title: Villa La Favorita

abstract: The Villa La Favorita is a palace in Porto Mantovano, just north of Mantua, Italy. It was built in the 17th century as a residence for duke Ferdinand Gonzaga of Mantua (1587-1626). It was the last symbol of the Gonzaga wealth and power. Its construction was such a heavy burden on the ducal treasury that it ultimately resulted in the sale of the ducal art collection in 1627. Today, only a fragmentary shell remains of the palace, which is used for hospitality purposes.

text:
# Villa La Favorita

The **Villa La Favorita** is a palace in Porto Mantovano, just north of Mantua, Italy. It was built in the 17th century as a residence for duke Ferdinand Gonzaga of Mantua (1587-1626). It was the last symbol of the Gonzaga wealth and power. Its construction was such a heavy burden on the ducal treasury that it ultimately resulted in the sale of the ducal art collection in 1627. Today, only a fragmentary shell remains of the palace, which is used for hospitality purposes.

## History

Villa La Favorita was constructed between 1615 (or 1613) and 1624 by Duke Ferdinand Gonzaga, who intended to move his court from the ducal palace to here. It was built on the outskirts of Mantua, but not too far, just on the other side of the lakes that surround the city. The ducal architect, Nicolò Sebregondi, provided the design and was responsible for the overseeing the building. The palace was the last great Gonzaga residence, and was a grand baroque structure.

Duke Ferdinand Gonzaga insatiable collected work of arts, which he brought together in the villa. However, the collecting and the building overburdened the ducal treasury such that in 1627, a year after the duke passed away, the ducal collection was sold to Charles I of England.

During the War of the Mantuan Succession, the city of Mantua was sieged and sacked in 1630. After this period, the duchy rapidly descended into a perpetual crisis, and the Gonzaga family was forced to sell all their goods. In the 18th century, Mantua became part of the Austrian empire.

The villa played a significant role in history during the French conquest of Mantua in 1796. The palace was used as a defensive stronghold by the Austrians, who were in control of Mantua at that time. The French army led by Napoleon Bonaparte laid siege to the city, and a decisive battle called Battaglia della Favorita (Favorita's battle) took place around the palace. The French emerged victorious, and this battle marked the beginning of the palace's decline.

Following the conquest of the city by the French, the palace was sold, then utilised for many purposes. It was set on fire during World War I and partially demolished. The remains of the villa has partially been restored and is now used for hospitality purposes.

## Literature

* Perogalli, Carlo; Grazia Sandri, Maria; Roncai, Luciano (1981). *Ville delle province di Cremona e Mantova. Lombardia 5* (in Italian). Milano: Rusconi. p. 541. ISBN 978-6001317675.
* Askew, Pamela (1978). "Ferdinando Gonzaga's Patronage of the Pictorial Arts: The Villa Favorita". *The Art Bulletin*. **60**: 274–296.

## Gallery: The Villa La Favorita today – In the middle of the fields just north of Mantua

45°11′06″N 10°48′06″E / 45.1849°N 10.8016°E / 45.1849; 10.8016


title: Villa Mandessi Bell

abstract: The villa Mandessi Bell situated at Douala is a building constructed between 1904 and 1909 by David Mandessi-Bell a rich farmer and commissioner of the king Rudolf Manga Bell. This building is and architecture from the colonial period. It is a representation and legacy of the German occupation in Cameroon.

text:
# Villa Mandessi Bell

The **villa Mandessi Bell** situated at Douala is a building constructed between 1904 and 1909 by David Mandessi-Bell a rich farmer and commissioner of the king Rudolf Manga Bell. This building is and architecture from the colonial period. It is a representation and legacy of the German occupation in Cameroon.

## History

Its master-builder, David Mandessi Bell, was a wealthy planter and King Rudolf's intendant. He lived there until his death in 1936. He was among the first Cameroonians whose revenues were not exclusively related to fishing or doing business. In 1840, when the slave trade was officially prohibited, the Duala turned to other sources of income, as their commercial monopoly was also on the decline. For instance, they initiated plantations in the Nkam, the Abo, or the Mungo. Although of less importance than the huge German farms on the slopes of mount Fako, they nevertheless provided substantial income, enough to build houses such as this one.

This building was constructed in heritage of his son Sam (1911-1978). His son Sam, born in 1911 (died in 1978), continued the farming activity, and lived in this house half of his life. His adoptive brother, Jean Mandessi Bell, along with Léopold Moumé Etia, founded l'Union Camerounaise in Paris, in 1937-38. Consistent with their wish for independence, this organization aimed at obtaining the mandate status for Cameroon. Later, Jean Mandessi Bell became an activist of the Jeucafra (Jeunesse Camerounaise Française) led by Paul Soppo Priso. As the first political association that was acknowledged, if not favored by France, Jeucafra fought against a German come-back in Cameroon, at the eve of the 2nd World War. In their wish to make Cameroon a colony, rather than a territory under mandate, this political group was much criticized, accused of collaborating with the French. Yet it was to become, according to Um Nyobè, the melting pot of the country's first political activists.

In 2006 the building is highlighted by an urban sign produced by doual'art and designed by Sandrine Dole; the sign presents an historical image of the building and a description of its history.

## Architecture

Built from 1904 to 1909-1910, at the end of the German pacification campaign (soon to be followed by the first town-planning groundwork), this house of patrician size is typical of the German and colonial architecture. The rectangular form, which is constructed with mud bricks facilitates the regulation of the temperature. Its vast roof top protects it from storms which are common in the littoral bounded by the equatorial climate. It is a testimony of the wish of Mandessi Bell, to confirm his success.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Villa Mandessi Bell | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | Villa |
| Architectural style | German and colonial architecture |
| Town or city | Douala |
| Country | Cameroon |
| Coordinates | 4°02′42″N 9°41′19″E / 4.04508°N 9.6887°E / 4.04508; 9.6887 |
| Construction started | 1904 |
| Completed | 1910 |
| Owner | David Mandessi-Bell |


title: Violette Leduc

abstract: Violette Leduc was a French writer.

text:
# Violette Leduc

**Violette Leduc** (7 April 1907 – 28 May 1972) was a French writer.

## Early life and education

She was born in Arras, Pas de Calais, France, on 7 April 1907. She was the illegitimate daughter of a servant girl, Berthe Leduc, and André Debaralle, the son of a rich Protestant family in Valenciennes, who refused to legitimize her. In Valenciennes, Violette spent most of her childhood suffering from poor self-esteem, exacerbated by her mother's hostility and excessive protectiveness. She developed tender friendships with her grandmother Fideline and her maternal aunt Laure. Her grandmother died when Leduc was a young child.

Her formal education began in 1913, but was interrupted by World War I. After the war, she went to a boarding school, the Collège de Douai, where she experienced lesbian affairs with her classmate "Isabelle P", which Leduc later adapted into the first part of her novel *Ravages*, and then the 1966 *Thérèse et Isabelle*. During her time at the Collège de Douai, she was introduced to what would become her first literary passions: the Russian classics, then Cocteau, Duhamel, Gide, Proust, and Rimbaud.

In 1925, Leduc embarked on an affair with a supervisor at the Collège, Denise Hertgès, four years her senior. The affair was later discovered, and Hertgès was dismissed from her job over the incident.

## Career and personal life

In 1926, Leduc moved to Paris, along with her mother and stepfather, and enrolled in the Lycée Racine. The same year, she failed her baccalaureate exam, and began working as a press cuttings clerk and secretary at Plon publishers, later becoming a writer of news pieces about their publications. She continued to live with Hertgès for nine years in the suburbs of Paris. Violette's mother Berthe encouraged her homosexual relations, believing this would protect Violette from illegitimate pregnancy.

In 1927, Violette met Jacques Mercier, seven years her senior, in a cinema. Despite her involvement with Hertgès, Mercier continuously pursued Violette. This love triangle is the basis of the plot of *Ravages*, wherein Violette is represented by the character Thérèse, Mercier by Marc, and Hertgès by Cécile. Violette's relationship with Hertgès ended in 1935. In 1939, Violette married Mercier. Their marriage was unsuccessful, and they separated. During their separation, Violette discovered that she was pregnant, and almost lost her life during an abortion.

In 1938, she met Maurice Sachs (future author of *Le Sabbat*), and in 1942, he took Violette to Normandy, where she wrote the manuscript of *L'Asphyxie*. During this time, Violette was also involved with trading on the black market, which allowed her to make a living. In 1944, Violette saw Simone de Beauvoir, and in 1945, Violette gave Beauvoir a copy of the manuscript of *L'Asphyxie*. This interaction formed the basis of a friendship and mentorship between her and Beauvoir that lasted for the rest of her life. Her first novel, *L'Asphyxie* (*In the Prison of Her Skin*), was published by Albert Camus for Éditions Gallimard, and earned her praise from Jean-Paul Sartre, Jean Cocteau, and Jean Genet. Her friendship and love of Maurice Sachs is detailed in her autobiography, *La Bâtarde*.

In 1955, Violette published her novel *Ravages* with Gallimard, but the editor censored the first 150-page section of the book, which depicts Violette's sexual encounters and defloration with her female classmate; Isabelle P. Gallimard censored this section by labelling it obscene. The censored part was eventually published as a separate novella, *Thérèse and Isabelle*, in 1966. Another novel, *Le Taxi*, caused controversy because of its depiction of incest between a brother and a sister. Critic Edith J. Benkov compared this novel with the work of Marguerite Duras and Nathalie Sarraute.

Leduc's best-known book, the memoir *La Bâtarde*, was published in 1964. It nearly won the Prix Goncourt, and quickly became a best-seller. She went on to write eight more books, including *La Folie en tête* (*Mad in Pursuit*), the second part of her literary autobiography.

In 1968, Radley Metzger made a film of Leduc's novel *Thérèse and Isabelle*. It is a commercial feature about adolescent lesbian love, starring Essy Persson and Anna Gael.

## Illness, death and legacy

Leduc developed breast cancer and died at the age of 65, after two operations. She was living at Faucon, Vaucluse, at the time of her death.

*Violette* is a 2013 French biographical drama film about Leduc. It was written and directed by Martin Provost and shown in the Special Presentation section at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival.

## List of works

* *L'Asphyxie*, 1946 (*In the Prison of Her Skin*, trans. Derek Coltman, 1970).
* *L'affamée*, 1948.
* *Ravages*, 1955.
* *La vieille fille et le mort*, 1958.
* *Trésors à prendre, suivi de Les Boutons dorés*, 1960.
* *La Bâtarde*, 1964 (*La Bâtarde*, trans. Derek Coltman, 1965).
* *La Femme au petit renard*, 1965 (The Lady and the Little Fox Fur).
* *Thérèse et Isabelle*, 1966 (*Thérèse and Isabelle*, trans. Sophie Lewis, The Feminist Press, 2015. )
* *La Folie en tête*, 1970 (*Mad in Pursuit*, trans. Derek Coltman, 1971)
* *Le Taxi*, 1971 (*The Taxi*. Helen Weaver (translation). Hart-Davis MacGibbon. 1973. ISBN 9780246105851. OCLC 561312438.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: others (link))
* *La Chasse à l'amour*, 1973.

