title: Matilda Leathes

abstract: Matilda Leathes, née Butt (1830-1922) was a British novelist. She also published as Mrs. Stanley Leathes.

text:
# Matilda Leathes

**Matilda Leathes**, née **Butt** (1830-1922) was a British novelist. She also published as **Mrs. Stanley Leathes**.

## Life

Matilda Butt was born in 1830 in Swansea. She was the daughter of John Martin Butt, rector of East Garston in Berkshire, and a niece of the novelist Mary Martha Sherwood. On 6 July 1858 she married the Hebrew scholar Stanley Leathes. Their children included Stanley Mordaunt Leathes and John Beresford Leathes.

She died on 17 November 1922 at Box, Wiltshire.

## Works

* *Ruth Levison*. London: Joseph Masters, 1860.
* (as the author of 'Ruth Levison') *Charity at home. A tale*. London: Joseph Masters, 1863.
* *Soimême: a story of a wilful life*. London: Rivingtons, 1869.
* *Penelope: or, Morning clouds dispersed*. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1873.
* (as the author of 'Letty Deane') *Our village worthies: or, Stories of village life*. London: S.P.C.K., 1876.
* *The girls of Bredon, and Manor House stories*. London: S.P.C.K., 1877.
* *On the doorsteps, or, Crispin's story*. London: J. F. Shaw, 1880.
* *All among the daisies*. London: J. F. Shaw, 1881.
* *Jack and Jill of our own day*. London: J. F. Shaw & Co., 1882. Illustrated by Madeleine Erwin.
* *Ingle-nook stories*. London: J. F. Shaw & Co., 1883. Illustrated by Madeleine Erwin.
* *The caged linnet: or, Love's labour not lost*. London: J. F. Shaw, 1883.
* *Other lives than ours : fables in prose*. London: J. F. Shaw, 1884.
* *Afloat: a story*. London: J. F. Shaw, 1886
* *Over the hills and far away*. London: J. F. Shaw, 1887.
* *To-morrow : a story*. London: J. F. Shaw, 1887.
* *Dody and Joss, or, All's well that ends well*. London, 1889.
* *Holidays in Summer and Winter*. London: Shaw & Co., 1890.
* *Miss Limpett's lodgers*. London : Religious Tract Society, 1895. Penny tales for the people, no. 87.
* *Zetty Craig, or, no cross no crown* . Edinburgh: Nelson and Sons, 1898.


title: Lorraine (My Beautiful Alsace Lorraine)

abstract:
"Lorraine" is a World War I era song released in 1917. Al Bryan wrote the lyrics. Fred Fisher composed the music. It was published by McCarthy and Fisher, Inc.. André De Takacs designed the sheet music cover. It features a French soldier with his bayonet drawn in the foreground. A woman, who is a symbol of Liberty, and child look on behind him. The song was written for voice and piano. The sheet music can be found at Pritzker Military Museum & Library. The song tells the story of a grenadier asleep by a campfire, dreaming of simpler times before the war. Specifically, he recalls times he spent in Lorraine and memories of the "quaint old-fashioned people" who lived in the villages of Alsace-Lorraine. This territory was under German control during the war, but France gained it back after the war. This moment of nostalgia overwhelms him, and he cries out what is the chorus:
  - Lorraine, Lorraine
  - My beautiful Alsace Lorraine
  - You're in my heart forever to remain
  - I see your village steeple
  - Your quaint old fashioned people
  - And I wouldn't care if
  - I could be there again
  - Lorraine, Heart of France.
  - Part of France
  - Someday when all my worries are through
  - I'm coming to you, Lorraine
  - Lorraine, O, welcome me home once again.
  - to live and die in my Alsace Lorraine

text:
# Lorraine (My Beautiful Alsace Lorraine)

**"Lorraine (My Beautiful Alsace Lorraine)"** is a World War I era song released in 1917. Al Bryan wrote the lyrics. Fred Fisher composed the music. It was published by McCarthy and Fisher, Inc.. André De Takacs designed the sheet music cover. It features a French soldier with his bayonet drawn in the foreground. A woman, who is a symbol of Liberty, and child look on behind him. The song was written for voice and piano.

The sheet music can be found at Pritzker Military Museum & Library.

The song tells the story of a grenadier asleep by a campfire, dreaming of simpler times before the war. Specifically, he recalls times he spent in Lorraine and memories of the "quaint old-fashioned people" who lived in the villages of Alsace-Lorraine. This territory was under German control during the war, but France gained it back after the war. This moment of nostalgia overwhelms him, and he cries out what is the chorus:

*Lorraine, Lorraine* *My beautiful Alsace Lorraine* *You're in my heart forever to remain* *I see your village steeple* *Your quaint old fashioned people* *And I wouldn't care if* *I could be there again* *Lorraine, Heart of France.* *Part of France* *Someday when all my worries are through* *I'm coming to you, Lorraine* *Lorraine, O, welcome me home once again.* *to live and die in my Alsace Lorraine*

## InfoBox

| "Lorraine (My Beautiful Alsace Lorraine)" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Song | |
| Released | 1917 |
| Label | McCarthy and Fisher, Inc. |
| Songwriter(s) | Composer: Fred Fisher <br>Lyricist: Al Bryan |


title: Tatar, Qubadli

abstract: Tatar is a village in the Qubadli Rayon of Azerbaijan.

text:
# Tatar, Qubadli

39°09′42″N 46°42′06″E / 39.16167°N 46.70167°E / 39.16167; 46.70167

**Tatar** (also, **Dagdaganly-Tatar**, **Kara-Tatar**, and **Tatar, Razvaliny**) is a village in the Qubadli Rayon of Azerbaijan.

## InfoBox

| Tatar | |
| --- | --- |
| Tatar | |
| Coordinates: 39°09′42″N 46°42′06″E / 39.16167°N 46.70167°E / 39.16167; 46.70167 | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| Rayon | Qubadli |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+5 (AZT) |


title: Ostrocerca dimicki

abstract: Ostrocerca dimicki, the hooked forestfly, is a species of spring stonefly in the family Nemouridae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Ostrocerca dimicki

***Ostrocerca dimicki***, the **hooked forestfly**, is a species of spring stonefly in the family Nemouridae. It is found in North America.

## InfoBox

| *Ostrocerca dimicki* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Plecoptera |
| Family: | Nemouridae |
| Genus: | *Ostrocerca* |
| Species: | ***O. dimicki*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ostrocerca dimicki***<br>(Frison, 1936) | |
|


title: Patrick Abrami

abstract: Patrick Abrami is an American politician. He served as a Republican member for the Rockingham 13th and 19th district of the New Hampshire House of Representatives.

text:
# Patrick Abrami

**Patrick Abrami** is an American politician. He served as a Republican member for the Rockingham 13th and 19th district of the New Hampshire House of Representatives.

## InfoBox

| Patrick Abrami | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives
from the Rockingham 13th district | |
| **In office**
2010–2012 | |
| Member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives
from the Rockingham 19th district | |
| **In office**
2012  December 7, 2022 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Republican |
|  | |


# List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials

This is a list of American Civil War monuments and memorials associated with the Union. Monuments and memorials are listed below alphabetically by state. States not listed have no known qualifying items for the list.

## Washington, D.C.

### U.S. Currency

### US military

#### Bases

## Arizona

## Arkansas

## California

### Schools

## Colorado

## Connecticut

### Schools

## Delaware

## Florida

These are arranged by city:

* 2nd Regiment Infantry, U.S. Colored Troops Monument, Centennial Park, Fort Myers, dedicated in 2000
* Union Soldier's Memorial, Evergreen Cemetery, Jacksonville, erected in 1891
* Forgotten Soldier Memorial, in honor of African-American soldiers, Bayview Park, Key West, unveiled February 16, 2016
* Obelisk at Clinton Square, Bayview Park, Key West, circa 1866
* Monument Park, Lynn Haven, dedicated in 1920
* G.A.R. Memorial, Woodlawn Cemetery, Miami, dedicated on April 12, 1939
* G.A.R. Monument, Greenwood Cemetery, Orlando, 1910
* G.A.R. Monument, Veterans Park, St. Cloud, erected in 2000
* Unknown Soldiers Monument, Mount Peace Cemetery, St. Cloud, 1915
* Union Monument, Greenwood Cemetery, St. Petersburg, erected in 1900
* Daughter of Union Veterans Monument, Oaklawn Cemetery, Tampa
* In Memory of Our Union Veterans, Woodlawn Cemetery, Tampa

### Schools

## Georgia

## Illinois

### Schools

## Indiana

## Iowa

### Schools

## Kansas

According to Kansas Civil War Monuments and Memorials, there are 105 counties in Kansas most have a monument to Union soldiers of the Civil War. Many were funded by GAR posts or Sons of Union Civil War Veterans, today the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War.

Monuments and memorials in Kansas include:

## Kentucky

## Louisiana

## Maine

## Maryland

## Massachusetts

## Michigan

## Minnesota

## Mississippi

* Monument to United States Colored Troops (1st and 3rd Mississippi Infantry, African Descent) at Vicksburg National Military Park. The inscription reads: "Commemorating the Service of the 1st and 3d Mississippi Infantry, African Descent and All Mississippians of African Descent Who Participated in the Vicksburg Campaign."
* Monument to the 18th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment at Vicksburg National Military Park.
* Monument to admiral David Farragut at Vicksburg National Military Park. Henry Hudson Kitson, sculptor
* The Illinois Memorial at Vicksburg National Military Park. Commemorating the 36,325 Illinois soldiers who participated in the Vicksburg Campaign and has 47 steps, one for every day Vicksburg was besieged.
* Kentucky memorial composed of bronze statues of Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis, both native Kentuckians, Vicksburg National Military Park.
* The Michigan Memorial at Vicksburg National Military Park.

