title: Phememe

abstract: A phememe is a hypothesized speech sound with an abstract gestural meaning, proposed by the linguist Mary LeCron Foster. According to Foster, phememes were the fundamental building block of the earliest human spoken language, as opposed to the phonemes of attested languages, contemporary or historical. The phememe concept is thus important in the debate regarding the gestural origin of speech. By way of an example, the sound [m], as a meaningful oral gesture, is understood as pointing to “two opposed surfaces in tapering, pressing together, holding together, crushing, or resting against”. Reflexes of this primordial [m], and its original meaning, are found in ostensibly unrelated present-day languages in words referring to the mouth, the female genitals, and semantic extensions of these, e.g. Latin mugio ‘to moo, bugle’, mutus ‘mute’, mucus ‘mucous’, Japanese mugon ‘silence, muteness’, Dravidian muka- ‘face, mouth’, Piro (Arawak) musi- ‘to be pregnant, impregnate’. According to her most recent published work, Foster proposes that the phememic system of primordial spoken language consisted of the following phememes. The philosopher Maxine Sheets-Johnstone makes extensive use of Foster's concept of the phememe in arguing iconicity to be the foundation of the symbolic process. Earl R. Anderson points out that the phememe is thus an elaboration of earlier theories postulating a role for oral gesture in the origin of spoken language, such as those of the naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace and the anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor, who called his method generative philology. An implication of the phememe hypothesis is that Primordial Language lacked double articulation, which the American linguist Charles F. Hockett proposed as a central design feature of human language. According to this principle, linguistic signs are made up of building blocks, such as phonemes, which are themselves meaningless, e.g. cat is composed of the phonemes /k/, /æ/ and /t/. Phememes came to be desemanticized and replaced by meaningless phonemes in later evolution. The anthropologist Gordon Hewes proposes that this shift was motivated by the advantages phonemes entail in rapid word retrieval.

text:
# Phememe

A **phememe** (from Ancient Greek wikt:φημί ‘I speak, say’) is a hypothesized speech sound with an abstract gestural meaning, proposed by the linguist Mary LeCron Foster.

According to Foster, phememes were the fundamental building block of the earliest human spoken language (Primordial Language), as opposed to the phonemes of attested languages, contemporary or historical. The phememe concept is thus important in the debate regarding the gestural origin of speech. By way of an example, the sound \[m\], as a meaningful oral gesture, is understood as pointing to “two opposed surfaces in tapering, pressing together, holding together, crushing, or resting against”. Reflexes of this primordial \[m\], and its original meaning, are found in ostensibly unrelated present-day languages in words referring to the mouth, the female genitals, and semantic extensions of these, e.g. Latin *mugio* ‘to moo, bugle’, *mutus* ‘mute’, *mucus* ‘mucous’, Japanese *mugon* ‘silence, muteness’, Dravidian *muka-* ‘face, mouth’, Piro (Arawak) *musi-* ‘to be pregnant, impregnate’. According to her most recent published work, Foster proposes that the phememic system of primordial spoken language consisted of the following phememes.

Consonant phememes of Primordial Language
|  | Labial | Dental | Alveopalatal | Velar | Laryngeal |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Resonants | m | n | l |  |  |
|  | bilateral | internal | unconstrained |  |  |
| Stops | p | t | c | k | ʔ |
|  | projective | introjective | extrinsic | divergent | discontinuous |
| Glides | w |  | y |  | h |
|  | curvate |  | linear |  | continuous |

The philosopher Maxine Sheets-Johnstone makes extensive use of Foster's concept of the phememe in arguing iconicity to be the foundation of the symbolic process. Earl R. Anderson points out that the phememe is thus an elaboration of earlier theories postulating a role for oral gesture in the origin of spoken language, such as those of the naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace and the anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor, who called his method *generative philology*. An implication of the phememe hypothesis is that Primordial Language lacked double articulation, which the American linguist Charles F. Hockett proposed as a central design feature of human language. According to this principle, linguistic signs are made up of building blocks, such as phonemes, which are themselves meaningless, e.g. *cat* is composed of the phonemes /k/, /æ/ and /t/. Phememes came to be desemanticized and replaced by meaningless phonemes in later evolution. The anthropologist Gordon Hewes proposes that this shift was motivated by the advantages phonemes entail in rapid word retrieval.


title: Philip Martin (poet)

abstract: Philip John Talbot Martin (1931–2005) was an Australian academic, poet, translator, critic and broadcaster. Born in the Melbourne suburb of Richmond, Martin graduated from the University of Melbourne in 1958. He taught English at Monash University from 1964. His poems have been published, anthologised and broadcast both in Australia and overseas. His poetic output was cut short when he suffered a severe stroke in 1987. He lived through a long period of illness from that time until his death in 2005. An obituary of Philip Martin written by the Australian poet Kate Llewellyn was published in the Poet's Union magazine Five Bells in its Summer 2005-2006 edition.

text:
# Philip Martin (poet)

**Philip John Talbot Martin** (1931–2005) was an Australian academic, poet, translator, critic and broadcaster.

Born in the Melbourne suburb of Richmond, Martin graduated from the University of Melbourne in 1958. He taught English at Monash University from 1964. His poems have been published, anthologised and broadcast both in Australia and overseas.

His poetic output was cut short when he suffered a severe stroke in 1987. He lived through a long period of illness from that time until his death in 2005.

An obituary of Philip Martin written by the Australian poet Kate Llewellyn was published in the Poet's Union magazine *Five Bells* in its Summer 2005-2006 edition.

## Publications

* *Voice Unaccompanied: poems* (1970)
* *Shakespeare's Sonnets: Self, Love and Art* (1972)
* *A Bone Flute* (poems, Australian National University Press, 1974)
* *From Sweden: Translations and Poems* (1979)
* *A Flag for the Wind* (poems, Longman Cheshire, 1982)
* *New and Selected Poems* (poems, Longman Cheshire, 1988)


title: Philip Burnell

abstract: Philip John Burnell is a former English first-class cricketer. Burnell was born at Woodford Green in June 1945 and later studied at Oriel College, Oxford. While studying at Oxford, he played first-class cricket for Oxford University on six occasions as a wicket-keeper in 1967, scoring 71 runs with a high score of 28, in addition to taking three catches and making a single stumping.

text:
# Philip Burnell

**Philip John Burnell** (born 12 June 1945) is a former English first-class cricketer.

Burnell was born at Woodford Green in June 1945 and later studied at Oriel College, Oxford. While studying at Oxford, he played first-class cricket for Oxford University on six occasions as a wicket-keeper in 1967, scoring 71 runs with a high score of 28, in addition to taking three catches and making a single stumping.

## InfoBox

Philip Burnell
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Philip John Burnell |
| Born | (1945-06-12) 12 June 1945<br>Woodford Green, Essex, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Role | Wicket-keeper |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1967 | Oxford University |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 6  Runs scored 71  Batting average 10.14  100s/50s –/–  Top score 28  Catches/stumpings 3/1 | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 7 January 2020 | |


title: Phlegmariurus scabridus

abstract: Phlegmariurus scabridus is a species of plant in the family Lycopodiaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forest and subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland. It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Phlegmariurus scabridus

***Phlegmariurus scabridus*** is a species of plant in the family Lycopodiaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forest and subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Phlegmariurus scabridus* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Lycophytes |
| Class: | Lycopodiopsida |
| Order: | Lycopodiales |
| Family: | Lycopodiaceae |
| Genus: | *Phlegmariurus* |
| Species: | ***P. scabridus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phlegmariurus scabridus***
(B.Øllg.) B.Øllg. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Huperzia scabrida* B.Øllg. | |


title: Philip Maero

abstract: Philip J. Maero was an American operatic baritone, particularly associated with the Italian repertory. He was born in New York City. His family came from Piedmont, Northwest of Italy. He studied voice first in New York City and later in Rome. He made his debut in Italy in 1951, on Italian Radio (RAI), where he sang as soloist for four years. His career was then abruptly interrupted when he contracted poliomyelitis. Once recovered, he successfully resumed his singing career, appearing first mostly in concert. He made his American debut in 1955, at both the Lyric Opera of Chicago and the New York City Opera. He appeared at Carnegie Hall in 1959, in a concert version of Pizzetti's L'Assassinio nella cattedrale. He was especially admired in the title role of Rigoletto, and Germont in La traviata. He died in Tarpon Springs, Florida in 2003.

text:
# Philip Maero

**Philip J. Maero** (October 2, 1924  August 25, 2003) was an American operatic baritone, particularly associated with the Italian repertory. He was born in New York City. His family came from Piedmont, Northwest of Italy.

He studied voice first in New York City and later in Rome. He made his debut in Italy in 1951, on Italian Radio (RAI), where he sang as soloist for four years. His career was then abruptly interrupted when he contracted poliomyelitis. Once recovered, he successfully resumed his singing career, appearing first mostly in concert.

He made his American debut in 1955, at both the Lyric Opera of Chicago and the New York City Opera. He appeared at Carnegie Hall in 1959, in a concert version of Pizzetti's *L'Assassinio nella cattedrale*. He was especially admired in the title role of *Rigoletto*, and Germont in *La traviata*. He died in Tarpon Springs, Florida in 2003.

## Recordings

Maero left a few recordings for RCA Victor, notably as Enrico in *Lucia di Lammermoor*, opposite Roberta Peters, as Schaunard in *La bohème*, opposite Anna Moffo, and as Sharpless in *Madama Butterfly*, opposite Leontyne Price.