General

## InfoBox

| Violette Leduc | |
| --- | --- |
| Violette Leduc | |
| Born | (1907-04-07)7 April 1907
Arras, Pas-de-Calais, France |
| Died | 28 May 1972(1972-05-28) (aged 65)
Faucon, Vaucluse, France |


title: Vincent Goutal

abstract: Vincent Goutal is a French photographer. He lives and works in Paris.

text:
# Vincent Goutal

**Vincent Goutal** (born 1971, Rennes, France) is a French photographer. He lives and works in Paris.

## Biography

From 1992 to 1997, he studied science at the École normale supérieure (ENS) on rue d’Ulm, in Paris. In 1995 he joined the visual arts department, directed by Chris Killip, at Harvard University (United States). Under his supervision, he produced the series of photographs, ‘American TV,’ found today in the Photographic Collections department at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMa) in New York. In 1997, he returned to France and took classes with Christian Boltanski at the École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts in Paris. From 2000 to 2009, his photographs were exhibited at the Photographic Resource Center in Boston (United States), at the State Russian Museum in Saint-Petersburg, and at the Affordable Art Fair in London.

## Work

All the photographic series that Vincent Goutal has produced, up to Transitions (2009), have a social documentary photographic style. For Cuban Impressions (2003–2005), he knocked at one door after another, to photograph the interiors of homes. He does not speak Spanish and his equipment- camera, lights, stand – is not discreet, but he always managed to go in and take photographs, at times without a single word being uttered.

For the Transitions series, Vincent Goutal wrote very elaborate scenarios which describe precise social situations with his partner Olivia Leriche. The shots involve complicated staging where the lighting plays a particular role, like in 1950s film noir genre. The goal is to obtain pictures, of an almost allegorical nature, of stereotypes with a certain social success (businessman, pilot, executive woman) where, however, solitude or incommunicability with others is apparent.

## Bibliography

* 2011 Interview de Vincent Goutal et Olivia Leriche dans Fill-In #2.
* 2011 Vincent Goutal et Olivia Leriche font la couverture de Rouge Déclic
* 2011 Vincent Goutal fait la couverture de Magazine Me #9 avec la série American TV.
* 2011 Regards #7, Vincent Goutal & Olivia Leriche "Transitions" pages 34 à 45
* 2010 Private n°49 (International Review of Photographs summer 2010) Vincent Goutal & Olivia Leriche "Transitions" pages 46 à 49
* 2010 Photos Nouvelles n°63 (mai-juin 2010) "In absentia" pages 38 à 43
* 2001 St Petersbourg Vedomocti
* 2001 Journal Smena, St Pétersbourg
* 2001 The Harvard Photographic Journal The New World of Art, « This is America » n°5 p 60
* 1996 The Harvard Photographic Journal The Dudley Review


title: Viktoria Radeva

abstract: Viktoria Radeva is a Bulgarian chess player. She was awarded the title of Woman Grandmaster by FIDE in 2021.

text:
# Viktoria Radeva

**Viktoria Radeva** (born 15 May 2001) is a Bulgarian chess player. She was awarded the title of Woman Grandmaster by FIDE in 2021.

## Chess career

In 2011, Radeva won silver at the U-10 World Youth Chess Championship.

She won the Bulgarian Women's Chess Championship in 2018, 2019 and 2023.

She qualified to play in the Women's Chess World Cup 2021, where she was defeated 2-0 by Tatev Abrahamyan in the first round.

## InfoBox

| Viktoria Radeva | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Bulgaria |
| Born | (2001-05-15) 15 May 2001 |
| Title | Woman Grandmaster (2021) |
| Peak rating | 2372 (August 2021) |


title: Tools for Thought

abstract: Tools for Thought: The History and Future of Mind-Expanding Technology is a work of "retrospective futurism" in which Smart Mobs author Howard Rheingold looked at the history of computing and then attempted to predict what the networked world might look like in the mid-1990s. The book covers the groundbreaking work of thinkers like Alan Turing, John von Neumann, and J.C.R. Licklider, as well as Xerox PARC, Apple Computer, and Microsoft. Rheingold wrote that the impetus behind Tools for Thought was to understand where "mind-amplifying technology" was going by understanding where it came from.

text:
# Tools for Thought

***Tools for Thought: The History and Future of Mind-Expanding Technology*** is a work of "retrospective futurism" in which Smart Mobs author Howard Rheingold looked at the history of computing and then attempted to predict what the networked world might look like in the mid-1990s. The book covers the groundbreaking work of thinkers like Alan Turing, John von Neumann, and J.C.R. Licklider, as well as Xerox PARC, Apple Computer, and Microsoft (when Microsoft was "aiming for the hundred-million-dollar category"). Rheingold wrote that the impetus behind *Tools for Thought* was to understand where "mind-amplifying technology" was going by understanding where it came from.

* MIT Press printed a revised edition of "Tools for Thought" in April 2000.
* Rheingold.com has the original 1985 text available online.


title: Werauhia rugosa

abstract: Werauhia rugosa is a plant species in the genus Werauhia. This species is endemic to Costa Rica.

text:
# Werauhia rugosa

***Werauhia rugosa*** is a plant species in the genus *Werauhia*. This species is endemic to Costa Rica.

* Luther, Harry E. (1995). "An Annotated Checklist of the Bromeliaceae of Costa Rica". *Selbyana*. **16** (2): 230–234. ISSN 0361-185X. JSTOR 41759911.

## InfoBox

| *Werauhia rugosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Werauhia* |
| Species: | ***W. rugosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Werauhia rugosa***<br>(Mez & Wercklé) J.R.Grant | |
|


title: Werner Müller-Esterl

abstract: Werner Müller-Esterl is a German biochemist who served as president of the Goethe University Frankfurt from 2009 to 2014.

text:
# Werner Müller-Esterl

**Werner Müller-Esterl** (born 13 July 1948) is a German biochemist who served as president of the Goethe University Frankfurt from 2009 to 2014.

## Career

Born in Bonn, he studied chemistry and medicine at the University of Bonn and the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. He obtained his medical license in 1979 and his habilitation in clinical biochemistry in 1985. In 1987 he became professor of clinical biochemistry in Munich. In 1989 he became professor of pathobiochemistry at the University of Mainz. In 1999 he became professor of biochemistry at the Goethe University. He was director of the Institute for Biochemistry II and the Gustav Embden Center for Biological Chemistry from 2000. His research focuses on the molecular mechanisms that control the cardiovascular system.

In 2006 he became vice president of the Goethe University. In October 2008 he was elected president of the Goethe University. He was succeeded by Birgitta Wolff in 2015.

1. "Goethe-Universität — Werner Müller-Esterl wird Nachfolger Rudolf Steinbergs". *www.puk.uni-frankfurt.de*.
2. Zoske, Sascha. "Frankfurter Uni-Präsident Müller-Esterl: Der Exzellente". *Faz.net*  via www.faz.net.
3. "Müller-Esterl, Werner". *Kürschners deutscher Gelehrten-Kalender*. Vol. 3. De Gruyter. 2009. p. 2852.
4. "Hochschulrat schlägt Werner Müller-Esterl als einzigen Präsidentschafts-Kandidaten vor". *idw-online.de*.
5. Toepfer, Stefan. "Frankfurt: Birgitta Wolff wird Goethe-Uni-Präsidentin". *Faz.net*  via www.faz.net.

## InfoBox

| Werner Müller-Esterl | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1948-07-13) 13 July 1948 |
| Nationality | German |
| Alma mater |  |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | Goethe University Frankfurt |
|  | |


title: Wenigzell

abstract: Wenigzell is a municipality in the district of Hartberg-Fürstenfeld in Styria, Austria.

text:
# Wenigzell

**Wenigzell** is a municipality in the district of Hartberg-Fürstenfeld in Styria, Austria.

## InfoBox

| Wenigzell | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Market square | |
|  | |
| WenigzellLocation within Austria | |
| Coordinates: 47°25′00″N 15°47′00″E / 47.41667°N 15.78333°E / 47.41667; 15.78333 | |
| Country | Austria |
| State | Styria |
| District | Hartberg-Fürstenfeld |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Herbert Berger (ÖVP) |
| Area | |
| Total | 35.49 km2 (13.70 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 831 m (2,726 ft) |
| Population (2018-01-01) | |
| Total | 1,391 |
| Density | 39/km2 (100/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 8254 |
| Area code | 0 33 36 |
| Vehicle registration | HF |
| Website | www.wenigzell.
steiermark.at |


title: Welcome to Curiosity

abstract: Welcome to Curiosity is a 2018 British crime thriller film directed by Ben Pickering and starring Amrita Acharia, Jack Ashton, Richard Blackwood, Kacey Clarke, Lili Bordán, Stephen Marcus and Finn Corney. It is the world's first film to have raised its entire production budget through equity crowdfunding.

text:
# Welcome to Curiosity

***Welcome to Curiosity*** is a 2018 British crime thriller film directed by Ben Pickering and starring Amrita Acharia, Jack Ashton, Richard Blackwood, Kacey Clarke, Lili Bordán, Stephen Marcus and Finn Corney. It is the world's first film to have raised its entire production budget through equity crowdfunding.

## Cast

## Production

Principal photography began on 29 April 2014 and concluded on 31 October 2014. Filmed on location in Cornwall, Kent and London. Prominent locations included Goonhilly Satellite Earth Station on Cornwall’s Lizard peninsula, Mimi's Vintage Diner in Bugle and Fort Borstal outside Rochester, Kent.

The film's £200,000 ($240,000) budget was raised in three rounds of equity crowdfunding by producers Ben Pickering and Darren Ripley.

## InfoBox

| Welcome to Curiosity | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Ben Pickering |
| Written by | Darren Ripley |
| Produced by | Ben Pickering
Darren Ripley |
| Starring | Amrita Acharia
Jack Ashton
Richard Blackwood
Kacey Clarke
Lili Bordán
Stephen Marcus
Finn Corney |
| Cinematography | Bruce Melhuish |
| Edited by | Ricky Milling |
| Music by | Luke Corradine
Stewart Dugdale |
| Production
company | Shooting Tiger Pictures in association with Taffy Boy Films |
| Release dates | * 25 May 2018 (2018-05-25) (North America) * 8 June 2018 (2018-06-08) (UK) |
| Running time | 94 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: Welcome to Cam Country

abstract: Welcome to Cam Country is the debut extended play (EP) recorded by American country music singer Cam, released through Arista Nashville and RCA Records on March 31, 2015. It features four songs co-written by Cam from her debut major-label album, including the top five single, "Burning House". The EP was released to positive reviews for the strength of Cam's songwriting, but only moderate commercial success. It debuted at number 176 on the Billboard 200 and peaked at number 88.

text:
# Welcome to Cam Country

***Welcome to Cam Country*** is the debut extended play (EP) recorded by American country music singer Cam, released through Arista Nashville and RCA Records on March 31, 2015. It features four songs co-written by Cam from her debut major-label album, including the top five single, "Burning House".

The EP was released to positive reviews for the strength of Cam's songwriting, but only moderate commercial success. It debuted at number 176 on the *Billboard* 200 and peaked at number 88.

## Reception

### Critical

David Jeffries of AllMusic rated the album three-and-a-half stars out of five. "Singer/songwriter Cam... breaks out on her own with this four-song EP," writes Jeffries, adding that the "clever hit 'My Mistake'... is surrounded by equally infectious numbers." *Spin* graded the album as a 7 (out of 10), with reviewer Anthony Easton praising the emotional range and Cam's "first-rate" songwriting.