### Monuments and Memorials at Vicksburg National Military Park

## Missouri

### Schools

## Montana

## Nebraska

## New Hampshire

## New Jersey

### Schools

## New Mexico

## New York

## North Carolina

### Schools

* Lincoln Academy in Kings Mountain, 1886
* Salisbury national cemetery, Union monument, 1876
* Salisbury national cemetery, Maine monument, 1908
* Salisbury national cemetery, Pennsylvania monument, 1910
* New Bern national cemetery, Connecticut monument, 1894
* New Bern national cemetery, New Jersey monument, 1905
* New Bern national cemetery, Massachusetts monument, 1908
* New Bern national cemetery, Rhode Island monument, 1910
* Hertford, US colored troops monument, 1910
* Goldsborough Bridge battle, (jointly with CSA troops)
* Averasboro, 20th Corps monument, 2001
* Bentonville battlefield, Sherman's 4 corps monument, 2013
* Bentonville battlefield, 123rd New York monument, 2012
* Bentonville battlefield, horse and mule monument (jointly with CSA), 2011
* Bennett place, Durham, NC, Unity monument (jointly with CSA), 1923

## North Dakota

## Ohio

## Oklahoma

## Oregon

### Schools

* Lincoln Elementary School in Eugene 1953 (converted from prior Woodrow Wilson Junior High School). School closed in 1987 and repurposed as Lincoln School Condominiums.

## Pennsylvania

### Schools

## Rhode Island

## South Dakota

## Tennessee

* Fort Negley, Nashville. The Fort was built by Union forces after the capture of Nashville.

## Texas

## Utah

## Vermont

## Virginia

## Washington

## West Virginia

### Former

* Huntington Union monument dedicated by Bailey Post of the G.A.R. Formerly located at the corner of Fifth Ave. and Ninth St., it was scheduled to be moved to Ritter Park in 1915, but was subsequently lost.

## Wisconsin

## Scotland


title: Percy Foor

abstract: Percy G. Foor was a Republican member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. He was born in Bedford County in 1913.

text:
# Percy Foor

**Percy G. Foor** (April 12, 1913 – September 13, 1990) was a Republican member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. He was born in Bedford County in 1913.

## Formative years

Born on April 12, 1913, in Everett, Pennsylvania, Percy Foor was a son of Albert F. and Jennie Foor. A graduate of Everett High School, he grew up to become a realtor and the owner-operator of the Percy G. Foor Lumber Company.

## Political career

A Republican, Foor was elected to, and served for ten years on, the board of directors of the Everett Southern Joint School District. Elected as justice of the peace in Everett in 1956, he served in that capacity until 1960.

Foor was then elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1961. Representing the 78th District, he served constituents in Bedford, Fulton and Huntingdon counties for seven consecutive terms. Appointed to the Local Government Commission in 1967, he chaired that commission from 1969 to 1970 and from 1973 to 1974. He then completed his service with the commission in 1974.

## Illness, death and interment

Foor died in a palliative care hospital on September 13, 1990, and was interred at the Everett Cemetery in Everett, Pennsylvania.

## InfoBox

| Percy G. Foor | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
from the 78th district | |
| **In office**
1969–1974 | |
| Preceded by | District created |
| Succeeded by | Clarence Dietz |
| Member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
from the Bedford County district | |
| **In office**
1961–1968 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1913-04-12)April 12, 1913
East Providence Township, Bedford County, Pennsylvania |
| Died | September 13, 1990(1990-09-13) (aged 77)
Everett, Pennsylvania |
| Political party | Republican |
|  | |


title: Type IXA submarine

abstract: The German Type IXA submarine was a sub-class of the German Type IX submarine built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine between 1937 and 1938. These U-boats were designed between 1935 and 1936 and were intended to be fairly large ocean-going submarines. The inspiration for the Type IXA submarine came from the German Type IA submarine, which had a similar diving depth and identical submerged horsepower. Two of the eight Type IXA submarines would become the 6th and 10th most successful U-boats that saw service in World War II, sinking 53 and 35 ships respectively. All of the Type IXA submarines were sunk fairly early in the war except for U-37 and U-38, which were scuttled in May 1945 to prevent them from falling into the hands of the Allies.

text:
# Type IXA submarine

The **German Type IXA submarine** was a sub-class of the German Type IX submarine built for Nazi Germany's *Kriegsmarine* between 1937 and 1938. These U-boats were designed between 1935 and 1936 and were intended to be fairly large ocean-going submarines. The inspiration for the Type IXA submarine came from the German Type IA submarine, which had a similar diving depth and identical submerged horsepower.

Two of the eight Type IXA submarines (*U-37* and *U-38*) would become the 6th and 10th most successful U-boats that saw service in World War II, sinking 53 and 35 ships respectively. All of the Type IXA submarines were sunk fairly early in the war except for *U-37* and *U-38*, which were scuttled in May 1945 to prevent them from falling into the hands of the Allies.

## Construction

All Type IXA submarines were ordered by the *Kriegsmarine* between 29 July 1936 and 21 November 1936 as part of Plan Z and the overall German plan of re-armament in violation of the Treaty of Versailles. The design of the IXA submarines was derived from the German Type IA submarine. All contracts for the construction of the submarines were awarded to DeSchiMAG AG Weser, Bremen. The first U-boat to be laid down in the Bremen ship yards was *U-37*, whose keel was laid down on 15 March 1937. The last U-boat to be laid down was *U-44*, whose construction began on 15 September 1937. By November 1939, all eight submarines had been fully constructed and commissioned into the *Kriegsmarine*.

## Design

### General characteristics

The Type IXA submarines were the first German submarines to have a double hull. This allowed for a greater chance of survival in the event of an attack and gave them better seaworthiness on the surface. The Type IXA submarines had a test depth of 230 metres (750 ft). The class had two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged 9-cylinder diesel engines that produced 4,400 PS (4,300 shp; 3,200 kW) as well as two SSW 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors that produced 1,000 PS (986 shp; 735 kW) and allowed them to travel at 18.2 knots (33.7 km/h; 20.9 mph) while surfaced and 7.7 knots (14.3 km/h; 8.9 mph) submerged. The Type IXA submarines had a range of 10,500 nmi (19,400 km; 12,100 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) while on the surface and up to 78 nmi (144 km; 90 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) while submerged. The fuel capacity was 154 tonnes (152 long tons). The maximum crew capacity was 56, though the number on board was usually around 45–48.

### Armament

The Type IXA submarines had six torpedo tubes (four in the bow and two in the stern) and carried a total of twenty-two 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedoes. The torpedo warhead was between 617 pounds (280 kg) and 948 pounds (430 kg). These torpedoes could travel up to 6,000 m (6,600 yd) and as fast as 44 knots (81 km/h). Twelve torpedoes were stowed internally and ten were in the topside deck containers. In order to get the torpedoes into the forward or bow torpedo room, the torpedoes were lifted over the U-boat by a crane. The crew would then pull the torpedo inside the vessel using a cradle that was set at an angle to allow the torpedo to slide into position inside the torpedo room. To reload a torpedo tube with a torpedo from one of the above-deck canisters, the submarine would have to surface in calm water. Then the torpedo would be pulled out of the compartment with winches and lowered into the forward or bow torpedo room. This process could take several hours for just one torpedo, during which the U-boat was unable to dive, making it an easy target for Allied aircraft.

The Type IXA submarines were equipped with a 10.5 cm (4.13 in) L/45 deck gun on a *Utof* mounting forward of the conning tower. Shell storage was 180 rounds. The gun fired a 33.3-pound (15.1 kg) HE round at a muzzle velocity of 780 m/s (2,600 ft/s) out to a maximum range of 15,175 m (16,596 yd). Against aircraft the weapon's ceiling was 10,000 m (11,000 yd). Training and elevation was manual. The rate of fire was 15 rounds per minute. They were also armed with 2 cm FlaK 30 and 3.7 cm (1.5 in) anti-aircraft guns. The 2 cm FlaK 30 guns had a range of 4,900 metres (5,400 yd) firing at up to 280 rounds per minute; firing against aircraft the ceiling was reduced to 3,700 m. The muzzle velocity was 835 m/s (2,740 ft/s) and each round weighed 0.71 pounds (0.32 kg). The *3.7 cm SK C/30U* had a range of 8,500 metres (9,300 yd) and a firing rate of 30 rounds per minute. Its muzzle velocity was 1,000 m/s (3,300 ft/s) and the shell's total weight was 1.64 lb (0.74 kg).

## List of Type IXA U-boats

The Type IXA class had eight U-boats, all of which were built by AG Weser of Bremen. After being commissioned and deployed, the Type IXA submarines were stationed in the German port city of Wilhelmshaven.

| Name | Hull builder | Ordered | Laid down | Launched | Commissioned | Fate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *U-37* | AG Weser, Bremen | 29 July 1936 | 15 March 1937 | 14 May 1938 | 4 August 1938 | Scuttled, 8 May 1945. |
| *U-38* | AG Weser, Bremen | 29 July 1936 | 15 April 1937 | 9 August 1938 | 24 October 1938 | Scuttled 5 May 1945 west of Wesermünde and broken up in 1948. |
| *U-39* | AG Weser, Bremen | 29 July 1936 | 2 June 1937 | 22 September 1938 | 10 December 1938 | Sunk on 14 September 1939 northwest of Ireland. All crew members survived. |
| *U-40* | AG Weser, Bremen | 29 July 1936 | 1 July 1937 | 9 November 1938 | 11 February 1939 | Sunk on 13 October 1939 in the English Channel by mines. 45 dead and 3 survivors. |
| *U-41* | AG Weser, Bremen | 21 November 1936 | 27 November 1937 | 28 January 1939 | 22 April 1939 | Sunk on 5 February 1940 south of Ireland. All 49 of her crew went down with the submarine. |
| *U-42* | AG Weser, Bremen | 21 November 1936 | 21 December 1937 | 16 February 1939 | 15 July 1939 | Sunk on 13 October 1939 southwest of Ireland. 22 dead and 20 survivors. |
| *U-43* | AG Weser, Bremen | 21 November 1936 | 15 August 1938 | 23 May 1939 | 26 August 1939 | Sunk southwest of the Azores, 30 July 1943. 55 dead. |
| *U-44* | AG Weser, Bremen | 21 November 1936 | 15 September 1938 | 5 August 1939 | 4 November 1939 | Sunk by a mine on 13 March 1940 off the coast of the Netherlands. All crew members were lost. |
|

### *U-37*

*U-37* was laid down by AG Weser of Bremen on 15 March 1937. Following just over a year of construction, she was launched from the Bremen shipyards on 14 May 1938 and commissioned into the *Kriegsmarine* on 4 August 1938 under the command of *Kapitänleutnant* Heinrich Schuch as a member of the *6th U-boat Flotilla*. *U-37* was by far the most successful Type IXA U-boat and the sixth most successful U-boat in World War II, sinking 53 merchant ships for a total of 200,063 gross register tons (GRT), along with two warships during eleven war patrols from August 1939 to March 1941. In spite of these victories, *U-37* was later withdrawn from combat service and was used for training submarine crews until the end of the war. On 8 May 1945, the crew of *U-37* scuttled the U-boat in Sonderburg Bay off Flensburg to keep her from falling into the hands of the Allies.

