title: Performance-based building design

abstract: Performance-Based Building Design is an approach to the design of any complexity of building, from single-detached homes up to and including high-rise apartments and office buildings. A building constructed in this way is required to meet certain measurable or predictable performance requirements, such as energy efficiency or seismic load, without a specific prescribed method by which to attain those requirements. This is in contrast to traditional prescribed building codes, which mandate specific construction practises, such as stud size and distance between studs in wooden frame construction. Such an approach provides the freedom to develop tools and methods to evaluate the entire life cycle of the building process, from the business dealings, to procurement, through construction and the evaluation of results.

text:
# Performance-based building design

**Performance-Based Building Design** is an approach to the design of any complexity of building, from single-detached homes up to and including high-rise apartments and office buildings. A building constructed in this way is required to meet certain measurable or predictable performance requirements, such as energy efficiency or seismic load, without a specific prescribed method by which to attain those requirements. This is in contrast to traditional prescribed building codes, which mandate specific construction practises, such as stud size and distance between studs in wooden frame construction. Such an approach provides the freedom to develop tools and methods to evaluate the entire life cycle of the building process, from the business dealings, to procurement, through construction and the evaluation of results.

## Background

One of the first implementations of performance-based building design requirements was in Hammurabi's Code (c. 1795 to 1750 BC), where is stated that "a house should not collapse and kill anybody". This concept is also described in Vitruvius's *"De architectura libri decem"* ("The Ten Books of Architecture") in first century BC.In modern times, the first definition of performance-based building design was introduced in 1965 in France by Blachère with the Agrément system

Despite this, the building process remained relatively conventional for the next 50 years, based solely on experience and codes, regulations prescribed by law which stifled innovations and change. The prescription approach is a technical procedure based on past experience which consists of comparing the proposed design with standardized codes, so no simulation or verification tools are needed for the design and building process.

A new approach began to emerge during the second half of the 20th century, when many local building markets began to show that they needed greater flexibility in the procurement procedures to facilitate the exchange of building goods between countries and to improve the speed of procedures and innovations in the building process. This innovative approach to the procurement, design, contracting, management and maintenance of buildings was performance-based building design (PBBD).

Most recently the clearest definition of performance based building approach was explained in 1982 by the CIB W60 Commission in the report n.64, where Gibson stated that *"first and foremost, the performance approach is \[...\] the practice of thinking and working in terms of ends rather than means.\[ …\] It is concerned with what a building or building product is required to do, and not with prescribing how it is to be constructed".*

Many research establishments have studied the implementation of PBBD during the last fifty years. A majority of areas of building design remain open to innovation.

During 1998-2001, the CIB Board and Programme Committee initiated the Proactive Programme on Performance-Based Building in order to practically implement technical developments of performance-based building. This programme was followed by the establishment of the Performance-Based Building (PeBBu), running from October 2001 to October 2005, thanks to funds from the European Commission (EC) Fifth Framework Programme.

The PeBBu Network had a broad and varied programme, a set of activities and produced many papers to aid in the implementation of such vision.

## PeBBu Thematic Network

PeBBu Thematic Network was managed by the CIB General Secretariat (International Council for Research and Innovation in Building Construction), particularly by the CIB Development Foundation (CIBdf). The PeBBu Network started working in 2001 and completed in 2005. In the PeBBu Network 73 organisations, included CIBdf (coordinating contractor), BBRI (Belgium), VTT (Finland), CSTB (France), EGM (Netherlands), TNO (Netherlands), BRE (UK), cooperated to this project bringing people together to share their work, their information and knowledge. The objectives of the Network was to stimulate and facilitate international dissemination and implementation of Performance Based Building in building and construction sector, maximising the contribution to this by the international Research and Development community. The PeBBu Thematic Network result is described and explained in 26 final reports which included three reports with an overall PBB scope, a multitude of research reports from the PeBBu Domains, User Platforms and Regional Platforms, a Final Management report and four practice reports for providing practical support to the actual application of PBB concept in building and construction sector.

## PBB: Conceptual framework

A conceptual framework for implementing a PBB market was identified while reviewing various viewpoints during the compilation of the 2nd International State of the Art Report for the PeBBu Thematic Network (Becker and Foliente 2005). The building facility is a multi-component system with a generally very long life cycle. The system's design agenda as a whole, and the more specific design objectives of its parts, originate from relevant user requirements. These requirements evolve into a comprehensive set of Performance Requirements that should be established by a large number of stakeholders (the users, entrepreneur/owner, regulatory framework, design team, and manufacturers).

The main steps in a Performance Based Building Design process are:

1. identifying and formulating the relevant User Requirements
2. transforming the User Requirements identified into Performance Requirements and quantitative performance criteria
3. using reliable design and evaluation tools to assess whether proposed solutions meet the stated criteria at a satisfactory level

### Performance concept

In a Performance-based approach, the focus of all decisions, is on the required performance-in-use and on the evaluations and testing of building asset. Performance Based Building (PBB) is focused on performance required in use for the business processes and the needs of the users, and then on the evaluations and verification of building assets result. The Performance approach can be used whether the process is about an existing or new assets. It is applicable to the procurement of constructed assets and to any phase of the whole life cycle Building Process, such as strategic planning, asset management, briefing/programming, design and construction, operation and maintenance, management and use, renovations and alterations, codes, regulations and standards. It includes many topics and criteria, which can be categorized as physical, functional, environmental, financial, economical, psychological, social, facilities, and other more. These criteria are related to singular project, according to the context and the situation.

### Two key characteristics of performance concept

Performance concept is based on two key characteristics:

* the use of two languages, one for the clients/users requirements and the other for the supply of the performance
* the need for validation and verification of results against performance targets

#### Two languages

The Performance concept requires two languages: the language of demand requirements and the language of the required performance which should have a capability to fulfill the demand. It is important to recognize that these languages are different. Szigeti and Davis (Performance Based Building: Conceptual Framework, 2005) explain that *"the dialog between client and supplier can be described as two halves of a "hamburger bun", with the statement of the requirement in functional or performance language (FC - functional concept) matched to a solution (SC - solution concept) in more technical language, and the matching, verification / validation that needs to occur in between".*

In a recent paper Ang, Groosman, and Scholten (2005) explain that the functional concept represents the set of unquantified objectives and scopes to be satisfied by the supply solutions, related to performance requirements. The solution concept represents technical realization that satisfies at least the required performance. Design decision is a development of a solution concept.

#### Assessing result – match and compare

Building performance evaluation is the process of systematically comparing and matching the performance in use of building assets with explicitly documented or implicitly criteria for their expected performance. In the PBB approach is essential matching and comparing demand and supply. It can be done by using a validation method, by measurement, calculation, or testing. Tools and methods are used to permit some form of measurement of testing of the requirements, and the relating measurement of the capability of assets to perform.

There are many types of in-depth specialized technical evaluations and audits. These validations generally require time, a major effort by the customer group, and a high level of funding. Normally, the most valuable methods and tools are comprehensive scans which are performance based and include metrics that can easily be measured without lab-type instruments. Evaluations and reviews, are integral part of asset and portfolio management, design, construction, commissioning. Evaluations can be used for different purposes, depending on the requirements being considered, for example they could be used in support of funding decisions, they could include a condition assessment to ensure that the level of degradation or the obsolescence is known, they could include an assessment of the utilization or an assessment of the capability of the product result to perform functional expected requirements. Such evaluations can be used at any time during the life cycle of the asset. PBB evaluations should be done in a routine manner, really the evaluations are often done only as part of Commissioning or shortly thereafter, or when there is a problem.

There are two different kinds of performance verifications. Performance evaluations rate the physical asset according to a set of existing criteria and indicators of capability, and match the results against the required levels of performance. The Occupant Satisfaction Surveys record the perceptions of the users, usually through a scale of satisfaction measurements. Both types of evaluations complement each other.

#### Tools

Innovative decision-support methodologies are taking place in building sector. There are some tools explicitly based on the demand and supply concepts and other ones which employ standardized performance metrics that for the first time link facility condition to the functional requirements of organizations and their customers. Projects can be planned, prioritize, and budgeted using a multi-criteria approach, that is transparent, comprehensive and auditable. One of the methodologies that can be used is a gap analysis based on calibrated scales that measure both the levels of requirements and the capability of the asset that is either already used, or being designed, or offer to be bought, or leased. Such methodology is an ASTM and American National (ANSI) standard and is currently being considered as an ISO standard. It is particularly useful when the information about the "gap", if any, can be presented in support of funding decisions and actions.

There are a large number of verification methodologies, (e.g. POEs, CRE-FM), and all of these need to refer back to explicit statements of requirements to be able to compare with expected performance. To evaluate the result of a building asset against the expected performance requirements it is necessary to fix some tools used during the process. These tools are the reference of whole life cycle building process, so organizations use 'key performance indicators (KPI)' to prove that they are meeting the targets that have been set by senior management. At the same time performance measurement (PM) becomes central to managing organizations, their operations and logistic support. These methodologies include the feedback loop that links a facility in use to the requirements and capabilities that are compared and matched whenever decisions are needed.

### Performance approach and prescriptive approach

A prescriptive approach describes the way a building asset must be constructed, rather than the end result of the building process, and is related to the type and quality of materials used, the method of construction, and the workmanship. This type of approach is strictly mandated by a combination of law, codes, standards, and regulations, and is based on past experience and consolidated know-how. The content of prescriptive codes and standards is usually a consequence of an accident causing injury or death which requires a remedy to avoid a repeat, as a consequence of some hazardous situation, or as a consequence of some recognized social need. In many countries, in both the public and private sector, research is taking place into a different set of codes, methods and tools based on performance criteria to complement the traditional prescriptive codes. In the 1970s, this search produced the "Nordic Model" (NKB 1978), which constituted the reference model of next performance-based codes. This model links easily to one of the key characteristics of the Performance approach, the dialog between the why, the what and the how.

Using a Performance Based approach does not preclude the use of prescriptive specifications. Although the benefits of the adopting of a PBBD approach are significant, it is recognized that employing a performance-based approach at any stage in the building process is more complex and expensive than using the simpler prescriptive route. So, the application of this approach should not be regarded as an end in itself. When simple building are concerned or well proven technologies are used, the use of prescriptive codes results more effective, efficient, faster, or less costly, so prescriptive specifications will continue to be useful in many situations.

At the same time for the complex projects use of the performance based route at every stage is indispensable, in particular during design and evaluation phases.

It is not likely that a facility will be planned, procured, delivered, maintained, used and renovated using solely Performance Based documents at each step of the way, down the supply chain, to the procurement of products and materials, because there is not yet enough experience with the Performance Based Building approach. At the same time the prescriptive approach can bring to stifle changes and innovations, so best way to set building process is blending both different approaches.

