underwent a series of advanced training assignments, at Dijon, Ambrieu, Avord, Cazau, and Pau. On 26 September 1916, he was posted to Escadrille N12 (the 'N' representing Nieuport). On 4 March 1917, he shared a victory with Joseph de Sevin. He scored a second time on 12 April. The next day, Nogues was shot down, probably by Albert Dossenbach of Jasta 36, and fell into the enemy's hands. It did not take him long to escape and rejoin his squadron. He was promoted from Maréchal-des-logis to Adjutant on 20 July 1917 and wounded by shrapnel on 13 August 1917.

Upon recovery, he was reassigned to Escadrille Spa 57 as a Spad pilot on 12 April 1918. Nogues was credited with downing an Albatros over Assainvillers on 2 May 1918. He steadily accumulated victories through May and June, mostly solo, though he shared one with Jean Alfred Fraissinet. On 4 July, for his ninth win, he shot down an enemy observation balloon, sharing the win with Andre Petit-Delchet; this victory brought him the Légion d'honneur. On 26 September 1918, Nogues became a balloon buster ace, downing his fifth gasbag for his thirteenth victory.

## Postwar

As the war ended, Nogues was transferred to Escadrille 172. Along with his other decorations, he had earned the Croix de Guerre with a minimum of five palmes.

On 5 October 1919, Marcel Nogues died several hours after receiving a blow to the larynx in a rugby match.

## Honors and awards

**Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur**

"Temporary Sous Lieutenant: pilot of exceptional strength and admirable bravery. He recently downed two enemy planes in flames, reporting therewith his 6th and 7th victories. One wound, Médaille Militaire for feats of war. Five citations."

## Bibliography

* Franks, Norman L. R.; Bailey, Frank W. (1992). *Over the front : a complete record of the fighter aces and units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914-1918*. London: Grub Street. ISBN 0-948817-54-2. OCLC 28223455.

## InfoBox

| Marcel Joseph Maurice Nogues | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1895-01-24)January 24, 1895
Paris, France |
| Died | October 5, 1919(1919-10-05) (aged 24) |
| Allegiance | France |
| Service/branch | Artillery
Aviation |
| Years of service | 1914 – ca 1918 |
| Rank | Sous lieutenant |
| Unit | 6c Regiment d'Artilleie Coloniale
107c Regiment d'Artillerie Lourde
Escadrille 12
Escadrille 57
Escadrille 172 |
| Battles/wars | World War I |


title: Mike Gillette

abstract: Mike Gillette is a former American football and baseball player. He was a placekicker for the University of Michigan Wolverines football team from 1985 to 1988 and a punter for the 1988 team. He also played baseball for Michigan, and later played professionally in the minor leagues. Gillette finished his college football career is the leading scorer in Michigan football history with 295 points on 53 field goals, 130 extra points, and one touchdown. He also set Michigan records for the longest field goal and most field goals in a single game (five).

text:
# Mike Gillette

**Mike Gillette** (born c. 1967) is a former American football and baseball player. He was a placekicker for the University of Michigan Wolverines football team from 1985 to 1988 and a punter for the 1988 team. He also played baseball for Michigan, and later played professionally in the minor leagues. Gillette finished his college football career is the leading scorer in Michigan football history with 295 points on 53 field goals, 130 extra points, and one touchdown. He also set Michigan records for the longest field goal (56 yards) and most field goals in a single game (five).

## Football career

Gillette grew up in St. Joseph, Michigan, and was an all-state quarterback, placekicker and punter at St. Joseph High School. He enrolled at the University of Michigan in 1985.

Gillette had the best season of his career in 1988 and was selected by conference coaches for the United Press International as a first-team kicker on the 1988 All-Big Ten Conference football team. High and low points of Gillette's 1988 season include the following:

* On September 10, 1988, Gillette missed a 48-yard field goal attempt with three seconds left in a 19-17 loss to Notre Dame.
* On October 8, 1988, Gillette ran 40 yards for a touchdown on a fake punt against Michigan State. With a total of 11 points in the game (a field goal and two extra points in addition to his touchdown), he became Michigan's all-time leading scorer, passing the mark of 244 points set by Anthony Carter from 1979 to 1982.
* On October 15, 1986, Gillette kicked a game-winning 34-yard field goal as time ran out in a 20-17 victory over Iowa.
* On November 5, 1988, Gillette kicked five field goals in a 22-7 victory over Minnesota. Gillette's five field goals broke the prior Michigan record of four field goals established by Bob Wood in 1975 and tied by Bob Bergeron in 1984.
* On November 19, 1988, Gillette kicked two field goals in Michigan's 34-31 victory over Ohio State. His second field goal against the Buckeyes covered 56 yards, breaking his own record set two years earlier for the longest field goal in Michigan football history.
* On January 1, 1989, in his final game for Michigan, Gillette kicked a 49-yard field goal in Michigan's 22-14 victory over USC in the 1989 Rose Bowl. Gillette's 49-yard field goal against USC was the Michigan record for the longest field goal in a bowl game until Quinn Nordin kicked a 57 yarder in the 2020 citrus bowl.

