title: Lizq

abstract: Lizq is an archaeological site in Ash Sharqiyah, Oman. Located on a mountain lying in a plain, 1000 m south-east of the south-eastern edge of the Lizq palm garden, the fort dates to the Lizq-Rumaylah/Early Iron Age.

text:
# Lizq

**Lizq** is an archaeological site in Ash Sharqiyah, Oman. Located on a mountain lying in a plain, 1000 m south-east of the south-eastern edge of the Lizq palm garden, the fort dates to the Lizq-Rumaylah/Early Iron Age.

## Description

The site was discovered in 1979 during the archaeological exploration of Gerd Weisgerber of the German Mining Museum (*Deutsches Bergbau-Museum*) in Bochum. Shaikh Hamdan al-Harthy of Samad led Weisgerber to the site. In 1981 a single season long German archaeological team mapped and conducted minimal rescue excavation. They did an ad hoc restoration of the stairs which lead up the northern face of the mountain. Since there are several sites near Lizq town, the fort is disambiguated as 'L1'.

The Lizq fort owes its existence to the reliable occurrence of water at a natural causeway at the southern side of the central mountains. The main fort on the western mountain peak is some 175 m wide and has a surface of more than 20.000 m2 in surface area. This makes it the largest Early Iron Age fort in central Oman. The location of the Iron Age village associated with the fort remains unknown. No falaj was discovered.

Important is Kroll's comparison of the pottery with that of Iron Age Iran.

## Sources

## InfoBox

Lizq
| لزق | |
| --- | --- |
| Plan of the Early Iron Age fort Lizq L1 | |
| Shown within Oman | |
| Location | Lizq, Ash Sharqiyah North Governorate, Oman |
| Region | Eastern Arabia |
| Coordinates | 22°41′52.5″N 58°10′58.75″E / 22.697917°N 58.1829861°E / 22.697917; 58.1829861 |
| Type | Fortification |
| Length | 110 m (360 ft) |
| Width | 170 m (560 ft) |
| Area | 2 ha (4.9 acres) |
| History | |
| Material | Stone |
| Founded | Early Iron Age |
| Periods | Iron Age |
| Satellite of | Lizq |
| Site notes | |
| Discovered | 1979 |
| Excavation dates | 1981 |
| Archaeologists | Stephan Kroll |
| Condition | Ruined |


title: Pointing and calling

abstract: Pointing and calling is a method in occupational safety for avoiding mistakes by pointing at important indicators and verbally calling out their status. It is especially common on Japanese railways, where it is referred to as shisa kanko (指差喚呼), shisa kakunin kanko (指差確認喚呼) or yubisashi koshō (指差呼称); and in Mainland Chinese and Taiwanese railways, where it is called 指差呼唤; 指差確認. Gesturing at and verbalizing these indicators helps with focus. The method was first used by train drivers and is now commonly used in Japanese industry. It is recommended by the Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, and a part of railway management regulations in China. It is not common outside of Asia, though it is used in the New York City Subway system, Toronto's TTC subway and GO Transit and many systems built to Chinese standards, for example Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway. Pointing and calling requires co-action and co-reaction among the operator's brain, eyes, hands, mouth, and ears.

text:
# Pointing and calling

**Pointing and calling** is a method in occupational safety for avoiding mistakes by pointing at important indicators and verbally calling out their status. It is especially common on Japanese railways, where it is referred to as *shisa kanko* (指差喚呼), *shisa kakunin kanko* (指差確認喚呼) or *yubisashi koshō* (指差呼称); and in Mainland Chinese and Taiwanese railways, where it is called 指差呼唤; 指差確認 (*zhǐchā hūhuàn*). Gesturing at and verbalizing these indicators helps with focus. The method was first used by train drivers and is now commonly used in Japanese industry. It is recommended by the Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association (JISHA, 中央労働災害防止協会), and a part of railway management regulations in China. It is not common outside of Asia, though it is used in the New York City Subway system, Toronto's TTC subway and GO Transit and many systems built to Chinese standards, for example Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway.

Pointing and calling requires co-action and co-reaction among the operator's brain, eyes, hands, mouth, and ears.

## History

The method originated in Japan in the early 1900s, with train drivers calling out the status of signals. Back in those days steam locomotives were common in use, with loud noises, steam and smoke making the cooperation between the two drivers difficult, and also making rail journeys dangerous. Drivers had to call out loudly to hear each other. The pointing was added a few decades later. The system was also introduced to Taiwan when it was under Japanese rule. During the Japanese occupation of China and the South Manchuria Railway's operation, the system was introduced to China, which slightly modified it to fit the Chinese Railway system.

## Asia

The method is widely used in Asian countries, especially in dangerous works such as elevator maintenance and railway operations. The Chinese variant became much more complex including pointing (using both forefinger and middle finger instead of forefinger-only as in Japan, and used when checking signals, doors, speed and other major aspects) and caution (bending the right elbow by 90° and lifting the forearm upright, used when a checking procedure is finished or caution signals).

The method is also widely used in Taiwan by the Taiwan High Speed Rail, Taiwan Railways Administration, on the one-person operated high-capacity lines of the Taipei Metro, Kaohsiung Metro and Taoyuan Airport MRT, and since 2014, also on the Taipei Joint Bus System.

The method was used by Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation on the East Rail Line and West Rail Line in Hong Kong until its passenger rail operations were acquired by MTR Corporation in 2007.

The method is also used in Indonesia by national rail operator Kereta Api Indonesia and its subsidiary (KAI Commuter and KAI Bandara) following the company's reform in 2015, and also by newer regional rail operators such as Jakarta MRT and Jakarta LRT. The method also used in KCIC for the WHOOSH train. In India, the forefinger is used for pointing and calling the signals.

In Japan the pointing and calling has become a part of the railway culture, and is featured in many events like the opening of a new railway company, such as the departing ceremony of Osaka Metro.

## North America

In North America, transit workers perform a similar procedure, known as "point and acknowledge".

### New York City

In the New York City Subway, before opening the train doors, subway conductors are required to point to a black-and-white striped board located opposite of the conductor's window every time when a train pulls into a station. The boards are located at the middle of the platform such that when the conductor can see the sign, both ends of the train have reached the platform and that it is safe to open the train doors. The procedure was implemented in 1996 after a series of incidents where doors opened in the tunnel. The procedure shows that the conductor is paying attention. If the conductor cannot see the striped board, they are not permitted to open the doors.

### Toronto

In the TTC, before opening the train doors, subway guards are required to point to a green triangle installed on the platform wall opposite of the conductor's window every time when a train pulls into a station. The procedure was implemented after a series of incidents where conductors opened the doors on the wrong side of the train. The procedure is used to focus the conductor's attention.

Streetcar operators are required to confirm track switch alignments by stopping at a switch, pointing to the switch with their index finger, and then proceeding. This is done to focus the operator's attention to ensure that the streetcar does not go to a different route.

GO Transit adopted the practice in March 2021. Upon entering a station, but before opening the doors, the Customer Service Ambassador (CSA) is required to point towards both ends of the train and announce that the platform is clear as a way to confirm that the train is stopped properly. After the CSA closes the doors, the same process is repeated to confirm that nobody is caught in the doors. According to Metrolinx, incorporating the pointing and calling procedure within GO Transit's daily operations is an important way to enhance safety, "especially as the transit agency gets ready to launch the largest expansion of GO service in its history".

## Effectiveness

A 1994 study by the Railway Technical Research Institute showed that pointing and calling reduced mistakes by almost 85 percent when doing a simple task.

## Further reading

* "田辺肇 "危険予知活動実践マニュアル" 1984, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association
* "今村一郎 "機関車と共に" 1962、ヘッドライト社, page 78
* "神戸鉄道管理局 "機関車乗務員教範" 1913年, pages 259-262
* Kazumitsu Shinoharaa; Hiroshi Naitoa; Yuko Matsuib; Masaru Hikonob (March 2013). "The effects of "finger pointing and calling" on cognitive control processes in the task-switching paradigm". *International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics*. **43** (2): 129–136. doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2012.08.004.
* "Railway Management Regulations(铁路技术管理规程)" 1992, China Railways


title: Prem Bandhan (1941 film)

abstract: Prem Bandhan is a 1941 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film directed by Bhagwan and produced by Famous Films. The film stars M. K. Radha, T. Suryakumari, R. B. Lakshmi Devi and K. K. Swami. It was released on 2 August 1941 and became a commercial success.

text:
# Prem Bandhan (1941 film)

***Prem Bandhan*** (transl.Bond of love) is a 1941 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film directed by Bhagwan and produced by Famous Films. The film stars M. K. Radha, T. Suryakumari, R. B. Lakshmi Devi and K. K. Swami. It was released on 2 August 1941 and became a commercial success.

## Plot

Ananthu falls in love with two women, Lalitha and Neela. Bhaskar, a wealthy man, is also in love with Neela and tries to end her romance with Ananthu. Neela meets with a car accident and, to the surprise of everyone, reveals in her dying breathing that she had planned the accident so that Lalitha could marry Ananthu.

## Cast

## Production

*Prem Bandhan* was directed by Bhagwan and produced by the studio Famous Films. The story of the film was written by Padhuk Bhat, while the screenplay was written by S. G. Chellappa Iyer, the brother of actor S. G. Kittappa. P. Pullaiah supervised the making of *Prem Bandhan*. Three of the lead actors (Radha, Suryakumari and Lakshmi Devi) were A-listers in Tamil cinema at that time.

## Music

The music of *Prem Bandhan* was composed by Shanti Kumar Desai, while the lyrics were written by Kittappa.

## Release and reception

*Prem Bandhan* was released on 2 August 1941. Kay Orr of *The Indian Express* said, "Most of the scenes are long-drawn out and tedious. The film also falls a prey to the usual contagion of Tamil songs set to Hindustani tunes. The sooner films escape from this evil, the better for the Film industry in this part of the country." The film was a commercial success.

## InfoBox

| Prem Bandhan | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Bhagwan |
| Screenplay by | S. G. Chellappa Iyer |
| Story by | Padhuk Bhat |
| Starring | M. K. Radha
T. Suryakumari
R. B. Lakshmi Devi
K. K. Swami |
| Music by | Shanti Kumar Desai |
| Production
company | Famous Films |
| Release date | * 2 August 1941 (1941-08-02) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |


title: Wang De-lu

abstract: Wang De-lu was a general during the Qing dynasty. He was born in what is now Taibao City, Chiayi County, Taiwan. He enlisted as a soldier aged 15, and later led China's navy. He died of natural causes during the First Opium War. Because of his success as a soldier, he was ennobled by the imperial court, which also donated money for a lavish funeral and a huge tomb—the largest extant in Taiwan.

text:
# Wang De-lu

**Wang De-lu** (Chinese: 王得祿; pinyin: *Wáng Delù*; 1772–1843) was a general during the Qing dynasty. He was born in what is now Taibao City, Chiayi County, Taiwan.

He enlisted as a soldier aged 15, and later led China's navy. He died of natural causes during the First Opium War.

Because of his success as a soldier, he was ennobled by the imperial court, which also donated money for a lavish funeral and a huge tomb—the largest extant in Taiwan.