## Statements of Requirements (SoR)

The Statements of Requirements represents a reference for the whole life cycle management of facilities, they are the core of the conceptual framework came up from the PeBBu Thematic Network. They constitute the key to implementation of the PBB in the construction sector.

The SoRs is a document prepared by clients, or in the verbal statements communicated to supplies, it is based on the user functional needs. These user requirements are converted into performance requirements, which can be explicit or implicit. Such document should include information about what is essential to the client. SoRs will take different forms depending on the kind of client and what is being procured, at what phase of the Life Cycle or where in the supply chain a document is being used. The SoRs should be, dynamic, not static, and should include more and more details as projects proceed. This document should be prepared at different levels of granularity, how detailed the documentation is at each stage depends on the complexity of the project and on the procurement route chosen for the project.

The SoRs represent a very important part of a continuous process of communication between clients (demand) and their project team (supply), they will be updated and managed using computerized tools and will contain all requirements throughout the life of the facility. This process is called "briefing" in UK and Commonwealth English, and "programming" in American English. An SoR is normally prepared for any project, whether it is a PBB project or not. Assembling such a document usually leads to a more appropriate match between the needs of clients and users and the constructed assets. Statements of Requirements have to be very carefully stated so that it is easy to verify that a proposed solution can meet those requirements.

High level statement of requirements need to be paired with indicators of capability so design solutions can be evaluated before they are built in order to avoid mistakes. In the SoRs it is important to take into account some design aspect like flexibility indicators because constructed assets need for change during their life cycle, uses and activities can change very rapidly, so it is essential to test different solutions way that the spaces might be used according to anticipate changes. SoRs, as understood in ISO 9000, include not only what the client requires and is prepared to pay for, but also the process and indicators that will provide the means to verify, and validate, that the product or service delivered meets those stated requirements.

As part of the worldwide movement to implement a PBB approach and to develop tools that will make it easier to shift to PBB, the International Alliance for Interoperability (IAI) set up projects to map the processes that are part of Whole Life Cycle Management as *Portfolio and Asset Management: Performance (PAMPeR) and Early Design" (ED).* The IAI efforts are complemented by many other efforts to create standards for the information to be captured and analyzed to verify performance-in-use.

## Performance requirements (PR)

Performance requirements translate user requirements in more precise quantitative measurable and technical terms, usually for a specific purpose.

Supply team prepares a document that includes, objectives and goals, performance requirements and criteria. It is important to include "indicators of performance" in the way that it can be measured the results against explicit requirements, whether qualitative or quantitative. Performance indicators need to be easily understood by the users and the evaluators. To validate the indicators and verify that required performance-in-use has been achieved it is necessary using appropriate methods and tools. Levels of performance requirements can be stated as part of the preparation of SoRs, as part of project programs, or as part of requests for proposals and procurement contracts. It is preferable adopting a flexible approach to the expression and comparison of performance levels, so required and achieved performance can be expressed not as single values but as bands between upper and lower limits. In consequence, in performance terms the criteria can be expressed as graduated scales, divided into broad bands.

## Performance based codes

In the building and construction industry, until 25–30 years old, prescriptive codes, regulations and standards made innovation and change difficult and costly to implement, and created technical restrictions to trade. These concerns have been the major drivers towards the use of a Performance Based approach to codes, regulations and standards. Performance-based building regulations have been implemented or are being developed in many countries but they have not yet reached their full potential. In part, this can be attributed to the fact that the overall regulatory system has not yet been fully addressed, and gaps exist in several key areas. Bringing the regulatory and non-regulatory models together is probably the best way to work. This is shown in the "Total Performance System Models" diagram (Meacham, et al. 2002), that maps the flow of decision making from society and business objectives to construction solutions.

The difference between the regulatory and non-regulatory parts of the Total Performance System Models is that the first one is mandated by codes and regulations based on the law, while those other functional requirements, included in Statements of Requirements, are an integral part of what the client requires and is willing to pay for.

### Consequences relating to procedure

For procurements in the public sector and for publicly traded corporations, it's important that the decisions and choices are transparent and explicit, regardless of the specific procurement route. All procurement processes can be either Prescriptive or Performance Based. Design-Build, Public Private Partnerships (PPP), private finance initiative (PFI) and similar procurement procedures are particularly suited to the use of a strong Performance Based Building application. If the expected performance are not stated explicitly and verifiably then these procurement methods will likely be more subject to disappointments and legal problems. To get the benefits from these procurement approaches, it is essential to organize the services of the supply chain in order to get innovative, less costly, or better solutions by shifting decisions about "how" to the integrated team.

## References regulatory

* ISO 6240: 1980, Performance standards in building – Contents and presentation
* ISO 6241: 1984, Performance standards in building – Principles for their preparation and factors to be considered
* ISO 6242: 1992, Building construction – Expression of user's requirements – Part 1: Thermal requirements
* ISO 6242: 1992, Building construction – Expression of user's requirements – Part 2: Air purity requirements
* ISO 6242: 1992, Building construction – Expression of user's requirements – Part 3: Acoustical requirements
* ISO 6243: 1997, Climatic data for building design: proposed systems of symbols
* ISO 7162: 1992, Performance standards in building – Contents and format of standards for evaluation of performance
* ISO 19208: 2016, Framework for specifying performance in buildings
* ISO 9836: 1992, Performance standards in building – Definition and calculation of area and space indicators
* ISO 9000-00: 2000a, Quality Management system - Fundamentals and vocabulary
* ISO 9001-00: 2000b, Quality Management system - Requirements
* CEN (2002). EN 12152:2002 Curtain Walling — Air Permeability —Performance Requirements and Classification. CEN, European Commission for Standardization, Brussels.
* CEN (2002 − 2007). Structural Eurocodes (EN 1990 — Eurocode: Basis of structural design. EN 1991 —Eurocode 1: Actions on structures. EN 1992 — Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures. EN 1993 —Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures. EN 1994 — Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures. EN 1995 — Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures. EN 1996 — Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures. EN 1997 — Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design. EN 1998 — Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance. EN 1999 — Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures). CEN, European Commission for Standardization, Brussels.
* CEN (2004). EN 13779:2004 — Ventilation for Non-residential Buildings — Performance Requirements for Ventilation and Room-Conditioning Systems. CEN, European committee for standardization, Brussels
* UNI 8290 – 1: 1981 + A122: 1983, Residential building. Building elements. Classification and terminology
* UNI 8290 – 2: 1983, Residential building. Building elements. Analysis of requirements
* UNI 8290 – 3: 1987, Residential building. Building elements. Agents list
* UNI 8289: 1981, Building. Functional requirements of final users. Classification
* UNI 10838: 1999, Building. Terminology for users, performances, quality and building process

* BAKENS W., PeBBu Finalized, CIB News Article, January 2006
* BECKER R., Fundamentals of Performance-Based Building Design, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, November 2008
* FOLIENTE G., HUEVILA P., ANG G., SPEKKINK D., BACKENS W., Performance Based Building R&D Roadmap, PeBBu Final Report, CIBdf, Rotterdam, 2005
* SZIGETI F., The PeBBuCo Study: Compendium of Statements of Performance Based (PB) Statements of Requirements (SoR), International Center for Facilities (ICF), Ottawa, 2005
* SZIGETI F., DAVIS G., Performance Based Building: Conceptual Framework, PeBBu Final Report, CIBdf, Rotterdam, October 2005

## Further reading

* BECKER R., FOLIENTE G., Performance Based International State of the art, PeBBu 2nd International SotA Report, CIBdf, Rotterdam, 2005
* BLACHERE G., General consideration of standards, agreement and the assessment of fitness for use, Paper presented at the 3rd CIB Congress on Towards Industrialised Building held in Copenhagen, Denmark, 1965
* BLACHERE G., Building Principles, Commission of the European Communities, Industrial Processes, Building and Civil Engineering, Directorate General, Internal Market and Industrial Affairs, EUR 11320 EN, 1987
* GIBSON E.J., Working with the Performance Approach in Building, CIB Report Publication n.64, Rotterdam, 1982
* GROSS J.G., Developments in the application of the performance concept in building, Proceedings of the 3rd symposium of CIB-ASTM-ISO-RILEM, National Building Research Institute, Israel, 1996

* BRE – Building Research Establishment
* CIB \- International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction
* CSTB – Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment
* IAI – International Alliance for Interoperability


title: William St Clair, 15th Baron of Roslin

abstract: William St Clair was a Scottish nobleman and the 15th Baron of Roslin.

text:
# William St Clair, 15th Baron of Roslin

**William St Clair** (died 1610) was a Scottish nobleman and the 15th Baron of Roslin.

## Early life

He was the second son of William St Clair, 14th Baron of Roslin, who according to Alexander Nisbet's a *System of Heraldry*, had married Isabel, daughter of Ker of Cessford, but who according to Father Richard Augustine Hay's manuscript of 1690, had married Lindeasy, daughter of the Laird of Egle, brother of the Earl of Crawford, with whom he had William.

## Baron of Roslin

William St Clair, 15th Baron of Roslin was the first Hereditary Grandmaster of the Scottish Order of Freemasons which was constituted to him by charter. His elder brother, Edward, had conveyed to him the baronies of Roslin and Herbertshire in 1582. He built the great vaults and turnpikes of Roslin Castle. He also built one of the arches of the drawbridge and the tower of the dungeon. His initials appear in a stone dated 1596 which was when the work to the castle was finished.

In 1601, he received a charter from Henry Saintcler the Provost of Roslin for the church lands. In 1612, he resigned his lands lying within the earldom of Caithness.

## Family

He married Jean or Janet Edmonstone, daughter of the Laird Of that Ilk, with whom he had a son, William St Clair, 16th Baron of Roslin.

## InfoBox

| William St Clair | |
| --- | --- |
| Baron of Roslin | |
| Baron of Roslin coat of arms | |
| Predecessor | William St Clair, 14th Baron of Roslin |
| Successor | William St Clair, 16th Baron of Roslin |
| Died | 1610 |
| Noble family | Clan Sinclair |
| Father | William St Clair |
| Mother | Lindeasy, daughter of the Laird of Egle |


title: Lissotesta strebeli

abstract: Lissotesta strebeli is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, unassigned in the superfamily Seguenzioidea.

text:
# Lissotesta strebeli

***Lissotesta strebeli*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, unassigned in the superfamily Seguenzioidea.

## Description

The shell grows to a height of 2.2 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off the South Shetland Islands at depths between 220 m and 311 m.

* Engl W. (2012) *Shells of Antarctica*. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 402 pp.

