abstract: The Thai Ambassador in Brasília is the official representative of the Government in Bangkok to the Government of Brazil.

text:
# List of ambassadors of Thailand to Brazil

The **Thai Ambassador in Brasília** is the official representative of the Government in Bangkok to the Government of Brazil.

## History

* From 1969 to December 1, 2006 the Thai Ambassador to Brasilia was concurrently accredited in Lima.

## List of representatives

| Diplomatic agreement/designated/diplomatic accreditation | Ambassador | Thai language | Observations | List of prime ministers of Thailand | President of Brazil | Term end <br> |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1963 | Thepkamol Devakula | หม่อมราชวงศ์เทพกมล เทวกุล | Mom Rajawongse Thuaithep Devakul * In 1962 he was Thai Ambassador to Egypt, Thai Ambassador to United Arab Republic Left Cairo Mom Rajawongse Thuaithep Devakul, the Thai Ambassador to the United Arab Republic and concurrently Ambassador to Lebanon, who has been appointed Thai Ambassador to Brazil, left, presented his letters of accreditation, has been appointed new Thai Ambassador to Italy. New Thai Ambassador to Brazil | Thanom Kittikachorn | João Goulart | 1966 |
| 1969 | Charas Chaloemtiarana | จรัส เฉลิมเตียรณ |  | Thanom Kittikachorn | Emílio Garrastazu Médici | 1970 |
| 1970 | Manu Amatayakul | มนู อมาตยกุล |  | Thanom Kittikachorn | Emílio Garrastazu Médici | 1971 |
| 1971 | Vidhura Vathanaprida | วิฑูร วัฒนปรีดา | Witun Watanapruda | Thanom Kittikachorn | Emílio Garrastazu Médici | 1972 |
| May 21, 1973 | Arsh Boongrapu | อัจฉ บุญกระพือ | Ath Bunkrapeu (\* 6th November 1922 2006) Colonel, accredited November 21, 1973 was married to Natchari Thananan, was Thai Ambassador to Italy. | Sanya Dharmasakti | Emílio Garrastazu Médici | August 3, 1976 |
| September 28, 1977 | Chamnong Phahularat | จํานง พาหุลรัตน |  | Kriangsak Chomanan | Ernesto Geisel | 1980 |
| March 24, 1981 | Prasong Suwanpradhes | ประสงค สุวรรณประเทศ |  | Prem Tinsulanonda | João Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo | 1982 |
| October 9, 1982 | Tongchan Jotikasthira | ธงฉาน โชติกเสถียร |  | Prem Tinsulanonda | João Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo | 1984 |
| 1984 | Pranom Kongsamut | ประนอม กองสมุทร |  | Prem Tinsulanonda | João Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo | 1986 |
| June 30, 1987 | Pradeep Sochiratna | ประทีป โศจิรัตน |  | Prem Tinsulanonda | Sarney | 1991 |
| September 10, 1991 | Anurak Thananan | อนุรักษ ธนานันท | concurrente en accredited in Venezuela, 1995-1997 he was Thai Ambassador to Italy, Tailandia S.E. el senor Anurak Thananan Embajador Extraordinaori y Plenipotencirio Sep. 10 de 1991 No residente | Anand Panyarachun | Fernando Collor de Mello | 1995 |
| 1995 | Saksit Srisorn | ศักดิ์สิทธ ศรีสอน |  | Banharn Silpa-Archa | Fernando Henrique Cardoso | 1998 |
| 1998 | Samroeng Laksanasut | สําเริง ลักษณะสุต |  | Chuan Leekpai | Fernando Henrique Cardoso | 2001 |
| 2001 | Suphat Chitranukoh | สุพัฒน จิตรานุเคราะห | September 1, 2010 he was Thai Ambassador to BahrainFebruary 21, 2005 he was Thai Ambassador to Bangladesh | Thaksin Shinawatra | Fernando Henrique Cardoso | 2005 |
| 2005 | Siree Bunnag | สิรี บุนนาค | Miss Siree Bunnagนาง สาวสิรี บุนนาค | Thaksin Shinawatra | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | 2007 |
| November 13, 2009 | Chakarin Chayabongse | จักริน ฉายะวงศ์ | นายจักริน ฉายะวงศ์ | Samak Sundaravej | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | 2012 |
| 2011 | Tharit Charungvat | ธฤต จรุงวัฒน์ | \*In 2014 he was Thai Ambassador to Turkey | Yingluck Shinawatra | Dilma Rousseff | 2013 |
| 2014 | Pitchayaphant Charnbhumidol | พิชยพันธุ์ ชาญภูมิดล | Ambassador-designate Ambassador of Thailand to Indonesia, The Kampuchean Conflict, 1975-1985: A Case Study of Threat Perception and International Conflict by Pitchayaphant Charnbhumidol | Prayut Chan-o-cha | Dilma Rousseff | 2017 |
| May 18, 2017 | Kosin Phonmang | โกสินทร์ ผลมั่ง | Charge d Affairs | Prayut Chan-o-cha | Michel Temer | August 28, 2017 |
| August 28, 2017 | Surasak Suparat | สุรศักดิ์ สุภารัตน์ | he was Minister in Pretoria | Prayut Chan-o-cha | Michel Temer | August 24, 2023 |

15°47′09″S 47°51′55″W / 15.785775°S 47.865302°W / -15.785775; -47.865302

## InfoBox

| Ambassador of Thailand to Brazil | |
| --- | --- |
| Inaugural holder | Thepkamol Devakula |
| Formation | 1963 |


title: Luigi Bressan

abstract: Luigi Bressan is an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who worked from 1971 to 1999 in the diplomatic service of the Holy See and then served as Archbishop of Trento until 2016.

text:
# Luigi Bressan

**Luigi Bressan** (born 9 February 1940) is an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who worked from 1971 to 1999 in the diplomatic service of the Holy See and then served as Archbishop of Trento until 2016.

## Biography

Luigi Bressan was born on 9 February 1940 in Sarche, Province of Trentino, the fourth of eleven children. He was ordained a priest on 28 June 1964. His first posts were as parochial vicar of Besenello and Riva del Garda.

He completed the course of studies at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in 1967 and earned a degree in canon law at the Pontifical Gregorian University in 1971.

He was secretary of the nunciature in South Korea from 1971 to 1974 and in the Ivory Coast from 1974 to 1976. He then worked in Rome at the Secretariat of State until, in December 1978, he was named Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the United Nations in Geneva. Then in Brazil in 1982. In 1983 he was appointed Permanent Observer of the Holy See at the Council of Europe in Strasbourg.

On 3 April 1989, Pope John Paul II appointed him titular archbishop of Severiana and Apostolic Pro-Nuncio to Pakistan. He received his episcopal ordination on 18 June in the Cathedral of San Vigilio in Trento from Cardinal Agostino Casaroli.

On 26 July 1993, he was appointed apostolic nuncio to Singapore and Thailand and apostolic delegate to Malaysia and Brunei, Laos, and Burma.

In addition to those duties, on 16 July 1994, he was appointed the first apostolic nuncio to Cambodia, after the re-establishment of diplomatic relations between Cambodia and the Holy See on 25 March.

To mark the centenary of the visit of the first non-Christian monarch to the Vatican, Bressan authored *King Chulalongkorn and Leo XIII: Siam and the Vatican in the 19th Century* in 1998.

On 25 March 1999, Pope John Paul II appointed him Archbishop of Trento, a posting said to require the skills of a diplomat to reconcile factions within the Archdiocese. He was installed there on 30 May.

On 10 February 2016, Pope Francis accepted his resignation.

## Writings

* *Libertà religiosa nel diritto internazionale. Dichiarazioni e norme internazionali* (in Italian). Padua: CEDAM. 1989.
* *A Meeting of Worlds (Christianity and Thai culture)*. Bangkok. 2000.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* *Maria nella devozione e pittura dell'Islam* (in Italian). Milan: Jaca. 2011. ISBN 9788816409859.
* As editor. *Celestino Endrici contro il Reich*. Athesia. 2019. ISBN 9788868393595. Document collection.

1. "S.E.R. Mons. Luigi Bressan" (in Italian). Chiesa Cattolica Italiana. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
2. "Pontificia Accademia Ecclesiastica" (in Italian). Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
3. "Gli auguri di Bressan: 'Felice per la nomina'". *Giornale Trentino* (in Italian). 11 February 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
4. "Arcivescovo Emerito" (in Italian). Chiesa di Trento. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
5. *Acta Apostolicae Sedis* (PDF). Vol. LXXXV. 1993. p. 868. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
6. *Acta Apostolicae Sedis* (PDF). Vol. LXXXVI. 1994. p. 703. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
7. "Holy See Appoints Archbishop Luigi Bressan as Nuncio to Cambodia". *UCA News*. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
8. "Nuncio's Book Marks Centenary of First Vatican Visit by a Thai King". *UCA News*. 17 December 1998. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
9. Bressan, Luigi (1998). *King Chulalongkorn and Pope Leo XIII: Siam and the Vatican in the 19th Century*. Catholic Mission of Bangkok. ISBN 9789748644134.
10. "Rinunce e Nomine, 10.02.2016" (Press release) (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. 10 February 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2019.

## InfoBox

| Luigi Bressan | |
| --- | --- |
| Archbishop Emeritus of Trento | |
|  | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| In office | 1999–2016 |
| Predecessor | Giovanni Maria Sartori |
| Successor | Lauro Tisi |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 28 June 1964 |
| Consecration | 18 June 1989
by Agostino Casaroli |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1940-02-09)February 9, 1940
Sarche, Province of Trentino, Italy |


title: The Battery Atlanta

abstract: The Battery Atlanta is a mixed-use development located in the Atlanta metropolitan area, approximately 10 miles (16 km) northwest of downtown Atlanta in the unincorporated community of Cumberland, in Cobb County, Georgia. It is adjacent to Truist Park, home of the Atlanta Braves. The complex is a mix of shops, dining, living and workspace in the area surrounding the ballpark.

text:
# The Battery Atlanta

**The Battery Atlanta** is a mixed-use development located in the Atlanta metropolitan area, approximately 10 miles (16 km) northwest of downtown Atlanta in the unincorporated community of Cumberland, in Cobb County, Georgia. It is adjacent to Truist Park (originally SunTrust Park), home of the Atlanta Braves. The complex is a mix of shops, dining, living and workspace in the area surrounding the ballpark.

## Planning

On November 20, 2013, the Braves unveiled plans to build a $400 million entertainment district that would surround its new ballpark planned for Cobb County, Georgia. The district would feature a street lined with retail, restaurants, and bars leading up to the stadium. The $400 million is entirely funded by the Braves and their development partners. On October 14, 2015, the Atlanta Braves announced that the complex would be called The Battery Atlanta.

On December 10, 2014, the Braves released new renderings of the planned entertainment complex surrounding the ballpark. The new renderings further define the public spaces and show a blend of architectural styles, with a blend of steel, brick and glass facades. Derek Schiller said in a conference call with reporters that the rendering represent the concept of project's look, and is not the final design. But the locations of buildings and streets demonstrated in the designs are largely settled. Two taller glass towers, a hotel and an office building, will feature views into the ballpark. The complex also will feature a brewpub and Braves store. The Braves named architectural design firm Wakefield Beasley & Associates as the lead designer of the mixed-used project surrounding the stadium.

On March 17, 2015, the Braves announced a partnership with Comcast, under which Comcast will provide high-tech infrastructure for the ballpark and will become an anchor tenant at The Battery Atlanta. Comcast will occupy 100% of a nine-story office building in the mixed-use development adjacent to the stadium. The office tower, which will overlook the ballpark, will become Comcast's Southeast regional headquarters. According to Braves chairman and CEO Terry McGuirk, Comcast will "lend its expertise to drive the most technologically advanced ballpark and mixed-use development ever built." Some 1,000 Comcast employees will work at the office building, most of them new hires. The office also will include an "innovation lab" for new technologies.

