title: Louis Coulon de Villiers

abstract: Louis Coulon, Sieur de Villiers was a French military officer who served during the French and Indian War. Perhaps his greatest claim to fame is the fact that he is the only military opponent to force George Washington to surrender. Coulon was born into a prominent French Canadian family. His grandfather, Sieur Raoul-Guillaume Coulon, was an officer in the French Royal Army.

text:
# Louis Coulon de Villiers

**Louis Coulon, Sieur de Villiers** (17 August 1710  2 November 1757) was a French military officer who served during the French and Indian War. Perhaps his greatest claim to fame is the fact that he is the only military opponent to force George Washington to surrender. Coulon was born into a prominent French Canadian family. His grandfather, Sieur Raoul-Guillaume Coulon, was an officer in the French Royal Army.

## Life

He was the son of Nicolas Antoine Coulon de Villiers and Elizabeth Le Couturier. Louis Coulon de Villiers entered the military in 1733. He had risen to the rank of captain by the outbreak of the French and Indian War and was assigned to Fort Duquesne.

His half-brother, Ensign Joseph Coulon de Jumonville, was killed at the Battle of Jumonville Glen after having surrendered to George Washington. Coulon sought revenge and led an expedition to attack the British garrison at Fort Necessity under Washington's command. On the morning of July 3, 1754, Coulon's troops laid siege to Fort Necessity. By evening, the garrison had asked for terms of surrender. It was the only time in Washington's long military career when he surrendered to an enemy. Coulon considered Washington personally responsible for his brother's death. He inserted a clause into the surrender document that described Jumonville's death as an "assassination". It reads:

> Since our intention \[as Canadiens\] was never to disturb the peace and harmony which exist between two friends as two Prince allies, but only to avenge the assassination of one of our officers, messenger of a summon, and of his escorts, to prevent any establishment on the lands of her majesty, the King of France, my master.

The garrison were allowed to return to the security of their land with the honours of war, and the promise that they leave their settlements to the west of the Allegheny Mountains during the twelve months that followed. They were made to promise the safe return of the prisoners taken during the attack on Joseph Coulon de Jumonville back to Fort Duquesne. The Canadiens also presented two prisoners, Robert Stobo and his interpreter, Jacob Van Braam, to demonstrate their respect of the clauses of surrender.

The following day, the garrison left in haste. So quickly did they leave, that Washington left behind his journal in his abandoned luggage. The French used this content and the articles of surrender to label Washington and his soldiers as self-admitted assassins. Washington denied having admitted to the murders. In accordance with his officers and colleagues, he maintained that the interpreter, when translating the act of surrender, had substituted the incriminating words of assassination by the words of death and killing. Washington's superiors further declared that they had no intention of respecting the document that Washington had signed. The Canadian prisoners were not released; Stobo reneged on his word and became a spy; and by the end of the year, Washington accompanied Major General Edward Braddock on an assault on Fort Duquesne.

In July and August 1756, Coulon led a column of French and Native Americans against the frontier of the Province of Pennsylvania. The expedition assaulted Fort Granville, near Lewistown, Pennsylvania, on August 2, and won the surrender of the fort on the following day. Coulon died of smallpox on November 2, 1757, at Quebec City.

* In Timeless, in season 1, episode 7, the characters meet Louis Coulon de Villiers. The series states he had a son called Jacques, but in reality, he had a son called François.

### Citations

### Bibliography

* Kingsford, William (1889). "Attack on Grand Pre". *The History of Canada*. **3**.

## InfoBox

| Louis Coulon de Villiers | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1710-08-17)August 17, 1710
Verchères, Quebec, Canada |
| Died | November 2, 1757(1757-11-02) (aged 47)
Quebec City, Quebec, Canada |
| Allegiance | New France |
| Years of service | 1733–1757 |
| Rank | Captain |
| Unit | Posted to Fort Duquesne |
| Battles/wars | Battle of the Great Meadows, Battle of Grand Pré, Le Moyne de Bienville’s 1739 campaign |
| Relations | Nicolas Antoine Coulon de Villiers Joseph Coulon de Jumonville
Chevalier François Coulon de Villiers |


title: Teppo Järvinen

abstract:
Teppo Järvinen is a Finnish scenographer. He has designed numerous world premieres of Finnish drama as well as classics, musical theatre and opera. Järvinen has made also around one hundred set designs for television. He is married to theatre director Tiina Puumalainen. Education:
  - Master of Arts, Aalto University (UIAH) / Department of Scenography, 1997
  - Master of Science in Architecture, Aalto University, 1999 Coming up next:
  - Sophocles: Antigone (drama), Tampereen Työväen Teatteri

text:
# Teppo Järvinen

**Teppo Järvinen** (born 1967 in Helsinki) is a Finnish scenographer. He has designed numerous world premieres of Finnish drama as well as classics, musical theatre and opera. Järvinen has made also around one hundred set designs for television. He is married to theatre director Tiina Puumalainen.

Education:

* Master of Arts, Aalto University (UIAH) / Department of Scenography, 1997
* Master of Science in Architecture, Aalto University (Helsinki University of Technology), 1999

Coming up next:

## Set designs

Recent designs for stage


title: Émilienne Demougeot

abstract: Émilienne Demougeot was a French historian, a specialist of Late Antiquity and Early Christianity. She was one of the first women professors of history at a French university, and the first woman professor at the Faculty of Letters at the University of Montpellier.

text:
# Émilienne Demougeot

**Émilienne Demougeot** (1910, Bourges – 19 June 1994, Montpellier) was a French historian, a specialist of Late Antiquity and Early Christianity. She was one of the first women professors of history at a French university, and the first woman professor at the Faculty of Letters at the University of Montpellier.

## Life

She attended elementary and high school in Guadeloupe from 1917 to 1922, then in Tangier in 1925–1926. Once a history teacher, she taught in high school before the war, and then as an assistant at the Sorbonne. She defended her thesis, *De l’Unité à la division de l’Empire romain. Essai sur le gouvernement impérial (395-410)*, in 1949.

She was a professor of ancient history at the Faculty of Letters of Montpellier from 1957 to her retirement in 1978. She won the Prix Thérouanne in 1952 for her work, *De l’unité à la division de l'Empire Romain*. With the prize she was awarded 2,000 francs. She left a great work especially the monumental *Formation de l’Europe et les invasions barbares*. She bequeathed her library to the library of ancient history of the Paul-Valéry University in Montpellier.

1. "Émilienne DEMOUGEOT (1910 - 1994)". *CRISES* (in French). Retrieved 2018-02-22.
2. "Émilienne DEMOUGEOT". *Académie française* (in French). Retrieved 2018-02-22.

## Bibliography

* 1988: *L'Empire romain et les Barbares d'Occident (IVe-VIIe siècle) : scripta varia* (in French). Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne. 1988. p. 420. ISBN 2-859-44177-8.
* 1982: *Le Colosse de Barletta*, *Mélanges de l'École française de Rome*. Antiquité, T. 94, n°2, 1982, p. 951-978 read on Persée
* 1980: in collaboration with Michel Christol, André Chastagnol, *Mélanges de numismatique, d'archéologie et d'histoire : Offerts à Jean Lafaurie*, Société française de numismatique, 286 pages
* 1969: *La Formation de l'Europe et les invasions barbares*. Collection historique (in French). Vol. I. Paris: Aubier. p. 616., online, online.
* 1969: *La Formation de l'Europe et les invasions barbares*. Collection historique (in French). Vol. II. Paris: Aubier. p. 410. ISBN 2-7007-0146-1.
* 1969: *La Formation de l'Europe et les invasions barbares*. Collection historique (in French). Vol. III. Aubier. 1979. p. 519. ISBN 2-7007-0146-1.
* 1968: *Remarques sur les débuts du culte impérial en Narbonnaise* (Offprint from Provence historique, v. 18, fasc. 71) \[The Sackler Library, University of Oxford, has a signed copy of this text)
* 1954: 'A propos des interventions du pape Innocent Ier dans la politique séculière' (Presses Universitaires de France) Revue historique \[offprint\] pp. 23–38
* 1953: *Notes sur l'évacuation des troupes romaines en Alsace au début du Ve siècle* (Delle: \[Institut des hautes études alsaciennes\])
* 1951: *De l'unité à la division de l'Empire romain*, Paris, Adrien-Maisonneuve, 618 pages

## InfoBox

| Émilienne Demougeot | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1910 (1910)
Bourges |
| Died | 19 June 1994(1994-06-19) (aged 83–84)
Montpellier |
| Nationality | French |
| Occupation | Historian |
| Years active | Specialist in the history of the Late Antiquity and Early Christianity times. |


title: Otto Fönnekold

abstract: Otto Fönnekold was a German Luftwaffe military aviator during World War II, a fighter ace credited with 136 aerial victories—that is, 136 aerial combat encounters resulting in the destruction of the enemy aircraft. All but three of his victories were claimed over the Soviet Air Forces in about 600 combat missions. Born in Hamburg, Fönnekold was trained as a fighter pilot and posted to Jagdgeschwader 52 in late 1942. Fighting on the Eastern Front, he claimed his first aerial victory on 7 September 1942 during Case Blue, the German strategic 1942 summer offensive in southern Russia. On 12 January 1944, Fönnekold was credited with his 100th aerial victory and was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 26 March 1944. In April 1944, he was appointed Staffelkapitän of 5. Staffel of JG 52. He was killed in action on 31 August 1944 by a strafing US North American P-51 Mustang at the airfield in Ssaß-Budak.

text:
# Otto Fönnekold

**Otto Fönnekold** (15 February 1920 – 31 August 1944) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator during World War II, a fighter ace credited with 136 aerial victories—that is, 136 aerial combat encounters resulting in the destruction of the enemy aircraft. All but three of his victories were claimed over the Soviet Air Forces in about 600 combat missions.

Born in Hamburg, Fönnekold was trained as a fighter pilot and posted to *Jagdgeschwader* 52 (JG 52–52nd Fighter Wing) in late 1942. Fighting on the Eastern Front, he claimed his first aerial victory on 7 September 1942 during Case Blue, the German strategic 1942 summer offensive in southern Russia. On 12 January 1944, Fönnekold was credited with his 100th aerial victory and was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 26 March 1944. In April 1944, he was appointed *Staffelkapitän* (squadron leader) of 5. *Staffel* (5th squadron) of JG 52. He was killed in action on 31 August 1944 by a strafing US North American P-51 Mustang at the airfield in Ssaß-Budak.

## Career

Fönnekold was born on 15 February 1920 in Hamburg of the Weimar Republic. Following flight training, he was posted to the 5. *Staffel* (5th squadron) of *Jagdgeschwader* 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing) in the fall of 1942. At the time, this squadron was officially commanded by *Oberleutnant* Siegfried Simsch who was on home leave recovering from wounds sustained on 29 May. 5. *Staffel* was a squadron of II. *Gruppe* (2nd group) of JG 52 commanded by *Hauptmann* Johannes Steinhoff.

### War against the Soviet Union

World War II in Europe had begun on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. Germany had launched Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941. A year later, German forces launched Operation Fridericus II, the attack on Kupiansk, a preliminary operation to Case Blue, the strategic 1942 summer offensive in southern Russia. In August 1942, II. *Gruppe* was subordinated to VIII. *Fliegerkorps* and supported the 6th Army offensive to capture Stalingrad. On 6 September, II. *Gruppe* reached an airfield named Gonschtakowka located north-northeast of Mozdok on the Terek in the Caucasus.

Fönnekold claimed his first aerial victory on 7 September when he shot down a Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3 fighter. The *Gruppe* then moved to Maykop located in the North Caucasus on 21 September where, with the exception of 24 to 29 October, they were based until 26 November. Operating from Maykop, Fönnekold claimed his second aerial victory, an Ilyushin Il-2 ground-attack aircraft shot down on 6 October. There, he claimed three further aerial victories over LaGG-3 fighters, one each on 29 October, 15 and 19 November. On 19 November, Soviet forces launched Operation Uranus which led to the encirclement of Axis forces in the vicinity of Stalingrad. To support the German forces fighting in the Battle of Stalingrad forced the Luftwaffe to relocate its forces and ordered II. *Gruppe* to move from Maykop to Morozovsk, located approximately 200 kilometers (120 miles) west of Stalingrad, on 26 November. There, Fönnekold claimed another LaGG-3 fighter shot down on 11 December before the *Gruppe* moved to Zimovniki the following day.

