title: The CfC-Stanbic Bank Magnate

abstract: The CfC-Stanbic Bank Magnate is a Kenyan business reality television show in which 14 participants compete in an elimination-style competition for a top prize of KSh.1.5 million/= (US$15,000) as seed capital for their business. The show typically ends with the 3 board members eliminating one of the contestants with the catch phrase, "You Have to Go!". The slogan of the show is "Winning is Just the Beginning". The show first aired in October 27, 2011 and it's on its first season.

text:
# The CfC-Stanbic Bank Magnate

***The CfC-Stanbic Bank Magnate*** is a Kenyan business reality television show in which 14 participants compete in an elimination-style competition for a top prize of KSh.1.5 million/= (US$15,000) as seed capital for their business. The show typically ends with the 3 board members eliminating one of the contestants with the catch phrase, "You Have to Go!". The slogan of the show is "Winning is Just the Beginning".

The show first aired in October 27, 2011 and it's on its first season.

## Idea

*The CfC-Stanbic Bank Magnate* is a reality television show that starts with a group of participants vying to earn a top prize of KSh.1.5 million/= (US$15,000) as seed capital for their business idea. The participants are drawn from diverse backgrounds and regions across Kenya. During the show, these contestants live in close quarters testing their social skills as they balance co-operation with competition. The participants are placed into teams, and each week are assigned a task and required to select a team leader for the task. The winning team advances to the next task, while the losing team remains in the boardroom where the board members determine the person to go and is automatically eliminated from the show.

Eliminations involves the losing team being confronted with their loss in a boardroom meeting. The team leader is then asked to select one of their team members who was the weakest link. The board members then determine who has to go as well as put on probation participants whom they believe underperformed in the task assigned.

The board members reserves the right at times to do the following: not allow the losing team leader to determine who has to go, and to let go multiple people who were on probation from the previous task and performed poorly on the task assigned. The board members also discourage quitting.

## Selection

The show aimed at identifying and recruiting young extraordinary business minds in Kenya with limited resources but have much zeal to achieve their entrepreneurial dreams. Over 800 applicants all over Kenya applied to participate in The Magnate whereby 96 participants were short listed for the interviews in Nairobi where they presented their brilliant ideas to a panel of judges. The best 14 participants were then contacted to participate in the show. The participants are then assigned different rigorous tasks based on typical Kenyan business scenarios whereby they are expected to perform with excellence.

## Board Members

The board members are outstanding Kenyan entrepreneurs who have excelled by establishing companies worth billions of shillings. They Include:

**Dr. Catherine Masitsa Rozsa** She started off as a veterinary surgeon, going on to create a successful career in various multi-national organizations before her entrepreneurial spirit led her to start her own company. She transformed the wedding industry into a billion-shilling industry in Kenya by her outfit Samantha's Bridal which now is Africa's leading wedding brand. She also Publishes other popular business and lifestyle magazines.

**Mr. Gerald Wamalwa** He quit employment at the age of 28 to start his own company Mellech Engineering and Construction. Starting with only one pick-up and zero capital, he transformed the company to a leading giant in the construction industry in Kenya with a turnover of over a billion Kenya shillings. His company was named the best top 100 Mid-Sized Companies in East Africa in 2009 and runners up position in Africa Awards 2011. On December 16, 2011, he was ranked among the Top 40 Under 40 Men in Kenya for his work at Mellech Group where he is the founder and Managing Director.

**Mr. Moses Nderitu** He is a serial entrepreneur, pursuing business opportunities whenever he spots them. He is famously known as the brains behind Excloosive Mobile Toilets that revolutionized the sanitation industry in Kenya especially for outdoor functions. He was ranked among the Top 40 Under 40 men in Kenya for his achievements at Excloosive Limited where he is the Founder and Managing Director(MD).

## Participants

| Name | Age | Residence | Business idea | Date Leaving House |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Paul Mwige | 29 | Nairobi | Car Hire Business - Pems Autozone | 1st Runner-Up, November 22, 2011 |
| Silvanus Osoro Onyiego | 22 | Meru | Direct Sales | December 8, 2011 |
| Ryan Johnstone | 25 | Nairobi | Renewable energy | November 10, 2011 |
| David Kamunde | 23 | Meru | Plastic Recycling | December 15, 2011 |
| Kenneth Ng'enoh | 28 | Kericho | Biogas Fuel | November 17, 2011 |
| Roy Nyagah Muriuki | 24 | Nairobi | Fuel Saving fuel - Hydrogen Fuel | December 8, 2011 |
| William Waweru | 25 | Nairobi | Car Wash | December 1, 2011 |
| Washington Koimbori | 23 | Kikuyu | Pectin Manufacturing Factory | 3rd Runner-Up, December 22, 2011 |
| Lina Marie Kotonya | 29 | Nairobi | Beauty Treatment - Maya Expo | 2nd Runner-Up, December 22, 2011 |
| Idah Maina | 24 | Nairobi | Coffee Shop | November 24, 2011 |
| Kahara Kiarie | 29 | Limuru | Comparison Site | November 10, 2011 |
| Peter Ruhiu Njogu | 24 | Nyahururu | Power Generation | November 3, 2011 |
| Anne Githu | 29 | Nairobi | Fresh Produce | December 15, 2011 |
| Vivien Mutimbia | 29 | Mombasa | Domestic Tourism - Mkenya Mtalii | WINNER (Season 1) December 22, 2011 |
| David wokabi kamau | 29 | Mombasa | Business Sales consultant | June 8, 2013 |

## Episode 1

Episode 1 covered the interviews of the 96 shortlisted participants out of the over 800 people who applied to participate in the show. The hopefuls underwent rigorous scrutiny to determine the 14 participants that will proceed to The Magnate Mansion. The interviews took place in Nairobi. This episode aired on October 27, 2011

## Episode 2

The 14 participants chosen are introduced to the board members where they are given 2 minutes to present their idea briefly. At the mansion, they trained on disaster management, team building and entrepreneurial mentoring classes. They were divided to 2 teams namely

**Team Deli fresh**

Members

1. Anne Githu - Team Leader
2. David Kamunde Mwirigi
3. Kenneth Ng'enoh
4. Lina Marie
5. Peter Ruhiu Njogu
6. Ryan Johnstone
7. William Waweru

**Team Ultimate**

Members

1. Silvanus Osoro Onyiego - Team Leader
2. Kahara Kiarie
3. Paul Mwige
4. Roy Nyagah Muriuki
5. Idah Maina
6. Vivien Mutimbia
7. Washington Koimbori

The first task required the contestants to supplying fresh produce to Tuskys Supermarket in Nairobi. They were to go to the local market and purchase various fresh produce requires by their customer (supermarket manager) then sell to him at a profit. The team with the highest profits margins wins. They were then to prepare a report on the task assigned to them at the boardroom where the board members were to assess and determine the winner. The task tested on Time Management, Profitability, Ethics and Compliance with the Law, Pricing and Crisis Management. Team Deli fresh had some of the products rejected due to poor packing while Team Ultimate managed to sell all their produce. In the Board room, it was a straight victory for Team Ultimate with a profit margin of 10% while Team Deli Fresh made a loss of over KSh.1,200/=. The board members were not impressed by the 10% profit margin made by Team Ultimate but in the end it was Team Deli Fresh that had to lose one member. In the board room, Team Deli Fresh made even more mistakes by presenting the wrong figures to board members as well as not nominating one member who was the weakest link to take blame. Peter Ruhiu Njogu decided to quit which did not go well with the board members and had to go and subsequently leaves the show. Anne Githu, Kenneth Ng'enoh and David Kamunde Mwirigi were put on probation for lack of focus, presentation of wrong data as well as the team leader lack of leadership. This episode aired on November 3, 2011

## Episode 3

This episode aired on November 10, 2011 on Kenyan TV Stations: Kiss TV and KBC at 8 PM EAT. (It is also available on their official website for viewing.) The remaining 13 participants remaining had had a reality check having been through the first board appearance and consequent eviction in the previous episode. They were more keen and highly anticipated the next task.

Week 2 began with a motivational session in the house. This was conducted by Susan Koinange (MD Koba Waters Ltd.) She encouraged the participants to form 'master-mind groups' or 'likeness teams.' These teams were to meet often in order to keep the team members inspired. She used the metaphor of making 'apple juice with the apples given to them.'

The task briefing was delivered differently. Instead of the Board meeting the participants and informing them, it was presented to them at the house by Kirika Kirimi in a sealed envelope. They were instructed to read the contents within and discuss it within 30 minutes. In addition, they were to nominate 1 participant who was to be 'immune' from eviction that week.

The Task brief of 2 November 2011 was read to the entire team by Roy Muriuki. It read:  *...following last week's contest, the board was displeased and was of the feeling that neither of the teams executed the tasks with the diligence it deserved. To this end, the Board has decided to not personally attend the briefing. The Board sincerely hopes that this week's task will be taken more seriously and executed in a more fitting fashion...*

On the tasks at hand:  *...the car & the upholstery cleaning business is expanding rapidly in Kenya from high end car washes to the less tech enabled ones across the country, business is brisk, the common denominator for all these businesses however is whether they are able to get customers to their businesses or not and how mush money they make. You will be required to run a car wash business for your next task... you will take care of everything that concerns the business for the day. This task will be executed between 8 AM - 3 PM. Remember,* **profitability is what dictates the growth of any business***...*

### The previous 2 teams had been

**Team Deli fresh**

Members

1. Anne Githu - Team Leader
2. David Kamunde Mwirigi
3. Kenneth Ng'enoh
4. Lina Marie
5. Ryan Johnstone
6. William Waweru

**Team Ultimate**

Members

1. Silvanus Osoro Onyiego - Team Leader
2. Kahara Kiarie
3. Paul Mwige
4. Roy Nyagah Muriuki
5. Idah Maina
6. Vivien Mutimbia
7. Washington Koimbori

The second task brought the contestants to DGM Car Wash in Nairobi. ***Team Ultimate*** had deliberated to charge a minimum of KSh.150/= per car and were willing to go as high as the client seemed able to afford whereas ***Team Deli Fresh*** had decided to range between KSh.200/= - KSh.250/=. They were welcomed by the proprietor 'Caroline' and briefly oriented. She then gave them an envelope containing further instructions from the Board for them.

They were instructed to form 2 new teams ensuring that not more than 4 members form the previous teams were to be together again in the new teams! This was to be completed within 30 minutes.

