title: Placido Padiglia

abstract: Placido Padiglia, O.S.B. Cel. was a Roman Catholic priest and prelate whose career culminated in his service as the Bishop of the Italian dioceses of Lavello from 1627 to 1634, and Alessano, from 1634 to 1648.

text:
# Placido Padiglia

**Placido Padiglia, O.S.B. Cel.** (1579 – 14 June 1648) was a Roman Catholic priest and prelate whose career culminated in his service as the Bishop of the Italian dioceses of Lavello from 1627 to 1634, and Alessano, from 1634 to 1648 (prior to the reorganization of these positions and dioceses into other dioceses).

## Biography

Placido Padiglia was born in Naples, Italy, sometime in 1579. He was ordained as a priest in the Celestine Order of Saint Benedict at some point during his adulthood. On 20 September 1627, during the papacy of Pope Urban VIII, Padiglia was appointed as Bishop of Lavello. On 26 September 1627, he was consecrated bishop by Guido Bentivoglio d'Aragona, Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria del Popolo, along with Girolamo de Franchis, Bishop of Nardò, and Francesco Maria Brancaccio, Bishop of Capaccio, serving as co-consecrators. On 27 November 1634, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Urban VIII as Bishop of Alessano. Padiglia went on to serve as Bishop of Alessano until his death on 14 June 1648.

In 1645, while bishop of Alessano, Padiglia served as the principal co-consecrator of Jacobus Wemmers, for his role as Titular Bishop for the Egyptian city of Memphis.

## InfoBox

| Most Reverend
Placido Padiglia | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Alessano | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Diocese | Diocese of Alessano |
| In office | 1634–1648 |
| Predecessor | Nicola Antonio Spinelli |
| Successor | Francesco Antonio Roberti |
| Previous post(s) | Bishop of Lavello (1627–1634) |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 26 September 1627
by Guido Bentivoglio d'Aragona |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1579
Naples, Italy |
| Died | 14 June 1648 (age 69)
Alessano, Italy |
| Nationality | Italian |


title: Mercunda, South Australia

abstract: Mercunda is a town and a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located in the state's south-east about 134 kilometres (83 mi) east of the state capital of Adelaide, and about 52 kilometres (32 mi) north-east and about 53 kilometres (33 mi) south-west respectively of the municipal seats of Karoonda and Loxton. The government town of Mercunda was proclaimed on 5 August 1915 on land in the cadastral unit of the Hundred of Bakara located to the immediate north of the Mercunda Railway Station on the Waikerie railway line. The locality 's boundaries were created on 11 November 1999 and includes the site of the government town of Mercunda which is located in its approximate centre. The town site was surveyed in March 1915. Its name is derived from an aboriginal name formerly used for part of the Canowie Pastoral Run rather than from the Mattala siding which was renamed to match the town before October 1915. A post office opened in 1915 and closed in 1983. A school operated from 1921 to 1956. Land use within the locality is entirely ‘primary production’ with use in the southern part of the locality being described by its local government as “principally for agricultural production and the grazing of stock on relatively large holdings.” The 2016 Australian census which was conducted in August 2016 reports that Mercunda had a population of 9 people. Mercunda is located within the federal division of Barker, the state electoral districts of Chaffey and Hammond, and the local government areas of the District Council of Karoonda East Murray and the District Council of Loxton Waikerie.

text:
# Mercunda, South Australia

**Mercunda** is a town and a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located in the state's south-east about 134 kilometres (83 mi) east of the state capital of Adelaide, and about 52 kilometres (32 mi) north-east and about 53 kilometres (33 mi) south-west respectively of the municipal seats of Karoonda and Loxton.

The government town of Mercunda was proclaimed on 5 August 1915 on land in the cadastral unit of the Hundred of Bakara located to the immediate north of the Mercunda Railway Station (previously known as the Mattala Railway Station) on the Waikerie railway line. The locality 's boundaries were created on 11 November 1999 and includes the site of the government town of Mercunda which is located in its approximate centre.

The town site was surveyed in March 1915. Its name is derived from an aboriginal name formerly used for part of the Canowie Pastoral Run rather than from the Mattala siding which was renamed to match the town before October 1915. A post office opened in 1915 and closed in 1983. A school operated from 1921 to 1956.

Land use within the locality is entirely ‘primary production’ with use in the southern part of the locality being described by its local government as “principally for agricultural production and the grazing of stock on relatively large holdings.”

The 2016 Australian census which was conducted in August 2016 reports that Mercunda had a population of 9 people.

Mercunda is located within the federal division of Barker, the state electoral districts of Chaffey and Hammond, and the local government areas of the District Council of Karoonda East Murray and the District Council of Loxton Waikerie.

## InfoBox

| Mercunda
South Australia | |
| --- | --- |
| Mercunda | |
| Coordinates | 34°38′23″S 140°01′55″E / 34.639663°S 140.031828°E / -34.639663; 140.031828 |
| Population | 9 (2016 census) |
| Established | 5 August 1915 (town)
11 November 1999 (locality) |
| Postcode(s) | 5308 |
| Elevation | 78 m (256 ft) |
| Time zone | ACST (UTC+9:30) |
| • Summer (DST) | ACDT (UTC+10:30) |
| Location |  |
| LGA(s) |  |
| Region | Murray and Mallee |
| County | Albert |
| State electorate(s) |  |
| Federal division(s) | Barker |
| **Mean max temp** **Mean min temp** **Annual rainfall**  23.6 °C
74 °F 8.7 °C
48 °F 271.1 mm
10.7 in | |
| **Localities around Mercunda:**  Maggea Maggea Mantung  Maggea
Galga Mercunda Mantung
Mindarie  Copeville Copeville Mindarie | |
| Footnotes | Locations
Adjoining localities |


title: Vic Richardson

abstract: Victor York "Yorker" Richardson, nicknamed The Guardsman, was a leading Australian sportsman of the 1920s and 1930s, captaining the Australia cricket team and the South Australia Australian rules football team, representing Australia in baseball and South Australia in golf, winning the South Australian state tennis title and also being a leading local player in lacrosse, basketball and swimming. Richardson won the South Australian National Football League's highest individual honour, the Magarey Medal, while captain-coach of Sturt in 1920.

text:
# Vic Richardson

**Victor York "Yorker" Richardson** OBE (7 September 1894  30 October 1969), nicknamed **The Guardsman**, was a leading Australian sportsman of the 1920s and 1930s, captaining the Australia cricket team and the South Australia Australian rules football team, representing Australia in baseball and South Australia in golf, winning the South Australian state tennis title and also being a leading local player in lacrosse, basketball and swimming.

Richardson won the South Australian National Football League's highest individual honour, the Magarey Medal, while captain-coach of Sturt in 1920.

## Early life and education

Victor York Richardson was born on 7 September 1894 in Parkside, South Australia, the son of Valentine Yaxley Richardson, who worked as an accountant and painter and decorator, and Rebecca Mary Richardson (née Malloney). He grew up in the Unley area and attended Kyre (later Scotch) College. Naturally athletic, he played many sports, including gymnastics, basketball, cricket, baseball, lacrosse, and Australian rules football.

He worked in the South Australian public service.

## Cricket career

Richardson is most famous for his contribution to cricket, representing Australia in 19 Test matches between 1924 and 1936, including five as captain in the 1935–36 tour of South Africa.

A talented right-handed batsman and rated the best fielder in the world, Richardson made his first-class debut for South Australia in the 1918–19 season. In a career that lasted twenty years, he played 184 matches for Australia and South Australia, scoring 10,724 runs, including 27 centuries and averaging 37.63. He took 211 catches (at an average of 1.15 catches per match) and even completed four stumpings as a stand-in wicketkeeper.

Richardson was Australian vice-captain for the 1932–33 English tour of Australia, known as the Bodyline series for England's tactics of bowling fast short-pitched deliveries at the batsmen's bodies. During the Adelaide Test, English manager Pelham Warner came to the Australian dressing seeking an apology from the player who called Harold Larwood a bastard. Richardson, who had answered the knock on the dressing room door turned to his teammates and asked "Which one of you bastards called Larwood a bastard instead of that bastard \[Douglas\] Jardine?"

Richardson played his final Test against South Africa at Durban on 28 February 1936, aged 41 years 178 days. Only ten Australians have played Test cricket at an older age. He took five catches in the second innings, setting a Test record that has never been beaten and was not equalled until Yajurvindra Singh took five in 1976–77.

Following his retirement from cricket, Richardson was appointed South Australian coach in September 1949, replacing Arthur Richardson (no relation).

## Australian rules football career

Richardson made his senior Australian rules football debut for Sturt Football Club in the South Australian National Football League in 1915 and in a career interrupted by World War I, played 114 games for Sturt, kicking 23 goals.

* 114 games and 23 goals for Sturt 1915, 1919–1920, 1922–1924, 1926–1927
* Captain of Sturt 1920, 1922–1924
* Member of premiership teams for Sturt 1915, 1919 and 1926
* 10 games for South Australia
* State Captain 1923
* Magarey Medal 1920
* Best and Fairest for Sturt 1922, 1923
* Coach of Sturt 1920, 1922, 1923, 1924

## Other sports

Richardson was a gifted sportsman and excelled in other sports besides cricket and Australian rules football, including baseball (national and state representative), golf (state representative), tennis (state title winner), lacrosse, basketball, and swimming.

## Media career

After retiring from first-class cricket he went on to become a respected radio commentator, forging a partnership with renowned former English Test captain Arthur Gilligan.

## Political aspirations

In March 1949 Richardson announced that he would seek Liberal and Country League pre-selection for the new federal Division of Kingston, situated in Adelaide's south. At the time Richardson lived on Richmond Road, Westbourne Park, which was located in the electorate.

## Personal life

On 29 January 1919 Victor Richardson married Vida Yvonne Knapman, daughter of hotelier Alf Knapman (1867–1918). She died on 25 September 1940; they had one son and three daughters.

He was a grandfather to three future Australian Test cricketers Ian Chappell, Greg Chappell (who both also captained Australia at Test level) and Trevor Chappell.

## Recognition and honours

Richardson was awarded the Magarey Medal in 1920.

He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) on 10 June 1954 for his services to cricket, including his presidency of the Country Carnival Cricket Association.

The Victor Richardson Gates, erected in 1967 at the south-eastern entrance of Adelaide Oval, and the road leading to them, were named after him by the South Australian Cricket Association.

### Source

* Richardson, Victor (1968). *The Vic Richardson Story*. London: Angus & Robertson.

