title: Murder of Alianna DeFreeze

abstract: On January 26, 2017, Alianna DeFreeze, a fourteen-year-old girl from Cleveland, Ohio, was kidnapped, raped, tortured, and murdered by Christopher Whitaker. Whitaker, who had a criminal history involving grand theft, burglary, aggravated robbery, felonious assault, and sexual assault, took DeFreeze to an abandoned house, where he raped her. She was found beaten and stabbed to death using a hammer, a screwdriver, a nut driver, a box cutter, and a drill. DeFreeze, who attended school at E Prep & Village Prep Woodland Hills, was reported missing, causing a city-wide search. Her body was discovered three days later. Whitaker’s murder trial occurred in February 2018. Defense attorneys argued that Whitaker's drug use impaired his ability to control impulses and obey the law while prosecutors disagreed, saying that he knew what he was doing. The jury convicted Whitaker on February 13, 2018. Later, the jury recommended that Whitaker receive the death penalty and the judge upheld it. Whitaker is currently on death row. In 2019 DeFreeze’s parents filed a lawsuit against several people and entities arguing that the school's failure to notify them about DeFreeze’s absence and the failure to monitor abandoned properties led to her death. In 2022, DeFreeze’s family received a $1 million settlement. In 2019 Governor John Kasich signed a law named after DeFreeze which requires schools to notify parents of unexcused absences within two hours.

text:
# Murder of Alianna DeFreeze

On January 26, 2017, **Alianna DeFreeze**, a fourteen-year-old girl from Cleveland, Ohio, was kidnapped, raped, tortured, and murdered by Christopher Whitaker. Whitaker, who had a criminal history involving grand theft, burglary, aggravated robbery, felonious assault, and sexual assault, took DeFreeze to an abandoned house, where he raped her. She was found beaten and stabbed to death using a hammer, a screwdriver, a nut driver, a box cutter, and a drill. DeFreeze, who attended school at E Prep & Village Prep Woodland Hills, was reported missing, causing a city-wide search. Her body was discovered three days later.

Whitaker’s murder trial occurred in February 2018. Defense attorneys argued that Whitaker's drug use impaired his ability to control impulses and obey the law while prosecutors disagreed, saying that he knew what he was doing. The jury convicted Whitaker on February 13, 2018. Later, the jury recommended that Whitaker receive the death penalty and the judge upheld it. Whitaker is currently on death row.

In 2019 DeFreeze’s parents filed a lawsuit against several people and entities arguing that the school's failure to notify them about DeFreeze’s absence and the failure to monitor abandoned properties led to her death. In 2022, DeFreeze’s family received a $1 million settlement. In 2019 Governor John Kasich signed a law named after DeFreeze which requires schools to notify parents of unexcused absences within two hours.

## Background

### Alianna DeFreeze

Alianna DeFreeze, the daughter of Damon DeFreeze and Donnesha Cooper, was a seventh-grader at E Prep & Village Prep Woodland Hills. She was fourteen years old and had a developmental disability. She would take the RTA bus to school, which her mother and grandmother did not like, though the fact that one stop was in front of a police station made them feel better about her means of transportation.

Alianna DeFreeze was the granddaughter of Donald DeFreeze, the founder and leader of the Symbionese Liberation Army, a left-wing terrorist organization that gained notoriety for kidnapping Patty Hearst.

### Christopher Whitaker

Christopher Whitaker (born 1973) was a native of Fayetteville, Tennessee with a long criminal record. His crimes and alleged crimes include:

* In 1998, he was charged with grand theft and burglary. He was also charged with aggravated robbery and felonious assault, though the case was dismissed.
* On April 8, 2005, he committed sexual battery and felonious assault against a woman in his home after letting her in so she could use the bathroom. According to the victim, he came out of the bathroom with a pair of scissors and began choking her. He proceeded to stab her in the neck with the scissors. She passed out and woke up on the floor with neck pain and with her pants and underwear removed. An evaluation determined that she had been sexually assaulted. Whitaker was sentenced to four years in prison for third-degree felony sexual battery and second-degree felonious assault. He was released in 2009 and was registered as a sex offender.
* In 2012 he was charged with aggravated theft.

## Crime

RTA surveillance footage recorded on the morning of January 26, 2017, shows DeFreeze exiting a bus, while surveillance video from a business shows her crossing East 93rd Street. She was then stopped outside the True Gospel Missionary Baptist Church by Whitaker, who, according to video recorded from the church, had been pacing around the area for several hours. DeFreeze took a step back from Whitaker, who followed her. According to a witness, Whitaker grabbed her as she walked along East 93rd Avenue. The witness did not contact the police because he was unsure of the relationship between DeFreeze and Whitaker. Surveillance video then shows Whitaker leading DeFreeze through a field to Fuller Avenue.

Whitaker took DeFreeze to an abandoned house. There, he raped her. Whitaker then used a Black and Decker drill, a Phillips-head screwdriver, a nut driver, a box cutter, and a hammer to stab and beat her to death. DeFreeze died as a result of the stab wounds and blunt force injuries which were numerous and severe.

Whitaker claimed he was high on cocaine and blacked out during the crime. After murdering DeFreeze, in the late morning hours, Whitaker assisted a pastor at the Golgatha Missionary Baptist Church to unload food pantry items from a truck. The pastor described Whitaker's demeanor as calm.

## Criminal proceedings

### Investigation

Her mother became concerned at 4:00 pm when DeFreeze had still not returned home from school. She called E Prep and was informed that DeFreeze never arrived at school. DeFreeze was reported missing, prompting a city-wide search.

On January 29, DeFreeze's body was found at the house where Whitaker had murdered her by three Cleveland police officers. The officers entered the house after noticing that the back door was open and found a trail of blood leading from the dining room into a room behind a closed door. After kicking open the door, they found DeFreeze's deceased body crumpled in a corner in a pool of blood. She was naked except for her socks and had wounds to her head.

The boxcutter was used to slash DeFreeze's neck, while the drill had been used to put four puncture wounds into her cheek and a wound on her forehead that dislodged her right eyeball from the socket. Because many of the wounds showed signs that they had started healing, they were inflicted on her several hours before she died. DeFreeze appeared as if she had been dragged and thrown into the room. DeFreeze’s clothing, including a tie soaked with blood and a sweater torn open down the front, were found strewn about the house.

Along with DeFreeze's clothing, police also found her backpack and tools, including a drill, box cutter, a screwdriver, and a hammer, all of which had blood on them. The tools were laid out on a built-in bench in the dining room, which prosecutors described as a makeshift workstation.

DeFreeze’s body was identified using dental records by the medical examiner's office. An autopsy performed by Cuyahoga County Deputy Medical Examiner Dr. David Dolinak revealed that she suffered wounds caused by tools found in the house, including a drill, a screwdriver, and a box cutter. She had so many injuries and her injuries were so severe that Dolinak could not identify which one caused her death. Forensics analysts also found Whitaker's DNA on DeFreeze's body. Whitaker was identified using the DNA and was arrested at 7:00 pm on February 2 at the Villa Serena Apartments in Mayfield Heights with the assistance of U.S. Marshalls.

Whitaker was interrogated by Cleveland Police, and changed his story several times, initially denying any involvement in the murder and then going on to admit his involvement, but still denying responsibility by blaming his actions on crack-cocaine use. Whitaker said that he had blacked out after punching DeFreeze and that he would not have committed the crime if he were sober. "People are going to look at me like a monster. I'm not a monster,” he told investigators, adding that he was “just an addict who made a mistake that shouldn't have happened." Whitaker also told investigators that he did not want his face in the news.

### Trial and death sentence

DeFreeze's murder trial began on February 1, 2018. Whitaker's defense attorneys acknowledged his crimes but said that his drug use made him less able to control his impulses and follow the law. Prosecutors disagreed, with assistant prosecutor Mahmoud Awadallah saying: “the evidence does not point to a drug-induced frenzy, does not point to a blackout. It points to that he knows what he was doing.” On February 13, 2018, Whitaker was found guilty of ten counts.

After convicting Whitaker jurors had to decide whether or not he should be sentenced to death or life in prison. On February 23, the jury recommended that he be put to death and Judge Carolyn Friedland agreed and formally sentenced him on March 26, saying that the mitigating circumstances "pale in comparison to the barbarity of the evidence."

DeFreeze's mother told the court that “death is too good for him, and I won’t believe he has any remorse until he suffers like my daughter suffered.” DeFreeze’s father told Whitaker “when you get where you’re going, you’re going to get what you got coming, before you get to the gas, lethal injection chamber, and that “my baby didn’t have a chance.” The woman Whitaker had attacked in 2005 supported his death sentence. Along with his death sentence, Whitaker was sentenced to forty-eight years in prison for aggravated burglary, felonious assault, rape, obstruction of justice, and gross abuse of a corpse.

### Appeal

On August 22, 2022, the Ohio Supreme Court rejected Whitaker's appeal and upheld his death sentence. His execution is scheduled to take place in July 2026.

Whitaker is currently imprisoned on death row at the Chillicothe Correctional Institution in Chillicothe, Ohio for aggravated burglary, kidnapping, rape, aggravated murder, tampering with evidence, and abuse of a corpse.

## Aftermath

Hundreds of people attended DeFreeze’s funeral on February 11.

Shortly after the murder, DeFreeze's mother became homeless.

DeFreeze’s family began a nonprofit foundation in her name called the Alianna DeFreeze Let’s Make A Change Foundation. The foundation works to address the issues of abandoned homes, help children obtain safe routes to school, and address domestic violence, homelessness, and police-community relations.