During his four years at Michigan, Gillette was successful on 53 of 75 field goal attempts for 159 points. He also successfully converted 130 of 133 extra point attempts, and ran for a touchdown, giving him a total of 295 points during his Michigan football career.

## Baseball career

In addition to his kicking duties, Gillette also played college baseball for the Wolverines. In the summer of 1987, he played catcher for the Harwich Mariners of the Cape Cod Baseball League. When he had to leave the team before the end of the season to return to school for football practice, Gillette was replaced on the Mariners' roster by future major leaguer John Flaherty.

Gillette was selected by the Kansas City Royals in the 34th round of the 1988 MLB Draft. He went on to play minor league baseball from 1990 to 1992.

## InfoBox

Mike Gillette
| Michigan Wolverines  No. 19 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position | Placekicker, punter |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | c. 1967 (age 5657) |
| Height | 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) |
| Weight | 185 lb (84 kg) |
| Career history | |
| College |  |
| Bowl games | 1986 Fiesta Bowl
1987 Rose Bowl
1988 Hall of Fame Bowl
1989 Rose Bowl |
| High school | St. Joseph (MI) |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |


title: Lunar Saros 138

abstract: Saros cycle series 138 for lunar eclipses occurs at the moon's ascending node, 18 years 11 and 1/3 days. It contains 82 events.

text:
# Lunar Saros 138

| Member 28 |
| --- |
|
2008 Aug 16 |

**Saros cycle series 138 for lunar eclipses** occurs at the moon's ascending node, 18 years 11 and 1/3 days. It contains 82 events.

## Summary

Lunar saros series 138 has 26 total eclipses between September 7, 2044 and March 24, 2369. The longest eclipse will be on January 7, 2243, and last for 102 minutes.

Partial eclipses will occur between June 24, 1918 and August 13, 2603. Penumbral eclipses will occur between October 15, 1521 and March 30, 2982.

