title: Wolfert II van Borselen

abstract: Wolfert II van Borselen was lord of Veere and Zandenburg.

text:
# Wolfert II van Borselen

**Wolfert II van Borselen** (c. 1280 – 1317) was lord of Veere and Zandenburg.

## Family

Wolfert II van Borselen was a member of a large clan. He probably became an adult at about the same time that his father Wolfert I was killed on 1 August 1299. At that time three groups of Van Borselens can be discerned:

The Van Borselen's of the main branch:

* Floris van Borselen, lord of Borselen, Goes and Cloetinghe, later of Hulst (d. 1322), and his children:
* Jan, mentioned 1290–1299
* Pieter, mentioned 1299–1315
* Elizabeth mentioned 1325
* Hadewych mentioned 1325

From the previous generation, he left his second wife Catharina of Durbuy (d. 1328) as widow. His surviving brothers were:

* Friar Hendrik Wisse van Borselen
* Raas van Borselen, bastard brother
* Jan Mulart van Borselen, bastard brother

Wolfert II and his siblings. These all descended from his father's first marriage with Sibilie.

* Wolfert's sister Heylewijf married to Gerard van Voorne in 1297
* Hendrik Wisse van Borselen, knight in 1303
* Floris van Borselen a.k.a. Floris der Vere
* Vranck van Borselen
* Clays van Borselen founder of the Van Brigdamme branch
* Cibilie, married to Jan van Culemborg.

## Life

### Late 1299: after the assassination of Wolfert's father

Wolfert II was first mentioned in 1303. This is a bit strange, because his father Wolfert had been killed in Delft on 1 August 1299. Indeed, Wolfert's younger brothers can be traced back earlier. Right after the assassination of Wolfert I, a number of his allies were imprisoned in Holland. John II, Count of Holland (1247–1304), regent for John I, Count of Holland (1284- 10 November 1299), was then said to have made a reconciliation between the Van Borselen's and the killers.

The Van Borselen's and their allies were then allowed to leave their prison under guarantee from their allies that they would soon be delivered back. On 26 September 1299 knights Raas van Borselen and Floris van Borselen and others bailed for Wolfert I's children Frank and Claas. That same day they bailed for Jan Mulart van Borselen, and Floris's son Pieter. On 11 October 1299 Frank and Clays van Borselen children of Wolfert, and Pieter son of Floris van Borselen, had to repeat these promises. At that moment, Frank and Claeys were in prison in Haarlem, and Pieter in The Hague. Also on 11 October Jan Mulart van Borselen gave the guarantee that he would return to his prison in Delft, and would deliver Frank and Claas children of his brother Wolfert, and Pieter son of Floris.

Obviously the brothers Wolfert II, Floris and Hendrik Wisse were not in Holland when their father was killed, and the same applied to their uncle Raas.

### 1300: Vengeance in Veere

After Wolfert I's death John III, Lord of Renesse had come back to Schouwen. When he could not come to terms with John II, he left Schouwen and tried to ally with the Van Borselens. In the Spring of 1300 the count then sailed from Zierikzee in the direction of Arnemuiden with an army. Near Veere the army made an abortive landing. The count then sailed ahead and went to Middelburg. When his brother Guy of Avesnes heard this, he followed with the rear of the army. This was decidedly beaten by the Zeeland army, many were killed, and Guy and many others were taken prisoner.

Amongst the prisoners were some that where responsible for Wolfert I's death. Dirk van Zandhorst, Floris and Wouter van Duvenvoorde, and Gijsbrecht Bokel and Filips van Warmond were wheeled in Veere in the week before 3 May. It is not known what Wolfert II's role was in these events.

### 1303 Flemish invasion

In 1303 Flanders conquered Walcheren and Veere with help of local allies. It led to the somewhat later Battle of Zierikzee. In 1303 Wolfert was mentioned in the last will of his brother Hendrik Wisse.

In 1308 Wolfert and his brothers were reconciled with William I, Count of Hainaut. In May 1309 there was a reconciliation about Wolfert I's death. Of the four brothers, Wolfert and Floris were mentioned as knights, Frank and Clays as squires. On the opposing side were: Philips van Duvenvoorde, Philips van Zanthorst, Wouter van Haerlem, Simon van Benthem, Philip Voerness, Vriesen van der Mye, etc. These had to pay 1,000 pounds to the Van Borselen's. On the other side, the Van Borselen's had to pay 3,000 pounds for the events at Veere.

### Marriage

In about 1312 Wolfert II married Aleid (c. 1290 - 1351), a bastard daughter of John II, Count of Holland. There was papal dispensation because they were related in the fourth degree.

### Last will

On 30 May 1316 Wolfert II made a contract about his father's estate with his brothers Sir Florence, Frank and Claas van Borselen. This also involved some of the dower of the Lady of Voorne, wife of Wolfert I. It is assumed that this contract was made because Wolfert II foresaw his death, because Wolfert II died shortly after. This happened before 6 April 1317, because on that day count William referred to his sister as widow of Wolfert van Borselen.

After Wolfert's death Aleyd remarried to Otto van Buren. In 1327 she was referred to as Lady of Zandenburg and of Buren.

## Offspring

Wolfert I and Aleid had only:

* Burgers, J.W.J. (1997), "Het beeld van de adel bij Melis Stoke. De adelspolitiek van de Hollandse graven in het begin van de veertiende eeuw", *BMGN - Low Countries Historical Review*, **112** (4), Koninklijk Nederlands Historisch Genootschap: 469, doi:10.18352/bmgn-lchr.4568
* Dijkhof, E.C. (2006), *Oorkondenboek van Holland en Zeeland tot 1299*, vol. V 1291 tot 1299, Koninklijke Van Gorcum B.V.
* Obreen, Henri (1927), "Het geslacht van Borselen", *De Nederlandse Leeuw*, vol. XLV
* Van Mieris, Frans (1753), *Groot charterboek der graaven van Holland, van Zeeland, en heeren van Vriesland*, vol. I, Pieter vander Eyk, Leyden
* Van Mieris, Frans (1754), *Groot charterboek der graaven van Holland, van Zeeland, en heeren van Vriesland*, vol. II, Pieter vander Eyk, Leyden
* Muller, P.L. (1881), *Regesta Hannonensia: Lijst van oorkonden betreffende Holland en Zeeland*, Martinus Nijhoff, 's Gravenhage
* Regt, W.M.C. (1937), "Borselen, Wolfert II van", *Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek*, vol. X
* Regt, W.M.C. (1937b), "Borselen, Wolfert I van", *Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek*, vol. X
* Stoke, Melis (1305), *Rijmkroniek van Holland*, Huygens ING

## InfoBox

| Wolfert II van Borselen | |
| --- | --- |
| Lord of Veere and Zandenburg | |
| Arms of Wolfert II van Borsele | |
| Predecessor | Wolfert I van Borselen |
| Successor | Wolfert III van Borselen |
| Born | 1280 or 1281 |
| Died | 1317 |
| Mother | Sybille |


abstract: The Women in Aviation International Pioneer Hall of Fame was established in 1992 by Women in Aviation International to honor and recognize women who have made significant contributions to aviation. Its purpose is to honor women who have made significant contributions as record setters, pioneers, or innovators in the aviation and aerospace industries. WAI solicits nominations from throughout the aviation industry each year for the WAI Pioneer Hall of Fame. Inductees are chosen from the nominations by a committee, "with special consideration given to individuals who have helped other women become successful in aviation or opened doors of opportunity for other women." Women are inducted to the hall of fame at the conclusion of the WAI annual conference.

text:
# Women in Aviation International Pioneer Hall of Fame

The **Women in Aviation International Pioneer Hall of Fame** (Also **WAI Pioneer Hall of Fame**) was established in 1992 by Women in Aviation International to honor and recognize women who have made significant contributions to aviation. Its purpose is to honor women who have made significant contributions as record setters, pioneers, or innovators in the aviation and aerospace industries. WAI solicits nominations from throughout the aviation industry each year for the WAI Pioneer Hall of Fame. Inductees are chosen from the nominations by a committee, "with special consideration given to individuals who have helped other women become successful in aviation or opened doors of opportunity for other women." Women are inducted to the hall of fame at the conclusion of the WAI annual conference.

