title: Walter Benjamin Garland

abstract: Walter Benjamin Garland was an American soldier, activist, and politician. Garland was a volunteer in the Washington Battalion of the XV International Brigade fighting for Republican Spain during the Spanish Civil War. Following the conclusion of the war, Garland joined Communist Party USA and ran for office in New York. He later worked alongside Paul Robeson as a bodyguard. Garland died in Columbus, Ohio in 1974.

text:
# Walter Benjamin Garland

**Walter Benjamin Garland** (27 November 1913 – January 1974) was an American soldier, activist, and politician. Garland was a volunteer in the Washington Battalion of the XV International Brigade fighting for Republican Spain during the Spanish Civil War. Following the conclusion of the war, Garland joined Communist Party USA and ran for office in New York. He later worked alongside Paul Robeson as a bodyguard. Garland died in Columbus, Ohio in 1974.

## Early life

Garland was born in 1913 in New York City. He joined the United States Army in 1931 at the age of eighteen. He served in the army for two years before being discharged in 1935, achieving the rank of Private First-Class. Following his army service he enrolled at Brooklyn College, where he studied mathematics. He was employed by NBC as an arranger and was attached to the media department producing *Your Hit Parade* (sponsored by Lucky Strike Cigarettes.) In 1935 he became a member of Communist Party USA and was active in the National Negro Congress.

## Military service and later life

The outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 resulted in many international communist parties sending manpower and financial support to Republican Spain. Garland, being a staunch anti-fascist and member of the American communist movement, volunteered for service in Spain. He sailed for France aboard the *SS* *Champlain* on 5 January 1937 and from there made his way to Republican lines. Once in Spain he joined what would become the Abraham Lincoln Battalion, in which he was appointed section commander on account of his previous military experience. Garland was wounded in battle on 27 February during the advance of the 17th International Column on Jarama. During his convalescence, Garland was selected to attend officer training school, and he returned to the front as the commander of a machine gun battalion (dubbed the Washington Battalion.) Garland was wounded for a second time in July 1937 during the Republican defeat at the Battle of Brunete. Following his second wounding, Garland was promoted to captain and given command of the Canadian Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion while the formation was in training. In August he collaborated with Langston Hughes and Harry Haywood to broadcast a radio message to the United States live from Spain with the intent to drum up support for the Republican cause. Garland was ordered to return to the United States in October to raise funding and manpower for the International Brigades. Once he had returned to the United States, Garland began to lobby Congress to lift the armaments ban on Republican Spain. In 1938 he ran as the Communist Party's candidate for the New York 17th Assembly District, an office he would run for again in 1940. Garland continued to be active with the Friends of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade and the American Medical Bureau after the defeat of the Republican cause in 1939.

In the lead up to the Second World War, Garland was monitored by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, which concluded that Garland was an individual who should be considered dangerous and *"who in all probability should be interned in event of war"* on account of his communist activities and service in Spain. Following the entry of the United States into World War II, Garland attempted to reenlist in the US Army but was initially denied. He tried again and was accepted into the 731st Military Police Battalion stationed at Fort Wadsworth on Staten Island. Garland was appointed as an instructor, and taught classes on mortar, machine-gun, and armed scout-car tactics. He also taught map-making and gave lectures on his role in the Brunete campaign. He developed a new gun sight for machine-guns mounted on armed scout cars. Garland was promoted to the rank of first sergeant, but was not deployed overseas despite repeated requests.

Following the end of the war, Garland and several other African-American veterans of the Spanish Civil War formed the United Negro Allied Veterans Association. Garland continued to support communist causes in New York, and frequented the pro-communist Ben Davis Club in Harlem. He also organized efforts for the International Workers Order. In 1949 he traveled with Paul Robeson and acted as his bodyguard.

Garland split with the CPUSA in 1952 (the party was hemorrhaging members at this time, falling from 80,000 in 1946 to 5,000 by 1954) and was expelled from the party that same year. The FBI continued to monitor Garland until his death. Garland died in January 1974 in Columbus, Ohio.

## InfoBox

| Walter Benjamin Garland | |
| --- | --- |
| Garland (seated, left). | |
| Birth name | Walter Benjamin Stephen Garland |
| Born | 27 November 1913 (1913-11-27)
New York City |
| Died | January 1974(1974-01-00) (aged 60)
Columbus, Ohio |
| Allegiance |  |
| Service/branch |  |
| Years of service | 1931–1945 |
| Rank | Lieutenant, First Sargent |
| Battles/wars | Battle of Jarama, Battle of Brunete |


title: Walter Benington

abstract: Walter Benington (1872–1936) was a British photographer. Working in the Victorian era and the first half of the twentieth century, his important contribution to early twentieth century photography has been more fully recognised in the doctoral thesis of Robert Crow.

text:
# Walter Benington

**Walter Benington** (1872–1936) was a British photographer. Working in the Victorian era and the first half of the twentieth century, his important contribution to early twentieth century photography has been more fully recognised in the doctoral thesis of Robert Crow.

## Biography

Walter Benington (sometimes spelt as Bennington) was born in 1872 in Stockton on Tees, in County Durham. He was the son of George and Helena Benington. The 1881 census shows his father's occupation as a Tea Dealer.

Benington married Kathleen Inez Whitwell (d. 1953) in 1905. The 1911 Census reveals that the couple had a son, Anthony, and a daughter Barbara. Benington's occupation is described as Photographer and his place of residence to be in Southgate in north London.

Benington died in 1936, his death registered in the Oxford district.

## Work and legacy

Benington started taking photographs while still at school. Taking his schoolboy hobby into adulthood Benington took up platinotype printing and pictorial landscape work. The platinotype process enables a greater tonal range than other chemical processes. Benington's arresting image entitled 'Among the Housetops' exhibited in 1893 shows the dome of St. Paul's Cathedral rising above London's buildings like a benign spirit. This image led to him joining the Linked Ring group of English photographers. In so doing he joined an elite group of contemporary photographers which was later to include Alfred Stieglitz. Crow states in his thesis \[Abstract p. i\], "\[Benington\] was a photographer of great distinction and marked individuality fully worthy of a major reappraisal."

Benington continued to use the landscape as his subject, for example, another view of St. Paul's taken in 1897 appeared in the 16 June 1908 edition of 'Amateur Photographer'. The image is of a busy Fleet Street looking east, the Cathedral bathed in light in contrast to the benighted buildings in the foreground. However, by 1910 Benington had become one of the leading portrait photographers in the country. His clientele included Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. As well as portraiture Benington made contributions to The Sphere Newspaper and other periodicals. A collection of Benington's images, all portraits, taken between 1914 and 1926, are held in the Bodleian Library, Oxford.

From 1927 he worked as a freelance portrait photographer for Elliott & Fry. His sitters included John Logie Baird, Albert Einstein and John Maynard Keynes.

Benington's images were exhibited at the London Salon Exhibition in Pall Mall in 1928, the London Correspondent of The Guardian noting the "impressiveness" of the portraits.

In 2007 The National Portrait Gallery held an exhibition 'Walter Benington: Pictorial Portraits'. The display celebrated his portrait photographs some of which were newly acquired by the Gallery and were being shown for the first time. The exhibition featured images of leading artistic, literary, political and scientific figures. The National Portrait Gallery collection includes 66 images taken by Benington.

Images attributed to Benington are in the collection of mainly architectural photographs in the Conway Library at the Courtauld Institute of Art.


abstract: In probability theory and statistics, Wallenius' noncentral hypergeometric distribution is a generalization of the hypergeometric distribution where items are sampled with bias. This distribution can be illustrated as an urn model with bias. Assume, for example, that an urn contains m1 red balls and m2 white balls, totalling N = m1 + m2 balls. Each red ball has the weight ω1 and each white ball has the weight ω2. We will say that the odds ratio is ω = ω1 / ω2. Now we are taking n balls, one by one, in such a way that the probability of taking a particular ball at a particular draw is equal to its proportion of the total weight of all balls that lie in the urn at that moment. The number of red balls x1 that we get in this experiment is a random variable with Wallenius' noncentral hypergeometric distribution. The matter is complicated by the fact that there is more than one noncentral hypergeometric distribution. Wallenius' noncentral hypergeometric distribution is obtained if balls are sampled one by one in such a way that there is competition between the balls. Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution is obtained if the balls are sampled simultaneously or independently of each other. Unfortunately, both distributions are known in the literature as "the" noncentral hypergeometric distribution. It is important to be specific about which distribution is meant when using this name. The two distributions are both equal to the (central) hypergeometric distribution when the odds ratio is 1. The difference between these two probability distributions is subtle. See the Wikipedia entry on noncentral hypergeometric distributions for a more detailed explanation.

text:
# Wallenius' noncentral hypergeometric distribution

In probability theory and statistics, **Wallenius' noncentral hypergeometric distribution** (named after Kenneth Ted Wallenius) is a generalization of the hypergeometric distribution where items are sampled with bias.

This distribution can be illustrated as an urn model with bias. Assume, for example, that an urn contains *m*1 red balls and *m*2 white balls, totalling *N* = *m*1 \+ *m*2 balls. Each red ball has the weight ω1 and each white ball has the weight ω2. We will say that the odds ratio is ω = ω1 / ω2. Now we are taking *n* balls, one by one, in such a way that the probability of taking a particular ball at a particular draw is equal to its proportion of the total weight of all balls that lie in the urn at that moment. The number of red balls *x*1 that we get in this experiment is a random variable with Wallenius' noncentral hypergeometric distribution.

The matter is complicated by the fact that there is more than one noncentral hypergeometric distribution. Wallenius' noncentral hypergeometric distribution is obtained if balls are sampled one by one in such a way that there is competition between the balls. Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution is obtained if the balls are sampled simultaneously or independently of each other. Unfortunately, both distributions are known in the literature as "the" noncentral hypergeometric distribution. It is important to be specific about which distribution is meant when using this name.

The two distributions are both equal to the (central) hypergeometric distribution when the odds ratio is 1.

The difference between these two probability distributions is subtle. See the Wikipedia entry on noncentral hypergeometric distributions for a more detailed explanation.

## Univariate distribution

Wallenius' distribution is particularly complicated because each ball has a probability of being taken that depends not only on its weight, but also on the total weight of its competitors. And the weight of the competing balls depends on the outcomes of all preceding draws.

This recursive dependency gives rise to a difference equation with a solution that is given in open form by the integral in the expression of the probability mass function in the table above.

Closed form expressions for the probability mass function exist (Lyons, 1980), but they are not very useful for practical calculations because of extreme numerical instability, except in degenerate cases.

Several other calculation methods are used, including recursion, Taylor expansion and numerical integration (Fog, 2007, 2008).

