title: Throne of Blood

abstract: Throne of Blood is a 1957 Japanese jidaigeki film co-written, produced, edited, and directed by Akira Kurosawa, with special effects by Eiji Tsuburaya. The film transposes the plot of English dramatist William Shakespeare's play Macbeth (1606) from Medieval Scotland to feudal Japan, with stylistic elements drawn from Noh drama. The film stars Toshiro Mifune and Isuzu Yamada in the lead roles, modelled on the characters Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. As with the play, the film tells the story of a warrior who assassinates his sovereign at the urging of his ambitious wife. Kurosawa was a fan of the play and intended to make his own adaptation for several years, delaying it after learning of Orson Welles' Macbeth (1948). Among his changes was the ending, which required archers to shoot arrows around Mifune. The film was shot around Mount Fuji and Izu Peninsula. With a budget of US$350,000, the film was one of the most expensive films ever made in Japan at the time of its release. Despite the change in setting and language and numerous creative liberties, Throne of Blood is often considered one of the best film adaptations of the classic play, and has received much critical praise. The film won two Mainichi Film Awards, including Best Actor for Toshiro Mifune.

text:
# Throne of Blood

***Throne of Blood*** (Japanese: 蜘蛛巣城, Hepburn: *Kumonosu-jō*, lit.'*The Spider Web Castle*') is a 1957 Japanese *jidaigeki* film co-written, produced, edited, and directed by Akira Kurosawa, with special effects by Eiji Tsuburaya. The film transposes the plot of English dramatist William Shakespeare's play *Macbeth* (1606) from Medieval Scotland to feudal Japan, with stylistic elements drawn from Noh drama. The film stars Toshiro Mifune and Isuzu Yamada in the lead roles, modelled on the characters Macbeth and Lady Macbeth.

As with the play, the film tells the story of a warrior who assassinates his sovereign at the urging of his ambitious wife. Kurosawa was a fan of the play and intended to make his own adaptation for several years, delaying it after learning of Orson Welles' *Macbeth* (1948). Among his changes was the ending, which required archers to shoot arrows around Mifune. The film was shot around Mount Fuji and Izu Peninsula. With a budget of US$350,000 (equivalent to $3,797,000 in 2023), the film was one of the most expensive films ever made in Japan at the time of its release.

Despite the change in setting and language and numerous creative liberties, *Throne of Blood* is often considered one of the best film adaptations of the classic play, and has received much critical praise. The film won two Mainichi Film Awards, including Best Actor for Toshiro Mifune.

## Plot

Generals Miki and Washizu are samurai commanders and friends under Tsuzuki, a local lord who reigns in the castle of the Spider's Web Forest. After defeating the lord's enemies in battle, they return to his castle. On their way through the thick forest, they meet an evil spirit, who foretells their future, telling them that Washizu will be named Lord of the Northern Garrison and Miki will become commander of the first fortress that day. The spirit then foretells that Washizu eventually will become Lord of Spider's Web Castle, and finally, Miki's son will become lord. When the two return to Tsuzuki's estate, he rewards them with exactly what the spirit had predicted. As Washizu discusses this with his wife Asaji, she manipulates him into causing the second part of the prophecy to come true by murdering Tsuzuki when he visits.

Asaji gives drugged sake to Tsuzuki's guards, causing them to fall asleep and allowing Washizu to enter Tsuzuki's bedchamber and kill him in his sleep. When Washizu returns in shock at his deed, Asaji grabs the bloody spear and puts it in the hands of an unconscious guard, then cries out that an intruder has entered the castle; Washizu slays the guard before he has a chance to plead his innocence. Kunimaru, Tsuzuki's vengeful son, and Noriyasu, one of Tsuzuki's advisors, both suspect Washizu's treachery and try to warn Miki, who refuses to believe what they are saying about his friend. Under Asaji's influence, Washizu is unsure of Miki's loyalty but chooses Miki's son as his heir because he and Asaji have no child of their own. Washizu plans to tell Miki and his son about his decision at a grand banquet. However, Asaji tells him that she is pregnant, which leaves him with a quandary concerning his heir: now, Miki and his son have to be eliminated.

During the banquet, Washizu is agitated because Miki and his son have not arrived and drinks sake copiously. He loses his self-control when Miki's ghost suddenly appears. In a delusional panic, he reveals what has happened to Miki by exclaiming that he is willing to slay Miki a second time, unsheathing his sword and slashing at the empty air near Miki's seat. Attempting to cover for him, Asaji tells the guests that he is drunk and has everyone retire for the evening. One of Washizu's men arrives carrying a bundle containing the severed head of Miki, and tells Washizu and Asaji that Miki's son escaped. Washizu kills the man.

Later, Washizu's men are beginning to doubt and fear him, and rumors circulate that Miki's son Yoshiteru, Kunimaru, and Noriyasu have joined forces with their onetime rival Inui. Washizu is distraught by the news that his heir has been born dead. In order to ascertain the outcome of the impending battle with his foes, he returns to the forest in search of the evil spirit. The spirit tells him that he will not be defeated in battle until "the trees of the Spider's Web Forest rise against the castle". Washizu believes this is impossible and becomes confident of his victory. Washizu tells his troops of the prophecy, and they share his confidence. The next morning, Washizu is awakened by the screams of Asaji's attendants. In her quarters, he finds Asaji in a semi-catatonic state, trying to wash clean an imaginary stain and stench of blood from her hands. Distracted by the sound of his troops, Washizu leaves to investigate. Washizu is told by a panicked soldier that the trees of Spider's Web Forest "have risen to attack us".

Washizu tries to muster his troops, but they ignore his commands and begin firing arrows at him. Several go through his armor, and one pierces his neck, severely wounding him. When he tells them that to kill their lord is treason, to which they accuse Washizu of the murder of his predecessor. With his enemies approaching the castle gates, he falls to his arrow wounds, trying to draw his sword as he dies. It is then revealed that the attacking force had used trees, cut from the forest during the night, to shield their advance onto the castle.

## Cast

| Actor | Character | *Macbeth* analogue |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Toshiro Mifune | Taketoki Washizu | Macbeth |
| Isuzu Yamada | Lady Asaji Washizu | Lady Macbeth |
| Takashi Shimura | Noriyasu Odagura | Macduff |
| Akira Kubo | Yoshiteru Miki | Fleance |
| Yōichi Tachikawa | Kunimaru Tsuzuki | Malcolm |
| Minoru Chiaki | Yoshiaki Miki | Banquo |
| Takamaru Sasaki | Lord Kuniharu Tsuzuki | King Duncan |
| Chieko Naniwa | Witch | The Three Witches |
| Kokuten Kōdō | First General |  |
| Sachio Sakai | Washizu's samurai |  |
| Yū Fujiki | Washizu's samurai |  |
| Kichijirō Ueda | Washizu's workman |  |
| Takeshi Katō | Tsuzuki's samurai |  |
| Shōbun Inoue | Tsuzuki's messenger |  |
| Asao Koike | Tsuzuki's messenger |  |
| Eiko Miyoshi | Senior lady-in-waiting |  |
| Isao Kimura | Messenger (Phantom) |  |
| Seiji Miyaguchi | Messenger (Phantom) |  |
|

## Crew

* Akira Kurosawa – director, co-writer, producer, editor
* Eiji Tsuburaya – special effects director
* Yoshimitsu Banno – assistant director
* Kuichirō Kishida – lighting
* Takao Saitō – camera assistant
* Masao Fukuda – still photographer
* Kohei Ezaki – chief art director
* Yoshirō Muraki – art director and costume designer
* Masanori Kobayashi – make-up artist
* Ichirō Minawa – sound effects

Personnel taken from *Throne of Blood* by Robert N. Watson.

## Production

### Development

William Shakespeare's plays had been read in Japan since the Meiji Restoration in 1868, though banned during World War II for not being Japanese. Director Akira Kurosawa stated that he had admired Shakespeare's *Macbeth* for a long time, and that he envisioned making a film adaptation of it after he completed his 1950 film *Rashomon*. When he learned that Orson Welles had released his own version of *Macbeth* in 1948, Kurosawa decided to postpone his adaptation project for several years.

Kurosawa believed that Scotland and Japan in the Middle Ages shared social problems and that these had lessons for the present day. Moreover, *Macbeth* could serve as a cautionary tale complementing his 1952 film *Ikiru*.

In May 1956, Kurosawa announced that he would be producing three samurai films for Toho, *Throne of Blood*, *The Hidden Fortress*, and *Revenge*, each to be filmed from September 1956 to early 1957 by other directors. Ishirō Honda, best known for directing the 1954 *kaiju* film *Godzilla*, was slated to direct *Throne of Blood*, but Kurosawa ended up directing all three films himself.

The film combines Shakespeare's play with the Noh style of drama. Kurosawa was an admirer of Noh, which he preferred over Kabuki. In particular, he wished to incorporate Noh-style body movements and set design. Noh also makes use of masks, and the evil spirit is seen, in different parts of the film, wearing faces reminiscent of these masks, starting with *yaseonna* (old lady). Noh often stresses the Buddhist doctrine of impermanence. This is connected to Washizu being denied salvation, with the chorus singing that his ghost is still in the world. Furthermore, the film score's use of flute and drum are drawn from Noh.

### Writing

All three of Kurosawa's frequent script collaborators participated for the first time: Hideo Oguni, Shinobu Hashimoto, and Ryūzō Kikushima, each working with the director for their fourth time. Initially, the screenwriters wrote the script with the intention that it would be directed by Ishirō Honda, but Toho insisted Kurosawa take the directing position after reading the script and realizing a large budget was required for the film.

### Set design

The castle exteriors were built and shot on the volcanic slopes of Mount Fuji. The castle courtyard was constructed at Toho's Tamagawa studio, with volcanic soil brought from Fuji so that the ground matched. The interiors were shot in a smaller studio in Tokyo. The forest scenes were a combination of actual Fuji forest and studio shots in Tokyo. Washizu's mansion was shot in the Izu Peninsula.

In Kurosawa's own words:

> "It was a very hard film to make. We decided that the main castle set had to be built on the slope of Mount Fuji, not because I wanted to show this mountain but because it has precisely the stunted landscape that I wanted. And it is usually foggy. I had decided that I wanted lots of fog for this film... Making the set was very difficult because we didn't have enough people and the location was so far from Tokyo. Fortunately, there was a U.S. Marine Corps base nearby, and they helped a great deal; also a whole MP battalion helped us out. We all worked very hard indeed, clearing the ground, building the set. Our labor on this steep fog-bound slope, I remember, absolutely exhausted us; we almost got sick."

Production designer Yoshirō Muraki said the crew opted to employ the color black in the set walls, and a lot of armor, to complement the mist and fog effects. This design was based on ancient scrolls depicting Japanese castles.

### Special effects

The scene in which trees from the Spider's Web Forest approach the castle, was created by Toho's special effects department and directed by Eiji Tsuburaya. Originally, this scene was longer, but Kurosawa cut several shots of trees from the film because he was unimpressed by them.

Washizu's death scene, in which his own archers turn upon him and shoot him with arrows, was in fact performed with real arrows, shot by knowledgeable and skilled archers. During filming, Mifune waved his arms, which was how the actor indicated his intended bodily direction. This was for his own safety in order to prevent the archers from accidentally hitting him.

## Release

The film was released theatrically in Japan on January 15, 1957, by Toho, and grossed ¥198 million, making it the second-highest-grossing Japanese film of 1957, after Shintoho's *Emperor Meiji and the Great Russo-Japanese War*, which grossed ¥542.91 million. In the United States, the film was distributed by Brandon Films with English subtitles at 105 minutes and opened on November 22, 1961.

*Throne of Blood* was the first film to be screened at the 1st BFI London Film Festival on October 16, 1957. After the screening, Akira Kurosawa attended a party at film critic Dilys Powell's house, and had dinner with actor Laurence Olivier, and actress Vivien Leigh who were planning on playing Macbeth and Lady Macbeth in a film adaptation of William Shakespeare's *Macbeth* that never materialized. Olivier told Kurosawa that he had enjoyed watching the film and was impressed by the scene in which Toshiro Mifune's Macbeth is shot by arrows. Isuzu Yamada's acting impressed Leigh, and she asked why Yamada made such little movement when she was mad.

