title: Valentín Paniagua

abstract: Valentín Toribio Demetrio Agustin Paniagua Corazao was a Peruvian lawyer and politician who briefly served as 55th President of Peru from 2000 to 2001. Elected President of Congress on 16 November 2000, he ascended to the presidency as incumbent Alberto Fujimori and both his Vice Presidents resigned by 22 November 2000. Due to Fujimori shortening his presidential term in order to expire on 28 July 2001, Paniagua's main task was to oversee the new elections. Paniagua was a longtime member of Popular Action, serving as Secretary General and Party President.

text:
# Valentín Paniagua

**Valentín Toribio Demetrio Agustin Paniagua Corazao** (23 September 1936 – 16 October 2006) was a Peruvian lawyer and politician who briefly served as 55th President of Peru from 2000 to 2001. Elected President of Congress on 16 November 2000, he ascended to the presidency as incumbent Alberto Fujimori and both his Vice Presidents resigned by 22 November 2000.

Due to Fujimori shortening his presidential term in order to expire on 28 July 2001, Paniagua's main task was to oversee the new elections. Paniagua was a longtime member of Popular Action, serving as Secretary General and Party President.

## Early life and education

Paniagua's father was born in Bolivia but lived most of his life in Peru. Valentín Paniagua was born in Cusco and attended high school at Salesian School of Cusco. He went on to study law at the Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad in Cusco, and subsequently transferred to the Universidad Mayor de San Marcos in Lima, where he completed his law degree. In the following years, he worked in his private practice as a lawyer and started a political career. In addition, he completed a master's degree in political science at the University of Indiana.

In August 1955, as a student leader, he was one of the founders of the *Frente Universitario Reformista Independiente*, a social-Christian reform organization, opposed to landowners' rights, to the communists and to the APRA. Paniagua became a member of the Christian Democrat Party (PDC), which was best aligned to his Roman Catholic and reformist ideals.

## Political career

In June 1963 he was elected to Congress as a representative for Cusco in the joint list of Acción Popular (AP) and PDC, an alliance that catapulted the leader of AP, Fernando Belaúnde, to the presidency of the country. Despite Paniagua's youth, Belaúnde appointed him Minister of Justice and Cult in his first government.

In 1966, a section of the PDC led by the then-mayor of Lima, Luis Bedoya Reyes, cut ties with the leadership of Héctor Cornejo Chávez and founded the Partido Popular Cristiano (PPC). However, Paniagua remained in the ranks of the government.

The coup d'état of General Juan Velasco Alvarado on 3 October 1968, sent Paniagua out of Congress and for some years he was left out of politics. His loyalty to the constitutional legality of Belaúnde led him to abandon the PDC on 27 July 1974, in protest of its acceptance of the military government. Some time later, he became a member of AP, and kept on a civil protest against Velasco and his 1975 successor, General Francisco Morales-Bermúdez.

In the elections of 18 May 1980, he was re-elected to Congress, and his party boss, Belaúnde, won his second presidency.

In July 1982, after being part of the Constitutional Commission of the Chamber of Deputies, he became President of the Chamber of Deputies.

On 10 May 1985, he became Minister of Education. In October of that year, he resigned to return to his parliamentary activities. He was given the Orden del Sol in the Gran Cruz grade.

The defeat of AP in the 14 April 1985 elections and arrival to power of Alan García's APRA sent Paniagua to the opposition. Over the following five years he remained a strong foe of the government and worked as a prestigious lawyer in academic and political circles, as well as a professor of constitutional law at the universities of San Marcos, Femenina del Sagrado Corazón and Pontificia Católica.

In the national elections of 1990, together with most of Acción Popular, Paniagua supported the candidacy of Mario Vargas Llosa for president. When Alberto Fujimori was elected President, Paniagua was part of the opposition, but became a strong opponent after Fujimori's auto-coup in April 1992.

## Presidency (2000–2001)

Fujimori was reelected once again in the controversial national elections of 2000. Paniagua was a prominent member of the opposition.

On 14 September the nation was rocked by evidence that Fujimori's security chief, Vladimiro Montesinos, had bribed an opposition congressman to switch to Fujimori's party, Perú 2000. Fujimori's support evaporated at this point, and he was forced to announce he would step down after new presidential elections in 2001. An OAS mission was sent to deal with the political crisis.

Fujimori's allies lost control of Congress after numerous defections to the opposition. On 15 November 2000, a majority of the Congress dismissed the acting President of the Peruvian Congress, a Fujimori supporter. After an internal discussion among the political forces, Paniagua was elected the new President of the Peruvian Congress. He was elected because all parties considered him to have a fair but strong character, needed in such times of crisis.

A few days later, Fujimori submitted his resignation by fax. However, Congress voted 62-9 to reject Fujimori's resignation and remove him from office on grounds that he was "permanently morally unfit." According to the line of succession, First Vice President Francisco Tudela should have succeeded to the presidency, but he had also resigned a few days before after breaking with Fujimori. Second Vice President Ricardo Márquez then claimed the presidency. However, Congress refused to recognize him since he was one of the few who were still loyal to Fujimori. When it became apparent that Congress would not allow Márquez to take office, he resigned as well. Therefore, since the President of Congress stood third in the line of succession, Paniagua became acting president.

Paniagua formed a *Unity and National Reconciliation Government* that received the support of almost all the political parties of the time. He then proceeded to form a broad-based cabinet, which involved non-partisan technologists and low-profile politicians. It was headed by former UN Secretary General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar as Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs, who was chosen to avoid the increasing political pressure from the different political parties. He also dismissed the remaining military commanders who had had any type of involvement with or political connection to Montesinos.

Paniagua had to work with Fujimori's Peru 2000 party in Congress, since it still was the most important political organization (even though it no longer had a majority). Additionally, during most of his period, an important number of the infamous *Vladivideos* were published and investigated, since most of them recorded acts of corruption involving politicians, members of the clergy and important businessmen.

Paniagua was also involved in the repeal of much of the anti-terrorist legislation enforced by Fujimori, which included trials by faceless judges and juries. This allowed the re-trial of several members of Shining Path, who were already in prison, in civilian courts instead of military ones. Paniagua also established a Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate the internal conflict in Peru.

## Post-presidency (2001–2006)

### Later political career

When his time as President of the Republic came to an end, he transferred the government to the democratically elected president and winner of the national elections of 2001, Alejandro Toledo. In the same year, he was elected Secretary General of Acción Popular, replacing the long-time leader Fernando Belaúnde as the national leader of the political organization.

For a brief period of time, it was speculated that the Peruvian government would support his candidacy for Secretary General of the Organization of American States (OAS) in the 2005 Secretary General election. He declined this in order to participate in the 2006 election, as Frente de Centro's presidential candidate in an unsuccessful campaign, in which he came in fifth place, receiving 5.75% of the vote.

He became a member of the Club of Madrid .

### Death

On 21 August 2006, he fell seriously ill and was hospitalized for a week with a respiratory infection. A congressman wrongly reported that he had died and Congress observed a moment of silence in his honor, but he had not died and his health had in fact improved. However, in early October 2006, the country learned from a medical spokesperson that Mr. Paniagua's condition had not improved significantly.

Valentín Paniagua died in the early hours of 16 October 2006 in a hospital in Lima at the age of 70.

## InfoBox

| Valentín Paniagua | |
| --- | --- |
| Paniagua in the 1960s | |
|  | |
| 55th President of Peru | |
| **In office**
22 November 2000  28 July 2001 | |
| Prime Minister | Javier Pérez de Cuéllar |
| Vice President | * **First Vice President**
*Vacant* * **Second Vice President**
*Vacant* |
| Preceded by | Alberto Fujimori |
| Succeeded by | Alejandro Toledo |
| President of Congress | |
| **In office**
16 November 2000  26 July 2001 | |
| Preceded by | Luz Salgado (Acting) |
| Succeeded by | Francisco Tudela (Acting) |
| Member of Congress | |
| **In office**
26 July 2000  26 July 2001 | |
| Constituency | National |
| Minister of Education | |
| **In office**
10 April 1984  12 October 1984 | |
| President | Fernando Belaúnde Terry |
| Preceded by | Patricio Ricketts |
| Succeeded by | Andrés Cardo Franco |
| President of the Chamber of Deputies | |
| **In office**
26 July 1982  26 July 1983 | |
| Preceded by | Luis Pércovich Roca |
| Succeeded by | Dagoberto Láinez |
| Member of the Chamber of Deputies | |
| **In office**
26 July 1980  26 July 1985 | |
| Constituency | Lima |
| **In office**
26 July 1963  3 October 1968 | |
| Constituency | Lima |
| Minister of Justice and Worship | |
| **In office**
15 September 1965  21 January 1966 | |
| President | Fernando Belaúnde Terry |
| Preceded by | Carlos Fernández Sesarego |
| Succeeded by | Roberto Ramírez del Villar Beaumont |
| President of Popular Action | |
| **In office**
2001–2004 | |
| Preceded by | Fernando Belaúnde Terry |
| Succeeded by | Víctor Andrés García Belaúnde |
| Secretary General of the Popular Action Party | |
| **In office**
1998–2000 | |
| Preceded by | Jorge Díaz León |
| Succeeded by | Javier Díaz Orihuela |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Valentín Toribio Demetrio Agustin Paniagua Corazao
(1936-09-23)23 September 1936
Cuzco, Peru |
| Died | 16 October 2006(2006-10-16) (aged 70)
Lima, Peru |
| Political party | Acción Popular |
| Spouse | Nilda Mercedes Jara Urías de Paniagua |
| Alma mater | National University of San Antonio Abad in Cuzco
National University of San Marcos (LL.B.)
University of Indiana (M.A.) |
| Profession | Lawyer |
|  | |


title: Valentín Lamas Carvajal

abstract: Valentín Lamas Carvajal (1849–1906) was a Spanish journalist. He was one of the founders of Royal Galician Academy. He studied high school in his hometown and in 1870 he moved to Santiago de Compostela to study medicine that he failed to finish due to an eye disease that would eventually leave him blind.

text:
# Valentín Lamas Carvajal

**Valentín Lamas Carvajal** (1849–1906) was a Spanish journalist. He was one of the founders of Royal Galician Academy.

He studied high school in his hometown and in 1870 he moved to Santiago de Compostela to study medicine that he failed to finish due to an eye disease that would eventually leave him blind.