## List

| Cat. | Saros | Mem | Date | Time UT
(hr:mn) | Type | Gamma | Magnitude | Duration
(min) | | | Contacts UT
(hr:mn) | | | | | | Chart |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | Greatest | | | | Pen. | Par. | Tot. | P1 | P4 | U1 | U2 | U3 | U4 | |
| 08481 | 138 | 1 | 1521 Oct 15 | 23:41:27 | Penumbral | 1.5291 | -0.9345 | 53.1 |  |  | 23:14:54 | 0:08:00 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 08522 | 138 | 2 | 1539 Oct 27 | 8:11:00 | Penumbral | 1.5126 | -0.9063 | 71.9 |  |  | 7:35:03 | 8:46:57 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 08565 | 138 | 3 | 1557 Nov 06 | 16:45:01 | Penumbral | 1.5003 | -0.8857 | 83.5 |  |  | 16:03:16 | 17:26:46 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 08608 | 138 | 4 | 1575 Nov 18 | 1:25:13 | Penumbral | 1.4936 | -0.8751 | 89.6 |  |  | 0:40:25 | 2:10:01 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 08651 | 138 | 5 | 1593 Dec 08 | 10:08:29 | Penumbral | 1.4899 | -0.8701 | 93.1 |  |  | 9:21:56 | 10:55:02 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 08695 | 138 | 6 | 1611 Dec 19 | 18:54:22 | Penumbral | 1.4891 | -0.8700 | 94.4 |  |  | 18:07:10 | 19:41:34 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 08739 | 138 | 7 | 1629 Dec 30 | 3:40:31 | Penumbral | 1.4892 | -0.8713 | 95.0 |  |  | 2:53:01 | 4:28:01 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 08783 | 138 | 8 | 1648 Jan 10 | 12:26:15 | Penumbral | 1.4897 | -0.8730 | 95.3 |  |  | 11:38:36 | 13:13:54 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 08828 | 138 | 9 | 1666 Jan 20 | 21:09:12 | Penumbral | 1.4886 | -0.8717 | 96.6 |  |  | 20:20:54 | 21:57:30 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 08874 | 138 | 10 | 1684 Feb 01 | 5:47:50 | Penumbral | 1.4849 | -0.8653 | 99.6 |  |  | 4:58:02 | 6:37:38 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 08920 | 138 | 11 | 1702 Feb 12 | 14:21:25 | Penumbral | 1.4778 | -0.8527 | 104.6 |  |  | 13:29:07 | 15:13:43 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 08966 | 138 | 12 | 1720 Feb 23 | 22:48:32 | Penumbral | 1.4666 | -0.8322 | 111.9 |  |  | 21:52:35 | 23:44:29 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 09013 | 138 | 13 | 1738 Mar 06 | 7:07:15 | Penumbral | 1.4492 | -0.8003 | 122.2 |  |  | 6:06:09 | 8:08:21 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 09060 | 138 | 14 | 1756 Mar 16 | 15:17:47 | Penumbral | 1.4259 | -0.7575 | 134.6 |  |  | 14:10:29 | 16:25:05 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 09106 | 138 | 15 | 1774 Mar 27 | 23:19:02 | Penumbral | 1.3960 | -0.7026 | 148.9 |  |  | 22:04:35 | 0:33:29 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 09151 | 138 | 16 | 1792 Apr 07 | 7:12:01 | Penumbral | 1.3602 | -0.6370 | 164.1 |  |  | 5:49:58 | 8:34:04 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 09196 | 138 | 17 | 1810 Apr 19 | 14:54:06 | Penumbral | 1.3165 | -0.5570 | 180.6 |  |  | 13:23:48 | 16:24:24 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 09241 | 138 | 18 | 1828 Apr 29 | 22:28:38 | Penumbral | 1.2674 | -0.4671 | 197.2 |  |  | 20:50:02 | 0:07:14 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 09288 | 138 | 19 | 1846 May 11 | 5:53:43 | Penumbral | 1.2111 | -0.3643 | 214.2 |  |  | 4:06:37 | 7:40:49 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 09332 | 138 | 20 | 1864 May 21 | 13:12:02 | Penumbral | 1.1502 | -0.2531 | 230.6 |  |  | 11:16:44 | 15:07:20 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 09376 | 138 | 21 | 1882 Jun 01 | 20:21:58 | Penumbral | 1.0832 | -0.1311 | 246.8 |  |  | 18:18:34 | 22:25:22 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 09420 | 138 | 22 | 1900 Jun 13 | 3:27:37 | Penumbral | 1.0134 | -0.0040 | 261.9 |  |  | 1:16:40 | 5:38:34 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 09462 | 138 | 23 | 1918 Jun 24 | 10:28:03 | Partial | 0.9397 | 0.1297 | 276.3 | 82.4 |  | 8:09:54 | 12:46:12 | 9:46:51 |  |  | 11:09:15 |  |
| 09504 | 138 | 24 | 1936 Jul 04 | 17:25:23 | Partial | 0.8642 | 0.2668 | 289.5 | 116.3 |  | 15:00:38 | 19:50:08 | 16:27:14 |  |  | 18:23:32 |  |
| 09545 | 138 | 25 | 1954 Jul 16 | 0:20:51 | Partial | 0.7876 | 0.4054 | 301.6 | 140.9 |  | 21:50:03 | 2:51:39 | 23:10:24 |  |  | 1:31:18 |  |
| 09586 | 138 | 26 | 1972 Jul 26 | 7:16:22 | Partial | 0.7116 | 0.5427 | 312.4 | 160.1 |  | 4:40:10 | 9:52:34 | 5:56:19 |  |  | 8:36:25 |  |
