title: List of postal codes of Canada: K

text:
# List of postal codes of Canada: K

This is a list of postal codes in Canada where the first letter is K. Postal codes beginning with K are located within the City of Ottawa, and surrounding eastern and central regions of the Canadian province of Ontario. Only the first three characters are listed, corresponding to the Forward Sortation Area (FSA).

Canada Post provides a free postal code look-up tool on its website, via its mobile apps for such smartphones as the iPhone and BlackBerry, and sells hard-copy directories and CD-ROMs. Many vendors also sell validation tools, which allow customers to properly match addresses and postal codes. Hard-copy directories can also be consulted in all post offices, and some libraries.

## Eastern Ontario

There are currently 84 FSAs in this list. No postal codes currently begin with K3\* or K5\*.

### Urban

### Rural

| **K0A**
National Capital Region
1A0: Almonte
1B0: Ashton
1E0: Bourget
1G0: Braeside
1K0: Carlsbad Springs
1L0: Carp
1M0: Casselman
1N0: Clarence Creek
1P0: Clayton
1R0: Crysler
1T0: Dunrobin
1V0: Edwards
1W0: Embrun (eastern part)
1W1: Embrun (western part)
1X0: Fitzroy Harbour
2A0: Hammond
2E0: Kars
2G0: Kenmore
2H0: Kinburn
2M0: Limoges
2P0: Metcalfe
2R0: Morewood
2T0: North Gower
2W0: Osgoode
2X0: Pakenham
2Y0: Ramsayville
2Z0: Richmond
3C0: St. Albert
3E0: Sarsfield
3H0: Vars
3J0: Vernon
3K0: Wendover
3L0: White Lake
3M0: Woodlawn
3N0: Saint-Pascal-Baylon
3P0: Munster
3W0: Embrun
4A0: Almonte | **K0B**
Eastern & Central Prescott and Russell United Counties
1A0: Alfred
1B0: Chute à Blondeau
1C0: Curran
1E0: Dalkeith
1G0: Fournier
1H0: Glen Robertson
1J0: Lefaivre
1K0: L'Orignal
1L0: Plantagenet
1M0: Ste-Anne-de-Prescott
1N0: St-Bernardin
1P0: St. Eugene
1R0: Vankleek Hill | **K0C**
Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry United Counties
1A0: Alexandria
1B0: Apple Hill
1C0: Avonmore
1E0: Bainsville
1G0: Berwick
1H0: Chesterville
1J0: Dunvegan
1K0: Finch
1L0: Green Valley
1M0: Ingleside
1N0: Lancaster
1P0: Long Sault
1R0: Lunenburg
1S0: Martintown
1T0: Maxville
1V0: Monkland
1W0: Moose Creek
1X0: Morrisburg
1Y0: Newington
1Z0: North Lancaster
2A0: St. Andrews West
2B0: St. Isidore
2C0: South Lancaster
2E0: Summerstown
2H0: Williamsburg
2J0: Williamstown
2K0: Winchester
2L0: Winchester Springs | **K0E**
South Leeds and Grenville United Counties
1A0: Addison
1B0: Athens
1C0: Brinston
1E0: Cardinal
1G0: Delta
1H0: Frankville
1J0: Inkerman
1K0: Iroquois
1L0: Lansdowne
1M0: Lyn
1N0: Lyndhurst
1P0: Maitland
1R0: Mallorytown
1S0: Mountain
1T0: Prescott
1V0: Rockport
1W0: South Mountain
1X0: Spencerville
1Y0: Toledo | **K0G**
Rideau Lakes area
1A0: Balderson
1B0: Burritts Rapids
1E0: Elgin
1G0: Jasper
1J0: Kemptville
1K0: Lanark
1L0: Lombardy
1M0: McDonalds Corners
1N0: Merrickville
1P0: Newboro
1R0: North Augusta
1S0: Oxford Mills
1T0: Oxford Station
1V0: Portland
1W0: Rideau Ferry
1X0: Westport |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **K0H**
Frontenac County, Lennox and Addington County, Southwest Leeds and Loyalist Shores
1B0: Arden
1C0: Ardoch
1G0: Bath
1H0: Battersea
1J0: Clarendon Station
1K0: Cloyne
1L0: Denbigh
1M0: Elginburg
1P0: Flinton
1S0: Glenburnie
1T0: Godfrey
1V0: Harrowsmith
1W0: Hartington
1X0: Inverary
1Y0: Joyceville
1Z0: Kaladar
2B0: Maberly
2C0: Mississippi Station
2E0: Mountain Grove
2G0: Northbrook
2H0: Odessa
2J0: Ompah
2K0: Parham
2L0: Perth Road
2M0: Plevna
2N0: Seeleys Bay
2P0: Sharbot Lake
2R0: Snow Road Station
2S0: Stella
2T0: Sydenham
2V0: Tichborne
2W0: Verona
2Y0: Wolfe Island | **K0J**
Renfrew County and Lanark Highlands Township
1B0: Barry's Bay
1C0: Beachburg
1E0: Bissett Creek
1G0: Burnstown
1H0: Calabogie
1J0: Chalk River
1K0: Cobden
1L0: Combermere
1M0: Cormac
1N0: Dacre
1P0: Deep River
1R0: Deux Rivieres
1S0: Douglas
1T0: Eganville
1V0: Foresters Falls
1W0: Foymount
1X0: Golden Lake
1Y0: Haley Station
2A0: Killaloe
2B0: Mackey
2C0: Madawaska
2E0: Palmer Rapids
2G0: Quadeville
2H0: Rolphton
2J0: Round Lake Centre
2K0: Stonecliffe
2L0: Westmeath
2M0: Whitney
2N0: Wilno
2R0: Griffith | **K0K**
Quinte Shores, East Northumberland County & Prince Edward County
0A0: Picton
1A0: Ameliasburgh
1B0: Astra
1C0: Baltimore
1E0: Batawa
1G0: Bloomfield
1H0: Brighton
1J0: Camden East
1K0: Cannifton
1L0: Carrying Place
1M0: Castleton
1N0: Centreville
1P0: Cherry Valley
1R0: Codrington
1S0: Colborne
1T0: Consecon
1V0: Corbyville
1W0: Demorestville
1X0: Deseronto
1Y0: Eldorado
1Z0: Enterprise
2A0: Erinsville
2B0: Foxboro
2C0: Frankford
2E0: Gores Landing
2G0: Grafton
2H0: Harwood
2J0: Hillier
2K0: Madoc (township) and Madoc (village)
2L0: Marlbank
2M0: Marmora
2N0: Marysville
2P0: Milford
2S0: Newburgh
2T0: Picton
2V0: Plainfield
2W0: Roblin
2X0: Roseneath
2Y0: Roslin
2Z0: Selby
3A0: Shannonville
3C0: Springbrook
3E0: Stirling
3G0: Tamworth
3H0: Thomasburg
3J0: Tweed
3K0: Warkworth
3L0: Wellington
3M0: Wooler
3N0: Yarker
3W0: Astra | **K0L**
Peterborough County and North Hastings County
0A0: Lakefield
1A0: Apsley
1B0: Bailieboro
1C0: Bancroft
1E0: Bewdley
1G0: Boulter
1H0: Bridgenorth
1J0: Buckhorn
1L0: Campbellford
1M0: Cardiff
1P0: Coe Hill
1R0: Curve Lake
1T0: Ennismore
1V0: Fraserville
1W0: Gilmour
1X0: Harcourt
1Y0: Hastings
1Z0: Havelock
2A0: Highland Grove
2B0: Indian River
2C0: Juniper Island
2G0: Keene
2H0: Lakefield
2J0: Lakehurst
2K0: Lake St. Peter
2L0: L'Amable
2M0: McArthur's Mills
2R0: Maple Leaf
2S0: Maynooth
2V0: Norwood
2W0: Omemee
2X0: Reaboro
2Y0: Tory Hill
2Z0: Trent River
3A0: Douro-Dummer, Warsaw
3B0: Westwood
3C0: Wilberforce
3E0: Woodview
3G0: Young's Point | **K0M**
Kawartha Lakes and Haliburton County
1A0: Bobcaygeon
1B0: Bolsover
1C0: Burnt River
1E0: Cambray
1G0: Cameron
1J0: Algonquin Highlands
1K0: Coboconk
1L0: Dunsford
1M0: Eagle Lake
1N0: Fenelon Falls
1R0: Gooderham
1S0: Haliburton
1X0: Irondale
2A0: Kinmount
2B0: Kirkfield
2C0: Little Britain
2J0: Manilla
2K0: Minden
2L0: Norland
2M0: Oakwood
2S0: West Guilford
2T0: Woodville |
| **K0N**
*Not in use* | **K0P**
*Not in use* | **K0R**
*Not in use* | **K0S**
*Not in use* | **K0T**
*Not in use* |
| **K0V**
*Not in use* | **K0W**
*Not in use* | **K0X**
*Not in use* | **K0Y**
*Not in use* | **K0Z**
*Not in use* |


title: Luís Marques Mendes

abstract: Luís Manuel Gonçalves Marques Mendes, GCIH is a Portuguese lawyer and politician, and a former Leader of the Social Democratic Party.

text:
# Luís Marques Mendes

**Luís Manuel Gonçalves Marques Mendes**, GCIH (born 5 September 1957) is a Portuguese lawyer and politician, and a former Leader of the Social Democratic Party.

## Background

He is a son of António Marques Mendes and wife Maria Isabel Gonçalves.

## Career

He is a Licentiate in Law from the Faculty of Law of the University of Coimbra.

He started his career as a lawyer.

As a member of the Social Democratic Party he became Secretary of State and Spokesman of the Government of Prof. Aníbal Cavaco Silva. He has also been a Deputy to the Portuguese Assembly of the Republic.

He was elected the President of his Party in 2005 after Pedro Santana Lopes and was succeeded in September 2007 by Luís Filipe Menezes.

He is also a Member of the Portuguese Council of State, elected by the Assembly of the Republic.

## Family

He married in Guimarães, Vermil, on 24 April 1982, to Rosa Sofia Pinto Martins Salazar, born in Guimarães, Vermil, on 8 May 1957, a Licentiate in Modern Literatures and Languages (English and German), daughter of António Martins Fernandes Salazar (b. Guimarães, Vermil, Calçada, 19 May 1931), an Industrialist, one of the pioneers of the Ave, Subregion industrialization, and wife (m. Vila do Conde, São Miguel de Arcos, 21 April 1955) Berta da Silva Pinto (Penafiel, Penafiel, 23 May 1934  Guimarães, Creixomil, 13 February 1995), and paternal granddaughter of José Fernandes Salazar (Guimarães, Vermil, 3 March 1890  Porto, Miragaia, 1 December 1975), an Industrialist, one of the pioneers of the Ave, Subregion industrialization, and wife (m. Guimarães, Ronfe, 19 February 1925) Rosa Correia da Silva Martins (Guimarães, Ronfe, 2 January 1897  Porto, Cedofeita, 31 August 1972). The couple has three children:

* João Pedro Pinto Salazar Marques Mendes
* Ana Sofia Pinto Salazar Marques Mendes
* João Miguel Pinto Salazar Marques Mendes

## Honours

## Electoral history

### PSD leadership election, 2005

Ballot: 9 April 2005
| Candidate | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Luís Marques Mendes** | 497 | 56.6 |
|  | Luís Filipe Menezes | 381 | 43.4 |
| **Turnout** | | **878** |  |
| Source: PSD Congress | | | |

### PSD leadership election, 2006

Ballot: 5 May 2006
| Candidate | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Luís Marques Mendes** | 18,832 | 90.9 |
| Blank/Invalid ballots | | 1,881 | 9.1 |
| **Turnout** | | **20,713** | **37.33** |
| Source: Diretas 2006 | | | |

### PSD leadership election, 2007

Ballot: 28 September 2007
| Candidate | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Luís Filipe Menezes | 21,101 | 53.6 |
|  | **Luís Marques Mendes** | 16,973 | 43.1 |
| Blank/Invalid ballots | | 1,279 | 3.3 |
| **Turnout** | | **39,353** | **62.42** |
| Source: Diretas 2007 | | | |

## InfoBox

| Luís Marques MendesGCIH | |
| --- | --- |
| Marques Mendes in 2005 | |
|  | |
| Member of the Council of State | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
7 April 2016 | |
| President | Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa |
| **In office**
20 June 2011  22 October 2015 | |
| President | Aníbal Cavaco Silva |
| President of the Social Democratic Party | |
| **In office**
8 April 2005  12 October 2007 | |
| Secretary-General | Miguel Macedo |
| Preceded by | Pedro Santana Lopes |
| Succeeded by | Luís Filipe Menezes |
| Minister of Parliamentary Affairs | |
| **In office**
6 April 2002  17 July 2004 | |
| Prime Minister | José Manuel Barroso |
| Preceded by | António Costa |
| Succeeded by | Rui Gomes da Silva |
| Minister in the Cabinet of the Prime Minister | |
| **In office**
19 March 1992  28 October 1995 | |
| Prime Minister | Aníbal Cavaco Silva |
| Preceded by | António Couto dos Santos |
| Succeeded by | Jorge Coelho |
| Secretary of State for the Presidency of the Council of Ministers | |
| **In office**
17 August 1987  19 March 1992 | |
| Prime Minister | Aníbal Cavaco Silva |
| Preceded by | Pedro Santana Lopes |
| Succeeded by | Paulo Teixeira Pinto |
| Under Secretary of State to the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs | |
| **In office**
8 November 1985  17 August 1987 | |
| Prime Minister | Aníbal Cavaco Silva |
| Preceded by | António Vitorino |
| Succeeded by | Carlos Encarnação |
| Member of the Assembly of the Republic | |
| **In office**
31 October 1995  18 October 2007 | |
| Constituency | Braga (1995–1999)
Aveiro (1999–2007) |
| Deputy Mayor of Fafe | |
| **In office**
12 December 1976  8 November 1985 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Luís Manuel Gonçalves Marques Mendes
(1957-09-05) 5 September 1957
Guimarães, Portugal |
| Political party | Social Democratic Party (since 1974) |
| Height | 1.62 m (5 ft 4 in) |
| Spouse | Rosa Sofia Salazar (m. 1982) |
| Children | 3 |
| Parent(s) | António Marques Mendes (father)
Maria Isabel Gonçalves (mother) |
| Relatives | Clara Marques Mendes (sister) |
| Alma mater | University of Coimbra |
| Occupation | LawyerPoliticianPolitical commentator |
| Awards | Order of Prince Henry |
|  | |


title: The Crazy Marriage of Laló

abstract: The Crazy Marriage of Laló is a 1918 German silent film directed by Lupu Pick.

text:
# The Crazy Marriage of Laló

***The Crazy Marriage of Laló*** (German:***Die tolle Heirat von Laló***) is a 1918 German silent film directed by Lupu Pick.

