title: Virgin and Child with Four Angels

abstract: Virgin and Child with Four Angels is a small oil-on-panel painting by the Early Netherlandish artist Gerard David. Likely completed between 1510 and 1515, it shows the Virgin Mary holding the child Jesus, while she is crowned Queen of Heaven by two angels above her, accompanied by music provided by another two angels placed at either side of her. In its fine detail and lush use of colour the work is typical of both David and late period Flemish art. The painting is heavily influenced by Jan van Eyck's Virgin with Child at a Fountain, especially in the modeling of the Madonna and child. However, David has introduced many significant modifications, including the widening of the pictorial space, the placement of two additional angels, and the setting of the scene in a contemporary setting with a view of Bruges in the distance. Van Eyck's panel was heavily influenced by the conventions of Byzantine art, and was likely itself a blend of specific works. Yet the painting is mid-Renaissance in its humanising of the Virgin and child; in earlier works the mother and child figures were presented as distant and remote deities. In David's panel they are entirely human and recognisable as an affectionate and bonded mother and son. Virgin and Child with Four Angels has been housed in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, since its donation from a private collection in 1977. David inscribed the painting with the words "IHESVS [RE]DEMPT[OR]" on the columns.

text:
# Virgin and Child with Four Angels

***Virgin and Child with Four Angels*** (or ***Virgin and Child with Angels***) is a small oil-on-panel painting by the Early Netherlandish artist Gerard David. Likely completed between 1510 and 1515, it shows the Virgin Mary holding the child Jesus, while she is crowned Queen of Heaven by two angels above her, accompanied by music provided by another two angels placed at either side of her. In its fine detail and lush use of colour the work is typical of both David and late period Flemish art.

The painting is heavily influenced by Jan van Eyck's *Virgin with Child at a Fountain*, especially in the modeling of the Madonna and child. However, David has introduced many significant modifications, including the widening of the pictorial space, the placement of two additional angels, and the setting of the scene in a contemporary setting with a view of Bruges in the distance. Van Eyck's panel was heavily influenced by the conventions of Byzantine art, and was likely itself a blend of specific works. Yet the painting is mid-Renaissance in its humanising of the Virgin and child; in earlier works the mother and child figures were presented as distant and remote deities. In David's panel they are entirely human and recognisable as an affectionate and bonded mother and son.

*Virgin and Child with Four Angels* has been housed in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, since its donation from a private collection in 1977. David inscribed the painting with the words "IHESVS \[RE\]DEMPT\[OR\]" ("Jesus Redeemer") on the columns.

## Overview

Painted for private devotion, it shows a full-length Mary holding Jesus. Mother and son are surrounded by four angels; the two above Mary are adorned with large colourful wings and hold a golden crown, symbolising her role as Queen of Heaven while another two, each bearing large wings, sit on either side of her playing a harp and lute respectively. The scene takes place below a Gothic arch in a *walled garden*—intended to represent Mary's pureness and virginity— and before a view of contemporary Bruges.

Painted on wood with a narrow, fine brush, the work is unusually vivacious and detailed. Mary has long curled blonde hair, the strands of which are finely detailed with extremely thin brush strokes. She wears a heavily folded red gown lined with minutely described gold stitches which are so delicately woven into the trims of dress they are not usually visible in reproduction. Jesus is wrapped in a white swaddling blanket, some of which hangs below him in vertical folds, the lines of which are continued in the folds of Mary's dress. The angels to their right and left wear dark green and light blue robes respectively.

All the figures are highly idealised, typical of the art of the period; naturalism is abandoned in favour of elongated figures, who in this work are out of proportion to each other. Mary is far larger than the angels, which adds to her unnatural, ethereal, heavenly presence. The eyes of all the figures are averted from the viewer; only the child Jesus looks directly out of the canvas. The work is highly symmetrical; the two central figures are balanced by two pairs of angels arranged on either side; Jesus occupies the dead centre of the canvas; and the garden is balanced by the lines of the pathway seen on either side of Mary. The church in the distance to the right is balanced by the hill in the far left.

The churches of Sint-Jakobs and Onze-Lieve-Vrouw can be identified in the cityscape beyond the garden. The placement of a Carthusian monk walking underneath a tree in the garden behind the main figures makes it likely that the work was commissioned by a member of their Genadedal monastery in Sint-Kruis outside Bruges. It is likely that the painting was the centre panel of a triptych or small winged altarpiece which was broken up at some unknown point. It has been speculated that the archway above Mary extended to two side panels in reference to the Trinity.

During the early 1500s Jan van Eyck's influence was at its height, and David heavily based his painting on van Eyck's late work *Virgin and Child at a Fountain*. Due to the popularity and demand for devotional pictures for use in private worship, the format of many biblical scenes or standard iconography became standardised, often copied from earlier painters, especially if the source picture itself was successful commercially—a panel painting of this type would have been commissioned at the highest end of the market. His *Virgin and Child*, also dated c 1510–15 and today part of a private collection in Belgium, is based on a painting by Adriaen Isenbrandt and is one of three near identical variants David painted of the scene in that format and pose.

David has added two more angels to van Eyck's scene, and sets the figures in a recognisable contemporary location. The figures of Mary and Jesus are near identical in both works, from the vertical folds of Mary's dress, to the raised knee and arms of Jesus, with one arm reaching over his mother's shoulder, while the other reaches for her neck. van Eyck's work was influenced by the Icons of Byzantine art, and this influence carries through to Gerard's piece.

Art historian Maryan Ainsworth describes the painting as a "devotional object for the veneration of an esteemed icon" and believes that the Byzantine influence "trickled down" from van Eyck. It is not known for certain, however, which specific icons may have formed the basis for *Virgin with Child at a Fountain*, though suggestions based on similarity of pose and form have been made, including frescos in Notre Dame des Grâce in Montreal and Santa Maria del Carmine, Naples. Gerard presents a very different representation of the Virgin than found in Byzantine representations. She is less a remote iconic deity and more recognisably human.

## Sources

* Ainsworth, Maryan Wynn; Christiansen, Keith. *From Van Eyck to Bruegel*. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998. ISBN 0-87099-870-6
* Baetjer, Katharine; Moffett, Charles; Walker, Dean; Christiansen, Keith; Sprinson, Mary. "Notable Acquisitions". *Metropolitan Museum of Art*, No. 1975/1979.
* Borchert, Till-Holger. *Van Eyck to Dürer: The Influence of Early Netherlandish Painting on European Art, 1430–1530*. London: Thames & Hudson, 2011. ISBN 0-500-23883-9
* Harbison, Craig. *Jan van Eyck: the play of realism*. Reaktion Books, 1995. ISBN 0-948462-79-5
* Salinger, Margaretta. "An Annunciation by Gerard David." *Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin*, volume 9, no. 9, May 1951.
* Smeyers, Maurits; Cardon, Bert; Smeyers, Katharina. *Als Ich Can*. Peeters, 2002. ISBN 90-429-1233-2

## Further reading


title: Love Tears

abstract: Ojiisan no Tulip Love Tears is an EP released by Kokia only through digital download service iTunes, on 3 December 2008. It features a collection of rarities featured as bonus tracks on Kokia releases between 2006 and 2008. Due to the success of this digital EP, Kokia decided to release three singles from her Real World album as four track digital only EPs, with booklets created by Kokia, in a similar manner to Love Tears.

text:
# Love Tears

***Love Tears*** is an EP released by Kokia only through digital download service iTunes, on 3 December 2008. It features a collection of rarities featured as bonus tracks on Kokia releases between 2006 and 2008. Due to the success of this digital EP, Kokia decided to release three singles from her *Real World* album as four track digital only EPs, with booklets created by Kokia, in a similar manner to Love Tears.

## Song sources

Most of the songs had been released previously as bonus tracks on the Japanese versions of Kokia albums. "Arigatō... (from Kokia 2007)" originally came from the Japanese edition of *Aigakikoeru: Listen for the Love*, released in 2007. "Watashi ni Dekiru Koto" was originally released as a single limited to the area around Kashiwazaki, Niigata that suffered in the 2007 Chūetsu offshore earthquake in September 2007, however featured as a bonus track on her 2008 album *The Voice*. "Remember the Kiss (Dedicated to "New" NY)" is from her free release EP *Music Gift* that was given out on the streets of New York, however originally featured as a bonus track on her 2008 Christmas album *Christmas Gift*. "Nukumori (Aigakikoeru) (with Strings)" is an unpublished recording of the same titled song from Kokia's 2006 album *Aigakikoeru: Listen for the Love*, however with added string instruments. This version was featured in Kokia's short film *Ojiisan no Tulip* (おじいちゃんのチューリップ, *Granddad's Tulips*).

## Conception

The release of the EP was timed to be released when her song "Watashi ni Dekiru Koto" was featured in a segment on the TV show Daremo Shiranai Nakeru Uta. The show was broadcast on 9 December, featuring an in studio live performance by Kokia of the song. "Arigatō..." was featured in a similar program in 2007, in a segment of the variety show Kawazu-kun no Kensaku Seikatsu called Nakeru 2 Channel. Kokia considered the release to be a good entry for people who were unfamiliar with her music. The jacket and digital booklet were designed by Kokia herself.

## Track listing

All songs written by Kokia.

| No. | Title | Arranger(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Arigatō... (from Kokia 2007) (ありがとう…（from KOKIA 2007）, *Thank You*)" | Kokia | 5:29 |
| 2. | "Watashi ni Dekiru Koto (私にできること, *What I Can Do*)" | Kokia | 4:51 |
| 3. | "Nukumori (Aigakikoeru) (with Strings) (ぬくもり～aigakikoeru～（with strings）, *Warmth (Listen for the Love)*)" | Kokia | 5:08 |
| 4. | "Remember the Kiss (Dedicated to "New" NY)" | Toney Rhodes | 6:00 |

## InfoBox

| Love Tears | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Kokia | |
| Released | 3 December 2008 (2008-12-03) |
| Recorded | 2006–2008 |
| Genre | J-pop, folk |
| Length | 21:49 |
| Label | Victor Entertainment |
| Producer | Kokia |
| Kokia chronology | |
| *Christmas Gift*
(2008) ***Love Tears***
(2008) *Music Gift*
(2008) | |


title: Teinolophidae

abstract: Teinolophidae is an extinct family of small mammals that are among the earliest known monotremes and were endemic to what would become Australia. Two genera have been described as belonging to this family: Teinolophos, and Stirtodon. Teinolophos is deeply divergent within monotreme evolution, so Flannery et al. (2022) proposed to move it into its own family, Teinolophidae, and Stirtodon was also tentatively assigned to Teinolophidae in the same paper. The skulls of the two teinolophids differed from modern monotremes. Among the contrasts are that, unlike modern monotremes, the teinolophids lacked beaks, and the teinolophids had their ear bones connected to the jaw via the Meckel's cartilage, while modern monotremes have suspended ear bones much like placentals and marsupials.

text:
# Teinolophidae

**Teinolophidae** is an extinct family of small mammals that are among the earliest known monotremes and were endemic to what would become Australia. Two genera have been described as belonging to this family: *Teinolophos* (the type genus), and *Stirtodon*.

