abstract: The Child with a Moon on his Chest is a South African folktale from the Sotho people. It is related to the cycle of the Calumniated Wife, and is classified in the international Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index as tale type ATU 707, "The Three Golden Children".

text:
# The Child with a Moon on his Chest (Sotho)

**The Child with a Moon on his Chest** is a South African folktale from the Sotho people. It is related to the cycle of the *Calumniated Wife*, and is classified in the international Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index as tale type ATU 707, "The Three Golden Children".

## Sources

The tale was collected by Édouard Jacouttet from the Basotho people, and published in 1895, with the title *Khoédi-Séfoubeng*. His book was translated into English as *The treasury of Ba-suto lore* (1908), and referred to the tale as *Ngoana ea Khoeli-Sefubeng*. A later publication names it *Ngwana ya Kgwedi Sefubeng*, which translates to "The child with a moon on his chest".

## Summary

### Jacottet's first version

In Jacouttet's first publication, Boulané is a chief married to ten wives, his favourite one named Morongoé. Boulané has the mark of a full moon on his chest, that is why he is also known as *Khoédi-Séfoubeng* (literally, "moon on chest").

One day, he tells his nine cowives that the queen - Jacouttet explains that the queen is considered to be the first wife and the others her servants - will bear a boy just like his father, with a full moon on his breast, while the other co-wives will bear boys either with a half-moon or stars on their chests.

When Morongoé, the queen, is ready to give birth to her son, the second co-wife tells the midwife to get rid of the boy and replace him for a puppy. The midwife obeys, takes the boy and throws him to the back portion of the hut, among the pots. There, he is raised and fed by a little rat. Boulane returns to ascertain the birth of their children, and is told that the queen gave birth to an animal. Morongoé is demoted and the second co-wife becomes the queen.

One day, the new queen walks by Morongoé's hut and sees a boy with the full moon on his chest, playing with the rats. The second queen asks Boulane to burn Morongoé's hut for fear of the rats. The rats, fearing that they will perish in the fire, guide the boy to an ox named Thamaha, for the animal to rear the boy. Morongoé's hut is burned and the rats with it.

Some time later, the new queen sees the boy playing with Thamaha. She lies to Boulane that she is ill, but, through bone divination, she will get better if Thamaha is killed. So Boulané promises to do it. The next day, Thamaha delivers the boy to the crabs, and accepts his fate. The same fate falls on the crabs, which, before they die, lead the boy with the full moon to the hut of the merchants.

A person from Boulane's village visits the merchants' hut and sees the boy with the full moon on his chest. He goes back to tell Boulané what he saw. Boulané goes to the merchants's hut and questions the boy about his parentage. The boy with the full moon tells Boulane his whole story, and Boulané, seeing the birthmark on the boy, realizes he is his son. So he takes him back to his village and announces a grand feast to he held in the boy's honor. To the assemble guests, Boulané introduces his son, restores the boy's mother as his queen, and banishes the second wife and her sons to another country.

This version of the tale was translated as *The Moonprince* by linguist Jan Knappert, in his collection of tales from Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland.

### Jacottet's second version

In another version published in 1908 with the title *The Child with a Moon on his Breast* (in the original, *Ngoana ea Khoeli Sifubeng*), Bulane, who has a moon on his breast, has two wives, one childless and one with children. The childless wife eventually becomes pregnant and gives birth to a boy with a moon on his breast. The other wife acts as midwife, hides the boy in between the pots and replaces him for a dog.

The boy is found by a mouse. The same events happen: the second wife sees the boy playing with the mouse and orders the hut to be burnt down to kill both. The mouse warns the boy and takes him out of the hut and into Bulane's cattle kraal. The second wife sees the boy under a cow in the krall and orders the kraal to be set on fire. The boy escapes with the mouse and survives. The mouse takes the boy to a hut of traders, and goes back to his mousehole.

One day, a man from Bulane's village comes to trade and sees the boy with a shining moon on his chest. He reports back to Bulane, who goes to the traders' hut to discover the boy's identity. The boy tells the whole story and shows Bulane the moon birthmark.

Bulane takes the boy to his village and places him in his hut, and summons a great meeting, with slaughtered oxen and beer. Before the assembled crowd, Bulane introduces the boy with the moon on the breast as his son, dresses his mother in fine clothes, appoints his son as his successor, and exiles his other wife back to her father.

Jacotter's second version was translated as *The Moon-Child* by Ethel McPherson.

## Analysis

### Tale type

The tale is related to the cycle of the *Calumniated Wife*, and is classified in the international Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index as tale type ATU 707, "The Three Golden Children".

The Sotho tale has been related to a cycle of stories about jealous sisters (in this case, co-wives) that take their sister's children and replace them for animals to humiliate her. After many trials and tribulations, the children reunite with their parents, the jealous relatives are punished and the disgraced woman (usually a queen) is restored to her position and status.

In a 1921 article, anthropologue Samuel Shaw Dornan noted that the Sotho tale showed "an extraordinary resemblance" to the Bengali folktale *The Boy with the Moon on his Forehead*, collected by Lal Behari Day.

## Variants

### Southern Africa

Africanist Sigrid Schmidt asserted that the tale type was particularly widespread in Southeast Africa. In fact, according to her studies, the tale type 707, as well as types 706, *Maiden Without Hands*, and 510, *Cinderella*, "found a home in Southern Africa for many generations".

Schmidt provided the summary of two manuscript tales. In the first, a woman gives birth to twin boys in the likeness of their father, a king with the mark of a moon on his chest, but a jealous servant casts them in the water. The twins are rescued and saved by a falcon. Later, they return to their father's castle and a jet of milk leaks from their mother's breast to their mouth, confirming the boys' parentage. In a second tale, a couple wishes for a son with a star on the chest and a moon on the front. Their son is born, but a jealous servant replaces the boy for a puppy and abandons the boy with a giraffe. The giraffe raises the boy as its son and gives him a cloth to hide his astral birthmarks. The boy finds work with in a farm that belongs to the king, where the princess sees his shining birthmarks and marries him. Later, when he returns home, jets of milk leak from his mother's breast to his mouth. Schmidt suggested that, since these two tales contain elements from European fairy tales (kings, queens, castle, the child in the box), these tales must have originated from a (now) lost Dutch tradition in the Cape of Good Hope.

In a tale from the Venda people titled *The Chief with the Half-Moon on his Chest*, the titular chief with the mark of a half-moon on his chest has two wives. The elder wife has two sons with no lunar birthmark, while the younger is childless. One day, the younger wife gives birth to a boy just like his father, with the half-moon on th chest. The elder wife replaces the boy for a pup and hides him in a beer-pot. A little rat takes the boy out of the beer pot and hides in its hole. The little rat takes the boy to his mother to be suckled. One day, the elder wife sees the rat playing with the boy in the younger wife's hut, then in the cattle kraal. The elder wife wants wants the younger's hut to be burnt down, then the kraal, but the rat hides the child away from both perils, and lastly takes him to another village, where he grows up. Two people visit the boy's hut and report back to the chief with a half-moon. The chief meets the boy, his own son, and takes him back to his village in secret. The chief organizes a ceremony with beer, then introduces his son to the assembled crowd. He banishes his elder wife and her sons and names the boy with the half-moon as the next chief. Hugh Arthur Stayt noted a similar tale among the Sotho, and suggested it as the origin for the Venda tale.

### Namibia

Sigrid Schmidt created a whole system of classification for Khoisan folktales. Tale type 707, in this system, was numbered KH 1125 and named "The mother of the boy(s) with a moon on his chest or forehead was banished but finally she was allowed back".

According to her studies, at least 17 variants of type 707 have been collected in Namibia since 1907. In the Namibian variants, a king wishes to have a son with astral birthmarks: the moon, the sun, or Zodiac signs either in the boy's head or chest. After being cast away from home, he returns to his father's house years later and his mother's breastmilk flows from her body to his mouth, signifying their parental connection - a motif that Schmidt links to Indian variants.

#### Regional tales

Sigrid Schmidt published some tales from Namibia: *The Son with a Moon on His Breast*, *Der Junge mit der Sonne und dem Mond* ("The Youth with the Sun and the Moon"), *Die Zwillingssöhne mit Mond und Stern auf der Brust* ("The Twin Sons with the Moon and the Star on the Chest"). She grouped them under the banner *Der Bursche mit dem Mond auf der Brust (Stirn)* ("The Boy with the Moon on the Chest/Forehead") and compared them to other instances of the tale type in international indexes.

She also collected a tale titled *Das hundertste Schwein* ("The hundredth pig"), which she classified as both type 707 and her type KH 1125.

### Sotho people

In a tale from Basutoland, *Morena-y-a-Letsatsi, or The Sun Chief*, a strong chief, with signs of the sun, the moon and eleven stars on his breast, is approached by two sisters: Siloane ("the tear-drop") and Mokete. Mokete says she can cook and grind, and thus becomes her sister's servant, while Siloane marries the chief. On the wedding feast, she "sings a song of \[his\] praise" and promises to bear him a son "in his image". When she is ready to give birth, Mokete replaces the boy for a deformed child with the face of a baboon. The real son is put with the pigs to be devoured, but "the spirits protect him". Mokete, the new wife, sees the boy survived and asks her husband to kill the pigs and burn down the kraal. She also tries to kill him in other attempts, but fails. The boy survives every time due to intervention of the spirits, becomes the leader of another village, and is given the name Tsepitso. One day, when passing through a village, he stops by the well and sees a woman named Ma Thabo ("mother of joy"), who gives him some water to drink.

### Xhosa people

Another African variant was collected from a Xhosa storyteller named Nongenile Masithathu Zenani, recorded from a performance on September 13, 1967, in her home located in Nkanga, Gatyana District, Transkei. In this variant, titled *The Child with the Star on His Forehead*, a man marries his wife's sister as another spouse to father a son. The sister gives birth to a boy "with a star on his forehead \[and\] the crescent of a moon on his chest, just like his father", but is replaced by a cat. The boy is saved and reared by a crab, which takes the boy back to his father's homestead to reveal the truth. Scholar Sigrid Schmidt recognized its classification as tale type AaTh 707.

Two other tales from the Xhosa people were identified by scholarship: *Chief Bulane and his Heir* and *The Child with the Moon on his Forehead*. In *Chief Bulane and his Heir*, published by South African magistrate Frank Brownlee (af), titular Chief Bulane has a half-moon birthmark on his chest - a sign of his royal status. A son is born to him bearing a similar mark. The tale *The Child with the Moon on his Forehead* was published in *Fairy Tales Told by Nontsomi*, by M. W. Waters (1927).