## Cast

In alphabetical order

## Bibliography

* Jill Nelmes & Jule Selbo. *Women Screenwriters: An International Guide*. Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.

## InfoBox

| The Crazy Marriage of Laló | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Lupu Pick |
| Written by |  |
| Produced by | Lupu Pick |
| Cinematography | Ivar Petersen |
| Production<br>company | Rex-Film |
| Distributed by | Rex-Film |
| Release date | * 1 November 1918 (1918-11-01) |
| Country | Germany |
| Languages |  |


title: List of mayors of Pisa

abstract: The mayor of Pisa is an elected politician who, along with the Pisa's city council, is accountable for the strategic government of Pisa in Tuscany, Italy. The current mayor is Michele Conti, a member of the right-wing populist party Lega Nord, who took office on 27 June 2018.

text:
# List of mayors of Pisa

The **mayor of Pisa** is an elected politician who, along with the Pisa's city council, is accountable for the strategic government of Pisa in Tuscany, Italy.

The current mayor is Michele Conti, a member of the right-wing populist party Lega Nord, who took office on 27 June 2018.

## Overview

According to the Italian Constitution, the mayor of Pisa is member of the city council.

The mayor is elected by the population of Pisa, who also elect the members of the city council, controlling the mayor's policy guidelines and is able to enforce his resignation by a motion of no confidence. The mayor is entitled to appoint and release the members of his government.

Since 1994 the mayor is elected directly by Pisa's electorate: in all mayoral elections in Italy in cities with a population higher than 15,000 the voters express a direct choice for the mayor or an indirect choice voting for the party of the candidate's coalition. If no candidate receives at least 50% of votes, the top two candidates go to a second round after two weeks. The election of the City Council is based on a direct choice for the candidate with a preference vote: the candidate with the majority of the preferences is elected. The number of the seats for each party is determined proportionally.

## Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)

In 1865, the Kingdom of Italy created the office of the mayor of Pisa (*Sindaco di Pisa*), appointed by the King himself. From 1889 to 1926 the mayor was elected by the city council. In 1926, the Fascist dictatorship abolished mayors and City councils, replacing them with an authoritarian *Podestà* chosen by the National Fascist Party. The office of mayor was restored in 1944 during the Allied occupation.

|  | Mayor | Term start | Term end | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Angiolo Del Punta | 1865 | 1867 |  |
| 2 | Giuseppe Bianchi | 1869 | 1873 |  |
| 3 | Mario Rizzari | 1873 | 1876 |  |
| 4 | Tommaso Simonelli | 1877 | 1884 |  |
| 5 | Leopoldo Peverada | 1884 | 1889 |  |
| 6 | Angiolo Nardi Dei | 1889 | 1895 |  |
| 7 | Giuseppe Gambini | 1895 | 1899 |  |
| 8 | Giuseppe Raffaello Cerrai | 1899 | 1900 |  |
| 9 | Vittorio Frascani | 1900 | 1901 |  |
| (7) | Giuseppe Gambini | 1901 | 1903 |  |
| (9) | Vittorio Frascani | 1903 | 1904 |  |
| 10 | Dario Baldi | 1904 | 1905 |  |
|  | Vittorio Menzinger | 1905 | 1906 | *Royal commissioner* |
| 11 | Alessandro D'Ancona | 1906 | 1907 |  |
| (7) | Giuseppe Gambini | 1907 | 1910 |  |
| 12 | Francesco Buonamici | 1910 | 1914 |  |
| (9) | Vittorio Frascani | 1914 | 1920 |  |
| 13 | Francesco Pardi | 1920 | 1922 |  |
| 14 | Guido Buffarini Guidi | 1922 | 1925 | National Fascist Party |
| **Fascist Podestà** (1926–1943) | | | | | | | |
| 1 | Guido Buffarini Guidi | 1927 | 1933 | National Fascist Party |
| 2 | Giovanni D'Achiardi | 1936 | 1939 | National Fascist Party |
| 3 | Carlo Zanetto Lami | 1939 | 1943 | National Fascist Party |
| **Allied occupation** (1944–1946) | | | | | | | |
| 15 | Italo Bargagna | 1944 | 1946 | Italian Communist Party |

## Republic of Italy (since 1946)

### City Council election (1946-1994)

From 1946 to 1994, the Mayor of Pisa was elected by the City's Council.

|  | Mayor | Term start | Term end | Party | Election |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Italo Bargagna | 31 March 1946 | 11 June 1951 | PCI | 1946 |
| 2 | Renato Pagni | 11 June 1951 | 1 July 1956 | DC | 1951 |
| 3 | Italo Pellegrini | 1 July 1956 | 14 August 1956 | DC | 1956 |
| 4 | Vittorio Galluzzi | 14 August 1956 | 17 December 1958 | | PSI |
| (2) | Renato Pagni | 17 December 1958 | 7 July 1960 | DC | 1958 |
| 5 | Enrico Pistolesi | 7 July 1960 | 2 January 1961 | | DC |
| (4) | Vittorio Galluzzi | 2 January 1961 | 14 October 1961 | PSI | 1960 |
| *Special Prefectural Commissioner tenure (14 October 1961–1 July 1962)* | | | | | |
| 6 | Umberto Viale | 1 July 1962 | 14 August 1964 | DC | 1962 |
| (2) | Renato Pagni | 14 August 1964 | 14 March 1965 | | DC |
| 7 | Roberto Supino | 14 March 1965 | 14 May 1965 | | PSDI |
| (2) | Renato Pagni | 14 May 1965 | 6 July 1966 | | DC |
| | 6 July 1966 | 14 February 1967 | | 1966 |
| *Special Prefectural Commissioner tenure (14 February 1967–1 July 1967)* | | | | | |
| 8 | Giulio Battistini | 1 July 1967 | 14 December 1968 | DC | 1967 |
| 9 | Fausta Giani Cecchini | 14 December 1968 | 8 July 1970 | | PSI |
| 10 | Franco Gemignani | 8 July 1970 | 14 October 1970 | DC | 1970 |
| 11 | Giuseppe Prosperi | 14 October 1970 | 14 April 1971 | | DC |
| 12 | Vinicio Bernardini | 14 April 1971 | 14 June 1971 | | PCI |
| (8) | Giulio Battistini | 14 June 1971 | 14 July 1971 | | DC |
| 13 | Elia Lazzari | 14 July 1971 | 15 July 1975 | | PCI |
| | 15 July 1975 | 14 May 1976 | | 1975 |
| 14 | Luigi Bulleri | | 14 May 1976 | 30 July 1980 | PCI |
| | 30 July 1980 | 14 May 1983 | | 1980 |
| (12) | Vinicio Bernardini | | 14 May 1983 | 14 September 1985 | PCI |
| 15 | Oriano Ripoli | 14 September 1985 | 15 July 1986 | PSI | 1985 |
| 16 | Giacomino Granchi | 15 July 1986 | 20 January 1990 | | PSI |
| *Special Prefectural Commissioner tenure (20 January 1990–16 July 1990)* | | | | | |
| 17 | Sergio Cortopassi | 16 July 1990 | 1 September 1994 | PSI | 1990 |
| *Special Prefectural Commissioner tenure (1 September 1994–24 November 1994)* | | | | | |
|

### Direct election (since 1994)

Since 1994, under provisions of new local administration law, the Mayor of Pisa is chosen by direct election, originally every four, and since 2003 every five years.

|
 | Mayor | | Took office | Left office | Party | Coalition | | Election |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **18** |  | Piero Floriani
(1942–2018) | 24 November 1994 | 14 December 1998 | PDS |  | PDS  PRC  FdV | 1994 |
| **19** |  | Paolo Fontanelli
(b. 1953) | 14 December 1998 | 27 May 2003 | DS
PD |  | The Olive Tree
(DS-PPI-FdV-PdCI-SDI) | 1998 |
| | | | 27 May 2003 | 13 February 2008 | |  | The Olive Tree
(DS-DL-PdCI-SDI) | 2003 |
| *Special Prefectural Commissioner tenure (13 February 2008 – 29 April 2008)* | | | | | | | | |
| **20** |  | Marco Filippeschi
(b. 1960) | 29 April 2008 | 28 May 2013 | PD |  | PD  PSI  IdV
and leftist lists | 2008 |
| | | | 28 May 2013 | 27 June 2018 | |  | PD  SEL
and leftist lists | 2013 |
| **21** |  | Michele Conti
(b. 1970) | 27 June 2018 | 30 May 2023 | LN |  | LN  FI  FdI | 2018 |
| | | | 30 May 2023 | *Incumbent* | |  | FdI  LN  FI | 2023 |

Notes

### Timeline

1. "Pisa: Michele Conti è il nuovo sindaco, centrodestra in trionfo tra cori e caroselli". *Il Tirreno*. 25 June 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
2. Appointed by the National Liberation Committee.

## InfoBox

| Mayor of Pisa | |
| --- | --- |
| *Sindaco di Pisa* | |
|  | |
| Incumbent
Michele Conti
since 27 June 2018 | |
| Appointer | Popular election |
| Term length | 5 years, renewable once |
| Inaugural holder | Angelo Del Punta |
| Formation | 1865 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Fallujah killings of April 2003

abstract: The Fallujah massacres of April 2003 began when United States Army soldiers from the American 1st Battalion, 325th Infantry Regiment of the 82nd Airborne Division fired into a crowd of Iraqi civilians who were protesting their presence at a school in the city of Fallujah, killing 17 protestors. Human Rights Watch inspected the area after the incident, and found no evidence of shots fired at the building where U.S. forces were based.

text:
# Fallujah killings of April 2003

The **Fallujah massacres of April 2003** began when United States Army soldiers from the American 1st Battalion, 325th Infantry Regiment of the 82nd Airborne Division fired into a crowd of Iraqi civilians who were protesting their presence at a school in the city of Fallujah, killing 17 protestors. Human Rights Watch inspected the area after the incident, and found no evidence of shots fired at the building where U.S. forces were based.

## History

On the evening of April 28, 2003, several hundred civilians ignored a curfew imposed on them by the U.S. military. They proceeded to march through the streets of Fallujah, past the soldiers positioned in the Ba'ath party headquarters. They wished to protest outside a local school about the United States military presence within. A U.S. Army Psychological Operations team attempted to force the civilians to disperse with announcements, but the team failed in this attempt. According to locals, at this point the United States soldiers fired upon the unarmed crowd, killing 17 and wounding more than 70 of the protesters. The U.S. suffered no casualties from the incident. According to the soldiers on the ground, the 82nd Airborne soldiers inside the school responded to "effective fire" from inside the protesting crowd. Human Rights Watch, based upon the absence of bullet holes in the school building, found no evidence that the US forces had come under attack and concluded that the US forces, rather than shooting with precision, shot at Iraqis indiscriminately. Two days later, on April 30, the 82nd Airborne was replaced in the city by 2nd Troop (Fox) / U.S. 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment. The 3rd Cavalry was significantly smaller in number and chose not to occupy the same schoolhouse where the shooting had occurred two days earlier.