## Sources


title: Phu Pwint Khaing

abstract: Phu Pwint Khaing is a women's footballer from Myanmar who was a defender for the Myanmar women's national football team at the 2014 AFC Women's Asian Cup and 2016 AFF Women's Championship.

text:
# Phu Pwint Khaing

**Phu Pwint Khaing** (born 23 July 1987) is a women's footballer from Myanmar who was a defender for the Myanmar women's national football team at the 2014 AFC Women's Asian Cup and 2016 AFF Women's Championship.

## International goals

| No. | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | 7 April 2017 | Vietnam YFT Center, Hanoi, Vietnam | Syria | **13**–0 | 14–0 | 2018 AFC Women's Asian Cup qualification |

## InfoBox

Phu Pwint Khaing
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1987-07-23) 23 July 1987 | | |
| Place of birth | Yangon, Myanmar | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Thitsar Arman | | |
| International career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2010– | Myanmar | 6 | (3) |
| ‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 09:27, 22 March 2015 (UTC) | | | |


title: Phillips Cycles

abstract:
Phillips Cycles Ltd. was a British bicycle manufacturer based in Smethwick near Birmingham, England. Its history began early in the 20th century and ended in the 1980s by which time it had become part of Raleigh Industries, itself a part of the Tube Investments group. For a number of years, the company was the second-largest bicycle producer in Britain, after Raleigh. The company motto, which was carried on all its badges, was "Renowned the World Over". The "Phillips" brand is still used around the world, especially in China and the Far East, having been licensed by Raleigh.
In India it was produced from Madras presently called Chennai.

text:
# Phillips Cycles

**Phillips Cycles** Ltd. was a British bicycle manufacturer based in Smethwick near Birmingham, England. Its history began early in the 20th century and ended in the 1980s by which time it had become part of Raleigh Industries, itself a part of the Tube Investments group. For a number of years, the company was the second-largest bicycle producer in Britain, after Raleigh. The company motto, which was carried on all its badges, was "Renowned the World Over". The "Phillips" brand is still used around the world, especially in China and the Far East, having been licensed by Raleigh. In India it was produced from Madras presently called Chennai.

## Products

The company produced millions of bicycles, many of which were exported, and also manufactured several mopeds. These mopeds included the 'Panda' and 'Gadabout' models. The earliest of these machines (circa 1958 to 1962) were all produced in the United Kingdom except for the German 'Rex' engines but later models (Panda Mk 3 and Gadabout) were licensed versions of the Mobylette moped made by Motobécane of France.

## Prototypes

In 1956, Phillips unveiled the world's first titanium bicycle frame. Unlike modern titanium components, pure titanium was used as opposed to alloys.


title: Phillips Covered Bridge

abstract: The Phillips Covered Bridge is southeast of Montezuma, Indiana in Parke County, Indiana and crosses Rocky Run, also known as Big Pond Creek. Unlike the rest of the bridges of Parke County, it is a single span King Post bridge structure, having no arches, that was built by Joseph A. Britton in 1909. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

text:
# Phillips Covered Bridge

The **Phillips Covered Bridge** is southeast of Montezuma, Indiana in Parke County, Indiana and crosses Rocky Run, also known as Big Pond Creek. Unlike the rest of the bridges of Parke County, it is a single span King Post bridge structure, having no arches, that was built by Joseph A. Britton in 1909.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

## History

The Phillips Covered Bridge is often known as the Arabia Covered Bridge because the surrounding area was known as "Little Arabia." This name may of came from the Syrian Muslims immigrants that had settled nearby or maybe as a term of derision for the residents of the area who were thought of as little more than cattle thieves. The Arabia Church had been built on the hill south of the covered bridge. The only remains of the church now though are a step, foundation and some broken stained glass. However, the church's cemetery, Arabia Cemetery, remains and many of the headstones are inscribed with the "Phillips" name showing that the Phillips family had been prominent to the area near the bridge. The 1908 Parke County Atlas shows that the Phillips owned all the land west and south of the bridge.

The bridge also holds the distinction of not only being the shortest covered bridge in Parke County but also the only bridge left that is not of Burr Arch construction, it is a four-segment Kings Post truss bridge. It took these honors in 1957 when its sister bridge, the Weisner Covered Bridge, was washed out. The Weisner Covered Bridge had been built the year before the Phillips Covered Bridge by J.A. Britton also using a four-segment Kings Post truss but was shorter than the Phillips Bridge.

## InfoBox

| Phillips Covered Bridge | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 39°46′20.17″N 87°19′20.71″W / 39.7722694°N 87.3224194°W / 39.7722694; -87.3224194 |
| Crosses | Rocky Run |
| Locale | Wabash, Parke, Indiana |
| Other name(s) | Arabia Bridge |
| Named for | The Phillips family |
| Owner | Parke County |
| ID number | 6100057 |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | Multiple King Posts (no arch) single span |
| Material | Wood |
| Total length | 43 ft (13 m) |
| Width | 16 ft (4.9 m) |
| Clearance above | 14 ft (4.3 m) |
| History | |
| Constructed by | Britton, J.A. |
| Opened | 1909 |
| Rebuilt | 1991 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Phillips Covered Bridge | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| MPS | Parke County Covered Bridges TR |
| NRHP reference No. | 78000407 |
| Added to NRHP | Dec 22, 1978 |
|  | |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: Pholas Dactylus (band)

abstract: Pholas Dactylus is an Italian avant-prog band active in the 1970s. The name is that of a shell. The band was formed around 1972 by Bergamo's musicians, coming from two previously existing ones, with the name of Spectre. After intense live activity, in 1973 they released their sole LP, Concerto delle menti: this a rather experimental, avantgarde work including Biblical, mythological and science fiction influences, marked by a strong symbolism. Though full of suggestion and praised by critics, the album had little success and the band split up due to financial problems.

text:
# Pholas Dactylus (band)

**Pholas Dactylus** is an Italian avant-prog band active in the 1970s. The name is that of a shell.

The band was formed around 1972 by Bergamo's musicians, coming from two previously existing ones, with the name of **Spectre**. After intense live activity, in 1973 they released their sole LP, *Concerto delle menti* ("Concerto of minds"): this a rather experimental, avantgarde work including Biblical, mythological and science fiction influences, marked by a strong symbolism.

Though full of suggestion and praised by critics, the album had little success and the band split up due to financial problems.

## Line up

* Paolo Carella – voice
* Valentino Galbusera – keyboards
* Maurizio Pancotti – keyboards
* Eleino Colledet – guitars
* Rinaldo Linati – bass
* Giampiero Nava – drums


title: Phyllonorycter aceripestis

abstract: Phyllonorycter aceripestis is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. The larvae feed on Acer regeli and Acer turkestanicum. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

text:
# Phyllonorycter aceripestis

***Phyllonorycter aceripestis*** is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Tajikistan and Turkmenistan.

The larvae feed on *Acer regeli* and *Acer turkestanicum*. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

## InfoBox

| *Phyllonorycter aceripestis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gracillariidae |
| Genus: | *Phyllonorycter* |
| Species: | ***P. aceripestis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phyllonorycter aceripestis***<br>(Kuznetzov, 1978) | |
|


title: Physopyga

abstract: Physopyga is a genus of flies in the family Dolichopodidae found in mangroves in Papua New Guinea. It contains a single species, Physopyga miranda.

text:
# Physopyga

***Physopyga*** is a genus of flies in the family Dolichopodidae found in mangroves in Papua New Guinea. It contains a single species, ***Physopyga miranda***.

## InfoBox

| *Physopyga* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Dolichopodidae |
| Subfamily: | Rhaphiinae |
| Genus: | *Physopyga*
Grootaert & Meuffels, 1990 |
| Species: | ***P. miranda*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Physopyga miranda***
Grootaert & Meuffels, 1990 | |
|


title: Physopsis spicata

abstract: Physopsis spicata is a plant in the Lamiaceae family, first described in 1849 by Nikolai Turczaninow/ It is found in Western Australia.

text:
# Physopsis spicata

***Physopsis spicata*** is a plant in the Lamiaceae family, first described in 1849 by Nikolai Turczaninow/

It is found in Western Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Physopsis spicata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lamiaceae |
| Genus: | *Physopsis* |
| Species: | ***P. spicata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Physopsis spicata***<br>Turcz. | |
|
|  | |


title: Pick of the Litter (manga)

abstract: Pick of the Litter is a Japanese shōjo manga series written by Yuriko Suda that was serialized in Monthly Asuka from 2004 through 2007. The individual chapters were published in six tankōbon volumes by Kadokawa Shoten. Tokyopop licensed the series for an English language release in North America by Tokyopop in 2007, at first releasing the title solely online before beginning to release it in tankōbon form. After releasing four of the six volumes, Tokyopop canceled its planned release of the fifth volume, but has recently released it in May 2010.

text:
# Pick of the Litter (manga)

***Pick of the Litter*** (異界繁盛記 ひよこや☆商店, *Ikai Hanjōki – Hiyokoya Shōten*, lit. "Spirit World Prosperity Chronicle – Hiyokoya Shop") is a Japanese shōjo manga series written by Yuriko Suda that was serialized in *Monthly Asuka* from 2004 through 2007. The individual chapters were published in six tankōbon volumes by Kadokawa Shoten.

Tokyopop licensed the series for an English language release in North America by Tokyopop in 2007, at first releasing the title solely online before beginning to release it in tankōbon form. After releasing four of the six volumes, Tokyopop canceled its planned release of the fifth volume, but has recently released it in May 2010.

## Plot

Five years ago, ten-year-old Riku Fukagawa arrived in Tokyo with no memory of his past except for his name. Since then, he has been living a normal life and going to school, while wondering who he really is and if he has any family still looking for him. One day, some strangely dressed characters insist that he is their long-lost relative and drag him to another world called Yamato.

