title: Sweet Springs, West Virginia

abstract: Sweet Springs is an unincorporated community in Monroe County in the U.S. state of West Virginia. Sweet Springs lies at the intersection of West Virginia Route 3 and West Virginia Route 311. The community is known for its Sweet Springs Resort and spa, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Its developer, William Lewis, attempted unsuccessfully to create a town named Fontville at the location in 1790. There was a Sweet Springs Post Office in the community from 1795 until 1997.

text:
# Sweet Springs, West Virginia

**Sweet Springs** is an unincorporated community in Monroe County in the U.S. state of West Virginia. Sweet Springs lies at the intersection of West Virginia Route 3 and West Virginia Route 311.

The community is known for its Sweet Springs Resort and spa, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Its developer, William Lewis, attempted unsuccessfully to create a town named Fontville at the location in 1790. There was a Sweet Springs Post Office in the community from 1795 until 1997.

## InfoBox

| Sweet Springs | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Main building at Sweet Springs Resort, designed by Thomas Jefferson. | |
| Sweet SpringsLocation within the state of West VirginiaSweet SpringsSweet Springs (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 37°37′42″N 80°14′29″W / 37.62833°N 80.24139°W / 37.62833; -80.24139 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | West Virginia |
| County | Monroe |
| Elevation | 2,034 ft (620 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 24941 |
| Area code(s) | 304 & 681 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1553162 |


title: Oliana

abstract:
Oliana is a municipality in the comarca of the Alt Urgell in Catalonia, Spain. It is situated in the Segre valley immediately below the Oliana reservoir.
There is a factory of domestic electrical appliances in the town, and the presence of non-farming employment has meant that Oliana has escaped the depopulation experienced by most municipalities in north-west Catalonia. It is currently the second-largest town in the Alt Urgell, behind the comarcal capital La Seu d'Urgell. The town is served by the C-14 road between Ponts and La Seu d'Urgell.

text:
# Oliana

**Oliana** (Catalan pronunciation: \[oliˈanɛ\]) is a municipality in the *comarca* of the Alt Urgell in Catalonia, Spain. It is situated in the Segre valley immediately below the Oliana reservoir. There is a factory of domestic electrical appliances in the town, and the presence of non-farming employment has meant that Oliana has escaped the depopulation experienced by most municipalities in north-west Catalonia. It is currently the second-largest town (by population) in the Alt Urgell, behind the comarcal capital La Seu d'Urgell. The town is served by the C-14 road between Ponts and La Seu d'Urgell.

## Demography

| 1900 | 1930 | 1950 | 1970 | 1986 | 2005 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 986 | 1127 | 1793 | 1793 | 2075 | 1932 |

## Subdivisions

The municipality of Oliana includes two outlying villages. Populations are given as of 2001:

* Les Anoves (27)
* El Castell (73)

## Climbing

The region is well-known among rock climbers for its extremely difficult limestone cliffs, including *La Dura Dura* ("the hardest of the hard"), which is one of the hardest climbs successfully undertaken in the world.

* Panareda Clopés, Josep Maria; Rios Calvet, Jaume; Rabella Vives, Josep Maria (1989). *Guia de Catalunya*, Barcelona: Caixa de Catalunya. ISBN 84-87135-01-3 (Spanish). ISBN 84-87135-02-1 (Catalan).

## InfoBox

| Oliana | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| OlianaLocation in Catalonia | |
| Coordinates: 42°04′N 1°19′E / 42.067°N 1.317°E / 42.067; 1.317 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Community | Catalonia |
| Province | Lleida |
| Comarca | Alt Urgell |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Carme Lostao Otero (2019) |
| Area | |
| Total | 32.4 km2 (12.5 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 469 m (1,539 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 1,787 |
| Density | 55/km2 (140/sq mi) |
| Website | oliana.cat |


title: Sybra nigroobliquelineata

abstract: Sybra nigroobliquelineata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1943.

text:
# Sybra nigroobliquelineata

***Sybra nigroobliquelineata*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1943.

## InfoBox

| *Sybra nigroobliquelineata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Sybra* |
| Species: | ***S. nigroobliquelineata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sybra nigroobliquelineata***<br>Breuning, 1943 | |
|


title: Sylvia Gerrish

abstract: Sylvia Gerrish was an American musical theatre performer who found success in New York and London in the 1880s and early 1890s. She was known as "The Girl with the Poetical Legs". Gerrish began her career in San Francisco theatres in 1880 and commenced a long tour with Willie Edouin’s company the following year in a piece called Dreams. She continued touring until 1883, and in 1884 she began to play roles on Broadway, especially at Bijou Opera House and the Casino Theatre, achieving considerable popularity. She travelled to London in the early 1890s, where she attracted a large following, but soon after her return in 1893, her career ended. In the late 1880s, she became known for a love affair with Henry G. Hilton that cost the millionaire's son his fortune. After Hilton's first wife died, Gerrish lived with him in increasing poverty. Hilton died in 1905, and the following year Gerrish died alone and in debt, in Hilton's dilapidated mansion, at the age of 46.

text:
# Sylvia Gerrish

**Sylvia Gerrish** (born **Lillian M. Rollins**; May 1860 – December 8, 1906) was an American musical theatre performer who found success in New York and London in the 1880s and early 1890s. She was known as "The Girl with the Poetical Legs".

Gerrish began her career in San Francisco theatres in 1880 and commenced a long tour with Willie Edouin’s company the following year in a piece called *Dreams*. She continued touring until 1883, and in 1884 she began to play roles on Broadway, especially at Bijou Opera House and the Casino Theatre, achieving considerable popularity. She travelled to London in the early 1890s, where she attracted a large following, but soon after her return in 1893, her career ended.

In the late 1880s, she became known for a love affair with Henry G. Hilton that cost the millionaire's son his fortune. After Hilton's first wife died, Gerrish lived with him in increasing poverty. Hilton died in 1905, and the following year Gerrish died alone and in debt, in Hilton's dilapidated mansion, at the age of 46.

## Early life and career

Gerrish was born in Big Oak Flat, California, the daughter of, Holman C. Rollins, a native of New Hampshire, and Sylvia Gerrish, originally from Maine. Her parents were initially drawn to California by the Gold Rush of 1849, though her father later gave up on prospecting to work as a railroad flagman. Gerrish was raised in West Oakland, California, where she attended Prescott School and later Oakland High School. She performed in public during church services at Hamilton's Independent Church as a soloist accompanied by a church organist.

Under her mother's maiden name, Gerrish's first known professional stage performance was in the French comic opera *The Weathercock* (*La girouette*, by Emile Hémery and Henri Bocage, with music by Auguste Cœdès), at San Francisco's Bush Street Theatre in July 1880 with Emelie Melville's Comic Opera Company. On September 21, 1880, she opened in *Aladdin*, as Princess Badroulbadour, at Baldwin's Theatre on Market Streetin San Francisco, and the following month at the Bush Street Theatre she appeared in a revival of H. M. S. Pinafore. At Christmas 1880, she appeared in Francis Burnand's musical burlesque *Ixion, or the Man at the Wheel* staged at the Standard Theatre on Bush Street, San Francisco.

## Peak years

Gerrish joined the Willie Edouin’s *Sparks* company in September 1881 playing "the fascinating contralto" in *Dreams, or Bink’s Photographic Gallery*, a two-act musical written by Edouin and Nat Childs. She first appeared in the piece at Hooley's Theatre in Chicago and then toured with it well into the following year. Gerrish supported Alexander Caufman in October 1882 at Atlanta’s DeGive's Opera House in Fred Marsden’s melodrama *Called to Account* and in July 1883 she supported Henry E. Dixey in a burlesque of Gilbert and Sullivan's *Patience* at Boston’s Bijou Theatre. Later in that month, at the same venue, Gerrish played Lady Magnolia in the Stephens and Solomon operatic extravaganza *Virginia*, and in September 1883, she played the same role to positive reviews at Philadelphia’s Arch Street Theatre.

By January of the following year, Gerrish was a regular player at New York’s Bijou Opera House, some two years after she had first played there in *Dreams.* She spent the next nine years on the New York stage playing such roles as Fleta in the Gilbert and Sullivan opera *Iolanthe* in 1883 at the Standard Theatre, Cousin Hebe in a revival of *H.M.S. Pinafore* in July 1887 at the Madison Square Theatre; Marie Bartlett, a role she created in the Owen Westford comic opera *Soldiers and Sweethearts* at the Bijou Theatre in August 1887; Jomine in *Madelon*, an adaptation of the French operetta *La Petite Mademoiselle* by Charles Lecocq that opened at the Casino Theatre in December 1887; Konrad in January 1889 in a Casino adaptation of the operetta *Nadjy* by Francis Chassaigne; Phoebe Merryll in the original American production of Gilbert and Sullivan's *The Yeoman of the Guard* that made its Casino Theatre debut in October 1889; Adolph de Valladolid from May 1890 at the Casino in an English adaptation of *Les brigands* by Jacques Offenbach; the Abbess in *The Drum Major*, an adaption of Offenbach's *La fille du tambour-major* (*The Drum-Major's Daughter*), that opened at the Casino in September 1890; Delauney in a November 1890 Casino revival of Edward Jakobowski's hit comic opera *Erminie*; and Gustave de Parmessol in *Uncle Celestin*, a comic opera by Edmond Audran, Maurice Ordonneau and Henry Keroul, that opened at the Casino in February 1892.

Gerrish made her London debut on August 3, 1893, at the Trafalgar Square Theatre playing the title role in *Mam'zelle Nitouche* by the French composer Hervé. The press reported: "Her vivacity was much applauded and her songs were encored." Not long after her return to New York in September 1893, Gerrish fell seriously ill with peritonitis and at one point was not expected to survive. By the first days of October, though, her condition had improved, and her doctors considered her to be out of danger. That December she appeared in a B. F. Keith vaudeville show at the Bijou Theatre in Philadelphia with Marshall P. Wilder and other New York stage stars of the day.

Gerrish was not considered by some critics to be a great singer or actress, but she had stage presence, enhanced by an attractive figure (her legs were particularly admired), that by her early thirties was becoming harder to maintain. In the 1880s, she was one of the most popular actresses on the New York stage, especially at the Casino Theatre, along with Lillian Russell and Elizabeth Urquhart.

## Henry G. Hilton and death

In the late 1880s, Gerrish became involved with Henry G. Hilton, the son of a former Judge, Henry Hilton, who had at one time accumulated a considerable fortune as the lawyer and an heir of tycoon A. T. Stewart. Hilton was married at the time of their affair and was disinherited after refusing his father's demand to break it off. Hilton's father died in 1899, and, according to Gerrish, they married shortly after the death of his wife two years later. By the time of his death in 1905, at the age of 49, what money he had obtained in a lawsuit against his father’s estate was virtually gone. What remained was the Hilton mansion on Sedgwick Avenue in Brooklyn, New York.

Gerrish spent the last months of her life deep in debt, in a mansion badly in need of repair, surrounded by servants and guard dogs to shield her from the daily horde of creditors and process servers gathered at her gates. Once in February 1906, she managed to slip out to visit friends and in her haste to return home, fell on some ice and broke her ankle. Friends were able to get her to a doctor and back home before word of the incident leaked out.