## InfoBox

| Viscount of the Second RankWang De-lu | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Commander of Zhejiang Province(浙江提督) | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1770-01-19)January 19, 1770
Zhuluo County, Taiwan Prefecture, Fujian Province, Qing Empire |
| Died | September 5, 1842(1842-09-05) (aged 72)
Penghu(Pescadores Islands), Taiwan Prefecture, Fujian Province, Qing Empire |
| Resting place | Chiayi County, Taiwan |
| Occupation | general |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Qing Dynasty |
| Branch/service | Qing Army |
| Rank | General |
|  | |


title: Viljo Heino

abstract: Viljo ("Ville") Akseli Heino was a Finnish athlete who held the world record for the 10,000 metres event from 25 August 1944 to 11 June 1949 and again from 1 September 1949 to 22 October 1949. He was the male Finnish Sportspersonality of the year for 1949. Born in Iitti, he represented Finland in the 10,000 metres and marathon in the 1948 Summer Olympics in London. He also won the Saint Silvester Road Race in São Paulo in 1949.

text:
# Viljo Heino

**Viljo ("Ville") Akseli Heino** (1 March 1914 in Iitti  15 September 1998 in Tampere) was a Finnish athlete who held the world record for the 10,000 metres event from 25 August 1944 to 11 June 1949 and again from 1 September 1949 to 22 October 1949. He was the male Finnish Sportspersonality of the year for 1949.

Born in Iitti, he represented Finland in the 10,000 metres and marathon in the 1948 Summer Olympics in London. He also won the Saint Silvester Road Race in São Paulo in 1949.

1. "Athletics - World Progression - Men - 10000m" (PDF). International Olympic Committee. 30 May 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2008.
2. "Two Minutes to Glory". Time. 2 August 1948. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2008.
3. "1940" (in Portuguese). Saint Silvester Road Race. Retrieved 20 February 2014.


title: Trigonotylus caelestialium

abstract: Trigonotylus caelestialium, the rice leaf bug, is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae. It is found in Europe and Northern Asia and North America.

text:
# Trigonotylus caelestialium

***Trigonotylus caelestialium***, the **rice leaf bug**, is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae. It is found in Europe and Northern Asia (excluding China) and North America.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Trigonotylus caelestialium* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Heteroptera |
| Family: | Miridae |
| Tribe: | Stenodemini |
| Genus: | *Trigonotylus* |
| Species: | ***T. caelestialium*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trigonotylus caelestialium***<br>(Kirkaldy, 1902) | |
|


title: Maharajavu

abstract: Maharajavu is a 1989 Indian Malayalam film, directed by P. Krishnaraj. The film stars Murali, Shari, Captain Raju and Anuradha in the lead roles. The film has musical score by Sharmaji.

text:
# Maharajavu

***Maharajavu*** is a 1989 Indian Malayalam film, directed by P. Krishnaraj. The film stars Murali, Shari, Captain Raju and Anuradha in the lead roles. The film has musical score by Sharmaji.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Maharajavu | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | P. Krishnaraj |
| Written by | P. Krishnaraj |
| Starring | Murali
Shari
Captain Raju
Anuradha |
| Music by | Sharmaji |
| Production
company | Vaisakh Productions |
| Distributed by | Vaisakh Productions |
| Release date | * 19 October 1989 (1989-10-19) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Malayalam |


title: Papa, Scotland

abstract: This is a list of places in Scotland called Papa or similar, which are so named after the Papar, monks from the Early Historic Period or from their connection to other, later priests.

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# Papa, Scotland

This is a list of places in Scotland called **Papa** or similar, which are so named after the Papar, monks from the Early Historic Period or from their connection to other, later priests.

## Orkney

### Islands

John of Fordun in his 14th century enumeration of these islands, has a *Papeay tertia* ("third Papey"), the location of which is unknown.

### Placenames

Papleyhouse on Eday and Steevens of Papay on North Ronaldsay may not be genuinely related to the Papar.

## Shetland

## Hebrides

Gaelic, *Pabaigh*, () anglicised to "Pabay" or "Pabbay" means "priest island", but it is not clear if these names refer to the early Papar or later, post-Norse priests.

* Papey \- an Icelandic island named after the Papar.

1. W.F. Skene (1872) *John of Fordun's Chronicle of the Scottish nation*. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas. Page 41.
2. Thomson (2008) pp. 15-16
3. Thomson (2008) p. 15
4. "Isle of Pabay - History". Archived from the original on 18 September 2008. Retrieved 15 December 2007.


title: The Quicksand War: Prelude to Vietnam

abstract: The Quicksand War: Prelude to Vietnam is a book by Lucien Bodard published in 1967 about the First Indochina War, which it asserts to be a prelude to the Vietnam War. Originally published in 2 French volumes, L'Enlisement and L'Humiliation, it was combined into a single book and translated by Patrick O'Brian. Lucien Bodard is one of the best-known French foreign correspondents and is an expert on Indochina; he knows the Far East as few Europeans can know it, for not only did he spend most of his working life there but he was born in Chongqing.

text:
# The Quicksand War: Prelude to Vietnam

***The Quicksand War: Prelude to Vietnam*** is a book by Lucien Bodard published in 1967 about the First Indochina War, which it asserts to be a prelude to the Vietnam War. Originally published in 2 French volumes, *L'Enlisement* and *L'Humiliation*, it was combined into a single book and translated by Patrick O'Brian.

Lucien Bodard is one of the best-known French foreign correspondents and is an expert on Indochina; he knows the Far East as few Europeans can know it, for not only did he spend most of his working life there but he was born in Chongqing.

## InfoBox

The Quicksand War: Prelude to Vietnam
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Lucien Bodard |
| Publication date | 1967 |


abstract: The 1962 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final was the 75th All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1962 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, an inter-county Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland. This marked the first occasion on which the final was televised.

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# 1962 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final

The **1962 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final** was the 75th All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1962 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, an inter-county Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland.

This marked the first occasion on which the final was televised.

## Pre-match

Roscommon played Sligo in the 1962 Connacht final and were behind for much of the match. Sligo were blighted by a sudden string of injuries, missed a 50 while two points ahead in the final minute, and then gifted soon-to-be All-Ireland finalists Roscommon a goal, allowing them to progress at Sligo's expense in what is considered "one of the great football tragedies in Connacht".

## Match summary

Garry McMahon scored a goal for Kerry after 35 seconds and Kerry hit a point quickly after, and victory was never in doubt. McMahon's goal was the fastest in All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final history. Until Garristown man Dean Rock scored for Dublin against Mayo in the 2020 final.

## Match details

## InfoBox

1962 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Event | 1962 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship |
|  | |
| Date | 23 September 1962 |
| Venue | Croke Park, Dublin |
| Referee | Eamonn Moules (Wicklow) |
| Attendance | 75,771 |
|


title: Liudger of Saxony (Billung)

abstract: Liudger was the younger brother of the Saxon Duke Bernhard I of the Billung dynasty. In the historical sources Liudger is called Graf (count). There he appears almost only at the side of his older brother. Liudger's position within the Billung princely house has not yet been conclusively clarified in medieval studies. While some historians regard him as a wealthy fellow heir next to his older brother, who also had his own rights of rule, Liudger, according to Gerd Althoff, is said to have led only a shadowy existence as a "substitute man" for Duke Bernhard I.

text:
# Liudger of Saxony (Billung)

**Liudger** (also *Liutger*, *Ludiger*, *Liudiger* or *Luderus*, Low German: *Lüder*; died 26 February 1011) was the younger brother of the Saxon Duke Bernhard I of the Billung dynasty. In the historical sources Liudger is called *Graf* (count). There he appears almost only at the side of his older brother.

Liudger's position within the Billung princely house has not yet been conclusively clarified in medieval studies. While some historians regard him as a wealthy fellow heir next to his older brother, who also had his own rights of rule, Liudger, according to Gerd Althoff, is said to have led only a shadowy existence as a "substitute man" for Duke Bernhard I.

## Origin and family

Liudger was the son of Hermann Billung. His older brother Bernhard succeeded his father as duke in Saxony upon the latter's death. Liudger had two sisters, Mathilde and Schwanhild.

Liudger was married to Emma. Liudger's descendants have not been handed down. In the *Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum* from the time around 1070, the Bremen Cathedral Scholaster Adam of Bremen reports of a daughter of Liudger's wife Emma who is not named. Adam does not mention the father. Nevertheless, part of the research has always assumed that it was not only Emma's daughter, but also Liudger's. Male descendants of the couple are also discussed. In the life history of the Paderborn bishop Meinwerk, the *Vita Meinwerci*, the later Paderborn bishop Imad is described as the son of Meinwerk's sister. In the *Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum* it is said that Emma was the sister of this Meinwerk. Nevertheless, a descent of Imad from Emma is doubted, because the note about the relationship of Emma with Meinwerk was inserted only in a copy from the time after 1160. Conversely, the *Vita Meinwerci* knows Emma as wife of Liudger, but not as sister of Meinwerk. Instead, it names Glismod and Adela as Meinwerk's sisters.

## Powers

The question of Liudger's powers within the noble family of the Billung is answered inconsistently in research. This concerns both a possible participation in the rule of his older brother Bernhard I. as well as possible own rights of rule as count.

### Participation in the reign of Bernhard I.

About Liudger's political importance for the reign of his older brother nothing certain can be inferred from the medieval sources. There only Bernhard I. is referred to as duke. As the head of the most powerful and richest noble family in northern Saxony, he was characterized by a special closeness to the royal court. According to tradition, he was one of the closest advisors of the kings and emperors Otto II (973-983), Otto III (983-1002) and Henry II (1002-1024). Accordingly, he is frequently mentioned in medieval documents, annals and chronicles. In contrast, Liudger is mentioned only in passing.

Despite this finding, part of the medieval research assumes that Liudger played an important role for the rule of the Billung dynasty in Saxony, without determining it in more detail. This assessment is based primarily on news from the chronicle of the abbey of St. Michaelis in Lüneburg, the house abbey of the Billung dynasty. In it it is said that both brothers succeeded their father Hermann in the ducal dignity and inherited him jointly. The chronicle dates from the time between 1229 and 1233 and was thus written only about 200 years after Liudger's death. Nevertheless, it is considered credible, since the author of the chronicle is said to have had older documents, which are lost today. The chronicle is based on the chronicle of the abbey of St. Michael in Lüneburg. Moreover, the medieval research seems to suggest Liudger's participation in the rule of his older brother Bernhard I, also in view of the ruling practice of the Billung ducal house in the following generations. Bernhard I's son Thietmar also had a share in the dominion alongside his older brother Duke Bernhard II. had a share in the dominion. And Bernhard's II son Herrmann even represented his older brother Duke Ordulf for several years at the head of the princely house. Finally, it is noticeable that Liudger almost always emerges at the side of his brother Bernhard I. In a record of the outcome of the boundary negotiations between the bishoprics of Hildesheim, Minden and Verden from the period between January 15 and May 13, 993, "Duke Bernhard and his brother Liudger" head the list of secular witnesses (*Bernhardi ducis suique fratris Liudgeri*).

Gerd Althoff, in his study on group ties in the Middle Ages published in 1990, shows the limits of Liudger's position within the noble family of the Billung. According to this, Liudger's role was limited to that of a "substitute" for the older brother. Only the recognition of Bernhard's primogeniture and the subordination to his claim to rule would have made it possible for Liudger to remain at the court in the first place, in order to step in in the interest of the family in case of the regent's failure. In no case Liudger's participation in the rule of the Billung dynasty had been presented as co-rule, and in the inheritance of the father he had been involved at most in smaller extent. In contrast to this, Althoff in his habilitation thesis from 1984 still held the view that Liudger as the younger brother had directly participated in the rule of the ducal dynasty. Ernst Schubert took a mediating standpoint in the debate with Althoff's assessment. Although Liudger had subordinated himself to the older brother, nevertheless an amicable brotherly cooperation was to be determined, which secured the peace within the noble dynasty of the Billung. He said that Liudger was the only brother who had a direct share in the rule of the dukes.

