title: Okigwe

abstract: Okigwe is the third largest city in Imo state in Nigeria after Owerri and Orlu. Okigwe is located in the Okigwe Local Government Area (LGA) of Nigeria. The city lies between the Port Harcourt-Enugu-Maiduguri rail line, being the nearest city to the biggest cattle market in Nigeria located in the Umu Nneochi Area of Abia state. Thus, the city has grown into a major cattle transit town for the South-East and South subregions of Nigeria. Okigwe has a population of 132,237. Most of the population is made up of immigrant workers from other states. Okigwe city was the primary host site of the old Imo State University. Okigwe has various tourist and historical sites. Okigwe remains one of the breadbaskets of Nigeria with terrace cultivation practised on its hilly farmlands. St. Mary's Cathedral in Okigwe is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Okigwe. In 2016, the Imo state government recommissioned a new cattle market in the city in respect to the previous one that has been relocated to Abia.

text:
# Okigwe

**Okigwe** is the third largest city in Imo state in Nigeria after Owerri and Orlu. Okigwe is located in the Okigwe Local Government Area (LGA) of Nigeria. The city lies between the Port Harcourt-Enugu-Maiduguri rail line, being the nearest city to the biggest cattle market in Nigeria located in the Umu Nneochi Area of Abia state. Thus, the city has grown into a major cattle transit town for the South-East and South subregions of Nigeria. Okigwe has a population of 132,237 (2005 census). Most of the population is made up of immigrant workers from other states. Okigwe city was the primary host site of the old Imo State University (now Abia State University). Okigwe has various tourist and historical sites. Okigwe remains one of the breadbaskets of Nigeria with terrace cultivation practised on its hilly farmlands. St. Mary's Cathedral in Okigwe is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Okigwe. In 2016, the Imo state government recommissioned a new cattle market in the city in respect to the previous one that has been relocated to Abia.

## Autonomous communities and villages

**Okigwe** has six autonomous communities with different villages (in bracket) namely;

* Ezinachi (Ndiohia, Umudiaba, Amukwa, Amorie, Umuokparaoba, Amajarata, Obiohia, Umudo, Ndi Ngeleogwe, Umuebiri, Ubahu, Ajanumuna, Amachi, Umuike, Amachara, Umuoma, Umunuma, Umuoho, Uhugbuala/Ndizorie, Ovoro/Umuagu),
* Ikigwu (Aro-ubaha, Aro-Okigwe, Ope, Ubanaka, Umuka, Umuokpara),
* Otanzu (Amaeze-Ogii, Umuawa-Ogee, Umualumoke, Amuro (Amuro, Aro-Amuro),
* Umulolo (Agbobu, Agbuala, Aku/Ihette, Aku/Ikenga, Amaosu, Amasator, Aro-Agbobu, Aro-Umulolo West, Aro-Umulolo East, Ibinta, Ndi-Oji, Ndi-Okoroji, Okanachi, Umuawa-Ibu)
* Ihube (Agbala, Akpugo, Amagu, Amalator, Amano, Nkoto, Ogube, Ozara)
* Otan-Chara (Alaike-Ogwaku, Alaocha-Igwaku, Ihitte-Isiokwe, Ikenga, Ikenga-Isiokwe, umuinem, umuzegem, Umueze, Umukeoke).

## Agriculture and soil

The soil is predominantly partly red clay and black or dark brown. The major crops grown in the district on its hilly farmlands are palm trees (palm oil and palm wine), cassava, and vegetables.

## Climate

Rarely falling below 58°F or rising beyond 90°F, the weather is consistently warm throughout the year. The wet season is partially gloomy and humid.

## InfoBox

| Okigwe | |
| --- | --- |
| LGA and town | |
| Senator Hope Uzodimma's Hall, Okigwe Local Government Headquarters | |
| OkigweLocation in Nigeria | |
| Coordinates: 5°28′59″N 7°33′00″E / 5.483°N 7.55°E / 5.483; 7.55 | |
| Country | Nigeria |
| State | Imo State |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (WAT) |
| National language | Igbo |
|  | |


title: Ohto Dam

abstract: Ohto Dam is a gravity dam located in Shimane Prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for flood control. The catchment area of the dam is 5.5 km⁲. The dam impounds about 3 ha of land when full and can store 239 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was completed in 1959.

text:
# Ohto Dam

**Ohto Dam** is a gravity dam located in Shimane Prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for flood control. The catchment area of the dam is 5.5 km2. The dam impounds about 3 ha of land when full and can store 239 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was completed in 1959.

## InfoBox

| Ohto Dam | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Ohto Dam in Japan | |
| Location | Shimane Prefecture, Japan |
| Coordinates | 34°39′22″N 131°55′03″E / 34.65611°N 131.91750°E / 34.65611; 131.91750 |
| Opening date | 1959 |
| Dam and spillways | |
| Height | 23.2m |
| Length | 67.4m |
| Reservoir | |
| Total capacity | 239 thousand cubic meters |
| Catchment area | 5.5 sq. km |
| Surface area | 3 hectares |


title: Olayuk Akesuk

abstract: Olayuk Akesuk is a politician from Kinngait, Nunavut, Canada. Akesuk was the Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for the electoral district of South Baffin from 1999 to 2008, having won the seat in the 1999 Nunavut election. He served as the minister of the environment, the minister responsible for the Workers Compensation Board, and the minister responsible for Nunavut housing. In the first elections held in the newly created territory of Nunavut in 1999, Akesuk defeated Goo Arlooktoo, who had been deputy premier of the Northwest Territories, from which Nunavut had been split off. This was considered one of the biggest upsets of the election, as many people had expected Arlooktoo to become premier of Nunavut. On 10 September 2008, Akesuk was appointed Health Minister after Leona Aglukkaq stepped down to run in the 2008 Canadian federal election for the Conservative Party. Akesuk did not stand for re-election in the 2008 territorial election.

text:
# Olayuk Akesuk

**Olayuk Akesuk** (born 1965) is a politician from Kinngait, Nunavut, Canada. Akesuk was the Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for the electoral district of South Baffin from 1999 to 2008, having won the seat in the 1999 Nunavut election. He served as the minister of the environment, the minister responsible for the Workers Compensation Board, and the minister responsible for Nunavut housing.