| 09627 | 138 | 27 | 1990 Aug 06 | 14:13:16 | Partial | 0.6374 | 0.6766 | 322.0 | 175.5 |  | 11:32:16 | 16:54:16 | 12:45:31 |  |  | 15:41:01 |  |
| 09668 | 138 | 28 | 2008 Aug 16 | 21:11:12 | Partial | 0.5646 | 0.8076 | 330.5 | 188.1 |  | 18:25:57 | 23:56:27 | 19:37:09 |  |  | 22:45:15 |  |
| 09709 | 138 | 29 | 2026 Aug 28 | 4:14:04 | Partial | 0.4964 | 0.9299 | 337.8 | 198.1 |  | 1:25:10 | 7:02:58 | 2:35:01 |  |  | 5:53:07 |  |
| 09750 | 138 | 30 | 2044 Sep 07 | 11:20:44 | Total | 0.4318 | 1.0456 | 344.0 | 206.2 | 33.9 | 8:28:44 | 14:12:44 | 9:37:38 | 11:03:47 | 11:37:41 | 13:03:50 |  |
| 09791 | 138 | 31 | 2062 Sep 18 | 18:34:02 | Total | 0.3735 | 1.1496 | 349.3 | 212.4 | 59.5 | 15:39:23 | 21:28:41 | 16:47:50 | 18:04:17 | 19:03:47 | 20:20:14 |  |
| 09832 | 138 | 32 | 2080 Sep 29 | 1:52:42 | Total | 0.3203 | 1.2443 | 353.7 | 217.4 | 73.8 | 22:55:51 | 4:49:33 | 0:04:00 | 1:15:48 | 2:29:36 | 3:41:24 |  |
| 09874 | 138 | 33 | 2098 Oct 10 | 9:19:58 | Total | 0.2749 | 1.3246 | 357.4 | 221.0 | 82.7 | 6:21:16 | 12:18:40 | 7:29:28 | 8:38:37 | 10:01:19 | 11:10:28 |  |
| 09916 | 138 | 34 | 2116 Oct 21 | 16:53:39 | Total | 0.2353 | 1.3943 | 360.5 | 223.8 | 88.8 | 13:53:24 | 19:53:54 | 15:01:45 | 16:09:15 | 17:38:03 | 18:45:33 |  |
| 09958 | 138 | 35 | 2134 Nov 02 | 0:34:20 | Total | 0.2022 | 1.4521 | 363.1 | 225.9 | 93.0 | 21:32:47 | 3:35:53 | 22:41:23 | 23:47:50 | 1:20:50 | 2:27:17 |  |
| 10002 | 138 | 36 | 2152 Nov 12 | 8:21:47 | Total | 0.1753 | 1.4989 | 365.4 | 227.5 | 95.8 | 5:19:05 | 11:24:29 | 6:28:02 | 7:33:53 | 9:09:41 | 10:15:32 |  |
| 10045 | 138 | 37 | 2170 Nov 23 | 16:16:21 | Total | 0.1554 | 1.5331 | 367.2 | 228.6 | 97.7 | 13:12:45 | 19:19:57 | 14:22:03 | 15:27:30 | 17:05:12 | 18:10:39 |  |
| 10088 | 138 | 38 | 2188 Dec 04 | 0:15:39 | Total | 0.1394 | 1.5602 | 368.8 | 229.5 | 98.9 | 21:11:15 | 3:20:03 | 22:20:54 | 23:26:12 | 1:05:06 | 2:10:24 |  |
| 10131 | 138 | 39 | 2206 Dec 16 | 8:19:07 | Total | 0.1275 | 1.5802 | 370.2 | 230.3 | 99.8 | 5:14:01 | 11:24:13 | 6:23:58 | 7:29:13 | 9:09:01 | 10:14:16 |  |
| 10175 | 138 | 40 | 2224 Dec 26 | 16:25:17 | Total | 0.1183 | 1.5956 | 371.5 | 230.9 | 100.5 | 13:19:32 | 19:31:02 | 14:29:50 | 15:35:02 | 17:15:32 | 18:20:44 |  |
| 10220 | 138 | 41 | 2243 Jan 07 | 0:33:44 | Total | 0.1116 | 1.6069 | 372.5 | 231.4 | 101.0 | 21:27:29 | 3:39:59 | 22:38:02 | 23:43:14 | 1:24:14 | 2:29:26 |  |
| 10266 | 138 | 42 | 2261 Jan 17 | 8:40:06 | Total | 0.1036 | 1.6208 | 373.4 | 231.9 | 101.5 | 5:33:24 | 11:46:48 | 6:44:09 | 7:49:21 | 9:30:51 | 10:36:03 |  |
| 10312 | 138 | 43 | 2279 Jan 28 | 16:45:42 | Total | 0.0954 | 1.6355 | 374.2 | 232.5 | 102.1 | 13:38:36 | 19:52:48 | 14:49:27 | 15:54:39 | 17:36:45 | 18:41:57 |  |
| 10359 | 138 | 44 | 2297 Feb 08 | 0:46:04 | Total | 0.0832 | 1.6578 | 374.9 | 233.1 | 102.8 | 21:38:37 | 3:53:31 | 22:49:31 | 23:54:40 | 1:37:28 | 2:42:37 |  |
| 10405 | 138 | 45 | 2315 Feb 20 | 8:42:48 | Total | 0.0684 | 1.6853 | 375.4 | 233.6 | 103.6 | 5:35:06 | 11:50:30 | 6:46:00 | 7:51:00 | 9:34:36 | 10:39:36 |  |
| 10451 | 138 | 46 | 2333 Mar 02 | 16:30:27 | Total | 0.0466 | 1.7259 | 375.9 | 234.3 | 104.5 | 13:22:30 | 19:38:24 | 14:33:18 | 15:38:12 | 17:22:42 | 18:27:36 |  |
| 10497 | 138 | 47 | 2351 Mar 14 | 0:12:41 | Total | 0.0207 | 1.7744 | 376.3 | 234.8 | 105.1 | 21:04:32 | 3:20:50 | 22:15:17 | 23:20:08 | 1:05:14 | 2:10:05 |  |
| 10542 | 138 | 48 | 2369 Mar 24 | 7:44:15 | Total | -0.0135 | 1.7885 | 376.4 | 235.1 | 105.4 | 4:36:03 | 10:52:27 | 5:46:42 | 6:51:33 | 8:36:57 | 9:41:48 |  |
| 10586 | 138 | 49 | 2387 Apr 04 | 15:07:51 | Total | -0.0541 | 1.7153 | 376.2 | 235.0 | 104.9 | 11:59:45 | 18:15:57 | 13:10:21 | 14:15:24 | 16:00:18 | 17:05:21 |  |
| 10631 | 138 | 50 | 2405 Apr 14 | 22:20:34 | Total | -0.1033 | 1.6262 | 375.5 | 234.3 | 103.0 | 19:12:49 | 1:28:19 | 20:23:25 | 21:29:04 | 23:12:04 | 0:17:43 |  |
| 10675 | 138 | 51 | 2423 Apr 26 | 5:25:45 | Total | -0.1585 | 1.5262 | 374.3 | 232.8 | 99.1 | 2:18:36 | 8:32:54 | 3:29:21 | 4:36:12 | 6:15:18 | 7:22:09 |  |
| 10719 | 138 | 52 | 2441 May 6 | 12:21:25 | Total | -0.2213 | 1.4123 | 372.3 | 230.0 | 92.2 | 9:15:16 | 15:27:34 | 10:26:25 | 11:35:19 | 13:07:31 | 14:16:25 |  |
| 10763 | 138 | 53 | 2459 May 17 | 19:09:13 | Total | -0.2904 | 1.2869 | 369.4 | 225.7 | 80.8 | 16:04:31 | 22:13:55 | 17:16:22 | 18:28:49 | 19:49:37 | 21:02:04 |  |
| 10805 | 138 | 54 | 2477 May 28 | 1:49:59 | Total | -0.3652 | 1.1507 | 365.3 | 219.6 | 61.5 | 22:47:20 | 4:52:38 | 0:00:11 | 1:19:14 | 2:20:44 | 3:39:47 |  |