### The new teams

**TEAM ULTIMATE**

1. *Kiarie Kihara* \- Team Leader
2. Roy Muriuki
3. Paul Mwige
4. Ann Githu
5. David Kamunde
6. Washington Koimburi

**ULTIMATE HUSTLERS**

1. *Ryan Johnstone* \- Team Leader
2. Lina Marie
3. Vivien Mutimbia
4. Idah Maina
5. Sylvanus Osoro
6. Kenneth Ng'enoh
7. William Waweru

### The challenges arising among the teams

* Duty allocation / division of labour
* Equipment preparation
* Customer acquisition
* Competing for the same clients (both teams were at the same car wash, getting cars from the same highway)
* The equipment not being versatile enough (e.g. the washing pipes being too short to reach all areas of some trucks to be washed.)
* Customer complaints
* Customers bargaining for the lowest price
* Convincing potential clients to pop in for a wash
* Stealing each other's clients
* Some dissatisfied clients
* Weather change (it began to pour rather heavily)
* Coordination between the sales team & the work-force
* Pulling in more cars than they could handle at a given time
* Washing the cars in a rush hence not cleaning them satisfactorily
* Having to pay for venue (which they discovered after they were done for the day)

### Strategies

* The two teams each divided themselves into two groups; one went out to market themselves and attract clients while the other got down to cleaning the cars that came through!
* The sales teams were cut-throat - literally bringing traffic to a standstill!
* The teams using the rain - interruption of workflow to strategize further
* When told of the rental charge that they had overlooked, they bargained to cut down their losses

### Point of caution

* The Task wasn't about *washing cars* but about *running a car wash!*

### In The Board Room

#### Characteristics to remember about each Board member

##### Gerald Wamalwa

Seeks *integrity & excellence and does not tolerate short cuts*

##### Dr. Catherine Masitsa

Seeks *the daring entrepreneur who is out to seize the chance*

##### Moses Nderitu

Seeks *the perceptive entrepreneur with an eye for opportunity who's willing to risk it*

#### What the Board members observed

##### Gerald Wamalwa

1. The Set price for washing a car at the car wash was set at KSh.150/= whereas some of the teams were charging higher than that.
2. This was a manual task and so cars were to be done one at a time
3. Financials would have to be discussed further because the bottom-line did not reflect well

##### Dr. Catherine Masitsa

1. Although profit was a key objective, it should not have been sought at the cost of customer satisfaction and quality assurance

##### Moses Nderitu

1. Some team members got into the clients' cars in order to lead them to the car wash, a violation of personal space
2. They were at liberty to utilize the 'manpower' at the car wash
3. The team leaders should have gone to negotiate with for additional labor since they were clearly overwhelmed hence finding out what the charge to be levied on them would be and then consider this

#### Boardroom Session

| **TEAM ULTIMATE** | Board Comments | **ULTIMATE HUSTLERS** | Board Comments |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Kiarie Kihara* \- Team Leader: expected passion, dedication, hard work, initiative | What were the Team dynamics | *Ryan Johnstone* \- Team Leader expected: drive, entrepreneurial spirit | What were the Team dynamics |
| *William Waweru* \- Had to seek out the client; | How was it different from what you do everyday? | *Sylvanus Osoro* \- Maintain Team assets | What were the Team strategies? |
| *Kiarie Kihara* \- Fluctuated depending on the client | What were the pricing strategies? | *Lina Marie* \- They needed extensive cleaning and so I felt that this was a fair price to charge at the time | Why an overcharge? |
| *Washington Koimbori* \- The attempt was made & they learned of the standard pricing | Seeking assistance from the business owner |  |  |
| *Paul Mwige* \- Management of all business aspects the same way that the original owner would do & understand the system and mechanisms involved | What did the objective of 'running a business' entail? |  |  |

```
 **Board**: *The action of not going back to the proprietor of the business to ask for insight*
  *on how the business is run is as good as deciding that you have no need to understand the dynamics*
 *of that particular business!*
 **Board**:  *The teams did not understand the system and mechanisms involved and also manage*
 *all business aspects the same way that the original owner would do*
```

## Episode 4

Training sessions The contestants had a vigorous training session on Business Concepts and Models facilitated by Ruth Ogier of InvesteQ Capital Ltd. This enabled the contestants to set and know their goals as well as get the best out of their businesses.

Task The task briefing took place at Decor Den Office in Nairobi West by Nina Senanu, the proprietor of Decor Den. Task entailed interior design and furnishing Decor Den's new office in Nairobi west which was to serve corporate and home clients all in a budget of KSh.500,000/= (approximately US$5,600). The task was to be judged by the best idea and the best layout of the office. The contestants were divided into two teams;

**Team Synergy**

Members

1. Lina Marie - Team Leader
2. Sylvanus Osoro
3. William Waweru
4. Vivien Mutimbia
5. Idah Maina
6. Kenneth Ng'eno

**Team Ultimate Consultants**

Members

1. Washington Koimbori - Team Leader
2. David Kamunde
3. Ann Githu
4. Roy Muriuki
5. Paul Mwige

The teams were allowed to use Interior design consultants to advise on what is required. After shopping around for the suitable furniture, the office model as well as a three-dimensional (3D) soft copy showing the office space the teams went to present their proposal to their client, Nina Senanu, proprietor - Decor Den. Team Synergy provided four services namely interior decor, furniture, signage, and marketing the new location. They had two scenarios for the room. Scenario 1 had a green carpet while scenario 2 had red carpet. Team Ultimate consultants divided the office into four zones: the wet zone, workstation area, the boardroom and the reception area. After the presentation, The proprietor, Decor Den met the board members to brief them on the teams performance. Team Ultimate

Boardroom sessions In the boardroom, Team synergy were faulted on presenting that they had experience on interior design yet they had just started working. The board also faulted their office model which did not meet the standards of the client thus handing team Ultimate easy victory. Team Synergy remained in the boardroom for the eviction. The team leader, Lina was asked to pick two members she thought were weak to remain in the boardroom. She picked Idah and William. Finally, the board members deliberated and decided that the team failed for not understanding the client and the product she wanted by presenting a substandard product. The board decided that Lina and Idah were put on probation. William was appointed the team leader in the next task. Kenneth who was in charge of the design and the office model which was the main reason why they failed had to go. This episode was aired on November 17, 2011.

## Episode 5

Training session The contestants had a motivation session facilitated by Daniel Mungai - Chef, Emma Daniel Creations. The session centered around entrepreneurship and the challenges one has to undergo to be successful.

Task The task entailed selling tickets for the fifth puppetry festival at the Kenya National Theatre. They were to create a sales and marketing strategy. They were briefed by Tony Mboyo, producer, Kenya National Theater. The contestants were divided into two teams:

**Team Synergy**

Members

1. William Waweru - Team Leader
2. Sylvanus Osoro
3. Vivien Mutimbia
4. Lina Marie
5. Idah Maina

**Team Ultimate**

Members

1. David Kamunde - Team Leader
2. Washington Koimbori
3. Roy Muriuki
4. Ann Githu
5. Paul Mwige

After brainstorming on the sales and marketing strategy, the teams presented to Annabel Karanja - Marketing Specialist and Trainer, InvesteQ Capital Ltd. During presentation, Team Synergy had a missing slide on the financial projection thus throwing the team in panic. The then hit the streets to sell 100 tickets for the show. Team synergy targeted the motorists and the pedestrians using direct sale. Team Ultimate targeted shop retailers but changed quickly to target the corporate.

Boardroom session In the boardroom, the teams had a brief recap of their sales and marketing strategy as well as what they did when selling the tickets. Team Ultimate was put to task on their marketing plan since they estimated that they were going to sell 200 tickets yet they were given 100 tickets to sell. There were some light moments when David said the figure was imaginary and no facts was used to support this. Paul was grilled for presenting a financial projection with wrong addition figures. On the other hand, Team Synergy didn't include the sales Projections in their financial analysis. There was a heated argument between the board members and David, the team leader of team Ultimate for not having any solid basis to rank his fellow team members as well as using "Imaginary" "I have no idea" and "I just thought". When the final scores were tallied out of 100 points, Team Synergy had 45.7 points while Team Ultimate had 59 points. This automatically made Team Ultimate the winners. Team Synergy remained in the boardroom for the eviction. The team leader, William blamed Idah for poor financial presentation and analysis yet the board had identified the team lost due to poor presentation. Finally the board decided since Idah was in charge of financial projection which was missing during presentation as well as being on probation on the previous task, she had to go. William and Lina were put on probation. This episode was aired on November 24, 2011.

## Episode 6

Training session The contestants underwent a vigorous training on operations management facilitated by Gabriel Macharia - Operations Management, InvesteQ Capital.

Task The task entailed a board based business simulation that tested their leadership skills, decision making skills, level of understanding, ability to learn and communicate, financial knowledge and general business acumen which was conducted by David Tanki of Lan-X Africa Ltd. The contestants were divided into three teams: **Touch Limited**

Members

1. Roy Muriuki
2. David Kamunde
3. William Waweru

**Firestorm Limited**

Members

1. Washington Koimbori
2. Lina Marie
3. Ann Githu

**Eagles Limited**

Members

1. Vivien Mutimbia
2. Sylvanus Osoro
3. Paul Mwige

The board based simulation was for the contestants to run a business which had employees, assets, expenses and money. The task required the contestants to produce and sell three products: Brown product worth KSh.3,000/= per piece, Yellow product worth KSh.2,000/= per piece and a Blue product worth KSh.1,000/= per piece. The teams were to prepare quotations based on their production and make bids for the customers who need a combination of all three products. The task required the contestants to bid for the most valuable combination of products while keeping the cost of production as low as possible. They were to be evaluated based on price, service, quality and credit terms. On the first day, Touch limited won since it was the lowest bidder. When reviewing the task and setting up the price controls, one member of Touch Limited, William, isolated himself from the rest of the team. On the second day, the teams decided to merge, share customers since they didn't have enough resources. they also developed a common pricing system. Finally, the teams results were tallied and were as follows:

| Team | Sales | Net Profit |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Touch | 228 | 15,000 |
| Eagles | 165 | -1000 |
| Firestorm | 224 | 0 |

Touch limited won for having the highest net profit.

Boardroom session In the boardroom the teams was put to task on the reason for merger. In the process, it was discovered that they did not include a mark up of KSh.15,000/= but some teams did not. This brought up disagreements among the teams. Even though Touch Limited won, they were put to task for not presenting financial statement and balance sheets. William was put on the chopping board for abandoning his team during the price negotiation period. According to the evaluation, the contestants were graded and were as follows; Roy - 24, David - 23, William - 16, Vivien - 22, Paul - 23, Sylvanus - 21, Washington - 24, Lina - 17, Ann - 21. William having the fewest points in the rankings as well as he had been on probation in the previous task, he had to go. Lina and Sylvanus were put on probation. This episode was aired on December 1, 2011.