On April 28, 2015, the Braves announced a 50-50 partnership with Omni Hotels & Resorts on a luxury hotel to be built overlooking the ballpark. The full-service hotel will have 16 floors and 264 rooms. It also will feature a two-story restaurant, rooftop hospitality suites, and an elevated pool deck with views into the ballpark. The Atlanta Braves will be the 50/50 owners with Omni Hotels & Resorts. On August 14, 2017, the hotel announced that James Beard Foundation Award-winning chef and author Hugh Acheson will open his eighth restaurant, Achie's, within the luxury hotel. The Omni Hotel at The Battery Atlanta opened on January 3, 2018.

On July 16, 2015, the Braves and concert promoter Live Nation announced a deal to develop and manage the long-planned entertainment venue adjacent to the ballpark. The venue is called the Coca-Cola Roxy in homage to the old Roxy Theatre that was torn down in 1972. The venue has standing-room-only capacity for 4,000 and features about 40 music and comic shows annually. The theater is designed to help drive activity to the site on non-gamedays and it also plays host to special events.

The first restaurants announced for The Battery Atlanta were Antico Pizza, Cru Food and Wine Bar, Tomahawk Taproom featuring Fox Bros. Bar-B-Q, chef Ford Fry's Superica restaurant, and a new steak concept by chef Linton Hopkins.

On May 19, 2016, the Braves announced several new signed tenants at The Battery Atlanta including Wahlburgers, Harley-Davidson, and Goldbergs Bagel Co. & Deli. Venue developer Cordish Cos. plans a trio of concepts including a Professional Bull Riders Association Bar & Grill, featuring a mechanical bull.

## Current status

The Battery Atlanta contains a 264-room hotel, apartments, office buildings, shops, bars and restaurants.

On November 17, 2020, Papa John's Pizza announced its new global headquarters would be moved to Three Ballpark Center at The Battery Atlanta.

## InfoBox

The Battery Atlanta
| Corner of Cobb Parkway and Circle 75 Parkway | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Cumberland, Georgia |
| Address | 800 Battery Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30339 |
| Coordinates | 33°53′14″N 84°28′17″W / 33.88722°N 84.47139°W / 33.88722; -84.47139 |
| Groundbreaking | September 16, 2014 |
| Opening | 2017 |
| Use | Mixed-use development |
| Website | https://batteryatl.com/ |
| Companies | |
| Architect | Wakefield Beasley & Associates |
| Owner | Liberty Media |
| Technical details | |
| Cost | $400 million |
| Leasable area | 400,000 sq. ft. (approx.) |
| Proposed | November 20, 2013 |


# List of international men's cricket grounds in Ireland

The VillageCastle AvenueStormontBreadyclass=notpageimage|Locations of international grounds in Ireland

International men's cricket was first played in Ireland in 1855 by a Gentlemen of England team, although it would not be until 1888 that the first tour by a team termed as representative was made by Scotland.

The first Test match to be played in Ireland came 120 years later in 2018 between Ireland and Pakistan at Malahide.

The first One Day International to be held in Ireland came in the 1999 Cricket World Cup between Bangladesh and the West Indies at Castle Avenue, Dublin.

In 2008, the Stormont in Belfast hosted the first Twenty20 International to be played in Ireland during the 2008 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier, with Canada playing the Netherlands.

## Men's international grounds

### Active venues

*Below is a complete list of grounds used for men's international cricket in Ireland.*

| Name | Location | First | Last | No. | First | Last | No. | First | Last | No. | Refs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Test | | | One Day International | | | Twenty20 International | | | |
| Test Grounds | | | | | | | | | | | |
| The Village | Malahide | 11 May 2018
Ireland v Pakistan |  | **1** | 3 Sep 2013
Ireland v England | 15 Jul 2022
Ireland v New Zealand | **22** | 15 Jul 2015
Ireland v Hong Kong | 23 Aug
Ireland v India | **18** |  |
| ODI & T20I grounds | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Castle Avenue | Clontarf |  |  | **0** | 21 May 1999
Bangladesh v West Indies | 15 May 2019 Ireland v
Bangladesh | **25** | 25 Jul 2015
Afghanistan v Oman | 29 Aug 2021 Ireland v Zimbabwe | **3** |  |
| Stormont | Belfast |  |  | **0** | 13 Jun 2006
Ireland v England | 13 Sep 2021 Ireland v Zimbabwe | **34** | 2 Aug 2008
Canada v Netherlands | 17 Aug 2022 Ireland v Afghanistan | **27** |  |
| Bready | Magheramason |  |  | **0** | 1 Jul 2019 Ireland v Zimbabwe |  | **1** | 18 Jun 2015 Ireland v Scotland | 4 Sep 2021
Ireland v Zimbabwe | **12** |  |

1. "The Village, Malahide, Dublin". *CricketArchive*. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
2. "Test Matches played on The Village, Malahide, Dublin (1)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
3. "ODI Matches played on The Village, Malahide, Dublin (22)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
4. "International Twenty20 Matches played on The Village, Malahide, Dublin (18)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
5. "Castle Avenue, Dublin". CricketArchive. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
6. "ODI Matches played on Castle Avenue, Dublin (25)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
7. "Twenty20 International Matches played on Castle Avenue, Dublin (3)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
8. "Civil Service Cricket Club, Stormont, Belfast". CricketArchive. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
9. "ODI Matches played on Civil Service Cricket Club, Stormont, Belfast (34)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
10. "International Twenty20 Matches played on Civil Service Cricket Club, Stormont, Belfast (27)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
11. "Magheramason, Bready". CricketArchive. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
12. "ODI Matches played on Magheramason, Bready (1)". *CricketArchive*. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
13. "International Twenty20 Matches played on Magheramason, Bready (12)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 21 December 2018.


title: Ewan Christian (Deemster)

abstract: Ewan Christian was a Manx politician and landowner on the Isle of Man. He held the position of deemster for 51 years from 1605 until his death. He also held the position of Deputy-Governor of the Isle of Man 1634 to 1637. He was the father of controversial Manx political revolutionary and folk-hero Illiam Dhone.

text:
# Ewan Christian (Deemster)

**Ewan Christian** (1579 – September 1655) was a Manx politician and landowner on the Isle of Man. He held the position of deemster (the term for judges on the Isle of Man) for 51 years from 1605 until his death. He also held the position of Deputy-Governor of the Isle of Man 1634 to 1637. He was the father of controversial Manx political revolutionary and folk-hero Illiam Dhone.

## Early life and family

Ewan Christian was born at Milntown, Lezayre in the north of the Isle of Man to William Christian and his wife in 1579. Upon inheriting the family home at Milntown at the age of 14, he spent several years in Cumbria, where he met Katherine Harrison of Bankfield, Eastholme. They had 6 children together who survived to adulthood. He also recognised his three illegitimate children with Jane Woods.

Such was Christian's reputation for bolstering his family's influence that Lord of Mann, James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby joked that:

> someone in a pleasant Humour sayd that he thought the Deemster did not get so many Bastards for Lust's Sake, as in Policie, to make the Name of the Christians flourish.

Christian and Harrison's youngest son, William, better known as Illiam Dhone, rose to prominence on the Isle of Man during the English Civil War after being appointed Governor and Receiver-General. He was executed for treason in 1663 partially due to his involvement in the Manx Rebellion of 1651 and accusations of embezzlement of state funds. He is considered a controversial figure on the island today.

The Christian family were one of the most politically influential families on the island during this period. Several of Christian's ancestors also held the position of deemster. Christian expanded the family home at Milntown during his lifetime, by adding embellishments such as decorative plaster ceilings and by building a library.

He also acquired the estate at Unerigg, later known as Ewanrigg, on the coast of Cumberland around 1638. Subsequent generations of Christians would live there in later centuries.

### Children with Katherine Harrison

* Mabel Christian (c. 1599 – unknown)
* John Christian (1 August 1602 – 1673)
* Edward Christian (1603 – c. 1654)
* Robert Christian (c. 1603 - 1668)
* Margery Christian (6 June 1604 – before 1654)
* Ewan Christian (1606 – 20 October 1613)
* William Christian (14 April 1608 – 2 January 1663)
* Margaret Christian (1617–1652)

### Children with Jane Woods

* William Christian (c. 1618 – c. 1706)
* John Christian (c. 1620 – c. 1689)
* Jane Christian (1621 – May 1694)

## Politics

Christian was an important political figure on the Isle of Man during his lifetime. He held the position of deemster for 51 years after his election at the age of 26 in 1605, and served as Deputy Governor of the island from 1634 to 1637.

Christian was also a noted opponent of Lord of Man, James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby. Their dispute concerned the old feudal system of property ownership, the *tenure of the straw,* which the Earl wished to abolish. This system gave the tenants perpetual ownership and the right to pass their property to their children without consent of the Earl. Stanley complained that "men think their dwellings are their own ancient inheritances, and... dispose thereof without license of the Lord."

Stanley wanted to reform the system and make it a lease over three subsequent generations. Christian opposed the reform and such was his influence of the island that the Earl struggled to find someone to his petition against Christian. But Stanley threatened to lease the Christian's property at Derbyhaven in Ronaldsway to John Corrin, a descendant of a previous claimant to the estate. By way of a compromise, Christian eventually conceded and bequeathed his estate in 1643 to his third son, William, but only after his two older sons refused the offer.

## Later years

Christian spent his last years living in the farmhouse that he had bequeathed to his youngest son William in Derbyhaven. The residence, known as *Ronaldsway House* was demolished in 1940 to accommodate the development of military airfield at Ronaldsway, now the Isle of Man Airport.

Although the exact date of his death is unknown, he was buried on 20 September 1655 in Malew on the Isle of Man. In his will, Christian also provided for his legitimate living family members as well as for his illegitimate children by Jane Woods.

## InfoBox

| Ewan Christian | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1579 (1579)
Milntown, Lezayre, Isle of Man |
| Died | 1655 (aged 7576)
Derbyhaven, Isle of Man |
| Nationality | Manx |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Spouse | Katherine Harrison |
| Parent(s) | Willian Christian
Mabel Curwen |


title: 12th Vietnam Film Festival

abstract: The 12th Vietnam Film Festival was held from March 25 to March 28, 1999, in Huế, Vietnam, with the slogan: "For an advanced Vietnam cinema imbued with national identity".

text:
# 12th Vietnam Film Festival

The 12th **Vietnam Film Festival** was held from March 25 to March 28, 1999, in Huế, Vietnam, with the slogan: "For an advanced Vietnam cinema imbued with national identity" (Vietnamese: "Vì một nền điện ảnh Việt Nam tiên tiến đậm đà bản sắc dân tộc").

## Event

The festival that year had its own way of organizing, not bustling but very grandiose, imbued with national identity.

There are 114 films in attendance at the Film Festival (16 feature films, 19 direct-to-video feature films, 17 animated films, 62 documentary/science films). The closing night was a fierce competition between the two films "*Hà Nội mùa đông năm 46*" and "*Ngã ba Đồng Lộc*" causing the audience to wait and discuss.

In the end, 3 Golden Lotuses were awarded for categories: feature film (1 film), documentary film (1 film) and direct-to-video documentary (1 film). For the first time, there are awards for actor/actress in supporting roles.