The most reliable calculation method is recursive calculation of f(*x*,*n*) from f(*x*,*n*-1) and f(*x*-1,*n*-1) using the recursion formula given below under properties. The probabilities of all (*x*,*n*) combinations on all possible trajectories leading to the desired point are calculated, starting with f(0,0) = 1 as shown on the figure to the right. The total number of probabilities to calculate is *n*(*x*+1)-*x*2. Other calculation methods must be used when *n* and *x* are so big that this method is too inefficient.

The probability that all balls have the same color is easier to calculate. See the formula below under multivariate distribution.

No exact formula for the mean is known (short of complete enumeration of all probabilities). The equation given above is reasonably accurate. This equation can be solved for μ by Newton-Raphson iteration. The same equation can be used for estimating the odds from an experimentally obtained value of the mean.

### Properties of the univariate distribution

Wallenius' distribution has fewer symmetry relations than Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution has. The only symmetry relates to the swapping of colors:

$$\operatorname {wnchypg} (x;n,m\_{1},m\_{2},\omega )=\operatorname {wnchypg} (n-x;n,m\_{2},m\_{1},1/\omega )\\,.$$

Unlike Fisher's distribution, Wallenius' distribution has no symmetry relating to the number of balls *not* taken.

The following recursion formula is useful for calculating probabilities:

$\operatorname {wnchypg} (x;n,m\_{1},m\_{2},\omega )=$

$$\operatorname {wnchypg} (x-1;n-1,m\_{1},m\_{2},\omega ){\frac {(m\_{1}-x+1)\omega }{(m\_{1}-x+1)\omega +m\_{2}+x-n}+}$$

$$\operatorname {wnchypg} (x;n-1,m\_{1},m\_{2},\omega ){\frac {m\_{2}+x-n+1}{(m\_{1}-x)\omega +m\_{2}+x-n+1}}$$

Another recursion formula is also known:

$\operatorname {wnchypg} (x;n,m\_{1},m\_{2},\omega )=$

$$\operatorname {wnchypg} (x-1;n-1,m\_{1}-1,m\_{2},\omega ){\frac {m\_{1}\omega }{m\_{1}\omega +m\_{2}+}}$$

$$\operatorname {wnchypg} (x;n-1,m\_{1},m\_{2}-1,\omega ){\frac {m\_{2}{m\_{1}\omega +m\_{2}\\,.}}}$$

The probability is limited by

$$\operatorname {f} \_{1}(x)\leq \operatorname {wnchypg} (x;n,m\_{1},m\_{2},\omega )\leq \operatorname {f} \_{2}(x)\\,,\\,\\,{\text{for}\\,\\,\omega \<1\\,,}$$

$$\operatorname {f} \_{1}(x)\geq \operatorname {wnchypg} (x;n,m\_{1},m\_{2},\omega )\geq \operatorname {f} \_{2}(x)\\,,\\,\\,{\text{for}\\,\\,\omega \>1\\,,{\text{where}}}$$

$$\operatorname {f} \_{1}(x)={\binom {m\_{1}{x}{\binom {m\_{2}{n-x}{\frac {n!}{(m\_{1}+m\_{2}/\omega )^{\underline {x}\\,(m\_{2}+\omega (m\_{1}-x))^{\underline {n-x}}}}}}}}}$$

$$\operatorname {f} \_{2}(x)={\binom {m\_{1}{x}{\binom {m\_{2}{n-x}{\frac {n!}{(m\_{1}+(m\_{2}-x\_{2})/\omega )^{\underline {x}\\,(m\_{2}+\omega m\_{1})^{\underline {n-x}\\,,}}}}}}}}$$

where the underlined superscript indicates the falling factorial $a^{\underline {b}=a(a-1)\ldots (a-b+1)}$.

## Multivariate distribution

The distribution can be expanded to any number of colors *c* of balls in the urn. The multivariate distribution is used when there are more than two colors.

Multivariate Wallenius' Noncentral Hypergeometric Distribution
| Parameters | $c\in \mathbb {N} $
$\mathbf {m} =(m\_{1},\ldots ,m\_{c})\in \mathbb {N} ^{c}$
$N=\sum \_{i=1}^{c}m\_{i}$
$n\in \[0,N)$
$\boldsymbol {\omega }=(\omega \_{1},\ldots ,\omega \_{c})\in \mathbb {R} \_{+}^{c}$ | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Support | $\mathrm {S} =\left\\{\mathbf {x} \in \mathbb {Z} \_{0+}^{c}\\,:\\,\sum \_{i=1}^{c}x\_{i}=n\right\\}$ | | |
| PMF | $\left(\prod \_{i=1}^{c}{\binom {m\_{i}{x\_{i}\right)\int \_{0}^{1}\prod \_{i=1}^{c}(1-t^{\omega \_{i}/D})^{x\_{i}\operatorname {d} t\\,,}}}}$
where $D={\boldsymbol {\omega }\cdot (\mathbf {m} -\mathbf {x} )=\sum \_{i=1}^{c}\omega \_{i}(m\_{i}-x\_{i})}$ | | |
| Mean | Approximated by solution $\mu \_{1},\ldots ,\mu \_{c}$ to
$\left(1-{\frac {\mu \_{1}{m\_{1}\right)^{1/\omega \_{1}=\left(1-{\frac {\mu \_{2}{m\_{2}\right)^{1/\omega \_{2}=\ldots =\left(1-{\frac {\mu \_{c}{m\_{c}\right)^{1/\omega \_{c}}}}}}}}}}}}}$
$\wedge \\,\sum \_{i=1}^{c}\mu \_{i}=n\\,\wedge \\,\forall \\,i\in \[0,c\]\\,:\\,0\leq \mu \_{i}\leq m\_{i}\\,.$ | | |
| Variance | Approximated by variance of Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution with same mean. | | |

The probability mass function can be calculated by various Taylor expansion methods or by numerical integration (Fog, 2008).

The probability that all balls have the same color, *j*, can be calculated as:

$$\operatorname {mwnchypg} ((0,\ldots ,0,x\_{j},0,\ldots );n,\mathbf {m} ,{\boldsymbol {\omega })={\frac {m\_{j}^{\\,\\,{\underline {n}{\left({\frac {1}{\omega \_{j}\sum \_{i=1}^{c}m\_{i}\omega \_{i}\right)^{\underline {n}}}}}}}}}}$$

for *x*j = *n*  *m*j, where the underlined superscript denotes the falling factorial.

A reasonably good approximation to the mean can be calculated using the equation given above. The equation can be solved by defining θ so that

$$\mu \_{i}=m\_{i}(1-e^{\omega \_{i}\theta })$$

and solving

$$\sum \_{i=1}^{c}\mu \_{i}=n$$

for θ by Newton-Raphson iteration.

The equation for the mean is also useful for estimating the odds from experimentally obtained values for the mean.

No good way of calculating the variance is known. The best known method is to approximate the multivariate Wallenius distribution by a multivariate Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution with the same mean, and insert the mean as calculated above in the approximate formula for the variance of the latter distribution.

### Properties of the multivariate distribution

The order of the colors is arbitrary so that any colors can be swapped.

The weights can be arbitrarily scaled:

$\operatorname {mwnchypg} (\mathbf {x} ;n,\mathbf {m} ,{\boldsymbol {\omega })=\operatorname {mwnchypg} (\mathbf {x} ;n,\mathbf {m} ,r{\boldsymbol {\omega })\\,\\,}}$ for all $r\in \mathbb {R} \_{+}$.

Colors with zero number (*m*i = 0) or zero weight (ωi = 0) can be omitted from the equations.

Colors with the same weight can be joined:

$\operatorname {mwnchypg} \left(\mathbf {x} ;n,\mathbf {m} ,(\omega \_{1},\ldots ,\omega \_{c-1},\omega \_{c-1})\right)\\,=$

$$\operatorname {mwnchypg} \left((x\_{1},\ldots ,x\_{c-1}+x\_{c});n,(m\_{1},\ldots ,m\_{c-1}+m\_{c}),(\omega \_{1},\ldots ,\omega \_{c-1})\right)\\,\cdot $$

$$\operatorname {hypg} (x\_{c};x\_{c-1}+x\_{c},m\_{c},m\_{c-1}+m\_{c})\\,,$$

where $\operatorname {hypg} (x;n,m,N)$ is the (univariate, central) hypergeometric distribution probability.

## Complementary Wallenius' noncentral hypergeometric distribution

The balls that are *not* taken in the urn experiment have a distribution that is different from Wallenius' noncentral hypergeometric distribution, due to a lack of symmetry. The distribution of the balls not taken can be called the **complementary Wallenius' noncentral hypergeometric distribution**.

Probabilities in the complementary distribution are calculated from Wallenius' distribution by replacing *n* with *N*-*n*, *x*i with *m*i \- *x*i, and ωi with 1/ωi.

## Software available

* Chesson, J. (1976). "A non-central multivariate hypergeometric distribution arising from biased sampling with application to selective predation". *Journal of Applied Probability*. Vol. 13, no. 4. Applied Probability Trust. pp. 795–797. doi:10.2307/3212535. JSTOR 3212535.
* Fog, A. (2007). "Random number theory".
* Fog, A. (2008). "Calculation Methods for Wallenius' Noncentral Hypergeometric Distribution". *Communications in Statictics, Simulation and Computation*. **37** (2): 258–273. doi:10.1080/03610910701790269. S2CID 9040568.
* Johnson, N. L.; Kemp, A. W.; Kotz, S. (2005). *Univariate Discrete Distributions*. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley and Sons.
* Lyons, N. I. (1980). "Closed Expressions for Noncentral Hypergeometric Probabilities". *Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation*. Vol. 9, no. 3. pp. 313–314. doi:10.1080/03610918008812156.
* Manly, B. F. J. (1974). "A Model for Certain Types of Selection Experiments". *Biometrics*. Vol. 30, no. 2. International Biometric Society. pp. 281–294. doi:10.2307/2529649. JSTOR 2529649.
* Wallenius, K. T. (1963). *Biased Sampling: The Non-central Hypergeometric Probability Distribution. Ph.D. Thesis* (Thesis). Stanford University, Department of Statistics.

## InfoBox

Univariate Wallenius' Noncentral Hypergeometric Distribution
| Parameters | $m\_{1},m\_{2}\in \mathbb {N} $
$N=m\_{1}+m\_{2}$
$n\in \[0,N)$
$\omega \in \mathbb {R} \_{+}$ | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Support | $x\in \[x\_{min},x\_{max}\]$
$x\_{min}=\max(0,n-m\_{2})$
$x\_{max}=\min(n,m\_{1})$ | | |
| PMF | $\binom {m\_{1}{x}{\binom {m\_{2}{n-x}\int \_{0}^{1}(1-t^{\omega /D})^{x}(1-t^{1/D})^{n-x}\operatorname {d} t}}}$
where $D=\omega (m\_{1}-x)+(m\_{2}-(n-x))$ | | |
| Mean | Approximated by solution $\mu $ to
$\frac {\mu }{m\_{1}+\left(1-{\frac {n-\mu }{m\_{2}\right)^{\omega }=1}}}$ | | |
| Variance | $\approx {\frac {Nab}{(N-1)(m\_{1}b+m\_{2}a)}\\,}$,   where
$a=\mu (m\_{1}-\mu ),\\;b=(n-\mu )(\mu +m\_{2}-n)$ | | |


title: Walter Richter

abstract: Walter Richter was a German actor. From 1970 until 1982 he starred in the Norddeutscher Rundfunk version of the popular television crime series Tatort.

text:
# Walter Richter

**Walter Richter** (May 13, 1905  July 26, 1985) was a German actor. From 1970 until 1982 he starred in the Norddeutscher Rundfunk version of the popular television crime series *Tatort*.

