abstract: In molecular biology, this entry refers to a protein domain called, the Vitelline membrane outer layer protein I (VMO-I). It is a structure found on the outside of an egg, in the vitelline membrane.

text:
# Vitelline membrane outer layer protein I (VMO-I)

In molecular biology, this entry refers to a protein domain called, the **Vitelline membrane outer layer protein I** (VMO-I). It is a structure found on the outside of an egg, in the vitelline membrane.

## Function

The major role of the vitelline membrane is to prevent the mixing of the yolk and albumen and also act as an important anti-microbial barrier, as indicated by the high content of lysozyme in the outer layer Vitelline membrane outer layer protein I (VMO-I) binds tightly to ovomucin fibrils, which construct the backbone of the outer layer membrane. VMO-I has considerable activity to synthesize N-acetylchito-oligosaccharide from N-acetylglucosamine hexasaccharides but no hydrolysis activity. VMO-I is composed of 163 aa

## Structure

The structure consists of three beta-sheets forming Greek key motifs, which are related by an internal pseudo three-fold symmetry. Furthermore, the structure of VOMI has strong similarity to the structure of the delta-endotoxin, as well as a carbohydrate-binding site in the top region of the common fold. VMO-I revealed a unique structure of the P-prism fold, a new type of multi-sheet assembly.

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR005515

## InfoBox

| VOMI | |
| --- | --- |
| crystal structure of vitelline membrane outer layer protein i (vmo-i): a folding motif with homologous greek key structures related by an internal three-fold symmetry | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | VOMI |
| Pfam | PF03762 |
| InterPro | IPR005515 |
| SCOP2 | 1vmo / SCOPe / SUPFAM |
| Available protein structures:  Pfam structures / ECOD  PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj  PDBsum structure summary | |


title: Vlastimil Mařinec

abstract: Vlastimil Mařinec is a retired Czechoslovak long and triple jumper. He finished fifth at the 1983 World Championships and won the silver medal at the 1984 European Indoor Championships, In the long jump he competed at the 1983 World Championships without reaching the final. He became Czechoslovak champion in 1980, 1981, 1983 and 1984 as well as in long jump in 1983; and Czechoslovak indoor champion in 1981. His personal best jump was 17.21 metres, achieved in June 1983 in Bratislava.

text:
# Vlastimil Mařinec

**Vlastimil Mařinec** (born 9 January 1957) is a retired Czechoslovak long and triple jumper.

He finished fifth at the 1983 World Championships and won the silver medal at the 1984 European Indoor Championships, In the long jump he competed at the 1983 World Championships without reaching the final.

He became Czechoslovak champion in 1980, 1981, 1983 and 1984 as well as in long jump in 1983; and Czechoslovak indoor champion in 1981.

His personal best jump was 17.21 metres, achieved in June 1983 in Bratislava.


title: Casto Innocenzio Ansaldi

abstract: Casto Innocenzio Ansaldi was an Italian professor, theologian and archaeologist.

text:
# Casto Innocenzio Ansaldi

**Casto Innocenzio Ansaldi** (7 March 1710, Piacenza, Italy – 4 May 1780, Turin) was an Italian professor, theologian and archaeologist.

## Biography

In 1726 Ansaldi entered the Dominican Order at Parma, where he pursued his preparatory studies. In 1733 he was a student of the College of St. Thomas in Rome, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, *Angelicum* where he attached himself to Giuseppe Agostino Cardinal Orsi. In 1735 he taught philosophy at Santa Caterina in Naples, and the following year received the chair of metaphysics at the University of Naples. However, in 1737 he was forced to resign after receiving orders from his superiors to move to Bologna. He seems to have disobeyed the order and gone into hiding for some time to avoid the consequences. The King of Naples created a chair of theology for him in 1737, which he retained until 1745. In that year he was appointed first teacher of theology at the Dominican convent in Brescia. Thereafter, to 1770, he taught at Ferrara and then at Turin. In the latter city he held the chair in theology for twenty years with great success and repute. He was averse to the scholastic method and therefore had serious trouble with the authorities of the Order, which was finally smoothed over by Angelo Maria Cardinal Quirini and Pope Benedict XIV.

## Work

His published works fill several volumes, and have been prized for a combination of theological and historical erudition. Most of them are directed against the anti-Christian tendencies of his day. His most important works are:

* *De Causis Inopiae veterum Monumentorum pro copia Martyrum Dignoscenda*
* *De Martyribus sine Sanguine Dissertatio* (Milan, 1739)
* *Patriarchae Josephi, Aegypti olim proregis, religio a criminationibus Basnagii vindicata* (Naples, 1738), vol. XIII in the *Raccolta d'opuscoli di P. Calogerà* (Venice, 1741)
* *Dissertatio de veteri Ægyptiorium Idolatriâ*, in the *Raccolta Calogerana*, 23, 135.
* *De Principiorum Legis naturalis Traditione*, Libri tres (Milan, 1742)
* *De Romanâ tutelarium deorum in oppugnationibus urbium evocatione liber singularis* (Brescia, 1742; Venice, 1753, 1761; Oxford, 1765)
* *De traditione principiorum legis naturalis* (Brescia, 1743; Oxford, 1765)
* *De martyribus sine sanguine* (Milan, 1744; Venice, 1756, in the *Thesaurus antiquitatum sacrarum* of Ugolini), a valuable anti-Dodwellian dissertation on the sufferings of the primitive Christians
* *De Forensi Judaeorum Buccina Commentarius* (Brescia, 1745)
* *Herodiani infanticidii vindiciae* against those who impugned its historicity (Brescia, 1746)
* *De authenticis sacrarum Scripturarum lectionibus* (Verona, 1747), a learned and solid work in favor of the accuracy of the Fathers in quoting Scripture
* *De baptismate in Spiritu Sancto et igni commentarius sacer philologicocriticus* (Milan, 1752)
* *De Theurgiâ deque theurgicis a divo Paulo memoratis commentarius* (Milan, 1761)
* *Riflessioni sopra i mezzi di perfezionare la filosfia morale* (Turin, 1778), with a biography of the author
* *De perfectione morali* (Turin, 1790)
* *Praelectiones theologicae de re sacramentaria* (Venice, 1792)

## Controversy

His controversy with Francesco Maria Zanotti in defense of Maupertuis's apology (Berlin, 1749) for Christian morality, as superior to that of the Stoics, was celebrated in the eighteenth century. He also compiled *Della necessità e verità della religione naturale e rivelata* (Venice, 1755), a collection of evidences and admissions from the works of celebrated non-Catholics. His brother, also a Dominican, Carlo Agostino Ansaldi, wrote a work (Turin, 1765) on the large number of the Christians before Constantine I; another brother, Pietro Tommasso Ansaldi, wrote a dissertation on the divinity of Christ (Florence, 1754).

---

## InfoBox

| ReverendCasto Innocenzio Ansaldi | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1710-03-07)7 March 1710
Piacenza, Duchy of Parma |
| Died | 4 May 1780(1780-05-04) (aged 70)
Turin, Kingdom of Sardinia |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Occupation(s) | Theologian
Archaeologist
University teacher |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas |
| Academic work | |
| Institutions |  |
|  | |


title: Viviparus diluvianus

abstract: †Viviparus diluvianus is an extinct species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Viviparidae, the river snails.

text:
# Viviparus diluvianus

***Viviparus diluvianus*** is an extinct species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Viviparidae, the river snails.

## Distribution

Type locality is near Berlin in Germany.

## InfoBox

| *Viviparus diluvianus*
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| A shell of *Viviparus diluvianus* from the type site in Berlin | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Architaenioglossa |
| Family: | Viviparidae |
| Genus: | *Viviparus* |
| Species: | ***V. diluvianus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Viviparus diluvianus***
(Kunth, 1865) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Paludina diluviana* Kunth, 1865 * *Paludina clactonensis* S. Wood, 1872 | |


title: Viviparus carinifer

abstract: Viviparus carinifer is an extinct species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Viviparidae, the river snails. It lived between the Bathonian and Bartonian epochs; although it may have persisted into the Oligocene. V. carinifer is often found preserved in Purbeck Marble, although it has also been found in Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire.

text:
# Viviparus carinifer

***Viviparus carinifer*** is an extinct species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Viviparidae, the river snails. It lived between the Bathonian and Bartonian epochs; although it may have persisted into the Oligocene.

*V. carinifer* is often found preserved in Purbeck Marble, although it has also been found in Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire.

|  |  |
| --- | --- |

## InfoBox

| *Viviparus carinifer*
Temporal range:
 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Drawing of a shell of *Viviparus carinifer* from its type description. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| (unranked): | clade Caenogastropoda
informal group Architaenioglossa |
| Superfamily: | Viviparoidea |
| Family: | Viviparidae |
| Subfamily: | Viviparinae |
| Genus: | *Viviparus* |
| Species: | ***V. carinifer*** |
| Binomial name | |
| *****Viviparus carinifer*****
(Sowerby, 1826) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Volker Sommer

abstract: Volker Sommer is a German author, anthropologist, and Professor of Evolutionary Anthropology at University College London (UCL). His research focusses on the evolution of primate social and sexual behaviour, cognition, rituals, biodiversity conservation, animal rights and evolutionary ethics.

text:
# Volker Sommer

**Volker Sommer** (born June 2, 1954) is a German author, anthropologist, and Professor of Evolutionary Anthropology at University College London (UCL). His research focusses on the evolution of primate social and sexual behaviour, cognition, rituals, biodiversity conservation, animal rights and evolutionary ethics.

## Life

Sommer was born in Holzhausen am Reinhardswald near Kassel, Germany. In his youth, he was a winner of the German national competition *Jugend forscht* (Youth Research, or Young Scientist) with his 1973 thesis on the social behavior of caterpillars. After completing his high-school education, he studied biology, chemistry and theology in Göttingen, Marburg, Berlin and Hamburg. Since 1981, he has been involved in a long-term study of Hanuman langurs in India. Between 1986 and 1988 he was the recipient of a scholarship from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. Sommer was awarded his doctorate in 1985, and his habilitation in 1990. In 1990 he took part in a multi-year study of gibbons in the forests of Thailand. After this was completed, he taught private Anthropology and Primatology lessons at the University of Göttingen. He also received the Heisenberg Scholarship from the German Research Foundation between 1991 and 1996, and was a researcher at the University of California in Davis.

Since 1996, Sommer has lectured on Evolutionary Anthropology at University College London. He has also led an international project to study the chimpanzees in the forests of Nigeria.