Pioneer Hall of Fame Inductees
| **Name** | **Image** | **Birth–Death** | **Year** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sandra L. Anderson |  |  | 2005 |
| Anne Bridge Baddour |  |  | 2005 |
| Mary Barr |  | (1925–2010) | 2001 |
| Colleen Barrett |  | (1944–2024) | 2005 |
| Trish Beckman |  |  | 2010 |
| Olive Ann Beech |  | (1903–1993) | 1994 |
| Fran Bera |  | (1924–2018) | 2006 |
| Nancy Bird |  | (1915–2009) | 2023 |
| Rosella Bjornson |  | (1947–) | 2004 |
| Priscilla Blum |  |  | 2015 |
| Karen Fuller Brannen |  |  | 2013 |
| Deanna Brasseur |  | (1953–) | 2007 |
| Bonnie Tiburzi Caputo |  | (1948–) | 2018 |
| Ann Baumgartner Carl |  | (1918–2008) | 2001 |
| Leanne Caret |  | (1966–) | 2019 |
| Peggy Chabrian |  |  | 2011 |
| Katherine Cheung |  | (1904–2003) | 2000 |
| Julie E. Clark |  | (1948–) | 2002 |
| Jerrie Cobb |  | (1931–2019) | 2000 |
| Jacqueline Cochran |  | (1906–1980) | 2009 |
| Bessie Coleman |  | (1892–1926) | 1995 |
| Eileen Collins |  | (1956–) | 1995 |
| Ann Lewis Cooper |  | (1934–2020) | 2004 |
| Vivien Crea |  | (1952–) | 2010 |
| Iris Cummings Critchell |  | (1920–) | 2007 |
| Nancy J. Currie |  | (1958–) | 2014 |
| Suzanna Darcy-Henneman |  | (1956–) | 2010 |
| Fiorenza De Bernardi |  | (1928–2020) | 2002 |
| Lorna deBlicquy |  | (1931–2009) | 1996 |
| Tammy Duckworth |  | (1968–) | 2011 |
| Amelia Earhart |  | (1897–1937) | 1997 |
| Arlene Elliott |  | (1918–2010) | 1999 |
| Mary Feik |  | (1924–2016) | 1994 |
| Arlene B. Feldman |  |  | 2004 |
| First Women of U.S. Coast Guard Aviation |  |  | 2019 |
| First Class of Women Naval Aviators |  |  | 2017 |
| First Women's National Air Derby Pilots |  |  | 2012 |
| Cornelia Clark Fort |  | (1919–1943) | 2022 |
| Kathleen Fox |  | (1951–) | 2018 |
| Wally Funk |  | (1939–) | 1995 |
| Elizabeth "Betty" Everts Greene |  | (1920–1997) | 2017 |
| Stayce Harris |  | (1959–) | 2017 |
| Bernice Falk Haydu |  | (1920–2021) | 2012 |
| Gloria Heath |  | (1922–2017) | 1999 |
| Susan J. Helms |  | (1958–) | 2011 |
| Jeanne Holm |  | (1921–2010) | 2006 |
| Nancy Hopkins |  | (1909–1997) | 1993 |
| Jean Ross Howard |  | (1916–2004) | 1995 |
| Marion P. Jayne |  | (1926–1996) | 2000 |
| Nadine Jeppesen |  | (1914–1996) | 1995 |
| Amy Johnson |  | (1903–1941) | 2016 |
| Evelyn Bryan Johnson |  | (1909–2012) | 1994 |
| Loretta Jones |  |  | 1998 |
| Martha King |  |  | 2023 |
| Galina Gavrilovna Korchuganova |  | (1935–2004) | 2006 |
| Moya Lear |  | (1915–2001) | 1992 |
| Jeannie Leavitt |  | (1967–) | 2020 |
| Hazel Ying Lee |  | (1912–1944) | 2011 |
| Nelda Lee |  |  | 2004 |
| Dorothy Swain Lewis |  | (1915–2013) | 2004 |
| Anne Morrow Lindbergh |  | (1905–2001) | 1999 |
| Doris Lockness |  | (1910–2017) | 2002 |
| Barbara Erickson London |  | (1920–2013) | 2005 |
| Nancy Harkness Love |  | (1914–1976) | 2008 |
| Elizabeth MacGill |  | (1905–1980) | 2012 |
| Mary Magdalene Maga |  |  | 2012 |
| Nicole Malachowski |  | (1974–) | 2008 |
| Patricia W. Malone |  | (1924–2008) | 2009 |
| Rosemary Bryant Mariner |  | (1953–2019) | 2022 |
| Beryl Markham |  | (1902–1986) | 2014 |
| Marie Marvingt |  | (1875–1963) | 2007 |
| June Maule |  | (1917–2009) | 1999 |
| Linda K. McTague |  | (1957–2017) | 2018 |
| Mercury 13 'The Fellow Lady Astronaut Trainees' (FLATS) |  |  | 1996 |
| Alice du Pont Mills |  | (1912–2002) | 2010 |
| Jerrie Mock |  | (1925–2014) | 2008 |
| Betty Mullis |  |  | 2006 |
| Navy Women Navigators of WWII (WAVES) |  |  | 1997 |
| Ruth Nichols |  | (1901–1960) | 2009 |
| Phoebe Omlie |  | (1902–1975) | 2015 |
| Deanie Parrish |  | (1922–2022) | 2015 |
| Nancy Parrish |  |  | 2015 |
| Betty Haas Pfister |  | (1921–2011) | 2001 |
| Peggy A. Phillips |  |  | 2022 |
| Audrey Poberezny |  | (1925–2020) | 1996 |
| Harriet Quimby |  | (1875–1912) | 1998 |
| Sally Ride |  | (1951–2012) | 2014 |
| Margaret Ringenberg |  | (1921–2008) | 2008 |
| Brenda E. Robinson |  | (1956–) | 2016 |
| Joan Robinson-Berry |  |  | 2021 |
| Mary Golda Ross |  | (1908–2008) | 2019 |
| Blanche Stuart Scott |  | (1885–1970) | 2002 |
| Sheila Scott |  | (1922–1988) | 2014 |
| Dawn Seymour |  | (1917–2017) | 2009 |
| Mary Frances Silitch |  | (1935–) | 2013 |
| Betty Skelton Frankman |  | (1926–2011) | 1997 |
| Elinor Smith |  | (1911–2010) | 2001 |
| Jacqueline L. Smith |  |  | 1998 |
| Kathryn D. Sullivan |  | (1951–) | 2010 |
| Merryl Tengesdal |  | (1971–) | 2023 |
| Louise McPhetridge Thaden |  | (1905–1979) | 2000 |
| Carol Timmons |  | (1958–2020) | 2021 |
| Anna Timofeyeva-Yegorova |  | (1916–2009) | 2009 |
| Bobbi Trout |  | (1906–2003) | 1993 |
| UPT Class 77-08 |  |  | 2016 |
| U.S. Army's First Women Rotary Wing Aviators |  |  | 2020 |
| U.S. Marine Corps' First Class of Women Aviators |  |  | 2021 |
| WAI Founding Board of Directors |  |  | 2013 |
| Patty Jean Wagner |  |  | 2020 |
| Patty Wagstaff |  | (1951–) | 1997 |
| Emily Howell Warner |  | (1939–) | 1992 |
| Florene Miller Watson |  | (1920–2014) | 2005 |
| Fay Gillis Wells |  | (1908–2012) | 1992 |
| Whirly-Girls, International Women Helicopter Pilots |  |  | 1998 |
| Edna Gardner Whyte |  | (1902–1992) | 1992 |
| Sheila Widnall |  | (1938–) | 1996 |
| Betty Jane Williams |  | (1919–2008) | 2006 |
| Janet C. Wolfenbarger |  | (1958–) | 2016 |
| Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP) |  |  | 1993 |
| Women's Section of the Air Transport Auxiliary |  |  | 2008 |
| Jessie E. Woods |  | (1909–2001) | 1994 |
| Mary Anna Martin Wyall |  | (1922–2017) | 2011 |
| Jeana Yeager |  | (1952–) | 1992 |


title: Women in Distress

abstract: Women in Distress (WID) is a nationally accredited, state-certified, full service domestic violence center in Broward County, Florida. WID adopts an empowerment based model. WID provides victims of domestic violence with safe shelter, crisis intervention and resources, and raises community awareness through intervention, education and advocacy. WID works in partnership with the Broward County Sheriff's Office (BSO). At a press conference in October 2009, Florida Governor Charlie Crist commended Women in Distress and Broward Sheriff's Office for their joint efforts to combat domestic violence. In 2021 Women In Distress (WID), CASA in Pinellas, and The Spring of Tampa combined efforts to form FLDVC after the coalition was shut down to the financial malfeasance of FCADV CEO Tiffany Carr. As the contractor, WID holds the contract for the statewide domestic violence hotline, which receives over 12,000 calls a year. CASA has the subcontract for training and technical assistance for the state, and The Spring has the contract for Legal services, which includes overseeing all of the Injunction for Protection Project, and the Legal hotline. In 2018–2019, WID received 7,966 calls on their 24-hour crisis line.

text:
# Women in Distress

**Women in Distress** (**WID**) is a nationally accredited, state-certified, full service domestic violence center in Broward County, Florida. WID adopts an empowerment based model. WID provides victims of domestic violence with safe shelter, crisis intervention and resources, and raises community awareness through intervention, education and advocacy. WID works in partnership with the Broward County Sheriff's Office (BSO). At a press conference in October 2009, Florida Governor Charlie Crist commended Women in Distress and Broward Sheriff's Office for their joint efforts to combat domestic violence. In 2021 Women In Distress (WID), CASA in Pinellas, and The Spring of Tampa combined efforts to form FLDVC after the coalition was shut down to the financial malfeasance of FCADV CEO Tiffany Carr. As the contractor, WID holds the contract for the statewide domestic violence hotline, which receives over 12,000 calls a year. CASA has the subcontract for training and technical assistance for the state, and The Spring has the contract for Legal services, which includes overseeing all of the Injunction for Protection Project, and the Legal hotline.

In 2018–2019, WID received 7,966 calls on their 24-hour crisis line.

## History and Services

Women in Distress was established in 1972 as a nonprofit agency helping women in crisis, by feminist and women's rights activist Roxcy Bolton.

In 1974, Women in Distress of Broward County, Inc. was co-founded by Edee Greene. WiD's first refuge for homeless women was a donated four bedroom home. Eventually they opened their first crisis shelter, housing 12 homeless women. Following the murder of a client who had returned to her violent spouse to rejoin her children, further donations enabled the purchase of a 54-bed shelter, accommodating children of domestic violence victims and homeless women. In November 1995, the Jim and Jan Moran Family Center opened. In 1999 a $1 million endowment allowed WID to open a second 8-bed shelter in Hollywood.

In 2008, WID expanded with the purchase of a 6-acre campus in Deerfield Beach. The campus included a new Jim & Jan Moran Family Center, with 62 beds and has expanded to 135 beds. Services at the center include crisis intake, individual and group counseling, parenting classes, and respite child care. There is also a sub-station of the Broward Sheriff's Office on the site.

In 2018, WID added a pet shelter to the campus so survivors do not have to leave beloved pets behind when they flee.

## Community

To coincide with the county's growing diverse populations, WID has expanded its target communities to include Spanish, Creole, African, Middle Eastern, Russian, and Eastern European communities. Language services are provided by staff in English, Spanish, Creole and Portuguese. WID supports same-sex domestic violence victims through the EAGLE (Ending Abuse of Gays and Lesbians Everywhere…even at home) program.

In 2007, WID received an AmeriCorps grant. Twenty AmeriCorps members now work full-time in community education, each with a special focus area. These include schools, the Latin, Haitian, African American and Caribbean communities, legal professionals, civic groups, corporations, media, faith based organizations, health/fitness, and beauty salons.

## Financial effects on Women in Distress

The 41 domestic violence centers in Florida have seen a 25 to 30 percent increase in their demand for services since 2009. This is due to an increase both in incidents of domestic violence, and in the lethality of these incidents. In July 2011, Mary Riedel, the previous president and CEO of WID, stated that the steep increase in frequency and lethality of domestic violence is probably due to the impact of the economic downturn and the recession on families. Despite the increasing demands for its services, in August 2011, WID received news of an $8000 funding cut which will impact WID's phone hotline and counseling services.

Since the pandemic, WID and the county of Broward has seen a 25% increase in domestic violence incidents. Since 2008, bed nights have increased nearly 80% and the number of incidents coded as high lethality have increased nearly 30%.

## InfoBox

Women in Distress
|
|  |
| Abbreviation | WiD |
| Formation | 1974 |
| Type | Domestic violence center |
| Legal status | 501(c)(3) |
| Headquarters | Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States |
| Region served | Broward County, Florida, United States |
| President and CEO | Linda L. Parker, PhD |
| Staff | 110 |
| Volunteers | 240 |
| Website | www.womenindistress.org |


title: Won't Take It Lying Down

abstract: "Won't Take It Lying Down" is a song by British-based girl group Honeyz, released as the group's fifth single from their debut studio album, Wonder No. 8 (1998). It was their last single with member Mariama Goodman, who was later replaced by original member Heavenli Abdi.

text:
# Won't Take It Lying Down

"**Won't Take It Lying Down**" is a song by British-based girl group Honeyz, released as the group's fifth single from their debut studio album, *Wonder No. 8* (1998). It was their last single with member Mariama Goodman, who was later replaced by original member Heavenli Abdi.

## Track listings

**UK CD1**

1. "Won't Take It Lying Down" (Ollie Twist mix)
2. "What Does She Look Like?"
3. "Keep Me Hanging On"
4. "Won't Take It Lying Down" (Ollie Twist mix video)

**UK CD2**

1. "Won't Take It Lying Down" (Ollie Twist mix)
2. "Won't Take It Lying Down" (LA mix)
3. "Won't Take It Lying Down" (Twist Future mix)

**UK cassette single**

1. "Won't Take It Lying Down" (Ollie Twist mix)
2. "What Does She Look Like?"