## Footnotes

1. Jacottet, Edouard. *Contes populaires des Bassoutos: Afrique du Sud*. Paris: Ernest Leroux. 1895. pp. 226–232.
2. Jacottet, Édouard. *The treasury of Ba-suto lore; being original Se-suto texts, with a literal English translation and notes*. London, K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & co. 1908. pp. 190–195.
3. Van Niekerk, Annemarié. *Raising the Blinds: A Century of South African Women's Stories*. Donker, 1990. p. 38ff. ISBN 9780868521817.
4. Cendrars, Blaise. *Anthologie nègre*. Paris Éditions de la Sirène. 1921. pp. 119–121.
5. Knappert, Jan. *Myths and Legends of Botswana, Lesotho, and Swaziland*. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1985. pp. 126–132. ISBN 9789004074552.
6. McPherson, Ethel L. *Native Fairy Tales of South Africa*. London: Harrap. 1919. pp. 73–76 (Tale nr. 8).
7. MacCulloch, John Arnott. *The Childhood of Fiction: a Study of Folk Tales And Primitive Thought.* London: John Murray, 1905. pp. 359-361.
8. Dorman, S. S. "The Heavenly Bodies in South African Mythology". In: *South African Journal of Science* Vol. 18, 1921. pp. 435-436.
9. Schmidt, Sigrid. "Namibische Volkserzählungen: Vom Urzeit-Mythos bis zum Märchenhaus mit Sprechanlage". In: BAB (Basler Afrika Bibliographien) Working Papers. n. 8. Presented on September 16, 2008. p. 10. ISSN 1422-8769
10. "Europäisch/asiatischer Herkunft, aber seit vielen Generationen im südlichen Afrika heimisch, sind außer dem "Mädchen ohne Hände", "Der Junge mit dem Stern auf der Stirn" (Nr. 20 = Aarne-Thompson 707) und die Aschenputtel-Märchen Nr. 15 und Nr. 23 (Aarne-Thompson 510, 511)". Schmidt, Sigrid. "Reviewed Work: The World and the Word by Nongenile Masithathu Zenani, Harold Scheub". In: *Anthropos* 90, no. 1/3 (1995): 312. Accessed April 18, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40463177.
11. Schmidt, Sigrid. "Europäische Märchen am Kap der Guten Hoffnung des 18. Jahrhunderts". In: *Fabula* 18, no. Jahresband (1977): 61. https://doi.org/10.1515/fabl.1977.18.1.40
12. Schmidt, Sigrid. "Europäische Märchen am Kap der Guten Hoffnung des 18. Jahrhunderts". In: *Fabula* 18, no. Jahresband (1977): 61-62. https://doi.org/10.1515/fabl.1977.18.1.40
13. Stayt, Hugh Arthur, and International African Institute. *The Bavenda*. London: Pub. for the International institute of African languages & cultures by Oxford university press, H. Milford, 1931. pp. 345–347.
14. Stayt, Hugh Arthur, and International African Institute. *The Bavenda*. London: Pub. for the International institute of African languages & cultures by Oxford university press, H. Milford, 1931. pp. 347–348.
15. Schmidt, Sigrid. *Katalog der Khoisan-Volkserzahlungen des sudlichen Afrikas* \[Catalogue of the Khoisan folktales of southern Africa\]. Hamburg: H. Buske Verlag, 1989. p. 354.
16. Schmidt, Sigrid. *Tiergeschichten in Afrika: Erzählungen der Damara und Nama*. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, 1996. p. 179. ISBN 9783927620988.
17. Schmidt, Sigrid. "Internationale Märchen in Namibia. Bewahren und anpassen". In: *Fabula* 62, no. 3-4 (2021): 294-295. https://doi.org/10.1515/fabula-2021-0015
18. Schmidt, Sigrid. *The forgotten bride: international tale types in Namibia. Texts and discussions*. Afrika erzählt; Bd. 10. Koln: Rüdiger Koppe Verlag, 2009. pp. 24–26. ISBN 978-3-89645-193-4.
19. Schmidt, Sigrid. *Hänsel und Gretel in Afrika: Märchentexte aus Namibia im internationalen Vergleich*. Afrika erzählt; Bd. 7. Koln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, 1999. pp. 130–134. ISBN 978-3-89645-123-1.
20. Schmidt, Sigrid. *Hänsel und Gretel in Afrika: Märchentexte aus Namibia im internationalen Vergleich*. Afrika erzählt; Bd. 7. Koln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, 1999. pp. 134–137. ISBN 978-3-89645-123-1.
21. Schmidt, Sigrid. *Hänsel und Gretel in Afrika: Märchentexte aus Namibia im internationalen Vergleich*. Afrika erzählt; Bd. 7. Koln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, 1999. pp. 258–261. ISBN 978-3-89645-123-1.
22. Schmidt, Sigrid. *The forgotten bride: international tale types in Namibia. Texts and discussions*. Afrika erzählt; Bd. 10. Koln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, 2009. pp. 313–317. ISBN 978-3-89645-193-4.
23. Schmidt, Sigrid. *Aschenputtel und Eulenspiegel in Afrika: entlehntes Erzählgut der Nama und Damara in Namibia*. R. Köppe, 1991. pp. 125–134, 190. ISBN 9783927620773
24. Martin, Minnie. *Basutoland: Its Legends and Customs*. London: Nichols and Co. 1903. pp. 144–154.
25. Zenani, Nongenile Masithathu; Scheub, Harold. *The world and the word: tales and observations from the Xhosa oral tradition*. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1992. pp. 409–416. ISBN 9780299133108.
26. Mandela, Ndaba. *Going to the Mountain: Life Lessons from My Grandfather, Nelson Mandela*. Hachette Books. 2018. p. 1. ISBN 9780316486576
27. Schmidt, Sigrid. "Reviewed Work: The World and the Word by Nongenile Masithathu Zenani, Harold Scheub". In: *Anthropos* 90, no. 1/3 (1995): 312. Accessed April 18, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40463177.
28. *Conference on Literature and Society in Southern Africa, September 8–11, 1981: Literature and social history*. The Centre, 1981. p. 40.
29. Brownlee, Frank. *Lion and Jackal: With Other Native Folk Tales from South Africa*. G. Allen & Unwin, Limited, 1938. pp. 151–154.
30. Waters, M. W. *Fairy Tales Told by Nontsomi*. London: Longmans, 1927. pp. 4–6.

## Further reading


title: Warriors (band)

abstract: Warriors were a Yugoslav and later Canadian heavy metal band formed in Belgrade in 1982. The band was formed under the name Ratnici by the vocalist Dušan Nikolić and Riblja Čorba drummer Miroslav "Vicko" Milatović, being Milatović's side project. They recorded their debut release, the EP Warriors – Ratnici, in 1983, after which Milatović left the band. Nikolić continued to lead the band, which released their debut self-titled album in Yugoslavia, before moving to Toronto, Canada. In Canada the band released their second self-titled album, disbanding in 1986.

text:
# Warriors (band)

**Warriors** were a Yugoslav and later Canadian heavy metal band formed in Belgrade in 1982.

The band was formed under the name **Ratnici** (Serbo-Croatian for *Warriors*) by the vocalist Dušan Nikolić and Riblja Čorba drummer Miroslav "Vicko" Milatović, being Milatović's side project. They recorded their debut release, the EP *Warriors – Ratnici*, in 1983, after which Milatović left the band. Nikolić continued to lead the band, which released their debut self-titled album in Yugoslavia, before moving to Toronto, Canada. In Canada the band released their second self-titled album, disbanding in 1986.

## Band history

The band was formed in 1982 by vocalist Dušan Nikolić and drummer Miroslav "Vicko" Milatović and was originally named Ratnici (Serbo-Croatian for *Warriors*). Milatović was at the time a member of highly successful band Riblja Čorba, Ratnici being his side project. The first lineup of the band also featured guitarist Dragan Deletić, guitarist Zoran Konjević and bass guitarist Slobodan Svrdlan (a former member of the band Gordi).

In 1983, the band released their debut EP entitled *Warriors – Ratnici*, with four songs, two of them with English and two with Serbo-Croatian language lyrics, through Yugoslav record label PGP-RTB. After the EP release, Milatović had to leave the band due to his mandatory stint in the Yugoslav People's Army, and Canadian guitarist Douglass Platt replaced Deletić. In 1983, the band released their first self-titled album through PGP-RTB with Tom Martin (a former member of the band Izazov) on drums, however, not as an official band member.

After the release of their debut album, Warriors moved to Toronto and signed for Canadian record label Attic Records. In 1984, with Canadian drummer Lawrence Gretsch (formerly of Frank Soda & The Imps) as the new member, the band recorded their second self-titled album. After the album release, the band went on a short tour with Nazareth, disbanding shortly after.

### Post breakup

Slobodan Svrdlan was a member of American band Lost City, recording the album *Watching You* (1993) with them, and British band Michael Aston's Gene Loves Jezebel, recording the album *Love Lies Bleeding* (1999) with them. Gretsch was, for a period of time, a member of Canadian band The Carpet Frogs.

In 2019, Dušan Nikolić, under the moniker Warrior Angel, released the concept album *Griffin 1.29 Chapter 1*, dedicated to his late wife Christine Catherine Griffin. The album was followed by album *Griffin 1.29 Chapter 2*, released in 2020. He died in Canada on 10 November 2022.

## Discography

### Studio albums

### EPs

## InfoBox

| Warriors | |
| --- | --- |
| The first (Yugoslav) Warriors lineup | |
| Background information | |
| Also known as | Ratnici |
| Origin | Belgrade, SR Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia (1982-1983)
Toronto, Canada (1983-1986) |
| Genres | Heavy metal |
| Years active | 19821986 |
| Labels | PGP-RTB, Attic |
|  | |
| Past members | Dušan Nikolić
Miroslav Milatović
Slobodan Svrdlan
Dragan Deletić
Zoran Konjević
Douglass Platt
Lawrence Gretsch |


title: Skimmer (dinghy)

abstract: The Skimmer is an American sailing dinghy, that was designed by William F. Crosby for amateur construction in 1933.

text:
# Skimmer (dinghy)

The **Skimmer** is an American sailing dinghy, that was designed by William F. Crosby for amateur construction in 1933.

## Design

The Skimmer design conforms to the original Moth class rules, but with an emphasis on simplicity for ease of construction and to reduce building costs. Crosby was the editor of *Rudder* magazine at the time and had designed the Snipe in 1931. He published the plans for the Skimmer in the October and November 1933 issues of that magazine, during the height of the Great Depression, as a means of producing a sailboat for the least cost. As a consequence, hundreds of examples were built and they were raced as a class on the United States west coast and other places in the US.

The Skimmer is a small, single-handed, recreational dinghy, built predominantly of wood planking. It has a catboat single-sail rig, a single chine hull, a transom-hung rudder and a pivoting centreboard keel. It displaces 300 lb (136 kg) and carries no ballast.

The boat has a draft of 4.50 ft (1.37 m) with the centreboard extended and 1.83 ft (0.56 m) with it retracted, allowing beaching or ground transportation on a trailer or automobile roof rack.

**Related development**

## InfoBox

Skimmer
| Development | |
| --- | --- |
| Designer | William F. Crosby |
| Location | United States |
| Year | 1933 |
| No. built | "hundreds" |
| Builder(s) | homebuilt boat |
| Name | Skimmer |
| Boat | |
| Displacement | 300 lb (136 kg) |
| Draft | 4.50 ft (1.37 m) with centerboard down |
| Hull | |
| Type | Monohull |
| Construction | Fiberglass |
| LOA | 10.92 ft (3.33 m) |
| Beam | 4.50 ft (1.37 m) |
| Hull appendages | |
| Keel/board type | pivoting centerboard |
| Ballast | none |
| Rudder(s) | transom-mounted rudder |
| Rig | |
| General | Cat boat |
| mainsail luff | 14.92 ft (4.55 m) |
| mainsail foot | 9.00 ft (2.74 m) |
| Sails | |
| Mainsail area | 65 sq ft (6.0 m2) |
| Total sail area | 65 sq ft (6.0 m2) |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Vrijburg

abstract: Vrijburg is an historic clandestine church concealed behind a row of houses fronting on the Keizersgracht, Amsterdam. It is situated in the center of the block, with houses on all four sides and no frontage on any public street. Vrijburg was built between 1629 and 1631 to serve Amsterdam's Remonstrant Protestants, who were not allowed to hold worship services in a manner visible by the public. Unlike many clandestine churches, the Vrijburg is a substantial, freestanding building. It is a two-story building with arched windows and even a small rose window made of brick over frame. The elegant, basilica form neoclassical interior has two sets of galleries. To secure its position, the congregation acted over time to purchase almost all of the surrounding houses, one served as a parsonage and the others were hired out. Nowadays, the building houses the debating center "Rode Hoed".

text:
# Vrijburg

**Vrijburg** is an historic clandestine church concealed behind a row of houses fronting on the Keizersgracht, Amsterdam. It is situated in the center of the block, with houses on all four sides and no frontage on any public street.

Vrijburg was built between 1629 and 1631 to serve Amsterdam's Remonstrant Protestants, who were not allowed to hold worship services in a manner visible by the public. Unlike many clandestine churches, the Vrijburg is a substantial, freestanding building. It is a two-story building with arched windows and even a small rose window made of brick over frame. The elegant, basilica form neoclassical interior has two sets of galleries. To secure its position, the congregation acted over time to purchase almost all of the surrounding houses, one served as a parsonage and the others were hired out.

Nowadays, the building houses the debating center "Rode Hoed".

52°22′38″N 4°53′14″E / 52.37722°N 4.88722°E / 52.37722; 4.88722


title: Sam Costen

abstract: Samuel Cutter Costen was an American football player and coach. Costen was a quarterback for Dan McGugin's Vanderbilt Commodores of Vanderbilt University. As a player, he weighed some 150 pounds. He was the third head football at The Citadel, serving two seasons, from 1909 to 1910, and compiling a record of 7–7–2. He also coached in. Costen graduated from Vanderbilt in 1908 with an LL.B. degree. He was a member of Alpha Tau Omega. Costen was the first head football coach at Blytheville High School in Blytheville, Arkansas, leading the team from 1913 to 1919. He died on January 21, 1955, in Memphis, Tennessee, where he had lived in the 1930s.

text:
# Sam Costen

**Samuel Cutter Costen** (May 18, 1882 – January 21, 1955) was an American football player and coach. Costen was a quarterback for Dan McGugin's Vanderbilt Commodores of Vanderbilt University. As a player, he weighed some 150 pounds. He was the third head football at The Citadel, serving two seasons, from 1909 to 1910, and compiling a record of 7–7–2. He also coached in .