In 1991, the film was released in the United States on LaserDisc by The Criterion Collection, and on VHS by Media Home Entertainment. Toho released the film on DVD in Japan in 2002 and on Blu-ray in 2010. In 2013, Madman Entertainment distributed the film on DVD in Region 4. In Region A, The Criterion Collection released the film on Blu-ray in 2014, having released the film on DVD 10 years earlier.

In 2018, the film was screened by the National Film Archive of Japan at the *Essential 2018 National Film Archive Opening Cinema Memorial* in Kyōbashi, Tokyo, along with 9 other Japanese films. In 2021, the Kawakita Memorial Film Institute screened a 4K remaster of the film at the 12th 10am Film Festival.

## Reception

### Critical response

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 96% based on 47 reviews, with an average score of 8.80/10. The site's consensus states: "A career high point for Akira Kurosawa – and one of the best film adaptations of a Shakespeare play."

When it was released in the United States in 1961, the *Time* review praised Kurosawa and the film as "a visual descent into the hell of greed and superstition".

Bosley Crowther from *The New York Times* called the idea of Shakespeare in Japanese "amusing", and complimented the cinematography. Most critics stated it was the visuals that filled the gap left by the removal of Shakespeare's poetry.

U.K. directors Geoffrey Reeve and Peter Brook considered the film to be a masterpiece, but denied it was a Shakespeare film because of the language. Film historian Donald Richie praised the film as "a marvel because it is made of so little: fog, wind, trees, mist". Film critic Stephen Prince compared its minimalist landscapes to the painting technique *sumi-e*.

David Parkinson of *Empire* magazine rated it 5 out of 5, calling it "highly cinematic" and "a film studded with magnificent set-pieces".

The film has received praise from literary critics despite the many liberties it takes with the original play. The American literary critic Harold Bloom judged it "the most successful film version of *Macbeth*". Sylvan Barnet writes it captured Macbeth as a strong warrior, and that "Without worrying about fidelity to the original," *Throne of Blood* is "much more satisfactory" than most Shakespeare films. Film historian David A. Conrad wrote that just as Shakespeare's play commented on "questions of legitimacy, masculinity, and civil war" that resonated in early 17th-century England, Kurosawa's movie engages with contemporary Japanese debates about the "spiderless cobweb" of postwar bureaucracy and industry. In his *Movie Guide*, Leonard Maltin gave the film four stars, calling it a "graphic, powerful adaptation".

### Accolades

| Award | Category | Recipient(s) | Result | Ref(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Venice Film Festival | Golden Lion | Akira Kurosawa | Nominated |  |
| *Kinema Junpo* Awards | Best 10 Japanese Films |  | 4th place |  |
| | Best Actress | Isuzu Yamada | Won | |
| Mainichi Film Awards | Best Actor | Toshiro Mifune | Won |  |
| | Best Art Direction | Yoshirō Muraki | Won | |
| Blue Ribbon Awards | Best 10 Japanese Films |  | 7th place |  |
| | Technology Award | Yoshirō Muraki | Won | |
| Visual Technology Awards | Art | Yoshirō Muraki | Won |  |

## Legacy

Akira Kurosawa's 1960 film *The Bad Sleep Well*, was heavily influenced by William Shakespeare's *Hamlet*, as well as *The Count of Monte Cristo* by Alexandre Dumas. Roman Polanski's 1971 film version of *Macbeth* has similarities to *Throne of Blood*, in shots of characters on twisted roads, set design, and music to identify locations and psychological conditions. Toshiro Mifune's death scene was the source of inspiration for Piper Laurie's death scene in the 1976 film *Carrie*, in which knives are thrown at her, in this case by character Carrie White using her psychic powers. In 1985, Kurosawa returned to adapting Shakespeare, choosing the play *King Lear* for his final epic film *Ran*, and again moving the setting to feudal Japan.

*Throne of Blood* is referenced in the anime film *Millennium Actress* (2001) in the form of the Forest Spirit/Witch. It was adapted for the stage by director Ping Chong, premiering at the 2010 Oregon Shakespeare Festival in Ashland, Oregon.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Throne of Blood | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Akira Kurosawa |
| Screenplay by |  |
| Based on | *Macbeth*
by William Shakespeare (uncredited) |
| Produced by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Asakazu Nakai |
| Edited by | Akira Kurosawa |
| Music by | Masaru Sato |
| Production
company | Toho Co., Ltd |
| Distributed by | Toho |
| Release date | * January 15, 1957 (1957-01-15) (Japan) |
| Running time | 110 minutes |
| Country | Japan |
| Language | Japanese |
| Budget | $350,000 |
| Box office | US$46,808 (Kurosawa & Mifune Festival) |


title: Out FM

abstract: Out FM is an anti-racist, progressive LGBTQ public affairs and culture talk radio show airing on Tuesday evenings from 9 pm to 10 pm on WBAI 99.5 fm, Pacifica Radio in New York City. Founded in 1982 the Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender History called it "one of the oldest and longest-running queer programs in the United States. Guests have included intellectuals such as Urvashi Vaid and Dean Spade, political figures such as Larry Kramer and Rosie Mendez, and artists such as Jim Brochu and Jewelle Gomez.

text:
# Out FM

***Out FM*** is an anti-racist, progressive LGBTQ public affairs and culture talk radio show airing on Tuesday evenings from 9 pm to 10 pm on WBAI 99.5 fm, Pacifica Radio in New York City. Founded in 1982 (as *The Gay Show*) the *Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender History* called it "one of the oldest and longest-running queer programs in the United States.

Guests have included intellectuals such as Urvashi Vaid and Dean Spade, political figures such as Larry Kramer and Rosie Mendez, and artists such as Jim Brochu and Jewelle Gomez.

1. Fisher, Marc. "The New Yorker, "Voice of the Cabal", December 4, 2006". Newyorker.com. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
2. Here Publishing (11 July 1995). "The Advocate". *The Advocate: The National Gay & Lesbian Newsmagazine*. Here Publishing: 20–. ISSN 0001-8996.
3. "Poz, "Obits", April 1998". Poz.com. April 1998. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
4. Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender History, p. 13
5. "Puerto Rico Herald, "Wise Guy Skinhead Rutgers Disc Jockey Pedro Angel Serrano Is Happy To Be The 'Old Wise Man'", April 18, 2004". Puertorico-herald.org. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
6. "Off Broadway World, "ZERO HOUR Star Jim Brochu to Appear Live on OUT-FM 1/11", January 11, 2010". Offbroadway.broadwayworld.com. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
7. "Out FM Site". Outfm.org. Retrieved 2013-12-05.

## InfoBox

Out FM
| Genre | Talk Radio |
| --- | --- |
| Running time | 60 minutes |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Language(s) | English |
| Home station | WBAI |
| Syndicates | Pacifica Radio |
| Recording studio | New York, NY |
| No. of episodes | 1000+ |
| Opening theme | "Together" by Betty |
| Website | Out FM |


title: Niphona lateralis

abstract: Niphona lateralis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by White in 1858. It is known from Thailand, Borneo, Cambodia and Malaysia.

text:
# Niphona lateralis

***Niphona lateralis*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by White in 1858. It is known from Thailand, Borneo, Cambodia and Malaysia.

## InfoBox

| *Niphona lateralis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Tribe: | Pteropliini |
| Genus: | *Niphona* |
| Species: | ***N. lateralis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Niphona lateralis***<br>White, 1858 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Mylothris bimaculatus* Brongniart, 1891 | |


title: Orahovice, Bileća

abstract: Orahovice is a village in the municipality of Bileća, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

text:
# Orahovice, Bileća

**Orahovice** (Serbian Cyrillic: Ораховице) is a village in the municipality of Bileća, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

43°00′N 18°22′E / 43.000°N 18.367°E / 43.000; 18.367

## InfoBox

| Orahovice Ораховице | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Orahovice | |
| Coordinates: 43°00′N 18°22′E / 43.000°N 18.367°E / 43.000; 18.367 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Republika Srpska |
| Municipality | Bileća |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


abstract: The 1984 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation was held in January 1985. It is part of the Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation series held in Hong Kong.

text:
# 1984 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation

The **1984 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation** (Chinese: 1984年度十大勁歌金曲頒獎典禮) was held in January 1985. It is part of the Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation series held in Hong Kong.

## Top 10 song awards

The top 10 songs (十大勁歌金曲) of 1984 are as follows.

| Song name in Chinese | Artist(s) |
| --- | --- |
| 零時十分 | Sally Yeh |
| 愛在深秋 | Alan Tam |
| 似水流年 | Anita Mui |
| 天籟 | Michael Kwan |
| 再度孤獨 | Jenny Tseng |
| 無敵是愛 | Samuel Hui, Jenny Tseng |
| 偶遇 | Samantha Lam |
| Monica | Leslie Cheung |
| 愛的根源 | Alan Tam |
| 幻影 | Alan Tam |
|

## Additional awards

| Award | Song name
(if available for award) | Recipient(s) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **The Best Composition Award**
(最佳作曲獎) | 愛的根源 | * Composer: Philip Chan Fei Lap (陳斐立) * Performed by: Alan Tam |
| **The Best Lyric Award**
(最佳填詞獎) | 愛在深秋 | * Lyrics by: Andrew Lam (林敏驄) * Performed by: Alan Tam |
| **The Best Music Arrangement Award**
(最佳編曲獎) | 愛的根源 | * Music Arrangement by: Antonio Arevalo Jr. (盧東尼) * Performed by: Alan Tam |
| **The Best Record Album Produced Award**
(最佳唱片監製獎) | 愛的根源 | * Music Producer by: William Kwan (關維麟) * Performed by: Alan Tam |
| **The Most Popular Male Artist Award**
(最受歡迎男歌星獎) | --- | Alan Tam |
| **The Most Popular Female Artist Award**
(最受歡迎女歌星獎) | --- | Jenny Tseng |
| **Gold Song Gold Award**
(金曲金獎) | 愛在深秋 | Alan Tam |
| **Jade Solid Gold Honour Award**
(勁歌金曲榮譽大獎) | --- | Paula Tsui |
|


title: United States Unified Medical Command

abstract:
The United States Unified Medical Command was a proposed Unified Combatant Command within the United States Department of Defense. The plan was rejected in December 2006 due to heavy resistance from Air Force Surgeon General Lieutenant General James G. Roudebush, who cited mission and cultural differences among the services as justification for keeping medical assets separate. The unified command would have merged the medical assets of the United States Navy, Air Force, and Army and reduced the duplication of effort that currently exists. The Department of Defense instead created a governance plan that creates joint oversight in four key areas: medical research, medical education and training, health care delivery in major military markets, and shared support services. Specifically, the Department of Defense will implement the following measures:
  - Military medical research would become the responsibility of the Army Medical Research and Materiel Command at Fort Detrick, Maryland.
  - Enlisted military members from all services will receive medical training at a joint center at Fort Sam Houston, Texas.
  - Major military markets, particularly those in metropolitan areas such as San Antonio, Texas, and Washington, D.C., will consolidate their operations and be the responsibility of a single service.
  - Support services such as information management and technology, facilities management, contracting and procurement, and logistical and financial functions will all be consolidated To implement these changes, the Department of Defense will be creating a transition team to review options and recommend steps for implementation. The implementation process is expected to take at least two years. Additionally, the TRICARE Management Activity will be maintained, but with more focus on health insurance, contractor management and benefit delivery. Other responsibilities such as information technology will be transferred to the support services command.

text:
# United States Unified Medical Command

The **United States Unified Medical Command** was a proposed Unified Combatant Command within the United States Department of Defense. The plan was rejected in December 2006 due to heavy resistance from Air Force Surgeon General Lieutenant General James G. Roudebush, who cited mission and cultural differences among the services as justification for keeping medical assets separate.

The unified command would have merged the medical assets of the United States Navy, Air Force, and Army and reduced the duplication of effort that currently exists.

