title: Maazi, Haal, Mustaqbil

abstract: Maazi, Haal, Mustaqbil is the second studio album of the Pakistani progressive rock band Mizraab, released in March, 2004 on Sadaf Stereo. The album is credited to be the first proper Urdu metal album released in Pakistan. Lyrically, the album contains references to life, death, nature and the environment a person lives in. The album was recorded and produced by vocalist and lead guitarist Faraz Anwar. The album is the second album produced by Faraz. The album is entirely a progressive rock and heavy metal album and the first concept album which is released in Pakistan. Maazi, Haal, Mustaqbil was released to critical acclaim and commercial success. Five singles have been released in promotion of the album along with their music videos; "Meri Terhan" and "Insaan" in 2002, "Izhar" in March 2003, "Kitne Sadian" in April 2004 and "Panchi" in September 2005. "Kitne Sadian", "Insaan" and "Meri Terhan" did very well at the local music charts. The album received generally positive reviews from music critics. The album sold more than 30,000 copies upon its release and is the band's highest selling album.

text:
# Maazi, Haal, Mustaqbil

***Maazi, Haal, Mustaqbil*** (Urdu: **ماضی، حال، مستقبل**, literal English translation: "past, present, future") is the second studio album of the Pakistani progressive rock band Mizraab, released in March, 2004 on Sadaf Stereo. The album is credited to be the first proper Urdu metal album released in Pakistan. Lyrically, the album contains references to life, death, nature and the environment a person lives in.

The album was recorded and produced by vocalist and lead guitarist Faraz Anwar. The album is the second album produced by Faraz. The album is entirely a progressive rock and heavy metal album and the first concept album which is released in Pakistan.

*Maazi, Haal, Mustaqbil* was released to critical acclaim and commercial success. Five singles have been released in promotion of the album along with their music videos; "Meri Terhan" and "Insaan" in 2002, "Izhar" in March 2003, "Kitne Sadian" in April 2004 and "Panchi" in September 2005. "Kitne Sadian", "Insaan" and "Meri Terhan" did very well at the local music charts. The album received generally positive reviews from music critics. The album sold more than 30,000 copies upon its release and is the band's highest selling album.

## Background

After Akhthar Qayyum left the band, Faraz Anwar recruited two new members Jamal Mustafa on rhythm guitars and Irfan Ahmed on drums. The band then started working on their second studio album. Firstly, the band struggled to strike a record deal as no record label was willing to release a progressive rock album as the general Pakistani audience were not aware of the genre. Leaving aside the record labels, the band also faced opposition from the local music channels as they banned the band from playing their music videos which were initially given a lot of air time. Music videos of singles "Insaan", released in October 2002, and "Meri Terhan", released in December, were banned from playing on many local music channels.

However, the band did not gave up and went on recording and releasing their third single music video, "Izhar", for the 2003 Cricket World Cup and dedicated the song to the Pakistan cricket team. The video of the song was made in a very short period of time and was released in March 2003. The video was a success and received a lot of air time play on music channels and was even played internationally on the Dubai based sports channel Ten Sports. After the release of "Izhar", Khalid Khan also left the band due to playing bass for two bands at one time, Mizraab and Aaroh. Aaroh had already broken into the mainstream and Mizraab was not going to remain underground much longer. Realising that it was difficult for him to continue with both these demanding acts, the band decided that Khalid should limit himself to one of these. So, Khalid ended up parting ways with the band and became a full-time band member of Aaroh. Faraz Arshad, an ex-student of Faraz Awar, replaced Khalid Khan on bass guitars.

## Reception

On April 14, 2004, Mizraab released their fourth single "Kitni Sadian" music video directed by Babar Sheikh from their upcoming second studio album. On March 8, Mizraab released their second studio album *Maazi, Haal, Mustaqbil*, which found the band renewed popularity and success. The album was released by the record label, Sadaf Stereo and was quickly sold out in the market. The album received much criticism and acclaim by critics. The album also featured the two new recruits in the band, Jamal Mustafa and Faraz Arshad. The album was released after 3 years of struggle because no record label was interested in releasing a progressive rock format album in Pakistan. However, the album sold more than 30,000 copies upon release and the album sales surprised the record label and was forced to print out more copies because of its demand. *Maazi Haal Mustaqbil* credited to be the first proper Urdu metal album released and the first ever progressive concept album released in Pakistan. Due to the success of the album, at the Lux Style Awards 2004, the album was nominated for the "Best Music Album" award.

On August 5, 2007, Mizraab's single "Insaan" was at number #1 for the download of the week by Instep magazine.

## Track listing

All music composed & arranged by Faraz Anwar. All songs written by Adnan Ahmed, those which are not are mentioned below.

Maazi, Haal, Mustaqbil
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Mayusee" | Akhtar Qayyum | 9:11 |
| 2. | "Panchi" | Akhtar Qayyum | 6:32 |
| 3. | "World Eterne" |  | 2:06 |
| 4. | "Meri Terhan" |  | 4:24 |
| 5. | "Janay Main" |  | 5:58 |
| 6. | "Insaan" |  | 6:40 |
| 7. | "Aag" |  | 5:43 |
| 8. | "Kitni Sadian" |  | 6:33 |
| 9. | "Muntazir" |  | 5:23 |
| 10. | "Akhir Kyun" |  | 7:18 |
| 11. | "Kuch Hai" |  | 6:35 |
| 12. | "Izhar" |  | 3:28 |
| Total length: | | | 1:09:59 |

## Personnel

All information is taken from the CD.

Mizraab Additional musicians * Khalid Mustafa Khan - bass

Production * Produced by Mizraab
* Recorded by Faraz Anwar and Jamal Mustafa
* Recorded & mixed at 8-93 in Karachi, Pakistan
* Web designing by Syed Abdul Moni
* Cover concept and design by Babar Sheikh
* Photography by Babar Sheikh, Murtaza and Ibaad
* Additional artwork by Khurrum Khan

## InfoBox

| Maazi, Haal, Mustaqbil | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Mizraab | |
| Released | March 8, 2004 |
| Recorded | 2003–2004 at 8-93 in Karachi, Pakistan |
| Genre | Progressive rock, progressive metal, heavy metal |
| Length | 69:59 |
| Label | Sadaf Stereo |
| Producer | Faraz Anwar |
| Mizraab chronology | |
| *Panchi*
(1999) ***Maazi, Haal, Mustaqbil***
(2004) *Live at FM 101*
(2009) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Maazi, Haal, Mustaqbil* | |
| 1. "Insaan"
Released: October 2002 2. "Meri Terhan"
Released: December 2002 3. "Izhar"
Released: March 2003 4. "Kitni Sadian"
Released: April 14, 2004 5. "Panchi"
Released: September 13, 2005 | |
|  | |


title: Peary Polar Expedition Medal

abstract: The Peary Polar Expedition Medal was a commemorative medal awarded to six of the participants of the 1908–1909 Expedition to the North Pole, led by Robert Peary. Authorized by Congress in 1944, the silver medals were presented by the Secretary of the Navy.

text:
# Peary Polar Expedition Medal

The **Peary Polar Expedition Medal** was a commemorative medal awarded to six of the participants of the 1908–1909 Expedition to the North Pole, led by Robert Peary. Authorized by Congress in 1944, the silver medals were presented by the Secretary of the Navy.

## Establishment

The medal was established by Private Law 78-166 on January 28, 1944. The law was entitled, "An act to provide for the presentation of silver medals to certain members of the Peary Polar Expedition of 1908-1909." The law authorized the Secretary of the Navy to have made at the United States Mint, silver medals with which to reward six individuals for their service to the expedition. The medals were to be presented in the name of Congress. Absent from the list of recipients was Peary himself.

## Appearance

The medal is 1+12 inches (3.8 cm) in diameter. The obverse depicts a figure of Peary in a fur hooded parka, holding the tip of a walking pole in his right hand. Below the figure of Peary are the words in three lines: *PEARY POLAR EXPEDITION 1908-09*. Around the outside are the points of a compass rose with north being indicated at the top by a fleur-de-lis.

The reverse bears the eight line inscription: *PRESENTED IN THE NAME OF CONGRESS IN RECOGNITION OF HIS EFFORTS AND SERVICES AS A MEMBER OF THE PEARY POLAR EXPEDITION OF 1908-09 IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE AND FOR THE CAUSE OF POLAR EXPLORATION BY AIDING IN THE DISCOVERY OF THE NORTH POLE BY ADMIRAL PEARY*. Above the inscription is an American flag with a sled dog on either side. Below the inscription is a space to engrave the recipient's name resting on the depiction of snowshoes at the bottom.

The medal is suspended from a white ribbon with an ice-blue 14-inch (0.64 cm) stripe toward each edge.

## Recipients

The six recipients of the medal, specified in the authorizing act of Congress, were:

Although eligible, Peary himself was not awarded the medal, for unknown reasons.

MacMillan and Bartlett received their medals in May 1945; Goodsell and Henson received theirs the following month. Borup's sister accepted his medal in June 1945, and Marvin's family received his medal in 1949.

## InfoBox

| Peary Polar Expedition Medal | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type | Commemorative medal |
| Awarded for | Valuable services to the Nation in the field of polar exploration and science |
| Presented by | United States Congress |
| Eligibility | Members of the Peary Polar Expedition |
| Status | Obsolete |
| Total | 6 |
|  | |
| Ribbon bar of the medal | |
|  | |
| Precedence | |
| Next (higher) | Sampson Medal |
| Next (lower) | NC-4 Medal |
| Related | Byrd Antarctic Expedition Medal
Second Byrd Antarctic Expedition Medal
United States Antarctic Expedition Medal
Antarctica Service Medal |


title: Wilhelm Hennings

abstract: Wilhelm Marie "Wim" Hennings was a Dutch sprinter. He competed in the 100 m event at the 1928 Summer Olympics, but failed to reach the final.

text:
# Wilhelm Hennings

**Wilhelm Marie "Wim" Hennings** (20 August 1905 – 24 September 1991) was a Dutch sprinter. He competed in the 100 m event at the 1928 Summer Olympics, but failed to reach the final.

## InfoBox

Wilhelm Hennings
| Hennings at the 1928 Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | 20 August 1905
Amsterdam, the Netherlands |
| Died | 24 September 1991 (aged 86)
Soest, the Netherlands |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Event | Sprint |
| Club | AAC, Amsterdam |


title: Uwe Topper

abstract:
Uwe Topper is a German amateur researcher and author of books about historic, ethnographic, and anthropological subjects. In 1977, Topper published Das Erbe der Giganten, a book about the prehistory of Spain and the Western Mediterranean basin. The main thesis interprets the remnant of very early high cultures there as the basis for Plato's Atlantis. Although this idea doesn't hold much credibility within mainstream research, his discovery of rock paintings and engravings presented in the book have been favourably received and quoted by academic researchers. Since the late 1990s, Topper is best known as a proponent of alternative history, with his variant of New Chronology somewhat between Heribert Illig's phantom time hypothesis and Fomenko's version.
Apart from working on New Chronology, Topper has done extensive anthropological research.
His works in this field have been partially published in the yearbook of the German Institutum Canarium, as well as in the yearbook of the University of Cádiz, Spain. He has published scientific articles in German official reviews such as Zeitschrift für Ethnologie and Jahrbuch des Museums für Anthropologie München. Topper has also written about the Book of Revelation, about Reincarnation beliefs from a historical and ethnological perspective, Sufism in North Africa, and popular traditions in Morocco. In 1995, Topper, who by then had got in contact with a group of German researchers including Gunnar Heinsohn, Heribert Illig, Christoph Marx, and others, who all question the established chronology, decided to take a closer look at the Middle Ages and published a series of books which try to show that history, as we know it, was created from the 16th century onwards—according to this idea, there are hardly well-dated facts before 1400 AD. Titles include Die Große Aktion [The Big Action] (1998), Erfundene Geschichte [Invented History] (1999), Fälschungen der Geschichte [Faked History] (2001), and ZeitFälschung [Faking Time] (2003). Topper's focus on falsifications in the Middle Ages and modern times has raised interest in the German press.

text:
# Uwe Topper

**Uwe Topper** (born 1940) is a German amateur researcher and author of books about historic, ethnographic, and anthropological subjects.