## Selected filmography

## InfoBox

| Walter Richter | |
| --- | --- |
| Richter in 1945 | |
| Born | (1905-05-13)May 13, 1905
Berlin, Germany |
| Died | July 26, 1985(1985-07-26) (aged 80)
Vienna, Austria |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1937–1983 |
| Spouse | Felicitas Richter |


title: Walter Riehl

abstract: Dr. Walter Riehl was an Austrian lawyer and politician who was an early exponent of Austrian National Socialism. Belonging to the wing of that ideology that favoured links between Germany and an independent Austria, he lost influence as the drive for Anschluss grew within both Austrian National Socialism and German Nazism.

text:
# Walter Riehl

Dr. **Walter Riehl** (8 November 1881 – 6 September 1955) was an Austrian lawyer and politician who was an early exponent of Austrian National Socialism. Belonging to the wing of that ideology that favoured links between Germany and an independent Austria, he lost influence as the drive for Anschluss grew within both Austrian National Socialism and German Nazism.

## Early years

A native of Wiener Neustadt, Riehl joined the army as a one-year volunteer in 1900. Following his military service he enrolled in the Faculty of Law at Vienna University and, after also studying at several institutions in Germany, he graduated in 1908 with his doctorate in law. Whilst studying he was briefly active in the Social Democratic Party of Austria, where his main contribution was an attempt to influence fellow members towards the temperance movement. A devout member of the Catholic Church, he became appalled at the tendency towards Marxism that was gaining importance in the party at the time, and ultimately left before 1907 citing the dominance of Jewish members within the party. From then on anti-Semitism was to be central to Riehl's personal political creed.

## DNSAP

Moving to the right, Riehl was initially a disciple of conservative philosopher Othmar Spann. Despite this he joined the *Deutsche Arbeiterpartei* (DAP) in 1908. As a DAP member representing the middle classes he advocated a name change and a broadening of membership away from simply the working classes. Influenced by the radical racialist theories of Georg Ritter von Schönerer, Riehl took a leading role in organising the party's youth movement. Considered part of the DAP's radical wing, he argued that dictatorship was the only option in overcoming class conflict whilst also becoming noted for his expression of anti-Czech sentiments. His involvement with the party saw him lose the position he had held within the Austrian civil service and he spent time working in a lawyer's office in Germany around 1911.

Following the outbreak of the First World War he enlisted in the Landsturm before in late 1915 being recalled to the regular army, where he saw action on the Italian Front. He became deputy chairman of the DAP in March 1918 and two months leader took over as leader. The party was renamed *Deutsche Nationalsozialistische Arbeiterpartei* (DNSAP) immediately after the break-up of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

As leader Riehl moved the DNSAP, which had mainly been an anti-Czech party towards anti-Semitism. He sought to blame Austria's problems on the Jews and wanted them expelled from the country. He also supported profit sharing and land reform and also sought to build up the party in universities, setting up a German Academic Association of National Socialists as early as June 1919. Where the DAP had been avowedly a "class" party, Riehl sought to distance the group from any such consideration, instead tying it in to the wider Völkisch movement.

Riehl was aware from early on of the existence of the German Workers' Party in Germany itself and maintained correspondence with its early leader Anton Drexler. He was not a supporter of union with Germany but nonetheless he accepted a subservient role to Adolf Hitler at an early stage, referring to him "*unseren reichsdeutschen führer*" (our German Reich leader) in 1922. Certainly contact was established between the two very early and Carsten has suggested that Hitler added the epithet 'National Socialist' to his German Workers Party in imitation of Riehl's movement.

Riehl remained as leader of the DNSAP until 1923 when it split between the pro-Hitler and pro-independence factions. Initially placed on a leave of absence, supposedly for health reasons, Riehl was eventually expelled from the party as the Hitlerite wing gained the upper hand. Riehl took charge of the pro-independence *Deutschsozialen Verein* wing of the party with Karl Schulz leading the Hitlerite group. Riehl's party worked closely with the Greater German People's Party and in the 1927 election they presented a joint list under the name *Nationale Einheitsfront*. He also played a role in Hermann Hiltl's *Frontkämpfervereinigung*, a Pan-German militia group that was independent of the Nazis.

## Return to favour

Riehl's profile fell somewhat after the split as the pro-Germany wing won the lion's share of support. However Riehl would come back into favour in 1925 when he defended Otto Rothstock at his trial for the murder of Hugo Bettauer. His involvement in the trial helped him to regain prestige in the DNSAP after resigning from the leadership following the schisms of 1923. Riehl gained notoriety for his defences of right-wing leaders in a number of cases and in the aftermath of the Schattendorf Incident it was he who secured the acquittal of the accused rightist leaders.

Riehl returned to the Nazis on 26 September 1930, being admitted as member number 360.702. He returned to a prominent position within the party and used this influence to again promote his anti-Semitic agenda. In 1931 he called for castration for any Jewish man caught having sex with an Aryan girl and when elected to Vienna council the following year he made a further call for expulsion of the Jews from the area. Indeed, for Riehl anti-Semitism was the entire basis of the Nazis' appeal in Austria, along with their anti-communism.

## Later years

Despite his extreme views on the Jews, Riehl was more committed to constitutional methods than some of his DNSAP colleagues and he became a critic of some of the group's excesses, such that he was expelled again on 9 August 1933. He was especially critical of the leadership of Theodor Habicht and Alfred Frauenfeld, in particular the botched Coup d'état of 1934 which resulted in the murder of Engelbert Dollfuss. Advocating a more Christianity-based form of nationalism, he established the Weiner Stadtklub as an ideological discussion group in 1937, although this proved to be largely Nazi in character.

Briefly held in detention by the Gestapo after the Anschluss, he then attempted to join the NSDAP but was rejected on account of his shaky record on supporting union with Germany. He was eventually allowed to join the Nazi Party although he was never more than a rank-and-file member.

He disappeared from the public eye after this although after the Second World War he held membership of the Austrian People's Party. Riehl died in Vienna.

## InfoBox

| Walter Riehl | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Walter Riehl
(1881-11-08)8 November 1881
Wiener Neustadt |
| Died | 6 September 1955(1955-09-06) (aged 73)
Vienna |
| Nationality | Austrian |
| Education | Doctor of Law |
| Alma mater | Vienna University |
| Occupation | Lawyer |
| Known for | Politician |
| Title | DNSAP leader |
| Term | 1919 - 1923 |
| Political party | *Deutsche Arbeiterpartei*, *Deutsche Nationalsozialistische Arbeiterpartei* |


title: Walter Riggs

abstract: Walter Merritt Riggs was the president of Clemson University from 1910 to 1924 and the "father of Clemson football" coaching the first football team for what was then Clemson College. Riggs was president of Clemson during one of its most challenging times, during World War I, when enrollment dropped due to students joining the military or going home to help on family farms. Riggs graduated from the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama with a Bachelor of Science in engineering in 1892 and was a member of Auburn's first football team. He was also president of his class, director of the glee club, and a member of Phi Delta Theta fraternity while at Auburn. Riggs was the second president of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association, taking over for William Lofland Dudley in 1912. Riggs Hall, which is the home of Clemson's College of Engineering, Computing and Applied Sciences, is named in his honor.

text:
# Walter Riggs

**Walter Merritt Riggs** (January 24, 1873 – January 22, 1924) was the president of Clemson University from 1910 to 1924 and the "father of Clemson football" coaching the first football team for what was then Clemson College. Riggs was president of Clemson during one of its most challenging times, during World War I, when enrollment dropped due to students joining the military or going home to help on family farms. Riggs graduated from the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama (now Auburn University) with a Bachelor of Science in engineering in 1892 and was a member of Auburn's first football team. He was also president of his class, director of the glee club, and a member of Phi Delta Theta fraternity while at Auburn. Riggs was the second president of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association, taking over for William Lofland Dudley in 1912.

Riggs Hall, which is the home of Clemson's College of Engineering, Computing and Applied Sciences, is named in his honor.

## Head coaching record

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Bowl/playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Clemson Tigers** *(Independent)* (1896) | | | | | | | | |
| 1896 | Clemson | 2–1 |  |  |  |
| **Clemson Tigers** *(Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association)* (1899) | | | | | | | | |
| 1899 | Clemson | 4–2 | 2–2 | 9th |  |
| **Clemson:** | | 6–3 | 2–2 |  | | | | |
| **Total:** | | 6–3 |  | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

Walter Riggs
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Biographical details | |
| Born | (1873-01-24)January 24, 1873
Orangeburg, South Carolina, U.S. |
| Died | January 22, 1924(1924-01-22) (aged 50)
Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Playing career | |
| 1892 | Auburn |
|  | |
| Position(s) | End |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| 1896, 1899 | Clemson |
|  | |
| Administrative career (AD unless noted) | |
| 1896–1910 | Clemson |
|  | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 6–3 |
|  | |


title: Walter J. Conrath

abstract: Walter J. Conrath, of Pennsylvania, was a stamp collector who specialized in aerophilately, the study of air mail stamps, and wrote extensively on the subject. His career was cut short when he died in an automobile accident at the age of 35.

text:
# Walter J. Conrath

**Walter J. Conrath** (January 20, 1907 – May 7, 1942), of Pennsylvania, was a stamp collector who specialized in aerophilately, the study of air mail stamps, and wrote extensively on the subject. His career was cut short when he died in an automobile accident at the age of 35.

## Collecting interests

Conrath collected air mail stamps and air mail postal history.

## Philatelic literature

Walter Conrath edited and published *The Airpost Journal* and the *American Air Mail Catalogue*. He is remembered most for his 1940 book Mail *Through the Air: A Review of the Development of Air Mail and Aero-Philately* which continued to be republished after his death.

## Philatelic activity

In addition to participating in various aerophilatelic societies, Conrath was an early member of the American Air Mail Society and was its president from 1936 to 1938.

## Honors and awards

In recognition of his influence in the field of aerophilately, Conrath was elevated to the American Philatelic Society Hall of Fame in 1942.