The Department of Defense instead created a governance plan that creates joint oversight in four key areas: medical research, medical education and training, health care delivery in major military markets, and shared support services.

Specifically, the Department of Defense will implement the following measures:

* Military medical research would become the responsibility of the Army Medical Research and Materiel Command at Fort Detrick, Maryland.
* Enlisted military members from all services will receive medical training at a joint center at Fort Sam Houston, Texas.
* Major military markets, particularly those in metropolitan areas such as San Antonio, Texas, and Washington, D.C., will consolidate their operations and be the responsibility of a single service.
* Support services such as information management and technology, facilities management, contracting and procurement, and logistical and financial functions will all be consolidated

To implement these changes, the Department of Defense will be creating a transition team to review options and recommend steps for implementation. The implementation process is expected to take at least two years.

Additionally, the TRICARE Management Activity will be maintained, but with more focus on health insurance, contractor management and benefit delivery. Other responsibilities such as information technology will be transferred to the support services command.


abstract: The National Assembly of South Korea currently has 300 constituencies of which 254 are geographic constituencies that elect a single member using the plurality voting system to represent a geographic region, the remaining 46 members are elected using a semi-mixed member proportional representation system. Elections were last held for all 300 constituencies during the 2024 South Korean legislative election.

text:
# List of constituencies of the National Assembly of South Korea

The National Assembly of South Korea currently has 300 constituencies of which 254 are geographic constituencies that elect a single member using the plurality (first past the post) voting system to represent a geographic region, the remaining 46 members are elected using a semi-mixed member proportional representation system. Elections were last held for all 300 constituencies during the 2024 South Korean legislative election.

## Geographic constituencies

### Seoul (48)

| Constituency | Electorate (2024) | Subdivision (Administrative Districts) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Jongno | 126,041 | At large |
| Jung–Seongdong A | 180,528 | Wangsimni, Wangsimni-Doseon, Majang, Sageun, Hangdang, Eungbong, Seongsu, Songjeong, Yongdap |
| Jung–Seongdong B | 177,422 | Jung district at large, Geumho, Oksu |
| Yongsan | 188,998 | At large |
| Gwangjin A | 150,187 | Gunja, Junggok, Neung, Gwangjang, Guui 2nd |
| Gwangjin B | 151,508 | Hwayang, Jayang, Guui 1st, Guui 3rd |
| Dongdaemun A | 151,861 | Yongsin, Jegi, Cheongnyangni, Hoegi, Hwigyeong, Imun |
| Dongdaemun B | 154,549 | Jeonnong, Dapsimni, Jangan |
| Jungnang A | 156,202 | Myeonmok, Sangbong 2nd, Mangu 3rd |
| Jungnang B | 188,139 | Sangbong 1st, Junghwa, Muk, Mangu main, Sinnae |
| Seongbuk A | 195,813 | Seongbuk (dong), Samseon, Dongseon, Donam 2nd, Anam, Bomun, Jeongneung, Gireum 1st |
| Seongbuk B | 178,667 | Donam 1st, Gireum 2nd, Jongam, Wolgok, Jangwi, Seokgwan |
| Gangbuk A | 132,265 | Beon 1st, Beon 2nd, Suyu, Ui, Insu |
| Gangbuk B | 128,295 | Samyang, Mia, Songjung, Songcheon, samgaksan, Beon 3rd |
| Dobong A | 136,836 | Chang, Ssangmun 1st, Ssangmun 3rd |
| Dobong B | 138,197 | Dobong (dong), Ssangmun 2nd, Ssangmun 4th, Banghak |
| Nowon A | 224,187 | Wolgye, Gongneung, Hagye, Junggye Bon, Junggye 2nd, Junggye 3rd |
| Nowon B | 211,043 | Junggye 1st, Junggye 4th, Sanggye |
| Eunpyeong A | 219,044 | Nokbeon, Eungam, Yeokchon, Sinsa, Jeungsan, Susaek |
| Eunpyeong B | 195,270 | Bulgwang, Galhyeon, Gusan, Daejo, Jingwan |
| Seodaemun A | 130,042 | Chonyeon, Bugahyeon, Chunghyeon, Sinchon, Yeonhui, Hongje 1st, Hongje 2nd |
| Seodaemun B | 141,489 | Hongje 3rd, Hongeun, Namgajwa, Bukgajwa |
| Mapo A | 157,500 | Ahyeon, Gongdeok, Dohwa, Yongang, Daehung, Yeomni, Sinsu |
| Mapo B | 182,761 | Seogang, Seogyo, Hapjeong, Mangwon, Yeonnam, Seongsan, Sangam |
| Yangcheon A | 195,448 | Mok, Sinjeong 1st~2nd, Sinjeong 6th~7th |
| Yangcheon B | 175,761 | Sinwol, Sinjeong 3rd~4th |
| Gangseo A | 168,119 | Balsan, Ujangsan(Fmr. Hwagok 5th and Balsan 2nd), Hwagok 1st~3rd, Hwagok 8th |
| Gangseo B | 171,060 | Gayang 1st~2nd, Gonghang, Deungchon 3rd, Banghwa |
| Gangseo C | 158,668 | Gayang 3rd, Deungchon 1st~2nd, Yeomchang, Hwagok main, Hwagok 4th, Hwagok 6th |
| Guro A | 205,069 | Gocheok, Gaebong, Oryu, Sugung, Hang |
| Guro B | 141,985 | Sindorim, Guro (dong), Garibong |
| Geumcheon | 207,518 | At large |
| Yeongdeungpo A | 193,458 | Yeongdeunpo (dong), Dangsan, Dorim, Mullae, Yangpyeong, Singil 3rd |
| Yeongdeungpo B | 141,494 | Yeouido, Singil 1st, Singil 4th~7th, Daerim |
| Dongjak A | 180,193 | Noryangjin, Sangdo 2nd~4th, Daebang, Sindaebang |
| Dongjak B | 158,571 | Sangdo 1st, Heukseok, Sadang |
| Gwanak A | 242,617 | Bongcheon (Statutory dong, At-large), Namhyeon, Sillim (Administrative dong) |
| Gwanak B | 204,556 | Sillim (Statutory, Excpet Administrative Sillim-dong) |
| Seocho A | 154,336 | Jamwon, Banpo, Bangbae main, Bangbae 1st, Bangbae 4th |
| Seocho B | 232,128 | Seocho (dong), Bangbae 2nd~3rd, Yangje, Naegok |
| Gangnam A | 156,085 | Sinsa, Nonhyeon, Apgujeong, Cheongdam, Yeoksam |
| Gangnam B | 168,269 | Gaepo, Segok, Irwon, Suseo |
| Gangnam C | 143,901 | Samseong, Daechi, Dogok |
| Songpa A | 151,559 | Pungnap, Bangi, Oryun Songpa (dong), Jamsil 4th, Jamsil 6th |
| Songpa B | 191,803 | Seokchon, Samjeon, Garak 1st, Munjeong 2nd, Jamsil main, Jamsil 2nd~3rd, Jamsil 7th |
| Songpa C | 220,953 | Geoyeo, Macheon, Ogeum, Garak main, Garak 2nd, Munjeong 1st, Jangji, Wirye |
| Gangdong A | 199,231 | Gangil, Sangil, Myeongil, Godeok, Amsa |
| Gangdong B | 198,766 | Cheonho, Seongnae, Dunchon, Gil |

### Busan (18)

| Constituency name | Electorate (2024) | Geographical Area |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Jung–Yeongdo | 132,866 | All of Jung District, Busan and Yeongdo District |
| Seo–Dong | 172,850 | All of Seo District, Busan and Dong District, Busan |
| Busanjin A | 160,658 | Northern part of Busanjin District |
| Busanjin B | 161,857 | Southern part of Busanjin District |
| Dongnae | 230,465 | All of Dongnae District |
| Nam | 223,869 | All of Nam District, Busan |
| Buk A | 121,889 | Southern part of Buk District, Busan |
| Buk B | 117,612 | Northern part of Buk District, Busan |
| Haeundae A | 185,494 | Southern coastal part of Haeundae District |
| Haeundae B | 141,382 | Northern inland part of Haeundae District |
| Saha A | 131,310 | Northern part of Saha District |
| Saha B | 130,588 | Southern part of Saha District, Busan |
| Geumjeong | 192,113 | All of Geumjeong District, northern Busan |
| Gangseo | 111,554 | All of Gangseo District, western Busan |
| Yeonje | 184,060 | All of Yeonje District, central Busan |
| Suyeong | 155,728 | All of Suyeong District, central Busan |
| Sasang | 181,823 | All of Sasang District, central Busan |
| Gijang | 146,425 | All of Gijang County, north-eastern Busan |

### Daegu (12)

| Constituency Name | Electorate (2024) | Geographical Area |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Jung–Nam | 204,639 | All of Jung District and Nam District central and southern Daegu |
| Dong–Gunwi A | 145,881 | Southern part of Dong District eastern Daegu |
| Dong–Gunwi B | 174,984 | Northern part of Dong District and Gunwi County, eastern Daegu |
| Seo | 149,953 | All of Seo District, western Daegu |
| Buk A | 152,872 | Southern part of Buk District, northern Daegu |
| Buk B | 208,180 | Northern part of Buk District, northern Daegu |
| Suseong A | 201,088 | Northern part of Suseong District, eastern Daegu |
| Suseong B | 143,624 | Southern part of Suseong District, eastern Daegu |
| Dalseo A | 134,682 | Western part of Dalseo District, western Daegu |
| Dalseo B | 195,189 | Southern part of Dalseo District, western Daegu |
| Dalseo C | 124,723 | Eastern part of Dalseo District, western Daegu |
| Dalseong | 214,642 | All of Dalseong County, non continuous district in western and southern Daegu |

### Incheon (14)

| Constituency Name | Electorate (2024) | Geographical Area |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Jung–Ganghwa–Ongjin | 211,775 | Central Incheon, North west coast from Incheon Airport to the DMZ and Ongjin Islands |
| Dong–Michuhol A | 225,741 | All of Eastern District and northern part of Michuhol District Incheon |
| Dong–Michuhol B | 185,368 | Southern part of Michuhol District, Incheon |
| Yeonsu A | 166,126 | Eastern part of Yeonsu District, Incheon |
| Yeonsu B | 156,982 | Western part of Yeonsu District, Incheon |
| Namdong A | 208,476 | Southern part of Namdong District, Incheon |
| Namdong B | 215,847 | Northern part of Namdong District, Incheon |
| Bupyeong A | 229,074 | Southern part of Bupyeong District, Incheon |
| Bupyeong B | 206,143 | Northern part of Bupyeong District, Incheon |
| Gyeyang A | 120,600 | Southern part of Gyeyang District, Incheon |
| Gyeyang B | 127,351 | Northern part of Gyeyang District, Incheon |
| Seo A | 174,282 | Southern part of Western District, Incheon |
| Seo B | 167,373 | Central part of Western District, Incheon |
| Seo C | 179,572 | Northern part of Western District, Incheon |

### Gwangju (8)

| Constituency Name | Electorate (2024) | Geographical Area |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Dong–Nam A | 136,736 | Most of Southern District, Gwangju |
| Dong–Nam B | 133,090 | All of Eastern District and eastern part of southern district, Gwangju |
| Seo A | 124,977 | Northern part of Western District, Gwangju |
| Seo B | 118,893 | Southern part of Western District, Gwangju |
| Buk A | 158,463 | Eastern part of Northern District, Gwangju |
| Buk B | 202,572 | Western part of Northern District, Gwangju |
| Gwangsan A | 138,064 | Southern part of Gwangsan District |
| Gwangsan B | 186,787 | Northern Part of Gwangsan District |

### Daejeon (7)

| Constituency name | Electorate (2024) | Geographical area |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Dong | 190,412 | All of Eastern District, Daejeon |
| Jung | 195,348 | All of Central District, Daejeon |
| Seo A | 212,533 | Southern part of Western District, Daejeon |
| Seo B | 183,839 | Northern part of Western District, Daejeon |
| Yuseong A | 159,614 | Southern part of Yuseong District, Daejeon |
| Yuseong B | 144,975 | Northern part of Yuseong District, Daejeon |
| Daedeok | 149,618 | All of Daedeok District, northern Daejeon |

