abstract: The Treaty of Amity and Commerce established formal diplomatic and commercial relations between the United States and France during the American Revolutionary War. It was signed on February 6, 1778 in Paris, together with its sister agreement, the Treaty of Alliance, and a separate, secret clause allowing Spain and other European nations to join the alliance. These were the first treaties negotiated by the fledgling United States, and the resulting alliance proved pivotal to American victory in the war; the agreements are sometimes collectively known as the Franco-American Alliance or the Treaties of Alliance. The Treaty of Amity and Commerce recognized the de facto independence of the U.S. and established mutual commercial and navigation rights between the two nations; it served as a defiant alternative to the British Acts of Trade and Navigation, which restricted American access to foreign markets. The Treaty of Alliance established a mutual defense pact, forbidding either nation from making a separate peace with Great Britain, and guaranteeing French support of the Americans should the British violate their peace with France. Due to the critical material, financial, and military support secured by the treaties, their successful negotiation is considered the "single most important diplomatic success of the colonists". However, later complications with the Treaty of Alliance led to America foregoing any formal military alliance until the Declaration by United Nations in 1942.

text:
# Treaty of Amity and Commerce (France–United States)

The **Treaty of Amity and Commerce** established formal diplomatic and commercial relations between the United States and France during the American Revolutionary War. It was signed on February 6, 1778 in Paris, together with its sister agreement, the Treaty of Alliance, and a separate, secret clause allowing Spain and other European nations to join the alliance. These were the first treaties negotiated by the fledgling United States, and the resulting alliance proved pivotal to American victory in the war; the agreements are sometimes collectively known as the **Franco-American Alliance** or the **Treaties of Alliance**.

The Treaty of Amity and Commerce recognized the *de facto* independence of the U.S. and established mutual commercial and navigation rights between the two nations; it served as a defiant alternative to the British Acts of Trade and Navigation, which restricted American access to foreign markets. The Treaty of Alliance established a mutual defense pact, forbidding either nation from making a separate peace with Great Britain, and guaranteeing French support of the Americans should the British violate their peace with France.

Due to the critical material, financial, and military support secured by the treaties, their successful negotiation is considered the "single most important diplomatic success of the colonists". However, later complications with the Treaty of Alliance led to America foregoing any formal military alliance until the Declaration by United Nations in 1942.

## Background

Early in 1776, as members of the U.S. Continental Congress began to move closer to declaring independence from Britain, leading American statesmen began to consider the benefits of forming foreign alliances to assist in their rebellion against the British Crown. The most obvious potential ally was France, a long-time enemy of Britain and a colonial rival who had lost much of their lands in the Americas after the French and Indian War. As a result, John Adams began drafting conditions for a possible commercial treaty between France and the future independent colonies of the United States, which declined the presence of French troops and any aspect of French authority in colonial affairs. Congress sent Silas Deane to France to negotiate.

On September 25 the Continental Congress ordered Benjamin Franklin and Arthur Lee to seek a treaty with France based upon Adams's draft treaty that had later been formalized into a Model Treaty which sought the establishment of reciprocal trade relations with France but declined to mention any possible military assistance from the French government. Despite orders to seek no direct military assistance from France, the American commissioners were instructed to work to acquire most favored nation trading relations with France, along with additional military aid, and also encouraged to reassure any Spanish delegates that the United States had no desire to acquire Spanish lands in the Americas, in the hopes that Spain would in turn enter a Franco-American alliance.

Despite an original openness to the alliance, after word of the Declaration of Independence and a British evacuation of Boston reached France, the French Foreign Minister, Comte de Vergennes, put off signing a formal alliance with the United States after receiving news of British victories over General George Washington in New York. With the help of the Committee of Secret Correspondence, established by the Continental Congress to promote the American cause in France, and his standing as a model of republican simplicity within French society, Benjamin Franklin was able to gain a secret loan and clandestine military assistance from the Foreign Minister but was forced to put off negotiations on a formal alliance while the French government negotiated a possible alliance with Spain.

With the defeat of Britain at the Battle of Saratoga and growing rumors of secret British peace offers to Franklin, France sought to seize an opportunity to take advantage of the rebellion and abandoned negotiations with Spain to begin discussions with the United States on a formal alliance. With official approval to begin negotiations on a formal alliance given by King Louis XVI of France, the colonies turned down a British proposal for reconciliation in January 1778 and began negotiations that would result in the signing of the Treaty of Alliance and Treaty of Amity and Commerce.

## Terms and provisions

The treaty established a comprehensive framework for mutual diplomatic, commercial, and navigational cooperation.

* Peace and friendship between the U.S. and France
* Mutual most favored nation status with regard to commerce and navigation
* Mutual protection of all vessels and cargo when in U.S. or French jurisdiction
* Ban on fishing in waters possessed by the other with exception of the Banks of Newfoundland
* Mutual right for citizens of one country to hold land in other's territory
* Mutual right to search a ship of the other's coming out of an enemy port for contraband
* Right to due process of law if contraband is found on an allied ship and only after being officially declared contraband may it be seized
* Mutual protection of men-of-war and privateers and their crews from harm from the other party and reparations to be paid if this provision is broken
* Restoration of stolen property taken by pirates
* Right of ships of war and privateers to freely carry ships and goods taken for their enemy
* Mutual assistance, relief, and safe harbor to ships, both of War and Merchant, in crisis in the other's territory
* Neither side may commission privateers against the other nor allow foreign privateers that are enemies of either side to use their ports
* Mutual right to trade with enemy states of the other as long as those goods are not contraband
* If the two nations become enemies six months protection of merchant ships in enemy territory
* To prevent quarrels between allies all ships must carry passports and cargo manifests
* If two ships meet ships of war and privateers must stay out of cannon range but may board the merchant ship to inspect her passports and manifests
* Mutual right to inspection of a ship's cargo to only happen once
* Mutual right to have consuls, vice consuls, agents, and commissaries of one nation in the other's ports
* France grants one or more ports under its control to be free ports to ships of the United States

## Signing and ratification

The Treaty of Amity and Commerce was signed on February 6, 1778 at the Hôtel de Crillon by American delegates Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee, and the French representative to the U.S., Conrad Alexandre Gérard de Rayneva.

Congress received the signed text on May 2, 1778 and ratified it on May 4, 1778 by unanimous vote; not all states were represented in the vote, as New Hampshire and North Carolina were absent while the attendance of Delaware and Massachusetts are uncertain. Urgency overrode the necessity of having all thirteen states ratify the document.

The Treaty was ratified by France on July 16, 1778.

On September 1, 1778, Congress formally expunged Articles 11 and 12, which dealt with import duties and exportation of molasses, respectively. Upon the Treaty's first printing in France the following month, references to these articles were removed, and all subsequent articles were renumbered.

## Aftermath and significance

While France had aided the colonists as early as June 1775, its support was largely clandestine and led by envoys and donors acting in their individual capacities. Along with the Treaty of Alliance, the Treaty of Amity and Commerce resulted in substantial and full-fledged support of the American cause, in the form of loans, military equipment, naval forces, technical and strategic assistance, and manpower. Aside from the direct strategic benefits, French recognition served to turn an "otherwise lopsided colonial rebellion" into a larger conflict, as France was the only nation roughly on parity with Britain. Open diplomatic support by the leading power of continental Europe also served to legitimatize the newly emerging United States, which in turn would invite other nations to recognize American independence and provide aid.

Shortly after the treaties were signed, French aid grew significantly and substantively. Over 12,000 soldiers, 22,000 sailors, and 63 warships served in the rebellion. Military leaders such as Lafayette and Comte de Rochambeau played a decisive role in the American victories at the Chesapeake and at Yorktown, which together hastened the end of the conflict. France played a leading role in brokering the 1783 Treaty of Paris that formally ended the war and led to *de jure* American independence; pursuant to the Treaty of Alliance, only when Britain and France settled their differences did the United States sign the Treaty of Paris.

## Sources

* Giunta, Mary A., ed. *Documents of the Emerging Nation: U.S. Foreign Relations 1775–1789.* Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources Inc., 1998.
* Middlekauff, Robert. *The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789.* New York: Oxford University Press, 1982.
* "Treaty of Amity and Commerce," *The Avalon Project at Yale Law School*. Accessed February 5, 2018.


title: Trechus zangherii

abstract: Trechus zangherii is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by Jeannel in 1927.

text:
# Trechus zangherii

***Trechus zangherii*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by Jeannel in 1927.

## InfoBox

| *Trechus zangherii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Trechus* |
| Species: | ***T. zangherii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trechus zangherii***<br>Jeannel, 1927 | |
|


title: Transcription into Korean

abstract: Foreign words when used in Korean undergo transcription, to make them pronounceable and memorable. Transcription into Korean, for the most part, is very similar to or even influenced by transcription into Japanese, although the number of homophones resulted by imperfect mapping of foreign sounds onto native sounds is significantly smaller, as Korean has a larger phoneme inventory and a more inclusive phonotactics.

text:
# Transcription into Korean

Foreign words when used in Korean undergo **transcription**, to make them pronounceable and memorable. **Transcription into Korean**, for the most part, is very similar to or even influenced by transcription into Japanese, although the number of homophones resulted by imperfect mapping of foreign sounds onto native sounds is significantly smaller, as Korean has a larger phoneme inventory and a more inclusive phonotactics.

## Practicalities of transcription

The typical syllable structure of Korean is CGVC, with C being "consonant", G "glide", and V "vowel". Consonants and glides are optional. A few English words may get irregular transcription treatment, likely due to the influence of Japanese. Eg: *shirt* → 샤츠 *sya-**cheu*** (Japanese シャツ *sha-**tsu***); *mother* → 마더 *m**a**-deo* (Japanese マザー *m**a**-za-a*); *dragon* → 드래곤 *deu-rae-g**o**n* (Japanese ドラゴン *do-ra-g**o**n*); *level* → 레벨 *re-b**e**l* (Japanese レベル *re-b**e**-ru*).

For the most part, transcription into Korean is phonemic, i.e., based on the phonologies of both the source and the target languages (Korean itself). However, \[l\], an allophone of /r/ in Korean, is utilized syllable-finally and intervocalically to transcribe the foreign sound /l/. This makes the foreign sound /l/ more transcribable into Korean than it is into Japanese, which has no strategic differences between \[l\] and /r/. E.g.: *ball* → 볼 *bo**l*** (Japanese ボール *bo-o-**ru***); *gallon* → 갤런 *ga**l-l**eon* (Japanese ガロン *ga-**r**on*). Note that \[l\] is always geminated intervocallically in transcriptions. E.g.: *Hellen* → 헬렌 *He**l-l**en*. Syllable-initially, the foreign liquid sounds /r/ and /l/ are rendered as /r/. E.g.: *right* and *light* → 라이트 ***r**a-i-teu* (Japanese ライト ***r**a-i-to*)

Consonants and vowels are transcribed to the native ones that approximate them the most, because, of course, Korean does not have all the sounds of all languages, nor has it developed any new sounds due to recent linguistic contact like Japanese with new sounds like /f/ or even /v/. E.g.: *father* → 파더 ***p**a-**d**eo* (Japanese ファザー ***f**a-za-a*. Particularly, transcription into Korean tend to be more conservative as it only employs available hangul syllables, rather than establishing new, non-native combinations like Japanese. For example, the English word "warrior" is transcribed into Korean as 워리어 *wo-ri-eo* using 워, a pre-existing syllable composed of ᅮ *u* and ᅥ *eo*, rather than with a combination of *u* and *o*; in contrast, it is transcribed into Japanese as ウォリアー *wo-ri-a-a*, using ウォ, a non-native combination. On another note, the foreign phoneme /v/ is always transcribed as ᆸ *b(eu)* (native) into Korean, but as either *b(u)* (native) or *v(u)* (non-native) into Japanese.

