# List of incidents during the Beagle conflict

The increasing significance of Beagle channel region led to various incidents and confrontations between Chile and Argentina around transit and fishing rights, which could potentially lead to full-scale war.

## Argentine request for demarcation in 1904

On 23 August 1904 the Argentine government asked Chile to demarcate (clarify) the naval borders of the Beagle Channel. Chile declined, stating it wasn't necessary because there was a complete cartography of the channel and the previous treaties awarded the islands depending on their location.

## Chilean decree 1914

In order to avoid first world war battles in the Strait of Magellan, on 15 December 1914 Chile declared that the internal waters of the Strait of Magellan as well as the channels around should be considered as Territorial or Neutral Sea, even where they extend more than three miles from shore (the usual definition). In 1914, a German merchant was inspected by a British warship and on 14 March a Norwegian ship was seized by a British warship. Argentina protested the Chilean decree on March 8, 1915, but didn't specify any reason to do so.

## The Snipe Incident

In 1958, the Argentine navy shelled a Chilean lighthouse in the (at the time) uninhabited Snipe islet and occupied the island. A severing of ties took place between the nations took place as a result, with ambassadors being recalled from both nations. The Chilean Navy was sent to the zone and the Argentine Marines were pulled back from the island. It is considered the most serious incident to take place in the zone.

## *Ballenita* Incident

In July 1967, the master of Panamanian ship *Ballenita* was fined in Chile after it took as passenger an Argentine pilot for the trip to Ushuaia. Because of this, Chilean pilots now have to board ships bound for the Beagle Channel in Montevideo instead of Buenos Aires.

## *Cruz del Sur* Incident

The lucrative centolla fishery around Tierra del Fuego led to an incident in August 1967 when the Argentine schooner **Cruz del Sur** was found fishing 400 metres (1,300 ft) from Gable Island and had to be ordered by a Chilean Patrol Boat **Marinero Fuentealba** to retrieve her nets and leave the zone escorted out of Chilean waters.

Few days later the ship re-appeared in the company of an Argentine patrol craft. Protests from both sides were issued at the highest diplomatic level.

## *Quidora* Incident

On 29 November 1967 the Chilean Patrol Boat *Quidora* (PTF-82) was shelled by the Argentine Navy from Ushuaia.

## The *USCGC Southwind* affair

On 3 February 1968 the *USCGC Southwind* in emergency conditions headed to Ushuaia via the eastern entrance of the Beagle Channel without notification nor permission of the Chilean Government. The Chileans protested.

## The *Barnevelt* incident

On 21 May 1977, after the arbitral award, the Argentine Navy installed a lighthouse in the (inhabited) Barnevelt Island. It was immediately dismantled by the Chilean Navy.

## On the east mouth of the Magellan Strait

On 8 June 1978 Chile sent a diplomatic objection to Argentine activities off the eastern mouth of the Magellan Strait and reserving rights there. In September 1980 an offshore oil rig authorized by Argentina was warned by a Chilean warship and then by military helicopter to abandon the area. Also an Argentine military aircraft threatened a Chilean warship proceeding toward the Strait of Magellan from the Falkland Islands.

## ARA *Gurruchaga* incident

On February 19, 1982, six weeks before the beginning of the Falklands War, an incident occurred that could have sparked a full-fledged war between Chile and Argentina during the Papal mediation in the Beagle conflict. An Argentine patrol boat, the ARA *Gurruchaga* (Ex-USS Luiseno (ATF-156)) was anchored at Deceit Island inside the Beagle zone under mediation in Vatican, ostensibly providing support for sports boats participating in the Rio de Janeiro-Sydney boat race. The *Quidora* torpedo Boat approached and ordered the Argentine ship to leave the area. She fired several warning shots when the Argentine craft refused to move, as other Chilean ships converged to the scene. Although originally ordered not to leave the area and to wait for Argentine warships to arrive, the Argentine patrol boat received new orders to proceed to port as it became obvious that the Chilean navy had no intentions of backing down.

## The shelling of faro de Gusanos

On 19 October 1984, as the Chilean and Argentine delegations signed the first agreement to the Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina, the Argentine artillery units fired eight rounds on the Chilean lighthouse "Gusanos" near Puerto Williams on the south shore of the Beagle Channel.

1. David R. Struthers, *The Beagle Channel Dispute Between Argentina and Chile: An historical Analysis* Archived 2012-04-25 at the Wayback Machine, Master of Science in Strategic Intelligence, May 1985, page 63 ff
2. Note N° 154 of 23 August 1904, by the Chilean Minister in Buenos Aires to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Chile) in Santiago, cited in *Historia de las Relaciones Exteriores de Chile, Arbritaje británico de 1899-1903*, Octavio Errázuriz Guilisasti and Germán Carrasco Domínguez, Editorial Andrés Bello, 1968, Santiago de Chile, page 91
3. Michel A. Morris, *The Strait of Magellan*, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
4. Patricia Arancibia Clavel & Francisco Bulnes Serrano (2004). *La Escuadra En Acción: 1978: el conflicto Chile-Argentina visto a través de sus protagonistas* (in Spanish). Santiago: Maval Ltda. ISBN 956-258-211-6.
5. Renato Valenzuela Ugarte and Fernando García Toso in *A treinta años de la crisis del Beagle*, Magazine *Politica y Estrategia*, nr 111, 2008, page 37
6. W. Ben Hunt (1997). *Getting to War: Predicting International Conflict With Mass Media Indicators*. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-10751-3. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
7. The Pittsburgh Press article Argentina accused of violating pact, on Oct 18, 1984, retrieved 1 February 2012
8. Article  in Spanish newspaper El País on 19 October 1984, retrieved on 1 February 2012


abstract: This is a list of the 87 members of the European Parliament for Italy in the 1999 to 2004 session.

text:
# List of members of the European Parliament for Italy, 1999–2004

| Members of the
European Parliament
for Italy | |
| --- | --- |
| ECSC delegation | (1952) |
| EP delegation | (1958) |
| 1st term | (1979) |
| 2nd term | (1984) |
| 3rd term | (1989) |
| 4th term | (1994) |
| 5th term | (1999) |
| 6th term | (2004) |
| 7th term | (2009) |
| 8th term | (2014) |
| 9th term | (2019) |
| 10th term | (2024) |
|  | |

This is a **list of the 87 members of the European Parliament for Italy** in the 1999 to 2004 session.

## List

| Name | National party | EP Group |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Generoso Andria | Forza Italia | EPP–ED |
| Roberta Angelilli | National Alliance | NI (until 21 July 1999) UEN |
| Paolo Bartolozzi | Forza Italia | EPP–ED |
| Sergio Berlato | National Alliance | NI (until 21 July 1999) UEN |
| Fausto Bertinotti | Communist Refoundation Party (Until 28 April 2004) Communist Refoundation Party - European Left | EUL–NGL |
| Roberto Felice Bigliardo | Movimento Sociale Flamma Tricolore (until 4 September 2000) Movimento Sociale Europeo (until 31 May 2001)
National Alliance | TGI (until 30 September 2001) UEN |
| Guido Bodrato | Italian People's Party | EPP–ED |
| Emma Bonino | Bonino List | TGI (until 2 October 2001) NI |
| Mario Borghezio | Northern League | TGI (until 2 October 2001) NI |
| Enrico Boselli | Italian Democratic Socialists | PES |
| Giuseppe Brienza | Christian Democratic Centre (until 30 January 2003) United Christian Democrats | EPP–ED |
| Renato Brunetta | Forza Italia | EPP–ED |
| Marco Cappato | Bonino List | TGI (until 2 October 2001) NI |
| Massimo Carraro | Democrats of the Left | PES |
| Giorgio Celli | Federation of the Greens | G–EFA |
| Luigi Cesaro | Forza Italia | EPP–ED |
| Luigi Cocilovo | People's Party | EPP–ED |
| Armando Cossutta | Party of Italian Communists | EUL–NGL |
| Paolo Costa | The Democrats (Italy) | ELDR |
| Raffaele Costa | Forza Italia | EPP–ED |
| Benedetto Della Vedova | Bonino List | TGI (until 2 October 2001) NI |
| Gianfranco Dell'alba | Bonino List | TGI (until 2 October 2001) NI |
| Marcello Dell'Utri | Forza Italia | EPP–ED |
| Luigi Ciriaco De Mita | People's Party | EPP–ED |
| Giuseppe Di Lello Finuoli | Communist Refoundation Party (Until 28 April 2004) Communist Refoundation Party - European Left | EUL–NGL |
| Antonio Di Pietro | The Democrats (Italy) (13 June 2000) Italy of Values | ELDR |
| Massimo Cacciari (until 26 May 2000) Luciano Caveri (from 21 June 2000 until 7 July 2003)
Giorgio Calò (from 3 September 2003) | The Democrats (Italy) (until 26 May 2000) Valdostan Union (until 7 July 2003)
Italy of Values | ELDR |
| Olivier Dupuis | Bonino List | TGI (until 2 October 2001) NI |
| Michl Ebner | South Tyrolean People's Party | EPP–ED |
| Carlo Fatuzzo | Pensioners' Party | EPP–ED |
| Giovanni Claudio Fava | Democrats of the Left | PES |
| Enrico Ferri | Forza Italia | EPP–ED |
| Francesco Fiori | Forza Italia | EPP–ED |
| Marco Formentini | Northern League (20 March 2002) The Democrats (Italy) | NI (4 October 1999) ELDR |
| Giuseppe Gargani | Forza Italia | EPP–ED |
| Jas Gawronski | Forza Italia | EPP–ED |
| Vitaliano Gemelli | Christian Democratic Centre (until 30 January 2003) United Christian Democrats | EPP–ED |
| Fiorella Ghilardotti | Democrats of the Left | PES |
| Gian Paolo Gobbo | Northern League | TGI (until 2 October 2001) NI |
| Renzo Imbeni | Democrats of the Left | PES |
| Vincenzo Lavarra | Democrats of the Left | PES |
| Giorgio Lisi | Forza Italia | EPP–ED |
| Raffaele Lombardo | Christian Democratic Centre (until 30 January 2003) United Christian Democrats | EPP–ED |
| Lucio Manisco | Party of Italian Communists | EUL–NGL |
| Mario Mantovani | Forza Italia | EPP–ED |
| Franco Marini | People's Party | EPP–ED |
| Claudio Martelli | Italian Democratic Socialists | PES (until 29 August 2000) NI (until 14 November 2000)
TGI (until 2 October 2001)
NI (until 6 March 2002)
ELDR |
| Clemente Mastella | Union of Democrats for Europe | EPP–ED |
| Mario Mauro | Forza Italia | EPP–ED |
| Pietro Mennea | The Democrats (Italy) (until 13 June 2000) Italy of Values (until 3 February 2002)
Forza Italia (until 7 July 2003)
Independent (until 26 October 2003)
Liberali Democratici Europei (Italy) | ELDR (until 3 February 2002) EPP–ED (until 7 July 2003)
NI |
| Domenico Mennitti | Forza Italia | EPP–ED |
| Reinhold Messner | Federation of the Greens | G–EFA |
| Luisa Morgantini | Communist Refoundation Party (Until 28 April 2004) Communist Refoundation Party - European Left | EUL–NGL |
| Cristiana Muscardini | National Alliance | NI (until 21 July 1999) UEN |
| Francesco Musotto | Forza Italia | EPP–ED |
| Antonio Mussa | National Alliance | UEN |
| Sebastiano Musumeci | National Alliance | NI (until 21 July 1999) UEN |
| Pasqualina Napoletano | Democrats of the Left | PES |
| Giorgio Napolitano | Democrats of the Left | PES |
| Giuseppe Nisticò | Forza Italia | EPP–ED |
| Mauro Nobilia | National Alliance | NI (until 21 July 1999) UEN |
| Elena Ornella Paciotti | Democrats of the Left | PES |
| Marco Pannella | Bonino List | TGI (until 2 October 2001) NI |
| Paolo Pastorelli | Christian Democratic Centre (until 30 January 2003) United Christian Democrats | EPP–ED |
| Giuseppe Pisicchio | Italian Renewal | EPP–ED |
| Giovanni Pittella | Democrats of the Left | PES |
| Guido Podestà | Forza Italia | EPP–ED |
| Adriana Poli Bortone | National Alliance | NI (until 21 July 1999) UEN |
| Giovanni Procacci | The Democrats (Italy) | ELDR |
| Giorgio Ruffolo | Democrats of the Left | PES |
| Francesco Rutelli | The Democrats (Italy) | ELDR |
| Guido Sacconi | Democrats of the Left | PES |
| Giacomo Santini | Forza Italia | EPP–ED |
| Amalia Sartori | Forza Italia | EPP–ED |
| Luciana Sbarbati | Italian Republican Party European Republicans Movement | ELDR |
| Umberto Scapagnini | Forza Italia | EPP–ED |
| Mariotto Segni | Segni Pact | NI (until 21 July 1999) UEN |
| Francesco Enrico Speroni | Northern League | TGI (until 2 October 2001) NI |
| Antonio Tajani | Forza Italia | EPP–ED |
| Bruno Trentin | Democrats of the Left | PES |
| Franz Turchi | National Alliance | NI (until 21 July 1999) UEN |
| Maurizio Turco | Bonino List | TGI (until 2 October 2001) NI |
| Gianni Vattimo | Democrats of the Left | PES |
| Walter Veltroni | Democrats of the Left | PES |
| Luigi Vinci | Communist Refoundation Party (Until 28 April 2004) Communist Refoundation Party - European Left | EUL–NGL |
| Demetrio Volcic | Democrats of the Left | PES |
| Stefano Zappalà | Forza Italia | EPP–ED |