## Work

* *Espiñas, follas e frores* (1875)
* *Saudades gallegas* (1880)
* *Gallegada* (1887)
* *Catecismo do labrego*  (1889)
* *A musa das aldeas* (1890)

## InfoBox

| Valentín Lamas Carvajal | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1849-11-01)November 1, 1849
Ourense, Spain |
| Died | November 4, 1906(1906-11-04) (aged 57)
Ourense, Kingdom of Spain |
| Burial place | San Francisco de Ourense Cemetery |
| Nationality | Spanish |
| Education | University of Santiago de Compostela |
| Occupation(s) | Journalist, poet |
| Spouse | Amalia Rosina Sánchez Gómez |
| Children | 6, including Modesto Lamas Sánchez |
| Signature | |
|  | |


title: Valentina Vorontsova

abstract: Valentina Grigoryevna Vorontsova is a Russian female water polo player. She was a member of the Russia women's national water polo team, playing as goalkeeper. She was a part of the team at the 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Summer Olympics. On club level she played for Kinef Kirishi in Russia.

text:
# Valentina Vorontsova

**Valentina Grigoryevna Vorontsova** (Валентина Григорьевна Воронцова, born 26 July 1982) is a Russian female water polo player. She was a member of the Russia women's national water polo team, playing as goalkeeper.

She was a part of the team at the 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Summer Olympics. On club level she played for Kinef Kirishi in Russia.

## InfoBox

| Valentina Vorontsova | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Valentina Grigoryevna Vorontsova | | |
| Born | (1982-07-26) 26 July 1982
Kabardinka, Krasnodar Krai, Soviet Union | | |
| Height | 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) | | |
| Weight | 65 kg (143 lb) | | |
| Position | goalkeeper | | |
| Senior clubs | | | |
| Years | **Team** | | |
| ?-?
?-? | SKIF MFP Izmaylovo
Kinef Kirishi | | |
| National team | | | |
| Years | **Team** |
| ?-? | Russia |
| Medal record      Representing  Russia  World Championships  2003 Barcelona Team competition  2007 Melbourne Team competition | | | |


title: Value shop

abstract:
A value shop is an organization designed to solve customer or client problems, rather than creating value by producing output from an input of raw materials. The principles of value shops were first conceptualized by Thompson in 1967, and properly defined by Charles B. Stabell and Øystein D. Fjeldstad of the Norwegian School of Management in 1998, who also created the name. Compared to Michael Porter's concept of the value chain, there is no sequential fixed set of activities or resources utilized to create value. Each problem is treated uniquely and activities and resources are allocated specifically to cater to the problem in question. According to the research of Stabell and Fjeldstad, the value configuration analysis (1998), five main generic activities are carried out in the organization:
  - Problem Finding and acquisition
  - Problem Solving
  - Choice of problem solution
  - Execution of solution
  - Control and evaluation Value is created in the shop by several mechanisms allowing the organization to solve problems better or faster than the client. These are variables such as:
  - The organization is in possession of more information about the problem than the client
  - The organization is specialized to deal with the problem at hand with specific methods to cover analysis
  - Strong expertise with expert professionals is available. Some of the classical examples of value shops include management consultancies such as Boston Consulting Group, Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu and McKinsey. The value shop concept has also been applied to a number of other activities including Norwegian police investigations and the knowledge-intensive energy exploration business.

text:
# Value shop

A **value shop** is an organization designed to solve customer or client problems, rather than creating value by producing output from an input of raw materials. The principles of value shops were first conceptualized by Thompson in 1967, and properly defined by Charles B. Stabell and Øystein D. Fjeldstad of the Norwegian School of Management in 1998, who also created the name.

Compared to Michael Porter's concept of the value chain, there is no sequential fixed set of activities or resources utilized to create value. Each problem is treated uniquely and activities and resources are allocated specifically to cater to the problem in question.

According to the research of Stabell and Fjeldstad, the value configuration analysis (1998), five main generic activities are carried out in the organization:

* Problem Finding and acquisition
* Problem Solving
* Choice of problem solution
* Execution of solution
* Control and evaluation

Value is created in the shop by several mechanisms allowing the organization to solve problems better or faster than the client. These are variables such as:

* The organization is in possession of more information about the problem than the client
* The organization is specialized to deal with the problem at hand with specific methods to cover analysis
* Strong expertise with expert professionals is available.

Some of the classical examples of value shops include management consultancies such as Boston Consulting Group, Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu and McKinsey. The value shop concept has also been applied to a number of other activities including Norwegian police investigations (e.g. Gottschalk, 2007) and the knowledge-intensive energy exploration business (Woiceshyn and Falkenberg, 2008).

* Gottschalk, P. (2007) "Predictors of Police Investigation Performance: An Empirical Study of Norwegian Police as Value Shop". *International Journal of Information Management*, 27, 36-48.
* Stabell, C.B., and Fjeldstad, Ø.D. (1998) "Configuring Value for Competitive Advantage: On Chains, Shops, and Networks", *Strategic Management Journal*, 19, 413-437.
* Thompson, J.D. (1967) *Organizations in Action*. McGraw Hill: New York.
* Woiceshyn, J. and Falkenberg, L. (2008) "Value-creation in Knowledge Based Firms: Aligning Problems and Resources". *Academy of Management Perspectives*, 22, 2, 85-99.


title: 123 Brunhild

abstract: 123 Brunhild is a stony S-type main-belt asteroid. It was discovered by German-American astronomer C. H. F. Peters on July 31, 1872, and named after Brünnehilde, a Valkyrie in Norse mythology. Brunhild has been mistaken for the non-existent variable star KN Gem. In 1983, 123 Brunhild was observed photometrically from the Observatoire de Haute-Provence, producing an irregular light curve that showed eight extremes, including two minima and two maxima that were more accentuated than the others. This curve indicates an irregular shape or possibly areas with higher albedo, with a rotation period of 10.04 ± 0.02 hours and a brightness variation of 0.16 ± 0.01 in magnitude. Based upon IRAS observations, the estimated diameter of this asteroid is 47.97 ± 2.6 km with a geometric albedo of 0.2134 ± 0.026. A smaller diameter value of 41.33 ± 1.73 km is obtained from the Midcourse Space Experiment observations, with an accordingly higher albedo of 0.2886 ± 0.0247.

text:
# 123 Brunhild

**123 Brunhild** is a stony S-type main-belt asteroid. It was discovered by German-American astronomer C. H. F. Peters on July 31, 1872, and named after Brünnehilde, a Valkyrie in Norse mythology. Brunhild has been mistaken for the non-existent variable star KN Gem.

In 1983, 123 Brunhild was observed photometrically from the Observatoire de Haute-Provence, producing an irregular light curve that showed eight extremes, including two minima and two maxima that were more accentuated than the others. This curve indicates an irregular shape or possibly areas with higher albedo, with a rotation period of 10.04 ± 0.02 hours and a brightness variation of 0.16 ± 0.01 in magnitude.

Based upon IRAS observations, the estimated diameter of this asteroid is 47.97 ± 2.6 km with a geometric albedo of 0.2134 ± 0.026. A smaller diameter value of 41.33 ± 1.73 km is obtained from the Midcourse Space Experiment observations, with an accordingly higher albedo of 0.2886 ± 0.0247.

## InfoBox

123 Brunhild
| Discovery | |
| --- | --- |
| Discovered by | Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters |
| Discovery date | 31 July 1872 |
| Designations | |
| MPC designation | (123) Brunhild |
| Pronunciation | /ˈbrnhɪld/ |
| Named after | Brynhildr |
| Alternative designations | A872 OB |
| Minor planet category | Main belt |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Epoch 31 July 2016 (JD 2457600.5) | |
| Uncertainty parameter 0 | |
| Observation arc | 143.71 yr (52490 days) |
| Aphelion | 3.0183 AU (451.53 Gm) |
| Perihelion | 2.37594 AU (355.436 Gm) |
| Semi-major axis | 2.69710 AU (403.480 Gm) |
| Eccentricity | 0.11907 |
| Orbital period (sidereal) | 4.43 yr (1617.9 ) |
| Average orbital speed | 18.08 km/s |
| Mean anomaly | 96.8286 |
| Mean motion | 0° 13m 21.054s / day |
| Inclination | 6.4142° |
| Longitude of ascending node | 307.834° |
| Argument of perihelion | 125.960° |
| Earth MOID | 1.39621 AU (208.870 Gm) |
| Jupiter MOID | 2.22588 AU (332.987 Gm) |
| TJupiter | 3.350 |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Dimensions | 48 km |
| Mean radius | 23.985±1.3 km |
| Mass | 1.2×1017 kg (assumed) |
| Equatorial surface gravity | 0.0134 m/s2 |
| Equatorial escape velocity | 0.0254 km/s |
| Synodic rotation period | 10.04  (0.418 ) |
| Geometric albedo | 0.2134±0.026 |
| Temperature | ~170 |
| Spectral type |  |
| Apparent magnitude | 11.77 to 14.88 |
| Absolute magnitude *(H)* | 8.9 |
|  | |


title: Shoaib Khan (cricketer, born 1978)

abstract: Shoaib Khan is a Pakistani cricketer. He has played more than 140 first-class and 80 List A matches since 1999. In the 2003–04 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy, Khan scored 300 not out batting for Peshawar against Quetta.

text:
# Shoaib Khan (cricketer, born 1978)

**Shoaib Khan** (born 27 July 1978) is a Pakistani cricketer. He has played more than 140 first-class and 80 List A matches since 1999. In the 2003–04 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy, Khan scored 300 not out batting for Peshawar against Quetta.