### Consonants

Like Japanese, Korean does not allow any consonant clusters other than CG, therefore, when foreign words with such clusters are transcribed, the clusters are broken down and distributed among several syllables. For example, the English word *brand* is transcribed into Korean as 브랜드 ***beu-r**aen-deu* (compare Japanese ブランド ***bu-r**a-n-do*), wherein the sequence *bran* is broken down into two syllables, *beu-raen*. In these cases, a vowel ㅡ *eu* is inserted in between the consonants of the cluster (compare Japanese *u*, *o*).

Korean has seven consonants that can occur at the end of a syllable and that are used in transcriptions. Those are /p/, /t/, /k/, /r/, /m/, /n/ and /ŋ/. /p/, /t/ and /k/ generally represent foreign voiceless consonants, although /p/ and /k/ (rendered using jamo ㅂ and ㄱ) occasionally denote voiced consonants, too. E.g.: *lab* and *lap* → 랩 *raep*; *deck* → 덱 *dek*. Foreign /t/ is variously rendered as ㅅ or 트 *teu*. E.g.: *secret* → 시크릿 *si-keu-ri**t***; *set* → 세트 *se-**teu***. Foreign /p/, /t/, /k/ are rendered using jamo ㅂ, ㅅ, ㄱ if the preceding foreign vowel is short, but generally using 프 *peu*, 트 *teu*, 크 *keu* if that vowel is long or a diphthong. E.g.: *map* → 맵 *mae**p*** (Japanese マップ *ma-**p-pu***), but *mark* → 마크 *ma-**keu*** (Japanese マーク *ma-a-**ku***) and *type* → 타이프 *ta-i-**peu*** (but also 타입 *ta-i**p***) (Japanese タイプ *ta-i-**pu***). Foreign /l/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/ are always rendered using jamo ㄹ, ㅁ, ㄴ, ㅇ, regardless of the quality of the preceding vowel. E.g.: *Tom* → 톰 *To**m***; *time* → 타임 *ta-i**m***.

Syllable-finally, foreign consonants not covered by the seven sounds above are transcribed as Cㅡ C*eu* (C for "consonant"). E.g.: *dead* → 데드 *de-**deu*** (Japanese デッド *de-**d-do***); *speed* → 스피드 *seu-pi-**deu*** (Japanese スピード *su-pi-i-**do***); *five* → 파이브 *pa-i-**beu*** (Japanese ファイブ *fa-i-**bu***); *life* → 라이프 *ra-i-**peu*** (Japanese ライフ *ra-i-**fu***).

### Vowels

Also, like Japanese, modern Korean lacks diphthongs (ancient diphthongs have all developed into monophthongs). Likewise, foreign diphthongs are broken down and distributed among two syllables. For example, English *eye* is transcribed into Korean as 아이 ***a-i*** (compare Japanese アイ ***a-i***), wherein the diphthong /aɪ/ is rendered as *a-i*.

Korean has a larger phoneme inventory than Japanese, which allows broader coverage when transcribing foreign sounds. Whereas Japanese uses a single "a" sound for various English sounds such as /æ/, /ɑː/, /ə/, /ʌ/, Korean uses ㅐ *ae* for /æ/, ㅏ *a* for /ɑː/, ㅓ *eo* for /ə/ and /ʌ/. E.g.: *hand* → 핸드 *h**ae**n-deu*; *card* → 카드 *k**a**-deu*; *hunter* → 헌터 *h**eo**n-t**eo***. Occasionally, however, the choice of sounds for transcription is influenced by Japanese. E.g.: *brother* → 브라더 *beu-r**a**-deo* (Japanese ブラザー *bu-r**a**-za-a*); *dragon* → 드래곤 *deuraeg**o**n* (Japanese ドラゴン *do-ra-g**o**-n*).

Like Japanese, transcription from English into Korean is largely based on Received Pronunciation (non-rhotic). However, while Japanese still denotes English vowels like /ɑː/ in *car*, /ɔː/ in *course*, /ə/ in *monster* as lengthened vowels (*a-a*, *o-o*, *a-a* respectively), Korean ignores vowel length almost entirely, although such length is still indirectly denoted in some cases mentioned above with the use of 프 *peu*, 트 *teu*, 크 *keu*. E.g.: *car* → 카 *k**a*** (Japanese カー *k**a-a***); *card* → 카드 *k**a**-deu* (Japanese カード *k**a-a**-do*); *course* → 코스 *k**o**-seu* (Japanese コース *k**o-o**-su*); *monster* → 몬스터 *mon-seu-t**eo*** (Japanese モンスター *mo-n-su-t**a-a***).

