title: University Interscholastic League

abstract: The University Interscholastic League (UIL) is an organization that creates rules for and administers almost all athletic, musical, and academic contests for public primary and secondary schools in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the largest organization of its type in the world. Activities range from American football and cross-examination debate to mathematics and marching band competitions; however, the UIL does not administer Academic Decathlon competitions. The UIL is under the governance of the Vice President for Diversity and Community Engagement at the University of Texas at Austin in Austin, Texas. Although the Texas Education Agency governs the activities of schools and school districts in Texas, the UIL does not report to TEA, but is instead a separate entity.

text:
# University Interscholastic League

The **University Interscholastic League** (**UIL**) is an organization that creates rules for and administers almost all athletic, musical, and academic contests for public primary and secondary schools in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the largest organization of its type in the world.

Activities range from American football and cross-examination debate to mathematics and marching band competitions; however, the UIL does not administer Academic Decathlon competitions.

The UIL is under the governance of the Vice President for Diversity and Community Engagement at the University of Texas at Austin in Austin, Texas. Although the Texas Education Agency governs the activities of schools and school districts in Texas, the UIL does not report to TEA, but is instead a separate entity.

## History

The UIL was originally created by the University of Texas at Austin in 1910 as two different entities, the Debating League of Texas High Schools (to govern debating contests) and the Interscholastic Athletic Association (to govern athletic contests). The two entities merged in 1913 and adopted the UIL name.

At the time, UIL governed only white schools in Texas. From 1940 to 1970, an era of racial segregation in Texas, the Prairie View Interscholastic League (PVIL), headquartered at Prairie View A&M University, served as a separate parallel organization for African-American public high schools in Texas.

In 1965, the UIL agreed to admit PVIL member schools for competition. Black schools began UIL competitions beginning in the 1967–68 school year. After the 1969–70 school year, the UIL fully absorbed all PVIL member schools, the majority of which would later be merged with their white counterparts.

Beginning with the 2003–2004 academic year, two large all-male private schools, Dallas Jesuit and Houston Strake Jesuit, were granted UIL membership. This came after extensive court battles and negotiations from both the UIL's lawyers and the schools' joint lawyers. Previously, both schools were members of the now-defunct Texas Christian Interscholastic League (TCIL); after that league's demise and their inability to gain admittance into the Texas Association of Private and Parochial Schools (TAPPS) or Southwest Preparatory Conference (SPC), they decided to further pursue their decade-long battle of gaining membership into the UIL. They are so far the only private schools to be granted UIL membership, as the new UIL rules established after the Jesuit schools' entry prohibited those schools who were eligible for memberships in other similar associations (such as TAPPS or the SPC) to apply.

On October 10, 2010, the Third District Court of Appeals in Austin ruled that the UIL operates as a public organization and not a private organization. The ruling clarified that the UIL is legally considered a state agency and must comply with the prerequisites and duties that all other state agencies have. As a state agent, the UIL must treat individuals equally and show the purpose/need as well as a rational basis for eligibility restrictions.

The Texas Legislature rewrote titles 1 and 2 of the Texas Education Code and greatly restricted the functions to be performed by the Texas Education Agency and the UIL. The changes made Texas an equal access state. The law now requires the public schools to allow all students that reside within the school's boundary equal access to all activities. The Senate also made amendments that expressly regulate the UIL and invalidated certain UIL rules limiting student eligibility for competitions by providing that UIL rules would only apply to a student enrolled in the public school. The UIL no longer has the authority to determine the eligibility of charter/home/private school students.

All students must abide by the state No Pass No Play law. Only students that are enrolled in a public school must abide by UIL eligibility rules, even if the activity is not a UIL event.

## Organization

Activities for most Texas private schools are governed by separate bodies, the largest of which is TAPPS. However, private schools are allowed to join the UIL only if 1) they meet UIL's definition of a high school, 2) they are accredited by the Texas Private School Accreditation Commission, and 3) they are ineligible for membership in any league similar to UIL (such as TAPPS or the Southwest Preparatory Conference). Furthermore, private schools must compete at one classification higher than their enrollment would otherwise dictate. UIL schools are permitted to schedule contests with private schools and/or home school groups.

Charter schools must participate at no lower than the classification of the smallest high school in the district where the charter school resides; for example, a charter school within Dallas ISD must participate in at least Class AAAA, as DISD has high schools which participate at this level.

Schools are arranged by conference to ensure that schools compete on a regular basis with other schools in the geographic area of a similar size. The conferences are **A** (the smallest), **AA**, **AAA**, **AAAA**, **AAAAA** and **AAAAAA** (the largest). The corresponding alphanumeric designations (**1A**, **2A**, **3A**, **4A**, **5A**, and **6A**) are used in everyday conversation (as well as in this article), but officially UIL only uses the alphabetic designations. The general guideline is that the UIL desires between 220 and 245 schools in Conference AAAAAA, at least 200 schools in Conferences AA, AAA, AAAA, and AAAAA with the grades 9–12 enrollment ratio for those classes no greater than 2.0 between the largest and smallest school in each class.

In addition, for football participation, a school whose enrollment is at or below 104.5 students may choose to play either six-man football (which, as of the 2014 alignment, is Conference 1A) or 11-man football (at Conference 2A). Schools with enrollments over 104.5 are only eligible for 11-man football; however, some schools organize a six-man team and play an "outlaw" schedule (i.e., the school is not eligible for the postseason). Moreover, for some events (such as team tennis, swimming, or diving), the UIL organizes all participating schools into Conference 6A and Conference 5A, with the latter encompassing all schools not meeting the Conference 6A enrollment requirements.

Within each conference, the UIL separates the schools into regions, and then further separates the regions into districts for various contests. The districts are numbered from 1 (in far west Texas) to 32 (in south Texas). There are always 32 districts in Conference 6A and Conference 5A, but the smaller conferences may have numbers skipped based on the number of schools in the conference. No more than 10 schools are permitted in a single district unless all schools and the UIL consent otherwise; the preference is for an even number of schools in each district (6, 8, 10), though in some cases travel issues may prevent such.

Previously, schools were permitted to request to be placed in a higher conference than their enrollment would otherwise dictate, usually to play at a higher level of competition. The "play up" rule was later eliminated for competition reasons, but has been retained for geographic reasons (where playing at the current level would create a travel hardship for the school), and where school districts with eight or more high schools could keep all or most of them in the same conference. However, the school must then participate at the higher conference in *all* UIL events in which it does participate.

Each type of contest has different regions and competitors, as there is no requirement that a school participate in all UIL events  some small rural schools do not participate in football or choose six-man over 11-man, while some magnet schools do not field athletic teams but participate in academic events only.

Unlike the college ranks or other states, the regions and districts are not permanently set, but are redrawn biennially by the UIL behind closed doors in an attempt to keep schools of similar sizes within a certain distance of their geographic area when attending competitions, and to adjust for the changing enrollments of schools (moving schools with increased attendance up in conference and those with decreased attendance down) and new schools opening. The main redrawing of regions and districts takes place on February 1 of even-numbered years (and the final allocation, especially relating to high school football, is the subject of much pre-announcement anticipation and speculation as to which schools move up or down and the final composition of the districts), but as new schools open or smaller schools close or disband programs, interim adjustments can be made.

The changing districts and regions have produced unusual results  for example, the 2008-09 Conference 5A boys' basketball championship featured champion DeSoto from Region II defeating Cedar Hill from Region I, notwithstanding that the schools were in neighboring districts.

## Playoff formats

### Football

In Conference 6A, the top four teams from each district are eligible for the playoffs. The two eligible teams with the highest student enrollment for its district are seeded in the Division I playoff bracket, and the remaining two teams (with the lower enrollment) are seeded in the Division II playoff bracket. This method is supposed to prevent matchups between large and small schools within a classification, although in practice this is not always the case  for example, in the 2006 playoffs, Southlake Carroll (the Conference 5A Division I champion; at that time 5A was the largest conference) had a lower student enrollment than Cedar Hill (the Conference 5A Division II champion).

For all other 11-man conferences and for six-man football, the UIL divides schools into separate Division I (large) and Division II (small) districts at its biennial redistricting session (in these cases, there are a maximum of 16 districts statewide, as opposed to the 32 in the larger conferences); separate playoffs are held for each division with the top four teams (top two in six-man) from each district eligible.

### Other major team sports

In Conferences 6A and 5A, the top four teams from each district are eligible. However, the UIL does not use a Division I/Division II alignment as in football; only one champion and runner-up is crowned in each conference. A similar arrangement exists in Conferences 2A-4A, and for Conference 1A in all other team sports, only the top three teams are eligible.

For baseball and softball, at all levels except the state tournament, playoff rounds are best 2-of-3 only if both coaches agree; if they do not then the coaches flip a coin to decide the format of the playoff (single game or two out of three series). At the state tournament both the semifinals and finals are single-game format.

### Academics and other sports

Advancement varies significantly by event. In most Academic events, the top three District medalists plus the first place District team advance to Region. Likewise, the top three Region medalists plus the first place Region team advance to State competition. Furthermore, the highest-scoring second place team in each Region at District competition advances to Region as a Wild Card, and the highest scoring second place Region team advances to State as a Wild Card. In Computer Applications, all Journalism events, all Speech & Debate events, and Ready Writing, no team component, and therefore no wild cards, exist. Exceptions include the following:

* In Congressional Debate, ESC Regions are utilized instead of districts and competition occurs in the fall rather than spring. The top three medalists from each Region advance to state. For every ten competitors beyond thirty at a regional meet, an additional spot to advance to state is granted to that region.
* In Cross-Examination Debate, the top two teams advance directly from district to state
* In Science, additional spots to qualify to region and to state are given to the highest individual scorer in each of Biology, Chemistry, and Physics subsections.
* In a variety of other contests, such as the Film Festival, Robotics, Essay Competitions, and Theatrical Design, submissions are sent directly to the state level.

### One-Act Play Contest

The UIL One-Act Play contest is a competition where similarly sized Texas schools present an 18-40 minute play and may be adjudicated by a panel of three judges or a single judge. The contest is held on a single day and open to the public. There are five possible levels of competition: District, Bi-District, Area, Region, and State. At each level of competition a judge awards individual acting awards as well as selecting three productions to advance to the next level of competition up to the Regional Level where only two will advance to the State Level. After the awards are announced a Judge gives an oral critique to each of the schools. Because of the wide participation and diversity of plays produced certain rules and guidelines have been adopted by the State One-Act Play Office. These rules are in place to ensure safety, allow for equity, satisfy legal standards, and make the running of the contest practical.

### Musical competition

In musical competitions, schools are aligned into 33 regions (the regions themselves are set not by the UIL, but by the Texas Music Educators Association). Schools of all sizes are grouped into a region.

in general, advancement within musical competition is not based on direct competition against other schools. Instead, musicians are compared against an established rubric (this is comparable to conformation dog shows where dogs compete against the written standard for their breed, not against other dogs of differing breeds), and are given a rating of Division I (Superior), Division II (Excellent), Division III (Average), Division IV (Below Average), or Division V (Poor). All individuals or ensembles who are given an overall Division I (based on the consensus of each judge's rating) may advance to the next level, except for area & state marching band competition (which use an alternative system).

#### Marching band

For marching band, schools compete against other schools in the same UIL conference. The 33 regions are grouped into nine areas (named A-I) for Conferences 5A and 6A, and five areas (A-E) for Conference 4A and down. All schools of all conferences compete in region, area, and state competition annually as a fall semester activity. There are no area contests for Conference 1A or military class bands, only for 2A and up.