### Commercial

*Welcome to Cam Country* debuted at number 176 on the *Billboard* 200 and at number 31 on the *Billboard* Top Country Albums chart. It also debuted at number 9 on the Heatseekers Albums chart for the week of June 27, 2015, and rose to a new peak position of 5 following the success of "Burning House" on the chart dated September 19, 2015. As of November 2015, the EP has sold 26,000 copies in the US.

## Singles

"My Mistake" was serviced to American country radio on March 23, 2015, as the EP's lead single. The song was initially shipped to radio on February 3. It received generally positive reviews and was cited as a highlight. "My Mistake" stalled at number 52 on the *Billboard* Country Airplay chart.

Arista Nashville opted to quickly release "Burning House" as the second single after the song garnered significant attention from fans following Cam's performance of the ballad on *The Bobby Bones Show*. It was serviced to country radio on June 16, 2015, and officially impacted on July 6, 2015. "Burning House" has since achieved commercial success, reaching the top 5 on both the Country Airplay and Hot Country Songs charts (reaching No. 2 on the latter) and also peaking at number 29 on the all-genre *Billboard* Hot 100. It has sold 667,000 copies in the US as of September 2015.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "My Mistake" |  | 3:22 |
| 2. | "Burning House" |  | 3:54 |
| 3. | "Half Broke Heart" |  | 3:06 |
| 4. | "Runaway Train" | * Ochs * Anders Mouridsen * Bhasker | 3:01 |
| Total length: | | | 13:23 |

## Charts

### Album

| Chart (2015) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 88 |
| US Heatseekers Albums (*Billboard*) | 5 |
| US Top Country Albums (*Billboard*) | 31 |
|

## Release history

| Country | Date | Format | Catalog No. | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Worldwide | March 3, 2015 | Streaming |  |  |
| | March 31, 2015 | Digital download | B00UJ4BW3G |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Welcome to Cam Country | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Cam | |
| Released | March 31, 2015 (2015-03-31) |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 13:23 |
| Label |  |
| Producer |  |
| Cam chronology | |
| *Heartforward*
(2010) ***Welcome to Cam Country***
(2015) *Untamed*
(2015) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Welcome to Cam Country* | |
| 1. "My Mistake"
Released: March 23, 2015 2. "Burning House"
Released: June 16, 2015 | |
|  | |


title: Weltensegler

abstract: Weltensegler G.m.b.H. was a German aircraft company formed by Friedrich Wenk, who became its Technical Director. Wenk developed tailless gliders and entered one in the 1921 Rhön gliding competition held at the Wasserkuppe, from 8 August to 25 August 1921. The designer Alexander Lippisch was an employee.

text:
# Weltensegler

**Weltensegler G.m.b.H.** was a German aircraft company formed by Friedrich Wenk, who became its Technical Director.

Wenk developed tailless gliders and entered one in the 1921 Rhön gliding competition held at the Wasserkuppe, from 8 August to 25 August 1921.

The designer Alexander Lippisch was an employee.

## History

Friedrich Wenk had experimented with model gliders since his teen-age years and discovered that tailless gliders would fly with swept back wings and forward centres of gravity. Stabilising moments in Wenk's designs were provided by swept back wing-tips set with negative incidence relative to the rest of the main-plane.

After limited success, Wenk was fortunate enough to secure financial backing, allowing him to form Weltensegler G.m.b.H. to design and build his designs.

In 1921 Weltensegler entered a glider in the Rhön competition.

That same spring, Lippisch designed the *Falke*, a low-wing monoplane which was structurally unsound. The wing was removed and tested as a hang glider, before being enlarged and, in the winter of 1921-22, incorporated in the *Alexander* training glider.

1923 saw Fritz Stamer design another training glider the *Bremen*, with Lippisch designing its wing. Lippisch also designed another trainer, *Djävlar Annamar*, which was a braced monoplane. The Steinmann Company would later build an improved version.

## The 1921 Rhön competition glider

### Design and development

The glider built for the 1921 Rhön competition was a monoplane with a constant chord un-swept centre section extending to approx 2/3rds span with around 10 degrees dihedral. The wing-tips attached to the tips of the centre section were swept back at approx 45 degrees with washout increasing towards the tip, giving a gull like appearance. The structure of the wings was provided by the thin section ribs, spars and an open framework wire-braced truss under the wing surfaces from the tips of the centre section inboard to the pilots nacelle, which was underslung from the centre of the wing.

The flying controls for the Weltensegler were unorthodox and unique, consisting of a system of cables pulleys and springs, connected to a control stick for the pilot, to warp the wing-tips as desired. Pulling back on the stick increased the negative incidence of the wing-tips giving a nose up moment and vice versa pushing the stick forward released the tension on the springs in the circuit allowing the tips to decrease incidence, giving a nose down moment. Roll control was similar but differential with tension increased one side and released the other. The unusual method was unique in that the pilot had no direct control over the wing-tips relying on the incidence changing with the increase and release of tension in the springs. This system was also expected to confer increased stability in pitch and roll by automatic changes in wing-tip incidence.

### Operational history

The Weltensegler was assembled at the Wasserkuppe and was ready for the competition on 14 August 1921. Piloted by Willy Leusch, Weltensegler's company test pilot, the glider was carried by the crew at a gentle trot and thrown forward into the breeze blowing up the slope of the Wasserkuppe. The Weltensegler flew smoothly, climbing to around 80m, but a turn to the left ended in disaster when the bank increased with the turn tightening into a spiral dive with increasing airspeed. The loads on the wing increased exponentially as the speed increased and soon the wing failed, fluttering to the ground with the unfortunate Leusch in the cockpit nacelle who was killed on impact.

Despite the very brief career of the Weltensegler, it is very notable as the first glider to soar and gain height, marking the beginning of the sport of gliding

## Specifications (1921 competition glider)

*Data from*

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** 1
* **Wingspan:** 16 m (52 ft 6 in)
* **Wing area:** 22 m2 (236.8 sq ft)

**Performance**

**Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era**

*
*
*

## InfoBox

| Weltensegler | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Role | Glider |
| National origin | Germany |
| Manufacturer | Weltensegler G.m.b.H. |
| Designer | Friedrich Wenk |
| First flight | 1921 |
| Number built | 1 |


title: West Branch Carrabassett River

abstract: The West Branch Carrabassett River is a short tributary of the Carrabassett River in Franklin County, Maine. From the confluence of Quick Stream with a small stream in Salem, the river runs 11.1 miles (17.9 km) northeast to its mouth in Kingfield.

text:
# West Branch Carrabassett River

The **West Branch Carrabassett River** is a short tributary of the Carrabassett River in Franklin County, Maine. From the confluence of Quick Stream with a small stream (44°54′02″N 70°16′41″W / 44.9005°N 70.2780°W / 44.9005; -70.2780 (West Branch Carrabassett River source)) in Salem, the river runs 11.1 miles (17.9 km) northeast to its mouth in Kingfield.

* "West Branch Carrabassett River". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. 30 September 1980. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
* Maine Streamflow Data from the USGS
* Maine Watershed Data From Environmental Protection Agency

## InfoBox

| West Branch Carrabassett River | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Maine |
| elevation | 850 feet (260 m) |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Carrabassett River |
| coordinates | 44°57′40″N 70°09′33″W / 44.9612°N 70.1592°W / 44.9612; -70.1592 (West Branch Carrabassett River) |
| elevation | 560 feet (170 m) |
| Length | 11 miles (18 km) |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | Carrabassett RiverKennebec River |


title: West 7th Fort Worth

abstract: West 7th is a shopping, dining and entertainment destination in the West Seventh Street District of Fort Worth, Texas near Montgomery Plaza. West 7th encompasses nearly five city blocks of boutique shopping, dining and entertainment options. The West 7th Development is also home to The Lofts at West 7th.

text:
# West 7th Fort Worth

**West 7th** is a shopping, dining and entertainment destination in the West Seventh Street District of Fort Worth, Texas near Montgomery Plaza. West 7th encompasses nearly five city blocks of boutique shopping, dining and entertainment options. The West 7th Development is also home to The Lofts at West 7th.

## History

The development is owned by Dallas-based Cypress Equities, a subsidiary of Staubach Company and managed by Arizona-based Vestar. Cypress Equities bought up the old Acme Brick headquarters and other sections around West 7th in 2006 and partnered with The Carlyle Group investment firm to fund the $200 million project. The development was designed by Good Fulton & Farrell of Dallas. West 7th celebrated its grand opening in March 2010, and has since added more restaurants and shops. West 7th is one of several pedestrian-oriented, urban village developments in Fort Worth, a style that was more common in the city before automobiles.

## Shops

The 900,000 sq ft (84,000 m2) center consists of restaurants including: Thirteen Pies, Tillman's Roadhouse, A F+B, Dude, Sweet Chocolate, Waters Bonnell's Coastal Cuisine, Kona Grill, Terra Mediterranean Grill, and one of the top 100 steakhouse in America, Rafain Brazilian Steakhouse. Kin Kin Urban Thai, opened March 9, 2015 and will be followed by Mash'd in later 2015. The development also features retailers like Flirt Boutique, Lane-Knight, and WRARE, along with merchants such as LA Fitness, TONI & GUY, The Boardroom Salon for Men, and Movie Tavern.

## InfoBox

West 7th
| Location | Fort Worth, Texas, United States |
| --- | --- |
| Address | 816 Foch Street |
| Opening date | 2010 |
| Management | Vestar |
| Owner | Cypress Equities and The Carlyle Group |
| Architect | Good Fulton & Farrell |
| No. of floors | 1 |
| Parking | Street and 5 Parking Garages |
| Website | www.west-7th.com |


title: Werner Leich

abstract: Werner Leich was a German Protestant theologian and pastor. From 1978 to 1992, he was the longest-serving Landesbischof of the Lutheran Church in Thuringia during the era of the German Democratic Republic, and led the state church’s independence from the regime.

text:
# Werner Leich

**Werner Leich** (31 January 1927 – 17 December 2022) was a German Protestant theologian and pastor. From 1978 to 1992, he was the longest-serving Landesbischof of the Lutheran Church in Thuringia during the era of the German Democratic Republic, and led the state church’s independence from the regime.

## Early life and education

Leich was born in Mühlhausen on 31 January 1927. His father was a jurist and the mayor of Schalkau, and his mother was a teacher; she died six months after he was born. Leich grew up living with his aunt and his grandmother in Weimar, until his father married again and integrated him into the new family in Schalkau. In 1939, his father lost his position as mayor due to arguments with the Nazi party, and was assigned to a minor position in Gotha. Leich was then educated at the Ernestine-Gymnasium there until 1942. In 1942, he left the school early to volunteer for the German Luftwaffe, and by 1945 had risen to the rank of Fahnenjunker. After World War II, he first trained to be a metalworker. He returned to his school, earning his Abitur in 1946. He met his future wife, Trautel Sickert, during a ball at a dancing school In 1947 he began studying theology at the University of Marburg with Rudolf Bultmann. He completed his studies at the Heidelberg University from 1950 to 1951, studying with Edmund Schlink.

## Professional career

In 1951, Leich entered his first post as a vicar in Angelroda. A year later, he and his wife married; they had two children. He became pastor in Wurzbach in 1954. From 1960 he was a member of the synod of the Lutheran Church in Thuringia, and the synod's vice-president from 1967 to 1978. From 1978 to 1992, he was bishop of the Lutheran Church in Thuringia, holding the position longer than anyone during the era of the German Democratic Republic (GDR).