## InfoBox

Shoaib Khan
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1978-07-27) 27 July 1978<br>Peshawar, Pakistan |
| Batting | Right-hand bat |
| Source: ESPNcricinfo, 7 November 2016 | |


title: Ultimate Recipe Showdown

abstract: Ultimate Recipe Showdown is a program shown on Food Network. The program was originally hosted by Marc Summers and Guy Fieri. For the second season, Fieri hosted the program alone. There were three seasons between 2008 and 2010.

text:
# Ultimate Recipe Showdown

***Ultimate Recipe Showdown*** is a program shown on Food Network. The program was originally hosted by Marc Summers and Guy Fieri. For the second season, Fieri hosted the program alone.

There were three seasons between 2008 and 2010.

## Format

Each contest had three home cooks who had won their way into the competition. The episode had a theme such as "comfort food". Each round had a specialized section of the theme, such as macaroni and cheese. In each round, the contestants would be given points out of 100. The three judges included Katherine Alford, Kerry Simon and Russ Parsons. The judges would not watch the contestants as they judged. The top scorer of the night won the top prize of $25,000 and their recipe was featured on the menu of T.G.I. Friday's.

For the second season there were some format changes. Each episode had a theme, but four contestants competed in the entire program. The two rounds were Signature, where the contestants had 2 hours to make a dish, and the Speed Round, where the contestants had 30 minutes for a dish. This time the judges watched the contestants throughout the program. The judges were Alford, Michael Psilakis (owner of Dona, Kefi, and Anthos, three popular Greek restaurants) and Linda Fears, editor-in-chief of *Family Circle* magazine.

## InfoBox

| *Ultimate Recipe Showdown* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Cooking show |
| Created by | Food Network |
| Starring | Guy Fieri |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original release | |
| Network | Food Network |


title: Yucho

abstract: Yucho is an interbank network in Japan, owned and operated by the postal savings division of Japan Post Bank. It counts some 26,519 ATMs, of which 23,500 are at post offices and 2,869 are away from post offices. The number of ATMs correspond to about one for every post office in Japan, excluding a few post offices that are too small to support ATMs. It is one of the first interbank networks, having been set up in 1979. Some 130 banks in Japan have access to the Yucho network and vice versa. However, rather than being members of Yucho, they are affiliates of the network. The network was set up primarily for Japan Post's postal finance systems, which include its savings accounts. Yucho ATMs are also linked internationally to the Cirrus, China UnionPay and PLUS interbank networks, and also accept Visa, MasterCard, American Express, Diners Club, Japan Credit Bureau and China UnionPay credit cards through those networks. Yucho ATMs are categorized into two kinds: actual ATMs, which can accept passbooks to make deposits or withdrawals in addition to ATM cards, and cash dispensers, which only accept ATM cards. Unlike most interbank networks, Yucho ATMs do not operate 24 hours a day. Some ATMs close as early as 5:00 pm JST and as late as 11:00 pm JST.

text:
# Yucho

**Yucho** (ゆうちょ, *Yūcho*) is an interbank network in Japan, owned and operated by the postal savings division of Japan Post Bank. It counts some 26,519 ATMs, of which 23,500 are at post offices and 2,869 are away from post offices. The number of ATMs correspond to about one for every post office in Japan, excluding a few post offices that are too small to support ATMs. It is one of the first interbank networks, having been set up in 1979.

Some 130 banks in Japan have access to the Yucho network and vice versa. However, rather than being members of Yucho, they are affiliates of the network. The network was set up primarily for Japan Post's postal finance systems, which include its savings accounts. Yucho ATMs are also linked internationally to the Cirrus, China UnionPay and PLUS interbank networks, and also accept Visa, MasterCard, American Express, Diners Club, Japan Credit Bureau and China UnionPay credit cards through those networks.

Yucho ATMs are categorized into two kinds: actual ATMs, which can accept passbooks to make deposits or withdrawals in addition to ATM cards, and cash dispensers, which only accept ATM cards. Unlike most interbank networks, Yucho ATMs do not operate 24 hours a day. Some ATMs close as early as 5:00 pm JST and as late as 11:00 pm JST.

## InfoBox

Yucho
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Operating area | Japan |
| Members | 1 (130 affiliated) |
| ATMs | 26,519 |
| Founded | 1979 |


title: 1816 French legislative election

text:
# 1816 French legislative election

Legislative elections were held in France on 25 September and 4 October 1816 to elect the first legislature of the Second Restoration. Voters elected three-fifths of all deputies in the first round. In the second round, the most heavily taxed voted again to elect the remaining two-fifths of deputies. Only citizens paying taxes were eligible to vote.

## Results

|  | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Seats |
|  | Moderate Royalists | 136 |
|  | Ultra-royalists | 92 |
|  | Republicans and Bonapartists | 20 |
|  | Liberals | 10 |
| Total | | 258 |
|  | | |
| Source: Election Politique | | |

## InfoBox

1816 French legislative election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  258 of the 309 seats in the Chamber of Deputies
155 seats needed for a majority | |
| First party Second party   Leader Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis François-Régis de La Bourdonnaye  Party Doctrinaires Ultra-royalist  Seats won **136** 92   ---  Third party Fourth party   Leader Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson  Party RepublicansBonapartists Liberals  Seats won 20 10 | |
| ---  **Prime Minister before election**
The Duke of Richelieu
Independent **Elected Prime Minister**
The Duke of Richelieu
Independent | |


title: Terry Barrett

abstract: Terry Michael Barrett was an American art critic, and Professor Emeritus at Ohio State University. His many books, anthology chapters, and articles about contemporary art, art criticism, aesthetics, and the teaching of these, have had a significant impact on the field.

text:
# Terry Barrett

**Terry Michael Barrett** (1945 - October 29, 2023) was an American art critic, and Professor Emeritus at Ohio State University. His many books, anthology chapters, and articles about contemporary art, art criticism, aesthetics, and the teaching of these, have had a significant impact on the field.

## *Terry Barrett's Principles for Interpreting Art*

“If I follow these principles, I will be able to be confident that my interpretive efforts are in a right direction and a right spirit”

### Barrett's Approach to Interpretation

Barrett uses a think aloud process. He begins by discussing what he knows about the painting. His process is guided by a series of questions, beginning with what he calls a literal reading of the painting. Barrett draws on prior knowledge and observations of the artwork to construct his interpretation. He looks beyond the artwork to further his understanding of the painting, he asks whether there are similarities between an artist's other works and does not interpret the artwork in isolation. He considers this within the context of the artist's oeuvre. Barrett turns to scholarly interpretations of an artwork for further insight. Barrett's approach may be summed up by words that are central to the title of his book – reflecting, wondering and responding. He reflects on what he sees literally and metaphorically. Based on prior experiences and knowledge he constructs an interpretation and articulates it verbally – this is his response to the artwork.

“When writing or telling about what we see and what we experience in the presence of an artwork, we build meaning; we do not merely report it”

A good interpretation is personally meaningful while also corresponding to the works visual elements and socio-cultural milieu. The interpretation has communal relevance. A good interpretation is developed through openness to the act of interpretation, a sense of wonder, keen observation, and a construction of understanding that can be shared with others.

### Barrett's principles

• Artworks are always about something
• Subject matter + Medium + Form + Context = Meaning
• To interpret a work of art is to understand it in language
• Feelings are guides to interpretation
• The critical activities of describing, analysing, interpreting, judging and theorising about works of art interrelated and interdependent
• Artworks attract multiple interpretations and it is not the goal of interpretation to arrive at a single, grand, unified, composite interpretation
• There is a range of interpretations that any artwork will allow
• Meanings of artworks are not limited to what the artist intended them to mean
• Interpretations are not so much right, but are more or less reasonable, convincing, informative, and enlightening
• Interpretations imply a worldview
• Good interpretations tell more about the artwork than they tell about the interpreter
• The objects of interpretation are artworks, not artists
• All art is in part about the world in which it emerged
• All art is in part about other art
• Good interpretations have coherence, correspondence, and inclusiveness
• Interpreting art is an endeavour that is both individual and communal
• Some interpretations are better than others
• The admissibility of an interpretation is ultimately determined by a community of interpreters and the community is self-correcting
• Good interpretations invite us to see for ourselves and continue on our own

According to Arthur Danto, a contemporary philosopher and art critic, names, as an essential characteristic of artworks, “aboutness”. That artworks are necessarily about something is the cornerstone of Danto's philosophy of art. Since they are about something they must be interpreted. Barrett's book, Reflecting, Wondering and Responding, summarises Danto's theory as containing five major propositions, namely, that a work of art is (1) about something, (2) projects a point of view, (3) projects this point of view by rhetorical means, and (4) requires interpretation and that (5) the work and interpretation require an art-historical context.

### Feelings are guides to interpretation

Emotions play a central role in interpreting works of art and in understanding the world. About emotions in interpreting art Goodman states; “The work of art is apprehended through the feelings as well as through the senses. Emotional numbness disables here as definitely if not as completely as blindness and deafness… emotion in aesthetic experience is a means of discerning what properties a work has and experiences.” Israel Scheffler, a philosopher who writes about education and art is a proponent of Goodman's theory of art, offers elaboration on how the emotions are intimately tied to our perception of the world. Emotions help us to construct a vision of the world and to define the critical features of that world: Emotions help us to see the environment in a certain light. Emotions tell us whether it is “beneficial or harmful, promising or threatening, fulfilling or thwarting.” The role of the emotions in reading the world applies to interpreting works of art: “reading our feelings and reading the work are, in general, virtually inseparable processes.”

### Meanings of artworks are not always what the artist intended them to mean

Knowing what an artist meant to mean when making a work of art can be a tremendous aid to understanding that work of art. Artists’ intents can play a significant role for interpreters who want to formulate meanings about artists’ works. It would be intellectually foolish to ignore artists’ words about their works when trying to interpret those works. Barrets book does not assert, however, that the work necessarily means what the artist wants it to mean. To believe that a work of art means what its maker meant it to mean is to adhere to what is known in criticism and aesthetics as an Intentionalist position of interpretation. There are many objections to intentionalism such as the “Intentionalist Fallacy” – it is very difficult, if not impossible to know what the artist's intentions were. One should remember that it is artworks we attempt to interpret, not artists. One should also remember that intention indicates ambition and not necessarily achievement.