### Liudger's own rulership rights

On the basis of the few news about Liudger it is discussed with different results whether Liudger as count had his own rights of rule or at least the necessary landed property. The focus of the considerations are two documents of Otto III as well as a passage from the *Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum* of Adam of Bremen.

#### Deed donation for Minden

In the older document of Otto III, Liudger gives his consent to a land donation by the king to the Minden bishop Milo and the Minden church. The donation took place on 9 September 991 and was made by Otto III on the Brandenburg. The eleven-year-old king had recaptured the fortress, which had been lost in the course of the Slavic uprising of 983, from the Lutici at the head of a Slavic revolt of 983. After taking the castle, he issued a document there in a demonstrative act of rule. In it, he gave the bishop of Minden Milo the forests of Petershagen and Stioringowald and added the forest "Suntel" west of the Weser to the border of the bishopric, today's Wiehen Hills. Both Duke Bernhard I and Liudger gave their consent to the transfer of the forest area. From this it is first deduced that both were on site and jointly led the Saxon army contingent. It can be assumed that they had to agree to the transfer because they had rights to the Suntelwald, which they now gave up in favor of the Minden bishop. Nestor of Billung research, the Lüneburg archivist Anton Christian Wedekind, interpreted the joint consent in 1835 with a co-ownership of both brothers in the forest. Wedekind generally assumed that the statements of the Lüneburg chronicle about a joint succession of the brothers to the inheritance of their father were correct. In contrast, Ruth Bork in her 1951 dissertation classified Liudger's consent as an indication of his sole ownership of the Suntel forest.

#### Deed donation for Liudger

In the recent document of Otto III, Liudger himself is the recipient of an imperial donation. At the intervention of his brother Bernhard I and the Bishop of Paderborn Meinwerk, he received the manor house Stiepel with all living and dead inventory in a document issued in Ravenna, Italy, on April 27, 1001. The location of the manor house is described in the document as "in the county of this Count Liudger and in the Westfalengau" (*in comitatu ipsius Liutgeri comitis et in pago Westfalon*). However, the existence of a county of Liudger at the Ruhr has been doubted several times. The manor house was far away from the other possessions of the Billung dynasty, which were concentrated between the Weser and the Elbe. Long-distance or scattered ownership was not uncommon in the Middle Ages, especially since in this way crop failures could be compensated by yields in other places. However, further long-distance possessions of the Billung dynasty on the Ruhr have not been handed down. Paul Derks considers it possible that the specification of the count's rights is a later addition, which would therefore have no historical source value. The document was only handed down in copy in a Bremen cartulary from the 14th century. Since the cartulary burned after the bombing of the Royal Air Force on Hanover in the night of October 9, 1943 in the Hanover department, a further clarification is no longer possible.

#### Lesum property

Extensive property of Liudger on the Weser is deduced from a casual note in Adam of Bremen. The latter reports in connection with the news about the death of Liudger's wife Emma, the estate Lismona was confiscated because of an unknown offense of Emma's daughter by Emperor Conrad II. The extent of this estate was extraordinary. It consisted, among other things, of 700 farms, a large forest area, coastal strips and scattered property around Bremen. Adam of Bremen does not comment on an origin of the goods from Emma's or Liudger's property. The classification of Lesum as a hereditary property of the Billung dynasty goes back to a subsequent appropriation of a count Hermann (comes *Herimannus*) as an ancestor of the Billung dynasty, as it was done for example by Richard Drögereit. Hermann is mentioned as a count in Lesum in a manuscript about the miracles of the bishop Willehad of Bremen, written between 860 and 865 by Ansgar.

## Death and commemoration

Liudger died in 1011, as did his brother Bernhard a few days before him. He was buried in front of the main altar of the crypt of St. Michael's abbey in Lüneburg, which was demolished in 1371, right next to his brother. On the grave slab, which no longer exists, there was an inscription in Latin. According to it, Liudger, like his brother, contributed to the glory of his family. The necrology of the church of St. Michael in Lüneburg contains an entry in his memory under February 26, as does the necrology of the Möllenbeck abbey. The Annals of Quedlinburg, the *Vita Meinwerci* and the Annalista Saxo also note his death.

1. Die Abstammung von Hermann belegt eine Erwähnung beim Annalista Saxo a.A.1037: *Machtildis, que filia fuit Herimanni ducis Saxonum de Liuniburch, soror Bennonis sive Bernhardi ducis et Liudigeri comitis.*
2. Matthias Becher: *Rex, Dux und Gens. Untersuchungen zur Entstehung des sächsischen Herzogtums im 9. und 10. Jahrhundert* (= *Historische Studien.* Band 444). Matthiesen, Husum 1996, ISBN 3-7868-1444-9, p. 11.
3. Ebenfalls belegt durch die Erwähnung beim Annalista Saxo a.A.1037.
4. Schwanhild wird erwähnt als Schwester Bernhards bei Thietmar IV, 39.
5. Adam II, 80 (76).
6. Paul Derks: *Liudger und Emma, „Grafen von Stiepel“ – Die Quellen und die historische Überlieferung*. In: *Der Märker*, Landeskundliche Zeitschrift für den Bereich der ehem. Grafschaft Mark und den märkischen Kreis 47 (1998), 12–20, hier p. 13.
7. Adam II, 80 (76).
8. Georg Dehio: *Geschichte des Erzbistums Hamburg-Bremen bis zum Ausgang der Mission.* W. Hertz, Berlin 1877, S. 162; Gerd Althoff: *Die Billunger in der Salierzeit.* In: Stefan Weinfurter (Hrsg.): *Salier, Adel und Reichsverfassung* (= *Die Salier und das Reich.* Band 1). Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1991, pp. 309–329, hier p. 320 (ohne Begründung).
9. Dieter Riemer: *Die Stiftsdame Rikquur – eine Billungerin? Ein Skandal und seine Sühne im 11. Jahrhundert.* In: *Jahrbuch der Männer vom Morgenstern.* Band 95 (2016) pp. 81–108, hier p. 101 vermutet einen der beiden im Diptychon genannten Grafen Hermann als einen vor 1038 verstorbenen Sohn Liudgers; Günther Bock: *Hammaburg und Domkirche in den frühen Jahrhunderten Hamburgs – Versuch einer historischen Neubewertung.* In: Rainer-Maria Weiss, Anne Klammt (Hrsg.): *Mythos Hammaburg. Archäologische Entdeckungen zu den Anfängen Hamburgs* (= *Veröffentlichung des Helms-Museums, Archäologisches Museum Hamburg, Stadtmuseum Harburg.* Band 107). Archäologisches Museum Hamburg, Hamburg 2014, ISBN 978-3-931429-27-0, pp. 291–302, hier p. 293 einen am 10. Oktober 1033 verstorbenen Graf Liudger II.
10. Vita Meinwerci, c.2.
11. Adam II, 80 (76).
12. Paul Derks: *Liudger und Emma, „Grafen von Stiepel“ – Die Quellen und die historische Überlieferung*. In: *Der Märker*, Landeskundliche Zeitschrift für den Bereich der ehem. Grafschaft Mark und den märkischen Kreis 47 (1998), 12–20, hier S. 14 mit weiteren Nachweisen zur Forschungsdiskussion.
13. Vita Meinwerci, c. 2.
14. Gerd Althoff: *Adels- und Königsfamilien im Spiegel ihrer Memorialüberlieferung. Studien zum Totengedenken der Billunger und Ottonen* (= *Münstersche Mittelalter-Schriften.* Band 47). Fink, München 1984, ISBN 3-7705-2267-2 p. 390 (Digitalisat).
15. Ernst Schubert: *Das Herzogtum.* In: Hans Patze (Begründer): *Geschichte Niedersachsens.* Band 2, Teil 1: Ernst Schubert (Hrsg.): *Politik, Verfassung, Wirtschaft vom 9. bis zum ausgehenden 15. Jahrhundert* (= *Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen, Bremen und die Ehemaligen Länder Hannover, Oldenburg, Braunschweig und Schaumburg-Lippe.* 36). Hahn, Hannover 1997, ISBN 3-7752-5900-7, pp. 179–183, hier p. 181.
16. Gerd Althoff: *Adels- und Königsfamilien im Spiegel ihrer Memorialüberlieferung. Studien zum Totengedenken der Billunger und Ottonen* (= *Münstersche Mittelalter-Schriften.* Band 47). Fink, München 1984, ISBN 3-7705-2267-2 p. 390 (Digitalisat).
17. Ruth Bork: *Die Billunger. Mit Beiträgen zur Geschichte des deutsch-wendischen Grenzraumes im 10. und 11. Jahrhundert.* Greifswald 1951, p. 105, Siegfried Hirsch: *Jahrbücher des Deutschen Reiches unter Heinrich II.* Band 2, Duncker und Humblot, Berlin 1864, p. 305 Anmerkung 2, ebenso Gerd Althoff: *Die Billunger in der Salierzeit.* In: Stefan Weinfurter (Hrsg.): *Salier, Adel und Reichsverfassung* (= *Die Salier und das Reich.* Band 1). Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1991, pp. 309–329, hier p. 317.
18. Ludwig Weiland (Hrsg.): *Chronicon Sancti Michaelis Luneburgensis* in: MGH SS 23, 1874, pp. 391–397, hier p. 394: *Eique successit filius eius Bernardus in ducatu et frater Luderus comes.*
19. Ludwig Weiland (Hrsg.): *Chronicon Sancti Michaelis Luneburgensis* in: MGH SS 23, 1874, pp. 391–397, hier p. 392.
20. Ruth Bork: *Die Billunger. Mit Beiträgen zur Geschichte des deutsch-wendischen Grenzraumes im 10. und 11. Jahrhundert.* Greifswald 1951, p. 105.
21. Ruth Bork: *Die Billunger. Mit Beiträgen zur Geschichte des deutsch-wendischen Grenzraumes im 10. und 11. Jahrhundert.* Greifswald 1951, p. 106.
22. Ruth Bork: *Die Billunger. Mit Beiträgen zur Geschichte des deutsch-wendischen Grenzraumes im 10. und 11. Jahrhundert.* Greifswald 1951, pp. 105–107.
23. Karl Janicke (Hrsg.): *Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe.* Erster Theil. Hirzel, Leipzig 1896, p. 24 (Urkunde Nr. 35) *Liudger of Saxony* is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive.
24. Gerd Althoff: *Verwandte, Freunde und Getreue. Zum politischen Stellenwert der Gruppenbindungen im früheren Mittelalter.* Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1990, ISBN 3-534-04125-9, p. 61.
25. Gerd Althoff: *Adels- und Königsfamilien im Spiegel ihrer Memorialüberlieferung. Studien zum Totengedenken der Billunger und Ottonen* (= *Münstersche Mittelalter-Schriften.* Band 47). Fink, München 1984, ISBN 3-7705-2267-2, p. 51.
26. Ernst Schubert: *Die Billunger.* In: Hans Patze (Begründer): *Geschichte Niedersachsens.* Band 2, Teil 1: Ernst Schubert (Hrsg.): *Politik, Verfassung, Wirtschaft vom 9. bis zum ausgehenden 15. Jahrhundert* (= *Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen, Bremen und die Ehemaligen Länder Hannover, Oldenburg, Braunschweig und Schaumburg-Lippe.* 36). Hahn, Hannover 1997, ISBN 3-7752-5900-7, pp. 155–164, hier p. 164.
27. Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Urkunden Ottos III. (DD O III.), Nr. 73.
28. Annales Hildesheimensis a. A. 991:*Otto rex cum magno exercitu Saxonum ac supplemento Misacon Brennanburg obsedit et vicit.*
29. Clemens Dasler: *Forst- und Wildbann im frühen deutschen Reich. Die königlichen Privilegien für die Reichskirche vom 9. bis zum 12. Jahrhundert.* Böhlau, Köln 2001, p. 147.
30. RI II,3 n. 1036, in: Regesta Imperii Online (Retrieved 18 September 2020).
31. Helmut Hüffmann: *Studien zur Lübbecker Mark* in: *Jahresbericht des historischen Vereins für die Grafschaft Ravensberg* Band 63, (1964), pp. 105–120, hier p. 105 Anmerkung 81.
32. Anton Christian Wedekind: *Noten zu einigen Geschichtschreibern des Deutschen Mittelalters.* Band II, Perthes und Besser, Hamburg 1835, p. 82.
33. Ruth Bork: *Die Billunger. Mit Beiträgen zur Geschichte des deutsch-wendischen Grenzraumes im 10. und 11. Jahrhundert.* Greifswald 1951, p. 106.
34. DO III, 401.
35. Paul Derks: *Liudger und Emma, „Grafen von Stiepel“ – Die Quellen und die historische Überlieferung*. In: *Der Märker*, Landeskundliche Zeitschrift für den Bereich der ehem. Grafschaft Mark und den märkischen Kreis 47 (1998), 12–20, hier p. 17; Raimund Trinkaus: *Eintausend Jahre Stiepeler Dorfkirche 1008 (?)-2008 ?* Bochum 2007 (online) (PDF; 14,6 MB).
36. Paul Derks: *Liudger und Emma, „Grafen von Stiepel“ – Die Quellen und die historische Überlieferung*. In: *Der Märker*, Landeskundliche Zeitschrift für den Bereich der ehem. Grafschaft Mark und den märkischen Kreis 47 (1998), 12–20, hier p. 17.
37. Dieter Riemer: *Die Stiftsdame Rikquur – eine Billungerin? Ein Skandal und seine Sühne im 11. Jahrhundert.* In: *Jahrbuch der Männer vom Morgenstern.* Band 95 (2016) pp. 81–108, hier p. 85; Ruth Bork: *Die Billunger. Mit Beiträgen zur Geschichte des deutsch-wendischen Grenzraumes im 10. und 11. Jahrhundert.* Greifswald 1951, p. 107.
38. Adam III, 44 (45).
39. Richard Drögereit: *Die Christianisierung Wigmodiens.* In: *Studien zur Sachsenforschung* 1 (1977) pp. 53–88, hier p. 86.
40. Miraculi s. Willehadi Nr. 29.
41. Annales Quedlinburgenses a.A. 1011.
42. Nathalie Kruppa: *Die Billunger und ihre Klöster. Beispiele zu den weitläufigen Verbindungen im frühmittelalterlichen Sachsen.* In: *Concilium medii aevi.* Band 12, 2009, pp. 1–41, hier p. 13, (Digitalisat (PDF; 554 KB)).
43. Deutsche Inschriften Online, Niedersachsen / Lüneburg: Klöster St. Michaelis & Lüne bis 1550, (DI 24, Lüneburg: St. Michaeliskloster, Kloster Lüne, Nr. 1† (Eckhard Michael)).
44. Annales Quedlinburgenses a. A. 1011.
45. Vita Meinwerci c. 14.
46. Annalista Saxo a. A. 1011.