*Teinolophos* is deeply divergent within monotreme evolution, so Flannery *et al.* (2022) proposed to move it into its own family, Teinolophidae, and *Stirtodon* was also tentatively assigned to Teinolophidae in the same paper.

The skulls of the two teinolophids differed from modern monotremes. Among the contrasts are that, unlike modern monotremes, the teinolophids lacked beaks, and the teinolophids had their ear bones connected to the jaw via the Meckel's cartilage, while modern monotremes have suspended ear bones much like placentals and marsupials.

## InfoBox

| Teinolophidae
Temporal range: Barremian-Cenomanian, | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Monotremata |
| Family: | Teinolophidae
Flannery *et al.*, 2022 |
|
| Type genus | |
| *Teinolophos*
Rich et al., 1999 | |
| Genera | |
|  | |


title: Zonzon

abstract: Zonzon is a district and a village community in Zangon Kataf Local Government Area, southern Kaduna state in the Middle Belt region of Nigeria. The postal code for the area is 802138.

text:
# Zonzon

**Zonzon** is a district and a village community in Zangon Kataf Local Government Area, southern Kaduna state in the Middle Belt region of Nigeria. The postal code for the area is 802138.

## Settlements

The following are some major settlements in Zonzon district include:

* Apyia Babum
* Aza Akat
* Chen Akoo
* Fabwang (H. Ung. Tabo)
* Kati (H. Wawa-Rafi)
* Mabukhwu
* Makunanshyia
* Makutsatim
* Manyi Sansak
* Mashan
* Masong
* Mawuka
* Mawukili
* Sakum
* Taligan (I, II)
* Zonzon

## Demographics

The people of Zonzon district are primarily Atyap people, with settlers from other parts of Nigeria in its major towns.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Zonzon | |
| --- | --- |
| District and Village | |
| Zonzon | |
| Coordinates: 09°47′N 08°22′E / 9.783°N 8.367°E / 9.783; 8.367 | |
| Country | Nigeria |
| State | Kaduna State |
| LGA | Zangon Kataf |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (WAT) |
| Climate | Aw |


title: Eulechria xeropterella

abstract: Eulechria xeropterella is a moth of the family Oecophoridae. It is found in Australia in the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and Tasmania.

text:
# Eulechria xeropterella

***Eulechria xeropterella*** is a moth of the family Oecophoridae. It is found in Australia in the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and Tasmania.

## InfoBox

| *Eulechria xeropterella* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Oecophoridae |
| Genus: | *Eulechria* |
| Species: | ***E. xeropterella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eulechria xeropterella***<br>Common, 1996 | |
|


title: Patricia Rawlings, Baroness Rawlings

abstract: Patricia Elizabeth Rawlings, Baroness Rawlings is a Conservative Party politician and former frontbencher in the House of Lords. She was also a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 1989 to 1994. She was Chairman of King's College London Council from 1998 to 2007, and was made a Fellow of King's College (FKC) in 2003. She was President of the National Council for Voluntary Organisations from 2002 to 2007, and President of the British Antique Dealers' Association 2005–2013. She is also a trustee of the Chevening Estate.

text:
# Patricia Rawlings, Baroness Rawlings

**Patricia Elizabeth Rawlings, Baroness Rawlings** (born 27 January 1939) is a Conservative Party politician and former frontbencher in the House of Lords. She was also a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 1989 to 1994. She was Chairman of King's College London Council from 1998 to 2007, and was made a Fellow of King's College (FKC) in 2003. She was President of the National Council for Voluntary Organisations from 2002 to 2007, and President of the British Antique Dealers' Association 2005–2013. She is also a trustee of the Chevening Estate.

## Education

Rawlings was educated in the United Kingdom and Switzerland. She trained as a nurse at Westminster Hospital and is an active member of the British Red Cross (she was awarded the British Red Cross national Badge of Honour in 1987). She was a mature student at University College London and studied for a postgraduate diploma in International Relations from the London School of Economics. She was awarded an Hon DLitt from the University of Buckingham in 1998.

## Political career

Having unsuccessfully fought Sheffield Central in 1983 and Doncaster Central in 1987, Rawlings was elected at the 1989 European election as the MEP for Essex South West. That constituency was abolished for the 1994 European election when she was defeated by Labour's Hugh Kerr in the new Essex West and Hertfordshire East constituency.

She was created a life peer with the title **Baroness Rawlings**, of Burnham Westgate in the County of Norfolk on 5 October 1994 and entered the House of Lords where she held several frontbench positions. She served as an Opposition Whip (1997–1998), Spokesperson on Culture, Media and Sport (1997–1998), Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (1998–2010) and International Development (1998–2010). Following the 2010 general election, she served as the Government Whip with responsibility for Culture, Media and Sport and for Scotland.

Baroness Rawlings retired from the government on 25 June 2012.

## Controversy

In 2002 Baroness Rawlings became involved in a controversy over a 1.8-acre (7,300 m2) piece of land, owned by King's College London, and formerly owned by St Thomas' Hospital. King's had instructed Jones Lang LaSalle to value the site, resulting in a valuation of £10 million. An offer to buy the land for up to £24 million came unexpectedly from the Aga Khan Development Network, causing opposition from St Thomas'. It was rumoured that Baroness Rawlings had engineered the unsolicited offer which she strenuously denied, saying that as Chairman of King's College London Council she knew absolutely nothing about any such bid. Baroness Rawlings insisted that it was a valuable part of the King's College London estate and that it should be sold to the highest bidder on the open market. The College eventually decided to retain the property.

## Personal life

Patricia Rawlings was married in 1962 to businessman David Wolfson, later Baron Wolfson of Sunningdale (1935-2021), but divorced in 1967; both partners held noble titles in their own right. She was the Honorary Secretary of Grillion's dining club, and a member of the Pilgrims Society.

She lives in Burnham Westgate Hall, a Sir John Soane-designed house in Burnham Market, Norfolk, with parkland of over 30 acres, which property was put up for sale in 2019 with a guide price of £3.8M. The house had been previously put up for sale by Baroness Rawlings, in 2011, with a price of £7M; Johnny Depp, the film actor, was said to want to buy the property at that time, but no sale occurred.

## Foreign orders and decorations

* In 1991 Patricia Rawlings is the first British woman to be awarded the Order of the Rose (Silver), which was bestowed upon her by President Zhelyu Zhelev of Bulgaria, in recognition of her interest in Bulgaria. Rawlings is permitted to wear the decoration whenever she visits Bulgaria or goes to the Bulgarian embassy.
* For services to Anglo-Brazilian relations, she was awarded the Grand Official, Order of the Southern Cross from the Republic of Brazil in 1998.

## Arms

Coat of arms of Patricia Rawlings, Baroness Rawlings
| CoronetA Coronet of a Baroness CrestOut of a Ducal Coronet Or a Griffin's Head Azure gorged with a Bar Gemelle Gules between two Wings expanded of the second EscutcheonQuarterly barry wavy of six Argent and Azure and Argent on a Cross Gules between in the second and third quarters an Escallop Azure a Seax fesswise point to the sinister surmounted by an Ostrich Plume palewise Argent between in chief and in base a Bee Volant proper on a Bordure Azure twelve Mullets Or SupportersDexter: a Lion rampant Or gorged with a Riband Azure pendant from the knot thereof a Rose Argent barbed and seeded proper; Sinister: an Elephant Ermine gorged with a Chain Or pendant therefrom a Portcullis Sable MottoPerserverantia, Integritas Et Fidelitas (Perseverance, integrity and loyalty) |
| --- |

## InfoBox

| The Right HonourableThe Baroness Rawlings | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Baroness-in-waiting
Government Whip | |
| **In office**
11 May 2010  25 June 2012 | |
| Prime Minister | David Cameron |
| Preceded by | The Baroness Crawley |
| Succeeded by | The Lord Gardiner of Kimble |
| Member of the European Parliament
for Essex South West | |
| **In office**
15 June 1989  9 June 1994 | |
| Preceded by | Alexander Sherlock |
| Succeeded by | *Constituency abolished* |
| Member of the House of Lords
Lord Temporal | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
5 October 1994
Life Peerage | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1939-01-27) 27 January 1939 |
| Political party | Conservative |
| Spouse | David Wolfson  (m. 1962; div. 1967) |
| Alma mater | University College London |
|  | |


title: Penprysg

abstract: Penprysg is a residential area of the town of Pencoed in Bridgend County Borough, Wales.

text:
# Penprysg

**Penprysg** is a residential area of the town of Pencoed in Bridgend County Borough, Wales.

## Governance

Penprysg is a community ward to Pencoed Town Council.

Penprysg was also the name of an electoral ward, which extended to the north of Pencoed.The Penprysg county electoral ward, since 1999, was represented by one county councillor on Bridgend County Borough Council. The ward covered the Penprysg community ward and the entire community of Coychurch Higher.

Effective from the 2022 local elections, Coychurch Higher was combined with the entire Pencoed community to create a new ward, named "Pencoed and Penprysg", electing three county borough councillors.

