title: Tylodelphys

abstract: Tylodelphys is a genus of parasitic fluke that infects the small water fish. It induces many behavioral changes on its host. Once inside a fish's eye, it can cause partial blindness and several behavioral changes to the intermediate host. Other species of flukes are able to turn into dormant cysts at certain stages of development, but Tylodelphys spp. stays active and roams free inside the fish's eye, giving it an opportunity for it to induce parasite behavior. When Tylodelphys larvae crawl around the inside of the fish's eye, it can get in between the retina and the lens. This can cause partial blindness to the fish, rendering the fish unable to notice predators. Tylodelphys consists of two species, Tylodelphys clavata and Tylodelphys podicipina Kozicka & Niewiadomska, 1960.

text:
# Tylodelphys

***Tylodelphys*** is a genus of parasitic fluke that infects the small water fish. It induces many behavioral changes on its host. Once inside a fish's eye, it can cause partial blindness and several behavioral changes to the intermediate host. Other species of flukes are able to turn into dormant cysts at certain stages of development, but *Tylodelphys* spp. stays active and roams free inside the fish's eye, giving it an opportunity for it to induce parasite behavior. When *Tylodelphys* larvae crawl around the inside of the fish's eye, it can get in between the retina and the lens. This can cause partial blindness to the fish, rendering the fish unable to notice predators. *Tylodelphys* consists of two species, *Tylodelphys clavata* (von Nordmann, 1832) and *Tylodelphys podicipina* Kozicka & Niewiadomska, 1960.

## Life cycle

*Tylodelphys* spp. has a complex three-host life cycle, with a variety of fish- and amphibian-eating birds and lymnaeid or planorbid gastropods as first intermediate hosts. *Tylodelphys* must enter the gut of fish-eating bird, which would naturally involve the fish being eaten by the said bird such as ciconiiforms, suliforms, falconiforms and podicipediforms acting as definitive hosts. *Tylodelphys* species can also infect the brain or the body cavity of their second intermediate hosts, which are typically fish but sometimes amphibians. The common intermediate host, the bully, *Tylodelphys* dwells in its host's eyes in the vitreous liquid between the lens and the retina.

## Behavior

Like many trematode parasites, *Tylodelphys* plays a huge role in manipulation of behavior. A study was done where the particular behavior of the parasite itself can affect the behavior of the host. *Tylodelphys* spp. has daily routines, where it shifts it position in the eye, varying through the day. It is during the day where these flukes sit between the lens and the retina, which block the eyesight of the fish. During the night, the flukes settle down to the bottom of the eye, which allows the fish to have a sense of sight. A question that is then posed is why doesn't the parasite just stay in front of the retina all the time. In recent studies, it is shown that not all predators are the same for *Tylodelphys*. In the day time, the predators of the bullies are fish eating birds, but at night the main predators are longfin eels. It's better for the fluke if the fish can still see and avoid predators at night, so hence the fluke keeps the eyes covered in the day but moves it away at night. *Tylodelphys* spp. metacercariae may limit the bully's ability to perceive visual cues of predatory threat by obscuring vision during the day, in a similar manner to Diplostomum induced cataracts, favoring completion of the trematode's life cycle. It is also important to note that metacercariae are often considered passive; however, in this life cycle it demonstrated that metacercariae exhibit a complex behavioral phenotype playing a key role in furthering their life history.

## InfoBox

| *Tylodelphys* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Platyhelminthes |
| Class: | Trematoda |
| Order: | Diplostomida |
| Family: | Diplostomidae |
| Genus: | *Tylodelphys*<br>Diesing, 1850 |
|


title: Tynged

abstract: A tynged is the Welsh equivalent of the Irish geas, similar to being under a vow, curse or spell. The most famous example is that placed by Arianrhod on her son Lleu Llaw Gyffes in the fourth of the Four Branches of the Mabinogi, the Mabinogi of Math fab Mathonwy, in which his mother doomed him to never have a human wife. In addition, Lleu was destined to die neither "during the day or night, nor indoors or outdoors, neither riding nor walking, not clothed and not naked, nor by any weapon lawfully made." When his magically created wife, Blodeuwedd, wanted to learn how to kill him in order to be with her lover, she convinced him to show her how he could theoretically be killed at dusk while stepping out of a river onto a riverbank while sheltered by a roof and putting one foot on a goat, and so on.

text:
# Tynged

A ***tynged*** ("destiny, fate", *plural **tynghedau***) is the Welsh equivalent of the Irish *geas*, similar to being under a vow, curse or spell. The most famous example is that placed by Arianrhod on her son Lleu Llaw Gyffes in the fourth of the Four Branches of the Mabinogi, the Mabinogi of Math fab Mathonwy, in which his mother doomed him to never have a human wife.

In addition, Lleu was destined to die neither "during the day or night, nor indoors or outdoors, neither riding nor walking, not clothed and not naked, nor by any weapon lawfully made." When his magically created wife, Blodeuwedd, wanted to learn how to kill him in order to be with her lover, she convinced him to show her how he could theoretically be killed at dusk while stepping out of a river onto a riverbank while sheltered by a roof and putting one foot on a goat, and so on.

## Sources

* Ifans, Dafydd; Ifans, Rhiannon, eds. (1980). *Y Mabinogion*. Gomer Press. ISBN 1-85902-260-X.


title: Tynged yr Iaith

abstract:
Tynged yr Iaith was a radio lecture delivered in Welsh by Saunders Lewis on 13 February 1962. Reaction to it brought about a major change in the politics of Wales. Historian John Davies has said that the lecture was "the catalyst" for the formation of Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg, and the start of a period of direct-action agitation to enhance the status of the Welsh language. Its direct effect on the formation of Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg is described in a history of that society. It has been said that "of all the memorable phrases coined in the twentieth century none has greater resonance for the Welsh speaker than Tynged yr Iaith... which still haunts or inspires champions of the native tongue on the cusp of the new millennium". It had the unintended effect of establishing language agitation as a movement separate from the mainstream of nationalist politics. The burgeoning effects from the initial stimulus of Tynged yr Iaith were listed by Gwyn Williams:
  - Formation of Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg
  - Direct action against offices, roadsigns, TV masts: sit-ins and demonstrations
  - Drive to create Welsh-language schools
  - Positive discrimination in favour of Welsh
  - Use of the Israeli model to encourage take-up of the language by adults
  - Secretary of State for Wales 1964
  - Welsh Language Act 1967
  - Creation of S4C
  - Mushrooming of Welsh language publishing, film production, pop and rock, youth and urban music.

text:
# Tynged yr Iaith

***Tynged yr Iaith*** (Welsh for 'The Fate of the Language'; Welsh pronunciation: \[ˈtəŋɛd ər ˈjaiθ\]) was a radio lecture delivered in Welsh by Saunders Lewis on 13 February 1962. Reaction to it brought about a major change in the politics of Wales. Historian John Davies has said that the lecture was "the catalyst" for the formation of *Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg* (the Welsh Language Society), and the start of a period of direct-action agitation to enhance the status of the Welsh language. Its direct effect on the formation of *Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg* is described in a history of that society. It has been said that "of all the memorable phrases coined in the twentieth century none has greater resonance for the Welsh speaker than *Tynged yr Iaith* . . . which still haunts or inspires champions of the native tongue on the cusp of the new millennium". It had the unintended effect of establishing language agitation as a movement separate from the mainstream of nationalist politics. The burgeoning effects from the initial stimulus of *Tynged yr Iaith* were listed by Gwyn Williams:

## Text

*Tynged yr Iaith* was broadcast as the BBC Welsh Region's annual "Radio Lecture" for 1962. The lecture became available as an LP recording (hear clip ), and as a pamphlet, and is available in an English translation by G. Aled Williams. The lecture was delivered during the period between the taking of the census in 1961 and the publication of the results on the use of Welsh. Lewis anticipated that the figures when published would "shock and disappoint", and that Welsh would "end as a living language, should the present trend continue, about the beginning of the twenty-first century".

The lecture proceeded with a historical analysis of the status of the Welsh language since the Act of Union of 1535 mandated the use of English for the purposes of law and administration in Wales. Lewis maintained that the official government attitude was to desire the eradication of Welsh, and that Welsh opposition to this, if it existed, was largely unheard. He quotes at length from the Reports of the Commissioners of Inquiry into the state of education in Wales, known as the Blue Books, published in 1847, which criticised the influence both of the language and of Nonconformism on the life of Wales. He quotes specifically Commissioner R. W. Lingen's opinion that Welsh monoglots migrating from the countryside to the coalfields were prevented by their language from making any social advance. Lewis referred to this opinion as accurate and perceptive. He said that the industrial areas "did not contribute anything new either to Welsh social life or to the literature of the eisteddfodau", and that Welsh Nonconformity united town and country but "at the same time kept them standing still".

Lewis said that the anger and wrath provoked by the Blue Books resulted in no action, and that "the whole of Wales, and Welsh Nonconformity in particular, adopted all the policy and main recommendations of the baleful report". The few proponents of language revival were at the time regarded as eccentric. Lewis opined that during the period of "awakening" in 1860–1890, it might have been possible to establish the use of Welsh in education and administration throughout Wales, but that in 1962 this was not possible.

Addressing the current situation, Lewis pointed out that central government no longer considered the language a threat. In fact, it could afford to promote bilingualism in Wales. Lewis saw this as merely consigning Welsh to a "respectable and peaceful death and a burial without mourning". "If Wales seriously demanded to have Welsh as an official language on a par with English", he said, "the opposition—harsh, vindictive and violent—would come from Wales". He discusses the ineffectual opposition to the drowning of the culturally significant Tryweryn valley, saying that government had "taken the measure of the feebleness of Welsh Wales" and "need not concern itself about it any more". It could "leave that to the Welsh local authorities".

This led him to discuss the celebrated case of Trefor and Eileen Beasley of Llangennech who, between 1952 and 1960, refused to pay their local taxes unless the tax demands were in Welsh. The local authority (Llanelli Rural District) was 84% Welsh-speaking in 1951, and Lewis pointed out that all the Rural District's councillors and officials were Welsh speakers. At the end of the eight-year battle, during which the Beasleys three times had their furniture taken by bailiffs, bilingual tax demands were finally issued.

Lewis took the Beasley case as a model for future action, but significantly added "this cannot be done reasonably except in those districts where Welsh-speakers are a substantial proportion of the population". He proposed to make it impossible for the business of local and central government to continue without using Welsh. "It is a policy for a movement", he said, "in the areas where Welsh is a spoken language in daily use". It would be "nothing less than a revolution".