**European maxi-CD single**

1. "Won't Take It Lying Down" (Ollie Twist mix)
2. "Won't Take It Lying Down" (LA mix)
3. "What Does She Look Like?"
4. "Won't Take It Lying Down" (Ollie Twist mix video)

## Charts

| Chart (2000) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) | 30 |
| Ireland (IRMA) | 30 |
| Netherlands (Dutch Top 40 Tipparade) | 6 |
| Scotland (OCC) | 10 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 7 |
| UK Hip Hop/R&B (OCC) | 2 |

## InfoBox

| "Won't Take It Lying Down" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Honeyz | |
| from the album  *Wonder No. 8* | |
| B-side | "What Does She Look Like?", "Keep Me Hanging On" |
| Released | 28 February 2000 (2000-02-28) |
| Length | 4:13 |
| Label | Mercury, 1st Avenue |
| Songwriter(s) | Anders Bagge, Arnthor Birgisson, Simon Climie |
| Producer(s) | Simon Climie |
| Honeyz singles chronology | |
| "Never Let You Down"
(1999) "**Won't Take It Lying Down**"
(2000) "Not Even Gonna Trip"
(2000) | |
|  | |
| Alternative cover | |
|  | |
| UK CD2 cover | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Woodpecker

abstract: Woodpeckers are part of the bird family Picidae, which also includes the piculets, wrynecks and sapsuckers. Members of this family are found worldwide, except for Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, Madagascar and the extreme polar regions. Most species live in forests or woodland habitats, although a few species are known that live in treeless areas, such as rocky hillsides and deserts, and the Gila woodpecker specialises in exploiting cacti. Members of this family are chiefly known for their characteristic behaviour. They mostly forage for insect prey on the trunks and branches of trees, and often communicate by drumming with their beaks, producing a reverberatory sound that can be heard at some distance. Some species vary their diet with fruits, birds' eggs, small animals, tree sap, human scraps, and carrion. They usually nest and roost in holes that they excavate in tree trunks, and their abandoned holes are of importance to other cavity-nesting birds. They sometimes come into conflict with humans when they make holes in buildings or feed on fruit crops, but perform a useful service by their removal of insect pests on trees. The Picidae are one of nine living families in the order Piciformes, the others being barbets, toucans, toucan-barbets, and honeyguides, which comprise the clade Pici, and the jacamars and puffbirds in the clade Galbuli. DNA sequencing has confirmed the sister relationships of these two groups. The family Picidae includes about 240 species arranged in 35 genera. Almost 20 species are threatened with extinction due to loss of habitat or habitat fragmentation, with one, the Bermuda flicker, being extinct and a further two possibly being so.

text:
# Woodpecker

**Woodpeckers** are part of the bird family **Picidae**, which also includes the piculets, wrynecks and sapsuckers. Members of this family are found worldwide, except for Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, Madagascar and the extreme polar regions. Most species live in forests or woodland habitats, although a few species are known that live in treeless areas, such as rocky hillsides and deserts, and the Gila woodpecker specialises in exploiting cacti.

Members of this family are chiefly known for their characteristic behaviour. They mostly forage for insect prey on the trunks and branches of trees, and often communicate by drumming with their beaks, producing a reverberatory sound that can be heard at some distance. Some species vary their diet with fruits, birds' eggs, small animals, tree sap, human scraps, and carrion. They usually nest and roost in holes that they excavate in tree trunks, and their abandoned holes are of importance to other cavity-nesting birds. They sometimes come into conflict with humans when they make holes in buildings or feed on fruit crops, but perform a useful service by their removal of insect pests on trees.

The Picidae are one of nine living families in the order Piciformes, the others being barbets (comprising three families), toucans, toucan-barbets, and honeyguides, which (along with woodpeckers) comprise the clade Pici, and the jacamars and puffbirds in the clade Galbuli. DNA sequencing has confirmed the sister relationships of these two groups. The family Picidae includes about 240 species arranged in 35 genera. Almost 20 species are threatened with extinction due to loss of habitat or habitat fragmentation, with one, the Bermuda flicker, being extinct and a further two possibly being so.

## General characteristics

Woodpeckers include the tiny piculets, the smallest of which appears to be the bar-breasted piculet at 7.5 cm (3.0 in) in length and a weight of 8.9 g (0.31 oz). Some of the largest woodpeckers can be more than 50 cm (20 in) in length. The largest surviving species is the great slaty woodpecker, which weighs 430 g (15 oz) on average and up to 563 g (19.9 oz), and measures 45 to 55 cm (18 to 22 in), but the extinct imperial woodpecker, at 55 to 61 cm (22 to 24 in), and ivory-billed woodpecker, around 48 to 53 cm (19 to 21 in) and 516 g (18.2 oz), were probably both larger.

The plumage of woodpeckers varies from drab to conspicuous. The colours of many species are based on olive and brown and some are pied, suggesting a need for camouflage; others are boldly patterned in black, white, and red, and many have a crest or tufted feathers on their crowns. Woodpeckers tend to be sexually dimorphic, but differences between the sexes are generally small; exceptions to this are Williamson's sapsucker and the orange-backed woodpecker, which differ markedly. The plumage is moulted fully once a year apart from the wrynecks, which have an additional partial moult before breeding.

Woodpeckers, piculets, and wrynecks all possess characteristic zygodactyl feet, consisting of four toes, the first (hallux) and the fourth facing backward and the second and third facing forward. This foot arrangement is good for grasping the limbs and trunks of trees. Members of this family can walk vertically up tree trunks, which is beneficial for activities such as foraging for food or nest excavation. In addition to their strong claws and feet, woodpeckers have short, strong legs. This is typical of birds that regularly forage on trunks. Exceptions are the black-backed woodpecker and the American and Eurasian three-toed woodpeckers, which have only three toes on each foot. The tails of all woodpeckers, except the piculets and wrynecks, are stiffened, and when the bird perches on a vertical surface, the tail and feet work together to support it.

Woodpeckers have strong bills that they use for drilling and drumming on trees, and long, sticky tongues for extracting food (insects and larvae). Woodpecker bills are typically longer, sharper, and stronger than the bills of piculets and wrynecks, but their morphology is very similar. The bill's chisel-like tip is kept sharp by the pecking action in birds that regularly use it on wood. The beak consists of three layers; an outer sheath called rhamphotheca, made of scales formed from keratin proteins, an inner layer of bone which has a large cavity and mineralised collagen fibers, and a middle layer made of porous bone which connects the two other layers.

Furthermore, the tongue bone (or hyoid bone) of the woodpecker is very long, and winds around the skull through a special cavity, thereby cushioning the brain. Combined, this anatomy helps the beak absorb mechanical stress. Species of woodpecker and flicker that use their bills in soil or for probing as opposed to regular hammering tend to have longer and more decurved bills. Due to their smaller bill size, many piculets and wrynecks forage in decaying wood more often than woodpeckers. Their long, sticky tongues, which possess barbs, aid these birds in grabbing and extracting insects from deep within a hole in a tree. The tongue was reported to be used to spear grubs, but more detailed studies published in 2004 have shown that the tongue instead wraps around the prey before being pulled out.

Many of the foraging, breeding, and signaling behaviors of woodpeckers involve drumming and hammering using their bills. To prevent brain damage from the rapid and repeated powerful impacts, woodpeckers have a number of physical features that protect their brains. These include a relatively small and smooth brain, narrow subdural space, little cerebrospinal fluid surrounding it to prevent it from moving back and forth inside the skull during pecking, the orientation of the brain within the skull (which maximises the contact area between the brain and the skull) and the short duration of contact. The skull consists of strong but compressible, sponge-like bone, which is most concentrated in the forehead and the back of the skull. Another anatomical adaptation of woodpeckers is the enormously elongated hyoid bone which subdivides, passes on either side of the spinal column and wraps around the brain case, before ending in the right nostril cavity. It plays the role of safety-belt.

Computer simulations have shown that 99.7% of the energy generated in pecking is stored in the form of strain energy, which is distributed throughout the bird's body, with only a small remaining fraction of the energy going into the brain. The pecking also causes the woodpecker's skull to heat up, which is part of the reason why they often peck in short bursts with brief breaks in between, giving the head some time to cool. During the millisecond before contact with wood, a thickened nictitating membrane closes, protecting the eye from flying debris. These membranes also prevent the retina from tearing. Their nostrils are also protected; they are often slit-like and have special feathers to cover them. Woodpeckers are capable of repeated pecking on a tree at high decelerations on the order of 10,000 m/s2 (33,000 ft/s2) (1000 ).

Some large woodpeckers such as *Dryocopus* have a fast, direct form of flight, but the majority of species have a typical undulating flight pattern consisting of a series of rapid flaps followed by a swooping glide. Many birds in the genus *Melanerpes* have distinctive, rowing wing-strokes while the piculets engage in short bursts of rapid direct flight.

## Distribution, habitat, and movements

### Global distribution

Woodpeckers have a mostly cosmopolitan distribution, although they are absent from Australasia, Madagascar, and Antarctica. They are also absent from some of the world's oceanic islands, although many insular species are found on continental islands. The true woodpeckers, subfamily Picinae, are distributed across the entire range of the family. The Picumninae piculets have a pantropical distribution, with species in Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Neotropics, with the greatest diversity being in South America. The second piculet subfamily, the Sasiinae, contains the African piculet and two species in the genus *Sasia* that are found in Southeast Asia. The wrynecks (Jynginae) are found exclusively in the Old World, with the two species occurring in Europe, Asia, and Africa.

Most woodpeckers are sedentary, but a few examples of migratory species are known, such as the rufous-bellied woodpecker, yellow-bellied sapsucker, and Eurasian wryneck, which breeds in Europe and west Asia and migrates to the Sahel in Africa in the winter. More northerly populations of Lewis's woodpecker, northern flicker, Williamson's sapsucker, red-breasted sapsucker, and red-naped sapsucker all move southwards in the fall in North America. Most woodpecker movements can be described as dispersive, such as when young birds seek territories after fledging, or eruptive, to escape harsh weather conditions. Several species are altitudinal migrants, for example the grey-capped pygmy woodpecker, which moves to lowlands from hills during winter. The woodpeckers that do migrate, do so during the day.

### Habitat requirements

Overall, woodpeckers are arboreal birds of wooded habitats. They reach their greatest diversity in tropical rainforests, but occur in almost all suitable habitats, including woodlands, savannahs, scrublands, and bamboo forests. Even grasslands and deserts have been colonised by various species. These habitats are more easily occupied where a small number of trees exist, or in the case of desert species like the Gila woodpecker, tall cacti are available for nesting. Some are specialists and are associated with coniferous or deciduous woodlands, or even, like the acorn woodpecker, with individual tree genera (oaks in this case). Other species are generalists and are able to adapt to forest clearance by exploiting secondary growth, plantations, orchards, and parks. In general, forest-dwelling species need rotting or dead wood on which to forage.

Several species are adapted to spending a portion of their time feeding on the ground, and a very small minority have abandoned trees entirely and nest in holes in the ground. The ground woodpecker is one such species, inhabiting the rocky and grassy hills of South Africa, and the Andean flicker is another.

The Swiss Ornithological Institute has set up a monitoring program to record breeding populations of woodland birds. This has shown that deadwood is an important habitat requirement for the black woodpecker, great spotted woodpecker, middle spotted woodpecker, lesser spotted woodpecker, European green woodpecker, and Eurasian three-toed woodpecker. Populations of all these species increased by varying amounts from 1990 to 2008. During this period, the amount of deadwood in the forest increased and the range of the white-backed woodpecker enlarged as it extended eastwards. With the exception of the green and middle-spotted woodpeckers, the increase in the amount of deadwood is likely to be the major factor explaining the population increase of these species.

## Behavior

Most woodpeckers live solitary lives, but their behavior ranges from highly antisocial species that are aggressive towards their own kind, to species that live in groups. Solitary species defend such feeding resources as a termite colony or fruit-laden tree, driving away other conspecifics and returning frequently until the resource is exhausted. Aggressive behaviors include bill pointing and jabbing, head shaking, wing flicking, chasing, drumming, and vocalizations. Ritual actions do not usually result in contact, and birds may "freeze" for a while before they resume their dispute. The colored patches may be flouted, and in some instances, these antagonistic behaviors resemble courtship rituals.

Group-living species tend to be communal group breeders. In addition to these species, a number of species may join mixed-species foraging flocks with other insectivorous birds, although they tend to stay at the edges of these groups. Joining these flocks allows woodpeckers to decrease their anti-predator vigilance and increase their feeding rate. Woodpeckers are diurnal, roosting at night inside holes and crevices. In many species the roost will become the nest-site during the breeding season, but in some species they have separate functions; the grey-and-buff woodpecker makes several shallow holes for roosting which are quite distinct from its nesting site. Most birds roost alone and will oust intruders from their chosen site, but the Magellanic woodpecker and acorn woodpecker are cooperative roosters.