title: List of lakes of Slovenia

abstract: This is a list of lakes in Slovenia. In Slovenia, there are 321 bodies of water classified as lakes, which includes intermittent lakes and artificial reservoirs. Most of the lakes in the country have glacial origin and many are intermittent because of the Karst surface. The largest glacial lakes are Lake Bled and Lake Bohinj, and the largest intermittent lake is Lake Cerknica. The deepest lake is the Wild Lake, reaching a depth of over 160 metres (520 ft), followed by Lake Družmir with the maximum depth of 87 metres (285 ft). Jezero is the Slovene word for lake.

text:
# List of lakes of Slovenia

This is a **list of lakes in Slovenia**. In Slovenia, there are 321 bodies of water classified as lakes, which includes intermittent lakes and artificial reservoirs. Most of the lakes in the country have glacial origin and many are intermittent because of the Karst surface. The largest glacial lakes are Lake Bled (147 ha) and Lake Bohinj (318 ha), and the largest intermittent lake is Lake Cerknica (2500 ha when completely filled). The deepest lake is the Wild Lake, reaching a depth of over 160 metres (520 ft), followed by Lake Družmir with the maximum depth of 87 metres (285 ft).

*Jezero* is the Slovene word for lake.

## B

## C

## D

## G

## J

## K

## L

## M

## P

## R

## Š

## V

## Z

## Further reading

* Firbas P. (2001). *Vsa slovenska jezera: Leksikon slovenskih stoječih voda*. Ljubljana: DZS. 368 pp. ISBN 86-341-2332-4 (in Slovene)


title: List of lakes of South Ossetia

text:
# List of lakes of South Ossetia

## A list of waters of the South Ossetia

| Name | Region | Surface area (m².) | Max. length (m) | Surface elevation (m) | Coordinates | On Google Maps |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Keli Lake | Akhalgori Municipality | 1279600 | 2170 | 2925 | 42°28′47.90″N 44°18′54.28″E / 42.4799722°N 44.3150778°E / 42.4799722; 44.3150778 | look |
| Lake in Tskhinvali | Tskhinvali district | 44800 | 370 | 850 | 42°12′53.50″N 43°58′29.25″E / 42.2148611°N 43.9747917°E / 42.2148611; 43.9747917 | look |
| Zonkarskoe Reservoir | Tskhinvali district | 1000000 | 2650 | 1209 | 42°17′11.19″N 44°10′50.34″E / 42.2864417°N 44.1806500°E / 42.2864417; 44.1806500 | look |
| Lake north-west of Tskhinvali | Tskhinvali district | 400 | 100 | 959 | 42°14′51.94″N 43°58′49.68″E / 42.2477611°N 43.9804667°E / 42.2477611; 43.9804667 | look |
| Tsunaristba | Znauri district | 78400 | 440 | 895 | 42°11′51.98″N 43°53′40.81″E / 42.1977722°N 43.8946694°E / 42.1977722; 43.8946694 | look |
| Lake north of the v. Kvatetr | Znauri district | 42500 | 290 | 848 | 42°9′2.57″N 43°49′58.36″E / 42.1507139°N 43.8328778°E / 42.1507139; 43.8328778 | look |
| Ertso Lake (Tba Ertso) | Dzau district | 410000 | 940 | 1711 | 42°28′13.20″N 43°45′7.50″E / 42.4703333°N 43.7520833°E / 42.4703333; 43.7520833 | look |
| Kvedi | Dzau district | 96800 | 650 | 1592 | 42°33′26.37″N 43°38′6.30″E / 42.5573250°N 43.6350833°E / 42.5573250; 43.6350833 | look |
| 2 | Dzau district | 4200 | 90 | 2700 | 42°33′18.07″N 43°52′30.23″E / 42.5550194°N 43.8750639°E / 42.5550194; 43.8750639 | look |
| 3 | Dzau district | 500 | 50 | 2580 | 42°31′23.96″N 43°51′34.01″E / 42.5233222°N 43.8594472°E / 42.5233222; 43.8594472 | look |
| 4 | Dzau district | 600 | 50 | 2735 | 42°33′20.99″N 43°52′18.85″E / 42.5558306°N 43.8719028°E / 42.5558306; 43.8719028 | look |
| 5 | Dzau district | 10800 | 370 | 3200 | 42°32′45.67″N 43°55′7.11″E / 42.5460194°N 43.9186417°E / 42.5460194; 43.9186417 | look |
| 6 | Dzau district | 1200 | 60 | 3040 | 42°34′35.60″N 43°50′13.51″E / 42.5765556°N 43.8370861°E / 42.5765556; 43.8370861 | look |
| 7 | Dzau district | 200 | 30 | 2502 | 42°30′31.82″N 43°49′1.63″E / 42.5088389°N 43.8171194°E / 42.5088389; 43.8171194 | look |
| 8 | Dzau district | 100 | 20 | 2637 | 42°30′46.85″N 43°49′33.94″E / 42.5130139°N 43.8260944°E / 42.5130139; 43.8260944 | look |
| 9 | Dzau district | 800 | 50 | 3177 | 42°33′4.02″N 43°54′56.26″E / 42.5511167°N 43.9156278°E / 42.5511167; 43.9156278 | look |
| 10 | Dzau district | 700 | 90 | 3168 | 42°33′6.43″N 43°54′55.11″E / 42.5517861°N 43.9153083°E / 42.5517861; 43.9153083 | look |
| 11 | Dzau district | 6450 | 170 | 3171 | 42°33′13.16″N 43°55′4.32″E / 42.5536556°N 43.9178667°E / 42.5536556; 43.9178667 | look |
| 12 | Dzau district | 4800 | 230 | 3163 | 42°33′18.87″N 43°55′15.72″E / 42.5552417°N 43.9210333°E / 42.5552417; 43.9210333 | look |
| 13 | Dzau district | 4000 | 110 | 2903 | 42°32′39.67″N 44°0′0.42″E / 42.5443528°N 44.0001167°E / 42.5443528; 44.0001167 | look |
| 14 | Dzau district | 300 | 40 | 2424 | 42°30′24.99″N 43°49′8.59″E / 42.5069417°N 43.8190528°E / 42.5069417; 43.8190528 | look |
| 15 | Dzau district | 200 | 20 | 2623 | 42°28′23.70″N 43°58′0.88″E / 42.4732500°N 43.9669111°E / 42.4732500; 43.9669111 | look |

On the territory of South Ossetia is part of Keli Highland, which is the second by the number of lakes in the Caucasus.

All data obtained by Google Earth.


# List of listed buildings in Gordon, Scottish Borders

This is a list of listed buildings in the parish of Gordon in the Scottish Borders, Scotland.

## List

## Key

The scheme for classifying buildings in Scotland is:

* **Category A**: "buildings of national or international importance, either architectural or historic; or fine, little-altered examples of some particular period, style or building type."
* **Category B**: "buildings of regional or more than local importance; or major examples of some particular period, style or building type, which may have been altered."
* **Category C**: "buildings of local importance; lesser examples of any period, style, or building type, as originally constructed or moderately altered; and simple traditional buildings which group well with other listed buildings."

In March 2016 there were 47,288 listed buildings in Scotland. Of these, 8% were Category A, and 50% were Category B, with the remaining 42% being Category C.

1. "What is Listing?". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
2. *Scotland's Historic Environment Audit 2016* (PDF). Historic Environment Scotland and the Built Environment Forum Scotland. pp. 15–16. Retrieved 29 May 2018.


# List of listed buildings in Grangemouth, Falkirk

This is a list of listed buildings in the parish of Grangemouth in Falkirk, Scotland.

## List

## Key

The scheme for classifying buildings in Scotland is:

* **Category A**: "buildings of national or international importance, either architectural or historic; or fine, little-altered examples of some particular period, style or building type."
* **Category B**: "buildings of regional or more than local importance; or major examples of some particular period, style or building type, which may have been altered."
* **Category C**: "buildings of local importance; lesser examples of any period, style, or building type, as originally constructed or moderately altered; and simple traditional buildings which group well with other listed buildings."

In March 2016 there were 47,288 listed buildings in Scotland. Of these, 8% were Category A, and 50% were Category B, with the remaining 42% being Category C.

1. "What is Listing?". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
2. *Scotland's Historic Environment Audit 2016* (PDF). Historic Environment Scotland and the Built Environment Forum Scotland. pp. 15–16. Retrieved 29 May 2018.


# List of listed buildings in Glenshiel, Highland

This is a list of listed buildings in the parish of Glenshiel in Highland, Scotland.

## List

## Key

The scheme for classifying buildings in Scotland is:

* **Category A**: "buildings of national or international importance, either architectural or historic; or fine, little-altered examples of some particular period, style or building type."
* **Category B**: "buildings of regional or more than local importance; or major examples of some particular period, style or building type, which may have been altered."
* **Category C**: "buildings of local importance; lesser examples of any period, style, or building type, as originally constructed or moderately altered; and simple traditional buildings which group well with other listed buildings."

In March 2016 there were 47,288 listed buildings in Scotland. Of these, 8% were Category A, and 50% were Category B, with the remaining 42% being Category C.

1. "What is Listing?". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
2. *Scotland's Historic Environment Audit 2016* (PDF). Historic Environment Scotland and the Built Environment Forum Scotland. pp. 15–16. Retrieved 29 May 2018.


# List of listed buildings in Glenmuick, Tullich and Glengairn, Aberdeenshire

This is a list of listed buildings in the parish of Glenmuick, Tullich and Glengairn in Aberdeenshire, Scotland.

## List

## Key

The scheme for classifying buildings in Scotland is:

* **Category A**: "buildings of national or international importance, either architectural or historic; or fine, little-altered examples of some particular period, style or building type."
* **Category B**: "buildings of regional or more than local importance; or major examples of some particular period, style or building type, which may have been altered."
* **Category C**: "buildings of local importance; lesser examples of any period, style, or building type, as originally constructed or moderately altered; and simple traditional buildings which group well with other listed buildings."

In March 2016 there were 47,288 listed buildings in Scotland. Of these, 8% were Category A, and 50% were Category B, with the remaining 42% being Category C.