## InfoBox

| *Lissotesta strebeli* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Family: | *incertae sedis* |
| Genus: | *Lissotesta* |
| Species: | ***L. strebeli*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lissotesta strebeli***<br>(Thiele, 1912) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Submargarita strebeli* Thiele, 1912 (original combination) | |


title: Vassar-Smith baronets

abstract: The Vassar-Smith Baronetcy, of Charlton Park in Charlton Kings in the County of Gloucester, is a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 10 July 1917 for the businessman Richard Vassar-Smith. He was Chairman of Lloyds Bank, of the Gloucester Wagon Company Ltd, of the Gloucester Gas Light Company and of Port Talbot steelworks and also served as Mayor of Gloucester. Born Richard Smith, he had assumed by Royal licence the additional surname of Vassar in 1904. The third and fourth Baronets were headmasters of St Ronan's School, Kent from 1957 to 1971 and 1971 to 1998 respectively.

text:
# Vassar-Smith baronets

The **Vassar-Smith Baronetcy**, of Charlton Park in Charlton Kings in the County of Gloucester, is a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 10 July 1917 for the businessman Richard Vassar-Smith. He was Chairman of Lloyds Bank, of the Gloucester Wagon Company Ltd, of the Gloucester Gas Light Company and of Port Talbot steelworks and also served as Mayor of Gloucester. Born Richard Smith, he had assumed by Royal licence the additional surname of Vassar in 1904. The third and fourth Baronets were headmasters of St Ronan's School, Kent from 1957 to 1971 and 1971 to 1998 respectively.

## Vassar-Smith baronets, of Charlton Park (1917)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Richard Rathborne Vassar-Smith (born 1975).


title: Mladen Hren

abstract: Mladen Hren is a Croatian film, television and theater actor.

text:
# Mladen Hren

**Mladen Hren** (born 5 August 1998) is a Croatian film, television and theater actor.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | *Srami se!* | Mladen | Short film |
| 2016 | *The Constitution* | Ivan Stazić |  |
| 2018 | *Kako je Lik dosegnuo nevjerojatne sposobnosti* | Student |  |
|

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | *Prava žena* | Hockey player | Episode: #1.22 |
| 2018 | *Sigurno u prometu* | businessman | HRT |
| 2019 | *McDonald's* |  | Television/Internet ad |
| | *Club der singenden Metzgen* | Johannes | TV mini-series (Germany) |
|

### Stage

| Year | Title | Role | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | *The Ant and the Grasshopper* | Ant Noa | Gradsko kazalište Trešnja |
| 2014 | *Anđeli imaju krila, zar ne?* | Angel, Gangster, Orphan | Gradsko kazalište Trešnja |
| 2018 | *Trešnjalot* | King Arthur | Kazalište Točka na i |
| 2019 | *Lady of the Lake* | Cyrano | Croatian National Theatre in Zagreb |
|

## InfoBox

| Mladen Hren | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1998-08-05) 5 August 1998<br>Zagreb, Croatia |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 2013–present |


title: Rawhide Mine

abstract: The Rawhide Mine is a coal mine located 10 miles (16.1 km) north of Gillette, Wyoming in the United States in the coal-rich Powder River Basin. The mine is an open pit mine that utilizes a combination of cast blast/dozer push and truck/shovel mining methods to strip an average of 165 feet (50.3m) of overburden off of approximately 105 (32.0m) feet of coal. Rawhide produces a low-sulfur, sub-bituminous coal from the Roland and Smith seams. This coal is used for domestic energy generation and shipped to customers via railroad. The mine is currently owned and operated by Peabody Energy. As of 2009, Rawhide had reserves of 388,000,000 tons of sub-bituminous coal and a maximum permitted production capacity of 24,000,000 tons per year. Typical annual production has been in 12–18 mm ton range for the last several years though. In 2010, the mine produced just over 11,225,000 million short tons of coal, making it the 13th-largest producer of coal in the United States. The average quality of the coal shipped from Rawhide is 8,300 BTU/lb, 0.37% sulfur, 5.40% ash, and 1.60% sodium. Train loading at the Rawhide mine is done in two passes. The first pass flood-loads the majority of the coal into the rail car while it is under the mine's silos, while a second pass tops off the car to its final target weight ± 250 lbs. Silo capacity at the mine's rail loop, which can accommodate up to three unit trains, is 78,000 tons. The mine also has an intermediate coal silo that has an 18,000-ton capacity for 10"- run of mine coal and loads trains.

text:
# Rawhide Mine

The **Rawhide Mine** is a coal mine located 10 miles (16.1 km) north of Gillette, Wyoming in the United States in the coal-rich Powder River Basin. The mine is an open pit mine that utilizes a combination of cast blast/dozer push and truck/shovel mining methods to strip an average of 165 feet (50.3m) of overburden off of approximately 105 (32.0m) feet of coal. Rawhide produces a low-sulfur, sub-bituminous coal from the Roland and Smith seams. This coal is used for domestic energy generation and shipped to customers via railroad. The mine is currently owned and operated by Peabody Energy.

As of 2009, Rawhide had reserves of 388,000,000 tons (352,000,000 tonnes) of sub-bituminous coal and a maximum permitted production capacity of 24,000,000 tons per year. Typical annual production has been in 12–18 mm ton range for the last several years though. In 2010, the mine produced just over 11,225,000 million short tons of coal, making it the 13th-largest producer of coal in the United States.

The average quality of the coal shipped from Rawhide is 8,300 BTU/lb, 0.37% sulfur, 5.40% ash, and 1.60% sodium (of the ash).

Train loading at the Rawhide mine is done in two passes. The first pass flood-loads the majority of the coal into the rail car while it is under the mine's silos, while a second pass tops off the car to its final target weight ± 250 lbs. Silo capacity at the mine's rail loop, which can accommodate up to three unit trains, is 78,000 tons. The mine also has an intermediate coal silo that has an 18,000-ton capacity for 10"- run of mine coal and loads trains.

## History

The Rawhide Mine shipped its first train of coal in 1977 after beginning pre-production work in 1974. Rawhide mine was previously owned by the Carter Mining Company, a subsidiary of Exxon, before being purchased by Peabody Energy on November 1, 1994. Peabody Energy runs the Rawhide Mine via its wholly owned subsidiary, the Caballo Coal Company.

Production at the mine has been continuous since its opening except for an 18-month period beginning in late 1999, when the mine was idled due to market conditions. Mining operations resumed at Rawhide in 2001 with coal shipments resuming in 2002.

In 1982, Rawhide mine was the recipient of the Sentinels of Safety Award from the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), in the large surface coal mine category. The Sentinels of Safety is awarded annually by MSHA to the safest mine in each of several categories.

Approximately 30% of Rawhide Mine's production was sent to Monticello Steam Electric Station in Texas before closing in January 2018. Another customer from Texas, Big Brown Power Plant, closed the following month.

## Production

| Year | Coal production | Employees |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2018 | 9,504,750 | 110 |
| 2017 | 10,346,144 | 101 |
| 2016 | 8,079,139 | 85 |
| 2015 | 15,167,996 | 193 |
| 2014 | 15,473,474 | 212 |
| 2013 | 14,246,329 | 203 |
| 2012 | 14,721,376 | 212 |
| 2011 | 15,011,017 | 223 |
| 2010 | 11,229,907 | 180 |
| 2009 | 15,842,274 | 227 |
| 2008 | 18,409,307 | 219 |
| 2007 | 17,155,361 | 234 |
| 2006 | 17,092,993 | 170 |
| 2005 | 12,430,351 | 131 |
| 2004 | 6,869,989 | 69 |
| 2003 | 3,632,940 | 32 |
| 2002 | 3,484,619 | 23 |
| 2001 | 0 | 8 |
| 2000 | 0 | 2 |
| 1999 | 807,892 | 19 |
| 1998 | 5,390,400 | 63 |
| 1997 | 10,705,680 | 157 |
| 1996 | 15,068,358 | 166 |
| 1995 | 15,355,000 | 166 |
| 1994 | 12,858,787 | 176 |
| 1993 | 9,863,923 | 181 |
| 1992 | 8,629,624 | 192 |
| 1991 | 11,767,143 | 192 |
| 1990 | 11,438,719 | 177 |
| 1989 | 10,628,737 | 173 |
| 1988 | 10,810,785 | 167 |
| 1987 | 10,672,913 | 174 |
| 1986 | 12,403,975 | 180 |
| 1985 | 12,236,695 | 182 |
| 1984 | 9,351,952 | 204 |
| 1983 | 8,614,552 | 225 |
| 1982 | * | * |
| 1981 | * | * |
| 1980 | * | * |
| 1979 | * | * |
| 1978 | * | * |
| 1977 | * | * |

*No published, public data was found on the internet for these production periods.

## InfoBox

Rawhide
| Coal mines north and east of Gillette–Campbell County Airport, including the Rawhide Mine | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Rawhide MineLocation in Wyoming | |
| State | Wyoming |
| Country | United States |
| Coordinates | 44°25′08″N 105°30′45″W / 44.41889°N 105.51250°W / 44.41889; -105.51250 |
| Production | |
| Products | Coal |
| History | |
| Opened | 1977 (1977) |
| Owner | |
| Company | Peabody Energy |
| Website | www.peabodyenergy.com |
| Year of acquisition | 1994 |


title: Maiestas akashiensis

abstract: Maiestas akashiensis is a species of bug from the Cicadellidae family that is endemic to Japan. It was formerly placed within Recilia, but a 2009 revision moved it to Maiestas.

text:
# Maiestas akashiensis

***Maiestas akashiensis*** is a species of bug from the Cicadellidae family that is endemic to Japan. It was formerly placed within *Recilia*, but a 2009 revision moved it to *Maiestas*.

## InfoBox

| *Maiestas akashiensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Family: | Cicadellidae |
| Genus: | *Maiestas* |
| Species: | ***M. akashiensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Maiestas akashiensis***<br>(Matsumura, 1914) | |
|


title: Performance-based advertising

abstract: Performance Marketing, also known as pay for performance advertising, is a form of advertising in which the purchaser pays only when there are measurable results. Its objective is to drive a specific action, and advertisers only pay when that action, such as an acquisition or sale, is completed. Performance-based advertising is becoming more common with the spread of electronic media, notably the Internet, where it is possible to measure user actions resulting from advertisement. Performance marketing is different from Brand Marketing which focuses on awareness, consideration, and opinions among target consumers. Performance marketing is an integral part of an overall marketing strategy, and its effectiveness can be influenced by other promotional methods such as branding, media advertising, guerrilla marketing, and more. To assess the overall effectiveness of marketing activities, marketers analyze these influences further using tools like Brand Lift or similar metrics.

text:
# Performance-based advertising

**Performance Marketing**, also known as pay for performance advertising, is a form of advertising in which the purchaser pays only when there are measurable results. Its objective is to drive a specific action, and advertisers only pay when that action, such as an acquisition or sale, is completed.