## InfoBox

Vic Richardson
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Victor York Richardson |
| Born | (1894-09-07)7 September 1894
Parkside, South Australia |
| Died | 30 October 1969(1969-10-30) (aged 75)
Fullarton, South Australia |
| Nickname | The Guardsman, Yorker |
| Height | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm medium |
| Role | Batsman |
| Relations | Ian Chappell (grandson)
Greg Chappell (grandson)
Trevor Chappell (grandson) |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
| Test debut (cap 119) | 19 December 1924 v England |
| Last Test | 3 March 1936 v South Africa |
|  | |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1918/29–1937/38 | South Australia |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition Test First-class  Matches 19 184  Runs scored 706 10,727  Batting average 23.53 37.63  100s/50s 1/1 27/47  Top score 138 231  Balls bowled  811  Wickets  8  Bowling average  68.12  5 wickets in innings  0  10 wickets in match  0  Best bowling  3/22  Catches/stumpings 24/0 211/4 | |
|  | |
| Source: CricInfo, 15 January 2008 | |


title: Long-period fiber grating

abstract:
A long-period fiber grating couples light from a guided mode into forward propagating cladding modes where it is lost due to absorption and scattering. The coupling from the guided mode to cladding modes is wavelength dependent so we can obtain a spectrally selective loss.
It is an optical fiber structure with the properties periodically varying along the fiber, such that the conditions for the interaction of several copropagating modes are satisfied. The period of such a structure is of the order of a fraction of a millimeter. In contrast to the fiber Bragg gratings, LPFGs couple copropagating modes with close propagation constants; therefore, the period of such a grating can considerably exceed the wavelength of radiation propagating in the fiber. Because the period of an LPFG is much larger than the wavelength, LPFGs are relatively simple to manufacture. Since LPFGs couple copropagating modes, their resonances can only be observed in transmission spectra. The transmission spectrum has dips at the wavelengths corresponding to resonances with various cladding modes. Depending on the symmetry of the perturbation that is used to write the LPFG, modes of different symmetries may be coupled. For instance, cylindrically symmetric gratings couple symmetric LP0m modes of the fiber. Microbend gratings, which are antisymmetric with respect to the fiber axis, create a resonance between the core mode and the asymmetric LP1m modes of the core and the cladding. Long period grating has a wide variety of applications, including band-rejection filters, gain flattening filter and sensors. Various gratings with complex structures have been
designed: gratings combining several LPFGs, LPFGs with superstructures, chirped gratings, and gratings with apodization. Various LPFG-based devices have been developed: filters, sensors, fiber dispersion compensators, etc.

text:
# Long-period fiber grating

A **long-period fiber grating** couples light from a guided mode into forward propagating cladding modes where it is lost due to absorption and scattering. The coupling from the guided mode to cladding modes is wavelength dependent so we can obtain a spectrally selective loss. It is an optical fiber structure with the properties periodically varying along the fiber, such that the conditions for the interaction of several copropagating modes are satisfied. The period of such a structure is of the order of a fraction of a millimeter. In contrast to the fiber Bragg gratings, LPFGs couple copropagating modes with close propagation constants; therefore, the period of such a grating can considerably exceed the wavelength of radiation propagating in the fiber. Because the period of an LPFG is much larger than the wavelength, LPFGs are relatively simple to manufacture. Since LPFGs couple copropagating modes, their resonances can only be observed in transmission spectra. The transmission spectrum has dips at the wavelengths corresponding to resonances with various cladding modes (in a single-mode fiber).

Depending on the symmetry of the perturbation that is used to write the LPFG, modes of different symmetries may be coupled. For instance, cylindrically symmetric gratings couple symmetric LP0m modes of the fiber. Microbend gratings, which are antisymmetric with respect to the fiber axis, create a resonance between the core mode and the asymmetric LP1m modes of the core and the cladding.

Long period grating has a wide variety of applications, including band-rejection filters, gain flattening filter and sensors.

Various gratings with complex structures have been designed: gratings combining several LPFGs, LPFGs with superstructures, chirped gratings, and gratings with apodization. Various LPFG-based devices have been developed: filters, sensors, fiber dispersion compensators, etc.

* S.W. James, R.P. Tatam, "Optical fibre long-period grating sensors: characteristics and application," Meas. Sci. Technol. 14, R49–R61 (2003).
* O.V. Ivanov, S.A. Nikitov, Yu.V. Gulyaev, "Cladding modes of optical fibers: properties and applications," Physics-Uspekhi 49, 175-202 (2006).
* T. Erdogan, "Cladding-mode resonances in short- and long-period fiber grating filters", J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 14, pp. 1760–1773, 1997.


abstract: Mademoiselle Josette, My Woman is a 1950 French comedy film directed by André Berthomieu and starring Odile Versois, Fernand Gravey and Robert Arnoux. It is based on the 1906 play of the same title by Robert Charvay and Paul Gavault which Berthomieu had previously made into a 1933 film Mademoiselle Josette, My Woman. The film's sets were designed by Raymond Nègre.

text:
# Mademoiselle Josette, My Woman (1950 film)

***Mademoiselle Josette, My Woman*** (French: ***Mademoiselle Josette ma femme***) is a 1950 French comedy film directed by André Berthomieu and starring Odile Versois, Fernand Gravey and Robert Arnoux. It is based on the 1906 play of the same title by Robert Charvay and Paul Gavault which Berthomieu had previously made into a 1933 film *Mademoiselle Josette, My Woman*.

The film's sets were designed by Raymond Nègre.

## Cast

1. Limbacher p.128

## Bibliography

* James L. Limbacher. *Haven't I seen you somewhere before?: Remakes, sequels, and series in motion pictures and television, 1896-1978*. Pierian Press, 1979.

## InfoBox

| Mademoiselle Josette, My Woman | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | André Berthomieu |
| Written by |  |
| Based on | *Mademoiselle Josette, My Woman* by Robert Charvay and Paul Gavault |
| Produced by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Roger Dormoy |
| Edited by | Louisette Hautecoeur |
| Music by | Georges Van Parys |
| Production<br>company | Majestic Films |
| Distributed by | La Société des Films Sirius |
| Release date | * 20 September 1950 (1950-09-20) |
| Running time | 92 minutes |
| Country | France |
| Language | French |


title: Pannonian mixed forests

abstract: The Pannonian mixed forests is a temperate broadleaf and mixed forests ecoregion in Europe. It covers an area of 307,720 km⁲ in all of Hungary, most of Slovakia, about half of Croatia and Slovenia, around a third of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Romania, and Serbia, and minor parts of Austria, Czech Republic, and Ukraine.

text:
# Pannonian mixed forests

The **Pannonian mixed forests** is a temperate broadleaf and mixed forests ecoregion in Europe. It covers an area of 307,720 km2 in all of Hungary, most of Slovakia, about half of Croatia and Slovenia, around a third of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Romania, and Serbia, and minor parts of Austria, Czech Republic, and Ukraine.

## Flora

The plant communities include mixed oak-hornbeam forests, azoal floodplain vegetation and lowland to montane herb-grass steppes.

Mixed oak-hornbeam forests are mixed forests of pedunculate oak and sessile oak and hornbeam. Sub-Mediterranean thermophilous bitter oak forests grow in warmer areas. These forests are dominated by *Quercus pubescens*, *Quercus cerris*, and *Quercus frainetto* mixed with other trees, mainly *Fraxinus ornus* and *Carpinus orientalis*. Higher altitude areas are dominated by European beech and silver birch, downy birch, European aspen and sometimes by conifers *Abies alba*, *Picea abies*, *Pinus sylvestris*, *Pinus nigra*.

Riparian forest and azoal floodplain vegetation occurs along rivers and lakes. It is dominated by *Populus nigra*, *Populus alba*, *Salix alba*, *Alnus glutinosa*, *Fraxinus oxycarpa*, *Ulmus minor* and *Quercus robur*. *Phragmites australis* is dominant in most wetlands.

Lowland to montane herb-grass steppes dominate large areas of the ecoregion. The dominant species are *Stipa zalesskii*, *Bromus riparius* and the shrubs *Prunus fruticosa* and *Prunus spinosa*.

## Fauna

### Mammals

### Reptiles and amphibians

### Birds

## InfoBox

| Pannonian mixed forests | |
| --- | --- |
| Buchlov Nature Reserve | |
| location of the Pannonian mixed forests | |
| Ecology | |
| Realm | Palearctic |
| Biome | temperate broadleaf and mixed forests |
| Borders | List |
| Geography | |
| Area | 307,720 km2 (118,810 sq mi) |
| Countries | List |
| Conservation | |
| Conservation status | Critical/endangered |
| Protected | 55,223 km2 (18%) |


title: The Night Land

abstract: The Night Land is a horror/fantasy novel by English writer William Hope Hodgson, first published in 1912. As a work of fantasy it belongs to the Dying Earth subgenre. Hodgson also published a much shorter version of the novel, entitled The Dream of X (1912).

text:
# The Night Land

***The Night Land*** is a horror/fantasy novel by English writer William Hope Hodgson, first published in 1912. As a work of fantasy it belongs to the Dying Earth subgenre. Hodgson also published a much shorter version of the novel, entitled *The Dream of X* (1912).

## Publication history

*The Night Land* was revived in paperback by Ballantine Books, which republished the work in two parts as the 49th and 50th volumes of its Ballantine Adult Fantasy series in July 1972. H. P. Lovecraft's essay "Supernatural Horror in Literature" describes the novel as "one of the most potent pieces of macabre imagination ever written". Clark Ashton Smith wrote of it:

> In all literature, there are few works so sheerly remarkable, so purely creative, as *The Night Land*. Whatever faults this book may possess, however inordinate its length may seem, it impresses the reader as being the ultimate saga of a perishing cosmos, the last epic of a world beleaguered by eternal night and by the unvisageable spawn of darkness. Only a great poet could have conceived and written this story; and it is perhaps not illegitimate to wonder how much of actual prophecy may have been mingled with the poesy.

When the book was written, the nature of the energy source that powers stars was not known: Lord Kelvin had published calculations based on the hypothesis that the energy came from the gravitational collapse of the gas cloud that had formed the sun and found that this mechanism gave the Sun a lifetime of only a few tens of million of years. Starting from this premise, Hodgson wrote a novel describing a time, millions of years in the future, when the Sun has gone dark.

## Plot summary

The beginning of the book establishes the framework in which a 17th-century gentleman, mourning the death of his beloved, Lady Mirdath, is given a vision of a far-distant future where their souls will be re-united, and sees the world of that time through the eyes of a future incarnation. The language and style used are intended to resemble those of the 17th century, though the prose has features characteristic of no particular period, such as an almost complete lack of dialogue or proper names. Ian Bell has suggested that John Milton's epic poem *Paradise Lost* (1667) was probably a partial inspiration for Hodgson's novel, especially in view of the hellish visions of sombre intensity that mark both works, and the use of massive structures (the Temple of Pandemonium in Milton and the Last Redoubt in *The Night Land*).

The 17th-century framing becomes inconsequential as the story focuses on the future. The Sun has gone out and the Earth is lit only by the glow of residual vulcanism. The last few millions of the human race are gathered together in the Last Redoubt, a gigantic metal pyramid, nearly eight miles high, which is under siege from unknown forces and Powers outside in the dark. These are held back by a shield known as the "air clog", powered from a subterranean energy source called the "Earth Current". For thousands of years vast living shapes known as the Watchers have waited in the darkness near the pyramid. It is thought that they are waiting for the inevitable time when the Circle's power finally weakens and dies. Other living things have been seen in the darkness, some of unknown origins, and others that may once have been human. Hodgson uses the term "Abhuman" to name several different species of intelligent beings evolved from humans who interbred with alien species or adapted to changed environmental conditions, and are seen as decayed or maligned by those living inside the Last Redoubt.