### Drumming

Drumming is a form of nonvocal communication used by most species of woodpeckers, and involves the bill being repeatedly struck on a hard surface with great rapidity. After a pause, the drum roll is repeated, with each species having a pattern that is unique in the number of beats in the roll, the length of the roll, the length of the gap between rolls, and the cadence. The drumming is mainly a territorial call, equivalent to the song of a passerine. Woodpeckers choose a surface that resonates, such as a hollow tree, and may use man-made structures such as gutters and downpipes. Drumming serves for the mutual recognition of conspecifics and plays a part in courtship rituals. Individual birds are thought to be able to distinguish the drumming of their mates and those of their neighbors. Drumming can be reliably used to distinguish between multiple species in a region, even if those species are phenotypically similar. Cadence (or the mean number of drum beats per second) is heavily conserved within species. Comparative analyses within species between distant geographic populations have shown that cadence is heavily conserved across species' respective ranges, indicating that there likely are not 'dialects' as seen in passerine song. Drumming in woodpeckers is controlled by a set of nuclei in the forebrain that closely resemble the brain regions that underlie song learning and production in many songbirds. A 2023 study revealed a strong association between extractive foraging and relative brain size across the Family *Picidae,* indicating that a larger brain does not necessarily result in more powerful drumming abilities, but is implicated in foraging behaviors, as the act of sensing and retrieving wood-boring larvae from woody substrates likely requires an increase in sensory and motor control capabilities.

### Calls

Woodpeckers do not have such a wide range of songs and calls as do passerine birds, and the sounds they make tend to be simpler in structure. Calls produced include brief, high-pitched notes, trills, rattles, twittering, whistling, chattering, nasal churrs, screams, and wails. These calls are used by both sexes in communication and are related to the circumstances of the occasion; these include courtship, territorial disputes, and alarm calls. Each species has its own range of calls, which tend to be in the 1.0 to 2.5 kHz range for efficient transmission through forested environments. Mated couples may exchange muted, low-pitched calls, and nestlings often issue noisy begging calls from inside their nest cavity. The wrynecks have a more musical song, and in some areas, the song of the newly arrived Eurasian wryneck is considered to be the harbinger of spring. The piculets either have a song consisting of a long, descending trill, or a descending series of two to six (sometimes more) individual notes, and this song alerts ornithologists to the presence of the birds, as they are easily overlooked.

### Diet and feeding

Most woodpecker species feed on insects and other invertebrates living under bark and in wood, but overall, the family is characterized by its dietary flexibility, with many species being both highly omnivorous and opportunistic. The diet includes ants, termites, beetles and their larvae, caterpillars, spiders, other arthropods, bird eggs, nestlings, small rodents, lizards, fruit, nuts, and sap. Many insects and their grubs are taken from living and dead trees by excavation. The bird may hear sounds from inside the timber indicating where creating a hole would be productive. Crustaceans, molluscs, and carrion may be eaten by some species, including the great spotted woodpecker, and bird feeders are visited for suet and domestic scraps.

Other means are also used to garner prey. Some species, such as the red-naped sapsucker, sally into the air to catch flying insects, and many species probe into crevices and under bark, or glean prey from leaves and twigs. The rufous woodpecker specialises in attacking the nests of arboreal ants, and the buff-spotted woodpecker feeds on and nests in termite mounds. Other species, such as the wrynecks and the Andean flicker, feed wholly or partly on the ground.

Ecologically, woodpeckers help to keep trees healthy by keeping them from suffering mass infestations. The family is noted for its ability to acquire wood-boring grubs from the trunks and branches, whether the timber is alive or dead. Having hammered a hole into the wood, the prey is extracted by use of a long, barbed tongue. Woodpeckers consume beetles that burrow into trees, removing as many as 85% of emerald ash borer larvae from individual ash trees.

The ability to excavate allows woodpeckers to obtain tree sap, an important source of food for some species. Most famously, the sapsuckers (genus *Sphyrapicus*) feed in this fashion, but the technique is not restricted to these, and others such as the acorn woodpecker and white-headed woodpecker also feed on sap. The technique was once thought to be restricted to the New World, but Old World species, such as the Arabian woodpecker and great spotted woodpecker, also feed in this way.

### Breeding

All members of the family Picidae nest in cavities, nearly always in the trunks and branches of trees, well away from the foliage. Where possible, an area of rotten wood surrounded by sound timber is used. Where trees are in short supply, the gilded flicker and ladder-backed woodpecker excavate holes in cactus, and the Andean flicker and ground woodpecker dig holes in earth banks. The campo flicker sometimes chooses termite mounds, the rufous woodpecker prefers to use ants' nests in trees and the bamboo woodpecker specialises in bamboos. Woodpeckers also excavate nest holes in residential and commercial structures and wooden utility poles.

Woodpeckers and piculets excavate their own nests, but wrynecks do not, and need to find pre-existing cavities. A typical nest has a round entrance hole that just fits the bird, leading to an enlarged vertical chamber below. No nesting material is used, apart from some wood chips produced during the excavation; other wood chips are liberally scattered on the ground, thus providing visual evidence of the site of the nest. Many species of woodpeckers excavate one hole per breeding season, sometimes after multiple attempts. It takes around a month to finish the job and abandoned holes are used by other birds and mammals that are cavity nesters unable to excavate their own holes.

Cavities are in great demand for nesting by other cavity nesters, so woodpeckers face competition for the nesting sites they excavate from the moment the hole becomes usable. This may come from other species of woodpecker, or other cavity-nesting birds such as swallows and starlings. Woodpeckers may aggressively harass potential competitors, and also use other strategies to reduce the chance of being usurped from their nesting sites; for example, the red-crowned woodpecker digs its nest in the underside of a small branch, which reduces the chance that a larger species will take it over and expand it.

Members of Picidae are typically monogamous, with a few species breeding cooperatively and some polygamy reported in a few others. Polyandry, where a female raises two broods with two separate males, has also been reported in the West Indian woodpecker. Another unusual social system is that of the acorn woodpecker, which is a polygynandrous cooperative breeder where groups of up to 12 individuals breed and help to raise the young. Young birds from previous years may stay behind to help raise the group's young, and studies have found reproductive success for the group goes up with group size, but individual success goes down. Birds may be forced to remain in groups due to a lack of habitat to which to disperse.

A pair works together to help build the nest, incubate the eggs, and raise their altricial young. In most species, though, the male does most of the nest excavation and takes the night shift while incubating the eggs. A clutch usually consists of two to five round, white eggs. Since these birds are cavity nesters, their eggs do not need to be camouflaged and the white color helps the parents to see them in dim light. The eggs are incubated for about 11–14 days before they hatch. About 18–30 days are then needed before the chicks are fully fledged and ready to leave the nest. In most species, soon after this, the young are left to fend for themselves, exceptions being the various social species, and the Hispaniolan woodpecker, where adults continue to feed their young for several months. In general, cavity nesting is a successful strategy and a higher proportion of young is reared than is the case with birds that nest in the open. In Africa, several species of honeyguide are brood parasites of woodpeckers.

## Systematics and evolutionary history

The Picidae are just one of nine living families in the order Piciformes. Other members of this group, such as the jacamars, puffbirds, barbets, toucans, and honeyguides, have traditionally been thought to be closely related to the woodpecker family (true woodpeckers, piculets, wrynecks, and sapsuckers). The clade Pici (woodpeckers, barbets, toucans, and honeyguides) is well supported and shares a zygodactyl foot with the Galbuli (puffbirds and jacamars). More recently, several DNA sequence analyses have confirmed that Pici and Galbuli are sister groups.

The phylogenetic relationship between the woodpeckers and the eight other families in the order Piciformes is shown in the cladogram below. The number of species in each family is taken from the list maintained by Frank Gill, Pamela C. Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee (IOC).

The name Picidae for the family was introduced by English zoologist William Elford Leach in a guide to the contents of the British Museum published in 1819. The phylogeny has been updated according to new knowledge about convergence patterns and evolutionary history. Most notably, the relationship of the Picinae genera has been largely clarified, and the Antillean piculet was found to be a surviving offshoot of protowoodpeckers. Genetic analysis supports the monophyly of the Picidae, which seem to have originated in the Old World, but the geographic origins of the Picinae is unclear. The Picumninae are returned as paraphyletic. Morphological and behavioural characters, in addition to DNA evidence, highlights genus *Hemicircus* as the sister group of all remaining true woodpeckers, besides a sister-group relationship between the true woodpecker tribes Dendropicini and Malarpicini.

The evolutionary history of this group is not well documented, but the known fossils allow some preliminary conclusions; the earliest known modern picids were piculet-like forms of the Late Oligocene, about 25 million years ago (Mya). By that time, however, the group was already present in the Americas and Europe, and they actually may have evolved much earlier, maybe as early as the Early Eocene (50 Mya). The modern subfamilies appear to be rather young by comparison; until the mid-Miocene (10–15 Mya), all picids seem to have been small or mid-sized birds similar to a mixture between a piculet and a wryneck. A feather enclosed in fossil amber from the Dominican Republic, dated to about 25 Mya, however, seems to indicate that the Nesoctitinae were already a distinct lineage by then.

Stepwise adaptations for drilling, tapping, and climbing head first on vertical surfaces have been suggested. The last common ancestor of woodpeckers (Picidae) was incapable of climbing up tree trunks or excavating nest cavities by drilling with its beak. The first adaptations for drilling (including reinforced rhamphotheca, frontal overhang, and processus dorsalis pterygoidei) evolved in the ancestral lineage of piculets and true woodpeckers. Additional adaptations for drilling and tapping (enlarged condylus lateralis of the quadrate and fused lower mandible) have evolved in the ancestral lineage of true woodpeckers (*Hemicircus* excepting). The inner rectrix pairs became stiffened, and the pygostyle lamina was enlarged in the ancestral lineage of true woodpeckers (*Hemicircus* included), which facilitated climbing head first up tree limbs. Genus *Hemicircus* excepting, the tail feathers were further transformed for specialized support, the pygostyle disc became greatly enlarged, and the ectropodactyl toe arrangement evolved. These latter characters may have facilitated enormous increases in body size in some lineages.

Prehistoric representatives of the extant Picidae genera are treated in the genus articles. An enigmatic form based on a coracoid, found in Pliocene deposits of New Providence in the Bahamas, has been described as *Bathoceleus hyphalus* and probably also is a woodpecker.

The following cladogram is based on the comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study of the woodpeckers published in 2017 together with the list of bird species maintained by Frank Gill, Pamela Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee (IOC). The Cuban green woodpecker in the monotypic genus *Xiphidiopicus* was not included in the study. The relative positions of Picumninae, Sasiinae and Picinae in the cladogram are uncertain. In the 2017 study the results depended upon which of two different statistical procedures were used to analyse the DNA sequence data. One method found that Sasiinae was sister to Picinae (as shown below), the other method found that Sasiinae was sister to a clade containing both Picumninae and Picinae.

### List of genera

The woodpecker family Picidae contains 37 genera. For more detail, see list of woodpecker species.

**Family: Picidae**

## Relationship with humans

In general, humans consider woodpeckers in a favourable light; they are viewed as interesting birds and fascinating to watch as they drum or forage, but their activities are not universally appreciated. Many woodpecker species are known to excavate holes in buildings, fencing, and utility poles, creating health and/or safety issues for affected structures. Such activity is very difficult to discourage and can be costly to repair.

Woodpeckers also drum on various reverberatory structures on buildings such as gutters, downspouts, chimneys, vents, and aluminium sheeting. Drumming is a less-forceful type of pecking that serves to establish territory and attract mates. Houses with shingles or wooden boarding are also attractive as possible nesting or roosting sites, especially when close to large trees or woodland. Several exploratory holes may be made, especially at the junctions of vertical boards or at the corners of tongue-and-groove boarding. The birds may also drill holes in houses as they forage for insect larvae and pupae hidden behind the woodwork.

Woodpeckers sometimes cause problems when they raid fruit crops, but their foraging activities are mostly beneficial as they control forest insect pests such as the woodboring beetles that create galleries behind the bark and can kill trees. They also eat ants, which may be tending sap-sucking pests such as mealybugs, as is the case with the rufous woodpecker in coffee plantations in India. Woodpeckers can serve as indicator species, demonstrating the quality of the habitat. Their hole-making abilities make their presence in an area an important part of the ecosystem, because these cavities are used for breeding and roosting by many bird species that are unable to excavate their own holes, as well as being used by various mammals and invertebrates.