| 10847 | 138 | 55 | 2495 Jun 08 | 8:25:20 | Total | -0.4447 | 1.0060 | 360.0 | 211.2 | 12.9 | 5:25:20 | 11:25:20 | 6:39:44 | 8:18:53 | 8:31:47 | 10:10:56 |  |
| 10888 | 138 | 56 | 2513 Jun 19 | 14:55:56 | Partial | -0.5279 | 0.8543 | 353.2 | 200.0 |  | 11:59:20 | 17:52:32 | 13:15:56 |  |  | 16:35:56 |  |
| 10928 | 138 | 57 | 2531 Jun 30 | 21:23:33 | Partial | -0.6134 | 0.6981 | 344.9 | 185.7 |  | 18:31:06 | 0:16:00 | 19:50:42 |  |  | 22:56:24 |  |
| 10969 | 138 | 58 | 2549 Jul 11 | 3:50:12 | Partial | -0.7000 | 0.5398 | 335.1 | 167.5 |  | 1:02:39 | 6:37:45 | 2:26:27 |  |  | 5:13:57 |  |
| 11011 | 138 | 59 | 2567 Jul 22 | 10:17:26 | Partial | -0.7862 | 0.3821 | 323.8 | 144.4 |  | 7:35:32 | 12:59:20 | 9:05:14 |  |  | 11:29:38 |  |
| 11051 | 138 | 60 | 2585 Aug 01 | 16:45:35 | Partial | -0.8717 | 0.2253 | 310.8 | 113.3 |  | 14:10:11 | 19:20:59 | 15:48:56 |  |  | 17:42:14 |  |
| 11091 | 138 | 61 | 2603 Aug 13 | 23:17:51 | Partial | -0.9539 | 0.0746 | 296.6 | 66.6 |  | 20:49:33 | 1:46:09 | 22:44:33 |  |  | 23:51:09 |  |
| 11131 | 138 | 62 | 2621 Aug 24 | 5:54:22 | Penumbral | -1.0327 | -0.0701 | 281.1 |  |  | 3:33:49 | 8:14:55 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 11172 | 138 | 63 | 2639 Sep 04 | 12:37:54 | Penumbral | -1.1060 | -0.2049 | 264.8 |  |  | 10:25:30 | 14:50:18 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 11213 | 138 | 64 | 2657 Sep 14 | 19:26:58 | Penumbral | -1.1750 | -0.3318 | 247.4 |  |  | 17:23:16 | 21:30:40 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 11256 | 138 | 65 | 2675 Sep 26 | 2:25:48 | Penumbral | -1.2363 | -0.4449 | 229.9 |  |  | 0:30:51 | 4:20:45 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 11299 | 138 | 66 | 2693 Oct 06 | 9:32:29 | Penumbral | -1.2917 | -0.5469 | 212.2 |  |  | 7:46:23 | 11:18:35 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 11342 | 138 | 67 | 2711 Oct 18 | 16:49:35 | Penumbral | -1.3388 | -0.6339 | 195.2 |  |  | 15:11:59 | 18:27:11 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 11384 | 138 | 68 | 2729 Oct 29 | 0:15:40 | Penumbral | -1.3791 | -0.7084 | 178.9 |  |  | 22:46:13 | 1:45:07 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 11426 | 138 | 69 | 2747 Nov 09 | 7:52:28 | Penumbral | -1.4115 | -0.7681 | 164.4 |  |  | 6:30:16 | 9:14:40 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 11470 | 138 | 70 | 2765 Nov 19 | 15:38:17 | Penumbral | -1.4371 | -0.8155 | 151.5 |  |  | 14:22:32 | 16:54:02 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 11514 | 138 | 71 | 2783 Nov 30 | 23:32:00 | Penumbral | -1.4570 | -0.8521 | 140.6 |  |  | 22:21:42 | 0:42:18 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 11560 | 138 | 72 | 2801 Dec 11 | 7:34:19 | Penumbral | -1.4707 | -0.8771 | 132.3 |  |  | 6:28:10 | 8:40:28 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 11607 | 138 | 73 | 2819 Dec 22 | 15:42:44 | Penumbral | -1.4797 | -0.8931 | 126.3 |  |  | 14:39:35 | 16:45:53 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 11654 | 138 | 74 | 2838 Jan 01 | 23:56:51 | Penumbral | -1.4851 | -0.9024 | 122.3 |  |  | 22:55:42 | 0:58:00 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 11700 | 138 | 75 | 2856 Jan 13 | 8:12:54 | Penumbral | -1.4895 | -0.9093 | 118.7 |  |  | 7:13:33 | 9:12:15 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 11746 | 138 | 76 | 2874 Jan 23 | 16:32:19 | Penumbral | -1.4918 | -0.9122 | 116.3 |  |  | 15:34:10 | 17:30:28 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 11792 | 138 | 77 | 2892 Feb 04 | 0:50:55 | Penumbral | -1.4950 | -0.9164 | 113.1 |  |  | 23:54:22 | 1:47:28 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 11837 | 138 | 78 | 2910 Feb 15 | 9:08:12 | Penumbral | -1.4998 | -0.9233 | 108.5 |  |  | 8:13:57 | 10:02:27 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 11882 | 138 | 79 | 2928 Feb 26 | 17:21:42 | Penumbral | -1.5081 | -0.9361 | 101.0 |  |  | 16:31:12 | 18:12:12 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 11927 | 138 | 80 | 2946 Mar 09 | 1:31:32 | Penumbral | -1.5198 | -0.9552 | 89.9 |  |  | 0:46:35 | 2:16:29 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 11973 | 138 | 81 | 2964 Mar 19 | 9:35:34 | Penumbral | -1.5366 | -0.9832 | 71.9 |  |  | 8:59:37 | 10:11:31 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12018 | 138 | 82 | 2982 Mar 30 | 17:33:19 | Penumbral | -1.5589 | -1.0211 | 37.6 |  |  | 17:14:31 | 17:52:07 |  |  |  |  |  |


