text:
# Meanings of minor planet names: 313001–314000

As minor planet discoveries are confirmed, they are given a permanent number by the IAU's Minor Planet Center (MPC), and the discoverers can then submit names for them, following the IAU's naming conventions. The list below concerns those minor planets in the specified number-range that have received names, and explains the meanings of those names.

Official naming citations of newly named small Solar System bodies are approved and published in a bulletin by IAU's Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature (WGSBN). Before May 2021, citations were published in MPC's *Minor Planet Circulars* for many decades. Recent citations can also be found on the JPL Small-Body Database (SBDB). Until his death in 2016, German astronomer Lutz D. Schmadel compiled these citations into the *Dictionary of Minor Planet Names* (DMP) and regularly updated the collection.

Based on Paul Herget's *The Names of the Minor Planets*, Schmadel also researched the unclear origin of numerous asteroids, most of which had been named prior to World War II.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: SBDB New namings may only be *added to this list below after official publication* as the preannouncement of names is condemned. The WGSBN publishes a comprehensive guideline for the naming rules of non-cometary small Solar System bodies.

## 313001–313100

| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 313101–313200

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 313116 Pálvenetianer | 2000 YX31 | Pál Venetianer (born 1935), a Hungarian molecular biologist and biochemist. | JPL **·** 313116 |

## 313201–313300

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 313301–313400

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 313401–313500

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 313501–313600

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 313601–313700

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 313701–313800

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 313801–313900

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 313892 Furnish | 2004 JF | James F. Furnish (1950–2021) was a commercial fisherman and owner of the Hylah Ruth of Astoria, Oregon. He fished from California to Alaska, and the Columbia River for fish, crab, and a digger of razor clams. Furnish was actively involved with community government and school issues. | IAU **·** 313892 |

## 313901–314000

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 313921 Daassou | 2004 RP1 | Ahmed Daassou (born 1981), who has been a professor at Cadi Ayyad University in Morocco | JPL **·** 313921 |

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title: Lipsko-Polesie

abstract: Lipsko-Polesie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zamość, within Zamość County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) south-west of Zamość and 81 km (50 mi) south-east of the regional capital Lublin.

text:
# Lipsko-Polesie

**Lipsko-Polesie** \[ˈlipskɔ pɔˈlɛɕɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zamość, within Zamość County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) south-west of Zamość and 81 km (50 mi) south-east of the regional capital Lublin.

## InfoBox

| Lipsko-Polesie | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Lipsko-Polesie | |
| Coordinates: 50°38′25″N 23°12′8″E / 50.64028°N 23.20222°E / 50.64028; 23.20222 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Zamość |
| Gmina | Zamość |


title: Tom Manders (Dutch artist)

abstract: Antoon (Tom) Manders was a Dutch artist, comedian and cabaret performer. In later role, he became better known as Dorus.

text:
# Tom Manders (Dutch artist)

**Antoon (Tom) Manders** was a Dutch artist, comedian and cabaret performer. In later role, he became better known as **Dorus**.

## Biography

Although his birth was officially recorded as having occurred on 24 October, he was actually born on the 23rd. His father had him registered one day later because, for a child born on Sunday, he would not get a day off work.

Already at a young age, his talent for drawing became apparent. He attended the Royal Academy of Art in The Hague, Netherlands for 3 years and was active, among other things, as an advertisement painter and designer of posters. Later he also designed decors for theatre and cabaret, regularly for Lou Bandy, Wim Kan and theatre Carré in Amsterdam.

During World War II, Manders had to work in Germany but after half a year, he fled from his job as a painter. Because of Wim Kan, Manders got the idea to start doing cabaret himself, like his older brother Kees.

Starting in 1953, Manders was involved with the design of Carel Kamlag's cafe Saint-Germain-des-Prés at the Rembrandtplein in Amsterdam. Manders performed there himself as a vagabond, a role that would later become famous as *Dorus*. When VARA offered him an opportunity to perform on television, he had the cafe copied in the studio and started a successful show that would be broadcast for several years.

Between 1956 and 1962, Manders worked together with organist Cor Steyn for the program De Showboat. Together they created tracks like *Twee motten* (two moths), *Als ik wist dat je zou komen* (had I known you would come by) en *Bij de marine* (in the navy).

Manders got into financial trouble when he tried to produce Dorus movies. In 1967, he won the Zilveren Roos prize and started a new program, *Bij Dorus op schoot* (on Dorus' lap). In a particularly famous scene from 18 November, a young girl tries to sing the famous Dutch children song Poessie Mauw, of which she endlessly repeated only the title.

Also in 1967, the former chemical products business on the Mauritsstraat 65 in Rotterdam was converted to Cabaret Dorus. This only lasted until 1970 and with the closing of Cabaret Dorus, the show Bij Dorus op schoot also ended. Since 1985, there is a block of houses in the same location named the Tom Mandershof.

In 1971, Dorus made one more television appearance, in which he scared visitors of Madame Tussauds by pretending to be a wax statue. In the same year, he had another musical hit with *In de hemel is geen bier* (there is no beer in heaven).

In February 1972, Manders had a car accident. In the hospital, he was diagnosed with cancer. Three weeks later he died of a heart attack.

## Musical

In 2009/2010 Albert Verlinde produced a musical about the life of Tom Manders with the title *Dorus, the musical*. Karel de Rooij and Peter de Jong, better known as Mini & Maxi, played the main roles. The show was written by Lars Boom and Dick van den Heuvel and directed by Peter de Baan.

## InfoBox

| Tom Manders | |
| --- | --- |
| Manders in 1968 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Antoon (Tom) Manders |
| Also known as | Dorus |
| Born | (1921-10-23)23 October 1921
The Hague, Netherlands |
| Died | 26 February 1972(1972-02-26) (aged 50)
Utrecht, Netherlands |
| Years active | 1953–1971 |


title: Stephen Payne Adye

abstract: Stephen Payne Adye was an English brevet-major of the Royal Artillery.

text:
# Stephen Payne Adye

**Stephen Payne Adye** (ca. 1740  1794) was an English brevet-major of the Royal Artillery.

## Life

He entered the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, as a cadet, in 1757, and was appointed as second-lieutenant in the royal artillery in 1762. He served some time as brigade-major of artillery in North America, where he prepared his well-known book on courts-martial, entitled *Treatise on Courts-Martial, to which is added an Essay on Military Punishments and Rewards.* \[Printed at New York, and reprinted in London, 1769.\] The book went through several subsequent editions, the second appearing in London in 1778, and was modified by later editors. He was a member of the American Philosophical Society, elected in 1772. Major Adye died in command of a company of invalid artillery, in Jersey, in 1794.

## Family

Of three sons in the regiment, the eldest, Captain Ralph Willett Adye, who died in 1808, was author of the *Pocket Gunner*, a standard work of reference, which first appeared in 1798, and passed through many editions; the second, Major-General Stephen Galway Adye, served in the Iberian Peninsula and at the Battle of Waterloo, and died Chief Firemaster of the Royal Laboratory in 1838; the third, Major James Pattison Adye, died in 1831.

## InfoBox

| Stephen Payne Adye | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1740s |
| Died | 1794 |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Commands | Royal Artillery |


title: Weber Inc.

abstract: Weber Inc. is an American manufacturer of charcoal, gas, and electric outdoor grills with related accessories. It also owns restaurants and publishes cookbooks. The company was family owned until it sold a majority stake to BDT Capital Partners in 2010. In 2021, it became a publicly traded company until it was taken private by BDT Capital Partners which purchased all remaining out-standing stock in 2023.

text:
# Weber Inc.

**Weber Inc.** is an American manufacturer of charcoal, gas, and electric outdoor grills with related accessories. It also owns restaurants and publishes cookbooks.

The company was family owned until it sold a majority stake to BDT Capital Partners in 2010. In 2021, it became a publicly traded company until it was taken private by BDT Capital Partners which purchased all remaining out-standing stock in 2023.

## History

Weber-Stephen was originally incorporated on May 8, 1893, as Weber Bros. Metal Works.

In 1951, the original round charcoal kettle grill was built by George Stephen Sr., a then part-owner of the sheet metal shop in Chicago who sought to improve on the brazier he had been using to cook with at home. The grill was produced using two sheet metal half-spheres normally used as parts of buoys built in his shop. Shortly thereafter he began selling the invention, which he called 'George's Barbecue Kettle', for which there was considerable demand.

One of the earlier nicknames for the grill was ‘Sputnik‘.

Because the grill became so successful after he began selling it in 1952, Stephen formed the barbecue division of the Weber Brothers factory. In the late 1950s, Stephen bought out the Weber Brothers factory and became the sole owner, devoting all his professional time to manufacturing and selling the Weber kettle. Soon thereafter, Stephen changed the company's name to Weber-Stephen Products Co.

The Weber-Stephen company manufactures and sells outdoor electric grills, charcoal grills, gas grills, and charcoal smokers.

## Weber Grill restaurants

Weber Grill Restaurant in Chicago, IllinoisWeber Grill Restaurant in Schaumburg, Illinois

In 1989, the company opened the first Weber Grill Restaurant in Wheeling, Illinois, but in spite of a remodeling in 2000, this location closed in 2010. As of August 2021, four additional locations are open in Lombard, Illinois (opened 1999), River North, Chicago (2002), Schaumburg, Illinois (2005), and Indianapolis (2007).

While a majority share of Weber-Stephen Products LLC was sold to BDT Capital Partners in 2010, the acquisition did not include restaurant operations. While both the restaurants and outdoor cooking equipment maintain the Weber branding, two separate companies now exist. The restaurants remain solely owned by the Stephen family.

On December 12, 2022, Weber announced that BDT Capital Partners purchased all of Weber's remaining stock for $3.7 billion. Weber's stock was then suspended and then delisted on the New York Stock Exchange.

## Acquisitions

### Ducane Products Co.

The Ducane Products Company began as the Ducane Brothers Metal Fabricating in 1946. It moved three years later to Little Ferry, New Jersey and manufactured warm air furnaces. In 1968, the name was changed to The Ducane Company and moved the base of operations to Barnwell, South Carolina and in 1975, they started making Ducane gas grills. Ducane filed for bankruptcy in 2003 and was partially acquired by Weber-Stephens at a bankruptcy sale in 2004 for $13.6 million.

Under Weber's leadership, Ducane marketed propane and natural gas grills through big box home improvement and specialty outdoor product stores. In an effort to revamp the Ducane brand, Weber introduced the "Ducane Stainless" (2006) exclusively through Home Depot, the "Ducane Affinity" (2007) and the "Ducane Meridian" (2007) through multiple channels.

### June

In 2021, it was announced that June, a home automation company specializing in kitchen appliances including a "smart" oven, was acquired by Weber for $142.2 million. It exists as a “strategic business unit” within Weber. Co-founder Matt Van Horn is the president of June while the company's other co-founder, Nikhil Bhogal, is the senior vice president, technology and connected devices of Weber. Van Horn continued to focus on the June Oven while Bhogal works with Weber R&D programs and new products.

## Initial public offering

On July 12, 2021, Weber-Stephens Products LLC announced it had filed a Form S-1 with the Securities and Exchange Commission to make a public offering of Class A Shares on the New York Stock Exchange with an expected ticker symbol WEBR. It began trading under symbol WEBR on August 5, 2021, opening at $17 per share compared to the IPO offering of $14 per share.