In 1983 Leich, along with Erich Honecker, reopened the Wartburg castle after its restoration. He was also the leading bishop of the united Lutheran churches in the GDR from 1983 to 1986, and president of the conference of Protestant church leaderships (*Vorsitzender der Konferenz der evangelischen Kirchenleitungen*) in the GDR from 1986 to 1990. For much of his career, Leich defended worshipping God in an anti-religious communist environment, saying of this, "a lot of times we did hide being Christians". Leich promoted ecumenism. He steered a firm course of independence of state and church. On 3 March 1988, he met with Honecker, demanding social reforms in the GDR. The Lutheran Church had offered an avenue for critics of the regime and people who wanted to leave the country to make their demands public, but its Berlin office was closed due to over-crowding. After the spring of 1989, he no longer used the slogan "Kirche im Sozialismus". He is remembered as a proponent of the Peaceful Revolution.

## Personal life

Leich retired in 1992, and published an autobiography, *Wechselnde Horizonte. Mein Leben in vier politischen Systemen* (*Changing Horizons: My Life in Four Political Systems*). He took care of his wife until her death in 2021.

Leich died at a hospital in Gotha after a short illness, on 17 December 2022 at age 95.

## Awards

In 1984 he received the Four Freedoms Award for the Freedom of Worship. In 2005, he was awarded the Order of Merit of the Free State of Thuringia.

## Autobiography

* 1992: *Wechselnde Horizonte. Mein Leben in vier politischen Systemen.* (in German) (ISBN 9783417241259)

## InfoBox

| Werner Leich | |
| --- | --- |
| Leich in 1989 | |
| Born | (1927-01-31)31 January 1927
Mühlhausen, Thuringia, Germany |
| Died | 17 December 2022(2022-12-17) (aged 95)
Gotha, Thuringia, Germany |
| Education |  |
| Occupations |  |
| Awards |  |


title: Western Hockey League (1952–1974)

abstract: The Western Hockey League (WHL) was a minor professional ice hockey league based in Western Canada that operated from 1952 to 1974. The league was managed for most of its history by Al Leader, and had roots in the Pacific Coast Hockey League and the Western Canada Senior Hockey League. The championship trophy of the WHL was the Lester Patrick Cup.

text:
# Western Hockey League (1952–1974)

The **Western Hockey League** (**WHL**) was a minor professional ice hockey league based in Western Canada that operated from 1952 to 1974. The league was managed for most of its history by Al Leader, and had roots in the Pacific Coast Hockey League and the Western Canada Senior Hockey League. The championship trophy of the WHL was the Lester Patrick Cup.

## History

The league was founded in 1948 as the Pacific Coast Hockey League (PCHL). In 1951, it absorbed three teams from the Western Canada Senior Hockey League. In 1952, it adopted the WHL name. In the late 1950s, Ron Butlin and Arthur Ryan Smith hosted a hot stove league on radio broadcasts of the league.

The Western Hockey League was managed for most of its history by Al Leader.

During the 1960s, the WHL moved into a number of large west coast markets including Los Angeles and San Francisco. There was speculation that the WHL could grow into a major league capable of rivalling even the long-entrenched National Hockey League (NHL).

In the 1965–66 and 1967–68 seasons, the WHL played an interlocking schedule with the American Hockey League. Fears that the WHL (or a WHL/AHL merger) could become a rival major league was among the factors that finally convinced the NHL to expand for the 1967–68 season.

Several factors led to the WHL's decision to cease operations after the 1973–74 season. The Vancouver Canucks, who had earlier applied for the 1967 NHL expansion, were finally accepted into the league as an expansion team for the 1970–71 season. The NHL and World Hockey Association had moved into many of its traditional markets, and the talent pool had become strained by the fast growth in the number of professional teams. When the NHL announced in June 1974 that the owners of both the Denver Spurs and Seattle Totems had been granted "conditional" NHL franchises (neither of which came to fruition), the WHL announced the same day that it was folding. A few of its surviving teams were absorbed into the Central Hockey League (CHL). The Phoenix Roadrunners franchise jumped to the WHA for the 1974–75 season, while the Spurs jumped from the CHL to the WHA for the 1975–76 season (but folded mid-season).

The championship trophy of the WHL was the Lester Patrick Cup, which is currently on display at the Hockey Hall of Fame.

## Teams

### Timeline

## List of champions

| Season | Winner | Runner-up |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1952–53 | Edmonton Flyers | Saskatoon Quakers |
| 1953–54 | Calgary Stampeders | Edmonton Flyers |
| 1954–55 | Edmonton Flyers | Calgary Stampeders |
| 1955–56 | Winnipeg Warriors | Vancouver Canucks |
| 1956–57 | Brandon Regals | New Westminster Royals |
| 1957–58 | Vancouver Canucks | Calgary Stampeders |
| 1958–59 | Seattle Totems | Calgary Stampeders |
| 1959–60 | Vancouver Canucks | Victoria Cougars |
| 1960–61 | Portland Buckaroos | Seattle Totems |
| 1961–62 | Edmonton Flyers | Spokane Comets |
| 1962–63 | San Francisco Seals | Seattle Totems |
| 1963–64 | San Francisco Seals | Los Angeles Blades |
| 1964–65 | Portland Buckaroos | Victoria Maple Leafs |
| 1965–66 | Victoria Maple Leafs | Portland Buckaroos |
| 1966–67 | Seattle Totems | Vancouver Canucks |
| 1967–68 | Seattle Totems | Portland Buckaroos |
| 1968–69 | Vancouver Canucks | Portland Buckaroos |
| 1969–70 | Vancouver Canucks | Portland Buckaroos |
| 1970–71 | Portland Buckaroos | Phoenix Roadrunners |
| 1971–72 | Denver Spurs | Portland Buckaroos |
| 1972–73 | Phoenix Roadrunners | Salt Lake Golden Eagles |
| 1973–74 | Phoenix Roadrunners | Portland Buckaroos |

**Championships by team**

| Team | Championships | Runner-up |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Vancouver Canucks | 4 | 2 |
| Seattle Totems | 3 | 2 |
| Portland Buckaroos | 3 | 6 |
| Edmonton Flyers | 3 | 1 |
| Phoenix Roadrunners | 2 | 1 |
| San Francisco Seals | 2 | 0 |
| Brandon Regals | 1 | 0 |
| Calgary Stampeders | 1 | 3 |
| Denver Spurs | 1 | 0 |
| Victoria Maple Leafs | 1 | 1 |
| Winnipeg Warriors | 1 | 0 |
| Saskatoon Quakers | 0 | 1 |
| New Westminster Royals | 0 | 1 |
| Victoria Cougars | 0 | 1 |
| Spokane Comets | 0 | 1 |
| Los Angeles Blades | 0 | 1 |
| Salt Lake Golden Eagles | 0 | 1 |

## InfoBox

Western Hockey League (1952–1974)
| Sport | Ice hockey |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1952 |
| Founder | Al Leader |
| Ceased | 1974 |
| Countries | United States
Canada |
| Last
champion(s) | Phoenix Roadrunners |
| Most titles | Vancouver Canucks (4) |


title: Werner A. Baum

abstract: Werner A. Baum (1923–1999) was the 2nd chancellor of University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (1973-1979) and the 7th president of University of Rhode Island (1968-1973). Baum was a meteorologist by training and served as the president of the American Meteorological Society from 1977 to 1978.

text:
# Werner A. Baum

**Werner A. Baum** (19231999) was the 2nd chancellor of University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (1973-1979) and the 7th president of University of Rhode Island (1968-1973). Baum was a meteorologist by training and served as the president of the American Meteorological Society from 1977 to 1978.

## Early life and education

Werner A. Baum was born on April 10, 1923, in Giessen, Germany. He served in the United States Naval Reserve with the rank of lieutenant (jg) from 1944 to 1946. He earned all of his academic degrees at the University of Chicago; a Bachelor of Science in Mathematics in 1943, a Master of Science degree in Meteorology in 1944, and a doctorate in Meteorology in 1948.

## Professional career

From 1947 to 1949 Baum was an Assistant Professor of Geography at the University of Maryland. In 1949 he began a fourteen year career at Florida State University with an appointment as an Associate Professor and Chairman of the Department of Meteorology. He remained as department chair until 1958 when he was appointed Dean of the Graduate School and Director of Research. In 1960 he was named Dean of the Faculties at Florida State University. He served as vice president for academic affairs at Florida State University in 1963, then as vice president of academic affairs at the University of Miami, 1963-1965 and vice president science affairs, New York University, in New York City from 1965 to 1967.

Baum left academia during the Lyndon Johnson administration to serve from 1967-1968, having been appointed as the deputy administrator of Environmental Science Services in the U.S. Department of Commerce. Baum was appointed as president of the University of Rhode Island (URI) in 1968.

During his presidency at URI during the Richard Nixon administration, Baum and Clarence Tarzwell helped establish two federal laboratories adjacent to the URI Narragansett Bay Campus, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries Laboratory, and the Atlantic Ecology Laboratory (41°29′39″N 71°25′23″W / 41.494139°N 71.422941°W / 41.494139; -71.422941) of the Environmental Protection Agency that was newly formed in 1972 as a result of the Clean Water Act. Baum left URI in 1973 to serve as chancellor at the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.

In 1979, Baum returned as dean of the College of Art and Sciences at Florida State University and remained until his retirement from academia in 1990. He was elected as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1955 and he was bestowed the AAAS Academy Freedom and Responsibility Award in 1985.

## Retirement and later career

In retirement from university administration, Baum continued to serve as Chairman National Climate Program Advisory Committee of the Environmental Protection Agency from 1979 until 1986.

Baum died on September 4, 1999 in Tallahassee, Florida.

## Selected publications

* Baum, W.A. (1944). Scherhag's Divergence Theorem. *Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society* 25(8):319-326. JSTOR:26257064
* Baum, W.A. (1949). On the relation between mean temperature and height in the layer of air near the ground. *Ecology* 30(1):104-107. DOI:10.2307/1932282
* Baum, W.A. (1951). Ecological use of meteorological temperature. *Science* 113(2934):333-334. DOI:10.1126/science.113.2934.333.b
* Baum, W.A. and L.B. Smith (1952). Semi-monthly mean sea-level pressure maps for the Mediterranean area. *Archiv für Meteorologie, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie, Serie A,* 5:326–345. DOI:10.1007/BF02247774
* Rosenthal, S.L. and W.A. Baum (1956). Diurnal Variation of Surface Pressure Over the North Atlantic Ocean. *Monthly Weather Review* 8(11):379-387. DOI:10.1175/1520-0493
* Baum, W.A. (1968). Congressional action on climate modification. *Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society* 49(3):234-237. JSTOR:26251546
* Baum, W.A. (1970). Implications of advancing technology on needs for world meteorological information. pp 51-55. In: Teweles, S., Giraytys, J. (eds) Meteorological Observations and Instrumentation. *Meteorological Monographs, vol 11.* American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA. DOI:10.1007/978-1-935704-35-5\_9

## InfoBox

| Werner A. Baum | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1923-04-10)April 10, 1923
Geissen, Hesse, Germany |
| Died | September 4, 1999(1999-09-04) (aged 76)
Tallahassee, Florida, US |
| Known for | Seventh president of University of Rhode Island;
Second chancellor of the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee |
| Spouse | Shirley Lorraine (Bowman) Baum (m. 19 Jan 1945) |
| Children | 2 |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | University of Chicago (B.S. Mathematics 1943)
University of Chicago (M.S. Meteorology 1944)
University of Chicago (Ph.D. 1948)
Husson College (D.P.A., 1972)
Mount Saint Joseph College (Sc.D. *honoris causa* 1971)
University of Rhode Island (Sc.D., *honoris causa* 1974) |
| Academic work | |
| Institutions | University of Chicago (1943-1947)
University of Maryland (1947-1949)
Florida State University (1949-1963)
University of Miami (1963-1965)
New York University (1965-1967)
Environmental Science Services Administration-U.S. Department of Commerce (1967-1968)
University of Rhode Island (president 1968-1973)
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (chancellor 1973-1979)
Florida State University (1979-1990) |
|  | |


title: Western Australian Internet Exchange

abstract: The Western Australian Internet Exchange (WAIX) was formed in 1997 as a neutral Internet Exchange Point in Perth, Western Australia. Its three founding members were iiNet, Omen Internet and Wantree Internet. Today WAIX has some 100 peers and facilitates the transfer of over 50 gigabits per second. The exchange is operated by the Internet Association of Australia (IAA) which is a not-for-profit, member driven, licensed telecommunications carrier. WAIX is the longest running exchange point in Australia and celebrates its 25 year anniversary in 2022. The Association operates Internet Exchange Points across Australia. Originally located only in the QV.1 building in central Perth, and now in numerous locations across Perth, most Western Australian ISPs also peer at the facility.

text:
# Western Australian Internet Exchange

The **Western Australian Internet Exchange** (WAIX) was formed in 1997 as a neutral Internet Exchange Point in Perth, Western Australia. Its three founding members were iiNet, *Omen Internet* and *Wantree Internet*. Today WAIX has some 100 peers and facilitates the transfer of over 50 gigabits per second.