1. "What is Listing?". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
2. *Scotland's Historic Environment Audit 2016* (PDF). Historic Environment Scotland and the Built Environment Forum Scotland. pp. 15–16. Retrieved 29 May 2018.


title: List of mayors of Little Rock, Arkansas

abstract: The mayor of Little Rock, Arkansas serves as the chief executive of the city government. Little Rock was first incorporated as a town in November 1831 and redefined as a city under a new charter in November 1835. During the American Civil War, Little Rock was captured and occupied by Union forces beginning September 21, 1863, leaving the city without a civilian government until December 1865. Starting in November 1869, the president of the city council presided over council meetings and signed ordinances, performing many of the duties formerly ascribed to the mayor. In accordance with new Constitution of Arkansas and new city charter, the mayor resumed duties previously split between mayor and president of the city council in March 1875. On November 6, 1956, Little Rock voters approved a move to the city manager form of government to take effect in the next year and on November 11, 1957, voters selected the first city board of directors under the city manager form of government. Under this form, the city board selected mayor from among its membership to serve for a two-year term. Beginning in 1994, mayors were elected to a four-year term by citywide election.

text:
# List of mayors of Little Rock, Arkansas

The **mayor of Little Rock, Arkansas** serves as the chief executive of the city government. Little Rock was first incorporated as a town in November 1831 and redefined as a city under a new charter in November 1835. During the American Civil War, Little Rock was captured and occupied by Union forces beginning September 21, 1863, leaving the city without a civilian government until December 1865. Starting in November 1869, the president of the city council presided over council meetings and signed ordinances, performing many of the duties formerly ascribed to the mayor. In accordance with new Constitution of Arkansas and new city charter, the mayor resumed duties previously split between mayor and president of the city council in March 1875. On November 6, 1956, Little Rock voters approved a move to the city manager form of government to take effect in the next year and on November 11, 1957, voters selected the first city board of directors under the city manager form of government. Under this form, the city board selected mayor from among its membership to serve for a two-year term. Beginning in 1994, mayors were elected to a four-year term by citywide election.

## Trustees (1825–1832)

From October 1825 through January 1832, Little Rock was governed by an elected board of trustees. Bernard Smith presided over the board through 1828, Dr. Matthew Cunningham presided in 1829, and John McClain presided in 1830 and 1831.

## Mayors (from 1836)

| Number | Person | Image | Mayor | In office | Notes | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 |  | Dr. Matthew Cunningham | January 1832 – January 1833 | First mayor of the Town of Little Rock. Cunningham’s descendants continue to live in the city into the 21st century. His great-great-great-great grandson serves as pastor of Westover Hills Presbyterian Church. |  |
| 2 | 2 |  | Rev. W. W. Stevenson | January 1833 – January 1834 |  |  |
| 3 | 3 |  | Elijah A. More | January 1834 – January 1835 |  |  |
| 4 | 4 |  | David Fulton | January 1835 – November 1835 |  |  |
| 5 | 5 |  | James Pitcher | November 1835 – December 1837 | First mayor of the City of Little Rock |  |
| 6 | 6 |  | Jesse Brown | January 1838 – January 1841 | From April 1839 through November 1839, Alderman Nicholas Peay acted as mayor due to prolonged absence of Mayor Brown. |  |
| 7 | 7 |  | Dr. Samuel H. Webb | January 1841 – January 1842 |  |  |
| 8 | 8 |  | John Widgery | January 1842 – May 1842 |  |  |
| 9 | 9 |  | Samuel G. Trowbridge | May 1842 – January 1843 | Elevated to mayor from mayor pro-tempore upon resignation of previous mayor.
Resigned upon arrest for running a counterfeit ring. |  |
| 10 | 10 |  | Thomas S. Reynolds | January 1843 – September 1843 | Elevated to mayor from mayor pro-tempore upon resignation of previous mayor. |  |
| 11 | 11 |  | Eli Colby | September 1843 – January 1844 | Elevated to mayor from mayor pro-tempore upon resignation of previous mayor. |  |
| 12 | 12 |  | William Brown, Sr. | January 1844 – January 1845 |  |  |
| 13 | 13 |  | Lambert J. Reardon | January 1845 – January 1847 |  |  |
| 14 | 14 |  | Dr. Roderick Lathrop (R.L.) Dodge | January 1847 – January 1848 |  |  |
| 15 | (7) |  | Dr. Samuel H. Webb
(2nd term) | January 1848 – April 1849 |  |  |
| 16 | 15 |  | Roswell Beebe | April 1849 – February 1850 | Elevated to mayor from mayor pro-tempore upon resignation of previous mayor. |  |
| 17 | 16 |  | D. J. Baldwin | February 1850 – January 1851 | Elevated to mayor from mayor pro-tempore upon resignation of previous mayor. |  |
| 18 | 17 |  | John Elliot Knight | January 1851 – January 1852 |  |  |
| 19 | 18 |  | Andre J. Hutt | January 1852 – January 1854 |  |  |
| 20 | 19 |  | Thomas D. Merrick | January 1854 – January 1855 |  |  |
| 21 | 20 |  | Charles (C.P.) Bertrand | January 1855 – January 1857 | Stepson of first Little Rock Mayor, Dr. Matthew Cunningham. |  |
| 22 | 21 |  | William E. Ashley | January 1857 – January 1859 |  |  |
| 23 | 22 |  | Gordon N. Peay | January 1859 – January 1861 | Son of Alderman Nicholas Peay who served as Mayor Pro-Tem during absence of Mayor Brown. |  |
| 24 | (21) |  | William E. Ashley
(2nd term) | January 1861 – September 1863 |  |  |
| Little Rock was occupied by the Union Army during the Civil War and controlled by federal forces from September 21, 1863 through December 1865. | | | | | | |
| 25 | 23 |  | Dr. J. J. McAlmont | January 1866 – January 1867 |  |  |
| 26 | 24 |  | J. W. Hopkins | January 1867 – February 1868 |  |  |
| 27 | 25 |  | John Wassell | February 1868 – December 1868 | Appointed by military to replace elected mayor. |  |
| 28 | 26 |  | A. K. Hartman | January 1869 – November 1871 | The City Council suspended Hartman in February 1870; a court order overturned that in June 1870. In January 1871, he was again suspended by the Council and J. G. Botsford was declared acting mayor, though Hartman still claimed the title of mayor through the remainder of his term in November 1871. |  |
| 29 | 27 |  | Jefferson G. Botsford | January 1871 – November 1871 | Appointed acting mayor in January 1871 and served through November 1871. Mayor Hartman was never officially removed from office, so Botsford was never technically mayor. He has been historically listed as a mayor of Little Rock, however. |  |
| 30 | 28 |  | Robert F. Catterson | November 1871 – November 1873 |  |  |
| 31 | 29 |  | Frederick Kramer | November 1873 – April 1875 |  |  |
| 32 | 30 |  | John Gould Fletcher | April 1875 – April 1881 | First mayor under new city charter. Father of John Gould Fletcher (Jr.) |  |
| 33 | (29) |  | Frederick Kramer
(2nd term) | April 1881 – April 1887 |  |  |
| 34 | 31 |  | William G. Whipple | April 1887 – April 1891 | Ran for governor, son-in-law of Mayor R. L. Dodge. |  |
| 35 | 32 |  | Henry Lewis (H.L.) Fletcher | April 1891 – April 1893 | Brother of Mayor John Gould Fletcher. |  |
| 36 | 33 |  | M. G. Hall | April 1893 – April 1895 |  |  |
| 34 |  | James A. Woodson | April 1895 – May 1900 | Due to obligations with his business affairs, resigned in April 1900 to be effective upon election of his successor. |  |
| 38 | 35 |  | W. R. Duley | May 1900 – April 1903 | Elected in a special election in May 1900. First time a special election had been used to fill mayoral vacancy. |  |
| 39 | 36 |  | Warren E. Lenon | April 1903 – April 1908 | Due to obligations with his business affairs, resigned at first meeting of city council held in the new City Hall, which he had championed. |  |
| 40 | 37 |  | John Herndon Hollis | April 1908 – June 1908 | Though technically only mayor pro-tempore selected by City Council to serve until special election for next mayor, he has traditionally been included in lists of mayors of Little Rock. He never gave up his alderman seat on city council and remained on council after special election. |  |
| 41 | (35) |  | W. R. Duley
(2nd term) | June 1908 – April 1911 | Chosen in a special election to fill vacancy created by resignation of Mayor Lenon.
Due to illness, Mayor Duley took a leave of absence from February 20, 1911 through the remainder of his term. Alderman John S. Odom was selected by the council as Acting Mayor. |  |
| 42 | 38 |  | Charles E. Taylor | April 1911 – April 1919 |  |  |
| 43 | 39 |  | Ben D. Brickhouse | April 1919 – April 1925 |  |  |
| 44 | 40 |  | Charles E. Moyer | April 1925 – April 1929 |  |  |
| 45 | 41 |  | Pat L. Robinson | April 1929 – April 1931 |  |  |
| 46 | 42 |  | Horace A. Knowlton | April 1931 – April 1935 |  |  |
| 47 | 43 |  | Richard E. (R.E.) Overman | April 1935 – April 1939 |  |  |
| 48 | 42 |  | John Vines (J.V.) Satterfield, Jr. | April 1939 – April 1941 | Due to illness, Mayor Satterfield took a leave of absence from January 1 through March 31, 1941. Alderman E. W. Gibb was selected by Council as Acting Mayor. |  |
| 49 | (40) |  | Charles E. Moyer
(2nd term) | April 1941 – April 1945 |  |  |
| 50 | 45 |  | Dan T. Sprick | April 1945 – April 1947 |  |  |
| 51 | 46 |  | Sam M. Wassell | April 1947 – December 1951 | Starting date for mayoral terms moved from April to January.
Grandson of Little Rock Mayor John Wassell. |  |
| 52 | 47 |  | Pratt C. Remmel | January 1952 – December 1955 | First Republican elected to the post since 1891. Mayor Remmel took a leave of absence to run for Governor from August 31 through December 13, 1954. Alderman Fred W. Parris was chosen by city council to serve as acting mayor. |  |
| 53 | 48 |  | Woodrow Wilson Mann | January 1956 – November 1957 | Last mayor under the mayor–council form of government. |  |
| 54 | 49 |  | Werner C. Knoop | November 1957 – December 1962 | First mayor under the city manager form of government. |  |
| 55 | 50 |  | Byron R. Morse | January 1963 – December 1964 |  |  |
| 56 | 51 |  | Harold "Sonney" Henson, Jr. | January 1965 – December 1966 |  |  |
| 57 | 52 |  | Martin Borchert | January 1967 – December 1968 |  |  |
| 58 | 53 |  | Haco Boyd | January 1969 – December 1970 |  |  |
| 59 | 54 |  | George Wimberly | January 1971 – December 1972 |  |  |
| 60 | 55 |  | W. H. Walters | January 1973 – December 1974 |  |  |
| 61 | (54) |  | George Wimberly
(2nd term) | January 1975 – December 1976 |  |  |
| 62 | 56 |  | Donald L. Mehlburger | January 1977 – December 1978 |  |  |
| 63 | 57 |  | A. M. "Sandy" Keith | January 1979 – June 1979 | Resigned as mayor but remained on the City Board of Directors. |  |
| 64 | 58 |  | Webster Hubbell | June 1979 – July 1981 | Resigned as mayor but remained on the City Board of Directors. |  |
| 65 | 59 |  | Charles E. Bussey | November 1981 – December 1982 | From July – November 1981, served as Acting Mayor.
First African American mayor of Little Rock. |  |
| 66 | 60 |  | J. W. "Buddy" Benafield | January 1983 – December 1984 | Previously had served as Mayor of England, Arkansas, in the 1970s. |  |
| 67 | 61 |  | Thomas A. Prince | January 1985 – December 1986 |  |  |
| 68 | 62 |  | Lottie Shackelford | January 1987 – December 1988 | First female mayor of Little Rock. Is also the second African American mayor of Little Rock. |  |
| 69 | 63 |  | Floyd G. "Buddy" Villines | January 1989 – December 1990 |  |  |
| 70 | 64 |  | Sharon Priest | January 1991 – December 1992 | Served as Arkansas Secretary of State from 1995 to 2003. |  |
| 71 | 65 |  | Dalton J. "Jim" Dailey Jr. | January 1993 – December 2006 | First served as mayor for two years under original city manager structure, then elected to four-year terms by a citywide election in 1994, 1998, and 2002 under the new hybrid city administrator structure. Longest-serving mayor of Little Rock (14 years). |  |
| 72 | 66 |  | Mark Stodola | January 2007 – December 2018 |  |  |
| 73 | 67 |  | Frank Scott, Jr. | January 2019 – | Incumbent mayor. Little Rock's first directly elected black mayor |  |


abstract: This is a list of the mayors of the City of Liverpool, a local government area of New South Wales, Australia. The current mayor is Ned Mannoun, who was elected in December 2021.

text:
# List of mayors of Liverpool (New South Wales)

This is a list of the **mayors of the City of Liverpool**, a local government area of New South Wales, Australia.