## Publications

* *Weber's Art of the Grill: Recipes for Outdoor Living*, Jamie Purviance and Tim Turner, ISBN 978-0-8118-2419-4, 1999.
* *Weber's Big Book of Grilling*, Jamie Purviance, Sandra S. McRae, and Tim Turner, ISBN 978-0-8118-3197-0, 2001.
* *Weber's Art of the Grill Deck: Recipes for Outdoor Living* (cards), Jamie Purviance and Tim Turner, ISBN 978-0-8118-3336-3, 2002.
* *Weber's Real Grilling*, Jamie Purviance, Mike Kempster, and Tim Turner, ISBN 978-0-376-02046-8, 2005.
* *Weber's Charcoal Grilling: The Art of Cooking With Live Fire*, Jamie Purviance and Tim Turner, ISBN 978-0-376-02047-5, 2007.
* *Weber's Way to Grill: The Step-by-Step Guide to Expert Grilling*, Jamie Purviance, ISBN 978-0-376-02059-8, 2009.
* *Weber's Complete Barbecue Book: Step-by-step Advice and Over 150 Delicious Barbecue Recipes*, Jamie Purviance, ISBN 978-0600621119, 2010.
* *Weber's On the Grill: Chicken & Sides: Over 100 Fresh, Great Tasting Recipes*, Jamie Purviance, ISBN 978-0376020352, 2010.
* *Weber's On the Grill: Steak & Sides: Over 100 Fresh, Great Tasting Recipes*, Jamie Purviance, ISBN 978-0376020338, 2010.
* *Weber's Time to Grill: Get In. Get Out. Get Grilling.*, Jamie Purviance, ISBN 978-0376020604, 2011.
* *Weber's Smoke: A Guide to Smoke Cooking for Everyone and Any Grill*, Jamie Purviance, ISBN 978-0376020673, 2012.
* *Weber's Barbecue Anytime: Over 190 Inspirational Recipes to Help You Get the Most Out of Your Barbecue*, Jamie Purviance, ISBN 978-0600624134, 2012.
* *Weber's New Real Grilling: The ultimate cookbook for every backyard griller*, Jamie Purviance, ISBN 978-0376027986, 2013.

* Official website
* Business data for Weber Inc.:

## InfoBox

Weber, Inc.
|
|  |
|
| Company type | Private |
| Traded as | NYSE: WEBR (2021-2023) |
| ISIN | US94770D1028 |
| Industry | Manufacturing |
| Founded | May 8, 1893 |
| Founder | George A. Stephen |
| Headquarters | Palatine, Illinois |
| Key people | Alan Matula (Interim CEO) |
| Products | Outdoor grills |
| Net income | US$88.88 million (2020) |
| Website | www.weber.com |


title: Włodzimierz Julian Korab-Karpowicz

abstract: Włodzimierz Julian Korab-Karpowicz is a Polish philosopher and political theorist.

text:
# Włodzimierz Julian Korab-Karpowicz

**Włodzimierz Julian Korab-Karpowicz** (born 24 October 1953) is a Polish philosopher and political theorist.

## Biography

W. J. Korab-Karpowicz was born in Gliwice, Poland in 1953. He comes from a noble Polish family. Korab, included in his family name, refers to the Korab coat of arms. His grandfather Jan Korab-Karpowicz was a distinguished lawyer and cavalry officer in the pre-war Poland. In his early youth he lived in Gdańsk and then in Sopot, where he completed high school. He studied engineering at the Gdańsk University of Technology, where, in 1977, he completed a master's degree in Electronic Engineering.

He then studied philosophy at the Catholic University of Lublin, where, during the Solidarity revolution of 1980–1981, he became vice-president of the Independent Students' Union (NZS). Escaping the imposition of martial law in Poland, with a scholarship from the Leadership Development Office of the Presbyterian Church (USA), he continued his studies at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, B.C., 1983–1984, the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., 1984–1987, and at the University of Oxford, 1988–1991.

In 1999 he received a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Oxford, for a thesis titled "The Presocratic Thinkers in the Thought of Martin Heidegger". In 2014 he received his Habilitation in Philosophy at the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland.

## Career

In 1991 he returned to Poland and was elected Deputy Mayor of Gdańsk, 1991–1992. He founded and directed the Sopot School of Polish in 1990, the Benjamin Franklin Institute of Management in 1991, the European Foundation for the Preservation of Monuments in 1993, and the College of International Affairs in 1995. He served as a diplomat with the rank of First Secretary at the Embassy of the Republic of Poland in Norway from 1998 to 2000, and acted as an ethics expert for the European Commission from 2005 to 2006. In 2014 he participated in Poland's presidential elections, but did not gain sufficient support to become an official candidate. In 2020 he was nominated the president in-spe (waiting for the office) by the monarchist initiative of Leh XI Wojciech Edward to reestablish the Kingdom of Poland.

## Academic career

Korab-Karpowicz has taught at several universities including Lazarski University in Warsaw, Poland, Bilkent University, Meliksah University in Turkey, Kyung Hee University in South Korea, the Anglo-American University of Prague in the Czech Republic, the Lebanese American University and the Hariri Canadian University in Lebanon, Sun Yat-sen University in China and Texas State University in the United States, and more recently at Zayed University in Dubai. He is Lady Davis Visiting professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

He is considered “one of Poland's most renowned philosophers and political thinkers” and has written several books. He is the author of *On the History of Political Philosophy: Great Political Thinkers from Thucydides to Locke,* (Routledge 2016) and *Tractatus Politico-Philosophicus: New Directions for the Future Development of Humankind,* (Routledge 2017). His articles have been published by *The Review of Metaphysics*, *The Monist*, *Philosophy Today*, *Ethical Theory and Moral Practice*, *Modern Age*, and many other journals. In his publications he usually uses the name: W. Julian Korab-Karpowicz. Also, being a public intellectual, he often writes for Polish and international newspapers, including Rzeczpospolita, Nasz Dziennik, Tygodnik Solidarność, Do Rzeczy, China Daily, Today's Zaman and Jerusalem Post.

## InfoBox

| Włodzimierz Julian Korab-Karpowicz | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 24 October 1953<br>Gliwice, Poland |
| Alma mater | University of Oxford |
| Occupation | philosophy professor |
| Notable work | Tractatus Politico-Philosophicus |
|  | |
| Thesis | *The Presocratic Thinkers in the Thought of Martin Heidegger* (1999) |
| Doctoral advisor | Michael Inwood |
|  | |
| Wlodzimierz Julian Korab-Karpowicz  Coat of arms Korab  Noble family Karpowicz h. Korab  Father Zbigniew Karpowicz h. Korab  Mother Danuta Miller h. Pomian | |


title: When Ski Lifts Go Wrong

abstract: When Ski Lifts Go Wrong is a construction and management simulation video game created by British indie developer Hugecalf Studios and published by Curve Digital. When Ski Lifts Go Wrong was released in early access on 4 October 2017 and fully released on 23 January 2019.

text:
# When Ski Lifts Go Wrong

***When Ski Lifts Go Wrong*** is a construction and management simulation video game created by British indie developer Hugecalf Studios and published by Curve Digital. *When Ski Lifts Go Wrong* was released in early access on 4 October 2017 and fully released on 23 January 2019.

## Gameplay

*When Ski Lifts Go Wrong* is a low-poly physics-based construction simulation game in which the player must construct chairlifts, gondolas, jumps and bridges to get non-playable character skiers through a snowy mountain setting.

The goal is to achieve success in attempts to build strong structures within a budget. Each stage begins with a landscape over a paper background, where the materials can be placed and a cable is attached to these structures. The game visualises the amount of stress on each attached structure using colours so that the player knows which aspects of their construction they should improve on.

Each level is completed when the player creates a working structure to carry a set number of controllable non-player character riders to the other side of the map. In over 100 levels, riders have to be carried across safely and the map has to remain intact. There are other factors in each level, such as a star rating which counts the number of stars the riders collect during the level, and a price limit which the player should stay under. A level editor is available, where players can create their own maps to play on.

## Development

*When Ski Lift Go Wrong* was released in early access under the name *Carried Away* on 4 October 2017. A downloadable content pack, titled *Carried Away: Winter Sports*, was released on 9 February 2018, which features new modes and enables the player to compete in different sports. *When Ski Lift Go Wrong* was fully released on 23 January 2019 for Windows, macOS and Nintendo Switch.

## Reception

*When Ski Lifts Go Wrong* has been described as a game that is "easy to pick up, but hard to master." The game has been compared to *Happy Wheels* and *Bridge Constructor*.

## InfoBox

| When Ski Lifts Go Wrong | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover art for *When Ski Lifts Go Wrong* | |
| Developer(s) | Hugecalf Studios |
| Publisher(s) | Curve Digital |
| Platform(s) |  |
| Release | Early access * WW: 4 October 2017 Full release * WW: 23 January 2019 |
| Genre(s) |  |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Navy Supply Corps

abstract: The Navy Supply Corps is the United States Navy staff corps concerned with supply, logistics, combat support, readiness, contracting, and fiscal matters.

text:
# Navy Supply Corps

The **Navy Supply Corps** is the United States Navy staff corps concerned with supply, logistics, combat support, readiness, contracting, and fiscal matters.

## Duties

Commissioned officers in the Supply Corps practice a variety of disciplines, including supply management, expeditionary logistics, inventory control, disbursement, financial management, contracting, information systems, operations analysis, material and operational logistics, fuels management, food service, and physical distribution.

Supply Corps officers are widely distributed throughout the Navy and Department of Defense; they are typically billeted to an operational command (sub, ship, EODMU, Seal Team, NMCB/ACB, etc) or shore activity's supply department, or to a supply unit or command, such as Navy Expeditionary Logistics Support Groups (NAVELSG), Fleet Logistics Centers (FLCs) or Navy Special Warfare (SPECWAR) Logistics Groups which support the United States Navy SEALs.

Ratings that compose the U.S. Navy enlisted Supply community are:

## History

### Pursers

The Supply Corps emerged from the traditions of ashore naval logistics and the shipboard position of Purser, which had been in use with the Royal Navy since the 14th Century. The ship's Purser was primarily responsible for the handling of money and the procurement and keeping of stores and supplies.

The Supply Corps considers as its birthday 23 February 1795, when the nation's first Purveyor of Public Supplies, Tench Francis Jr., was appointed by President George Washington.

American Pursers served with distinction from the earliest days; Samuel Hambleton was a purser officer serving on Oliver Hazard Perry's flagship, the USS Lawrence, during the Battle of Lake Erie, when he volunteered to work a gun and aided in the Americans' eventual victory. Hambleton was severely wounded by a cannonball that fell onto him from the rigging of the ship.

Unlike their line counterparts, pursers originally did not hold rank. An 1854 Act of Congress legalized the relative rank conferred upon pursers by General Order of 27 May 1847. Pursers with more than twelve years' service ranked with commanders and those with less than twelve years ranked with lieutenants.

### Pay Corps

In 1860, the name of the position of Purser was changed to "Paymaster". Ashore naval logistics, which had been the purview of civilians, were transferred to Paymasters throughout the 1860s.

### Supply Corps

By Act of 11 July 1919 the designation of the Pay Corps was changed to Supply Corps.

Recent developments have mirrored those in the private sector logistics, with an increasing scientific and quantitative emphasis and reliance on networked computing power.

## Traditions

### The Oakleaf

Originally, staff officers were distinguished from line officers only by the details of their uniforms, such as number of buttons on lapels, cuffs and pockets, epaulets, color, cut of coat, or amount of gold lace.

Uniform regulations issued 1 May 1830 specified that a Purser should have, in addition to the live oak leaf and acorn (which appeared on the collars of all officers in varying abundance) a cornucopia embroidered on the collar of his full dress coat. In 1841 the distinguishing mark on the Purser's collar was changed to a 4" row of gold embroidered oak leaves and acorns.

A modification of the uniform regulations, dated 27 May 1847, provided gold epaulets for the Purser on which was a solid crescent with the Old English letters "P.D." in silver within the crescent. In September 1852 the letters "P.D." were abolished.

By General Order of 23 August 1856, Pursers were required to wear the uniform of their relative rank with the exception of the lace on the pantaloons; their corps device on epaulets, shoulder straps and cap remaining the same. As late as 1862 uniform regulations did not distinguish among the different staff corps. In January 1864 the various corps were again assigned distinguishing marks, with the Pay Corps insignia being a silver oak sprig worn on the shoulder straps and in the wreath of the cap.

In regulations of 1905, while the insignia of the Pay Corps remained "a silver oak sprig", the pattern was a little different. Instead of the three leaves and two acorns standing out separately from the stem as heretofore, the three leaves and three acorns (one acorn having been added) were brought together at the stem of the sprig inscribed in a rectangle.