However, on the same day three more unarmed civilians were killed by United States soldiers during a daytime protest in front of the Ba'ath party headquarters and mayor's office (which are adjacent to one another; known collectively to U.S. forces as FOB Laurie). Once again, the U.S. suffered no casualties from the incident but some U.S. soldiers were hurt in a retaliatory grenade attack on the Ba'ath headquarters later that evening.

## Legacy

The incident is frequently cited and compared to other similar incidents. *Foreign Policy* compared Fallujah to the 2010 Israeli Gaza flotilla raid during which Israeli naval commandos used lethal force to kill nine activists, some shot when they had their backs turned to the Israeli soldiers.

* *Rules of Engagement*, a 2000 film displaying a similar incident, albeit of U.S. Marines under perceived attack from a supposedly hostile crowd

## InfoBox

| Fallujah massacres of April 2003 | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the 2003 invasion of Iraq | |
|  | |
| Location | Fallujah, Iraq |
| Date | April 28–30, 2003 |
| Attack type | Civilian killings |
| Deaths | 20 local residents |
| Injured | 70+ local residents<br>3 U.S. Army soldiers |
| Perpetrators | U.S. 82nd Airborne Division, U.S. 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment |
| Motive | Soldiers claimed to be under fire by gunman in the crowd, a claim investigated inconclusively by HRW |


title: 1900 English cricket season

text:
# 1900 English cricket season

1900 was the 11th season of County Championship cricket in England. Yorkshire finished the season unbeaten to take the championship title and were the first unbeaten champions since the official competition began in 1890. Defending champions Surrey finished seventh. Lancashire were second, and the matches between the two top teams both ended in draws; Yorkshire made 230 in the first innings of the first game, compared to Lancashire's 96, but still could not force a victory, and in the second, with a crowd of over 44,000 present over three days at Old Trafford, Yorkshire took a lead of seven runs on first innings, but as only two and a half hours of play had been possible on the second day, the game was drawn. Sussex, who finished third with 18 of 24 matches drawn, enjoyed 2,000 runs from Ranjitsinhji for the second season running, as he bettered the record for most runs in a Championship season to 2,563. There were no international matches during this season.

## Honours

## County Championship

### Final table

The final County Championship table is shown below. One point was awarded for a win, none for a draw, and minus one for a loss. Positions were decided on percentage of points over completed games.

| County Championship 1900 - Final Standings | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Team | P | W | L | D | Pts | GC1 | Pts/GC (as %) |
| **1** | **Yorkshire** | **28** | **16** | **0** | **12** | **16** | **16** | **100.00** |
| 2 | Lancashire | 28 | 15 | 2 | 11 | 13 | 17 | 76.47 |
| 3 | Kent | 22 | 8 | 4 | 10 | 4 | 12 | 33.33 |
| 3 | Sussex | 24 | 4 | 2 | 18 | 2 | 6 | 33.33 |
| 5 | Nottinghamshire | 18 | 7 | 4 | 7 | 3 | 11 | 27.27 |
| 6 | Warwickshire | 18 | 3 | 2 | 13 | 1 | 5 | 20.00 |
| 7 | Gloucestershire | 22 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 2 | 16 | 12.50 |
| 7 | Middlesex | 22 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 2 | 16 | 12.50 |
| 7 | Surrey | 28 | 9 | 7 | 12 | 2 | 16 | 12.50 |
| 10 | Essex | 22 | 4 | 6 | 12 | -2 | 10 | -20.00 |
| 11 | Somerset | 16 | 4 | 11 | 1 | -7 | 15 | -46.67 |
| 12 | Worcestershire | 22 | 3 | 10 | 9 | -7 | 13 | -53.85 |
| 13 | Derbyshire | 18 | 2 | 7 | 9 | -5 | 9 | -55.56 |
| 14 | Leicestershire | 22 | 3 | 11 | 8 | -8 | 14 | -57.14 |
| 15 | Hampshire | 22 | 0 | 16 | 6 | -16 | 16 | -100.00 |
|

* 1 Games completed

Points system:

* 1 for a win
* 0 for a draw, a tie or an abandoned match
* -1 for a loss

### Most runs in the County Championship

| 1900 County Championship - leading batsmen | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Name | Team | Matches | Runs | Average | 100s | 50s |
| Ranjitsinhji | Sussex | 22 | 2563 | 85.43 | 9 | 9 |
| Bobby Abel | Surrey | 22 | 1880 | 58.75 | 10 | 3 |
| Tom Hayward | Surrey | 28 | 1850 | 50.00 | 6 | 8 |
| C. B. Fry | Sussex | 20 | 1830 | 63.10 | 9 | 4 |
| Gilbert Jessop | Gloucestershire | 22 | 1733 | 44.43 | 5 | 11 |

### Most wickets in the County Championship

| 1900 County Championship - leading bowlers | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Name | Team | Matches | Balls bowled | Wickets taken | Average |
| Wilfred Rhodes | Yorkshire | 26 | 6973 | 206 | 12.29 |
| Albert Trott | Middlesex | 22 | 6261 | 154 | 19.85 |
| Schofield Haigh | Yorkshire | 28 | 4954 | 145 | 14.16 |
| Walter Mead | Essex | 22 | 5323 | 122 | 15.45 |
| Johnny Briggs | Lancashire | 27 | 6699 | 120 | 17.45 |

## Overall first-class statistics

### Leading batsmen

| 1900 English cricket season - leading batsmen | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Name | Team(s) | Matches | Runs | Average | 100s | 50s |
| Ranjitsinhji | Sussex | 26 | 3065 | 87.57 | 11 | 10 |
| Tom Hayward | Players, South of England, Surrey | 38 | 2693 | 53.86 | 10 | 11 |
| Bobby Abel | Players, South of England, Surrey | 31 | 2592 | 56.34 | 12 | 7 |
| C. B. Fry | Gentlemen, London County, MCC, Sussex | 26 | 2325 | 61.18 | 9 | 9 |
| Gilbert Jessop | Gentlemen, Gloucestershire, London County, South of England | 31 | 2210 | 40.18 | 6 | 13 |

### Leading bowlers

| 1900 English cricket season - leading bowlers | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Name | Team(s) | Matches | Balls bowled | Wickets taken | Average |
| Wilfred Rhodes | North of England, Players, Yorkshire | 35 | 9300 | 261 | 13.81 |
| Albert Trott | London County, MCC, Middlesex, Players, South of England | 36 | 9182 | 211 | 23.33 |
| Schofield Haigh | Players, Yorkshire | 33 | 5751 | 163 | 14.82 |
| Fred Tate | Sussex | 30 | 6863 | 141 | 21.53 |
| J. T. Hearne | MCC, Middlesex, Players | 29 | 6646 | 135 | 21.05 |
|

## Annual reviews

## InfoBox

1900 English cricket season
|
|  |


title: Philip A. Cochran

abstract: Philip A. Cochran was an American biologist who worked as a professor at St. Norbert College in De Pere, Wisconsin, and St. Mary’s University of Minnesota. Cochran earned a B.A. in Biology and Environmental Science at St. Mary’s University of Minnesota in 1977, an M.S. in Fisheries Science from the University of Minnesota in 1980, and a PhD in Zoology from University of Wisconsin in 1984, where at the Center for Limnology he first studied lampreys, the group of animals that would become his specialty. While best known as a leading Lamprey specialist, Cochran published hundreds of articles in refereed and non-refereed publications, as well as numerous book chapters, book reviews, and notes. He conducted much of his fieldwork in Wisconsin and Minnesota, and his research focused on a wide variety of fishes, amphibians, and reptiles of the upper Midwest. With John Lyons and Don Fago, Cochran coauthored the book Wisconsin Fishes 2000: Status and Distribution, which provided an updated overview of the status and abundance of fishes in Wisconsin. In 1991, during a sabbatical, he journeyed to central Mexico to help carry out the first comprehensive studies of the distribution, status, morphology, and ecology of the threatened non-parasitic Jacona lamprey and the endangered parasitic Chapala lamprey. In addition to his lamprey research, Cochran also collaborated with UW-Madison, St. Norbert, and Notre Dame researchers on the “Cascade” food-web project at the University of Notre Dame Ecological Research Center in the Michigan Upper Peninsula. Later in his career, Cochran extended his research interests into the historical, dealing with such subjects as captive timber rattlesnakes in Minnesota’s early history, rattlesnake bounties in Minnesota, the historical use of willow cats as bait in the Upper Mississippi River, and using newspapers as sources of historical information about lake sturgeon.

text:
# Philip A. Cochran

**Philip A. Cochran** (1955 – 2015) was an American biologist who worked as a professor at St. Norbert College in De Pere, Wisconsin (1984 – 2000), and St. Mary’s University of Minnesota (2000 – 2015).

Cochran earned a B.A. in Biology and Environmental Science at St. Mary’s University of Minnesota in 1977 (with high honors), an M.S. in Fisheries Science from the University of Minnesota in 1980, and a PhD in Zoology from University of Wisconsin in 1984, where at the Center for Limnology he first studied lampreys, the group of animals that would become his specialty.

While best known as a leading Lamprey specialist, Cochran published hundreds of articles in refereed and non-refereed publications, as well as numerous book chapters, book reviews, and notes. He conducted much of his fieldwork in Wisconsin and Minnesota, and his research focused on a wide variety of fishes, amphibians, and reptiles of the upper Midwest. With John Lyons and Don Fago, Cochran coauthored the book *Wisconsin Fishes 2000: Status and Distribution*, which provided an updated overview of the status and abundance of fishes in Wisconsin.

In 1991, during a sabbatical, he journeyed to central Mexico to help carry out the first comprehensive studies of the distribution, status, morphology, and ecology of the threatened non-parasitic Jacona lamprey and the endangered parasitic Chapala lamprey. In addition to his lamprey research, Cochran also collaborated with UW-Madison, St. Norbert, and Notre Dame researchers on the “Cascade” food-web project at the University of Notre Dame Ecological Research Center in the Michigan Upper Peninsula. Later in his career, Cochran extended his research interests into the historical, dealing with such subjects as captive timber rattlesnakes in Minnesota’s early history, rattlesnake bounties in Minnesota, the historical use of willow cats as bait in the Upper Mississippi River, and using newspapers as sources of historical information about lake sturgeon.


title: Plantar fibromatosis

abstract: Plantar fascial fibromatosis, also known as Ledderhose's disease, Morbus Ledderhose, and plantar fibromatosis, is a relatively uncommon non-malignant thickening of the feet's deep connective tissue, or fascia. In the beginning, where nodules start growing in the fascia of the foot, the disease is minor. Over time, walking becomes painful. The disease is named after Georg Ledderhose, a German surgeon who described the condition for the first time in 1894. A similar disease is Dupuytren's disease, which affects the hand and causes bent hand or fingers. As in most forms of fibromatosis, it is usually benign and its onset varies with each patient. The nodules are typically slow growing and most often found in the central and medial portions of the plantar fascia. Occasionally, the nodules may lie dormant for months to years only to begin rapid and unexpected growth. Options for intervention include radiation therapy, cryosurgery, treatment with collagenase clostridium histolyticum, or surgical removal only if discomfort hinders walking.

text:
# Plantar fibromatosis

**Plantar fascial fibromatosis**, also known as **Ledderhose's disease**, **Morbus Ledderhose**, and **plantar fibromatosis**, is a relatively uncommon non-malignant thickening of the feet's deep connective tissue, or fascia. In the beginning, where nodules start growing in the fascia of the foot, the disease is minor. Over time, walking becomes painful. The disease is named after Georg Ledderhose, a German surgeon who described the condition for the first time in 1894. A similar disease is Dupuytren's disease, which affects the hand and causes bent hand or fingers.

As in most forms of fibromatosis, it is usually benign and its onset varies with each patient. The nodules are typically slow growing and most often found in the central and medial portions of the plantar fascia. Occasionally, the nodules may lie dormant for months to years only to begin rapid and unexpected growth. Options for intervention include radiation therapy, cryosurgery, treatment with collagenase clostridium histolyticum, or surgical removal only if discomfort hinders walking.

## Signs and symptoms

Plantar fibromatosis is most frequently present on the medial border of the sole, near the highest point of the arch. The lump is usually painless and the only pain experienced is when the nodule rubs on the shoe or floor. The overlying skin is freely movable, and contracture of the toes does not occur in the initial stages.

The typical appearance of plantar fibromatosis on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a poorly defined, infiltrative mass in the aponeurosis next to the plantar muscles.

Only 25% of patients show symptoms on both feet (bilateral involvement). The disease may also infiltrate the dermis or, very rarely, the flexor tendon sheath.

## Risk factors

The histological and ultrastructural features of Ledderhose and Dupuytren's disease are the same, which supports the hypothesis that they have a common cause and pathogenesis. As with Dupuytren's disease, the root cause(s) of Ledderhose's disease are not yet understood. It has been noted that it is an inherited disease and of variable occurrence within families, i.e. the genes necessary for it may remain dormant for a generation or more and then surface in an individual, or be present in multiple individuals in the same generation with varying degree.

There are certain identified risk factors. The disease is more commonly associated with -

There is also a suspected, although unproven, link between incidence and alcoholism, smoking, liver diseases, thyroid problems, and stressful work involving the feet.