## Sources

* This series of the *Monumenta Germaniae Historica* is not recognised

## Further reading

* Ruth Bork: *Die Billunger. Mit Beiträgen zur Geschichte des deutsch-wendischen Grenzraumes im 10. und 11. Jahrhundert.* Greifswald 1951 (Greifswald, Universität, phil. Dissertation, 1951, maschinenschriftlich), pp. 105–107.
* Paul Derks: *Liudger und Emma, „Grafen von Stiepel" – Die Quellen und die historische Überlieferung*. In: *Der Märker*, Landeskundliche Zeitschrift für den Bereich der ehem. Grafschaft Mark und den märkischen Kreis 47 (1998), pp. 12–20.


title: Polar circle (geometry)

abstract: In geometry, the polar circle of a triangle is the circle whose center is the triangle's orthocenter and whose squared radius is where A, B, C denote both the triangle's vertices and the angle measures at those vertices; H is the orthocenter; D, E, F are the feet of the altitudes from vertices A, B, C respectively; R is the triangle's circumradius; and a, b, c are the lengths of the triangle's sides opposite vertices A, B, C respectively. The first parts of the radius formula reflect the fact that the orthocenter divides the altitudes into segment pairs of equal products. The trigonometric formula for the radius shows that the polar circle has a real existence only if the triangle is obtuse, so one of its angles is obtuse and hence has a negative cosine.

text:
# Polar circle (geometry)

In geometry, the **polar circle** of a triangle is the circle whose center is the triangle's orthocenter and whose squared radius is

$\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}r^{2}&={\overline {HA}\times {\overline {HD}={\overline {HB}\times {\overline {HE}={\overline {HC}\times {\overline {HF}\\\\[4pt\]&=-4R^{2}\cos A\cos B\cos C\\\\[4pt\]&=4R^{2}-{\frac {a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}{2}\end{aligned}}}}}}}}}}$

where A, B, C denote both the triangle's vertices and the angle measures at those vertices; H is the orthocenter (the intersection of the triangle's altitudes); D, E, F are the feet of the altitudes from vertices A, B, C respectively; R is the triangle's circumradius (the radius of its circumscribed circle); and a, b, c are the lengths of the triangle's sides opposite vertices A, B, C respectively.

The first parts of the radius formula reflect the fact that the orthocenter divides the altitudes into segment pairs of equal products. The trigonometric formula for the radius shows that the polar circle has a real existence only if the triangle is obtuse, so one of its angles is obtuse and hence has a negative cosine.

## Properties

Any two polar circles of two triangles in an orthocentric system are orthogonal.

The polar circles of the triangles of a complete quadrilateral form a coaxal system.

The most important property of the polar circle is the triangle is self-polar; the polar of each side/point is the opposite side/point.

A triangle's circumcircle, its nine-point circle, its polar circle, and the circumcircle of its tangential triangle are coaxal.

* Weisstein, Eric W. "Polar Circle". *MathWorld*.


title: Mengzhu Mountains

abstract: The Mengzhu Mountains, also known as Mingzhu Mountains (名渚岭) are a group of mountain ranges located in Guangxi and Hunan Provinces, one of the Five Ranges in the Nanling Ranges. The Mengzhu Mountains generally runs northeast to southwest and stretch more than 130 kilometres (81 mi) from Jiangyong, Jianghua Counties in the Southern Hunan, to Babu District of Hezhou, Fuchuan County in the eastern Guangxi.

text:
# Mengzhu Mountains

The **Mengzhu Mountains** (Chinese: 萌渚岭; pinyin: *méngzhǔ lǐng*), also known as *Mingzhu Mountains* (名渚岭) are a group of mountain ranges located in Guangxi and Hunan Provinces, one of the Five Ranges in the Nanling Ranges. The Mengzhu Mountains generally runs northeast to southwest and stretch more than 130 kilometres (81 mi) from Jiangyong, Jianghua Counties in the Southern Hunan, to Babu District of Hezhou, Fuchuan County in the eastern Guangxi.


title: Vijaya Teelock

abstract: Vijaya Teelock is a Mauritian historian and writer.

text:
# Vijaya Teelock

**Vijaya Teelock** is a Mauritian historian and writer.

## Early life

Vijaya Teelock was born in Mauritius, the daughter of Riziya Sahay (born in Kobe, Japan in 1929) and Boodhun Teelock, a Mauritian doctor who was also the former Mauritian High Commissioner in London. Her maternal grandfather Anand Mohan Sahay was associated with Indian indepdence movement and was Indian diplomate after Indian Independence. Her grandmother was a niece of Chittaranjan Das.

## Career

Vijaya Teelock studied history and lectured at the University of Mauritius. She was the Vice-Chairperson of the Truth and Justice Commission.

She also held the position of president of the Aapravasi Ghat Trust Fund.

## Works

Vijaya Teelock has published a number of books since 1995, including the following:

* *Transition from slavery in Zanzibar and Mauritius : a comparative history* 2016 with Abdul Sheriff ISBN 9782869786806
* *Bitter sugar: sugar and slavery in 19th century Mauritius* 1993
* *A select guide to sources on slavery in Mauritius; and, Slaves speak out: the testimony of slaves in the era of sugar* 1995
* *History, memory, and identity* 2001
* *Mauritian history : from its beginnings to modern times* 2001
* *Maroonage and the maroon heritage in Mauritius* 2005
* *The vagrant depot of Grand River, its surroundings, and vagrancy in British Mauritius* 2004
* *Traites, esclavage et transition vers l'engagisme: perspectives nouvelles sur les Mascareignes et le sud-ouest de l'océan Indien, 1715-1848* 2015
* *Archives nationales de France, Fonds colonies C4 : Île de France*
* *The Moulin à Poudre cultural landscape: history and archeology* with Alain Bénard 2018
* *T'Eylandt Mauritius : a history of the Dutch in Mauritius* 1998
* *A select guide to secondary sources on Mauritian history 2018*
* *Transition from Slavery in Zanzibar and Mauritius: a Comparative History* with Abdul Sheriff 2016
* *Archives nationales de France, fonds Colonies C4 Île de France. inventaire sélectif sur l'esclavage* 2011
* *A short history and description of the Military Hospital in the 18th and 19th centuries* 2019
* *Angaje : explorations into the history, society and culture of indentured immigrants and their descendants in Mauritius*
* *The non-adult cohort from Le Morne Cemetery, Mauritius: a snap shot of early life and death after abolition* 2014
* *From Mozambique to Le Morne Brabant Mountain : being young, male and Mozambican in colonial Mauritius* 2005

## InfoBox

| Vijaya Teelock | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Mauritius |
| Nationality | Mauritian |
| Alma mater | University of Mauritius |
| Occupation(s) | Historian, Writer |
| Title | Vice-Chairperson of the Truth and Justice Commission |
| Parent(s) | Boodhun Teelock <br>Riziya Sahay |
| Relatives | Anand Mohan Sahay (grandfather) |


title: Look What the Cat Dragged In (song)

abstract: "Look What the Cat Dragged In" is the third single from English rapper Giggs released from his second studio album Let Em Ave It. The single was released in the United Kingdom on 6 June 2010 as a digital download.

text:
# Look What the Cat Dragged In (song)

"**Look What the Cat Dragged In**" is the third single from English rapper Giggs released from his second studio album *Let Em Ave It*. The single was released in the United Kingdom on 6 June 2010 as a digital download.

## Critical reception

Robert Copsey of *Digital Spy* gave the song a positive review stating:

> Built around a simple but relentless synth riff, 'Look What The Cat Dragged In' has that knack of doing very little but still burrowing into your brain face-first like an earworm. Giggs's deep, distinctive delivery gives a semblance of weight to some very silly lyrics. There's stuff about gettin' the laydeez ("Wanna' lean in ma cockpit / Feelin' ma chopstick"), unprotected sex ("I done it bareback / I take chances"), boozing ("Courvoisier / Fillin' up eight glasses") and the eternal boobs/bum debate ("I'm a breast man but I rate arses"). It'd be a crime to take it too seriously, but there's something fantastically grin-inducing about a rap track so British yet so swaggering and comfortably assured .