There are two types of Intentionalism: Actual Intentionalism and Hypothetical Intentionalism. Actual Intentionalism is the view that the meaning of a work of art is what its maker meant it to actually mean. Hypothetical Intentionalism is the view that the meaning of a work of art is what an ideal viewer surmises the artist's intent to have been. In Actual Intentionalism, the artist must have successfully realised his or her intent in the work for it to be interpreted accurately. Conversely, in Hypothetical Intentionalism, the viewer is an ideal viewer and successfully interprets the work. Barret says: “the meaning of a work of art is not limited to the meaning the artist had in mind when making the work; it can mean more or less or something different than the artist intended the work to mean.” To rely on the artists’ intent for an interpretation of an artwork is to put oneself in a passive role as a viewer. Reliance on the artists’ intent unwisely removes the responsibility of interpretation from the viewer; it also robs the viewer of the joy of interpretive thinking and the rewards of the new insights it yields into the art and the world.

### The objects of interpretation are artworks, not artists

In some conversations and writings about art, it is artists who are interpreted rather than the artworks that they have made. In critical discourse it should be the art objects that are interpreted, not the persons who made them. We want to be reading works of art and not be engaged in mind-reading. If we focus on the artist rather than the work or ourselves, we are missing opportunities to better understand the work of art and our reactions to it.

### All art is in part about the world in which it emerged

Donald Kuspit, contemporary art critic and aesthetician, reinforces this principle when discussing his decision to include psychoanalysis in his interpretation of works of art: “I began to feel that the artist is not exempt from life. There is no way out from seeing art as a reflection or meditation or a comment on life. I became interested in the process, including the artists life. I became interested in how art reflected life issues, or existential issues with which we are all involved.” All art can be shown and seen to emerge from the context of the time and the space in which it was made. Conversely, we cannot understand a work of art without imaginatively repositioning it in the context from which it emerged. In the words of Michael Foucault, “a text is made up of multiple writings, drawn from many cultures and entering into mutual relations of dialogue, parody, contestation.”

## Selected publications

* Criticizing Art: Understanding the Contemporary (1999) McGraw-Hill
* Criticizing Photographs: An Introduction to Understanding Images (1999) McGraw-Hill
* Interpreting Art : Reflecting, Wondering, and Responding (2002) McGraw-Hill
* Why Is That Art?: Aesthetics and Criticism of Contemporary Art (2007) Oxford University Press
* Making Art: Form and Meaning (2011) McGraw-Hill
* Modernism and Postmodernism: An Overview with Art Examples (1997) in Hutchens and Sums, eds., Art Education: Content and Practice in a Postmodern Era
* Weight of Photography (2010)


title: Pythium heterothallicum

abstract: Pythium heterothallicum is a plant pathogen infecting spinach.

text:
# Pythium heterothallicum

***Pythium heterothallicum*** is a plant pathogen infecting spinach.

## InfoBox

| *Pythium heterothallicum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| *Clade*: | Diaphoretickes |
| *Clade*: | SAR |
| *Clade*: | Stramenopiles |
| Phylum: | Oomycota |
| Order: | Peronosporales |
| Family: | Pythiaceae |
| Genus: | *Pythium* |
| Species: | ***P. heterothallicum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pythium heterothallicum***<br>W.A. Campb. & F.F. Hendrix, (1968) | |
|


title: White Metropolis

abstract: White Metropolis: Race, Ethnicity, and Religion in Dallas, 1841–2001 is a 2006 book by Michael Phillips, published by the University of Texas Press. It discusses race relations in Dallas, Texas, from the city's founding until the time of publication. It examines the relationship between White Protestants, White Catholics, Whites of Slavic descent, Blacks, Mexican Americans, and Jews. The book's thesis is that the city's powers that be used the desire for "whiteness" to control not only non-White minorities but also working class Whites, and that it gained power and directed the development of Dallas through exploiting the concept of whiteness and religion. White Metropolis was the first book that discussed how religion impacted the history of Dallas. Phillips argues that the leadership of the city made Whiteness as a model of success and attempted to make its citizens forget Dallas's racially strifed past. Elizabeth Hayes Turner, an associate history professor at the University of North Texas, wrote that she believed that the author "wishes minorities and marginalized whites had crossed boundaries and stood together to transform Dallas from a conservative stronghold to a mecca for liberal forces."

text:
# White Metropolis

***White Metropolis: Race, Ethnicity, and Religion in Dallas, 1841–2001*** is a 2006 book by Michael Phillips, published by the University of Texas Press. It discusses race relations in Dallas, Texas, from the city's founding until the time of publication. It examines the relationship between White Protestants, White Catholics, Whites of Slavic descent, Blacks, Mexican Americans, and Jews. The book's thesis is that the city's powers that be used the desire for "whiteness" to control not only non-White minorities but also working class Whites, and that it gained power and directed the development of Dallas through exploiting the concept of whiteness and religion. *White Metropolis* was the first book that discussed how religion impacted the history of Dallas. Phillips argues that the leadership of the city made Whiteness as a model of success and attempted to make its citizens forget Dallas's racially strifed past.

Elizabeth Hayes Turner, an associate history professor at the University of North Texas, wrote that she believed that the author "wishes minorities and marginalized whites had crossed boundaries and stood together to transform Dallas from a conservative stronghold to a mecca for liberal forces."

## Background

Phillips, who had been a reporter for the *Fort Worth Star-Telegram* and taught at the University of Texas at Austin, wrote this work as a PhD thesis; it won various academic awards, and was later adapted into a book.

## Content

The book has seven chapters.

The prologue argues that there should be more scholarship focused on the City of Dallas. The author makes a reference to Saint Paul, asking the reader to see "Through the Glass Darkly" as a way to correct misconceptions.

Chapter 1 discusses slavery during the pre-Civil War period. The majority of the book discusses race relations in subsequent parts of Dallas history. The book discusses historical events such as the 1860 Dallas fire and the subsequent executions and whippings of slaves, violence related to the U.S. Civil War, the Ford Motor Company Strike, and bombings in the 1950s, which all became, by the time of the book's publication, little-known.

In the chapter "White Like Me" Phillips stated that politicians encouraged Jews and Mexican-Americans to reject African-Americans so they could get the social status White Americans had. This chapter discusses a 1950-1951 series of bombings of a neighborhood in South Dallas aimed at African-Americans; a Hispanic man named Pete Garcia was an accomplice.

Phillip discusses criticisms of whiteness studies in his afterword; he defends the field of study by offering rebuttals to criticisms, and he also defends the works of David Roediger. In particular he criticizes Eric Arnesen's essay in *International Labor and Working Class History* Issue 60, Fall 2001, saying that it is a "prima facie absurdity" that uses too many ad hominems; and Barbara Jeanne Fields's essay in the same issue, saying that he believed that she may not have familiarity with the literature and that she wrongly attributes negative motives to whiteness scholars.

The book does not discuss white women who supported progressive causes.

## Reception

It won the T. R. Fehrenbach Award from the Texas Historical Commission.

### Book reviews

According to Phillips, the book received a mostly positive reception.

Thomas C. Cox of the University of Southern California wrote that the book is "excellent, informed history of Dallas, Texas".

Charles W. Eagles of the University of Mississippi wrote that the book "makes large claims for the historical significance of Dallas" and that "A pungent prologue and an acerbic afterword constitute the more memorable parts of" the book. Eagles noted that the author "quickly surveys 160 years of Dallas' history in as many pages". Phillips characterized Eagles's review as "snippy", and Phillips criticized the "160 years" argument stating that ideas to not evolve on the basis of years but over a long period of time.

Robert B. Fairbanks of the University of Texas at Arlington argued that "provides some helpful insight about race in Dallas" and that it "does a good job of documenting how Dallas reflected the racism and fear of diversity common to much of the twentieth century by discussing the various attacks on diversity within the city", the book did not adequately demonstrate that elites intentionally divided people by using whiteness, and therefore the book "is in no way the final word" on racism in Dallas.

Rod Davis of *D Magazine* wrote that even though it was a controversial book, *White Metropolis* "should join the slim canon as a must-read for informed citizens" because there was a general lack of scholarship focused on the City of Dallas.

Guy Lancaster of the *Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture* wrote that the book is "a great application of modern “whiteness studies” (as it has emerged from social and literary theory) to the history of a particular city." Lancaster argued that the book sometimes veered off of its subject by trying to compare Dallas to other areas in Texas and the United States.

Melissa Prycer of the *Dallas Heritage Village* wrote that the author "does an able job of addressing the triumphs and challenges of all of Dallas’s minorities" and "has given our city a far more interesting history" despite the controversies raised. Prycer argued that sometimes Phillips "stresses his whiteness theory too much" and that it would have been good to include information connecting Dallas to trends found in other cities; she stated the lack of this feature "makes Dallas seem more unique than it is."

Turner concluded that the book is a "well-written and controversial history".

## Further reading


title: Valerie Ogoke

abstract: Valerie Ogoke is an American basketball forward playing professionally in Australia for the Canberra Capitals. She played high school basketball for St. Mary's Academy, before going on to play university basketball for Loyola Marymount University (LMU) from 2004 to 2008. While with the LMU team, she participated in a game in Australia against the Australian Institute of Sport team. After finishing university, where she majored in accounting, she played in the Western Australian State Basketball League for the South West Slammers. In 2012, following a three-week trial, she signed with the Canberra Capitals in Australia's Women's National Basketball League.

text:
# Valerie Ogoke

**Valerie Ogoke** (born 10 September 1986) is an American basketball forward playing professionally in Australia for the Canberra Capitals. She played high school basketball for St. Mary's Academy, before going on to play university basketball for Loyola Marymount University (LMU) from 2004 to 2008. While with the LMU team, she participated in a game in Australia against the Australian Institute of Sport team. After finishing university, where she majored in accounting, she played in the Western Australian State Basketball League for the South West Slammers. In 2012, following a three-week trial, she signed with the Canberra Capitals in Australia's Women's National Basketball League.

## Personal

Ogoke was born on 10 September 1986 in Inglewood, California. Her mother attended university in Nigeria, and Ogoke has two brothers and a sister. She is 1.8 metres (5 ft 11 in) tall. She graduated from St. Mary's Academy in 2004, and then attended Loyola Marymount University from 2004 to 2008, where she majored in accounting.