Performance-based advertising is becoming more common with the spread of electronic media, notably the Internet, where it is possible to measure user actions resulting from advertisement. Performance marketing is different from Brand Marketing which focuses on awareness, consideration, and opinions among target consumers.

Performance marketing is an integral part of an overall marketing strategy, and its effectiveness can be influenced by other promotional methods such as branding, media advertising, guerrilla marketing, and more. To assess the overall effectiveness of marketing activities, marketers analyze these influences further using tools like Brand Lift or similar metrics.

## Pricing models

There are four common pricing models used in the online performance advertising market.

CPM (cost-per-mille, or cost-per-thousand) Pricing models charge advertisers for impressions, i.e. the number of times people view an advertisement. Display advertising is commonly sold on a CPM pricing model. The problem with CPM advertising is that advertisers are charged even if the target audience does not click on the advertisement.

CPC (cost-per-click) Advertising overcomes this problem by charging advertisers only when the consumer clicks on the advertisement. However, due to increased competition, search keywords have become very expensive. A 2007 Doubleclick Performics Search trends Report shows that there were nearly six times as many keywords with a cost per click (CPC) of more than $1 in January 2007 than the prior year. The cost per keyword increased by 33% and the cost per click rose by as much as 55%.

In recent times, there has been a rapid increase in online lead generation – banner and direct response advertising that works off a CPL pricing model. In a cost-per-lead pricing model, advertisers pay only for qualified leads – irrespective of the clicks or impressions that went into generating the lead. CPL advertising is also commonly referred to as online lead generation.

Cost per lead (CPL) pricing models are the most advertiser-friendly. In 2007, an IBM research study found that two-thirds of senior marketers expect 20 percent of ad revenue to move away from impression-based sales, in favor of action-based models, within three years. CPL models allow advertisers to pay only for qualified leads as opposed to clicks or impressions and are at the pinnacle of the online advertising ROI hierarchy.

In CPA advertising, or Cost Per Acquisition, advertisers pay for a specific action such as a credit card transaction (also called CPO, cost-per-order).

Advertisers need to be careful when choosing between CPL and CPA pricing models.

In CPL campaigns, advertisers pay for an interested lead – i.e. the contact information of a person interested in the advertiser's product or service. CPL campaigns are suitable for brand marketers and direct response marketers looking to engage consumers at multiple touch-points – by building a newsletter list, community site, reward program or member acquisition program.

In CPA campaigns, the advertiser typically pays for a completed sale involving a credit card transaction. CPA is all about 'now' – it focuses on driving consumers to buy at that exact moment. If a visitor to the website doesn't buy anything, there's no easy way to re-market to them.

There are other important differentiators:

1. CPL campaigns are advertiser-centric. The advertiser remains in control of their brand, selecting trusted and contextually relevant publishers to run their offers. On the other hand, CPA and affiliate marketing campaigns are publisher-centric. Advertisers cede control over where their brand will appear, as publishers browse offers and pick which to run on their websites. Advertisers generally do not know where their offer is running.
2. CPL campaigns are usually high volume and lightweight. In CPL campaigns, consumers submit only basic contact information. The transaction can be as simple as an email address. On the other hand, CPA campaigns are usually low-volume and complex. Typically, the consumer has to submit a credit card and other detailed information.

CPL advertising is more appropriate for advertisers looking to deploy acquisition campaigns by re-marketing to end consumers through e-newsletters, community sites, reward programs, loyalty programs, and other engagement vehicles.

## Metrics

Various types of measurable action may be used in charging for performance-based advertising:

* Many Internet sites charge for advertising on a “CPM” (cost per thousand) or cost per impression basis. That is, the advertiser pays only when a consumer sees their advertisement. Some would argue that this is not performance-based advertising since there is no measurement of the user response.
* Internet sites often also offer advertising on a "PPC" (pay per click) basis. Google's Google Ads product and equivalent products from Millennial Media, Yahoo!, Microsoft and others support PPC advertising plans.
* A small but growing number of sites are starting to offer plans on a "Pay per call" basis. The user can click a button to place a VoIP call, or to request a call from the advertiser. If the user requests a call, presumably they are highly likely to make a purchase.
* Finally, there is considerable research into methods of linking the user's actions to the eventual purchase: the ideal form of performance measurement.

Some Internet sites are markets, bringing together buyers and sellers. eBay is a prominent example of a market operating on an auction basis. Other market sites let the vendors set their price. In either model, the market mediates sales and takes a commission – a defined percentage of the sale value. The market is motivated to give a more prominent position to vendors who achieve high sales value. Markets may be seen as a form of performance-based advertising.

The use of mobile coupons also enables a whole new world of metrics within identifying campaign effect. Several providers of mobile coupon technology make it possible to provide unique coupons or barcodes to each person and at the same time identify the person downloading it. This makes it possible to follow these individuals during the whole process from downloading to when and where the coupons are redeemed.


title: William St. John Glenn

abstract: William St. John Glenn (1904–1974) was an Irish-British illustrator, painter and comics artist.

text:
# William St. John Glenn

**William St. John Glenn** (1904–1974) was an Irish-British illustrator, painter and comics artist.

## Early years

He was born in Belfast and at sixteen he had his first drawing reproduced in *Ireland's Saturday Night*. This early success prompted him to seek a career in art. To gain experience, in 1919, he entered the Artists' Department in a small publishing house, Graham & Heslip Ltd., and for over five years illustrated countless booklets, and did figure sketches in black and white and colour.

## 1926–1936 – The *Belfast Telegraph* and "Oscar"

In May 1926, at the age of 21, Glenn saw his own strip cartoon called "Oscar" appear daily in the *Belfast Telegraph*. "Oscar" featured a little man with a long nose who wore the baggy trousers of the period known as Oxford bags. In August the *Belfast Telegraph* appointed him to its editorial staff. The same year, at a Halloween party, he met his future wife, Dorothea, and soon his strip cartoon character "Oscar" had a glamorous wife inspired by the real person. "Oscar" was subsequently syndicated in South Africa and Australia. While with the *Belfast Telegraph* Glenn became a member of the Institute of Journalists, and wrote his own column on topical subjects under the pseudonym "The Gay Philosopher". He also had the opportunity to be involved in experimental press photography.

## The Ulster Academy of Art

In 1931, Glenn was elected a member of the Ulster Academy of Art and on 23 January 1936 elected a full Academician and Vice-President. In 1931 the first exhibition of the Ulster Academy of Art was opened in the Municipal Art Gallery, Belfast. Glenn exhibited two watercolours and over the coming five years he exhibited mainly watercolours and oil paintings. His subjects varied from portraits and landscapes to markets, a printing press and Gipsy scenes. He also exhibited in the Royal Hibernian Academy exhibition in Dublin in 1936. He was happy to talk to community groups about his work and enjoyed organising the annual Ulster Arts Ball. He was elected a Member of the Order of Honorary Academicians of the Royal Ulster Academy on 12 January 1968, which entitled him to use the letters R.U.A. after his name.

## Dublin Opinion and "Ballyscunnion"

*Dublin Opinion* was a humorous monthly magazine established in the early days of the Irish Republic and William St. J. Glenn was contributing cartoons from 1928, signed "W. St John." Over the next forty years he contributed cartoons often portraying glamorous, sophisticated young men and women, but alongside these, from 1938 he produced a full page scraperboard drawing of country folk in a mythical village called "Ballyscunnion". "It was an encapsulation of every village and villager of the time with all their idiosyncrasies and all their foibles." So wrote Pat Donlon. In drawing "Ballyscunnion" Glenn used a scraperboard covered in white china that could be inked black and scratched, giving an effect rather like a woodcut. "Rarely can the medium have been more brilliantly used," said Charles E. Kelly, the editor of *Dublin Opinion*.

## "Dorothea" 1936–1939

On Monday 31 August 1936 the *Daily Mail* announced a new comic strip that would run daily and start the next day. It was called "Dorothea" and featured an attractive young woman inspired by Glenn's wife of the same name. He started supplying the *Daily Mail* with the "Dorothea" strip while still with the *Belfast Telegraph*, but when the *Daily Mail* was sure of the success of "Dorothea", he and his family moved to London. Within six months Glenn joined the staff of the *Daily Mail*. The "Dorothea" strip attracted favourable attention from the art world for its experimental layout and from women readers for the fashionable style of clothing. It continued until the growing threat of war forced major changes in newspapers in the spring of 1939. "Dorothea" was syndicated to *The Friend* in South Africa in 1937 and also appeared in Australia.

During the next year Glenn stayed in London freelancing cartoons and illustrating articles for many London newspapers and magazines. Then after recovering from major surgery for a brain tumour in 1940, he joined the Ministry of Information, working in the photographs and pictures division until 1945.

## September 1945 – Back to the *Daily Mail*

Glenn returned to the *Daily Mail* as Features Editor. He initiated the Strip Cartoons Department and commissioned artists and photographers He continued as an artist, contributing illustrations to *The Daily Mail Annual for Boys and Girls* and designing covers for the *Teddy Tail* Annuals. 1951 brought new worries. After another brain operation, Glenn returned to the *Daily Mail* to draw "Teddy Tail" daily for the newspaper until it stopped appearing in December 1960. The Daily Mail also introduced a "Blue Spot" Annual of Children's Favourite Stories. There were three different editions of the "Blue Spot Annuals". Glenn designed the outside covers for all three and illustrated stories in each book.

Retiring from the Daily Mail after more brain surgery in 1961, Glenn devoted some of his leisure to helping the Chelsea Cine Club, and writing articles on Chelsea's riverside illustrated by photos.

## “Ballyscunnion" Exhibition 1970.

There was an exhibition of original "Ballyscunnion" scraperboard drawings in the Irish Club, Eaton Square, London. Sir Charles Petrie, the military historian, opened the exhibition, and the editor of *Dublin Opinion*, Charles E. Kelly, flew over from Ireland to be there. He suggested the collection should find a home in the National Gallery in Dublin because "I am sure the like of this will not be seen again."

William St. John Glenn died in hospital in Chelsea in June 1974.

## InfoBox

| William St. John Glenn | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1904<br>Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| Died | 1974 (aged 6970) |


title: Lisec, Tolmin

abstract: Lisec is a small dispersed settlement in the hills north of Kneža in the Municipality of Tolmin in the Littoral region of Slovenia.

text:
# Lisec, Tolmin

**Lisec** (pronounced \[ˈliːsəts\]) is a small dispersed settlement in the hills north of Kneža in the Municipality of Tolmin in the Littoral region of Slovenia.