## InfoBox

| Walter J. Conrath | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | January 20, 1907 |
| Died | May 7, 1942 (1942-05-08) (aged 35) |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | Engineer |
| **Engineering career** | |
| Institutions | American Air Mail Society |
| Projects | President of the American Air Mail Society; wrote extensively on aerophilately |
| Awards | APS Hall of Fame |
|  | |


title: Walter J. Boyne

abstract: Walter J. Boyne was a United States Air Force officer, Command Pilot, combat veteran, aviation historian, and author of more than 50 books and over 1,000 magazine articles. He was a director of the National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution and a Chairman of the National Aeronautic Association.

text:
# Walter J. Boyne

**Walter J. Boyne** (February 2, 1929 – January 9, 2020) was a United States Air Force officer, Command Pilot, combat veteran, aviation historian, and author of more than 50 books and over 1,000 magazine articles. He was a director of the National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution and a Chairman of the National Aeronautic Association.

## Early life

Walter Boyne was born in East Saint Louis, Illinois, and grew up the son of a poor family during the time of the Great Depression. He attended Holy Angels grade school where he first discovered an interest in writing. His love of flying was encouraged by dime novels of the day such as Robert J. Hogan's *G-8 and His Battle Aces* that depicted "America's World War I Flying Spy" engaged in air-to-air combat. He decided at this young age that he would become a pilot for the Air Force and focused his efforts to achieve that goal. Boyne earned a number of scholarships that enabled him to attend Washington University in St. Louis.

## Military career

In May 1951, after two years at the university, Boyne entered the U.S. Air Force's Aviation Cadet program, where he learned a profound respect for the enlisted grades of the military. Boyne started flight school in November 1951 and became the first of his class to solo. On December 19, 1952, he was awarded his wings as an Air Force Pilot and a commission as a second lieutenant in the United States Air Force.

While stationed at Castle Air Force Base in central California, Boyne flew the B-50 Superfortress as a member of the 330th Bomb Squadron of the 93rd Bomb Wing. Although Boyne had relatively few hours in bombers, he received orders in May 1954 to McConnell Air Force Base in Wichita, Kansas, for training in the B-47 Stratojet, which he flew for several years. In 1957, he returned to college and graduated with honors from the University of California, Berkeley with a bachelor's degree in business administration. Boyne continued his education and later earned a master's degree in business administration from the University of Pittsburgh.

Boyne returned to active flying as a nuclear test pilot with the 4925th Nuclear Test Group at Kirtland Air Force Base near Albuquerque, New Mexico. While at Kirtland, he became an aircraft commander in both the B-47 and B-52 Stratofortress. Boyne served during the Vietnam War as commander of the 635th Services Squadron at U-Tapao Royal Thai Air Base where he flew 120 combat hours as a C-47 Skytrain instructor pilot. Colonel Boyne retired from the Air Force on June 1, 1974, with more than 5,000 hours in various military aircraft.

## Author and historian

Boyne began his writing career in 1962 while still in the Air Force. Tired of the repetitive aviation articles of the time, he chose to write about lesser-known people and airplanes starting with an article on the Curtiss P-36. Boyne's article was accepted by a magazine in Britain which paid him $29 — a moment of special pride for the new author. The P-36 aircraft now resides in the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson AFB near Dayton, Ohio. A very prolific writer, Boyne was the author of over fifty books and over one thousand magazine articles.

### Works

Non-fiction  * (1979) *The Jet Age: Forty Years of Jet Aviation*
* (1980) *Messerschmitt Me 262: Arrow to the Future*
* (1980) *Flying, an introduction to flight, airplanes, and aviation careers*
* (1981) *Boeing B-52: A Documentary History*
* (1982) *The Aircraft Treasures of Silver Hill*
* (1983) *Vertical Flight: The Age of the Helicopter*
* (1984) *De Havilland DH-4: From Flaming Coffin to Living Legend*
* (1985) *Phantom in Combat*
* (1986) *The Leading Edge*
* (1987) *Classics: U.S. Aircraft of World War II*
* (1987) *The Smithsonian Illustrated History of Flight*
* (1988) *The Smithsonian Book of Flight for Young People*
* (1988) *The Power Behind The Wheel*
* (1990) *Flight*
* (1991) *Weapons of Desert Storm* (New York Times' Best Seller List)
* (1991) *Gulf War*
* (1992) *Classic Aircraft*
* (1992) *Art in Flight: The Sculpture of John Safer*
* (1993) *Silver Wings*
* (1994) *Clash of Wings: World War II in the Air*
* (1995) *Clash of Titans: World War II at Sea*
* (1995) *Fly Past, Fly Present*
* (1997) *Beyond the Wild Blue, A History of the USAF, 1947–1997*
* (1998) *Beyond the Horizons:The Story of Lockheed*
* (1999) *Brassey's Air Combat Reader* (editor)
* (2001) *Aces in Command: Fighter Pilots as Combat Leaders*
* (2001) *German Military Aircraft*
* (2001) *The Best of Wings*
* (2001) *Aviation 100*, Volume I
* (2001) *Classic Aircraft*, 2001
* (2002) *Aviation 100*, Volume II
* (2002) *The Two O'Clock War*
* (2003) *Aviation 100*, Volume III
* (2003) *Encyclopedia of Air Warfare*
* (2003) *The Influence of Air Power on History*
* (2003) *Chronicle of Flight: A Year-By-Year History of Aviation*
* (2003) *Rising Tide*
* (2003) *Operation Iraqi Freedom, What Went Right, What Went Wrong and Why*
* (2003) *The Alpha Bravo Delta Guide to the U.S. Air Force*
* (2003) *The Alpha Bravo Delta Guide to the U.S. Navy*
* (2003) *The Alpha Bravo Delta Guide to the U.S. Army*
* (2003) *The Alpha Bravo Delta Guide to the U.S. Marines*
* (2003) *The Yom Kippur War: And the Airlift Strike That Saved Israel*
* (2004) *Today's Best Military Writing*
* (2007) *Soaring to Glory: the Story of the Air Force Memorial*
* (2011) *How the Helicopter Changed Modern Warfare*
* (2018) *The 25 Most Influential Aircraft of All Time*

Fiction  * (1986) *The Wild Blue: The Novel of the U.S. Air Force*
* (1989) *Trophy for Eagles*
* (1991) *Eagles at War*
* (1992) *Air Force Eagles*
* (2003) *Dawn Over Kitty Hawk: The Novel of the Wright Brothers*
* (2006) *Roaring Thunder: A Novel of the Jet Age*
* (2006) *Supersonic Thunder: A Novel of the Jet Age*
* (2009) *Hypersonic Thunder: A Novel of the Jet Age*

## National Air and Space Museum career

In 1974, after retiring from the Air Force, Boyne joined the National Air and Space Museum as curator of air transport. Prior to the opening of the museum in 1976, he was assigned responsibility for introducing all aircraft into their exhibits. Boyne was also responsible for transforming the museum's dilapidated Silver Hill facility into the world's premier restoration facility. He also organized the effort to rename the facility in honor of Paul E. Garber, a curator of the National Air Museumthe predecessor to the National Air and Space Museum.

Boyne was named acting director of the museum in 1982, and director on February 10, 1983. Boyne performed a number of notable actions during his tenure as museum director including:

He resigned as director of the museum in 1986.

## Later years

In 1998, Boyne co-founded the cable television channel, Wingspanthe Air and Space Channel, that was purchased by the Discovery Channel a year later. Boyne lived in Ashburn, Virginia. His first wife, the former Jeanne Quigley, died in 2007. They have four children, Molly, Katie, Bill and Peggy, five grandchildren, J.D., Grace, Walter, Charlotte and Charles. Boyne remarried on January 10, 2008, to Terezia Takacs.

Boyne previously served as chairman of the board of the National Aeronautic Association, the oldest aviation organization in the United States, stepping down in 2014.

Boyne died on January 9, 2020, at 90 years of age. He was interred at Arlington National Cemetery in May 2021.

## Honors

In 1984, Boyne was awarded an honorary Doctorate in Aerospace Sciences from Salem College, West Virginia. In 1987, the National Aeronautic Association (NAA) awarded him the Cliff Henderson Trophy for lifetime achievement in aviation. In 1998, the NAA named him a Distinguished Statesman of Aviation that honors outstanding living Americans that have made contributions of significant value to aeronautics. Also in 1998, the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale honored Boyne with the Paul Tissandier Diploma awarded to those who have served the cause of Aviation in general and Sporting Aviation in particular. In 2005, the Aircraft Industries Association presented Boyne with the Lauren D. Lyman Award for outstanding achievement in aviation public relations. In 2007, he was enshrined in the National Aviation Hall of Fame. In 2016, the Aero Club of Washington, D.C. awarded Boyne the Donald D. Engen Trophy for Aviation Excellence.

Notes Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Walter J. Boyne | |
| --- | --- |
| Pilot Walter Boyne in the 1950s | |
| Born | (1929-02-02)February 2, 1929
East St. Louis, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | January 9, 2020(2020-01-09) (aged 90)
Calverton, Maryland, U.S. |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Service/branch | United States Air Force |
| Years of service | 19511974 (23 years) |
| Rank | Colonel |
| Commands | 635th Services Squadron |
| Other work | Museum Director
Author |


title: Walter atte Keye

abstract: Walter atte Keye was a late-fourteenth-century brewer of Wood Street in the City of London. He is best known as one of the leaders of the 1381 Peasants' Revolt in London. On 14 June 1381 Keye attempted to steal and destroy the Common Council's book of ordinances, called le Jubyle, or Jubilee Book. It was stored in a sheriff's compter. The rebels also attacked the Guildhall and other civic buildings first and at least the former he attempted to burn down. Since the book was subsequently burned by a later Mayor of London, Nicholas Exton, little is known of its contents of the book. Historians have been unable to ascertain Keye's motive for his "frenzied" search for it. Keye also appears to have personally led a small armed force to the Milk Street sheriff's compter, which they assaulted and despoiled. Keye also took advantage of the general turmoil of the time to extort money from fellow brewers. He and his associates have been described by Barrie Dobson as showing that there was at least one rebel group "prepared to challenge the authority of the civic hierarchy as well as that of royal officials and agents."

text:
# Walter atte Keye

*The Indictment of Walter atte Keye*, November 1381
> ...Walter atte Keye, leading a company of other malefactors, came to the house of Andrew Vernoun, brewer, at Paul's Wharf, London, on the said Friday \[14 June\]. Walter criminally and treasonably forced his way into the said house unless the latter paid a fine to him. In the face of these threats, and in fear of his life, Andrew paid a fine of 3s 4*d* which Walter received despite its criminal and treasonable form. Accordngly Walter was a common malefactor to take such fines, as he did with many men in the said city of London.

The National Archives, *coram rege* rolls: KB 27/482/43

**Walter atte Keye** was a late-fourteenth-century brewer of Wood Street in the City of London. He is best known as one of the leaders of the 1381 Peasants' Revolt in London.