## Diagnosis

A combination of physical examination of the arch and plantar fascia, as well as ultrasound imaging by a physician is the usual path to diagnosis.

An MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scan is usually the imaging of choice to determine between other possible conditions such as ganglion cysts. MRI tends to be more accurate than x-ray or ultrasound, showing the full extent of the condition.

## Treatment

Although the origin of the disease is unknown, there is speculation that it is an aggressive healing response to small tears in the plantar fascia, almost as if the fascia over-repairs itself following an injury. There is also some evidence that it might be genetic.

In the early stages, when the nodule is single and/or smaller, it is recommended to avoid direct pressure to the nodule(s). Soft inner soles on footwear and padding may be helpful.

MRI and sonogram (diagnostic ultrasound) are effective in showing the extent of the lesion, but cannot reveal the tissue composition. Even then, recognition of the imaging characteristics of plantar fibromatoses can help in the clinical diagnosis.

Surgery of Ledderhose's disease is difficult because tendons, nerves, and muscles are located very closely to each other. Additionally, feet have to carry heavy load, and surgery might have unpleasant side effects. If surgery is performed, the biopsy is predominantly cellular and frequently misdiagnosed as fibrosarcoma. Since the diseased area (lesion) is not encapsulated, clinical margins are difficult to define. As such, portions of the diseased tissue may be left in the foot after surgery. Inadequate excision is the leading cause of recurrence.

Radiotherapy has been shown to reduce the size of the nodules and reduce the pain associated with them. It is approximately 80% effective, with minimal side effects.

Post-surgical radiation treatment may decrease recurrence. There has also been variable success in preventing recurrence by administering gadolinium. Skin grafts have been shown to control recurrence of the disease.

In few cases shock waves also have been reported to at least reduce pain and enable walking again. Currently in the process of FDA approval is the injection of collagenase. Recently successful treatment of Ledderhose with cryosurgery (also called cryotherapy) has been reported.

Cortisone injections, such as triamcinolone, and clobetasol ointments have been shown to stall the progression of the disease temporarily, although the results are subjective and large-scale studies far from complete. Injections of superoxide dismutase have proven to be unsuccessful in curing the disease while radiotherapy has been used successfully on early-stage Ledderhose nodules.

Topical verapamil is also used to treat plantar fibromatosis.

## InfoBox

| Plantar fibromatosis | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | Ledderhose's disease |
|  | |
| This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner | |
| Specialty | Rheumatology |


title: Véronyque Tremblay

abstract: Véronyque Tremblay is a Canadian journalist and politician. She represented the electoral district of Chauveau as a member of the Quebec Liberal Party. Born in Saint-Ambroise, Quebec, Tremblay was a television and radio journalist for TQS, TVA, Le Canal Nouvelles and CJMF-FM, prior to becoming a politician.

text:
# Véronyque Tremblay

**Véronyque Tremblay** (born January 27, 1974) is a Canadian journalist and politician. She represented the electoral district of Chauveau as a member of the Quebec Liberal Party.

Born in Saint-Ambroise, Quebec, Tremblay was a television and radio journalist for TQS, TVA, Le Canal Nouvelles and CJMF-FM, prior to becoming a politician.

## Electoral record

| Quebec provincial by-election, June 8, 2015
On the resignation of Gérard Deltell | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Liberal | Véronyque Tremblay | 10,330 | 41.32 | +11.48 |
|  | Coalition Avenir Québec | Jocelyne Cazin | 8,392 | 33.57 | -18.73 |
|  | Parti Québécois | Sébastien Couture | 3,844 | 15.38 | +3.20 |
|  | Conservative | Adrien D. Pouliot | 1,239 | 4.96 | +3.91 |
|  | Québec solidaire | Marjolaine Bouchard | 863 | 3.45 | -0.51 |
|  | Parti des sans Parti | Frank Malenfant | 171 | 0.68 |  |
|  | Option nationale | Stéphanie Grimard | 125 | 0.50 | -0.17 |
|  | Équipe Autonomiste | Manuel Mathieu | 34 | 0.14 |  |
| Total valid votes | | | 24,998 | 99.13 |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 219 | 0.87 |
| Turnout | | | 25,217 | 43.11 |
| Electors on the lists | | | 58,501 |  |
|  | Liberal **gain** from Coalition Avenir Québec | | Swing | | +15.11 |

## InfoBox

| Véronyque Tremblay | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the National Assembly of Quebec for Chauveau | |
| **In office**
June 8, 2015  August 29, 2018 | |
| Preceded by | Gérard Deltell |
| Succeeded by | Sylvain Lévesque |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1974-01-27) January 27, 1974
Saint-Ambroise, Quebec, Canada |
| Political party | Quebec Liberal Party |
| Residence(s) | Quebec City, Quebec |
|  | |


title: V (group)

abstract: V are a British five-piece boy band made up of Antony Brant, Aaron Buckingham, Mark Harle, Kevin McDaid and Leon Pisani. Founded in 2003, they disbanded after two years, in 2005. They reunited in 2023 without Mark Harle.

text:
# V (group)

**V** are a British five-piece boy band made up of Antony Brant, Aaron Buckingham, Mark Harle, Kevin McDaid and Leon Pisani. Founded in 2003, they disbanded after two years, in 2005. They reunited in 2023 without Mark Harle.

## Career

V were formed in 2003 after a series of auditions by Prestige, the same management team behind Busted. Group member Antony Brant came up with the band name "V" because V is the Roman numeral for five and there were five members in the band. V made their debut at the same time as McFly by supporting Busted's arena tour in the spring of 2004.

Their first single, "Blood, Sweat and Tears", was released in May 2004 and went into the UK Singles Chart at number 6. The music video was shot in Miami, Florida in February 2004 and the single contained a collaboration with McFly, called "Chills in the Evening" written by Tom Fletcher from McFly and James Bourne from Busted. The band's second single, released in August 2004, was a double A-side and consisted of a new song "Hip to Hip" and a cover of the Jacksons' song "Can You Feel It". The music video showed the group dressed up in day-to-day jobs like an ice cream man and milkman. It charted at number 5 in the UK Singles Chart.

The third single, "You Stood Up", reached number 12 after an appearance on *Top of the Pops*, but their debut album of the same name only made number 86 on the UK Albums Chart. In March 2005, V announced on their website their decision to split up, stating "it just hasn't happened for us as big as we would have liked". They reunited in 2023 without Mark Harle to record new music and perform shows in the UK.

## After break-up

* Mark Harle was a drummer for indie band Little Comets between 2008 and 2011.
* Kevin McDaid became a professional photographer, including photographing the covers for the Westlife albums *Where We Are* and *Gravity*
* Aaron Buckingham moved into A&R work, including managing the band Lawson
* Antony Brant remained friends with the members of McFly, and toured with the band alongside James Bourne and the Vamps in the spring of 2013 as a compere to their Memory Lane tour

## Discography

**Studio albums**

| Title | Details | Peak
position | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | UK
 |
| *You Stood Up* |  | 86 |

**Singles**

| Year | Single | Peak chart
positions | | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | UK
 | IRE
 | |
| 2004 | "Blood, Sweat and Tears" | 6 | 30 | *You Stood Up* |
| | "Hip to Hip"/"Can You Feel It" | 5 | 29 | |
| | "You Stood Up" | 12 | 35 | |

## InfoBox

| V | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | London, England |
| Genres | Pop |
| Years active | 2003–2005, 2023–present |
| Labels | Island Records |
|  | |
| Members |  |
|  | |
| Past members | * Mark Harle |


title: List of postal codes of Canada: B

text:
# List of postal codes of Canada: B

This is a list of postal codes in Canada where the first letter is B. Postal codes beginning with B are located within the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. Only the first three characters are listed, corresponding to the Forward Sortation Area (FSA).

Canada Post provides a free postal code look-up tool on its website, via its mobile apps for such smartphones as the iPhone and BlackBerry, and sells hard-copy directories and CD-ROMs. Many vendors also sell validation tools, which allow customers to properly match addresses and postal codes. Hard-copy directories can also be consulted in all post offices, and some libraries.

## Nova Scotia

There are currently 77 FSAs in this list. B7\* and B8\* codes are currently not in use.

### Urban

### Rural

| **B0A**
*Not in use* | **B0B**
*Not in use* | **B0C**
North Victoria County
1C0: Cape North
1E0: Capstick
1G0: Dingwall
1H0: Englishtown
1K0: Ingonish
1L0: Ingonish Beach
1N0: Neil's Harbour
1P0: New Haven
1R0: St. Margaret Village | **B0E**
West Cape Breton Island 1A0: Arichat
1B0: Baddeck
1C0: Belle Cote
1H0: Chéticamp
1J0: Cleveland
1K0: D’Escousse
1L0: Grand Etang
1M0: Grand River
1N0: Inverness
1P0: Judique
1S0: L’Ardoise
1T0: Little Narrows
1V0: Louisdale
1W0: Lower L’Ardoise
1X0: Mabou
1Y0: Margaree
1Z0: Margaree Centre
2A0: Margaree Forks
2B0: Margaree Harbour
2C0: Margaree Valley
2G0: Mulgrave
2H0: North East Margaree
2K0: Orangedale
2L0: Petit de Grat
2M0: Petit Etang
2P0: Pleasant Bay
2W0: Port Hood
2X0: River Bourgeois
2Y0: River Denys
3A0: St-Joseph-du-Moine
3B0: St. Peter's
3C0: Sampson Cove
3E0: Scotsville
3H0: South West Margaree
3J0: West Arichat
3K0: West Bay
3L0: West Bay Road
3M0: Whycocomagh
3N0: Wagmatcook | **B0G**
*Not in use* |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **B0H**
Canso region
1A0: Afton Station
1E0: Aspen
1G0: Boylston
1H0: Canso
1J0: Cross Roads Country Harbour
1K0: Frankville
1L0: Goldboro
1M0: Goshen
1N0: Guysborough
1P0: Havre Boucher
1R0: Heatherton
1S0: Isaac's Harbour
1T0: Larry's River
1V0: Little Dover
1W0: Monastery
1X0: St. Andrews | **B0J**
South HRM and mainland east shore
1A0: Bickerton West
1B0: Black Point
1C0: Blandford
1E0: Blockhouse
1H0: Brooklyn
1J0: Chester
1K0: Chester Basin
1M0: Fisherman's Harbour
1N0: Head of Chezzetcook
1P0: Head Of Jeddore
1T0: Hubbards
1W0: Jeddore Oyster Ponds
1Y0: Lake Charlotte
2A0: Liscomb
2B0: Little Tancook
2C0: Lunenburg
2E0: Mahone Bay
2G0: Marie Joseph
2H0: Mill Village
2J0: Mooseland
2K0: Moser River
2L0: Musquodoboit Harbour
2M0: New Ross
2R0: Port Dufferin
2T0: Port Medway
2W0: Riverport
2X0: Rose Bay
3A0: Shearwater
3B0: Sheet Harbour
3C0: Sherbrooke
3G0: Tancook Island
3H0: Tangier
3M0: Western Shore | **B0K**
Northumberland Strait south shore
1A0: Barney's River Station
1B0: Eureka
1C0: Hopewell
1E0: Malagash
1G0: Merigomish
1H0: Pictou
1J0: Pictou Island
1K0: Port Howe
1L0: Pugwash
1M0: Pugwash Junction
1N0: River John
1P0: Salt Springs
1R0: Scotsburn
1S0: Stellarton
1T0: Sunnybrae
1V0: Tatamagouche
1W0: Thorburn
1X0: Trenton
1Y0: Wallace
1Z0: West River Station
2A0: Westville
 | **B0L**
Isthmus of Chignecto
1A0: Joggins
1B0: Maccan
1C0: Nappan
1E0: Northport
1G0: River Hebert
1H0: River Hebert East | **B0M**
Cobequid Bay north shore
1A0: Advocate Harbour
1B0: Bass River
1C0: Belmont
1E0: Collingwood Corner
1G0: Debert
1H0: Diligent River
1J0: Economy
1K0: Five Islands
1L0: Great Village
1M0: Londonderry
1N0: Lower Five Islands
1P0: Oxford
1R0: Oxford Junction
1S0: Parrsboro
1T0: Port Greville
1V0: River Philip
1W0: Southampton
1X0: Springhill
1Z0: Wentworth
2A0: Westchester Station |
| **B0N**
North HRM and Hants County
1C0: Brookfield
1E0: Centre Burlington
1G0: Cheverie
1H0: Curry's Corner
1J0: Densmore Mills
1K0: Elderbank
1L0: Ellershouse
1P0: Kennetcook
1T0: Maitland
1V0: Meaghers Grant
1W0: Micmac
1X0: Middle Musquodoboit
1Y0: Milford Station, Milford
1Z0: Mount Uniacke
2A0: Newport
2B0: Newport Station
2C0: Noel
2E0: Ste-Croix
2G0: Scotch Village
2H0: Shubenacadie
2J0: Stewiacke
2K0: Summerville
2L0: Upper Kennetcook
2M0: Upper Musquodoboit
2N0: Upper Rawdon
2P0: Upper Stewiacke
2R0: Walton
2T0: Windsor
3A0: Ellershouse
 | **B0P**
Kings County
0A0: Greenwood
1A0: Auburn
1B0: Avonport
1C0: Aylesford
1E0: Berwick
1G0: Cambridge
1H0: Canning
1J0: Centreville
1L0: Falmouth
1M0: Grand-Pré
1N0: Greenwood
1P0: Hantsport
1R0: Kingston
1T0: Port Williams
1V0: Waterville
1W0: Wilmot | **B0R**
West Lunenburg County
1A0: Barss Corner
1C0: LaHave
1E0: New Germany
1G0: Pleasantville
1H0: Springfield | **B0S**
West Annapolis County
1A0: Annapolis Royal
1B0: Bear River
1C0: Bridgetown
1E0: Clementsport
1G0: Clementsvale
1H0: Cornwallis Park
1J0: Deep Brook
1K0: Granville Ferry
1L0: Hampton
1M0: Lawrencetown
1N0: Margaretsville
1P0: Middleton
1R0: Paradise
1S0: Smith's Cove | **B0T**
Region of Queens Municipality
1B0: Caledonia
1E0: Greenfield
1G0: Hunt's Point
1H0: Ingomar
1J0: Jordan Falls
1K0: Liverpool
1L0: Lockeport
1M0: Lydgate
1N0: Maitland Bridge
1P0: Milton
1R0: Osborne Harbour
1S0: Port Joli
1T0: Port Mouton
1V0: Sable River
1W0: Shelburne
1X0: South Brookfield |
| **B0V**
Digby County
1A0: Digby
1B0: Freeport
1C0: Little River
1E0: Sandy Cove
1G0: Tiverton
1H0: Westport | **B0W**
Southwest Mainland
1B0: Arcadia
1E0: Barrington
1G0: Barrington Passage
1H0: Barton
1J0: Belliveau's Cove
1M0: Church Point
1N0: Clam Point
1P0: Clark's Harbour
1R0: Clyde River
1S0: Crowell
1W0: Glenwood
1Y0: Kemptville
1Z0: Little Brook
2A0: Lower East Pubnico
2B0: Lower Wedgeport
2C0: Lower West Pubnico
2E0: Lower Woods Harbour
2G0: McGray
2H0: Mavillette
2J0: Meteghan
2K0: Meteghan Centre
2L0: Meteghan River
2M0: Middle West Pubnico
2P0: North East Point
2R0: Plympton
2S0: Port Clyde
2W0: Pubnico
2X0: Ste-Anne-du-Ruisseau
2Y0: Salmon River
2Z0: Saulnierville
3B0: Shag Harbour
3E0: South Ohio
3J0: Stoney Island
3M0: Tusket
3P0: Wedgeport
3S0: West Pubnico
3T0: Weymouth | **B0X**
*Not in use* | **B0Y**
*Not in use* | **B0Z**
*Not in use* |