## Track listing

Digital download
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Look What The Cat Dragged In" | 2:36 |

## Chart performance

"Look What The Cat Dragged In" debuted on the UK Singles Chart on 13 June 2010 at number 53; becoming his second UK Top 100 single and thus his second single to miss out on the Top 40. The single also debuted at number 20 on the UK R&B Chart and number 3 on the UK Indie Chart, being beaten only by Fat Les and Dizzee Rascal; remaining on the chart for a total of 4 consecutive weeks.

| Chart (2010) | peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| UK Indie (OCC) | 3 |
| UK Hip Hop/R&B (OCC) | 20 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 53 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Silver | 200,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "Look What the Cat Dragged In" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Giggs | |
| from the album  *Let Em Ave It* | |
| Released | 6 June 2010 |
| Recorded | 2009 |
| Genre | British hip hop, dirty rap, |
| Length | 2:36 |
| Label | Takeover Entertainment Ltd, XL Recordings |
| Songwriter(s) | Nathan Thompson |
| Producer(s) | Bayoz Muzik |
| Giggs singles chronology | |
| "Don't Go There"
(2010) "**Look What the Cat Dragged In**"
(2010) "Hustle On"
(2010) | |


title: Mahdi Al-Gharrawi

abstract: Lt. General Mahdi Sabeh Al-Gharrawi is an Iraqi police officer, the former Commander of the Iraqi Federal Police in Nineveh Province, and Lieutenant General of Iraqi Army. Gharawi, along with several other military leaders, was dismissed from his position by Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki on 17 June 2014 for failing in his "professional and military duty". His dismissal came a week after the fall of much of Northern Iraq to anti-government forces in the 2014 Northern Iraq offensive. He was sentenced to death by firing squad by a military tribunal. After serving two years in prison, Gharawi was released on 1 August 2020.

text:
# Mahdi Al-Gharrawi

Lt. General **Mahdi Sabeh Al-Gharrawi** is an Iraqi police officer, the former Commander of the Iraqi Federal Police in Nineveh Province, and Lieutenant General of Iraqi Army.

Gharawi, along with several other military leaders, was dismissed from his position by Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki on 17 June 2014 for failing in his "professional and military duty". His dismissal came a week after the fall of much of Northern Iraq to anti-government forces in the 2014 Northern Iraq offensive. He was sentenced to death by firing squad by a military tribunal.

After serving two years in prison, Gharawi was released on 1 August 2020.

## InfoBox

| Mahdi Al-Gharrawi | |
| --- | --- |
| Gharrawi in 2010 | |
| Native name | مهدي صبيح آل الغراوي |
| Allegiance | Iraq |
| Service/branch | Iraqi Federal Police
Iraqi Ground Forces |
| Rank | Lieutenant General |
| Commands | Ninewa Province Command
3rd Division |
| Battles/wars |  |


title: Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 296

abstract: Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 296 is a Letter concerning Taxation, in Greek. It was discovered in Oxyrhynchus. The manuscript was written on papyrus in the form of a sheet. It was written between 37-55. Currently it is housed in the Milton S. Eisenhower Library of the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore.

text:
# Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 296

**Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 296** (**P. Oxy. 296** or **P. Oxy. II 296**) is a Letter concerning Taxation, in Greek. It was discovered in Oxyrhynchus. The manuscript was written on papyrus in the form of a sheet. It was written between 37-55. Currently it is housed in the Milton S. Eisenhower Library of the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore.

## Description

The measurements of the fragment are 113 by 74 mm.

The document was written by Heraclides and was addressed to Asclatas.

This papyrus was written in the first year of an emperor, who was probably Gaius, Claudius, or Nero.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: B. P. Grenfell; A. S. Hunt (1899). *Oxyrhynchus Papyri II*. London: Egypt Exploration Fund.


title: The Sixth Day: Single Collection

abstract: .mw-parser-output.tracklist{border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output.tracklist tr{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff)}.mw-parser-output.tracklist tr:nth-child(2n-1){background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output.tracklist caption{text-align:left;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output.tracklist td,.mw-parser-output.tracklist th[scope="row"]{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output.tracklist th[scope="col"]{text-align:left;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)}.mw-parser-output.tracklist th.tracklist-length-header,.mw-parser-output.tracklist th.tracklist-number-header,.mw-parser-output.tracklist th[scope="row"],.mw-parser-output.tracklist-length,.mw-parser-output.tracklist-total-length td{padding-right:10px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output.tracklist th[scope="row"]{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output.tracklist-number-header{width:2em;padding-left:10px}.mw-parser-output.tracklist-length-header{width:4em}.mw-parser-output.tracklist tr.tracklist-total-length{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output.tracklist.tracklist-total-length th{padding:0;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output.tracklist-total-length th>span{float:right;padding:0 10px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)}.mw-parser-output.tracklist-total-length td{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);font-weight:bold;padding:0 10px 0 0} The Sixth Day: Single Collection is a compilation album released by Gackt on February 25, 2004. The album collects the artist's previous single's title songs from 1999 up to 2003, some of them having been re-recorded for this release. The Sixth Day complements The Seventh Night, an unplugged album released three months later. In 2010, Gackt also released The Eleventh Day: Single Collection, which covers the material from 2004 to 2009.

text:
# The Sixth Day: Single Collection

***The Sixth Day: Single Collection*** is a compilation album released by Gackt on February 25, 2004. The album collects the artist's previous single's title songs from 1999 up to 2003, some of them having been re-recorded for this release. *The Sixth Day* complements *The Seventh Night*, an unplugged album released three months later. In 2010, Gackt also released *The Eleventh Day: Single Collection*, which covers the material from 2004 to 2009.

## Release

The album was released on February 25, 2004, by Nippon Crown. In the second counting week of March it reached number three on the Oricon chart, with sales of 106,412 copies. In the upcoming two weeks, it was at number eight and ten respectively, with sales of 32,174 and 15,227 copies. It charted for 23 weeks, Gackt's album record, and with sales of 196,458 copies, was the 78th best-selling album of the year, certified Platinum by RIAJ.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Oasis" | 5:26 |
| 2. | "Sekirei: Seki-ray (鶺鴒〜seki-ray〜)" | 4:25 |
| 3. | "Secret Garden" | 4:37 |
| 4. | "Kimi Ga Oikaketa Yume (君が追いかけた夢)" | 4:20 |
| 5. | "Wasurenai Kara (忘れないから)" | 4:43 |
| 6. | "Tsuki no Uta ((TSUKI)(no)(UTA))" | 4:47 |
| 7. | "Mirror" | 4:49 |
| 8. | "Vanilla" | 4:16 |
| 9. | "Mizerable" | 4:51 |
| 10. | "Lu:na" | 3:29 |
| 11. | "Last Song" | 4:46 |
| 12. | "Another World" | 3:05 |
| 13. | "Kimi no Tame ni Dekiru Koto (君のためにできること)" | 4:16 |
| 14. | "Saikai (Story) (再会〜Story〜)" | 5:53 |

## InfoBox

| The Sixth Day
Single Collection | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Gackt | |
| Released | February 25, 2004 |
| Recorded | 1999–2003 |
| Genre | Alternative rock, pop rock, art rock, neo-prog |
| Length | 63:44 |
| Label | Nippon Crown |
| Gackt chronology | |
| *Crescent*
(2003) ***The Sixth Day
Single Collection***
(2004) *The Seventh Night*
(2004) | |


title: Liudmyla Radchenko

abstract: Liudmyla Radchenko is a Ukrainian athlete. She competed in the women's long jump at the 1960 Summer Olympics, representing the Soviet Union.

text:
# Liudmyla Radchenko

**Liudmyla Radchenko** (born 1 October 1932) is a Ukrainian athlete. She competed in the women's long jump at the 1960 Summer Olympics, representing the Soviet Union.

## InfoBox

Liudmyla Radchenko
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Ukrainian |
| Born | (1932-10-01) 1 October 1932<br>Kyiv, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Event | Long jump |


title: Poganowo

abstract: Poganowo is a former village in the administrative district of Gmina Kętrzyn, within Kętrzyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south of Kętrzyn and 65 km (40 mi) north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

text:
# Poganowo

**Poganowo** \[pɔɡaˈnɔvɔ\] is a former village in the administrative district of Gmina Kętrzyn, within Kętrzyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south of Kętrzyn and 65 km (40 mi) north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

## InfoBox

| Poganowo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Poganowo | |
| Coordinates: 54°1′29″N 21°24′3″E / 54.02472°N 21.40083°E / 54.02472; 21.40083 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Warmian-Masurian |
| County | Kętrzyn |
| Gmina | Kętrzyn |
| Population | 0 |


title: Pre-collisional Himalaya

abstract: Pre-collisional Himalaya is the arrangement of the Himalayan rock units before mountain-building processes resulted in the collision of Asia and India. The collision began in the Cenozoic and it is a type locality of a continental-continental collision. The reconstruction of the initial configuration of the rock units and the relationship between them is highly controversial, and major concerns relate to the arrangements of the different rock units in three dimensions. Several models have been advanced to explain the possible arrangements and petrogenesis of the rock units.

text:
# Pre-collisional Himalaya

**Pre-collisional Himalaya** is the arrangement of the Himalayan rock units before mountain-building processes resulted in the collision of Asia and India. The collision began in the Cenozoic and it is a type locality of a continental-continental collision. The reconstruction of the initial configuration of the rock units and the relationship between them is highly controversial, and major concerns relate to the arrangements of the different rock units in three dimensions. Several models have been advanced to explain the possible arrangements and petrogenesis of the rock units.

## Major rock units in Himalaya

In the Himalaya, the rock units are conventionally divided into four major sections. From North to South, they are:

The Tethyan Himalayan sequence, Greater Himalayan crystalline complex, and Lesser Himalayan sequence are grouped together as the North Indian sequence due to the overlapping age from Proterozoic to Phanerozoic. For Pre-collisional Himalaya, only the North Indian Sequence is of concern as the Sub-Himalayan sequence is a rock unit that was deposited at the same time as the India and Asia collision and the resulting mountain-building process.

### Tethyan Himalayan sequence

The Tethyan Himalayan sequence is composed of mainly siliciclastic and carbonate sedimentary rocks deposited from 1840 Ma to 40 Ma. These are inter-bedded with volcanic rocks of Paleozoic and Mesozoic age. This sequence is divided into several sub-units due to the different lithofacies present in the sequence. The lithofacies of the rocks are a result of the shift in the depositional environment. Specific to this sequence, the Carboniferous to Jurassic rifting event was the cause of the changing depositional environment. In particular, the rifting event initiated the opening of the Tethys Ocean during which the Cimmerian Plate travelled north and moved away from Gondwana. The boundary and age between the several sub-units are poorly constrained, yet the whole sequence is generally considered to have first developed in Neoproterozoic. The 1840 Ma of the rocks was determined by rubidium–strontium dating of the Baragoan gneiss, however some have allocated the gneiss into the Lesser Himalayan Sequence instead.

### Greater Himalayan crystalline complex

Generally, the Greater Himalayan crystalline complex is a belt of high-grade metamorphic rocks that extends along the east-trending length of the Himalayan range. It contains leucogranites interspersed throughout the entire complex, and they are early to middle Miocene of age. The complex is sandwiched by two major faults, with the Main Central Thrust in the south and the South Tibetan Detachment to the North. Additionally, the Tethyan Himalayan sequence overlies the complex. The estimated age of the complex ranges from 1800 Ma to 480 Ma, however these ages are poorly constrained. From bottom to top, the metamorphic grade of the complex first increases up section, it is then reversed, with the metamorphic grade decreasing up section. The transition occurs between the middle and top portions of the complex. In addition, inverted metamorphism appears at Central Nepal.

