title: Montano Lucino

abstract:
Montano Lucino is an Italian town of 5,302 inhabitants in the province of Como in Lombardy.
It is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Como in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) north of Milan and about 5 km southwest of Como. Montano Lucino borders the following municipalities: Cavallasca, Colverde, Como, Grandate, San Fermo della Battaglia, Villa Guardia.

text:
# Montano Lucino

**Montano Lucino** (*Muntàn* and *Lüscìn* in Comasco dialect, IPA phonetic pronunciation: /mũˈtãː/ and /lyˈʃĩː/) is an Italian town of 5,302 inhabitants in the province of Como in Lombardy.

It is a *comune* (municipality) in the Province of Como in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) north of Milan and about 5 km southwest of Como.

Montano Lucino borders the following municipalities: Cavallasca, Colverde, Como, Grandate, San Fermo della Battaglia, Villa Guardia.

## Origins of the name

It is believed that the name comes from Roman times: *Montano* derives from *montanus* ('mountainous'), and *Lucino* from *lucinus* (*lucus*, 'sacred forest') or from the personal name *Licinio*. In a work by Cesare Cantù, the territory of Lucino was indicated with the toponym *Caneda*.

## History

It is widely believed that the first neolithic village in the Como area (3500 B.C.) is located in the territory of Montano Lucino. Some pieces of pottery found in the area date back to this period, as well as some flints even earlier than 1500 years.

In the communal age, Lucino, which had a fortress of Gallic origin, sided with the people of Como against Milan. The fortress, probably located where the so-called Curt dei Vincenzitt is today, was razed to the ground in 1240 by the Milanese, who came into possession of the fortress following the betrayal of a certain Arialdo Advocato.

The annexes to the Statutes of Como of 1335 report the "*comunia locorum de Montano de Trevino*" and the "*comune loci de Lucino*" among the municipalities that, within the parish of Fino, had the task of ensuring the maintenance of some roads, respectively:

the "*stratam de Cardevio a platea que est ad domos quondam Alberti Zanforgi usque ad Sassum de Cardevio*" for the community of Montano and Trivino;

the "*stratam a stricta que est prope domos de Breda a manu dextra eundo versus Torrigiam usque ad strictam Bevulcham*" for the municipality of Lucino.

Also in the same parish, in 1751 the municipality of Montano already had jurisdiction over the *cassinaggi* of Vetello, Grisono, Grignola, Lucivosco, Cantalupo, Trivino and Dasso, while the municipality of Lucino on those of Lucino al Monte, Arcisà, Cassina La Cà and Cimiee. In particular, the aggregation to Lucino of the Cassina de Scimiè (on which the commune was dependent for religious aspects) took place that year, at the end of a long period (which began no later than 1652) in which the land of "Cimerio" had constituted an autonomous commune of the parish of Fino.

In the same period, the two communes of Montano and Lucino are found to have already redeemed themselves from the infeudation but were still subject to the fifteen-year payment related to the redemption.

Between 1756 and 1757 Montano definitively came to also include the territory of Cassina de Casarigo (also free from the infeudation), which shortly before had been aggregated to the municipality of Gironico al Monte after having formed a small municipal entity in the parish of Uggiate as early as the 16th century.

A decree of administrative reorganization of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy dated 1807 sanctioned for the municipality of Montano the aggregation to Gironico, while for that of Lucino the incorporation to Como. The Napoleonic decisions did not survive the Restoration, which resulted in the reconstitution of Montano and Lucino as two autonomous municipal entities.

Following the unification of Italy, in 1863 the municipality of Montano changed its name to *Montano Comasco* (R.D. June 28, 1863, no. 1,426).

In 1928 Montano Comasco and Lucino were united in a single municipality called Montano Lucino (R.D. 26 April 1928, n. 1086).

### Monuments and places of interest

### Civil architecture

#### Villa Olginati

Villa Olginati was built by the family of the same name in the hamlet of Lucinasco in the second half of the 18th century.

In the will of the family's last heir, in 1931 the structure was readapted as an orphanage. Further renovations were recorded in 1967.

**Villa Gonzaga**

Grisonno hosts the ruins of Villa Gonzaga (12th century), still attested in the Land Register of 1722 and surrounded by a 30-hectare park.

### Other

* Palazzo Tatti, in Montano, was built between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.
* Villa Carabba Tettamanti (18th–19th century), in Montano
* Villa Luzzani

## Religious architecture

**Church of Sant'Andrea**

Located in the hamlet of Montano, the church of Sant'Andrea, which underwent major renovations from 1948–1950, was already mentioned as a parish church in the records of Bishop Ninguarda's pastoral visit at the end of the 16th century. The origins of the church predate the sixteenth century.

**Church of San Giorgio**

Located in the hamlet of Lucino, the church of San Giorgio was also originally built before the sixteenth century and is mentioned in 16th-century pastoral visit records. Rebuilt in 1674, fifteen years later the church underwent new improvements. In 1842 the church was further enlarged and a new façade was built.

### Other

* Sanctuary of the Madonna delle Grazie was built in Lucino in 1359 at the bequest of bishop of Como Andrea degli Avvocati and was subject to major renovations in 1688.
* Oratory of Villa Olginati, dedicated to the Virgin of the Assumption
* Montano cemetery chapel, decorated with stained glass windows by Alfonso Salardi.

## Culture

### Events

* Settembrina Livestock Fair

Since 1978 this fair has been organized by the Gruppo Folcloristico di Montano Lucino in collaboration with the municipal administration. The most important of the town's events, it traditionally starts on the third Saturday of September and ends after three days, on Monday. The event is aimed at promoting the world of animal husbandry and agriculture, with exhibitions of horses, cattle breeding, and slaughter. Throughout the duration, it is possible to taste traditional Lombard dishes and products. There are also stalls and folklore shows with majorettes and musical groups.

* Pizzocchero Festival

A young festival that caught on quickly, it takes place in May and lasts two days. Typical Valtellina products are offered, accompanied by musical entertainment in the evening hours.

* Fish Festival

The most recent of the town's events, it takes place in June and lasts two days. It offers typical dishes based on lake fish (*misultin*, *pesce di lago in carpione*, bleaks) and classic Italian traditional dishes such as *fritto misto* and *pasta allo scoglio*. The festival is accompanied by evening musical entertainment.

### Infrastructure and transport

Crossed by the Via Varesina, (State Road 342 Briantea), between 1910 and 1955 the town was served by a stop along the tramway Como-Appiano Gentile-Mozzate. The Asf Autolinee C71 line connects Montano Lucino to Como, while the C70 line connects Lucino to Como.

## InfoBox

| Montano Lucino *Muntàn Lüscìn* (Lombard) | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Montano Lucino | |
|  | |
| Location of Montano Lucino | |
| Montano LucinoLocation of Montano Lucino in ItalyMontano LucinoMontano Lucino (Lombardy) | |
| Coordinates: 45°47′N 9°3′E / 45.783°N 9.050°E / 45.783; 9.050 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Lombardy |
| Province | Como (CO) |
| *Frazioni* | Arcissa, Cantalupo, Cima, Crignola, Dosso, Grisonno, La Cà, Lovesana, Lucinasco, Lucino al basso, Mezzomanico, Lucino al Monte, Montano, Trivino, Vitello |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Alberto Introzzi |
| Area | |
| Total | 5.22 km2 (2.02 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 331 m (1,086 ft) |
| Population (30 November 2017) | |
| Total | 5,226 |
| Density | 1,000/km2 (2,600/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Lucinesi |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 22070 |
| Dialing code | 031 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Mark Perry (English footballer)

abstract: Mark James Perry is an English former professional footballer who played in the Football League for Queens Park Rangers at right back and in midfield. Perry made his debut for Queens Park Rangers as a 17-year-old in September 1996, in a 3–1 win against Barnsley at Oakwell. He scored from a header on debut, which proved to be the only goal of his senior career. He played 75 games in all competitions before a knee injury forced his retirement at the age of only 23. Perry also played for the England national under-18 football team. He managed Hayes Gate in the Combined Counties Football League.

text:
# Mark Perry (English footballer)

**Mark James Perry** (born 19 October 1978, in Ealing) is an English former professional footballer who played in the Football League for Queens Park Rangers at right back and in midfield.

Perry made his debut for Queens Park Rangers as a 17-year-old in September 1996, in a 3–1 win against Barnsley at Oakwell. He scored from a header on debut, which proved to be the only goal of his senior career. He played 75 games in all competitions before a knee injury forced his retirement at the age of only 23. Perry also played for the England national under-18 football team. He managed Hayes Gate in the Combined Counties Football League.

## InfoBox

Mark Perry
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Mark James Perry | | |
| Date of birth | (1978-10-19) 19 October 1978 | | |
| Place of birth | Ealing, London, England | | |
| Position(s) | Defender / Midfielder | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Queens Park Rangers | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1995–2002 | Queens Park Rangers | 66 | (1) |
| Managerial career | | | |
|  | Hayes Gate | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Martha Diaz

abstract: Martha Diaz is a Colombian-American community organizer, media producer, archivist, curator, and social entrepreneur.

text:
# Martha Diaz

**Martha Diaz** is a Colombian-American community organizer, media producer, archivist, curator, and social entrepreneur.

## Career

Diaz started her career as an intern working for Ted Demme on the cable show *Yo! MTV Raps*. Diaz has associate produced several documentaries including, *Black August* directed by Dream Hampton, *Where My Ladies At?* directed by Leba Haber-Rubinoff, and *Nas: Time Is Illmatic* directed by One9. In 2002, Diaz founded the H2O International Film Festival with a dozen filmmakers, entertainment industry professionals, activist, and artists.

Diaz has been a guest curator at NJ Performing Arts Center, the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture \- New York Public Library, Museum of the Moving Image, and the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences.

Diaz was a part-time professor at New York University's Gallatin School from 2011 to 2015.

Diaz in collaboration with Marcella Runell Hall created the "Hip-Hop Education Guidebook: Volume 1", a comprehensive collection of lesson plans and resources that educators can use to integrate hip-hop into their classroom curriculum. The book concept was inspired by Diaz, who founded and curated the Hip-Hop Education Summit with Patricia Wang from 2003 to 2005. In 2010, Diaz formed the Hip-Hop Education Center (H2ED) to formalize and unify the field of hip-hop based education.