The last significant change to the Supply Corps insignia came in 1919; the leaf retained its shape, but was to be embroidered in gold instead of silver.

### Ready for Sea

The official motto of the Supply Corps is "Ready for Sea" – reflecting the Supply Corps' longstanding role in sustaining warfighting. This motto derives from the traditional report from each Department Head of a ship to the Captain prior to an underway: the traditional form is *"Good Morning, Captain, The Supply Department is ready for sea in all respects."*

### Pork Chop

Supply Corps officers are often called "Pork Chop" within the wardroom, a reference to the Supply Corps oak leaf insignia's superficial resemblance to a pork chop. Supply Corps officers assigned to submarine duty are known simply as "Chop" for the same reason. Supply Corps officers are sometimes colloquially called "SuppO," although this term is technically reserved for the Department Head, who is nearly always the senior Supply Corps officer at a command. On small ships where two Supply Corps officers are posted, the junior officer ("ASuppO) is often called "Lamb Chop".

## Career progression

New Supply Corps junior officers attend the Navy Supply Corps School (NSCS) in Newport, Rhode Island.

Current Navy policy dictates that Supply Officers complete two operational tours and obtain a warfare pin for consideration for Lieutenant Commander (O-4) boards.

Supply Corps officers are eligible for command of supply units (e.g. a Supply Corps officer is always in command of Naval Cargo Handling Battalions). In addition to shipboard billets, Supply Corps officers also serve in forward deployed land-based units (e.g. with Construction Battalions working alongside Civil Engineer Corps officers and with the Marine Corps).

Three stars (Vice-Admiral) is the highest rank a Supply Corps officer can attain. Twenty-one Supply Corps Officers have advanced to that rank: William J. Carter, E. G. Morsell, Edwin Dorsey Foster, Charles W. Fox, Murrey L. Royar, A. A. Antrim, Stephen R. Edson, Robert F. Batchelder, Joseph M. Lyle, Kenneth R. Wheeler, George E. Moore II, Vincent A. Lascara, Eugene A. Grinstead, Edward "Fast Eddie" M. Straw, Keith W. Lippert, Justin D. McCarthy, Alan S. Thompson, Mark Harnitchek, William "Andy" Brown, Michelle C. Skubic and Dion D. English.

## Notable Supply Corps servicemembers

## InfoBox

| U.S. Navy Supply Corps | |
| --- | --- |
| Supply Corps "Oakleaf" insignia | |
| Active | 23 February 1795 – present |
| Country | United States of America |
| Allegiance | U.S. |
| Branch | U.S. Navy (Active & Reserve Component) |
| Type | Staff Corps |
| Role | Sustain U.S. Navy and U.S. Military Operations worldwide |
| Size | ~2200 Supply Officers (May 2018) |
| Part of | Naval Supply Systems Command |
| Nickname(s) | *Suppo*, *Chop'’* |
| Motto(s) | "Ready for Sea" |
| Anniversaries | 23 February |
| Engagements | Every U.S. engagement since the 1798 Quasi-War |
| Commanders | |
| Current
commander | RADM Kenneth Epps, SC, USN
Chief of Supply Corps |


title: Scythris laminella

abstract: Scythris laminella is a moth of the family Scythrididae. It was described by Michael Denis and Ignaz Schiffermüller in 1775. It is found in most of Europe and Central Asia. The wingspan is 9–11 mm. Adults are on wing from May to July. The larvae feed on Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus and Hieracium pilosella.

text:
# Scythris laminella

***Scythris laminella*** is a moth of the family Scythrididae. It was described by Michael Denis and Ignaz Schiffermüller in 1775. It is found in most of Europe (except Ireland, Great Britain, the Iberian Peninsula, Slovenia and Ukraine) and Central Asia.

The wingspan is 9–11 mm. Adults are on wing from May to July.

The larvae feed on *Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus* and *Hieracium pilosella*.

## InfoBox

| *Scythris laminella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Scythrididae |
| Genus: | *Scythris* |
| Species: | ***S. laminella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Scythris laminella***<br>(Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Tinea laminella* Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775 * *Butalis succisae* Rössler, 1866 * *Butalis schuetzei* Fuchs, 1901 * *Butalis disqueella* Fuchs, 1903 * *Lita aereella* Duponchel, 1842 | |


title: Municipalities of Chiapas

abstract: Chiapas is a state in Southwest Mexico. According to the 2020 Mexican census, it has the eighth largest population of all states with 5,543,828 inhabitants and the 10th largest by land area spanning 73,560.47 square kilometres (28,401.86 sq mi). Chiapas is officially divided into 124 municipalities, although the establishment of municipal authorities in Belisario Domínguez was suspended in 2015 pending the resolution of a territorial dispute between Chiapas and the neighbouring state of Oaxaca. In 2021, the Mexican Supreme Court resolved this dispute in Oaxaca's favour, and annulled the 2011 decree that had created Belisario Domínguez. Municipalities in Chiapas are administratively autonomous of the state according to the 115th article of the 1917 Constitution of Mexico. Every three years, citizens elect a municipal president by a plurality voting system who heads a concurrently elected municipal council (ayuntamiento) responsible for providing all the public services for their constituents. The municipal council consists of a variable number of trustees and councillors. Municipalities are responsible for public services, street lighting, public safety, traffic, and the maintenance of public parks, gardens and cemeteries. They may also assist the state and federal governments in education, emergency fire and medical services, environmental protection and maintenance of monuments and historical landmarks. Since 1984, they have had the power to collect property taxes and user fees, although more funds are obtained from the state and federal governments than from their own income. The largest municipality by population is the state capital Tuxtla Gutiérrez, with 604,147 residents while the smallest is Sunuapa with 2,308 residents. The largest municipality by land area is Ocosingo which spans 9,520.12 km⁲ (3,675.74 sq mi), and the smallest is Santiago el Pinar which spans 16.59 km⁲ (6.41 sq mi). The newest municipality is Honduras de la Sierra, incorporated on July 15, 2018.

text:
# Municipalities of Chiapas

Chiapas is a state in Southwest Mexico. According to the 2020 Mexican census, it has the eighth largest population of all states with 5,543,828 inhabitants and the 10th largest by land area spanning 73,560.47 square kilometres (28,401.86 sq mi). Chiapas is officially divided into 124 municipalities, although the establishment of municipal authorities in Belisario Domínguez was suspended in 2015 pending the resolution of a territorial dispute between Chiapas and the neighbouring state of Oaxaca. In 2021, the Mexican Supreme Court resolved this dispute in Oaxaca's favour, and annulled the 2011 decree that had created Belisario Domínguez.

Municipalities in Chiapas are administratively autonomous of the state according to the 115th article of the 1917 Constitution of Mexico. Every three years, citizens elect a municipal president (Spanish: *presidente municipal*) by a plurality voting system who heads a concurrently elected municipal council (*ayuntamiento*) responsible for providing all the public services for their constituents. The municipal council consists of a variable number of trustees and councillors (*regidores y síndicos*). Municipalities are responsible for public services (such as water and sewerage), street lighting, public safety, traffic, and the maintenance of public parks, gardens and cemeteries. They may also assist the state and federal governments in education, emergency fire and medical services, environmental protection and maintenance of monuments and historical landmarks. Since 1984, they have had the power to collect property taxes and user fees, although more funds are obtained from the state and federal governments than from their own income.

The largest municipality by population is the state capital Tuxtla Gutiérrez, with 604,147 residents while the smallest is Sunuapa with 2,308 residents. The largest municipality by land area is Ocosingo which spans 9,520.12 km2 (3,675.74 sq mi), and the smallest is Santiago el Pinar which spans 16.59 km2 (6.41 sq mi). The newest municipality is Honduras de la Sierra, incorporated on July 15, 2018.