On 17 December, II. *Gruppe* relocated again, this time to Kotelnikovo where they stayed until 26 December. Operating from Kotelnikovo, Fönnekold claimed a Lavochkin La-5 fighter shot down on 22 December and another on 25 December. On 22 January 1943, II. *Gruppe* had to retreat further and moved to an airfield at Rostov-on-Don where Fönnekold shot down a LaGG-3 fighter on 30 January. On 7 February 1943, the *Gruppe* moved to Kuteinikowo near Stalino, present-day Donetsk, where Fönnekold claimed two Yakovlev Yak-1 the following day.

### Kuban bridgehead and Crimea

The *Gruppe* was moved to the combat area of the Kuban bridgehead on 10 February 1943 where it was initially based at an airfield at Slavyansk-na-Kubani. Due to whether conditions, II. *Gruppe* then moved to Kerch on 16 February. While based at Slavyansk-na-Kubani, Fönnekold claimed two Polikarpov I-16 fighters shot down on 14 February and a Polikarpov I-153 biplane fighter on 27 February. On 13 March, the *Gruppe* moved to Anapa located on the northern coast of the Black Sea near the Sea of Azov and was fighting in the Battle of the Caucasus.

On 8 May, *Leutnant* Helmut Haberda, who had led 5. *Staffel* since Simsch was injured in November 1942, was killed in action. In consequence *Oberleutnant* Wilhelm Batz was appointed *Staffelkapitän* (Squadron Leader) of the *Staffel* on 9 May. That day, Fönnekold claimed a LaGG-3 fighter shot down. By 31 May, he claimed ten further aerial victories, increasing his total to 28 aerial victories. In June, Fönnekold added seven more claims, reaching 35 aerial victories. While in July the bulk of the Luftwaffe fighter force was being concentrated further north and fought in the Battle of Kursk, II. *Gruppe* with some exceptions remained at Anapa. Here, Fönnekold claimed further aerial victories, reaching 39 claims by end of July and 49 claims by end of August. Fönnekold was awarded the Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe (*Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe*) on 9 August and the German Cross in Gold (*Deutsches Kreuz in Gold*) on 16 August 1943.

On 1 September, II. *Gruppe* was made complete again, reuniting with all three *Staffeln* at a makeshift airfield named Karlowka located approximately 50 kilometers (31 miles) east of Poltava. There, Fönnekold claimed four aerial victories total. On 6, 7 and 8 September he claimed an Il-2 ground-attack aircraft shot down, and on 10 September he was credited with the destruction of a Yak-1 fighter, taking his total to 53 claims. On 1 October, the *Gruppe* moved to an airfield at Nove Zaporizhzhya located approximately 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) west of Zaporizhzhia. The *Gruppe* relocated to an airfield named Beresowka near the Inhulets, located approximately halfway between Kremenchuk and Kirovohrad. They remained at Beresowka until 25 October when the *Gruppe* moved to Fedorivka, a small village 17 kilometers (11 miles) north-northwest of Melitopol. Two days later, the *Gruppe* was ordered to Askania-Nova. By the end of October 1943, Fönnekold's number of aerial victories claimed had increased to 65, making him the second most successful and still living fighter pilot in II. *Gruppe* at the time. The *Gruppe* had moved to Kherson on 30 October and then transferred to Baherove on the Crimean peninsula where they were based until 19 March 1944.

Based at Baherove, Fönnekold increased his number of aerial victories to 80 by end November and to 92 aerial victory claims by the end of 1943. On 12 January 1944, Fönnekold claimed three aerial victories, including his 100th aerial victory in total. He was the 62nd Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark. Fönnekold was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (*Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes*) on 26 March 1944. On 8 April, Soviet forces launched the Crimean offensive, forcing the Germans to evacuate the Crimea. By this date, Fönnekold had accumulated 116 aerial victories.

### Squadron leader and death

On 14 April 1944, II. *Gruppe* moved to an airfield at Chersonesus at Sevastopol where they were based until 9 May. On 19 April, Fönnekold was appointed *Staffelkapitän* of 5. *Staffel* of JG 52 when its former commander, Batz, was appointed *Gruppenkommandeur* of III. *Gruppe* of JG 52. The *Gruppe* was transferred to Huși at the Prut River on 27 May 1944. There, on 30 May, Fönnekold became an "ace-in-a-day" when claimed seven Bell P-39 Airacobra fighters and a single Yak-1 fighter shot down near Tudora and Iași. Included in this figure are three claims over P-39 fighters from 129 GvIAP (Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment—*Gvardeyskiy Istrebitelny Aviatsionny Polk*). On 9 July, aerial combat with two Yakovlev Yak-9 fighters resulted in a forced landing of his Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-6 (*Werknummer* 163564—factory number) near Iași.

On 29 August, III. *Gruppe* relocated to an airfield at Budak, present-day Budacu de Sus and part of Dumitrița. Fönnekold claimed three United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) North American P-51 Mustang fighters shot down near Luieriu (Lövér) on 31 August. Later that day, he was bounced during his landing approach at Ssaß-Budak by P-51 fighters. One of the .50 caliber projectiles penetrated his heart while taxiing his Bf 109 G-6 (*Werknummer* 441931) "black 9". He was succeeded by Heinrich Sturm as commander of 5. *Staffel*. Fönnekold was buried on the cemetery at Ssaß-Budak. Posthumously, he was promoted to *Oberleutnant* (first lieutenant).

## Summary of career

### Aerial victory claims

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Fönnekold was credited with 136 aerial victories. Spick also lists Fönnekold with 136 aerial victories claimed in approximately 600 combat missions. Mathews and Foreman, authors of *Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims*, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 134 confirmed and three unconfirmed aerial victories. All these victories were claimed on the Eastern Front.

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = *Planquadrat*), for example "PQ 54512". The Luftwaffe grid map (*Jägermeldenetz*) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.