Diaz conducted the first national study on hip-hop education programs and initiatives in partnership with Pedro Noguera and Edward Fergus. Diaz was a fellow at the Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation at the National Museum of American History (Smithsonian Institution). In 2008, Diaz was the recipient of the Catherine B. Reynolds Fellowship in Social Entrepreneurship. In September 2014, Diaz was selected as a Community Scholar at Columbia University.

Diaz served as chair and executive director of the Hip-Hop Association, a community building 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. The Hip-Hop Association received a Union Square Arts Award, which recognizes the central leadership role played by arts and culture in providing educational opportunities for young people, building collaborations and promoting social change.

In 2017, Diaz was selected as a Nasir Jones Fellow at The Hiphop Archive and Research Institute in The Hutchins Center for African and African American Research at Harvard University. She was also invited to be a 2020 Civic Media Fellow at the Annenberg Innovation Lab at the University of California.

## InfoBox

| Martha Diaz | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1969-07-29) July 29, 1969 |
| Nationality | Colombian-American |
| Occupation(s) | Founder, Hip-Hop Education Center |
| Known for | Community Organizer, Media Producer, Archivist, Curator, Educator, Social Entrepreneur |


title: Manauna, Karhal

abstract: Manauna (Manaunā) is a village in Karhal block of Mainpuri district, Uttar Pradesh. As of 2011, it has a population of 1,904, in 322 households.

text:
# Manauna, Karhal

**Manauna** (*Manaunā*) is a village in Karhal block of Mainpuri district, Uttar Pradesh. As of 2011, it has a population of 1,904, in 322 households.

## Demographics

As of 2011, Manauna had a population of 1,904, in 322 households. This population was 53.2% male (1,012) and 46.8% female (892). The 0-6 age group numbered 344 (191 male and 153 female), or 18.1% of the total population. 527 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 27.7% of the total.

The 1981 census recorded Manauna as having a population of 1,213 people, in 205 households.

The 1961 census recorded Manauna as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 915 people (454 male and 461 female), in 162 households and 129 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 734 acres.

## Infrastructure

As of 2011, Manauna had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump; there were no public toilets. The village had a public library but no post office; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both *kachcha* and *pakka* materials.

## InfoBox

| Manauna | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| ManaunaLocation in Uttar Pradesh, India | |
| Coordinates: 26°59′27″N 78°50′59″E / 26.99087°N 78.84977°E / 26.99087; 78.84977 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Uttar Pradesh |
| District | Mainpuri |
| Tehsil | Karhal |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.908 km2 (1.123 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,904 |
| Density | 650/km2 (1,700/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


abstract: The ambassador of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan to the United States of America was the official diplomatic representative of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan to the United States. The ambassador and the embassy staff at large worked at the Afghan Embassy in the Kalorama neighborhood of Washington, D.C. The last ambassador of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was Adela Raz, who succeeded Roya Rahmani in July 2021. In February 2022, Raz resigned. The embassy and consulates closed the following month, and all diplomatic and consular activities stopped.

text:
# List of ambassadors of Afghanistan to the United States

The **ambassador of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan to the United States of America** was the official diplomatic representative of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan to the United States. The ambassador and the embassy staff at large worked at the Afghan Embassy in the Kalorama neighborhood of Washington, D.C. The last ambassador of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was Adela Raz, who succeeded Roya Rahmani in July 2021. In February 2022, Raz resigned. The embassy and consulates closed the following month, and all diplomatic and consular activities stopped.

## List

| No. | Name | Title | Appointment | Presentation | Termination | Appointer |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Kingdom of Afghanistan | | | | | | |
| 1 | Abdul Hussain Aziz | Minister | 1943 | 4 June 1943 | 1946 | King Mohammed Zahir Shah |
| 2 | Habibullah Khan Tarzi | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | 1946 | 1946 | | 1953 |
| 3 | Mohammed Kabir Ludin | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | 1953 |  | | 1956 |
| 4 | Najib Ullah | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | 1956 |  | | 1958 |
| 5 | Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | 1958 |  | | 1963 |
| 6 | Abdul Majid | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | 1963 |  | | 1967 |
| 7 | Abdullah Malikyar | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | 1967 |  | | 1978 |
| Republic of Afghanistan | | | | | | |
| 7 | Abdullah Malikyar | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | 1967 |  | 1978 | King Mohammed Zahir Shah |
| Democratic Republic of Afghanistan | | | | | | |
| 8 | Abdul Waheed Karim | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | 1978 |  | 1980 | Nur Muhammad Taraki |
| 9 | Nur Ahmed Nur | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | 1980 |  | 1981 | Babrak Karmal |
|  | Mohed Salem Spartak | *Chargé d'affaires* | 1982 |  | | 1984 |
|  | Mohammad Haidar Rafiq | *Chargé d'affaires* | 1984 |  | | 1985 |
|  | Mohammad Ashraf Samimi | *Chargé d'affaires* | 1985 |  | | 1986 |
| 10 | Rouhullah Erfaqi | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | 1986 |  | | 1987 |
| 11 | Mia Gul | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | 1988 |  | 1990 | Mohammad Najibullah |
|  | Abdul Ghafoor Jawshan | *Chargé d'affaires* | 1990 |  | | 1992 |
| Islamic State of Afghanistan | | | | | | |
|  | Abdul Rahim | *Chargé d'affaires* | 1992 |  | 1994 | Burhanuddin Rabbani |
|  | Yar Mohammad Mohabat | *Chargé d'affaires* | 1994 |  | | 1995 |
| Northern Alliance of Afghanistan | | | | | | |
|  | *None appointed 1995–2002* | | | | | |
| Afghan Transitional Administration | | | | | | |
|  | Haroun Amin | *Chargé d'affaires* | 2002 |  | 2002 | Hamid Karzai |
| 12 | Ishaq Shahyar | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | 2002 |  | | 4 December 2003 |
| 13 | Said Tayeb Jawad | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | 4 December 2003 |  | | 2010 |
| Islamic Republic of Afghanistan | | | | | | |
| 13 | Said Tayeb Jawad | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | 4 December 2003 |  | 22 September 2010 | Hamid Karzai |
|  | Khojesta Fana Ebrahimkhel | *Chargé d'affaires* | 22 September 2010 |  | | 14 February 2011 |
| 14 | Eklil Ahmad Hakimi | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | 14 February 2011 | 23 February 2011 | | September 2015 |
| 15 | Hamdullah Mohib | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | September 2015 | September 2015 | August 2018 | Ashraf Ghani |
|  | Madina Qasimi | *Chargé d'affaires* | August 2018 | August 2018 | | December 2018 |
| 16 | Roya Rahmani | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | December 2018 | December 2018 | | July 2021 |
| 17 | Adela Raz | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | 26 July 2021 |  | | Stepped down 18 February 2022 |

*Chief of Protocol*

## InfoBox

| Ambassador of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan to the United States | |
| --- | --- |
| Flag of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan | |
| Status | Office abolished |
| Seat | Washington, D.C. |
| Nominator | President of Afghanistan |
| Formation | * June 4, 1943 (1943-06-04) (original) * 2002 (2002) (most recent) |
| First holder | Abdul Hussain Aziz |
| Final holder | Adela Raz |
| Abolished | February 18, 2022 (2022-02-18) |
| Superseded by | Ambassador to Canada (accredited representative) |
| Website | afghanembassy.us/the-ambassador (dead)<br>(7 March 2022 archive) |


title: Fred Baron (producer)

abstract: Fred Baron is an American film producer and studio executive, who currently serves as executive vice president of feature production at 20th Century Fox.

text:
# Fred Baron (producer)

**Fred Baron** is an American film producer and studio executive, who currently serves as executive vice president of feature production at 20th Century Fox.

## Biography

Baron was raised in Manhattan, son of two movie fans who would go as far as driving to Connecticut to see new pictures. He would inherit this appreciation for cinema, going as far as screening 16 mm films he got from a neighbor who worked at Paramount Pictures on his basement.

Baron received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Ohio Wesleyan University in 1976, majoring in English Literature. He also studied criticism at St. Clare's College, in Oxford England. After leaving college, Baron went to Los Angeles to enter the movie industry, living in Malibu with a friend who was going to USC Film School. After a few months in LA, he got a job at Bullock's and eventually began his movie career in the mailroom at Universal Studios. After he met Lauren Shuler, a young producer who had gotten a job to run the West Coast Division of Martin Poll Productions, he decided to become a runner for Shuler. He became a production assistant on the first film made by the company, 1981's *|Nighthawks\]\]*. Afterwards he worked on *Continental Divide*, where he met both his wife and producer Bill Badalato, who hired Baron as his assistant. Then Baron did varied jobs: location coordinator for *The Man with Two Brains*, Badalato's assistant in *Top Gun*, production assistant for *Weeds*, production associate on *1969*, and first assistant director on *Stand Alone*.

In 1990, Baron worked as a producer and executive at HBO Pictures, where he helped develop the TV series *Tales from the Crypt*. Then he got a job in 20th Century Fox through his producer friend Tom Jacobson, who became executive vice-president of the studio and introduced Baron to Jon Landau. Then Baron supervised successful projects such as *The Last of the Mohicans*, *Edward Scissorhands*, *Hot Shots!*, *Broken Arrow*, and *Bulworth*.

When Baron renegotiated his contract in the late 1990s, he negotiated a right to produce as well. After some invitations, he accepted Baz Luhrmann's call to produce *Moulin Rouge!*, and stepped down from his executive job to spend three years (1999–2001) working on the film. *Moulin Rouge!* was much successful, earning Baron a Darryl F. Zanuck Producer of the Year Award from the Producers Guild of America and an Academy Award nomination for Best Picture. Baron then returned to his job at Fox, overseeing aspects of *Moulin Rouge!* as well as prepping new features for the studio. In 2002, he was promoted to executive vice president of Feature Production. Baron's most common task in his job is contacting production teams spread around the globe, as "We travel the world to find the best locations to make our films as cost effective as possible" given Fox's politics of producing tent pole films at smaller budgets compared to other major film studios.