## Table of transcription from English

| English phonemes | | Common English graphemes | Korean transcription jamo with Revised Romanization in italics | | | Examples |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Received Pronunciation | General American | | If the English consonant is prevocalic and not postvocalic | If the English consonant is intervocalic | If the English consonant is not prevocalic | |
| /æ/ | | ⟨a⟩; ⟨ae⟩; ⟨al⟩; ⟨au⟩ | *ae*; ㅏ *a* | | | 핸드 *h**ae**ndeu* "hand"; 양키 *Y**a**ngki* "Yankee" |
| /ɒ/ | /ɑː/; /ɔː/ | ⟨a⟩; ⟨ach⟩; ⟨au⟩; ⟨o⟩; ⟨ou⟩ | *o*; ㅏ *a* | | | *T**o**m* "Tom"; 톱 *t**o**p*, 탑 *t**a**p* "top"; 복스 *b**o**kseu*, 박스 *b**a**kseu* "box" |
| /ɑː/ | /æ/; /ɑː/ | ⟨a⟩; ⟨al⟩; ⟨au⟩ | *a* | | | 하프 *h**a**peu* "half"; 파더 *p**a**deo* "father" |
| /ɑː(ɹ)/ | /ɑːɹ/ | ⟨ar⟩; ⟨ear⟩; ⟨er⟩ |  | ㅏㄹ *ar* | *a* | 카드 *k**a**deu* "card" |
| /aɪ/ | | ⟨ai⟩; ⟨ei⟩; ⟨eigh⟩; ⟨i⟩; ⟨ic⟩; ⟨ie⟩; ⟨igh⟩; ⟨is⟩; ⟨oy⟩; ⟨uy⟩; ⟨y⟩; ⟨ye⟩ | ㅏ이 *ai* | | | 다이스 *d**ai**seu* "dice"; 타임 *t**ai**m* "time" |
| /aɪə(ɹ)/ | /aɪɚ/; /aɪ/ | ⟨ia(r)⟩; ⟨igher⟩; ⟨ire⟩; ⟨iro⟩ |  | ㅏ이어ㄹ *aieor* | ㅏ이어 *aieo*; ㅏ이아 *aia* | 파이어 *p**aieo*** "fire"; 다이어리 *d**aieor**i* "diary"; 다이아몬드 *d**aia**mondeu* "diamond" |
| /aɪl/ | /l/ | ⟨ile⟩ |  | | ㅏ일 *ail* | 미사일 *mis**ail*** "missile" |
| /aʊ/ | | ⟨au⟩; ⟨ou⟩; ⟨ough⟩; ⟨ow⟩ | ㅏ우 *au* | | | 타운 *t**au**n* "town" |
| /aʊə(ɹ)/ | /aʊɚ/ | ⟨our⟩; ⟨ower⟩ |  | ㅏ워ㄹ *awor* | ㅏ워 *awo* | 파워 *p**awo*** "power" |
| /b/ | | ⟨b⟩; ⟨bb⟩; ⟨be⟩; ⟨pb⟩ | *b* | | *p*; 브 *beu* | 벤치 ***b**enchi* "bench"; 래빗 *rae**b**it* "rabbit"; 레이크 ***beu**reikeu* "brake"; 랩 *rae**p*** "lab"; 태 *tae**beu*** "tab"; 테이블 *tei**beu**l* "table" |
| /d/ | | ⟨d⟩; ⟨dd⟩; ⟨de⟩ | *d* | | *deu* | 도어 ***d**o-eo*; 페이딩 *pei**d**ing* "fading"; 레이크 ***deu**reikeu* "drake"; 베 *be**deu*** "bed"; 미들 *mi**deu**l* "middle" |
| /djuː/ | /duː/ | ⟨dew⟩; ⟨du⟩; ⟨due⟩ | *dyu* |  | | ***dyu**eol* "dual", "duel";  ***dyu*** "dew", "due" |
| /dz/ | | ⟨ds⟩; ⟨dds⟩ |  | | *jeu* | 에이 *ei**jeu*** "AIDS" |
| /dʒ/ | | ⟨di⟩; ⟨dg⟩; ⟨dge⟩; ⟨g⟩; ⟨ge⟩; ⟨j⟩ | *j* | *j* | *ji* | 점프 ***j**eompeu* "jump"; 버짓 *beo**j**it* "budget"; 솔저 *sol**j**eo* "soldier"; 에 *e**ji*** "edge"; 에인절 *ein**j**eol* "angel" |
| /ð/ | | ⟨th⟩; ⟨the⟩ | *d* | | *deu* | ***d**eo*, 디 ***d**i* "the"; 마더 *ma**d**eo* "mother"; 알고리듬 *algori**deu**m* "algorithm" |
| /ɛ/ | | ⟨e⟩; ⟨ea⟩; ⟨ie⟩; ⟨oe⟩ | *e* | | | 엔드 ***e**ndeu* "end"; 프렌드 *peur**e**ndeu* "friend" |
| /ɛə(ɹ)/ | /ɛɹ/ | ⟨ar⟩; ⟨aer⟩; ⟨air⟩; ⟨are⟩; ⟨ear⟩; ⟨eir⟩; ⟨ere⟩; ⟨ey're⟩ |  | ㅔ어ㄹ *eeor* | ㅔ어 *eeo* | **에어** ***eeo*** "air"; 에어리어 ***eeor**ieo* "area" |
| /ə/ | | ⟨a⟩ | *eo*; ㅏ *a*; ㅐ *ae* | | | 멀리건 *meollig**eo**n* "mulligan"; 고섬 *Gos**eo**m* "Gotham"; 바우트 ***eo**bauteu* "about"; 에어리 *eeori**eo*** "area"; 아칸소 *Ak**a**nso* "Arkansas"; 오스트레일리 *Oseuteureilli**a*** "Australia"; 크리스마스 *Keuriseum**a**seu* "Christmas"; 잉글랜드 *Inggeull**ae**ndeu* "England" |
| | ⟨e⟩; ⟨gh⟩; ⟨ou⟩; ⟨ough⟩; ⟨u⟩ | *eo* | | | 테스타먼트 *teseut**a**m**eo**nteu* "testament"; 세일럼 *Seill**eo**m* "Salem"; 서러 *seor**eo*** "thorough"; 에든버러 *Edinb**eo**r**eo*** "Edinburgh"; 앨범 *aelb**eo**m* "album"; 바이러스 *bair**eo**seu* "virus"; 앨버커키 *Alb**eo**keoki* "Albuquerque"; 뉴펀들랜드 *Nyup**eo**ndeullaendeu* "Newfoundland" |
| | ⟨o⟩ | *eo*; ㅗ *o* | | | 커먼 *keom**eo**n* "common"; 세컨드 *sek**eo**ndeu* "second"; 다이너소어 *dain**eo**soeo* "dinosaur"; 킹덤 *kingd**eo**m* "kingdom"; 오브 ***o**beu*; 포테이토 *p**o**teito* "potato"; 스켈레톤 *seukellet**o**n* "skeleton"; 드래곤 *deuraeg**o**n* "dragon" |
| /ə(ɹ)/ | /ɚ/ | ⟨ar⟩; ⟨er⟩; ⟨or⟩; ⟨our⟩; ⟨ure⟩ |  | ㅓㄹ *eor* | *eo*; ㅓ르 *eoreu* | 컴퓨터 *kompyut**eo*** "computer"; 컬러 *keoll**eo*** "color"; 커서 *keos**eo*** "cursor"; 멜버른 *Melb**eoreu**n* "Melbourne" |
| /əl/; /l/ | | ⟨ael⟩; ⟨al⟩; ⟨el⟩; ⟨le⟩ |  | | *eol*; *eul*; *el* | 스페셜 *seupesy**eol*** "special"; 패널 *paen**eol*** "panel"; 머슬 *meos**eul*** "muscle"; 사이클 *saik**eul*** "cycle"; 배틀 *baet**eul*** "battle"; 스테이플 *seuteip**eul*** "staple"; 퍼즐 *peoj**eul*** "puzzle"; 마이클 *Maik**eul*** "Michael"; 레벨 *reb**el*** "level", "revel", "rebel" |
| /ən/; /n/ | | ⟨ain⟩ |  | | *in*; *eun* | 마운틴 *maunt**in***; 브리튼 *Beurit**eun*** "Britain" |
| | ⟨en⟩ |  | | *eun*; *in* | 하이픈 *haip**eun*** "hyphen"; 세븐 *seb**eun*** "seven"; 토큰 *tok**eun*** "token"; 서든 *seod**eon*** "sudden"; 시즌 *sij**eun***; 치킨 *chik**in*** "chicken"; 키친 *kich**in*** "kitchen" |
| /əʊ/ | /oʊ/ | ⟨au⟩; ⟨eau⟩; ⟨eaux⟩; ⟨o⟩; ⟨oa⟩; ⟨oe⟩; ⟨oh⟩; ⟨ough⟩; ⟨ow⟩; ⟨owe⟩ | *o*; ㅗ우 *ou* | | | *sy**o*** "show"; 포니 *p**o**ni*; 오하이오 ***O**hai**o*** "Ohio"; 솔 *s**o**l*, 소울 *s**ou**l* "soul" |
| /ɜː(ɹ)/ | /ɜːɹ/ | ⟨ear⟩; ⟨er⟩; ⟨ir⟩; ⟨olo⟩; ⟨ur⟩ |  | ㅓㄹ *eor* | *eo* | 어스 ***eo**seu* "earth"; 웜 *w**o**m* "worm"; 퍼리 *p**eor**i* "furry" |
| /eɪ/ | | ⟨a⟩; ⟨ae⟩; ⟨ai⟩; ⟨ait⟩; ⟨al⟩; ⟨au⟩; ⟨ay⟩; ⟨e⟩; ⟨ei⟩; ⟨eigh⟩; ⟨et⟩; ⟨ey⟩ | ㅔ이 *ei* | | | 게임 *g**ei**m* "game" |
| /f/ | | ⟨f⟩; ⟨fe⟩; ⟨ff⟩; ⟨gh⟩; ⟨ph⟩; ⟨u⟩ | *p* | | *peu* | 파울 ***p**aul* "foul"; 이펙트 *i**p**ekteu* "effect"; 러 *reo**peu*** "rough"; 러플 *reo**peu**l* "ruffle"; ***peu**llik* "flick"; 피시 ***p**isi* "fish"
Exception: 휘시 ***hu**isi* "fish" |
| /ɡ/ | | ⟨g⟩; ⟨gg⟩; ⟨gh⟩; ⟨gu⟩; ⟨gue⟩ | *g* | | *k*; 그 *geu* | ***g**eon* "gun"; 백 *bae**k*** "bag"; 버 *beo**geu*** "bug"; 이글 *i**geu**l* "eagle"; 글라스 ***geu**llaseu* "glass" |
| /ɡz/ | | ⟨gs⟩; ⟨ggs⟩; ⟨x⟩; ⟨xh⟩ |  | 그ㅈ *geuj* | 그스 *geuseu* | 이그잼 *i**geuj**aem* "exam"; 이그조스트 *i**geuj**oseuteu* "exhaust"; 에**그스** *e**geuseu*** "eggs" |
| /h/ | | ⟨gh⟩; ⟨h⟩; ⟨wh⟩ | *h* |  | | 헌터 ***h**eonteo* "hunter" |
| /ɪ/ | | ⟨a⟩; ⟨ae⟩; ⟨e⟩; ⟨ei⟩; ⟨i⟩; ⟨ie⟩; ⟨oe⟩ | *i*; ㅔ *e* | | | 인풋 ***i**nput* "input"; 메시지 *mes**i**ji* "message"; 쵸콜레트 *chyokoll**e**teu* "chocolate"; 스켈레톤 *seukell**e**ton* "skeleton" |
| /ɪə(ɹ)/ | /ɪɹ/ | ⟨aer⟩; ⟨e're⟩; ⟨ear⟩; ⟨eer⟩; ⟨er⟩; ⟨ere⟩; ⟨ier⟩; ⟨ir⟩ |  | ㅣ어ㄹ *ieor* | ㅣ어 *ieo* | 기어 *g**ieo*** "gear"; 히어로 *h**ieor**o* "hero" |
| /i/ | | ⟨ay⟩; ⟨e⟩; ⟨ea⟩; ⟨ee⟩; ⟨ey⟩; ⟨i⟩; ⟨y⟩ | *i* | | | 시티 *sit**i*** "city"; 양키 *Yangk**i*** "Yankee"; 허니 *heon**i*** "honey" |
| /iː/ | | ⟨ae⟩; ⟨e⟩; ⟨ea⟩; ⟨ee⟩; ⟨i⟩; ⟨ie⟩; ⟨oe⟩ | *i*; ㅔ *e* | | | *t**i**m* "team"; 하이*hai**e**na* "hyena" |
| /j/ | | ⟨y⟩ | *y* |  | | 옐로 ***y**ello* "yellow" |
| /ju(ː)/; /jʊ/ | /ju(ː)/; /jə/ | ⟨eu⟩; ⟨u⟩; ⟨you⟩; ⟨yu⟩; ⟨ut⟩ | *yu* |  | | 니언 ***yu**nieon* "union"; 더블 *deobeur**yu*** "W"; 새뮤얼 *Sam**yu**eol* "Samuel" |
| /jʊə(ɹ)/; /jəɹ/ | /jʊɹ/; /jəɹ/ | ⟨eu(r)⟩; ⟨u(r)⟩; ⟨you(r)⟩; ⟨you're⟩; ⟨yu(r)⟩; ⟨uh(r)⟩ |  | 유ㄹ *yur*; 유어ㄹ *yueor* | 유어 *yueo* | 유럽 ***Yur**eop* "Europe"; **유어** ***yueo*** "your", "you're"; 머큐리 *Meok**yur**i* "Mercury" |
| /k/ | | ⟨c⟩; ⟨cc⟩; ⟨ch⟩; ⟨che⟩; ⟨ck⟩; ⟨k⟩; ⟨ke⟩; ⟨kh⟩; ⟨qu⟩; ⟨que⟩ | *k* | | *k*; 크 *keu* | ***k**i**k*** "kick"; 스파이 *seupai**keu*** "spike"; 로니클 ***keu**roni**keu**l* "chronicle" |
| /ks/ | | ⟨cc⟩; ⟨cs⟩; ⟨chs⟩; ⟨cks⟩; ⟨ks⟩; ⟨khs⟩; ⟨x⟩; ⟨xe⟩ |  | ㄱㅅ *ks* | ㄱ스 *kseu* | 멕시코 *Me**ks**iko* "Mexico"; 콤플렉스 *kompeulle**kseu*** "complex" |
| /kʃ/ | | ⟨cti⟩; ⟨xi⟩ |  | *ksy* |  | 커넥션 *keone**ksy**eon* "connection", "connexion" |
| /kʃuəl/ | | ⟨xual⟩ |  | *ksyueol* |  | 섹슈얼 *se**ksyueol*** "sexual" |
| /kw/ | | ⟨cqu⟩; ⟨qu⟩ | *kw* | |  | ***kw**in* "queen" |
| /kwɔː(ɹ)/ | /kwɔːɹ/ | ⟨quar⟩ | *kwo* |  | | ***kwo**keu* "quark" |
| /l/ | | ⟨l⟩; ⟨le⟩; ⟨ll⟩ | *r*; ㄹㄹ *ll* | ㄹㄹ *ll* | *l* | 루프 ***r**upeu* "loop"; 밸런스 *bae**ll**eonseu* "balance"; 세일 *sei**l*** "sale", "sail"; 블랙 *beu**ll**aek* "black"; 걸 *geo**l*** "girl"; 캐슬 *kaeseu**l*** "castle" |
| /m/ | | ⟨m⟩; ⟨mb⟩; ⟨me⟩; ⟨mm⟩; ⟨mn⟩ | *m* | ㅁㅁ *mm* | *m* | 마임 ***m**ai**m*** "mime"; 서몬 *seo**m**on* "summon"; 감마 *ga**mm**a* "gamma" |
| /n/ | | ⟨n⟩; ⟨nd⟩; ⟨ne⟩; ⟨nn⟩ | *n* | | | 나인 ***n**ai**n*** "nine"; 베넷 *Be**n**et* "Bennett" |
| /njuː/; /njʊə(ɹ)/ | /nuː/; /nʊɹ/ | ⟨new(r)⟩; ⟨neur⟩; ⟨nu(r)⟩; ⟨nure⟩ | 뉴(ㄹ) *nyu(r)* | |  | ***nyu*** "new"; 뉴런 ***nyur**eon* "neuron" |
| /ŋ/ | | ⟨n⟩; ⟨ng⟩ |  | *ng* | | 싱어 *si**ng**-eo* "singer"; 핑거 *pi**ng**geo* "finger"; 킹 *ki**ng*** "king"; 랭크 *rae**ng**keu* "rank" |
| /ɔː/ | | ⟨al⟩; ⟨au⟩; ⟨aw⟩; ⟨oa⟩; ⟨ough⟩ | *o*; ㅗ우 *ou* | | | 토크 *t**o**keu* "talk"; 스트리아 ***O**seuteuria* "Austria"; 드로우 *deur**ou*** "draw" |
| /ɔːl/ | | ⟨al⟩; ⟨aul⟩; ⟨awl⟩ |  | *oll* | *ol* | 터너티브 *olteoneotibeu* "alternative"
Exceptions: 왈츠 *w**al**cheu* "waltz"; 어썰트 *eoss**eol**teu* "assault" |
| /ɔː(ɹ)/ | /ɔːɹ/ | ⟨ar⟩; ⟨aur⟩; ⟨oar⟩; ⟨or⟩; ⟨our⟩; ⟨wor⟩ |  | | *o*; ㅗ어 *o-eo*; ㅗ르 *oreu*; ㅏ *a* | *p**o*** "four"; **오어** ***o-eo*** "or"; 노르웨이 *N**oreu**wei* "Norway"; 호그와트 *Hogeuw**a**teu* |
| | | ⟨oor⟩; ⟨ore⟩ |  | | ㅗ어 *o-eo* | 코어 *k**o-eo*** "core"; 도어 *d**o-eo*** "door" |
| /ɔɪ/ | | ⟨eu⟩; ⟨oi⟩; ⟨oy⟩ | ㅗ이 *oi* | | | 코인 *k**oi**n* "coin" |
| /p/ | | ⟨p⟩; ⟨pe⟩; ⟨ph⟩; ⟨pp⟩ | *p* | | *p*; 프 *peu* | ***p**a**p*** "pop"; 타입 *tai**p***, 타이 *tai**peu*** "type"; 커플 *keo**peu**l* "couple"; 루프 ***peu**rupeu* "proof" |
| /ɹ/; /(ɹ)/ | /ɹ/ | ⟨lo⟩; ⟨r⟩; ⟨re⟩; ⟨rh⟩; ⟨rps⟩; ⟨rr⟩; ⟨rt⟩ | *r* | | *omitted*; 르 *reu* | ***r**aep* "rap"; 애로호 *aerou*; 노웨이 *No**reu**wei* "Norway" |
| /s/ | | ⟨'s⟩; ⟨c⟩; ⟨ce⟩; ⟨s⟩; ⟨s'⟩; ⟨sc⟩; ⟨se⟩; ⟨ss⟩; ⟨st⟩; ⟨sw⟩ | *s*; ㅆ *ss* | | *seu* | 어썰트 *eo**ss**eolteu* "assault"; 키 *ki**seu*** "kiss"; 슬립 ***seu**llip* "slip"; 캐슬 *kae**seu**l* "castle" |
| /ʃ/ | | ⟨ch⟩; ⟨che⟩; ⟨ci⟩; ⟨s⟩; ⟨sc⟩; ⟨sch⟩; ⟨sh⟩; ⟨si⟩; ⟨sti⟩; ⟨ti⟩ | *s*; *sy*; *sw* | | *si*; 슈 *syu* | ***s**ip* "ship"; 셰프 ***sy**epeu* "chef"; 애 *ae**si*** "ash"; 위 *wi**syu*** "wish"; 셸 ***sy**el*, 쉘 ***sw**el* "shell" |
| /ʃuəl/ | | ⟨sual⟩ | 슈얼 *syueol* | |  | 컨센**슈얼** *keonsen**syueol*** "consensual" |
| /t/ | | ⟨bt⟩; ⟨ct⟩; ⟨t⟩; ⟨te⟩; ⟨th⟩; ⟨tt⟩; ⟨tte⟩ | *t* | | *t*; 트 *teu*; 츠 *cheu* | 타이트 ***t**ai**teu*** "tight"; 키 *ki**teu*** "kit"; 세 *se**teu*** "set"; 핏 *pi**t*** "fit", "pit"; 럼프 ***teu**reompeu* "trump"; 배틀 *bae**teu**l* "battle"; 셔 *syeo**cheu*** "shirt" |
| /tjuː/ | /tuː/ | ⟨tew⟩; ⟨tu⟩ | *tyu* |  | | ***tyu**neo* "tuner"; 스디오 *seu**tyu**dio* "studio"; 스어드 *seu**tyu**eodeu* "steward" |
| /ts/ | | ⟨t's⟩; ⟨ts⟩; ⟨tts⟩ |  | | *cheu* | *i**cheu*** "it's", "its" |
| /tʃ/ | | ⟨ch⟩; ⟨tch⟩ | *ch* | | *chi* | 치킨 ***ch**ikin* "chicken"; 키친 *ki**ch**in* "kitchen"; 매 *mae**chi*** "match" |
| /tʃʊə(ɹ)/ | /tʃʊɹ/ | ⟨ture⟩ |  | 추어 *chueo*; 츄어 *chyueo* |  | **츄어** *meo**chueo*** "mature" |
| /tʃuəl/ | | ⟨tual⟩ |  | 추얼 *chueol*; 츄얼 *chyueol* |  | **추얼** *beo**chueol***, 버**츄얼** *beo**chyueol*** "virtual" |
| /θ/ | | ⟨th⟩; ⟨the⟩ | *s* | | *seu* | 시프 ***s**ipeu* "thief"; 고섬 *Go**s**eom* "Gotham"; 배 *bae**seu*** "bath"; 레드 ***seu**redeu* "thread" |
| /ʊ/ | | ⟨oo⟩; ⟨u⟩ | *u* | | | *b**u**k* "book"; 불 *b**u**l* "bull" |
| /ʊə(ɹ); /ɔː(ɹ)/ | /ʊɹ/ | ⟨oor⟩; ⟨our⟩; ⟨ure⟩ |  | ㅜㄹ *ur*; ㅜ어ㄹ *ueor* | ㅜ어 *ueo* | 무어 *m**ueo*** "moor"; 투어 *t**ueo*** "tour"; 투어리스트 *t**ueor**iseuteu* "tourist"; 미주리 *Mij**ur**i* "Missouri" |
| /uː/ | | ⟨ew⟩; ⟨o⟩; ⟨oe⟩; ⟨oo⟩; ⟨ou⟩; ⟨ough⟩; ⟨ue⟩; ⟨ui⟩ | *u* | | | 블루머 *beull**u**meo* "bloomer" |
| /v/ | | ⟨ph⟩; ⟨v⟩; ⟨ve⟩; ⟨w⟩ | *b* | | *beu* | 바이킹 ***B**aiking* "Viking"; 러 *reo**beu*** "love" |
| /ʌ/ | | ⟨o⟩; ⟨oo⟩; ⟨ou⟩; ⟨u⟩ | *eo* | | | 런던 *R**eo**ndeon* "London" |
| /w/ | | ⟨w⟩; ⟨ou⟩ | *w* | |  | 위치 ***w**ichi* "witch"; 어웨이큰 *eo**w**eikeun* "awaken" |
| | ⟨wh⟩ | *hw* |  | | 화이트 ***hw**aiteu* "white"; 훼일 ***hw**eil* "whale" |
| /wɔː(ɹ)/ | /wɔːɹ/ | ⟨war⟩; ⟨wore⟩ | *wo* |  | | ***wo*** "war"; ***wo**peu* "warp" |
| /wʊ/ | | ⟨wo⟩; ⟨woo⟩ | *u* |  | | ***u**deu* "wood"; ***u**meon* "woman" |
| /z/ | | ⟨'s⟩; ⟨s⟩; ⟨sc⟩; ⟨se⟩; ⟨ss⟩; ⟨z⟩; ⟨ze⟩; ⟨zz⟩ | *j* | | *jeu*; 스 *seu* | 제브러 ***j**ebeureo* "zebra"; 퀴 *kwi**jeu*** "quiz"; 퍼즐 *peo**jeu**l* "puzzle"; 뉴 *nyu**seu*** "news"; 블루 *beullu**seu*** "blues" |
| /ʒ/ | | ⟨g⟩; ⟨ge⟩; ⟨si⟩; ⟨ti⟩; ⟨zi⟩ |  | *j* |  | 텔레비전 *telleobi**j**eon* "television" |
| /ʒuəl/ | | ⟨sual⟩ |  | 주얼 *jueol* |  | **주얼** *bi**jueol*** "visual" |


