title: 1210s

abstract: The 1210s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1210, and ended on December 31, 1219.

text:
# 1210s

The **1210s** was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1210, and ended on December 31, 1219.

## Events

### 1210

#### By place

###### Europe

###### England

* The Papal Interdict of 1208 remains in force.
* King John extends his taxes and raises £100,000 from church property as an extraordinary fiscal levy; the operation is described as an “inestimable and incomparable exaction” by contemporary sources.
* November 1  John orders that Jews across the country have to pay a tallage, a sum of money to the king. Those who do not pay are arrested and imprisoned. Many Jews are executed or leave the country.

###### Levant

###### Asia

#### By topic

###### Art and Culture

###### Astronomy

###### Religion

### 1211

#### By place

###### Byzantine Empire

* June 17  Battle of Antioch on the Meander: Seljuk forces led by Sultan Kaykhusraw I are initially victorious with the Latin mercenary cavalry (some 800 men) bearing the brunt of the casualties due to their flanking charge; exhausted by the effort in their attack, the Latin army under Emperor Theodore I Laskaris is struck in the flank and rear by the Seljuk forces. However, the Seljuks stop the fight in order to plunder the Latin camp – which allows Theodore's forces to rally and counter-attack the now disorganized Turks. Meanwhile, Kaykhusraw seeks out Theodore and engages him in single combat, but he is unhorsed and beheaded. The Seljuks are routed and the former Byzantine emperor Alexios III Angelos, Theodore's father-in-law, is captured and imprisoned, ending his days in enforced monastic seclusion.
* October 15  Battle of the Rhyndacus: Latin emperor Henry of Flanders lands with an expeditionary force (some 3,000 men) at Pegai, and marches eastwards to the Rhyndacus River. The Byzantine army (much larger in force overall) under Theodore I prepare an ambush, but Henry assaults his positions along the river and defeats the Byzantine army in a day-long battle. Henry marches unopposed through the remaining Byzantine lands, reaching south as far as Nymphaion.

###### Mongol Empire

* Spring  Genghis Khan summons his Mongol chieftains, and prepares to wage war against the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in northern China. He advances across the Gobi Desert with a massive army of 100,000 warriors with 300,000 horses, strung out in perhaps 10–20 groups of 5,000–10,000 men each, each with camel-drawn carts, and all linked by fast-moving messengers. Meanwhile, the Jin Government mobilizes an army of 800,000 men, most of which are untrained peasants with low morale, and some 150,000 highly-trained cavalry. This vast army, however, is spread across the Great Wall, and garrisoned separate fortresses.
* Battle of Yehuling: Genghis Khan bypasses the Great Wall with little opposition, and splits his forces into two armies. The main army (60,000 men) is led by himself, and the other army is taken by his son Ögedei to attack the city of Datong. Genghis heads for the strategic Juyong Pass ("Young Badger's Mouth") – which leads down to the capital of Zhongdu (modern-day Beijing), but along the way he is halted at the pass of Yehuling where the bulk of the Jin army awaits him. Between March and October, the battle is fought in three stages, after Genghis has defeated the Jin forces, he begins raiding the countryside before he withdraws for the winter.

###### Europe

###### Britain

* Summer  King John of England ("Lackland") campaigns in Wales against Llywelyn the Great, prince of Gwynedd. In July, after the Welsh uprising, John and Llywelyn reach an agreement and a peace treaty is signed.
* June  Papal legate Pandulf Verraccio arrives in Northampton to serve John with his excommunication ordered by Innocent III. For John this is a serious blow to his ability to rule the country.
* John sends a gift of herrings to nunneries in almost every shire, despite his status as an excommunicant.
* The Papal Interdict of 1208 laid by Innocent III remains in force after John refuses to accept the pope's appointee.

###### Asia

#### By topic

###### Religion

### 1212

#### By place

###### England

* July 10  The Great Fire: The most severe of several early fires of London burns most of the city to the ground; over 3,000 people die, many of them by drowning in the River Thames. According to a contemporary account: "An awful fire broke out on the Southwark side of London Bridge; while it was raging, a fire broke out at the other end also and so hemmed in the numerous crowds who had assembled to help the distressed. The sufferers, to avoid the flames, threw themselves over the bridge into boats and barges; but many of these sunk, the people crowding into them.".
* King John (**Lackland**) impounds the revenue of all prelates appointed by bishops, who have deserted him at his excommunication. He remains on good terms, however, with churchmen who stood by him, including Abbot Sampson, who this year bequeaths John his jewels.

###### Europe

* Spring  After the fall of Argos the Crusaders complete their conquest of the Morea in southern Greece. The city, along with Nauplia, is given to Otho de la Roche, a Burgundian nobleman, as a fief, along with an income of 400 *hyperpyron* from Corinth. Meanwhile, the Venetians conquer Crete and evict Enrico Pescatore, a Genoese adventurer and pirate, active in the Mediterranean.
* July 16  Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa: The Christian forces of King Alfonso VIII (**the Noble**) decisively defeat the Almohad army (some 30,000 men) led by Caliph Muhammad al-Nasir. The victory gives a further impulse to the *Reconquista* but this leaves the Kingdom of Castile in a difficult financial position, as numerous soldiers have to be paid by the treasury.
* The Children's Crusade is organized. There are probably two separate movements of young people, both led by shepherd boys, neither of which embark for the Holy Land – but both of which suffer considerable hardship.
    + Early Spring  Nicholas leads a group from the Rhineland and crosses the alps into Italy. In August, he arrives with some 7,000 children in Genoa. Nicholas travels to the Papal States where he meets Pope Innocent III.
    + June  The 12-year-old Stephen of Cloyes leads a group across France to Vendôme. Attracting a following of over 30,000 adults and children. After arriving in Marseilles the vast majority return home to their families.
* The Teutonic Order builds Bran Castle (or **Dietrichstein**) in the Burzenland (modern Romania) as a fortified position at the entrance of a mountain pass through which traders can travel. The Teutonic Knights built another five castles, some of them made of stone. Their rapid expansion in Hungary makes the nobility and clergy, who are previously uninterested in those regions, jealous and suspicious.
* December 9  The 18-year-old Frederick II is crowned King of the Germans at Mainz. Frederick's authority in Germany remains tenuous, and he is recognized only in southern Germany. In the region of northern Germany, the center of Guelph power, his rival Otto IV continues to hold the imperial power despite his excommunication.

###### Asia

* Autumn  Genghis Khan invades Jin territory and besieges Datong. During the assault, he is wounded by an arrow in his knee and orders a withdrawal for rest and relaxation.

#### By topic

###### Literature

###### Religion

### 1213

### 1214

#### By place

###### Byzantine Empire

###### Europe

###### Asia

* Spring  Emperor Xuan Zong of the Jurchen-led Chinese Jin Dynasty surrenders to the Mongols under Genghis khan – who have besieged the capital of Zhongdu (modern-day Beijing) for a year. He is forced to pay tribute (including some 3,000 horses, 10,000 'bolts' of silk and his daughter), along with subjugation to the Mongol Khan. Xuan Zong abandons northern China and moves his court to Kaifeng.
* After securing all Jin lands north of the Yellow River, Genghis Khan receives a message that Xuan Zong has moved his capital to Kaifeng. He returns to Zhongdu and precedes the city with the help of thousands of Chinese engineers. The Mongols starve the city out (the inhabitants are forced to eat the dead). The garrison, with a short supply of ammunition for the cannons holds out for the winter.
* In his campaigns in Liaodong, the Mongol general Muqali (or **Mukhali**) forms a newly Khitan-Chinese army and a special corps of some 12,000 Chinese auxiliary troops.

#### By topic

###### Education

###### Religion

### 1215

#### By continent

###### Europe

###### Asia

#### By topic

###### Art and Science

###### Literature

### 1216

#### By continent

###### Europe

###### Levant

#### By topic

###### Literature

###### Religion

### 1217

#### Fifth Crusade

* Summer  Various groups of French knights reach the Italian ports. King Andrew II of Hungary arrives with his army in Split, in Dalmatia. He is joined by German forces, led by Duke Leopold VI (**the Glorious**). At the end of July, Pope Honorius III orders the crusaders assembled in Italy and Sicily to proceed to Cyprus, but there is no transport provided by the Italian city-states, Venice, Genoa and Pisa.
* September: Leopold VI finds some ships in Split, that bring him and a small force to Acre. Andrew follows him about a fortnight later; in Split, he receives only two ships. The rest of Andrew's army is left behind. Meanwhile, King Hugh I of Cyprus lands at Acre, with troops to support the Crusade.
* November  The Crusader army (some 15,000 men) under Andrew II sets out from Acre, and marches up the Plain of Esdraelon. Sultan Al-Adil I, on hearing that the crusaders are assembling, sends some Muslim troops to Palestine, to halt their advance. The crusaders move towards Beisan, while Al-Adil waits at Ajloun Castle, ready to intercept any attack on Damascus. He sends his son, Al-Mu'azzam, to cover Jerusalem. On November 10, Andrew's well-mounted army defeats Al-Adil at Bethsaida, on the Jordan River. Beisan is occupied and sacked; the Muslims retreat to their fortresses and towns.
* December  King John I of Jerusalem leads an expedition into Lebanon. On December 3, he undertakes fruitless assaults on Muslim fortresses and on Mount Tabor. Meanwhile, the Crusader army under Andrew II wanders across the Jordan Valley and up the eastern shore of the Sea of Galilee. During the occupation, Andrew spends his time collecting alleged relics. By the end of December, supplies run out, and the crusaders retreat to Acre.

#### Other events by place

###### Europe

###### Asia

#### By topic

###### Literature

### 1218

#### By place

###### Fifth Crusade

* May 24  A Crusader expeditionary force, (some 30,000 men) under King John I of Jerusalem, embarks at Acre (supported by Frisian ships), and sails for Egypt. They arrive at the harbour of Damietta, on the right bank of the Nile, on May 27. Sultan Al-Adil, surprised by the invasion, recruits an army in Syria, while his son Al-Kamil marches an Egyptian force northwards from Cairo, and encamps at Al-Adiliya, a few miles south of Damietta.
* June 24  Siege of Damietta: The Crusader army assaults the fortified city of Damietta, but they repeatedly fail. As a result, the Crusaders create a new type of naval siege weaponry, attributed by the German chronicler Oliver of Paderborn: two ships are bound together, with a siege tower and ladder constructed on top.
* August 24  After a fierce fight, the Crusaders manage to establish themselves on the ramparts of Damietta, and capture the fort.
* September  Cardinal Pelagius arrives with reinforcements at the Crusader camp, and proceeds to challenge the command of John I, claiming that the Church holds greater authority than a secular leader. Meanwhile, the Crusaders spend time clearing out an old canal, so that their ships can surround Damietta. Pelagius also brings news that King Frederick II has promised to follow soon, with a German expeditionary force.
* Al-Kamil decides to offer the Crusaders a deal, Jerusalem in exchange for their departure from Egypt. John I favored accepting this offer but Pelagius refuses, unless it also includes Kerak Castle and other former castles of Jerusalem, to the east of the Jordan River. Al-Kamil refuses these strategically important sites, and Pelagius rejects the offer. This angers the Crusaders – who consider Jerusalem their important goal.
* October 9  Al-Kamil conducts a surprise attack on the Crusader camp. Discovering their movements, John I and his retinue counter-attack and annihilates the Egyptian advance guard. On October 26, Al-Kamil attacks by using a bridge across the Nile, after a fierce onslaught the Egyptians are driven back into the river. The Crusaders strengthen their siege lines and receive French and English reinforcements at Damietta.
* November 29  A storm, lasting for 3 days, floods the Crusader camp – devastating the Crusaders' supplies and transportation. To prevent a recurrence Pelagius orders a dyke to be constructed. After the camp is repaired, a serious epidemic strikes the Crusader forces. The victims suffer from a high fever, and at least a sixth of the soldiers die. During the severe winter, the survivors are left enfeebled and depressed.