Baron helped create the PGA Green Initiative, which advocates for green politics and sustainable filmmaking, and won a prize at the 2011 Environmental Media Awards. In 2011, Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger appointed him for the California Film Commission, which aims to keep film and television industry projects in the state.


title: Xerochlora inveterascaria

abstract: Xerochlora inveterascaria is a species of emerald moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in North America. The MONA or Hodges number for Xerochlora inveterascaria is 7079.

text:
# Xerochlora inveterascaria

***Xerochlora inveterascaria*** is a species of emerald moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in North America.

The MONA or Hodges number for *Xerochlora inveterascaria* is 7079.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Xerochlora inveterascaria* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Tribe: | Hemitheini |
| Genus: | *Xerochlora* |
| Species: | ***X. inveterascaria*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xerochlora inveterascaria***<br>(Swett, 1907) | |
|


title: USA-126

abstract: USA-126, also known as GPS IIA-17, GPS II-26 and GPS SVN-40, is an American navigation satellite which forms part of the Global Positioning System. It was the seventeenth of nineteen Block IIA GPS satellites to be launched.

text:
# USA-126

**USA-126**, also known as **GPS IIA-17**, **GPS II-26** and **GPS SVN-40**, is an American navigation satellite which forms part of the Global Positioning System. It was the seventeenth of nineteen Block IIA GPS satellites to be launched.

## Background

Global Positioning System (GPS) was developed by the U.S. Department of Defense to provide all-weather round-the-clock navigation capabilities for military ground, sea, and air forces. Since its implementation, GPS has also become an integral asset in numerous civilian applications and industries around the globe, including recreational used (e.g., boating, aircraft, hiking), corporate vehicle fleet tracking, and surveying. GPS employs 24 spacecraft in 20,200 km circular orbits inclined at 55.0°. These vehicles are placed in 6 orbit planes with four operational satellites in each plane.

GPS Block 2 was the operational system, following the demonstration system composed of Block 1 (Navstar 1 - 11) spacecraft. These spacecraft were 3-axis stabilized, nadir pointing using reaction wheels. Dual solar arrays supplied 710 watts of power. They used S-band (SGLS) communications for control and telemetry and Ultra high frequency (UHF) cross-link between spacecraft. The payload consisted of two L-band navigation signals at 1575.42 MHz (L1) and 1227.60 MHz (L2). Each spacecraft carried 2 rubidium and 2 Cesium clocks and nuclear detonation detection sensors. Built by Rockwell Space Systems for the U.S. Air force, the spacecraft measured 5.3 m across with solar panels deployed and had a design life of 7.5 years.

## Launch

USA-126 was launched at 00:50:00 UTC on 16 July 1996, atop a Delta II launch vehicle, flight number D237, flying in the 7925-9.5 configuration. The launch took place from Launch Complex 17A (LC-17A) at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS), and placed USA-126 into a transfer orbit. The satellite raised itself into medium Earth orbit using a Star-37XFP apogee motor.

## Mission

On 15 August 1996, USA-126 was in an orbit with a perigee of 20,272 km (12,596 mi), an apogee of 20,365 km (12,654 mi), a period of 723.60 minutes, and 55.03° of inclination to the equator. It broadcasts the PRN 10 signal, and operates in slot 3 of plane E of the GPS constellation. The satellite has a mass of 840 kg (1,850 lb). It had a design life of 7.5 years, however, it was kept in service for over 18 years before finally decommissioned from service on 16 July 2015.

Following decommissioning, it was subsequently placed in a disposal orbit approximately 1000 km above the operational constellation on 11 March 2016.

## InfoBox

USA-126
| Names | Navstar 2A-17
GPS IIA-17
GPS II-26
GPS SVN-40 |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mission type | Navigation |
| Operator | U.S. Air Force |
| COSPAR ID | 1996-041A |
| SATCAT no. | 23953 |
| Mission duration | 7.5 years (planned)
19.5 years (achieved) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft | GPS IIA |
| Spacecraft type | GPS Block IIA |
| Manufacturer | Rockwell International |
| Launch mass | 840 kg (1,850 lb) |
| Dimensions | 5.3 m (17 ft) of long |
| Power | 710 watts |
|  | |
|  | |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | 16 July 1996, 00:50:00 UTC |
| Rocket | Delta II 7925-9.5
(Delta D237) |
| Launch site | Cape Canaveral, LC-17A |
| Entered service | 15 August 1996 |
|  | |
|  | |
| End of mission | |
| Disposal | Graveyard orbit |
| Deactivated | 11 March 2016 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric orbit |
| Regime | Medium Earth orbit
(Semi-synchronous) |
| Slot | E3 (slot 3 plane E) |
| Perigee altitude | 20,272 km (12,596 mi) |
| Apogee altitude | 20,365 km (12,654 mi) |
| Inclination | 55.03° |
| Period | 723.60 minutes |
|  | |
| Global Positioning System | |


title: Maryland Route 707

abstract: Maryland Route 707 is a collection of state highways in the U.S. state of Maryland. These four highways are sections of the old alignment of U.S. Route 213 in northeastern Worcester County. These stretches of highway were bypassed and designated part of MD 707 in the early 1940s in West Ocean City and in the late 1940s in Grays Corner.

text:
# Maryland Route 707

**Maryland Route 707** (**MD 707**) is a collection of state highways in the U.S. state of Maryland. These four highways are sections of the old alignment of U.S. Route 213 (US 213, now US 50) in northeastern Worcester County. These stretches of highway were bypassed and designated part of MD 707 in the early 1940s in West Ocean City and in the late 1940s in Grays Corner.

## Route description

MD 707A, which is known as Old Bridge Road, runs 0.79 miles (1.27 km) from US 50 to MD 611 within West Ocean City. MD 707B, MD 707E, and MD 707D, which are both known as Grays Corner Road, run 1.44 miles (2.32 km), 0.76 miles (1.22 km) and 0.76 miles (1.22 km), respectively, within Grays Corner.

### MD 707A

MD 707A begins at an intersection with US 50 (Ocean Gateway) just east of Herring Creek in West Ocean City. The state highway heads east as a two-lane undivided road. After passing by residential subdivisions, MD 707A reaches its eastern terminus at MD 611 (Stephen Decatur Highway). Old Bridge Road continues east as a county highway to Sinepuxent Bay where the old bridge crossed into Ocean City in line with Worcester Street.

### MD 707B and MD 707E

MD 707B begins at a dead end near Berlin, adjacent to US 50. The state highway heads east and immediately encounters MD 452. The state highway continues east as a two-lane undivided road paralleling US 50 on the north at a distance, passing farms and residences. At the intersection with MD 589 (Racetrack Road) in Grays Corner, access across is restricted, with MD 707B ending and MD 707E beginning. MD 707E parallels US 50 closely until the end of state maintenance just west of Riddle Lane, which is unsigned US 50WA.

### MD 707D

MD 707D begins at a cul-de-sac adjacent to US 50 a short distance east of the eastern terminus of MD 707B. The state highway heads east as a two-lane undivided road paralleling US 50 on the north from a distance and connects with the federal highway via Herring Creek Lane and an unnamed road, which are designated US 50WB and US 50WC, respectively. MD 707D reaches its eastern terminus at a dead end adjacent to US 50 a short distance west of Herring Creek.

## History

What is now MD 707 is much of the original alignment of the BerlinOcean City road that was paved east to West Ocean City in 1915. The highway was completed when the first automobile bridge across Sinepuxent Bay opened in 1916. The highway was designated the easternmost part of US 213 in 1927. Present day MD 707A was bypassed in 1942 when the present bridge to Ocean City and the dual highway approach west to Herring Creek opened. The bypassed portion of US 213 remained a state highway and was designated MD 707 by 1948. The segment of MD 707 west of Herring Creek was bypassed in 1950 when the dual highway, which had just been renumbered US 50, was extended to just west of MD 452. MD 707A's eastern terminus was rolled back from Sinepuxent Bay to MD 611 in 2001. In 2003, MD 707B was split by construction of an entrance to the Glen Riddle Golf Club subdivision, resulting in the portion east of the split being redesignated MD 707D. In 2011, access across MD 589 was restricted, and the portion of MD 707B east of there became MD 707E.

## Junction list

All four sections of MD 707 are entirely in Worcester County.

### Old Bridge Road

The entire route is in West Ocean City.

| mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0.00 | 0.00 | US 50 (Ocean Gateway) Salisbury, Ocean City | Western terminus of MD 707A |
| 0.79 | 1.27 | MD 611 (Stephen Decatur Highway) / Old Bridge Road east Assateague Island Parks | Eastern terminus of MD 707A; Old Bridge Road to the east was formerly part of MD 707A |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

### Grays Corner Road

The entire route is in Grays Corner.

| mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0.00 | 0.00 | Dead end | Western terminus of MD 707B |
| 0.07 | 0.11 | MD 452 (Friendship Road) Friendship |  |
| 1.44  ---  0.00 | 2.32  ---  0.00 | MD 589 (Racetrack Road) Ocean Pines | Eastern terminus of MD 707B; western terminus of MD 707E |
| 0.76 | 1.22 | Grays Corner Road east to Riddle Lane | Eastern terminus of MD 707E; Riddle Lane is unsigned US 50WA |
| Break in highway between MD 707B and MD 707D | | | | | | | |
| 0.00 | 0.00 | Cul-de-sac | Western terminus of MD 707D |
| 0.49 | 0.79 | Herring Creek Lane | Unsigned US 50WB |
| 0.69 | 1.11 |
To US 50 | Unsigned US 50WC |
| 0.76 | 1.22 | Dead end | Eastern terminus of MD 707D |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Maryland Route 707KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Maryland Route 707 | |
| --- | --- |
| Maryland Route 707 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by MDSHA | |
| Existed | 1948–present |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Maryland |
| Counties | Worcester |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| MD 704   MD 710 | |


title: Molly Bolin

abstract: "Machine Gun" Molly Bolin is an American former basketball player. Following a college career at Grand View University, she went on to star at the first women's professional basketball league in the United States, the Women's Professional Basketball League (WBL). Bolin, who was the first player signed with a team in the WBL, became a pioneering figure in women's basketball, both as a formidable scoring threat and as a sex symbol of the league. Among her accolades, Bolin holds the Women's Professional Basketball League record for the most points scored in a single game (55) and the highest single-season scoring average (32.8).

text:
# Molly Bolin

**"Machine Gun" Molly Bolin** (born **Monna Lea Van Benthuysen**; November 13, 1957) is an American former basketball player. Following a college career at Grand View University, she went on to star at the first women's professional basketball league in the United States, the Women's Professional Basketball League (WBL). Bolin, who was the first player signed with a team in the WBL, became a pioneering figure in women's basketball, both as a formidable scoring threat and as a sex symbol of the league. Among her accolades, Bolin holds the Women's Professional Basketball League record for the most points scored in a single game (55) and the highest single-season scoring average (32.8).