The current mayor is Ned Mannoun, who was elected in December 2021.

## Mayors

| Mayor | | Party | Term | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Ron Dunbier | Labor | December 1948 – 9 December 1952 |  |
|  | Alex Grimson | Labor | 9 December 1952 – 14 January 1953 |  |
|  | | Independent | 14 January 1953 – December 1954 | |
|  | John Macdonald |  | December 1954 – December 1955 |  |
|  | Bill Rynan |  | December 1955 – December 1956 |  |
|  | Ron Dunbier | Independent | December 1956 – December 1959 |  |
|  | Joseph Bradshaw | Independent | December 1959 – December 1960 |  |
|  | Ernie Smith |  | December 1960 – December 1961 |  |
|  | Ron Dunbier | Independent | December 1961 – December 1962 |  |
|  | Joseph Bradshaw | Independent | December 1962 – December 1963 |  |
|  | Ernie Smith |  | December 1963 – December 1967 |  |
|  | George Paciullo | Labor | December 1967 – December 1969 |  |
|  | Joseph Bradshaw | Independent | December 1969 – September 1971 |  |
|  | Kevin Napier | Labor | September 1971 – September 1972 |  |
| | Noel Short | | September 1972 – September 1973 |  |
| | Joe Durrant | | September 1973 – September 1974 |  |
|  | Frank Oliveri | Independent | September 1974 – September 1975 |  |
|  | Joseph Bradshaw | Independent | September 1975 – 31 March 1976 |  |
| Allen Henderson (Administrator) | | | 31 March 1976 – 17 September 1977 |  |
|  | Frank Oliveri | Independent | September 1977 – September 1978 |  |
|  | Noel Short | Labor | September 1978 – September 1979 |  |
| | Ronald John Hollands | | September 1979 – September 1980 |  |
| | Noel Short | | September 1980 – September 1983 |  |
|  | Frank Oliveri OAM | Independent | September 1983 – September 1984 |  |
|  | Casey Conway | Labor | September 1984 – September 1986 |  |
| | Craig Knowles | | September 1986 – September 1987 |  |
| | Casey Conway | | September 1987 – September 1988 |  |
|  | Gary Lucas | Independent | September 1988 – September 1989 |  |
|  | Ronald John Hollands | Labor | September 1989 – September 1990 |  |
|  | Colin Harrington | Independent | September 1990 – September 1991 |  |
|  | Mark Latham | Labor | September 1991 – September 1994 |  |
| | George Paciullo | | September 1994 – 16 March 2004 |  |
| Gabrielle Kibble AO (Administrator) | | | 16 March 2004 – 13 September 2008 |  |
|  | Wendy Waller | Labor | 13 September 2008 – 8 September 2012 |  |
|  | Ned Mannoun | Liberal | 8 September 2012 – 10 September 2016 |  |
|  | Wendy Waller | Labor | 10 September 2016 – 4 December 2021 |  |
|  | Ned Mannoun | Liberal | 4 December 2021 – date |  |

## Election results

### 2024

2024 New South Wales mayoral elections: Liverpool
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Libertarian | Gemma Noiosi |  |  |  |
|  | Independent | Michael Tierney |  |  |  |
|  | Independent | Michael Andjelkovic |  |  |  |
|  | Liberal | Ned Mannoun |  |  |  |
|  | Our Local Community | Peter Ristevski |  |  |  |
|  | Labor | Betty Green |  |  |  |
|  | Community Voice | Deb Gurung |  |  |  |
|  | Liverpool Independents | Karress Rhodes |  |  |  |
|  | Community Independents | Peter Harle |  |  |  |
|  | Independent | Robert Aiken |  |  |  |
| Total formal votes | | |  |  |  |
| Informal votes | | |  |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  |  |  |
| Two-candidate-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | **Swing** |  |  |

### 2021

2021 New South Wales mayoral elections: Liverpool
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Ned Mannoun | 48,112 | 41.8 | +9.1 |
|  | Labor | Nathan Hagarty | 43,870 | 38.1 | +0.0 |
|  | Independent | Michael Andjelkovic | 9,770 | 8.5 | +8.5 |
|  | Community Independents | Peter Harle | 8,254 | 7.2 | −2.7 |
|  | Greens | Asm Morshed | 5,171 | 4.5 | +0.4 |
| Total formal votes | | | 115,177 | 95.5 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 5,479 | 4.5 |  |
| Turnout | | | 120,656 | 84.1 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Liberal | Ned Mannoun | 51,277 | 51.3 |  |
|  | Labor | Nathan Hagarty | 48,741 | 48.7 |  |
|  | Liberal **gain** from Labor | | **Swing** |  |  |

## InfoBox

| Mayor of Liverpool | |
| --- | --- |
| Incumbent
Ned Mannoun
since 4 December 2021 | |
| Appointer | Liverpool City Council |
| Term length | 4 years |


abstract: This is a complete list of members of the United States House of Representatives during the 15th United States Congress listed by seniority. For the most part, representatives are ranked by the beginning of their terms in office. As an historical article, the districts and party affiliations listed reflect those during the 15th Congress. Seats and party affiliations on similar lists for other Congresses will be different for certain members. This article describes the criteria for seniority in the House of Representatives and sets out the list of members by seniority. It is prepared on the basis of the interpretation of seniority applied to the House of Representatives in the current congress. In the absence of information to the contrary, it is presumed that the twenty-first-century practice is identical to the seniority customs used during the 15th Congress.

text:
# List of members of the United States House of Representatives in the 15th Congress by seniority

This is a **complete list of members of the United States House of Representatives during the 15th United States Congress** listed by seniority. For the most part, representatives are ranked by the beginning of their terms in office.

As an historical article, the districts and party affiliations listed reflect those during the 15th Congress (March 4, 1817 – March 3, 1819). Seats and party affiliations on similar lists for other Congresses will be different for certain members.

This article describes the criteria for seniority in the House of Representatives and sets out the list of members by seniority. It is prepared on the basis of the interpretation of seniority applied to the House of Representatives in the current congress. In the absence of information to the contrary, it is presumed that the twenty-first-century practice is identical to the seniority customs used during the 15th Congress.

## House seniority

Seniority in the House, for Congressmen with unbroken service, depends on the date on which the members first term began. That date is either the start of the Congress (4 March in odd numbered years, for the era up to and including the 73rd Congress starting in 1933) or the date of a special election during the Congress. Since many members start serving on the same day as others, ranking between them is based on alphabetical order by the last name of the congressman.

Congressmen, in early Congresses, were often elected after the legal start of the Congress. Such representatives are attributed with unbroken seniority, from the legal start of the congressional term, if they were the first person elected to a seat in a Congress. The date of the election is indicated in a note.

The seniority date is normally taken from the members entry in the *Biographical Directory of the United States Congress*, except where the date given is the legal start of the Congress and the actual election (for someone who was not the first person elected to the seat in that Congress) was later. The date of election is taken from *United States Congressional Elections 1788-1997*. In a few instances the latter work provides dates, for the start and end of terms, which correct those in the Biographical Directory.

The Biographical Directory normally uses the date of a special election, as the seniority date. However, mostly in early Congresses, the date of the member taking his seat can be the one given. The date of the special election is mentioned in a note to the list below, when that date is not used as the seniority date by the Biographical Directory.

Representatives who returned to the House, after having previously served, are credited with service equal to one less than the total number of terms they served. When a representative has served a prior term of less than two terms (i.e. prior term minus one equals less than one), he is ranked above all others whose service begins on the same day.

## Leadership

In this Congress the only formal leader was the Speaker of the House. A Speakership ballot was held on December 1, 1817, and Henry Clay (DR-KY) was re-elected for a fourth consecutive Congress (although he had resigned, during the 13th Congress on January 19, 1814, so his service had not been continuous). Henry Clay received 143 votes, Samuel Smith (DR-MD) received 6 and 1 was blank.

The title Dean of the House (sometimes known, in the nineteenth century, as Father of the House) was held by the member with the longest continuous service. It was not a leadership position.

## Standing committees

The House created its first standing committee, on April 13, 1789. There were nineteen standing committees, listed in the rules initially used by the 15th Congress. No additional committees were added during the Congress.

Committees, in this period, were normally appointed for a session at a time by the Speaker. However the resolution of March 30, 1816, which created the committees on departmental expenditures and Expenditures on Public Buildings, provided for those standing committees to be appointed for the whole Congress.

This list refers to the standing committees of the House in the 15th Congress, the year of establishment as a standing committee, the number of members assigned to the committee and the dates of appointment in each session (or if appropriate for the Congress), the end of the session (if appropriate) and its chairman. Chairmen, who were re-appointed after serving in the previous Congress, are indicated by an \*.

The first session was December 1, 1817 – April 20, 1818 (141 days) and the second session was November 16, 1818 – March 3, 1819 (108 days).

| No. | Committee | From | Mbrs | Appointed | Chairman |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Accounts | 1805 | 3 | December 3, 1817 – April 20, 1818 | \*Peter Little (DR-MD) |
| | | | | November 17, 1818 – March 3, 1819 | |
| 2 | Claims | 1794 | 7 | December 3, 1817 – April 20, 1818 | Lewis Williams (DR-NC) |
| | | | | November 17, 1818 – March 3, 1819 | |
| 3 | Commerce and Manufactures | 1795 | 7 | December 3, 1817 – April 20, 1818 | \*Thomas Newton, Jr. (DR-VA) |
| | | | | November 17, 1818 – March 3, 1819 | |
| 4 | District of Columbia | 1808 | 7 | December 3, 1817 – April 20, 1818 | John C. Herbert (F-MD) |
| | | | | November 17, 1818 – March 3, 1819 | |
| 5 | Elections | 1789 | 7 | December 3, 1817 – April 20, 1818 | \*John W. Taylor (DR-NY) |
| | | | | November 17, 1818 – March 3, 1819 | |
| 6 | Expenditures in the Navy Department | 1816 | 3 | December 3, 1817-March 3, 1819 | James Pleasants (DR-VA) |
| 7 | Expenditures in the Post Office Department | 1816 | 3 | December 3, 1817-March 3, 1819 | Samuel D. Ingham (DR-PA) (a) |
| 8 | Expenditures in the State Department | 1816 | 3 | December 3, 1817-March 3, 1819 | John Forsyth (DR-GA) (b) |
| 9 | Expenditures in the Treasury Department | 1816 | 3 | December 3, 1817-March 3, 1819 | William Lowndes (DR-SC) |
| 10 | Expenditures in the War Department | 1816 | 3 | December 3, 1817-March 3, 1819 | Richard M. Johnson (DR-KY) |
| 11 | Expenditures on Public Buildings | 1816 | 3 | December 3, 1817-March 3, 1819 | Henry S. Tucker (DR-VA) |
| 12 | Judiciary | 1813 | 7 | December 3, 1817 – April 20, 1818 | \*Hugh Nelson (DR-VA) |
| | | | | November 17, 1818 – March 3, 1819 | |
| 13 | Pensions and Revolutionary Claims | 1813 | 7 | December 3, 1817 – April 20, 1818 | John Rhea (DR-TN) |
| | | | | November 17, 1818 – March 3, 1819 | |
| 14 | Post Office and Post Roads | 1808 | 7 | December 3, 1817 – April 20, 1818 | \*Samuel D. Ingham (DR-PA) |
| | | | | November 17, 1818 – March 3, 1819 | Arthur Livermore (DR-NH) |
| 15 | Private Land Claims | 1816 | 5 | December 3, 1817-April 20, 1818 | Samuel Herrick (DR-OH) |
| | | | 7 | November 17, 1818 – March 3, 1819 | George Robertson (DR-KY) |
| 16 | Public Expenditures | 1814 | 7 | December 3, 1817 – April 20, 1818 | Joseph Desha (DR-KY) |
| | | | | November 17, 1818 – March 3, 1819 | |
| 17 | Public Lands | 1805 | 7 | December 3, 1817 – April 20, 1818 | \*Thomas B. Robertson (DR-LA) |
| | | | | November 17, 1818 – March 3, 1819 | George Poindexter (DR-MS) |
| 18 | Revisal and Unfinished Business | 1795 | 3 | December 3, 1817 – April 20, 1818 | John Savage (DR-NY) |
| | | | | November 17, 1818 – March 3, 1819 | John W. Taylor (DR-NY) |
| 19 | Ways and Means | 1802 | 7 | December 3, 1817 – April 20, 1818 | \*William Lowndes (DR-SC) |
| | | | | November 17, 1818 – March 3, 1819 | Samuel Smith (DR-MD) |
|

Note:-

* (a) Resigned from the House: July 6, 1818. Thomas H. Hubbard (DR-NY) became Chairman for the rest of the Congress.
* (b) Resigned from the House: November 28, 1818. Josiah Hasbrouck (DR-NY) became Chairman for the rest of the Congress.