In 1977, Topper published *Das Erbe der Giganten* (*The Legacy of the Giants*), a book about the prehistory of Spain and the Western Mediterranean basin. The main thesis interprets the remnant of very early high cultures there as the basis for Plato's Atlantis. Although this idea doesn't hold much credibility within mainstream research, his discovery of rock paintings and engravings presented in the book have been favourably received and quoted by academic researchers.

Since the late 1990s, Topper is best known as a proponent of alternative history, with his variant of *New Chronology* somewhat between Heribert Illig's phantom time hypothesis and Fomenko's version. Apart from working on *New Chronology*, Topper has done extensive anthropological research. His works in this field have been partially published in the yearbook of the German Institutum Canarium, as well as in the yearbook of the University of Cádiz, Spain. He has published scientific articles in German official reviews such as *Zeitschrift für Ethnologie* and *Jahrbuch des Museums für Anthropologie München*.

Topper has also written about the Book of Revelation (*Das letzte Buch*, 1993), about Reincarnation beliefs from a historical and ethnological perspective (*Wiedergeburt*, 1988), Sufism in North Africa (*Sufis und Heilige im Maghreb*, 1984/1991), and popular traditions in Morocco.

In 1995, Topper, who by then had got in contact with a group of German researchers including Gunnar Heinsohn, Heribert Illig, Christoph Marx, and others, who all question the established chronology, decided to take a closer look at the Middle Ages and published a series of books which try to show that history, as we know it, was created from the 16th century onwards—according to this idea, there are hardly well-dated facts before 1400 AD. Titles include *Die Große Aktion* \[*The Big Action*\] (1998), *Erfundene Geschichte* \[*Invented History*\] (1999), *Fälschungen der Geschichte* \[*Faked History*\] (2001), and *ZeitFälschung* \[*Faking Time*\] (2003).

Topper's focus on falsifications in the Middle Ages and modern times has raised interest in the German press.

## Books

* 1977: *Das Erbe der Giganten. Untergang und Rückkehr der Atlanter* (Walter Verl. Olten & Freiburg)
* 1986: *Märchen der Berber* (Diederichs, Köln)
* 1988: *Wiedergeburt. Das Wissen der Völker* (Rowohlt. Reinbek /Hamburg)
* 1988: *Erdbefragung. Anleitung zur Geomantik* (Knaur. Munich)
* 1988: *Arte Rupestre en la Provincia de Cádiz* (Cadix' Province Government, Spain)
* 1991: *Sufis und Heilige im Maghreb. Marokkanische Mystik* (Diederichs, Cologne)
* 1993: *Das letzte Buch. Die Bedeutung der Offenbarung des Johannes* (Hugendubel, Munich)
* 1993: *Cuentos populares de los Bereberes* (Miraguano Ed., Madrid)
* 1998: *Die "Große Aktion". Europas erfundene Geschichte* (Grabert, Tübingen)
* 1999: *Erfundene Geschichte. Unsere Zeitrechnung ist falsch* (Herbig, Munich)
* 2001: *Fälschungen der Geschichte. Von Persephone bis Newtons Zeitrechnung* (Herbig, Munich)
* 2003: *horra. Die ersten Europäer* (Grabert, Tübingen)
* 2003: *Das Geheimnis des Elsaß. Was geschah damals am Odilienberg?* (with Gert Meier and Hermann Zschweigert; Tübingen)
* 2003: *Zeitfälschung. Es begann mit der Renaissance* (Herbig, Munich)
* 2006: *Kalender-Sprung. Falsche Geschichtsschreibung bestimmt die Zukunft* (Tübingen)
* 2016: *Das Jahrkreuz. Sprünge im Verlauf der Zeit* (Tübingen)

* Revising Chronology – chronology criticism in four languages, featuring around 250 articles by Uwe Topper and others

## InfoBox

| Uwe Topper | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1940 (age 8384) |
| Nationality | German |
| Occupations | * Researcher * writer |
| Known for | Historical revisionism |


title: Lights of Cincinnati

abstract: "Lights of Cincinnati" is a song written by the English songwriters Tony Macaulay and Geoff Stephens which was first a song for the American singer-songwriter Scott Walker in 1969. The song was Walker's third solo single in the UK. The accompaniment was directed by Peter Knight. "Lights of Cincinnati" was a moderate hit spending ten weeks on the UK Singles Chart and peaking at No. 13 in July 1969. The single also made the Irish Singles Chart peaking at No. 20. While not included on the concurrently released Scott: Scott Walker Sings Songs from his TV Series album or Scott 3 album from March, the song replaced "30 Century Man" on US editions of Scott 3. The single was backed with the 1969 Scott 3 album track "Two Weeks Since You've Gone". The accompaniment of the b-side was directed by Wally Stott, later known as Angela Morley.

text:
# Lights of Cincinnati

"**Lights of Cincinnati**" is a song written by the English songwriters Tony Macaulay and Geoff Stephens which was first a song for the American singer-songwriter Scott Walker in 1969. The song was Walker's third solo single in the UK. The accompaniment was directed by Peter Knight.

"Lights of Cincinnati" was a moderate hit spending ten weeks on the UK Singles Chart and peaking at No. 13 in July 1969. The single also made the Irish Singles Chart peaking at No. 20.

While not included on the concurrently released *Scott: Scott Walker Sings Songs from his TV Series* album or *Scott 3* album from March, the song replaced "30 Century Man" on US editions of *Scott 3*. The single was backed with the 1969 *Scott 3* album track "Two Weeks Since You've Gone". The accompaniment of the b-side was directed by Wally Stott, later known as Angela Morley.

## Track listing

Philips – BF 1793
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Lights of Cincinnati" | T. Macaulay, G. Stephens | 3:20 |
| 2. | "Two Weeks Since You've Gone" | S. Engel | 2:48 |

## Chart positions

| Chart (1969) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Irish Singles Chart | 20 |
| UK Singles Chart | 13 |
|

## InfoBox

| "Lights of Cincinnati" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Scott Walker | |
| from the album  *Scott 3 (US version)* | |
| B-side | "Two Weeks Since You've Gone" |
| Released | June 6, 1969 (1969-06-06) |
| Recorded | 1969 |
| Genre | Folk-pop |
| Length | 3:20 |
| Label | Philips Records |
| Songwriter(s) | Tony Macaulay, Geoff Stephens |
| Producer(s) | John Franz, Peter Knight |
| Scott Walker singles chronology | |
| "Joanna"
(1968) "**Lights of Cincinnati**"
(1969) "I Still See You"
(1971) | |


title: Tools of trade

abstract:
The tools of trade are items that are exempt from attachment under bankruptcy law or from seizure. The exemption exists in many jurisdictions. For examples:
  - In England, the Bankrupts (England) Act 1825 included it in a short list of exemptions: "tools of trade, necessary household furniture, and the wearing apparel of himself, his wife and children". The Bankruptcy Act 1883 and the Bankruptcy Act 1890 contained the same exception. The Bankruptcy Act 1914 contained an exception. The Insolvency Act 1986 that is nowadays applicable states "such tools, books, vehicles and other items of equipment as are necessary to the bankrupt for use personally by him in his employment, business or vocation".
  - In Australia the Bankruptcy Act 1966 exempts the "ordinary tools of trade, plant and equipment [...] ordinary professional instruments and professional reference books".
  - All of the provinces of Canada have a tools of trade exemption in their various bankruptcy laws.
  - In the United States, the Bankruptcy Code §522(f) exempts implements, professional books, and tools of the trade. All of these owe this exemption to the provisions for bankrupts that existed in English common law before it was codified by statute. What exactly constitute one's tools of trade comes down to case law, and the case law of the United States exemplifies how complex such case law often is.
Farmers have claimed mechanical cream separators.
A professional forest guide claimed his canoe as exempt, but was not allowed to claim his rifle.
A car used only for commuting to work is not a tool of the trade, but a motor vehicle can be, including a farm tractor.
Breeding stock can be considered, as well as a logging truck and trailer.
However, some cases have limited the exemption to personal hand tools and not large machinery or power tools.

text:
# Tools of trade

The **tools of trade** are items that are exempt from attachment under bankruptcy law or from seizure.

The exemption exists in many jurisdictions. For examples:

* In England, the Bankrupts (England) Act 1825 (6 Geo IV) included it in a short list of exemptions: "tools of trade, necessary household furniture, and the wearing apparel of himself, his wife and children". The Bankruptcy Act 1883 and the Bankruptcy Act 1890 contained the same exception. The Bankruptcy Act 1914 contained an exception. The Insolvency Act 1986 that is nowadays applicable states "such tools, books, vehicles and other items of equipment as are necessary to the bankrupt for use personally by him in his employment, business or vocation".
* In Australia the Bankruptcy Act 1966 exempts the "ordinary tools of trade, plant and equipment \[...\] ordinary professional instruments and professional reference books".
* All of the provinces of Canada have a tools of trade exemption in their various bankruptcy laws.
* In the United States, the Bankruptcy Code (USC 2) §522(f) exempts implements, professional books, and tools of the trade.

All of these owe this exemption to the provisions for bankrupts that existed in English common law before it was codified by statute.

What exactly constitute one's tools of trade comes down to case law, and the case law of the United States exemplifies how complex such case law often is. Farmers have claimed mechanical cream separators. A professional forest guide claimed his canoe as exempt, but was not allowed to claim his rifle. A car used only for commuting to work is not a tool of the trade, but a motor vehicle can be, including a farm tractor. Breeding stock can be considered, as well as a logging truck and trailer. However, some cases have limited the exemption to personal hand tools and not large machinery or power tools.

## England and Wales

Under the Courts Act 2003, "such tools, books, vehicles and other items of equipment as are necessary to the execution debtor for use personally by him in his employment, business or vocation" are exempted from seizure under a writ of execution issued from the High Court. Under the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002, "such tools, books, vehicles and other items of equipment as are necessary for use personally in the defendant's employment, business or vocation" are exempted from seizure under section 47C(1) of that Act.