## Awards

### Feature film

| Award | | Winner |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Film** | **Golden Lotus** | ***Ngã ba Đồng Lộc*** |
| | **Silver Lotus** | ***Ai xuôi vạn lý***
***Những người thợ xẻ***
***Hà Nội mùa đông năm 46*** |
| | **Jury's Merit** | ***Bỏ trốn***
***Chung cư*** |
| **Best Director** | | **Đặng Nhật Minh*****Hà Nội mùa đông năm 46*** |
| **Best Actor** | | **Quốc Trị*****Những người thợ xẻ***
**Công Ninh*****Ai xuôi vạn lý*** |
| **Best Actress** | | *not awarded* |
| **Best Supporting Actor** | | *not awarded* |
| **Best Supporting Actress** | | *not awarded* |
| **Best Screenplay** | | **Sơn Trang*****Những người thợ xẻ*** |
| **Best Cinematography** | | **Vũ Quốc Tuấn*****Hà Nội mùa đông năm 46***, ***Những người thợ xẻ***
**Phạm Hoàng Nam*****Ai xuôi vạn lý***, ***Hải Nguyệt*** |
| **Best Art Design** | | **Phạm Quốc Trung*****Hà Nội mùa đông năm 46***, ***Những người thợ xẻ*** |
| **Best Original Score** | | **Đỗ Hồng Quân*****Hà Nội mùa đông năm 46***, ***Những người thợ xẻ*** |

#### Direct-to-video

| Award | | Winner |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Film** | **Golden Lotus** | *not awarded* |
| | **Silver Lotus** | ***Cầu thang tối***
***Cha con ông Mắt Mèo***
***Cha tôi và hai người đàn bà*** |
| **Best Director** | | **Đào Bá Sơn*****Cầu thang tối***
**Vũ Châu*****Cha tôi và hai người đàn bà*** |
| **Best Actor** | | *not awarded* |
| **Best Actress** | | *not awarded* |
| **Prospective Acting** | | **Hồng Ánh*****Cầu thang tối*** |
| **Best Supporting Actor** | | **Thái Hoàng Hải*****Cha con ông Mắt Mèo*** |
| **Best Supporting Actress** | | **Quách Thu Phương*****Cha tôi và hai người đàn bà*** |
| **Best Cinematography** | | **Nguyễn Trinh Hoan*****Cổ tích Việt Nam 09*** |

### Documentary film

| Award | | Winner |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Film** | **Golden Lotus** | ***Trở lại Ngư Thủy***
***Cánh chim không mỏi*** |
| | **Silver Lotus** | ***Tiếng vĩ cầm ở Mỹ Lai***
***Mùa xuân toàn thắng***
***Nơi chiến tranh đã đi qua***
***Người viết cảm tử quân***
***Yến và Người*** |
| | **Jury's Merit** | ***Nhà văn chiến sĩ*** |
| **Best Director** | | **Lê Mạnh Thích*****Trở lại Ngư Thủy***
**Trần Văn Thủy*****Tiếng vĩ cầm ở Mỹ Lai*** |
| **Best Screenplay** | | **Nguyễn Thước*****Trở lại Ngư Thủy***, ***Concert***, ***Xẩm*** |
| **Best Narrative** | | **Nguyễn Sỹ Chung*****Một thời để nhớ***, ***Dấu ấn thế kỷ***, ***Chuyện voi ở buôn Đôn*** |

### Animated film

| Award | | Winner |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Film** | **Golden Lotus** | *not awarded* |
| | **Silver Lotus** | ***Quạ và Công***
***Tổ tiên loài ếch***
***Cái ô đỏ*** |
| **Best Screenplay** | | **Đinh Tiếp*****Tổ tiên loài ếch***, ***Quán thỏ Rô-ti*** |
| **Best Cinematography** | | **Viết Tuế*****Tổ tiên loài ếch***, ***Cái ô đỏ*** |
| **Best Shaping Animator** | | **Nguyễn Phương Hoa*****Tổ tiên loài ếch***, ***Cô nàng dây cót*** |
| **Best Acting Animator** | | **Hoàng Lộc*****Tổ tiên loài ếch***, ***Cái ô đỏ***
**The Animator Crew of** ***Quán thỏ Rô-ti*** |

## InfoBox

Liên hoan phim Việt Nam lần thứ 12
(12th Vietnam Film Festival)
| Location | Huế, Vietnam |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1970 |
| Awards | Golden Lotus:
***Ngã ba Đồng Lộc*** (Feature)
***Trở lại Ngư Thủy*** (Documentary)
***Cánh chim không mỏi*** (Direct-to-Video Documentary) |
| Festival date | March 25 - March 28, 1999 |
| Website | 12th Vietnam Film Festival |


title: Peralikatuma

abstract: Peralikatuma is a two-player abstract strategy board game from Sri Lanka. It is a game related to draughts (checkers) and alquerque as players hop over one another's pieces when capturing them. The game was documented by Henry Parker in Ancient Ceylon: An Account of the Aborigines and of Part of the Early Civilisation (1909) with the name perali kotuwa or the war enclosure. Parker mentions that it is also played in India. It closely resembles another game from Sri Lanka called Kotu Ellima. The two games use the same board which consist of a standard alquerque board but with four triangular boards attach to its four sides. The only difference between the two games is in the number of pieces. In peralikatuma, each player has 23 pieces. In Kotu Ellima, each player has 24 pieces. The game is also spelled as perali kotuma.

text:
# Peralikatuma

**Peralikatuma** is a two-player abstract strategy board game from Sri Lanka (formerly called Ceylon). It is a game related to draughts (checkers) and alquerque as players hop over one another's pieces when capturing them. The game was documented by Henry Parker in *Ancient Ceylon: An Account of the Aborigines and of Part of the Early Civilisation* (1909) with the name **perali kotuwa** or the **war enclosure**. Parker mentions that it is also played in India. It closely resembles another game from Sri Lanka called Kotu Ellima. The two games use the same board which consist of a standard alquerque board but with four triangular boards attach to its four sides. The only difference between the two games is in the number of pieces. In peralikatuma, each player has 23 pieces. In Kotu Ellima, each player has 24 pieces.

The game is also spelled as **perali kotuma**.

## Setup

The board consist of a standard alquerque board, and attached to each of its four sides is a triangle each of which are cross-sliced. This makes for a board with 49 intersections (or "points").

Each player initially has 23 pieces which are distinguishable from the other player. Each player initially places their pieces on the first two ranks of their side of the alquerque board, the nearest triangle to them, and the triangle on their left.

## Rules

* Players alternate their turns
* A player may only use one of their pieces in a turn, and must either make a move or perform a capture but not both.
* A piece may move onto any vacant adjacent point along a line.
* A piece may capture an opposing piece by the short leap as in draughts or alquerque. The piece must be adjacent to the opposing piece, and leap over it onto a vacant point immediately beyond. The leap must be in a straight line and follow the pattern on the board. The piece may continue to capture within the same turn if it is able to do so. Captures are not obligatory. The captured piece is removed from the board.
* The player who captures all of the other player's pieces wins.

1. Parker, Henry (1909). *Ancient Ceylon: An Account of the Aborigines and of Part of the Early Civilisation*. London: Luzac & Co. pp. 580–581. Hat diviyan keliya.


title: Vizontele Tuuba

abstract: Vizontele Tuuba is a 2004 Turkish comedy-drama film, written and directed by Yılmaz Erdoğan, based on the writer-director's childhood memories of the last summer of his childhood in village in 1980. The film, which went on nationwide release on January 23, 2004, was a sequel to the highly successful Vizontele (2001).

text:
# Vizontele Tuuba

***Vizontele Tuuba*** is a 2004 Turkish comedy-drama film, written and directed by Yılmaz Erdoğan, based on the writer-director's childhood memories of the last summer of his childhood in village in 1980. The film, which went on nationwide release on January 23, 2004, was a sequel to the highly successful Vizontele (2001).

## Production

The film was shot on location in Gevaş, Van Province and Ağrı Province, Turkey.

## Synopsis

Five years after the events of the first film, Guner Sernikli is a government official who, with his wife Aysel and their wheelchair-bound daughter Tuba, has been assigned as the head librarian to Crazy Emin's village, even though there is no library. The family is welcomed by the Mayor and the other villagers while Emin becomes smitten with Tuba. However, they have to deal with the political violence engulfing the town's youth, which they resolve by setting up the library and digging up the TV set from the first film for visitors to use.

After a few months of calm however, the 1980 Turkish coup d'état occurs, with Emin initially mistaking the announcement of the coup as a war movie. Soldiers arrive and arrest the town's men for alleged subversion but later release them all except for Guner and a few others. Guner's family moves out and Tuba shares a sorrowful parting with Emin.

The story is based on the memories of writer-director Yılmaz Erdoğan of the last summer of his childhood in Hakkâri, Turkey in 1980.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Vizontele Tuuba | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release Poster | |
| Directed by | Yılmaz Erdoğan |
| Written by | Yılmaz Erdoğan |
| Produced by | Necati Akpınar |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Uğur İçbak |
| Edited by | Engin Öztürk |
| Music by | Kardeş Türküler |
| Production<br>company | Beşiktaş Kültür Merkezi |
| Distributed by | Warner Bros. Pictures |
| Release date | * January 23, 2004 (2004-01-23) |
| Running time | 111 mins |
| Country | Turkey |
| Language | Turkish |


title: Unconverted long-term prisoners

abstract: "Unconverted long-term prisoners" is the North Korean term for northern loyalists imprisoned in South Korea who never renounced Juche. The North Korean government considers them to be "pro-reunification patriotic fighters", while South Korean scholars have described them as "pro-communist spies".

text:
# Unconverted long-term prisoners

"**Unconverted long-term prisoners**" is the North Korean term for northern loyalists imprisoned in South Korea who never renounced *Juche*. The North Korean government considers them to be "pro-reunification patriotic fighters", while South Korean scholars have described them as "pro-communist spies".

## History

In March 1998, South Korean president Kim Dae-jung declared an amnesty for long-term prisoners over the age of 70, as well as some suffering from disease. In February 1999, President Kim declared another amnesty for 17 unconverted long-term prisoners. In 2000, as part of the June 15th North–South Joint Declaration, sixty-three of the prisoners were permitted to settle in North Korea. There were hopes that North Korea would reciprocate by releasing Southern prisoners of war still detained in the North. A number of them left behind family members in the South; the South's Ministry of Unification refused permission to let the family members go north with them. They crossed the border by bus through the truce village of Panmunjom at 10 AM on 2 September 2000, while a group of Southern protesters decried their return and demanded that the North return abducted Southerners; they were welcomed on the Northern side by a reception with a brass band playing revolutionary songs, and each was later awarded the National Reunification Prize.

## In literature and film

A book about their experiences was published in North Korea in 2001. In 2003, South Korean director Kim Dong-won released *Repatriation*, a documentary about the unconverted prisoners, based on more than 12 years and 800 hours of filming.

## List of prisoners who crossed over to North Korea in 2000

Following is a list of the 63 prisoners who went to North Korea in 2000.