### Ulsan (6)

| Constituency Name | Electorate (2024) | Geographical Area |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Jung | 179,055 | All of Central District Ulsan |
| Nam A | 139,853 | Western part of Southern District, Ulsan |
| Nam B | 123,722 | Eastern part of Southern District, Ulsan |
| Dong | 127,134 | All of Eastern District, Ulsan |
| Buk | 176,056 | All of Northern District, Ulsan |
| Ulju | 188,440 | All of Ulju County, western Ulsan |

### Sejong City (2)

| Constituency Name | Electorate (2024) | Geographical Area |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Sejong A | 171,472 | Southern and Western part of Sejong City |
| Sejong B | 129,759 | Northern part of Sejong City |

### Gyeonggi (60)

| Constituency Name | Electorate (2024) | Geographical Area |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Suwon A | 200,396 | Northern Suwon |
| Suwon B | 213,733 | Western Suwon |
| Suwon C | 182,482 | Central Suwon |
| Suwon D | 201,075 | Eastern Suwon |
| Suwon E | 227,030 | Southern Suwon |
| Seongnam Sujeong | 209,986 | All of Sujeong District, northern Seongnam |
| Seongnam Jungwon | 186,583 | All of Jungwon District, eastern Seongnam |
| Seongnam Bundang A | 214,158 | Northern part of Bundang District, southern Seongnam |
| Seongnam Bundang B | 182,451 | Southern part of Bundag District, southern Seongnam |
| Uijeongbu A | 177,927 | Western part of Uijeongbu |
| Uijeongbu B | 222,648 | Eastern part of Uijeongbu |
| Anyang Manan | 203,664 | All of Manan District, Anyang |
| Anyang Dongan A | 138,721 | Northern part of Dongan District, north-eastern Anyang |
| Anyang Dongan B | 129,800 | Southern part of Dongan District, south-eastern Anyang |
| Bucheon A | 232,632 | Northern part of Bucheon City |
| Bucheon B | 214,471 | Western part of Bucheon City |
| Bucheon C | 233,948 | Southern part of Bucheon City |
| Gwangmyeong A | 113,596 | Northern part of Gwangmyeong |
| Gwangmyeong B | 125,172 | Southern part of Gwangmyeong |
| Pyeongtaek A | 166,864 | Northern part of Pyeongtaek |
| Pyeongtaek B | 159,378 | Western part of Pyeongtaek |
| Pyeongtaek C | 171,693 | Southern part of Pyeongtaek |
| Dongducheon–Yangju–Yeoncheon A | 218,378 | Yangju city (excluding Nam-myeon and Eunhyeon-myeon) |
| Dongducheon–Yangju–Yeoncheon B | 125,278 | All of Dongducheon, northern Yangju, all of Yeoncheon County |
| Ansan A | 170,398 | Southern Ansan |
| Ansan B | 197,297 | Eastern Ansan |
| Ansan C | 181,427 | Western Ansan |
| Goyang A | 228,942 | North-east Goyang |
| Goyang B | 229,773 | South-eastern Goyang |
| Goyang C | 236,926 | central Goyang |
| Goyang D | 227,947 | western Goyang |
| Uiwang–Gwacheon | 202,961 | Uiwang and Gwacheon cities- south of Seoul between Anyang and Seongnam |
| Guri | 161,475 | Guri city |
| Namyangju A | 180,754 | North-western Namyangju |
| Namyangju B | 208,484 | North-eastern Namyangju |
| Namyangju C | 225,084 | Southern Namyangju |
| Osan | 193,088 | Osan City south of Suwon |
| Siheung A | 221,338 | Northern Siheung |
| Siheung B | 212,474 | Southern Siheung |
| Gunpo | 226,042 | Gunpo north-west of Suwon |
| Hanam A | 144,860 | Northern Hanam |
| Hanam B | 127,378 | Southern Hanam |
| Yongin A | 225,977 | South East of Yongin city- all of Cheoin District |
| Yongin B | 229,759 | Northern Yongin city parts of Suji district |
| Yongin C | 220,492 | Western Yongin city, part of Suji District |
| Yongin D | 223,886 | Central Yongin City- parts of Giheung District and parts of Suji district |
| Paju A | 226,611 | South and West Paju next to North Korea |
| Paju B | 192,812 | North and East Paju next to North Korea |
| Icheon | 188,859 | Icheon city and surrounding area. |
| Anseong | 165,008 | Anseong city and surrounding area |
| Gimpo A | 186,282 | East Gimpo |
| Gimpo B | 209,555 | West Gimpo and surrounding area |
| Hwaseong A | 221,628 | Western Hwaseong and surrounding area |
| Hwaseong B | 169,135 | Southeastern Hwaseong |
| Hwaseong C | 207,233 | Central Hwaseong |
| Hwaseong D | 164,120 | Northeastern Hwaseong |
| Gwangju A | 163,581 | North of Gwangju, Gyeonggi |
| Gwangju B | 170,215 | South of Gwangju, Gyeonggi |
| Pocheon–Gapyeong | 183,868 | Pocheon and Gapyeong County in the north-east of Gyeonggi province |
| Yeoju–Yangpyeong | 211,775 | Yeoju City and Yangpyeong County in the south-east of Gyeonggi province |

### Gangwon (8)

| Constituency Names | Electorate (2024) | Geographical Area |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Chuncheon–Cheorwon–Hwacheon–Yanggu A | 196,972 | Southern Chuncheon City and surrounding rural area. |
| Chuncheon–Cheorwon–Hwacheon–Yanggu B | 124,089 | Northern Chuncheon City and Cheorwon County, Hwacheon County and Yanggu County in north western Gangwon |
| Wonju A | 159,375 | West Wonju city |
| Wonju B | 148,344 | East Wonju city |
| Gangneung | 183,878 | Gangneung City |
| Donghae–Taebaek–Samcheok–Jeongseon | 196,849 | Donghae City, Taebaek City, Samcheok City and Jeongseon County in south-east Gangwon province. |
| Sokcho–Goseong–Yangyang–Inje | 148,964 | Sokcho City, Inje County, Goseong County and Yangyang County in north-east Gangwon Province |
| Hongcheon–Hoengseong–Yeongwol–Pyeongchang | 173,056 | Hongcheon County, Hoengseong County, Yeongwol County and Pyeongchang County |

### North Chungcheong (8)

| Constituency Name | Electorate (2024) | Geographical Area |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Cheongju Sangdang | 169,036 | All of Sangdang District eastern Cheongju City |
| Cheongju Seowon | 161,145 | All of Seowon District southern Cheongju City |
| Cheongju Heungdeok | 231,288 | All of Heungdeok District western Cheongju City |
| Cheongju Cheongwon | 158,647 | All of Cheongwon District northern Cheongju City |
| Chungju | 181,005 | Chungju City |
| Jecheon–Danyang | 139,768 | Jecheon City and Danyang County |
| Boeun–Okcheon–Yeongdong–Goesan | 146,169 | Boeun County, Okcheon County, Yeongdong County and Goesan County |
| Jeungpyeong–Jincheon–Eumseong | 185,137 | Jeungpyeong County, Jincheon County and Eumseong County |

### South Chungcheong (11)

| Constituency Name | Electorate (2024) | Geographical Area |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Cheonan A | 216,611 | Parts of Dongnam District eastern Cheonan |
| Cheonan B | 182,191 | Parts of Seobuk District northern and western Cheonan |
| Cheonan C | 154,083 | Parts and Dongnam and Seobuk District southern Cheonan |
| Gongju–Buyeo–Cheongyang | 174,418 | Gongju City, Buyeo County and Cheongyang County |
| Boryeong–Seocheon | 128,959 | Boryeong City and Seocheon County |
| Asan A | 125,706 | Western Asan |
| Asan B | 160,464 | Eastern Asan and surrounding areas |
| Seosan–Taean | 204,098 | Seosan City and Taean County |
| Nonsan–Gyeryong–Geumsan | 180,091 | Nonsan City, Gyeryong City and Geumsan County |
| Dangjin | 143,594 | Dangjin City |
| Hongseong–Yesan | 154,563 | Hongseong County and Yesan County |

### North Jeolla (10)

| Constituency name | Electorate (2024) | Geographical Area |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Jeonju A | 163,995 | parts of Wansan District south-east Jeonju |
| Jeonju B | 166,404 | parts of Wansan District south-west Jeonju |
| Jeonju C | 212,820 | all of Deokjin District north Jeonju |
| Gunsan–Gimje–Buan A | 214,985 | Gunsan city (excluding Daeya-myeon and Hoehyeon-myeon) |
| Gunsan–Gimje–Buan B | 124,423 | parts of Gunsan, all of Gimje and Buan County |
| Iksan A | 117,493 | western Iksan city |
| Iksan B | 116,493 | eastern Iksan city |
| Jeongeup–Gochang | 137,963 | Jeongeup City and Gochang County |
| Namwon–Jangsu–Imsil–Sunchang | 133,870 | Namwon City, Jangsu County, Imsil County and Sunchang County |
| Wanju–Jinan–Muju | 128,570 | Wanju County, Jinan County, and Muju County |

### South Jeolla (10)

| Constituency Name | Electorate (2024) | Geographical area |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Mokpo | 181,418 | Mokpo City |
| Yeosu A | 120,250 | Eastern Yeosu City |
| Yeosu B | 114,061 | Western Yeosu City |
| Suncheon–Gwangyang–Gokseong–Gurye A | 191,614 | Almost all of Suncheon City |
| Suncheon–Gwangyang–Gokseong–Gurye B | 218,521 | Part of Suncheon City, all of Gwangyang City, Gokseong County and Gurye County |
| Naju–Hwasun | 154,071 | Naju City and Hwasun County |
| Damyang–Hampyeong–Yeonggwang–Jangseong | 151,967 | Damyang County, Hampyeong County, Yeonggwang County and Jangseong County northern Jeonnam |
| Goheung–Boseong–Jangheung–Gangjin | 151,441 | Goheung County, Boseong County, Jangheung County and Gangjin County southern Jeonam |
| Haenam–Wando–Jindo | 124,718 | Haenam County, Wando County and Jindo County south western Jeonam |
| Yeongam–Muan–Sinan | 156,151 | Yeongam County, Muan County and Sinan County |

### North Gyeongsang (13)

| Constituency name | Electorate (2024) | Geographical Area |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Pohang Buk | 228,023 | All of North District, Pohang |
| Pohang Nam–Ulleung | 203,445 | All of South District, Pohang and Ulleung County |
| Gyeongju | 217,609 | All of Gyeongju south-east Gyeongbuk |
| Gimcheon | 118,478 | All of Gimcheon western Gyeongbuk |
| Andong–Yecheon | 181,285 | All of Andong city and Yecheon County |
| Gumi A | 173,050 | Southern Gumi |
| Gumi B | 164,338 | Northern Gumi and surrounding area |
| Yeongju–Yeongyang–Bonghwa | 129,648 | Yeongju City, Yeongyang County, and Bonghwa County |
| Yeongcheon–Cheongdo | 128,322 | Yeongcheon City and Cheongdo County |
| Sangju–Mungyeong | 144,308 | Sangju City and Mungyeong City in north-western Gyeongbuk |
| Gyeongsan | 231,226 | Gyeongsan City east of Daegu. |
| Uiseong–Cheongsong–Yeongdeok–Uljin | 141,262 | Uiseong County, Cheongsong County, Yeongdeok County, and Uljin County in central Gyeongbuk |
| Goryeong–Seongju–Chilgok | 160,408 | Goryeong County, Seongju County and Chilgok County west of Daegu |

