title: Lotte Hattemer

abstract: Lotte Hattemer, born Pauline Charlotte Babette Hattemer was a German teacher and co-founder of Monte Verità in Ascona. She died in 1906 under mysterious circumstances, sometimes attributed to suicide.

text:
# Lotte Hattemer

**Lotte Hattemer**, born **Pauline Charlotte Babette Hattemer** (November 24, 1876 in Berlin \- April 19, 1906 in Ascona) was a German teacher and co-founder of Monte Verità in Ascona. She died in 1906 under mysterious circumstances, sometimes attributed to suicide.

## Biography

Lotte Hattemer, was the daughter of Heinrich Hermann Hattemer, a Catholic telegraph inspector, railroad director, Prussian councilor, and Berlin mayor, and Marie Hermine Josephine, née Kaiser, trained as a teacher in Berlin. To escape Wilhelminism in her parental home, she left Berlin and kept and sustained her living with several jobs, including waitressing in a Hamburg sailor's tavern.

Together with Henri Oedenkoven (1875-1935) the son of the Antwerp industrialist Louis Oedenkoven), Ida Hofmann-Oedenkoven (1864-1926), her sister, the concert singer Jenny Gräser (née Hofmann), and her later husband, First Lieutenant Karl Gräser (1875-1920), formerly stationed in Przemyśl (Galicia), and Gusto Gräser, she was part of the founding group of the Monte Verità Vegetable Cooperative.

Their wish was to found an alternative self subsisting society in 1899, breaking away from consumerism and patriarchal values. They were inspired by the *Phalanstère* of the philosopher Charles Fourier and advocated free love as well.

The group set out on foot in the fall of 1900 from Munich through the Tyrolean countryside to the Bellagio peninsula on the western shore of Lake Como, southwest of the municipality of Bellagio, where they initially settled. Soon they were on the lookout for a more beautiful area. At the north end of Lake Maggiore, in Ascona, they bought the Monte Monescia vineyard and renamed it Monte Verità, or Mountain of Truth. While Henri Oedenkoven and his partner Ida stayed on the mountain and built a sanatorium, Lotte Hattemer, Karl and Jenny Gräser settled in the neighborhood. Hattemer settled on the high road towards Ronco sopra Ascona in a dilapidated stable without doors or windows. On Monte Verità she was called Babette, Saint Babette, Santa Lotta di Ascona, wild Lotte or Sun Lotte. She appeared charitable, giving the money she received from her father to the needy and her surplus of grapes to children. She made regular pilgrimages to Locarno to follow the teachings of the Theosophists Alfredo Pioda and Franz Hartmann. She voluntarily suffered from starvation and subsisted only occasionally on raw root vegetables and fruits.

Lotte Hattemer died in 1906 under mysterious circumstances. In the fall of 1905, she was found on Monte Verità in a state of confusion with suicidal intentions. During a meeting with her father in Domodossola, he tried in vain to take her to a North German sanatorium. Two days later she died of poisoning. The final police report, published in 1909, mentioned suicide as the cause of death; rumor has it that poisoning with a cocktail of cocaine and opium was the cause, involving psychopathologist Otto Gross, theology student Johannes Nohl, and writer Erich Mühsam. The anarchist painter Sophie Benz committed suicide as well in 1911 with a cocaine cocktail given to her by Otto Gross.

## Posterity

In the film Monte Verità – Der Rausch der Freiheit Hannah Herzsprung played the character of Lotte Hattemer.

## Bibliography

* Adolf A. Grohmann (1904), *Die Vegetarier-Ansiedelung in Ascona und die sogenannten Naturmenschen im Tessin. Referate und Skizzen* (in German), Halle: Marhold, pp. 54 f
* "Otto Gross: Lotte Hattemer". Raimund Dehmlow. 2015-06-19. Retrieved 2017-11-17.
* Erich Mühsam (1905), *Ascona* (in German) (2 ed.), Berlin: Guhl, pp. 36–40
* Curt Riess (1977), *Ascona. Geschichte des seltsamsten Dorfes der Welt* (in German) (3 ed.), Zürich: Europa, pp. 21–24, ISBN 3-85665-506-9
* *Berlin Geburtsregister 1874–1899. 1876 Erstregister* (in German), 1876-11-25

## InfoBox

| Lotte Hattemer | |
| --- | --- |
| Ida Hofmann-Oedenkoven, Lotte Hattemer, Henri Oedenkoven; co-founders of Monte Verità | |
| Born | Pauline Charlotte Babette Hattemer
(1876-11-24)November 24, 1876
Berlin |
| Died | April 19, 1906(1906-04-19) (aged 29)
Ascona |
| Nationality | German |
| Other names | Babette |
| Occupation | teacher |
| Known for | cofounder of Monte Verità |


title: Part XI of the Albanian Constitution

abstract: Part Eleven of the Constitution of Albania is the eleventh of eighteen parts. Titled Referendum, it consists of 3 articles.

text:
# Part XI of the Albanian Constitution

**Part Eleven** (**Part XI**) of the Constitution of Albania is the eleventh of eighteen parts. Titled *Referendum*, it consists of 3 articles.

## Referendum

> **— Article 150 —**
>
> 1. The people, through 50 thousand citizens, who enjoy the right to vote, have the right to a referendum for the abrogation of a law, as well as to request the President of the Republic to hold a referendum about issues of special importance.
> 2. The Assembly, upon the proposal of not less than one-fifth of the deputies or the Council of Ministers, can decide that an issue or a draft law of special importance be presented for referendum.
> 3. Principles and procedures for holding a referendum, as well as its validity, are provided by law.

> **— Article 151 —**
>
> 1. A law approved by referendum is promulgated by the President of the Republic.
> 2. Issues related to the territorial integrity of the Republic of Albania, limitations of fundamental human rights and freedoms, budget, taxes, financial obligations of the state, declaration and abrogation of the state of emergency, declaration of war and peace, as well as amnesty, cannot be voted upon in a referendum.
> 3. A referendum upon the same issue cannot be repeated before 3 years have passed since it was held.

> **— Article 152 —**
>
> 1. The Constitutional Court reviews preliminarily the constitutionality of the issues presented for a referendum according to Article 150, paragraphs 1 and 2, Article 151, paragraphs 2 and 3, as well as Article 177, paragraphs 4 and 5, within 60 days.
> 2. The importance of special issues, as provided in paragraphs 1 and 2 of article 150, is not subject to adjudication in the Constitutional Court.
> 3. The date of the referendum is set by the President of the Republic within 45 days after the promulgation of the positive decision of the Constitutional Court or after the term within which the Constitutional Court had to have expressed itself has expired. Referenda can be held only in one day of the year.

1. Kushtetuta e Republikës së Shqipërisë


title: The Valley Hospital

abstract: The Valley Hospital is a 370-bed, acute-care, not-for-profit hospital in Paramus, New Jersey, United States, in the heart of Bergen County. Valley staff includes more than 1,100 physicians, 3,700 employees, and 3,000 volunteers. In 2020, Valley recorded 41,345 admissions, 51,792 emergency department visits, and 3,528 births. The Valley Hospital is part of Valley Health System, which also includes Valley Home Care and Valley Medical Group. On April 14, 2024, the hospital was formally moved to a specially designed new facility in Paramus with all private inpatient rooms, from nearby Ridgewood, where Valley Health System maintains a large, state-of-the art outpatient complex.

text:
# The Valley Hospital

**The Valley Hospital** is a 370-bed, acute-care, not-for-profit hospital in Paramus, New Jersey, United States, in the heart of Bergen County. Valley staff includes more than 1,100 physicians, 3,700 employees, and 3,000 volunteers. In 2020, Valley recorded 41,345 admissions, 51,792 emergency department visits, and 3,528 births.

The Valley Hospital is part of Valley Health System, which also includes Valley Home Care and Valley Medical Group. On April 14, 2024, the hospital was formally moved to a specially designed new facility in Paramus with all private inpatient rooms, from nearby Ridgewood, where Valley Health System maintains a large, state-of-the art outpatient complex.

## Healthcare services

Services available at The Valley Hospital include:

* The Valley Heart and Vascular Institute
* The Bolger Emergency Department
* The Blumenthal Cancer Center
* The Total Joint Replacement Center
* The Valley Hospital Breast Center
* The Center for Childbirth (including a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit)
* Maternal-Fetal Medicine services
* Pediatrics (including a pediatric emergency room and developmental pediatrics)
* The Neuroscience Center of Excellence
* The Same-Day Services Center
* The Valley Fertility Center
* The Center For Minimally Invasive and Robotic Surgery
* The Center for Metabolic and Weight Loss Surgery
* The Center for Sleep Medicine
* The Gamma Knife Center
* Mobile Intensive Care Unit (MICU)

## Locations

### Main Hospital Campus (4 Valley Health Plaza, Paramus)

The Valley Hospital's main campus houses the hospital's inpatient medical/surgical services and emergency department, as well as cardiovascular, orthopedic, oncology, mother/baby and neurology services.

### Luckow Pavilion (1 Valley Health Plaza, Paramus)

The Robert and Audrey Luckow Pavilion is home to the George R. Jaqua Same Day Services Center, the Daniel and Gloria Blumenthal Cancer Center, the Valley Hospital Fertility Center and the Valley Health Pharmacy.

### Kraft Center (15 Essex Road, Paramus)

Support offices for The Valley Hospital, Valley Home Care and Valley Medical Group are located at The Dorothy B. Kraft Center.

### Kireker Center for Child Development (140 E. Ridgewood Ave., Paramus)

The Center for Child Development offers care for children with special needs, including developmental pediatrics, rehabilitation therapy, audiology services, feeding therapy, autism programs and more.

## Affiliations

In December 2014, Valley announced its affiliation with the Mount Sinai Health System. The academic partnership brings new research opportunities to Valley, with the goal of enhancing the hospital's clinical services and attracting leading physicians. Both institutions will remain independent.

In April 2015, Valley announced its affiliation with Cleveland Clinic's Sydell and Arnold Miller Family Heart & Vascular Institute. Through this affiliation, Valley has become a member of the Cleveland Clinic Cardiovascular Specialty Network. Both institutions will share best practices in cardiac care, coordinate care, and develop programs to improve quality of care and patient safety.

## InfoBox

| The Valley Hospital | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Location | 4 Valley Health Plaza
Paramus, New Jersey
U.S. |
| Coordinates | 40°59′01″N 74°06′03″W / 40.9837°N 74.1008°W / 40.9837; -74.1008 |
| Services | |
| Standards | JCAHO |
| Emergency department | Yes |
| Beds | 451 |
| Links | |
| Website | http://www.valleyhealth.com |


title: Long Lake Provincial Park (Nova Scotia)

abstract: Long Lake Provincial Park is located in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. It was initiated in 1981 by then Premier John Buchanan after Halifax's water supply had been shifted from the Spruce Hill/Long Lake/Chain Lakes watershed to the Pockwock Lake watershed near Hammonds Plains. The 2,095-hectare (5,180-acre) park, formally established in 1984, constitutes the bulk of these former watershed lands. Other portions were deeded to the municipality of Halifax, and the area around the Chain Lakes is still administered by the Halifax Regional Water Commission, since the Chain Lakes remain the city's emergency water supply.

text:
# Long Lake Provincial Park (Nova Scotia)

**Long Lake Provincial Park** is located in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. It was initiated in 1981 by then Premier John Buchanan after Halifax's water supply had been shifted from the Spruce Hill/Long Lake/Chain Lakes watershed to the Pockwock Lake watershed near Hammonds Plains. The 2,095-hectare (5,180-acre) park, formally established in 1984, constitutes the bulk of these former watershed lands. Other portions were deeded to the municipality of Halifax, and the area around the Chain Lakes is still administered by the Halifax Regional Water Commission, since the Chain Lakes remain the city's emergency water supply.