There he discovers that he is "special," and that his family isn't completely human. They have animal like ears, animal tails, and special abilities. He has five older brothers who run a shop named Hiyokoya that sells weird objects like "live soap bubbles" and "tangle octopus." Thus begins Riku's adventure as he tries to study for exams in Japan and work at the Hiyokoya in Yamato at the same time.

## Characters

Riku Fukagawa Riku Fukagawa is 15-year-old boy who lives in Tokyo. He can't remember anything about his family and claims that the only thing he remembered when he was found 5 years ago was his name. Riku has an uncanny urge to help people and all other living things in need. He also states that he couldn't even remember proper Japanese. One day after school he goes to a flea market. There he sees an out-of-the-ordinary character named Satsuki selling "goldfish" though what he is selling is clearly not goldfish. When one of the creatures tries to eat Futaba, a small half rabbit boy, he takes the translating book that Satsuki had to help translate. Riku's friends and Riku himself were shocked to find that Riku could understand the strange language. After that, Satsuki claims that he is Riku's older brother and that he came to take him back to the shop. In chapter 2 of the first volume, Riku helps Satsuki with a delivery because he thinks the load will be too much for Satsuki alone. He tells Satsuki that he came along because he thought the trip would help trigger his memories. Satsuki said it wouldn't because Riku had barely ever left his bedroom so he didn't have many memories of the town anyway. It is later revealed that Riku is a tsunagi (the ability to listen and free a holy spirit from its stone)Riku is the youngest Hiyokoya brother. Satsuki Hiyokoya Satsuki is Riku's 15-year-old older half-brother. He is very dimwitted and laid-back, but take precautionary steps to protect Riku, even though the current Riku does not need any help. He is first introduced trying to sell weird creatures from the Hiyokoya shop, calling them goldfish. Satsuki is the only one in the shop that does not know how to speak proper Japanese and has to rely on a translating book. He and Shii usually both want to do things, and end up playing rock-paper-scissors to settle it. Shii usually wins. Satsuki is irresponsible, as shown in chapter 2 of the first volume, when he lets the bagworm that he and Riku were transporting get stolen. Ichiya Hiyokoya Ichiya is the young master of Hiyokoya. He is the oldest sibling and dotes on Riku. He gives Riku everything that Riku like even if he doesn't fully approve it. He is overprotective on Riku as he blames himself of not being able to protect Riku five years ago. He wants to keep Riku away on holyspirit stones as he is afraid to repeat the incident that happened. He and Riku have the same mother. Futaba Hiyokoya Futaba is the second brother. He is a member of the mysterious Usamimi Clan with the ability to connect Yamato and Japan. He is often gets attacked by crows. He has the appearance of a child with the rabbit ears but can transform to an adult by a limited time. He doesn't talk when he's in chibi form. He writes to communicate to others. Mikasa Hiyokoya Mikasa is the third brother of Riku. Mikasa is a loafer and Hiyokoya's biggest problem child. Though it may seem that he doesn't care about his family he's always there when his family is in danger. He's quite popular in the red-light district. He can change into a red crow. Shii Hiyokoya Shii is the fourth brother of Riku. Shii is an easygoing and aloof, but he's also quite the little schemer. Shii is usually the one who punish Satsuki when he damage their goods. Shii is also very good in crossdressing and always drag Riku into it much to Riku's chagrin. Saika Saika is the holy spirit with enormous power. He is normally sealed inside a stone that's shaped like a beckoning cat. He "syncs up" with Riku to display various powers, but his true power has yet to be discovered. Konohana Konohana is Riku's cousin. Konohana is a capable girl who's a member of the Usa-mimi Clan. She doesn't have any magic though. Mio Mio is the short-tempered head clerk of the shop. Mio is Riku's father's cousin. He supports Hiyokoya on the management side of things. Mio gets really angry when it comes to spending money.  1. Dong, Bamboo (2007-07-01). "Otakon 2007: Tokyopop". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2008-07-09.
2. "Tokyopop Manga Volumes Pulled from July Solicitations (Updated)". Anime News Network. 2008-06-18. Retrieved 2008-07-09.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Pick of the Litter | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover of the first volume of the English language release of *Pick of the Litter* | |
| 異界繁盛記 ひよこや☆商店<br>(*Ikai Hanjōki - Hiyokoya Shōten*) | |
| Genre | Comedy, Supernatural |
| Manga | |
| Written by | Yuriko Suda |
| Published by | Kadokawa Shoten |
| English publisher | Tokyopop |
| Magazine | *Monthly Asuka* |
| Demographic | *Shōjo* |
| Original run | 20042007 |
| Volumes | 6 |


title: Pick slide

abstract: A pick slide or pick scrape is a guitar technique most often performed in the rock, punk or metal music genres. The technique is executed by holding the edge of the pick against any of the three or four wound strings and moving it along the string. As the pick moves across the string, the edge of the pick catches the string's windings in rapid succession causing the string to vibrate and produce a note. This rapid rattling of the pick's edge against the windings also gives the resulting note a grinding or grating quality. The pitch of a pick slide rises as the pick moves closer to the bridge, and lowers as the pick moves up to the neck. Since pick slides usually start near the bridge and end over the higher frets, these slides have a characteristic of gradually lowering the pitch. A pick slide causes little – if any – damage to the strings, pickups or guitar, but it does ruin the edge of the pick; thinner picks made of more durable materials are the best choice for the technique.

text:
# Pick slide

A **pick slide** or **pick scrape** is a guitar technique most often performed in the rock, punk or metal music genres. The technique is executed by holding the edge of the pick against any of the three or four wound strings and moving it along the string. As the pick moves across the string, the edge of the pick catches the string's windings in rapid succession causing the string to vibrate and produce a note. This rapid rattling of the pick's edge against the windings also gives the resulting note a grinding or grating quality.

The pitch of a pick slide rises as the pick moves closer to the bridge, and lowers as the pick moves up to the neck. Since pick slides usually start near the bridge and end over the higher frets, these slides have a characteristic of gradually lowering the pitch. A pick slide causes little – if any – damage to the strings, pickups or guitar, but it does ruin the edge of the pick; thinner picks made of more durable materials are the best choice for the technique.


title: Phylogenetic footprinting

abstract:
Phylogenetic footprinting is a technique used to identify transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) within a non-coding region of DNA of interest by comparing it to the orthologous sequence in different species. When this technique is used with a large number of closely related species, this is called phylogenetic shadowing. Researchers have found that non-coding pieces of DNA contain binding sites for regulatory proteins that govern the spatiotemporal expression of genes. These transcription factor binding sites (TFBS), or regulatory motifs, have proven hard to identify, primarily because they are short in length, and can show sequence variation. The importance of understanding transcriptional regulation to many fields of biology has led researchers to develop strategies for predicting the presence of TFBS, many of which have led to publicly available databases. One such technique is Phylogenetic Footprinting. Phylogenetic footprinting relies upon two major concepts:
  - The function and DNA binding preferences of transcription factors are well-conserved between diverse species.
  - Important non-coding DNA sequences that are essential for regulating gene expression will show differential selective pressure. A slower rate of change occurs in TFBS than in other, less critical, parts of the non-coding genome.

text:
# Phylogenetic footprinting

**Phylogenetic footprinting** is a technique used to identify transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) within a non-coding region of DNA of interest by comparing it to the orthologous sequence in different species. When this technique is used with a large number of closely related species, this is called **phylogenetic shadowing**.

Researchers have found that non-coding pieces of DNA contain binding sites for regulatory proteins that govern the spatiotemporal expression of genes. These transcription factor binding sites (TFBS), or regulatory motifs, have proven hard to identify, primarily because they are short in length, and can show sequence variation. The importance of understanding transcriptional regulation to many fields of biology has led researchers to develop strategies for predicting the presence of TFBS, many of which have led to publicly available databases. One such technique is Phylogenetic Footprinting.

Phylogenetic footprinting relies upon two major concepts:

1. The function and DNA binding preferences of transcription factors are well-conserved between diverse species.
2. Important non-coding DNA sequences that are essential for regulating gene expression will show differential selective pressure. A slower rate of change occurs in TFBS than in other, less critical, parts of the non-coding genome.

## History

Phylogenetic footprinting was first used and published by Tagle et al. in 1988, which allowed researchers to predict evolutionary conserved cis-regulatory elements responsible for embryonic ε and γ globulin gene expression in primates.

Before phylogenetic footprinting, DNase footprinting was used, where protein would be bound to DNA transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) protecting it from DNase digestion. One of the problems with this technique was the amount of time and labor it would take. Unlike DNase footprinting, phylogenetic footprinting relies on evolutionary constraints within the genome, with the "important" parts of the sequence being conserved among the different species.

## Protocol

It is important when using this technique to decide which genome your sequence should be aligned to. More divergent species will have less sequence similarity between orthologous genes. Therefore, the key is to pick species that are related enough to detect homology, but divergent enough to maximize non-alignment "noise". Step wise approach to Phylogenetic footprinting consists of :

1. One should decide on the gene of interest.
2. Carefully choose species with orthologous genes.
3. Decide on the length of the upstream or maybe downstream region to be looked at.
4. Align the sequences.
5. Look for conserved regions and analyse them.

## Not all TFBS are found

Not all transcription binding sites can be found using phylogenetic footprinting due to the statistical nature of this technique. Here are several reasons why some TFBS are not found:

### Species specific binding sites

Some binding sites seem to have no significant matches in most other species. Therefore, detecting these sites by phylogenetic footprinting is likely impossible unless a large number of closely related species are available.

### Very short binding sites

Some binding sites show excellent conservation, but just in a shorter region than the ones were looked for. Such short motifs (e.g., GC-box) often occur by chance in nonfunctional sequences and detecting these motifs can be challenging.