title: Folk, Missouri

abstract: Folk is an unincorporated community in northwestern Osage County, Missouri, United States. It is located approximately ten miles southeast of Jefferson City. It is on county road 505 one-quarter mile west of Route 133 and approximately five miles west of Westphalia. The Osage River flows past one mile west of the site. A post office called Folk was established in 1905, and remained in operation until 1964. The community was named for former governor Joseph W. Folk.

text:
# Folk, Missouri

**Folk** is an unincorporated community in northwestern Osage County, Missouri, United States. It is located approximately ten miles southeast of Jefferson City.

It is on county road 505 one-quarter mile west of Route 133 and approximately five miles west of Westphalia. The Osage River flows past one mile west of the site.

A post office called Folk was established in 1905, and remained in operation until 1964. The community was named for former governor Joseph W. Folk.

38°25′17″N 92°05′53″W / 38.42139°N 92.09806°W / 38.42139; -92.09806

## InfoBox

| Folk | |
| --- | --- |
| unincorporated community | |
| Folk | |
| Coordinates: 38°25′18.83″N 92°5′49.4″W / 38.4218972°N 92.097056°W / 38.4218972; -92.097056 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Missouri |
| County | Osage |


title: Werauhia macrantha

abstract: Werauhia macrantha is a plant species in the genus Werauhia. This species is endemic to Costa Rica.

text:
# Werauhia macrantha

***Werauhia macrantha*** is a plant species in the genus *Werauhia*. This species is endemic to Costa Rica.

* Luther, Harry E. (1995). "An Annotated Checklist of the Bromeliaceae of Costa Rica". *Selbyana*. **16** (2): 230–234. ISSN 0361-185X. JSTOR 41759911.

## InfoBox

| *Werauhia macrantha* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Werauhia* |
| Species: | ***W. macrantha*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Werauhia macrantha***<br>(Mez & Wercklé) J.R.Grant | |
|


title: Turek, Podlaskie Voivodeship

abstract: Turek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Poświętne, within Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland.

text:
# Turek, Podlaskie Voivodeship

**Turek** \[ˈturɛk\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Poświętne, within Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland.

## InfoBox

| Turek | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Turek | |
| Coordinates: 52°55′59″N 22°43′55″E / 52.93306°N 22.73194°E / 52.93306; 22.73194 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Podlaskie |
| County | Białystok |
| Gmina | Poświętne |


title: Pushkin Industries

abstract: Pushkin Industries is an American publisher of podcasts and audiobooks. It was co-founded in 2018 by Malcolm Gladwell and Jacob Weisberg. As of 2021, it hosts over 25 podcasts.

text:
# Pushkin Industries

**Pushkin Industries** is an American publisher of podcasts and audiobooks. It was co-founded in 2018 by Malcolm Gladwell and Jacob Weisberg. As of 2021, it hosts over 25 podcasts.

## History

The company was co-founded in 2018 by Malcolm Gladwell and Jacob Weisberg, based on an idea by Weisberg. The two worked together on Gladwell's podcast *Revisionist History* at Panoply Media and after Panoply exited the medium, the two wanted to do more projects together and started Pushkin.

In 2019, Tim Harford launched his podcast *Cautionary Tales* on the network. That same year, Pushkin began producing audiobooks, beginning with Gladwell's *Talking to Strangers: What We Should Know about the People We Don't Know*.

Among other books, it published *Miracle and Wonder: Conversations with Paul Simon,* co-written by Gladwell and based on interviews with the musician Paul Simon. Gladwell's *The Bomber Mafia* was written and conceived of as an audio production with sound effects and music. Only after the script was complete was a book produced.

Pushkin Industries won "Podcast Network of the Year" at the 2021 Adweek Podcast Awards.