## Basketball

Ogoke is a forward. She played varsity high school basketball for four years at St. Mary's Academy for four years, and was the team captain for three of those years. After completing university, Ogoke played in the Western Australian State Basketball League for the South West Slammers.

### University

Ogoke was recruited by several university basketball programs including Princeton University, Dartmouth College, the University of California, San Diego, the University of Santa Clara and the University of Portland. She selected Loyola Marymount University (LMU) because of the academics, university location and sports program. She played for the team from 2004/2005 to 2007/2008. During the 2004/2005 season, she was named to the WCC's All-Freshman Team. She averaged 18.4 minutes, 5.4 points, 4.3 rebounds per game, and led the team in average offensive rebounds per game with 2.7. In an October 2004 game, she had her first university double double in a loss to Cal Poly. In May 2005, she traveled with her team to Australia, where they played against the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) team. In the team's second game against the AIS with LMU, she scored 14 points and had 11 rebounds. In the 2005/2006 season, she was second on the team for total number of offensive rebounds with 67. She was also the team's leading blocker that season. In a February 2006 game against the University of Santa Clara, she scored 16 points and had 12 rebounds. In 2006/2007, she averaged 7.7 points and 7.1 rebounds per game. During her 2006/2007 season with the team, she averaged 7.8 points and 8.5 rebounds per game.

### WNBL

Ogoke joined the Canberra Capitals for the 2012/13 season. The Canberra Times said she was crucial for the Capitals in terms of filling in until Lauren Jackson returned to the team. She signed to the team in September 2012 following a three-week trial. She was recruited to the team by David Herbert, the current Capitals assistant coach and former West Coast Waves head coach.

## Career statistics

Legend
| GP | Games played | GS | Games started | MPG | Minutes per game | RPG | Rebounds per game |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| APG | Assists per game | SPG | Steals per game | BPG | Blocks per game | PPG | Points per game |
| TO | Turnovers per game | FG% | Field-goal percentage | 3P% | 3-point field-goal percentage | FT% | Free-throw percentage |
| **Bold** | Career best | ° | League leader |

### College

| Year | Team | GP | GS | MPG | FG% | 3P% | FT% | RPG | APG | SPG | BPG | TO | PPG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2004–05 | Loyola Marymount | 29 | - | 18.1 | 45.0 | 0.0 | 51.3 | 4.3 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.8 | **1.2** | 5.3 |
| 2005–06 | Loyola Marymount | 29 | - | 20.9 | 45.1 | 0.0 | **56.4** | 5.6 | 0.5 | **1.5** | 1.1 | 1.7 | 7.6 |
| 2006–07 | Loyola Marymount | **31** | - | 24.2 | 42.1 | 0.0 | 51.4 | 5.6 | **0.8** | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 7.0 |
| 2007–08 | Loyola Marymount | 30 | - | **27.0** | **46.6** | 0.0 | 40.2 | **8.5** | **0.8** | **1.5** | **1.7** | 1.8 | **7.8** |
| **Career** | | 119 | - | 22.6 | 44.6 | 0.0 | 49.4 | 6.0 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 6.9 |
| Statistics retrieved from Sports-Reference. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

Valerie Ogoke
| Before a Canberra Capitals game | |
| --- | --- |
| No. 20  Canberra Capitals | |
| Position | Forward |
| League | WNBL |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1986-09-10) 10 September 1986<br>Inglewood, California |
| Nationality | American |
| Listed height | 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) |
| Career information | |
| College | Loyola Marymount (2004–2008) |
| Career highlights and awards | |
| * WCC All-Freshman Team (2005) | |
|  | |


title: Vallapuzha

abstract: Vallapuzha is a village and gram panchayat in Pattambi Taluk, Palakkad district in the state of Kerala, India. Vallpuzha Kalapoot (Bull-Race) is famous across Kerala.

text:
# Vallapuzha

**Vallapuzha** is a village and gram panchayat in Pattambi Taluk, Palakkad district in the state of Kerala, India. Vallpuzha Kalapoot (Bull-Race) is famous across Kerala.

## Demographics

As of 2011 India census, Vallapuzha had a population of 28,018 with 13,424 males and 14,594 females.

## Politics

Vallappuzha is part of Palakkad Lok Sabha constituency and Pattambi Legislative Assembly Constituency. It was a part of Valluvanad Taluk in Malabar District of Madras Presidency of British India. Late K T Mohammed was the first elected President of Vallappuzha Panchayath. He died on 16/08/1973.

**Land Marks**

Vallappuzha Railway station

Post office Vallappuzha

Fly Go Tours And Travels Vallapuzha

HSS VALLAPUZHA

State bank of India

Pearl Convention Centre Vallappuzha

## Schools

* Vallapuzha GHS
* Vallappuzha HSS
* Vallapuzha Yatheemkhana HS
* Cherukode GLPS
* Cherukode BVA LPS
* Kuruvattoor AMLPS
* Kuruvattoor KMLPS
* Vallapuzha AMLPS
* Vallapuzha KVLPS
* Vallapuzha OALPS
* Vallapuzha VCMLPS
* Kuravattoor KCMUPS

## Vallapuzha Grama Panchayat standing committee

* 1 CHOLAMUKKU NK ABDUL LATHEEF- **President**
* 2 THARAKKALPADI
* 3 APPAMKANDAM
* 4 KALAPARAMBU - CK BABU
* 5 MECHERI - ABDUL RAHEEM
* 6 CHOONGAPPILAVU - FOUSIYA IBRAHIM
* 7 KIZHAKKEKARA (Kuruvattoor) - BINDU SANTHOSH
* 8 ULLAMBUZHA RINISHA UNNI
* 9 MATTAYA
* 10 CHERIKKALLU
* 11 CHOORAKKODE
* 12 PANCHARATHUPADI -
* 13 RAILWAY STATION - PARAKKADAN RAFEEK
* 14 YARAM
* 15 PANNIYAMKUNNU
* 16 MANAKKALPADI

## Transport

### Rail

It has a railway station in the Southern Railway network. Every passenger and express trains stop here. It is a station between Angadipuram and Shoranur in Nilambur–Shoranur railway line. There are train services to Ernakulam and Thiruvananthapuram cities also.

### Air

Calicut International Airport, Cochin International Airport and are the nearest airports.

### Bus

Pattambi, cherpulassery, shornur are the nearest Bus stands.

## Climate

| Climate data for Vallapuzha, Kerala | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 32.8
(91.0) | 34.5
(94.1) | 35.8
(96.4) | 35.1
(95.2) | 33.2
(91.8) | 29.5
(85.1) | 28.6
(83.5) | 29.1
(84.4) | 30.2
(86.4) | 30.8
(87.4) | 31.6
(88.9) | 32.0
(89.6) | 31.9
(89.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22.3
(72.1) | 23.2
(73.8) | 24.8
(76.6) | 25.7
(78.3) | 25.2
(77.4) | 23.6
(74.5) | 22.9
(73.2) | 23.5
(74.3) | 23.5
(74.3) | 23.7
(74.7) | 23.4
(74.1) | 22.4
(72.3) | 23.7
(74.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 2
(0.1) | 12
(0.5) | 27
(1.1) | 103
(4.1) | 211
(8.3) | 566
(22.3) | 687
(27.0) | 349
(13.7) | 203
(8.0) | 264
(10.4) | 136
(5.4) | 23
(0.9) | 2,583
(101.8) |
| Source: Climate-Data.org | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Vallapuzha VallappuzhaKaalapparambu | |
| --- | --- |
| Panchayath | |
| Coordinates: 10°50′0″N 76°15′0″E / 10.83333°N 76.25000°E / 10.83333; 76.25000 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Kerala |
| District | Palakkad |
| Government | |
| Type | Local |
| Body | Grama Panchayath |
| Area | |
| Total | 21.64 km2 (8.36 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 28,018 |
| Density | 1,295/km2 (3,350/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Malayalam, English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 679336 |
| Vehicle registration | KL-52 |


title: Valeriya Yegay

abstract: Valeria Yegay was an Azerbaijani group rhythmic gymnast. She represented her nation at international competitions. She participated at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. She also competed at world championships, including at the 2005, 2007 and 2009 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships.

text:
# Valeriya Yegay

**Valeria Yegay** (born 13 December 1986) was an Azerbaijani group rhythmic gymnast. She represented her nation at international competitions.

She participated at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. She also competed at world championships, including at the 2005, 2007 and 2009 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships.

1. "2005 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships athletes - Valeria Yegay". Longinestiming.com. Retrieved 27 January 2016.

## InfoBox

| Valeria Yegay | |
| --- | --- |
| Country represented | Azerbaijan |
| Born | (1986-12-13) 13 December 1986<br>Baku |
| Discipline | Rhythmic gymnastics |
| Level | Senior International Elite |
| Years on national team | 2005-2009 (?) |


title: Valery Limasov

abstract: Valery Limasov is a Russian boxer. He competed in the men's light welterweight event at the 1976 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Valery Limasov

**Valery Limasov** (born 6 December 1955) is a Russian boxer. He competed in the men's light welterweight event at the 1976 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Valery Limasov
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Russian |
| Born | (1955-12-06) 6 December 1955<br>Ufa, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Boxing |
| Medal record      Men's boxing  Representing the  Soviet Union  European Amateur Championships  1975 Spodek  Light Welterweight  1977 Halle  Welterweight | |


title: Vamos (Guatemala)

abstract: Vamos is a conservative political party in Guatemala.

text:
# Vamos (Guatemala)

**Vamos** (lit.'Come on'  or 'Let's go'; officially *Vamos por una Guatemala Diferente*, lit.'Let's Go for a Different Guatemala') is a conservative political party in Guatemala.

## History

The political party was founded and registered by the Supreme Electoral Tribunal in 2017. Its leader and general secretary is Alejandro Giammattei, a three-time presidential candidate. Giammattei declared that the political party would be his platform to run in the 2019 general election.

Vamos defines itself as a center-right political party. It held its first national assembly in October 2018, proclaiming Giammattei as its presidential candidate. In the 2019 Guatemalan general elections, Alejandro Giammattei was elected president of the Republic.