51°31′48″N 3°29′49″W / 51.530°N 3.497°W / 51.530; -3.497


title: UK Individual Shareholders Society

abstract: ShareSoc is a campaigning organisation that represents and supports individual investors who invest in the UK stock markets. ShareSoc is a not for profit organisation with over 9,500 members, making it the UK's largest representative body for individual investors. ShareSoc provides a monthly newsletter, educational events, networking opportunities and general advice to members on stock market investment. They maintain a social networking site that is private to members which contains forums on policy issues, topical blogs, campaign information and meeting details. Membership of ShareSoc is open to anyone with an interest in stock market investment. ShareSoc is funded from membership fees, from donations, from educational activities and from other services it provides to members. Recent membership includes Full Membership with extra rights. ShareSoc was formed in early 2011. It is a member of The European Federation of Investors and The World Federation of Investors Corporations. Founding Directors of ShareSoc were Roger Lawson, David Blundell, Gavin FL Palmer, Stan Grierson, Tony Prynne and David Stredder. Early Campaigns a partial list 2011 Shareholder Nomination to the AGM Committees SNAC or 'Shareholder Committee'. 2014 Shareholder Rights Campaign - Rights being returned to owners from nominee accounts and custodians. 2016 RBS PLC - Shareholder Committee resolutions. 2018 Beaufort Client Securities - Charges by advisers on a failed stockbrokers assets and client accounts. 2020 Sirius Minerals PLC - Takeover by Anglo American PLC possible misuse of Convertible Bonds.

text:
# UK Individual Shareholders Society

**ShareSoc** (the short name and registered trade mark of the UK **Individual Shareholders Society Ltd**) is a campaigning organisation that represents and supports individual investors who invest in the UK stock markets. ShareSoc is a not for profit organisation with over 9,500 members, making it the UK's largest representative body for individual investors.

ShareSoc provides a monthly newsletter, educational events, networking opportunities and general advice to members on stock market investment. They maintain a social networking site that is private to members which contains forums on policy issues, topical blogs, campaign information and meeting details.

Membership of ShareSoc is open to anyone with an interest in stock market investment. ShareSoc is funded from membership fees, from donations, from educational activities and from other services it provides to members. Recent membership includes Full Membership with extra rights.

ShareSoc was formed in early 2011. It is a member of The European Federation of Investors and The World Federation of Investors Corporations.

Founding Directors of ShareSoc were Roger Lawson, David Blundell, Gavin FL Palmer, Stan Grierson, Tony Prynne and David Stredder.

*Early Campaigns a partial list*

2011 Shareholder Nomination to the AGM Committees SNAC or 'Shareholder Committee'.

2014 Shareholder Rights Campaign - Rights being returned to owners from nominee accounts and custodians.

2016 RBS PLC - Shareholder Committee resolutions.

2018 Beaufort Client Securities - Charges by advisers on a failed stockbrokers assets and client accounts.

2020 Sirius Minerals PLC - Takeover by Anglo American PLC possible misuse of Convertible Bonds.

## Merger with SIGnet

In September 2019, ShareSoc merged with SIGnet, a national network of groups of investors. SIGnet was founded by John Lander in 1998 and has groups across the United Kingdom. Group members meet with the aim of improving their investment skills by learning from each other and evaluating investment themes.


# List of academic journals about specific authors

The following is a list of notable academic journals and magazines that are devoted to the study of specific authors and philosophers. Some of the journals are not currently active.

| Author | Journal |
| --- | --- |
| Hannah Arendt | *Arendt Studies* |
| Aristotle | *Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society* |
| Augustine of Hippo | *Augustinian Studies*, *Augustinianum* |
| Jane Austen | *Persuasions*; *Jane Austen Annual* |
| Samuel Beckett | *Journal of Beckett Studies* |
| George Berkeley | *Berkeley Studies* |
| Brontë family | *Brontë Studies* |
| Willa Cather | *Willa Cather Newsletter & Review* |
| Gilbert Keith Chesterton | *The Chesterton Review* |
| Joseph Conrad | *The Conradian* |
| Gilles Deleuze | *Deleuze and Guattari Studies* |
| Jacques Derrida | *Derrida Today* |
| Charles Dickens | *Dickens Quarterly*, *Dickens Studies Annual*, *The Dickensian* |
| James Dickey | *James Dickey Review* |
| Emily Dickinson | *The Emily Dickinson Journal* |
| Arthur Conan Doyle | *The Baker Street Journal* |
| Philip José Farmer | *Farmerphile: The Magazine of Philip José Farmer* |
| William Faulkner | *The Faulkner Journal* |
| F. Scott Fitzgerald | *The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review*; *Fitzgerald/Hemingway Annual* |
| Theodor Fontane | *Fontane Blätter* |
| Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi | *The Acorn* |
| Robert Graves | Gravesiana |
| Graham Greene | *Graham Greene Studies* |
| Félix Guattari | *Deleuze and Guattari Studies* |
| H. Rider Haggard | *Haggard Journal* |
| Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel | *Hegel Bulletin*; *Hegel-Jahrbuch*; *The Owl of Minerva* |
| Martin Heidegger | *Heidegger Studies* |
| Ernest Hemingway | *Hemingway Review*; *Fitzgerald/Hemingway Annual* |
| David Hume | *Hume Studies* |
| Edmund Husserl | *Husserl Studies* |
| The Inklings | *Journal of Inklings Studies*; *VII: Journal of the Marion E. Wade Center*; *Mythlore* |
| C. L. R. James | *The CLR James Journal* |
| Henry James | *The Henry James Review* |
| Ben Jonson | *Ben Jonson Journal* |
| James Joyce | *James Joyce Quarterly* |
| Immanuel Kant | *Kant Yearbook*; *Kant-Studien*; *Kantian Review* |
| Søren Kierkegaard | *Kierkegaard Studies Yearbook*; *Kierkegaard Studies Monograph Series* |
| Martin Luther King Jr. | *The Acorn* |
| Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz | *The Leibniz Review*, *Studia Leibnitiana* |
| Emmanuel Levinas | *Levinas Studies* |
| C. S. Lewis | *Sehnsucht: The C. S. Lewis Journal*; *VII: Journal of the Marion E. Wade Center*; |
| Abraham Lincoln | *The Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association* |
| Bernard Lonergan | *The Lonergan Review* |
| Pierre Loti | *Bulletin de l'Association internationale des amis de Pierre Loti* |
| Cormac McCarthy | *The Cormac McCarthy Journal* |
| Herman Melville | *Leviathan* |
| Maurice Merleau-Ponty | *Chiasmi International* |
| Vladimir Nabokov | *Nabokov Studies* |
| Friedrich Nietzsche | *New Nietzsche Studies*; *The Journal of Nietzsche Studies* |
| Paul the Apostle | *Pauline Studies*; *Journal for the Study of Paul and His Letters* |
| Edgar Allan Poe | *Poe Studies: History, Theory, Interpretation* |
| Ayn Rand | *The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies* |
| Philip Roth | *Philip Roth Studies* |
| Jean-Paul Sartre | *Sartre Studies International* |
| William Shakespeare | *Shakespeare Bulletin*; *Shakespeare Quarterly*; *The Shakespeare Yearbook* |
| George Bernard Shaw | *SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies* |
| Wallace Stevens | *The Wallace Stevens Journal* |
| Thomas Mann | *Thomas Mann Jahrbuch* (in German) |
| J. R. R. Tolkien | *Tolkien Studies*; *Journal of Tolkien Research*; *Mallorn*; *VII: Journal of the Marion E. Wade Center*; *Quettar* |
| Giambattista Vico | *New Vico Studies* |
| Slavoj Žižek | *International Journal of Žižek Studies* |


title: List of English words of Sámi origin

text:
# List of English words of Sámi origin

English words of Sámi origin are relatively rare, having usually entered the English language via some other language.

## Words loaned to English

Some words specific to the Arctic environment have been loaned to English, specifically: (archaic) *morse* ('walrus') ← Sámi *morša* (via Slavic); and *tundra*Kildin Sámi *tūnndra* 'to the treeless plain' (via Russian). In Kildin Sámi, the word for tundra is *tūndâr* (*tūnndra* is in the illative case or the diminutive derivative). Words from Northern Sámi include Duodji, Sieidi and Yoik.


title: Matt Adamczyk

abstract: Matt Adamczyk is an American businessman and politician, who served as the 35th Wisconsin State Treasurer.

text:
# Matt Adamczyk

**Matt Adamczyk** (born June 9, 1978) is an American businessman and politician, who served as the 35th Wisconsin State Treasurer.

## Early life

Adamczyk grew up in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin on June 9, 1978. He went to Pius XI High School in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and received his bachelor's degree from University of Wisconsin–Madison in 2000.

## Career

He helped manage his family business, Adamczyk Heating and Cooling and owns a home rental property business. Adamczyk was also an advisor to Republican members of the Wisconsin State Legislature, including Senator Leah Vukmir and Representative Tyler August.

### Wisconsin Treasurer

On November 4, 2014, Adamczyk was elected Wisconsin State Treasurer succeeding Kurt W. Schuller who did not seek re-election. Adamczyk ran on a platform of removing the office, stating, "The antiquated office no longer is needed and has become a prime example of wasteful government spending." Adamczyk has been vociferously opposed to climate conservation programs, even seeking to punish and censor coworkers who had been assigned to work on such projects, including Tia Nelson. After entering office, Adamczyk cut two positions in the office but continued to draw his $70,000 a year salary while campaigning against the existence of the office. Adamczyk succeeded in lobbying the state legislature for a constitutional amendment eliminating the role of State Treasurer. However, the referendum held in the April 2018 election failed by a margin of 61.75% voting no (to retain the state treasurer office) and 38.25% voting yes.

According to public reports by Wisconsin Attorney General Brad Schimel and Wisconsin Secretary of State Doug La Follette, Adamczyk verbally abused and harassed staff in the Board of Commissioners of Public Lands office. He declined to seek reelection in the 2018 election, in which Sarah Godlewski was elected to succeed him in January 2019.

### Wisconsin Assembly Campaign

In the November 2018 election, Adamczyk ran for a seat in the Wisconsin State Assembly representing the 14th District. He was narrowly defeated in the election by Democrat Robyn Vining.

## Electoral history

| Wisconsin Treasurer Republican Primary Election, 2014 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Party** | **Candidate** | **Votes** | **%** |
| Republican | **Matt Adamczyk** | 132,596 | 61.75 |
| Republican | Randall Melchert | 82,117 | 38.25 |

| Wisconsin Treasurer Election, 2014 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Party** | **Candidate** | **Votes** | **%** |
| Republican | **Matt Adamczyk** | 1,120,140 | 48.80 |
| Democratic | David Sartori | 1,026,548 | 44.73 |
| Independent | Ron Hardy | 66,120 | 2.88 |
| Independent | Jerry Shidell | 53,113 | 2.31 |
| Constitution | Andrew Zuelke | 28,053 | 1.22 |

| District 14 Wisconsin Assembly Race, 2018 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Party** | **Candidate** | **Votes** | **%** |
| Democratic | **Robyn Vining** | 16,579 | 48.59 |
| Republican | Matt Adamczyk | 16,447 | 48.20 |
| Libertarian | Rick Braun | 691 | 2.03 |
| Independent | Steven Shevey | 402 | 1.18 |

## InfoBox

| Matt Adamczyk | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 35th Treasurer of Wisconsin | |
| **In office**
January 3, 2015  January 7, 2019 | |
| Governor | Scott Walker |
| Preceded by | Kurt Schuller |
| Succeeded by | Sarah Godlewski |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1978-06-09) June 9, 1978
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Education | University of Wisconsin, Madison (BA) |
|  | |


title: Love Tattoo (musician)

abstract: Stephen Allkins, known professionally as [Love] Tattoo is an Australian DJ and music producer. He is best known for his 2001 single "Bass Has Got Me Movin'".

text:
# Love Tattoo (musician)

**Stephen Allkins**, known professionally as **\[Love\] Tattoo** is an Australian DJ and music producer. He is best known for his 2001 single "Bass Has Got Me Movin'".