On 14 June 1381 Keye attempted to steal and destroy the Common Council's book of ordinances, called *le Jubyle*, or Jubilee Book. It was stored in a sheriff's compter. The rebels also attacked the Guildhall and other civic buildings first and at least the former he attempted to burn down. Since the book was subsequently burned by a later Mayor of London, Nicholas Exton, little is known of its contents of the book. Historians have been unable to ascertain Keye's motive for his "frenzied" search for it. Keye also appears to have personally led a small armed force to the Milk Street sheriff's compter, which they assaulted and despoiled. Keye also took advantage of the general turmoil of the time to extort money from fellow brewers. He and his associates have been described by Barrie Dobson as showing that there was at least one rebel group "prepared to challenge the authority of the civic hierarchy as well as that of royal officials and agents."

1. Dobson 1983, p. 227.
2. Petit-Dutaillis & Lefebvre 1969, p. 282 n.3.
3. Barron 1981, p. 16.
4. Barker 2014, p. 276.
5. Turner 2007, p. 21.
6. London 1907, p. lii.
7. Arner 2013, p. 39.
8. Dobson 1983, pp. 226–227.

### Bibliography

* Arner, L. (2013). *Chaucer, Gower, and the Vernacular Rising: Poetry and the Problem of the Populace After 1381*. Penn State Press. ISBN 978-0-271-06207-5.
* Barker, J. (2014). *1381: The Year of the Peasants' Revolt*. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-36814-9.
* Barron, Caroline M. (1981). *Revolt in London: 11 to 15 June 1381*. London: Museum of London. ISBN 978-0-904818-05-5.
* Dobson, R.B. (1983). *The Peasants' Revolt of 1381*. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 978-1-349-16990-0.
* London, Corporation of (1907). *Calendar of Letter-books Preserved Among the Archives of the Corporation of the City of London at the Guildhall*. J.E. Francis.
* Petit-Dutaillis, C.; Lefebvre, G. (1969). *Studies and Notes Supplementary to Stubbs' Constitutional History*. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-0341-7.
* Turner, M. (2007). *Chaucerian Conflict: Languages of Antagonism in Late Fourteenth-Century London*. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-920789-3.
*


title: Walter de Amersham

abstract: Walter de Amersham, also known as Walter de Agsmundesham was the Lord Chancellor of Scotland during the English administration in Scotland from 1296 to 1304.

text:
# Walter de Amersham

**Walter de Amersham**, also known as **Walter de Agsmundesham** (died 1304) was the Lord Chancellor of Scotland during the English administration in Scotland from 1296 to 1304.

## Biography

He was a Royal Clerk and Justice of the Peace during the reign of Edward I of England. He was appointed in 1291 as assistant to Alan de St Edmund, the Chancellor for Scotland. Walter was paid 10 merks every month for his service. During 1296, Walter was appointed to the position of Chancellor of Scotland during the English administration in Scotland and served in this function until his death in 1304.

Walter is known to have had two sons Alan and Thomas, whom his property was divided between.

## Citations

* Keith, Robert, *An Historical Catalogue of the Scottish Bishops: Down to the Year 1688*, (London, 1924)
* Watson, Fiona (1998). *Under The Hammer: Edward I and Scotland, 1286-1306*. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell Press. ISBN 1862320209.
* People of Medieval Scotland - Walter of Agmondesham (Amersham), clerk


title: Walter Baily's Motor

abstract: Walter Bailys Polyphase motor (1879) marks the beginning of the development of modern polyphase motors. Mr. Bailey exhibited his invention on the Physical Society of London on June 28, 1879, on the occasion of his reading a paper entitled, "A Mode of Producing Arago's Rotations."

text:
# Walter Baily's Motor

**Walter Bailys Polyphase motor** (1879) marks the beginning of the development of modern polyphase motors. Mr. Bailey exhibited his invention on the Physical Society of London on June 28, 1879, on the occasion of his reading a paper entitled, "A Mode of Producing Arago's Rotations."

## Description

Before Baily's invention, the only mode of producing the Arago-rotations of a copper disk had been by rotating beneath it a steel magnet. Baily, instead of rotating any material magnet below the disk used a fixed electromagnet, but caused its magnetism to shift progressively between four successive poles, thus producing in the copper disk pivoted above the eddy-currents, which by their reaction gave the disk a mechanical motion in the direction of the progression of the poles.

The disk in this primitive model is about 2+3/8 inches in diameter; the four magnet cores are about 4 inches high, joined to a common yoke; and each is wound with about 150 turns of insulated copper wire 2,5 mm in diameter. The coils are connected two and two in series, like two independent horseshoe magnets set diagonally across one another. The two circuits are brought down separately to an ingenious revolving commutator built up of a simple arrangement of springs and contact strips mounted on a bit of wood, with a wire handle by which it is turned. On rotating it, the currents from two batteries are caused to be reversed alternately in the two circuits, giving rise to the following successions of polarity in the four poles and so forth.

### Baily's view on rotating magnetic field

Mr. Baily had very clear views as to how far this really represented a rotatory magnetic field. His own words are as follows:

> "The rotation of the disk is due to that of the magnetic field in which it is suspended; and we should expect that if a similar motion of the field could be produced by any other means the result would be a similar motion of the disk." "Possibly the rotation of the magnet may be the only practicable way of producing a uniform rotation of the field; but it will be shown in this paper that the disk can be made to rotate by an intermittent rotation of the field effected by means of electromagnets."

The author then goes on to discuss the result of the increase in strength of a pole while a neighboring pole of the same sign decreases in strength, and suggests that if a whole circle of poles were arranged under the disk, and successively excited in opposite pairs, the series of impulses all tend to make the disk move in one direction around the axis; adding:

> "In one extreme case, viz. when the number of electromagnets is infinite, we have the case of a *uniform* rotation of the magnetic field, such as we obtain by rotating permanent magnets."

He then returns to the case of his actual model with two pairs of poles *a a'* and *b b'* and points out that if the *b b'* pair are arranged to be reversed *before* the *a a'* pair, the rotation will be in one direction; whilst, if the *b b'* pair are reversed after the *a a'* pair the rotation will take place in the other direction. He goes on to show how the reversal of the direction of rotation may be effected either by reversing the action of the commutator, or by reversing the connections of one of the two batteries. The diagram accompanying the original paper suggests that the cores should be of laminated iron; but those of the actual model are solid. In a final paragraph the author remarks that the effect on the disk might be much increased by placing four other electromagnets above the disk, each opposite one of the lower magnets, and connected with it so as to present an opposing polarity.

The model runs exceedingly well when four dry cells are used to excite the electromagnets.

On the occasion, when the paper was read and the model shown, the late Prof. Guthrie asked jokingly how much power it was expected that the motor would give. To which Mr. Baily modestly replied that at present he could only regard it as a scientific toy.

1. Thompson, Silvanus Phillips (1895). "4". *Polyphase Electric Currents and Alternate-Current Motors*. London: Spon & Chamberlain. p. 84.
2. *Proceedings of the Physical Society of London*. Vol. 3. London: Taylor & Francis. 1880. p. 115.
3. *Proceedings of the Physical Society of London*. Vol. 3. London: Taylor & Francis. 1880. p. 117.

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: *Polyphase Electric Currents and Alternate-Current Motors*. London, Sponn & Chamberlain. 1895.


title: Walter Baker & Company

abstract: The Baker Chocolate Company was an American company that produced chocolate, headquartered in Dorchester, Boston. It was the first company to produce chocolate in the country. Following the deaths of its founders and officers, the company was sold to the Forbes Syndicate in 1896, which carried on the business until it was sold to Postum Cereal in 1927. Currently, the Baker's Chocolate brand belongs to Kraft Heinz.

text:
# Walter Baker & Company

The **Baker Chocolate Company** was an American company that produced chocolate, headquartered in Dorchester, Boston. It was the first company to produce chocolate in the country. Following the deaths of its founders and officers, the company was sold to the Forbes Syndicate in 1896, which carried on the business until it was sold to Postum Cereal in 1927.

Currently, the Baker's Chocolate brand belongs to Kraft Heinz.

## History

The company was established when a physician named Dr. James Baker met John Hannon on the banks of the Neponset River. Irishman John Hannon was penniless but was a skilled chocolatier, a craft which he had learned in England and which was, until that point, exclusive to Europe. With Baker's help, Hannon set up a business where he produced "Hannon's Best Chocolate" for 15 years. In 1779, Hannon went to the West Indies and never returned. His wife sold the company in 1780 to Dr. Baker, who changed the name to Baker Chocolate Company.

Dr. James Baker's son, Edmund (1770–1846), and his son, Colonel Walter (1792–1852), successfully carried on the business. The chocolate was marketed with a guaranteed money-back policy if the customers were not one hundred percent satisfied with their purchase. Colonel Walter Baker had studied law at Harvard College and thus had the name "Baker's" legally protected for future generations of this family business.

After Colonel Walter Baker died, his brother-in-law Sidney Williams took over but died two years later. Henry Lillie Pierce, a stepnephew of Walter Baker, leased the business for the next thirty years. Henry Lillie Pierce expanded the business substantially. He added more buildings for production and found new marketplaces for chocolate products. He exhibited his products at Exhibitions in both the old and new worlds and won an award at the Vienna Exhibition in 1873. Pierce was an influential citizen of Dorchester and politically very active: he was elected mayor of the city of Boston twice, served as US congressman, and in the Massachusetts House of Representatives.

(Left): *Das Schokoladenmädchen* by Jean-Étienne Liotard, 1743-45, inspired the logo of the company, "La Belle Chocolatière"; (right): Interior of the Baker factory in 1907

The logo of the chocolate server, called La Belle Chocolatière, was adopted in 1883 after a painting by the Swiss artist Jean-Étienne Liotard called Das Schokoladenmädchen, which can be found at the Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister (art gallery) in Dresden, Germany. The story of the Schokoladenmädchen is not as clear-cut as published in the recipe pamphlet-book Choice Recipes from 1913. The painting was done in the 1740s at the Vienna court of the Austrian Kaiserin Maria Theresia at a time when Jean-Etienne Liotard had been commissioned to paint both the Kaiser and Kaiserin (empress and emperor). It is said that the model of the Schokoladenmädchen was one of the young ladies at court whose beauty led Liotard to put it on a canvas.

Walter Baker & Company published the story in Choice Recipes, 1913, as follows:

> "...There is a romance connected with the charming Viennese girl who served as the model, which is well worth telling. One of the leading journals of Vienna has thrown some light on the Baltauf, or Baldauf, family to which the subject of Liotard's painting belonged. Anna, or Annerl, as she was called by friends and relatives, was the daughter of Melchior Baltauf, a knight, who was living in Vienna in 1760, when Liotard was in that city making portraits of some members of the Austrian Court. It is not clear whether Anna was earning her living as a chocolate bearer at that time or whether she posed as a society belle in that becoming costume; but, be that as it may, her beauty won the love of a prince of the Empire, whose name, Dietrichstein, is known now only because he married the charming girl who was immortalized by a great artist. The marriage caused a great deal of talk in Austrian society at the time, and many different stories have been told about it. The prejudices of caste have always been very strong in Vienna, and a daughter of a knight, even if well-to-do, was not considered a suitable match for a member of the court. It is said that on the wedding day Anna invited the chocolate bearers with whom she had worked or played, and in "sportive joy at her own elevation" offered her hand to them saying, " Behold! now that I am a princess you may kiss my hand." She was probably about twenty years of age when the portrait was painted in 1760, and she lived until 1825..."