In the first elections held in the newly created territory of Nunavut in 1999, Akesuk defeated Goo Arlooktoo, who had been deputy premier of the Northwest Territories, from which Nunavut had been split off. This was considered one of the biggest upsets of the election, as many people had expected Arlooktoo to become premier of Nunavut.

On 10 September 2008, Akesuk was appointed Health Minister after Leona Aglukkaq stepped down to run in the 2008 Canadian federal election for the Conservative Party.

Akesuk did not stand for re-election in the 2008 territorial election.

1. "Nunavut health minister Aglukkaq running for Tories". *CBC News*. 2008-09-10. Archived from the original on 2023-06-04.

## InfoBox

| Olayak Akesuk | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| MLA for South Baffin | |
| **In office**
1999–2008 | |
| Preceded by | new district |
| Succeeded by | Fred Schell |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1965
Cape Dorset, Eastern Northwest Territories, Canada |
| Political party | non-partisan
consensus government |
|  | |


title: Old Thresher's Reunion

abstract: The Midwest Old Threshers Reunion is an annual event that takes place in Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, United States, and runs for five days, ending on the Labor Day weekend. It was first held in 1950, and has taken place every year except 2020, when it was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. When it first started, it focused on steam engines and antique agricultural equipment, but has developed into an entertainment event with a wider remit. The city of less than 10,000 inhabitants receives thousands of visitors from around the world. Old Threshers Reunion, as an event, attracts visitors from around the world, attracted by both the permanent exhibits on the reunion grounds and by the collections of antique and steam powered equipment brought to the show by other visitors.

text:
# Old Thresher's Reunion

40°57′19.47″N 91°32′52.22″W / 40.9554083°N 91.5478389°W / 40.9554083; -91.5478389

The Midwest **Old Threshers Reunion** is an annual event that takes place in Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, United States, and runs for five days, ending on the Labor Day weekend. It was first held in 1950, and has taken place every year except 2020, when it was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. When it first started, it focused on steam engines and antique agricultural equipment, but has developed into an entertainment event with a wider remit. The city of less than 10,000 inhabitants receives thousands of visitors from around the world.

Old Threshers Reunion, as an event, attracts visitors from around the world, attracted by both the permanent exhibits on the reunion grounds and by the collections of antique and steam powered equipment brought to the show by other visitors.

## Permanent exhibits

The Heritage Museum is open year-round, featuring a variety of exhibits that celebrate the rural heritage of the Midwest.

The Stationary steam engine exhibit features three large Corliss engines as well as a number of smaller engines.

The Midwest Electric Railway operates a 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge trolley line around the reunion campground. A number of well restored Iowa trolleys operate on this line, including Waterloo Car 381, the last trolley to operate in public service in Iowa and Car 9 from the Albia Interurban Line. MERA also operates Car 320, a beautiful wooden interurban from the Chicago Aurora and Elgin line in IL. Additional favorite cars come from as far away as Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and Milan, Italy.

The Midwest Central Railroad operates a 3 ft (914 mm) narrow gauge railway around the reunion exhibit area. This railroad features a Class C Shay locomotive from the West Side Lumber Company railway. Other engines include two 2-6-0 Baldwin engines (one having a recently updated boiler and the other undergoing extensive rework) that formerly served logging railroads in the eastern United States and a German 0-4-0 built by Henschel & Son. For routine operations, there are two Plymouth Locomotive Works diesel switch engines, one of them run if there's something wrong with one of the two trains that run each day, and a Vulcan Iron Works gasoline switch engine. In addition to operating during the reunion, the Midwest Central Railroad has public events connected to Independence Day, Halloween and Christmas.

The Hazel Grace Pierson Carousel Pavilion houses a beautiful fully restored antique carousel. "The Smile Machine" is powered by a Herschell-Spillman steam engine that dates back over a century. The carousel includes a Military Band Organ, as well as the usual rocking horses.

## Reunion venues

During the show, the village and train station at Snipe Run on the north side of the reunion grounds is an active place, as is the log village at the south end of the trolley line. Major exhibit areas are reserved for different antique engines, including small steam engines, steam traction engines, and gas engines. Other major exhibits include antique cars and trucks, applications and uses of antique engines, masonry, textile and handmade arts, and food stands. At noon every day of the reunion, there is a parade of power, where all the operating steam and gas traction engines parade by the grandstand.

There are two main events every night of the reunion week. In the early evening, the Schaffner Players perform an old "Toby and Susie" Toby Tolliver play in the Theatre Museum, after which there is a concert in the pavilion. The Reunion has succeeded in attracting acts including Minnie Pearl, Leroy Van Dyke, Tammy Wynette, George Strait, Johnny Cash & June Carter, Kenny Rogers, Brad Paisley, Terri Clark, Willie Nelson and LeAnn Rimes, who have all performed on the pavilion stage.

## Map of the grounds

* "The official map". Archived from the original on February 11, 2012.
* An alternative map


title: Oleksandr Klyuchko

abstract: Oleksandr Klyuchko is an amateur boxer from Ukraine who won a bronze medal in the lightweight division at the 2006 European Amateur Boxing Championships. He has qualified for the 2008 Olympics.

text:
# Oleksandr Klyuchko

**Oleksandr Klyuchko** (Ukrainian: Олександр Ключко) (born July 11, 1984 in Mykolaiv) is an amateur boxer from Ukraine who won a bronze medal in the lightweight division at the 2006 European Amateur Boxing Championships. He has qualified for the 2008 Olympics.