## Municipalities

State capital

|
|  |
Municipalities of Chiapas
| Name | Municipal seat | Population
(2020) | Population
(2010) | Change | Land area | | Population density
(2020) | Incorporation date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | km2 | sq mi | | |
| Acacoyagua | Acacoyagua | 17,994 | 16,814 | +7.0% | 248.92 | 96.11 | 72.3/km2 (187.2/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Acala | Acala | 21,187 | 28,947 | −26.8% | 295.60 | 114.13 | 71.7/km2 (185.6/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Acapetahua | Acapetahua | 26,899 | 27,580 | −2.5% | 561.81 | 216.91 | 47.9/km2 (124.0/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Aldama | Aldama | 8,480 | 5,072 | +67.2% | 26.90 | 10.39 | 315.3/km2 (816.5/sq mi) | July 28, 1999 |
| Altamirano | Altamirano | 36,160 | 29,865 | +21.1% | 958.34 | 370.02 | 34.3/km2 (88.8/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Amatán | Amatán | 24,512 | 21,275 | +15.2% | 316.97 | 122.38 | 77.3/km2 (200.3/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Amatenango de la Frontera | Amatenango de la Frontera | 31,735 | 29,547 | +7.4% | 254.46 | 98.25 | 124.7/km2 (323.0/sq mi) | August 16, 1884 |
| Amatenango del Valle | Amatenango del Valle | 11,283 | 8,728 | +29.3% | 152.64 | 58.93 | 73.9/km2 (191.5/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Angel Albino Corzo | Jaltenango de la Paz | 31,947 | 26,628 | +20.0% | 583.54 | 225.31 | 48.3/km2 (125.0/sq mi) | March 1, 1933 |
| Arriaga | Arriaga | 41,135 | 40,042 | +2.7% | 810.52 | 312.94 | 50.8/km2 (131.4/sq mi) | May 28, 1910 |
| Bejucal de Ocampo | Bejucal de Ocampo | 7,365 | 7,623 | −3.4% | 79.00 | 30.50 | 93.2/km2 (241.5/sq mi) | May 4, 1912 |
| Belisario Domínguez | Rodulfo Figueroa |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Bella Vista | Bella Vista | 20,157 | 19,281 | +4.5% | 214.47 | 82.81 | 94.0/km2 (243.4/sq mi) | June 10, 1925 |
| Benemérito de las Américas | Benemérito de las Américas | 23,603 | 17,282 | +36.6% | 1,096.70 | 423.44 | 21.5/km2 (55.7/sq mi) | July 28, 1999 |
| Berriozábal | Berriozábal | 64,632 | 43,179 | +49.7% | 353.15 | 136.35 | 183.0/km2 (474.0/sq mi) | May 30, 1898 |
| Bochil | Bochil | 37,263 | 30,642 | +21.6% | 366.42 | 141.48 | 101.7/km2 (263.4/sq mi) | August 28, 1929 |
| Cacahoatán | Cacahoatán | 50,112 | 43,811 | +14.4% | 174.80 | 67.49 | 286.7/km2 (742.5/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Capitán Luis Ángel Vidal | Capitán Luis Ángel Vidal | 4,315 | 3,653 | +18.1% | 225.24 | 86.97 | 19.2/km2 (49.6/sq mi) | September 6, 2017 |
| Catazajá | Catazajá | 17,619 | 17,140 | +2.8% | 631.76 | 243.93 | 27.9/km2 (72.2/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Chalchihuitán | Chalchihuitán | 21,915 | 14,027 | +56.2% | 185.91 | 71.78 | 117.9/km2 (305.3/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Chamula | Chamula | 101,967 | 76,941 | +32.5% | 345.67 | 133.46 | 295.0/km2 (764.0/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Chanal | Chanal | 13,678 | 10,817 | +26.4% | 408.07 | 157.56 | 33.5/km2 (86.8/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Chapultenango | Chapultenango | 7,472 | 7,332 | +1.9% | 182.02 | 70.28 | 41.0/km2 (106.3/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Chenalhó | Chenalhó | 47,371 | 36,111 | +31.2% | 252.23 | 97.39 | 187.8/km2 (486.4/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Chiapa de Corzo | Chiapa de Corzo | 112,075 | 87,603 | +27.9% | 833.39 | 321.77 | 134.5/km2 (348.3/sq mi) | March 31, 1849 |
| Chiapilla | Chiapilla | 6,156 | 5,405 | +13.9% | 51.58 | 19.91 | 119.4/km2 (309.1/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Chicoasén | Chicoasén | 5,402 | 5,018 | +7.7% | 115.72 | 44.68 | 46.7/km2 (120.9/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Chicomuselo | Chicomuselo | 36,785 | 31,515 | +16.7% | 999.91 | 386.07 | 36.8/km2 (95.3/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Chilón | Chilón | 137,262 | 111,554 | +23.0% | 1,685.16 | 650.65 | 81.5/km2 (211.0/sq mi) | March 31, 1849 |
| Cintalapa | Cintalapa de Figueroa | 88,106 | 78,114 | +12.8% | 2,448.75 | 945.47 | 36.0/km2 (93.2/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Coapilla | Coapilla | 9,900 | 8,444 | +17.2% | 155.53 | 60.05 | 63.7/km2 (164.9/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Comitán de Domínguez | Comitán de Domínguez | 166,178 | 141,013 | +17.8% | 981.19 | 378.84 | 169.4/km2 (438.6/sq mi) | March 31, 1849 |
| Copainalá | Copainalá | 22,192 | 21,050 | +5.4% | 347.56 | 134.20 | 63.8/km2 (165.4/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| El Bosque | El Bosque | 24,273 | 18,559 | +30.8% | 159.69 | 61.65 | 152.0/km2 (393.7/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| El Parral | El Parral | 15,587 | 14,171 | +10.0% | 365.50 | 141.12 | 42.6/km2 (110.5/sq mi) | November 23, 2011 |
| El Porvenir | El Porvenir | 12,263 | 13,201 | −7.1% | 82.95 | 32.03 | 147.8/km2 (382.9/sq mi) | November 23, 1922 |
| Emiliano Zapata | 20 de Noviembre | 10,783 | 9,915 | +8.8% | 179.14 | 69.17 | 60.2/km2 (155.9/sq mi) | November 23, 2011 |
| Escuintla | Escuintla | 30,896 | 30,068 | +2.8% | 418.36 | 161.53 | 73.9/km2 (191.3/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Francisco León | Rivera el Viejo Carmen | 7,245 | 7,000 | +3.5% | 210.79 | 81.39 | 34.4/km2 (89.0/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Frontera Comalapa | Frontera Comalapa | 80,897 | 67,012 | +20.7% | 767.14 | 296.19 | 105.5/km2 (273.1/sq mi) | February 28, 1930 |
| Frontera Hidalgo | Frontera Hidalgo | 14,556 | 12,665 | +14.9% | 94.38 | 36.44 | 154.2/km2 (399.4/sq mi) | August 28, 1929 |
| Honduras de la Sierra | Honduras de la Sierra | 11,650 | 10,989 | +6.0% | 200.00 | 77.22 | 58.3/km2 (150.9/sq mi) | July 15, 2018 |
| Huehuetán | Huehuetán | 36,333 | 33,444 | +8.6% | 304.26 | 117.48 | 119.4/km2 (309.3/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Huitiupán | Huitiupán | 27,893 | 22,536 | +23.8% | 340.23 | 131.36 | 82.0/km2 (212.3/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Huixtán | Huixtán | 22,975 | 21,507 | +6.8% | 311.82 | 120.40 | 73.7/km2 (190.8/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Huixtla | Huixtla | 53,242 | 51,359 | +3.7% | 397.55 | 153.50 | 133.9/km2 (346.9/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Ixhuatán | Ixhuatan | 11,377 | 10,239 | +11.1% | 94.68 | 36.55 | 120.2/km2 (311.2/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Ixtacomitán | Ixtacomitán | 10,961 | 10,176 | +7.7% | 125.66 | 48.52 | 87.2/km2 (225.9/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Ixtapa | Ixtapa | 28,999 | 24,517 | +18.3% | 280.02 | 108.12 | 103.6/km2 (268.2/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Ixtapangajoya | Ixtapangajoya | 6,284 | 5,478 | +14.7% | 107.60 | 41.54 | 58.4/km2 (151.3/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Jiquipilas | Jiquipilas | 41,063 | 37,818 | +8.6% | 1,305.75 | 504.15 | 31.4/km2 (81.4/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Jitotol | Jitotol | 24,966 | 18,683 | +33.6% | 236.37 | 91.26 | 105.6/km2 (273.6/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Juárez | Juárez | 21,807 | 21,084 | +3.4% | 745.21 | 287.73 | 29.3/km2 (75.8/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| La Concordia | La Concordia | 49,920 | 44,082 | +13.2% | 2,580.75 | 996.43 | 19.3/km2 (50.1/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| La Grandeza | La Grandeza | 7,701 | 7,272 | +5.9% | 48.86 | 18.87 | 157.6/km2 (408.2/sq mi) | February 5, 1921 |
| La Independencia | La Independencia | 46,409 | 41,266 | +12.5% | 516.08 | 199.26 | 89.9/km2 (232.9/sq mi) | February 28, 1930 |
| La Libertad | La Libertad | 5,232 | 4,974 | +5.2% | 458.10 | 176.87 | 11.4/km2 (29.6/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| La Trinitaria | La Trinitaria | 83,111 | 72,769 | +14.2% | 1,608.38 | 621.00 | 51.7/km2 (133.8/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Larráinzar | San Andrés Larráinzar | 31,259 | 20,349 | +53.6% | 149.29 | 57.64 | 209.4/km2 (542.3/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Las Margaritas | Las Margaritas | 141,027 | 111,484 | +26.5% | 3,025.71 | 1,168.23 | 46.6/km2 (120.7/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Las Rosas | Las Rosas | 28,829 | 25,530 | +12.9% | 235.61 | 90.97 | 122.4/km2 (316.9/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Mapastepec | Mapastepec | 46,130 | 43,913 | +5.0% | 1,223.87 | 472.54 | 37.7/km2 (97.6/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Maravilla Tenejapa | Maravilla Tenejapa | 14,714 | 11,451 | +28.5% | 637.12 | 245.99 | 23.1/km2 (59.8/sq mi) | July 28, 1999 |
| Marqués de Comillas | Zamora Pico de Oro | 12,892 | 9,856 | +30.8% | 912.40 | 352.28 | 14.1/km2 (36.6/sq mi) | July 28, 1999 |
| Mazapa de Madero | Mazapa de Madero | 7,901 | 7,793 | +1.4% | 110.69 | 42.74 | 71.4/km2 (184.9/sq mi) | February 5, 1921 |
| Mazatán | Mazatán | 28,250 | 26,573 | +6.3% | 383.99 | 148.26 | 73.6/km2 (190.5/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Metapa | Metapa de Domínguez | 5,876 | 5,033 | +16.7% | 27.33 | 10.55 | 215.0/km2 (557.0/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Mezcalapa | Raudales Malpaso | 23,847 | 20,950 | +13.8% | 847.31 | 327.15 | 28.1/km2 (72.9/sq mi) | November 14, 2011 |
| Mitontic | Mitontic | 13,755 | 11,157 | +23.3% | 36.69 | 14.17 | 374.9/km2 (971.0/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Montecristo de Guerrero | Montecristo de Guerrero | 8,412 | 6,900 | +21.9% | 198.59 | 76.68 | 42.4/km2 (109.7/sq mi) | July 28, 1999 |
| Motozintla | Motozintla de Mendoza | 76,398 | 69,119 | +10.5% | 586.39 | 226.41 | 130.3/km2 (337.4/sq mi) | February 5, 1921 |
| Nicolás Ruíz | Nicolás Ruíz | 4,765 | 4,317 | +10.4% | 29.63 | 11.44 | 160.8/km2 (416.5/sq mi) | November 23, 1922 |
| Ocosingo | Ocosingo | 234,661 | 198,877 | +18.0% | 9,520.12 | 3,675.74 | 24.6/km2 (63.8/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Ocotepec | Ocotepec | 14,088 | 11,878 | +18.6% | 61.34 | 23.68 | 229.7/km2 (594.8/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Ocozocoautla de Espinosa | Ocozocoautla de Espinosa | 97,397 | 82,059 | +18.7% | 2,102.52 | 811.79 | 46.3/km2 (120.0/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Ostuacán | Ostuacán | 18,469 | 17,067 | +8.2% | 600.46 | 231.84 | 30.8/km2 (79.7/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Osumacinta | Osumacinta | 3,983 | 3,792 | +5.0% | 92.61 | 35.76 | 43.0/km2 (111.4/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Oxchuc | Oxchuc | 54,932 | 43,350 | +26.7% | 417.85 | 161.33 | 131.5/km2 (340.5/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Palenque | Palenque | 132,265 | 110,918 | +19.2% | 2,897.44 | 1,118.71 | 45.6/km2 (118.2/sq mi) | March 31, 1849 |
| Pantelhó | Pantelhó | 26,391 | 20,589 | +28.2% | 193.18 | 74.59 | 136.6/km2 (353.8/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Pantepec | Pantepec | 12,266 | 10,870 | +12.8% | 106.03 | 40.94 | 115.7/km2 (299.6/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Pichucalco | Pichucalco | 31,919 | 29,813 | +7.1% | 595.09 | 229.76 | 53.6/km2 (138.9/sq mi) | March 31, 1849 |
| Pijijiapan | Pijijiapan | 51,193 | 50,079 | +2.2% | 1,762.77 | 680.61 | 29.0/km2 (75.2/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacán | Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacán | 29,636 | 31,075 | −4.6% | 248.25 | 95.85 | 119.4/km2 (309.2/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Rayón | Rayón | 10,866 | 9,002 | +20.7% | 67.90 | 26.22 | 160.0/km2 (414.5/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Reforma | Reforma | 44,829 | 40,711 | +10.1% | 436.30 | 168.46 | 102.7/km2 (266.1/sq mi) | December 27, 1933 |
| Rincón Chamula San Pedro | Rincón Chamula | 8,718 | 7,244 | +20.3% | 77.93 | 30.09 | 111.9/km2 (289.7/sq mi) | September 6, 2017 |
| Sabanilla | Sabanilla | 29,889 | 25,187 | +18.7% | 250.78 | 96.83 | 119.2/km2 (308.7/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Salto de Agua | Salto de Agua | 64,251 | 57,253 | +12.2% | 1,232.27 | 475.78 | 52.1/km2 (135.0/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| San Andrés Duraznal | San Andrés Duraznal | 5,163 | 4,545 | +13.6% | 38.46 | 14.85 | 134.2/km2 (347.7/sq mi) | July 28, 1999 |
| San Cristóbal de las Casas | San Cristóbal de las Casas | 215,874 | 185,917 | +16.1% | 395.50 | 152.70 | 545.8/km2 (1,413.7/sq mi) | March 31, 1849 |
| San Fernando | San Fernando | 41,793 | 33,060 | +26.4% | 360.74 | 139.28 | 115.9/km2 (300.1/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| San Juan Cancuc | San Juan Cancuc | 37,948 | 29,016 | +30.8% | 173.62 | 67.04 | 218.6/km2 (566.1/sq mi) | August 30, 1989 |
| San Lucas | San Lucas | 7,202 | 6,734 | +6.9% | 94.35 | 36.43 | 76.3/km2 (197.7/sq mi) | May 8, 1935 |
| Santiago el Pinar | Santiago el Pinar | 4,959 | 3,245 | +52.8% | 16.59 | 6.41 | 298.9/km2 (774.1/sq mi) | July 28, 1999 |
| Siltepec | Siltepec | 25,937 | 38,143 | −32.0% | 264.50 | 102.12 | 98.1/km2 (254.0/sq mi) | February 5, 1921 |
| Simojovel | Simojovel de Allende | 52,935 | 40,297 | +31.4% | 314.99 | 121.62 | 168.1/km2 (435.3/sq mi) | March 31, 1849 |
| Sitalá | Sitalá | 15,518 | 12,269 | +26.5% | 105.75 | 40.83 | 146.7/km2 (380.0/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Socoltenango | Socoltenango | 19,092 | 17,125 | +11.5% | 634.91 | 245.14 | 30.1/km2 (77.9/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Solosuchiapa | Solosuchiapa | 8,561 | 8,065 | +6.2% | 156.84 | 60.56 | 54.6/km2 (141.4/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Soyaló | Soyaló | 10,890 | 9,740 | +11.8% | 96.41 | 37.22 | 113.0/km2 (292.6/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Suchiapa | Suchiapa | 25,627 | 21,045 | +21.8% | 284.85 | 109.98 | 90.0/km2 (233.0/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Suchiate | Ciudad Hidalgo | 41,672 | 35,056 | +18.9% | 236.98 | 91.50 | 175.8/km2 (455.4/sq mi) | July 8, 1925 |
| Sunuapa | Sunuapa | 2,308 | 2,235 | +3.3% | 78.59 | 30.34 | 29.4/km2 (76.1/sq mi) | February 5, 1921 |
| Tapachula | Tapachula | 353,706 | 320,451 | +10.4% | 983.65 | 379.79 | 359.6/km2 (931.3/sq mi) | March 31, 1849 |
| Tapalapa | Tapalapa | 4,547 | 4,121 | +10.3% | 66.32 | 25.61 | 68.6/km2 (177.6/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Tapilula | Tapilula | 13,592 | 12,170 | +11.7% | 42.74 | 16.50 | 318.1/km2 (823.8/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Tecpatán | Tecpatán | 21,426 | 41,045 | −47.8% | 770.60 | 297.53 | 27.8/km2 (72.0/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Tenejapa | Tenejapa | 48,162 | 40,268 | +19.6% | 193.12 | 74.57 | 249.4/km2 (645.9/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Teopisca | Teopisca | 49,499 | 37,607 | +31.6% | 284.44 | 109.82 | 174.0/km2 (450.7/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Tila | Tila | 83,505 | 71,432 | +16.9% | 803.89 | 310.38 | 103.9/km2 (269.0/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Tonalá | Tonala | 91,913 | 84,594 | +8.7% | 1,858.92 | 717.73 | 49.4/km2 (128.1/sq mi) | March 31, 1849 |
| Totolapa | Totolapa | 7,211 | 6,375 | +13.1% | 169.10 | 65.29 | 42.6/km2 (110.4/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Tumbalá | Tumbalá | 38,025 | 31,723 | +19.9% | 403.52 | 155.80 | 94.2/km2 (244.1/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Tuxtla Chico | Tuxtla Chico | 41,024 | 37,737 | +8.7% | 161.95 | 62.53 | 253.3/km2 (656.1/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Tuxtla Gutiérrez | Tuxtla Gutiérrez | 604,147 | 553,374 | +9.2% | 336.07 | 129.76 | 1,797.7/km2 (4,656.0/sq mi) | March 31, 1849 |
| Tuzantán | Tuzantán | 30,302 | 28,137 | +7.7% | 174.87 | 67.52 | 173.3/km2 (448.8/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Tzimol | Tzimol | 16,560 | 14,009 | +18.2% | 359.44 | 138.78 | 46.1/km2 (119.3/sq mi) | April 1, 1931 |
| Unión Juárez | Unión Juárez | 16,008 | 14,089 | +13.6% | 62.26 | 24.04 | 257.1/km2 (665.9/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Venustiano Carranza | Venustiano Carranza | 67,292 | 61,341 | +9.7% | 1,364.65 | 526.89 | 49.3/km2 (127.7/sq mi) | March 31, 1849 |
| Villa Comaltitlán | Villa Comaltitlán | 29,636 | 27,899 | +6.2% | 447.05 | 172.61 | 66.3/km2 (171.7/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Villa Corzo | Villa Corzo | 65,643 | 74,477 | −11.9% | 2,764.48 | 1,067.37 | 23.7/km2 (61.5/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Villaflores | Villaflores | 109,536 | 98,618 | +11.1% | 1,907.90 | 736.64 | 57.4/km2 (148.7/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Yajalón | Yajalón | 40,285 | 34,028 | +18.4% | 209.96 | 81.07 | 191.9/km2 (496.9/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
| Zinacantán | Zinacantán | 45,373 | 36,489 | +24.3% | 195.26 | 75.39 | 232.4/km2 (601.8/sq mi) | December 11, 1882 |
|
| **Chiapas** |  | **5,543,828** | **4,796,580** | **+15.6%** | **73,560.47** | **28,401.86** | **75.4/km2 (195.2/sq mi)** |  |
| **Mexico** |  | **126,014,024** | **112,336,538** | **+12.2%** | **1,972,550** | **761,606** | **63.9/km2 (165.5/sq mi)** |  |