## Biography

### Early life

Bolin was born in Dryden, Ontario, the fifth of six children born to Forrest and Wanda Van Benthuysen. She was raised in Moravia, Iowa, where she first began playing basketball for Moravia High School's Mohawks during her junior year. In six-player half-court gameplay, Bolin averaged 50 points in her first year and 54.8 points in her senior year, while setting the school's single-game record for most points by one player with 83 points in January 1975. Among other early accolades, Bolin was selected to participate in tryouts for 1976 Summer Olympics' women's basketball team at 17 years-old and was voted an All-American in her senior year.

### College career

In 1975, Bolin began attending Grand View University in Des Moines, Iowa where she had to adjust to the conventional five-player style of play with the Vikings basketball team. As she recollected, "College wasn't the same experience as high school and I had to learn the five-on-five full-court game pretty quickly. In fact, right out of high school in 1975, I got recruited to tryout for the '75 Pan American team and I couldn't even dribble full-court and make a basket". Instead of playing her sophomore year, Bolin decided to sit out to marry Dennis Bolin and give birth to the couple's child, Damien, in 1977. When Bolin returned to the court in 1978, she set university scoring records, averaging 24.6 points per game, and graduated with an associate's degree in telecommunications.

### Professional career

After her second year of eligibility, Bolin became the first player to sign to the newly-formed Women's Professional Basketball League, when she signed a one-year contract with the Iowa Cornets for $6,000. Honing in on her appearance as a blonde bombshell, Bolin was situated as the sex symbol of the league, appearing in several photo shoots, features in *Sports Illustrated* and *SportsWorld*, and commercials with NBA players such as Larry Bird. Nicknamed "Machine Gun" by a columnist of the *Washington Post* for her prolific scoring ability, Bolin averaged 16.7 points per game, and helped advance the Cornets to the championship finals before they were defeated by the Houston Angels. During the 1979-80 season, Bolin set 12 WBL records, including most points scored in a single game (55) and the highest single-season scoring average (32.8), and was named co-MVP alongside Ann Meyers. Despite posting a 36-point game, the Cornets were beaten again in the finals, this time losing to the New York Stars. That summer she coached girls' basketball at a camp in Cedar Rapids with teammates Connie Kunzmann, Tanya Crevier and Nancy Wellen.

With the WBL financially struggling, long road-trips, and low pay, Bolin agreed to join the Ladies Professional Basketball Association, a Southwestern-based league that was established to compete with the faltering WBL, as a player and assistant coach. However, after just seven games with the Southern California Breeze, the LPBA disbanded, and Bolin—a high-list free agent sought after by all the eight remaining WBL teams—negotiated a contract with the San Francisco Pioneers, whose coach, former NBA player Dean Meminger, was a crucial selling point for Bolin. Under Meminger's mentorship, she finished the 1980-1981 season second in the league in scoring (26.8) and competed in her third All-Star game. The WBL's third season proved to be its last for the league was forced to dissolve under severe financial hardship.

After the WBL folded, Bolin was engaged in a custody battle with her recently divorced husband over their son, Damien. Initially, the court awarded her ex-spouse full custody, arguing that Bolin's profession and her glamour shoots made her an unfit parent; however, the decision was appealed and overturned in 1983. In 1984, Bolin was selected for a USA All-Star team composed of former olympians and professional players to participate in exhibition games against the 1984 Summer Olympics women's team which eventually won the gold medal. Bolin played her last professional season in the same year, signing with the Columbus Minks of the short-lived Women's American Basketball Association.

### Later life

Following her playing career, Bolin continued to promote the concept of a new women's basketball league, and was hired by *Fox Sports* in 1995 to create a women's tournament for television. Shortly after Bolin's contributions, the NBA announced its intent to establish the Women's National Basketball Association. Other post-basketball accolades include her induction in the Iowa High School Basketball Hall of Fame in 1986, and the Grandview College Athletic Hall of Fame in 1999.

Bolin married to John Kazmer in 1989, and they currently reside in La Quinta, California with their two children.

## InfoBox

Molly Bolin
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1957-11-13) November 13, 1957<br>Dryden, Ontario, Canada |
| Nationality | American |
| Listed height | 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) |
| Career information | |
| High school | Moravia (Moravia, Iowa) |
| College | Grand View |
| Playing career | 1978–1984 |
| Career history | |
| As player: | |
| 1978–1980 | Iowa Cornets |
| 1980 | Southern California Breeze |
| 1980–1981 | San Francisco Pioneers |
| 1984 | Columbus Minks |
| As coach: | |
| 1980 | Southern California Breeze (assistant) |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
| **As player:*** WBL Co-MVP (1980) * WBL All-Star (1979–1981) * WBL scoring leader (1980) | |
|  | |
| Career WBL statistics | |
| Points | 2,479 (25.6 ppg) |
| Games | 97 |
|  | |


title: Mariéme Jamme

abstract: Marieme Jamme is a Senegalese-born French-British businesswoman and technology activist. In 2016 she founded the iamtheCODE Foundation and served on the World Wide Web Foundation board. In 2017, Quartz Africa included Jamme in their "Quartz Africa Innovators 2017" list. In 2013 she was nominated as a Young Global Leader at the World Economic Forum. In 2017, she won the Innovation Award at the Global Goals Award as a Goalkeepers for her work in advancing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, curated by UNICEF and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, for globally supporting girls and young women and advancing the UN's Sustainable Development Goals. That same year, she was listed as one of BBC's 100 Women.

text:
# Mariéme Jamme

**Marieme Jamme** (born 1974) is a Senegalese-born French-British businesswoman and technology activist. In 2016 she founded the iamtheCODE Foundation and served on the World Wide Web Foundation board. In 2017, Quartz Africa included Jamme in their "Quartz Africa Innovators 2017" list. In 2013 she was nominated as a Young Global Leader at the World Economic Forum. In 2017, she won the Innovation Award at the Global Goals Award as a Goalkeepers for her work in advancing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, curated by UNICEF and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, for globally supporting girls and young women and advancing the UN's Sustainable Development Goals. That same year, she was listed as one of BBC's 100 Women.

## Early life and education

Mariéme Jamme was born in Dakar, Senegal. She taught herself to read and write in her teenage years. She built her technology career when she moved to the United Kingdom, where she attended the University of Surrey to learn English. While cleaning people's houses for a living, She also learned coding at a local library in Surrey. She has had multiple temporary jobs and worked for companies such as Citibank, HSBC, JP Morgan, and Lloyds Bank. She has also served in Business management positions at Oracle and Microsoft. In 2013, she was appointed to Microsoft’s 4Afrika team, where she served in an advisory role to projects that aided African startup companies.

## Career

Jamme founded SpotOne Global Solutions (now called Accur8Global) in 2007 in the UK and is the CEO. The company helps IT organizations establish in Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Asia. She is the co-founder of Africa Gathering, the first global platform for entrepreneurs and experts to network with regards to development across Africa. Jamme was referred to as being "at the forefront of the technology revolution that is slowly transforming Africa" by CNN. She has been involved in various African competitions for tech innovation including the annual "Apps4Africa" competition as an organiser and judge, showcasing innovation and app ideas across the continent of Africa, and the Royal Academy of Engineering Africa prize for Innovation.

In 2013, Jamme was honoured as a Young Global Leader by the World Economic Forum for her activism work in empowering and investing in young girls and women in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia through creative learning, entrepreneurship, science, technology, engineering, art, mathematics, and design (STEAMD). In 2015, Jamme collaborated with a group of African leaders to create "Accur8Africa", an initiative to help governments, civil society, entrepreneurs, and businesses evaluate progress on the UN's Sustainable Development Goals by 2030 using Accurate Data.

### iamtheCODE Foundation

2017 saw the launch of Jamme's "iamtheCODE" initiative, which became the first African-led initiative that collaborated with government, private sector, and investors to advance STEAMD education for girls from under-privileged areas in Africa, South America and the Middle East. The program's goal is to contribute in achieving the UN sustainability goals for education by reaching 1 million girls by 2030. The foundation aims to inspire more girls worldwide to learn to code, with an emphasis on including marginalised communities by providing them with educational spaces, tools and employment guidance.

### World Wide Web Foundation board and awards

In 2017 Jamme became the first black woman on the World Wide Web Foundation Board. That same year, she was recognised as one of five inspiring leaders at the Goalkeepers Global Goals Awards, which were hosted by U.N. Deputy Secretary-General Amina J. Mohammed and Melinda Gates, where she won the Innovation Award.

## Other activities

* Microsoft, Member of the 4Afrika Advisory Council (since 2013)

## Recognition

Jamme was included in the 2019 and 2020 editions of the *Powerlist*, a listing of the 100 most influential people in the UK of African/African-Caribbean descent.

## InfoBox

| Mariéme Jamme | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1974 (age 4950)<br>Dakar, Senegal, West Africa |
| Occupation(s) | Tech entrepreneur, founder of iamtheCODE |
| Website | mariemejamme.com |


title: Martha Divine

abstract: "Martha Divine" is a song recorded by American country singer–songwriter Ashley McBryde. The song was released as a single in October 2020, becoming the second release spawned from her second studio album Never Will. McBryde wrote the song with Jeremy Spillman. The song received positive reviews from critics following its release.

text:
# Martha Divine

"**Martha Divine**" is a song recorded by American country singer–songwriter Ashley McBryde. The song was released as a single in October 2020, becoming the second release spawned from her second studio album *Never Will*. McBryde wrote the song with Jeremy Spillman. The song received positive reviews from critics following its release.