### Lesser Himalayan sequence

The Lesser Himalayan sequence is characterized by low-grade meta-sedimentary rocks, metavolcanic rocks and augen gneiss. The majority of the sequence is marine deposits, however, most of the sequence does not contain any fossils; only in rare instances will a formation contain fossils. Major formations of the sequence include the Tal Formation, Gondwana Strata, Singtali Formation, and Subathu Formation. The entire sequence has an age range of 1870 Ma to 520 Ma. In North West India, the sequence is overlain by the Cambrian strata, while in Pakistan, Cambrian or Carboniferous strata from the Tibetan Himalaya sequence overlays the Mesoproterozic strata of the Lower Himalayan sequence.

## Concepts

The initial configuration of pre-collisional Himalaya can be expressed in the four following models:

* Passive continental margin model
* Crystalline axis model
* Accreted terrane model
* Carboniferous-extension model

### Passive continental margin model

#### Background

This model is a single margin model. Here, the North Indian sequence was deposited on a continental margin of northern India that was facing north. The units in the North Indian sequence represents the same set of sediments, but became distinct, since nearshore and offshore conditions changes the characteristics of the rock units during deposition.

#### Predictions

This model predicts that all three units–namely, the Lesser Himalayan, Greater Himalayan, and Tethyan Himalayan–must have a nearly identical depositional age and depositional setting, and are derived from similar sources. Immediately, primary evidence from detrital zircon ages, paleocurrent recorded in the units, and animal similarities supports these predictions. Firstly, the detrital zircon data for the Lesser Himalaya and Tethyan Himalaya sequence yield similar age spectra when similar aged samples were used. Furthermore, when samarium–neodymium dating of the entire North Indian sequence was made, significant overlap of Nd isotopic signatures between the different rocks units indicates a sharing of similar sources.

Secondly, the paleocurrent data orientated from south-south west to north-north east is common to both Lesser Himalaya and Tethyan Himalaya, more specifically in the Tal Group and Kunzam La Formation, respectively. Moreover, the lithology of the two sequences connotes a fluvial depositional setting and the lithofacies of the rocks strongly supports the idea that the Lesser Himalaya and Tethyan Himalaya represent nearshore and offshore portions of a continental margin. Finally, both sequences contain the same Early Cambrian equatorial trilobite species, reinforcing the likelihood of the passive continental margin model.

Additionally, it is proposed that the protolith of the Greater Himalaya may have been sedimentary in nature and correlate with the Lesser and Tethyan Himalayan sequences. Although precise matching of the ancient stratigraphy of the Greater Himalaya with the other zones is not possible, the Greater Himalayan sequence shares correlative strata with Neoproterozoic to Cambrian age rocks in Tethyan Himalaya. Similar transition from siliciclastic rocks to carbonates occurs in both sequences in strata of similar ages. In spite of the metamorphic grade of Greater Himalaya, the protolith lithology is nevertheless similar to the other zones and possibly shares the same depositional setting.

#### Problems

Brookfield opposes the model by explaining that in the Lesser Himalaya, thick and well developed strata, younger than Precambrian of age, are absent, while it is very well preserved in Tethyan Himalaya. DeCelles et al. also demonstrated that this model fails to explain the relationship of Greater Himalaya and Lesser Himalaya, along the main central thrust in Nepal. In addition, Spencer et al. achieved contrasting results in the εNd values, revealing a more negative value in Lesser Himalaya compared to both the Greater Himalaya and Tethyan Himalaya, suggesting different sources amongst the sequences. The latter two have values that resemble the Arabian Shield and Eastern Antarctica, which conflict with the Indian Shield source that composes Lesser Himalaya.

### Crystalline axis model

#### Background

This model posits that the Lesser and Tethyan Himalaya were deposited in distinct basins that are separated by the Greater Himalaya complex.

#### Problems

Results of the zircon ages and possible protolith lithologies and their corresponding first-order similarities between the rock units from Myrow et al. have generally discredited this model. To begin with, the Greater Himalaya yields younger detrital zircon ages than that of Lesser and Tethyan Himalaya, which makes it very unlikely for Greater Himalaya to be a topographic high that separates two depositional basins. All the evidence that supports the passive margin model is also problematic for this model, since the strong paleontological, lithological, and sedimentological relationships between Lesser and Tethyan Himalaya basically rejects the connotation that they were once separated. Missing suture zone rocks in the Main Central Thrust also makes it difficult to explain this model.

### Accreted terrane model

#### Background

In this model, Lesser and Greater Himalaya were developed in separate areas during Precambrian to Cambrian, and soon after in late Cambrian to Early Ordovician. Greater Himalaya accreted as an exotic terrane into the Northern India margin and came into contact with Lesser Himalaya. Tethyan Himalaya was later deposited on top of Greater Himalaya as an overlying sequence.

#### Predictions

This reconstruction predicts that the Greater Himalaya thrust over Lesser Himalayan rocks during the early Paleozoic. As such. it is able to more successfully explain the age relationship between the strata across the main central thrust. Other models would require greater slip along the main central thrust during the Cenozoic orogeny to achieve the present stratigraphical arrangement. Deformation produced by Paleozoic tectonics may have been overprinted by the Cenozoic reactivation of the main central thrust, which result in the lack of old suture zone rocks. Moreover, aligned with this model, sediments in northern India have experienced a transition from turbidites to syn-collision sediments in Cambrian to Ordovician. Additional evidence with regard to isotopic signatures and detrital zircon ages may also increase the credibility of this model. Further investigation is required to support more predictions of this model, since metamorphism of the Greater Himalayan strata in the early Paleozoic, and Cambrian to Ordovician syn-tectonic sediments in Tethyan Himalaya, are lacking.

#### Problems

This model fails to reconcile with detrital zircon ages, and paleontological evidence with respect to the similarities between Tethyan and Lesser Himalaya. Similar to the crystalline axis model, this model faces the same challenges with respect to the evidence that supports the passive margin model. Trilobite fauna, paleocurrent and lithological similarities would be unlikely if the rock units were formed in separate terranes as explained by Myrow et al. Earlier predictions that suggest a thrust/ shortening event in Tethyan Himalaya in the early Paleozoic, and the simultaneous formation of granitic intrusions under the sequence, were also undermined by the apparent rifting isotopic signatures in the granites.

### Carboniferous-extension model

#### Background

This model illustrates that in Carboniferous, due to possible rifting, the Lesser and Greater Himalaya were separated by a north-dipping normal fault. In this reconstruction, the former is the footwall and the latter is the hanging wall.

#### Predictions

This model explains the apparent missing lower Paleozoic strata in Lesser Himalaya due to footwall uplift and erosion, and provides a possible solution to the age relationship across the main central thrust by the reactivation of this ancient normal fault.

#### Problems

Vannay et al. explains that the missing strata in Lesser Himalaya could be a result of glaciation in late Carboniferous. Similar to the passive margin model, this model also implies that all the zones within the North Indian sequence share the same source; however, the εNd value and detrital zircon ages are currently controversial and may not favor this interpretation.

## Model comparison

|  | Predictions | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Models | Same source | Older Greater Himalaya | Early Paleozoic tectonics | Current age relationships along the Main Central Thrust | Rifting in Carboniferous |
| Passive Continental Margin Model |  | **×** | **×** | **×** | **×** |
| Crystalline Axis Model | **×** |  | **×** | **×** | **×** |
| Accreted Terrane Model | **×** | **×** |  |  | **×** |
| Carboniferous- extension Model |  | **×** | **×** |  |  |

## Further reading


title: Lord George Hamilton

abstract: Lord George Francis Hamilton was a British Conservative Party politician of the late 19th and early 20th centuries who served as First Lord of the Admiralty and Secretary of State for India.

text:
# Lord George Hamilton

**Lord George Francis Hamilton** GCSI PC JP (17 December 1845 – 22 September 1927) was a British Conservative Party politician of the late 19th and early 20th centuries who served as First Lord of the Admiralty and Secretary of State for India.

## Background

Hamilton was born in Brighton into the aristocracy, the third son of James, Marquess of Abercorn (later the Duke of Abercorn) and Lady Louisa, daughter of John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford. His parents were "long remembered as the handsomest and most distinguished couple of their time."

He was educated at Harrow. He served with the Rifle Brigade and Coldstream Guards, achieving the rank of lieutenant.

## Political career

Hamilton was Member of Parliament for Middlesex between 1868 and 1885 and for Ealing between 1885 and 1906. He served under Benjamin Disraeli as Under-Secretary of State for India from 1874 to 1878 and as Vice-President of the Committee on Education from 1878 to 1880 and was sworn of the Privy Council in 1878.

He entered the cabinet as First Lord of the Admiralty under Lord Salisbury in 1885, a post he held until 1886 and again between 1886 and 1892. In 1894 he was elected as Chairman of the London School Board, standing down after one year when the Unionists won the general election and he became Secretary of State for India under Salisbury, which he remained until 1903, the last year under the premiership of Arthur Balfour. He was appointed a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India (GCSI) in the 1903 Durbar Honours.

In 1916 he was part of the Mesopotamia Commission of Inquiry.

## Other public appointments

For a number of years, Hamilton was a member of the board of the Underground Electric Railways Company of London (UERL) which ran the majority of London's Underground lines. He served as the company's chairman between 1915 and 1919, following the resignation of Sir Edgar Speyer in 1915.

Hamilton also held the honorary posts of Captain of Deal Castle (1899–1923) and Major of Deal (1909) and received the degree of honorary LLD from Glasgow University and of honorary DCL from the University of Oxford. He was also a Justice of Peace for Middlesex and Westminster. Hamilton was a Founder of the London School Board Masonic Lodge No. 2611 in 1896

He was also President of the Royal Statistical Society from 1910 to 1912 and from 1915 to 1916.

## Family and children

Hamilton married Lady Maud Caroline, daughter of Henry Lascelles, 3rd Earl of Harewood, in 1871. They had three sons:

* Ronald James Hamilton OBE (1872–1958), who fought in the First World War, was wounded and in 1919 invested an OBE. He was awarded with the decoration of the Order of the Crown (Belgium). He served as First Secretary in the Diplomatic Service. In 1915 he married Florence Marguerite (Sarah Brooke) Hanna (d. 1959). They had one daughter:
* Major Anthony George Hamilton (1874–1936), who fought in the First World War with the East Kent Regiment. He died unmarried and without issue.
* Vice-Admiral Robert Cecil Hamilton (1882–1947), who fought in the First World War. In 1911 he married Edith Maud Paley (d. 1967), daughter of the barrister Algernon Herbert Paley.

Hamilton died in September 1927, aged 81, at his house in Portman Square, London. His wife survived him by eleven years and died in April 1938.

## InfoBox

| The Right HonourableLord George HamiltonGCSI PC JP | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| First Lord of the Admiralty | |
| **In office**
24 June 1885  28 January 1886 | |
| Monarch | Queen Victoria |
| Prime Minister | The Marquess of Salisbury |
| Preceded by | The Earl of Northbrook |
| Succeeded by | The Marquess of Ripon |
| **In office**
9 August 1886  11 August 1892 | |
| Monarch | Queen Victoria |
| Prime Minister | The Marquess of Salisbury |
| Preceded by | The Marquess of Ripon |
| Succeeded by | The Earl Spencer |
| Secretary of State for India | |
| **In office**
4 July 1895  9 October 1903 | |
| Monarchs | Queen Victoria
Edward VII |
| Prime Minister | The Marquess of Salisbury
Arthur Balfour |
| Preceded by | Henry Fowler |
| Succeeded by | Hon. St John Brodrick |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1845-12-17)17 December 1845
Brighton, Sussex |
| Died | 22 September 1927(1927-09-22) (aged 81)
Marylebone, London |
| Nationality | British |
| Political party | Conservative |
| Spouse(s) | Lady Maud Lascelles
(1846–1938) |
| Children | 3 |
| Parent(s) | James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn
Lady Louisa Russell |
| Alma mater | Harrow School |
|  | |


title: Mahaut (Dominica constituency)

abstract: Mahaut is a parliamentary electoral district in Dominica. It came into effect in time for the 1975 Dominican general election. It has been represented by Cassanni Laville of the Dominica Labor Party since the 2022 general election.

text:
# Mahaut (Dominica constituency)

**Mahaut** is a parliamentary electoral district in Dominica. It came into effect in time for the 1975 Dominican general election. It has been represented by Cassanni Laville of the Dominica Labor Party since the 2022 general election.