She died there on December 8, 1906. *The New York Times* suggested that her dire living conditions may have been a factor in her death at the age of 46. Gerrish’s remains were interred at the Fresh Pond Necropolis in Queens, New York.

* Brown, Thomas Allston (1903). *A History of the New York Stage from the First Performance in 1732 to 1901*, Volume 3, Dodd, Mead

## InfoBox

| Sylvia Gerrish | |
| --- | --- |
| NYPL Digital Gallery | |
| Born | Lillian M. Rollins
May 1860 (1860-05)
Big Oak Flat, California, U.S. |
| Died | December 8, 1906(1906-12-08) (aged 46)
Brooklyn, New York, U.S. |
| Occupation | Musical comedy actress |
| Spouse | Henry G. Hilton  (m. 1901; died 1905) |


title: Olympia Academy

abstract: The Olympia Academy was a group of friends in Bern, Switzerland, who met – usually at Albert Einstein's apartment – to discuss philosophy and physics.

text:
# Olympia Academy

The **Olympia Academy** (German: *Akademie Olympia*) was a group of friends in Bern, Switzerland, who met  usually at Albert Einstein's apartment  to discuss philosophy and physics.

## Overview

The group was founded in 1902 by Einstein, Conrad Habicht, and Maurice Solovine, and played a significant role in Einstein's intellectual development. Before his "miracle year" (1905), when Einstein was a patent clerk in Bern, the group of friends met to debate books in the fields of physics and philosophy.

The group's origin lay in Einstein's need to offer private lessons in mathematics and physics in order to make a living (in 1901, before he took up his post at the patent office in Bern). Solovine, a Romanian philosophy student, answered Einstein's newspaper advertisement. In fact neither the tutorials nor any payment materialised; instead, the two began to meet regularly to discuss their shared interest in physics and philosophy. They were soon joined by the mathematician Habicht, who was Einstein's neighbour at Schaffhausen; in 1902 they named themselves the *Akademie Olympia*, and though a friend would occasionally join them in one of their meetings, the Academy remained essentially just the trio of Einstein, Habicht, and Solovine until the latter two left Bern in 1904 and 1905 respectively.

The first book that Einstein suggested for reading was Karl Pearson's *The Grammar of Science*. The three discussed their own work and also books such as Ernst Mach’s *Analyse der Empfindungen (Analysis of Sensations)*, Henri Poincaré's *La Science et l'Hypothèse (Science and Hypothesis)*, John Stuart Mill’s *A System of Logic*, David Hume’s *Treatise of Human Nature*, and Baruch Spinoza’s *Ethics*, and sometimes literary works such as Miguel de Cervantes' *Don Quixote*.

Despite the brief existence of the Academy, it had a lasting effect on the three friends; they remained in touch throughout their lives, and Einstein was to say that it had had an effect on his later scientific career.

## Members and visitors

### Core members

### Others

* Paul Habicht (18841948), brother of Conrad Habicht.
* Michele Besso (18731955), mechanical engineer
* Marcel Grossmann (18781936), mathematician, Einstein's friend and classmate
* Lucien Chavan (18681942), electrical engineer
* Mileva Marić (18751948), Einstein's first wife (married January 6, 1903) and fellow student at ETH Zurich. Solovine reported that she observed the discussions without participating.

## Sources


title: Sylvia Glickman

abstract: Sylvia Foodin Glickman was a pianist, composer, teacher, and prominent promoter of music by women composers. Glickman was born and grew up in New York City, where her mother enrolled her in music school at the age of 3. She graduated from the High School of Music and Art in 1950. She earned a bachelor's degree in 1954 from the Juilliard School of Music, where she also received a master's degree in 1955 in piano performance. She studied at the Royal Academy of Music in London on a Fulbright scholarship. She married Harvey Glickman, a political science professor, in 1956. Glickman taught piano at the New England Conservatory of Music, Haverford College, Princeton University, and Franklin and Marshall College. According to her obituary in The Philadelphia Inquirer, in 1988 she founded Hildegard Press, named for 12th-century composer Hildegard of Bingen, which is now separately owned and still operating. "Mrs. Glickman was on a mission to unearth female composers who had gone unnoticed in music history. She began churning out catalogs by the hundreds." "In 1991, she was coeditor with Martha Schleifer of a 12-volume reference, Women Composers: Music through the Ages. She finished the project before her death. Eight volumes have been published by Boston-based Gale Group. The four remaining volumes are still to be published." She also founded the Hildegard Foundation, a non-profit organization which supports programs and prizes aligned with its mission of supporting women in the arts. The foundation is still operated by Glickman's family. She died in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.

text:
# Sylvia Glickman

**Sylvia Foodin Glickman** (November 8, 1932 – January 16, 2006) was a pianist, composer, teacher, and prominent promoter of music by women composers.

Glickman was born and grew up in New York City, where her mother enrolled her in music school at the age of 3. She graduated from the High School of Music and Art in 1950 (now the Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts). She earned a bachelor's degree in 1954 from the Juilliard School of Music, where she also received a master's degree in 1955 in piano performance. She studied at the Royal Academy of Music in London on a Fulbright scholarship.

She married Harvey Glickman, a political science professor, in 1956.

Glickman taught piano at the New England Conservatory of Music, Haverford College, Princeton University, and Franklin and Marshall College.

According to her obituary in *The Philadelphia Inquirer*, in 1988 she founded Hildegard Press, named for 12th-century composer Hildegard of Bingen, which is now separately owned and still operating.

"Mrs. Glickman was on a mission to unearth female composers who had gone unnoticed in music history. She began churning out catalogs by the hundreds."

"In 1991, she was coeditor with Martha Schleifer of a 12-volume reference, Women Composers: Music through the Ages. She finished the project before her death. Eight volumes have been published by Boston-based Gale Group. The four remaining volumes are still to be published."

She also founded the Hildegard Foundation, a non-profit organization which supports programs and prizes aligned with its mission of supporting women in the arts. The foundation is still operated by Glickman's family.

She died in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.

## Sources

* Anderson, E. Ruth (ed.), "Glickman, Sylvia Foodim", *Contemporary American composers: a biographical dictionary* (2nd edition), G.K. Hall, 1982, p. 198. ISBN 0-8161-8223-X
* Miksis, Alyssa K. and Rubinsky, Jane, "Giving a Voice to Women Composers ", *The Juilliard Journal*, Vol. XVIII No. 5, February 2003.
* Morrison, John F., "S. Glickman, honored musical women", *The Philadelphia Daily News*, January 19, 2006
* *Philadelphia Inquirer*, "Pianist, composer S. Glickman", January 22, 2006, p. B5
* Press, Jaques Cattell (Ed.). *Who's who in American Music. Classical*, first edition. R. R. Bowker, New York 1983.
* Smith, Kyle. *Catalog of the music of Pennsylvania composers*, Vol. I: Orchestral Music. Pennsylvania Composers Forum, 1992.
* Zaimont, Judith Lang. *The musical woman. An international perspective*, Vol. III: 1986–1990. Greenwood Press, 1990.


title: Omaha Rockets

abstract: The Omaha Rockets were a semi-pro, independent Negro league baseball team in Omaha, Nebraska, from 1947 to 1949. Gene Collins and Baseball Hall of Fame member Bob Gibson both began their careers with the Omaha Rockets. Hall of Fame pitcher Satchel Paige spent his last season playing with the Rockets. Pro Football Hall of Fame member Richard “Night Train” Lane also played briefly for the Rockets after graduating high school.

text:
# Omaha Rockets

The **Omaha Rockets** were a semi-pro, independent Negro league baseball team in Omaha, Nebraska, from 1947 to 1949.

Gene Collins and Baseball Hall of Fame member Bob Gibson both began their careers with the Omaha Rockets. Hall of Fame pitcher Satchel Paige spent his last season playing with the Rockets. Pro Football Hall of Fame member Richard “Night Train” Lane also played briefly for the Rockets after graduating high school.


title: Symphony No. 14 (Michael Haydn)

abstract:
Michael Haydn's Symphony No. 14 in B-flat major, Perger 52, Sherman 14, MH 133, was written in Salzburg between 1768 and 1770 For some reason Lothar Perger believed it to be the last symphony Michael Haydn ever wrote. This work was at one time attributed to Joseph Haydn, the third work in B-flat major so attributed. The score is unusual for a number of reasons: the second movement contains an extended concerto-like solo for bassoon, and is subtitled "Concertino per il Fagotto”. In addition to the normal complement of strings, two oboes and two bassoons, it calls for four 4 horns. It is in three movements:
  - Allegro molto
  - Adagio ma non troppo,
  - Menuetto e Trio N.B. The recording on Olympia OCD 404 claiming to be of this Symphony is in fact that of P.9 Symphony 11.

text:
# Symphony No. 14 (Michael Haydn)

Michael Haydn's **Symphony No. 14 in B-flat major**, Perger 52, Sherman 14, MH 133, was written in Salzburg between 1768 and 1770 For some reason Lothar Perger believed it to be the last symphony Michael Haydn ever wrote. This work was at one time attributed to Joseph Haydn, the third work in B-flat major so attributed.

The score is unusual for a number of reasons: the second movement contains an extended concerto-like solo for bassoon, and is subtitled "Concertino per il Fagotto”. In addition to the normal complement of strings, two oboes and two bassoons, it calls for four 4 horns.

It is in three movements:

1. Allegro molto
2. Adagio ma non troppo ("Concertino per il Fagotto”),
3. Menuetto e Trio

N.B. The recording on Olympia OCD 404 claiming to be of this Symphony is in fact that of P.9 Symphony 11.

1. Beermann, Frank. "Michael Haydn Symphonies". CPO.
* A. Delarte, "A Quick Overview Of The Instrumental Music Of Michael Haydn" *Bob's Poetry Magazine* November 2006: 36–37 (PDF)
* Charles H. Sherman and T. Donley Thomas, *Johann Michael Haydn (1737 - 1806), a chronological thematic catalogue of his works*. Stuyvesant, New York: Pendragon Press (1993)
* C. Sherman, "Johann Michael Haydn" in *The Symphony: Salzburg, Part 2* London: Garland Publishing (1982): lxv


title: Oliver O'Gara

abstract: Oliver O'Gara was an Irish politician and soldier of the 17th and 18th centuries who was closely identified with the Jacobite cause.

text:
# Oliver O'Gara

**Oliver O'Gara** was an Irish politician and soldier of the 17th and 18th centuries who was closely identified with the Jacobite cause.

## Family background

He was descended from the Ó Gadhra's of Luighne Connacht. After the Reformation his family had remained Roman Catholics. The O'Garas remained prominent figures in County Sligo. Oliver was the son Captain John O'Gara and Mary O'Conor. His paternal grandparents were Fearghal Ó Gadhra (Farell O'Gara) and Isobel Taaffe. Isobel Taaffe was a sister of John Taaffe, 1st Viscount Taaffe of Corren.

His maternal grandparents were Cathal O'Conor of Bellanagare Castle and Anne O'Molloy daughter of William 'Mor' O'Molloy, The O'Molloy. Cathal O'Conor was the third son of Sir Hugh O'Conor, O'Conor Don of Ballintober Castle in County Roscommon and Mary O'Rourke daughter of Sir Brian O'Rourke. Therefore, Oliver was a first cousin to the father of Charles O'Conor.