### What supports what

### Sources

* Archbold, John Frederick; Chitty, Thomas; Prentice, Samuel (1840). *Archbold's Practice of the Court of Queen's Bench*. H. Sweet.
* Black, Henry Campbell (1922). *A Treatise on the Law and Practice of Bankruptcy: Under the Act of Congress of 1898 and Its Amendments*. Kansas City: Vernon Law Book Company. ISBN 9781584776062.
* Holt, Francis Ludlow (1827). *The Bankrupt Laws, as Established by the New Act, 6 Geo. IV. C. 16*. London: Joseph Butterworth and Son.
* Lewis, Arndell Neil; Rose, Dennis John (1978). *Lewis's Australian bankruptcy law* (7th ed.). Law Book Company. ISBN 9780455196978.
* Ringwood, Richard (1902). "Property divisible amongst creditors, and administration of property". *The Principles of Bankruptcy*. London: Stevens and Haynes. ISBN 9785875073076.
* Salerno, Thomas J.; Kroop, Jordan A. (2007). "Liquidation cases". *Bankruptcy Litigation and Practice: A Practitioner's Guide*. Aspen Publishers Online. ISBN 9780735561939.
* Turner, Clive (1997). *Australian Commercial Law* (21st ed.). LBC Information Services. ISBN 9780455214665.
* Wood, Philip R. (2007). *Principles of International Insolvency*. Sweet & Maxwell. ISBN 9781847032102.
* Ziegel, Jacob S. (2003). "Country Surveys". *Comparative Consumer Insolvency Regimes: A Canadian Perspective*. Hart Publishing. ISBN 9781841132723.
* "Property exempt from process". *North Dakota Law Review*. **86**. 2010.

## Further reading

* Brooker, R. P.; Young, Norman S. (1969). *Young's bankruptcy practice in Australia* (3rd ed.). Butterworths. pp. 78–79.


abstract: The Minister of Commerce and Consumer Affairs is a minister in the New Zealand Government with the responsibilities including corporate law and governance, financial markets, competition policy, consumer policy, protecting intellectual property, and trade policy and international regulatory cooperation, most of which is administered by the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. The position was established as Minister of Commerce in 1987 and superseded the previous office of Minister of Trade and Industry. Starting from October 2014, the position was combined with the now-disestablished Minister of Consumer Affairs. The present Minister is Andrew Bayly.

text:
# Minister of Commerce and Consumer Affairs

The **Minister of Commerce and Consumer Affairs** is a minister in the New Zealand Government with the responsibilities including corporate law and governance, financial markets, competition policy, consumer policy, protecting intellectual property, and trade policy and international regulatory cooperation, most of which is administered by the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. The position was established as **Minister of Commerce** in 1987 and superseded the previous office of Minister of Trade and Industry.

Starting from October 2014, the position was combined with the now-disestablished Minister of Consumer Affairs.

The present Minister is Andrew Bayly.

## List of ministers

The following ministers held the office of Minister of Commerce and Consumer Affairs.

Key

National   Labour

| No. | | Name | Portrait | Term of Office | | Prime Minister | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| As Minister of Commerce | | | | | | | |
|  | 1 | David Butcher |  | 24 August 1987 | 2 November 1990 |  | Lange |
| | | | |  | Palmer |
| | | | |  | Moore |
|  | 2 | Philip Burdon |  | 2 November 1990 | 1 March 1996 |  | Bolger |
|  | 3 | John Luxton |  | | | 1 March 1996 | 31 August 1998 |
| | | | |  |  | Shipley |
| | |  | 4 | Max Bradford |  | 31 August 1998 | 10 December 1999 |
|  | 5 | Paul Swain |  | 10 December 1999 | 15 August 2002 |  | Clark |
|  | 6 | Lianne Dalziel |  | | | 15 August 2002 | 21 February 2004 |
|  | 7 | Margaret Wilson |  | | | 21 February 2004 | 21 December 2004 |
|  | 8 | Pete Hodgson |  | | | 21 December 2004 | 19 October 2005 |
|  | (6) | Lianne Dalziel |  | | | 19 October 2005 | 19 November 2008 |
|  | 9 | Simon Power |  | 19 November 2008 | 12 December 2011 |  | Key |
|  | 10 | Craig Foss |  | | | 12 December 2011 | 8 October 2014 |
| As Minister of Commerce and Consumer Affairs | | | | | | | |
|  | 11 | Paul Goldsmith |  | 8 October 2014 | 20 December 2016 |  | Key |
| | | | |  |  | English |
| | |  | 12 | Jacqui Dean |  | 20 December 2016 | 26 October 2017 |
|  | 13 | Kris Faafoi |  | 26 October 2017 | 6 November 2020 |  | Ardern |
|  | 14 | David Clark |  | | | 6 November 2020 | 1 February 2023 |
| | | | |  |  | Hipkins |
| | |  | 15 | Duncan Webb |  | 1 February 2023 | 27 November 2023 |
|  | 16 | Andrew Bayly |  | 27 November 2023 | present |  | Luxon |

* Wilson, James Oakley (1985) \[First published in 1913\]. *New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984* (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.

## InfoBox

| Minister of Commerce and Consumer Affairs | |
| --- | --- |
| Coat of arms of New Zealand | |
| Flag of New Zealand | |
| Incumbent
Andrew Bayly
since 27 November 2023 | |
| Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment | |
| Style | The Honourable |
| Member of |  |
| Reports to | Prime Minister of New Zealand |
| Appointer | Governor-General of New Zealand |
| Term length | At His Majesty's pleasure |
| Formation | 24 August 1987 |
| First holder | David Butcher |
| Salary | $288,900 |
| Website | www.beehive.govt.nz |


abstract: Radio Free Asia (RFA) was a news agency operated from 1951 to 1955 by the Central Intelligence Agency, through the Committee for Free Asia, to broadcast anti-Communist propaganda. RFA first broadcast in 1951 from RCA facilities in Manila, Philippines. Broadcasts were made in three Chinese dialects, as well as in English. RFA maintained offices in Tokyo, and aside from in the Philippines, broadcasts were also made from Dhaka and Karachi, Pakistan. Although intended to broadcast anti-Communist propaganda into mainland China, as well as to overseas Chinese and others, the news agency faced difficulties in doing so. In mainland China personal radio ownership was low, and in other parts of Asia, radio reception was poor. In 1953, the Committee for Free Asia decided to terminate RFA, with it finally going off the air in 1955. However, propaganda broadcasting continued with new facilities in Seoul through Radio Of Free Asia until 1966. Radio Free Europe and Radio Free Asia were later preserved by the Clinton Administration and repurposed into their modern iterations.

text:
# Radio Free Asia (Committee for a Free Asia)

**Radio Free Asia** (**RFA**) was a news agency operated from 1951 to 1955 by the Central Intelligence Agency, through the Committee for Free Asia, to broadcast anti-Communist propaganda.

RFA first broadcast in 1951 from RCA facilities in Manila, Philippines. Broadcasts were made in three Chinese dialects, as well as in English. RFA maintained offices in Tokyo, and aside from in the Philippines, broadcasts were also made from Dhaka and Karachi, Pakistan. Although intended to broadcast anti-Communist propaganda into mainland China, as well as to overseas Chinese and others, the news agency faced difficulties in doing so. In mainland China personal radio ownership was low, and in other parts of Asia, radio reception was poor. In 1953, the Committee for Free Asia decided to terminate RFA, with it finally going off the air in 1955. However, propaganda broadcasting continued with new facilities in Seoul through Radio Of Free Asia until 1966.

Radio Free Europe and Radio Free Asia were later preserved by the Clinton Administration and repurposed into their modern iterations.

## Further reading

* Defty, Andrew (2004). *Britain, America and Anti-Communist Propaganda, 1945–53. The Information Research Department*. Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-5443-4.


title: Raaghu

abstract: Raaghu is a 2023 Indian Kannada-language crime thriller film directed by M. Anand Raju in his directorial debut. It stars Vijay Raghavendra in the lead role and the only actor appearing in the film while other supporting cast feature voice roles in the film. Raaghu was released on 28 April 2023 and received mixed reviews from critics.

text:
# Raaghu

***Raaghu*** is a 2023 Indian Kannada-language crime thriller film directed by M. Anand Raju in his directorial debut. It stars Vijay Raghavendra in the lead role and the only actor appearing in the film while other supporting cast feature voice roles in the film.

*Raaghu* was released on 28 April 2023 and received mixed reviews from critics.

## Cast

## Reception

Vinay Lokesh of *The Times of India* gave 2. 5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Director Anand Raj deserves credit for the experiment. However, there aren’t enough sequences to create those ‘wow’ moments and the story fails to make a mark. Even the message in the climax doesn’t salvage the film". A critic from *The Hindu* wrote that "The film is a gutsy attempt, yet it keeps you at arm’s length throughout its 93-minute runtime due to its poor entertainment quotient". A critic from *Bangalore Mirror* wrote that "It is worth a watch for families ((but leave the kids at home), and those who love thrillers, especially for Vijaya Raghavendra’s fans." A critic from *The South First* wrote that "If you are a fan of experimental films that are high in performance, *Raaghu* will certainly not leave you disappointed. Moreover, it comes with suspense for a good watch". A critic from *Cinema Express* wrote that "Anand Raj's attempt at a minimalist film with a solo act by Vijay Raghavendra is a commendable feat. For those tired of experiencing grandiose visuals, big action scenes, and exotic locations, this film provides a refreshing and different experience". A critic from *OTTplay* wrote that "The film, although painfully inept because of the inattentiveness on the writer-director's part, still has enough to hold your attention and keep you (mildly) interested till the very end".

*Raaghu* at IMDb

## InfoBox

| Raaghu | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | M. Anand Raju |
| Written by | M. Anand Raju |
| Produced by | Ranvith Shivkumar
Abhishek Kota |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Uday Leela |
| Edited by | Vijeth Chandra |
| Music by | Suraj Jois |
| Production
company | Spandana Shrushti |
| Release date | * 28 April 2023 (2023-04-28) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Kannada |


title: Two pence (British decimal coin)

abstract: The British decimal two pence coin is a denomination of sterling coinage equalling 2⁄100 of a pound. Since the coin's introduction on 15 February 1971, the year British currency was decimalised, its obverse has featured four profiles of Queen Elizabeth II. In 2008 the design on its reverse changed from the original depiction of a plume of ostrich feathers with a coronet to a segment of the Royal Shield. The two pence coin was originally minted from bronze, but changed in 1992 to copper-plated steel. As of March 2014 there were an estimated 6.55 billion 2p coins in circulation, corresponding to a value of £131 million. Two pence coins are legal tender for amounts only up to the sum of 20p when offered in repayment of a debt; however, the coin's legal tender status is not normally relevant for everyday transactions.

text:
# Two pence (British decimal coin)

The British decimal **two pence** coin (often shortened to **2p** in writing and speech) is a denomination of sterling coinage equalling 2100 of a pound. Since the coin's introduction on 15 February 1971, the year British currency was decimalised, its obverse has featured four profiles of Queen Elizabeth II. In 2008 the design on its reverse changed from the original depiction of a plume of ostrich feathers with a coronet to a segment of the Royal Shield.

The two pence coin was originally minted from bronze, but changed in 1992 to copper-plated steel.

As of March 2014 there were an estimated 6.55 billion 2p coins in circulation, corresponding to a value of £131 million.

Two pence coins are legal tender for amounts only up to the sum of 20p when offered in repayment of a debt; however, the coin's legal tender status is not normally relevant for everyday transactions.

## Composition

From its first minting in 1971 until 1992, two pence coins were made from bronze. In 1992, this was changed to copper-plated steel because of the increasing price of copper used to make bronze. Both the bronze and steel versions were made in 1992 as it was the transition year, however in 1998 a small quantity of bronze two pences were made alongside the standard copper-plated steel. The number of bronze two pences from this year was 98,676,000 versus the 115,154,000 copper-plate steel.

By May 2006 the pre-1992 (97% copper) coins contained 3p worth of copper each. In May 2006, about 2.55 billion such coins remained in circulation, and the Royal Mint warned that tampering with coinage is illegal in the UK. During 2008, the value of copper fell dramatically from these peaks.