title: Tour of Oman

abstract: The Tour of Oman is an annual professional road bicycle racing stage race held in Oman since 2010, as part of the UCI Asia Tour through 2019 and on the UCI ProSeries since 2022. It was scheduled to become part of the new UCI ProSeries in 2020, but both the 2020 and 2021 editions were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

text:
# Tour of Oman

The **Tour of Oman** is an annual professional road bicycle racing stage race held in Oman since 2010, as part of the UCI Asia Tour through 2019 and on the UCI ProSeries since 2022. It was scheduled to become part of the new UCI ProSeries in 2020, but both the 2020 and 2021 editions were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

## History

Classified as a 2.HC (as of 2012), the race is organized by the Amaury Sport Organisation, and was held for the first time between 14 and 19 February 2010. The race is a men's competition consisting of six stages and contains mainly flat stages, with some hillier parts.

During the race, the leader of the General Classification wears a red jersey, the leader of sprinter's points classification is denoted by a green jersey and best young rider by white. The race does not contain a mountains jersey. The most aggressive rider wears a white jersey with green and red polka-dots.

The inaugural edition of the race in 2010, consisted of 6 stages, beginning with a 16-lap criterium in Muscat Corniche and ending with an 18.6 km time trial, also in Muscat. Fabian Cancellara won this event after coming second in the final time trial to Edvald Boasson Hagen.

## Past winners

### General classification

| Year | Country | Rider | Team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | Switzerland | Fabian Cancellara | Team Saxo Bank |
| 2011 | Netherlands | Robert Gesink | Rabobank |
| 2012 | Slovakia | Peter Velits | Omega Pharma–Quick-Step |
| 2013 | Great Britain | Chris Froome | Team Sky |
| 2014 | Great Britain | Chris Froome | Team Sky |
| 2015 | Spain | Rafael Valls | Lampre–Merida |
| 2016 | Italy | Vincenzo Nibali | Astana |
| 2017 | Belgium | Ben Hermans | BMC Racing Team |
| 2018 | Kazakhstan | Alexey Lutsenko | Astana |
| 2019 | Kazakhstan | Alexey Lutsenko | Astana |
| 2020 | **No race** due to a national mourning period following the death of Sultan Qaboos bin Said | | | |
| 2021 | **No race** due to the COVID-19 pandemic | | | |
| 2022 | Czech Republic | Jan Hirt | Intermarché–Wanty–Gobert Matériaux |
| 2023 | United States | Matteo Jorgenson | Movistar Team |
| 2024 | Great Britain | Adam Yates | UAE Team Emirates |

#### Wins per country

| Wins | Country |
| --- | --- |
| 3 | Great Britain |
| 2 | Kazakhstan |
| 1 | Belgium
Czech Republic
Italy
Netherlands
Slovakia
Spain
Switzerland
United States |
|

### Points classification

| Year | Country | Rider | Team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | Norway | Edvald Boasson Hagen | Team Sky |
| 2011 | Norway | Edvald Boasson Hagen | Team Sky |
| 2012 | Slovakia | Peter Sagan | Liquigas–Cannondale |
| 2013 | Great Britain | Chris Froome | Team Sky |
| 2014 | Germany | André Greipel | Lotto–Belisol |
| 2015 | Italy | Andrea Guardini | Astana |
| 2016 | Norway | Edvald Boasson Hagen | Team Dimension Data |
| 2017 | Norway | Alexander Kristoff | Team Katusha–Alpecin |
| 2018 | Australia | Nathan Haas | Team Katusha–Alpecin |
| 2019 | Kazakhstan | Alexey Lutsenko | Astana |
| 2020 | **No race** due to a national mourning period following the death of Sultan Qaboos bin Said | | | |
| 2021 | **No race** due to the COVID-19 pandemic | | | |
| 2022 | Colombia | Fernando Gaviria | UAE Team Emirates |
| 2023 | United States | Matteo Jorgenson | Movistar Team |
| 2024 | New Zealand | Finn Fisher-Black | UAE Team Emirates |

### Young rider classification

| Year | Country | Rider | Team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | Norway | Edvald Boasson Hagen | Team Sky |
| 2011 | Netherlands | Robert Gesink | Rabobank |
| 2012 | France | Tony Gallopin | RadioShack–Nissan |
| 2013 | France | Kenny Elissonde | FDJ |
| 2014 | France | Romain Bardet | Ag2r–La Mondiale |
| 2015 | South Africa | Louis Meintjes | MTN–Qhubeka |
| 2016 | Australia | Brendan Canty | Drapac Professional Cycling |
| 2017 | Eritrea | Merhawi Kudus | Team Dimension Data |
| 2018 | Colombia | Miguel Ángel López | Astana |
| 2019 | France | Élie Gesbert | Arkéa–Samsic |
| 2020 | **No race** due to a national mourning period following the death of Sultan Qaboos bin Said | | | |
| 2021 | **No race** due to the COVID-19 pandemic | | | |
| 2022 | Denmark | Anthon Charmig | Uno-X Pro Cycling Team |
| 2023 | United States | Matteo Jorgenson | Movistar Team |
| 2024 | New Zealand | Finn Fisher-Black | UAE Team Emirates |

### Active rider classification

| Year | Country | Rider | Team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | Latvia | Gatis Smukulis | Ag2r–La Mondiale |
| 2011 | Slovenia | Marko Kump | Geox–TMC |
| 2012 | Belgium | Klaas Lodewyck | BMC Racing Team |
| 2013 | Netherlands | Bobbie Traksel | Champion System |
| 2014 | Belgium | Preben Van Hecke | Topsport Vlaanderen–Baloise |
| 2015 | Belgium | Jef Van Meirhaeghe | Topsport Vlaanderen–Baloise |
| 2016 | South Africa | Jacques Janse van Rensburg | Team Dimension Data |
| 2017 | Belgium | Aimé De Gendt | Sport Vlaanderen–Baloise |
| 2018 | France | Loïc Chetout | Cofidis |
| 2019 | Belgium | Preben Van Hecke | Sport Vlaanderen–Baloise |
| 2020 | **No race** due to a national mourning period following the death of Sultan Qaboos bin Said | | | |
| 2021 | **No race** due to the COVID-19 pandemic | | | |
| 2022 | Spain | Peio Goikoetxea | Euskaltel–Euskadi |
| 2023 | Norway | Fredrik Dversnes | Uno-X Pro Cycling Team |
| 2024 | Spain | Óscar Pelegrí | Burgos BH |

### Team classification

| Year | Based | Team |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 |  | Team HTC–Columbia |
| 2011 |  | Leopard Trek |
| 2012 |  | RadioShack–Nissan |
| 2013 |  | BMC Racing Team |
| 2014 |  | Team Sky |
| 2015 |  | BMC Racing Team |
| 2016 |  | Team Dimension Data |
| 2017 |  | Team Dimension Data |
| 2018 |  | Astana |
| 2019 |  | Astana |
| 2020–2021 | *No race* | |
| 2022 |  | Arkéa–Samsic |
| 2023 |  | Bora–Hansgrohe |
| 2024 |  | UAE Team Emirates |

## Classifications

As of the 2022 edition, the jerseys worn by the leaders of the individual classifications are:

* Red Jersey – Worn by the leader of the general classification.
* Green Jersey – Worn by the leader of the points classification.
* Gold Jersey – Worn by the most active rider.
* White Jersey – Worn by the best rider under 23 years of age on the overall classification.