###### Mongol Empire

* Spring  Genghis Khan dispatches a Mongolian army (some 20,000 cavalry) under Jebe, to deal with the Qara Khitai (or Western Liao) threat. Meanwhile, he sends Subutai with another army on a simultaneous campaign against the Merkits. Jebe defeats a force of 30,000 men led by Prince Kuchlug at the Khitan capital Balasagun. Kuchlug flees south to modern Afghanistan, but is captured by hunters – who hands him over to the Mongols. After Kuchlug is beheaded and paraded through the cities of his new domains, Genghis annexes the entire Khitai empire under Mongol rule.
* Jochi, eldest son of Genghis Khan, leads a successful campaign against the Kyrgyz. Meanwhile, Genghis sends a caravan with precious gifts to Muhammad II, ruler (*shah*) of the Khwarazmian Empire, hoping to establish trade relations. However, Inalchuq, Khwarazmian governor of Otrar, attacks the caravan, claiming that the caravan contains spies. Genghis then sends a second group of three ambassadors to Muhammad to demand the merchants be set free. Muhammad refuses, and the merchants along with one of the ambassadors are executed.

###### Britain

###### Europe

###### Levant

###### Asia

#### By topic

###### Education

###### Markets

###### Religion

### 1219

#### By place

###### Fifth Crusade

* February  Pelagius orders the Crusader army to prepare an attack against the Egyptians but is unsuccessful because of the weather and strength of the defenders. Sultan Al-Kamil, in command of the Egyptian forces, is almost overthrown by a conspiracy in his entourage. He considers fleeing to the Ayyubid Emirate of Yemen, ruled by his son Al-Mas'ud Yusuf, but the arrival of his brother Al-Mu'azzam, with reinforcements from Syria, ends the conspiracy. On hearing the news that Al-Kamil and his army is retreating to Cairo, the Crusaders march to Al-Adiliya. After driving back an assault from the garrison of Damietta they occupy the town on February 5.
* April  The Crusaders surround Damietta, with the Italian forces to the north, Knights Templar and Knights Hospitaller to the east – and King John I of Jerusalem with his French and Pisan troops to the south. The Frisians and German troops occupy the old camp across the Nile. A new wave of Crusader reinforcements from Cyprus arrive led by Walter III of Caesarea. Meanwhile, Al-Mu'azzam decides to dismantle the fortifications at Mount Tabor and other defensive positions, as well as Jerusalem itself, in order to deny their protection should the Crusaders prevail there. Some fanatics wish to destroy the Holy Sepulchre, but this is refused by Al-Mu'azzam.
* April 7  Al-Muzaffar II, Ayyubid ruler of Hama, arrives Egypt with Syrian reinforcements, leading multiple attacks on the Crusader camp at Al-Adiliya, with little impact. In the meantime, new Crusader forces bring badly-needed supplies. Egyptian attacks continue through May, with Crusader counter-attacks utilizing a Lombard device known as a *carroccio*, confounding the defenders.
* July 8  Pelagius begins multiple attacks at Damietta, using Pisan and Venetian troops. Each time they are repelled by the defenders, using Greek fire. A counter-offensive led by Al-Kamil on the Templar camp is repulsed on July 31 by their new Grand Master Peire de Montagut, supported by the Teutonic Knights – where the Crusaders reform and pursue the enemy outside the gates.
* August 29  The Crusaders attack the Egyptian camp in the Battle of Faraskur and the Muslims pretend a feigned retreat to Mansoura. John I advises to camp overnight, because there is no fresh water in the region between the Nile and Lake Manzalah. Al-Kamil decides to halt the retreat and turns his forces to deliver a smashing attack upon the disorganized Crusaders, losing some 4,300 men.
* September  Francis of Assisi, an Italian preacher, arrives in the Crusader camp and introduces Catholicism in Egypt. He seeks permission from Pelagius to visit Al-Kamil. After an initial refusal, he sends Francis under a flag of truce to Faraskur. Al-Kamil receives him courteously and offers him many gifts. He accepts a death-bed baptism, and is escorted back to the Crusader camp.
* October  Al-Kamil sends two captive knights as envoys, to renew his former offers of an armistice. If the Crusaders evacuate Egypt, he will return the True Cross (lost in the Battle of Hattin) and they can have Jerusalem, all central Palestine and Galilee. John I advised its acceptance, along with the nobles from England, France and Germany. Pelagius again refuses the peace terms.
* November 5  Siege of Damietta: The Crusaders enter Damietta and find it abandoned. Seeing the Crusader standards flying from the towers, Al-Kamil hastily abandons his camp at Faraskur and withdraws to Mansoura. Survivors in the city are either sent into slavery or held as hostages to trade for Christian prisoners. On November 23, the Crusader army captures the city of Tinnis.

###### Mongol Empire

* Winter  Genghis Khan sends a Mongol army (some 20,000 men) under his eldest son Jochi and Jebe to cross the Tian Shan mountains ("Heavenly Mountains") to ravage the fertile Fergana Valley, in the eastern part of the Khwarezm Empire. The Mongols suffer many losses but slip through the defensive lines and confuse the enemy who thinks this is Genghis' main force. Muhammad II dispatches his elite cavalry reserve to protect the fertile regions with force. Meanwhile, another Mongol army under his second and third sons Chagatai and Ögedei passes through the Dzungarian Gate, and immediately start laying siege to the border city of Otrar.
* Mongol forces under Chagatai and Ögedei capture Otrar after a 5-month siege. The city becomes the first of many settlements to have its entire population slain or enslaved before it is razed to the ground. Inalchuq, the Khwarezmian governor of Otrar, is captured and executed by pouring molten silver into his eyes and ears – an unlikely and unnecessarily expensive end.
* By letter, Genghis Khan summons Qiu Chuji (**Master Changchun**) to visit him, to advise him on the medicine of immortality (the Philosopher's Stone).

###### Europe

###### Asia

#### By topic

###### Technology

## Significant people

## Births

**1210**

**1211**

**1212**

**1213**

**1214**

**1215**

**1216**

**1217**

**1218**

**1219**

## Deaths

**1210**

**1211**

**1212**

without date in the batavian republic 1212 Storm surge of 1212: A storm surge in the north of Holland claims approximately 60,000 deaths **1213**

**1214**

**1215**

**1216**

**1217**

**1218**

**1219**


title: Penjuku

abstract: Penjuku is a coastal village on the island Nggatokae of the New Georgia Group in Western Province, Solomon Islands. The estimated terrain elevation above sea level is some 7 meters.

text:
# Penjuku

**Penjuku** is a coastal village on the island Nggatokae of the New Georgia Group in Western Province, Solomon Islands. The estimated terrain elevation above sea level is some 7 meters.

## InfoBox

| Penjuku | |
| --- | --- |
| Penjuku | |
| Coordinates: 8°46′09″S 158°08′11″E / 8.76927°S 158.13648°E / -8.76927; 158.13648 | |
| Country | Solomon Islands |
| Province | Western Province |


title: Phuture Vibes

abstract: "Phuture Vibes" is a 1999 single by Mellow Trax. It reached No. 15 on the Austrian Singles Chart.

text:
# Phuture Vibes

"**Phuture Vibes**" is a 1999 single by Mellow Trax. It reached No. 15 on the Austrian Singles Chart.

DJ Sammy kicks off his debut album DJ Sammy at Work (In the Mix) with this song.

## InfoBox

| "Phuture Vibes" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Mellow Trax | |
| Released | 1999 |
| Recorded | 1999 |
| Songwriter(s) | DJ Mellow-D |
| Producer(s) | DJ Mellow-D |


title: United South of England Eleven

abstract: The United South of England Eleven (USEE) was an itinerant cricket team founded in November 1864 by Edgar Willsher, as secretary, and John Lillywhite, as treasurer. The USEE had no home venue as its prime purpose, like all similarly named teams of the time, was to operate as a travelling show and bring top-class cricket to places in Great Britain and Ireland which rarely received it. Fourteen USEE matches have been recognised by CricketArchive as first-class, mostly against the rival United North of England Eleven (UNEE). The USEE is estimated to have played 217 "odds" matches as a visiting team against local club sides which generally used 22 players. The USEE was founded at a time of protracted antagonism between northern and southern professionals when the public's demand for exhibition matches was in decline. This was due to an excess of supply, as there had been several predecessors, and the growing interest in county cricket that was developing in the 1860s. But the USEE did succeed in prolonging its existence when it signed contracts with W. G. Grace and his brother Fred in 1870. For the next ten years, until Fred Grace's early death, the Grace brothers ran the USEE as its match organisers, for which they received payment, but they played for expenses only. Although the Graces were an expensive acquisition, they were cricket's main attraction and were guaranteed to draw large crowds wherever the USEE played. As a result, the USEE continued to prosper while the trend among its rival elevens was to fade from the scene. The USEE was the last of the major travelling elevens to fold, having seen a decline in public interest through its last three or four seasons. The travelling elevens lost out in the cricket market to county cricket which burgeoned during the 1870s, ironically because of the Graces' county Gloucestershire. In addition, the public quickly warmed to international cricket which emerged at the end of the 1870s. The travelling elevens, which played largely meaningless matches against weak and unbalanced opposition, could not compete with the quality of top-class matches played by the county clubs against each other or a touring Australian team.

text:
# United South of England Eleven

The **United South of England Eleven** (**USEE**) was an itinerant cricket team founded in November 1864 by Edgar Willsher, as secretary, and John Lillywhite, as treasurer. The USEE had no home venue as its prime purpose, like all similarly named teams of the time, was to operate as a travelling show and bring top-class cricket to places in Great Britain and Ireland which rarely received it. Fourteen USEE matches have been recognised by *CricketArchive* as first-class, mostly against the rival United North of England Eleven (UNEE). The USEE is estimated to have played 217 "odds" matches as a visiting team against local club sides which generally used 22 players.

The USEE was founded at a time of protracted antagonism between northern and southern professionals when the public's demand for exhibition matches was in decline. This was due to an excess of supply, as there had been several predecessors, and the growing interest in county cricket that was developing in the 1860s. But the USEE did succeed in prolonging its existence when it signed contracts with W. G. Grace and his brother Fred in 1870.