### Less specific binding factors

Some binding sites show some conservation but have had insertions or deletions. It is not obvious if these sequences with insertions or deletions are still functional. Though they may still be functional if the binding factor is less specific (or less 'picky' if you will). Because deletions and insertions are rare in binding sites, considering insertions and deletions in the sequence would detect a few more true TFBSs, but it could likely include many more false positives.

### Not enough data

Some motifs are quite well conserved, but they are statistically insignificant in a specific dataset. The motif might have appeared in different species by chance. These motifs could be detected if sequences from more organisms are available. So this will be less of a problem in the future.

### Compound binding regions

Some transcription factors bind as dimers. Therefore, their binding sites may consist of two conserved regions, separated by a few variable nucleotides. Because of the variable internal sequence, the motif cannot be detected. However, if we could use a program to search for motifs containing a variable sequence in the middle, without counting mutations, these motifs could be discovered.

## Accuracy

It is important to keep in mind that not all conserved sequences are under selection pressure. To eliminate false positives statistical analysis must be performed that will show that the motifs reported have a mutation rate meaningfully less than that of the surrounding nonfunctional sequence.

Moreover, results could be more accurate if the prior knowledge about the sequence is considered. For example, some regulatory elements are repeated 15 times in a promoter region (e.g., some metallothionein promoters have up to 15 metal response elements (MREs)). Thus, to eliminate false motifs with inconsistent order across species, the orientation and order of regulatory elements in a promoter region should be the same in all species. This type of information could help us to identify regulatory elements that are not adequately conserved but occur in several copies in the input sequence.

1. Phylogenetic Shadowing of Primate Sequences to Find Functional Regions of the Human Genome doi:10.1126/science.1081331
2. Neph, S. and Tompa, M. 2006. MicroFootPrinter: a tool for phylogenetic footprinting in prokaryotic genomes. *Nucleic Acids Research*. 34: 366–368
3. Tagle, D. A., Koop, B. F., Goodman, M., Slightom, J. L., Hess, D., and Jones, R. T. 1988. Embryonic ε and γ globin genes of a prosimian primate (Galago crassicaudatis): nucleotide and amino acid sequences, developmental regulation, and phylogenetic footprints. *J. Mol. Biol.* 203:439–455.
4. Zhang, Z. and Gerstein, M. 2003. Of mice and men: phylogenetic footprinting aids the discovery of regulatory elements.*J. Biol.*2:11-11.4
5. Blanchette, M. and Tompa, M. 2002. Discovery of Regulatory Elements by a Computational Method for Phylogenetic Footprinting. *Genome Res.* 12: 739–748


title: Pierre-Augustin Moncousu

abstract: Pierre Augustin Moncousu was a French naval officer.

text:
# Pierre-Augustin Moncousu

**Pierre Augustin Moncousu** (French pronunciation: \[pjɛʁ oɡystɛ̃ mɔ̃kuzy\]; August 1756 – 6 July 1801) was a French naval officer.

## Career

Moncousu was born in Baugé. He took part in the Battle of Groix commanding *Redoutable*, and died at the First Battle of Algeciras.

## Family

Moncousu's first-born son was also named Pierre-Augustin, and served in the Navy as well. Ensign in 1815, he was expelled from the Navy after fomenting a plot with five other officers to ferry Napoléon from Rochefort to the United States.

## Notes and references

### Notes

### References

1. Levot, p.355
2. Levot, p.356
3. Levot, p.357

### Bibliography

* Levot, Prosper (1866). *Les gloires maritimes de la France: notices biographiques sur les plus célèbres marins* (in French). Bertrand.
* Fonds Marine. Campagnes (opérations ; divisions et stations navales ; missions diverses). Inventaire de la sous-série Marine BB4. Tome premier : BB4 1 à 482 (1790–1826)


title: Pierre-Auguste Lamy

abstract: Pierre-Auguste Lamy was a French engraver, lithographer and watercolourist.

text:
# Pierre-Auguste Lamy

**Pierre-Auguste Lamy** (1 July 1827 – 6 October 1883) was a French engraver, lithographer and watercolourist.

## Life

Pierre-Auguste Lamy's parents – Jean Martin Lamy (1780–1841) and Marie Elisabeth Quentin (1785–1854) – were married in Paris April 14, 1812. Pierre-Auguste Lamy married Henriette Claire Dobremel (1821–1898) in Paris on February 3, 1855. Lamy made his debut at the Salon of 1850. Pierre-Auguste Lamy died at his home, 35, rue des Jeûneurs (fr), October 6, 1883.

## Lithographs by Pierre-Auguste Lamy for *La Fiancée d'Abydos*

*La Fiancée d'Abydos*, premiered 30 December 1865 at the Théâtre-Lyrique

## Other works

1. *Cadre contenant deux lithographies, d'après M. Vilain* (fr)
\[*Frame containing two lithographs, after Mr. Vilain*\] — Salon 1850
2. *Le fou qui vend la sagesse, d'après M. P. Leray*
\[*The Madman Who Sells Wisdom, after Mr. P. Leray*\], lithograph — Salon 1853
3. *Tépidarium, d'après M. Th. Chassériau*
\[*Tepidarium, after Mr. Th. Chassériau*\], lithograph — Salon 1855
4. *Une mêlée, d'après Salvator Rosa*
\[*A Skirmish, after Salvator Rosa*\], lithograph — Salon 1857
5. *Une pensée, d'après Prud'hon*
\[*A thought, after Prud'hon*\], lithograph — Salon 1857
6. *La jeune mère, d'après M. Trayer*
\[*The Young Mother, after Mr. Trayer*\], lithograph — Salon 1859
7. *Sarah la baigneuse, d'après M. Tassaert*
\[*Sarah the Bather, after Mr. Tassaert*\], lithograph — Salon 1859
8. *Le bouquet, d'après M. A. Stevens*
\[*The Bouquet, after Mr. A. Stevens*\], lithograph — Salon 1864
9. *La dévideuse, d'après la statue de M. Salmson* (fr)
\[*The Thread Spinner, after the statue of Mr. Salmson*\], etching — Salon 1865
10. *Hypathie, d'après la statue de M. Gaston-Guitton*
\[*Hypatia, after the statue of Mr. Gaston-Guitton*\]
(Gaston Victor Édouard Gustave Guitton; 1825–1891), etching — Salon 1865
11. *Intérieur, d'après Rembrandt*
\[*Interior, after Rembrandt*\], lithograph — Salon 1865
12. *Un chanteur, d'après M. A. Zo*
\[*A Singer, after Mr. A. Zo*\]
(Alcide Joseph Lorentz Zo; 1820–1884), lithograph — Salon 1865
13. *La pourvoijeuse misère, d'après M. Glaize*
\[*The Provider of Misery, after Mr. Glaize*\], lithograph — Salon 1866
14. *Orphée, d'après M. G. Moreau*
\[*Orpheus, after Mr. G. Moreau*\], etching — Salon 1867
15. *Le Tépidarium, d'après Chasseriau*
\[*The Tepidarium, after Chasseriau*\], lithographs — Salon 1869
16. *La Volupté, d'après Prud'hon*
\[*Voluptuousness, after Prud'hon*\], lithograph — Salon 1869
17. *La liseuse, d'après M. Ch. Hue*
\[*The Reader, after Mr. Ch. Hue*
(Charles Désiré Hue; 1833–1899), etching — Salon 1870
18. *Le laboratoire de Mme de Warens, d'après M. Ch. Hue*
\[*The Laboratory of Madame de Warens, after Mr. Ch. Hue*\]
(Charles Désiré Hue; 1833–1899), lithograph — Salon 1870
19. *La lecture, d'après M. Hue*
\[*Reading, after Mr. Hue*\]
(Charles Désiré Hue; 1833–1899), etching — Salon 1877
20. *Le poète Florentin, d'après M. Cabanel*
\[*The Florentine Poet, after Mr. Cabanel*\], lithograph — Salon 1879
21. *Un café sur les rives du Danube, d'après de Tournemine*
\[*A Café on the Banks of the Danube, after Tournemine*\], lithograph — Salon 1879
22. *La nymphe Sinois*
\[*The Sinois Nymph*\], watercolor — Salon 1880

## Bibliography

### Notes

### References

* Bellier de la Chavignerie & Auvray (1882). *Dictionnaire général des artistes de l'école française depuis l'origine des arts du dessin jusqu'à nos jours. Architectes, peintres, sculpteurs, graveurs et lithographes* \[*General Dictionary of Artists of the French School from the Origin of the Arts of Drawing to the Present Day. Architects, Painters, Sculptors, Engravers, and Lithographers*\]. Vol. 1. Work begun by Émile Bellier de la Chavignerie (1821–1871); continued by Louis Auvray (1810–1890). Paris: Librairie Renouard, H. Loones, Successor, 6, Rue de Tournon, 6. pp. 893–894. Retrieved September 17, 2024. LCCN 12-6444; OCLC 763990888 (all editions).

1. Via Internet Archive (Getty Research Institute).

* Exposition Universelle de 1855: *Explication des ouvrages de peinture, sculpture, gravure, lithographie et architecture des artistes vivants étrangers et français, exposés au Palais des Beaux-Arts Avenue Montaigne, le 15 mai 1855* \[*Explanation of the works of painting, sculpture, engraving, lithography and architecture of living foreign and French artists, exhibited at the Palais des Beaux-Arts Avenue Montaigne, May 15, 1855*\]. Paris: Se Trouve Chez Panis, Place de la Bourse, 10 \[Can be found at Panis, 10 Place de la Bourse\]. Vinchon, imprimeur des Musées Impériaux, rue J.-J. Rousseau, 8 \[Vinchon, printer for the Imperial Museums, 8 J.-J. Rousseau Street.\] → Jean Baptiste Auguste Vinchon (1789–1855). 1855. p. 536.