## List of representatives by seniority

A numerical rank is assigned to each of the 183 members initially elected to the 15th Congress. Other members, who were not the first person elected to a seat but who joined the House during the Congress, are not assigned a number (except for the representative from the newly admitted states of Mississippi and Illinois, who are assigned the numbers 184 and 185 respectively).

7 representatives-elect were not sworn in. 1 declined to serve (CT-al: Dennison), 4 of them died (CT-al: Backus;NY-4;NC-7;PA-10: Scott) and 2 resigned (MA-1;SC-5). The list below includes the Representatives-elect (with name in italics), with the seniority they would have held if sworn in.

Party designations used in this article are DR for Democratic-Republican members and F for Federalist representatives. Designations used for service in the first three congresses are (A) for Anti-Administration members and (P) for Pro-Administration representatives.

U.S. House seniority
| Rank | Representative | Party | District | Seniority date | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Nine consecutive terms* | | | | | |
| 1 | Thomas Newton, Jr. | DR | VA-21 | March 4, 1801 | Elected to this Congress: April 1817. Dean of the House. Chairman: Commerce and Manufactures. |
| *Eight consecutive terms* | | | | | |
| 2 | Peterson Goodwyn | DR | VA-19 | March 4, 1803 | Elected to this Congress: April 1817. Died while still serving as a member of the House: February 21, 1818. |
| *Eight non-consecutive terms* | | | | | |
| 3 | Anthony New | DR | KY-5 | March 4, 1817 | Previously served (A-VA) 1793–95, (DR-VA) 1795-1805 and (DR-KY) 1811-13 while as a member of the House. Last term while serving as a member of the House until 17th Congress. |
| *Seven consecutive terms* | | | | | |
| 4 | Jonathan O. Moseley | F | CT-al | March 4, 1805 |  |
| 5 | Timothy Pitkin | F | CT-al | September 16, 1805 | Last term while serving as a member of the House. |
| 6 | William A. Burwell | DR | VA-14 | December 1, 1806 | Elected to this Congress: April 1817 |
| *Seven non-consecutive terms* | | | | | |
| 7 | John Rhea | DR | TN-1 | March 4, 1817 | Previously served (DR) 1803-15 while as a member of the House. Elected to this Congress: August 7–8, 1817. Chairman: Pensions and Revolutionary Claims. |
| 8 | Henry Southard | DR | NJ-al | March 4, 1815 | Previously served (DR) 1801-11 while in the House. |
| 9 | Samuel Smith | DR | MD-5 | January 31, 1816 | Previously served (A) 1793-95 and (DR) 1795-1803 while in the House. Chairman: Ways and Means (1818–19). |
| *Six consecutive terms* | | | | | |
| 10 | Joseph Desha | DR | KY-4 | March 4, 1807 | Chairman: Public Expenditures. Last term while serving in the House. |
| 11 | Richard M. Johnson | DR | KY-3 | | Chairman: Expenditures in the War Department. Last term while serving in the House until 21st Congress. |
| *Six non-consecutive terms* | | | | | |
| 12 | Burwell Bassett | DR | VA-13 | March 4, 1815 | Previously served (DR) 1805–13 while in the House. Elected to this Congress: April 1817. Last term while serving in the House until 17th Congress. |
| 13 | Joseph Hiester | DR | PA-7 | | Previously served (DR) December 1, 1798 – 1805 while in the House. |
| *Four consecutive terms* | | | | | |
| 14 | *John C. Calhoun* | DR | SC-5 | March 4, 1811 | Resigned, as Representative-elect, to become Secretary of War: November 3, 1817 |
| 15 | William Lowndes | DR | SC-9 | | Chairman: Ways and Means (1817–18). Chairman: Expenditures in the Treasury Department. |
| 16 | William McCoy | DR | VA-4 | | Elected to this Congress: April 1817 |
| 17 | Hugh Nelson | DR | VA-22 | | Elected to this Congress: April 1817. Chairman: Judiciary. |
| 18 | James Pleasants | DR | VA-17 | | Elected to this Congress: April 1817. Chairman: Expenditures in the Navy Department. |
| 19 | Philip Stuart | F | MD-1 | | Last term while serving in the House. |
| 20 | Thomas B. Robertson | DR | LA-al | April 30, 1812 | Chairman: Public Lands (1817–18). Resigned while still serving in the House: April 20, 1818. |
| 21 | Henry Clay | DR | KY-2 | October 30, 1815 | Previously served (DR) 1811-January 19, 1814, and 1815 while at the House. Speaker of the House. |
| *Four non-consecutive terms* | | | | | |
| 22 | William Anderson | DR | PA-1 | March 4, 1817 | Previously served (DR) 1809–15 while in the House. Last term while serving in the House. |
| 23 | Lemuel Sawyer | DR | NC-1 | | Previously served (DR) 1807-13 while in the House. Elected to this Congress: August 14, 1817. |
| 24 | Adam Seybert | DR | PA-1 | | Previously served (DR) October 10, 1809-15 while in the House. Last term while serving in the House. |
| 25 | Elias Earle | DR | SC-6 | | Previously served (DR) September 27, 1806–07 and 1811–15 while in the House. |
| 26 | Samuel Ringgold | DR | MD-4 | | Previously served (DR) October 15, 1810-15 while in the House. |
| *Three consecutive terms* | | | | | |
| 27 | Oliver C. Comstock | DR | NY-20 | March 4, 1813 | Last term while serving in the House. |
| 28 | John Forsyth | DR | GA-al | | Chairman: Expenditures in the State Department. Resigned, to become US Senator: November 23, 1818. |
| 29 | Samuel D. Ingham | DR | PA-6 | | Chairman: Post Office and Post Roads (1817–18). Chairman: Expenditures in the Post Office Department. Resigned while still serving in the House: July 6, 1818. Last term while serving in the House until 17th Congress |
| 30 | James Johnson | DR | VA-20 | | Elected to this Congress: April 1817 |
| 31 | Nathaniel Ruggles | F | MA-13 | | Last term while serving in the House. |
| 32 | John W. Taylor | DR | NY-11 | | Chairman: Elections. Chairman: Revisal and Unfinished Business (1818–19). |
| 33 | William Irving | DR | NY-2 | January 22, 1814 | Last term while serving in the House. |
| 34 | Philip P. Barbour | DR | VA-11 | September 19, 1814 | Elected to this Congress: April 1817 |
| *Three non-consecutive terms* | | | | | |
| 35 | Jeremiah Nelson | F | MA-3 | March 4, 1815 | Elected to this Congress: May 1, 1817. Previously served (F) 1805-07 while serving in the House. |
| 36 | John Ross | DR | PA-6 | | Previously served (DR) 1809–11 while in the House. Resigned while serving in the House: February 24, 1818. |
| 37 | Peter Little | DR | MD-5 | September 2, 1816 | Previously served (DR) 1811-13 while in the House. Chairman: Accounts. |
| *Two consecutive terms* | | | | | |
| 38 | Ephraim Bateman | DR | NJ-al | March 4, 1815 |  |
| 39 | Benjamin Bennet | DR | NJ-al | | Last term while serving as a member of the House. |
| 40 | John L. Boss, Jr. | F | RI-al | |
| 41 | Joseph H. Bryan | DR | NC-2 | | Elected to this Congress: August 14, 1817. Last term while serving in the House. |
| 42 | Daniel M. Forney | DR | NC-11 | | Elected to this Congress: August 14, 1817. Resigned while still serving in the House: October 6, 1818. |
| 43 | John C. Herbert | F | MD-2 | | Chairman: District of Columbia. Last term while serving in the House. |
| 44 | Joseph Hopkinson | F | PA-1 | | Last term while serving in the House. |
| 45 | William Maclay | DR | PA-5 | |
| 46 | James B. Mason | F | RI-al | |
| 47 | Henry Middleton | DR | SC-1 | |
| 48 | Elijah H. Mills | F | MA-5 | |
| 49 | Albion K. Parris | DR | MA-20 | | Resigned while still serving as a member of the House: February 3, 1818 |
| 50 | Thomas Rice | F | MA-18 | | Elected to this Congress: December 1, 1817. Last term while serving in the House. |
| 51 | John Savage | DR | NY-12 | | Chairman: Revisal and Unfinished Business (1817–18). Last term while serving in the House. |
| 52 | Ballard Smith | DR | VA-7 | | Elected to this Congress: April 1817 |
| 53 | Solomon Strong | F | MA-12 | | Last term while serving in the House. |
| 54 | George Townsend | DR | NY-1 | |
| 55 | Henry S. Tucker | DR | VA-3 | | Elected to this Congress: April 1817. Chairman: Expenditures on Public Buildings. Last term while serving in the House. |
| 56 | Peter H. Wendover | DR | NY-2 | |  |
| 57 | John Whiteside | DR | PA-3 | | Last term while serving as a member of the House. |
| 58 | Lewis Williams | DR | NC-13 | | Elected to this Congress: August 14, 1817. Chairman: Claims. |
| 59 | William Wilson | DR | PA-10 | | Last term while serving in the House. |
| 60 | James W. Wilkin | DR | NY-6 | | June 7, 1815 |
| 61 | John Sergeant | F | PA-1 | October 10, 1815 |  |
| 62 | James M. Wallace | DR | PA-3 | | |
| 63 | William G. Blount | DR | TN-2 | December 8, 1815 | Elected to this Congress: August 7–8, 1817. Last term while serving in the House. |
| 64 | Weldon N. Edwards | DR | NC-6 | February 7, 1816 | Elected to this Congress: August 7–8, 1817 |
| 65 | George Peter | F | MD-3 | October 7, 1816 | Last term while serving in the House until 19th Congress |
| 66 | William H. Harrison | DR | OH-1 | October 8, 1816 | Previously served as Northwest Territory Delegate 1799-May 14, 1800. Last term while serving in the House. |
| 67 | William P. Maclay | DR | PA-9 | |  |
| 68 | Benjamin Adams | F | MA-11 | | December 2, 1816 |
| 69 | Zadock Cook | DR | GA-al | | Last term while serving as a member of the House. |
| 70 | Thomas M. Nelson | DR | VA-18 | December 4, 1816 | Elected to this Congress: April 1817. Last term while serving in the House. |
| 71 | William Hendricks | DR | IN-al | December 11, 1816 | Elected to this Congress: August 4, 1817 |
| 72 | John Tyler | DR | VA-23 | December 17, 1816 | Elected to this Congress: April 1817 |
| 73 | Stephen D. Miller | DR | SC-8 | January 2, 1817 | Last term while serving in the House. |
| *Two non-consecutive terms* | | | | | |
| 74 | Clifton Clagett | DR | NH-al | March 4, 1817 | Previously served (F) 1803-05 while in the House. |
| 75 | Charles Rich | DR | VT-al | | Previously served (DR) 1813-15 while in the House. |
| 76 | Ezekiel Whitman | F | MA-15 | | Previously served (F) 1809-11 while as a member of the House. |
| 77 | John Wilson | F | MA-17 | | Previously served (F) 1813-15 while as a member of the House. Last term while serving in the House. |
| 78 | Josiah Hasbrouck | DR | NY-7 | | Previously served (DR) April 28, 1803-05 while as a member of the House. Chairman: Expenditures in the State Department (1818–19). Last term while serving in the House. |
| 79 | Isaac Williams, Jr. | DR | NY-15 | | Previously served (DR) December 20, 1813–15 while in the House. Last term while serving in the House until 18th Congress. |
| *One term* | | | | | | |
| 80 | Joel Abbot | DR | GA-al | March 4, 1817 |  |
| 81 | Heman Allen | DR | VT-al | | Resigned: April 20, 1818 |
| 82 | Samuel C. Allen | F | MA-6 | |  |
| 83 | Richard C. Anderson, Jr. | DR | KY-8 | |
| 84 | Archibald Austin | DR | VA-16 | | Elected to this Congress: April 1817. Only term while serving as a member of the House. |
| 85 | *Sylvanus Backus* | F | CT-al | | Died as Representative-elect: February 4, 1817 |