For the next ten years, until Fred Grace's early death, the Grace brothers ran the USEE as its match organisers, for which they received payment, but they played for expenses only. Although the Graces were an expensive acquisition, they were cricket's main attraction and were guaranteed to draw large crowds wherever the USEE played. As a result, the USEE continued to prosper while the trend among its rival elevens was to fade from the scene. The USEE was the last of the major travelling elevens to fold, having seen a decline in public interest through its last three or four seasons. The travelling elevens lost out in the cricket market to county cricket which burgeoned during the 1870s, ironically because of the Graces' county Gloucestershire. In addition, the public quickly warmed to international cricket which emerged at the end of the 1870s. The travelling elevens, which played largely meaningless matches against weak and unbalanced opposition, could not compete with the quality of top-class matches played by the county clubs against each other or a touring Australian team.

## Foundation

The USEE was created by Edgar Willsher, as secretary, and John Lillywhite, as treasurer in November 1864. It was part of the fall-out from a north–south schism within professional cricket which centred on bad relations between Nottinghamshire and Surrey. The two counties played each other in July 1864 but then the northern professionals boycotted an England v Surrey match and a North v South match later in the season. The southern professionals played in the North v South and won with embarrassing ease against makeshift opposition. Soon afterwards, they issued a statement that they would not honour the return match and this ended the fixture for some years. It was temporarily replaced by a match involving mostly southern players which was called North of the Thames v South of the Thames. In *Scores and Biographies*, it was noted that "the United South was formed at first entirely from secessionists from the All England and United All-England Elevens, principally the latter body". W. G. Grace commented that "after 1864 the All-England and United England Elevens were seen very little in the south".

The most significant event in the USEE's history was a match in August 1866 at John Walker's Ground against a Southgate XV formed by V. E. Walker and his family. Southgate won the game by 3 wickets but, for the first time, the USEE team included W. G. Grace, who scored 0 and 2. Also involved was E. M. Grace but he only ever played for the USEE a couple of times whereas W. G. and Fred Grace would in time become the team's mainstays.

After their father died in December 1871, W. G. and Fred Grace increased their involvement with the USEE to finance both their home (they still lived with their mother) and their medical studies. They received payment from USEE funds for organising matches and claimed expenses for travel and accommodation whenever they played. For example, when the team went to Scotland in 1872, the USEE was paid £100 by their hosts to cover the costs and £5 each went to the nine professionals in the team, leaving £55 (which in 2013 would be about £3,300) of which the lion's share would go to the Graces with perhaps £30 to W. G. and £15 to Fred (i.e., about £900 and £450 respectively per match in 2013 terms). Since W. G. averaged ten USEE appearances per season through the 1870s, he was potentially receiving £10,000 per season in 2013 terms. This was not the end of it because he claimed appearance fees whenever he guested for another team, rightly adjudging himself to be the main attraction who was bringing in the crowds; and he claimed what he termed his "expenses" whenever he took part in a first-class match. By the standards of the time, cricket was a lucrative business for the Graces, especially considering that they held amateur status.

The peak of the Graces' involvement was 1873 when W. G. made 16 appearances, which was considerable in terms of the travelling involved and given his commitments to Gloucestershire, MCC and elsewhere. James Lillywhite was the team secretary at this time, in succession to Willsher, but W. G. and Fred effectively took over. Fred did most of the spadework, hardly ever missing a match and effectively running the team which he captained in W. G.'s absence. Indeed, it was on occasion billed as "G. F. Grace's United South of England XI".

## USEE matches against the UNEE

When the United North of England Eleven (UNEE) was founded in 1869, it soon established a regional rivalry with the USEE and the two teams met three times in 1870, the UNEE's first season. The UNEE got off to a flying start when they easily beat the USEE, including the Graces, at Lord's in July 1870 by an innings and 70 runs. In the next match at Bramall Lane, Sheffield, the UNEE won by an innings and 5 runs. The Graces did not play in this game. The teams met again at The Oval in August and this match was drawn, the USEE needing 33 more to win with eight wickets standing and W. G. Grace still in with 51 not out.

The teams did not meet in 1871 and their rivalry was renewed in 1872 when four matches were arranged although the last one at Leeds in September was cancelled. The first match at Bishop's Stortford in June was drawn. In August, the UNEE won by 8 wickets at Hunslet. In September at Northampton, the tide turned and the USEE recorded its first win over the UNEE by 8 wickets.

The elevens did not meet in 1873 and there were two matches in 1874 at Todmorden and Wellingborough. At Todmorden in July, the USEE won convincingly by an innings and 30 runs, largely due to a century by Henry Charlwood and ten wickets taken by W. G. Grace. The USEE won by 9 wickets at Wellingborough in September after the UNEE followed on.

There were no matches in 1875 and then the UNEE reasserted itself in 1876 with a win and a draw from two matches. The first at Fartown Ground, Huddersfield was won by 7 wickets after Andrew Greenwood scored 111. In the second match at the Town Cricket Club Ground in Hull, the UNEE was saved by an innings of 108 not out by Ephraim Lockwood but the highlight of the match was W. G. Grace's innings of 126 in a USEE total of only 159.

## Other first-class matches

The 1876 match in Hull was the last time the UNEE played the USEE although there was a curious footnote to the series when the USEE played against the official North of England cricket team on 6 & 7 September 1880. The North's team in this match at Rotherham bore little resemblance to the UNEE but, nevertheless, the official North hammered another nail into the coffin of the unofficial USEE with a 53 run victory.

The USEE had earlier played in two other first-class matches. These were in June 1874, when they played Yorkshire in Bradford; and May 1876 when they played the All-England Eleven (AEE) at Lord's. The USEE lost both these matches. Yorkshire beat them by 26 runs. They lost to the AEE by an innings and 84 runs.

## Odds matches

According to *CricketArchive'*s database, the USEE played in 217 matches in which they were the travelling team operating on an itinerant basis by taking on local sides that invariably had odds, typically using 22 players against the USEE's eleven. The first of these games took place at Dublin in May 1865 and the USEE fielded a strong team of Surrey and Sussex professionals, but the Ireland XXII managed a draw. The last-ever match was at Stroud on 9, 10 & 11 September 1880, just after the match in Hull against the official North. The match against the Stoud XXII was drawn. Poignantly, it was also the last cricket match ever played by USEE stalwart Fred Grace, who died eleven days later. According to Simon Rae, the United South died with him.

## Bibliography


title: Matteo Rosso Orsini (cardinal)

abstract: Matteo Rosso Orsini, was a Roman aristocrat, politician, diplomat, and Roman Catholic Cardinal. He was the nephew of Pope Nicholas III (1277-1280).

text:
# Matteo Rosso Orsini (cardinal)

**Matteo Rosso Orsini** (c. 1230, in Rome – 4 September 1305, in Perugia), was a Roman aristocrat, politician, diplomat, and Roman Catholic Cardinal. He was the nephew of Pope Nicholas III (Giovanni Gaetano Orsini) (1277-1280).

## Family and early life

Matteo Rosso was the son of Gentile Orsini, Lord of Mugnano, Penna, Nettuno and Pitigliano, who was the son of Matteo Rosso Orsini, "Il Grande" (1178-1246). Matteo's mother was named Costanza. He had two older male siblings, Romano (a Dominican) and Bertoldo, and two older female siblings, Perna (who married Pietro Stefaneschi, Lord of Porto, the parents of Cardinal Giacomo Giovanni Gaetani Stefaneschi) and Angela (who married Guastarano de’ Paparoni, Count of Anguillara). He had a younger brother, Orso, and a sister, Elisabetta (who married Roffredo Caetani, Lord of Sermoneta). His uncle was Cardinal Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, who had been made a cardinal in 1244 and who became Pope Nicholas III in 1277.

The family was very close to S. Francis of Assisi. The Grandfather, Matteo Rosso "Il Grande", had been a member of the Third Order of S. Francis, and Giovanni Gaetano Orsini had been an oblate as a child, and had been named Protector of the Franciscans by Pope Alexander IV.

There is little evidence about Matteo Rosso Orsini's education.

On 4 January 1253, Pope Innocent IV (Fieschi) wrote concerning the testamentary bequests of Cardinal Giovanni Colonna (died 1245), which were being administered by his executor, Cardinal Aegidius de Torres; some 200 marks of Cardinal Colonna's money had been deposited at S. Geneviève in Paris for the benefit of Oddo Colonna, his nephew. The Pope ordered that the 200 marks be paid to Oddo Colonna or his procurator, and that his Subdeacon and Chaplain, Matteo Rosso, *Parisius commoranti*, be instructed to compel the agents to turn over the money to Oddo Colonna. From this, it is inferred that Matteo Rosso Orsini was studying at the University of Paris.

His name appears in a document of 13 November 1255, in which he is present in a court proceeding before Cardinal Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, his uncle, as *Magister Matheus Rubeus*, Canon of Laon, Papal chaplain, and *providus iuris* This indicates that Matteo Rosso had a teaching degree, and that it was in law. It is inferred that he took his degree at Bologna, though there is no evidence for that inference, and there are several of other possibilities. It would appear, however, that his study of the law was rather brief if he was still in Paris at the beginning of 1253, and already working at the Roman Curia in November 1255.

It is said that Matteo Rosso Orsini wrote theological tracts, but it is likely that this statement is the result of a confusion with his nephew and namesake, who was a Dominican and a theologian, and a Cardinal at Avignon (1327-1340).

It is not known when, or how, Matteo Rosso became a Canon at Laon. There is no evidence that Matteo Rosso was ever ordained a priest or consecrated a bishop.

## Cardinalate

Matteo Rosso was created a cardinal by Pope Urban IV (Jacques Pantaleone) in May 1262, and granted the Deaconry of S. Maria in Porticu. It is said that he held the titular church of S. Maria in Trastevere *in commendam* (as an Administrator). He was Archpriest of the Vatican Basilica from early in the reign of Nicholas III, who had himself been Archpriest before his election to the Papacy. In 1263 his uncle Giovanni Gaetano Orsini was named Protector of the Franciscans and the Poor Clares.

In 1264, Cardinal Matteo was appointed Apostolic Legate and Rector of the Patrimony of S. Peter in Tuscia by Pope Urban IV (1261-1264), to recover territories in Tuscany which had been usurped by various lords, especially Petrus de Vico and his German forces. Another of his tasks was to restrain the government of Siena, which was encroaching on various smaller towns in Tuscany. During the time of his legation, on 2 October 1264, Pope Urban died at Perugia, having been driven out of Orvieto, and Matteo Rosso Orsini, along with seventeen other cardinals, sat down in Perugia to elect a new Pope. It took them only five days to choose a new pope, Cardinal Guido Grosso Fulcodi (Guy Folques), but he was absent in France. He had been appointed Legate to England, but the civil war in that country prevented his crossing the channel. He finally abandoned his mission and travelled to Perugia, where, on 5 February 1265, he accepted the papal throne, and announced that he would be called Clement IV.

At the end of December 1264 Cardinal Matteo was assigned, with four other cardinals, to carry out the unction and coronation of Charles of Anjou and his wife Beatrice as King and Queen of Sicily. Charles entered Rome on 23 May 1265 and was crowned on 6 January 1266. Pope Clement had offered to crown Charles himself, if he would come to Viterbo, since Pope Clement was not welcome in Rome. But Charles insisted on being crowned in Rome.