## Life

In 1689 O'Gara was a member of the Patriot Parliament where he represented the constituency of County Sligo. During the War of the Two Kings he was given command of a newly raised infantry regiment in the Irish Army which took part in an expedition led by Patrick Sarsfield to capture the Protestant-held town of Sligo. In 1690 O'Gara commanded the Jacobite garrison at Jamestown in County Leitrim, repulsing an advance by a much larger force of Williamite troops under James Douglas. In 1696 O'Gara became the proprietor of O'Gara's Dragoons.

O'Gara served with his regiment at the decisive Battle of Aughrim, which ended in Jacobite defeat. Following the Treaty of Limerick, O'Gara acted as a hostage until it was clear the terms had been honoured. He then went into exile as a Wild Geese, joining the Irish Brigade of the French Army. He was an influential figure at the Jacobite court-in-exile at Saint-Germain.

In 1727 the exiled James III awarded him a baronetcy and he was styled by the Jacobites as **Sir Oliver O'Gara**, but this was never recognised by the Irish government in Dublin.

## Marriage and issue

O'Gara married Mary Fleming, daughter of Randall Fleming, 21st Baron Slane a leading Old English family of The Pale. She was the widow of Richard Fleming Esq of County Meath and had a daughter named Bridget by that union. Bridget later married Randell Plunkett, 10th Baron Dunsany.

He had five children with her, all of them born in France. The three eldest of his four sons became military men, joining the armies of various Continental nations. His eldest son John Patrick O'Gara rose to the rank of Brigadier in the Spanish service. The youngest Charles O'Gara rose to become a senior courtier at the Austrian court in Vienna.

## Bibliography

* Wauchope, Piers. *Patrick Sarsfield and the Williamite War*. Irish Academic Press, 1992.
* Melville Henry Massue Ruvigny Et Raineval. *The Jacobite Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage, and Grants of Honour*. Genealogical Publishing, 2003.


title: Tulipa eichleri

abstract: Tulipa eichleri, commonly known as Eichler tulip or Eichler's tulip, is a species of tulip. It is a bulbous flowering perennial with long green leaves,deep red flowers with a central black blotch, coming from the Caucasus Mountains. It is thought to be a synonym of Tulipa undulatifolia Boiss. or a synonym of Tulipa undulatifolia var. undulatifolia by some sources.

text:
# Tulipa eichleri

***Tulipa eichleri***, commonly known as **Eichler tulip** or **Eichler's tulip**, is a species of tulip. It is a bulbous flowering perennial with long green leaves,deep red flowers with a central black blotch, coming from the Caucasus Mountains (between Europe and Asia).

It is thought to be a synonym of *Tulipa undulatifolia* Boiss. or a synonym of *Tulipa undulatifolia* var. *undulatifolia* by some sources.

## Description

It is a perennial that grows from bulbs.

It has a tall, single flowering, upright stem which is covered with short hairs. The plant can reach between 25–30 cm (9.8–11.8 in) tall, or 10 to 12 inches tall.

It has large, broad, strap-like leaves. They are grey-green, or glaucous (bluish-green) with slightly undulating or wavy edges.

It flowers in early Spring, between April and May.

It has large flowers, one of the largest flowers of all the species tulips. They are bell shaped, or goblet-shaped, They don't have sepals, petals or bracts, just six simple tepals. The segments are obovate or obtuse in shape. The flower almost resembles the flowers of *Tulipa gesneriana* but differs in having a pubescent peduncle (flower stalk).

*Tulipa eichleri* flowers come in shades of red, from scarlet, bright red, orange, orange-red, crimson, to deep red. They also have a dark basal blotch, which is blue-black, or black. The blotch has a yellow ring, margin, or border around it.

The flowers close at night and they can resemble a "Christmas present with a bow on top".

### Biochemistry

Anthocyanins have been found in various tulip flowers, such as *Tulipa gesneriana*, *Tulipa fosteriana* and also *Tulipa eichleri*.

The endosperm of the tulip has been studied.

## Taxonomy

The Latin specific epithet *eichleri* refers to German botanist August W. Eichler who found the tulip in the Caucasus.

It has the common name of 'Eichler Tulip' or 'Eichler's Tulip'.

It was first found in Turkestan, and then described and published as *Tulipa eichleri* by Eduard August von Regel in his botanical magazine 'Gartenflora' Vol.23 on page 193 in 1874.

It was then first cultivated in England in 1876 with bulbs sent by Prof. Eduard Regel.

In June 1932, it was given the RHS's Award of Garden Merit.

In 1982, David Mabberley in Taxon Vol.31 on pages 65–73, William Roxburgh's 'Botanical description of a new species of *Swietenia* (Mahogany) and other overlooked binomials in 36 vascular plant families'. He then renamed it as a synonym of *Tulipa persica* (Lindl.) Sweet (as it was native to Iran).

Then in 1984, P.H. Davis, in 'Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands' Vol.8 on pages 1–632. It was renamed as *Tulipa undulatifolia*, which was agreed by the botanists at Kew. The RHS considered it to be a synonym of *Tulipa undulatifolia* Boiss, so do the United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service as of 6 August 2013. It is also in the World Economic Plants book as *Tulipa undulatifolia*, and other sources.

Then in 2013, D. Everett, in his book 'The genus *Tulipa*, Tulips of the world' by Kew publishing. He cited it as *Tulipa undulatifolia* var. *undulatifolia*. This name was accepted by the Pacific Bulb Society.

Although, *Tulipa eichleri* is still an accepted name by some botanic sources.

## Distribution and habitat

*Tulipa eichleri* is native to temperate areas of Central Asia.

### Range

It is found in Turkey (previously known as Asia Minor,) and Iran, and the Caucasus Mountains, including the Transcaucasian region (South Caucasus or Georgia), and Azerbaijan.

Some sources also adds Greece to the list.

### Habitat

It is found on dry slopes and in shrubby woods within the lower mountain belt altitudes.

It grows on the steppes of Georgia, with other plant species such as *Seseli granivittatum*, *Teucrium nuchense*, *Teucrim pollium*, *Thymus tifisiensis*, *Scorzonera eriosperma*, *Psephellus carthialinicus*, *Carex bordzilowskii*, *Tulipa biebersteinii* and *Iris iberica*.

## Conservation

It is very rare in the wild and is only occasionally cultivated.

It is listed (as part of the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book) as a Georgian Red Data species.

500 seeds have been placed in the Millennium Seed Bank Project.

In Georgia, the locations of many rare species (*Tulipa eichleri* and *Iris iberica*) are decreasing in numbers. Especially, near the roadsides and near the settled areas. This is due to the decimation of vegetation cover. Also, the impacts of irrigation systems and the change of use into land for agriculture (to grow cotton grass, wheat, barley, corn, and vines).

## Cultivation

It is only occasionally cultivated and generally only grown by specialist tulip growers, as it is also used for hybridization purposes.

It is hardy down to -30 °F. In America, this equates to USDA Zones 4 through 8. A hot dry summer and cold winter is essential for the plant to re-flower again, so in warmer climates it is recommended that the bulbs should be dug up and chilled for 3 – 4 months and then planted out in mid winter or spring. They can remain undivided for several years within garden borders, rock gardens and in naturalized (grassy) areas, or in pots or containers, if they are given a feed of a top dressing every autumn. They can tolerate positions in full sun to partial shade, but prefer a sunny position. in soil that is humus rich, moist and well drained. They should be planted in fall or spring, 8 cm (3.1 in) apart and 13 cm (5.1 in) deep.

It is thought to be a vigorous plant that will multiply rapidly, but it can be propagated by offsets (mini bulblets coming off the side of the main bulb), but it may take up to 3 years before they flower. It is recommended that gardeners allow the foliage to die back or fade. Then the flower heads can be removed after blooming (or remove the seed pods, if they develop). These actions will allow the energy to go back into the bulb to produce next year's flowers.

## Culture

In 1993, a postage stamp in Azerbaijan, within the flowers series was issued with a image of the tulip.

## Other sources

* Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource on www.skud.info). 2012 (Kulturvaxtdatabas)
* Erhardt, W. et al. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 17. Auflage. 2002 (Zander ed17)
* Huxley, A., ed. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening. 1992 (Dict Gard)
* Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. Flora SSSR. 1934-1964 (F USSR)
* Marais, W. 1980. Notes on Tulipa (Liliaceae) Kew Bull. 35:259.
* Rechinger, K. H., ed. Flora iranica. 1963- (F Iran)
* Walters, S. M. et al., eds. European garden flora. 1986- (Eur Gard F)

## InfoBox

| *Tulipa eichleri* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Tulipa eichleri* in Jardin des plantes, Paris | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Liliales |
| Family: | Liliaceae |
| Subfamily: | Lilioideae |
| Tribe: | Lilieae |
| Genus: | *Tulipa* |
| Subgenus: | *Tulipa subg. Tulipa* |
| Species: | ***T. eichleri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tulipa eichleri***<br>Regel | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| None known | |


# Members of the Dewan Negara, 2nd Malaysian Parliament

This is a list of the members of the Dewan Negara (Senate) of the Second Parliament of Malaysia.