## Design

### Reverse

The original reverse of the coin, designed by Christopher Ironside, and used from 1971 to 2008, is the Badge of the Prince of Wales: a plume of ostrich feathers within a coronet, above the German motto ICH DIEN ("I serve"). The numeral "2" is written below the badge, and either NEW PENCE (19711981) or TWO PENCE (from 1982) is written above. A small number of 1983 mintage coins exist with the "New Pence" wording. It was originally planned that an alternative version of the 2p would be minted with a design representing Northern Ireland; these plans never came to fruition. The same design was also re-cut in 1993 producing two minor varieties for that year.

In August 2005 the Royal Mint launched a competition to find new reverse designs for all circulating coins apart from the £2 coin. The winner, announced in April 2008, was Matthew Dent, whose designs were gradually introduced into the circulating British coinage from mid-2008. The designs for the 1p, 2p, 5p, 10p, 20p and 50p coins depict sections of the Royal Shield that form the whole shield when placed together. The shield in its entirety was featured on the now-obsolete round £1 coin. The re-designed 2p coin depicts the second quarter of the shield, showing the Lion Rampant from the Royal Banner of Scotland, with the words TWO PENCE above.

The beading was removed from both sides of the coin in the 2008 re-design.

In October 2023 the King Charles III two-pence coin was presented; the coin features a red squirrel.

### Obverse

To date, five different obverses have been used: four different portraits and the removal of the beaded border in 2008. In all cases, the inscription is ELIZABETH II D.G.REG.F.D. 2013, where 2013 is replaced by the year of minting. In the original design both sides of the coin are encircled by dots, a common feature on coins, known as beading.

Four different portraits of the Queen have been used on the coin:

## Mintages

Number of two pence coins minted for circulation by year
| Year | Number minted | Composition | Portrait | Reverse |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1971 | 1,454,856,250 | Bronze | Machin | Ironside |
| 1972 | In sets only | | | |
| 1973 | In sets only | | | |
| 1974 | In sets only | | | |
| 1975 | 145,545,000 | | | |
| 1976 | 181,379,000 | | | |
| 1977 | 109,281,000 | | | |
| 1978 | 189,658,000 | | | |
| 1979 | 260,200,000 | | | |
| 1980 | 408,527,000 | | | |
| 1981 | 353,191,000 | | | |
| 1982 | In sets only | | | |
| 1983 | In sets only | | | |
| 1984 | In sets only | | | |
| 1985 | 107,113,000 | | Maklouf | |
| 1986 | 168,967,500 | ||
| 1987 | 218,100,750 | ||
| 1988 | 419,889,000 | ||
| 1989 | 359,226,000 | ||
| 1990 | 204,499,700 | ||
| 1991 | 86,625,250 | ||
| 1992 | 102,247,000 | ||
| | | | Copper-plated steel | |
| | 1993 | | 235,674,000 | |
| | 1994 | | 531,628,000 | |
| | 1995 | | 124,482,000 | |
| | 1996 | | 296,278,000 | |
| | 1997 | | 496,116,000 | |
| 1998 | 98,676,000 | Bronze | Rank-Broadley | |
| | 115,154,000 | Copper-plated steel | | |
| 1999 | | 353,816,000 | | |
| 2000 | | 563,659,000 | | |
| 2001 | | 551,880,000 | | |
| 2002 | | 168,556,000 | | |
| 2003 | | 260,225,000 | | |
| 2004 | | 356,396,000 | | |
| 2005 | | 280,396,000 | | |
| 2006 | | 170,637,000 | | |
| 2007 | | 254,500,000 | | |
| 2008 | | 10,600,000 | | |
| | | 241,679,000 | | Dent |
| 2009 | | 150,500,500 | |
| 2010 | | 99,600,000 | |
| 2011 | | 144,300,000 | |
| 2012 | | 67,800,000 | |
| 2013 | | 40,600,000 | |
| 2014 | | 247,600,020 | |
| 2015 | | 85,900,000 | |
| 2015 | | 139,200,000 | Clark |
| 2016 | | | 185,600,000 |
| 2017 | | | 16,600,000 |
| 2018 | | | 0 |
| 2019 | | | 0 |
| 2020 | | | 0 |
| 2021 | | | 117,700,000 |
| 2022 | | | 0 |

Mint Sets have been produced since 1982; where mintages on or after that date indicate 'none', there are examples contained within those sets.

## InfoBox

Two pence
| United Kingdom (UK) | |
| --- | --- |
| Value | £0.02 |
| Mass | 7.12 g |
| Diameter | 25.9 mm |
| Thickness |  |
| Edge | Plain |
| Composition | * Bronze (1971–1992, 1998) * Copper-plated steel (1992–present) |
| Years of minting | 1971present |
| Obverse | |
|  | |
| Design | Queen Elizabeth II |
| Designer | Jody Clark |
| Design date | 2015 |
| Reverse | |
|  | |
| Design | Segment of the Royal Shield |
| Designer | Matthew Dent |
| Design date | 2008 |


title: Four Quartets Prize

abstract: The Four Quartets Prize is an award of the Poetry Society of America, presented annually since 2018 in partnership with the T. S. Eliot Foundation. It is "first and foremost a celebration of the multi-part poem, which includes entire volumes composed of a unified sequence as well as novels in verse and book-length verse narratives."

text:
# Four Quartets Prize

The **Four Quartets Prize** is an award of the Poetry Society of America, presented annually since 2018 in partnership with the T. S. Eliot Foundation. It is "first and foremost a celebration of the multi-part poem, which includes entire volumes composed of a unified sequence as well as novels in verse and book-length verse narratives."

## Background

The awards are named for T. S. Eliot's *Four Quartets,* written over a four-year period. The award recognizes the 75th anniversary of Eliot's New York publisher first collecting them in a single volume in 1943.

## Eligibility

The prize is awarded for a unified and complete sequence of poems. Examples of existing sequences that would fit the category:

* Gwendolyn Brooks, *A Street in Bronzeville* (1945), or *The Anniad* (1950)
* John Berryman, 77 *Dream Poems* (1964), or *His Toy, His Dream, His Rest* (1968)

Winners receive a prize of $20,000; three finalists (including the eventual winner) receive $1,000 apiece. The prize does not require that nominees have an existing body of work or reach a certain age.

The Four Quartets Prize was first presented in 2018 to Danez Smith for their sonnet "summer, somewhere."

## Four Quartets winners and finalists

Winners are listed first, highlighted and with a double dagger.

| Year | Poet | Work |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **2019** | Dante Micheaux | *The Circus* |
| | Catherine Barnett | "Accursed Questions" from *Human Hours* |
| | Meredith Stricker | *anemochore* |
| **2018** | Danez Smith | "summer, somewhere" from *Don't Call Us Dead* |
| | Geoffrey G. O'Brien | "Experience in Groups" from *Experience in Groups* |
| | Kathleen Peirce | *Vault: a poem* |

*


title: Willem Kes

abstract: Willem Kes (Dordrecht, 16 February 1856 – München, 22 February 1934, was a Dutch conductor, composer, violist, and violinist. He was the first principal conductor of the Concertgebouw Orchestra of Amsterdam, holding that position from 1888 to 1895.

text:
# Willem Kes

**Willem Kes** (Dordrecht, 16 February 1856 – München, 22 February 1934, was a Dutch conductor, composer, violist, and violinist. He was the first principal conductor of the Concertgebouw Orchestra of Amsterdam, holding that position from 1888 to 1895.

## Life

### Early life and education

Willem Kes was the son of the dairy trader Adrianus Stoffel Kes and Cornelia Maria Krekelenbrug. He received his initial training as a violist and composer in Dordrecht with Ferdinand Böhme (harmony), Theodorus Thijssens (violin) and Friedrich Wilhelm Nothdurft (piano). At the time, he also performed with the local orchestra.

Admitted to the Leipzig conservatory, Kes studied with the composers Ferdinand David and Carl Reinecke. During his stay in Leipzig, he married Bertha Auguste Elise Koch. He completed his studies at the Brussels Conservatory with violinist-composer Henryk Wieniawski and Louis Brassin, partly financing his studies partly by taking part in performances. Additional studies in composition and fugue followed in Berlin with Joseph Joachim, Friedrich Kiel and Wilhelm Taubert.

In 1877, he was appointed leader of the first Amsterdam Park Orchestra and the Amsterdamsche Orkest-Vereeniging. A year later, in 1878 he became director of the Dordrecht division of the Rotterdam Music Society (Maatschappij ter Bevordering der Toonkunst), followed by the conductorship of the newly formed Park Orchestra (Parkorkest) at the Parkschouwburg in the Amsterdam Plantage neighborhood in 1883.

### Concertgebouw Orchestra

This made him the prime contender for the post of chief conductor when a new orchestra was created for the Concertgebouw in 1888. He was tasked to put together the entirely new Concertgebouworkest, according to his wishes, in order to stimulate the nascent musical scene in the Netherlands.

Kes put an end to the 19th-century habit of viewing a musical performance as primarily a social event. He put music first and instilled strict discipline in both his musicians and the audience. Orchestra members who were late for rehearsals were fined. Those who played badly had to stay after school and study their parts in the boardroom. Of the audience, he demanded silence during performances and forbade the consumption of refreshments during rehearsals and concerts, which was still common until that time.

Under Kes' direction and drill, the Concertgebouw Orchestra grew to international fame. He introduced symphonic poems by Richard Strauss to the Netherlands: *Don Juan* in 1891 and *Macbeth* a year later. Another innovation consisted in the establishment of theme concerts, the first one in 1893 with only modern French composers, attended by Vincent d'Indy and Ernest Chausson. The Dutch premiere of Antonín Dvořák's *New World* symphony took place under Kes in May 1895. Under his leadership as conductor, many international soloists played with the Concertgebouw Orchestra, including violinists Pablo de Sarasate, Eugène Ysaÿe, Joseph Joachim and Leopold Auer, pianists Eugen d'Albert and Teresa Carreño, and Portuguese baritone Francisco d'Andrade sang.

Kes was also active as a teacher of viola and cello. During his time in Amsterdam, his students included the young Dutch cellist, Kato van der Hoeven.

### Career after the Concertgebouw

His salary at the Concertgebouw Orchestra consisted of 5,000 guilders a year, far below that of his foreign colleagues. The orchestra members also earned relatively little, between 500 and 1200 guilders a year. This was part of the reason why Kes went to Scotland to accept a better-paying post. When Kes retired in 1895 to join the Scottish Orchestra in Glasgow, his successor Willem Mengelberg played Franz Liszt's Piano Concerto in E flat major as soloist at the farewell concert. Thanks to Kes, Mengelberg (24) was put in charge of a very disciplined orchestra, which under his direction grew into one of the major orchestras of the world.

With his Scottish orchestra, he gave a number of concerts in the Netherlands in 1898. After his time in Scotland, Kes left that year for Moscow. He concluded his musical career in Koblenz, where he was director of the conservatory and conductor of the Musikverein from 1905 to 1926. He died in Munich at the age of 78. His body is interred at the Stahnsdorf South-Western Cemetery near Berlin.

## Honors and recognition

In 1894 Kes was made a knight in the Order of Orange-Nassau. About the same time, the Russian Empire also granted him Knighthood of the Order of St. Stanislaus. The Willem Kesstraat is a side street of Beethovenstraat, in the Amsterdam borough of Amsterdam-Zuid. Dordrecht has a Willem Kes Park, while other cities also have named public spaces after him.