## InfoBox

Tour of Oman
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Race details | |
| Date | February |
| Region | Oman |
| Discipline | Road |
| Competition | UCI ProSeries |
| Type | Stage race |
| Organiser | Amaury Sport Organisation |
| Race director | Eddy Merckx |
| Web site | www.tour-of-oman.com |
| History | |
| First edition | 2010 (2010) |
| Editions | 13 (as of 2024) |
| First winner | Fabian Cancellara (SUI) |
| Most wins | Chris Froome (GBR)
Alexey Lutsenko (KAZ)
*(2 wins each)* |
| Most recent | Adam Yates (GBR) |


title: Tour of Salalah

abstract: The Tour of Salalah is a multi-day road cycling race held annually in Oman. It is part of the UCI Asia Tour and is contested in September.

text:
# Tour of Salalah

The **Tour of Salalah** is a multi-day road cycling race held annually in Oman. It is part of the UCI Asia Tour and is contested in September.

## Winners

| Year | Winner | Second | Third |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2023 | Grega Bole (SLO) | Abdulla Jasim Al-Ali (UAE) | Kenny Nijssen (NED) |
| 2024 | Nícolas Sessler (BRA) | Ibrahim Essabahy (MAR) | Azzedine Lagab (ALG) |

## InfoBox

Tour of Salalah
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | September |
| Region | Oman |
| Discipline | Road |
| Competition | UCI Asia Tour (2023–) |
| Type | Stage race |
| History | |
| First edition | 2023 (2023) |
| Editions | 2 (as of 2024) |
| First winner | Grega Bole (SLO) |
| Most wins | *No repeat winners* |
| Most recent | Nícolas Sessler (BRA) |


title: Tournan station

abstract: Tournan station is a hub in the French transport network enabling travellers to reach the region around Tournan-en-Brie. This place provides an easy connection to other forms of road transport. It is a railway station serving the town Tournan-en-Brie, Seine-et-Marne department, northern France. It is on the line from Gretz-Armainvilliers to Sézanne.

text:
# Tournan station

**Tournan station** (French: *Gare de Tournan*) is a hub in the French transport network enabling travellers to reach the region around Tournan-en-Brie (Seine-et-Marne, Ile-de-France). This place provides an easy connection to other forms of road transport. It is a railway station serving the town Tournan-en-Brie, Seine-et-Marne department, northern France. It is on the line from Gretz-Armainvilliers to Sézanne.

## InfoBox

| Tournan | |
| --- | --- |
| Building of the station from the outside in 2017. | |
| General information | |
| Location | 1 Rue du Général Clemenceau
Tournan-en-Brie
France |
| Coordinates | 48°44′22″N 2°45′33″E / 48.739345°N 2.759172°E / 48.739345; 2.759172 |
| Owned by | SNCF |
| Operated by | SNCF |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Tracks | 3 |
| Connections | * Sol'R: 3, 7, 21, 28, 121, 209, 309, 409 * Stigo: 11, 18 * Procars: 14 * Yerres–Brie Centrale: 23 * Darche-Gros: 30 * PEP'S: 32 * Noctilien: **N142** |
| Construction | |
| Accessible | Yes, by prior reservation |
| Other information | |
| Station code | 87116210 |
| Fare zone | 5 |
| History | |
| Opened | 2 February 1861 (1861-02-02) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| 2014 | 2,068,200 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  RER Following station  Gretz-Armainvillierstowards Nanterre–La Folie  RER E  *Terminus*  Preceding station  Transilien Following station  Paris-EstTerminus  Line P  Marles-en-Brietowards Coulommiers | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Future services   Preceding station  Transilien Following station  Villiers–Champigny–Brytowards Paris-Est  Line P*(late 2025)*  Marles-en-Brietowards Coulommiers | |
|  | |


title: Trevor Robbins

abstract: Trevor William Robbins CBE FRS FMedSci is a professor of cognitive neuroscience and the former Head of the Department of Psychology at the University of Cambridge. Robbins interests are in the fields of cognitive neuroscience, behavioural neuroscience and psychopharmacology. Robbins is Director of the University of Cambridge Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute (BCNI). He is an Emeritus Fellow of Downing College, Cambridge, and Past-President of the British Neuroscience Association (BNA), the British Association for Psychopharmacology (BAP) and the European Behavioural Pharmacology Society (EBPS).

text:
# Trevor Robbins

**Trevor William Robbins** CBE FRS FMedSci (born 26 November 1949) is a professor of cognitive neuroscience and the former Head of the Department of Psychology at the University of Cambridge. Robbins interests are in the fields of cognitive neuroscience, behavioural neuroscience and psychopharmacology.

Robbins is Director of the University of Cambridge Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute (BCNI). He is an Emeritus Fellow of Downing College, Cambridge, and Past-President of the British Neuroscience Association (BNA), the British Association for Psychopharmacology (BAP) and the European Behavioural Pharmacology Society (EBPS).

## Education

Following admittance in Jesus College, Cambridge, Robbins obtained his Bachelor of Arts with First Class Honours in psychology in 1971. Following this, he received his PhD degree from the University of Cambridge in 1975 for an analysis of the behavioural effects of Dextroamphetamine.

Robbins is a keen chess player and represented both England Juniors in 1967 and the University of Cambridge as an undergraduate. He was once ranked in the top twenty players in England and had one of his wins from a Varsity match in 1970 featured as a classic game in The Sunday Times.

## Career

Robbins was appointed as a Demonstrator in the Department of Experimental Psychology at the University of Cambridge in 1973. He was subsequently promoted to Lecturer and Reader, before becoming Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience in 1997. Robbins was elected to the Chair, and therefore Head of Department, of Psychology in October 2002, stepping down from the latter role in 2017.

The focus of Robbins' work is on the functions of the frontal lobes of the brain and their regulation by the chemical neurotransmitter systems in humans and other animals. This work is relevant to neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, depression, drug addiction, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as well as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Robbins also employs psychological paradigms for investigating cognitive functions, including planning, decision making, learning, attention and self-control, often with brain imaging. His research covers the mechanisms underlying possible cognitive enhancing effects of drugs and understanding the causation and neural basis of drug addiction and impulsive-compulsive behaviour.

The work of Robbins and his collaborators led to the formation of the BCNI in 2005, which is jointly funded by the Medical Research Council (MRC) and the Wellcome Trust. Robbins is director of the institute, which focuses on translational work leading to the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.

Robbins Chaired the MRC Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Board between 1995 and 1999, and was co-leader of the UK Government 2005 Foresight Project entitled 'Drug Futures 2025?'. He has also consulted for the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom on the state of UK research. Since 2005, Robbins has been a Fellow of the Royal Society. In addition, he is a Fellow of the British Psychological Society (since 1990) and a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences (since 2000).

Robbins has published over 850 full papers in scientific journals, including Nature, Brain, Science and Nature Neuroscience.

The ISI Web of Science and Google Scholar credit Robbins with a Hirsch (h) index of 257 listing 1347 scientific contributions and 134,127 citations. He is credited as one of the top cited authors in Neuroscience. He has been an editor of the journal Psychopharmacology since 1980, is a Member of the Editorial Board of the journal Science, and is Co-Editor-in-Chief of the journal *Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences*. In 2017–2018 he was a guest co-editor of a theme issue of the *Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society*. Robbins has co-edited 7 books, including *Psychology for Medicine*, *The Neurobiology of Addiction* and *Decision Making, Effect and Learning*.

## Inventions

Robbins' research uses neuropsychological tests, such as the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), which he co-invented with Professor Barbara Sahakian in the 1980s. CANTAB is now used at over 700 research institutes worldwide and is backed by over 1,200 peer-review articles. Robbins serves as a Senior Consultant to Cambridge Cognition, a spin-out of the University of Cambridge. Cambridge Cognition now provides CANTAB.

The CANTAB PAL touchscreen test, which assesses visual memory and new learning, was included in a REF submission at the University of Cambridge. This submission (which included research from across the University unrelated to CANTAB PAL) received a 4\* grade from the Research Excellence Framework (REF) 2014.  CANTAB and CANTAB PAL were highlighted in the Medical Schools Council ‘Health of the Nation’ 2015 publication.

Robbins is also a co-author of the neurochemical Functional Ensemble of Temperament model that mapped the functional roles of brain neurotransmitters to main aspects of behavioural regulation.

## Press

Robbins has frequently appeared in press interviews to discuss his research such as The Guardian, BBC News, The Daily Express and the Naked Scientists podcast. He frequently engages the public in science, such as speaking at the Hay Festival and participating in a feature on smart drugs for BBC Online.

## Awards

Robbins's work was acknowledged by the following honours and awards:

* 2005 – (co-recipient) The Neuronal Plasticity Prize, which was awarded by the Ipsen Foundation for his work on motivation and the striatum.
* 2011 – (joint) American Psychological Association Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions for his research in experimental psychology and neuroscience.
* 2012 – Appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2012 UK New Year Honours for services to medical research.
* 2012 – The Award of the Angharad Dodds John Fellowship in Mental Health and Neuropsychiatry at Downing College, Cambridge.
* 2014 – (along with Professor Stanislas Dehaene and Professor Giacomo Rizzolatti) – The Award of the Grete Lundbeck European Brain Research Prize 2014, also known as The Brain Prize, for Robbins' pioneering research on higher brain mechanisms and his efforts to understand cognitive and behavioural disorders. The award was presented at a Ceremony in Denmark in May 2014.
* 2015 – Robert Sommer Award for Research into Schizophrenia
* 2015 – British Association for Psychopharmacology - Lifetime Achievement Award
* 2016 – Gold Medal of the Society of Biological Psychiatry (USA)
* 2017 – Patricia Goldman-Rakic Award in Cognitive Neuroscience
* 2017 – Fellow, British Pharmacological Society (FBPhS)
* 2018 – Honorary Professor, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
* 2019 – British Psychological Society - Lifetime Achievement Award
* 2022 – Association of Psychological Science - William James Fellow Award
* 2024 – "Trevor Robbins Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory" opened at the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge

## InfoBox

| Trevor William Robbins | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1949-11-26) 26 November 1949 |
| Alma mater | Jesus College, Cambridge |
| Spouse | Barbara Sahakian |
| Awards | Grete Lundbeck European Brain Research Prize (2014) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | University of Cambridge |
| Thesis | *An analysis of the behavioural effects of d-amphetamine* (1975) |
|  | |


title: Trams in Opatija

abstract: Trams in Opatija ran from February 1908 to March 1933, connecting the railway station in Matulji with Opatija and Lovran.

text:
# Trams in Opatija

**Trams in Opatija** ran from February 1908 to March 1933, connecting the railway station in Matulji with Opatija and Lovran.

## History

The Opatija line was planned in 1892 as a steam driven tramway line from Matulji to Volosko, however, this concept was not accepted due to complaints by the hotel industry fearing the smoke and noise generated by steam locomotives, which would disturb their guests. The routing of the electric railway on the Matulji - Lovran route began in 1904, and the then Ministry of Railways issued a building permit for its construction in 1907. The concession for building this 12 kilometer long track was issued on February 9, 1906 and the tramway went into operation on February 9, 1908.