The spongy bones of the woodpecker's skull and the flexibility of its beak, both of which provide protection for the brain when drumming, have provided inspiration to engineers; a black box needs to survive intact when a plane falls from the sky, and modelling the black box with regard to a woodpecker's anatomy has increased the resistance of this device to damage 60-fold. The design of protective helmets is another field being influenced by the study of woodpeckers.

One of the accounts of the founding of Rome, preserved in the work known as *Origo Gentis Romanae (unknown)*, refers to a legend of a woodpecker bringing food to the boys Romulus and Remus during the time they were abandoned in the wild, thus enabling them to survive and play their part in history.

Woody Woodpecker is an animated character that appeared in theatrical short films produced between 1940 and 1972.

The Pokémon Pikipek was introduced in the seventh generation games Pokémon Sun and Moon. In addition to being a visual homage to a pileated woodpecker, entries in the game's *Pokédex* encyclopedia describes the small *Flying-type* as analogous to its real-world counterpart. Its later forms (called "evolutions" in the series) Trumbeak and Toucannon resemble a honeyguide and toucan, respectively, perhaps as a tongue-in-cheek reference to the phylogenetic relationship woodpeckers share with these *Piciformes* families.

## Status and conservation

In a global survey of the risk of extinction faced by the various bird families, woodpeckers were the only bird family to have significantly fewer species at risk than would be expected.

Nevertheless, several woodpeckers are under threat as their habitats are destroyed. Being woodland birds, deforestation and clearance of land for agriculture and other purposes can reduce populations dramatically. Some species adapt to living in plantations and secondary growth, or to open countryside with forest remnants and scattered trees, but some do not. A few species have even flourished when they have adapted to man-made habitats. There are few conservation projects directed primarily at woodpeckers, but they benefit whenever their habitat is conserved. The red-cockaded woodpecker has been the focus of much conservation effort in the southeastern United States, with artificial cavities being constructed in the longleaf pines they favour as nesting sites.

Two species of woodpeckers in the Americas, the ivory-billed woodpecker is critically endangered and the imperial woodpecker is classified as extinct in the wild, with some authorities believing them extinct, though possible but disputed ongoing sightings of ivory-billed woodpeckers have been made in the United States and a small population may survive in Cuba. A critically endangered species is the Okinawa woodpecker from Japan, with a single declining population of a few hundred birds. It is threatened by deforestation, golf course, dam, and helipad construction, road building, and agricultural development.

## Brain impact research

### Anatomy

Woodpeckers possess many sophisticated shock-absorption mechanisms that help protect them from head injury. Micro-CT scans show that plate-like spongy bones are in the skull with an uneven distribution, highly accumulated in the forehead and occiput but not in other regions. Along with the long hyoid bone “safety belt” the woodpecker has uneven beak lengths which drastically reduce strains when compared to equal length. Models have shown that pecking force is changed to strain energy and stored into the body at around 99% absorption while 1% is in the head. The head also has many factors that reduce strain to the brain and small portions of energy are dissipated into the form of heat; therefore the pecks are always intermittent. Others dispute shock-absorption in the head (which reduces the force of pecking) but instead point to adaptations within the brain itself.

Tau protein accumulation is associated with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), and thus has been studied in sports where athletes suffer repeated concussions. Tau is important as it helps hold together and stabilize brain neurons. Woodpeckers' brains share similarities to humans with CTE showing most build-up in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. It is not yet known whether these accumulations are pathological or the result of behavioral changes. More research is being done on the subject and the woodpecker is a suitable animal model to study. The orientation of the brain within the skull increases the area of contact when pecking to reduce stress on the brain, and their small size helps, given the acceleration speeds.

### Mechanical properties

Straight-line trajectory was theorized to be the reason why woodpeckers do not injure themselves, since centripetal forces were the cause of concussion, but they do not always peck in straight lines, so they produce and resist centripetal forces. Laboratory tests show that the woodpeckers' cranial bone produces a significantly higher Young's modulus and ultimate strength scores compared to other birds its size. The cranial bone has a high bone mineral density with plate-like structures that are thick with high numbers of trabeculae that are spaced closely together which all may lead to lower deformation while pecking.

The jaw apparatus was studied, looking into its cushioning effects. When comparing the same impact to the beak and to the forehead, the forehead experiences an impact force 1.72 times that of the beak, due to the contact time being 3.25 ms in the forehead and 4.9 ms in the beak. This is impulse momentum where impulse is the integral of force over time. The quadrate bone and joints play an important role in extending impact time, which decreases impact load to brain tissue.

## Bio-inspired ideas

### Beams

Bio-inspired honeycomb sandwich beams are inspired by the woodpecker's skull design; this beam's goal is to withstand continuous impacts without the need of replacement. The BHSB is composed of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP), this is to mimic the high-strength beak. Next is a rubber layer core for the hyoid bone for absorbing and spreading impact, a second core layer of aluminum honeycomb that is porous and light like the woodpecker's spongey bone for impact cushioning. The final layer is the same as the first a CFRP to act as the skull bone. Bio-inspired honeycomb sandwich beams when compared to conventional beams reduced area damage by 50–80% and carried 40 to 5% of the level of stresses in the bottom layer while having an impact-resistance efficiency 1.65 to 16.22 times higher.

## Cited sources

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Woodpecker
Temporal range: Late Oligocene to present | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Pileated woodpecker
 | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Piciformes |
| Suborder: | Pici |
| Infraorder: | Picides |
| Family: | Picidae
Leach, 1819 |
|
| Type genus | |
| *Picus*
Linnaeus, 1758 | |
| Subfamilies | |
|  | |


title: Woodlawn, Kentucky

abstract: Woodlawn is a home rule-class city in Campbell County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 212 at the 2020 census.

text:
# Woodlawn, Kentucky

**Woodlawn** is a home rule-class city in Campbell County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 212 at the 2020 census.

## History

Woodlawn was incorporated as a city October 17, 1922.

## Geography

Woodlawn is bordered to the north, west, and south by the city of Newport, and to the east and south by the city of Fort Thomas. Interstate 471 crosses the western end of Woodlawn and leads 2 miles (3 km) across the Ohio River into Cincinnati.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Woodlawn has a total area of 0.05 square miles (0.12 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1930 | 296 |  |  |
| 1940 | 294 |  | −0.7% |
| 1950 | 339 |  | 15.3% |
| 1960 | 387 |  | 14.2% |
| 1970 | 525 |  | 35.7% |
| 1980 | 331 |  | −37.0% |
| 1990 | 308 |  | −6.9% |
| 2000 | 268 |  | −13.0% |
| 2010 | 229 |  | −14.6% |
| 2020 | 212 |  | −7.4% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 268 people, 98 households, and 78 families residing in the city. The population density was 5,804,000.6 people per square mile (2,240,937.2 people/km2). There were 101 housing units at an average density of 2,680 per square mile (1,030/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.1% White, 0.4% African American, 0.4% Native American, 1.1% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.5% of the population.

There were 98 households, out of which 38.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.3% were married couples living together, 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.4% were non-families. 17.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.10.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.0% under the age of 18, 11.6% from 18 to 24, 31.0% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 8.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.0 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $56,042, and the median income for a family was $58,571. Males had a median income of $36,250 versus $27,188 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,888. About 1.4% of families and 3.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.0% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over.

## InfoBox

| Woodlawn, Kentucky | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Location of Woodlawn in Campbell County, Kentucky. | |
| Coordinates: 39°05′27″N 84°28′22″W / 39.09083°N 84.47278°W / 39.09083; -84.47278 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kentucky |
| County | Campbell |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.06 sq mi (0.15 km2) |
| Land | 0.06 sq mi (0.15 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 571 ft (174 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 212 |
| Density | 3,593.22/sq mi (1,392.36/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 41071 |
| Area code | 859 |
| FIPS code | 21-84522 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2405785 |


title: Wonewoc Spiritualist Camp

abstract: Wonewoc Spiritualist Camp is a Spiritualist Church community, of the Modern Spiritualist movement, located at 304 Hill Street in Wonewoc, Wisconsin. It covers 30 acres, has been operating since 1874 and is affiliated with the National Association of Spiritualist Churches. The camp is open every June, July and August and offers classes and events with tickets available online for those interested in Spiritualism. There is no charge to visit the grounds. Normal hours of operation are Thursday thru Sunday.

text:
# Wonewoc Spiritualist Camp

**Wonewoc Spiritualist Camp** is a Spiritualist Church community, of the Modern Spiritualist movement, located at 304 Hill Street in Wonewoc, Wisconsin. It covers 30 acres, has been operating since 1874 and is affiliated with the National Association of Spiritualist Churches. The camp is open every June, July and August and offers classes and events with tickets available online for those interested in Spiritualism. There is no charge to visit the grounds. Normal hours of operation are Thursday thru Sunday.

43°39′14″N 90°13′07″W / 43.653964°N 90.218488°W / 43.653964; -90.218488


title: World of the S&M

abstract: World of the S&M, released in English as The World Exists for Me, is a 2001 Japanese manga series. The series is written by Kunihiko Ikuhara with Seinosuke Ito and illustrated by Chiho Saito. The series is Ikuhara and Saito's second collaboration following the anime and manga series Revolutionary Girl Utena.

text:
# World of the S&M

***World of the S&M*** (Japanese: SとMの世界, Hepburn: *S to M no Sekai*), released in English as ***The World Exists for Me***, is a 2001 Japanese manga series. The series is written by Kunihiko Ikuhara with Seinosuke Ito (credited jointly as Be-Papas) and illustrated by Chiho Saito. The series is Ikuhara and Saito's second collaboration following the anime and manga series *Revolutionary Girl Utena*.

## Synopsis

Japanese high school student Sekai Maihime confesses her romantic feelings to her classmate Midou while on a school train tour through France. A mysterious boy named Sovieul appears, and the train suddenly derails; Sekai is knocked unconscious, and awakens transported back in time with Sovieul to 17th century France.

Sekai and Sovieul travel to the court of Louis XIV, where Sekai is accused of being a witch working for Montespan, Louis' mistress. In reality Montespan is working with Machiavellio, a man with the ability to jump through time who strongly resembles Midou. They again travel to the 15th century, where Sekai and Sovieul are captured by Gilles de Rais.

## Media

*World of the S&M* was created by Chiho Saito and Kunihiko Ikuhara, who previously collaborated on the anime and manga series *Revolutionary Girl Utena* as members of the artist collective Be-Papas. Seinosuke Ito is credited as a co-creator, while Kiwa Takado is credited as associate costume designer.

In Japan, *World of the S&M* was serialized in the manga magazine *Monthly Asuka* from August 2001 to February 2003. The series was collected into two bound volumes published by Kadokawa Shoten in 2002, and reprinted as a single volume by Shogakukan in 2014. In North America, the series is licensed by Tokyopop, which released the series as two volumes under the title *The World Exists for Me*.

| No. | Original release date | Original ISBN | English release date | English ISBN |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | November 16, 2002 | 978-4049249163 | December 13, 2005 | 978-1598160345 |
| 2 | July 17, 2003 | 978-4049249460 (SE)
ISBN 978-4048536554 (LE) | April 11, 2006 | 978-1598160352 |
| 1&2 | November 15, 2014 | 978-4091914507 |

## Reception

The series received mixed to negative reviews. *Publishers Weekly* called the series "flat and incoherent", arguing that "with more self-awareness, this magical historical romance could be a parody of goth-styled fantasy manga, but it's played all too straight." In her review for Anime News Network, writer Melissa Harper praised the series' artwork, but criticized its pace and lack of character development. *Empty Movement* hypothesized that the series' poor reception was due to its audience "looking for another *Utena*," noting that in contrast to *Revolutionary Girl Utena*, *World of the S&M* is "a fairly straight shoujo \[manga\]."