## Career

At the European Championships he won against Domenico Valentino 30:18 and future world champion Frankie Gavin 42:26, but lost to Olympic champion Alexey Tishchenko 29:42 and took bronze.

At the World Championships 2007 he defeated Asian champion Hu Qing 26:13 but lost against by Colombian Darley Perez 10:13.

He qualified for the 2008 Olympics by defeating Daouda Sow and Azerbaijani boxer Ramal Amanov in the semifinal of a European qualifying tournament. In his Olympic debut he lost to Hu Qing of China, 8:10.

At the 2010 European Amateur Boxing Championships at Moscow, Russia he won the bronze medal. In the semifinals he lost to Hrachik Javakhyan from Armenia.

## InfoBox

Oleksandr Klyuchko
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Олександр Ключко |
| Nationality | Ukraine |
| Born | (1984-07-11) July 11, 1984<br>Mykolaiv, Mykolaiv Oblast, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union |
| Height | 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) |
| Weight | 60 kg (130 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Boxing |
| Weight class | Lightweight |
| Club | Dynamo Mykolaiv |
| Medal record      European Amateur Championships  2006 Plovdiv  Lightweight  2010 Moscow  Light Welterweight | |


title: Tulipa hungarica

abstract: Tulipa hungarica, the Danube tulip, Banat tulip or Rhodope tulip, is a species of flowering plant in the family Liliaceae. It is also in the subgenus Tulipa. It is found on the rocky mountainsides of Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary and Slovenia, especially along the gorges of the river Danube. It has small bright yellow flowers in spring and blue-grey leaves.

text:
# Tulipa hungarica

***Tulipa hungarica***, the **Danube tulip**, **Banat tulip** or **Rhodope tulip**, is a species of flowering plant in the family Liliaceae. It is also in the subgenus *Tulipa*. It is found on the rocky mountainsides of Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary and Slovenia, especially along the gorges of the river Danube. It has small bright yellow flowers in spring and blue-grey leaves.

## Description

*Tulipa hungarica* is a perennial plant, with a small, ovoid shaped bulb that has brown papery skin (tunicate) and sessile bulbils (growing off main bulb). Meaning that it vegetativly increases from the original plants.

It has large glaucous (blue-grey coloured) leaves, which are elliptic-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate shaped. They can be up to 30–37 cm (1 ft 0 in – 1 ft 3 in) long and 5.7–7.8 cm (2.2 in – 3.1 in) wide.

It has a hairless stem and the plant can grow up to 40–60 cm (1 ft 4 in – 2 ft 0 in) tall.

It blooms in spring, between March, or April, to May.

The small flowers, are odourless, and yellow. The petals do not have a basal blotch.

It has 3 inner and 3 outer flower petals, which slightly overlap, they are between 5–10 cm (2.0 in – 3.9 in) long, and 22–35 mm (0.87 in – 1.38 in) wide. The outer petals are up to three times as long as wide, ending in a little point, like a 6 pointed star.

It has stamens with yellow, or golden yellow anthers, which are 10–16 mm long. It has an elongated ovary, with a stigma that is approx. twice as long and broader than the ovary.

After the tulip has flowered it produces a seed capsule or fruit, which is elongated or elliptical and 70 mm long, and is inclined on both endpoints. Inside the capsule, it has numerous flat brown seeds.

### Genetics

As most tulips are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and used in the classification of groupings. Such as Raamsdonk, L. W. D. van & T. de Vries. 1995. Species relationships and taxonomy in Tulipa subg. Tulipa (Liliaceae). *Tulipa hungarica* has a chromosome count: 2n=2x=24. It's somatic (cellular) DNA 2C value (2C) was calculated in 2008 to be 64.7 - 66. *Tulipa rhodopaea* was 67.6 - 70.

## Taxonomy

*Tulipa hungarica* has had various common names. It was used to be called the *Danube tulip*. It is also called the 'Đerdap tulip' (after the Serbian name of 'Đerdap Gorge' for the Iron Gates Gorge on the river Danube). It is also called the 'yellow tulip', or the 'Boiler tulip' in Moldova Nouă, Romania. It is also known as the *Banat tulip* in Romania. As the historical region of Banat is on the Romanian/Hungry border. It is also very occasionally known as the 'Hungarian tulip'.

The specific epithet *hungarica*, referring to the country of Hungary. As it was named from plant material collected in, what was then the Austro-Hungarian Empire, but is now part of Romania.

*Tulipa hungarica* was originally described and published by Vincze von Borbás (1844 – 1905) a Hungarian botanist, in Foldmuv. Erdek. Vol.10 on page 561 in 1882. It was the first tulip to be described from the Balkan region.

It was also published in 'Studies on species *Tulipa hungarica* Borb. in Romania' by (Rum) Coste I; Faur. A. Ocrotirea Natur. 14 (2) 203-208.

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 12 April 1996, and is an accepted name by the Royal Horticultural Society in the UK.

In 2013, the phylogenetic relationships in the genus using DNA sequences was used to determine the taxonomy and classifications. As result *T. hungarica* was placed in 'Tulipa subgenus Tulipa' (along with *Tulipa agenensis* Redouté, *Tulipa fosteriana* W.Irving and *Tulipa greigii* Regel) with the characteristics of; bulb tunics densely lined inside with rippled or silky hairs or (nearly) glabrous. Stamens without hairs orboss. Stigmas sessile.

It also has a common name of *Rhodope tulip*, as one of its synonyms is *Tulipa rhodopea* (Velen.) Velen. Although this name is accepted as a separate species by some sources. When treated as a species, it has the synonyms (*Tulipa aureolina* Delip. , *Tulipa hungarica* subsp. *rhodopea* (Velen.) Raamsd. and *Tulipa orientalis* var. *rhodopea* Velen.). The epithet 'Rhodope' refers to the Rhodope Mountains in Bulgaria, where it is mainly found.