In January 2019, DeFreeze's parents filed a wrongful death lawsuit in the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas naming the Cleveland Metropolitan School District, E Prep and Village Prep Woodland Hills, Friends of Breakthrough Schools, the City of Cleveland, the man who owned the abandoned house where the crime occurred, murderer Christopher Whittaker, and others as defendants. The lawsuit claims that there was a system in place in which administrators at E Prep would send an automated message notification to parents to alert them about news involving their children, including unexcused absences. DeFreeze's parents were signed up to receive text messages in the case of their daughter's unexcused absence but did not receive any such notification, only finding out about her absence at 4:00 pm after she did not make it home. The lawsuit alleges that the school was aware of DeFreeze’s absence but did not contact her parents. If DeFreeze's parents had been notified immediately or within a reasonable time, she might have been located before being raped, tortured, and murdered. The lawsuit also alleges that the school lied when they said they tried to send an alert but failed and that they should have been immediately concerned about DeFreeze's absence because of her developmental disability and because it was uncharacteristic of her to miss school. The lawsuit states that because of the defendants' negligence, DeFreeze’s last hours "were spent in excruciating, paralyzing, debilitating and unthinkable physical and mental pain." The lawsuit also claims that the City of Cleveland and city employees failed to monitor abandoned properties and prevent illicit activities from occurring in them and names the owner of the house where the murder occurred, saying that he failed to maintain, operate and monitor it. DeFreeze’s family is seeking fifteen million in damages. In March 2019, the DeFreezes filed an amended complaint, which E Prep moved to dismiss. E Prep argued that it is immune from liability due to its status as a political subdivision. The trial court denied the motion, and E Prep appealed to Ohio's Court of Appeals for the Eighth District, which ruled in their favor. In January 2022, DeFreeze’s family received a $1 million settlement in connection with the lawsuit filed against her school and the city.

In January 2019, Ohio Governor John Kasich signed the Alianna Alert bill after it passed the House of Representatives 85-4. The law requires schools to call parents within 120 minutes of the start of the school day if their child is absent without the parents having previously notified the school. It went into effect in April 2019. DeFreeze's mother also expressed an interest in having more police protect the streets.

## InfoBox

| Alianna DeFreeze | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Alianna Serena DeFreeze
(2002-06-12)June 12, 2002
Detroit, Michigan, U.S. |
| Died | January 26, 2017(2017-01-26) (aged 14)
Cleveland, Ohio, U.S. |
| Cause of death | Stabbing |
| Body discovered | January 29, 2017 |
| Resting place | Lake View Cemetery |
| Known for | Being the inspiration and namesake of Alianna Alert |


title: Writers Guild of Alberta

abstract: The Writers' Guild of Alberta (WGA) was founded in 1980 as a non-profit organization for writers based in Alberta, Canada. It claims to be the largest provincial writers' organization in Canada, representing approximately 1,000 writers throughout the province.

text:
# Writers Guild of Alberta

The **Writers' Guild of Alberta** (**WGA**) was founded in 1980 as a non-profit organization for writers based in Alberta, Canada. It claims to be the largest provincial writers' organization in Canada, representing approximately 1,000 writers throughout the province.

## Location and leadership

Its main office is based in Edmonton, with a southern office located in Calgary. The founding president was Rudy Wiebe. Past presidents include E. D. Blodgett, Joan Clark, Candas Jane Dorsey, Myrna Kostash, Alice Major, Suzette Mayr, George Melnyk, Darlene Quaife, Gloria Sawai, Fred Stenson (writer), Vern Thiessen and Aritha van Herk. A new president is nominated and elected at each year's AGM event. The president for the 2019–2021 year is Leslie Chivers.

## Programs

The WGA provides professional services and development to established and emerging writers through its annual conference, mentorship program, writing retreats and youth programs. Its quarterly publication is *WestWord* magazine.

## Awards

Created in 1982, the Alberta Literary Awards are awarded annually by the WGA to recognize and celebrate outstanding Alberta writing. They include the Robert Kroetsch City of Edmonton Book Prize and The City of Calgary W.O. Mitchell Book Prize, as well as awards for children's literature, fiction, nonfiction, poetry, drama, published short fiction and short nonfiction, and unpublished essays. The Golden Pen Lifetime Achievement Award acknowledges an outstanding Alberta writer. The 2019 recipient is Bob Stallworthy.


title: Writers Guild of America, East

abstract: The Writers Guild of America, East (WGAE) is a labor union representing writers in film, television, radio, news, and online media. The WGAE and the Writers Guild of America West (WGAW), though independent entities, jointly brand themselves together as the Writers Guild of America (WGA), and cooperate on activities such as launching coordinated strike actions and administering the Writers Guild of America Awards. The WGAE is an affiliate of the AFL–CIO and the International Affiliation of Writers Guilds.

text:
# Writers Guild of America, East

The **Writers Guild of America, East** (**WGAE**) is a labor union representing writers in film, television, radio, news, and online media.

The WGAE and the Writers Guild of America West (WGAW), though independent entities, jointly brand themselves together as the Writers Guild of America (WGA), and cooperate on activities such as launching coordinated strike actions and administering the Writers Guild of America Awards. The WGAE is an affiliate of the AFL–CIO and the International Affiliation of Writers Guilds.

## History

**Membership (US records)**

---

**Finances (US records; ×$1000)**     Assets      Liabilities      Receipts      Disbursements

WGAE had its beginnings in 1912, when the Authors' League of America (ALA) was formed by some 350 book and magazine authors, as well as dramatists. In 1921, this group split into two branches of the League: the Dramatists Guild of America for writers of stage and, later, radio drama and the Authors Guild (AG) for novelists and nonfiction book and magazine authors.

That same year, the Screen Writers Guild came into existence in Hollywood, California, but was "little more than a social organization", according to the WGAE's website, until the Great Depression of the 1930s and the growth of the organized labor movement impelled it to take a more active role in negotiating and guaranteeing writers' contractual rights and protections.

In 1933, the AG and SWG joined forces, and two years later, with passage of the National Labor Relations Act of 1935, called for an election to represent writers of films in collective bargaining agreements; the first such agreement was signed in 1942. Meanwhile, the Radio Writers Guild was formed in New York and became part of the ALA.

A Television Writers Group within the AG and a separate group, the Television Writers of America, each began representing writers for the nascent television industry beginning in the late 1940s. In 1951, the AG reorganized into the Writers Guild of America East and West, in recognition of the growing complexity of representing members in many different fields of entertainment writing. Writers working in motion pictures, TV and radio would be represented by these two new guilds, while the Authors Guild and the Dramatists Guild continued to represent print-media writers. The WGAW and WGAE have bargained for writers in movies, TV and radio since 1954.

The conservative anti-communist faction of WGAW and WGAE, initially collaborated with the Hollywood movie studio/network heads and the U.S. government when they drove most writers (who originally formed the Screen Writers Guild and the Writers Guild East unions) out of the domestic entertainment industry during the McCarthy Era.

The WGAE became affiliated with the AFL-CIO in 1989, although its sister group WGAW did not join and has not since.

### 2007–2008 strike

On November 5, 2007, both branches of the guild, East and West, called a strike against all television networks and cable channels over writers' share of revenues from DVD releases, Internet, cell-phone network, and other new-media uses of programs and films written by members. The strike vote followed the expiration of the guild's then-current contract with the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers. The strike ceased on February 12, 2008.

### Packaging deal ban

In early-2019, ahead of the expiration of its franchise agreements with the Association of Talent Agents (ATA) on April 6, the WGA announced an intent to enforce a new Code of Conduct prohibiting talent agents from holding any financial stake in the producer of a work written by its members or deriving "any revenue or other benefit from a Writer's involvement in or employment" in a covered work, besides a percentage commission. The latter clause was intended primarily to prohibit the practice of movie packaging deals.

On April 12, 2019, the WGA failed to renew its franchise agreement with the ATA (which attempted to compromise by proposing that writers receive 0.8% of gross profits from packaging deals); its executive director Karen Stuart stated that "despite our best efforts, today's outcome was driven by the Guild's predetermined course for chaos", and that the Code of Conduct "will hurt all artists, delivering an especially painful blow to mid-level and emerging writers, while dictating how agencies of all sizes should function." Many major talent agencies, including the four dominant Hollywood agencies (William Morris Agency, Creative Artists Agency, United Talent Agency and ICM Partners) refused to sign the Code of Conduct. Nevertheless, the WGA stated that effective April 13, WGA members would be prohibited from working with agents that have not signed the Code of Conduct, and would be obligated to fire them.

On April 17, 2019, WGA East and WGA West filed a lawsuit in Los Angeles Superior Court against WMA, CAA, UTA, and ICM, citing that the practice of movie packaging represented kickbacks that were illegal under the Taft-Hartley Act. Approximately 95 percent of Guild members voted "in favor of a code of conduct that would cease packaging fees." During the week following its lawsuit filing; *en masse*, over 7,000 Guild members fired their talent agents (as ordered by the Guild), as "not just drastically out-earning them, but preventing them from receiving better pay." WGA West president David Goodman stated that "in a period of unprecedented profits and growth of our business ... writers themselves are actually earning less".

In June 2019, the WGA and ATA resumed talks. The WGA rejected its offers (which once again included a revenue sharing proposal), with Goodman stating that "we will not counter on revenue sharing because it suggests the answer is somewhere in the middle. It is not". He stated that the WGA planned to bypass the ATA and negotiate individually with nine individual agencies that represented a "significant" number of WGA members, and that "this fight has shown the Guild's strength and sense of purpose."

After Endeavor and the UTA filed lawsuits against the WGA accusing it of engaging in an "illegal group boycott", the WGA sent a cease and desist notice to the ATA stating that "the ATA and its members have continued to collusively impose packaging fees on programs written by WGA-represented writers", and that "following news that Verve had negotiated a Code of Conduct and Franchise Agreement with the WGA, the ATA, and its leading members closed ranks and threatened to retaliate against Verve and, implicitly, against any agency that subsequently reached an agreement with the guild."

All four major agencies later signed franchise agreements with the WGA, which include mandating compliance with the Code of Conduct by prohibiting them from holding more than a 20% interest in an affiliated production company.

## InfoBox

Writers Guild of America, East
|
|  |
| Abbreviation | WGAE |
| Predecessor | Screen Writers Guild |
| Founded | 1951 (1951) |
| Headquarters | 250 Hudson Street,<br>New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Location | * United States |
| Members (2019) | 5,116 |
| President | Lisa Takeuchi Cullen |
| Vice President | Erica Saleh |
| Affiliations | AFL–CIO, IAWG |
| Website | www.wgaeast.org |
|  | |


title: Mills & Reeve

abstract: Mills & Reeve LLP is a law firm headquartered in London. It has offices in Birmingham, Cambridge, Leeds, Manchester, Norwich and Oxford. It is the UK's 40th largest law firm measured by 2021/22 revenues. The firm has been named for a record nineteenth year running in the 100 Best Companies to Work For annual survey, one of a small number of organisations to have achieved a listing for 19 years running and the only UK law firm.

text:
# Mills & Reeve

**Mills & Reeve LLP** is a law firm headquartered in London. It has offices in Birmingham, Cambridge, Leeds, Manchester, Norwich and Oxford. It is the UK's 40th largest law firm measured by 2021/22 revenues. The firm has been named for a record nineteenth year running in the 100 Best Companies to Work For annual survey, one of a small number of organisations to have achieved a listing for 19 years running and the only UK law firm.