Costen graduated from Vanderbilt in 1908 with an LL.B. degree. He was a member of Alpha Tau Omega.

Costen was the first head football coach at Blytheville High School in Blytheville, Arkansas, leading the team from 1913 to 1919. He died on January 21, 1955, in Memphis, Tennessee, where he had lived in the 1930s.

## Head coaching record

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Bowl/playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **The Citadel Bulldogs** *(Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association)* (1909–1910) | | | | | | | | |
| 1909 | The Citadel | 4–3–2 | 0–1–1 |  |  |
| 1910 | The Citadel | 3–4 | 1–3 |  |  |
| **The Citadel:** | | 7–7–2 | 1–4–1 |  | | | | |
| **Total:** | | 7–7–2 |  | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

Sam C. Costen
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Biographical details | |
| Born | (1882-05-18)May 18, 1882
McKenzie, Tennessee, U.S. |
| Died | January 21, 1955(1955-01-21) (aged 72)
Memphis, Tennessee, U.S. |
| Playing career | |
| 1906–1908 | Vanderbilt |
|  | |
| Position(s) | Quarterback |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| 1909–1910 | The Citadel |
| 1911–1912 | Vanderbilt (assistant) |
| 1913–1919 | Blytheville HS (AR) |
|  | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 7–7–2 (college) |
| Accomplishments and honors | |
| Awards | |
| All-Southern (1906, 1907) | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Marina Tadić

abstract: Marina Tadić is a Serbian singer and actress from Valjevo. She made her recording debut in 2008 with the album Nisi bio tu, which was followed by two more albums - Bol za bol (2012) and U zagrljaju tvom (2018). Her hit songs include "Otrove" and "Bol za bol". In addition to music, Tadić had a recurring role in the third season of the television series Budva na pjenu od mora.

text:
# Marina Tadić

**Marina Tadić** (Serbian Cyrillic: Марина Тадић; born 29 June 1983) is a Serbian singer and actress from Valjevo. She made her recording debut in 2008 with the album *Nisi bio tu*, which was followed by two more albums - *Bol za bol* (2012) and *U zagrljaju tvom* (2018). Her hit songs include "Otrove" and "Bol za bol".

In addition to music, Tadić had a recurring role in the third season of the television series *Budva na pjenu od mora*.

## Personal life

Tadić was born on June 29, 1983 in Valjevo, SFR Yugoslavia. She has shown interest in music and acting arts since her childhood and was a member of school drama classes. Tadić graduated from the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education at the University of Novi Sad and had worked as a gym teacher before pursuing a career in music.

Over the years, Tadić has been romantically linked with former water polo player and minister of sport, Vanja Udovičić, and retired football player, Ivica Dragutinović.

## Discography

Studio albums * *Nisi bio tu* (2008)
* *Bol za bol* (2012)
* *U zagrljaju tvom* (2016)

## Filmography

Filmography of Marina Tadić
| Year | Title | Role | Genre | Notes | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012-14 | *Folk* | Herself | Television | Cameo appearance |  |
| 2015 | *Budva na pjenu od mora* | Niki de Napoli | | Season 3 |  |
| 2016 | *Neki novi klinci* | Herself (judge) | | Season 2 |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Marina TadićМарина Тадић | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1983-06-29) 29 June 1983<br>Valjevo, SR Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia |
| Genres |  |
| Occupations | * Singer * actress |
| Instrument | Voice |
| Years active | 2008–present |
| Labels |  |


title: Morgan Berchet

abstract: Morgan Berchet is a Grand Prix motorcycle racer from France. He races in the French Superbike Championship aboard a Yamaha YZF-R1.

text:
# Morgan Berchet

**Morgan Berchet** (born 2 March 1994) is a Grand Prix motorcycle racer from France. He races in the French Superbike Championship aboard a Yamaha YZF-R1.

## Career statistics

2009- 9th, French 125cc Championship #163 Honda RS125R
2010- 5th, French 125cc Championship #163 Honda RS125R
2011-
2012- 4th, French 600 Trophy #63 Yamaha YZF-R6
2013- 1st, French 600 Trophy #63 Yamaha YZF-R6
2014- 6th, French Supersport Championship #63 Yamaha YZF-R6
2015- 8th, French Supersport Championship #63 Yamaha YZF-R6
2016- 8th, Endurance FIM World Cup #33 Kawasaki ZX-10R
2016- 16th, French Superbike Championship #33 Kawasaki ZX-10R
2017- 8th, French Superbike Championship #63 Kawasaki ZX-10R
2018- French Superbike Championship #63 Yamaha YZF-R1

### By season

| Season | Class | Motorcycle | Team | Number | Race | Win | Podium | Pole | FLap | Pts | Plcd |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | 125cc | Honda | Xtreme Racing Team | 83 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC |
| Total |  |  |  |  | **1** | **0** | **0** | **0** | **0** | **0** |  |

#### Races by year

| Year | Class | Bike | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | Pos. | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | 125cc | Honda | QAT | SPA | FRA
26 | ITA | GBR | NED | CAT | GER | CZE | INP | RSM | ARA | JPN | MAL | AUS | POR | VAL | NC | 0 |

## InfoBox

| Morgan Berchet | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | French |
| Born | (1994-03-02) 2 March 1994
Annecy, France |
| Current team | Team PMR |
| Bike number | 63 |


title: Walter Tuckerman

abstract: Walter Rupert Tuckerman was an American lawyer, banker, golfer, and philanthropist. Tuckerman founded the Bank of Bethesda in Bethesda, Maryland, and served as its first president. He also led development of the Edgemoor neighborhood of Bethesda. Tuckerman was a direct descendant of Oliver Wolcott, a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence. He was also a cousin of horse rider Bayard Tuckerman Jr., an inductee into the National Racing Hall of Fame.

text:
# Walter Tuckerman

**Walter Rupert Tuckerman** (November 23, 1881 – January 15, 1961) was an American lawyer, banker, golfer, and philanthropist. Tuckerman founded the Bank of Bethesda in Bethesda, Maryland, and served as its first president. He also led development of the Edgemoor neighborhood of Bethesda. Tuckerman was a direct descendant of Oliver Wolcott, a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence. He was also a cousin of horse rider Bayard Tuckerman Jr., an inductee into the National Racing Hall of Fame.

## Early life and education

Tuckerman was born to Walter Cary Tuckerman (1849–1894) and Florence Harding (née Fenno) Tuckerman (1848–1887) in Oyster Bay, New York, on Long Island on November 23, 1881. After becoming orphaned, he moved to Washington, D.C. to live with Lucius Tuckerman, a wealthy grandfather. In 1899, Tuckerman graduated from Morristown School (now Morristown-Beard School) in Morristown, New Jersey. He later served as a member of the school's Board of Trustees and as president of its alumni association. The award for scholarship in Greek at Morristown School (the Walter R. Tuckerman Greek Prize) bore his name.

In 1903, Tuckerman received his bachelor's degree from Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He then completed his law degree at George Washington University in Washington, D.C. in 1907. Tuckerman later served on the school's Board of Trustees. In 1952, George Washington University awarded him an honorary doctorate of laws.

## Career

Seeking a career, Tuckerman traveled to the Western United States to work as a prospector, rancher, and sheep herder in California and Nevada. While out west, he also joined the Alaskan Boundary Survey Commission in 1909. Recognizing his work with the commission, a peak along the Canada/Alaska boundary bears the name Mount Tuck. Returning to the Eastern U.S., Tuckerman began his law practice. He also took on the role of president of the Union Savings Bank, and then served as a member of the Board of Directors of the National Metropolitan Bank.

### Development of Edgemoor in Bethesda

In 1912, Tuckerman purchased the Watkins dairy farm in Maryland owned by Otis Watkins. Laying out a subdivision of land on a plot of 183 acres, Tuckerman named the area Edgewood, Maryland. Confusion between his Edgewood and the federal arsenal in Baltimore, Maryland, meant that mail often mistakenly went to the later rather than Edgewood, Maryland. To clear up this issue Tuckerman renamed Edgewood, Maryland to Edgemoor, Maryland. He took the moor ending from a road named Moorland Lane.

Tuckerman developed a tennis and swimming club for Edgemoor called the Edgemoor Club. He later helped organize Bethesda's volunteer fire department and public library, and he contributed tracts of land to construct their buildings. Tuckerman Lane, a major street that runs through Bethesda and Rockville, Maryland, bears his name. The road connected Old Georgetown Road to Black Oak Thicket, a 318-acre plot of land owned by Tuckerman.

In 1929, Tuckerman's estate housed five U.S. Senators during legislative work on the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930. The group included Hiram Bingham III, Walter Evans Edge, George H. Moses, David A. Reed, and Frederic C. Walcott. Four of them served on the Finance Committee, which developed the bill for the act in the U.S. Senate.

### Amateur golf and stewardship of the sport

Tuckerman began playing golf during his teenage years. In 1907, he won the Mid-Atlantic Amateur Golf Championship played at the Baltimore Country Club in Baltimore, Maryland. Three years later, Tuckerman won the 1910 Mid-Winter Tournament and the Spring Tournament at Pinehurst Resort in Pinehurst, North Carolina. He also finished runner-up at the North and South Men's Amateur Golf Championship at Pinehurst. Tuckerman was a member of The Tin Whistles.

In 1911, Tuckerman won the Shinnecock Hills Tournament at the Shinnecock Hills Golf Club in Southampton, New York, on Long Island. He later captured the Washington Metropolitan Amateur Championship in 1914 and 1923 when Chevy Chase Country Club hosted the tournament in Chevy Chase, Maryland. During his golf career, Tuckerman captured the Stockbridge Cup of the Berkshire Golf Tournament in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. He also played in the U.S. Senior Golf Association Tournament and the seniors international triangular matches.

Tuckerman helped lay out the golf course at Congressional Country Club, now a club on the PGA Tour. In 1922, he co-founded Burning Tree Club, and he served as a founding member of its board of directors. Tuckerman also donated 30 acres to help construct the club. According to the Maryland Inventory of Historic Properties, he stated that the club name symbolized trees with fiery colors characteristic of the area. Tuckerman said, "They called it Potomac, the Place of the Burning Tree".

During his golf career, Tuckerman served as president of the Middle Atlantic Golf Association and then as vice president of the U.S. Senior Golf Association. In 1958, the Mid-Atlantic Golf Association honored his service and that of Scottish-American golfer Frederick Robertson McLeod. They paid tribute to 101 combined years of service of both men during the 58th annual meeting of the association at Columbia Country Club in Chevy Chase, Maryland.

### Philanthropy and social service

Tuckerman served as a member of the Board of Trustees of the Church Orphanage Association of St. John's and as its corporate secretary. He served as Secretary of the Finance Committee of the American Red Cross's Washington, D.C. Chapter and chaired the Board of Trustees of the American Red Cross's Bethesda Chapter. Tuckerman also chaired the Board of Trustees of the Social Services League's Bethesda Branch.

## Personal life

On December 28, 1910, Walter Tuckerman married Edith Abercrombie-Miller (1883-1954), daughter of James Abercrombie-Miller, at Grace Episcopal Church in Madison, New Jersey. They had five daughters together:

Tuckerman died on January 15, 1961, in Bethesda, Maryland.