To leave the protection of the Circle means almost certain death, or, worse, destruction of the soul. The narrator establishes mind contact with an inhabitant of a forgotten Lesser Redoubt. First, one expedition sets off to succour the inhabitants of the Lesser Redoubt, whose own Earth Current has been exhausted, only to meet with disaster. After that the narrator sets off alone into the darkness to find the girl he has made contact with, knowing now that she is the reincarnation of his past love.

At the conclusion of the adventure the narrative does not return to the framework story, but ends with the homecoming of the couple and the narrator's inauguration into the ranks of their most honoured heroes.

## The Dream of X

The abridged version of the novel was first published in the United States in 1912 in chapbook form as *Poems and a Dream of X* (New York: R. H. Paget, 1912), in an extremely limited print run. In this edition, the 200,000-word novel was condensed to a 20,000-word novelette, originally for the purpose of establishing copyright; also included was a novelette entitled *Mutiny*, an abridged version of the story "'Prentices' Mutiny", and thirteen of Hodgson's poems, which were later included in his other posthumously published books of poetry. The abridgement by itself was republished in a limited edition in 1977, with an introduction by Sam Moskowitz and color illustrations by Stephen Fabian, under the title *The Dream of X* (West Kingston, R.I.: Donald M. Grant, 1977).

## Pastiche, homages and sequels

The 1943 science fiction novel *Earth's Last Citadel*, by Henry Kuttner and C. L. Moore, was influenced by *The Night Land*: both novels depict a future Earth with humanity confined to a fortress.

Greg Bear's short story "The Way of All Ghosts", dedicated to William Hope Hodgson, is set in the Way, the artificial space-time structure featured in several of Bear's novels, beginning with *Eon* (1985). A recurring character from these novels, Ser Olmy, is given a mission to investigate an experiment which had gone horribly wrong. The experimenters had attempted to open a gate into a universe of pure order, and the survivors find themselves trapped in a region of the Way that has transformed to a chaotic state resembling the Night Land.

Another work of Greg Bear's, *City at the End of Time* (2008), shares a number of plot elements with *The Night Land* and contains a specific reference to the Last Redoubt, giving William Hope Hodgson himself a cameo role in the story line.

The short-fiction collections *William Hope Hodgson's Night Lands: Eternal Love* (2003) and *William Hope Hodgson's Night Lands: Nightmares of the Fall* (2007) contain short stories set in a universe combining *The Night Land* with *The House on the Borderland*. A third collection (to be titled *The Days of Darkening*) was still in progress as of 2008. The first collection was nominated for a British Fantasy Award for Best Anthology by the British Fantasy Society in 2004.

James Stoddard's novel, *The Night Land, A Story Retold* (2011) is a retelling of *The Night Land*, intended for modern readers who may be unwilling to read the archaic language of the original. While retaining the story of *The Night Land*, it departs from the original by naming the main character, adding brief scenes, and using dialogue (the original version had none). An early draft of the second chapter of Stoddard's rewrite appears in *William Hope Hodgson's Night Lands: Eternal Love*.

*Awake in the Night Land* (2014) is a new collection of stories set in the world of Night Land written by John C. Wright, published by Castalia House.

A copious amount of fan fiction (as well as fan art and music) has also been collected on a *Night Land* website based in the UK.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

The Night Land
| Original cover. | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | William Hope Hodgson |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Fantasy, horror, science fiction |
| Publisher | Eveleigh Nash |
| Publication date | 1912 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print (hardback) |
| Pages | 584 |


title: 1960 SANFL Grand Final

abstract: The 1960 SANFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football match played at Adelaide Oval on 1 October 1960 to conclude the 1960 SANFL season. North Adelaide beat Norwood 95 to 90. North Adelaide won by 5 points. Norwood had led by 8 points late in the last quarter before North scored 3 goals 1 behind in 5 minutes to take an 11 point lead into time on. Norwood scored a late goal but North then held the ball in their forward lines until the siren sounded just as Norwood were streaming out of defence.

text:
# 1960 SANFL Grand Final

The **1960 SANFL Grand Final** was an Australian rules football match played at Adelaide Oval on 1 October 1960 to conclude the 1960 SANFL season. North Adelaide beat Norwood 95 to 90. North Adelaide won by 5 points. Norwood had led by 8 points late in the last quarter before North scored 3 goals 1 behind in 5 minutes to take an 11 point lead into time on. Norwood scored a late goal but North then held the ball in their forward lines until the siren sounded just as Norwood were streaming out of defence.

## Teams

1960 Premiership Team
| **:** | Don Gilbourne (c) (1) | Bob Hammond (18) | Theodore "Hank" Lindner (3) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **HB:** | Brian Gambling (7) | Malcolm Montgomery (4) | Ray Carroll (20) |
| **:** | Ron Hewett (6) | Ray Trenorden (21) | Barrie Barbary (5) |
| **HF:** | Malcolm Whitford (10) | Don Lindner (2) | Terry Hughes (16) |
| **:** | Alwin Faggotter (12) | Bob Pascoe (15) | Barry Potts (8)
 |
| **Foll:** | John Bubner (9) | Barry Kent (11) | Billy Thomas (14)
 |
| **Int:** | Alan Cheek (19) | Peter Bottroff (17) |
 |
| **Coach:** | Jack McCarthy | | |

Barry Potts kicked 7 from a forward pocket

## InfoBox

| 1960 SANFL Grand Final | |
| --- | --- |
|
Norwood
North Adelaide  **13.12 (90)** **14.11 (95)** | |
| 1 2 3 4  **NOR** 4.2 (26) 7.5 (47) 10.12 (72) 13.12 (90)  **NTH** 5.5 (35) 8.6 (54) 11.10 (76) 14.11 (95) | |
| Date | Saturday, 1 October (2:10 pm) |
| Stadium | Adelaide Oval |
| Attendance | 54,162 |
| 1959  1961 | |


abstract: Live at the Roxy, London – April 1st & 2nd 1977/Live at CBGB Theatre, New York – July 18th 1978 is a live double album by English rock band Wire. It was released in 2006. It comprises 1 and 2 April 1977 performances at The Roxy, London, England and an 18 July 1978 performance at CBGB, New York City, United States.

text:
# Live at the Roxy, London – April 1st & 2nd 1977/Live at CBGB Theatre, New York – July 18th 1978

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| BBC Music | (favourable) |
| Robert Christgau |  |
| *Record Collector* |  |

***Live at the Roxy, London – April 1st & 2nd 1977/Live at CBGB Theatre, New York – July 18th 1978*** is a live double album by English rock band Wire. It was released in 2006. It comprises 1 and 2 April 1977 performances at The Roxy, London, England and an 18 July 1978 performance at CBGB, New York City, United States.

## Track listing

Disc one*Live at the Roxy, London - April 1st & 2nd 1977*

*FRI 1st April 1977*
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "The Commercial" | Graham Lewis | 1:00 |
| 2. | "Mary Is a Dyke" | George Gill, Colin Newman | 1:08 |
| 3. | "Too True" | Newman | 1:05 |
| 4. | "Just Don't Care" | Lewis, Newman | 1:21 |
| 5. | "Strange" | Bruce Gilbert, Newman | 2:29 |
| 6. | "Brazil" | Lewis, Newman | 0:47 |
| 7. | "It's So Obvious" | Lewis, Newman | 0:56 |
| 8. | "Three Girl Rhumba" | Newman | 1:29 |
| 9. | "TV" | Gilbert, Newman | 1:26 |
| 10. | "Straight Line" | Gilbert, Newman | 0:53 |
| 11. | "Lowdown" | Lewis, Newman | 2:23 |
| 12. | "Feeling Called Love" | Newman | 1:20 |
| 13. | "NYC" | Lewis, Newman | 1:12 |
| 14. | "After Midnight" | J.J. Cale | 1:27 |
| 15. | "12XU" | Gilbert, Lewis, Newman | 2:03 |
| 16. | "Mr Suit" | Newman | 1:50 |
| 17. | "Glad All Over" | Dave Clark, Mike Smith | 1:43 |

*SAT 2nd April 1977*
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 18. | "The Commercial" | Lewis | 1:02 |
| 19. | "Mary Is a Dyke" | Gill, Newman | 1:39 |
| 20. | "Too True" | Newman | 1:06 |
| 21. | "Just Don't Care" | Lewis, Newman | 1:27 |
| 22. | "Strange" | Gilbert, Newman | 2:40 |
| 23. | "Brazil" | Lewis, Newman | 1:04 |
| 24. | "It's So Obvious" | Lewis, Newman | 1:00 |
| 25. | "Three Girl Rhumba" | Newman | 1:39 |
| 26. | "TV" | Gilbert, Newman | 1:18 |
| 27. | "Straight Line" | Gilbert, Newman | 1:40 |
| 28. | "Lowdown" | Lewis, Newman | 1:48 |
| 29. | "Feeling Called Love" | Newman | 1:21 |
| 30. | "NYC" | Lewis, Newman | 1:10 |
| 31. | "After Midnight" | Cale | 1:08 |
| 32. | "12XU" | Gilbert, Lewis, Newman | 2:01 |
| 33. | "Glad All Over" | Clark, Smith | 1:21 |
| 34. | "Mr Suit" | Newman | 2:07 |

Disc two*Live at CBGB Theatre, New York - July 18th 1978*

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Men 2nd" | Lewis, Newman | 1:41 |
| 2. | "Reuters" | Lewis, Newman | 2:34 |
| 3. | "106 Beats That" | Lewis, Newman | 1:02 |
| 4. | "From the Nursery" | Lewis, Newman | 2:38 |
| 5. | "Dot Dash" | Lewis, Newman | 2:19 |
| 6. | "Another the Letter" | Gilbert, Newman | 1:07 |
| 7. | "Practice Makes Perfect" | Gilbert, Newman | 2:34 |
| 8. | "Marooned" | Gilbert, Lewis, Newman | 2:19 |
| 9. | "I Am the Fly" | Lewis, Newman | 3:12 |
| 10. | "Lowdown" | Lewis, Newman | 2:10 |
| 11. | "Mercy" | Lewis, Newman | 5:41 |
| 12. | "Outro" |  | 1:31 |

## Personnel

Wire Production * Denis Blackham – mastering
* David Coppenhall – design
* Chris Hollebone – engineering (disc one)
* Charles Martin – theatre mix (disc two)
* Phil Newell – engineering (disc one)
* Colin Newman – liner notes, production (post-production)
* Gus Stewart – cover photography
* Mike Thorne – original project production

## InfoBox

| Live at the Roxy, London - April 1st & 2nd 1977/Live at CBGB Theatre, New York - July 18th 1978 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Wire | |
| Released | 2006 |
| Recorded | 1–2 April 1977 at The Roxy, London, England
18 July 1978 at CBGB, New York City, United States |
| Genre | Post-punk, art punk |
| Label | Pinkflag |
| Producer | Colin Newman, Mike Thorne |
| Wire live album chronology | |
| *The Scottish Play: 2004*
(2005) ***Live at the Roxy, London - April 1st & 2nd 1977/Live at CBGB Theatre, New York - July 18th 1978***
(2006) *Legal Bootleg Series: 25 Oct 1978 Bradford University*
(2007) | |
|  | |
| Alternative cover | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Plexus ricei

abstract: Plexus ricei is an enigmatic fossil animal known from South Australia, that has a problematic taxonomy due to its fossils not resembling any other known taxon that is part of the Ediacaran biota.

text:
# Plexus ricei

***Plexus ricei*** is an enigmatic fossil animal known from South Australia, that has a problematic taxonomy due to its fossils not resembling any other known taxon that is part of the Ediacaran biota .