1. "Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020 - SCITEL" (in Spanish). INEGI. Retrieved 2021-01-27.
2. "Unidad de Microrregiones Cedulas de Informacion Municipal (SCIM)" (in Spanish). Secretara de Desarrollo Social. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
3. Constitución Política del Estado Libre y Soberano de Chiapas (PDF) (2) (in Spanish). September 6, 2017. Retrieved January 5, 2018.
4. "En 2018 sí habrá elecciones en nuevos municipios de Chiapas: SGG". *El Estado* (in Spanish). September 21, 2017. Archived from the original on January 6, 2018. Retrieved January 5, 2018.
5. "Desaparecen Concejo Municipal por controversia constitucional" (in Spanish). MuralChiapas. April 20, 2016. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
6. Briseño, Patricia (November 11, 2021). "SCJN ratifica límites históricos entre Oaxaca y Chiapas". *Excélsior* (in Spanish). Retrieved January 9, 2022.
7. López, Isaí (November 11, 2021). "SCJN deja sin efecto decreto del Congreso de Chiapas que creó municipio Belisario Domínguez". *El Heraldo de Chiapas* (in Spanish). Retrieved January 9, 2022.
8. Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (Article 115) (in Spanish). 1917. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
9. OECD (November 12, 2004). *New Forms of Governance for Economic Development*. OECD Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 9264015329.
10. International Business Publications (2009). *Mexico Company Laws and Regulations Handbook*. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-4330-7030-3. `{{cite book}}`: `|last=` has generic name (help)
11. López, Isaí (4 October 2019). "Honduras de la Sierra, el nuevo municipio". *El Heraldo de Chiapas* (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 October 2020.
12. "Localidades y su población por municipio segun tamaño de localidad" (PDF) (in Spanish). INEGI. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 31, 2018. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
13. *Estado de Chiapas División Territorial de 1810 a 1995* (PDF) (in Spanish). Mexico: INEGI. 1996. pp. 79–95. ISBN 970-13-1486-7.
14. "Enciclopedia de los Municipios" (in Spanish). INAFED.
15. "Catálogo Único de Claves de Áreas Geoestadísticas Estatales, Municipales y Localidades". INEGI. November 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
16. "Mezcalapa - Gobierno de Chiapas". *Chiapas.gob.mx*. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
17. "Población" (in Spanish). INEGI. Retrieved January 20, 2018.


title: Municipalities of Colima

abstract: Colima is a state in West Mexico that is divided into ten municipalities. According to the 2020 Mexican census, it has the smallest population of all Mexico's states with 731,391 inhabitants, and is the fifth smallest by land area spanning 5,801.75 square kilometres (2,240.07 sq mi). Municipalities in Colima are administratively autonomous of the state according to the 115th article of the 1917 Constitution of Mexico. The legal framework for Colima's municipalities is provided by Title VII of the state Constitution and the 2001 Law of Free Municipalities in the State of Colima. Every three years, citizens elect a municipal president by a plurality voting system who heads a concurrently elected municipal council (ayuntamiento) responsible for providing all the public services for their constituents. The municipal council consists of a variable number of trustees and councillors. Municipalities are responsible for public services, street lighting, public safety, traffic, and the maintenance of public parks, gardens and cemeteries. They may also assist the state and federal governments in education, emergency fire and medical services, environmental protection and maintenance of monuments and historical landmarks. Since 1984, they have had the power to collect property taxes and user fees, although more funds are obtained from the state and federal governments than from their own income. Article 88 of the state Constitution and Articles 11, 60 and 61 of the state's Law of Free Municipalities provide for the establishment of auxiliary authorities to represent communities in the municipalities other than the municipal seat (cabecera). These are elected by residents of the communities every three years, and are unipersonal except in rural communities with a population over 2,000 inhabitants, which elect boards (juntas) comprising a president, secretary and treasurer. Auxiliary authorities serve as liaisons between local communities and the municipal government. They do not have executive powers and do not constitute an independent level of local government. The largest municipality by population in Colima is Manzanillo, with 191,031 residents, and the smallest municipality is Ixtlahuacán with 5,623 residents. The largest municipality by area is also Manzanillo which spans 1,361.29 km⁲ (525.60 sq mi), while Villa de Álvarez is the smallest at 288.69 km⁲ (111.47 sq mi). The first municipality to incorporate was Colima on June 21, 1823 and the newest municipality is Armería which incorporated June 3, 1967.

text:
# Municipalities of Colima

Colima is a state in West Mexico that is divided into ten municipalities. According to the 2020 Mexican census, it has the smallest population of all Mexico's states with 731,391 inhabitants, and is the fifth smallest by land area spanning 5,801.75 square kilometres (2,240.07 sq mi).

Municipalities in Colima are administratively autonomous of the state according to the 115th article of the 1917 Constitution of Mexico. The legal framework for Colima's municipalities is provided by Title VII of the state Constitution and the 2001 Law of Free Municipalities in the State of Colima. Every three years, citizens elect a municipal president (Spanish: *presidente municipal*) by a plurality voting system who heads a concurrently elected municipal council (*ayuntamiento*) responsible for providing all the public services for their constituents. The municipal council consists of a variable number of trustees and councillors (*regidores y síndicos*). Municipalities are responsible for public services (such as water and sewerage), street lighting, public safety, traffic, and the maintenance of public parks, gardens and cemeteries. They may also assist the state and federal governments in education, emergency fire and medical services, environmental protection and maintenance of monuments and historical landmarks. Since 1984, they have had the power to collect property taxes and user fees, although more funds are obtained from the state and federal governments than from their own income.

Article 88 of the state Constitution and Articles 11, 60 and 61 of the state's Law of Free Municipalities provide for the establishment of auxiliary authorities (*autoridades auxiliares*) to represent communities in the municipalities other than the municipal seat (*cabecera*). These are elected by residents of the communities every three years, and are unipersonal except in rural communities with a population over 2,000 inhabitants, which elect boards (*juntas*) comprising a president, secretary and treasurer. Auxiliary authorities serve as liaisons between local communities and the municipal government. They do not have executive powers and do not constitute an independent level of local government.

The largest municipality by population in Colima is Manzanillo, with 191,031 residents, and the smallest municipality is Ixtlahuacán with 5,623 residents. The largest municipality by area is also Manzanillo which spans 1,361.29 km2 (525.60 sq mi), while Villa de Álvarez is the smallest at 288.69 km2 (111.47 sq mi). The first municipality to incorporate was Colima on June 21, 1823 and the newest municipality is Armería which incorporated June 3, 1967.