Personal names are given in McCune–Reischauer romanisation of the Northern spelling (thus surnames are spelled Ri instead of Yi, Ryu instead of Yu, etc.); place names are given in McCune–Reischauer without diacritics for places now in North Korea, and Revised Romanisation for places now in South Korea.

| Name | Hangul | Hanja | Birth/death dates | Place of birth | Province of birth | Years in
prison | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Kang Tong-gŭn | 강동근 |  | 19 November 1916
12 February 2004(2004-02-12) (aged 87) | Hadong | Gyeongsangnam-do | 37 | Obituary published by KCNA |
| Kim Tong-gi | 김동기 | 金東基 *or*
金東起 | 19 November 1932 | Tanchon | South Hamgyong | 34 | Interviewed by *Kyunghyang Shinmun* before his repatriation. Published a book of essays about his experiences (새는 앉는 곳마다 깃을 남긴다, ISBN 978-89-88996-04-1). Two different hanja versions of his name have been reported in the media. Birthdate given as 19 October 1932 in 70th birthday congratulations published by KCNA. In August 2005, the KCNA reported in that he gave a speech to a visiting group of students from the Chongryon-affiliated Korea University. |
| Kim Myŏng-su | 김명수 |  | 1 May 1922 | Hamhung | South Hamgyong | 37 | 80th birthday congratulations published by KCNA |
| Kim Sŏk-hyŏng | 김석형 |  | 18 March 1914
14 August 2006(2006-08-14) (aged 92) | Pakchon | North Pyongan | 30 | Also spelled Kim Suk-hyung. One of the prisoners featured in the film *Repatriation*. Obituary published by KCNA. |
| Kim Sŏn-myŏng | 김선명 |  | 20 February 1925 | Yangpyeong | Gyeonggi-do | 45 | Also spelled Kim Sun-myung. Joined the Korean People's Army due to disgust over the prevalence of Japanese collaborators in the South Korean administration. Captured on 15 October 1951, and sentenced to death; sentence commuted to life imprisonment. Family refused to see him; had him declared legally dead in 1975. Released in 1995. Blind due to cataracts left untreated by prison doctors. His experiences were the basis for the 2002 film *The Road Taken*, starring Kim Jung-gi. |
| Kim Yŏng-dal | 김영달 |  | 18 March 1934 | Yeongdeok | Gyeongsangbuk-do | 30 | 70th birthday congratulations published by KCNA |
| Kim Yŏng-man | 김영만 |  | 15 November 1924 | Gurye | Jeollanam-do | 30 | 80th birthday congratulations published by KCNA. An essay of his was printed in the *Rodong Sinmun* in September 2008. |
| Kim Yŏng-tae | 김영태 |  | 23 July 1931
14 January 2008(2008-01-14) (aged 76) | Kwaksan | North Pyongan | 35 | Also spelled Kim Yong-thae. Trapped in South Korea after the Korean War, and fought as a guerilla in the Jirisan area. Obituary published by KCNA. |
| Kim Yŏng-gyu | 김용규 |  | 22 June 1923 | Boseong | Jeollanam-do | 34 | 80th birthday congratulations published by KCNA |
| Kim Yong-su | 김용수 |  | 30 September 1931 | Gyeongju | Gyeongsangbuk-do | 27 | KCNA gives his year of birth as 1932 in an announcement of his 70th birthday. An essay of his was printed in the *Rodong Sinmun* in June 2003. |
| Kim U-taek | 김우택 |  | 28 October 1919 | Andong | Gyeongsangbuk-do | 40 | 90th birthday congratulations published by KCNA |
| Kim Ŭn-hwan | 김은환 |  | 12 July 1930 | Gwangju | Gyeonggi-do | 31 | Also spelled Kim Eun-hwan. Released in the February 1999 amnesty. Joined the Korean Painters' Union after moving to the North. 90th birthday congratulations published by *Rodong Sinmun.* |
| Kim Ik-jin | 김익진 |  | 13 July 1932
8 July 2008(2008-07-08) (aged 75) | Yeongdeok | Gyeongsangbuk-do | 31 | Also known as Kim Il-jin. Released in the February 1999 amnesty. Obituary published by KCNA. |
| Kim In-su | 김인수 |  | 18 November 1926 | Tokchon | South Pyongan | 34 | In June 2001, KCNA reported that he gave a speech to a delegation of visiting students from Korea University of Japan. |
| Kim In-sŏ | 김인서 |  | 27 May 1924
17 August 2008(2008-08-17) (aged 84) | Daegu | Gyeongsangbuk-do | 36 | Applied to resettle in the North in 1996, but was rejected. Obituary published by KCNA. |
| Kim Chong-ho | 김종호 |  | 2 August 1916
21 November 2003(2003-11-21) (aged 87) | Gimcheon | Gyeongsangbuk-do | 31 | Obituary published by KCNA |
| Kim Chung-jong | 김중종 |  | 2 April 1926 | Gimcheon | Gyeongsangbuk-do | 29 | Received a doctorate in linguistics in 2003. 80th birthday congratulations published by KCNA. |
| Kim Chang-wŏn | 김창원 | 金昌源 | 27 October 1934 | Yeongdeungpo-gu | Seoul | 31 | 70th birthday congratulations published by KCNA. An essay of his was printed in the *Rodong Sinmun* in April 2006. Interviewed by *The Pyongyang Times* in September 2008. |
| Ko Kwang-in | 고광인 | 高光仁 | 5 January 1935 | Gochang | Jeollabuk-do | 34 | An essay of his was printed in the *Rodong Sinmun* in May 2003. KCNA published 70th birthday congratulations in February 2005, but did not give a birthdate. |
| Ryu Un-hyŏng | 류운형 |  | 26 December 1924
22 November 2008(2008-11-22) (aged 83) | Riwon | South Hamgyong | 34 | Prior to his arrest, held various political posts including head of the Youth Department of the Chorwon, Kangwon, Committee of the WPK and chief of the education section of the Information Department of the Kangwon Provincial Committee of the WPK. Obituary published by KCNA. |
| Ryu Yŏn-chŏl | 류연철 |  | 13 February 1912 | Andong | Gyeongsangbuk-do | 27 | KCNA gives his date of birth as 26 March 1912 in his 90th birthday announcement |
| Ryu Han-uk | 류한욱 |  | 24 May 1911 | Cholsan | North Pyongan | 37 | KCNA gives his year of birth as 1917 in his 90th birthday announcement |
| Ri Kyŏng-gu | 리경구 |  | 4 March 1930 | Gongju | Chungcheongnam-do | 38 | An essay of his was published in the *Rodong Sinmun* in June 2006. 80th birthday congratulations published by KCNA. |
| Ri Kyŏng-chan | 리경찬 | 李京贊 | 15 November 1935 |  | Kaesong | 35 | Joined the Korean Painters' Union after his return to the North. 70th birthday congratulations published by KCNA. Essays of his were printed in the *Rodong Sinmun* in February 2005 and December 2006. |
| Ri Kong-sun | 리공순 |  | 3 December 1934 | Seosan | Chungcheongnam-do | 33 | 70th birthday congratulations published by KCNA. An essay of his was printed in the *Rodong Sinmun* in November 2006. |
| Ri Tu-gyun | 리두균 | 李斗均 | 2 April 1926 | Chungju | Chungcheongbuk-do | 31 | An essay of his was published in the *Rodong Sinmun* in October 2004. 80th birthday congratulations published by KCNA. |
| Ri Se-gyun | 리세균 |  | 15 January 1922 | Jeonju | Jeollabuk-do | 30 | 80th birthday congratulations published by KCNA |
| Ri Chae-ryong | 리재룡 |  | 3 October 1945 | Yangyang | Gangwon-do | 30 | First daughter Ri Chuk-bok (리축복) born 24 July 2002, according to KCNA |
| Ri Jong | 리종 |  | 9 August 1911 | Yeongdong | Chungcheongbuk-do | 25 | Birth date stated as September 25, 1911 in 90th birthday congratulations published by KCNA. An essay of his was printed in the *Rodong Sinmun* in October 2006. |
| Ri Jong-hwan | 리종환 |  | 7 October 1922
30 April 2001(2001-04-30) (aged 78) |  | Incheon | 43 | Obituary published by KCNA |
| Pak Mun-jae | 박문재 |  | 14 September 1922 |  | Kaesong | 28 | Imprisoned in Daejeon; released in 1993. Still alive as of 2004, according to KCNA. |
| Pak Wan-gyu | 박완규 |  | 10 April 1929 | Cheongwon | Chungcheongbuk-do | 33 | An essay of his was printed in the *Rodong Sinmun* in December 2006. |
| Pang Chae-sun | 방재순 |  | 25 February 1917 | Hoengseong | Gangwon-do | 38 | An essay of his was printed in the *Rodong Sinmun* in November 2006. 90th birthday congratulations published by KCNA. |
| Sŏk Yong-hwa | 석용화 |  | 8 April 1925 | Yangsan | Gyeongsangnam-do | 20 | Married to Lee Chun-ja of South Korea; two daughters. Left them behind to cross over to North Korea. 80th birthday congratulations published by KCNA. |
| Son Sŏng-mo | 손성모 | 孫聖模 | 15 January 1930 | Buan | Jeollabuk-do | 19 | Released in June 2000. An essay of his was printed in the *Rodong Sinmun* in July 2006. 80th birthday congratulations published by KCNA. |
| Song Sang-jun | 송상준 |  | 29 July 1927 |  | Busan | 36 | 80th birthday congratulations published by KCNA |
| Sin Kwang-su | 신광수 | 辛光洙 | 27 June 1929 | Yangsan | Gyeongsangnam-do | 15 | Also spelled Shin Gwang-su. Born in Shizuoka, Japan according to some reports. Released in June 2000. Wanted in Japan for his alleged role in North Korean abductions of Japanese. |
| Sin Rin-su | 신린수 |  | 1 April 1918 | Cheongdo | Gyeongsangbuk-do | 30 | Worked in a coal mine in his youth. 90th birthday congratulations published in *The Pyongyang Times*. |
| Sin In-yŏng | 신인영 |  | 6 December 1929 | Buan | Jeollabuk-do | 32 | Also spelled Shin In-young. Served in the Korean People's Army during the Korean War; returned to the South as a spy and was arrested in 1967. Believed to have a wife, son, and two daughters in the North; his mother, Koh Bong-hee, continued to reside in the South. Imprisoned in Daejeon. Released in the March 1998 amnesty. Suffering from leukaemia. At the time of his release, he stated, "now I want to take care of my mother for the rest of her life". However, he bid farewell to her in 2000 and crossed over to North Korea with 62 other long-term prisoners, in a scene captured in Kim Dong-won's 2000 movie *Repatriation*. She died in 2002. |
| An Yong-gi | 안영기 |  | 19 June 1929 | Gumi | Gyeongsangbuk-do | 38 | Also spelled Ahn Young-gi. Prior to his arrest, designed the Okryu Restaurant in Pyongyang. Released in the February 1999 amnesty. Joined the Korean Painters' Union after his return to the North. |
| Yang Chŏng-ho | 양정호 |  | 3 April 1931 | Yangsan | Gyeongsangnam-do | 31 | Released in the February 1999 amnesty. Joined the Korean Painters' Union after moving to the North. An essay of his was published in the *Rodong Sinmun* in August 2004. |
| O Hyŏng-sik | 오형식 |  | 24 January 1932
3 September 2006(2006-09-03) (aged 74) | Siheung | Gyeonggi-do | 31 | An essay of his was printed in the *Rodong Sinmun* in June 2006. Obituary published by KCNA. |
| U Ryong-gak | 우용각 | 禹龍覺 | 29 November 1929
7 December 2012(2012-12-07) (aged 83) | Nyongbyon | North Pyongan | 42 | Also spelled Woo Yong-gak. Was captured in a North Korean commando raid in Southern waters in 1959. At the time of his release under Kim Dae-jung's amnesty in 1999, was believed to be the world's longest-serving political prisoner. |
| Yun Yong-gi | 윤용기 |  | 2 August 1926
13 June 2001(2001-06-13) (aged 74) | Ganghwa | Gyeonggi-do | 40 | Obituary published by KCNA |
| Yun Hŭi-bo | 윤희보 |  | 10 October 1917 | Gwangju | Gyeonggi-do | 25 | 90th birthday congratulations published by KCNA |
| Im Pyŏng-ho | 임병호 |  | 1 September 1916 | Boryeong | Chungcheongnam-do | 32 | An essay of his was printed in the *Rodong Sinmun* in December 2006. |
| Chang Pyŏng-rak | 장병락 |  | 25 July 1934
11 October 2009(2009-10-11) (aged 75) | Kowon | South Hamgyong | 38 | Also spelled Jang Byong-lak. Released in the February 1999 amnesty. Obituary published by KCNA. |
| Jang Ho | 장호 |  | 29 November 1920 | Mapo-gu | Seoul | 32 | 80th birthday congratulations published by KCNA. Gave a lecture to a visiting group of students from Korea University of Japan in October 2003. An essay of his entitled "Society and Morality" was published in the *Rodong Sinmun* in October 2005. 100th birthday congratulations published by *Rodong Sinmun , Pyongyang Times* and *KCNA*, received a birthday spread from Kim Jong-un. |
| Chŏn Chin | 전진 |  | 6 July 1923 | Gunsan | Jeollabuk-do | 38 | 80th birthday congratulations published by KCNA |
| Chŏn Ch'ang-gi | 전창기 |  | 10 April 1918 | Buyeo | Chungcheongnam-do | 23 | Also spelled Jon Chang-gi. 90th birthday congratulations published in *The Pyongyang Times*. |
| Cho Ch'ang-son | 조창손 |  | 29 August 1929 | Ryongyon | South Hwanghae | 30 | In poor health. Has a wife and two sons in the North. |
| Ch'oi Sŏn-muk | 최선묵 |  | 1 July 1928 | Ganghwa | Gyeonggi-do | 38 | Released in the February 1999 amnesty. Joined the Korean Painters' Union after moving to the North. An essay of his was published in the *Rodong Sinmun* in March 2005. |
| Ch'oi Su-il | 최수일 |  | 25 May 1939 | Uiju | North Pyongan | 35 |  |
| Ch'oi Ha-jong | 최하종 |  | 21 March 1927 | Kimchaek | North Hamgyong | 36 | Joined the Korean Painters' Union after his return to the North. 80th birthday congratulations published by KCNA. |
| Han Paek-ryŏl | 한백렬 |  | 16 February 1920
13 May 2009(2009-05-13) (aged 89) | Gwangju | Gyeonggi-do | 23 | Obituary published by KCNA |
| Han Chang-ho | 한장호 |  | 1 May 1923 | Myongchon | North Hamgyong | 39 | 80th birthday congratulations published by KCNA |
| Han Chong-ho | 한종호 |  | 31 January 1918 | Hamhung | South Hamgyong | 13 | Left behind a son, Han Young-su. His wife did not attend his farewell. 90th birthday congratulations published by KCNA. |
| Han Chun-ik | 한춘익 |  | 10 June 1925 | Hamhung | South Hamgyong | 29 | 80th birthday congratulations published by KCNA |
| Ham Se-hwan | 함세환 |  | 12 December 1932 | Ongjin | South Hwanghae | 34 | Applied for repatriation in 1993 (at the time of Ri In-mo's repatriation) and again in 1996, but was denied both times. The KCNA reports that a daughter was born to him on 19 March 2003. In December 2006, an essay of his was printed in the *Rodong Sinmun*. |
| Hong Kyŏng-sŏn | 홍경선 |  | 21 May 1925 | Cheonan | Chungcheongnam-do | 33 | 80th birthday congratulations published by KCNA. An essay of his was printed in the *Rodong Sinmun* in December 2005. |
| Hong Myŏng-gi | 홍명기 |  | 5 April 1929 | Buyeo | Chungcheongnam-do | 38 | 80th birthday congratulations published by KCNA |
| Hong Mun-gŏ | 홍문거 |  | 14 September 1921 |  | Pyongyang | 37 | 80th birthday congratulations published by KCNA |
| Hwang Yong-gap | 황용갑 |  | 28 May 1924 | Hadong | Gyeongsangnam-do | 35 | Released in 1989. Married a woman surnamed Kim, but did not tell her about his past as a communist agent; she only learned of it in late 1999. 80th birthday congratulations published by KCNA. An essay of his was printed in the *Rodong Sinmun* in 2006. |
|