## InfoBox

| Lisec | |
| --- | --- |
| LisecLocation in Slovenia | |
| Coordinates: 46°11′37.55″N 13°50′18.09″E / 46.1937639°N 13.8383583°E / 46.1937639; 13.8383583 | |
| Country | Slovenia |
| Traditional region | Slovenian Littoral |
| Statistical region | Gorizia |
| Municipality | Tolmin |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.52 km2 (0.97 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 573.6 m (1,881.9 ft) |
|  | |


title: Vassar Chapel

abstract: The Vassar Chapel, built in 1904, is the main religious building at Vassar College, and is the largest religious edifice in Poughkeepsie, New York. Although it has been altered, repaired, and acoustically improved, it is one of the few buildings at Vassar that has not undergone considerable renovation. Each semester, the College community gathers in the Chapel for fall and spring convocations, in which the President and a notable member of the faculty deliver addresses.

text:
# Vassar Chapel

The **Vassar Chapel**, built in 1904, is the main religious building at Vassar College, and is the largest religious edifice in Poughkeepsie, New York. Although it has been altered, repaired, and acoustically improved, it is one of the few buildings at Vassar that has not undergone considerable renovation. Each semester, the College community gathers in the Chapel for fall and spring convocations, in which the President and a notable member of the faculty deliver addresses.

## Architecture

Architecturally, the style of the building is Norman, and is constructed from 'seamed' Cape Ann granite with sandstone trimmings.

* Daniels, Elizabeth (1996). *Main to Mudd and More - An Informal History of Vassar College Buildings*. Vassar College. `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)

41°41′08″N 73°53′49″W / 41.68549°N 73.89692°W / 41.68549; -73.89692


title: Trumai language

abstract: Trumai is an endangered language isolate of Brazil. Most Trumai are fluent in languages of wider communication, and children are not learning it well.

text:
# Trumai language

**Trumai** is an endangered language isolate of Brazil. Most Trumai are fluent in languages of wider communication, and children are not learning it well.

## Background

Trumai is a language spoken by the indigenous community of the same name located in the Xingu reserve along the Upper Xingu River in central Brazil. Murphy and Quain reported that there were only 25 people remaining in the Trumai community. Fortunately, this has since increased to 94 as of 1997, of which 51 people spoke the Trumai language. In the *International Encyclopedia of Linguistics*, Grimes observes that there are 78 speakers as of 2003. Due to the popularity of speaking Portuguese among the local population, Trumai is considered an extremely endangered language because the children are not learning to speak it as a first language.

The Trumai people first entered the Upper Xingu region sometime in the early 19th century after being driven away from southeastern Brazil by the Xavante people. The first contact the Trumai had with a white person was in 1884 when Karl von den Steinen explored the Upper Xingu region. He observed the differences between Trumai culture and other Xingu cultures due to the Trumai's relocation. In the fifty years or so that followed Von den Steinem's first visit to the Trumai, there is little documentation of the community because researchers who visited the Xingu region preferred visiting and studying other indigenous cultures instead.

In the time between the Trumai's first arrival in the upper Xingu and Von den Steinen's first contact with them, they were continuously being attacked by the native communities in the region, including the Suyá and Ikpeng. Following a period of contacts from researchers, including Buell Quain in 1938, the Trumai moved to a new territory again, this time because of a flu and measles epidemic. After recovering from this, the subsequent population increase led to the emergence of more Trumai villages in the Upper Xingu region, while their former territories have since become occupied by other communities.

Despite being surrounded by a variety of different languages that belong to the four major stocks of Brazilian indigenous languages (Tupi, Arawak, Cariban, and Ge), Trumai is an isolated language. There is speculation that Trumai belongs to the Equatorial language stock, in which case it is still very far removed from other languages and families belonging here.

Initial research done on the Trumai was included in an overall study of the cultures of the Xingu region, which was performed through surveys focussing on "material culture". Quain was the first researcher to focus on the Trumai culture specifically, however, this was an anthropological study, not linguistic. In the preface to her thesis "A Reference Grammar of Trumaí", Guirardello states that Monod-Becquelin was the first person to conduct descriptive studies on the Trumai language, in which she focused on aspects of the language such as ergativity and phonological transcriptions. Monod-Becquelin's early work was followed by Greenberg's research, which includes his aforementioned proposal that Trumai, instead of being a completely isolated language, belongs to the Equatorial stock.

Guirardello's "A Reference Grammar of Trumai" is the first proper description of Trumai grammar, which Guirardello composed with the intention of it becoming an aid for future research papers on the language. Since then, research on the Trumai language has increased, leading to studies of various aspects of the language. Monod-Becquelin has continued her research by investigating the use of transitive verbs in Trumai. Guirardello's work has also included studies into Trumai's ergativity, focussing on the ergative-absolutive patterns in its morphology and the complexity of its syntax due to the nominative-accusative patterns also present.

Trumai was one of the 24 indigenous languages studied in South America as part of a series of documentation projects conducted by DoBeS (Documenting Endangered Languages). DoBeS is one of the many language documentation organizations operating in Brazil, and is funded by the Volkswagen Foundation.

The Trumai culture has also been the topic of anthropological studies. The first was done by Buell Quain, who spent four months with the Trumai and gathered information on many aspects of the culture and community. More recently, De Vienne has conducted ethnographic studies on Trumai focussing on language and communication in the community, such as joking and ritual singing traditions.

## Distribution

Trumai is spoken in four villages, three of which are in Parque Indígena do Xingu. There are a few dozen fluent speakers among an ethnic population of about 100 people.

* Três Lagoas (with families from the former village of Terra Preta), in Parque Indígena do Xingu
* Boa Esperança, in Parque Indígena do Xingu
* Steinen, in Parque Indígena do Xingu
* Wani Wani (a recently formed village), in Terra Indígena Capoto-Jarina

## Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru, Tupi, and Mochika language families due to contact.

Similarities with the Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru languages and Tupi-Guarani languages indicate that Trumai had originated in the Paraguay River basin. The Trumai had only arrived in the Upper Xingu basin via the Culuene River during the 19th century (Villas Bôas & Villas Bôas 1970:27).

## Grammar

### Phonology

|  | Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Plosive |  |  | , |  |  |  |
| Ejective |  | t̪ʼ |  |  |  |  |
| Affricate |  |  | t͡s, t͡sʼ |  |  |  |
| Fricative |  |  | , |  |  |  |
| Nasal |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Approximant |  |  | , |  |  |  |

This inventory is atypical of Amazonian languages in its ejective consonants, the lateral fricative /ɬ/, and the alveolar–dental distinction. Guirardello, who specializes on Trumai, has presented varied inventories of these phonemes: Guirardello (1999a) lists /t̪ t̪' ts ts' s/ as dental, and /t t' d n l ɬ ɾ/ as alveolar; whereas Guirardello (1999b) lists only /t/ and /t'/ as alveolar. Younger speakers do not make the ejective distinction.

|  | Front | Central | Back |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| High |  |  |  |
| Mid |  |  |  |
| Low |  |  |  |

The vocalic inventory is /, , , , / and . Syllable structure is maximally CVC, and stress always falls on the final syllable of a word.

### Morphology

The morphological aspects of Trumai as covered in Guirardello's grammar of the language include the parts of speech: nouns, verbs, and auxiliaries. Under nouns, she investigates the effect of adjectives, plurality in the language, and count versus mass nouns, among others. Under verbs, she focuses on causality, negation, intensity, and imperativity in verb particles. And under auxiliaries, she discusses body posture, mood and aspect, and directional auxiliaries. Chapter 5 explores further analyses of each of these aspects of the parts of speech in terms of "Simple Declarative Clauses".

Pronouns in Trumai are distinguished by person, gender, number, and listener inclusion/exclusion in the first-person plural pronoun. Like in English, gender is only seen in the third-person singular pronoun, while number is categorized as singular, dual, and plural (whereas English only has singular and plural). They are also affected by the type of Noun Phrase (henceforth "NP") they appear in (absolutive, ergative, or dative), which are distinguished by suffix insertion. The following are tables of the Trumai personal pronouns with examples included for the absolutive case:

Absolutive
|  | | Singular | Dual | Plural |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | excl | *ha* | *ha a* | *ha wan* |
| | incl | *ka a* | *ka wan* |
| 2 | | *hi* | *hi a* | *hi wan* |
| 3 | masc | *ine* | *inak a* | *inak wan* |
| | | | fem | *inatl* |

ha

1

hu’tsa

see

chï(\_in)

FOC/Tens

\[huksitukuk

capivara

yi\]-ki

YI-DAT

\[yayanke

deer

tam\]

COM

ha hu’tsa chï(\_in) \[huksitukuk yi\]-ki \[yayanke tam\]

1 see FOC/Tens capivara YI-DAT deer COM

“I saw a capivara and a deer.” Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);

Ergative
|  | | Singular | Dual | Plural |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | excl | *hai-ts* OR *hai-k* | *ha ana-k* | *ha wan-ek* |
| | incl | *ka ana-k* | *ka wan-ek* |
| 2 | | *hi-k* OR *ha-k* | *hi ana-k* | *hi wan-ek* |
| 3 | masc | *ine-k* | *inak ana-k* | *inak wan-ek* |
| | | | fem | *inatl-ek* |

\[Karu\],

Karu

\[Kumaru\],

Kumaru

\[Atawaka\]

Atawaka

hai-ts

1-ERG

amidoxos

call

ke.

KE

\[Karu\], \[Kumaru\], \[Atawaka\] hai-ts amidoxos ke.

Karu Kumaru Atawaka 1-ERG call KE

‘I called Karu, Kumaru, and Atawaka.’ Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);

Dative
|  | | Singular | Dual | Plural |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | excl | *hai-tl* | *ha ana-ki* | *ha wan-ki* |
| | incl | *ka ana-ki* | *ka wan-ki* |
| 2 | | *hi-tl* | *hi ana-ki* | *hi wan-ki* |
| 3 | masc | *ine-tl* | *inak ana-ki* | *inak wan-ki* |
| | | | fem | *inatl-etl* |

kiki-k

man-ERG

atlat-ø

pan-ABS

kï̡tï

give

ha wan-ki.

1-DAT

kiki-k atlat-ø kï̡tï {ha wan-ki}.

man-ERG pan-ABS give 1-DAT

‘The man gave it to us.’

1st-person/exclusive pronouns are formed in *ha*, inclusive with *ka*, 2nd person with *hi*, and 3rd with *in*. Dual number is indicated by the suffix *-a*, and plural by *-wan*. Masculine and feminine are distinguished in the 3rd person. Alienable possession is indicated by the suffix *-kte* or *-kate* on the possessor (*Kumaru-kte tahu* 'Kumaru's spoon'), and inalienable possession by juxtaposition (*dinoxo kuʃ* 'the girl's head', *ha kuʃ* 'my head'). Suffixes are used to mark ergative (*-ts* for 1sg, otherwise *-ek/-ak*), dative, locative, allative, comitative, and instrumental case.