1. "New Manga from Utena Colaborator". *Anime News Network*. 15 August 2001. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
2. Saito, Chiho (13 December 2005). *The World Exists For Me Vol. 1*. Tokyopop. p. 8. ISBN 978-1598160345.
3. "ＳとＭの世界". *Shogakukan* (in Japanese). Retrieved 5 November 2019.
4. Macdonald, Christopher (5 August 2005). "Tokyopop License Updates". *Anime News Network*. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
5. "ＳとＭの世界 第１巻". *Kadokawa Shoten* (in Japanese). Retrieved 5 November 2019.
6. "The World Exists for Me #1". *Comic Vine*. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
7. "ＳとＭの世界 （２）". *Kadokawa Shoten* (in Japanese). Retrieved 5 November 2019.
8. "特典つき限定版 ＳとＭの世界 （２） ─Ｌ'ｅｄｉｔｉｏｎ Ｓｐｅｃｉａｌ─". *Kadokawa Shoten* (in Japanese). Retrieved 5 November 2019.
9. "The World Exists for Me #2". *Comic Vine*. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
10. "The World Exists for Me Volume 1". *Publishers Weekly*. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
11. Harper, Melissa (24 November 2006). "The World Exists for Me: Review". *Anime News Network*. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
12. "Sekai to S&M". *Empty Movement*. Retrieved 4 November 2019.

## InfoBox

| World of the S&M | |
| --- | --- |
| Second manga volume cover. | |
| SとMの世界
(*S to M no Sekai*) | |
| Genre | Historical fantasy |
| Manga | |
| Written by | Kunihiko Ikuhara & Seinosuke Ito |
| Illustrated by | Chiho Saito |
| Published by | Kadokawa Shoten (1st edition)
Shogakukan (2014 reprint) |
| English publisher | Tokyopop |
| Imprint | Asuka Comics |
| Magazine | *Monthly Asuka* |
| Demographic | *Shōjo* |
| Original run | August 2001 (2001-08)February 2003 (2003-02) |
| Volumes | 2 |


title: Wladimir Pomar

abstract: Wladimir Ventura Torres Pomar was a Brazilian writer, journalist and political activist.

text:
# Wladimir Pomar

**Wladimir Ventura Torres Pomar** (14 July 1936 – 9 June 2023) was a Brazilian writer, journalist and political activist.

## Life and career

Born in Belém, Pomar was the son of the Communist Party of Brazil founder Pedro Pomar, who was killed by the military regime in 1976. A Communist Party militant since young age and a leading figure in the student movement and in the metalworkers' trade union, he lived in clandestinity for several years, and he was arrested twice, in 1964 in a protest against the dictatorship and in 1976 in the military operation that led to the killing of his father.

Released from prison in 1979, in the early 1980s Pomar joined the Workers' Party, and in 1989 he coordinated the Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's presidential campaign. As a writer, he authored about 20 books, mainly focusing on the history of Brasil and the economic development of China. He also collaborated as an editor and a columnist with numerous publications, including *Tribuna Popular*, *Classe Operária*, *Movimento*, *Correio Agropecuário*, *Brasil Extra*, *Correio da Cidadania* and *Teoria e Debate*.

Pomar died of complications from dysplasia on 9 June 2023, at the age of 86.

## InfoBox

| Wladimir Pomar | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Wladimir Ventura Torres Pomar
14 July 1936 (1936-07-14)
Belém, Pará, Brazil |
| Died | 9 June 2023 (2023-06-10) (aged 86)
São Bernardo do Campo, Greater São Paulo, Brazil |
| Occupation | Writer |


title: Woronichinia

abstract:
Woronichinia is a genus of cyanobacteria, belonging to the family Coelosphaeriaceae. The genus was described in 1933 by Alexander Elenkin and is named after the Russian microbiologist N. N. Woronichin (1882—1956). The genus is native to Europe and Northern America. Species:
  - Woronichinia botrys (Skuja) Komárek & Hindák, 1988
  - Woronichinia compacta (Lemmermann) Komárek & Hindák, 1988
  - Woronichinia delicatula (Skuja) Komárek & Hindák, 1988
  - Woronichinia elorantae Komárek & Komárková-Legnerová, 1992
  - Woronichinia fremyi (Komárek) Komárek & Hindák, 1988
  - Woronichinia fusca (Skuja) Komárek & Hindák, 1988
  - Woronichinia karelica Komárek & Komárková-Legnerová, 1992
  - Woronichinia klingiae Komárek & Komárková-Legnerová, 1992
  - Woronichinia kuseliae M.Watanabe & Komárek, 1994
  - Woronichinia meiocystis Joosten, 2006
  - Woronichinia microcystoides (Komárek) Joosten, 2006
  - Woronichinia naegeliana (Unger) Elenkin, 1933
  - Woronichinia obtusa Joosten, 2006
  - Woronichinia problematica Joosten, 2006
  - Woronichinia radians (Hortobágyi) Komárek & Hindák, 1988
  - Woronichinia robusta (Skuja) Komárek & Hindák, 1988
  - Woronichinia tenera (Skuja) Komárek & Hindák, 1988

text:
# Woronichinia

***Woronichinia*** is a genus of cyanobacteria, belonging to the family Coelosphaeriaceae.

The genus was described in 1933 by Alexander Elenkin and is named after the Russian microbiologist N. N. Woronichin (1882—1956).

The genus is native to Europe and Northern America.

Species:

Media related to Woronichinia at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| *Woronichinia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Cyanobacteria |
| Class: | Cyanophyceae |
| Order: | Synechococcales |
| Family: | Coelosphaeriaceae |
| Genus: | *Woronichinia*<br>A.A.Elenkin |
|


abstract:
The Worst Forms of Child Labour Recommendation was adopted by the International Labour Organization (ILO) in 1999 as ILO Recommendation No 190. The provisions of this Recommendation supplement those of the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention and should be applied in conjunction with them. This article should be read together with that on the convention. The provisions of the Recommendation include the following:
  - What programmes of action referred to in Article 6 of the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention should aim at;
  - What should be considered when ratifying countries determine in terms of Article 3(d) of the Convention what the Worst Forms of Hazards faced by Children at Work in those countries are;
  - That detailed information and statistical data on the nature and extent of child labour should be compiled and kept up to date (Article III to ;
  - That ratifying countries should establish or designate appropriate national mechanisms to monitor the implementation of national provisions for the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour ;
  - That ratifying countries should, in so far as it is compatible with national law, cooperate with international efforts aimed at the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour ;
  - That ratifying countries should provide that the pre-defined worst forms of child labour are criminal offences and also provide for other criminal, civil or administrative remedies to ensure the effective enforcement of national provisions for the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour ;
  - A list of other measures that could be used to prohibit and eliminate the worst forms of child labour ;
  - That enhanced international cooperation and/or assistance among ratifying countries for the prohibition and effective elimination of the worst forms of child labour should complement national efforts.

text:
# Worst Forms of Child Labour Recommendation

The **Worst Forms of Child Labour Recommendation** was adopted by the International Labour Organization (ILO) in 1999 as ILO Recommendation No 190. The provisions of this Recommendation supplement those of the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention (Convention No 182, referred to below as ‘the Convention’) and should be applied in conjunction with them. This article should be read together with that on the convention.

The provisions of the Recommendation include the following:

* What programmes of action referred to in Article 6 of the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention should aim at (Article I);
* What should be considered when ratifying countries determine in terms of Article 3(d) of the Convention what the Worst Forms of Hazards faced by Children at Work in those countries are (Article II);
* That detailed information and statistical data on the nature and extent of child labour should be compiled and kept up to date (Article III(5) to (7);
* That ratifying countries should establish or designate appropriate national mechanisms to monitor the implementation of national provisions for the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour (Article III(8));
* That ratifying countries should, in so far as it is compatible with national law, cooperate with international efforts aimed at the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour (Article III(11));
* That ratifying countries should provide that the pre-defined *worst forms of child labour* are criminal offences and also provide for other criminal, civil or administrative remedies to ensure the effective enforcement of national provisions for the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour (Article III(12) to (14));
* A list of other measures that could be used to prohibit and eliminate the worst forms of child labour (Article III(15));
* That enhanced international cooperation and/or assistance among ratifying countries for the prohibition and effective elimination of the worst forms of child labour should complement national efforts (Article III(16)).


title: Worst Part Is Over

abstract: "Worst Part Is Over" is a song by Finnish singer Anna Abreu from her fourth studio album, Rush (2011) and features Finnish rapper Redrama. It marked Abreu's first release as a collaboration. Abreu co-wrote the song alongside Redrama and Jukka Immonen, who also produced the song. "Worst Part Is Over" is a Pop song that, thanks to the contribution from Redrama, features a Rap segment. The song was released on 25 April 2011 in Finland, as the album's second single.

text:
# Worst Part Is Over

"**Worst Part Is Over**" is a song by Finnish singer Anna Abreu from her fourth studio album, *Rush* (2011) and features Finnish rapper Redrama. It marked Abreu's first release as a collaboration. Abreu co-wrote the song alongside Redrama and Jukka Immonen, who also produced the song. "Worst Part Is Over" is a Pop song that, thanks to the contribution from Redrama, features a Rap segment. The song was released on 25 April 2011 in Finland, as the album's second single.

## Lyrical content

"Worst Part Is Over" is a pop song with rap elements due to Redrama's verse. Lyrically, the song is about coping with losing someone, though exactly who is not made completely explicit and therefore it is ambiguous: it can be interpreted as the loss of a relationship, or a family member or close friend. Abreu sings that although a person might feel 'alone in the dark' when going through such a period in their life, they should draw strength and that 'when it gets hard, you gotta stay strong'. Abreu promises 'it's always the darkest before you see the light'. The interpretation of the song being about retaining inner strength after the breakdown of a relationship can be seen in lyrics such as 'we lost the spark and that's the worst part' and 'don't give up don't let nobody break you down'.

## Chart performance

"Worst Part Is Over" reached number twenty-five on the Finnish Download Chart and number twelve on the official Radio Airplay Chart.

| Chart (2011) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Finland (Digital) | 25 |
| Finland (Radio) | 12 |
|

## Live performances

"Worst Part Is Over" was performed during the Top 4 results show of the fifth series of *Idols* on 17 April 2011. It was the first time that Abreu had returned to perform on the show since finishing as runner-up in 2007. Redrama joined Abreu on stage for the performance.

## Credits and personnel

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Finland | 25 April 2011 | CD single, Digital download | RCA |
|

## InfoBox

| "Worst Part Is Over" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Anna Abreu | |
| from the album  *Rush* | |
| Released | 25 April 2011 |
| Recorded | 2010 |
| Genre | Pop, Rap |
| Length | 3:38 |
| Label | RCA |
| Songwriter(s) | Redrama, Anna Abreu, Jukka Immonen |
| Producer(s) | Jukka Immonen |
| Anna Abreu singles chronology | |
| "Hysteria"
(2011) "**Worst Part Is Over**"
(2011) "Stereo"
(2011) | |


title: WowOwow

abstract: wowOwow was a U.S.-based website publication run by Joni Evans.

text:
# WowOwow

**wowOwow** was a U.S.-based website publication run by Joni Evans.

## History

The website was launched by chief executive officer Joni Evans, Mary Wells Lawrence, Liz Smith, Lesley Stahl and Peggy Noonan in March 2008.

In September 2010 the project was merged into PureWow, aimed at a younger audience, and the website redirects to the newer one.

## Contributors

Website contributors included Marlo Thomas, Candice Bergen, Lily Tomlin, Whoopi Goldberg, Jane Wagner, Joan Ganz Cooney, Sheila Nevins, author Julia Reed, Joan Juliet Buck, Cynthia McFadden, Jean Chatzky and "Miss Manners" Judith Martin.