### *U-38*

The keel for *U-38* was laid down on 15 April 1937 and after over a year and a half of construction she was commissioned on 24 October 1938 with *Oberleutnant zur See* Heinrich Liebe in command. Upon commissioning, *U-38* was assigned to the 6th U-boat Flotilla. Like *U-37*, *U-38* conducted eleven patrols. During these patrols she managed to sink or damage over 30 enemy vessels. Like *U-37*, *U-38* ranks as one of the most successful U-boats of World War II, holding 10th place. With World War II drawing to a disastrous close for Germany, *U-38* was scuttled by her own crew west of Wesermünde on 5 May 1945.

### *U-39*

The keel for *U-39* was laid down on 2 June 1937. She was commissioned over a year later on 10 December 1938 with *Kapitänleutnant* Gerhard Glattes in command as a member of the 6th U-boat Flotilla. On 14 September 1939, just days after she began her first war time patrol, *U-39* was hunted down by the British destroyers HMS *Faulknor*, HMS *Firedrake*, and HMS *Foxhound* and disabled with depth charges after she attempted to sink the British aircraft carrier HMS *Ark Royal*. All of her crew members survived and were captured by the British. *U-39* was the first German U-boat to be sunk in World War II.

### *U-40*

*U-40* was ordered for construction on 29 July 1936 and her keel was laid down on 1 July 1937. She was launched from Bremen on 9 November 1938 and commissioned on 11 February 1939 with *Kapitänleutnant* Werner von Schmidt in command. *U-40* conducted only two war patrols during her career, both while part of the 6th U-boat Flotilla. During her short war-time service, *U-40* sank no ships. She sank on 13 October 1939 after hitting mines in the English Channel while attempting a short cut to a rendezvous with other U-boats.

### *U-41*

*U-41* was laid down on 27 November 1937 and was launched on 28 January 1939. She was commissioned into the *Kriegsmarine* on 22 April 1939 under the command of *Oberleutnant zur See* Gustav-Adolf Mugler. *U-41* only undertook three war patrols, two as part of the 6th U-boat Flotilla and one as a member of the 2nd U-boat Flotilla. During her brief career she sank five enemy vessels for a total of 22,815 GRT, captured two more ships for a total of 2,073 GRT, and damaged one ship of 8,096 GRT. On 5 February 1940, *U-41* was sunk after a depth charge attack by the British destroyer HMS *Antelope* off the coast of Ireland. All 49 crew members were lost with the ship.

### *U-42*

*U-42* was ordered by the *Kriegsmarine* on 21 November 1936. Her keel was laid down on 21 December 1937 by AG Weser of Bremen as yard number 947. She was launched on 16 February 1939 and commissioned on 15 July 1939 with *Kapitänleutnant* Rolf Dau in command of the vessel. *U-42* had a very short career, being sunk while still on her first war patrol. During her service with the *Kriegsmarine*, *U-42* conducted only one training patrol and one war patrol, during which she damaged one enemy vessel of 4,803 GRT. Both of *U-42*'s patrols were as a member of the 6th U-boat Flotilla. On 13 October 1939, *U-42* was sunk southwest of Ireland by the British warships HMS *Imogen* and HMS *Ilex*. Out of a crew of 46, twenty survived and 26 went down with the submarine.

### *U-43*

The keel for *U-43* was laid down on 15 August 1938 at the AG Weser yard at Bremen; she was launched on 23 May 1939 and commissioned on 26 August 1939 under the command of *Kapitänleutnant* Wilhelm Ambrosius. Between November 1939 and July 1943 the U-boat conducted 14 combat patrols as a member of the *6. Unterseebootsflottile* and later the *2. Unterseebootsflottile*, sinking 21 merchant ships for a total of 117,036 GRT, damaging one ship of 10,350 GRT and another of 9,131 GRT, enough for it to be declared a total loss. *U-43* was sunk on 30 July 1943 southwest of the Azores by a torpedo dropped by a United States Navy aircraft from the escort carrier *Santee*; all 55 hands were lost.

### *U-44*

*U-44* was ordered by the *Kriegsmarine* on 21 November 1936 and was laid down on 15 September 1938 by AG Weser, Bremen as yard number 949. She was launched on 5 August 1939 and commissioned on 4 November under the command of *Kapitänleutnant* Ludwig Mathes. During her service in the *Kriegsmarine*, *U-44* conducted only two war patrols (one as part of the 6th U-boat Flotilla and another as a member of the 2nd U-boat Flotilla) and sank a total of eight enemy vessels for a loss of 30,885 GRT. On 13 March 1940, *U-44* struck a mine that was located in Minefield Number 7 off the north coast of the Netherlands. All 47 of *U-44*'s crew members went down with the submarine.

## Bibliography

* Bishop, Chris (2002). *The Encyclopedia of Weapons of WWII: The Comprehensive Guide to Over 1,500 Weapons Systems, Including Tanks, Small Arms, Warplanes, Artillery, Ships, and Submarines*. Sterling Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-58663-762-0.
* Busch, Rainer & Röll, Hans-Joachim (1997). *Der U-Bootbau auf deutschen Werften*. Der U-Boot-Krieg (in German). Vol. II. Hamburg; Berlin; Bonn: Mittler. ISBN 3-8132-0512-6.
* Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter & Maass, Martin (1991). *U-boats and mine warfare vessels*. German Warships 1815–1945. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith & Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-593-4.

## InfoBox

| *U-37* docked at Wilhelmshaven on 18 April 1940 | |
| --- | --- |
| Class overview | |
| Operators | Kriegsmarine |
| Preceded by | Type VII submarine |
| Succeeded by | Type IXB submarine |
| Built | 1937–1939 |
| In service | 1937–1945 |
| In commission | 1938–1945 |
| Planned | 8 |
| Completed | 8 |
| Lost | 6 |
| Scrapped | 2 |
| General characteristics | |
| Displacement | * 1,032 t (1,016 long tons) surfaced * 1,153 t (1,135 long tons) submerged |
| Length |  |
| Beam | * 6.51 m (21 ft 4 in) (o/a) * 4.40 m (14 ft 5 in) (pressure hull) |
| Height | 9.40 m (30 ft 10 in) |
| Draft | 4.70 m (15 ft 5 in) |
| Speed | * 18.2 knots (33.7 km/h; 20.9 mph) surfaced * 7.7 knots (14.3 km/h; 8.9 mph) submerged |
| Range | * 10,500 nmi (19,400 km; 12,100 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) surfaced * 65–78 nmi (120–144 km; 75–90 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) submerged |
| Armament |  |


title: List of Arizona Cardinals head coaches

text:
# List of Arizona Cardinals head coaches

The Arizona Cardinals are a professional American football team based in Glendale, Arizona. The Cardinals compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) West division. The team began as the Morgan Athletic Club in 1898 in Chicago, Illinois. The team's second name was the Racine Normals, since it played at Normal Field on Racine Street. In 1901, they were renamed to the Racine Street Cardinals, a name that came from the University of Chicago jerseys that the team used, which were described as "Cardinal red". The team was established in Chicago in 1898 and was a charter member of the NFL in 1920. The team has played their home games at the State Farm Stadium since 2006 and is the oldest franchise in the NFL.

The team has moved to numerous cities during its history. After staying in Chicago from 1920 to 1959, it moved to St. Louis, Missouri and remained there from 1960 to 1987. It played in Tempe, Arizona, from 1988 to 2005, before eventually settling in Glendale, Arizona in 2006, where it now resides. Since 1920, two Cardinals coaches have won the NFL Championship: Norman Barry in 1925 and Jimmy Conzelman in 1947. Six other coaches—Don Coryell, Jim Hanifan, Vince Tobin, Ken Whisenhunt, Bruce Arians, and Kliff Kingsbury—have led the Cardinals to the playoffs, and in 2009 they went to the Super Bowl.

There have been 43 head coaches for the Cardinals franchise since it became a professional team in 1920; fourteen of the team's coaches are former Cardinals players. Ernie Nevers and Jimmy Conzelman are the only coaches to have had more than one tenure with the team. Pop Ivy and Gene Stallings both coached the team during its move from one city to another. Cardinals coach Roy Andrews is tied for the lowest winning percentage among the team's coaches (.000), having lost the only game he coached in the 1931 season. Co-coach Walt Kiesling lost all ten games he coached in 1943, when the team merged with the Steelers during World War II and was known as Card-Pitt. Co-coaches Ray Willsey, Ray Prochaska, and Chuck Drulis have the highest winning percentage among Cardinals coaches (1.000). The team's all-time leader in games coached is Ken Whisenhunt, who was hired on January 14, 2007, with 96. Whisenhunt was fired on December 31, 2012, after the Cardinals recorded a 5–11 record in 2012. The all-time leader in wins is Bruce Arians with fifty, including one playoff victory.