## Career

In 1999, \[Love\] Tattoo released his debut single "History of Disco" on Essential Recordings. This was followed by the double A sided single "Drums"/"Bass" on Hussle Recordings.

In April 2001, \[Love\] Tattoo released "Bass Has Got Me Movin'", which peaked at number 56 on the ARIA Charts. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2001, "Bass Has Got Me Movin'", was nominated for the Best Dance Release. His debut album, *\[Love\] Tattoo* was released in 2001 and at the ARIA Music Awards of 2002, *\[Love\] Tattoo* was also nominated for Best Dance Release.

In 2005, \[Love\] Tattoo released his second studio album, *Body Work*.

## Discography

### Albums

| Year | Album details |
| --- | --- |
| 2001 | *\[Love\] Tattoo** Released: August 2001 * Label: Hussle Recordings (HUSSYCD002) * Format: CD |
| 2005 | *Body Work** Released: 2005 * Label: ABC Music (5101105762) * Format: CD |

### Singles

List of singles as lead artist, with selected chart positions and certifications
| Year | Title | Peak chart positions | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | AUS<br> | |
| 1999 | "History of Disco" |  | non album singles |
| | "Drums" / "Bass" | |  |
| 2000 | "Drop Some Drums" |  | *(Love) Tattoo* |
| 2001 | "Bass Has Got Me Movin'" | | 56 |
| 2002 | "Love's Theme (Party)" | |  |
| 2004 | "Burnin' Up" |  | *Body Work* |
| 2005 | "Put Ya Body in It" | |  |
|

## Awards and nominations

### ARIA Music Awards

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2001 | "Bass Has Got Me Movin'" | Best Dance Release | Nominated |
| 2002 | *\[Love\] Tattoo* | Best Dance Release | Nominated |

## InfoBox

| \[Love\] Tattoo | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Stephen Allkins |
| Origin | Australia |
| Genres |  |
| Occupation | * Music producer |
| Years active | 1999–2006 |
| Labels |  |


title: Teinoptera culminifera

abstract: Teinoptera culminifera is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by H. Calberla in 1891. It is found in North Africa, the central Arabian deserts, the Sinai in Egypt, Jordan and Israel. Adults are on wing from February to April. There is one generation per year.

text:
# Teinoptera culminifera

***Teinoptera culminifera*** is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by H. Calberla in 1891. It is found in North Africa, the central Arabian deserts, the Sinai in Egypt, Jordan and Israel.

Adults are on wing from February to April. There is one generation per year.

## InfoBox

| *Teinoptera culminifera* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Genus: | *Teinoptera* |
| Species: | ***T. culminifera*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Teinoptera culminifera***<br>Calberla, 1891 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Copiphana kraussi* (Rebel, 1895) * *Calophasia kraussi* Rebel, 1895 * *Copiphana craussi* (Hampson, 1906) * *Copiphana mahuzzim* (Oberthür, 1913) | |


title: ZooBank

abstract: ZooBank is an open access website intended to be the official International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) registry of zoological nomenclature. Any nomenclatural acts published electronically need to be registered with ZooBank prior to publication to be "officially" recognized by the ICZN Code of Nomenclature. Acts published in physical publications are encouraged, but not required to be registered prior to their publication. Life Science Identifiers (LSIDs) are used as the globally unique identifier for ZooBank registration entries. The ZooBank prototype was seeded with data from Index to Organism Names (http://www.organismnames.com), which was compiled from the scientific literature in Zoological Record now owned by Thomson Reuters.

text:
# ZooBank

**ZooBank** is an open access website intended to be the official International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) registry of zoological nomenclature. Any nomenclatural acts (e.g. publications that create or change a taxonomic name) published electronically need to be registered with ZooBank prior to publication to be "officially" recognized by the ICZN Code of Nomenclature. Acts published in physical publications are encouraged, but not required to be registered prior to their publication.

Life Science Identifiers (LSIDs) are used as the globally unique identifier for ZooBank registration entries.

The ZooBank prototype was seeded with data from Index to Organism Names (http://www.organismnames.com), which was compiled from the scientific literature in *Zoological Record* now owned by Thomson Reuters.

## History

ZooBank was officially proposed in 2005 by the executive secretary of ICZN. The registry was live on 10 August 2006 with 1.5 million species entered.

The first ZooBank LSIDs were issued on 1 January 2008, precisely 250 years after 1 January 1758, which is the date defined by the ICZN Code as the official start of scientific zoological nomenclature. *Chromis abyssus* was the first species entered into the ZooBank system with a timestamp of 2008-01-01T00:00:02.

## Contents

Four main types of data objects are stored in ZooBank. *Nomenclatural acts* are governed by the ICZN Code of Nomenclature, and are typically "original descriptions" of new scientific names, however other acts, such as emendations and lectotypifications, are also governed by the ICZN code and technically require registration by ZooBank. *Publications* include journal articles and other publications containing Nomenclatural Acts. *Authors* records the academic authorship of Nomenclatural Acts. *Type Specimens* record the biological type specimens of animals which are provisionally registered, until the bodies responsible for such types implement their own registries.

In addition to those, periodicals which have published articles are also entities within the system, providing access to a list of "Nomenclatural Acts" published in the periodical over time.

## Electronic publications

Traditionally, taxonomic data was published in journals or books. However, with the increase in electronic publications, the ICZN established new rules that include e-publications, especially electronic only publications. Such publications are now regulated by amendments of ICZN Articles 8, 9, 10, 21 and 78. Technically, nomenclatural acts that are published in electronic only papers are not recognized if they have not been registered with ZooBank and are considered as "non-existent".


title: Eupithecia suboxydata

abstract: Eupithecia suboxydata is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in the eastern Palearctic realm, west to south-eastern Russia and the southern Urals.

text:
# Eupithecia suboxydata

***Eupithecia suboxydata*** is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in the eastern Palearctic realm, west to south-eastern Russia and the southern Urals.

## InfoBox

| *Eupithecia suboxydata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Eupithecia* |
| Species: | ***E. suboxydata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eupithecia suboxydata***<br>Staudinger, 1897 | |
|


title: Patricia Rashbrook

abstract: Dr Patricia Rashbrook, also known as Patti Farrant, is the oldest woman to give birth in the United Kingdom. It was announced she was pregnant, following IVF treatment, on 4 May 2006, and then gave birth to a son on 5 July at the age of 62 by caesarean section at Sussex County Hospital in Brighton. The baby was healthy and weighed 6 lb 10½oz; he was named Jude. The child was her first with husband John, though she already had three children from a previous marriage. Dr Rashbrook is a child psychiatrist and some criticism has been levelled at her for choosing to become pregnant at such an old age. She claims she will always act in the best interests of her son. She received an IVF treatment from controversial Italian fertility expert Severino Antinori.

text:
# Patricia Rashbrook

Dr **Patricia Rashbrook** (born 1943), also known as **Patti Farrant**, is the oldest woman to give birth in the United Kingdom. It was announced she was pregnant, following IVF treatment, on 4 May 2006, and then gave birth to a son on 5 July at the age of 62 by caesarean section at Sussex County Hospital in Brighton. The baby was healthy and weighed 6 lb 10½oz; he was named Jude. The child was her first with husband John, though she already had three children from a previous marriage. Dr Rashbrook is a child psychiatrist and some criticism has been levelled at her for choosing to become pregnant at such an old age. She claims she will always act in the best interests of her son. She received an IVF treatment from controversial Italian fertility expert Severino Antinori.

1. To Patricia, aged 62, a baby son - and a controversy - Health News, Health & Wellbeing - Independent.co.uk


title: Penre

abstract: Penre was an ancient Egyptian official of the New Kingdom, in office under the ruling queen Hatshepsut. Penre was viceroy of Kush. The writing of his name varies on the monuments between Penre (Panre), Pare and Payre. Because of his high titles, he was one of the most important officials at the royal court, ruling the Nubian provinces. Kush is the Ancient Egyptian name for Nubia. Penre was little known till his tomb at Thebes was recently excavated by a Hungarian mission. On the canopic jars found in the tomb bears the titles first king's son and overseer of the southern foreign countries. Otherwise he is also known from several statue fragments. His father was called Sekheru, who also bore the title king's son. Penre was in office between the reigning year 2 of Hatshepsut, when a certain Seni was still in office, and year 18, when Inebny/Amenemnekhu is attested in that office. None of his monuments are dated, but one of his statues found in Nubia, must have been installed before the sole reign of Thutsmosis III. His burial took the form of a shaft tomb, and little remains from the mud brick tomb chapel. The shaft was over 11 meters deep. Within the burial chamber at the bottom of the shaft, the human remains of three adults and two children were discovered. Various objects from the burial equipment have survived, bearing the names Sennefer, Siamun, and Penre.The fragments of the four canopic jars were still bearing Penre's name and titles. Items in the tomb include specifically prepared funerary items, objects of daily life, professional equipment and containers of provisions.

text:
# Penre

**Penre** was an ancient Egyptian official of the New Kingdom, in office under the ruling queen Hatshepsut (about 1508–1458 BC). Penre was viceroy of Kush. The writing of his name varies on the monuments between Penre (Panre), Pare and Payre. Because of his high titles, he was one of the most important officials at the royal court, ruling the Nubian provinces. Kush is the Ancient Egyptian name for Nubia.