The party has been criticized by some as a result of some former military officers who were accused of war crimes joining the party.

## Electoral history

### Presidential elections

| Election | Candidates | | First round | | Second round | | Status |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | President | Vice President | Votes | % | Votes | % | |
| 2019 | Alejandro Giammattei | Guillermo Castillo | 613,302 | 13.95 | 1,907,696 | 57.95 | **Won** |
| 2023 | Manuel Conde | Luis Suárez | 435,631 | 10.37 |  |  | **Lost** |

### Legislative elections

| **Election** | **Votes** | **%** | Seats | **+/–** | **Position** | **Status** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| 2019 | 321,830 | 7.96 (#2) | 16 / 160 | New | 2nd | Government |
| 2023 | 628,126 | 15.06 (#1) | 39 / 160 | 23 | 1st | Opposition |

## InfoBox

| Let's Go for a Different Guatemala Vamos por una Guatemala Diferente | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Leader | Allan Rodríguez |
| Secretary-General | Giorgio Bruni Batres |
| Founded | 2017 |
| Ideology | Conservatism<br>Economic liberalism |
| Political position | Centre-right to right-wing |
| Colors | Blue |
| Seats in Congress | 39 / 160 |
| Website | |
| vamosguatemala.com | |
|  | |


title: Vanessa Freire

abstract: Freire Vergara Vanessa Lorena is an Ecuador politician. In 2021 she was a member of Union for Hope. She is a member of the National Assembly

text:
# Vanessa Freire

**Freire Vergara Vanessa Lorena** (born July 3, 1978) is an Ecuador politician. In 2021 she was a member of Union for Hope. She is a member of the National Assembly

## Life

Freire was born in Babahoyo. She studied Business Administration at the Metropolitan University of Ecuador.

In February 2021 she was elected to be a member of the fourth National Assembly of Ecuador.

In July 2021 Freire left the Union for Hope citing organisation differences. In 2022 she was an independent assembly member, she was aligned with the "Bank of the National Agreement" group, but her, and seven others, loyalty was questioned as that group was in decline.

In June 2022 she was representing the ruling party at a hearing established to try a charge against Yeseña Guamaní.

## InfoBox

| Vanessa Freire | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | July 3, 1978<br>Babahoyo |
| Nationality | Ecuadorian |
| Education | Metropolitan University of Ecuador |
| Known for | Member of the fourth National Assembly of Ecuador |
| Political party | Union for Hope until 2021 |


title: Vanavälja, Viljandi County

abstract: Vanavälja is a village in Viljandi Parish, Viljandi County in Estonia.

text:
# Vanavälja, Viljandi County

**Vanavälja** is a village in Viljandi Parish, Viljandi County in Estonia.

## InfoBox

| Vanavälja, Viljandi County | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 58°22′36″N 25°50′28″E / 58.3767°N 25.8411°E / 58.3767; 25.8411 | |
| Country | Estonia |
| County | Viljandi County |
| Parish | Viljandi Parish |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Validation (gang membership)

abstract: Validation is a legal process in the United States where criminal justice authorities designate that a person is a member of a gang. Once a person is validated as a gang member, the person is subject to increased sentences, harsher punishments and more restrictive parole rules. To validate a person as a gang member, the officials generally must provide evidence of several factors, such as tattoos, photographs, admissions, clothing, etc. The list of criteria for the state of California is found in California Code of Regulations Title 15, Article 10 3375.3 and 3378.2. The legal requirements for validating a person are much lower than the requirements for convicting of a crime.

text:
# Validation (gang membership)

**Validation** is a legal process in the United States where criminal justice authorities (prison officials, parole officers, police officers, or prosecutors) designate that a person is a member of a gang. Once a person is validated as a gang member, the person is subject to increased sentences, harsher punishments (such as solitary confinement) and more restrictive parole rules.

To validate a person as a gang member, the officials generally must provide evidence of several factors, such as tattoos, photographs, admissions, clothing, etc. The list of criteria for the state of California is found in California Code of Regulations Title 15, Article 10 3375.3 and 3378.2.

The legal requirements for validating a person are much lower than the requirements for convicting of a crime.

## Film and television

In the 2017 film *Shot Caller*, the main character, Jacob Harlon, played by Nikolaj Coster-Waldau is validated by law enforcement as being a member of a gang in one of the final scenes.


title: Validated learning

abstract:
Validated learning is used in scrum. The term was proposed by Eric Ries in 2011. It is a unit of progress process and describes conclusions generated by trying out an initial idea and then measuring it against potential customers to validate the effect. Each test of an idea is a single iteration in a larger process of many iterations whereby something is learnt and then applied to succeeding tests. The term coined in the lean startup scene, but it can be applied universally. Validated learning is especially popular on the web, where analytics software can track visitor behavior and give accurate statistics and insight on how website features work in reality. Validated learning can, however, be applied to anything; one just needs to be innovative on what to use as metrics. Typical steps in validated learning:
  - Specify a goal
  - Specify a metric that represents the goal
  - Act to achieve the goal
  - Analyze the metric – did you get closer to the goal?
  - Improve and try again Phrased in a different way
  - Validate important assumptions fast "Agile Principles: Chapter 3". Addison-Wesley. 2019-06-10.
  - Leverage multiple concurrent learning loops "Post-agile approaches - agile for the real world". Yuval Yeret. 2019-06-10.
  - Organize workflow for fast feedback "How to Use Fast Feedback Loops". Axosoft, LLC. 2019-06-10. To specify a goal, SMART target finding could apply.

text:
# Validated learning

**Validated learning** is used in scrum. The term was proposed by Eric Ries in 2011. It is a unit of progress process and describes conclusions generated by trying out an initial idea and then measuring it against potential customers to validate the effect. Each test of an idea is a single iteration in a larger process of many iterations whereby something is learnt and then applied to succeeding tests. The term coined in the lean startup scene, but it can be applied universally.

Validated learning is especially popular on the web, where analytics software can track visitor behavior and give accurate statistics and insight on how website features work in reality. Validated learning can, however, be applied to anything; one just needs to be innovative on what to use as metrics.

Typical steps in validated learning:

1. Specify a goal
2. Specify a metric that represents the goal
3. Act to achieve the goal
4. Analyze the metric – did you get closer to the goal?
5. Improve and try again

Phrased in a different way

1. Validate important assumptions fast "Agile Principles: Chapter 3". Addison-Wesley. 2019-06-10.
2. Leverage multiple concurrent learning loops "Post-agile approaches - agile for the real world". Yuval Yeret. 2019-06-10.
3. Organize workflow for fast feedback "How to Use Fast Feedback Loops". Axosoft, LLC. 2019-06-10.

To specify a goal, SMART target finding could apply.

## Sources


title: Valérie Barlois-Mevel-Leroux

abstract: Valérie Barlois-Mevel-Leroux is a French fencer. She won a gold medal in the women's team épée and a silver in the individual épée at the 1996 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Valérie Barlois-Mevel-Leroux

**Valérie Barlois-Mevel-Leroux** OLY (born 28 May 1969) is a French fencer. She won a gold medal in the women's team épée and a silver in the individual épée at the 1996 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Valérie Barlois-Mevel-Leroux
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1969-05-28) 28 May 1969<br>Melun, Seine-et-Marne, France |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Fencing |
| Medal record      Women's fencing  Representing  France  Olympic Games  1996 Atlanta Épée, team  1996 Atlanta Épée, individual | |


title: Van Deemter equation

abstract: The van Deemter equation in chromatography, named for Jan van Deemter, relates the variance per unit length of a separation column to the linear mobile phase velocity by considering physical, kinetic, and thermodynamic properties of a separation. These properties include pathways within the column, diffusion, and mass transfer kinetics between stationary and mobile phases. In liquid chromatography, the mobile phase velocity is taken as the exit velocity, that is, the ratio of the flow rate in ml/second to the cross-sectional area of the ‘column-exit flow path.’ For a packed column, the cross-sectional area of the column exit flow path is usually taken as 0.6 times the cross-sectional area of the column. Alternatively, the linear velocity can be taken as the ratio of the column length to the dead time. If the mobile phase is a gas, then the pressure correction must be applied. The variance per unit length of the column is taken as the ratio of the column length to the column efficiency in theoretical plates. The van Deemter equation is a hyperbolic function that predicts that there is an optimum velocity at which there will be the minimum variance per unit column length and, thence, a maximum efficiency. The van Deemter equation was the result of the first application of rate theory to the chromatography elution process.

text:
# Van Deemter equation

The **van Deemter equation** in chromatography, named for Jan van Deemter, relates the variance per unit length of a separation column to the linear mobile phase velocity by considering physical, kinetic, and thermodynamic properties of a separation. These properties include pathways within the column, diffusion (axial and longitudinal), and mass transfer kinetics between stationary and mobile phases. In liquid chromatography, the mobile phase velocity is taken as the exit velocity, that is, the ratio of the flow rate in ml/second to the cross-sectional area of the ‘column-exit flow path.’ For a packed column, the cross-sectional area of the column exit flow path is usually taken as 0.6 times the cross-sectional area of the column. Alternatively, the linear velocity can be taken as the ratio of the column length to the dead time. If the mobile phase is a gas, then the pressure correction must be applied. The variance per unit length of the column is taken as the ratio of the column length to the column efficiency in theoretical plates. The van Deemter equation is a hyperbolic function that predicts that there is an optimum velocity at which there will be the minimum variance per unit column length and, thence, a maximum efficiency. The van Deemter equation was the result of the first application of rate theory to the chromatography elution process.

## Van Deemter equation

The van Deemter equation relates height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) of a chromatographic column to the various flow and kinetic parameters which cause peak broadening, as follows:

$$HETP=A+{\frac {B}{u}+(C\_{s}+C\_{m})\cdot u}$$

Where

In open tubular capillaries, the A term will be zero as the lack of packing means channeling does not occur. In packed columns, however, multiple distinct routes ("channels") exist through the column packing, which results in band spreading. In the latter case, A will not be zero.