The company was sold in 1896, following the death of Pierce, to the Forbes Syndicate. They greatly expanded the factory, adding the Powder House, the Ware Mill, the Preston Mill, the Forbes Mill, and the Baker Administrative Building over the next thirty years. The Forbes Syndicate advertised Baker's chocolate in magazines such as the *Youth Companion*, *Booklovers' Magazine*, *Red Book Magazine*, and *Liberty*.

The Forbes Syndicate had the idea to reinforce loyalty to the brand by giving out coupons that could be redeemed for bone china services, bookends, spoons, and serving trays as well as the very popular cookbook, which was published every year.

The Postum Cereal Company bought Walter Baker & Company in 1927 and moved the production to Delaware in 1965. By 1995, Walter Baker & Company was incorporated into Kraft Foods.

## Further reading

* "Walter Baker Chocolate Co.", *Dorchester Atheneum*
* Sammarco, Anthony Mitchell. The Baker Chocolate Company: A Sweet History. The History Press.

## InfoBox

Walter Baker & Company, Ltd.
|
|  |
| Company type | Limited |
| Industry | Food |
| Founded | 1780 |
| Founder | James Baker |
| Defunct | 1995 (1995) |
| Fate | Merged into Kraft Foods in 1995 |
| Successor | Kraft Foods |
| Headquarters | Dorchester, Mass., U.S. |
| Products | Chocolate |
| Brands | Baker's Chocolate |
| Owner |  |


title: Waltham Brooks

abstract: Waltham Brooks is a 47.4-hectare (117-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest south-west of Pulborough in West Sussex. It is owned and managed by the Sussex Wildlife Trust and is part of the Arun Valley Ramsar site and Special Protection Area. This is one of the few remaining areas of grazing marsh in the county and it has a rich variety of aquatic flora, including one nationally rare species, the small water-pepper. Many bird species winter at the site, including three in nationally important numbers, Bewick’s swan, teal and shoveler. There is access to footpaths through the site.

text:
# Waltham Brooks

**Waltham Brooks** is a 47.4-hectare (117-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest south-west of Pulborough in West Sussex. It is owned and managed by the Sussex Wildlife Trust and is part of the Arun Valley Ramsar site and Special Protection Area.

This is one of the few remaining areas of grazing marsh in the county and it has a rich variety of aquatic flora, including one nationally rare species, the small water-pepper. Many bird species winter at the site, including three in nationally important numbers, Bewick’s swan, teal and shoveler.

There is access to footpaths through the site.

50°55′55″N 0°32′35″W / 50.932°N 0.543°W / 50.932; -0.543

## InfoBox

Waltham Brooks
| Site of Special Scientific Interest | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | West Sussex |
| Grid reference | TQ 025 157 |
| Interest | Biological |
| Area | 47.4 hectares (117 acres) |
| Notification | 1987 |
| Location map | *Magic Map* |


title: Walter William Skeat (anthropologist)

abstract: Walter William Skeat was an English anthropologist. He made a name for himself mainly with his pioneering investigations into, and writings on, the ethnography of the Malay Peninsula.

text:
# Walter William Skeat (anthropologist)

**Walter William Skeat** (14 October 1866 – 24 July 1953) was an English anthropologist. He made a name for himself mainly with his pioneering investigations into, and writings on, the ethnography of the Malay Peninsula.

## Early life

Skeat was born in Cambridge in England. He was the son of Walter William Skeat the elder, Professor of Anglo-Saxon at the University of Cambridge. His sister was the headteacher Bertha Marian Skeat.

Skeat the younger attended Highgate School from 1879 to 1885 and won a scholarship to Christ's College, Cambridge where he studied classics and received an MA degree in 1891. He then entered the Straits Settlements civil service in Selangor, a state in what is now Malaysia.

## Career

Skeat began to study both the urbanised Malay people living near the coast and the aboriginal tribes dwelling inland. He prepared his first book in the years leading up to 1899, when he began to mount expeditions to the interior to study the anthropology and ethnography of Malays in areas beyond any marked European influence. His friend and associate Charles Otto Blagden saw the book through publication; it dealt with Malay magic and appeared in 1900.

Skeat and Blagden subsequently produced Skeat's major work, *Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula* in 1906.

Because of his travels in the Malay interior, Skeat became too seriously ill to remain in the British Colonial Service, so he retired to London. In 1914, he became a lecturer at the British Museum.

## Death

Skeat retired in 1932 and died in London on 24 July 1953.

## Works


title: Wandzin

abstract: Wandzin is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubartów, within Lubartów County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south-west of Lubartów and 22 km (14 mi) north-west of the regional capital Lublin. Moreover, Wandzin produce Easter palms.

text:
# Wandzin

**Wandzin** \[ˈvand͡ʑin\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubartów, within Lubartów County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south-west of Lubartów and 22 km (14 mi) north-west of the regional capital Lublin. Moreover, Wandzin produce Easter palms.

## InfoBox

| Wandzin | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Wandzin | |
| Coordinates: 51°24′19″N 22°36′40″E / 51.40528°N 22.61111°E / 51.40528; 22.61111 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Lubartów |
| Gmina | Lubartów |
| Population(approx.) | 220 |


abstract: Ward No. 45, Kolkata Municipal Corporation is an administrative division of Kolkata Municipal Corporation in Borough No. 5, covering parts of Esplanade West, Eden Gardens, Babughat, Millennium Park, B.B.D. Bagh, Lalbazar and Burrabazar neighbourhoods in central Kolkata, in the Indian state of West Bengal.

text:
# Ward No. 45, Kolkata Municipal Corporation

**Ward No. 45, Kolkata Municipal Corporation** is an administrative division of Kolkata Municipal Corporation in Borough No. 5, covering parts of Esplanade West, Eden Gardens, Babughat, Millennium Park, B.B.D. Bagh, Lalbazar and Burrabazar neighbourhoods in central Kolkata, in the Indian state of West Bengal.

## History

Attempts were made to establish a municipal corporation at Kolkata from the middle of the 19th century. The electoral system was introduced for the first time in 1847, and 4 of the 7 board members were elected by the rate payers. In 1852 the board was replaced by a new one and in 1863 a new body was formed. As per old records, in 1872 there were 25 wards in Kolkata (spellings as in use at that time) – 1. Shyampukur, 2. Kumartuli, 3. Bartala, 4. Sukea Street, 5. Jorabagan, 6. Jorasanko, 7. Barabazar, 8. Kolutola, 9. Muchipara, 10. Boubazar, 11. Padmapukur, 12. Waterloo Street, 13. Fenwick Bazar, 14. Taltala, 15. Kalinga, 16. Park Street, 17. Victoria Terrace, 18. Hastings, 19. Entali, 20. Beniapukur, 21. Baliganj-Tollyganj, 22. Bhabanipur, 23. Alipur, 24.Ekbalpur and 25. Watganj. A new municipal corporation was created in 1876, wherein 48 commissioners were elected and 24 were appointed by the government. With the implementation of the Municipal Consolidation Act of 1888 the area under the jurisdiction of the municipal corporation was enlarged. Certain areas were already there but more parts of them were added (current spellings) - Entally, Manicktala, Beliaghata, Ultadanga, Chitpur, Cossipore, Beniapukur, Ballygunge, Watganj and Ekbalpur, and Garden Reach and Tollygunj. The Calcutta Municipal Act of 1923 brought about important changes. It liberalised the constitution along democratic lines.

The state government superseded the Corporation in 1948 and the Calcutta Municipal Act of 1951 came into force. Adult franchise was introduced in municipal elections in 1962. With the addition of certain areas in the southern parts of the city, the number of wards increased from 75 to 144.

## Geography

Ward No. 45 is bordered on the north by Port Trust Road from the River Hooghly leading to Mahatma Gandhi Road, Raja Woodmount Street, C.I.T. Road and Biplabi Rashbehari Bose Road; on the east by Stand Road, C.I.T. Road, Rabindra Sarani, B.B.D. Bag East, Old Court House St. and Government Place East; on the south by Lal Bazar Street, Lawrence Road, Eden Garden Road and a line drawn in continuation of Strand Road to the river Hooghly are to the south. The Hooghly River is to the west.

The ward is served by Hare Street police station of Kolkata Police.

Taltala Women police station covers all police districts under the jurisdiction of the Central division of Kolkata Police, i.e. Bowbazar, Burrabazar, Girish Park, Hare Street, Jorasanko, Muchipara, New Market, Taltala and Posta.

## Demographics

As per the 2011 Census of India Ward No. 45, Kolkata Municipal Corporation, had a total population of 8,394, of which 5,823 (69%) were males and 2,571 (31%) were females. Population below 6 years was 511. The total number of literates in Ward No. 45 was 5,888 (74.69% of the population over 6 years).

Kolkata is the second most literate district in West Bengal. The literacy rate of Kolkata district has increased from 53.0% in 1951 to 86.3% in the 2011 census.