The exchange is operated by the Internet Association of Australia (IAA) which is a not-for-profit, member driven, licensed telecommunications carrier. WAIX is the longest running exchange point in Australia and celebrates its 25 year anniversary in 2022. The Association operates Internet Exchange Points across Australia.

Originally located only in the QV.1 building in central Perth, and now in numerous locations across Perth, most Western Australian ISPs also peer at the facility.

## Brief history

The peering fabric first existed informally as links between "Wantree Internet" and "Omen Internet" to iiNet. WAIX was formalised as an initiative by the then Western Australian Internet Association (which became the Internet Association of Australia) after a presentation by Andrew Khoo on his similar work in Sydney and Melbourne to create multi-lateral peering fabrics in both cities. The ISPs at the presentation later agreed they could form the fabric themselves and did so by leasing a small room in QV.1 and began as a formal peering exchange after Omen, iiNet and Wantree moved their interconnects into the peering room.

Various attempts were made over the first few years to arrange traffic exchange between peers at WAIX and peers at other Australian internet exchanges (notably the "South Australia Internet Exchange", or SAIX) allowing peers to pay for interstate traffic. This was an arrangement with one of the peers at the time (information needed) who peered at more than one Australian peering fabric. Similar arrangements were formalised in the eastern states with the formation of AusBone.

* Tweedie, Gavin. "West Australia Internet Exchange update" (PDF). *APNIC 17*. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Retrieved 2016-01-21.

## InfoBox

Western Australian Internet Exchange
| Full name | Western Australian Internet Exchange |
| --- | --- |
| Abbreviation | WAIX |
| Founded | 1997 |
| Location | Australia, Perth |
| Website | Official website |


title: West Putford

abstract:
West Putford is a small settlement and civil parish in the local government district of Torridge, Devon, England. The parish, which lies about 8.5 miles (13.7 km) north of the town of Holsworthy, is surrounded clockwise from the north by the parishes of East Putford, a small part of Bulkworthy, Abbots Bickington, Sutcombe, Bradworthy and Woolfardisworthy. In 2001 its population was 181, compared to 216 in 1901. The eastern and northern boundaries of the parish mostly follow the River Torridge over which is the 13th-century Kismeldon Bridge. Tumuli on the high ground provide evidence for early inhabitants here. The cruciform early 14th-century parish church is dedicated to Saint Stephen. It has a Norman font, and the tower has been dated to around 1500. According to W. G. Hoskins the church is clean, well-preserved and it largely avoided the attention of the Victorian restorers, making it "a pleasure, not merely to the antiquary, but to all who see it". Other notable buildings in the parish include Churston House, near the church, which was built in around 1600 by one of the Prideaux family and retains many original features; and Cory Barton, about half a mile to the north, which dates from the 16th century and was the seat of the Cory family.
There is a Gnome Reserve, founded in 1979.

text:
# West Putford

**West Putford** is a small settlement and civil parish in the local government district of Torridge, Devon, England. The parish, which lies about 8.5 miles (13.7 km) north of the town of Holsworthy, is surrounded clockwise from the north by the parishes of East Putford (with which it is joined for ecclesiastical purposes), a small part of Bulkworthy, Abbots Bickington, Sutcombe, Bradworthy and Woolfardisworthy. In 2001 its population was 181, compared to 216 in 1901. The eastern and northern boundaries of the parish mostly follow the River Torridge over which is the 13th-century Kismeldon Bridge. Tumuli on the high ground provide evidence for early inhabitants here.

The cruciform early 14th-century parish church is dedicated to Saint Stephen. It has a Norman font, and the tower has been dated to around 1500. According to W. G. Hoskins (writing in the early 1950s) the church is clean, well-preserved and it largely avoided the attention of the Victorian restorers, making it "a pleasure, not merely to the antiquary, but to all who see it".

Other notable buildings in the parish include Churston House, near the church, which was built in around 1600 by one of the Prideaux family and retains many original features; and Cory Barton, about half a mile to the north, which dates from the 16th century and was the seat of the Cory family. There is a Gnome Reserve, founded in 1979.

## InfoBox

| West Putford | |
| --- | --- |
| West Putford parish church | |
| West PutfordLocation within Devon | |
| Population | 181 (2001 census) |
| Civil parish | * West Putford |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
|


title: West Quarry

abstract: West Quarry is a disused open cast slate quarry between Tintagel and Trebarwith on the north coast of Cornwall, South West England. The quarry ceased operations towards the end of the nineteenth century.

text:
# West Quarry

**West Quarry** is a disused open cast slate quarry between Tintagel and Trebarwith on the north coast of Cornwall, South West England. The quarry ceased operations towards the end of the nineteenth century.

## Location

The quarry is one of at least eight coastal quarries that lie between Tintagel Castle and Trebarwith Strand. West quarry is the southernmost of these and adjoins Lanterdan. It can be hard to determine where Lanterdan ends and West begins and so a convenient demarcation is a row of slate pinnacles running roughly east to west. These towers are composed of inferior slate, which is why they have not been worked, and everything due south can be considered West Quarry. The quarry workings can be seen easily from the South West Coast Path.

## Industrial remains

Two rock faces appear to have been worked, both around 50 m (165 ft) in length. The quarry floor is around 30 m (100 ft) below the cliffs. There are virtually no remains of buildings. The ruined walls of small sheds that can still be seen may have been built after the quarry ceased operations, and it is unclear what function they served.

## Stone

The quarry provided a source of Upper Devonian slate and Lower Carboniferous slates of a greyish green colour used predominantly for roofing.

## History

According to OS map history, the quarry was already disused by 1883 The quarries on this stretch of coast possibly date back to the 17th century-nearby Lanterdan was in use as early as the fifteenth century.

## InfoBox

West Quarry
| Rock pinnacles in West Quarry | |
| --- | --- |
| Coordinates | 50°38′56″N 4°45′32″W / 50.649°N 4.759°W / 50.649; -4.759 |


title: Tamara Dragičević

abstract: Tamara Dragičević is a Serbian actress and model. She is the best known for her performances in the film Montevideo, God Bless You! by Dragan Bjelogrlić and the RTS series The Scent of Rain in the Balkans by Ljubiša Samardžić.

text:
# Tamara Dragičević

**Tamara Dragičević** (Serbian Cyrillic: Тамара Драгичевић, pronounced \[ˌtǎmara draˈɡǐːt͡ʃeʋit͜ɕ\]; born 30 March 1989) is a Serbian actress and model. She is the best known for her performances in the film *Montevideo, God Bless You!* by Dragan Bjelogrlić and the RTS series *The Scent of Rain in the Balkans* by Ljubiša Samardžić.

## Personal life

Dragičević has two siblings, a brother and a sister. She is a graduate of the University of Dramatic Arts in Belgrade. She is married to Serbian actor Petar Benčina. She gave birth to daughter Staša on 4 December 2016 and son Lazar on 14 August 2019. They are a popular celebrity couple in Serbia. Her brother-in-law is actor Igor Benčina.

## Career

Dragičević landed the role in *Montevideo, God Bless You!*, the upcoming film of Dragan Bjelogrlić, in late 2009. The film premiered on 20 December 2010 in the Sava Centar, and was eventually seen by more than 500.000 viewers. Earlier in 2010, Dragičević was cast as Buka Salom in the RTS series *The Scent of Rain in the Balkans*, the television adaptation of the novel of the same name by Gordana Kuić, directed by Ljubiša Samardžić. It began airing on 10 December 2010 and ended on 11 March 2011.

In 2011, Dragičević appeared in the music video for single "Slučajno" by Kiki Lesendrić, along with her *Montevideo, God Bless You!* fellow Miloš Biković. She is currently starring several plays in the Vuk Karadžić and the Boško Buha Theatre. Dragičević would go on to appear in the RTS television series *Vojna akademija* (English: *Military Academy*) and its spin-off film *Vojna akademija 2*, the *Montevideo, God Bless You!* sequel *See You in Montevideo* and *Bićemo prvaci sveta* (English: *We Will Be the World Champions*). In 2013, Dragičević was one of the contestants in the first season of *Tvoje lice zvuči poznato*, the Serbian version of *Your Face Sounds Familiar*.

Her latest film project, *Panama*, has been selected to screen in the Special Screenings section at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival.

## Filmography

| Films | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Original title | Translation | Year | Role | Notes |
| *Zlatna liga* | *Golden League* | 2010 | Sportswoman | Short |
| *Montevideo, Bog te video!* | *Montevideo, God Bless You!* | 2010 | Eli Pops |  |
| *Vojna akademija 2* | *Military Academy 2* | 2013 | Nadica Arsić |  |
| *Montevideo, vidimo se!* | *See You in Montevideo* | 2013 | Eli Pops |  |
| *Bićemo prvaci sveta* | *We Will Be the World Champions* | 2015 | Sonja Mladenović |  |
| *Panama* | *Panama* | 2015 | Sandra |  |
| *Toma* |  | 2021 | Silvana Armenulić | Toma Zdravković biopic |
|
| Television | | | | |
| Original title | Translation | Year | Role | Notes |
| *Miris kiše na Balkanu* | *The Scent of Rain in the Balkans* | 2010 | Buka Salom | 2010–11 |
| *Vojna akademija* | *Military Academy* | 2012 | Nadica Arsić | 2012–14 |
| *Montevideo, Bog te video!* | *Montevideo, God Bless You!* | 2010 | Eli Pops |  |
| *Montevideo, vidimo se!* | *See You in Montevideo* | 2013 | Eli Pops |  |
|
| Music videos | | | | |
| Original title | Translation | Year | Role | Artist |
| "Slučajno" | *Accidentally* | 2011 | Female Protagonist | Kiki Lesendrić |

## InfoBox

| Tamara Dragičević | |
| --- | --- |
| Тамара Драгичевић | |
| Born | (1989-03-30) 30 March 1989<br>Belgrade, SR Serbia, Yugoslavia |
| Occupation(s) | Actress, model |
| Years active | 2009–present |
| Spouse | Petar Benčina |
| Children | 3 |


title: Wyatt Turner

abstract: Wyatt James Turner was an American Negro league catcher in the 1930s. A native of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Turner played for the Homestead Grays in 1939 and served in the US Navy during World War II. He died in Pittsburgh in 1986 at age 77.

text:
# Wyatt Turner

**Wyatt James Turner** (January 5, 1909 – September 19, 1986) was an American Negro league catcher in the 1930s.

A native of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Turner played for the Homestead Grays in 1939 and served in the US Navy during World War II. He died in Pittsburgh in 1986 at age 77.