Notes Sources  1. "Walter R. Tuckernan; Developer and Banker". *The Washington Post*. 17 January 1961.
2. "Walter Tuckerman". *The New York Times*. 16 January 1961.
3. Kelly, John (October 23, 2010). "Answer Man Keeps Up with the Tuckermans". *The Washington Post*.
4. Harvard University, ed. (1922). *Harvard Alumni Bulletin, Volume 21*.
5. Harvard University, ed. (1920). *Harvard College Class of 1903, Quindecennial Report*.
6. "School's Annual Prize Day; Morristown Makes Its Usual Awards--Many Close Contests". *The Boston Transcript*. June 14, 1913.
7. "CAPITAL UNIVERSITY HONORS 4 TRUSTEES". *The New York Times*. November 12, 1952.
8. Harris, Ann Peterson (1976). *The Potomac adventure: pre-history to 1976*. p. 76.
9. Offutt, William (2009). "What's in a name?". *Bethesda Magazine* (May/June).
10. "Club History; A Brief History of the Edgemoor Club".
11. "Decision of Hoover to Give Up Vacation Leads Foreign Envoys to Forego Summer Embassies". *The New York Times*. May 15, 1929.
12. "Tuckerman Wins Golf Title". *The New York Times*. June 2, 1907.
13. "Chief Golf Honors Go To Tuckerman; Pinehurst Tourney Closes with Chevy Chase Player Head of Winners". *The New York Times*. January 13, 1910.
14. "Tuckerman's Golf Title; Chevy Chase Player Makes Record Rounds In Pinehurst Tourney". *The New York Times*. March 13, 1910.
15. "Mid-Atlantic Association Honors Tuckerman, McLeod". *Golfdam* (June): 92. 1958.
16. "Tuckerman Wins at Shinnecock; Chevy Chase Champion Defeats James R. Hyde in Invitation Tournament, 6 and 4". *The New York Times*. August 6, 1911.
17. "Metropolitan Amateur Championship".
18. "BERKSHIRE GOLF TOURNEY; Contest for Stockbridge Cup Draws Host of Amateur Entrants -- Many Hikes On". *The New York Times*. August 14, 1927.
19. "Jennings, Scoring 74, Starts Well In Defense U.S. Senior Crown; ASPIRANTS FOR HONORS IN SENIORS' TOURNEY AT APAWAMIS". *The New York Times*. June 14, 1940.
20. "American Stars Set Pace by 2 Points in International Senior Golf Matches; U.S. CAPTURES LEAD IN SENIORS' GOLF Scores 8 1/2 Points, to 6 1/2 for Britain and 3 for Canada, on Southampton Links. DEIBEL AND LEE SET PACE Douglas-Tuckerman, Jennings-Smith Also Win Twice -- Final Matches Today". *The New York Times*. September 22, 1936.
21. "Laura Triest". *The Capital Gazette*. August 31, 2012.
22. "M: 35-121: Burning Tree Club - Maryland State Archives" (PDF).
23. "TOURNEY'S RECORD CUT BY 5 STROKES; Knowies Adds 72 to His 71 of First Round and Leads in U.S. Seniors' Title Golf MILLER, WITH 150, IS NEXT Graham Ends Play With a 152 -- Second Half of Field to Open Competition Today". *The New York Times*. June 11, 1942.
24. "Mrs. W. R. Tuckerman, Active in Charities". *The New York Times*. January 3, 1954. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
25. "Miss Edith A. Miller Weds; Daughter of Late Commander Miller the Bride of W. R. Tuckerman". *The New York Times*. December 29, 1910.
26. "MRS. DE PEYSTER WED TO A COUNT; Word Is Received Here of Her Marriage in Genoa Dec. 28 to Bohdan de Castellane. HAD BEEN LIVING IN FRANCE The Former Alice Abercrombie-Miller Is Due in New York Tomorrow for Visit". *The New York Times*. 10 February 1935. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
27. Schudel, Matt (2 September 2012). "Laura Tuckerman Triest, 100, dies". *Washington Post*. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
28. "OBITUARIES | Elizabeth Tuckerman Biays, Artist". *Washington Post*. 11 September 1998. Retrieved 1 March 2018. Edith Elizabeth Tuckerman Biays, 85, an artist who primarily produced privately commissioned oil paintings of thoroughbreds and of fox hunts and other equestrian events for more than 50 years, died of emphysema Aug. 24 at her home in Bluemont, Va.
29. United States National Museum (1916). *Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution*. Government Printing Office.
30. Mrs. Walter R. Tuckerman Letters (ca. 1920-1933)
31. "History of Bethesda Country Club" (PDF).
32. "HONORS MRS. WILSON.; National Women's Country Club Gives Luncheon for Her". *The New York Times*. February 17, 1931.
33. "Robert Gifford Metters" (PDF). *emmanuelboston.org*. Emmanuel Episcopal Church, Boston. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
34. "RUTH TUCKERMAN ENGAGED TO WED; Troth to Lt. Robert Metters, Chaplain Corps, U. S. N., Made Known by Her Parents". *The New York Times*. 18 April 1942. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
35. Haynes, Fred; Warren, James A. (2008). *The Lions of Iwo Jima*. Macmillan. p. 248. ISBN 9780805083255. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
36. "Williams, Alice N." *publicnotices.thedailyrecord.com*. Daily Record. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
37. Smith, J. Y. (22 February 1983). "Robert Williams, Retired Marine Brigadier, Dies". *Washington Post*. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
38. "Walter Tuckerman". *The New York Times*. January 16, 1961. Retrieved 1 March 2018.

## InfoBox

| Walter Tuckerman | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Walter Rupert Tuckerman
(1881-11-23)November 23, 1881
New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Died | November 23, 1961(1961-11-23) (aged 80)
Bethesda, Maryland, U.S. |
| Education | Morristown School |
| Alma mater | Harvard University
George Washington University Law School |
| Known for | Founder of Bank of Bethesda |
| Spouse | Edith Abercrombie-Miller
(m. 1910; died 1954) |
| Children | 5 |
| Parent(s) | Walter Cary Tuckerman
Florence Harding Fenno |


title: Warzęgowo

abstract: Warzęgowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wołów, within Wołów County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) northeast of Wołów and 37 km (23 mi) northwest of the regional capital Wrocław.

text:
# Warzęgowo

**Warzęgowo** \[vaʐɛŋˈɡɔvɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wołów, within Wołów County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) northeast of Wołów and 37 km (23 mi) northwest of the regional capital Wrocław.

## InfoBox

| Warzęgowo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Warzęgowo | |
| Coordinates: 51°24′4″N 16°44′19″E / 51.40111°N 16.73861°E / 51.40111; 16.73861 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lower Silesian |
| County | Wołów |
| Gmina | Wołów |


title: Watergate Babies

abstract: The Watergate Babies were Democrats first elected to the United States Congress in the 1974 elections, after President Richard Nixon's resignation over the Watergate scandal, on August 9, 1974. Democrats picked up 49 seats in the House and 5 in the Senate. This group greatly increased the strength of Northerners and liberals in the House Democratic Caucus. They joined more senior liberals to strike a blow against the seniority system and overthrow three committee chairmen whom they viewed as too conservative and/or too old to represent the caucus: William R. Poage (D-TX), Wright Patman (D-TX), and F. Edward Hébert (D-LA). Thomas Downey of New York was the youngest among the "babies", aged 25 upon his election, the minimum age at which one may serve in the U.S. House of Representatives. Senators Patrick Leahy (D-VT), Chris Dodd (D-CT), Tom Harkin (D-IA), Paul Simon (D-IL), Paul Tsongas (D-MA), Max Baucus (D-MT), and Bob Krueger (D-TX) were also elected during this cycle. Leahy was the last Watergate Baby to serve in Congress; he retired in 2023 after 48 years in office. "Watergate Babies" can also apply to those Democrats elected to state or local office in 1974; political scientist Malcolm Jewell wrote, "Democrats made substantial state legislative gains in a large number of states in 1974, the Watergate election". Numerous states passed sweeping ethics and public disclosure reforms in the aftermath of Watergate. "Watergate Babies" has also been used to apply to journalists who entered the field because of Watergate. "Watergate," David Baumann wrote, "also created a generation of journalists who were not willing to accept politicians at their word. If the journalists who helped uncover the scandal, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, could expose the crimes of a president, then certainly there were crooked politicians elsewhere. Those journalists believed in investigative reporting and became watchdogs who attempted to keep politicians honest.

text:
# Watergate Babies

The **Watergate Babies** were Democrats first elected to the United States Congress in the 1974 elections, after President Richard Nixon's resignation over the Watergate scandal, on August 9, 1974.

Democrats picked up 49 seats in the House and 5 in the Senate. This group greatly increased the strength of Northerners and liberals in the House Democratic Caucus. They joined more senior liberals to strike a blow against the seniority system and overthrow three committee chairmen whom they viewed as too conservative and/or too old to represent the caucus: William R. Poage (D-TX), Wright Patman (D-TX), and F. Edward Hébert (D-LA).

Thomas Downey of New York was the youngest among the "babies", aged 25 upon his election, the minimum age at which one may serve in the U.S. House of Representatives. Senators Patrick Leahy (D-VT), Chris Dodd (D-CT), Tom Harkin (D-IA), Paul Simon (D-IL), Paul Tsongas (D-MA), Max Baucus (D-MT), and Bob Krueger (D-TX) were also elected during this cycle. Leahy was the last Watergate Baby to serve in Congress; he retired in 2023 after 48 years in office.

"Watergate Babies" can also apply to those Democrats elected to state or local office in 1974; political scientist Malcolm Jewell wrote, "Democrats made substantial state legislative gains in a large number of states in 1974, the Watergate election". Numerous states passed sweeping ethics and public disclosure reforms in the aftermath of Watergate.

"Watergate Babies" has also been used to apply to journalists who entered the field because of Watergate. "Watergate," David Baumann wrote, "also created a generation of journalists who were not willing to accept politicians at their word. If the journalists who helped uncover the scandal, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, could expose the crimes of a president, then certainly there were crooked politicians elsewhere. Those journalists believed in investigative reporting and became watchdogs who attempted to keep politicians honest.

## Legacy

In 2018, *Politico*'s John A. Lawrence, along with some of the surviving Watergate Babies, reflected on their long-term impact. The magazine concluded that the reforms to the committee structure, and the increased transparency they worked for had permanently changed Congress as an institution. However, those changes had, Lawrence argued, helped contribute to the later rise of the New Right and shaped the polarized political climate of the late 2010s.

The Watergate Babies often framed what had previously been policy goals—such as stronger consumer protection and environmental cleanup—as rights, a discursive tactic that Lawrence noted would later be adopted by conservatives. On the House floor, the new members' willingness to vote as a bloc forced votes on divisive issues that their more senior colleagues had long avoided, another tactic that conservatives successfully emulated. When House sessions began broadcasting on television in 1979, another reform the Babies had sought, a younger conservative, Newt Gingrich, began using after-hours "special orders" to attack Democrats, which gained him the prestige and followers, allowing him to lead the Republican Revolution in 1994, with Gingrich becoming Speaker of the House.

"We came here to take the Bastille," recalled George Miller, who retired in 2015, one of the last Watergate Babies to do so. "We destroyed the institution by turning the lights on."

* "Rebels of '94 and 'Watergate Babies' Similar In Class Size, Sense of Zeal" at All Politics CNN
* "Saying Goodbye to the Democratic Class of 1974" at National Review


abstract: Ward No. 33, Kolkata Municipal Corporation is an administrative division of Kolkata Municipal Corporation in Borough No. 3, covering parts of Phoolbagan and Beliaghata (Kulia) neighbourhoods in north-central Kolkata, in the Indian state of West Bengal.

text:
# Ward No. 33, Kolkata Municipal Corporation

**Ward No. 33, Kolkata Municipal Corporation** is an administrative division of Kolkata Municipal Corporation in Borough No. 3, covering parts of Phoolbagan (Subhas Sarovar) and Beliaghata (Kulia) neighbourhoods in north-central Kolkata, in the Indian state of West Bengal.

## History

Attempts were made to establish a municipal corporation at Kolkata from the middle of the 19th century. The electoral system was introduced for the first time in 1847, and 4 of the 7 board members were elected by the rate payers. In 1852 the board was replaced by a new one and in 1863 a new body was formed. As per old records, in 1872 there were 25 wards in Kolkata (spellings as in use at that time) – 1. Shyampukur, 2. Kumartuli, 3. Bartala, 4. Sukea Street, 5. Jorabagan, 6. Jorasanko, 7. Barabazar, 8. Kolutola, 9. Muchipara, 10. Boubazar, 11. Padmapukur, 12. Waterloo Street, 13. Fenwick Bazar, 14. Taltala, 15. Kalinga, 16. Park Street, 17. Victoria Terrace, 18. Hastings, 19. Entali, 20. Beniapukur, 21. Baliganj-Tollyganj, 22. Bhabanipur, 23. Alipur, 24.Ekbalpur and 25. Watganj. A new municipal corporation was created in 1876, wherein 48 commissioners were elected and 24 were appointed by the government. With the implementation of the Municipal Consolidation Act of 1888 the area under the jurisdiction of the municipal corporation was enlarged. Certain areas were already there but more parts of them were added (current spellings) - Entally, Manicktala, Beliaghata, Ultadanga, Chitpur, Cossipore, Beniapukur, Ballygunge, Watganj and Ekbalpur, and Garden Reach and Tollygunj. The Calcutta Municipal Act of 1923 brought about important changes. It liberalised the constitution along democratic lines.