Sommer has published approximately 100 works on the biology of social and sexual behaviour, as well as several works of fiction. His works have been translated into several languages including English, Spanish, Italian, Wallonian, Korean, and Hindi. He regularly writes articles for magazines such as *Geo*, *Stern*, the *Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung* (Frankfurt General Times), *Nature*, *Kosmos*, *Die Zeit*, *Der Spiegel*, *Die Welt*, *Die Weltwoche* and *Neue Zürcher Zeitung*. He also takes part in radio, film, and television programmes, often as a panelist discussing his unusual research methods, or to give lectures. In October 2013 he appeared on BBC Radio 4's *Museum of Curiosity*, where he 'donated' 10 defecated ant heads to the collection.

Sommer is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Giordano Bruno Foundation

## Works (abridged)

### Books and Edited Volumes

#### (A) Evolutionary Biology and Primatology

* 1989: *Die Affen. Unsere wilde Verwandtschaft*. Hamburg: GEO / Gruner & Jahr. ISBN 3-570-03985-4
* 1990: *Wider die Natur? Homosexualität und Evolution*. Munich: C.H. Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-34739-9
* 1992: *Lob der Lüge. Täuschung und Selbstbetrug bei Tier und Mensch*. Munich: C.H. Beck. ISBN 978-3-423-30415-3 – Spanish 1995: *Elogio de la mentira*. Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg / Circulo de Lectores. ISBN 84-226-5402-4 – Italian 1998: *Elogio della menzogna.* Turin: Bollati Boringhieri. ISBN 88-339-1134-9
* 1992: *Feste – Mythen – Rituale. Warum die Völker feiern*. Hamburg: GEO / Gruner & Jahr. ISBN 3-570-01746-X
* 1996: *Heilige Egoisten. Die Soziobiologie indischer Tempelaffen*. Munich: C.H. Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-39755-4
* 1996 (as editor): *Biologie des Menschen.* (Series: Verständliche Forschung) Heidelberg, Berlin, Oxford: Spektrum Akademischer Verlag. ISBN 3-8274-0106-2
* 1998 (with photographer Karl Ammann): *Die Großen Menschenaffen: Orang-Utan, Gorilla, Schimpanse, Bonobo*. Munich: BLV. ISBN 978-3-405-15296-3
* 1998: *Von Menschen und anderen Tieren. Essays zur Evolutionsbiologie*. Stuttgart: S. Hirzel. ISBN 3-7776-0975-7
* 1999 (as editor): Christian Vogel, *Anthropologische Spuren. Zur Natur des Menschen.* (Edition Universitas). Stuttgart: S. Hirzel. 978-3-7776-0976-8
* 2006 (as editor, with Paul Vasey): *Homosexual Behaviour in Animals: Evolutionary Perspectives*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 78-0-521-86446-6 – Paperback 2011: ISBN 978-0-521-18230-0
* 2007: *Darwinisch denken. Horizonte der Evolutionsbiologie.* Stuttgart: Hirzel. ISBN 978-3-7776-1543-1
* 2008: *Schimpansenland. Wildes Leben in Afrika.* Munich: C.H. Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-56891-6
* 2010 (with photographer Jutta Hof): *Menschenaffen wie wir. Portraits einer Verwandtschaft. / Apes Like Us. Portraits of a Kinship*. \[Bilingual edition\]. Mannheim: EditionPanorama. ISBN 978-3-89823-435-1
* 2011 (as editor, with Caroline Ross): *Primates of Gashaka: Socioecology and Conservation in Nigeria's Biodiversity Hotspot.* (Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects). Springer: New York. ISBN 978-1-4419-7402-0
* 2015: *Lob der Lüge. Wie in der Evolution der Zweck die Mittel heiligt.* Stuttgart: S. Hirzel. ISBN 978-3-7776-2537-9
* 2021: *Unter Mitprimaten. Ansichten eines Affenforschers*. Stuttgart: Hirzel. ISBN 978-3-7776-2814-1
* 2022 (with Josephine N. Msindai): *The Chimpanzees of Rubondo Island*. *Apes Set Free.* London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-64456-2
* 2023: *Affen. Ein Portrait.* Berlin: Matthes & Seitz Berlin. ISBN 978-3-7518-4003-3
* 2024 (with Kathleen Bryson): *Why We Struggle Struggle with Ambiguity*. *The Quiddity Question.* Cambridge: Ethics Press. ISBN 978-1-80441-040-0

#### (B) Arts and Arts History

* 1988 (with Gerd Heinz-Mohr): *Die Rose. Entfaltung eines Symbols*. Köln: Diederichs. ISBN 978-3-424-00917-0 – Italian: *La Rosa – Storia Di Un Simbolo*. Mailand: Rusconi 1989. ISBN 88-18-12062-X
* 2018 (with Marcus Coates): *Degreecoordinates – Shared Traits of the Hominini (Humans, Bonobos and Chimpanzees).* Margate: Turner Contemporary. ISBN 978-1-9996088-0-4
* 2018 ('extended labels' for artist book of Amalia Pica): *please listen hurry others speak better.* Berlin: SternbergPress. ISBN 978-3-95679-427-8
* 2022 (as editor): Klaus Meister, *Ouevre / Werke / Art.* \[Trilingual edition French / German / English\]. Kassel: Schulverlag Meister. ISBN 978-3-00-067965-0

#### (C) Novels and Poetry

## Documentaries


title: Vitaliy Shchedov

abstract: Vitaliy Shchedov is a Ukrainian professional racing cyclist.

text:
# Vitaliy Shchedov

**Vitaliy Shchedov** (born 31 July 1987) is a Ukrainian professional racing cyclist.

## Career highlights

| Date | Placing | Event | Competition | Location | Country |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 4 March 2006 | 2 | Team pursuit | World Cup | Sydney | Australia |
| 18 November 2006 | 3 | Team pursuit | World Cup | Sydney | Australia |
| 20 January 2007 | 1 | Team pursuit | World Cup | Los Angeles | United States |
| 30 March 2007 |  | Team pursuit | World Championships | Palma de Mallorca | Spain |
| 19 January 2008 | 3 | Team pursuit | World Cup | Los Angeles | United States |
| 31 October 2008 | 2 | Individual pursuit | World Cup | Manchester | United Kingdom |
| 20 November 2008 | 3 | Individual pursuit | World Cup | Melbourne | Australia |
| 21 November 2008 | 3 | Team pursuit | World Cup | Melbourne | Australia |
| 16 January 2009 | 2 | Individual pursuit | World Cup | Beijing | China |
| 30 October 2009 | 3 | Individual pursuit | World Cup | Manchester | United Kingdom |
| 1 November 2009 | 3 | Team pursuit | World Cup | Manchester | United Kingdom |
| 19 November 2009 | 3 | Individual pursuit | World Cup | Melbourne | Australia |
| 22 January 2010 | 1 | Individual pursuit | World Cup | Beijing | China |
| 22 January 2010 | 1 | Individual pursuit | World Cup | Overall |  |

## InfoBox

Vitaliy Shchedov
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Vitaliy Shchedov |
| Born | (1987-07-31) 31 July 1987 |
| Team information | |
| Discipline | Track |
| Role | Rider |
| Rider type | Pursuit |
| Medal record      Representing  Ukraine  Men's track cycling  World Championships  2007 Palma de Mallorca Team pursuit | |


title: Voluntary society

abstract: A voluntary society, voluntary community or voluntary city is a term used in right-libertarianism to describe an entity in which all property and all services are provided through what the proponents of the term call "voluntary means" and in which they include private or cooperative ownership. In a "voluntary society", as described by David Beito, Peter Gordon and Alexander Tabarrok, the notion of something being "privately" or "cooperatively" owned would be "radically different" from "monopolistic privatization with state subsidies", or "monopolistic control of public resources by the state", respectively. Instead, courts might be replaced with dispute resolution organizations; police with volunteer-based community defense organizations or private security agencies and crime insurers; transportation authorities with community road associations and rail counterparts; etc. These services were the subject of the book, The Voluntary City, which dealt with them chapter-by-chapter. Anarcho-capitalists view "voluntary societies" as the solution to the conflict between those who favor government allowing behaviors and arrangements such as non-violent drug use, free stores, sexual liberation, voluntary communal sharing, etc., and those who favor government restrictions on such activities. Those who want to live under a certain code of conduct can move to a community that supports and protects it. Anarcho-capitalists such as Stefan Molyneux believe that in a "voluntary society", dispute resolution organizations and pollution insurance companies would prevent problems such as pollution.

text:
# Voluntary society

A **voluntary society**, **voluntary community** or **voluntary city** is a term used in right-libertarianism to describe an entity in which all property (including streets, parks, etc.) and all services (including courts, police, etc.) are provided through what the proponents of the term call "voluntary means" and in which they include private or cooperative ownership.

In a "voluntary society", as described by David Beito, Peter Gordon and Alexander Tabarrok, the notion of something being "privately" or "cooperatively" owned would be "radically different" from "monopolistic privatization with state subsidies", or "monopolistic control of public resources by the state", respectively. Instead, courts might be replaced with dispute resolution organizations; police with volunteer-based community defense organizations or private security agencies and crime insurers; transportation authorities with community road associations and rail counterparts; etc. These services were the subject of the book, *The Voluntary City*, which dealt with them chapter-by-chapter.

Anarcho-capitalists view "voluntary societies" as the solution to the conflict between those who favor government allowing behaviors and arrangements such as non-violent drug use, free stores, sexual liberation, voluntary communal sharing, etc., and those who favor government restrictions on such activities. Those who want to live under a certain code of conduct can move to a community that supports and protects it. Anarcho-capitalists such as Stefan Molyneux believe that in a "voluntary society", dispute resolution organizations and pollution insurance companies would prevent problems such as pollution.


title: Volumnio Bandinelli

abstract: Volumnio Bandinelli (1598–1667) was a Roman Catholic cardinal.

text:
# Volumnio Bandinelli

**Volumnio Bandinelli** (1598–1667) was a Roman Catholic cardinal.

## Biography

On 10 Jun 1658, he was consecrated bishop by Scipione Pannocchieschi d'Elci, Archbishop of Pisa, with Neri Corsini, Titular Archbishop of *Tamiathis*, and Carlo de' Vecchi, Bishop Emeritus of Chiusi, serving as co-consecrators.