## Elected by the State Legislative Assembly

| Senator | Party | State | Term start |  | Term end |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Abdul Rahim Abdul Manan | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Negri Sembilan | 6 March 1967 |  | 5 March 1973 |
| Abdul Rahman Ahmad | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Perlis | 15 March 1963 |  | 14 March 1969 |
| Abdul Rahman Mohamed Yasin (President) | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Johore | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| | | | 18 October 1965 |  | 17 October 1971 |
| Abdul Wahab Idus | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Negri Sembilan | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Abdullah Abdul Rahman | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Johore | 9 December 1968 |  | 8 December 1974 |
| Abu Bakar Ahmad | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Trengganu | 9 December 1968 |  | 8 December 1974 |
| Ahmad Abdul Manap | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Malacca | 18 December 1965 |  | 17 December 1971 |
| Ahmad Abdullah | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Penang | 15 October 1962 |  | 14 October 1968 |
| Ahmad Taff | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Singapore | 2 November 1963 |  | 8 August 1965 |  |
| Amaluddin Darus | **PMIP** | Kelantan | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| | | | 22 October 1968 |  | 21 October 1974 |
| Chan Kwong Hon | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | Selangor | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| | | | 18 December 1965 |  | 17 December 1971 |
| Cheah Seng Khim | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | Penang | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| | | | 18 October 1965 |  | 17 October 1971 |
| Chong Foo Khin | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | Negri Sembilan | 22 October 1968 |  | 21 October 1974 |
| Da Abdul Jalil Awang | **PMIP** | Trengganu | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Goh Chek Kin | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | Trengganu | 18 October 1965 |  | 17 October 1971 |
| Hoh Chee Cheong | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | Pahang | 15 October 1962 |  | 14 October 1968 |
| Ibrahim Yaacob | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Selangor | 27 January 1969 |  | 26 January 1975 |
| Joseph Augustine Angian Andulag |  | Sabah | 2 November 1963 |  | 1 November 1969 |
| | | | 18 December 1965 |  | 17 December 1971 |
| K. R. Somasundram | **Alliance** (**MIC**) | Kedah | 19 January 1968 |  | 18 January 1974 |
| Ko Teck Kin |  | Singapore | 2 November 1963 |  | 8 August 1965 |  |
| Koh Kim Leng | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | Malacca | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| | | | 22 October 1968 |  | 21 October 1974 |
| Lee Foong Yee | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | Negri Sembilan | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Lim Joo Kong | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | Kedah | 18 October 1965 |  | 4 October 1967 |  |
| Md Hanipah Sheikh Alauddin | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Kedah | 4 January 1968 |  | 3 January 1974 |
| | | | 22 October 1968 |  | 21 October 1974 |
| Mohamed Adib Omar | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Trengganu | 15 October 1962 |  | 14 October 1968 |
| Mohamed Salleh Mohamed Ariff | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Malacca | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Ngau Ken Lock | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | Pahang | 22 October 1968 |  | 21 October 1974 |
| Oyong Lawai Jau | **SNAP** | Sarawak | 2 November 1963 |  | 1 November 1969 |
| | | | 22 October 1968 |  | 21 October 1974 |
| Pengiran Mohamed Digadong Galpam |  | Sabah | 2 November 1963 |  | 1 November 1969 |
| | | | 27 January 1969 |  | 26 January 1975 |
| Raja Rastam Shahrome Raja Said Tauphy | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Selangor | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Sheikh Abu Bakar Yahya | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Johore | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Syed Ahmad Syed Mahmud Shahabuddin | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Kedah | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Syed Darus Syed Hashim | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Perlis | 18 December 1965 |  | 17 December 1971 |
| Syed Hassan Aidid | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Penang | 22 October 1968 |  | 21 October 1974 |
| Tuanku Bujang Tuanku Othman | **Sarawak Alliance** (**BARJASA**) | Sarawak | 2 November 1963 |  | 1 November 1969 |
| | | | 18 December 1965 |  | 17 December 1971 |
| Wan Ahmad Wan Daud | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Perlis | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Wan Ibrahim Wan Tanjong | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Pahang | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| | | | 18 October 1965 |  | 17 October 1971 |
| Wan Mustapha Wan Ali | **PMIP** | Kelantan | 16 August 1965 |  | 15 August 1971 |
| | | | 18 October 1965 |  | 17 October 1971 |
| Wan Sulaiman Wan Tam | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Kedah | 18 May 1964 |  | 17 May 1970 |
| Yahya Ahmad | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Negri Sembilan | 18 October 1965 |  | 17 October 1971 |
| Yahya Ahmad | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Perak | 19 October 1964 |  | 18 October 1970 |
| | | | 18 October 1965 |  | 17 October 1971 |
| Yeoh Kian Teik | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | Perak | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| | | | 14 October 1968 |  | 13 October 1974 |

## Nominated by the Prime Minister and appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong

| Senator | Party |  | Term start |  | Term end |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| A. Arunasalam | **Alliance** (**MIC**) | Appointed | 11 September 1964 |  | 10 September 1970 |
| Abdul Ghafar Baba | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | | 18 April 1968 |  | 10 May 1969 |  |
| Abdul Samad Osman | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | | 18 May 1964 |  | 17 May 1970 |
| Aishah Ghani | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | | 15 October 1962 |  | 14 October 1968 |
| | | | 22 October 1968 |  | 21 October 1974 |
| Andrew Jika Landau |  | | 18 May 1964 |  | 17 May 1970 |
| | | | 18 October 1965 |  | 17 October 1971 |
| Athi Nahappan | **Alliance** (**MIC**) | | 5 December 1959 |  | 4 December 1965 |
| | | | 22 October 1968 |  | 21 October 1974 |
| Awang Daud Matusin |  | | 19 October 1964 |  | 18 October 1970 |
| Bibi Aishah Hamid Don | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | | 19 October 1964 |  | 18 October 1970 |
| C. D. Ismail | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | | 11 September 1964 |  | 10 September 1970 |
| Chan Keong Hon | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | | 18 December 1965 |  | 17 December 1971 |
| Cheah Toon Lok | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| | | | 22 October 1968 |  | 21 October 1974 |
| Choo Kok Leong | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| D. S. Dorairaj | **Alliance** (**MIC**) | | 11 September 1964 |  | 10 September 1970 |
| E. E. C. Thuraisingham |  | | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| | | | 22 October 1968 |  | 21 October 1974 |
| Foo See Moi | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | | 11 September 1964 |  | 10 September 1970 |
| | | | 22 October 1968 |  | 21 October 1974 |
| G. Louis |  | | 22 October 1968 |  | 21 October 1974 |
| G. Shelley |  | | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Gan Teck Yeow | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | | 19 October 1964 |  | 18 October 1970 |
| Hong Kim Sui | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | | 17 March 1966 |  | 16 March 1972 |
| Hong Teck Guan | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | | 18 May 1964 |  | 17 May 1970 |
| Indan Kari |  | | 20 November 1967 |  | 19 November 1973 |
| | | | 9 December 1968 |  | 8 December 1974 |
| J. E. S. Crawford |  | | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| | | | 18 October 1965 |  | 17 October 1971 |
| Khoo Teck Puat |  | | 19 October 1964 |  | 18 October 1970 |
| Lee Yoon Thim | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | | 18 May 1964 |  | 17 May 1970 |
| | | | 18 October 1965 |  | 17 October 1971 |
| Lim Hee Hong | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| | | | 18 October 1965 |  | 17 October 1971 |
| Mohamad Noah Omar (President) | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | | 11 September 1964 |  | 10 September 1970 |
| Mohamed Said Abu Bakar | **Sabah Alliance** (**USNO**) | | 11 September 1964 |  | 10 September 1970 |
| Nik Hassan Nik Yahya | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| | | | 18 October 1965 |  | 17 October 1971 |
| Omar Ong Yoke Lin | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | | 18 May 1964 |  | 17 May 1970 |
| Pandak Hamid Puteh Jali | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| | | | 18 October 1965 |  | 17 October 1971 |
| S. O. K. Ubaidulla | **Alliance** (**MIC**) | | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| | | | 22 October 1968 |  | 21 October 1974 |
| S. P. S. Nathan | **Alliance** (**MIC**) | | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| S. T. Mani | **Alliance** (**MIC**) | | 28 August 1967 |  | 27 August 1973 |
| Saidon Kechut | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | | 18 May 1964 |  | 17 May 1970 |
| | | | 18 October 1965 |  | 17 October 1971 |
| Syed Sheh Barakbah (President) | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | | 27 January 1969 |  | 26 January 1975 |
| Tan Tong Hye | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| | | | 18 October 1965 |  | 17 October 1971 |
| Teh Siew Eng | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | | 11 September 1964 |  | 10 September 1970 |
| Wan Sulaiman Wan Tam | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | | 28 March 1966 |  | 27 March 1972 |
| William Tan Ho Choon | **Sarawak Alliance** (**SCA**) | | 27 December 1963 |  | 26 December 1969 |
| | | | 18 October 1965 |  | 17 October 1971 |

## Footnotes

1. "Senate Archive List of Senators". Parliament of Malaysia. Retrieved 2018-08-04.
2. "Hansard Majlis Mengangkat Sumpah". Parliament of Malaysia. Retrieved 2018-08-04.

## InfoBox

| 2nd Parliament of Malaysia | |
| --- | --- |
| 1st Parliament 3rd Parliament | |
| Overview | |
| Legislative body | Parliament of Malaysia |
| Jurisdiction | Malaysia |
| Meeting place | Malaysian Houses of Parliament |
| Term | 18 May 1964 – 20 March 1969 |
| Election | Indirect election and appointments |
| Website | www.parlimen.gov.my |
| Dewan Negara | |
| Members | 50 (until 30 July 1964)
60 (until 8 August 1965)
58 |
| President | Abdul Rahman Mohamed Yasin (until 31 December 1968)
Syed Sheh Barakbah (until 5 February 1969)
Mohamad Noah Omar |
| Secretary | Ahmad Abdullah (until 1969)
Lim Joo Keng |
| Party control | Alliance |
| Sovereign | |
| Yang di-Pertuan Agong | Tuanku Syed Putra (until 20 September 1965)
Tuanku Ismail Nasiruddin Shah |
| Sessions | |
| 1st 19 May 1964 – 31 December 1964  2nd 25 May 1965 – 28 March 1966  3rd 14 June 1966 – 11 March 1967  4th 13 June 1967 – 7 March 1968  5th 5 June 1968 – 26 February 1969 | |


title: Vasseny

abstract: Vasseny is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

text:
# Vasseny

**Vasseny** is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 172 |  |
| 1968 | 182 | +5.8% |
| 1975 | 146 | −19.8% |
| 1982 | 135 | −7.5% |
| 1990 | 131 | −3.0% |
| 1999 | 153 | +16.8% |
| 2008 | 204 | +33.3% |

## InfoBox

| Vasseny | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall of Vasseny | |
| Location of Vasseny | |
| VassenyVasseny | |
| Coordinates: 49°21′15″N 3°29′12″E / 49.3542°N 3.4867°E / 49.3542; 3.4867 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Hauts-de-France |
| Department | Aisne |
| Arrondissement | Soissons |
| Canton | Fère-en-Tardenois |
| Intercommunality | Val de l'Aisne |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Dominique Marcellin |
| Area**1** | 3.18 km2 (1.23 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 211 |
| Density | 66/km2 (170/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 02763 /02220 |
| Elevation | 46–155 m (151–509 ft)
(avg. 51 m or 167 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Tere Pyar Mein

abstract: Tere Pyar Mein is a Pakistani film which was released in December 2000. It launched the career of Zara Sheikh in Lollywood.

text:
# Tere Pyar Mein

***Tere Pyar Mein*** (Urdu: **تیرے پیار میں**) (lit: **In Your Love**) is a Pakistani film which was released in December 2000. It launched the career of Zara Sheikh in Lollywood.

## Plot

The story is about a young Indian Sikh girl Preety played by Zara Sheikh, who goes to the historic city of Lahore, Pakistan for a religious pilgrimage of a Sikh holy place there with her father. A Pakistani boy named Ali (Shaan), who is a banker, falls in love with her. After the pilgrimage, she goes back to her country. Ali realizes that he feels lost without her and goes after her. They both are delighted to see each other, but Preety's friend in India, who is also in the Indian Army, is not able to deal with Preety falling in love with a Pakistani as he wants to marry her and also because of his hatred towards Pakistan because of Pakistan army which killed many indian troops in Kargil War. When Ali visits India, he sends his forces after the two lovers under the allegation that Ali is from Pakistan. The couple flees, and after days of hide and seek, Ali is barely able to destroy the Indian Army cars following them. In the last scene, the lovers arrive at the Pakistan-India border, where they see a Pakistani Flag, and their emotions are filled with joy.

## Film business

This film celebrated its 'diamond jubilee' (one year running), a highly successful movie.