## Background and recording

"Martha Divine" was co-written by Ashley McBryde and Jeremy Spillman. The song's central concept is centered around a daughter who is angry that her mother is being cheated on. McBryde told Spillman that she wanted a song similar in theme to that of Dolly Parton's "Jolene". "Instead of singing ‘Jolene, Jolene, Jolene, Jolene, please don’t take my man.’ What if we said, ‘Jolene, Jolene, Jolene, Jolene, I’m coming after you with a shovel.'," she told CMT. McBryde originally recorded the demo version of the song with a "circus-y" sound. However, once in the studio, producer Jay Joyce brought in a lead guitar and had drums included. "This is going to be a song that hopefully, someday, when you are playing it live, two measures of that drum introduction and people will start cheering," Joyce told her.

## Critical reception

"Martha Divine" has received positive reception since its release. Billy Dukes of *Taste of Country* commented that "Ashley McBryde carries on the great country tradition of giving bad men what they deserve in her new song "Martha Divine." Only in this case, he gets to live knowing his loose trousers led to a wanton woman's demise." *Rolling Stone'*s Stephen L. Betts described it as a "dark revenge tune". Stephen Thompson of *NPR* commented that "What 'Martha Divine' lacks in healthy boundaries, appropriately placed anger or clarity about the proper legal definition of "murder," however, it more than makes up for in raucous, hooky, fist-pumping catharsis."

## Release and music video

"Martha Divine" first appeared as an album track on McBryde's second studio album titled *Never Will*. On October 19, 2020, it was released as a single to country radio via Warner Music Nashville. The song followed her top 20 country single "One Night Standards". The song spent two weeks on the *Billboard* Country Airplay chart, peaking at number 59 in April 2021. A music video was released prior to the single itself. The video was directed by Reid Long.

## Track listing

**Digital single**

* "Martha Divine" – 3:50

## Charts

Chart performance for "Martha Divine"
| Chart (2020–21) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Country Airplay (*Billboard*) | 59 |
|

## InfoBox

| "Martha Divine" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Ashley McBryde | |
| from the album  *Never Will* | |
| Released | October 19, 2020 (2020-10-19) |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 3:50 |
| Label | Warner Music Nashville |
| Songwriter(s) | * Ashley McBryde * Jeremy Spillman |
| Producer(s) | Jay Joyce |
| Ashley McBryde singles chronology | |
| "One Night Standards"
(2019) "**Martha Divine**"
(2020) "Never Wanted to Be That Girl"
(2021) | |


title: Manuel Lopes (writer)

abstract:
Manuel António de Sousa Lopes was a Cape Verdean novelist, poet and essayist. With Baltasar Lopes da Silva and Jorge Barbosa he was a founder of the journal Claridade, which contributed to the rise of Cape Verdean literature.
Manuel Lopes wrote in Portuguese, using expressions typical for Cape Verdean Portuguese and Cape Verdean Creole. He was one of those responsible for describing world calamities of the droughts that caused several deaths in São Vicente and Santo Antão.

text:
# Manuel Lopes (writer)

**Manuel António de Sousa Lopes** (December 23, 1907 – January 25, 2005) was a Cape Verdean novelist, poet and essayist. With Baltasar Lopes da Silva and Jorge Barbosa he was a founder of the journal *Claridade*, which contributed to the rise of Cape Verdean literature. Manuel Lopes wrote in Portuguese, using expressions typical for Cape Verdean Portuguese and Cape Verdean Creole. He was one of those responsible for describing world calamities of the droughts that caused several deaths in São Vicente and Santo Antão.

## Biography

Manuel Lopes was born on December 23, 1907, in Mindelo on the island of São Vicente, Cape Verde, which was then a territory of Portugal. He moved to Coimbra in mainland Portugal to attend secondary school. At the age of 16, he returned to São Vicente and started working at an English company that exploited a transatlantic telegraph cable. Aged 23, he started working for a similar Italian company, but he lost his job due to the Second World War and settled on his farm on the island of Santo Antão. In 1944, back in service at his first employer, he transferred to the island of Faial in the Azores. After eleven years on Faial, he moved to mainland Portugal. He died in Lisbon in 2005 at the age of 97.

His first work was *Monography of Regional Descriptions*, which was published in 1932. *Paul* was also published in the same year, and other works include *Poems de Quem Ficou* in 1949, *Cape Verdean Themes* in 1950, *Creole and Other Poems* in 1964, *Personagens de Ficção e os seus Modelos* in 1971 and an anthological poem *Falucho Ancorado* in 1997.

His first novel was *Chuva Braba*, published in 1956, which won the Fernão Mendes Pinto Award. Next was *O galo que cantou da baía*, which won another Mendes Pinto Award, and the novel *Os Flagelados do Vento Leste*, which was adapted into a film directed by António Faria in 1987, in the late 1990s, and was awarded the Prémio Meio Milénio do Achamento de Cabo Verde.

His poem "Naufrágio" can be found on the CD *Poesia de Cabo Verde e Sete Poemas de Sebastião da Gama* by Afonso Dias.

## Honors

A street is named for him in the city of Praia in the neighborhood of Craveiro Lopes.

## A stream unrelated to the writer

The stream in the island of Santo Antão, Cape Verde named Ribeira Manuel Lopes is not the same etymology it is named after another Manuel Lopes.

## Works

Here is a list of works by Manuel Lopes:

* Fiction:
* Poetry:
    + *Horas Vargas*, 1934
    + *Poemas de quem ficou*, 1949
    + *Folha Caída*, 1960
    + *Crioulo e outros poemas* (*Creole and Other Poems*), 1964
    + *Falucho Ancorado*, 1997
* Prose:
    + *Monografia Descritiva Regional* (*Monography of Regional Descriptions*), 1932
    + *Paúl*, 1932
    + *Temas Cabo-verdianos* (*Cape Verdean Themes*), 1950
    + *Os meios pequenos e a cultura*, 1951 - essay
    + *Reflexões sobre a literatura cabo-verdiana* (*Reflections on Cape Verdean Literature*), 1959 - essay
    + *As personagens de ficção e seus modelos*, 1973

## Further reading

* Richard A. Lobban Jr and Paul Khalil Saucier, "Manuel Lopes", in *Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cape Verde*, Scarecrow Press, Lanham, Maryland; Toronto; Plymouth, UK, 2007, pp. 141–142 ISBN 978-0-8108-4906-8
* Marie-Christine Hanras, *Manuel Lopes: Um itinerario iniciatico, Instituto caboverseano do livro e do disco*, Praia, 1995, p. 398. (A thesis in Portuguese, University of Rennes 2, 1991.)
* *Manuel Lopes: Rotas da vida e da escrita* Instituto Camões, Lisbon, 2001, 228 pp. ISBN 972-566221-0

## InfoBox

| Manuel Lopes | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Manuel António de Sousa Lopes
(1907-12-23)December 23, 1907
Mindelo, São Vicente, Cape Verde |
| Died | 25 January 2005(2005-01-25) (aged 97)
Lisbon, Portugal |
| Occupation(s) | novelist, poet, essayist |


abstract: This is a list of Texas American Civil War Confederate Units. The Texas Union Army units are listed separately.

text:
# List of Texas Civil War Confederate units

This is a list of **Texas American Civil War Confederate Units**. The Texas Union Army units are listed separately.

## Confederate States Army

### Major Formations

### Infantry

* Company A (Marion Guards)
* Company B (Livingston Guards)
* Company C (Palmer Guards)
* Company D (Star Rifles)
* Company E (Corsicana Invincibles; Marshall Guards)
* Company F (Woodsville Rifles)
* Company G (Anderson Co. Guards; Reagan Guards)
* Company H (Texas Guards)
* Company I (Crockett Southerns)
* Company K (Daniel Boone Rifles; Texas Invincibles)
* Company L (Lone Star Rifles)
* Company M (Sumter Light Infantry)
* 1st Infantry, Consolidated (6th, 7th & 10th Infantry, 15th, 17th, 18th, 24th & 25th Cavalry)
* 2nd Texas Infantry Regiment (Moore's 1st Infantry; Galveston Regiment; Van Dorn Regiment)

* Company A (San Jacinto Guards)
* Company B (Confederate Guards)
* Company C (Bayland Guards)
* Company D (Confederate Grays)
* Company E
* Company F (Mounted Riflemen)
* Company G (Burleson Guards)
* Company H (Lexington Grays)
* Company I (Gonzales Invincibles; Wilson Rifles)
* Company A (Gillespie Rifles)
* Company B
* Company C (Lone Star Defenders)
* Company A (Waco Guards)
* Company B (Johnson Guards)
* Company C
* Company E (Cherokee Rifles)
* Company A (Van Dorn Guards)
* Company B (Ruess Battery)
* Company A (German Citizen Guards)
* Company B (Galveston Guards; German Citizen Guards)
* Company C (German Citizen Guards)
* Company D (Cypress Rifles)
* 9th Texas Infantry Regiment (Nichols's 5th Infantry) (6 months)
* 10th Texas Infantry Regiment (Nelson's Regiment; 1st Infantry, Consolidated)

* Company A (Grimes Boys)
* Company B
* Company C (Alvarado Rifles)
* Company D (Wilson's Guards)
* Company E
* Company F
* Company G (Labadie Rifles)
* Company H (Coryell Yankee Hunters)
* Company I
* Company K
* Company A (Engledow's Texas Rebels)
* Company D (Titus Hunters)
* Company A (Lavaca County)
* Company B (Nacogdoches County)
* Company C (Robertson County)
* Company D (Grimes County)
* Company E (Tarrent County)
* Company F (Milam County)
* Company G (Grime County)
* Company I (Freestone County)
* Company K (Hill County)
* Company A (Austin Grays)
* Company B (Perkins' 1st Company; Austin Grays)
* Company D (Moseley's Battery)
* Company E
* Company G (Brazoria Rangers)
* Company H (Field Battery)
* Company D
* Company E (Navarro Countians)
* Company G (Fouty's Company)
* Company A (Sabine Pass Guard)
* Company B
* Company C
* Company D
* Company E
* Company F
* Company F
* 1st Infantry Battalion (15th Infantry)
* 1st Infantry Battalion (Burnet's Sharp Shooters)
* 4th Infantry Battalion (Oswald's German Battalion) (6 months)
* 5th Infantry Battalion (22nd Infantry)
* 6th Infantry Battalion (11th Infantry & Cavalry Battalion)
* 8th Infantry Battalion (Hobby's Battalion; 8th Infantry)
* 21st Infantry Battalion (Griffin's Battalion; 21st Infantry)

### Cavalry

#### Brigades

Organized OCTOBER 23, 1862 in Mississippi with 3rd, 6th, 9th, and 27th Texas Cavalry Regiments. Temporary commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Griffith while Colonel Whitfield and Lieutenant Colonel Ross were on convalescence leave.