## Episode 7

Training session The contestants had a training session facilitated by Esther Mukaya of Google Kenya on the need for businesses to create websites and ways to reach customers using websites.

Task The week's task was delivered inform of a site visit to the Soft and Lovely factory in Nairobi where they toured thereafter on the task briefed on by Michael Kimani - Manager, Soft and Lovely Company. The task was to create an advertising campaign on various products made by the company. They were then allowed to consult Redsky advertising on the best approach for their campaign. The contestants were in two teams namely:

**Team Aspire**

Members

1. Vivien Mutimbia - Team Leader
2. David Kamunde
3. Ann Githu
4. Lina Marie

**Team Ultimate**

Members

1. Paul Mwige - Team leader
2. Sylvanus Osoro
3. Roy Muriuki
4. Washington Koimbori

Team Aspire set the ball rolling by brainstorming then shooting a commercial on the Soft and Lovely braid spray using "Tokelezea" (Slang for emerge) as their catchphrase for the TV commercial. During editing of the video commercial a rift developed on team aspire on the need to include other products as well as the need to include the company and where to place it. Team Ultimate decided not to have a TV commercial instead used a radio advert and fliers. Both teams then presented their final ad to the Soft and Lovely MD and Jerry Nyagah, Creative Director, Redsky Advertising. The board was then briefed on how the teams performed.

Boardroom session Both teams had to brief the board on the task. Team Aspire gave wrong financial projections to the board which did not go well with the board. Team Ultimate projected that the client will spend KSh.1.6 million/= then make sales of the same amount but they forgot to put a disclaimer on how long to make a profit. They also focused on use of banners and fliers which was not practical since most people don't read. Team Aspire ultimately won the task for creating a good advertisement campaign as well as practical solutions as well as their catchphrase "Tokelezea" which was trendy. Team Ultimate was put to task why they didn't get the market brief, Market target and the creative right. The board identified that Roy Muriuki was in charge of the creative and Sylvanus who was in charge of Market brief. The board was also infuriated by the contestants not owning up to the task they were doing. The board determined that the team lost because of poor message delivery, a task done by Roy Muriuki who was in charge of creative thus he had to go. The board also decided that Sylvanus was in charge of Market briefing as well as defining the target market which led to them losing the task. Sylvanus who was also on probation made it worse for him thus he had to go home. The team leader Paul Mwige was put on Probation. This episode was aired on December 8, 2011.

## Episode 8

Site Viewing The contestants visited Kitengela Hot Glass where the owner, Anselm Croze facilitated the tour round the factory as well as advising the contestants on how to maintain a successful business

Task The task was for the contestants to advise a client (Stephen Gugu, Investment Director - InVhestia Africa) who wants to start a Financial Investment Training Business. This task was done individually. They had personal sessions to know more thereafter to advise and present what the client needs to do. This was to test what they have learned so far at the Magnate Mansion. After the presentation, the client met the board members to present the strengths and weaknesses of the contestants as follows:

| Name | Positives | Negatives |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Vivien Mutimbia | Good time management, Market analysis and layout of activities to be done | Chewing gum during the presentation |
| Lina Marie | Plan execution, step by step on what needs to be done | Poor presentation skills |
| Paul Mwige | Good use of Q&A session, | Didn't take a position on what the client needs to do |
| Washington Koimbori | Stuck to his position | Assumed and decided what the client wanted, |
| Ann Githu |  | Not taking a clear position on what the client needs to do. |
| David Kamunde |  | Poor presentation skills. |

Boardroom Sessions

In the boardroom, the contestants were to explain what steps they took to advise the client. The Board asked questions according to the advice they gave the client. The contestants were evaluated then ranked according to:

1. The quality of questions asked and time management
2. Presentation of the plan
3. Market analysis
4. Refining of the value proposition
5. Recommendations given

The ranking scale was as follows: 1-Below Expectation, 2-Below Average, 3-Just met expectation, 4-Above average, 5- Exceeded expectation. On the task, the contestants scored as follows:

| Name | Score |
| --- | --- |
| Washington Koimbori | 3.1 |
| Lina Marie | 3.25 |
| Paul Mwige | 3.15 |
| Vivien Mutimbia | 3.35 |
| David Kamunde | 2.35 |
| Ann Githu | 2.9 |

David Kamunde and Ann Githu had to leave the Magnate Mansion for having the fewest points and having performed below expectation. This meant that Paul Mwige, Vivien Mutimbia, Washington Koimbori and Lina Marie qualified for the finals. This episode was aired on December 15, 2011.

## Season Finale

This was the Season Finale whereby the final four contestants were to pitch their business plans to a panel of Judges. The four finalists were

1. Lina Marie - Maya Expo
2. Paul Mwige - MD, Pems Autozone
3. Vivien Mutimbia - Director, Safari Hunters
4. Washington Koimbori - Pectin Manufacturing Factory

The finals were held at One Degree South Eco Boutique Hotel in Westlands (Nairobi) where the winner was announced. The board members were joined by a panel of Judges who were as follows:

1. Ken Ouko - Head of Corporate Banking, CfC Stanbic Bank
2. Terry Mungai - Ashleys Executive Salon
3. Allan Ogendo - InvesteQ Capital
4. Christine Kapkusum - Senior Associate, Portfolio - Acumen Fund

The contestants were then given 10 minutes to pitch their ideas to the judges then a question and answer session. After the presentation, the judges were to fill a scorecard on that particular contestants pitch and award marks according to: Quality of the presentation, The problem the contestants are trying to solve, The product that is coming to the market, How well the contestants understand the market they are trying to penetrate (Market Analysis) and Financial plan.

**Pitch**

Lina Marie - Maya Expo, a web portal to give an insight on how to maintain a youthful appearance ranging from diet, exercise to extremes like buttocks and plastic surgery. The investment (Price money) was to be used for:

1. Upgrading the website into a portal
2. Portal optimization
3. Hire key staff

The strengths included the marketing structure of the proposal. Some of the drawbacks for the proposal included, understanding the current market due to inflation, costing structure and cash flow (cash Burn rate before returns are seen).

Paul Mwige - Pems Autozone, a transport logistics and fleet management solutions. The investment (price money) was to be used for purchasing cars. The strengths included diversity of the product. Some of the drawbacks included financial projections (low net margins), investing in areas with low returns.

Vivien Mutimbia - Mkenya Mtalii, a product to encourage domestic tourism targeting saccos. The Investment (price money) was to be used for:

1. Setting office in Nairobi to co-ordinate activities
2. Video production
3. Boost marketing cost

The strengths included good returns, clear market and good financial market analysis. Some of the drawbacks included no clear strategy for the products

Washington Koimbori - Pectin Manufacturing Factory from fruits. The investment was to be used on setting up a Pectin factory in Kenya utilizing the available raw materials as well as having Pectin readily available locally. The strengths included innovation and viability. Some of the weaknesses include financial projections and practicability of the project since it has not started.

RESULTS

After the pitch, the scores tallied were as follows

| Name | Score | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Washington Koimbori | 206 | 3rd Runner-Up |
| Lina Marie | 209 | 2nd Runner-Up |
| Paul Mwige | 270 | 1st Runner-Up |
| Vivien Mutimbia | 339 | WINNER |

Vivien Mutimbia won KSh.1,500,000/= as the winner of The CfC-Stanbic Bank Magnate Season 1

## InfoBox

| *The CfC-Stanbic Bank Magnate* | |
| --- | --- |
| Presented by | Kirika Mwangi |
| Starring | Catherine Masitsa<br>Moses Nderitu<br>Gerald Wamalwa |
| Country of origin | Kenya |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| Production | |
| Producers | Leakey Nduati<br>Lilian Geturo<br>Frank Muriungi<br>Kirumburu Ng'ang'a |
| Running time | 45 minutes |
| Production company | De-Capture Ltd |
| Original release | |
| Network | KBC<br>KISS TV |
| Release | October 27, 2011 (2011-10-27) \- 2011/10/29 |


title: Walter Roch

abstract: Walter Francis Roch, sometime MP (Lib.) for Pembrokeshire from 1908 to 1918 was a Welsh politician and landowner, whose political career ended when he continued to support H.H. Asquith over David Lloyd George.

text:
# Walter Roch

**Walter Francis Roch** (20 January 1880  3 March 1965), sometime MP (Lib.) for Pembrokeshire from 1908 to 1918 was a Welsh politician and landowner, whose political career ended when he continued to support H.H. Asquith over David Lloyd George.

## Background

Roch was born the second son of William Francis Roch, J.P., of Butter Hill, Pembrokeshire (who died in 1889) and his wife Emily Catherine Powell (she died in 1938), the second daughter of a Welsh Liberal politician Walter R.H. Powell, of Maesgwynne, Llanboidy, Carmarthenshire, MP (Lib.) for Carmarthenshire, 1880–85, and West Carmarthenshire, 1885–89. He was educated at Twyford and Harrow Schools. He married Hon. Fflorens Mary Ursula Herbert (1879-1969), on 20 April 1911. Fflorens was a published author and Chief Commissioner for Girl Guides in Wales. Roch was also a barrister at the Middle Temple from 1913.

## 1908 Pembrokeshire by-election

The Pembrokeshire by-election was held on 16 July 1908. The by-election was held due to the elevation to the peerage of the incumbent Liberal MP, John Wynford Philipps. Roch was selected as the Liberal candidate. During the campaign he had the active support of the MPs W. Llewelyn Williams and W. Jones of the United Kingdom Alliance and the Free Trade League respectively. The Miners' Federation of Great Britain also strongly supported Roch. His opponent, John Lort-Williams, the Conservative candidate, was supported by emissaries from the Tariff Reform League and the National Trade Defence Association. The Women's Social and Political Union, led by Emmeline Pankhurst came to Pembrokeshire to campaign against Roch, not because they disliked him, or supported Lort-Williams, but because H.H. Asquith, the Liberal Prime Minister, opposed the enfranchisement of women. In fact, Roch was a supporter of Votes for Women. Roch comfortably held the seat.

### Result

1908 Pembrokeshire by-election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Walter Roch | 5,465 | 62.4 | −6.9 |
|  | Conservative | John Lort-Williams | 3,293 | 37.6 | +6.9 |
| Majority | | | 2,172 | 24.8 | −13.8 |
| Turnout | | | 8,758 | 77.3 | +2.3 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing | -6.9 |  |

Roch successfully contested the seat in Pembrokeshire until 1918.