## Key

| **#** | Number of coaches |
| --- | --- |
| **GC** | Games coached |
| **W** | Wins |
| **L** | Losses |
| **T** | Ties |
| **Win%** | Winning percentage |
|  | Elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a coach |
|  | Elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a player |
| * | Spent entire NFL head coaching career with the Cardinals |
| ^ | 1961 Season had 3 co-coaches for 2 games |

## Coaches

*Note: The list begins in 1920, when the Cardinals became a professional team. Statistics are accurate through the end of the 2023 NFL season.*

| # | Image | Name | Term | Regular season | | | | | Playoffs | | | | Awards | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | GC | W | L | T | Win% | GC | W | L | Win% | | |
| **Chicago Cardinals** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1 |  | Paddy Driscoll | 19201922 | 29 | 17 | 8 | 4 | .680 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2 |  | Arnold Horween* | 19231924 | 22 | 13 | 8 | 1 | .619 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 3 |  | Norman Barry* | 19251926 | 26 | 16 | 8 | 2 | .667 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 4 |  | Guy Chamberlin | 1927 | 11 | 3 | 7 | 1 | .300 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 5 |  | Fred Gillies* | 1928 | 6 | 1 | 5 | 0 | .167 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 6 |  | Dewey Scanlon | 1929 | 13 | 6 | 6 | 1 | .500 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 7 |  | Ernie Nevers | 19301931 | 21 | 10 | 9 | 2 | .526 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 8 |  | Roy Andrews | 1931 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | .000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 9 |  | Jack Chevigny* | 1932 | 10 | 2 | 6 | 2 | .250 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 10 |  | Paul Schissler | 19331934 | 22 | 6 | 15 | 1 | .286 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 11 |  | Milan Creighton* | 19351938 | 46 | 16 | 26 | 4 | .381 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Ernie Nevers | 1939 | 11 | 1 | 10 | 0 | .091 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12 |  | Jimmy Conzelman | 19401942 | 33 | 8 | 22 | 3 | .267 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 13 |  | Phil Handler* | 1943 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 0 | .000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| **Card-Pitt** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  |  | Phil Handler* | co-coaches
1944 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 0 | .000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 14 |  | Walt Kiesling | | | | | | | | | | | |  |
| **Chicago Cardinals** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  |  | Phil Handler* | 1945 | 10 | 1 | 9 | 0 | .100 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Jimmy Conzelman | 19461948 | 35 | 26 | 9 | 0 | .743 | 2 | 1 | 1 | .500 | 1947 Sporting News NFL Coach of the Year |  |
| 15 |  | Buddy Parker | 1949 | 12 | 6 | 5 | 1 | .545 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 16 |  | Curly Lambeau | 19501951 | 22 | 7 | 15 | 0 | .318 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 17 |  | Cecil Isbell | 1951 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | .500 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 18 |  | Joe Kuharich | 1952 | 12 | 4 | 8 | 0 | .333 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 19 |  | Joe Stydahar | 19531954 | 24 | 3 | 20 | 1 | .130 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 20 |  | Ray Richards* | 19551957 | 36 | 14 | 21 | 1 | .400 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| **Chicago Cardinals and St. Louis Cardinals** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 21 |  | Pop Ivy | 19581961 | 48 | 15 | 31 | 2 | .326 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|
| **St. Louis Cardinals** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 22 |  | Ray Willsey* ^ | 3
co-coaches
1961 ^ | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 23 |  | Ray Prochaska* ^ | | | | | | | | | | | |  |
| 24 |  | Chuck Drulis* ^ | | | | | | | | | | | |  |
| 25 |  | Wally Lemm | 19621965 | 56 | 27 | 26 | 3 | .509 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 26 |  | Charley Winner | 19661970 | 70 | 35 | 30 | 5 | .538 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 27 |  | Bob Hollway* | 19711972 | 28 | 8 | 18 | 2 | .308 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 28 |  | Don Coryell | 19731977 | 70 | 42 | 27 | 1 | .609 | 2 | 0 | 2 | .000 | 1974 Associated Press Coach of the Year
1974 Pro Football Weekly Coach of the Year |  |
| 29 |  | Bud Wilkinson* | 19781979 | 29 | 9 | 20 | 0 | .310 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 30 |  | Larry Wilson* ‡ | 1979 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | .667 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 31 |  | Jim Hanifan | 19801985 | 89 | 39 | 49 | 1 | .443 | 1 | 0 | 1 | .000 |  |  |
| **St. Louis Cardinals and Phoenix Cardinals** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 32 |  | Gene Stallings* | 19861989 | 58 | 23 | 34 | 1 | .404 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| **Phoenix Cardinals** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 33 |  | Hank Kuhlmann* | 1989 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 0 | .000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 34 |  | Joe Bugel | 19901993 | 64 | 20 | 44 | 0 | .313 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| **Arizona Cardinals** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 35 |  | Buddy Ryan | 19941995 | 32 | 12 | 20 | 0 | .375 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 36 |  | Vince Tobin* | 19962000 | 71 | 28 | 43 | 0 | .394 | 2 | 1 | 1 | .500 |  |  |
| 37 |  | Dave McGinnis* | 20002003 | 57 | 17 | 40 | 0 | .298 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 38 |  | Dennis Green | 20042006 | 48 | 16 | 32 | 0 | .333 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 39 |  | Ken Whisenhunt | 20072012 | 96 | 45 | 51 | 0 | .469 | 6 | 4 | 2 | .667 |  |  |
| 40 |  | Bruce Arians | 20132017 | 80 | 49 | 30 | 1 | .619 | 3 | 1 | 2 | .333 |  |  |
| 41 |  | Steve Wilks* | 2018 | 16 | 3 | 13 | 0 | .188 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 42 |  | Kliff Kingsbury* | 20192022 | 66 | 28 | 37 | 1 | .432 | 1 | 0 | 1 | .000 |  |  |
| 43 |  | Jonathan Gannon* | 2023–present | 17 | 4 | 13 | 0 | .235 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

1. A running total of the number of Cardinals head coaches. Thus, any head coach who has two or more terms is only counted once.
2. Each year is linked to an article about that particular NFL season.


title: Matilda Lowther

abstract: Matilda Grace Lowther is a British fashion model.

text:
# Matilda Lowther

**Matilda Grace Lowther** (born 10 July 1995) is a British fashion model.

## Early life

Lowther is the eldest of four children of Eton-educated Hon. James Nicholas Lowther and Vanessa, daughter of Alan Catchpole, of Broke Hall, Nacton, Suffolk. Her paternal grandfather was James Lowther, 7th Earl of Lonsdale. Her grandmother, Nancy Ruth Cobbs, Countess of Lonsdale, was from Pacific Palisades, California. She graduated from Queen Margaret's School, York.

## Career

In her debut season, Lowther opened Burberry's S/S and F/W 2014 fashion shows. She has walked for brands including Miu Miu, Comme des Garçons, The Row, Rodarte, Hermès, and Bottega Veneta. Lowther co-starred with models such as Jourdan Dunn and Lily Donaldson in a Balmain campaign.

Her first cover was for *British Vogue*’s *Miss Vogue* (the equivalent of *Teen Vogue*). She has also been on the cover of *Vogue Portugal*, *Telegraph'*s magazine, and appeared in editorials for *British GQ*, *British Vogue*, *Vogue Germany*, *Vogue Japan*, *Vogue China*, *Vogue Paris*, *Vogue Mexico*, *Interview*, *Dazed*, *Elle*, *WSJ*, *i-D*, , *L'Officiel*, and *Love*.

## InfoBox

| Matilda Lowther | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Matilda Grace Lowther
(1995-07-10) 10 July 1995
Carlisle, England |
| Nationality | British |
| Other names | Tilly Lowther |
| Relatives | James Lowther, 7th Earl of Lonsdale (grandfather)
Adwoa Aboah (second cousin)
Kesewa Aboah (second cousin) |
| **Modelling information** | |
| Height | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) |
| Hair colour | Brown |
| Eye colour | Blue |
| Agency | * HEROES Model Management (New York) * Marilyn Agency (Paris) * Special Management (Milan) * Chapter Management (London) |
|  | |


title: Lothringen (oil tanker)

abstract: Lothringen was an oil tanker ordered for Dutch shipowner Phs. Van Ommeren under the name Papendrecht in Rotterdam. On 16 May 1940, the Kriegsmarine seized her when the ship was still under construction and she was renamed Lothringen. She was commissioned on 23 January 1941. The ship became the property of Erste Deutsche Walfang-Gesellschaft of Hamburg who converted her into a support ship for naval operations by the German battleship Bismarck and cruiser Prinz Eugen in the Atlantic. On 15 June 1941, Lothringen was captured by the British light cruiser HMS Dunedin and taken into service of the Admiralty, crewed by the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. It was renamed Empire Salvage in 1941 and served the Allies for the remainder of the war. After the war, it was handed back to its owners.

text:
# Lothringen (oil tanker)

***Lothringen*** was an oil tanker ordered for Dutch shipowner Phs. Van Ommeren under the name ***Papendrecht*** in Rotterdam. On 16 May 1940, the Kriegsmarine seized her when the ship was still under construction and she was renamed *Lothringen*. She was commissioned on 23 January 1941. The ship became the property of Erste Deutsche Walfang-Gesellschaft of Hamburg who converted her into a support ship for naval operations by the German battleship *Bismarck* and cruiser *Prinz Eugen* in the Atlantic. On 15 June 1941, *Lothringen* was captured by the British light cruiser HMS *Dunedin* and taken into service of the Admiralty, crewed by the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. It was renamed ***Empire Salvage*** in 1941 and served the Allies for the remainder of the war. After the war, it was handed back to its owners.

## Description

The ship was 514 feet 3 inches (156.74 m) long overall (514 feet 3 inches (156.74 m) between perpendiculars), with a beam of 73 feet 3 inches (22.33 m). It had a depth of 35 feet 5 inches (10.80 m) and a draught of 28 feet 3.75 inches (8.63 m). It was assessed at 10,476 gross register tons (GRT), 6,400 net register tons (NRT).

The ship was powered by a four-stroke Single Cycle Single Acting diesel engine which had eight cylinders of 28.75 inches (73.0 cm) bore by 63 inches (160 cm) stroke. The engine was built by Gebroeders Stork &Co, N.V., Hengelo, Overijssel. It drove a single screw propeller. Rated at 3,700 brake horsepower (2,800 kW), the engine could propel the ship at 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph).

## Construction

*Papendrecht* was built as a tanker by the Rotterdam Droogdock Maatschappij, Rotterdam, South Holland for Van Ommeren's Scheepsvaart Maatschappij, Rotterdam. Yard number 220, it was laid down on 18 April 1939. The ship was launched on 19 April 1940. It was seized in May by the Kriegsmarine and renamed *Lothringen*. Completion was on 9 December 1940. The ship's port of registry was Hamburg.

## Axis service

### Crew

*Lothringen* had a crew of 90, of which 45 were *Kriegsmarine* sailors. The rest were 35 sailors of the German mercantile marine. The senior naval officer aboard was the ship's doctor.

### Early history

The sailors joined the *Lothringen* at Rotterdam. The guns were mounted and the ship was fueled. On 7 March 1941 the ship sailed for the port of Cherbourg, France, arriving in the afternoon of 8 March. *Lothringen* then visited Brest harbour, then Saint-Nazaire on 20 March followed by La Pallice on 11 May.

### Outfitting and supplies

For re-supply of U-boats *Lothringen* took on:

* 32 torpedoes
* 1,000 tons of diesel oil for U-boats
* Fuel oil for surface craft, received from the tanker *Rheum* that taken together amounted to 11,000 tons.
* Provisions and fresh water.
* metal drums of lubricating oil for U-boats.