## InfoBox

| His Eminence
Volumnio Bandinelli | |
| --- | --- |
| Cardinal-Priest of Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti | |
|  | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 10 Jun 1658
by Scipione Pannocchieschi d'Elci |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1598
Siena, Italy |
| Died | 5 Jun 1667 (age 69) |


title: Vučkovec

abstract: Vučkovec is a mineral spring in Međimurje County, northern Croatia, which from the early twentieth century served as the focus of a small resort community. The healing power of the warm mineral water was known to local inhabitants living near the Vučkovec locality from the very beginning. The spring water showed measured temperature between 33 °C and 34 °C, remarkable balneological factors, high level of mineralization and presence of carbon dioxide. In the mid-1930s, Josip Kraljić, a businessman from the 15-kilometer-distant town of Čakovec, developed the resort at the location by building the first swimming pool. At the same time he established a bottle filling section for bottled drinking mineral water called „Vučkovec – mineral spring of Medjimurje“, that functioned until the Second World War. After the War the facility was nationalized and suffered stagnation. New development occurred in 1996, after the Croatian War of Independence, as the whole area was included into a new-formed Sveti Martin na Muri municipality. Vučkovec was bought by the firm „Modeks“ Inc. from the neighbouring town of Mursko Središće and named „Toplice Vučkovec“. A new swimming pool was built, as well as dressing room, restaurant and other supporting facilities. In 2003 a new company, „Toplice Sveti Martin“ Ltd., took over the location with all existing equipment and pushed strongly for the further development, investing in a new open-air and an indoor swimming pool, saunas, sunbeds, golf playgrounds and a new four-star hotel. So an attractive health, spa and sport resort, well known in the region, has been developed lately. Besides the mineral spring, the name Vučkovec has been used for the neighbouring gas exploitation field, as well as for the water retention dam on the rambling Gradiščak brook, built for flood protection.

text:
# Vučkovec

**Vučkovec** is a mineral spring in Međimurje County, northern Croatia, which from the early twentieth century served as the focus of a small resort community.

The healing power of the warm mineral water was known to local inhabitants living near the Vučkovec locality from the very beginning. The spring water showed measured temperature between 33 °C and 34 °C, remarkable balneological factors, high level of mineralization and presence of carbon dioxide.

In the mid-1930s, Josip Kraljić, a businessman from the 15-kilometer-distant town of Čakovec, developed the resort at the location by building the first swimming pool. At the same time he established a bottle filling section for bottled drinking mineral water called „Vučkovec – mineral spring of Medjimurje“, that functioned until the Second World War. After the War the facility was nationalized and suffered stagnation.

New development occurred in 1996, after the Croatian War of Independence, as the whole area was included into a new-formed Sveti Martin na Muri municipality. Vučkovec was bought by the firm „Modeks“ Inc. from the neighbouring town of Mursko Središće and named „Toplice Vučkovec“ (English: Vuchkovets Spa). A new swimming pool was built, as well as dressing room, restaurant and other supporting facilities.

In 2003 a new company, „Toplice Sveti Martin“ Ltd., took over the location with all existing equipment and pushed strongly for the further development, investing in a new open-air and an indoor swimming pool, saunas, sunbeds, golf playgrounds and a new four-star hotel. So an attractive health, spa and sport resort, well known in the region, has been developed lately.

Besides the mineral spring, the name *Vučkovec* has been used for the neighbouring gas exploitation field, as well as for the water retention dam on the rambling Gradiščak brook, built for flood protection.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Vučkovec | |
| --- | --- |
| Mineral spring | |
| The healing power of the mineral water used to treat patients and other users | |
| Coordinates: 46°30.0′N 16°20.0′E / 46.5000°N 16.3333°E / 46.5000; 16.3333 | |
| Country | Croatia |
| County | Međimurje |


title: Wings of a Continent

abstract: Wings of a Continent is a 1941 Canadian short documentary film, part of the wartime Canada Carries On series of short films by the National Film Board of Canada, produced for the Office of Public Information. The film was directed by Raymond Spottiswoode—father of filmmaker Roger Spottiswoode—written and produced by Stuart Legg and narrated by Lorne Greene.

text:
# Wings of a Continent

***Wings of a Continent*** is a 1941 Canadian short documentary film, part of the wartime *Canada Carries On* series of short films by the National Film Board of Canada, produced for the Office of Public Information. The film was directed by Raymond Spottiswoode—father of filmmaker Roger Spottiswoode—written and produced by Stuart Legg and narrated by Lorne Greene.

## Synopsis

Commercial air transportation in Canada began with bush pilots pioneering air routes in the north and Arctic. A new industry was born and within a few years, the air carriers serving the Canadian north became the largest carriers of airborne cargo in the world. Small bush companies eventually grew into modern airlines, the largest becoming the Trans-Canada Air Lines, offering transcontinental service.

Airlines like Trans-Canada Air Lines operate with the complexity and precision of a well-run machine, relying of the work and effort of every employee, from technicians and mechanics on the ground, the operators at the weather station to the pilot at the controls; each individual plays an important role. With the coming of the Second World War, the airlines in Canada took on a new role.

The strategic use of air transportation in Canada during wartime in connecting the far-flung industries and military stations, is significant. They are the link between the continents flying the great ocean clipper routes across the Atlantic and the Pacific. Canada's air services also serve to unite the battle front in Europe and the battle front in the Pacific.

Planning for a postwar world, Canada's airlines are well fitted to take advantage of the wartime supply routes that were established across the globe.

## Production

*Wings of a Continent* was part of the *Canada Carries On* series, produced with financial backing from the Wartime Information Board, and was released shortly after the United States went to war. The documentary was created as a morale boosting propaganda film during the Second World War.

The narrator of *Wings of a Continent* was Lorne Greene, known for his work on both radio broadcasts as a news announcer at *CBC* as well as narrating many of the *Canada Carries On* series. His sonorous recitation led to his nickname, "The Voice of Canada", and to some observers, the "voice-of-God". When reading grim battle statistics or as in *Wings of a Continent*, narrating a particularly serious topic such as Canada going to war, he was "The Voice of Doom".

## Reception

As part of the *Canada Carries On* series, *Wings of a Continent* was produced in 35 mm for the theatrical market and also released as *Les* *Ailes d'un Continent,* a version dubbed in French. Each film was shown over a six-month period as part of the shorts or newsreel segments in approximately 800 theatres across Canada. When shown in Ottawa, the reviewer commented that, "The strategic significance of air transportation in Canada in a world now totally at war is graphically described in the December release of the National Film Board's 'Wings of a Continent'." Along with others in the *Canada Carries On* series, *Wings of a Continent* received widespread circulation.

The NFB had an arrangement with Famous Players theatres to ensure that Canadians from coast-to-coast could see the documentary series, with further distribution by Columbia Pictures. After the six-month theatrical tour ended, individual films were made available on 16 mm to schools, libraries, churches and factories, extending the life of these films for another year or two. They were also made available to film libraries operated by university and provincial authorities.

### Notes

### Bibliography

* Bennett, Linda Greene. *My Father's Voice: The Biography of Lorne Greene*. Bloomington, Indiana: iUniverse, Inc., 2004. ISBN 978-0-595-33283-0.
* Ellis, Jack C. and Betsy A. McLane. "Theatrical Series". *New History of Documentary Film*. London: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005. ISBN 978-1-4411-2457-9.
* Lerner, Loren. *Canadian Film and Video: A Bibliography and Guide to the Literature*. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0-8020-2988-1.
* Rist, Peter. *Guide to the Cinema(s) of Canada*. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001. ISBN 978-0-3132-9931-5.

*

*Wings of a Continent* in the NFB collection catalog

## InfoBox

| Wings of a Continent | |
| --- | --- |
| Screenshot of title frame | |
| Directed by | Raymond Spottiswoode |
| Written by | Stuart Legg |
| Produced by | Stuart Legg |
| Narrated by | Lorne Greene |
| Cinematography | Roger Barlow |
| Music by | Lucio Agostini |
| Production<br>company | National Film Board of Canada |
| Distributed by | Columbia Pictures of Canada |
| Release date | * December 17, 1941 (1941-12-17) |
| Running time | 16 minutes |
| Country | Canada |
| Language | English |


title: Third ventricle

abstract: The third ventricle is one of the four connected cerebral ventricles of the ventricular system within the mammalian brain. It is a slit-like cavity formed in the diencephalon between the two thalami, in the midline between the right and left lateral ventricles, and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Running through the third ventricle is the interthalamic adhesion, which contains thalamic neurons and fibers that may connect the two thalami.

text:
# Third ventricle

The **third ventricle** is one of the four connected cerebral ventricles of the ventricular system within the mammalian brain. It is a slit-like cavity formed in the diencephalon between the two thalami, in the midline between the right and left lateral ventricles, and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Running through the third ventricle is the interthalamic adhesion, which contains thalamic neurons and fibers that may connect the two thalami.

## Structure

The third ventricle is a narrow, laterally flattened, vaguely rectangular region, filled with cerebrospinal fluid, and lined by ependyma. It is connected at the superior anterior corner to the lateral ventricles, by the interventricular foramina, and becomes the cerebral aqueduct (*aqueduct of Sylvius*) at the posterior caudal corner. Since the interventricular foramina are on the lateral edge, the corner of the third ventricle itself forms a bulb, known as the *anterior recess* (it is also known as the *bulb of the ventricle*). The roof of the ventricle comprises choroid plexus, forming the inferior central portion of the tela choroidea; immediately above the superior central portion of the tela choroidea is the fornix.

The lateral side of the ventricle is marked by a sulcus – the hypothalamic sulcus – from the inferior side of the interventricular foramina to the anterior side of the cerebral aqueduct. The lateral border posterior/superior of the sulcus constitutes the thalamus, while anterior/inferior of the sulcus it constitutes the hypothalamus. The interthalamic adhesion usually tunnels through the thalamic portion of the ventricle, joining together the left and right halves of the thalamus, although it is sometimes absent, or split into more than one tunnel through the ventricle; it is currently unknown whether any nerve fibres pass between the left and right thalamus via the adhesion (it has more resemblance to a herniation than a commissure).

The posterior border of the ventricle primarily constitutes the epithalamus. The superior part of the posterior border constitutes the habenular commissure, while more centrally it the pineal gland, which regulates sleep and reacts to light levels. Caudal of the pineal gland is the posterior commissure; nerve fibres reach the posterior commissure from the adjacent midbrain, but their onward connection is currently uncertain. The commissures create concavity to the shape of the posterior ventricle border, causing the suprapineal recess above the habenular, and the deeper pineal recess between the habenular and posterior commissures; the recesses being so-named due to the pineal recess being bordered by the pineal gland.

The anterior wall of the ventricle forms the lamina terminalis, within which the vascular organ monitors and regulates the osmotic concentration of the blood; the cerebrum lies beyond the lamina, and causes it to have a slightly concave shape. The optic recess – marks the inferior end of the lamina terminalis, with the optic chiasm forming the immediately adjacent floor.

The portion of the floor immediately posterior of the optic chiasm distends inferiorly, and slightly anteriorly, to form a funnel (the infundibulum); the recess leading to the funnel is known as the infundibular recess. The border of the funnel is the tuber cinereum, which constitutes a bundle of nerve fibres from the hypothalamus. The funnel ends in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, which is thus neurally connected to the hypothalamus via the tuber cinereum. A venous sinus (the *circular sinus*) surrounds the superior portion of the tuber cinereum; the *circular sinus* is in fact simply a portion of the two lateral cavernous sinuses, joined together by a posterior and anterior *intercavernous* sinus.