## After-effects

Gwyn Alf Williams said there were contrary effects. There was enthusiastic uptake of the cause of the language in the middle class, both English- and Welsh-speaking. But he saw the across-the-board implementation of language policies as causing the increasingly English-speaking industrial working-class (contemptuously dismissed by Lewis) to feel disenfranchised and excluded. He went on to blame this reaction for the "No" vote in the 1979 Welsh devolution referendum, in which the vote split very much on language lines.

In 1976, Clive Betts pointed out that the language movement was dissipating its efforts by ignoring Lewis's insistence that action should be restricted to Welsh-speaking areas—to the Bro Gymraeg, and called for a restricted Quebec-style policy in the Bro, as Lewis had suggested.

1. Davies, John, *A History of Wales*, Penguin, 1994, ISBN 0-14-014581-8, p 649
2. Phillips, D, *The History of the Welsh Language Society* in Jenkins, Geraint. H., and Williams, Mari A., (eds) *Let's do our best for the ancient tongue*, UoW Press, 2000, ISBN 0-7083-1658-1, p 467
3. Jenkins *op cit*, p 2
4. Jones, Alun R.; Thomas, Gwyn (1983). *Presenting Saunders Lewis* (2nd ed.). University of Wales Press. p. 71. ISBN 0-7083-0852-X.
5. Williams, Gwyn A. (1985). *When was Wales?*. Pelican. p. 292. ISBN 0-14-022589-7.
6. SAIN1255H
7. BBC publication 1962
8. Jones (1983), pp. 127–141
9. "Fate of the Language by Saunders Lewis".
10. In fact, the number of Welsh speakers fell by 8.2% between 1951 and 1961, and by 17.3% between 1961 and 1971.
11. Jones (1983), p 127
12. Jones (1983), pp 128–130
13. Jones (1983), p. 131
14. Jones (1983), p. 132
15. Jones (1983), p. 132
16. Jones (1983), p. 136
17. Jones (1983), p 137
18. Jones (1983), p 138
19. Jones (1983), p 139
20. Jones (1983), p. 140
21. Williams (1985), pp. 293–5
22. Betts, Clive (1976). *Culture in Crisis*. Ffynnon Press. p. 215. ISBN 0-902158-15-5.


title: Tyler De Nawi

abstract: Tyler De Nawi is an Australian actor and human rights activist. He made his debut TV appearance in SBS drama miniseries The Principal. He then gained recognition as the boy next door, Elias Habib on Australian comedy TV series Here Come the Habibs (2016), followed by an appearance in Doctor Doctor (2017). In April 2017 he made his stage debut in Bengal Tiger at the Baghdad Zoo, in which he played the role of Uday Hussein alongside Maggie Dence in a story based on the fall of Iraq and the Saddam regime. De Nawi appeared on SBS's 2019 miniseries On the Ropes.

text:
# Tyler De Nawi

**Tyler De Nawi** (born July 2, 1989) is an Australian actor and human rights activist.

He made his debut TV appearance in SBS drama miniseries *The Principal*. He then gained recognition as the boy next door, Elias Habib on Australian comedy TV series *Here Come the Habibs* (2016), followed by an appearance in *Doctor Doctor* (2017).

In April 2017 he made his stage debut in *Bengal Tiger at the Baghdad Zoo*, in which he played the role of Uday Hussein alongside Maggie Dence in a story based on the fall of Iraq and the Saddam regime.

De Nawi appeared on SBS's 2019 miniseries *On the Ropes*.

## Early life

De Nawi was born in Sydney, Australia, to Lebanese and Syrian parents who migrated to Sydney from Lebanon in the 1970s during the civil war. Born into a conservative Muslim household, De Nawi was raised in Riverwood, New South Wales. His father introduced him to the figures who became his biggest inspirations which included; Bruce Lee, Muhammad Ali, and Elvis Presley.

De Nawi attended many different schools, including Hanan's Road Public School, Sir Joseph Banks High School, James Busby High School, and Cecil Hills High School. He graduated from Punchbowl Boys High School. With a love for movies and fighting, his interests outside of school fell more with martial arts, beginning with Hapkido. He discovered capoeira and Brazilian jiu-jitsu at the age of 15. Continuing Capoeira for over 10 years, he also trained in gymnastics tumbling, and learned the Brazilian-Portuguese language. At the age of 17 he began performing professionally through Australia, China and the Asia Pacific. The progression of his skill as an acrobat introduced him to the greater community, evolving his craft with elements of parkour.

## Career

He was cast in the action-thriller short film *Hunt For Hiroshi* by 9Lives Films, and attached himself to the production as a producer, discovering his interests in film and cinema, thereafter continuing his study in drama.

Upon graduating drama school, he was cast in an original Australian miniseries, *The Principal*, in the role of Karim Ahmed in the high school crime drama loosely based on De Nawi's home district of Punchbowl/Bankstown.

In 2016, De Nawi took on the role of Elias Habib in the Original Nine Network Television production of *Here Come the Habibs* in 2016. De Nawi and this program became a focus of debate around the 2016 Australian Logie Awards when one of the winners, Waleed Aly, dedicated his win to an actor who had been forced to change his given name, Mustafa, to get work on Australian television. It shortly came to light that this actor was De Nawi, who then wrote an essay for *The Age* describing the difficulties he had had landing auditions and jobs until he changed his first name. He pointed to the "irony in the fact that after I changed my name to Tyler I landed roles as Karim Ahmed (Syrian-Australian) in *The Principal* and Elias Habib (Lebanese-Australian) in *Here Come the Habibs*. Especially since my own heritage includes both Lebanese and Syrian ancestry."

Deciding to continue his focus on martial arts training, he began kickboxing in 2016, competing and judging in the WAKO Championship. He was then cast as a boxer in the SBS miniseries *On the Ropes*, playing Hayder “The Hammer” Al-Amir, middleweight champion.

In 2021, he starred in the feature film, 'A Lion Returns', where he plays, 'Jamal Alamein', a fighter who returns to Sydney to reunite with his family and terminally ill mother. De Nawi's performance has been praised by critics, "Excellent performance by Tyler De Nawi".

De Nawi has recently taken a step back from the limelight by shifting his focus onto giving back to the Sydney community. He has reported his passion lies in helping the disadvantaged youth overcome their barriers to education, employment and mental health recovery. De Nawi continues to focus on achieving this by chairing and attending motivational workshops, teaching the youth the creative art forms he has worked on for many years, including the spirituality, principles, discipline and strategy underlying his expertise in Martial Arts, Acting and the culture of Soulful Music. With a transition from Drama and Comedy, De Nawi continues to work in television with up and coming roles which focus on representing the struggles and challenges individuals of different socio-economic classes face everyday in Australia.

## InfoBox

| Tyler De Nawi | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Moustafa Dennawi
(1989-07-02) July 2, 1989
Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Education | University of New South Wales |


title: Two of Us (TVXQ album)

abstract: Two of Us is the fourth Japanese remix album by South Korean pop act Tohoshinki, and their first remix album as a duo. It was released on October 5, 2016, by Avex Trax. The album contains remixes of tracks from Tohoshinki's first four albums since becoming a duo—Tone (2011), Time (2013), Tree (2014), and With (2014). The music in the album is influenced by variations of 1950s to 1960s lounge music and soft rock, including surf music, bossa nova, Philly soul, and lovers rock. Two of Us debuted at number two on the Oricon Albums Chart and Billboard Japan Top Albums Chart, selling 28,000 copies.

text:
# Two of Us (TVXQ album)

***Two of Us*** is the fourth Japanese remix album by South Korean pop act Tohoshinki, and their first remix album as a duo. It was released on October 5, 2016, by Avex Trax.

The album contains remixes of tracks from Tohoshinki's first four albums since becoming a duo—*Tone* (2011), *Time* (2013), *Tree* (2014), and *With* (2014). The music in the album is influenced by variations of 1950s to 1960s lounge music and soft rock, including surf music, bossa nova, Philly soul, and lovers rock.

*Two of Us* debuted at number two on the Oricon Albums Chart and *Billboard* Japan Top Albums Chart, selling 28,000 copies.

## Background

*Two of Us* was announced on August 19, 2016, by Avex Trax through Tohoshinki's official website. The album was created while both members of Tohoshinki were fulfilling their compulsory service in South Korea.

Rather than mixing the songs into dance or club tracks, Tohoshinki and their label opted for a more "colorful" approach to the remixes. The theme of the album focuses on relaxing sounds throughout the day, and incorporates serene beach remix styles such as lounge music. The cover of *Two of Us* features a colorful painting of Tohoshinki, which is based on a series of photos that Tohoshinki shot for their "Sweat / Answer" single in 2014.

On September 2, Avex Trax released short snippets of "Baby, don't cry" and "OCEAN".

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Remix | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Intro ~The Dawn Sky~" |  | Tsukiko Nakamura | Shinjiroh Inoue | 1:38 |
| 2. | "Baby, don’t cry" (Two of Us ver.) | H.U.B. | * Fredrik Jernberg * Erik Lidbom * Hide Nakamura | Goro Ito | 4:26 |
| 3. | "Believe In U" (Two of Us ver.) | Shinjiroh Inoue | Shinjiroh Inoue | KONCOS | 4:56 |
| 4. | "Sweat" (Two of Us ver.) | H.U.B. | * Hanif Sabzevar * Kevin Borg * Nicklas Eklun | * Mamoru S * Tsuyoshi Fujita | 4:05 |
| 5. | "Interlude ~This Dear Ocean~" |  | Inoue | Inoue | 0:40 |
| 6. | "Aitakute Aitakute Tamaranai (逢いたくて逢いたくてたまらない)" (Really Want to See You) (Two of Us ver.) | Inoue | Inoue | Inoue | 5:13 |
| 7. | "One More Thing" (Two of Us ver.) | H.U.B. | her0ism | Gota Yashiki | 4:09 |
| 8. | "In Our Time" (Two of Us ver.) | Inoue | Inoue | Koichi from Sawagi | 6:01 |
| 9. | "OCEAN" (Two of Us ver.) | Inoue | Inoue | * Mamoru S * Tsuyoshi Fujita | 5:05 |
| 10. | "Interlude ~Sinking Sun~" |  | Inoue | Inoue | 0:55 |
| 11. | "Duet" (Two of Us ver.) | Inoue | Inoue | Yoichiro Kakizaki | 4:54 |
| 12. | "Interlude ~Blue Moment~" |  | Inoue | Inoue | 0:52 |
| 13. | "One and Only One" (Two of Us ver.) | Inoue | * Peter Kvint * Jonas Myrin | * Eiichi Kogrey * George (MOP of HEAD) | 4:01 |
| 14. | "Time Works Wonders" (Two of Us ver.) | Inoue | * Peter Gordeno * Jamie Hartman | Kakizaki | 4:28 |
| 15. | "Chandelier" (Two of Us ver.) | H.U.B. |  | Gakuji "CHABE" Matsuda | 4:36 |
| 16. | "Weep" (Two of Us ver.) | Inoue | solaya | Matsuda | 4:22 |
| 17. | "Outro ~Silence of The Night~" |  | Tsukiko Nakamura | Inoue | 1:38 |
| Total length: | | | | | 1:01:59 |

## Credits and personnel

Credits for *Two of Us*, taken from the liner notes of the album.

* Tohoshinki – main vocals
* Shinjiroh Inoue – music, arrangement, programming, mixer, recorder, guitar
* Tsukiko Nakamura – vocals, music, guitar
* Goro Ito – remixer, classical guitar, programming
* Keita Ogawa – drums, percussion
* Masayasu Tzboguchi – Rhodes piano
* KONCOS – remixer
* Taichi Furukawa – piano, drums, synthesizers
* Hiroshi Sato – guitar
* Gakuji "MABE" Matsuda – technical advisor, remixer, triangle, conga
* Tsutomu Oikawa – mixer, recorder
* Mamoru S – mixer, programming, guitar
* Tsuyoshi Fujita – remixer, programming, electric guitar
* Atsushi Hattori – mixer
* Tadashi Iwamura – drums
* Taizo Nakamura – bass
* Gota Yashiki – remixer, programming, drums
* Dub Maxer X – mixer
* Mitsuhiro Tanigawa – recorder
* KOICHI from SAWAGI – remixer, piano
* Yoichiro Kakizaki – programmer, remixer, piano, guitar
* Kitaro Nakamura – bass
* Obawo Nakajima – percussion
* Kiyoto Konda – guitar
* Tatsuya Morokaji – mixer, recorder
* Eiichi Kogrey – remixer, drums, bass, recorder
* George (MOP of HEAD) – remixer, piano, synthesizers, mixer, recorder
* Mio Abe – violin
* Akico Maruyama – violin
* TSUTCHIE – mixer
* Mastered by Yuka Koizumi
* Illustrator: Hitoshi Kuroki
* Booklet liner notes: Takashi Inomata
* Art direction and design: Masaru Nakagawa

## Charts

### Weekly charts

| Chart (2016) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
|
| Japanese Albums (Oricon) | 2 |
| *Billboard* Japan Top Albums | 2 |

### Sales

| Released | Oricon chart | Peak | Debut sales | Sales total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| October 5, 2016 | Daily Albums Chart | 1 | 22,801 | 30,638 |
| | Weekly Albums Chart | 2 | 27,951 | |
| | Monthly Albums Chart | 13 | 30,638 | |

## InfoBox

| Two of Us | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Remix album by Tohoshinki | |
| Released | October 5, 2016 |
| Recorded | 2011–2014 |
| Genre |  |
| Label |  |
| Tohoshinki chronology | |
| *Rise as God*
(2015) ***Two of Us***
(2016) *Fine Collection ~Begin Again~*
(2017) | |


title: Tyson Foerster

abstract: Tyson Foerster is a Canadian professional ice hockey player currently playing for the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was drafted 23rd overall by the Flyers in the 2020 NHL Entry Draft.

text:
# Tyson Foerster

**Tyson Foerster** (born January 18, 2002) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player currently playing for the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was drafted 23rd overall by the Flyers in the 2020 NHL Entry Draft.

## Early life

Foerster was born on January 18, 2002, in Alliston, Ontario, Canada to parents Glen and Sheri. He was inspired by his older brother Dawson to begin playing ice hockey, leading their father to build a floor hockey rink in their basement.

## Playing career

### Junior

Growing up, Foerster played with the Barrie Minor Midget Colts, recording 20 goals and 41 assists in 34 regular-season games, before being selected by the Barrie Colts in the third round, 55th overall of the 2018 Ontario Hockey League (OHL) Priority Selection Draft. During his second season, Foerster recorded six points against the Mississauga Steelheads setting of a point streak through 13 straight games which included six consecutive multi-point efforts. National Hockey League (NHL) scouts noted he showed stark improvement in play and goal scoring, setting career-highs in both goals and assists. Foerster described himself as a "shoot first player with a strong playmaking ability."

### Professional

#### Philadelphia Flyers

As a result of his play, Foerster rose from the 41st ranking by the NHL Central Scouting Bureau in January to the 21st by April. He was invited to the 2020 CHL Top Prospects Game where he scored two goals and was named Player of the Game for Team White. He was eventually drafted 23rd overall by the Philadelphia Flyers in the 2020 NHL Entry Draft and signed an entry-level contract with the team on October 14, 2020.

With the hiatus of the OHL due to the ongoing pandemic, Foerster attended the Flyers training camp in preparation for the 2020–21 season. On January 13, 2021, he was re-assigned by the Flyers to AHL affiliate, the Lehigh Valley Phantoms training camp, in order to continue his development. In his first game with the Phantoms, on February 6, 2021, Foerster had an awkward collision with a Hershey Bears player that resulted in a broken tibia for Foerster. He was expected to miss 3-4 weeks.

On March 9, 2023, Foerster made his NHL debut with the Flyers against the Carolina Hurricanes, where he played on the ice for roughly fourteen minutes, blocked three shots by the Hurricanes, and had two shots himself against goalie Pyotr Kochetkov. He had his first assist on March 17 against the Buffalo Sabres, and on the following day, March 18, Foerster scored his first NHL goal against the Hurricanes' Frederik Andersen in the last five minutes of the second period. On March 26, after scoring three goals over a total of eight games played, Foerster was loaned back to the Flyers' AHL affiliate Phantoms.

## International play

|
Foerster at the 2022 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Medal record | | |
| Representing  Canada | | |
| Ice hockey | | |
| World Junior Championships | | |
|  | 2022 Canada |  |

Foerster was named to Team Canada for the 2022 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, winning gold.

## Career statistics

### Regular season and playoffs

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 2017–18 | Stouffville Spirit | OJHL | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2018–19 | Barrie Colts | OHL | | 64 | 10 | 13 | 23 | 24 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2019–20 | Barrie Colts | OHL | | 62 | 36 | 44 | 80 | 53 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2020–21 | Lehigh Valley Phantoms | AHL | | 24 | 10 | 7 | 17 | 16 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2021–22 | Lehigh Valley Phantoms | AHL | | 9 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 4 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2021–22 | Barrie Colts | OHL | | 13 | 6 | 5 | 11 | 6 | | 6 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 |
| 2022–23 | Lehigh Valley Phantoms | AHL | | 66 | 20 | 28 | 48 | 59 | | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 0 |
| 2022–23 | Philadelphia Flyers | NHL | | 8 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 8 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2023–24 | Philadelphia Flyers | NHL | | 77 | 20 | 13 | 33 | 32 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| NHL totals | | | | 85 | 23 | 17 | 40 | 40 | |  |  |  |  |  |

### International

| Year | Team | Event | Result |  | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2022 | Canada | WJC |  | | 7 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 0 |
| Junior totals | | | | | 7 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 0 |

## InfoBox

| Tyson Foerster | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Born | (2002-01-18) January 18, 2002
Alliston, Ontario, Canada | | |
| Height | 6 ft 2 in (188 cm) | | |
| Weight | 194 lb (88 kg; 13 st 12 lb) | | |
| Position | Centre/Right wing | | |
| Shoots | Right | | |
| NHL team | *Philadelphia Flyers* | | |
| NHL draft | 23rd overall, 2020
Philadelphia Flyers | | |
| Playing career | 2021present | | |


title: Type II topoisomerase

abstract: Type II topoisomerases are topoisomerases that cut both strands of the DNA helix simultaneously in order to manage DNA tangles and supercoils. They use the hydrolysis of ATP, unlike Type I topoisomerase. In this process, these enzymes change the linking number of circular DNA by ±2. Topoisomerases are ubiquitous enzymes, found in all living organisms. In animals, topoisomerase II is a chemotherapy target. In prokaryotes, gyrase is an antibacterial target. Indeed, these enzymes are of interest for a wide range of effects.

text:
# Type II topoisomerase

**Type II topoisomerases** are topoisomerases that cut both strands of the DNA helix simultaneously in order to manage DNA tangles and supercoils. They use the hydrolysis of ATP, unlike Type I topoisomerase. In this process, these enzymes change the linking number of circular DNA by ±2. Topoisomerases are ubiquitous enzymes, found in all living organisms.

In animals, topoisomerase II is a chemotherapy target. In prokaryotes, gyrase is an antibacterial target. Indeed, these enzymes are of interest for a wide range of effects.

## Function

Type II topoisomerases increase or decrease the linking number of a DNA loop by 2 units, and it promotes chromosome disentanglement. For example, DNA gyrase, a type II topoisomerase observed in *E. coli* and most other prokaryotes, introduces negative supercoils and decreases the linking number by 2. Gyrase is also able to remove knots from the bacterial chromosome. Along with gyrase, most prokaryotes also contain a second type IIA topoisomerase, termed topoisomerase IV. Gyrase and topoisomerase IV differ by their C-terminal domains, which is believed to dictate substrate specificity and functionality for these two enzymes. Footprinting indicates that gyrase, which forms a 140-base-pair footprint and wraps DNA, introduces negative supercoils, while topoisomerase IV, which forms a 28-base-pair footprint, does not wrap DNA.

Eukaryotic type II topoisomerase cannot introduce supercoils; it can only relax them.

The roles of type IIB topoisomerases are less understood. Unlike type IIA topoisomerases, type IIB topoisomerases cannot simplify DNA topology (see below), but they share several structural features with type IIA topoisomerases.

## Topology simplification

Type IIA topoisomerases are essential in the separation of entangled daughter strands during replication. This function is believed to be performed by topoisomerase II in eukaryotes and by topoisomerase IV in prokaryotes. Failure to separate these strands leads to cell death. Type IIA topoisomerases have the special ability to relax DNA to a state below that of thermodynamic equilibrium, a feature unlike type IA, IB, and IIB topoisomerases. This ability, known as topology simplification, was first identified by Rybenkov et al. The hydrolysis of ATP drives this simplification, but a clear molecular mechanism for this simplification is still lacking. Several models to explain this phenomenon have been proposed, including two models that rely on the ability of type IIA topoisomerases to recognize bent DNA duplexes. Biochemistry, electron microscopy, and recent structures of topoisomerase II bound to DNA reveal that type IIA topoisomerases bind at the apices of DNA, supporting this model.

## Classification

There are two subclasses of type II topoisomerases, type IIA and IIB.

* Type IIA topoisomerases include the enzymes DNA gyrase, eukaryotic topoisomerase II (topo II), and bacterial topoisomerase IV (topo IV). These enzymes span all domains of life and are essential for function.
* Type IIB topoisomerases are structurally and biochemically distinct, and comprise a single family member, topoisomerase VI (topo VI). Type IIB topoisomerases are found in archaea and some higher plants.

Some organisms including humans have two isoforms of topoisomerase II: alpha and beta. In cancers, the topoisomerase IIα is highly expressed in proliferating cells. In certain cancers, such as peripheral nerve sheath tumors, high expression of its encoded protein is also associated to poor patient survival.

The two classes of topoisomerases possess a similar strand passage mechanism and domain structure (see below), however they also have several important differences. Type IIA topoisomerases form double-stranded breaks with four-base pair overhangs, while type IIB topoisomerases form double-stranded breaks with two base overhangs. In addition, type IIA topoisomerases are able to simplify DNA topology, while type IIB topoisomerases do not.

## Structure

### Type IIA

Type IIA topoisomerases consist of several key motifs:

* an N-terminal GHKL ATPase domain (for gyrase, Hsp, kinase and MutL),
* a Toprim domain (a Rossmann fold subclass), which exists in both type II topoisomerases, type IA topoisomerases, and bacterial primase (DnaG),
* a central DNA-binding core (which structurally forms a heart-shaped structure), and
* a variable C-terminal domain.

Eukaryotic type II topoisomerases are homodimers (A2), while prokaryotic type II topoisomerases are heterotetramers (A2B2). Prokaryotes have the ATPase domain and the Toprim fold on one polypeptide (Pfam PF00204), while the DNA cleavage core and the CTD lies on a second polypeptide (Pfam PF00521). For gyrase, the first polypeptide is called GyrB and the second polypeptide is called GyrA. For topo IV, the first polypeptide is called ParE and the second polypeptide is called ParC. Both Pfam signatures are found in the single-chain eukayotic topoisomerase.

The structures of the N-terminal ATPase domain of gyrase and yeast topoisomerase II have been solved in complex with AMPPNP (an ATP analogue), showing that two ATPase domains dimerize to form a closed conformation. For gyrase, the structure has a substantial hole in the middle, which is presumed to accommodate the T-segment.

Linking the ATPase domain to the Toprim fold is a helical element known as the transducer domain. This domain is thought to communicate the nucleotide state of the ATPase domain to the rest of the protein. Modifications to this domain affect topoisomerase activity, and structural work done by the Verdine group shows that the ATP state affects the orientation of the transducer domain.

The central core of the protein contains a Toprim fold and a DNA-binding core that contains a winged helix domain (WHD), often referred to as a CAP domain, since it was first identified to resemble the WHD of catabolite activator protein. The catalytic tyrosine lies on this WHD. The Toprim fold is a Rossmann fold that contains three invariant acidic residues that coordinate magnesium ions involved in DNA cleavage and DNA religation. The structure of the Toprim fold and DNA-binding core of yeast topoisomerase II was first solved by Berger and Wang, and the first gyrase DNA-binding core was solved by Morais Cabral et al. The structure solved by Berger revealed important insights into the function of the enzyme. The DNA-binding core consists of the WHD, which leads to a tower domain. A coiled-coil region leads to a C-terminal domain that forms the main dimer interface for this crystal state (often termed the C-gate). While the original topoisomerase II structure shows a situation where the WHDs are separated by a large distance, the structure of gyrase shows a closed conformation, where the WHD close.

The topoisomerase II core was later solved in new conformations, including one by Fass et al. and one by Dong et al. The Fass structure shows that the Toprim domain is flexible and that this flexibility can allow the Toprim domain to coordinate with the WHD to form a competent cleavage complex. This was eventually substantiated by the Dong et al. structure that was solved in the presence of DNA. This last structure showed that the Toprim domain and the WHD formed a cleavage complex very similar to that of the type IA topoisomerases and indicated how DNA-binding and cleavage could be uncoupled, and the structure showed that DNA was bent by ~150 degrees through an invariant isoleucine (in topoisomerase II it is I833 and in gyrase it is I172). This mechanism of bending resembles closely that of integration host factor (IHF) and HU, two architectural proteins in bacteria. In addition, while the previous structures of the DNA-binding core had the C-gate closed, this structure captured the gate open, a key step in the two-gate mechanism (see below).

More recently, several structures of the DNA-bound structure have been solved in an attempt to understand both the chemical mechanism for DNA cleavage and the structural basis for inhibition of topoisomerase by antibacterial poisons. The first complete architecture of the *E. coli* DNA gyrase has been solved by cryo-electron microscopy at near atomic resolution. The nucleoprotein complex was captured with a long DNA duplex and gepotidacin, a novel bacterial topoisomerase inhibitor.

The C-terminal region of the prokaryotic topoisomerases has been solved for multiple species. The first structure of a C-terminal domain of gyrase was solved by Corbett et al. and the C-terminal domain of topoisomerase IV was solved by Corbett et al. The structures formed a novel beta barrel, which bends DNA by wrapping the nucleic acid around itself. The bending of DNA by gyrase has been proposed as a key mechanism in the ability of gyrase to introduce negative supercoils into the DNA. This is consistent with footprinting data that shows that gyrase has a 140-base-pair footprint. Both gyrase and topoisomerase IV CTDs bend DNA, but only gyrase introduces negative supercoils.

Unlike the function of the C-terminal domain of prokaryotic topoisomerases, the function of the C-terminal region of eukaryotic topoisomerase II is still not clear. Studies have suggested that this region is regulated by phosphorylation and this modulates topoisomerase activity, however more research needs to be done to investigate this.

### Type IIB

The organization of type IIB topoisomerases are similar to that of type IIAs, except that all type IIBs have two genes and form heterotetramers. One gene, termed topo VI-B (since it resembles gyrB), contains the ATPase domain, a transducer domain (Pfam PF09239), and a C-terminal Ig-fold-like H2TH domain (Pfam PF18000). The second gene, termed topo VI-A (Pfam PF04406), contains the WHD and the Toprim domain.

The ATPase domain of topo VI B was solved in multiple nucleotide states. It closely resembles that of the GHKL domain of topo II and MutL and shows that the nucleotide state (ADP versus ATP) effects the orientation of the transducer domain ( and 1MX0).

The structure of topo VI-A was solved by Bergerat et al. showing that the HTH and Toprim fold had a novel conformation compared with that of topo IIA.

A recent structure of the topo VI A/B complex was solved, showing an open and closed conformation, two states that are predicted in the two-gate mechanism (see below). These structures, of which one is an X-ray crystal structure and the other is a Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) reconstruction, show that the ATPase domain can be either open or closed.

## Mechanism of action

### Strand passage

Type IIA topoisomerase operates through a "two-gate" mechanism (though this is a historical notation), a mechanism supported by biochemistry as well as by structural work.

A strand of DNA, called the gate, or G-segment, is bound by a central DNA-binding gate (DNA-gate). A second strand of DNA, called the transport, or T-segment, is captured by the dimerization of the N-terminal ATPase domain (the ATPase-gate) when two molecules of ATP bind. Hydrolysis of ATP and release of an inorganic phosphate leads to the cleavage of the G-segment, as the catalytic tyrosines form a covalent phosphotyrosine bond with the 5' end of the DNA. This creates a four-base overhang and a double-stranded break in the G-segment. As the DNA-binding gate separates, the T-segment is transferred through the G-segment. The G-segment is sealed, leading to the C-terminal gate (or C-gate) to open, allowing for the release of the T-segment. Release of product ADP leads to a reset of the system, and allows a second T-segment to be captured.

Type IIB topoisomerases operate through a similar fashion, except that the protein forms a two-base overhang in the G-segment and the C-terminal gate is completely missing.

### DNA cleavage

In the strand passage mechanism, the cleavage of DNA is key to allow the T-segment to transfer through the G-segment. The mechanism of DNA cleavage by type IIA topoisomerases has recently been the focus of many biochemical and structural biology studies.

## Catenation

Catenation is the process by which two circular DNA strands are linked together like chain links. This occurs after DNA replication, where two single strands are catenated and can still replicate but cannot separate into the two daughter cells. As type II topoisomerses break a double strand, they can fix this state (type I topoisomerases could do this only if there were already a single-strand nick), and the correct chromosome number can remain in daughter cells. Linear DNA in eukaryotes is so long they can be thought of as being without ends; type II topoisomerases are needed for the same reason.

## Inhibition

Small molecules that target type II topoisomerase are divided into two classes: inhibitors and poisons. Due to their frequent presence in proliferating eukaryotic cells, inhibitors of type II topoisomerases have been extensively studied and used as anti-cancer medications.

* Inhibitors of type II topoisomerase include HU-331, ICRF-187, ICRF-193, and mitindomide. These molecules work by inhibiting the ATPase activity by acting as noncompetitive inhibitors of ATP. This has been shown through structural studies and biochemical studies performed by the Lindsley group.
* Poisons of type II topoisomerases include doxorubicin, etoposide, novobiocin, quinolones (including ciprofloxacin), and teniposide. These small molecules target the DNA-protein complex. Some of these molecules lead to increased cleavage, whereas others, such as etoposide, inhibit religation.

The experimental antitumor drug m-AMSA (4'-(9'-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide) also inhibits type 2 topoisomerase.

Topoisomerase poisons have been extensively used as both anticancer and antibacterial therapies. While antibacterial compounds such as ciprofloxacin target bacterial gyrase, they fail to inhibit eukaryotic type IIA topoisomerases. In addition, drug-resistant bacteria often have a point mutation in gyrase (Serine79Alanine in *E. coli*) that renders quinolones ineffective. Recent structural studies have led to the discovery of a compound that no longer relies on this residue and, therefore, has efficacy against drug-resistant bacteria.

## Bacteriophage T4 gyrase

The bacteriophage (phage) T4 gyrase (type II topoismerase) is a multisubunit protein consisting of the products of genes 39, 52 and probably 60. It catalyses the relaxation of negatively or positively superhelical DNA and is employed in phage DNA replication during infection of the *E. coli* bacterial host. The phage gene 52 protein shares homology with the *E. coli* gyrase gyrA subunit and the phage gene 39 protein shares homology with the gyr B subunit. Since the host *E. coli* DNA gyrase can partially compensate for the loss of the phage T4 gene products, mutants defective in either genes 39, 52 or 60 do not completely abolish phage DNA replication, but rather delay its initiation. The rate of DNA elongation is not slower than wild-type in such mutant infections. Mutants defective in genes 39, 52 or 60 show increased genetic recombination as well as increased base-substitution and deletion mutation suggesting that the host compensated DNA synthesis is less accurate than that directed by wild-type phage. A mutant defective in gene 39 shows increased sensitivity to inactivation by ultraviolet irradiation during the stage of phage infection after initiation of DNA replication when multiple copies of the phage chromosome are present. Mutants defective in genes 39, 52 and 60 have reduced ability to carry out multiplicity reactivation, a form of recombinational repair that can deal with different types of DNA damage. The gyrase specified by the genome of uninfected *E. coli* also appears to participate in recombinational repair by providing an initiation point for the reciprocal strand exchange driven by the RecA protein.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| DNA Topoisomerase II (ATP-hydrolyzing) | |
| --- | --- |
| Structure of the 42 KDa fragment of the N-terminal ATPase and transducer domains of DNA gyrase homologous to all other type IIA topoisomerases. | |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 5.6.2.2 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Schoterland (electoral district)

abstract: Schoterland was an electoral district of the House of Representatives in the Netherlands from 1888 to 1918.

text:
# Schoterland (electoral district)

**Schoterland** was an electoral district of the House of Representatives in the Netherlands from 1888 to 1918.

## Profile

The electoral district of Schoterland was created in 1888 out of part of the Sneek district, which was reduced from three seats to one. Schoterland's boundaries remained the same throughout the electoral district's existence. Fully located in the province of Friesland, it included the rural municipalities of Aengwirden, Haskerland, Opsterland, Schoterland and Utingeradeel. It was a predominantly agricultural district.

The district's population increased slightly during its existence, from 45,522 in 1888 to 49,011 in 1909. A majority ranging from 59% to 68% of the population was Reformed, with around 10 to 12% being *Gereformeerd*. The proportion of Mennonites dropped from 8.7% in 1888 to 6.5% in 1909. Catholics made up just 3% of the population. A substantial minority of the population was nondenominational, peaking at 19.6% in 1909.

The district of Schoterland was abolished upon the introduction of party-list proportional representation in 1918.

## Members

Schoterland was a left-wing, so-called "red district", electing only candidates from the parliamentary left throughout its existence. In its first election, the district elected Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis, the first socialist member of the House of Representatives. In 1891, the radical Liberal Willem Treub defeated Domela Nieuwenhuis, but did not take his seat because another radical was elected in a different district, and Treub believed the socialists should be represented in parliament as well. Nevertheless, the subsequent by-election was won by another Liberal, Hendrik Pyttersen. In 1909, Theo de Meester won the district of Schoterland as well as the district of Den Helder. He opted to represent Den Helder, thus triggering another by-election in Schoterland.

| Election | Member | Party | | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1888 | Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis |  | Soc |  |
| 1891 | *Willem Treub* |  | *Lib* |  |
| *1891* | Hendrik Pyttersen |  | Lib |  |
| 1894 | | | | |
| 1897 | Geert van der Zwaag |  | SDAP |  |
| 1901 | | | | |
| 1905 | | | | |
| 1909 | *Theo de Meester* |  | *Lib* |  |
| *1909* | Joseph Limburg |  | VD |  |
| 1913 | Maup Mendels |  | SDAP |  |
| 1917 | | | | |

## Election results

### Elections in the 1880s

1888 general election: Schoterland
| Candidate | | Party | First round | | Second round | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | | % | Votes | % |
|  | Bernardus Hermanus Heldt | Lib | 1,062 | 43.61 | 1,036 | 47.03 |
|  | Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis | Soc | 769 | 31.58 | 1,167 | 52.97 |
|  | Luutzen de Vries | AR | 587 | 24.11 |  | |
| Others | | | 17 | 0.70 |  | |
| Total | | | 2,435 | 100.00 | 2,203 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | 2,435 | 99.59 | 2,203 | 99.06 |
| Invalid/blank votes | | | 10 | 0.41 | 21 | 0.94 |
| Total votes | | | 2,445 | 100.00 | 2,224 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | | | 2,959 | 82.63 | 2,959 | 75.16 |
|  | Socialist gain | | | | | |
| Source: Kiesraad, Huygens Instituut | | | | | | |

### Elections in the 1890s

1891 general election: Schoterland
| Candidate | | Party | First round | | Second round | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | | % | Votes | % |
|  | Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis | Soc | 748 | 33.42 | 919 | 45.20 |
|  | Willem Treub | Lib | 607 | 27.12 | 1,114 | 54.80 |
|  | Ulrich Herman Huber | AR | 587 | 26.23 |  | |
|  | J.C. van den Berg | Lib | 294 | 13.14 |  | |
| Others | | | 2 | 0.09 |  | |
| Total | | | 2,238 | 100.00 | 2,033 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | 2,238 | 98.98 | 2,033 | 97.55 |
| Invalid/blank votes | | | 23 | 1.02 | 51 | 2.45 |
| Total votes | | | 2,261 | 100.00 | 2,084 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | | | 2,861 | 79.03 | 2,861 | 72.84 |
|  | Liberal gain | | | | | |
| Source: Kiesraad, Huygens Instituut (, ) | | | | | | |

1891 Schoterland by-election
| Candidate | | Party | First round | | Second round | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | | % | Votes | % |
|  | Hendrik Pyttersen | Lib | 800 | 44.74 | 1,106 | 51.01 |
|  | Pieter van Vliet | AR | 771 | 43.12 | 1,062 | 48.99 |
|  | Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis | Soc | 215 | 12.02 |  | |
| Others | | | 2 | 0.11 |  | |
| Total | | | 1,788 | 100.00 | 2,168 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | 1,788 | 99.33 | 2,168 | 98.59 |
| Invalid/blank votes | | | 12 | 0.67 | 31 | 1.41 |
| Total votes | | | 1,800 | 100.00 | 2,199 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | | | 2,861 | 62.92 | 2,861 | 76.86 |
|  | Liberal hold | | | | | |
| Source: Kiesraad, Huygens Instituut (, ) | | | | | | |

1894 general election: Schoterland
| Candidate | | Party | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Hendrik Pyttersen | Lib | 834 | 91.65 |
|  | Geert van der Zwaag | Rad | 76 | 8.35 |
| Total | | | 910 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | 910 | 95.29 |
| Invalid/blank votes | | | 45 | 4.71 |
| Total votes | | | 955 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | | | 2,832 | 33.72 |
|  | Liberal hold | | | |
| Source: Kiesraad, Huygens Instituut | | | | |

1897 general election: Schoterland
| Candidate | | Party | First round | | Second round | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | | % | Votes | % |
|  | Geert van der Zwaag | SDAP | 1,344 | 39.15 | 1,941 | 54.04 |
|  | Hendrik Pyttersen | Lib | 994 | 28.95 | 1,651 | 45.96 |
|  | Abraham Kuyper | AR | 861 | 25.08 |  | |
|  | Herman Verkouteren | CHK | 234 | 6.82 |  | |
| Total | | | 3,433 | 100.00 | 3,592 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | 3,433 | 98.23 | 3,592 | 98.93 |
| Invalid/blank votes | | | 62 | 1.77 | 39 | 1.07 |
| Total votes | | | 3,495 | 100.00 | 3,631 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | | | 5,584 | 62.59 | 5,584 | 65.03 |
|  | SDAP gain | | | | | |
| Source: Kiesraad, Huygens Instituut (, ) | | | | | | |

### Elections in the 1900s

1901 general election: Schoterland
| Candidate | | Party | First round | | Second round | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | | % | Votes | % |
|  | Geert van der Zwaag | SDAP | 1,704 | 46.68 | 2,168 | 59.94 |
|  | Jan Schokking | FCH | 1,012 | 27.73 | 1,449 | 40.06 |
|  | J.P. Engelman | Lib | 934 | 25.59 |  | |
| Total | | | 3,650 | 100.00 | 3,617 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | 3,650 | 97.99 | 3,617 | 99.10 |
| Invalid/blank votes | | | 75 | 2.01 | 33 | 0.90 |
| Total votes | | | 3,725 | 100.00 | 3,650 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | | | 5,184 | 71.86 | 5,184 | 70.41 |
|  | SDAP hold | | | | | |
| Source: Kiesraad, Huygens Instituut (, ) | | | | | | |

1905 general election: Schoterland
| Candidate | | Party | First round | | Second round | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | | % | Votes | % |
|  | Geert van der Zwaag | SDAP | 2,085 | 43.83 | 3,172 | 63.89 |
|  | J. Huizinga | AR | 1,342 | 28.21 | 1,793 | 36.11 |
|  | Carel Victor Gerritsen | VD | 1,330 | 27.96 |  | |
| Total | | | 4,757 | 100.00 | 4,965 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | 4,757 | 98.75 | 4,965 | 99.12 |
| Invalid/blank votes | | | 60 | 1.25 | 44 | 0.88 |
| Total votes | | | 4,817 | 100.00 | 5,009 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | | | 6,365 | 75.68 | 6,365 | 78.70 |
|  | SDAP hold | | | | | |
| Source: Kiesraad, Huygens Instituut (, ) | | | | | | |

1909 general election: Schoterland
| Candidate | | Party | First round | | Second round | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | | % | Votes | % |
|  | J.A. Bergmeyer | SDAP | 1,756 | 36.46 | 2,125 | 45.31 |
|  | Theo de Meester | Lib | 1,547 | 32.12 | 2,565 | 54.69 |
|  | Jan Ankerman | CHU | 1,513 | 31.42 |  | |
| Total | | | 4,816 | 100.00 | 4,690 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | 4,816 | 99.65 | 4,690 | 99.77 |
| Invalid/blank votes | | | 17 | 0.35 | 11 | 0.23 |
| Total votes | | | 4,833 | 100.00 | 4,701 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | | | 6,707 | 72.06 | 6,707 | 70.09 |
|  | Liberal gain | | | | | |
| Source: Kiesraad, Huygens Instituut (, ) | | | | | | |

1909 Schoterland by-election
| Candidate | | Party | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Joseph Limburg | VD | 2,467 | 52.65 |
|  | J.A. Bergmeyer | SDAP | 2,219 | 47.35 |
| Total | | | 4,686 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | 4,686 | 99.81 |
| Invalid/blank votes | | | 9 | 0.19 |
| Total votes | | | 4,695 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | | | 6,707 | 70.00 |
|  | Free-thinking Democratic gain | | | |
| Source: Kiesraad, Huygens Instituut | | | | |

### Elections in the 1910s

1913 general election: Schoterland
| Candidate | | Party | First round | | Second round | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | | % | Votes | % |
|  | Maup Mendels | SDAP | 2,859 | 47.22 | 3,200 | 58.76 |
|  | Joseph Limburg | VD | 1,733 | 28.62 | 2,246 | 41.24 |
|  | Chris Smeenk | AR | 1,463 | 24.16 |  | |
| Total | | | 6,055 | 100.00 | 5,446 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | 6,055 | 99.26 | 5,446 | 99.45 |
| Invalid/blank votes | | | 45 | 0.74 | 30 | 0.55 |
| Total votes | | | 6,100 | 100.00 | 5,476 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | | | 7,812 | 78.08 | 7,812 | 70.10 |
|  | SDAP gain | | | | | |
| Source: Kiesraad, Huygens Instituut (, ) | | | | | | |

1917 general election: Schoterland
| Candidate | | Party | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Maup Mendels | SDAP | 2,135 | 78.75 |
|  | H.J. Rijsewijk | SDP | 576 | 21.25 |
| Total | | | 2,711 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | 2,711 | 98.73 |
| Invalid/blank votes | | | 35 | 1.27 |
| Total votes | | | 2,746 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | | | 8,751 | 31.38 |
|  | SDAP hold | | | |
| Source: Kiesraad, Huygens Instituut | | | | |


title: UD Puçol

abstract: Unión Deportiva Puçol is a Spanish football team based in Puçol, in the autonomous community of Valencia. Founded in 1951 it plays in Regional Preferente – Group 1, holding home games at Estadio José Claramunt, which has a capacity of 2,000 spectators.

text:
# UD Puçol

**Unión Deportiva Puçol** is a Spanish football team based in Puçol, in the autonomous community of Valencia. Founded in 1951 it plays in Regional Preferente – Group 1, holding home games at *Estadio José Claramunt*, which has a capacity of 2,000 spectators.

## Season to season

| **Season** **Tier** **Division** **Place** **Copa del Rey**  1951–80 5 Regional    1980/81 4  4th   1981/82 4  16th   1982/83 4  19th   1983–98 5 Regional    1998/99 6 1ª Reg. 6th   1999/00 6 1ª Reg. 1st   2000/01 5 Reg. Pref. 3rd   2001/02 5 Reg. Pref. 1st   2002/03 4  22nd   2003/04 5 Reg. Pref. 1st | **Season** **Tier** **Division** **Place** **Copa del Rey**  2004/05 4  15th   2005/06 4  15th   2006/07 4  12th   2007/08 4  12th   2008/09 4  17th   2009/10 4  16th   2010/11 4  20th   2011/12 5 Reg. Pref. 7th   2012/13 5 Reg. Pref. 9th   2013/14 5 Reg. Pref. 1st   2014/15 5 Reg. Pref. 5th   2015/16 5 Reg. Pref. 10th   2016/17 5 Reg. Pref. 4th   2017/18 5 Reg. Pref. 4th   2018/19 5 Reg. Pref. 1st   2019/20 5 Reg. Pref. 7th |
| --- | --- |

---

## Notable former players

## Notable former coaches

## InfoBox

Puçol
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Unión Deportiva Puçol |
| Nickname(s) | UD Puçol |
| Founded | 1951 (1951) |
| Ground | José Claramunt, Puçol,<br>Valencia, Spain |
| Capacity | 2,000 |
| Chairman | Vicente Bosch |
| Manager | David Sanz |
| League | Regional Preferente – Group 1 |
| 2019-20 | Regional Preferente – Group 1, 7th |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: UD Paiosaco

abstract: Unión Deportiva Paiosaco Hierros Añón (UD Paiosaco) is a Spanish football team located in A Laracha in the province of A Coruña, in the autonomous community of Galicia. Founded in 1961, it currently plays in Preferente Futgal – Group 1, holding home matches at Campo Porta Santa with a capacity of 2,000 spectators.

text:
# UD Paiosaco

**Unión Deportiva Paiosaco Hierros Añón** ***(UD Paiosaco)*** is a Spanish football team located in A Laracha in the province of A Coruña, in the autonomous community of Galicia. Founded in 1961, it currently plays in Preferente Futgal – Group 1, holding home matches at *Campo Porta Santa* with a capacity of 2,000 spectators.

## History

UD Paiosaco was founded in 1961.

## Season to season

| Season Tier Division Place Copa del Rey  1971–72 5 1ª Reg. 1st   1972–73 5 1ª Reg. 1st   1973–74 5 1ª Reg. 2nd   1974–75 5 2ª Reg. 2nd   1975–76 5 2ª Reg. 1st   1976–77 5 2ª Reg. 1st   1977–78 6 2ª Reg. 3rd   1978–79 7 2ª Reg. 2nd   1979–80 7 2ª Reg. 2nd   1980–81 7 2ª Reg. 13th   1981–82 7 2ª Reg. 1st   1982–83 6 1ª Reg. 3rd   1983–84 6 1ª Reg. 1st   1984–85 5 Reg. Pref. 11th   1985–86 5 Reg. Pref. 11th   1986–87 5 Reg. Pref. 18th   1987–88 5 Reg. Pref. 18th   1988–89 6 1ª Reg. 9th   1989–90 6 1ª Reg. 11th   1990–91 6 1ª Reg. 17th | Season Tier Division Place Copa del Rey  1991–92 7 2ª Reg. 1st   1992–93 6 1ª Reg. 6th   1993–94 6 1ª Reg. 7th   1994–95 6 1ª Reg. 9th   1995–96 6 1ª Reg. 13th   1996–97 6 1ª Reg. 5th   1997–98 6 1ª Reg. 10th   1998–99 6 1ª Reg. 18th   1999–2000 6 1ª Reg. 17th   2000–01 7 2ª Reg. 1st   2001–02 6 1ª Reg. 2nd   2002–03 5 Reg. Pref. 16th   2003–04 6 1ª Reg. 11th   2004–05 6 1ª Reg. 4th   2005–06 6 1ª Reg. 6th   2006–07 6 1ª Aut. 12th   2007–08 6 1ª Aut. 16th   2008–09 7 2ª Aut. 10th   2009–10 7 2ª Aut. 3rd   2010–11 7 2ª Aut. 5th |
| --- | --- |

| Season Tier Division Place Copa del Rey  2011–12 7 2ª Aut. 9th   2012–13 7 2ª Aut. 1st   2013–14 6 1ª Aut. 3rd   2014–15 6 1ª Aut. 1st   2015–16 5 Pref. 6th   2016–17 5 Pref. 5th   2017–18 5 Pref. 2nd   2018–19 4  15th   2019–20 4  20th   2020–21 4  12th / 10th   2021–22 6 Pref. 3rd   2022–23 5 3ª Fed. 11th   2023–24 5 3ª Fed. |
| --- |

---

## InfoBox

Paiosaco
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Unión Deportiva Paiosaco Hierros Añón |
| Founded | 1961 |
| Ground | Campo Porta Santa, Galicia,<br>Spain |
| Capacity | 2,000 |
| President | Carlos García Rodo |
| Head coach | Juan Riveiro |
| League | Preferente Futgal – Group 1 |
| 2023–24 | Tercera Federación – Group 1, 16th of 18 (relegated) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Tyssedal Hydroelectric Power Station

abstract: The Tyssedal Power Station is a hydroelectric power station and museum located in Tyssedal in the municipality Odda in Vestland, Norway. The station was designed by architect Thorvald Astrup. It started production in 1906 and operated at a combined installed capacity of 100 MW from 1918, with an average annual production of 700 GWh. The plant was protected by the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage in 2000, and is part of the Norwegian Museum of Hydropower and Industry. The power station was added to the list of priority technical and industrial cultural heritage by the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage. It is an anchor point of the European Route of Industrial Heritage (ERIH).

text:
# Tyssedal Hydroelectric Power Station

The **Tyssedal Power Station**  (*Tyssedal kraftanlegg*) is a hydroelectric power station and museum located in Tyssedal in the municipality Odda in Vestland, Norway. The station was designed by architect Thorvald Astrup. It started production in 1906 and operated at a combined installed capacity of 100 MW from 1918, with an average annual production of 700 GWh. The plant was protected by the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage in 2000, and is part of the Norwegian Museum of Hydropower and Industry. The power station was added to the list of priority technical and industrial cultural heritage by the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage.

It is an anchor point of the European Route of Industrial Heritage (ERIH).

## InfoBox

| Tyssedal Hydroelectric Power Station | |
| --- | --- |
| Tyssedal kraftverk | |
| Official name | *Tyssedal kraftverk* |
| Country | Norway |
| Location | Tyssedal |
| Coordinates | 60°07′17″N 6°33′20″E / 60.12139°N 6.55556°E / 60.12139; 6.55556 |
| Status | Museum |
| Opening date | 1906 (1906) |
| Demolition date | 1989 (1989) |
| Owner(s) | Tyssefaldene (-1989) |
| Reservoir | |
| Total capacity | 426×10~~^~~6 m3 (0.426 km3) |
| Power Station | |
| Hydraulic head | 400 m |
| Installed capacity | 100 MW |
| Capacity factor | 80.0% |
| Annual generation | 700 GW·h |


title: UK LGBT Archive

abstract: The UK LGBT Archive, formerly the LGBT History Project, is an LGBT online encyclopaedia for the United Kingdom It was created in June 2011 by Jonathan Harbourne using MediaWiki software. Content is published under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike licence. By December 2015 the site had "over 3600 articles... Each article explains the history of a character, event or important document and explains its special place in queer history." It was launched at the pre-launch in November 2011 for LGBT History Month 2012. Sport is one of the themes of the site, reflecting its origins in connection with 'London 2018', the campaign to bring the Gay Games/Outgames to London in 2018. However it now seeks to cover all aspects of LGBT life in the UK, from the earliest times to the present day. The Project's logo is a time capsule, reflecting the aim of preserving for future generations the history of LGBT people, institutions, and events that would otherwise be forgotten. Indeed, it has recorded a number of LGBT organisations, and venues such as gay pubs, that have disappeared and have needed to be uncovered in archived defunct websites or old newspaper cuttings. While following in large part the approach laid down by Wikipedia, it has a much more relaxed approach to notability, and will cover any UK LGBT-related subject for which a record exists. In terms of geographical coverage, its articles cover the four countries of the United Kingdom, plus the Crown Dependencies with the aim of having an article for every local authority area or significant town. In December 2015 it was re-launched as the UK LGBT Archive.

text:
# UK LGBT Archive

The **UK LGBT Archive**, formerly the **LGBT History Project**, is an LGBT online encyclopaedia for the United Kingdom It was created in June 2011 by Jonathan Harbourne using MediaWiki software. Content is published under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike licence. By December 2015 the site had "over 3600 articles... Each article explains the history of a character, event or important document and explains its special place in queer history."

It was launched at the pre-launch in November 2011 for LGBT History Month 2012.

Sport is one of the themes of the site, reflecting its origins in connection with 'London 2018', the campaign to bring the Gay Games/Outgames to London in 2018. However it now seeks to cover all aspects of LGBT life in the UK, from the earliest times to the present day. The Project's logo is a time capsule, reflecting the aim of preserving for future generations the history of LGBT people, institutions, and events that would otherwise be forgotten. Indeed, it has recorded a number of LGBT organisations, and venues such as gay pubs, that have disappeared and have needed to be uncovered in archived defunct websites or old newspaper cuttings. While following in large part the approach laid down by Wikipedia, it has a much more relaxed approach to notability, and will cover any UK LGBT-related subject for which a record exists.

In terms of geographical coverage, its articles cover the four countries of the United Kingdom, plus the Crown Dependencies (Isle of Man and Channel Islands) with the aim of having an article for every local authority area or significant town.

In December 2015 it was re-launched as the UK LGBT Archive.


title: UK Mail

abstract: UK Mail, a trading name of DHL Parcel UK Limited, is a postal service company operating in the United Kingdom, which has competed with Royal Mail in collection and distribution of mail, since the deregulation of the postal service in January 2006. Its distribution network delivers mail to local Royal Mail sorting offices for last mile delivery through downstream access. UK Mail competes primarily with Royal Mail and Whistl. Since December 2016, the company has been owned by Deutsche Post DHL Group. The company name was changed from UK Mail Limited to DHL Parcel UK Limited in July 2018, and its parcel service rebranded, although the name UK Mail will continue to be used for mail and packet services.

text:
# UK Mail

**UK Mail**, a trading name of **DHL Parcel UK Limited** (formerly **Business Post**), is a postal service company operating in the United Kingdom, which has competed with Royal Mail in collection and distribution of mail, since the deregulation of the postal service in January 2006. Its distribution network delivers mail to local Royal Mail sorting offices for last mile delivery through downstream access.

UK Mail competes primarily with Royal Mail and Whistl. Since December 2016, the company has been owned by Deutsche Post DHL Group. The company name was changed from UK Mail Limited to DHL Parcel UK Limited in July 2018, and its parcel service rebranded, although the name *UK Mail* will continue to be used for mail and packet services.

## History

UK Mail originated as a taxi firm in Harrow in 1971. In just a few years, the company evolved into a national business offering same day courier and overnight parcel delivery. By 1986, the then much larger company became Business Post, and was then listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1993. UK Mail was granted one seven year licence by Postcomm in June 2003, to provide postal services for business customers.

It began trading in May 2004, with Powergen as its first customer, and delivered its one billionth item of mail in October 2006. In July 2009, its parent company, Business Post Group, became UK Mail Group to "reflect the growing importance of the mail arm". In November 2015, problems caused by a new automated sorting hub had resulted in a loss in profit, and a share price drop.

In September 2016, UK Mail announced that it would be acquired by Deutsche Post. By this time, the news media reported that the company had established "one of the largest integrated parcels and mail operations in the United Kingdom" The sale was concluded in December 2016, for US$315.5 (£243 million).

The former company became a division of the Deutsche Post European parcel network although its web site acknowledges only the relationship with DHL Express. In March 2017, UK Mail was criticised for charging a sick self employed courier £216 a day as the cost of hiring a replacement. In reply, the company stated that "UK Mail only ever passes on the actual costs incurred, which is in line with the contract with the driver and with company policy".

## InfoBox

DHL Parcel UK Limited
|
|  |
| Company type | Postal services |
| Headquarters | Slough, England, UK |
| Area served | United Kingdom |
| Products | Postal services |
| Parent | Deutsche Post DHL Group |
| Website | www.ukmail.com |


title: UD Altea

abstract: Unión Deportiva Altea is a Spanish football team based in Altea, in the Valencian Community. It was founded in 1962, and plays in Primera Regional, holding home matches at Garganes stadium, which has a capacity of 2,000 seats.

text:
# UD Altea

**Unión Deportiva Altea** is a Spanish football team based in Altea, in the Valencian Community. It was founded in 1962, and plays in Primera Regional, holding home matches at *Garganes* stadium, which has a capacity of 2,000 seats.

## Season to season

| **Season** **Tier** **Division** **Place** **Copa del Rey**  1962–00 5 Regional    2000/01 6 1ª Reg. 1st   2001/02 5 Reg. Pref. 4th   2002/03 5 Reg. Pref. 5th   2003/04 5 Reg. Pref. 4th   2004/05 5 Reg. Pref. 6th   2005/06 5 Reg. Pref. 9th   2006/07 5 Reg. Pref. 6th   2007/08 5 Reg. Pref. 5th   2008/09 5 Reg. Pref. 3rd   2009/10 5 Reg. Pref. 7th   2010/11 5 Reg. Pref. 1st   2011/12 4  22nd   2012/13 5 Reg. Pref. 16th   2013/14 6 1ª Reg. 5th   2014/15 6 1ª Reg. 11th   2015/16 6 1ª Reg. 1st   2016/17 5 Reg. Pref. 16th   2017/18 6 1ª Reg. 4th |
| --- |

---

## InfoBox

Altea
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Unión Deportiva Altea |
| Founded | 1962 |
| Ground | Garganes,
Altea, Alicante,
Spain |
| Capacity | 2,000 |
| President | Francisco Bolo |
| Head coach | Pepe Guzmán |
| League | Primera Regional |
| 2012–13 | Regional Preferente – Group 4, 16th – relegated |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: UD Amistad

abstract: Unión Deportiva Amistad is a Spanish football team based in Zaragoza, in the autonomous community of Aragon. Founded in 1939 as Racing Club San José, the club was dissolved in 1964, but was refounded in 1975. They are now dedicated to youth football. After the refoundation in 1975, the club also had a senior men's team playing in the regional leagues in the 1970s, while a senior women's team played in the regional leagues. They were also a farm team of Real Zaragoza in the 1950s and 1960s.

text:
# UD Amistad

**Unión Deportiva Amistad** is a Spanish football team based in Zaragoza, in the autonomous community of Aragon. Founded in 1939 as *Racing Club San José*, the club was dissolved in 1964, but was refounded in 1975. They are now dedicated to youth football.

After the refoundation in 1975, the club also had a senior men's team playing in the regional leagues in the 1970s, while a senior women's team played in the regional leagues. They were also a farm team of Real Zaragoza in the 1950s and 1960s.

## History

### Club background

* *Racing Club San José* (1939–1941)
* *Club Deportivo San José* (1941–1948)
* *Unión Deportiva Amistad* (1948–1964; 1975–)

## Season to season

| Season Tier Division Place Copa del Rey  1940–41 6 3ª Reg. 1st   1941–42 6 3ª Reg. 3rd   1942–43 4 2ª Reg. 5th   1943–44 DNP   1944–45 DNP   1945–46 5 2ª Reg. 5th   1946–47 5 2ª Reg. 2nd   1947–48 4 1ª Reg. 4th   1948–49 4 1ª Reg. 4th   1949–50 4 1ª Reg. 2nd   1950–51 4 1ª Reg. 2nd   1951–52 4 1ª Reg. 1st   1952–53 3  11th   1953–54 3  13th   1954–55 3  7th   1955–56 3  1st | Season Tier Division Place Copa del Rey  1956–57 3  6th   1957–58 3  2nd   1958–59 3  1st   1959–60 3  1st   1960–61 3  1st   1961–62 3  3rd   1962–63 3  6th   1963–64 3  9th   1964–1975 DNP   1975–76 8 3ª Reg. 8th   1976–77 8 3ª Reg. 13th   1977–78 DNP   1978–79 8 3ª Reg. 8th   1979–1989 DNP   1989–90 6 1ª Reg. (R) |
| --- | --- |

---

## Famous players

Note: List consists of players who appeared in La Liga or reached international status.

## InfoBox

Amistad
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Unión Deportiva Amistad |
| Founded | 1939 (1939)
(as Racing Club San José)
1975
(refounded) |
| Ground | Puente de Santiago, Zaragoza
Aragon, Spain |
| President | Ángel Hervás |
| League | Liga Nacional Juvenil |
| 2023–24 | Liga Nacional Juvenil – Group 6, 12th of 18 |
| Website | Club website |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: U.S. Navy Diving Manual

abstract: The U.S. Navy Diving Manual is a book used by the US Navy for diver training and diving operations.

text:
# U.S. Navy Diving Manual

The ***U.S. Navy Diving Manual*** is a book used by the US Navy for diver training and diving operations.

## Overview

The US Navy first provided a diving manual for training and operational guidance in 1905, and the first book titled *Diving Manual* was published in 1916. Since then books titled *Diving Manual* or *U.S. Navy Diving Manual* have been published several times, each one updating the content of the previous version. The amount of information provided has tended to increase over the years, the 1905 edition had approximately 66 pages, while Revision 7 (2016) has 992 pages in 18 chapters; the manuals are illustrated with contemporary photographs, diagrams and graphs.

## Content

Content has varied in the various editions, and the order and layout have changed over the years. It remains one of the most comprehensive textbooks on the theory and practice of diving generally available. Some content type is common to all editions, but has been updated and expanded to keep it current and relevant, and some content has been added as the equipment, theory and field of operations changed over the more than a century of the manual's existence.

### Content of Revision 7

Revision 7 (2016) has the following content:

* Volume 1: Diving Principles and Policies
    + Chapter 1: History of diving: Surface-supplied air diving, scuba diving, mixed gas diving, submarine salvage and rescue, salvage diving, open sea deep diving records.
    + Chapter 2: Underwater physics: Physics, matter, measurement, energy, light energy in diving, mechanical energy in diving, heat energy in diving, pressure in diving, gases in diving, gas laws, gas mixtures.
    + Chapter 3: Underwater Physiology and Diving Disorders: The nervous system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, respiratory problems in diving, barotrauma during descent, barotrauma during ascent, pulmonary overinflation syndromes, indirect effects of pressure on the human body, thermal problems in diving, special medical problems associated with deep diving, other diving medical problems.
    + Chapter 4: Dive Systems: General information, diver's breathing gas purity standards, diver's air sampling program, dive system components
    + Chapter 5: Dive Program Administration:
    + Appendix 1A: Safe Diving Distances from Transmitting Sonar
    + Appendix 1B: References
    + Appendix 1C: Telephone Numbers
    + Appendix 1D: List of Acronyms
* Volume 2: Air Diving Operations
    + Chapter 6: Operational Planning and Risk Management: Mission analysis, course of action development, risk assessment, task planning and emergency assistance, execution.
    + Chapter 7: SCUBA Air Diving Operations: Operational considerations, minimum equipment, operational equipment, air supply, pre-dive procedures, water entry and exit, underwater procedures, ascent procedures, post-dive procedures.
    + Chapter 8: Surface Supplied Air Diving Operations: KM-37 NS, Mk 20, portable surface-supplied diving systems, surface-supplied diving accessory equipment, diving communications, pre-dive procedures, water entry and descent, underwater procedures, ascent procedures, surface decompression, post-dive procedures.
    + Chapter 9: Air Decompression: Theory of decompression, definitions, dive charting and recording, the air decompression tables, general rules for the use of air decompression tables, no decompression limits and repetitive group designation, the air decompression table, repetitive dives, exceptional exposure dives, variations in rate of ascent, emergency procedures, diving at altitude, ascent to altitude/flying after diving, dive computer
    + Chapter 10: Nitrogen-Oxygen Diving Operations: Equivalent air depth, oxygen toxicity, nitrox diving procedures, nitrox repetitive diving, nitrox dive charting, fleet training for nitrox, nitrox diving equipment, equipment cleanliness, breathing gas purity, nitrox mixing, blending and storage systems.
    + Chapter 11: Ice and Cold Water Diving Operations: Operations planning, pre-dive procedures, operating precautions, emergency procedures.
    + Appendix 2A: Optional Shallow Water Diving Tables
    + Appendix 2B: U.S. Navy Dive Computer
    + Appendix 2C: Environmental and Operational Hazards:
    + Appendix 2D: Guidance for U.S. Navy Diving on a Dynamic Positioning Vessel
* Volume 3: Mixed Gas Surface Supplied Diving Operations
    + Chapter 12: Surface-Supplied Mixed Gas Diving: Operational considerations, diving equipment/systems, descent and ascent procedures, emergency procedures, charting heliox dives, diving at altitude.
    + Chapter 13: Saturation Diving: Deep diving systems, US Navy fly-away saturation dive system, shore based saturation facilities, life support systems, thermal protection system, underwater breathing apparatus, gas usage, operations, operational considerations, selection of storage depth, records, logistics DDC and PTC atmosphere control, gas supply requirements, environmental control, fire zone considerations, hygiene, atmosphere quality control, compression phase, storage depth, emergency procedures, decompression, post-dive procedures.
    + Chapter 14: Breathing Gas Mixing Procedures: Mixing procedures, gas analysis.
* Volume 4: Closed-Circuit and Semiclosed Circuit Diving Operations
    + Chapter 15: Electronically Controlled Closed-Circuit Underwater Breathing Apparatus (EC-UBA) Diving: Principles of operation, operational planning, pre-dive procedures, descent, underwater procedures, ascent procedures, decompression procedures, multi-day diving, altitude diving and flying after diving, post-dive procedures, medical aspects, equipment reference data.
    + Chapter 16: Closed Circuit Oxygen UBA (CC-UBA) Diving: Medical aspects of closed-circuit oxygen diving, oxygen exposure limits, operations planning, pre-dive procedures, water entry and descent, underwater procedures, ascent procedures, post-dive procedures and documentation, Mk-25.
* Volume 5: Diving Medicine and Recompression Chamber Operations
    + Chapter 17: Diagnosis and Treatment of Decompression Sickness and Arterial Gas Embolism: Manning requirements, arterial gas embolism, decompression sickness, recompression treatment, treatment tables, treatment for non-diving disorders, chamber life-support considerations, post treatment considerations, non-standard treatments, treatment abort procedures, ancillary care and adjunctive treatments, emergency medical equipment,
    + Chapter 18: Recompression Chamber Operation: Description, state of readiness, gas supply, operation, maintenance, diver candidate pressure test.
    + Appendix 5A: Neurological Examination
    + Appendix 5B: First Aid
    + Appendix 5C: Hazardous Marine Creatures
* Index

## Format

Varies with edition. Early editions were available in hard or soft binding. Recent editions have been casebound, looseleaf and pdf for download or on compact disc.

## Reviews

## Impact

Before the establishment of recreational diver certification, the U.S, Navy Diving Manual was used as the training manual for recreational divers in the US, and was frequently referenced in other English speaking countries. It was also used as training material for commercial divers, and has been the standard text for the U.S.Navy for diver training.

US Navy decompression tables and variations on the originals have been used worldwide by recreational and professional divers. This trend has decreased somewhat with the availability of economical and acceptably reliable decompression computers. One issue for recreational use was that the Navy decompression tables were considered relatively high risk for decompression sickness when followed to the limit. For divers without convenient recourse to a decompression chamber, this was considered an unacceptable risk, and various modifications to the tables were made for greater conservatism and convenience of use. Even after the recreational diving industry published a variety of training manuals, the U.S.Navy Diving manual remains a respected and widely used reference by recreational technical and professional divers worldwide. This may be partly due to the ease of access, as the later versions have been freely available for download as pdf files.

## Editions and revisions

* 1905 - *Manual for Divers - Handbook for Seaman Gunners*, published by the Naval Torpedo Station, printed in Washington, DC. The book had seven chapters: Requirement of divers; Description of Diving Apparatus; Accidents That May Happen; Rules for Resuscitation; Signals; Duties of the Person in Charge of the Diver and of the Divers Tenders and Assistants; Preparation and Operation of Apparatus; Method of Instruction; Care and Preservation of Apparatus; Diving Outfit; Pressure at Different Depths.
* 1916 - *Diving Manual 1916*, published by the Navy Department, Washington Government Printing Office. Intended for use as an instruction manual as well as for general use.
* 1924 - *U.S. Navy Diving Manual* – a reprint of Chapter 36 of the Manual of the Bureau of Construction & Repair, Navy Department, which was responsible for US Navy Diving research and development at the time.
* 1943 - *Diving Manual 1943*, published by the Navy Department, Bureau of Ships, to supersede the 1924 manual, printed by United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. The book has 21 chapters on all aspects of US Navy diving at the time, including diving on Heliox mixtures, which was a new development. The main focus was on the US Navy Mk V helmet, a typical free-flow copper helmet used with standard diving dress, but shallow water diving equipment is also covered.
* 1952 - *Diving Manual*, document identity NAVSHIPS 250–880, also published by the Navy Department, Bureau of Ships, to supersede the 1943 manual. It has nine parts: History and Development of Diving, Basic Principles of Diving, Diving Equipment, Diving Procedures, Medical Aspects of Diving, Diving with Helium-Oxygen Mixtures, Summary of Safety Precautions, Diving Accidents, and Component Parts of Standard Diving Equipment.
* 1959 - *U. S. Navy Diving Manual*, document NAVSHIPS 250–538, published by the Navy Department, Bureau of Ships to supersede the 1952 manual. This manual is in four parts: General Principles of Diving, Surface Supplied Diving, Self Contained Diving, and Diving Accessories.
* 1963 - *U.S. Navy Diving Manual*, document NAVSHIPS 250–538, published by the Navy Department, Bureau of Ships. In three parts: General Principles of Diving, Surface Supplied Diving, which refers to standard dress diving, including the use of Helium-Oxygen mixtures, and Self Contained Diving.
* 1970 - *US Navy Diving Manual*, document NAVSHIPS 0994-001-9010, published by the Navy Department, Washington DC 20350 to supersede the 1963 manual. In three parts and 6 appendices. Extensively illustrated with photographs, diagrams and tables, and approved for public sale. Part 1. General principles of diving, Part 2: Surface supplied diving, Part 3: Self contained diving. The appendices were: A: first Aid and Emergency Procedures, B: Technical information, gas mixing, gas analysis and high pressure systems, C: Technical information on surface demand diving, D: Scuba technical manuals and information, E: Marine life, F: Selection, qualification and training personnel.
* 1973 - *US Navy Diving Manual*, document NAVSHIPS 0994-001-9010, published by the U.S.Government Printing Office, Washington DC, in two volumes: Volume 1: Air Diving, in a 3-ring binder, and Volume 2, Mixed Gas Diving, in a smaller book.
* 1975 - *US Navy Diving Manual*, published by Naval Sea Systems Command, Navy Department, Washington DC, in two volumes. Part 1: Air Diving, document NAVSEA 0994-LP-001-9010, and Part 2: Mixed-Gas Diving, document NAVSHIPS 0994-001-9010. This revision was published following comments and recommendations for change in the year following the 1973 edition, and to include some changes in diving technology. It also followed consolidation of Naval Ship Systems Command and the Naval Ordnance Systems Command to form the Naval Sea Systems Command, hence the NAVSEA designation. The work comprises 21 sections, on history of diving, underwater physics, underwater physiology, operations planning, scuba diving air, surface supply diving air, air decompression, diving emergencies, mixed gas theory, operations planning, underwater breathing apparatus, surface supply diving mixed gas, deep diving systems, oxygen diving operations, surface supply decompression, mixed gas scuba decompression, and helium oxygen saturation diving. Each volume also has appendices and an index.
* 1981 - *U.S. Navy Diving Manual*, Volume 2, Mixed Gas Diving. NAVSEA 0994-LP001-9010 Revision 1, Navy Department, Washington DC. Chapters 9 through 17 and appendices A through D. dated July 1 1981.
* 1985 - *US Navy Diving Manual*, Volume 1, Air Diving, Revision 1, document NAVSEA 0994-LP-001-9010, dated 1 June 1985.
* 1987 - *US Navy Diving Manual*, Volume 2, Mixed-Gas Diving, Revision 2, dated 1 October 1987. Document NAVSEA 0994-001-9020.
* 1988 - *US Navy Diving Manual*, Volume 1, Air Diving, Revision 2, dated 15 December 1988.
* 1999 - *U.S. Navy Diving Manual*, Revision 4, document NAVSEA 0910-LP-708-8001 dated 20 January 1999. Five volumes. Change A issued March 2001. Also published by Claitors Pub Div; in a five-volume set edition, volumes titled: 1: Diving principles and policies, 2: Air diving operations, 3: Mixed-gas surface-supplied diving operations, 4: Closed-circuit and Semiclosed-circuit diving operations, 5: Diving medicine and recompression chamber operations. ISBN 978-1579804541.
* 2005 - U.S. Navy Diving Manual, Revision 5, document NAVSEA SS521-AG-PRO-010, dated 15 August 2005. Formally incorporates operational risk management processes. In 5 volumes titled as Revision 4.
* 2008 - U.S. Navy Diving Manual, Revision 6, dated April 2008, includes the Thalmann algorithm air decompression table. In 5 volumes titled as Revision 5. Published by Direction of Commander, Naval Sea Systems Command, and produced on CD ROM by Best Publishing Company.
* 2011 – U.S. Navy Diving Manual, Revision 6, Change A, dated 15 October 2011.
* 2017 - U.S. Navy Diving Manual, Revision 7, document NAVSEA 0910-LP-115-1921, dated 1 December 2016, supersedes SS521-AG-PRO-010, Revision 6, Change A, dated 15 October 2011. In 5 volumes titled as Revision 6. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
* 2018 – U.S. Navy Diving Manual, Revision 7, Change A, dated 30 April 2018.

## InfoBox

U.S. Navy Diving Manual
| US Navy Diving Manual Revision 7A Looseleaf | |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Release number | Revision 7, Change A |
| Subject | Diving theory, equipment, and operations |
| Genre | Non-fiction |
| Publication date | 1905 to present |
| Publication place | US |
| Website | www.navsea.navy.mil/Home/SUPSALV/00C3-Diving/Diving-Publications/ |