| 86 | Henry Baldwin | DR | PA-14 | |  |
| 87 | William L. Ball | DR | VA-9 | | Elected to this Congress: April 1817 |
| 88 | Levi Barber | DR | OH-3 | | Only term while serving as a member of the House until 17th Congress |
| 89 | Thomas Bayly | F | MD-8 | |  |
| 90 | Philemon Beecher | F | OH-5 | |
| 91 | Joseph Bellinger | DR | SC-3 | | Only term while serving in the House. |
| 92 | Joseph Bloomfield | DR | NJ-al | |  |
| 93 | Andrew Boden | DR | PA-5 | |
| 94 | Josiah Butler | DR | NH-al | |
| 95 | John W. Campbell | DR | OH-2 | |
| 96 | Thomas Claiborne | DR | TN-5 | | Elected to this Congress: August 7–8, 1817. Only term while serving in the House. |
| 97 | Thomas W. Cobb | DR | GA-al | |  |
| 98 | Edward Colston | F | VA-2 | | Elected to this Congress: April 1817. Only term while serving in the House. |
| 99 | Samuel C. Crafts | DR | VT-al | |  |
| 100 | Joel Crawford | DR | GA-al | |
| 101 | Daniel Cruger | DR | NY-20 | | Only term while serving in the House. |
| 102 | Thomas Culbreth | DR | MD-7 | |  |
| 103 | John P. Cushman | F | NY-10 | | Only term while serving in the House. |
| 104 | Isaac Darlington | F | PA-2 | |
| 105 | *Charles Dennison* | F | CT-al | | Representative-elect who declined to serve |
| 106 | John R. Drake | DR | NY-15 | | Only term while serving in the House. |
| 107 | Benjamin Ellicott | DR | NY-21 | |
| 108 | James Ervin | DR | SC-2 | |  |
| 109 | John Floyd | DR | VA-5 | | Elected to this Congress: April 1817 |
| 110 | Walter Folger, Jr. | DR | MA-9 | | Elected to this Congress: May 1, 1817 |
| 111 | Timothy Fuller | DR | MA-4 | |  |
| 112 | Joshua Gage | DR | MA-19 | | Elected to this Congress: September 29, 1817. Only term while serving in the House. |
| 113 | Robert S. Garnett | DR | VA-12 | | Elected to this Congress: April 1817 |
| 114 | Salma Hale | DR | NH-al | | Only term while serving in the House. |
| 115 | Thomas H. Hall | DR | NC-3 | | Elected to this Congress: August 14, 1817 |
| 116 | Willard Hall | DR | DE-al | |  |
| 117 | John Herkimer | DR | NY-14 | | Only term while serving in the House until 18th Congress |
| 118 | Samuel Herrick | DR | OH-4 | | Chairman: Private Land Claims (1817–18) |
| 119 | Peter Hitchcock | DR | OH-6 | | Only term while serving as a member of the House. |
| 120 | Samuel Hogg | DR | TN-4 | | Elected to this Congress: August 7–8, 1817. Only term while serving in the House. |
| 121 | John Holmes | DR | MA-14 | |  |
| 122 | Uriel Holmes | F | CT-al | | Resigned while still serving in the House: August 1818 |
| 123 | Thomas H. Hubbard | DR | NY-17 | | Chairman: Expenditures in the Post Office Department (1818–19). Only term while serving in the House until 17th Congress. |
| 124 | William Hunter | DR | VT-al | | Only term while serving in the House. |
| 125 | Francis Jones | DR | TN-3 | | Elected to this Congress: August 7–8, 1817 |
| 126 | Charles Kinsey | DR | NJ-al | | Only term while serving in the House until 16th Congress. |
| 127 | Dorrance Kirtland | DR | NY-8 | | Only term while serving in the House. |
| 128 | Thomas Lawyer | DR | NY-13 | |
| 129 | *Henry B. Lee* | DR | NY-3 | | Died as Representative-elect: February 18, 1817 |
| 130 | William J. Lewis | DR | VA-15 | | Elected to this Congress: April 1817. Only term while serving in the House. |
| 131 | John Linn | DR | NJ-al | |  |
| 132 | Arthur Livermore | DR | NH-al | | Chairman: Post Office and Post Roads (1818–19) |
| 133 | *James Lloyd* | F | MA-1 | | Resigned as Representative-elect: October 25, 1817 |
| 134 | David Marchand | DR | PA-11 | |  |
| 135 | George W. L. Marr | DR | TN-6 | | Elected to this Congress: August 7–8, 1817. Only term while serving in the House. |
| 136 | Louis McLane | F | DE-al | |  |
| 137 | *Alexander McMillan* | F | NC-7 | | Elected to this Congress: August 14, 1817. Died as Representative-elect: November 13, 1817. |
| 138 | Charles F. Mercer | F | VA-8 | | Elected to this Congress: April 1817 |
| 139 | Orsamus C. Merrill | DR | VT-al | |  |
| 140 | Robert Moore | DR | PA-15 | |
| 141 | Marcus Morton | DR | MA-10 | |
| 142 | George Mumford | DR | NC-10 | | Elected to this Congress: August 14, 1817. Died: December 31, 1818. |
| 143 | Wilson Nesbitt | DR | SC-7 | | Only term while serving in the House. |
| 144 | David A. Ogden | F | NY-18 | |
| 145 | Alexander Ogle | DR | PA-8 | |
| 146 | Benjamin Orr | F | MA-16 | |
| 147 | James Owen | DR | NC-5 | | Elected to this Congress: August 14, 1817. Only term while serving in the House. |
| 148 | John Palmer | DR | NY-12 | | Only term while serving in the House until 25th Congress. |
| 149 | John F. Parrott | DR | NH-al | | Only term while serving in the House. |
| 150 | Thomas Patterson | DR | PA-12 | |  |
| 151 | Levi Pawling | F | PA-2 | | Only term while serving as a member of the House. |
| 152 | James Pindall | F | VA-1 | | Elected to this Congress: April 1817 |
| 153 | James Porter | DR | NY-19 | | Only term while serving in the House. |
| 154 | Tunstal Quarles | DR | KY-9 | |  |
| 155 | Philip Reed | DR | MD-6 | | Only term while serving in the House until 17th Congress. |
| 156 | Mark Richards | DR | VT-al | |  |
| 157 | George Robertson | DR | KY-7 | | Chairman: Private Land Claims (1818–19) |
| 158 | Zabdiel Sampson | DR | MA-8 | |  |
| 159 | Philip J. Schuyler | F | NY-5 | | Only term while serving as a member of the House. |
| 160 | *David Scott* | DR | PA-10 | | Resigned as Representative-elect before Congress convened |
| 161 | Tredwell Scudder | DR | NY-1 | | Only term while serving in the House. |
| 162 | Thomas Settle | DR | NC-9 | | Elected to this Congress: August 14, 1817 |
| 163 | Henry Shaw | DR | MA-7 | |  |
| 164 | Samuel B. Sherwood | F | CT-al | | Only term while serving in the House. |
| 165 | Nathaniel Silsbee | DR | MA-2 | |  |
| 166 | Jesse Slocumb | F | NC-4 | | Elected to this Congress: August 14, 1817 |
| 167 | James S. Smith | DR | NC-8 | |
| 168 | Alexander Smyth | DR | VA-6 | | Elected to this Congress: April 1817 |
| 169 | Jacob Spangler | DR | PA-4 | | Resigned while still serving in the House: April 20, 1818 |
| 170 | Thomas Speed | DR | KY-10 | | Only term while serving in the House. |
| 171 | John C. Spencer | DR | NY-21 | |
| 172 | Henry R. Storrs | F | NY-16 | |  |
| 173 | George Strother | DR | VA-10 | | Elected to this Congress: April 1817 |
| 174 | Christian Tarr | DR | PA-13 | |  |
| 175 | William Terrell | DR | GA-al | |
| 176 | Caleb Tompkins | DR | NY-3 | |
| 177 | David Trimble | DR | KY-1 | |
| 178 | Starling Tucker | DR | SC-4 | |
| 179 | Nathaniel Upham | DR | NH-al | |
| 180 | David Walker | DR | KY-6 | |
| 181 | Felix Walker | DR | NC-12 | | Elected to this Congress: August 14, 1817 |
| 182 | Rensselaer Westerlo | F | NY-9 | | Only term while serving in the House. |
| 183 | Thomas S. Williams | F | CT-al | |
| *Members joining the House, after the start of the Congress* | | | | | |
| ... | Ebenezer Huntington | F | CT-al | April 3, 1817 | Previously served (F) October 11, 1810–11 and 1815-17 while in the House. Special election. Last term while serving in the House. |
| ... | Nathaniel Terry | F | CT-al | | Special election. Only term while serving in the House. |
| ... | James Tallmadge, Jr. | DR | NY-4 | June 6, 1817 | Special election: April 29–30, May 1, 1817. Only term while serving in the House. |
| ... | John Murray | DR | PA-10 | October 14, 1817 | Special election |
| ... | Jonathan Mason | F | MA-1 | November 17, 1817 | |
| 184 | George Poindexter | DR | MS-al | December 10, 1817 | Formerly Delegate 1807–13. First Representative from new state. Chairman: Public Lands (1818–19). Only term while serving in the House. |
| ... | James Stewart | F | NC-7 | January 5, 1818 | Special election. Only term while serving in the House. |
| ... | Eldred Simkins | DR | SC-5 | January 24, 1818 | Special election: December 29–30, 1817 |
| ... | Thomas J. Rogers | DR | PA-6 | March 3, 1818 | Special election |
| ... | John Pegram | DR | VA-19 | April 21, 1818 | Special election: April 1818. Only term while serving in the House. |
| ... | Samuel Moore | DR | PA-6 | October 13, 1818 | Special election |
| ... | Enoch Lincoln | DR | MA-20 | November 4, 1818 | Special election: March 16, 1818 |
| ... | Thomas Butler | DR | LA-al | November 16, 1818 | Special election: July 6–8, 1818 |
| ... | Sylvester Gilbert | F | CT-al | | Special election: September 21, 1818. Only term while serving in the House. |
| ... | Jacob Hostetter | DR | PA-4 | | Special election: March 17, 1818 |
| ... | William Davidson | F | NC-11 | December 2, 1818 | Special election: November 7, 1818 |
| 185 | John McLean | DR | IL-al | December 3, 1818 | First Representative from new state. Only term while serving in the House. |
| ... | Charles Fisher | DR | NC-10 | February 11, 1819 | Special election: January 29, 1819 |
| ... | Robert R. Reid | DR | GA-al | February 18, 1819 | Special election: January 4, 1819 |
| *Non voting members* | | | | | |
| a | Nathaniel Pope | - | IL-al | September 5, 1816 | Delegate from Illinois Territory until resigned: November 30, 1818 |
| b | John Scott | - | MO-al | August 4, 1817 | Delegate from Missouri Territory. Previously served (Ind) August 6, 1816 – January 13, 1817, while in the House. |
| c | John Crowell | - | AL-al | January 29, 1818 | Delegate from Alabama Territory. Only term until elected Representative in 16th Congress. |
|

This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

* *United States Congressional Elections 1788-1997*, by Michael J. Dubin (McFarland and Company 1998) ISBN 0-7864-0283-0


title: Micromyrtus rogeri

abstract: Micromyrtus rogeri is a species of flowering plant in the family Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is shrub with egg-shaped leaves with the narrower end towards the base, and white flowers with 10 stamens.

text:
# Micromyrtus rogeri

***Micromyrtus rogeri*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is shrub with egg-shaped leaves with the narrower end towards the base, and white flowers with 10 stamens.

## Description

*Micromyrtus rogeri* is a shrub that typically grows to a height of 20–40 cm (7.9–15.7 in) with many erect stems arising from a lignotuber. Its leaves are egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, 3.0–4.5 mm (0.12–0.18 in) long, 2.0–2.5 mm (0.079–0.098 in) wide on a petiole 0.5–0.6 mm (0.020–0.024 in) long with 8 to 10 prominent oil glands on the lower surface. The flowers are borne in racemes of 3 to 8 in leaf axils near the ends of branches on a peduncle 0.8–1.3 mm (0.031–0.051 in) long with egg-shaped, pale brown, toothed bracteoles about 2 mm (0.079 in) long. The flowers are about 3.5 mm (0.14 in) in diameter with sepals 0.4–0.5 mm (0.016–0.020 in) long. The petals are white, about 1.5 mm (0.059 in) long with 10 stamens in each flower. Flowering occurs from July to October.