The state government superseded the Corporation in 1948 and the Calcutta Municipal Act of 1951 came into force. Adult franchise was introduced in municipal elections in 1962. With the addition of certain areas in the southern parts of the city, the number of wards increased from 75 to 144.

## Geography

Ward No. 33 is bordered on the north by Narkeldanga Main Road; on the east by Eastern Metropolitan Bypass; on the south by the Beleghata Canal and Hem Chandra Naskar Road; and on the west by the New Canal (filled up).

The ward is served by Phoolbagan and Beliaghata police stations of Kolkata Police.

Ultadanga Women police station covers all police districts under the jurisdiction of the Eastern Suburban division of Kolkata Police, i.e Beliaghata, Entally, Maniktala, Narkeldanga, Ultadanga and Phoolbagan.

## Demographics

As per 2011 Census of India Ward No. 33, Kolkata Municipal Corporation, had a total population of 45,919, of which 22,818 (50%) were males and 23,101 (50%) were females. Population below 6 years was 2,873. The total number of literates in Ward No. 33 was 39,247 (91.17% of the population over 6 years).

Kolkata is the second most literate district in West Bengal. The literacy rate of Kolkata district has increased from 53.0% in 1951 to 86.3% in the 2011 census.

See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate

| Literacy in KMC wards
 |
| --- |
| North Kolkata |
| Ward No. 1 – 86.12% |
| Ward No. 2 – 94.24% |
| Ward No. 3 – 86.74% |
| Ward No. 4 – 89.27% |
| Ward No. 5 – 90.32% |
| Ward No. 6 – 81.12% |
| Ward No. 7 – 87.65% |
| Ward No. 8 – 93.57% |
| Ward No. 9 – 91.60% |
| Ward No. 10 – 92.38% |
| Ward No. 11 – 87.96% |
| Ward No. 12 – 84.95% |
| Ward No. 13 – 83.39% |
| Ward No. 14 – 87.87% |
| Ward No. 15 – 88.89% |
| Ward No. 16 – 88.62% |
| Ward No. 17 – 92.30% |
| Ward No. 18 – 78.72% |
| Ward No. 19 – 89.29% |
| Ward No. 20 – 85.93% |
| Ward No. 21 – 78.12% |
| Ward No. 22 – 85.07% |
| Ward No. 23 – 71.14% |
| Ward No. 24 – 73.16% |
| Ward No. 25 – 85.49% |
| Ward No. 26 – 82.34% |
| Ward No. 27 – 88.19% |
| Ward No. 28 – 79.39% |
| Ward No. 29 – 70.69% |
| Ward No. 30 – 88.71% |
| Ward No. 31 – 88.28% |
| Ward No. 32 – 75.73% |
| Ward No. 33 – 91.17% |
| Central Kolkata |
| Ward No. 34 – 92.79% |
| Ward No. 35 – 91.44% |
| Ward No. 36 – 66.34% |
| Ward No. 37 – 79.12% |
| Ward No. 38 – 85.77% |
| Ward No. 39 – 73.27% |
| Ward No. 40 – 88.14% |
| Ward No. 41 – 83.53% |
| Ward No. 42 – 75.02% |
| Ward No. 43 – 79.52% |
| Ward No. 44 – 79.09% |
| Ward No. 45 – 74.69% |
| Ward No. 46 – 85.38% |
| Ward No. 47 – 87.87% |
| Ward No. 48 – 82.04% |
| Ward No. 49 – 65.51% |
| Ward No. 50 – 88.70% |
| Ward No. 51 – 93.01% |
| Ward No. 52 – 86.18% |
| Ward No. 53 – 89.49% |
| Ward No. 54 – 82.10% |
| Ward No. 55 – 84.84% |
| Ward No. 56 – 85.53% |
| Ward No. 57 – 80.20% |
| Ward No. 58 – 74.35% |
| Ward No. 59 – 80.39% |
| Ward No. 60 – 74.04% |
| Ward No. 61 – 80.54% |
| Ward No. 62 – 86.04% |
| Ward No. 63 – 84.39% |
| Ward No. 64 – 85.21% |
| Ward No. 65 – 81.60% |
| South Kolkata |
| Ward No. 66 – 80.95% |
| Ward No. 67 – 89.52% |
| Ward No. 68 – 90.86% |
| Ward No. 69 – 86.07% |
| Ward No. 70 – 94.20% |
| Ward No. 71 – 92.01% |
| Ward No. 72 – 90.06% |
| Ward No. 73 – 89.28% |
| Ward No. 74 – 84.56% |
| Ward No. 75 – 80.27% |
| Ward No. 76 – 88.40% |
| Ward No. 77 – 83.84% |
| Ward No. 78 – 83.00% |
| Ward No. 79 – 81.96% |
| Ward No. 80 – 71.89% |
| Ward No. 81 – 85.14% |
| Ward No. 82 – 84.82% |
| Ward No. 83 – 85.63% |
| Ward No. 84 – 85.71% |
| Ward No. 85 – 88.19% |
| Ward No. 86 – 89.61% |
| Ward No. 87 – 90.26% |
| Ward No. 88 – 85.09% |
| Ward No. 89 – 92.40% |
| Ward No. 90 – 84.60% |
| Ward No. 91 – 90.57% |
| Ward No. 92 – 93.53% |
| Ward No. 93 – 91.30% |
| Ward No. 94 – 89.11% |
| Ward No. 95 – 95.61% |
| Ward No. 96 – 96.57% |
| Ward No. 97 – 94.60% |
| Ward No. 98 – 96.24% |
| Ward No. 99 – 95.79% |
| Ward No. 100 – 95.98% |
| Ward No. 101 – 95.36% |
| Ward No. 102 – 93.53% |
| Ward No. 103 – 94.77% |
| Ward No. 104 – 96.03% |
| Ward No. 105 – 93.86% |
| Ward No. 106 – 92.97% |
| Ward No. 107 – 90.06% |
| Ward No. 108 – 80.74% |
| Ward No. 109 – 85.49% |
| Ward No. 110 – 91.35% |
| Ward No. 111 – 93.36% |
| Ward No. 112 – 92.50% |
| Ward No. 113 – 92.18% |
| Ward No. 114 – 91.13% |
| Ward No. 115 – 95.53% |
| Ward No. 116 – 86.91% |
| Ward No. 117 – 86.53% |
| Ward No. 118 – 90.04% |
| Ward No. 119 – 94.04% |
| Ward No. 120 – 92.15% |
| Ward No. 121 – 91.86% |
| Ward No. 122 – 92.88% |
| Ward No. 123 – 93.42% |
| Ward No. 124 – 92.55% |
| Ward No. 125 – 92.50% |
| Ward No. 126 – 93.78% |
| Ward No. 127 – 91.82% |
| Ward No. 128 – 92.67% |
| Ward No. 129 – 92.56% |
| Ward No. 130 – 95.55% |
| Ward No. 131 – 93.48% |
| Ward No. 132 – 90.30% |
| Ward No. 133 – 83.48% |
| Ward No. 134 – 73.75% |
| Ward No. 135 – 75.75% |
| Ward No. 136 – 85.01% |
| Ward No. 137 – 79.16% |
| Ward No. 138 – 78.67% |
| Ward No. 139 – 77.56% |
| Ward No. 140 – 79.93% |
| Ward No. 141 – 75.15% |
| Note: The regional distribution
is a broad one and
there is some overlapping |
| Source:
2011 Census: Ward-Wise
Primary Census Abstract Data |

Census data about mother tongue and religion is not available at the ward level. For district level information see Kolkata district.

According to the District Census Handbook Kolkata 2011, 141 wards of Kolkata Municipal Corporation formed Kolkata district. (3 wards were added later).

## Election highlights

The ward forms a city municipal corporation council electoral constituency and is a part of Beleghata (Vidhan Sabha constituency).

| Election
year | Constituency | Name of councillor | Party affililiation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | Ward No. 33 | Rajiv Biswas | Communist Party of India (Marxist) |  |
| 2010 |  | Rajiv Biswas | Communist Party of India (Marxist) |  |
| 2015 |  | Pabitra Biswas | All India Trinamool Congress |  |

## InfoBox

| Ward No. 33 | |
| --- | --- |
| Kolkata Municipal Corporation | |
| Interactive Map Outlining Ward No. 33 | |
| Ward No. 33Location in Kolkata | |
| Coordinates (dms): 22°33′53″N 88°23′58″E / 22.564861°N 88.399306°E / 22.564861; 88.399306 | |
| Country | India |
| State | West Bengal |
| City | Kolkata |
| Neighbourhoods | Phoolbagan (Subhas Sarovar), Beliaghata (Kulia) |
| Reservation | Women(SC) |
| Parliamentary constituency | Kolkata Uttar |
| Assembly constituency | Beleghata |
| Borough | 3 |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 45,919 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 700 010 |
| Area code | +91 33 |


abstract: Ward No. 94, Kolkata Municipal Corporation is an administrative division of Kolkata Municipal Corporation in Borough No. 10, covering parts of Tollygunge neighbourhood in South Kolkata, in the Indian state of West Bengal.

text:
# Ward No. 94, Kolkata Municipal Corporation

**Ward No. 94, Kolkata Municipal Corporation** is an administrative division of Kolkata Municipal Corporation in Borough No. 10, covering parts of Tollygunge (Royal Calcutta Golf Club-Rajendra Prasad Colony-Madartala Colony-Jubilee Park) neighbourhood in South Kolkata, in the Indian state of West Bengal.

## History

The establishment and evolution of Kolkata Municipal Corporation followed a long process starting from around the middle of the 19th century. The Municipal Consolidation Act of 1888 and certain steps taken thereafter saw the addition of peripheral areas in the eastern and southern parts of the city to the corporation area. In 1888, there were 75 commissioners, 50 of whom were elected, 15 appointed by the government and 10 nominated from bodies like Chambers of Commerce, Trades Associations and the Port Commissioners. The Calcutta Municipal Act of 1923 brought about important changes. The adjacent municipalities of Cossipore, Chitpore, Manicktola and Garden Reach were amalgamated with Kolkata. Garden Reach was later taken out.

Post-independence developments saw the introduction of adult franchise in municipal elections in 1962. The number of wards increased from 75 to 100. Tollygunge was merged with Kolkata in 1953. The Calcutta Municipal Corporation Act 1980, which came into effect in 1984, extended the boundaries of Kolkata by including South Suburban, Garden Reach and Jadavpur municipalities in Kolkata. With the addition of Joka to Kolkata, the number of wards rose to 144.

## Geography

Ward No. 94 is bordered on the north by Prince Anwar Shah Road; on the east by Prince Gulam Md. Shah Road and Uday Shankar Sarani; on the south Netaji Subhas Road and Graham Road; and on the west by Deshapran Sashmal Road.

The ward is served by Golf Green police station of Kolkata Police.

Patuli Women police station has jurisdiction over all police districts under the jurisdiction of South Suburban Division i.e. Netaji Nagar, Jadavpur, Kasba, Regent Park, Bansdroni, Garfa and Patuli.

## Demographics

As per the 2011 Census of India, Ward No. 94, Kolkata Municipal Corporation, had a total population of 27,469, of which 13,918 (51%) were males and 13,551 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 1,847. The total number of literates in Ward No. 94 was 22,831 (89.11% of the population over 6 years).

Kolkata is the second most literate district in West Bengal. The literacy rate of Kolkata district has increased from 53.0% in 1951 to 86.3% in the 2011 census.