## Distribution and habitat

It is native to south-eastern Europe.

### Range

*Tulipa hungarica* is found in part of the Balkans region, within Bulgaria, Romania, (including in the Western Romanian Carpathians) Montenegro, Hungary, and Slovenia.

Two sources mentions that it is native to Greece, and that it was only introduced into Romania, but many other sources state that it is endemic, or native to Romania.

It was an endemic in Serbia, but it is now classed as extinct.

## Habitat

*Tulipa hungarica* grows on limestone soils, in open mixed deciduous forests and below shrubs. As an example, it is found on the rocky sides of the gorge on the river Danube, especially through the Iron Gates gorge between Romania and Serbia, also known as the Djerdap gorge. It also grows alongside the Danube gorge through Hungary.

## Conservation

It was on the 'List of Rare, Threatened, and Endemic Plants' in Europe in 1977. It has been an internationally protected species since 1979. The species is protected by law (OG 57/2007) and also the Berne Convention. It is also listed in the EU's, Habitats Directive 92/43 EEC under annex II and under annex IV.

Whilst tulips generally do not appear on the IUCN Red List, in 2021 only five out of around 88 species have specific reports, two of the six species from the Balkans are represented. *Tulipa hungarica* was reported as 'Near Threatened', whilst *Tulipa albanica* was documented as 'Critically Endangered'.

*Tulipa hungarica* is classed as 'Near Threatened' approaching Criterion D1 as there are estimated (in 2021) to be slightly more than 1,000 mature individuals in a small range. It has not been determined if the population is in decline, the rate of decline or the area of occupancy.

In Romania, it is also protected under the EU's Natura 2000 network. It is listed as 'high priority' with other plants such as *Centaurea jankae*, *Potentilla emilii-popii*, *Centaurea pontica*, *Dracocephalum austriacum*, *Ferula sadleriana*, *Gladiolus palustris*, *Stipa danubialis*, *Thlaspi jankae*, *Paeonia officinalis* subsp. *banatica*, *Colchicum arenarium*, *Saxifraga hirculus* and *Ligularia sibirica*. As it is now protected by international laws, and those who are caught breaking them risk fines of up to 15,000 lei (Romanian leu or Moldovan leu).

In 2014, of the 548 taxa listed in the 'Red Book of vascular plants of Romania' (from a total of 3,795 species and subspecies in the Romanian flora), *Tulipa hungarica* was now listed as CR (Critically Endangered).

Part of the tulip's habitat is in the protected The Iron Gates Natural Park territory (on the SW Romania and Slovenia border,), which is about 270 km away from the town of Timișoara. It is also known as the 'Porțile de Fier Natural Park', and *Tulipa hungarica* is the emblem of this protected natural area.

It was once fairly stable population at up to 250 plants, but the rare plant has multiplied, from one year to another. There were over 1,000 mature individuals on the southern slopes of Iron Gate. As the insolation and exposure of the slopes in the park, make the climate pleasant and the soils are favourable for this plant. It was found that in recent years, it has expanded its area, the number of wild tulips have exceeding 8,000 specimens.

As the biologists from the Iron Gates nature reserve are closely monitoring it, which is done from the Serbian shore, so that they can use specialised equipment on boats to watch the population, to identify any threats or pressure on this species. Amalia Dumbravă, a biologist from the Iron Gates Natural Park was noted in 2021, "we have identified an approximate number of 8-9,000 plants".

In Romania, all localities of the tulip habitats are situated above the zone of flooding. However, the species might still be threatened by collecting for local gardening. Also, every spring there are hundreds of tourists to the park eager to admire its beauty in the rocky wilderness. Fortunately, the tulips are protected by a steep wall 15 to 20 meters high. So most tourists are content to admire them from the boat on the river Danube, and they also enjoy the telling of the legend that tells the story of these unique flowers.

It has been determined that this species of tulip has become extinct across large areas of its natural range on the Balkan peninsula.

Such as in Serbia, *T. hungarica* was rare on the north face side of the Iron Gate gorge but it has not been recorded in last ten years. Only herbarium specimens are proofs of occurrence of the species.

It was also found that flooding had caused the extinction of the species in Serbia. Of the 15 plant species that were recorded which are part of the "Red Book of Flora of Serbia 1", three taxa have disappeared from the area of Đerdap national park (the other side of the Iron Gates gorge), (*Veronica bachofenii*, *Crocus banaticus* and *Tulipa hungarica*). These 3 species have been lost, due to the flooding of their habitats in the process of building a hydroelectric power station (the Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station in 1972, unfortunately before the plant protection schemes started) which formed a water reservoir.

It had also become extinct in Slovenia, after another reservoir was formed.

## Cultivation

It is a rare plant in European gardens, but can grow in full sun in fertile soil with good drainage. They could be ideal for use in rock gardens and in forest environments.

It can be affected by the parasite *Vankya heufleri*, in the flowers, leaves and roots.

## Culture

A painting by the Dutch artist Jacob de Gheyn II, 'Vase of Flowers with a Curtain' in 1615, has several tulips including a hybrid *Tulip hungarica* crossed with *Tulipa agenensis*.

A painting by Zoltan Molnar called 'Meadow Flowers Indigenous to Hungary' features 'Tulipa hungarica' as well as others including *Syringa josikaea* and *Verbascum thapsiforme*.

An image of the *Rhodope Tulip* (or *Tulipa rhodopea*, a syn. of *t. hungarica*) was used in a Flower series of postage stamps by Bulgaria in 1960.