One interesting phenomena in Trumai morphology is the use of particles in the language. Guirardello first discusses them as a form of identifying tense in lieu of the tense-aspect-mood affixes used in English. These word formations are *ka in*, used for present or the recent past, and *chï in*, for past tense, but they are only used when the tense is not indicated via context. In a sentence, these particles appear as so:

**ka\_in:**

\[\[Yaka\]

Yaka

chumuchu\]

lie.down

ka\_in

FOC/Tens

tehnene-n.

floor-Loc

\[\[Yaka\] chumuchu\] ka\_in tehnene-n.

Yaka lie.down FOC/Tens floor-Loc

‘Yaka lay.down on the floor.’

**chï\_in:**

\[ha

1

ayen\]-atl

grandfather-DAT

chï\_in

FOC/Tens

\[hai\]-ts

1-ERG

\[oke

medicine

yi\]

YI

kï̡tï.

give

\[ha ayen\]-atl chï\_in \[hai\]-ts \[oke yi\] kï̡tï.

1 grandfather-DAT FOC/Tens 1-ERG medicine YI give

‘I gave medicine to my grandfather (emphasis).’ Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);

As a whole, particles in Trumai are defined as a verb modifier that is not an adverb or auxiliary instead of being placed in a class of its own. There are four classes of particles in Trumai: Intensity, Negation, Causative, and Intensity. These modifiers fall under the 'particle' label because of their characteristics which differentiate them from auxiliaries. For example, while auxiliaries can only modify verbs, Intensity and Negation particles can also modify adverbs and quantifiers.

The use of auxiliaries in Trumai is also very fascinating. In the language, they are defined as verb modifiers "associated with the domain of aspect, mood, and spatial orientation (this last domain is subdivided into body posture of the entity performing the event and directionality of the event being performed)". Here are some examples of each of these auxiliaries used in sentences:

**Aspect/Mood:**

iyi

IYI

sone-kma-n

drink-Perf-3Abs

de.

already

iyi sone-kma-n de.

IYI drink-Perf-3Abs already

‘He already finished drinking.’ OR ‘He already drank all.’ Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);

**Body Posture:**

iyi

IYI

ma

eat

chumuchu-n.

lie-3Abs

iyi ma chumuchu-n.

IYI eat lie-3Abs

‘He is eating lying (on the floor).’ Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);

**Directionals:**

ha

1

ka’chï

walk

lako.

Dir(down hill)

ha ka’chï lako.

1 walk {Dir(down hill)}

‘I go down walking.'

Guirardello makes a point of noting the significant differences between auxiliaries and verbs in Trumai: there is no independent argument structure, no lexical content, some experience phonological reduction, and they form a closed class. Their syntactic position is restricted to following a verb in the VP, which distinguishes them from adverbs, which hold a more flexible position in sentences. Apart from appearing inside the VP following the Verb, a property of some auxiliaries is that "they can bear the 3Abs enclitic *–n/-e*".

### Syntax

#### Ergative-Absolutive Language Structure

Trumai is a language with ergative-absolutive case assignment and therefore has three argument types: absolutive, ergative, and dative. The ergative-absolutive language system is described as that "in which a subject in an intransitive construction is realized in the same way as a patient or object in a transitive construction, and is thus distinguished from the subject or agent in the transitive". It is "manifested through case-marking, verb-marking, and word order".

Dative case is used for verbs such as 'eat', 'see', and 'talk with'. There are two verbs for 'kill', one, *-fa*, which takes a dative, and one, *disi*, which takes the ergative. Constituent order is basically ergative-absolutive-verb-dative (SV, SVB, AOV, AOVB). Ergative and dative arguments, which are marked by postpositions, may occur on the other side of the verb, but for an absolutive to do this, it needs to be marked with *ke*.

In noun phrases (including pronouns), the grammatical case is marked by an enclitic. For example, an ergative NP would end in either *–ek* or –*k*. Case marking using enclitics also occurs for Dative, Locative, and Genitive cases. In the case of personal pronouns, the first person singular pronoun also allows the enclitic *–ts*. The first person singular pronoun is also changed from *ha* in Absolutive case to *hai* for Ergative and Dative cases.

An interesting phenomenon in Trumai syntax is the NP morpheme *iyi/yi* because of its lack of a clear function. It always appears phrase-final, as *iyi* when only the noun itself is included in the phrase, but as *yi* when pluralizers or other lexical items are also included. However, despite this rule, there are still occasions where *iyi* appears in an NP with a lexical item. When it is present in Ergative and Dative sentences, the enclitics for each case are still added to the end of the NP:

Reduced form:

\[inatl

3Pr(FEM)

yi\]

run

pech

FOC/Tens

ka\_in.

\[inatl yi\] pech ka\_in.

3Pr(FEM) run FOC/Tens

‘She is running.’ Mismatch in the number of words between lines: 4 word(s) in line 1, 3 word(s) in line 2 (help);

No lexical item:

\[iyi\]

run-3.ABS

pech-e

FOC/Tens

ka\_in.

\[iyi\] pech-e ka\_in.

run-3.ABS FOC/Tens

‘She/he is running.’ Mismatch in the number of words between lines: 3 word(s) in line 1, 2 word(s) in line 2 (help);

Ergative/Dative:

\[ni’dak

that.one

wan

PL

yi\]-k

-ERG

chï\_in

FOC/Tens

ha

1

disi.

beat

\[ni’dak wan yi\]-k chï\_in ha disi.

that.one PL -ERG FOC/Tens 1 beat

‘They (these ones) beat me.’

For verb phrases in Trumai, case marking provides four verb categories: Intransitive, Transitive, Extended Intransitive, and Extended Transitive, where Intransitive verbs can have Absolutive case, Transtive verbs have Absolutive and Ergative case, and the Extended categories also have Dative case on top of this. Guirardello labels arguments as S, A, O, and DAT for case-marking instead of terms such as *agent* and *patient*.

Guirardello observed three types of clauses in Trumai sentences. Intransitive clauses attach the case marking */-ø/* to the S noun phrase or attach the third person enclitic *–n/-e* to the end of the verb phrase. Transitive clauses have A marked by *–(V)k* and O marked by *–ø*. Similarly to Intransitive clauses, the third person enclitic is added to the VP when A is absent. In Ditransitive clauses, the same marking occurs for A and O that we see in Transitive clauses. The DAT argument is marked by either *–(V)tl*, *-ki,* or *–(V)s* "depending on the characteristics of the head of the NP". No marking is attached to the VP when DAT is absent from the sentence. These clauses are proof of the Ergative-Absolutive argument of Trumai, as we see S and O undergo the same marking, while A is treated differently. In sentences, they would appear as follows:

**Intransitive:**

S

pet’ew-ø

frog-ABS

V

achïkida

jump

S V

pet’ew-ø achïkida

frog-ABS jump

‘The frog jumps.’ (256)

**Transitive:**

A

ine-k

3-ERG

V

Ø

break-3.ABS

mapa-n

A V

ine-k Ø mapa-n

3-ERG break-3.ABS

‘He broke it (a valuable pan).' Mismatch in the number of words between lines: 2 word(s) in line 1, 3 word(s) in line 2, 2 word(s) in line 3 (help);

**Ditransitive:**

A

kiki-k

1-ERG

O

atlat-ø

rice-ABS

V

kï̡tï

give

DAT

kasoro-s

dog-DAT

A O V DAT

kiki-k atlat-ø kï̡tï kasoro-s

1-ERG rice-ABS give dog-DAT

‘I gave rice to the dogs.'

The Absolutive argument is obligatory and therefore occurs in all clause types. Its case-marking is *–ø* or it has none at all and its syntactic placement is within the VP, before the verb (Guirardello is not clear as to whether it appears immediately before the verb or if other lexical items can be placed between them).

The Ergative argument is marked by *–(V)k* and only occurs in Transitive clauses, where it is the main argument of the verb and is therefore always required. Its syntactic placement is preceding the VP. While there are certain scenarios where it can be absent from a sentence that mainly occurs when there is discourse continuity. If it occurs without this, then the sentence has passive or middle voice.

The Dative argument is marked by *–(V)tl,* *-ki,* or *–(V)s*. Like the Ergative argument, it occurs before and outside of the VP. It is only obligatory in Extended clauses, where it is the main argument of the verb.

Trumai's causative construction uses the particle *ka*, which appears after the verb and can modify it. For Intransitive and Extended Transitive verbs, the causee is marked as Absolutive, while the causer is marked as Ergative. While this makes it similar to a simple Transitive clause, the difference is that the Absolutive enclitic is marked on the particle instead of the verb. For Transitive verbs, both the causee and causer are marked Ergative:

a.

hai-ts

1-ERG

Yakairu-ø

Yakairu-ABS

sa

dance

ka.

CAUS

hai-ts Yakairu-ø sa ka.

1-ERG Yakairu-ABS dance CAUS

‘I made Yakairu dance.’ \[Intransitive verb\]

b.

hai-ts

1-ERG

sa

dance

ka-n.

CAUS-3.ABS

hai-ts sa ka-n.

1-ERG dance CAUS-3.ABS

‘I made her dance.'

### Semantics

#### Quantifiers

In Trumai, quantifiers appear before the noun they modify. For numerals, while the language includes the names for 1–10, most often only numbers 1–5 are spoken:

'1' *mihin* '2' *huch* '3' *huch tahme*

'4' *pine* *pine-kte* *len* '5' *ine* *k'ad* *kel-an*

```
    Friend   friend-Gen   group               3Masc  hand finger-Loc
```

Other quantifier words (ex. 'few', 'many', etc.) change depending on whether they appear before count or mass nouns. They also vary from speaker to speaker, as in the case of "few" versus "a little", some speakers can distinguish the two based on how they appear before count vs. non-count words, while others cannot except for "high quantities". When they are distinguished, the quantifiers used by some speakers are:

|  | Before count nouns | Before mass nouns |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Many/a lot | *a' dï* | *pïx* |
| Few/a little | *a' dï tak* (many-Neg) | *pïx tak* (a lot-Neg) |

While most speakers, who cannot distinguish between count and mass nouns for small quantities, say:

|  | Before count nouns | Before mass nouns |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Many/a lot | *a' dï* | *pïx* |
| Few/a little | *pïx tak* | |

Aside from the above forms, there is an alternate form to describe small quantities: *pa̡t* 'few', which is meant to describe a small portion of an object. Here are some examples for each type of the above quantifiers:

Many/a lot: *a'di ka\_in k'ate yi.*

(count) many Foc/Tens fish YI

'There are many fish.' (or: 'The fish are many/big in quantity.')