The tramway line was closed on March 31, 1933, and the next day the public transportation was conducted using Consorzio Intercomunale Servizi Automobilistici Fiume-Abbazia busses. The tracks were removed and taken to Sicily by ship from the port of Opatija. The tram cars were sold to Ljubljana, where they ran and were in use until 1958.

## Technical

The line was descending from Matulje at the elevation of 212 meters (650 feet) in Matulji to the lowest 2 meters above sea level. The tram was single-track, and bypasses were built every few kilometers, where there were also stations, of which there were a total of 27. It had 13 locomotives and five passenger cars, and used a voltage of 750 volts of direct current. Although the section from Matulji to Preluk is quite steep, the tram did not use gears to overcome the steepness, but had electromagnetic brakes with quick engagement. The tram ran daily between Matulji and Lovran from 6 a.m. to 10 p.m., departing every 15 to 20 minutes. It started from the railway station in Matulji towards the center of Matulji, its draw was at Preluk, and then went down towards Volosko, Opatija, Ičići, Ika and Lovran.

There was a tram stop in front of the town hall, and a big one at that, since trams from opposite directions passed each other there. For this purpose, the otherwise single-track railway was now double-tracked there. The luggage was transported in separate wagons. In the summer they used open wagons to carry the public through Opatija.

1. Kućel Ilić, Aleksandra (20 March 2019). "'Po njemu si mogao navijati uru': Jeste li znali da je početkom 20. stoljeća Opatijom vozio – tramvaj?" \['You could wind a clock by it': Did you know that at the beginning of the 20th century, a tram ran through Opatija?\]. *Novi List* (in Croatian). Retrieved 14 January 2023.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Matulji-Opatija-Lovran tram | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Overview | |
| Locale | Opatija |
| Transit type | Tram |
| Number of lines | 1 |
| Number of stations | 27 |
| Operation | |
| Began operation | February 9, 1908 |
| Ended operation | March 31, 1933 |
| Technical | |
| System length | 12 km (7.5 mi) |
| Track gauge | 1,000 mm |
| Electrification | 750 V DC |


title: Trams in Avranches

abstract: The Tramway d'Avranches was a 2.7 kilometres long tramway system serving the coastal town of Avranches, France. Inaugurated in April 1907, the network consisted in a 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) line stretching across the town centre. Traction was electric. The tram closed on 2 August 1914.

text:
# Trams in Avranches

The **Tramway d'Avranches** was a 2.7 kilometres (1.7 miles) long tramway system serving the coastal town of Avranches, France.

Inaugurated in April 1907, the network consisted in a 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+38 in) line stretching across the town centre. Traction was electric. The tram closed on 2 August 1914.

## History

In December 1904, the Société française des tramways électriques, which had been awarded the concession for the steam operated Granville-Avranches-Sourdeval tramway, informed the municipality of Avranches of its intention to install an electric tramway between its railway station and town centre instead of the originally planned 1.7 kilometres (1.1 miles) long rack railway. The energy was supplied by a power plant built by Mr Ravous, a building contractor from Granville, and located near the Avranches station. It consisted of steam boilers, an engine room and an accumulator room.

The tramway was inaugurated by mayor Maurice Chevrel. Twelve departures per day were offered to passengers, from 6:30 to 20:45.

Operations were suspended during World War I and the electrical operation went unreinstated, but a horse-drawn carriage link then replaced it, until a bus link was introduced in September 1939.

Avranches-Est station, also known as the tramway station, was demolished around 1990. All that remains is the Place des Tramways.

## Stations

The tramway had initially seven and later nine stations, as follows:

It had been originally planned that the terminus of the line in the town would be located at the terminal station of the Avranches–Saint-James tramway, using its track between the Octroi du Centre (now Place Patton) and the station. The track and the switch connecting the two lines had been laid, but a fault in the switch had caused an accident in March 1907, when the Avranches to Saint-James tramway ran onto the track of the electric tramway towards the station, causing the derailment of a car at the end of the train. As the Société des chemins de fer de la Manche operating the electric line and the Compagnie des tramways normands operating the tramway from Avranches to Saint-James were initially unable to agree on how to operate the section together, the electric line ran initially only to Octroi du Centre.

During 1909, part of the services were extended from Avranches-État station to the *Gare du Tram de Granville* (also known as *Gare de Chemins de fer de la Manche*). They just stopped at the Gare de l'Etat to pick-up passengers. By October 1909, the line was extended from Octroi du Centre to the Avranches–Saint-James tramway terminus.

## Connections

The electric tramway had the same gauge and was connected to the steam operated Granville-Avranches-Sourdeval tramway and Avranches–Saint-James tramway at either end of its line.

1. Jean Randé and Francois Librini: *Granville Avranches Sourdeval.* In: *Archéologie ferroviaire (v2) – Atlas des lignes de chemins de fer disparues.*
2. Jean Randé und Francois Librini: *Tramway d’Avranches.* In: *Archéologie ferroviaire (v2) – Atlas des lignes de chemins de fer disparues*.
3. *Tramway d’Avranches.*
4. *Rue de la Liberté (Avranches).*
5. *Rue du Général-de-Gaulle (Avranches).*
6. Time table of Tramway d'Avranches, 24. Juli 1909.
7. Time table of Tramway d'Avranches, 17. April 1907.
8. Jean Randé und Francois Librini: *Avranches Saint-James.* In: *Archéologie ferroviaire (v2) – Atlas des lignes de chemins de fer disparues*.
9. *Journal de la Manche et de la Basse-Normandie.* Nr. 506, 24. Oktober 1908.
10. *Ligne ferroviaire Avranches-Saint-James.*
11. "Longueur approximative: 2.670 mètres." In: *Annales des ponts et chaussées. Mémoires et documents relatifs à l'art des constructions et au service de l'ingénieur. Lois, arrêtés et autres actes concernant l'administration des ponts et chaussées. Personnel France. Conseil général des ponts et chaussées.* 1 January 1906.
12. "Avranches-Ouest à Avranches-Ville, longueur 1 700." In: *Rapports et délibérations / Département de la Manche, Conseil général Manche. Conseil général. Auteur du texte,* p. 114.
13. *L'Ouest-Éclair: journal quotidien d'informations, politique, littéraire, commercial.* 23 August 1906.
14. *Tramway d’Avranches.*
15. *Rue de la Liberté (Avranches).*
16. *Rue du Général-de-Gaulle (Avranches).*
17. Jean Randé und Francois Librini: *Tramway d’Avranches.* In: *Archéologie ferroviaire (v2) – Atlas des lignes de chemins de fer disparues*.
18. *Avranches. - Déraillement.* Journal de la Manche et de la Basse-Normandie, No 341, 27 March 1907, p. 5
19. Time table of Tramway d'Avranches, 23 October 1909.

48°41′06″N 1°21′22″W / 48.68511795501748°N 1.3561732073836121°W / 48.68511795501748; -1.3561732073836121 (Place du Tramway, Avranches)

## InfoBox

| Electric tram in Avranches | |
| --- | --- |
| Electric tram in Rue de la Constitution | |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 2.7 km (1.7 mi) |
| Track gauge | 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+38 in) |
| Route map | |


title: Trevor Robinson (advertising)

abstract: Trevor Robinson, OBE is a creative director and founder of Quiet Storm, the London-based advertising agency and production company. A dedicated philanthropist, he heads a drive to encourage the UK's creative industries to embrace those, who like him, come from ethnic minority backgrounds. After studying art at Chelsea College of Art and at Hounslow College, Robinson entered the field of advertising. At HHCL & Partners, Robinson created the award-winning Orange Tango campaign. He followed this with campaigns for Apple Tango, Martini and Golden Wonder Pots. During this time Robinson started directing TV commercials. In 1995 Robinson branched out on his own. He set up Quiet Storm, the UK's first and only joint creative agency and production company, being recognised members of both the Institute of Practitioners in Advertising (IPA) and APA. The agency's client list includes COI, Kerry Foods, MTV, VIVA and HMV, as well as campaigns for Operation Black Vote and Mayoral conferences for the Greater London Authority. Robinson is Chair of the IPA Ethnic Diversity Forum. Frustrated by the lack of opportunities open to young people from the kind of background he had, Robinson founded Create Not Hate in 2007. Aimed at kids affected by gang-related violence, the purpose of Create Not Hate is to give those who might never otherwise be exposed to the creative industries an opportunity to demonstrate their own creative solutions to the issue of gun and knife crime. Create Not Hate generated A Mother's Tear, a short film written by two 15-year-old boys from Lambeth Academy, which was shown nationwide in cinemas, on the Community Channel TV station and on MTV. It also received extensive global press. In 2009, Robinson was awarded an OBE by the Queen for his services to UK advertising.

text:
# Trevor Robinson (advertising)

**Trevor Robinson**, OBE is a creative director and founder of Quiet Storm, the London-based advertising agency and production company. A dedicated philanthropist, he heads a drive to encourage the UK's creative industries to embrace those, who like him, come from ethnic minority backgrounds.

After studying art at Chelsea College of Art and at Hounslow College, Robinson entered the field of advertising. At HHCL & Partners, Robinson created the award-winning Orange Tango campaign (voted the UK's third most popular ad of all time by Channel 4 viewers). He followed this with campaigns for Apple Tango, Martini and Golden Wonder Pots. During this time Robinson started directing TV commercials.

In 1995 Robinson branched out on his own. He set up Quiet Storm, the UK's first and only joint creative agency and production company, being recognised members of both the Institute of Practitioners in Advertising (IPA) and APA. The agency's client list includes COI, Kerry Foods, MTV, VIVA and HMV, as well as campaigns for Operation Black Vote and Mayoral conferences for the Greater London Authority. Robinson is Chair of the IPA Ethnic Diversity Forum.

Frustrated by the lack of opportunities open to young people from the kind of background he had, Robinson founded Create Not Hate in 2007. Aimed at kids affected by gang-related violence, the purpose of Create Not Hate is to give those who might never otherwise be exposed to the creative industries an opportunity to demonstrate their own creative solutions to the issue of gun and knife crime. Create Not Hate generated *A Mother's Tear*, a short film written by two 15-year-old boys from Lambeth Academy, which was shown nationwide in cinemas, on the Community Channel TV station and on MTV. It also received extensive global press (from Sky News to news channels in Japan and Germany).

In 2009, Robinson was awarded an OBE by the Queen for his services to UK advertising.

1. "Minority report: The top 30 ethnic minority figures in the media industry". *TheGuardian.com*. 2 April 2007.
2. "Movers: Appointment at the Screen Nation Foundation".
3. "Who's who in Black in Britain". Archived from the original on 2010-05-19. Retrieved 2010-05-11.
4. "Categories - All 4".
5. http://www.campaignlive.co.uk/news/features/996636/Close-Up-Ethnic-advertising-shake-off-minority-discipline-tag/?DCMP=ILC-SEARCH%5B%5D
6. http://www.utalkmarketing.com/Pages/Article.aspx?ArticleID=13332&title=How%20Quiet%20Storm's%20Create%20Not%20Hate%20helped%20young%20people%20engage%20with%20the%20issue%20of%20gun%20and%20knife%20crime%5B%5D
7. "Create Not Hate 'A Mother's Tear': A Quiet Storm production". 5 May 2009.
8. "Gun crime's living victims | News". Archived from the original on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2010-05-11.
9. "Create Not Hate 'The Results': A Quiet Storm production". 8 September 2009.
10. "Queen's birthday honours list: Order of the British Empire, Officer". *TheGuardian.com*. 12 June 2009.
11. http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=15767%5B%5D
12. "The Week: People news - Robinson awarded an OBE".


title: Trevor Robinson (footballer)

abstract: Trevor Robinson is a Jamaican former footballer who played as a midfielder. He played for Cambridge United.

text:
# Trevor Robinson (footballer)

**Trevor Robinson** (born 20 September 1984) is a Jamaican former footballer who played as a midfielder. He played for Cambridge United.