1. Via Internet Archive (Getty Research Institute).

* Salon de 1864: *Explication des ouvrages de peinture, sculpture, architecture, gravure et lithographie des artistes vivants, exposés au Palais des Champs-Élysées le 1ᵉʳ mai 1864*. Paris: Charles de Mourgues Frères. Successeurs de Vinchon, imprimeurs des Musées Impériaux, rue J.-J. Rousseau, 8 \[Charles de Mourgues Frères. Successors of Vinchon, printers of the Imperial Museums, 8 J.-J. Rousseau Street\]. 1866.

1. Via Internet Archive (Getty Research Institute).

* Salon de 1866: *Explication des ouvrages de peinture, sculpture, architecture, gravure et lithographie des artistes vivants, des envois des pensionnaires de L'Académie de France à Rome, et des grands prix de 1865 exposés au Palais des Champs-Élysées le 1ᵉʳ mai 1866* \[*Explanation of the Works of Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Engraving, and Lithography by Living Artists, Submissions From the Pensioners of the French Academy in Rome, and the Grand Prizes of 1865, Exhibited at the Palais Des Champs-Élysées on May 1, 1866*\]. Paris: Charles de Mourgues Frères. Successeurs de Vinchon, imprimeurs des Musées Impériaux, rue J.-J. Rousseau, 8 \[Charles de Mourgues Frères. Successors of Vinchon, printers of the Imperial Museums, 8 J.-J. Rousseau Street\]. 1866.

1. Via Internet Archive (Getty Research Institute).

## InfoBox

| Pierre-Auguste Lamy | |
| --- | --- |
| Marie Battu playing Ines in *L'Africaine* by Giacomo Meyerbeer. Watercolored lithography (*c.* 1865); Charles Fernique, lithographer. | |
| Born | (1827-07-01)1 July 1827
Paris |
| Died | 6 October 1883(1883-10-06) (aged 56)
Paris |
| Known for | Engraving, lithography, watercolors |
| Spouse(s) | Henriette Claire Dobremel
(m. 1855) (1821–1898) |
|  | |


title: Walk It Talk It

abstract: "Walk It Talk It" is a song by American hip hop trio Migos featuring Canadian rapper Drake. The single was released on March 18, 2018. It was included on the trio's third studio album, Culture II (2018). After the album's release, it debuted at number 18 and later peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 after its release as the third single. The song was produced by frequent collaborators OG Parker and Deko.

text:
# Walk It Talk It

"**Walk It Talk It**" is a song by American hip hop trio Migos featuring Canadian rapper Drake. The single was released on March 18, 2018. It was included on the trio's third studio album, *Culture II* (2018). After the album's release, it debuted at number 18 and later peaked at number 10 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 after its release as the third single. The song was produced by frequent collaborators OG Parker and Deko.

## Background

The song is the sixth track on Migos' third studio album *Culture II*, which was released in January 2018. It has become one of the more popular songs on the album, being the third-highest charting of all the songs, following "Stir Fry", which peaked at number eight on the Hot 100, and "MotorSport", which reached number six. American pop star Britney Spears, used elements of the song in a remix of her hit-single "I'm a Slave 4 U" during her Piece of Me Tour.

## Music video

The music video, directed by Daps and Quavo, debuted on Migos' official Vevo channel on March 18, 2018. The video features guest appearances from Jamie Foxx and labelmate Lil Yachty. In the video, the trio and Drake perform on a fictional dance-themed show called *Culture Ride* (inspired by *Soul Train*), with Jamie Foxx playing fictional host Ron Delirious (a pun of the late *Soul Train* host Don Cornelius). In an interview conducted by Genius, Daps said that the whole video was shot on Beta Tape, which is why the highest quality is 480p on YouTube.

## Lawsuit

In October 2018, the group was sued by rapper M.O.S, who claimed that the song is similar to his 2007 song "Walk It Like I Talk It". The lawsuit was later dismissed.

## Charts

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil) | 3× Platinum | 120,000 |
| Canada (Music Canada) | 2× Platinum | 160,000 |
| Denmark (IFPI Danmark) | Gold | 45,000 |
| France (SNEP) | Platinum | 200,000 |
| Italy (FIMI) | Gold | 25,000 |
| Mexico (AMPROFON) | Gold | 30,000 |
| Poland (ZPAV) | Gold | 25,000 |
| Portugal (AFP) | Gold | 5,000 |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Gold | 400,000 |
| United States (RIAA) | 6× Platinum | 6,000,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom | March 18, 2018 | Rhythmic contemporary radio | Capitol |  |
| | United States | Urban contemporary radio | * Quality Control * Capitol |  |
| Italy | April 12, 2018 | Contemporary hit radio | Universal |  |

## InfoBox

| "Walk It Talk It" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Migos featuring Drake | |
| from the album  *Culture II* | |
| Released | March 18, 2018 (2018-03-18) |
| Recorded | 2017 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 4:36 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Migos singles chronology | |
| "Stir Fry"
(2017) "**Walk It Talk It**"
(2018) "Solitaire"
(2018) | |
|  | |
| Drake singles chronology | |
| "Lemon (Drake Remix)"
(2018) "**Walk It Talk It**"
(2018) "Nice for What"
(2018) | |
| Music video | |
| Walk It Talk It on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Wingersheim-les-Quatre-Bans

abstract: Wingersheim-les-Quatre-Bans is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department of northeastern France. The municipality was established on 1 January 2016 and consists of the former communes of Gingsheim, Hohatzenheim, Mittelhausen and Wingersheim.

text:
# Wingersheim-les-Quatre-Bans

**Wingersheim-les-Quatre-Bans** is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department of northeastern France. The municipality was established on 1 January 2016 and consists of the former communes of Gingsheim, Hohatzenheim, Mittelhausen and Wingersheim.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 1,631 |  |
| 1975 | 1,652 | +0.18% |
| 1982 | 1,903 | +2.04% |
| 1990 | 1,958 | +0.36% |
| 1999 | 2,096 | +0.76% |
| 2007 | 2,226 | +0.76% |
| 2012 | 2,263 | +0.33% |
| 2017 | 2,292 | +0.25% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Wingersheim-les-Quatre-Bans | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Wingersheim-les-Quatre-Bans | |
| Location of Wingersheim-les-Quatre-Bans | |
| Wingersheim-les-Quatre-BansWingersheim-les-Quatre-Bans | |
| Coordinates: 48°43′19″N 7°38′10″E / 48.722°N 7.636°E / 48.722; 7.636 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Bas-Rhin |
| Arrondissement | Saverne |
| Canton | Bouxwiller |
| Intercommunality | Pays de la Zorn |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Bernard Freund |
| Area**1** | 18.52 km2 (7.15 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 2,338 |
| Density | 130/km2 (330/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 67539 /67170, 67270 |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Thomas Boswall Beach

abstract: Colonel Thomas Boswall Beach was British Army officer during the South African War and First World War.

text:
# Thomas Boswall Beach

Colonel **Thomas Boswall Beach** CMG CBE (28 May 1866 – 3 April 1941) was British Army officer during the South African War and First World War.

## Life

Born at Brompton on 28 May 1866, the elder son of the Rev. Canon W. R. Beach, Chaplain to the Forces, and was educated at Bloxham School (1880–84) and at King's College Hospital, where he gained the Warneford Scholarship and worked under Joseph Lister. He took the M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. in 1899 and, after serving as house-physician at King's, entered the Army as surgeon in 1891, passing first both into and out of Netley. There he gained the Herbert Prize allotted to the best man of the term and the Montefiore Medal and Prize for Military Surgery. He was the brother of William Henry Beach.

## Military career

Boswall became lieutenant-colonel in 1912, Colonel in 1915, went on half-pay in August, 1919, and retired four months later. He served in the South African War in 1899-1902, when he took part in the advance on Kimberley, including the actions at Belmont, Enslin, Modder River, and Magersfontein; and in operations in the Orange River Colony, including the actions at Paardeberg, Poplar Grove, Driefontein, Vet River, and Zand River; in the Transvaal, in the actions at Pretoria, Johannesburg, and Diamond Hill; and in Cape Colony. He was mentioned in dispatches in 1901, received the Queen's medal with seven clasps and the King's medal with two clasps, and was promoted major. In the war of 1914-18 he was mentioned in dispatches in 1916 and received the C.M.G. in the same year and the C.B.E. in 1918, after serving as A.D.M.S. at Alexandria. He had been a member of the British Medical Association for fifty years.

## InfoBox

| Thomas Boswall Beach | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait by Swaine. Credit: Wellcome Collection | |
| Born | 28 May 1866
Brompton, England |
| Died | 3 April 1941 (aged 74)
Reading, England |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | British Army |
| Rank | Colonel |
| Unit | Royal Army Medical Corps |
| Battles/wars | South African War
First World War |
| Awards | Queen's Medal with seven clasps, King's South Africa Medal with two clasps, Companion Of St Michael And St George,
Mention in Despatches,
Commander of the Order of the British Empire. |


title: William Baker (printer)

abstract: William Baker (1742–1785), was an English printer.

text:
# William Baker (printer)

**William Baker** (1742–1785), was an English printer.

## Biography

Baker was born at Reading in 1742, and was the son of William Baker, for more than forty years schoolmaster at that place, and an amiable and accomplished man. Even at an early age young Baker's close application to study injured his health. His father had hoped to devote him to the church, but being disappointed by Dr. Bolton, dean of Carlisle, who had promised to give the youth a university training, he apprenticed him to Mr. Kippax, a printer, of Cullum Street, London. Baker diligently applied himself to his calling, and still employed his leisure in self-improvement. The money earned by working overtime was spent in books. Before he was twenty-one years old his exertions produced severe illness. On the death of Kippax, Baker succeeded to his business, afterwards removing to Ingram Court, where he was in partnership with John William Galabin.