See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate

| Literacy in KMC wards
 |
| --- |
| North Kolkata |
| Ward No. 1 – 86.12% |
| Ward No. 2 – 94.24% |
| Ward No. 3 – 86.74% |
| Ward No. 4 – 89.27% |
| Ward No. 5 – 90.32% |
| Ward No. 6 – 81.12% |
| Ward No. 7 – 87.65% |
| Ward No. 8 – 93.57% |
| Ward No. 9 – 91.60% |
| Ward No. 10 – 92.38% |
| Ward No. 11 – 87.96% |
| Ward No. 12 – 84.95% |
| Ward No. 13 – 83.39% |
| Ward No. 14 – 87.87% |
| Ward No. 15 – 88.89% |
| Ward No. 16 – 88.62% |
| Ward No. 17 – 92.30% |
| Ward No. 18 – 78.72% |
| Ward No. 19 – 89.29% |
| Ward No. 20 – 85.93% |
| Ward No. 21 – 78.12% |
| Ward No. 22 – 85.07% |
| Ward No. 23 – 71.14% |
| Ward No. 24 – 73.16% |
| Ward No. 25 – 85.49% |
| Ward No. 26 – 82.34% |
| Ward No. 27 – 88.19% |
| Ward No. 28 – 79.39% |
| Ward No. 29 – 70.69% |
| Ward No. 30 – 88.71% |
| Ward No. 31 – 88.28% |
| Ward No. 32 – 75.73% |
| Ward No. 33 – 91.17% |
| Central Kolkata |
| Ward No. 34 – 92.79% |
| Ward No. 35 – 91.44% |
| Ward No. 36 – 66.34% |
| Ward No. 37 – 79.12% |
| Ward No. 38 – 85.77% |
| Ward No. 39 – 73.27% |
| Ward No. 40 – 88.14% |
| Ward No. 41 – 83.53% |
| Ward No. 42 – 75.02% |
| Ward No. 43 – 79.52% |
| Ward No. 44 – 79.09% |
| Ward No. 45 – 74.69% |
| Ward No. 46 – 85.38% |
| Ward No. 47 – 87.87% |
| Ward No. 48 – 82.04% |
| Ward No. 49 – 65.51% |
| Ward No. 50 – 88.70% |
| Ward No. 51 – 93.01% |
| Ward No. 52 – 86.18% |
| Ward No. 53 – 89.49% |
| Ward No. 54 – 82.10% |
| Ward No. 55 – 84.84% |
| Ward No. 56 – 85.53% |
| Ward No. 57 – 80.20% |
| Ward No. 58 – 74.35% |
| Ward No. 59 – 80.39% |
| Ward No. 60 – 74.04% |
| Ward No. 61 – 80.54% |
| Ward No. 62 – 86.04% |
| Ward No. 63 – 84.39% |
| Ward No. 64 – 85.21% |
| Ward No. 65 – 81.60% |
| South Kolkata |
| Ward No. 66 – 80.95% |
| Ward No. 67 – 89.52% |
| Ward No. 68 – 90.86% |
| Ward No. 69 – 86.07% |
| Ward No. 70 – 94.20% |
| Ward No. 71 – 92.01% |
| Ward No. 72 – 90.06% |
| Ward No. 73 – 89.28% |
| Ward No. 74 – 84.56% |
| Ward No. 75 – 80.27% |
| Ward No. 76 – 88.40% |
| Ward No. 77 – 83.84% |
| Ward No. 78 – 83.00% |
| Ward No. 79 – 81.96% |
| Ward No. 80 – 71.89% |
| Ward No. 81 – 85.14% |
| Ward No. 82 – 84.82% |
| Ward No. 83 – 85.63% |
| Ward No. 84 – 85.71% |
| Ward No. 85 – 88.19% |
| Ward No. 86 – 89.61% |
| Ward No. 87 – 90.26% |
| Ward No. 88 – 85.09% |
| Ward No. 89 – 92.40% |
| Ward No. 90 – 84.60% |
| Ward No. 91 – 90.57% |
| Ward No. 92 – 93.53% |
| Ward No. 93 – 91.30% |
| Ward No. 94 – 89.11% |
| Ward No. 95 – 95.61% |
| Ward No. 96 – 96.57% |
| Ward No. 97 – 94.60% |
| Ward No. 98 – 96.24% |
| Ward No. 99 – 95.79% |
| Ward No. 100 – 95.98% |
| Ward No. 101 – 95.36% |
| Ward No. 102 – 93.53% |
| Ward No. 103 – 94.77% |
| Ward No. 104 – 96.03% |
| Ward No. 105 – 93.86% |
| Ward No. 106 – 92.97% |
| Ward No. 107 – 90.06% |
| Ward No. 108 – 80.74% |
| Ward No. 109 – 85.49% |
| Ward No. 110 – 91.35% |
| Ward No. 111 – 93.36% |
| Ward No. 112 – 92.50% |
| Ward No. 113 – 92.18% |
| Ward No. 114 – 91.13% |
| Ward No. 115 – 95.53% |
| Ward No. 116 – 86.91% |
| Ward No. 117 – 86.53% |
| Ward No. 118 – 90.04% |
| Ward No. 119 – 94.04% |
| Ward No. 120 – 92.15% |
| Ward No. 121 – 91.86% |
| Ward No. 122 – 92.88% |
| Ward No. 123 – 93.42% |
| Ward No. 124 – 92.55% |
| Ward No. 125 – 92.50% |
| Ward No. 126 – 93.78% |
| Ward No. 127 – 91.82% |
| Ward No. 128 – 92.67% |
| Ward No. 129 – 92.56% |
| Ward No. 130 – 95.55% |
| Ward No. 131 – 93.48% |
| Ward No. 132 – 90.30% |
| Ward No. 133 – 83.48% |
| Ward No. 134 – 73.75% |
| Ward No. 135 – 75.75% |
| Ward No. 136 – 85.01% |
| Ward No. 137 – 79.16% |
| Ward No. 138 – 78.67% |
| Ward No. 139 – 77.56% |
| Ward No. 140 – 79.93% |
| Ward No. 141 – 75.15% |
| Note: The regional distribution
is a broad one and
there is some overlapping |
| Source:
2011 Census: Ward-Wise
Primary Census Abstract Data |

Census data about mother tongue and religion is not available at the ward level. For district level information see Kolkata district.

According to the District Census Handbook Kolkata 2011, 141 wards of Kolkata Municipal Corporation formed Kolkata district. (3 wards were added later).

## Election highlights

The ward forms a city municipal corporation council electoral constituency and is a part of Tollyganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency).

| Election
year | Constituency | Name of councillor | Party affililiation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1985 | Ward No. 94 | Pranab Kumar Mukherjee | Revolutionary Socialist Party |  |
| 1990 |  | Pranab Kumar Mukherjee | Revolutionary Socialist Party |  |
| 1995 |  | Pranab Kumar Mukherjee | Revolutionary Socialist Party |  |
| 2000 |  | Setabuddin Khondoker | Revolutionary Socialist Party |  |
| 2005 |  | Setabuddin Khondoker | Revolutionary Socialist Party |  |
| 2010 |  | Setabuddin Khondoker | Revolutionary Socialist Party |  |
| 2015 |  | Archana Sengupta | All India Trinamool Congress |  |

Kolkata/Southern fringes travel guide from Wikivoyage

## InfoBox

| Ward No. 94 | |
| --- | --- |
| Kolkata Municipal Corporation | |
| Interactive Map Outlining Ward No. 94 | |
| Ward No. 94Location in Kolkata | |
| Coordinates (dms): 22°29′52″N 88°21′06″E / 22.497833°N 88.351694°E / 22.497833; 88.351694 | |
| Country | India |
| State | West Bengal |
| City | Kolkata |
| Neighbourhood | Tollygunge (Royal Calcutta Golf Club-Rajendra Prasad Colony-Madartala Colony-Jubilee Park) |
| Reservation | Open |
| Parliamentary constituency | Jadavpur |
| Assembly constituency | Tollyganj |
| Borough | 10 |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 27,469 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 700 033,700 095 |
| Area code | +91 33 |


abstract: The 1988 United States Senate election in Indiana was held on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Richard Lugar was re-elected to a third term.

text:
# 1988 United States Senate election in Indiana

The **1988 United States Senate election in Indiana** was held on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Richard Lugar was re-elected to a third term.

## General election

### Candidates

* Richard Lugar, incumbent U.S. Senator (Republican)
* Jack Wickes, attorney (Democratic)

### Campaign

Lugar, a popular incumbent, had token opposition in this election. An April 1988 poll showed that Lugar lead 65% to 23%. By June, Lugar raised over $2 million, while Wickes raised just over $100,000. Lugar agreed to debate Wickes on September 10, 1988.

### Results

Lugar won overall with two-thirds of the vote and won 91 of Indiana's 92 counties, Wickes won only the Democratic stronghold of Lake County.

General election results
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Richard Lugar (Incumbent)** | **1,430,525** | **68.14%** |
|  | Democratic | Jack Wickes | 668,778 | 31.86% |
| Total votes | | | **2,099,303** | **100.00%** |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | |

## InfoBox

1988 United States Senate election in Indiana
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Richard Lugar** Jack Wickes   Party Republican Democratic  Popular vote **1,430,525** 668,778  Percentage **68.14%** 31.86% | |
| ---  County results
**Lugar:**      50-60%      60-70%      70-80%      80-90%
**Wickes:**      50–60% | |
| ---  **U.S. senator before election**
Richard Lugar
Republican **Elected U.S. Senator**
Richard Lugar
Republican | |


title: Zaouiat Sidi Abdelkader

abstract: Zaouiat Sidi Abdelkader is a small town and rural commune in Al Hoceïma Province of the Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 5974 people living in 938 households.

text:
# Zaouiat Sidi Abdelkader

**Zaouiat Sidi Abdelkader** is a small town and rural commune in Al Hoceïma Province of the Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 5974 people living in 938 households.

## InfoBox

| Zaouiat Sidi Abdelkader | |
| --- | --- |
| Rural commune and town | |
| Zaouiat Sidi AbdelkaderLocation in MoroccoZaouiat Sidi AbdelkaderZaouiat Sidi Abdelkader (Africa) | |
| Coordinates: 34°55′06″N 4°07′44″W / 34.9183°N 4.1288°W / 34.9183; -4.1288 | |
| Country | Morocco |
| Region | Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima |
| Province | Al Hoceïma Province |
| Population (2004) | |
| Total | 5,974 |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (WET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+1 (WEST) |


title: The Cross, Monmouth

abstract: The Cross is situated in St Thomas' Square, Overmonnow, Monmouth, Wales, in the middle of a roundabout opposite the Church of St Thomas the Martyr and the western end of the Monnow Bridge. Originally mediaeval, and also known as Overmonnow Cross, the cross was reconstructed in 1888 and has been classed as a Grade II listed structure since 15 August 1974.

text:
# The Cross, Monmouth

**The Cross** is situated in St Thomas' Square, Overmonnow, Monmouth, Wales, in the middle of a roundabout opposite the Church of St Thomas the Martyr and the western end of the Monnow Bridge. Originally mediaeval, and also known as Overmonnow Cross, the cross was reconstructed in 1888 and has been classed as a Grade II listed structure since 15 August 1974.

## History

Some nineteenth century sources suggest that the original cross was in existence before 1039. St Thomas' Square was thought to have been a market place before Monnow Bridge linked Overmonnow to the rest of the town, and the cross may have been used for preaching at market times. On 1 April 1764, an 18-year-old woman was condemned at Monmouth assizes to be burned to death for poisoning her mistress. The sentence was carried out close to the Cross.

A cross is shown in its current location in John Speed's map of Monmouth, dated 1611. However, by the late 19th century the only portion left was the stone base, in the road close to the Green Dragon Inn. In 1888, Charles Henry Crompton-Roberts, of nearby Drybridge House, undertook to have the cross rebuilt and erected in the centre of the crossroads. At the time, and until the town was by-passed in 1966, the road was the main route into Monmouth from the west. Crompton-Roberts was said to have argued with the authorities about its reintroduction to the middle of the square, and the Vicar of St Thomas, Rev P Potter, was also said to have been instrumental in returning the cross to its original position. A new shaft was designed by architect F.A. Powell, who worked at the same time on renovations to St Thomas' church. It was built by William Simmonds and carved by H. Wall of Newport. Wall also carved the four figures in the recess of the cross, which are St Thomas, St Mary, St Michael and St Cenhadlon. H Wall was paid £70 for his work.

A drinking fountain was erected in 1897 next to the church, to celebrate Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. A horse trough was installed next to the Cross at the same time, but complaints followed about the congestion and hazards caused by carts left standing around the cross and it was later removed. Besides the church the cross is also in front of The Green Dragon pub.