## InfoBox

| **North Korean name** | |
| --- | --- |
| Chosŏn'gŭl | 비전향 장기수 |
| Hancha | 轉向長期 |
| Revised Romanization | *bijeonhyang janggisu* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *pijŏnhyang changgisu* |
| South Korean name | |
| Chosŏn'gŭl | 미전향 장기수 |
| Hancha | 轉向長期 |
| Revised Romanization | *mijeonhyang janggisu* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *mijŏnhyang changgisu* |
| Literally, "not-yet-converted long-term prisoners" | |


title: List of ballets by George Balanchine

abstract: This is a list of ballets by George Balanchine (1904–1983), New York City Ballet co-founder and ballet master.

text:
# List of ballets by George Balanchine

This is a **list of ballets by George Balanchine** (1904–1983), New York City Ballet co-founder and ballet master.

## Chronological

## Alphabetical

## By company

### For Ballets Russes

### For Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo

### For Les Ballets 1933

### For the American Ballet

* *Alma Mater* (1934)
* *Les Songes* (*Dreams*) (1934)
* *Mozartiana* (1934)
* *Serenade* (1935)
* *Errante* (1935)
* *Reminiscence* (1935)
* *Jeu de cartes* (variously, *Card Game* or *The Card Party*) (1937)
* *Le Baiser de la Fée* (originally titled *The Fairy's Kiss*) (1937)

### For Broadway

* *Ziegfeld Follies of 1936*
    + *Words without Music: A Surrealist Ballet,* a production number for the singing and dancing ensemble
    + *Night Flight,* a solo for Harriet Hoctor
    + *5 A.M.,* a number for Josephine Baker and male dancers
* *On Your Toes* (1936), music by Richard Rodgers, lyrics by Lorenz Hart; starring Tamara Geva and Ray Bolger. This dramatic ballet served as the climax of this musical production and has subsequently been presented as a stand-alone piece; however, several of the sung numbers in the show featured dance routines as well, notably the title number.
* *Babes in Arms* (1937), by Rodgers and Hart
* *I Married an Angel* (1938), by Rodgers and Hart; starring Vera Zorina
* *The Boys from Syracuse* (1938), by Rodgers and Hart
* *Great Lady* (1938), music by Frederick Loewe
* *Keep Off the Grass* (1940), a musical revue
* *Louisiana Purchase* (1940), music and lyrics by Irving Berlin; with William Gaxton and Vera Zorina
* *Cabin in the Sky* (1940), music by Vernon Duke, lyrics by John Latouche; starring Ethel Waters and Katherine Dunham, who collaborated with Balanchine on the choreography
* *The Lady Comes Across* (1942), by Duke and Latouche; a notable flop
* *Rosalinda* (1942), an operetta with music by Johann Strauss
* *The Merry Widow* (1943), an operetta with music by Franz Lehár
* *What's Up?* (1943), lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner, music by Frederick Loewe
* *Dream with Music* (1944), a musical fantasy starring Vera Zorina
* *Song of Norway* (1944), an operetta based on the life and music of Edvard Grieg; Balanchine's most successful Broadway show
* *Mr. Strauss Goes to Boston* (1945), another flop
* *The Chocolate Soldier* (1947), an operetta with music by Oscar Straus
* *Where's Charley?* lyrics and music by Frank Loesser, a long-running show starring Ray Bolger
* *Courtin' Time* (1951), music and lyrics by Don Walker and Jack Lawrence
* *House of Flowers* (1954), music by Harold Arlen, lyrics by Truman Capote and Harold Arlen; starring Pearl Bailey, Diahann Carroll, and Juanita Hall; Balanchine's choreography was rearranged by Herbert Ross before the Broadway opening

### For Hollywood

* *The Goldwyn Follies* (1938), with Vera Zorina and William Dollar as principal dancers
    + "Romeo and Juliet," with ballet dancers as the Capulets and tap dancers as the Montagues
    + "Water Nymph Ballet," in which Zorina rose from the depths of a pool
* *On Your Toes* (1939), the film version of the Broadway show, starring Vera Zorina and Eddie Albert
* *I Was an Adventuress* (1940), starring Vera Zorina
* *Star Spangled Rhythm* (1942), a wartime morale booster for military troops
    + "That Old Black Magic," sung by Johnny Johnston, danced by Vera Zorina
* *Follow the Boys* (1944), with Vera Zorina and George Raft

### For American Ballet Caravan

### For the Ballet del Teatro de Colón

* Mozart *Violin Concerto* (1942)

### For Ballet Theatre

### For Ballet Society

* *The Four Temperaments* (1946)
* *L'enfant et Les Sortilèges* (*The Spellbound Child*) (1946)
* *Haieff Divertimento* (1947)
* *Symphonie Concertante* (1947)
* *Orpheus* (1948)

### For the Paris Opera Ballet

### For Le Grand Ballet du Marquis de Cuevas

* *Pas de Trois Classique* (also known as *Minkus Pas de Trois*) (1948)

### For New York City Ballet

### For New York City Opera

NYC Ballet Premiere May 15, 1975, New York State Theater, Ravel Festival, as *L'Enfant et les Sortilèges*. https://www.nycballet.com/ballets/s/the-spellbound-child.aspx


title: Truth window

abstract: A truth window is an opening in a wall surface, created to reveal the layers or components within the wall. In a strawbale house, a truth window is often used to show the walls are actually made from straw bales. A small section of a wall is left unplastered on the interior, and a frame is used to create a window which shows only straw, which makes up the inside of the wall. Many designs exist for truth windows. Glass may be placed over the window, or an openable wooden panel, or it may be a simple framed opening. The possible vulnerability of a truth window to moisture intrusion is sometimes raised as a concern.

text:
# Truth window

A **truth window** (or **truth wall**) is an opening in a wall surface, created to reveal the layers or components within the wall. In a strawbale house, a truth window is often used to show the walls are actually made from straw bales. A small section of a wall is left unplastered on the interior, and a frame is used to create a window which shows only straw, which makes up the inside of the wall.

Many designs exist for truth windows. Glass may be placed over the window, or an openable wooden panel, or it may be a simple framed opening.

The possible vulnerability of a truth window to moisture intrusion is sometimes raised as a concern.

1. Green Development: Integrating Ecology and Real Estate. 1998. Alex Wilson. p500.
2. Good Green Homes. 2003. Jennifer Roberts. p156.
3. Solar Today. 1994. American Solar Energy Society. p21.
4. The Good House Book. 2004. Clarke Snell. p174.
5. Straw-bale as a viable, cost effective, and sustainable material for use in southeast Ohio. 2005. Leanne R. Marks.


title: The Art of Nijinsky

abstract: The Art of Nijinsky is a 1913 book written by Geoffrey Whitworth which analyzes the art of Vaslav Nijinsky. At 110 pages, it features 10 colored illustrations by Dorothy Mullock, The watercolor illustrations by Mullock, have been called "remarkable." The text, itself called "enthusiastic," examines the career of Nijinsky in both the art-form and choreography, as well as appreciating Nijinsky's achievements. It also touches on the history of Russian ballet and related literature. In 1914, The Art of Nijinsky sold for $1.10, and it is considered to be the "first book to appear in appreciation of his art." However, Edward Gordon Craig felt that the book was unnecessary, stating that "the art of Nijinsky is no art."

text:
# The Art of Nijinsky

***The Art of Nijinsky*** is a 1913 book written by Geoffrey Whitworth which analyzes the art of Vaslav Nijinsky. At 110 pages, it features 10 colored illustrations by Dorothy Mullock,

The watercolor illustrations by Mullock, have been called "remarkable." The text, itself called "enthusiastic," examines the career of Nijinsky in both the art-form and choreography, as well as appreciating Nijinsky's achievements. It also touches on the history of Russian ballet and related literature. In 1914, *The Art of Nijinsky* sold for $1.10, and it is considered to be the "first book to appear in appreciation of his art." However, Edward Gordon Craig felt that the book was unnecessary, stating that "the art of Nijinsky is no art."