In 1770 he published *Peregrinations of the Mind*, a series of twenty-three essays, after the style of the *Rambler*, and upon such subjects as the stage, love, happiness, war, patriotism, cruelty, the unreasonable compliments paid to the ancients for their works, &c. It had always been his practice to note passages which struck his attention in the course of reading, and in 1783 he printed a little volume of short extracts, noticeable for beauty of language or elevation of thought, from a wide range of Greek and Latin authors. No special arrangement is observed, but the precision of the references gives the book a value usually absent in such compilations. He contributed some poetical pieces to the magazines, and is said to have written sermons for clerical friends. He was an excellent linguist and good classical scholar.

His modesty and learning made him many friends among the leading antiquaries and men of letters of the day, including Oliver Goldsmith, Dr. Edmund Barker, James Merrick, Hugh Farmer, and Caesar de Missy. He left in manuscript a correspondence with another Reading worthy, Robert Robinson, author of *Indices in Dion. Longinum, in Eunapium, et in Hieroclem* (Oxon. 1772), besides many other letters on points of Greek scholarship. A small unfinished treatise on abuses of grammatical propriety in ordinary conversation also remained imprinted. His limited but choice library of classical books ultimately became the property of John Coakley Lettsom.

About Christmas 1784 he suffered from over-exertion in walking, and after an illness of nine months died from 'an enlargement of the omentum' on 29 September 1785, in his forty-fourth year. He was buried in the vault of St. Dionis Backchurch, the parish in which he had lived when in London. A Latin inscription to his memory was placed by his younger brother upon the family tomb in the churchyard of St. Mary, Reading.

His works are:

1. *Peregrinations of the Mind through the most general and interesting subjects usually agitated in life, by the late W. Baker, printer. A new edition, to which is prefixed a biographic memoir of the author*. London, printed by the editor \[Maurice\], 1811. The first edition was in 1770.
2. *Theses Græcæ et Latinæ selectæ*. Lond. in off. J. W. Galabin et W. Baker, 1783.

"Baker, William (1742-1785)". *Dictionary of National Biography*. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.

Attribution

"Baker, William (1742-1785)". *Dictionary of National Biography*. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.


title: Mixed Reality (album)

abstract: Mixed Reality is the sixth studio album by American alternative rock band Gin Blossoms. It was released on June 15, 2018, on Cleopatra Records.

text:
# Mixed Reality (album)

***Mixed Reality*** is the sixth studio album by American alternative rock band Gin Blossoms. It was released on June 15, 2018, on Cleopatra Records.

## Recording and release

The band's longtime producer John Hampton died in 2014 and while they toured to promote the 25th anniversary of their most successful album, *New Miserable Experience*, the band members met Don Dixon at a show in Ohio. They discussed recording together and entered Dixon's recording partner Mitch Easter's studio in October 2016. Vocalist Robin Wilson says that the sessions for the album were "really inspired." The band spent about a year writing songs and doing demos before recording the album. Wilson calls *Mixed Reality* "sort of a companion" to *New Miserable Experience* and says, "It feels to me like a record we would have all wanted to make when we were 25."

The band released "Break" as a lead single and followed the release with a tour that was documented on their Chicago date, where they played this album and *New Miserable Experience* in their entirety.

## Track listing

1. "Break" (Robin Wilson) – 4:00
2. "Face the Dark" (Wilson) – 4:09
3. "New Mexico Trouble" (Scott Johnson, Bill Leen) – 4:23
4. "Angels Fly" (Jesse Valenzuela, Danny Wilde) – 3:51
5. "Here Again" (Valenzuela, Wilde) – 4:01
6. "Still Some Room in Heaven" (Johnson, Leen) – 2:58
7. "Miranda Chicago" (Leen) – 3:52
8. "Girl on the Side" (Johnson, Kira Brown) – 4:02
9. "Fortunate Street" (Valenzuela, Wilde) – 3:46
10. "Wonder" (Valenzuela, Wilde) – 3:56
11. "Shadow" (Johnson, Wilson) – 3:41
12. "Forever Is This Night" (Wilson) – 3:13
13. "The JFK Shit Show" (Johnson, Wilson) – 0:30
14. "The Devil's Daughter" (Wilson) – 2:23
15. "Mega Pawn King" (Leen) – 4:49

## Personnel

**Gin Blossoms**

* Scott Hessel – drums, percussion
* Scott "Scotty" Johnson – lead and rhythm guitar, backing vocals
* Bill Leen – bass guitar
* Jesse Valenzuela – rhythm and lead guitar, backing and lead vocals
* Robin Wilson – lead vocals

**Technical personnel**

## InfoBox

| Mixed Reality | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Gin Blossoms | |
| Released | June 15, 2018 (2018-06-15) |
| Recorded | January 2017–2018 |
| Studio | Drive-In Studios, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States |
| Genre | Alternative rock |
| Length | 53:34 |
| Language | English |
| Label | Cleopatra |
| Producer | Don Dixon |
| Gin Blossoms chronology | |
| *Icon*
(2011) ***Mixed Reality***
(2018) | |


title: Mohamed Ihsan

abstract: Mohamed Ihsan Attia Massoud is an Egyptian male weightlifter, competing in the +105 kg category and representing Egypt at international competitions. He competed at world championships, including at the 2015 World Weightlifting Championships. He participated at the 2004 Summer Olympics in the +105 kg event. He won the gold medal at the 2011 Summer Universiade, but was disqualified for using the forbidden substance methylhexanamine.

text:
# Mohamed Ihsan

**Mohamed Ihsan Attia Massoud** (محمد احسان, born 11 January 1984) is an Egyptian male weightlifter, competing in the +105 kg category and representing Egypt at international competitions. He competed at world championships, including at the 2015 World Weightlifting Championships. He participated at the 2004 Summer Olympics in the +105 kg event. He won the gold medal at the 2011 Summer Universiade, but was disqualified for using the forbidden substance methylhexanamine.

## Major results

| Year | Venue | Weight | Snatch (kg) | | | | Clean & Jerk (kg) | | | | Total | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | 1 | 2 | 3 | Rank | 1 | 2 | 3 | Rank | | |
| Summer Olympics | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2004 | Athens, Greece | +105 kg | 180.0 | **185.0** | ~~190.0~~ | 12 | **220.0** | ~~227.5~~ | ~~232.5~~ | 11 | **405.0** | **11** |
| World Championships | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2015 | Houston, United States | +105 kg | **187** | ~~196~~ |  | 14 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2014 | Almaty, Kazakhstan | +105 kg | 188 | **193** | ~~197~~ | 5 | 235 | **243** | ~~247~~ | 5 | **436** |  |
| 2013 | Wrocław, Poland | +105 kg | 180 | **185** | ~~188~~ | 8 | **231** | ~~240~~ | ~~240~~ | 4 | **416** | 4 |
| 2010 | Antalya, Turkey | +105 kg | 180 | 186 | **190** | 9 | 221 | **228** | --- | 7 | **418** | 7 |
| 2009 | Goyang, South Korea | +105 kg | ~~180~~ | 180 | **185** | 7 | 225 | **230** | ~~234~~ | 5 | **415** | 5 |
| 2007 | Chiang Mai, Thailand | +105 kg | 175 | **183** | ~~190~~ | 10 | **225** | ~~233~~ | ~~235~~ | 10 | **408** | 10 |
| 2006 | Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic | +105 kg | ~~190~~ | ~~190~~ | ~~190~~ | --- | **241** | ~~246~~ | ~~247~~ |  | **0.0** | --- |
| 2005 | Doha, Qatar | +105 kg | ~~186~~ | ~~190~~ | **190** | 6 | 230 | **238** | ~~242~~ | 6 | **428.0** | 5 |
| 2003 | Vancouver, Canada | +105 kg | 175 | **180** | ~~185~~ | 17 | **220** | ~~232.5~~ | ~~232.5~~ | 14 | **400** | 12 |
| 2002 | Warsaw, Poland | +105 kg | 175 | 180 | **182.5** | 10 | **215** | ~~225~~ | ~~225~~ | 12 | **397.5** | 9 |

1. "2015 Weightlifting World Championships - Mohamed Ehsan Attia Massoud". iwf.net. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
2. "Weightlifting at the 2004 Summer Olympics - Mohamed Ehsan Attia Massoud". iwf.net. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
3. Sanctioned athletes. Archived April 7, 2014, at the Wayback Machine

## InfoBox

Mohamed Ihsan Attia Massoud
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1984-01-11) 11 January 1984 |
| Height | 184 cm (6 ft 0 in) |
| Weight | 160.55 kg (354.0 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Country | Egypt |
| Sport | Weightlifting |
| Team | National team |
| Updated on 1 September 2016 | |


title: Wilhelm Heye

abstract: Wilhelm Heye was a Prussian and German officer who rose to the rank of Generaloberst and became Chief of the Army Command within the Ministry of the Reichswehr in the Weimar Republic.

text:
# Wilhelm Heye

**Wilhelm Heye** (31 January 1869  11 March 1947) was a Prussian and German officer who rose to the rank of Generaloberst and became Chief of the Army Command within the Ministry of the Reichswehr in the Weimar Republic.