The mammillary bodies form the floor posterior of the tuber cinereum, acting as the link between the fornix and the hypothalamus. Posterior of the mamillary bodies, the ventricle becomes the opening of the cerebral aqueduct, the inferior borders becoming the crus cerebri (sometimes historically called the *cerebral peduncle*) of the midbrain.

## Development

The third ventricle, like other parts of the ventricular system of the brain, develops from the *neural canal* of the neural tube. Specifically, it originates from the most rostral portion of the neural tube which initially expands to become the prosencephalon. The lamina terminalis is the rostral termination of the neural tube. After about five weeks, different portions of the prosencephalon begin to take distinct developmental paths from one another – the more rostral portion becomes the telencephalon, while the more caudal portion becomes the diencephalon. The telencephalon gradually expands laterally to a much greater extent than it does dorsally or ventrally, and its connection to the remainder of the neural tube reduces to the interventricula foramina. The diencephalon expands more evenly, but caudally of the diencephalon the canal remains narrow. The third ventricle is the space formed by the expanding canal of the diencephalon.

The hypothalamic region of the ventricle develops from the ventral portion of the neural tube, while the thalamic region develops from the dorsal portion; the wall of the tube thickens and becomes the hypothalamus and thalamus respectively. The hypothalamic area of the ventricle begins to distend ventrally during the 5th week of development, creating the infundibulum and posterior pituitary; an outgrowth from the stomodeum (the future mouth) gradually extends towards it, to form the anterior pituitary.

The optic recess is noticeable by the end of the 6th week, by which time a bend is distinguishable in the dorsal portion of the ventricle border. Rostral of the bend, the medial dorsal portion of the ventrical begins to flatten, and become secretory (i.e. choroid plexus), forming the roof of the ventricle. Caudal of the bend, the ventricle border forms the epithalamus, and begins to distend towards the parietal bone (in lower vertebrates, it distends more specifically to the parietal eye); the border of the distention forms the pineal gland.

## Clinical significance

The floor of the third ventricle is formed by hypothalamic structures and this can be opened surgically between the mamillary bodies and the pituitary gland in a procedure called an endoscopic third ventriculostomy. An endoscopic third ventriculostomy can be performed in order to release extra fluid caused by hydrocephalus.

Several studies have found evidence of ventricular enlargement to be associated with major depression, particularly enlargement of the third ventricle. These observations are interpreted as indicating a loss of neural tissue in brain regions adjacent to the enlarged ventricle, leading to suggestions that cytokines and related mediators of neurodegeneration may play a role in giving rise to the disease.

A chordoid glioma is a rare tumour that can arise in the third ventricle.

## Additional images

## InfoBox

| Third ventricle | |
| --- | --- |
| Third ventricle shown in red | |
| Blue – lateral ventricles
Cyan – interventricular foramina (Monro)
Yellow – third ventricle
Red – cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius)
Purple – fourth ventricle
Green – continuous with the central canal
(apertures to subarachnoid space are not visible) | |
| Details | |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | *ventriculus tertius cerebri* |
| MeSH | D020542 |
| NeuroNames | 446 |
| NeuroLex ID | birnlex\_714 |
| TA98 | A14.1.08.410 |
| TA2 | 5769 |
| FMA | 78454 |
| Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy | |


title: Meromacroides

abstract: Meromacroides is a monotypic genus of Afrotropical hoverfly from the family Syrphidae, in the order Diptera.

text:
# Meromacroides

***Meromacroides*** is a monotypic genus of Afrotropical hoverfly from the family Syrphidae, in the order Diptera.

## Species

* ***Meromacroides meromacriformis*** (Bezzi, 1915)

## InfoBox

| *Meromacroides* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Syrphidae |
| Subfamily: | Eristalinae |
| Tribe: | Eristalini |
| Genus: | ***Meromacroides***
Curran, 1927 |
| Species: | ***M. meromacriformis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Meromacroides meromacriformis***
(Bezzi, 1915) | |
|


title: Wilhelm Söth

abstract: Wilhelm Söth was a German general during World War II who commanded the 3rd Panzer Division. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany.

text:
# Wilhelm Söth

**Wilhelm Söth** (15 February 1903 – 6 July 1978) was a German general during World War II who commanded the 3rd Panzer Division. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany.

## Awards

### Citations

### Bibliography

* Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) \[1986\]. *Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile* \[*The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches*\] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.

## InfoBox

| Wilhelm Söth | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 15 February 1903 (1903-02-15)
Wilster |
| Died | 6 July 1978(1978-07-06) (aged 75)
Hamburg |
| Allegiance | Weimar Republic
Nazi Germany |
| Service/branch | Army (Wehrmacht) |
| Rank | Generalmajor |
| Commands | Parachute-Panzer Division Hermann Göring
3rd Panzer Division |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
| Awards | Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross |


title: Stare Krzywe

abstract: Stare Krzywe is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stare Juchy, within Ełk County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) south-west of Stare Juchy, 19 km (12 mi) north-west of Ełk, and 107 km (66 mi) east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

text:
# Stare Krzywe

**Stare Krzywe** \[ˈstarɛ ˈkʂɨvɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stare Juchy, within Ełk County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) south-west of Stare Juchy, 19 km (12 mi) north-west of Ełk, and 107 km (66 mi) east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

## InfoBox

| Stare Krzywe | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Stare Krzywe | |
| Coordinates: 53°54′N 22°7′E / 53.900°N 22.117°E / 53.900; 22.117 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Warmian-Masurian |
| County | Ełk |
| Gmina | Stare Juchy |


title: The Princess of Dhagabad

abstract: The Princess of Dhagabad is a 2000 novel, the first book of a trilogy by Anna Kashina.

text:
# The Princess of Dhagabad

***The Princess of Dhagabad*** is a 2000 novel, the first book of a trilogy by Anna Kashina.

## Plot introduction

*The Princess of Dhagabad* follows the princess as she grows up, in fictional Dhagabad, into a young woman of seventeen, when she proves that she more than capable of taking her destiny—and the destiny of Dhagabad—into her hands.

## Plot summary

A magical book written with the exotic flavor of Arabian Nights, *The Princess of Dhagabad* is the first in a trilogy of fantasy novels. This sensuous and vividly imagined novel is about the coming-of-age of an Arabian princess, who is destined to be heiress to the throne of Dhagabad, and her relationship with Hasan, an all-powerful djinn who becomes her slave, teacher and steadfast companion. The Princess of Dhagabad follows the princess as she grows from a child of twelve into a young woman of seventeen, at which age she proves, against all tradition, that she is more than capable of taking her destiny-and the destiny of Dhagabad-in hand.

Hasan, her devoted djinn, whose power and omniscience crush him under an unbearable burden, gradually releases himself from his centuries-old pain and apathy. He grows to enjoy spending time with his mistress, until one day-against all odds-he discovers a power greater than wisdom or immortality, greater than suffering—love.

## Characters in "The Princess of Dhagabad"

* **Princess** \- The Princess of Dhagabad, protagonist
* **Hasan the Djinn** \- The princess' slave djinn
* **The Sultan**\- The princess' father, Sultan of Dhagabad
* **The Sultana**\- The princess' mother, Sultana of Dhagabad

## Major themes

## Release details

## Sources, references, external links, quotations

## InfoBox

The Princess of Dhagabad
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Anna Kashina |
| Language | English |
| Series | The Spirits of the Ancient Sands |
| Genre | Fantasy novel |
| Publisher | Herodias |
| Publication date | 15 May 2000 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Pages | 272 pp |
| ISBN | 1-928746-07-1 |
| OCLC | 43481820 |
| Dewey Decimal | 813/.54 21 |
| LC Class | PS3561.A6965 P7 2000 |
| Followed by | *The Goddess of Dance* |


title: Upper La Taste

abstract: Upper La Taste is a town in Saint Patrick Parish, Grenada. It is located towards the northern end of the island, along the eastern coast.

text:
# Upper La Taste

**Upper La Taste** is a town in Saint Patrick Parish, Grenada. It is located towards the northern end of the island, along the eastern coast.

## InfoBox

| Upper La Taste | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Upper La TasteLocation within Grenada | |
| Coordinates: 12°11′N 61°37′W / 12.183°N 61.617°W / 12.183; -61.617 | |
| Country | Grenada |
| Parish | Saint Patrick |
| Elevation | 207 ft (63 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-4 |


title: Trees for the Future

abstract: Trees for the Future is a Maryland-based nonprofit organization founded on August 14, 1989, that trains farmers around the world in agroforestry and sustainable land use. TREES provides technical assistance with the help of mechanical, forestry and agricultural engineers and training in their signature methodology, which they call the Forest Garden Approach. Farmers who join their training program - whether through one of their field offices or online via their Forest Garden Training Center - receive instruction on planting trees on their own farms and integrating them into regenerative agricultural systems for increased farm productivity, sustainability, and food security. Since their founding in 1989, TREES claims to have planted over 260 million trees with more than 25,000 farmers around the world. In June 2021, they announced their intention to plant one billion trees as part of global reforestation efforts led by the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration.

text:
# Trees for the Future

**Trees for the Future** (abbreviated sometimes as **TREES**) is a Maryland-based nonprofit organization founded on August 14, 1989, that trains farmers around the world in agroforestry and sustainable land use.

TREES provides technical assistance with the help of mechanical, forestry and agricultural engineers and training in their signature methodology, which they call the Forest Garden Approach. Farmers who join their training program - whether through one of their field offices or online via their Forest Garden Training Center - receive instruction on planting trees on their own farms and integrating them into regenerative agricultural systems for increased farm productivity, sustainability, and food security.

Since their founding in 1989, TREES claims to have planted over 260 million trees with more than 25,000 farmers around the world. In June 2021, they announced their intention to plant one billion trees as part of global reforestation efforts led by the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration.

## Overview

Trees for the Future is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit whose mission is to end poverty and hunger by training farmers in regenerative agriculture, through what they call the Forest Garden Approach.

**Locations**

Over their 30+ year history, they have worked in more than 50 countries around the world, in Haiti, Latin America, South America, Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. In 2014, they focused their work on select African countries, where the climatic and economic challenges were the most pressing, and they felt they could make the greatest impact.

Trees for the Future currently works with thousands of farming families in nine countries throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. They have offices and staff in Kenya, Mali, Senegal, Uganda and Tanzania. They work in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad and Gambia. Their headquarters is in Silver Spring, Maryland.

Trees for the Future divides their work into three categories: Expansion, Collaboration and Replication.

**Expansion** – Through their Forest Garden Training Program, TREES staff work with farmer groups to establish Forest Gardens over a four-year period. There are typically 150–300 farmers in these projects.