## Soundtrack

The music is composed by Amjad Bobby, film song lyrics by Riaz ur Rehman Saghar and *Aqeel Ruby*

## Cast

## Awards

| Year | Award | Film | Winner | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | Nigar Awards Best Film | Tere Pyar Mein | Shehzad Gul | Won |
| 2000 | Nigar Awards Best Dialog | Tere Pyar Mein | Rashid Sajid | Won |
| 2000 | Nigar Awards Best director | Tere Pyar Mein | Hassan Askari | Won |
| 2000 | Nigar Awards Best Writer | Tere Pyar Mein | Raja Aziz Khan | Won |
| 2000 | Nigar Awards Best actor | Tere Pyar Mein | Shaan | Won |
| 2000 | Nigar Awards Best actress | Tere Pyar Mein | Zara Sheikh | Won |
| 2000 | Nigar Awards Best supporting actor | Tere Pyar Mein | Raja Riaz | Won |
| 2000 | Nigar Awards Best editor | Tere Pyar Mein | Zulfi | Won |
| 2000 | Nigar Awards Best sound editor | Tere Pyar Mein | Afzal Hussain | Won |
| 2002 | Lux Style Award Best Film | Tere Pyar Mein | Shehzad Gul | Won |
|

## Produced by Shahzad GulReferences

## InfoBox

| Tere Pyar Mein | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Hassan Askari |
| Written by | Raja Riaz |
| Produced by | Sajjad Gul |
| Starring |  |
| Edited by | Zulifquar Zulfi |
| Music by | Amjad Bobby |
| Distributed by | Evernew Pictures |
| Release date | * 28 December 2000 (2000-12-28) |
| Country | Pakistan |
| Language | Urdu |


title: Shaw Savill Line

abstract: Shaw Savill Line of London was a shipping company set up to transport both produce and passengers between Great Britain and New Zealand. Robert Edward Shaw and Walter Savill set up on their own account in 1858 and began chartering ships. They bought their first ship in 1865. While the trading name, Shaw Savill, remained the same, the partners who owned it changed a number of times.

text:
# Shaw Savill Line

**Shaw Savill Line** of London was a shipping company set up to transport both produce and passengers between Great Britain and New Zealand.

Robert Edward Shaw and Walter Savill (employees of Willis, Gann and Company, a London ship-broking and chartering firm) set up on their own account in 1858 and began chartering ships. They bought their first ship in 1865. While the trading name, Shaw Savill, remained the same, the partners who owned it changed a number of times.

## The burning of the Cospatrick

On 17 November 1874 the wooden Shaw Savill emigrant ship *Cospatrick* bound for New Zealand burnt at sea south of the Cape of Good Hope with 476 lives lost, with only three survivors .

There were lifeboats for only a third of those on board, the fire was believed to have been started by crewmen while plundering cargo.

## The sinking of the Avalanche

*Avalanche* en route London to Wellington built of iron not wood was struck twice or more amidships after dark near Portland, Dorset by an American ship, *Forest*, in ballast, on 11 September 1877 with the loss of more than 100 lives. Witnesses reported the Avalanche foundered within four minutes and there was no time to launch boats.

The New Zealand Government bought land nearby and it was planned to erect a small church in memory of the passengers and crew.

Most passengers were returning residents of Wellington and Wanganui. From the *Avalanche* 63 passengers and 34 seamen of which three seamen were saved, from the *Forest* no passengers but a crew of 21 of which nine were saved.

## Albion line

The company, by then a partnership of Walter Savill and James William Temple, agreed in November 1882 to join the Albion line as of 1 January 1883 to form Shaw, Savill & Albion Line.


title: Two of Us (Birds of Tokyo song)

abstract: "Two of Us" is a song by Australian alternative rock band Birds of Tokyo. It was released on 17 January 2020 as the fourth single from the band's sixth studio album, Human Design. The song was premiered on the band's Good Lord Tour. The song was nominated for Most Performed Alternative Work and shortlisted for Song of the Year at the APRA Music Awards of 2021

text:
# Two of Us (Birds of Tokyo song)

"**Two of Us**" is a song by Australian alternative rock band Birds of Tokyo. It was released on 17 January 2020 as the fourth single from the band's sixth studio album, *Human Design*. The song was premiered on the band's Good Lord Tour.

The song was nominated for Most Performed Alternative Work and shortlisted for Song of the Year at the APRA Music Awards of 2021

## Music video

The music video for "Two of Us" was released on 3 February 2020. Director Zac Lynch-Woodlock said "We all had a lot of fun making this clip. I've been friends with the guys for ages, and when Glenn and Berney approached me about collaborating on a music video, I was super keen. They had some nice references in mind including the idea of doing the video as a one-shot which always presents its own unique set of challenges, Finding an interesting location that would allow continuous movement along a road for the entire song being one of them." Lynch-Woodlock said "We wanted to show Kenny's journey as a road to redemption and the clip picks up from the bloodied and beaten Kenny in the 'Good Lord' music video. 'Two of Us' travels with a bandaged Kenny as he transitions with the help of some friends to a place of happiness."

## Charts

### Weekly charts

| Chart (2020) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | 65 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (2020) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Artist (ARIA) | 37 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | Platinum | 70,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "Two of Us" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Birds of Tokyo | |
| from the album  *Human Design* | |
| Released | 17 January 2020 (2020-01-17) |
| Length | 3:27 |
| Label | Birds of Tokyo, EMI |
| Songwriter(s) | Adam Spark, Adam Weston, Glenn Sarangapany, Ian Berney, Ian Kenny |
| Producer(s) | Adam Spark, Scott Horscoft, Patrick Rahme |
| Birds of Tokyo singles chronology | |
| "The Greatest Mistakes"
(2019) "**Two of Us**"
(2020) "Dive"
(2020) | |


title: Vanina Ruhlmann-Kleider

abstract: Vanina Ruhlmann-Kleider is a French physicist and director of research for the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), at CEA Paris-Saclay. Originally working in experimental particle physics, her interests shifted to observational cosmology through her participation in the Supernova Legacy Survey and Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey projects.

text:
# Vanina Ruhlmann-Kleider

**Vanina Ruhlmann-Kleider** (born 1961) is a French physicist and director of research for the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), at CEA Paris-Saclay. Originally working in experimental particle physics, her interests shifted to observational cosmology through her participation in the Supernova Legacy Survey and Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey projects.

## Education and career

Ruhlmann-Kleider earned a diplôme d'études approfondies in nuclear and particle physics through her studies at the École normale supérieure de jeunes filles, and in 1988 completed a doctorate through the University of Paris, for research at CEA Paris-Saclay, with the dissertation *Measurement of the strong running coupling constant from W and Z production (UA2 experiment)* directed by André Roussarie. In the same year, she became a permanent researcher at CEA Paris-Saclay.

Until 2008, her research included experimental high-energy physics at CERN, including the search for the Higgs Boson. She began work on the Supernova Legacy Survey in 2006, and since then has continued her research in observational cosmology. More recently, her work on the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey has led to new insights into dark energy. She is one of the group leaders of the SPP Cosmology group in the CEA Institute of research into the fundamental laws of the universe (IRFU).

## Recognition

Ruhlmann-Kleider received the Ordre des Palmes académiques in 2002, and the CNRS Silver Medal in 2003. She was named a chevalier in the Legion of Honour in 2010.


title: Vanina Vanini (film)

abstract: Vanina Vanini, also known as The Betrayer, is a 1961 Italian drama film directed by Roberto Rossellini. It is based on Stendhal's 1829 novella of the same name.

text:
# Vanina Vanini (film)

***Vanina Vanini***, also known as ***The Betrayer***, is a 1961 Italian drama film directed by Roberto Rossellini. It is based on Stendhal's 1829 novella of the same name.

## Plot

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Vanina Vanini | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Roberto Rossellini |
| Written by | Diego Fabbri
Jean Gruault |
| Produced by | Moris Ergas |
| Starring | Sandra Milo |
| Cinematography | Luciano Trasatti |
| Edited by | Daniele Alabiso |
| Music by | Renzo Rossellini |
| Distributed by | Orsay Films
Zebra Film
Columbia Pictures(1979) (USA) |
| Running time | minutes |
| Country | Italy |
| Language | Italian |


title: Vedum

abstract: Vedum is a locality situated in Vara Municipality, Västra Götaland County, Sweden with 926 inhabitants in 2010. The company Vedum Kök och Bad AB, a manufacturer of kitchen and bathroom appliances, is located in Vedum. The locality grew up around a station on the railway line Herrljunga - Uddevalla, which was opened in 1866. The originally narrow gauge railway was rebuilt to standard gauge in 1899-1900 and trains still call at Vedum. The station building played an important part in the film comedy "Stinsen brinner" from 1991.

text:
# Vedum

**Vedum** is a locality situated in Vara Municipality, Västra Götaland County, Sweden with 926 inhabitants in 2010.

The company *Vedum Kök och Bad AB*, a manufacturer of kitchen and bathroom appliances, is located in Vedum.

The locality grew up around a station on the railway line Herrljunga \- Uddevalla, which was opened in 1866. The originally narrow gauge railway was rebuilt to standard gauge in 1899-1900 and trains still call at Vedum. The station building played an important part in the film comedy "Stinsen brinner" (The Station Master is on Fire) from 1991.

## InfoBox

| Vedum | |
| --- | --- |
| Vedums railway station in Sweden | |
| VedumVedum | |
| Coordinates: 58°10′N 12°59′E / 58.167°N 12.983°E / 58.167; 12.983 | |
| Country | Sweden |
| Province | Västergötland |
| County | Västra Götaland County |
| Municipality | Vara Municipality |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.07 km2 (0.41 sq mi) |
| Population (31 December 2010) | |
| Total | 926 |
| Density | 868/km2 (2,250/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Climate | Cfb |


title: Vedurupaka

abstract: Vedurupaka is a village in Rayavaram mandal, Konaseema district of Andhra Pradesh state, India.

text:
# Vedurupaka

**Vedurupaka** is a village in Rayavaram mandal, Konaseema district of Andhra Pradesh state, India.

## Geography

The Tulyabhaga river flows by Vedurupaka. William Wilson Hunter described it as one of the seven estuaries of the mighty Godavari River.

## Culture

One of the main attractions is Vijaya Durga Peetham, a place of worship of the Hindu goddess Durga. The village festival of Poleramma Jathara or Sambaram takes place each May; it is a 2-day carnival of religious fervour and traditional dances. This event was supervised by the late Sri Murthineedi Venkayya Garu for 40 years.  Another festival is Dasara.

The village's Hindu temples were built by the king of Peddapuram Thimma gaja pathi maharaja in 1700 AD.

## Education

The first school in Vedurupaka was established by the Canadian Baptist Mission, one of the early Christian mission initiatives. It was later gifted to the Government. This village has three Government Primary Schools along with SPPR Zilla Parishath High School.

Brahmin Student financial support trust originated in this village. D Satya Prasad, Brahmanaseva trust, Vedurupaka, Rayavaram Mandalam.

## Notables

## InfoBox

| Vedurupaka | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Nickname(s): *Bamboohut, Land of gods.* | |
| Dynamic map | |
| VedurupakaLocation in Andhra Pradesh, IndiaVedurupakaVedurupaka (India) | |
| Coordinates: 16°53′38″N 82°01′26″E / 16.894°N 82.024°E / 16.894; 82.024 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Andhra Pradesh |
| District | East Godavari |
| Established | 1698 |
| Government | |
| Body | Vedurupaka Panchayat |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 17,585 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 533 345 |
| Telephone code | 91-08857 |
| Coastline | 25 kilometres (16 mi) |
| Planning agency | Vedurupaka Grama Panchayat |
| Climate | Tropical (Köppen) |
| Avg. annual temperature | 30.0 °C (86.0 °F) |
| Avg. summer temperature | 43.12 °C (109.62 °F) |
| Avg. winter temperature | 28.0 °C (82.4 °F) |


title: Vedurukuppam

abstract: Vedurukuppam is a village in Chittoor district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is the mandal headquarters of Vedurkuppam mandal.

text:
# Vedurukuppam

**Vedurukuppam** is a village in Chittoor district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is the mandal headquarters of Vedurkuppam mandal.