## Taxonomy

*Micromyrtus rogeri* was first formally described in 2002 by Barbara Lynette Rye in the journal *Nuytsia* from specimens collected by Roger Hnatiuk about 30 km (19 mi) west-north-west of Arrino in 1980. The specific epithet (*rogeri*) honours Hnatiuk, the collector of the Type specimens.

## Distribution and habitat

This species of micromyrtus grows in sandy soils and gravel over laterite on breakaways near Arrino and Koojan in the Geraldton Sandplains and Jarrah Forest bioregions of south-western Western Australia.

## Conservation status

*Micromyrtus rogeri* is listed as "Priority One" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, meaning that it is known from only one or a few locations which are potentially at risk.

## InfoBox

| *Micromyrtus rogeri* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Priority One — Poorly Known Taxa (DEC) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Micromyrtus* |
| Species: | ***M. rogeri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Micromyrtus rogeri***
Rye | |
|


title: Zach Williams & The Reformation

abstract: Zach Williams & The Reformation was an American rock band formed in Jonesboro, Arkansas in 2007 by the group of Zach Williams, Red Dorton, Robby Rigsbee, Josh Copeland and Evan Wilons (drums). The band took their name from the desire to reform or revitalize the southern rock sound.

text:
# Zach Williams & The Reformation

**Zach Williams & The Reformation** was an American rock band formed in Jonesboro, Arkansas in 2007 by the group of Zach Williams (acoustic guitar, harmonica and vocals), Red Dorton (bass guitar and vocals), Robby Rigsbee (slide guitar and rhythm guitar), Josh Copeland (lead guitar, rhythm guitar and vocals) and Evan Wilons (drums). The band took their name from the desire to reform or revitalize the southern rock sound.

## History

In 2007, Zach Williams moved in with members of the established local rock band Further Down. While living there, drummer Evan Wilons and bass player Red Dorton heard Zach sing and were blown away by his voice. Recognizing his talent, they helped him curate some of his early songs including "Empty Dreams" and the songs that became the debut album. In February 2009, the band hit Young Avenue Music Studios in Memphis, Tennessee to record their first album *Electric Revival*. The record was released in May 2009.

Over the course of the year the band toured throughout the region in support of the first album with some of the highlights being a show at Gruene Hall and a show at State Theatre with Hill Country Revue, which consists of several members from North Mississippi Allstars.

In 2009, Zach Williams & The Reformation signed with the Teenage Head Music booking agency from Belgium. In December 2009, the band announced a three-week tour of Europe, including shows in the Netherlands, Belgium, France, and Spain. In the summer of 2010 the band made a one-week stop in both Guam and Japan in support of Armed Forces Entertainment.

In April 2011, the Reformation released *A Southern Offering*, their second album. In June 2012, the group returned to Spain for a 3-week tour with great reviews, sold-out crowds and a rock-star welcome .

Later in 2012, Williams disbanded the Reformation due to newfound Christian beliefs. He joined The Brothers of Grace, later renamed Zach Williams and the Brothers of Grace. Since 2016, Williams is a solo artist and released the album *Chain Breaker* on December 14, 2016.

## Band members

* Zach Williams (acoustic guitar, harmonica and vocals)
* Red Dorton (bass guitar and vocals)
* Robby Rigsbee (slide guitar, rhythm guitar, and lead guitar)
* Josh Copeland (rhythm guitar and lead guitar)
* Creed Slater (drums and vocals)

## Discography

* 2009: *Electric Revival* (Independent)
* 2011: *A Southern Offering* (Independent)

## InfoBox

| Zach Williams & The Reformation | |
| --- | --- |
| Zach Williams & The Reformation playing in Madrid, Spain in March 2010. | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Jonesboro, Arkansas |
| Genres | Southern rock, Blues rock |
| Years active | 2007–2012 |
| Labels | Independent |
|  | |
| Past members | Zach Williams
Red Dorton
Robby Rigsbee
Josh Copeland
Creed Slater
Barry Fowler
Evan Wilons
John Keathley |


title: Sullins College

abstract: Sullins College was a Methodist junior college for women in Bristol, Virginia, United States. Founded about 1868 and named for David Sullins, a Methodist minister, it ceased operations after the class of 1976 graduated.

text:
# Sullins College

**Sullins College** was a Methodist junior college for women in Bristol, Virginia, United States. Founded about 1868 and named for David Sullins, a Methodist minister, it ceased operations after the class of 1976 graduated.

## History

The institution was founded in 1870, and, in 1873, it became affiliated with the Methodist Church. It began as a high school and junior college. Its first location was in downtown Bristol.

The building burned during Christmas vacation in late December 1915, and the Methodist Church decided not to rebuild. Some of the residents of Bristol prevailed upon William E. Martin, a former president of the school-turned-Methodist pastor in Alabama, to return to Bristol and reopen the school. He did and the school was rebuilt in a new location in a residential area of Bristol that overlooked the city. No longer a Methodist institution, Martin operated it as a proprietary women's school controlled by his family. It attracted the daughters of wealthy families throughout the Southeast looking for a junior college with the prestige of a Virginia location. The new facility opened in September 1917.

In the 1930s, Martin opened a subsidiary institution, Arlington Hall, in the Virginia outskirts of Washington, D.C. During World War II, Arlington Hall was closed, and the facilities came under the control of the federal government, which operated it as an American Bletchley Park—a super secret facility where enemy radio messages were carefully decoded. The facility is still a government enterprise.

Sullins College in Bristol remained under the control of the Martin family until the 1960s, when they passed it to an independent board of trustees. The junior college celebrated its centennial in 1970. The college remained in operation and additional buildings were constructed. However, by the 1970s, women’s colleges were no longer as fashionable as they had once been, and as a two-year college, Sullins was particularly vulnerable to changing times. A peak enrollment of almost 400 in 1968 decreased rapidly so that by the fall of 1972 there were only 102 freshmen from 30 states and five foreign countries.

Facing a million-dollar debt in February 1975 and with inadequate enrollment, the trustees offered the school to the state of Virginia in exchange for the state assuming the school's debt. The state Council of Higher Education recommended against the acquisition, and the governor declined the offer in late October 1975. In early 1976, the school was valued at $16 million and the campus comprised 75 acres (30 ha) with 14 buildings in addition to the 50-acre (20 ha) Camp Sequyoa.

In April 1976, the board of trustees reached an agreement with the city to transfer the school to the city's school system to operate as a coeducational institution. The city would assume the school's $1.2 million debt, keep the name of the college and use the property only for educational purposes. The agreement with the city failed and following the graduation of the 1976 class, Sullins College closed in July. No alternative owner for the college developed. The property eventually passed to the United Coal Company, now known simply as the United Company, an investment firm.

King University, in Bristol, Tennessee, is the custodian of the Sullins College records and maintains an active relationship with alumnae of the institution.

## Student life

For most of its existence the college assumed responsibility for the behavior of its students *in loco parentis*. In 1911, the school expelled two women who went for a ride in a car with two men from nearby King College. While the college was holding the women for their parents to come get them, they eloped with the two men. Pursued by college officials and police officers into Tennessee, the couples married in Hawkins County a few minutes before their pursuers arrived. There was discussion about criminal charges for the two men involved.

The school newspaper was the *Reflector*.' A chapter of Phi Theta Kappa plus several student clubs operated on the campus. The school yearbook was the *Sullins Sampler*. In 1946, the Sampler placed third for the Methodist Award among more than 300 schools competing in a competition overseen by the Columbia Scholastic Press Association.

The graduating class of 1955 donated a group of five "Peter Pan" statues that were placed around a pool on the campus.

The school operated Camp Sequoya on South Holston Lake.

## Presidents

* David Sullins (1870–1915)
* William E. Martin (1916–)
* William T. Martin (in 1956)
* Claudius Pritchard (in 1972–1976)

## Sullins Academy

In 1966, Emmanuel Episcopal Church, using the resources from Highland Hill Day School, opened a kindergarten through second grade school, Episcopal Day School, in the church building. The school added grades until it became a K-8 school. In the process, it ran out of space at the church building. After the college closed in 1976, the school moved its operation to the campus' Martin Hall in the summer of 1977 taking the name Sullins Academy to better identify its non-sectarian nature. The academy remained there until 1999 when it moved to a newly constructed facility on 32 acres (13 ha) in Bristol, Virginia.

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

Sullins College
| Sullins College, Bristol, Virginia | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Private, religious junior college |
| Active | 1870 (1870)–1976 (1976) |
| Religious affiliation | Methodist church |
| Location | Bristol, Virginia, U.S.<br>36°36′33″N 82°11′22″W / 36.60917°N 82.18944°W / 36.60917; -82.18944 |
| School newspaper | *Reflector* |


title: Town of Ithaca

abstract: The Town of Ithaca is a former local government area of Queensland, Australia, located in inner western Brisbane.

text:
# Town of Ithaca

The **Town of Ithaca** is a former local government area of Queensland, Australia, located in inner western Brisbane.

## History

The Ithaca Division was first proclaimed in 1879, and originally covered an area that stretched from Windsor, Kelvin Grove and Milton in the east, through to The Gap and beyond the Enoggera Dam in the west. In 1887 the division was split into the Shire of Windsor and the Enoggera Division, with the remainder in the south east becoming the Shire of Ithaca. Ithaca was proclaimed a town in 1903.

On 25 February 1922, Sir Matthew Nathan, the Governor of Queensland unveiled the Ithaca War Memorial to commemorate local people who had died in World War I.

Ithaca was amalgamated into the newly created City of Brisbane in 1925.

## Geography

The Town of Ithaca comprised most of the inner western suburbs of Brisbane from Kelvin Grove Road to the foot of Mount Coot-tha. Its boundary followed Enoggera Creek to the north, Coopers Camp, Simpsons and Boundary Roads in Bardon to the west, and Baroona and Milton Roads to the south. Hale Street and an area just before the junction of Waterworks/Musgrave Road and Kelvin Grove Road formed the south-eastern extremity of the town. This eastern boundary was shared with the Brisbane Municipal Council; the Brisbane side of Hale Street was paved and channelled while the Ithaca side was not.

## Ithaca Town Council Chambers

The Ithaca Town Council Chambers were built in 1910 at 99 Enoggera Terrace, in the then suburb of Ithaca (now in the suburb of Red Hill). With the amalgamation into City of Brisbane in 1925, the building became the property of the Brisbane City Council. Since then it has been used as a council depot, library and as the Red Hill Kindergarten. It is currently used as a community hall.

The Ithaca Town Council Chambers was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register in 2000.

The Ithaca Embankments, a council urban beautification scheme, were listed on the Queensland Heritage Register in 1993.

## Presidents and mayors

* 1888–1889: George Edward Cooper
* 1890: W. I. Boys
* 1901: Arthur George Clarence Hawthorn
* 1906: George Phillip Reading
* 1907: George Thomas Sweetman
* 1908: Robert McCook
* 1909: George Hall
* 1910: James Bray Lugg
* 1911: Silvanus White
* 1912: Frederick Thomas Morris
* 1913: Arthur George Clarence Hawthorn
* 1914: Robert Speedy
* 1915: William Robert Warmington
* 1916: James Bray Lugg
* 1917: John Tait
* 1918: Arthur Kaye
* 1919: John Fairfax Hayward
* 1920: Frederick Edward Hampson
* 1921: Leslie Howard Tooth
* 1925: William Robert Warmington

27°27′21.42″S 153°00′05.93″E / 27.4559500°S 153.0016472°E / -27.4559500; 153.0016472


title: Track Meet

abstract: Track Meet: Mezase! Barcelona Track Meet, known in Japan as Track Meet: Mezase! Barcelona, is a sports video game that was released for the original Game Boy. In Germany the game was released as Litti's Summer Sports.

text:
# Track Meet

***Track Meet***, known in Japan as ***Track Meet: Mezase! Barcelona*** (トラックミート めざせ!バルセロナ), is a sports video game that was released for the original Game Boy. In Germany the game was released as ***Litti's Summer Sports*** (endorsed by Pierre Littbarski).

## Gameplay

The game offers seven different events in the spirit of the 1992 Summer Olympic Games in Barcelona, Spain. There are five different opponents to compete against in events like long jump, the 100-meter dash, and weightlifting. Each competitor has his own strengths and weaknesses that either help or hinder his performance on certain events. Once a competitor has more points than his opponents, he becomes the grand champion of the Summer Olympic Games.

## Reception

The German video gaming magazine *Power Play* gave *Track Meet* an overall rating of 75 out of a possible 100 points.

## InfoBox

| Track Meet | |
| --- | --- |
| North American cover art | |
| Developer(s) | Interplay Productions |
| Publisher(s) | Interplay Productions
Hiro (Japan) |
| Designer(s) | Michael Quarles
Brian Fargo
Rebecca Ann Heineman |
| Composer(s) | George Alistair Sanger |
| Platform(s) | Game Boy |
| Release |  |
| Genre(s) | Olympic sports |
| Mode(s) | Single-player
Two-player |


title: Total absorption spectroscopy

abstract: Total absorption spectroscopy is a measurement technique that allows the measurement of the gamma radiation emitted in the different nuclear gamma transitions that may take place in the daughter nucleus after its unstable parent has decayed by means of the beta decay process. This technique can be used for beta decay studies related to beta feeding measurements within the full decay energy window for nuclei far from stability. It is implemented with a special type of detector, the "total absorption spectrometer" (TAS), made of a scintillator crystal that almost completely surrounds the activity to be measured, covering a solid angle of approximately 4π. Also, in an ideal case, it should be thick enough to have a peak efficiency close to 100%, in this way its total efficiency is also very close to 100%. Finally, it should be blind to any other type of radiation. The gamma rays produced in the decay under study are collected by photomultipliers attached to the scintillator material. This technique may solve the problem of the Pandemonium effect. There is a change in philosophy when measuring with a TAS. Instead of detecting the individual gamma rays, it will detect the gamma cascades emitted in the decay. Then, the final energy spectrum will not be a collection of different energy peaks coming from the different transitions, but a collection of peaks situated at an energy that is the sum of the different energies of all the gammas of the cascade emitted from each level. This means that the energy spectrum measured with a TAS will be in reality a spectrum of the levels of the nuclei, where each peak is a level populated in the decay. Since the efficiency of these detectors is close to 100%, it is possible to see the feeding to the high excitation levels that usually can not be seen by high-resolution detectors. This makes total absorption spectroscopy the best method to measure beta feedings and provide accurate beta intensity (Iβ) distributions for complex decay schemes. In an ideal case, the measured spectrum would be proportional to the beta feeding (Iβ). But a real TAS has limited efficiency and resolution, and also the Iβ has to be extracted from the measured spectrum, which depends on the spectrometer response. The analysis of TAS data is not simple: to obtain the strength from the measured data, a deconvolution process should be applied.

text:
# Total absorption spectroscopy

**Total absorption spectroscopy** is a measurement technique that allows the measurement of the gamma radiation emitted in the different nuclear gamma transitions that may take place in the daughter nucleus after its unstable parent has decayed by means of the beta decay process. This technique can be used for beta decay studies related to beta feeding measurements *within the full decay energy window* for nuclei far from stability.

It is implemented with a special type of detector, the "*total absorption spectrometer*" (TAS), made of a scintillator crystal that almost completely surrounds the activity to be measured, covering a solid angle of approximately 4π. Also, in an ideal case, it should be thick enough to have a peak efficiency close to 100%, in this way its total efficiency is also very close to 100% (this is one of the reasons why it is called "total" absorption spectroscopy). Finally, it should be blind to any other type of radiation. The gamma rays produced in the decay under study are collected by photomultipliers attached to the scintillator material. This technique may solve the problem of the Pandemonium effect.

There is a change in philosophy when measuring with a TAS. Instead of detecting the individual gamma rays (as high-resolution detectors do), it will detect the gamma cascades emitted in the decay. Then, the final energy spectrum will not be a collection of different energy peaks coming from the different transitions (as can be expected in the case of a germanium detector), but a collection of peaks situated at an energy that is the sum of the different energies of all the gammas of the cascade emitted from each level. This means that the energy spectrum measured with a TAS will be in reality a spectrum of the levels of the nuclei, where each peak is a level populated in the decay. Since the efficiency of these detectors is close to 100%, it is possible to see the feeding to the high excitation levels that usually can not be seen by high-resolution detectors. This makes total absorption spectroscopy the best method to measure beta feedings and provide accurate beta intensity (*Iβ*) distributions for complex decay schemes.

In an ideal case, the measured spectrum would be proportional to the beta feeding (*Iβ*). But a real TAS has limited efficiency and resolution, and also the *Iβ* has to be extracted from the measured spectrum, which depends on the spectrometer response. The analysis of TAS data is not simple: to obtain the strength from the measured data, a deconvolution process should be applied.

## Analysis method for TAS data

The complex analysis of the data measured with the TAS can be reduced to the solution of a linear problem:

*d = Ri*

given that it relates the measured data (*d*) with the feedings (*i*) from which the beta intensity distribution *Iβ* can be obtained.

*R* is the response matrix of the detector (meaning the probability that a decay that feeds a certain level gives a count in certain bin of the spectrum). The function *R* depends on the detector but also of the particular level scheme that is being measured. To be able to extract the value of *i* from the data *d* the equation has to be inverted (this equation is also called the "*inverse problem*").

Unfortunately this can not be done easily because there is similar response to the feeding of adjacent levels when they are at high excitation energies where the level density is high. In other words, this is one of the so-called "ill-posed" problems, for which several sets of parameters can reproduce closely the same data set. Then, to find *i*, the response has to be obtained for which the branching ratios and a precise simulation of the geometry of the detector are needed. The higher the efficiency of the TAS used, the lower the dependence of the response on the branching ratios will be. Then it is possible to introduce the unknown branching ratios by hand from a plausible guess. A good guess can be calculated by means of the Statistical Model.

Then the procedure to find the feedings is iterative: using the expectation-maximization algorithm to solve the inverse problem, Then the procedure to find the feedings is iterative: using the expectation-maximization algorithm to solve the inverse problem, the feedings are extracted; if they don't reproduce the experimental data, it means that the initial guess of the branching ratios is wrong and has to be changed (of course, it is possible to play with other parameters of the analysis). Repeating this procedure iteratively in a reduced number of steps, the data is finally reproduced.

### Branching ratio calculation

The best way to handle this problem is to keep a set of discrete levels at low excitation energies and a set of binned levels at high energies. The set at low energies is supposed to be known and can be taken from databases (for example, the \[ENSDF\] database, which has information from what has been already measured with the high resolution technique). The set at high energies is unknown and does not overlap with the known part. At the end of this calculation, the whole region of levels inside the Q value window (known and unknown) is binned.

At this stage of the analysis it is important to know the internal conversion coefficients for the transitions connecting the known levels. The internal conversion coefficient is defined as the number of de-excitations via e− emission over those via γ emission. If internal conversion takes place, the EM multipole fields of the nucleus do not result in the emission of a photon, instead, the fields interact with the atomic electrons and cause one of the electrons to be emitted from the atom. The gamma that would be emitted after the beta decay is missed, and the γ intensity decreases accordingly: IT = Iγ + Ie− = Iγ(1 + αe), so this phenomenon has to be taken into account in the calculation. Also, the x rays will be contaminated with those coming from the electron conversion process. This is important in electron capture decay, as it can affect the results of any x-ray gated spectra if the internal conversion is strong. Its probability is higher for lower energies and high multipolarities.

One of the ways to obtain the whole branching ratio matrix is to use the Statistical Nuclear Model. This model generates a binned branching ratio matrix from average level densities and average gamma strength functions. For the unknown part, average branching ratios can be calculated, for which several parameterizations may be chosen, while for the known part the information in the databases is used.

### Response simulation

It is not possible to produce gamma sources that emit all the energies needed to calculate accurately the response of a TAS detector. For this reason, it is better to perform a Montecarlo simulation of the response. For this simulation to be reliable, the interactions of all the particles emitted in the decay (γ, e−/e+, Auger e, x rays, etc.) have to be modeled accurately, and the geometry and materials in the way of these particles have to be well reproduced. Also, the light production of the scintillator has to be included. The way to perform this simulation is explained in detail in paper by D. Cano-Ott et al. GEANT3 and GEANT4 are well suited for these kind of simulations.

If the scintillator material of the TAS detector suffers from a non proportionality in the light production, the peaks produced by a cascade will be displaced further for every increment in the multiplicity and the width of these peaks will be different from the width of single peaks with the same energy. This effect can be introduced in the simulation by means of a hyperbolic scintillation efficiency.

The simulation of the light production will widen the peaks of the TAS spectrum; however, this still does not reproduce the real width of the experimental peaks. During the measurement there are additional statistical processes that affect the energy collection and are not included in the Montecarlo. The effect of this is an extra widening of the TAS experimental peaks. Since the peaks reproduced with the Montecarlo do not have the correct width, a convolution with an empirical instrumental resolution distribution has to be applied to the simulated response.

Finally, if the data to be analyzed comes from electron capture events, a simulated gamma response matrix must be built using the simulated responses to individual monoenergetic γ rays of several energies. This matrix contains the information related to the dependence of the response function on the detector. To include also the dependence on the level scheme that is being measured, the above-mentioned matrix should be convoluted with the branching ratio matrix calculated previously. In this way, the final global response **R** is obtained.

## Ancillary detectors

An important thing to have in mind when using the TAS technique is that, if nuclei with short half-lifes are measured, the energy spectrum will be contaminated with the gamma cascades of the daughter nuclei produced in the decay chain. Normally the TAS detectors have the possibility to place ancillary detectors inside of them, to measure secondary radiation like X-rays, electrons or positrons. In this way it is possible to tag the other components of the decay during the analysis, allowing to separate the contributions coming from all the different nuclei (isobaric separation).

## TAS detectors in the world

### TAS at ISOLDE

In 1970, a spectrometer consisting of two cylindrical NaI detectors of 15 cm diameter and 10 cm length was used at ISOLDE.

### TAS at GSI

The TAS Measuring Station installed at the GSI had a tape transport system that allowed the collection of the ions coming out of the separator (they were implanted in the tape), and the transportation of those ions from the collection position to the center of the TAS for the measurement (by means of the movement of the tape). The TAS at this facility was made of a cylindrical NaI crystal of Φ = h = 35.6 cm, with a concentric cylindrical hole in the direction of the symmetry axis. This hole was filled by a plug detector (4.7x15.0 cm) with a holder that allowed the placement of ancillary detectors and two rollers for a tape.

### Lucrecia measuring station

This measuring station, installed at the end of one of the ISOLDE beamlines, consists of a TAS, and a tape station.

In this station, a beam pipe is used to hold the tape. The beam is implanted in the tape outside of the TAS, which is then transported to the center of the detector for the measurement. In this station it is also possible to implant the beam directly in the center of the TAS, by changing the position of the rollers. The latter procedure allows the measurement of more exotic nuclei with very short half-lives.

*Lucrecia* is the TAS at this station. It is made of one piece of NaI(Tl) material cylindrically shaped with φ = h = 38 cm (the largest ever built to our knowledge). It has a cylindrical cavity of 7.5 cm diameter that goes through perpendicularly to its symmetry axis. The purpose of this hole is to allow the beam pipe to reach the measurement position so that the tape can be positioned in the center of the detector. It also allows the placement of ancillary detectors in the opposite side to measure other types of radiation emitted by the activity implanted in the tape (x rays, e−/e+, etc.). However, the presence of this hole makes this detector less efficient as compared to the GSI TAS (Lucrecia’s total efficiency is around 90% from 300 to 3000 keV). Lucrecia’s light is collected by 8 photomultipliers. During the measurements Lucrecia is kept measuring at a total counting rate not larger than 10 kHz to avoid second and higher order pileup contributions.

Surrounding the TAS there is a shielding box 19.2 cm thick made of four layers: polyethylene, lead, copper and aluminium. The purpose of it is to absorb most of the external radiation (neutrons, cosmic rays, and the room background).