title: Fool Me Once (The Vampire Diaries)

abstract: "Fool Me Once" is the 14th episode of the first season of The CW television series, The Vampire Diaries and the 14th episode of the series overall. It originally aired on February 11, 2010. The episode was written by Brett Conrad and directed by Marcos Siega.

text:
# Fool Me Once (The Vampire Diaries)

"**Fool Me Once**" is the 14th episode of the first season of The CW television series, *The Vampire Diaries* and the 14th episode of the series overall. It originally aired on February 11, 2010. The episode was written by Brett Conrad and directed by Marcos Siega.

## Plot

Elena (Nina Dobrev) wakes up and finds herself in a strange hotel room. She sees Ben (Sean Faris) sleeping and tries to slowly sneak out but Ben wakes up. Anna (Malese Jow) arrives and drags Elena to the bathroom locking her in. Elena finds Bonnie (Kat Graham) lying unconscious in the bathtub. She tries to help Bonnie and Elena informs her that Ben is with Anna and they want to open the tomb but they need a witch to do that.

Meanwhile, Stefan (Paul Wesley) looks everywhere for Elena all over Mystic Falls but he cannot find her. He goes to Damon (Ian Somerhalder) asking for his help but Damon, who is still mad at him, does not want to help. Damon leaves Stefan alone and goes to Bonnie's grandmother, Sheila (Jasmine Guy), asking for Bonnie but Sheila knows really well who he is and tells him to go away.

Back at the hotel room, Anna explains to Elena that she wants to get into the tomb to free her mother Pearl (Kelly Hu) who's trapped in there. Anna calls Stefan and asks him to bring her the Grimoire otherwise she will kill Elena. Stefan does not have it but promises he can get it and they arrange to meet Damon at a public place.

While Anna goes to meet Damon, she runs into Jeremy (Steven R. McQueen) who invites her to a party. Anna tries to avoid him at the beginning but she changes her mind when she hears where the party will be — near the old cemetery. She takes off to meet Damon. Damon insists that he works alone but when Anna threatens to kill Elena, the two of them come to an agreement.

In the meantime, Stefan appears at the motel room and helps Elena and Bonnie. As they run out of the room, Stefan warns Ben to leave town otherwise, if he sees him again he will kill him. Anna comes back and finds Ben hiding behind the bed to avoid the sunlight. Ben tells her that Stefan came and he couldn't do anything. Anna realizes that she lost the witch but she knows that Damon will open the tomb no matter what and she has to be there when that happens.

Bonnie, Elena and Stefan are at Sheila's house talking and Elena thinks they do not have choice but to help Damon get Katherine back. Sheila agrees to open the tomb as long as the rest of the vampires are burned. Elena has to earn Damon's trust back and leaves to go and find him and talk to him. She finds him at the Salvatore house and she convinces him to trust her again. Stefan, Bonnie and Sheila wait for Damon and Elena at the church ruins. Stefan brought along arsonist tools. Damon, who brought an IV bag of blood for Katherine, and Elena arrive and Sheila and Bonnie start the process to break the spell and open the tomb. Stefan runs outside to get his arsonist tools.

Meanwhile, Jeremy gets to the party and looks around for Anna. Anna shows up and the two of them go for a walk away from the crowd. Anna tells him that she is leaving town with her mom and Jeremy kisses her. Anna's face begins to show that she is a vampire and Jeremy asks her what is going on when Ben appears and knocks him out. Anna tells Ben to drag Jeremy close to the tomb so they can use him for Pearl to feed on when they get her out.

Stefan runs into Ben while he is getting his tools. Anna also appears and tells him that she will take her mother out and gives Stefan a choice. He can try to stop her or save Jeremy from Ben. Stefan leaves Anna and goes and stays alone with Ben who tries to attack him believing he is stronger. Stefan uses the arsonist tool and burns him.

Meanwhile, Bonnie and Sheila keep chanting the spell and the tomb's door cracks open. Damon, to be sure that Sheila won't seal him into the tomb, grabs Elena and takes her with him. Inside the tomb, Elena hears whispering and asks what is happening. Damon informs her that they can sense her but he runs off to find Katherine leaving Elena alone. Elena searches for him while she stumbles over the desiccated bodies of the vampires and freaks out.

Anna arrives at the tomb finding the door open. Bonnie wants to stop her but Sheila does not let her, so Anna goes into the tomb. Bonnie wants to know why her Grams let her in and Sheila says that *no* vampire will come out of the tomb. They managed to open the door but not break the seal spell so a vampire can go in but not come out. Stefan comes back and wants to run into the tomb when he hears Damon took Elena with him but Sheila stops him, explaining to him why.

Inside the tomb, Anna finds Elena and explains to her how Stefan and Jonathan Gilbert are responsible for her mother's imprisonment and why she decided that it would be Gilbert family's blood that will bring her mother back to life. She bites Elena who starts screaming making Stefan run into the tomb to find her. Anna feeds Elena's blood to Pearl but Stefan gets there in time before Pearl kills her. Elena runs away to get out of the tomb.

Bonnie wants to help Stefan get out and she begs Sheila to lift the seal just for a while so Stefan can escape. Elena escapes and Bonnie tells her about the seal. Stefan gets to the door but cannot step outside and Elena realizes that he went in only to save her even though he knew. She also remembers the promise they gave Damon and Stefan goes back inside to find his brother. Bonnie and Sheila cast a spell to lift the seal and Anna comes out with her mother.

Damon is still in the tomb but he cannot find Katherine anywhere. Stefan comes to him and realizes that Katherine is not in the tomb, never was. Damon is frustrated and throws the IV bag of blood against the wall breaking it. Stefan urges him to hurry so they can get out before the seal closes again. Elena runs in to beg them to leave. The three of them get out just in time before the door closes again.

Bonnie and Sheila go back home while Sheila looks exhausted over the energy she spent for the spell and goes to lie down. Elena and Stefan rush to find Jeremy who is waking up and he is fine. Damon is shocked for not finding Katherine and Elena hugs him telling him she is sorry. Elena takes Jeremy home who says he cannot remember anything but when Elena leaves to go to Bonnie, Jeremy starts searching on the Internet about vampires.

Anna brings her mother to the motel room where they find Damon waiting for them. Damon grabs Pearl threatening to kill her and accuses Anna of knowing the whole time that Katherine was not in the tomb. Anna admits that she did know but she did not tell him because then he would never have helped her open the tomb. Pearl explains to him how Katherine got away and Anna tells him that she saw Katherine a few years ago. Katherine knew where Damon was but she did not care to find him. Damon is heart broken over the information and leaves.

Bonnie goes to check on her Grams but she finds her dead. She starts yelling for help while she desperately goes through the spell book to find a spell that will bring her back and Elena calls 911.

Back at the tomb, a vampire manages to get to the blood bag Damon threw against the wall and he feeds on its contents. He gets up, slowly gets to the door sliding it open and exits the tomb revealing that the seal spell did not work.

## Feature music

In "Fool me Once" we can hear the songs:

## Reception

### Ratings

In its original American broadcast, "Fool me Once" was watched by 3.51 million; down by 0.48 from the previous episode.

### Reviews

"Fool me Once" received positive reviews.

Matt Richenthal of *TV Fanatic* rated the episode with 4.3/5. "But it seems as though producers were aware of this potential for a plot device, which is why "Fool Me Once" was yet another example of why The Vampire Diaries is an exciting, well-paced show that delivers answers and surprises every week." Richenthal also praised the writers of how they portray Damon and Somerhalder for his ability to play him: "Ian Somerhalder has had a blast playing this manipulative, fun-loving character. But he's clearly capable of a layered depth, as well. While so many other shows struggle with how to turn an evil character into a sympathetic figure, *The Vampire Diaries* has slowly given us more and more on Damon, making him into a tragic villain. Could you really blame Elena for giving him a hug at the end?"

Josie Kafka from *Doux Reviews* rated the episode with 4/4. "There were two great tragedies this week: Grams’s death and Katherine’s absence. Now that Grams is dead, our heroes are lacking a guiding moral compass who knows the dark side and how to avoid going over to it; Katherine’s absence…well, we’ll see how that plays out."

Robin Franson Pruter from *Forced Viewing* rated the episode with 4/4. "Excellent episode features complex plot and emotionally powerful events. \[...\] This episode had the potential to be a huge failure. \[...\] The expectations for the return of Katherine, the vampire who turned the Salvatore brothers into vampires and turned them against each other, were high. So, in the face of all that build-up, the opening of the tomb to reveal that Katherine was never in there in the first place could have been a debacle on the level of Geraldo Rivera and Al Capone’s safe. But it wasn’t. The show managed to create the sense that the shock of her not being there outweighed the disappointment of that fact." Franson Pruter also praised Somerhalder for the way he portrayed a heart-wrenching Damon.

Popsugar of *Buzzsugar* gave a good review to the episode saying that she is pretty satisfied and commenting that Elena and Damon had some amazing scenes together. "The show is as intense as we've come to expect from the freshman series, and I think it's a fitting way to end things for a bit."

Kath Skerry of *Give Me My Remote* gave a good review to the episode saying: "If we’re going to have to wait over a month until we head back to Mystic Falls, at least we were left with one hell of an episode. Although I missed some of Damon’s trademark sass, "Fool Me Once" had me completely captivated (and a bit spooked). Talk about gut wrenching."

Meg from *Two Cents TV* also gave a good review to the episode. "What a night it was! For the last new episode before its month-long hiatus, The Vampire Diaries certainly delivered a plot-packed hour with lots of twisty goodness."

Lucia from *Heroine TV* stated that "it was another stellar hour of television that left me wanting for more."

* This is the first episode that Matt Davis, who portrays Alaric Saltzman, is credited as part of the main cast and not as a guest. Despite that, he didn't appear on the episode.

1. "The Vampire Diaries Season 1 Episode 14: "Fool Me Once" Music". TV Fanatic. 4 February 2010. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
2. Seidman, Robert (February 12, 2010). "Thursday Broadcast Finals: Grey's Anatomy, The Mentalist Tick Up, Private Practice, 30 Rock Tick Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 23, 2011. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
3. Richenthal, Matt (February 12, 2010). "The Vampire Diaries Review: Into the Tomb!". TV Fanatic. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
4. Kafka, Josie. "Vampire Diaries: Fool Me Once". Doux Reviews. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
5. Franson Pruter, Robin (October 19, 2012). "The Vampire Diaries, S1E14: Fool Me Once". Forced Viewing. Archived from the original on February 6, 2014. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
6. Popsugar (February 12, 2010). "The Vampire Diaries "Fool Me Once": The Good, The Bad and The Bloody". Buzzsugar. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
7. Skerry, Kath (February 12, 2010). "THE VAMPIRE DIARIES: Fool Me Once". Give Me My Remote. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
8. Meg (February 11, 2010). "The Vampire Diaries – Recap & Review – Fool Me Once". Two Cents TV. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
9. Lucia (February 17, 2010). "THE VAMPIRE DIARIES: "Fool Me Once"". Heroine TV. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 5, 2014.