Penre was little known till his tomb at Thebes was recently excavated by a Hungarian mission. On the canopic jars found in the tomb bears the titles *first king's son* (= viceroy) and *overseer of the southern foreign countries*. Otherwise he is also known from several statue fragments. His father was called Sekheru, who also bore the title *king's son*. Penre was in office between the reigning year 2 of Hatshepsut, when a certain Seni was still in office, and year 18, when Inebny/Amenemnekhu is attested in that office. None of his monuments are dated, but one of his statues found in Nubia, must have been installed before the sole reign of Thutsmosis III. His burial took the form of a shaft tomb, and little remains from the mud brick tomb chapel. The shaft was over 11 meters deep. Within the burial chamber at the bottom of the shaft, the human remains of three adults and two children were discovered. Various objects from the burial equipment have survived, bearing the names Sennefer, Siamun, and Penre.The fragments of the four canopic jars were still bearing Penre's name and titles. Items in the tomb include specifically prepared funerary items, objects of daily life, professional equipment and containers of provisions.

1. Tamás A Bács: *A name with three (?) orthographies: The case of the ‘king’s son, overseer of southern foreign lands, Penre’*, in *Sudan and Nubia* 13 (2009), 33-34
2. JJ Shirley: *The Power of the Elite: The Officials of Hatshepsut's Regency and Coregency*, in: J. Galán, B. M. Bryan, P. F. Dorman (eds.): *Creativity and Innovation in the Reign of Hatshepsut*, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 69, Chicago 2014, ISBN 978-1-61491-024-4, 188
3. Tamás A Bács: *A name with three (?) orthographies: The case of the ‘king’s son, overseer of southern foreign lands, Penre’*, in *Sudan and Nubia* 13 (2009), 30-37

## InfoBox

| Penre | |
| --- | --- |
| Viceroy of Kush | |
| Predecessor | Seni |
| Successor | Inebny/Amenemnekhu |
| Dynasty | 18th Dynasty |
| Pharaoh | Hatshepsut |


title: List of alternative R&B artists

abstract: This is a list of alternative R&B artists. Alternative R&B fuses Contemporary R&B with other musical elements such as rock, hip hop, EDM, dream pop, cloud rap, progressive soul, soul, jazz, chillwave, electro hop, trap, electropop, funk, trip hop and future garage. The subgenre rose to prominence in the late 2000s and eventually became a popular genre into the 2010s.

text:
# List of alternative R&B artists

This is a list of alternative R&B artists. Alternative R&B (also known as PBR&B) fuses Contemporary R&B with other musical elements such as rock, hip hop, EDM, dream pop, cloud rap, progressive soul, soul, jazz, chillwave, electro hop, trap, electropop, funk, trip hop and future garage. The subgenre rose to prominence in the late 2000s and eventually became a popular genre into the 2010s.

## Artists


title: List of Frisians

text:
# List of Frisians

This is a list of famous or notable persons considered Frisians by citizenship, ethnicity or nationality.

## A

## B

## C

## D

## E

## F

## G

## H

## I

## J

## K

* Joost Klein (born November 10, 1997 in Leeuwarden, Friesland), Dutch musician, rapper, singer and former Youtuber
* Wilhelm von Knyphausen (1716–1800), general from Hesse-Cassel; fought in the American Revolutionary War, during which he led Hessian mercenaries on behalf of the British Empire
* Tjalling Koopmans (1910–1985), Dutch American mathematician and economist; Nobel Prize Laureate in Economic Sciences
* Sven Kramer, Dutch long track speed skater
* Doutzen Kroes (born January 23, 1985, in Eastermar, Friesland), Dutch supermodel

## L

* Anna-Marie Lampe, *Playboy* magazine (US edition) 40th anniversary Playmate/Playmate of the Month for January 1994; *Playboy* magazine (Dutch edition) Playmate of the year for 1995
* Cynthia Lenige (1755–1780), poet
* Abe Lenstra (1920–1985), Dutch football player and national football icon in the 1950s
* Boy Lornsen (1922–1995), author and sculptor from Sylt, Germany
* Jack Lousma, astronaut with Frisian ancestry

## M

* Theodor Mommsen (1817–1903), received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1902; German politician, member of the Prussian and German parliaments
* Hans Momsen (1735–1811), North Frisian farmer, layman mathematician and astronomer
* F. W. Matthiessen (1835-1918) Born in Altona, Denmark, Descendant of Matthias Petersen (Matthias der Gluckliche), co-founder of Matthiessen and Hegeler Zinc Works in LaSalle, IL (USA), Founder of Westclox (now General Time), Philanthropist, Matthiessen State Park Deer Park, IL (USA)

## O

## P

## R

## S

## V

## W

## Z


title: Virtual method table

abstract: In computer programming, a virtual method table (VMT), virtual function table, virtual call table, dispatch table, vtable, or vftable is a mechanism used in a programming language to support dynamic dispatch. Whenever a class defines a virtual function, most compilers add a hidden member variable to the class that points to an array of pointers to (virtual) functions called the virtual method table. These pointers are used at runtime to invoke the appropriate function implementations, because at compile time it may not yet be known if the base function is to be called or a derived one implemented by a class that inherits from the base class. There are many different ways to implement such dynamic dispatch, but use of virtual method tables is especially common among C++ and related languages. Languages that separate the programmatic interface of objects from the implementation, like Visual Basic and Delphi, also tend to use this approach, because it allows objects to use a different implementation simply by using a different set of method pointers. The method allows creation of external libraries, where other techniques perhaps may not. Suppose a program contains three classes in an inheritance hierarchy: a superclass, Cat, and two subclasses, HouseCat and Lion. Class Cat defines a virtual function named speak, so its subclasses may provide an appropriate implementation. When the program calls the speak function on a Cat reference, the code must be able to determine which implementation of the function the call should be dispatched to. This depends on the actual class of the object, not the class of the reference to it (Cat). The class cannot generally be determined statically, so neither can the compiler decide which function to call at that time. The call must be dispatched to the right function dynamically instead.

text:
# Virtual method table

In computer programming, a **virtual method table** (**VMT**), **virtual function table**, **virtual call table**, dispatch table, **vtable**, or **vftable** is a mechanism used in a programming language to support dynamic dispatch (or run-time method binding).

Whenever a class defines a virtual function (or method), most compilers add a hidden member variable to the class that points to an array of pointers to (virtual) functions called the virtual method table. These pointers are used at runtime to invoke the appropriate function implementations, because at compile time it may not yet be known if the base function is to be called or a derived one implemented by a class that inherits from the base class.

There are many different ways to implement such dynamic dispatch, but use of virtual method tables is especially common among C++ and related languages (such as  and C#). Languages that separate the programmatic interface of objects from the implementation, like Visual Basic and Delphi, also tend to use this approach, because it allows objects to use a different implementation simply by using a different set of method pointers. The method allows creation of external libraries, where other techniques perhaps may not.

Suppose a program contains three classes in an inheritance hierarchy: a superclass, Cat, and two subclasses, HouseCat and Lion. Class Cat defines a virtual function named speak, so its subclasses may provide an appropriate implementation (e.g. either meow or roar). When the program calls the speak function on a Cat reference (which can refer to an instance of Cat, or an instance of HouseCat or Lion), the code must be able to determine which implementation of the function the call should be *dispatched* to. This depends on the actual class of the object, not the class of the reference to it (Cat). The class cannot generally be determined *statically* (that is, at compile time), so neither can the compiler decide which function to call at that time. The call must be dispatched to the right function *dynamically* (that is, at run time) instead.

## Implementation

An object's virtual method table will contain the addresses of the object's dynamically bound methods. Method calls are performed by fetching the method's address from the object's virtual method table. The virtual method table is the same for all objects belonging to the same class, and is therefore typically shared between them. Objects belonging to type-compatible classes (for example siblings in an inheritance hierarchy) will have virtual method tables with the same layout: the address of a given method will appear at the same offset for all type-compatible classes. Thus, fetching the method's address from a given offset into a virtual method table will get the method corresponding to the object's actual class.

The C++ standards do not mandate exactly how dynamic dispatch must be implemented, but compilers generally use minor variations on the same basic model.

Typically, the compiler creates a separate virtual method table for each class. When an object is created, a pointer to this table, called the **virtual table pointer**, **vpointer** or **VPTR**, is added as a hidden member of this object. As such, the compiler must also generate "hidden" code in the constructors of each class to initialize a new object's virtual table pointer to the address of its class's virtual method table.

Many compilers place the virtual table pointer as the last member of the object; other compilers place it as the first; portable source code works either way. For example, g++ previously placed the pointer at the end of the object.

## Example

Consider the following class declarations in C++ syntax:

```
class B1 {
public:
  virtual ~B1() {}
  void fnonvirtual() {}
  virtual void f1() {}
  int int_in_b1;
};

class B2 {
public:
  virtual ~B2() {}
  virtual void f2() {}
  int int_in_b2;
};

```

used to derive the following class:

```
class D : public B1, public B2 {
public:
  void d() {}
  void f2() override {}
  int int_in_d;
};

```

and the following piece of C++ code:

```
B2 *b2 = new B2();
D  *d  = new D();

```

g++ 3.4.6 from GCC produces the following 32-bit memory layout for the object `b2`:

```
b2:
  +0: pointer to virtual method table of B2
  +4: value of int_in_b2

virtual method table of B2:
  +0: B2::f2()

```

and the following memory layout for the object `d`:

```
d:
  +0: pointer to virtual method table of D (for B1)
  +4: value of int_in_b1
  +8: pointer to virtual method table of D (for B2)
 +12: value of int_in_b2
 +16: value of int_in_d

Total size: 20 Bytes.

virtual method table of D (for B1):
  +0: B1::f1()  // B1::f1() is not overridden

virtual method table of D (for B2):
  +0: D::f2()   // B2::f2() is overridden by D::f2()
                // The location of B2::f2 is not in the virtual method table for D

```

Note that those functions not carrying the keyword `virtual` in their declaration (such as `fnonvirtual()` and `d()`) do not generally appear in the virtual method table. There are exceptions for special cases as posed by the default constructor.

Also note the virtual destructors in the base classes, `B1` and `B2`. They are necessary to ensure `delete d` can free up memory not just for `D`, but also for `B1` and `B2`, if `d` is a pointer or reference to the types `B1` or `B2`. They were excluded from the memory layouts to keep the example simple.

Overriding of the method `f2()` in class `D` is implemented by duplicating the virtual method table of `B2` and replacing the pointer to `B2::f2()` with a pointer to `D::f2()`.

## Multiple inheritance and thunks

The g++ compiler implements the multiple inheritance of the classes `B1` and `B2` in class `D` using two virtual method tables, one for each base class. (There are other ways to implement multiple inheritance, but this is the most common.) This leads to the necessity for "pointer fixups", also called thunks, when casting.