Many/a lot: *pïx ka\_in misu yi.*

(mass) a.lot Foc/Tens water YI

'There is a lot of water.' (or: 'The water is big in quantity.')

Few/a little: *a'di tak ka\_in k'ate yi.*

(some speakers) many Neg Foc/Tens fish YI

'There are a few fish.' (or: 'The fish are not many.')

Few/a little: *pïx tak ka\_in k'ate yi.*

(most speakers) a.lot Neg Foc/Tens fish YI

'There are a few fish.' (or: 'The fish are not many.')

Few: *atlat pa̡t.*

```
         clay.pan  small
```

'small clay.pan.'

Just as is seen above where *few/a little* are formed as *many/a lot* plus a negation, there is no word for *none*, so negation is added in its place as well:

*katnon take tak \[kiki wan yi\].*

work Desid Neg man PL YI

'**No** man wants to work.' (lit: 'The men do not want to work.')

Quantifiers (numeral and otherwise) can also appear as a clause predicate or a focussed unit, in which they appear at the beginning of a sentence and are followed by a Focus/Tense particle.

Person plays a crucial role in what NP a quantifier is assigned to. Guirardello explains that in a sentence where there is both first- and third-person nouns/pronouns, it is clear that the quantifier is attached to the third-person. This is not as clear when there are two third-person NPs in a sentence. In order to understand which NP the quantifier is modifying in this scenario, one must look at what kinds of NPs are in the clause with the quantifier and if it is also being modified by a pluralizer.

## Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Trumai.

| gloss | Trumai |
| --- | --- |
| 'one' | *mihin* |
| 'two' | *hursh* |
| 'three' | *hurstame* |
| 'head' | *yau-kut* |
| 'ear' | *yau-haptü* |
| 'tooth' | *yau-i* |
| 'hand' | *yau-kenap* |
| 'woman' | *ipae* |
| 'water' | *misu* |
| 'fire' |  |
| 'stone' | *liki* |
| 'maize' | *hotet* |
| 'tapir' | *monotó* |

## InfoBox

| Trumaí | |
| --- | --- |
| *ho kod ke* | |
| Native to | Brazil |
| Region | upper Xingu River region of the Xingu Indigenous Park |
| Ethnicity | 120 Trumai people (2006) |
| Native speakers | 51 of varying fluency (2006) |
| Language family | Language isolate |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | `tpy` |
| *Glottolog* | `trum1247` |
| ELP | Trumai |
|


title: Mixed finite element method

abstract: In numerical analysis, the mixed finite element method, is a type of finite element method in which extra fields to be solved are introduced during the posing a partial differential equation problem. Somewhat related is the hybrid finite element method. The extra fields are constrained by using Lagrange multiplier fields. To be distinguished from the mixed finite element method, usual finite element methods that do not introduce such extra fields are also called irreducible or primal finite element methods. The mixed finite element method is efficient for some problems that would be numerically ill-posed if discretized by using the irreducible finite element method; one example of such problems is to compute the stress and strain fields in an almost incompressible elastic body. In mixed methods, the Lagrange multiplier fields inside the elements, usually enforcing the applicable partial differential equations. This results in a saddle point system having negative pivots and eigenvalues, rendering the system matrix to be non-definite which results in complications in solving for it. In sparse direct solvers, pivoting may be needed, where ultimately the resulting matrix has 2x2 blocks on the diagonal, rather than a working towards a completely pure LLH Cholesky decomposition for positive definite symmetric or Hermitian systems. Pivoting may result in unpredictable memory usage increases. For iterative solvers, only GMRES based solvers work, rather than slightly "cheaper" MINRES based solvers. In hybrid methods, the Lagrange fields are for jumps of fields between elements, living on the boundary of the elements, weakly enforcing continuity; continuity from fields in the elements does not need to be enforced through shared degrees of freedom between elements anymore. Both mixing and hybridization can be applied simultaneously. These enforcements are "weak", i.e. occur upon having the solutions and possibly only at some points or e.g. matching moment integral conditions, rather than "strong" in which case the conditions are fulfilled directly in the type of solutions sought. Apart from the harmonics, hybridization allows for static Guyan condensation of the discontinuous fields internal to the elements, reducing the number of degrees of freedom, and moreover reducing or eliminating the number of negative eigenvalues and pivots resulting from application of the mixed method.

text:
# Mixed finite element method

In numerical analysis, the **mixed finite element method**, is a type of finite element method in which extra fields to be solved are introduced during the posing a partial differential equation problem. Somewhat related is the hybrid finite element method. The extra fields are constrained by using Lagrange multiplier fields. To be distinguished from the mixed finite element method, usual finite element methods that do not introduce such extra fields are also called irreducible or primal finite element methods. The mixed finite element method is efficient for some problems that would be numerically ill-posed if discretized by using the irreducible finite element method; one example of such problems is to compute the stress and strain fields in an almost incompressible elastic body.

In mixed methods, the Lagrange multiplier fields inside the elements, usually enforcing the applicable partial differential equations. This results in a saddle point system having negative pivots and eigenvalues, rendering the system matrix to be non-definite which results in complications in solving for it. In sparse direct solvers, pivoting may be needed, where ultimately the resulting matrix has 2x2 blocks on the diagonal, rather than a working towards a completely pure LLH Cholesky decomposition for positive definite symmetric or Hermitian systems. Pivoting may result in unpredictable memory usage increases. For iterative solvers, only GMRES based solvers work, rather than slightly "cheaper" MINRES based solvers.

In hybrid methods, the Lagrange fields are for jumps of fields between elements, living on the boundary of the elements, weakly enforcing continuity; continuity from fields in the elements does not need to be enforced through shared degrees of freedom between elements anymore. Both mixing and hybridization can be applied simultaneously. These enforcements are "weak", i.e. occur upon having the solutions and possibly only at some points or e.g. matching moment integral conditions, rather than "strong" in which case the conditions are fulfilled directly in the type of solutions sought. Apart from the harmonics (usually semi-trivial local solution to the homogeneous equations at zero loads), hybridization allows for static Guyan condensation of the discontinuous fields internal to the elements, reducing the number of degrees of freedom, and moreover reducing or eliminating the number of negative eigenvalues and pivots resulting from application of the mixed method.


title: Ray Greene (lacrosse)

abstract: Melvin R. "Ray" Greene, Jr. was an American lacrosse player. He was inducted into the National Lacrosse Hall of Fame in 1981.

text:
# Ray Greene (lacrosse)

**Melvin R. "Ray" Greene, Jr.** (August 18, 1923 – February 16, 1987) was an American lacrosse player. He was inducted into the National Lacrosse Hall of Fame in 1981.

## Early life and college

Greene attended St. Paul's School in Brooklandville, Maryland, where he was a four-year letterwinner on the varsity lacrosse team. Greene was coached by Hall of Fame coach Howdy Myers at St. Paul's. Ray Greene was Drexel University’s first All-American, earning First Team Honors in 1943. After the 1943 season, Ray reported for military service in the Navy and when the war ended, he resumed his lacrosse career at Johns Hopkins University.

At Johns Hopkins University, Greene played lacrosse as a midfielder. He played on the Blue Jays' national championship teams in 1947 and 1948. The United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association named him a First Team All-American midfielder in 1947. The following season, the USILA again named Greene to the USILA first team. Ray was credited by Bob Scott in his book, Lacrosse: Technique and Tradition, with scoring the winning goal in the 1948 Navy game. Greene participated in the 1943, 1947 and 1948 North/South Collegiate All-Star Games.

From 1949 through 1951 Ray played for the National Open Champions Mt. Washington Lacrosse Club and was selected by Kid Norris to his All Time Mt. Washington Team. During this time he also coached lacrosse at St. Paul's School. He was considered one of the five greatest lacrosse players of all time.

Among his team mates were numerous future lacrosse Hall of Famers, including Jim Adams.

Greene spent two years coaching at his prep alma mater, St. Paul's School, where he led the team to 10–2 and 9–1 records in 1949 and 1950, respectively. He also taught sixth grade math at St. Paul's. Greene is among 18 players or coaches from St. Paul's in the National Lacrosse Hall of Fame, including Jim Adams, Scott Bacigalupo, Jeff Cook, Howdy Myers, and Don Zimmerman.

Greene's children were Fadra Lee Greene, Chip Greene, and Rich Greene; grandchildren, Fadra Christine, Lauren, Taylor, Cameron, Chance, Brayson and Farrah.

## InfoBox

Ray Greene
| Biographical details | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | August 18, 1923<br>Baltimore, Maryland |
| Died | February 16, 1987 (aged 63) |
| Playing career | |
| 1942–1948 | Johns Hopkins, Drexel University |
|  | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| 1951–1953 | St. Paul's School |
|  | |
| Accomplishments and honors | |
| Championships | |
|  | |
| Awards | |
| * 1943 First Team All-American * 1948 First Team All-American | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Raquel Trindade

abstract: Raquel Trindade de Souza, a Kambinda was a Brazilian artist, activist, choreographer, Carnaval bloc organizer, folklorist, plastic artist, and writer. She was the daughter of poet and folklorist Solano Trindade.

text:
# Raquel Trindade

**Raquel Trindade de Souza, a Kambinda** (10 August 1936, Recife – 15 April 2018, Embu das Artes) was a Brazilian artist, activist, choreographer, Carnaval bloc organizer, folklorist, plastic artist, and writer. She was the daughter of poet and folklorist Solano Trindade.

## Biography

Trindade was the daughter of Solano Trindade and Maria Margarida Trindade, an occupational therapist. With her family, she moved to the city of Duque de Caxias in the 1940s. In the 1960s, she moved to Embu das Artes, where in 1975 she founded the Teatro Popular Solano Trindade (TPST). In Embu das Artes as well, she founded the Kambinda Maracatu Nação Carnaval group.

As a painter, she had her first individual exhibition in 1966. In the same year, she had a work of hers acquired by art curator Pietro Maria Bardi and founded, along with Ranulfo Lira and Chico Rosa, the Artes da Praça da República movement in São Paulo.

She continued expanding the reach of her work in the following years. At the same time, she participated in a diverse range of events and debates about Afro-Brazilian culture, which brought the opportunity for Trindade to create an extension course about folklore, Black theater and syncretic religions such as candomblé at the State University of Campinas (Unicamp) in 1985. This university initiative was met with backlash by a large number of the faculty.

While at Unicamp, she created the cultural organization Urucungos, Puítas e Quinjengues, the name coming from several Bantu musical instruments. She also lectured at the Federal University of São Carlos, Anhembi Morumbi University, and the University of São Paulo. She taught at local schools in Embu das Artes about the culture and history of Black people in Brazil.

Trindade married 8 times and had 3 children. Her grandson is rapper Zinho Trindade.

In 2012, she was awarded the Commander class of the Order of Cultural Merit.