## Sources

* *The Bookman*. Vol. 45. Hodder and Stoughton. 1914.
* Kirstein, Lincoln (1984). *Four centuries of ballet: fifty masterworks*. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-24631-4.
* Gordon Craig, Edward (1978). *Gordon Craig on movement and dance*. Dance Books. ISBN 978-0-903102-37-7.
* *The Art of Nijinsky*. Vol. 25. Condé Nast Publications. 1914. `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)
* Los Angeles Public Library (1914). *Library books: monthly bulletin of the Los Angeles Public Library*. 9. Vol. 9. OCLC 9818762.
* Merritt Baker, Blanch. *Dramatic Bibliography*. New York. OCLC 486855122.
* *The Nation*. Vol. 98. Dublin: The Nation Company. 1914.
* Nicoll, Allardyce (2009). *English Drama, 1900-1930: The Beginnings of the Modern Period*. Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-0-521-12947-3.
* Publishers' Association (1914). *The Bookseller*. Vol. 60. Booksellers Association of Great Britain and Ireland.

## InfoBox

The Art of Nijinsky
| Frontispiece of a 1913 publication. | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Geoffrey Whitworth |
| Illustrator | Dorothy Mullock |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Chatto & Windus |
| Publication date | 1913 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Pages | 110 |
| OCLC | 504207393 |
| Text | *The Art of Nijinsky* at Wikisource |


abstract: This is a list of international organisations which have Portuguese as an official, administrative or working language.

text:
# List of international organisations which have Portuguese as an official language

This is a **list of international organisations which have Portuguese as an official, administrative or working language**.

| Organisation | Number of official languages | Portuguese name | Headquarters | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| CPLP |  | Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa | Lisbon, Portugal | The community of Portuguese-speaking nations |
| PALOP | 1 | Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa | N/A | The community of Portuguese-speaking African nations |
| ACTO | 4 (Dutch, English, Spanish) | Organização do Tratado de Cooperação Amazônica | Brasília, Brazil |  |
| ALADI | 2 (Spanish) | Associação Latino-Americana de Integração | Montevideo, Uruguay |  |
| AU | 5 (Languages of the AU) | União Africana | Addis Ababa, Ethiopia | Portuguese is an official language in 6 member states. |
| CELAC | 5 (Dutch, English, French, Spanish) | Comunidade de Estados Latino-Americanos e Caribenhos | N/A |  |
| CEN-SAD | 4 (Arabic, English, French) | Comunidade dos Estados de Sahel-Saharan | Tripoli, Libya |  |
| COMESA | 3 (English, French) | Mercado Comum da África Oriental e Austral | Tripoli, Libya |  |
| CONMEBOL | 2 (Spanish) | Confederação Sul-Americana de Futebol | Luque, Paraguay |  |
| CONSANAT | 2 (Spanish) | Confederação Sul-Americana de Natação | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |  |
| CONSUDATLE | 2 (Spanish) | Confederação Sul-Americana de Atletismo | Manaus, Brazil |  |
| CONSUR | 2 (Spanish) | Confederação Sul-Americana de Râguebi | Montevideo, Uruguay |  |
| CSV | 2 (Spanish) | Confederação Sul-Americana de Voleibol | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |  |
| ECCAS | 2 (French) | Comunidade Económica dos Estados da África Central | Libreville, Gabon |  |
| ECOWAS | 3 (English, French) | Comunidade Económica dos Estados da África Ocidental | Abuja, Nigeria |  |
| EU | 24 (Languages of the EU) | União Europeia | Brussels, Belgium | The European Commission, conducts its internal business in three languages, English, French and German |
| FIFA | 7 (Arabic, English, German, French, Russian, Spanish) | Federação Internacional de Futebol Associado | Zürich, Switzerland | Arabic, Portuguese and Russian are additional languages for the Congress. |
| IADB | 4 (English, French, Spanish) | Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento | Washington, D.C., United States |  |
| Latin Union | 6 (Catalan, French, Italian, Romanian, Spanish) | União Latina | Paris, France |  |
| Mercosur | 3 (Spanish, Guarani) | Mercado Comum do Sul | Montevideo, Uruguay | Portuguese and Spanish are the main work languages |
| OAS | 4 (English, French, Spanish) | Organização dos Estados Americanos | Washington, D.C., United States |  |
| OIAS | 2 (Spanish) | Organização dos Estados Ibero-americanos | Madrid, Spain |  |
| PATHF | 3 (English, Portuguese) | Federação Pan-Americana de Andebol | Guaynabo, Puerto Rico |  |
| Rio Group | 2 (Spanish) | Grupo do Rio | N/A |  |
| SADC | 3 (English, French) | Comunidade para o Desenvolvimento da África Austral | Gaborone, Botswana |  |
| UNASUR | 4 (Dutch, English, Spanish) | União de Nações Sul-Americanas | Cochabamba, Bolivia and Quito, Ecuador |  |
| ZPCAS | 4 (English, French, Spanish) | Zona de Paz e Cooperação do Atlântico Sul | Brasília, Brazil |  |
| Médecins Sans Frontières | 5 (English, French, Spanish, Arabic) | Médicos sem Fronteiras | Geneva, Switzerland |  |
| Red Cross | 7 (English, German, Spanish, Arabic, French, Russian) | Cruz Vermelha | Geneva, Switzerland |  |
| Amnesty International | 5 (English, French, Spanish, Arabic) | Anistia Internacional | London, United Kingdom |  |
| Inter-American Court of Human Rights | 4 (Spanish, French, English) | Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos | San José, Costa Rica |  |
| Latin American Parliament | 2 (Spanish) | Parlamento Latino-americano | Panama City, Panama |  |
| African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights | 6 (Arabic, English, French, Spanish, Kiswahili) | Tribunal Africano dos Direitos Humanos e dos Povos | Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso |  |
| European Space Agency | 4 (French, German, English) | Agência Espacial Europeia | Paris, France |  |
| Macau Forum | 2 (Chinese) | Fórum de Macau | Macau, China |  |
| World Intellectual Property Organization | 10 (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish, German, Japanese and Korean) | Organização Mundial da Propriedade Intelectual | Geneva, Switzerland |  |
| UNESCO | 10 (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Hindi, Indonesian, Italian, Russian and Spanish) | Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura | Paris, France |  |


title: Oğuz (name)

abstract: Oğuz is a common masculine Turkic given name. There are various theories on the meaning of "Oğuz". The most prominent explanation is that it is composed of "ok" and "z". In various modern Turkic languages and in Proto-Turkic language "ok(h)" means "arrow". Only in Proto-Turkic language, "ok" also means "clan", and/or "nation". Again, only in Proto-Turkic language, "z" is the plural suffix. In modern Turkish "z" is not the plural suffix anymore, in general. Therefore "okz" means "clans", "nations", and/or "arrows". Finally, "Oğuz" is used both as given names and as names of some of the Turkic clans. Oğuz Türks are the southwestern branch of Turkish clan system. "Gökoğuz" was a group of Oğuz Türks who migrated to northwest and named as Gagauz in modern times. There are also groups named as Üçoğuz, Sekizoğuz, Dokuzoğuz, etc. One of the earliest rulers of the Turkic people is also named "Oghuz Khan". As a given name "Oğuz" used in memory of and connotes Oghuz Khan.

text:
# Oğuz (name)

**Oğuz** is a common masculine Turkic given name. There are various theories on the meaning of "Oğuz". The most prominent explanation is that it is composed of "ok" and "z". In various modern Turkic languages and in Proto-Turkic language "ok(h)" means "arrow". Only in Proto-Turkic language, "ok" also means "clan", and/or "nation". Again, only in Proto-Turkic language, "z" is the plural suffix. In modern Turkish "z" is not the plural suffix anymore, in general. Therefore "okz" means "clans", "nations", and/or "arrows".

Finally, "Oğuz" is used both as given names and as names of some of the Turkic clans. Oğuz Türks are the southwestern branch of Turkish clan system. "Gökoğuz" was a group of Oğuz Türks who migrated to northwest and named as Gagauz in modern times. There are also groups named as Üçoğuz (Three Oğuz), Sekizoğuz (Eight Oğuz), Dokuzoğuz (Nine Oğuz), etc. One of the earliest rulers of the Turkic people is also named "Oghuz Khan". As a given name "Oğuz" used in memory of and connotes Oghuz Khan.

## Given name

### First name

### Middle name

## Surname

## InfoBox

Oğuz
| Gender | Masculine |
| --- | --- |
| Language(s) | Turkic\_languages |
| Origin | |
| Language(s) | Turkic languages |
| Word/name | "ok" |
| Derivation | 1. "ok"
2. "z" |
| Meaning | 1. "arrow", "clan", "nation"
2. plural suffix |
| Other names | |
| Cognate(s) | Oğuzhan |
| See also | Oghuz Khan |


title: 12th Virginia Infantry Regiment

abstract: The 12th Virginia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment mostly raised in Petersburg, Virginia, for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War, but with units from the cities of Norfolk and Richmond, and Greensville and Brunswick counties in southeastern Virginia. It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia. The 12th Virginia was organized at Norfolk in May, 1861, using the 4th Battalion Virginia Volunteers as its nucleus. Its members were mostly from Petersburg, with some men from Richmond and Norfolk. The regiment initially protected the main ports at Norfolk and Petersburg. In response to the federal Peninsular Campaign in the spring 1862, it joined General William Mahone's Brigade in the Army of Northern Virginia, then participated in many conflicts from Seven Pines to Wilderness. It was involved in the nearly year-long Siege of Petersburg, and conclusion of the Appomattox Campaign. The field officers were Colonels Everard M. Feild and David A. Weisiger; Lieutenant Colonels John R. Lewellen and Fielding L. Taylor; and Majors Edgar L. Brockett, Richard W. Jones, and John P. May. Future Virginia governors William E. Cameron and William Hodges Mann served in the 12th Virginia. Cameron had been a staff officer under Gen. Mahone and won election as a member of the Readjuster Party. Mann would be the last governor of Virginia to have fought in the Civil War.

text:
# 12th Virginia Infantry Regiment

The **12th Virginia Infantry Regiment** was an infantry regiment mostly raised in Petersburg, Virginia, for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War, but with units from the cities of Norfolk and Richmond, and Greensville and Brunswick counties in southeastern Virginia. It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia.

The 12th Virginia was organized at Norfolk in May, 1861, using the 4th Battalion Virginia Volunteers as its nucleus. Its members were mostly from Petersburg, with some men from Richmond and Norfolk. The regiment initially protected the main ports at Norfolk and Petersburg.

In response to the federal Peninsular Campaign in the spring 1862, it joined General William Mahone's Brigade in the Army of Northern Virginia, then participated in many conflicts from Seven Pines to Wilderness. It was involved in the nearly year-long Siege of Petersburg, and conclusion of the Appomattox Campaign.

The field officers were Colonels Everard M. Feild and David A. Weisiger; Lieutenant Colonels John R. Lewellen and Fielding L. Taylor; and Majors Edgar L. Brockett, Richard W. Jones, and John P. May. Future Virginia governors William E. Cameron and William Hodges Mann served in the 12th Virginia. Cameron had been a staff officer under Gen. Mahone and won election as a member of the Readjuster Party. Mann would be the last governor of Virginia to have fought in the Civil War.