## InfoBox

| The Cross in 2009 | |
| --- | --- |
| Artist | H. Wall of Newport |
| Year | 1888 (1888) |
| Medium | Stone |
| Location | Monmouth |
| Coordinates | 51°48′31″N 2°43′15″W / 51.808574°N 2.720728°W / 51.808574; -2.720728 |


title: Sky Movies 007 HD

abstract: Sky Movies 007 HD was a premium subscription television movie channel in the United Kingdom and Ireland operated by BSkyB. The channel was dedicated to the James Bond films and first went on-air on 5 October 2012 after Sky secured the broadcasting rights to the back catalogue of Bond films, and to coincide with the 50th anniversary of the release of the first Bond film, Dr. No in 1962. After initially airing for a month to celebrate the anniversary the channel returned from 1 January 2013 to 21 January 2013, then again in February. Its last airdate was 17 August 2013. In November 2013, ITV re-acquired the franchise after signing a deal with the distributor, and the films returned to terrestrial television. On 8 July 2016 Sky Movies was rebranded as Sky Cinema. As part of the rebrand, Sky acquired the rights to show the latest James Bond film (Spectre).

text:
# Sky Movies 007 HD

**Sky Movies 007 HD** was a premium subscription television movie channel in the United Kingdom and Ireland operated by BSkyB. The channel was dedicated to the James Bond films and first went on-air on 5 October 2012 after Sky secured the broadcasting rights to the back catalogue of Bond films, and to coincide with the 50th anniversary of the release of the first Bond film, *Dr. No* in 1962. After initially airing for a month to celebrate the anniversary the channel returned from 1 January 2013 to 21 January 2013, then again in February. Its last airdate was 17 August 2013. In November 2013, ITV re-acquired the franchise after signing a deal with the distributor, and the films returned to terrestrial television. On 8 July 2016 Sky Movies was rebranded as Sky Cinema. As part of the rebrand, Sky acquired the rights to show the latest James Bond film (*Spectre*).

## Background

On 12 April 2012 it was reported that BSkyB had signed a deal with MGM for exclusive rights to air the James Bond films in the United Kingdom, beginning from October to coincide with the 50th anniversary of the film franchise. The agreement meant the end of ITV's unbroken run as holder of the screen rights which began in 1975. Sky originally planned to air the films on Sky Movies Showcase, but in August 2012 announced it would create a specific channel dedicated to the Bond series. An advertisement for the channel together with a logo based on the James Bond logo was unveiled in September. The launch date of the channel, 5 October, was also confirmed.

Sky's deal with MGM expired in late 2013. ITV signed a deal with the distributor in November 2013 for the broadcasting rights to the films, which would enable it to air *Skyfall* in 2014. In December, Ireland's state broadcaster, RTÉ, signed a multi-million Euro deal to air the films on its network beginning from Christmas.

## Launch

To celebrate the launch of the channel, journalists from the entertainment website *Digital Spy* were invited to take part in a Bond movie marathon at London's Corinthia Hotel, where they would watch the twenty-two Bond films then on release back to back. The marathon began on Friday 28 September and ended on Sunday 30 September. Sky Movies 007 HD launched on Friday 5 October to coincide with the 50th anniversary of the release of *Dr. No*, the first film in the series. The channel was available on-air and on demand through Sky Digital, and was broadcast until Sunday 4 November. After that date the films continued to be available via the on-demand service Sky Anytime+, and aired on various Sky Movies channels. As well as the films the channel also aired Bond-related documentaries, such as behind-the-scenes footage and interviews with cast and crew members.

Speaking on 3 October 2012 ahead of the channel's launch, Ian Lewis, Director of Sky Movies said, "The Bond movies are a very special franchise and we want to ensure that our customers will be able to experience it in a way they’ve never been able to before, and so we’re going to create a dedicated channel SKY MOVIES 007 HD devoted entirely to James Bond showing the entire catalogue of films and loads of extra material." As part of a promotion for the channel, on 5 October 2012 the digital radio station Absolute Radio 00s changed its name to Absolute Radio 007 for the day.

Initially the channel was on air for a month, and closed on 5 November to make way for Sky Movies Christmas. When that channel closed, Sky Movies 007 HD was relaunched on 1 January 2013. To coincide with the channel's return Sky Movies commissioned a survey to find viewers' favourite scene from the Bond films, which were then shown in a special programme, *Bond's Greatest Moments*. A scene from *Goldfinger* in which Bond is strapped to a table as a laser beam begins to cut it in half was voted as the top moment by 10.3 percent of the 2,500 people polled. The channel closed for a second time on 21 January, but returned due to popular demand on 11 February when Sky Movies Showcase was rebranded as Sky Movies Oscars. Because of this, it moved to channel 310. It returned in the summer of 2013 and was available up until 17 August, when it was replaced with Sky Movies Superhero.

## Similar promotions

A similar promotion in October 2015 saw Sky Movies Greats temporarily renamed Sky Movies Harry Potter as Sky launched an early celebration of the fifteenth anniversary of the release of the film version of *Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone*. From 24 October the channel began a nine-day run of the *Harry Potter* film series, after which the films would also be available through Sky's on demand service for the next twelve months.

## InfoBox

Sky Movies 007 HD
| Country | United Kingdom, Ireland |
| --- | --- |
| Programming | |
| Picture format | (HDTV) |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | BSkyB |
| History | |
| Launched | 5 October 2012 |
| Closed | 17 August 2013 |


title: Skidway Lake, Michigan

abstract: Skidway Lake is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Ogemaw County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population of the CDP was 3,082 at the 2020 census, which makes it the most populated community in Ogemaw County. Skidway Lake is located within Mills Township.

text:
# Skidway Lake, Michigan

**Skidway Lake** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Ogemaw County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population of the CDP was 3,082 at the 2020 census, which makes it the most populated community in Ogemaw County. Skidway Lake is located within Mills Township.

## History

Skidway Lake had its own post office from 1959 to 1999.

## Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 11.78 square miles (30.51 km2), of which 11.29 square miles (29.24 km2) is land and 0.49 square miles (1.27 km2) (4.16%) is water.

The community takes its name from Skidway Lake, although the census-designated place contains numerous other smaller lakes including Black Lake, Bush Lake, Elbow Lake, Feeding Ground Lake, Little Feeding Ground Lake, Lost Lake, Norway Lake, and Turtle Lake. The Rifle River forms the western border of the census-designated place, while the smaller Silver Creek runs through the center of the community.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 3,082 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 3,147 people, 1,326 households, and 883 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 277.8 inhabitants per square mile (107.3/km2). There were 2,562 housing units at an average density of 226.2 per square mile (87.3/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 95.68% White, 0.35% African American, 1.68% Native American, 0.03% from other races, and 2.26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.43% of the population.

There were 1,326 households, out of which 25.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.0% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.4% were non-families. 27.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.84.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 22.6% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 24.4% from 25 to 44, 26.6% from 45 to 64, and 19.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.3 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $20,806, and the median income for a family was $24,637. Males had a median income of $24,659 versus $15,850 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $11,405. About 20.4% of families and 25.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.0% of those under age 18 and 14.7% of those age 65 or over.

## InfoBox

| Skidway Lake, Michigan | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place (CDP) & unincorporated community | |
| Skidway Lake along Greenwood Road | |
| Location within Ogemaw County | |
| Skidway LakeLocation within the state of MichiganSkidway LakeLocation within the United States | |
| Coordinates: 44°11′00″N 84°02′07″W / 44.18333°N 84.03528°W / 44.18333; -84.03528 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Michigan |
| County | Ogemaw |
| Township | Mills |
| Area | |
| Total | 11.79 sq mi (30.52 km2) |
| Land | 11.29 sq mi (29.24 km2) |
| Water | 0.49 sq mi (1.28 km2) |
| Elevation | 797 ft (243 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 3,082 |
| Density | 272.96/sq mi (105.39/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code(s) | 48610 (Alger)
48756 (Prescott) |
| Area code | 989 |
| FIPS code | 26-74200 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0638056 |


title: Skids discography

text:
# Skids discography

This is the discography of Scottish punk rock band Skids.

## Albums

### Studio albums

| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | UK
 | UK Indie
 |
| *Scared to Dance* | * Released: 23 February 1979 * Label: Virgin * Formats: LP, MC | 19 |  |
| *Days in Europa* | * Released: 12 October 1979 * Label: Virgin * Formats: LP, MC | 32 |  |
| *The Absolute Game* | * Released: 19 September 1980 * Label: Virgin * Formats: LP, 2xLP, MC | 9 |  |
| *Joy* | * Released: 20 November 1981 * Label: Virgin * Formats: LP, MC |  |  |
| *Burning Cities* |  | 28 | 2 |
| *Peaceful Times* | * Released: 28 June 2019 * Label: No Bad * Formats: CD, LP, digital download * Acoustic re-recordings of hits |  | 9 |
| *Songs from a Haunted Ballroom* | * Released: 4 June 2021 * Label: Cleopatra * Formats: CD, LP, digital download |  | 13 |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart. | | | |

### Live albums

| Title | Album details |
| --- | --- |
| *BBC Radio 1 Live in Concert* |  |
| *Masquerade Masquerade – The Skids Live* |  |
| *Live in London* | * Released: 19 June 2017 * Label: Live Here Now * Formats: 2xCD * Recorded in June 2017 at the Roundhouse |
| *Skids Live Volume 1 2010* | * Released: 14 May 2021 * Label: No Bad * Formats: CD * Recorded in March 2010 at the O2 ABC Glasgow |
| *Skids Live Volume 2 – Lockdown Live* | * Released: 7 October 2021 * Label: No Bad * Formats: CD * Recorded in 2021 |

### Compilation albums

| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | UK
 |
| *Fanfare* | * Released: July 1982 * Label: Virgin * Formats: LP, MC |  |
| *Dunfermline – A Collection of the Skids' Finest Moments* | * Released: 1987 * Label: Virgin * Formats: CD * Reissued in 1995 as *Sweet Suburbia – The Best of the Skids* and in 2005 as *Into the Valley – The Best of the Skids* |  |
| *The Greatest Hits of Big Country and the Skids – The Best of Stuart Adamson* |  | 71 |
| *The Very Best of the Skids* | * Released: 28 July 2003 * Label: EMI * Formats: CD |  |
| *The Saints Are Coming – The Best of the Skids* | * Released: 26 February 2007 * Label: Virgin/EMI * Formats: CD |  |
| *The Singles Collection 1978–1981* | * Released: 23 January 2012 * Label: Captain Oi! * Formats: 2xCD |  |
| *The Virgin Years* |  |  |
| *The Saints Are Coming – Live and Acoustic 2007–2021* | * Released: 24 June 2022 * Label: Cherry Red * Formats: 6xCD |  |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart. | | |

### Video albums

| Title | Album details |
| --- | --- |
| *The Skids* | * Released: 1989 * Label: Virgin Music Video * Formats: VHS |
| *Live 2010* | * Released: October 2010 * Label: No Bad Films * Formats: DVD * Australia-only release |

## EPs

| Title | EP details | Peak chart positions |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | UK
 |
| *Skids* | * Released: 24 February 1978 * Label: No Bad * Formats: 7" * Also known by the track "Charles" |  |
| *Wide Open* |  | 48 |
| *Skids* | * Released: May 1983 * Label: Virgin * Formats: 12" |  |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart. | | |

## Singles

| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | UK
 | IRE
 | |
| "Sweet Suburbia"
b/w "Open Sound" | 1978 | 70 |  | Non-album single |
| "Into the Valley"
b/w "TV Stars" | 1979 | 10 | 15 | *Scared to Dance* |
| | "Masquerade"
b/w "Out of Town" | 14 | 6 | Non-album single |
| | "Charade"
b/w "Grey Parade" | 31 |  | *Days in Europa* |
| | "Working for the Yankee Dollar"
b/w "Vanguard's Crusade" | | 20 |  |
| "Animation"
b/w "Pros and Cons" | 1980 | | 56 |  |
| | "Circus Games"
b/w "One Decree" | 32 |  | *The Absolute Game* |
| | "Goodbye Civilian"
b/w "Monkey McGuire Meets Specky Potter Behind the Lochore Institute" | | 52 |  |
| | "Woman in Winter"
b/w "Working for the Yankee Dollar" (live) | | 49 |  |
| "Fields"
b/w "Brave Man" | 1981 |  |  | *Joy* |
| | "Iona"
b/w "Blood and Soil" |  | |  |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory. | | | | |

1. "SKIDS | full Official Chart History | Official Charts Company". *www.officialcharts.com*. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
2. "Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50 | Official Charts Company". *www.officialcharts.com*. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
3. "Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50 | Official Charts Company". *www.officialcharts.com*. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
4. "Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50 | Official Charts Company". *www.officialcharts.com*. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
5. "Official Albums Sales Chart Top 100". *Officialcharts.com*.
6. "Official Albums Sales Chart Top 100". *Officialcharts.com*.
7. "Skids - Live In London - 2 x CD". *LiveHereNow.com*. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
8. "The Irish Charts - All there is to know". *irishcharts.ie*. Retrieved 2 September 2022.