## Constituency profile

There was an electorate of 7060 as of November 2016. It includes the areas of Canefield, Campbell, Massacre, and Mahaut.

## InfoBox

| Mahaut | |
| --- | --- |
| Constituency<br>for the House of Assembly of Dominica | |
| Electorate | 7060 (2016) |
| Major settlements | Canefield, Campbell, Massacre, Mahaut, Jimmit, Tarreau, Roger, Springfield, Warner |
| Current constituency | |
| Created | 1975 |
| Number of members | 1 |
| Representative | Cassanni Laville (DLP) |


title: Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 293

abstract: Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 293 is a fragment of a Letter to a Sister, in Greek. It was discovered in Oxyrhynchus. The manuscript was written on papyrus in the form of a sheet. It was written at 15 November 27. Currently it is housed in the library of the Columbia University in New York City.

text:
# Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 293

**Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 293** (**P. Oxy. 293** or **P. Oxy. II 293**) is a fragment of a Letter to a Sister, in Greek. It was discovered in Oxyrhynchus. The manuscript was written on papyrus in the form of a sheet. It was written at 15 November 27. Currently it is housed in the library of the Columbia University (Rare Book & Manuscript Library) in New York City.

## Description

The measurements of the fragment are 230 by 127 mm.

The document was written by Dionysius and was addressed to his sister Didyme. Dionysius asked his sister about some clothes.

This papyrus was discovered by Grenfell and Hunt in 1897 in Oxyrhynchus. The text was published by Grenfell and Hunt in 1899.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: B. P. Grenfell; A. S. Hunt (1899). *Oxyrhynchus Papyri II*. London: Egypt Exploration Fund.


title: The Rose Technique

abstract: The Rose Technique, also known as Deranged, is a 2002 direct-to-DVD American film starring Sally Kirkland, JoBeth Williams, Kari Wuhrer, Jason Brooks and Sage Kirkpatrick.

text:
# The Rose Technique

***The Rose Technique***, also known as ***Deranged***, is a 2002 direct-to-DVD American film starring Sally Kirkland, JoBeth Williams, Kari Wuhrer, Jason Brooks and Sage Kirkpatrick.

## Plot

The Rose Technique revolves around the life of an off-beat psychiatrist who wants to join the crazy world of daytime TV. She signs a contract with a school and becomes a teacher, but a student tries to prove that she is no angel. Strange things happen while the psychiatrist Doctor Lillian Rose is around.

## Cast

## Reception

Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times said that writer Ray Stroeber had a promising idea, but that director Jon Scheide played the dark comedy too straight, and that the film fails to match the audacious performance from Williams.

## InfoBox

| The Rose Technique | |
| --- | --- |
| ***The Rose Technique*** a.k.a. Deranged dvd cover | |
| Directed by | Jon C. Scheide |
| Written by | Ray Stroeber |
| Starring | JoBeth Williams
Sally Kirkland
Kari Wuhrer
Jason Brooks
Sage Kirkpatrick |
| Cinematography | Mark Woods |
| Music by | Ken Mazur |
| Distributed by | Forsyth Films |
| Release date | * 1 March 2002 (2002-03-01) |
| Running time | 97 minutes |
| Language | English |


title: 1963–64 Coppa Italia

abstract: The 1963–64 Coppa Italia, the 17th Coppa Italia was an Italian Football Federation domestic cup competition won by Roma.

text:
# 1963–64 Coppa Italia

The **1963–64 Coppa Italia**, the 17th Coppa Italia was an Italian Football Federation domestic cup competition won by Roma.

## First round

| Home team | Score | Away team |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Alessandria | 1-1 (aet) * | Vicenza |
| Varese | 1-0 | Pro Patria |
| Brescia | 2-3 | Genoa |
| Lecco | 1-3 | Torino |
| Padova | 2-1 (aet) | Modena |
| Venezia | 1-2 | Monza |
| Triestina | 0-2 | SPAL |
| Udinese | 0-2 | Bologna |
| Hellas Verona | 2-1 | Mantova |
| Prato | 2-0 | Sampdoria |
| Parma | 3-1 | Cosenza |
| Napoli | 1-0 | Bari |
| Potenza | 0-2 | Roma |
| Cagliari | 1-0 | Lazio |
| Foggia | 2-1 | Catania |
| Catanzaro | 3-1 | Messina |
| Palermo | 0-3 | Fiorentina |

* Alessandria qualify after drawing of lots.

## Intermediate round

| Home team | Score | Away team |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Varese | 3-0 | Monza |

## Second round

| Home team | Score | Away team |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Alessandria | 0-0 (p: 3–4) | Genoa |
| Hellas Verona | 0-1 (aet) | Bologna |
| Padova | 2-2 (p: 2–4) | SPAL |
| Parma | 1-2 | Cagliari |
| Fiorentina | 4-1 | Prato |
| Roma | 5-0 | Napoli |
| Catanzaro | 1-2 | Foggia |
| Torino | 2-1 | Varese |

*p=after penalty shoot-out*

## Third round

| Home team | Score | Away team |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Genoa | 1-1 (p:4-5) | Torino |
| Cagliari | 0-1 | Fiorentina |
| Foggia | 0-2 | Roma |
| Bologna | 4-2 | SPAL |

*p=after penalty shoot-out*

## Quarter-finals

Milan, Atalanta, Juventus and Internazionale are added.

| Home team | Score | Away team |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Fiorentina | 1-0 | Milan |
| Roma | 1-0 | Atalanta |
| Juventus | 4-1 | Bologna |
| Torino | 4-1 | Internazionale |

## Semi-finals

| Home team | Score | Away team |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Roma | 1-1 (p: 6–2) | Fiorentina |
| Torino | 2-0 | Juventus |

*p=after penalty shoot-out*

## Final

| Roma | 0–0 (a.e.t.) | Torino |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

Stadio Olimpico, RomeReferee: Giulio Campanati

Note: The registration deadline for UEFA competitions was after the first match. As the match ended in a draw, there was a need for a replay match, which were to take place after the deadline. Therefore, FIGC faced the decision of "betting" on one of the teams to win the cup and nominating it to participate in the Cup Winners' Cup. FIGC decided to nominate Torino, but eventually Roma went on to win the Coppa Italia, so the FIGC nominated them for the Fairs Cup as a compensation for its wrong bet.

### Replay

| Torino | 0–1 | Roma |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Nicolé  85' |

Stadio Olimpico, TurinReferee: Giulio Campanati

## Top goalscorers

| Rank | Player | Club | Goals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Juan Seminario | Fiorentina | 4 |
| | Kurt Hamrin | Fiorentina | |
| 3 | Pedro Waldemar Manfredini | Roma | 3 |
| | Lamberto Leonardi | Roma | |
| | Alberto Orlando | Roma | |
| | Joaquín Peiró | Torino | |

## InfoBox

1963–64 Coppa Italia
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Italy |
| Dates | 9 Sept 1963 –
1 Nov 1964 |
| Teams | 38 |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Roma (1st title) |
| Runner-up | Torino |
| Tournament statistics | |
| Matches played | 38 |
| Goals scored | 100 (2.63 per match) |
| Top goal scorer(s) | Juan Seminario
Kurt Hamrin (4 goals) |
|  | |


title: Lloyd Davenport

abstract: Lloyd Benjamon Davenport was an American baseball outfielder who played for several clubs of the Negro and Minor leagues during 17 seasons spanning 1934–1953. Listed at 5' 4", 150 lb., Davenport batted and threw left-handed. Born in New Orleans, Louisiana, he was nicknamed "Ducky". A five-time Negro league All-Star, he also played in the Cuba, Mexico and Venezuela leagues. Davenport managed to hit.300 or better in five Negro leagues seasons, collecting batting averages of.302 (1937),.360 (1938),.364 (1939),.333 (1942) and.395 (1945). He later spent four seasons in the Mexican League from 1945 to 1948. In between, Davenport played winter ball with the Cuban Alacranes del Almendares in the 1946–47 season and for the Venezuelan Navegantes del Magallanes in 1949–50. He later played for the Elmwood Giants of the Mandak League in 1951. Davenport was 41 years old when he joined the Danville Dans in 1953, during what turned out to be his career's final season. He died in 1985 in his home of New Orleans, Louisiana, at the age of 73.

text:
# Lloyd Davenport

**Lloyd Benjamon Davenport** (October 11, 1911 – September 1, 1985) was an American baseball outfielder who played for several clubs of the Negro and Minor leagues during 17 seasons spanning 1934–1953. Listed at 5' 4" (1.65 m), 150 lb. (68 kg), Davenport batted and threw left-handed. Born in New Orleans, Louisiana, he was nicknamed "**Ducky**".

A five-time Negro league All-Star, he also played in the Cuba, Mexico and Venezuela leagues.

Davenport managed to hit .300 or better in five Negro leagues seasons, collecting batting averages of .302 (1937), .360 (1938), .364 (1939), .333 (1942) and .395 (1945). He later spent four seasons in the Mexican League from 1945 to 1948.

In between, Davenport played winter ball with the Cuban Alacranes del Almendares in the 1946–47 season and for the Venezuelan Navegantes del Magallanes in 1949–50. He later played for the Elmwood Giants of the Mandak League in 1951.

Davenport was 41 years old when he joined the Danville Dans in 1953, during what turned out to be his career's final season.

He died in 1985 in his home of New Orleans, Louisiana, at the age of 73.

## Pro career

Davenport joined the Philadelphia Stars of the Negro National League II in 1935. He appeared in 18 games and batted a meager .179 as a reserve outfielder. Davenport served a s aback-up to former all-star Ted Page and Chaney White. Davenport played a second season in Philadelphia before jumping to the Cincinnati Tigers of the Negro American League. It was in Cincinnati under the guidance of player/manager Ted Radcliffe that Davenport became a starter for the first time. His hitting improved as he finished second on the team in batting average, hitting .327 compare to shortstop Howard Easterling who batted .346.

After the season, the Cincinnati Tigers franchise ceased operations and Davenport followed Radcliff to the Memphis Red Sox. Again, Davenport hit over three hundred and when the season ended, he could call himself a champion, as Memphis defeated the Atlanta Black Crackers for the league championship, 2 games to 0. In the series, Davenport went 2-4 and drove in two runs.

Davenport missed the 1940 season, and spent the 1941 season with Memphis before he joined the Birmingham Black Barons and thus began an odyssey that saw him play for several teams over the course of the next several years, including the Kansas City Monarchs and the Cincinnati/Cleveland Buckeyes. Davenport retired from baseball after the 1945 season.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Lloyd Davenport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Outfielder** | |
| **Born:** (1911-10-28)October 28, 1911
New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. | |
| **Died:** September 1, 1985(1985-09-01) (aged 73)
New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Left**Threw:** Left | |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |


title: Preah Netr Preah

abstract: Preah Netr Preah is a khum (commune) of Preah Netr Preah District in Banteay Meanchey Province in north-western Cambodia.

text:
# Preah Netr Preah

**Preah Netr Preah** is a *khum* (commune) of Preah Netr Preah District in Banteay Meanchey Province in north-western Cambodia.