### Capture

On 11 May 1941, *Lothringen* sailed from La Pallice, the deep-water port of La Rochelle, France. The ship was due to rendezvous with a U-boat on 17 June 1941, however on the early morning of the 15 June *Lothringen* was sighted at position 19°49′N 38°30′W / 19.817°N 38.500°W / 19.817; -38.500, north west of the Cape Verde Islands, by Fairey Swordfish aircraft of the aircraft carrier HMS *Eagle* while on patrol as part of Operation Salvage looking for commerce raiders and U-boat supply ships in the South Atlantic. The Swordfish attacked with machine-gun fire and 250 lb (110 kg) bombs damaging the ship's lifeboats. The lack of seaworthy boats meant that the crew never scuttled the ship and Naval Intelligence at the time described it as the first time a ship surrendered to aircraft. The ship was captured on the same day at 17:00 by the *Danae*-class light cruiser HMS *Dunedin*.

When the *Lothringen* was captured, it provided valuable new techniques and design in replenishment at sea and specifically a new type of buoyant rubber hose.

## Allied service

*Lothringen* was taken by a prize crew to Bermuda. The ship was passed to the Ministry of War Transport and renamed *Empire Salvage*. Her port of registry was changed to London. The United Kingdom Official Number 159160 and Code Letters BGTY wer allocated. In September, it left Bermuda, crewed by the Royal Fleet Auxiliary and sailed to Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada and in October sailed from there to the United Kingdom as part of Convoy HX 153. *Empire Salvage* was used in refuelling experiments with other British ships before fitting out with armament. *Empire Salvage* returned to Halifax and served there as "Station Oiler". For Operation Husky, *Empire Salvage* was in the Mediterranean refuelling ships in Algiers harbour and the Gulf of Salerno.

In late 1944, *Empire Salvage* transferred to the Far East supporting British operations there around Ceylon. The *Empire Salvage* was transferred back to the Dutch government but chartered by the Ministry of War Transport for continued operations.

## Post war

On 15 May 1946 *Empire Salvage* was handed back to Van Ommeren's Scheeps at Rotterdam. After a refit which included adding a boat deck amidships went into commercial service as *Papendrecht*.

The ship's port of registry was Rotterdam and the Code Letters PGQZ were allocated. From 23 November 1963 it was used as a storage tanker for molasses in Beira, Mozambique and the following year sold to Kinoshita & Co., Tokyo for breaking up, which occurred in February 1964.

## InfoBox

| *Papendrecht* post war. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Netherlands | |
| Name | *Papendrecht* (1940–1941) |
| Port of registry | Rotterdam |
| Builder | Rotterdamsche Droogdok Maatschappij |
| Yard number | 220 |
| Laid down | 18 April 1939 |
| Launched | 10 April 1940 |
| Fate | Requisitioned by Kriegsmarine |
| Germany | |
| Name | *Lothringen* |
| Port of registry | Hamburg |
| In service | May 1941 |
| Out of service | June 1941 |
| Fate | captured |
| United Kingdom | |
| Name | RFA *Empire Salvage* |
| Port of registry | London |
| In service | 1941 |
| Out of service | 1946 |
| Identification | * United Kingdom Official Number 159160 * Pennant Number A159 * Code Letters BGTY * |
| Fate | returned to owners |
| Netherlands | |
| Name | *Papendrecht* |
| Port of registry | Rotterdam |
| In service | 1946 |
| Out of service | 15 April 1964 |
| Identification | * Code Letters PGQZ * |
| Fate | broken up at Onomichi, Japan by Onomichi Zosen |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Tanker |
| Tonnage | 10,746 GRT, 6,400 NRT, 15,597 DWT |
| Length | * 496 ft 2 in (151.23 m) pp * 514 ft 3 in (156.74 m) oa |
| Beam | 73 ft 0 in (22.25 m) |
| Draught | 28 ft 3.75 in (8.63 m) |
| Depth | 35 ft 5 in (10.80 m) |
| Installed power | 8-cylinder, 4-stroke Stork-Hesselman diesel engine |
| Propulsion | Screw |
| Speed | 12.5 knots (23.2 km/h; 14.4 mph) |
| Crew | 35 |
| Armament | 2 x 3.7 cm, 3 x 2 cm guns (as *Lothringen*) |


title: Teatro Nacional de El Salvador

abstract: Teatro Nacional de El Salvador, or National Theatre of El Salvador began construction on November 3, 1911, by the French architect Daniel Beylard; and inaugurated March 1, 1917. It is of French Renaissance style with modern touches. It was decorated by the Italian architect Lucio Cappellaro, and its Great Hall is one of the most beautiful and elegant in Central America.

text:
# Teatro Nacional de El Salvador

**Teatro Nacional de El Salvador**, or **National Theatre of El Salvador** began construction on November 3, 1911, by the French architect Daniel Beylard; and inaugurated March 1, 1917. It is of French Renaissance style with modern touches. It was decorated by the Italian architect Lucio Cappellaro, and its Great Hall is one of the most beautiful and elegant in Central America.

## History

El Salvador's National Theater was opened in 1903.

A competition was held to choose a design for the theatre. The prizes for the first two places were 8,000 and 4,000 Francs each. The entries were reviewed by a commission composed of the engineers José E. Alcaine, Luis Fleury, and Aurelio Fuentes. The 12 plans submitted were from the following countries: 5 from France, 2 from the United States, 1 from the Principality of Monaco, 1 from Italy, and 3 from El Salvador. The winning project was "Melpemone" by the French Architect Daniel Beylard. The construction contract was awarded to the Salvadoran firm Ferracutti y Cía. José María Peralta Lagos was the head engineer during construction.

After 59 years of constant activity, in 1976, a process of remodeling was begun under the direction of the Salvadoran architect, Ricardo Jiménez Castillo. Funds were provided by the Salvadoran government. Castillo hired a select group of contributors: Roberto Salomón, to establish the requirements of the contemporary stage; Simón Magaña, for the decoration; Carlos Cañas, for the elaboration of murals; and Margarita Álvarez de Martínez, for the masterful copper artwork that would adorn the doors to the theatre boxes. Afterwards artisans of Ilobasco joined the team and students of the then *Bachillerato en Artes* led by the master artisan Carlos Cañas.

Multiple architectural styles were enriched in the fusion of the construction of the National Theatre including: Versailles Style, Rococo, Romanticism, and Art Nouveau, with regional touches. Some of the furniture was elaborated in the shop of the theatre, the rest of the furniture, rugs, carpets, armchairs, and lecterns, were imported from the United States. The drop curtains of the stage and the lights of the boxes and halls, were brought from Austria.

In 1977, the master artisan Carlos Cañas painted the cupola of the great hall with the fresco entitled "El mestizaje cultural", "The Cultural Convergence", that occupies an area of 230 m2 approximately. Thanks to this work, the ambiance reminds you of the great hall of Palais Garnier, decorated with Chagall artwork. The reinauguration of the National Theatre took place November 5, 1978 with the presentation of the National Award of Culture, which was given to the great Antonio Salazar, and Dr. Julio Fausto Hernández. The following year, on February 16, 1979, it was declared a National Monument by the Legislative Assembly. Since then, it has maintained in constant activity with theatre, music, dance, recitals, conferences, and acts of great importance in the political and cultural life of El Salvador. In 1992, the government of Japan presented a modern sound and light system to the theatre.

13°41′55″N 89°11′25″W / 13.69861°N 89.19028°W / 13.69861; -89.19028


title: Zernez railway station

abstract: Zernez railway station is a railway station in the municipality of Zernez, in the Swiss canton of Graubünden. It is located on the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge Bever–Scuol-Tarasp line of the Rhaetian Railway. Hourly services operate on this line. It is an important station located on the northwestern edge of the village of Zernez at 1471 m. All trains that serve part or all of the Engadine line stop in Zernez and it is also connected by Postbus services over the Fuorn Pass and through the Val Müstair to Müstair, Santa Maria and Mals in Italy, where it connects in turn to the Merano–Mals railway to Merano and Bolzano. In summer, additional post buses run to Davos Platz. Freight transport also plays a major role in Zernez. Freight trains containing swap bodies regularly run to Zernez, from where they are transported by truck to the Val Müstair. In addition, much freight is shipped from the middle Engadine via Zernez. Zernez station was completely rebuilt in 2010 and 2011. Among other things, the railway facilities were renewed, the platforms were raised and thus adapted for the disabled, a new covered island platform was built, the station building was rebuilt, the platform was roofed over and extended and a crossing loop was built on the Susch side. The island platform is connected by an underpass to the station building on platform 1. In addition, a new PostBus ramp was built, which allowed better transfer options between trains and postbuses. Similarly, a new 40-tonne swap-body crane was built and a new general freight loading centre was built to improve freight handling.

text:
# Zernez railway station

**Zernez railway station** is a railway station in the municipality of Zernez, in the Swiss canton of Graubünden. It is located on the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+38 in) metre gauge Bever–Scuol-Tarasp line of the Rhaetian Railway. Hourly services operate on this line. It is an important station located on the northwestern edge of the village of Zernez at 1471 m. All trains that serve part or all of the Engadine line stop in Zernez and it is also connected by Postbus services over the Fuorn Pass and through the Val Müstair to Müstair, Santa Maria and Mals in Italy, where it connects in turn to the Merano–Mals railway to Merano and Bolzano. In summer, additional post buses run to Davos Platz. Freight transport also plays a major role in Zernez. Freight trains containing swap bodies regularly run to Zernez, from where they are transported by truck to the Val Müstair. In addition, much freight is shipped from the middle Engadine via Zernez.

Zernez station was completely rebuilt in 2010 and 2011. Among other things, the railway facilities were renewed, the platforms were raised and thus adapted for the disabled, a new covered island platform was built, the station building was rebuilt, the platform was roofed over and extended and a crossing loop was built on the Susch side. The island platform is connected by an underpass to the station building on platform 1. In addition, a new PostBus ramp was built, which allowed better transfer options between trains and postbuses. Similarly, a new 40-tonne swap-body crane was built and a new general freight loading centre was built to improve freight handling.