### South Gyeongsang (16)

| Constituency Name | Electorate (2024) | Geographical Area |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Changwon Uichang | 182,326 | Uichang District northern Changwon City |
| Changwon Seongsan | 208,594 | Seongsan District central Changwon City |
| Changwon Masanhappo | 155,430 | Masanhappo District, south-west Changwon City |
| Changwon Masanhoewon | 156,812 | Masanhoewon District, west Changwon City |
| Changwon Jinhae | 158,141 | Jinhae District, south Changwon City |
| Jinju A | 167,725 | Western Jinju City |
| Jinju B | 121,959 | Eastern Jinju City |
| Tongyeong–Goseong | 147,305 | Tongyeong City and Goseong County southern Gyeongnam |
| Sacheon–Namhae–Hadong | 169,430 | Sacheon City, Namhae County and Hadong County southern Gyeongnam |
| Gimhae A | 222,271 | Northern Gimhae city |
| Gimhae B | 223,355 | Southern Gimhae City |
| Miryang–Uiryeong–Haman–Changnyeong | 218,917 | Milyang City, Uiryeong County, Haman County and Changnyeong County |
| Geoje | 191,224 | Geoje Island off the south coast of Gyeongnam |
| Yangsan A | 151,262 | Western part of Yangsan City, north of Busan |
| Yangsan B | 146,338 | Eastern part of Yangsan City, north of Busan |
| Sancheong–Hamyang–Geochang–Hapcheon | 154,837 | Sancheong County, Hamyang County, Geochang County and Hapcheon County western Gyeongbuk |

### Jeju Island (3)

| Constituency Name | Electorate (2024) | Geographical Area |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Jeju A | 213,825 | west Jeju City, north-west Jeju Island |
| Jeju B | 194,949 | east Jeju City, north-east Jeju Island |
| Seogwipo | 155,750 | Seogwipo City, southern Jeju Island |

## InfoBox

| South Korean National Assembly constituencies | |
| --- | --- |
| Constituencies as of the 2024 South Korean legislative election | |
| Category | Electoral district |
| Location | South Korea |
| Number | 300 (as of 2024) |
| Populations | 111,554 (Gangseo, Busan) \- 242,617 (Gwanak A) |
| Government |  |


abstract: Two instruments known as the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array, or SCUBA, have been used for detecting submillimetre radiation on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope in Hawaii.

text:
# Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array

Two instruments known as the **Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array**, or **SCUBA**, have been used for detecting submillimetre radiation on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope in Hawaii.

## SCUBA-1

The older continuum single pixel UKT14 bolometer receiver was replaced in the 1990s by the Submillimeter Common-User Bolometer Array (SCUBA). The SCUBA project was green-lighted in 1987 by the JCMT board and was in development for nearly a decade before it saw first light on the telescope. While it was not the first bolometer array it was "unique in combining an unparallel sensitivity with an extensive wavelength range and field-of-view".

SCUBA operated simultaneously at wavelengths of 450 and 850 micron (with 91 and 37 pixels, respectively), and was sensitive to the thermal emission from interstellar dust. SCUBA is ranked second only to the Hubble Space Telescope in terms of publication of high-impact astronomical research. SCUBA was retired from service in 2005, and it is now in the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh.

## SCUBA-2

SCUBA-2, another continuum instrument, was commissioned in 2011. This ground-breaking camera consists of large arrays of superconducting transition edge sensors with a mapping speed hundreds of times larger than SCUBA. It has 5120 array elements at both 450 and 850 micron wavelength (10,240 total pixels). It has been conducting the JCMT legacy surveys since November, 2011, including the SCUBA-2 All Sky Survey, and was made available for general astronomical observations in February, 2012. Two ancillary instruments, FTS-2 and POL-2, add spectroscopic and polarimetric capabilities to SCUBA-2.

### SCUBA-2 All Sky Survey

The SCUBA-2 All-Sky Survey (SASSy), is an astronomical survey using the SCUBA-2 camera to map the sky at submillimeter wavelengths (850 μm). It is most sensitive to very cold gas and dust. The survey started in 2011. A team of around 50 astronomers from the United Kingdom, Canada, the United States, Netherlands, and Japan aim to map a huge swathe of the sky to find rare galaxies and stars being formed.

The survey will achieve an angular resolution of 14 arcseconds, 1800 times more detailed than the best previous full-sky map in the sub-mm from COBE, which had only 7° angular resolution (25200 arcseconds).

Despite its name, the project will not be able to map the southernmost areas of the sky that are not visible from the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope in Hawaii.

SASSy is one of the major "legacy surveys" on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. It is the second-largest such legacy survey in terms of time on this telescope, and in terms of notional facility time is "worth" over £1 million.

The project seeks to answer the following questions:

* Is there an undiscovered population of extreme luminosity galaxies?
* What are the number counts of bright sub-mm galaxies?
* What is the fraction of lens sub-mm sources?
* Is there an undiscovered population of cold local galaxies?
* How many infrared dark clouds are there in our Galaxy and how are they distributed?
* What is the relation of infrared dark clouds to star formation and Galactic structure?
* Is there an underlying unknown population of star formation?
* What is the fraction of clustered vs. isolated star formation?
* What is the answer to the distributed T-Tauri problem?

This project will also assist in the foreground subtraction and calibration of the Planck microwave background satellite.

The project was led initially by Dr. Mark Thompson and Dr. Stephen Serjeant (University of Hertfordshire and Open University respectively), now expanded to a four-person co-ordinating team with the addition of Dr. Tim Jenness and Prof. Douglas Scott (Joint Astronomy Centre, Hawaii, and University of British Columbia respectively). The collaboration includes Cardiff University, UK; European Space Agency; Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics / NRC, Canada; Imperial College London, UK; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Japan; Joint Astronomy Centre, Hawaii, USA; Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, The Netherlands; Keele University, UK; Liverpool John Moores University, UK; Open University, UK; Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK; SRON, The Netherlands; UK Astronomy Technology Centre, UK; Université Laval, Canada; University College London, UK; University of British Columbia, Canada; University of Cambridge, UK; University of Edinburgh, UK; University of Exeter, UK; University of Hertfordshire, UK; University of Kent, UK; University of St Andrews, UK; University of Waterloo, Canada

19°49′22″N 155°28′37″W / 19.8228°N 155.4770°W / 19.8228; -155.4770


title: William J. Sharkey (murderer)

abstract: William J. Sharkey was a New York City politician and convicted murderer who earned national notoriety in the late 19th century for escaping from a New York prison disguised as a woman. He subsequently fled to Cuba, which was part of the Spanish Empire at the time and not subject to extradition treaties. Sharkey was never captured, and his ultimate fate is unknown.

text:
# William J. Sharkey (murderer)

**William J. Sharkey** (c. 1847 – after 1873) was a New York City politician and convicted murderer who earned national notoriety in the late 19th century for escaping from a New York prison disguised as a woman. He subsequently fled to Cuba, which was part of the Spanish Empire at the time and not subject to extradition treaties. Sharkey was never captured, and his ultimate fate is unknown.

## Early life

Sharkey was born in New York City around 1847 and came from a respected and well-to-do family. A physical description of him in his late twenties stated that he was about five feet seven inches (5'7") tall, had high cheekbones, dark hair, and a "thin face somewhat feminine in appearance ... the eyes sharp and clear." Contemporaneous sources described him as handsome, well-dressed, interesting, and confident. Sharkey decided at an early age to adopt the "flash life" of a burglar, pickpocket, gambler, and "sporting man." Sharkey's gang, the Sharkey Guard, was described as "a gang of young gentlemen of questionable habits."

## Political career

Sharkey's early adulthood coincided with the rise to power of William Tweed, whose Tammany Hall political machine had seized control of the city and engaged in systemic political corruption. Sharkey and his gang soon came to the attention of Tweed and his associates, who saw an opportunity to feed Sharkey's ambition while serving their own goals. With their assistance, Sharkey became a "politician of no mean influence." "He was a power in the Eighth Ward primaries, had a club named after him, and belonged to every influential political organization in the fifth congressional district."

Sharkey's political career appeared to wane, however, when he was "defeated by internal dissensions in the Tammany Party." "He was nursed and petted until all his lambs had been brought into the fold, and then Tammany betrayed him." Sharkey returned to his old ways: "After this, he gave up hopes of office, and devoted himself to the pursuit of his ordinary avocations, gambling, and stealing."

## Murder of Robert S. Dunn

In 1872, Sharkey traveled to Buffalo, New York and invested in a faro bank, a popular card game in 19th-century America but also a game widely known for rampant cheating by both players and dealers. He lost $4,000 in five days. He then returned to New York City and recruited an associate named Robert S. Dunn, a professional gambler who also held a position as a public servant in the office of the Comptroller. Sharkey provided him with $600 to win back the money that he had lost. Dunn apparently lost as well and returned to New York City empty-handed.

The next time that Sharkey and Dunn were in the same company was at the funeral of James Reilly, a politician known to both men. They marched in the funeral procession together, and subsequently convened with other friends at a local bar. According to one source, Sharkey accused Dunn of reneging on his obligation to repay him, even though Dunn had recently won $1,500. He shot and killed Dunn, then fled. Sharkey remained at large for only a short time, having made it known to the police that he wanted to surrender. He was arrested by Captain Ira S. Garland and placed in a Manhattan jail to await trial.

### Trial

Sharkey's trial was a sensation at the time. Each day, large crowds convened to catch a glimpse of the accused. The trial was covered extensively by *The New York Times*.

Sharkey was charged with premeditated murder, a crime punishable by death under state law. His defense attorneys argued that Sharkey indisputably killed Dunn but there was no way to know if it was premeditated. The jury could thus only find him guilty of manslaughter. During the trial, one witness declined to answer (on fear of self-incrimination) whether he had been bribed with $500 to give testimony favorable to the defense. On 21 June 1873, the jury found Sharkey guilty of premeditated murder, with a recommendation to mercy. The defense requested a retrial on procedural grounds, and the court convened again on the 23rd and 29th of June 1873 to consider the motion, which was ultimately denied.

On 3 July 1873, Sharkey was formally sentenced to be hanged on Friday, 15 August 1873. One of his attorneys then filed a formal appeal which was granted on 7 August 1873. Sharkey seemed unmoved by the proceedings; according to accounts, he "did not betray the slightest emotion," and appeared "in the best of spirits."

### Confinement

Sharkey had been confined in a prison adjacent to the courthouse called The Tombs throughout the trial and sentencing. By most accounts, he was a troublesome inmate. One author noted, "He became so violent in his demonstrations that Warden Johnson ordered that he be locked up and put in close confinement," and that Sharkey was "continually insolent and abusive to his keeper." The *Times* reported that Sharkey attempted to stab one of the prison keepers. He was placed in solitary confinement and kept under close surveillance, and the door of his cell remained closed except to receive meals. Yet, some accounts implied a life of relative luxury and privilege; Walling noted, "The cell was richly fitted up, and the occupant evidently was not leading a very restricted life." On 6 August 1873, the day before Sharkey's appeal was granted, he was reportedly found under the influence of "intoxicating liquors, though from what source these have been obtained the Warden has been unable to find out."

## Escape

On 22 November 1873, Sharkey's lover Maggie Jourdan visited him in The Tombs with Sarah Allen, whose husband was also confined there. Both women were given passes to enter and exit the prison, but neither was searched by the guards. The women visited Sharkey for an indeterminate period of time, then Jourdan presented her exit pass to the guards at the prison gate and left. A second woman presented a pass at the gate an hour or so later and exited the prison, dressed in a black coat and hat. Her face was concealed by a veil, but she was later described as "large and rather masculine in appearance." About an hour later, Allen tried to exit the prison but was stopped when she failed to produce a pass.

The keeper of The Tombs realized immediately that something was amiss. Allen was held for questioning, and a search of each cell was ordered. The guards reached Sharkey's cell and "discovered that its occupant was not there. The door was unlocked, and Sharkey's clothing lay on the floor. On a little shelf, some locks of hair were found, which were supposed to be the remains of the murderer's mustache."

The last sighting of Sharkey was from a guard who noticed a "peculiar-looking woman" jumping aboard a fast-moving street car. The guard later remarked that he was "somewhat surprised to see the nimble way in which she alighted on a car, which was going at the time at considerable speed." The escape was considered "the most daring and unparalleled break-jail in the history of this country."