## InfoBox

| Vedurukuppam | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Dynamic map | |
| VedurukuppamLocation in Andhra Pradesh, IndiaVedurukuppamVedurukuppam (India) | |
| Coordinates: 13°27′13″N 79°18′26″E / 13.45361°N 79.30722°E / 13.45361; 79.30722 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Andhra Pradesh |
| District | Chittoor |
| Mandal | Vedurukuppam |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 517569 |
| Telephone code | 91–8577 |
| Vehicle registration | AP03 |


title: Martha Leticia Rivera Cisneros

abstract: Martha Leticia Rivera Cisneros is a Mexican politician affiliated with the National Action Party. As of 2014 she served as Senator of the LX Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Morelos as replacement of Sergio Álvarez Mata. She also served as Deputy during the LIX Legislature.

text:
# Martha Leticia Rivera Cisneros

**Martha Leticia Rivera Cisneros** (born 30 October 1965) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the National Action Party. As of 2014 she served as Senator of the LX Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Morelos as replacement of Sergio Álvarez Mata. She also served as Deputy during the LIX Legislature.

## InfoBox

| Martha Leticia Rivera Cisneros | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1965-10-30) 30 October 1965<br>Naica, Chihuahua, Mexico |
| Occupation(s) | Deputy and Senator |
| Political party | PAN |


title: Velfarre

abstract: Velfarre was a disco located in the Roppongi district of Tokyo, Japan. Velfarre was the self-professed "largest disco in Asia" with a capacity of 1,500 people, with three floors above ground and three floors below; owned by Tetsuya Komuro and Avex Trax. Velfarre was known for Trance, Eurobeat, Techno, Para Para, and Disco related events. Velfarre held concerts for Avex Trax artists, and was able to be rented for private events.

text:
# Velfarre

**Velfarre** (ヴェルファーレ, *Verufāre*) was a disco located in the Roppongi district of Tokyo, Japan. Velfarre was the self-professed "largest disco in Asia" with a capacity of 1,500 people, with three floors above ground and three floors below; owned by Tetsuya Komuro and Avex Trax. Velfarre was known for Trance, Eurobeat, Techno, Para Para, and Disco related events. Velfarre held concerts for Avex Trax artists, and was able to be rented for private events.

## Influence

Velfarre played a significant role in the Para Para scene. In 1998, velfarre hosted its first Para Para event called SEF HYPER; *SEF* being an acronym for *Super Euro Flash*. The weekly Para Para event at velfarre underwent two name changes over the years, first changing to: SEF MACH! (from the 3rd Para Para boom); and ending with SEF GOLD.

Hi-NRG Attack Studios produced several Eurobeat songs dedicated to Velfarre, including:

*TCV* stands for *The Class of Velfarre*; the nickname of Velfarre's VIP Floor.

Velfarre hosted many world-class Trance DJs, such as Johan Gielen and Ferry Corsten. Trance was a fundamental part of Velfarre. John Robinson first introduced it at Millenia and PLANET LOVE. Cyber Trance was a natural evolution from the movement started by John Robinson at PLANET LOVE. Johan Gielen also played a significant role with Cyber Trance at Velfarre. When he was working under John as a resident DJ from 1995 to 1997 - trance was a major part of their sets. Gielen was at the final Cyber Trance at Velfarre; John was the DJ for the final New Year countdown, Johan played after John ~ there then followed a succession of DJs who had played at Velfarre over the years before John returned at 11am and played the final set before Velfarre's oversized mirror ball was dimmed for the very last time.

## Albums

Avex released its first Velfarre CD "Velfarre Volume 1 - Welcome To The Future" in February 1995. This release was the first in a series of discs, which was the replacement for the "Juliana's Tokyo" mix CDs. The importance of the mix CDs cannot be understated ~ without the Juliana's Tokyo series, there would be no Avex or Velfarre as that was what provided the seed money for the rapid growth of the company. *(Both series were mixed and produced by DJ John Robinson who was also the head DJ at both clubs. He was later rewarded for his efforts by being appointed to the board of directors of Velfarre)*. "Disco Week in Velfarre" also released in 1995 was bundled with an Avex J-POP concert album titled "TK DANCE CAMP" to make up a 2-CD set titled "AVEX DANCE MATRIX \`95 LIVE". "Disco Week in Velfarre" was also the first velfarre video release in VHS/LD featuring performances by International and Japanese performers. And additional performances not found on the CD version. In 1997, with the success of the "J-POP NIGHT" events at Velfarre", Avex released "VELFARRE J-POP NIGHT presents DANCE with you" which featured MAX, SPEED, D&D and many others singing a Eurobeat rendition of classic J-POP songs by Pink Lady, Finger Five and more.

Velfarre's influence in the Cyber Trance genre prompted Avex Trax to release a moderately successful series of non-stop Trance mixes bearing velfarre's name. The first album in the series did not bear the velfarre name, released simply as "Cyber Trance" on July 4, 2001. The first album bearing velfarre's name is actually the second album in the series, "velfarre Cyber TRANCE 01 ～BEST HIT TRANCE～", released November 7, 2001. Whether series will continue after velfarre's closing is unknown. The most recent release in the series to date is a 2 CD+DVD box set titled, "Velfarre Cyber Trance Complete Collection" and "Velfarre complete best 1994-2006" which is a 6-CD box set featuring the different types of music from velfarre past broken down to groups such as "Hyper Techno Floor", "Hyper Trance Floor", "Dance Pop Floor", "Eurobeat Floor", "Disco House Floor" and "After Hours Floor" and including a booklet detailing the history of velfarre.

Legend has it that Ayumi Hamasaki first met her future producer, Max Matsuura, one night at velfarre. Ayumi was known to frequent velfarre in her teenage years.

Earth, Wind & Fire recorded a live album, Greatest Hits Live, at Velfarre in 1995.

## Closing

Velfarre opened on December 2, 1994 and closed their doors on January 1, 2007. After 12 years of operation, Velfarre was forced to close as the lease on the land that the club was built on could not be renewed.

On December 31, 2006, velfarre hosted its final countdown event, "Countdown to the Future", and on January 1, 2007, featured "the LAST DANCE", the final event for velfarre and the first dance of 2007. Velfarre closed its doors and ended its 12-year history at noon on January 1, 2007.

At the Cyber Trance FINAL event on 30 December 2006, Komuro Tetsuya stated on stage that, "Velfarre will be back!".

In July 2011, Niwango, the operator of Nico Nico Douga, started operating "Nicofarre" at the same place but with a smaller size. The new club has five LED wallscreens that project comments to the crowd, much like Niconico's comment system. "Nicofarre" ended its business at the end of July 2019.

35°39′50″N 139°43′51″E / 35.663981°N 139.730898°E / 35.663981; 139.730898


title: Marsden High School

abstract: Marsden High School (MHS) is a school located in Meadowbank, New South Wales, Australia. It is a co-educational high school operated by the New South Wales Department of Education with students from years 7 to 12. The school was established in 1959.

text:
# Marsden High School

**Marsden High School** (**MHS**) is a school located in Meadowbank, New South Wales, Australia. It is a co-educational high school operated by the New South Wales Department of Education with students from years 7 to 12. The school was established in 1959.

## History

Established in January 1959, Marsden High was originally named Ermington High School until March 1959, when it gained its present name. It was located on at Winbourne Street, West Ryde.

On 26 June 2018, the NSW Government announced that Marsden High School will be moving to the new education precinct at Meadowbank which is to be built on part of the TAFE NSW Meadowbank campus. The school was relocated from Winbourne street to the new purposely built site and opened in 27 April 2022. The old site on Winbourne street is under construction to be rebuilt as a new multisport facility.

## Notable alumni

## Notable teachers

* Richard Gill OAM, conductor and music director of the Victorian Opera, taught music at Marsden

## InfoBox

| Marsden High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Logo of Marsden High School | |
| Location | |
|  | |
| West Ryde, New South Wales
Australia | |
| Coordinates | 33°48′46.8″S 151°05′34.4″E / 33.813000°S 151.092889°E / -33.813000; 151.092889 |
| Information | |
| Type | Public, secondary, co-educational, day school |
| Motto | Learning for life |
| Established | January 1959 (1959-01) |
| Principal | Steve Smith (Relieving) |
| Staff | 55 |
| Years offered | 7–12 |
| Enrolment | 877 total 561 boys
316 girls |
| Campus | Rhodes Street, Meadowbank |
| Colour(s) | Green and white |
| Website | MHS website |


title: Marsden Jones

abstract: John Marsden Beaumont Jones, known as Marsden Jones, was an emeritus professor and the founder and first director of the Center for Arabic Studies at the American University in Cairo. His special interests were early Islam, the early emergence of Islamic institutions, and the study of modern Islamic movements in Egypt. He translated Al-Waqidi's Kitab al-Tarikh wa al-Maghazi and worked on early sira literature, and he helped publish a series of volumes in Arabic on Leaders of Contemporary Literature in Egypt. He was the brother-in-law of Sir Philip Jones.

text:
# Marsden Jones

**John Marsden Beaumont Jones** (20 December 1920  11 June 1992), known as **Marsden Jones**, was an emeritus professor and the founder and first director of the Center for Arabic Studies at the American University in Cairo.

His special interests were early Islam, the early emergence of Islamic institutions, and the study of modern Islamic movements in Egypt. He translated Al-Waqidi's *Kitab al-Tarikh wa al-Maghazi* and worked on early sira literature, and he helped publish a series of volumes in Arabic on Leaders of Contemporary Literature in Egypt.

He was the brother-in-law of Sir Philip Jones.

## InfoBox

| Marsden Jones | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1920-12-20)20 December 1920 |
| Died | (1992-06-11)11 June 1992 (age 71) |


title: Venta Belgarum

abstract: Venta Belgarum, or Venta Bulgarum, was a town in the Roman province of Britannia Superior, the civitas capital of the local tribe, the Belgae, and which later became the city of Winchester.

text:
# Venta Belgarum

**Venta Belgarum**, or **Venta Bulgarum**, was a town in the Roman province of Britannia Superior, the civitas capital of the local tribe, the Belgae, and which later became the city of Winchester.

## Etymology

The name is Proto-Celtic in origin: *Venta* comes from *\*Uentā*, a Common Brittonic word meaning "market". Roman writers recorded the town as *Venta Belgarum* (The Venta of the Belgae) to distinguish it from the other tribal markets in Britain such as Venta Silurum and Venta Icenorum.

## Development

The settlement was apparently established around AD 70, partially on the site of Oram's Arbour, which had been abandoned for some years.

It became the tribal capital of the Belgae, who had probably held several Iron Age hill forts in the near vicinity of the site (St Catherine's Hill, Oram's Arbour and Worthy Down) once the Romans had pacified the area, as was their policy for relocating many other British tribes.

The River Itchen was diverted and a street grid laid out. Although in the early years of the Roman province it was of subsidiary importance to Silchester and Chichester, Venta eclipsed them both by the latter half of the second century.