Then came the serious negotiations. Ambassadors from King Charles presented the Pope with three requests in May 1266. First, he wanted to have the Senatorship of Rome, despite oaths he had taken and promises he had made relinquish the office and title; he wanted a dispensation. Second, he was obligated to pay the Pope 50,000 marks, which he wanted cancelled. Third, he wanted advice as to what to do about the Saracens who lived in his kingdom centered in Luceria. Pope Clement consulted with the cardinals who were in the Curia, but it happened that three cardinals were absent on assignments: Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, Giacomo Savelli, and Matteo Rosso Orsini. He therefore sent messengers to each cardinal, requesting their advice in writing. At the time, his answer to the ambassadors was that, in the case of the Senatorship, the 'way of this provision was not open to us.' Charles was running the risk of excommunication. As to the other points, the Pope put off the ambassadors until he could get input from the three absent cardinals by return messenger. The fear that Charles could not be contained is palpable. He wanted Rome and he wanted it indefinitely. At the same time, the Ghibbelines were rallying around Conradin, the son of Frederick II, placing the successes of King Charles in favor (or so it seemed) of the Guelphs in danger.

In the summer of 1266, Cardinal Matteo was appointed examiner of the election of a new Abbot for the Monastery of S. Maria de Valle Pontis in the diocese of Perugia. Papal approval was granted. In the Fall of 1267, he was an examiner into the election of Johannes Alfonsi as Archbishop of Compostella. So much irregularity was uncovered about the candidate's career that the Pope quashed the election entirely, and reserved to himself the matter of illegally held benefices and offices.

In November 1267 Henry of Castile, brother of King Alfonso of Castile, Senator of Rome, had shown himself openly as a supporter of Conradin, and had arrested numerous nobles who were relatives of Cardinal Matteo and Cardinal Giovanni Orsini, Cardinal Riccardo Annibaldi, and Cardinal Giacomo Savelli In May 1268 Cardinal Orsini was in Rome. On 17 May 1268 Pope Clement IV had to issue orders to Henry, brother of the King of Castile, who was Senator of Rome, to cease molesting Cardinal Mattheo and Cardinal Giovanni Orsini. In August 1268 Cardinal Matteo Rosso Orsini and Cardinal Giovanni Caetano Orsini were in the city of Rome when Conradin and his forces descended on the city, enraged by their defeat in the Battle of Tagliacozzo on 23 August. Among his leaders was Henry of Castile, called "The Senator", because King Charles of Anjou had appointed him to govern Rome in 1267. The city was plundered, St. Peter's was occupied and its treasury looted, and the two Orsini cardinals were roughed up and suffered material losses. Henry was excommunicated for his outrages, and it was only two decades later that he was canonically absolved.

### Conclave of 1268–1271

Pope Clement IV died on 29 November 1268 in Viterbo. There is no evidence as to the date of the beginning of the meeting to elect his successor. One cardinal, Raoul de Grosparmy, did not participate, since he was Papal Legate with the French army led by King Louis IX which was on crusade. Nineteen other cardinals, however, did assemble in Viterbo, including Matteo Rosso Orsini, and began the struggle to elect a new pope. The cardinals were more or less evenly divided into two factions, one which favored Charles of Anjou, and the other which most certainly did not. Cardinal Matteo, who had participated in the coronation of King Charles, belonged to the Angevin faction, as did his uncle. In the end the cardinals could not find one among themselves for whom a two-thirds majority would vote, let alone achieve consensus and unity. They therefore resorted to the 'Way of Compromise', appointing a committee of cardinals, three from either party, to select a candidate. Unable to agree again on one of their own number, the committee looked outside for an appropriate candidate, and found the Archdeacon of Liège, Teodaldo Visconti of Piacenza, the nephew of the Archbishop of Milan; Teodaldo's nephew was a follower of Charles of Anjou. On 1 September 1270 the cardinals summoned him to Viterbo from Acre in the Holy Land, where he was on crusade. He accepted the election and was crowned in Rome as Pope Gregory X on 27 March 1272 by his own choice of officiant, Cardinal Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, rather than by the Cardinal Protodeacon.

### Gregory X, John XXI, and Nicholas III

Cardinal Matteo Rosso Orsini was one of the cardinals who travelled to France with Pope Gregory X and attended the Second Ecumenical Council of Lyons, which opened on 1 May 1274. He was with the Pope on his return trip as well, being present at the Ceremony of Rudolf of Habsburg's swearing the Oath of Fealty in Lausanne, on 20 October 1275. He was not with Gregory X, however, when he died at Arezzo on 10 January 1276. But he did arrive in time to attend the very brief one-day conclave on 20–21 January 1276, in which a dozen cardinals elected Cardinal Pierre de Tarantaise as Pope Innocent V. This was Cardinal Matteo's third conclave.

In the Winter of 1278-1279, Cardinal Matteo and Cardinal Giacomo Savelli had been appointed by Pope Nicholas III to act as negotiatiors in a dispute between King Charles I of Sicily and King Hugh III of Cyprus. Cardinal Matteo was present at the Consistory at S. Peter's on 4 May 1278, when Fr. Conradus, O. Min., the ambassador of King Rudolf, ratified the arrangements which Gregory X had made with him at Lausanne on 20 October 1275, at which Cardinal Matteo had also been present. On 23 January 1280 Cardinal Matteo and the papal notary Benedict of Anagni were sent as negotiators to attempt to arrange a peace between Rudolf, King of the Romans, and Charles of Anjou, King of Sicily. They presented a detailed memorandum on 3 February to Bishop Peter of Tripolitana about papal instructions for the embassy, as well as about the relevant materials in the papal archives.

Pope Gregory X (1271-1276) appointed Cardinal Matteo as *Auditor causarum* (judge) in a dispute involving the holding of benefices by canons in the diocese of Valva. He was also named Auditor in the examination of Bishop-elect Guillaume of Laon by Gregory X, but the illness and death of the Pope, followed by the election of three short-lived popes in 1276 (Cardinal Matteo's third, fourth and fifth Conclaves), deferred the case until Nicholas III settled the matter on 25 May 1278. He performed the same function as part of a commission of cardinals who examined the election and candidate for the diocese of Monreale in Sicily, Giovanni Boccamazza, the nephew of Cardinal Giacomo Savelli. Pope John XXI (1276-1277) appointed Cardinal Matteo to be Assessor in a lawsuit involving the election of an Archbishop of Magdeburg; the case continued to be a problem in 1279. In each case, the election was investigated for its adherence to canon law and the absence of simony, and each candidate was examined for his orthodoxy and moral suitability. In the case of the election of a new Archbishop of Acherenza, Cardinal Matteo was a member of a three-man cardinalatial committee that found that the election had been the subject of undue influence (oppression)and therefore contrary to canon law, and they recommended that it be annulled. He was also a member of the committee that approved the new archbishop, Peter of Archia. In the case of a double election of an Archbishop of Dublin, which had begun under Gregory X, with Cardinal Simon Paltineri as Auditor, who unfortunately died before the case was decided, John XXI handed the examination to Cardinal Matteo, but after Pope John's death, Pope Nicholas III decided to provide a new archbishop himself. When the proctors of William de Wickwane, the Archbishop-elect of York, presented his case for confirmation, Cardinal Matteo was one of the examiners, and, on a technicality, the election was quashed. Pope Nicholas, however, immediately appointed Wickwane anyway, using the plenitude of his power as Pope, and granted him the pallium.

### Nicholas III (1277-1280)

In 1278-1279, Cardinal Matteo's father, Matteo Rosso Orsini, was elected Senator of Rome by his brother, Nicholas III. On 12 March 1278, Nicholas III created nine new cardinals, three of whom were relatives—Latino Malabranca Orsini, Giordano Orsini, and Giacomo Colonna. Five of the new cardinals were members of religious orders. Only one new cardinal was French, Erhard de Lessines (Lesigny), son of Guillaume, Marshal of Champagne, but he died on 18 July 1278, of dysentery. These appointments provoked a sharp response from the chronicler of Parma, the Franciscan friar Salimbene (tr. Robert Brentano, p. 187):

> The fourth cardinal among the pope's relatives was lord Giordano, the pope's brother, a man of little learning, rather like a layman. But because flesh and blood told, he made him cardinal. So he made those four cardinals from his own family (parentela). So he built, as other Roman popes had, Sion on his own blood, of which Miceas III says, "who builds Sion on blood and Jerusalem on iniquity." I believe certainly on my conscience, I am persuaded, that there are a thousand friars minor of the Order of Saint Francis (of which order I am a minor and inferior friar) who are better suited to be raised to the cardinalate both by reason of their learning and their saintly lives, than many of those who by reason of their being related to the Roman pontiff are elevated.

The goal behind Nicholas' choices, however, was obvious−the diminution of the French, and especially the Angevin influence in the College of Cardinals. Nicholas also appointed his own nephew, Cardinal Latino's cousin, Bertoldus Orsini (son of Gentile Orsini), to be Rector of the Romandiola and of the City of Bologna (most of the Po Valley, south of the Po), and Cardinal Latino himself was named Papal Legate to the Romandiola. Another nephew, Orso Orsini, was named Rector of the Patrimony of S. Peter in Tuscany; he was also Podestà of Viterbo. Nepotism thus diminished King Charles' control over Rome and central Italy.

In 1280, Cardinal Matteo Rosso Orsini was *Auditor causarum* (Judge) in a case involving the Bishop of Brescia and a Canon of Parma. When Robert Kilwardby, Archbishop of Canterbury was promoted to the cardinalate on 12 March 1278, leaving the See of Canterbury vacant, the electors chose the Bishop of Bath and Wells, Robert Burnell as his successor; but his translation to Canterbury was refused by Pope Nicholas III, and John Peckham was appointed instead; then Robert Burnell was elected to the vacancy at Winchester following the death of Nicholas Ely, and that election was submitted for examination to a committee of cardinals which included Cardinal Matteo, but the Pope decided that he could not allow that translation either, though it was in proper form, as a matter of principle.

Pope Nicholas III died at the papal country residence at Soriano, east of Viterbo, on 22 August 1280. Most of the Roman Curia were resident in Viterbo itself. This was the signal for an uprising of the dissidents in Rome, led by the Colonna and the Annibaldi, led by Riccardo Annibaldi. The Annibaldi and their allies were able to drive out the Orsini-appointed Senators. They also reached an understanding with King Charles. In Viterbo, the Podestà of the city, Orso Orsini, the Pope's nephew was unable to maintain his position and was ousted by forces led by Riccardo Annibaldi and supported by King Charles. The Conclave therefore fell into the hands of the opponents of the Orsini. There were thirteen cardinals at the death of Nicholas III, and they were as bitterly divided into two factions as were the people of Rome. The Conclave began in early September but it dragged on through the rest of 1280 and through January 1281 without any successful election.

Then, on 2 February 1281, a remarkable incident took place. Riccardo Annibaldi and six of his henchmen made an attack on the Conclave, which he was supposed to be protecting, and kidnapped two of the Orsini Cardinals, Matteo Rosso Orsini and Giordano Orsini, Pope Nicholas' brother. Another of the eyewitnesses, Cardinal Giacomo Savelli, puts the responsibility on the people of Viterbo, who had a history of unruliness and disrespect for the Roman Curia. They had promised, moreover, that they would neither enclose nor confine the cardinals. It is even said that a third Orsini was taken, Cardinal Latino Malabranca, but that he was released almost immediately. Cardinal Giordano Orsini was released after three days imprisonment. Cardinal Matteo Rosso Orsini, however, was kept in confinement until after the Conclave had concluded. The result, whoever bore the responsibility, was the breaking of the deadlock in the Conclave. Without the Orsini, and in the midst of a good deal of fear, the thinking of the cardinals was forced to change. Nonetheless, it took nearly three more weeks for them to agree on the Frenchman, Cardinal Simon de Brion, the strongest supporter of King Charles in the entire Conclave. He was elected on 22 February 1281 and took the throne name Martin IV.

### Martin IV (1281-1285)

Immediately after his election, Pope Martin sent two cardinals to Rome to patch up a reconciliation between the city and the Papacy, which would allow him to be crowned at S. Peter's Basilica. The Orsini cardinal, Latino Malabranca, Cardinal Matteo's cousin, was one of the intermediaries, the other was Cardinal Geoffrey of Alatri. They were, as Pope Martin put it in his letter to the Romans, his 'angels of peace'. His overtures were rejected by the Romans. Because of the behavior of the people of Viterbo, he refused to be crowned there, and took the Papal Court instead to Orvieto, where he was consecrated and crowned on 23 March 1281. In a nice piece of irony, he was consecrated a bishop by an Orsini, Cardinal Latino Malabranca, the Bishop of Ostia, who held the traditional right.

Pope Martin (Simon de Brion) immediately began to reverse the anti-Angevin policy of his predecessor, Nicholas III (Orsini). The Orsini family lost many of their positions of power. Cardinal Latino Malabranca was replaced as papal Legate in the Romandiola, as was his brother Bertholdus Orsini, who had been Rector of the Romandiola. The People of Rome named Martin IV as their Senator, in his capacity as a private person, not in his capacity as Pope. they gave him the right to appoint anyone he pleased as his Vicar. He appointed King Charles of Sicily. In April 1281 King Charles was appointed Senator of Rome, in violation of a decree of Nicholas III, but the election was immediately approved by Martin IV.

When the Abbot of S. Paolo fuori le mure died in 1282, and Jacobus de Roma was elected the new Abbot, the examination of the election was assigned to a committee which included Cardinal Matteo Rosso Orsini; but Jacobus renounced the election, and Pope Martin appointed Abbot Bartolomeo of S. Gregorio Magno to the office. On 17 June 1282 Pope Martin confirmed the election of John, a monk of Montecassino, as Archbishop of Benevento, after the election was examined by a committee of cardinals including Matteo Rosso Orsini. He performed the same function in the case of the Monastery of S. Alexander in Parma and the appointment of Abbess Margarita de Campilio; and the case of the Monastery of S. Victorino in Benevento and the appointment of Abbess Mabilia; and in the case of the Monastery of S. Benedetto de Padolirone in the diocese of Mantua, and the contested election of an abbot.

Pope Martin had assigned him to another examination committee, that for the election of an archbishop of Nidrosia (Trondheim in Norway), but the Pope died just as the matter was completed in January 1285, and it was left to Honorius IV (Savelli) to actually send the bull. A similar situation arose with the matter of the election of the Bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne, and though Cardinal Matthew had been appointed to the examination committee by Pope Martin, it was Honorius IV who made the final decision to approve the election.

King Charles I of Naples lost the Island of Sicily in 1282 as a result of the uprising called the "Sicilian Vespers". On 22 January 1284 the City of Rome drove out the forces of King Charles in an uprising of their own. His Vicar was imprisoned, and his own Senatorship was cancelled. Pope Martin, who was a perpetual exile from Rome, and really had no influence, agreed to the appointment of two new Vicars, Annibaldo Annibaldi and Pandolfo Savelli, the brother of Cardinal Jacopo Savelli. The troublemaker from the Conclave of 1281 in Viterbo, Riccardo Annibaldi, was compelled to do penance at the residence of Cardinal Matteo Rosso Orsini. Charles finally died on 7 January 1285. His creature, Pope Martin, was desolate and abandoned. Martin IV died at Perugia on 28 March 1285, after a three-day illness. At the time of his death there were eighteen cardinals, fifteen of whom attended the Conclave of 1285. This was Cardinal Matteo Rosso Orsini's eighth Conclave. The opening ceremonies of the Conclave, unusually, took place only four days after the death of the Pope, on 1 April. There was no compulsory enclosure at Perugia, as there had been in Viterbo in 1281. Next morning, 2 April, Cardinal Jacopo Savelli was elected pope on the first scrutiny.

### Honorius IV (1285-1287)

Pope Honorius IV (Savelli) appointed Cardinal Orsini to an examination committee on the election of a new Abbot of the Benedictine Monastery of Montecassino; the bulls were finally issued on 28 September 1285, and Abbot Thomas was approved. In the Summer of 1285, Cardinal Orsini had been a member of a committee to examine the election of an Abbess of the Monastery of Cala (Kalensis, Chelles) in the diocese of Paris, but the election was contested and dragged through several appeals, reaching a final settlement on 5 September 1285, with the confirmation of Abess Margarita.

Upon the death of Cardinal Goffredo d' Alatri in the Spring of 1287, Cardinal Matteo Rosso became the senior cardinal-deacon, *Prior Diaconum* (or Protodeacon). It was the function of the *Prior Diaconum* to announce the election of a new pope for popular acclamation, and to crown the new pope.

Pope Honorius IV died in Rome at his palace next to Santa Sabina on the Aventine on 3 April 1287. He was buried on Holy Saturday, 5 April, in Saint Peter's Basilica, next to Nicholas III. The papal throne was vacant for more than ten months.

### Nicholas IV (1288-1292)

On 25 April 1288 Cardinal Matteo Rosso Orsini was granted by Pope Nicholas IV (Masci) the Canonicate and Prebendary of Lincoln cathedral, which had been vacated by the death of Pietro Savelli. This provided him with additional income. On 10 May 1291, Pope Nicholas wrote to King Edward I of England, asking him not to take it amiss that he had granted prebends in York Minster and at Lincoln to Cardinal Matteo.

On 28 May 1288 Cardinal Matthew was sent to Perugia with Cardinal Benedetto of S. Nicolai in Carcere to redress injuries done to Foligno.

On 10 May 1291 Cardinal Orsini is mentioned as Master of the Hospital of S. Spirito in Sassia in the Borgo. He had been appointed by his uncle, Nicholas III. The Cardinal was already Protector of the Ordo Fratrum Minorum (Franciscans) by 1278, in succession to his uncle Pope Nicholas III, an honor confirmed on 7 May 1288 by Nicholas IV. As such he was the principal spokesman in the Roman Curia for all Franciscan business that was transacted with the Holy See. In 1291 Cardinal Matteo Rosso was named Protector of the Monastery of S. Clare in Assisi and the Order of Poor Clares.

Pope Nicholas IV died in Rome on Holy Saturday, 4 April 1292, in the Patriarchal residence at the Liberian Basilica (Santa Maria Maggiore)

### Celestine V (1294)

Twelve cardinals attended the funeral of Pope Nicholas IV in S. Maria Maggiore. Six were Romans, four were from elsewhere in Italy, two were French. One, Cardinal Jean Cholet, died during the *Sede Vacante*. Of the Romans, three belonged to the Orsini faction, three belonged to the Colonna faction. It was Cardinal Matteo Rosso Orsini's tenth Conclave. The papal throne was vacant for two years and three months. The Conclave ought to have begun on 15 April but the senior Cardinal Bishop, Latino Malabranca Orsini had difficulties in assembling the cardinals at S. Maria Maggiore. With a civil war between Orsini and Colonna in progress, neither side wished to entrust its safety to anyone. Cardinal Malabranca then tried to assemble at Santa Sabina, which was distant from the center of Rome and had fortifications, but that too was unacceptable, as was a final desperate suggestion of Santa Maria sopra Minerva. Instead of assembling, the cardinals began to disperse. Benedetto Caetani went to Anagni, his home town. Four other cardinals retired to the cooler air of Reate. On 2 August Cardinal Cholet died. Throughout 1293 there was anarchy in Rome, and no conclave. The cardinals negotiated with each other through messengers and finally agreed to meet in Perugia, far from the strife of Rome, on 23 October 1293. Even then, there was no decision. King Charles II of Naples visited the Cardinals and harangued them, but to no effect. The two year mark since the death of the pope passed.

The six Roman cardinals had the majority of the eleven votes, but they would never agree on one of their own number on either side as Pope. At the same time, together they could block the election of any of the non-Roman cardinals. But the non-Romans, as it happened, had no cause or personality to rally around. Finally, in early July 1294, during a meeting of the cardinals in Perugia, Cardinal Boccamati and Cardinal Latino Malabranca Orsini made casual mention of some visions they had heard about. Cardinal Caetani asked whether they were talking about a vision received by Brother Peter, the hermit of Mount Murrone near Sulmone (who had received approval for his little religious group from Pope Gregory X at the Council of Lyons). Latino Orsini replied in the affirmative, and Brother Peter became the subject of discussion. Suddenly and unanimously, on Monday 5 July 1294, the Cardinals elected Peter da Murrone pope. Matteo Rosso Orsini was one of the eleven cardinals who signed their names to the Electoral Decree. Celestine V was crowned in L'Aquila on 29 August 1294, by the *prior Diaconum*, Cardinal Matteo Rosso Orsini.

The new Pope, who was not eager to leave L'Aquila, let alone take up residence in the chaotic city of Rome, allowed himself to be persuaded by his friend and protector, Charles II, to visit Naples. Though several cardinals feared King Charles, and all dreaded the influence that he would exercise over the inexperienced hermit, they could not dissuade Celestine, who transferred the Roman Curia to Naples and took up residence in the Castel Nuovo. He immediately appointed a dozen new cardinals, including King Charles' chancellor, two members of his own little community of monks (Celestines), three Benedictines, and seven who had French connections. These creatures of Charles and Celestine began to transact papal business without reference to the old Cardinals, and knowing the traditions and practices of the Curia. It was charged that corruption was rife. Cardinals began to agitate for Celestine to resign. Celestine himself missed his hermitage, and even had a replica built in one of the rooms of the Castel Nuovo; he also began to realize that he was inadequate for the position to which he had been elected. Cardinal Benedetto Caetani and several other prevailed upon Celestine to resign his office. Finally, on 13 December 1294, after additional consultations and having taken legal counsel, Celestine V laid down his tiara and resigned the Papacy. Following the regulations of Gregory X, the opening ceremonies of the Conclave to elect a successor to Celestine V would have been held on 23 December and the voting (scrutiny) would have begun on 24 December.

### Boniface VIII (1294-1303)

There is a modern hypothesis that Matteo Rosso Orsini was elected Pope in December 1294. The basis of this hypothesis is a statement in a chronicle of the German Siegfried von Ballhausen, "Therefore in the same year on the Vigil of the Birth of the Lord \[24 December\], when the cardinals were assembled for the election, on the first scrutiny Lord Matheus Rubeus the Cardinal Archdeacon was elected. On his refusal of the papacy, they proceeded to a second scrutiny, with no result. On the third scrutiny, though, Lord Benedict was elected..." This statement was taken up and treated seriously in an article published in 1923 by Raffaello Morghen. Grave doubt, however, has been expressed by Peter Herde, Paola Pavan, Agostino Paravacini-Bagliani, Andreas Fischer, Jochen Johrendt, and others. A contemporary witness, Cardinal Jacopo Stefaneschi, Matteo Rosso's nephew, clearly states that Cardinal Caetani, not Cardinal Orsini, had the majority of votes on the first scrutiny, and that he won the required two-thirds majority on the Accessio (opportunity to change votes, after the initial scrutiny is announced), on the same day. Pope Boniface VIII (Caetani), himself, says that he was elected on the Accessio after the Scrutiny. Everything was accomplished on Christmas Eve, not over several days.

Pope Boniface VIII named him Protector of the Monastery of S. Silvestro in Rome, where the Pope had installed a community of Poor Clares.

Matteo Rosso Orsini was one of the Roman barons who organized a mission to rescue Pope Boniface VIII, who had been attacked at Anagni on 7 September 1303 by a force of French soldiers led by Guillaume de Nogaret and abetted by the two deposed Colonna cardinals and their family. After being held in captivity for three days, the Pope was rescued by loyal citizens of Anagni on 9 September, and managed to escape the city and the French. His party was met on the highway to Rome by the Orsini and escorted to the Lateran Palace, the first place the party came to as it reached the city on 25 September; he spent two days there. But he was quickly taken to greater safety at the Castel S. Angelo, which was in the hands of the Orsini, and finally, ill and dying, brought to the papal palace at S. Peter's.

Pope Boniface died in the Vatican Palace on 11 October 1303. There were eighteen cardinals living at the time of his death; there were also two deposed Cardinals, Jacopo and Pietro Colonna, who did not participate in the Conclave of 1303. The Conclave was held, as Benedict XI himself says in his Electoral Manifesto, *Opera divinae potentiae* ('The works of divine power'), in the palace at St. Peter's. Cardinal Niccolò Boccasini, the former Master General of the Dominicans, was elected Pope Benedict XI on the first ballot, on 22 October 1303. He was crowned on Sunday 27 October by Cardinal Matteo Rosso Orsini, the *prior Diaconum*. King Charles II of Naples and his son were present.

On 4 June 1304 Pope Benedict XI appointed Cardinal Orsini as *gubernator* of the Chapel of S. Vincent, which was located between the Vatican Basilica and the Vatican Palace. This expanded slightly the administrative power which he already possessed as Archpriest of the Vatican Basilica.

The Cardinal was a friend and regular informant of King James II of Aragon, and recipient of his largesse

### Conclave (1304-1305)

The Conclave of 1304-1305, following the death of Pope Benedict XI at Perugia on 7 July 1304, was Cardinal Orsini's thirteenth conclave. Unfortunately, though he was able to attend the opening of the Conclave in Perugia, he was ill, and left the Conclave area before the final voting took place. When Archbishop Bertrand de Got of Bordeaux was elected pope on 5 July 1305, the Cardinals sent representatives to obtain Cardinal Orsini's consent to the election, he is said to have refused for a time. In the end, however, he was prevailed upon to consent.

## Death

Matteo Rosso Orsini died in Perugia on 4 September 1305, two months after the conclusion of the Conclave. Nine years after his death, his body was removed to Rome and interred in the Vatican Basilica, of which he had been Archpriest. The tomb was destroyed during the demolitions carried on under Pope Julius II. His memorial inscription survives.

## Bibliography

* Lorenzo Cardella, *Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa* Tomo II (Roma 1792), pp. 308–310.
* Augustin Demski, *Papst Nikolaus III, Eine Monographie* (Münster 1903).
* Richard Sternfeld, *Der Kardinal Johann Gaetan Orsini (Papst Nikolaus III.) 1244-1277* (Berlin: E. Ebering 1905).
* Ferdinand Gregorovius, *History of Rome in the Middle Ages*, Volume V. 2 second edition, revised (London: George Bell, 1906).
* Albert Huyskens, "Das Kapitel von S. Peter in Rom unter dem Einflusse der Orsini (1276-1342)," *Historisches Jahrbuch* 27 (1906) 266-290. (in German)
* August Haag, *Matteo Rosso Orsini, Kardinaldiakon von S. Maria in Porticu, Blätter zur Geschichte des Kardinalats im ausgehenden dreizehnten und beginnenden vierzehnten Jahrhundert* (Freiburg: Caristas-Druckerei, 1912). (in German)
* R. Morghen, "Il cardinale Matteo Rosso Orsini," *Archivio della Reale Società romana di storia patria* 46 (1923), 271-372. (in Italian)
* Francesco Frascarelli, "Orsini, Matteo Rosso", *Enciclopedia Dantesca* (1970).
* Agostino Paravicini Bagliani, *Cardinali di curia e "familiae" cardinalizie* 2 volumes (Padova: Antenore 1972). (in Italian)
* Raffaello Morghen, "Il cardinale Matteo Rosso Orsini e la crisi del pontificato romano alla fine del XIII secolo," in *Tradizione religiosa nella civiltà dell’Occidente cristiano* (Roma: Istituto storico italiano per il Medio Evo 1979), pp. 109–142. (in Italian)
* Agostino Paravicini Bagliani, *I testamenti dei cardinali del Duecento* (Roma 1980), pp. 75–76. (in Italian)
* Robert Brentano, *Rome Before Avignon: A Social History of Thirteenth Century Rome* (Berkeley-Los Angeles: University of California Press 1990).
* F. Allegrezza, *Organizzazione del potere e dinamiche familiari. Gli Orsini dal Duecento al Quattrocento* (Roma 1998). (in Italian)
* Jochen Johrendt, *Die Diener des Apostelfürsten: das Kapitel von St. Peter im Vatikan (11.-13. Jahrhundert)* (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2011), pp. 186, 451-452. (in German)
* Paola Pavan, "Orsini, Matteo Rosso" *Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani* Volume 79 (2013). (in Italian)


# List of UK R&B Albums Chart number ones of 2019

The UK R&B Albums Chart is a weekly chart, first introduced in October 1994, that ranks the 40 biggest-selling albums that are classified in the R&B genre in the United Kingdom. The chart is compiled by the Official Charts Company, and is based on sales of CDs, downloads, vinyl and other formats over the previous seven days.

The following are the number-one albums of 2019.

## Number-one albums

| Issue date | Album | Artist(s) | Record label | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 4 January | *Kamikaze* | Eminem | Interscope |  |
| | | | 11 January |  |
| | | | 18 January |  |
| | | | 25 January |  |
| | | | 1 February |  |
| 8 February | *Third Avenue* | Fredo | Since 93 |  |
| 15 February | *AJ Tracey* | AJ Tracey | AJ Tracey |  |
| 22 February | *KOD* | J.Cole | Interscope |  |
| 1 March | *Big Bad* | Giggs | Island |  |
| 8 March | *Grey Area* | Little Simz | Age 101 |  |
| 15 March \[a\] | *Psychodrama* | Dave | Dave/Neighbourhood |  |
| | | | 22 March |  |
| | | | 29 March |  |
| | | | 5 April |  |
| 12 April | *Free Spirit* | Khalid | Right Hand Music |  |
| 19 April | *New Age* | KSI and Randolph | KSI and Randolph |  |
| 26 April | *Not Waving, but Drowning* | Loyle Carner | EMI |  |
| | | | 3 May |  |
| | | | 10 May |  |
| 17 May | *Confessions of a Dangerous Mind* | Logic | Def Jam |  |
| 24 May | *Nothing Great About Britain* | Slowthai | Method |  |
| | | | 31 May |  |
| 7 June | *Ignorance Is Bliss* | Skepta | Boy Better Know |  |
| 14 June | *Stacko* | MoStack | Virgin |  |
| 21 June | *The Book of Traps and Lessons* | Kae Tempest | Fiction |  |
| | | | 28 June |  |
| 5 July | *Indigo* | Chris Brown | RCA |  |
| 12 July | *Gang Signs & Prayer* | Stormzy | Merky |  |
| 19 July | *Back to Black* | Amy Winehouse | Island |  |
| 26 July | *The Lion King: The Gift* | Various Artists | RCA |  |
| 2 August | *The Search* | NF | NF Real Music |  |
| 9 August | *Care Package* | Drake | Cash Money/Republic |  |
| 16 August | *The New Adventures of* | P. P. Arnold | earMUSIC |  |
| 23 August | *Bags and Boxes 4* | Blade Brown | Catalyst |  |
| 30 August | *Back to Black* | Amy Winehouse | Island |  |
| 6 September | *Hoodies All Summer* | Kano | Parlophone |  |
| 13 September \[a\] | *Hollywood's Bleeding* | Post Malone | Republic |  |
| | | | 20 September |  |
| | | | 27 September |  |
| | | | 4 October |  |
| 11 October | *Igor* | Tyler the Creator | Columbia |  |
| 18 October | *Back to Black* | Amy Winehouse | Island |  |
| 25 October \[b\] | *Hollywood's Bleeding* | Post Malone | Republic |  |
| 1 November | *Jesus Is King* | Kanye West | Def Jam |  |
| 8 November | *Merry Christmas* | Mariah Carey | Sony |  |
| 15 November | *Hollywood's Bleeding* | Post Malone | Republic |  |
| 22 November | *Our Pathetic Age* | DJ Shadow | Mas Appeal |  |
| 29 November | *Cuz I Love You* | Lizzo | Atlantic |  |
| 6 December | *Grime MC* | Jme | Boy Better Know |  |
| | | | 13 December |  |
| 20 December \[b\] | *Heavy Is the Head* | Stormzy | Atlantic/Merky |  |
| | | | 27 December \[b\] |  |


title: Luke Simpkins

abstract: Luke Xavier Linton Simpkins is a former Australian politician who served as a member of the House of Representatives from 2007 to 2016. He represented the Division of Cowan in Western Australia for the Liberal Party.

text:
# Luke Simpkins

**Luke Xavier Linton Simpkins** (born 8 June 1964) is a former Australian politician who served as a member of the House of Representatives from 2007 to 2016. He represented the Division of Cowan in Western Australia for the Liberal Party.

## Early life

Simpkins was born in Sydney, and attended Sydney Boys High School from 1976–1981. He has a Bachelor of Arts from the University of New South Wales and a Graduate Certificate in Security Management from Edith Cowan University. He was a member of the Australian Federal Police from 1986 to 1987, an army officer from 1988 to 2002, a security consultant 2003 to 2004 and 2007, and a ministerial adviser from 2005 to 2006. His army service included a stint as a cadet at the Royal Military College, Duntroon from 1988 to 1989, and as an officer in the Royal Australian Corps of Military Police from 1989 to 2002; when he resigned in 2002, he was a commissioned officer with the rank of major. Simpkins is also a former Australian and State representative in the sport of rowing, having won two national and six state championships.

## Political history

Simpkins first attempted to enter politics in 2004, contesting the seat of Cowan at the 2004 federal election for the Liberal Party against veteran Labor incumbent Graham Edwards. He was defeated by Edwards, but received an unexpectedly strong vote, receiving an 8.2% primary vote swing towards him, with the result being unclear for several days.

Edwards retired at the 2007 election, and Simpkins won the seat against new Labor candidate Liz Prime with a 2.5% swing, one of only four pro-Coalition swings in Australia and one of only two new House seats won by the Liberal Party. He was re-elected with a 4.75% swing against former Lord Mayor of Perth Chas Hopkins at the 2010 election, and again with a slight swing against at the 2013 election.

On 6 February 2015 Simpkins announced that he would move a motion, at a meeting of the party room, for a spill of the federal Liberal Party's leadership positions (the motion was seconded by fellow WA Liberal Don Randall). Simpkins stated that such a motion would give Liberal members of parliament and senators the opportunity to either endorse the Prime Minister, Tony Abbott or "seek a new direction." The meeting was held on 9 February 2015 and the spill motion was defeated 61 votes to 39.

At the 2016 election, Simpkins suffered a 5.20% swing against him and was defeated by Labor candidate Anne Aly. During the election campaign, Liberal Justice Minister Michael Keenan was accused of starting a smear campaign against Aly. Simpkins joined in the campaign targeting Aly for her previous work in counter-terrorism, despite having written to her, in 2015 before she was a Labor candidate, to convey his admiration for her work including the "content of your media interviews and approach to the threat of radicalisation".

### Political views

Simpkins is an outspoken social conservative. He was one of six Liberal MPs (including fellow West Australian MPs Wilson Tuckey, Dennis Jensen and the late Don Randall as well as Sophie Mirabella and the late Alby Schultz) to leave the house in protest to the apology to the Stolen Generations. Simpkins declared that he worried "that it could lock in negativity about the future", that indigenous people were no longer denied employment opportunities, and that he would "again back children being taken in this situation".

He has attacked halal food, declaring in 2011 that "by having Australians unwittingly eating Halal food, then we are all one step down the path of conversion, and that is a step we should only make with full knowledge and not be imposed upon us unknowingly." His position was criticised by Labor MP Chris Bowen.

Simpkins has supported banning the burqa in Australia. He has also supported sleep deprivation torture as a means of gaining information, and he opposes same-sex marriage.

## Later activities

In 2017, after his defeat, Simpkins reportedly joined Cory Bernardi's Australian Conservatives party.

## InfoBox

| Luke Simpkins | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Australian Parliament
for Cowan | |
| **In office**
24 November 2007  2 July 2016 | |
| Preceded by | Graham Edwards |
| Succeeded by | Anne Aly |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Luke Xavier Linton Simpkins
(1964-06-08) 8 June 1964
Sydney, New South Wales |
| Political party | Liberal (until 2017)
Conservatives (2017–2019)
Independent (from 2019) |
| Website | www.lukesimpkinsmp.com |
| Military service | |
| Branch/service | Australian Army |
| Years of service | 1988–2002 |
| Rank | Major |
| Unit | Royal Australian Corps of Military Police |
|  | |


title: The Battle: Roar to Victory

abstract: The Battle: Roar to Victory is a 2019 South Korean period war drama film, revolving around the Battle of Fengwudong between Korean independence militias and Japanese forces in 1920 during the Japanese occupation of Korea.

text:
# The Battle: Roar to Victory

***The Battle: Roar to Victory*** (Korean: 봉오동 전투; Hanja: 鳳梧洞戰鬪) is a 2019 South Korean period war drama film, revolving around the Battle of Fengwudong between Korean independence militias and Japanese forces in 1920 during the Japanese occupation of Korea.

## Plot

After the March 1st Movement in 1919, the armed struggle of the independence forces became active in the Bongo-dong area. Armed with new weapons, Japan begins an operation to subdue the independence forces, and the independence forces decide to use the topography of Bongo-dong to overcome the unfavorable situation.

In 1920, when Korea was under Japanese rule, the Korean independence forces’ sword-wielding Hwang Hae-cheol (Yoo Hae-jin) and his subordinates such as sniper Byeong-gu (Jo Woo-jin) carried out the operation to deliver funds to the Korean Provisional Government in Shanghai. During the operation Hwang Hae-chul is reunited with Jang-ha (Ryu Jun-yeol), a young squad commander, who has a suicide mission to bait the Japanese forces led by a general (Kazuki Kitamura) and first lieutenant (Hiroyuki Ikeuchi) into Bongo-dong.

## Cast

### Main

### Supporting

## Reception

The film had brought a cumulative total of more than 3 million viewers to Korean theaters according to the film's distributor Showbox. It premiered in New York on 16 August 2019.

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Category | Recipient | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2019 | 27th Korean Culture and Entertainment Awards | Grand Prize in a Film | The Battle: Roar to Victory | Won |  |
| | | Best Director in a Film | Won Shin-yun | Won | |
| 2020 | 56th Grand Bell Awards | Best Cinematography | Kim Young-ho | Won |  |
| | | Best Lighting | Hwang Sun-ok | Nominated |  |
| | | Technical Award(Special Effects) | | Jung Do-ahn | Nominated |
| 2020 | 25th Chunsa Film Art Awards | Best Director | Won Shin-yun | Won |  |
| | | Technical Award | Kim Young-ho | Won | |

## InfoBox

| The Battle: Roar to Victory | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
|  | |
| Hangul | 봉오동 전투 |
| Hanja | 鳳梧洞戰鬪 |
| Literal meaning | *Battle of Bongo-dong* |
| Revised Romanization | *Bong-odong jeontu* |
|  | |
| Directed by | Won Shin-yun |
| Produced by | Kim Tae-won |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Kim Young-ho |
| Production<br>companies | * Showbox Corp * Big Stone Pictures * W-Pictures |
| Release date | * August 7, 2019 (2019-08-07) |
| Running time | 134 minutes |
| Country | * South Korea |
| Languages | * Korean * Japanese * Chinese |
| Box office | US$34.8 million |


title: Eydoche

abstract: Eydoche is a commune in the Isère department in southeastern France. It lies about 45 minutes from Grenoble on the former Route de Lyon, between Champier and Longchenal.

text:
# Eydoche

**Eydoche** (French pronunciation: \[edɔʃ\]) is a commune in the Isère department in southeastern France. It lies about 45 minutes from Grenoble on the former Route de Lyon, between Champier and Longchenal.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 312 |  |
| 1975 | 302 | −0.46% |
| 1982 | 267 | −1.74% |
| 1990 | 307 | +1.76% |
| 1999 | 331 | +0.84% |
| 2007 | 432 | +3.38% |
| 2012 | 501 | +3.01% |
| 2017 | 533 | +1.25% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## Economy

Eydoche is a farming community, mostly dairy cattle, wheat and corn, with pastoral views. There used to be a fabric mill where very intricate jacquard fabrics were made. Many of the factory's retirees still live in the village. There is a former stone grinding mill owned by the Jullien family, where members of the family still live. Both the fabric and grinding mills were originally powered by water wheels fed from a "ruisseau" or stream.

In recent years a woodworking factory has been established. There is also a trucking company.

## Sights

There is the village "place" with the ancient church facing the "Monument des Morts" - with the names of soldiers lost during World War I and World War II. Many of the residents of Eydoche were active in the Resistance during World War II.

The walled cemetery is a short walk from the church.

## InfoBox

| Eydoche | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The main road in 1920 | |
| Location of Eydoche | |
| EydocheEydoche | |
| Coordinates: 45°26′32″N 5°19′54″E / 45.4422°N 5.3317°E / 45.4422; 5.3317 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes |
| Department | Isère |
| Arrondissement | La Tour-du-Pin |
| Canton | Le Grand-Lemps |
| Intercommunality | Bièvre Est |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Catherine Ronco |
| Area**1** | 5.58 km2 (2.15 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 540 |
| Density | 97/km2 (250/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 38159 /38690 |
| Elevation | 493–629 m (1,617–2,064 ft)
(avg. 510 m or 1,670 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: 12th Virginia Regiment

abstract:
The 12th Virginia Regiment was raised on September 16, 1776, at Williamsburg, Virginia, for service with the (U.S.) Continental Army. The regiment saw action in the Battle of Brandywine, Battle of Germantown, Battle of Monmouth and the Siege of Charleston. Most of the regiment was captured at Charlestown, South Carolina, on May 12, 1780, by the British and the regiment was formally disbanded on January 1, 1783. From at least October 1777 until June 1778, the 12th Virginia Regiment was under the command of Colonel James Wood and contained companies under the command of the following captains: October 1777 12th Virginia Regiment Company Commanders
Captain Andrew Waggoner
Captain Steven Ashby
Captain Michael Bowyer
Captain Thomas Bowyer
Captain Rowland Madison
Captain William Vause
Captain Andrew Wallace
Captain Samuel Lapsley
Captain Joseph Mitchel
Captain Johnathan Langdon November 1777 12th Virginia Regiment Company Commanders
Captain Andrew Waggoner
Captain Steven Ashby
Captain Michael Bowyer
Captain Thomas Bowyer
Captain Rowland Madison
Captain William Vause
Captain Andrew Wallace
Captain Samuel Lapsley
Captain Joseph Mitchel
Captain Johnathan Langdon December 1777 12th Virginia Regiment Company Commanders
Captain Andrew Waggoner
Captain Steven Ashby
Captain Michael Bowyer
Captain Thomas Bowyer
Captain Benjamin Casey
Captain Rowland Madison
Captain William Vause
Captain Andrew Wallace
Captain Samuel Lapsley January 1778 12th Virginia Regiment Company Commanders
Captain Andrew Waggoner
Captain Steven Ashby
Captain Michael Bowyer
Captain Thomas Bowyer
Captain Benjamin Casey
Captain Rowland Madison
Captain William Vause
Captain Andrew Wallace
Captain Samuel Lapsley February 1778 12th Virginia Regiment Company Commanders
Captain Andrew Waggoner
Captain Steven Ashby
Captain Michael Bowyer
Captain Thomas Bowyer
Captain Benjamin Casey
Captain Rowland Madison
Captain William Vause
Captain Andrew Wallace
Captain Samuel Lapsley March 1778 12th Virginia Regiment Company Commanders
Captain Andrew Waggoner
Captain Steven Ashby
Captain Michael Bowyer
Captain Thomas Bowyer
Captain Benjamin Casey
Captain Rowland Madison
Captain William Vause
Captain Andrew Wallace
Captain Samuel Lapsley April 1778 12th Virginia Regiment Company Commanders
Captain Andrew Waggoner
Captain Steven Ashby
Captain Michael Bowyer
Captain Thomas Bowyer
Captain Benjamin Casey
Captain Rowland Madison
Captain William Vause
Captain Andrew Wallace
Captain Samuel Lapsley May 1778 12th Virginia Regiment Company Commanders
Captain Andrew Waggoner
Captain Steven Ashby
Captain Michael Bowyer
Captain Thomas Bowyer
Captain Benjamin Casey
Captain Rowland Madison
Captain William Vause
Captain Andrew Wallace
Captain Samuel Lapsley

text:
# 12th Virginia Regiment

The **12th Virginia Regiment** was raised on September 16, 1776, at Williamsburg, Virginia, for service with the (U.S.) Continental Army. The regiment saw action in the Battle of Brandywine, Battle of Germantown, Battle of Monmouth and the Siege of Charleston. Most of the regiment was captured at Charlestown, South Carolina, on May 12, 1780, by the British and the regiment was formally disbanded on January 1, 1783.

From at least October 1777 until June 1778, the 12th Virginia Regiment was under the command of Colonel James Wood and contained companies under the command of the following captains:

**October 1777 12th Virginia Regiment Company Commanders** Captain Andrew Waggoner Captain Steven Ashby Captain Michael Bowyer Captain Thomas Bowyer Captain Rowland Madison Captain William Vause Captain Andrew Wallace Captain Samuel Lapsley Captain Joseph Mitchel Captain Johnathan Langdon

**November 1777 12th Virginia Regiment Company Commanders** Captain Andrew Waggoner Captain Steven Ashby Captain Michael Bowyer Captain Thomas Bowyer Captain Rowland Madison Captain William Vause Captain Andrew Wallace Captain Samuel Lapsley Captain Joseph Mitchel Captain Johnathan Langdon

**December 1777 12th Virginia Regiment Company Commanders** Captain Andrew Waggoner Captain Steven Ashby Captain Michael Bowyer Captain Thomas Bowyer Captain Benjamin Casey Captain Rowland Madison Captain William Vause Captain Andrew Wallace Captain Samuel Lapsley

**January 1778 12th Virginia Regiment Company Commanders** Captain Andrew Waggoner Captain Steven Ashby Captain Michael Bowyer Captain Thomas Bowyer Captain Benjamin Casey Captain Rowland Madison Captain William Vause Captain Andrew Wallace Captain Samuel Lapsley

**February 1778 12th Virginia Regiment Company Commanders** Captain Andrew Waggoner Captain Steven Ashby Captain Michael Bowyer Captain Thomas Bowyer Captain Benjamin Casey Captain Rowland Madison Captain William Vause Captain Andrew Wallace Captain Samuel Lapsley

**March 1778 12th Virginia Regiment Company Commanders** Captain Andrew Waggoner Captain Steven Ashby Captain Michael Bowyer Captain Thomas Bowyer Captain Benjamin Casey Captain Rowland Madison Captain William Vause Captain Andrew Wallace Captain Samuel Lapsley

**April 1778 12th Virginia Regiment Company Commanders** Captain Andrew Waggoner Captain Steven Ashby Captain Michael Bowyer Captain Thomas Bowyer Captain Benjamin Casey Captain Rowland Madison Captain William Vause Captain Andrew Wallace Captain Samuel Lapsley

**May 1778 12th Virginia Regiment Company Commanders** Captain Andrew Waggoner Captain Steven Ashby Captain Michael Bowyer Captain Thomas Bowyer Captain Benjamin Casey Captain Rowland Madison Captain William Vause Captain Andrew Wallace Captain Samuel Lapsley

## InfoBox

| 12th Virginia Regiment | |
| --- | --- |
| Active | 1776–1780 |
| Allegiance | Continental Congress of the United States |
| Type | Infantry |
| Size | 728 soldiers |
| Part of | Virginia Line |
| Engagements | Battle of Brandywine, Battle of Germantown, Monmouth, Siege of Charleston. |


title: Penjerrick Garden

abstract: Penjerrick Garden -- often referred to as "Cornwall's true jungle garden"—lies between Budock Water and Mawnan Smith, near Falmouth, United Kingdom. Established in the early 19th century by Robert Were Fox F.R.S. and his children, Anna Maria, Barclay and Caroline, the 15-acre (61,000 m⁲), sub-tropical, spring-flowering garden has views of Budock Water and a considerable historical and botanical interest. The founders planted the upper garden with specimens from abroad including rhododendrons, camellias, magnolias, azaleas, tree ferns and bamboos. The garden is also home to the Penjerrick and Barclayi hybrid rhododendrons. The skeleton of a brain coral brought to Penjerrick by Captain FitzRoy of the Beagle can be found in the garden. The lower part of Penjerrick is a dense valley garden reached by a wooden bridge. In this wild, jungle-like setting are four ponds and countless tree ferns that date back almost to the original planting of the garden. The tranquil garden is at its best in April and May.

text:
# Penjerrick Garden

**Penjerrick Garden** -- often referred to as "Cornwall's true jungle garden"—lies between Budock Water and Mawnan Smith, near Falmouth, United Kingdom. Established in the early 19th century by Robert Were Fox F.R.S. and his children, Anna Maria, Barclay and Caroline (R. W. Fox's brother, Charles was responsible for the Garden at Trebah and his brother, Alfred, for the garden at Glendurgan), the 15-acre (61,000 m2), sub-tropical, spring-flowering garden has views of Budock Water and a considerable historical and botanical interest.

The founders planted the upper garden with specimens from abroad including rhododendrons, camellias, magnolias, azaleas, tree ferns and bamboos. The garden is also home to the Penjerrick and Barclayi hybrid rhododendrons. The skeleton of a brain coral brought to Penjerrick by Captain FitzRoy of the *Beagle* (that was Charles Darwin's expedition ship) can be found in the garden.

The lower part of Penjerrick is a dense valley garden reached by a wooden bridge. In this wild, jungle-like setting are four ponds and countless tree ferns that date back almost to the original planting of the garden. The tranquil garden (now owned by Rachel Morin) is at its best in April and May.

## Images

50°08′05″N 5°06′27″W / 50.1347°N 5.1074°W / 50.1347; -5.1074


title: Physopyxis

abstract: Physopyxis is a genus of thorny catfishes native to tropical South America.

text:
# Physopyxis

***Physopyxis*** is a genus of thorny catfishes native to tropical South America.

## Species

There are currently three recognized species in this genus.

## Distribution

*P. lyra* is known from the Ampyiacu River (and lowland portions of other tributaries to the upper Amazon River in northeastern Peru) to the Uatumã River, a left bank tributary to the Amazon in eastern Amazonas State, Brazil. *P. ananas* has the widest distribution among the species of the genus, occurring throughout lowlands in entire Amazon (including Rio Negro) and Essequibo River basins. *P. cristata* has only been recorded from middle portion of the Negro River basin.

## Description

*Physopyxis* have an extremely small size among doradids, not exceeding 3.5 centimetres (1.4 in) SL. Their pectoral fin spine reaches the base of the anal fin, and the dorsal fin spine is serrated only at the anterior margin of its base. There are three pairs of barbels, one pair of maxillary barbels and two pairs of mental barbels. The dorsal and pectoral fin spines are strongly ossified and well-developed.

*P. cristata* can be differentiated from the other species by its incomplete lateral line and a series of small spines along its dorsal midline. The other two species have complete lateral lines with well-developed plates that extend to the caudal fin. *P. lyra* has only one series of spines on its lateral plates and its adipose fin is usually present. The lateral plates have two or more series of spines in *P. ananas*, and the adipose fin is usually absent.

## Habitat

*Physopyxis* species are usually found in places with accumulated organic debris, like dense meshes of roots of floating macrophytes that are abundant in rivers with turbid water or submerged litter banks. Specimens also can be found among submerged leaf litter and among root mats of riparian plants, like *Symmeria paniculata* (Polygonaceae). *P. lyra* is predominantly nocturnal, and spends most of day time sheltered among submersed root mats or buried in sand. *P. ananas* and *P. lyra* have been found together among the submerged roots of aquatic macrophytes (*Paspallum repens*, Poaceae) at Amanã Lake, Japurá River basin. They were also collected together in Nanay upstream from Iquitos. Dwarf cichlids of the genus *Apistogramma* and juvenile specimens of *Amblydoras* were found in the same habitat as *P. cristata.*

1. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus *Physopyxis*". *FishBase*. December 2011 version.
2. Sousa, Leandro M.; Rapp Py-Daniel, Lúcia H. (2005). "Description of two new species of *Physopyxis* and redescription of *P. lyra* (Siluriformes: Doradidae)". *Neotropical Ichthyology*. **3** (4): 625–636. doi:10.1590/S1679-62252005000400019.

## InfoBox

| *Physopyxis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| *Physopyxis lyra*, conventional and X-ray images | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Siluriformes |
| Family: | Doradidae |
| Subfamily: | Astrodoradinae |
| Genus: | *Physopyxis*
Cope, 1871 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Physopyxis lyra*
Cope, 1872 | |


abstract: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1593, adopted on 31 March 2005, after receiving a report by the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, the Council referred the situation in the Darfur region of Sudan to the International Criminal Court (ICC) and required Sudan to co-operate fully. It marked the first time the council had referred a situation to the court, and also compelled a country to co-operate with it. Sudan, which is not a permanent member of the ICC under the Rome Statute, refuses to recognise the court's jurisdiction, stated that "the International Criminal Court has no place in this crisis at all."

text:
# United Nations Security Council Resolution 1593

**United Nations Security Council Resolution 1593**, adopted on 31 March 2005, after receiving a report by the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, the Council referred the situation in the Darfur region of Sudan to the International Criminal Court (ICC) and required Sudan to co-operate fully. It marked the first time the council had referred a situation to the court, and also compelled a country to co-operate with it.

Sudan, which is not a permanent member of the ICC under the Rome Statute, refuses to recognise the court's jurisdiction, stated that "the International Criminal Court has no place in this crisis at all."

## Adoption

The resolution was adopted by 11 votes to none against and four abstentions from Algeria, Brazil, China and the United States. The Algerian representative preferred an African Union-devised solution to the problem, Brazil agreed with the resolution but objected to the U.S. view on selective jurisdiction of the court, the Chinese representative disagreed with some elements of the ICC Statute and argued for the perpetrators to be tried in Sudanese courts, and the United States objected to some provisions of the court but overall supported humanitarian interests and the fight against impunity.

## Resolution

Acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, the council referred the situation since 1 July 2002 to the ICC and urged all states to co-operate with the Court, whether or not it was party to the Rome Statute. The ICC and African Union were invited to discuss the practicalities of proceedings relating to the conflict, while the ICC was encouraged to promote the rule of law, human rights and combat impunity in Darfur.

The resolution also emphasised the importance of reconciliation, through the creation of truth commissions for example. Nationals from a state other than Sudan which did not recognise the jurisdiction of the Court would instead be subject to the jurisdiction of that state for acts related to Sudan.

## InfoBox

| UN Security Council<br>Resolution 1593 | |
| --- | --- |
| Map of Darfurian villages destroyed in the Darfur conflict (2004) | |
| Date | 31 March 2005 |
| Meeting no. | 5,158 |
| Code | S/RES/1593 (Document) |
| Subject | **The situation concerning Sudan** |
| Voting summary | * **11 voted for** * **None voted against** * **4 abstained** |
| Result | Adopted |
| Security Council composition | |
| Permanent members |  |
| Non-permanent members |  |
|  | |