## Most populated FSAs

1. B0P, 41,544
2. B0J, 41,032
3. B0N, 40,484
4. B3M, 37,555
5. B0K, 35,141

## Least populated FSAs

1. B2E, 54
2. B2J, 67
3. B2C, 262
4. B1T, 400
5. B1X, 921


title: Luís María Gallardi

abstract: Luís María Gallardi was a Jesuit missionary to New Spain.

text:
# Luís María Gallardi

**Luís María Gallardi** (d. 1736) was a Jesuit missionary to New Spain.

## Biography

Gallardi, a Sicilian, arrived in the Pimería Alta in 1720, joining fellow missionaries Eusebio Kino, Agustín de Campos, and Luis Xavier Velarde. He was assigned to the Caborca mission for two years, before relocating in 1722 to Mission Santa María Magdalena. In 1725 he became the administrator of the Altar River valley, and accordingly relocated to San Ignacio.

Gallardi moved again in 1727 to Tubutama, where he served for the rest of his life. A 1730 account describes Gallardi punishing two of the native Pima, and the natives retaliating by shooting arrows into Gallardi's room while he slept. Juan Bautista Grazhoffer assisted Gallardi at the mission for a few months, leaving in 1732. Gallardi died in Tubutama on January 1, 1736.


title: The Costello Memoirs

abstract: The Costello Memoirs is a collection of writings by Australian politician and long-standing treasurer and deputy Liberal leader Peter Costello and co-authored by former New South Wales Liberal Leader and Costello's father-in-law, Peter Coleman. The book was launched on 16 September 2008 at the National Press Club and released in stores on 17 September 2008. Booksellers were obliged by Melbourne University Publishing to sign a confidentiality agreement, common with new release books, stating they would not release the book before the official release date, with harsh legal ramifications if they did. Extracts from the book appeared in newspapers across Australia before the book's release.

text:
# The Costello Memoirs

***The Costello Memoirs*** is a collection of writings by Australian politician and long-standing treasurer and deputy Liberal leader Peter Costello and co-authored by former New South Wales Liberal Leader and Costello's father-in-law, Peter Coleman. The book was launched on 16 September 2008 at the National Press Club and released in stores on 17 September 2008.

Booksellers were obliged by Melbourne University Publishing to sign a confidentiality agreement, common with new release books, stating they would not release the book before the official release date, with harsh legal ramifications if they did.

Extracts from the book appeared in newspapers across Australia before the book's release.

## InfoBox

The Costello Memoirs
| *The Costello Memoirs* | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Peter Costello<br>Peter Coleman |
| Subject | The Liberal Party and the Howard government |
| Genre | Politics |
| Publisher | Melbourne University Publishing |
| Publication date | September 2008 |
| Publication place | Australia |
| Pages | 400 + 16pp pictures |
| ISBN | 978-0-522-85582-1 |
| OCLC | 276602673 |


title: Pablo Acosta Ortiz Square

abstract: The Pablo Acosta Ortiz square or Altagracia square is a public space located in the city of Barquisimeto in the center west of Venezuela, more specifically in the state of Lara. One of the best known and most emblematic space of the city. It bears the name and bust over a marble pedestal of the highest exponent of Venezuelan medicine the famous doctor, Pablo Acosta Ortiz. The square is located in front of the Altagracia church.

text:
# Pablo Acosta Ortiz Square

**The Pablo Acosta Ortiz square** or **Altagracia** **square** is a public space located in the city of Barquisimeto in the center west of Venezuela, more specifically in the state of Lara. One of the best known and most emblematic space of the city. It bears the name and bust over a marble pedestal of the highest exponent of Venezuelan medicine the famous doctor, Pablo Acosta Ortiz. The square is located in front of the Altagracia church.

## History and location

Located at Carrera 19 with Calle 20, on land in front of the old house where Dr. Pablo Acosta Ortiz was born, raised and studied until 1985 when he moved to Caracas to start his medical studies.

It was built on April 4, 1936, and renamed *Plaza Altagracia* after the distinguished doctor. It is said that in its former location, General José Antonio Páez shot four slaves and several members of the Reform Revolution were executed there. In 1940 remodeling work began. They made concrete construction and a marble pedestal was erected on which a bust of Acosta Ortiz stands.

The place has been maintained until today, however, due to the unconsciousness of the citizens who pass through the area daily (since it is in a central area of the city) the place has deteriorated. Despite everything, the square is constantly visited by students from nearby schools and by walkers from its surroundings.

## About Pablo Acosta Ortiz

He was born on March 21, 1864, in a house in the city of Barquisimeto, he lived there throughout his childhood and adolescence until 1895 when he decided to study medicine at the University of Caracas, his parents being lawyers Pablo Acosta and Doña Benigna Ortiz. When he was 21 years old, he received a doctorate in medicine and surgery and began his practice as a doctor in Los Andes.

In 1887 he moved to France and enrolled in the University of París, where he became a disciple of the famous surgeon Le Dentu, one of the most prominent figures in cardiovascular surgery in France. He again studied medicine, obtaining his doctorate with honors on November 27, 1892.

He returned to Barquisimeto and together with Antonio María Pineda they made the *'La Caridad'* hospital, a center for the study and practice of medicine in the region.

He developed a great activity in the field of medicine, standing out as a writer in the surgery section of the *Gaceta Médica de Caracas* (1993-1895), through whose pages he disseminated the latest advances in surgery, which led Dr. Plácido Rodríguez, rector of the Central University of Venezuela: 'He is the most eminent of our modern surgeons.' He participated in the founding of the College of Physicians of Venezuela (1902).

Several Institutes bear his name: a clinic, a school and a school canteen in Barquisimeto. In Caracas a high school bears his name, as well as a Hospital in San Fernando de Apure. In addition to having busts of him in the square with his name in Barquisimeto, there are also busts in the *Hospital Vargas* in Caracas and in the Hall of Fame of the International College of Surgeons in Chicago.

1. Anzola, David (1952). *Barquisimetanos ilustres: Edición conmemorativa del IV centenario de la ciudad de Barquisimeto* (in Spanish). Editorial Avila Gráfica.
2. *Así es Barquisimeto* (in Spanish). Diagrama. 2001. ISBN 978-980-07-7793-0.
3. Azparren, Raúl (1972). *Barquisimeto, paisaje sentimental de la ciudad y su gente* (in Spanish). Banco de Fomento Comercial de Venezuela.
4. Izquierdo, Francisco Plaza (1984). *José Izquierdo: vida y obra* (in Spanish). Congreso de la República.
5. Larense, Centro de Historia (1968). *Boletín* (in Spanish).
6. Alvarez, Alberto Silva (1970). *Pablo Acosta Ortiz: un mago del bisturí* (in Spanish). Ministerio de Sanidad y Asistencia Social, Oficina de Publicaciones, Biblioteca y Archivo.

10°04′01″N 69°18′41″W / 10.0669°N 69.3113°W / 10.0669; -69.3113


title: Philippe Hersant (newspaper publisher)

abstract: Philippe Hersant, born in 1957, is the current leader of Hersant Media Group and the last son of Robert Hersant, who was nicknamed "papivore" because of his insatiable appetite for buying newspaper and magazine companies. In the 2000s, due to the considerable debt of the Hersant Media Group, he was forced to sell many titles. In March 2004, he sells Socpresse to Serge Dassault, which already held 30%. In 2005, he also has to sell the 40% stake in Rossel.

text:
# Philippe Hersant (newspaper publisher)

**Philippe Hersant**, born in 1957, is the current leader of *Hersant Media Group* and the last son of Robert Hersant (1920 -1996 ), who was nicknamed "papivore" because of his insatiable appetite for buying newspaper and magazine companies.

In the 2000s, due to the considerable debt of the Hersant Media Group, he was forced to sell many titles. In March 2004, he sells Socpresse to Serge Dassault, which already held 30%. In 2005, he also has to sell the 40% stake in Rossel.


title: Platyceps rogersi

abstract: Platyceps rogersi, Rogers's racer, is a species of snake of the family Colubridae. The snake is found in Libya, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq.

text:
# Platyceps rogersi

***Platyceps rogersi***, **Rogers's racer**, is a species of snake of the family Colubridae.

The snake is found in Libya, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq.

## InfoBox

| *Platyceps rogersi* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Colubridae |
| Genus: | *Platyceps* |
| Species: | ***P. rogersi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Platyceps rogersi***
(Anderson, 1893) | |
|


title: Vélodrome d'Hiver

abstract: The Vélodrome d'Hiver, colloquially Vel' d'Hiv', was an indoor bicycle racing cycle track and stadium (velodrome) on rue Nélaton, not far from the Eiffel Tower in Paris. As well as a cycling track, it was used for ice hockey, basketball, wrestling, boxing, roller-skating, circuses, bullfighting, spectaculars, and demonstrations. It was the first permanent indoor track in France and the name persisted for other indoor tracks built subsequently. In July 1942, French police, acting under orders from the German authorities in Occupied Paris, used the velodrome to hold thousands of Jews and others who were victims in a mass arrest. The Jews were held at the velodrome before they were moved to a concentration camp in the Parisian suburbs at Drancy and then to the extermination camp at Auschwitz. The incident became known as the "Vel' d'Hiv' Roundup".

text:
# Vélodrome d'Hiver

The **Vélodrome d'Hiver** (French pronunciation: \[velɔdʁɔm divɛʁ\], *Winter Velodrome*), colloquially **Vel' d'Hiv'**, was an indoor bicycle racing cycle track and stadium (velodrome) on rue Nélaton, not far from the Eiffel Tower in Paris. As well as a cycling track, it was used for ice hockey, basketball, wrestling, boxing, roller-skating, circuses, bullfighting, spectaculars, and demonstrations. It was the first permanent indoor track in France and the name persisted for other indoor tracks built subsequently.

In July 1942, French police, acting under orders from the German authorities in Occupied Paris, used the velodrome to hold thousands of Jews and others who were victims in a mass arrest. The Jews were held at the velodrome before they were moved to a concentration camp in the Parisian suburbs at Drancy and then to the extermination camp at Auschwitz. The incident became known as the "Vel' d'Hiv' Roundup" (*Rafle du Vel' d'Hiv'*).