**Collaboration** – Trees for the Future works with local organizations and community groups who are already doing great work in the region but could benefit from agroforestry training. They also work together with Temu.

**Replication** – Once farmers go through the Forest Garden program, they can "Plant it Forward" and train neighboring farmers in a condensed version of the program.

**The Forest Garden Approach (FGA)**

Through their 4-year training program, farmers plant thousands of trees that protect the land and bring nutrients back to the soil. Farmers are taught to plant trees in a way that optimizes land use, eliminates the need for chemical pesticides and fertilizers, and reserves water and sequesters carbon, what they call the Forest Garden.

The Forest Garden provides farmers with diverse, nutritious crops that they can feed their families and sell on the market all year round. Forest Garden farmers increase their access to food and increase their income, even in the first year, all while improving the environment.

Forest Gardens are, on average, 1 acre in size. One farmer, or farming family, cares for each Forest Garden on their own land. The average Forest Garden has 2,500 trees, most of which are planted in the first or second year along the Forest Garden's perimeter, which Trees for the Future calls the "Living Fence". In the third and fourth years, the remaining trees are strategically placed where it will best benefit the farmer's Forest Garden. On average, a Forest Garden offsets 144.64 metric tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) per acre over 20 years.

**Collaborative Partnerships**

Trees for the Future works closely with Futures Agribusiness (FAGRIB) in Chad and Cameroon to teach farmers the Forest Garden Approach.

In 2019, they partnered with the Kenya Scout Association (KSA) to contribute to Kenya's 2030 Vision to restore 10% of Kenya's tree cover, by developing tree nurseries at schools.

In Gambia, TREES works with Gambia Rising to provide access to education and water, as well as income and nutrition opportunities through the Forest Garden Approach.

Trees for the Future works with The Great Green Wall in Senegal and Mali, supporting their initiative to bring life back to Africa's degraded landscapes whilst providing food security, jobs and security for families throughout the Sub-Saharan region.

**UN and SDGs**

Trees for the Future's work in agroforestry meets nine out of seventeen United Nations Sustainable Development Goals:

**Environment**:

Goal 12: Ensure Sustainable consumption and productive patterns

Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

Goal 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.

**Food Security + Nutrition**

Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.

Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all ages

**Economic + Social Equity**

Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere

Goal 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all.

Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries

Goal 17: Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development

## History

Trees for the Future, originally called The New Forests Project, was incorporated as a 50(c)(3) nonprofit in 1989 by their founder Dave Deppner.

In June 1993, Trees for the Future was invited to join the White House panel on Global Climate Change, where they continued to serve through 2000.

In response to Hurricane Mitch in November 1998, TREES began planting trees in Honduras and later expanded across Central America. By December 2003, they had planted 30 million trees globally.

In 2005, Trees for the Future established the world's first long-distance training program which reached over 2,000 trainees in four years.

In 2006, TREES was recognized by Honduran President Manuel Zelaya, Ethiopian President Girma Wolde-Giorgis and Nobel Prize winning activist and tree planter Wangari Maathai at the United Nations Headquarters in New York.

In February 2010, the Maryland House of Delegates recognized TREES for two decades of reforestation leadership and the planting of 65 million trees.

On September 10, 2011, TREES' Executive Director Dave Deppner died and was replaced by his friend and colleague, John Leary.

In December 2014, TREES reached 100 million trees planted.

In 2015, TREES streamlined its approach, ending their active projects around the world so that they could focus on implementing the Forest Garden Approach in Sub-Saharan Africa, starting with Senegal, Tanzania, Uganda, Cameroon and Kenya. They also announced a new strategic goal, to plant 500 million trees by 2025.

In April 2017, Executive Director John Leary published *One Shot: Trees as Our Last Chance for Survival*. In September of that year, One Shot received the Nautilus Award.

In September 2017, TREES launched the Forest Garden Training Center to provide an online platform for Forest Garden practitioners around the world.

In mid-2020, TREES reached 200 million trees planted around the world.

In 2021, TREES announced a 2030 goal to plant one billion trees with smallholder farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa. This new goal came with the June 5th launch of the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, a global effort to spur global restoration efforts between 2021 and 2030. As an official implementing partner of the UN Decade, TREES will focus on farmland restoration, aiming to restore degraded soil, increase tree cover, support biodiversity, capture carbon and increase both food access and income security through agroforestry and sustainable tree planting.

In 2022, they announced that they'd be expanding their Executive Team. John Leary stepped into the newly established role of Chief Strategy Officer (CSO) in an effort to reach the organization's goal of planting one billion trees by 2030. Tim McLellan, a leader in sustainability and community development, was selected to fill the role of Interim Chief Executive Officer. A search committee, chaired by Board Member Shannon Hawkins, will lead the recruitment of a permanent CEO.

On April 1, 2022, Trees for the Future announces their new look and logo in honor of Earth Month.

As of 2021, TREES claims to have planted 316 million trees around the world. In 2023, they planted 38 million trees and will continue to scale up over the next decade their training program, collaborative partnerships, and growing network of farmers and agroforestry experts.

## InfoBox

Trees for the Future
|
|  |
| Abbreviation | TREES |
| Formation | August 14, 1989 (1989-08-14) |
| Founders | Grace and Dave Deppner |
| Type | Nonprofit organization |
| Tax ID no. | 52-1644869 |
| Legal status | 501(c)(3) |
| Headquarters | Bethesda, Maryland |
| Region | Global |
| Fields | Agroforestry, sustainable development, agricultural training and extension |
| CEO | Tim McLellan |
| Key people | John Leary (Chief Strategy Officer), Brandy Bellou (Director of Programs) |
| Employees | 220+ FTEs |
| Website | trees.org |


abstract: Paw Paw Branch is a 3.54 mi (5.70 km) long 2nd order tributary to Providence Creek in New Castle County, Delaware.

text:
# Paw Paw Branch (Providence Creek tributary)

**Paw Paw Branch** is a 3.54 mi (5.70 km) long 2nd order tributary to Providence Creek in New Castle County, Delaware.

## Course

Paw Paw Branch rises on the Black Stallion Ditch divide about 0.1 miles northeast of Reynolds Corners, Delaware.

## Watershed

Paw Paw Branch drains 4.71 square miles (12.2 km2) of area, receives about 44.4 inches per year (113 cm/year) of precipitation, has a topographic wetness index of 620.24 and is about 6.4% forested.

## InfoBox

| Paw Paw Branch
Tributary to Providence Creek | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Delaware |
| County | New Castle |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Black Stallion Ditch divide |
| location | about 0.1 miles northeast of Reynolds Corners, Delaware |
| coordinates | 39°19′14″N 075°41′32″W / 39.32056°N 75.69222°W / 39.32056; -75.69222 |
| elevation | 75 ft (23 m) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Providence Creek |
| location | about 0.1 miles north of Clayton, Delaware |
| coordinates | 39°18′03″N 075°38′31″W / 39.30083°N 75.64194°W / 39.30083; -75.64194 |
| elevation | 13 ft (4.0 m) |
| Length | 3.54 mi (5.70 km) |
| Basin size | 4.71 square miles (12.2 km2) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| average | 5.70 cu ft/s (0.161 m3/s) at mouth with Providence Creek |
|  | |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | southeast |
| River system | Smyrna River |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | unnamed tributaries |
| right | unnamed tributaries |
| Bridges | Blackbird Forest Road, Alley Mill Road, Clayton-Delany Road |


title: Paw Paw, Missouri

abstract: Paw Paw is a community in south central Sullivan County, in the U.S. state of Missouri, which the GNIS classifies as a populated place. The community is located approximately one third mile north of Paw Paw Creek, approximately 7.5 miles (12.1 km) south-southeast of Milan and six miles (9.7 km) northeast of Browning. The name was sometimes spelled "Pawpaw". A post office called Pawpaw was established in 1899 and remained in operation until 1905. The community most likely was so named because of the paw paw thickets near the original town site.

text:
# Paw Paw, Missouri

**Paw Paw** is a community in south central Sullivan County, in the U.S. state of Missouri, which the GNIS classifies as a populated place.

The community is located approximately one third mile north of Paw Paw Creek, approximately 7.5 miles (12.1 km) south-southeast of Milan and six miles (9.7 km) northeast of Browning.

The name was sometimes spelled "Pawpaw". A post office called Pawpaw was established in 1899 and remained in operation until 1905. The community most likely was so named because of the paw paw thickets near the original town site.

40°05′28″N 93°05′16″W / 40.09111°N 93.08778°W / 40.09111; -93.08778


title: Payang

abstract: Payang was a federal constituency in Sarawak, Malaysia, that was represented in the Dewan Rakyat from 1971 to 1978. The federal constituency was created in the 1968 redistribution and was mandated to return a single member to the Dewan Rakyat under the first past the post voting system.

text:
# Payang

**Payang** was a federal constituency in Sarawak, Malaysia, that was represented in the Dewan Rakyat from 1971 to 1978.

The federal constituency was created in the 1968 redistribution and was mandated to return a single member to the Dewan Rakyat under the first past the post voting system.

## History

It was abolished in 1978 when it was redistributed.

### Representation history

| Members of Parliament for Payang | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parliament | No | Years | Member | Party |
| *Constituency created* | | | | |
|  | | 1969-1971 | Parliament was suspended | |
| 3rd | P133 | 1971-1973 | Abdul Rahman Ya'kub <br>(عبدالرحمن يعقوب) | **BUMIPUTERA** |
| | | 1973-1974 | | **BN** (**PBB**) |
| 4th | | P143 | | 1974-1978 |
| *Constituency abolished, renamed to Paloh* | | | | |

### State constituency

| Parliamentary constituency | State constituency | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 1969–1978 | 1978–1990 | 1990–1999 | 1999–2008 | 2008–2016 | 2016−present |
| Payang | Binatang |  | | | | |
| | Matu-Daro |  | | | | |

## Election results

Malaysian general election, 1974: Payang
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ∆% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | BN | Abdul Rahman Ya'kub | 9,246 | 74.44 | 74.44 |
|  | SNAP | Joseph Salang Gandum | 3,175 | 25.56 | 18.28 |
| Total valid votes | | | 12,421 | 100.00 |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 480 |
| Unreturned ballots | | | 0 |
| Turnout | | | 12,901 | 76.62 | 6.85 |
| Registered electors | | | 16,837 |
| Majority | | | 6,071 | 48.88 | 33.94 |
|  | BN **gain** from PBB | | Swing | | ? |

Malaysian general election, 1969: Payang
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | PBB | Abdul Rahman Ya'kub | 5,839 | 48.09 |
|  | SUPP | Nyandang Linang | 4,025 | 33.15 |
|  | PESAKA | Abu Seman Merais | 1,394 | 11.48 |
|  | SNAP | Charlie Yu Chee Cheong | 884 | 7.28 |
| Total valid votes | | | 12,142 | 100.00 |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 598 |
| Unreturned ballots | | |  |
| Turnout | | | 12,740 | 83.47 |
| Registered electors | | | 15,263 |
| Majority | | | 1,814 | 14.94 |
| This was a new constituency created. | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

Payang
| Sarawak constituency | |
| --- | --- |
| Defunct federal constituency | |
| Legislature | Dewan Rakyat |
| Constituency created | 1968 |
| Constituency abolished | 1978 |
| First contested | 1969 |
| Last contested | 1974 |


title: Peacham Corner Historic District

abstract: The Peacham Corner Historic District encompasses much of the historic village center of Peacham, Vermont. The village's period of greatest growth and importance between the town's founding as a hill town in the late 18th century, and 1860, when significant development effectively ended. As a result, the village lacks Victorian features often found in other rural communities. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.

text:
# Peacham Corner Historic District

The **Peacham Corner Historic District** encompasses much of the historic village center of Peacham, Vermont. The village's period of greatest growth and importance between the town's founding as a hill town in the late 18th century, and 1860, when significant development effectively ended. As a result, the village lacks Victorian features often found in other rural communities. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.