## InfoBox

| Wyatt Turner | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Catcher** | |
| **Born:** (1909-01-05)January 5, 1909
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States | |
| **Died:** September 19, 1986(1986-09-19) (aged 77)
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| Negro league baseball debut | |
| 1939, for the Homestead Grays | |
| Last appearance | |
| 1939, for the Homestead Grays | |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: San Isidro de Lules

abstract: San Isidro de Lules, or, Lules, as the town is colloquially known, is a settlement in Tucumán Province in northern Argentina, and the seat of the department (county) of the same name. Lules was founded by the parish priest of Famaillá, Dr. Zoilo Domínguez, on November 20, 1851, on the site of a former Jesuit reduction as an agricultural community, and named it in honor of the patron saint of farmers, Saint Isidore the Laborer, as well as for the area's indigenous people, the Lules tribe. Though Domínguez bequeathed the land to his five sons upon his death in 1865, he also intended to create a functioning community, and lots around the town square were auctioned to Lules Indians and other area residents. Domínguez also had a school and a Roman Catholic parish built, and the town was officially recognized as such by the province in 1887. The town and surrounding fields became an important center of blueberry and strawberry production, and during the 20th century, Lules became home to numerous food processing plants, including makers of fresh and concentrated juices, as well as paper and textile mills, among others.

text:
# San Isidro de Lules

**San Isidro de Lules**, or, ***Lules***, as the town is colloquially known, is a settlement in Tucumán Province in northern Argentina, and the seat of the department (county) of the same name.

Lules was founded by the parish priest of Famaillá, Dr. Zoilo Domínguez, on November 20, 1851, on the site of a former Jesuit reduction as an agricultural community, and named it in honor of the patron saint of farmers, Saint Isidore the Laborer (*San Isidro*), as well as for the area's indigenous people, the Lules tribe. Though Domínguez bequeathed the land to his five sons upon his death in 1865, he also intended to create a functioning community, and lots around the town square were auctioned to Lules Indians and other area residents. Domínguez also had a school and a Roman Catholic parish built, and the town was officially recognized as such by the province in 1887.

The town and surrounding fields became an important center of blueberry and strawberry production, and during the 20th century, Lules became home to numerous food processing plants, including makers of fresh and concentrated juices, as well as paper and textile mills, among others.

## InfoBox

| San Isidro de Lules | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
|  | |
| San Isidro de LulesLocation of San Isidro de Lules in Argentina | |
| Coordinates: 26°56′S 65°21′W / 26.933°S 65.350°W / -26.933; -65.350 | |
| Country | Argentina |
| Province | Tucumán |
| Department | Lules |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Dr. César Dip (Front for Victory) |
| Population (2010 census) | |
| Total | 21,088 |
| Demonym | luleño/a |
| Time zone | UTC-3 (ART) |
| CPA base | 4128 |
| Dialing code | +54 0381 |


title: Mimili Maku Arts

abstract: Mimili Maku Arts, often referred to as Mimili Maku, is an Aboriginal-owned and -led arts centre located in the remote community of Mimili in the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands, in the remote north-west of South Australia. The name of the arts centre refers to the Maku Dreaming, which is a significant story from the area and forms a central part of many of the Mimili Maku senior artists' paintings. However, the work of the Mimili Maku artists is diverse and represents a wide range of stories and styles. Mimili Maku involves all members of the community and the four surrounding homelands: Perentie Bore, Wanmara, Blue Hills and Sandy Bore. One of the directors of the centre, Kunmanara Williams said: "At Mimili Maku Arts we work together: [t]he old men and women side by side with their children and grandchildren. This is Anangu way". Works produced by the centre's artists have been exhibited in institutions nationally and internationally, have won many prestigious art awards and are highly sought after by collectors.

text:
# Mimili Maku Arts

**Mimili Maku Arts**, often referred to as **Mimili Maku**, is an Aboriginal-owned and -led arts centre located in the remote community of Mimili in the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands, in the remote north-west of South Australia.

The name of the arts centre refers to the Maku (witchetty grub) Dreaming, which is a significant story from the area and forms a central part of many of the Mimili Maku senior artists' paintings. However, the work of the Mimili Maku artists is diverse and represents a wide range of stories and styles.

Mimili Maku involves all members of the community and the four surrounding homelands: Perentie Bore, Wanmara, Blue Hills and Sandy Bore. One of the directors of the centre, Kunmanara (Mumu Mike) Williams said: "At Mimili Maku Arts we work together: \[t\]he old men and women side by side with their children and grandchildren. This is Anangu way".

Works produced by the centre's artists have been exhibited in institutions nationally and internationally, have won many prestigious art awards and are highly sought after by collectors.

## History

The community of Mimili was established in the 1970s after the land was returned to the traditional owners with the land that the community occupies previously being part of Everard Park Station. This meant that many people, who are now the elders of the community, lost their jobs at the station where they undertook mustering, droving and breaking in horses.

Since then arts have emerged as an activity that significantly benefits individuals, families and communities in many significant ways, including economically, providing employment to many local people, while at the same time being culturally beneficial. Mimili Maku is one of the more recently established art centres in the region, having been established in 2010.

Mimili Maku is part of the APY Art Centre Collective.

The gallery closed during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. During this time the artists worked on Robert Fielding's research project with the South Australian Museum, which focuses on intergenerational learning and cultural maintenance.

Founding member Kunmanara Mumu Mike Williams, who died in 2019, was posthumously awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) an on 8 June 2020 in the 2020 Queen's Birthday Honours, in recognition of his service to Indigenous visual arts and the community.

## Artists

Past and present major artists at the centre include:

Other artists listed as of 2020:

* Harriette Bryant
* Alwyn Dawson
* Margaret Dodd
* Shane Dodd
* Mark Doolan
* Judy Martin
* Kunmanara Martin
* Patricia Martin
* Anita Pumani
* Brenita Pumani
* Danielle Pumani
* Josina Pumani
* Teresa Pumani-Mula
* Emma Singer
* Pauline Wangin
* Puna Yanima


title: Toyota TF101

abstract: The Toyota TF101 was a Formula One car used solely for testing purposes during the 2001 season, in preparation for the team's full-scale assault on the series in 2002. The car was designed by Toyota F1's chief of chassis Jean-Claude Martens and was driven by Mika Salo and Allan McNish. The TF101 was unofficially called the "AM01" by Toyota until the name of its successor, the TF102 was announced. This was the first Formula One car to run on Esso fuel since the 1960s.

text:
# Toyota TF101

The **Toyota TF101** was a Formula One car used solely for testing purposes during the 2001 season, in preparation for the team's full-scale assault on the series in 2002. The car was designed by Toyota F1's chief of chassis Jean-Claude Martens and was driven by Mika Salo and Allan McNish. The TF101 was unofficially called the "AM01" by Toyota until the name of its successor, the TF102 was announced.

This was the first Formula One car to run on Esso fuel since the 1960s.

## Development

The car was designed and built from the ground up by the staff at Toyota Motorsports GmbH (TMG) in Cologne, Germany over a period of nineteen months, in preparation for Toyota's entry to Formula One in 2002. After the initial unveiling of the car, the test team, including drivers Mika Salo and Allan McNish took on an intensive testing programme, accumulating a total of 3,000 laps and 22,967 km at eleven F1 circuits around the world, and also the specialist testing facility at Paul Ricard in Southern France.

During the development of the car, the initial designer André de Cortanze was replaced by Austrian Gustav Brunner and he oversaw the continued development of the car, eventually molding the TF102 car, the team's debut racegoing machine based on the work done during the 2001 season.

The car was handling poorly and being overweight, Mika Salo described it as being "a piece of shit".

## InfoBox

Toyota TF101
| The 2001 Toyota TF101 (AM01) | |
| --- | --- |
| Category | Formula One |
| Constructor | Toyota |
| Designer(s) | André de Cortanze (Technical Director)
Jean-Claude Martens (Chief Designer) |
| Successor | TF102 |
| Technical specifications | |
| Chassis | carbon-fibre and honeycomb composite monocoque |
| Suspension (front) | Push rod with Torsion bar |
| Suspension (rear) | Push rod with Torsion bar |
| Engine | Toyota RVX01 |
| Transmission | Six Gear, Semi-Automatic |
| Fuel | Esso |
| Tyres | Michelin |
| Competition history | |
| Notable entrants | Panasonic Toyota Racing |
| Notable drivers | Mika Salo
Allan McNish |
| Debut | N/A |
| Races Wins Poles F/Laps  *0* *0* *0* *0* | |
| Constructors' Championships | *0* |
| Drivers' Championships | *0* |


title: Polytrichastrum formosum

abstract: Polytrichastrum formosum, commonly known as the bank haircap moss, is a species of moss belonging to the family Polytrichaceae. It has a cosmopolitan distribution, found mostly in temperate latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere and especially dominant in Europe and North America. However, it has also been identified in India, China, Nepal, Japan, Algeria, Australia, New Zealand, Russia, Turkey, Syria, and the Atlantic islands. This species was previously called Polytrichum formosum but has been reclassified as Polytrichastrum formosum due to distinct sporangial features. Recent molecular studies suggest that it should be moved back to its original genus (Polytrichum), however bryologists have not yet reached a consensus.

text:
# Polytrichastrum formosum

***Polytrichastrum formosum***, commonly known as the **bank haircap moss**, is a species of moss belonging to the family Polytrichaceae.

It has a cosmopolitan distribution, found mostly in temperate latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere and especially dominant in Europe and North America. However, it has also been identified in India, China, Nepal, Japan, Algeria, Australia, New Zealand, Russia, Turkey, Syria, and the Atlantic islands (i.e. Iceland).

This species was previously called *Polytrichum formosum* but has been reclassified as *Polytrichastrum formosum* due to distinct sporangial features. Recent molecular studies suggest that it should be moved back to its original genus (*Polytrichum*), however bryologists have not yet reached a consensus.

## Habitat

*Polytrichastrum formosum* generally inhabits shaded, poor soils and humus in damp coniferous forests and cool temperate rainforests. This species is most common in Europe and grows in grasslands, lowland heaths, acidic moorlands, rocky slopes, and old buildings.

## Gametophyte

Like all moss, the haploid gametophyte is the dominant phase of the lifecycle of *P. formosum.* The moss gametophyte has photosynthetic leaves, a stem, and root-like rhizoids that anchor them to the substrate.