Trindade died on 15 April 2018 in Embu das Artes due to complications from heart surgery.

## Works

* *Embu: de Aldeia de M'Boy a Terra das Artes* \- Noovha América Editora, 2011

## InfoBox

| Raquel Trindade | |
| --- | --- |
| Trindade during an evening event at the Festival Latinidades 2014 | |
| Born | Raquel Trindade de Souza
(1936-08-10)10 August 1936
Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil |
| Died | 15 April 2018(2018-04-15) (aged 81)
Embu das Artes, São Paulo, Brazil |
| Occupation(s) | Artist, folklorist, writer |
| Parent | Solano Trindade (father) |


title: Malcolm MacLeod (British Army officer)

abstract: Major-General Malcolm Neynoe MacLeod was Director General of the Ordnance Survey from 1935 to 1943. In 1935, he started the retriangulation of Great Britain, an immense task which involved erecting concrete triangulation pillars on prominent hilltops throughout Britain. As well as being an immense physical task, it was also an extremely complex mathematical undertaking. MacLeod can fairly be said to be the creator of the Ordnance Survey in its modern form. MacLeod was commissioned in the Royal Engineers in 1900, serving in India from 1902 until 1914. During World War I he commanded the 4th Field Survey Battalion and was awarded the MC in the 1917 New Year Honours. He became Chief Instructor at the School of Artillery, Larkhill in 1920, serving until 1923 when he moved to the Ordnance Survey. After attending the Staff College, Quetta. he was Director-General of the Ordnance Survey in 1935, retiring in 1943.

text:
# Malcolm MacLeod (British Army officer)

Major-General **Malcolm Neynoe MacLeod** MC (23 May 1882 – 1 August 1969) was Director General of the Ordnance Survey from 1935 to 1943.

In 1935, he started the retriangulation of Great Britain, an immense task which involved erecting concrete triangulation pillars (trig points) on prominent (often inaccessible) hilltops throughout Britain. As well as being an immense physical task, it was also an extremely complex mathematical undertaking. MacLeod can fairly be said to be the creator of the Ordnance Survey in its modern form.

MacLeod was commissioned in the Royal Engineers in 1900, serving in India from 1902 until 1914. During World War I he commanded the 4th Field Survey Battalion and was awarded the MC in the 1917 New Year Honours. He became Chief Instructor at the School of Artillery, Larkhill in 1920, serving until 1923 when he moved to the Ordnance Survey. After attending the Staff College, Quetta. he was Director-General of the Ordnance Survey in 1935, retiring in 1943.

## Bibliography

* Yolande Hodson, 2004, 'MacLeod, Malcolm Neynoe (18821969)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Smart, Nick (2005). *Biographical Dictionary of British Generals of the Second World War*. Barnesley: Pen & Sword. ISBN 1844150496.


title: Lisec, Trebnje

abstract: Lisec is a settlement in the Municipality of Trebnje in eastern Slovenia. It is a settlement of dispersed houses among the vineyards on the western slopes of Lisec Hill west of Dobrnič. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region. A small open chapel-shrine in the northern part of the settlement dates to the second half of the 19th century.

text:
# Lisec, Trebnje

**Lisec** (pronounced \[ˈliːsəts\]) is a settlement in the Municipality of Trebnje in eastern Slovenia. It is a settlement of dispersed houses among the vineyards on the western slopes of Lisec Hill west of Dobrnič. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

A small open chapel-shrine in the northern part of the settlement dates to the second half of the 19th century.

## InfoBox

| Lisec | |
| --- | --- |
| LisecLocation in Slovenia | |
| Coordinates: 45°51′51.15″N 14°56′57.75″E / 45.8642083°N 14.9493750°E / 45.8642083; 14.9493750 | |
| Country | Slovenia |
| Traditional region | Lower Carniola |
| Statistical region | Southeast Slovenia |
| Municipality | Trebnje |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.82 km2 (0.70 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 360.8 m (1,183.7 ft) |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 12 |
|  | |


title: Marseniopsis

abstract: Marseniopsis is a genus of small slug-like sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Velutininae within the family Velutinidae.

text:
# Marseniopsis

***Marseniopsis*** is a genus of small slug-like sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Velutininae within the family Velutinidae.

## Species

Taxa inquirenda * *Marseniopsis charcoti* Vayssière, 1917
* *Marseniopsis murrayi* Bergh, 1886

* Vayssière A. , 1906 - Mollusques Nudibranches et Marseniadés. (in) Expédition Antarctique Francaise (1903-1905) commandée par le Dr Jean Charcot. Documents Scientifiques. Sciences Naturelles, p. p. 34-51, 4 pls

## InfoBox

| *Marseniopsis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Marseniopsis antarctica* (holotype at MNHN, Paris) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Superfamily: | Velutinoidea |
| Family: | Velutinidae |
| Genus: | *Marseniopsis*
Bergh, 1886 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Marseniopsis pacifica* Bergh, 1886
 | |


title: Trumaine Johnson (wide receiver)

abstract: Trumaine Johnson is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the United States Football League (USFL), National Football League (NFL), and Canadian Football League (CFL).. Johnson was born in Bogalusa, Louisiana and played scholastically at Baker High School. He played collegiately for the Grambling State Tigers, where, as a senior, he was honored by The Sporting News as a first-team All-American.

text:
# Trumaine Johnson (wide receiver)

**Trumaine Johnson** (born November 16, 1960) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the United States Football League (USFL), National Football League (NFL), and Canadian Football League (CFL)..

Johnson was born in Bogalusa, Louisiana and played scholastically at Baker High School. He played collegiately for the Grambling State Tigers, where, as a senior, he was honored by *The Sporting News* as a first-team All-American.

## Career

Johnson was selected by the Chicago Blitz of the United States Football League in the 1983 USFL Draft after a college football career at Grambling State University.

Johnson caught a league leading 81 passes for a league leading 1327 yards with 10 touchdowns in his rookie season with the Blitz. He was named to the USFL All-Star team.

In 1984, Johnson played for the Arizona Wranglers and caught 90 passes for 1258 yards with 13 touchdowns. He was again named to the USFL All-Star team.

He then switched to the National Football League in 1985 and played for the San Diego Chargers as a reserve wide receiver for the next two seasons. He joined the Buffalo Bills in 1987 and had his biggest NFL season there in 1988 when he caught 38 passes for 528 yards. He retired after that season.

## Career stats

* USFL
    + Catches - 171
    + Yards - 2585
    + Touchdowns - 23
    + Yards Per Catch - 15.1

## InfoBox

Trumaine Johnson
| No. 2, 83, 86, 85 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Wide receiver |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1960-11-16) November 16, 1960<br>Bogalusa, Louisiana, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) |
| Weight: | 185 lb (84 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Baker (LA) |
| College: | Grambling State |
| NFL draft: | 1983 / round: 6 / pick: 141 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Receptions: 86  Receiving yards: 1,150  Receiving touchdowns: 4 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Rawkfist

abstract: "Rawkfist" is a song by the Canadian rock band Thousand Foot Krutch. It is the fifth track from their third album Phenomenon (2003), and it was released as the album's second single on January 26, 2004. ESPN Sports Center chose it to be played in the Ultimate Highlight sequences on their program. It was featured on the Smallville season 3 episode titled "Velocity".

text:
# Rawkfist

"**Rawkfist**" (pronounced "rock fist") is a song by the Canadian rock band Thousand Foot Krutch. It is the fifth track from their third album *Phenomenon* (2003), and it was released as the album's second single on January 26, 2004. ESPN Sports Center chose it to be played in the Ultimate Highlight sequences on their program. It was featured on the *Smallville* season 3 episode titled "Velocity".

## Music video

The music video for the song features the band performing beneath a freeway overpass with unique special effects, such as Jamie Aplin's hand freezing when the music stops and starts moving again after vocals come in. Also the area around the band will change from a bright room to a dark blue tunnel. The change is initiated by a flash of light emitted from McNevan's hand.

## Personnel

* Trevor McNevan \- vocals and guitar
* Joel Bruyere - bass
* Steve Augustine - drums
* Jamie Aplin - guitar (music video only)

Although the guitar credits go to McNevan on the recording, the song's music video features the band's touring guitarist.

## Charts

* In 2004 "Rawkfist" peaked at No. 28 on the *Billboard* US mainstream rock charts, it also peaked on the Active Rock Charts at No. 23 and finished the year at number No. 72.

## InfoBox

| "Rawkfist" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Thousand Foot Krutch | |
| from the album  *Phenomenon* | |
| Released | January 26, 2004 |
| Recorded | 2003 |
| Genre | Nu metal, rap metal |
| Length | 2:40 |
| Label | Tooth & Nail |
| Songwriter(s) | Trevor McNevan, Steve Augustine and Joel Bruyere |
| Thousand Foot Krutch singles chronology | |
| "Phenomenon"
(2003) "**Rawkfist**"
(2004) "Bounce"
(2005) | |


title: Raquel Vizcaíno

abstract: Raquel Vizcaíno Torre is a Spanish team handball player who played for the club Vifirehati and for the Spanish national team. She was born in Madrid. She competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, where the Spanish team placed seventh.

text:
# Raquel Vizcaíno

**Raquel Vizcaíno Torre** (born 22 June 1967) is a Spanish team handball player who played for the club Vifirehati and for the Spanish national team. She was born in Madrid. She competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, where the Spanish team placed seventh.

## InfoBox

| Raquel Vizcaíno | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Raquel Vizcaíno Torre | | |
| Born | (1967-06-22) 22 June 1967<br>Madrid Spain | | |
| Nationality | Spanish | | |
| National team | | | |
| Years | **Team** |
|  | Spain |


title: UDeCOTT

abstract: The Urban Development Corporation of Trinidad and Tobago (UDeCOTT), is a state owned company of Trinidad and Tobago. It was founded on December 28, 1994. It is carrying out construction projects that form Vision 2030, which is the plan created by the government, to achieve first world status, by the year 2030. The project is worth several billion dollars. In May 2008, the Trinidad and Tobago Institute of Architects called for an audit of UDeCOTT due to poor business practices.

text:
# UDeCOTT

The **Urban Development Corporation of Trinidad and Tobago** (**UDeCOTT**), is a state owned company of Trinidad and Tobago. It was founded on December 28, 1994. It is carrying out construction projects that form Vision 2030, which is the plan created by the government, to achieve first world status, by the year 2030. The project is worth several billion dollars. In May 2008, the Trinidad and Tobago Institute of Architects called for an audit of UDeCOTT due to poor business practices.

## InfoBox

Urban Development Corporation of Trinidad and Tobago (UDeCOTT)
| Formation | December 28, 1994 |
| --- | --- |
| Location |  |
| Website | http://www.udecott.com/ |