## Municipalities

State capital

|
|  |
Municipalities of Colima
| Name | Municipal seat | Population
(2020) | Population
(2010) | Change | Land area | | Population density
(2020) | Incorporation date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | km2 | sq mi | | |
| Armería | Ciudad de Armería | 27,626 | 28,695 | −3.7% | 410.05 | 158.32 | 67.4/km2 (174.5/sq mi) | June 3, 1967 |
| Colima | Colima | 157,048 | 146,904 | +6.9% | 748.40 | 288.96 | 209.8/km2 (543.5/sq mi) | June 21, 1823 |
| Comala | Comala | 21,661 | 20,888 | +3.7% | 315.45 | 121.80 | 68.7/km2 (177.8/sq mi) | August 15, 1823 |
| Coquimatlán | Coquimatlán | 20,837 | 19,385 | +7.5% | 528.59 | 204.09 | 39.4/km2 (102.1/sq mi) | July 13, 1867 |
| Cuauhtémoc | Cuauhtémoc | 31,267 | 27,107 | +15.3% | 413.38 | 159.61 | 75.6/km2 (195.9/sq mi) | February 1, 1919 |
| Ixtlahuacán | Ixtlahuacán | 5,623 | 5,300 | +6.1% | 376.08 | 145.20 | 15.0/km2 (38.7/sq mi) | July 13, 1867 |
| Manzanillo | Manzanillo | 191,031 | 161,420 | +18.3% | 1,361.29 | 525.60 | 140.3/km2 (363.5/sq mi) | June 20, 1873 |
| Minatitlán | Minatitlán | 10,231 | 8,174 | +25.2% | 416.15 | 160.68 | 24.6/km2 (63.7/sq mi) | August 17, 1912 |
| Tecomán | Tecomán | 116,305 | 112,726 | +3.2% | 943.67 | 364.35 | 123.2/km2 (319.2/sq mi) | August 15, 1823 |
| Villa de Álvarez | Villa de Álvarez | 149,762 | 119,956 | +24.8% | 288.69 | 111.47 | 518.8/km2 (1,343.6/sq mi) | August 15, 1823 |
|
| **Colima** |  | **731,391** | **650,555** | **+12.4%** | **5,801.75** | **2,240.07** | **126.1/km2 (326.5/sq mi)** |  |
| **Mexico** |  | **126,014,024** | **112,336,538** | **+12.2%** | **1,972,550** | **761,606** | **63.9/km2 (165.5/sq mi)** |  |


title: Museum Pachten

abstract: Museum Pachten, also known as the Römermuseum Pachten, is a museum in a former farmhouse in Fischerstraße, one of the oldest streets in the Dillingen district of Pachten, Saarland, Germany. The museum was established in 1990 and features displays related to the Gallo-Roman period in the Roman settlement of what was Contiomagus. Artifacts dated to the Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age and the era of the Celts are also on display. In January 2022, Dr Jürgen von Ahn was appointed as manager of the museum.

text:
# Museum Pachten

**Museum Pachten**, also known as the **Römermuseum Pachten**, is a museum in a former farmhouse in Fischerstraße, one of the oldest streets in the Dillingen district of Pachten, Saarland, Germany. The museum was established in 1990 and features displays related to the Gallo-Roman period in the Roman settlement of what was Contiomagus. Artifacts dated to the Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age and the era of the Celts are also on display. In January 2022, Dr Jürgen von Ahn was appointed as manager of the museum.

## History and displays

Established in 1990, it contains artifacts related to the prehistory and early history of the district. The exhibition focuses on the Gallo-Roman period in the Roman settlement of Contiomagus in the area. Contiomagus was significant in that it was accessed by two Roman trunk roads, one which led from Metz to Mainz, and the other from Trier to Strasbourg.

The Roman origin of Pachten has been known since about the 17th century, though finds from the Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age and the era of the Celts are also on display. A geological collection contains fossils and minerals from the surrounding area. There are two dark rooms where burial pits with Roman and Frankish burials can be seen. The original bedroom and domestic objects from the farm can be seen, and the gallery hosts temporary exhibitions. In the vicinity is a Roman park with a reconstructed Roman fort tower.

In January 2022, Dr Jürgen von Ahn became manager of the museum. After being appointed he was quoted as saying (in German) "I quickly realized how important the Roman history of Pachten is and how many extraordinary objects have been found here over the decades." In 2022 the museum temporarily closed for renovation.

49°21′18″N 6°42′31″E / 49.35500°N 6.70861°E / 49.35500; 6.70861


title: Museum Park station

abstract: Museum Park is a Metromover station located on the southeast corner of Biscayne Boulevard and I-395 in Miami, Florida. Originally opened as Bicentennial Park in 1994 and closed in 1996, the station reopened with the completion of the Pérez Art Museum Miami at the newly renamed eponymous park in 2013. The station is located near the intersection of Biscayne Boulevard and Northeast 11th Street, adjacent to the MacArthur Causeway.

text:
# Museum Park station

**Museum Park** is a Metromover station located on the southeast corner of Biscayne Boulevard and I-395 in Miami, Florida. Originally opened as **Bicentennial Park** in 1994 and closed in 1996, the station reopened with the completion of the Pérez Art Museum Miami at the newly renamed eponymous park in 2013.

The station is located near the intersection of Biscayne Boulevard (US 1) and Northeast 11th Street, adjacent to the MacArthur Causeway (I-395/Florida A1A).

## History

The station opened May 26, 1994 when the Mover's Omni and Brickell extensions were inaugurated. The station was designed with long winding walk paths on the ground level. However the station was underused and subsequently fell prone to chronic vandalism by people who would steal, among other things, the metal edges of the concrete steps that lead to the platform. The then Metro-Dade Transit Agency kept replacing the stolen fixtures only for them to be swiped again. With low ridership at the station except during the Grand Prix of Miami, MDTA elected to close it effective October 28, 1996.

The station was refurbished by MDT with funds from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and reopened as Museum Park November 29, 2013. By 2014, the station was once again plagued with low ridership, generally the lowest of the system's 21 stations.

## InfoBox

| Museum Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Metromover people mover station | |
| View of the station and a departing Metrobus city bus | |
| General information | |
| Location | 1191 Biscayne Boulevard<br>Miami, Florida 33132 |
| Coordinates | 25°47′9″N 80°11′16″W / 25.78583°N 80.18778°W / 25.78583; -80.18778 |
| Owned by | Miami-Dade County |
| Platforms | 1 island platform |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Connections | Metrobus: 3, 14, 20, 100, 203 |
| Construction | |
| Accessible | Yes |
| History | |
| Opened | * May 26, 1994 (May 26, 1994) * November 29, 2013 |
| Closed | October 28, 1996 (October 28, 1996) |
| Previous names | **Bicentennial Park** (1994–96) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| 192 (weekday average, August 2014) | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Miami-Dade Transit Following station  Eleventh Streettoward Downtown  Omni Loop  Adrienne Arsht Centertoward School Board | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | |


title: Museum Partnership School

abstract: The Museum Partnership School is a Fitchburg, Massachusetts public pilot school partnered with the Fitchburg Art Museum. It began as a small elementary school and has slowly grown to encompass a middle school program. Students at this institution have the chance to learn directly from the original art displayed at the museum. The name has since been changed to "FAA", or "Fitchburg Art Academy".

text:
# Museum Partnership School

The **Museum Partnership School** is a Fitchburg, Massachusetts public pilot school partnered with the Fitchburg Art Museum. It began as a small elementary school and has slowly grown to encompass a middle school program. Students at this institution have the chance to learn directly from the original art displayed at the museum. The name has since been changed to "FAA", or "Fitchburg Art Academy".

* http://www.fitchburgartmuseum.org/mps/index1.html%5B%5D
* "Fitchburg Public Schools - Fitchburg Art Museum Partnership Pilot School". Archived from the original on 2006-08-20. Retrieved 2020-04-14.

42°35′42″N 71°47′22″W / 42.59500°N 71.78944°W / 42.59500; -71.78944


title: Xenin

abstract: Xenin is a peptide hormone secreted from the chromogranin A-positive enteroendocrine cells called the K-cells in the mucous membrane of the duodenum and stomach of the upper gut. The peptide has been found in humans, dogs, pigs, rats, and rabbits. In humans, xenin circulates in the blood plasma. There is a relationship between peaks of xenin concentration in the plasma and the third phase of the Migrating Motor Complex. For example, infusion of synthetic xenin in fasting volunteers will cause phase III activity. After a meal, infusion of xenin increases both frequency and the percentage of aborally propagated contractions. In higher concentrations xenin stimulates exocrine pancreatic secretion and inhibits the gastrin-stimulated secretion of acid in dogs. Xenin is also produced in neuroendocrine tumors of the duodenal mucosa. In vitro, xenin interacts with the neurotensin receptor 1.

text:
# Xenin

**Xenin** is a peptide hormone secreted from the chromogranin A-positive enteroendocrine cells called the K-cells in the mucous membrane of the duodenum and stomach of the upper gut. The peptide has been found in humans, dogs, pigs, rats, and rabbits.

In humans, xenin circulates in the blood plasma. There is a relationship between peaks of xenin concentration in the plasma and the third phase of the Migrating Motor Complex. For example, infusion of synthetic xenin in fasting volunteers will cause phase III activity. After a meal (the 'postprandial state'), infusion of xenin increases both frequency and the percentage of aborally propagated contractions. In higher concentrations xenin stimulates exocrine pancreatic secretion and inhibits the gastrin-stimulated secretion of acid in dogs. Xenin is also produced in neuroendocrine tumors of the duodenal mucosa.

*In vitro*, xenin interacts with the neurotensin receptor 1.

## Structure and sequence

Xenin is a 25-amino acid polypeptide. The amino acid sequence of xenin is identical to the N-terminal end of cytoplasmic coatomer subunit alpha, from which xenin can be cleaved by aspartic proteases. Xenin is structurally related to the amphibian peptide xenopsin and to the neuropeptide neurotensin.

Surpassed by insulin, xenin reflects the second highest degree of homology traced along the evolutionary tree among the regulatory peptides, indicating its prominent structural conservatism.

## Proxenin

Proxenin is the precursor to xenin. It is a 35-amino acid polypeptide. Like xenin, its amino acid sequence exactly matches the N-terminus of coatomer subunit alpha.

## As a drug target

Xenin promotes beta-cell survival and xenin has been evaluated in animal models of obesity and diabetes where it has demonstrated an antidiabetic potential. In humans, co-administration of xenin-25 and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) reduces postprandial glycemia by delaying gastric emptying.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Coatomer subunit alpha | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | COPA |
| RefSeq | NP\_001091868 |
| UniProt | P53621 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 1 *q23.2* |
| Search for  Structures Swiss-model  Domains InterPro | |


title: Xitieshan Solar Park

abstract: CGN's Xitieshan Solar Park is a 100 megawatt (MW) photovoltaic power station located in the Qinghai Province, China. Construction was completed in three phases, Xitieshan Phase I was 10 MW, Xitieshan Phase II was 30 MW, and Xitieshan Phase III was 60 MW. It was completed on 30 September 2011, and at the time was the largest grid connected photovoltaic power station in the world.

text:
# Xitieshan Solar Park

CGN's **Xitieshan Solar Park** is a 100 megawatt (MW) photovoltaic power station located in the Qinghai Province, China. Construction was completed in three phases, Xitieshan Phase I was 10 MW, Xitieshan Phase II was 30 MW, and Xitieshan Phase III was 60 MW. It was completed on 30 September 2011, and at the time was the largest grid connected photovoltaic power station in the world.

## InfoBox

| Xitieshan Solar Park | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Country | China |
| Location | Qinghai Province |
| Coordinates | 37°18′34″N 95°29′05″E / 37.30944°N 95.48472°E / 37.30944; 95.48472 |
| Status | Operational |
| Commission date | 30 September 2011 |
| Owners | CGN |
| Solar farm | |
| Type | Flat-panel PV |
| Power generation | |
| Nameplate capacity | 100 MWP |
| Annual net output | 164 GWh |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Xitaxi massacre

text:
# Xitaxi massacre

On April 7, 2020, jihadists from Islamic State – Central Africa Province in Mozambique killed at least fifty-two young civilians in Xitaxi, Muidumbe District, Mozambique after the young men of the village refused to join the group. The massacre was one of the deadliest massacres perpetrated by Mozambique's cell of the Islamic State.

## Background

Beginning in 2017, radicalized Islamists in northern Mozambique's Cabo Delgado Province began conducting attacks on villages and Mozambican Armed Forces (FADM) across the province, and attempting to create an Islamic State in Mozambique. The group gained recognition from Islamic State affiliates in the DRC, and became part of Islamic State – Central Africa Province (ISCAP). In early 2020, ISCAP launched offensives against FADM across Cabo Delgado, seizing roads and territory in Quissanga and Muidumbe. The group even captured Mocímboa da Praia briefly.