## Origins

The original track was housed in the Salles des Machines, the building used for the industrial display of the World's Fair, which ended in 1900. The building was unoccupied after the exhibition.

In 1902, the Salle des Machines was inspected by Henri Desgrange, who the following year inaugurated the Tour de France on behalf of the newspaper that he edited, *L'Auto*. With him were Victor Goddet, the newspaper's treasurer, an engineer named Durand, and an architect, Gaston Lambert. It was Lambert who said he could turn the hall into a sports arena with a track 333 metres long and eight metres wide. He finished it in 20 days.

The first meeting there, on 20 December 1903, had an audience of 20,000. They paid seven francs for the best view and a single franc to see hardly anything at all. The seating was primitive and there was no heating. The first event was not a cycle race but a walking competition over 250 metres. The first cycling competition was a race ridden behind pacing motorcycles. Only one rider—Cissac—managed to complete the 16 km (10 mi), the others having crashed on the unaccustomed steepness of the track banking.

## Change of name and track

In 1909 the Salle des Machines was listed for demolition to improve the view of the Eiffel Tower. Desgrange moved to another building nearby, at the corner of the boulevard de Grenelle and the rue Nélaton. The venue was named the Vélodrome d'Hiver. The new track, also designed by Lambert, was 253.16 m round at the base but exactly 250 m on the line ridden by the motor-paced riders (considered the stars of the day). Lambert built two tiers of seats, which towered above bankings so steep for their day that they were considered cliff-like. In the track centre, Lambert built a roller-skating rink of 2,700 square metres. He lit the whole lot with 1,253 hanging lamps.

There could be so many spectators jammed in the track centre for cycling events that they resembled passengers in the Paris métro in the rush hour. The richer and more knowledgeable spectators bought track-side seats and the rest crowded into the upper balcony from which the track looked a distant bowl. A rivalry grew between those in the top row and those below them, to the extent that those on high sometimes threw sausages, bread rolls and even bottles onto those below or, if they could throw that far, onto the track. The hall's managers had to install a net to catch the larger missiles.

## Six-days

Six-day cycle racing had started in London in the 19th century but became truly popular after changing to a race not for individuals but for teams of two. The new formula was created in America at Madison Square Garden. It became known in English as the *madison* and in French as *l'américaine*. The first such six-day race at the Vel' d'Hiv' started on 13 January 1913.

The riders included the Tour de France winners Louis Trousselier and Octave Lapize and other prominent riders such as Émile Georget. The race began at 6 pm and by 9 pm all 20,000 seats were sold. Among those who watched was the millionaire Henri de Rothschild, who offered a prize of 600 Fr, and the dancer Mistinguett, who offered 100 Fr. The winners were Goulet and Fogler, an American-Australian pairing.

The Franco-American writer René de Latour said: "I have known the time when it was considered quite a feat to get into the Vel' d'Hiv' during a six-day race. There were mounted police all round the block, barriers were erected some way from the building, and if you did not have a ticket or a pass to show, you were not allowed anywhere near the place. You can guess that the disappointed fans often produced a near-riot."

A tradition started in 1926 of electing a Queen of the Six, whose job included starting the race. Among them were Édith Piaf, Annie Cordy and the accordionist Yvette Horner, who also played from the roof of a car while preceding the Tour de France.

Races at the Vel' d'Hiv' were sometimes doubted for their genuineness. While the spectacle drew large and even capacity crowds, the best riders were rumoured to control the race. The French journalist Pierre Chany wrote:

> There was a lot of talk about the relative honesty of the results, and journalists sometimes asked themselves what importance they ought to place on victories in these six-day races. The best of the field combined between themselves, it was known, to fight against other teams and to get their own hands on the biggest prizes, which they then shared between them. This coalition, cruelly nicknamed the Blue Train \[after a luxury rail service patronised by the rich\] imposed its rule and sometimes even the times of the race, the length of the rest periods. The little teams fought back on certain days but, generally, the law belonged to the cracks, better equipped physically and often better organised.

## 1924 Summer Olympics

For the 1924 Summer Olympics, the velodrome hosted boxing, fencing, weightlifting, and wrestling events.

## Ernest Hemingway

The American writer Ernest Hemingway was a regular fan of six-day and other races at the Vel' d'Hiv' while he lived in Paris. He wrote:

> I have started many stories about bicycle racing but have never written one that is as good as the races are both on the indoor and outdoor tracks and on the roads. But I will get the Vélodrome d’Hiver with the smoky light of the afternoon and the high-banked wooden track and the whirring sound the tires made on the wood as the riders passed, the effort and the tactics as the riders climbed and plunged, each one a part of his machine. ... I must write the strange world of the six-day races and the marvels of the road-racing in the mountains. French is the only language it has ever been written in properly and the terms are all French and that is what makes it hard to write.

## Boxing

Boxing began at the Vel' d'Hiv' after a meeting between an American, Jeff Dickson, and Henri Desgrange, the track's main owner and leading promoter. Dickson arrived in France from Missouri in 1917 as a "sammie". Sammies, named after the owner of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, were cameramen sent from the U.S. to film American soldiers in World War I.

Dickson stayed on in France after the war and began promoting boxing in the Wagram area of Paris. He and Desgrange got on and the two agreed he should organise a first boxing tournament at the Vel' d'Hiv' in 1929. The main match pitted Milou Pladner against Frankie Genaro, bringing in 920,110 Fr.

## Wrestling

Professional wrestling in France was relaunched in the catch-as-catch-can style (renamed from "Lutte" to "Catch") at the Vel' d'Hiv' in 1933 by the Fédération Française de Catch Professionnel (FFCP), co-founded by former World Heavyweight Champion Henri Deglane and French rugby player Raoul Paoli.

## The Lion Hunt and other spectacles

Dickson joined the management of the Vel' d'Hiv'. In 1931 he renovated the building to allow other uses in the centre of the cycling track: he removed several pillars that blocked the view of some spectators, took up the roller-skating rink, laid an ice rink of 60 m by 30 m, and constructed a cover for the rink to allow its use for other activities. The building was rechristened the “Palais des Sports de Grenelle”, though its former name remained in use. Under Dickson, the Vel' d'Hiv' became home to the Français Volants ice hockey team. The rink also featured skating shows by Sonja Henie in 1953 and 1955 and Holiday on Ice (1950 to 1958).

His most spectacular venture was his greatest and most expensive flop. Dickson discovered from the newspaper *Paris-Midi* that the Schneider circus in Naples was auctioning 100 lions. Dickson bought the animals the same day, along with their cages and trailers, for 80,000 Fr. He constructed a stage set, acquired two sick camels abandoned by a circus at Maisons-Alfort, hired fire-eaters and employed 20 actors to dress as African explorers—all to stage a spectacle called The Lion Hunt.

The lions, however, arrived from Naples feeling tired and limp. Dickson assured reporters they needed only a meal and began importing dead animals from local abattoirs. Things didn't improve. On the first night of the show, all 100 lions were released into the arena but showed no signs of excitement, much less ferocity. Dickson ordered his "explorers" to fire into the air to wake them up. The air became bitter with cordite fumes but the lions did little more than stroll about and urinate on the scenery. Now convinced the animals were harmless, stagehands began beating them, at which children began to cry and parents shouted angry protests. The organizers withdrew the animals and moved to the next act of the show. Things went little better. The camels refused to walk in a line as in a desert caravan. And their attendants, who were unemployed black people recruited from the streets, stumbled in the sand under their unaccustomed stage clothing. The show's run was abandoned.

Dickson now had two camels and 100 lions that he no longer needed. An assistant tied the camels behind a car, led them to the Seine and abandoned them. There they were found by the police. Eventually Dickson rented the camels and lions to another circus for 10,000 Fr a week, only for the circus to fail and Dickson to be summoned to collect his animals. By now he was also being pursued by the Société protectrice des animaux for cruelty in abandoning the camels. The animals were finally sent to a zoo near Hamburg.

The venture ended with the loss of 700,000 Fr by the Vel' d'Hiv'.

Dickson returned to America in 1939 and died when his bomber was shot down at St-André-de-l'Eure on 14 July, France's national day, in 1943. He is buried in the American cemetery at Omaha Beach west of Caen, beneath the third cross in the front row.

### Other spectacles

## Vel' d'Hiv' Roundup

The Vel' d'Hiv' was available for hire to whoever wanted it. Among those who booked was Jacques Doriot, who led France's largest fascist party, the PPF. It was at the Vel' d'Hiv', among other venues, that Doriot, with his Hitler-like salute, roused crowds to join his cause.

In 1940, the Germans invaded France and occupied its northern half, including Paris. On 7 June 1942, they completed plans for *Opération Vent printanier* ("Operation Spring Breeze") to arrest 28,000 Jews using 9,000 French policemen. Arrests started early on 16 July and were complete by the next day. Among those who helped in the round-up were 3,400 young members of Doriot's PPF.

Needing a place to hold the detainees, the Germans demanded the keys of the Vel' d'Hiv' from its owner, Jacques Goddet, who had taken over from his father Victor and from Henri Desgrange. The circumstances in which Goddet surrendered the keys remain a mystery, and the episode occupies only a few lines in his autobiography.

The Vel' d'Hiv' had a glass roof, which had been painted dark blue to help avoid attracting bomber navigators. The dark glass roof, combined with windows screwed shut for security, raised the temperature inside the structure. The 13,152 people held there had no lavatories; of the 10 available, five were sealed because their windows offered a way out, and the others were blocked. The arrested Jews were kept there for five days with only water and food brought by Quakers, the Red Cross and the few doctors and nurses allowed to enter.

Those arrested were sent to an internment camp in half-completed tower blocks at Drancy and then to the extermination camp at Auschwitz. Only 400 survived.

## Post-war track encounter

An enthusiast, John Aulton, described the track in the first years after the war. He visited Paris on a tour organised for English schoolchildren who slept in tents in the grounds of a lycée. He was alone in wanting to see the Vélodrome d'Hiver. He wrote:

> I set out on my Raleigh Sports. ... I arrived elated and full of anticipation but my joy was short-lived, all the doors were locked and barred and there was no sign of life. Without warning a side door flew open and a small powerfully built man came hurtling out of the gloom into the sunlight. A flapping empty sleeve hung where his right arm should have been. He poured a tirade of French at me before stepping back inside and slamming the door. I gave the door another swift kick and shouted in English that all I wanted was to see the famous track. The door slowly opened and the one-armed man stepped outside, but this time a broad smile covered his previously angry face. "*Anglais?*" he said, as if uttering some special password. He spoke in halting English. Did I know Wembley? He had ridden the London six-day there? He put his one good arm around my shoulder and escorted me and my Raleigh into the stadium. The old track was looking the worse for wear. There was dust everywhere and the shafts of sunlight that penetrated the dirty blue skylights picked out the particles dancing in the air. I walked over to the banking and touched the boards that had seen so much drama. Suddenly and without explanation a feeling of fear and revulsion came over me; I grabbed my bike and ran as fast as I could into the outside world. The door would not open at first but a panic-stricken tug freed it and I dashed out into the heat of a Parisian afternoon and pedalled away not caring in which direction just so long as I could get away from the Vélodrome d'Hiver.

## The final events

The last six-day race at the Vel' d'Hiv' started on 7 November 1958. The stars were Roger Rivière, Jacques Anquetil, Fausto Coppi and André Darrigade. The race was run with teams of three. Rivière had to drop out after a crash with Anquetil in the first hours; on 12 November, Darrigade won the biggest prime, or intermediate prize, ever offered at the track: one million francs. The overall winners were Anquetil and his partners, Darrigade and Terruzzi. The building had grown old, dirty and dusty and leaked when it rained. Electricity cables hung in loops.

The final night at the Vel' d'Hiv' was 12 May 1959, featuring the painter Salvador Dalí. Among his stage props was a model of the Eiffel Tower, which he exploded to symbolise the end of the exhibition hall in which he stood. A fire destroyed part of the Vélodrome d'Hiver in 1959 and the rest of the structure was demolished. A block of flats and a building belonging to the Ministry of the Interior now stand on the site.

## Government apology

For decades the French government declined to apologize for the role of French policemen in the round-up or for any other state complicity. It was argued (by de Gaulle and others) that the French Republic had been dismantled when Philippe Pétain instituted a new French State during the war and that the Republic had been re-established after the war had ended. It was not for the Republic, therefore, to apologise for events that happened while it had not existed and which had been carried out by a state which it did not recognise. For example, former President François Mitterrand had maintained this position. The claim was more recently reiterated by Marine Le Pen, leader of the National Front Party, during the 2017 election campaign.

On 16 July 1995, President Jacques Chirac stated that it was time that France faced up to its past and he acknowledged the role that the state had played in the persecution of Jews and other victims of the German occupation. Those responsible for the round-up, according to Chirac, were "*450 policiers et gendarmes français, sous l'autorité de leurs chefs, répondaient aux exigences des nazis*" ("450 policemen and gendarmes, French, under the authority of their leaders \[who\] obeyed the demands of the Nazis").