The form of the Van Deemter equation is such that HETP achieves a minimum value at a particular flow velocity. At this flow rate, the resolving power of the column is maximized, although in practice, the elution time is likely to be impractical. Differentiating the van Deemter equation with respect to velocity, setting the resulting expression equal to zero, and solving for the optimum velocity yields the following:

$$u={\sqrt {\frac {B}{C}}}$$

## Plate count

The plate height given as:

$$H={\frac {L}{N}\\,}$$

with $L\\,$ the column length and $N\\,$ the number of theoretical plates can be estimated from a chromatogram by analysis of the retention time $t\_{R}\\,$ for each component and its standard deviation $\sigma \\,$ as a measure for peak width, provided that the elution curve represents a Gaussian curve.

In this case the plate count is given by:

$$N=\left({\frac {t\_{R}{\sigma }\right)^{2}\\,}}$$

By using the more practical peak width at half height $W\_{1/2}\\,$ the equation is:

$$N=8\ln(2)\cdot \left({\frac {t\_{R}{W\_{1/2}\right)^{2}\\,}}}$$

or with the width at the base of the peak:

$$N=16\cdot \left({\frac {t\_{R}{W\_{base}\right)^{2}\\,}}}$$

## Expanded van Deemter

The Van Deemter equation can be further expanded to:

$$H=2\lambda d\_{p}+{2\gamma D\_{m} \over u}+{\omega (d\_{p}{\mbox{ or }d\_{c})^{2}u \over D\_{m}+{Rd\_{f}^{2}u \over D\_{s}}}}$$

Where:

* H is plate height
* λ is particle shape (with regard to the packing)
* dp is particle diameter
* γ, ω, and R are constants
* Dm is the diffusion coefficient of the mobile phase
* dc is the capillary diameter
* df is the film thickness
* Ds is the diffusion coefficient of the stationary phase.
* u is the linear velocity

## Rodrigues equation

The **Rodrigues equation**, named for Alírio Rodrigues, is an extension of the Van Deemter equation used to describe the efficiency of a bed of permeable (large-pore) particles.

The equation is:

$HETP=A+{\frac {B}{u}+C\cdot f(\lambda )\cdot u}$

where

$$f(\lambda )={\frac {3}{\lambda }\left\[{\frac {1}{\tanh(\lambda )}-{\frac {1}{\lambda }\right\]}}}$$

and $\lambda $ is the intraparticular Péclet number.


title: Van Delft

abstract:
Van Delft, officially named Van Delft Biscuits, is a Dutch producer of cookies and Sinterklaas products. it produces 3 billion kruidnoten/year and is the largest kruidnoten producer in the world.
Van Delft company was founded by Jan van Delft in Koog aan de Zaan. In the 1970's it was market leader in Ontbijtkoek.
In 2020 Van Delft Biscuits opened a new factory in Harderwijk.

text:
# Van Delft

**Van Delft**, officially named **Van Delft Biscuits**, is a Dutch producer of cookies and Sinterklaas products. it produces 3 billion kruidnoten/year and is the largest kruidnoten producer in the world. Van Delft company was founded by Jan van Delft in Koog aan de Zaan. In the 1970's it was market leader in Ontbijtkoek. In 2020 Van Delft Biscuits opened a new factory in Harderwijk.

## Brands

* De Pepernotenfabriek
* Yoghurt FruitBars
* Cafe Noir
* Jungle Koeken
* Likkoeken
* Bruintjes
* Breakfast Biscuit Milk & Cereals


title: Varkaus railway station

abstract: The Varkaus railway station is located in the town of Varkaus, Finland, in the province of Northern Savonia. The distance from the Helsinki Central railway station is 424.7 kilometres, via the Pieksämäki and Kouvola stations. By rail, the distance to Pieksämäki is 49 kilometres (30 mi) and to Joensuu 133 kilometres (83 mi). All passenger trains from Pieksämäki to Joensuu stop at Varkaus, and the station also has cargo traffic. The track from Huutokoski to Varkaus was built in 1914. It was then extended to Vihtari in 1939 and to Viinijärvi in 1940. In addition to the Varkaus railway yard, the station contains links to the Kommila and Akonniemi trackyards.

text:
# Varkaus railway station

The **Varkaus railway station** (abbrev. *Var*) is located in the town of Varkaus, Finland, in the province of Northern Savonia. The distance from the Helsinki Central railway station is 424.7 kilometres, via the Pieksämäki and Kouvola stations. By rail, the distance to Pieksämäki is 49 kilometres (30 mi) and to Joensuu 133 kilometres (83 mi). All passenger trains from Pieksämäki to Joensuu stop at Varkaus, and the station also has cargo traffic.

The track from Huutokoski to Varkaus was built in 1914. It was then extended to Vihtari in 1939 and to Viinijärvi in 1940.

In addition to the Varkaus railway yard, the station contains links to the Kommila and Akonniemi trackyards.

### Literature

## InfoBox

| Varkaus | |
| --- | --- |
| VR station | |
| VR class Soek tank wagons at Varkaus station. | |
| General information | |
| Location | Relanderinkatu 18, 78200
Varkaus
Finland |
| Coordinates | 62°18′44″N 27°52′28″E / 62.312353°N 27.874353°E / 62.312353; 27.874353 |
| Owned by | Finnish Transport Infrastructure Agency |
| Line(s) | Pieksämäki–Joensuu railway |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | ground station |
| Parking | yes |
| Bicycle facilities | yes |
| Other information | |
| Station code | Var |
| Classification | Operating point |
| History | |
| Opened | 1914 |
| Rebuilt | 1970s |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| 2008 | 43,000 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station VR Group Following station  PieksämäkiTerminus  Pieksämäki–Joensuu  Heinävesitowards Joensuu | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | |


title: Vanilla (Leah Dizon song)

abstract: "Vanilla" is singer-songwriter Leah Dizon's fifth single. It was released on June 25, 2008 and came in a Limited Edition CD+DVD version and a CD-only version which featured the bonus track "悲しみと笑顔の中で". The title track is an up-tempo dance tune "overflowing with R&B taste", while the B-side LOVE SWEET CANDY is a "medium-tempo reggae song."

text:
# Vanilla (Leah Dizon song)

"**Vanilla**" is singer-songwriter Leah Dizon's fifth single. It was released on June 25, 2008 and came in a Limited Edition CD+DVD version and a CD-only version which featured the bonus track "悲しみと笑顔の中で". The title track is an up-tempo dance tune "overflowing with R&B taste", while the B-side LOVE SWEET CANDY is a "medium-tempo reggae song."

## Track listing

### CD Track listing

1. Vanilla
2. LOVE SWEET CANDY
3. 悲しみと笑顔の中で (Kanashimi to Egao no Naka de; *In Sadness and in a Smile*) (CD only bonus track)
4. Vanilla (Instrumental)
5. LOVE SWEET CANDY (Instrumental)
6. 悲しみと笑顔の中で (Kanashimi to Egao no Naka de; *In Sadness and in a Smile*) (Instrumental) (CD only bonus track)

### DVD track listing

1. Vanilla (music video)
2. Making-of footage (video clip)

## Charts

Oricon Sales Chart (Japan)

| Release | Chart | Peak Position | First Week Sales | Sales Total | Chart Run |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| March 26, 2008 | Oricon Daily Singles Chart | 16 |  |  |  |
| March 26, 2008 | Oricon Weekly Singles Chart | 26 |  |  |  |
| March 26, 2008 | Oricon Monthly Singles Chart |  |  |  |  |
| August 8, 2008 | Oricon Yearly Singles Chart |  |  |  |  |

## InfoBox

| "Vanilla" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Leah Dizon | |
| from the album  *Communication!!!* | |
| B-side | "LOVE SWEET CANDY" |
| Released | June 25, 2008 |
| Genre | J-pop |
| Label | Victor Entertainment |
| Songwriter(s) | Dizon, Mika Arata, Ha-J, Yoshihiko Chino |
| Leah Dizon singles chronology | |
| "**Love Paradox**"
(2008) "**Vanilla**"
(2008) | |
|  | |
| CD + DVD | |
|  | |
| CD + DVD cover | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Vanderhall Motor Works

abstract: Vanderhall Motor Works is an American vehicle manufacturer based in Provo, Utah. It manufactures hand-made three-wheeled autocycles designed for sports driving, touring, commuting and city driving.

text:
# Vanderhall Motor Works

**Vanderhall Motor Works** is an American vehicle manufacturer based in Provo, Utah. It manufactures hand-made three-wheeled autocycles designed for sports driving, touring, commuting and city driving.

## History

Vanderhall Motor Works was founded in 2010 by Steve Hall. Hall, who had been a CAD designer at Novatek, spent five years prototyping before offering his designs to the public. His initial model was the Laguna: a three-wheel roadster that is federally classified as a motorcycle and passed final testing for NHTSA and EPA certification in 2016. In 2016, Vanderhall officially produced three autocycle models: Laguna, Laguna Sport Premium, and the Laguna Bespoke Motoring Experience. Each features a 1.4-liter, turbocharged GM Family 0 engine with a GM 6-speed automatic transmission.

On June 12 2023 Vanderhall Motor Works failed in an attempt to take the domain name vanderhall.com through the UDRP process. The respondent in this case registered the domain name in the year 2000 and the domain name matches the respondents surname, 'van der Hall'.

## Models

### Laguna

Vanderhall Motor Works announced in 2012 a two-seat vehicle, a kind of three-wheeled sports car that has been in production since 2016.

### Venice

The Venice was presented in 2017 with ABS bodywork.

### Edison 2

Electric version of the model Venice.

### Venice Speedster

In 2018, Vanderhall announced a Speedster model at the annual Sturgis Rally.

### Carmel

The 2019 Carmel is Vanderhall's latest release.

### Brawley

Quad motor electric off-roader.