## InfoBox

| Skids discography | |
| --- | --- |
| Studio albums | 7 |
| Live albums | 5 |
| Compilation albums | 8 |
| Video albums | 2 |
| EPs | 3 |
| Singles | 11 |


title: Slamboree

abstract: Slamboree was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event from World Championship Wrestling (WCW) held from 1993 through 2000. It was originally billed as "A Legends' Reunion" because many retired legends from Jim Crockett Promotions attended the PPV and other events scheduled for that weekend. The first three Slamborees included inductions into the WCW Hall of Fame and also included matches with the legends participating. Since 2014, all Slamboree events are available on the WWE Network. WWE acquired the "Slamboree" trademark upon the sale of WCW's intellectual properties in 2001 which it allowed the trademark to expire in 2005. In November 2019, Cody Rhodes filed to claim the Slamboree trademark. In November of 2020, a settlement was reached between Cody Rhodes and WWE in which Cody gained the "Cody Rhodes" trademark, which WWE had held onto after his run in that company, in exchange for WWE gaining the WCW event name trademarks that Cody had claimed, including Slamboree.

text:
# Slamboree

**Slamboree** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event from World Championship Wrestling (WCW) held from 1993 through 2000. It was originally billed as "A Legends' Reunion" because many retired legends from Jim Crockett Promotions attended the PPV and other events scheduled for that weekend. The first three Slamborees included inductions into the WCW Hall of Fame and also included matches with the legends participating.

Since 2014, all Slamboree events are available on the WWE Network. WWE acquired the "Slamboree" trademark upon the sale of WCW's intellectual properties in 2001 which it allowed the trademark to expire in 2005. In November 2019, Cody Rhodes filed to claim the Slamboree trademark. In November of 2020, a settlement was reached between Cody Rhodes and WWE in which Cody gained the "Cody Rhodes" trademark, which WWE had held onto after his run in that company, in exchange for WWE gaining the WCW event name trademarks that Cody had claimed, including *Slamboree*.

## Dates, venues and main events

|  | WCW/nWo co-branded event |
| --- | --- |

| # | Event | Date | City | Venue | Main Event |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Slamboree (1993) | May 23, 1993 | Atlanta, Georgia | The Omni | Big Van Vader (c) vs. Davey Boy Smith for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship |
| 2 | Slamboree (1994) | May 22, 1994 | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | Philadelphia Civic Center | Sting vs. Vader for the vacant WCW International World Heavyweight Championship |
| 3 | Slamboree (1995) | May 21, 1995 | St. Petersburg, Florida | Bayfront Arena | Hulk Hogan and Randy Savage vs. Ric Flair and Vader |
| 4 | Slamboree (1996) | May 19, 1996 | Baton Rouge, Louisiana | Riverside Centroplex | The Giant (c) vs. Sting for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship |
| 5 | Slamboree (1997) | May 18, 1997 | Charlotte, North Carolina | Independence Arena | Ric Flair, Roddy Piper and Kevin Greene vs. nWo (Scott Hall, Kevin Nash and Syxx) |
|
| 6 | Slamboree (1998) | May 17, 1998 | Worcester, Massachusetts | The Centrum | The Outsiders (Scott Hall and Kevin Nash) (c) vs. Sting and The Giant for the WCW World Tag Team Championship |
| 7 | Slamboree (1999) | May 9, 1999 | St. Louis, Missouri | TWA Dome | Diamond Dallas Page (c) vs. Kevin Nash for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship |
| 8 | Slamboree (2000) | May 7, 2000 | Kansas City, Missouri | Kemper Arena | David Arquette (c) vs. Jeff Jarrett vs. Diamond Dallas Page in a Ready to Rumble Cage match for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship |
| (c) – refers to the champion(s) heading into the match | | | | | | | | | |
|

## InfoBox

| Slamboree | |
| --- | --- |
| WCW Slamboree logo used from 1993 to 1998. | |
| Promotions | World Championship Wrestling |
| First event | Slamboree (1993) |
| Last event | Slamboree (2000) |


title: Smack (Brazilian band)

abstract: Smack was a Brazilian post-punk band from São Paulo, formed in 1983 and characterized by its raw and experimental instrumentation heavily influenced by Gang of Four, Talking Heads, Os Mutantes and The Jam, among others. The band ended in 1986, but reunited in 2005. It ceased activities definitely in 2015 after vocalist Sérgio Pamplona's death.

text:
# Smack (Brazilian band)

**Smack** was a Brazilian post-punk band from São Paulo, formed in 1983 and characterized by its raw and experimental instrumentation heavily influenced by Gang of Four, Talking Heads, Os Mutantes and The Jam, among others.

The band ended in 1986, but reunited in 2005. It ceased activities definitely in 2015 after vocalist Sérgio Pamplona's death.

## History

Smack was founded in São Paulo in 1983, after a meeting between Sandra Coutinho (who was also a founding member of Cabine C and the all-female band Mercenárias), Sérgio "Pamps" Pamplona (a former member of Itamar Assumpção's band Isca de Polícia and one-time collaborator for short-lived rock band Kleiderman), Edgard Scandurra (of Ira!) and Thomas Pappon (who was also playing with Voluntários da Pátria at the time, and would later join Fellini). The band's debut album, *Ao Vivo no Mosh*, was released in 1985 via famous independent label Baratos Afins; the band recorded it live in the Estúdios Mosh (albeit with no audience), hence the album's name. Pamps originally intended to record a proper live album, but budget constraints did not allow him to do so.

In order to focus more on his then-new band Ira!, Edgard Scandurra left Smack in 1986. Now a trio, the band recorded their second and last full-length album, *Noite e Dia*, in the same year. It was also released by Baratos Afins.

Some time after the release of *Noite e Dia*, Smack disbanded, with Thomas quoting the reason as being "Pamps' lack of interest on continuing the band", as well as lack of promotion and some personal problems.

19 years later, Smack reunited, albeit without Thomas Pappon (since he moved to Europe in 1990), and performed in some venues around Brazil, with Pitchu Ferraz replacing him as drummer. Two of their songs, "Fora Daqui" and "Mediocridade Afinal", would be also included in the compilation *The Sexual Life of the Savages*, released by Soul Jazz Records.

In 2008, they released the extended play *3*, via *carioca* independent label Midsummer Madness. It was their first release in 22 years.

The band ended again on November 5, 2015, after Pamps' death due to cirrhosis. He was 62 years old.

## Discography

### Studio albums

| Year | Album |
| --- | --- |
| 1985 | ***Ao Vivo no Mosh*** |
| 1986 | ***Noite e Dia***  * Label: Baratos Afins * Format: Vinyl, CD |
|

### Extended plays

| Year | Album |
| --- | --- |
| 2008 | ***3*** |
|

### Compilations

| Year | Album |
| --- | --- |
| 2005 | ***The Sexual Life of the Savages*** * Label: Soul Jazz Records * Format: CD * Contributed with the songs "Fora Daqui" and "Mediocridade Afinal" |

## Members

* Sandra Coutinho – bass (1983–1986, 2005–2015)
* Edgard Scandurra – guitar (1983–1986, 2005–2015)
* Sérgio "Pamps" Pamplona – vocals, guitar (1983–1986, 2005–2015; died 2015)
* Thomas Pappon – drums (1983–1986)

### Session/live musicians

* Pitchu Ferraz – drums (2005–2008)

## InfoBox

| Smack | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | São Paulo, Brazil |
| Genres | Post-punk, garage rock, punk rock, experimental rock |
| Years active | 1983–1986; 2005–2015 |
| Labels | Baratos Afins, Midsummer Madness |
|  | |
| Past members | Sérgio Pamplona
Sandra Coutinho
Edgard Scandurra
Thomas Pappon |


title: Slánoll

abstract: Slánoll, son of Ollom Fotla, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland. He succeeded to throne on the death of his brother Fínnachta. It is said that there was no disease during his reign. After a reign of fifteen, or seventeen, or thirty years, he was found dead of unknown causes in his bed in Tara, and was succeeded by his brother Géde Ollgothach. When his body was dug up forty years later by his son Ailill, it showed no sign of decomposition. The chronology of Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign to 895–880 BC, that of the Annals of the Four Masters to 1257–1241 BC.

text:
# Slánoll

**Slánoll**, son of Ollom Fotla, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland. He succeeded to throne on the death of his brother Fínnachta. It is said that there was no disease during his reign (his name is explained as Old Irish *slán*, "whole, healthy"; *oll*, "great, ample"). After a reign of fifteen, or seventeen, or thirty years, he was found dead of unknown causes in his bed in Tara, and was succeeded by his brother Géde Ollgothach. When his body was dug up forty years later by his son Ailill, it showed no sign of decomposition. The chronology of Geoffrey Keating's *Foras Feasa ar Éirinn* dates his reign to 895–880 BC, that of the *Annals of the Four Masters* to 1257–1241 BC.


title: Slave (François Feldman song)

abstract: "Slave" is a 1986 song recorded by French singer François Feldman. It was written by Jean-Marie Moreau, Thierry Durbet and Feldman and was released in December 1987 as the third single from the album Vivre, Vivre, released earlier in the same year, on which it appears as the second track. It provided Feldman first top five hit in France. The song was included on Feldman's three best of compilations: first on Two Feldman (1996) on which it appears as the third track on the second CD, then on Best Feldman (1998) as the twelfth track, last on Gold (2008) as the third track on the second CD; it was also performed during Feldman's 1991 tour and was thus included on the live album Feldman à Bercy (1992).

text:
# Slave (François Feldman song)

"**Slave**" is a 1986 song recorded by French singer François Feldman. It was written by Jean-Marie Moreau, Thierry Durbet and Feldman and was released in December 1987 as the third single from the album *Vivre, Vivre*, released earlier in the same year, on which it appears as the second track. It provided Feldman first top five hit in France.

The song was included on Feldman's three best of compilations: first on *Two Feldman* (1996) on which it appears as the third track on the second CD, then on *Best Feldman* (1998) as the twelfth track, last on *Gold* (2008) as the third track on the second CD; it was also performed during Feldman's 1991 tour and was thus included on the live album *Feldman à Bercy* (1992).

## Chart performance

In France, "Slave" debuted at number 43 on the chart edition of 16 January 1988, reached the top ten five weeks later, peaked at number five in its eleventh week, totalled eight weeks in the top ten and fell off the top 50 after 20 weeks. It achieved Silver status, awarded by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique, the French certificator, for over 250,000 units sold. On the European Hot 100 Singles, it started at number 92 on 13 February 1988, peaked at number 17 in its ninth week, and spent 16 weeks on the chart.

## Track listings

1. "Slave" — 3:36
2. "Encore plus belle endormie" — 3:00

1. "Slave" (remix) — 5:15
2. "Slave" — 3:36
3. "Encore plus belle endormie" — 3:00

1. "Slave" — 3:36
2. "Amour de corridor" — 3:59
3. "Encore plus belle endormie" — 3:00
4. "Slave" (remix) — 5:15

## Charts and sales

## Release history

| Country | Date | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| France | 1987 | 7" single | Big Bang, Phonogram |
| | | 12" maxi | |
| | 1988 | CD maxi | |
| | Canada | 7" single | Big Bang, Philips |

## InfoBox

| "Slave" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by François Feldman | |
| from the album  *Vivre, Vivre* | |
| B-side | "Encore plus belle endormie" |
| Released | December 1987 |
| Recorded | 1986 |
| Studio | Studio Musika, Paris |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 3:36 |
| Label | Phonogram, Big Bang |
| Songwriter(s) | Jean-Marie Moreau, François Feldman, Thierry Durbet |
| Producer(s) | Fred Fraikin, Jean Fredenucci, Guy Walker |
| François Feldman singles chronology | |
| "Demain c'est toi"
(1987) "**Slave**"
(1987) "Je te retrouverai"
(1988) | |