A defensive bank and ditch were dug around the town in the 2nd century. At the beginning of the third century, Winchester was given protective stone walls. At around this time, the city covered an area of 144 acres (58 ha), making it among the largest towns in Roman Britain by surface area. The city had many fine Roman townhouses or *domus*, as well as public buildings and Roman temples.

Like many other Roman towns, however, Winchester began to decline in the later fourth century.

## Religion

The forum-basilica appears to have included a temple to Jupiter, Juno and Minerva along with an accompanying Jupiter Column. Elsewhere, there was a Romano-British style temple dedicated to the Celtic horse goddess, Epona. There was a large Romano-British cemetery to the north of the town, at Lankhills, and another to the east. Excavations of the cemetery were carried out by British archaeologist Julian Richards in 1998, and again in 2013, as part of the BBC television series *Meet the Ancestors*.

## Decline

From the mid-4th century, new development at Venta halted. Houses fell into disrepair and the drainage system collapsed. The population concentrated itself in the higher and drier areas of the town. The defences were however strengthened and the cemeteries remained in use, notably with burials of males wearing so-called military-style mercenary belts. Historian David Nash Ford identifies the community as the Cair Guinntguic ("Fort Venta") listed by Nennius among the 28 cities of Britain in his *History of the Britains*.

Following the Roman withdrawal from Britain in 410, urban life seems to have ceased around 450, although a small administrative centre might have continued after that on the site of the later Anglo-Saxon palace. Amid the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, cemeteries dating to the 6th and 7th centuries suggest a revival of settlement and **Wintanceastre** became the usual court for the kings of Wessex, and then for other Saxon, Danish, and Norman kings of England.

51°03′47″N 1°19′01″W / 51.063°N 1.317°W / 51.063; -1.317


title: Vattakkayal

abstract: Vattakkayal Lake is located within the Sakthikulangara Gram Panchayat of Kollam district, Kerala, India. The name "Vattakayal" translates to "circular lake" and reflects the lake's shape. The lake itself encompasses an area of approximately 40 acres. Bordering the lake are an additional 100 acres of agricultural fields, bringing the total area associated with Vattakayal Lake to roughly 140 acres. Geographically, Vattakkayal Lake falls between 8°56' North and 8°53' North latitude and 76°32' East and 76°34' East longitude. The lake occupies a central position within Kollam with respect to the surrounding areas of Neendakara, Kavanad, and Maruthadi. Historically, the land surrounding Vattakkayal Lake consisted of wetlands used for paddy cultivation. The water body itself was known for its abundance of fish and aquatic life. However, the current land use pattern reflects a shift. The previously vacant marshlands are no longer cultivated, and the water quality has been impacted by the influx of domestic waste, drainage channels, and industrial effluents. This has led to the proliferation of invasive aquatic plants like water hyacinth.

text:
# Vattakkayal

**Vattakkayal Lake** is located within the Sakthikulangara Gram Panchayat of Kollam district, Kerala, India. The name "Vattakayal" translates to "circular lake" and reflects the lake's shape.

The lake itself encompasses an area of approximately 40 acres. Bordering the lake are an additional 100 acres of agricultural fields, bringing the total area associated with Vattakayal Lake to roughly 140 acres.

Geographically, Vattakkayal Lake falls between 8°56' North and 8°53' North latitude and 76°32' East and 76°34' East longitude. The lake occupies a central position within Kollam with respect to the surrounding areas of Neendakara, Kavanad, and Maruthadi.

Historically, the land surrounding Vattakkayal Lake consisted of wetlands used for paddy cultivation. The water body itself was known for its abundance of fish and aquatic life. However, the current land use pattern reflects a shift. The previously vacant marshlands are no longer cultivated, and the water quality has been impacted by the influx of domestic waste, drainage channels, and industrial effluents. This has led to the proliferation of invasive aquatic plants like water hyacinth.

8°55′05″N 76°32′56″E / 8.918°N 76.549°E / 8.918; 76.549


title: Vattakkalvalasu

abstract: Vattakkalvalasu is a village in Tamil Nadu, India. It has the town panchayat office for Gandhi Garden in Kilambadi, Erode district. The major clans is vaalai kattai valavu P.P.Subramaniyam pambagoundan palayam. Ps.karthickkannan. The village is located 25 kilometers from Erode, 15 kilometers from Kodumudi and 42 kilometers from Karur. The Kalingarayan Canal passes through the village. The Malayampalayam Police station is located half a kilometre from the village. There is a co-operative milk society in the village.

text:
# Vattakkalvalasu

**Vattakkalvalasu** is a village in Tamil Nadu, India. It has the town panchayat office for Gandhi Garden in Kilambadi, Erode district. The major clans is vaalai kattai valavu P.P.Subramaniyam pambagoundan palayam. Ps.karthickkannan.

The village is located 25 kilometers from Erode, 15 kilometers from Kodumudi and 42 kilometers from Karur. The Kalingarayan Canal passes through the village.

The Malayampalayam Police station is located half a kilometre from the village.

There is a co-operative milk society in the village.

11°12′N 77°51′E / 11.200°N 77.850°E / 11.200; 77.850

## InfoBox

| Vattakkalvalasu | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| District | Erode |
| Government | |
| Body | Gandhi garden(PSKV farms) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Tamil |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 638154 |
| Telephone code | 0424 |
| Vehicle registration | TN 33 |
| Cell no : 9994211123, 9842569123,. Coastline | 0 kilometres (0 mi) |
| Nearest city | Erode |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Erode |
| Civic agency | Kilambadi Town Panchayat |
| Climate | Equatorial (Köppen) |
| Avg. summer temperature | 38 °C (100 °F) |
| Avg. winter temperature | 26 °C (79 °F) |


title: Velázquez Press

abstract: Velázquez Press is the publisher of Velázquez Spanish and English Dictionary.

text:
# Velázquez Press

**Velázquez Press** is the publisher of *Velázquez Spanish and English Dictionary*.

## History

*Velázquez Spanish and English Dictionary* was first published in 1852 by D. Appleton and Company in New York. The title was *Seoanne's Neuman & Barett's Spanish Pronouncing Dictionary*. Mariano Velazquez de la Cadena, a renowned linguist and professor at Columbia University, composed the dictionary based on *The Spanish Dictionary of Spanish Academy, Terreros, and Salva* and *English Dictionary of Webster, Worcester and Walker*.

*Velázquez Spanish and English Dictionary* is the oldest Spanish and English Dictionary still being published in the United States. Throughout the years, *Velázquez Spanish and English Dictionary* has been licensed to various publishers, from Follett Corporation to Simon & Schuster. It is widely used in the United States and many Latin American countries.

In 2003 Academic Learning Company, LLC acquired *Velázquez Spanish and English Dictionary* and launched Velázquez Press. Since then, Velázquez Press has published many Spanish and English dictionaries, from the only hardcover Velázquez Large Print Spanish and large print English Dictionary.

In 2008, Velázquez Press released its dictionary content online for free use. It also licensed its content to many websites such as SpanishDict.com.

## Products

In 2008, Velázquez Press began creating products to help Spanish-speaking English Language Learners. Recognizing that many Spanish-speaking immigrants lack the vocabulary or language skills to understand classroom content, the company launched a line of subject-specific glossaries for students to use in the classroom, at home, and on state standardized testing. Velázquez Press has created subject-specific glossaries for math, science, social studies, and language arts.

## Seal of Biliteracy

In 2010, Velázquez Press launched its Seal of Biliteracy Recognition Program. The program is designed to encourage biliteracy in Spanish and English and reward students who achieve proficiency in both languages. Employers may also use the Seal of Biliteracy as a standard for bilingual abilities in potential employees. The program is part of the company's greater campaign to address alarming dropout rates among Latino high school students, with nearly 3 in every 10 Latino students dropping out according to a CNN report.

Schools and districts that have implemented the program include Azusa High School, Sierra Madre High School, Baldwin Park High School, and Los Angeles Unified School District.


title: MaryRuth Ghiyam

abstract: MaryRuth Ghiyam is an American health educator, writer, and founder of MaryRuth Organics.

text:
# MaryRuth Ghiyam

**MaryRuth Ghiyam** is an American health educator, writer, and founder of MaryRuth Organics.

## Early life

Ghiyam was born in Somerville, New Jersey to parents Colleen and Richard Boehmer. Her family owned Warren Lumber and Millwork, Inc., a lumber and millwork business.

## Career

In 2010, Ghiyam and her mother ventured into real estate to overcome their financial challenges.

She founded MaryRuth's Organics, a wellness brand offering vegan and non-GMO vitamins and supplements, in 2014 with her mother. Her first product was a raspberry-flavored liquid morning multivitamin, followed by a coconut-flavored liquid nighttime multimineral.

Butterfly, a Los Angeles-based private equity firm specializing in the food sector, invested in MaryRuth Organics in 2021.

In 2022, Gary Vaynerchuk joined the company as a member of its board of directors.

## Media

Ghiyam has appeared as a guest on various shows, including The Drew Barrymore Show, and Access Daily.

Her book, "Liquids till Lunch: 12 Small Habits That Will Change Your Life for Good," published by HarperCollins, debuted on the Wall Street Journal and LA Times bestsellers list in June 2021.

## Personal life

In 2013, Ghiyam married David Ghiyam, and they have four children.

In 2021, she bought a Beverly Hills mansion from Gyorgy Gattyan for $26.3 Million.


title: Martin Lejeune

abstract: Martin Lejeune is a German activist. Lejeune spent his childhood and youth in Nuremberg and Bielefeld. He passed the Abitur through a Second Chance School (CEE). Starting in 2004, he read for a degree in political science from Otto-Suhr-Institut of the Free University of Berlin. He is known for his criticism of Israel, his involvement in the Toilettenaffäre and the controversy surrounding journalist accreditation at the NSU trial and for his reporting on the Syrian Civil War. He covered the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict remotely. He referred to the unlawful executions of 18 Palestinians in Gaza as to have "taken place very socially".

text:
# Martin Lejeune

**Martin Lejeune** (born 27 July 1980 in Hanover) is a German activist.

Lejeune spent his childhood and youth in Nuremberg and Bielefeld. He passed the Abitur through a Second Chance School (CEE). Starting in 2004, he read for a degree in political science from Otto-Suhr-Institut of the Free University of Berlin.

He is known for his criticism of Israel, his involvement in the Toilettenaffäre and the controversy surrounding journalist accreditation at the NSU trial and for his reporting on the Syrian Civil War. He covered the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict remotely. He referred to the unlawful executions of 18 Palestinians in Gaza as to have "taken place very socially".


title: Martin Leman

abstract: Martin Leman is an English artist who gained recognition for his paintings of cats. Since 1969 his works have been published in a number of books and international exhibitions.

text:
# Martin Leman

**Martin Leman** (born 1934) is an English artist who gained recognition for his paintings of cats. Since 1969 his works have been published in a number of books and international exhibitions.

## Early life

Martin attended art school in Worthing and the Central School of Art and Design in Holborn. He also spent time in Egypt on National Service duties.

## Career

Before starting his painting career in 1969 he worked as a graphic designer and taught at various institutions across London. His works on the subject of cats have appeared in over 20 books. He was elected as a member of the Royal Society of British Artists in 2007 and is also a member of the Royal Watercolour Society. As well as cats his works have focused on portraits of women and areas of Cornwall which have featured as a backdrop to much of his output.