## Compositions

Kes wrote works for orchestra (including a Symphony in E Major), chamber music (including a voluminous violin sonata and a Romance in g minor dedicated to Eugène Ysäye) and songs. The idiom used by Kes is mainly late romantic. In addition to his own compositions, a number of manuscripts have survived containing arrangements and transcriptions of works by other composers. His Violin Concerto No. 1 was performed with some regularity, sometimes with himself as the soloist.

### Orchestral (selection)

* Concert Overture No. 1 (1874)
* *Charakteristische Tanzweisen* for violin & orchestra, Op. 3 (1876)
* *Andante* for cello and orchestra (1879 of 1882)
* Concert Overture No. 2 (1880)
* Violin Concerto No. 1 (\<1883)
* Cello Concerto (1886)
* Symphony in E flat major (1894)
* Hymn of the Dutch and British Anthems (1895)
* Violin Concerto No. 2 in F sharp major (1904)
* *Slovakian Rhapsody* for violin and orchestra
* Serenade for Orchestra, Op. 8
* *Im Nordfjord*, Symphonic Poem

### Chamber Music (selection)

* Violin Sonata No. 1 in F minor, Op. 4 (1869)
* *Große Sonate* for violin and piano No. 2 (1874)
* *Serenade* (1885)
* *Bagatellen, Sechs kleine Stücke für Klavier*, Op. 12
* Sonata for String Quartet, Op. 28
* *Musik für 4 Streichinstrumenten*
* *Fraueninsel* (1924)

### Choral works (selection)

### Songs (selection)

### Piano (selection)

* *Ungarischer Tanz* (1872)
* Mazurka No. 1 in D sharp (1876)
* *Allegro (ma non troppo) vivace*
* *Fantasie-Stück* No. 2
* Mazurka No. 2
* *Tanzstückchen*

## Further reading

### Monographs

* Rob Landman (2017). *Willem Kes - Toonkunstenaar uit Dordrecht*. Dordrecht: De Nwe Bengel.

### Works of reference

* *Onze Musici* (1911), Nijgh & Van Ditmar.
* Marius Flothuis (Ed.) (1963). *Het Concertgebouworkest 75 jaar*. Amsterdam.
* G. Keller & Ph. Krusemann, eds. (1932). *Geïllustreerd muzieklexicon*. Den Haag: J. Philips Kruseman, p. 334
* J.H. Letzer (1913). *Muzikaal Nederland 1850-1910*. Bio-bibliographisch woordenboek van Nederlandsche toonkunstenaars en toonkunstenaressen - Alsmede van schrijvers en schrijfsters op muziek-literarisch gebied, 2. uitgaaf met aanvullingen en verbeteringen. Utrecht: J. L. Beijers, p. 90.
* Eduard A. Melchior (1890). *Woordenboek der toonkunst* 1890, p. 352.
* Hugo Riemann (1959). *Musiklexikon*, Vol. 12A, Bd.1. Mainz. p. 917.
* Jozef Robijns en Miep Zijlstra (1980). *Algemene Muziek Encyclopedie* deel 5, Unieboek 1980, pagina 172
* Henri Viotta (1883). *Lexicon der Toonkunst*, deel II, p. 305
* Frits Zwart & Eduard Reeser (2003), "Kes, Willem". In: Ludwig Finscher (Ed.), *Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart.* Second Edition, Personenteil, Vol. 10 (Kemp – Lert). Kassel: Bärenreiter/Metzler, pp. 55–56

### Archival sources

## InfoBox

| Willem Kes | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Born | 16 February 1856
Dordrecht, Netherlands |
| Died | 22 February 1934 (age 78)
Munich, Germany |
| Genres | Classical |
| Occupation(s) | Conductor, pedagogue |
| Formerly of | Concertgebouw Orchestra
Scottish Orchestra |


title: VHF Records

abstract:
VHF Records is an American record label, known for their extensive work with several major experimental artists. The label is based in the Washington, DC suburb of Fairfax, Va., and it initially focused on indie and experimental bands from that region. The label has since branched out to release innovative and offbeat music from around the world, although Northern Virginia artists are still prominently featured in the catalog.
The label was founded by Bill Kellum in 1991, originally to release a single each by his own band, Rake, and that of his friends, Wingtip Sloat. After a handful of releases by both bands, Kellum acquired the US rights to the first releases by UK psychedelic group Flying Saucer Attack including the CD edition of their debut album. Following this, Kellum released an album by Matthew Bower's Skullflower, which in turn led to the release of an LP by Bower and Richard Youngs. Since then, Youngs has released a dozen collaborative albums on the label, including 6 with Simon Wickham-Smith, 3 with Alex Neilson, one from his progressive rock unit Ilk and one with Makoto Kawabata. Kawabata has also released 3 solo albums for the label. Other artists include Vibracathedral Orchestra, Roy Montgomery, Jack Rose, Pelt, and Stephen O'Malley's Æthenor. Matthew Bower released another 2 Skullflower albums on the label, one Total release and several more under his most recent solo alias, Sunroof!. Their most recent releases have been from former VCO member Neil Campbell's Astral Social Club, VCO themselves, Philadelphia folk unit Fern Knight's 2006 release Music for Witches and Alchemists and their 2008 self-titled release Fern Knight, and a dual LP/CD set from Youngs and Neilson. A long-delayed Wingtip Sloat compilation has also finally been released in recent weeks.

text:
# VHF Records

**VHF Records** is an American record label, known for their extensive work with several major experimental artists. The label is based in the Washington, DC suburb of Fairfax, Va., and it initially focused on indie and experimental bands from that region. The label has since branched out to release innovative and offbeat music from around the world, although Northern Virginia artists are still prominently featured in the catalog. The label was founded by Bill Kellum in 1991, originally to release a single each by his own band, Rake, and that of his friends, Wingtip Sloat. After a handful of releases by both bands, Kellum acquired the US rights to the first releases by UK psychedelic group Flying Saucer Attack including the CD edition of their debut album. Following this, Kellum released an album by Matthew Bower's Skullflower, which in turn led to the release of an LP by Bower and Richard Youngs. Since then, Youngs has released a dozen collaborative albums on the label, including 6 with Simon Wickham-Smith (who has also essayed two solo sets for the imprint), 3 with Alex Neilson, one from his progressive rock unit Ilk (with Andrew Paine) and one with Makoto Kawabata. Kawabata has also released 3 solo albums for the label. Other artists include Vibracathedral Orchestra, Roy Montgomery, Jack Rose, Pelt, and Stephen O'Malley's Æthenor. Matthew Bower released another 2 Skullflower albums on the label, one Total release and several more under his most recent solo alias, Sunroof!.

Their most recent releases have been from former VCO member Neil Campbell's Astral Social Club, VCO themselves, Philadelphia folk unit Fern Knight's 2006 release *Music for Witches and Alchemists* and their 2008 self-titled release *Fern Knight*, and a dual LP/CD set from Youngs and Neilson. A long-delayed Wingtip Sloat compilation has also finally been released in recent weeks.

## Current artists


title: Liberty Township, Gage County, Nebraska

abstract: Liberty Township is one of twenty-four townships in Gage County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 200 at the 2020 census. A 2021 estimate placed the township's population at 200. Most of the villages of Barneston and Liberty lie within the Township.

text:
# Liberty Township, Gage County, Nebraska

**Liberty Township** is one of twenty-four townships in Gage County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 200 at the 2020 census. A 2021 estimate placed the township's population at 200.

Most of the villages of Barneston and Liberty lie within the Township.

## InfoBox

| Liberty Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Location in Gage County | |
| Coordinates: 40°03′07″N 096°31′04″W / 40.05194°N 96.51778°W / 40.05194; -96.51778 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Nebraska |
| County | Gage |
| Area | |
| Total | 36.09 sq mi (93.47 km2) |
| Land | 35.92 sq mi (93.04 km2) |
| Water | 0.16 sq mi (0.42 km2)  0.45% |
| Elevation | 1,335 ft (407 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 200 |
| Density | 5.5/sq mi (2.1/km2) |
| GNIS feature ID | 0838087 |


title: Town of Jabiru

abstract: The Town of Jabiru was a local government area of the Northern Territory of Australia, and was based in Jabiru. The town covered an area of 13.5 square kilometres (5.2 sq mi) and had a population of about 1,250. On 1 July 2008, it became part of the new West Arnhem LGA.

text:
# Town of Jabiru

The **Town of Jabiru** was a local government area of the Northern Territory of Australia, and was based in Jabiru. The town covered an area of 13.5 square kilometres (5.2 sq mi) and had a population of about 1,250.

On 1 July 2008, it became part of the new West Arnhem LGA.

## Overnance

The town's municipal services were provided by the Town of Jabiru, which was incorporated on 2 July 1985 by an amendment to the Act, requested by the Jabiru Town Development Authority.

The first Council meeting was held in July 1985, and every two years an election was held (unlike the rest of the Northern Territory, where councils were elected every five years).

On 2 July 2008, the Town and the special arrangements ceased to exist and Jabiru became part of the West Arnhem LGA.

## InfoBox

| Town of Jabiru
Northern Territory | |
| --- | --- |
| Town of Jabiru | |
| Coordinates | 12°40′S 132°50′E / 12.667°S 132.833°E / -12.667; 132.833 |
| Population | 1,250 (2006) |
| • Density | 92.6/km2 (239.8/sq mi) |
| Established | 1984 |
| Postcode(s) | 0886 |
| Area | 13.5 km2 (5.2 sq mi) |
| Mayor | Ian Newnham |
| Council seat | Jabiru |
| Region | Arnhem Land |
| Territory electorate(s) | Arafura |
| Federal division(s) | Lingiari |
| Website | Town of Jabiru |


title: Minister of Commerce (France)

abstract: The Minister of Commerce was a cabinet member in the Government of France. The position sometimes included responsibility for other government departments such as Public Works, Interior, Agriculture and Posts, Telegraphs and Telephones. The position has largely been merged today into the expanded Ministry of the Economy, Finance and Industry.

text:
# Minister of Commerce (France)

The **Minister of Commerce** was a cabinet member in the Government of France. The position sometimes included responsibility for other government departments such as Public Works, Interior, Agriculture and Posts, Telegraphs and Telephones. The position has largely been merged today into the expanded Ministry of the Economy, Finance and Industry.

## Officeholders

### Ministers of Commerce and Manufacture

In 1812 Napoleon created a Ministry of Commerce and Manufacture (*Ministère du Commerce et des Manufactures*), which he assigned to Jean-Baptiste Collin de Sussy. That ministry was suppressed in 1814.

A royal ordinance of 22 January 1828 recreated the Ministry of Commerce and Manufacture, which covered manufacture and interior and exterior commerce, which were detached from the Ministry of the Interior. The ministry was suppressed by ordinance of 8 August 1829, and these services were again made part of the department of the interior.

### Ministers of Commerce and Public works

An ordinance of 17 March 1831 created the Ministry of Commerce and Public works (*Ministère du Commerce et des Travaux publics*), to which the minister had been named on 13 March 1831. This ministry included agriculture, subsistence, stud farms, interior and exterior commerce and statistics, detached from the department of the Interior.

### Ministers of Commerce

A royal ordinance of 6 April 1834 created the Ministry of Commerce (*Ministère du Commerce*), with the same functions as the Ministry of Commerce and Public works .

### Ministers of Commerce and Public works

An ordinance of 2 March 1836 recreated the Ministry of Commerce and Public works, with the added responsibilities of bridges, roads and mines.