## Description and history

The town of Peacham was first settled in 1776, partly as a consequence of the construction of the Bayley-Hazen Military Road during the American Revolutionary War. In the Peacham Corner area that became the town center, that road, now the major north–south route through the town, skirted around a hill on which the early town center was laid out. This included the church (the present Congregational Church, completed 1806), cemetery (established 1811), and the Peacham Academy, one of the region's first secondary schools (founded 1797, closed in 1971). The church was moved down the hill a ways in 1844, and the academy's early buildings no longer stand, although later buildings have been converted to housing). Growth in the village came to a virtual standstill with the outbreak of the American Civil War, which drained the community of significant parts of its population. The result is a little-altered mid-19th century hill village, which was largely bypassed by the architectural styles of the late 19th century.

The historic district is centered at the junction of Bayley-Hazen Road with Church Street and Old Cemetery Road, extending a modest distance to the north, east, and south. It extends further to the west on Church Street and Macks Mountain Road, where the academy, church, and some other civic buildings and residences stand. Also found in this area is the town common, at the triangular junction of Academy Hill Road, Church Street, and Macks Mountain Road, where the town's war memorial is located. Most of the village's buildings are modestly scaled 1-1/2 to 2+12-story wood-frame structures, built either in the Federal or Greek Revival style.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Peacham Corner Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Bayley Hazen Rd., Main St., Church St., Academy Hill, Old Cemetery Rd., Macks Mountain Rd., Peacham, Vermont |
| Coordinates | 44°19′39″N 72°10′21″W / 44.32750°N 72.17250°W / 44.32750; -72.17250 |
| Area | 100 acres (40 ha) |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival, Federal |
| NRHP reference No. | 03001308 |
| Added to NRHP | December 18, 2003 |


title: Peachcroft

abstract: Peachcroft, sometimes referred to as the James Wilson Brown House, is located along River Road between Walden and Montgomery in the Town of Montgomery, New York, United States. It is built in a combination of the Federal and Queen Anne architectural styles. The former came from Brown, the original builder of the house; the latter from renovations by the Millspaugh family, who moved in in the later 19th century and established many businesses, among them a furniture store still in business Walden. Peachcroft remains the center of a working farm of almost a hundred acres that backs on the Wallkill River. In 1994 it and three outbuildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

text:
# Peachcroft

**Peachcroft**, sometimes referred to as the **James Wilson Brown House**, is located along River Road (Orange County Route 29) between Walden and Montgomery in the Town of Montgomery, New York, United States. It is built in a combination of the Federal and Queen Anne architectural styles.

The former came from Brown, the original builder of the house; the latter from renovations by the Millspaugh family, who moved in in the later 19th century and established many businesses, among them a furniture store still in business Walden. Peachcroft remains the center of a working farm of almost a hundred acres that backs on the Wallkill River. In 1994 it and three outbuildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## Property

The house and farm are along the east side of River Road 1.3 miles (2.1 km) southwest of Walden. Mature trees surround the house, with the outbuildings to its northeast. The 98-acre (40 ha) farm extends to both sides of the road. The surrounding land on either side of the road is fields bounded by woodlots. Its south boundary is the river. Its other boundaries are with neighboring farms, with some houses on nearby small roadside lots being the only other development in the area.

A short unpaved driveway leads from River Road to the house. It is a two-and-a-half-story, three-bay frame house on a raised stone foundation. It is topped by a gabled roof shingled in fish-scale slate. A tower with an octagonal peaked roof and finial rises from the south end, and a brick chimney from the north (the tower has a small brick chimney as well). Most of the house is sided in clapboard, except for the gable of a projecting extension on the south end of the west (front) facade, done in cedar shake and the front and side, shingled in asbestos.

The front facade has a porch, with a shallow pitched hipped roof supported by turned columns running all the way to the addition. The projecting front bay, two stories in height, has a gabled roof of its own.

The interior follows a side hall plan. Inside trim reflects both the Federal and Victorian eras. From the former are the two keystone arches on either side of the parlor mantel, and the cherry spindles and banister on the second floor and attic. At that level, the ribs of the house's original gambrel roof are still visible inside.

The outbuilding complex is dominated by an old barn, a two-and-a-half-story frame building with an extension of similar height. The original section is faced in wide horizontal siding while the extension is done in novelty siding. A nearby shed and chicken coop are the other two contributing outbuildings.

## History

The earliest known owner of the property was Philip Millspaugh, a German Palatine immigrant to the region in the early 18th century. A contemporary map shows him on the property in 1734. An old door still in the attic of Peachcroft may be a remnant of his house.

The oldest portion of the current farmhouse appears to date to around 1800. The Millspaugh family kept the property until 1870, when Catherine Millspaugh sold it to Robert Wilson Brown for $10,000 ($241,000 in contemporary dollars). He had made a fortune in the California gold rush and mainly used the house as an investment property. In 1891 he gave it to his daughter and her new husband as a wedding gift.

Jonathan Hawkins, Brown's son-in-law and grandfather of the present owner, hired a carpenter from Montgomery to renovate the house. At this time the gambrel roof was covered over with the gable and the tower added, so Hawkins could watch over the whole property. The front wing was added as well. Hawkins named the property Peachcroft, since that was one of his initial crops, along with potatoes and sheep.

He died in 1933 and the property passed to his son, Clarence. The son's major change to the property was to split off a small lot on the west and sell it for the construction of two houses. For a long time these were the only ones visible from the farmhouse. Upon his death, it became the property of his wife and son, and finally that of the son, Jonathan Curtis Hawkins, alone when the widow died in 1983.

Prior to the listing on the Register Hawkins restored the house. In the late 20th century the town acquired the development rights as part of its farmland preservation efforts.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Peachcroft | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| West elevation, 2008 | |
|  | |
| Location | River Rd, Montgomery, New York |
| Coordinates | 41°32′43″N 74°12′49″W / 41.54528°N 74.21361°W / 41.54528; -74.21361 |
| Area | 98 acres (40 ha) |
| Built | 1800 |
| Architectural style | Queen Anne, Federal |
| NRHP reference No. | 95000211 |
| Added to NRHP | March 10, 1995 |


title: Peacock bass

abstract: Peacock bass or Brazilian tucunaré are large freshwater cichlids of the genus Cichla. These are diurnal predatory fishes native to the Amazon and Orinoco basins, as well as rivers of the Guianas, in tropical South America. They are sometimes referred to in English by their Brazilian name tucunaré or their Spanish name pavon. Despite the common name and their superficial similarity, they are not closely related to other fish known as bass, such as the North American largemouth bass. Peacock bass are important food fish and are also considered valuable game fish. This has resulted in their accidental or deliberate introduction to regions outside their native range, both elsewhere in South America, and in warm parts of North America and Asia. Singles have been caught elsewhere, including Australia, but do not appear to have become established there. Where established as an introduced species, they may become invasive and damage the ecosystem because of their highly predatory behavior, feeding extensively on smaller native fish. The largest species in the genus, the speckled peacock bass, reaches up to 13 kg (29 lb) in weight and 1 m (3.3 ft) in length, possibly making it the largest species of cichlid. Other peacock bass species are smaller. They are sometimes kept in aquariums, but even the smaller species require a very large tank.

text:
# Peacock bass

**Peacock bass** or **Brazilian tucunaré** are large freshwater cichlids of the genus ***Cichla***. These are diurnal predatory fishes native to the Amazon and Orinoco basins, as well as rivers of the Guianas, in tropical South America. They are sometimes referred to in English by their Brazilian name *tucunaré* or their Spanish name *pavon*. Despite the common name and their superficial similarity, they are not closely related to other fish known as bass, such as the North American largemouth bass (*Micropterus salmoides*).

Peacock bass are important food fish and are also considered valuable game fish. This has resulted in their accidental (escapees from fish farms) or deliberate (release by fishers) introduction to regions outside their native range, both elsewhere in South America, and in warm parts of North America and Asia. Singles have been caught elsewhere, including Australia, but do not appear to have become established there. Where established as an introduced species, they may become invasive and damage the ecosystem because of their highly predatory behavior, feeding extensively on smaller native fish.

The largest species in the genus, the speckled peacock bass (*C. temensis*), reaches up to 13 kg (29 lb) in weight and 1 m (3.3 ft) in length, possibly making it the largest species of cichlid (others suggest that record goes to the African giant cichlid, *Boulengerochromis microlepis*). Other peacock bass species are smaller. They are sometimes kept in aquariums, but even the smaller species require a very large tank.

## Common names

Many common names are used for these fish in Brazil, the country of their largest native region. The most popular of these is *tucunaré*. In Spanish, the generic common name for these cichlids is *pavόn*. Pavón, in Spanish, means "peacock", while the Brazilian name comes from Tupi, an indigenous language of Brazil, meaning "friend of the tree", as this peacock bass usually stays close to submerged trees to hunt and to protect itself and its nests.

## Description

The speckled peacock bass is the largest species and can grow to 1 m (3.3 ft) in length, and may be the largest of all cichlid fishes. Most display a color pattern based on a theme of three wide vertical stripes on their bodies, sometimes with smaller intermediate bands, only a grey, brown, yellow, or green background. They also exhibit a spot on their tail fins that resembles the eyes on a peacock's tail feathers—a feature which resulted in their common names (this "ocellus" is a common feature of South American cichlids, and is thought to deter predators and fin-biting piranhas). In addition, many adult fishes (primarily males, but also some females) develop a pronounced hump on their foreheads (nuchal hump) shortly before and during the rainy season, when the fishes generally spawn. Other physical traits can vary greatly, depending on the species, individual, and stage of development. These include dark rosettes instead of stripes, light speckles, and impressive shades of bright green, orange, blue, and gold. Very young fish exhibit dark horizontal stripes down half (*C. orinocensis, C. ocellaris, et al.*) or the whole (*C. temensis, C. pinima, et al.*) body.