## Companies

By 1860, the Petersburg City Guard (that became Company A) was led by Col. David Weisiger, associated with the commission merchant firm John Rowlett and Company. He also was a prominent Freemason, the grand commander of the Appomattox Commandery, Knights Templar No. 6. Company A formally enlisted in the Virginia militia on April 19, 1861, shortly after the Virginia Secession Convention of 1861 approved a secession resolution. The Petersburg City Guard and the older established militia company, the Petersburg Grays (Company B) had been sent to Harper's Ferry, Virginia in 1859 to guard against civil unrest during the trial and execution of abolitionist John Brown.

Upon their return, Petersburg expanded the Old Grays, and formed another unit, dubbed the "new" Petersburg Grays (Company C). Three additional companies were recruited within the city and began training. The Lafayette Guards became Company D, and the Petersburg Riflemen became Company E. Eventually, all five Petersburg companies would become part of this unit, and would be joined by companies from Norfolk (a militia unit dating from 1802) and Richmond (a militia unit formed in 1844). In March 1862, before this regiment's combat service began, many men transferred from the Lafayette Guards into the new Petersburg Artillery (under Captain Branch), so that unit received many recruits from rural Patrick County in southwest Virginia. The final Petersburg-recruited company, "Archer's Rifles" was raised in May 1861 by Fletcher H. Archer, who had commanded a volunteer company in the Mexican War. Archer soon became lieutenant colonel of the 3rd Virginia Infantry Regiment, while his company became Company K of the 12th Virginia Infantry.

The regiment was unusual in the Confederate army as a whole, because most of its members were educated and from cities, only Companies F and I were from rural counties (both served by a railroad line from Petersburg). The Huger Grays (Company F) and Meherrin Grays (Company I) were recruited mainly from Greensville and Brunswick Counties. The Richmond Grays had been Company A of the 1st Virginia Infantry, but became Company G of the 12th Virginia on July 12, 1861. The oldest militia volunteers in Norfolk (founded in 1802), the Norfolk Junior Volunteers enlisted on April 19, 1861, for one year. When their home city fell to the Union Army & Navy in 1862, many deserted and rejoined their families. On July 1, 1861, this company was transferred from the 6th Virginia Infantry Regiment, to become Company H of the 12th Virginia Infantry.

Sortable table
| Company | Nickname | Recruited at | First Commanding Officer |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| A | Petersburg City Guard | Petersburg | Colonel David A. Weisiger |
| B | Petersburg Old Grays | Petersburg | David Edmundson |
| C | Petersburg New Grays | Petersburg\] | Thomas H. Bond |
| D | Lafayette Guards | Petersburg\] | William H. Jarvis |
| E | Petersburg Riflemen | Petersburg | Daniel Dodson |
| F | Hugar Grays | Greensville
Brunswick County | Everard M. Feild |
| G | Richmond Grays | Richmond |  |
| H | Norfolk Juniors | Norfolk | A.F. Santos
Finlay T. Ferguson |
| I | Meherrin Grays | Greensville
Brunswick County | Richard W. Jones |
| K | Archer Rifles | Petersburg\] | Fletcher Archer
 |

One soldier reminisced about their first assignment after their April 1861 enlistment, a train ride to Norfolk.

> The next morning I volunteered in the "B" Grays of Petersburg, and on the 20th of April, 1861, we boarded a train en route to Norfolk. Our organization was then known as the "Petersburg Battalion," comprising two companies of Grays (A and B), each 108 men, the "City Guard," "Petersburg Rifles," "The Lafayette Guards," and the "Nichols Battery of Artillery," The whole of Petersburg seemed to have turned out on that eventful April morning to bid us farewell, and mingled with tears, banners and handkerchiefs waving, we sped away over the Petersburg and Norfolk Railroad, as it was then known.

## Uniforms during the war

Throughout the war, the regiment went through inconsistent reequipping, tending to leave the men with proper accoutrements and weapons, but without uniforms. The men were first supplied by the City of Petersburg, in April 1861, with new grey uniforms. However, that would be the only equipment that would be distributed throughout the regiment, until Christmas of 1862, again by the City Council of Petersburg. The men captured the weapons off of the dead and wounded U.S. Soldiers from the Seven Days battles, and had little proper clothing during the winter of 1862-1863, even into the spring. The 12th Virginia, again took new equipment from the federal dead at the Battle of Chancellorsville, but there is no mention of new uniforms issued even after the Battle of Gettysburg.

## Timeline of events

### Formation of the regiment

The majority of the Regiment came from the cities and received formal education, unlike the majority of Confederate Army units, whose ranks consisted mainly of country men.

* 1802, The Norfolk Juniors formed, being the oldest militia company in the city, would join the 12th Virginia in July 1861, as Company H.
* 1828, The Petersburg Greys organized, which eventually fought through the Mexican War under the command of Captain Fletcher Archer.
* 1844, The Richmond Greys formed, and joined the 1st Virginia Infantry, as Company A, and later transferred to the 12th Virginia.
* 1852, Captain John Pegram May organized the Petersburg City Guard. These two companies formed the 39th Regiment, Virginia State Militia, during the 1850s.
* December 2, 1859, Both the Petersburg Greys and the Petersburg City Guard were part of the security detail at the hanging of John Brown. On the return from the execution, the second company of the Petersburg Greys was formed by Thomas H. Bond. William Jarvis formed the Lafayette Guards the same year. A prominent lawyer in the city of Petersburg, Daniel Dodson, also organized the Petersburg Riflemen.
* 1860, The Commonwealth of Virginia began organizing the militia companies across the state, with this, the 4th Battalion, Virginia State Militia, was formed: with Co A, the Petersburg City Guard; Co B, the Old, and Co C, the New Petersburg Greys; Co D, the Lafayette Guards; and Co E, the Petersburg Riflemen; forming the unit. The Petersburg Riflemen had purchased new English manufactured Enfield, .577 caliber rifles, when the rest of the unit carried the old flintlock-conversion muskets, and older cap-lock muskets.
* 1861
    + April 17, Virginia voted for secession from the union. Following this, on April 19, Governor John Letcher called for volunteers. The 4th Battalion went into camp at Poplar Lawn in Petersburg.
    + April 20, The Battalion left Petersburg to Norfolk, for an occupation of the city and the military bases.
    + June 12, The Confederate Government redesignates the 4th Battalion, as the 12th Regiment, Virginia Infantry.

### Military Actions

* 1861. The regiment consisted of nearly 1000 men and officers.
    + The 4th Battalion, (12th Virginia), goes into camp in Norfolk, after an extremely long delay by friends and family in Petersburg, from the early hours of the morning, until noon, the battalion was delayed. It is speculated by Mahone and the other commanders that if the unit had arrived as expected early on the morning of the 20th, that the whole of Norfolk Naval Base would have fallen intact to the Confederate Army.
    + Company K is assigned to the Seacoast Battery, on Craney Island, starting in May.
    + On August 22, Company H spent a month at the Battery of Bouch's Bluff.
* 1862.
    + May 7. The regiment took the ferry to Portsmouth, VA to march the 20 miles to Suffolk, following the actions of Union General Wool. The regiment threw away the knapsacks, blankets, excess gear, and two-soldier tents during the march.
    + On May 15, The 12th Virginia and Mahone's Brigade, were ordered to Drewry's Bluff, aiding the heavy artillery and the Confederate Marines stationed there.
    + May 19. U.S. Navy ships; ironclads, USS Galena and USS Monitor, with the Naugatuck and Port Royal, steam up the river from City Point, and engage the C.S. battery at Drewry's Bluff. The 12th Virginia left the fortifications and started to fire at the vessels, in the attempt to injure any exposed crewman. After several hours without affecting either side, the U.S. Navy retired back down the river.
    + May 28. The 12th Virginia, Mahone's Brigade, and the rest of Huger's Division, went into camp on the outskirts of Richmond.
* Battle of Seven Pines/Fair Oaks May 31, Mahone's Brigade found itself on a mis-marked road, being led away from battle in the afternoon assault.
    + June 1, 1 A.M., orders to Mahone moved his brigade to the Williamsburg Road, arriving west of Seven Pines by 7 A.M. After confusion on the field from Armistead's Brigade pulling out, Mahone misinterpreted orders and pulled his brigade out, leaving only General George Pickett's Brigade in combat. Pickett called for aid in holding the line, and General D. H. Hill sent Mahone's brigade back into combat. This placed them nearer to Casey's Redoubt, and lasted from noon to 1 P. M. With the closing of the day's battle, the 12th Virginia faced Francis Barlow's 6th New York Infantry, O. O. Howard's Brigade, Richardson's Division. The 12th Virginia was the last unit to withdraw during the night, as it was the closest to the enemy. The following morning, the men examined the Regimental Battle Flag, of the Petersburg City Guard, with its first bullet holes.
    + During this time, Confederate President Jefferson Davis signed an order placing Robert E. Lee as commander of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia.
* June 25. Battle of Oak Grove 12th Virginia sustains 12 dead and 11 wounded, among highest in brigade.
* June 30 Battle of Glendale Huger's Division engaged in road construction per CSA General Mahone's orders; does not participate
* Battle of Malvern Hill 102 casualties, approximately 25% of 12 Virginia men engaged
* August 17, The regiment left the encampment at Falling Creek to board the Richmond and Petersburg Railroad train bound for Richmond, and marched from the R&P station to the Central Virginia Railroad station on Broad Street, in parade order with regimental band playing. The entire regiment carried either .58 caliber Springfield Rifle-muskets, or Enfield .577 caliber rifle-muskets, and possessed new rubber blankets, wool blankets, haversacks and other captured/issued goods. The men carried their personal effects in the bedroll, over the shoulder. The regiment left Richmond in boxcars from the Central Virginia Railroad, at 6 p.m.
* August 18, Train arrived at Louisa Court House around midnight, and the men had to march the thirteen miles to Gordonsville, and went into camp four miles south of Orange Court House.
* August 29–30. Second Battle of Manassas. 12th Virginia sustained 69 casualties, the highest of any regiment in Anderson's Division, including Major John P. May killed and Gen. Mahone and Col. D.A. Weisinger wounded; Col. William A. Parham of Sussex County and 41st Virginia Infantry led the brigade during Mahone's recovery
* September 4–20 Maryland Campaign
    + Battle of Crampton's Gap, 60 killed wounded or missing of 100 soldiers in the 12's Virginia, including Lt.Col. Fielding Taylor III killed
    + Battle of Antietam. Former Congressman and Petersburg lawyer Roger Pryor in brigade command (but commanding only 80 men, of which 23 men present for duty from 12th Virginia)
* December 13 Battle of Fredericksburg 12 Virginia sustains 8 killed or wounded by shell fire.

1863

* April 30-May 5 Battle of Chancellorsville. 12th Virginia sustains 36 killed or wounded; 51 taken prisoner at Germanna bridge near beginning; but on May 5 only 100 men present at roll call instead of 313, so Col. Feild on May 15 read public reprimand of unexcused absentees

May. Col. Weisinger returns to duty, having recovered from wounds of Second Manassas

* July 1–2.Battle of Gettysburg. 12th Virginia mostly in reserve; 1 killed, 8 wounded and 8 taken prisoners of war, one of the lowest casualty rates in army.

1864

* May 5–6.Battle of the Wilderness. Friendly fire incident between 12th Virginia and 41st Virginia wounds Gen. Longstreet and many others. Longstreet replaced by Richard Heron Anderson; Mahone replacing Anderson in divisional command and Col. Weisinger assumes command of Mahone's Brigade, and Lt.Col. E.M. Feild of 12th Virginia
* June 9–14. Battle of Old Men and Young Boys. Union troops attack Petersburg, defended by Lt.Col. Archer and about 125 local militia. Archer wounded on final day, when General Grant after arrival of Longstreet's Corps, changes to siege.
* June 18. 12th Virginia arrives during Siege of Petersburg. Would mostly man trenches for next 10 months
    + July 30Battle of the Crater. 12th Virginia loses 8 killed and 24 wounded, about 10% of those engaged
    + October 27–28Battle of Boydton Plank Road Though 12th Virginia protected South Side Railroad, many men became Union prisoners of war, including Captain Edward Scott of Company F, a grand nephew of Union General Winfield Scott

1865

* April 2. 12th Virginia in Mahone's Division acts as rear guard during Petersburg's evacuation
* Lee's surrender. After acting as rear guard during the evacuation of Petersburg on April 2–3, 1861, Mahone's Division was the largest in Lee's army. 12th Virginia surrendered 16 officers and 180 men.

## Officers and profiles of the 12th Virginia

### Fletcher H. Archer

Fletcher Harris Archer was born on February 6, 1817, in Petersburg, one of the youngest of five sons and four daughters of Allen Archer, a prosperous miller, and Prudence Whitworth Archer. He attended school in Petersburg before entering the University of Virginia, where he received his bachelor of law degree on July 3, 1841. He then returned to his native city and established his practice.

On April 2, 1842, Archer was elected captain of the 7th Company, 39th Virginia Militia Regiment. He held that rank in December 1846, when he raised the Petersburg Mexican Volunteers, which became Company E of the 1st Virginia Volunteer Regiment. His was one of the few Virginia units that saw active military service during the Mexican War. The regiment reached Mexico early in 1847 and served on General Zachary Taylor's line until the end of the war. By August 1, 1848, the company was back in Petersburg, where Archer resumed his law practice. He married Eliza Ann Eppes Allen and they had one daughter, born shortly before her mother's death in April 1851.

Petersburg During the Civil War

Within two days of Virginia's secession from the Union, Archer raised a company of one hundred men that was designated Company K, "Archer Rifles," 12th Virginia Infantry Regiment. He was elected its captain. Shortly thereafter, on May 5, 1861, he was appointed lieutenant colonel in the 3rd Virginia Infantry Regiment. After brief intervals of service in command of the Naval Hospital in Norfolk, as lieutenant colonel of the 5th Battalion Virginia Infantry, and as commander of the 1st Brigade, Department of Norfolk, Archer retired in May 1862 to civilian life in Petersburg. On March 31, 1863, he married Martha Georgianna Morton Barksdale, a widow with three sons and one daughter.

As the armies moved ever closer to the Richmond-Petersburg front, Archer again offered his military expertise to the Confederacy. On May 4, 1864, he was commissioned a major commanding the 3rd, or "Archer's Battalion," Virginia Reserves. Composed of men between the ages of sixteen and eighteen and between forty-five and fifty-five from Petersburg and the counties of Dinwiddie and Prince George, the reserves were to be used for state defense and detail duty. They participated in Archer's greatest military accomplishment, his defense of Petersburg on June 9, 1864, in what has come to be called the Battle of Old Men and Young Boys.

As more than 1,300 Union cavalry troops led by Brigadier General August Kautz attempted to ride into Petersburg from the south and Union infantry threatened the defenses east of the city, 125 members of Archer's unit and 5 men and one gun from an artillery unit answered a call for reserves and militia to assemble at Battery 29 on the Jerusalem Plank Road. Later Archer recalled that details for special service and guard duty in Richmond had left him with barely a company of inadequately armed men in civilian clothes, combining those "with head silvered o'er with the frosts of advancing years" and others who "could scarcely boast of the down upon the cheek." His command repelled the first attack by the Northern troops but a second assault forced him back into the city. The arrival of Confederate cavalry and artillery put a check to further Union movement, but at the cost of 76 casualties to the reserves, more than half of those who had gone into action.

Promoted to lieutenant colonel, Archer led his unit in the defense of Petersburg during the subsequent Union attack of June 15–18 and throughout the nine-and-one-half-month siege of the city. Wounded in the arm at Petersburg, he was hit again during the retreat to Appomattox, where his combined force of the 3rd and 44th Battalions of Virginia Reserves surrendered sixty-five men.

After the war ended Archer returned to Petersburg and began to rebuild his law practice. Active in the local Conservative Party, he eventually became its chairman. He sought the party's nomination for mayor in 1876 and 1878 but lost both times to William E. Cameron, who had remained with the 12th Virginia until war's end and later aligned himself with General Mahone and even later with the Readjuster movement. In 1879 Archer and tobacconist Charles A. Jackson were the Conservative nominees for seats in the House of Delegates, but both lost as the Readjusters carried the city with 55 percent of the vote.

Following this citywide defeat, Archer won election to the Petersburg City Council and fellow councillors elected him their president. By virtue of this position Archer became mayor on January 2, 1882, when Cameron was sworn in as governor. At this point the council still had a Conservative majority, but Readjusters controlled all of the elective executive offices in Petersburg except the mayor's office and vowed to oust Archer in the May 1882 election.

To counter a Readjuster–Fusionist Republican coalition, the Conservatives formed an alliance with the Straightout Republicans and ran as the Citizens' Party. Archer received their nomination for mayor but lost to Thomas J. Jarratt, and the Readjusters won a narrow majority on the city council. The Conservatives then tried to keep the Readjusters from taking their seats by alleging a violation of the city charter, and on July 1 Archer refused to vacate his office at the end of his term. He did not finally step down as mayor until a lawsuit confirmed Jarratt in the office on March 23, 1883.

In 1884 Archer was a delegate to the state Democratic convention in Richmond and tried to encourage dissident white Readjusters to rejoin the Democratic Party. He did not run for another public office thereafter. Archer died at his home on High Street on August 21, 1902, after having been in "feeble health by reason of his advanced age for some months." He was interred in Petersburg's Blandford Cemetery.

### Finlay F. Ferguson

Captain of Company H, the Norfolk Junior Volunteers, from April 1861 to May 1862. Born in 1804, married in 1842, had 3 children in 1860. Mayor of Norfolk in 1860. (According to the Norfolk Public Library, he served from June 24, 1856, to 1858.) Died in 1863, and buried in Elmwood Cemetery, Norfolk, Virginia.

### William Crawford Smith

Enlisted on May 17, 1861, in Company B, the Petersburg Greys. Brother of Hugh Ritchie Smith and James Smith. Born in Petersburg on November 26, 1837. Moved to Nashville Tenn. before 1861, returned to enlist that year. Wounded at Crampton's Gap on September 14, 1862, captured and taken to the U.S. Army 6th Corps Hospital, in Burkittsville, Md. Date not recorded for parole/exchange to Confederacy. In Richmond Hospital, October to November, 1862. Promoted to Corporal on March 1, then Sergeant on August 1, 1863. Wounded during the Wilderness campaign, May 6, 1864, no recorded dates for hospital stay. Paroled at Appomattox after Lee's Surrender, he returned to Nashville, Tennessee, in 1865, becoming a building contractor and architect, built the early buildings at Vanderbilt University and the reproduction of the Parthenon in Nashville for the state centennial. Granted Colonelship of the 1st Tennessee Militia in 1896. Organized the 1896 Tennessee State Exposition. Became Colonel of the 1st Tennessee Infantry, U.S. Volunteers, from 1898 to 1899. Led his regiment in combat against Aguinaldo's Philippine insurrectionists in 1899. Fell dead from his horse, attributed to heat stroke, near Manila on February 5, 1899. He was known to be a Mason and a great reader. Buried at Mt. Olivet Cemetery, Nashville Tennessee, on April 19, 1899, following a huge state funeral, one of the largest ever seen in the city.

### William Hodges Mann

William Hodges Mann was born in Williamsburg on July 31, 1843; as the son of John Mann and Mary Hunter Bowers. Went to Williamsburg Academy, and Brownsburg Academy in Rockbridge County. Became deputy clerk of the circuit court of Nottoway County, from 1859 to 1861. Enlisted on June 20, 1861, in Company E, the Petersburg Riflemen. Wounded at Seven Pines, on June 1, 1862. While recuperating, became temporary clerk to Confederate Treasury Dept. Served as a spy, behind Gen U.S. Grant's lines, during the Siege of Petersburg. After the war, in 1865, he was elected to clerk of the Virginia Circuit Court of Dinwiddie County. Admitted to the Bar in 1867. Married twice. Served as Judge of Nottoway County, from 1870 to 1892. Virginia State Senator from 1898 to 1910 and a Member of the Democratic State Executive Committee. Prominent Prohibitionist, and a promoter of public high schools. Established Bank of Crewe Va, was president to 1910. Owned a dairy farm in Burkeville. Was a Presbyterian elder, and friend to Rev. Theodorick Pryor, father of General Richard Pryor. Governor of Virginia from 1910 to 1914. Lawyer in Petersburg from 1914 to his death 1927. Died, on December 21, 1927, from a stroke at his law office desk. Buried in Blandford cemetery.

## The Legacy of the 12th Virginia

Veterans of the 12th Virginia gained political power in Petersburg during Reconstruction, and such continued as the Re-Adjuster Party took power. Former Sergeant of Company E, William E. Hinton, became a local financier and political leader, first as a Conservative, then as a Re-Adjuster, including a term in the Virginia General Assembly. His brother, Drury A. Hinton, former captain of Virginia's 41st Infantry, served as the city's prosecutor (elected and re-elected as Commonwealth Attorney), and won a seat on the Virginia Supreme Court.

The 12th Virginia Infantry lives on today in the form of an incorporated living history and reenactment unit bearing its designation. Modern Companies 'B' and 'C' live on in the Richmond-Petersburg region of the Commonwealth of Virginia; with one company not associated having formed in California as company 'G'. The Virginia unit is a family-friendly, non-profit organization, and participates in numerous events in Virginia and bordering states.

1. Field, Ron (2006). *Men-at-Arms, The Confederate Army 1861-65 (4), Virginia & Arkansas*. England: Osprey Publishing.
2. Henderson, William D. (1984). *12th Virginia Infantry, The Virginia Regimental History Series*. Petersburg, VA: H. E. Howard Inc.
3. (one source claims the transfer was later in August)
4. Cavanaugh, Michael A. (1988). *6th Virginia Infantry, The Virginia Regimental History Series*. Petersburg, VA: H. E. Howard Inc. p. 6.
5. Brown, Philip F. (1917). *Reminiscenes of the War of 1861- 1865*. Richmond, VA: Whittet & Shepperson. p. 9
6. Henderson p. 19
7. Henderson p. 22
8. Henderson p. 23
9. Henderson p. 30
10. Henderson p. 35
11. Henderson pp. 38-39
12. Henderson p. 42
13. Henderson p. 52
14. Henderson pp. 56-57
15. Henderson pp. 78-79
16. Henderson p. 90
17. Henderson p. 96
18. Calkins, Christopher M. *Fletcher H. Archer (1817–1902)*, *Encyclopedia Virginia*
19. James G. Scott and Edward A. Wyatt IV, Petersburg's Story: a history (Petersburg, 1960) p.333

## InfoBox

| 12th Virginia Infantry Regiment | |
| --- | --- |
| Flag of Virginia, 1861 | |
| Active | July 1861  Spring 1865 |
| Disbanded | April 1865 |
| Country | Confederate States of America |
| Allegiance | Virginia |
| Branch | Confederate States Army |
| Type | Regiment |
| Role | Infantry |
| Engagements | American Civil War |
| Commanders | |
| Notable
commanders | William Mahone; William E. Cameron |