* 22 February 1836 – 6 September 1836 : Hippolyte Passy
* 6–19 September 1836 : Comte Duchatel (interim)

### Ministers of Public Works, Agriculture and Commerce

An ordinance of 19 September 1836 changed the name without changing the function, to the *Ministère des travaux publics, d'agriculture et du commerce'*.

### Ministers of Agriculture and Commerce

A royal ordinance of 23 May 1839 reconstituted the ministry as Agriculture and Commerce, with the same duties as that of the ordinance of 6 April 1834.

### Ministers of the Interior, Agriculture and Commerce

A decree of 25 January 1852 reunited the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce with that of the Interior, under the title *Ministère de l'intérieur, de l'agriculture et du commerce*.

### Ministers of Agriculture, Commerce and Public Works

A decree of 23 June 1853 reinstated the Ministry of Agriculture, Commerce and Public Works.

### Ministers of Agriculture and Commerce

A decree of 17 July 1869 reestablished the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce as it had been before the decree of 25 January 1852.

### Minister of Commerce and Colonies

### Ministers of Commerce

### Ministers of Commerce and Industry

### Ministers of Commerce, Industry, Posts, and Telegraphs

### Ministers of Commerce and Industry

### Secretary of State for Foreign Trade


title: Radio Free Albemuth

abstract: Radio Free Albemuth is a dystopian novel by Philip K. Dick, written in 1976 and published posthumously in 1985. Originally titled VALISystem A, it was his first attempt to deal in fiction with his experiences of early 1974. When his publishers at Bantam requested extensive rewrites he canned the project and reworked it into the VALIS trilogy. Arbor House acquired the rights to Radio Free Albemuth in 1985. They then published an edition under the current title, prepared from the corrected typescript given by Dick to his friend Tim Powers.

text:
# Radio Free Albemuth

***Radio Free Albemuth*** is a dystopian novel by Philip K. Dick, written in 1976 and published posthumously in 1985. Originally titled *VALISystem A*, it was his first attempt to deal in fiction with his experiences of early 1974. When his publishers at Bantam requested extensive rewrites he canned the project and reworked it into the *VALIS* trilogy. Arbor House acquired the rights to *Radio Free Albemuth* in 1985. They then published an edition under the current title (the original was too close to *VALIS*), prepared from the corrected typescript given by Dick to his friend Tim Powers.

## Plot summary

In this alternate history, the corrupt United States president Ferris F. Fremont (FFF for 666, 'F' being the 6th letter in the alphabet) becomes Chief Executive in the late 1960s following Lyndon Johnson's administration. The character is best described as an amalgam of Joseph McCarthy and Richard Nixon, who abrogates civil liberties and human rights through positing a conspiracy theory centered on a (presumably) fictitious subversive organization known as "Aramchek". In addition to this, he is associated with a right-wing populist movement called "Friends of the American People" (FAPers).

The President's paranoia and opportunism lead to the establishment of a real resistance movement that is organized through narrow-beam radio transmissions from a mysterious alien near-Earth satellite by a superintelligent, extraterrestrial, but less than omnipotent being (or network) named VALIS.

Like its successor *VALIS*, this novel is autobiographical. Dick himself is a major character, though fictitious protagonist Nicholas Brady serves as a vehicle for Dick's alleged gnostic theophany on February 11, 1974. In addition, Sadassa Silvia is a character who claims that Ferris Fremont is actually a communist covert agent recruited by Sadassa's mother when Fremont was still a teenager.

As with *VALIS*, *Radio Free Albemuth* deals with Dick's highly personal style of Christianity (or Gnosticism). It further examines the moral and ethical repercussions of informing on trusted friends for the authorities. Also prominent is Dick's dislike of the Republican Party, satirizing Nixon's America as a Stalinist or neo-fascist police state. Fremont eventually captures and imprisons Dick and Brady after the latter attempts to produce and distribute a record that contains subliminal messages of revolt against the current dictatorship. Brady and Silvia are executed, and Dick narrates the concluding passage about his life in a concentration camp, while his supposedly latest work is actually penned by a ghost writer and regime-approved hack. Suddenly, however, he hears music blaring from a transistor radio which contains the same subliminal message. He and his friends, it turns out, were just a decoy set up by VALIS to deter the government from stopping a much more popular A-List band from releasing a similar record with a better-established recording company. As Dick realizes this and hears youngsters repeating the lyrics, he realizes that salvation may lie within the hearts and minds of the next generation.

## Reception

Gerald Jonas of *The New York Times* thought that the novel "may have been merely a first draft (and an abandoned first draft at that), but this book is not Dick at his best."

Dave Langford reviewed *Radio Free Albemuth* for *White Dwarf* #92, and stated that "Dick: understood fear and corruption too well. I was less convinced by the visionary passages, though there's a great line when nervy politicians destroy the alien satellite: 'They shot down God.'"

J. Michael Caparula reviewed *Radio Free Albemuth* in *Space Gamer/Fantasy Gamer* No. 80. Caparula commented that "The final result presents a satisfying (albeit enigmatic) conclusion to his trilogy of Valis novels (*Valis* and *The Divine Invasion* being the other two)."

## Relationship to *VALIS*

When he rewrote *Radio Free Albemuth* as *VALIS*, Dick incorporated the plotline of *Radio Free Albemuth* as a backdrop film (also titled *VALIS*) that recapitulated the central theological and existential concerns of his novel as a mise en abyme \- that is, a miniature copy of his central preoccupations at this stage of his literary career, common to both works. The word "albemuth" was derived by Dick from the Arabic word Al Behemoth, "the whale", itself an oblique reference to Fomalhaut, the star Dick at one time believed VALIS came from in real life.

## Film adaptation

John Alan Simon wrote, produced and directed a film adaptation of *Radio Free Albemuth*. Canadian singer-songwriter Alanis Morissette stars as Sadassa Silvia. Filming took place in October 2007 at Los Angeles' Lacy Street Studios and multiple other locations. The film premiered in February 2010 at the Sedona Film Festival as a work in-progress. It was released as a limited release (and VOD) on June 27, 2014.

## Sources

## InfoBox

Radio Free Albemuth
| Dust-jacket from the first edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Philip K. Dick |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Dystopian science fiction |
| Publisher | Arbor House |
| Publication date | 1985 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Hardcover & Paperback) |
| Pages | 214 |
| ISBN | 0-87795-762-2 |


title: Rachel de Solla

abstract: Rachel de Solla (1854–1920) was a British actress.

text:
# Rachel de Solla

**Rachel de Solla** (1854–1920) was a British actress.

## Biography

Rachel de Solla was born in 1854 in Strand, London.

She married actor William L. Abingdon. Their son William became a stage director.

She died at her home in Hammersmith, London on 24 November 1920.

## Selected filmography

1. BFI.org
2. *Who's Who in the Theatre*. Vol. 11. Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons. 1952. p. 242. Retrieved 25 August 2023  via Google Books. ABINGDON, William, M.B.E., stage director; *b.* Highgate, 1 July, 1888; *s.* of W. L. Abingdon and his wife Rachel (De Solla)
3. "Our readers". *The Bioscope*. 2 December 1920. p. 63. Retrieved 25 August 2023  via British Newspaper Archive. Our readers will much regret to hear of the death of Miss Rachel de Solla at her residence at Hammersmith on Wednesday last.


title: Maazel-Vilar Conductor's Competition

abstract: The Maazel-Vilar Conductor's Competition is a conducting competition founded in 2001. Reflecting the shared vision of its founders, conductor Lorin Maazel and philanthropist Alberto Vilar, the competition aims to give exceptional opportunities for career development to young talented conductors. The competition is an international event. In 2001–02 it held six regional rounds worldwide, leading up to a final round at the Carnegie Hall in New York City in September 2002. At each stage, the candidates did not compete against each other for ranking by a jury, but rather were measured against a standard set to demonstrate outstanding potential. This open competitive process, under the guidance of Lorin Maazel, was designed to educate all of the participants about the breadth of skills a successful conductor must have and the rigorous training required to master those skills.

text:
# Maazel-Vilar Conductor's Competition

The **Maazel-Vilar Conductor's Competition** is a conducting competition founded in 2001. Reflecting the shared vision of its founders, conductor Lorin Maazel and philanthropist Alberto Vilar, the competition aims to give exceptional opportunities for career development to young talented conductors.

The competition is an international event. In 200102 it held six regional rounds worldwide, leading up to a final round at the Carnegie Hall in New York City in September 2002. At each stage, the candidates did not compete against each other for ranking by a jury, but rather were measured against a standard set to demonstrate outstanding potential. This open competitive process, under the guidance of Lorin Maazel, was designed to educate all of the participants about the breadth of skills a successful conductor must have and the rigorous training required to master those skills.

## Further reading

* *Conducting Competitions: Maazel-Vilar Conductor's Competition, International Besanon Competition for Young Conductors*. Unknown. May 2010. ISBN 978-1-157-44468-8.


title: Tylopilus subvinaceipallidus

abstract: Tylopilus subvinaceipallidus is a bolete fungus found in New South Wales, Australia.

text:
# Tylopilus subvinaceipallidus

***Tylopilus subvinaceipallidus*** is a bolete fungus found in New South Wales, Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Tylopilus subvinaceipallidus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Boletales |
| Family: | Boletaceae |
| Genus: | *Tylopilus* |
| Species: | ***T. subvinaceipallidus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tylopilus subvinaceipallidus***<br>T.H.Li & Watling 1999 (1999) | |
|


title: Foster's Castle

abstract: Foster's Castle is a historic plantation house located near Tunstall, New Kent County, Virginia. It was built about 1685, as a 1+1⁄2-story, T-shaped brick building, with a two-story central projection at the front. The house is similar to neighboring Criss Cross. It was raised to a full two stories with a low pitched roof in 1873. Its builder, Colonel Joseph Foster, was a vestryman and supervisor of construction at St. Peter's Church. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

text:
# Foster's Castle

**Foster's Castle** is a historic plantation house located near Tunstall, New Kent County, Virginia. It was built about 1685, as a 1+12-story, T-shaped brick building, with a two-story central projection at the front. The house is similar to neighboring Criss Cross. It was raised to a full two stories with a low pitched roof in 1873. Its builder, Colonel Joseph Foster, was a vestryman and supervisor of construction at St. Peter's Church.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Foster's Castle | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Virginia Landmarks Register | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Northeast of Tunstall off VA 608, near Tunstall, Virginia |
| Coordinates | 37°35′20″N 77°04′42″W / 37.58889°N 77.07833°W / 37.58889; -77.07833 |
| Area | 340 acres (140 ha) |
| Built | c. 1685 (1685), 1873 |
| Architectural style | Colonial, Tudor-Stuart |
| NRHP reference No. | 73002044 |
| VLR No. | 063-0003 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | April 11, 1973 |
| Designated VLR | January 16, 1973 |


title: Willard Ives

abstract: Willard Ives was an American politician who served one term as a U.S. Representative from New York from 1851 to 1853.

text:
# Willard Ives

**Willard Ives** (July 7, 1806 – April 19, 1896) was an American politician who served one term as a U.S. Representative from New York from 1851 to 1853.

## Biography

Born in Watertown, New York, Ives attended the common schools, also Belleville (New York) Academy, and Lowville (New York) Academy. He engaged in agricultural pursuits and was also interested in banking.

He served as a delegate to the world convention of Methodists held in London, England, in 1846.

### Congress

He was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the Thirtieth Congress in 1848, but was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-second Congress (March 4, 1851 – March 3, 1853).