In July 2022, Pushkin Industries agreed to buy the podcast studio Transmitter Media, marking the company's first acquisition.

In September 2023, Pushkin laid off 17 employees, comprising more than 30% of its staff. As part of the reorganization, former Transmitter owner Gretta Cohn became CEO, while Weisberg took the title of executive chair. The change came amid significant layoffs in the podcast industry, including at Spotify and Sony. In November 2023, the company's producers and staff voted to unionize and joined Writers Guild of America, East.

As of 2024, the company's most popular podcasts include Gladwell's *Revisionist History*; Harford's *Cautionary Tales*; *The Happiness Lab*, hosted by Laurie R. Santos; and *Against the Rules* with Michael Lewis.

Official website


title: Lemelerveld

abstract: Lemelerveld is a village in the municipality of Dalfsen in the province of Overijssel, Netherlands. The village developed around a sugar beet factory.

text:
# Lemelerveld

**Lemelerveld** (also: *Sukerbietndorp*) is a village in the municipality of Dalfsen in the province of Overijssel, Netherlands. The village developed around a sugar beet factory.

## History

The area around Lemelerveld used to consist of wild moorlands and was nearly uninhabited except for some shepherds and the occasional poacher. In 1854, the peat excavation village of Dalmsholte was established. Nearby, at the intersection of the canal from Zwolle to Almelo with the canal from Raalte and Deventer, a sugar beet factory was constructed in 1865. The factory attracted a large work force, and a village developed which was colloquially called "Sukerbietndorp" (Sugar beet village). In 1874, a Catholic church and monastery was founded in the village. The monastery was demolished in 1986. In 1899, it was first called Lemelerveld, and means "field near Lemele".

On 25 November 1944, a weapons stash of the Dutch resistance was discovered in the attic of the Dutch Reformed Church. Minister Vogelaar managed to escape and hide. The church was closed by the German authorities. Vogelaar survived the war, and returned to his church. In 2010, a monument was revealed near the church.

Lemelerveld used to be split in the municipalities of Dalfsen, Ommen, Heino, and Raalte. In 1992, the Provincial Council of Overijssel wanted to move all parts in one municipality, and called a referendum. The majority of the population of Lemerveld voted to maintain the status quo, and the merger was cancelled. In 1997, all parts of Lemelerveld were merged into Dalfsen. In 1999, a monument was revealed at the point where all four municipalities used to meet.

## Salland Airstrip

Salland Airstrip is a little airfield near Lemelerveld which is owned by Aero Club Salland and used for training and recreational flying. It has a 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) grass runway. A radar installation is located at the airstrip.

## Nature

The nature area Lemelerberg is located near the village. It is a 78 metres (256 ft) high remnant of the Ice Age, and was considered too dry and poor for cultivation. It was used by shepherds which resulted in a large heath area.

The Luttenbergerven is a 45.9 hectares (113 acres) nature area with swamps, moist meadows and heaths which was considered too wet, and also escaped the large scale cultivation projects.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Lemelerveld | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Four municipalities point | |
| LemelerveldLocation in province of Overijssel in the NetherlandsLemelerveldLemelerveld (Netherlands) | |
| Coordinates: 52°26′43″N 6°20′24″E / 52.4453°N 6.3401°E / 52.4453; 6.3401 | |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Province | Overijssel |
| Municipality | Dalfsen |
| Area | |
| Total | 21.43 km2 (8.27 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 6 m (20 ft) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 4,740 |
| Density | 220/km2 (570/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 8151 & 8152 |
| Dialing code | 0572 |


title: Upper Lightfoot

abstract: Upper Lightfoot is a village in Saint George, Antigua and Barbuda. It had a population of 545 in 2011.

text:
# Upper Lightfoot

17°05′35″N 61°48′20″W / 17.09317°N 61.80554°W / 17.09317; -61.80554

**Upper Lightfoot** is a village in Saint George, Antigua and Barbuda. It had a population of 545 in 2011.

## Geography

According to the Antigua and Barbuda Statistics Division, the village had a total area of 0.8 square kilometres.

## Demographics

There were 545 people living in Upper Lightfoot as of the 2011 census. The ethnic composition was: African (93.01%), East Indian (0.19%), mixed black/white (0.58%), other mixed (5.44%), Hispanic (0.39%), other (0.39%). The country of birth composition was: Antigua and Barbuda (72.43%), United States (5.24%), Guyana (4.66%), Jamaica (4.47%), Dominica (3.11%), with the remainder having been born in various other, mostly Caribbean countries. The three largest religious denominations were: Moravian (18.24%), Adventist (17.45%), and Anglican (13.53%), with an additional 0.59% being Rastafarian, and 2.16% irreligious.

## InfoBox

| Upper Lightfoot | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Country | Antigua and Barbuda |
| Parish | Saint George |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.8 km2 (0.3 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 545 |


title: Mikhail Gorlin

abstract: Mikhail Genrikhovich Gorlin was a Russian emigre poet who founded the Berlin Poets' Club in 1928. He and his wife later perished during World War II in a German concentration camp.

text:
# Mikhail Gorlin

**Mikhail Genrikhovich Gorlin** (Russian: Михаи́л Ге́нрихович Го́рлин, IPA: \[mʲɪxɐˈil ˈɡʲenrʲɪxəvʲɪdʑ ˈɡorlʲɪn\] ; 1909–1943) was a Russian emigre poet who founded the Berlin Poets' Club in 1928. He and his wife (the poet Raisa Blokh) later perished during World War II in a German concentration camp.