## Etymology

The genus name, *Plexus*, means "braided" in Latin, a reference to its braided appearance. The specific name, *ricei*, is a reference to Dennis Rice, one of the field assistants at the South Australian Museum, who helped excavate numerous specimens of the fossil.

## Morphology

The fossilized organism is tubular and worm-like, with a body divided into rounded segments, making it look similar to a tapeworm with its long, laterally flattened body. Its body appears to be bilaterally symmetric. The individuals range in size from 5 to 80 centimeters long and 5 to 20 millimeters wide. The organism is composed of a rigid median tubular structure and a fragile outer tubular wall.

## Relations

While *Plexus ricei* appears to be bilaterally symmetric, it is unsure if this organism is a member of Bilateria, although animals that appear to have bilateral symmetry existed at the time. However, *Plexus ricei* does not resemble any of the other animals from the time period, such as *Charnia*, *Dickinsonia*, or *Kimberella*, bilateral symmetry or not. No other Ediacarian animal has such a long, flattened body, meaning that this organism could belong to an entirely new classification of these extinct animals, or be an ancestor of the complex bilaterians that existed during the Cambrian.

## InfoBox

| *Plexus ricei*
Temporal range: Ediacaran, ~ | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist's Interpretation of P. ricei | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | *incertae sedis* |
| Genus: | *Plexus*
Joel, 2013 |
| Species: | ***P. ricei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Plexus ricei***
Joel, 2013 | |
|


title: Postplatyptilia huigraica

abstract: Postplatyptilia huigraica is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is known from Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. The wingspan is 14–15 mm. Adults are on wing in February, June, August, and from October to December.

text:
# Postplatyptilia huigraica

***Postplatyptilia huigraica*** is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is known from Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela.

The wingspan is 14–15 mm. Adults are on wing in February, June, August, and from October to December.

## InfoBox

| *Postplatyptilia huigraica* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pterophoridae |
| Genus: | *Postplatyptilia* |
| Species: | ***P. huigraica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Postplatyptilia huigraica***<br>B. Landry & Gielis, 1992 | |
|


title: Long-tailed manakin

abstract: The long-tailed manakin is a species of bird in the family Pipridae native to Central America where it inhabits both wet and dry tropical and subtropical forests. It is a small, plump bird about 10 centimetres (4 in) long. Males have black plumage with a blue back and a red crown, and the two central tail feathers are greatly elongated. Females and juveniles are olive-green with paler underparts. At breeding time, males are involved in a cooperative lekking behaviour with a complex coordinated courtship dance. This is a fairly common species with a wide range, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of "least concern".

text:
# Long-tailed manakin

The **long-tailed manakin** (***Chiroxiphia linearis***) is a species of bird in the family Pipridae native to Central America where it inhabits both wet and dry tropical and subtropical forests. It is a small, plump bird about 10 centimetres (4 in) long. Males have black plumage with a blue back and a red crown, and the two central tail feathers are greatly elongated. Females and juveniles are olive-green with paler underparts. At breeding time, males are involved in a cooperative lekking behaviour with a complex coordinated courtship dance. This is a fairly common species with a wide range, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of "least concern".

## Description

Large for a manakin, the long-tailed measures about 10 cm (3.9 in) long and weighs 18 g (0.63 oz).

The male is mostly a rich black. This is contrasted by a bright red crown and legs. The back is bright blue. The two central tail feathers are narrow and greatly elongated. The female is olive green, paler below and on the chin and throat. Some females have a small amount of red in the crown.

It closely resembles the lance-tailed manakin (*C. lanceolata*), the blue-backed manakin (*C. pareola*), the swallow-tailed manakin (*C. caudata*), and the Yungas manakin (*C. boliviana*), which all have the same red crown and blue back. There is, however, no overlap in range with these four species.

## Distribution and habitat

The long-tailed manakin is found in Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and Nicaragua. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, and heavily degraded former forest.

## Ecology

The manakin species are very interesting in their family life. Long-tailed manakin males form a long-term partnership duo or trio. Together they sing in synchrony and, for any female who is attracted by their singing, perform a complex coordinated courtship dance. If she mates, only the alpha male inseminates her. Among many displaying male partnerships in a locality (a dispersed lek), only one or a very few males may account for the vast majority of matings in a given breeding season. As in other lekking species, the female then builds the nest and raises the young without involvement by males.

## Status

This bird has a very wide range, is fairly common and is presumed to have a large total population. The population trend is thought to be stable and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated the bird's conservation status as being of "least concern".

## InfoBox

| Long-tailed manakin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Pipridae |
| Genus: | *Chiroxiphia* |
| Species: | ***C. linearis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Chiroxiphia linearis***
(Bonaparte, 1838) | |
|
|  | |


title: Macondo Writers Workshop

abstract: The Macondo Writers Workshop is an association of socially-engaged master's level writers working to advance creativity, foster generosity, and serve community. Founded in 1995 by writer Sandra Cisneros and named after the town in Gabriel García Marquez's One Hundred Years of Solitude, the workshop gathers writers from all genres who work on geographic, cultural, economic, gender, and spiritual borders. An essential aspect of the Macondo Workshop is a global sense of community; participants recognize their place as writers in our society and the world.

text:
# Macondo Writers Workshop

The **Macondo Writers Workshop** is an association of socially-engaged master's level writers working to advance creativity, foster generosity, and serve community. Founded in 1995 by writer Sandra Cisneros and named after the town in Gabriel García Marquez's *One Hundred Years of Solitude*, the workshop gathers writers from all genres who work on geographic, cultural, economic, gender, and spiritual borders. An essential aspect of the Macondo Workshop is a global sense of community; participants recognize their place as writers in our society and the world.

## History

Macondo began over twenty years ago when author Sandra Cisneros gathered a group of writers, artists, scholars and activists around her dining table in her King William home to meet informally for rigorous writing workshops. Under the direction of Cisneros, and during its brief time at the Guadalupe Cultural Arts Center, membership grew significantly. As such, Macondo has very established traditions and expectations that include a rigorous application process aimed at professional writers of all genres, and the "Compassionate Code of Conduct," a document drafted by a group of past Macondistas outlining the principles and ethics that govern our organization. Macondo has over two hundred lifetime members, many of whom have been with the association from the beginning and who continue to receive support from the Macondo community. Macondo has grown and solidified itself as a space of intense artistic and cultural creativity where writers, artists, thinkers, scholars, and critics can come together and inspire and challenge one another in order to incite change in our respective communities.

## Mission

Cisneros has described Macondo's mission as supporting and uniting writers "who view their work and talents as part of a larger task of community-building and non-violent social change." The anthropologist and writer Ruth Behar has described participants as "Americans of the other America, moving between cultures, languages, classes, homelands, translating our experience for ourselves and others."

## Writing faculty

Noted past faculty members have included Ai Ogawa, Dorothy Allison, Julia Alvarez, Andrei Codrescu, Joy Harjo, Tim Z. Hernandez, Manuel Muñoz, Elena Poniatowska, Luis J. Rodriguez, Norma Elia Cantú and Helena María Viramontes.

## Macondistas

The term **"Macondistas"** refers to authors and members of the writing community who are alumni of the Macondo Writers' Workshop. Writers and poets who have attended include: Pat Alderete, Francisco Aragon, Richard Blanco, Sarah A. Chavez, Wendy Call, Denise Chavez, Alex Espinoza, Alicia Gaspar de Alba, Carmen Giménez Smith, Jose B. Gonzalez, liz gonzález, Reyna Grande, Laurie Ann Guerrero, Allison Hedge Coke, Joe Jimenez, Amelia M.L. Montes, Kristin Naca, Amada Irma Pérez, Lourdes Portillo, Renato Rosaldo, Raul Salinas, Carmen Giménez Smith, Gary Soto, Ito Romo, William Sanchez, Carmen Tafolla, Anel I. Flores,Natalia Treviño, Carla Trujillo, Baldemar Velasquez, and Dan Vera.


title: Paratopula ceylonica

abstract: Paratopula ceylonica is a species of ant in the subfamily Myrmicinae found in the Philippines, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and China.

text:
# Paratopula ceylonica

***Paratopula ceylonica*** is a species of ant in the subfamily Myrmicinae found in the Philippines, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and China.

* "*Paratopula ceylonica* \- Facts". *AntWeb*. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
* "*Paratopula ceylonica*". at *antwiki.org*
* Itis.gov

## InfoBox

| *Paratopula ceylonica* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Subfamily: | Myrmicinae |
| Genus: | *Paratopula* |
| Species: | ***P. ceylonica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Paratopula ceylonica***<br>(Emery, 1901) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Leptothorax taylori* Forel, 1902 | |


title: 1960 Rose Bowl

abstract: The 1960 Rose Bowl was the 46th edition of the college football bowl game, played at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, on Friday, January 1, 1960, at the end of the 1959 season. This was the first Rose Bowl appearance by the Huskies since 1944 and the first appearance by the Badgers since 1953. This was the first time these two football programs met on the field. The Washington Huskies defeated the Wisconsin Badgers, 44–8. The face value of a game ticket was six dollars.

text:
# 1960 Rose Bowl

The **1960 Rose Bowl** was the 46th edition of the college football bowl game, played at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, on Friday, January 1, 1960, at the end of the 1959 season. This was the first Rose Bowl appearance by the Huskies since 1944 and the first appearance by the Badgers since 1953. This was the first time these two football programs met on the field. The Washington Huskies defeated the Wisconsin Badgers, 448.

The face value of a game ticket was six dollars.

## Teams

### Washington Huskies

The Washington Huskies were the first conference champions of the newly-formed Athletic Association of Western Universities (AAWU), commonly referred to as the "Big Five" at the time (and now as the Pac-12). The conference formed in the wake of the "pay for play" scandal and collapse of the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) after the 1958 season. As a result of the demise of the PCC, the Rose Bowl had no contractual agreement with either the Big Five or Big Ten to send their champions to the game: both teams received "at-large" invitations and accepted.

Washington, USC, and UCLA all finished with 3–1 conference records. Washington had defeated UCLA, which had defeated USC, which had defeated Washington. The USC loss was the only one for Washington, and the Huskies had the best record in the AAWU. Washington entered the game as the West representative, the first champions of the newly-formed AAWU conference. They were led by quarterback Bob Schloredt, a 20-year-old junior who "conspicuously lacked his trade's traditional egotism," stating "I consider myself just adequate." Remarkably, he was also 90% blind in his left eye.

### Wisconsin Badgers

Wisconsin, the Big Ten Conference champion, had a 72 regular season record, with losses to Purdue and Illinois. Despite the similarity in the poll rankings, Wisconsin entered the game as a 6½-point favorite, due in part to recent dominance of the Big Ten in recent Rose Bowl games, winning twelve of thirteen.

## Scoring summary

**1st Quarter**

* WASH – Don McKeta 6-yard run (George Fleming kick)
* WASH – Fleming 36-yard field goal
* WASH – Fleming 53-yard punt return (Fleming kick)

**2nd Quarter**

**3rd Quarter**

* WASH – Ray Jackson 2-yard run (Fleming kick)

**4th Quarter**

* WASH – Schloredt 3-yard run (Fleming kick)
* WASH – Don Millich 3-yard pass from Bob Hivner (pass failed)

## Game notes

## Aftermath

Washington quarterback Bob Schloredt and halfback George Fleming were named co-Players of the Game. Schloredt was subsequently named the Player of the Game the following year, the first in the history of the Rose Bowl to be twice-honored. In 1970, Fleming became the first African-American to be elected to the Washington state senate.

## InfoBox

| 1960 Rose Bowl | |
| --- | --- |
| 46th Rose Bowl Game | |
|  | |
| 1 2 3 4 Total  **Washington** 17 7 7 13 44  **Wisconsin** 0 8 0 0 8 | |
| Date | January 1, 1960 |
| Season | 1959 |
| Stadium | Rose Bowl |
| Location | Pasadena, California |
| Players of the Game |  |
| Favorite | Wisconsin by 6+12 points |
| Referee | Don Hamilton (Big Ten;<br>split crew: Big Ten, AAWU) |
| Attendance | 100,809 |
| United States TV coverage | |
| Network | NBC |
|


title: Plant DNA C-values Database

abstract: The Plant DNA C-values Database (https://cvalues.science.kew.org/) is a comprehensive catalogue of C-value data for land plants and algae. The database was created by Prof. Michael D. Bennett and Dr. Ilia J. Leitch of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK. The database was originally launched as the "Angiosperm DNA C-values Database" in April 1997, essentially as an online version of collected data lists that had been published by Prof. Bennett and colleagues since the 1970s. Release 1.0 of the more inclusive Plant DNA C-values Database was launched in 2001, with subsequent releases 2.0 in January 2003 and 3.0 in December 2004. In addition to the angiosperm dataset made available in 1997, the database has been expanded taxonomically several times and now includes data from pteridophytes, gymnosperms, bryophytes, and algae.. The most recent release of the database went live in April 2019. It contains data for 12,273 species of plants comprising 10,770 angiosperms, 421 gymnosperms, 303 pteridophytes, 334 bryophytes, and 445 algae. A similar Animal Genome Size Database was created in 2001 by Dr. T. Ryan Gregory of the University of Guelph, Canada.

text:
# Plant DNA C-values Database

The **Plant DNA C-values Database** (https://cvalues.science.kew.org/) is a comprehensive catalogue of C-value (nuclear DNA content, or in diploids, genome size) data for land plants and algae. The database was created by Prof. Michael D. Bennett and Dr. Ilia J. Leitch of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK. The database was originally launched as the "Angiosperm DNA C-values Database" in April 1997, essentially as an online version of collected data lists that had been published by Prof. Bennett and colleagues since the 1970s. Release 1.0 of the more inclusive Plant DNA C-values Database was launched in 2001, with subsequent releases 2.0 in January 2003 and 3.0 in December 2004. In addition to the angiosperm dataset made available in 1997, the database has been expanded taxonomically several times and now includes data from pteridophytes (since 2000), gymnosperms (since 2001), bryophytes (since 2001), and algae (since 2004) (see (1) for update history). (Note that each of these subset databases is cited individually as they may contain different sets of authors).

The most recent release of the database (release 7.1) went live in April 2019. It contains data for 12,273 species of plants comprising 10,770 angiosperms, 421 gymnosperms, 303 pteridophytes (246 ferns and fern allies and 57 lycophytes), 334 bryophytes, and 445 algae.

A similar Animal Genome Size Database was created in 2001 by Dr. T. Ryan Gregory of the University of Guelph, Canada.

* Bennett, M.D. and J.B. Smith. 1976. Nuclear DNA amounts in angiosperms. *Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B* 274: 227–274.
* Bennett, M.D. and J.B. Smith. 1991. Nuclear DNA amounts in angiosperms. *Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B* 334: 309–345.
* Bennett, M.D. and I.J. Leitch. 1995. Nuclear DNA amounts in angiosperms. *Annals of Botany* 76: 113–176.
* Bennett, M.D. and I.J. Leitch. 1997. Nuclear DNA amounts in angiosperms — 583 new estimates. *Annals of Botany* 80: 169–196.
* Bennett, M.D., P. Bhandol, and I.J. Leitch. 2000. Nuclear DNA amounts in angiosperms and their modern uses—807 new estimates. *Annals of Botany* 86: 859–909.
* Bennett, M.D. and I.J. Leitch. 2005. Nuclear DNA amounts in angiosperms — progress, problems and prospects. *Annals of Botany* 95: 45–90.
* Bennett, M.D. and I.J. Leitch. 2005. Genome size evolution in plants. In *The Evolution of the Genome*, edited by T.R. Gregory. San Diego: Elsevier. Pages 89–162.
* Gregory, T.R. 2005. The C-value enigma in plants and animals: a review of parallels and an appeal for partnership. *Annals of Botany* 95: 133–146.
* Leitch, I.J., D.E. Soltis, P.S. Soltis, and M.D. Bennett. 2005. Evolution of DNA amounts across land plants (Embryophyta). *Annals of Botany* 95: 207–217.
* Murray, B.G. 1998. Nuclear DNA Amounts in Gymnosperms. *Annals of Botany* 82 (Suppl. A): 3–15.
* Garcia S, Leitch IJ, Anadon-Rosell A, Canela MÁ, Gálvez F, Garnatje T, Gras A, Hidalgo O, Johnston E, Mas de Xaxars G, et al. 2014. Recent updates and developments to plant genome size databases. Nucleic Acids Research 42(D1): D1159-D1166.
* Leitch IJ, Johnston E, Pellicer J, Hidalgo O, Bennett MD 2019. Plant DNA C-values Database (release 7.1, April 2019).


title: Prakash Sarkar

abstract: Prakash Sarkar is an Indian professional footballer who plays as a defender for I-League club Delhi.

text:
# Prakash Sarkar

**Prakash Sarkar** (born 15 February 1997) is an Indian professional footballer who plays as a defender for I-League club Delhi.

## Career

Prakash Sarkar started his career with the youth academy of Pune FC under then coach Ranjan Chowdhury and participated in the 2015-16 U-18 I-League and reached the final round. In 2016-17, he joined East Bengal FC and played for the East Bengal F.C. U-18 side, again under Ranjan Chowdhury, which became runners-up in the 2016-17 U-18 I-League.

### East Bengal FC

#### 2017-18

In 2017-18, under coach Khalid Jamil, Prakash Sarkar after his excellent performance for the East Bengal F.C. U-18 side, was promoted to the senior squad and he made his debut in the Calcutta Football League going on to make 5 appearances in total. His I-League debut came in the 2017-18 I-League on 22 December 2017, away against Chennai City F.C. which East Bengal FC won 1-2. He made 9 appearances in the 2017-18 I-League season, playing as a defensive midfield as East Bengal finished 4th. He was also a part of the East Bengal team, that became runners-up in the 2018 Indian Super Cup held at Bhubaneshwar as East Bengal FC lost 1-4 to Bengaluru FC in the final. Prakash Sarkar, however, did not play any of the matches and remained on the bench throughout the campaign.

#### 2018-19

In 2018-19, under coach Alejandro Menendez, Prakash Sarkar did not get as much chance as he got in the previous season with just 3 appearances from the bench in the 2018-19 I-League, the season went very lack-lusture for the defensive midfielder.

#### 2019-20

At the start of 2019-20 season, Prakash Sarkar signed a 3 years contract extension with East Bengal FC. He has played 2 games this season, with 1 appearance in 2019 Durand Cup. Coach Alejandro Menendez has been trying him as a centre-back in the pre-season before the 2019-20 I-League.

## Career statistics

### Club

*As of 4 May 2022*

| Club | Season | League | | | Cup | | Continental | | Other | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| East Bengal | 2017–18 | I-League | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | | 5 | 0 | 14 | 0 |
| | 2018–19 | | 3 | 0 |  | |  | | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| | 2019–20 | | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |  | | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| | Total | | 12 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 22 | 0 |
| Real Kashmir | 2021–22 | I-League | 13 | 0 |  | |  | |  | | 13 | 0 |
| Delhi | 2023–24 | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | |  | | 0 | 0 |
| Career total | | | 25 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 35 | 0 |

## Honours

**East Bengal**

**Real Kashmir**

1. "AIFF Academy Beat East Bengal To Clinch U-18 I-League Title". *I-League*. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
2. "MATCHES OF P. SARKAR". *Soccerway*. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
3. "East Bengal extend contract of three youngsters". *The Times of India*. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
4. Prakash Sarkar at Soccerway
5. "Real Kashmir FC Win Thriller vs Sreenidi for Back-to-back IFA Shield Triumphs". *news18.com*. News18. 15 December 2021. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.

## InfoBox

Prakash Sarkar
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1997-02-15) 15 February 1997 | | |
| Place of birth | Ashoknagar Kalyangarh, West Bengal, India | | |
| Position(s) | Right back | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Delhi | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2014–2016 | Pune | | |
| 2016–2017 | East Bengal | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2017–2021 | East Bengal | 12 | (0) |
| 2021 | Calcutta Customs |  |  |
| 2021 | Peerless |  |  |
| 2021–2022 | Real Kashmir | 13 | (0) |
| 2022–2023 | Bhawanipore |  |  |
| 2023– | Delhi | 0 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 23:33, 15 March 2022 (UTC) | | | |


title: Mercur

abstract: Mercur may refer to:

text:
# Mercur

**Mercur** may refer to:

## Places

* Gangsås, an area in the city of Harstad, Norway (also known as *Mercur*)
* Mercur, Utah, a ghost town in Tooele County, Utah, USA

## People

* Ulysses Mercur, a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania

## Other

* Magirus Mercur, a German 5-ton truck that was built by Magirus Deutz in Germany from 1951 to 1972
* Radio Mercur, a former Danish offshore broadcasting commercial radio station
* Songa Mercur, a semi-submersible drilling rig designed by Friede & Goldman


title: Vidya Krishnan

abstract: Vidya Krishnan is a health-focused Indian investigative journalist and author, based in Montreal. Krishnan reported that she was the survivor of sexual harassment at India Today in 2018 and received online abuse and death threats due to her reporting about the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021. She comes from a tamil brahmin family and is known for her book about Phantom Plague: How Tuberculosis Shaped our History.

text:
# Vidya Krishnan

**Vidya Krishnan** is a health-focused Indian investigative journalist and author, based in Montreal.

Krishnan reported that she was the survivor of sexual harassment at India Today in 2018 and received online abuse and death threats due to her reporting about the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021.

She comes from a tamil brahmin family and is known for her book about *Phantom Plague: How Tuberculosis Shaped our History.*

## Career

Krishnan started her career in 2003 at *The Pioneer* newspaper. As a freelance journalist, she regularly writes for Foreign Policy, The Caravan, and The Atlantic, and was previously the health editor for *The Hindu*.

She has reported on issues including the Rohingya genocide, tuberculosis*,* the right to health movement, and ethical standards in Indian clinical trials of pharmaceutical drugs.

In 2020, after years of health reporting, Krishnan spoke about navigating high levels of online harassment while reporting on COVID-19 including receiving death and rape threats.

Throughout 2021, Krishnan was critical of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi's response to the COVID-19 pandemic in India. She spoke about how the pandemic is disproportionately affecting poor people, and that the response is not led by scientists.

Krishnan delivered the Dr C.V.S. Sarma Memorial Lecture at the University of Hyderabad in November 2021, titled *Science Denialism & Democracy*.

## Selected publications

## Awards

Krishnan won a Nieman Fellowship from Harvard University to study the impact of behavioral economics on antibiotic use, with a specific focus on self-medication and antibiotic resistance.

In 2017, she received the International Health Media Fellowships award. She has won the Oxford University's global health journalism fellowship, a National Press Foundation fellowship, and McGill University's global health media scholarship.

## InfoBox

| Vidya Krishnan | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Alma mater | Harvard University
Oxford University
SOAS, University of London |
| Occupation(s) | Investigative Journalist, author |
| Known for | COVID-19 reporting |
| Notable work | Phantom Plague (2022 book) |


title: Lochmodocerus antennatus

abstract: Lochmodocerus antennatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Lochmodocerus. It was described by Burne in 1984. Lochmodocerus antennatus was discovered in Chiapas, Mexico, and is characterized by having conspicuous zones of long, erect setae on the basal portion of some of the segments of the antennae in both sexes.

text:
# Lochmodocerus antennatus

***Lochmodocerus antennatus*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus ***Lochmodocerus***. It was described by Burne in 1984.

***Lochmodocerus antennatus*** was discovered in Chiapas, Mexico, and is characterized by having conspicuous zones of long, erect setae on the basal portion of some of the segments of the antennae in both sexes.

## InfoBox

| *Lochmodocerus antennatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Lochmodocerus*** |
| Species: | ***L. antennatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lochmodocerus antennatus***<br>Burne, 1984 | |
|


title: Maconellicoccus hirsutus

abstract: Maconellicoccus hirsutus, is a pest of many plants, trees, and shrubs. It infests hibiscus, citrus, coffee, sugar cane, annonas, plums, guava, mango, okra, sorrel, teak, mora, pigeon pea, peanut, grapevine, maize, asparagus, chrysanthemum, beans, cotton, soybean, cocoa, and many other plants. The pest forms colonies on the host plant, and if left undisturbed, the colonies will grow into large masses of white waxy coverings on branches, fruiting structures, leaves, and even whole plants, including large trees.

text:
# Maconellicoccus hirsutus

***Maconellicoccus hirsutus***, (also known as the **pink**, **grape** or **hibiscus mealybug**) is a pest of many plants, trees, and shrubs. It infests hibiscus, citrus, coffee, sugar cane, annonas, plums, guava, mango (although, mango mealybug is more problematic), okra, sorrel, teak, mora, pigeon pea, peanut, grapevine, maize, asparagus, chrysanthemum, beans, cotton, soybean, cocoa, and many other plants. The pest forms colonies on the host plant, and if left undisturbed, the colonies will grow into large masses of white waxy coverings on branches, fruiting structures, leaves, and even whole plants, including large trees.

## Lifecycle

Both female and male adult hibiscus mealybugs are about one-eighth inch (3 mm) long. Female bodies are pink in color with a white waxy covering. They are wingless and appear as ovoid shapes covered by a mass of white mealy wax. Males have a pair of wings and two long waxy tails and are capable of flight.

The mature female lays eggs in an egg sack of white wax, usually in clusters on the twigs, branches, and bark of the host plant, and also on the plant's leaves and terminal ends. Eggs are initially orange in color but turn pink on maturity. Egg development takes between 3 and 9 days. Eggs are minute, varying from 0.3 to 0.4 mm in length and number as many as 654 eggs per sack. In its egg stage, the hibiscus mealybug disperses most easily by wind. The wax, which sticks to each egg, also facilitates passive transport by animals or man. Reproduction may occur by means of parthenogenesis in the absence of the male.

Newly hatched nymphs are called crawlers and are very mobile. They may disperse over the host, especially toward tender growing parts, or be carried away by wind, man, or animals. The nymphal stages appear much like the female in form, but the female nymphs have three instars, while male nymphs have four instars. The last instar of the male is an inactive stage with wing buds within a cocoon of mealy wax. The nymphal stages may last for as long as 30 days. The hibiscus mealybug can complete its entire life cycle in 23 to 30 days. Under optimum laboratory conditions, there can be as many as 15 generations a year.

## Effects and distribution

As it feeds, the hibiscus mealybug injects into the plant a toxic saliva that results in malformed leaf and shoot growth, stunting, and occasional death. Leaves show a characteristic curling, similar to damage caused by viruses. Heavily infested plants have shortened internodes leading to resetting or a "bunchy top" appearance. A heavy, black, sooty mold may develop on an infested plant's leaves and stems as a result of the mealybug's heavy honey-dew secretions. When fruits are infested, they can be entirely covered with the white waxy coating of the mealybug. Infestation can lead to fruit drop, or fruit may remain on the host in a dried and shriveled condition. If flower blossoms are attacked, the fruit sets poorly. In plants such as peanuts, potatoes, and some grasses, the pest has been reported to attack the root systems.

This pest occurs in most tropical areas of the world, including Asia, the Middle East, Africa, Australia, and Oceania. The hibiscus mealybug arrived in Egypt from India in 1912 and in Hawaii in 1984. Finally, it appeared in Grenada, Trinidad, and St. Kitts in the 1990s. It is a very serious pest in the Caribbean where it attacks many hosts of economic importance and disrupts Caribbean agricultural trade and commerce. Wingless crawlers, nymphs, and females have been known to travel short distances over the ground to get to other host plants in adjoining fields. Agricultural commerce is also responsible for the pest's spread. The species had spread to California, Mexico, Central America and to Florida in 2002. The adult female mealybug produces a blend of two compounds that function as a female sex pheromone, highly attractive to males. The pheromone can be used to trap males or to indicate the presence of a population of pink hibiscus mealybugs in the field.

## InfoBox

| *Maconellicoccus hirsutus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Female | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Sternorrhyncha |
| Family: | Pseudococcidae |
| Genus: | *Maconellicoccus* |
| Species: | ***M. hirsutus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Maconellicoccus hirsutus***<br>Green, 1908 | |
|


title: Paranogmius

abstract: Paranogmius is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the Cenomanian. It is known from only 2 partial skulls and several dorsal vertebrae discovered in the Bahariya Formation that was destroyed during World War II. Since then, no more fossils have been discovered. It may have been up to 3 meters long.

text:
# Paranogmius

***Paranogmius*** is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the Cenomanian. It is known from only 2 partial skulls and several dorsal vertebrae discovered in the Bahariya Formation that was destroyed during World War II. Since then, no more fossils have been discovered. It may have been up to 3 meters (10 feet) long.

## Discovery and history

The first and only remains of *Paranogmius* were discovered by crews working for Ernst Stromer in 1916 in the Gebel el Dist district of the Bahariya Oasis in Egypt, and were taken to the Palaeontological Museum, Munich. The remains consisted of just 2 partial posterior skulls and several vertebrae, and weren't fully described until 1935 by Wilhelm Weiler, naming it *Paranogimus doederleini* due to its similarities to *Pentanogmius*, and the species name after German Paleontologist Ludwig Döederlein. Weiler noted the great size of the remains, with one of the partial skulls, the type (BSPG 1912 VIII 99), preserved at 45 centimeters long. *Paranogmius* fossils were destroyed during the Bombing of Munich during the Second World War along with many other finds from Bahariya. Since 1935, no additional material has been described, although *Concavotectum moroccensis* may be synonymous.

## Description

*Paranogmius* was a Plethodid, meaning it likely had a large dorsal fin and a fusiform body like its relatives. *Paranogmius* also shares the triangular head shape, chewing plate, and wide snout with Plethodids like *Pentanogmius*. *Paranogmius* diagnostic differences from other Plethodids are mostly from the dentary and posterior skull region. The most remarkable feature of *Paranogmius* is its size, with estimates placing it at 3 meters long.

## InfoBox

| *Paranogmius*
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian), | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Holotype skull of *Paranogmius* | |
|  | |
| Life restoration of *Paranogmius* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Tselfatiiformes |
| Family: | Plethodidae |
| Genus: | *Paranogmius*
Weiler, 1935 |
| Species: | ***P. doederleini*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Paranogmius doederleini***
Weiler, 1935 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: The Pink Mirror

abstract: The Pink Mirror, titled Gulabi Aaina in India, is an Indian film drama produced and directed by Sridhar Rangayan. It is said to be the first Indian film to comprehensively focus on Indian transsexuals with the entire story revolving around two transsexuals and a gay teenager's attempts to seduce a man, Samir. The film explores the taboo subject of transsexuals in India which is still much misunderstood and ridiculed. In 2003, the Central Board of Film Certification banned this film. The censor board cited that the film was 'vulgar and offensive'. The filmmaker appealed twice again unsuccessfully. The film still remains banned in India, but was screened at numerous festivals all over the world and won awards. The critics have applauded it for its sensitive and touching portrayal of marginalized communities. India's foremost gay activist Ashok Row Kavi says in his review, "The wonder is that it was not made before. The reality is that it is here now." India's leading newspaper, The Indian Express, wrote, "This is more than just the 'peeping into the closet' that Rangayan intended. It's almost throwing the doors wide open for the world to look in!" The film has received tremendous support and critical acclaim from reviewers, festival directors and global audiences. It was screened at more than 70 international film festivals and won a couple of awards. The film is also used as part of university archives and libraries as resource material in academic courses.

text:
# The Pink Mirror

***The Pink Mirror***, titled ***Gulabi Aaina*** in India, is an Indian film drama produced and directed by Sridhar Rangayan. It is said to be the first Indian film to comprehensively focus on Indian transsexuals with the entire story revolving around two transsexuals and a gay teenager's attempts to seduce a man, Samir (Rufy Baqal). The film explores the taboo subject of transsexuals in India which is still much misunderstood and ridiculed.