## Taxonomy and species

Following a taxonomic review published in 2006, 15 *Cichla* species are recognized by FishBase:

| Image | Scientific name | Common Name | Distribution |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | *Cichla cataractae* Sabaj, López-Fernández, Willis, Hemraj, Taphorn & Winemiller, 2020 |  | Essequibo River basin. |
|  | *Cichla intermedia* Machado-Allison, 1971 | Royal peacock bass | Orinoco River basin in Venezuela and Colombia. |
|  | *Cichla jariina* S. O. Kullander & E. J. G. Ferreira, 2006 | Jari peacock bass | Brazil. |
|  | *Cichla kelberi* S. O. Kullander & E. J. G. Ferreira, 2006 | Kelberi peacock bass | Brazil. |
|  | *Cichla melaniae* S. O. Kullander & E. J. G. Ferreira, 2006 | Xingu peacock bass | Brazil, restricted to the Lower Rio Xingu drainage. |
|  | *Cichla mirianae* S. O. Kullander & E. J. G. Ferreira, 2006 | Tapajós peacock bass | Brazil. |
|  | *Cichla monoculus* Agassiz, 1831 | monoculus peacock bass, tucanare peacock bass | Rio Solimões-Amazonas along the main channel and lower courses of tributaries; Peru, Colombia and Brazil; including Araguari and lower Oyapock rivers north of the Amazon. |
|  | *Cichla nigromaculata* Jardine & R. H. Schomburgk, 1843 |  | Upper Orinoco and Casiquiare tributaries and the middle Rio Negro. |
|  | *Cichla ocellaris* Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801 | butterfly peacock bass | Marowijne drainage in Suriname and French Guiana to the Essequibo drainage in Guyana. |
|  | *Cichla orinocensis* Humboldt, 1821 | Orinoco peacock bass | Orinoco River basin, in tributaries of the Orinoco River in Colombia and Venezuela; Amazon River basin, in the Negro River basin, Brazil. |
|  | *Cichla pinima* S. O. Kullander & E. J. G. Ferreira, 2006 | spotted peacock bass | Brazil. |
|  | *Cichla piquiti* S. O. Kullander & E. J. G. Ferreira, 2006 | blue peacock bass | South America. |
|  | *Cichla pleiozona* S. O. Kullander & E. J. G. Ferreira, 2006 | Lake Gatun peacock bass | Bolivian Amazon basin including the Rio Madre de Dios, Beni, Mamoré, and Guaporé river drainages of Bolivia and Brazil; and in Rio Jamari, a tributary of the Rio Madeira. |
|  | *Cichla temensis* Humboldt, 1821 | speckled pavon, speckled peacock bass, three-barred peacock bass | Amazon River basin in the Negro and Uatumã River drainages; Orinoco River basin in tributaries of the Orinoco River in Venezuela and Colombia. |
|  | *Cichla thyrorus* S. O. Kullander & E. J. G. Ferreira, 2006 | Trombetas peacock bass | Brazil. |
|  | *Cichla vazzoleri* S. O. Kullander & E. J. G. Ferreira, 2006 | Vazzoler's peacock bass | Brazil. |
|

In addition, possibly undescribed species of peacock bass are known from the Travessão and Paru Rivers in Brazil.

Traditionally, only five peacock bass were recognized, but in the review in 2006, nine new species were described and *C. nigromaculata* was revalidated. In general, the various species are similar in proportions and most meristics, but differ in colour pattern (and range). This is similar to other diurnal cichlids, where visual clues play an important role in the behavior, including breeding. The speckled or three-barred peacock bass (*C. temensis*) in particular has caused problems due to its extensive variation, but the speckled pattern has now been shown to be present in nonbreeders and the three-barred when breeding. Although minor variations are known from adults of other peacock bass species, none shows the extreme variation of the speckled/three-barred peacock bass.

A genetic study published in 2012 has cast doubt on the validity of some of the species recognized in the review in 2006. Aside from limited hybridization among many species, in both natural and human-altered environments, several species do not show sufficient differentiation to imply reproductive isolation and/or a history of independent evolution. Among the species implicated as probable "good" species were *C. intermedia*, *C. orinocensis*, *C. temensis*, *C. melaniae*, *C. mirianae*, and *C. piquiti*. The other species were suggested to be part of two widespread meta-species or species complexes, called *Cichla pinima sensu lato* (including *C. jariina*, *C. thyrorus*, and *C. vazzoleri*) and *C. ocellaris sensu lato* (including *C. monoculus*, *C. nigromaculata*, *C. pleiozona*, and *C. kelberi*). In contrast, a genetic study published in 2007 suggested that two of those demoted taxa, *C. monoculus* and *C. pleiozona*, are valid species (this study lacked samples from some of the more localized proposed species).

A 2020 study described a new species, *C. cataractae.*

The peacock bass genus *Cichla* has been placed by some authorities as the only genus in the monogeneric tribe Cichlini.

## Conservation status

The IUCN has not investigated the conservation status of any peacock bass species. Therefore, they do not appear on its red list. Some of the species have relatively small distributions, and *C. melaniae* is restricted to the lower Xingu River in an area that will be heavily affected by the Belo Monte Dam.

## As gamefish

Sport fishermen have made these cichlids prized game fish for their fighting qualities, so much so that many travel agencies now arrange fishing trips to Brazil and Florida specifically to catch peacock bass.

Renowned American peacock bass fisherman and fishing author, Larry Larsen, refers to them as "freshwater bullies" due to their ferocious nature when hunting and their tendency to damage and sometimes destroy fishing gear when striking.

The most common techniques for catching these cichlids are similar to those for catching largemouth bass, with the notable exception that peacock bass usually will not strike artificial worms, a widely used lure among largemouth bass fisherman. In addition, fly fishing techniques, including lures such as poppers and large streamers, are becoming increasingly popular for catching them.

## Introductions

### Invasive species

Peacock bass have been identified as invasive species and cause of ecological imbalances in some of their introduced areas.

Peacock bass introduction in the Rosana Reservoir and upper Paraná River, both in Brazil, resulted in a 95% decline in native fish density and 80% decline in richness in only two years.

Few measures can protect native fish once peacock bass have been introduced. Reduction in native species' richness in lakes with introduced peacock bass was observed in all of the Gatun-area lakes, regardless of the presence of macrophyte refugia. After initial increases in abundance, introduced peacock bass often deplete local prey and resort to cannibalism.

### In Panama's Gatun Lake

*Cichla* cf. *ocellaris* was introduced into Panama via a freshwater creek in the Rio Chagres drainage region unintentionally in the late 1950s (experts are not certain of the exact date). A well-known aquarist and medical doctor began raising peacock bass in a small pond in his back yard for sale as aquarium fish. Within a year, heavy rains flooded the pond, causing some fry to escape into a nearby creek which drained into Gatun Lake. By 1964, the lake and nearby rivers and creeks were overrun with the cichlids, providing sport fishing opportunities that had not existed previously. Since then, *C.* cf. *ocellaris* has become the dominant sport fish species in the area.

The presence of peacock bass in Panama has caused significant damage to the native fish assemblage, by eliminating seven of eleven previously common fish species, and significantly reducing three others. Local extinctions and a decrease in abundance of many species led to cascading second-order effects on zooplankton and tertiary consumer communities. Malaria incidence was reported to have risen significantly in the area around Gatun following the elimination of prey fishes that had previously kept the mosquito population at lower levels. This is an example of how species introductions can have explicit consequences for human health.

### In Florida

In 1984, after 10 years of study, Florida officials deliberately introduced butterfly peacock bass and speckled peacock bass to the southern region of that state to prey on other non-native species, including the oscar (*Astronotus ocellatus*), Midas cichlid (*Amphilophus citrinellus*), and spotted tilapia (*Tilapia mariae*). Their introduction also provided additional sport fishing opportunities for anglers. While the butterfly peacock bass has flourished in Florida, the speckled peacock bass has not. Therefore, it is now illegal to kill or possess speckled peacock bass in Florida. The butterfly peacock bass tends to flourish in the canals and fresh waterways throughout south Florida.

Because of their tropical origins, peacock bass cannot tolerate low water temperatures. This has prevented them from becoming abundant in Florida outside of Palm Beach, Broward, and Miami-Dade Counties. However, reports of them have extended to other counties in South Florida such as Collier, Lee County, Florida, and Hendry counties. Especially near Alligator Alley.

## Aquaculture

Tilapia farmers sometimes keep peacock bass to eat any spawn that occur among their fish, in addition to eating any invasive fish that pose a threat to young tilapia (e.g. sunfish, piranha). Spawning and brood-raising reduce the growth rate of the tilapia, so introduction of *Cichla* is thought to maintain a high growth rate in the tilapia.

They are also raised commercially for the aquarium trade; Asia is one of the main sources for aquacultured peacock bass. As a large predatory fish they are informally referred to as "monster fish".

Peacock bass prey on any species that catches their eye, but those in which they seem most interested are tilapia, crayfish, tadpoles, mosquitofish, minnows, and guppies. Also, they will eat their own young when other fish are scarce.

## Eating quality

Their eating quality is very good. Their flesh is white and sweet when cooked, and has very little oil, making it similar in taste to snapper or grouper. Also, they are not excessively bony. However, most professional American anglers recommend practicing catch and release for these species to protect their numbers in the United States. To help ensure this, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission officers strictly enforce bag limits for these fish.

## InfoBox

| Peacock bass | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| An adult butterfly peacock bass | |
|  | |
| juvenile Orinoco peacock bass | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cichliformes |
| Family: | Cichlidae |
| Tribe: | Cichlini |
| Genus: | *Cichla*
Bloch & Schneider, 1801 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Cichla ocellaris*
Bloch & Schneider, 1801 | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Acharnes* Holmberg, 1891 | |


title: Peacock and Son

abstract: Peacock & Son was a tanning and wool-brokering business in the early days of South Australia. Three members of the family were notable public figures: William Peacock was a successful businessman and one of the colony's first parliamentarians. His eldest son Joseph Peacock carried on the family business and was a member of parliament. His youngest son Caleb Peacock was a member of parliament and Mayor of Adelaide from 1875 to 1877, the first such born in the Colony. William and family sailed for South Australia on the "Glenalvon", a ship he chartered, arriving at Holdfast Bay on 28 December 1838.

text:
# Peacock and Son

**Peacock & Son** was a tanning and wool-brokering business in the early days of South Australia. Three members of the family were notable public figures: **William Peacock** (c. 1790 – 20 January 1874) was a successful businessman and one of the colony's first parliamentarians. His eldest son Joseph Peacock carried on the family business and was a member of parliament. His youngest son Caleb Peacock was a member of parliament and Mayor of Adelaide from 1875 to 1877, the first such born in the Colony.