Prior to the region competition, marching bands choose to enter one of two classes: open class or military class. Since bands do not compete against each other directly at the region contest, military class and open class bands perform at the same region contest. After the region contest, open class and military class bands compete separately.

In order for bands to advance from region to area (or state for Conference 1A or military bands), they must receive an overall Division I rating.

The format of the area contest is dependent on the number of bands receiving the required ratings at the region contest. If less than 9 bands advance to area, one round of competition is held, with either the top 2 bands (in 5A and 6A) or the top 3 bands (in 4A and lower) advancing to state. If more than 9 bands are to participate at area, a preliminary and final round are conducted, with the number of bands advancing to finals determined by contest size. The number of bands that advance to state from finals is likewise determined by contest size.

State competition uses a similar format to area, with a preliminary and final round always being held.

Area and state contests use an ordinal system, in which each judge assigns each band an ordinal. These ordinals are then added together, with the lowest total determining the champion. For example, School 1 receives a first place ranking from three judges, a second place ranking from the fourth judge, and a fourth place ranking from the fifth judge. The ordinal total for School 1 is 9 (1+1+1+2+4). School 2 receives two first place rankings and three second place rankings. The ordinal total for School 2 is 8 (2+2+2+1+1). Therefore, School 2 would be the champion despite receiving fewer first place rankings because School 2's ordinal score is lower than School 1's.

#### Concert & sight-reading

Concert and sight-reading is divided into 3 divisions: band, orchestra, and vocal, and is held in the spring semester. Concert ensembles prepare a program from the UIL's Prescribed Music List and perform for a panel of 3 judges, who each rate the ensemble on the Division I-Division V scale. Immediately after performing their concert program, ensembles move to a separate sight-reading room, where they sight-read a piece that is specially prepared for that school year and used statewide. Sight-reading is also adjudicated with the Division I-Division V system.

In sight-reading, schools in different conferences read different pieces, and second or third groups (officially called "non-varsity" groups) read different pieces from other conferences than the varsity group. Sight-reading is held at the region level only. Wind ensembles can advance from region to state; however, the state event is not a competition but an educational event.

#### Solo & small ensemble

In solo & small ensemble competition, held in the spring semester, conference alignments are disregarded. Advancement in solo and small ensemble competition is from region to state, and at state the top two soloists and top ensemble are awarded medals. Individual performers may be given Outstanding Performer awards. However, advancement is limited not only to Division 1 winners, but the winners must have performed "Class 1" (difficult level) performances at region, and the performance must have been from a selection on the UIL's Prescribed Music List and also performed from memory (except for certain instrumental pieces which are designated as exempt from such on the List).

#### Music theory

Music theory is held at state only and is open to any and all students in grades 9–12 having the permission of the school principal and school music director; the student is not required to have advanced from region in another musical contest (or even participated, for that matter).

## Events

### Athletics

Historically, football championship games have been held at neutral sites mutually agreed upon by both teams, but in 2006, 2007 and 2009, both Conference 5A championship games were played at the Alamodome in San Antonio. Frequent sites for those games included the Astrodome in Houston, Texas Stadium in Irving, Alamo Stadium in San Antonio and Darrell K Royal–Texas Memorial Stadium in Austin.

In 2010, the UIL designated sites for all championship games: the 5A, 4A, and 3A championships were held at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, while the 2A and 1A championships were held at Newsom Stadium in Mansfield and the six-man championships at Shotwell Stadium in Abilene. In 2011, Conferences 1A-5A played their state championships at AT&T Stadium, while the six-man games were played at Abilene. In 2013, the six-man games moved to AT&T Stadium as well. In 2015 the 11-man championships were played at NRG Stadium in Houston due to a conflict with a Dallas Cowboys-New York Jets game, while the six-man title games returned to Shotwell. All championship games returned to AT&T Stadium in 2016.

The state semifinal and championship games for all five classes in boys and girls basketball were previously held at the Frank Erwin Center on the campus of The University of Texas at Austin. In 2015 it was decided to move the boys & girls state tournaments to the Alamodome in San Antonio, TX, due to ongoing price and venue disputes in Austin. The state track and field meet and swimming championships are also held on the UT Austin campus, the former at Mike A. Myers Stadium and the latter at the Lee and Joe Jamail Texas Swimming Center.

The soccer semifinals and finals for 4A and 5A are held at Birkelbach Field in the Austin suburb of Georgetown, and the state baseball tournament is held at Dell Diamond in another Austin suburb, Round Rock. The state softball tournament is held at Red and Charline McCombs Field on the UT Austin campus. The state cross-country meet is held at Old Settlers Park in Round Rock. The state wrestling tournament is held at the Berry Center in Houston. The Conference 5A state golf tournament is held at Jimmy Clay Golf Course, a municipal course in Austin.

From 2000–2011 the girls' volleyball tournament was held in Strahan Coliseum on the campus of Texas State University in San Marcos. Since 2012, the tournament has been held at the Curtis Culwell Center in Garland.

### Academics & Spring Meet

Though UIL is best known as the governing body for public school athletic competition, it also hosts numerous academic competitions as well, such as Math, Science, Ready Writing, Social Studies, and many others. Between athletics, music, theatre, spirit (cheer) and academics, UIL estimates that half of all public high school graduates have competed in at least one UIL-sanctioned event during their high school tenure.

The state level academic and speech competitions are held on the campus of The University of Texas at Austin, with the exception of Spirit/Cheer State Championship (Arlington, Texas), One-Act Play + Theatrical Design State Championships (Round Rock ISD Performing Arts Center) and UIL Young Filmmakers State Contest (Majestic Theatre \- San Antonio, TX). The Student Congress state contest is typically held in the State Capitol Building.

For fine arts and journalism contests, the UIL has not adopted an "amateur rule.” Thus, students who have acted or performed professionally or who have written for a local newspaper may still compete in UIL-sanctioned contests provided they are otherwise eligible.

### Speech & Debate

In addition to academic and athletic competitions, UIL also organizes various public speaking and debate events such as cross-examination debate, congressional debate, prose, poetry, extemporaneous speaking, and Lincoln-Douglas debate. Speech & Debate is the league's longest running contest, first being introduced in 1910.

## Participation

In the 2016–17 season, the University Interscholastic League featured 834,558 participants, with 59% boys and 41% girls.

The sports with most boys are:

* American football: 163,922
* Track and field (athletics): 71,741
* Basketball: 70,040
* Baseball: 47,845
* Soccer: 38,491
* Cross country athletics: 23,580

The sports with most girls are:

* Basketball: 67,400
* Track and field (athletics): 58,960
* Volleyball: 45,938
* Softball: 34,020
* Soccer: 30,583
* Competitive spirit squads: 25,000
* Cross country athletics: 23,706

## Scholarship fund

Any student who competes at a state academic meet (at any high school grade) is also eligible to apply for a scholarship from the Texas Interscholastic League Foundation, an affiliate of UIL. The student must attend college in Texas full-time and meet certain grade requirements.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

University Interscholastic League
|
|  |
|
| Abbreviation | UIL |
| Formation | 1910 |
| Type | Volunteer; NPO |
| Legal status | Association |
| Purpose | Athletic and educational |
| Headquarters | Austin, Texas |
| Region served | Texas Jurisdiction |
| Official language | English |
| Executive director | Charles Breithaupt |
| Affiliations | National Federation of State High School Associations Texas Music Educators Association Association of Texas Small School Bands<br>Texas Education Agency |
| Website | uiltexas.org |


title: Up Against It

abstract: Up Against It is an unproduced script by Joe Orton, written in 1967 for the Beatles at the height of their fame.

text:
# Up Against It

***Up Against It*** is an unproduced script by Joe Orton, written in 1967 for the Beatles at the height of their fame.

## Background

Orton's screenplay was a revised version of a 1966 script called *Shades of a Personality*, by Owen Holder, which producer Walter Shenson wanted Orton to "punch-up", in his words; Orton incorporated portions of this prior draft, but used, as the opening of the story, a concept he and his companion Kenneth Halliwell had explored in a now-lost novel from 1957, *The Silver Bucket*. The story's skeleton also borrowed liberally from Orton's final novel, written in 1959, called *The Vision of Gombold Provol* (posthumously published as *Head to Toe*).

After a proper contract had been drawn up, allowing Orton to buy back the rights to his script should it be refused, Orton submitted the script to the Beatles' manager, Brian Epstein; after a long period of silence, his screenplay was returned to him without comment.

Orton further revised *Up Against It* after this event, paring down the four leads to three (mainly by combining parts intended for Beatles members George Harrison and Ringo Starr into one role). Producer Oscar Lewenstein accepted the script, considering Mick Jagger and Ian McKellen for two of the leads. Lewenstein and Orton planned a meeting with director Richard Lester at Twickenham Film Studios to discuss filming options on the script. On the morning the chauffeur arrived to take Orton to the meeting, he discovered him and Halliwell dead inside their home. Halliwell had bludgeoned Orton to death with a hammer and then committed suicide with an overdose of Nembutal tablets.

## Synopsis

The screenplay begins with the expulsion from a provincial town of two young men of no fixed ambition, Ian McTurk and Christopher Low; Ian is a sexually profligate charmer, Low quixotic and pure of heart. They are banished because Ian has deflowered Rowena Torrence, niece of the local high priest, Father Brodie; present to see them off are amiably opportunistic Mayor Terence O'Scullion, sexually dangerous police official Connie Boon (*"rhymes with loon"*, the Mayor says), and plain-Jane secretary Miss Patricia Drumgoole, who is desperately in love with Ian.

Wandering the woods outside of town, Christopher meets and winds up at the mansion of eccentric millionaire Bernard Coates; also present at the mansion is the sinister Connie, who frightens the innocent Low into sexual slavery. Meanwhile, Ian has fled the scene, enraged by Miss Drumgoole's revelation that Rowena is to marry Coates. He comes upon a group of anarchists led by Jack Ramsay, a rootless troublemaker whose plan is to assassinate the new (female) Prime Minister. Also in Ramsay's ragged cadre are the deposed Mayor, embittered kept boy Christopher, and Miss Drumgoole, now a government clerk out to commit sabotage.

Jack, Ian, and Christopher affect female drag to gain entrance to the Royal Albert Hall, where Jack guns down the PM. They escape. Later, Jack disrupts the Prime Minister's funeral march with a speech in favor of public debauchery and an end to private perversion. The crowd finds this notion not merely sensible but appealing. A riot ensues, and the three hide out in the newsagent's shop of Jack's wizened anarchist father. Ian is lured away by the treacherous Rowena, and captured; Jack and Christopher are cornered by police and shot down.

For the next ten years Ian languishes in prison before being liberated by the miraculously still-living and patiently tunnel-digging Jack. They escape through a sewer and into the sea, where they are pulled into a luxury yacht attended by none other than Christopher Low, who is cabin boy to the now-married Rowena and Coates. A mad tea party follows, attended by all three heroes, Rowena, Coates, the Mayor and his wife, and Miss Drumgoole. Ian again tries and fails to seduce Rowena; while Miss Drumgoole, still in love with Ian, throws herself overboard when he rejects her. Before they can be arrested, Jack, Ian, and Christopher abscond in the lifeboat; they find Miss Drumgoole adrift, then become caughat in a storm.