Speculation immediately arose about accomplices. The *Times* speculated that Sharkey had "the assistance and cooperation of persons equally as skilled as himself." That source cited a "rumor" that two guards had been placed under arrest. According to one account, Jourdan "had taken an impression in wax of the lock on her lover's cell, and assisted by Sharkey's confederates outside the prison, had managed to have a key made." She was arrested immediately after the escape, but subsequently released due to lack of evidence. The superintendent of police thought that "the plan of escape has been arranged for some time, and was not a thing of a moment's decision, as the prison authorities would pretend." Sharkey was never found despite the offer of a $2,000 reward for his capture and an extensive search.

## Life as a fugitive

The details are speculative regarding Sharkey's subsequent life as a fugitive. He remained in New York City for several weeks after his escape, then booked passage to Cuba between late 1873 and early 1874 under the name "Frank Campbell" aboard the schooner *Frank Atwood*. Cuba was part of the Spanish Empire at the time and had no extradition treaty with the United States. Coincidentally, Tweed also fled to Cuba aboard the *Frank Atwood* in 1873 after escaping from jail, where he was imprisoned for corruption charges.

Sharkey lived for a while in Cuba, allegedly visiting the American consulate in Havana to read about himself in the New York papers. His source of income remains unknown, although "he seemed to have plenty of money, and in answer to some inquiries made, he stated that his brothers furnished him with all he wanted from New York." Jourdan joined Sharkey in Cuba around 1876, and they subsequently married. She later returned to the U.S., an apparent victim of abuse.

In March 1875, it was reported that Sharkey was arrested while trying to sail to South America, and that his return to New York was imminent. An article appeared indicating that Sharkey had entered the military service in South America. The *Auckland Star* reported in June 1900 that Sharkey was "located in Southern Spain, where he is eking out an existence as a guide, and the police have information which should result in his capture." Herbert Asbury wrote, "They never found Sharkey" in 1931, when Sharkey would have been around 84 if he was still alive.

Although Sharkey officially remained a fugitive, he was born in 1847, so it is essentially certain that he is dead, and that his death and burial was recorded under an alias.

1. Farley, Philip. *Criminals of America, or, Tales of the Lives of Thieves: Enabling Every One to be His Own Detective: With Portraits, Making a Complete Rogues' Gallery*.
2. Van Emery, Edward (1930). *Veracities from Vice's Varieties. The Sins of New York: As "Exposed" by the Police Gazette*. New York City, New York: Frederick A. Stockes Company.
3. Sutton, Charles; Mix, James B.; Mackeever, Samuel A. (1974). *The New York Tombs: Its Secrets and Its Mysteries. Being a History of Noted Criminals, with Narratives of their Crimes*. New York City, New York: United States Pub. Co. pp. 482–498.
4. Walling, George W. (1887). *Recollections of a New York Chief of Police*. New York City, New York: Caxton Book Concern, Ltd. pp. 292–296.
5. *A Murderer's Escape. Sharkey Walks out of the Tombs at Midday*. The New York Timesdate=20 November 1873.
6. *An Assassin's Career. Sharkey to be Returned to the United States*. 22 March 1875. `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)
7. Sanders, J.R. (12 June 2006). *Faro: Favorite Gambling Game of the Frontier*. Wild West Magazine.
8. Asbury, Herbert (7 March 1931). "The Escape of William J. Sharkey". *The New Yorker*. p. 39.
9. *The Sharkey Trial. Testimonly for the Defense—The Case to be Given to the Jury To-Day*. 21 June 1873. `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)
10. *Doom of the Old Tombs*. 4 July 1896. `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)
11. *The Case of Sharkey. The Prisoner Not Yet Sentenced—A Postponement Granted*. 24 June 1873. `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)
12. *Found Guilty. William T. Sharkey Convicted of Murder in the First Degree—The Recorder's Charge to the Jury*. 22 June 1873. `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)
13. *The Murderer Sharkey. Motion for a New Trial—Affidavits from Three of the Jurors—Decision Reserved*. 29 June 1873. `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)
14. *The Death Penalty. Sharkey's Case. A New Trial Denied-The Prisoner to be Executed in August*. 4 July 1873. `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)
15. *Sharkey in the Tombs*. 6 August 1873. `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)
16. "The Fate of a Murderer – Found After 25 Years". The Auckland Star \- archived at paperspast.natlib.govt.nz – The National Library of New Zealand. 23 June 1900. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
17. "20 Nov 1873, Page 8 - The New York Times at Newspapers.com". *Newspapers.com*. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
18. *Possible clues to the method of his escape various mysterious persons supposed to know all about it but won't tell the schooner Atwood, in which sailed from New York as a passenger. The circumstances attending his disappearance*. 24 November 1876. `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)

## InfoBox

| William Sharkey | |
| --- | --- |
| A sketch of Sharkey (1873). | |
| Born | William J. Sharkey
c. 1847
New York, New York |
| Disappeared | 22 November 1873 (aged 26) |
| Status | Missing for 150 years, 10 months and 15 days; presumed dead *in absentia* |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Maggie Jourdan |
|  | |
| Conviction(s) | Premeditated murder |
| Criminal penalty | Death |
| Escaped | 22 November 1873 |
| Details | |
| Victims | Robert S. Dunn |
| Imprisoned at | The Tombs |
|  | |


title: 1974 Alabama Crimson Tide football team

abstract: The 1974 Alabama Crimson Tide football team represented the University of Alabama in the 1974 NCAA Division I football season. It was the Crimson Tide's 80th overall and 41st season as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The team was led by head coach Bear Bryant, in his 17th year, and played their home games at Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa and Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama. They finished season with eleven wins and one loss, as SEC champions and with a loss to Notre Dame in the Orange Bowl. As they entered the 1974 season, the Crimson Tide were one of the favorites to compete for the national championship. In their first game of the season, Alabama narrowly escaped with a win at Maryland in what was Bryant's first visit to College Park since he resigned as the Terrapins' head coach after their 1945 season. They followed with victories over Southern Miss, Vanderbilt and Ole Miss before they played in their closest game of the season against Florida State. Although the Crimson Tide entered their contest against the 0-4 Seminoles as a heavy favorite, they trailed for nearly the entire game until Bucky Berrey connected on the game-winning field goal from 36-yards out with only 0:33 left in the game. It was the closest Florida State would come to victory until scoring their only win at Miami in their ninth game to break a 20-game losing streak dating back to 1972. In their next game, Alabama defeated rival Tennessee. After the Vols scored on a second quarter touchdown run, the Crimson Tide defense did not surrender another for 17 consecutive quarters against TCU, Mississippi State, LSU, and Miami. Alabama then closed the season with an Iron Bowl victory over Auburn, but then failed to capture the national championship after they lost to Notre Dame in the Orange Bowl. The loss extended their winless streak in bowl games to eight (0–7–1), which ended the following year.

text:
# 1974 Alabama Crimson Tide football team

1974 Southeastern Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| No. 5 Alabama $ | 6 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  |  | 11 |  | 1 |  | 0 |
| No. 8 Auburn | 4 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 10 |  | 2 |  | 0 |
| Georgia | 4 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
| No. 17 Mississippi State | 3 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 9 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| No. 15 Florida | 3 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 8 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Kentucky | 3 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| No. 20 Tennessee | 2 |  | 3 |  | 1 |  |  | 7 |  | 3 |  | 2 |
| Vanderbilt | 2 |  | 3 |  | 1 |  |  | 7 |  | 3 |  | 2 |
| LSU | 2 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 5 |  | 1 |
| Ole Miss | 0 |  | 6 |  | 0 |  |  | 3 |  | 8 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion Rankings from AP Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1974 Alabama Crimson Tide football team** (variously "Alabama", "UA" or "Bama") represented the University of Alabama in the 1974 NCAA Division I football season. It was the Crimson Tide's 80th overall and 41st season as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The team was led by head coach Bear Bryant, in his 17th year, and played their home games at Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa and Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama. They finished season with eleven wins and one loss (11–1 overall, 6–0 in the SEC), as SEC champions and with a loss to Notre Dame in the Orange Bowl.

As they entered the 1974 season, the Crimson Tide were one of the favorites to compete for the national championship. In their first game of the season, Alabama narrowly escaped with a win at Maryland in what was Bryant's first visit to College Park since he resigned as the Terrapins' head coach after their 1945 season. They followed with victories over Southern Miss, Vanderbilt and Ole Miss before they played in their closest game of the season against Florida State. Although the Crimson Tide entered their contest against the 0-4 Seminoles as a heavy favorite, they trailed for nearly the entire game until Bucky Berrey connected on the game-winning field goal from 36-yards out with only 0:33 left in the game. It was the closest Florida State would come to victory until scoring their only win at Miami in their ninth game to break a 20-game losing streak dating back to 1972.

In their next game, Alabama defeated rival Tennessee. After the Vols scored on a second quarter touchdown run, the Crimson Tide defense did not surrender another for 17 consecutive quarters against TCU, Mississippi State, LSU, and Miami. Alabama then closed the season with an Iron Bowl victory over Auburn, but then failed to capture the national championship after they lost to Notre Dame in the Orange Bowl. The loss extended their winless streak in bowl games to eight (0–7–1), which ended the following year.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Rank | Site | TV | Result | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 14 | at No. 14 Maryland* | No. 3 |  |  | W 21–16 | 54,412 |
| September 21 | Southern Miss* | No. 5 |  |  | W 52–0 | 65,181 |
| September 28 | Vanderbilt | No. 4 |  |  | W 23–10 | 58,419 |
| October 5 | at Ole Miss | No. 3 |  | ABC | W 35–21 | 45,500 |
| October 12 | Florida State* | No. 3 | * Denny Stadium * Tuscaloosa, AL |  | W 8–7 | 58,394 |
| October 19 | at Tennessee | No. 4 |  |  | W 28–6 | 74,286 |
| October 26 | TCU* | No. 4 | * Legion Field * Birmingham, AL |  | W 41–3 | 63,191 |
| November 2 | No. 17 Mississippi State | No. 4 | * Denny Stadium * Tuscaloosa, AL (rivalry) |  | W 35–0 | 59,069 |
| November 9 | LSU | No. 3 | * Legion Field * Birmingham, AL (rivalry) | ABC | W 30–0 | 70,364 |
| November 16 | at Miami* | No. 2 |  |  | W 28–7 | 26,265 |
| November 29 | vs. No. 7 Auburn | No. 2 |  | ABC | W 17–13 | 71,224 |
| January 1, 1975 | vs. No. 9 Notre Dame* | No. 2 |  | NBC | L 11–13 | 71,801 |
| * \*Non-conference game * Homecoming * Rankings from AP Poll released prior to the game | | | | | | |

## Game summaries

### Maryland

| 1 2 3 4 Total  **#3 Alabama** 7 7 7 0 21  #14 Maryland 0 6 3 7 **16**   * **Date:** September 14 * **Location:** Byrd Stadium
College Park, Maryland * **Game attendance:** 54,412 |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

As they entered their first game of the 1974 season, Alabama was ranked as the USA's No. 3 team and Maryland as the No. 14 team in the AP Poll. Before what was then the largest crowd to ever attend a college football game in the state of Maryland, the Crimson Tide entered the game as a two-touchdown favorite, but struggled to a 21–16 win over the Terrapins. Alabama took a 14–0 lead in the second quarter behind a pair of Calvin Culliver touchdown runs. He scored one in each of the first two quarter with the first from seven and the second from 73-yards. The Terrapins responded with a pair of Steve Mike-Mayer field goals from 32 and 35-yards in the second and one from 40-yards in the third that cut the lead to 14–9.

After Richard Todd extended the Crimson Tide lead to 21–9 with his one-yard touchdown run in the third, Louis Carter made the final score 21–16 with his one-yard touchdown run for Maryland in the fourth. This game also marked the first for coach Bryant at College Park since he resigned as the Terrapins' head coach after their 1945 season. For his two touchdown, 169 yard performance, Culliver was recognized as the AP Southeastern Back of the Week. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Maryland to 2–1.