## InfoBox

| "**Fool Me Once**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *The Vampire Diaries* episode | |
| Episode no. | Season 1<br>Episode 14 |
| Directed by | Marcos Siega |
| Written by | Brett Conrad |
| Production code | 2J5013 |
| Original air date | February 11, 2010 (2010-02-11) |
| Guest appearances | |
|  | |
|
|


title: Up Escalator

abstract: "Up Escalator" is a song by Scottish band Love and Money, which was released in 1989 as the fourth and final single from their second studio album Strange Kind of Love (1988). The song was written by James Grant and produced by Gary Katz. "Up Escalator" reached number 79 in the UK Singles Chart and remained in the Top 100 for two weeks.

text:
# Up Escalator

"**Up Escalator**" is a song by Scottish band Love and Money, which was released in 1989 as the fourth and final single from their second studio album *Strange Kind of Love* (1988). The song was written by James Grant and produced by Gary Katz. "Up Escalator" reached number 79 in the UK Singles Chart and remained in the Top 100 for two weeks.

## Release

For its release as a single, "Up Escalator" was remixed by Chris Lord-Alge. The B-side "Soon" and the two additional tracks on the 12-inch and CD versions, "Thistlekiss" and "History", were all new tracks exclusive to the single. At the time of its release, the band revealed that the three new tracks marked the beginning of their move towards a more blues and country-orientated sound.

Grant revealed that "Soon" was a difficult song for the band to complete. He told *The Kilmarnock Standard*, "\[It\] had been a thorn in our side for some time – we simply could not get it together. We broke out the cheap champagne the night it was completed." "Thistlekiss" originated as a "ragtime tune" that bassist Bobby Paterson had written. While recording *Strange Kind of Love* in New York, Grant decided to develop the song and "display the hammier side of my nature". He described the song at the time as being "the most relaxed I've been on record without external sedation". Grant was inspired to write "History" after he was unable to see his sister and her husband when they travelled from Canada to Dundee to attend a family gathering. Grant wrote the song in the summer of 1989 "by way of an apology".

"Up Escalator" received airplay on BBC Radio 1 after being added to the station's B-list.

## Critical reception

On its release as a single, Iestyn George of *Record Mirror* described "Up Escalator" as "a typical example of Love and Money's funked up brand of R&B". He felt the band's material in general failed to live up to Grant's earlier work with Friends Again and predicted the song would fail to become a hit, stating, "I'll eat my record collection if this is a hit". Marcus Hodge of the *Cambridge Evening News* felt the song had "more than enough hooks even if it does not quite have the atmosphere of \[the band's\] earlier singles". He added that the song's "urgency compensates for any shallowness".

## Track listing

**7-inch single (UK and Europe)**

1. "Up Escalator" – 3:51
2. "Soon" – 4:34

**Cassette single (UK and Europe)**

1. "Up Escalator" (Extended Mix) – 6:05
2. "Soon" – 4:34

**12-inch single (UK)**

1. "Up Escalator" (Extended Mix) – 6:05
2. "Soon" – 4:37
3. "Thistlekiss" – 1:58
4. "History" – 2:22

**CD single (*Four Songs from Love and Money*) (UK and Europe)**

1. "Up Escalator" – 3:51
2. "Soon" – 4:37
3. "Thistlekiss" – 1:58
4. "History" – 2:22

## Personnel

Credits are adapted from the UK CD single liner notes and the *Strange Kind of Love* booklet.

**Love and Money**

* James Grant – lead vocals, backing vocals, electric guitar, horn arrangement
* Paul McGeechan – organ
* Bobby Paterson – bass, backing vocals, horn arrangement

**Additional musicians on "Up Escalator"**

**Production**

* Gary Katz – producer on "Up Escalator"
* Chris Lord-Alge – remix of "Up Escalator"
* Love and Money – producers of "Soon", "Thistlekiss" and "History"

**Other**

## Charts

| Chart (1989) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 79 |

## InfoBox

| "Up Escalator" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Love and Money | |
| from the album  *Strange Kind of Love* | |
| Released | 16 October 1989 |
| Length | * 4:11 (album version) * 3:51 (single version) * 6:05 (extended version) |
| Label | Fontana |
| Songwriter(s) | James Grant |
| Producer(s) | Gary Katz |
| Love and Money singles chronology | |
| "Jocelyn Square"
(1989) "**Up Escalator**"
(1989) "My Love Lives in a Dead House"
(1991) | |


title: Up Front (film)

abstract: Up Front is a 1951 American comedy film directed by Alexander Hall and starring Tom Ewell and David Wayne very loosely based on Bill Mauldin's World War II characters Willie and Joe. Mauldin repudiated it and refused his advising fee; he claimed never to have seen it. It takes place during the Italian Campaign of World War II.

text:
# Up Front (film)

***Up Front*** is a 1951 American comedy film directed by Alexander Hall and starring Tom Ewell and David Wayne very loosely based on Bill Mauldin's World War II characters *Willie and Joe*. Mauldin repudiated it and refused his advising fee; he claimed never to have seen it. It takes place during the Italian Campaign of World War II.

## Plot

Based on the famed W.W.II cartoons: Lowbrow G.I.s Willie and Joe, on the Italian front, are good soldiers in combat, but meet the antics of gung-ho Captain Johnson and other military snafus with a barrage of wry comments. On a 3-day pass in Naples, Joe's penchant for wine and women involves the pair with luscious Emi Rosso and her moonshiner father, whose tangled affairs land them in ever deeper trouble.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Up Front | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Alexander Hall |
| Screenplay by | Stanley Roberts |
| Produced by | Leonard Goldstein |
| Starring | David Wayne
Tom Ewell
Marina Berti |
| Cinematography | Russell Metty |
| Edited by | Milton Carruth |
| Music by | Joseph Gershenson |
| Production
company | Universal-International |
| Distributed by | Universal-International |
| Release date | * March 5, 1951 (1951-03-05) |
| Running time | 92 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Box office | $1.95 million (US rentals) |


title: Fool Metal Jack

abstract: Fool Metal Jack is the tenth studio album by the Brazilian rock band Os Mutantes. Released on April 30, 2013 by the US-based label Krian Music Group, it is the follow-up to Haih Or Amortecedor, Os Mutantes' first studio album in 35 years.

text:
# Fool Metal Jack

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| NME |  |
| Consequence of Sound |  |
| *The Boston Globe* | (mixed) |
| *Rolling Stone* | (favourable) |

***Fool Metal Jack*** is the tenth studio album by the Brazilian rock band Os Mutantes. Released on April 30, 2013 by the US-based label Krian Music Group, it is the follow-up to *Haih Or Amortecedor*, Os Mutantes' first studio album in 35 years.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Sérgio Dias except where noted

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "The Dream Is Gone" |  | 2:50 |
| 2. | "Fool Metal Jack" | Sérgio Dias, Vinícius Junqueira | 5:23 |
| 3. | "Picadilly Willy" |  | 4:42 |
| 4. | "Ganja Man" |  | 3:33 |
| 5. | "Look Out" | Vitor Trida | 3:48 |
| 6. | "Eu Descobri" | Gilberto Gil | 3:05 |
| 7. | "Time and Space" | Sérgio Dias, Sam Spiegel | 3:57 |
| 8. | "To Make It Beautiful" |  | 3:26 |
| 9. | "Once Upon a Flight" | Vitor Trida | 4:00 |
| 10. | "Into Limbo" |  | 3:37 |
| 11. | "Bangladesh" |  | 4:08 |
| 12. | "Valse LSD" |  | 3:11 |

## InfoBox

| Fool Metal Jack | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Os Mutantes | |
| Released | April 30, 2013 |
| Genre | Experimental rock, art rock, psychedelic rock, world music |
| Length | 45:21 |
| Label | Krian Music Group |
| Os Mutantes chronology | |
| *Haih Or Amortecedor*
(2009) ***Fool Metal Jack***
(2013) *Zzyzx*
(2020) | |


title: Turek, Środa Wielkopolska County

abstract: Turek is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Środa Wielkopolska, within Środa Wielkopolska County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.

text:
# Turek, Środa Wielkopolska County

**Turek** \[ˈturɛk\] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Środa Wielkopolska, within Środa Wielkopolska County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.

## InfoBox

| Turek | |
| --- | --- |
| Settlement | |
| Turek | |
| Coordinates: 52°16′22″N 17°12′02″E / 52.27278°N 17.20056°E / 52.27278; 17.20056 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Środa Wielkopolska |
| Gmina | Środa Wielkopolska |


title: Wesley Kingston Whitten

abstract:
Wesley Kingston Whitten was a professor of reproductive biology at the Australian National University and later director of the Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States. He was educated at the University of Sydney receiving a BVSc with honors in 1939; a BSc in 1941; and DSc in 1962. He was a Walter and Eliza Hall Fellow in Veterinary Science from 1940 to 1941. He served in the Australian Army Veterinary Corps
and was an Australian Army Service Corps Captain from 1941 to 1945. He was research officer in Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) from 1946 to 1949. He was director of animal breeding and fellow in the John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University from 1950 to 1961. He was assistant director of the National Biological Standards Laboratory, Canberra, Australia from 1961 to 1966. He was staff scientist at the Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA from 1966 to 1969, became senior staff scientist from 1969 to 1980, and assistant director of research from 1971 to 1972. In 1982, he became a fellow of the Australian Academy of Science and he was awarded the Marshall Medal from the Society for the Study of Fertility in 1993. He contributed to various areas in reproductive biology and fertility and was known for the Whitten effect. In 2008, the Australian National University began building the Wes Whitten building, which is a generic animal accommodation facility for research His father was a Methodist minister and his mother was Ethel Annie Whitten. In 1941, he married Enid Elsbeth ('Beth') Cay Meredith. They had four children: Gregory, Mark, Jane, and Penelope. In 2002, he married J. Mary Taylor after the death of Beth in 1999.

text:
# Wesley Kingston Whitten

**Wesley Kingston Whitten** (1 August 1918 – 24 May 2010) was a professor of reproductive biology at the Australian National University and later director of the Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States. He was educated at the University of Sydney receiving a BVSc with honors in 1939; a BSc in 1941; and DSc in 1962. He was a Walter and Eliza Hall Fellow in Veterinary Science from 1940 to 1941. He served in the Australian Army Veterinary Corps and was an Australian Army Service Corps Captain from 1941 to 1945. He was research officer in Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) from 1946 to 1949. He was director of animal breeding and fellow in the John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University from 1950 to 1961. He was assistant director of the National Biological Standards Laboratory, Canberra, Australia from 1961 to 1966. He was staff scientist at the Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA from 1966 to 1969, became senior staff scientist from 1969 to 1980, and assistant director of research from 1971 to 1972. In 1982, he became a fellow of the Australian Academy of Science and he was awarded the Marshall Medal from the Society for the Study of Fertility in 1993.

He contributed to various areas in reproductive biology and fertility and was known for the Whitten effect. In 2008, the Australian National University began building the Wes Whitten building, which is a generic animal accommodation facility for research

His father was a Methodist minister (Alfred Giles Whitten) and his mother was Ethel Annie Whitten (née Cock). In 1941, he married Enid Elsbeth ('Beth') Cay Meredith. They had four children: Gregory, Mark, Jane, and Penelope. In 2002, he married J. Mary Taylor after the death of Beth in 1999.

## InfoBox

| Wesley Kingston Whitten | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1918-08-01)1 August 1918
Macksville, New South Wales Australia |
| Died | 24 May 2010(2010-05-24) (aged 91)
Canberra, Australia |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Alma mater | University of Sydney |
| Known for | Reproductive biology
Pheromones |
| Awards | Fellow, Australian Academy of Science
Marshall Medal, Society for the Study of Fertility |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Reproductive biology |
| Institutions | Australian National University
Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine |
|  | |


title: Leon Morris

abstract: Leon Lamb Morris was an Australian New Testament scholar and theologian. Born in Lithgow, New South Wales, Morris was ordained to the Anglican ministry in 1938. He earned Bachelor of Divinity in 1943 and Master of Theology, both from University of London external system. He later received his PhD at the University of Cambridge in England on the subject which became his first major book, The Apostolic Preaching of the Cross. He served as warden of Tyndale House, Cambridge (1960–64); principal of Ridley College in Melbourne (1964–1979), Australia; and Visiting Professor of New Testament at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School. He published several theological works and commentaries on the Bible, notable among which are The Apostolic Preaching of the Cross, The Atonement: Its Meaning and Significance, New Testament Theology, and The Gospel According to John, The Gospel According to Matthew, The Epistle to the Romans, and The Book of Revelation: An Introduction and Commentary. In 1974, a festschrift was published in his honour. Reconciliation and Hope: New Testament essays presented to L. L. Morris included contributions from John Painter, E. Earle Ellis, Herman N. Ridderbos, Günther Bornkamm, Ralph P. Martin, James D. G. Dunn, Richard N. Longenecker, D. W. B. Robinson, G. R. Beasley-Murray and George Eldon Ladd.

text:
# Leon Morris

**Leon Lamb Morris** (15 March 1914 – 24 July 2006) was an Australian New Testament scholar and theologian.

Born in Lithgow, New South Wales, Morris was ordained to the Anglican ministry in 1938. He earned Bachelor of Divinity (with first class honors) in 1943 and Master of Theology, both from University of London external system. He later received his PhD at the University of Cambridge in England on the subject which became his first major book, *The Apostolic Preaching of the Cross*. He served as warden of Tyndale House, Cambridge (1960–64); principal of Ridley College in Melbourne (1964–1979), Australia (where they have named a library in his honour); and Visiting Professor of New Testament at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School.

He published several theological works and commentaries on the Bible, notable among which are *The Apostolic Preaching of the Cross*, *The Atonement: Its Meaning and Significance*, *New Testament Theology*, and *The Gospel According to John* (part of the New International Commentary on the New Testament series), *The Gospel According to Matthew* (IVP / Eerdmans, 1992), *The Epistle to the Romans* (IVP / Eerdmans, 1988), and *The Book of Revelation: An Introduction and Commentary* (Rev. ed., IVP / Eerdmans, 1987).

In 1974, a *festschrift* was published in his honour. *Reconciliation and Hope: New Testament essays presented to L. L. Morris* included contributions from John Painter, E. Earle Ellis, Herman N. Ridderbos, Günther Bornkamm, Ralph P. Martin, James D. G. Dunn, Richard N. Longenecker, D. W. B. Robinson, G. R. Beasley-Murray and George Eldon Ladd.

## Selected works

### Books

* Morris, Leon (1955). *The Apostolic Preaching of the Cross*. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. OCLC 1546602.
* (1956). *The Epistles of Paul to the Thessalonians: an introduction and commentary*. New International Commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-802-82187-4. OCLC 690992.
* (1958). *The First Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians: an introduction and commentary*. Tyndale New Testament Commentaries. Vol. 7. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-802-81406-7. OCLC 5029950.
* (1959). *The First and Second Epistles to the Thessalonians: the English text with introduction, exposition, and notes*. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-851-11882-6. OCLC 10912433.
* (1965). *The Cross in the New Testament*. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-802-83199-6. OCLC 384566.
* ; Cundall, Arthur E. (1968). *Judges and Ruth: An Introduction and Survey*. Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries. Vol. 7. Downers Grove, IL: Intervarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-877-84896-7.
* (1969). *Studies in the fourth Gospel*. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. OCLC 21321.
* (1969). *Revelation: an introduction and commentary*. Tyndale New Testament Commentaries. Vol. 20. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-851-11889-5. OCLC 14932834.
* (1971). *The Gospel according to John: the English text with introduction, exposition and notes*. New International Commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-802-82296-3. OCLC 200933.
* (1972). *Apocalyptic*. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-802-81455-5. OCLC 402448.
* (1974). *Luke: an introduction and commentary*. Tyndale New Testament Commentaries. Vol. 3. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-802-82253-6. OCLC 1051946.
* (1976). *I Believe in Revelation*. I Believe... Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-802-81637-5. OCLC 1991295.
* (1981). *Testaments of Love: a study of love in the Bible*. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-802-81874-4. OCLC 7277296.
* (1985). *New Testament Theology*. Grand Rapids, MI: Academie Books. ISBN 978-0-310-45570-7. OCLC 12976111.
* (1987). *The Epistle to the Romans*. PNTC. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-802-83636-6. OCLC 16901277.
* (1989). *Jesus is the Christ: Studies in the Theology of John*. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-802-80452-5. OCLC 19267493.
* ; Carson, D. A.; Moo, Douglas J. (1991). *An Introduction to the New Testament*. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-51940-9. OCLC 24218222.
* (1992). *The Gospel according to Matthew*. PNTC. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-802-83696-0. OCLC 25787283.
* (1996). *Galatians Paul's Charter of Christian Freedom*. Downers Grove, IL: Intervarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-1420-6.

### Articles

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| The ReverendLeon Morris | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1914-03-15)15 March 1914
Lithgow, New South Wales |
| Died | 24 July 2006(2006-07-24) (aged 92)
Kew, Melbourne, Australia |
| Occupation(s) | New Testament scholar and commentator |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | University of London
University of Cambridge |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Biblical studies |
| Sub-discipline | New Testament studies |
| Institutions | Tyndale House, Cambridge
Ridley College |
|  | |


title: Lusted Road Bridge

abstract: The Lusted Road Bridge, formerly known as the Portland Water Works Bridge, is an iron truss bridge that spans the Sandy River in Sandy, Clackamas County, Oregon, United States. Constructed for the Portland Water Works in 1894, the bridge was originally located in Portland and spanned the Willamette River.

text:
# Lusted Road Bridge

The **Lusted Road Bridge**, formerly known as the **Portland Water Works Bridge**, is an iron truss bridge that spans the Sandy River in Sandy, Clackamas County, Oregon, United States. Constructed for the Portland Water Works in 1894, the bridge was originally located in Portland and spanned the Willamette River.

## History

Constructed for the Portland Water Works in 1894, the Lusted Road Bridge was designed by W. B. Chase of Portland, a railroad engineer. It was fabricated by the Bullen Bridge Company. Originally constructed in Portland and spanning the Willamette River, the bridge was known as the Portland Water Works Bridge.

In 1926, after the completion of the Burnside Bridge, the bridge was dismantled and relocated. The west approach of the bridge was located to Bull Run, where it spans the Bull Run River, while its east portion was relocated to its current location in Sandy, where it replaced a pre-existing truss bridge that provided access to Dodge Park.

In the 1980s, the bridge was recognized as one of the state's significant historic bridges, and in 1998, it was rehabilitated by Clackamas County.

## InfoBox

| Lusted Road Bridge | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 45°26′42″N 122°15′13″W / 45.44493°N 122.25364°W / 45.44493; -122.25364 |
| Carries | Lusted Road |
| Crosses | Sandy River |
| Locale | Sandy, Oregon, U.S. |
| Owner | Oregon Department of Transportation |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | Pennsylvania truss |
| Material | Iron |
| Total length | 300 feet (91 m) |
| Width | 34 feet (10 m) |
| History | |
| Construction end | 1894 |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: Milan Lutonský

abstract: Milan Lutonský is a Czech football player who plays for SK Líšeň.

text:
# Milan Lutonský

**Milan Lutonský** (born 10 August 1993 in Brno) is a Czech football player who plays for SK Líšeň.

## Career

On 14 January 2019, Lutonský joined FK Jablonec and was immediately loaned out to 1. SK Prostějov.

## InfoBox

Milan Lutonský
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1993-08-10) 10 August 1993 | | |
| Place of birth | Brno, Czechoslovakia | | |
| Height | 1.74 m (5 ft 9 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Left midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | SK Líšeň | | |
| Number | 23 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2001–2007 | Drnovice | | |
| 2007–2011 | Zbrojovka Brno | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2011–2018 | Zbrojovka Brno | 166 | (7) |
| 2019–2020 | Jablonec | 0 | (0) |
| 2019–2020 | 1. SK Prostějov (loan) | 42 | (3) |
| 2020– | SK Líšeň | 112 | (8) |
| International career | | | |
| 2008 | Czech Republic U-16 | 4 | (0) |
| 2011-2012 | Czech Republic U-19 | 8 | (1) |
| 2012 | Czech Republic U-20 | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 25 June 2024<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 31 July 2022 | | | |


title: Tom Egan

abstract: Thomas Patrick Egan is an American former professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a catcher from 1965 through 1975 for the California Angels and the Chicago White Sox. On September 28, 1974, he caught Nolan Ryan's third no-hitter. Egan threw and batted right-handed, stood 6 feet 4 inches (1.93 m) tall and weighed 218 pounds (99 kg).

text:
# Tom Egan

**Thomas Patrick Egan** (born June 9, 1946) is an American former professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a catcher from 1965 through 1975 for the California Angels and the Chicago White Sox. On September 28, 1974, he caught Nolan Ryan's third no-hitter. Egan threw and batted right-handed, stood 6 feet 4 inches (1.93 m) tall and weighed 218 pounds (99 kg).

## Baseball career

Born in Los Angeles, he attended El Rancho High School in Pico Rivera, California, and signed to a $100,000 bonus contract by the Angels in 1964. He was just 18 years old when he made his Major League debut on May 27, 1965. Before a crowd of only 1,898 in Washington, D.C., he was the last batter of the Angels' game against the Washington Senators, representing the tying run as the Angels trailed 9–6 with two men on base. Egan struck out against Ron Kline to end the game.

After arguably his best season in 1970, he was traded along with Jay Johnstone and Tom Bradley from the Angels to the White Sox for Ken Berry, Syd O'Brien and Billy Wynne on November 30, 1970. He returned to the Angels three years later when he was selected from the Iowa Oaks in the Rule 5 draft on December 3, 1973. While he ended up with a mere .200 lifetime batting average, Egan's career highlight occurred in the final week of the 1974 season.

Given the assignment to catch Nolan Ryan, a future Hall of Famer, in a Sept. 24 game at Anaheim against the Minnesota Twins, he was behind the plate when Ryan nailed down the third no-hitter of his career. With two out in the ninth inning, Harmon Killebrew, another future Hall of Famer, came up for the Twins to pinch-hit. Ryan walked him, then fanned Eric Soderholm to end the game, Ryan's 15th strikeout of the day.

Egan would be released by the Angels in 1975 and his career came to an end.

## InfoBox

| Tom Egan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Catcher** | |
| **Born:**  (1946-06-09) June 9, 1946<br>Los Angeles, California, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| May 27, 1965, for the Los Angeles Angels | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| June 15, 1975, for the California Angels | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .200 |
| Home runs | 22 |
| Runs batted in | 91 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Quindell Johnson

abstract: Quindell Johnson is an American professional football safety for the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Memphis and has also been a member of the Los Angeles Rams.

text:
# Quindell Johnson

**Quindell Johnson** (born November 5, 1999) is an American professional football safety for the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Memphis and has also been a member of the Los Angeles Rams.

## Early life and education

Johnson was born on November 5, 1999. He and his twin brother Kendell grew up playing on the same youth sports teams, attending the same schools and ultimately playing for the same college football team. He attended Edna Karr High School and helped them win back-to-back state championships in 2016 and 2017. He committed to play college football for the Memphis Tigers, redshirting as a true freshman.

Following his redshirt season, Johnson saw significant playing time in 2019 and totaled 58 tackles, two interceptions and four pass breakups. In 2020, he earned second-team all-conference honors after having 81 total tackles, two forced fumbles and leading the American Athletic Conference (AAC) with 60 solo stops. He started all 12 games in 2021 and had 104 tackles, earning second-team all-conference honors while ranking 12th nationally with 66 solo stops. Johnson returned for a final season in 2022 and had a conference-leading four interceptions that placed him 22nd nationally; he additionally posted 77 tackles, four pass breakups and two forced fumbles on his way to being named first-team All-AAC. He finished his collegiate career with 320 tackles, 24 pass breakups and 10 interceptions.

## Professional career

Pre-draft measurables
| Height | Weight | Arm length | Hand span | 40-yard dash | 10-yard split | 20-yard split | 20-yard shuttle | Vertical jump | Broad jump |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6 ft 0+18 in
(1.83 m) | 201 lb
(91 kg) | 33 in
(0.84 m) | 9+12 in
(0.24 m) | 4.55 s | 1.58 s | 2.53 s | 4.24 s | 32.5 in
(0.83 m) | 10 ft 0 in
(3.05 m) |
| All values from Pro Day | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Los Angeles Rams

After going unselected in the 2023 NFL draft, Johnson was signed by the Los Angeles Rams as an undrafted free agent. He was waived at the final roster cuts, on August 29, 2023.

### Chicago Bears

Johnson was claimed off waivers by the Chicago Bears after not making the final roster of the Rams.

Johnson was waived on August 26, 2024, and re-signed to the practice squad, but released the following day.

### Los Angeles Rams

On September 18, 2024, Johnson was signed to the Los Angeles Rams practice squad.

## InfoBox

Quindell Johnson
| No. 25 – Los Angeles Rams | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Safety |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1999-11-05) November 5, 1999
New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) |
| Weight: | 208 lb (94 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Edna Karr
(New Orleans, Louisiana) |
| College: | Memphis (2018–2022) |
| Undrafted: | 2023 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
| Roster status: | Practice squad |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics as of Week 11, 2023 | |
| Tackles: 3  Pass deflections: 1  Interceptions: 1 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Pyramid (Australian game show)

abstract: Pyramid is an Australian children's quiz show screening on the Nine Network from 2009 to 2015 hosted by Shura Taft. It is co-produced by Sony Pictures Television and produced by Sydney-based Ambience Entertainment. It began broadcasting on 1 September 2009 and is filmed in front of a live studio audience. It involves two teams competing in games of "vocal charades". The show is based on the 1979 United States game show The Junior Partner Pyramid, a children's variant of the Sony Pictures Television Pyramid franchise.

text:
# Pyramid (Australian game show)

***Pyramid*** is an Australian children's quiz show screening on the Nine Network from 2009 to 2015 hosted by Shura Taft. It is co-produced by Sony Pictures Television (the owner of the franchise) and produced by Sydney-based Ambience Entertainment (a production arm of Omnilab Media). It began broadcasting on 1 September 2009 and is filmed in front of a live studio audience. It involves two teams competing in games of "vocal charades". The show is based on the 1979 United States game show *The Junior Partner Pyramid*, a children's variant of the Sony Pictures Television *Pyramid* franchise.

## Gameplay

Like the original 1979 US Junior format and unlike the original 1979 US Junior Partner format, contestants are not paired with their parents to guess seven words within 30 seconds, but with a celebrity instead (similar to the standard game with adults), plus there are two kids instead of just one and only have 30 seconds to guess six answers (as was the case with the 2002-04 Donny Osmond version; the Clark, Cullen, Davidson, Richards, and Strahan versions have seven answers). Each team consists of two contestants, who take turns guessing the words/phrases or giving out clues with a celebrity.

Pyramid features a pyramid-shaped game board made up of six wide-screen televisions which reveal words and categories to the players. One player describes words from the category, while a teammate must guess six answers within a 30-second time limit. Players rotate to complete three rounds of six categories, and the team with the most points goes to the Winner's Circle for their chance to win prizes. Similar to the Super Six (Osmond) or Big 7 (Clark) versions, one of the six categories contains a prize. For the team to win this prize, they must guess all six words or phrases within 30 seconds.

For every correct guess, five points are awarded to the team. Should the team get all six clues within thirty seconds, the team scores one point for every second remaining on the clock.

In round 1, the celebrities give out the clues and the contestants guess the word or phrase. The second round is played like the first round, except the celebrities switch teams. In the third and final round, the contestants provide the clues and the celebrities guess. The trailing team has the advantage of choosing which celebrity they want as their guesser. Also, that team gets first pick on the board.

After three rounds, if the final scores are tied, the host will read out a set of clues and the first contestant to buzz in and give the correct answer will go to the final round. Should that contestant pass or give an incorrect answer, their opposition will go to the final round instead.

In the bonus round, only the contestants play the game (no celebrities involved). In the first series, the round was played to the classic *Pyramid* format, with the answers being collective items (similar to the bonus rounds in the US version) e.g. "Things that are round". In the second series, the answers were similar to the ones played in the earlier rounds.

Celebrity guests are placed into each team. The first celebrities to appear included Paulini Curuenavuli, Emily Seebohm, Lara Davenport, Ky Hurst, James Horwill, Heidi Valkenburg, Jessica Napier, Blair McDonough and Charli Delaney.

## Production

The series is produced by Sony Pictures Television and Ambience Entertainment for the Nine Network. It is filmed in front of a live studio audience in Sydney. Series one premiered on 1 September 2009 after it was delayed by repeats of *The Shak*. Series two first aired on 3 May 2010.

## InfoBox

| *Pyramid* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Game show |
| Presented by | Shura Taft |
| Country of origin | Australia |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 7 |
| No. of episodes | 450 |
| Production | |
| Production locations |  |
| Running time | 30 minutes (including commercials) |
| Production companies |  |
| Original release | |
| Network |  |
| Release | 1 September 2009 (2009-09-01) <br>2014 (2014) |


title: Pavelló de la Mar Bella

abstract: The Pavelló de la Mar Bella is an indoor arena located in Barcelona, Catalonia. Seating 4000, it hosted the badminton events for 1992 Summer Olympics. This venue was completed in time for the 1992 Games. In 1993, it was converted to a privately-owned municipal multi-purpose venue, granted to Club Natació Poble Nou. Due to the financial issues faced by said entity, the City Hall of Barcelona recovered the grant and bestowed to the municipal company B:SM. In 2011, the Barcelona School Sports Board obtained the grant.

text:
# Pavelló de la Mar Bella

The **Pavelló de la Mar Bella** is an indoor arena located in Barcelona, Catalonia. Seating 4000, it hosted the badminton events for 1992 Summer Olympics.

This venue was completed in time for the 1992 Games.

In 1993, it was converted to a privately-owned municipal multi-purpose venue, granted to Club Natació Poble Nou. Due to the financial issues faced by said entity, the City Hall of Barcelona recovered the grant and bestowed to the municipal company B:SM. In 2011, the Barcelona School Sports Board (Consell de l'Esport Escolar de Barcelona, CEEB) obtained the grant.

41°24′00″N 2°12′42.79″E / 41.40000°N 2.2118861°E / 41.40000; 2.2118861


title: Lyudmila Muravyova

abstract: Lyudmila Muravyova is a Soviet athlete. She competed in the women's discus throw at the 1968 Summer Olympics and the 1972 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Lyudmila Muravyova

**Lyudmila Muravyova** (born 10 November 1940) is a Soviet athlete. She competed in the women's discus throw at the 1968 Summer Olympics and the 1972 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Lyudmila Muravyova
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Soviet |
| Born | (1940-11-10) 10 November 1940 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Event | Discus throw |


title: West Elk USD 282

abstract: West Elk USD 282 is a public unified school district headquartered in Howard, Kansas, United States. The district includes the communities of Elk Falls, Howard, Moline, Severy, and nearby rural areas.

text:
# West Elk USD 282

**West Elk USD 282** is a public unified school district headquartered in Howard, Kansas, United States. The district includes the communities of Elk Falls, Howard, Moline, Severy, and nearby rural areas.

## Schools

The school district operates the following schools:

* West Elk School

## InfoBox

| West Elk USD 282 | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
| 1199 St Highway 99 Howard, Kansas, 67349<br>United States | |
| Coordinates | 37°27′40″N 96°15′15″W / 37.46108°N 96.25418°W / 37.46108; -96.25418 |
| District information | |
| Type | Public |
| Grades | PreK to 12 |
| Other information | |
| Website | westelk.us |


title: Leon Renfroe Meadows

abstract: Leon Renfroe Meadows was the second president at East Carolina Teachers College. On October 5, 1934, he moved from the summer school director to the president, succeeding Robert Herring Wright.

text:
# Leon Renfroe Meadows

**Leon Renfroe Meadows** (April 14, 1884  March 6, 1953) was the second president at East Carolina Teachers College. On October 5, 1934, he moved from the summer school director to the president, succeeding Robert Herring Wright.

## InfoBox

| Leon R. Meadows | |
| --- | --- |
| Meadows pictured in *The Tecoan 1935*, East Carolina yearbook | |
|  | |
| President of the East Carolina Teachers College | |
| **In office**
1934–1944 | |
| Preceded by | Robert Herring Wright |
| Succeeded by | Howard Justus McGinnis |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1884-04-14)April 14, 1884
Lafayette, Alabama |
| Died | March 6, 1953(1953-03-06) (aged 68)
Gallipolis, Ohio |
|  | |


title: Tusmore, Oxfordshire

abstract: Tusmore is a settlement in the civil parish of Hardwick with Tusmore, in the Cherwell district, in Oxfordshire, England, about 5+1⁄2 miles (9 km) north of Bicester. It is the location of the Tusmore country house and estate. In 1931 the parish had a population of 82. On 1 April 1932 the parish was abolished and merged with Hardwick to form "Hardwick with Tusmore".

text:
# Tusmore, Oxfordshire

**Tusmore** is a settlement in the civil parish of Hardwick with Tusmore, in the Cherwell district, in Oxfordshire, England, about 5+12 miles (9 km) north of Bicester. It is the location of the Tusmore country house and estate.

In 1931 the parish had a population of 82. On 1 April 1932 the parish was abolished and merged with Hardwick to form "Hardwick with Tusmore".

## Manor

Tusmore was settled in Saxon times. The toponym comes from Old English, either *Thures mere* ("Thur's pool") or *Þyrsmere* ("a lake haunted by a giant or demon").

The Domesday Book records that in 1086 the manor of Tusmore belonged to Walter Giffard, 1st Earl of Buckingham.

By the early part of the 14th century Tusmore was the poorest village in the Ploughley Hundred. Thereafter it was depopulated by the Black Death. By 1358 the village had been abandoned and Sir Roger de Cotesford was licensed to enclose the abandoned land. The fact that Tusmore was not required to pay tax in 1428 indicates that by then it had fewer than ten householders.

The Fermor family were lords of the manor of Tusmore from 1606 until 1828, and Tusmore House was their family seat from about 1625 until 1810. In 1828 the last William Fermor died without a male heir and left the estate to his adopted daughter and her husband, John and Maria Turner Ramsay. In 1857 the Ramsays sold the estate to Henry Howard, 2nd Earl of Effingham. In 1929 the heir of Henry Alexander Gordon Howard, 4th Earl of Effingham sold the estate to Vivian Smith, a merchant banker who in 1938 was created 1st Baron Bicester of Tusmore. Late in the 1990s the Smiths sold Tusmore to the Syrian billionaire Wafic Saïd.

## Church and chapel

Records suggest that Tusmore may have had a parish church by 1074, and it certainly existed by 1236. After the depopulation of Tusmore in the 14th century the church continued as a chapel or free chapel, and fragments of 15th century masonry found on the site indicate that it was rebuilt at that time. It seems to have ceased to exist by the early part of the 16th century, as records of episcopal visitations at that time make no mention of Tusmore. However, the living continued to exist until 1840 when it was united with that of Hardwick. The place names "Church Yard" and "Churchyard Close" indicate roughly where the parish church once stood.

The Fermors were recusants and supported the continuation of Roman Catholicism in Tusmore and neighbouring villages from the English Reformation in the 16th century until after the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791. The family always had a resident priest, usually a Jesuit, and several Fermors entered religious orders. All of the Fermor's staff were Roman Catholics, and attended Mass at the Fermor chapel at Tusmore along with co-religionists form neighbouring villages. This practice continued uninterrupted except for a period from 1768 when Tusmore House was being rebuilt and the chapel was being refurbished (see below). Mass at Tusmore resumed thereafter and continued until 1810 when the last William Fermor moved out of the house and his priest moved to Hardwick. The chapel was burned down in 1837 and was not rebuilt.

## Tusmore Park

Sir Roger de Cotesford or his successors may have built a manor house at Tusmore. It does not survive, but an early 16th-century combined granary and dovecote on staddle stones remains. It is an oak-framed building, which is unusual in a part of England historically dominated by stone buildings. The granary and dovecote are now a Grade II\* listed building.

The Fermors' house at Tusmore was large, for in 1665 it was assessed as having 19 hearths for the hearth tax. It was built of local stone and had a Roman Catholic chapel as well as ornamental gardens and a fish pond. After 1758 William Fermor had the house demolished except for the chapel and commissioned the Scottish architect Robert Mylne to design a new house. The exterior was completed by 1770 and the interior by 1779. Mylne's house was of seven bays and built of local stone, most of it from Fritwell. Mylne laid out the gardens and landscaped the park, the latter with a lake and an ornamental Temple of Peace dedicated to the late poet Alexander Pope (1688–1744). Pope had been a friend of the Fermor family and in 1712 had written *The Rape of the Lock* about an incident in which Robert Petre, 7th Baron Petre had offended Arabella Fermor.

In 1857 the new owner, the 2nd Earl of Effingham, commissioned the Scottish architect William Burn to build an office wing on the site of the chapel, which had burned down in 1837. This was completed along with alterations to the house in 1858. After 1929 Vivian Smith had the house restored, most of the Victorian office wing demolished and some other alterations made. Despite the 1858 and 1929 alterations, a number of the principal rooms retained their original 18th-century ceilings in the style of Robert Adam. Smith greatly changed the gardens and park, retaining little of Milne's landscape design except the Temple of Peace and the lake.

In 1960 Randal Smith, 2nd Baron Bicester had the house demolished, which Sherwood and Pevsner condemned as *"a great loss to a county in which important houses of the last quarter of the C18 are few"*. The stables were retained and are now a separate dwelling. In 1964–65 the architect Claud Phillimore designed a new Tusmore House on the site in a neo-Georgian manner, significantly smaller than the house by Mylne. In 1970 the 2nd Baron died in a car accident and was succeeded by his nephew Angus Smith, 3rd Baron Bicester.

In 2000, the new owner Wafic Saïd replaced Phillimore's house with a grander Anglo-Palladian design on the same site designed by Sir William Whitfield (1920–2019) of Whitfield Lockwood Architects. The house has a two-storey entrance front and a three-storey garden front. In the centre of the house is a three-storey circular staircase hall, reminiscent of that at New Wardour Castle. In 2004 the Georgian Group gave the completed house its award for the "best new building in the Classical tradition", although doctrinaire modernist architectural critics have been sceptical. Outbuildings, lodges and a monumental obelisk to commemorate the Millennium have been completed for Wafic Saïd, all to the design of Whitfield Lockwood. As part of extensive landscape works the patte d'oie has been reinstated and a wide double avenue from the entrance to the house and terminating at the obelisk established.

## Air crash

On 2 September 1941 a Junkers Ju 88 fighter-bomber of Luftwaffe Nachtjagdgeschwader 2, flown by flying ace Oblt Paul Semrau, bombed RAF Upper Heyford. Meanwhile, a Handley Page Hampden I aircraft, P5314 of No. 16 Operational Training Unit RAF, had been on a night training flight and was preparing to land at its base, RAF Croughton. Semrau fired cannon and machine guns at the Hampden, which caught fire and then crashed into a field near Tusmore Park, killing all four members of the crew.

The Hampden crew were members of the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve. The pilot, P/O NP van der Merwe, was from Salisbury in Southern Rhodesia. He and two other crew are buried in the Commonwealth War Graves Commission section of St Mary's parish churchyard, Upper Heyford. The fourth is buried in St Andrew's parish churchyard, Kingsbury, northwest London.

## Sources and further reading

## InfoBox

| Tusmore | |
| --- | --- |
| Tusmore - the present house designed by Sir William Whitfield is at least the fourth on the site | |
| TusmoreLocation within Oxfordshire | |
| OS grid reference | SP5630 |
| Civil parish |  |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Bicester |
| Postcode district | OX27 |
| Dialling code | 01869 |
|  | |
| Police | Thames Valley |
| Fire | Oxfordshire |
| Ambulance | South Central |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Tokia Russell

abstract: Tokia Russell was a Bermudian football player.

text:
# Tokia Russell

**Tokia Russell** (August 15, 1977 – June 22, 2016) was a Bermudian football player.

## Club career

Russell began his career with the PHC Zebras, and played for the team for two years in the Bermudian Premier Division before joining the Bermuda Hogges in the USL Second Division in 2009. In August 2009, he switched Zebras for Dandy Town Hornets.

He joined Southampton Rangers from Dandy Town for the 2012–13 season.

## International career

He made his debut for Bermuda in a January 2000 friendly match against Canada and earned a total of 8 caps, scoring 1 goal. He has represented his country in 4 FIFA World Cup qualification matches.

His final international match was a November 2004 CONCACAF Gold Cup qualification match against the British Virgin Islands.

### International goals

*Scores and results list Bermuda's goal tally first.*

| N. | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition | Refs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | 19 March 2000 | National Stadium, Hamilton, Bermuda | British Virgin Islands | **2**–0 | 9–0 | 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification |  |

## Personal life

Tokia's younger brother Antwan Russell also plays for Bermuda. His grandfather Earl is regarded as one of Bermuda's best ever players.

In 2011, Tokia was fined for drunk driving after crashing his car.

Tokia was killed by a driver on June 22, 2016, in a car accident. Toe (as friends and family called him), was a motorist and died at the scene.

Tokia leaves behind him 2 children: a son Tokia Jnr and a daughter - Tazara.

## InfoBox

Tokia Russell
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Tokia Russell | | |
| Date of birth | (1977-08-15)August 15, 1977 | | |
| Place of birth | Bermuda | | |
| Date of death | June 22, 2016(2016-06-22) (aged 38) | | |
| Height | 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2008–2009 | PHC Zebras |  |  |
| 2009 | Bermuda Hogges | 11 | (0) |
| 2009–2012 | Dandy Town Hornets |  |  |
| 2012–2013 | Southampton Rangers |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2000–2004 | Bermuda | 8 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 11 October 2009 | | | |


title: Pwll Du Tunnel

abstract: The Pwll Du Tunnel was the longest horse-powered tramway tunnel to be built in Britain at 1,875 metres (6,152 ft) in length. It started in Blaenavon, Torfaen, Wales, and was originally a coal mine, running northward almost horizontally into a hillside. Later it was extended right through the hill and used to carry limestone from quarries at Pwll Du and Tyla to the ironworks at Blaenavon, and to carry pig iron from Blaenavon to the Garnddyrys Forge. The tramway was extended past Garnddyrys to Llanfoist Wharf on the Brecknock and Abergavenny Canal. The tramway from Pwll Du to the canal fell out of use when the railway came to Blaenavon and the Garnddyrys forge was closed in 1860, but the tunnel continued to be used to carry limestone to Blaenavon until 1926. It is now a scheduled monument and part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

text:
# Pwll Du Tunnel

The **Pwll Du Tunnel** was the longest horse-powered tramway tunnel to be built in Britain at 1,875 metres (6,152 ft) in length. It started in Blaenavon, Torfaen, Wales, and was originally a coal mine, running northward almost horizontally into a hillside. Later it was extended right through the hill and used to carry limestone from quarries at Pwll Du and Tyla to the ironworks at Blaenavon, and to carry pig iron from Blaenavon to the Garnddyrys Forge. The tramway was extended past Garnddyrys to Llanfoist Wharf on the Brecknock and Abergavenny Canal. The tramway from Pwll Du to the canal fell out of use when the railway came to Blaenavon and the Garnddyrys forge was closed in 1860, but the tunnel continued to be used to carry limestone to Blaenavon until 1926. It is now a scheduled monument and part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

## Origins

The Blaenavon Ironworks, completed in 1789, was the most advanced in Wales in its day, using coke rather than charcoal for smelting with a steam engine to blow the furnace. The coal and iron ore were extracted from mines at various levels in the north east side of the Afon Lwyd valley. What would become the Pwll Du Tunnel was one of these mines, extending for about 0.75 miles (1.21 km) into the hillside on a gentle slope. The tunnel was started around 1782 to extract iron ore. The historian William Coxe gave it a length of about 0.75 miles (1.21 km) in 1801. The Pwll Du limestone quarry, Blaenavon, lay on the north eastern lip of the South Wales Coalfield, on the upland bluff that overlooks Abergavenny. From 1789 limestone was carried south to Blaenanon over the mountain by a cart-road from Pwll Du. A horse-drawn railway was inaugurated in 1796 to take limestone from the Blorenge Mountain quarries to the ironworks.

When plans were made to build the Garnddyrys iron forge in Cwm Llanwenarth on the west branch of the Blorenge hill, they included replacing a steeply sloped tramroad from Blaenavon by a shallow gradient tramroad along an extension of the earlier tunnel through the hill to Pwll Du. In response to a surge in demand for iron during the Napoleonic Wars, Thomas Hill, who managed the Blaenavon ironworks, began to build what became called Hill's Tramroad from Pwll Du to the Llanfoist wharf around 1815. The tramroad ran past Garnddyrus forge, down the northern side of the Blorenge hill to Llanfoist Wharf on the Brecknock and Abergavenny Canal. Pig iron and iron products were then transported down the canal to the Newport Docks.

Thomas Hill extended the early tunnel through the hill to form a tramroad tunnel from Blaenavon to Pwll Du to carry limestone and coal. The tunnel, high enough for horse drawn trams, runs through the Mynydd Garn Fawr in a sweeping curve. The horse drawn railway through the tunnel was in operation by 1817. Limestone was taken from the quarry up to the railway by a water-balance lift, using water from a reservoir above.

## Tramroad and tunnel

Hill's tramroad was a plateway with 2 feet (0.61 m) gauge on stone sleeper blocks. It had connections to limestone quarries at Pwll-Du and Tyla. It was extended around 1817–22 to run from Pwll Du to Llanfoist via Garnddyrys. The tramroad ran for 3 miles (4.8 km) north east from the north portal round the Blorenge shoulder to Llanfoist Wharf.

The tunnel rose by 70 feet (21 m) from Blaenavon to Pwll Du. The tunnel is 2,050 yards (1,870 m) long. The tunnel was the longest that was ever built in Britain for a horse-powered surface railway. The tunnel was accessed through a portal at the south end by Blaenavon. This impressive portal was named "The Marble Arch". The Pwll Du end of the tunnel was a stone lined trench, later covered, with two linked portals in a Y branch. There was a junction just inside the tunnel. The tramroad to the Tyla quarries entered the western portal. The tramroad to the Garnddyrys Forge and onward to the canal entered the eastern portal, probably built in 1816.

## Operations

Pig iron was carried from the ironworks to the Garnddyrys forge, established in 1817, for conversion to wrought iron. The section running to Llanfoist wharf became obsolete when mainline railways reach the Blaenavon ironworks in the 1850s. The tunnel bore heavy traffic for forty years while Garnddyrus Forge was operating. The minerals on both sides of the tunnel continued to be mined, with secondary workings in 1814, 1864, 1867–68, 1894, 1898 and 1902.

The Dyne Steel Incline railway over the mountain was built about 1850. The double incline ran up and over the hill above the tunnel, with a steam engine at the summit to haul up the loaded trains. In 1860 the Garnddyrys works were closed, the forge was relocated to Forgeside, Blaenavon, and the northern branch of the tunnel at Pwll Du was closed.

The tunnel continued to be used to carry limestone to Blaenavon. Limestone was being carried from the Pwll Du and Tyla quarries through the tunnel to Blaenavon as late as 1926. In later years the trams were hauled by stationary engines at each end of the tunnel. A train might consist of 15–20 trams, each holding about two tons of limestone. Women of Pwll Du would ride through the hill sitting on the trams in bad weather, rather than walk over the hill.

## Later years

The limestone quarries closed after the General Strike of 1926, and the tunnel was no longer used. In 1933 a measurement survey was undertaken to explore for coal. In 1933–34 a team of fifteen to twenty men from the Blaenavon Company drove a heading that found a workable 2 to 3 feet (0.61 to 0.91 m) coal seam. Eventually exploration was halted due to faults, water and risks from uncharted older disused mines. A brick wall closed off the Pwll Du end. There was a major collapse about 50 yards (46 m) into the Tyla branch that may have been caused by water leaking from the Pwll Du reservoir. There was a bedding collapse about 40 metres (130 ft) into the Garnddyrys branch, perhaps from the same cause, but possibly due to open cast workings above the tunnel in the 1940s.

In 1999 a team of cavers and industrial archaeologists announced plans to investigate the tunnel. The exploration team sank a shaft into the water-filled tunnel beyond the roof fall at the Pwll Du end. After pumping the water (if not contaminated) they planned to explore the full length. The tunnel at the Blaenavon entrance is now lined with brick and supported by large timbers installed in the 20th century. In November 2000 UNESCO designated the Blaenavon Industrial Landscape as a World Heritage Site, including the town, ironworks, Big Pit Museum and Hill's tramroad with its Pwll Du tram tunnel. Part of the ironworks is now a museum.

1. Gardener 2001.
2. Seabourne 1999, p. 7.
3. Browne & Hughes 2003, p. 65.
4. Browne & Hughes 2003, p. 63.
5. HLCA 011 Blorenge and Gilwern Hill.
6. Seabourne 1999, p. 6.
7. Thomas Hill’s Tram Road – Visit Blaenavon.
8. Newman 2000, p. 126.
9. Hill's Tramroad: Pwll Du Tunnel – Coflein.
10. Hughes 1990, p. 330.
11. Browne & Hughes 2003, p. 53.
12. Dyne Steels's Incline – Coflein.
13. Wilcock 2007.

## Sources

* Browne, David M.; Hughes, Stephen (2003), *The Archaeology of the Welsh Uplands*, Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales, ISBN 978-1-871184-26-6, retrieved 13 April 2016
* "Dyne Steels's Incline", *Coflein*, Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales, retrieved 13 April 2016
* Gardener, Clive (2001), "The Tunnel History & Operation", *Ghosts of Pwll Du*, retrieved 12 April 2016
* "Hill's Tramroad: Pwll Du Tunnel", *Coflein*, Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales, retrieved 13 April 2016
* *HLCA 011 Blorenge and Gilwern HillHistoric Landscape Characterisation*, Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust, retrieved 12 April 2016
* Hughes, Stephen (1990), *The Archaeology of an Early Railway System: The Brecon Forest Tramroads*, Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments in Wales, ISBN 978-1-871184-05-1, retrieved 13 April 2016
* Newman, John (1 March 2000), *Gwent/Monmouthshire*, Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-09630-9, retrieved 13 April 2016
* Seabourne, Dave (22 July 1999), "Work starts to open up old tramroad" (PDF), *Abergavenny Chronicle*, retrieved 13 April 2016  via Welsh Mines Society Newsletter November 1999
* "Thomas Hill's Tram Road" (PDF), *Visit Blaenavon*, retrieved 12 April 2016
* Wilcock, John (2 October 2007), *COST A27 cultural parks and cultural landscapes: Blaenavon*, COST A27 Understanding pre-industrial structures in rural and mining landscapes, retrieved 13 April 2016

## InfoBox

Pwll Du Tunnel
| Northern entrance of the Pwll Du tunnel under the Blaen Pig area | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Location | Blaenavon, Torfaen, Wales |
| Coordinates | N 51°47′55″N 3°05′45″W / 51.7987°N 3.0958°W / 51.7987; -3.0958<br>S 51°46′53″N 3°05′26″W / 51.7814°N 3.0905°W / 51.7814; -3.0905 |
| Status | Protected (NPRN 85830) |
| Operation | |
| Opened | 1816 |
| Closed | 1926 |
| Character | Tramroad |
| Technical | |
| Length | 1,875 metres (6,152 ft) |


title: Pavelló Menorca

abstract: Pavelló Menorca is an arena in Menorca in the area of Binitaufa, Mahón, Spain. It is primarily used for basketball and the home arena of Menorca Bàsquet. The arena holds 5,115 people and was built in a record time of 100 days in 2005.

text:
# Pavelló Menorca

**Pavelló Menorca** (*Pabellón Menorca* in Spanish) is an arena in Menorca in the area of Binitaufa, Mahón, Spain. It is primarily used for basketball and the home arena of Menorca Bàsquet. The arena holds 5,115 people and was built in a record time of 100 days in 2005.

39°52′29″N 4°15′45″E / 39.87472°N 4.26250°E / 39.87472; 4.26250

## InfoBox

Pavelló Menorca
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Mahón, Menorca, Spain |
| Capacity | 5,115 |
| Opened | 2 October 2005 |
| Tenants | |
| Menorca Bàsquet (2005-2012)<br>CB Menorca (2017–present) | |


title: Lyonetia lechrioscia

abstract: Lyonetia lechrioscia is a moth in the family Lyonetiidae. It is known from Australia. The larvae mine the leaves of their host plants, Quintinia sieberi and Quintinia verdonii.

text:
# Lyonetia lechrioscia

***Lyonetia lechrioscia*** is a moth in the family Lyonetiidae. It is known from Australia.

The larvae mine the leaves of their host plants, *Quintinia sieberi* and *Quintinia verdonii*.

## InfoBox

| *Lyonetia lechrioscia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lyonetiidae |
| Genus: | *Lyonetia* |
| Species: | ***L. lechrioscia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lyonetia lechrioscia***<br>Turner, 1926 | |
|


title: Welton railway station

abstract: Welton was a railway station on the West Coast Main Line serving the villages of Welton and Watford in Northamptonshire. The station was opened in 1838 as part of the London and Birmingham Railway. It was located closer to Watford than to Welton, however it was named after the latter in order to avoid confusion with the much larger town of Watford further south. The station had an unusual arrangement of staggered platforms, one platform on each side of the road bridge. This was because of the confined site, being hemmed in by the Grand Union Canal and A5 road. The station became part of the London and North Western Railway in 1846, which itself became part of the London Midland and Scottish Railway during the Grouping of 1923. The line then passed on to the London Midland Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948. The station closed to passengers in 1958 and to goods in 1964. Today the site of the station is right next to the modern day Watford Gap service station on the M1 motorway. The only physical remains of the station today is a former goods shed alongside the tracks.

text:
# Welton railway station

**Welton** was a railway station on the West Coast Main Line serving the villages of Welton and Watford in Northamptonshire. The station was opened in 1838 as part of the London and Birmingham Railway. It was located closer to Watford than to Welton, however it was named after the latter in order to avoid confusion with the much larger town of Watford further south. The station had an unusual arrangement of staggered platforms, one platform on each side of the road bridge. This was because of the confined site, being hemmed in by the Grand Union Canal and A5 road.

The station became part of the London and North Western Railway in 1846, which itself became part of the London Midland and Scottish Railway during the Grouping of 1923. The line then passed on to the London Midland Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948.

The station closed to passengers in 1958 and to goods in 1964. Today the site of the station is right next to the modern day Watford Gap service station on the M1 motorway. The only physical remains of the station today is a former goods shed alongside the tracks.

| Preceding station | Historical railways | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Rugby
Line and station open |  | London and North Western Railway
West Coast Main Line |  | Weedon
Line open, station closed |

52°18′27″N 1°07′34″W / 52.3074°N 1.126°W / 52.3074; -1.126

## InfoBox

| Welton | |
| --- | --- |
| The site of the station in 2009. | |
| General information | |
| Location | Welton and Watford, West Northamptonshire
England |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Disused |
| History | |
| Original company | London and Birmingham Railway |
| Pre-grouping | London and North Western Railway |
| Post-grouping | London Midland and Scottish Railway |
| Key dates | |
| 1838 | Opened as Crick |
| 1881 | Renamed Welton |
| 1958 | Closed to passengers |
| 1964 | Closed to goods |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Upton, Slough

abstract: Upton is a suburb of Slough, in the Slough district, in the ceremonial county of Berkshire, England. Until the local government reforms of 1974 it was in Buckinghamshire. It was one of the villages that developed into the town.

text:
# Upton, Slough

**Upton** is a suburb of Slough, in the Slough district, in the ceremonial county of Berkshire, England. Until the local government reforms of 1974 it was in Buckinghamshire. It was one of the villages that developed into the town.

## History

The Domesday Book survey of 1086 refers to Upton and a wood for 200 pigs, worth £15. Upton took its name from its situation at the top of the slope from the river terrace — the various levels in the area having been formed in the Last Ice Age.

The ancient parish, and the civil parish until 1894, included Chalvey and Slough, originally hamlets, and was formally known as **Upton-cum-Chalvey**. In 1894, the new civil parish of Slough was formed from the parish. In 1895 a detached part of the parish was transferred to Gerrards Cross, and in 1900 and 1901 the rump of the parish was divided between the neighbouring parishes of Eton, Langley, Slough and Wexham. The ecclesiastical parish is still known as Upton-cum-Chalvey.

## Church

Upton's Norman Church, St Laurence's Church, is around 900 years old. It was the marriage place (7 May 1788) and burial place (1822) of Sir William Herschel (in whose memory there stands a newly erected stained-glass window depicting Uranus, which he discovered, and other planets), and the burial place of Charles Hatchett who discovered niobium.

## Other buildings

**Upton Court** is the name of the original manorial buildings for the parish of Upton. Parts of Upton Court were built in 1325. In the 19th century, it was a seat of the Burton family and was, up until March 2010, home to the *Slough Observer* newspaper. The nearby Slough Grammar School, having previously been named Upton Grammar School from 1982 to 1993, changed its name in 2013 to Upton Court Grammar School.

**The Mere** is a 19th-century half-timbered building, built in 1887 by the grandson of Richard Bentley, is now the head office of the National Foundation for Educational Research. Long Close School was established in the area in 1940.

## Upton Park

**Upton Park** forms one of Slough's earliest planned estates. Laid out in 1842, the grounds (a public park as Herschel Park since 1949) are believed to have been designed by Joseph Paxton.

In 2011, the 3.5-hectare (8.6-acre) Grade II listed park and nature reserve underwent a restoration project to re-establish the area to its former Victorian glory with a lottery grant of £2.7m from the Heritage Lottery Fund. Friends of Herschel Park, a local conservation group, was created to manage the restoration, as well as to oversee the design and maintenance of the area. The park regularly holds events for adults and children throughout the year.

## Notable people

* Page, William, ed. (1925). *Victoria County History of Buckinghamshire*. Vol. 3. pp. 314–318.
* Friends of Herschel Park Official Website

## InfoBox

| Upton | |
| --- | --- |
| St. Laurence in Upton, Slough | |
| UptonLocation within Berkshire | |
| OS grid reference | SU979792 |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | SLOUGH |
| Postcode district | SL1 |
| Dialling code | 01753 |
|  | |
| Police | Thames Valley |
| Fire | Royal Berkshire |
| Ambulance | South Central |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Tom Longfield

abstract: Thomas Cuthbert Longfield was an English cricketer. He played first-class cricket for several teams including Cambridge University, Kent County Cricket Club and Bengal. Longfield was born at High Halstow in Kent and educated at Aldenham School where he played in the cricket XI. He went to Cambridge University and won cricket Blues in 1927 and 1928, making a total of 25 first-class appearances for the University side. He made his Kent debut in the 1927 University vacation and went on to play a total of 40 times for the county First XI, playing his last county match in 1939. After leaving Cambridge, Longfield worked for Andrew Yule and Company in Calcutta in India, the city where his father had worked for Royal Insurance. He was able to play for Kent only when he returned to England on leave. He played for a variety of teams whilst in India, including the Europeans and Bengal. He captained Bengal to their first Ranji Trophy win in 1938/39, and took a hat-trick for the side in 1936/37 against Bihar. He was involved with the Calcutta Cricket Club and went on to become president whilst living in India, captaining the team for a time and was President of the club three times. He was a major influence in the Cricket Association of Bengal. In his Wisden obituary, Longfield was described as having been "an orthodox, old-fashioned medium-pace bowler" who "possessed a beautiful action, kept a good length, and could move the ball both ways". He was third in the Cambridge bowling averages in 1927 taking 46 wickets, followed by 44 in 1928, although for Kent he was "curiously ineffective" as a bowler. As a batsman he scored two centuries for Cambridge, the only first-class hundreds he scored, and was described as "a good stroke-player who could score quickly, mostly in front of the wicket" who went on to play "some useful innings" for Kent. He was second in the Cambridge batting averages in 1927. Longfield's daughter Susan, who was born in Calcutta whilst Longfield worked in India and was a successful model, married Ted Dexter in 1959. He later captained the England cricket team. His brother, Geoffrey Longfield, played two first-class matches for the RAF. Longfield died at Ealing in Middlesex in 1981 aged 75.

text:
# Tom Longfield

**Thomas Cuthbert Longfield** (12 May 1906  21 December 1981) was an English cricketer. He played first-class cricket for several teams including Cambridge University, Kent County Cricket Club and Bengal.

Longfield was born at High Halstow in Kent and educated at Aldenham School where he played in the cricket XI. He went to Cambridge University and won cricket Blues in 1927 and 1928, making a total of 25 first-class appearances for the University side. He made his Kent debut in the 1927 University vacation and went on to play a total of 40 times for the county First XI, playing his last county match in 1939.

After leaving Cambridge, Longfield worked for Andrew Yule and Company in Calcutta in India, the city where his father had worked for Royal Insurance. He was able to play for Kent only when he returned to England on leave. He played for a variety of teams whilst in India, including the Europeans and Bengal. He captained Bengal to their first Ranji Trophy win in 1938/39, and took a hat-trick for the side in 1936/37 against Bihar. He was involved with the Calcutta Cricket Club and went on to become president whilst living in India, captaining the team for a time and was President of the club three times. He was a major influence in the Cricket Association of Bengal.

In his *Wisden* obituary, Longfield was described as having been "an orthodox, old-fashioned medium-pace bowler" who "possessed a beautiful action, kept a good length, and could move the ball both ways". He was third in the Cambridge bowling averages in 1927 taking 46 wickets, followed by 44 in 1928, although for Kent he was "curiously ineffective" as a bowler. As a batsman he scored two centuries for Cambridge, the only first-class hundreds he scored, and was described as "a good stroke-player who could score quickly, mostly in front of the wicket" who went on to play "some useful innings" for Kent. He was second in the Cambridge batting averages in 1927.

Longfield's daughter Susan, who was born in Calcutta whilst Longfield worked in India and was a successful model, married Ted Dexter in 1959. He later captained the England cricket team. His brother, Geoffrey Longfield, played two first-class matches for the RAF. Longfield died at Ealing in Middlesex in 1981 aged 75.

## InfoBox

Tom Longfield
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Thomas Cuthbert Longfield |
| Born | (1906-05-12)12 May 1906
High Halstow, Kent, England |
| Died | 21 December 1981(1981-12-21) (aged 75)
Ealing, Middlesex, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm medium |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1927–1928 | Cambridge University |
| 1927–1939 | Kent |
| 1929/30–1936/37 | Europeans |
| 1936/37–1938/39 | Bengal |
|  | |
| FC debut | 4 May 1927 Cambridge University v Yorkshire |
| Last FC | 2 June 1951 Free Foresters v Oxford University |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 82  Runs scored 2,446  Batting average 22.44  100s/50s 2/7  Top score 120  Balls bowled 6,416  Wickets 195  Bowling average 32.90  5 wickets in innings 7  10 wickets in match 0  Best bowling 6/12  Catches/stumpings 49/– | |
|  | |
| Source: CricInfo, 28 March 2016 | |


title: Queen Elizabitch

abstract: Queen Elizabitch is the second studio album by American rapper CupcakKe. It was self-released on March 31, 2017. The album was preceded by its leading single "Cumshot". However, the album's track "CPR", got attention from the video-sharing app, TikTok. The song received over 100 million streams on the music-streaming app Spotify.

text:
# Queen Elizabitch

***Queen Elizabitch*** is the second studio album by American rapper CupcakKe. It was self-released on March 31, 2017. The album was preceded by its leading single "Cumshot". However, the album's track "CPR", got attention from the video-sharing app, TikTok. The song received over 100 million streams on the music-streaming app Spotify.

## Background and release

On March 28, CupcakKe revealed the album cover and track listing. *Queen Elizabitch* was self-released on March 31, 2017, in distribution to TuneCore.

On April 8, the album was briefly removed from streaming services due to a production discrepancy, but returned days later.

## Composition

According to *Pitchfork* writer Briana Younger, album opener "Scraps" features "disquieting keys and decaying synths". "33rd" has been described in *The Fader* as an "all-out pop banger". *Pitchfork*'s Younger also described "Biggie Smalls" as a body-positive song about beauty standards and eating disorders, and its production as a "jungle-like trance". She pointed to "Tarzan" as a drill track, while she and *The Fader,* as well as *Stereogum*, referred to the album closer "Reality Pt. 4" as an a capella track reflecting on CupcakKe's life and politics.

## Promotion

### Singles

"Cumshot" was released as a digital download on February 24, 2017 as the album's lead single.

### Music videos

"Cumshot" received a music video on March 10, 2017. "Reality Pt. 4" received a black-and-white music video on April 19, 2017. The visual was described by Pranav Trewn of *Stereogum* as "dark". "Quick Thought" received a music video on May 14, 2017. It was directed by Brandon Holmes. According to Peter Helman of *Stereogum*, the video features CupcakKe as the leader of a "colorful stick-up crew armed with bright red guns". "CPR" received a music video on May 29, 2017. "Biggie Smalls" came out with a music video on June 16, 2017. "33rd" received a video on July 2, 2017. "Barcodes" received a music video on July 17, 2017. "Scraps" received a music video on August 8, 2017.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Pitchfork* | 7.6/10 |
| *Vice* (Expert Witness) | B+ |

*Pitchfork* writer Briana Younger wrote of the album thus: "The amazingly explicit Chicago rapper has begun to embody the totality of her experience on record. Social issues, violence, and wild sex are all approached with the same fiery conviction."

The album was included on *Rolling Stone*'s "40 Best Rap Albums of 2017" list at position 17.

## Track listing

*Queen Elizabitch*
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Scraps" | Elizabeth Eden Harris | Harris | 3:24 |
| 2. | "33rd" | Harris | Def Starz | 3:40 |
| 3. | "CPR" | Harris | Harris | 3:28 |
| 4. | "Author" | Harris | Harris | 3:24 |
| 5. | "Quick Thought" | Harris | Harris | 3:25 |
| 6. | "Biggie Smalls" | Harris | Def Starz | 3:51 |
| 7. | "Barcodes" | Harris | Def Starz | 3:01 |
| 8. | "Cumshot" | Harris | Def Starz | 3:29 |
| 9. | "Civilized" | Harris | Harris | 3:01 |
| 10. | "Toys "R" Us" | Harris | Harris | 2:29 |
| 11. | "Tarzan" | Harris | Harris | 3:05 |
| 12. | "Reality, Pt. 4" | Harris | Harris | 2:34 |

## InfoBox

| Queen Elizabitch | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by CupcakKe | |
| Released | March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31) |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Length | 38:52 |
| Label |  |
| CupcakKe chronology | |
| *Audacious*
(2016) ***Queen Elizabitch***
(2017) *Ephorize*
(2018) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Queen Elizabitch* | |
| 1. "Cumshot"
Released: February 24, 2017 | |
|  | |


title: Pyrgulopsis sanchezi

abstract: Pyrgulopsis sanchezi, is a species of minute freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs in the family Hydrobiidae. This species is endemic to the Amargosa River basin in California and Nevada, United States. Its natural habitat is springs.

text:
# Pyrgulopsis sanchezi

***Pyrgulopsis sanchezi***, is a species of minute freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs in the family Hydrobiidae.

This species is endemic to the Amargosa River basin in California and Nevada, United States. Its natural habitat is springs.

## Description

*Pyrgulopsis sanchezi* is a small snail that has a maximum height of 2.9 millimetres (0.11 in) and ovate to narrow conical shell. It has a short, strongly tapering penial filament that differentiates it from other *Pyrgulopsis*.

## Etymology

The species is named for Peter G. Sanchez, former Resource Management Specialist for Death Valley National Park, who was instrumental in efforts to protect and conserve regional springsnails and their associated aquatic habitats.

* Hershler, Robert; Liu, Hsiu-Ping; Bradford, Corbin (9 September 2013). "Systematics of a widely distributed western North American springsnail, Pyrgulopsis micrococcus (Caenogastropoda, Hydrobiidae), with descriptions of three new congeners". *ZooKeys* (330): 27–52. doi:10.3897/zookeys.330.5852. PMC 3800804. PMID 24146554. Retrieved 21 June 2017.  via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)

## InfoBox

| *Pyrgulopsis sanchezi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Hydrobiidae |
| Genus: | *Pyrgulopsis* |
| Species: | ***P. sanchezi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyrgulopsis sanchezi***<br>Hershler, Liu & Bradford, 2013 | |
|


title: Tusnelda Sanders

abstract: Tusnelda Sanders was a noted Danish primitivist painter and illustrator whose works were sold both in France and in North American galleries from 1944 until her death. Her graphic illustrations were used in books and posters. From the 1920s until her death, she lived and made art in Cagnes-sur-Mer, the artists' colony on the Cote d’Azur near Nice, France. Her works are signed with the single name, "Tusnelda." Her unofficial name-change to Tusnelda in midlife awaits explanation.

text:
# Tusnelda Sanders

**Tusnelda Sanders** (born **Frida Nielsen**, 1894–1978) was a noted Danish primitivist painter and illustrator whose works were sold both in France and in North American galleries from 1944 until her death. Her graphic illustrations were used in books and posters. From the 1920s until her death, she lived and made art in Cagnes-sur-Mer, the artists' colony on the Cote d’Azur near Nice, France. Her works are signed with the single name, "Tusnelda." Her unofficial name-change to Tusnelda in midlife awaits explanation.

## Career

Tusnelda Sanders is known for her primitive landscape and village-scape paintings, depicting Cagnes-sur-Mer, signed Tusnelda in block letters, and executed in egg-tempera paint on rigid masonite sheets. Little is known about art she made in Cagnes-sur-Mer before WWII. Having fled France to New York City in 1941, she lived among artists in Greenwich Village for the duration of the war. She decorated tiles for Harold Ambellan's Designed Tiles silkscreen studio along with other artists in exile and learned about American taste for primitive paintings and outsider art.

Exhibiting under the name Tusnelda, she had her first solo exhibition in 1944 in New York City at Bonestell Galleries. Given another solo exhibition by Bonestell Galleries in Spring of 1945, her primitive paintings received positive press coverage. According to her review in the Sunday *New York Times*, she had taken up painting during her wartime exile in New York City. Howard Devries, their arts reporter, described her paintings in 1945: “Sophisticatedly artless paintings by Tusnelda, at the Bonestell, hark back to the Victorian “modern primitive” in their appeal. Amusing fantasy and sly humor blend in the work.”

Returning to Cagnes-sur-Mer after World War II, she would ship the paintings to galleries abroad. The Cober Gallery of New York held yearly exhibits in the 1960s. She sold paintings in Cagnes and also contributed them to fundraisers. (See list of exhibitions, below)

Tusnelda Sanders is often noted as the sitter for several famous portraits.Vilhelm Lundstrøm’s *Portrait of Tusnelda Sanders* of 1928 was painted before her formal marriage to Sanders so that its title reflects her married name at the time it was purchased by Norway’s National Museum in 1951. Stella Bowen, Australian portrait artist and ex-wife of Ford Madox Ford, described her month-long stay with Ross and Tusnelda, using that name, in 1936 and painted at least three depictions of Tusnelda’s life there, including her oil portrait of Tusnelda now in the Australian War Museum.

A Danish-language cookbook of 1957 about artists living in the Mediterranean was entitled *Make It Easy As Tusnelda*. It included her graphic illustrations and several of her recipes served up to guests over the years.

In the 1960s, George Caspari Inc. offered a boxed selection of twenty greeting cards depicting reproductions of four paintings by Tusnelda. In 1966, UNICEF chose to reproduce one painting, “Dancing Children,” part of a suite of painters’ designs for their Christmas cards, sold as fundraisers for needy children.

## Personal life

She was born Frida Nielsen on 26 October 1894 in Copenhagen, Denmark, to Thyra (Marie Bachmann) and Carl Christian Edvard Nielsen. In 1916, she married a visiting Danish-American agricultural student, Harald H. Foght Moeller, and returned with him to Ord, Nebraska, where she lived three years on the Moeller family farm. They had two children, Berte and Sigurd, who accompanied her to Denmark in 1919 to visit her ailing mother but the three did not return to the U.S. nor to the marriage.

In the 1920s, Frida Nielsen Moeller followed her Danish friends, painter Vilhelm Lundstrøm and wife Yrsa Hansen, to the artist colony Cagnes-sur-Mer, near Nice. There in the 1920s she met the American artist Roswell (Ross or Sandy) Sanders. He had been wounded in 1916 driving an American Field Service (AFS) ambulance near Verdun, France, received the Croix de Guerre and, with funding from the AFS, he eventually returned to France to study art. She seems to have commenced calling herself Tusnelda in this period.

As Frida Nielsen, she purchased the house at 6 Place Grimaldi, Haut-Cagnes, which is depicted in a photograph captioned in Danish,"Tusnelda Sanders hus, Haut-de-Cagnes, 1925," in the 1993 monograph about Vilhelm Lundstrøm. She and Ross converted the downstairs stable to a suite for paying guests, usually artists and writers on sojourn. Stella Bowen painted a view of this room with fireplace in 1936. Guests using this lodging, described in several books, understood they were not allowed in the lodging during the day so as not to disturb the artist-couple using it as a studio. A photograph of the exterior of her second studio in Haut-Cagnes is labelled in Danish as "Tusnelda Sanders hus Haut-de-Cagnes, 1993" in the 1993 Lundstrøm monograph.

Under her maiden name Frida Nielsen, “artiste peintre,” she and Ross Stevens Sanders married in Cagnes-sur- mer on March 20, 1941 as they prepared to flee France. They sailed from Lisbon as American citizens arriving in New York City on 30 June 1941. Their fellow passengers were French-Russian sculptor Ossip Zadkine and cartoonist Saul Steinberg. The Sanders joined her son Sigurd living there since 1938. Her daughter Berte is understood to have moved to Copenhagen. The Sanders are on record as living at 220 Green Street and also 230 Wooster Street in Manhattan. Ross worked overseas with the US Army and an early form of the United Nations. Tusnelda worked in Harold Ambellan's Designed Tiles silkscreen studio in Manhattan and commenced exhibiting her naive paintings starting in 1944.

Back in Cagnes-sur-Mer after the war, Ross and Tusnelda returned to the high-spirited social life of Cagnards before the war: extravagant yearly costume balls, art exhibitions, leisurely patio lunches and large dinner parties, a lifestyle described by Michel Gaudet. Place Grimaldi 6 remained home until their deaths. Roswell Sanders predeceased her in 1967. Tusnelda continued to paint and died at home on 3 July 1978. Robert Buson of *Nice Matin* penned her obituary: “La cité des peintres as perd en Tusnelda une artiste de talent et une amie…"

## Current revival

There is a revival of interest in the paintings and life of Tusnelda Sanders. In 2011, the large retrospective of Cagnard painters at the Château-Musée Grimaldi, Haut-de-Cagnes, included her paintings. The detailed companion exhibition catalog of this retrospective, also published in 2011 by Ville de Cagnes-sur-Mer, presented an essay on her art and her life.

There are steady sales of her paintings since the early 2000s, mostly in North America, where many were originally sold starting in 1944. An art historical monograph on the ceramic art of Carol Janeway(1913-1989) discusses Tusnelda's art career during her New York sojourn during World War II. A website, www.tusneldasanders.com, is devoted to showing her paintings and describing her life.

## Exhibitions

Solo Exhibitions

* 1944, 1945, 1946 - Bonestell Gallery, New York City
* 1957 - Galerie Laurine, Copenhagen, Denmark
* 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1967 - Cober Gallery, New York City

Group Shows

* 1951 - Galerie Muratore, Nice, France
* 1951 - Den Frie Udstillings Bygning, Copenhagen Denmark
* 1952 - Galerie Las Arts, Vence, France
* 1960 - Salle Jean Graille, La Ciotat, France
* 1960 - Musee d'Art et d'Archaeologie, Toulon, France
* 1965 - Annual Purchase Exhibition, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL
* 1969 - LaTortue Galerie, Santa Monica, CA
* 1972 - The Art Wagon Galleries, Scottsdale, AZ
* 1974 - Elaine Horwitch Gallery, Scottsdale, AZ

Over a period of years:

* La Maison Danoise, Paris, France
* Maison des Artistes, Cagnes, France

## Bibliography

* Bowen, Stella (1941). *Drawn from Life*. London: Collins Publishers Ltd.
* Buson, Robert, «La cité des peintres as perd en Tusnelda une artiste de talent et une amie...» *Nice-Matin*. 5 juillet 1978.
* *Designed Tiles*. (2023, November 7).
* Gaudet, Michel (2001). *La Vie du Haut de Cagnes (1930-1980) la bohème ensoleillé.* Nice: Demaistre. ISBN 978-2-84194-011-Xe
* Jenssen, Victoria (2022). *The Art of Carol Janeway: A Tile & Ceramics Career with Georg Jensen Inc. and Ossip Zadkine in 1940s Manhattan*. Altona MB: Friesen Press. ISBN 978-1-03-913087-6.
* Journiac, Virginie, Guillaume Aral, Château-Musée Grimaldi (2011). *C'était t'en souviens-tu, à Cagnes: Exposition Rétrospective des Peintres de Cagnes-sur-Mer.* Cagnes-sur-Mer, France: Ville de Cagnes-sur-Mer. https://www.academia.edu/41346483/\_C\_%C3%A9tait\_t\_en\_souviens\_tu\_%C3%A0\_Cagnes\_ (pages 76 and 84)
* Paludan, Else (1957). *Gør det let som Tusnelda: en causerende kogebog om sjov mad i sjove omgivelser*. Copenhagen: Aage Hirschprung.
* Swados, Harvey (1963). "Tusnelda Sanders," *Exhibition Brochure Tusnelda*. New York: Cober Gallery.