## InfoBox

Trevor Robinson
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Trevor Robinson | | |
| Date of birth | (1984-09-20) 20 September 1984 | | |
| Place of birth | St Catherines, Jamaica | | |
| Height | 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2003–2006 | Millwall | 4 | (0) |
| 2005 | Tamworth (loan) | 2 | (0) |
| 2006 | Cambridge United (loan) | 4 | (0) |
| 2006 | Cambridge United | 9 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Trevor Rogers (baseball)

abstract: Trevor J'Daniel Rogers is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Baltimore Orioles of Major League Baseball (MLB). He has previously played in MLB for the Miami Marlins. Rogers was selected 13th overall by the Marlins in the 2017 MLB draft, and made his MLB debut with them in 2020.

text:
# Trevor Rogers (baseball)

**Trevor J'Daniel Rogers** (born November 13, 1997) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Baltimore Orioles of Major League Baseball (MLB). He has previously played in MLB for the Miami Marlins. Rogers was selected 13th overall by the Marlins in the 2017 MLB draft, and made his MLB debut with them in 2020.

## Amateur career

Rogers attended Carlsbad High School in Carlsbad, New Mexico. As a junior, he was 9–2 with a 0.70 earned run average (ERA) and 122 strikeouts and helped lead his team to victory in the 6A state championship game.

Rogers committed to Texas Tech University to play college baseball. Considered one of the top prospects for the 2017 Major League Baseball draft, the Miami Marlins selected him with the 13th overall selection. Rogers signed with Miami for $3.4 million.

## Professional career

### Miami Marlins

#### Minor leagues

Rogers made his professional debut in 2018 with the Greensboro Grasshoppers and spent the entire season there, pitching to a 2–7 record with a 5.82 ERA over 17 starts. He began 2019 with the Jupiter Hammerheads with whom he was named a Florida State League All-Star. He was promoted to the Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp in August. Over 23 starts between both clubs, Rogers went 6–10 with a 2.90 ERA, striking out 150 batters over 136+13 innings.

#### Major leagues

On August 25, 2020, Rogers was selected to the active roster. He started against the New York Mets, pitching four scoreless innings and allowing one hit. He made seven starts in 2020, going 1–2 with a 6.11 ERA with 39 strikeouts over 28 innings.

Rogers began 2021 as a member of Miami's starting rotation. He was named the NL Rookie of the Month Award back-to-back for the months of April and May 2021. He opened the season with a 3-1 record and a 1.29 ERA in five starts with thirty-eight strikeouts over twenty-eight innings in April. He followed that strong performance again in May with a 3-2 record and a 2.34 ERA in six starts, striking out thirty-eight batters. He was the first Marlins player to win Rookie of the Month honors since Justin Bour in September 2015 and the first Marlins pitcher to win it since José Fernández in July 2013. In July of that year, Rogers was named to the All-Star Game as the Marlins' sole representative. He finished the 2021 record with a 2.64 ERA and 157 strikeouts over 133 innings in 25 starts, despite a 7–8 record. He finished second in NL Rookie of the Year voting behind Jonathan India.

In 2022, Rogers had a down year in retrospect to his rookie campaign. In 23 starts, he registered a 4–11 record and 5.47 ERA with 106 strikeouts in 107.0 innings pitched. His sophomore season ended prematurely after he was placed on the injured list with a left lat strain on September 22.

Rogers began the 2023 season out of the rotation with Miami, logging a 1–2 record in 4 starts. In an April 19 start against the San Francisco Giants, Rogers was removed from the outing with an injury, later revealed to be a left biceps strain. He began a rehab assignment with the Single–A Jupiter Hammerheads on May 30. However, after Rogers was scratched from a scheduled start on June 10, he was transferred to the 60-day injured list three days later, where he spent the remainder of the year.

Rogers made 21 starts for the Marlins in 2024, compiling a 2–9 record and 4.53 ERA with 85 strikeouts across 105+13 innings pitched.

### Baltimore Orioles

On July 30, 2024, the Marlins traded Rogers to the Baltimore Orioles in exchange for infielder Connor Norby and outfielder Kyle Stowers.

On August 22, 2024, the Orioles optioned Rogers to their AAA minor league affiliate, the Norfolk Tides.

## Personal life

His cousin, Cody Ross, played in Major League Baseball.

## InfoBox

| Trevor Rogers | |
| --- | --- |
| Rogers with the Marlins in 2023 | |
| Baltimore Orioles – No. 28 | |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:**  (1997-11-13) November 13, 1997
Carlsbad, New Mexico, U.S. | |
| **Bats:** Left**Throws:** Left | |
| MLB debut | |
| August 25, 2020, for the Miami Marlins | |
| MLB statistics
(through 2024 season) | |
| Win–loss record | 15-34 |
| Earned run average | 4.36 |
| Strikeouts | 418 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |


title: Treaty of London (1946)

abstract: The Treaty of London was signed between the United Kingdom and the Emirate of Trans-Jordan on 22 March 1946 and came into force on 17 June 1946. The treaty concerned the sovereignty and independence of the Arab state of Transjordan, which would now be known as the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan, with Emir Abdullah I as its king. However, Britain would still maintain military bases within the country and continue to subsidise and support the Arab Legion, as the treaty was designed to give Britain as much freedom of action as possible. The Treaty of London superseded the former Anglo-Transjordan mandate, the Organic Law of 1928. This former mandate liberalised several restrictions on Transjordan. However, the United Kingdom controlled financial matters and most foreign policy issues. It was then considered a step towards future independence. Transjordan's impending independence was recognised on 18 April 1946 by the League of Nations during the last meeting of that organisation. On 25 May 1946, Transjordan became the "Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan" when the ruling 'Amir' was re-designated as 'King' by the parliament of Transjordan on the day it ratified the Treaty of London. 25 May is still celebrated as independence day in Jordan. However, officially the mandate for Transjordan ended on 17 June 1946 when, in accordance with the Treaty of London, the ratifications were exchanged in Amman and Transjordan gained full independence. When King Abdullah applied for membership in the newly formed United Nations, his request was vetoed by the Soviet Union, citing that the nation was not "fully independent" of British control. This resulted in another treaty in March 1948 with Britain in which all restrictions on sovereignty were removed. Despite this, Jordan only became a full member of the United Nations on 14 December 1955 as part of a wider compromise in which 16 countries joined on the same day.

text:
# Treaty of London (1946)

The **Treaty of London** was signed between the United Kingdom and the Emirate of Trans-Jordan on 22 March 1946 and came into force on 17 June 1946.

The treaty concerned the sovereignty and independence of the Arab state of Transjordan (officially written as Trans-Jordan), which would now be known as the **Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan**, with Emir Abdullah I as its king. However, Britain would still maintain military bases within the country and continue to subsidise and support the Arab Legion, as the treaty was designed to give Britain as much freedom of action as possible.

The Treaty of London superseded the former Anglo-Transjordan mandate, the **Organic Law of 1928**. This former mandate liberalised several restrictions on Transjordan. However, the United Kingdom controlled financial matters and most foreign policy issues. It was then considered a step towards future independence.

Transjordan's impending independence was recognised on 18 April 1946 by the League of Nations during the last meeting of that organisation.

On 25 May 1946, Transjordan became the "**Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan**" when the ruling 'Amir' was re-designated as 'King' by the parliament of Transjordan on the day it ratified the Treaty of London. 25 May is still celebrated as independence day in Jordan. However, officially the mandate for Transjordan ended on 17 June 1946 when, in accordance with the Treaty of London, the ratifications were exchanged in Amman and Transjordan gained full independence.

When King Abdullah applied for membership in the newly formed United Nations, his request was vetoed by the Soviet Union, citing that the nation was not "fully independent" of British control. This resulted in another treaty in March 1948 with Britain in which all restrictions on sovereignty were removed. Despite this, Jordan only became a full member of the United Nations on 14 December 1955 as part of a wider compromise in which 16 countries joined on the same day.

## InfoBox

Treaty of London
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Bilateral treaty |
| Signed | 22 March 1946 (1946-03-22) |
| Location | London, England, UK |
| Original<br>signatories |  |
| Ratifiers | * United Kingdom * Transjordan |


title: Trial master file

abstract: In order to comply with government regulatory requirements pertinent to clinical trials, every organization involved in clinical trials must maintain and store certain documents, images and content related to the clinical trial. Depending on the regulatory jurisdiction, this information may be stored in the trial master file or TMF, which today takes the form of an electronic trial master file (eTMF). The International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) published a consolidated guidance for industry on Good Clinical Practice in 1996 with the objective of providing a unified standard for the European Union, Japan, and the United States of America to facilitate mutual acceptance of clinical data by the regulatory authorities in those jurisdictions. This guidance document established the requirement across all ICH regions to establish trial master files containing essential documents that individually and collectively permit evaluation of the conduct of a trial and the quality of the data produced.[2] In some jurisdictions, for example the USA, there is no specific requirement for a trial master file. However, if the regulatory authority requires ICH GCP to be followed, then there is consequently a requirement to create and maintain a trial master file.[2]

text:
# Trial master file

In order to comply with government regulatory requirements pertinent to clinical trials, every organization involved in clinical trials must maintain and store certain documents, images and content related to the clinical trial. Depending on the regulatory jurisdiction, this information may be stored in the **trial master file** or **TMF**, which today takes the form of an electronic trial master file (eTMF). The International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) published a consolidated guidance for industry on Good Clinical Practice in 1996 with the objective of providing a unified standard for the European Union, Japan, and the United States of America to facilitate mutual acceptance of clinical data by the regulatory authorities in those jurisdictions. This guidance document established the requirement across all ICH regions to establish trial master files containing essential documents that individually and collectively permit evaluation of the conduct of a trial and the quality of the data produced.\[2\] In some jurisdictions, for example the USA, there is no specific requirement for a trial master file. However, if the regulatory authority requires ICH GCP to be followed, then there is consequently a requirement to create and maintain a trial master file.\[2\]

## History

In a clinical trial involving human subjects, a set of content known as a trial master file (TMF) must be produced in accordance with applicable international and local regulations. TMFs are a collection of documents and other artifacts which "individually and collectively permit evaluation of the conduct of a trial and the quality of the data produced. These documents serve to demonstrate the compliance of the investigator, sponsor and monitor with the standards of Good Clinical Practice and with all applicable regulatory requirements." Historically, TMFs have been paper-based content sets stored in physical file cabinets, central file rooms, or shelved in binders. The size and complexity of a TMF is in direct proportion to the length and complexity of the trial.  The TMF is actively built during a trial, and must be maintained during a post-trial period for possible regulatory agency inspection in alignment with GCP and local country regulations. Traditionally, the TMF content names and requirements varies from sponsor to sponsor, creating a high degree of variability and inconsistency.

## TMF definition

A trial master file contains essential documents for a clinical trial that may be subject to regulatory agency oversight. In the European Union (EU), TMFs have a different definition and set of requirements than in the US. The EU Commission's Directive 2005/28/EC 63 Chapter 4 states 'the trial master file shall consist of essential documents, which enable both the conduct of a clinical trial and the quality of the data produced to be evaluated. Those documents shall show whether the investigator and the sponsor have complied with the principles and guidelines of good clinical practice and with the applicable requirements.' The US FDA recognizes the use of TMFs as a significant piece of information but unlike the EU with its TMF regulation, there is no formal requirement for maintenance of essential documents in a TMF in US-based clinical trials in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations. However, since the U.S. FDA require trials to be conducted in compliance with ICH GCP, there is an expectation that a trial master file will be created and maintained in accordance with those guidelines.

## TMF content

The United States, the EU and Japan support the International Conference on Harmonisation or ICH. The ICH has published a minimum set of essential documents for the TMF. The minimum essential documents that are required for the registration of pharmaceutical products designed for human use are specified in the document 'ICH Good Clinical Practices,' published in 1997 by the ICH Example ICH essential documents that would be required in any US, EU or Japan based clinical trial would include: signed protocol, audit certificate, subject enrollment log. Although the ICH guidelines are applicable to the three named ICH regions, many other countries have agreed to follow the guidelines and have incorporated the principles into their national medicines legislation. Creation of a TMF and inclusion of ICH essential documents is based on the discretion of the regulatory agency for the country in which the clinical trial is conducted. In addition, the submission of a marketing application will normally require compliance with the regulatory requirements of that country, including requirements specific to TMF content.