| Chronicle of aerial victories | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Fönnekold an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.    This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Fönnekold did not receive credit.   This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Barbas, Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman. | | | | | | | | | |
| Claim | Date | Time | Type | Location | Claim | Date | Time | Type | Location |
| – 5. *Staffel* of *Jagdgeschwader* 52 –
Eastern Front — September 1942 – 3 February 1943 | | | | | | | | | |
| 1 | 7 September 1942 | 09:27 | LaGG-3 | PQ 54512 | 6 | 11 December 1942 | 12:45 | LaGG-3 | PQ 49381
25 km (16 mi) south of Basargino |
| 2 | 6 October 1942 | 12:35 | Il-2 | PQ 96733
25 km (16 mi) east-northeast of Tuapse | 7 | 22 December 1942 | 11:32 | La-5 | PQ 49712
65 km (40 mi) south-southeast of Stalingrad |
| 3 | 29 October 1942 | 15:40 | LaGG-3 | PQ 95873
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Lazarevskoye | 8 | 25 December 1942 | 11:22 | La-5 | PQ 49773
15 km (9.3 mi) east of Aksal |
| 4 | 15 November 1942 | 08:50 | LaGG-3 | PQ 94194 | 9 | 30 January 1943 | 14:52 | LaGG-3 | PQ 06391 |
| 5 | 19 November 1942 | 12:50 | LaGG-3 | PQ 94634 |  |  |  |  |  |
| – 5. *Staffel* of *Jagdgeschwader* 52 –
Eastern Front — 4 February – 31 December 1943 | | | | | | | | | |
| 10 | 8 February 1943 | 09:35 | Yak-1 | PQ 44 Ost 09333 | 52 | 8 September 1943 | 05:27 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 35 Ost 60521
20 km (12 mi) west of Andreyevka |
| 11 | 8 February 1943 | 09:50 | Yak-1 | PQ 34 Ost 99664
5 km (3.1 mi) east of Rovenki | 53 | 10 September 1943 | 12:33 | Yak-1 | PQ 35 Ost 50283
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Merefa |
| 12 | 14 February 1943 | 11:00 | I-16 | PQ 34 Ost 7526 | 54 | 12 October 1943 | 07:40 | P-39 | PQ 34 Ost 49173
55 km (34 mi) east-northeast of Mironovka |
| 13 | 14 February 1943 | 11:03 | I-16 | PQ 34 Ost 75232
north of Krymsk | 55 | 15 October 1943 | 05:50 | Yak-1 | PQ 35 Ost 10123
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi |
| 14 | 27 February 1943 | 06:02 | I-153 | PQ 34 Ost 85344
vicinity of Aberbijewka | 56 | 15 October 1943 | 05:58 | Yak-1 | PQ 35 Ost 10121
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi |
| 15 | 6 May 1943 | 05:38 | La-5 | PQ 34 Ost 75293, 8 km (5.0 mi) northwest of Neberdschajewskaja
northeast of Novorossiysk | 57 | 19 October 1943 | 11:07 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 39424
25 km (16 mi) east-northeast of Mironovka |
| 16 | 6 May 1943 | 11:30 | La-5 | PQ 34 Ost 85153
vicinity of Abinsk | 58 | 20 October 1943 | 10:10 | Pe-2 | PQ 34 Ost 39181, north of Petrowka
15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Alexandrija |
| 17 | 6 May 1943 | 12:05 | Yak-1 | PQ 34 Ost 76894
vicinity of Kijewakoje | 59 | 20 October 1943 | 12:55 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 39332, north of Krasnaja-Fedorowka
10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Mironovka |
| 18 | 9 May 1943 | 16:10 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 86754
east of Trojzkaja | 60 | 20 October 1943 | 12:57 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 39412
20 km (12 mi) northeast of Mironovka |
| 19 | 15 May 1943 | 18:40 | Yak-1 | southwest of Kabardinka | 61 | 20 October 1943 | 12:58 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 39284
30 km (19 mi) east-northeast of Mironovka |
| 20 | 19 May 1943 | 07:20? | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 85313
southeast of Schapssugskaja | 62 | 21 October 1943 | 06:50 | P-39 | PQ 34 Ost 39631
20 km (12 mi) east of Pjatichatki |
| 21 | 21 May 1943 | 04:23 | R-5 | PQ 34 Ost 96771
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Krasnodar | 63 | 21 October 1943 | 14:45 | P-39 | PQ 34 Ost 39674
vicinity of Piatykhatky |
| 22 | 21 May 1943 | 15:42 | U-2 | PQ 34 Ost 96784
20 km (12 mi) east of Krasnodar | 64 | 25 October 1943 | 12:28 | Yak-1 | PQ 34 Ost 57151
5 km (3.1 mi) northwest of Melitopol |
| 23 | 21 May 1943 | 15:46 | U-2 | PQ 34 Ost 96774
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Krasnodar | 65 | 28 October 1943 | 14:38 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 47154
30 km (19 mi) northwest of Ivanovka |
| 24 | 28 May 1943 | 10:38 | Yak-1 | PQ 34 Ost 76893, southeast of Kijewskoje
south of Bakanskij | 66 | 2 November 1943 | 14:40 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 66734, 5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Eltigen |
| 25 | 29 May 1943 | 04:37 | LaGG-3 | north of Krymskaja
north of Krymsk | 67 | 3 November 1943 | 11:20 | R-5 | PQ 34 Ost 66644
east of Bakssy |
| 26 | 29 May 1943 | 18:30 | Yak-1 | PQ 34 Ost 76894
vicinity of Kijewakoje | 68 | 4 November 1943 | 12:37 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 66644
east of Bakssy |
| 27 | 30 May 1943 | 15:36 | B-25 | PQ 34 Ost 76861
north of Kessjetowa | 69 | 5 November 1943 | 10:24 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 66842
southwest of Tamanj |
| 28 | 31 May 1943 | 05:25 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 86772
south of Trojzkaja | 70 | 5 November 1943 | 10:37 | Yak-1 | PQ 34 Ost 66732, east of Eltigen
vicinity of Tobetschik |
| 29 | 1 June 1943 | 08:48 | Yak-1 | PQ 34 Ost 76861
Sea of Azov | 71 | 6 November 1943 | 09:03 | Yak-1 | PQ 34 Ost 66671, east of Kerch
east of Kerch |
| 30 | 6 June 1943 | 05:03 | La-5 | PQ 34 Ost 75231, northwest of Krymskaja
northwest of Krymsk | 72 | 6 November 1943 | 06:06 | Yak-1 | PQ 34 Ost 66644
east of Bakssy |
| 31 | 7 June 1943 | 15:21? | P-39 | PQ 34 Ost 76822
west of Kalabatka | 73 | 12 November 1943 | 10:27? | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 66641, northwest of Bakssy
east of Bulganak |
| 32 | 7 June 1943 | 15:25? | P-39 | PQ 34 Ost 76812
vicinity of Kalabatka | 74 | 14 November 1943 | 14:03 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 66643, Kolonka
east of Bakssy |
| 33 | 10 June 1943 | 14:42 | Yak-1 | PQ 34 Ost 75473
Black Sea, 25 km (16 mi) southwest of Novorossiysk | 75 | 21 November 1943 | 13:00 | Yak-1 | PQ 34 Ost 66562, south of Bulganag
vicinity of Babtschik |
| 34 | 15 June 1943 | 17:07 | Yak-1 | PQ 34 Ost 85373, south of Gelendzhik
vicinity of Gelendzhik | 76 | 27 November 1943 | 08:39 | Yak-1 | PQ 34 Ost 66732, east of Eltigen
vicinity of Tobetschik |
| 35 | 25 June 1943 | 04:37? | Yak-1 | PQ 34 Ost 85371
vicinity of Gelendzhik | 77 | 27 November 1943 | 08:56 | Yak-1 | PQ 34 Ost 66641, northwest of Bakssz
east of Bulganak |
| 36 | 21 July 1943 | 04:32 | Yak-1 | PQ 34 Ost 88261
vicinity of Jalisawehino | 78 | 28 November 1943 | 08:42 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 66594
vicinity of Kamysch-Burun |
| 37 | 23 July 1943 | 17:40? | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 88424
20 km (12 mi) south of Jalisawehino | 79 | 28 November 1943 | 08:50 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 66732, east of Eltigen
vicinity of Tobetschik |
| 38 | 25 July 1943 | 07:44 | Yak-1 | PQ 34 Ost 98173
40 km (25 mi) southwest of Rovenki | 80 | 28 November 1943 | 11:40 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 66813, west of Taman
over sea, vicinity of Cape Tusla |
| 39 | 31 July 1943 | 06:14 | Il-2 | PQ 34 Ost 88232
30 km (19 mi) west-southwest of Rovenki | 81 | 1 December 1943 | 07:22 | Il-2 | PQ 34 Ost 66732, east of Eltigen
vicinity of Tobetschik |
| 40 | 2 August 1943 | 18:10 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 88621, northeast of Marinowka
vicinity of Jalisawehino | 82 | 1 December 1943 | 13:45 | Pe-2 | north of Eltigen |
| 41 | 7 August 1943 | 07:38 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 75233, Kijewskoje
west of Krymsk | 83 | 2 December 1943 | 14:20 | LaGG-3 | east of Eltigen |
| 42 | 7 August 1943 | 07:45 | Spitfire | PQ 34 Ost 76892, northeast of Kijewskoje
vicinity of Kijewskoje | 84 | 2 December 1943 | 14:26 | Il-2 m.H. | southeast of Eltigen |
| 43 | 7 August 1943 | 17:25 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 75261, Krymskaja
north of Nowo-Bakanskaja | 85 | 4 December 1943 | 07:08 | Il-2 m.H. | east of Eltigen |
| 44 | 9 August 1943 | 08:17 | Spitfire | PQ 34 Ost 75234, 5 km (3.1 mi) west of Moldawanskoje
vicinity of Krymsk | 86 | 4 December 1943 | 07:17 | LaGG-3 | south-southwest of Eltigen |
| 45 | 9 August 1943 | 08:22 | Yak-1 | PQ 34 Ost 75292, 4 km (2.5 mi) south of Nebershajewskaja
northeast of Noworossijsi | 87 | 4 December 1943 | 11:02 | Il-2 m.H. | southeast of Eltigen |
| 46 | 9 August 1943 | 08:25 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 75261, 8 km (5.0 mi) northeast of Moldawanskoje
north of Nowo-Bakanskaja | 88 | 4 December 1943 | 11:12 | Il-2 m.H. | southwest of Eltigen |
| 47 | 26 August 1943 | 15:42 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 76863, northwest of Kijewskoje
north of Kessjetowa | 89 | 5 December 1943 | 13:20 | P-39 | southwest of Eltigen |
| 48 | 26 August 1943 | 15:47 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 85114, north of Abinskaja
vicinity of Mertschanskaja | 90 | 8 December 1943 | 13:53 | Il-2 m.H. | south of Kolonka |
| 49 | 31 August 1943 | 12:14 | P-39 | PQ 34 Ost 88671
25 km (16 mi) west-northwest of Taganrog | 91 | 8 December 1943 | 13:59 | Il-2 | PQ 34 Ost 66671, east of Kerch |
| 50 | 6 September 1943 | 10:02 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 35 Ost 60174
vicinity west of Merefa | 92 | 11 December 1943 | 09:11 | Yak-1 | east of Eltigen
north of Taman |
| 51 | 7 September 1943 | 09:19 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 35 Ost 60522
20 km (12 mi) west of Andreyevka |  |  |  |  |  |
| – 5. *Staffel* of *Jagdgeschwader* 52 –
Eastern Front — 1 January – 31 August 1944 | | | | | | | | | |
| 93 | 4 January 1944 | 06:43 | Il-2 | Cape Khroni | 116 | 23 March 1944 | 07:03 | unknown | Cape Khroni |
| 94 | 9 January 1944 | 12:01 | P-39 | Adzhimushkay | 117♠ | 30 May 1944 | 10:35 | P-39 | vicinity of Iași
vicinity of Sulani |
| 95 | 9 January 1944 | 14:40 | LaGG-3 | PQ 66614
vicinity of Majak-Bakny | 118♠ | 30 May 1944 | 11:05 | P-39 | PQ 78642
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Tudora |
| 96 | 10 January 1944 | 09:45 | Il-2 | vicinity of Bulganak | 119♠ | 30 May 1944 | 13:50 | P-39 | vicinity of Iași
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Iași |
| 97 | 10 January 1944 | 11:50 | Yak-1 | vicinity of Grammatikowo | 120♠ | 30 May 1944 | 14:08 | P-39 | vicinity of Huși
8 km (5.0 mi) north of Iași |
| 98 | 11 January 1944 | 13:32 | LaGG-3 | Adzhimushkay | 121♠ | 30 May 1944 | 14:12 | P-39 | vicinity of Iași
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Iași |
| 99 | 12 January 1944 | 06:50 | Boston | PQ 66611
vicinity of Cape Khroni | 122♠ | 30 May 1944 | 14:41 | P-39 | PQ 78671
15 km (9.3 mi) north of Iași |
| 100 | 12 January 1944 | 13:46 | P-39 | Cape Tarchan | 123? | 30 May 1944 | 17:51 | Yak-1 | vicinity of Huși |
| 101 | 12 January 1944 | 14:06 | Il-2 | PQ 66614
vicinity of Majak-Bakny | 124♠ | 30 May 1944 | 17:52 | P-39 | PQ 78644
10 km (6.2 mi) north of Tudora |
| 102 | 13 January 1944 | 07:26 | Yak-1 | Adzhimushkay | 125 | 31 May 1944 | 04:12 | Yak-1 | PQ 78674
8 km (5.0 mi) north of Iași |
| 103 | 17 January 1944 | 10:40 | P-39 | Cape Tarchan | 126 | 31 May 1944 | 12:45 | P-39 | PQ 78673
15 km (9.3 mi) north of Iași |
| 104 | 19 January 1944 | 12:10 | Il-2 | PQ 66642
Majak | 127 | 2 June 1944 | 09:03 | Boston | PQ 78634
15 km (9.3 mi) northwest of Iași |
| 105 | 23 January 1944 | 06:47 | Il-2 | PQ 66652
Malikut | 128 | 2 June 1944 | 13:50 | Il-2 | PQ 78732
15 km (9.3 mi) northwest of Iași |
| 106 | 25 January 1944 | 12:37 | Boston | PQ 66673
Kossa Tulsa | 129 | 27 June 1944 | 04:48? | Yak-7 | PQ 7924 |
| 107 | 28 January 1944 | 12:07 | Yak-1 | north of Kerch | 130 | 4 August 1944 | 11:20 | Il-2 | PQ 11595
15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Mielec |
| 108 | 28 January 1944 | 15:01 | Il-2 | vicinity of Kerch | 131 | 5 August 1944 | 11:05 | P-39 | PQ 11644
vicinity of Mielec |
| 109 | 5 February 1944 | 06:26 | P-39 | vicinity of Kerch | 132 | 21 August 1944 | 18:40 | La-5 | 20 km (12 mi) northeast of Leipzig |
| 110 | 7 February 1944 | 06:56 | P-39 | vicinity of Bulganak | 133 | 22 August 1944 | 07:16 | La-5? | PQ 97524
30 km (19 mi) east-northeast of Leipzig |
| 111 | 7 February 1944 | 13:28? | Yak-1 | PQ 66673
vicinity of Kossa Tulsa | 134 | 22 August 1944 | 13:25 | Yak-7 | PQ 87662
25 km (16 mi) east-northeast of Szekszárd |
| 112 | 10 February 1944 | 08:00 | Yak-9 | PQ 66514
west of Dsheilaw | 135 | 23 August 1944 | 17:26 | Yak-7 | PQ 87828
20 km (12 mi) near Leipzig |
| 113 | 14 March 1944 | 12:55 | Pe-2 | PQ 47793
30 km (19 mi) southwest of Genitschek |  | 31 August 1944 |  | P-51 | vicinity of Luieriu (Lövér) |
| 114 | 22 March 1944 | 10:55 | Yak-7 | Cape Tarchan |  | 31 August 1944 |  | P-51 | vicinity of Luieriu (Lövér) |
| 115 | 22 March 1944 | 11:00 | Yak-7 | Adzhimushkay |  | 31 August 1944 |  | P-51 | vicinity of Luieriu (Lövér) |

### Awards

### Citations

1. Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
2. Obermaier 1989, p. 111.
3. Prien et al. 2006, pp. 475, 502.
4. Prien et al. 2006, p. 475.
5. Prien et al. 2006, p. 452.
6. Prien et al. 2006, p. 458.
7. Barbas 2005, p. 108.
8. Prien et al. 2006, pp. 462, 490.
9. Barbas 2005, pp. 108–110.
10. Barbas 2005, p. 335.
11. Barbas 2005, pp. 336–337.
12. Barbas 2005, pp. 110–111.
13. Barbas 2005, pp. 112, 338.
14. Barbas 2005, pp. 114, 340.
15. Barbas 2005, p. 124.
16. Barbas 2005, p. 341.
17. Prien et al. 2012, p. 375.
18. Barbas 2005, p. 286.
19. Barbas 2005, p. 346.
20. Barbas 2005, pp. 128, 346–347.
21. Barbas 2005, p. 129.
22. Barbas 2005, pp. 130–131.
23. Barbas 2005, p. 288.
24. Barbas 2005, p. 132.
25. Barbas 2005, pp. 133, 351–352.
26. Barbas 2005, p. 134.
27. Barbas 2005, p. 135.
28. Barbas 2005, pp. 135, 152.
29. Barbas 2005, p. 153.
30. Barbas 2005, p. 358.
31. Page 2020, p. 89.
32. Obermaier 1989, p. 243.
33. Schreier 1990, p. 178.
34. Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 319.
35. Bergström 2008, p. 46.
36. Barbas 2005, p. 158.
37. Weal 2001, p. 75.
38. Barbas 2005, p. 163.
39. Barbas 2005, p. 366.
40. Bergström 2008, p. 55.
41. Barbas 2005, p. 321.
42. Barbas 2005, p. 170.
43. Barbas 2005, p. 368.
44. Barbas 2005, p. 322.
45. Weal 2001, p. 80.
46. Weal 2004, p. 112.
47. Dixon 2023, p. 80.
48. Zabecki 2019, p. 329.
49. Spick 1996, p. 230.
50. Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 319–322.
51. *Planquadrat*.
52. Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 320.
53. Prien et al. 2006, p. 490.
54. Prien et al. 2006, p. 497.
55. Prien et al. 2006, p. 491.
56. Prien et al. 2006, p. 498.
57. Prien et al. 2006, p. 492.
58. Prien et al. 2006, p. 494.
59. Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 320–321.
60. Prien et al. 2012, p. 378.
61. Prien et al. 2012, p. 389.
62. Prien et al. 2012, p. 390.
63. Prien et al. 2012, p. 379.
64. Prien et al. 2012, p. 382.
65. Prien et al. 2012, p. 391.
66. Prien et al. 2012, p. 383.
67. Prien et al. 2012, p. 384.
68. Prien et al. 2012, p. 392.
69. Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 321.
70. Prien et al. 2012, p. 385.
71. Prien et al. 2012, p. 393.
72. Prien et al. 2012, p. 386.
73. Prien et al. 2012, p. 387.
74. Prien et al. 2012, p. 394.
75. Prien et al. 2012, p. 388.
76. Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 321–322.
77. Barbas 2005, p. 361.
78. Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 322.
79. Barbas 2005, p. 367.
80. Barbas 2005, p. 359.
81. Dixon 2023, pp. 79–80.
82. Patzwall 2008, p. 78.
83. Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 118.
84. Fellgiebel 2000, pp. 183, 490.
85. Scherzer 2007, p. 313.