## InfoBox

| Martin Leman | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1934<br>London |
| Occupation | Painter |
| Known for | Painting of Cats |
| Spouse | Jill Leman |


title: Marsh Marigold Lake

abstract: Marsh Marigold Lake is a lake on Vancouver Island that is west of Buttle Lake.

text:
# Marsh Marigold Lake

**Marsh Marigold Lake** is a lake on Vancouver Island that is west of Buttle Lake.

## InfoBox

| Marsh Marigold Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Marsh Marigold Lake | |
| Location | Vancouver Island, British Columbia |
| Coordinates | 49°41′00″N 125°37′00″W / 49.68333°N 125.61667°W / 49.68333; -125.61667 |
| Lake type | Natural lake |
| Basin countries | Canada |


title: Veneno AntiMonotonia

abstract: Veneno Antimonotonia is an album by Cássia Eller, released in 1997. The album is an homage to Brazilian singer and composer Cazuza, with re-recordings of some of his songs.

text:
# Veneno AntiMonotonia

***Veneno Antimonotonia*** (In English: "Anti-Monotony Poison") is an album by Cássia Eller, released in 1997. The album is an homage to Brazilian singer and composer Cazuza, with re-recordings of some of his songs.

## Track listing

1. "Brasil"
2. "Blues Da Piedade"
3. "Obrigado (Por Ter Se Mandado)"
4. "Menina Mimada"
5. "Todo Amor Que Houver Nessa Vida"
6. "Billy Negão"
7. "Bete Balanço"
8. "A Orelha De Eurídice"
9. "Só As Mães São Felizes"
10. "Ponto Fraco"
11. "Por Que A Gente É Assim?"
12. "Preciso Dizer Que Te Amo"
13. "Mal Nenhum"
14. "Pro Dia Nascer Feliz"

## InfoBox

| Veneno Antimonotonia | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Cássia Eller | |
| Released | 1997 |
| Genre | Rock |
| Label | Polygram |
| Cássia Eller chronology | |
| *Cássia Eller ao Vivo*
(1996) ***Veneno Antimonotonia***
(1997) *Veneno Vivo*
(1998) | |


title: Marticorenia

abstract: Marticorenia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. There is only one known species, Marticorenia foliosa, endemic to Chile.

text:
# Marticorenia

***Marticorenia*** is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.

There is only one known species, ***Marticorenia foliosa***, endemic to Chile.

## InfoBox

| *Marticorenia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Subfamily: | Mutisioideae |
| Tribe: | Nassauvieae |
| Genus: | *Marticorenia*
Crisci |
| Species: | ***M. foliosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Marticorenia foliosa***
(Phil.) Crisci | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Leucheria foliosa* Phil. * *Lasiorrhiza foliosa* (Phil.) Kuntze | |


title: Vera Burt

abstract: Vera Esther Burt was a New Zealand cricketer and field hockey player, representing her country in both sports. She went on to be hockey umpire, coach, and administrator.

text:
# Vera Burt

**Vera Esther Burt** MBE (née **Robinson**; 14 January 1927 – 21 September 2017) was a New Zealand cricketer and field hockey player, representing her country in both sports. She went on to be hockey umpire, coach, and administrator.

## Early life and family

Burt was born in Patea on 14 January 1927, and educated at Epsom Girls' Grammar School in Auckland. She studied at Auckland Teachers' Training College from 1944 to 1945, and then at Dunedin Teachers' College in 1946, becoming a physical education teacher. In 1952, she married Halstead Burt, and the couple went on to have three children.

## Sporting career

### Cricket

Burt played as an all-rounder, batting right-handed and bowling slow left-arm orthodox. She played in three Test matches for New Zealand between 1948 and 1969. She played domestic cricket for Auckland and North Shore.

### Hockey

Beginning her hockey career in Auckland in the mid-1940s, Burt then represented Otago briefly. She subsequently returned to Auckland and represented that province from 1947 to 1958. She gained national honours, playing for New Zealand against Australia in 1960.

Burt went on to be an umpire for 34 years, and was an A-grade international umpire during the 1970s. During the 1980s she served on the New Zealand Hockey Umpires' Council. She was also a successful coach, taking the North Shore women's hockey team to the K Cup title in 1978.

As an administrator, Burt served on the executive of the Auckland Women's Hockey Association for 21 years, and was instrumental in the establishment of the North Shore Women's Hockey Association in 1972.

## Honours and awards

Burt was made a life member of Auckland Hockey in 1983, the New Zealand Women's Hockey Association in 1985, the New Zealand Umpires' Federation in 1988, and the North Shore Women's Hockey Association, also in 1988.

In the 1990 New Year Honours, Burt was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire, for services to sport, especially women's hockey, and the community.

In 2009, Burt was an inaugural inductee into Harbour Sport's hall of fame.

## Death

Burt died at Takapuna on 21 September 2017.

## InfoBox

| Vera BurtMBE | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Vera Esther Robinson
(1927-01-14)14 January 1927
Patea, New Zealand |
| Died | 21 September 2017(2017-09-21) (aged 90)
Takapuna, New Zealand |
| Spouse | Halstead Burt |
| Children | 3 |
|  | |
| Cricket information | |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Slow left-arm orthodox |
| Role | All-rounder |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
| Test debut (cap 13) | 20 March 1948 v Australia |
| Last Test | 15 February 1969 v England |
|  | |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1944/45–1960/61 | Auckland |
| 1965/66–1970/71 | North Shore |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition WTest WFC  Matches 3 44  Runs scored 40 1,871  Batting average 8.00 31.18  100s/50s 0/0 0/13  Top score 15 84  Balls bowled 42 955  Wickets 0 31  Bowling average  17.51  5 wickets in innings 0 0  10 wickets in match 0 0  Best bowling  3/5  Catches/stumpings 0/– 7/– | |
|  | |
| Source: CricketArchive, 28 November 2021 | |
|  | |


title: Vera Bushati

abstract: Vera Bushati is an Albanian architect, engineer, historian and professor. In 2018, she was recognized for her contributions to the fields of architectural history and urban design in Albania with the Albanian Architecture Prize. She is the Co-founder of ArchiGames, a card game aimed at inspiring the next generation of architects through education, play, and promoting heritage culture. She has published several books on Albanian architecture and lectured internationally on the history of Albanian architecture at various universities such as the University of Prishtina, Stockholm University, University of Marburg, and the TU Wien. She has also been involved in several architecture and design projects in Albania and abroad, in places such as Kosovo, Lebanon, and Congo.

text:
# Vera Bushati

**Vera Bushati** (born 1946) is an Albanian architect, engineer, historian and professor. In 2018, she was recognized for her contributions to the fields of architectural history and urban design in Albania with the Albanian Architecture Prize.

She is the Co-founder of ArchiGames, a card game aimed at inspiring the next generation of architects through education, play, and promoting heritage culture.

She has published several books on Albanian architecture and lectured internationally on the history of Albanian architecture at various universities such as the University of Prishtina, Stockholm University, University of Marburg, and the TU Wien. She has also been involved in several architecture and design projects in Albania and abroad, in places such as Kosovo, Lebanon, and Congo.

## Early life and education

Bushati was inspired to study architecture while visiting the coast of Vlora, Albania as a high school student, where she had the idea that it could become a tourist attraction.

Bushati studied at the Faculty of Civil Engineering at the University of Tirana in the field of architecture and construction, graduating in 1969. She completed her doctorate degree at the same university in 1982, focusing on the topic of "Architecture of Houses in Illyria". She specialized at the Sapienza University of Rome on the History of Architecture and Restoration.

## Academic career

Bushati began her professional career as an engineer in the construction company “Lushnje”, becoming promoted to chief engineer, a position she held until 1974. Afterwards, she moved onto an academic career at the University of Tirana from 1974 to 1992 as a lecturer, teaching Construction Technology and the History of Architecture and the City. She was the Former Dean of the Faculty of Engineering. She is currently a lecturer at Marin Barleti University in the Department of Architecture at the Faculty of Applied Sciences and Creative Industries.

### Published works

Bushati has published several monographs and texts on Albanian architecture.

* Designing to live: Designers 1945-1990
* Learn the History of Architecture and the City by Playing
* ArchiGames - Learn Architecture by Playing
* History of Albanian Architecture, Vol 1
* History of Albanian Architecture (1912-1944)
* Villas of Tirana
* Dictionary of the History of Architecture

### Published research

* Education IN/BY Architecture
* Tirana and the Urban Imagination: From Genesis to the model metropolitan
* Architecture as the Reading of the City
* Design as a Creative Process
* Dialog with Public Space

## ArchiGames

Bushati co-founded ArchiGames with Xhoana Kristo with the vision that people can learn architecture by playing. ArchiGames was part of the third Uplift Accelerator, a startup accelerator program that serves the Western Balkans.

ArchiGames serves parents, kids, citizens and students by learning about architecture through fun and play. Their inspiration was to simulate the education of heritage in children from an early age, by integrating the values of architecture, culture and history of the city in the game. Their goal is to integrate ArchiGames into other well-known cities so that locals and tourists can learn more about the cities and countries they visit.

## Exhibitions

* Albania Unfinished
* Tirana Design Week 2015: Design Now


title: Veräjämäki

abstract: Veräjämäki (Finnish) or Grindbacka (Swedish) is a neighborhood of Helsinki, Finland.

text:
# Veräjämäki

**Veräjämäki** (Finnish) or **Grindbacka** (Swedish) is a neighborhood of Helsinki, Finland.

60°14′N 24°59′E / 60.233°N 24.983°E / 60.233; 24.983

## InfoBox

| Veräjämäki (in Finnish)<br>Grindbacka (in Swedish) | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighborhood of Helsinki | |
| Country | Finland |
| Province | Southern Finland |
| Region | Uusimaa |
| Sub-region | Helsinki |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Veräjälaakso

abstract: Veräjälaakso (Finnish), Grinddal (Swedish) is a northern-central neighborhood of Helsinki, Finland.

text:
# Veräjälaakso

**Veräjälaakso** (Finnish), **Grinddal** (Swedish) is a northern-central neighborhood of Helsinki, Finland.

## InfoBox

| Veräjälaakso (in Finnish)<br>Grinddal (in Swedish) | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighborhood of Helsinki | |
| Coordinates: 60°14′02″N 24°58′45″E / 60.2339°N 24.9791°E / 60.2339; 24.9791 | |
| Country | Finland |
| Province | Southern Finland |
| Region | Uusimaa |
| Sub-region | Helsinki |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Verijärv

abstract:
Verijärv is a lake in Estonia. It lies in Võru Parish, just outside the city of Võru.
The lake is part of the Verijärv Landscape Conservation Area.

text:
# Verijärv

**Verijärv** (or **Kasaritsa Verijärv**) is a lake in Estonia. It lies in Võru Parish, just outside the city of Võru. The lake is part of the Verijärv Landscape Conservation Area (*Verijärve maastikukaitseala*).

## InfoBox

| Verijärv | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Verijärv | |
| Coordinates | 57°48′32″N 27°03′26″E / 57.8088889°N 27.0572222°E / 57.8088889; 27.0572222 |
| Primary outflows | Koreli oja |
| Basin countries | Estonia |