## Content

The website includes stories written by the wowOwow contributors, as well as wowOwow "Friends," in the "A Friend Stopped By" section of the website. Their stories vary from one or two sentences in response to the "Question of the Day" feature to several pages of commentary, diary format reporting, or transcribed conversations and interviews. News and political topics covered include the 2008 presidential election, the death of Tim Russert, and Iraq.

wowOwow "Friend" Adelle Lutz has covered the aftermath of Cyclone Nargis in East Asia from the Burma/Thailand border, wowOwow "Friend" actress Ashley Judd has contributed her diaries from Rwanda, and wowOwow "Friend" Monica Crowley has provided political opinion pieces on such topics as oil prices and Saudi Arabian leadership.

## InfoBox

wowOwow
| Type of site | Women's website |
| --- | --- |
| Available in | English |
| URL | wowowow.com |
| Launched | March 9, 2008 (2008-03-09) |


abstract: The men's freestyle 62 kilograms at the 1996 Summer Olympics as part of the wrestling program were held at the Georgia World Congress Center from July 31 to August 1. The gold and silver medalists were determined by the final match of the main single-elimination bracket. The losers advanced to the repechage. These matches determined the bronze medalist for the event.

text:
# Wrestling at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 62 kg

The **men's freestyle 62 kilograms at the 1996 Summer Olympics** as part of the wrestling program were held at the Georgia World Congress Center from July 31 to August 1. The gold and silver medalists were determined by the final match of the main single-elimination bracket. The losers advanced to the repechage. These matches determined the bronze medalist for the event.

## Results

Legend * **WO** — Won by walkover

### Round 1

|  | Score |  | CP |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1/16 finals | | | |
| **Takahiro Wada (JPN)** | **11–0** | Șerban Mumjiev (ROM) | 4–0 **ST** |
| **Enrique Cubas (PER)** | **7–7** | Jan Krzesiak (POL) | 3–1 **PP** |
| Arout Parsekian (CYP) | **2–5** | **Jang Jae-sung (KOR)** | 1–3 **PP** |
| Tjaart du Plessis (RSA) | **1–5** | **Elbrus Tedeyev (UKR)** | 1–3 **PP** |
| **István Demeter (HUN)** | **3–0** | Anibál Nieves (PUR) | 3–0 **PO** |
| Abbas Hajkenari (IRI) | **0–3** | **Tom Brands (USA)** | 0–3 **PO** |
| Martin Müller (SUI) | **0–6** | **Sergey Smal (BLR)** | 0–3 **PO** |
| Marty Calder (CAN) | **2–4** | **Jürgen Scheibe (GER)** | 1–3 **PP** |
| **Magomed Azizov (RUS)** | **10–0** | Vath Chamroeun (CAM) | 4–0 **ST** |
| **Giovanni Schillaci (ITA)** | **10–0** | Leonid Zaslavsky (AUS) | 4–0 **ST** |
| **Ramil Islamov (UZB)** |  | Bye |  |

### Round 2

|  | Score |  | CP |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1/8 finals | | | |
| Ramil Islamov (UZB) | **2–3** | **Takahiro Wada (JPN)** | 1–3 **PP** |
| Enrique Cubas (PER) | **0–3** | **Jang Jae-sung (KOR)** | 0–3 **PO** |
| **Elbrus Tedeyev (UKR)** | **11–1** | István Demeter (HUN) | 4–1 **SP** |
| **Tom Brands (USA)** | **5–0** | Sergey Smal (BLR) | 3–0 **PO** |
| Jürgen Scheibe (GER) | **2–8** | **Magomed Azizov (RUS)** | 1–3 **PP** |
| **Giovanni Schillaci (ITA)** |  | Bye |  |
| Repechage | | | |
| **Șerban Mumjiev (ROM)** | **12–1** | Jan Krzesiak (POL) | 4–1 **SP** |
| **Arout Parsekian (CYP)** | **3–1** | Tjaart du Plessis (RSA) | 3–1 **PP** |
| **Anibál Nieves (PUR)** | **8–3** | Abbas Hajkenari (IRI) | 3–1 **PP** |
| Martin Müller (SUI) | **0–6** | **Marty Calder (CAN)** | 0–3 **PO** |
| Vath Chamroeun (CAM) | 0–9 **Fall** | **Leonid Zaslavsky (AUS)** | 0–4 **TO** |

### Round 3

|  | Score |  | CP |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Quarterfinals | | | |
| **Giovanni Schillaci (ITA)** | **4–3** | Takahiro Wada (JPN) | 3–1 **PP** |
| **Jang Jae-sung (KOR)** | **3–1** | Elbrus Tedeyev (UKR) | 3–1 **PP** |
| **Tom Brands (USA)** |  | Bye |  |
| **Magomed Azizov (RUS)** |  | Bye |  |
| Repechage | | | |
| Șerban Mumjiev (ROM) | **2–7** | **Arout Parsekian (CYP)** | 1–3 **PP** |
| Anibál Nieves (PUR) | **0–3** | **Marty Calder (CAN)** | 0–3 **PO** |
| Leonid Zaslavsky (AUS) | **0–10** | **Ramil Islamov (UZB)** | 0–4 **ST** |
| Enrique Cubas (PER) | **1–11** | **István Demeter (HUN)** | 1–4 **SP** |
| **Sergey Smal (BLR)** | **8–1** | Jürgen Scheibe (GER) | 3–1 **PP** |

### Round 4

|  | Score |  | CP |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Semifinals | | | |
| Giovanni Schillaci (ITA) | **1–1** | **Jang Jae-sung (KOR)** | 1–3 **PP** |
| **Tom Brands (USA)** | **4–1** | Magomed Azizov (RUS) | 3–1 **PP** |
| Repechage | | | |
| Arout Parsekian (CYP) | **4–10** | **Marty Calder (CAN)** | 1–3 **PP** |
| **Ramil Islamov (UZB)** | **6–1** | István Demeter (HUN) | 3–1 **PP** |
| Sergey Smal (BLR) | **0–3** | **Takahiro Wada (JPN)** | 0–3 **PO** |
| **Elbrus Tedeyev (UKR)** |  | Bye |  |

### Round 5

|  | Score |  | CP |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Repechage | | | |
| **Elbrus Tedeyev (UKR)** | **5–4** | Ramil Islamov (UZB) | 3–1 **PP** |
| Marty Calder (CAN) | **3–7** | **Takahiro Wada (JPN)** | 1–3 **PP** |

### Round 6

|  | Score |  | CP |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Repechage | | | |
| Giovanni Schillaci (ITA) | **3–10** | **Elbrus Tedeyev (UKR)** | 1–3 **PP** |
| **Takahiro Wada (JPN)** | **10–0** | Magomed Azizov (RUS) | 4–0 **ST** |

### Finals

|  | Score |  | CP |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Classification 7th–8th | | | |
| Ramil Islamov (UZB) | **1–9** | **Marty Calder (CAN)** | 1–3 **PP** |
| Classification 5th–6th | | | |
| Giovanni Schillaci (ITA) | **WO** | **Magomed Azizov (RUS)** | 0–4 **PA** |
| Bronze medal match | | | |
| **Elbrus Tedeyev (UKR)** | **3–1** | Takahiro Wada (JPN) | 3–1 **PP** |
| Gold medal match | | | |
| Jang Jae-sung (KOR) | **0–7** | **Tom Brands (USA)** | 0–3 **PO** |

## Final standing

| Rank | Athlete |
| --- | --- |
|  | Tom Brands (USA) |
|  | Jang Jae-sung (KOR) |
|  | Elbrus Tedeyev (UKR) |
| 4 | Takahiro Wada (JPN) |
| 5 | Magomed Azizov (RUS) |
| 6 | Giovanni Schillaci (ITA) |
| 7 | Marty Calder (CAN) |
| 8 | Ramil Islamov (UZB) |
| 9 | István Demeter (HUN) |
| 10 | Arout Parsekian (CYP) |
| 11 | Sergey Smal (BLR) |
| 12 | Șerban Mumjiev (ROM) |
| 13 | Jürgen Scheibe (GER) |
| 14 | Enrique Cubas (PER) |
| 15 | Leonid Zaslavsky (AUS) |
| 16 | Anibál Nieves (PUR) |
| 17 | Jan Krzesiak (POL) |
| 18 | Tjaart du Plessis (RSA) |
| 19 | Abbas Hajkenari (IRI) |
| 20 | Vath Chamroeun (CAM) |
| 20 | Martin Müller (SUI) |

## InfoBox

| Men's freestyle 62 kg<br>at the Games of the XXVI Olympiad | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Georgia World Congress Center |
| Dates | 31 July–1 August 1996 |
| Competitors | 21 from 21 nations |
| Medalists | |
| Tom Brands  United States  Jang Jae-sung  South Korea  Elbrus Tedeyev  Ukraine | |
|


abstract: The Men's Freestyle 57 kilograms at the 1996 Summer Olympics as part of the wrestling program were held at the Georgia World Congress Center from July 30 to July 31. The gold and silver medalists were determined by the final match of the main single-elimination bracket. The losers advanced to the repechage. These matches determined the bronze medalist for the event.

text:
# Wrestling at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 57 kg

The **Men's Freestyle 57 kilograms at the 1996 Summer Olympics** as part of the wrestling program were held at the Georgia World Congress Center from July 30 to July 31. The gold and silver medalists were determined by the final match of the main single-elimination bracket. The losers advanced to the repechage. These matches determined the bronze medalist for the event.

## Results

### Round 1

|  | Score |  | CP |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1/16 finals | | | |
| **Mohammad Talaei (IRI)** | **4–1** | Arif Abdullayev (AZE) | 3–1 **PP** |
| **Damir Zakhartdinov (UZB)** | **5–3** | Aslanbek Fidarov (UKR) | 3–1 **PP** |
| Nazim Alidjanov (MDA) | **8–10** | **Artur Fyodorov (KAZ)** | 1–3 **PP** |
| Tserenbaataryn Tsogtbayar (MGL) | **3–8** | **Guivi Sissaouri (CAN)** | 1–3 **PP** |
| **Bagavdin Umakhanov (RUS)** | **4–0** | Michele Liuzzi (ITA) | 3–0 **PO** |
| Bogdan Ciufulescu (ROM) | **0–10** | **Sanshiro Abe (JPN)** | 0–4 **ST** |
| **Kendall Cross (USA)** | **10–0** | Talata Embalo (GBS) | 4–0 **ST** |
| **Ri Yong-sam (PRK)** | **3–0** | Harun Doğan (TUR) | 3–0 **PO** |
| Cory O'Brien (AUS) | **0–10** | **Serafim Barzakov (BUL)** | 0–4 **ST** |
| Alejandro Puerto (CUB) | **3–4** | **Šaban Trstena (MKD)** | 1–3 **PP** |
| **Aleksandr Guzov (BLR)** |  | Bye |  |

### Round 2

|  | Score |  | CP |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1/8 finals | | | |
| **Aleksandr Guzov (BLR)** | **5–3** | Mohammad Talaei (IRI) | 3–1 **PP** |
| **Damir Zakhartdinov (UZB)** | **3–1** | Artur Fyodorov (KAZ) | 3–1 **PP** |
| **Guivi Sissaouri (CAN)** | **1–1** | Bagavdin Umakhanov (RUS) | 3–1 **PP** |
| Sanshiro Abe (JPN) | **2–4** | **Kendall Cross (USA)** | 1–3 **PP** |
| **Ri Yong-sam (PRK)** | **5–1** | Serafim Barzakov (BUL) | 3–1 **PP** |
| **Šaban Trstena (MKD)** |  | Bye |  |
| Repechage | | | |
| **Arif Abdullayev (AZE)** | **11–0** | Aslanbek Fidarov (UKR) | 4–0 **ST** |
| **Nazim Alidjanov (MDA)** | **7–6** | Tserenbaataryn Tsogtbayar (MGL) | 3–1 **PP** |
| **Michele Liuzzi (ITA)** | **5–1** | Bogdan Ciufulescu (ROM) | 3–1 **PP** |
| Talata Embalo (GBS) | 0–3 **Fall** | **Harun Doğan (TUR)** | 0–4 **TO** |
| Cory O'Brien (AUS) | **1–9** | **Alejandro Puerto (CUB)** | 1–3 **PP** |