*Polytrichastrum formosum* is a medium to large robust acrocarpous moss, growing in uncrowded, unbranching tufts. Its colour ranges from green to dark olive green to greenish black. The stems of mature plants are generally 3 to 8 cm tall, however they can be as short as 2 cm or as tall as 20 cm. *P. formosum*, like all members of Polytrichaceae, is an endohydric moss, meaning water conduction occurs internally. This process is made possible by a central conducting strand in the stem, made up of hydroids, which are cells specialized for water transport. The stem also contains leptoids and specialized parenchyma cells that are used for conducting sugars throughout the plant. The hydrome (made of hydroids) and leptome (made of leptoids) are considered analogous in function to xylem and phloem in vascular plants. For structural support there are also thick-walled stereid cells circling the hydrome, which helps the moss grow tall.

The leaves of *Polytrichastrum formosum* are linear-lanceolate, and are usually 6 to 8 mm in length, but can be up to 12 mm long. They are erect to spreading when the moss is dry but become broadly recurved when moist. The leaves have a toothed margin and a prominent costa, where guide cells help conduct water throughout the leaf, and stereids on the dorsal side provide protection.

Using a microscope, photosynthetic lamellae are visible in cross section, nearly covering the entire ventral surface of the leaf. A feature unique to Polytrichaceae, lamellae are often compared to the mesophyll of vascular plants due to their role in photosynthesis. Each lamella stands 3 to 7 cells high and the cells at the top are smooth and oblong. Lamellae help increase desiccation tolerance and photosynthetic efficiency by providing more surface area for light absorption and gas exchange. The lamellae are covered by a layer of hydrophobic wax that protects the air spaces between neighbouring lamella from being flooded with water, which would impede CO2 uptake necessary for photosynthesis. In this way, *P. formosum* is able withstand high irradiance better than other mosses.

## Sporophyte

The diploid sporophyte generation of *P. formosum* matures in early summer and is short-lived. The solitary sporophyte grows out of the female gametophyte, relying on it for energy and nutrients. It is anchored to the gametophyte by a foot, and has a stalk (seta) elevating a capsule (sporangia) in which spores will develop via meiosis. The seta is yellowish to reddish brown and is 3 to 6 cm tall. Like the stem of the gametophyte, the seta has a hydrome and leptome for conducting water and sugars from the gametophyte. The slender and short-rectangular capsule is ochre to brown and 4 to 7 mm long. The capsule is terete or 4-6 angled, which distinguishes *Polytrichastrum* species from *Polytrichum* species. In the early stages of growth the capsule is covered by a hairy calyptra that protects the capsule during development and influences it's shape. At maturity, the calyptra falls off to reveal a beaked operculum. Like most other moss in Polytrichaceae, under the operculum *P. formosom* has 64 nematodontous peristome teeth that surround an epiphragm.

## Reproduction

### Sexual reproduction

*Polytrichastrum formosum* is sexually dioicous, meaning the male and female reproductive structures are on separate plants. *P. formosum,* like all members of the Polytrichaceae family, is an acrocarpous or cushion moss with reproductive structures borne at the terminus of the gametophyte stem. The perichaetial leaves surrounding the archegonia (female reproductive structure) resembles the other stem leaves besides being longer. The antheridia (male reproductive structure) are at the apex of the male gametophyte in a cup-like structure formed by perigonial leaves which are modified stem leaves. Sperm is produced in the antheridia via mitosis, and when mature they are released from the antheridia by raindrops splashing onto the cup. Sperm can be dispersed up to one meter from the male, and if they successfully reach an archegonia, the egg will be fertilized and grow into a diploid sporophyte.

### Asexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction is not extensive in *P. formosum*, however it occurs on a local scale by the vegetative proliferation of genets.

## Classification

### Varieties

### Taxonomy disagreement

When this species was first described by Johann Hedwig in 1801, it was classified as *Polytrichum formosum.* Upon further analysis it was determined by Gary L. Smith in 1971 that the moss is better described by the *Polytrichastrum* genus. *Polytrichastrum* can be distinguished from *Polytrichum* by sporangial features including multiple-angled capsules (more than 4 sided), elongated peristome teeth surrounding the ridged epiphragm, and larger spores. According to several sources, *Polytrichastrum formosum* remains the most accurate taxonomic classification. However, more recent molecular data and phylogenetic analysis suggests that *P. formosum* should be reverted to its original genus: *Polytrichum*. Their study suggested that species in *Polytrichastrum* and *Polytrichum* are in fact distantly related, but because the *Polytrichastrum* genus is polyphyletic, authors suggested that some species, including *P. formosum,* return to the *Polytrichum* genus. Currently, these names remain synonyms.

## InfoBox

| *Polytrichastrum formosum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Secure  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Bryophyta |
| Class: | Polytrichopsida |
| Order: | Polytrichales |
| Family: | Polytrichaceae |
| Genus: | *Polytrichastrum* |
| Species: | ***P. formosum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Polytrichastrum formosum***
(Hedw.) G.L. Smith | |
|


title: Virginia State Route 20

abstract: State Route 20 is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. The state highway runs 89.79 miles (144.50 km) from U.S. Route 15 in Dillwyn north to SR 3 in Wilderness. SR 20 is a C-shaped route that connects Charlottesville with Farmville in Southside Virginia. The state highway also links Charlottesville to Fredericksburg by way of Orange County, within which SR 20 is the main east–west highway and intersects US 15 again in the county seat of Orange. SR 20 is a Virginia Byway from Scottsville to Orange.

text:
# Virginia State Route 20

**State Route 20** (**SR 20**) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. The state highway runs 89.79 miles (144.50 km) from U.S. Route 15 (US 15) in Dillwyn north to SR 3 in Wilderness. SR 20 is a C-shaped route that connects Charlottesville with Farmville (via US 15) in Southside Virginia. The state highway also links Charlottesville to Fredericksburg (via SR 3) by way of Orange County, within which SR 20 is the main eastwest highway and intersects US 15 again in the county seat of Orange.

SR 20 is a Virginia Byway from Scottsville to Orange.

## Route description

SR 20 begins at an intersection with US 15 (James Madison Highway) just west of the town of Dillwyn. The state highway heads north as the two-lane undivided Constitution Route, which passes through the hamlet of Allenslevel, the site of Buckingham Correctional Center. SR 20 crosses the Slate River and passes through the community of Centenary on its way through northwestern Buckingham County to its crossing of the James River. On the north side of the bridge, the state highway enters the town of Scottsville, through which the highway passes as Valley Street. SR 20 meets SR 6 (Main Street) in the center of town. The two highways run together to the north end of town where SR 6 splits west as Irish Road.

SR 20 continues through southern Albemarle County as Scottsville Road. The state highway heads through Glendower, where the highway passes close to the historical presidential retreat Pine Knot and Christ Church Glendower. North of Keene, SR 20 crosses the Hardware River as the watercourse and the highway passes through a gap between Green Mountain and Carters Mountain, which are part of the Southwest Mountains. The state highway follows the west side of the latter mountain to the community of Mill Creek, where the highway expands to a four-lane divided highway at its intersection with SR 53 (Thomas Jefferson Parkway). SR 53 provides access to Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe's respective estates of Monticello and Ash Lawn–Highland. SR 20 passes the entrance to Piedmont Virginia Community College just south of its partial cloverleaf interchange with Interstate 64.

SR 20 becomes Monticello Avenue on crossing Moores Creek into the city of Charlottesville. The street reduces to a two-lane undivided road and curves west to Avon Street, onto which the state highway turns north. At Garrett Street, SR 20 continues onto four-lane divided 9th Street, which crosses over CSX's Piedmont Subdivision into downtown Charlottesville. The state highway passes to the east of the Downtown Mall and meets US 250 Business, which heads eastbound along Market Street and westbound along High Street, which are both two-way streets. The business route joins SR 20 in a concurrency on High Street, which passes by the former Martha Jefferson Hospital. US 250 Business reaches its eastern terminus at US 250 (Long Street). SR 20 turns east onto US 250 to cross the Free Bridge over the Rivanna River to leave the city limits.

SR 20 heads north from the Charlottesville vicinity along Stony Point Road, which parallels the west flank of the Southwest Mountains. The state highway passes the communities of Key West, Eastham, Stony Point, and Rosena. SR 20 enters Orange County and its name changes to Constitution Highway south of Barboursville, which contains the ruins of the namesake estate. The state highway has a short concurrency with US 33 (Spotswood Trail) in which the highways pass under Norfolk Southern Railway's Washington District. SR 20 heads northeast and intersects SR 231 (Blue Ridge Turnpike) north of Somerset. The state highway continues east and closely parallels the railroad through Montpelier Station, which is named for James Madison's estate Montpelier on the south side of the tracks.

SR 20 continues east to the town of Orange, where the highway enters town as Main Street. At the Holladay House, the state highway turns south onto Caroline Street while Main Street continues east SR 20 Business. SR 20 passes the James Madison Museum before US 15 (Madison Street) joins the highway in a concurrency to pass under the Washington District rail line after the counties sole remaining tractor crossing. The state highway turns east onto Berry Hill Road and passes under another Norfolk Southern rail line before receiving the other end of SR 20 Business (Byrd Street). SR 20 becomes Constitution Highway again on leaving the town of Orange. The state highway passes Orange County Airport and intersects US 522 (Zachary Taylor Highway) between Unionville and Rhoadesville. SR 20 briefly passes through part of Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park near the site of the Battle of the Wilderness before reaching its northern terminus at SR 3 (Germanna Highway) in the community of Locust Grove just west of the Spotsylvania County line.

## History

SR 20 was first created in 1933 with the renumbering of SR 316 between US 15 in Dillwyn and SR 6 in Scottsville and a separate section to the north that replaced SR 702 between SR 231 in Somerset and SR 3 in Wilderness. In 1941, the southern section was extended north from SR 6 to US 250 in Charlottesville, and the northern section was extended south from SR 231 to US 33 in Barboursville. In 1950, the two sections of SR 20 were finally connected via a replacement of SR 613 between Charlottesville and Barboursville.

In May 2019, the intersection of SR 20 and I-64 was changed. Travelers exiting I-64 west and turning left onto SR 20 south now have a dedicated lane to turn into. As a result, travelers only have to cross SR 20 north and then merge with SR 20 south.

## Future

Two new roundabouts have been approved to be implemented along SR 20. The first would be at the intersection of SR 20 and SR 231 in Somerset. Construction is expected to begin in 2020. The second roundabout would be at the intersection of SR 20 and US 33 just south of Barboursville. This project might also include reconstruction of the intersection of SR 738 and US 33, just south of the SR 20/US 33 intersection. Funding has been approved, but no dates for construction completion have been announced.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Buckingham |  | 0.00 | 0.00 | US 15 (North James Madison Highway) / SR 1003 (Main Street) Dillwyn, Farmville | Southern terminus |
| Albemarle | Scottsville | 19.34 | 31.12 |
SR 6 east (Main Street) Richmond | South end of concurrency with SR 6 |
| | | 19.92 | 32.06 |

SR 6 west (Irish Road) to US 29 | North end of concurrency with SR 6 |
| |  | 36.81 | 59.24 |
SR 53 east (Thomas Jefferson Parkway) Palmyra, Monticello, Michie Tavern, Ash Lawn-Highland | Western terminus of SR 53 |
| |  | 37.23 | 59.92 | I-64 Staunton, Richmond | I-64 exit 121 |
| City of Charlottesville | | 39.01 | 62.78 |

US 250 Bus. west (East High Street) | South end of concurrency with US 250 Business |
| | 39.90 | 64.21 |
US 250 west (Long Street) | North end of concurrency with US 250 Business; south end of concurrency with US 250 |
| Albemarle | Pantops | 40.16 | 64.63 |

US 250 east (Richmond Road) / SR 1116 south (River Bend Drive) to I-64 Shadwell, Richmond, Monticello, Ash Lawn, Michie Tavern | North end of concurrency with US 250 |
| Orange | Barboursville | 55.01 | 88.53 |
US 33 east (Spotswood Trail) Gordonsville, Richmond | South end of concurrency with US 33 |
| | | 55.23 | 88.88 |
US 33 west (Spotswood Trail) Ruckersville, Harrisonburg | North end of concurrency with US 33 |
| | Old Somerset | 60.86 | 97.94 | SR 231 (Blue Ridge Turnpike) Madison, Gordonsville |  |
| | Orange | 67.09 | 107.97 |

SR 20 Bus. north (Main Street) |  |
| | 67.24 | 108.21 |
US 15 north (Madison Street) Culpeper | South end of concurrency with US 15 |
| | 67.41 | 108.49 |
US 15 south (Caroline Street) Gordonsville | North end of concurrency with US 15 |
| | 68.07 | 109.55 |

SR 20 Bus. south (Byrd Street) |  |
| | Unionville | 76.40 | 122.95 | US 522 (Zachary Taylor Highway) Culpeper, Mineral |  |
| | Wilderness | 89.79 | 144.50 | SR 3 (Germanna Highway) Culpeper, Fredericksburg | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

## Orange business route

| State Route 20 Business | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Orange |
| Length | 0.71 mi (1,140 m) |

SR 20 Business is a business route of SR 20 in the town of Orange. The business route runs 0.71 miles (1.14 km) between intersections with SR 20 on either side of town. SR 20 Business begins as Main Street where SR 20 turns south onto Caroline Street next to the Holladay House. The business route intersects US 15 (Madison Street) and meets Norfolk Southern Railway's Washington District at grade. SR 20 Business turns southeast onto Byrd Street to rejoin SR 20 on a tangent.

Template:Attached KML/Virginia State Route 20KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Route 20 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by VDOT | |
| Length | 89.79 mi (144.50 km) |
| Existed | July 1, 1933–present |
| Tourist
routes | Journey Through Hallowed Ground Byway
Virginia Byway |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | US 15 / SR 1003 in Dillwyn |
| Major intersections |  |
| North end | SR 3 in Wilderness |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Virginia |
| Counties | Buckingham, Albemarle, City of Charlottesville, Orange |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| US 19   US 21 | |


title: Towner, Colorado

abstract: Towner is a census-designated place (CDP) in and governed by Kiowa County, Colorado, United States. The population of the Towner CDP was 18 at the United States Census 2020. The Sheridan Lake post office serves Towner postal addresses. Towner's post office closed down in 1992.

text:
# Towner, Colorado

**Towner** is a census-designated place (CDP) in and governed by Kiowa County, Colorado, United States. The population of the Towner CDP was 18 at the United States Census 2020. The Sheridan Lake post office (Zip Code 81071) serves Towner postal addresses. Towner's post office (ZIP Code 81080) closed down in 1992.

## History

Towner was originally known as "Memphis". It was a frequent attraction for Kansans when their state was "dry". Towner is the easternmost town in Colorado, located less than 2 miles (3 km) from the Kansas border.

The town currently supports two grain elevators. Its population swells during harvest due to the influx of agricultural crews who often camp in the town. Towner students attend Plainview School, close to Sheridan Lake. It is responsible for the education of students in grades pre-kindergarten through grade 12.

Hunting opportunities are abundant in the area, with deer, pronghorn, and pheasant commonplace, as well as an occasional elk sighting.

In 1931, five students and their bus driver died in the Pleasant Hill bus tragedy near Towner.

## Geography

Towner is located in eastern Kiowa County. Colorado State Highway 96 passes through the community. The closest gas station is about 11 miles (18 km) to the west on Highway 96 in the town of Sheridan Lake. The Kansas state line is 2 miles (3 km) to the east, and Tribune, Kansas, is 18 miles (29 km) to the east of Towner via Kansas State Highway 96.

The Towner CDP has an area of 24 acres (0.097 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Towner CDP, Colorado
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | 22 |  |
| 2020 | 18 | −18.2% |
| Source: United States Census Bureau | | |

The United States Census Bureau initially defined the Towner CDP for the United States Census 2010.

## InfoBox

| Towner, Colorado | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| Entering from west on State Highway 96 (2024) | |
| Location within Kiowa County and Colorado | |
| Coordinates: 38°28′13″N 102°04′50″W / 38.4703998°N 102.0804546°W / 38.4703998; -102.0804546 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Colorado |
| County | Kiowa |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.037 sq mi (0.097 km2) |
| Land | 0.037 sq mi (0.097 km2) |
| Water | 0.000 sq mi (0.000 km2) |
| Elevation | 3,931 ft (1,198 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 18 |
| Density | 480/sq mi (190/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−7 (MST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−6 (MDT) |
| ZIP Code | 81071 (original 81080) |
| Area code | 719 |
| FIPS code | 08-78335 |
| GNIS ID | 2583306 |


title: Town of Goondiwindi

abstract: The Town of Goondiwindi was a local government area of Queensland, Australia. It is on the Queensland-New South Wales border.

text:
# Town of Goondiwindi

The **Town of Goondiwindi** was a local government area of Queensland, Australia. It is on the Queensland-New South Wales border.

## History

It was first proclaimed a municipality, the Borough of Goondiwindi, on 20 October 1888.

The Shire of Waggamba, also headquartered in Goondiwindi and managing areas to the north, west and east of the town, provided many functions in partnership with the Town, including libraries and area promotion.

In 1937, the Goondiwindi Civic Centre was erected as the town hall at 100 Marshall Street, Goondiwindi. It was designed by Addison & MacDonald and built by Thomas Charles Clarke, now known as The Clarke Services Group. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 July 1993.

On 15 March 2008, under the *Local Government (Reform Implementation) Act 2007* passed by the Parliament of Queensland on 10 August 2007, the Town of Goondiwindi merged with the Shires of Waggamba and Inglewood to form the Goondiwindi Region.

## Mayors

* 1915: J. F. Gibson (for the 5th time)
* 1927: James Dowling Hindmarsh

## Population

| Year | Population |
| --- | --- |
| 1933 | 1,931 |
| 1947 | 2,467 |
| 1954 | 2,950 |
| 1961 | 3,274 |
| 1966 | 3,529 |
| 1971 | 3,695 |
| 1976 | 3,741 |
| 1981 | 3,576 |
| 1986 | 4,103 |
| 1991 | 4,331 |
| 1996 | 4,374 |
| 2001 | 4,760 |
| 2006 | 4,873 |

Media related to Town of Goondiwindi at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Town of Goondiwindi
Queensland | |
| --- | --- |
| Location within Queensland | |
| Population | 4,873 (2006 census) |
| • Density | 333.8/km2 (864.5/sq mi) |
| Established | 1888 |
| Area | 14.6 km2 (5.6 sq mi) |
| Council seat | Goondiwindi |
| Region | Darling Downs |
|  | |
| **LGAs around Town of Goondiwindi:**  Waggamba Waggamba Waggamba  Waggamba Town of Goondiwindi Waggamba  *Moree Plains (NSW)* *Moree Plains (NSW)* *Moree Plains (NSW)* | |


title: Town of Hamilton

abstract: The Town of Hamilton is a former local government area of Queensland, Australia, located in north-eastern Brisbane.

text:
# Town of Hamilton

The **Town of Hamilton** is a former local government area of Queensland, Australia, located in north-eastern Brisbane.

## History

The *Divisional Boards Act 1879* established Divisional Boards as a form of local government for area outside the boundaries of recognised municipalities. The Kedron Division was one of those initially established on 11 November 1879, but on 3 November 1883 the Toombul Division was separated from the Kedron Division. Following agitation by Toombul board member Andrew Lang Petrie, the Hamilton Division was then separated from the Toombul Division on 2 October 1890 and Petrie become its first chairman.

In 1902, the *Local Authorities Act 1902* replaced all divisions with towns and shires, creating the Shire of Hamilton on 31 March 1903.

In 1904, it was proclaimed the Town of Hamilton.

In 1925, it was amalgamated into the City of Brisbane.

## Hamilton Town Hall

The Hamilton Town Hall was built in 1920 and is located at the north-west corner of the intersection of Racecourse Road and Rossiter Street, Hamilton. After the amalgamation into the City of Brisbane, the Hamilton Town Hall was used as a School of Arts. In World War II it was used by the Australian Army. After the war, the Hamilton branch of the Brisbane City Council library was located in the building, a role which continues to the present day. There are also meeting rooms available for use by community groups.

The town hall was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register in 2005.

## Chairmen and mayors

The list of chairmen (to 1902) and mayors (1903–1925) include:

27°26′15″S 153°03′52″E / 27.437603°S 153.064546°E / -27.437603; 153.064546


title: Townsville (album)

abstract: Townsville is the fourteenth album and fourth live album by Australian improvised music trio The Necks first released on the Fish of Milk label in 2007 and on the ReR label internationally. The album a single track, titled "Townsville", performed by Chris Abrahams, Lloyd Swanton and Tony Buck recorded live at the Riverway Arts Centre in Thuringowa, Northern Queensland.

text:
# Townsville (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Townsville*** is the fourteenth album and fourth live album by Australian improvised music trio The Necks first released on the Fish of Milk label in 2007 and on the ReR label internationally. The album a single track, titled "Townsville", performed by Chris Abrahams, Lloyd Swanton and Tony Buck recorded live at the Riverway Arts Centre in Thuringowa, Northern Queensland.

## Reception

One reviewer describes *Townsville* as "Blended from a beguiling mix of minimalism and trance music with just a pinch of jazz improvisation, their performance relies for its success on fixing the audience's attention on the tiny changes in rhythm, the odd little hints of melody, the almost imperceptible dynamic variations that creep into their music from time to time."

## Track listing

All compositions by Chris Abrahams, Tony Buck and Lloyd Swanton

1. "Townsville" - 53:40

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Townsville | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by The Necks | |
| Released | October 1, 2007 |
| Recorded | February 15, 2007 |
| Venue | Riverway Arts Centre, Thuringowa, Australia |
| Genre | Improvised music |
| Length | 53:40 |
| Label | Fish of Milk |
| Producer | The Necks |
| The Necks chronology | |
| *Chemist*
(2005) ***Townsville***
(2007) *Silverwater*
(2009) | |


title: Total Zoo

abstract: Total Zoo is an American family television program narrated by Andy Chanley. It was shown on the channel Animal Planet in 2000. The show debuted on Animal Planet on January 2, 2001, and had 13 episodes. The second season premiered in October 2001 and had seven episodes. Zoos the show visited included the Los Angeles Zoo and the Smithsonian National Zoo. Diana Dawson of TVData Features Syndicate said the show gives kids the ability to witness a prominent zoo's inner workings, enabling them to gain a more detailed insight into an "exotic career option".

text:
# Total Zoo

***Total Zoo*** is an American family television program narrated by Andy Chanley. It was shown on the channel Animal Planet in 2000.

The show debuted on Animal Planet on January 2, 2001, and had 13 episodes. The second season premiered in October 2001 and had seven episodes. Zoos the show visited included the Los Angeles Zoo and the Smithsonian National Zoo.

Diana Dawson of TVData Features Syndicate said the show gives kids the ability to witness a prominent zoo's inner workings, enabling them to gain a more detailed insight into an "exotic career option".