Consider the following C++ code:

```
D  *d  = new D();
B1 *b1 = d;
B2 *b2 = d;

```

While `d` and `b1` will point to the same memory location after execution of this code, `b2` will point to the location `d+8` (eight bytes beyond the memory location of `d`). Thus, `b2` points to the region within `d` that "looks like" an instance of `B2`, i.e., has the same memory layout as an instance of `B2`.

## Invocation

A call to `d->f1()` is handled by dereferencing `d`'s `D::B1` vpointer, looking up the `f1` entry in the virtual method table, and then dereferencing that pointer to call the code.

**Single inheritance**

In the case of single inheritance (or in a language with only single inheritance), if the vpointer is always the first element in `d` (as it is with many compilers), this reduces to the following pseudo-C++:

```
(*((*d)[0]))(d)

```

Where `*d` refers to the virtual method table of `D` and `[0]` refers to the first method in the virtual method table. The parameter `d` becomes the "`this`" pointer to the object.

**Multiple inheritance**

In the more general case, calling `B1::f1()` or `D::f2()` is more complicated:

```
(*(*(d[0]/*pointer to virtual method table of D (for B1)*/)[0]))(d)   /* Call d->f1() */
(*(*(d[8]/*pointer to virtual method table of D (for B2)*/)[0]))(d+8) /* Call d->f2() */

```

The call to `d->f1()` passes a `B1` pointer as a parameter. The call to `d->f2()` passes a `B2` pointer as a parameter. This second call requires a fixup to produce the correct pointer. The location of `B2::f2` is not in the virtual method table for `D`.

By comparison, a call to `d->fnonvirtual()` is much simpler:

```
(*B1::fnonvirtual)(d)

```

## Efficiency

A virtual call requires at least an extra indexed dereference and sometimes a "fixup" addition, compared to a non-virtual call, which is simply a jump to a compiled-in pointer. Therefore, calling virtual functions is inherently slower than calling non-virtual functions. An experiment done in 1996 indicates that approximately 6–13% of execution time is spent simply dispatching to the correct function, though the overhead can be as high as 50%. The cost of virtual functions may not be so high on modern CPU architectures due to much larger caches and better branch prediction.

Furthermore, in environments where JIT compilation is not in use, virtual function calls usually cannot be inlined. In certain cases it may be possible for the compiler to perform a process known as **devirtualization** in which, for instance, the lookup and indirect call are replaced with a conditional execution of each inlined body, but such optimizations are not common.

To avoid this overhead, compilers usually avoid using virtual method tables whenever the call can be resolved at compile time.

Thus, the call to `f1` above may not require a table lookup because the compiler may be able to tell that `d` can only hold a `D` at this point, and `D` does not override `f1`. Or the compiler (or optimizer) may be able to detect that there are no subclasses of `B1` anywhere in the program that override `f1`. The call to `B1::f1` or `B2::f2` will probably not require a table lookup because the implementation is specified explicitly (although it does still require the 'this'-pointer fixup).

## Comparison with alternatives

The virtual method table is generally a good performance trade-off to achieve dynamic dispatch, but there are alternatives, such as binary tree dispatch, with higher performance in some typical cases, but different trade-offs.

However, virtual method tables only allow for single dispatch on the special "this" parameter, in contrast to multiple dispatch (as in CLOS, Dylan, or Julia), where the types of all parameters can be taken into account in dispatching.

Virtual method tables also only work if dispatching is constrained to a known set of methods, so they can be placed in a simple array built at compile time, in contrast to duck typing languages (such as Smalltalk, Python or JavaScript).

Languages that provide either or both of these features often dispatch by looking up a string in a hash table, or some other equivalent method. There are a variety of techniques to make this faster (e.g., interning/tokenizing method names, caching lookups, just-in-time compilation).

1. G++'s `-fdump-class-hierarchy` (starting with version 8: `-fdump-lang-class`) argument can be used to dump virtual method tables for manual inspection. For AIX VisualAge XlC compiler, use `-qdump_class_hierarchy` to dump class hierarchy and virtual function table layout.
2. "C++ - why there are two virtual destructor in the virtual table and where is address of the non-virtual function （gcc4.6.3）".


title: Lou Richards (actor)

abstract: Lou Richards is an American actor. Richards is best known for his appearances on various sitcoms. He played Clark V. Uhley, Jr. in the short-lived All in the Family sitcom spin-off Gloria, as well as Deputy Dennis Putnam in She's the Sheriff. Among his voice roles are Leader-1 in Challenge of the GoBots, Galtar in Galtar and the Golden Lance, and Flash Gordon in Defenders of the Earth.

text:
# Lou Richards (actor)

**Lou Richards** (born September 3, 1951) is an American actor.

Richards is best known for his appearances on various sitcoms. He played Clark V. Uhley, Jr. in the short-lived *All in the Family* sitcom spin-off *Gloria*, as well as Deputy Dennis Putnam in *She's the Sheriff*.

Among his voice roles are Leader-1 in *Challenge of the GoBots*, Galtar in *Galtar and the Golden Lance*, and Flash Gordon in *Defenders of the Earth*.

## Filmography

| Film and Television | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1975–1980 | *Hawaii Five-O* | Various characters | 7 episodes |
| 1977 | *Logan's Run* | Strong | 1 episode: "The Innocent" |
| 1977 | *Big Hawaii* |  | 1 episode: "Sarah" |
| 1978 | *The Seniors* | Steve | Feature film |
| 1978 | *Project U.F.O.* | Lieutenant | 1 episode: "Sighting 4023: The I-Man Incident" |
| 1980 | *Fantasy Island* | Duke | 1 episode: "The Swinger/Terrors of the Mind" |
| 1980 | *The Dukes of Hazzard* | Virgil Cooper | 1 episode: "Return of the Ridge Raiders" |
| 1980 | *Alice* | Disc-Jockey (voice) | 1 episode: "Hello Vegas, Goodbye Diner" |
| 1980 | *Flo* | News Anchor | 1 episode: "Bull Is Back in Town" |
| 1981 | *Quincy, M.E.* | Subpoena Server | 1 episode: "Scream to the Skies" |
| 1981 | *Diff'rent Strokes* | Mike | 1 episode: "The Older Man" |
| 1981 | *The Munsters' Revenge* | Boyfriend | TV movie |
| 1981 | *CHiPs* | Van Driver | 1 episode: "Ponch's Angels: Part 1" |
| 1981 | *Enos* | Virgil Cooper | 1 episode: "Now You See Him, Now You Don't" |
| 1981 | *Laverne & Shirley in the Army* | Outlaw (voice) | 1 episode: "Invasion of the Booby Hatchers" |
| 1981 | *Private Benjamin* | Helicopter Pilot | 1 episode: "Judy in the Driver's Seat" |
| 1981 | *WKRP in Cincinnati* | Officer Madigan | 2 episodes: "An Explosive Affair" (Parts 1 & 2) |
| 1981 | *The Facts of Life* | Mike Palmer | 1 episode: "Cousin Geri Returns" |
| 1982 | *Archie Bunker's Place* | Jim | 1 episode: "The Night Visitor" |
| 1982 | *Alice* | Customer | 1 episode: "Sharples vs. Sharples" |
| 1982 | *Cass Malloy* | Deputy Dennis Little | TV pilot episode for *She's the Sheriff* |
| 1982–1983 | *Gloria* | Clark V. Uhley, Jr. | Main cast (21 episodes) |
| 1983 | *The Love Boat* | Félix Sheppard | 1 episode: "The End Is Near" |
| 1984 | *Second Edition* | Rick Williams | TV movie |
| 1984–1985 | *Challenge of the GoBots* | Leader-1 (voice) | 63 episodes |
| 1984 | *Too Close for Comfort* | Jordan Franklin | 1 episode: "Henry Bites the Big Apple" |
| 1985 | *St. Elsewhere* | William Craig | 1 episode: "Saving Face" |
| 1985 | *Galtar and the Golden Lance* | Galtar (voice) | 21 episodes |
| 1986 | *The Love Boat* | Andrew Proctor | 1 episode: "Father of the Bride/The Best Man/Members of the Wedding" |
| 1986 | *Hardcastle and McCormick* | Freddie 'Bummer' Bumgarner | 1 episode: "Poker Night" |
| 1986 | *Hunter* | Dr. David Anderson | 1 episode: "Death Machine" |
| 1986 | *GoBots: Battle of the Rock Lords* | Leader-1 (voice) | Animated feature film |
| 1986 | *Growing Pains* | Braxton Hicks | 1 episode: "Jason's Rib" |
| 1986–1987 | *Defenders of the Earth* | Flash Gordon (voice) | 30 episodes |
| 1987 | *Highway to Heaven* | Voice | 1 episode: "A Mother and a Daughter" |
| 1987–1989 | *She's the Sheriff* | Dep. Dennis Putnam | Main cast (45 episodes) |
| 1989–1990 | *Just the Ten of Us* | Father Bud | Recurring role (5 episodes) |
| 1990 | *Major Dad* | Reg Feiffer | 1 episode: "See the Bridge" |
| 1990 | *Uncle Buck* | Jack | 1 episode: "Nine-to-Five" |
| 1990 | *Growing Pains* | Modesto | 1 episode: "Roommates" |
| 1991 | *Going Under* | Skiff | Feature film |
| 1992–1993 | *Reasonable Doubts* | Robert Ellis | Recurring role (3 episodes) |
| 1993 | *Home Free* | Lawyer | 1 episode: "Front Page" |
| 1995 | *The Mommies* | Maitre'D | 1 episode: "The Dating Pool" |
| 1995 | *Live Shot* | Harvey Shempard | 1 episode: "What Price Episode?" |
| 1996 | *Night Eyes 4: Fatal Passion* |  | Feature film |
| 1996 | *Dave's World* |  | 1 episode: "Fame" |
| 1996 | *Soul of the Game* | Baseball Announcer | TV movie |
| 1996 | *Sherman Oaks* | Larry Sinatra | 1 episode: "X-Rated Neighbors" |
| 1997 | *Arsenio* | Stewart | 1 episode: "Secrets and Lies" |
| 1997 | *Breaking the Surface: The Greg Louganis Story* | Sports Announcer (voice) | TV movie |
| 1998 | *Kelly Kelly* | Football Announcer (voice) | 1 episode: "The Wedding Show" |
| 1998 | *Living Out Loud* | Judith's Lawyer | Feature film |
| 1998 | *Oh Baby* | Football Announcer (voice) | 1 episode: "False Alarm" |
| 1999 | *Clueless* | The Chauffeur | 1 episode: "Child Bride" |
| 1999 | *Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction* | Realtor | 1 episode: "The Curse of Hampton Manor" |
| 1999–2000 | *The Amanda Show* | Father | Recurring role (2 episodes) |
| 2000 | *Resurrection Blvd.* | Reporter #1 | 1 episode: "Pilot: Part 1" |
| 2000 | *Providence* | Doctor | 2 episodes: "The Thanksgiving Story" (Parts 1 & 2) |
| 2001 | *JAG* | Captain Costain | 1 episode: "Liberty" |
| 2001 | *Dischord* | Radio DJ (voice) | Feature film |
| 2001 | *The Practice* | A.D.A. Tom Connolly | 1 episode: "Killing Time" |
| 2001 | *Maybe It's Me* | Doctor | 1 episode: "The Hair Episode" |
| 2001 | *The X-Files* | Officer Custer | 1 episode: "Dæmonicus" |
| 2002 | *Presidio Med* | Detective | 1 episode: "Second Chance" |
| 2002 | *Without a Trace* | Arlin Tompkins | 1 episode: "Silent Partner" |
| 2002 | *CSI: Miami* | Lawyer | 1 episode: "Breathless" |
| 2002 | *Flashpoint* | Lawyer | TV pilot episode (aka *M.E.D.S.: Mobile Epidemic Defense Squad*) |
| 2003 | *Hulk* | Pediatrician | Feature film |
| 2003 | *Joan of Arcadia* | Brianna's Dad | 1 episode: "Bringeth It On" |
| 2004 | *Charmed* | Male Lawyer | 1 episode: "Hyde School Reunion" |
| 2004 | *My Wife and Kids* | Sports Announcer (voice) | Recurring role (2 episodes) |
| 2004 | *Summerland* | Mr. Borden | Recurring role (2 episodes) |
| 2004 | *ER* | Dr. Perkins | 1 episode: "Time of Death" |
| 2005 | *Passions* | Radio Announcer (voice) | 1 episode: "Episode dated October 20, 2005" |
| 2005 | *NBA '06* | Coach T (voice) | Video game |
| 2005 | *Bones* | Dr. Barragan | 1 episode: "The Girl in the Fridge" |
| 2005 | *Sleeper Cell* | LAPD Detective | 1 episode: "Immigrant" |
| 2005 | *Stroker and Hoop* | TJ the DJ / Used Car Salesman (voice) | Recurring role (2 episodes) |
| 2006 | *Beyond* | Bill Mickleson | TV pilot episode |
| 2006 | *24* | Businessman | 1 episode: "Day 5: 9:00 a.m.-10:00 a.m." |
| 2006 | *Windfall* | Judge | 1 episode: "Pilot" |
| 2007 | *NBA '08 Featuring the Life: Vol 3* | Coach T (voice) | Video game |
| 2008 | *NBA '09: The Inside* | Coach T (voice) | Video game |
| 2009 | *N.C.B.S.* | Veteran in therapy | Short film |
| 2009 | *Get the Girl* | O'Malley | Feature film |
| 2009 | *Lie to Me* | Robert Bradin | 1 episode: "The Best Policy" |
| 2009 | *Here's Herbie* | Subway Passenger | Short film |
| 2009 | *The Forgotten* | Mr. Simmons | 1 episode: "Pilot" |
| 2009 | *What We Became* | John Franklin | Short film |
| 2010 | *Growth* | Dr. Macavire | Feature film |
| 2010 | *Hi Fly* | Steve | Short film (also producer) |
| 2010 | *Class* | Mr. Pennington | TV movie |
| 2011 | *Los Americans* | Hanley Thompson | 1 episode: "Going to Mexico" |
| 2011 | *Eagleheart* | Councilman Wilcox | 1 episode: "Double Your Displeasure" |
| 2011 | *Weeds* | Onscreen Video Narrator | 1 episode: "From Trauma Cometh Something" |
| 2011 | *The Closer* | Gerald Wein | 1 episode: "Repeat Offender" |
| 2011 | *Desperate Housewives* | Night Manager | 1 episode: "Putting It Together" |
| 2012 | *Mad Men* | Charles Butler Jr. | Recurring role (2 episodes) |
| 2012 | *Criminal Minds* | Ben Hughes | 1 episode: "God Complex" |
| 2012 | *Ben and Kate* | Golfer #2 | 1 episode: "Guitar Face" |
| 2013 | *Lovelace* | Senator Specter | Feature film |
| 2013 | *1600 Penn* | Cabinet Secretary #1 | 1 episode: "Skip the Tour" |
| 2013 | *Shake It Up* | Health Inspector | 1 episode: "Forward and Back It Up" |
| 2013 | *Grey's Anatomy* | Steven Basche | 1 episode: "She's Killing Me" |
| 2014 | *Intelligence* | CEO Shepperton | 1 episode: "Cain and Gabriel" |
| 2014 | *NCIS* | Minister | 1 episode: "Honor Thy Father" |
| 2015 | *How to Get Away with Murder* | Father Bernard | 1 episode: "The Night Lila Died" |
| 2015 | *Murder of Crowe* | Eugene Glenn | Short film |
| 2016 | *The Infamous* | IA Bureaucrat | TV movie |
| 2016 | *A.L.L.I.A.N.C.E.* | Jared Cain |  |
| 2016 | *Displacement* | Charles Sinclair | Feature film |