### Round 3

|  | Score |  | CP |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Quarterfinals | | | |
| **Šaban Trstena (MKD)** | **7–3** | Aleksandr Guzov (BLR) | 3–1 **PP** |
| Damir Zakhartdinov (UZB) | **0–8** | **Guivi Sissaouri (CAN)** | 0–3 **PO** |
| **Kendall Cross (USA)** |  | Bye |  |
| **Ri Yong-sam (PRK)** |  | Bye |  |
| Repechage | | | |
| **Arif Abdullayev (AZE)** | **4–3** | Nazim Alidjanov (MDA) | 3–1 **PP** |
| Michele Liuzzi (ITA) | **0–4** | **Harun Doğan (TUR)** | 0–3 **PO** |
| Alejandro Puerto (CUB) | **0–5** | **Mohammad Talaei (IRI)** | 0–3 **PO** |
| Artur Fyodorov (KAZ) | **2–5** | **Bagavdin Umakhanov (RUS)** | 1–3 **PP** |
| **Sanshiro Abe (JPN)** | **5–3** | Serafim Barzakov (BUL) | 3–1 **PP** |

### Round 4

|  | Score |  | CP |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Semifinals | | | |
| Šaban Trstena (MKD) | **1–4** | **Guivi Sissaouri (CAN)** | 1–3 **PP** |
| **Kendall Cross (USA)** | **12–2** | Ri Yong-sam (PRK) | 4–1 **SP** |
| Repechage | | | |
| Arif Abdullayev (AZE) | **1–3** | **Harun Doğan (TUR)** | 1–3 **PP** |
| **Mohammad Talaei (IRI)** | **1–0** | Bagavdin Umakhanov (RUS) | 3–0 **PO** |
| Sanshiro Abe (JPN) | **5–6** | **Aleksandr Guzov (BLR)** | 1–3 **PP** |
| **Damir Zakhartdinov (UZB)** |  | Bye |  |

### Round 5

|  | Score |  | CP |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Repechage | | | |
| Damir Zakhartdinov (UZB) | **2–4** | **Mohammad Talaei (IRI)** | 1–3 **PP** |
| **Harun Doğan (TUR)** | **3–0** | Aleksandr Guzov (BLR) | 3–0 **PO** |

### Round 6

|  | Score |  | CP |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Repechage | | | |
| Šaban Trstena (MKD) | **2–3** | **Harun Doğan (TUR)** | 1–3 **PP** |
| Mohammad Talaei (IRI) | 0–4 **Fall** | **Ri Yong-sam (PRK)** | 0–4 **TO** |

### Finals

|  | Score |  | CP |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Classification 7th–8th | | | |
| Damir Zakhartdinov (UZB) | **2–3** | **Aleksandr Guzov (BLR)** | 1–3 **PP** |
| Classification 5th–6th | | | |
| **Šaban Trstena (MKD)** | **4–3** | Mohammad Talaei (IRI) | 3–1 **PP** |
| Bronze medal match | | | |
| Harun Doğan (TUR) | **0–3** | **Ri Yong-sam (PRK)** | 0–3 **PO** |
| Gold medal match | | | |
| Guivi Sissaouri (CAN) | **3–5** | **Kendall Cross (USA)** | 1–3 **PP** |

## Final standing

| Rank | Athlete |
| --- | --- |
|  | Kendall Cross (USA) |
|  | Guivi Sissaouri (CAN) |
|  | Ri Yong-sam (PRK) |
| 4 | Harun Doğan (TUR) |
| 5 | Šaban Trstena (MKD) |
| 6 | Mohammad Talaei (IRI) |
| 7 | Aleksandr Guzov (BLR) |
| 8 | Damir Zakhartdinov (UZB) |
| 9 | Sanshiro Abe (JPN) |
| 10 | Arif Abdullayev (AZE) |
| 11 | Bagavdin Umakhanov (RUS) |
| 12 | Serafim Barzakov (BUL) |
| 13 | Artur Fyodorov (KAZ) |
| 14 | Nazim Alidjanov (MDA) |
| 15 | Alejandro Puerto (CUB) |
| 16 | Michele Liuzzi (ITA) |
| 17 | Tserenbaataryn Tsogtbayar (MGL) |
| 18 | Aslanbek Fidarov (UKR) |
| 19 | Cory O'Brien (AUS) |
| 19 | Bogdan Ciufulescu (ROM) |
| 21 | Talata Embalo (GBS) |

## InfoBox

| Men's freestyle 57 kg<br>at the Games of the XXVI Olympiad | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Georgia World Congress Center |
| Dates | 30–31 July 1996 |
| Competitors | 21 from 21 nations |
| Medalists | |
| Kendall Cross  United States  Guivi Sissaouri  Canada  Ri Yong-sam  North Korea | |
|


title: Intermountain Aviation

abstract: Intermountain Airlines, also known as Intermountain Aviation and Intermountain Airways, was a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) airline front company. Intermountain performed covert operations for the CIA in Southeast Asia and elsewhere during the Vietnam War era.

text:
# Intermountain Aviation

**Intermountain Airlines**, also known as Intermountain Aviation and Intermountain Airways, was a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) airline front company. Intermountain performed covert operations for the CIA in Southeast Asia and elsewhere during the Vietnam War era.

## History

Intermountain's main base of operations was Marana Army Air Field near Tucson, Arizona. In 1975, it was acquired by Evergreen International Aviation, a company that has acknowledged connections with the CIA. Other CIA "proprietary" airlines such as Air America and Air Asia also operated out of Marana during the Vietnam War years.

During its years in operation, Intermountain used several types of aircraft including the Curtiss C-46 Commando, the Lockheed L-188 Electra, the de Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou and DHC-6 Twin Otter.

One of Intermountain's covert missions was Project Coldfeet, in which intelligence operatives were dropped in the Arctic to reconnoiter an abandoned Soviet drift station and then recovered using a Fulton Skyhook recovery system mounted on an Intermountain B-17 Flying Fortress. The modified B-17G, civilian registration N809Z (now N207EV), had previously operated out of Clark Air Base in the Philippines in an all-black scheme for the CIA for agent insertions and other unspecified covert operations in Southeast Asia. The B-17 and its skyhook appeared at the end of the James Bond film *Thunderball*.

Intermountain is alleged to have been involved in the delivery of a number of A-26 Invader bombers to be flown by Cuban exile pilots supporting the Bay of Pigs Invasion.

## Sources

* James Bamford, "Body of Secrets : Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency", Anchor Books(2002), ISBN 0-385-49908-6
* Brendan January, "The CIA", Franklin Watts ( 2003), ISBN 0-531-16600-7
* Scott A. Thompson, "Final Cut - The Post-War B-17 Flying Fortress: The Survivors", Pictorial Histories Publishing Company, Missoula, Montana, Revised Edition, August 2000, ISBN 1-57510-077-0
* The history of Intermountain Aviation, Inc., as a CIA air proprietary, is examined in Jason H. Gart, "Electronics and Aerospace Industry in Cold War Arizona, 1945–1968: Motorola, Hughes Aircraft, Goodyear Aircraft." Ph.D. diss., Arizona State University, 2006.

## InfoBox

Intermountain Airlines
| An Intermountain DHC-4 Caribou at Marana Airpark (August 1973) | |
| --- | --- |
| Ceased operations | 1975 |
| Operating bases | Marana Army Air Field |


abstract: The girls' 46 kg tournament in wrestling at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics was held on August 16 at the International Convention Centre. The event limited competitors to a maximum of 46 kilograms of body mass. The tournament had two groups where wrestlers compete in a round-robin format. The winners of each group would go on to play for the gold medal, second placers played for the bronze medal while everyone else played for classification depending on where they ranked in the group stage.

text:
# Wrestling at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics – Girls' freestyle 46 kg

The **girls' 46 kg** tournament in **wrestling at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics** was held on August 16 at the International Convention Centre.

The event limited competitors to a maximum of 46 kilograms of body mass. The tournament had two groups where wrestlers compete in a round-robin format. The winners of each group would go on to play for the gold medal, second placers played for the bronze medal while everyone else played for classification depending on where they ranked in the group stage.

## Medalists

| Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Yu Miyahara
Japan | Iulia Leorda
Moldova | Petra Olli
Finland |

## Group stages

### Group A

| Athlete | Pld | C. Points | T. Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Yu Miyahara (JPN) | 2 | 7 | 12 |
| Petra Olli (FIN) | 2 | 3 | 7 |
| Oriannys Segura (VEN) | 2 | 2 | 2 |

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Petra Olli (FIN) | **0-2**
(1-**1**, 0-**5**) | **Yu Miyahara (JPN)** |
| **Petra Olli (FIN)** | **2-0**
(**1**–0, **5**–1) | Oriannys Segura (VEN) |
| **Yu Miyahara (JPN)** | **2-0**
(**4**–1, **2**–0) | Oriannys Segura (VEN) |

### Group B

| Athlete | Pld | C. Points | T. Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Iulia Leorda (MDA) | 3 | 10 | 29 |
| Laura Mertens (GER) | 3 | 6 | 17 |
| Carissa Holland (AUS) | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| Ikram Gannouni (TUN) | 3 | 1 | 10 |

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Carissa Holland (AUS) | **0-2**
(0-**4**, 0-**3**) | **Laura Mertens (GER)** |
| Ikram Gannouni (TUN) | **Fall**
(1-**7**, 2-**5**) | **Iulia Leorda (MDA)** |
| **Carissa Holland (AUS)** | **Fall**
(0-**3**, **5**–3) | Ikram Gannouni (TUN) |
| Laura Mertens (GER) | **0-2**
(0-**4**, 0-**3**) | **Iulia Leorda (MDA)** |
| Carissa Holland (AUS) | **0-2**
(0-**6**, 0-**4**) | **Iulia Leorda (MDA)** |
| **Laura Mertens (GER)** | **2-0**
(**4**–1, **6**–0) | Ikram Gannouni (TUN) |

## Classification

### 5th-place match

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Oriannys Segura (VEN)** | **2-0**
(**4**–0, **5**–0) | Carissa Holland (AUS) |

### Bronze-medal match

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Petra Olli (FIN)** | **2-1**
(2-**4**, **3**–0, **1**–0) | Laura Mertens (GER) |

### Gold-medal match

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Yu Miyahara (JPN)** | **2-0**
(**4**–2, **6**–0) | Iulia Leorda (MDA) |

## Final rankings

| Rank | Athlete |
| --- | --- |
|  | Yu Miyahara (JPN) |
|  | Iulia Leorda (MDA) |
|  | Petra Olli (FIN) |
| 4 | Laura Mertens (GER) |
| 5 | Oriannys Segura (VEN) |
| 6 | Carissa Holland (AUS) |
| 7 | Ikram Gannouni (TUN) |


title: Wu Wenhui

abstract: Wu Wenhui is a Chinese female acrobatic gymnast. Along with her partner, Shen Yunyun, she finished 5th in the 2014 Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships.

text:
# Wu Wenhui

**Wu Wenhui** (born April 27, 1998) is a Chinese female acrobatic gymnast. Along with her partner, Shen Yunyun, she finished 5th in the 2014 Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships.

## InfoBox

| Wu Wenhui | |
| --- | --- |
| Wu Wenhui and her partner Shen Yunyun | |
| Personal information | |
| Country represented | China |
| Born | (1998-04-27) April 27, 1998 |
| Discipline | Acrobatic gymnastics |