## TMF content classification efforts

Since the requirement to maintain a TMF containing essential records was documented in the ICH GCP E6 Consolidated Guideline in 1996, trial sponsors have struggled to identify exactly what content the TMF should contain. ICH E6 includes details of only a minimum list of contents and no other regulation or guideline provides a comprehensive list of TMF content. As a result of the inconsistencies that were developing across the sector, an industry group comprising 7 members from the GCP-RMA (Good Clinical Practice Records Managers Association) decided to develop a standard contents list for the TMF. A project team \[Eldin Rammell, Russell Joyce, Martin Lillis, Bram van den Brink, Nathalie Briffod, Thomas Altenwerth, Sarah Hitching\] was formed in September 2008 and a proposed process-based file plan developed. This was presented by Eldin Rammell to the Drug Information Association (DIA) Document Management conference in Vienna, Austria. The TMF Reference Model team was formed in 2009 within the Document and Records Management Community of the DIA. The first version of the TMF Reference Model (TMF RM)\[5\] was released in June 2010 and was updated in February, 2011 (v1.1) based on feedback provided by Regulators, and again in December, 2011 (v1.2), based on feedback provided by users of the model as they used it within their respective organizations to structure their paper and electronic TMFs. v2.0 in June 2012 and included expansions to the reference model. Artifacts, the term used for content types, were added for Investigator Site Files, Device trials, and Investigator Initiated Studies. The scope of metadata within the model was also extended in v2.0 to include the trial process with which each TMF artifact is associated. In June 2015 v3.0 of the TMF Reference Model was published. v3.0 includes provision for sub-classification of artifacts; identified as sub-artifacts. Section 01.03 (Trial Committees) was revised to provide additional flexibility, allowing for limitless numbers of committees to be managed within a TMF with a common classification structure. It also included 12 new artifacts, 8 removed artifacts and 1 re-classified artifact. The DIA states on their website 'The TMF Reference Model provides an opportunity for standardization across the industry, and can be used by any company in an electronic or paper format'.\[5\] Whilst the DIA doesn't have a formal, public and open standards effort in place to develop a formal, published standard, the use of the Reference Model is helping industry to standardize on the content of the trial master file, on the nomenclature for trial master file artifacts and on the taxonomy used. For clarification purposes, there is no intention by the DIA or the members of the Reference Model Project for the TMF Reference Model to be considered a formal standard.

In September 2013 non-profit CareLex initiated an eTMF standards initiative under the OASIS standards organization to develop a consistent, machine-readable content classification model for eTMFs.\[8\] **Rationale for the creation of the TMF Reference Model** This initiative did not receive industry support and is now effectively dismantled.

The TMF contains the trial sponsor’s and participating investigators’ set of content which individually and collectively permit the evaluation of the conduct of a clinical trial and the quality of the data produced. These documents serve to demonstrate compliance with the standards of GCP and with all applicable regulatory requirements.\[1\] It is part of the evidence provided for regulatory inspection that verifies that the members of the trial team: ensured subject protection, compliance with regulations/Good Clinical Practice, and that scientifically robust benefit-risk data was produced. While ICH GCP E6 details the minimum essential documents, it addresses only a sub-set of TMF content that is required to be created and available for inspection. Documentation requirements for the set-up and maintenance of quality systems, electronic systems, safety monitoring, and proof of an adequate and well-controlled trial, to name a few, exist in various regulations across many countries or regions, but are not explicitly described in ICH GCP E6. Since there was no comprehensive, common industry model or best practice for a TMF, the objective of the TMF RM is to provide a single, unified interpretation of the regulations of the ICH regions as a document-type listing which would be accepted by all clinical trial stakeholders and which can be adopted or adapted by any company, institution or organization. It does not provide guidance on the process by which the content is created, managed or retained.

**TMF Reference Model shortcomings**

As of May 2013, the TMF RM v2.0 was made available in an electronic spreadsheet format which is suitable for human viewing. While the TMF RM is acceptable for paper TMFs, there is no support for TMF content exchange between computer systems. As the TMF RM is not a standard and is therefore not fixed, the TMF Model allows for flexibility in approach and any aspect of the model can be changed to suit an individual user's needs. Whilst this benefits the individual user, it results in variances in use and interpretation from one company to another.

One issue with the use of the TMF RM as an eTMF classification model relates to duplicate artifact names in the TMF RM. The current release of the TMF RM v3.0 contains several duplicate artifact names such as 'Communications' or 'General', each with different contexts and uses but the same name, which makes the TMF artifact names more challenging to implement in eTMF search and retrieval where a unique set of search results is desired.\[9\] A second issue with the TMF RM relates to the length of the TMF RM artifact names - one artifact name is more than 64 characters. Different file systems have different limits on the depth of the filename path, creating potential problems and limitations based on the file system hierarchy in use.\[10\] Thirdly, with respect to the use of the TMF Reference Model as a database schema, the TMF RM v3.0 spreadsheet cannot be used without manual modification as a classification taxonomy in an electronic database.\[11\] Electronic systems which are not based on interoperability standards are often unable to communicate with other systems or applications.\[12\] The TMF RM currently lacks a controlled vocabulary based on published standards, which means that content indexed with the TMF RM artifact names and terms could return duplicate records, incorrect records or possibly no records at all if the model is not implemented appropriately.\[13\]The TMF RM doesn't provide standards-based methods to exchange the TMF model except for exchanging spreadsheet copies of TMF models. Today internet standards such as those promoted by the W3C are utilized for interoperable electronic exchange over legacy manual information exchange approaches.

**Development of eTMF Content Exchange Standards and Protocols** In an effort to assure interoperability of eTMF data among clinical trial stakeholders, in September 2013 non-profit CareLex initiated an eTMF standards initiative under the OASIS Open standards development organization for the development of a global eTMF ISO standard supporting seamless eTMF content exchange and portability. CareLex and SureClinical Inc are the founding sponsors of the eTMF standards initiative, with participation on the curation of a controlled vocabulary by the National Cancer Institute. The stated objective of the eTMF standards initiative is to "define an open, internationally recognized standard that will assure information interoperability among clinical trial stakeholders in the BioPharma industry." According to minutes from the OASIS eTMF standard Technical Committee, the standards initiative is coordinating the efforts of clinical trial sponsors, CRO’s, research organizations, and vendors to develop an ISO standard. This effort did not receive industry support and has now been dismantled and replaced by the TMF Reference Model Exchange Mechanism.

As of February 2014, a partial list of members in the OASIS eTMF Standard Technical Committee includes CareLex, EMC, Forte Research, HL7, Mayo Clinic, Oracle, Paragon Solutions, Safe-BioPharma, SterlingBio, and SureClinical. National Cancer Institute worked with the OASIS team to curate eTMF terms. The Technical Committee was closed by TC Administration without publication of a standard on 17 November 2017 and is no longer active.

In June 2018, the TMF Reference Model project team published a specification and an example XML exchange file for an eTMF Exchange Mechanism Standard at the DIA Global Meeting in Boston, USA. Use of this standard will help facilitate the exchange of TMF content between systems.

Effective from April 27, 2022 the TMF Reference Model ceased to be affiliated with DIA and transferred affiliation to the CDISC standards organization. Under CDISC, the intention is to develop the TMF Reference Model as a CDISC-certified standard.

## TMF recent developments

In February 2013, the EMA (European Medicines Agency) created a draft guideline document that recognizes the importance and legal equivalence of the TMF and the eTMF, and provided guidance to organizations implementing TMFs and eTMF systems. In the guideline document, EMA inspectors state that paper TMF documents may be stored in electronic eTMF systems, and after this process, that the paper may be destroyed. The use of eTMF systems for electronic storage is fully supported by the EMA in clinical trials as a replacement for paper. In a cautionary statement, the agency cites quality problems with TMFs and eTMFs due to document quality and discrepancies such as missing pages, improper labelling or missing documents.\[16\] In April 2014, the European Parliament approved Regulation (EU) No 536/2014 on clinical trials on medicinal products for human use, repealing Directive 2001/20/EC.\[17\] Article 57 of the Regulation requires that the TMF "shall at all times contain the essential documents relating to that clinical trial which allow verification of the conduct of a clinical trial and the quality of the data generated", confirming that the trial master file should be maintained contemporaneously. Article 58 requires that "the sponsor and investigator shall archive the content of the clinical trial master file for at least 25 years after the end of the clinical trial." This requirement defines a minimum retention period across the EU for all clinical trial master files, irrespective of whether the data subsequently supports a marketing authorization approval.

## Companies

Many contract research organizations (CROs) provide document management services to support trial master file management. In addition, there are a small number of niche companies that focus specifically on the trial master file. Their services include process and quality consultancy, management and filing of trial master file content and provision of trial master file document management technology solutions (eTMFs).

1. TMF Reference Model

2. EU Parliament Directive 2005/28/EC 63 Chapter 4

3. US FDA Guidance for Industry

4. TMF Reference Model 2.0

5. European Medicines Agency, 9. Problems found with Trial Master Files from GCP inspections, Jan 2013

6. European EC Regulations


title: Transport for Victoria

abstract: Transport for Victoria is a statutory office of the Department of Transport and Planning that is responsible for the planning and coordination of all transport systems in Victoria, Australia. It acts as an umbrella agency for Public Transport Victoria and VicRoads.

text:
# Transport for Victoria

**Transport for Victoria** is a statutory office of the Department of Transport and Planning that is responsible for the planning and coordination of all transport systems in Victoria, Australia.

It acts as an umbrella agency for Public Transport Victoria (PTV, the statutory authority that manages all public transit in Victoria, including trains, trams and buses) and VicRoads (the statutory authority that manages Victoria's roads).

## History

The formation of Transport for Victoria was jointly announced on 27 June 2016, by Jacinta Allan, Minister for Public Transport, and Luke Donnellan, Minister for Roads.

At the time, the government anticipated that TFV would eventually become a single point of information for travel within Victoria, as well as a coordinating agency for the planning of transport infrastructure.

Adam Carey, writing in *The Age*, suggested that the new authority would only undermine the role of the then recently established PTV as an umbrella agency.

The organization became operational in April 2017 to realise the principal objectives of the Transport Integration Act 2010.

At the start of 2019, TFV became part of the newly established Department of Transport.

## Head, Transport for Victoria

The office for the head of Transport for Victoria, officially Head, Transport for Victoria, is a statutory office established under section 64A of the *Transport Integration Act 2010*. The head plays a key strategic role in ensuring Victoria's growing transport system is integrated and coordinated. After the establishment of Department of Transport, the secretary of Department of Transport, currently Paul Younis, also holds the position of acting head of TfV.

## InfoBox

Transport for Victoria
| Office overview | |
| --- | --- |
| Formed | April 2017 |
| Type | Statutory office |
| Jurisdiction | Victoria |
| Headquarters | Melbourne |
| Minister responsible |  |
| Office executive | * Paul Younis, Secretary of the Department for Transport |
| Parent department | Department of Transport and Planning |
| Child agencies |  |
| Key document |  |


title: Trichopisthia

abstract: Trichopisthia is a monotypic moth genus in the family Lasiocampidae erected by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1909. Its single species, Trichopisthia monteiroi, described by Hamilton Herbert Druce in 1887, is found in Zimbabwe, Mozambique and KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

text:
# Trichopisthia

***Trichopisthia*** is a monotypic moth genus in the family Lasiocampidae erected by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1909. Its single species, ***Trichopisthia monteiroi***, described by Hamilton Herbert Druce in 1887, is found in Zimbabwe, Mozambique and KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

## InfoBox

| *Trichopisthia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lasiocampidae |
| Genus: | ***Trichopisthia***
Aurivillius, 1909 |
| Species: | ***T. monteiroi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trichopisthia monteiroi***
H. H. Druce, 1887 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Trichopisthia pallida* Fawcett, 1903 | |