## InfoBox

| Lou Richards | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1951-09-03) September 3, 1951<br>Perryton, Texas, U.S. |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1975–present |


title: Tempo (journal)

abstract: Tempo is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal that specialises in music of the 20th century and contemporary music. It was established in 1939 as the 'house magazine' of the music publisher Boosey & Hawkes. Tempo was the brain-child of Arnold Schoenberg's pupil Erwin Stein, who worked for Boosey & Hawkes as a music editor. The journal's first editor was Ernest Chapman and it was intended to be a bi-monthly publication. Issues 1 to 4 appeared from January to July 1939; but owing to the outbreak of World War II there was a hiatus in publication until August 1941, when issue 5 appeared, and another until February 1944, when regular publication resumed with issue 6 on a roughly quarterly basis. Meanwhile, the New York City office of Boosey & Hawkes set up a separate American edition which produced six issues in 1940–1942 and an unnumbered 'wartime edition' in February 1944. In 1946, the journal was enlarged and redesigned and began a new numbering: Issues 1 and 2 of the New Series were notionally issues 16 and 17 of the Old Series, but thereafter dual numbering was dropped. From the 1950s, Tempo began to cover a wider range of music than that published by Boosey. Past editors-in-chief include Anthony Gishford, Donald Mitchell, Colin Mason, and David Drew. Beginning in the early 1980s, the journal was edited by Malcolm MacDonald under his journalistic alias of Calum MacDonald. MacDonald handled the transition in publisher from Boosey & Hawkes to Cambridge University Press. Following his retirement in January 2014, the editor became Bob Gilmore. Since 2015, the editor has been Christopher Fox. As of 2022, the journal is published by Cambridge University Press.

text:
# Tempo (journal)

***Tempo*** is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal that specialises in music of the 20th century and contemporary music. It was established in 1939 as the 'house magazine' of the music publisher Boosey & Hawkes. *Tempo* was the brain-child of Arnold Schoenberg's pupil Erwin Stein, who worked for Boosey & Hawkes as a music editor.

The journal's first editor was Ernest Chapman and it was intended to be a bi-monthly publication. Issues 1 to 4 appeared from January to July 1939; but owing to the outbreak of World War II there was a hiatus in publication until August 1941, when issue 5 appeared, and another until February 1944, when regular publication resumed with issue 6 on a roughly quarterly basis. Meanwhile, the New York City office of Boosey & Hawkes set up a separate American edition which produced six issues in 1940–1942 (numbered 1–6, independent of the UK numbering) and an unnumbered 'wartime edition' in February 1944.

In 1946, the journal was enlarged and redesigned and began a new numbering: Issues 1 and 2 of the New Series were notionally issues 16 and 17 of the Old Series, but thereafter dual numbering was dropped.

From the 1950s, *Tempo* began to cover a wider range of music than that published by Boosey. Past editors-in-chief include Anthony Gishford, Donald Mitchell, Colin Mason, and David Drew. Beginning in the early 1980s, the journal was edited by Malcolm MacDonald under his journalistic alias of Calum MacDonald. MacDonald handled the transition in publisher from Boosey & Hawkes to Cambridge University Press. Following his retirement in January 2014, the editor became Bob Gilmore. Since 2015, the editor has been Christopher Fox.

As of 2022, the journal is published by Cambridge University Press.

## InfoBox

*Tempo*
| Discipline | Music |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1939–present |
| Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
| Frequency | 8/year |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Tempo* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 0040-2982 (print)
1478-2286 (web)
 |
| JSTOR | tempo |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Zonosaurus tsingy

abstract: Zonosaurus tsingy is a species of lizard in the family Gerrhosauridae. The species is endemic to Madagascar.

text:
# Zonosaurus tsingy

***Zonosaurus tsingy*** is a species of lizard in the family Gerrhosauridae. The species is endemic to Madagascar.

## InfoBox

| *Zonosaurus tsingy* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Gerrhosauridae |
| Genus: | *Zonosaurus* |
| Species: | ***Z. tsingy*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Zonosaurus tsingy***
Raselimanana, Raxworthy, & Nussbaum, 2000 | |
|


title: Eupithecia subinduta

abstract: Eupithecia subinduta is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Ecuador.

text:
# Eupithecia subinduta

***Eupithecia subinduta*** is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Ecuador.

## InfoBox

| *Eupithecia subinduta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Eupithecia* |
| Species: | ***E. subinduta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eupithecia subinduta***<br>Prout, 1923 | |
|


title: Paul Johnson (United States Air Force)

abstract: Paul T. Johnson is a retired major general in the United States Air Force. He was commander of the 355th Fighter Wing and 451st Air Expeditionary Wing, and has served in Operation Desert Storm, Operation Northern Watch, and Operation Enduring Freedom. He was commissioned as a 2nd lieutenant in May 1985. He received the Air Force Cross for rescuing a stranded U.S. Navy pilot, Lieutenant Devon Jones.

text:
# Paul Johnson (United States Air Force)

**Paul T. Johnson** (born April 26, 1958) is a retired major general in the United States Air Force. He was commander of the 355th Fighter Wing and 451st Air Expeditionary Wing, and has served in Operation Desert Storm, Operation Northern Watch, and Operation Enduring Freedom. He was commissioned as a 2nd lieutenant in May 1985. He received the Air Force Cross for rescuing a stranded U.S. Navy pilot, Lieutenant Devon Jones.