## Massacre

When ISCAP invaded the town of Xitaxi in early April, they attempted to recruit the young men of the town into joining the group. The young men refused, and were called to a meeting in the center of the town. They were subsequently all "brutally and cruelly" beheaded by the militants. At least fifty-two people were killed in the massacre, and FADM and Mozambican provincial police only gained access to Xitaxi weeks after the massacre.

## Aftermath

Many of Xitaxi's residents and families of the victims fled the town after the massacre, with many ending up in refugee camps across the country. A survivor of the massacre speaking to Mail and Guardian stated that the bodies were abandoned in the immediate aftermath of the attack, and some were eaten by dogs. The Xitaxi massacre was one of the deadliest massacres committed by ISCAP since the start of the insurgency.

Mozambican interior minister Amade Miquidade stated that on April 7, thirty-nine ISCAP militants were killed when they attempted to attack the city of Muidumbe. Fifty-nine more were killed in a battle on the Quirimbas Islands on April 10, and thirty-one more were killed in a battle on Ibo Island between April 11 and 13.

## InfoBox

| Xitaxi massacre | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Insurgency in Cabo Delgado | |
| Location | Xitaxi, Muidumbe District, Mozambique |
| Date | April 7, 2020 |
| Deaths | 52+ |
| Perpetrator | Islamic State - Central Africa Province |
| Motive | Refusal from civilians to join ISCAP |


title: Xiangyin Confucius Temple

abstract: Xiangyin Confucius Temple is a Confucian temple located in Wenxing Subdistrict of Xiangyin County, Hunan, China.

text:
# Xiangyin Confucius Temple

**Xiangyin Confucius Temple** (simplified Chinese: 湘阴文庙; traditional Chinese: 湘陰文廟; pinyin: *Xiāngyīn Wénmiào*) is a Confucian temple located in Wenxing Subdistrict of Xiangyin County, Hunan, China.

## History

Xiangyin Confucius Temple was first built in 1044, during the Northern Song dynasty (9601127), and went through many changes and repairs through the following dynasties. Most of the present structures in the temple were repaired or built in 1744, during the ruling of Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty (16441911).

Xiangyin Confucius Temple has been classified as a provincial cultural unit in 1983. The most recent renovation was in 2009. In 2013, it was listed among the 7th batch of "Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Hunan" by the State Council of China.

## Architecture

Xiangyin Confucius Temple covers an area of 14,000-square-metre (150,000 sq ft).

The Dacheng Hall is the main hall of the temple. It is 15-metre (49 ft) high, three rooms wide, three rooms deep and has double-eave gable and hip roofs.

### Bibliography

* Editorial Department, ed. (2016). "Scenic spots around southern Yueyang" 岳阳南部景点. *Discoverer: Hunan* 《发现者：湖南》 (in Chinese) (2 ed.). Beijing: Tourism Education Press. ISBN 978-7-5637-3373-6.
* Wu Boya (2017). "Yueyang" 岳阳. 走遍中国：湖南 \[*Travel All Over China: Hunan*\] (in Chinese) (3 ed.). Beijing: China Travel & Tourism Press. ISBN 978-7-5032-5846-6.

## InfoBox

| Xiangyin Confucius Temple | |
| --- | --- |
| 湘阴文庙 | |
| Dacheng Gate | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Confucianism |
| Deity | Confucius |
| Location | |
| Location | Wenxing Subdistrict, Xiangyin County, Hunan, China |
| Shown within HunanXiangyin Confucius Temple (China) | |
| Geographic coordinates | 28°40′24.67″N 112°52′35.14″E / 28.6735194°N 112.8764278°E / 28.6735194; 112.8764278 |
| Architecture | |
| Style | Chinese architecture |
| Date established | 1044 |
| Completed | 1744 (reconstruction) |


title: Xicotencatl I

abstract: Xicotencatl I or Xicotencatl the Elder was a long-lived teuctli of Tizatlan, a Nahua altepetl (city-state) within the Confederacy of Tlaxcala, in what is now Mexico. According to one source, Xicotencatl was instrumental in allying the Tlaxcaltecs with the Spanish to overthrow the Aztec Empire.

text:
# Xicotencatl I

**Xicotencatl I** or **Xicotencatl the Elder** (c. 11 House (1425)  c. 4 Rabbit (1522)) was a long-lived *teuctli* (elected official) of Tizatlan, a Nahua *altepetl* (city-state) within the Confederacy of Tlaxcala, in what is now Mexico. According to one source, Xicotencatl was instrumental in allying the Tlaxcaltecs with the Spanish to overthrow the Aztec Empire.

## Etymology

His Nahuatl name, pronounced \[ʃiːkoʔˈteːŋkatɬ\], is sometimes spelled **Xicohtencatl**. In 1519 he was baptized as **Lorenzo Xicotencatl** or **Don Lorenzo de Vargas**.

## Biography

At the time of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire he was very old and of poor health. He was instrumental in aligning the Tlaxcala with Hernán Cortés' Spaniards.

Tlaxcalan historian Diego Muñoz Camargo wrote of him that he was more than 120 years old and that he could only see Cortés if he had someone lift his eyelids for him. He also writes that he had more than 500 wives and concubines and consequently a large number of children, including Xicotencatl II and the wife of Jorge de Alvarado \- Doña Lucía. His great-grandson Captain Don Joaquin Buenaventura de la Paz was the founder of the Tlaxcalan settlement of San Esteban de Nueva Tlaxcala near Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico in the year 1591.

According to Bernal Castillo, when his son plotted to seize Tlaxcala in Chichimecatecuhtli's absence during the Siege of Tenochtitlan, Xicontencatl I told Cortés that "his son was wicked and he would not vouch for him, and begging Cortés to kill him." This Cortés ordered and Xicotencatl II was hanged.

However, Francisco Cervantes de Salazar (writing decades before Camargo or Diaz) records an alternate and more detailed version of the Tlaxcalan council's deliberations on the question of how to deal with Cortés and the Spaniards. In his telling, Xicotencatl the Elder argued against allying with Cortéz, as Maxixcatzin and others had proposed, instead saying:

"...does Maxixcatzin deem these people gods, who seem more like ravenous monsters thrown up by the intemperate sea to blight us, gorging themselves on gold, silver, stones, and pearls; sleeping in their own clothes; and generally acting in the manner of those who would one day make cruel masters … There are barely enough chickens, rabbits, or corn-fields in the entire land to feed their bottomless appetites, or those of their ravenous ‘deer’ \[the Spanish horses\]. Why would we – who live without servitude, and never acknowledged a king – spill our blood, only to make ourselves into slaves?"

After this speech, members of the council were divided on how to proceed, and Temilotecutl suggested a synthesized plan of allowing Xicotencatl the Younger and some Otomí troops to ambush Cortés, the outcome of the attack to determine the course of action.

The Tlaxcaltec-Spanish alliance succeeded in overthrowing the Aztec Empire in 1521, and Xicotencatl passed away the following year. Following his death, noblemen from the rival city-state of Ocotelolco took control of Tlaxcala.

## Poetry

One song or poem attributed to Xicotencatl is known. It is recorded in the *Cantares mexicanos* (fols. 57v.–58r.), a collection of Nahuatl songs probably compiled in the last third of the 16th century for Bernardino de Sahagún, and concerns the flower wars conducted between Tlaxcala and the states of the Aztec Triple Alliance.

## InfoBox

| Xicotencatl | |
| --- | --- |
| Xicotencatl in the Lienzo de Tlaxcala | |
| *Tlatoani* of Tizatlan | |
| Reign | ? - 1522 |
| Predecessor | Xayacamach |
| Successor | Xicotencatl II |
|  | |
| Born | c. 11 House (1425) |
| Died | c. 4 Rabbit (1522) |
| Issue | Xicotencatl II
Doña Lucía
María Luisa Tecuelhuetzin |
| Father | Aztahua |


title: XidML

abstract: XidML is an open standard XML tailored for the aerospace industry. XidML describes how data is acquired, processed and packaged for transmission, storage or reproduction. The primary objective of XidML is to store and exchange complex instrumentation information between multiple vendors and user-groups gathering thousands of parameters.

text:
# XidML

**XidML** (eXtensible Instrumentation Data exchange Mark-up Language) is an open standard XML tailored for the aerospace industry. XidML describes how data is acquired, processed and packaged for transmission, storage or reproduction. The primary objective of XidML is to store and exchange complex instrumentation information between multiple vendors and user-groups gathering thousands of parameters.

## Taxonomy

There are five major components within XidML – parameters, instruments, packages, links and algorithms – each with their own subset of metadata.

### Parameters

Parameters describe all there is to know about a value being measured. Examples of the type of metadata associated with a parameter include

* **Name**: uniquely identifies the parameter
* **DataFormat**: format used to encode the sampled data - examples include Offset Binary and Binary Coded Decimal
* **Unit**: unit of measurement of the parameter (expressed relative to SI units)
* **LongDescription**: detailed description of a parameter
* **ShortDescription**: brief description of the parameter
* **SizeInBits**: number of bits used to encode the sampled data

It is also possible to decompose a parameter into sub-parameters and to describe the meaning of each sub-parameter. For example, a 48-bit IRIG time parameter is typically broken up into High, Low and Micro time components.

### Instruments

Instruments are the physical hardware used in data acquisition and describe how FTI devices are configured. All instruments share the following common metadata:

* **Name**: uniquely identifies the parameter
* **Manufacturer**: identifies the device manufacturer
* **PartReference**: uniquely identifies the type of device
* **SerialNumber**: uniquely identifies a specific device

### Device configuration

Device configuration is described using zero or more settings. Settings are those values that affect the behavior of a device in an acquisition network. Settings consist of

* **Name**: This is the name of the setting. Device vendors publish the allowed values for settings using XdefML. Examples of settings include Filter Cutoff and Excitation Amplitude
* **Value**: This is the value associated with setting. Device vendors publish the allowed values and other value constraints using XdefML.

### Packages

Packages describe how data is transmitted or stored. All packages must have globally unique names. Examples of transmission packages include IRIG-106 Chapter 4 PCM frame definitions, MIL-STD-1553 message definitions and Ethernet packet descriptions. An example storage format is the IRIG Chapter 10 data storage description. All packages share the same common structure:

* **Properties**: contains structural and other header information
* **Content**: describes the payload content of a package – specifically, what parameters are transmitted, how often they are transmitted and where they are located within the package
* **Source**: defines where a package originates
* **Destination**: describes the destination of a package

All packages also include the following data:

* **Name**: uniquely identifies a package
* **PackageRate**: number of times the a package is sent or received a second

Links describe the physical connections between instruments. Examples of Links include an Ethernet connection between two networked devices and an RF link between an aircraft and a ground-station card in a PC. All links have a globally unique name.

* **Name**: uniquely identifies a link
* **Type**: defines the type of link e.g. Ethernet (an Ethernet connection) and ARINC-429 (a connection to an ARINC-429 bus)
* **Packages**: describes what packages are being transmitted on a link in addition to the sequencing of this data on a link (optional)

### Algorithms

Algorithms describe how data is processed. Examples include polynomials used to linearize data and an algorithm used to extract a sub-set of bits from a parameter before transmission. All algorithms have a globally unique name.

* **Name**: uniquely identifies an algorithm
* **Inputs**: input parameters to an algorithm
* **Outputs**: parameters output by an algorithm

The semantics of how an algorithm processes and generates data is described in the body of the algorithm.

## Origins

The use of XML has become increasingly common in the flight test industry as a means of automating translation tasks and facilitating interoperability between systems. XidML was created with the aim of addressing the specific requirements encountered in aerospace applications. A XidML committee ensure vendor independence and ensures XidML remains relevant into the future.