### Later career

He served as president of Ives Seminary, Antwerp, New York, which he endowed. He was one of the originators and organizers of Syracuse University and served on the board of trustees in 1870–1886. He resumed agricultural pursuits.

### Death

He died in Watertown, New York, April 19, 1896. He was interred in Brookside Cemetery.

Ives Seminary is named for him.

(\**Note Biographical Directory erroneously lists Willard Ives as having served in the New York Assembly in 1829–30, when it was, in fact, Ives' father, Dr. Titus Ives (d. 1847), who served)

## Sources

* United States Congress. "Willard Ives (id: I000051)". *Biographical Directory of the United States Congress*.

This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

## InfoBox

| Willard Ives | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New York's 19th district | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1851  March 3, 1853 | |
| Preceded by | Charles E. Clarke |
| Succeeded by | George W. Chase |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Willard Ives
(1806-07-07)July 7, 1806
Watertown, New York |
| Died | April 19, 1896(1896-04-19) (aged 89)
Watertown, New York |
| Resting place | Brookside Cemetery |
| Political party | Democratic Party (United States) |
|  | |


title: Libor Fára

abstract: Libor Fára was a Czech sculptor and painter.

text:
# Libor Fára

**Libor Fára** (12 September 1925 – 3 March 1988) was a Czech sculptor and painter.

## Biography

Fára was born in Prague. The versatile Fára graduated from the Academy of Applied Arts in Prague in the studio of Emil Filla in the second half of the 1940s, developing his artistic opinion in the circle of the Prague Surrealists. The main fields of Fára’s interest were collages, assemblages and objects as well as photography. During the 1950s, Fára participated at various activities of artists, writers and theoreticians from the circle of Karel Teige. Even though his works, based on poetic construction were not created spontaneously, they recollect the production of the Fluxus movement. During the 1960s, Fára collaborated with the Prague's Theatre on the Balustrade for which he created many timeless stage designs and posters.

Fára is represented in the permanent collections of various major art museums, including the National Gallery, Prague, Czech Museum of Fine Arts, Prague, Gallery of Modern Art, Roudnice nad Labem.

In 1952, he married the Czech art historian and photography theorist Anna Fárová.

He died in Prague in 1988.

## Bibliography

* Věra Velemanová; Vojtěch Lahoda: *Libor Fára dílo*, 2006, Nakladatel: Gallery, ISBN 80-86010-99-6
* Eva Petrová; Anna Fárová, Jan Rous, Věra Velemanová: *Libor Fára* , 1999, Nakladatel: Gema Art, ISBN 80-86087-17-4


title: Train speed optimization

abstract: Train speed optimization, also known as Zuglaufoptimierung, is a system that reduces the need for trains to brake and accelerate, resulting in smoother and more efficient operation. While train speed optimization needs some technical infrastructure, it is more of an operational concept than a technical installation. One can relatively easily implement train speed optimization using for instance cab signalling, but the presence of a cab signalling system does not necessarily mean that it uses train speed optimization. Train speed optimization may also be implemented using conventional signalling.

text:
# Train speed optimization

**Train speed optimization**, also known as **Zuglaufoptimierung**, is a system that reduces the need for trains to brake and accelerate, resulting in smoother and more efficient operation.

While train speed optimization needs some technical infrastructure, it is more of an operational concept than a technical installation. One can relatively easily implement train speed optimization using for instance cab signalling (e.g. using ETCS), but the presence of a cab signalling system does not necessarily mean that it uses train speed optimization. Train speed optimization may also be implemented using conventional signalling.

## Conventional signal operation

Usually, trains are allowed to run at the maximum speed the track allows until the distant signal of next occupied block. This is inefficient in many cases, because this way the train comes to a halt in front of the red signal and has to accelerate again from zero.

## Advantages using train speed optimization

If the train slows down much earlier, given the right timing, it reaches the distant signal just when the home signal switches to green, and so does not need to stop. Thus, wear on the brakes is reduced and the train uses less energy. But the main reason, especially for trains that accelerate slowly, is that the train passes the home signal at high speed, compared to the conventional case where the train often has to accelerate from standstill. This effectively increases track capacity, because the time it takes for the train to run from the distant signal (that has just turned green) to the home signal is often much less than the time it takes for a train to accelerate from the home signal.

## Equipment

For a train speed optimization system to work, it is necessary to have a signalling system which is capable of displaying several different speeds, for instance 40, 60, 90 km/h and the full line speed, which also requires a train protection system that is able to handle these cases (cab signalling may replace these installations). Further, the track must be equipped with inductive loops that detect the presence of trains with sufficient precision (or other means of detecting the positions of the trains). Finally a computer system is needed that is able to reasonably predict the movements of the trains for the next few minutes.

## Train speed optimization in practice

The expensive and complicated installations usually only make sense for heavily used routes.

Swiss Federal Railways:


title: Minister of Statistics (New Zealand)

abstract: The Minister of Statistics is a minister in the New Zealand Government appointed by the Prime Minister to be charged with the responsibility of Statistics New Zealand. The current minister is Andrew Bayly.

text:
# Minister of Statistics (New Zealand)

The **Minister of Statistics** is a minister in the New Zealand Government appointed by the Prime Minister to be charged with the responsibility of Statistics New Zealand.

The current minister is Andrew Bayly.

## List of ministers

The following ministers have held the office of Minister of Statistics.

Key

Reform   United   Labour   National   Alliance   Green

| No. | | Name | Portrait | Term of Office | | Prime Minister | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1 | William Downie Stewart Jr |  | February 1922 | 27 June 1923 |  | Massey |
|  | 2 | Richard Bollard |  | 27 June 1923 | | 25 August 1927 |  |
| | | | |  | Bell |
| | | | |  | Coates |
|  | | 3 | Māui Pōmare |  | 25 August 1927 | 10 December 1928 |  |
|  | 4 | Philip De La Perrelle |  | 10 December 1928 | 22 September 1931 |  | Ward |
| | | | | |  |  | Forbes |
|  | 5 | | Adam Hamilton |  | 22 September 1931 | 6 December 1935 |  |
|  | 6 | Walter Nash |  | 6 December 1935 | 11 October 1936 |  | Savage |
|  | - | Dan Sullivan
*Acting Minister* |  | | | 11 October 1936 | 16 August 1937 |
|  | (6) | Walter Nash |  | | | 16 August 1937 | 13 December 1949 |
| | | | |  |  | Fraser |
|  | 7 | Jack Marshall |  | 13 December 1949 | 26 November 1954 |  | Holland |
|  | 8 | Jack Watts |  | 26 November 1954 | | 12 December 1957 |  |
| | | | |  | Holyoake |
|  | (6) | Walter Nash |  | 12 December 1957 | 12 December 1960 |  | Nash |
|  | 9 | Harry Lake |  | 12 December 1960 | 21 February 1967 |  | Holyoake |
|  | 10 | Robert Muldoon |  | 4 March 1967 | | 8 December 1972 |
| | | | |  | |
| | | | |  | Marshall |
|  | 11 | Bill Rowling |  | 8 December 1972 | 10 September 1974 |  | Kirk |
|  | 12 | Mick Connelly |  | 10 September 1974 | 12 December 1975 |  | Rowling |
|  | 13 | Peter Wilkinson |  | 12 December 1975 | 8 March 1977 |  | Muldoon |
|  | 14 | Hugh Templeton |  | | | 8 March 1977 | 11 December 1981 |
|  | 15 | John Falloon |  | | | 11 December 1981 | 26 July 1984 |
|  | 16 | Bob Tizard |  | 26 July 1984 | 24 August 1987 |  | Lange |
|  | 17 | Margaret Shields |  | | | 24 August 1987 | 2 November 1990 |
| | | | |  |  | Palmer |
| | | | |  | Moore |
|  | 18 | Rob Storey |  | 2 November 1990 | 1 July 1993 |  | Bolger |
|  | 19 | Maurice Williamson |  | | | 1 July 1993 | 10 December 1999 |
| | | | |  |  | Shipley |
|  | 20 | Paul Swain |  | 10 December 1999 | 13 November 2000 |  | Clark |
|  | 21 | Laila Harré |  | | | 13 November 2000 | 15 August 2002 |
|  | 22 | John Tamihere |  | | | 15 August 2002 | 15 October 2004 |
|  | - | Michael Cullen
*Acting Minister* |  | | | 15 October 2004 | 21 December 2004 |
|  | 23 | Pete Hodgson |  | | | 21 December 2004 | 19 October 2005 |
|  | 24 | Clayton Cosgrove |  | | | 19 October 2005 | 5 November 2007 |
|  | 25 | Darren Hughes |  | | | 5 November 2007 | 19 November 2008 |
|  | (19) | Maurice Williamson |  | 19 November 2008 | 1 May 2014 |  | Key |
|  | 26 | Nicky Wagner |  | | | 7 May 2014 | 8 October 2014 |
|  | 27 | Craig Foss |  | | | 16 October 2014 | 20 December 2016 |
|  | 28 | Mark Mitchell |  | 20 December 2016 | 2 May 2017 |  | English |
|  | 29 | Scott Simpson |  | | | 2 May 2017 | 26 October 2017 |
|  | 30 | James Shaw |  | 26 October 2017 | 6 November 2020 |  | Ardern |
|  | 31 | David Clark |  | | | 6 November 2020 | 1 February 2023 |
| | | | |  |  | Hipkins |
| | |  | 32 | Deborah Russell |  | 1 February 2023 | 27 November 2023 |
|  | 33 | Andrew Bayly |  | 27 November 2023 | present |  | Luxon |

* Wilson, James Oakley (1985) \[First published in 1913\]. *New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984* (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.

## InfoBox

| Minister of Statistics | |
| --- | --- |
| Coat of arms of New Zealand | |
| Flag of New Zealand | |
| Incumbent
Andrew Bayly
since 127 November 2023 | |
| Statistics New Zealand | |
| Style | The Honourable |
| Member of |  |
| Reports to | Prime Minister of New Zealand |
| Appointer | Governor-General of New Zealand |
| Term length | At His Majesty's pleasure |
| Formation | February 1922 |
| First holder | William Downie Stewart Jr
*as Minister in charge of the Department of Statistics* |
| Salary | $288,900 |
| Website | www.beehive.govt.nz |


title: Radio Gradiška

abstract: Radio Gradiška is a Bosnian local public radio station, broadcasting from Gradiška, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was launched on 29 September 1979 by the municipal council of Bosanska Gradiška. In Yugoslavia and in SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, it was part of local/municipal Radio Sarajevo network affiliate. This radio station broadcasts a variety of programs such as local news, music, sport and talk shows. Program is mainly produced in Serbian. Estimated number of listeners of Radio Gradiška is around 100,000. Radiostation is also available in neighboring Croatia.

text:
# Radio Gradiška

**Radio Gradiška** is a Bosnian local public radio station, broadcasting from Gradiška, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

It was launched on 29 September 1979 by the municipal council of Bosanska Gradiška. In Yugoslavia and in SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, it was part of local/municipal Radio Sarajevo network affiliate.

This radio station broadcasts a variety of programs such as local news, music, sport and talk shows. Program is mainly produced in Serbian.

Estimated number of listeners of *Radio Gradiška* is around 100,000. Radiostation is also available in neighboring Croatia.