## Air Force Cross

His citation reads:

> The President of the United States of America, authorized by Title 10, Section 8742, United States Code, takes pleasure in presenting the Air Force Cross to Captain Paul T. Johnson, United States Air Force, for extraordinary heroism in military operations against an opposing armed force while serving as an A-10 Pilot with the 354th Tactical Fighter Wing, during Operation DESERT STORM on 21 January 1991. On that date, Captain Johnson was the flight lead on Sandy 57, a two-ship of A-10s tasked for search and rescue alert at a forward operating location. While en route, he received tasking to look for an F-14 crew that had been shot down the night before. During the next six hours he would lead his flight through three aerial refuelings, one attack on a possible SCUD missile site, and three hours of intensive searching deeper inside enemy territory than any A-10 had ever been. He risked his life as he had to fly at a mere 500 feet in order to pinpoint the survivor's location. When an enemy truck appeared to be heading toward his survivor, Captain Johnson directed his flight to destroy it, thus securing the rescue. It was his superior airmanship and his masterful techniques at orchestration that made this rescue happen – the first in the history of the A-10 weapons system. Through his extraordinary heroism, superb airmanship, and aggressiveness in the face of the enemy, Captain Johnson reflected the highest credit upon himself and the United States Air Force.

*
*

## InfoBox

| Paul T. Johnson | |
| --- | --- |
| Maj. Gen. Paul T. Johnson 2016 | |
| Born | (1958-04-26) April 26, 1958
Gadsden, Alabama |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/branch | United States Air Force |
| Years of service | 1985 – 2016 |
| Rank | Major General |
| Commands | 451st Air Expeditionary Group (2010–11)
355th Fighter Wing (2008–10)
354th Operations Group (2004–06)
75th Fighter Squadron (2000–02) |
| Battles/wars | Operation Desert Storm
Operation Northern Watch
Operation Enduring Freedom |
| Awards | Air Force Cross
Defense Superior Service Medal
Legion of Merit (2)
Distinguished Flying Cross
Bronze Star (2)
Defense Meritorious Service Medal
Meritorious Service Medal (3)
Air Medal (3) |


title: Perryville Commercial Historic District

abstract: The Perryville Commercial Historic District encompasses the historic commercial and civic heart of the city of Perryville, Arkansas. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012, and it includes two buildings already separately listed. It is centered on the courthouse square, where the 1880 Perry County Courthouse stands. It includes nine contributing buildings, including buildings facing the square, with a few included on adjacent side streets, and six non-contributing ones. This area was developed beginning in the 1840s, when Perryville was founded, and grew through the mid-20th century. Most of the buildings are vernacular commercial buildings, finished in wood, brick, or stone. The most unusual is the Rustic Perryville American Legion Building. Architect Irven G. McDaniels appears to have been the architect who, in 1961, designed a second annex expanding the Perry County Courthouse. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.

text:
# Perryville Commercial Historic District

The **Perryville Commercial Historic District** encompasses the historic commercial and civic heart of the city of Perryville, Arkansas. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012, and it includes two buildings already separately listed. It is centered on the courthouse square, where the 1880 Perry County Courthouse stands. It includes nine contributing buildings, including buildings facing the square, with a few included on adjacent side streets, and six non-contributing ones. This area was developed beginning in the 1840s, when Perryville was founded, and grew through the mid-20th century. Most of the buildings are vernacular commercial buildings, finished in wood, brick, or stone. The most unusual is the Rustic Perryville American Legion Building.

Architect Irven G. McDaniels appears to have been the architect who, in 1961, designed a second annex expanding the Perry County Courthouse.

The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.

1. "National Register Information System". *National Register of Historic Places*. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
2. Ralph S. Wilcox (September 7, 2011). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Perryville Commercial Historic District / Sites PE0010, PE0054, PE0119-PE0134" (PDF). Arkansas Preservation. Retrieved October 2, 2019.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Perryville Commercial Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Roughly bounded by AR 10, Magnolia, Main & Plum Sts., Perryville, Arkansas |
| Coordinates | 35°0′17″N 92°48′7″W / 35.00472°N 92.80194°W / 35.00472; -92.80194 |
| Area | 8 acres (3.2 ha) |
| Built | 1888 |
| NRHP reference No. | 11001048 |
| Added to NRHP | January 26, 2012 |


title: USS Dreadnaught

abstract: USS Dreadnaught (ID-1951), later YT-534 and YNG-21, was a United States Navy tug that was in service from 1918 to 1944.

text:
# USS Dreadnaught

**USS *Dreadnaught* (ID-1951)**, later **YT-534** and **YNG-21**, was a United States Navy tug that was in service from 1918 to 1944.

## Construction, acquisition and commissioning

*Dreadnaught* was built as a commercial tug of the same name by Union Iron Works at San Francisco, California, in 1917 for the Rolph Navigation and Coal Company of San Francisco. On 17 May 1917, the U.S. Navy purchased her for use during World War I and assigned her the naval registry identification number 1951. After fitting out at Mare Island Navy Yard at Vallejo, California, she was commissioned as USS *Dreadnaught* (ID-1951) on 31 January 1918.

## World War I service

Departing San Francisco on 27 February 1918 towing coal barges, *Dreadnaught* delivered the barges at Norfolk, Virginia, on 18 April 1918. She then proceeded to New London, Connecticut, where she arrived on 22 April 1918.

*Dreadnaught* was assigned to Patrol Force, United States Atlantic Fleet, and departed New London on 25 April 1918 to escort a convoy of submarine chasers to the Azores. On her return passage she aided in towing SS *Luckenbach* from the Azores to Bermuda and then towed the tug USS *Goliah* (SP-1494) from Bermuda to New York City, arriving there on 1 July 1918.

Between 6 September 1918 and 18 October 1918, *Dreadnaught* again escorted a group of submarine chasers from New London to the Azores and returned to New London. On 24 October 1918, she departed New London with a third convoy to the Azores, then proceeded to Brest, France, as escort for the United States Army tug *Cuba*. During the voyage, World War I ended, on 11 November 1918. The two tugs arrived at Brest on 29 November 1918.

*Dreadnaught* should not be confused with the patrol vessel USS *Dreadnought* (SP-584), which also was in commission during World War I.

## Postwar European and Atlantic service

*Dreadnaught* operated on harbor duty at Brest and towed barges and ships between Brest, Lorient, and Bordeaux, France, until 20 March 1919, when she got underway to escort a convoy of submarine chasers to Lisbon, Portugal, and then on to Bermuda. She returned to Ponta Delgada in the Azores on 11 April 1919 for towing duty in the Azores until 29 July 1919. Towing submarine chasers, she returned to New York City on 19 August 1919. On 30 August 1919, she departed New York City for Norfolk, Virginia, with barges in tow, arriving at Norfolk on 1 September 1919. She then underwent an overhaul at Norfolk.

## Service at San Francisco

*Dreadnaught* left Norfolk on 23 January 1920 bound for the Mare Island Navy Yard in Vallejo, California, where she arrived on 15 March 1920 and began another overhaul. When the U.S. Navy adopted its modern hull number system on 17 July 1920, *Dreadnaught* was classified as a "harbor tug" and redesignated YT-34. She was assigned to the 12th Naval District for duty in the San Francisco area.

On 14 March 1922, *Dreadnaught* was decommissioned, but she continued her 12th Naval District duties in the San Francisco area for many years after that in a non-commissioned "in-service" status.

*Dreadnaught* was reclassified as a "gate tender (non-self propelled)" - an anti-submarine barrier gate craft - and redesignated YNG-21 on 7 October 1940.

## Disposal

In September 1944, *Dreadnaught* was stricken from the Navy List. She reportedly was destroyed sometime thereafter.

## InfoBox

| *Dreadnaught* as a commercial tug in 1917. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Dreadnaught* |
| Namesake | Previous name retained |
| Builder | Union Iron Works, San Francisco, California |
| Completed | 1917 |
| Acquired | 17 May 1917 |
| Commissioned | 31 January 1918 |
| Decommissioned | 14 March 1922 |
| In service | 14 March 1922 (non-commissioned) |
| Reclassified | * Harbor tug, YT-34, 17 July 1920 * Gate tender (non-self propelled), YNG-21, 7 October 1940 |
| Stricken | September 1944 |
| Fate | Reportedly destroyed after being stricken |
| Notes | Operated as commercial tug *Dreadnaught* in 1917 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Tug |
| Tonnage | 450 gross register tons |
| Length | 143 ft (44 m) |
| Beam | 28 ft (8.5 m) |
| Draft | 14 ft 10 in (4.52 m) aft |
| Speed | 11 knots |
| Complement | 28 |
| Armament | 1 × 3-inch (76.2-mm) gun |


abstract: The Tajik Ambassador in Beijing is the official representative of the Government in Dushanbe to the Government of China.

text:
# List of ambassadors of Tajikistan to China

The **Tajik Ambassador in Beijing** is the official representative of the Government in Dushanbe to the Government of China.

## List of representatives

| diplomatic agreement/designated/Diplomatic accreditation | ambassador | Russian language | Observations | Prime Minister of Tajikistan | Premier of the People's Republic of China | Term end |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| January 4, 1992 |  |  | China and Tajikistan established diplomatic relations in 1992. The Republic of Tajikistan opened its diplomatic mission in Beijing in March 1992 | Akbar Mirzoyev | Li Peng |  |
| June 20, 1997 | Jamshed Karimov | ru:Каримов, Джамшед Хилолович |  | Yahyo Azimov | Li Peng |  |
| 2002 | Bahodur Abdulloev |  | (\*1948 in Bokhtar District) A major general of state security. | Oqil Oqilov | Zhu Rongji | December 28, 2005 |
| December 28, 2005 | Rashid Alimov | Рашид Алимов | Rashid Olimov | Oqil Oqilov | Wen Jiabao | December 1, 2015 |
| May 19, 2016 | Parviz Davlatzoda |  | * In 2015 he was First Deputy Foreign Minister of Tajikistan | Kokhir Rasulzoda | Li Keqiang |  |

39°57′05″N 116°27′55″E / 39.951348°N 116.465373°E / 39.951348; 116.465373

## InfoBox

| Ambassador of Tajikistan to China | |
| --- | --- |
| Incumbent
Zohir Ozod Saidzoda
since April 14, 2021 | |
| Inaugural holder | Jamshed Karimov |
| Formation | June 20, 1997 |