William and family sailed for South Australia on the "Glenalvon", a ship he chartered, arriving at Holdfast Bay on 28 December 1838.

## William Peacock

William commenced his tannery business in Grenfell Street in 1839, with a fellmongering facility at Adam Street, Hindmarsh. He had moved by 1868 to Thebarton His was the first major tannery, ahead of both Dench & Co. and G. W. Bean, and the first to export acacia bark. The Adam Street property was sold in July 1903 to fellmongers Michell and Sons.

He was one of the original investors in the South Australian Mining Association, which developed the lucrative Burra copper mines between 1845 and 1865, and a director (disqualified in 1860 through absence greater than 6 months but subsequently re-elected)

### Religion and education

He was associated with the Congregational Church in Freeman Street (now part of Gawler Place), funded the building of the chapel in Ebenezer Place (off Rundle Street east). He then helped organise the building of the Hindmarsh Square Congregational Church, which later became an office and orchestral studio for ABC Radio. He was closely associated with J. L. Young and his Adelaide Educational Institution, which for many years used rooms at the Ebenezer Place and Freeman Street chapels.

### Politics

He served on the Adelaide City Council as Councillor and Alderman from 1842

He won the seat of Noarlunga in the South Australian Legislative Council (then the only House) against Major O'Halloran in 1851 which he held to 1856. He won a Legislative Council seat in 1861, which he held until 1869 when he retired, a few days before parliament was prorogued.

## Family

William Peacock married Elizabeth Everett, daughter of Joseph, another Bermondsey fellmonger, in 1816. He was widowed between 1834 and 1836 and remarried in 1836. His new wife was Maria Groch who accompanied him on the "Glenalvon" with their infant son William. The older children in the party were from his first marriage to Elizabeth.

* Elizabeth Peacock (c. 1817 – 11 August 1870) married James Dobson. She died at East Richmond, Victoria.
* Miriam Peacock (c. 1821 – 6 April 1901) married James Weston. She died at St. Kilda, Victoria.
* Joseph Peacock (c. 1825 – 25 July 1867)
* Sarah Peacock (c. 1828 – 11 December 1843) drowned in River Torrens at her father's Walkerville farm.
* Henry Peacock (c. 1833 – 10 April 1868) Co-manager of tannery and bark mill. Left for rest cure early 1863 but died shortly after return. His widow Agnes married Thomas O'Neil on 9 December 1895.
* Ebenezer Peacock (c. 1834 – 27 April 1868) married Jane Kerr Garie on 11 June 1863 lived at Gawler South then Prospect.

His children with Maria (c. 1802 – 13 February 1869) were:

Their home for many years was "Palm House" in Hackney on what was known as "Peacock Hill", now St. Peter's College. He married Mary Ann Evans (1821–1908) on 15 June 1871. She was to marry Carrington Smedley on 4 March 1875.

## Sources


title: Pearled treerunner

abstract: The pearled treerunner is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, and possibly Argentina.

text:
# Pearled treerunner

The **pearled treerunner** (***Margarornis squamiger***) is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, and possibly Argentina.

## Taxonomy and systematics

The pearled treerunner has three subspecies, the nominate *M. s. squamiger* (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838), *M. s. perlatus* (Lesson, 1844), and *M. s. peruvianus* (Cory, 1913).

## Description

The pearled treerunner is 15 to 16 cm (5.9 to 6.3 in) long and weighs 14 to 19 g (0.49 to 0.67 oz). The sexes have the same plumage. Adults of the nominate subspecies have a well-defined yellowish buff supercilium that extends to the nape, a dull reddish brown line behind the eye, dull yellowish buff and dark brown ear coverts, and a dark brown moustacial area with tiny whitish spots that become streaks to the rear. Their forehead is dark brownish with pale rufous streaks and their crown dark reddish brown. Their collar is dull rufescent brown with black-outlined yellowish buff streaks. Their back, rump, and uppertail coverts are bright reddish brown. Their wing coverts are bright reddish brown, their primary coverts dark fuscous brown, and their flight feathers darker fuscous brown with rufescent edges. Their tail is bright reddish brown; the ends of the tail feathers lack barbs, giving a spiny appearance. Their throat is bright buff-yellow. Their breast and belly have a rufescent background. Their upper breast is dense with oval yellowish spots that have dark browish outlines; the spots become stretched out and less distinct by the lower breast and continue onto the belly. Their flanks are darker rufescent than the belly, with longer spots, and their undertail coverts are rufescent brown with a few blackish-edged buff-yellowish streaks. Their iris is brown to dark brown, their maxilla black to gray, their mandible whitish horn to purplish pink (sometimes with a dark tip), and their legs and feet brownish gray to dark brown. Juveniles have dusky tips on their throat feathers and a less regular pattern on their breast than adults.

Subspecies *M. s. peruvianus* is quite different from the nominate. It has a paler yellow supercilium, less rufous and more heavily streaked ear coverts, an olive-brown crown, and much less spotting on the underparts. *M. s. perlatus* is similar to *peruvianus*, but with a whitish supercilium and whiter spotting on the underparts.

## Distribution and habitat

The subspecies of the pearled treerunner are found thus:

A single sight record in northern Argentina's Salta Province leads the South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society to call the species hypothetical in that country.

The pearled treerunner primarily inhabits montane evergreen forest and elfin forest, and also occurs locally in *Polylepis* woodland and secondary forest. It favors tracts heavy with moss and epiphytes. In elevation it mostly ranges between 2,500 and 3,500 m (8,200 and 11,500 ft) but occurs as low as 1,500 m (4,900 ft) and as high as 3,800 m (12,500 ft).

## Behavior

### Movement

The pearled treerunner is a year-round resident throughout its range.

### Feeding

The pearled treerunner feeds on a variety of arthropods. It typically forages in pairs or small groups, commonly in mixed-species feeding flocks, and from the forest's mid-storey to its canopy. It acrobatically hitches up trunks and along limbs using its tail for support. It gleans prey mostly from moss and epiphytes, less often from bark and dead leaves, and often while hanging upside down.

### Breeding

The pearled treerunner's breeding season has not been fully defined but apparently spans at least from December to June. It is thought to be monogamous. It forms moss into a ball-shaped nest with a side entrance, placed under a limb or rock. Nothing else is known about its breeding biology.

### Vocalization

The pearled treerunner is not highly vocal. Its song is "a rapid series of high-pitched, thin 'tick' notes,". Its calls are "a single high-pitched 'tick' or 'tsit' \[and a\] short trill, 'trrrt-trrrt' ".

## Status

The IUCN has assessed the pearled treerunner as being of Least Concern. It has a very large range, and though its population size is not known it is believed to be stable. No immediate threats have been identified. It is considered fairly common to common and occurs in several protected areas. It "\[t\]olerates at least mild forest fragmentation and disturbance".

## InfoBox

| Pearled treerunner | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Furnariidae |
| Genus: | *Margarornis* |
| Species: | ***M. squamiger*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Margarornis squamiger***
(d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838) | |
|
|  | |


title: Peasant foods

abstract: Peasant foods are dishes eaten by peasants, made from accessible and inexpensive ingredients. In many historical periods, peasant foods have been stigmatized. They may use ingredients, such as offal and less-tender cuts of meat. One-dish meals are common.

text:
# Peasant foods

**Peasant foods** are dishes eaten by peasants, made from accessible and inexpensive ingredients.

In many historical periods, peasant foods have been stigmatized.

They may use ingredients, such as offal and less-tender cuts of meat. One-dish meals are common.

## Common types

### Meat-and-grain sausages or mushes

Ground meat or meat scraps mixed with grain in approximately equal proportions, then often formed into a loaf, sliced, and fried

### Pasta

### Sauces

### Soups and stews

### List of peasant foods

* Baked beans, the simple stewed bean dish
* Barbacoa, a form of slow cooking, often of an animal head, a predecessor to barbecue
* Bulgur wheat, with vegetables or meat
* Broken rice, which is often cheaper than whole grains and cooks more quickly
* Bubble and squeak, a simple British dish, cooked and fried with potatoes and cabbage mixed together
* Finger millet balls made from ragi flour which is boiled with water and balls are formed and eaten with vegetable gravy
* Greens, such as dandelion and collard
* Head cheese, made from boiling down the cleaned-out head of an animal to make broth, still made
* Hominy, a form of corn specially prepared to be more nutritious
* Horsebread, a low-cost European bread that was a recourse of the poor
* Katemeshi, a Japanese peasant food consisting of rice, barley, millet and chopped daikon radish
* Lampredotto, Florentine dish or sandwich made from a cow's fourth stomach
* Panzanella, Italian salad of soaked stale bread, onions and tomatoes
* Polenta, a porridge made with the corn left to Italian farmers so that land holders could sell all the wheat crops, still a popular food
* Pumpernickel, a traditional dark rye bread of Germany, made with a long, slow (16–24 hours) steam-baking process, and a sour culture
* Ratatouille, the stewed vegetable dish
* Red beans and rice, the Louisiana Creole dish made with red beans, vegetables, spices, and leftover pork bones slowly cooked together, and served over rice, common on Mondays when working women were hand-washing clothes
* Salami, a long-lasting sausage, used to supplement a meat-deficient diet
* Soul food, developed by enslaved African-Americans, primarily using ingredients undesired and given away by their enslavers
* Succotash, a blend of corn and beans
* Tacos, cooked meats or vegetables wrapped in native maize tortillas in the Americas

## Further reading


title: Peckoltia braueri

abstract: Peckoltia braueri is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the basins of the Rio Negro and the Branco River. It is typically found among large boulders in fast-moving riffles. The species reaches 10.3 cm SL. P. braueri appears in the aquarium trade, where it is referred to either as the worm-line peckoltia or by one of three associated L-numbers, which are L-121, L-135, and L-305.

text:
# Peckoltia braueri

***Peckoltia braueri*** is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the basins of the Rio Negro and the Branco River. It is typically found among large boulders in fast-moving riffles. The species reaches 10.3 cm (4.1 inches) SL.

*P. braueri* appears in the aquarium trade, where it is referred to either as the **worm-line peckoltia** or by one of three associated L-numbers, which are L-121, L-135, and L-305.

## InfoBox

| *Peckoltia braueri* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Siluriformes |
| Family: | Loricariidae |
| Genus: | *Peckoltia* |
| Species: | ***P. braueri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Peckoltia braueri***<br>(Eigenmann, 1912) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Hemiancistrus braueri* | |