## Villages

* Preah Paoy Kdoeang
* Cheung Voat
* Kandal
* Post Chas
* Paoy Samraong
* Paoy Pring
* Ta Paen
* Sreh Kaeut
* Sreh Lech
* Kouk Srok
* Sramaoch
* Peam Sreh
* Doun Chaeng
* Kon Damrey

## InfoBox

| Preah Netr Preah ឃុំព្រះនេត្រព្រះ | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Preah Netr PreahLocation within Cambodia | |
| Coordinates: 13°35′03″N 103°09′53″E / 13.5843°N 103.1647°E / 13.5843; 103.1647 | |
| Country | Cambodia |
| Province | Banteay Meanchey |
| District | Preah Netr Preah |
| Villages | 14 |
| Time zone | UTC+7 (ICT) |
| Geocode | 010405 |


title: Menninkäinen

abstract: In Finnish mythology and lore, a menninkäinen is believed to be a leprechaun-like inhabitant of the forests. Fairy tale depictions often involve riddling, dominance struggles and favors elicited. Menninkäinen were probably originally thought to be spirits of dead people, but folklore about them has changed during time, and they turned to be something else. In modern usage, the word is usually used to mean goblins, hobgoblins and gnomes. Not all Finnish words for the little folk have an English equivalent, and vice versa, so confusion in the translation of these terms is quite common.

text:
# Menninkäinen

In Finnish mythology and lore, a **menninkäinen** is believed to be a leprechaun-like inhabitant of the forests. Fairy tale depictions often involve riddling, dominance struggles and favors elicited. Menninkäinen were probably originally thought to be spirits of dead people, but folklore about them has changed during time, and they turned to be something else.

In modern usage, the word is usually used to mean goblins, hobgoblins and gnomes. Not all Finnish words for the little folk have an English equivalent, and vice versa, so confusion in the translation of these terms is quite common.


title: Viktor Bruthans

abstract: Viktor Bruthans is a former professional tennis player from Slovakia.

text:
# Viktor Bruthans

**Viktor Bruthans** (born 9 November 1979) is a former professional tennis player from Slovakia.

## Biography

Bruthans was born in the Czechoslovakian town of Kyjov, which is now part of the Czech Republic.

At the 2005 Summer Universiade in Izmir, he won bronze medals for Slovakia in both the men's doubles and mixed doubles events.

His professional career was spent on the Futures and Challenger circuits. As a singles player he reached 238 in the world, with Futures titles in India, Ukraine and Nigeria, as well as a runners-up trophy at the 2005 Togliatti Challenger. He won two Challenger titles in doubles.

Bruthans made several attempts to qualify for the main draw of a Grand Slam tournament, most notably at the 2005 Australian Open, where he reached the final round of qualifying.

In 2006 he represented Slovakia in a Davis Cup tie against Chile in Rancagua. The tie, a World Group opener, was secured by Chile after the doubles match, which gave Bruthans an opportunity as the reverse singles were dead rubbers. He lost his match in straight sets to Paul Capdeville.

## Challenger titles

### Doubles: (2)

| No. | Year | Tournament | Surface | Partner | Opponents | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | 2003 | Samarkand, Uzbekistan | Clay | Sergiy Stakhovsky | Pavel Ivanov
Darko Mađarovski | 6–2, 6–4 |
| 2. | 2006 | Košice, Slovakia | Clay | Pavel Šnobel | Kamil Čapkovič
Lukáš Lacko | 7–5, 5–7, 10–4 |

## InfoBox

Viktor Bruthans
| Full name | Viktor Bruthans |
| --- | --- |
| Country (sports) | Slovakia |
| Born | (1979-11-09) 9 November 1979
Kyjov, Czechoslovakia |
| Prize money | $111,244 |
| Singles | |
| Highest ranking | No. 238 (10 October 2005) |
| Doubles | |
| Highest ranking | No. 240 (26 July 2004) |
| Medal record      Tennis  Representing  Slovakia  Summer Universiade  2005 İzmir Doubles  2005 İzmir Mixed | |


title: Feistritz bei Knittelfeld

abstract: Feistritz bei Knittelfeld is a former municipality in the district of Murtal in Styria, Austria. Since the 2015 Styria municipal structural reform, it is part of the municipality Sankt Marein-Feistritz.

text:
# Feistritz bei Knittelfeld

**Feistritz bei Knittelfeld** is a former municipality in the district of Murtal in Styria, Austria. Since the 2015 Styria municipal structural reform, it is part of the municipality Sankt Marein-Feistritz.

## InfoBox

| Feistritz bei Knittelfeld | |
| --- | --- |
| Former municipality | |
| View of Feistritz | |
|  | |
| Feistritz bei KnittelfeldLocation within Austria | |
| Coordinates: 47°16′00″N 14°52′00″E / 47.26667°N 14.86667°E / 47.26667; 14.86667 | |
| Country | Austria |
| State | Styria |
| District | Murtal |
| Area | |
| Total | 9.93 km2 (3.83 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 647 m (2,123 ft) |
| Population (1 January 2016) | |
| Total | 789 |
| Density | 79/km2 (210/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 8715 |
| Area code | 03515 |
| Vehicle registration | KF |
| Website | feistritz-knittelfeld.
steiermark.at |


title: The Rat

abstract: The Rat may refer to:

text:
# The Rat

**The Rat** may refer to:

## Arts and entertainment

## Nickname

* Niki Lauda (born 1949), Austrian former Formula One race car driver
* Ken Linseman (born 1958), former National Hockey League player
* Jeff Ratcliffe (born 1976), former professional lacrosse player

## Music

* The Rathskellar (The Rat), a now-defunct live music venue in Kenmore Square, Boston, Massachusetts
* Pro Co RAT, aka "The RAT", a distortion pedal


title: 1963–64 City Cup

abstract: The 1963–64 City Cup was the 59th edition of the City Cup, a cup competition in Northern Irish football. The tournament was won by Linfield for the 22nd time.

text:
# 1963–64 City Cup

The **1963–64 City Cup** was the 59th edition of the City Cup, a cup competition in Northern Irish football.

The tournament was won by Linfield for the 22nd time.

## Group standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GR | Pts | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Linfield (C) | 11 | 7 | 4 | 0 | 40 | 13 | 3.077 | 18 | Champions |
| 2 | Glentoran | 11 | 8 | 0 | 3 | 31 | 18 | 1.722 | 16 |  |
| 3 | Glenavon | 11 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 27 | 18 | 1.500 | | 15 |
| 4 | Coleraine | 11 | 6 | 2 | 3 | 26 | 15 | 1.733 | | 14 |
| 5 | Derry City | 11 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 29 | 15 | 1.933 | | 13 |
| 6 | Crusaders | 11 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 24 | 22 | 1.091 | | 12 |
| 7 | Ards | 11 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 24 | 28 | 0.857 | | 11 |
| 8 | Portadown | 11 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 18 | 25 | 0.720 | | 10 |
| 9 | Distillery | 11 | 3 | 2 | 6 | 22 | 24 | 0.917 | | 8 |
| 10 | Cliftonville | 11 | 3 | 0 | 8 | 17 | 47 | 0.362 | | 6 |
| 11 | Ballymena United | 11 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 13 | 23 | 0.565 | | 5 |
| 12 | Bangor | 11 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 17 | 40 | 0.425 | | 4 |

Source: Irish League Archive
(C) Champions

## InfoBox

1963–64 City Cup
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Northern Ireland |
| Teams | 12 |
| Defending champions | Distillery |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Linfield (22nd win) |
| Runner-up | Glentoran |
| Tournament statistics | |
| Matches played | 68 |
| Goals scored | 288 (4.24 per match) |
|  | |


title: Lob wedge

abstract: A lob wedge, also known as a lofted wedge or an L-Wedge, is a wedge used in the sport of golf, known for being one of the shortest-hitting clubs and providing the most loft on a shot. Lob wedges are used to produce shots with a very high arc, and are most often used for shots over hazards and other obstructions. Due to the high arc of the shot the lob wedge, like the other wedges in the set of irons, produces little roll after landing on the putting green and can even be used to produce backspin if necessary. Lob wedges are one of the newest additions to the modern collection of golf clubs and, along with the sand wedge and gap wedge, were not included prior to 1931.

text:
# Lob wedge

A **lob wedge**, also known as a **lofted wedge** or an **L-Wedge**, is a wedge used in the sport of golf, known for being one of the shortest-hitting clubs and providing the most loft on a shot. Lob wedges are used to produce shots with a very high arc, and are most often used for shots over hazards and other obstructions. Due to the high arc of the shot the lob wedge, like the other wedges in the set of irons, produces little roll after landing on the putting green and can even be used to produce backspin if necessary. Lob wedges are one of the newest additions to the modern collection of golf clubs and, along with the sand wedge and gap wedge, were not included prior to 1931.

## Design

Lob wedges are part of the iron family of golf clubs and are designed for short, high arc shots. Lob wedges and ultra lob wedges are designed with the shortest shafts and the highest loft of all golf clubs. Regular lob wedges may come in a variety of lofts, usually starting around 56 degrees and approaching 60. While those above 60 degrees are rare, often up to 64 degrees, they do exist and are referred to as "x-wedges", extreme lob wedges, or ultra lob wedges. Other differences between the lob wedge and the rest of the wedge family include the less pronounced flange on the sole allowing the club to slide under the ball more easily and less degrees of bounce (often between 0–10 degrees). The low bounce was designed out of the necessity of professionals who found that the higher bounce sand wedge was making it difficult to produce the spin they desired, especially out of tight lies

## Use

Lob wedges can be used for a variety of shots including pitch and runs and pitching over an obstacle, particularly shots requiring a very high arc, a large amount of backspin or both. Pitching over an obstacle is used in situations where a hazard of some sort, usually a water hazard, bunker or tree, is located in the line of the shot between the ball's current location and the target (often on the putting green). By utilizing a lob wedge for these short shots, the ball is carried much higher in the air than with a standard iron causing significantly less roll on the landing surface. This is most often important for short shots into difficult pin placements. Before the invention of the lob wedge, or to create a shot similar to the lob wedge, the golfer was required to perform the shot with a sand wedge or pitching wedge and to modify the shot by cutting across the ball making a glancing blow, a much riskier shot.

## History

Traditional sets of golf irons did not always include the lob wedge. Before 1931, golfers used a single wedge, known as a "jigger", similar to the modern day pitching wedge. After 1931, additional wedges entered the golf bag starting with the sand wedge. The lob wedge was first envisioned by Dave Pelz, a former physicist for NASA, who recognized the need for higher loft wedges (at the time 60 degrees) due to the increasing complexity of the putting greens being designed at the time. This concept was taken up by the professional golfer Tom Kite, who began using the lob wedge professionally on tour spurring other professionals to follow his lead. The mainstream lob wedge was invented by Karsten Solheim, the founder of the PING line of golf products, possibly after experimenting by gluing a potato chip to a straw. Solheim was also responsible for naming the club the "L Wedge" or the "Lob Wedge", as it is currently known today.


title: Pogar, Vareš

abstract: Pogar is a village in the municipality of Vareš, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

text:
# Pogar, Vareš

**Pogar** is a village in the municipality of Vareš, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 139, all Croats.

## InfoBox

| Pogar | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Pogar | |
| Coordinates: 44°11′51″N 18°18′52″E / 44.1974569°N 18.3145372°E / 44.1974569; 18.3145372 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Canton | Zenica-Doboj |
| Municipality | Vareš |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.36 sq mi (11.28 km2) |
| Population (2013) | |
| Total | 139 |
| Density | 32/sq mi (12/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |