abstract: Willow Creek Reservoir is a man-made lake in Elko County, Nevada in the United States. The reservoir was initially created in 1884 by the construction of Willow Creek Dam. Barrick Goldstrike owns the reservoir. The reservoir impounds the Willow Creek for irrigation storage.

text:
# Willow Creek Reservoir (Elko County, Nevada)

**Willow Creek Reservoir** is a man-made lake in Elko County, Nevada in the United States. The reservoir was initially created in 1884 by the construction of **Willow Creek Dam**. Barrick Goldstrike owns the reservoir. The reservoir impounds the Willow Creek for irrigation storage.

## InfoBox

| Willow Creek Reservoir | |
| --- | --- |
| Lower portion of Willow Creek Reservoir | |
| Willow Creek ReservoirLocation of Willow Creek Reservoir in Nevada | |
| Location | Elko County, Nevada |
| Coordinates | 41°13′13″N 116°31′21″W / 41.22028°N 116.52250°W / 41.22028; -116.52250 |
| Type | Reservoir |
| Primary inflows | Willow Creek |
| Primary outflows | Willow Creek |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Surface area | 640 acres (2.6 km2) |
| Max. depth | 40 ft (12 m) |
| Water volume | 10,000 acre⋅ft (12,000,000 m3) |
| Surface elevation | 5,400 ft (1,600 m) |


title: Ante Vrban

abstract: Ante Vrban was a Croatian major of the Ustaše Militia and later the Croatian Armed Forces of the Independent State of Croatia during World War II. He served as deputy commander of the Stara Gradiška concentration camp and was responsible for various atrocities committed there during the war. After the collapse of the Independent State of Croatia, he fled and sought refuge in Austria. In the summer of 1945, he returned to Yugoslavia with the intention of starting an anti-communist uprising. He was arrested by Yugoslav authorities and charged with war crimes. Vrban was found guilty on all counts and hanged in August 1948.

text:
# Ante Vrban

**Ante Vrban** (15 January 1908 – 31 August 1948) was a Croatian major of the Ustaše Militia and later the Croatian Armed Forces of the Independent State of Croatia during World War II. He served as deputy commander of the Stara Gradiška concentration camp and was responsible for various atrocities committed there during the war. After the collapse of the Independent State of Croatia, he fled and sought refuge in Austria. In the summer of 1945, he returned to Yugoslavia with the intention of starting an anti-communist uprising. He was arrested by Yugoslav authorities and charged with war crimes. Vrban was found guilty on all counts and hanged in August 1948.

## Biography

Vrban was born on 15 January 1908 in Pejakuša, near Gospić. Before World War II, he worked as a trading assistant.

After the formation of the Independent State of Croatia, he joined the Ustasha Militia. In the summer of 1941, he took part in the killings of Serbs in Lika, as well as in the killings of Jews in the Jadovno concentration camp.

He arrived at the Stara Gradiška camp on 13 November 1941, and brought with him a group of captured Freemasons. For some time he was the deputy commander of the camp which was commanded by Mile Orešković. At the post-war trial, he admitted to poisoning 63 sick children with Zyklon B.

He took part in the Battle of Lijevče Field. After the collapse of the Independent State of Croatia, he withdrew to Austria, but in 1946 he returned briefly to Croatia to establish contact with the Crusaders. The following year, the UDBA captured him on Mount Papuk, together with Ljubo Miloš. At the trial before the Supreme Court of the People's Republic of Croatia with Ustashas caught in Operation Gvardijan, Vrban was sentenced to death by hanging.

In the 1983 four-part TV Zagreb mini-series *Zamke* (*Traps*), Vrban is portrayed by Zdenko Jelčić. In the 2021 historical drama *Dara of Jasenovac* directed by Predrag Antonijević, Vrban is portrayed by Igor Đorđević.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Ante Vrban | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1908-01-15)15 January 1908
Pejakuša near Gospić, Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, Austria-Hungary |
| Died | 31 August 1948(1948-08-31) (aged 40)
Zagreb, PR Croatia, FPR Yugoslavia |
| Cause of death | Execution by hanging |
|  | |
| Allegiance | Independent State of Croatia
Nazi Germany |
| Service/branch | Ustaše Militia
Croatian Armed Forces |
| Years of service | 1941–45 |
| Commands | Deputy commander of Stara Gradiška concentration camp |


title: Winifred Horrabin

abstract: Winifred Horrabin, née Batho, was a British socialist activist and journalist.

text:
# Winifred Horrabin

**Winifred Horrabin**, née **Batho** (9 September 1887 – 24 June 1971), was a British socialist activist and journalist.

## Early life and education

She was born in Sheffield, West Riding of Yorkshire, on 9 August 1887, daughter of Arthur John Batho, a postal telegraph clerk, and his wife Lilian, née Outram. She was the fourth of six children, three of whom died in infancy. The family were members of The Wicker Congregational Church. Her father died in May 1891, in Graaff-Reinet, South Africa, where he was seeking treatment for his tuberculosis.

Winifred began attending the Sheffield School of Art in 1907, where she met her future husband, the political activist, cartographer and cartoonist Frank Horrabin. She had a political awakening while a student, influenced by the South African socialist and feminist Olive Schreiner. She joined the Women's Social and Political Union, a militant group campaigning for women's suffrage led by Emmeline Pankhurst, and in 1909 disrupted a speech by Winston Churchill with the suffragette cry "Votes for women!"

## Career

### 1910s

She and Horrabin married on 11 August 1911, and they moved to London the same year. In 1912 she delivered a paper, "Is Woman's Place the Home?", to the Fabian Society, arguing that the liberation of women from economic slavery depended on the destruction of private property. She and her husband were involved in the Central Labour College, and in 1913 Winifred set up a Women's League to focus on the education of female workers. In 1915, inspired by the art of William Morris, she became a guild socialist. She was honorary secretary of The Plebs' League, and contributed to *The Plebs*, the League's journal, which her husband edited.

### 1920s

She became a founder member of the Communist Party of Great Britain in 1920. She and her husband collaborated on a book, *Working Class Education*, published in 1924.

In 1926 she travelled to the Soviet Union, where she met N. K. Krupskaya and visited Lenin's tomb. Her trip appears to have been organised by the Soviet Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries. She also visited Poland and witnessed a mass trial of political dissidents.

### 1930s and 1940s

In 1932 her brother Harold died from wounds sustained in the First World War, and she made an anti-war speech to the National Conference of Labour Women, arguing that the working classes should reject employment in munitions factories, even if it meant starvation. The Horrabins were involved in setting up the Socialist League, a left-wing faction within the Labour Party led by Stafford Cripps, in 1932, and it was Winifred who named it, after the original Socialist League, founded by William Morris. It took anti-war, anti-fascist and pro-nationalisation positions, but only lasted until 1937, when the Labour Party declared that membership was incompatible with membership of the Party. She began reviewing books and films for *Tribune* in 1937, continuing to do so until 1948. She also wrote for the political magazine *Time and Tide* and had a weekly column in the *Manchester Evening News* from 1944 under the pseudonym Freda Wynne.

In 1938 her mother died, and she was diagnosed with an ovarian cyst, undergoing a hysterectomy the following year.

## Later life

Her husband, who had been having a long-term affair with his secretary, Margaret McWilliams, asked for a separation in 1942 and they divorced in 1947. In her later years she compiled a collection of autobiographical essays, *The Summer of a Dormouse*, and wrote a novel, *After Which War?*, but did not publish them. Other unpublished works included a play, *Victorian Love Story: Beloved Good*, about Thomas Carlyle and his wife Jane, and a biography of Olive Schreiner. She died at her home in Dorking, Surrey, on 24 June 1971, and was cremated at Randall's Park crematorium, Leatherhead, on 30 June. Her papers are held by the University of Hull.

## Further reading

* Bor, M., *The Socialist League in the* 1930s (London, 2005)
* Gibson, I., 'Marxism and Ethical Socialism in Britain: the case of Winifred and Frank Horrabin' (BA Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008)
* McIlroy, J., ‘Independent Working Class Education and Trade Union Education and Training’ in Roger Fieldhouse (ed.), *A History of Modern British Adult Education* (Leicester, 1996), ch.10
* Macintyre, S., *A Proletarian Science: Marxism in Britain 1917-33* (Cambridge, 1980)
* Millar, J.P.M.M., *The Labour College Movement* (London, 1979)
* Phillips, A. and Putnam, T., ‘Education for Emancipation: The Movement for Independent Working-Class Education 1908-1928’, *Capital and Class*, 10 (1980), pp. 18–42
* Rée, J., *Proletarian Philosophers: Problems in Socialist Culture in Britain, 1900-1940* (Oxford, 1984)
* Samuel, R., "British Marxist Historians, 1880-1980: Part One", *NLR*, 120 (1980), pp. 21–96
* Samuel, R., *The Lost World of British Communism* (London, 2006)
* Simon, B., \`The Struggle for Hegemony, 1920- 1926’ in *idem* (ed.), *The Search for Enlightenment: The Working Class and Adult Education in the Twentieth Century*, (London, 1990), pp. 15–70

## InfoBox

| Winifred Horrabin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1887-09-09)9 September 1887
Sheffield, England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland |
| Died | 24 June 1971(1971-06-24) (aged 83)
Dorking, England, United Kingdom |
| Nationality | British |
| Alma mater | Sheffield School of Art |
| Occupation | Writer |
| Spouse | Frank Horrabin  (m. 1911; divorced in 1947) |


title: Wim van den Goorbergh

abstract: Willem Maria (Wim) van den Goorbergh is a Dutch economist and banker. He was Chief Executives Officer of the Executive board of the Rabobank until 2002.

text:
# Wim van den Goorbergh

**Willem Maria (Wim) van den Goorbergh** (born 7 April 1948) is a Dutch economist and banker. He was Chief Executives Officer of the Executive board of the Rabobank until 2002.

## Biography

Born in Breda, Van den Goorbergh studied econometrics at the Tilburg University, where in 1971 he received his MSc and in 1978 his PhD under supervision of Dirk Bernard Joseph Schouten with a thesis entitled "Een macro-economische theorie van de werkgelegenheid : een conjunctuur- en structuuranalyse van het jaargangenmodel."

In 1971 Van den Goorbergh started as Assistant Professor to D.B.J. Schouten at the Tilburg University, Faculty Economics and the History of Economics. From 1980 to 2002 he was employed by the Rabobank. Starting in various areas of financial services from 1992 to 2002 he was member of the Executive board, where he served as vice-chairman and eventually as Chief Executive Officer. Since 2002 he has been a non-executive director at several companies and institutions, among them the Bank Nederlandse Gemeenten, the Radboud University Nijmegen, the Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre and the Nexus Institute.

## Publications

Van den Goorbergh has authored and co-authored several publications. A selection:

* 1978. *Een macro-economische theorie van de werkgelegenheid : een conjunctuur- en structuuranalyse van het jaargangenmodel*. Leiden : Stenfert Kroese
* 1979. *Hoofdlijnen van de moderne groeitheorie*. With Rob de Groof and Henk Peer. Leiden : Stenfert Kroese
* 1979. *Over macht en wet in het economisch gebeuren : opstellen aangeboden aan Prof. Dr. D.B.J. Schouten bij zijn 25-jarig jubileum als hoogleraar in de Algemene Leer en Geschiedenis van de Economie aan de Katholieke Hogeschool*. With Theo van de Klundert and Ad Kolnaar eds. Leiden : Stenfert Kroese


title: Witkowo, Mogilno County

abstract: Witkowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Strzelno, within Mogilno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.

text:
# Witkowo, Mogilno County

**Witkowo** \[vitˈkɔvɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Strzelno, within Mogilno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.

## InfoBox

| Witkowo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Witkowo | |
| Coordinates: 52°35′43″N 18°15′09″E / 52.59528°N 18.25250°E / 52.59528; 18.25250 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
| County | Mogilno |
| Gmina | Strzelno |


title: Witkowo, Lipno County

abstract: Witkowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wielgie, within Lipno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Wielgie, 10 km (6 mi) south of Lipno, and 49 km (30 mi) south-east of Toruń.

text:
# Witkowo, Lipno County

**Witkowo** \[vitˈkɔvɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wielgie, within Lipno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Wielgie, 10 km (6 mi) south of Lipno, and 49 km (30 mi) south-east of Toruń.

## InfoBox

| Witkowo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Witkowo | |
| Coordinates: 52°46′N 19°11′E / 52.767°N 19.183°E / 52.767; 19.183 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
| County | Lipno |
| Gmina | Wielgie |


title: Wind power in Denmark

abstract: Denmark was a pioneer in developing commercial wind power during the 1970s, and today a substantial share of the wind turbines around the world are produced by Danish manufacturers such as Vestas—the world's largest wind-turbine manufacturer—along with many component suppliers. Furthermore, Denmark has—as of 2022—the 2nd highest amount in the world of wind power generation capacity installed per capita, behind only neighboring Sweden. In 2020, wind power produced 56% of total electricity generation in Denmark, up from 20% in 2010 and 11% in 2000. This contributes to the government's target of 100% renewable power generation by 2030. Denmark had the 4th best energy architecture performance in the world in 2017 according to the World Economic Forum, and the second best energy security in the world in 2019 according to the World Energy Council.

text:
# Wind power in Denmark

Denmark was a pioneer in developing commercial wind power during the 1970s, and today a substantial share of the wind turbines around the world are produced by Danish manufacturers such as Vestasthe world's largest wind-turbine manufactureralong with many component suppliers. Furthermore, Denmark hasas of 2022the 2nd highest amount in the world of wind power generation capacity installed per capita, behind only neighboring Sweden.

In 2020, wind power produced 56% of total electricity generation in Denmark, up from 20% in 2010 and 11% in 2000. This contributes to the government's target of 100% renewable power generation by 2030.

Denmark had the 4th best energy architecture performance in the world in 2017 according to the World Economic Forum, and the second best energy security in the world in 2019 according to the World Energy Council.

## History

Danish inventor Poul la Cour experimented, taught and constructed wind power projects around the year 1900.

As concerns over global warming grew in the 1980s, Denmark found itself with relatively high carbon dioxide emissions per capita, primarily due to the coal-fired electrical power plants that had become the norm after the 1973 and 1979 energy crises. Renewable energy became the natural choice for Denmark, decreasing both dependence on other countries for energy and global warming pollution.

Many countries tried to subsidise green technology such as wind power, and most failed to make it a viable industry. The Danish system was an exception, providing 30% of initial capital cost in the early years which was gradually reduced to zero, but still maintaining a feed-in tariff. The capital cost subsidy was reduced to 20% in June 1985, when wind turbines received DKK 50 million per year. Other renewable energy forms received 37 million. The research institution Teknologisk Institut identified many specific improvement needs, pushing development from ad hoc to systemised solutions.

On 29 March 1985, one year before the Chernobyl disaster, the Danes passed a law forbidding the construction of nuclear power plants. In the process, the Danish grassroots movement had a substantial role. The Danish Anti-nuclear Movement's (OOA) smiling-sun logo "Atomkraft, Nej Tak" ("Nuclear Power, No Thanks") spread worldwide, and the renewable alternatives were promoted by the Danish Organisation for Renewable Energy (OVE).

Denmark adopted a target of cutting carbon emissions by 22% from 1988 levels by 2005. Planning of wind power was deliberately streamlined by authorities to minimise hurdles.

### Policy measures

In June 2005, the Danish government published Energy Strategy 2025, which replaced the previous strategy from 1996. The strategy formulates policy projects that are intended to accelerate the expansion of wind power and restructure the electricity market.

The Danish government also succeeded in drawing up energy agreements from 2008 to 2011 with broad-based support, which included the most far-reaching and effective programs for the expansion of wind energy to date. The parties agreed that the share of renewable energies in Danish energy consumption should be 20 % in 2011. The price for wind energy was also increased in the agreement. The parties also agreed to construct new offshore wind turbines with a capacity of 400 MW by 2012. The agreement introduced a compensation scheme for residents living near wind turbines, a scheme for purchase rights and a guarantee fund.

After the government expressed the long-term vision of a Denmark 100% independent of reliance on fossil fuels during the current agreement, in independent commission on climate change policy proposed detailed recommendations in September 2010 on how this vision can be achieved. This led to Energy Strategy 2050 a year later. The strategy consists of three tracks, as one of them focusses on more renewable energy with onshore and offshore wind power. It included tenders for over 1000 MW in offshore including Kriegers Flak in the Baltic Sea. Kriegers Flak is also used to connect Denmark and Germany with a 400MW cable, through the German Baltic 2 Offshore Wind Farm, and it is the wind farm with the lowest guaranteed price (øre/kWh) for large offshore wind farms in Denmark. In addition, the distance requirements for wind turbines were evaluated and revised. Such subsidies as compensation schemes for residents living near onshore windmills lost relevance and the offshore area was taken into focus.

Ever since the first energy agreement with outstanding consensus in parliament in 2008, Denmark grew their wind power share in domestic electricity production from 19% to 55% in 2019.

For the policy approach, one may note the adoption of incrementalism that helps this to be developed ahead of other more rational approaches such as those adopted by USA and UK. See the use of Wind Power development in the example section of Incrementalism.

## Wind resources

Denmark has relatively modest average wind speeds in the range of 4.9–5.6 m/s measured at 10 m height. Onshore wind resources are highest in the western part of the country, and on the eastern islands with coastlines facing south or west. Wind is higher in autumn and winter and lower in summer, and Denmark also has about 2.3 GW of solar power. The country has very large offshore wind resources, and large areas of sea territory with a shallow water depth of 5–15 m, where siting is most feasible. These sites offer higher wind speeds, in the range of roughly 8.5–9.0 m/s at 50 m height. There have been no major problems from wind variability, although there is a temporary problem resulting from the connection of a large bloc of wind power from offshore wind farms to a single point on a weak section of the transmission network. The wind resource over Denmark was mapped in 1999 by EMD International A/S and Risø National Laboratory. The mapping was made using a 200 m grid resolution using the models in WindPRO and WAsP. The results were validated on more than 1200 wind turbines nationwide.

Denmark is connected by transmission line to other European countries (e.g. Cross-Skagerrak) at an electricity interconnection level (transmission capacity relative to production capacity) of 44% in 2015, and increased since then. Denmark has also retained 6 GW of its traditional power plants, therefore it does not need to install additional peak-load plants to balance its wind power. Instead, it purchases additional power from its neighbours when necessary. With some strengthening of the grid, Denmark plans to increase wind's share even further. In 2010 the plan was to reach 50% of consumption in 2020 (which was almost met), and up to 84% in 2035.

Analysts expect the cost of wind power to be 30 øre/kWh and its handling cost to be 15 øre/kWh, being lower than coal and natural gas at 55 øre/kWh minimum. Due to their inability to follow load wind power gets a lower price.

Danish district heating plants use 100 petajoule/year, but little of this consumption is from 180 MW of electrode boilers installed in powerplants or 374 MW of large heat pumps. The boilers are only used to soak up the powerplant's own electricity when prices are negative, to avoid paying tax. Expansion of wind powered district heating is calculated to be economically efficient without taxes.

The number of household heat pumps has stalled at 70,000 in 2015 due to tax-free wood pellets, and the goal of 300,000 small heat pumps in 2035 is unlikely to be reached, reducing the value of more wind power unless electricity tax is reduced.

## Nameplate capacities and production

At the end of 2015, Denmark's total nameplate capacity for wind power stood at 5,070 MW.

Denmark has the highest proportion of wind power in the world. In 2015, Denmark produced 42% of electricity from wind, up from the 2014 record of 39% of total power consumption. For the month of January 2014, that share was over 61%. The month of lowest wind power share was July at 23%. Denmark also had 548 MW of solar power (790 MW in late 2015). A peak generation period occurred on 21 December 2013 when the wind share was 102%, and for 1 hour the share was 135%.

In 2005, Denmark had installed wind capacity of 3,127 MW, which produced 23,810 TJ (6.6 TW·h) of energy, giving an actual average production of 755 MW at a capacity factor of 24%. In 2009, Denmark's wind capacity grew to 3,482 MW; most of the increase came from the 209 MW Horns Rev 2 offshore wind farm, which was inaugurated on 17 September 2009 by Crown Prince Frederik. In 2010, capacity grew to 3,752 MW, and most of the year's increase came from the Rødsand II off-shore wind farm.

On 22 March 2012, a coalition of parties representing 95% of all members of the Danish parliament agreed that the Danish state would increase the country's offshore wind capacity by 1,500 MW. The 1,500 MW extra capacity was achieved by constructing several offshore wind farms; the 400 MW Anholt wind farm in 2014, the 407 MW Horns Rev 3 in the North Sea at 77 øre/kWh in 2019, and the Kriegers Flak at 37.2 øre/kWh with a capacity of 600 MW in the Baltic Sea close to the borders of Germany and Sweden in 2021. Kriegers Flak is also used to connect Denmark and Germany with a 400MW cable, through the German Baltic 2 Offshore Wind Farm, and Energinet ordered electrical equipment in early 2016. Eight groups applied for pre-qualification for Kriegers Flak, of which 7 were approved – 3 more than the 4 companies approved to compete for Horns Rev 3, both having more bidders than the single bidder for Anholt. By 2018, Danish offshore wind farms had average 40% capacity factor. Newer farms had higher CF than older.

Offshore operators are required to secure a decommissioning fee.

Wind power output reduces spot market prices in general via the Merit Order effect; in 2008 this caused a net reduction of pre-tax electricity prices (balancing the increase from the feed-in law).

### Statistics

**Wind power net electricity generation (GWh) 2007–2019**                   5,000  10,000  15,000  20,000    2007  2009  2011  2013  2015  2017  2019    Wind power net electricity generation 2007–2014

| External image | |
| --- | --- |
| Grid stability and wind share | |

*Installed wind capacity, production, share in Denmark by year*
| Year | 1970 | 1971 | 1972 | 1973 | 1974 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Installed wind capacity (kW) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 52 | 813 | 1,090 |
| Electricity generated (MW·h) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 120 | 240 |
| Average capacity factor (%) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.7 | 2.5 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | |
| Year | 1980 | 1981 | 1982 | 1983 | 1984 | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 |
| Installed wind capacity (MW) | 2.7 | 6.3 | 10.6 | 14.3 | 19.8 | 47.0 | 72.4 | 111.9 | 190.3 | 246.7 |
| Electricity generated (GW·h) | 2 | 5 | 12 | 19 | 26 | 44 | 104 | 154 | 266 | 398 |
| Average capacity factor (%) | 8.5 | 9.1 | 12.9 | 15.2 | 15.0 | 10.7 | 16.4 | 15.7 | 16.0 | 18.4 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | |
| Year | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 |
| Installed wind capacity (MW) | 326 | 393 | 436 | 468 | 521 | 600 | 814 | 1,123 | 1,438 | 1,753 |
| Electricity generated (TW·h) | 0.57 | 0.68 | 0.83 | 0.92 | 1.06 | 1.09 | 1.19 | 1.89 | 2.76 | 3.00 |
| Average capacity factor (%) | 20.0 | 19.8 | 21.7 | 22.4 | 23.2 | 20.7 | 16.7 | 19.2 | 21.9 | 19.5 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | |
| Year | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
| Installed wind capacity (MW) | 2,390 | 2,497 | 2,890 | 3,116 | 3,123 | 3,127 | 3,135 | 3,124 | 3,163 | 3,482 |
| Electricity generated (TW·h) | 4.22 | 4.31 | 4.86 | 5.56 | 6.58 | 6.61 | 6.11 | 7.14 | 6.98 | 6.72 |
| Average capacity factor (%) | 20.2 | 19.7 | 19.2 | 20.4 | 24.1 | 24.1 | 22.2 | 26.1 | 25.2 | 22.0 |
| Wind power share in the electricity supply (%) | 12.1 | 12.2 | 13.9 | 15.8 | 18.5 | 18.5 | 16.8 | 19.7 | 19.1 | 19.3 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | |
| Year | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 |
| Installed wind capacity (MW) | 3,752 | 3,927 | 4,162 | 4,792 | 4,855 | 5,070 | 5,229 | 5,475 | 6,131 | 6,128 |
| Electricity generated (TW·h) | 7.81 | 9.77 | 10.27 | 11.12 | 13.08 | 14.13 | 12.78 | 14.78 | 13.90 | 16.15 |
| Average capacity factor (%) | 23.8 | 28.4 | 28.2 | 26.5 | 30.8 | 31.8 | 27.9 | 30.8 | 25.9 | 30.1 |
| Wind power share in domestic electricity production (%) | 20.2 | 28.0 | 33.7 | 32.2 | 41.0 | 49.2 | 42.5 | 48.6 | 46.1 | 55.2 |

The chart shows the minimum (guaranteed) price a plant receives during the FLH period in øre/kWh. Subsidy = guaranteed price minus market price. FLH=Full Load Hours; the amount of production the plant receives support for. After that, the plant usually receives market price. Transmission is included in the nearshore "Vesterhav", but not the other plants. The levels are usually below levels in Germany and UK.

### Peak records

As Denmark continues to install additional capacity, they continue to set new production records. This is a natural consequence of capacity growth. On 9 July 2015, in the evening, unusually strong wind conditions resulted in 116% of national electricity consumption being produced by wind farms and at 3 am the next morning at low demand, wind production exceeded 140% of current demand.

### Future parks in Denmark

#### Offshore

The 1,000 MW Thor offshore wind (a $2.5 billion project scheduled for 2027 in the North Sea) was agreed in December 2021. 5 of 6 bidders bid the same price of 0.01 øre/kWh, and drew lots to find the winner (RWE) for a Contract for difference, which included connection costs and a potential DKK 2.8 billion (€377m) payment to the state. The similar bids raised questions about the suitability of the auction. Three days after the auction, the Parliament agreed on a further 2 GW offshore wind by 2031 due to the success of the Thor auction.

In early June 2023, an agreement was made by Germany and Denmark to link the Danish island of Bornholm's wind energy producing capacity to the mainland by the early 2030s, with a minimum capacity of 3 gigawatts.

#### Nearshore

| External image | |
| --- | --- |
| Visualization of North Sea nearshore turbines, near Hvide Sande | |

In addition 6 nearshore wind farms with a total capacity of up to 450 MW are scheduled along with 50 MW of experimental offshore wind farms. The nearshore differ from conventional offshore in having the being close enough to the coast to have the transformer on land, decreasing cost. The first 350 MW were called for tenders in 2015, with a maximum price of 70 øre/kWh. Vattenfall bid the lowest price for the 350 MW nearshore farms at 47,5 øre/kWh in September 2016, but the political situation was unclear.

#### Onshore

In addition to the offshore projects, a further 500 MW additional net capacity of onshore windfarms is expected to be constructed until 2020. The 500 MW of additional net capacity is the expected result of the scrapping of 1,300 MW capacity from obsolete wind turbines combined with the simultaneous building of 1,800 MW capacity of modern wind turbines – a process also known as repowering.

### Electricity exports from Denmark

In 2020, Denmark produced 16.3 TWh of wind power, of which 15 TWh (91.8%) were consumed in Denmark, measured hourly. A further 0.8 TWh of wind power were imported.

In 2017, annual wind power production corresponded to about 43% of electricity consumed in Denmark. The proportion of this that is actually consumed in Denmark has been disputed, as the larger hydropower resources of Norway (and to some extent, Sweden) is used as grid storage with low loss. Hydropower can rapidly reduce generation whenever wind farms are generating power, saving water for later, and can export electricity to Denmark when wind power output drops. Short term, Denmark imports electricity from Norway during daytime and exports in nighttime. Long term, Denmark imports electricity in summer and exports in winter. Wind is higher in autumn and winter, when consumption is also high. This service of timeshifting production and consumption is also found around the world in pumped-storage hydroelectricity balancing coal and nuclear plants.

For timeshifting trade with Norway, Denmark exports at DKK 157/MWh and imports at DKK 212/MWh. The correlation is low between wind power in Norway and Denmark. Market price sometimes falls to near or below zero, particularly in high winds and low consumption. In 2014, there were 46 hours with negative prices, costing DKK 37.7 million. In 2015, negative prices occurred in 65 hours in West Denmark and 36 hours in East Denmark – less than 1% of the time. Danish prices are mainly negative when German prices are even more negative; 90% of curtailment happens as a request from German power producers, and represents 2% (or DKK 80 million in 2018) of wind power production. In most years, curtailment mainly happened at thermal power plants, but became mostly by wind turbines in 2020. In 2019, Germany paid for curtailment of 420 GWh of Danish wind power, and the number increased to 1,463 GWh in 2020 (plus 1,066 GWh for thermal power), earning DKK 522 million.

The 24-hour period of 2 September 2015 was the first occasion when most electricity came from wind, and no central power plants were running in West Denmark, while grid stability was maintained by compensators.

Denmark is generally a transit country for electricity trade between the much larger markets in Norway, Sweden, Germany and Netherlands (COBRAcable), and plans to add cables to England (Viking Link) as well, further increasing the function of being a crossroads for electricity.

From 2005 to 2010, claims of up to 40% of wind power being exported have been made, countered by claims that only 1% was exported.

According to the first argument, power in excess of immediate demand is exported to neighbouring countries at lower prices. Part of the benefit of this goes to Denmark's northern neighbours: when Denmark exports power, it is sold at the spot market price which must be lower than at the importing market to be transmitted.

According to the second argument, the correlation between exports and wind power is weak, and a similar correlation exists with conventional thermal plants running partly for district heating; meanwhile, causal analysis shows that export from Denmark typically occurs as a consequence of the merit order effect, when large thermal plants have reserve capacities at times the spot market price of electricity is high.

In any case, the export price is the intermediate between the prices of the two areas, so the exporting TSO (Energinet) uses the profit to relieve tariffs at around DKK 500 million per year. Wind power organisations state that Denmark exports power at a higher price than it imports at.

## Economic conditions

### Wind turbine industry

The Danish wind turbine industry is the world's largest. Around 90% of the national output is exported, and Danish companies accounted for 38% of the world turbine market in 2003, when the industry employed some 20,000 people and had a turnover of around 3 billion euro. The return on investment dropped from near 20% before the financial crisis, to 10% some years later. The Danish wind turbine industry had a turnover of DKK 84 billion in 2014.

The biggest wind turbine manufacturers with production facilities in Denmark are Vestas and Siemens Wind Power.

The development of wind power in Denmark has been characterised by a close collaboration between publicly financed research and industry in key areas such as research and development, certification, testing, and the preparation of standards. For example, in the 1980s, a large number of small Danish companies were developing wind turbines to sell to California, and the Danish Risø laboratory provided test facilities and certification procedures. These resulted in reliable products and the rapid expansion of the Danish turbine manufacturing industry. Components are tested at LORC in Odense, and new large prototype turbines between 4–8 MW (including some non-Danish ones) are being tested at Østerild. Limited production turbines (four Siemens 7MW with 66kV cabling) are to be supported at Nissum Bredning at a cost of DKK 300m, partially financed by local people.

### Danish wind economics

| External images | |
| --- | --- |
| EU industry electricity prices | |
| EU household electricity prices | |

How price of consumer electricity is composed

Cost (32%)  PSO (9%)  Tolls and VAT (59%)

Denmark's electricity costs (including PSO; costs for cleaner energy) are average in the EU, but taxes increase the price to the highest in Europe. The tax money is a considerable income for the state, and changing the composition of the taxes towards a "greener" mix is difficult. According to a government official, the majority of taxes are not based on environment concerns, in contrast to the DKK 5 billion per year in PSO-money for cleaner energy, paid by electricity consumers to producers of clean electricity. These tolls are not available for government consumption.

Actual consumer-paid incentives (PSO) to new wind turbines depend on year of commission, but is generally around 25 øre (3.4 eurocent) per kWh for a limited number of hours, although support is discounted if combined price exceeds 58 øre/kWh. PSO is also used for biomass, solar, and district heating; total PSO was DKK 5.8 billion in 2013, of which DKK 3.2 billion went to wind power. In 2015, the cost of power was only 32% of the price, while PSO was 9%, and tolls and VAT the remaining 59%. In 2021, the Thor offshore contract was the first time a developer had to pay connection costs in Denmark, and also pay the state.

Wind power displaces coal, oil and gas to some degree, reducing running cost for fossil fuels. Consumption of coal was more than halved from 1990 to 2020. Wind power reduces price variability slightly.

Criticism

In 2009, the think tank Institute for Energy Research (IER) commissioned the Danish think-tank CEPOS (Centre for Political Studies) to report on electricity exports from Denmark and the economic impact of the Danish wind industry. The resulting report states that Danes pay the highest residential electricity rates in the European Union (mostly for government revenue, but partly to subsidise wind power), and that the cost of saving a ton of carbon dioxide between 2001 and 2008 has averaged 647 DKK (€87, US$124). It also estimated that 90% of wind industry jobs were transferred from other technology industries, and states that as a result Danish GDP is 1.8 billion DKK (US$270 million) lower than it would have been without wind industry subsidies of 1.7–2.6 billion DKK (roughly $320M – $480M) yearly in 2001–2005. The report was later heavily criticised. The Danish engineering magazine *Ingeniøren* claimed that the report was ordered and paid for by the American oil and coal lobby through IER. Later, several Danish researchers and professors from all technical universities in Denmark wrote a joint response to the report, refuting it. The report from CEPOS was even brought to government level, where minister of Climate and Energy Lykke Friis discredited the work done by CEPOS and the report. The World Nuclear Association estimates that the report was IER's response to US president Obama's 2009 Earth Day speech in Newton, Iowa, claiming that the United States could generate 20% of its electricity from wind by 2030, as Denmark already was.

### Wind turbine cooperatives

To encourage investment in wind power, families were offered a tax exemption for generating their own electricity within their own or an adjoining municipality. While this could involve purchasing a turbine outright, more often families purchased shares in wind turbine cooperatives which in turn invested in community wind turbines. By 1996 there were around 2,100 such cooperatives in the country. Opinion polls show that this direct involvement has helped the popularity of wind turbines, with some 86% of Danes supporting wind energy when compared with existing fuel sources.

The role of wind turbine cooperatives is not limited to single turbines. The Middelgrunden offshore wind farm – with 20 turbines the world's largest offshore farm at the time it was built in 2000 – is 50% owned by the 10,000 investors in the Middelgrunden Wind Turbine Cooperative, and 50% by the municipal utility company, as is the Avedøre near-shore turbines.

By 2001 over 100,000 families belonged to wind turbine cooperatives, which had installed 86% of all the wind turbines in Denmark. By 2004 over 150,000 were either members or owned turbines, and about 5,500 turbines had been installed, although with greater private sector involvement the proportion owned by cooperatives had fallen to 75%. The cooperative model has also spread to Germany and the Netherlands.

#### Samsø Island

The island of Samsø erected 11 one-megawatt, land-based wind turbines in 2000, followed by ten offshore 2.3 MW wind turbines completed in 2003. Together with other renewable energy measures, this community of 4,200 achieved fame, claiming that it is the largest carbon neutral settlement on the planet. This claim exploits the general understanding that one can neglect carbon-dioxide and other pollution from fossil fuel consumption (cars, imported electricity, heating for houses, etc.), If the yearly average electricity production from sustained sources is higher than the total energy consumed. However, the government of Samsø is addressing the fossil fuel consumption issue in motoring – they've decided that all traffic on Samsø is to go electric.

### Sources

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| External images | |
| --- | --- |
| Wind map of Denmark Archive | |
| Today's wind power production | |
| Tomorrow's wind power prognosis, by Nord Pool Spot. | |
| Current power system data, provided by Energinet.dk | |
| Current power system data, provided by EMD | |
| Last 2 weeks of power system data | |


title: Witpoort

abstract: Witpoort is a suburb of Midrand in Gauteng, South Africa, just west of Blue Hills. It is located in Region A of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality. It was the site of the Battle of Witpoort during the Second Boer War.

text:
# Witpoort

**Witpoort** is a suburb of Midrand in Gauteng, South Africa, just west of Blue Hills. It is located in Region A of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality. It was the site of the Battle of Witpoort during the Second Boer War.

## InfoBox

| Witpoort | |
| --- | --- |
| WitpoortWitpoort | |
| Coordinates: 25°58′S 28°03′E / 25.967°S 28.050°E / -25.967; 28.050 | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Province | Gauteng |
| Municipality | City of Johannesburg |
| Main Place | Midrand |
| Area | |
| Total | 6.37 km2 (2.46 sq mi) |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 934 |
| Density | 150/km2 (380/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (SAST) |
| PO box | 2632 |


title: Witowy

abstract: Witowy is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Inowrocław, within Inowrocław County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) south-east of Inowrocław and 38 km (24 mi) south-west of Toruń.

text:
# Witowy

**Witowy** \[viˈtɔvɨ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Inowrocław, within Inowrocław County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) south-east of Inowrocław and 38 km (24 mi) south-west of Toruń.

## InfoBox

| Witowy | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Witowy | |
| Coordinates: 52°44′N 18°22′E / 52.733°N 18.367°E / 52.733; 18.367 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
| County | Inowrocław |
| Gmina | Inowrocław |


title: Wola Lisowska

abstract: Wola Lisowska is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubartów, within Lubartów County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Lubartów and 30 km (19 mi) north of the regional capital Lublin.

text:
# Wola Lisowska

**Wola Lisowska** \[ˈvɔla liˈsɔfska\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubartów, within Lubartów County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Lubartów and 30 km (19 mi) north of the regional capital Lublin.

## InfoBox

| Wola Lisowska | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Wola Lisowska | |
| Coordinates: 51°31′N 22°34′E / 51.517°N 22.567°E / 51.517; 22.567 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Lubartów |
| Gmina | Lubartów |


title: Winona Beamer

abstract: Winona Kapuailohiamanonokalani Desha Beamer was a champion of authentic and ancient Hawaiian culture, publishing many books, musical scores, as well as audio and video recordings on the subject. In her home state, she was known as Auntie Nona. She was an early proponent of the ancient form of the hula being perpetuated through teaching and public performances. Beamer was the granddaughter of Helen Desha Beamer. A cousin to Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame inductee Mahi Beamer, she teamed with him and her cousin Keola to form a touring North American troupe performing ancient hula and the Hawaiian art of storytelling. She was a teacher at Kamehameha Schools for almost 40 years, but had been expelled from that same school as a student in 1937 for dancing the standing hula. Beamer's sons Keola and Kapono are established performers in the Hawaiian music scene. Her grandson Kamanamaikalani Beamer is a professor at the University of Hawaii at Manoa and CEO of the Kohala Center. She ran a Waikiki hula studio for three decades. In 1997—indignant at proposals to cut Hawaiian curriculum from Kamehameha Schools—Beamer became the catalyst for public protest and legal investigation into Bishop Estate management, which eventually led to the removal or resignation of the trustees.

text:
# Winona Beamer

**Winona Kapuailohiamanonokalani Desha Beamer** (August 15, 1923 – April 10, 2008) was a champion of authentic and ancient Hawaiian culture, publishing many books, musical scores, as well as audio and video recordings on the subject. In her home state, she was known as Auntie Nona. She was an early proponent of the ancient form of the hula being perpetuated through teaching and public performances. Beamer was the granddaughter of Helen Desha Beamer. A cousin to Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame inductee Mahi Beamer, she teamed with him and her cousin Keola to form a touring North American troupe performing ancient hula and the Hawaiian art of storytelling. She was a teacher at Kamehameha Schools for almost 40 years, but had been expelled from that same school as a student in 1937 for dancing the standing hula. Beamer's sons Keola and Kapono are established performers in the Hawaiian music scene. Her grandson Kamanamaikalani Beamer is a professor at the University of Hawaii at Manoa and CEO of the Kohala Center. She ran a Waikiki hula studio for three decades. In 1997—indignant at proposals to cut Hawaiian curriculum from Kamehameha Schools—Beamer became the catalyst for public protest and legal investigation into Bishop Estate management, which eventually led to the removal or resignation of the trustees.

## Early life and background

She was born Winona Kapuailohiamanonokalani Desha Beamer to Pono and Louise Beamer on August 15, 1923, in Honolulu, United States Territory of Hawaii (a state since 1959). Much of her early life was spent on the island of Hawaii, under the guidance and tutelage of her grandmother, Helen Desha Beamer, who taught her hula at about the age of three.

As the cultural influence of the United States began to be felt on the territory, Beamer began to get more intensely involved in Hawaii's cultural heritage. Before she was a teenager, Beamer was composing *meles* by adding melodies to ancient chants. She attended Colorado Women's College, Barnard College, and Columbia University, studying anthropology.

Beamer is credited with coining the term "Hawaiiana" as early as 1948. In 1949, she became a high school instructor of Hawaiian culture at Kamehameha Schools, and served in that position for almost 40 years.

## Hula and Hawaiian storytelling

Beamer was briefly expelled in 1937 from the Kamehameha Schools for performing a standing hula. When Kamehameha Schools was established through the 1883 will of Bernice Pauahi Bishop, the original trustees of the Bishop Estate were Charles R. Bishop, Charles McEwen Hyde, Samuel M. Damon, Charles Montague Cooke, and William Owen Smith, who were either missionaries, or had ties to those in the profession. They found the hula too suggestive and had banned it from being performed at the school. The standing hula was not allowed to be performed on campus until the 1960s.

Beamer was a pivotal influence in reviving the art of the ancient hula, in the face of a more commercialized version invented for the tourism trade in Hawaii. Beamer, her cousin Mahi Beamer, and her brother, Keola, formed their own touring North American dance troupe to promote the authentic ancient hula and the Hawaiian art of storytelling. She ran her mother Louise's Waikiki hula studio for three decades. The storytelling culture of Hawaii was expressed as entertainment in the royal courts and the private homes of the ancient Hawaiians. It came in an era before the written word was used as a method of preserving the histories, genealogies, and mythologies of the Hawaiian people. Winona Beamer brought international attention to the hula and other forms of Hawaiian storytelling through music and the Native Hawaiian arts.

In 2000, Beamer alongside her hānai daughter Maile Beamer Loo formed the Hula Preservation Society (HPS), a non-profit dedicated to interviewing, videotaping, and perpetuating hula's most respected elders, capturing their knowledge, memories and stories. As of 2020, HPS has continued with Beamer's vision of perpetuating the rich culture, history and knowledge of hula and hula practitioners; interviewing almost a 100 hula elders, expert hula practitioners who had been born before 1930. Through the years, HPS has conducted not only one-on-one oral histories but also presented public panel discussions with beloved hula elders; resulting in a Hula Library of Ancient Hula types, implement and instrument types, chants, and kūpuna hula.

## Kamehameha Schools Bishop Estate

Winona Beamer had been the Hawaiian culture instructor at the Kamehameha Schools when the curriculum became in danger of being cut. She wrote a May 1997 letter to the Hawaii Supreme Court, expressing her concerns, and asking for the resignation of trustee Lokelani Lindsey. Beamer became the catalyst for a groundswell that led to an investigation of the Kamehameha Schools Bishop Estate trust. Her letter resulted in a public outcry over the management of the estate trust.

In November 1997, Beamer joined Isabella Aiona Abbott, Gladys A. Brandt, Roderick F. McPhee, and Winona Ellis Rubin in releasing a public statement calling for the removal of Lindsey from the Kamehameha Schools Bishop Estate. The statement was published in the *Honolulu Star-Bulletin* as part of its coverage of the investigation into the management of the trust. The investigation led to an investigation by the Hawaii attorney general, a reorganization of the trust, and the resignation of Lindsey.

## Death and legacy

She became known as Auntie Nona in Hawaii, and was a champion of teaching authentic Hawaiian culture. In the course of her life, she published multiple books, music scores, and audio and video recordings. In 1983, she and Richard Towill formed Ka Himeni Ana to encourage participation in authentic Hawaiian music. Beamer moved to Lahaina, on the island of Maui, in 2006. On April 10, 2008, she died in her sleep in Lahaina. She was survived by her musician sons Keola and Kapono, her only grandchild, Kamanamaikalani Beamer, and two *Hānai* (adopted, extended family) children: a daughter, Maile Loo Beamer, and a son, Kaliko Beamer-Trapp.

On August 27, 2020 a documentary titled *Hawaiina* was released about Beamer.

## Author bibliography, discography and filmography

### Books

* Beamer, Winona (1976). *Nā Hula O Hawaiʻi : the songs and dances of the Beamer family*. Norfolk Island, Australia: Island Heritage., OCLC 7115723
* Beamer, Winona Desha; Kahalewai, Marilyn (1984). *Talking Story with Nona Beamer : Stories of a Hawaiian Family*. Bess Press. ISBN 978-0-935848-20-5., OCLC 11505946
* Beamer, Winona Desha (1985). *Hawaiian Hula Chants*. Beamer Hawaiīana., OCLC 19666351
* Beamer, Winona Desha (1987). *Nā Mele Hula : a Collection of Hawaiian Hula Chants*. Institute for Polynesian Studies, Brigham Young University—Hawaii Campus. ISBN 978-0-939154-42-5. OCLC 228665439.
* Beamer, Winona D. (1987). *Nā Mele Hula 1*. Inst. for Polynesian Studies, Brigham Young Univ. ISBN 978-0-939154-42-5. OCLC 180443309.
* Beamer, Winona Desha; Chu, Leona (1988). *Hula ʻauana Index : as Taught by the Beamer Family*. OCLC 63704078.
* Beamer, Winona; Ching, Patrick (1990). *Helu Papa : Counting in Hawaiian, with Pī'a pā Alphabet*. Hawaiian Resources Co. ISBN 978-0-9627294-0-9. OCLC 24567417.
* Beamer, Winona Desha; Cook, Mauliola; Trapp, S. Kaliko Beamer; Hewetson, Roy; Nishimitsu, Pōhaku (2001). *Nā Mele Hula. Volume 2 : Hawaiian Hula Rituals and Chants*. Institute for Polynesian Studies. ISBN 978-0-939154-57-9. OCLC 51862208.
* Beamer, Winona Desha; Loebel-Fried, Caren; Beamer-Trapp, Kaliko (2005). *Pua Polū, the Pretty Blue Flower*. Kamahoi Press. ISBN 978-1-58178-041-3. OCLC 60589985.
* Beamer, Nona; Caren Loebel-Fried; Kaliko Beamer-Trapp; Keola Beamer (2008). *Naupaka*. Kamahoi Press. ISBN 978-1-58178-089-5. OCLC 742304154.

### Musical scores

* *Songs for Hawaiʻi's Sunbeamers* (1980–1981) Beamer Hawaiʻiana, Winona Desha Beamer, OCLC 16413868
* *Traditional Chants and Hulas* (1982) Beamer Hawaiʻiana, Winona Desha Beamer, Keʻala Brunke OCLC 8804499
* *Na Mele Hula. : a Collection of 33 Hula Chants* (1987) Institute for Polynesian Studies, Brigham Young University, Hawaiʻi Campus ; Honolulu, Hawaii : Distributed for the Institute for Polynesian Studies by the University of Hawaii Press, Winona Desha Beamer ISBN 978-0-939154-57-9 OCLC 15656909

### Audio

* "Songs for keikis (children)" (date unknown) Waikiki Records, 45 RPM, Winona Desha Beamer, Pauline Kekahuna, Hauoli Girls, OCLC 663116196
* *Nona Beamer* (1972) Custom Fidelity, LP, Winona Desha Beamer, OCLC 28675755
* *The Menehune of Hawaii : the little people of Hawaiian legend*  (1982) Kalmar Records, LP, Winona Desha Beamer, Doug Hodge, OCLC 30931005
* *Ancient Hawaiian Musical Instruments* (1982) Kalmar Records, LP, Winona Desha Beamer OCLC 17312777
* *Na Mele Hula. : Volume 1 a Collection of 33 Hula Chants* (1987) Beamer Hawaiʻiana, Audio cassette tape, Winona Desha Beamer, OCLC 456103769
* Beamer, Winona Desha (1996). *The Golden Lehua Tree : Stories and Music from the Heart of Hawaii's Beamer Family* (Audio book). Starscape Music. OCLC 37274417.
* Hawaii 98 (1998) MGC Record, Compilation CD, Winona Desha Beamer and various artists OCLC 663113430
* Beamer, Winona Desha (2001). *Nā Mele Hula. : Volume 2 : Hawaiian Hula Rituals and Chants* (Audio book). Institute for Polynesian Studies. ISBN 978-0-939154-57-9. OCLC 55641229.
* *Island dreams* (2004) Koto World, LP, Winona Desha Beamer, Dragonfly OCLC 56762637
* *We are ʻohana : Songs of Hope* (2004) Winona Desha Beamer, Kaliko Beamer-Trapp, James McWhinney, Bruddah Kuz, Damon Williams, Faith Rivera, Rupert Tripp, Jr, Keola Beamer, Glynn Motoishi, Howard Shapiro OCLC 62523751

### Video

* Beamer, Winona Desha; Vaughan, Palani ; Zinn, Elaine; Tibbetts Jr., Richard J.(Director, writer, editor) (1986). "The Hawaiian Quilt : a Cherished Tradition" (VHS). Hawaii Craftsmen. OCLC 25320697. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
* Beamer, Winona Desha; Glaser, Gaye; Hamasaki, Doug (Producer); Hewitt, Jim (Director) (1987). *Hoʻolako 1987 : Celebrate the Hawaiian* (VHS). Oceanic Cable Community Programming Center. OCLC 663660700.
* Beamer, Winona; Lindsey, Joan; Roes, Carol; Danuser, B. Kamaile (Host); Thompson, Sammie (Director); Fujimoto, Keoho (Script) (1987). *Songs That Teach* (VHS). Hawaiian Professional Songwriters' Society. OCLC 663146342.
* Beamer, Winona Desha (Narrator); Kenney, Ed (Narrator); Wentzel, Stan (Director and Writer); Arnone, Phil (Exec. Producer); Pennybacker, Robert (Director) (1988). *Pele : the Fire Within* (VHS). Lee Enterprises; KGMB (Television station : Honolulu, Hawaii). OCLC 663112608.
* Beamer, Winona Desha (1991). *Ke Ao nani (instruments)* (VHS). Beamer Hawaiʻiana. OCLC 663148741.
* Beamer, Winona Desha (1991). *Laupāhoehoe* (VHS). Beamer Hawaiʻiana. OCLC 28819562.
* Beamer, Winona Desha (1991). *Molokaʻi Trilogy : Three Hulas of Molokaʻi* (VHS). Beamer Hawaiʻiana. OCLC 663146822.
* Beamer, Winona Desha; Beamer, Louise Leiomalama (1991). *Hawaiʻian Storytelling with the Beamer Family* (VHS). Beamer Hawaiʻiana. OCLC 28822579.
* Beamer, Winona Desha; Beamer, Myrtle Kaʻuinohea (1991). *Mi nei* (VHS). Beamer Hawaiʻiana. OCLC 663146910.
* Beamer, Winona Desha (1991). *Liliʻu e (Queen's hula) : he inoa nō Liliʻu* (VHS). Beamer Hawaiʻiana. OCLC 663147805.
* Beamer, Winona Desha (1991). *Liliʻuokalani (ʻōlapa chant hula)* (VHA). Beamer Hawaiʻiana. OCLC 663147811.
* Beamer, Winona Desha; Beamer, Keola; Beamer, Kapono; Beamer, Kamana; Sorensen, Scott Eilif (Producer-Director) (1996). *Nona Beamer and Her Family : a Century of Songs Celebrating Hawaiian Culture* (VHS). Spectrum Hawaii-KHET TV, Honolulu. OCLC 663453272.
* Beamer, Winona Desha and various others (1997). *Bishop Estate : Promises to Keep* (VHS). KGMB. OCLC 663113482.
* Beamer, Winona Desha; Beamer, Keola; Beamer, Moanalani (1991). *Keola Beamer, Moanalani Beamer, Nona Beamer* (VHS). KHET-TV. OCLC 663398886.
* Beamer, Winona Desha and other performers (2002). *Hiʻiaka, Lohiʻau & the Five Maile Sisters* (DVD). Storybook Theatre of Hawaiʻi. OCLC 754971845.
* Beamer, Winona Desha; Park, Puluʻelo; Loo, Maile; Loo, Maile (2001). *Voices of our kūpuna : World Conference on Hula, Hilo, Hawaiʻi, July 30, 2001* (VHS). Nā Maka o ka ʻĀina. OCLC 54110238.
* Beamer, Winona Desha; Jeffers, Mark (Executive director);Zelkovsky, Robert A. (editing) (2003). *Queen Emmalani : a Hawaiian Story* (Videodisc). Storybook Theatre of Hawaiʻi. OCLC 253719215.
* Beamer, Winona Desha; Takamine, Vicky; Loo, Maile (2004). *Nona Beamer and Maile Loo Talk About Hula : March 9, 2004* (VHS). Hula Preservation Society; UH Manoa Department of Theatre and Dance. OCLC 318076932.
* Beamer, Winona et al. (2001). *Kona Hema = South Kona* (DVD). Nā Maka o ka ʻĀina. OCLC 318076963.

## Family tree

1. "Winona Beamer dies at 84 on Maui". *Pacific Business News*. April 10, 2008.
2. Gordon, Mike (July 2, 2006). "Winona Beamer". *The Honolulu Advertiser*.
3. "The Leaflet: January/February 2015 Newsletter". *The Kohala Center*. n.d. Retrieved October 28, 2016.
4. "Hawai'inuiākea School of Hawaiian Knowledge". *manoa.hawaii.edu*. Retrieved October 28, 2016.
5. *Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents*. Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration. 1981. p. 964.
6. Cartwright, Garth (June 1, 2008). "Winona Beamer". *The Guardian*.
7. "Ke Ali'i Bernice Pauahi Paki Bishop (1831–1884) Will and Codicils". Kamehameha Schools. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
8. King, Samuel P.; Roth, Randall W. "Newfound Wealth Cultural Rebirth, Seeds of Discontent". *Broken Trust: Greed, Mismanagement, & Political Manipulation at America's Largest Charitable Trust*. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 53–64. ISBN 978-0-8248-3014-4. OCLC 62326686.
9. Beckwith, Martha Warren (1940). "Coming of the Gods". *Hawaiian Mythology*. Yale University Press. pp. 5–14. OCLC 2974194.
10. Ann Rayson (January 1, 2004). *Modern History of Hawai'i*. Bess Press. p. 257. ISBN 978-1-57306-209-1.
11. "How the Hula Preservation Society is Documenting a Piece of Hawai'i History". *Honolulu Magazine*. September 8, 2011. Retrieved March 3, 2021.
12. "Hula Preservation Society". *www.hulapreservation.org*. Retrieved March 3, 2021.
13. Paiva, Derek (April 10, 2008). "Entertainer and cultural leader Winona Beamer dies". *Hawaii Magazine*.
14. Da Silva, Alexandra (April 11, 2008). "Educator's letter to high court sped removal of school trustees". *Honolulu Star-Bulletin*.
15. "New Essay Rips Lindsey". *Honolulu Star-Bulletin*. November 27, 1997.
16. Enomoto, Kekoa Catherine (April 11, 2008). "Towering figure in Hawaiian culture is gone". *The Maui News*.
17. "'Hawaiiana': By woman who gave meaning to the word | News, Sports, Jobs - Maui News". Retrieved August 17, 2020.

## InfoBox

| Winona Beamer | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Winona Kapuailohiamanonokalani Desha Beamer |
| Also known as | Auntie Nona |
| Born | (1923-08-15)August 15, 1923
Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii |
| Died | August 10, 2008(2008-08-10) (aged 84)
Lahaina, Maui |
| Genres | Hawaiian |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, dancer, composer |
| Instrument | Vocals |


title: Wolderwijd

abstract: The Wolderwijd is a bordering lake situated in the Netherlands, created in 1967 by the gaining of land in Southern Flevoland. It is one of four Veluwe bordering lakes. On the northern and western bank it is encompassed by the municipality of Zeewolde, in the Province of Flevoland, and on the southern and eastern bank it is encompassed by the municipality of Harderwijk in the Province of Gelderland. As the bordering lakes of Flevoland are strictly speaking one mass of water there are no exact markers on where the Wolderwijd ends and the adjacent lakes start. In the west near Strand Horst the Wolderwijd becomes the Nuldernauw and in the east at the aqueduct at the provincial road N302 it becomes the Veluwemeer.

text:
# Wolderwijd

The **Wolderwijd** is a bordering lake situated in the Netherlands, created in 1967 by the gaining of land in Southern Flevoland. It is one of four Veluwe bordering lakes. On the northern and western bank it is encompassed by the municipality of Zeewolde, in the Province of Flevoland, and on the southern and eastern bank it is encompassed by the municipality of Harderwijk in the Province of Gelderland. As the bordering lakes of Flevoland are strictly speaking one mass of water there are no exact markers on where the Wolderwijd ends and the adjacent lakes start. In the west near Strand Horst the Wolderwijd becomes the Nuldernauw and in the east at the aqueduct at the provincial road N302 it becomes the Veluwemeer.

## Use

The lake was created as a buffer between the old land of the Veluwe and the newly created Flevopolder, to ensure that the water level of the Veluwe would not drop. The lake receives water from the neighboring Veluwemeer and several streams and sluices. An additional source is low-phosphate water from the Flevopolder to counter eutrophication.

The Wolderwijd lake is used for commercial fishery, boating, shipping traffic, water management, and sand extraction.

The lake, together with the Nuldernauw, has also been designated as a Ramsar wetland of international importance since 29 August 2000. It was designated as such because it held over 1% of relevant biogeographical populations of two bird species, the swan species *Cygnus bewickii* (1.6%) and the common pochard *(Aythya ferina)* (2.1%).

## InfoBox

| Wolderwijd | |
| --- | --- |
| Wolderwijd as seen from Flevoland looking towards Harderwijk | |
| WolderwijdThe Wolderwijd amongst the bordering lakes of the province of FlevolandWolderwijdLocation within the Netherlands | |
| Location | Between Flevoland and Gelderland |
| Coordinates | 52°20′50″N 5°34′30″E / 52.34722°N 5.57500°E / 52.34722; 5.57500 |
| Type | Bordering lake |
| Basin countries | Netherlands |
| Designation | Ramsar wetland of international importance (2000) |
| Built | 1963 (1963) |
|  | |
| Average depth | 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in) |
|  | |
| Islands | De Zegge, De Biezen |
| Settlements | Harderwijk, Zeewolde |


title: Wolf Summit, West Virginia

abstract: Wolf Summit is a census-designated place and coal town in Harrison County, West Virginia, United States. Its population was 272 as of the 2010 census. The community was named after the surname Wolf and its being the highest point on the railroad between Grafton and Parkersburg.

text:
# Wolf Summit, West Virginia

**Wolf Summit** is a census-designated place and coal town in Harrison County, West Virginia, United States. Its population was 272 as of the 2010 census.

The community was named after the surname Wolf and its being the highest point on the railroad between Grafton and Parkersburg.

## InfoBox

| Wolf Summit, West Virginia | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| Wolf SummitWolf Summit | |
| Coordinates: 39°16′51″N 80°27′39″W / 39.28083°N 80.46083°W / 39.28083; -80.46083 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | West Virginia |
| County | Harrison |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.364 sq mi (0.94 km2) |
| Land | 0.364 sq mi (0.94 km2) |
| Water | 0 sq mi (0 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,119 ft (341 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 272 |
| Density | 750/sq mi (290/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Area code(s) | 304 & 681 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1556016 |


title: Wolf Tracks (1920 film)

abstract: Wolf Tracks is a 1920 American short silent Western film directed by Mack V. Wright and featuring Hoot Gibson.

text:
# Wolf Tracks (1920 film)

***Wolf Tracks*** is a 1920 American short silent Western film directed by Mack V. Wright and featuring Hoot Gibson.

## Plot

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Wolf Tracks | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Mack V. Wright |
| Written by | Arthur Henry Gooden
Hope Loring
Mack V. Wright |
| Starring | Hoot Gibson |
| Release date | * May 7, 1920 (1920-05-07) |
| Running time | 20 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Languages | Silent
English intertitles |


title: Wolf Totem (film)

abstract: Wolf Totem is a 2015 drama film based on the 2004 Chinese semi-autobiographical novel of the same name by Jiang Rong. Directed by French director Jean-Jacques Annaud, the Chinese-French co-production features a Chinese student who is sent to Inner Mongolia to teach shepherds and instead learns about the wolf population, which is under threat by a government apparatchik. The Beijing Forbidden City Film Corporation initially sought to hire a Chinese director, but filming humans with real wolves was considered too difficult. New Zealand director Peter Jackson was approached, but production did not take place. Annaud, whose 1997 film Seven Years in Tibet is banned in China, had his personal ban lifted and was hired to direct Wolf Totem. The film was produced under China Film Group and French-based Reperage. The French director, who had worked with animals on other films, acquired a dozen wolf pups in China and had them trained for several years by Andrew Simpson, a Canadian-based animal trainer. With a production budget of US$38 million, Annaud filmed Wolf Totem in Inner Mongolia, where the book is set, for over a year. The film premiered at the European Film Market on February 7, 2015. It was released in China on February 19, 2015, for the start of the Chinese New Year, and it was released in France on February 25, 2015. It was originally reported that the film had been selected as the Chinese entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 88th Academy Awards. However, when the final list was announced by the Academy, China's submission was listed as Go Away Mr. Tumor by Han Yan. The film was the final film released in James Horner's lifetime before his death four months later in June 2015.

text:
# Wolf Totem (film)

***Wolf Totem*** (Chinese: 狼图腾, French: *Le dernier loup*, "The Last Wolf") is a 2015 drama film based on the 2004 Chinese semi-autobiographical novel of the same name by Jiang Rong. Directed by French director Jean-Jacques Annaud, the Chinese-French co-production features a Chinese student who is sent to Inner Mongolia to teach shepherds and instead learns about the wolf population, which is under threat by a government apparatchik.

The Beijing Forbidden City Film Corporation initially sought to hire a Chinese director, but filming humans with real wolves was considered too difficult. New Zealand director Peter Jackson was approached, but production did not take place. Annaud, whose 1997 film *Seven Years in Tibet* is banned in China, had his personal ban lifted and was hired to direct *Wolf Totem*. The film was produced under China Film Group and French-based Reperage. The French director, who had worked with animals on other films, acquired a dozen wolf pups in China and had them trained for several years by Andrew Simpson, a Canadian-based animal trainer. With a production budget of US$38 million, Annaud filmed *Wolf Totem* in Inner Mongolia, where the book is set, for over a year.

The film premiered at the European Film Market on February 7, 2015. It was released in China on February 19, 2015, for the start of the Chinese New Year, and it was released in France on February 25, 2015. It was originally reported that the film had been selected as the Chinese entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 88th Academy Awards. However, when the final list was announced by the Academy, China's submission was listed as *Go Away Mr. Tumor* by Han Yan. The film was the final film released in James Horner's lifetime before his death four months later in June 2015.

## Premise

In 1969, student Chen Zhen (simplified Chinese: 陈阵; traditional Chinese: 陳陣) is sent to the Chinese region of Inner Mongolia to teach shepherds. Instead, he learns about the shepherds and the bond they share with the wolves, a bond that is threatened by a government apparatchik.

## Cast

## Production

*Wolf Totem* is based on the 2004 Chinese semi-autobiographical novel *Wolf Totem* written by Jiang Rong. French director Jean-Jacques Annaud, despite a history with China, adapted the film, which was produced by China Film Group, Edko Films, and Reperage. Chinese censors had allowed the book to be published, and it became a bestseller in China. The *Los Angeles Times* reported that many were surprised by the novel's lack of censorship. The newspaper said, "The protagonist expresses contempt for the group-think that China's majority Han ethnicity forces on ethnic minorities and disdains the Confucian principles that the Communist Party has recently revived in its political rhetoric even in the 21st century." Rights to the novel were acquired by Beijing Forbidden City Film Corporation in 2004. Its CEO Zhang Qiang approached Chinese directors to adapt the book, but filming humans with real wolves was considered too challenging. In 2005, the corporation entered an agreement with New Zealand director Peter Jackson and his company Weta Digital to co-produce a film adaptation. Production with Jackson did not take place, and Beijing Forbidden City struggled to find a new director to film the adaptation. According to Annaud, the producers sought to produce a film adaptation to release in time for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. In 2008, English- and French-language versions of the novel were published. Jiamin and his friends at the production company were familiar with Annaud's films and approached the director for the task. Annaud said of their choosing a French director for adapting the novel, "They said a Chinese director can't say these things; that it's too sensitive. They didn't want an American. I'm sort of neutral. And I have made a lot of films with animals." The director read the book in French, and the story appealed to him. He said, "It has been my conviction to find true stories about the environment." He turned down an offer to film *Life of Pi* (2012), and he instead signed a contract with Qiang.

By August 2009, Annaud began developing the project and scouting locations in China with Jiamin, whom he had befriended. The filmmakers acquired wolves to raise and train in preparation for filming. The director worked on the first outline with writing partner Alain Godard, who died before they finished it. Annaud brought a draft to China in mid-2012. Chinese screenwriter Lu Wei wrote the second and third drafts of the screenplay. The draft was translated to French for Annaud to give feedback, and it was subsequently translated back to Chinese for Jiamin to revise. Preliminary filming of *Wolf Totem* began in July 2012.

By 2013, Qiang had moved on to become vice president of China Film Group, which now backed the film. Bill Kong, CEO of Edko Films, had joined the project in 2010. In April 2013, a co-production deal between China Film Group and Edko Films was signed at the Beijing Film Market. Actors William Feng Shaofeng and Shawn Dou were cast in the leading roles. The film marked the first Chinese production by a non-Chinese director. For filming, 420 Chinese and seven French crew members were hired. Annaud filmed *Wolf Totem* in Inner Mongolia, the region of China where the book is set, near the town of Wulugai. Filming in Inner Mongolia lasted for over a year. The website China.org.cn reported, "The director and his team had to overcome harsh difficulties in the wild, such as low temperatures, extremely bad weather, \[and\] mosquito swarm attacks." To preserve the grasslands, Annaud had his crew walk to locations with the equipment wherever possible, avoiding use of vehicles, despite the slower process making production more costly. The director said he sometimes walked over 10 kilometers to that end. Annaud said one of the most challenging scenes was depicting a pack of wolves attacking horses during a blizzard in the middle of the night. A prop horse marked with the scent of sausage, and filmmaking grips pushed the horse away from the wolves so they would chase it. Some footage was also filmed in Beijing. Annaud filmed *Wolf Totem* in 3D. The production budget totaled US$40 million.

## Animal training

In the novel and the film, Chen Zhen is sent to work on the steppes of Inner Mongolia (a region of China) during the Cultural Revolution, and a government official orders all wolves in the region to be killed. The filmmakers used real Mongolian wolves (*Canis lupus chanco*) for the film. Annaud had experience filming with animals in his previous films *The Bear* (1988) and *Two Brothers* (2004), working with bears and tigers respectively. He said dogs were traditionally used to depict wolves in film but that he sought to use actual wolves to show authentically their hunting method.

Annaud and others visited zoos around China to find wolf pups to acquire for the film. He said, "Wolves in Mongolia are very different from North American wolves. They are brown with bright eyes. They are more the color of lions." A dozen pups were acquired from a local zoo in Harbin. The filmmakers hired Scottish animal trainer Andrew Simpson to raise and train the wolves, which ultimately numbered 35. Since China has a dwindling wolf population, the government did not allow any wolves to leave. Simpson moved from his ranch in Canada to China to train the wolves to sit, snarl, and fight on cue. Four bases were built in Inner Mongolia and in Beijing for raising and training the wolves. The wolves were trained for over four years to be used in the film. Training revolved around feeding the wolves. They had a diet of dried dog food and chopped chicken, but during training, Simpson fed them "ruby red cubes" of fresh meat. The wolves were kept under control behind long, double fences and were trained not to avoid the cameras. During filming, the crew permitted the wolves to rest every hour. Despite precautions, actor Feng Shaofeng was injured by a wolf. While Annaud filmed live footage of the wolves, he planned to use technology in post-production to create scenes that would normally be impossible to film. After filming, the wolves were ultimately relocated to Canada since they only understood commands in English.

Other animals were also prepared for filming. The Mongolian gazelle was difficult to find in Inner Mongolia, so filmmakers had to travel to the neighboring country of Mongolia to acquire gazelles.

## Director's relationship with China

French director Jean-Jacques Annaud filmed *Seven Years in Tibet* (1997), which is banned in China. Annaud himself was also banned from entering the country at the time. Chinese authorities took issue with how *Seven Years in Tibet* portrayed the People's Liberation Army in their invasion of Tibet in 1949. They also took issue with Jetsun Pema, the sister of the exiled 14th Dalai Lama, being cast in the film. Annaud was able to have his personal ban lifted, though *Seven Years in Tibet* is still banned in China to date. *The Wall Street Journal* said that Annaud's hiring was "a surprise to some" due to this history. *Variety* said it was ironic for China Film Group, which is state-backed, to produce *Wolf Totem* while *Seven Years in Tibet* was still banned.

Annaud said in 2012 that he was mistaken in assuming that it was acceptable to cover historical conflicts in retrospect, like with France, Algeria, and the Algerian War. The director said, "My mistake was to think that it was the same in China regarding Tibet. I realize now that it was seen as something very intrusive, which was not my intention." He said he did not have to apologize for directing the film. He said, "I offended China with *Seven Years* and it's quite something that after this we have decided not to speak about it. I'm very grateful; it says a lot about China today." The director described *Wolf Totem* as "much more complicated, fascinating, amusing" than others realize. The director said he would not have made the film if Chinese authorities did not like it. The Associated Press said in 2009, "Annaud will have to make an apolitical interpretation of the novel to pass Chinese film censorship." It reported that Beijing Forbidden City Film Co. avoided the book's political message and instead described it as "an environmental protection-themed novel about the relationship between man and nature, man and animal".

In the weeks leading up to *Wolf Totem*'s release, Annaud said that Chinese censors did not modify his screenplay. Reuters said, "\[The film\] deals with conservation themes head on, though it largely avoids the book's more subtle political issues." *The Economist* said Annaud originally said that he did not have to apologize for *Seven Years in Tibet* but that he had apologized in December 2009, "In an open letter circulated in Chinese online (a liberal but generally fair translation, he says), Mr. Annaud declared he had 'never supported Tibet's independence' and had no 'personal relationship' with the Dalai Lama." *The Economist* said Annaud's self-criticism likely helped protect the film against Chinese critics who did not support its production.

## Chinese-French relations in film

In January 2015, Entgroup cited Annaud's involvement with *Wolf Totem* as part of a trend that European directors were turning to China instead of Hollywood. Yibada reported, "The French filmmaker told reporters that he is aware that he might have been an exception in the realm of censorship, as the film is being promoted as an exemplar of Sino-French cultural relations." *The Hollywood Reporter* said with *Wolf Totem*'s debut, "Execs are keen to learn about France's expertise in pacting with the world's second largest film market." A co-production treaty between China and France was signed in 2010, and *Wolf Totem* was among the first eight official co-productions to date.

## Theatrical screenings

The film premiered at the European Film Market on February 7, 2015. It was released in China on February 19, 2015, the start of the Chinese New Year. It was released in France on February 25, 2015. Alibaba Pictures acquired rights to distribute *Wolf Totem* in territories outside of the United States.

The French film company Wild Bunch acquired European sales rights for *Wolf Totem* at the European Film Market in February 2013. Wild Bunch held a private screening of the film at the 7th UniFrance Rendez-vous for distributors who bought rights and for interested German buyers. *Variety* reported, "Buzz... is that director Jean-Jacques Annaud is back."

*Wolf Totem* had preview screenings in China starting on February 14, 2015. The film grossed US$7.4 million in preview screenings. The film was officially released in China on February 19, 2015 for the start of the Chinese New Year.

With the presence of Ankhnyam Ragchaa, the movie premiered in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia on 27 February 2015. A Mongolian-language version of the film will also be released so audiences unfamiliar with Mandarin Chinese could see it.

The film grossed US$122,745,328 worldwide, with US$110.95 million from China and US$8,811,832 from France.

## Critical reception

*Wolf Totem* received mixed to positive reviews. As of June 2020, the film holds a 67% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 30 reviews with an average rating of 6.55 out of 10. The consensus states: "As a visual experience, *Wolf Totem* boasts thrills that compensate for the significant narrative sacrifices made in bringing Jiang Rong's novel to the screen." On Metacritic, the film holds a score of 58 out of 100, based on 13 reviews, signifying "mixed or average reviews".

Maggie Lee, reviewing for *Variety*, said, "Despite its magnificent natural vistas and some pulse-pounding action in stunning 3D, 'Wolf Totem' boils down to a familiar environmentalist allegory that doesn't move or provoke too deeply." Lee said Jean-Marie Dreujou's cinematography "rivetingly conveys" the wolves' primal behavior but that the film failed to authentically dramatize the friction between humans and animals. She found the film to lack any "new perspective to environmental themes long expounded on in the West" and that the screenplay "considerably softened" the devastation and led to a weak conclusion. The critic also found the book's "thought-provoking cultural-political subtext" missing from the film and that the film's character development was weak with a "too muted" potential romance introduced late in the film. Lee commended the visual effects of the wolves in motion and composer James Horner's score for its "strong emotional sweep" in non-dialogue scenes.

## Accolades

| Ceremony | Category | Recipient | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Beijing International Film Festival | Best Picture | *Wolf Totem* | Nominated |
| | Best Director | Jean-Jacques Annaud | Won |
| | Best Visual Effects | Christian Rajaud and Jianquan Guo | Won |
| Beijing College Student Film Festival | Best Film | *Wolf Totem* | Nominated |
| | Best Director | Jean-Jacques Annaud | Won |
| Camerimage | Main Competition (Golden Frog) | Jean-Marie Dreujou | Nominated |
| | Best 3D Film | | Nominated |
| China Film Director's Guild Awards | Best Screenplay | Wei Lu | Nominated |
| Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards | Best Visual Effects | Christian Rajaud and Jianquan Guo | Nominated |
| Golden Rooster Awards | Best Picture | *Wolf Totem* | Won |
| | Best Art Director | Rongzhe Quan | Won |
| | Best Sound | Gang Wang | Nominated |
| Hong Kong Film Award | Best Film from Mainland and Taiwan | *Wolf Totem* | Nominated |
| Hundred Flowers Awards | Best Actor | Feng Shaofeng | Won |
| International Film Music Critics Award | Best Original Score for a Drama Film | James Horner | Won |
| | Film Score of the Year | | Nominated |
| | Film Music Composition of the Year | | Nominated |
| Macau International Movie Festival | Best Picture | Jean-Jacques Annaud | Won |
| | Best Director | | Won |
| | Best Cinematography | Jean-Marie Dreujou | Won |
| Saturn Award | Best DVD or Blu-ray Release | *Wolf Totem* | Nominated |
| Shanghai Film Critics Awards | Film of Merit | | Won |

* *Variety* details the production, "(China-France) A Mars Distribution (in France)/China Film Co. (in China)/Edko Films (in Hong Kong) release of a China Film Co., Beijing Forbidden City Film Co., Reperage, China Movie Channel, Beijing Phoenix Entertainment Co., Chinavision Media Group, Mars Films, Wild Bunch Groupe Herodiade, Loull Prod. presentation of a China Film Co., Loull Prod. production."

## InfoBox

| Wolf Totem | |
| --- | --- |
| Chinese theatrical release poster | |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 狼圖騰 |
| Simplified Chinese | 狼图腾 |
| Literal meaning | wolf totem |
|
| Hanyu Pinyin | láng túténg |
|  | |
|  | |
| Directed by | Jean-Jacques Annaud |
| Screenplay by |  |
| Based on | *Wolf Totem*
by Jiang Rong |
| Produced by | * Jean-Jacques Annaud * Xavier Castaño * La Peikang * Bill Kong |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Jean-Marie Dreujou |
| Edited by | Reynald Bertrand |
| Music by | James Horner |
| Production
company | (see notes) |
| Distributed by |  |
| Release dates | * 19 February 2015 (2015-02-19) (China) * 25 February 2015 (2015-02-25) (France) |
| Running time | 121 minutes |
| Countries | * China * France |
| Languages |  |
| Budget | US$38 million |
| Box office | US$125.7 million |


title: Witness Security Programme (Ireland)

abstract: The Witness Security Programme in Ireland is administered by the Attorney General of Ireland, and is operated by the Garda Síochána, the national police force. Witness protection in Ireland is used in cases of serious, organised crime and terrorism. The programme is under the operational control of the elite Garda Special Detective Unit (SDU), attached to the Garda Crime & Security Branch (CSB).

text:
# Witness Security Programme (Ireland)

The **Witness Security Programme** in Ireland is administered by the Attorney General of Ireland, and is operated by the *Garda Síochána*, the national police force. Witness protection in Ireland is used in cases of serious, organised crime and terrorism. The programme is under the operational control of the elite Garda Special Detective Unit (SDU), attached to the Garda Crime & Security Branch (CSB).

## Structure and operation

The **Garda Witness Protection Unit** is the small, dedicated and highly secretive group that runs the Witness Security Programme. The Witness Protection Unit is a subsection of the Special Detective Unit, which falls under the remit of the Crime and Security Branch at Garda Headquarters. The unit is headed by a Detective Inspector, who is answerable to the Detective Chief Superintendent in charge of the SDU, the Assistant Commissioner in charge of Crime and Security and ultimately the Garda Commissioner. All detectives attached to witness protection duties are heavily armed. Further reinforcements can be drawn from the SDU when there is a need. According to the Department of Justice, the Garda Witness Security Programme is operated in "a significant number" of cases, although no details were released as to how many participants are currently under the protection of the programme. The annual budget for the programme was €1.198 million in 2013, and was expected to be the same in 2014.

The Witness Security Programme operates nationally, and was officially established in 1997, following the assassination of journalist Veronica Guerin by a drugs gang she was reporting on, and the subsequent trial that followed, whereby a gang member turned state's witness.

The programme is designed to protect witnesses before, during and after court trials against attempts by criminal and other groups to prevent the normal functioning of the criminal justice system, including threats of violence and systematic witness intimidation, and where otherwise the witnesses may refuse to testify. In circumstances where the Senior Investigation Officer (*Garda Síochána*) in a case has identified a witness who is crucial to the case and the evidence to be proffered is not available elsewhere, and where there is a credible threat to the life of the witness and/or their family, an application can be made - with the consent of the witness - to have them included in the Witness Security Programme. Relatives of those who are under the protection of the programme may be protected and relocated if their safety is deemed to be at risk. The majority of those in the programme have been involved in criminal activity themselves. The Minister for Justice will only grant protection to those who cooperate with investigations conducted by the *Garda Síochána*. According to the Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP), it is estimated that 25% of crimes in Ireland are not reported due to intimidation, and one in 10 crimes reported to Gardaí result in overt intimidation against witnesses, often culminating in the collapse of prosecutions.

Witnesses in the programme are given a new identity, address and armed police protection either in Ireland or abroad (generally in Anglophone countries, such as the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and mainland Europe). Law enforcement in host countries may cooperate with the *Garda Síochána* in providing security for witnesses in the programme, such as the United States Marshals Service. Protectees are usually provided with financial assistance, as they must leave their employment. Court appearances by witnesses in protection are carried out under the security of the Garda Emergency Response Unit (ERU), the premier armed tactical operations group in Irish law enforcement (and a section of the SDU). The Irish Prison Service may also be involved in providing security to witnesses if they are in prison at the time. There has never been a reported breach of security in which a protectee was harmed.

## Legislation

Legislation was not required to establish the programme, but its operation is supported by a number of legislative provisions. The intimidation of witnesses is an offence pursuant to Section 41 of the Criminal Justice Act 1999. Section 41 specifies the offence as harming, threatening or menacing, or in any other way intimidating or putting in fear another person who is assisting in the investigation of an offence by the *Garda Síochána*, with the intention of causing the investigation or course of justice to be obstructed, perverted or interfered with. The offence is punishable on indictment by a fine and/or a term of imprisonment of up to 15 years. Section 40 of the same Act makes it an offence for any person, without lawful authority, to make an attempt to identify the whereabouts or any new identity of a witness who has been relocated under the programme. The offence is punishable on indictment by a fine and/or a term of imprisonment of up to five years.


title: Wood-Ridge High School

abstract: Wood-Ridge High School is a four-year comprehensive public high school that serves students in seventh through twelfth grade from Wood-Ridge, in Bergen County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, operating as the lone secondary school of the Wood-Ridge School District. The school was established in 1922. As of the 2022–23 school year, the school had an enrollment of 530 students and 46.4 classroom teachers, for a student–teacher ratio of 11.4:1. There were 61 students eligible for free lunch and 19 eligible for reduced-cost lunch. Approximately 100 public school students from Moonachie attend Wood-Ridge High School, as part of a sending/receiving relationship with the Moonachie School District.

text:
# Wood-Ridge High School

**Wood-Ridge High School** is a four-year comprehensive public high school that serves students in seventh through twelfth grade from Wood-Ridge, in Bergen County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, operating as the lone secondary school of the Wood-Ridge School District. The school was established in 1922.

As of the 2022–23 school year, the school had an enrollment of 530 students and 46.4 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.4:1. There were 61 students (11.5% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 19 (3.6% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.

Approximately 100 public school students from Moonachie attend Wood-Ridge High School, as part of a sending/receiving relationship with the Moonachie School District.

## Awards, recognition and rankings

The school was the 232nd-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in *New Jersey Monthly* magazine's September 2014 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", using a new ranking methodology. The school had been ranked 176th in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 137th in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine ranked the school 101st in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was ranked 143rd in the magazine's September 2006 issue, which surveyed 316 schools across the state.

## Athletics

The Wood-Ridge High School Blue Devils participate in the North Jersey Interscholastic Conference, which is comprised of small-enrollment schools in Bergen, Hudson County, Morris County and Passaic County counties, and was created following a reorganization of sports leagues in Northern New Jersey by the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA). Prior to the NJSIAA's realignment that took effect in the fall of 2010, Wood-Ridge was a member of the Bergen County Scholastic League (BCSL). With 327 students in grades 10-12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019–20 school year as Group I for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 75 to 476 students in that grade range. The school was classified by the NJSIAA as Group I North for football for 2024–2026, which included schools with 254 to 474 students.

Interscholastic programs available at the high school include:

### Athletic accomplishments

### Baseball

* NJC champions - 1960, 1966, 1972 (co-champions), 2016 (co-champions)
* Bergen County Tournament champions - 1972
* BCSL Olympic champions - 1981, 1987
* Sectional champions (North I, Group I), 1960, 1961, 1965 and 1968.

### Boys basketball

* State champions (North I Group I) - 1962, 1963, 1977, 1978, 2011, 2019
* Group I state champions - 1979 (finishing 28-1 after a 74-58 tournament final win against Wildwood High School)
* BCSL Olympic champions - 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981
* BCSL National champions - 2003, 2006, 2008
* NJIC Meadowlands champions - 2011
* All Century Bergen County - Jimmy Hawthorne
* All Decade (1970-1979) Bergen County - Fred Ketcho

### Girls basketball

* BCSL Olympic champions - 1978, 1979

### Bowling

* BCSL Olympic champions - 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2010
* BCSL National champions - 2005
* BCCA Tournament champions - 1986, 1997

### Cheerleading (competition)

* Spirit Unlimited National Champions - 2003
* Cheer & Dance Extreme National Grand Champions - 2005
* Americheer International Grand Champions - 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015
* Quest For the Best Champions - 2007, 2008
* NJCDCA All-Music State Champions - 2009, 2013, 2014, 2015

### Cross country

* BCSL National champions - 1989

### Football

* State champions (North I Group I) - 1949, 1970, 1977
* Sectional champions - 1960, 1965
* BCSL Olympic champions - 1972, 1977, 1986

### Golf

* BCSL champions - 1976

### Girls soccer

* BCSL National champions - 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010
* State sectional champions (North I Group II) - 2008 (as joint team with Hasbrouck Heights High School)

### Softball

* State champions (North I Group I) - 1976, 1977, 1983, 2010
* BCSL Olympic champions - 1975, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1981
* BCSL National champions - 2009

### Boys tennis

* BCSL National champions - 2004, 2005, 2009

### Girls tennis

* BCSL National champions - 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008 (Co-Champs), 2010

### Boys track and field

* State sectional champions - 2007
* BCSL National champions - 2008

### Girls track and field

* BCSL National champions - 2004, 2005

### Volleyball

* BCSL Olympic champions - 1989, 1991
* BCSL National champions - 2007 (Co-Champs)
* NJIC Meadowlands Division Champions - 2010, 2011, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019
* NJIC Conference Tournament Champions - 2018

### Wrestling

* BCSL Olympic champions - 1976
* BCSL National champions - 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008
* District 5 champions - 1981
* District 15 champions - 2002, 2004, 2006, 2007
* State sectional (North II Group I) - 2006, 2007
* Bergen County Tournament champions - 2007

### NJSIAA Sportsmanship Award

* 2000-01, 2007–08

## Administration

The school's principal is Ben Suro. His core administration team includes the assistant principal and athletic director.

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| Wood-Ridge Jr./Sr. High School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 258 Hackensack Street
Wood-Ridge, New Jersey, Bergen County, New Jersey, New Jersey 07075
United States | |
| Coordinates | 40°50′55″N 74°04′51″W / 40.848495°N 74.080791°W / 40.848495; -74.080791 |
| Information | |
| Type | Public |
| Established | 1922 |
| School district | Wood-Ridge School District |
| NCES School ID | 341830000922 |
| Principal | Ben Suro |
| Faculty | 46.4 FTEs |
| Grades | -12 |
| Enrollment | 530 (as of 2022–23) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 11.4:1 |
| Color(s) | Blue and
white Black Grey |
| Athletics conference | North Jersey Interscholastic Conference |
| Team name | Blue Devils |
| Publication | The Devil's Advocate |
| Website | www.wood-ridgeschools.org/o/wrhs |


title: Wola Kosnowa

abstract: Wola Kosnowa is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łącko, within Nowy Sącz County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

text:
# Wola Kosnowa

**Wola Kosnowa** \[ˈvɔla kɔsˈnɔva\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łącko, within Nowy Sącz County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

## InfoBox

| Wola Kosnowa | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Wola Kosnowa | |
| Coordinates: 49°35′35″N 20°23′14″E / 49.59306°N 20.38722°E / 49.59306; 20.38722 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lesser Poland |
| County | Nowy Sącz |
| Gmina | Łącko |


title: Women in World History

abstract: Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia is a 16-volume reference work of biographies of notable women. It includes biographies of around 10,000 women, and also includes genealogical charts of noble families and some joint entries about multiple women. The work covers women from all walks of life, including all nationalities, and particularly women whose lives are not well documented in other works. After nine years of work, the encyclopedia was published in 1999, under the editorship of Anne Commire. There were over 300 contributors. It won the 2001 Dartmouth Medal for outstanding reference works from the American Library Association.

text:
# Women in World History

***Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia*** is a 16-volume reference work of biographies of notable women. It includes biographies of around 10,000 women, and also includes genealogical charts of noble families and some joint entries about multiple women (such as "Astronauts: Women in Space"). The work covers women from all walks of life, including all nationalities, and particularly women whose lives are not well documented in other works.

After nine years of work, the encyclopedia was published in 1999, under the editorship of Anne Commire. There were over 300 contributors. It won the 2001 Dartmouth Medal for outstanding reference works from the American Library Association.

1. Commire, Anne (1999). "Introduction". In Commire, Anne (ed.). *Women in world history: A biographical encyclopedia*. Vol. 1. Waterford, CT: Yorkin Publications, Gale Group. pp. vii–xi. ISBN 0787640808.
2. "Dartmouth Medal". ALA. Retrieved Jan 18, 2013.

## Further reading

* Commire, Anne, ed. (1999). *Women in world history: A biographical encyclopedia*. Waterford, CT: Yorkin Publications, Gale Group. ISBN 0787640808.
* Moffitt, Sally (2000). "Review of Women In World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. 16 vols". *Reference & User Services Quarterly*. **40** (2): 189–191. ISSN 1094-9054. JSTOR 41241333.
* Omidsalar, Teresa Portilla (2001). "Outstanding Reference Sources 2001". *American Libraries*. **32** (5): 48–52. ISSN 0002-9769. JSTOR 25645904.