## Services

As of the December 2023 timetable change, the following services stop at Zernez:

## InfoBox

| Zernez | |
| --- | --- |
| The station building in 2008 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Zernez<br>Switzerland |
| Coordinates | 46°41′51.612″N 10°5′23.784″E / 46.69767000°N 10.08994000°E / 46.69767000; 10.08994000 |
| Elevation | 1,471 m (4,826 ft) |
| Owned by | Rhaetian Railway |
| Line(s) | Bever–Scuol-Tarasp line |
| Distance | 120.4 km (74.8 mi) from Landquart |
| Train operators | Rhaetian Railway |
| Connections | PostAuto Schweiz |
| Construction | |
| Architect | Meinrad Lorenz (1913) |
| History | |
| Opened | 28 June 1913 (1913-06-28) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| 2018 | 870 per weekday |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Rhaetian Railway Following station  S-chanftowards St. Moritz  RE 3  Suschtowards Landquart  Cinuos-chel-Brailtowards Pontresina  R 15  Suschtowards Scuol-Tarasp | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | |


title: Ostrocerca albidipennis

abstract: Ostrocerca albidipennis, the white-tailed forestfly, is a species of spring stonefly in the family Nemouridae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Ostrocerca albidipennis

***Ostrocerca albidipennis***, the **white-tailed forestfly**, is a species of spring stonefly in the family Nemouridae. It is found in North America.

## InfoBox

| *Ostrocerca albidipennis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Plecoptera |
| Family: | Nemouridae |
| Genus: | *Ostrocerca* |
| Species: | ***O. albidipennis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ostrocerca albidipennis***<br>(Walker, 1852) | |
|


title: Patrick Abada

abstract: Patrick Abada is a retired French pole vaulter and Olympian, having competed in the 1976 Summer Olympics. His best vault was one of 5.70 m, made on 26 August 1983, in Brussels. As of August 2001, that mark was the 126th best pole vault of all time. He represented France in pole vaulting 25 times between 1973 and 1985.

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# Patrick Abada

**Patrick Abada** (born 20 March 1954 in Paris) is a retired French pole vaulter and Olympian, having competed in the 1976 Summer Olympics. His best vault was one of 5.70 m, made on 26 August 1983, in Brussels. As of August 2001, that mark was the 126th best pole vault of all time. He represented France in pole vaulting 25 times between 1973 and 1985.

## International competitions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Representing  France | | | | |
| 1973 | European Indoor Championships | Rotterdam, Netherlands | 6th | 5.20 m |
| | European Junior Championships | Duisburg, West Germany |  | NM |
| 1974 | European Championships | Rome, Italy | 9th | 5.10 m |
| 1976 | Olympic Games | Montreal, Canada | 4th | 5.45 m |
| 1978 | European Championships | Prague, Czechoslovakia | 9th | 5.30 m |
| 1979 | European Indoor Championships | Vienna, Austria |  | NM |
| | World Cup | Montreal, Canada | 2nd | 5.45 m1 |
| | Universiade | Mexico City, Mexico | 3rd | 5.55 m |
| 1980 | European Indoor Championships | Sindelfingen, West Germany | 3rd | 5.55 m |
| 1983 | European Indoor Championships | Budapest, Hungary | 3rd | 5.55 m |
| | Mediterranean Games | Casablanca, Morocco | 1st | 5.55 m |
| | World Championships | Helsinki, Finland | 6th | 5.55 m |
| 1985 | World Indoor Games | Paris, France | 4th | 5.50 m |

1Representing Europe

## Physical characteristics

* Height: 189 cm (6 ft 2 in)
* Weight: 80 kg (176 lb; 12 st 8 lb)

## Current work

He is currently president of the athletics section of the Racing Club de France .

## Personal life

Abada is from an Algerian family of Turkish origin.


title: Sgt. Slaughter (G.I. Joe)

abstract: Sgt. Slaughter is a fictional character from the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero toy line. G.I. Joe modelled the character on the American professional wrestling character Sgt. Slaughter. Sgt. Slaughter's G.I. Joe version makes no reference to his professional wrestling inspiration, although the character uses wrestling moves and was voiced by Remus. Remus also appeared in person to introduce the episodes that were originally G.I. Joe: The Movie and was the spokesman for the G.I. Joe toy line from 1989 to early 1990, introducing new vehicles and figures in commercials. Four versions of the Sgt. Slaughter action figure were released in the 1980s. The character is known as Sgt. Slammer in Action Force, the UK version of G.I. Joe.

text:
# Sgt. Slaughter (G.I. Joe)

**Sgt. Slaughter** is a fictional character from the *G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero* toy line. *G.I. Joe* modelled the character on the American professional wrestling character Sgt. Slaughter (Robert Rudolph Remus). Sgt. Slaughter's G.I. Joe version makes no reference to his professional wrestling inspiration, although the character uses wrestling moves and was voiced by Remus. Remus also appeared in person to introduce the episodes that were originally *G.I. Joe: The Movie* and was the spokesman for the G.I. Joe toy line from 1989 to early 1990, introducing new vehicles and figures in commercials.

Four versions of the Sgt. Slaughter action figure were released in the 1980s. The character is known as Sgt. Slammer in Action Force, the UK version of G.I. Joe.

## Profile

Sgt. Slaughter was born in Parris Island, South Carolina, and during his service in the United States Marine Corps, spent time dressing down trainees in Camp Lejeune. His real name is top secret. According to the G.I. Joe storyline, since just about every member of the G.I. Joe Team is qualified to be a drill instructor, it takes a special brand of heavy duty honcho to keep them squared away. He serves as the team's special drill instructor, as mentioned in the animated movie, and also engages in special missions.

## Action figures

From 1985-1989, there were new Sgt. Slaughter action figures almost every year. Hasbro, the maker of G.I. Joe toys, discontinued production in mid-1990, partly because of the World Wrestling Federation's new storyline featuring Slaughter as a "bad guy" and, in storyline, an Iraqi sympathizer.

Sgt. Slaughter led two G.I. Joe special teams. One was the Renegades, a mercenary-type group that partakes in highly sensitive, bottom drawer-classified missions for the United States. They included former football thug David "Red Dog" Taputapu, circus performer/Interpol agent Varujan "Taurus" Ayvazyan, and ex-Cobra Viper Felix "Mercer" Stratton. Falcon was with them unofficially after being court martialed as punishment in the animated movie.

Later, he led the Marauders, a G.I. Joe assault squad released in 1989, and composed of Spirit, the tracker; Low-Light, the night operations sniper; Barbecue, the firefighter; Mutt, the K-9 handler; and Footloose, the ground pounder.

In 1988, Sgt. Slaughter was released as a figure for the driver of the vehicle toy called 'Warthog A.I.F.V.'

For the 2006 G.I. Joe Convention, which Remus attended as guest of honor, a new figure was made reusing older figure parts, including the original toy's head.

For the 2010 San Diego Comic Con, Hasbro revealed two new figures of Sgt. Slaughter would be sold exclusively at the con, one based on his 1985 mail-away toy while the other on his 1986 Triple T driver toy. The former figure includes a whistle, baton, microphone and title belt while the latter has a whistle, baton, machine gun, bipod and revolver.

## Comics

### Marvel Comics

In the Marvel Comics *G.I. Joe* series, his first appearance is in issue #48. The drill sergeant is confronted by suspicious Joe members who are part of the top-level security team. He defeats them in hand-to-hand combat, then gets the explanation that the master of disguise known as Zartan is loose. Sgt. Slaughter leads the Joes that he just defeated in securing the top-level exits. He finds Zartan fighting another Joe, Gung-Ho, having taken his image. Both claim the other is the enemy. Sgt. Slaughter knocks out Zartan with one punch, and attributes his correct choice to luck.

In issue #51, he places Thunder in charge of the Joe HQ, and accompanies Cross-Country on the H.A.V.O.C. to pursue Zartan and the Dreadnoks after another escape attempt. After losing track of Zartan and his accompanying Dreadnoks, Sgt. Slaughter takes the H.A.V.O.C.'s hovercraft for recon. He finds them, but is fooled by the disguises the Dreadnoks have worked up.

### Devil's Due

Sgt. Slaughter is not listed on the official listing of personnel in the Battle Files mini-series, which lists all active and reservist members. However, Sgt. Slaughter is listed as an active member of the G.I. Joe team in *G.I. Joe: America's Elite* #28. He is later seen working with Joe veteran 'Jane' to evacuate endangered Joe support personnel. In volume 2 of *G.I. Joe A Real American Hero*, Sgt. Slaughter appears in a flashback as a drill sergeant for incoming Joe trainees, a.k.a. Greenshirts. He works closely with Beach-Head.

## Animated series

### Sunbow

Sgt. Slaughter was featured in the Sunbow/Marvel *G.I. Joe* animated series. Sgt. Slaughter is often described as the toughest of all the Joes. As an instructor and trainer, he spurs his trainees through the most physically challenging exercises, which he can perform quite easily. He is almost unnaturally strong and can fend entirely for himself in the roughest missions. In fact, he easily fends off several dozen B.A.T.s by himself in two episodes of the five-part second-season premiere, "Arise, Serpentor, Arise!". He even uses the fingernail on his thumb as a convenient screwdriver to gain access to the circuitry of an electronically locked door and short it open. Sgt. Slaughter is often listed fifth in command of the G.I. Joe team as a Special Drill Instructor (behind General Hawk, Duke, Flint and Beach Head respectively). He is a legend among his fellow Joes and sometimes shares command with Beach Head as fourth in command.

He first appeared in "Arise, Serpentor, Arise!". In this miniseries, he is first seen coming to the Joes' aid in a battle with Cobra, fighting off numerous B.A.T.s. and turning the tide. After the Joes win, Sgt. Slaughter is called upon by General Hawk to retrain the G.I. Joe team, because they have lost focus, to which he accepts. Later, Sgt. Slaughter, Beach Head and Low-Light infiltrate the Dreadnoks camp and find out about a Cobra plot to raid the tombs of infamous conquerors in history. As G.I. Joe sets off to protect these tombs, Sgt. Slaughter defends the tomb of Sun Tzu and prevents Doctor Mindbender from stealing Sun Tzu's DNA. Slaughter then becomes Mindbender's alternate DNA candidate in the latter's attempt to create Serpentor, and is lured into being captured. He escapes, only to be recaptured and have his DNA stolen, though he is freed by Cobra Commander. Sgt. Slaughter destroys his own DNA sample while Serpentor is created, so Serpentor supposedly did not receive his DNA, though he still shows features of Sgt. Slaughter's strength and willingness to lead the front lines. When Serpentor is born, Sgt. Slaughter challenges him to combat and they battle throughout the Terror Drome. Sgt. Slaughter has been mortal enemies with Serpentor ever since.

In the episode "My Brother's Keeper", Sgt. Slaughter accompanies Sci-Fi to a science fiction convention, where Dr. Mindbender is recruiting handicapped scientist Dr. Jeremy Penser to perfect his latest weapon. The two Joes, along with Penser's brother, save Penser after he sabotages the weapon.