## History

The lands included within the present park boundaries have had a long history of human use, including logging, several farms and many small granite quarries which provided the stones for many of the 19th century buildings in downtown Halifax. As part of its development as Halifax's watershed lands, in the early part of the 20th century an earthen dam was erected on Spruce Hill Lake, greatly enlarging it. A long concrete and earth dam was constructed on Long Lake, again significantly expanding its area. A pipeline was built connecting the two lakes, and to the adjacent Chain Lakes. The entire area has been logged extensively in the early part of the 20th century, but a few scattered old growth trees remain. The north eastern side of Long lake featured world war I barracks location, extensive trenches and machine gun battle emplacement which protected movement from the St. Margaret's Bay and Prospect bay roads into Halifax. This fortification is known as Chain Lake Position - Locality 2

The lands were part of Halifax's old water supply system. In order to protect the water quality, about 6,500 hectares (16,000 acres) of land was left "virtually untouched" into the 1970s. In the years leading up to the 1977 commissioning of the new Pockwock water supply system, concern began to mount over the fate of the old watershed lands, which were considered to have high ecological and recreational value. Residents feared that the area would be spoiled by suburban development.

A regional plan adopted in July 1975 proposed that the watershed lands would form one of seven new regional parks in the Halifax-Dartmouth area.

The 2,095-hectare (5,180-acre) watershed lands were acquired by the province in 1981 and put under the management of the Department of Natural Resources for use as a provincial park. Long Lake Provincial Park was formally created by Order in Council (OIC) 84-1189 on October 9, 1984, comprising part of the old watershed lands. Application was altered (by the withdrawal of 1.23 hectares (3.0 acres)) by OIC 93-364 on April 14, 1993.

## Management

Long Lake is a provincial park controlled by the Department of Natural Resources and Renewables of the Government of Nova Scotia (formerly called the Department of Lands and Forestry). The park is not as well known as some other local public spaces despite its proximity to central Halifax and its large size, rivalling that of the Halifax peninsula. In 2003, the Department of Natural Resources entered into consultation with the Long Lake Provincial Park Association on the development of a park management plan which was completed in 2008 and subsequently adopted for park management purposes. In early 2015 the Long Lake Provincial Park Association started to build accessible walking and cycling trails on the east side of the lake near Northwest Arm Drive (Dunbrack Street) in Spryfield. These were constructed under a formal agreement between the association and the provincial government. There are now approximately 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi) of wide multi-use trails that lie along the east side of Long Lake, together with a loop around Withrod lake. Benches are installed along the trail and members of the public can have plaques installed on the benches. There is also a parking lot and a washroom across from the Cowie Hill Road. Another parking lot has been added along with a Kayak/Canoe launch at the location of the old pumphouse on Old Sambro Road across from Schnare Street.

On behalf of Bicycle Nova Scotia and the mountain bike community in general Randy Gray submitted a Mountain Biking Management Plan to be included either in the main body or as an appendix to the Management Plan. This was submitted after about six years of involvement and consultation with the Long Lake Park Association's Board of Directors and the Long Lake Park Association's Management Plan Committee. It can be read here: Mountain Bike Management Plan Submission. The Department of Natural Resources did not include this in its draft plan.

Long Lake has been designated by the Department of Natural Resources and Renewables as a "conservation-oriented" provincial park and can be viewed as an "urban wilderness", even though much of its area has been altered by previous human activities and uses. It is anticipated that no campgrounds or other high-impact projects will be developed in the park in the foreseeable future. This is in contrast to an aborted early plan to develop a resort area and artificial beach on the west side of Long Lake. An abandoned roadbed stretching part of the way between Long Lake and the Old Sambro Road is a residue of this earlier plan. Extensive erosion along part of this roadbed has resulted in a strip of exposed bedrock which has been dubbed the "scar road" and is easily visible from the air. Most of the park is designated as a "resource conservation zone" in the park's management plan. The plan also identified a wetland area as an environmental protection zone, while two small selected areas were designated for "resource development". One of these contains the canoe/kayak launch area near Schnare Street (described above) along with a short loop trail.

## Location and access points

Long Lake Provincial Park is bordered by the Old Sambro Road on the east, Dunbrack Street (formerly Northwest Arm Drive) on the NE, Watershed Commission lands bisected by the St. Margaret's Bay Rd. on the north, Prospect Road on the west, and the Terence Bay Wilderness Area to the south. It can be viewed from:

* Dunbrack Street between the Spryfield exit on the St. Margeret's Bay Rd., and the Drive's termination on the Old Sambro Rd.,
* the Old Sambro Rd. between Dunbrack Street and its intersection with Leiblin Drive and
* from the Prospect Road, for a brief section just beyond Exhibition Park.

About 20 entrances to the park can be identified, including:

* several along the St. Margaret's Bay Rd. (including from the parking lot operated by Halifax Regional Municipality near the Prospect Rd. exit),
* 4 or 5 off Dunbrack Street, most notably the old road across from Peter Saulnier Drive, which goes past Withrod Lake to some of the more popular swimming spots on Long Lake,
* from two parking lots maintained by Long Lake Provincial Park Association situated on Dunbrack Street at Cowie Hill Road and at Old Sambro Road near Schnare Street,
* a path from the grassy area at the dam at the end of Dentith Rd.,
* an access road from Old Sambro Road to the south end of the dam on Long Lake,
* both ends of a now decommissioned old road (sometimes called The Old Coach Road) that ran from the Old Sambro Rd. to Goodwood,
* the Goodwood entrance has a path leading to Harrietsfield, past Spruce Hill Lake, but actually getting to Harrietsfield via this pathway is difficult because access to Harrietsfield is blocked by private property,
* the old road which goes from Harrietsfield to the Spruce Hill Lake dam,
* 2 or 3 paths which terminate on private property in Harrietsfield, and
* an old road going from the Exhibition Park to the Pipeline Trail (see below).

There is room along the roadside at a few of the more frequently used informal entrances for 2 to 4 vehicles. In addition, there are three parking lots: the one built by the Water Commission near the west end of Long Lake accessible from the St. Margaret's Bay Road, the relatively large lot maintained by the Long Lake Provincial Park Association off Dunbrack Street, and their smaller lot near Schnare Street. A canoe-kayak-paddle board launch area is associated with this smaller parking lot. The management plan had proposed that another parking lot be built off the Old Sambro Rd, but this component of the plan has been shelved. There has been discussion with the city for use of a portion of the Exhibition Park lands for parking in association with a major park access point there, as proposed in the park's management plan.

The northern portion of Long Lake Provincial Park (north of Long Lake itself) and the adjacent Water Commission lands between the park's boundaries and the St. Margaret's Bay Rd. is home to a network of informal narrow single-track mountain bike trails that is noteworthy for its challenging terrain. Many of the trails are organized into a series of loops (approximately 9.5 kilometres (5.9 mi) of trail) that can be ridden a number of ways. Most of these trails are unmarked and are generally inconsistent with the park's management plan. This northern hardwood-dominated portion of Long Lake Provincial Park receives most of the park's visitors.

## Hydrology

Long Lake Provincial Park is home to a number of lakes and ponds. The eponymous Long Lake, with an area of 154 hectares (380 acres), is the largest. It was created in the 19th century when a wooden dam was built on McIntosh Run, causing rising water levels to connect two pre-existing lakes, Cocked Hat Lake and Beaver Lake. The resultant Long Lake has a maximum depth of 30 metres.

The park's second-largest water body, Spruce Hill Lake, was formed in a similar manner. A dam was built on Spruce Lake in 1867, connecting it to nearby Fosses Hill Lake. Today, the resulting Spruce Hill Lake is 102 hectares (250 acres) large, and has a maximum depth of 12 metres.

Other lakes in the park include Witherod Lake (12 ha (30 acres)) and Narrow Lake (9 ha (22 acres)).

## Park usage

The park is used by a number of overlapping groups, including:

* Mountain bikers, who developed a trail system between 1994 and 1999. However, the number of bikers has declined significantly since about 2001, when trail systems began to be created elsewhere in the area.
* Hikers: folks simply out for a walk in the woods. Most hikers again use this same small northern portion of the park, but some make use of the older network of old roads and trails in the much larger portion south of Long Lake.
* Dog walkers: Walking dogs on leash along trails in the park is permitted under park regulations and this is a popular activity. Despite prohibition of unleashed dogs in provincial parks, Long Lake Provincial Park had been popular for off-leash dog walking in the Halifax area at one time. The activity was mostly in the area within 20-minutes walk of the parking lot on St. Margaret's Bay Road, mentioned above. The dog-walking pattern has evolved in recent years as a result of new trail development and greater awareness of provincial park regulations that prohibit this activity.
* Swimmers: Long Lake is deep, the water quality is excellent overall, and there are several good spots for swimming. As with other lakes in the region, the water is warm enough for swimming from June through September. Much of the swimming in the lake takes place in the small area discussed above (i.e. the portion north of Long Lake), plus there is a good swimming area just west of where a small stream known for its scenic waterfall enters the lake, near the southwest end. There is very limited trail access to the lake outside of this area, but for those adventurous enough two small sandy beaches offer secluded swimming on the south side. At the other end of the park, there is swimming spot on the earthen dam at the north end of Spruce Hill Lake, where Harrietsfield children swim.
* Cross-country skiers: most of these use the trails and old roads just north of Long Lake, though the old road linking Spryfield and Goodwood is also suitable.
* Geocaching: an active and long-established geocaching tradition exists in the Halifax region, and the area within the park is particularly popular, perhaps due to the varied terrain within park boundaries,
* fishers: the lake is not stocked, but it is reported that there is still good fishing from a few spots on the lake,
* Boaters in kayaks, paddle boards and canoes. This is not as popular an activity as it could be, due to the scarcity of boat-launching places. The new kayak launch on Old Sambro has helped improve this access. Use of motorized vehicles of any kind, including boats, is prohibited within park boundaries, as with other provincial parks in Nova Scotia, so park planners have not made provisions for an easy place to launch boats, out of concern that power boats might also be launched.
* Birdwatchers and other naturalists: the park's terrain is quite variable and there are many excellent habitats for bird watching. Access to many of the best habitats for birds is still limited, but this is seldom a barrier to the most eager of birders.
* Photography: The park offers a great wealth of opportunities for scenic and natural history photography, from scenic vistas around the lakes, to the many large glacial erratics (boulders dropped by the melting glaciers as they retreated, about 14,000 years ago), beautiful old trees, and a surprisingly wide variety of flora and fauna.
* Groups on organized field outings: Youth groups of various kinds, hiking clubs, cross-country runners, field naturalists, hiking associations, school groups and others often make use of the park's extensive trail system for outings of both the educational and recreational kinds.

In addition to the legal activities detailed above, illegal park uses include:

* Off-road vehicles: as discussed elsewhere, this activity occurs exclusively in the large southern portion of the park, and has caused considerable environmental harm, especially to wetlands.
* Hunting: This is not a serious problem in the park, fortunately, but it does occur nevertheless. Mostly, deer are the target of hunting in the area. Though, hunting is permitted on the Crown land outside of the park boundaries so long as legal safety distances are maintained.
* Trapping: Trap lines were occasionally reported in the park until around the year 2000, but not since then.
* Camping and squatting: This is a periodic problem, especially when trees are cut for firewood and for use in shelter and "camp" building. No camping is permitted within park boundaries, and no camp grounds are included in the current management plan.
* Evidence of many illegal campfires is provided by the numerous fire pits on the shores of Long Lake, and to a lesser extent at Withrod Lake.
* Party use, usually by youth: this is a serious problem because of the fire hazard involved, and because frequently used party spots become trampled clearings which both encourage future use and would take decades to recover if left alone. Litter and potential wildlife disturbance are also factors to consider, plus the safety hazards associated with parties in semi-remote areas involving extensive alcohol usage. The two largest islands in Long Lake and the island in Withrod Lake have been considerably damaged by party-related activities.
* In addition to litter left at party spots, there have been instances of deliberate dumping of wastes at the park's periphery where roads provide access to places that are hidden from view.
* Marijuana growing: Not a serious or widespread problem, but over the years a number of small plots of marijuana have been found within park boundaries.
* Off-leash dog walking and dog walkers refusing to pick up after their pets.
* There has been at least one instance of illegal logging within the park (see below).

## Environmental challenges

Like most other parks in Halifax, it suffered extensive tree-loss as a result of Hurricane Juan on September 29, 2003. Many paths were blocked and some of the less-used ones remain that way. Most have since been cleared by citizens, however, since the province does not actively manage this provincial park. The slash created by these downed trees, which include many mature large, mature spruce trees, has created a significant fire hazard, although to date this has not created a problem and is typical of natural forests in the region.

As mentioned elsewhere in the article, many of the more often used trails suffer from extensive erosion, and some have become quite wide because of people avoiding wet areas or creating short-cuts.

Water quality is good overall, but is affected somewhat by runoff from the nearby Bayers Lake Industrial Park, and locally, by off-leash dogs swimming in the lake.

In the large southern region of the park, extensive damage has been done by all-terrain vehicles, especially in boggy areas and along trails. This is an ongoing problem which will hopefully be remediated via education and more vigorous enforcement of regulations.

In November 2015, around 3.8 hectares (9.4 acres) of land within the park was illegally clearcut by a private company. Resourcetec Inc. was hired by Dexter Construction to cut trees on property owned by Dexter along Old Sambro Road, beside the park. Resourcetec subcontracted the work to Scott and Stewart Forestry Consultants, who accidentally cut down trees on Crown land. Resourcetec was alleged to be the most culpable party. The company pleaded guilty and was fined in 2016. In response to this incident, provincial fines against illegal cutting on Crown land were significantly increased in November 2016.

## Flora and fauna

Habitats within the park are extremely varied, and include various kinds of wetlands, old-growth vegetative successions from areas previously farmed, an area planted with pine trees by the Boy Scouts in the 1960s, extensive barrens in the southwestern portion of the park, some mixed hardwood/softwood and predominantly hardwood (oak, beech, witch hazel, birch, red maple) areas in the small northern part of the park discussed above, and extensive areas of boreal forest in the SE region - largely red and black spruce, balsam fir and red maple. As with most parts of Nova Scotia, large, old white pines dot the park, being left over from the logging which most areas underwent before their designation as watershed lands. It is worth noting that healthy populations of orchids can be found in some of the marshy portions in the park.

The park's fauna is healthy and varied and includes many deer, the occasional moose, multitudes of squirrels, snowshoe hares, foxes, bobcats, chipmunks, three or four species of frogs and salamanders, many fish and bird species, beavers (who have extensively altered portions of the park), muskrats, snakes and others. Unverified reports of lynx tracks and spoor also exist . Bears have not been reported within the park in recent years.

## Trails

The park possesses an extensive trail system comprising:

* old roads associated with the farms in the area, including one connecting the Old Sambro Rd. in Spryfield, and Goodwood (on the Prospect Rd.), and another from Goodwood to Harrietsfield,
* The "pipeline trail", above the pipeline between Spruce Hill Lake and Long Lake. Most of this has unfortunately become flooded and swampy in recent years, hence impassable,
* older trails associated with habitation, watershed usage, quarries and general uses such as fishing, swimming, berry picking, hiking and hunting and
* newer trails developed by mountain bikers, as discussed above. Many of the more extensively used trails suffer from erosional problems, and various remedial proposals including trail closures have been discussed as part of the creation of the park's development plan. However, the majority of the damage to the trails occurred during the drop of mountain bike use and the increase in hiker/dog walker traffic.
* a new 5.5-kilometre (3.4 mi) trail system on the northeast side of the park, called the Lakeview Trail, opened on Earth Day in 2016. It includes washrooms, benches, a car park, and bicycle racks. The trail system can be accessed at three points on Dunbrack Street and three points on Old Sambro Road The trails were funded by a private developer building a subdivision on the opposite side of Dunbrack Street.

44°37′2.89″N 63°38′7.03″W / 44.6174694°N 63.6352861°W / 44.6174694; -63.6352861 (Long Lake Provincial Park)

## InfoBox

| Long Lake Provincial Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Map of Long Lake Provincial Park | |
| Location in Nova Scotia | |
| Type | Provincial park |
| Location | Halifax, Nova Scotia |
| Area | 2,095 hectares (5,180 acres) |
| Established | October 9, 1984 (1984-10-09) |
| Managed by | Department of Lands and Forestry |
| Public transit access | Halifax Transit bus routes 22, 24, 123, 127 |


title: 1973 Northern Ireland local elections

abstract: Local government in Northern Ireland was reorganised in 1973 by the Local Government (Boundaries) Act 1971 and the Local Government Act 1972. The county councils, county borough and municipal borough corporations and urban and rural district councils were replaced by twenty-six local government districts. Elections took place for all the seats on the district councils on 30 May 1973. Elections were by proportional representation, using the single transferable vote system. The district councils came into their powers on 1 October.

text:
# 1973 Northern Ireland local elections

Local government in Northern Ireland was reorganised in 1973 by the Local Government (Boundaries) Act (Northern Ireland) 1971 and the Local Government Act (Northern Ireland) 1972. The county councils, county borough and municipal borough corporations and urban and rural district councils were replaced by twenty-six local government districts.

Elections took place for all the seats on the district councils on 30 May 1973. Elections were by proportional representation, using the single transferable vote system. The district councils came into their powers on 1 October.

## Results

### Overall

| Party | | Councillors | | Votes | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Total | +/- | % share | Total |
|  | UUP | 194 | *N/A* | 37.4 | 255,187 |
|  | Alliance | 63 | *N/A* | 13.7 | 94,474 |
|  | SDLP | 82 | *N/A* | 13.4 | 92,600 |
|  | Independent | 52 | *N/A* | 7.0 | 48,947 |
|  | Ind. Unionist | 26 | *N/A* | 4.4 | 31,866 |
|  | United Loyalist | 20 | *N/A* | 4.2 | 28,906 |
|  | DUP | 21 | *N/A* | 4.1 | 28,811 |
|  | Republican Clubs | 8 | *N/A* | 3.0 | 20,680 |
|  | NI Labour | 4 | *N/A* | 2.5 | 17,422 |
|  | Independent Loyalist | 16 | *N/A* | 1.4 | 17,360 |
|  | Vanguard | 10 | *N/A* | 1.6 | 13,305 |
|  | Unity | 6 | *N/A* | 1.5 | 10,281 |
|  | Loyalist Coalition | 3 | *N/A* | 1.0 | 7,495 |
|  | Nationalist | 4 | *N/A* | 0.5 | 3,784 |
|  | Independent Community | 3 | *N/A* | 0.4 | 3,036 |
|  | Republican Labour | 0 | *N/A* | 0.4 | 2,594 |
|  | Ind. Republican | 3 | *N/A* | 0.2 | 1,911 |
|  | Ulster Liberal | 0 | *N/A* | 0.1 | 704 |
|  | Independent Ratepayer | 1 | *N/A* | 0.1 | 841 |
|  | Independent Radical | 1 | *N/A* | 0.1 | 533 |
|  | Communist | 0 | *N/A* | 0.1 | 363 |
|  | Irish Labour | 0 | *N/A* | 0.0 | 290 |
|  | Ind. Nationalist | 0 | *N/A* | 0.0 | 147 |
|  | Independent Labour | 0 | *N/A* | 0.0 | 91 |
| **Total** | | 462 |  | 100.0% | 681,628 |
|

### Results by council

| Council | Control | | 1st party 1973 | | 2nd party 1973 | | Councillors |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Antrim |  | UUP |  | UUP (**8**) |  | Alliance (2) | 15 |
| Belfast City |  | No overall control |  | UUP (25) |  | Alliance (8) | 51 |
| Ards |  | UUP |  | UUP (**11**) |  | Alliance (2) | 17 |
| Armagh |  | No overall control |  | UUP (10) |  | SDLP (4) | 20 |
| Ballymena |  | No overall control |  |  |  |  |  |
| Ballymoney |  | No overall control |  |  |  |  |  |
| Banbridge |  | UUP |  |  |  |  |  |
| Carrickfergus |  | No overall control |  |  |  |  |  |
| Castlereagh |  | No overall control |  |  |  |  |  |
| Coleraine |  | UUP |  |  |  |  |  |
| Cookstown |  | No overall control |  |  |  |  |  |
| Craigavon |  | No overall control |  |  |  |  |  |
| Down |  | No overall control |  |  |  |  |  |
| Dungannon |  | UUP |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fermanagh |  | No overall control |  |  |  |  |  |
| Larne |  | Loyalist |  | Loyalist (8) |  | Alliance (3) | 15 |
| Limavady |  | United Unionist |  | United Unionist (8) |  | SDLP (4) | 15 |
| Lisburn |  | UUP |  | UUP (**14**) |  | Alliance (3) | 23 |
| Londonderry |  | No overall control |  | SDLP (10) |  | United Loyalist (9) | 27 |
| Magherafelt |  | No overall control |  |  |  |  |  |
| Moyle |  | No overall control |  |  |  |  |  |
| Newry and Mourne |  | No overall control |  |  |  |  |  |
| Newtownabbey |  | No overall control |  |  |  |  |  |
| North Down |  | No overall control |  |  |  |  |  |
| Omagh |  | No overall control |  |  |  |  |  |
| Strabane |  | No overall control |  |  |  |  |  |
| **All councils** |  |  |  | UUP (194) |  | SDLP (82) | **517** |

## InfoBox

1973 Northern Ireland local elections
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  All council seats | |
| First party Second party Third party   Leader **Brian Faulkner** Gerry Fitt Oliver Napier  Party UUP SDLP Alliance  Seats won 194 82 63  Popular vote **255,187** 92,600 94,474  Percentage **37.4%** 13.4% 13.7%   ---  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party   Leader N/A N/A Ian Paisley  Party Independent Ind. Unionist DUP  Seats won 52 26 21  Popular vote 48,947 31,866 28,811  Percentage 7.0% 4.4% 4.1% | |
| ---  Colours denote the winning party with outright control | |
| ---  Colours denote the party with the most seats | |


title: Port of Świnoujście

abstract: The Port of Świnoujście is a Polish seaport in Świnoujście, Poland on the Baltic Sea located at the Świna strait, on Wolin and Usedom islands. The port has a passenger terminal. In 2022, cargo traffic in the seaport equaled 19,997,900 tons, comprising 16,8% of all cargo traffic in Polish seaports and the port was entered by 6265 ships with gross tonnage of more than 100. The Ports of Świnoujście and Szczecin are managed by a single authority, creating Port of Szczecin-Świnoujście, the 6th largest port complex of the Baltic Sea.

text:
# Port of Świnoujście

The **Port of Świnoujście** (in Polish generally *Port Świnoujście* \[ˈpɔrt ɕfinɔˈujɕt͡ɕɛ\]) is a Polish seaport in Świnoujście, Poland on the Baltic Sea located at the Świna strait, on Wolin and Usedom islands. The port has a passenger terminal.

In 2022, cargo traffic in the seaport equaled 19,997,900 tons, comprising 16,8% of all cargo traffic in Polish seaports and the port was entered by 6265 ships with gross tonnage of more than 100.

The Ports of Świnoujście and Szczecin are managed by a single authority, creating Port of Szczecin-Świnoujście, the 6th largest port complex of the Baltic Sea.

1. "UNLOCODE (Pl) - POLAND". *service.unece.org*. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
2. "Statistical Yearbook of Maritime Economy 2023" (PDF). *Statistics Poland*. 2023-12-28. pp. 92, 98, 158, 292.
3. "Raport: przeładunki w bałtyckich portach morskich w 2023. Port Gdańsk liderem wzrostów" \[Report: transshipments in Baltic seaports in 2023. Port of Gdansk leading the growth\]. *GospodarkaMorska.pl* (in Polish). 2024-02-06.

## InfoBox

| Port of Świnoujście | |
| --- | --- |
| Reloading cargo wharf | |
| Click on the map for a fullscreen view | |
| Location | |
| Country | Poland |
| Location | Świnoujście |
| Coordinates | 53°54′11″N 14°15′05″E / 53.90306°N 14.25139°E / 53.90306; 14.25139 |
| UN/LOCODE | PLSWI |
| Details | |
| Operated by | Szczecin and Świnoujscie Seaports Authority |
| Owned by | Government of Poland |
| Statistics | |
| Vessel arrivals | 6,265 (2022) |
| Annual cargo tonnage | 19,997,900 (2022) |
| Annual container volume | 1,081 (2022) |
| Passenger traffic | 1,160,832 (2022) |
| **Website**<br>Szczecin and Świnoujscie Seaports Authority | |


title: Malay house

abstract: Malay houses refer to the vernacular dwellings of the Malays, an ethno-linguistic group inhabiting Sumatra, coastal Borneo and the Malay Peninsula. Traditional architectural forms, such as tropically-suited roofs and harmonious proportions with decorative elements are considered to still have great cultural value by many in the region. However, these buildings require significant maintenance compared to modern construction; such as the challenges in preserving its main material, wood, from the decaying effect of tropical weather as well as termite infestation. These vernacular construction skills are gradually being lost as Malaysia continues its process of industrialisation, while in Indonesia such traditional dwellings still survive in rural areas. Though urban transformation in Singapore has expunged almost all Malay urban wards, a few houses displaying this vernacular architecture have survived, mainly concentrated in the offshore island of Pulau Ubin. The effort to preserve indigenous architectural styles of the Indonesian archipelago has been conducted through documentation and the creation replicas in provinces pavilions in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, Jakarta.

text:
# Malay house

**Malay houses** (Malay: *Rumah Melayu;* Jawi: رومه ملايو) refer to the vernacular dwellings of the Malays, an ethno-linguistic group inhabiting Sumatra, coastal Borneo and the Malay Peninsula.

Traditional architectural forms, such as tropically-suited roofs and harmonious proportions with decorative elements are considered to still have great cultural value by many in the region. However, these buildings require significant maintenance compared to modern construction; such as the challenges in preserving its main material, wood, from the decaying effect of tropical weather as well as termite infestation. These vernacular construction skills are gradually being lost as Malaysia continues its process of industrialisation, while in Indonesia such traditional dwellings still survive in rural areas. Though urban transformation in Singapore has expunged almost all Malay urban wards, a few houses displaying this vernacular architecture have survived, mainly concentrated in the offshore island of Pulau Ubin. The effort to preserve indigenous architectural styles of the Indonesian archipelago has been conducted through documentation and the creation replicas in provinces pavilions in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, Jakarta.

## Construction

Using renewable natural materials including timber and bamboo, the dwellings are often built without the use of metal including nails. Instead pre-cut holes and grooves are used to fit the timber elements into one another, effectively making it a 'prefabricated house'.

Although nails had been invented and in later houses used minimally for non-structural elements (for example, windows or panels), structural flexibility was a benefit which nailing inhibited. Without nails, a timber house could be dismantled and reconstructed in a new location. Most of the ancient Malay peoples of South-East Asia maintained a form of self-regenerating environmental culture.

## Design

Traditional timber houses incorporated design principals relevant in contemporary architecture such as shading and ventilation, qualities present in the basic house features. Although Malay houses have diversity of styles according to each states, provinces, and sub-ethnics, there are common style and similarities shared among them:

1. Built on stilts
2. Have stairs
3. Partitioned rooms
4. Vernacular roof
5. Adorned with decoration

### Stilts

Most of Malay houses are built as *Rumah Panggung* (lit: "stage house") houses built on stilts. The main characteristic of a typical Malay *kampung* house is its on stilts or piles. This was to avoid wild animals and floods, to deter thieves, and for added ventilation. In Sumatra, traditionally stilted houses are designed to avoid dangerous wild animals, such as snakes and tigers. While in areas located close to big rivers of Sumatra and Borneo, the stilts help to elevated house above flood surface. In parts of Sabah, the number of dowry buffaloes could even depend on the number of stilts there are in the bridal family's home.

### Stairs

The traditional Malay house require stairs to reach the elevated interior. Usually the stairs connected the land front of the house to the serambi (porch or verandah). Additional stairs might be found on back of the house. The stairs can be made of wood or brick structure covered with tiles. For example, in Melaka and Riau the staircase is always decoratively moulded and colourfully tiled.

### Rooms

The interior is partitioned to create rooms such as serambi (verandah), living room, and bedrooms. A traditional Malay timber house usually in two parts: the main house called Rumah Ibu in honour of the mother (ibu) and the simpler Rumah Dapur or kitchen annexe, which was separated from the main house for fire protection. The proportion was important to give the house a human scale. The Rumah Ibu was named after the spacings between stilts which are said to typically follow the arms-spread width of the wife and mother in the family of the house when being built. At least one raised veranda (serambi) is attached to the house for seated work or relaxation, or where non-familiar visitors would be entertained, thus preserving the privacy of the interior.

### Roof

The roof of traditional Malay houses are designed to provide shade and protection from heat and rain, as well as to provide ventilation. The basic design of a roof on a Malay house is gabled roof, an extended frame with ornaments on the edges of the roof. The vernacular Malay roof is best suited for hot and humid tropical climates. An example of the gabled roof can be found in the design of Rumah Lipat Kajang. However a pyramidal styled pitched roof can also be found on houses such as the Palembang Rumah Limas.

In Riau and Jambi there are several different styles, especially of the roof design. The Rumah Lancang or Rumah Lontik have curved roof with boat-like structure on stilts. The design somehow similar to Minang Rumah Gadang. The Rumah Lipat Kajang have flat roof structure with crossing edges forming "x" pinnacle on corners of the roof. The larger structure with similar crossed corner roof is called Rumah Limas. This type of roof and structure often used in palaces of Malay kings as well as government buildings. The Rumah Limas is also known as the traditional house of South Sumatra and Sundanese West Java, although they have same "Rumah Limas" name, the design is slightly different. The modern government and public buildings often based on Malay style roof design, such as government buildings in Riau and Jambi, as well as the roof design of Muzium Negara in Kuala Lumpur.

### Decoration

Each Malay region, state or sub-ethnic groups has its own regional or group style of house with preferred details. However most of Malay houses have a typical roof ornament, a crossed roof edge structure forming "x"-like pinnacle ornament on the edge of the roof. This kind of ornament can be found in Lontik, Lipat Kajang and Limas styles. In Peninsular Malaysia's east coast, many houses have distinctive carved roof gable-end boards akin to those in Thailand and Cambodia.

## Types

* *Rumah limas* – Predominantly found in the city of Palembang and related with the nobles of the Palembang Sultanate
* *Rumah Limas* – A different styled Rumah Limas that can be found in Riau Islands, Johor, Malacca, Pahang, Terengganu and Selangor.
* *Rumah Potong Limas* – Predominantly found at West Kalimantan.
* *Rumah Lipat Kajang* or *Rumah Kejang Lako* – Predominantly found in Jambi and Riau.
* *Rumah Melaka* – Predominantly found at Johor and Malacca.
* *Rumah Tiang Dua Belas* – Predominantly found in east coast of North Sumatra.
* *Rumah Lancang* or *Rumah Lontik* – Predominantly found in Riau Kampar Regency.
* *Rumah Belah Bubung* – Predominantly found in Riau Islands.
* *Rumah Kutai* – Predominantly found in Perak and northern Selangor, Kutai mean Old in Perak Malays dialect Kutey, Kuteh or Kutai, example word, Sudah Kutey kamu nih, payah doh.
* *Rumah Perabung Lima* – Predominantly found in Kelantan and Terengganu.
* *Rumah Gajah Menyusu* – Predominantly found in Penang.
* *Rumah Tiang Dua Belas* – Predominantly found in Kelantan, Terengganu and Pattani.
* *Rumah Bumbung Panjang* – Predominantly found in Kedah, Perlis, Perak, Selangor, Johor and Pahang.
* *Rumah Air* – Predominantly found in Brunei and Labuan.
* *Rumah Berbumbung Lima* – Predominantly found in Bengkulu.

## Further reading

* Ariffin, A. Najib; "A Disappearing Heritage: The Malaysian Kampung House", in *Heritage Asia* (Kuala Lumpur: Mediahub), September 2005, 6–8 -Passages in the above entry appear with permission of the Author/Publisher
* Effendy, Tenas; "Rumah, An Ode to the Malay House" (George Town, Penang: Areca Books), 2014.
* Lee Ho Yin, "The Kampong House: An Evolutionary History of Peninsular Malaysia's Vernacular Houseform," in *Asia's Old Dwellings: Tradition, Resilience, and Change,* ed. Ronald G. Knapp (New York: Oxford University Press), 2003, 235–258.
* Yuan, Lim Jee; "*The Malay House: Principles to Building Simple and Beautiful Homes for Comfort and Community*" (Fox Chapel Publishing), 2010.


title: Procopius Anthemius (son of Anthemius)

abstract: Procopius Anthemius was a politician of the Eastern Roman Empire, son of Western Roman Emperor Anthemius. After the death of the Eastern Roman Emperor Leo I, Procopius sided with his brother Marcianus's attempt to overthrow Zeno. When Marcianus's rebellion failed, Procopius fled to Thrace and then to Rome, returning to Constantinople after the death of Zeno and accession of Anastasius I. After his return to Constantinople, he was consul in 515.

text:
# Procopius Anthemius (son of Anthemius)

**Procopius Anthemius** (Greek: Προκόπιος Άνθέμιος; fl. 469–515 AD) was a politician of the Eastern Roman Empire, son of Western Roman Emperor Anthemius. After the death of the Eastern Roman Emperor Leo I, Procopius sided with his brother Marcianus's attempt to overthrow Zeno. When Marcianus's rebellion failed, Procopius fled to Thrace and then to Rome, returning to Constantinople after the death of Zeno and accession of Anastasius I. After his return to Constantinople, he was consul in 515.

## Biography

Procopius was the son of Anthemius and of Marcia Euphemia, daughter of the Eastern Roman Emperor. His brothers were Anthemiolus, Marcianus and Romulus; he also had a sister, Alypia.

He lived at Constantinople, at Eastern Emperor Leo I's court, while his father later ruled the Western Roman Empire (467-472), unsuccessfully trying to restore Roman power in the Western provinces beyond Italy and Gaul. During this time, his brother Anthemiolus died while leading an attack against the Visigoths (in 471) and his sister Alypia married Ricimer, the powerful *magister militum* of barbarian origin.

In 474, Leo died. He had left no sons and two daughters, the elder Ariadne, born before Leo was raised to the throne and married to the Isaurian general Zeno, and the younger Leontia, born when Leo was already emperor and married to Procopius' brother, Marcian.

The people of Constantinople despised the Isaurians, whom they considered barbarians; furthermore, Leontia's status as "porphyrogenita" gave her some sort of precedence to the throne, according to the faction that opposed Zeno. For this reason Marcian tried to overthrow Zeno. With the help of Procopius and Romulus, he gathered in Constantinople troops composed of both citizens and foreigners in the house of a Caesarius, south of the Forum of Theodosius, and from there they marched at the same time on the imperial palace and on the house of Illus, an Isaurian general who supported Zeno. The emperor almost fell into the hands of the rebels, who, during the day, overwhelmed the imperial troops, who were also attacked by citizens from the roofs of their houses. During the night, however, Illus succeeded in moving an Isaurian unit quartered in nearby Chalcedonia into Constantinople and in corrupting Marcian's soldiers, who allowed Zeno to flee. On the following morning Marcian, understanding that his situation was desperate and that reinforcements under the Gothic general Theodoric Strabo would not arrive in time, took refuge in the church of the Holy Apostles, but was then arrested with his brothers.

They were sent to Caesarea in Cappadocia. With the help of some monks, they tried to escape, but Marcian failed, while Procopius fled to Theodoric Strabo in Thrace,  where the latter refused to hand him to Zeno  and then to Rome.

Later Procopius returned to Constantinople, during the reign of Anastasius I (491-518). Empress Ariadne asked Anastasius, whom she had married after Zeno's death, to appoint Procopius praetorian prefect. Anastasius refused, saying that the office required more learning than Procopius had. Nonetheless, Procopius was appointed consul for 515.

Procopius might be the Anthemius who was married to Herais and father of a Zeno betrothed to a nephew of Emperor Zeno; this Anthemius was probably a *patricius*.

## Bibliography


title: Wanted at Headquarters

abstract: Wanted at Headquarters is a 1920 American silent drama film directed by Stuart Paton and written by Wallace C. Clifton. The film stars Eva Novak, Agnes Emerson, Lee Shumway, William Marlon, Lloyd Sedgwick, and Howard Davies. The film was released on October 25, 1920, by Universal Film Manufacturing Company. It is based on the 1918 novel Kate Plus Ten by Edgar Wallace.

text:
# Wanted at Headquarters

***Wanted at Headquarters*** is a 1920 American silent drama film directed by Stuart Paton and written by Wallace C. Clifton. The film stars Eva Novak, Agnes Emerson, Lee Shumway, William Marlon, Lloyd Sedgwick, and Howard Davies. The film was released on October 25, 1920, by Universal Film Manufacturing Company. It is based on the 1918 novel *Kate Plus Ten* by Edgar Wallace.

## Plot

## Cast

* Eva Novak as Kate Westhanger
* Agnes Emerson as Moya Flanbaugh
* Lee Shumway as Michael Pretherson
* William Marlon as George Flanbaugh
* Lloyd Sedgwick as Ralph Sapson
* Howard Davies as Colonel Westhanger
* George Chesebro as Tommy Carter
* Frank Clark as The Bishop

## InfoBox

| Wanted at Headquarters | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Stuart Paton |
| Screenplay by | Wallace C. Clifton |
| Story by | Edgar Wallace |
| Starring | Eva Novak
Agnes Emerson
Lee Shumway
William Marlon
Lloyd Sedgwick
Howard Davies |
| Cinematography | Harold Janes |
| Production
company | Universal Film Manufacturing Company |
| Distributed by | Universal Film Manufacturing Company |
| Release date | * October 25, 1920 (1920-10-25) |
| Running time | 50 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | Silent (English intertitles) |


title: Vivian Eli

abstract: Vivian Raphael Eli is a former Dominican cricketer who played for the Windward Islands in West Indian domestic cricket. A right-arm pace bowler, he was the first Dominican to play first-class cricket. In December 1959, aged 21, Eli was selected to represent the Windward Islands against England, in what was the team's inaugural first-class match. The only Dominican selected for the match, he scored no runs and took no wickets, bowling third behind Frank Mason and Theo Redhead in each innings. Eli never again played at first-class level.

text:
# Vivian Eli

**Vivian Raphael Eli** (born 13 July 1938) is a former Dominican cricketer who played for the Windward Islands in West Indian domestic cricket. A right-arm pace bowler, he was the first Dominican to play first-class cricket.

In December 1959, aged 21, Eli was selected to represent the Windward Islands against England, in what was the team's inaugural first-class match. The only Dominican selected for the match, he scored no runs and took no wickets, bowling third behind Frank Mason and Theo Redhead in each innings. Eli never again played at first-class level.

## InfoBox

Vivian Eli
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Vivian Raphael Eli |
| Born | (1938-07-13) 13 July 1938<br>Roseau, Dominica |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm medium-fast |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1959 | Windward Islands |
|  | |
| Source: CricketArchive, 4 March 2016 | |


title: Pasadena Boys Choir

abstract: The Pasadena Boys Choir is one of the oldest civic boy choirs in the United States, founded in 1925 by Dr. John Henry Lyons.

text:
# Pasadena Boys Choir

The **Pasadena Boys Choir** is one of the oldest civic boy choirs in the United States, founded in 1925 by Dr. John Henry Lyons.

## History

Founded in 1925 by Dr. John Henry Lyons as an adjunct of the Pasadena school system, The **Pasadena Boys Choir** survives today as one of the oldest civic boy choirs in the United States. In 1971, the Choir was reorganized by its current Director, John Barron, as a private, non-profit educational institution. Today the Choir is composed of boys between the ages of 8 and 13 from all ethnic and socio-economic backgrounds who attend public, private and parochial schools throughout the greater San Gabriel and San Fernando Valleys. Since 1971, over 2,000 boys have been members of the Choir.

The organization's admission policy is strictly non-discriminatory and non-denominational and any boy who meets the 8-to-13 age requirement is welcome to apply. All members attend their own schools and the initial time commitment on a boy's part is two two- to three-hour classes each week, after school and on Sundays.

Over the years, the Choir has received numerous awards and commendations. Endorsements have come from the California Parent Teachers Association, the State Superintendent of Schools, and the California State Legislature in Sacramento.

**Training Program**

Boys that enter the Pasadena Boys Choir program are initially assigned to a Beginner's Class for at least one semester. There they begin a comprehensive training program which will eventually prepare them for public performance. The Boys receive professional instruction in music theory, vocal production, ear training, stage deportment and public speaking. Included in this initial introduction are classical, patriotic, folk, songs from musicals and contemporary pop music.

After successfully completing the beginner's program, boys advance to the next level of training and are moved to the main performance group. The boys are expected to remain for a full term of training through their eighth grade school year or age 13.

**Performances**

During a typical season from September to June, the Choir may be called upon to perform in a number of varied concert and entertainment venues. Among these are weddings, banquets, conventions and seasonal programs. In addition, occasional calls are received from movie, television and other production companies in the Southern California area.

**Summer Camp**

The choir operates during the normal school year with the exception of a two-week summer camp session during the last week of July and the first week of August.

**Tax Status**

The Pasadena Boys Choir is a registered nonprofit organization.

Official website

## InfoBox

| Pasadena Boys Choir | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Pasadena, California |
| Genres | Classical music, Pop Music, Folk Music |
| Years active | 1925 (1925)–1957, 1971–present |
|  | |
| Website | Pasadena Boys Choir |


title: The You Generation

abstract: The You Generation is an online video-sharing competition launched by Simon Cowell in partnership with YouTube. It comprises a series of themed competitions where contestants can upload videos to win prizes. A new contest runs every two weeks with a grand prize at the end of the year. It was launched in 2013 featuring an interview with British boy band One Direction.

text:
# The You Generation

***The You Generation*** is an online video-sharing competition launched by Simon Cowell in partnership with YouTube. It comprises a series of themed competitions where contestants can upload videos to win prizes. A new contest runs every two weeks with a grand prize at the end of the year. It was launched in 2013 featuring an interview with British boy band One Direction.

## Creation

According to Cowell, The You Generation was created because "YouTube is the biggest video channel in the world, but real stars can get lost in the mix because there are more than 72 hours of footage uploaded every minute." The channel was started to search for "unconventional" and "original" people with "outstanding skills."

## The Competition

The You Generation consists of a series of themed competitions where contestants can compete to win a cash prize. The You Generation is available in 15 languages and 26 countries. A new contest runs every two weeks for a prize of $2000. The grand prize, to be awarded at the end of the year is $75,000. The contests are centred on themes like "male vocalist," "impressionist" or "stylist."

In 2014 Make-up Artist Joseph Harwood won the competition.

## The Channel

The You Generation YouTube Channel was launched in 2013 with a livestreamed interview of British boy band One Direction. Since then, celebrities such as Kimberly Wyatt and Demi Lovato have been featured on the channel.

The channel was created as a part of the YouTube Original Channels Initiative. As of August 2013, the channel has over 450,000 subscribers and 8 million all time views.

NÜKO were responsible for the design of the channel. According to NÜKO associate director Emily Torjussen "They wanted something quite different, so it wasn’t to look like the X-Factor, as it isn’t on television, and it also needed to encourage participatory involvement. It’s playing on the idea of the audience building their own world of talent and has an almost home made look – stylish but not too perfect."

## InfoBox

| *The You Generation* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Entertainment |
| Created by | Simon Cowell |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Production | |
| Production companies | YouTube, Base79, Syco Entertainment |
| Original release | |
| Network | YouTube |
| Release | 20 March 2013 (2013-03-20) <br>2014 (2014) |


abstract: The 1973 Northwestern Red Raiders football team was an American football team that represented Northwestern College of Orange City, Iowa, as a member of the Tri-State Conference during the 1973 NAIA Division II football season. Led by Larry Korver in his seventh season as head coach, the team compiled a perfect record of 12–0, winning the Tri-State Conference title with a 5–0 mark and the NAIA Division II Football National Championship with a 10–3 victory Glenville State in the championship game. Korver was selected as the 1973 NAIA Football Coach of the Year based on a vote of the NAIA Football Coaches' Association. Defensive tackle Tom Rieck was selected as a first-team player on the All-NAIA All-Star team. Eight Northwestern players received first-team honors on the 1973 all-Tri-State Conference football team: Rieck; quarterback Curt Krull; halfback Mitch Bengard; receivers Dave Hector and Gary Vetter; offensive lineman Jay DeZeeuw; linebacker Doug Van Steenwyk; and defensive back Daryl Hoogeven.

text:
# 1973 Northwestern Red Raiders football team

1973 Tri-State Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| No. 1 Northwestern (IA) $^ | 5 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  |  | 12 |  | 0 |  | 0 |
| No. 14 Yankton | 4 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 7 |  | 2 |  | 0 |
| Sioux Falls | 2 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| Westmar | 2 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 3 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| Bethel (MN) | 2 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 3 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
| Concordia (MN) | 0 |  | 5 |  | 0 |  |  | 2 |  | 7 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion * ^ – NAIA Division II playoff participant Rankings from NAIA Division II poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1973 Northwestern Red Raiders football team** was an American football team that represented Northwestern College of Orange City, Iowa, as a member of the Tri-State Conference during the 1973 NAIA Division II football season. Led by Larry Korver in his seventh season as head coach, the team compiled a perfect record of 12–0, winning the Tri-State Conference title with a 5–0 mark and the NAIA Division II Football National Championship with a 10–3 victory Glenville State in the championship game.

Korver was selected as the 1973 NAIA Football Coach of the Year based on a vote of the NAIA Football Coaches' Association. Defensive tackle Tom Rieck was selected as a first-team player on the All-NAIA All-Star team. Eight Northwestern players received first-team honors on the 1973 all-Tri-State Conference football team: Rieck; quarterback Curt Krull; halfback Mitch Bengard; receivers Dave Hector and Gary Vetter; offensive lineman Jay DeZeeuw; linebacker Doug Van Steenwyk; and defensive back Daryl Hoogeven.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 1 | at South Dakota State* |  | W 38–28 |  |  |
| September 8 | at Dakota State* | Madison, SD | W 16–13 |  |  |
| September 15 | Central (IA)* |  | W 22–10 |  |  |
| September 22 | at Buena Vista* |  | W 28–15 | 4,500 |  |
| September 29 | Yankton | * DeValois Field * Orange City, IA | W 21–14 |  |  |
| October 6 | Concordia (MN) | * DeValois Field * Orange City, IA | W 55–7 |  |  |
| October 13 | Westmar | * DeValois Field * Orange City, IA | W 50–0 |  |  |
| October 20 | at Bethel (MN) | Saint Paul, MN | W 34–7 |  |  |
| October 27 | at Sioux Falls | Sioux Falls, SD | W 45–8 |  |  |
| November 3 | Southwest Minnesota State* | * DeValois Field * Orange City, IA | W 34–14 |  |  |
| November 24 | William Jewell* |  | W 28–2 | 2,957 |  |
| December 1 | at Glenville State* | Huntington, WV (NAIA Division II Championship) | W 10–3 |  |  |
| * \*Non-conference game | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| 1973 Northwestern Red Raiders football | |
| --- | --- |
| NAIA Division II champion<br>Tri-State champion | |
| NAIA Division II Championship, W 10–3 vs. Glenville State | |
| Conference | Tri-State Conference |
| Record | 12–0 (5–0 Tri-State) |
| Head coach |  |
| Home stadium | DeValois Field |
|


title: Pouteria squamosa

abstract: Pouteria squamosa is a species of plant in the family Sapotaceae. It is found in Guatemala and Mexico.

text:
# Pouteria squamosa

***Pouteria squamosa*** is a species of plant in the family Sapotaceae. It is found in Guatemala and Mexico.

## InfoBox

| *Pouteria squamosa* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Ericales |
| Family: | Sapotaceae |
| Genus: | *Pouteria* |
| Species: | ***P. squamosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pouteria squamosa***
Cronquist | |
|


title: USS Uncas (SP-689)

abstract: The third USS Uncas (SP-689), later USS SP-689, was an armed motorboat that served in the United States Navy as a patrol vessel from 1917 to 1918. Uncas was built as a wooden-hulled civilian motorboat in 1917 by the Greenport Basin and Construction Company at Greenport on Long Island, New York. The U.S. Navy acquired her from her owner, Charles L. Poor of New York City, on 28 June 1917 for use as a patrol boat during World War I. She was commissioned the same day as USS Uncas (SP-689). Assigned to the 3rd Naval District, Uncas conducted local patrol operations in the New York City area out of Section Base No. 6 at Bath Beach, Brooklyn, New York, for the duration of the war. In April 1918, her name was changed to USS SP-689 to avoid confusion with the tug USS Uncas, which was in commission at the same time. SP-689 was returned to her owner on 31 December 1918.

text:
# USS Uncas (SP-689)

The third **USS *Uncas* (SP-689)**, later **USS *SP-689***, was an armed motorboat that served in the United States Navy as a patrol vessel from 1917 to 1918.

*Uncas* was built as a wooden-hulled civilian motorboat in 1917 by the Greenport Basin and Construction Company at Greenport on Long Island, New York. The U.S. Navy acquired her from her owner, Charles L. Poor of New York City, on 28 June 1917 for use as a patrol boat during World War I. She was commissioned the same day as USS *Uncas* (SP-689).

Assigned to the 3rd Naval District, *Uncas* conducted local patrol operations in the New York City area out of Section Base No. 6 at Bath Beach, Brooklyn, New York, for the duration of the war. In April 1918, her name was changed to USS *SP-689* to avoid confusion with the tug USS *Uncas*, which was in commission at the same time.

*SP-689* was returned to her owner on 31 December 1918.

## InfoBox

| USS *Uncas* ca. June 1917, just after completion. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Uncas* |
| Namesake | Uncas (ca. 1588-ca. 1683), a Mohegan chief (previous name retained) |
| Builder | Greenport Basin and Construction Company, Greenport, New York |
| Completed | 1917 |
| Acquired | 28 June 1917 |
| Commissioned | 28 June 1917 |
| Renamed | USS *SP-689* April 1918 |
| Fate | Returned to owner 31 December 1918 |
| Notes | Operated as private motorboat *Uncas* 1917 and from 1919 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Patrol vessel |
| Tonnage | 13 tons |
| Length | 60 ft (18 m) |
| Beam | 10 ft (3.0 m) |
| Draft | 2 ft (0.61 m) (mean) |
| Speed | 20 knots |
| Complement | 8 |
| Armament | 1 × .30-caliber (7.62-millimeter) machine gun |


title: Profield Contractors

abstract: Profield Contractors, also referred to as Profield Contractors Ltd, is a Gibraltar-based construction company founded in 1989. The company has worked on a number of general construction and civil engineering projects in Gibraltar.

text:
# Profield Contractors

**Profield Contractors**, also referred to as **Profield Contractors Ltd**, is a Gibraltar-based construction company founded in 1989. The company has worked on a number of general construction and civil engineering projects in Gibraltar.

## History

The construction company Profield Contractors was established in 1989. Also known as Profield Contractors Ltd, the company is based in Gibraltar and owned by John Summerfield. The general building contractor's clients include the Government of Gibraltar, as well as private customers. Included among their projects are general construction works including design-build, and civil engineering works including geotechnical engineering. Their construction projects have ranged from £200,000 to over £6,000,000. Profield Contractors is a government-approved bidder for works of civil engineering and general construction.

## Portfolio

Profield Contractors was one of the companies involved in the renovation of Dudley Ward Tunnel, also known as Dudley Ward Way, and the road approaching it. Gibraltarian Brian Navarro died in February 2002 in a rockfall accident on the road leading to the tunnel, after which the road and tunnel were closed. It was reopened eight years later, on 2 November 2010. The company's involvement in the project commissioned by the government included rockfall mitigation, including a protective canopy over the road approaching the tunnel, earthworks, and infrastructure, as well as building of a new road. Another civil engineering project undertaken by the company is the superstructure for a parking lot to accommodate 1,000 automobiles. The company also engineered the sewage diversion along Devil's Tower Road for Taylor Woodrow. The diversion was necessary for the construction of Filomena House *(see below)*.

The Europa Road Incinerator is a geotechnical engineering project commissioned by the Government of Gibraltar. Profield Contractors was responsible for removal of rocks and installation of rock anchors and catch fences. The government also contracted with the company for the rockfall mitigation works for Cumberland Terraces, a project of affordable homes. This required the permanent installation of a catch fence.

The company built Gardiners House, an apartment building containing six luxury units, on Gardiners Road. Maida Vale House is a block of five townhouses on Engineer Road. The Catalan Terraces, thirteen townhouses at Catalan Bay, are a third example of general construction. All three examples represent new construction for private developers. In addition, Profield Contractors built the Cliftons for Taylor Woodrow. That project entailed renovation of a portion of the Royal Naval Hospital Gibraltar and its conversion to an apartment building with luxury units, Orchid House. In addition, a new floor was added for two penthouses. New construction in that project included three townhouses and a villa.

Their design-build projects include the Gibraltar Cruise Terminal, a government commission. Construction of the terminal entailed renovation and conversion of an unused warehouse on the Western Arm of the North Mole at Gibraltar Harbour. After the walls of the warehouse were deemed structurally sound, the building was gutted, and given a new floor and roof. White stone walls and sunny, Mediterranean hues give the interior an airy, neoclassical appearance. Bishop Canilla House is an apartment building for the aged, with 84 units, including 14 for residents with special needs. The apartment building for the elderly was also commissioned by the Government of Gibraltar, and opened in 2000. Filomena House, for the developer Taylor Woodrow, is a ten-storey apartment building with 44 apartments. The flats range from studios to penthouses and are located on the east side of Gibraltar. Filomena House represents the first "affordable plus" project developed by Taylor Woodrow. Other examples of design-build projects undertaken by Profield Contractors are the additions to St Anne's School and Bishop Fitzgerald's School, both government contracts, and the addition of a new floor to 237 Main Street for a private client.

## Current projects

In June 2011, the Minister for Housing Fabian Vinet revealed that the contract for the renovation of the exterior of the Governor's Meadow House had been won by Profield Contractors. The contract from the Government of Gibraltar for the building at Alameda Estate is for £1M. The project includes installation of a new roof, windows, and blinds. Another contract that has been awarded by the government is that of management of the eastside reclamation project which also includes a temporary sea wall. The Royal Gibraltar Yacht Club moved from its location at 26 Queensway to temporary premises at 2 Queensway when the mid-harbour reclamation project left the yacht club landlocked in 2009. Profield Contractors has won the contract to construct a new club house and associated facilities on Coaling Island.

## InfoBox

Profield Contractors
|
|  |
| Company type | Construction |
| Founded | 1989 |
| Headquarters | Gibraltar |
| Area served | Gibraltar |
| Owner | John Summerfield |
| Website | www.profield.gi |


title: Wanted You

abstract: "Wanted You" is a song by Canadian rapper Nav featuring American rapper Lil Uzi Vert. It was released on November 3, 2017, as the lead single from Nav's debut studio album Reckless (2018). The song was written alongside Cash, DJ Khaled, and producer Ben Billions.

text:
# Wanted You

"**Wanted You**" is a song by Canadian rapper Nav featuring American rapper Lil Uzi Vert. It was released on November 3, 2017, as the lead single from Nav's debut studio album *Reckless* (2018). The song was written alongside Cash, DJ Khaled, and producer Ben Billions.

## Composition

The song is a "mellow trap ballad" featuring keys with "punctuations of drums and shimmering hi-hats". On the track, Nav and Lil Uzi Vert sing about their past failed relationships. In the first verse, Nav expresses disappointment in having a relationship with a girl he met on Instagram, only to find she cares only about the luxurious lifestyle he offers. In the second verse, Lil Uzi sing-raps about being cheated on and having gratitude for what they have.

## Charts

| Chart (2017) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada (Canadian Hot 100) | 33 |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 64 |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (*Billboard*) | 27 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Canada (Music Canada) | 3× Platinum | 240,000 |
| United States (RIAA) | 2× Platinum | 2,000,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "Wanted You" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Nav featuring Lil Uzi Vert | |
| from the album  *Reckless* | |
| Released | November 3, 2017 (2017-11-03) |
| Genre | Emo rap |
| Length | 3:48 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Ben Billions |
| Nav singles chronology | |
| "Perfect Timing (Intro)" / "Call Me"
(2017) "**Wanted You**"
(2017) "Freshman List"
(2018) | |
|  | |
| Lil Uzi Vert singles chronology | |
| "The Way Life Goes"
(2017) "**Wanted You**"
(2017) "Sauce It Up"
(2018) | |
|  | |


title: Louis Marin (politician)

abstract: Louis Marin was a French politician who was Minister for the Liberated Regions in 1924, Minister of Pensions in 1926–1928 and Minister of Health in 1934.

text:
# Louis Marin (politician)

**Louis Marin** (7 February 1871 – 23 May 1960) was a French politician who was Minister for the Liberated Regions in 1924, Minister of Pensions (Veteran Affairs) in 1926–1928 and Minister of Health in 1934.

## Life

### Early years

Louis Marin was born on 7 February 1871 in Faulx, Meurthe. a small village in the part of Lorraine that remained French after the settlement of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. His father was a notary. His mother died during his birth. He attended the Malgrange College, near Nancy, then studied in the Faculty of Law of Nancy before moving to Paris, where he settled in the Latin Quarter. Marin was an avid reader and also had a love of travel. He visited Germany in 1891 and Romania and Serbia the next year, then Algeria. In 1893 he joined the Society of Ethnography that Claude Bernard had founded. He became a permanent member in 1900 and president of the society in 1920.

In 1899 Marin visited Greece, Poland, Russia, Scandinavia, Armenia, Turkestan, Central Asia and Western China. In 1901 he traveled in Siberia, Manchuria, Korea and northern China. Marin was present when the Summer Palace in Beijing was looted and burned. In 1902 he visited Spain and Portugal, and in 1903 visited Asia Minor. In all his travels Marin wanted to apply the concepts of Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play and the Ecole d'économie sociale in studying societies. He became involved in the School of Anthropology that Paul Broca had established in 1876, and from 1923 was director of this school.

### Early political career

In 1903 Marin was one of the founding members of the Republican Federation (Fédération républicaine), the largest conservative party during the French Third Republic. He was a lifelong member of this organization, which became the Entente démocratique in 1914 and the Union républicaine démocratique in 1924. In 1924 he was elected president of the group, and in 1925 president of the party. In October 1905 he ran successfully for election as a deputy for the first district of Nancy in a by-election. He was reelected in the same constituency in each election up to World War II. In 1910 he was elected to represent the canton of Nomény in the general council of Meurthe-et-Moselle. He was president of the general council for eighteen years. Marin was extremely active in parliament, involved in many committees and initiating many bills or resolutions. Although his party was right-wing, his political stance was generally moderate and liberal. In 1914 Marin volunteered for the 24th battalion of *chasseurs*, but returned to sit in the legislature.

### Inter-War period

Marin was Minister for the Liberated Regions from 29 March 1924 to 14 June 1924 in the third cabinet of Raymond Poincaré and the short-lived cabinet of Frédéric François-Marsal. In 1925 he founded the weekly paper *La Nation*, and regularly wrote the paper's editorial. He was Minister of Pensions from 23 July 1926 to 11 November 1928 in the Poincaré cabinet. In 1931 he chaired the commission of inquiry into the Oustric Affair. He was Minister of Health and Physical Education from 9 February 1934 to 8 November 1934 in the cabinet of Gaston Doumergue. He was Minister of State from 8 November 1934 to 24 January 1936.

### World War II

Marin was again Minister of State from 10 May 1940 to 16 June 1940 - the crucial period beginning with the German invasion of the Low Countries and ending with defeat in the Battle of France. Marin refused to take part in the vote on 10 July 1940 that gave full powers to Marshal Philippe Pétain. Despite being aged 70, he became loosely involved with the French Resistance as a symbol of the Catholic Right Republicans, and was involved in various non-Communist groups. He became a titular captain of the *Forces françaises de l'intérieur* ("French Forces of the Interior", FFI). He reached London on 10 April 1944 after the Gestapo issued a warrant for his arrest. Marin was a member of France's Provisional Consultative Assembly in 1944–45. General Charles de Gaulle offered him a position in the provisional government, but he declined. He received various awards for his activities during the Allied occupation of France.

### Later career

Marin participated in the trial of Philippe Pétain in July–August 1945. He resumed his research and teaching activities, and relaunched *La Nation,* as a morning paper in which he published long editorials. Marin was elected to the first Constituent Assembly on 21 October 1945, and to the second Constituent Assembly on 2 June 1946. He opposed both draft constitutions. After the second constitution was chosen by the Assembly and ratified by plebiscite, he was elected to the first legislature of the French Fourth Republic in November 1946. He was defeated in the general elections of 17 June 1951, and failed to be elected to the Council of the Republic on 18 May 1952. That year he resigned his presidency of the general council of Meurthe-et-Moselle. He remained active in the academic world and continued to publish works on political or ethnographical subjects. Louis Marin died on 23 May 1960 in Paris at the age of 89.

## Science and academy

Marin traveled in Europe and Asia from the age of 19 to the age of 34. He was active in numerous scholarly societies and institutions:

* *Collège libre des sciences sociales* ("Free College of Social Sciences"); instructor in ethnography from 1895 to 1935
* *Société Ethnographique de France* ("Ethnographic Society of France")
* *École d'anthropologie* ("School of Anthropology"); chair from 1923
* *Société de géographie commerciale* ("Commercial Geography Society"); chair from 1925 to 1960
* *Société française de pédagogie* ("French Pedagogical Society")
* *Société des Amis du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle et du Jardin des plantes* ("Friends of the Natural History Museum Paris")
* *Institut international d'anthropologie* ("International Institute of Anthropology"); President
* *Société de statistique de Paris* ("Paris Society of Statistics"); President, 1930
* *Institut de France*; joined 1945

## Mandates

| Elected | Term end | Constituency | Parliamentary group |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1905-10-08 | 1906-05-31 | Meurthe-et-Moselle | Républicains progressistes |
| 1906-05-06 | 1910-05-31 | Meurthe-et-Moselle | Progressiste |
| 1910-04-24 | 1914-05-31 | Meurthe-et-Moselle | Républicain progressiste |
| 1914-04-26 | 1919-12-07 | Meurthe-et-Moselle | Fédération républicaine |
| 1919-11-16 | 1924-05-31 | Meurthe-et-Moselle | Entente républicaine démocratique |
| 1924-05-11 | 1928-05-31 | Meurthe-et-Moselle | Union républicaine démocratique |
| 1928-04-22 | 1932-05-31 | Meurthe-et-Moselle | Union républicaine démocratique |
| 1932-05-01 | 1936-05-31 | Meurthe-et-Moselle | Fédération républicaine |
| 1936-04-26 | 1942-05-31 | Meurthe-et-Moselle | Fédération républicaine de France |
| 1945-10-21 | 1946-06-10 | Meurthe-et-Moselle | Républicains indépendants |
| 1946-06-02 | 1946-11-27 | Meurthe-et-Moselle | Républicains indépendants |
| 1946-11-10 | 1951-07-04 | Meurthe-et-Moselle | Républicains indépendants |

## Publications

Publications by Louis Marin include:

* Louis Marin, *Un grand folkloriste. P. Saintyves* (in French), Paris: Larose, p. 72

* Louis Marin (1910), "L'Action de la France dans la Perse constitutionnelle", *Bulletin de l'Union franco-persane* (in French) (1), Paris: impr. de Wellhoff et Roche: 16
* Louis Marin (1910), "Recul inacceptable de notre influence en Perse", *Bulletin de l'Union franco-persane* (in French) (2), Paris: impr. de Wellhoff et Roche: 16
* Louis Marin; Paul Strauss (1912), *La Protection de la maternité ouvrière* (in French), Paris: Association nationale française pour la protection légale des travailleurs, F. Alcan, p. 103
* Paul Deschanel; Eugène Goblet d'Alviella; Louis Marin (1918), *L'effort belge* (in French), Paris: Comité L'effort de la France et de ses alliés. Bloud et Gay, p. 63
* Louis Marin (1919), preface, *L'Opinion publique dans les provinces rhénanes et en Belgique, 1789–1815.*, by Louis Engerand (in French), Paris: Bossard, p. 187
* Louis Marin (1920), *Le Traité de paix* (in French), Paris: H. Floury, p. 204
* Louis Marin (1925), "Questionnaire d'ethnographie. Table d'analyse en ethnographie", *Bulletin de la Société d'ethnographie de Paris* (in French), Paris: Maisonneuve frères: 131
* Louis Marin (1928), preface, *L'Indemnité de guerre en droit international*, by Luce Camuzet (in French), Paris: A. Pédone, éditeur, p. 40
* Louis Marin (1946), *Les veillées lorraines* (in French), Paris: Académie des sciences morales et politiques. France; Typographie de Firmin-Didot et Cie, p. 42
* Louis Marin (1946), *Louis Marin. La Sécurité de la France* (in French), Paris: impr. Deshayes, p. 178
* Louis Marin (1948), *La Roumanie que j'ai connue: conférence faite à Paris le 21 octobre 1948* (in French), Paris: Association des journalistes roumains à l'étranger, p. 35
* Louis Marin (1964), *Les Contes traditionnels en Lorraine* (in French), Paris: impr. Jouve, p. 168
* Louis Marin (1966), *Regards sur la Lorraine: réflexions sur des notions fondamentales, particularités du caractère lorrain* (in French), Paris: P. Geuthner, p. 216
* Louis Marin (1978), *Voyage de 1899 en Orient: Constantinople, Caucase, Arménie, Asie Centrale, Turkestan russe et chinois* (in French), Paris: Mme Marin, p. 120
* Louis Marin (1993), *Frontières d'Asie* (in French), Kenneth White, preface, Paris: Jérôme Ghesquière, Musée Guimet : Impr. nationale, p. 211

1. Jolly 1960–1977.
2. collectif 2005.
3. Louis Marin (1871–1960) – BnF.

## Sources

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Louis Marin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Minister for the Liberated Regions | |
| **In office**
29 March 1924  14 June 1924 | |
| Preceded by | Charles Reibel |
| Succeeded by | Victor Dalbiez |
| Minister of Pensions | |
| **In office**
23 July 1926  11 November 1928 | |
| Preceded by | Georges Bonnet |
| Succeeded by | Louis Antériou |
| Minister of Health and Physical Education | |
| **In office**
9 February 1934  8 November 1934 | |
| Preceded by | Émile Lisbonne |
| Succeeded by | Henri Queuille |
| Minister of State | |
| **In office**
8 November 1934  24 January 1936 | |
| Minister of State | |
| **In office**
10 May 1940  16 June 1940 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1871-02-07)7 February 1871
Faulx, Meurthe, France |
| Died | 23 May 1960(1960-05-23) (aged 89)
Paris, France |
|  | |


title: Feudal relief

abstract: Feudal relief was a one-off "fine" or form of taxation payable to an overlord by the heir of a feudal tenant to license him to take possession of his fief, i.e. an estate-in-land, by inheritance. It is comparable to a death duty or inheritance tax. The equivalent duty at the lower levels of the feudal hierarchy was heriot or le droit du meilleur catel.

text:
# Feudal relief

**Feudal relief** was a one-off "fine" or form of taxation payable to an overlord by the heir of a feudal tenant to license him to take possession of his fief, i.e. an estate-in-land, by inheritance. It is comparable to a death duty or inheritance tax.

The equivalent duty at the lower levels of the feudal hierarchy was heriot (in England) or *le droit du meilleur catel* (in France).

## Etymology

The word relief comes from the Latin verb *levo*, to raise, lift up, elevate, with the addition of the Latin inseparable adverbial particle *re-*, which has three distinct meanings: back, against and again. The Latin composite verb *relevo* results. The term used in mediaeval Latin charters is *Relevius*. The payment thus obtains an heir's "relief" by his being "re-elevated" or "lifted-up again" into the place of honour and privilege formerly occupied by his predecessor.

## Rationale

As fiefs were originally granted by William the Conqueror as a reward for past service, there was no logical reason in feudal terms why the tenant's heir should take up the fief without himself having provided the king with some similar valuable past service. The payment of a fine for such "relief" can thus be seen within the logic of feudalism as payment in-lieu of such past service. Thus the right to inherit a fief was akin to a pre-emption right: the king would re-grant the fief to the heir in priority to a third party, so long as the heir paid his fine. This was a valuable right as the heir was more expert in the exploitation of the fief in question than of any other comparable estate of land, for example he was aware through experience of its optimal cropping rotation based on its differing soil-types and micro-climates, and he had available a local work-force loyal to his family.

## Example from Pipe Rolls

The Pipe Roll was a class of parchment roll used by the Treasury to record financial receipts. The Pipe Roll of 6 Henry III (1222) contains the following entry:

> *Ricardus filius Willelmi de Scalariis II **pro relevio suo** de dimidia baronia...£...* (*received from* Richard son of William de Scalarius II **for his relief** concerning half a barony.....*the sum of £*...prob. £50)

## Varieties of relief

In the case of a feudal baron, that is to say one who held *per baroniam*, it is termed "baronial relief", set at £100. Following Magna Carta of 1215, the standard rates became one quarter of a year's profit of the estate payable by an under-tenant, and a full year's profit payable by a non-baronial tenant-in-chief.

## Rates payable

It is clear from the pre-eminent positioning in Magna Carta (1215), of the clauses concerning the regulation of relief, that the question of the exaction of extortionate reliefs was one of the major complaints made by the barons to King John. These clauses, in order numbers 2 and 3 follow no other but a clause which promises the free election of bishops to the English church, an issue of paramount significance in the mediaeval world. There can be no better exposition of the charging structure than that given in the Charter itself, which is quoted as follows:

> (2) "If any earl, baron or other person who holds lands directly from the Crown for military service shall die, and at his death his heir shall be of full age and owe a Relief, the heir shall have his inheritance on payment of the ancient scale of Relief. That is to say, the heir or heirs of an earl shall pay £100 for the entire earl's barony, the heir or heirs of a knight 100 shillings at most for the entire knight's fee and any man that owes less shall pay less in accordance with the ancient usage of fees".

> (3) "But if the heir of such a person is under age *(i.e. 21)* and a ward, when he comes of age he shall have his inheritance without Relief or fine".

In summary, therefore, Magna Carta set feudal relief for earls (who all held *per baroniam* and were therefore themselves barons) at £100 and for knights at 100 shillings (i.e. £5) per knight's fee, in both cases restoring the rates to their traditional levels. Although no mention appears to be made of the rates payable by barons for their baronies, it is known that the level set was as for earls, £100. The relative proportion of relief for barony and knight's fee of 20:1 seems to imply that originally a barony consisted of, or was equivalent in some way, to twenty knight's fees.

## Sources

* Sanders, I.J. English Baronies, A Study of their Origin & Descent 1086-1327, Oxford, 1960

1. Cassell's Latin Dictionary, revised by Marchant & Charles, 260th. thousand
2. Sanders, 1960, op.cit. p.30, barony of Caxton, footnote 6
3. Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th. ed., vol. 14, "Knighthood"
4. Davis, G.R.C., Magna Carta, Published by the British Library Board, London, 4th. ed.,1982, p.24
5. Sanders, 1960, preface, vi


title: The Young & Moody Band

abstract: The Young & Moody Band was a British blues rock band from the late 1970s to the early 1980s, headed by Status Quo co-writer Bob Young and Whitesnake guitarist Micky Moody. The two met for the first time in 1975, when Moody's band, Snafu, supported Status Quo on tour. They formed a friendship and in their spare time began writing songs together. Over a period of several years, they collected enough material for two albums and several singles. The band started under the name "Young & Moody", releasing a self-titled album on Magnet Records in 1977. Later they changed their name to The Young & Moody Band. Their 1981 single "Don't Do That" also featured Lemmy from Motörhead, Cozy Powell and The Nolans and charted at No. 63 on the UK Singles Chart. Their follow-up single, "These Eyes", was used in a UK jeans commercial. Graham Bonnet supplied the vocals and the lyrics 'these eyes' were replaced with the word 'Levis'. Written by Young and Moody, it was sung by Ed Hamilton, who also wrote "Night Games" from Bonnet's third album Line-Up. Both tracks were available as singles on Bronze Records and featured on the compilation album A Quiet Night In. When released on that compilation album, it earned international gold discs.

text:
# The Young & Moody Band

**The Young & Moody Band** was a British blues rock band from the late 1970s to the early 1980s, headed by Status Quo co-writer Bob Young and Whitesnake guitarist Micky Moody. The two met for the first time in 1975, when Moody's band, Snafu, supported Status Quo on tour. They formed a friendship and in their spare time began writing songs together. Over a period of several years, they collected enough material for two albums and several singles.

The band started under the name "Young & Moody", releasing a self-titled album on Magnet Records in 1977. Later they changed their name to The Young & Moody Band. Their 1981 single "Don't Do That" also featured Lemmy from Motörhead, Cozy Powell and The Nolans and charted at No. 63 on the UK Singles Chart.

Their follow-up single, "These Eyes", was used in a UK jeans commercial (c.1981). Graham Bonnet (ex Rainbow) supplied the vocals (but not on the single) and the lyrics 'these eyes' were replaced with the word 'Levis'. Written by Young and Moody, it was sung by Ed Hamilton, who also wrote "Night Games" from Bonnet's third album *Line-Up*. Both tracks were available as singles on Bronze Records and featured on the compilation album *A Quiet Night In*. When released on that compilation album, it earned international gold discs.


title: Loop Live

abstract: The Loop Live festival is a music festival in Bulgaria. Since 2007 it is held once a year on Prince Alexander of Battenberg Square in the capital city Sofia. It's a free music event and always includes a host of new and popular artists. The festival is usually televised a week afterwards on City TV.

text:
# Loop Live

The **Loop Live** festival is a music festival in Bulgaria. Since 2007 it is held once a year on Prince Alexander of Battenberg Square in the capital city Sofia. It's a free music event and always includes a host of new and popular artists. The festival is usually televised a week afterwards on City TV.

## 2007

* Date: 7 October 2007
* Attendance: 50,000

**Line-Up**

## 2008

* Date: 5 October 2008
* Attendance: 50,000

**Line-Up**

## 2009

* Date: 11 October 2009
* Attendance: 50,000

**Line-Up**

## Other information

In 2008, singers Ida Corr and Shaggy met backstage, and decided there to collaborate on a song for Ida Corr's album *Under The Sun*. In 2009 "Under The Sun" (feat. Shaggy) was released as a single.

## InfoBox

| Loop Live | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Popular Music<br>Electronic music |
| Dates | October |
| Location(s) | Sofia, Bulgaria |
| Years active | 2007–present |
| Founders | Loop, Radio City, City TV |
| Capacity | 50,000 |
| Website | Loop.bg |


title: Prabhadevi Temple

abstract: Prabhadevi Temple, also known as Prabhavati Devi Temple, is a Hindu temple located in the Prabhadevi area, near Dadar, Mumbai. The idol representing the main deity, Prabhavati Devi, dates back to the 12th Century. The temple itself, though, was constructed in 1715, making it only 300 years old. The temple is managed by Bhatji Jaywant Joshi who is a third generation pujari of the temple.

text:
# Prabhadevi Temple

**Prabhadevi Temple**, also known as **Prabhavati Devi Temple** , is a Hindu temple located in the Prabhadevi area, near Dadar, Mumbai. The idol representing the main deity, Prabhavati Devi, dates back to the 12th Century. The temple itself, though, was constructed in 1715, making it only 300 years old. The temple is managed by Bhatji Jaywant Joshi who is a third generation pujari of the temple.

## History

According to historians, the main deity of Prabhadevi Temple was originally referred to as *Shakambari Devi*. She was the famous goddess (Kuladevi) of Seuna Yadava king Bimba Raja of Devgiri. According to local folklore, Prabhavati Devi appeared in the dreams of a devotee named Shyam Nayak from the Pathare Prabhu (one of Mumbai's earliest native communities), who would go on to build the temple of Prabhadevi.

The idol of the goddess was shifted to Karnataka, where it was attacked by muslim invaders known as the Mughals. Later, it was moved back to Mahim Creek and placed in the current Prabhadevi temple.

## Other

## InfoBox

| Prabhadevi Temple | |
| --- | --- |
| प्रभादेवी मंदिर | |
|  | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Hinduism |
| District | Mumbai |
| Deity | Prabhadevi or Shakambari Devi |
| Location | |
| Location | Prabhadevi, Mumbai, India |
| State | Maharashtra |
| Country | India |
| Architecture | |
| Funded by | Pathare Prabhu community |
| Date established | 1715 |