To mark the 70th anniversary of the round-up, President François Hollande gave a speech at a monument of the Vel' d'Hiv' round-up on 22 July 2012. The president recognized that this event was a crime committed "in France, by France," and emphasized that the deportations in which French police participated were offences committed against French values, principles, and ideals. He continued his speech by remarking that the Republic would clamp down on anti-Semitism "with the greatest determination".

The first official admission that the French State had been complicit in the deportation of 76,000 Jews during WW II was made in 1995 by President Jacques Chirac, at the site of the Vélodrome d'Hiver where 13,000 Jews had been rounded up for deportation to death camps in July 1942. "*La France, ce jour-là, accomplissait l'irréparable. Manquant à sa parole, elle livrait ses protégés à leurs bourreaux*," he said ("France, on that day \[16 July 1942\], committed the irreparable. Breaking its word, it handed those who were under its protection over to their executioners"). "*La folie criminelle de l'occupant a été secondée par des Français, par l'Etat français*" ("the criminal folly of the occupiers was seconded by the French, by the French state").

On 16 July 2017, also at a ceremony at the Vel' d'Hiv' site, President Emmanuel Macron denounced the historical revisionism that denied France's responsibility for the 1942 round-up and subsequent deportation of 13,000 Jews. "It was indeed France that organised this", Macron insisted, French police collaborating with the Nazis. “Not a single German” was directly involved, he said, but French police collaborating with the Nazis. Macron was even more specific than Chirac had been in stating that the Government during the War was certainly that of France. “It is convenient to see the Vichy regime as born of nothingness, returned to nothingness. Yes, it’s convenient, but it is false. We cannot build pride upon a lie,” he said. Macron made a subtle reference to Chirac's remark when he added, "I say it again here. It was indeed France that organized the round-up, the deportation, and thus, for almost all, death."

A plaque marking the Rafle du Vel' d'Hiv' was placed on the track building after the War and moved to 8 boulevard de Grenelle in 1959. On 3 February 1993, President Mitterrand commissioned a monument to be erected on the site. It stands now on a curved base, to represent the cycle track, on the edge of the quai de Grenelle. It is the work of the sculptor Walter Spitzer and the architect Mario Azagury. Spitzer and his family were survivors of deportation to Auschwitz. The statues represent all deportees but especially those of the Vel' d'Hiv'. The sculptures include children, a pregnant woman and a sick man. The words on the Mitterrand-era monument still differentiate between the French Republic and the Vichy Government that ruled during WW II, so they do not accept responsibility for the roundup of the Jews. The words are in French: "*La République française en hommage aux victimes des persécutions racistes et antisémites et des crimes contre l’humanité commis sous l’autorité de fait dite ‘gouvernement de l’État français’ (1940–1944) N’oublions jamais*", which translate as follows: "The French Republic pays homage to the victims of racist and anti-Semitic persecutions and crimes against humanity committed under the de facto authority called the 'Government of the French State' 1940–1944. Let us never forget." The monument was inaugurated on 17 July 1994. A ceremony is held at the monument every year in July.

The Vélodrome d'Hiver is featured in the 2006 novel *Sarah's Key* by Tatiana de Rosnay and in the 2010 film *Sarah's Key* based on the novel, as well as the French film *The Round Up*.

48°51′14″N 2°17′20″E / 48.8538°N 2.2889°E / 48.8538; 2.2889


title: Vale of Ruthven F.C.

abstract: The Vale of Ruthven Football Club was a football club from the village of Auchterarder, Perthshire, Scotland.

text:
# Vale of Ruthven F.C.

The **Vale of Ruthven Football Club** was a football club from the village of Auchterarder, Perthshire, Scotland.

## History

The club was from the village of Auchterarder, Perthshire, and the first game recorded for the club is a defeat for ts second XI at Crieff in December 1886.

The club's competitive debut came in the 1888–89 Perthshire Cup, at Rob Roy of Callander, and ended in a 10–0 defeat. Given a choice of half of the gate money or a supper laid on by the Gregarachs, the Vale "and left by the first train, having no doubt got enough of Callander".

The Vale entered the Perthshire Cup every year until 1896–97, winning more than one tie only in 1893–94; a revenge 4–1 win over Rob Roy, and a 4–1 win over Tulloch. In the semi-final, the club was drawn to play St Johnstone at the latter's Recreation Park. The Vale was considered "a comparatively easy nut to crack", and, as rains had rendered the ground unfit to host a cup tie, the clubs played out a friendly; the Vale managed a 2–2 draw. The same thing happened with the arranged replay, only the Saints this time winning 8–2, and, after several postponements, the tie finally took place on 17 March. The Vale held out for ten minutes, before St Johnstone ran rampant, and won 10–1.

By joining the Scottish Football Association in 1891, the Vale was eligible to try to play in the Scottish Cup. The club entered the preliminary rounds until the introduction of the Scottish Qualifying Cup in 1895, and then entered that competition for its first two seasons. However the club never reached the first round proper; indeed, the only match the club did not lose was a 3–3 draw with Strathmore Athletic in 1892–93, Athletic winning the replay 4–0. Both ties were held in Auchterarder, as Strathmore's new Hillside ground was not yet ready, and the club was having to play at Dundee Harp. The club's final match in the competition was a 13–1 defeat at Dunblane.

The club was wound up in 1897, and a new club, Auchterarder Thistle, formed to fill the vacuum.

## Colours

The club wore black and white jerseys and white knickers.

## Ground

The club originally played on the Public Park in Auchterarder, but obtained the use of the Auchterarder Public School Park (previously used by Our Boys (Auchterarder)) from 1890.

## Notable players

## InfoBox

Vale of Ruthven
| Nickname(s) | the Vale |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1886 |
| Dissolved | 1897 |
| Ground | Auchterarder Public School Park |
| Secretary | James Cairns |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: List of shogi video games

abstract: Shogi This is a list of Shogi (将棋) video games. Throughout the years, hundreds of games were released exclusively in Japan for several consoles. A few were released outside Japan.

text:
# List of shogi video games

This is a list of Shogi (将棋) video games. Throughout the years, hundreds of games were released exclusively in Japan for several consoles. A few were released outside Japan.

## Sega SG-1000

* *Serizawa Yadan no Tsume Shogi* \- 1983

## Super Cassette Vision

* *Shogi Nyuumon* \- 1985

## Sharp X68000

* *Morita Shogi II* \- 1989
* *Shogi Seiten* \- 1992

## MSX

* *Naitou Kunio no Yume Shogi* \- 1984
* *MSX Shogi* \- 1985
* *Shogi Kyou* \- 1985
* *Shogi Meijin* \- 1985
* *Shogi* \- 1985
* *Gunjin Shogi Gunshin Mars* \- 1986
* *Tanigawa Kouji no Shogi Shinan* \- 1986
* *Shogi* \- 1986
* *Kisei* \- 1987
* *Tanigawa Kouji no Shogi Shinan II* \- 1988
* *Gunjin Shogi* \- 1988

## Arcade

* *Shogi* (Alpha Denshi)
* *Shogi no Tatsujin* \- 1995
* *Tenkaichi Shogi Kai 2* \- 2011

## Family Computer

* *Honshogi: Naitou Kudan Shogi Hiden* \- 1985
* *Morita Shogi* \- 1987
* *Tanigawa Kouji no Shogi Shinan II: Meijin e no Michi* \- 1988
* *Famicom Meijin Sen* \- 1988
* *Tanigawa Kouji no Shogi Shinan III* \- 1989
* *Kaettekita! Gunjin Shogi: Nanya Sore!?* \- 1989
* *Famicom Shogi: Ryuu-Ou-Sen* \- 1991
* *Shogi Meikan '92* \- 1992
* *Shogi Meikan '93* \- 1992

## Famicom Disk System

* *Tanikawa Koji no Shogi Shinan II* \- 1987
* *Tanigawa Kouji no Shogi Shinan II: Tsume no Shogi* \- 1988

## Super Famicom

* *Shodan Morita Shogi* \- 1991
* *Super Shogi* \- 1992
* *Hayazashi Nidan Morita Shogi* \- 1993
* *Shogi Furinkazan* \- 1993
* *BS Super Shogi Problem 1000* \- 1994
* *Itou Hatasu Mu-Dan no Shogi Dojo* \- 1994
* *Super Shogi 2* \- 1994
* *Super Gomoku Shogi* \- 1994 (Nichibutsu)
* *Super Tsume Shogi 1000* \- 1994
* *Honkaku Shogi: Fuuunji Ryuou* \- 1994
* *Shogi Club* \- 1995
* *Kousoku Shikou Shogi-Oh* \- 1995
* *Habu Meijin no Omoshiro Shōgi* \- 1995 (Tomy Corporation)
* *Saikousoku Shikou Shogi Mahjong* \- 1995
* *Hayazashi Nidan Morita Shogi 2* \- 1995
* *4 Nin Shōgi* \- 1995 (Pow)
* *Shogi Saikyou* \- 1995
* *Kakinoki Shogi* \- 1995
* *Shin Shogi Club* \- 1995
* *Asahi Shinbun Rensai Katou Hifumi Kudan Shogi Shingiryuu* \- 1995 (Varie)
* *Shogi Sanmai* \- 1995
* *Super Shogi 3: Kitaihei* \- 1995
* *Heisei Gunjin Shogi* \- 1996
* *Shogi Saikyou II: Jissen Taikyoku Hen* \- 1996
* *Pro Kishi Jinsei Simulation: Shōgi no Hanamichi* \- 1996 (Atlus)
* *Table Game Daisyugo!! Shogi Mahjong Hanafuda* \- 1996 (Varie)
* *Katou Hifumi Kudan Shogi Club* \- 1997

## Panasonic 3DO

* *Kakinoki Shogi* \- 1994
* *AI Shogi* \- 1995

## Neo Geo

* *Shogi no Tatsujin* \- 1995

## Neo Geo CD

* *Shogi no Tatsujin* \- 1995

## NeoGeo Pocket Color

* *Shogi no Tatsujin* \- 1998
* *Shogi no Tatsujin Color* \- 1999

## Game Boy

* *Shogi* \- 1989
* *Tsume Shogi Mondai Teikyou: Shogi Sekai* \- 1994
* *Tsume Shogi Hyakuban Shoubu* \- 1994
* *Hon Shogi* \- 1994
* *Shogi Saikyou* \- 1994
* *Tsume Shogi Kamiki Godan* \- 1994
* *Pocket Shogi* \- 1998

## Game Boy Color

* *Shogi Ou* \- 1998
* *Katou Hifumi Kudan no Shogi Kyoushitsu* \- 1999
* *Minna no Shogi: Shokyuuhen* \- 1999
* *Shogi 2* \- 1999
* *Honkaku Taisen Shogi: Fu* \- 2000
* *Taisen: Tsume Shogi* \- 2000
* *Shogi 3* \- 2001

## Game Boy Advance

* *Morita Shogi Advance* \- 2001
* *Minna no Shogi* \- 2004

## Turbo CD

* *Shogi Database Kiyuu* \- 1995

## PC Engine (TurboGrafx-16)

* *Shogi Shodan Icchokusen* \- 1990
* *Morita Shogi PC* \- 1991
* *Shogi Shoshinsha Muyou* \- 1991

## Sega Genesis

* *Shogi no Hoshi* \- 1991

## Sega Saturn

* *Kakinoki Shogi* \- 1995
* *Kanazawa Shogi* \- 1995
* *Senryaku Shogi* \- 1995
* *Shogi Matsuri* \- 1995
* *AI Shogi* \- 1995
* *Kiwamu II* \- 1996
* *AI Shogi 2* \- 1998
* *Yoshimura Shogi* \- 1998
* *Honkaku Shogi Shinan Wakamatsu Shougi Jyuku* / *Honkaku Shogi Yubinan* \- 1998 (SIMS)
* *Mario Mushano no Chou-Shogi Juku* \- 1998

## Nintendo 64

## Nintendo DS

* *Daredemo Asobi Taizen* / *42 All-Time Classics* / *Clubhouse Games* \- 2005
* *Appare! Shogi Jiisan* \- 2005
* *Daredemo Kantan! Watanabe Akira no Tsume Shogi* \- 2006
* *Itsu Demo Doko Demo Dekiru Shogi: AI Shogi DS* \- 2006
* *Sekai no Shogi* \- 2007
* *Saikyou Toudai Shogi DSi* \- 2007
* *1500DS Spirits Vol. 2: Shogi* \- 2007
* *Asonde Shogi ga Tsuyoku naru!! Ginsei Shogi DS* \- 2007
* *Wi-Fi Taiō: Morita Shogi DS* \- 2007
* *1500DS Spirits: Shogi V* \- 2009
* *at Shogi: Challenge Spirits* \- 2009
* *Saikyou Gensei Shogi* \- 2009
* *Habu Yoshiharu Shōgi de Kitaeru: Ketsudanryoku DS* \- 2009
* *at Enta! Taisen Shogi 2* \- 2010
* *Hachi-One Diver DS: Naruzou-kun Hasami Shogi* \- 2010
* *Shogi World Champion: Gekisashi DS* \- 2010
* *Toudai Shogi: Meijinsen Dojo DS* \- 2011
* *Ginsei Tsume Shogi* \- 2011

## Wii

## Nintendo 3DS

* *Asonde Shogi Ga Tsuyokunaru! Ginsei Shogi DX* \- 2015

## Wii U

* *Ginsei Shogi: Kyoutendo Toufuu Raijin* \- 2016

## Nintendo Switch

* *Ginsei Shogi: Kyoutendo Toufuu Raijin* \- 2017
* *Asonde Shogi ga Tsuyoku Naru Ginsei Shogi DX* \- 2017
* *Hifumi Katou-Supervised Hifumin’s Shogi Dojo* \- 2018
* *Kanazawa Shogi ~ Level 300 ~* \- 2018
* *Dobutsu Shogi World* \- 2019
* *Please Teach Me Onedari Shogi* \- 2019
* *Clubhouse Games: 51 Worldwide Classics* \- 2020
* *Kishi Fujii Souta no Shogi Training* \- 2020
* *Kagawa Manao to Futari de Shogi* \- 2021

## PlayStation

* *Kakinoki Shogi* \- 1994
* *Kiwame: Taikyoku Shogi* \- 1995
* *Kanazawa Shogi '95* \- 1995
* *AI Shogi* \- 1995
* *Senryaku Shogi* \- 1995
* *Shogi Joryuu Meijin Kuraisen* \- 1995
* *Kiwame Daidougi: Tsumuya Tsumazaruya* \- 1996
* *AI Shogi 2* \- 1997
* *Katou Hifumi Kudan: Shogi Club* \- 1997
* *Mario Mushano no Chou-Shogi-Juku* \- 1997
* *I'Max Shogi II* \- 1997
* *Morita Shogi* \- 1997
* *Honkaku Shogi: Shogi O* \- 1998
* *Yoshimura Shogi* \- 1998
* *Kakinoki Shogi II* \- 1998
* *Shogi Saikyou 2* \- 1998
* *The Shogi* \- 1998
* *Saikyo Todai Shogi* \- 1998
* *Saikyo Todai Shogi 2* \- 1999
* *Saikyou no Shogi* \- 1999
* *Shogi Saikyou: Pro ni Manabu* \- 1999
* *Tanaka Torahiko no Uru Tora Ryuu Shogi* \- 1999
* *AI Shogi 2 Deluxe* \- 1999
* *AI Shogi 2000* \- 1999
* *Shogi II* \- 1999
* *Kanazawa Shogi Tsuki* \- 1999
* *Morita Kazuo no Shogi Dojo* \- 1999
* *The Shogi 2* \- 2000
* *0 Kara no Shogi: Shogi Youchien Ayumi Kumi R* \- 2000
* *Kidou Senshi Gundam: The Gunjin Shogi* \- 2001
* *Sekai Saikyou Ginsei Shogi* \- 2001
* *Honkaku Shogi Shinan* \- 2001
* *Family Shogi: Super Strong* \- 2002
* *Minna no Shogi: Chuukyuuhen* \- 2002
* *Minna no Shogi: Jokyuuhen* \- 2002
* *Minna no Shogi: Shokyuuhen* \- 2002
* *AI Shogi Selection* \- 2002
* *Family Gunjin Shogi* \- 2002
* *Saikyou Ginsei Shogi 2* \- 2002

## PlayStation 2

* *Morita Shogi* \- 2000
* *Kakinoki Shogi IV* \- 2000
* *Toudai Shogi: Shikenbisha Dojo* \- 2000
* *Choukousoku Shogi* \- 2001
* *Kousoku Tanigawa Shogi* \- 2001
* *Saikyou Toudai Shogi 3* \- 2001
* *Saikyou Toudai Shogi 4* \- 2002
* *Saikyou Toudai Shogi Special* \- 2002
* *Internet Shogi* \- 2002
* *The Shogi* \- 2002
* *Shogi* \- 2003
* *Saikyou Toudai Shogi 2003* \- 2003
* *Shogi World Champion Gekihashi 2* \- 2003
* *AI Shogi 2003* \- 2003
* *Shogi 4* \- 2004
* *Taisen(1) Shogi* \- 2004
* *Saikyou Toudai Shogi 2004* \- 2004
* *Saikyou Toudai Shogi 5* \- 2004
* *Sekei Saikyou Ginsei Shogi 4* \- 2004
* *Toudai Shogi: Jouseki Dojo Kanketsuhen* \- 2004
* *Saikyou Toudai Shogi Special II* \- 2005
* *Saikyo Shogi Gekisashi Special* \- 2006
* *Saikyou Toudai Shogi 6* \- 2006

## PlayStation 3

* *Sekai Saikyou Ginsei Shogi: Fuuum Ryouko Raiden* \- 2011
* *Saikyou Ginsei Shogi 7* \- TBA
* *Shogi World Champion Gekisashi (working title)* \- TBA
* *Value 2000 Shogi* \- TBA

## PlayStation Portable

* *AI Shogi* \- 2005
* *Saikyou Toudai Shogi Portable* \- 2005
* *Isshou Asoberu Todai Shogi: Sakidzume Shogi Dojo* \- 2007
* *Shogi ga Tsuyokunaru: Gekishi - Jouseki Dojo* \- 2007
* *Saikyou Shogi Bonanza* \- 2008
* *Saikyou Toudai Shogi Deluxe* \- 2009
* *Shogi* \- 2010
* *The Shogi* \- 2010
* *Ginsei Shogi Portable* \- 2010
* *Toudai Shogi: Mejinsen Dojo* \- 2010
* *Shogi World Champion: Gekisashi Portable* \- 2010

## PlayStation Vita

* *Ginsei Shogi: Kyoutendo Toufuu Raijin* \- 2012

## Dreamcast

* *Tanaka Torahiko no Uru Toraryuu Shogi* \- 1999
* *Morita no Saikyou Shogi* \- 1999
* *Net Versus Shogi* \- 2001

## PC

* *Buruge Teki Datsui Shogi* \- 2001
* *Shotest Shogi* \- 2008
* *AI Shogi Version 16 for Windows* \- 2008
* *IT Shogi* \- 2009
* *Sekai Saikyou Ginsei Shogi 8* \- 2009
* *AI Shogi Version 17 for Windows* \- 2009
* *Korekara wa Hajimeru no Tame no Shogi* \- 2009
* *Motto Ue o Mezasu Jin no Tame no Shogi* \- 2009
* *Shin Toudai Shogi Musou 2* \- 2009
* *Shogi Revolution: Gekisashi 9* \- 2009
* *AI Shogi Gold 2* \- 2009
* *AI Shogi Gold 3* \- 2010
* *Sekai Saikyou Ginsei Shogi 7 New Standard* \- 2010
* *Sekai Saikyou Ginsei Shogi 9: Kazagumo Fuuun Ryuuko* \- 2010
* *Ginsei Shogi Premium* \- 2010
* *Shogi World Champion Gekisashi 10* \- 2010
* *Sekai Saikyou Ginsei Shogi 8: New Standard* \- 2011
* *AI Shogi Version 18 for Windows* \- 2011
* *GNU Shogi*

## NEC PC98

* *Morita Kazuro no Shogi* \- 1985
* *Dennou Shogi: Noboru Ryuu 2* \- 1991

## Xbox

* *Yonenaga Kunio no Shogi Seminar* \- 2002

## Xbox 360

## iPhone/iPod

* *5x5 Shogi* \- 2008
* *Kakinoki Shogi* \- 2008
* *IT Gunjin Shogi* \- 2009
* *IT Shogi* \- 2009
* *Shogi Z* \- 2009
* *Ginsei Shogi* \- 2010
* *Gunjin shogi: First* \- 2010
* *Hasami Shogi* \- 2010
* *Kakinoki Shogi for iPad* \- 2010
* *Bonanza* \- 2010
* *Bonanza HD* \- 2010
* *Morita Shogi HD* \- 2010
* *Shogi Lv.100* \- 2010
* *Shogi Lv.100 for iPad (Japanese Chess)* \- 2010
* *Shogi Live* \- 2010
* *Shogi Z XL: Japanese Chess* \- 2011
* *hi Gunjin Shogi* \- 2011
* *i HABU Shogi* \- 2011

## Mac OS X

* *Shogi Demon* \- 2006

## Android

## Bandai Pippin

* *AI Shogi* \- 1996

## WonderSwan

* *Shogi Toryuumon* \- 1999
* *Morita Shogi for WonderSwan* \- 1999


title: Turnkey

abstract:
A turnkey, a turnkey project, or a turnkey operation is a type of project that is constructed so that it can be sold to any buyer as a completed product. This is contrasted with build to order, where the constructor builds an item to the buyer's exact specifications, or when an incomplete product is sold with the assumption that the buyer would complete it. A turnkey project or contract as described by Duncan Wallace (1984) is
…. a contract where the essential design emanates from, or is supplied by, the Contractor and not the owner, so that the legal responsibility for the design, suitability and performance of the work after completion will be made to rest … with the contractor …. 'Turnkey' is treated as merely signifying the design responsibility as the contractor's. A turnkey contract is typically a construction contract under which a contractor is employed to plan, design and build a project or an infrastructure and do any other necessary development to make it functional or ‘ready to use’ at an agreed price and by a fixed date. In turnkey contracts, most of the time the employer provides the primary design. The contractor must follow the primary design provided by the employer. A turnkey computer system is a complete computer including hardware, operating system and application(s) designed and sold to satisfy specific business requirements.

text:
# Turnkey

A **turnkey**, a **turnkey project**, or a **turnkey operation** (also spelled **turn-key**) is a type of project that is constructed so that it can be sold to any buyer as a completed product. This is contrasted with build to order, where the constructor builds an item to the buyer's exact specifications, or when an incomplete product is sold with the assumption that the buyer would complete it.

A turnkey project or contract as described by Duncan Wallace (1984) is

> …. a contract where the essential design emanates from, or is supplied by, the Contractor and not the owner, so that the legal responsibility for the design, suitability and performance of the work after completion will be made to rest … with the contractor …. 'Turnkey' is treated as merely signifying the design responsibility as the contractor's.

A turnkey contract is typically a construction contract under which a contractor is employed to plan, design and build a project or an infrastructure and do any other necessary development to make it functional or ‘ready to use’ at an agreed price and by a fixed date.

In turnkey contracts, most of the time the employer provides the primary design. The contractor must follow the primary design provided by the employer.

A turnkey computer system is a complete computer including hardware, operating system and application(s) designed and sold to satisfy specific business requirements.

## Common usage

*Turnkey* refers to something that is ready for immediate use, generally used in the sale or supply of goods or services. The word is a reference to the fact that the customer, upon receiving the product, just needs to turn the ignition key to make it operational, or that the key just needs to be turned over to the customer. *Turnkey* is commonly used in the construction industry, for instance, in which it refers to bundling of materials and labour by the home builder or general contractor to complete the home without owner involvement. The word is often used to describe a home built on the developer's land with the developer's financing ready for the customer to move in. If a contractor builds a "turnkey home" it frames the structure and finish the interior; everything is completed down to the cabinets and carpet. *Turnkey* is also commonly used in motorsports to describe a car being sold with powertrain (engine, transmission, etc.) to contrast with a vehicle sold without one so that other components may be re-used.

Similarly, this term may be used to advertise the sale of an established business, including all the equipment necessary to run it, or by a business-to-business supplier providing complete packages for business start-up. An example would be the creation of a "turnkey hospital" which would be building a complete medical.

In manufacturing, the turnkey manufacturing contractor (the business that takes on the turnkey project) normally provide help during the initial design process, machining and tooling, quality assurance, to production, packaging and delivery. Turnkey manufacturing have advantages in saving production time, single point of contact, cost savings and price certainty and quality assurance.

## Specific usage

The term *turnkey* is also often used in the technology industry, most commonly to describe pre-built computer "packages" in which everything needed to perform a certain type of task (e.g. audio editing) is put together by the supplier and sold as a bundle. This often includes a computer with pre-installed software, various types of hardware, and accessories. Such packages are commonly called appliances. A website with a ready-made solutions and some configurations is called a turnkey website.

In real estate, *turnkey* is defined as a home or property that is ready for occupation for its intended purpose, i.e., a home that is fully functional, needs no upgrading or repairs (move-in ready). In commercial use, a building set up to do auto repairs would be defined as turnkey if it came fully stocked with all needed machinery and tools for that particular trade. The turnkey process includes all of the steps involved to open a location including the site selection, negotiations, space planning, construction coordination and complete installation. "Turnkey real estate" also refers to a type of investment. This process includes the purchase, construction or rehab (of an existing site), the leasing out to tenants, and then the sale of the property to a buyer. The buyer is purchasing an investment property which is producing a stream of income.

In drilling, the term indicates an arrangement where a contractor must fully complete a well up to some milestone to receive any payment (in exchange for greater compensation upon completion).