## Family

**Maximilian Henry Friedrich Wilhelm Heye** was born on 31 January 1869 in Fulda as the son of Wilhelm Heye (1824-1899), a Prussian *Oberstleutnant*, and Charlotte, *née* von Finckh (1834-1871). His paternal grandfather Ernst Heye was a lawyer in Oldenburg and his maternal grandfather Alexander von Finckh was a senior official of the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg. His brother Alexander (1860-1915) was a Prussian *Generalmajor zur Disposition* and author. His brother-in-law Eugen von Finckh (1860-1930) served as Minister-President of the Free State of Oldenburg from 1923 to 1930.

Wilhelm was married on 29 September 1894 to Elisabeth ("Else") Anna Karcher (1875-1961). The couple had two daughters and three sons. The eldest son was the later *Vizeadmiral* Hellmuth Heye. Their middle son, Friedrich Wilhelm (1898-1918), died of wounds as a lieutenant and their youngest son, Hans-Joachim (1901-1935), was an officer in the Reichsmarine. Both daughters married army officers.

## Military Career in the Prussian Army

Heye graduated from the Prussian cadet corps (*Kadettenkorps*) and entered the Prussian Army on 22 March 1888 as a *Seconde-Lieutenant* in *Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 70*. He served as a battalion adjutant from 1892 to 1896 and was promoted to Premier-Lieutenant on 22 March 1895.

Heye attended the War Academy (*Kriegsakademie*) from 1896 to 1899. As part of his preparation for general staff service, he spent several months aboard a naval vessel learning naval gunnery and several months in Russia studying the Russian language. Heye was commanded to the Prussian Army Great General Staff for one year on 1 April 1900 and, with his promotion to supernumary *Hauptmann* on 23 March 1901, he was officially transferred to the general staff. He returned to troop service on 27 January 1904 as a company commander in *Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 58* but was transferred back to the general staff on 1 January 1906 with an assignment to the general staff of the 5th Division in Frankfurt an der Oder.

Heye served from 27 January 1906 to 31 March 1908 in the Schutztruppe in German South West Africa, participating in the Herero Wars as a staff officer. While there, he was promoted to Major on 11 September 1907. Upon returning to the Prussian Army from the Schutztruppe, Heye was assigned to the general staff of the 33rd Division in Metz. From 25 April 1910 to 18 April 1913, Heye was in charge of the counterintelligence section (*Abteilung III b*) of the general staff. Heye was named a battalion commander in *Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 74* on 18 April 1913 and was promoted to *Oberstleutnant* on 18 December 1913.

At the start of World War I on 2 August 1914, Heye was named chief of the general staff of the Landwehr Corps under Remus von Woyrsch, which later evolved into the Army Detachment Woyrsch, serving with distinction on the Eastern Front. He was promoted to Oberst on 18 August 1916 and named chief of the general staff of Army Group Woyrsch (*Heeresgruppe Woyrsch*) on 23 September 1916.

On 9 September 1917, Heye was transferred to the Western Front and was named chief of the general staff of the Army Group Duke Albrecht (*Heeresgruppe Herzog Albrecht*) under the command of Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg. On 7 September 1918, Heye was transferred to the general staff of the field army (*Generalstab des Feldheeres*) and named chief of the operations section (*Operationsabteilung*) in the Supreme Army Command (*Oberste Heeresleitung*), serving under Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff, as well as Ludendorff's successor Wilhelm Groener.

## Military Career in the Reichswehr

After the Armistice ending World War I, Heye participated in the defense of Germany's post-war eastern frontier (*Grenzschutz Ost*) as (from 26 April 1919) chief of the general staff of the Army High Command "Border Protection North (*Armeeoberkommando Grenzschutz Nord*) in East Prussia. He was the successor to Hans von Seeckt, with whom Heye's military career in the subsequent years would remain closely connected.

On 1 October 1919, Heye became chief of staff of the Troop Office (*Truppenamt*) in the *Ministry of the Reichswehr* in Berlin. The Truppenamt served as the covert general staff of the Reichswehr; Seeckt, as chief of the Truppenamt, was effectively chief of the general staff of the Reichswehr, and Heye was his principal deputy.

In the aftermath of the failed Kapp Putsch in March 1920, Seeckt was named Chief of the Army Command (*Chef der Heeresleitung*), and Heye succeeded him as Chief of the Truppenamt (redesignated as the "Allgemeines Truppenamt"). Heye was promoted to Generalmajor on 16 June 1920 and, with effect from 1 April 1922, simultaneously promoted to *Generalleutnant* and named chief of the Army Personnel Office (*Heerespersonalamt*). On 1 Novembver 1923, he was named commander of the Reichswehr's 1st Division in Königsberg in East Prussia, in which capacity he also commanded Military District I (*Wehrkreis I*).

On 9 October 1926, Heye once again succeeded Seeckt, being named *Chef der Heeresleitung*. During his tenure, the Heeresleitung lost much of the political influence it had under Seeckt, while the authority of the Ministry of the Reichswehr increased, principally under Wilhelm Groener and his protegé Kurt von Schleicher. Heye was promoted to *General der Infanterie* on 1 November 1926 and to *Generaloberst* on 1 January 1930. He retired on 31 October 1930 and was succeeded by Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord.

## Later Years

Generaloberst Heye was placed "*zur Verfügung des Heeres*" (at the disposal of the army) on 1 November 1938 but was not called up during World War II. He died on 11 March 1947 in Braunlage in the Harz mountains and was buried there.

## Decorations and awards

1. Thilo Vogelsang: *Heye, Wilhelm*, in: *Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Band 9*, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1972, ISBN 3-428-00190-7, p. 79
2. German Federal Archives, Army Personnel File for Wilhelm Heye, BArch PERS 6/35
3. Verein für Computergenealogie, Verlustlisten 1. Weltkrieg
4. Berlin Marriage Register, 29 June 1929
5. Ministry of the Reichswehr: Rangliste des Deutschen Reichsheeres, Verlag E.S. Mittler & Sohn, Berlin 1926, p. 9
6. German Federal Archives, Generalskartei von Wilhelm Heye, BArch PERS 6/299856
7. Ministry of the Reichswehr: *Rangliste des Deutschen Reichsheeres*, Verlag E.S. Mittler & Sohn, Berlin 1926, p. 109

## Bibliography

Thilo Vogelsang: *Heye, Wilhelm*, in: *Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Band 9*, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1972, ISBN 3-428-00190-7, p. 79 (https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00016326/images/index.html?seite=93).

## InfoBox

| **Colonel General**Wilhelm Heye | |
| --- | --- |
| Wilhelm Heye in a photograph by Nicola Perscheid | |
|  | |
| 3rd Chief of the German Army Command | |
| **In office**
October 9, 1926  October 31, 1930 | |
| President | Paul von Hindenburg |
| Preceded by | Hans von Seeckt |
| Succeeded by | Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord |
| 2nd Chief of the German Troop Office | |
| **In office**
March 26 1920  October 9, 1926 | |
| Preceded by | Hans von Seeckt |
| Succeeded by | Otto Hasse |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1869-01-31)31 January 1869
Fulda |
| Died | 11 March 1947(1947-03-11) (aged 78)
Braunlage |
| Relations | Hellmuth Heye (son) |
| Awards | Pour le Mérite with Oak Leaves |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | German Empire
Weimar Republic |
| Branch/service | Prussian Army
Reichsheer |
| Years of service | 1888–1930 |
| Rank | Generaloberst |
| Battles/wars | World War I |
|  | |


title: Mohammedali Yaseen Taha

abstract: Mohammedali Yaseen Taha is a Kurdish writer, academic, politician and poet. He presently serves as an advisor to the Prime Minister of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, stands as a prominent figure with a diverse and illustrious career. Notably, he served as a Member of the Kurdistan Parliament and held the position of Vice President at Nawroz University. His multifaceted background spans journalism, academia, where he excelled as a university lecturer, and a contribution in publishing his poetry and short stories. He is also an associate researcher at Institute of Social Science (ICS) at the University of Lisbon and founding president of Open Think Tank in Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

text:
# Mohammedali Yaseen Taha

**Mohammedali Yaseen Taha** (Kurdish: **محه‌مه‌دعه‌لی یاسین تاها**; born 1983) is a Kurdish writer, academic, politician and poet. He presently serves as an advisor to the Prime Minister of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, stands as a prominent figure with a diverse and illustrious career. Notably, he served as a Member of the Kurdistan Parliament and held the position of Vice President at Nawroz University. His multifaceted background spans journalism, academia, where he excelled as a university lecturer, and a contribution in publishing his poetry and short stories. He is also an associate researcher at Institute of Social Science (ICS) at the University of Lisbon and founding president of Open Think Tank in Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

## Early life

Taha was born on February 11, 1983, in Tabriz, Iran, where his family had fled to as political refugees after the 1975 Algiers Agreement between Iran and Iraq and the collapse of Kurdish revolutionary movement Iraqi–Kurdish conflict led by Mustafa Barzani. He is fluent in six languages, Kurdish, Persian, Turkish, Azeri, English, and a basic knowledge of Arabic and Portuguese.

He returned to Iraq with his family in 1995 after the 1991 Uprising of the Kurds in the North of Iraq and the establishment of a de facto autonomy in Kurdistan Region of Iraq. In 2001 he started to work with local newspapers and magazines as a reporter and later as an editor. He holds a Bachelor of Arts in English language and literature from the University of Duhok in 2007. He obtained his master's degree in peace and conflict studies from the University for Peace in San Jose, Costa Rica. Later, he went to Lisbon, Portugal, where he concluded PhD degree in comparative politics from the University of Lisbon.

## Published books

Taha's first poetry collection “Dîsan Bê Te” was published in 2009, second book “Hevwexerê Bayi” in 2012 and “3 Tablo” in 2016. He has also published short stories in various literary publications in Kurdistan region. His is the author of the academic book Media and Politics in Kurdistan: How Politics and Media are Locked in an Embrace (Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Lexington Books, 2020).