## History

The firm's roots can be traced back to 1789 when the practice which was eventually to become Francis & Co was started in Cambridge by the 24-year-old newly qualified solicitor Christopher Pemberton. The original Mills & Reeve was formed in Norwich in 1880 when Henry Mills and Edmund Reeve came together to undertake the legal work arising out of the development of the tram system in Norwich.

The current Mills & Reeve practice was formed in 1987 by the merger of the Norwich-based Mills & Reeve and the Cambridge-based Francis & Co, forming Mills & Reeve Francis.

In 2013, Mills & Reeve merged with Manchester-based law firm George Davies and in 2017 merged with London firm Maxwell Winward.

In 2014, Mills & Reeve formed an exclusive "best friends" alliance with the French law firm Fidal.

## Notable clients

Mills & Reeve has worked with Trinity College Cambridge since 1861 (as Francis, Webster and Riches).

## Notable awards

Mills & Reeve was ranked in the Best 100 Companies to Work For 2022 list, appearing for the 19th year in a row.

The firm was ranked as the 33rd most innovative law firm in Europe in the Financial Times' Innovative Lawyers Europe 2022. and was ranked in the Thomson Reuters top 20 UK Law Firm Brand Index 2022. Mills & Reeve has been ranked in the top four of RollOnFriday's Best Law Firms to Work At for the last six years, winning in 2018, 2019 and 2020.

1. Byrne, Matt (August 20, 2015). "Mills & Reeve's Clarke reveals Norfolk as home of the trailblazer". *The Lawyer | Legal insight, benchmarking data and jobs*.
2. "UK 200: Top 100 overview and top 50 profiles". The Lawyer. September 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
3. Jackson, Christopher (September 1990). *A Cambridge Bicentenary: The History of a Legal Practice, 1789-1989*. Morrow & Co. ISBN 0948903082.
4. "Double record-breaking triumph for Mills & Reeve". *Mills & Reeve*. 2022-02-28.
5. "About us". *Mills & Reeve*. Archived from the original on 2022-01-06. Retrieved 2022-09-20.
6. Byrne, Matt (2017-03-08). "Mills & Reeve boosts London with Maxwell Winward deal". *The Lawyer*. Archived from the original on 2021-04-14. Retrieved 2022-09-20.
7. Gannage-Stewart, Hannah (15 September 2014). "Fidal formalises best friends alliance with Mills & Reeve". *The Lawyer*. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2022-09-20.
8. "Mills & Reeve's French connection strengthened". *Birmingham Post*. 18 September 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
9. "Best Companies". *b.co.uk/companies/mills-reeve*.
10. "Special Report Innovative Lawyers: Europe". *Financial Times*. October 20, 2020.
11. "Best Law Firms To Work At". *rollonfriday.com*.

## InfoBox

Mills & Reeve LLP
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Headquarters | London, United Kingdom |
| No. of offices | 7 |
| No. of lawyers | 662 |
| No. of employees | 1035 |
| Major practice areas | Agriculture, Charities, Corporate and Commercial, Education, Food and Beverage, Health, Insurance, Private Wealth, Real Estate Investment, Sport, Technology |
| Key people | Justin Ripman
(Senior Partner)
Claire Clarke
(Managing Partner) |
| Revenue | 131.2 million (2021/22) |
| Profit per equity partner | £470,000 (2019/20) |
| Date founded | 1789 (Francis & Co)
1880 (Mills & Reeve) |
| Company type | Limited liability partnership |
| Website | mills-reeve.com |


title: Toyomiyazaki Bunko

abstract: Toyomiyazaki Bunkō The Toyomiyazaki Bunkō (豊宮崎文庫) was a library and academy in the Edo period located in the Okamoto neighborhood of the city of Ise, Mie, Japan. It was an important resource for kokugaku scholars in the Bakumatsu period. Along with the Kanazawa Bunko and Ashikaga Bunko, it was one of the largest and most important collections in pre-modern Japan. The building once housing the collection was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1923.

text:
# Toyomiyazaki Bunko

The **Toyomiyazaki Bunkō** (豊宮崎文庫) was a library and academy in the Edo period located in the Okamoto neighborhood of the city of Ise, Mie, Japan. It was an important resource for *kokugaku* scholars in the Bakumatsu period. Along with the Kanazawa Bunko and Ashikaga Bunko, it was one of the largest and most important collections in pre-modern Japan. The building once housing the collection was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1923.

## Overview

The Toyomiyazaki Bunko was located to the south of Ise city and east of the *Gekū* (Outer Shrine) of the Ise Grand Shrine. There are records that a library existed at the Ise Grand Shrine since at least the Nara period, and was a resource used in the training of Shinto priests. This collection expanded through the Kamakura period to include ancient histories and documents, as well as books imported from China. However, during the Nanboku-chō period, the collection was split between the *Naikū* and *Gekū* which were also divided in their support between the Northern Court and the Southern Court. Despite efforts to protect the collections by relocating to other locations, a large part of the collection was destroyed in the conflict, or was dispersed to many private collectors. In the 1640s, one of the priests at the *Gekū* despaired at poor training priests were receiving and set about to restore the collection through donations and by copying ancient texts. He formed a lay association of 70 people in 1648 and acquired a building for use as a library, with an attached hall where visiting scholars gave lectures on a monthly basis. When word of this spread, the new library began to receive donations from Kii Domain, Matsue Domain, Mito Domain and others, including some texts owned by the noted scholar Hayashi Razan. Three of the founders received court ranks from Emperor Go-Kōmyō.

The library received an initial stipend of 200 *koku* from the Tokugawa shogunate, of which 20 *koku* was used to buy rice land to provide revenue for ongoing maintenance of the facilities. The library's charter specially forbid additional rice land purchases, but stated that funds should go primarily to the purchase of books, or the copying of texts which could not be acquired through donation or purchase. Enrollment was organized into an annual event, and members could borrow up to two works at one time, for a one month period. The books could not be removed from the city limits. Non-members could view works on the premises with permission of the guards.

The library itself was an eight by three bay building, with separate buildings for lectures and for receiving guests, as well as a small shrine dedicated to Sugawara no Michizane. The compound was surrounded by a high earthen wall. The buildings were renovated in 1688, 1782 and in 1815. By the time of the Meiji restoration, it is estimated that the library contained over 20,000 volumes and was a center for Shinto education.

The new Meiji government seized the collection and the buildings of the Toyomiyazaki Bunko were converted into an elementary school and the lecture hall burned down in 1891. The books were entrusted to a *ryokan* owner in Ujiyamada, but were kept under poor conditions. Over the years, numerous efforts were made by local groups to restore the Toyomiyazaki Bunko, and these efforts came to a head when it was discovered that many of the works had been illegally sold off onto the black market, and that the site of the Toyomiyazaki Bunko had been sold off to private developers. The association to restore Toyomiyazaki Bunko managed to purchase back the site, as well as more than 18,000 books of then collection. The books were given to the Jingū Library in 1897, and the land with its surviving buildings became a National Historic Site in 1923. The only original structures remaining are the tile-roofed front gate, and a part of the outer wall of the complex. The complete scale of the site is unknown, as only a portion of the land could be bought back by the association.

The site is a seven-minute walk from Iseshi Station on the JR Sangū Line.

## InfoBox

| Toyomiyazaki Bunko | |
| --- | --- |
| 豊宮崎文庫 | |
| Toyomiyazaki Bunko | |
| Toyomiyazaki BunkoToyomiyazaki Bunko (Japan) | |
| General information | |
| Town or city | Ise, Mie, Japan |
| Country | Japan |
| Coordinates | 34°29′06″N 136°42′32.6″E / 34.48500°N 136.709056°E / 34.48500; 136.709056 |
| Opened | 1648 |
| National Historic Site of Japan | |


title: Polyelectrolyte adsorption

abstract: Adsorption of polyelectrolytes on solid substrates is a surface phenomenon where long-chained polymer molecules with charged groups bind to a surface that is charged in the opposite polarity. On the molecular level, the polymers do not actually bond to the surface, but tend to "stick" to the surface via intermolecular forces and the charges created by the dissociation of various side groups of the polymer. Because the polymer molecules are so long, they have a large amount of surface area with which to contact the surface and thus do not desorb as small molecules are likely to do. This means that adsorbed layers of polyelectrolytes form a very durable coating. Due to this important characteristic of polyelectrolyte layers they are used extensively in industry as flocculants, for solubilization, as supersorbers, antistatic agents, as oil recovery aids, as gelling aids in nutrition, additives in concrete, or for blood compatibility enhancement to name a few.

text:
# Polyelectrolyte adsorption

**Adsorption of polyelectrolytes** on solid substrates is a surface phenomenon where long-chained polymer molecules with charged groups (dubbed polyelectrolytes) bind to a surface that is charged in the opposite polarity. On the molecular level, the polymers do not actually bond to the surface, but tend to "stick" to the surface via intermolecular forces and the charges created by the dissociation of various side groups of the polymer. Because the polymer molecules are so long, they have a large amount of surface area with which to contact the surface and thus do not desorb as small molecules are likely to do. This means that adsorbed layers of polyelectrolytes form a very durable coating. Due to this important characteristic of polyelectrolyte layers they are used extensively in industry as flocculants, for solubilization, as supersorbers, antistatic agents, as oil recovery aids, as gelling aids in nutrition, additives in concrete, or for blood compatibility enhancement to name a few.

## Kinetics of layer formation

Models for the adsorption behavior of polyelectrolytes in solution to a solid surface are extremely situational. Vastly different behaviors are exhibited based on varying polyelectrolyte character and concentration, ionic strength of the solution, solid surface character, and pH, among several other factors. These complex models are specialized by application for certain parameters in order to create accurate models.

### Theoretical kinetics

However, the general character of the process can be reasonably well modeled with a polyelectrolyte in solution, and an oppositely charged surface where no covalent interaction between the surface and chain occurs. This model for the adsorbed amount of polyelectrolyte at a charged surface is derived from DLVO theory, which models the interaction of charged particles in solution, and mean field theory, which simplifies systems for analysis.