According to an old tale; about a local Romanian girl who fell in love with a shepherd who was grazing his sheep up on the Ciucarul Mare plateau in the Banat Mountains. The parents of the girl, did not agree with their relationship. So she had to secretly agree to meet him on the plateau, but she inadvertently slipped and fell into the Danube river. She was dressed in yellow, then as she rolled down the mountainside and the rocks tore pieces of her dress. Where the rags landed, grew a flower - a yellow tulip. That is why the tulip is found on all the terraces, along the Danube riverside.

## Other sources

* Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea

## InfoBox

| *Tulipa hungarica* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Liliales |
| Family: | Liliaceae |
| Subfamily: | Lilioideae |
| Tribe: | Lilieae |
| Genus: | *Tulipa* |
| Species: | ***T. hungarica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tulipa hungarica***
Borbás | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Tulipa aureolina* Delip. * *Tulipa hungarica var. undulatifolia* Roman * *Tulipa hungarica subsp. undulatifolia* (Roman) Roman & Beldie * *Tulipa hungarica var. urumoffii* (Hayek) Hayek * *Tulipa orientalis* Levier * *Tulipa orientalis var. urumoffii* (Hayek) Stoj. & Stef. * *Tulipa urumoffii* Hayek | |


title: Wallace's Monthly

abstract: Wallace's Monthly was an American sporting magazine founded by John H. Wallace (1822–1903) and published out of New York from 1875–1894. It was dedicated to the coverage of horse racing. The publication debuted in October 1875 with Wallace as editor and Benjamin Singerly as publisher. After Singerly died in 1876, Wallace also became publisher. Wallace sold the publication to the American Trotting Registration Association in 1891.

text:
# Wallace's Monthly

***Wallace's Monthly*** was an American sporting magazine founded by John H. Wallace (18221903) and published out of New York from 18751894. It was dedicated to the coverage of horse racing.

The publication debuted in October 1875 with Wallace as editor and Benjamin Singerly as publisher. After Singerly died in 1876, Wallace also became publisher. Wallace sold the publication to the American Trotting Registration Association in 1891.

## InfoBox

*Wallace's Monthly*
| First issue | Oct 1875 |
| --- | --- |
| Final issue | February 1894 (Vol. 19, No. 12) |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Marqués de la Serna Bridge

abstract: Marqués de la Serna Bridge, also known as Bayamón Bridge and Bridge #379, is a historic rolled iron segmented arch bridge that crosses the Bayamón River, located between the barrios of Bayamón Pueblo and Juan Sánchez in the Puerto Rican municipality of Bayamón. Its lowered arches, similar to those of the Pont d'Arcole in Paris, are unique in Puerto Rico. The bridge was added to the United States National Register of Historic Places on July 19, 1995, and to the Puerto Rico Register of Historic Sites and Zones in 2000. The bridge dates to 1869 and it was named after the Marquis of Serna, Felix Maria de Messina, who was governor of Puerto Rico from 1862 to 1865. It is the first metal bridge to have been built in the island, and the only metal arch bridge that exists in Puerto Rico. The iron elements were brought from France. The bridge was assembled by Isidoro Abarca, founder of Abarca Foundry, over the rubble masonry abutments of an older wooden bridge as part at the Cataño-Bayamón highway, one of the first in Puerto Rico and an important link between the San Juan Bay and the southward and westward agricultural lands. Between 1881 and the early 1900s the bridge also served the Línea Ferrea del Oeste railroad. For that purpose, two of the arches were reinforced in 1881. This valuable relic is the only bridge of its type in Puerto Rico and within the jurisdiction of the United States. It is well conserved and considered an excellent example of how to preserve historical bridges no longer in vehicular use for full recreational and educational value.

text:
# Marqués de la Serna Bridge

**Marqués de la Serna Bridge** (Spanish: *Puente Marqués de la Serna*), also known as **Bayamón Bridge** (*Puente de Bayamón*) and **Bridge #379**, is a historic rolled iron segmented arch bridge that crosses the Bayamón River, located between the *barrios* of Bayamón Pueblo and Juan Sánchez in the Puerto Rican municipality of Bayamón. Its lowered arches, similar to those of the Pont d'Arcole in Paris, are unique in Puerto Rico. The bridge was added to the United States National Register of Historic Places on July 19, 1995, and to the Puerto Rico Register of Historic Sites and Zones in 2000.

The bridge dates to 1869 and it was named after the Marquis of Serna, Felix Maria de Messina, who was governor of Puerto Rico from 1862 to 1865. It is the first metal bridge to have been built in the island, and the only metal arch bridge that exists in Puerto Rico. The iron elements were brought from France. The bridge was assembled by Isidoro Abarca, founder of *Abarca Foundry*, over the rubble masonry abutments of an older wooden bridge as part at the Cataño-Bayamón highway, one of the first in Puerto Rico and an important link between the San Juan Bay and the southward and westward agricultural lands. Between 1881 and the early 1900s the bridge also served the *Línea Ferrea del Oeste* railroad. For that purpose, two of the arches were reinforced in 1881. This valuable relic is the only bridge of its type in Puerto Rico and within the jurisdiction of the United States. It is well conserved and considered an excellent example of how to preserve historical bridges no longer in vehicular use for full recreational and educational value.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Marqués de la Serna Bridge | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Puerto Rico Historic Sites and Zones | |
|  | |
| Bridge in 2020. | |
|  | |
| Location | Highway 890, km 24.1 Bayamón, Puerto Rico |
| Coordinates | 18°24′10″N 66°9′21″W / 18.40278°N 66.15583°W / 18.40278; -66.15583 (Marqués de la Serna Bridge) |
| Built | 1869 |
| Architect | Isidoro Abarca |
| Architectural style | Rolled iron segmented arch |
| NRHP reference No. | 95000850 |
| RNSZH No. | 2000-(RMSJ)-00-JP-SH |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | July 19, 1995 |
| Designated RNSZH | February 3, 2000 |


title: Thomas Newton Jr.

abstract: Thomas Newton Jr. was an American politician who was a U.S. Representative from Virginia from 1817 until 1830. Union general John Newton was his son.

text:
# Thomas Newton Jr.

**Thomas Newton Jr.** (November 21, 1768  August 5, 1847) was an American politician who was a U.S. Representative from Virginia from 1817 until 1830. Union general John Newton was his son.

## Biography

Newton was born in Norfolk, Virginia on November 21, 1768.

Newton was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1796 to 1799. He served as a Democratic-Republican in the United States House of Representatives from March 4, 1801, to March 9, 1830, losing his seat when George Loyall contested his election. Newton regained his seat at the next election and served a final term from March 4, 1831, to March 3, 1833. In the bitterly contested 1824 presidential election, Newton was the only Virginia representative to support the Adams-Clay coalition. In 1804, Newton was one of the impeachment managers appointed by the House to prosecute the case for conviction on the articles of impeachment adopted against Judge John Pickering in his impeachment trial.

## Electoral history

* **1823**; Newton was re-elected unopposed.
* **1825**; Newton was re-elected unopposed.
* **1827**; Newton was re-elected with 64.28% of the vote, defeating Independent George Loyall.
* **1829**; Newton was re-elected with 50.35% of the vote, but the election was invalidated and Loyall was seated.
* **1831**; Newton was re-elected with 51.01% of the vote, defeating Jacksonian Loyall.

## InfoBox

| Thomas Newton Jr. | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Dean of the United States House of Representatives | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1817  March 4, 1830 | |
| Preceded by | John Davenport |
| Succeeded by | William McCoy |
| Member of the
U.S. House of Representatives
from Virginia | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1831  March 3, 1833 | |
| Preceded by | George Loyall |
| Succeeded by | George Loyall |
| Constituency | 1st district |
| **In office**
March 4, 1801  March 9, 1830 | |
| Preceded by | Josiah Parker |
| Succeeded by | George Loyall |
| Constituency | 11th district (1801–1803)
20th district (1803–1813)
21st district (1813–1823)
1st district (1823–1830) |
| Chairman of the Committee on Commerce | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1819  March 4, 1827 | |
| Preceded by | *Himself*
(as Chairman of the Committee on Commerce and Manufactures) |
| Succeeded by | Churchill Caldom Cambreleng |
| Chairman of the Committee on Commerce and Manufactures | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1807  March 4, 1819 | |
| Preceded by | Jacob Crowninshield |
| Succeeded by | *Himself*
(as Chairman of the Committee on Commerce) |
| Member of the Virginia House of Delegates from Norfolk Borough | |
| **In office**
1796–1798 | |
| Preceded by | *Himself* |
| Succeeded by | Robert Taylor |
| **In office**
1794 | |
| Preceded by | Thomas Mathews |
| Succeeded by | *Himself* |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1768-11-21)November 21, 1768
Norfolk, Virginia Colony, British America |
| Died | August 5, 1847(1847-08-05) (aged 78)
Norfolk, Virginia, U.S. |
| Political party | National Republican (1825–1847) |
| Other political
affiliations | Democratic-Republican (until 1825) |
| Children | John |
| Profession | politician, lawyer |
|  | |


title: Terry Oldfield (footballer)

abstract: Terence James Oldfield is a former professional footballer, who played as a centre forward and wing half in The Football League for Bristol Rovers and Wrexham between 1958 and 1967. Oldfield began playing football in his home town of Bristol, first for Bristol Boys, and then briefly as an amateur for Bristol City and Clifton St. Vincents. He signed with Bristol Rovers as an amateur in February 1958 and turned professional with them in 1960. He made 132 League appearances and scored eleven goals with The Pirates, before joining Welsh club Wrexham and being appointed their captain in 1966. He was to last only a single year with The Robins though, as a knee injury forced him to retire from playing in 1967, aged 28. After his retirement from playing, he worked as the trainer of Bradford Park Avenue, a scout for Bristol Rovers, and a manager of his former non-League side Clifton St. Vincents. In addition, he also worked as an estate agent and auctioneer in Keynsham and ran the Red Lion pub in Odd Down. He also played cricket for Brislington Cricket Club, and golf for Saltford golf club.

text:
# Terry Oldfield (footballer)

**Terence James Oldfield** (born 1 April 1939) is a former professional footballer, who played as a centre forward and wing half in The Football League for Bristol Rovers and Wrexham between 1958 and 1967.

Oldfield began playing football in his home town of Bristol, first for Bristol Boys, and then briefly as an amateur for Bristol City and Clifton St. Vincents. He signed with Bristol Rovers as an amateur in February 1958 and turned professional with them in 1960. He made 132 League appearances and scored eleven goals with *The Pirates*, before joining Welsh club Wrexham and being appointed their captain in 1966. He was to last only a single year with *The Robins* though, as a knee injury forced him to retire from playing in 1967, aged 28.

After his retirement from playing, he worked as the trainer of Bradford Park Avenue, a scout for Bristol Rovers, and a manager of his former non-League side Clifton St. Vincents. In addition, he also worked as an estate agent and auctioneer in Keynsham and ran the Red Lion pub in Odd Down. He also played cricket for Brislington Cricket Club, and golf for Saltford golf club.

* Jay, Mike; Byrne, Stephen (1994). *Pirates in Profile: A Who's Who of Bristol Rovers Players*. Bristol: Potten, Baber & Murray. p. 187. ISBN 0-9524835-0-5.