See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate

| Literacy in KMC wards
 |
| --- |
| North Kolkata |
| Ward No. 1 – 86.12% |
| Ward No. 2 – 94.24% |
| Ward No. 3 – 86.74% |
| Ward No. 4 – 89.27% |
| Ward No. 5 – 90.32% |
| Ward No. 6 – 81.12% |
| Ward No. 7 – 87.65% |
| Ward No. 8 – 93.57% |
| Ward No. 9 – 91.60% |
| Ward No. 10 – 92.38% |
| Ward No. 11 – 87.96% |
| Ward No. 12 – 84.95% |
| Ward No. 13 – 83.39% |
| Ward No. 14 – 87.87% |
| Ward No. 15 – 88.89% |
| Ward No. 16 – 88.62% |
| Ward No. 17 – 92.30% |
| Ward No. 18 – 78.72% |
| Ward No. 19 – 89.29% |
| Ward No. 20 – 85.93% |
| Ward No. 21 – 78.12% |
| Ward No. 22 – 85.07% |
| Ward No. 23 – 71.14% |
| Ward No. 24 – 73.16% |
| Ward No. 25 – 85.49% |
| Ward No. 26 – 82.34% |
| Ward No. 27 – 88.19% |
| Ward No. 28 – 79.39% |
| Ward No. 29 – 70.69% |
| Ward No. 30 – 88.71% |
| Ward No. 31 – 88.28% |
| Ward No. 32 – 75.73% |
| Ward No. 33 – 91.17% |
| Central Kolkata |
| Ward No. 34 – 92.79% |
| Ward No. 35 – 91.44% |
| Ward No. 36 – 66.34% |
| Ward No. 37 – 79.12% |
| Ward No. 38 – 85.77% |
| Ward No. 39 – 73.27% |
| Ward No. 40 – 88.14% |
| Ward No. 41 – 83.53% |
| Ward No. 42 – 75.02% |
| Ward No. 43 – 79.52% |
| Ward No. 44 – 79.09% |
| Ward No. 45 – 74.69% |
| Ward No. 46 – 85.38% |
| Ward No. 47 – 87.87% |
| Ward No. 48 – 82.04% |
| Ward No. 49 – 65.51% |
| Ward No. 50 – 88.70% |
| Ward No. 51 – 93.01% |
| Ward No. 52 – 86.18% |
| Ward No. 53 – 89.49% |
| Ward No. 54 – 82.10% |
| Ward No. 55 – 84.84% |
| Ward No. 56 – 85.53% |
| Ward No. 57 – 80.20% |
| Ward No. 58 – 74.35% |
| Ward No. 59 – 80.39% |
| Ward No. 60 – 74.04% |
| Ward No. 61 – 80.54% |
| Ward No. 62 – 86.04% |
| Ward No. 63 – 84.39% |
| Ward No. 64 – 85.21% |
| Ward No. 65 – 81.60% |
| South Kolkata |
| Ward No. 66 – 80.95% |
| Ward No. 67 – 89.52% |
| Ward No. 68 – 90.86% |
| Ward No. 69 – 86.07% |
| Ward No. 70 – 94.20% |
| Ward No. 71 – 92.01% |
| Ward No. 72 – 90.06% |
| Ward No. 73 – 89.28% |
| Ward No. 74 – 84.56% |
| Ward No. 75 – 80.27% |
| Ward No. 76 – 88.40% |
| Ward No. 77 – 83.84% |
| Ward No. 78 – 83.00% |
| Ward No. 79 – 81.96% |
| Ward No. 80 – 71.89% |
| Ward No. 81 – 85.14% |
| Ward No. 82 – 84.82% |
| Ward No. 83 – 85.63% |
| Ward No. 84 – 85.71% |
| Ward No. 85 – 88.19% |
| Ward No. 86 – 89.61% |
| Ward No. 87 – 90.26% |
| Ward No. 88 – 85.09% |
| Ward No. 89 – 92.40% |
| Ward No. 90 – 84.60% |
| Ward No. 91 – 90.57% |
| Ward No. 92 – 93.53% |
| Ward No. 93 – 91.30% |
| Ward No. 94 – 89.11% |
| Ward No. 95 – 95.61% |
| Ward No. 96 – 96.57% |
| Ward No. 97 – 94.60% |
| Ward No. 98 – 96.24% |
| Ward No. 99 – 95.79% |
| Ward No. 100 – 95.98% |
| Ward No. 101 – 95.36% |
| Ward No. 102 – 93.53% |
| Ward No. 103 – 94.77% |
| Ward No. 104 – 96.03% |
| Ward No. 105 – 93.86% |
| Ward No. 106 – 92.97% |
| Ward No. 107 – 90.06% |
| Ward No. 108 – 80.74% |
| Ward No. 109 – 85.49% |
| Ward No. 110 – 91.35% |
| Ward No. 111 – 93.36% |
| Ward No. 112 – 92.50% |
| Ward No. 113 – 92.18% |
| Ward No. 114 – 91.13% |
| Ward No. 115 – 95.53% |
| Ward No. 116 – 86.91% |
| Ward No. 117 – 86.53% |
| Ward No. 118 – 90.04% |
| Ward No. 119 – 94.04% |
| Ward No. 120 – 92.15% |
| Ward No. 121 – 91.86% |
| Ward No. 122 – 92.88% |
| Ward No. 123 – 93.42% |
| Ward No. 124 – 92.55% |
| Ward No. 125 – 92.50% |
| Ward No. 126 – 93.78% |
| Ward No. 127 – 91.82% |
| Ward No. 128 – 92.67% |
| Ward No. 129 – 92.56% |
| Ward No. 130 – 95.55% |
| Ward No. 131 – 93.48% |
| Ward No. 132 – 90.30% |
| Ward No. 133 – 83.48% |
| Ward No. 134 – 73.75% |
| Ward No. 135 – 75.75% |
| Ward No. 136 – 85.01% |
| Ward No. 137 – 79.16% |
| Ward No. 138 – 78.67% |
| Ward No. 139 – 77.56% |
| Ward No. 140 – 79.93% |
| Ward No. 141 – 75.15% |
| Note: The regional distribution
is a broad one and
there is some overlapping |
| Source:
2011 Census: Ward-Wise
Primary Census Abstract Data |

Census data about mother tongue and religion is not available at the ward level. For district level information see Kolkata district.

According to the District Census Handbook Kolkata 2011, 141 wards of Kolkata Municipal Corporation formed Kolkata district. (3 wards were added later).

## Election highlights

The ward forms a city municipal corporation council electoral constituency and is a part of Chowranghee (Vidhan Sabha constituency).

| Election
year | Constituency | Name of councillor | Party affililiation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | Ward No. 45 | Santosh Kumar Pathak | Indian National Congress |  |
| 2010 |  | Santosh Kumar Pathak | Indian National Congress |  |
| 2015 |  | Santosh Kumar Pathak | Indian National Congress |  |
| 2022 |  | Santosh Kumar Pathak | Indian National Congress | 17 |  |

## Detailed Results

### 2015

2015 Kolkata Municipal Corporation election: Ward No. 45
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | INC | Santosh Kumar Pathak | 4,948 | 66.56 |  |
|  | BJP | Ratan Prakash Baid | 1,003 | 13.49 |  |
|  | AITC | Nirmala Pandey | 763 | 10.26 |  |
|  | AIFB | Bhola Prasad Sonkar | 613 | 8.25 |  |
|  | Independent | Ram Surat Yadav | 30 | 0.40 |  |
|  | Independent | Md. Sarfaraz | 29 | 0.39 |  |
|  | Independent | Upendra Chowdhary | 24 | 0.32 |  |
|  | Independent | Surendra Singh | 15 | 0.20 |  |
|  | Independent | Mithun Ghosh | 5 | 0.07 |  |
|  | Independent | Jauhar Iqbal | 4 | 0.05 |  |
| Turnout | | | 7,434 | 61.61 |  |
|  | INC **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

Kolkata/Esplanade travel guide from Wikivoyage

## InfoBox

| Ward No. 45 | |
| --- | --- |
| Kolkata Municipal Corporation | |
| Interactive Map Outlining Ward No. 45 | |
| Ward No. 45Location in Kolkata | |
| Coordinates (dms): 22°34′08″N 88°20′46″E / 22.568889°N 88.346167°E / 22.568889; 88.346167 | |
| Country | India |
| State | West Bengal |
| City | Kolkata |
| Neighbourhoods | Esplanade West, Eden Gardens, Babughat, Millennium Park, B.B.D. Bagh, Lalbazar, Burrabazar |
| Reservation | Open |
| Parliamentary constituency | Kolkata Uttar |
| Assembly constituency | Chowranghee |
| Borough | 5 |
| Government | |
| Type | Mayor-Council |
| Body | KMC |
| Councillor | Santosh Kumar Pathak |
| Political Party | INC |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 8,394 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 700 001 |
| Area code | +91 33 |


title: Wang Fosong

abstract: Wang Fosong was a Chinese polymer chemist, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Wang was a member of the 7th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. He was a member of the Standing Committees of the 8th and 9th National People's Congress.

text:
# Wang Fosong

**Wang Fosong** (Chinese: 王佛松; pinyin: *Wáng Fósōng*; 23 May 1933 – 31 December 2022) was a Chinese polymer chemist, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Wang was a member of the 7th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. He was a member of the Standing Committees of the 8th and 9th National People's Congress.

## Biography

Wang was born into a family of farming background in Xingning County, Guangdong, on 23 May 1933. In 1951, he was admitted to Wuhan University, where he majored in the Department of Chemistry. After graduating in 1955, he was sent to study at the Soviet Academy of Sciences on government scholarships, obtaining a vice-doctorate degree in 1960.

Wang returned to China in 1960 and that same year became a member of the Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. He moved up the ranks to become assistant director in 1984 and director in 1985. He rose to become vice president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1988, a post he kept until 1994.

On 31 December 2022, Wang died in Beijing, at the age of 89.

## Honours and awards

## InfoBox

| Wang Fosong | |
| --- | --- |
| 王佛松 | |
|  | |
| Born | (1933-05-23)23 May 1933
Xingning County, Guangdong, China |
| Died | 31 December 2022(2022-12-31) (aged 89)
Beijing, China |
| Alma mater | Wuhan University
Soviet Academy of Sciences |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Polymer chemistry |
| Institutions | Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences |
|  | |


title: Wang Weiguang

abstract: Wang Weiguang is a Chinese politician who served as president of the University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences from 2017 to 2018 and president of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences from 2013 to 2018. He previously served as vice president of the academy and before that, vice president of the Central Party School of the Chinese Communist Party. He was a delegate to the 10th National People's Congress. He was a representative of the 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. He is a member of the 13th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. He was an alternate member of the 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and was a member of the 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.

text:
# Wang Weiguang

**Wang Weiguang** (Chinese: 王伟光; born February 1950) is a Chinese politician who served as president of the University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences from 2017 to 2018 and president of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences from 2013 to 2018. He previously served as vice president of the academy and before that, vice president of the Central Party School of the Chinese Communist Party. He was a delegate to the 10th National People's Congress. He was a representative of the 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. He is a member of the 13th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.

He was an alternate member of the 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and was a member of the 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.

## Biography

Wang was born in Dandong, Liaoning, in February 1950, while his ancestral home in Rushan, Shandong. Beginning in November 1967, he served in several posts in Heilongjiang Production and Construction Corps, including soldier, accountant, clerical officer, officer of the political department of a regiment, a company instructor, and a member of the party committee of a regiment.

After resuming the college entrance examination, in 1978, Wang entered Peking University, majoring in philosophy. After university in 1982, he was assigned to the Central Party School of the Chinese Communist Party, where he was promoted to associate professor in December 1987 and to full professor in July 1993. He moved up the ranks to become vice-president in February 1998.

He was appointed vice president of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in December 2007, becoming executive vice-president in July 2011 and dean and president in April 2013. He also served as president of the newly founded University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences from May 2017 to March 2018.

In March 2018, he was made chairperson of the Ethnic and Religious Affairs Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.

## Academic works

* 新时代中国特色社会主义的理论成果 \[*Theoretical Achievements of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics in the New Era*\] (in Chinese). Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press. 2018. ISBN 9787520124942.

* 马克思主义与社会主义的历史命运 \[*Historical Destiny of Marxism and Socialism*\] (in Chinese). Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press. 2013. ISBN 9787509749050.

* 新冠肺炎疫情与国际时局 \[*The Epidemic Situation of COVID-19 and the International Situation*\] (in Chinese). Beijing: China Social Sciences Press. 2021. ISBN 9787520394789.

* 改革开放与中国特色社会主义道路 \[*Reform and Opening Up and the Road of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics*\] (in Chinese). Beijing: China Yanshi Publishing House. 2021. ISBN 9787517137382.

* 社会矛盾论 \[*Social Contradiction Theory*\] (in Chinese). Beijing: China Social Sciences Press. 2019. ISBN 9787500496830.

* 利益论 \[*Interest Theory*\] (in Chinese). Beijing: China Social Sciences Press. 2019. ISBN 9787500486701.

* 马克思主义中国化的新成果—习近平治国理政思想研究 \[*New Achievements of the Sinicization of Marxism: A Study on Xi Jinping's Thought of Governing the Country*\] (in Chinese). Beijing: China Social Sciences Press. 2016. ISBN 9787516177587.

* 大的历史时代与中国特色社会主义新时代 \[*The Great Historical Era and the New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics*\] (in Chinese). Beijing: China Social Sciences Press. 2019. ISBN 9787520348270.

* 哲林漫步 \[*Walking in the Philosophy Forest*\] (in Chinese). Beijing: China Social Sciences Press. 2013. ISBN 9787516133682.

* 新型城镇化与城乡发展一体化 \[*New Urbanization and Integration of Urban and Rural Development*\] (in Chinese). Beijing: Workers Publishing House. 2014. ISBN 9787500857242.

* 学好哲学 终生受用 \[*Learn Philosophy Well and Benefit for Life*\] (in Chinese). Beijing: China Social Sciences Press. 2014. ISBN 9787516147696.

* 开辟当代马克思主义哲学新境界 \[*Opening Up a New Realm of Contemporary Marxist Philosophy*\] (in Chinese). Beijing: China Social Sciences Press. 2019. ISBN 9787520340281.

* 新大众哲学 \[*New Popular Philosophy*\] (in Chinese). Beijing: China Social Sciences Press. 2014. ISBN 9787516122860.

* 世界社会主义的趋势、问题与现状 \[*Trends, Problems and Current Situation of World Socialism*\] (in Chinese). Beijing: China Social Sciences Press. 2020. ISBN 9787520367912.

## InfoBox

| Wang Weiguang | |
| --- | --- |
| 王伟光 | |
|  | |
| Chairperson of the Ethnic and Religious Affairs Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
March 2018 | |
| Preceded by | Zhu Weiqun |
| President of the University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences | |
| **In office**
May 2017  March 2018 | |
| Preceded by | New title |
| Succeeded by | Zhang Zhengwen |
| President of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences | |
| **In office**
April 2013  March 2018 | |
| Preceded by | Chen Kuiyuan |
| Succeeded by | Xie Fuzhan |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | February 1950 (age 74)
Dandong, Liaoning, China |
| Political party | Chinese Communist Party |
| Alma mater | Peking University |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Simplified Chinese |  |
| Traditional Chinese |  |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Wáng Wěiguāng | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Wanjiru Kinyanjui

abstract: Wanjiru Kinyanjui is a Kenyan writer, poet, journalist and filmmaker.

text:
# Wanjiru Kinyanjui

**Wanjiru Kinyanjui** (born 1958) is a Kenyan writer, poet, journalist and filmmaker.

## Life

Kinyanjui received a master's in English and German literature before studying film at the German Film and Television Academy Berlin.

Kinyanjui's 1994 film *Battle of the Sacred Tree*, focusing on a woman caught between traditional Kikuyu values and 'modern' practices, was financially supported, produced and distributed by Birne Film (Germany) and Flamingo Films (France). This film, shot in Kenya, as well as Kinyanjui's short film *A Lover & Killer of Colours* were part of the *Forum Special* Program at the 2023 *Berlinale.*

## Filmography

* *The Sick Bird*, 1991
* *Black in the Western World*, 1992
* *Battle of the Sacred Tree*, 1994
* …If Joined by a Stranger \[…Wenn nein Fremder dazu kommt\] (1987)
* The Reunion (1988)
* A Lover and Killer of Colour (1988)
* Karfunkel – Der Vogel mit dem gebrochenen Flügel (1990)
* Clara Has Two Countries (1992)
* Vitico, a Living Legend (1993)
* Die Rechte der Kinder – Der aufgespürte Vater (1997)
* Koi and Her Rights \[Koi na Haki Zake\] (1997)
* Daudi’s Gift \[Zawaki ya Daudi\] (1997)
* Die Rechte der Kinder – Anruf aus Afrika (1998)
* African Children (1999)
* And This Is Progress (2000)
* Say No to Poverty (2001)
* Member of the Jury (2001)
* Manga in America (2007)
* Bahati (2008)
* *Africa Is a Woman’s Name* – Amai Rose: A Portrait of a Zimbabwean Woman (2009)

```
https://africanfilmny.org/directors/wanjiru-kinyanjui/
```

## InfoBox

| Wanjiru Kinyanjui | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1958 (age 6566) |
| Nationality | Kenyan |
| Citizenship | Kenyan |
| Occupation(s) | Writer, poet, journalist and filmmaker. |
| Notable work | Battle of the Sacred Tree |


title: Wanjikũ wa Ngũgĩ

abstract: Wanjikũ wa Ngũgĩ is a Kenyan writer, who has lived and worked in Eritrea, Zimbabwe and Finland. She is the founder and former director of the Helsinki African Film Festival (HAFF). Also a political analyst, she is a member of the editorial board of Matatu: Journal for African Literature and Culture and Society, and has been a columnist for the Finnish development magazine Maailman Kuvalehti. Among journals and newspapers in which her work has appeared are The Herald (Zimbabwe), The Daily Nation, Business Daily, Pambazuka News and Chimurenga. She is the author of a novel published in 2014 and a contributor to anthologies including New Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Writing by Women of African Descent, Nairobi Noir.

text:
# Wanjikũ wa Ngũgĩ

**Wanjikũ wa Ngũgĩ** (born 1970s) is a Kenyan writer, who has lived and worked in Eritrea, Zimbabwe and Finland. She is the founder and former director of the Helsinki African Film Festival (HAFF). Also a political analyst, she is a member of the editorial board of *Matatu: Journal for African Literature and Culture and Society*, and has been a columnist for the Finnish development magazine *Maailman Kuvalehti*. Among journals and newspapers in which her work has appeared are *The Herald* (Zimbabwe), *The Daily Nation*, *Business Daily*, *Pambazuka News* and *Chimurenga*. She is the author of a novel published in 2014 and a contributor to anthologies including *New Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Writing by Women of African Descent* (2019, edited by Margaret Busby), *Nairobi Noir* (2020, edited by Peter Kimani).

## Biography

Wanjikũ wa Ngũgĩ was born in Kenya into a family of writers that includes her father, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, and her brother Mũkoma wa Ngũgĩ. She studied for a BA in political science and sociology at New York University and holds an MFA from the University of Houston. She later worked as an editor for the American publishing house Africa World Press, and has served in other editorial positions, such as on the editorial board of the journal *Matatu*.

After completing her studies she spent time in Eritrea, before moving to Zimbabwe, where she lived for five years and worked as an editor as well as production manager, also travelling during these years to different African countries, including South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Tanzania, and Mozambique. In 2007, she and her Finnish partner moved to Helsinki, where she founded the Helsinki African Film Festival (HAFF).

Wanjikũ has written plays and short stories, and her first novel, *The Fall of Saints*, was published by Atria Books in 2014. Her short story "Hundred Acres of Marshland" featured in 2019's *New Daughters of Africa*, edited by Margaret Busby, and she was also a contributor to *Nairobi Noir*, edited by Peter Kimani (2020). Among other publications in which her short stories and essays have appeared are *Houston Noir*, *The Barelife Review*, *St. Petersburg Review*, *Wasafiri*, *Auburn Avenue*, *Cunning Folk Magazine*, and *Chimurenga*.

Wanjikũ's second novel, *Seasons in Hippoland*, was published by Seagull Press in 2021, characterised by one reviewer as a "dreamlike coming-of-age novel ... about the power of storytelling".

## Writings

### Books

* *The Fall of Saints*, Atria Books, 2014. ISBN 9781476714936
* *Seasons of Hippoland*, Seagull Press, 2021. ISBN 9780857428943

## InfoBox

| Wanjikũ wa Ngũgĩ | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1970s (1970-10-05UTC20:49:30)
Kenya |
| Alma mater | New York University;
University of Houston |
| Occupation | Writer |
| Father | Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o |
| Relatives | Mũkoma wa Ngũgĩ (brother) |
| Website | www.wanjikuwangugi.com |


abstract: The Class C was one of three motorboating classes contested on the Water motorsports at the 1908 Summer Olympics programme. Nations could enter up to 3 boats. In addition to the length minimum and maximum, the boats had to weight at least 800 kilograms, have "a total piston area not exceeding that represented by four cylinders each of 106 mm. bore," and "comply with the rules of the International Sporting Club of Monaco in regard to cruisers." The first race of 29 August 1908 was the small class of boats. Gyrinus, which had won the B class the day before, appeared again. This time her competition was Sea Dog. Again, however, Gyrinus was the only boat to finish, as Sea Dog experienced engine problems and had to be towed off the course.

text:
# Water motorsports at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Class C

The **Class C (6.5 to 8 metres)** was one of three motorboating classes contested on the Water motorsports at the 1908 Summer Olympics programme. Nations could enter up to 3 boats. In addition to the length minimum and maximum, the boats had to weight at least 800 kilograms (without fuel or crew), have "a total piston area not exceeding that represented by four cylinders each of 106 mm. bore," and "comply with the rules of the International Sporting Club of Monaco in regard to cruisers."

The first race of 29 August 1908 was the small class of boats. *Gyrinus*, which had won the B class the day before, appeared again. This time her competition was *Sea Dog*. Again, however, *Gyrinus* was the only boat to finish, as *Sea Dog* experienced engine problems and had to be towed off the course.

## Results

| Place | Boat | Boaters | Nation | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | *Gyrinus* | John Field-Richards
Bernard Boverton Redwood
Isaac Thomas Thornycroft | Great Britain | Unknown |
|  | *Sea Dog* | Thomas Weston
Warwick Wright | Great Britain | Did not finish |

* Cook, Theodore Andrea (1908). *The Fourth Olympiad, Being the Official Report*. London: British Olympic Association.
* De Wael, Herman (2001). "Motorboating 1908". *Herman's Full Olympians*. Retrieved 28 May 2006.
* OlyMADMen. "Motorboating at the 1908 London Summer Games: Mixed B-Class". *Sports-Reference*. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2009.

## InfoBox

| Class C (6.5–8 m) motorboating
at the Games of the IV Olympiad | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Southampton Water |
| Date | 29 August 1908 |
| Competitors | 5 from 1 nation |
| Medalists | |
| *Gyrinus*  Great Britain | |