In 2003, the Central Board of Film Certification banned this film. The censor board cited that the film was 'vulgar and offensive'. The filmmaker appealed twice again unsuccessfully. The film still remains banned in India, but was screened at numerous festivals all over the world and won awards. The critics have applauded it for its sensitive and touching portrayal of marginalized communities.

India's foremost gay activist Ashok Row Kavi says in his review, "The wonder is that it was not made before. The reality is that it is here now." India's leading newspaper, *The Indian Express*, wrote, "This is more than just the 'peeping into the closet' that Rangayan intended. It's almost throwing the doors wide open for the world to look in!"

The film has received tremendous support and critical acclaim from reviewers, festival directors and global audiences. It was screened at more than 70 international film festivals and won a couple of awards. The film is also used as part of university archives and libraries as resource material in academic courses.

## Plot

The film centers around two drag performers: Bibbo, a Bollywood fashion designer, and Shabbo, a dancer, who have a strenuous and often volatile relationship with each other. Though they are known to quarrel often, they are always able to reconcile soon after an argument and prove to the other that they care about them.

They both have an attraction to Samir, an aspiring actor whom Bibbo claims is her driver, despite Bibbo not owning a car. The situation is further complicated by Mandy, Shabbo's young Western apprentice, who reveals he is gay and admits to being attracted to Samir. Throughout the escapades and comedic antics that occur during the scuffle to win Samir's heart, Bibbo learns Shabbo's secret that he is HIV-positive, and is not above revealing his secret to Samir or possibly even the entire city.

## Cast

| Actor | Character | Role |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ramesh Menon | Bibbo | A Bollywood fashion designer: loud, raucous and vitriolic. She loves campy drag humor and thinks she is a master at seducing men. When she sees Shabbo and Mandy stealing her current boyfriend Samir, she gets very upset and nasty. |
| Edwin Fernandes | Shabbo | A dancer: soft, sensuous, and equally malicious. When she comes to Bibbo's house, she falls for Samir and makes attempts to seduce him. During a fight, Bibbo learns that Shabbo is HIV positive. |
| Rishi Raj | Mandy | A young pesky teenager just about peeping out of his closet... a western closet – a westernized teenager who says he is 'gay', much to the ire of Bibbo who calls herself 'kothi' (transgender). Mandy falls for Samir, creating a triangle. |
| Rufy Baqal | Samir | The handsome aspiring actor whom Bibbo claims to be her driver. Upon meeting Samir, Shabbo begins her attempts to seduce Samir, even if it means doing so before Bibbo's eyes. |

## Festivals

The movie has been shown at many film festivals

* Fire Island Film Festival
* 12th Le Festival Question de Genre – Gay Kitschcamp
* Fire Island Film and Video Festival
* 18th Turin International Gay & Lesbian Film Festival
* Digital Talkies Film Festival
* 6th Pink Apple Gay and Lesbian Film Festival
* San Francisco International Lesbian & Gay Film Festival
* Queer Filmstan
* Austin Gay & Lesbian International Film Festival
* Indianapolis LGBT Film Festival
* Barcelona International Gay & Lesbian Film Festival
* Hamburg International Lesbian & Gay Film Festival
* Cork Film Festival
* Lehigh Valley Queer Film Festival
* Chicago Lesbian & Gay International Film Festival
* Out Takes Dallas Lesbian & Gay Film Festival
* Rhode Island International Film Festival
* Translations – Seattle Transgender Film Festival, USA (May 2009)

## Awards

Since *The Pink Mirror*, its director, Sridhar Rangayan, has made 5 more films dealing with gay and transgender people:

*Yours Emotionally* (2006) is a film about a passionate love story between a British Asian from UK and a small town Indian youth. The film received good reviews for its bold and groundbreaking narrative. It has been released on DVD by Waterbearer Films.

*68 Pages* (2007) is a film about the lives of five people who fight all odds to survive. It is about stigma and discrimination faced by HIV+ people – a transsexual bar dancer, a commercial sex worker, a gay couple, a heterosexual ID user and a municipality sweeper. The film derives its name from 68 pages of a counselors diary. This film had its world premiere at the International Film Festival of Kerala (IFFK 2007) in December 2007.

*Purple Skies* (2014) is a 2014 movie directed by Sridhar Rangayan and produced by Public Service Broadcasting Trust and Solaris Pictures. It documents the opinions of lesbians, bisexuals and trans men in India. It was broadcast on Doordarshan in 2015.

*Breaking Free* is a 2015 film directed by Sridhar Rangayan and produced by Solaris Pictures. In this documentary, filmmaker and gay activist Sridhar Rangayan embarks on a personal journey to expose the human rights violations faced by the LGBTQ community in India due to a draconian law Section 377 and homophobic social mores of a patriarchal society. The film was selected to be part of the Indian Panorama (non-Fiction) and screened at International Film Festival of India in 2015. It won the Rajat Kamal National Award for Best Editing (Non-Fiction) in 2016 for its editors Pravin Angre and Sridhar Rangayan. It also won the Barbara Gittings Human Rights Award at qFLIX Philadelphia in 2016.

*Evening Shadows* (2018) is a movie set in South India and Mumbai, 'Evening Shadows' is a tender heartwarming story about a mother-son bond that has to withstand the ravages of time, distance and truths.

## InfoBox

| Gulabi Aaina
The Pink Mirror | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Sridhar Rangayan |
| Written by | Sridhar Rangayan |
| Produced by | Saagar Gupta |
| Starring | Edwin Fernandes
Ramesh Menon
Deepak Sonavane
Rufy Baqal
Rishi Raj |
| Distributed by | Solaris Pictures |
| Release date | * 14 January 2006 (2006-01-14) |
| Running time | 40 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Hindi |


title: 1967–68 Kentucky Colonels season

abstract: The 1967–68 Kentucky Colonels season was the first season of the Colonels in the newly created American Basketball Association. The team was created on March 6, 1967, with Don Regan being awarded the team for $30,000. Later in the year, Joseph Gregory, Mamie Gregory and William C. Boone became owners. The Colonels finished tied for fourth place in the ABA's Eastern Division with the New Jersey Americans, and a one-game playoff was to be played on March 23, the day after the Colonels had won the final game of the season over the Indiana Pacers 119–106. However, the conditions of the arena where the game was to be taken place were deemed to be in poor condition. The Colonels refused to play, and ABA Commissioner George Mikan ruled a forfeit in favor of the Colonels. In the Eastern Division Semifinals, they lost to the Minnesota Muskies 3 games to 2.

text:
# 1967–68 Kentucky Colonels season

The **1967–68 Kentucky Colonels season** was the first season of the Colonels in the newly created American Basketball Association. The team was created on March 6, 1967, with Don Regan being awarded the team for $30,000. Later in the year, Joseph Gregory, Mamie Gregory and William C. Boone became owners.

The Colonels finished tied for fourth place in the ABA's Eastern Division with the New Jersey Americans, and a one-game playoff was to be played on March 23, the day after the Colonels had won the final game of the season over the Indiana Pacers 119–106. However, the conditions of the arena where the game was to be taken place were deemed to be in poor condition. The Colonels refused to play, and ABA Commissioner George Mikan ruled a forfeit in favor of the Colonels. In the Eastern Division Semifinals, they lost to the Minnesota Muskies 3 games to 2.

## Roster

## Final standings

### Eastern Division

| Team | W | L | PCT. | GB |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pittsburgh Pipers **C** | 54 | 24 | .692 |  |
| Minnesota Muskies | 50 | 28 | .641 | 4 |
| Indiana Pacers | 38 | 40 | .487 | 16 |
| Kentucky Colonels | 36 | 42 | .462 | 18 |
| New Jersey Americans | 36 | 42 | .462 | 18 |

### Record vs. opponents

| 1967-68 ABA Records | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | ANA | DAL | DEN | HOU | IND | KEN | MIN | NJA | NOB | OAK | PIT |
| Anaheim |  | 2–8 | 3–7 | 6–3 | 2–4 | 0–6 | 1–5 | 2–4 | 2–7 | 6–4 | 1–5 |
| Dallas | 8–2 |  | 4–5 | 8–2 | 3–3 | 5–1 | 2–4 | 3–3 | 4–6 | 7–2 | 2–4 |
| Denver | 7–3 | 5–4 |  | 6–3 | 4–2 | 2–4 | 2–4 | 5–1 | 5–5 | 7–3 | 2–4 |
| Houston | 3–6 | 2–8 | 3–6 |  | 3–3 | 3–3 | 3–3 | 3–3 | 0–10 | 7–3 | 2–4 |
| Indiana | 4–2 | 3–3 | 2–4 | 3–3 |  | 6–5 | 3–8 | 6–4 | 3–3 | 4–2 | 4–6 |
| Kentucky | 6–0 | 1–5 | 4–2 | 3–3 | 5–6 |  | 5–5 | 4–7 | 2–4 | 3–3 | 3–7 |
| Minnesota | 5–1 | 4–2 | 4–2 | 3–3 | 8–3 | 5–5 |  | 7–3 | 5–1 | 5–1 | 4–7 |
| New Jersey | 4–2 | 3–3 | 1–5 | 3–3 | 4–6 | 7–4 | 3–7 |  | 3–3 | 5–1 | 3–8 |
| New Orleans | 7–2 | 6–4 | 5–5 | 10–0 | 3–3 | 4–2 | 1–5 | 3–3 |  | 6–3 | 3–3 |
| Oakland | 4–6 | 2–7 | 3–7 | 3–7 | 2–4 | 3–3 | 1–5 | 1–5 | 3–6 |  | 0–6 |
| Pittsburgh | 5–1 | 4–2 | 4–2 | 4–2 | 6–4 | 7–3 | 7–4 | 8–3 | 3–3 | 6–0 |  |

## Playoffs

**Eastern Division Semifinals**

| **Game** | **Date** | **Location** | **Score** | **Record** | **Attendance** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | March 24 | Minnesota | 102–115 | 0–1 | 661 |
| 2 | March 26 | Minnesota | 100–95 | 1–1 | 3,874 |
| 3 | March 27 | Kentucky | 107–116 | 1–2 | 1,458 |
| 4 | March 29 | Kentucky | 94–86 | 2–2 | 4,472 |
| 5 | March 30 | Minnesota | 108–114 | 2–3 | 879 |

*Colonels lose series, 3–2*

## Awards and honors

**1968 ABA All-Star Game selections (game played on January 9, 1968)**

## InfoBox

| 1967–68 Kentucky Colonels season | |
| --- | --- |
| Head coach | John Givens (5–12)<br>Gene Rhodes (31–30) |
| Arena | Louisville Convention Center |
| Results | |
| Record | 3642 (.462) |
| Place | Division: 4th (Eastern) |
| Playoff finish | Lost in the Eastern Division Semifinals |
|


title: Liu Qingnan

abstract: Liu Qingnan is a Chinese chess Grandmaster.

text:
# Liu Qingnan

**Liu Qingnan** (Chinese: 刘庆南; born May 23, 1992) is a Chinese chess Grandmaster.

## Chess career

He played in the Chess World Cup 2013, being defeated by Wang Hao in the first round.