### Bibliography

* Barbas, Bernd (2005). *Die Geschichte der II. Gruppe des Jagdgeschwaders 52* \[*The History of 2nd Group of Fighter Wing 52*\] (in German). ISBN 978-3-923457-71-7.
* Bergström, Christer \[in Swedish\]; Antipov, Vlad; Sundin, Claes (2003). *Graf & Grislawski – A Pair of Aces*. Hamilton MT: Eagle Editions. ISBN 978-0-9721060-4-7.
* Bergström, Christer \[in Swedish\] (2008). *Bagration to Berlin – The Final Air Battles in the East: 1944–1945*. Ian Allan. ISBN 978-1-903223-91-8.
* Bergström, Christer \[in Swedish\]. "Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website". *Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat*. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
* Dixon, Jeremy (2023). *Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe: Knight's Cross Holders 1943–1945*. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-39903-073-1.
* Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer \[in German\] (2000) \[1986\]. *Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile* \[*The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches*\] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
* Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2014). *Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 1 A–F*. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-18-9.
* Obermaier, Ernst (1989). *Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945* \[*The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945*\] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
* Page, Neil (2020). *Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe 1943–45*. Philadelphia, PA: Casemate Publishers. ISBN 978-1-61200-879-0.
* Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). *Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II* \[*The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2*\] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.
* Patzwall, Klaus D. (2008). *Der Ehrenpokal für besondere Leistung im Luftkrieg* \[*The Honor Goblet for Outstanding Achievement in the Air War*\] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-08-3.
* Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2006). *Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/II—Vom Sommerfeldzug 1942 bis zur Niederlage von Stalingrad—1.5.1942 bis 3.2.1943* \[*The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/II—From the 1942 Summer Campaign to the Defeat at Stalingrad—1 May 1942 to 3 February 1943*\] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-77-9.
* Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2012). *Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 12/II—Einsatz im Osten—4.2. bis 31.12.1943* \[*The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 12/II—Action in the East—4 February to 31 December 1943*\] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Buchverlag Rogge. ISBN 978-3-942943-05-5.
* Scherzer, Veit (2007). *Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives* \[*The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives*\] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
* Schreier, Hans (1990). *JG 52 Das erfolgreichste Jagdgeschwader des 2. Weltkriegs* \[*JG 52 The Most Successful Fighter Wing of World War II*\] (in German). Berg am See: K. Vowinckel. ISBN 978-3-921655-66-5.
* Spick, Mike (1996). *Luftwaffe Fighter Aces: The Jadgflieger and their Combat Tactics and Techniques*. New York: Ivy Books. ISBN 978-0-8041-1696-1.
* Weal, John (2001). *Bf 109 Aces of the Russian Front*. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 37. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-084-1.
* Weal, John (2004). *Jagdgeschwader 52: The Experten*. Aviation Elite Units. Vol. 15. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-786-4.
* Zabecki, David T., ed. (2019). *The German War Machine in World War II*. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-44-086918-1.

## InfoBox

| Otto Fönnekold | |
| --- | --- |
| Fönnekold as a *Leutnant* | |
| Born | (1920-02-15)15 February 1920
Hamburg |
| Died | 31 August 1944(1944-08-31) (aged 24)
Ssaß-Budak, Siebenbürgen |
| Cause of death | Killed in action |
|  | |
| Allegiance | Nazi Germany |
| Service/branch | Luftwaffe |
| Years of service | 1939–1944 |
| Rank | *Oberleutnant* (first lieutenant) |
| Unit | JG 52 |
| Commands | 5./JG 52 |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
| Awards | Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross |


title: Paula Hertwig

abstract: Paula Hertwig was a German biologist and politician. Her research focused on radiation health effects. Hertwig was the first woman to habilitate at the then Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Berlin in the field of zoology. She was also the first biologist at a German university. Hertwig is one of the founders of radiation genetics alongside Emmy Stein. Hertwig-Weyers syndrome, which describes oligodactyly in humans as a result of radiation exposure, is named after her and her colleague, Helmut Weyers.

text:
# Paula Hertwig

**Paula Hertwig** (11 October 1889 – 31 March 1983) was a German biologist and politician. Her research focused on radiation health effects. Hertwig was the first woman to habilitate at the then Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Berlin (now Humboldt University of Berlin) in the field of zoology. She was also the first biologist at a German university. Hertwig is one of the founders of radiation genetics alongside Emmy Stein. Hertwig-Weyers syndrome, which describes oligodactyly in humans as a result of radiation exposure, is named after her and her colleague, Helmut Weyers.

## Biography

Paula Julie Elisabeth Hertwig was born in Berlin on 11 October 1889. She was the daughter of Oscar Hertwig, a university professor; sister of the anatomist, Günther Hertwig; and niece of the zoologist, Richard Hertwig. She graduated from high school in 1908, at the Realgymnasium. She studied zoology, botany, and chemistry at the University of Berlin, medical PhD. After that she was an assistant at the Anatomical-Biological Institute of the University of Berlin.

From 1916 to 1921, Hertwig was an unpaid zoology assistant in her father's Anatomical Institute. She habilitated in 1919, as the first woman at the then Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Berlin (now Humboldt University of Berlin) in the field of zoology. Afterwards, she was a Privatdozentin for General Biology and Heredity at this institute. In 1921, she was also appointed as an assistant to the Institute for heredity and breeding research of the Agricultural College, where she worked for Erwin Baur. From 1927 to 1945, she was associate professor of genetics at the Biological-Anatomical Institute of the Medical Faculty of the University of Berlin. As the first biologist at a German university, she taught biology there for medical students. In 1940, she was appointed Head of the Zoological Department of the Institute of Inheritance.

Hertwig, who belonged to the German Democratic Party, was elected in 1932 as Member of Parliament in the Prussian Landtag and in February 1933 again as a deputy in the last Prussian Landtag.

In the period of Nazi Germany in 1937, she was a member of the National Socialist German Lecturers League, but did not join the Nazi Party. From 1937, she worked with the Max Planck Institute for Brain Research and became a secretary of the *Deutschen Gesellschaft für Vererbungswissenschaft* (German Society of Inheritance). From 1939, she also worked as a research assistant at the Institute of Heredity and Breeding Research of the University of Berlin in Zehlendorf. In the years 1941 to 1942, she participated in the DFG research project Erbschädigungsprobuche on mice.

In May 1945, she received a call to the Faculty of Medicine of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, where in 1948, she became professor of General Biology and Heredity. At the founding congress of the Democratic Women's League of Germany (DFD) in March 1947, she was elected a member of the Federal Executive Committee. From 1947 to 1948, she was chair of the state association Saxony-Anhalt of the DFD; and from March 1948 to March 1949, a member of the 1st People's Council in the Soviet occupation zone (SBZ).

In 1953, she was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. Since 1955, she was a member of the Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities. In 1956, she was awarded the National Prize of the German Democratic Republic and the Patriotic Order of Merit in bronze, and in 1959, the title of Outstanding Scientist of the People. The following year she retired.

In 1972, Hertwig moved to Villingen-Schwenningen in the Black Forest. In June of the same year, the Faculty of Medicine of Heidelberg University awarded her an honorary doctorate.

Hertwig is one of the founders of radiation genetics alongside Emmy Stein. Hertwig-Weyers syndrome, which describes oligodactyly in humans as a result of radiation exposure, is named after her and her colleague, Helmut Weyers.

Hertwig died in Villingen-Schwenningen on 31 March 1983.

## Selected works

* *Durch Radiumbestrahlung verursachte Entwicklung von halbkernigen Triton- und Fischembryonen*, 1916
* *Ein neuer Fall von multiplen Allelomorphismus bei Antirrhinum*, 1926
* *Handbuch der Vererbungswissenschaft. III, A. u. C, Partielle Keimesschädigungen durch RAdium und Röntgenstrahlen*, 1927
* *Die genetischen Grundlagen der Röntgenmutation*, 1932
* *Energiehaushalt: besondere Einflüsse auf Ernährung und Stoffwechsel*, 1932
* *Die künstliche Erzeugung von Mutationen und ihre theoretischen und praktischen Auswirkungen*, 1932
* *Handbuch der Ernahrung und des Stoffwechsels der Landwirtschaftlichen Nutztiere als Grundlagen der Futterungslehre. 4, Energiehaushalt. besondere Einflusse auf Ernahrung und Stoffwechsel*, 1932
* *Geschlechtsgebundene und autosomale Koppelungen bei Hühnern*, 1933
* *Deutsche Gesellschaft Vererbungswissenschaft: Bericht über die ... Jahresversammlung Im Auftrage der Gesellschaft herausgegeben von Paula Hertwig.*, 1934
* *Erbanlage und Umwelt*, 1934
* *Der Alkohol in seiner Wirkung auf die Fortpflanzungszellen*, 1935
* *Artbastarde bei Tieren*, 1936
* *Handbuch der Vererbungswissenschaft*, 1936
* *Strahlenschäden und Strahlenschutz im zellulären Bereich*, 1957
* *Anpassung, Vererbung und Evolution.*, 1959
* *Differences in the development capabilities of F₁ mice after x-raying of spermatogoniia and mature and immature spermatozoa*, 1959

### Bibliography

* Gerstengarbe, Sybille: Paula Hertwig: Geneticist in the 20th century; a search for clues (series Acta Historica Leopoldina), Stuttgart: Scientific Publishing Society 2012, ISBN 978-3-8047-3030-4.
* Harwood, Jonathan (March 1993). *Styles of Scientific Thought: The German Genetics Community, 1900-1933*. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31881-3.
* Herbst, Andreas (ed.), Winfried Ranke, Jürgen Winkler: That's how the GDR worked. Volume 1: Encyclopedia of Organizations and Institutions, Departmental Union Leadership, League for International Friendships (= rororo Manual, Vol. 6348). Rowohlt, Reinbek at Hamburg 1994, ISBN 3-499-16348-9, p 190.

## InfoBox

| Paula Herwig | |
| --- | --- |
| Herwig in 1947 | |
| Born | (1889-10-11)11 October 1889
Berlin |
| Died | 31 March 1983(1983-03-31) (aged 93)
Villingen-Schwenningen |
| Nationality | German |
| Citizenship | Nazi Germany, East Germany |
| Alma mater | University of Berlin |
| Occupation(s) | Biologist, politician |
| Known for | Hertwig-Weyers syndrome |
| Political party | German Democratic Party |
| Awards | National Prize of the German Democratic Republic
Patriotic Order of Merit |


title: Uchchhishta Ganapathy Temple

abstract: Uchchhishta Ganapathy Temple is an Uchchhishta Ganapati temple situated in Tirunelveli in the State of Tamil Nadu, in India. It is said to be the biggest Vinayagar temple in Asia.

text:
# Uchchhishta Ganapathy Temple

**Uchchhishta Ganapathy Temple** is an Uchchhishta Ganapati temple situated in Tirunelveli in the State of Tamil Nadu, in India. It is said to be the biggest Vinayagar temple in Asia.

## Location

It is located at an altitude of about 84 m above the mean sea level with the geographic coordinates of 8°44′35″N 77°43′09″E / 8.7431°N 77.7193°E / 8.7431; 77.7193. It is situated on the banks of river Tamirabharani, in the neighbourhood of Manimoortheeswaram, just 2 km away from Tirunelveli Junction railway station.

## Other deities

Nellaiappar, Gandhimathi Amman, Subramaniyar with his consorts Valli and Deivanai, Dakshinamurthy, Chandikeswarar, Swarna Akarshana Bhairavar, Sage Patanjali, Sage Vyagrabathar and 31 forms of Ganesha are the other deities found in this temple with the main deity Uchchhishta Ganapathy.

## Festivals

Vinayagar Chaturdi is celebrated every year for ten days. In this 1,000 year old temple, in the year 2023, Vinayagar Chaturdi was celebrated on 2023-09-18 in a grand manner.

## Maintenance

This temple, also known as Moorthi Vinayagar temple, is maintained under the control of the Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department of Government of Tamil Nadu.

https://www.visittemples.com/hindu/uchishtaganapathitemplemanimoortheeswaramthirunelvelitamilnadu

https://www.visittemples.com

## InfoBox

| Uchchhishta Ganapathy Temple | |
| --- | --- |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Hinduism |
| District | Tirunelveli |
| Deity | Uchchhishta Ganapati |
| Festivals | Vinayagar Chadhurthi (10 days),<br>Tamil New Year Day |
| Location | |
| Location | Tirunelveli |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| Country | India |
| Uchchhishta Ganapathy Temple, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India | |
| Geographic coordinates | 8°44′35.16″N 77°43′09.48″E / 8.7431000°N 77.7193000°E / 8.7431000; 77.7193000 |
| Architecture | |
| Type | Dravidian architecture |
| Completed | 1,000 years old |
| Specifications | |
| Temple(s) | One |
| Elevation | 84 m (276 ft) |


# List of companies based in Hayward, California

This is a list of current and former companies operating in, or based in, Hayward, California. Significant local divisions of national and international companies are included, as are local businesses. Former companies that have closed, been acquired by other companies, or moved are also listed. Other economically or culturally important institutions, such as shopping malls, colleges, and nonprofit organizations, are included.

## Retail

Southland Mall is the largest shopping center in Hayward. It houses the anchor department stores Sears, Kohl's and Macy's, and other retailers. In addition to a Target store at the Skywest Commons mall, the city's major retailers include Home Depot and Office Depot. A Costco Business Center is located there.

## Manufacturing

Hayward has a large number of manufacturing businesses and corporate headquarters, including high-tech companies, and is considered part of a northern extension of Silicon Valley. (Companies manufacturing in Hayward are in bold text.)

* **Simms' Custom Cycles**, founded by legendary custom motorcycle builder Ron Simms
* Simple Wave, the creator of the Calibowl spill free bowl
* **Sugar Bowl Bakery**, founded in 1984 in San Francisco, facilities consolidated in Hayward from locations in Hayward and San Francisco
* **Ultra Clean Technology**, has operated its headquarters, and one of its manufacturing plants, out of Hayward since 2008, having moved there from Palo Alto
* US Boba Company, first U.S. company to make bubble tea tapioca balls

## Other

## Nonprofits

## Top employers

### 2014

According to the city's 2014 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city, representing 6.5% of total city employment, were:

| # | Employer | \# of employees |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Hayward Unified School District | 2500 |
| 2 | California State University, East Bay | 1447 |
| 3 | Kaiser Permanente | 1200 |
| 4 | City of Hayward† | 845 |
| 5 | St. Rose Hospital | 842 |
| 6 | Gillig | 700 |
| 7 | Impax Laboratories | 700 |
| 8 | Chabot College | 600 |
| 9 | Manheim Auctions (AKA Bay Cities Auto) | 500 |
| 10 | Marelich Mechanical | 500 |

### 2013

According to the city's 2013 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city, representing 8.2% of total city employment, were:

| # | Employer | \# of employees |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Kaiser Permanente | 2,500 |
| 2 | California State University, East Bay | 2,207 |
| 3 | Hayward Unified School District | 2200 |
| 4 | Alameda County | 1200 |
| 5 | City of Hayward† | 800 |
| 6 | Gillig | 700 |
| 7 | St. Rose Hospital | 700 |
| 8 | Pentagon Technologies | 650 |
| 9 | Berkeley Farms | 600 |
| 10 | Impax Laboratories | 594 |

### 2012

According to the city's 2012 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city, representing 6.8% of total city employment, were:

| # | Employer | \# of employees |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Hayward Unified School District | 2,200 |
| 2 | California State University, East Bay | 1880 |
| 3 | Kaiser Permanente | 1200 |
| 4 | Alameda County | 1114 |
| 5 | St. Rose Hospital | 842 |
| 6 | City of Hayward† | 786 |
| 7 | Gillig | 700 |
| 8 | Chabot College | 494 |
| 9 | Kobe Precision | 450 |
| 10 | Plastikon† | 400 |

### 2011

According to the city's 2011 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city, representing 8% of total city employment, were:

| # | Employer | \# of employees |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Kaiser Permanente | 2,200 |
| 2 | Alameda County | 2,000 |
| 3 | Hayward Unified School District | 1981 |
| 4 | California State University, East Bay | 1500 |
| 5 | St. Rose Hospital | 1065 |
| 6 | City of Hayward† | 812 |
| 7 | Gillig | 600 |
| 8 | Chabot College | 615 |
| 9 | Kobe Precision | 450 |
| 10 | Plastikon | 400 |

### 2010

According to the city's 2010 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city that year, representing 7% of total city employment, were:

| # | Employer | \# of employees |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Hayward Unified School District | 2,500 |
| 2 | California State University, East Bay | 1,447 |
| 3 | Kaiser Permanente | 1,200 |
| 4 | City of Hayward† | 845 |
| 5 | St. Rose Hospital | 842 |
| 6 | Gillig | 700 |
| 7 | Chabot College | 600 |
| 8 | Marelich Mechanical | 500 |
| 9 | Bay Cities Auto Auction | 500 |
| 10 | Kobe Precision | 450 |
| 11 | Injex Industries† | 425 |
| 12 | Pepsi Beverages Company/Bottling Group | 400 |
| 13 | Alameda Newspaper Group | 300 |

### 2009

According to the City's 2009 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city that year were:

| # | Employer | \# of employees |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Hayward Unified School District | 1,776 |
| 2 | California State University, East Bay | 1,600 |
| 3 | Kaiser Permanente | 1,200 |
| 4 | City of Hayward† | 1,178 |
| 5 | St. Rose Hospital | 842 |
| 6 | Gillig | 700 |
| 7 | Chabot College | 615 |
| 8 | Marelich Mechanical | 500 |
| 9 | Manheim Auctions (AKA Bay Cities Auto) | 500 |
| 10 | Kobe Precision | 450 |
| 11 | Alameda Newspaper Group | 425 |
| 12 | Pepsi Beverages Company | 400 |
| 13 | Injex Industries† | 375 |

† indicates employers wholly located or headquartered in Hayward

Two businesses which had significant employment in fiscal year 2000–2001, Mervyns (2,000), and Pacific Bell (940), no longer operate in Hayward.

## Former businesses

### Hunt Brothers Cannery

The economy of Hayward in the first half of the twentieth century was based largely on the Hunt Brothers Cannery. It was opened in Hayward in 1895 by brothers William and Joseph Hunt, who were fruit packers originally from Sebastopol, California. The Hunts initially packed local fruit, including cherries, peaches, and apricots, then added tomatoes, which became the mainstay of their business. At its height in the 1960s and 1970s, Hunt's operated three canneries in Hayward, at A, B, and C Streets; an adjacent can-making company; a pickling factory; and a glass manufacturing plant. From the 1890s until its closure in 1981, Hunt's employed a large percentage of the local population. The air around Hayward was permeated by the smell of tomatoes for three months of each year, during the canning season. The canneries closed in 1981, as there were no longer enough produce fields or fruit orchards near the cannery to make it economically viable. Much of the production was moved to the Sacramento Valley. The location of the former canneries is marked by a historic water tower with the Hayward logo. A housing development now occupies much of the former cannery site.

### Other former businesses

Much of the Bay coastal territory of Hayward was turned into salt ponds, with Oliver Salt and Leslie Salt operating there. Much of this land has in recent years been returned to salt marshes. A 1983 image of the ponds appears on a 2012 US postage stamp.


title: Vincenzo Mazza

abstract: Vincenzo Mazza was an Italian painter and scenic designer for theaters, mainly in his native Bologna. In 1788, he served as principe of Accademia Clementina. He served as architetto teatrale for the Teatro Pubblico of Bologna. As a scenic designer for Bolognese theaters, he also worked in a sphere that included Antonio Bibiena, Raimondo Compangnini, Vincenzo Martinelli, Paolo Dardani, Gaetano Alemani, Vicenzo Conti, and Mauro Braccioli.

text:
# Vincenzo Mazza

**Vincenzo Mazza** (c 17481790) was an Italian painter and scenic designer for theaters, mainly in his native Bologna. In 1788, he served as principe of Accademia Clementina. He served as architetto teatrale for the Teatro Pubblico of Bologna.

As a scenic designer for Bolognese theaters, he also worked in a sphere that included Antonio Bibiena, Raimondo Compangnini, Vincenzo Martinelli, Paolo Dardani, Gaetano Alemani, Vicenzo Conti, and Mauro Braccioli.


abstract: Part of the Occupy movement that started as Occupy Wall Street, the Occupy movement in California has had several protests which have reached mainstream media for their involvement including: Occupy Oakland, Occupy San Francisco, Occupy San Jose and Occupy Sacramento. Several universities took part in the protests as well, including notable protests Occupy UC Davis and Occupy Cal. Below are some of the protest locations in California within the larger list of locations in the United States. It is the state with the most community protests, manifesting in over 50 cities and also on many college campuses.

text:
# List of Occupy movement protest locations in California

Part of the Occupy movement that started as Occupy Wall Street, the **Occupy movement in California** has had several protests which have reached mainstream media for their involvement including: Occupy Oakland, Occupy San Francisco, Occupy San Jose and Occupy Sacramento. Several universities took part in the protests as well, including notable protests Occupy UC Davis and Occupy Cal. Below are some of the protest locations in California within the larger list of locations in the United States. It is the state with the most community protests, manifesting in over 50 cities and also on many college campuses.

## List

| City | Date protest
began | Larger
crowd
size
estimates | Refs | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Alameda |  |  |  |  |
| Amador County |  |  |  |  |
| Anaheim | Oct. 7, 2011 | 75 |  |  |
| Arcata | Oct. 7, 2011 |  |  |  |
| Auburn | Nov. 17, 2011 | 150 |  | Placer 99% on Facebook |
| Bakersfield | Oct. 7, 2011 |  |  |  |
| Berkeley | Oct. 8, 2011 |  |  | Occupy Berkeley as well as Occupy Cal and Occupy the Farm at University of California, Berkeley |
| Camarillo | Oct. 5, 2011 |  |  |  |
| Chico |  |  |  |  |
| Coachella Valley | Oct. 11, 2011 |  |  |  |
| Culver City |  |  |  |  |
| Davis |  | 5,000 |  | Occupy Davis and Occupy UC Davis at the University of California, Davis |
| Encinitas | Oct. 15, 2011 |  |  |  |
| Escondido | Nov. 5, 2011 |  |  |  |
| Eureka | Oct. 13, 2011 |  |  |  |
| Fontana |  |  |  |  |
| Fresno | Oct. 15, 2011 |  |  |  |
| Gilroy |  |  |  |  |
| Grass Valley |  |  |  |  |
| Half Moon Bay | Oct. 4, 2011 |  |  |  |
| Huntington Beach | Mar. 9, 2012 | 20 |  | Vandalized bank building. |
| Irvine | Oct. 15, 2011 | 1200 |  | Continuous 24-hour presence since 10/15; continuous 24-hour encampment since 10/25; also protests at UCI |
| Lompoc | Oct. 15, 2011 |  |  |  |
| Long Beach | Oct. 15, 2011 |  |  |  |
| Los Angeles | Oct. 1, 2011 |  |  | Occupy Los Angeles; Cost to city: $200,000 |
| Marysville |  |  |  |  |
| Merced | Oct. 15, 2011 |  |  |  |
| Monterey | Oct. 15, 2011 |  |  |  |
| Nevada City |  |  |  |  |
| Oakland |  | 50,000 |  | Occupy Oakland (Timeline of Occupy Oakland); This Occupy, like many others in urban areas, was victim to a lot of police violence. However, at this Occupy, a protestor, Scott Olsen, was non-fatally shot in the head by police. Cost to city: $2.4 million |
| Ojai |  |  |
 |  |
| Oxnard | Oct. 15, 2011 |  |  |  |
| Palo Alto |  |  |  | Including a protest movement at Stanford University |
| Pasadena |  |  |  | Occupy Rose Parade (a separate protest from Occupy Pasadena) |
| Petaluma | Oct. 29, 2011 |  |  |  |
| Redding | Oct. 6, 2011 |  |  |  |
| Redlands |  |  |  |  |
| Redwood City | Oct. 28, 2011 |  |  |  |
| Riverside | Oct. 15, 2011 |  |  |  |
| Sacramento | Oct. 7, 2011 |  |  | Occupy Sacramento |
| Salinas | Oct. 15, 2011 |  |  |  |
| San Diego | Oct. 7, 2011 |  |  | Occupy San Diego |
| San Francisco | Sept. 17, 2011 |  |  | Occupy San Francisco |
| San Jose |  |  |  | Occupy San Jose |
| San Luis Obispo | Oct. 5, 2011 |  |  |  |
| San Marino | Oct. 5, 2011 |  |  |  |
| San Rafael |  |  |  |  |
| Santa Ana | Oct. 22, 2011 |  |  |  |
| Santa Barbara | Oct. 8, 2011 |  |  |  |
| Santa Cruz | Oct. 6, 2011 |  |  | Including protest at University of California, Santa Cruz |
| Santa Maria | Oct. 15, 2011 |  |  |  |
| Santa Monica College |  |  |  |  |
| Santa Rosa | Oct. 15, 2011 |  |  |  |
| Sebastopol |  |  |  |  |
| Stockton | Oct. 12, 2011 |  |  |  |
| Temecula | Oct. 15, 2011 |  |  |  |
| Torrance | Oct. 15, 2011 |  |  |  |
| Van Nuys | Oct. 28, 2011 |  |  |  |
| Venice | Oct. 9, 2011 |  |  |  |
| Ventura | Oct. 14, 2011 |  |  |  |


title: Love to Hate You (TV series)

abstract: Love to Hate You (Korean: 연애대전) is a 2023 South Korean romantic comedy television series written by Choi Soo-young, directed by Kim Jung-kwon, and starring Kim Ok-vin, Teo Yoo, Kim Ji-hoon and Go Won-hee. It was released on Netflix on February 10, 2023.

text:
# Love to Hate You (TV series)

***Love to Hate You*** (Korean: 연애대전) is a 2023 South Korean romantic comedy television series written by Choi Soo-young, directed by Kim Jung-kwon, and starring Kim Ok-vin, Teo Yoo, Kim Ji-hoon and Go Won-hee. It was released on Netflix on February 10, 2023.

## Synopsis

Yeo Mi-ran (Kim Ok-vin) is a free-spirited lawyer with a strong interest in social justice, especially when it relates to women. She enjoys sex, but has a low opinion of men and is not afraid to use her martial arts skills to beat up the bad guys. A change of circumstances forces her to take up a job in a big male-dominated law firm which specialises in sorting out celebrities' scandals. One of its clients is Nam Kang-ho (Teo Yoo), a big star of romantic movies who has an aversion to women. Mi-ran overhears Kang-ho making angry misogynistic remarks about women labeling them as nothing more than gold diggers and she adds him to her personal database of jerks. She has a hunch that he's up to no good with a schoolgirl and schemes to get close to him to find evidence exposing his nefarious deeds and bring him down...

## Cast

### Main

* Kim Ok-vin as Yeo Mi-ran, a new lawyer at Gilmu, an entertainment law firm
* Teo Yoo as Nam Kang-ho, Korea's top actor
* Kim Ji-hoon as Do Won-jun, who gave up his dream of becoming an actor to start a management business and guided Nam Kang-ho's career
* Go Won-hee as Shin Na-eun, Yeo Mi-ran's housemate and close friend

### Supporting

* Lee Joo-bin as Oh Se-na, Nam Kang-ho's first love, who is called "the nation's first love"
* Kim Sung-ryung as Choi Soo-jin
* Song Ji-woo as Hwang Ji-ye, a rookie actress acting alongside Nam Kang-ho
* Han Seo-jun as Yoon Sang-seop, a manager of Nam Kang-ho
* Choi Yoon-so as Grace
* Jeon Shin-hwan as Lee Jin-seo, Yeo Mi-ran's ex-boyfriend
* Kim Ye-ryeong as Kim Eun-hee, Mi-ran's and Dae-jun's mother
* Kim Do-yeon as drama series director
* Jo Seung-hee as Kim Ji-woo
* Tak Aeon as a stuntman

### Special appearance

## Production

On November 4, 2021, Netflix announced their new series *Love to Hate You* with Kim Ok-vin as Yeo Mi-ran, an entertainment lawyer, and Teo Yoo as Nam Kang-ho, Korea's top actor, who hates dating. The series would be directed by Kim Jung-kwon, written by Choi Soo-young, and produced by Binge Works, a subsidiary of Studio S. On November 15, 2021, Go Won-hee joined the cast.

This series marks the reunion of Kim Ji-hoon and Lee Joo-bin after working together in Money Heist: Korea – Joint Economic Area.

## Episodes

| No. | Title | Original release date |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Bad Girl" | February 10, 2023 (2023-02-10) |
| 2 | "Bad Boy" | February 10, 2023 (2023-02-10) |
| 3 | "Nice Guys Get a Pass Bad Boys Have It Coming" | February 10, 2023 (2023-02-10) |
| 4 | "You Are Not What I Expected" | February 10, 2023 (2023-02-10) |
| 5 | "Love is Just an Experiment, Life is the Real Thing" | February 10, 2023 (2023-02-10) |
| 6 | "Femme Fatale vs Homme Fatale" | February 10, 2023 (2023-02-10) |
| 7 | "Trigonometry: The Love Triangle Edition" | February 10, 2023 (2023-02-10) |
| 8 | "The Way You Change Me" | February 10, 2023 (2023-02-10) |
| 9 | "You Made Me Who I Am" | February 10, 2023 (2023-02-10) |
| 10 | "A Passionate Goodbye" | February 10, 2023 (2023-02-10) |

## Release

The series premiered on Netflix on February 10, 2023, and was available for streaming worldwide.

## Original soundtrack

### Part 1

Released on February 6, 2023
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Artist | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Sweet Dream" | Howl | * Park Geun-cheol * Jeong Su-min | Miyeon and Yuqi ((G)I-dle) | 3:39 |
| 2. | "Sweet Dream" (Inst.) |  | * Park Geun-cheol * Jeong Su-min |  | 3:39 |
| Total length: | | | | | 7:18 |

### Part 2

Released on February 9, 2023
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Artist | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Lovey Dovey" | Howl | * Park Geun-cheol * Jeong Su-min | Taeil (NCT) | 3:24 |
| 2. | "Lovey Dovey" (Inst.) |  | * Park Geun-cheol * Jeong Su-min |  | 3:24 |
| Total length: | | | | | 6:48 |

### Part 3

Released on February 13, 2023
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Artist | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Love to Hate You" (그러니까 하고 싶은 내 말은) |  | * Big Naughty * Dani * Park Geun-cheol * Jeong Su-min | Big Naughty | 3:20 |
| 2. | "Love to Hate You" (그러니까 하고 싶은 내 말은; Inst.) |  | * Big Naughty * Dani * Park Geun-cheol * Jeong Su-min |  | 3:20 |
| Total length: | | | | | 6:40 |

### Part 4

Released on February 16, 2023
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Artist | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "The Moment" (너를 만난 순간) | Howl | * Park Geun-cheol * Jeong Su-min | Lily and Sullyoon (Nmixx) | 3:11 |
| 2. | "The Moment" (너를 만난 순간; Inst.) |  | * Park Geun-cheol * Jeong Su-min |  | 3:11 |
| Total length: | | | | | 6:22 |

## Reception

Reviewer Joel Keller of *Decider* wrote, "The plot of *Love To Hate You* is definitely contrived, but the story of Mi-ran and the performance of Kim Ok-vin makes the series very watchable."

## InfoBox

| *Love to Hate You* | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional poster | |
|  | |
| Hangul | 연애대전 |
| Hanja | 戀愛大戰 |
| Literal meaning | *Love Battle* |
| Revised Romanization | *Yeon-aedaejeon* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Yŏ-naedaejŏn* |
|  | |
| Genre | Romantic comedy |
| Written by | Choi Soo-young |
| Directed by | Kim Jung-kwon |
| Starring |  |
| Music by | Howl |
| Country of origin | South Korea |
| Original language | Korean |
| No. of episodes | 10 (list of episodes) |
| Production | |
| Producers | * Kim Dong-hyeon * Jeon Gyu-ah |
| Editor | Lee Yeong-rim |
| Running time | 44–63 minutes |
| Production company | Binge Works |
| Original release | |
| Network | Netflix |
| Release | February 10, 2023 (2023-02-10) |


title: Éric Lavaine

abstract: Éric Lavaine is a French film director and screenwriter.

text:
# Éric Lavaine

**Éric Lavaine** (born 1966) is a French film director and screenwriter.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Box Office | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1998–2002 |  | Writer & Art Director |  | TV series (59 episodes) |
| 2002 | *Le 17* | Director | | TV series (1 episode) |
| | *Faut-il ?* | Writer | | TV series (2 episodes) |
| 2006 | *Poltergay* | Director & writer | $4.1 million |  |
| 2009 | *Incognito* | | $10.5 million |  |
| 2010 | *Protéger & servir* | | $7 million |  |
| 2011 | *Bienvenue à bord* | | $12.8 million |  |
| 2014 | *Barbecue* | | $13.9 million |  |
| | *Le voyage de monsieur Perrichon* | |  | TV movie |
| 2016 | *Back to Mom's* | | $17.5 million |  |
| | *Les Beaux Malaises* | |  | TV series (1 episode) |
| 2017 | *L'embarras du choix* | | $3.1 million |  |
| 2021 | *Un tour chez ma fille* | | $3.1 million |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Éric Lavaine | |
| --- | --- |
| Lavaine in 2014 | |
| Born | 1966 (age 5758)<br>Paris, France |
| Occupation(s) | Film director, screenwriter |
| Years active | 1998–present |


title: Otto Frölicher

abstract: Otto Viktor Frölicher was a Swiss landscape painter.

text:
# Otto Frölicher

**Otto Viktor Frölicher** (5 June 1840 in Solothurn – 2 November 1890 in Munich) was a Swiss landscape painter.

## Life

His father worked for the local government. In 1859, he enrolled at the Academy of Fine Arts Munich, and became a student of landscape painting under Johann Gottfried Steffan. Four years later, he moved to Düsseldorf, where he came under the influence of Oswald Achenbach. After going home to Solothurn, he found that he was unable to earn a living as a painter there and returned to Munich and discovered a new influence, Adolf Heinrich Lier. In 1876, he travelled to Paris on the recommendation of Lier, but was not able to adapt to big city life and, a year later, returned to Munich which, at that time, had barely 200,000 people.

He was a member of several major artists' associations and served as a judge for exhibitions at the Glaspalast. Also, he was chairman of an organization devoted to the interests of Swiss artists residing in Munich.

At the age of thirty-nine, he suffered a bout with diphtheria, which left him in permanent ill-health. Later, he was diagnosed with cancer. Contemporary sources, however, give his cause of death as a "groin disease" (contracted while painting in the wild?) that led to jaundice.

## Selected paintings

## Further reading

* Roswitha Hohl-Schild: *Otto Frölicher. Ein Schweizer Maler des 19. Jahrhunderts auf der Suche nach seiner Landschaft.* Graduate thesis, University of Zürich, 1987.
* Hermann Uhde-Bernays: *Otto Frölicher. Sein Leben und Werk.* Biography. Schwabe, Basel 1922.
* Gottfried Wälchli: *Otto Frölicher 1840-1890.* Biography. Gassmann, Solothurn 1950.


title: Paul Dixon (entertainer)

abstract: Paul Dixon was a daytime television personality and talk show host in Cincinnati, Ohio. He began his career with radio shows in New York City and Chicago before being enticed to come to then-radio station WCPO in Cincinnati as a news reporter and announcer around 1945. He was chosen best newscaster in Cincinnati in 1947 after conducting an interview with men trapped in a collapsed downtown building. Eventually abandoning radio news in favor of entertainment, he spent his first few years in television as host of Paul Dixon's Song Shop, a three-hour daily show he co-hosted with Dottie Mack and Wanda Lewis pantomiming to records of the day. By 1954 his show was so popular that Dumont Television enticed Dixon to come to New York to do the show nationally. After a year a homesick Dixon returned to Cincinnati, and hired on at WLWT to host a new daytime TV show geared to housewives.

text:
# Paul Dixon (entertainer)

**Paul Dixon** (October 2, 1918 – December 28, 1974) was a daytime television personality and talk show host in Cincinnati, Ohio. He began his career with radio shows in New York City and Chicago before being enticed to come to then-radio station WCPO in Cincinnati as a news reporter and announcer around 1945. He was chosen best newscaster in Cincinnati in 1947 after conducting an interview with men trapped in a collapsed downtown building.

Eventually abandoning radio news in favor of entertainment, he spent his first few years in television as host of *Paul Dixon's Song Shop*, a three-hour daily show he co-hosted with Dottie Mack and Wanda Lewis pantomiming to records of the day. By 1954 his show was so popular that Dumont Television enticed Dixon to come to New York to do the show nationally. After a year a homesick Dixon returned to Cincinnati, and hired on at WLWT to host a new daytime TV show geared to housewives.

## Television

*The Paul Dixon Show*, after having aired on the DuMont network from September 29, 1952, to April 8, 1955, premiered on Cincinnati's WLWT in 1955. The show began as a half-hour program, but later expanded to 90 minutes with co-hosts Bonnie Lou and Colleen Sharp. Avco Broadcasting Corporation, who owned WLWT, syndicated Dixon's show in other markets where they owned TV stations, including Columbus and Dayton, Ohio and Indianapolis, Indiana. "Paul Baby", as he came to be known (the nickname was given him by a prop boy) had a breezy style and a sense of humor that appealed to housewives and others alike.

On Tuesday, March 11, 1969, he staged a wedding for two rubber chickens that had become longtime props on the show (they were mainly used for in-studio commercials for Kroger). Fellow Cincinnati TV personality Bob Braun appeared as Best Man, with Colleen Sharp and Bonnie Lou as Matrons of Honor. To this day the chicken wedding remains a significant piece of WLWT's (and Cincinnati's) television history. Former late night TV host David Letterman, who grew up in Indianapolis, cited Dixon's comedic talent as inspiration for his own antics.

## Author

Dixon wrote and published two books:

* *Paul Baby: Confessions of the Mayor of Kneesville* (1968)
* *Letters to Paul Baby* (1970), a compilation of Dixon's favorite fan mail.

## Personal life

Dixon was born Gregory Schleier in Earling, Iowa in 1918 to Katheryn and Henry Schleier. He started using his air name sometime in the mid-1940s and legally changed his own name to Paul and his family's name to Dixon in December 1951.

Dixon and his wife Marge had two children, Pamela and Greg. Dixon suffered his first heart attack in 1970, shortly after his son Greg was killed in a car accident, after which a grieving Dixon had to be helped on stage to do his show for a time. Personal complications later led to a ruptured aneurysm, which claimed Paul's life on December 28, 1974; his funeral was broadcast live over the stations in the Avco network that carried his show. As they were in the process of liquidating the company's broadcasting properties, Avco executives concluded that Dixon could not be replaced, and consequently, *The Paul Dixon Show* quietly ended its near-20-year run in January 1975. His daughter Pamela married Robert Sibcy in 1971 and they now co-own a major realty company. Dixon is buried in Cincinnati's Gate of Heaven Cemetery; his wife Marge passed away in 2003.

## InfoBox

| Paul Dixon | |
| --- | --- |
| Paul Dixon in 1970 publicity photo | |
| Born | Gregory Schleier
(1918-10-02)October 2, 1918
Earling, Iowa, U.S. |
| Died | December 28, 1974(1974-12-28) (aged 56)
Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Radio announcer and newscaster, disc jockey, television personality, daytime talk/variety show host |
| Spouse | Marge Dixon |
| Children | Pamela, Greg |


title: Pete Fornatale

abstract: Peter Salvatore Fornatale was a New York City disc jockey and author of numerous books on rock and roll. He is considered a "pioneer of FM rock", who played an important role in the progressive rock era of FM broadcasting. He was the first person to host a rock music show on New York City's FM band, commencing November 21, 1964, on WFUV. By broadcasting progressive rock and long album tracks, he was noted for introducing a musical alternative to Top 40 AM radio in New York in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Billboard called his station "a legend, affecting and inspiring people throughout the industry." He gave early exposure to country-rock bands like Buffalo Springfield and Poco, and did one of the first American interviews with Elton John. In 1991 he was co-host of "Paul Simon Live in Central Park" and was often called to be an expert guest commentator on PBS specials, including those featuring Bob Dylan, John Fogerty, The Grateful Dead, Jimi Hendrix, Roy Orbison, Peter, Paul and Mary, Simon & Garfunkel, James Taylor and others.

text:
# Pete Fornatale

**Peter Salvatore Fornatale** (August 23, 1945 – April 26, 2012) was a New York City disc jockey and author of numerous books on rock and roll. He is considered a "pioneer of FM rock", who played an important role in the progressive rock era of FM broadcasting. He was the first person to host a rock music show on New York City's FM band, commencing November 21, 1964, on WFUV. By broadcasting progressive rock and long album tracks, he was noted for introducing a musical alternative to Top 40 AM radio in New York in the late 1960s and early 1970s. *Billboard* called his station "a legend, affecting and inspiring people throughout the industry."

He gave early exposure to country-rock bands like Buffalo Springfield and Poco, and did one of the first American interviews with Elton John. In 1991 he was co-host of "Paul Simon Live in Central Park" and was often called to be an expert guest commentator on PBS specials, including those featuring Bob Dylan, John Fogerty, The Grateful Dead, Jimi Hendrix, Roy Orbison, Peter, Paul and Mary, Simon & Garfunkel, James Taylor and others.

## Biography

The FCC issued an edict in 1966 requiring FM stations in cities of more than 100,000 people to have independent programming from the associated AM station at least 50% of the time. This led to the first commercial rock station on FM radio, WOR-FM, which premiered July 30, 1966 and presented rock music in a more adult format then generally heard on AM Top-40 formatted radio stations. Fornatale was a key figure in this trend with his weekly program, "Campus Caravan," which was heard on Fordham University's WFUV from 1964 to 1970. He began professionally in 1969 at WNEW-FM and held shifts there until 1989 when he moved to K-Rock: WXRK (née WKTU). He returned to WNEW-FM in January 1997 for the "Classic Rock and Classic Jocks" format and stayed until the Summer of 1998. He returned to WFUV in 2001 and was heard weekly on his shows, "Mixed Bag" and "Mixed Bag Radio," the latter of which was also broadcast on XM Satellite Radio. He won the Armstrong Excellence in Broadcasting Award in 1983. Fornatale received AFTRA's Media & Entertainment Excellence Award in February 2012 at the Plaza Hotel in New York City.

He was a native of the Belmont section of the Bronx and attended Fordham Preparatory School and Fordham University, where he received a B.A. in Communication Arts in 1967. He was a member of the board of World Hunger Year.

In the Fall of 1977, Fornatale hosted the syndicated "Crawdaddy Rock Review" featuring interviews with Brian Wilson, Andy Gibb, Phoebe Snow, Karla Bonoff, George Benson, Johnny Winter, Melissa Manchester, Todd Rundgren, David Brenner and others.

Fornatale wrote several books, including *The Rock Music Source Book,* *Radio in the Television Age,* *The Story of Rock 'n' Roll,* and *All You Need Is Love.* He was also helped write *The Elvis Collection* trading card series. In addition, he has written many feature shows for radio and television about Rock, including the syndicated *Rock Calendar,* episodes of *MTV'*s "Rock Influences," and the international television series *Deja View.* His latest book is *Back to the Garden: The Story of Woodstock.*

He hosted rock-related programs on WNET, PBS's station in New York City, and was an on-air consultant for rock music shows and specials on VH1, MTV and HBO.

In June 2010, Fornatale joined the crew of The Voice of Peace Network with his show "Back To The Garden" in support of WhyHunger.org. His show features Pete reflecting on some of his favorite friends and musicians.

In the summer of 2011, Fornatale toured the Northeast with two different multimedia programs to support his most recent book releases. The show titled "Back to the Garden: The Story of Woodstock" focused on Fornatale's experiences as an on-air personality during that period, and it is highlighted by Woodstock-related anecdotes based on events that occurred throughout the DJ's lengthy career as an interviewer, DJ and author. The program titled "How Terribly Strange to be 70" looked at the tumultuous history of Simon & Garfunkel, beginning with their early years when they performed as the duo 'Tom and Jerry'. He was working on a book on the Rolling Stones at the time of his death.

Fornatale died at Beth Israel Medical Center in New York City at age 66 on April 26, 2012. He had suffered a brain hemorrhage April 15, 2012, and had been in the hospital′s ICU.

His legacy show "Mixed Bag" on WFUV is still on the air on Saturday afternoons and is currently hosted by Don McGee.

## Bibliography

* *The Story of Rock 'n Roll* (William Morrow & Co, 1987) ISBN 0-688-06277-6
* *All You Need Is Love: And 99 Other Life Lessons from Classic Rock Songs* (Topeka Bindery, 2003) ISBN 0-613-65637-7
* *Simon & Garfunkel's Bookends (Rock of Ages)* (Rodale Books, 2007) ISBN 1-59486-427-6
* *Back to the Garden: The Story of Woodstock* (Simon & Schuster, 2009) ISBN 978-1-4165-9119-1

As co-author:

* with Joshua E. Mills: *Radio in the Television Age* (Overlook, 1980) ISBN 0-879-51106-0

## InfoBox

| Pete Fornatale | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Peter Salvatore Fornatale
(1945-08-23)August 23, 1945
Bronx, New York, US |
| Died | April 26, 2012(2012-04-26) (aged 66)
Manhattan, New York, US |
| Alma mater | Fordham University |
| Awards | Armstrong Excellence in Broadcasting Award (1983) |
| **Career** | |
| Stations |  |
| Country | United States |
|  | |


abstract: The Leeds City Region is home to various companies which operate in the United Kingdom or further afield in Europe and around the world. The Leeds City Region economy is centred on the city of Leeds, with other notable local economies of Bradford, Wakefield, Huddersfield and areas outside West Yorkshire such as Harrogate.

text:
# List of companies based in Leeds City Region

The **Leeds City Region** is home to various companies which operate in the United Kingdom or further afield in Europe and around the world. The Leeds City Region economy is centred on the city of Leeds, with other notable local economies of Bradford, Wakefield, Huddersfield and areas outside West Yorkshire such as Harrogate.

## List of companies

## Companies formerly headquartered in Leeds


title: Matilda International Hospital

abstract: Matilda International Hospital is a private hospital located at 41 Mount Kellett Road, The Peak, Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong.The hospital was built as a result of the last will and testament of Granville Sharp, the husband of Matilda Lincolne Sharp. Granville Sharp was a successful banker descended from the well-known Sharp family of Romsey, Hampshire, United Kingdom, another member of which was 'Conversation' Sharp.

text:
# Matilda International Hospital

| Matilda International Hospital | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 明德國際醫院 |
| Transcriptions  Yue: Cantonese  Yale Romanization Mìhng dāk gwok jai yī yuhn  Jyutping Ming4 dak1 gwok3 zai3 ji1 jyun6 | |
|  | |

**Matilda International Hospital** is a private hospital located at 41 Mount Kellett Road, The Peak, Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong.The hospital was built as a result of the last will and testament of Granville Sharp, the husband of Matilda Lincolne Sharp. Granville Sharp was a successful banker descended from the well-known Sharp family of Romsey, Hampshire, United Kingdom, another member of which was 'Conversation' Sharp.

## History

Originally from the UK, Granville Sharp and his wife Matilda moved to Hong Kong, after becoming newlywed in India, making landfall in the Territory on Christmas Day – a time of giving – in 1858. Theirs is an incredible story of fortitude in the face of shipwreck and piracy in the South China seas, grit and determination in the disease-wracked colony and quiet generosity.

Above all, however, their lives in Hong Kong stand as a towering testament to their compassion for the loss of their fellow beings, as exemplified, among many other examples, by Matilda's work for widows and orphans.

While Granville successfully struck out into commerce on his own as so many in Hong Kong have done before and since, Matilda set about relieving suffering wherever she met it, further etching an indelible affection on her husband's heart as well as that of the Western and Chinese communities she came to know so well. Matilda died in 1893, and Granville bequeathed a hospital to be constructed in his wife's memory upon his own death. Granville set out in his will, in extraordinary detail, his bequest to Hong Kong – a hospital to be constructed "not for the glory of the medical profession... but for the benefit, care and happiness of the patient."

The hospital admitted its first patients in 1907, at that time providing free care to expatriates. Non-British were barred from The Peak by legislation, and could not benefit from being treated in the hospital. Although the strictures of the bequest have been adapted to changing circumstances over time, the spirit of the will remains intact a century after it was penned. Matilda assumed the character and resilience of its namesake weathering financial crises, typhoons, war and even plague – turning out extraordinary people at extraordinary times.

In the past it was known as the **Matilda Memorial & War Hospital**, but it has been renamed Matilda International Hospital (MIH), and is a not-for-profit hospital serving all the people of Hong Kong and the wider region. It provides core services, including maternity, orthopaedics and spine, surgical, health assessment and outpatient services.

The **Matilda Medical Centre (MMC)** was opened in the Central area of Hong Kong to mark the hospital's centenary celebration in 2007, and has extended its services to serve a wider public and corporate clients.

The **Matilda Orthopaedic and Spine Centre** opened in the year of 2017, with the outpatient clinic at the peak and central.

Governance and accreditations:

In 2003 Matilda became the first private hospital in Hong Kong to implement the concept of clinical governance. The idea of clinical governance is to apply a systematic approach to maintaining and improving the quality of patient care within a health system. In 2010 it adopted the standards of the Australian Council on Healthcare Standards (ACHS), becoming fully ACHS accredited in December 2010. In 2023 The hospital became the first amongst all ACHS International members to be awarded accreditation with an 'Outstanding Achievement' for the ACHS International Evaluation and Quality Improvement Program (7th Edition) (EQIP7), including the Advanced Person-Centred Systems (PCS) Module. These awarded accolades serve as a testament to Matilda International Hospital's commitment to achieving and maintaining exceptional standards across a wide range of crucial service criteria, aligning with their founder's vision to be ‘for the benefit, care, and happiness of patients’.

## InfoBox

| Matilda International Hospital | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| A view of Matilda International Hospital | |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Location | 41 Mount Kellett Road, Mount Kellett, The Peak, Hong Kong |
| Coordinates | 22°15′35″N 114°08′58″E / 22.25973°N 114.14944°E / 22.25973; 114.14944 |
| Organisation | |
| Care system | Private |
| Funding | \<Non-profit\> |
| Type | District General |
| Services | |
| Emergency department | Yes, Accident and Emergency |
| History | |
| Opened | January 1907 (1907-01) |
| Links | |
| Website | www.matilda.org |
| Lists | Hospitals in Hong Kong |
|  | |
| Hong Kong Graded BuildingGrade II | |
| Designated | 2009-12-18 |
| Reference no. | 510 |
|  | |
|  | |


abstract: The following is a list of Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball head coaches. The Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball team has had 16 head coaches. *113 games vacated by the NCAA. Source

text:
# List of Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball head coaches

The following is a **list of Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball head coaches**. The Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball team has had 16 head coaches.

| **Coach** | **Years** | **Conference** | **Overall** | **Conference Titles** | **NCAA Tournament Appearances** | **NCAA Championships** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| Unknown | 1898–1901 |  | 21–11 |  |  |  |
| (No team) | 1901–1902 |  |  |  |  |  |
| D. C. Huddleson | 1902–1904 |  | 15–6 |  |  |  |
| Unknown | 1904–1908 |  | 33–14 |  |  |  |
| Thomas Kibler | 1908–1910 |  | 22–2 |  |  |  |
| Stockton A. "Sox" Raymond | 1910–1911 |  | 6–3 |  |  |  |
| Lynn St. John | 1911–1919 | 24–43 | 79–70 | 0 |  |  |
| George Trautman | 1919–1922 | 10–26 | 29–33 | 0 |  |  |
| Harold Olsen | 1922–1946 | 154–135 | 259–197 | 5 | 4 | 0 |
| Tippy Dye | 1946–1950 | 27–21 | 53–34 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Floyd Stahl | 1950–1958 | 51–65 | 84–92 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Fred Taylor | 1958–1976 | 158–102 | 297–158 | 7 | 5 | 1 |
| Eldon Miller | 1976–1986 | 96–84 | 174–120 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
| Gary Williams | 1986–1989 | 24–30 | 59–41 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Randy Ayers | 1989–1997 | 64–80 | 124–108 | 2 | 3 | 0 |
| Jim O’Brien | 1997–2004 | \*61–51 | \*133–88 | \*2 | \*4 | 0 |
| Thad Matta | 2004–2017 | 150–78 | 337–123 | 5 | 9 | 0 |
| Chris Holtmann | 2017–2024 | 67–65 | 137–86 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
| Jake Diebler | 2024–present | 6-2 | 5-1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|
| **Totals** | **16 coaches** | **114 seasons** | **1,770–1,1154 (.605)** | **20** | **31** | **1** |

\*113 games vacated by the NCAA.

Source


title: Love the World

abstract: 2008 single by Perfume "Love the World" is Perfume's 7th major single. It was released on July 9, 2008 and debuted at number one on the Oricon chart, becoming the first electropop song from an electropop act to do so, Yellow Magic Orchestra's song "Kimi ni, Mune Kyun" being the previous record holder at #2, twenty-five years prior. Love the World is Perfume's best-selling single in the span of their career. The single's B-side, "edge", was used as background music for a KOSE Fasio commercial starring Aya Ueto.

text:
# Love the World

"**Love the World**" (stylized as "**love the world**") is Perfume's 7th major single. It was released on July 9, 2008 and debuted at number one on the Oricon chart, becoming the first electropop song from an electropop act to do so, Yellow Magic Orchestra's song "Kimi ni, Mune Kyun" being the previous record holder at #2, twenty-five years prior. *Love the World* is Perfume's best-selling single in the span of their career.

The single's B-side, "edge", was used as background music for a KOSE Fasio commercial starring Aya Ueto.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Yasutaka Nakata

CD
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "love the world" | 4:35 |
| 2. | "edge" | 6:31 |
| 3. | "love the world -Original Instrumental-" | 4:36 |
| 4. | "edge -extended mix-" | 8:41 |
| Total length: | | 24:23 |

DVD
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "love the world -Video Clip-" | 4:35 |

## Charts

| Year | Chart | Peak position | Sales |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2008 | Oricon Daily Singles Chart | 1 | 95,980 |
| | Oricon Weekly Singles Chart | 1 | |
| | Oricon Yearly Singles Chart | 47 | 136,575 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Japan (RIAJ) | Gold | 100,000^ |
| Japan (RIAJ)
*Ringtone* | Gold | 100,000* |
| * Sales figures based on certification alone.
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "Love the World" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Perfume | |
| from the album  *Triangle* | |
| B-side | "Edge" |
| Released | July 9, 2008 |
| Recorded | 2008 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 4:35 |
| Label | Tokuma Japan Communications |
| Songwriter(s) | Yasutaka Nakata |
| Producer(s) | Yasutaka Nakata (中田ヤスタカ) |
| Perfume singles chronology | |
| "Baby Cruising Love/Macaroni"
(2008) "**Love the World**"
(2008) "Dream Fighter"
(2008) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Love the World" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Éric Laurent (psychoanalyst)

abstract: Éric Laurent is a French psychoanalyst and former president of the World Association of Psychoanalysis. Trained by Jacques Lacan in the nineteen-seventies, Éric Laurent was a member of the directorate of the École freudienne de Paris at the time of the School's dissolution in 1980 and has been a member of the École de la Cause freudienne since its inception. He was editor-in-chief of La Cause freudienne from 1992 to 1994 and currently teaches within the framework of the Clinical Section of the Department of Psychoanalysis at University Paris-VIII. From 2006 to 2010, he was the third President of the World Association of Psychoanalysis, overseeing the organisation of its sixth international congress and its seventh. He is the author of the 2006 "Guiding Principles for Any Psychoanalytic Act". In 1998, he delivered the key-note lecture at the Clinical Limits of Gender Conference in London, organised by the European School of Psychoanalysis and in 2011, he was invited to give the Abram Kardiner Lecture at the New York Academy of Medicine. He lectures widely in Europe, Israel and Latin America and his articles are regularly published in English, French, Spanish and Italian. In 2008 he published Lost in Cognition on psychoanalysis and the cognitive sciences; and in 2012 La bataille de l’autisme : de la clinique à la politique on the political and clinical stakes of autism.

text:
# Éric Laurent (psychoanalyst)

**Éric Laurent** is a French psychoanalyst and former president of the World Association of Psychoanalysis.

Trained by Jacques Lacan in the nineteen-seventies, Éric Laurent was a member of the directorate of the École freudienne de Paris at the time of the School's dissolution in 1980 and has been a member of the École de la Cause freudienne since its inception. He was editor-in-chief of *La Cause freudienne* from 1992 to 1994 and currently teaches within the framework of the Clinical Section of the Department of Psychoanalysis at University Paris-VIII. From 2006 to 2010, he was the third President of the World Association of Psychoanalysis, overseeing the organisation of its sixth international congress (Buenos Aires, 2008) and its seventh (Paris, 2010).

He is the author of the 2006 "Guiding Principles for Any Psychoanalytic Act". In 1998, he delivered the key-note lecture at the *Clinical Limits of Gender* Conference in London, organised by the European School of Psychoanalysis and in 2011, he was invited to give the Abram Kardiner Lecture at the New York Academy of Medicine. He lectures widely in Europe, Israel and Latin America and his articles are regularly published in English, French, Spanish and Italian.

In 2008 he published *Lost in Cognition* (published in English in 2014 by Karnac books) on psychoanalysis and the cognitive sciences; and in 2012 *La bataille de l’autisme : de la clinique à la politique* (Navarin/Champ freudien, 2012) on the political and clinical stakes of autism.

1. Guiding Principles for Any Psychoanalytic Act


title: Otto Fuchs

abstract: Otto Fuchs was an Austrian footballer. He played in three matches for the Austria national football team from 1920 to 1921.

text:
# Otto Fuchs

**Otto Fuchs** (15 February 1893  12 October 1968) was an Austrian footballer. He played in three matches for the Austria national football team from 1920 to 1921.

## InfoBox

Otto Fuchs
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1893-02-15)15 February 1893 | | |
| Date of death | 12 October 1968(1968-10-12) (aged 75) | | |
| International career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1920–1921 | Austria | 3 | (0) |


title: Pavla Švrdlíková

abstract: Pavla Švrdlíková is a Czech basketball player for BK Handicap Brno and the Czech national team. She participated at the EuroBasket Women 2017.

text:
# Pavla Švrdlíková

**Pavla Švrdlíková** (born September 15, 1990) is a Czech basketball player for BK Handicap Brno and the Czech national team.

She participated at the EuroBasket Women 2017.

## InfoBox

Pavla Švrdlíková
| No. 14  BK Handicap Brno | |
| --- | --- |
| Position | Power forward |
| League | ŽBL |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1990-09-15) September 15, 1990<br>Přerov, Czechoslovakia |
| Nationality | Czech |
| Listed height | 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) |


title: Perittia unicolorella

abstract: Perittia unicolorella is a moth in the family Elachistidae. It was described by Sinev in 1992. It is found in the Russian Far East.

text:
# Perittia unicolorella

***Perittia unicolorella*** is a moth in the family Elachistidae. It was described by Sinev in 1992. It is found in the Russian Far East.

## InfoBox

| *Perittia unicolorella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Elachistidae |
| Genus: | *Perittia* |
| Species: | ***P. unicolorella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Perittia unicolorella***<br>Sinev, 1992 | |
|