### Southern Miss

| 1 2 3 4 Total  Southern Miss 0 0 0 0 0  **#5 Alabama** 7 14 7 24 **52**   * **Date:** September 21 * **Location:** Legion Field
Birmingham, Alabama * **Game attendance:** 65,181 |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

After their closer than expected victory over Maryland, Alabama dropped into the No. 5 position of the AP Poll prior to their game against Southern Miss. Against the Golden Eagles the Crimson Tide amassed 643 yards of total offense en route to this 52–0 victory at Legion Field. Alabama took a 7–0 first quarter lead on an 11-yard Richard Todd touchdown run. They then extended it to 21–0 at halftime behind a 42-yard Todd touchdown pass to Russ Schamun and a five-yard Randy Billingsley touchdown run.

A 30-yard Jack O'Rear touchdown run in the third made the score 28–0 as they entered the fourth quarter. In the final period, Danny Ridgeway connected on a 27-yard field goal and touchdowns were scored on runs of 25, 11 and 50-yards by Ralph Stokes, Rick Watson and John Boles respectively. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Southern Miss to 14–2–1.

### Vanderbilt

| 1 2 3 4 Total  Vanderbilt 3 0 0 7 10  **#4 Alabama** 7 3 10 3 **23**   * **Date:** September 28 * **Location:** Denny Stadium
Tuscaloosa, Alabama * **Game attendance:** 58,419 |
| --- |
|  |
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After their victory over Southern Miss, Alabama moved into the No. 4 position in the AP Poll prior to their game against Vanderbilt. Against the Commodores, Vanderbilt kept it close, but ultimately fell to the Crimson Tide 23–10 in the first Tuscaloosa game of the season. After Calvin Culliver gave Alabama a 7–0 lead with his 85-yard touchdown run, Mark Adams connected on a 20-yard field goal for Vanderbilt that made the score 7–3 at the end of the first quarter. A 36-yard Bucky Berrey field goal in the second quarter gave the Crimson Tide a 10–3 halftime lead.

In the third, Richard Todd threw a 14-yard touchdown pass to Russ Schamun and Berrey connected on a 42-yard field goal that made the score 20–3 as the teams entered the final quarter. In the fourth, Danny Ridgeway connected on a 27-yard field goal for Alabama and Fred Fisher threw a 26-yard touchdown pass to Walter Overton for the Commodores that made the final score 23–10. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Vanderbilt to 31–17–4.

### Ole Miss

| 1 2 3 4 Total  **#3 Alabama** 7 7 14 7 35  Ole Miss 0 7 14 0 **21**   * **Date:** October 5 * **Location:** Memorial Stadium
Jackson, Mississippi * **Game attendance:** 45,500 |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

After their victory over Vanderbilt, Alabama moved into the No. 3 position in the AP Poll prior to their game against Ole Miss. Playing before a televised audience, the Crimson Tide defeated the Rebels 35–21 at Jackson. Alabama took an early 7–0 lead on a three-yard James Taylor run in the first quarter. After the Rebels tied the game 7–7 on a nine-yard Kenneth Lyons touchdown run in the second, the Crimson Tide responded with a three-yard Willie Shelby touchdown run for a 14–7 halftime lead.

In the third, Ole Miss briefly took a 21–14 lead after touchdowns were scored on a one-yard Lyons run and a 42-yard Gary Turner interception return. Alabama responded with a pair of third quarter touchdowns of their own on runs of 58-yards by Shelby and eight-yards by Rick Watson. A one-yard Richard Todd touchdown run in the fourth quarter made the final score 35–21. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Ole Miss to 23–5–2.

### Florida State

| 1 2 3 4 Total  Florida State 7 0 0 0 7  **#3 Alabama** 0 0 3 5 **8**   * **Date:** October 12 * **Location:** Denny Stadium
Tuscaloosa, Alabama * **Game attendance:** 58,394 |
| --- |
|  |
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After their victory over Ole Miss, Alabama retained their No. 3 position in the AP Poll prior to their game against Florida State. Against the Seminoles, the Crimson Tide trailed until the final minute of regulation when Bucky Berrey converted the game-winning field goal for the 8–7 victory. The Seminoles took the opening kickoff and drove 78-yards on nine plays for a 7–0 lead behind a six-yard Larry Key touchdown run.

Florida State continued to hold their touchdown lead through the third quarter when the Crimson Tide scored their first points on a 44-yard Berrey field goal. With just 1:27 left in the game, Seminoles head coach Darrell Mudra elected to take an intentional safety instead of attempting a punt out of the endzone. He made this decision as Alabama had been close on a couple of previous attempts to block punts during the game, and did not want a block to occur in the endzone. Down now 7–5, the Crimson Tide drove into field goal territory and Berrey hit the game winner from 36-yards out with only 0:33 left in the game. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Florida State to 2–0–1.

### Tennessee

Third Saturday in October
| 1 2 3 4 Total  **#4 Alabama** 0 7 14 7 28  Tennessee 0 6 0 0 **6**   * **Date:** October 19 * **Location:** Neyland Stadium
Knoxville, Tennessee * **Game attendance:** 74,286 |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

After their closer than expected victory over Florida State, Alabama dropped into the No. 4 position prior to their game at Tennessee. Both Willie Shelby and Calvin Culliver each scored a pair of touchdowns for the Crimson Tide in this 28–6 victory over the Volunteers. After a scoreless first, Alabama took a 7–0 on a 13-yard touchdown run by Willie Shelby in the second quarter. Tennessee responded with their only points on a 64-yard Stanley Morgan touchdown run and made the halftime score 7–6.

The Crimson Tide extended their lead to 21–6 at the end of the third behind touchdown runs of 19-yards by Shelby and 30-yards by Calvin Culliver. Culliver then scored the final points of the game with his six-yard touchdown run that made the final score 28–6. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Tennessee to 27–23–7.

### TCU

| 1 2 3 4 Total  TCU 0 3 0 0 3  **#4 Alabama** 14 7 7 13 **41**   * **Date:** October 26 * **Location:** Legion Field
Birmingham, Alabama * **Game attendance:** 63,191 |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

After their victory over Tennessee, Alabama retained their No. 4 position prior to their out of conference match-up against Texas Christian University (TCU) at Legion Field. Against the Horned Frogs of the Southwest Conference, Alabama won 41–3 for their first all-time victory over TCU. The Crimson Tide took a 14–0 lead in the first quarter behind touchdown runs of four and one-yard by Robert Fraley and Rick Watson before TCU scored their only points on a 30-yard Tony Biasatti field goal in the second. Alabama responded with a five-yard Robert Fraley touchdown pass to George Pugh just prior to the break that made the score 21–3 at halftime.

The Crimson Tide continued their scoring with three second half touchdowns en route to their 41–3 victory. Ozzie Newsome scored on a 15-yard Fraley pass in the third and Jack O'Rear threw a 15-yard touchdown pass to Jerry Brown and scored on a 21-yard run in the fourth. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against TCU to 1–3.

### Mississippi State

| 1 2 3 4 Total  #17 Mississippi State 0 0 0 0 0  **#4 Alabama** 6 13 0 16 **35**   * **Date:** November 2 * **Location:** Denny Stadium
Tuscaloosa, Alabama * **Game attendance:** 59,069 |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

As they entered their game against Mississippi State, Alabama retained their No. 4 position in the AP Poll and the Bulldogs were in the No. 17 position. On homecoming and before what was then the largest crowd in the history of Denny Stadium, the Crimson Tide shutout Mississippi State 35–0 for the second consecutive season. Alabama took a 6–0 first quarter lead behind a one-yard Robert Fraley touchdown run. They then extended it to 19–0 at halftime behind touchdown runs of one-yard by Calvin Culliver and two-yards by Richard Todd.

After a scoreless third, the Crimson Tide closed the game with 16 fourth quarter points for the 35–0 win. Touchdowns were scored in the final period on runs of seven-yards by Randy Billingsley and five-yards by Ray Sewell with a 42-yard Bucky Berrey field goal providing for the final margin. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Mississippi State to 46–10–3.

### LSU

| 1 2 3 4 Total  LSU 0 0 0 0 0  **#3 Alabama** 7 16 0 7 **30**   * **Date:** November 9 * **Location:** Legion Field
Birmingham, Alabama * **Game attendance:** 70,364 * **Television network:** ABC |
| --- |
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After their victory over Mississippi State, Alabama moved into the No. 3 position in the AP Poll prior to their nationally televised game against LSU. With their 30–0 victory over the rival Tigers, the Crimson Tide secured both a share of the 1974 conference championship and a place in the Orange Bowl.

Alabama took a 7–0 first quarter lead behind a one-yard Calvin Culliver touchdown run. They extended it further to 23–0 at halftime after points were scored on a 20-yard Danny Ridgeway field goal, a 29-yard Ricky Davis fumble return and on a three-yard Richard Todd touchdown run. After a scoreless third, the Crimson Tide closed with a two-yard Jack O'Rear touchdown run in the fourth for the 30–0 win. For their performances, Willie Shelby was recognized as the SEC Back of the Week and Leroy Cook was recognized as the SEC Lineman of the Week. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against LSU to 24–10–4.

### Miami (FL)

| 1 2 3 4 Total  **#2 Alabama** 14 7 0 7 28  Miami 0 0 0 7 **7**   * **Date:** November 16 * **Location:** Orange Bowl
Miami, Florida * **Game attendance:** 26,265 |
| --- |
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|  |

As they entered their game against Miami, Alabama moved into the No. 2 position in the AP Poll. Before a relatively small crowd, Alabama defeated the Hurricanes 28–7 and secured Bryant's 150th victory as head coach of the Crimson Tide. The Crimson Tide opened the game with a pair of eight-yard Richard Todd touchdown passes to George Pugh and Jerry Brown for a 14–0 lead. They then extended their lead to 21–0 at halftime behind a 12-yard Gary Rutledge touchdown run in the second quarter.

After a scoreless third, Miami scored their only points on a one-yard Johnny Williams touchdown run in the fourth that marked the first touchdown scored against the Crimson Tide defense in 17 quarters. Alabama responded with a 62-yard Willie Shelby punt return late in the fourth that made the final score 28–7. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Miami to 11–2.

### Auburn

Iron Bowl
| 1 2 3 4 Total  **#2 Alabama** 7 3 7 0 17  #7 Auburn 0 7 0 6 **13**   * **Date:** November 29 * **Location:** Legion Field
Birmingham, Alabama * **Game attendance:** 71,224 * **Television network:** ABC |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

As they entered the annual Iron Bowl, Alabama retained the No. 2 position and Auburn the No. 7 in the AP Poll prior to their match-up at Legion Field. Against the Tigers, the Crimson Tide were victorious as they edged out a 17–13 win at Birmingham. Alabama scored on a 45-yard Richard Todd touchdown pass to Willie Shelby in the first and on a 36-yard Bucky Berrey field goal in the second for a 10–0 lead. Auburn responded with a one-yard Secdrick McIntyre touchdown run late in the second that made the halftime score 10–7.

The Crimson Tide extended their lead to 17–7 early in the third with their only second half points on a 13-yard Calvin Culliver touchdown run. The Tigers then brought the final margin to 17–13 with a two-yard Phil Gargis touchdown run in the fourth. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Auburn to 21–17–1.

### Notre Dame

Orange Bowl
| 1 2 3 4 Total  **#9 Notre Dame** 7 6 0 0 13  #2 Alabama 0 3 0 8 **11**   * **Date:** January 1, 1975 * **Location:** Orange Bowl
Miami, Florida * **Game attendance:** 71,801 * **Television network:** NBC |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

Playing for what would have been a second consecutive national championship against Notre Dame, Alabama was upset by the Fighting Irish 13–11 in the Orange Bowl. Notre Dame took a 13–0 lead behind touchdown runs of four-yards by Wayne Bullock in the first and nine-yards by Mark McLane in the second quarter. A 21-yard Danny Ridgeway field goal for Alabama made the halftime score 13–3. After a scoreless third, the Crimson Tide scored the final points of the game on a 48-yard Richard Todd touchdown pass to Russ Schamun that made the final score 13–11. The loss brought Alabama's all-time record against Notre Dame to 0–2.

## Roster

| 1974 Alabama Crimson Tide football team roster | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Players | | | Coaches |
| **Offense**  Pos. # Name Class  Bo Batey So  RB `26` Randy Billingsley Sr  RB `38` Duffy Boles Jr  RB  Joey Bolton So  OT  Jim Bradford So  TE  Jerry Brown Jr  OT  Woody Buchanan So  `59` Sylvester Croom Sr  FB `33` Calvin Culliver So  OT  Bobby Davis So  RB  Bobby Duke So  RB  Donnie Faust So  QB  Les Fowler So  QB `12` Robert Fraley Jr  David Gerasimchuk So  HB  Dennis Gramann So  HB  John Gunnels So  Gary Hanrahan Jr  RB `84` Joe Dale Harris Jr  FB  Bob Haught So  FB  Ronnie Kuykendall So  HB  John LaBue So  `58` Rand Lambert Sr  K. J. Lazenby So  OT  Ralph McElreath So  OT  Barry McGee Jr  David McIntyre So  TE  Rick McLain So  Ray Maxwell Jr  TE `28` Tom Nelson Jr  QB  Jack O'Rear So  OT  Gary Oser So  `71` Steve Patterson Sr  HB  Lefty Perry Jr  OT  Buddy Pope Jr  TE `88` George Pugh Jr  Mark Reese So  QB `15` Danny Ridgeway Jr  `61` John Rogers Sr  Larry Ruffin Jr  QB `11` Gary Rutledge Sr  SE `25` Russ Schamun So  RB `30` Willie Shelby Jr  HB  Jimbo Smith Jr  Sid Smith So  RB  Mike Stock Jr  RB `42` Ralph Stokes Sr  WR  Sam Tate Jr  RB `27` James Taylor Jr  OT  Chip Tillman So  QB `14` Richard Todd Jr  HB  Jim Ward So  OT  Jerry Washco Jr  FB  Rick Watson So  `72` Richard Whitley Sr  WR  Darrell Owen Sr | **Defense**  Pos. # Name Class  SS  Tom Baggett So  DT  Ronnie Joe Barnes Jr  DT `91` Bob Baumhower So  `17` Ray Bolden Jr  LB  Tom Bouck So  LB  Neil Callaway So  DB  Pete Cavan So  DE  Mike Christian So  DE  Danny Collins So  DE `98` Leroy Cook Jr  John Crowe So  DB `19` Ricky Davis Sr  LB `54` Mike DuBose Sr  LB  Conley Duncan Jr  DB  Thad Flanagan So  DB  Steve Ford Jr  DT `62` Randy Hall Sr  DT  Charles Hannah So  DE  Paul Harris So  DT  Bill Harrison So  DT  Bill Henderson So  DE  Bruce Hodges So  LB  Colenzo Hubbard So  DT  Tim Hurst So  DB  Chuck Justice So  Tyrone King So  DT `66` Steve Kulback Jr  LB  Mark Lipari So  LB  Woodrow Lowe Jr  DE  James McArthur So  DE  Sam Maddox So  Greg Montgomery So  LB  Danny Neal So  DE  John Niehaus So  Alan Pizzitola Jr  SS  Mark Prudhomme Jr  DB  Wayne Rhodes Jr  DB `23` Mike Riley Sr  LB `55` Ronnie Robertson Sr  LB  John Sheehan So  LB  Jack Smalley So  DE  Dick Turpin Jr  DB `34` Mike Washington Sr  DT  Gus White So | **Special teams**  Pos. # Name Class  PK  Bucky Berrey So  PK  Mike Davis So  PK  Ron Dichiara Jr  WR `82` Darrell Owen Sr  PK  Rod Nelson So | Head coach Coordinators/assistant coaches   ---  Legend* **(C)** Team captain * **(S)** Suspended * **(I)** Ineligible * Injured * Redshirt  ---  Roster
Last update: February 24, 2024 |

## NFL Draft

Several players that were varsity lettermen from the 1974 squad were drafted into the National Football League (NFL) in the 1975, 1976 and 1977 drafts. These players included:

| Year | Round | Overall | Player name | Position | NFL team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1975 NFL draft

 | 3 | 53 | Mike Washington | Defensive back | Baltimore Colts |
| | 8 | 195 | Ricky Davis | Defensive back | Cincinnati Bengals |
| 1976 NFL draft
 | 1 | 6 | Richard Todd | Quarterback | New York Jets |
| | 4 | 108 | Wayne Rhodes | Defensive back | Chicago Bears |
| | 5 | 131 | Woodrow Lowe | Linebacker | San Diego Chargers |
| | 5 | 138 | Willie Shelby | Running back | Cincinnati Bengals |
| | 10 | 290 | Leroy Cook | Defensive end | Dallas Cowboys |
| | 12 | 341 | Joe Dale Harris | Wide receiver | Cincinnati Bengals |
| 1977 NFL draft
 | 2 | 40 | Bob Baumhower | Nose tackle | Miami Dolphins |
| | 3 | 57 | Charley Hannah | Offensive guard | Tampa Bay Buccaneers |
| | 6 | 159 | Paul Harris | Linebacker | Pittsburgh Steelers |
| | 8 | 212 | Calvin Culliver | Running back | Denver Broncos |

**General**

* "1974 Season Recaps" (PDF). *RollTide.com*. University of Alabama Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 26, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
* "2012 Alabama Crimson Tide Football Record Book" (PDF). Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Athletics Media Relations Office. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 17, 2013. Retrieved July 5, 2014.

**Specific**

## InfoBox

| 1974 Alabama Crimson Tide football | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| SEC champion | |
| Orange Bowl, L 11–13 vs. Notre Dame | |
| Conference | Southeastern Conference |
| Ranking | |
| Coaches | No. 2 |
| AP | No. 5 |
| Record | 11–1 (6–0 SEC) |
| Head coach |  |
| Captains |  |
| Home stadium | Denny Stadium
Legion Field |
|


title: Out Cry

abstract: Out Cry is a play by Tennessee Williams, his rewrite of The Two-Character Play which he had written in 1966 and which was staged in 1967 and published by New Directions Publications in 1969. Williams began rewriting the play after its publication, and Out Cry premiered at the Ivanhoe Theatre in Chicago on July 8, 1971, with Eileen Herlie as Clare and Donald Madden as Felice. It debuted on Broadway at the Lyceum Theatre with a preview on February 28, 1973 and ran from March 1 to 10; the production was directed by Peter Glenville and starred Cara Duff-MacCormick as Clare and Michael York as Felice. Out Cry was published by New Directions in 1973 – by which time Williams had already rewritten the play into a third version, again titled The Two-Character Play, which New Directions published in 1975. In a 1971 interview Williams said of the first version of The Two-Character Play, "I wrote it when I was approaching a mental breakdown and rewrote it after my alleged recovery. I was thoroughly freaked out."

text:
# Out Cry

***Out Cry*** is a play by Tennessee Williams, his rewrite of *The Two-Character Play* which he had written in 1966 and which was staged in 1967 and published by New Directions Publications in 1969. Williams began rewriting the play after its publication, and *Out Cry* premiered at the Ivanhoe Theatre in Chicago on July 8, 1971, with Eileen Herlie as Clare and Donald Madden as Felice. It debuted on Broadway at the Lyceum Theatre with a preview on February 28, 1973 and ran from March 1 to 10; the production was directed by Peter Glenville and starred Cara Duff-MacCormick as Clare and Michael York as Felice. *Out Cry* was published by New Directions in 1973 – by which time Williams had already rewritten the play into a third version, again titled *The Two-Character Play*, which New Directions published in 1975. In a 1971 interview Williams said of the first version of *The Two-Character Play*, "I wrote it when I was approaching a mental breakdown and rewrote it after my alleged recovery. I was thoroughly freaked out."

## InfoBox

| Out Cry | |
| --- | --- |
| First edition (publ. New Directions, 1973) | |
| Written by | Tennessee Williams |
| Characters | Claire
Felice |
| Date premiered | July 8, 1971 (1971-07-08) |
| Place premiered | Ivanhoe Theatre
Chicago, Illinois |
| Original language | English |


title: Nitre Hall

abstract: Nitre Hall is a nineteenth-century, American building that is located in Haverford Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.

text:
# Nitre Hall

**Nitre Hall** is a nineteenth-century, American building that is located in Haverford Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.

## History and architectural features

Built shortly after 1800 on the banks of Cobbs Creek, by Israel Whelen, Jr., the hall was the residence of the master of the Nitre Hall Powder Mills, which has long since been torn down. With the ground floor reserved for custodians, the upper two floors are decorated in Empire and Victorian style. The top floor contains various temporary exhibits and the educational Colonial Living Experience. It is situated near Lawrence Cabin, another historic building.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.

Nitre Hall is open to the public May through October, in December for special events, and by appointment for a nominal admission charge, according to the Haverford Township Historical Society.

The building's main use is for school and group field trips. The historical society puts on a "day in the life" show for the township's fifth graders.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Nitre Hall | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Nitre Hall, November 2009 | |
|  | |
| Location | Karakung Dr.,<br>Haverford, Pennsylvania |
| Coordinates | 39°59′1″N 75°17′9″W / 39.98361°N 75.28583°W / 39.98361; -75.28583 |
| Area | 9 acres (3.6 ha) |
| Built | 1805 |
| Architectural style | Federal, I house |
| NRHP reference No. | 70000545 |
| Added to NRHP | December 18, 1970 |


title: Orahovica (Lukavac)

abstract: Orahovica is a village in the municipality of Lukavac, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

text:
# Orahovica (Lukavac)

**Orahovica** is a village in the municipality of Lukavac, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 332.

Ethnicity in 2013
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Bosniaks | 330 | 99.4% |
| other/undeclared | 2 | 0.6% |
| **Total** | **332** | **100%** |

## InfoBox

| Orahovica | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Orahovica | |
| Coordinates: 44°26′59″N 18°23′35″E / 44.4497°N 18.3931°E / 44.4497; 18.3931 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Canton | Tuzla |
| Municipality | Lukavac |
| Area | |
| Total | 5.92 sq mi (15.32 km2) |
| Population (2013) | |
| Total | 332 |
| Density | 56/sq mi (22/km2) |


title: 1982 Indian presidential election

text:
# 1982 Indian presidential election

The Election Commission of India held indirect eighth presidential elections of India on 12 July 1982. Zail Singh with 754,113 votes won over his nearest rival Hans Raj Khanna who got 282,685 votes. Zail Singh was the first and till date only Sikh to be the President of India.

## Candidates

Potential opposition candidates included N. G. Goray former high commissioner to London, and Bhola Paswan Shastri, former Rajya Sabha member.

## Schedule

The election schedule was announced by the Election Commission of India on 9 June 1982.

| S.No. | Poll Event | Date |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Last Date for filing nomination | 23 June 1982 |
| 2. | Date for Scrutiny of nomination | 24 June 1982 |
| 3. | Last Date for Withdrawal of nomination | 26 June 1982 |
| 4. | Date of Poll | 12 July 1982 |
| 5. | **Date of Counting** | **15 July 1982** | |
|

## Results

Source: Web archive of Election Commission of India website

| Candidate | Electoral Values |
| --- | --- |
| Zail Singh | 754,113 |
| Hans Raj Khanna | 282,685 |
| **Total** | **1,036,798** |
|

1. http://164.100.47.5/presidentelection/8th.pdf Election Commission of India
2. "Giani Zail Singh poised to become the seventh President of India". *India Today*. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
3. "Background material related to Election to the office of President of India 2017". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
4. http://www.aol.in/news-story/the-indian-president-past-winners-and-losers/2007061905199019000001 AOL news (Past and present Presidential Results)

## InfoBox

1982 Indian presidential election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Zail Singh** Hans Raj Khanna   Party INC(I) Independent  Home state Punjab Punjab  Electoral vote **754,113** 282,685  Percentage **72.73%** 27.27% | |
| --- | |
| ---  **President before election**
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
JP **Elected President**
Zail Singh
INC(I) | |