## InfoBox

| Liu Qingnan | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | China |
| Born | (1992-05-23) May 23, 1992<br>Shandong, China |
| Title | Grandmaster (2015) |
| FIDE rating | 2542 (October 2024) |
| Peak rating | 2551 (June 2019) |


title: Pneumonitis

abstract: Pneumonitis describes general inflammation of lung tissue. Possible causative agents include radiation therapy of the chest, exposure to medications used during chemo-therapy, the inhalation of debris, aspiration, herbicides or fluorocarbons and some systemic diseases. If unresolved, continued inflammation can result in irreparable damage such as pulmonary fibrosis. Pneumonitis is distinguished from pneumonia on the basis of causation as well as its manifestation. Pneumonia can be described as pneumonitis combined with consolidation and exudation of lung tissue due to infection with microorganisms. The distinction between pneumonia and pneumonitis can be further understood with pneumonitis being the encapsulation of all respiratory infections, and pneumonia as a localized infection. For most infections, the immune response of the body is enough to control and apprehend the infection within a couple days, but if the tissue and the cells can't fight off the infection, the creation of pus will begin to form in the lungs which then hardens into lung abscess or suppurative pneumonitis. Patients that are immunodeficient and don't get treated immediately for any type of respiratory infection may lead to more severe infections and/or death. Pneumonitis can be classified into several different specific subcategories, including hypersensitivity pneumonitis, radiation pneumonitis, acute interstitial pneumonitis, and chemical pneumonitis. These all share similar symptoms, but differ in causative agents. Diagnosis of pneumonitis remains challenging, but several different treatment paths have seen success.

text:
# Pneumonitis

**Pneumonitis** describes general inflammation of lung tissue. Possible causative agents include radiation therapy of the chest, exposure to medications used during chemo-therapy, the inhalation of debris (e.g., animal dander), aspiration, herbicides or fluorocarbons and some systemic diseases. If unresolved, continued inflammation can result in irreparable damage such as pulmonary fibrosis.

Pneumonitis is distinguished from pneumonia on the basis of causation as well as its manifestation. Pneumonia can be described as pneumonitis combined with consolidation and exudation of lung tissue due to infection with microorganisms. The distinction between pneumonia and pneumonitis can be further understood with pneumonitis being the encapsulation of all respiratory infections (incorporating pneumonia and pulmonary fibrosis as major diseases), and pneumonia as a localized infection. For most infections, the immune response of the body is enough to control and apprehend the infection within a couple days, but if the tissue and the cells can't fight off the infection, the creation of pus will begin to form in the lungs which then hardens into lung abscess or suppurative pneumonitis. Patients that are immunodeficient and don't get treated immediately for any type of respiratory infection may lead to more severe infections and/or death.

Pneumonitis can be classified into several different specific subcategories, including hypersensitivity pneumonitis, radiation pneumonitis, acute interstitial pneumonitis, and chemical pneumonitis. These all share similar symptoms, but differ in causative agents. Diagnosis of pneumonitis remains challenging, but several different treatment paths (corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, avoidance) have seen success.

## Causes

Alveoli are the primary structure affected by pneumonitis. Any particles that are smaller than 5 microns can enter the alveoli of the lungs. These tiny air sacs facilitate the passage of oxygen from inhaled air to the bloodstream. In the case of pneumonitis, it is more difficult for this exchange of oxygen to occur since irritants have caused inflammation of the alveoli. Due to the lack of a definitive determination of a single irritant causing pneumonitis, there are several possible causes.

## Symptoms

Physical manifestations of Pneumonitis range from mild cold-like symptoms to respiratory failure. Most frequently, those with pneumonitis experience shortness of breath, and sometimes a dry cough. Symptoms usually appear a few hours after exposure and peak at approximately eighteen to twenty-four hours.

Other symptoms may include:

* Malaise
* Fever
* Dyspnea
* Flushed and/or discolored skin
* Sweating
* Small and fast inhalations

Without proper treatment, pneumonitis may become chronic pneumonitis, resulting in fibrosis of the lungs and its effects:

* Difficulty breathing
* Food aversion
* Lethargy

End-stage fibrosis and respiratory failure eventually lead to death in cases without proper management of chronic pneumonitis.

## Diagnosis

A chest X-ray or CT is necessary to differentiate between pneumonitis and pneumonia of an infectious etiology. Some degree of pulmonary fibrosis may be evident in a CT which is indicative of chronic pulmonary inflammatory processes. Diagnosis of Pneumonitis is often difficult as it depends on a high degree of clinical suspicion when evaluating a patient with a recent onset of a possible interstitial lung disease. In addition, interpreting pathologic and radiographic test results remains a challenge to clinicians. Pneumonitis is often difficult to recognize and discern from other interstitial lung diseases.

Diagnostic procedures currently available include:

* Evaluation of patient history and possible exposure to a known causative agent
* High-Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) consistent with pneumonitis
* Bronchoalveolar lavage with lymphocytosis
* Lung biopsy consistent with pneumonitis histopathology

Exposure to causative agents of pneumonitis in a specific environment can be confirmed through aero/microbiologic analysis to verify its presence. Subsequent testing of patient serum for evidence of serum specific IgG antibodies confirms patient exposure.

Clinical tests include chest radiography or (HRCT) which may show centrilobular nodular and ground-glass opacities with air-trapping in the middle and upper lobes of the lungs. Fibrosis may also be evident. Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) findings coinciding with pneumonitis typically include a lymphocytosis with a low CD4:CD8 ratio.

Reticular or linear patterns may be observed in diagnostic imaging. Pneumonitis may cause subpleural honeycombing, changing the shape of the air spaces in an image, which may be used to identify the respiratory disease. The interlobular septa may also thicken and indicate pneumonitis when viewed on a scan.

Histological samples of lung tissue with pneumonitis include the presence of poorly formed granulomas or mononuclear cell infiltrates. The presence of bronchocentric lymphohistiocytic interstitial pneumonia with chronic bronchiolitis and non-necrotising granulomas coincides with pneumonitis.

Since pneumonitis manifests in all areas of the lungs, imaging such as chest x-rays and Computerized tomography (CT) scans are useful diagnostic tools. While pneumonia is a localized infection, pneumonitis is widespread. A spirometer may also be used to measure pulmonary function.

During external examination, clubbing (swelling of fingertip tissue and increase in angle at the nail bed), and basal crackles may be observed.

For hypersensitivity pneumonitis many diagnoses take place through the focus of blood test, chest x-rays, and depending on severity of infection doctors may recommend a bronchoscopy. Blood test are important to early detect for other causative substances that could eliminate possible causes of the hypersensitivity pneumonitis.

## Classification

Pneumonitis can be separated into several distinct categories based upon causative agent.

* Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (Extrinsic Allergenic Alveolitis) describes the inflammation of alveoli which occurs after inhalation of organic dusts (oxford). These particles can be proteins, bacteria, or mold spores and are usually specific to an occupation.
* Acute Interstitial Pneumonitis can result from many different irritants in the lungs and usually is resolved in under a month.
* Chemical Pneumonitis is caused by toxic substances reaching the lower airways of the bronchial tree. This causes a chemical burn and severe inflammation. (oxford)
* Radiation Pneumonitis, also known as Radiation Induced Lung Injury, describes the initial damage done to the lung tissue by ionization radiation. Radiation, used to treat cancer, can cause pneumonitis when applied to the chest or full body. Radiation pneumonitis occurs in approximately 30% of advanced lung cancer patients treated with radiation therapy.
* Aspiration pneumonitis is caused by a chemical inhalation of harmful gastric contents which include causes such as:
    + Aspiration due to a drug overdose
    + A lung injury after the inhalation of habitual gastric contents.
    + The development of colonized oropharyngeal material after inhalation.
    + Bacteria entering the lungs

## Treatment

Typical treatment for pneumonitis includes conservative use of corticosteroids such as a short course of oral prednisone or methylprednisolone. Inhaled corticosteroids such as fluticasone or budesonide may also be effective for reducing inflammation and preventing re-inflammation on a chronic level by suppressing inflammatory processes that may be triggered by environmental exposures such as allergens. Severe cases of pneumonitis may require corticosteroids and oxygen therapy, as well as elimination of exposure to known irritants.

Corticosteroid dose and treatment duration vary from case to case. However, a common regimen beginning at 0.5 mg/kg per day for a couple of days before tapering to a smaller dose for several months to a year, has been used successfully.

Corticosteroids effectively reduce inflammation by switching off several genes activated during an inflammatory reaction. The production of anti-inflammatory proteins, and the degeneration of mRNA encoding inflammatory proteins, can also be increased by a high concentration of corticosteroids. These responses can help mitigate the inflammation seen in pneumonitis and reduce symptoms.

Certain immune-modulating treatments may be appropriate for patients with chronic pneumonitis. Azathioprine and mycophenolate are two particular treatments that have been associated with an improvement of gas exchange. Patients with chronic pneumonitis also may be evaluated for lung transplantation.

## Images

## InfoBox

| Pneumonitis | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | Pulmonitis |
|  | |
| Pneumonitis | |
| Specialty | Pulmonology |
| Causes | Fungi ,Virus, Bacteria, Parasite |


title: Prakash Raj (footballer)

abstract: Prakash Raj is a Singaporean professional footballer who last played as a defender for Tanjong Pagar United. Prakash signed for the Young Lions FC in 2018.

text:
# Prakash Raj (footballer)

**Prakash Raj** (born 11 June 1998) is a Singaporean professional footballer who last played as a defender for Tanjong Pagar United.

Prakash signed for the Young Lions FC in 2018.

## InfoBox

Prakash Raj
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Prakash Raj S/O Nanthakumar | | |
| Date of birth | 11 June 1998 | | |
| Place of birth | Singapore | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2018-2019 | Young Lions FC | 17 | (1) |
| 2021 | Tanjong Pagar United | 2 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Walter McNutt

abstract: Walter McNutt is an American politician who was a Republican member of the Montana House of Representatives from 2005 until 2012. He was elected to House District 37 which represents the Sidney, Montana area. McNutt also served in the Senate from 1997 to 2004.

text:
# Walter McNutt

**Walter McNutt** (born November 8, 1940) is an American politician who was a Republican member of the Montana House of Representatives from 2005 until 2012. He was elected to House District 37 which represents the Sidney, Montana area. McNutt also served in the Senate from 1997 to 2004.

## InfoBox

| Walter McNutt | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Montana House of Representatives
from the 37th district | |
| **In office**
2005 to 2012 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1940-11-08) November 8, 1940
Worland, Wyoming |
| Political party | Republican |
| Residence | Sidney, Montana |
| Alma mater | College of Great Falls |
|  | |