Sgt. Slaughter had another prominent role in the episode "Ninja Holiday". In this episode, he accepts an invitation, intended for Wet Suit, to compete in a martial arts tournament hosted by Cobra Commander in secret. Going by Wet Suit's identity, Sgt. Slaughter learns of the purpose of the contest – to find a candidate for a Cobra assassin. After winning the competition and helping the Joes foil the plot, Sgt. Slaughter learns he was supposed to assassinate Serpentor, and is disappointed about missing this opportunity.

### G.I. Joe: The Movie

Sgt. Slaughter plays a vital role in *G.I. Joe: The Movie*. He is shown as the leader and special drill instructor for the Renegades, as well as Lt. Falcon after the latter was court-martialed by General Hawk for derelict of duty and reassigned to the Slaughterhouse at Duke's persuasion. Sgt. Slaughter considered Lt. Falcon a foul-up and has his Renegades re-train him to live up to Duke and General Hawk's expectations. Sgt. Slaughter, the Renegades and Falcon are sent on a reconnaissance mission to the Terror Drome where they overhear Cobra's plan for a second attack on G.I. Joe to steal the Broadcast Energy Transmitter (B.E.T.). Sgt. Slaughter plants a bomb inside the Terror Drome. He convinces the Renegades to save Lt. Falcon when he is captured and the five escape the Terror Drome before it is destroyed by the bomb. They are some of the last Joes available for the final battle. Slaughter's use of wrestling moves is vital in saving the day when he manages to defeat Nemesis Enforcer in combat.

### DiC

In DiC's *G.I. Joe* cartoon, Sgt. Slaughter was made third in command of G.I. Joe. He appeared in the "Operation Dragonfire" mini-series, "Revenge of the Pharaohs," "The No Zone Conspiracy," "Pigskin Commandos," "Cold Shoulder," That's Entertainment", "I Found You Evy," "An Officer and a Viper Man." In "Pigskin Commandos", Slaughter spends time visiting his adult sister.

## Other works

Sgt. Slaughter's figure is briefly featured in the fiction novel *6 Sick Hipsters*. In the story, the character Paul Achting spent four years collecting G.I. Joe figures to set up a battle scene between the Joes and Cobra. As he imagined the characters in his head, he described as Sgt. Slaughter, behind the Joes on front lines of the battle, "wearing his distinctive mirrored shades, sat uncomplainingly in the cab of the idling Triple T Tank. He was speaking on a transistor radio to Dial Tone, the communications specialist, back at G.I. Joe headquarters. He could smell, almost taste, evil in the air." Another figure of Sgt. Slaughter was made under Valaverse Action Force, an independent toy line that originated from a Kickstarter campaign. This version of the character is unrelated from the G.I. Joe line and is featured in Valaverse's comics of the toy line.

## InfoBox

| Sgt. Slaughter | |
| --- | --- |
| *G.I. Joe* character | |
| Sgt. Slaughter as seen in *G.I. Joe: The Movie*. | |
| First appearance | 1985 |
| Voiced by | Sgt. Slaughter |
| In-universe information | |
| Affiliation | United States Marine Corps<br>G.I. Joe |
| Specialty | Drill Instructor |
| File name | CLASSIFIED |
| Birth place | Parris Island, South Carolina |
| SN | 817-76-981 |
| Rank | E-7 (Gunnery Sergeant) |
| Primary MOS | Infantry/Drill Instructor |
| Secondary MOS | Survival Instructor |
| Subgroups | Slaughter's Marauders |


title: Penn Community Bank Amphitheater

abstract: The Penn Community Bank Amphitheater is an amphitheater located in Bensalem, Pennsylvania. It was previously known as TD Bank Amphitheater, Commerce Bank Amphitheater, and Bensalem Performing Arts Center. The amphitheater is located in Bensalem Township's Central Park at 2400 Byberry Road, adjacent to the Municipal Complex. The amphitheater can accommodate 3,000+ people in open lawn seating, and is open for outdoor concerts from May through September.

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# Penn Community Bank Amphitheater

The **Penn Community Bank Amphitheater** is an amphitheater located in Bensalem, Pennsylvania. It was previously known as TD Bank Amphitheater, Commerce Bank Amphitheater, and Bensalem Performing Arts Center. The amphitheater is located in Bensalem Township's Central Park at 2400 Byberry Road, adjacent to the Municipal Complex.

The amphitheater can accommodate 3,000+ people in open lawn seating, and is open for outdoor concerts from May through September.

## The Summer Concerts

During the summer there are regularly scheduled outdoor concerts featuring cover bands on Wednesday nights. The concerts start at 7 pm and end around 9:30. Attendees bring their own chair and there is a stand that sells hot dogs, drinks, and snacks. The concerts are not free - attendees must pay to attend - but season tickets are available to purchase.

## The Fall Festival

Bensalem Township holds an annual Fall Festival at the amphitheater every year on the first Saturday in October. The festival includes an evening concert and fireworks.

40°06′26″N 74°56′35″W / 40.10722°N 74.94293°W / 40.10722; -74.94293


title: UEFA Euro 1988 final

abstract: The UEFA Euro 1988 final was the final match of UEFA Euro 1988, the eighth European Championship, UEFA's top football competition for national teams. The match was played at the Olympiastadion in Munich, Germany, on 25 June 1988, and was contested between the Netherlands and the Soviet Union. The two finalists had both been drawn into Group 2 of the tournament, alongside the Republic of Ireland and England. The Soviet Union finished on top of the group before defeating Italy in the semi-finals to qualify for their fourth European Championship final. Meanwhile, the Netherlands ended the group stage in second place, before beating host nation West Germany in the semi-finals to progress to their first European Championship final. The final was played in front of 72,308 spectators, and was refereed by Michel Vautrot from France. The Netherlands won the match 2–0 to secure their first European Championship title.

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# UEFA Euro 1988 final

The **UEFA Euro 1988 final** was the final match of UEFA Euro 1988, the eighth European Championship, UEFA's top football competition for national teams. The match was played at the Olympiastadion in Munich, Germany, on 25 June 1988, and was contested between the Netherlands and the Soviet Union.

The two finalists had both been drawn into Group 2 of the tournament, alongside the Republic of Ireland and England. The Soviet Union finished on top of the group before defeating Italy in the semi-finals to qualify for their fourth European Championship final. Meanwhile, the Netherlands ended the group stage in second place, before beating host nation West Germany in the semi-finals to progress to their first European Championship final.

The final was played in front of 72,308 spectators, and was refereed by Michel Vautrot from France. The Netherlands won the match 2–0 to secure their first European Championship title.

## Background

UEFA Euro 1988 was the eighth edition of the UEFA European Football Championship, UEFA's football competition for national teams. Qualifying rounds were played on a home-and-away round-robin tournament basis prior to the final tournament taking place in West Germany, between 10 and 25 June 1988. There, the eight qualified teams were divided into two groups of four with each team playing one another once. The winners of each group then faced the runners-up from the other group in the semi-finals, the winners progressing to the final.

In the previous international football tournament, the 1986 FIFA World Cup, the Soviet Union were eliminated by Belgium in the second round, losing 4–3 after extra time, despite Igor Belanov's hat-trick. The Netherlands were knocked out in the UEFA play-off match after drawing 22 on aggregate with Belgium but having an inferior goal difference. The UEFA Euro 1988 Final was the fourth meeting between the sides, and came just 13 days after they met one another in the group stage.

## Route to the final

### Soviet Union

The Soviet Union qualified for the UEFA Euro 1988 final tournament as champions of qualifying group 3 where they faced East Germany, France, Iceland and Norway in a home-and-away round-robin tournament. They remained unbeaten throughout their eight games, winning five and drawing the remainder, to finish top of the group, two points ahead of East Germany. In UEFA Euro 1988 Group 2, the Soviet Union's opponents were the Netherlands, the Republic of Ireland and England.

In their initial group match, the Soviet Union faced the Netherlands for the first time in a competitive fixture. The game was played on 12 June 1988 at the Müngersdorfer Stadion in Cologne in front of 54,336 people. Valeriy Lobanovskyi, the manager, remarked before the match, "it's wise not to attack at all costs ... it's more important to win." His side adopted a defensive approach to the match and the first half ended goalless: Rinat Dasayev, the Soviet Union goalkeeper, pushed two shots from Ronald Koeman over the crossbar and saved other attempts to score from Ruud Gullit, John van 't Schip, John Bosman, Jan Wouters and a potential own goal from Volodymyr Bezsonov. Belanov's shot early in the second half was kept out by the Netherlands goalkeeper Hans van Breukelen, but in the 53rd minute, Vasyl Rats played a one-two with Belanov before striking the ball past Van Breukelen to give the Soviet Union the lead. Although Marco van Basten was then brought on, the Netherlands' best chance to equalise came when Vagiz Khidiyatullin deflected a header from Gullit onto his own crossbar, and the match ended 10 to the Soviet Union.

The Soviet Union played their second group game against the Republic of Ireland at the Niedersachsenstadion in Hanover on 15 June 1988. The Republic of Ireland dominated the first half, with Kevin Sheedy and Ronnie Whelan controlling the midfield. Ray Houghton's strike from a Mick McCarthy off-target shot drew a save from Dasayev. The Soviet Union goalkeeper then denied Houghton at full stretch after the Republic of Ireland player had beaten three defenders before shooting. Seven minutes before half-time, the Republic of Ireland took the lead: McCarthy took a long throw-in which found Whelan who volleyed it into the top corner of the Soviet Union goal from the edge of the penalty area. Dasayev then tackled Tony Galvin, injuring himself, and the referee declined to award a penalty. Minutes later the pair collided again, John Aldridge struck the ball over the crossbar and Dasayev was substituted for Viktor Chanov. With 15 minutes remaining, Belanov's pass over Kevin Moran found Oleh Protasov who struck the ball past Packie Bonner's legs to equalise. Bonner made a late save from Belanov and the match ended 11.

In their final group match, the Soviet Union faced England on 18 June 1988 at the Waldstadion in Frankfurt. After just three minutes, Sergei Aleinikov dispossessed Glenn Hoddle before running past Dave Watson in the England penalty area and striking the ball past Chris Woods, the England goalkeeper, to give the Soviet Union the lead. Protasov then shot wide before hitting another strike against the England goalpost. In the 16th minute, Tony Adams equalised with a header from a Hoddle free kick. Trevor Steven then hit the bar after heading the ball into the ground before a cross from Rats was headed into the England goal by Oleksiy Mykhaylychenko to give the Soviet Union a 21 lead at the interval. With 18 minutes remaining, Viktor Pasulko scored from another Rats cross to make it 31, which was the final score.

Ending the group stage top of the table, the Soviet Union progressed to the semi-finals where they faced Italy. The match was played at the Neckarstadion in Stuttgart on 22 June 1988 in front of 61,606 spectators. Walter Zenga, the Italy goalkeeper, made early saves from both Aleinikov and Hennadiy Lytovchenko while Protasov's shot flew just over the Italy crossbar. Gianluca Vialli then missed with a shot before he headed wide from a Roberto Donadoni cross. Giuseppe Giannini's header from Roberto Mancini's free kick was saved by Dasayev and the first half ended 00. Substantial rain fell in the early stages of the second half and, according to the Italy manager Azeglio Vicini, "we were technical and fast, but they were more powerful. On that pitch, it made all the difference." Around the hour mark, Oleh Kuznetsov passed to Mykhaylychenko who supplied the ball to Lytovchenko. His shot was blocked by Franco Baresi but Lytovchenko struck the rebound into the corner of the goal to give the Soviet Union the lead. Four minutes later, Oleksandr Zavarov passed to Protasov who hit a measured shot over Zenga to double the Soviet Union's lead. They had further chances to extend their lead but the match ended 20 and the Soviet Union progressed to their fourth European Championship final.

### Netherlands

The Netherlands progressed to the final tournament of UEFA 1988 after finishing top of qualifying group 5, finishing unbeaten in the group which comprised Greece, Hungary, Poland and Cyprus. The Netherlands won six and drew two of their eight games and ended the qualification phase five points ahead of Greece. They were also drawn into UEFA Euro 1988 Group 2 alongside the Soviet Union, the Republic of Ireland and England.

Their first game was against the Soviet Union which they lost 10 with Rats scoring in the 57th minute. The second group game saw the Netherlands face England, with the match taking place on 15 June 1988 at the Rheinstadion in Düsseldorf in front of 63,940 spectators in what author Jonathan O'Brien described as "the best match of the tournament". England struck the frame of the Netherlands' goal twice in the first half. Firstly Gary Lineker hit the post after running clear of the Netherlands' defenders after a pass from Bryan Robson, before Hoddle's free-kick hit the inside of the post. A minute before half-time, Van Basten, who had been restored to the starting line-up, received a pass from Gullit before turning past Adams and shooting beyond Peter Shilton, the England goalkeeper. With seconds left before the interval, Van Basten took the ball round Shilton but his shot was cleared by Steven. Nine minutes into the second half, England equalised: Robson played a one-two with Lineker before scoring past Van Breukelen. With less than 20 minutes remaining, Gullit passed to Van Basten who controlled the ball before striking it across Shilton to make it 21 to the Netherlands. Soon after, Wim Kieft's flick-on from Erwin Koeman's corner was met by Van Basten who scored to complete his hat-trick and give the Netherlands a 31 victory.

The Netherlands' final group match was against the Republic of Ireland and was played on 18 June 1988 at the Parkstadion in Gelsenkirchen. The early stages were controlled by the Netherlands, with Bonner being forced to save a strike from Adri van Tiggelen, Erwin Koeman headed wide, McCarthy's tackle denied Van Basten and Ronald Koeman missed an open goal. In the 16th minute, Paul McGrath's header from a corner hit the post before rebounding off Gerald Vanenburg and striking the post again: as Aldridge tried to tap it in, Van Breukelen fell on the ball and gathered it. After half-time, Wouters hit the Republic of Ireland crossbar but in the 83rd minute, the Netherlands took the lead. Wouters' cross was headed out by McGrath and the ball fell to Ronald Koeman who struck the ball goalward but into the ground from around 25 yards (23 m). Kieft turned and diverted the ball past Bonner with his forehead and secured a 10 win for the Netherlands, who finished Group 2 in second place, one point behind the Soviet Union.

In the semi-finals, the Netherlands opponents were West Germany, with the match being played at the Volksparkstadion in Hamburg on 21 June 1988. There were few chances to score for either side in the first half, with Frank Mill's opportunist attempt to intercept Ronald Koeman's backpass being gathered by Van Breukelen. Ten minutes into the second half, West Germany took the lead. Jürgen Klinsmann took the ball past Van Tiggelen and Erwin Koeman before falling under a tackle from Frank Rijkaard inside the Netherlands penalty area. The referee deemed it to be a foul and Lothar Matthäus scored the resulting penalty. With 15 minutes remaining, Van Basten ran into the West Germany box and was tackled by Jürgen Kohler and was awarded the second penalty of the match. Ronald Koeman scored, striking it left as the West Germany goalkeeper Eike Immel dived right. Second-half substitute Pierre Littbarski then saw his inswinging corner cleared off the line by Vanenburg. With less than two minutes remaining, the Netherlands took the lead in what O'Brien describes as "the most cherished moment in their footballing history." Wouters crossed the ball to Van Basten, who outran Kohler, close to the edge of the 18 yard box on the right side of the goal, Van Basten caught the cross on a half volley, looping it over a diving Immel, into the side netting on the left end of the net. With a 21 victory, the Netherlands qualified for their first UEFA European Championship final.

### Summary

| Soviet Union | | Round | Netherlands | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Opponent | Result | Group stage | Opponent | Result |
| Netherlands | 1–0 | Match 1 | Soviet Union | 0–1 |
| Republic of Ireland | 1–1 | Match 2 | England | 3–1 |
| England | 3–1 | Match 3 | Republic of Ireland | 1–0 |
| **Group 2 winners**    Pos Team Pld Pts  1  Soviet Union 3 5  2  Netherlands 3 4  3  Republic of Ireland 3 3  4  England 3 0   Source: UEFA | | Final standings | **Group 2 runners-up**    Pos Team Pld Pts  1  Soviet Union 3 5  2  Netherlands 3 4  3  Republic of Ireland 3 3  4  England 3 0   Source: UEFA | |
| Opponent | Result | Knockout stage | Opponent | Result |
| Italy | 2–0 | Semi-finals | West Germany | 2–1 |

## Match

### Pre-match

Kuznetsov was unavailable for the Soviet Union as a result of his suspension, while Belanov was restored to the starting line-up having recovered from injury. The Netherlands named a team unchanged from their semi-final against West Germany.

### Summary

The final took place at the Olympiastadion in Munich on 25 June 1988 in front of 72,308 spectators and was refereed by Michel Vautrot from France. The first chance of the match fell to Lytovchenko in the second minute, but his shot was wide. In the 30th minute, he missed another opportunity: Zavarov passed the ball 50 yards (46 m) to Belanov, who evaded Van Tiggelen and Berry van Aerle before passing to Lytovchenko. He ran past Rijkaard but his shot was straight at Van Breukelen in the Netherlands goal. Three minutes later, the Netherlands took the lead. Dasayev conceded a corner when he punched Gullit's free kick over the crossbar and although Erwin Koeman's set piece was headed away, he passed the ball into the box, Van Basten nodded it on and Gullit scored with a header. Before half-time, the ball fell to Belanov after a mix-up in the Netherlands penalty area, but his shot went over the crossbar.

Eight minutes into the second half, the Netherlands doubled their lead with what UEFA later called "perhaps the most iconic goal in UEFA European Championship history". Van Tiggelen dispossessed Lytovchenko and passed to Arnold Mühren who was making an overlapping run down the left wing. He played in a high cross to the far side of the box to Van Basten who struck the ball on the volley from a tight angle. It dipped under the crossbar to make it 20. Anatoliy Demyanenko's free kick then eventually found Belanov but his shot struck the post, before the Netherlands conceded a penalty. A failed clearance from Erwin Koeman was headed by Protasov and Sergey Gotsmanov kept the ball in play before being fouled by Van Breukelen. Belanov took the penalty kick but Van Breukelen dived the right way and the ball struck his knee. The match ended 20 and the Netherlands won their first UEFA European Championship title.

### Details

| Soviet Union | 0–2 | Netherlands |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

Olympiastadion, MunichAttendance: 62,770Referee: Michel Vautrot (France)

| GK **1** Rinat Dasayev ()  RB **5** Anatoliy Demyanenko  31'  CB **7** Sergei Aleinikov  CB **3** Vagiz Khidiyatullin  42'  LB **6** Vasyl Rats  RM **8** Hennadiy Lytovchenko  33'  CM **9** Oleksandr Zavarov  CM **15** Oleksiy Mykhaylychenko  LM **18** Sergey Gotsmanov   68'  CF **10** Oleh Protasov   71'  CF **11** Igor Belanov  **Substitutes:**  DF **19** Sergei Baltacha   68'  MF **20** Viktor Pasulko   71'  **Manager:**  Valeriy Lobanovskyi |  | GK **1** Hans van Breukelen  RB **6** Berry van Aerle  50'  CB **17** Frank Rijkaard  CB **4** Ronald Koeman  LB **2** Adri van Tiggelen  RM **7** Gerald Vanenburg  CM **20** Jan Wouters  37'  CM **8** Arnold Mühren  LM **13** Erwin Koeman  CF **10** Ruud Gullit ()  CF **12** Marco van Basten  **Manager:**  Rinus Michels |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Post-match

In reference to his second half goal, Van Basten said that he had begun to tire and had decided that he needed to "take a risk and shoot." He continued: "I can tell a lot of stories, but it was just a fantastic feeling." His manager Rinus Michels described it as "a goal more beautiful than the most ambitious script". Gullit said of Van Basten's goal, "If he hit it a million times, he would never ever score that goal again" while Wouters recalled "When we celebrated, I asked him: 'How could you shoot from there?' He answered: 'I just don’t know.'" Dutch newspaper *De Telegraaf* described the goal as "unstoppable" and that "the most beautiful Euro goal was born".

In the next international tournament, the 1990 FIFA World Cup, the Netherlands were defeated in the second round by eventual winners West Germany. The Soviet Union failed to progress beyond the group stage, losing to both Romania and Argentina, which would become the Soviet Union's last major tournament before its dissolution.

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

UEFA Euro 1988 final
| The match took place at the Olympiastadion *(pictured in 2014)* in Munich. | |
| --- | --- |
| Event | UEFA Euro 1988 |
|  | |
| Date | 25 June 1988 (1988-06-25) |
| Venue | Olympiastadion, Munich |
| Referee | Michel Vautrot (France) |
| Attendance | 62,770 |
|