## Revisions

XidML has undergone a number of revisions in response to community feedback and requirements. It is currently at version 3.0.0 which introduced several major changes since version 2.4. These include fewer schemas for simplification, to make it easier to process by software and reduce the likelihood of future changes to the schema. Additionally, an optional complementary schema called XdefML has been added that facilitates instrument set-up and validation.


title: Muteesa I of Buganda

abstract: Muteesa I Mukaabya Walugembe Kayiira was the 30th Kabaka of the Kingdom of Buganda, from 1856 until 1884.

text:
# Muteesa I of Buganda

**Muteesa I Mukaabya Walugembe Kayiira** (c. 1837–9 October 1884) was the 30th Kabaka of the Kingdom of Buganda, from 1856 until 1884.

## Biography

He was born at the Batandabezaala Palace, at Mulago, in 1837. He was the son of Kabaka Ssuuna II Kalema Kasinjo, Kabaka of Buganda, who reigned between 1832 and 1856. His mother was *Nabakyala* Muganzirwazza, the *Namasole*, one of the 148 recorded wives of his father. He ascended the throne upon the death of his father in October 1856.

According to historian MSM Kiwanuka, Muteesa was "an insignificant obscure prince", compared to his brothers Prince Kajumba and Prince Kiyimba. Kajumba was his father's preferred heir, as Suuna frequently pointed out to his chiefs the heroic qualities of the prince. However, the chiefs, led by the Katikkiro Kayiira felt that Kajumba would be difficult to control. Muteesa, an unpopular choice, was chosen ahead of his brothers.

> The country groaned and rumbled that Kayiira’s choice of Mukaabya, a young and weakling prince, was a deliberate manoeuvre to enable him to become the real ruler of the land.

-MSM Kiwanuka.

He was crowned at Nabulagala. He established his capital, first on Banda Hill. Later he abandoned that palace and established capitals at Nakatema, Nabbingo, Kabojja, and finally at Kasubi, Nabulagala. The capital at Kabojja got its name due to the numerous executions carried out while the king was resident there, as the name echoes something as deadly as a snake bite.

Following his ascension to the throne, Muteesa, with the help of Kayiira, had his rival princes imprisoned on Kisimi Island. Some notable chiefs hatched a plot to overthrow the new king and replace him with Prince Kiyimba. However, the plot was foiled and the conspirators, along with Prince Kiyimba and Prince Kajumba, were executed.

### Reign

Like his forefathers, Muteesa fought several wars of conquest to expand Buganda's territory, to protect its trade routes and to defend it against external foes like Bunyoro Kitara, the Khedivate of Egypt, slave traders and Buvuma. These trade routes enabled Buganda to trade its Ivory, Barkcloth, Bananas, fish, and slaves for firearms, salt, cloth Textile, copper wire, Iron axes, hoes and knives from the coast and neighboring Kingdoms.

Like his father Ssuuna II, Muteesa expanded Buganda's naval fleet to gain more influence and control over parts of Lake Nnalubaale especially Ssese Islands and Buvuma which would later become an important trade route for Buganda's Ivory.

Muslim Swahili and Arab traders from Zanzibar were increasingly established in Buganda since the 1840s to trade firearms, gunpowder, salt, and cloth in exchange for ivory and slaves. During Kabaka Muteesa I's reign, these contacts continued and he converted to Islam.

Muteesa intervened in Bunyoro's succession civil war after the death of the Omukama Kamurasi in order to gain influence over Bunyoro Kitara.

At the same time, contact was made with European visitors for the first time in 1862 when John Hanning Speke and James Augustus Grant arrived. Their positive accounts attracted more visitors and Henry Morton Stanley arrived in 1875.

General Charles George Gordon Pasha governor of Equatoria province, the Khedivate of Egypt, sent several envoys to Buganda. One envoy Charles Chaillé-Long in 1874 and another in 1875, called Colonel M. Ernest Linant de Bellefonds \[Bey\], son of the renowned French engineer Louis Maurice Adolphe Linant de Bellefonds. Gordon wanted Muteesa I to stop selling Buganda's ivory to the Sultanate of Zanzibar and instead sell it to the Khedivate of Egypt. Sending the ivory to Gondokoro, Sudan would help solve the financial problems of Gordon's administration.

In order to protect his kingdom, Muteesa I needed modern arms, ammunition and alliances with a more powerful entity like the British Empire. Muteesa had Henry Morton Stanley write a letter on his behalf to Queen Victoria. This letter was handed to Colonel Linant de Bellefonds who Stanley met at Muteesa's court in 1875. Unfortunately, Linant was killed before he could deliver the letter but it still found its way to the United Kingdom and was published in the *Daily Telegraph* in November 1875.

As a result of the letter, the first set of Protestant missionaries, Edward John Baxter and Henry Cole, from the Church Missionary Society (CMS, Church Mission Society), arrived in Buganda in 1877. Catholic missionaries arrived in 1879, in the persons of Fr Simon Lourdel Monpel, M.Afr., and Brother Amans, M.Afr.

All three visitor groups were made to believe that Kabaka Muteesa I preferred their religion over the others. They thus wrote favorable reviews back home to their respective governments, encouraging trade and friendly relations. As a result, Buganda, and Uganda were not colonized but were offered status of a protectorate.

Muteesa's relationship with the Catholic Church was strong, such that much of his court converted and also many of his people. This would later cause controversy, however, when his son succeeded him and was far less friendly to the missionares' cause (going so far as to murder Christians on multiple occasions).

### Death

He died at Kasubi Nabulagala on 9 October 1884 at the age of 47, and was buried on 18 October 1884 at Kasubi, the first Kabaka to be buried there. In 2007, Muteesa I Royal University was opened in his name, in recognition of his contribution to the education of the people of Buganda and Uganda. The first chancellor of the university was Kabaka Ronald Muwenda Mutebi II, the current reigning Buganda monarch. In June 2016, Julia Sebutinde was installed as chancellor of the University, replacing Kabaka Mutebi II, who installed her and then became The Visitor of the University. Kabaka Mutebi being Chancellor was making it hard for Regulatory Authorities of the Ugandan Universities system to hold the institution accountable on some issues since being King of the largest ethnic group in the country makes him someone who is sacred.

## Marriages and issue

Muteesa I Mukaabya Walugembe Kayiira is reported to have married 87 wives.

He is reported to have fathered 98 children, including:

## Legacy

In Ugandan historiography, Muteesa left a mixed legacy, with some regarding him as the most important of the kings of Buganda because of his vision and diplomatic skills, while others are more critical and believe he welcomed foreign influence that ultimately undermined Buganda's sovereignty.

The Catholic Church, alleged by Ugandan officials to have been somewhat reluctant to honor him in the years following his death, began to more fully recognize his religious contributions in the 21st century, after canonizing the Christian martyrs who died under the reign of his son. A Catholic museum in Muteesa's honor was under construction as of 2019.

> "Under his rule Buganda was never seriously threatened, either with civil war or conquest. He became more powerful and more civilised. He allowed the missionaries to teach that it was possible to owe a higher allegiance than to their King, and while he lived their lives were safe. He had the strengths and subtlety to balance the Catholics, Protestants, Muslims and pagans, so that he controlled them all, just as he kept in touch with the rest of the world, but managed not to be swamped by it. If he turned inward at the end it was but a mild taste of what was to come." —Kabaka Mutesa II, *Desecration of My Kingdom (1967)*

## Succession table

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Ssekabaka Muteesa I Mukaabya Walugembe Kayiira | |
| --- | --- |
| *Kabaka of Buganda* | |
| Mutesa I | |
| Reign | 1856–1884 |
| Predecessor | Suuna II of Buganda |
| Successor | Mwanga II of Buganda |
| Born | c. 1837
Mulago Hill, Kampala, Uganda |
| Died | October 1884 (aged 47)
Kasubi Nabulagala, Kampala, Uganda |
| Burial | Kasubi Nabulagala |
| Spouse | He married at least 85 wives |
| House | Abalasangeye dynasty |
| Father | Suuna II of Buganda |
| Mother | *Abakyala* Muganzirwazza of Njovu Clan |


title: Władysław Abraham

abstract: Władysław Henryk Franciszek Abraham, a Polish lawyer and scientist, was born on 10 October 1860 in Sambor. A graduate of law and philosophy departments of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, he was a specialist in Canon law. After habilitation at the Berlin University, he took up a job at the University of Lviv, later becoming a rector of the school. Abraham was a member of several prestigious organizations, such as Polish Academy of Sciences and Lwow's Science Society. He participated in creation of a Concordat between Second Polish Republic and the state of Vatican, also co-created Polish family law. On 16 January 1931 the University of Poznan awarded him the title of doctor honoris causa. His son, General Roman Abraham, was commandant of the Greater Poland Cavalry Brigade during the Polish September Campaign. Wladyslaw Abraham died in Lwow on 15 October 1941.

text:
# Władysław Abraham

**Władysław Henryk Franciszek Abraham**, a Polish lawyer and scientist, was born on 10 October 1860 in Sambor. A graduate of law and philosophy departments of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, he was a specialist in Canon law. After habilitation at the Berlin University, he took up a job at the University of Lviv, later becoming a rector of the school.

Abraham was a member of several prestigious organizations, such as Polish Academy of Sciences and Lwow's Science Society. He participated in creation of a Concordat between Second Polish Republic and the state of Vatican, also co-created Polish family law. On 16 January 1931 the University of Poznan awarded him the title of *doctor honoris causa*. His son, General Roman Abraham, was commandant of the Greater Poland Cavalry Brigade during the Polish September Campaign.

Wladyslaw Abraham died in Lwow on 15 October 1941.


title: Xeromphalina cauticinalis

abstract: Xeromphalina cauticinalis is a species of agaric fungus in the family Mycenaceae. Originally described in 1838 by Elias Fries as Marasmius cauticinalis, it was transferred to the genus Xeromphalina by Robert Kühner and René Maire in 1934. It is found in North America, where it fruits in the summer and autumn singly or in groups on the seeds, needles, and sticks of conifers, and sometimes on aspen leaves. The fruit bodies have convex yellowish caps measuring 0.5–2.5 cm (0.2–1.0 in) in diameter supported by a tough yellow-brown to dark brown stipe that is 3–8 cm (1.2–3.1 in) long by 1–2.5 mm thick. The pale yellow gills have a decurrent attachment to the stipe and are somewhat distantly spaced. The spore print is white, while individual spores are elliptical, smooth, amyloid, and measure 4–7 by 2.5–3.5 μm. The species is regarded as nonpoisonous.

text:
# Xeromphalina cauticinalis

| *Xeromphalina cauticinalis*Mycological characteristics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | **Gills** on hymenium |
|  | Cap is **convex** or **flat** |
|  | Hymenium is **adnate** or **decurrent** |
|  | Stipe is **bare** |
|  | Spore print is **white** |
|  | Ecology is **saprotrophic** |
|  | Edibility is **inedible** or **unknown** |

***Xeromphalina cauticinalis*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Mycenaceae. Originally described in 1838 by Elias Fries as *Marasmius cauticinalis*, it was transferred to the genus *Xeromphalina* by Robert Kühner and René Maire in 1934. It is found in North America, where it fruits in the summer and autumn singly or in groups on the seeds, needles, and sticks of conifers, and sometimes on aspen leaves. The fruit bodies have convex yellowish caps measuring 0.5–2.5 cm (0.2–1.0 in) in diameter supported by a tough yellow-brown to dark brown stipe that is 3–8 cm (1.2–3.1 in) long by 1–2.5 mm thick. The pale yellow gills have a decurrent attachment to the stipe and are somewhat distantly spaced. The spore print is white, while individual spores are elliptical, smooth, amyloid, and measure 4–7 by 2.5–3.5 μm.

The species is regarded as nonpoisonous.

## InfoBox

| *Xeromphalina cauticinalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Mycenaceae |
| Genus: | *Xeromphalina* |
| Species: | ***X. cauticinalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xeromphalina cauticinalis***<br>(With.) Kühner & Maire (1934) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Marasmius cauticinalis* Fr. (1838) * *Xeromphalina cauticinalis* (With.) Kühner & Maire (1934) * *Xeromphalina fellea* Maire & Malençon (1945) * *Xeromphalina parvibulbosa* (Kauffman & A.H.Sm.) Redhead (1988) | |