## Political career and election to Kurdistan Parliament

Taha, as an active member of KDP since 1998 worked in different party organizations such as Kurdistan Students Union and KDP first branch in Duhok. In September 2013, he run for the parliament election with the Kurdistan Democratic Party and he won the elections and became member of Kurdistan Parliament. He was then elected by the fraction as a member of the KDP fraction's presidency board and also the official spokesperson of the fraction in the parliament.

## InfoBox

| Mohammedali Yaseen Taha | |
| --- | --- |
| محه‌مه‌دعه‌لی یاسین تاها | |
|  | |
| **In office**
November 06, 2013  November 06, 2018 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 11 February 1983
Tabriz, Iran |
| Political party | Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) |
| Alma mater | University of Lisbon, Institute of Social Sciences (ICS) PhD in Comparative Politics |
|  | |


title: Mohammad Hashim Zare

abstract:
Mohammad Hashim Zare is the current governor of Samangan, Afghanistan. Before this he had been an adviser to President Hamid Karzai. He is an ethnic Uzbek. Ferouza Quraishi, the deputy of the Provincial Council of Jowzjan, has accused Zare of wasting foreign aid. She called the governor "inefficient" and said aid from Turkmenistan had not reached those in need and had been wasted by the governor.
According to Zare these accusations are "baseless".

text:
# Mohammad Hashim Zare

**Mohammad Hashim Zare** is the current governor of Samangan, Afghanistan. Before this he had been an adviser to President Hamid Karzai. He is an ethnic Uzbek.

Ferouza Quraishi, the deputy of the Provincial Council of Jowzjan, has accused Zare of wasting foreign aid. She called the governor "inefficient" and said aid from Turkmenistan had not reached those in need and had been wasted by the governor. According to Zare these accusations are "baseless".

1. "Governor of Jowzjan Province Accused of Wasting Foreign Aid". *RAWA News*. RAWA. 10 June 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2019.

## InfoBox

| Mohammad Hashim Zare | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Governor of Samangan, Afghanistan | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
7 June 2015 | |
| Preceded by | Khairullah Anush |
| Governor of Jowzjan | |
| **In office**
2007–2010 | |
| Preceded by | Juma Khan Hamdard |
| Succeeded by | Mohammed Aleem Sayee |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1953 |
|  | |


title: William Brymer (politician)

abstract:
William Ernest Brymer was a Conservative politician who sat in the House of Commons in two stages between 1874 and 1906.
Brymer was born at Fordingbridge, Hampshire the son of John Brymer of Burgate House, Fordingbridge, and his wife Eliza Mary Tugwell, only daughter of George Tugwell of Crowe Hall, near Bath. He was educated at Harrow School and at Trinity College, Cambridge. He was a J.P. for Dorset, and a captain in the Dorset Yeomanry Cavalry. He was patron of the rectories of Charlton Mackrell, Somerset, and Child Okeford, Dorset, and the vicarage of Puddletown, Dorset. He was a prominent Freemason, being a Deputy Provincial Grand Master, Grand Superintendent of the Province and Provincial Grand Mark Mason. In the 1874 general election Brymer was elected Member of Parliament for Dorchester and held the seat until it was replaced under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885. He was High Sheriff of Dorset in 1887. In 1891, Brymer was elected Member of Parliament for South Dorset and held the seat until 1906. Brymer lived at Ilsington House in Puddletown. He died at Jerez, Spain, at the age of 69, he had gone to Spain to recuperate after having health problems but died of bronchitis with complications.

text:
# William Brymer (politician)

**William Ernest Brymer** (1840 – 9 May 1909) was a Conservative politician who sat in the House of Commons in two stages between 1874 and 1906. Brymer was born at Fordingbridge, Hampshire the son of John Brymer of Burgate House, Fordingbridge, and his wife Eliza Mary Tugwell, only daughter of George Tugwell of Crowe Hall, near Bath. He was educated at Harrow School and at Trinity College, Cambridge. He was a J.P. for Dorset, and a captain in the Dorset Yeomanry Cavalry. He was patron of the rectories of Charlton Mackrell, Somerset, and Child Okeford, Dorset, and the vicarage of Puddletown, Dorset. He was a prominent Freemason, being a Deputy Provincial Grand Master, Grand Superintendent of the Province and Provincial Grand Mark Mason.

In the 1874 general election Brymer was elected Member of Parliament for Dorchester and held the seat until it was replaced under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885. He was High Sheriff of Dorset in 1887. In 1891, Brymer was elected Member of Parliament for South Dorset and held the seat until 1906.

Brymer lived at Ilsington House in Puddletown. He died at Jerez, Spain, at the age of 69, he had gone to Spain to recuperate after having health problems but died of bronchitis with complications.


title: Mokoena v Administrator, Transvaal

abstract: In Mokoena and Others v Administrator, Transvaal, an important case in South African law, the first and second applicants sought an order in the Witwatersrand Local Division against the respondents. Such order was to declare inter alia, that their purported dismissal on 10 December 1987 from the employ of the Transvaal Provincial Administration was wrongful and unlawful. The matter came before Goldstone J.

text:
# Mokoena v Administrator, Transvaal

In ***Mokoena and Others v Administrator, Transvaal***, an important case in South African law, the first and second applicants sought an order in the Witwatersrand Local Division against the respondents. Such order was to declare *inter alia*, that their purported dismissal on 10 December 1987 from the employ of the Transvaal Provincial Administration was wrongful and unlawful. The matter came before Goldstone J.

## Facts

The relevant events preceding those of 10 December 1987 were common cause. The first and second respondents had been employed by the Administration as cleaners at the Vereeniging Hospital since 1974 and 1971 respectively. They had, since 1978 and 1976 respectively, been members of, and monthly contributors to, a pension scheme which now fell under the Temporary Employees Pension Fund Act On 27 October 1987, workers at the hospital went on strike. The reason for the strike was the refusal of the hospital's authorities to recognise the trade union to which the workers belonged and the subsequent dismissal of four of their leaders. The first respondent was on leave at the time, but she subsequently failed, when her leave ended, to return to work. The second respondent likewise stayed away from work.

The Administration proceeded to dismiss workers participating in the stay-away. It did so without giving them a hearing. The first respondent and three of her co-workers thereupon brought an urgent application in the Witwatersrand Local Division for an order declaring their purported dismissal wrongful and unlawful and of no force and effect.

## Judgment

The matter came before Goldstone J, who granted the application, holding that the applicants' membership of the pension scheme entitled them to a hearing before they could be dismissed, in accordance with the principles of natural justice enshrined in the maxim *audi alteram partem*. He stated,

> That someone in the position of Mrs Mokoena or the other applicants who were members of the pension scheme can be dismissed and the right to their pension thereby destroyed on the whim of an official and without enquiry, must be repugnant to any reasonable and decent person. The unfairness of it is really patent.

He consequently held that the applicants were entitled to a hearing before a decision was taken to terminate their employment and so destroy their right to a pension upon retirement. He further stated that the official determining the question of their dismissal "would have been obliged to give honest and *bona fide* consideration to any representations made by them. Failure to have done so would have vitiated such a decision.

In addition to declaring the purported dismissal of the applicants wrongful and unlawful, Goldstone J also granted an order declaring that the applicants "remain in the lawful employ of the Transvaal Provincial Administration." The effect of the judgment, therefore, was that the applicants were reinstated in their employment.

## Appeal

The applicants appealed successfully against this ruling in *Administrator, Transvaal v Theletsane*.

### Cases


title: Stormberg Mountains

abstract:
The Stormberg is a range of mountains situated in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa, are an easterly extension of the Bamboesberge and form an outlier of the greater Drakensberg mountain range. They form part of the 'Amatola and Stormberg' region which includes major towns like Grahamstown, East London and Port Alfred.
Towns in the Stormberg Mountains include Sterkstroom, Jamestown, Molteno, Dordrecht, Barkly East, Rhodes and Steynsburg. South Africa's only ski resort, Tiffindell, is also situated in these mountains.

text:
# Stormberg Mountains

The **Stormberg** is a range of mountains situated in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa, are an easterly extension of the Bamboesberge and form an outlier of the greater Drakensberg mountain range. They form part of the 'Amatola and Stormberg' region which includes major towns like Grahamstown, East London and Port Alfred. Towns in the Stormberg Mountains include Sterkstroom, Jamestown, Molteno, Dordrecht, Barkly East, Rhodes and Steynsburg. South Africa's only ski resort, Tiffindell, is also situated in these mountains.

## Geology

Geologically, the mountains form part of the Stormberg Series of the Karoo System where some of the only workable coal seams in the Cape are to be found. These coal fields are being explored for possible coal bed methane extraction.

## History

These mountains - like all of South Africa - was originally home to the Khoisan hunter gatherers. The Nguni migrations saw the arrival of the Xhosa herders from the north and the displacement of the Khoisan. The subsequent arrival of the Cape colonists in the area resulted in a series of 'frontier wars' which led to the region's incorporation into the Cape Colony.

During the Second Boer War, this was the site of the Battle of Stormberg, fought on 9 December 1899.

## InfoBox

| Stormberg Mountains | |
| --- | --- |
| View from the north | |
| Highest point | |
| Coordinates | 31°26′51″S 26°43′3″E / 31.44750°S 26.71750°E / -31.44750; 26.71750 |
| Geography | |
| Stormberg Mountains | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Province | Eastern Cape |
| Geology | |
| Orogeny | Kaapvaal craton |
| Age of rock | Neoarchean to early Paleoproterozoic |
| Type of rock | Bushveld igneous complex, sandstone |