## Publications

1936. *Puteshestviia*. Berlin: Petropolis. (Poems)

* Brian Boyd *Vladimir Nabokov: The Russian Years*. Princeton University Press, 1990.

## Literary archives

Some of Gorlin's writings and correspondence are held in the Vladimir Korvin-Piotrovskii Papers at the Beinecke Library, Yale University.


title: Queen Alexandra, Edmonton

abstract: Queen Alexandra is a mixed residential and commercial neighbourhood in south west Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The neighbourhood, once part of the City of Strathcona, is named for Alexandra of Denmark. The north edge of the neighbourhood, along Whyte Avenue is part of Old Strathcona, a popular commercial and cultural area of Edmonton. The neighbourhood is bounded on the north by Whyte Avenue, on the west by 109 Street, on the east by 104 Street, and on the south by 70 Avenue. The University of Alberta campus is located a short distance to the west of the neighbourhood. Access to the downtown core is north along both 109 Street and 104 Street. The community is represented by the Queen Alexandra Community League, established in 1962, which maintains a community hall located at 104 Street and University Avenue.

text:
# Queen Alexandra, Edmonton

**Queen Alexandra** is a mixed residential and commercial neighbourhood in south west Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The neighbourhood, once part of the City of Strathcona, is named for Alexandra of Denmark. The north edge of the neighbourhood, along Whyte Avenue is part of Old Strathcona, a popular commercial and cultural area of Edmonton.

The neighbourhood is bounded on the north by Whyte Avenue, on the west by 109 Street, on the east by 104 Street, and on the south by 70 Avenue.

The University of Alberta campus is located a short distance to the west of the neighbourhood. Access to the downtown core is north along both 109 Street and 104 Street.

The community is represented by the Queen Alexandra Community League, established in 1962, which maintains a community hall located at 104 Street and University Avenue.

## Demographics

In the City of Edmonton's 2012 municipal census, Queen Alexandra had a population of 4,694 living in 3,275 dwellings, a 1.3% change from its 2009 population of 4,632. With a land area of 1.23 km2 (0.47 sq mi), it had a population density of 3,816.3 people/km2 in 2012.

## Residential development

Queen Alexandra is an older Edmonton neighbourhood with residential development beginning with the establishment of the City of Strathcona.

According to the 2001 federal census, approximately one in seven (15.6%) of all residences were built before the end of World War II. One in five (20.8%) were built between the end of the war and 1960. Another one in five (19.7%) residences were built during the 1960s. Indicating some redevelopment in the neighbourhood, one in three (31.9%) of all residences were built during the 1970s. Only one in eight (12.1%) of all residences were constructed after 1980.

According to the 2005 municipal census, the most common type of residence in the neighbourhood are rented apartments. Just over half (51%) of all residences are apartments in low-rise buildings with fewer than five stories while almost one in ten (8%) are apartments in high-rise buildings with five or more stories. One in three (31%) of all residences are single-family dwellings. Seven percent are duplexes while 3% are collective residences. Four out of every five (80%) residences are rented with only on residence in five (20%) being owner occupied.

## Population mobility

The neighbourhood population is highly mobile. According to the 2005 municipal census, one resident in three (33.2%) had moved within the previous twelve months. Another three in ten (27.9%) had moved within the previous one to three years. Only one resident in four (26.6%) had lived at the same address for five years or more.

## Schools and recreation

There are four schools in the neighbourhood. Four are operated by the Edmonton Public School System while one is operated by the Edmonton Catholic School System.

* Edmonton Public Schools
* Edmonton Catholic Schools
    + Our Lady of Mount Carmel Catholic Elementary Junior High School

There are also several recreation facilities located in the neighbourhood.

* Rollie Miles Athletic Field
* South Side Arena
* Southside Athletic Grounds
* Strathcona Leisure Centre

A short distance to the east of the neighbourhood is Edmonton's Mill Creek Ravine, a popular outdoor recreation destination.

## Surrounding neighbourhoods

## InfoBox

| Queen Alexandra | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
| Queen AlexandraLocation of Queen Alexandra in Edmonton | |
| Coordinates: 53°30′47″N 113°30′25″W / 53.513°N 113.507°W / 53.513; -113.507 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Alberta |
| City | Edmonton |
| Quadrant | NW |
| Ward | papastew |
| Sector | Mature area |
| Area | Strathcona |
| Government | |
| Administrative body | Edmonton City Council |
| Councillor | Michael Janz |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.23 km2 (0.47 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 671 m (2,201 ft) |
| Population (2012) | |
| Total | 4,694 |
| Density | 3,816.3/km2 (9,884/sq mi) |
| Change (2009–12) | 1.3% |
| Dwellings | 3,275 |