## Frequencies

* Gradiška 98.8 MHz

## History

Radio Gradiška officially started operating on September 29, 1979. The first editorial board of Radio Gradiška consisted of: Gojko Šerbula, director, journalists: Božo Šćepanović, Nenad Trifunović, Vlado Slijepčević and Jovan-Joco Dakić, music editor Milutin Stajčić, speakers Alma Hadžijusufović and Dubravka Lovrenović. The technical implementers were Nazif Čatak and Ivanka Kolundžić. The head of accounting is Dragica Marjanović, and the secretary of the editorial board is Enisa Zahirović. Within the Information Center, in addition to Radio Gradiška, the main activities were the correspondence offices for radio and television stations in the former Yugoslavia, and for the "Tanjug" Agency, newspapers: "Glas", "Oslobođenje", "Večernje novosti", "Politika" and "Vijesnik". For years, Radio Gradiška was a meeting place for well-known journalists from the major newsrooms of the former Yugoslavia.

## InfoBox

Radio Gradiška
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Gradiška |
| Frequency | Gradiška 98.8 MHz |
| Branding | Public |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | Serbian |
| Format | Local news, talk and music |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Javno preduzeće "Radio Gradiška" Gradiška |
| History | |
| First air date | 29 September 1979 (1979-09-29)"35. godišnjica JU "Radio Gradiška"" (in Serbian). www.gin.ba. gin.ba. Retrieved 23 January 2019.\</ref\> |
| Technical information | |
| Transmitter coordinates | 45°08′45″N 17°15′14″E / 45.14583°N 17.25389°E / 45.14583; 17.25389 |
| Repeater(s) | Vidovdanska ulica |
| Links | |
| Webcast | On website |
| Website | www.radiogradiska.com |


title: Rachel Klein (chef)

abstract: Rachel Klein is a noted American chef. She has received much praise for her take on global cuisine and Asian inspired dishes. She was named 2006 "Best New Chef of Boston" in Boston Magazine as well as winning One of Esquire Magazine's 20 best new restaurants for OM Restaurant in Harvard Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts. In December 2018, she opened The Square Kitchen & Bar in Sharon, Massachusetts.

text:
# Rachel Klein (chef)

**Rachel Klein** is a noted American chef.

She has received much praise for her take on global cuisine and Asian inspired dishes. She was named 2006 "Best New Chef of Boston" in *Boston Magazine* as well as winning One of *Esquire Magazine's* 20 best new restaurants for OM Restaurant in Harvard Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

In December 2018, she opened The Square Kitchen & Bar in Sharon, Massachusetts.

1. Julian, Sheryl (February 14, 2019). "Chef Rachel Klein re-emerges in a friendly suburban spot in Sharon". Boston Globe. Retrieved 17 February 2019.


title: Tylopilus subfusipes

abstract: Tylopilus subfusipes is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. It was described as new to science in 1973 by American mycologist Alexander H. Smith. The type collection was found fruiting in groups and clusters under oak in Pinckney, Michigan in 1972. Fruit bodies of the fungus have smooth, convex to flattened caps measuring 4–8 cm (1.6–3.1 in) in diameter. The color is mottled or uneven, with patches of color including dingy yellow-brown and grayish brown. The cap cuticle can sometimes be peeled off as a translucent layer of tissue. Pores on the cap underside measure about 2 mm in diameter. They are initially whitish before becoming light pink; injury to the pores causes a rusty-vinaceous to dingy brown bruising reaction. The stipe measures 4–8 cm (1.6–3.1 in) long by 1–1.5 cm (0.4–0.6 in) thick at the apex, and tapers in width approaching the base. The spore print is dingy pink; the spores are somewhat oblong to fusoid (spindle-shaped), with dimensions of 10–13.5 by 2.9–3.3 μm.

text:
# Tylopilus subfusipes

***Tylopilus subfusipes*** is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. It was described as new to science in 1973 by American mycologist Alexander H. Smith. The type collection was found fruiting in groups and clusters under oak in Pinckney, Michigan in 1972.

Fruit bodies of the fungus have smooth, convex to flattened caps measuring 4–8 cm (1.6–3.1 in) in diameter. The color is mottled or uneven, with patches of color including dingy yellow-brown and grayish brown. The cap cuticle can sometimes be peeled off as a translucent layer of tissue. Pores on the cap underside measure about 2 mm in diameter. They are initially whitish before becoming light pink; injury to the pores causes a rusty-vinaceous to dingy brown bruising reaction. The stipe measures 4–8 cm (1.6–3.1 in) long by 1–1.5 cm (0.4–0.6 in) thick at the apex, and tapers in width approaching the base. The spore print is dingy pink; the spores are somewhat oblong to fusoid (spindle-shaped), with dimensions of 10–13.5 by 2.9–3.3 μm.

## InfoBox

| *Tylopilus subfusipes* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Boletales |
| Family: | Boletaceae |
| Genus: | *Tylopilus* |
| Species: | ***T. subfusipes*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tylopilus subfusipes***<br>A.H.Sm. (1973) | |
|


title: Fort Mary (Maine)

abstract: Fort Mary was a British fort built in 1688 that saw action during Queen Anne's War and was located in Saco, Maine overlooking Winter Harbor / Biddeford Pool. The fort replaced Fort Saco (1708), which was built at Saco Falls during King William's War. The commander of the fort during King William's War was Captain John Hill. The fort was attacked in the Northeast Coast Campaign (1703) and natives killed 11 English and took 24 prisoner. Saco was raided again in 1704 and 1705. They overwhelmed the garrison in the fort at Winter Harbor, forcing them to submit to terms of capitulation. Winter Harbor was raided two more times, in 1707 and 1710.

text:
# Fort Mary (Maine)

**Fort Mary** was a British fort built in 1688 that saw action during Queen Anne's War and was located in Saco, Maine overlooking Winter Harbor / Biddeford Pool. The fort replaced Fort Saco (1708), which was built at Saco Falls during King William's War. The commander of the fort during King William's War was Captain John Hill. The fort was attacked in the Northeast Coast Campaign (1703) and natives killed 11 English and took 24 prisoner. Saco was raided again in 1704 and 1705. They overwhelmed the garrison in the fort at Winter Harbor (in present-day Biddeford near Biddeford Pool), forcing them to submit to terms of capitulation. Winter Harbor was raided two more times, in 1707 and 1710.


title: Willard Johnson (political scientist)

abstract: Willard R. Johnson was an American political scientist and African studies expert. He was a professor emeritus of political science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Johnson studied the development of political institutions and international relations, with a particular focus on Cameroon and other African countries. He was also an activist on issues relating to African politics, for example United States Government disinvestment from South Africa during Apartheid. Johnson died on October 29, 2023, at the age of 87.

text:
# Willard Johnson (political scientist)

**Willard R. Johnson** (November 22, 1935 – October 29, 2023) was an American political scientist and African studies expert. He was a professor emeritus of political science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Johnson studied the development of political institutions and international relations, with a particular focus on Cameroon and other African countries. He was also an activist on issues relating to African politics, for example United States Government disinvestment from South Africa during Apartheid.

Johnson died on October 29, 2023, at the age of 87.

## Education and early work

Johnson was born in St. Louis, Missouri, on November 22, 1935. His father was a United States Public Health Service bacteriologist. His family moved first to Tuskegee, Alabama, and then to Pasadena, California in 1946, where Johnson attended John Muir High School.

Johnson studied international relations at the University of California at Los Angeles, where he graduated with a BA degree in 1957. While a student at UCLA, Johnson became the president of the student body, which then contained 12,000 students. He was also a founding member of a chapter of the NAACP there, and was involved in bringing distinguished speakers to invite at campus, including W. E. B. DuBois. In 1961 Johnson completed an MA at the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies, later called the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, and in 1965 he obtained a PhD from Harvard University. Johnson's PhD dissertation was entitled *Cameroon Reunification: The Political Union of Several Africas*. He studied the recent unification of Cameroon, concluding that the unification of the state preceded coherent political integration and was only partly a reflection of the desires of the populace.

## Career

Johnson joined the political science faculty at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1964. In 1969 he was promoted from assistant professor to associate professor. From 1968 to 1970, Johnson took a leave to serve as executive director of the Roxbury, Boston community development corporation The Circle Inc. He also held visiting positions at Harvard Business School, Boston University, and The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy.

In 1970, Johnson published the book *The Cameroon Federation: Political Integration in a Fragmentary Society*, the basis of which was his PhD dissertation. *The Cameroon Federation* was reviewed as being one of the first published accounts of the political system of Cameroon that was more than a brief historical treatment. This system was of particular interest because Cameroon was an officially bilingual nation with both French and British colonial histories, and the country had recently voted to unify after 40 years of administrative and cultural division. Johnson argued that Cameroon's success in forging one coherent state could serve as a case study that generalized to inter-African relations, since the continent too had the potential for sharp divisions between regions with French colonial history and regions with British colonial history. In a review of *The Cameroon Federation*, Claude E. Welch summarized the resulting political situation as "one of the oddest federations on the contemporary political map", which "exhibits all the usual splinterings of tropical African states". In *The Cameroon Federation* Johnson studied the extent to which the different parts of Cameroon had become truly politically integrated, and not just superficially joined, concluding that the development of substantial state capacity in a unified Cameroon was not certain.

During the 1960s and 1970s, Johnson was a member of the Africa Policy Task Force for the George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign and the Foreign Affairs Study Group of the Democratic Party Advisory Council, as well as UNESCO's U.S. National Committee. He was also a founder of the Boston Pan-African Forum.

During the 1980s, Johnson was involved in local activism to promote divestment from South Africa. As president of the TransAfrica Boston Support Group in 1982, he has been credited with playing an important role in the passage of divestment legislation by the Massachusetts House of Representatives, overriding a veto by Governor Edward J. King.

For the remainder of his academic career Johnson continued to study institutional development and international relations, with a particular focus on Africa.

## InfoBox

| Willard Johnson | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1935-11-22)November 22, 1935<br>St. Louis, Missouri, U.S. |
| Died | October 29, 2023(2023-10-29) (aged 87) |
| Alma mater |  |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields |  |
| Institutions | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
|  | |


title: Marina Canetti

abstract: Marina Canetti is a female water polo player from Brazil, who won the bronze medal with the Brazil women's national water polo team at the 2003 Pan American Games. She also competed at the 2007 Pan American Games, finishing in fourth place, and the 2011 World Aquatics Championships.

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# Marina Canetti

**Marina Canetti** (born January 24, 1983, in Rio de Janeiro) is a female water polo player from Brazil, who won the bronze medal with the Brazil women's national water polo team at the 2003 Pan American Games. She also competed at the 2007 Pan American Games, finishing in fourth place, and the 2011 World Aquatics Championships.

## InfoBox

Marina Canetti
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | January 24, 1983 (1983-01-24) (age 41)<br>Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
| Medal record      Women's water polo  Representing  Brazil  Pan American Games  2003 Santo Domingo  Team  2011 Guadalajara  Team  2015 Toronto Team | |


title: Libor Gerčák

abstract: Libor Gerčák, is a Czech futsal player who plays for 1.FC Nejzbach Vysoké Mýto and the Czech Republic national futsal team.

text:
# Libor Gerčák

**Libor Gerčák** (born 22 July 1975), is a Czech futsal player who plays for 1.FC Nejzbach Vysoké Mýto and the Czech Republic national futsal team.

## InfoBox

Gerčák
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Libor Gerčák | | |
| Date of birth | (1975-07-22) 22 July 1975 | | |
| Place of birth | Czechoslovakia | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | 1.FC Nejzbach Vysoké Mýto | | |
| International career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Czech Republic |  |  |