### Santarosa

## Concepts

* Yuma, extra cab pickup truck
* Speeder, retro, sports reverse trike
* Mammoth, EV snowcat
* Laduna, 2-seat dune buggy
* Catalina, retro, luxury speedboat
* Balboa, café racer motorcycle
* Indio, 3-wheel sports car

## InfoBox

Vanderhall Motor Works
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Automotive |
| Founded | 2010 |
| Headquarters | Provo, Utah, United States |
| Area served | United States of America |
| Key people | Steve Hall, (CEO) |
| Products | Autocycle |
| Website | http://www.vanderhallusa.com/ |


title: Vaughn Stocksdale

abstract: Vaughn Stocksdale was a Democratic member of the Ohio House of Representatives, representing the 3rd District from 1965 to 1968. Stocksdale was a Democratic representative from conservative Darke County, serving as one of the only Democratic representatives from rural western Ohio. He did not seek re-election in 1968. He died in 2016.

text:
# Vaughn Stocksdale

**Vaughn Stocksdale** (October 27, 1939  March 29, 2016) was a Democratic member of the Ohio House of Representatives, representing the 3rd District from 1965 to 1968.

Stocksdale was a Democratic representative from conservative Darke County, serving as one of the only Democratic representatives from rural western Ohio. He did not seek re-election in 1968. He died in 2016.

## InfoBox

| Vaughn Stocksdale | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Ohio House of Representatives
from the 3rd district | |
| **In office**
January 3, 1967-December 31, 1968 | |
| Preceded by | *Districts Created* |
| Succeeded by | Jack P. Oliver |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1939-10-27)October 27, 1939
Darke County, Ohio (near Union City) |
| Died | March 29, 2016(2016-03-29) (aged 76)
Columbus, Ohio |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Cynthia D. Stark |
| Profession | Teacher, lawyer, cabinet maker |
|  | |


title: Veeradhi Veera

abstract: Veeradhi Veera is a 1985 Indian Kannada-language film, directed by Vijay and produced by N. N. Bhat. The film stars Vishnuvardhan, Geetha, Vajramuni and Sudheer. The film has musical score by M. Ranga Rao. This was the last film of Musuri Krishnamurthy before his death.

text:
# Veeradhi Veera

***Veeradhi Veera*** is a 1985 Indian Kannada-language film, directed by Vijay and produced by N. N. Bhat. The film stars Vishnuvardhan, Geetha, Vajramuni and Sudheer. The film has musical score by M. Ranga Rao. This was the last film of Musuri Krishnamurthy before his death.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by M. Ranga Rao.

| No. | Song | Singers | Lyrics | Length (m:ss) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Premada Vijaya Thande" | S. Janaki, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam | Chi. Udaya Shankar | 04:49 |
| 2 | "Bittorunte Intha" | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam | Chi. Udaya Shankar | 03:56 |
| 3 | "Baalinalli Intha" | S. Janaki | Chi. Udaya Shankar | 04:32 |
| 4 | "Ellige Ee Payana" | S. Janaki, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam | Chi. Udaya Shankar | 04:18 |

## InfoBox

| Veeradhi Veera | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Vijay |
| Written by | Sri Uma Productions Unit |
| Screenplay by | M. D. Sundar |
| Produced by | N. N. Bhat |
| Starring | Vishnuvardhan
Geetha
Vajramuni
Sudheer |
| Cinematography | Kabirlal |
| Edited by | K. Ramamohana Rao |
| Music by | M. Ranga Rao |
| Production
company | Sri Uma Productions |
| Release date | * 27 February 1985 (1985-02-27) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Kannada |


title: Variable-camber wing

abstract: Variable camber is a feature of some of aircraft wings that changes the camber of the main aerofoil during flight. In one system, the leading and/or trailing edge sections of the whole wing pivot to increase the effective camber of the wing. This may be used to increase the maximum lift coefficient in order to shorten the take-off run, or to enhance manoeuvrability in the air. An early example was flown on the Westland N.16 of 1917. Although flaps on the trailing or leading edge of a wing do vary the overall camber and are sometimes described as camber–changing flaps, they do not vary the main lifting surface in the same way that a variable-camber wing does. Various other mechanisms have been tried. These include a device that controls the location and shape of the entire upper surface of the airfoil, a retractable bridge that connects two separate high aspect ratio wings, turning them into a single low aspect ratio wing or with telescopic segments that could be forced out, increasing the thickness, chord and shape of the affected portion of the wing. The Parker Variable Wing had a fully flexible aerofoil.

text:
# Variable-camber wing

**Variable camber** is a feature of some of aircraft wings that changes the camber (or curvature) of the main aerofoil during flight.

In one system, the leading and/or trailing edge sections of the whole wing pivot to increase the effective camber of the wing. This may be used to increase the maximum lift coefficient in order to shorten the take-off run, or to enhance manoeuvrability in the air. An early example was flown on the Westland N.16 of 1917.

Although flaps on the trailing or leading edge of a wing do vary the overall camber and are sometimes described as camber–changing flaps, they do not vary the main lifting surface in the same way that a variable-camber wing does.

Various other mechanisms have been tried. These include a device that controls the location and shape of the entire upper surface of the airfoil, a retractable bridge that connects two separate high aspect ratio wings, turning them into a single low aspect ratio wing or with telescopic segments that could be forced out, increasing the thickness, chord and shape of the affected portion of the wing. The Parker Variable Wing had a fully flexible aerofoil.


title: Variable-buoyancy propulsion

abstract: In engineering, variable-buoyancy propulsion is the use of a buoyancy engine to provide propulsion for a vehicle. The concept was first explored in the 1960s for use with underwater gliders, but has since been applied to autonomous aircraft as well.

text:
# Variable-buoyancy propulsion

In engineering, **variable-buoyancy propulsion** is the use of a buoyancy engine to provide propulsion for a vehicle. The concept was first explored in the 1960s for use with underwater gliders, but has since been applied to autonomous aircraft as well.

## Principle

Variable-buoyancy propulsion is based on the ability of a vehicle to change its buoyancy from negative to positive and vice versa (for aircraft, this means alternating between being heavier and lighter than air). While positively buoyant, the vehicle trims bow up and uses its hydrofoils or wings to glide forward while rising, using buoyancy as the driving force. At the top of the climb, buoyancy is made negative and the vehicle trims bow down and glides forward while descending, using gravity as the driving force. The process can be repeated for as long as the buoyancy engine can operate, and allows for highly energy-efficient albeit generally slow propulsion. The vehicle's trajectory typically presents a sawtooth-like profile. Various methods may be used to alter the buoyancy.


title: Veena Tandon

abstract: Veena Tandon is an Indian parasitologist, academic and a NASI senior scientist at Biotech Park, Lucknow. She is a former professor of zoology at the North Eastern Hill University and serves as the chief instigator for the North-East India Helminth Parasite Information Database. She is known for her researches on worm infections afflicting the animals of food value and is the author of two books and several articles on parasitology. The Government of India awarded her the fourth highest civilian honour of the Padma Shri, in 2016, for her contributions to science.

text:
# Veena Tandon

**Veena Tandon** is an Indian parasitologist, academic and a NASI senior scientist at Biotech Park, Lucknow. She is a former professor of zoology at the North Eastern Hill University and serves as the chief instigator for the North-East India Helminth Parasite Information Database. She is known for her researches on worm infections afflicting the animals of food value and is the author of two books and several articles on parasitology.

The Government of India awarded her the fourth highest civilian honour of the Padma Shri, in 2016, for her contributions to science.

## Biography

Veena Tandon was born on 7 September 1949 in Kashipur in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. After graduating in zoology (BSc-hons) from Panjab University, Chandigarh in 1967, she completed her master's degree (MSc) in 1968 before securing a doctoral degree (PhD) from the same institution in 1973. She also did post doctoral research at the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry of University of California, Irvine during 1978–79; her research topic being the adverse effect of alcohol on brain and liver tissues. She started her career as an assistant professor at Himachal Pradesh University but moved to the Department of Zoology of the North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, as an assistant professor where she served till her superannuation as a professor. After retirement, she joined Biotech Park, Lucknow to continue her helminthological researches on a platinum jubilee fellowship of the National Academy of Sciences, India and is the NASI senior scientist of the institution.

Tandon is known to have done pioneering research on parasites affecting livestock and her researches have been reported to have helped in the better understanding of parasite biodiversity of the northeast region of India. She is the principal investigator of the DIT - North-East Parasite Information Analysis Centre which is involved in the preparation of a *North-East India Helminth Parasite Information Database* (NEIHPID). Her researches have been documented by way of over 340 articles, many of them published in international peer reviewed journals. Besides, she has authored two books, *Pictorial Guide to Trematodes of Livestock and Poultry in India* and *Bamboo Flowering and Rodent Control*. She is also a co-author of the *Northeast India Helminth Parasite Information Database (NEIHPID): Knowledge Base for Helminth Parasites*, a database on the parasite biodiversity of the region, and has served as a member of the Scientific Advisory Committee to the Government of India as well as the Task Force on Biotechnology of the Department of Science and Technology.

Veena Tandon is married to Pramod Tandon, an educationist and a former vice chancellor of the North Eastern Hill University. The couple has a son, Prateek Tandon, who is a computer engineer and an author.

## Awards and honors

The National Academy of Sciences, India elected Tandon as a fellow in 1998 and she became an elected fellow of the Indian Society for Parasitology in 2005. She is also a fellow of the Zoological Society of India and the Helminthological Society of India and held the Chair in Taxonomy - Animal Sciences of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change during 2003–06. She has delivered key note addresses in many science conferences and award orations such as Prof. R. P. Choudhuri Endowment Lecture of the Guwahati University, Prof. M. M. Chakravarty Commemoration Oration of the Zoological Society, Kolkata and Professor Archana Sharma Memorial Lecture of the National Academy of Sciences, India. She is a recipient of the E. K. Janaki Ammal Award in Animal Taxonomy of the Ministry of Environment and Forests and she received the Lifetime Achievement Award of the Indian Society for Parasitology in 2011. The Government of India awarded her the civilian honor of the Padma Shri in 2016.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Veena Tandon | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1949-09-07) 7 September 1949
Kashipur, Uttarakhand, India |
| Occupation(s) | Parasitologist
Academic |
| Years active | Since 1978 |
| Known for | Parasitology |
| Spouse | Pramod Tandon |
| Children | One son |
| Awards | Padma Shri
E. K. Janaki Ammal Award
ISP Lifetime Achievement Award |