## Later electoral record

General election January 1910: Pembrokeshire
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Walter Roch | 6,135 | 65.1 | +2.7 |
|  | Conservative | Edward Marlay Samson | 3,291 | 34.9 | −2.7 |
| Majority | | | 2,844 | 30.2 | +5.4 |
| Turnout | | | 9,426 | 80.2 | +2.9 |
| Registered electors | | | 11,750 |  |  |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing | +2.7 |  |

General election December 1910: Pembrokeshire
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Walter Roch | 5,682 | 65.5 | +0.4 |
|  | Conservative | Edward Marlay Samson | 2,989 | 34.5 | 0.4 |
| Majority | | | 2,693 | 31.0 | +0.8 |
| Turnout | | | 8,671 | 73.8 | 6.4 |
| Registered electors | | | 11,750 |  |  |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing | +0.4 |  |

Roch was appointed to the Dardanelles Commission in 1916. He was the author of *Mr. Lloyd George and the War* (1920). In 1934 he was appointed JP for Monmouthshire. He and his wife spent the last twenty-five years of his life on their estates.


title: Skylla and Charybdis (Waterhouse)

abstract: Skylla and Charybdis is a 2014 composition for piano quartet by Graham Waterhouse, played in four movements without a break. The title refers to Scylla and Charybdis, two sea monsters from Greek mythology. In performances in German-speaking countries, it has also appeared in English surroundings as Between Scylla and Charybdis. Skylla und Charybdis is the title of an album of music for piano and strings by Waterhouse including this piece, released by Farao Classics in 2020.

text:
# Skylla and Charybdis (Waterhouse)

***Skylla and Charybdis*** is a 2014 composition for piano quartet by Graham Waterhouse, played in four movements without a break. The title refers to Scylla and Charybdis, two sea monsters from Greek mythology. In performances in German-speaking countries, it has also appeared in English surroundings as ***Between Scylla and Charybdis***.

***Skylla und Charybdis*** is the title of an album of music for piano and strings by Waterhouse including this piece, released by Farao Classics in 2020.

## History

The work, composed in 2011, was premiered at the Gasteig in Munich on 2 November 2014, by pianist Katharina Sellheim, violinist David Frühwirth, violist Konstantin Sellheim and the composer as the cellist. It was used for the title of a concert at the same location on 11 March 2018, played by the same performers, and for a concert in Gilching in preparation of an album of the same name. It was played in England in 2020, again providing the concert title, in 2020, combined with quartets by Beethoven and Dvořák, at the composer's former school, Highgate School. The quartet was notably played, by the same performers as in the premiere, as part of GW60, a concert on 5 November 2022 at the Allerheiligen-Hofkirche in Munich to celebrate the composer's 60th birthday.

## Music

The music is structured in four movements which are played without a break:

1. Adagio lugubre
2. Allegro demonico
3. Adagio doloroso
4. Vivace energico

According to the composer, the opening movement relates to the currents in the narrow strait of the sea. The second section pictures "threatening and aggressive characters". The third movement is based on overlapping melodies, mirroring each other as in tribal chant. The fourth section depicts a battle, musically, between the piano and the strings.

A reviewer noted in *Das Orchester* that the four movements, alternating slow and fast, had contrasting elements such as tender explorations of harmonic context ("sanfte Erkundungen harmonischer Kontexte") and moments full of rhythmic energy ("Momente voller rhythmischer Energie"), and imaginative sonorities ("mit großer Klangfantasie").

## Album

*Skylla und Charybdis* is the title of an album of some of the composer's works for piano and strings, including this piece. It was released in 2020 by Farao Classics. A reviewer quotes the composer explaining:

> "Choosing between Scylla and Charybdis is a metaphor which means »opting for the lesser of two evils«. The composer of today steers a similarly precarious path, facing questions such as: embracing or renouncing tradition; use of tonal centres or atonality; adhering to pre-conceived musical forms or use of narrative forms; allowing one instrument to dominate, or integrating them. In my mind the vision of the perilous and deadly Scylla and Charybdis mirrors these and other dilemmas facing composers, where possible danger may lie in store for those siding too closely with one extreme or the other."

### Track listing

The album contains six compositions:

1. *Rhapsodie Macabre*, piano and string quartet
2. *Bei Nacht*, Op. 50, piano trio
3. *Trilogy*, piano quintet
4. *Bells of Beyond*, piano trio
5. *Kolomyjka*, from *Polish Suite*, Op. 3, piano quartet
6. *Skylla und Charybdis*, piano quartet

The music, recorded in 2019 in Planegg, was performed by Katharina Sellheim (piano), David Frühwirth and Namiko Fuse (violin), Konstantin Sellheim (viola) and the composer as the cellist, which included all performers of the world premiere of *Skylla und Charydis*. The CD was introduced by a livestream concert at the Munich Gasteig on 6 March 2021, played by the same musicians. The program, which had been designed for the Beethoven year 2020 but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, had *Kolomyjka*, *Skylla und Charybdis*, *Bells of Beyond* and *Rhapsodie Macabre* from the album, and additionally the German premiere of *Variations for Cello Solo*, and the world premiere of *11 Neue Bagatellen nach Op. 119*, arrangements of the Eleven Bagatelles by Beethoven, originally for piano, for string quartet.

## InfoBox

| *Skylla and Charybdis* | |
| --- | --- |
| Piano quartet by Graham Waterhouse | |
| The performers of the premiere tuning for the piece in a concert at the Allerheiligen-Hofkirche in Munich on 5 November 2022 | |
| Year | 2014 (2014) |
| Period | contemporary |
| Based on | Scylla and Charybdis |
| Movements | 4 (without break) |
| Scoring | piano, violin, viola, cello |


title: Von Bonstetten

abstract: Bonstetten was the name of a noble family originally from Bonstetten, Switzerland. First mentioned in 1122 with one Henricus de Bonstadin, the family held the office of reeves in Zürich in the 13th century, and several members acted as judges in Thurgau in the 13th and 14th century. In the 14th century, they acquired Oberelsass, Aargau and Sundgau, rising to considerable prominence and entering marital ties with the House of Habsburg. Hermann von Bonstetten was prince-abbot of St Gall Abbey in 1333–1360. In the 15th century, the family lost its prominence and was reduced to the status of local lower nobility. In 1498, they received a confirmation of their baronial status from Maximilian I. The family now became part of the patriciate of Zürich and Bern. The Zürich line was extinct in 1606. Humanist Albrecht von Bonstetten was from the Bern line. The Bern line prospered, and produced a number of prominent politicians and officers in the early modern period, now also styled de Bonstetten.

text:
# Von Bonstetten

**Bonstetten** was the name of a noble family originally from Bonstetten, Switzerland (now in the Swiss canton of Zürich).

First mentioned in 1122 with one *Henricus de Bonstadin*, the family held the office of reeves in Zürich in the 13th century, and several members acted as judges in Thurgau in the 13th and 14th century. In the 14th century, they acquired Oberelsass, Aargau and Sundgau, rising to considerable prominence and entering marital ties with the House of Habsburg.

Hermann von Bonstetten was prince-abbot of St Gall Abbey in 1333–1360.

In the 15th century, the family lost its prominence and was reduced to the status of local lower nobility. In 1498, they received a confirmation of their baronial status from Maximilian I. The family now became part of the patriciate of Zürich and Bern. The Zürich line was extinct in 1606. Humanist Albrecht von Bonstetten (died c.1504) was from the Bern line. The Bern line prospered, and produced a number of prominent politicians and officers in the early modern period, now also styled *de Bonstetten* (as in Charles Victor de Bonstetten, 1745–1832; Walther von Bonstetten, 1867-1949).

* Ernst Baumeler: *Die Herren von Bonstetten – Geschichte eines Zürcher Hochadelgeschlechts im Spätmittelalter.* Chronos, Zürich 2012.
* Richard Newald (1955), "Bonstetten, Freiherren von", *Neue Deutsche Biographie* (in German), vol. 2, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 450–450; (full text online)
* Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Band 53, 1972.
* Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Band 109, 1995, 45 ff.


title: Red Cargo rice

abstract: Red Cargo rice is a type of non-glutinous long grain rice that is similar to brown rice, in that it is unpolished. The color of the bran is red, purple, or maroon. The husks of the rice grains are removed during the milling process, retaining all the nutrients, vitamins, and minerals intact in the bran layer and in the germ.

text:
# Red Cargo rice

**Red Cargo rice** is a type of non-glutinous long grain rice that is similar to brown rice, in that it is unpolished. The color of the bran is red, purple, or maroon. The husks of the rice grains are removed during the milling process, retaining all the nutrients, vitamins, and minerals intact in the bran layer and in the germ.

## Health and nutritional benefits

Red rice is a good source of thiamin (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), fibre, iron and calcium. The flavor of cooked red cargo rice is generally more sweet and nutty, and the texture is more chewy than standard white polished rice. Red rice takes longer to cook than white rice, but not as long as brown rice. Soaking the rice in water for at least 30 minutes before cooking produces a softer texture.

## History

The term "cargo" originates from the idea that this type of rice is exported/transported by ship/sea in bulk to the importers/distributors who then package the rice in small 1 kg bags for the market, unlike white rice which is usually pre-packed by exporters into 5, 10 or 25 kg bags.


title: Red Lion, Westminster

abstract: The Red Lion is a Grade II listed public house at 48 Parliament Street, London SW1. The pub is known for its political clientele and has been described as "the usual watering hole for MPs and parliament staffers" and "much-plotted-in" due to its proximity to UK political institutions including Whitehall, the Palace of Westminster, and 10 Downing Street.

text:
# Red Lion, Westminster

The **Red Lion** is a Grade II listed public house at 48 Parliament Street, London SW1. The pub is known for its political clientele and has been described as "the usual watering hole for MPs and parliament staffers" and "much-plotted-in" due to its proximity to UK political institutions including Whitehall, the Palace of Westminster, and 10 Downing Street.

## History

As early as 1434, a tavern known as the Hopping Hall existed in this location. In the Victorian era, a pub called the Red Lion standing on this spot was visited by Charles Dickens as a young boy. The current building was erected in about 1890. It has been visited by Prime Ministers Winston Churchill, Clement Attlee and Edward Heath. It is owned by Fuller's Brewery.

## Association with British politics

Although there are several pubs and bars located within the Palace of Westminster, the Red Lion is the closest public house to the Parliamentary Estate and so often frequented by MPs, civil servants, and political journalists. Interviews with clientele often feature complaints about the pub's expensive drinks and cramped interior, but note that its location makes it indispensable. Political journalist and author Marie Le Conte described the Red Lion as "the lowest common denominator – people say ‘I don’t go there’ but then everyone ends up there."

The pub's association with UK politics became notorious in 1997 after Charlie Whelan, press adviser for then-Chancellor of the Exchequer Gordon Brown, unofficially briefed journalists at the Red Lion that the UK would not be adopting the Euro. Whelan did so without the knowledge or authorisation of Tony Blair, with some sources suggesting that the "briefing" was simply that Whelan was overheard by journalists discussing the policy. Blair was reportedly outraged at this breach of protocol and rang Whelan (who was still at the pub) to complain, only to be told: "Sorry Tony, it’s too late."

The Red Lion is one of several public houses in the Westminster area to be fitted with a division bell, used to alert MPs that a vote is imminent (referred to in parliamentary language as a "division" as it requires dividing the House). Others include the Blue Boar and Westminster Arms. Members of the public and visiting tourists sometimes mistake the ringing of the bell for a fire alarm.

51°30′07″N 0°07′32″W / 51.502078°N 0.12568034°W / 51.502078; -0.12568034

## InfoBox

| The Red Lion | |
| --- | --- |
| The Red Lion | |
| Type | Public house |
| Location | 8 Parliament Street, London SW1 |
| Coordinates | 51°30′7.48″N 0°7′32.45″W / 51.5020778°N 0.1256806°W / 51.5020778; -0.1256806 |
| Built | 1890 |
|  | |
| Listed Building – Grade II | |
| Official name | RED LION PUBLIC HOUSE |
| Designated | 14-Jun-1983 |
| Reference no. | 1226437 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Red Lion, Hillingdon

abstract: The Red Lion is a Grade II listed public house at Royal Lane, Hillingdon, London. According to English Heritage, it was probably built in the 16th century, and the timber-framed building was refronted in about 1800. The Red Lion has grown over the years and now the former Conifir Cafe is joined to the public house forming the Red Lion restaurant. The former Cottage Hotel is now the historic wing of the 55 bedroom hotel, a 45 bedroom block was added to the rear of the property in 2003. Many original features remain in the various buildings including original staircases, vaulted cellar, Tudor fireplaces and original beams. The public house was bought by Fuller, Smith and Turner in 1905.

text:
# Red Lion, Hillingdon

The **Red Lion** is a Grade II listed public house at Royal Lane, Hillingdon, London.

According to English Heritage, it was probably built in the 16th century, and the timber-framed building was refronted in about 1800.

The Red Lion has grown over the years and now the former Conifir Cafe is joined to the public house forming the Red Lion restaurant. The former Cottage Hotel is now the historic wing of the 55 bedroom hotel, a 45 bedroom block was added to the rear of the property in 2003.

Many original features remain in the various buildings including original staircases, vaulted cellar, Tudor fireplaces and original beams.

The public house was bought by Fuller, Smith and Turner in 1905.

51°32′06″N 0°27′40″W / 51.53488°N 0.46114°W / 51.53488; -0.46114


title: Red Lion, Pennsylvania

abstract: Red Lion is a borough in York County, Pennsylvania, United States, settled in 1852 and incorporated on January 16, 1880. The population was 6,506 at the 2020 census. It is part of the York–Hanover metropolitan area.

text:
# Red Lion, Pennsylvania

**Red Lion** (Pennsylvania Dutch: *Rot Leeb*) is a borough in York County, Pennsylvania, United States, settled in 1852 and incorporated on January 16, 1880. The population was 6,506 at the 2020 census. It is part of the York–Hanover metropolitan area.

## History

Red Lion, settled in 1852, was named after one of the first pubs in town, the Red Lion Tavern.

The town was a main stop along the old Maryland and Pennsylvania Railroad, known locally as the "Ma & Pa" Railroad. That railroad ran from York County to Baltimore, Maryland.

Red Lion was once famous for the many brands of cigars made there. The town produced millions of cigars per month, about 10% of the cigars made in the United States. The town raises a cigar every New Year's Eve. It was also known nationwide for its furniture industry, with several large factories producing ornate, hand crafted furniture for over 100 years. The furniture industry has mostly shifted to kitchen cabinet production and retail store fixtures over the last 40 years.

The Consumers Cigar Box Company and Red Lion Borough Historic District are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## Geography

Red Lion is located about 8 miles (13 km) southeast of York. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 1.3 square miles (3.3 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1880 | 241 |  |  |
| 1890 | 524 |  | 117.4% |
| 1900 | 1,337 |  | 155.2% |
| 1910 | 2,092 |  | 56.5% |
| 1920 | 3,198 |  | 52.9% |
| 1930 | 4,757 |  | 48.7% |
| 1940 | 4,891 |  | 2.8% |
| 1950 | 5,119 |  | 4.7% |
| 1960 | 5,594 |  | 9.3% |
| 1970 | 5,645 |  | 0.9% |
| 1980 | 5,824 |  | 3.2% |
| 1990 | 6,130 |  | 5.3% |
| 2000 | 6,149 |  | 0.3% |
| 2010 | 6,373 |  | 3.6% |
| 2020 | 6,506 |  | 2.1% |
| 2021 (est.) | 6,489 |  | −0.3% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 6,149 people, 2,575 households, and 1,645 families residing in the borough. The population density was 4,789.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,849.4/km2). There were 2,729 housing units at an average density of 2,125.8 per square mile (820.8/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 97.12% White, 0.60% African American, 0.24% Native American, 0.41% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.33% from other races, and 1.25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.91% of the population.

There were 2,575 households, out of which 31.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.8% were married couples living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.1% were non-families. 29.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.92.

In the borough the population was spread out, with 25.1% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 32.2% from 25 to 44, 19.9% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.8 males.

The median income for a household in the borough was $35,828, and the median income for a family was $41,850. Males had a median income of $31,595 versus $21,934 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $17,723. About 6.1% of families and 10.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.4% of those under age 18 and 11.1% of those age 65 or over.

## Schools

* Red Lion Area Senior High School
* Red Lion Area Junior High School
* Locust Grove Elementary School
* Windsor Manor Elementary School (Now administration)
* Larry J. Macaluso Elementary School
* Mazie Gable Elementary School
* Pleasant View Elementary School
* Clearview Elementary School
* North Hopewell-Winterstown Elementary School
* River Rock Academy - Red Lion Campus

On March 19, 2009, the Red Lion Area School Board voted 8–0 to close 2 elementary schools in the district. Chanceford and Edgar Moore elementary schools closed at the end of the 2009 school year. The students from the schools were placed in other schools throughout the district including a brand new elementary school. The new school, Larry J. Macaluso Elementary School, was completed in 2009 and is named after the Red Lion Area School District superintendent, who retired the same year.

### School shooting

On April 24, 2003, at the Red Lion Junior High School in Red Lion, James Sheets killed the principal of the school, Eugene Segro, before killing himself.

### Local venues

Red Lion has a rich musical heritage. It is the home of the Red Lion Felton band which was first started in 1932 as the Red Lion Concert Band and then later joined with the Felton Band in 1972. The band is composed of local musicians of all ages and performs at many community events.

The Red Lion Area School District has also been awarded the NAMM Foundation's “Best Community for Music Education” from 2012 to 2018 which considers the quality of programs and availability of music education within the schools and community.

Red Lion is also home to an extensive array of local underground bands and independent local artists, perhaps the most popular being Halestorm, who have had six number one U.S. Mainstream Rock hits since 2013.

Red Lion also had a fully functional opera house and a downtown movie theater until the mid-1960s. The opera house has since been converted to housing, and the movie theater was demolished and is now a parking lot.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Red Lion, Pennsylvania | |
| --- | --- |
| Borough | |
| The former "Ma and Pa" railroad station in Red Lion | |
|  | |
| Location in York County and the state of Pennsylvania. | |
| Red LionLocation of Red Lion in PennsylvaniaRed LionRed Lion (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 39°53′56″N 76°36′23″W / 39.89889°N 76.60639°W / 39.89889; -76.60639 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | York |
| Settled | 1852 |
| Incorporated | January 16, 1880 |
| Named for | Red Lion Tavern |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Walter Hughes |
| Council President | Tony Musso |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.31 sq mi (3.40 km2) |
| Land | 1.31 sq mi (3.40 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 921 ft (281 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 6,512 |
| Density | 4,959.63/sq mi (1,915.54/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP Code | 17356 |
| Area code | 717 |
| FIPS code | 42-63840 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Reg Underhill

abstract: Henry Reginall Underhill, Baron Underhill CBE, was a British party worker and Labour politician.

text:
# Reg Underhill

**Henry Reginall Underhill, Baron Underhill** CBE (8 May 1914  12 March 1993), was a British party worker and Labour politician.

## Background

He was the youngest son of Henry James Underhill and his wife Alice Maud Butler. Underhill was educated at Leyton Central School and left it in 1929. Aged only sixteen, he joined the Labour Party in the following year and was a Lloyd's Underwriter until 1933.

## Career

Subsequently, Underhill began working as a junior clerk in the party's head office and became vice-chairman in the constituency of Leyton West. He was appointed an honorary secretary of the British Workers' Sports Association and in 1936 travelled with the British delegation to the People's Olympiad in Barcelona. During the Second World War, Underhill refused to fight, citing his socialism, however served in the National Fire Service in London, often acting as a driver.

In 1945, after the end of the war, he was assistant to Morgan Phillips, at that time the General Secretary of the Labour Party. He was then administrative assistant to the party's national agent until 1947 and worked as propaganda officer until the next year. From 1948, Underhill served as Labour's regional organiser in the West Midlands until 1960, when he was chosen assistant national agent.

In 1972, he finally became the National Agent of the Labour Party. His work involved reporting on the Militant tendency as entrists into the Labour Party, eventually leading to their expulsion from the party. Underhill was awarded a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1976 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours and on his retirement from his post in 1979, he was created a life peer with the title **Baron Underhill**, of Leyton, in Greater London on 12 July. He became Labour's Opposition front bench spokesman on transport in the House of Lords in 1980 and on electoral affairs in 1983. On the resignation of Cledwyn Hughes in 1982, Underhill was elected deputy leader of Labour in the House, a post he held until 1989. He was a founding member of the reformed Association of Professional, Executive, Clerical and Computer Staff and received the union's gold medal.

## Family

He married Flora Philbrick in 1937. Underhill died in a hospital in Epping in 1993 and left a daughter, Joan, and two sons, Terry and Bob.


title: Paul Roos Gymnasium

abstract: Paul Roos Gymnasium is a leading public dual medium high school for boys in the town of Stellenbosch in the Western Cape province of South Africa, which opened on 1 March 1866 as Stellenbosch Gymnasium. Described as South Africa’s Eton College by novelist Wilbur Smith, it is the 12th oldest school in the country, and its Old Boys have had an important, wide-ranging and notable impact on the history of South Africa.

text:
# Paul Roos Gymnasium

**Paul Roos Gymnasium** is a leading public dual medium (Afrikaans & English) high school for boys in the town of Stellenbosch in the Western Cape province of South Africa, which opened on 1 March 1866 as **Stellenbosch Gymnasium**. Described as South Africa’s Eton College by novelist Wilbur Smith, it is the 12th oldest school in the country, and its Old Boys have had an important, wide-ranging and notable impact on the history of South Africa.

## History

In 1910, the school was renamed **Stellenbosch Boys' High School**. In 1946 the school moved to new buildings in Krigeville and was renamed Paul Roos Gymnasium after Paul Roos, old boy and captain of the first Springbok team, was himself a teacher at the school, and was the school's rector from 1910 to 1940, after which the school was renamed in his honour.

A notable characteristic of the school is its *gees* (Afrikaans for *spirit*) and their famous fight song "Old boys of Paul Roos" which has the melody of "Flower of Scotland" in remembrance of the first three Scottish rectors, which they sing with their old boys.

Paul Roos Gymnasium has produced more Springbok rugby players than any other school (56). It is also the school with the most players in the 2019 Rugby World Cup including five Springboks: Schalk Brits, Willie le Roux, Steven Kitshoff, Herschel Jantjies, Damian Willemse and Braam Steyn who played for Italy.

## Associations and facilities

Though Paul Roos Gymnasium is a school for boys from grade 8 to 12, the curriculum includes some subjects presented in conjunction with the two sister schools, Hoër Meisieskool Bloemhof and Rhenish. The school is dual medium; Afrikaans- and English-speaking pupils study under one roof, but classes are largely separated according to mother tongue. The school shares sport and internet facilities with Stellenbosch University.

School facilities include a library and computer labs. Sports facilities include hockey fields, the Markötter rugby fields, a swimming pool, an Olympic Waterpolo Aquatic Centre, tennis courts, and a gymnasium.

The main residential facilities are the two school hostels (dormitories) called Prima and Prima Nova. They accommodate 245 boarders, mainly from South Africa and Namibia.

## Sport

Paul Roos Gymnasium participates in the following sports:

## Notable attainments

Paul Roos was classified as a 'prestige' school, being among the best-performing schools. In 2018 the University of Stellenbosch, which evolved out of this school, celebrated its centenary. In the first 100 years of its existence, 26 old boys received honorary doctorates from this university, more than any other school. Also, since the inception of the Chancellor's Medal in 1961, thirteen old boys were awarded this medal for the best final year student by Stellenbosch University.

## Notable alumni

### Springbok Rugby Players

1. Arthur Nicholas de Kock
2. Japie Louw
3. Jim McKendrick
4. Bob Shand
5. Paul de Waal
6. Japie Krige
7. Bob Loubser
8. PO Nel
9. Paul Roos
10. Daniël Johannes "Koei" Brink
11. Pinkie Daneel
12. Boy de Villiers
13. Frederick Luyt
14. Dick Luyt
15. Koot Reynecke
16. Gideon Daniël Roos
17. Wakkie Krige
18. John Luyt
19. Tom van Vuuren
20. Nic du Plessis
21. Theuns Kruger
22. Charlé Meyer
23. Mannetjies Michau
24. Phil Mostert
25. Tokkie Scholtz
26. Jackie Tindall
27. Attie van Heerden
28. PK Albertyn
29. Nico Bosman
30. Daunce Devine
31. Kenny Starke
32. George Daneel
33. Manus de Jongh
34. AF du Toit
35. PK Morkel
36. Boet Prinsloo
37. Ferdie Bergh
38. George van Reenen
39. Ballie Wahl
40. Tjol Lategan
41. Jannie Engelbrecht
42. Gertjie Brynard
43. Hempies du Toit
44. Cabous van der Westhuizen
45. Justin Swart
46. Cobus Visagie
47. Andries Bekker
48. Schalk Brits
49. Francois Hougaard
50. Juandré Kruger
51. Willie le Roux
52. Steven Kitshoff
53. Damian Willemse
54. Herschel Jantjies
55. Edwill van der Merwe
56. Ben-Jason Dixon

### Other notable sportsmen

### Jurists

### Journalists and authors

### Businessmen and politicians

### Artists and performing arts

* The members of the Afrikaans band, Zinkplaat
* Nic de Jager, radio presenter inducted into the South African Radio Hall of Fame

## Rhodes Scholarship

The Rhodes Scholarship was instituted in 1903. Paul Roos Gymnasium is one of four schools in South Africa entitled to award a Rhodes Scholarship annually to an ex-pupil to study at the University of Oxford.

## InfoBox

| Paul Roos Gymnasium | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 1 Suidwal Rd, Krigeville
Stellenbosch, Western Cape
South Africa | |
| Coordinates | 33°56′31″S 18°51′41″E / 33.9419°S 18.8614°E / -33.9419; 18.8614 |
| Information | |
| School type | All-boys public school |
| Motto | *Semper Splendidior*
(Always Brighter / Always More Splendid) |
| Religious affiliation(s) | Christianity |
| Established | 8 January 1866 (1866-01-08) |
| Sister school |  |
| School district | District 9 |
| Rector | Mr André van Staden |
| Staff | 120 full-time |
| Grades | 8–12 |
| Gender | Male |
| Age | 13 to 18 |
| Number of students | 1,300 boys |
| Language |  |
| Schedule | *07:40 - 14:20* |
| Campus | Urban Campus |
| Houses | * Braid * Hofmeyr * Murray * Neethling |
| Colour(s) | Gold
Maroon
White |
| Fight song | Old Boys of Paul Roos |
| Nickname | * The Roos * The Maroon Machine * PRG. |
| Rivals |  |
| Accreditation | Western Cape Education Department |
| Publication | The Semper |
| Newspaper | *Concipio* |
| Website | www.paulroos.co.za |


title: Marie Clothilde Balfour

abstract: Marie Clothilde Balfour was a British writer, translator, and folklorist. She wrote three novels, stories, and plays; translated poetry and a French Revolution-era memoir; collected folk stories and songs; and edited two volumes of letters from her aunt.

text:
# Marie Clothilde Balfour

**Marie Clothilde Balfour** (20 October 1862 – September 1931) was a British writer, translator, and folklorist. She wrote three novels, stories, and plays; translated poetry and a French Revolution-era memoir; collected folk stories and songs; and edited two volumes of letters from her aunt.

## Early life and education

Balfour was born in Edinburgh, the daughter of James Balfour, a noted engineer, and Christina Simson Balfour (later Nicholson). Writer Robert Louis Stevenson was her first cousin. She spent her early years in New Zealand while he father was working there; when he died in 1869, she returned to Scotland with her mother.

## Publications

Balfour wrote three novels, translated a French Revolution-era memoir, and edited two volumes of letters from her aunt, Margaret Isabella Balfour Stevenson, sent during her travels with her son in Polynesia. She also wrote plays and stories, and collected folklore. "From time to time doubts have been expressed about the authenticity of the tales that Marie Clothilde Balfour said she had collected," notes one scholar, because the tales she published were especially strange, and she certainly added her own literary flourishes.

* "Legends of the Cars" (1891, a series of articles)
* *White Sand* (1896, novel)
* *Maris Stella* (1896, novel)
* "Sub Tegmine Fagi" (1897, short story)
* *The Fall of the Sparrow* (1897, novel)
* "Saint Joseph and Mary, from a French folk song" (1897, poem translated by Balfour)
* *From Saranac to the Marquesas and beyond; being letters written by Mrs. M. I. Stevenson during 1887–88, to her sister, Jane Whyte Balfour* (1903, edited by Balfour)
* *Examples of printed folk-lore concerning Northumberland* (1904, collected folksongs)
* *Memoirs of Mlle des Écherolles, being sidelights on the Reign of Terror* (1904, translated by Balfour)
* Mrs. M. I. Stevenson, *Letters from Samoa, 1891–1895* (1906, edited by Balfour)

## Personal life

Balfour married her first cousin, physician James Craig Balfour; they had a daughter, Marie Margaret Melville Balfour, who also became a writer. Balfour's husband died in 1907, and she died in London in 1931.

* "The Buried Moon", *Tales of Britain and Ireland*, a podcast episode in which one of Balfour's folklore-based stories is read and discussed by the host Graeme Cooke.
* "The Buried Moon or the Big Plum Conspiracy" *Hestia's Kitchen* (28 September 2020), a blog post about Balfour's "The Buried Moon", with a recipe for plumbread

## InfoBox

| Marie Clothilde Balfour | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 20 October 1862
Edinburgh |
| Died | September 1931
London |
| Occupation(s) | Writer, folklorist |
| Father | James Balfour |
| Relatives | Robert Louis Stevenson (cousin); George William Balfour (uncle and father-in-law); Thomas Stevenson (uncle) |


title: Book of Discipline (United Methodist)

abstract: The Book of Discipline constitutes the law and doctrine of the United Methodist Church. It follows similar works for its predecessor denominations. It was originally published in 1784, in the Methodist Episcopal Church, and has been published every four years thereafter following the meeting of the General Conference, which passes legislation that is included in the Book of Discipline. The most recent edition is that of 2016. The basic unit of reference is the paragraph, not the page, chapter or section. The paragraphs are numbered consecutively within each chapter or section, but numbers are skipped between chapters or sections. The paragraph is often only a few lines, but many are several pages long and they can be divided into multiple subdivisions. Paragraphs are first divided using Arabic numerals which can themselves be divided by italicized lower case letters with parentheses (a), b), c), d)...) which may be divided using Arabic numerals within double parentheses Traditionally a list of all the bishops with the year of their election is at the beginning of the book. That is followed by a brief history of the church, then the church constitution, and a statement concerning the doctrine and theology of the church. The Social Principles of the church follow. Finally the legislative section, by far the largest part of The Discipline, appears.

text:
# Book of Discipline (United Methodist)

The ***Book of Discipline*** constitutes the law and doctrine of the United Methodist Church. It follows similar works for its predecessor denominations. It was originally published in 1784, in the Methodist Episcopal Church, and has been published every four years thereafter following the meeting of the General Conference, which passes legislation that is included in the *Book of Discipline*. The most recent edition is that of 2016.

The basic unit of reference is the paragraph, not the page, chapter or section. The paragraphs are numbered consecutively within each chapter or section, but numbers are skipped between chapters or sections. The paragraph is often only a few lines, but many are several pages long and they can be divided into multiple subdivisions. Paragraphs are first divided using Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3,...) which can themselves be divided by italicized lower case letters with parentheses (*a)*, *b)*, *c)*, *d)*...) which may be divided using Arabic numerals within double parentheses ((1), (2), (3),...)

Traditionally a list of all the bishops with the year of their election is at the beginning of the book. That is followed by a brief history of the church, then the church constitution, and a statement concerning the doctrine and theology of the church. The Social Principles of the church follow. Finally the legislative section, by far the largest part of *The Discipline*, appears.

1. *Foundational Documents of The United Methodist Faith*.
2. "Book of Discipline 2016 and Book of Resolution 2016 (free editions)". *www.cokesbury.com*. Retrieved 2018-08-16.
3. "The Book of Discipline of The United Methodist Church 2016". *www.cokesbury.com*. Retrieved 2018-08-16.
4. *The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church 2008*, pg. vii


title: Marie Raymond

abstract: Marie Raymond (1908–1988) was an abstract painter from the Tachisme movement in the 50s. Raymond was one of the most successful painters of the post-war abstract movement in Paris. Raymond's success story remains unknown as she was eclipsed by her son's success. Although many female artists were known for being put in their husband's shadows, few were put in their son's shadows. Her son, Yves Klein, today remains one of the most prominent figures of the nouveau réalisme movement. However, in the 50s, one was more likely to fall upon a painting by Raymond than her son. Raymond would go on to become a prominent social figure in the Parisian post-war movement until the death of Yves Klein which had a profound impact on her life and art.

text:
# Marie Raymond

**Marie Raymond** (1908–1988) was an abstract painter from the Tachisme movement in the 50s. Raymond was one of the most successful painters of the post-war abstract movement in Paris. Raymond's success story remains unknown as she was eclipsed by her son's success. Although many female artists were known for being put in their husband's shadows, few were put in their son's shadows. Her son, Yves Klein, today remains one of the most prominent figures of the nouveau réalisme movement. However, in the 50s, one was more likely to fall upon a painting by Raymond than her son. Raymond would go on to become a prominent social figure in the Parisian post-war movement until the death of Yves Klein which had a profound impact on her life and art.

## Early life

Raymond was born on 4 May 1908 at La Colle-sur-Loup in the South of France. Just like her husband, she was born into a middle-class family. Her father was a pharmacist and owned a dispensary which the family-owned for 40 years. She attended boarding school at the school of the Blanche de Castille in Nice. During her youth, she started painting in Alexandre Stoppelaëre's studio in Cagnes-sur-Mer. Her time spent in Stoppelaere's studio had a profound influence on her connection to art. The inspiration she gained from the Mediterranean sea and colors from Southern France had an impact on Raymond's later work.

Many artists visited the South of France for inspiration, especially in Cagnes-sur-Mer. The Dutch-Indonesian painter, Fred Klein came to the South where he met Marie Raymond in 1925. The following year, on 26 October, the couple got married in Nice, when Raymond was only 18 years old. The couple moved to Paris where they lived a bohemian life in the neighborhood of Montparnasse. Some say that her artistic life only started when she met her husband, as prior to meeting him she had never left the South of France or seen a painting dating before her period.

In 1939, Europe was hit by WW2 which forced the family to move back to Cagnes-sur-Mer. This period during the war (1939-43) was an important period for Raymond as the nature of the South of France inspired her new series called ‘Paysages imaginaires’(1941-44). Between the period of 1941 to 1943, we can notice the naturalistic elements in the background of her paintings. She discovered Picasso's work during the war which urged her to dive into abstraction. She started making references to the impressionist and surrealist eras in the way she manipulated colors. Her first series of abstract paintings were highly important to her as they symbolized the difficult times of the war. During their refuge from the war in Nice, the painter met Nicolas de Stael with whom she worked very closely. Stael influenced her work, as after their encounter she devoted her style to pure abstraction painting.

## Post-war liberation and the late 40s

After the war ended in 1943, the family moved back to their apartment on Rue d’Assas in Paris. The post-war liberation movement had an impact on Raymond as in 1944 she abandoned references to landscapes and nature and started focusing on organizing shapes, colors, and lines in her paintings. She started adopting a technique of abstract and non-figurative art, abstaining from geometric art and instead focusing on linear techniques. She continued to use strong colors but ensured to keep the colors within the shapes creating homogenous paintings. She no longer separated her lines and colors but instead combined them together. Her work during this time period was described as a colorist patchwork due to her distinguished use of colors and lines.

In 1945, Raymond participated in her first major exhibition at the ‘salon des surindependant’. This exhibition was the first time Raymond adopted her maiden name ‘Raymond’ and abandoned her legal marriage name to ensure that her work would not be confused with her husband's.

During this fair, the journalist Charles Estienne who worked for the chronicle ‘combat’, noticed her works alongside those of Jean Deyrolle, Gerard Schneider, Serge Poliakoff, Hans Hartung. These five painters were important figures of the post-war avant guard abstract movement. In 1946, following the exhibition, Estienne assembled the works of these 5 artists and displayed them at Denise René’s gallery which he called “Peinture abstraite”. This exhibition will become a turning point for the artist, as she was the only woman in the group of artists. After the exhibition, Raymond was offered many artistic offers. In July 1946, she participated in the first ‘Salon des Réalités nouvelles’, from then on Raymond became one of the most prominent artistic discoveries of the 40s. Robert Fleck stated that “Raymond is the only female painter to experience such a rapid rise in post-war France”. In 1949, Marie won the Kandinsky prize alongside Youla Chapoval and exhibited at the Galerie Beaune “Les gouaches de Marie Raymond” and participated in the first São Paulo Biennale in Brazil.

## Lundi de Raymond

After the war, it was important for artists to have regular rendez-vous for artists to stand up for abstract art and to support one another. Following her exhibition ‘peintures abstraites’, the 5 artists took the habit of meeting in Denise René's apartment every Thursday. Raymond recreated this meeting point for post-war artists by opening up her apartment studio rue d’Assas every Monday for all her friends in the art sphere to meet. The ‘Lundis de Marie Raymond’ assembled many French and European artists, art critics, photographers, and gallery owners. Some of the emblematic figures to attend this event were Gerard Schneider, Pierre Souage, Colette Allendy, Charles Estienne, Willem Sandberg, and many more. The couple was socially very involved in the Parisian art scene. Hereby is a famous photograph of a Christmas Eve in 1949 with Pierre Soulages, Gerard Schneider, Fred Klein, Marie Raymond, and young Yves Klein. This meeting space was a way for post-war artists to defend their ideas of abstract art. Soulage stated in an interview in 2019 that he came over many times with his wife Collette to Raymond's Mondays. Additionally, it enabled Nina Kandinsky to have important encounters with many artists after the death of her husband. The ‘Lundi de Raymond’ demonstrated that she did not only have an artistic impact with her art but also in the artistic social sphere. She created a sphere and center for exchange which helped forge many artistic relationships and collaborations.

## Raymond and her impact on younger generations

Raymond did not solely invite artists representing abstract art in the 50s to her weekly Monday nights, she additionally invited young avant-guard French artists. Her son Yves Klein was given the opportunity at one of the soirees to project his recent film which he had executed on his recent trip to Japan. Likewise, she supported some of Klein's friends such as Raymond Hains and Cezar whom she invited to her weekly Monday events. Moreover, she invited the art critic Pierre Restany and a future important gallery owner Iris Clert. These encounters with the younger generation showed Raymond's attention and care for the future artistic generations to which her son belonged. Raymond held an important relationship with these artists of the 60s with whom she kept strong relationships throughout her life. In an interview held in 2004, when asked about her ‘Lundi de Raymond’ she would first recall the name of the younger artists such as Heins or Villegle instead of the more famous figures of the 50s. The death of her son Klein had a deep impact on her relationship with his friends which may be one of the main reasons for her strong bond with them after his passing. Artists such as Hains continued to visit Raymond at Rue d'Assas until her death. Vanoosten suggests that her care and attention toward the younger generation is another reason for her uniqueness in the artistic scene.

## Marie Raymond as an art critic

Starting in 1946, Raymond additionally worked as an art critic for a column in a Dutch magazine called ‘Kunst en Kultuur’. Her work as an art critic in the Netherlands made her an ambassador of Parisian artistic news in the Netherlands. Between 1939 and 1958 Raymond published numerous chronicles on abstract art in Paris. Her rubric was called “Kunst in Paris” (Art in Paris). Raymond asserted her admiration for abstract art right from the start as she talked so fondly of the movement in her first chronicle in June 1939 which she named “lyrical abstraction truth”. The chronicle was a way for Raymond to defend her movement and what it stood for. Raymond talked about her visits to exhibitions or in galleries displaying abstract artists throughout Paris. During the 50s Raymond was one of the only artists to be writing about the paintings of other artists. Her critiquing and outlook of her friend's work showed her uniqueness and true devotion to art.

Raymond used her chronicle to bring light to Dutch painters in the Parisian scene such as the Bram brothers, Nicolas Warb, Geer van Velde and Christine Boumeester. Raymond's most powerful chronicle was deemed to have been her interview with Matisse in 1958 discussing his opposition to the abstract movement. Raymond ended her work with Kunst en Kultuur in 1958 as it coincided with the fall of the abstract movement. She believed that it was time for her son's new generation to take over. Her last chronicle in January had on its cover the famous monochrome blue of Yves Klein. This last chronicle was a tribute to her son and the new wave of the nouveau réalism art movement in the 60s.

Marie Raymond published in a Belgian chronicle called +-o (plus ou moins) between 1976 and 1983. Raymond used her platform at that time to defend the nouveau réalism movement that her son belonged to. Moreover, Raymond found it truly important to defend and honor her son's art after his premature death, therefore she dedicated many paragraphs to his work and impact on the art movement in the 60s.

## Marie Raymond in the 50s

The 50s was an escalating time period in Raymond's success, as her work traveled all around the world. She exhibited her work alongside Arp, Domela, Magnelli, and Poliakoff at a traveling exhibition called ‘Klar Form - 20 artists of the Parisian school’ organized by Denise René. The exhibition traveled all around Europe; Copenhagen, Helsinki, Stockholm, Oslo, and Liege. In 1952, Raymond was selected to take part in the ‘salon de Mai’ presented at the Kamakura museum in Japan. Moreover, Fred and Marie were exhibited together for three days at the Franco-Japanese Institute of Tokyo and at the Museum of Art in Tokyo, organized by their son Yves during his voyage to Japan. Finally, Raymond was offered a solo show at the Museum of Modern Art of Kamakura.

In 1956, the gallery Colette Allendy organized a monographic exhibition on Raymond. Following this exhibition, in 1957, the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam dedicated the artist's first retrospective called ‘Marie Raymond’. The collection assembled at the Stedelijk Museum was additionally presented in La Colle-sur-Loup the same year.

In 1958, Raymond and Fred Klein separated. On 6 June 1962, Raymond's only son Yves Klein who would later become an emblematic figure of the nouveau réalisme movement died of a heart attack. The loss she suffered from his passing immensely influenced her later works, following his death she started a new series of abstract art (Astres-figures, effusions lyrique, astres dans l’ombre, paysage d’astres).

In 1959, Marie was presented alongside her son in Germany at the inauguration of the Gelsenkirchen Opera. Finally, in 1960, Raymond received the Marzotto prize alongside Pierre Dmitrienko.

## Yves Klein and Mary Raymond's relationship

Yves Klein was Marie's only son, who also followed in the same footsteps as his parents and devoted his life to art. Raymond had a profound impact on Yves' outlook on art. He was deeply inspired by his mother's work, especially in terms of her use of color. Raymond helped propel Yves's career, especially through her weekly Monday sessions. Restany, the creator of the nouveau réalisme movement, was a regular visitor of the apartment on Rue d’Assas. The cultural and social environment Yves was brought up in, helped him understand the art sphere.

The second important impact Raymond had on Yves was their shared interest in the Rosicrucianism Roman Catholic Church. Rosicrucianism is an esoteric variant of the Catholic faith. Max Heindel describes the religion as a reform of mankind and reconnection with the spiritual realm. Raymond combined her faith and her vibrant colors to enable her viewers to transcend into the material world. Raymond's aim was for viewers to enter the spiritual world through the windows of colors in her work. Heindel's theory was that the spirit is identical to space, which is represented by the color blue as it represents infinite expansiveness. Klein reflected his spirituality in his monochrome blue paintings. His works were intended to look into ‘the depths of infinite space/spirit itself, gazing, as it were, into the coming age of Aden’.

Marie and Yves were very close and she devoted much of her time to him. Robert Fleck stated that “in order to understand the depth and energy of Yves Klein's work, one has to understand the profound impact his mother had on him”. Yves died prematurely on 6 June 1962. Raymond is said to have never recovered from his death. Gazier stated that when he died something in her died too.

## Yves Klein's death and impact on her art

Following Yves's death, Raymond's artistic style shifted. Raymond found refuge from her grievance in her paintings. Between June 1962 and the ‘Salons des réalités nouvelles’ in 1965, she abstained from exhibiting.

After her loss, she found inspiration in the cosmos and in the esotercisitic faith. Starting in 1964, she started a new series of paintings called abstraction-figures-astres. Raymond practiced yoga and had been introduced to Eastern spirituality and meditation by her brother-in-law. Her new style attempted to portray her spacial anxieties through pictorial forms diametrically opposite. She shifted the abstract space she created during the 1950s to two figures crossed by elaborated spaces in structural manners.

Raymond died in 1988 in Paris and was buried in the cemetery in La Colle-sur-Loup alongside Yves.

## Work

Raymond's work is in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art and the Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam. In 2023 her work was included in the exhibition *Action, Gesture, Paint: Women Artists and Global Abstraction 1940-1970* at the Whitechapel Gallery in London.

## InfoBox

| Marie Raymond | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Marie Josephine Raymond
(1908-05-04)4 May 1908
La Colle-sur-Loup, France |
| Died | 3 November 1988(1988-11-03) (aged 80)
Paris, France |
| Known for | Painting |
| Movement | Abstract Expressionism |
| Spouse | Fred Klein |
| Children | Yves Klein |
| Website | https://marieraymond.com/ |


title: Marie Rainford

abstract: Marie Rainford was an American film actress. She appeared in A Prize Package (1912), directed by Siegmund Lubin and starring Eleanor Caines, Jerold T. Hevener and Jack Barrymore; and The Decoy (1914), starring Charles Horan.

text:
# Marie Rainford

**Marie Rainford** was an American film actress.

She appeared in *A Prize Package* (1912), directed by Siegmund Lubin and starring Eleanor Caines, Jerold T. Hevener and Jack Barrymore; and *The Decoy* (1914), starring Charles Horan.

## Filmography

* *Shep's Race with Death* (1914) as Mrs. Stearns
* *The Touch of a Little Hand* (1914) as Ruth's Mother
* *The Final Test* (1914) as Mary's Mother
* *The Master Hand* (1914)
* *Sis* (1914) as Aunt
* *His Winning Way* (1914) as Ma
* *The Keeper of the Light* (1914) as George's Mother
* *The Belle of the School* (1914) as Mrs. Elting
* *The Decoy* (1914) as Vincent's wife
* *The Toy Shop* (1914)
* *A Telephone Strategy* (1914)
* *A Circus Romance* (1914) as The Fortune Teller
* *In Her Sleep* (1914)
* *A Prize Package* (1912) as Miss Wiggins


title: Marie Raizenne

abstract: Marie Raizenne was a Roman Catholic nun in the Congregation of Notre Dame of Montreal. She took the name Sister Saint-Ignace and served as superior general. The daughter of Josiah Rising, also known as Shoentakwanni and Ignace Raizenne, and Abigail Nims, also known as Towatogowash, she was born at the mission of Lac-des-Deux-Montagnes. Her parents had both been born in New England but were captured and brought to New France, where they were baptized as Catholics; her older sister had also become a nun and her brother became a priest. In 1761, she helped restore the Sainte-Famille mission on Île d’Orléans. She was sent to the Lower Town of Quebec City to take charge of the mission there in 1769. She was recalled to Montreal in 1775 as assistant to superior Véronique Brunet; in 1778, she became superior herself. In 1784, she became mistress of novices and, in 1790, was re-elected superior. She served again as mistress of novices from 1796 to 1802. At this point, she retired and died in Montreal nine years later. Her niece Marie-Clotilde Raizenne founded a new order, the Congregation de l’Enfant-Jésus.

text:
# Marie Raizenne

**Marie Raizenne** (July 14, 1735  April 20, 1811) was a Roman Catholic nun in the Congregation of Notre Dame of Montreal. She took the name Sister **Saint-Ignace** and served as superior general.

The daughter of Josiah Rising, also known as Shoentakwanni and Ignace Raizenne, and Abigail Nims, also known as Towatogowash, she was born at the mission of Lac-des-Deux-Montagnes. Her parents had both been born in New England but were captured and brought to New France, where they were baptized as Catholics; her older sister had also become a nun and her brother became a priest. In 1761, she helped restore the Sainte-Famille mission on Île d’Orléans. She was sent to the Lower Town of Quebec City to take charge of the mission there in 1769. She was recalled to Montreal in 1775 as assistant to superior Véronique Brunet; in 1778, she became superior herself. In 1784, she became mistress of novices and, in 1790, was re-elected superior. She served again as mistress of novices from 1796 to 1802. At this point, she retired and died in Montreal nine years later.

Her niece Marie-Clotilde Raizenne founded a new order, the Congregation de l’Enfant-Jésus.


title: Marie Leonore Farr

abstract: Marie Leonore Farr (1927–2014), known as Lennie Farr, was an American mycologist. She was the first woman to be elected president of the Mycological Society of America.

text:
# Marie Leonore Farr

**Marie Leonore Farr** (1927–2014), known as **Lennie Farr**, was an American mycologist. She was the first woman to be elected president of the Mycological Society of America.

## Early life and education

Marie Lenore Ehrmann was born in Vienna, Austria on September 6, 1927. She migrated to the United States with her family and completed her secondary education at Central High School in Detroit, Michigan in 1945.

Farr graduated from Michigan State University with a BSc and then MSc in botany. At the University of Iowa she was awarded a PhD in 1957, for her thesis "Taxonomic studies on *Myxomycetes*".

## Career

Farr worked at a number of universities both in the United States and elsewhere, including Washington State College, Smith College, the Institute of Jamaica and Federal University of Pernambuco in Brazil. She then joined the Mycology Laboratory at the United States Department of Agriculture in Beltsville, Maryland. She collaborated locally and internationally in the identification of slime molds and ascomycetes.

Farr was the first woman to be elected president of the Mycological Society of America, serving from 1980 to 1981. She had earlier twice been vice president, in 1972–1973 and 1978–1979. Her presidency coincided with the Society's golden anniversary which she celebrated by compiling and presenting a detailed history of the society, "Developmental Studies on the MSA".

The standard author abbreviation M.L.Farr is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name. Her author abbreviation is listed as **M. L. Farr** in Harvard University's Index of Botanists.

## Selected works

* Farr, Marie L.; Horner, Harry T. (1968), *Fungi on Selaginella*, J. Cramer, retrieved 19 January 2022
* Farr, Marie L. (1973), *An annotated list of Spegazzini's fungus taxa*, Cramer, ISBN 978-3-7682-0916-8
* Farr, Marie L. (1976), *Myxomycetes*, Published for Organization for Flora Neotropica by the New York Botanical Garden, ISBN 978-0-89327-009-4
* Farr, Marie L. (1981), *How to know the true slime molds*, W.C. Brown Co, ISBN 978-0-697-04779-3
* Martin, G. W.; Farr, Marie L.; Alexopoulos, Constantine John (1983), *The genera of Myxomycetes*, University of Iowa Press, ISBN 978-0-87745-124-2

## Published names

Farr published approximately 100 taxa (advanced search at MycoBank). See also taxa named by Marie Leonore Farr.

## InfoBox

| Marie Leonore Farr | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Marie Lenore Ehrmann
(1927-09-06)September 6, 1927
Vienna, Austria |
| Died | May 13, 2014(2014-05-13) (aged 86) |
| Alma mater | Michigan State University (BSc, MSc)
University of Iowa (PhD) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Thesis | *Taxonomic studies on Myxomycetes*  (1957) |
| Author abbrev. (botany) | M.L.Farr, M.L. Farr |
|  | |