## InfoBox

Terry Oldfield
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Terence James Oldfield | | |
| Date of birth | (1939-04-01) 1 April 1939 | | |
| Place of birth | Bristol, England | | |
| Height | 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Centre forward/Wing half | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 0000 | Bristol Boys | | |
| 0000 | Bristol City | | |
| 0000–1958 | Clifton St. Vincents | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1958–1966 | Bristol Rovers | 132 | (11) |
| 1966–1967 | Wrexham | 40 | (6) |
| Total |  | **172** | **(17)** |
| Managerial career | | | |
|  | Clifton St. Vincents | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Shannon Sohn

abstract: Shannon Paige Sohn is a television news reporter at WABC-TV Eyewitness News in New York City, where she became the first helicopter reporter to win a national Emmy Award.

text:
# Shannon Sohn

**Shannon Paige Sohn** (born February 27, 1974) is a television news reporter at WABC-TV Eyewitness News in New York City, where she became the first helicopter reporter to win a national Emmy Award.

## Early life and education

Sohn grew up in Old Bridge Township, New Jersey, and graduated from Cedar Ridge High School in 1992. She attended Rutgers University, majoring in journalism and communications with a minor in advertising. While in college, Sohn spent two years as an intern at WCTC News Radio in New Brunswick, New Jersey. Shortly before her graduation, WCTC offered her a position as a weekend news anchor and to fill a vacancy in the station's aerial traffic reporter spot, which was being vacated by Dan Rice who was heading to WABC-TV in New York City. Sohn won a reporting award from the *Associated Press* while at WCTC.

In 2000, she earned a degree in broadcast meteorology degree through courses taken online at Mississippi State University.

## Career

Sohn started doing airplane traffic reports for three New York City radio stations, WABC, WHTZ, and WPLJ. In 2001, she was hired by WABC-TV as part of its Eyewitness News Team on NewsCopter 7.

She won a Peabody Award for her coverage of the September 11 terrorist attacks. She was scheduled to end her shift just minutes after the first tower was hit and did not leave her chair in the studio until Friday, providing news to the public as it came in from reporters in the field.

In 2005, while flying in the WABC helicopter, she was able to track the crash of the WNBC Chopper 4 helicopter, using the helicopter's camera to track the crash, hoping that the images would allow emergency personnel to be accurately and quickly directed to the precise location of the incident. Sohn won a local Emmy Award for "Instant Breaking News" for her coverage of the crash. The clip was submitted for a national Emmy Award which Sohn won, making her the first helicopter reporter to win a national Emmy.

## Personal life

In May 2001, Sohn married Dan Rice, who had trained her at WCTC and was then working for crosstown rival WNBC on its Chopper 4.

Sohn and Rice live with their children Mackenzie and Zachary in the Long Valley section of Washington Township, Morris County, New Jersey.


title: Type 96 24 cm howitzer

abstract: The Type 96 24 cm howitzer was a siege gun used by the Imperial Japanese Army in the Japanese-Soviet War and during the Pacific War from 1936 to 1945. The designation Type 96 indicates the year of its introduction, Kōki year 2596 or 1936 according to Gregorian calendar.

text:
# Type 96 24 cm howitzer

The **Type 96 24 cm howitzer** (Japanese: 九六式二十四糎榴弾砲 , *Kyūroku -shiki nijūyon-senchi ryūdanhō*) was a siege gun used by the Imperial Japanese Army in the Japanese-Soviet War and during the Pacific War from 1936 to 1945. The designation *Type 96* indicates the year of its introduction, Kōki year 2596 or 1936 according to Gregorian calendar.

## History

Since the successful Siege of Port Arthur, during the Russo-Japanese War heavy howitzer development had taken high priority. The Imperial Japanese Army's Armstrong designed 28 cm howitzer L/10 had been instrumental in destroying Port Arthur's defenses and sinking the fleet anchored in its harbor. This resulted in the development of several siege guns, which could be also be used as siege and coastal defense guns. The first was the Type 45 24 cm Howitzer which weighed 38 t (37 long tons; 42 short tons) and required a crew of 50 men two days to set up. The second was the Type 7 30 cm howitzer which was introduced in 1918. The short barreled version weighed 59 t (58 long tons; 65 short tons) while the long barreled version weighed 97 t (95 long tons; 107 short tons). Although both were powerful weapons their weight was considered excessive and this negatively affected their mobility. Although satisfied with both designs two new guns were ordered during 1936, the Type 96 15 cm howitzer and the Type 96 24 cm howitzer. Both were lighter and more mobile than their predecessors but while the Type 96 15 cm was successful the Type 96 24 cm was a failure due to excessive shot dispersion and inconsistent range which were never resolved. Therefore only eight Type 96 24 cm howitzers were built. For transport, the Type 96 24 cm howitzer, could be broken down into four loads and towed by tractors. Once onsite, a turntable was assembled and firmly anchored to the ground. The gun was then mounted on the turntable and had 120° of traverse and +65° of elevation.

### Pacific War

The Type 96 first saw action during the Philippines Campaign in 1942, when the US-Philippine forces withdrew to the Bataan Peninsula. The first Japanese attacks failed due to stiff Allied resistance so the Commander-in-Chief of the 14th Army, Lieutenant-General Masaharu Homma brought up heavy artillery units to prepare for renewed attacks. Among the 300 guns deployed were two Type 96 howitzers of the 2nd Independent Heavy Artillery Company. On April 3, 1942 the Japanese guns opened fire at 9AM and continued until 2PM. In the six-hour bombardment, 80 rounds were fired by the 2nd Independent Heavy Artillery Company. On May 4, 1942, the Japanese began bombarding the island fortress of Corregidor. During the course of the bombardment Type 96 and Type 45 24 cm howitzers fired a total of 2,915 rounds. Corregidor eventually fell on May 6, 1942.

### Japanese-Soviet War

In 1945, Type 96 howitzers were moved to Manchuria Kotō Fortress to strengthen the Japanese defense in preparation for a Soviet attack. The Japanese army had built eight fortresses along the border with the Soviet Union, of which the Kotō fortress on the Ussuri River was the strongest. Large-scale fortifications, similar to the Maginot Line, were guarded by the 4th Border Guard Unit. The 1400-strong crew had two batteries of field guns and howitzers, the Type 90 240 mm railway gun, and the Experimental 41-cm Howitzer. When the Red Army attacked the Japanese positions around Kotō fortress in Operation August Storm in August 1945, the crew was annihilated.

## InfoBox

| Type 96 24 cm howitzer | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type | Siege gun |
| Place of origin | Empire of Japan |
| Service history | |
| Used by | Imperial Japanese Army |
| Wars | World War II |
| Production history | |
| Unit cost | 247,000 yen ($66,369 USD) in August 1939 |
| Produced | 1936-1945 |
| No. built | 6 or 7 |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 37.6 t (37.0 long tons; 41.4 short tons) |
| Barrel length | 5.7 m (19 ft) L/24 |
| --- | |
| Shell weight | 185–200 kg (408–441 lb) |
| Caliber | 240 mm (9.4 in) |
| Breech | Interrupted screw |
| Recoil | Hydro-pneumatic |
| Carriage | Split trail |
| Elevation | 0° to +65° |
| Traverse | -/+ 120° |
| Muzzle velocity | 530 m/s (1,700 ft/s) |
| Maximum firing range | 13.5–16 km (8.4–9.9 mi) |


title: Sue Doughty

abstract: Susan Kathleen Doughty is a politician in the United Kingdom. She was the Liberal Democrat Member of Parliament for Guildford from 2001 to 2005.

text:
# Sue Doughty

**Susan Kathleen Doughty** (née **Powell**; born 13 April 1948) is a politician in the United Kingdom. She was the Liberal Democrat Member of Parliament for Guildford from 2001 to 2005.

## Early life

Doughty was born on 13 April 1948. She was brought up in York where she went to Mill Mount Grammar School for Girls on *Mill Mount*, who's site became All Saints RC School after the abolition of the Grammar School scheme in 1985.

She gained a CertED at Northumberland College and worked as a primary school teacher for one year. Doughty subsequently entered the field of management services and worked in a variety of organisations spanning sectors such as utilities, the 'Big 4', law practices and financial services providers.

From 1982 to 1989, she worked as a freelance IT consultant. From 1989 to 1998, she was a Project Manager at Thames Water.

## Parliamentary career

Doughty entered Parliament in the 2001 election, becoming the first non-Conservative MP returned for Guildford since 1906 and the constituency's first ever female MP. In Parliament, she served as the Liberal Democrat Environment Spokesperson from 2001 to 2003, following on from her successful campaign opposing the construction of a large incinerator in Guildford. She was part of the front bench team from 2003 to 2005 and served on the Environmental Audit Select Committee throughout her time in Parliament. She was co-Chair of the All Party Parliamentary Waste Group (now the All Party Parliamentary Resource Group) and Secretary of the APPG for Renewable Energy.

She left in the 2005 general election, when she lost narrowly to the Conservative candidate Anne Milton. Doughty is a Quaker and upon her departure in 2005, left Parliament without any Quaker MPs for the first time in 150 years.

Doughty was re-selected as prospective parliamentary candidate for Guildford for the 2010 election, however she was again defeated by Milton. Between 2010 and 2016, she was a member of the Federal Executive Committee of the Liberal Democrats.

## Miscellaneous

* Doughty joined the Liberal Party, the predecessors to the Liberal Democrats, in 1979 while living near Newbury.
* Membership of the Environmental Audit Select committee (2001–2005)
* Selected as PPC to fight the Guildford Constituency (1998)
* Hansard lists the alternative names: Sue Powell (1948–2005) Sue Orchard-Doughty (1948–2005).

## Personal life

Doughty currently lives in Shalford, a suburb of Guildford. She was married to David Orchard (d. 2015) and she has two sons.

## InfoBox

| Sue Doughty | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament
for Guildford | |
| **In office**
7 June 2001  11 April 2005 | |
| Preceded by | Nick St Aubyn |
| Succeeded by | Anne Milton |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1948-04-13) 13 April 1948
York |
| Nationality | British |
| Political party | Liberal Democrat |
| Spouse | David Orchard |
| Residence | Shalford |
| Education | Mill Mount County Grammar School for Girls |
| Alma mater | Northumberland College |
|  | |


title: Sue Hecht

abstract: Sue Hecht is an American politician from Maryland and a member of the Democratic Party. She retired in 2011 after serving three terms in the Maryland House of Delegates, representing Maryland's District 3A in Frederick County. She is known for her campaign slogan "Hecht Yes!".

text:
# Sue Hecht

**Sue Hecht** (born December 7, 1947) is an American politician from Maryland and a member of the Democratic Party. She retired in 2011 after serving three terms in the Maryland House of Delegates, representing Maryland's District 3A in Frederick County. She is known for her campaign slogan "Hecht Yes!".

## Biography

Hecht was born in Takoma Park, Maryland on December 7, 1947. She attended Frederick Community College, Hood College, and Frostburg State University, where she earned her MBA before becoming an adjunct professor at Frostburg State University, a freelance writer, and executive director of a non-profit organization. Hecht has received numerous awards for her work, including being included in a list of Maryland's top 100 women.

## Election results

* **2006 Race for Maryland House of Delegates – District 3A**

**Voters to choose two:**

| Name | Votes | Percent | Outcome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| Galen R. Clagett, Dem. | 12,422 | 25.7% | **Won** |
|
| **Sue Hecht**, Dem. | 13,900 | 28.7% | **Won** |
|
| Patrick N. Hogan, Rep. | 12,163 | 25.1% | Lost |
|
| Linda Naylor, Rep. | 9,873 | 20.4% | Lost |
| Other Write-Ins | 32 | 0.1% | Lost |
|

* **2002 Race for Maryland State Senate – District 3**

| