title: List of Carnegie libraries in Minnesota

abstract: The following list of Carnegie libraries in Minnesota provides detailed information on Carnegie libraries in Minnesota, United States, where 65 public libraries were built from 57 grants awarded by the Carnegie Corporation of New York from 1901 to 1918. In addition, Hamline University in Saint Paul was awarded a $30,000 grant on March 12, 1906, to construct an academic library. In Minnesota grants were given between 1899 and 1918. Of Minnesota's 66 original Carnegie libraries, 48 are still standing. 25 continue to house public libraries while others have been adapted into art centers or office space. Of the 18 lost libraries, one burned down and the rest were demolished, often because they were unworkably deficient in handicap accessibility. 38 of the surviving libraries are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).

text:
# List of Carnegie libraries in Minnesota

The following **list of Carnegie libraries in Minnesota** provides detailed information on Carnegie libraries in Minnesota, United States, where 65 public libraries were built from 57 grants (totaling $969,375) awarded by the Carnegie Corporation of New York from 1901 to 1918. In addition, Hamline University in Saint Paul was awarded a $30,000 grant on March 12, 1906, to construct an academic library. In Minnesota grants were given between 1899 and 1918.

Of Minnesota's 66 original Carnegie libraries, 48 are still standing. 25 continue to house public libraries while others have been adapted into art centers or office space. Of the 18 lost libraries, one burned down and the rest were demolished, often because they were unworkably deficient in handicap accessibility. 38 of the surviving libraries are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).

## Key

Building still operating as a library
Building standing, but now serving another purpose
Building no longer standing
Building listed on the National Register of Historic Places
Building contributes to a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places

## Public libraries

|  | Library | City or
town | Image | Date
granted | Grant
amount | Location | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Aitkin | Aitkin |  | Apr 23, 1908 | $6,500 | 121 2nd St NW
46°31′59.31″N 93°42′33.55″W / 46.5331417°N 93.7093194°W / 46.5331417; -93.7093194 (Aitkin Carnegie Library) | 1911 library, now an art center. |
| 2 | Albert Lea | Albert Lea |  | Apr 11, 1902 | $13,000 | 146 College St W
43°38′49.58″N 93°22′11.02″W / 43.6471056°N 93.3697278°W / 43.6471056; -93.3697278 (Albert Lea Carnegie Library) | Built 1903, now offices. |
| 3 | Alexandria | Alexandria |  | Feb 2, 1903 | $12,000 | 7th Ave W & Filmore St
45°53′6.25″N 95°22′43.75″W / 45.8850694°N 95.3788194°W / 45.8850694; -95.3788194 (Alexandria Public Library) | Built 1903, now offices. |
| 4 | Anoka | Anoka |  | Mar 27, 1903 | $12,500 | *Demolished* | Built 1904, razed 1965. |
| 5 | Austin | Austin |  | Oct 3, 1901 | $15,000 | *Demolished* | Built 1904, razed 1996. |
| 6 | Bemidji | Bemidji |  | Feb 10, 1908 | $12,500 | 426 Bemidji Ave
47°28′21.63″N 94°52′46.13″W / 47.4726750°N 94.8794806°W / 47.4726750; -94.8794806 (Bemidji Carnegie Library) | Built 1909, now an art gallery. |
| 7 | Benson | Benson |  | Apr 3, 1912 | $7,500 | *Demolished* | Built 1913, razed 1994. |
| 8 | Brainerd | Brainerd |  | Jan 6, 1903 | $12,000 | 206 7th St N
46°21′30.16″N 94°11′55.91″W / 46.3583778°N 94.1988639°W / 46.3583778; -94.1988639 (Brainerd Public Library) | Built 1904, now offices. |
| 9 | Browns Valley | Browns Valley |  | Jan 31, 1914 | $5,500 | Broadway Ave & 2nd St
45°35′42.13″N 96°49′51.03″W / 45.5950361°N 96.8308417°W / 45.5950361; -96.8308417 (Browns Valley Carnegie Public Library) | Built 1915. |
| 10 | Chatfield | Chatfield |  | Jul 9, 1913 | $6,000 | 314 Main St S
43°50′40.86″N 92°11′14.44″W / 43.8446833°N 92.1873444°W / 43.8446833; -92.1873444 (Chatfield Public Library) | Built 1915, still houses public library. |
| 11 | Coleraine | Coleraine |  | Dec 16, 1908 | $15,000 | 203 Cole Ave
47°17′14.03″N 93°25′27.45″W / 47.2872306°N 93.4242917°W / 47.2872306; -93.4242917 (Coleraine Carnegie Library) | Built 1910, still houses public library. |
| 12 | Crookston | Crookston |  | Nov 25, 1903 | $17,500 | 110 N. Ash St.
47°46′25.43″N 96°36′17.52″W / 47.7737306°N 96.6048667°W / 47.7737306; -96.6048667 (Crookstone Carnegie Public Library) | Built 1907. |
| 13 | Dawson | Dawson |  | Mar 31, 1916 | $9,000 | 677 Pine St
44°55′43.35″N 96°3′20.42″W / 44.9287083°N 96.0556722°W / 44.9287083; -96.0556722 (Dawson Carnegie Library) | Built 1918, now offices. |
| 14 | Detroit Lakes | Detroit Lakes |  | Dec 23, 1911 | $10,000 | 1000 Washington Ave
46°48′56.27″N 95°50′45.01″W / 46.8156306°N 95.8458361°W / 46.8156306; -95.8458361 (Detroit Lakes Carnegie Library) | Built 1913, still houses public library. |
| 15 | Duluth (Main) | Duluth |  | Oct 7, 1899 | $75,000 | 101 2nd St W
46°47′14.33″N 92°6′8.13″W / 46.7873139°N 92.1022583°W / 46.7873139; -92.1022583 (Duluth Public Library (Main)) | Built 1902, closed 1980. |
| 16 | Duluth Lincoln | Duluth |  | Oct 7, 1899 | $30,000 | 2227 W 2nd St
46°46′0.12″N 92°7′44.45″W / 46.7667000°N 92.1290139°W / 46.7667000; -92.1290139 (Lincoln Branch Library) | Built 1917, now an art institute. |
| 17 | Duluth West Duluth | Duluth |  | Oct 7, 1899 | $20,000 | *Demolished* | Built 1912, razed 1992. |
| 18 | Eveleth | Eveleth |  | Feb 20, 1911 | $15,000 | 614 Pierce St
47°27′44.69″N 92°32′8.4″W / 47.4624139°N 92.535667°W / 47.4624139; -92.535667 (Eveleth Carnegie Library) | Built 1914, still houses public library. |
| 19 | Fairmont | Fairmont |  | Feb 12, 1903 | $10,000 | *Demolished* | Built 1904, razed 1968. |
| 20 | Fergus Falls | Fergus Falls |  | Feb 20, 1904 | $21,475 | 121 Union St N
46°17′3.52″N 96°4′41.29″W / 46.2843111°N 96.0781361°W / 46.2843111; -96.0781361 (Fergus Falls Carnegie Library) | Built 1905, now offices. |
| 21 | Glenwood | Glenwood |  | May 2, 1907 | $10,000 | 108 1st Ave SE
45°38′56.78″N 95°23′17.29″W / 45.6491056°N 95.3881361°W / 45.6491056; -95.3881361 (Glenwood Public Library) | Built 1908, still houses public library. |
| 22 | Graceville | Graceville |  | May 21, 1913 | $7,000 | *Demolished* | Built 1915, razed 1999. |
| 23 | Grand Rapids | Grand Rapids |  | Jan 19, 1905 | $10,000 | 21 5th St NE | Built 1905, now offices. |
| 24 | Hibbing | Hibbing |  | Apr 23, 1906 | $25,000 | *Demolished* | Built 1908, razed in the 1950s. |
| 25 | Hutchinson | Hutchinson |  | Apr 13, 1903 | $12,500 | 50 Hassan St SE
44°53′30.06″N 94°22′5.5″W / 44.8916833°N 94.368194°W / 44.8916833; -94.368194 (Hutchinson Carnegie Library) | Built 1904, still houses public library. |
| 26 | Janesville | Janesville |  | May 2, 1911 | $5,000 | 102 2nd St W
44°7′3″N 93°42′28.34″W / 44.11750°N 93.7078722°W / 44.11750; -93.7078722 (Janesville Free Public Library) | Built 1912, still houses public library. |
| 27 | Lake City | Lake City |  | Nov 7, 1917 | $13,000 | *Demolished* | Built 1917, razed 1967. |
| 28 | Litchfield | Litchfield |  | Feb 12, 1903 | $10,000 | 201 Sibley Ave S
45°7′29.12″N 94°31′40.13″W / 45.1247556°N 94.5278139°W / 45.1247556; -94.5278139 (Litchfield Carnegie Library) | Built 1904, now commercial space. |
| 29 | Little Falls | Little Falls |  | Mar 14, 1902 | $10,000 | 108 3rd St NE
45°58′36.08″N 94°21′31.32″W / 45.9766889°N 94.3587000°W / 45.9766889; -94.3587000 (Little Falls Carnegie Library) | Built 1904, still houses public library. |
| 30 | Luverne | Luverne |  | Mar 27, 1903 | $10,000 | 205 Freeman Ave N
43°39′19.86″N 96°12′35.69″W / 43.6555167°N 96.2099139°W / 43.6555167; -96.2099139 (Luverne Carnegie Library) | Built 1904, now an art center. |
| 31 | Madison | Madison |  | Feb 1, 1905 | $8,000 | 401 6th Ave
45°0′44.9″N 96°11′36.58″W / 45.012472°N 96.1934944°W / 45.012472; -96.1934944 (Madison Carnegie Library) | Built 1905, still houses public library. |
| 32 | Mankato | Mankato |  | Feb 6, 1901 | $40,000 | 120 Broad Rd S
44°9′56.86″N 94°0′3.56″W / 44.1657944°N 94.0009889°W / 44.1657944; -94.0009889 (Mankato Public Library and Reading Room) | Built 1902, now an art center. |
| 33 | Mapleton | Mapleton |  | Mar 25, 1905 | $5,000 | 104 1st Ave NE
43°55′42.78″N 93°57′28.03″W / 43.9285500°N 93.9577861°W / 43.9285500; -93.9577861 (Mapleton Public Library) | Built 1910, still houses public library. |
| 34 | Marshall | Marshall |  | Feb 12, 1903 | $10,000 | *Demolished* | Built 1904, razed 1966. |
| 35 | Minneapolis Central Avenue | Minneapolis |  | Apr 3, 1912 | $125,000 | *Demolished* | Built 1915, razed 1971. |
| 36 | Minneapolis Franklin | Minneapolis |  | Apr 3, 1912 |  | 1314 Franklin Ave E
44°57′46.74″N 93°15′21.06″W / 44.9629833°N 93.2558500°W / 44.9629833; -93.2558500 (Franklin Community Library) | Built 1914, still houses public library. |
| 37 | Minneapolis Hosmer | Minneapolis |  | Apr 3, 1912 |  | 347 36th St E
44°56′15.05″N 93°16′13.97″W / 44.9375139°N 93.2705472°W / 44.9375139; -93.2705472 (Hosmer Community Library) | Built 1916, still houses public library. |
| 38 | Minneapolis Sumner | Minneapolis |  | Apr 3, 1912 |  | 611 VanWhite Memorial Blvd
44°59′5.18″N 93°17′40.43″W / 44.9847722°N 93.2945639°W / 44.9847722; -93.2945639 (Sumner Community Library) | Built 1915, still houses public library. |
| 39 | Montevideo | Montevideo |  | Dec 16, 1905 | $10,000 | 125 3rd St N
44°56′47.3″N 95°43′24.44″W / 44.946472°N 95.7234556°W / 44.946472; -95.7234556 (Montevideo Carnegie Library) | Built 1906, now community space. |
| 40 | Moorhead | Moorhead |  | Feb 29, 1904 | $12,000 | *Demolished* | Built 1906, razed 1963. |
| 41 | Morris | Morris |  | Dec 4, 1903 | $10,000 | Nevada Ave & 6th St
45°35′8.66″N 95°55′4.11″W / 45.5857389°N 95.9178083°W / 45.5857389; -95.9178083 (Morris Carnegie Library) | Built 1905, now the Stevens County Historical Society. |
| 42 | Mountain Iron | Mountain Iron |  | Jan 14, 1914 | $8,000 | 5742 Mountain Ave
47°31′58.21″N 92°37′18.67″W / 47.5328361°N 92.6218528°W / 47.5328361; -92.6218528 (Mountain Iron Carnegie Library) | Built 1915, still houses public library. |
| 43 | Northfield | Northfield |  | Jan 8, 1908 | $10,000 | 210 Washington St
44°27′27.57″N 93°9′32.48″W / 44.4576583°N 93.1590222°W / 44.4576583; -93.1590222 (Northfield Public Library) | Built 1910, still houses public library. |
| 44 | Ortonville | Ortonville |  | Aug 11, 1913 | $10,000 | 412 2nd St NW
45°18′30.5″N 96°26′53.62″W / 45.308472°N 96.4482278°W / 45.308472; -96.4482278 (Ortonville Free Library) | Built 1915, still houses public library. |
| 45 | Park Rapids | Park Rapids |  | May 8, 1908 | $5,000 | 101 2nd St W
46°55′16.9″N 95°3′32.01″W / 46.921361°N 95.0588917°W / 46.921361; -95.0588917 (Park Rapids Carnegie Library) | Open 1910–1994, now houses a museum. |
| 46 | Pipestone | Pipestone |  | Mar 22, 1903 | $10,000 | 217 Hiawatha Ave S
43°59′54.81″N 96°19′2.47″W / 43.9985583°N 96.3173528°W / 43.9985583; -96.3173528 (Pipestone Public Library) | Built 1904. Closed as unsafe. Needs $450K to $500K of repairs. |
| 47 | Preston | Preston |  | Dec 2, 1909 | $8,000 | 101 Saint Paul St NW
43°40′12.4″N 92°5′1.17″W / 43.670111°N 92.0836583°W / 43.670111; -92.0836583 (Preston Public Library) | Built 1909, still houses public library. |
| 48 | Red Wing | Red Wing |  | Dec 14, 1901 | $17,000 | *Demolished* | Built 1903, razed 1968. |
| 49 | Redwood Falls | Redwood Falls |  | Nov 25, 1903 | $10,000 | 334 Jefferson St S
44°32′20.24″N 95°6′59.78″W / 44.5389556°N 95.1166056°W / 44.5389556; -95.1166056 (Redwood Falls Carnegie Library) | Housed library 1904–1995, now private business offices. |
| 50 | St. Cloud | St. Cloud |  | Feb 16, 1901 | $25,000 | *Demolished* | Built 1902, razed 1981. |
| 51 | St. Paul Arlington Hills | St. Paul |  | May 8, 1914 | $75,000 | 1105 Greenbrier St
44°58′28.23″N 93°4′16.89″W / 44.9745083°N 93.0713583°W / 44.9745083; -93.0713583 (Arlington Hills Library) | Housed public library 1917–2014. |
| 52 | St. Paul Riverview | St. Paul |  | May 8, 1914 |  | 1 E George St
44°55′47.69″N 93°5′5.01″W / 44.9299139°N 93.0847250°W / 44.9299139; -93.0847250 (Riverview Branch Library) | Built 1917, still houses public library. |
| 53 | St. Paul St. Anthony Park | St. Paul |  | May 8, 1914 |  | 2245 Como Ave W
44°58′51.56″N 93°11′36.88″W / 44.9809889°N 93.1935778°W / 44.9809889; -93.1935778 (St. Anthony Park Branch Library) | Built 1917, still houses public library. |
| 54 | St. Peter | St. Peter |  | Jan 6, 1903 | $10,000 | 429 Minnesota Ave S
44°19′20.94″N 93°57′29.35″W / 44.3224833°N 93.9581528°W / 44.3224833; -93.9581528 (St. Peter Carnegie Library) | Built 1904, now offices and retail, including a halal market. |
| 55 | Sauk Centre | Sauk Centre |  | Feb 12, 1903 | $11,000 | 430 Main St S
45°44′5.72″N 94°57′8.31″W / 45.7349222°N 94.9523083°W / 45.7349222; -94.9523083 (Sauk Centre Carnegie Library) | Built 1904, now a public library and art center. |
| 56 | Spring Valley | Spring Valley |  | Mar 27, 1903 | $8,000 | 201 Broadway Ave S
43°41′12.19″N 92°23′26.5″W / 43.6867194°N 92.390694°W / 43.6867194; -92.390694 (Spring Valley Carnegie Library) | Built 1904, now city offices. |
| 57 | Stillwater | Stillwater |  | Jul 3, 1901 | $27,500 | 224 3rd St N
45°3′27.12″N 92°48′37.12″W / 45.0575333°N 92.8103111°W / 45.0575333; -92.8103111 (Stillwater Carnegie Library) | Built 1902, still houses public library. |
| 58 | Thief River Falls | Thief River Falls |  | Jan 31, 1914 | $12,500 | 102 Main Ave S
48°7′2.18″N 96°10′52.08″W / 48.1172722°N 96.1811333°W / 48.1172722; -96.1811333 (Thief River Falls Public Library) | Built 1914, now county offices. |
| 59 | Two Harbors | Two Harbors |  | Feb 10, 1908 | $15,000 | 320 Waterfront Dr
47°1′21.19″N 91°40′14.32″W / 47.0225528°N 91.6706444°W / 47.0225528; -91.6706444 (Two Harbors Carnegie Library) | Built 1909, still houses public library. |
| 60 | Virginia | Virginia |  | Dec 20, 1904 | $10,000 | *Demolished* | Built 1907, razed 1953. |
| 61 | Walker | Walker |  | Apr 8, 1910 | $6,500 | *Demolished* | Built 1910, burned down 1976. |
| 62 | White Bear | White Bear |  | Jul 13, 1912 | $5,000 | *Demolished* | Built 1914, razed 1973. |
| 63 | Willmar | Willmar |  | Jan 13, 1903 | $11,000 | *Demolished* | Built 1904, razed 1967. |
| 64 | Worthington | Worthington |  | Jun 1, 1903 | $10,000 | *Demolished* | Built 1905, razed 1966. |
| 65 | Zumbrota | Zumbrota |  | Nov 27, 1906 | $6,500 | 320 East Avenue
44°17′38.19″N 92°40′5.49″W / 44.2939417°N 92.6681917°W / 44.2939417; -92.6681917 (Zumbrota Carnegie Library) | Built 1908, now an art center. |

## Academic libraries

|  | Library | City or
town | Image | Date
granted | Grant
amount | Location | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Hamline University | Saint Paul |  | Mar 12, 1906 | $30,000 | 1536 Hewitt Ave
44°57′56.73″N 93°9′58.41″W / 44.9657583°N 93.1662250°W / 44.9657583; -93.1662250 (Hamline University Carnegie Library) | Built in 1907, now incorporated into the Giddens/Alumni Learning Center. |

* Anderson, Florence (1963). *Carnegie Corporation Library Program 1911–1961*. New York: Carnegie Corporation. OCLC 1282382.
* Bobinski, George S. (1969). *Carnegie Libraries: Their History and Impact on American Public Library Development*. Chicago: American Library Association. ISBN 0-8389-0022-4.
* Clemens, Kevin (2011). *Carnegie Libraries of Minnesota*. Lake Elmo, Minn.: Demontreville Press, Inc. ISBN 978-0-9789563-7-0.
* Jones, Theodore (1997). *Carnegie Libraries Across America*. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-14422-3.
* Miller, Durand R. (1943). *Carnegie Grants for Library Buildings, 1890-1917*. New York: Carnegie Corporation of New York. OCLC 2603611.

*Note: The above references, while all authoritative, are not entirely mutually consistent. Some details of this list may have been drawn from one of the references without support from the others. Reader discretion is advised.*


title: Vina, Alabama

abstract: Vina is a town in Franklin County, Alabama, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 358, down from 400 in 2000. Carl Elliott, the representative of Alabama's 7th congressional district from 1949 to 1965, graduated in 1929 from Vina High School. Johnny Mack Morrow, who served in the Alabama Legislature from 1990 to 2018 was born in Vina. Vina was incorporated in 1909.

text:
# Vina, Alabama

**Vina** is a town in Franklin County, Alabama, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 358, down from 400 in 2000.

Carl Elliott, the representative of Alabama's 7th congressional district from 1949 to 1965, graduated in 1929 from Vina High School.

Johnny Mack Morrow, who served in the Alabama Legislature from 1990 to 2018 was born in Vina.

Vina was incorporated in 1909.

## History

Vina was originally known as "Jones Crossroads," and later as "New Burleson." When a branch of the Illinois Central Railroad was constructed through the area in the early 1900s, the community was renamed "Vina" after the wife of a railroad engineer.

## Geography

Vina is located in southwestern Franklin County County at 34°22′30″N 88°3′13″W / 34.37500°N 88.05361°W / 34.37500; -88.05361 (34.374874, -88.053498). Alabama State Route 19 passes through the town, leading northwest 7 miles (11 km) to Red Bay and south 21 miles (34 km) to Hamilton.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 4.8 square miles (12.4 km2), all land. The town sits on the Tennessee Valley Divide, with the north side draining via several creeks to Bear Creek, a north-flowing tributary of the Tennessee River; the south side of town drains to Hurricane Creek, a southwest-flowing part of the Tombigbee River watershed.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1920 | 339 |  |  |
| 1930 | 448 |  | 32.2% |
| 1940 | 472 |  | 5.4% |
| 1950 | 313 |  | −33.7% |
| 1960 | 184 |  | −41.2% |
| 1970 | 366 |  | 98.9% |
| 1980 | 346 |  | −5.5% |
| 1990 | 356 |  | 2.9% |
| 2000 | 400 |  | 12.4% |
| 2010 | 358 |  | −10.5% |
| 2020 | 325 |  | −9.2% |
| U.S. Decennial Census
2013 Estimate | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 400 people, 155 households, and 110 families residing in the town. The population density was 100.2 inhabitants per square mile (38.7/km2). There were 188 housing units at an average density of 47.1 per square mile (18.2/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.50% White, 0.50% Black or African American, 0.25% from other races, and 1.75% from two or more races. 1.75% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 155 households, out of which 31.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.9% were married couples living together, 21.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.0% were non-families. 26.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.11.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 31.8% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $18,594, and the median income for a family was $20,625. Males had a median income of $23,000 versus $19,444 for females. The per capita income for the town was $10,662. About 46.1% of families and 47.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 69.3% of those under age 18 and 52.9% of those age 65 or over.

34°22′30″N 88°03′13″W / 34.374874°N 88.053498°W / 34.374874; -88.053498

## InfoBox

| Vina, Alabama | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Vina | |
| Location of Vina in Franklin County, Alabama. | |
| Coordinates: 34°22′30″N 88°3′13″W / 34.37500°N 88.05361°W / 34.37500; -88.05361 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Alabama |
| County | Franklin |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.80 sq mi (12.45 km2) |
| Land | 4.80 sq mi (12.43 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.01 km2) |
| Elevation | 682 ft (208 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 325 |
| Density | 67.69/sq mi (26.14/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 35593 |
| Area code | 256 |
| FIPS code | 01-78984 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0153851 |
| Website | vinaalabama.org |


abstract: Louisville, New Orleans & Texas Railway Co. v. Mississippi, 133 U.S. 587 (1890), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States upheld a Mississippi law that required railroads to racially segregate their passengers. The Court in Hall v. Decuir (1878) had struck down a similar Louisiana law on the grounds that it unreasonably interfered with Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce. A railroad challenged the Mississippi law on the same ground, arguing that it violated the Dormant Commerce Clause by burdening interstate commerce. The Supreme Court, dividing 7 to 2, disagreed. Writing for the majority, Justice David Josiah Brewer distinguished Hall on the basis that Mississippi's law, unlike Louisiana's, applied solely to intrastate commerce. Justices John Marshall Harlan and Joseph P. Bradley dissented. According to Harlan, the Mississippi law subjected all trains, including those involved in interstate commerce, to the segregation requirement. Finding no differences between the case and Hall, he voted to strike down the law. The justices did not expressly rule on whether segregation violated the Equal Protection Clause: that issue was not raised until Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). But scholar John Semoche argues that Louisville Railway "was more pivotal that the more widely known" Plessy case, since the argument that it rejected was even more narrow than the one presented in Plessy. The decision has been heavily criticized by the scholarly academy: Benno Schmidt, for instance, wrote that "the Court revealed a greater commitment to the flourishing of segregation that to the flourishing of commerce". In the 1946 case of Morgan v. Virginia, the Supreme Court overruled Louisville Railway, returning to the rule set forth in Hall.

text:
# Louisville, New Orleans & Texas Railway Co. v. Mississippi

***Louisville, New Orleans & Texas Railway Co. v. Mississippi***, 133 U.S. 587 (1890), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States upheld a Mississippi law that required railroads to racially segregate their passengers. The Court in *Hall v. Decuir* (1878) had struck down a similar Louisiana law on the grounds that it unreasonably interfered with Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce. A railroad challenged the Mississippi law on the same ground, arguing that it violated the Dormant Commerce Clause by burdening interstate commerce. The Supreme Court, dividing 7 to 2, disagreed. Writing for the majority, Justice David Josiah Brewer distinguished *Hall* on the basis that Mississippi's law, unlike Louisiana's, applied solely to intrastate commerce. Justices John Marshall Harlan and Joseph P. Bradley dissented. According to Harlan, the Mississippi law subjected all trains, including those involved in interstate commerce, to the segregation requirement. Finding no differences between the case and *Hall*, he voted to strike down the law.

The justices did not expressly rule on whether segregation violated the Equal Protection Clause: that issue was not raised until *Plessy v. Ferguson* (1896). But scholar John Semoche argues that *Louisville Railway* "was more pivotal that the more widely known" *Plessy* case, since the argument that it rejected was even more narrow than the one presented in *Plessy*. The decision has been heavily criticized by the scholarly academy: Benno Schmidt, for instance, wrote that "the Court revealed a greater commitment to the flourishing of segregation that to the flourishing of commerce". In the 1946 case of *Morgan v. Virginia*, the Supreme Court overruled *Louisville Railway*, returning to the rule set forth in *Hall*.

## InfoBox

| Louisville, New Orleans & Texas Railway Co. v. Mississippi | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Decided March 3, 1890 | |
| Full case name | *Louisville, New Orleans & Texas Railway Co. v. Mississippi* |
| Citations | 133 U.S. 587 (*more*) |
| Holding | |
| A Mississippi law requiring railroads to segregate passengers by race does not impinge on Congress's Commerce Clause authority. | |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice Melville Fuller  Associate Justices Samuel F. Miller **·**  Stephen J. Field
Joseph P. Bradley **·**  John M. Harlan
Horace Gray **·**  Samuel Blatchford
Lucius Q. C. Lamar II **·**  David J. Brewer | |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | Brewer, joined by Fuller, Miller, Field, Gray, Blatchford, Lamar |
| Dissent | Harlan |
| Dissent | Bradley |
| Overruled by | |
| *Morgan v. Virginia* (1946) | |


title: Team Valley

abstract: Team Valley is a trading estate located in Gateshead. It is home to the Retail World retail park, with many large, international companies based in the area's trading estate. In 2017, there were approximately 700 companies on the estate, employing approximately 20,000 people. The residential area known as the Teams is adjacent to Dunston.

text:
# Team Valley

**Team Valley** is a trading estate located in Gateshead. It is home to the Retail World retail park, with many large, international companies based in the area's trading estate. In 2017, there were approximately 700 companies on the estate, employing approximately 20,000 people.

The residential area known as the Teams is adjacent to Dunston.

## History

In the 1930s, the Government decided to spend nearly £2 million on this part of Gateshead, establishing the Team Valley Trading Estate as a well-planned industrial environment. The architect in charge was William Holford, with Hugh Beaver as chief engineer.

It included a central headquarters, now used by English Partnerships, a bank, post office, and some modestly scaled industrial buildings, as well as some smaller industrial units for start-up ventures.

These facilities were laid out along a wide central artery, known as *Kingsway*, almost two miles (3.2 km) long. Work on the estate began in May 1936, and the first factory opened in the October of that year. The construction, which was undertaken by Wimpey Construction, took several years, and was completed in 1938.

The estate was officially opened by King George VI on 22 February 1939.

The southern end used of the Team Valley was the former location of the National Coal Board's regional headquarters. However, following the closure of the mines in the area, this was replaced by a Safeway supermarket (now Sainsbury's).

The River Team runs directly through the centre of the trading estate, hidden in a culvert.

## Transport

To the east, the Team Valley is bordered by the East Coast Main Line – the main railway line between London, York, Newcastle upon Tyne and Edinburgh. Until 1952, the area was served by a rail station at Low Fell.

Currently, the nearest rail station is Dunston as well as the Tyne & Wear Metro being accessible at Gateshead Interchange.

Local bus company Go North East serve Team Valley with their regular 93 and 94 Gateshead loop services. Nexus subsidises peak-time services that include: 90, 91, 929, 933, 937, 939 and 941.

## Sources

* White, Valerie (1980). *Wimpey: The first hundred years*. George Wimpey.

54°55′56″N 1°37′08″W / 54.9323°N 1.6189°W / 54.9323; -1.6189


title: Zilvermeercross

abstract: The Zilvermeercross is a cyclo-cross race that has been organized annually since 2014 in Mol, Belgium. It is named after the Provinciaal Domein het Zilvermeer, where it is held.

text:
# Zilvermeercross

The **Zilvermeercross** is a cyclo-cross race that has been organized annually since 2014 in Mol, Belgium. It is named after the Provinciaal Domein het Zilvermeer, where it is held.

## Winners

### Men

| Year | Winner | Second | Third |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | Wout Van Aert | Mathieu van der Poel | Tom Meeusen |
| 2015 | Wout Van Aert | Laurens Sweeck | Tom Meeusen |
| 2016 | Mathieu van der Poel | Wout Van Aert | Tom Meeusen |
| 2017 | David van der Poel | Corné van Kessel | Tom Meeusen |
| 2018 | Corné van Kessel | Jim Aernouts | Thijs Aerts |
| 2019 | Mathieu van der Poel | Tom Meeusen | David van der Poel |
| 2021 | Wout Van Aert | Laurens Sweeck | Lars van der Haar |
| 2022 | Wout Van Aert | Mathieu van der Poel | Tom Pidcock |
| 2023 | Mathieu van der Poel | Wout Van Aert | Niels Vandeputte |

### Women

| Year | Winner | Second | Third |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | Jolien Verschueren | Sabrina Stultiens | Sanne van Paassen |
| 2015 | Sabrina Stultiens | Ellen Van Loy | Sanne Cant |
| 2016 | Sanne Cant | Lucinda Brand | Ellen Van Loy |
| 2017 | Lucinda Brand | Kim Van De Steene | Loes Sels |
| 2018 | Sanne Cant | Laura Verdonschot | Inge van der Heijden |
| 2019 | Laura Verdonschot | Shirin van Anrooij | Inge van der Heijden |
| 2021 | Lucinda Brand | Denise Betsema | Marianne Vos |
| 2022 | Shirin van Anrooij | Lucinda Brand | Annemarie Worst |
| 2023 | Lucinda Brand | Shirin van Anrooij | Laura Verdonschot |

## InfoBox

Zilvermeercross
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Race details | |
| Date | December/January |
| Region | Mol, Belgium |
| Discipline | Cyclo-cross |
| History | |
| First edition | 2014 (2014) |
| Editions | 9 (as of 2022) |
| First winner | Wout Van Aert (BEL) |
| Most wins | Wout Van Aert (BEL) *(4 wins)* |
| Most recent | Mathieu van der Poel (NED) |
| History (women) | |
| First winner | Jolien Verschueren (BEL) |
| Most wins | *(2 wins)* |
| Most recent | Lucinda Brand (NED) |


title: Otago Sparks

abstract: The Otago Sparks is the women's cricket representative team for the New Zealand region of Otago and the surrounding area. They play their home games at University Oval, Dunedin. They compete in the Hallyburton Johnstone Shield one-day competition and the Women's Super Smash Twenty20 competition.

text:
# Otago Sparks

The **Otago Sparks** is the women's cricket representative team for the New Zealand region of Otago and the surrounding area. They play their home games at University Oval, Dunedin. They compete in the Hallyburton Johnstone Shield one-day competition and the Women's Super Smash Twenty20 competition.

## History

Otago made their first appearance in the Hallyburton Johnstone Shield in 1939–40, where they lost to Wellington. The following period in the one-day competition was dominated by Auckland and Wellington, however, and Otago did not record a second-place finish until 1957–58. They finished second again in 1960–61 before finally winning their first title in 1962–63, winning two matches and drawing one. In 1967–68, Otago competed in the Australian Women's Cricket Championships, finishing fourth out of five.

Otago did not play in major competition between 1983–84 and 1997–98. Some Otago players instead played for Southern Districts, which competed between 1983–84 and 1987–88. They returned for the 1998–99 season, but finished bottom of the one-day competition points table.

Otago won their second one-day competition in 2013–14, finishing second in the group stage before beating Auckland in the final, helped by 99 from captain Suzie Bates and winning by 3 wickets off the penultimate delivery. They won their third one-day competition in 2021–22, finishing second in the group stage to qualify for the final, before beating group winners Wellington in the final by 138 runs. They won their fourth one-day competition in 2023–24, this time topping the group stage and defeating Wellington in the final.

Otago have also competed in the Twenty20 Super Smash since its inception in 2007–08, finishing second in 2014–15 before winning the title in 2016–17. They finished second in the group stage in 2016–17, but beat group winners Canterbury in the final, with Suzie Bates scoring 74 and Kate Heffernan taking 4/21. Otago bowler Leigh Kasperek was the leading wicket-taker in the tournament, with 8 wickets.

## Grounds

Otago played their first home Hallyburton Johnstone Shield match at University Oval, Dunedin, and the ground has remained the side's primary home ground throughout their history. They also used Logan Park and Carisbrook, also in Dunedin, until the early 2000s.

From 2005, the side began using Molyneux Park, Alexandra and in 2007 Queens Park, Invercargill. In the 2017–18 season, they also began using Whitestone Contracting Stadium, Oamaru. In 2021–22, the side primarily used University Oval, as well as playing two games at Whitestone Contracting Stadium and three, for the first time, at Queenstown Events Centre. In 2022–23, the side used University Oval and Queenstown Events Centre for their home matches.

## Players

### Current squad

Based on squad announced for the 2023–24 season. Players in **bold** have international caps.

| No. | Name | Nationality | Birth date | Batting style | Bowling style | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Batters | | | | | | |
| 7 | Caitlin Blakely | New Zealand | 7 January 1996 | Right-handed | Right-arm medium |  |
| All-rounders | | | | | | |
| 17 | **Hayley Jensen** | New Zealand | 7 October 1992 | Right-handed | Right-arm medium |  |
| 18 | Paige Loggenberg | New Zealand | 15 October 2003 | Right-handed | Right-arm medium |  |
| 23 | **Suzie Bates** | New Zealand | 16 September 1987 | Right-handed | Right-arm medium | Captain |
| 33 | Saffron Wilson | New Zealand | 5 December 2001 | Right-handed | Right-arm medium |  |
| 36 | Gemma Adams | New Zealand | 15 February 2002 | Right-handed | Right-arm medium |  |
| 49 | **Felicity Leydon-Davis** | New Zealand | 22 June 1994 | Right-handed | Right-arm medium | Vice-captain |
| Wicket-keepers | | | | | | |
| 11 | Olivia Gain | New Zealand | 2 January 2002 | Right-handed |  |  |
| 21 | Bella James | New Zealand | 27 January 1999 | Right-handed |  |  |
| 29 | Polly Inglis | New Zealand | 31 May 1996 | Right-handed |  |  |
| Bowlers | | | | | | |
| 5 | Louisa Kotkamp | New Zealand | 16 September 2005 | Right-handed | Right-arm medium |  |
| 10 | Molly Loe | New Zealand | 25 June 2003 | Right-handed | Right-arm medium |  |
| 14 | Sophie Oldershaw | New Zealand | 20 May 1998 | Right-handed | Right-arm leg break |  |
| 23 | Chloe Deerness | New Zealand | 23 August 2005 | Right-handed | Right-arm off break |  |
| 24 | **Eden Carson** | New Zealand | 8 August 2001 | Right-handed | Right-arm off break |  |
| 30 | Emma Black | New Zealand | 8 August 2001 | Right-handed | Right-arm medium |  |
| 46 | Poppy-Jay Watkins | England | 24 January 2004 | Right-handed | Left-arm medium |  |

### Notable players

Players who have played for Otago and played internationally are listed below, in order of first international appearance (given in brackets):

## Coaching staff

## Honours

1. "Hallyburton Johnstone Challenge Shield 1939–40". CricketArchive. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
2. "Hallyburton Johnstone Shield 1957–58". CricketArchive. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
3. "Hallyburton Johnstone Shield 1960–61". CricketArchive. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
4. "Hallyburton Johnstone Shield 1962–63 Table". CricketArchive. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
5. "Australian Women's Cricket Championships 1967/68". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
6. Watkin, Evan (October 2015). "The History of Women's Domestic Cricket in New Zealand" (PDF). Cricket Wellington. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
7. "State Insurance Cup 1998–99". CricketArchive. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
8. "New Zealand Women's One-Day Competition 2013–14". CricketArchive. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
9. "Auckland Women v Otago Women, 25 January 2014". CricketArchive. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
10. "Final, Queenstown, Feb 27 2022, New Zealand Cricket Women's One Day Competition: Wellington Women v Otago Women". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
11. "Hallyburton Johnstone Shield 2023–24". CricketArchive. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
12. "New Zealand Women's Twenty20 Competition 2014/15". *CricketArchive*. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
13. "New Zealand Women's Twenty20 Competition 2016/17". *CricketArchive*. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
14. "Canterbury Women v Otago Women, 11 February 2017". *CricketArchive*. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
15. "Bowling in New Zealand Women's Twenty20 Competition 2016/17 (Ordered by Wickets)". *CricketArchive*. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
16. "Women's First-Class Matches played by Otago Women". CricketArchive. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
17. "Women's List A Matches played by Otago Women". CricketArchive. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
18. "Women's Twenty20 Matches played by Otago Women". CricketArchive. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
19. "Exciting prospects earn contracts for the SBS Bank Otago Sparks". Otago Cricket. 18 August 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
20. "Otago Women Players". CricketArchive. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
21. "Coach seeks to get most out of Sparks". Otago Daily Times. Retrieved 4 April 2021.

## InfoBox

Otago Sparks
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personnel | |
| Captain | Suzie Bates |
| Coach | Craig Cumming |
| Team information | |
| Colours |  |
| Founded | *First recorded match: 1932* |
| Home ground | University Oval, Dunedin |
| Secondary home ground(s) | Whitestone Contracting Stadium, Oamaru
Queenstown Events Centre, Queenstown |
| History | |
| First-class debut | Wellington
in 1940
at Basin Reserve, Wellington |
| HBJS wins | 4 |
| SS wins | 1 |
| Official website | Otago Cricket |


title: Paul Gardner (ice hockey)

abstract: Paul Malone Gardner is a Canadian professional ice hockey coach and a former centre, who most recently coached at Löwen Frankfurt in Germany. Paul Gardner is the son of former National Hockey League (NHL) player Cal Gardner and the younger brother of Dave Gardner. Paul was born in Fort Erie, Ontario while his father Cal was playing with the Boston Bruins.

text:
# Paul Gardner (ice hockey)

**Paul Malone Gardner** (born March 5, 1956) is a Canadian professional ice hockey coach and a former centre, who most recently coached at Löwen Frankfurt in Germany.

Paul Gardner is the son of former National Hockey League (NHL) player Cal Gardner and the younger brother of Dave Gardner. Paul was born in Fort Erie, Ontario while his father Cal was playing with the Boston Bruins.

## Playing career

As a youth, Gardner played in the 1968 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Leaside.

Drafted in 1976 by the Kansas City Scouts of the National Hockey League, he never got an opportunity to play for them - that same year, the Scouts franchise moved to Denver and was re-named the Colorado Rockies.

## Colorado Rockies

Gardner, who had also been drafted by the Toronto Toros of the World Hockey Association, instead turned pro with the Rockies' farm team the Rhode Island Reds. The bulk of his rookie pro season was spent in the National Hockey League, however, where he scored an impressive 30 goals and 59 points in sixty games. He finished second on the club in both goals and points and managed 30 more goals (in just 46 games) during his second year in the league. Despite the prolific start to his NHL career, Colorado traded him midway through his third season to the Toronto Maple Leafs, who had been rumored to be targeting Gardner prior to the March 15, 1979 NHL trade deadline.

## Toronto Maple Leafs

In Toronto Gardner joined the same team for whom his father Cal had played four seasons. Gardner started well after the trade scoring nine points including seven goals in eleven games with the Leafs to finish the season. However the following year he struggled with just eleven goals in 45 games. After failing to make the roster to start the 1980-81 season, the Maple Leafs dealt Gardner, along with Dave Burrows to the Pittsburgh Penguins in exchange for Paul Marshall and Kim Davis.

## Pittsburgh Penguins

In Pittsburgh Gardner rediscovered his scoring touch reeling off seasons of 34, 36 and 28 goals as one of the club's top scoring threats. His fourth year with the Penguins saw him suddenly struggle with no goals in 16 games which led to him being assigned to the Penguins minor league affiliate in Baltimore. Gardner led the AHL team in scoring with 32 goals and 81 points in just 54 games.

## Washington Capitals

His solid play in the American League earned him another chance to find his game at the NHL level when the Washington Capitals offered him a contract for the 1984-85 season. Gardner managed just 2 goals and 6 points in 12 games with Washington but had an explosive season for their farm club. Gardner led the AHL in scoring with 51 goals and 130 points in just 64 games. Despite his lofty production, the Capitals opted not to bring him back for a second year.

## Buffalo Sabres

The Buffalo Sabres inked Gardner to a free agent deal but he appeared in just two games with them spending the rest of the season dominating the American Hockey League again en route to his second-straight league leading performance. He potted 61 goals and 112 points for Rochester Americans then retired from professional hockey at years end.

Eleven years after retiring, while serving as the assistant coach for the Washington Capitals AHL affiliate the Portland Pirates, Gardner was pressed into action when the team was short on players due to injury. Gardner managed to pick up an assist in the game. This assist extended an impressive accomplishment for Gardner: During his pro career he suited up with seven different American Hockey League teams and he produced at a point-a-game or better for every one of them.

## Coaching career

Shortly after his playing career ended, Gardner jumped into the coaching profession, becoming head coach of the Newmarket Saints of the American Hockey League for four seasons. He later became an assistant coach for the Baltimore Skipjacks (later Portland Pirates after their relocation) under coach Barry Trotz. Both Trotz and Gardner were later promoted to the NHL level when they moved to Nashville to work for the expansion Predators. Gardner would be assistant coach through the 2002–03 season and then worked as a pro scout for the organization.

In January 2007, he was named head coach of the Russian KHL team Lokomotiv Yaroslavl. He guided the team to a nine-game winning streak and made the playoffs, but was released in February 2008. In the summer of 2008, he was named head coach of Dynamo Minsk in Belarus and assistant coach of the Belarus national team. In late July 2008, his contract was cancelled for personal reasons.

On December 18, 2008, he became the coach of the Hamburg Freezers of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL) and guided the Freezers to the playoff-quarterfinals that season. In Gardner's second season at the helm, Hamburg did not qualify for the playoffs. His contract expired at the end of the 2009-10 season.

Gardner signed with the Mississippi RiverKings of the Central Hockey League (CHL) for the 2010-11 campaign. On July 29, 2011, Gardner was relieved of his duties for the following season.

In September 13, 2011 Gardner was named head coach of fellow CHL team Bloomington Blaze. On January 18, 2013 Gardner was appointed head coach of the Braehead Clan of the Elite Ice Hockey League. He guided the Scottish club to the EIHL Gardiner Conference Championship and a playoff-quarterfinal appearance, but did not have his contract renewed at the end of the 2012-13 season.

In Mai 2013, Gardner was named head coach of Dutch Eredivisie side Tilburg Trappers, signing a two-year deal with the team. Under his guidance, the Trappers won back-to-back Dutch championship titles and Dutch cup titles.

On January 1, 2016, German second-division club Lausitzer Füchse hired Gardner as their new head coach. He stayed on the job through the end of the 2015-16 season. On June 29, 2016, Gardner took over the coaching job at fellow DEL2 side Löwen Frankfurt, working alongside sporting director Rich Chernomaz. He guided the Frankfurt team to the 2017 DEL2 title in his first year in charge. Gardner was sacked on March 17, 2018, during the playoff quarterfinal series against Kassel, in which the Frankfurt team had lost the first two games.

In 2019, Gardner was inducted into the Leaside Sports Hall of Fame. Both his brother Dave and father Cal have also been inducted into the Leaside Sports Hall of Fame.

## Career statistics

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1973–74 | St. Michael's Buzzers | MetJHL | | 44 | 87 | 44 | 131 |  | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1974–75 | Oshawa Generals | OMJHL | | 64 | 27 | 36 | 63 | 54 | | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
| 1975–76 | Oshawa Generals | OMJHL | | 65 | 69 | 75 | 144 | 75 | | 4 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 2 |
| 1976–77 | Rhode Island Reds | AHL | | 14 | 10 | 4 | 14 | 12 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1976–77 | Colorado Rockies | NHL | | 60 | 30 | 29 | 59 | 25 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1977–78 | Colorado Rockies | NHL | | 46 | 30 | 22 | 52 | 29 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1978–79 | Colorado Rockies | NHL | | 64 | 23 | 26 | 49 | 32 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1978–79 | Toronto Maple Leafs | NHL | | 11 | 7 | 2 | 9 | 0 | | 6 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| 1979–80 | New Brunswick Hawks | AHL | | 20 | 11 | 16 | 27 | 14 | | 15 | 10 | 5 | 15 | 5 |
| 1979–80 | Toronto Maple Leafs | NHL | | 45 | 11 | 13 | 24 | 10 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1980–81 | Springfield Indians | AHL | | 14 | 9 | 12 | 21 | 6 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1980–81 | Pittsburgh Penguins | NHL | | 62 | 34 | 40 | 74 | 59 | | 5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 8 |
| 1981–82 | Pittsburgh Penguins | NHL | | 59 | 36 | 33 | 69 | 28 | | 5 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 2 |
| 1982–83 | Pittsburgh Penguins | NHL | | 70 | 28 | 27 | 55 | 12 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1983–84 | Baltimore Skipjacks | AHL | | 54 | 32 | 49 | 81 | 14 | | 10 | 12 | 10 | 22 | 0 |
| 1983–84 | Pittsburgh Penguins | NHL | | 16 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 6 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1984–85 | Binghamton Whalers | AHL | | 64 | 51 | 79 | 130 | 10 | | 5 | 3 | 9 | 12 | 0 |
| 1984–85 | Washington Capitals | NHL | | 12 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1985–86 | Rochester Americans | AHL | | 71 | 61 | 51 | 112 | 16 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1985–86 | Buffalo Sabres | NHL | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1996–97 | Portland Pirates | AHL | | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| NHL totals | | | | 447 | 201 | 201 | 402 | 207 | | 16 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 14 |
| AHL totals | | | | 238 | 174 | 212 | 386 | 72 | | 30 | 25 | 24 | 49 | 5 |

## InfoBox

| Paul Gardner | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Coach of the Hamburg Freezers, 2009 | | | |
| Born | (1956-03-05) March 5, 1956
Fort Erie, Ontario, Canada | | |
| Height | 5 ft 11 in (180 cm) | | |
| Weight | 180 lb (82 kg; 12 st 12 lb) | | |
| Position | Centre | | |
| Shot | Left | | |
| Played for | Colorado Rockies
Toronto Maple Leafs
Pittsburgh Penguins
Washington Capitals
Buffalo Sabres | | |
| NHL draft | 11th overall, 1976
Kansas City Scouts | | |
| WHA draft | 24th overall, 1976
Toronto Toros | | |
| Playing career | 19761986 | | |


title: UD Aretxabaleta

abstract: Unión Deportiva Aretxabaleta Kirol Elkartea, is a Basque football team based in Aretxabaleta, in the autonomous community of Basque Country. Founded in 1946, it currently plays in Tercera Federación – Group 4, holding home matches at Estadio Ibarra, which has a capacity of 500 spectators.

text:
# UD Aretxabaleta

**Unión Deportiva Aretxabaleta Kirol Elkartea**, (**Unión Deportiva Aretxabaleta** (in Spanish) / **Aretxabaleta Kirol Elkartea** (in Basque)) is a Basque football team based in Aretxabaleta, in the autonomous community of Basque Country. Founded in 1946, it currently plays in Tercera Federación – Group 4, holding home matches at *Estadio Ibarra*, which has a capacity of 500 spectators.

## Season to season

| Season Tier Division Place Copa del Rey  1946–47 5 2ª Reg. 5th   1947–48 5 2ª Reg. 3rd   1948–49 5 2ª Reg. 4th   1949–50 5 2ª Reg. 3rd   1950–51 5 2ª Reg. 1st   1951–52 4 1ª Reg. 6th   1952–53 4 1ª Reg. 10th   1953–54 4 1ª Reg. 7th   1954–55 4 1ª Reg. 1st   1955–56 4 1ª Reg. 6th   1956–57 4 1ª Reg. 4th   1957–58 4 1ª Reg. 7th   1958–59 4 1ª Reg. 11th   1959–60 5 2ª Reg. 3rd   1960–61 4 1ª Reg. 7th   1961–62 4 1ª Reg. 13th   1962–63 4 1ª Reg. 10th   1963–64 4 1ª Reg. 16th   1964–65 4 1ª Reg. 10th   1965–66 4 1ª Reg. 9th | Season Tier Division Place Copa del Rey  1966–67 4 1ª Reg. 4th   1967–68 4 1ª Reg. 1st   1968–69 4 1ª Reg. 14th   1969–70 5 2ª Reg. 1st   1970–71 4 1ª Reg. 2nd   1971–72 4 1ª Reg. 1st   1972–73 3  15th   1973–74 4 1ª Reg. 3rd   1974–75 4 Reg. Pref. 4th   1975–76 4 Reg. Pref. 7th   1976–77 4 Reg. Pref. 8th   1977–78 5 Reg. Pref. 15th   1978–79 5 Reg. Pref. 2nd   1979–80 5 Reg. Pref. 1st   1980–81 5 Reg. Pref. 3rd   1981–82 5 Reg. Pref. 12th   1982–83 5 Reg. Pref. 2nd   1983–84 4  17th   1984–85 5 Reg. Pref. 2nd   1985–86 5 Reg. Pref. 2nd |
| --- | --- |

| Season Tier Division Place Copa del Rey  1986–87 4  10th   1987–88 4  20th   1988–89 5 Reg. Pref. 5th   1989–90 5 Reg. Pref. 14th   1990–91 5 Reg. Pref. 7th   1991–92 5 Reg. Pref. 5th   1992–93 5 Reg. Pref. 7th   1993–94 5 Reg. Pref. 8th   1994–95 5 Reg. Pref. 8th   1995–96 5 Reg. Pref. 4th   1996–97 5 Reg. Pref. 4th   1997–98 5 Reg. Pref. 3rd   1998–99 5 Reg. Pref. 6th   1999–2000 5 Reg. Pref. 11th   2000–01 5 Reg. Pref. 7th   2001–02 5 Reg. Pref. 12th   2002–03 5 Reg. Pref. 7th   2003–04 5 Reg. Pref. 4th   2004–05 5 Reg. Pref. 13th   2005–06 5 Reg. Pref. 3rd | Season Tier Division Place Copa del Rey  2006–07 5 Reg. Pref. 4th   2007–08 5 Reg. Pref. 6th   2008–09 5 Reg. Pref. 1st   2009–10 4  18th   2010–11 5 Div. Hon. 4th   2011–12 5 Div. Hon. 4th   2012–13 5 Div. Hon. 4th   2013–14 5 Div. Hon. 3rd   2014–15 5 Div. Hon. 2nd   2015–16 4  20th   2016–17 5 Div. Hon. 3nd   2017–18 5 Div. Hon. 10th   2018–19 5 Div. Hon. 12th   2019–20 5 Div. Hon. 6th   2020–21 5 Div. Hon. 4th   2021–22 6 Div. Hon. 4th   2022–23 6 Div. Hon. 11th   2023–24 6 Div. Hon. 2nd   2024–25 5 3ª Fed. |
| --- | --- |

---

## Famous players

43°01′43″N 2°30′29″W / 43.02870°N 2.5081°W / 43.02870; -2.5081

## InfoBox

Aretxabaleta
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Unión Deportiva Aretxabaleta Kirol Elkartea |
| Founded | 1946 |
| Ground | Ibarra, Aretxabaleta,<br>Basque Country, Spain |
| Capacity | 500 |
| President | Eduardo Altube |
| Head coach | Juanan Cruz |
| League | Tercera Federación – Group 4 |
| 2023–24 | División de Honor, 2nd of 18 (promoted via play-offs) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: List of airlines of Africa

abstract: This list of airlines of Africa covers airlines of Africa that are currently in operation. It is divided into sub-lists by country.

text:
# List of airlines of Africa

This **list of airlines of Africa** covers airlines of Africa that are currently in operation. It is divided into sub-lists by country.

## Africa

### Algeria

### Angola

### Benin

### Botswana

### Burkina Faso

### Burundi

Burundi Airlines

### Cameroon

### Cape Verde

### Central African Republic

### Chad

### Comoros

### Democratic Republic of Congo

### Congo, Republic of

### Djibouti

### Egypt

### Equatorial Guinea

### Eritrea

### Eswatini

### Ethiopia

### Gabon

### Gambia, The

### Ghana

### Guinea

Guinea has no active airlines.

### Guinea-Bissau

Guinea-Bissau has no active airlines.

### Ivory Coast

### Kenya

### Lesotho

Mohahlaula Airlines

### Liberia

Lone Star Air

MAF Liberia

### Libya

### Madagascar

### Malawi

### Mali

### Mauritania

### Mauritius

### Morocco

### Mozambique

### Namibia

### Niger

### Nigeria

### Rwanda

### São Tomé and Príncipe

### Senegal

### Seychelles

### Sierra Leone

Sierra Leone has no active airlines.

### Somalia

### South Africa

### South Sudan

### Sudan

### Tanzania

### Togo

### Tunisia

### Uganda

### Zambia

### Zimbabwe

**Dependencies and other territories**

**States with limited recognition**


abstract: This is a list of FM radio stations in the United States having call signs beginning with the letters KT through KV. Low-power FM radio stations, those with designations such as KTAH-LP, have not been included in this list.

text:
# List of FM radio stations in the United States by call sign (initial letters KT–KV)

This is a list of FM radio stations in the United States having call signs beginning with the letters *KT* through *KV*. Low-power FM radio stations, those with designations such as KTAH-LP, have not been included in this list.

## KT--

| Callsign | Frequency | City of license |
| --- | --- | --- |
| KTAA | 90.7 FM | Big Sandy, Texas |
| KTAC | 93.9 FM | Ephrata, Washington |
| KTAD-FM | 89.9 FM | Sterling, Colorado |
| KTAG | 97.9 FM | Cody, Wyoming |
| KTAI | 91.1 FM | Kingsville, Texas |
| KTAK | 93.9 FM | Riverton, Wyoming |
| KTAL-FM | 98.1 FM | Texarkana, Texas |
| KTAO | 101.9 FM | Taos, New Mexico |
| KTAR-FM | 92.3 FM | Glendale, Arizona |
| KTAW | 89.3 FM | Walsenburg, Colorado |
| KTBB-FM | 97.5 FM | Troup, Texas |
| KTBG | 90.9 FM | Warrensburg, Missouri |
| KTBH-FM | 102.7 FM | Kurtistown, Hawaii |
| KTBJ | 89.3 FM | Festus, Missouri |
| KTBQ | 107.7 FM | Nacogdoches, Texas |
| KTBT | 92.1 FM | Broken Arrow, Oklahoma |
| KTBX | 98.1 FM | Tubac, Arizona |
| KTBZ-FM | 94.5 FM | Houston, Texas |
| KTCB | 89.5 FM | Tillamook, Oregon |
| KTCC | 91.9 FM | Colby, Kansas |
| KTCE | 92.1 FM | Payson, Utah |
| KTCF | 89.5 FM | Dolores, Colorado |
| KTCG | 104.1 FM | Sanger, Texas |
| KTCH | 104.9 FM | Emerson, Nebraska |
| KTCK-FM | 96.7 FM | Flower Mound, Texas |
| KTCL | 93.3 FM | Wheat Ridge, Colorado |
| KTCM | 97.3 FM | Madison, Missouri |
| KTCN | 88.3 FM | Acton, California |
| KTCO | 98.9 FM | Duluth, Minnesota |
| KTCS-FM | 99.9 FM | Fort Smith, Arkansas |
| KTCU-FM | 88.7 FM | Fort Worth, Texas |
| KTCV | 88.1 FM | Kennewick, Washington |
| KTCX | 102.5 FM | Beaumont, Texas |
| KTCY | 105.3 FM | Menard, Texas |
| KTCZ-FM | 97.1 FM | Minneapolis, Minnesota |
| KTDA | 91.7 FM | Dalhart, Texas |
| KTDB | 89.7 FM | Ramah, New Mexico |
| KTDD | 104.9 FM | Eatonville, Washington |
| KTDE | 100.5 FM | Gualala, California |
| KTDH | 89.3 FM | Dalhart, Texas |
| KTDL | 90.7 FM | Trinidad, Colorado |
| KTDR | 96.3 FM | Del Rio, Texas |
| KTDV | 91.9 FM | State Center, Iowa |
| KTDX | 89.3 FM | Laramie, Wyoming |
| KTDY | 99.9 FM | Lafayette, Louisiana |
| KTDZ | 103.9 FM | College, Alaska |
| KTEA | 103.5 FM | Cambria, California |
| KTEC | 89.5 FM | Klamath Falls, Oregon |
| KTED | 100.5 FM | Evansville, Wyoming |
| KTEE | 94.9 FM | North Bend, Oregon |
| KTEG | 104.1 FM | Santa Fe, New Mexico |
| KTEP | 88.5 FM | El Paso, Texas |
| KTEQ-FM | 91.3 FM | Rapid City, South Dakota |
| KTEX | 100.3 FM | Mercedes, Texas |
| KTEZ | 99.9 FM | Zwolle, Louisiana |
| KTFC | 103.3 FM | Sioux City, Iowa |
| KTFG | 102.9 FM | Sioux Rapids, Iowa |
| KTFM | 94.1 FM | Floresville, Texas |
| KTFR | 100.5 FM | Chelsea, Oklahoma |
| KTFS-FM | 107.1 FM | Texarkana, Arkansas |
| KTFW-FM | 92.1 FM | Glen Rose, Texas |
| KTFX-FM | 101.7 FM | Warner, Oklahoma |
| KTFY | 88.1 FM | Buhl, Idaho |
| KTFZ | 88.1 FM | Thompson Falls, Montana |
| KTGA | 99.3 FM | Saratoga, Wyoming |
| KTGL | 92.9 FM | Beatrice, Nebraska |
| KTGR-FM | 100.5 FM | Fulton, Missouri |
| KTGS | 88.3 FM | Tishomingo, Oklahoma |
| KTGT | 88.3 FM | Thief River Falls, Minnesota |
| KTGV | 106.3 FM | Oracle, Arizona |
| KTGW | 91.7 FM | Fruitland, New Mexico |
| KTGX | 106.1 FM | Owasso, Oklahoma |
| KTHC | 95.1 FM | Sidney, Montana |
| KTHF | 89.9 FM | Hammon, Oklahoma |
| KTHI | 107.1 FM | Caldwell, Idaho |
| KTHK | 105.5 FM | Idaho Falls, Idaho |
| KTHL | 89.3 FM | Altus, Oklahoma |
| KTHM (FM) | 94.1 FM | Waynoka, Oklahoma |
| KTHN | 92.1 FM | La Junta, Colorado |
| KTHP | 103.9 FM | Hemphill, Texas |
| KTHQ | 92.5 FM | Eagar, Arizona |
| KTHR | 107.3 FM | Wichita, Kansas |
| KTHS-FM | 107.1 FM | Berryville, Arkansas |
| KTHU | 100.7 FM | Corning, California |
| KTHX-FM | 94.5 FM | Sun Valley, Nevada |
| KTIC-FM | 107.9 FM | West Point, Nebraska |
| KTIG | 102.7 FM | Pequot Lakes, Minnesota |
| KTIJ | 106.9 FM | Elk City, Oklahoma |
| KTIL-FM | 95.9 FM | Bay City, Oregon |
| KTIM | 89.1 FM | Ellinger, Texas |
| KTIS-FM | 98.5 FM | Minneapolis, Minnesota |
| KTJC | 91.1 FM | Kelso, Washington |
| KTJJ | 98.5 FM | Farmington, Missouri |
| KTJK | 101.7 FM | Hawley, Texas |
| KTJM | 98.5 FM | Port Arthur, Texas |
| KTJZ | 97.5 FM | Tallulah, Louisiana |
| KTKB-FM | 101.9 FM | Agana, Guam |
| KTKE | 101.5 FM | Truckee, California |
| KTKF | 89.5 FM | Tok, Alaska |
| KTKL | 88.5 FM | Stigler, Oklahoma |
| KTKO | 105.7 FM | Beeville, Texas |
| KTKS | 95.1 FM | Versailles, Missouri |
| KTKU | 105.1 FM | Juneau, Alaska |
| KTKX | 106.7 FM | Terrell Hills, Texas |
| KTLB | 105.9 FM | Twin Lakes, Iowa |
| KTLC | 89.1 FM | Canon City, Colorado |
| KTLF | 90.5 FM | Colorado Springs, Colorado |
| KTLH | 107.9 FM | Hallsville, Texas |
| KTLI | 99.1 FM | El Dorado, Kansas |
| KTLK-FM | 104.9 FM | Columbia, Illinois |
| KTLN | 90.5 FM | Thibodaux, Louisiana |
| KTLO-FM | 97.9 FM | Mountain Home, Arkansas |
| KTLS-FM | 106.5 FM | Holdenville, Oklahoma |
| KTLT | 98.1 FM | Anson, Texas |
| KTLW | 88.9 FM | Lancaster, California |
| KTLX | 91.3 FM | Columbus, Nebraska |
| KTLZ | 89.9 FM | Cuero, Texas |
| KTMB | 102.1 FM | Anchorage, Alaska |
| KTMC-FM | 105.1 FM | McAlester, Oklahoma |
| KTME | 89.5 FM | Reliance, Wyoming |
| KTMG | 99.1 FM | Prescott, Arizona |
| KTMH | 89.9 FM | Montrose, Colorado |
| KTMK | 91.1 FM | Tillamook, Oregon |
| KTML | 91.9 FM | South Fork, Colorado |
| KTMN | 97.9 FM | Cloudcroft, New Mexico |
| KTMO | 106.5 FM | New Madrid, Missouri |
| KTMQ | 103.3 FM | Temecula, California |
| KTMT-FM | 93.7 FM | Medford, Oregon |
| KTMU | 88.7 FM | Muenster, Texas |
| KTMV | 91.9 FM | Mountain Village, Alaska |
| KTMX | 104.9 FM | York, Nebraska |
| KTMY | 107.1 FM | Coon Rapids, Minnesota |
| KTNA | 88.9 FM | Talkeetna, Alaska |
| KTND | 93.5 FM | Aspen, Colorado |
| KTNE-FM | 91.1 FM | Alliance, Nebraska |
| KTNG | 97.3 FM | Connerville, Oklahoma |
| KTNN-FM | 101.5 FM | Tohatchi, New Mexico |
| KTNT | 102.5 FM | Eufaula, Oklahoma |
| KTNX | 103.9 FM | Arcadia, Missouri |
| KTNY | 101.7 FM | Libby, Montana |
| KTOC-FM | 104.9 FM | Jonesboro, Louisiana |
| KTOG | 91.9 FM | Togiak, Alaska |
| KTOH | 99.9 FM | Kalaheo, Hawaii |
| KTOL | 90.9 FM | Leadville, Colorado |
| KTOM-FM | 92.7 FM | Marina, California |
| KTOO | 104.3 FM | Juneau, Alaska |
| KTOP-FM | 102.9 FM | Saint Marys, Kansas |
| KTOR | 99.7 FM | Gerber, California |
| KTOT | 89.5 FM | Spearman, Texas |
| KTOY | 104.7 FM | Texarkana, Arkansas |
| KTOZ-FM | 95.5 FM | Pleasant Hope, Missouri |
| KTPB | 98.1 FM | Altheimer, Arkansas |
| KTPD | 89.3 FM | Del Rio, Texas |
| KTPF | 91.3 FM | Salida, Colorado |
| KTPG | 99.3 FM | Paragould, Arkansas |
| KTPH | 91.7 FM | Tonopah, Nevada |
| KTPI-FM | 97.7 FM | Mojave, California |
| KTPK | 106.9 FM | Topeka, Kansas |
| KTPL | 88.3 FM | Pueblo, Colorado |
| KTPO | 106.7 FM | Kootenai, Idaho |
| KTPR | 89.9 FM | Stanton, Texas |
| KTPS | 89.7 FM | Pagosa Springs, Colorado |
| KTPZ | 92.7 FM | Hazelton, Idaho |
| KTQM-FM | 99.9 FM | Clovis, New Mexico |
| KTQQ | 88.1 FM | Elko, Nevada |
| KTQR | 88.7 FM | Forks, Washington |
| KTQX | 90.1 FM | Bakersfield, California |
| KTRA-FM | 102.1 FM | Farmington, New Mexico |
| KTRF-FM | 94.1 FM | Red Lake Falls, Minnesota |
| KTRG | 94.1 FM | Hooks, Texas |
| KTRI | 93.5 FM | Royal City, Washington |
| KTRL | 90.5 FM | Stephenville, Texas |
| KTRM | 88.7 FM | Kirksville, Missouri |
| KTRN | 104.5 FM | White Hall, Arkansas |
| KTRQ | 102.3 FM | Colt, Arkansas |
| KTRR | 102.5 FM | Loveland, Colorado |
| KTRS-FM | 104.7 FM | Casper, Wyoming |
| KTRT | 97.5 FM | Winthrop, Washington |
| KTRU | 91.9 FM | La Harpe, Kansas |
| KTRX | 92.7 FM | Dickson, Oklahoma |
| KTRZ | 105.5 FM | Taos, New Mexico |
| KTSC-FM | 89.5 FM | Pueblo, Colorado |
| KTSD-FM | 91.1 FM | Reliance, South Dakota |
| KTSE-FM | 97.1 FM | Patterson, California |
| KTSG | 91.7 FM | Steamboat Springs, Colorado |
| KTSL | 101.9 FM | Medical Lake, Washington |
| KTSM-FM | 99.9 FM | El Paso, Texas |
| KTSN-FM | 88.9 FM | Blowout, Texas |
| KTSO | 100.9 FM | Sapulpa, Oklahoma |
| KTSR | 92.1 FM | De Quincy, Louisiana |
| KTST | 101.9 FM | Oklahoma City, Oklahoma |
| KTSU | 90.9 FM | Houston, Texas |
| KTSW | 89.9 FM | San Marcos, Texas |
| KTSY | 89.5 FM | Caldwell, Idaho |
| KTTG | 96.3 FM | Mena, Arkansas |
| KTTI | 95.1 FM | Yuma, Arizona |
| KTTK | 90.7 FM | Lebanon, Missouri |
| KTTN-FM | 92.3 FM | Trenton, Missouri |
| KTTR-FM | 99.7 FM | St. James, Missouri |
| KTTS-FM | 94.7 FM | Springfield, Missouri |
| KTTU-FM | 97.3 FM | New Deal, Texas |
| KTTX | 106.1 FM | Brenham, Texas |
| KTTY | 105.1 FM | New Boston, Texas |
| KTTZ-FM | 89.1 FM | Lubbock, Texas |
| KTUA | 88.1 FM | Coweta, Oklahoma |
| KTUF | 93.7 FM | Kirksville, Missouri |
| KTUG | 105.1 FM | Hudson, Wyoming |
| KTUH | 90.1 FM | Honolulu, Hawaii |
| KTUI-FM | 102.1 FM | Sullivan, Missouri |
| KTUM | 107.1 FM | Tatum, New Mexico |
| KTUN | 94.5 FM | New Castle, Colorado |
| KTUP | 98.3 FM | Dallas, Oregon |
| KTUT | 98.9 FM | Crowell, Texas |
| KTUX | 98.9 FM | Carthage, Texas |
| KTUY | 101.7 FM | Togiak, Alaska |
| KTUZ-FM | 106.7 FM | Okarche, Oklahoma |
| KTVR-FM | 90.3 FM | La Grande, Oregon |
| KTWA | 92.7 FM | Ottumwa, Iowa |
| KTWB | 92.5 FM | Sioux Falls, South Dakota |
| KTWD | 103.5 FM | Wallace, Idaho |
| KTWF | 95.5 FM | Scotland, Texas |
| KTWJ | 90.9 FM | MoffitLincoln, North Dakota |
| KTWL | 105.3 FM | Hempstead, Texas |
| KTWP | 91.1 FM | Twisp, Washington |
| KTWS | 98.3 FM | Bend, Oregon |
| KTWV | 94.7 FM | Los Angeles |
| KTWY | 97.1 FM | Shoshoni, Wyoming |
| KTXB | 89.7 FM | Beaumont, Texas |
| KTXG | 90.5 FM | Greenville, Texas |
| KTXI | 90.1 FM | Ingram, Texas |
| KTXJ-FM | 102.7 FM | Jasper, Texas |
| KTXK | 91.5 FM | Texarkana, Texas |
| KTXM | 99.9 FM | Hallettsville, Texas |
| KTXN-FM | 98.7 FM | Victoria, Texas |
| KTXO | 94.7 FM | Goldsmith, Texas |
| KTXP | 91.5 FM | Bushland, Texas |
| KTXR | 98.7 FM | Springfield, Missouri |
| KTXT-FM | 88.1 FM | Lubbock, Texas |
| KTXX-FM | 104.9 FM | Bee Cave, Texas |
| KTXY | 106.9 FM | Jefferson City, Missouri |
| KTYC | 88.5 FM | Nashville, Arkansas |
| KTYD | 99.9 FM | Santa Barbara, California |
| KTYK | 100.7 FM | Overton, Texas |
| KTYL-FM | 93.1 FM | Tyler, Texas |
| KTYR | 89.7 FM | Trinity, Texas |
| KTYU | 99.1 FM | Tanana, Alaska |
| KTYV | 105.7 FM | Steamboat Springs, Colorado |
| KTZA | 92.9 FM | Artesia, New Mexico |
| KTZU | 94.9 FM | Velva, North Dakota |

## KU--

| Callsign | Frequency | City of license |
| --- | --- | --- |
| KUAC | 89.9 FM | Fairbanks, Alaska |
| KUAD-FM | 99.1 FM | Windsor, Colorado |
| KUAF | 91.3 FM | Fayetteville, Arkansas |
| KUAL-FM | 103.5 FM | Brainerd, Minnesota |
| KUAM-FM | 93.9 FM | Agana, Guam |
| KUAO | 88.7 FM | North Ogden, Utah |
| KUAP | 89.7 FM | Pine Bluff, Arkansas |
| KUAR | 89.1 FM | Little Rock, Arkansas |
| KUAS-FM | 88.9 FM | Sierra Vista, Arizona |
| KUAT-FM | 90.5 FM | Tucson, Arizona |
| KUAZ-FM | 89.1 FM | Tucson, Arizona |
| KUBB | 96.3 FM | Mariposa, California |
| KUBJ | 89.7 FM | Brenham, Texas |
| KUBL-FM | 93.3 FM | Salt Lake City, Utah |
| KUBO | 88.7 FM | Calexico, California |
| KUBQ | 98.7 FM | La Grande, Oregon |
| KUBS | 91.5 FM | Newport, Washington |
| KUBT | 93.9 FM | Honolulu, Hawaii |
| KUCA | 91.3 FM | Conway, Arkansas |
| KUCB | 89.7 FM | Unalaska, Alaska |
| KUCC | 88.1 FM | Clarkston, Washington |
| KUCD | 101.9 FM | Pearl City, Hawaii |
| KUCI | 88.9 FM | Irvine, California |
| KUCO | 90.1 FM | Edmond, Oklahoma |
| KUCR | 88.3 FM | Riverside, California |
| KUCV | 91.1 FM | Lincoln, Nebraska |
| KUDA | 89.9 FM | Bonneville, Wyoming |
| KUDD | 105.1 FM | American Fork, Utah |
| KUDI | 88.7 FM | Choteau, Montana |
| KUDL | 106.5 FM | Sacramento, California |
| KUDU | 91.9 FM | Tok, Alaska |
| KUDV | 106.9 FM | Bloomfield, Iowa |
| KUER-FM | 90.1 FM | Salt Lake City, Utah |
| KUEU | 90.5 FM | Logan, Utah |
| KUEZ | 104.1 FM | Fallon, Nevada |
| KUFA | 104.3 FM | Hebronville, Texas |
| KUFL | 90.5 FM | Libby, Montana |
| KUFM | 89.1 FM | Missoula, Montana |
| KUFN | 91.9 FM | Hamilton, Montana |
| KUFR | 91.7 FM | Salt Lake City, Utah |
| KUFW | 106.3 FM | Kingsburg, California |
| KUFX | 98.5 FM | San Jose, California |
| KUGO | 102.5 FM | Grand Canyon Village, Arizona |
| KUGS | 89.3 FM | Bellingham, Washington |
| KUHB-FM | 91.9 FM | Saint Paul, Alaska |
| KUHC | 91.5 FM | Stratford, Texas |
| KUHF | 88.7 FM | Houston, Texas |
| KUHM | 91.7 FM | Helena, Montana |
| KUHN | 88.9 FM | Golden Meadow, Louisiana |
| KUHU | 88.1 FM | Monticello, Utah |
| KUIC | 95.3 FM | Vacaville, California |
| KUIM | 96.1 FM | Bethel, Alaska |
| KUIT | 93.3 FM | Goodnews Bay, Alaska |
| KUJ-FM | 99.1 FM | Burbank, Washington |
| KUJJ | 95.5 FM | McCall, Idaho |
| KUJZ | 95.3 FM | Creswell, Oregon |
| KUKA | 105.9 FM | Driscoll, Texas |
| KUKI-FM | 103.3 FM | Ukiah, California |
| KUKL | 89.9 FM | Kalispell, Montana |
| KUKN | 105.5 FM | Longview, Washington |
| KUKU-FM | 100.3 FM | Willow Springs, Missouri |
| KUKV | 90.9 FM | Vernal, Utah |
| KUKY | 95.9 FM | Wellton, Arizona |
| KULH | 105.9 FM | Wheeling, Missouri |
| KULL | 100.7 FM | Abilene, Texas |
| KULM-FM | 98.3 FM | Columbus, Texas |
| KULO | 94.3 FM | Alexandria, Minnesota |
| KULV | 97.1 FM | Ukiah, California |
| KUMA-FM | 92.1 FM | Pilot Rock, Oregon |
| KUMB | 89.7 FM | Hollywood, Mississippi |
| KUMD | 90.9 FM | Deer Lodge, Montana |
| KUMM | 89.7 FM | Morris, Minnesota |
| KUMR | 104.5 FM | Doolittle, Missouri |
| KUMS | 89.7 FM | White Sulphur Springs, Montana |
| KUMT | 107.9 FM | Randolph, Utah |
| KUMU-FM | 94.7 FM | Honolulu, Hawaii |
| KUMW | 91.7 FM | Dillon, Montana |
| KUMX | 106.7 FM | North Fort Polk, Louisiana |
| KUNA-FM | 96.7 FM | La Quinta, California |
| KUNC | 91.5 FM | Greeley, Colorado |
| KUND-FM | 89.3 FM | Grand Forks, North Dakota |
| KUNI | 90.9 FM | Cedar Falls, Iowa |
| KUNK | 92.7 FM | Mendocino, California |
| KUNM | 89.9 FM | Albuquerque, New Mexico |
| KUNQ | 99.3 FM | Houston, Missouri |
| KUNR | 88.7 FM | Reno, Nevada |
| KUNV | 91.5 FM | Las Vegas, Nevada |
| KUOI-FM | 89.3 FM | Moscow, Idaho |
| KUOL | 94.5 FM | Elko, Nevada |
| KUOM-FM | 106.5 FM | Saint Louis Park, Minnesota |
| KUOO | 103.9 FM | Spirit Lake, Iowa |
| KUOP | 91.3 FM | Stockton, California |
| KUOR-FM | 89.1 FM | Redlands, California |
| KUOU | 89.3 FM | Roosevelt, Utah |
| KUOW-FM | 94.9 FM | Seattle, Washington |
| KUPD | 97.9 FM | Tempe, Arizona |
| KUPH | 96.9 FM | Mountain View, Missouri |
| KUPI-FM | 99.1 FM | Rexburg, Idaho |
| KUPL | 98.7 FM | Portland, Oregon |
| KUPS | 90.1 FM | Tacoma, Washington |
| KUPY | 99.9 FM | Sugar City, Idaho |
| KUQL | 98.3 FM | Ethan, South Dakota |
| KUQQ | 102.1 FM | Milford, Iowa |
| KUQU | 93.9 FM | Enoch, Utah |
| KURB | 98.5 FM | Little Rock, Arkansas |
| KURE | 88.5 FM | Ames, Iowa |
| KURL | 93.3 FM | Billings, Montana |
| KURM-FM | 100.3 FM | Gravette, Arkansas |
| KURR | 103.1 FM | Hildale, Utah |
| KURT | 93.7 FM | Prineville, Oregon |
| KURU | 89.1 FM | Silver City, New Mexico |
| KURY-FM | 95.3 FM | Brookings, Oregon |
| KUSB | 103.3 FM | Hazelton, North Dakota |
| KUSC | 91.5 FM | Los Angeles |
| KUSD | 89.7 FM | Vermillion, South Dakota |
| KUSJ | 105.5 FM | Harker Heights, Texas |
| KUSK | 88.5 FM | Vernal, Utah |
| KUSL | 89.3 FM | Richfield, Utah |
| KUSN | 98.1 FM | Dearing, Kansas |
| KUSO | 92.7 FM | Albion, Nebraska |
| KUSQ | 95.1 FM | Worthington, Minnesota |
| KUSR | 89.5 FM | Logan, Utah |
| KUST | 88.7 FM | Moab, Utah |
| KUSU-FM | 91.5 FM | Logan, Utah |
| KUSW | 88.1 FM | Flora Vista, New Mexico |
| KUT | 90.5 FM | Austin, Texas |
| KUTC | 95.7 FM | Gunnison, Utah |
| KUTE | 90.1 FM | Ignacio, Colorado |
| KUTM | 92.7 FM | Kerman, California |
| KUTN | 96.7 FM | Levan, Utah |
| KUTQ | 102.3 FM | La Verkin, Utah |
| KUTT | 99.5 FM | Fairbury, Nebraska |
| KUTU | 91.3 FM | Santa Clara, Utah |
| KUTX | 98.9 FM | Leander, Texas |
| KUUB | 88.3 FM | Salt Lake City, Utah |
| KUUK | 91.9 FM | Noatak, Alaska |
| KUUL | 101.3 FM | East Moline, Illinois |
| KUUT | 89.7 FM | Farmington, New Mexico |
| KUUU | 92.5 FM | South Jordan, Utah |
| KUUZ | 95.9 FM | Lake Village, Arkansas |
| KUVA | 102.3 FM | Uvalde, Texas |
| KUVO | 89.3 FM | Denver, Colorado |
| KUWA | 91.3 FM | Afton, Wyoming |
| KUWC | 91.3 FM | Casper, Wyoming |
| KUWD | 91.5 FM | Sundance, Wyoming |
| KUWE | 89.7 FM | Evanston, Wyoming |
| KUWG | 90.9 FM | Gillette, Wyoming |
| KUWI | 89.9 FM | Rawlins, Wyoming |
| KUWJ | 90.3 FM | Jackson, Wyoming |
| KUWK | 88.7 FM | Kaycee, Wyoming |
| KUWL | 90.1 FM | Laramie, Wyoming |
| KUWN | 90.5 FM | Newcastle, Wyoming |
| KUWP | 90.1 FM | Powell, Wyoming |
| KUWR | 91.9 FM | Laramie, Wyoming |
| KUWS | 91.3 FM | Superior, Wisconsin |
| KUWT | 91.3 FM | Thermopolis, Wyoming |
| KUWV | 90.7 FM | Lingle, Wyoming |
| KUWW | 90.9 FM | Fort Washakie, Wyoming |
| KUWX | 90.9 FM | Pinedale, Wyoming |
| KUWY | 88.5 FM | Laramie, Wyoming |
| KUWZ | 90.5 FM | Rock Springs, Wyoming |
| KUXO | 88.5 FM | Marfa, Texas |
| KUXU | 88.5 FM | Monroe, Utah |
| KUXX | 105.7 FM | Jackson, Minnesota |
| KUYI | 88.1 FM | Hotevilla, Arizona |
| KUYY | 100.1 FM | Emmetsburg, Iowa |
| KUZN | 105.9 FM | Centerville, Texas |
| KUZY | 93.3 FM | Nunum Iqua, Alaska |
| KUZZ-FM | 107.9 FM | Bakersfield, California |

## KV--

| Callsign | Frequency | City of license |
| --- | --- | --- |
| KVAB | 102.9 FM | Clarkston, Washington |
| KVAK-FM | 93.3 FM | Valdez, Alaska |
| KVAM | 88.1 FM | Cheyenne, Wyoming |
| KVAR | 93.7 FM | Pine Ridge, South Dakota |
| KVAS-FM | 103.9 FM | Ilwaco, Washington |
| KVAY | 105.7 FM | Lamar, Colorado |
| KVAZ | 91.5 FM | Henryetta, Oklahoma |
| KVBH | 107.5 FM | San Antonio, Texas |
| KVBL | 103.1 FM | Union, Oregon |
| KVCC | 88.5 FM | Tucson, Arizona |
| KVCE | 92.7 FM | Slaton, Texas |
| KVCF | 90.5 FM | Freeman, South Dakota |
| KVCH | 88.7 FM | Huron, South Dakota |
| KVCI | 89.7 FM | Montezuma, Iowa |
| KVCK-FM | 92.7 FM | Wolf Point, Montana |
| KVCL-FM | 92.1 FM | Winnfield, Louisiana |
| KVCM | 103.1 FM | Helena, Montana |
| KVCN | 106.7 FM | Los Alamos, New Mexico |
| KVCO | 88.3 FM | Concordia, Kansas |
| KVCP | 88.3 FM | Phoenix, Arizona |
| KVCR | 91.9 FM | San Bernardino, California |
| KVCS | 89.1 FM | Spring Valley, Minnesota |
| KVCX | 101.5 FM | Gregory, South Dakota |
| KVCY | 104.7 FM | Fort Scott, Kansas |
| KVDG | 90.9 FM | Midland, Texas |
| KVDI | 99.3 FM | Huxley, Iowa |
| KVDM | 88.1 FM | Hays, Kansas |
| KVDP | 89.1 FM | Dry Prong, Louisiana |
| KVDR | 94.7 FM | Brackettville, Texas |
| KVDT | 103.3 FM | Allen, Texas |
| KVDU | 104.1 FM | Houma, Louisiana |
| KVED | 88.1 FM | Vernon, Texas |
| KVEG | 97.5 FM | Mesquite, Nevada |
| KVER | 91.1 FM | El Paso, Texas |
| KVET-FM | 98.1 FM | Austin, Texas |
| KVFE | 88.5 FM | Del Rio, Texas |
| KVFL | 89.1 FM | Pierre, South Dakota |
| KVFM | 91.3 FM | Beeville, Texas |
| KVFX | 94.5 FM | Logan, Utah |
| KVFZ | 92.1 FM | Benton, Louisiana |
| KVGB-FM | 104.3 FM | Great Bend, Kansas |
| KVGL | 105.7 FM | Manderson, Wyoming |
| KVGQ | 106.9 FM | Overton, Nevada |
| KVGR | 94.3 FM | Kiana, Alaska |
| KVGS | 102.7 FM | Boulder City, Nevada |
| KVHI | 88.7 FM | Raymondville, Texas |
| KVHL | 91.7 FM | Llano, Texas |
| KVHR | 91.5 FM | Van Horn, Texas |
| KVHS | 90.5 FM | Concord, California |
| KVHT | 106.3 FM | Vermillion, South Dakota |
| KVHU | 95.3 FM | Judsonia, Arkansas |
| KVIC | 104.7 FM | Victoria, Texas |
| KVID | 88.5 FM | Mesquite, Nevada |
| KVIK | 104.7 FM | Decorah, Iowa |
| KVIL | 103.7 FM | Highland Park-Dallas, Texas |
| KVIP-FM | 98.1 FM | Redding, California |
| KVIR | 91.9 FM | Dolan Springs, Arizona |
| KVIT | 88.7 FM | Chandler, Arizona |
| KVIX | 89.3 FM | Port Angeles, Washington |
| KVJC | 91.9 FM | Globe, Arizona |
| KVJM | 103.1 FM | Hearne, Texas |
| KVJS | 88.1 FM | Arroyo, Texas |
| KVKI-FM | 96.5 FM | Shreveport, Louisiana |
| KVKL | 91.1 FM | Las Vegas, Nevada |
| KVKR | 88.7 FM | Pine Ridge, South Dakota |
| KVLA-FM | 90.3 FM | Coachella, California |
| KVLB | 90.5 FM | Bend, Oregon |
| KVLC | 101.1 FM | Hatch, New Mexico |
| KVLD | 91.7 FM | Norfolk, Nebraska |
| KVLE-FM | 102.3 FM | Gunnison, Colorado |
| KVLK | 89.5 FM | Milan, New Mexico |
| KVLL-FM | 94.7 FM | Wells, Texas |
| KVLM | 104.7 FM | Tarzan, Texas |
| KVLO | 101.7 FM | Humnoke, Arkansas |
| KVLP | 91.7 FM | Tucumcari, New Mexico |
| KVLQ | 90.1 FM | La Pine, Oregon |
| KVLR | 92.5 FM | Sunset Valley, Texas |
| KVLT | 88.5 FM | Temple, Texas |
| KVLU | 91.3 FM | Beaumont, Texas |
| KVLW | 88.1 FM | Waco, Texas |
| KVLX | 103.9 FM | Franklin, Texas |
| KVLY | 107.9 FM | Edinburg, Texas |
| KVMA-FM | 102.9 FM | Shreveport, Louisiana |
| KVMG | 88.9 FM | Raton, New Mexico |
| KVMK | 100.9 FM | Wheelock, Texas |
| KVMN | 89.9 FM | Cave City, Arkansas |
| KVMO | 104.3 FM | Vandalia, Missouri |
| KVMR | 89.5 FM | Nevada City, California |
| KVMT | 89.1 FM | Montrose, Colorado |
| KVMV | 96.9 FM | Mcallen, Texas |
| KVMX-FM | 92.1 FM | Placerville, California |
| KVMZ | 99.1 FM | Waldo, Arkansas |
| KVNA-FM | 100.1 FM | Flagstaff, Arizona |
| KVNC | 90.9 FM | Minturn, Colorado |
| KVNE | 89.5 FM | Tyler, Texas |
| KVNF | 90.9 FM | Paonia, Colorado |
| KVNG | 91.1 FM | Eloy, Arizona |
| KVNO | 90.7 FM | Omaha, Nebraska |
| KVNV | 89.1 FM | Sun Valley, Nevada |
| KVOD | 88.1 FM | Lakewood, Colorado |
| KVOE-FM | 101.7 FM | Emporia, Kansas |
| KVOK-FM | 101.1 FM | Kodiak, Alaska |
| KVOM-FM | 101.7 FM | Morrilton, Arkansas |
| KVOO-FM | 98.5 FM | Tulsa, Oklahoma |
| KVOQ | 102.3 FM | Greenwood Village, Colorado |
| KVOU-FM | 104.9 FM | Uvalde, Texas |
| KVOV | 90.5 FM | Carbondale, Colorado |
| KVOX-FM | 99.9 FM | Moorhead, Minnesota |
| KVPC | 97.9 FM | Rapid City, South Dakota |
| KVPH | 104.3 FM | North Las Vegas, Nevada |
| KVPI-FM | 92.5 FM | Ville Platte, Louisiana |
| KVPM | 95.7 FM | Arvin, California |
| KVPP | 88.9 FM | Pago Pago, American Samoa |
| KVPR | 89.3 FM | Fresno, California |
| KVPW | 97.7 FM | Mecca, California |
| KVQI | 88.5 FM | Vail, Colorado |
| KVRA | 89.3 FM | Sisters, Oregon |
| KVRD-FM | 105.7 FM | Cottonwood, Arizona |
| KVRE | 92.9 FM | Hot Springs Village, Arkansas |
| KVRF | 89.5 FM | Sutton, Alaska |
| KVRG | 89.7 FM | Chillicothe, Texas |
| KVRH-FM | 92.3 FM | Salida, Colorado |
| KVRK | 88.3 FM | Chickaloon, Alaska |
| KVRO | 98.1 FM | Stillwater, Oklahoma |
| KVRP-FM | 97.1 FM | Haskell, Texas |
| KVRS | 90.3 FM | Lawton, Oklahoma |
| KVRT | 90.7 FM | Victoria, Texas |
| KVRV | 97.7 FM | Monte Rio, California |
| KVRW | 107.3 FM | Lawton, Oklahoma |
| KVRX | 91.7 FM | Austin, Texas |
| KVSC | 88.1 FM | Saint Cloud, Minnesota |
| KVSE | 89.1 FM | Blanchard, Louisiana |
| KVSF-FM | 101.5 FM | Pecos, New Mexico |
| KVSJ-FM | 89.5 FM | Tracy, California |
| KVSP | 103.5 FM | Anadarko, Oklahoma |
| KVSR | 90.7 FM | Kirksville, Missouri |
| KVSS | 102.7 FM | Papillion, Nebraska |
| KVST | 99.7 FM | Huntsville, Texas |
| KVSU | 106.3 FM | Desert Hills, Arizona |
| KVSV-FM | 105.5 FM | Beloit, Kansas |
| KVTI | 90.9 FM | Tacoma, Washington |
| KVTY | 105.1 FM | Lewiston, Idaho |
| KVUD | 89.5 FM | Bay City, Texas |
| KVUH | 88.5 FM | Laytonville, California |
| KVUJ | 91.1 FM | Lake Jackson, Texas |
| KVUT | 99.7 FM | Cuney, Texas |
| KVUU | 99.9 FM | Pueblo, Colorado |
| KVUW | 102.3 FM | Wendover, Nevada |
| KVVA-FM | 107.1 FM | Apache Junction, Arizona |
| KVVF | 105.7 FM | Santa Clara, California |
| KVVL | 97.1 FM | Maryville, Missouri |
| KVVP | 105.7 FM | Leesville, Louisiana |
| KVVR | 97.9 FM | Dutton, Montana |
| KVVS | 105.5 FM | Rosamond, California |
| KVVZ | 100.7 FM | San Rafael, California |
| KVWC-FM | 103.1 FM | Vernon, Texas |
| KVWE | 102.9 FM | Amarillo, Texas |
| KVWF | 100.5 FM | Augusta, Kansas |
| KVWG-FM | 95.3 FM | Dilley, Texas |
| KVXO | 88.3 FM | Fort Collins, Colorado |
| KVYA | 91.5 FM | Cedarville, California |
| KVYB | 106.3 FM | Oak View, California |
| KVYN | 99.3 FM | Saint Helena, California |


title: Viola appalachiensis

abstract: Viola appalachiensis, the Appalachian blue violet, also known as Appalachian violet and Henry's violet is a Viola native to the Appalachian Mountains in the Eastern United States.

text:
# Viola appalachiensis

***Viola appalachiensis***, the **Appalachian blue violet**, also known as **Appalachian violet** and **Henry's violet** is a *Viola* native to the Appalachian Mountains in the Eastern United States.

## Distribution

The native *Viola appalachiensis* habitats includes rich moist woods, mountain coves, stream banks, sometimes in mowed areas such as forest roads. Its range is from Pennsylvania to North Carolina in the Appalachian Mountains. It is very rare. Some authors consider this to be the same species as *V. walteri,* but others argue for its recognition as a distinct species.

## Description

This is a herbaceous plant, it is a perennial and is an evergreen which can reach 10 cm in height (4 inches). New stems ascending at first, soon become prostrate, mat forming, rooting from the nodes, mostly hairless.

The leaves are alternate. Sometimes appearing to be stemless. Each leaf is kidney-shaped, very slightly toothed or crenate and with a few hairs near the margin. Stipules lacerate.

The flowers are irregular in shape. They are blue with white center. Blooms first appear in mid spring and continue into late spring. Spur much longer than wide. Lateral petals bearded.

## InfoBox

| *Viola appalachiensis* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Apparently Secure  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Violaceae |
| Genus: | *Viola* |
| Species: | ***V. appalachiensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Viola appalachiensis***
L.K.Henry 1953 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Viola allegheniensis* L.K. Henry 1953, illegitimate homonym not Roem. & Schult. 1819 * *Viola walteri* var. *appalachiensis* (L.K. Henry) L.E. McKinney | |


abstract: The Louisville, Paducah and Southwestern Railroad was a 19th-century railway company in western Kentucky in the United States. It operated a passenger service from 1874, until 1876, when it was sold for $700,000. The company was formed when it purchased the Elizabethtown and Paducah Railroad. The railroad was sold on two years later to the Paducah and Elizabethtown. It later made up part of the Illinois Central network and its former rights-of-way currently form parts of the class-II Paducah and Louisville Railway. It connected with the Owensboro and Russellville Railroad and the later Evansville, Owensboro and Nashville Railroad at Central City in Muhlenberg County.

text:
# Louisville, Paducah and Southwestern Railroad

The **Louisville, Paducah and Southwestern Railroad** was a 19th-century railway company in western Kentucky in the United States. It operated a passenger service from 1874, until 1876, when it was sold for $700,000.

The company was formed when it purchased the Elizabethtown and Paducah Railroad. The railroad was sold on two years later to the Paducah and Elizabethtown. It later made up part of the Illinois Central network and its former rights-of-way currently form parts of the class-II Paducah and Louisville Railway.

It connected with the Owensboro and Russellville Railroad and the later Evansville, Owensboro and Nashville Railroad (both subsequently part of the L&N network) at Central City in Muhlenberg County.


title: Technology Services Group

abstract: Technology Services Group Limited (TSG) is a British company specialising in managed IT services, business software, telecoms and IT support. The company's head office is based at Team Valley near Newcastle upon Tyne. The company was established in 2003 by Graham Wylie after the purchase of Newcastle-based Joynson Ltd. TSG is also a business partner of Sage Group, a provider of financial software also co-founded by Wylie. In the years that followed, the company expanded to 13 sites throughout the UK primary through acquisition.

text:
# Technology Services Group

**Technology Services Group Limited** (**TSG**) is a British company specialising in managed IT services, business software, telecoms and IT support. The company's head office is based at Team Valley near Newcastle upon Tyne.

The company was established in 2003 by Graham Wylie after the purchase of Newcastle-based Joynson Ltd. TSG is also a business partner of Sage Group, a provider of financial software also co-founded by Wylie. In the years that followed, the company expanded to 13 sites throughout the UK primary through acquisition.

## InfoBox

Technology Services Group
|
|  |
| Company type | Limited |
| Industry | IT and telecoms software and support |
| Founded | October 2003 (2003-10) in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK |
| Founder | Graham Wylie |
| Headquarters | Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom |
| Number of locations | 3 offices across the UK |
| Revenue | £42 million (2012) |
| Number of employees | 280 |
| Website | www.tsg.com |


title: Zwanzigerrufen

abstract: Zwanzigerrufen or Zwanz'gerrufen is the leading trick-taking card game of the Tarock family in many regions of eastern Austria. Its rules are simpler than the game of Königrufen which is more widely played in the whole of Austria. As is common in Tarock games, the cards have various point values – the primary goal in an individual game is to win the majority of points.

text:
# Zwanzigerrufen

**Zwanzigerrufen** or **Zwanz'gerrufen** is the leading trick-taking card game of the Tarock family in many regions of eastern Austria. Its rules are simpler than the game of Königrufen which is more widely played in the whole of Austria. As is common in Tarock games, the cards have various point values – the primary goal in an individual game is to win the majority of points.

## Cards

Zwanzigerrufen is played with 40 cards taken from the 54-card deck used for Königrufen (the so-called Industrie und Glück deck). The resulting deck consists of 20 tarocks as trumps and 20 plain suit cards.

The tarocks are numbered with Roman numerals from I to XXI, in addition there is the unnumbered *Sküs* or *Gstieß*. Tarocks II and III are removed in Zwanzigerrufen. The tarocks each count as 1 point; only the Trull cards - I (Pagat), XXI (Mond) and Sküs - each count as 5.

In the suit cards are the King (5 points), Queen (4), Knight (3), Jack (2) and a so-called Baldy (*Glatze*) as a set in each suit. The *Glatzen* usually comprise the 10 of Spades, 10 of Clubs, the Ace of Hearts and the Ace of Diamonds; these score 0 points. Other cards may be used as *Glatzen* \- the 4 of Hearts and 4 of Diamonds have the advantage of being easier to recognise.

In scoring at the end of the game the values of the cards won (in tricks) are simply added. There is no splitting of the points into thirds or deducting/adding of points per trick as in Königrufen. The total value of all the cards is 88. To win the game, a team or player must score more than half the total, to wit: 45 points.

## Playing

The dealer shuffles the cards and the player to his left cuts the deck. Then each player is dealt 10 cards in two packets of five, starting with forehand to the right of the dealer. There is no talon. Instead of cutting, the cutter may 'knock' - in this case the dealer places 4 stacks of 10 cards each on the table. Players can then choose one stack at a time, starting with forehand.

When all the players have picked up their cards, forehand begins the auction. For a normal game (see below) she calls for "den Zwanziger" (in Vienna also called *der Oide*), the Tarock XX, whereupon the player holding the XX in his hand becomes her partner. If forehand herself has the XX, she can call for the XIX (vulgo *Gartenzaun* = "Garden fence"), if she also has this, the XVIII and so on up to the XVI. If forehand has all the tarocks from the XX to the XVI in her hand, she cannot announce a normal game, but must play a solo. The called player does not have to declare his possession of the called card, but may reveal himself as a partner by various game declarations.

Forehand must at least call for a Tarock held by another player who then becomes her partner. If she doesn't want to make any more bids, she says "next" or "pass" (*Weiter*), and the other players may bid in turn. Further declarations may be made in turn until all players in a hand have just said "next".

Forehand always leads. Players must follow suit (*Farbzwang*) and, failing that, play a trump (*Trumpfzwang or Tarockzwang*), but do not have to head the trick even if they could (i.e. there is no *Stichzwang*). When a suit card is played, all players must follow this suit. If a player does not have a matching suit card (any more), he must play a tarock. If he does not have a tarock either, he can discard any other suit card. Tarocks can be played at any time, except in Suit Solo, when a tarock may only be played if a player no longer has any suit cards in his hand. A tarock must be followed by a tarock, as long one is still held - if no tarock is held, it must be followed with a suit card.

The tarocks are permanent trumps and always trump the suit cards, except in Suit Solo. A higher numbered tarock beats a lower one. As in Königrufen, there is also the rule that when the Sküs, Mond (XXI) and Pagat (I) meet, the Pagat wins the trick (the so-called Fairy Tale Trick or *Märchenstich*).

### Zusammenwerfen

In some tarock circles there are rules allowing the game to be stopped immediately after dealing by returning all the cards to the table, known as *Zusammenwerfen*. The game does not count and the same dealer deals a new hand: if you don't have a single tarock in your hand, you must do this; if the only tarock card you have is one of the trulls you may end the hand this way. It is advisable to discuss the validity of these rules with one's playing partners.

## Auction

In Zwanzigerrufen, the following contracts may be played and are worth the game points shown:

* Normal game (1 point)
* Suit Solo (*Faberln*, 4 points)
* Solo (*Schwarzer*, 4 points - sometimes 5 points)

Solo overrides Suit Solo in the auction, which means that if one player announces a Suit Solo and another player announces a Solo, the latter is played.

In addition, there are a number of bonuses that can either be declared or played or won without advance notice:

* Absolute (1 point; 2 if declared)
* Pagat Ultimo (1 point; or 2 if declared)
* Valat (6 points; 6x game value or 12x game value on declaration)

All bonuses can be declared by all players, whereby *dazu* ("in addition") or *dagegen* ("against") must be declared, i.e. whether the game is played with or against the forehand. When a "Pagat Ultimo dagegen" is declared, a *Kontra* must also be announced for the game (with "Absolute dagegen" or "Valat dagegen", one will automatically also always announce *Kontra*).

Announced bonuses count double. If an announced bonus is not reached, it counts for the opponent. Silently played and lost bonuses are not counted for obvious reasons; any game in which one team loses but scores more than 32 points would otherwise be counted as 0 points due to the lost silent Absolute. The exception is the Pagat Ultimo. If the Pagat is played and beaten in the last trick, this is counted as a lost silent Pagat Ultimo.

Finally there are the card bonuses of the *Trull* (1 point if a player has Sküs, Mond and Pagat in his hand) and "4 Kings" (2 points), as well as the game bonus "Mond captured" (*Mondfang*, 1 point) if the Mond has been tricked by the Sküs (even if the partner has won it, it counts against the team that lost the Mond). The Fairy Tale Trick is not considered a *Mondfang*.

The card bonuses are won by holding the cards in one's opening hand, *not* by holding them in the tricks at the end of the game. They do not have to be declared because they give information about your hand to your opponent, but they should be claimed after the game when scoring. After the Mond is captured, a "double round" is played, the next four games are scored double.

### Contracts and bonuses

In a **Normal Game**, forehand plays with his partner against the other two players, the 'defenders'. Forehand leads to the first trick, after which the player who won the previous trick leads. The team that scores at least 45 points wins.

In **Suit Solo**, one player (the caller) plays against the other three and must also score at least 45 points. The tarocks do not count as trumps in this game, but beat each other in the usual way. The caller must have at least 5 suit cards to be able to call a Suit Solo. The player who leads must play a suit card if he still has one in his hand. All players are must follow suit (*Farbzwang*). The only bonuses used in Suit Solo are Valat, Absolute and "4 Kings". Pagat Ultimo, Trull and Mondfang are not counted. The Fairy Tale Trick, on the other hand, applies when a tarock is played.

In **Solo**, the caller plays against the other three and must score 45 points, with tarocks being the trump card, as in normal play. In Solo, all bonuses are doubled when working out the score.

**Absolute** means that one team has not scored more than 32 points. This can either be declared or simply occur during the course of the game. However, if the other team is not "absolute", the calling team loses.

In **Pagat Ultimo** the caller commits himself to take the last trick with the Pagat. The Pagat Ultimo is only considered to be won if the Pagat is played in the last trick and itself takes the trick - if the partner beats the Pagat the game is lost. Likewise, the Pagat Ultimo is lost if the Pagat has to be played before the last trick, regardless of whether it is beaten or wins the trick. A Pagat Ultimo is not permitted in Suit Solo and does not count if not declared.

**Valat** means that one team takes all the tricks. According to some rules and regulations, Valat cancels everything else, i.e. no other bonus will be awarded.

**Kontra** and all raises (**Retour**/**Rekontra**, **Supre**, **Resupre**) may be bid regardless of the game and on all declared bonuses. It is therefore possible, for example, to say *Kontra* in a Normal Game in response to a declared Pagat Ultimo in order to double the stakes against that bonus, but not to double the stakes for the game itself.

## Scoring

All contracts and bonuses are calculated separately. For example, a game might proceed as follows:

1. Forehand: XIX continue! (*XIX weiter!*)
2. Player 2: Kontra Absolute!
3. Player 3: Kontra on Absolute!
4. Player 4: Pagat against! (*Pagat dagegen!*)
5. Forehand: Kontra on Pagat!

All players then say "continue" (*weiter*) and the game starts.

Player 4 has signed up for the Pagat Ultimo, which counts as a double bonus. Players 2 and 4 must also prevent the forehand and player 3 from scoring more than 32 points.

The game ends with the forehand and player 3 scoring 40 points, and player 4 takes the last trick with the Pagat.

The lost game now counts twice because of Kontra (2 points), the lost Absolute also twice because of Kontra on Absolute (4 points) and the declared, countered and won Pagat 4 points. Forehand and Player 3 win 4 points because of the failed Absolute declaration by Player 2, but lose the game with 2 points and the Pagat with 4 points. The game ends with a net score of 2 points for Players 2 and 4.

Since each player settles for himself, both winners are credited 2 points each and 2 points are deducted from both losers. In a Solo game, the soloist plays alone against the three defenders; he receives the value of the game from or pays to all three.

Every declaration by a player is also valid for his partner(s). If one player plays a Solo and one of the others says *Kontra*, the game also counts double for the other two defenders.

## Significant differences from Königrufen

* Zwanzigerrufen is played with 14 fewer cards and no talon. This makes the game faster and the odds on a bid are easier to estimate.
* Forehand cannot declare any special forehand contracts in Zwanzigerrufen, except for the Normal Game (in Königrufen there are also *Trischaken* and *Sechserdreier* contracts).
* There are no negative games in classic Zwanzigerrufen (in Königrufen there are *Bettel* and *Piccolo* and their 'ouvert' variants). In some game variants, however, for example, the *Trischaken* is an option in Zwanzigerrufen.
* Only the Pagat Ultimo can be used as a *Besserrufer* (in Königrufen, II, III and IIII may be used to take the second, third and fourth last trick).
* Simplified counting of trick values.

## InfoBox

Zwanzigerrufen
| A trick-taking game of the European Tarot card game family. | |
| --- | --- |
| *A hand in Zwanzigerrufen* | |
| Origin | Austria |
| Type | Trick-taking |
| Players | 4 |
| Cards | 40 |
| Deck | *Industrie und Glück* |
| Rank (high→low) | Tarocks:
*Sküs*, XXI-IIII + I
: K Q C J 10
: K Q C J A |
| Play | Anticlockwise |
| Related games | |
| Königrufen  Tapp Tarock  Neunzehnerrufen  Dreiertarock | |


title: Euplotes elegans

abstract: Euplotes elegans is a species of marine ciliates. It has been isolated from the anoxic Mariager Fjord.

text:
# Euplotes elegans

***Euplotes elegans*** is a species of marine ciliates. It has been isolated from the anoxic Mariager Fjord.

* Encystment-inducing factors in the ciliate Euplotes elegans. A Tomaru, Zoological science, 2002

## InfoBox

| *Euplotes elegans* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| (unranked): | SAR |
| (unranked): | Alveolata |
| Phylum: | Ciliophora |
| Class: | Spirotrichea |
| Subclass: | Euplotia |
| Order: | Euplotida |
| Suborder: | Euplotina |
| Family: | Euplotidae |
| Genus: | *Euplotes* |
| Species: | *E. elegans* |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Euplotes elegans***<br>Kahl, 1932 | |
|


title: Paul Gagné

abstract: Paul L. Gagné is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played 390 games in the National Hockey League. He played for the Colorado Rockies, New Jersey Devils, Toronto Maple Leafs and New York Islanders. He coached the Timmins Rock, a team in the NOJHL, until his retirement after the 2016–17 season. He runs a hockey development camp every summer in Timmins, Ontario called Gagné Hockey Development.

text:
# Paul Gagné

**Paul L. Gagné** (born February 6, 1962) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played 390 games in the National Hockey League. He played for the Colorado Rockies, New Jersey Devils, Toronto Maple Leafs and New York Islanders.

He coached the Timmins Rock, a team in the NOJHL, until his retirement after the 2016–17 season. He runs a hockey development camp every summer in Timmins, Ontario called Gagné Hockey Development.

## Early career

Gagne began his career at the age of 15 in the NOJHL for the Iroquois Falls Abitibi Eskimos. The Left Wing player had 45 goals and 85 points in 43 games that year. In the next year he played in the OMJHL with the Windsor Spitfires (24 goals and 42 points in 67 games). It was his 101 points in 1979-1980 that led him to be drafted at the age of 17.

## Career statistics

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1977–78 | Iroquois Falls Eskimos | NOJHL | | 43 | 45 | 40 | 85 |  | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1978–79 | Windsor Spitfires | OMJHL | | 67 | 24 | 18 | 42 | 64 | | 7 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
| 1979–80 | Windsor Spitfires | OMJHL | | 65 | 48 | 53 | 101 | 87 | | 13 | 7 | 8 | 15 | 19 |
| 1980–81 | Colorado Rockies | NHL | | 61 | 25 | 16 | 41 | 12 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1981–82 | Colorado Rockies | NHL | | 59 | 10 | 12 | 22 | 17 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1982–83 | New Jersey Devils | NHL | | 53 | 14 | 15 | 29 | 13 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1982–83 | Wichita Wind | CHL | | 16 | 1 | 9 | 10 | 9 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1983–84 | New Jersey Devils | NHL | | 66 | 14 | 18 | 32 | 33 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1984–85 | New Jersey Devils | NHL | | 79 | 24 | 19 | 43 | 28 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1985–86 | New Jersey Devils | NHL | | 47 | 19 | 19 | 38 | 14 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1988–89 | Toronto Maple Leafs | NHL | | 16 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 6 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1988–89 | Newmarket Saints | AHL | | 56 | 33 | 41 | 74 | 29 | | 5 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 5 |
| 1989–90 | Newmarket Saints | AHL | | 28 | 13 | 14 | 27 | 11 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1989–90 | New York Islanders | NHL | | 9 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 43 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1989–90 | Springfield Indians | AHL | | 36 | 18 | 29 | 47 | 6 | | 13 | 10 | 6 | 16 | 2 |
| 1990–91 | EV Landshut | 1.GBun | | 49 | 44 | 37 | 81 | 41 | | 5 | 7 | 7 | 14 | 7 |
| 1991–92 | EV Landshut | 1.GBun | | 44 | 30 | 23 | 53 | 49 | | 8 | 6 | 8 | 14 | 18 |
| 1992–93 | EHC Olten | CHE.2 | | 36 | 39 | 28 | 67 | 47 | | 7 | 7 | 7 | 14 | 18 |
| 1993–94 | EHC Olten | NDA | | 30 | 16 | 18 | 34 | 52 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1994–95 | EHC Olten | CHE.2 | | 32 | 37 | 30 | 67 | 98 | | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 35 |
| 1995–96 | EHC Olten | CHE.2 | | 26 | 22 | 19 | 41 | 62 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1995–96 | Zürcher SC | NDA | | 8 | 5 | 3 | 8 | 6 | | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| 1996–97 | EHC Biel-Bienne | CHE.2 | | 41 | 33 | 33 | 66 | 73 | | 4 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2 |
| 1997–98 | EHC Biel-Bienne | CHE.2 | | 37 | 29 | 37 | 66 | 86 | | 12 | 6 | 10 | 16 | 2 |
| 1998–99 | EHC Biel-Bienne | CHE.2 | | 33 | 29 | 26 | 55 | 34 | | 4 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 4 |
| NHL totals | | | | 390 | 110 | 101 | 211 | 166 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| AHL totals | | | | 120 | 64 | 84 | 148 | 46 | | 18 | 14 | 10 | 24 | 7 |
| CHE.2 totals | | | | 205 | 189 | 173 | 362 | 400 | | 30 | 15 | 24 | 39 | 61 |

## InfoBox

| Paul Gagné | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1962-02-06) February 6, 1962
Iroquois Falls, Ontario, Canada | | |
| Height | 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) | | |
| Weight | 180 lb (82 kg; 12 st 12 lb) | | |
| Position | Left wing | | |
| Shot | Left | | |
| Played for | Colorado Rockies
New Jersey Devils
Toronto Maple Leafs
New York Islanders | | |
| NHL draft | 19th overall, 1980
Colorado Rockies | | |
| Playing career | 19801999 | | |


title: Perotrochus metivieri

abstract: Perotrochus metivieri is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pleurotomariidae, the slit snails.

text:
# Perotrochus metivieri

***Perotrochus metivieri*** is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pleurotomariidae, the slit snails.

## Description

The shell grows to a length of 65 mm.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the South China Sea.

* Biodiversity Heritage Library (1 publication)
* Encyclopedia of Life
* USNM Invertebrate Zoology Mollusca Collection
* World Register of Marine Species
* "*Perotrochus metivieri*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 16 January 2019.

## InfoBox

| *Perotrochus metivieri* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Order: | Pleurotomariida |
| Superfamily: | Pleurotomarioidea |
| Family: | Pleurotomariidae |
| Genus: | *Perotrochus* |
| Species: | ***P. metivieri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Perotrochus metivieri***<br>Anseeuw & Goto, 1995 | |
|