Ian awakens on a beach and is taken to a hospital, where Connie reappears to draft him into the war now being fought between government and rebel forces. At the recruitment center he reunites with Jack and Christopher, who convince him to go over to the rebels. The three go off to battle, where Ian is wounded and they again cross paths with Miss Drumgoole. The Mayor turns up, as does Jack's father; sides are switched again, and still again. Finally the bickering crew crash their stolen ambulance into a lorry carrying wounded  and in an epic disaster scene, a series of escalating conflagrations climaxes in the opening of the earth itself to swallow the dead, the dying, the wounded, and even their scurrying medics. At which point Father Brodie materializes, surrounded in sepulchral procession by the chants and prayers of the faithful, to bless the hellish battlefield. Ian sobs, Christopher kneels in spiritual surrender, and Jack loses his mind.

All are taken prisoner  only to be given medals and honored as heroes: their initial ambulance crash, it seems, resulted in the winning of the war and defeat of the rebels. Jack's anarchist father is now a decorated general; the Mayor has been restored to power; and Christopher is engaged to Connie. But in a welter of last-minute reversals, the world is set off-balance yet again. Christopher, appalled once too often by Connie's virulent sexism, calls off their engagement; Jack's father finds himself demoted to hotel bellhop; and Ian, though he still loves Rowena, offers himself to the faithful Miss Drumgoole. (*"My heart is broken, but everything else is in working order."*) She accepts the proposal of marriage  to all three heroes. Ian, Jack, and Christopher wed Miss Drumgoole in a Mass officiated by Father Brodie and attended by the whole happy cast, and the screenplay ends with bride and grooms in polygamous morning-after intimacy, disappearing with squeals of delight under the conjugal sheets.

## Legacy

The revised version of *Up Against It* was first published, with an introduction by Orton's biographer John Lahr, in 1979; the original draft has never been published. The manuscript of this draft resides in the Joe Orton Collection at the University of Leicester.

Although the actual screenplay has never been staged or filmed, a musical theatre adaptation of *Up Against It* opened Off Broadway on 14 November 1989, with music by Todd Rundgren. Tony-nominee Alison Fraser appeared in it. A recording of Rundgren's song demos for the show was released in Japan in 1997 (*Up Against It!*). Several recorded songs from the show appeared on Rundgren's albums *Nearly Human* and *2nd Wind*.

## Radio play

A 90-minute radio play was broadcast in September 1997 in the UK on BBC Radio 3, produced by Armada, adapted by John Fletcher and directed by John Adams and including various Beatles songs. The cast included *Fawlty Towers*' Prunella Scales, Blur's singer Damon Albarn, and Leo McKern as the narrator. McKern had played the villain, Clang, in *Help!*.

The full cast:


title: Up Above My Head

abstract: "Up Above My Head" is a gospel song of traditional origin, first recorded in 1941 by The Southern Sons, a vocal group formed by William Langford of the Golden Gate Quartet. In the version that is now the best-known, it was recorded in 1947 by Sister Rosetta Tharpe and Marie Knight as a duo.

text:
# Up Above My Head

**"Up Above My Head"** is a gospel song of traditional origin, first recorded in 1941 (as "**Above My Head I Hear Music In The Air**") by The Southern Sons, a vocal group formed by William Langford of the Golden Gate Quartet. In the version that is now the best-known, it was recorded in 1947 by Sister Rosetta Tharpe and Marie Knight as a duo.

## Background

The spiritual "**Over My Head**", apparently dating from the 19th century but of unknown authorship, contains many of the same lines as "Up Above My Head"  "Over my head / I hear music in the air../ There must be a God somewhere"  and may be presumed to be its origin. Civil rights leader Bernice Johnson Reagon changed the traditional words of the song in 1961, to "Over my head / I see freedom in the air...". In 1995, the National Association for Music Education (then known as the Music Educators National Conference) published a list of songs that "every American should know", which included "Over My Head".

## Sister Rosetta Tharpe recording

The recording by Sister Rosetta Tharpe and Marie Knight was made on November 24, 1947, in New York City for Decca Records. Besides Tharpe (vocals, guitar) and Knight (vocals), other musicians on the record were Sam Price (piano), George "Pops" Foster (bass), and Wallace Bishop (drums). The record reached number 6 on the *Billboard* "Race Records" chart in late 1948.

The song is formed in the traditional call and response format, with Tharpe singing a short line followed by Knight's "response" of the same line. There are seven lines (save responses) in each verse—the first six in call and response, and the seventh sung in unison. Tharpe's biographer, Gayle Wald, describes Tharpe's performance as "an ear-popping display of vocal fireworks", singing the opening line "so fierce and smooth at the same time that it anticipates 1960s soul." She comments that "especially in the driving instrumental bridge between verses, 'Up Above My Head' leaves the Sanctified Church behind and charts a straight course toward rhythm and blues," adding that the song "had an undeniable energy that paralleled the collective optimism of black people in the post-war years."

## Later recordings

| "Up Above My Head (I Hear Music In The Air)" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Al Hirt | |
| from the album  *Sugar Lips* | |
| A-side | "September Song" |
| Released | October 1964 |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 2:14 |
| Label | RCA Victor |
| Songwriter(s) | Sister Rosetta Tharpe |
| Producer(s) | Chet Atkins |
| Al Hirt singles chronology | |
| "Sugar Lips"
(1964) "**Up Above My Head (I Hear Music In The Air)**"
(1964) "Feelin' Fruggy"
(1965) | |

It was recorded as a duet by Frankie Laine and Johnnie Ray on October 17, 1956. The song formed part of a double A-side release in the UK in October 1957. The single combined "Good Evening Friends" with the more fully titled "Up Above My Head, I Hear Music in the Air" (Philips PB 708), and peaked at number 25 in the UK Singles Chart.

It was released as a duet by Long John Baldry and Rod Stewart (as Long John Baldry and the Hoochie Coochie Men) in June 1964. It was as the B-side to United Artists UP 1056).

Al Hirt released a version of the song in 1964 on his album, *Sugar Lips*. The song went to #12 on the Adult Contemporary chart and #84 on the *Billboard* Hot 100. Hirt released a live version on his 1965 album, *Live at Carnegie Hall*. It was produced by Chet Atkins.

This song was also performed by Elvis Presley in the 1968 TV special, *Elvis*. It was inserted in the gospel medley with the songs: "Where Could I Go But To The Lord" and "Saved".

A blues version of the song was done by the American singer and musician Ruthie Foster on her 2007 album; *The Phenomenal Ruthie Foster*. Vanessa Collier also recorded the song for her 2017 album, *Meeting My Shadow*. A roots reggae version also exists recorded by the British act Matumbi on their 1978 album *Seven Seals*, which was produced by Dennis Bovell.

The song was covered by Rhiannon Giddens on her solo album *Tomorrow Is My Turn*.

## Lyrics

"Up above my head (*up above my head*)
I hear music in the air (*I hear music in the air*)
Up above my head (*up above my head*)
I hear music in the air (*I hear music in the air*)
I really do believe (*I really do believe*)
There's a Heaven up there."

Each additional verse is the same as the first, the word "music" replaced with another word (such as "singing," "shouting," et cetera). In the years following the song's introduction many have added more replacement words, which extend the song's length.

The line "Up above my head / I hear music in the air" was later used by The Trammps in their 1977 hit "Disco Inferno".

## InfoBox

| "Up Above My Head, I Hear Music in the Air" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Sister Rosetta Tharpe and Marie Knight | |
| Released | 1948 |
| Recorded | November 24, 1947 |
| Venue | New York City |
| Genre | Gospel, R&B |
| Length | 2:27 |
| Label | Decca |
| Songwriter(s) | Sister Rosetta Tharpe |


title: Up Above the World

abstract: Up Above the World is a novel by Paul Bowles first published in 1966 by Simon and Schuster and in Great Britain by Peter Owen Publishers in 1967. Up Above the World was the last of Bowles’s four novels.

text:
# Up Above the World

**Up Above the World** is a novel by Paul Bowles first published in 1966 by Simon and Schuster and in Great Britain by Peter Owen Publishers in 1967. *Up Above the World* was the last of Bowles’s four novels.

## Plot summary

In the middle of their journey Dr Slade and his wife have a chance encounter with an important looking lady who tells them that she is going to visit her son. Arriving by ship at a provincial town in an unnamed Latin American country, they find that accommodation is sparse, and so Mrs Slade agrees to share a room with her at some seedy hotel for just one night. During that night, the lady is murdered with an injection of curare, but when the Slades leave very early the next morning to catch a connection, Mrs Slade erroneously believes the woman lying next to her is still fast asleep.

A few days later, in another town, they read in the paper that the hotel burned down immediately after they had left and that the woman died in the fire. No one suspects the real reason, arson, which was committed to cover up the murder. This is when Dr and Mrs Slade make the acquaintance of Grove Soto, a charming and seemingly rich young man who offers them his hospitality. When it turns out that the recently deceased woman was his mother and Soto feigns shock at her premature death, the Americans have no idea that it was actually him who had her killed out of greed.

As Soto cannot be certain about Mrs Slade's complete ignorance of the crime, he extends his hospitality, invites them to his farm in the country and eggs them on to stay there longer than they have planned. At the same time, with the help of both his local household staff and his seventeen-year-old Cuban lover Luchita, he feeds them a cocktail of drugs whose effects, including partial amnesia, the innocent Americans mistake for the symptoms of a heavy virus infection, recovery from which is supposedly slow.

In the end Dr Slade, who has been barely conscious for days, disappears, while his young wife suspects more and more sinister forces to be at work. She escapes to the nearest town, where a fiesta is being held, only to realize that Soto has also planned her very escape. Without seeing her husband again, she has to face both her adversary and her own destiny amid the cheering townspeople.

## Critical Assessment

Though Bowles was gratified with the literary quality of his fourth and final novel Up Above the World (though initially unhappy with the title) he remarked in 1988:

> As far as the novels go, what I like best is Up above the World because it’s the best written. After all, what one writes for is to write well, to use the language well, to make the words tell the most they can, in the smallest number . . .

Literary critic Colm Tóibín observes that “Despite Bowles’s high opinion of the writing, there are passages of great rhythmic tedium followed by passages of an almost exquisite banality.”

Literary critic Francis Fytton, in The London Magazine writes:

> *Up Above the World* is indeed the first time that Bowles has attempted to reconcile his hallucinatory writing with the purely communicative; and the result, though his best-written work so far, is confusion…His gifts of fantasy, of confronting the reader with the unexpected, of making him look into a distorting mirror, are very high; but he cannot explain the inexplicable. At present he seems to be aiming at an intimacy which cannot be shared by the un-addicted...”

Conrad Knickerbocker of The New York Times writes:

> One of Mr. Bowles's chief talents lies in the slow, artful building of tension, a gradual crescendo of seemingly harmless details that works up to a scream. He achieves this effect through the use of a pitiless, flat, matter-of-fact style, almost toneless, that withholds emotion even at the crucial junctures...*In Up Above the World* Mr. Bowles performs like a musician who has fallen in love with one tune which he plays magnificently, but over and over again. The novel is lopsided, 193 pages of tension and 26 pages of release. When it does finally come, the relief is so banal that it is an anti-climax.

Knickerbocker adds: “Still, *Up Above the Worl*d is worth reading, if only to see how a first-rate writer goes about creating the environment of menace. And Mr. Bowles's theme, the destruction of innocence, is defined, if not resolved, with an ability that once more confirms his stature.”

## Read on

## Footnotes

## Sources

## InfoBox

Up Above the World
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Paul Bowles |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Simon and Schuster |
| Publication date | 1966 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (hardback) |
| ISBN | 979-8212037945 |


abstract: The University of Central Florida College of Graduate Studies is an academic college of the University of Central Florida located in Orlando, Florida, United States. The college confers most professional and research master's degrees and doctoral degrees in various fields of study for the university. The departments under which instruction and research occur are housed in UCF's other schools and colleges. The administrative offices for the College of Graduate Studies are located in Trevor Colbourn Hall, Suite 205A, on UCF's main campus. The interim dean of the college is John Weishampel PhD. Originally called the Division of Graduate Studies, in August 2008 the UCF Board of Trustees changed the name to "College of Graduate Studies" to better reflect the school's responsibilities for graduate education. Since 2008, the dean of the College of Graduate Studies has concurrently held the title of vice provost. This dual-title is in recognition of the role played by the dean in reviewing academic departments and graduate programs throughout the university. For decades, the Division of Graduate Studies was housed in Millican Hall, which now includes the Graduate Student Center – a social, study, presentation, and research area for graduate students. Graduate faculty consists of members within the university faculty – organized in their colleges into "disciplines" representing their distinct subject areas – who have been so designated by their respective departments or schools and approved by the dean of the College of Graduate Studies. Students apply for admission to a specific field, although once admitted, students are not limited to that field when selecting courses or faculty to serve on the committee supervising the student's research. The College of Medicine confers M.D.'s, but not Ph.D. degrees. The college offers more than 200 graduate program options. UCF ranks third among Florida's state universities in total graduate enrollment.

text:
# University of Central Florida College of Graduate Studies

28°35′57″N 81°12′08″W / 28.59912°N 81.20229°W / 28.59912; -81.20229

The **University of Central Florida College of Graduate Studies** is an academic college of the University of Central Florida located in Orlando, Florida, United States. The college confers most professional and research master's degrees and doctoral degrees in various fields of study for the university. The departments under which instruction and research occur are housed in UCF's other schools and colleges. The administrative offices for the College of Graduate Studies are located in Trevor Colbourn Hall, Suite 205A, on UCF's main campus. The interim dean of the college is John Weishampel PhD.

Originally called the **Division of Graduate Studies**, in August 2008 the UCF Board of Trustees changed the name to "College of Graduate Studies" to better reflect the school's responsibilities for graduate education. Since 2008, the dean of the College of Graduate Studies has concurrently held the title of vice provost. This dual-title is in recognition of the role played by the dean in reviewing academic departments and graduate programs throughout the university.

For decades, the Division of Graduate Studies was housed in Millican Hall, which now includes the Graduate Student Center – a social, study, presentation, and research area for graduate students. Graduate faculty consists of members within the university faculty – organized in their colleges into "disciplines" representing their distinct subject areas – who have been so designated by their respective departments or schools and approved by the dean of the College of Graduate Studies. Students apply for admission to a specific field, although once admitted, students are not limited to that field when selecting courses or faculty to serve on the committee supervising the student's research. The College of Medicine confers M.D.'s, but not Ph.D. degrees. The college offers more than 200 graduate program options. UCF ranks third among Florida's state universities in total graduate enrollment.

## Degrees

### College of Graduate Studies

#### Doctorates

Subjects *Arts and Humanities*: Texts and Technology *Business Administration*: Business Administration *Community Innovation and Education*: Criminal Justice, Education, Public Affairs, *Engineering and Computer Science*: Aerospace Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Computer Engineering, Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Modeling and Simulation *Interdisciplinary*: Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanotechnology *Health Professions and Science*: Kinesiology *Hospitality Management*: Hospitality Management *Nursing*: Nursing *Optics and Photonics*: Optics and Photonics *Sciences*: Big Data Analytics, Chemistry, Clinical Psychology, Human Factors and Cognitive Psychology, Industrial and Organization Psychology, Integrative and Conservation Biology, Mathematics, Physics, Security Studies, Sociology, Strategic Communication  Subjects *Community Innovation and Education*: Curriculum and Instruction, Education and Leadership  Conferred by related UCF colleges

#### Specialist degrees

#### Master's degrees

#### Graduate certificates

* Offered in multiple programs

## InfoBox

College of Graduate Studies
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Public |
| Established | August 8, 2008 (2008-08-08) |
| Dean | John Weishampel, Ph.D. (Interim) |
| Academic staff | 1,923 |
| Postgraduates | 9,294 (Fall 2023) |
| Address | Trevor Colbourn Hall, Suite 205A, Orlando, Florida, United States |
| Website | graduate.ucf.edu |


title: Upper Green River Rendezvous Site

abstract: The Upper Green River Rendezvous Site is a site on the Green River above and below Daniel, Wyoming, United States. On and near this location, roughly around the confluence of the river with Horse Creek, at least five of the 19th-century Rocky Mountain Rendezvous took place. A 1,200-acre (490 ha) area was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961.

text:
# Upper Green River Rendezvous Site

The **Upper Green River Rendezvous Site** is a site on the Green River above and below Daniel, Wyoming, United States. On and near this location, roughly around the confluence of the river with Horse Creek, at least five of the 19th-century Rocky Mountain Rendezvous took place. A 1,200-acre (490 ha) area was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961.

## Description and history

The Upper Green River Rendezvous Site is a largely undeveloped rectangular area, roughly centered on the confluence of the Green River and Horse Creek. The area is located south of United States Route 191 between Daniel and Pinedale, with the only vehicular access provided by a ranch road which crosses the river a short way east of the confluence. The site shows no evidence of the large meetings which took place here in the 19th century.

This area is typical of the sites at which the Rocky Mountain Rendezvous took place between 1825 and 1840. The rendezvous was an organized meeting point for fur trappers, their suppliers, and the buyers of their products to meet. The meetings were first organized by William Henry Ashley, and brought a sense of organization and structure to the otherwise dispersed fur trapping and trading business. Meetings were held annually, generally centered at some location on the Green River. Five were known to be held near the confluence with Horse Creek, but all of them were sprawling affairs, due to the large number of animals needing water and forage.

Although no traces of the rendezvous themselves survive on the site, there is a commemorative marker on a rise overlooking the Horse Creek site, and there are further markers near US 191 at another rendezvous site.

* Eliza Hart Spalding and Narcissa Whitman marker at this site. They were the first white women to cross the Rocky Mountains and the first to attend the Upper Green River Rendezvous

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Upper Green River Rendezvous Site | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. National Historic Landmark | |
|  | |
| Overview of the site | |
|  | |
| Location | 42°52′21″N 110°2′20″W / 42.87250°N 110.03889°W / 42.87250; -110.03889 |
| Nearest city | Daniel, Wyoming |
| Area | 1,200 acres (490 ha) |
| Built | 1825 (1825) |
| NRHP reference No. | 66000763 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | October 15, 1966 |
| Designated NHL | November 5, 1961 |


title: Upper Green Valley

abstract: Upper Green Valley is a valley in the Cuyamaca Mountains in San Diego County, California. Its mouth lies at an elevation of 4,163 feet / 1,269 meters. Its head is at 32°59′03″N 116°32′01″W, at an elevation of 4,890 feet. The Sweetwater River has its source at the top of Upper Green Valley.

text:
# Upper Green Valley

**Upper Green Valley** is a valley in the Cuyamaca Mountains in San Diego County, California. Its mouth lies at an elevation of 4,163 feet / 1,269 meters. Its head is at 32°59′03″N 116°32′01″W / 32.98417°N 116.53361°W / 32.98417; -116.53361, at an elevation of 4,890 feet. The Sweetwater River has its source at the top of Upper Green Valley.

## History

Upper Green Valley was a part of a pathway between the California coast in the vicinity of San Diego and the Colorado River. U.S. Army couriers used it during and after the Mexican–American War. As part of the San Antonio–San Diego Mail Line, mules carried passengers 18 miles up and down Upper Green Valley, Oriflamme Canyon, Vallecito Wash, Vallecito Creek and Carrizo Creek between Lassiter's Ranch and Carrizo Creek Station.

32°56′44″N 116°32′50″W / 32.94556°N 116.54722°W / 32.94556; -116.54722


title: Mordellistena tondui

abstract: Mordellistena tondui is a species of beetle in the genus Mordellistena of the family Mordellidae. It was described by Jan Horák in 1996.

text:
# Mordellistena tondui

***Mordellistena tondui*** is a species of beetle in the genus *Mordellistena* of the family Mordellidae. It was described by Jan Horák in 1996.

## InfoBox

| *Mordellistena tondui* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Mordellidae |
| Genus: | *Mordellistena* |
| Species: | ***M. tondui*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mordellistena tondui***<br>Horák, 1996 | |
|


title: Nicholas Burbules

abstract: Nicholas C. Burbules is a Gutgsell Endowed Professor of Education Policy, Organization and Leadership and an affiliate of the Unit for Criticism and Interpretative Theory at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He is the director of the Ubiquitous Learning Institute and has served as Editor of the journal Educational Theory since 1991.

text:
# Nicholas Burbules

**Nicholas C. Burbules** is a Gutgsell Endowed Professor of Education Policy, Organization and Leadership and an affiliate of the Unit for Criticism and Interpretative Theory at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He is the director of the Ubiquitous Learning Institute and has served as Editor of the journal *Educational Theory* since 1991.

## Education

Nicholas Burbules earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Religious Studies from Grinnell College in 1975, a Master of Arts degree in Philosophy from Stanford University in 1979, and a Doctor of Philosophy degree in Philosophy of Education from Stanford University in 1983.

## Work

Nicholas Burbules has been a professor in the Department of Education Policy, Organization and Leadership since 1989 at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Prior to his work at the University of Illinois, Burbules was a professor in the Department of Educational Studies at the University of Utah.

Nicholas Burbules served as Editor of *Educational Theory* for more than twenty years, from 1992-2013, helped establish *Education Review* in 1998, and served as President of the Philosophy of Education Society in 2001. Burbules's publications include six books, eight edited books, and over 130 journal articles or book chapters on topics including dialogue, ethics, technology, educational research, critical theory, educational psychology, social philosophy, and political philosophy. He has been an invited to speak in over ten countries on the topic of technology in education.

Nicholas Burbules' most recent work centers on Ubiquitous Learning, a concept that draws out the emergence of "any time, anywhere" learning potential made possible by increased use of handheld and portable devices, along with pervasive wireless networking. This involves a shift in ubiquity, as the traditional divide between formal and informal contexts of learning breaks down. Technological as well as social, cultural, and institutional changes mean that learning is a continuous possibility across spatial and temporal barriers. Learners of all ages expect, and often need, structured learning opportunities in a "just in time" mode; this puts new meaning and vitality into the traditional idea of "lifelong learning."

Burbules opposes the unionization of tenure track faculty at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and is a contributing author at the blog “No Faculty Union at Illinois.”

In an August 2014 op-ed piece, Burbules and Joyce Tolliver expressed opposition toward critics of the University of Illinois's decision not to fulfill its commitment to hire Dr. Steven Salaita, a scholar known to be sympathetic to Palestinians and critical of the Israeli government. Burbules and Tolliver contended that critics of the decision did not wait until all information about the case was available. Now, with more facts about the situation, Burbules and Tolliver argued that there are two central questions to be considered. First is whether Salaita's comments, deemed "strident and vulgar" by the Illinois branch of the American Association of University Professors (AAUP), were protected by academic freedom, a position affirmatively taken by the Illinois AAUP. Second is whether the University has a right not to hire someone who writes publicly in a way that is, according to Tolliver and Burbules, "in the view of many people, incendiary and anti-Semitic." The Illinois chapter of the American Association of University Professors responded by critiquing the Burbules and Tolliver op-ed and defending Salaita's right to the University of Illinois job on grounds of academic freedom.

## Honors and awards

* Appointed to Gutgsell Professorship, University of Illinois (2009–2014).
* Recipient, James and Helen Merritt Foundation Award for Outstanding Contributions to the Philosophy of Education (2004).
* Appointed to Grayce Wicall Gauthier Professorship, College of Education, University of Illinois (2002–2007).
* President, Philosophy of Education Society (2001).

## Bibliography

Books:

* Michael A Peters, Nicholas C. Burbules, and Paul Smeyers, Showing and Doing: Wittgenstein as a Pedagogical Philosopher (Boulder, Colorado: Paradigm Publishing, 2008). Revised and reissued with a new Preface and Postscript (2010).
* Michael Peters and Nicholas C. Burbules, Poststructuralism and Educational Research (Lanham, Mass.: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2003). Selected for the American Educational Studies Association “Critics’ Choice” Award, 2005. Translated into Chinese (2007).
* Gert Biesta and Nicholas C. Burbules, Pragmatism and Educational Research (Lanham, Mass.: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2003). Selected as “The John Dewey Society Book of the Year, 2004.”
* Nicholas C. Burbules and Thomas A. Callister Jr., Watch IT: The Promises and Risks of Information Technologies for Education (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 2000). Selected by Netsurfer Education as a “Netsurfer Recommendation,” Vol. 2 No. 7 (2000). Translated and republished as Educacion: Riesgos y Promesas de las Nuevas Tecnologias de la Informacion (Granica: Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2001).
* D.C. Phillips and Nicholas C. Burbules, Postpositivism and Educational Research (Lanham, Mass.: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2000).
* Nicholas C. Burbules, Dialogue in Teaching: Theory and Practice (New York: Teachers College Press, 1993). Selected for the American Educational Studies Association “Critics’ Choice” Award, 1993. Selected for an invited book signing by the Conference on Intergroup Dialogue, University of Michigan, 1997. Translated and published as El Dialogo en la Ensenanza: Teoria y Practica (Amorrortu Editores: Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1999).

## InfoBox

| Nicholas Burbules | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Era | Contemporary philosophy |
| Region | Western Philosophy |
| School | Pragmatism, Analytic |
| Main interests | Philosophy of education
Critical Theory
Political theory
Philosophy of technology |
|  | |


title: 1967–68 Montreal Canadiens season

abstract: The 1967–68 Montreal Canadiens season was the club's 59th season of play. The Canadiens won their 15th Stanley Cup in club history.

text:
# 1967–68 Montreal Canadiens season

The **1967–68 Montreal Canadiens season** was the club's 59th season of play. The Canadiens won their 15th Stanley Cup in club history.

## Offseason

### Expansion draft

The 1967 NHL Expansion Draft was held on June 6, 1967, in the ballroom of the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal. The Canadiens lost 18 players in the NHL Expansion Draft. General manager Sam Pollock helped Clarence Campbell draw up the rules for the draft. The most notable players lost were Charlie Hodge, Jean-Guy Talbot, Dave Balon and Jim Roberts.

## Regular season

On March 3, 1968, Jean Beliveau joined Gordie Howe as the only players to have 1000 career points.

### Final standings

East Division
|  |  | GP | W | L | T | GF | GA | DIFF | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Montreal Canadiens | 74 | 42 | 22 | 10 | 236 | 167 | +69 | 94 |
| 2 | New York Rangers | 74 | 39 | 23 | 12 | 226 | 183 | +43 | 90 |
| 3 | Boston Bruins | 74 | 37 | 27 | 10 | 259 | 216 | +43 | 84 |
| 4 | Chicago Black Hawks | 74 | 32 | 26 | 16 | 212 | 222 | −10 | 80 |
| 5 | Toronto Maple Leafs | 74 | 33 | 31 | 10 | 209 | 176 | +33 | 76 |
| 6 | Detroit Red Wings | 74 | 27 | 35 | 12 | 245 | 257 | −12 | 66 |

### Record vs. opponents

## Schedule and results

| Regular season results | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| No. | R | Date | Score | Opponent | Record |
| 1 | W | October 11, 1967 | 2–1 | @ Pittsburgh Penguins (1967–68) | 1–0–0 |
| 2 | W | October 14, 1967 | 6–2 | Detroit Red Wings (1967–68) | 2–0–0 |
| 3 | L | October 15, 1967 | 2–6 | @ Boston Bruins (1967–68) | 2–1–0 |
| 4 | T | October 18, 1967 | 2–2 | @ New York Rangers (1967–68) | 2–1–1 |
| 5 | W | October 19, 1967 | 1–0 | Toronto Maple Leafs (1967–68) | 3–1–1 |
| 6 | W | October 21, 1967 | 4–2 | Boston Bruins (1967–68) | 4–1–1 |
| 7 | T | October 26, 1967 | 1–1 | New York Rangers (1967–68) | 4–1–2 |
| 8 | W | October 28, 1967 | 4–1 | St. Louis Blues (1967–68) | 5–1–2 |
| 9 | L | November 1, 1967 | 0–5 | @ Toronto Maple Leafs (1967–68) | 5–2–2 |
| 10 | L | November 4, 1967 | 1–4 | Philadelphia Flyers (1967–68) | 5–3–2 |
| 11 | T | November 5, 1967 | 1–1 | @ Philadelphia Flyers (1967–68) | 5–3–3 |
| 12 | L | November 8, 1967 | 2–3 | @ Chicago Black Hawks (1967–68) | 5–4–3 |
| 13 | T | November 11, 1967 | 3–3 | Chicago Black Hawks (1967–68) | 5–4–4 |
| 14 | L | November 12, 1967 | 1–3 | @ Detroit Red Wings (1967–68) | 5–5–4 |
| 15 | W | November 15, 1967 | 5–1 | @ Minnesota North Stars (1967–68) | 6–5–4 |
| 16 | L | November 18, 1967 | 1–2 | @ Oakland Seals (1967–68) | 6–6–4 |
| 17 | L | November 19, 1967 | 2–4 | @ Los Angeles Kings (1967–68) | 6–7–4 |
| 18 | W | November 22, 1967 | 3–1 | @ St. Louis Blues (1967–68) | 7–7–4 |
| 19 | W | November 23, 1967 | 7–0 | @ Chicago Black Hawks (1967–68) | 8–7–4 |
| 20 | L | November 25, 1967 | 1–3 | Boston Bruins (1967–68) | 8–8–4 |
| 21 | L | November 29, 1967 | 1–2 | @ Toronto Maple Leafs (1967–68) | 8–9–4 |
| 22 | T | November 30, 1967 | 1–1 | Minnesota North Stars (1967–68) | 8–9–5 |
| 23 | L | December 2, 1967 | 2–3 | Los Angeles Kings (1967–68) | 8–10–5 |
| 24 | L | December 3, 1967 | 3–5 | @ Boston Bruins (1967–68) | 8–11–5 |
| 25 | T | December 7, 1967 | 2–2 | Detroit Red Wings (1967–68) | 8–11–6 |
| 26 | T | December 9, 1967 | 2–2 | Chicago Black Hawks (1967–68) | 8–11–7 |
| 27 | L | December 10, 1967 | 2–3 | @ New York Rangers (1967–68) | 8–12–7 |
| 28 | W | December 13, 1967 | 6–2 | @ Boston Bruins (1967–68) | 9–12–7 |
| 29 | W | December 16, 1967 | 4–3 | Detroit Red Wings (1967–68) | 10–12–7 |
| 30 | L | December 17, 1967 | 6–8 | @ Detroit Red Wings (1967–68) | 10–13–7 |
| 31 | W | December 20, 1967 | 5–0 | Toronto Maple Leafs (1967–68) | 11–13–7 |
| 32 | W | December 23, 1967 | 4–2 | Oakland Seals (1967–68) | 12–13–7 |
| 33 | L | December 25, 1967 | 1–3 | @ Chicago Black Hawks (1967–68) | 12–14–7 |
| 34 | T | December 27, 1967 | 2–2 | @ Toronto Maple Leafs (1967–68) | 12–14–8 |
| 35 | W | December 28, 1967 | 6–2 | Minnesota North Stars (1967–68) | 13–14–8 |
| 36 | W | December 30, 1967 | 2–0 | Oakland Seals (1967–68) | 14–14–8 |
| 37 | T | January 3, 1968 | 1–1 | Toronto Maple Leafs (1967–68) | 14–14–9 |
| 38 | W | January 6, 1968 | 5–2 | New York Rangers (1967–68) | 15–14–9 |
| 39 | W | January 7, 1968 | 4–3 | @ Detroit Red Wings (1967–68) | 16–14–9 |
| 40 | W | January 10, 1968 | 4–3 | @ Pittsburgh Penguins (1967–68) | 17–14–9 |
| 41 | W | January 11, 1968 | 4–2 | @ Philadelphia Flyers (1967–68) | 18–14–9 |
| 42 | W | January 13, 1968 | 5–1 | Boston Bruins (1967–68) | 19–14–9 |
| 43 | W | January 17, 1968 | 6–1 | Detroit Red Wings (1967–68) | 20–14–9 |
| 44 | W | January 20, 1968 | 3–1 | Chicago Black Hawks (1967–68) | 21–14–9 |
| 45 | W | January 25, 1968 | 2–0 | @ Boston Bruins (1967–68) | 22–14–9 |
| 46 | W | January 27, 1968 | 5–2 | Boston Bruins (1967–68) | 23–14–9 |
| 47 | W | January 30, 1968 | 3–0 | Toronto Maple Leafs (1967–68) | 24–14–9 |
| 48 | W | February 1, 1968 | 5–2 | New York Rangers (1967–68) | 25–14–9 |
| 49 | W | February 3, 1968 | 5–1 | Los Angeles Kings (1967–68) | 26–14–9 |
| 50 | L | February 4, 1968 | 0–3 | @ New York Rangers (1967–68) | 26–15–9 |
| 51 | W | February 7, 1968 | 4–1 | Philadelphia Flyers (1967–68) | 27–15–9 |
| 52 | W | February 10, 1968 | 6–4 | Chicago Black Hawks (1967–68) | 28–15–9 |
| 53 | W | February 11, 1968 | 6–0 | @ Chicago Black Hawks (1967–68) | 29–15–9 |
| 54 | W | February 14, 1968 | 4–2 | @ Toronto Maple Leafs (1967–68) | 30–15–9 |
| 55 | W | February 15, 1968 | 2–0 | @ Detroit Red Wings (1967–68) | 31–15–9 |
| 56 | W | February 17, 1968 | 4–3 | Pittsburgh Penguins (1967–68) | 32–15–9 |
| 57 | W | February 21, 1968 | 7–2 | @ New York Rangers (1967–68) | 33–15–9 |
| 58 | W | February 22, 1968 | 2–1 | St. Louis Blues (1967–68) | 34–15–9 |
| 59 | L | February 24, 1968 | 1–6 | New York Rangers (1967–68) | 34–16–9 |
| 60 | T | February 28, 1968 | 3–3 | @ St. Louis Blues (1967–68) | 34–16–10 |
| 61 | L | March 2, 1968 | 2–3 | @ Minnesota North Stars (1967–68) | 34–17–10 |
| 62 | L | March 3, 1968 | 2–5 | @ Detroit Red Wings (1967–68) | 34–18–10 |
| 63 | W | March 5, 1968 | 6–2 | @ Los Angeles Kings (1967–68) | 35–18–10 |
| 64 | W | March 6, 1968 | 2–0 | @ Oakland Seals (1967–68) | 36–18–10 |
| 65 | W | March 9, 1968 | 5–0 | Chicago Black Hawks (1967–68) | 37–18–10 |
| 66 | W | March 14, 1968 | 3–1 | New York Rangers (1967–68) | 38–18–10 |
| 67 | W | March 16, 1968 | 6–4 | Pittsburgh Penguins (1967–68) | 39–18–10 |
| 68 | L | March 17, 1968 | 1–3 | @ Boston Bruins (1967–68) | 39–19–10 |
| 69 | W | March 20, 1968 | 3–2 | Toronto Maple Leafs (1967–68) | 40–19–10 |
| 70 | W | March 23, 1968 | 7–4 | Detroit Red Wings (1967–68) | 41–19–10 |
| 71 | W | March 24, 1968 | 7–2 | @ Chicago Black Hawks (1967–68) | 42–19–10 |
| 72 | L | March 27, 1968 | 0–6 | @ Toronto Maple Leafs (1967–68) | 42–20–10 |
| 73 | L | March 30, 1968 | 1–2 | Boston Bruins (1967–68) | 42–21–10 |
| 74 | L | March 31, 1968 | 2–4 | @ New York Rangers (1967–68) | 42–22–10 |

## Playoffs

### Stanley Cup finals

This was the first Stanley Cup after the 1967 expansion. Montreal defeated Boston and Chicago to advance to the finals as the East Division champion. St. Louis would defeat Philadelphia and Minnesota to advance to the finals as the West Division champion.

| Date | Visitors | Score | Home | Score | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| May 5 | **Montreal** | **3** | St. Louis | 2 | OT |
| May 7 | **Montreal** | **1** | St. Louis | 0 |  |
| May 9 | St. Louis | 3 | **Montreal** | **4** | OT |
| May 11 | St. Louis | 2 | **Montreal** | **3** |  |

Montreal wins the series 4–0.

## Player statistics

### Regular season

#### Scoring

| Player | Pos | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM | PPG | SHG | GWG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Jean Beliveau | C | 59 | 31 | 37 | 68 | 28 | 9 | 0 | 3 |
| Bobby Rousseau | RW | 74 | 19 | 46 | 65 | 47 | 7 | 1 | 5 |
| Yvan Cournoyer | RW | 64 | 28 | 32 | 60 | 23 | 7 | 1 | 4 |
| Gilles Tremblay | LW | 71 | 23 | 28 | 51 | 8 | 7 | 1 | 2 |
| Dick Duff | LW | 66 | 25 | 21 | 46 | 21 | 6 | 0 | 8 |
| Ralph Backstrom | C | 70 | 20 | 25 | 45 | 14 | 3 | 0 | 5 |
| Claude Provost | RW | 73 | 14 | 30 | 44 | 26 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
| Jacques Lemaire | C | 69 | 22 | 20 | 42 | 16 | 3 | 1 | 3 |
| John Ferguson | LW | 61 | 15 | 18 | 33 | 117 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| J. C. Tremblay | D | 73 | 4 | 26 | 30 | 18 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Henri Richard | C | 54 | 9 | 19 | 28 | 16 | 2 | 0 | 3 |
| Jacques Laperriere | D | 72 | 4 | 21 | 25 | 84 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Ted Harris | D | 67 | 5 | 16 | 21 | 78 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Serge Savard | D | 67 | 2 | 13 | 15 | 34 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Mickey Redmond | RW | 41 | 6 | 5 | 11 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Terry Harper | D | 57 | 3 | 8 | 11 | 66 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Claude Larose | RW | 42 | 2 | 9 | 11 | 28 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Danny Grant | RW | 22 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Carol Vadnais | D | 31 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 31 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Bryan Watson | D | 12 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Garry Monahan | LW | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Rogie Vachon | G | 39 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Gump Worsley | G | 40 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 |

#### Goaltending

| Player | MIN | GP | W | L | T | GA | GAA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Rogie Vachon | 2227 | 39 | 23 | 13 | 2 | 92 | 2.48 | 4 |
| Gump Worsley | 2213 | 40 | 19 | 9 | 8 | 73 | 1.98 | 6 |
| **Team:** | 4440 | 74 | 42 | 22 | 10 | 165 | 2.23 | 10 |

### Playoffs

#### Scoring

| Player | Pos | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM | PPG | SHG | GWG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Yvan Cournoyer | RW | 13 | 6 | 8 | 14 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 1 |
| Jacques Lemaire | C | 13 | 7 | 6 | 13 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Jean Beliveau | C | 10 | 7 | 4 | 11 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 1 |
| Claude Provost | RW | 13 | 2 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| J. C. Tremblay | D | 13 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Henri Richard | C | 13 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| John Ferguson | LW | 13 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Ralph Backstrom | C | 13 | 4 | 3 | 7 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Dick Duff | LW | 13 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Bobby Rousseau | RW | 13 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Gilles Tremblay | LW | 9 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Claude Larose | RW | 12 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Jacques Laperriere | D | 13 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Ted Harris | D | 13 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Danny Grant | RW | 10 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Serge Savard | D | 6 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
| Terry Harper | D | 13 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Mickey Redmond | RW | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Rogie Vachon | G | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Carol Vadnais | D | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Gump Worsley | G | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 |

#### Goaltending

| Player | MIN | GP | W | L | GA | GAA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gump Worsley | 672 | 12 | 11 | 0 | 21 | 1.88 | 1 |
| Rogie Vachon | 113 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 2.12 | 0 |
| **Team:** | 785 | 13 | 12 | 1 | 25 | 1.91 | 1 |

Note: **Pos** = Position; **GPI** = Games played in; **G** = Goals; **A** = Assists; **Pts** = Points; **PIM** = Penalty minutes; **+/-** = Plus/minus; **PPG** = Power-play goals; **SHG** = Short-handed goals; **GWG** = Game-winning goals
**Min, TOI** = Minutes played; **W** = Wins; **L** = Losses; **T,T/OT** = Ties; **OTL** = Overtime losses; **GA** = Goals-against; **GAA** = Goals-against average; **SO** = Shutouts; **SA** = Shots against; **SV** = Shots saved; **SV%** = Save percentage;

## Awards and records

## Transactions

## Draft picks

Montreal's draft picks at the 1967 NHL Amateur Draft held at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal.

| Round | # | Player | Nationality | College/Junior/Club team (League) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 8 | Elgin McCann | Canada | Weyburn Red Wings (WCJHL) |

### Notes

### Bibliography

* National Hockey League Official Guide and Record Book 2006, Dan Diamond & Associates, Toronto, Ontario, ISBN 0-920445-98-5.

## InfoBox

| 1967–68 Montreal Canadiens | |
| --- | --- |
| Stanley Cup champions | |
| East Division champions | |
| Division | 1st East |
| 1967–68 record | 42–22–10 |
| Goals for | 236 |
| Goals against | 167 |
| Team information | |
| General manager | Sam Pollock |
| Coach | Toe Blake |
| Captain | Jean Beliveau |
| Alternate captains | Henri Richard<br>John Ferguson |
| Arena | Montreal Forum |
| Team leaders | |
| Goals | Jean Beliveau (31) |
| Assists | Bobby Rousseau (46) |
| Points | Jean Beliveau (68) |
| Penalty minutes | John Ferguson (117) |
| Wins | Rogie Vachon (23) |
| Goals against average | Gump Worsley (1.98) |
|


title: Yasunori Oshima

abstract: Yasunori Oshima Yasunori Oshima was a Japanese professional baseball outfielder, first baseman and third baseman, and coach in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). He played for the Chunichi Dragons and Nippon Ham Fighters from 1971 to 1994. He went on to manage the Fighters from 2000 to 2002, and served as the hitting coach for the Japan national baseball team during the 2006 World Baseball Classic.

text:
# Yasunori Oshima

**Yasunori Oshima** (大島 康徳, *Ōshima Yasunori*, October 16, 1950  June 30, 2021) was a Japanese professional baseball outfielder, first baseman and third baseman, and coach in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). He played for the Chunichi Dragons and Nippon Ham Fighters from 1971 to 1994. He went on to manage the Fighters from 2000 to 2002, and served as the hitting coach for the Japan national baseball team during the 2006 World Baseball Classic.

## Early life

Oshima was born in Ōita Prefecture on October 16, 1950. He attended Nakatsu Kogyo High School. He was drafted by the Chunichi Dragons in the third round of the 1968 draft.

## Professional career

### Playing

Oshima made his NPB debut with the Dragons in 1971. He won two Central League pennants with the team. His best year came in 1979, when he recorded a career-high batting average of .317, and had the most hits in the league with 159. He also hit 36 home runs that year, the most in his career, but finished behind Masayuki Kakefu (who hit 48) as the league leader in home runs. Four seasons later, Oshima led the league in home runs with 36. He joined the Nippon Ham Fighters in 1988, finishing his NPB career with the team in 1994. He played 2,638 games over his 24-year career, amassing 2,204 hits, 382 home runs, and 1,234 runs batted in.

### Coaching

Oshima became manager of the Fighters in 2000. He recorded his only winning season that same year, with the team finishing 69–65. Overall, he had a 181–225 record in his three seasons with the team. He later became the hitting coach of the Japan national baseball team for the 2006 World Baseball Classic, the first edition of the tournament which the Japanese team won.

## Later life

Oshima was inducted into the Meikyukai. He disclosed in February 2017 that he had colon cancer. He nonetheless continued working as a baseball commentator and also blogged about his fight against the disease. Oshima died on June 30, 2021, at the age of 70.

## InfoBox

| Yasunori Oshima | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Outfielder / First baseman / Third baseman** | |
| **Born:** (1950-10-16)October 16, 1950<br>Nakatsu, Ōita, Japan | |
| **Died:** June 30, 2021(2021-06-30) (aged 70) | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| NPB debut | |
| June 17, 1971, for the Chunichi Dragons | |
| Last NPB appearance | |
| September 28, 1994, for the Nippon Ham Fighters | |
| NPB statistics | |
| Batting average | .272 |
| Home runs | 382 |
| Hits | 2,204 |
| Runs batted in | 1,234 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
| **As player** **As manager** | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
| * 1983 CL home run leader | |


title: Nayer Nagui

abstract: Nayer Nagui is an Egyptian composer, conductor, musical director and pianist. Educated in Egypt, London and Paris, he has led orchestras internationally and frequently conducts the Cairo Symphony Orchestra, among the youngest orchestral directors in Egypt. He is also the musical director of the Cairo Celebration Choir, which he founded.

text:
# Nayer Nagui

**Nayer Nagui** (born 1970) is an Egyptian composer, conductor, musical director and pianist. Educated in Egypt, London and Paris, he has led orchestras internationally and frequently conducts the Cairo Symphony Orchestra, among the youngest orchestral directors in Egypt. He is also the musical director of the Cairo Celebration Choir, which he founded.

## Biography

Nagui was born in Alexandria in 1970. He joined the Alexandra Conservatoire where he studied piano under the Italian Professor Herta Pappo. Nayer then furthered his musical studies in Cairo, where he got his Advanced Piano Performing & Music Theory Certificates from the Royal School of Music in 1996 before going on to L'École Normale de Musique de Paris, where he earned a diploma in conducting in 2001 with Prof. Maestro Dominique Rouits.

His vast repertoire ranges from symphonic, opera, oratorios and ballet conducting to musicals and light music. He conducted Rossini’s 3 comic Operas: Il Signor Bruschino, La Cambiale di Matrimonio, L'occasione fa il ladro, Verdi's Rigoletto, Puccini’s La Boheme as well as highlights from Aida, La Traviata and Il Barbiere di Siviglia. He also conducted Prokofiev's ballet *Romeo & Juliet* and Ravel's Bolero. His Oratorios repertoire includes Mozart, Brahms, and Fauré Requiems as well as Rossini’s Petite Messe Solennelle and Schubert Stabat Mater. Nayer is also the musical director, founder and conductor of the Cairo Celebration Choir, a choir of more than 120 members. Nayer is a conductor at Cairo Opera House, recently the Chief Conductor of Cairo Conservatory Orchestras.

Since 2004, he has been sharing the baton with the French Conductor Michel Piquemal, in conducting the “Coro de Tres Culturas” in the Moroccan "Festival de printemps des Alizes". In addition to his yearly program with Cairo Symphony Orchestra, Cairo Opera Orchestra and Bibliotheca Alexandrina Orchestra in Egypt, he also conducted many orchestras and choirs around the world: He has conducted the Lecce Symphony Orchestra and Calabria Chamber Orchestra in Italy, the Algerian Symphony Orchestra in Algeria and the Moroccan Philharmonic Orchestra in El Rabat, Casablanca and El Suera, The German Bonner Vocalisten Choir, The European Camerata from the U.K, as well as, Ensemble Georges Solti from Hungary. Nagui has played the piano at the Cairo Conservatoire and the Cairo Opera House and has also performed as accompanist in Egypt, Lebanon, Italy, Belgium and France. He has also played the piano in the band Sobhi and Friends with Sobhi Bedair.

As a composer, Nagui wrote many compositions and arrangements for choir, orchestra and soloists, performed in Egypt and in several international festivals around the world, amongst them the music for the celebration convened by the Ministry of Culture marking the Golden Jubilee of the nationalization of Suez Canal. Nayer is a musical director of Disney's dubbing animation in Arabic language and he has coached performers for Arabic translations of Disney productions.


title: Yao Guangxiao

abstract: Yao Guangxiao, also known by his dharma name Daoyan (道衍), was a Chinese military strategist, statesman and Chan Buddhist monk who lived in the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties. Daoyan was born in Changzhou County, and was ordained as a bhikkhu at the age of fourteen. He studied Buddhist dharma, yin yang and divination. In 1382, he came to Beijing, and was appointed the abbot of Qingshou Temple (慶壽寺). Later, he became a close adviser of the imperial prince Zhu Di, the Prince of Yan. According to History of Ming, it was Daoyan who suggested a revolt against the Jianwen Emperor after the emperor, a nephew of Zhu Di, started to crack down on the influence of his uncles the imperial princes. Daoyan played an important role in the resulting three-year civil war, the Jingnan Campaign, which resulted in the disappearance of the Jianwen Emperor, and the Prince of Yan becoming the new Yongle Emperor. He was left in Beijing together with Zhu Gaochi to guard the base area. Zhu Di asked him for strategy through letters before important battles. It was Daoyan who suggested driving south to attack Nanjing directly, which made Zhu Di the final victor. After Zhu Di was crowned the Yongle Emperor, Daoyan was bestowed the name Yao Guangxiao, and granted the title Crown Prince's Preceptor (太子少師). The Yongle Emperor ordered him to return to secular life but he refused. He was then ordered to participate in superintending the recompilation of Taizu Shilu, the imperial annal of the Ming dynasty's founder, the Hongwu Emperor. Later, he was appointed general editor of the Yongle Encyclopedia together with Xie Jin. Yao died in Qingshou Temple, Beijing, in 1418, and was given the posthumous name Gongjing (恭靖) by the Yongle Emperor. His ashes was buried underneath Yao Guangxiao Pagoda.

text:
# Yao Guangxiao

**Yao Guangxiao** (姚廣孝, 13351418), also known by his dharma name **Daoyan** (道衍), was a Chinese military strategist, statesman and Chan Buddhist monk who lived in the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties.

Daoyan was born in Changzhou County (today a part of Suzhou, Jiangsu), and was ordained as a *bhikkhu* (full monk) at the age of fourteen. He studied Buddhist dharma, *yin yang* and divination. In 1382, he came to Beijing, and was appointed the abbot of Qingshou Temple (慶壽寺). Later, he became a close adviser of the imperial prince Zhu Di, the Prince of Yan.

According to *History of Ming*, it was Daoyan who suggested a revolt against the Jianwen Emperor after the emperor, a nephew of Zhu Di, started to crack down on the influence of his uncles the imperial princes. Daoyan played an important role in the resulting three-year civil war, the Jingnan Campaign, which resulted in the disappearance of the Jianwen Emperor, and the Prince of Yan becoming the new Yongle Emperor. He was left in Beijing together with Zhu Gaochi to guard the base area. Zhu Di asked him for strategy through letters before important battles. It was Daoyan who suggested driving south to attack Nanjing directly, which made Zhu Di the final victor.

After Zhu Di was crowned the Yongle Emperor, Daoyan was bestowed the name **Yao Guangxiao**, and granted the title Crown Prince's Preceptor (太子少師). The Yongle Emperor ordered him to return to secular life but he refused. He was then ordered to participate in superintending the recompilation of *Taizu Shilu*, the imperial annal of the Ming dynasty's founder, the Hongwu Emperor. Later, he was appointed general editor of the *Yongle Encyclopedia* together with Xie Jin.

Yao died in Qingshou Temple, Beijing, in 1418, and was given the posthumous name *Gongjing* (恭靖) by the Yongle Emperor. His ashes was buried underneath Yao Guangxiao Pagoda (39°49′12″N 116°04′48″E / 39.820°N 116.080°E / 39.820; 116.080 (Yao Guangxiao Pagoda), in modern Changlesi Village, Qinglonghu Town, Fangshan District, Beijing).


title: Yadavilli (name)

abstract: Yadavalli is a Telaganya Brahmin surname used in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. The variants of this surname include 'Yadavilli', 'Yedavalli' and similar. Sets of Yadavilli have settled in other cities including Bhimavaram, Rajahmundry, Berhampur, Srikakulam, Visakhapatnam, and Hyderabad. The geographic origin of this surname and the clan can be traced to Telangana's Medak-Basar region on the banks of Godavari river. They are supposed to have been forced out from this area by the Moghuls and ended up sailing along the Godavari river culminating in Bhimavaram. From there on, parts of the clan drifted along the land northwards towards Visakhapatnam, Srikakulam and Berhampur. They worship Lord Venkata Ramana as their deity. They belong Atreya (Atreyasa) Gotra and belong to the pravara - Atreyasa, Aarchanaasa, Syaavaasva.

text:
# Yadavilli (name)

**Yadavalli** is a Telaganya Brahmin surname used in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. The variants of this surname include 'Yadavilli', 'Yedavalli' and similar. Sets of Yadavilli have settled in other cities including Bhimavaram, Rajahmundry, Berhampur, Srikakulam, Visakhapatnam, and Hyderabad. The geographic origin of this surname and the clan can be traced to Telangana's Medak-Basar region on the banks of Godavari river. They are supposed to have been forced out from this area by the Moghuls and ended up sailing along the Godavari river culminating in Bhimavaram. From there on, parts of the clan drifted along the land northwards towards Visakhapatnam, Srikakulam and Berhampur. They worship Lord Venkata Ramana as their deity.

They belong Atreya (Atreyasa) Gotra and belong to the pravara - Atreyasa, Aarchanaasa, Syaavaasva.


title: Nayer

abstract: Nayer Regalado, known mononymously as Nayer, is an American singer. She gained recognition in 2011 after being featured on Pitbull's hit single "Give Me Everything", and releasing her single "Suave" featuring Pitbull and Mohombi which was a success in Europe and the Middle East. Her other known collaborations include songs with Ne-Yo, Enrique Iglesias, Lil Wayne, Usher, Fonseca, Juan Magan, Yomil, Jean-Roch and Melissa.

text:
# Nayer

**Nayer Regalado**, known mononymously as **Nayer**, is an American singer. She gained recognition in 2011 after being featured on Pitbull's hit single "Give Me Everything", and releasing her single "Suave (Kiss Me)" featuring Pitbull and Mohombi which was a success in Europe and the Middle East. Her other known collaborations include songs with Ne-Yo, Enrique Iglesias, Lil Wayne, Usher, Fonseca, Juan Magan, Yomil (of the Cuban duo Yomil y el Dany), Jean-Roch and Melissa.

## Career

Nayer was discovered by Cuban-American rapper Pitbull whom she had the opportunity to do a collaboration with a few years back while signed to Sony. She immediately started working with producers on her music and songwriting. While in the process she appeared on various videos of the rapper from his albums *Rebelution*, *Armando* (2010) and *Planet Pit* (2011), such as "I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)" and "Shut It Down" (feat. Akon). She then did a joint venture with RedOne. Nayer was also featured on Enrique Iglesias' single "Dirty Dancer (Remix)" along Usher and Lil Wayne, and she held a cameo appearance in Enrique Iglesias' "I Like How It Feels" music video.

She was also a featured artist on Pitbull's smash "Give Me Everything", along with Ne-Yo and Afrojack. Nayer was nominated in 2012 for MTV Video Music Award as Best Collaboration, and up for four Latin Billboard Nominations in 2013 with "Give Me Everything", being the 2nd female to have the most Nominations.

On August 2, 2011, the singer released her single, a song titled "Suave (Kiss Me)", which features Pitbull and Swedish-Congolese singer Mohombi. She then joined as opening act Enrique Iglesias and Pitbull on the "Euphoria Tour" across the U.S., Europe and Canada.

During 2011 and 2012, Nayer was working on her debut album with RedOne but the project was never released. In 2012, a "promo" video appeared on the Internet. In this video, Nayer talked about recording her album and played snippets of 3 new songs: "Wet", "Love Drum", "Body Talk" (featuring Jason Derulo). In 2013, the full version of "Body Talk" was posted on the Internet.

In 2012, Nayer was featured in the official remix of Fonseca's single "Eres Mi Sueño" and on Jean-Roch's single "Name of Love".

After going independent in 2013, Nayer changed the direction of her album to urban. In September 2013, she announced a collaboration with rapper Detail titled "Thirsty". The song was released for free on SoundCloud.

In 2014, Nayer decided to go back to her roots. In April 2015, she filmed two music videos. In August, she announced the release of her new single "Mi Cuerpo" (and its fully English version "My Body"). The music videos for "Mi Cuerpo" and "My Body" were released on her Vevo channel on August 11, 2015. The singles were released on all the music platforms on August 14. The second music video that she filmed in the beginning of that year was for the song "Leila". In 2017, Nayer posted a teaser of the music video on her Instagram but the full video hasn't been released yet.

Spanish artist Juan Magán announced on his Twitter that he would release his collaboration with Nayer and Dasoul, produced by Daddy Yankee in "a couple of weeks". The song was released in the beginning of July 2016 as a part of his "Quiero Que Sepas" EP.

On April 14, 2017, Nayer released a new single "Yo Soy Lo Que Tu Quieres" featuring Chacal. The music video premiered on June 14.

In December 2017, Nayer appeared on AllStar 305's single "Miami Se Calienta". The music video was released on February 27, 2018.

The music video for Nayer's song "Adiccion" featuring Yomil was released on May 23, 2018.

In July, Nayer announced that the music video for her collaboration with the Lebanese (Arabic) singer Melissa called "Leily Leily" would be released on July 20. The song was also released as a single on all the big music platforms on August 20.

On September 10, 2018, Nayer launched her own makeup brand.

## Discography

### Singles as lead artist

List of singles, with selected chart positions
| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | | | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | CAN | FRA | SVK | |
| "Suave (Kiss Me)"
(featuring Mohombi and Pitbull) | 2011 | 34 | 49 | 5 | Non-album singles |
| "Mi Cuerpo" / "My Body"
 | 2015 |  |  | |  |
| "Yo Soy Lo Que Tu Quieres"
(featuring Chacal) | 2017 |  |  | |  |
| "Adiccion"
(featuring Yomil) | 2017 |  |  | |  |
| "—" denotes a title that was not released or did not chart in that territory. | | | | | |

List of singles, with selected chart positions
| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | | | | | | | | | | | Certifications | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US
 | AUS
 | AUT
 | CAN
 | FRA
 | IRL
 | NL
 | NZ
 | SVK
 | UK
 | CZ
 | | |
| "Pearly Gates"
(Pitbull featuring Nayer) | 2010 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 67 |  | 38 |  | *Pitbull Starring in Rebelution* |
| "Give Me Everything"
(Pitbull featuring Ne-Yo, Afrojack and Nayer) | 2011 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 |  | *Planet Pit* |
| | "Dirty Dancer (Remix)"
(Enrique Iglesias & Usher featuring Lil Wayne and Nayer) | 18 | 24 | 14 | 11 | 99 | 22 |  | 22 | 2 | 21 | 16 |  | *Euphoria* |
| "Name of Love"
(Jean-Roch featuring Pitbull and Nayer) | 2012 |  |  |  |  | 49 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Music Saved My Life* |
| "Miami Se Calienta"
(AllStar 305 featuring Osmani García, Nayer and more) | 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Non-album singles |
| "Leily Leily"
(Melissa featuring Nayer) | 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |  |
| "—" denotes a title that was not released or did not chart in that territory. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Guest appearances

List of non-single guest appearances, with other performing artists, showing year released and album name
| Title | Year | Other artist(s) | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| "Full of Shit" | 2009 | Pitbull, Bass III Euro | *Pitbull Starring in Rebelution* |
| | "Pearly Gates" | | Pitbull |
| "Vida 23" | 2010 | Pitbull | Armando |
| "Eres Mi Sueno" | 2012 | Fonseca, Maffio | Illusion |
| "Latina En Ibiza" | 2016 | Juan Magan, Dasoul | Quiero Que Sepas |

### List of other recorded songs

| Year | Song | Artist(s) | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2011 | Duena De Tu Corazon | Nayer featuring El Cata | Spanish cover of Rihanna's Only Girl (In the World) |
| 2011 | Come With Me | Steve Aoki featuring Nayer | The version featuring Polina was included in Steve Aoki's album Wonderland. |
| 2012 | Love Drum | Nayer | Unreleased. Was recorded for Nayer's debut album. |
| 2012 | Wet | Nayer | Unreleased. Was recorded for Nayer's debut album. |
| 2012 | Body Talk | Nayer featuring Jason Derulo | Unreleased. Was recorded for Nayer's debut album. |
| 2013 | Chicks Like You | Nayer featuring Akon | Unreleased. Was announced as a single in 2013. |
| 2013 | Thirsty | Nayer featuring Detail & Afrojack | Was released for free on SoundCloud. |
| 2015 | Leila | Nayer | Unreleased. |
| 2016 | Se Tu Misma | Nayer featuring Yomil | Unreleased. Premiered on Ritmo 95.6 in 2016. |
| 2016 | Beautiful Life | Yomil y el Dany featuring Nayer | Unreleased. |
| 2017 | Dime | Nayer | Unreleased. Announced as a single in 2016. |

## InfoBox

| Nayer | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Nayer Regalado |
| Genres |  |
| Occupation | Singer |
| Years active | 2011–present |
| Labels | Independent |


title: Year of the Tiger (La! Neu? album)

abstract: Year of the Tiger is the sixth album released by German band La! Neu?. Like its sister-album Goldregen it was recorded and released relatively quickly in 1997-8. Unlike Goldregen – which featured only acoustic instruments – Year of the Tiger is predominantly electronic and beat-driven. The entire album is performed live on the CD Live at Kunsthalle Düsseldorf.

text:
# Year of the Tiger (La! Neu? album)

***Year of the Tiger*** is the sixth album released by German band La! Neu?. Like its sister-album *Goldregen* it was recorded and released relatively quickly in 1997-8. Unlike *Goldregen* – which featured only acoustic instruments – *Year of the Tiger* is predominantly electronic and beat-driven. The entire album is performed live on the CD *Live at Kunsthalle Düsseldorf*.

## Background and recording

The album is named for a phrase used in a postcard sent by an American fan named George to Klaus Dinger in 1998, referring to the zodiac calendar, according to which the Year of the Tiger began on 28 January 1998. The back of the postcard features on the cover artwork.

Recording began in October 1997, after La! Neu?'s pianist Rembrandt Lensink (whose album *Rembrandt: God Strikes Back* was released in January 1998) presented Dinger with a lengthy synthesizer piece which could not fit on his own album. Dinger decided to work the piece into a La! Neu? album, and had Rembrandt re-record the basic synthesizer track. Some time in 1998 this was overdubbed with Dinger's drum playing and Victoria Wehrmeister's vocals to create "Autoportrait Rembrandt", a half-hour-long trance-esque motorik piece.

After this a second long piece was begun, built around a circulating guitar riff played by Dinger. Added to this was a motorik drum loop and a further guitar part by Dinger's friend Rudige "Spinello" Elze (who had last played with Dinger in the 1980s) as well as another of Wehrmeister's improvised vocal parts. This track was named "Notre Dame" after Wehrmeister's lyric (although also possibly in reference to Harmonia's album *Deluxe*, which features several tracks similar in character to *Year of the Tiger*, and one named "Notre Dame"). Both tracks display a high standard of production in comparison to the looser *Goldregen* and also a greater focus on rhythm. Dinger said in August 1998—

> *Rhythm is central to 'Year of the Tiger'. The meaning of the trademark Neu! and La Düsseldorf beat which I have called "Appache" since 1985 is that life is continual movement. In German, the beat is called "lange gerade"* \["long straight"\] *\- the human aspect is central to it.*

Around the same time as these sessions, Dinger met up with Eberhard Kranemann for the first time since the 1970s. Kranemann had lived with Dinger in a Düsseldorf commune for a while in the early 1970s, and had played bass and slide guitar for Neu! and Kraftwerk. When Dinger founded a record label in 1973, he had intended to release a Fritz Müller (Kranemann's stage name) album on it, but never did. Dinger therefore became interested in helping Kranemann release an album using the La! Neu? imprint on Captain Trip Records. Kranemann's band "Bluepoint Underground" was thus brought to meet Dinger, and recorded a short, multi-tracked song with Dinger and Wehrmeister. This was incorporated onto *Year of the Tiger* as "Intro", partly in order to promote Bluepoint Underground's album *Bluepoint Underground in New York City*, which was released on CTR later in 1998 (with Dinger as producer).

## Track listing

1. "Intro" – 1:06 (Oliver Blum, Klaus Dinger, Caroline Keufen, Eberhard Kranemann, Victoria Wehrmeister)
2. "Autoportrait Rembrandt" – 32:19 (Dinger, Rembrandt Lensink, Wehrmeister)
3. "Notre Dame" – 33:21 (Dinger, Spinello Elze, Wehrmeister)

## Personnel

**La! Neu?**

* Klaus Dinger – drums (all tr.), guitar (tr. 3)
* Spinello Elze – guitar (tr. 3)
* Rembrandt Lensink – synthesizer (tr. 2)
* Victoria Wehrmeister – vocals (all tr.)

**Bluepoint Underground**

* Oliver Blum – guitar (tr. 1)
* Caroline Keufen – vocals (tr. 1)
* Eberhard Kranemann – bass (tr. 1)

## InfoBox

| Year of the Tiger | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by La! Neu? | |
| Released | 1998 |
| Recorded | 1997–8 |
| Genre | Krautrock, post-punk, trance |
| Label | Captain Trip Records |
| Producer | Klaus Dinger |
| Klaus Dinger chronology | |
| *Goldregen*
(1998) ***Year of the Tiger***
(1998) *Live in Tokyo 1996 Vol. 2*
(1999) | |


title: Year of the Solar System

abstract:
The Year of the Solar System is a NASA education/public outreach initiative. The year runs October 2010 until August 2012, a Martian year. For each month's topic there are resources for clubs, schools and the general public. The months/topics are:
  - October 2010: The Journey Begins
  - November 2010: Birth of Worlds
  - Dec 2010/Jan 2011: A Family Affair
  - February 2011: Small Bodies—Big Impacts
  - March 2011: Ancient Astronomers/Modern Tools: Celebrating Sun-Earth Day
  - April 2011: Water, Water, Everywhere!
  - May 2011: Volcanism!
  - June 2011: Impacts!
  - July 2011: Rocks in Space
  - August 2011: Windy Worlds
  - September 2011: Gravity: It's What Keeps Us Together
  - October 2011: Moons and Rings: Our Favorite Things
  - November 2011: Magnetospheres: Planetary Shields
  - Dec 2011/Jan 2012: Evolving Worlds
  - February 2012: Far-Ranging Robots
  - March 2012: Shadows of the Sun
  - April 2012: Ice!
  - May 2012: New Data, New Ideas
  - Jun/Jul 2012: Got Life?
  - August 2012: Discovering New Worlds The Year of the Solar System is supported by NASA's Science Mission Directorate and its Planetary Science Division.

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# Year of the Solar System

**The Year of the Solar System** is a NASA education/public outreach initiative. The year runs October 2010 until August 2012, a Martian year. For each month's topic there are resources for clubs, schools and the general public. The months/topics are:

* October 2010: The Journey Begins
* November 2010: Birth of Worlds
* Dec 2010/Jan 2011: A Family Affair
* February 2011: Small Bodies—Big Impacts
* March 2011: Ancient Astronomers/Modern Tools: Celebrating Sun-Earth Day
* April 2011: Water, Water, Everywhere!
* May 2011: Volcanism!
* June 2011: Impacts!
* July 2011: Rocks in Space
* August 2011: Windy Worlds
* September 2011: Gravity: It's What Keeps Us Together
* October 2011: Moons and Rings: Our Favorite Things
* November 2011: Magnetospheres: Planetary Shields
* Dec 2011/Jan 2012: Evolving Worlds
* February 2012: Far-Ranging Robots
* March 2012: Shadows of the Sun
* April 2012: Ice!
* May 2012: New Data, New Ideas
* Jun/Jul 2012: Got Life?
* August 2012: Discovering New Worlds

The Year of the Solar System is supported by NASA's Science Mission Directorate and its Planetary Science Division.