#### Regiments

State service, March 4, 1861 - mid-April 1861. Confederate service, mid-April 1861 - mid-April 1862 as the First Regiment, Texas Mounted Riflemen, also known as the First Texas Mounted Rifles (mustered out at the expiration of the enlistment period). Some of the men returned to frontier service, but most enlisted in the Eighth Texas Cavalry Battalion, which later became part of the First Texas Cavalry Regiment (Buchel's).

* Company H (Rusk Co. Volunteers)
* Company B (German Company; Gidding's Battalion; Carrington's Company)
* Company E (Texas Rangers)
* Company F (Mounted Riflemen; W.P. Lane Rangers)
* Company K
* Coopwood's Spy Company (attached)
* Company A Harrison County (The Texas Hunters)
* Company B Rusk County
* Company C Cherokee County (Lone Star Defenders)
* Company D Hunt County
* Company E Shelby County
* Company F Kaufman County
* Company G Marion County (Dead Shot Rangers)
* Company H Upshur County
* Company I Cass County
* Company K (Flora Legion)
* Company A
* Company B (Davis Guards; Dockwallopers)
* Company C (Victoria Volunteers; Victoria Invincibles)
* Company D (San Andres Light Horse Company)
* Company E (Milam Co. Guards)
* Company I (Killough's Volunteer Company, Fayette County)
* Company A Kaufman County (Rockwall cavalry)
* Company B Kaufman County (Rockwall Cavalry)
* Company C Dallas County
* Company D Greyson County (Bear Skins)
* Company E Van Zandt County (Wide Awakes)
* Company F Dallas County (Lancaster Guards)
* Company G McLennon County
* Company H Bell County (Bob Whites)
* Company I Henderson County (Titus Greys)
* Company K Collin County (Mounted Riflemen)
* 7th Texas Cavalry Regiment (7th Mounted Volunteers; 3rd Regiment, Sibley's Brigade)

* Company A
* Company B (Comal Co.; Hoffmann's Company; German Company)
* Company C (Williamson Co. Grays)
* Company D (Angelina Troop)
* Company E (Trinity Co. Cavalry)
* Company F (New Salem Invincibles)
* Company I (Anderson Co. Company of Cavalry)
* Company B (Mounted Rangers)
* Company F (Lone Star Rangers)
* Company K (Tom Lubbock Guards)
* Company L (Wharton Guards)
* Company A Tarrent County (Volunteers)
* Company B Fannon County (Red River Boys)
* Company C Grayson County
* Company D Tarrent County
* Company E San Augustine County (Cypress Rangers)
* Company F Titus Xounty
* Company G Hopkins County
* Company H Dallas County (Sharpshooters)
* Company I Titus County (Titus Grays)
* Company K Hopkins County
* Company B (Wood Co. Rebels)
* Company B (Holford Cavalry)
* Company E (Red River Dixie Boys)
* Company G (Dreadnaughts)
* Company G
* 17th Texas Cavalry Regiment (Moore's Regiment; 1st Infantry, Consolidated)

* Company K (Clough Rangers)
* 17th (Consolidated) Dismounted Cavalry
* 18th Texas Cavalry Regiment (Darnell's Regiment; 1st Infantry, Consolidated)
* 19th Texas Cavalry Regiment (Burford's Regiment)

* Company F
* Company G
* Company I
* Company B (Caldwell Co. Rangers)
* Company G
* Company H
* Company D (Stephens Cavalry)
* Company B (Caldwell Co. Rangers)
* Company A (Moore's Rebels)
* Company B (Caldwell Co. Rangers)
* Company C (Moore's Rangers)
* Company E (Hebert Rangers)
* Company G (Galveston Videttes)
* Company H (Debray's Rangers)
* Company A (Texas Fencibles; Titus Invincibles)
* Company B Arkansas Company, (Transferred to Stirman's Sharpshooter Regiment July 23 1862, Permanent)
* Company C (J.P. Henderson Rangers)
* Company D (Whitfield Rifles)
* Company E (Lone Star Rangers)
* Company F
* Company G
* Company H
* Company I (Titus Rangers)
* Company K
* Company M
* Company N
* Company L
* Company G (Lamar Cavalry)
* Company K
* Company A (Columbia Blues)
* Company G (Brazoria Rangers)
* Hargrove's Company (Hood's Guerillas)
* Company A
* 46th Texas Cavalry Regiment

The Frontier Regiment (McCord's) was transferred to Confederate service on March 1, 1864 under this designation (see below).

#### Battalions

* 1st Cavalry Battalion (Crump's, see 32nd Texas Cavalry)
* 3rd Cavalry Battalion (Yager's Mounted Rifles; 1st Cavalry)
* 4th Cavalry Battalion (Whitfield's, see 27th Texas Cavalry)
* 6th Cavalry Battalion (Gould's Battalion)
* 7th Cavalry Battalion (26th Cavalry)
* 8th Cavalry Battalion (Taylor's Mounted Rifles; 1st Cavalry)

Formed in mid-April 1862, from men mustered out of 1st (McCulloch's) Mounted Riflemen; later part of the 1st Cavalry regiment.

* 12th Cavalry Battalion (35th Cavalry)
* 13th Cavalry Battalion
* 14th Cavalry Battalion (33rd Cavalry)
* Border's Cavalry Regiment of Cadets
* Morgan's Texas Cavalry Battalion (C. L. Morgan's Battalion)

#### Partisan Rangers

Organized in June 1862 by Walter P. Lane; disbanded after the surrender of the Trans-Mississippi Department on May 26, 1865.

Began to be organized in October 1862, by B. Warren Stone, Jr.; operational in March 1863. Disbanded after the surrender of the Trans-Mississippi Department on May 26, 1865.

* Company K
* 5th Cavalry (Partisan Rangers)

Organized February 6, 1863, through the merger of 10th Cavalry Battalion (see below) with two independent companies and Randolph's First Battalion Texas Partisan Rangers. Disbanded on May 15, 1865.

* 30th Cavalry (Gurley's 1st Partisan Rangers)

* Company K (Dixie Boys)
* 33rd Cavalry (Benavides' Cavalry Regiment(Duff's Partisan Rangers, 14th Cavalry Battalion)
* 34th Cavalry (Alexander's 2nd Partisan Rangers)
* 9th Cavalry Battalion (Partisan Rangers, 5th Partisan Rangers)
* 10th Cavalry Battalion (5th Partisan Rangers)

Organized October 23, 1862 by Leonidas M. Martin to act as "Police Guards" in Cooke County. Merged with other units to form the Fifth Texas Partisan Rangers (see above), February 6, 1863.

### Artillery

#### Light Artillery

* 4th (Shea's) Battalion, Artillery
* 1st Texas Field Battery (Edgar's Company, Light Artillery)
* 2nd Texas Field Battery (McMahan's Company)
* 4th Texas Field Battery (Mechling's Company; Van Dorn Light Artillery)
* 5th Texas Field Battery (Creuzbauer's Company)
* 6th Texas Field Battery
* 7th Texas Field Battery (Moseley's Company, Light Artillery)
* 8th Texas Field Battery (Dege's Light Artillery Battalion)
* 9th Texas Field Battery (Daniel's Company; Lamar Artillery)
* 10th Texas Field Battery (Pratt's/Hynson's Company; Sewart Artillery)
* 11th Texas Field Battery (Howell's Company, Light Artillery)
* Val Verde Texas Battery (12th Texas Battery, Sayers/Nettles Company)
* 13th Texas Field Battery (Wilson's/Gonzales'/Hughes's Company, Light Artillery)
* 14th Texas Field Battery (Dashiell's Company)
* 15th Texas Field Battery (Nichols's Company)
* 16th Texas Field Battery (Gibson's Company)
* 17th Texas Field Battery (Krumbhaar's/Stafford's Company; Texas Guards Artillery)
* Douglas's Texas Battery (Good's Battery; Dallas Light Artillery)

#### Heavy Artillery

* 1st Heavy Artillery (Cook's Regiment)

* Company C (Houston Turner Rifles)
* Company F (Jeff Davis Guards; Houston's Rough & Ready Company)
* Company H (Catching's Company)

## State Troops

### Infantry

* 1st State Troops
* 1st State Troops, Infantry (6 months)
* 2nd State Troops, Infantry (6 months)
* 3rd State Troops, Infantry (6 months)
* 4th Infantry, State Troops (6 months)
* 5th Infantry, State Troops (6 months)
* 1st Battalion, State Troops, Infantry
* 20th Battalion, State Troops
* 24th Battalion, Infantry, State Troops
* 30th State Troops (The Medina Guards)
* Arnold's Company, Infantry Riflemen, Militia
* Atkins's Company, State Troops (The Galveston Coast Guards)
* Edgar's Company, State Troops (Alamo City Guards)
* Gould's Company, State Troops (Clarksville Light Infantry)
* Hampton's Company, State Troops (Victoria Blues)
* Teel's Company, State Troops (6 months)

### Cavalry

* 1st Cavalry, State Troops (6 months)
* 2nd Cavalry, State Troops (6 months)
* 3rd Cavalry, State Troops (6 months)
* 4th Cavalry, State Troops (6 months)
* 1st Battalion, Cavalry, State Troops (6 months)
* 2nd Battalion, Cavalry, State Troops (6 months)
* 3rd Battalion, Cavalry, State Troops (6 months)
* Doughty's Company, Cavalry, State Troops (Refugio Spies)
* Graham's Company, Mounted Coast Guards, State Troops
* Terry's Mounted Company (State Troops)

### Artillery

* Good's Company, State Troops, Artillery (Dallas Light Artillery)

### Frontier

* Frontier Organization, Texas State Troops

Organized March 1, 1864, as a replacement for the Frontier Regiment (McCord's) (see below), transferred to Confederate service. The Frontier Organization contained all men liable for military service living in the 59 frontier counties. They were formed into three districts of together 4,000 men (one-fourth of the men, on a rotation basis, in service at any one time). The organization was in operation several months after the end of the war.

## Misc

* Waul's Legion (Infantry, Cavalry, and Artillery)
* Granbury's Consolidated Brigade (1st Consolidated Regiment)
* 3rd (Kirby's) Battalion, Infantry and Cavalry (6 months)
* 6th and 15th (Consolidated) Volunteers, Cavalry and Infantry
* 11th (Spaight's) Battalion (Cavalry, Artillery, and Infantry)
* 13th Volunteers (Cavalry, Artillery, and Infantry)
* Bean's Battalion, Reserve Corps
* Brush Battalion
* Panna Maria Grays, Militia
* Greer's Rocket Battery
* Benton's Company, Volunteers
* Duke's Company, Volunteers (Jefferson Guards)
* Killough's Company, Home Guards (Wheelock Home Guards)
* McMinn's Company
* McNeel's Company, Local Defense Troops (McNeel Coast Guards)
* Merriman's Company, Local Defense Troops (Orange County Coast Guards)
* Nolan's Mounted Company (Local Defense)
* Pearson's Company, Partisan Rangers (Local Defense)
* Perry's Company, Local Defense Troops (Fort Bend Scouts)
* Rainey's Company, Volunteers (Anderson County Invincibles)
* Simms' Company, Home Guards
* Teague's Company, Volunteers (Southern Rights Guards)
* Thomas' Company, Partisan Rangers (4 months)
* Trevenio's Squad, Partisan Mounted Volunteers
* Brazoria County Minutemen
* Conscripts, Texas
* Lavaca County Minutemen
* Miscellaneous, Texas

### Cavalry

A temporary field organization under William Saufley; formed in January 1864, for the defense of Galveston. Disbanded in March 1864; the companies returning to duty with their regiments.

* Wells' Battalion, Cavalry
* Border's Cavalry (Anderson's Regiment)
* Bourland's Cavalry (Bourlands Border Regiment)
* Chisum's Cavalry (Dismounted), (2d Partisan Rangers; Stone's Regiment)
* Mann's Cavalry (Bradford's Regiment)
* Martin's Cavalry (5th Partisan Rangers)
* Frontier Regiment (McCord's)

Mustered into service for three years in February 1863 as a replacement for the disbanded Frontier Regiment (Norris'). The new regiment was officially called the Mounted Regiment of Texas State Troops, later Mounted Regiment, Texas State Troops. The regiment was transferred to Confederate service on March 1, 1864 as the 46th Texas Cavalry (see above).

* Frontier Regiment (Norris')

Authorized by the Legislature on December 21, 1861 as a replacement for 1st (McCulloch's) Mounted Riflemen in frontier defense. Mustered into State service for one year in March and April 1862. Disbanded at the end of January 1863, by order of Governor Lubbock. It was replaced by a reorganized Frontier Regiment (McCord's).

* Morgan's Cavalry
* Waller's Cavalry
* Bone's Company, Cavalry
* San Elizario Spy Company (Coopwood's Cavalry)
* Crump's Cavalry (Lane's Cavalry, 1st Partisan Rangers)
* Durant's Company, Cavalry (Local Defense)
* Lilley's Company, Cavalry (Pardoned Deserters)
* McDowell's Company, Cavalry (Lockhart Volunteers)
* Ragsdale's Company, Cavalry (Red River Dragoons)
* Randolph's, W. H. Company, Cavalry
* Sutton's Company, Cavalry (Graham Rangers)
* Trevenio's, L. Company, Cavalry
* Upton's Company, Cavalry (Local Defense)
* Gano's Squadron, Cavalry
* Steele's Command, Cavalry
* Mounted Mountain Guards (Capt. R.T. Posey) (West Texas Defence Force, Frontier Brigade)

### Infantry

* Chambers' Battalion, Reserve Corps, Infantry
* Griffin's Battalion, Infantry (Griffin's Regiment, Infantry; 21st Regiment or Battalion, Infantry)
* Houston Battalion, Infantry (Detailed Men)
* Cameron's, Watts Company, Infantry
* Carter's Company, Infantry (Austin City Light Infantry)
* Cotton's Company, Infantry (Sabine Volunteers)
* Cunningham's Company, Infantry (The Mustang Grays)
* Currie's Company, Infantry
* Maxey's Company, Light Infantry and Riflemen (Lamar Rifles, State Service)
* Rutherford's Company, Infantry (Unattached)
* Townsend's Company, Infantry (Robertson Five Shooters)
* Whaley's Company, Infantry
* Yarbrough's Company, Infantry (Smith County Light Infantry)
* Timmons' Infantry

### Artillery

* Dege's Battalion, Light Artillery
* Douglas's Company, Artillery
* Hughes's Company, Light Artillery
* Jones's Company, Light Artillery
* (Lt.) van Buren's Company, Light Artillery

### Citations


title: Petrophila cerrussalis

abstract: Petrophila cerrussalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Cajetan Felder, Rudolf Felder and Alois Friedrich Rogenhofer in 1875. It is found in Colombia.

text:
# Petrophila cerrussalis

***Petrophila cerrussalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Cajetan Felder, Rudolf Felder and Alois Friedrich Rogenhofer in 1875. It is found in Colombia.

## InfoBox

| *Petrophila cerrussalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Petrophila* |
| Species: | ***P. cerrussalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Petrophila cerrussalis***<br>(C. Felder, R. Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cataclysta cerrussalis* C. Felder, R. Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875 | |


title: Xylocopa tabaniformis

abstract: Xylocopa tabaniformis, the horsefly-like carpenter bee or mountain carpenter bee is a species of carpenter bee in the family Apidae. It is found in Central America, North America, and South America. It is 12–18 millimetres (15⁄32–23⁄32 in) long and black. Males have yellow hair on the thorax.

text:
# Xylocopa tabaniformis

***Xylocopa tabaniformis***, the **horsefly-like carpenter bee** or **mountain carpenter bee** is a species of carpenter bee in the family Apidae. It is found in Central America, North America, and South America. It is 12–18 millimetres (15322332 in) long and black. Males have yellow hair on the thorax.

## Subspecies

These 10 subspecies belong to the species *Xylocopa tabaniformis*:

* *Xylocopa tabaniformis androleuca* Michener, 1940
* *Xylocopa tabaniformis azteca* Cresson, 1878
* *Xylocopa tabaniformis illota* Cockerell, 1919
* *Xylocopa tabaniformis melanosoma* O'Brien & Hurd, 1963
* *Xylocopa tabaniformis melanura* Cockerell, 1918
* *Xylocopa tabaniformis orpifex* Smith, 1874
* *Xylocopa tabaniformis pallidiventris* O'Brien & Hurd, 1965
* *Xylocopa tabaniformis parkinsoniae* Cockerell, 1917
* *Xylocopa tabaniformis sylvicola* O'Brien & Hurd, 1965
* *Xylocopa tabaniformis tabaniformis* Smith, 1854

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Xylocopa tabaniformis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Apidae |
| Genus: | *Xylocopa* |
| Species: | ***X. tabaniformis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xylocopa tabaniformis***<br>Smith, 1854 | |
|


title: USA vs. Al-Arian

abstract: USA vs AL-ARIAN is 2007 documentary film about Sami Al-Arian and his family during and after his federal trial on terrorism-related charges. It was directed by the Norwegian director Line Halvorsen. According to the St. Petersburg Times, the film "glosses over the specific charges, and pays scant attention to the evidence." However Variety notes that, "Though unquestionably biased, eye-opening docu "USA vs Al-Arian" throws the spotlight on a justice system shanghaied by the Patriot Act, leaving a deeply sympathetic family frayed but not quite broken." In the trial, the jury acquitted Al-Arian of nearly half the charges, and deadlocked on the remaining charges. After the trial, Al-Arian pleaded guilty in 2006 to conspiracy to help a terrorist organization, the Palestinian Islamic Jihad.

text:
# USA vs. Al-Arian

***USA vs AL-ARIAN*** is 2007 documentary film about Sami Al-Arian and his family during and after his federal trial on terrorism-related charges. It was directed by the Norwegian director Line Halvorsen.

According to the *St. Petersburg Times*, the film "glosses over the specific charges, and pays scant attention to the evidence." However *Variety* notes that, "Though unquestionably biased, eye-opening docu "USA vs Al-Arian" throws the spotlight on a justice system shanghaied by the Patriot Act, leaving a deeply sympathetic family frayed but not quite broken."

In the trial, the jury acquitted Al-Arian of nearly half the charges, and deadlocked on the remaining charges. After the trial, Al-Arian pleaded guilty in 2006 to conspiracy to help a terrorist organization, the Palestinian Islamic Jihad.

## Awards

* Audience Award, 2007 Tromsø International Film Festival
* Best Film, 2007 New Orleans Human Rights Film Festival, USA
* Grand Prix (Flugeprisen), 2007 Norwegian Documentary Film Festival Volda
* Honorary Mention, 2007 International Festival of Muslim Cinema "Golden Minbar", Russia
* Best Nordic Documentary, 2007 Nordisk Panorama – 5 Cities Film Festival

## InfoBox

| USA vs. Al-Arian | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Line Halvorsen |
| Written by | Line Halvorsen |
| Produced by | Jan Dalchow |
| Starring | Sami Al-Arian
Nahla Al-Arian
Abdullah Al-Arian
Laila Al-Arian
Leena Al-Arian
Ali Al-Arian
Lama Al-Arian
Linda Moreno
Paul I. Perez
David Cole |
| Cinematography | Tone Andersen |
| Edited by | Trond Winterkjaer
Line Halvorsen |
| Music by | Stein Berge Svendsen |
| Release date | * 19 January 2007 (2007-01-19) |
| Running time | 102 minutes |
| Country | Norway |
| Languages | English
Arabic |


title: Molly Bloom

abstract: Molly Bloom is a fictional character in the 1922 novel Ulysses by James Joyce. The wife of main character Leopold Bloom, she roughly corresponds to Penelope in the Odyssey. The major difference between Molly and Penelope is that while Penelope is eternally faithful, Molly is not. Molly is having an affair with Hugh 'Blazes' Boylan. Molly, whose given name is Marion, was born in Gibraltar on 8 September 1870, the daughter of Major Tweedy, an Irish military officer, and Lunita Laredo, a Gibraltarian of Spanish descent. Molly and Leopold were married on 8 October 1888. She is the mother of Milly Bloom, who, at the age of 15, has left home to study photography. She is also the mother of Rudy Bloom, who died at the age of 11 days. In Dublin, Molly is an opera singer of some renown. The final chapter of Ulysses, often called "Molly Bloom's Soliloquy", is a long and almost entirely unpunctuated passage comprising her thoughts as she lies in bed next to Leopold.

text:
# Molly Bloom

**Molly Bloom** is a fictional character in the 1922 novel *Ulysses* by James Joyce. The wife of main character Leopold Bloom, she roughly corresponds to Penelope in the *Odyssey*. The major difference between Molly and Penelope is that while Penelope is eternally faithful, Molly is not. Molly is having an affair with Hugh 'Blazes' Boylan. Molly, whose given name is Marion, was born in Gibraltar on 8 September 1870, the daughter of Major Tweedy, an Irish military officer, and Lunita Laredo, a Gibraltarian of Spanish descent. Molly and Leopold were married on 8 October 1888. She is the mother of Milly Bloom, who, at the age of 15, has left home to study photography. She is also the mother of Rudy Bloom, who died at the age of 11 days. In Dublin, Molly is an opera singer of some renown.

The final chapter of *Ulysses*, often called "Molly Bloom's Soliloquy", is a long and almost entirely unpunctuated passage comprising her thoughts as she lies in bed next to Leopold.

## Soliloquy

Ms Molly Bloom's soliloquy is the eighteenth and final "episode" of *Ulysses*, in which the thoughts of Molly Bloom are presented in contrast to those of the previous narrators, Leopold Bloom and Stephen Dedalus. Molly's physicality is often contrasted with the intellectualism of the male characters, Stephen Dedalus in particular.

Joyce's novel presented the action with numbered "episodes" rather than named chapters. Most critics since Stuart Gilbert, in his *James Joyce's Ulysses*, have named the episodes and they are often called chapters. The final chapter is referred to as "Penelope", after Molly's mythical counterpart.

In the course of the monologue, Molly accepts Leopold into her bed, frets about his health, and then reminisces about their first meeting and about when she knew she was in love with him. The final words of Molly's reverie, and the final words of the book, are:

> I was a Flower of the mountain yes when I put the rose in my hair like the Andalusian girls used or shall I wear a red yes and how he kissed me under the Moorish Wall and I thought well as well him as another and then I asked him with my eyes to ask again yes and then he asked me would I yes to say yes my mountain flower and first I put my arms around him yes and drew him down to me so he could feel my breasts all perfume yes and his heart was going like mad and yes I said yes I will Yes.

Joyce noted in a 1921 letter to Frank Budgen that "The last word (human, all too human) is left to Penelope." The episode both begins and ends with "yes", a word that Joyce described as "the female word" and that he said indicated "acquiescence, self-abandon, relaxation, the end of all resistance." This last, clear "yes" stands in sharp contrast to her unintelligible first spoken line in the fourth chapter of the novel.

Molly's soliloquy consists of eight enormous "sentences", The concluding period following the final words of her reverie is one of only two punctuation marks in the chapter, the periods at the end of the fourth and eighth "sentences". When written this episode contained the longest "sentence" in English literature, 4,391 words expressed by Molly Bloom (it was surpassed in 2001 by Jonathan Coe's *The Rotters' Club*).

## Sources

Joyce modelled the character upon his wife, Nora Barnacle; indeed, the day upon which the novel is set—16 June 1904, now called Bloomsday—is that of their first date. Nora Barnacle's letters also almost entirely lacked capitalization or punctuation; Anthony Burgess said that "sometimes it is hard to distinguish between a chunk of one of Nora's letters and a chunk of Molly's final monologue". Some research also points to another possible model for Molly in Amalia Popper, one of Joyce's students to whom he taught English while living in Trieste. Amalia Popper was the daughter of a Jewish businessman named Leopoldo Popper, who had worked for a European freight forwarding company (Adolf Blum & Popper) founded in 1875 in its headquarters in Hamburg by Adolf Blum, after whom Leopold Bloom was named. In the (now published) manuscript *Giacomo Joyce*, are images and themes Joyce used in *Ulysses* and *A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man*.

## Cultural references

### Literature

* J. M. Coetzee's novel *Elizabeth Costello* portrays the fictional writer Costello as the author of a fictional novel, *The House on Eccles Street*, which is written from Molly Bloom's point of view.
* Susan Turlish's play *Lafferty's Wake* features the character Molly Greaney quoting from Molly's monologue.
* Nobel Laureate Mo Yan concludes *The Republic of Wine* with what could be seen as an homage to Molly's soliloquy.

### Music

* Ron McFarland has written a 2-character comic “micro-opera*The Audition of Molly Bloom* (1985), which culminates with the soliloquy.
* Kate Bush song "The Sensual World" echos Molly Bloom's soliloquy. Bush's 2011 album *Director's Cut* includes a newer version of the track ("Flower of the Mountain") with new vocals that use the original Joyce text.
* Amber produced a dance song entitled "Yes".
* "Yes I Said Yes I Will Yes" is the title of a track by Bristol-based jazz quartet Get the Blessing, appearing on their album *Bugs in Amber*.
* Tom Paxton's album "6" contains a song titled "Molly Bloom".
* The video of "Endless Art" by A House spells out part of the soliloquy letter by letter.

### Film and television

* The soliloquy is featured in a Rodney Dangerfield movie, *Back to School*, wherein it is read aloud to a college English class by Dr. Diane Turner (played by Sally Kellerman).
* Stephen Colbert's parody of Donald Trump's announcement for his presidential candidacy, entitled "Announcing: an Announcement," recites part of the soliloquy in an otherwise random series of statements.
* The 2017 film "Molly's Game" contains a character who believes Molly Bloom, the film's poker hostess, is Irish. Molly says,"Okay, Douglas. Focus up. Yes, there's a book by James Joyce called Ulysses and there's a character named Molly Bloom and that is why you think I'm Irish but now it's time to move past that."

### Art

### Other

The character Ralph Spoilsport recites the end of the soliloquy, with erratic variations in gender pronouns, as the last lines of the Firesign Theatre's album *How Can You Be in Two Places at Once When You're Not Anywhere at All*.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Marion (Molly) Bloom | |
| --- | --- |
| *Ulysses* character | |
| Molly Bloom's statue in her fictional home in Gibraltar | |
| Created by | James Joyce |
| In-universe information | |
| Alias | Marion Tweedy |
| Nickname | Molly |
| Occupation | Singer |
| Family | Major Tweedy (father)
Lunita Laredo (mother) |
| Spouse | Leopold Bloom (m. 1888) |
| Children | Millicent (Milly) Bloom (b. 1889)
Rudolph (Rudy) Bloom (b. 1893 – d. 1894) |
| Nationality | British |
| Birthplace | Gibraltar |
| Birth date | 8 September 1870 |


title: Mark McLean (politician)

abstract: Mark McLean is an American politician. He serves as a Republican member for the Hillsborough 15th district of the New Hampshire House of Representatives.

text:
# Mark McLean (politician)

**Mark McLean** is an American politician. He serves as a Republican member for the Hillsborough 15th district of the New Hampshire House of Representatives.

## InfoBox

| Mark McLean | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives
from the Hillsborough 15th district | |
| **In office**
2014–2016 | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
December 7, 2022 | |
| Member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives
from the Hillsborough 44th district | |
| **In office**
2017  December 7, 2022 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Republican |
|  | |


title: Martha Denny

abstract: Martha Denny was an English Catholic recusant, sent to prison in 1562 for having attended mass. Her husband was Sir Wymond Carew, by whom she had either 16 or 19 children, including lawyer Sir Matthew Carew.

text:
# Martha Denny

**Martha Denny** (1505 – 9 January 1572) was an English Catholic recusant, sent to prison in 1562 for having attended mass. Her husband was Sir Wymond Carew, by whom she had either 16 or 19 children, including lawyer Sir Matthew Carew.

## Family and marriage

Martha was born in 1505, the daughter of Sir Edmund Denny, Chief Baron of the Exchequer, and Mary Troutbeck. Her brother was Sir Anthony Denny, a leading member of the Privy Chamber, and a confidant of King Henry VIII of England.

On an unknown date she married Sir Wymond Carew of Antony, Cornwall, by whom she had 16 or 19 children (varying sources), an unknown number of whom survived to adulthood, including:

* Thomas Carew (1527 – 12 February 1565)
* Roger Carew
* George Carew
* John Carew
* Sir Matthew Carew (1531–1618), lawyer; married Alice Rivers, by whom he had issue.
* Anthony Carew
* Harvey Carew
* Prudence Carew married Anthony Brugge or Bridges of West Ham. Anthony was the son of Giles Brugge of West Ham (d. 1557) and Helianor Robbins and grandson of Sir John Brugge (or Bruges), Alderman, Draper and Lord Mayor of London, 1520–1521.
* Temperance Carew (1537 – 9 October 1577)
* Elizabeth Carew (died March 1578/1579) married George Dacres of Cheshunt (1534 -30 September 1580)

Sir Wymond was the treasurer of King Henry's fourth and sixth wives, Anne of Cleves and Catherine Parr.

The Carews lived in extravagant style at their residences in Bletchingley, Surrey, Hertfordshire, and Hackney. When her husband died on 22 August 1549, Martha was left with debts totalling £8,000. As she was unable to pay what was in the 16th century a large sum of money, the manor at Hackney as well as other lands passed to the Crown in 1554.

## Recusancy

Following the loss of her home at Hackney, Denny moved to London, where on 8 September 1562, she was arrested for having attended a Roman Catholic mass. After being tried and convicted, she refused to pay the required fine of marks and was sent to prison for six months. On 4 April 1568, she was arrested a second time for the same offence; this time, however, she received a pardon from Queen Elizabeth.

Martha Denny died on 9 January 1572.

## InfoBox

| Martha Denny | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1505 (1505) |
| Died | 9 January 1572 (aged 6667) |
| Spouse | Wymond Carew |
| Children | 16 or 19, including Thomas and Matthew |
| Father | Edmund Denny |
| Relatives | Sir Anthony Denny (brother)
Richard Carew (grandson)
George Carew (grandson) |