Using a modified Poisson-Boltzmann equation and mean field equation, the concentration profile near a charged surface is solved numerically. The solution of these equations yields a simple relation for the adsorbed amount, Γ, based on electrolyte charge fraction, ρ, and bulk salt concentration, $c\_{b}$.

$$\Gamma =\int \_{0}^{\infty }c(x)\\,dx\\,\approx {\frac {\left\vert y\_{s}\right\vert ^{3/2}{{\lambda \_{B}{a}{p^{1/2}}}}}}$$

where $y\_{s}$ is the reduced surface potential:

$$y\_{s}={\frac {{e}{\psi \_{s}{{k\_{B}{T}\\,}}}}}$$

and $\lambda \_{B}$ is the Bjerrum length:

$$\lambda \_{B}={\frac {e^{2}{4\pi \varepsilon \_{0}\varepsilon \_{r}\ k\_{B}T},}}$$

### Layer-by-layer adsorption

Since charge plays a key role in polyelectrolyte adsorption, the initial rates of polyelectrolyte adsorption to charged surfaces are often rapid, limited only by the rate of mass-transport (diffusion) to the surface. This high rate then quickly drops off as charge accumulation at the surface occurs, and attractive forces are no longer drawing more polyelectrolyte chains to the surface. This drop in adsorption rates can be countered by exploiting the tendency for charge overcompensation to occur. In the case of a negatively charged solid surface, cationic polyelectrolate chains are adsorbed to the oppositely charged surface. Their large size and high charge densities tend to overcompensate the original negative surface charge, resulting in a net positive charge due to the cationic polyelectrolytes. This solid surface, with its cationic polyelectrolyte film and consequent positive surface charge, can then be exposed to an anionic polyelectrolyte solution, where the process begins again, creating another film with an oppositely charged surface. This process can then be repeated to create several bilayers on the solid surface.

## Effects of contents and quality of the solution

The effectiveness of polyelectrolyte adsorption is greatly affected by the contents of the solution and by the quality of the solvent in which the polyelectrolytes are dissolved. The primary mechanisms by which the solvent affects the adsorption characteristics of the surface-polymer interface are the dielectric effect of the solvent, the steric attraction or repulsion facilitated by the chemical nature of or species in the solvent, and its temperature. Repulsive steric forces are based on entropy and are caused by the reduced configuration entropy of the polymer chains. It is difficult to model precisely the interaction that any particular polyelectrolyte solution will exhibit because the steric forces are dependent upon the combination of the chemical makeup of both the polymer and the solvent as well as any ionic species present in the solution.

### Solvent choice

The interactions between a polyelectrolyte and the solvent it is placed in have a large effect on the conformation of the polymer both in solution and upon deposition onto the substrate. Due to their unique nature, polyelectrolytes have many options for solvents that traditional polymers such as polyethylene, styrene, and others, would not be soluble in. An excellent example of this is water. While water is a high-polarity solvent, it will still dissolve many polyelectrolytes. The conformation of a polyelectrolyte in solution is determined by a balance of the (usually unfavorable) interactions between the solvent and the polymer, and the electrostatic repulsion between the individual repeat units of the polymer. It has been suggested that a polyelectrolyte chain will form an elongated cylindrical globule in order to optimize its energy. Some models go further and postulate that the most efficient configuration is a series of cylindrical globules linking much larger diameter spherical globules in a "necklace" configuration.

### Good solvent

In a good solvent, the electrostatic forces between the repeat units of the polymer and the solvent are favorable. While not entirely intuitive, this causes the polymer to assume a more tightly packed conformation. This is due to the screening the solvent molecules perform between the charged repeat units of the polyelectrolyte, decreasing the electrostatic repulsion the polymer chain experiences. Since the polymer backbone does not repel itself as strongly as it would in a poor solvent, the polymer chain acts more similarly to an uncharged polymer, assuming a compact conformation.

### Poor solvent

In a poor solvent, the solvent molecules interact poorly or unfavorably with the charged portions of the polyelectrolyte. The inability of the solvent to effectively screen the charges between repeat units causes the polymer to assume a looser conformation due to electrostatic repulsion of its repeat units. These interactions allow for the polymer to be more uniformly deposited onto the substrate.

### Salt concentration

When an ionic compound is dissolved in the solvent, the ions act to screen the charges on the polyelectrolyte chains. The ionic concentration of the solution will determine the layer formation characteristics of the polyelectrolyte as well as the conformation the polymer assumes in solution.

#### High salt

High salt concentrations cause conditions similar to the interactions experienced by a polymer in a favorable solvent. Polyelectrolytes, while charged, are still mainly non-polar with carbon backbones. While the charges on the polymer backbone exert an electrostatic force that drives the polymer into a more open and loose conformation, if the surrounding solution has a high concentration of salt, then the charge repulsion will be screened. Once this charge is screened the polyelectrolyte will act as any other non-polar polymer would in a high ionic strength solution and begin to minimize interactions with the solvent. This leads to a much more clumped and dense polymer deposited onto the surface.

#### Low Salt

In a low ionic strength solution, the charges present on the repeat units of the polymer are the dominant force controlling conformation. Since there is very little charge present to screen the repulsive interactions between the repeat units, the polymer assumes a very spread out, loose conformation. This conformation allows for more uniform layering on the substrate, which is helpful in preventing surface defects and non-uniform surface properties.

## Industrial uses of polyelectrolyte layers

Polyelectrolytes can be applied to multiple types of surfaces due to the variety of ionic polymers available. They can be applied to solid surfaces in multi-layer form to fulfill a variety of design objectives, they can be used to surround solid particles to enhance the stability of a colloidal system, and they can even be assembled to form an independent structure that can be used to ferry drugs throughout the human body.

| **Polyelectrolyte** | **Full Name** | **Application** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| polyDADMAC | polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride | heavy waste water flocculant |
| PAH-Naf / PAH-PAA | poly(allylamine)-Nafion / poly (acrylic acid) | mechanically responsive variable hydrophobicity film |
| DMLPEI/PAA | linear N, N-dodecyl,methyl-poly(ethyleneimine) / poly (acrylic acid) | microbicidal coating |
| PEI | poly(ethyleneimine) | anchoring layer for biosensor electrode |
| PSS | poly (styrene sulfonate) | bilayer component for biosensor coating |
| PAH | poly (allylamine hydrochloride) | bilayer component for biosensor coating |
| PAH-PAA | poly (allylamine / poly(acrylic acid) | pH-induced controlled delivery of methylene blue |
| PAA/PEO-b-PCL | poly (acrylic acid) / polyethylene oxide - block - polycaprolactone | Triclosan drug delivery through degradation release. |
|

### Polymer coatings

Polyelectrolyte multi-layers are a promising area of research in the polymer coating industry because they can be applied in a spray-on fashion at low cost in a water-based solvent. Although the polymers are held to the surface only by electrostatic forces, the multi-layer coatings adhere aggressively under liquid shear. The disadvantage to this coating technology is that the layers have the consistency of a gel and thus are weak against abrasion.

#### Stainless steel corrosion resistance

Polyelectrolytes have been used by scientists to coat stainless steel using the layer-by-layer application method in order to inhibit corrosion. The exact mechanism by which corrosion is restricted is unknown because polyelectrolyte multi-layers are water-logged and of a gel-like consistency. One theory is that the layers form a barrier impenetrable to small ions that facilitate corrosion of the steel. Additionally, the water molecules within the multi-layer film are held in a restricted state by the ionic groups of the polyelectrolytes. This decreases the chemical activity of the water at the surface of the steel.

#### Implant enhancement

Many biomedical devices that come into contact with bodily fluids are susceptible to adverse foreign body response, or rejection and thus, failure of the device. The main mechanism of infection is the formation of a biofilm, which is a matrix of sessile bacteria consisting of around 15% bacterial cells by mass and 85% hydrophobic exopolysaccharide fibers. One way to eliminate this risk is to apply localized treatment to the area in the vicinity of the implant. This can be done by applying a drug-impregnated polyelectrolyte multi-layer to the medical device prior to implantation. The goal with this technology is to create a combination of polyelectrolyte multi-layers where one multi-layer prevents the formation of a biofilm and another releases a small-molecule drug through diffusion. This would be more effective than the current technique of releasing a high dose of drugs into the body and counting on some of it to navigate to the afflicted area. The base layer for an effective coating for an implant is DMLPEI/PAA, or linear N, N-dodecyl,methyl-poly(ethyleneimine) / poly (acrylic acid).

### Colloid stability

Another of the major applications of polyelectrolyte adsorption is the stabilization (or destabilization) of solid colloidal suspensions, or sols. Particles in solution tend to have attractive forces similar to van der Waals forces, modeled by Hamaker theory. These forces tend to cause colloidal particles to aggregate or flocculate. The Hamaker attractive effect is balanced by one or both of two repulsive effects of colloids in solution. The first is electrostatic stabilization, in which like charges of the particles repel one another. This effect is due to the zeta potential that exists due to a particle's surface charge in solution. The second is steric stabilization, due to steric effects. Drawing particles together with adsorbed polymer chains greatly decreases the conformational entropy of the polymer chains at the surface, which is thermodynamically unfavorable, making flocculation and coagulation more difficult.

The adsorption of polyelectrolytes can be used to stabilize suspensions, such as in the case of dyes and paints. It can also be used to destabilize suspensions by adsorbing oppositely charged chains to the particle surface, neutralizing the zeta-potential and causing flocculation or coagulation of contaminants. This is used heavily in waste-water treatment to force suspensions of contaminants to flocculate, allowing them to be filtered. There are a variety of industrial flocculants that are either cationic or anionic in nature for targeting particular species.

### Encapsulation of liquid cores

An application of the additional stability a polyelectrolyte multi-layer will grant a colloid is the creation of a solid coating for a liquid core. While polyelectrolyte layers are generally adsorbed onto solid substrates, they may also be adsorbed to liquid substrates such as oil in water emulsions or colloids. This process has much potential, but is rife with difficulty. Since colloids are generally stabilized by surfactants, and often ionic surfactants, the adsorption of a multi-layer that is similarly charged to the surfactant causes problems due to the electrostatic repulsion between the polyelectrolyte and the surfactant. This can be circumvented by using non-ionic surfactants; however, the solubility of these non-ionic surfactants in water is greatly decreased compared to ionic surfactants.

These cores, once created, can be used for things such as drug delivery and microreactors. For drug delivery, the polyelectrolyte shell would break down after a certain amount of time, releasing the drug and helping it travel through the digestive tract, which is one of the biggest barriers for the effectiveness of drug delivery.


title: Zentradi

abstract: Zentradi The Zentradi are a fictional, militaristic race of alien, humanoid giants and often the main antagonist in Macross media mix and its Robotech (1985) cartoon adaptation. It is transliterated as Zentradi, Zjentohlauedy, Zentrady, and Zentraedi for the Japanese Macross series, with the Zentraedi spelling being the one most used commonly in the English-dubbed Robotech adaptation. The Robotech novels and comics would add the occasional spelling T'sentraeti. In both the Macross and Robotech universes, humans and Zentradi are capable of interbreeding due to being genetically equivalent. Physically, most of them also resemble humans with pointy ears, though some have unique skin and hair colors. Prior to their first encounter with the human race, all members of the Zentradi race were artificially created through cloning.

text:
# Zentradi

The **Zentradi** (ゼントラーディ人, *Zentorādi-jin*) are a fictional, militaristic race of alien, humanoid giants and often the main antagonist in *Macross* media mix and its *Robotech* (1985) cartoon adaptation.

It is transliterated as Zentradi, Zjentohlauedy, Zentrady, and Zentraedi for the Japanese *Macross* series, with the **Zentraedi** spelling being the one most used commonly in the English-dubbed Robotech adaptation. The Robotech novels and comics would add the occasional spelling T'sentraeti. In both the *Macross* and *Robotech* universes, humans and *Zentradi* are capable of interbreeding due to being genetically equivalent. Physically, most of them also resemble humans with pointy ears, though some have unique skin and hair colors. Prior to their first encounter with the human race, all members of the Zentradi race were artificially created through cloning.

## Conception and development

The idea of extraterrestrial humanoid enemies was first conceived by Shōji Kawamori, inspired by the trend of militaristic alien antagonists from previous science fiction shows like *Space Battleship Yamato* (1974).

After the Studio Nue staff developed the final concept of what would become the Zentradi giant warrior race, artists Kazutaka Miyatake and Kawamori himself were in charge of designing the enemies' alphabet, machines and ships, while Haruhiko Mikimoto developed the Zentradi uniforms and the different alien characters.

## Appearances

### In *Macross*

In the original *Macross* anime the Zentradi were created as a spacefaring race of giant humanoid proxy warriors by the first advanced humanoid civilization in the galaxy, the humanoid **Protoculture**, 497,500 years ago. They contributed greatly to the expansion of the Protoculture Civilization's sphere of influence and the creation of an "Interstellar Republic" (akin to a galactic empire) that controlled most of the Milky Way.

As war broke out with *The Supervision Army* centuries later, the Zentradi entered into combat with their fearsomely powerful force of millions of space warships and mecha produced in thousands of huge automated factories scattered across the galaxy and legions of expendable giant clone troops. After the end of the war with the Supervision Army, the Zentradi fleets travelled the galaxy in search of Supervision Army survivors until they encountered the human race, an event that caused Space War I (2009–2010).

In order to better maintain control of the Zentradi, the Protoculture trained them only in the limited mix of skills which were necessary for the soldier's particular role in the Zentradi military. It seems that no Zentradi were trained in the repair and maintenance of their equipment, making them dependent on easily controlled supply stations and factory asteroids. The Zentradi were also segregated so that males and females could not mix, which might lead to love and/or natural procreation. Male Zentradi are also called "Zentran", which means "male" in the Zentradi language. Also, Female Zentradi are called Meltrandi, the word "Meltran" meaning "female" as well. Finally, the Zentradi were forbidden culture, and were instilled with orders to never interfere with culture-bearing planets and civilizations, again apparently to suppress independent thought and keep an iron loyalty in all the Zentradi forces.

The downfall of the Zentradi nomadic warrior civilization came during Space War I (2009), when the technologically inferior but culturally and spiritually superior "Micronians" (humans) were able to reach the buried emotions of the Zentradi through terrestrial culture and humane actions, especially music and acts of love and kindness.

After 2012, the Zentradi are estimated to have 1000–2000 fleets of sizes similar to the 4.8-million-ship Boddole Zer Main Fleet in Space War I. However, the UN government of allied Humans and Zentradi became the reigning hegemony in near-Earth galactic space.

The average Zentradi are five times the size of Earth Humans, but some of them use ancient miniaturizing cloning technology known as the *micronization process* (マイクローン化, *maikurōn-ka*) to coexist with humanity. Many integrated into each other's population where many families became a mix of both Human and Zentradi individuals.

Before the Zentradi and modern Humans made contact, the average Zentradi had the equivalent intelligence of Human primary school children, only needing to be intelligent enough to perform their assigned tasks. Since their exposure to Human society and knowledge, their potential intelligence and learning capacity has been shown to be higher.

In the first *Macross* TV series it was revealed that Commander Type Zentradi are bigger, stronger and more intelligent than the rest, while some are even able to survive in the vacuum of space for limited amounts of time. This makes it possible for them to endure hand-to-hand combat against human mecha like the VF-1 Valkyrie.

In the original *Macross* TV series the Zentradi possessed a fictional alien alphabet which was developed by Kazutaka Miyatake of the Studio Nue staff but their dialogue was automatically translated into Japanese language. However, in the *Macross: Do You Remember Love?* animated film, the Zentradi were actually shown speaking a fictional extraterrestrial language (that also was developed for the movie by the Studio Nue production staff) as subtitles were provided for the audience.

The Zentradi alphabet from the original *Macross* TV series and the spoken form of the Zentradi language from the *Macross: Do You Remember Love?* film appeared again in the *Macross 7: Encore* OVA and the *Macross Frontier* animated television series. Both the fictional Zentradi language and its alphabet have been used in several video games that take place in the *Macross* universe.

In *Macross 7* (2045), the Zentradi are noted to be especially fearful towards other alien creatures known as the *Protodeviln* to the point of it being a reflex.

During the third Macross TV series, *Macross Frontier* (2059), the Zentradi are shown to live among humans in both macronized (giant) and micronized (human sized) form in the outer space colonies. This includes having Zentradi sized buildings and facilities, including shopping malls with similarly sized products. They also seem to change sizes at will using the cloning technology described before. In the new series, some Zentradi-Human hybrids also share the ability to have their hair move on its own according to their feelings, as well as having an above-average resistance to space vacuum.

#### Meltlandi

In the *Macross* setting, Meltlandi or Meltlan is the term for female Zentradi, a giant humanoid alien warrior race segregated by gender.

In the first *Macross* animated TV series, the female Zentradi collaborated with the male Zentradi in Space War I against the Humans, but the two genders were segregated into separate fleets to prevent direct interaction. The segregated fleets shared the same ship types (with different color schemes), but employed different armor and vehicle complements. Neither the word "Meltlandi" nor any derivative was coined or used in this series.

*Macross: Do You Remember Love?* reimagined the female Zentradi as their own faction fighting against the male Zentradi for millennia. The movie also introduced the term "Meltlan" as the term for "female" in the Zentradi language (a language created for the movie). The corresponding term in the Zentradi language for "male" is "Zentran". The later series *Macross 7*, incorporated the term "Meltlan" in its dialogue to refer to female Zentradi. The liner notes for the series explained the term was popularized among Humans by a 2031 movie depicting Space War I.

Probably the best known female Zentradi is Milia Fallyna Jenius, the most renowned Zentradi pilot that the humans have encountered. The spelling and pronunciation of these terms is difficult to interpret, as the Japanese language uses a series of characters that split the difference, phonetically, between the English letters "L" and "R", and thus can be transliterated as either.

### In *Robotech*

In the American adaptation of the series (Harmony Gold, 1985) the Zentraedi were originally a genetically engineered race of giant clones that served the people of the habitable moon Tirol from their inhospitable mother planet Fantoma. In time, the ruling leaders of Tirol became the Robotech Masters, and the Zentraedi were transformed from miners to soldiers for the Masters' galactic empire.

The traits and behaviors of the Robotech Zentraedi are substantially the same as those of their Macross counterparts. However, although segregation by gender remains a central premise, the word "Zentraedi" refers equally to males and females in Robotech, with no use of the word "Meltrandi" occurring. Additionally, in Robotech continuity, the near-totality of Zentraedi in existence is found between Dolza's Main Fleet of 4.8 million warships destroyed by the SDF-1, the unified forces of Breetai and Azonia that fight alongside the SDF-1, and one additional substantive fleet led by Commander Reno and tasked with protecting the Robotech Factory Satellite. With the defeat of both Dolza and Reno, and enormous losses suffered by the allied forces in the course of their campaigns, very few of a race that once numbered into billions are known to remain alive by the end of Robotech's Macross Saga—a significant difference from the Macross continuity, where thousands of fleets on par with Dolza's said to exist.

## Reception

In Anime Classics Zettai! Brian Clamp and Julie Davis describe the Zentradi as "a parody of tendencies in human civilisation" and compare them to the Laputans from Gulliver's Travels.

## InfoBox

| Zentradi | |
| --- | --- |
| *Macross* race | |
| A "Zentradi" soldier sporting heavy combat armour. The yellow and black Zentradi emblem can be seen in their chest. | |
| First appearance | *The Super Dimension Fortress Macross* (1982) |
| In-universe information | |
| Home world | Interstellar Republic |


title: Vierlingsbeek railway station

abstract: Vierlingsbeek is a railway station located in Vierlingsbeek, Netherlands. It is situated on the Nijmegen–Venlo railway. The train services are operated by Arriva. The station building was demolished in 2004.

text:
# Vierlingsbeek railway station

**Vierlingsbeek** is a railway station located in Vierlingsbeek, Netherlands. It is situated on the Nijmegen–Venlo railway. The train services are operated by Arriva. The station building was demolished in 2004.

## Train services

The following local train services call at this station:

* *Stoptrein*: Nijmegen–Venlo–Roermond
* *Stoptrein*: Nijmegen–Venray

## InfoBox

| Vierlingsbeek | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Netherlands |
| Coordinates | 51°35′32″N 5°59′48″E / 51.59222°N 5.99667°E / 51.59222; 5.99667 |
| Line(s) | Nijmegen–Venlo railway |
| History | |
| Opened | 1882 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Arriva Following station  Boxmeertowards Nijmegen  Stoptrein 32200  Venraytowards Roermond  Stoptrein 32300  VenrayTerminus | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  VierlingsbeekLocation within Netherlands | |


title: Toyomichi Kurita

abstract: Toyomichi Kurita is a Japanese cinematographer who has worked in both Japan and the United States. Kurita won the Independent Spirit Award for Best Cinematography for Trouble in Mind (1985) with two additional nominations for The Moderns (1988) and Powwow Highway (1989), and was nominated for a Japanese Academy Award for his work on Nagisa Oshima's 1999 film Taboo. He has collaborated with directors like Oshima, Alan Rudolph, Paul Schrader, Tyler Perry, Robert Altman, and Takashi Miike. He is an alumnus of the American Film Institute Conservatory.

text:
# Toyomichi Kurita

**Toyomichi Kurita** (栗田 豊道 *Kurita Toyomichi*; born 1950) is a Japanese cinematographer who has worked in both Japan and the United States.

Kurita won the Independent Spirit Award for Best Cinematography for *Trouble in Mind* (1985) with two additional nominations for *The Moderns* (1988) and *Powwow Highway* (1989), and was nominated for a Japanese Academy Award for his work on Nagisa Oshima's 1999 film *Taboo.* He has collaborated with directors like Oshima, Alan Rudolph, Paul Schrader, Tyler Perry, Robert Altman, and Takashi Miike. He is an alumnus of the American Film Institute Conservatory.

## Biography

Kurita graduated from the AFI Conservatory's cinematography program with a Master of Fine Arts in 1981.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Director | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1979 | *The Man Who Stole the Sun* | Kazuhiko Hasegawa | 2nd unit photography
Photographed by Tatsuo Suzuki |
| 1984 | *Night Patrol* | Jackie Kong | Additional photography
Photographed by Hanania Baer & Jurg V. Walther |
| | *Big Wave* | Walt Mulconery | Documentary film |
| 1985 | *Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters* | Paul Schrader | 2nd unit photography
Photographed by John Bailey |
| | *Hard Rock Zombies* | Krishna Shah | 2nd unit photography
Photographed by Tom Richmond |
| | *Trouble in Mind* | Alan Rudolph | Independent Spirit Award for Best Cinematography |
| 1988 | | *The Moderns* | Nominated- Independent Spirit Award for Best Cinematography |
| 1989 | *Blood Red* | Peter Masterson |  |
| | *Powwow Highway* | Jonathan Wacks | Nominated- Independent Spirit Award for Best Cinematography |
| | *Shadow of China* | Mitsuo Yanagimachi |  |
| 1991 | *A Rage in Harlem* | Bill Duke |  |
| | *Grand Isle* | Mary Lambert |  |
| | *Convicts* | Peter Masterson |  |
| 1993 | *Moving* | Shinji Sōmai |  |
| 1994 | *Lakota Woman: Siege at Wounded Knee* | Frank Pierson |  |
| 1995 | *Waiting to Exhale* | Forest Whitaker |  |
| 1996 | *Homecoming* | Mark Jean |  |
| | *Infinity* | Matthew Broderick |  |
| | *Crime of the Century* | Mark Rydell |  |
| 1997 | *Afterglow* | Alan Rudolph |  |
| 1999 | *Cookie's Fortune* | Robert Altman |  |
| | *Taboo* | Nagisa Oshima | Nominated- Japanese Academy Award for Best Cinematography |
| 2004 | *First Daughter* | Forest Whitaker |  |
| 2006 | *Madea's Family Reunion* | Tyler Perry |  |
| | *Imprint* | Takashi Miike |  |
| 2007 | *Daddy's Little Girls* | Tyler Perry |  |
| | *Sukiyaki Western Django* | Takashi Miike | Sitges Maria Award for Best Cinematography |
| | *Why Did I Get Married?* | Tyler Perry |  |
| 2008 | | *The Family That Preys* |  |
| 2009 | *Toad's Oil* | Kōji Yakusho |  |
| 2010 | *Why Did I Get Married Too?* | Tyler Perry |  |
| 2011 | *Madea's Big Happy Family* | |  |
| 2013 | *The Brain Man* | Tomoyuki Takimoto |  |

## InfoBox

| Toyomichi Kurita | |
| --- | --- |
| 栗田 豊道 | |
| Born | Toyomichi Kurita
1950 (age 7374)
Mito, Ibaraki, Japan |
| Alma mater | AFI Conservatory |
| Occupation | Cinematographer |
| Years active | 1974present |
| Awards | **Independent Spirit Award for Best Cinematography**
1986 *Trouble in Mind* |
|  | |
|  | |
| Japanese name | |
| Kanji | 栗田 豊道 |
| Hiragana | くりた とよみち |
| Katakana | クリタ トヨミチ |
| Transcriptions  Romanization Kurita Toyomichi | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Webster White

abstract: Webster White was an American politician from Maryland. He served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, representing Cecil County in 1896.

text:
# Webster White

**Webster White** (1860 – September 15, 1923) was an American politician from Maryland. He served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, representing Cecil County in 1896.

## Early life

Webster White was born in 1860 at Brick Meeting House in Calvert, Maryland, to Martha (née Caldwell) and Milton White. His father worked as a mail carrier, warehouse worker, and an educator at New London Academy. White was educated at West Nottingham Academy and the Friends' select school.

## Career

At the age of 18, White worked as a shipping clerk for one year at an iron works in Wilmington, Delaware. He was then an instructor at schools in Cecil County, Maryland, and Chester County, Pennsylvania, from 1880 to 1892.

White was a Republican. He served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, representing Cecil County in 1896.

In July 1892, White purchased his father's 80 acres (32 ha) farm in Cecil County.

## Personal life

White married Annie Ramsey, daughter of John Ramsey. They had two daughters and one son, Esther, Elizabeth and David.

White accidentally shot himself with a shotgun while hunting near his home in Calvert on September 15, 1923. He was buried in Rosebank Cemetery.

## InfoBox

| Webster White | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Maryland House of Delegates
from the Cecil County district | |
| **In office**
1896–1896Serving with Lewis T. Logan and William J. Smith | |
| Preceded by | Frank H. Mackie, Richard L. Thomas Jr., George S. Woolley |
| Succeeded by | John H. Jenness, Wilmer D. Thompson, John S. Wirt |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1860 (1860)
Calvert, Maryland, U.S. |
| Died | September 15, 1923(1923-09-15) (aged 62–63)
Calvert, Maryland, U.S. |
| Resting place | Rosebank Cemetery |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Annie Ramsey |
| Children | 3 |
| Occupation | * Politician * clerk * educator * farmer |
|  | |


title: TI-34

abstract: The TI-34 name is a branding used by Texas Instruments for its mid-range scientific calculators aimed at the educational market. The first TI-34 model was introduced in 1987 as a midpoint between the TI-30 series and the TI-35/TI-36 series. Earlier models included Boolean algebra features, though these were removed with the introduction of the TI-34II in 1999, which focuses more on fractional calculations and other subjects common in middle and high school math and science curricula.

text:
# TI-34

The **TI-34** name is a branding used by Texas Instruments for its mid-range scientific calculators aimed at the educational market. The first TI-34 model was introduced in 1987 as a midpoint between the TI-30 series and the TI-35/TI-36 series. Earlier models included Boolean algebra features, though these were removed with the introduction of the TI-34II in 1999, which focuses more on fractional calculations and other subjects common in middle and high school math and science curricula.

## TI-34 (1987)

The feature sets were similar to TI-36 SOLAR introduced in 1986, but without complex number support, normal distribution stat functions (P(), Q(), R()), permutations, combinations, factorials, user-accessible operand registers. However, it added fraction mode display and conversion (pure/mixed), boolean logic operations (NOT, AND, OR, XOR, XNOR) over contemporary TI-35 PLUS/36 SOLAR.

It uses the Toshiba T7988 processor.

The key and case design was based on contemporary TI-30 SLR, TI-31, TI-32, rather than TI-35/36.

It was manufactured by Inventec Corporation in Taiwan.

### 1989

It was identical to the 1987 model in functionality, except the red keys are now in blue.

### 1991

It uses a smaller solar cell than its predecessor. Key colours were changed slightly.

It was manufactured in Malaysia.

### 1994

The motherboard was smaller compared to the predecessors.

Cosmetic changes include reverting to the key colour scheme used in the 1987 model.

It was manufactured in Italy.

### 1996 (Malaysia)

It was manufactured in Malaysia.

### 1996 (China)

Cosmetic changes include rounder case and keys.

It was manufactured in China.

### The Educator Advanced (1992)

It is a version sold by Stokes Publishing Company, Inc. It is designed for overhead projector use.

It was manufactured in China.

#### 1997

Changes are cosmetic, which uses round keys and different key colours.

### ORION TI-34 (1999)

It is a version sold by Orbit Research, designed for people with disabilities. It includes speech features. Power source comes from 9V battery instead of solar panel.

## TI-34 II Explorer Plus (1999)

It was based on the SR16 design from Kinpo Electronics.

Power sources come from smaller solar cells than the 1994 TI-34, and CR2025 battery.

Feature set was based on TI-36X II, but without unit conversions and constants, base calculations, boolean algebra, complex value functions (abs now only works in real numbers), integral calculation, engineering notation display modes, gradian angle mode, percentage sign, three 2-variable statistic modes (logarithmic, exponent, power), hyperbolic trigonometry.

Functions added over TI-36X II (primarily coming from the TI-32 Math Explorer Plus) include rounding by digits, min/max, lcm/gcd, cube/cubic root, remainder, integer division, percentage conversion, unsimplified fraction, adjustable fraction simplification factor.

### 2004

It was a cosmetic redesign of the 1999 model. Changes include new coloured keys and screen frame.

It was manufactured in China.

### TI-40 Collège II (1999)

It is a version for Belgium, France and Italy markets.

New features over TI-34 II include supports the French fractions.

Interface changes include removal of UNIT key.

Power source does not include solar panel.

#### 2004

It was a cosmetic redesign of the 1999 model. Changes include new coloured keys and screen frame.

It was manufactured by Nam Tai Electronics, Inc. in China for European market.

### TI-Collège (2005)

It was based on 2004 version of TI-40 Collège II, but added the ability to use percentage sign (from TI-36X II), engineering notation mode (from TI-36X II), scientific notation conversion.

Interface change include the use of French labels on keys and screen. The keys are rearranged so that trigonometrical functions sin, cos and tan are accessible without using menu.

It was manufactured by Nam Tai Electronics, Inc. in China for European market.

## TI-34 MultiView (2008)

The MultiView series was originally announced with the release of TI-30XS MultiView in 2007. However, design problems caused release delay of the product line to February 2008.

It features 96×31 pixel screen, which can fit 4 text lines on screen (5 for menus).

MathPrint feature displays mathematical formulae in textbook format.

Data editor allow storing up to 3 lists with 42 items per list. The list values are used in statistic modes as sample points.

Memory registers were increased to 7. For statistic or constant entry, an expression has a maximum of 47 characters.

New mathematical functions over TI-34X II include percentage sign, list conversions.

It was manufactured by Nam Tai Electronics, Inc. in China.

### TI-Collège Plus (2008)

Following design changes in TI-Collège, the key labels are in French.

New features over TI-34 MultiView include Gradian angle mode, Engineering notation mode, scientific notation conversion, median, 25/75-percentile, algebraic factorization, 2x2 linear equation solver, factor decomposition, list generation by function.

Features removed from TI-34 MultiView include mixed fraction mode, polar-cartesian conversion pair function, cube/cubic root, ipart().

It was manufactured by Nam Tai Electronics, Inc. in China for European market.

#### TI-SmartView Collège Plus

It is an emulator for TI-Collège Plus, designed for Windows 2000 and Mac OS X 10.4.

### The Educator TI-34 MultiView (2008)

It is a version of TI-34 MultiView sold by Stokes Publishing Company, Inc., designed for overhead projector use.

It was manufactured in China.


title: TI-35

abstract: Texas Instruments TI-35 was a series of scientific calculators by Texas Instruments. The original TI-35 was notable for being one of Texas Instruments' first use of CMOS controller chips in their designs, and was at the time distinguished from the lower-end TI-30 line by the addition of some statistics functions.

text:
# TI-35

**Texas Instruments TI-35** was a series of scientific calculators by Texas Instruments. The original TI-35 was notable for being one of Texas Instruments' first use of CMOS controller chips in their designs, and was at the time distinguished from the lower-end TI-30 line by the addition of some statistics functions.

## TI-35 (1979)

It was built with the same slimline design as the 1978 TI-30, but with different processor and slightly changed feature set.

It used TP0324-4N processor (CMOS variant of TMS1000 family).

The display can handle 8 digits (5 digit mantissa with a 2-digit exponent) with 11-digit internal precision.

It was manufactured in the USA.

1980

It was a version with TP0324-4NL processor, which increased accuracy.

1982

It was a version with CD4557, which increased accuracy over the TP processor.

Cosmetic updates, include silver shell and new keyboard styling.

It was manufactured in the USA.

## TI-35 (1982)

It retained the 1982 styling, but used CD4557 processor.

## TI-35 GALAXY (1984)

It is a horizontal variant, but the functionality was identical to the European 1984 TI-30 GALAXY.

Solar version was called TI-35 GALAXY SOLAR.

## TI-35 II (1984)

It is a replacement for the 1979 TI-35.

It used TP0456A or CD4557 processor.

It was originally built in Taiwan, but later in Italy and USA.

## TI-35 PLUS (1986)

It added hexadecimal and octal calculations and a 10+2 display (i.e. 10 digit mantissa with a 2-digit exponent) with 12-digit internal precision.

## TI-35X (1991)

The design was based on contemporary TI-68. The cosmetics were updated in 1993.

## End of life

Following the update of TI-36X Solar in 1996, the TI-35 designation was discontinued after 10 years of coexisting with the TI-36 line.


title: Szuperkupa

abstract: The Hungarian Super Cup is an annual association football match between the League champions and the Cup winners.

text:
# Szuperkupa

The **Hungarian Super Cup** is an annual association football match between the League (Nemzeti Bajnokság I) champions and the Cup (Magyar Kupa) winners.

## Winners

Key
|  | Nemzeti Bajnokság I Champions |
| --- | --- |
| * | Magyar Kupa Winners |
|  | Nemzeti Bajnokság I Runners-up |
| **D** | Holders of League and Cup Double |
| **NH** | Not Held due to heavy schedule of the clubs |

| Edition | Winners |  |  | Finalists | Results |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1992 | Újpest FC | * |  | Ferencváros | 3–1 |
| 1993 | Ferencváros | * |  | Budapest Honvéd | 2–1 |
| 1994 | Ferencváros | * |  | Vác | 2–1 |
| 1995 | Ferencváros | **D** |  | |  |
| 1996 | *Ferencváros* | **NH** | **NH** | *Budapest Honvéd* | |
| 1997 | MTK Budapest | **D** |  | | |
| 1998 | *Újpest FC* | **NH\*** | **NH\*** | *MTK Budapest* | |
| 1999 | *MTK Budapest* | **NH** | **NH** | *Debrecen* | |
| 2000 | *Dunaújváros FC* | **NH** | **NH** | *MTK Budapest* | |
| 2001 | *Ferencváros* | **NH** | **NH** | *Debrecen* | |
| 2002 | Újpest FC | * |  | Zalaegerszeg | 3–1 |
| 2003 | MTK Budapest |  | * | Ferencváros | 2–0 |
| 2004 | Ferencváros | **D** |  | |  |
| 2005 | Debrecen |  | * | FC Sopron | 2–4 Away 3–0 Home |
| 2006 | Debrecen |  | * | Videoton | 1–0 Away 2–1 Home |
| 2007 | Debrecen |  | * | Budapest Honvéd | 1–1 Away 3–0 Home |
| 2008 | MTK Budapest |  | * | Debrecen | 0–0 (3–2 pen.) |
| 2009 | Debrecen |  | * | Budapest Honvéd | 1–0 |
| 2010 | Debrecen |  |  | Videoton | 1–0 |
| 2011 | Videoton |  | * | Kecskeméti TE | 1–0 |
| 2012 | Videoton |  |  | Debrecen | 1–1 (5–3 pen.) |
| 2013 | Győri |  | * | Debrecen | 3–0 |
| 2014 | Újpest FC | * |  | Debrecen | 0–0 (5–4 pen.) |
| 2015 | Ferencváros | * |  | Videoton | 3–0 |
| 2016 | Ferencváros | **D** |  | |  |

(\*) due to violent incidents during the recent 1997–98 Magyar Kupa Final between MTK Budapest FC and Újpest FC.

## Performances

### Performances by club

| Club | Winners | Finalists | Winning editions | Runners-up editions |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ferencváros | 6 | 2 | 1993, 1994, 1995, 2004, 2015, 2016 | 1992, 2003 |
| Debrecen | 5 | 4 | 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010 | 2008, 2012, 2013, 2014 |
| Újpest FC | 3 |  | 1992, 2002, 2014 |  |
| MTK Budapest | 3 |  | 1997, 2003, 2008 |  |
| Videoton | 2 | 3 | 2011, 2012 | 2006, 2010, 2015 |
| Győri | 1 |  | 2013 |  |
| Budapest Honvéd |  | 3 |  | 1993, 2007, 2009 |
| Kecskeméti TE |  | 1 |  | 2011 |
| FC Sopron |  | 1 |  | 2005 |
| Vác |  | 1 |  | 1994 |
| Zalaegerszeg |  | 1 |  | 2002 |

Magyar Kupa

* "Hungary - List of Super Cup Finals". *RSSSF*. Retrieved 9 May 2012.

## InfoBox

Magyar Szuperkupa
| Founded | 1992 |
| --- | --- |
| Region | Hungary |
| Number of teams | 2 |
| Current champions | Ferencváros<br>(6th title) |
| Most successful club(s) | Ferencváros (6 titles) |
| Television broadcasters | Magyar Televízió |
| Website |  |


title: Sărata, Bacău

abstract: Sărata is a commune in Bacău County, Western Moldavia, Romania. It is composed of two villages, Bălțata and Sărata. These were part of Nicolae Bălcescu Commune until 2004, when they were split off. At the 2011 census, 99.8% of inhabitants were ethnic Romanians.

text:
# Sărata, Bacău

**Sărata** is a commune in Bacău County, Western Moldavia, Romania. It is composed of two villages, Bălțata and Sărata. These were part of Nicolae Bălcescu Commune until 2004, when they were split off. At the 2011 census, 99.8% of inhabitants were ethnic Romanians.

## InfoBox

| Sărata | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Location in Bacău County | |
| SărataLocation in Romania | |
| Coordinates: 46°30′N 26°52′E / 46.500°N 26.867°E / 46.500; 26.867 | |
| Country | Romania |
| County | Bacău |
| Population (2021-12-01) | 2,257 |
| Time zone | EET/EEST (UTC+2/+3) |
| Vehicle reg. | BC |


title: TAF2

abstract: Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF2 gene. Initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II requires the activities of more than 70 polypeptides. The protein that coordinates these activities is transcription factor IID (TFIID), which binds to the core promoter to position the polymerase properly, serves as the scaffold for assembly of the remainder of the transcription complex, and acts as a channel for regulatory signals. TFIID is composed of the TATA binding protein (TBP) and a group of evolutionarily conserved proteins known as TBP-associated factors or TAFs. TAFs may participate in basal transcription, serve as coactivators, function in promoter recognition or modify general transcription factors (GTFs) to facilitate complex assembly and transcription initiation. This gene encodes one of the larger subunits of TFIID that is stably associated with the TFIID complex. It contributes to interactions at and downstream of the transcription initiation site, interactions that help determine transcription complex response to activators.

text:
# TAF2

**Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 2** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *TAF2* gene.

Initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II requires the activities of more than 70 polypeptides. The protein that coordinates these activities is transcription factor IID (TFIID), which binds to the core promoter to position the polymerase properly, serves as the scaffold for assembly of the remainder of the transcription complex, and acts as a channel for regulatory signals. TFIID is composed of the TATA binding protein (TBP) and a group of evolutionarily conserved proteins known as TBP-associated factors or TAFs. TAFs may participate in basal transcription, serve as coactivators, function in promoter recognition or modify general transcription factors (GTFs) to facilitate complex assembly and transcription initiation. This gene encodes one of the larger subunits of TFIID that is stably associated with the TFIID complex. It contributes to interactions at and downstream of the transcription initiation site, interactions that help determine transcription complex response to activators.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| TAF2 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Available structures  PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | TAF2, CIF150, MRT40, TAF2B, TAFII150, TATA-box binding protein associated factor 2 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 604912; MGI: 2443028; HomoloGene: 31137; GeneCards: TAF2; OMA:TAF2 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_003184   NM\_001081288<br>NM\_177040   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_003175   NP\_001074757   Location (UCSC) Chr 8: 119.73 – 119.83 Mb Chr 15: 54.88 – 54.94 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: TAF7

abstract: Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 7 also known as TAFII55 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF7 gene.

text:
# TAF7

**Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 7** also known as TAFII55 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *TAF7* gene.

## Function

The intronless gene for this transcription coactivator is located between the protocadherin beta and gamma gene clusters on chromosome 5. The protein encoded by this gene is a component of the TFIID protein complex, a complex which binds to the TATA box in class II promoters and recruits RNA polymerase II and other factors. This particular subunit interacts with the largest TFIID subunit, as well as multiple transcription activators. The protein is required for transcription by promoters targeted by RNA polymerase II.

| TAFII55\_N | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | TAFII55\_N |
| Pfam | PF04658 |
| InterPro | IPR006751 |
| Available protein structures:  Pfam structures / ECOD  PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj  PDBsum structure summary | |

The general transcription factor, TFIID, consists of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) associated with a series of TBP-associated factors (TAFs) that together participate in the assembly of the transcription preinitiation complex. TAFII55 binds to TAFII250 and inhibits its acetyltransferase activity. The exact role of TAFII55 is currently unknown but studies have shown that it interacts with the C-jun pathway. The conserved region is situated towards the N-terminal of the protein. This entry talks about the N-terminal domain.

Crystallographic studies have revealed a very significant hydrophobic pocket between TAF7 and TAF1, its main binding partner. Due to the incredible hydrophobicity of this interaction, it is unlikely that TAF1 would be able to fold properly without the presence of TAF7. Thus, it is possible that TAF7 is required for proper production of TAF1

## Interactions

TAF7 has been shown to interact with:

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| TAF7 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Available structures  PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | TAF7, TAF2F, TAFII55, TATA-box binding protein associated factor 7 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 600573; MGI: 1346348; HomoloGene: 133942; GeneCards: TAF7; OMA:TAF7 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_005642   NM\_175770   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_005633   NP\_786964   Location (UCSC) Chr 5: 141.26 – 141.32 Mb Chr 18: 37.77 – 37.78 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: TRNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase

abstract:
In enzymology, a tRNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
  - S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA ⇌ S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 5-methylcytosine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and tRNA, whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and tRNA containing 5-methylcytosine. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S-adenosyl-L-methionine:tRNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase. Other names in common use include transfer ribonucleate cytosine 5-methyltransferase, and transfer RNA cytosine 5-methyltransferase.

text:
# TRNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase

In enzymology, a **tRNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase** (EC 2.1.1.29) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA $\rightleftharpoons $ S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 5-methylcytosine

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and tRNA, whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and tRNA containing 5-methylcytosine.

This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is **S-adenosyl-L-methionine:tRNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase**. Other names in common use include **transfer ribonucleate cytosine 5-methyltransferase**, and **transfer RNA cytosine 5-methyltransferase**.

* Hurwitz J, Gold M, Anders M (1964). "The Enzymatic Methylation of Ribonucleic Acid and Deoxyribonucleic Acid. 3. Purification of Soluble Ribonucleic Acid-Methylating Enzymes". *J. Biol. Chem*. **239**: 3462–3473. PMID 14245404.
* Bjork GR, Svensson I (1969). "Studies on microbial RNA. Fractionation of tRNA methylases from Saccharomyces cerevisiae". *Eur. J. Biochem*. **9** (2): 207–215. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1969.tb00596.x. PMID 4896260.
* Keith JM, Winters EM, Moss B (1980). "Purification and characterization of a HeLa cell transfer RNA(cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase". *J. Biol. Chem*. **255** (10): 4636–4644. PMID 7372600.

## InfoBox

| tRNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 2.1.1.29 |
| CAS no. | 37256-97-6 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Sărulești, Buzău

abstract: Sărulești is a commune in Buzău County, Muntenia, Romania. It is composed of seven villages: Cărătnău de Jos, Cărătnău de Sus, Goicelu, Sările-Cătun, Sărulești, Valea Largă-Sărulești and Valea Stânei.

text:
# Sărulești, Buzău

**Sărulești** is a commune in Buzău County, Muntenia, Romania. It is composed of seven villages: Cărătnău de Jos, Cărătnău de Sus, Goicelu, Sările-Cătun, Sărulești, Valea Largă-Sărulești and Valea Stânei.

## InfoBox

| Sărulești | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Location in Buzău County | |
| SăruleștiLocation in Romania | |
| Coordinates: 45°30′N 26°45′E / 45.500°N 26.750°E / 45.500; 26.750 | |
| Country | Romania |
| County | Buzău |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202024) | Nicolae Dinu (PSD) |
| Population (2021-12-01) | 1,068 |
| Time zone | EET/EEST (UTC+2/+3) |
| Vehicle reg. | BZ |


title: TRIM69

abstract: Tripartite motif containing 69 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM69 gene.

text:
# TRIM69

**Tripartite motif containing 69** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM69 gene.

## Function

This gene encodes a member of the RING-B-box-coiled-coil (RBCC) family and encodes a protein with an N-terminal RING finger motif, a PRY domain and a C-terminal SPRY domain. The mouse ortholog of this gene is specifically expressed in germ cells at the round spermatid stages during spermatogenesis and, when overexpressed, induces apoptosis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described.

* PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM69

## Further reading

*This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.*

## InfoBox

| TRIM69 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Available structures  PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | TRIM69, HSD-34, HSD34, RNF36, Trif, tripartite motif containing 69 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 616017; MGI: 1918178; HomoloGene: 18827; GeneCards: TRIM69; OMA:TRIM69 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_182985
NM\_001301144
NM\_001301145
NM\_001301146
NM\_080745   NM\_080510
NM\_001379369   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001288073
NP\_001288074
NP\_001288075
NP\_542783
NP\_892030   NP\_536771
NP\_001366298   Location (UCSC) Chr 15: 44.73 – 44.77 Mb Chr 2: 121.99 – 122.01 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: TV Action Jazz!

abstract: TV Action Jazz! is an album by American jazz guitarist Mundell Lowe and his All Stars featuring their interpretations of theme music from private eye, legal and police drama television programs recorded in 1959 for the RCA Camden label.

text:
# TV Action Jazz!

***TV Action Jazz!*** is an album by American jazz guitarist Mundell Lowe and his All Stars featuring their interpretations of theme music from private eye, legal and police drama television programs recorded in 1959 for the RCA Camden label.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Allmusic* |  |

Allmusic awarded the album 4 stars with its review by Scott Yanow stating, "this is an album worth searching for. The solos are excellent and the music is much better than expected".

## Track listing

1. "Peter Gunn" (Henry Mancini) - 2:21
2. ""Mike Hammer" (David Kahn, Melvyn Leonard) - 3:13
3. "Perry Mason Theme" (Fred Steiner) - 1:51
4. "77 Sunset Strip" (Mack David, Jerry Livingston) - 4:46
5. "M Squad" (Count Basie) - 4:19
6. "The Thin Man" (Pete Rugolo) - 2:34
7. "Naked City" (George Duning, Ned Washington) - 4:27
8. "Fall Out! (from *Peter Gunn*)" (Mancini) - 3:50

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| TV Action Jazz! | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Mundell Lowe and his All Stars | |
| Released | 1959 |
| Recorded | February 3, 4 & 5, 1959
New York City |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Label | RCA Camden
CAL-522 |
| Producer | Chick Crumpacker and Frank O'Donnell |
| Mundell Lowe chronology | |
| *Porgy & Bess*
(1958) ***TV Action Jazz!***
(1959) *Themes from Mr. Lucky, the Untouchables and Other TV Action Jazz*
(1960) | |


title: TDLS

abstract: TDLS, shortened from Tunneled Direct Link Setup, is "a seamless way to stream media and other data faster between devices already on the same Wi-Fi network." Devices using it communicate directly with one another, without involving the wireless network's router. Wi-Fi Alliance added certification for TDLS in 2012. It describes this feature as technology that enables devices to link directly to one another when connected to a traditional Wi-Fi network. Wi-Fi CERTIFIED TDLS devices can set up secure links and transfer data directly between them. TDLS-linked devices benefit from an optimized connection to do things such as streaming video or synching content, without burdening the network as a whole. The IEEE has endorsed this as the IEEE 802.11z standard. Google's Cast protocol used by Chromecast utilizes TDLS to initiate screen mirroring.

text:
# TDLS

**TDLS**, shortened from **Tunneled Direct Link Setup**, is "a seamless way to stream media and other data faster between devices already on the same Wi-Fi network." Devices using it communicate directly with one another, without involving the wireless network's router.

Wi-Fi Alliance added certification for TDLS in 2012. It describes this feature as technology that enables devices to link directly to one another when connected to a traditional Wi-Fi network. Wi-Fi CERTIFIED TDLS devices can set up secure links and transfer data directly between them. TDLS-linked devices benefit from an optimized connection to do things such as streaming video or synching content, without burdening the network as a whole.

The IEEE has endorsed this as the **IEEE 802.11z** standard.

Google's Cast protocol used by Chromecast utilizes TDLS to initiate screen mirroring.


title: Taavi Eelmaa

abstract: Taavi Eelmaa is an Estonian stage and film actor.

text:
# Taavi Eelmaa

**Taavi Eelmaa** (born 15 June 1971) is an Estonian stage and film actor.

## Biography

### Career

Born and raised in Tallinn, he is the son of actor Aleksander Eelmaa and Reet Eelmaa. Taavi Eelmaa began studies at the Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre, graduating in 1996. Among his graduating classmates were Karin Tammaru, Ain Prosa, René Reinumägi, Indrek Saar, Tarvo Sõmer, and Ardo Ran Varres. After graduating, he worked for six years at the Estonian Drama Theatre in Tallinn, and from 2002 to present at the Von Krahl Theatre in Tallinn.

Eelmaa made his screen debut in 1993 in the Rainer Sarnet-directed short film *Merehaigus* (English: *Seasickness*) and has gone on to appear in roles in numerous Estonian films. Among his more memorable roles were as Theo in the 2007 Veiko Õunpuu-directed drama *Sügisball* (English: *Autumn Ball*), inspired by Estonian writer Mati Unt's novel of the same name, and as the title character in Õunpuu's 2009 black comedy *Püha Tõnu kiusamine* (English: *The Temptation of St. Tony*). The film was selected as Estonia's submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 83rd Academy Awards, but it didn't make the final shortlist. He has also appeared on television, most notably as the character Priit Post in the Kanal 2 crime series *Kelgukoerad*.

## Selected filmography

## InfoBox

| Taavi Eelmaa | |
| --- | --- |
| Eelmaa in 2021 | |
| Born | (1971-06-15) 15 June 1971<br>Tallinn, Estonia |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1993–present |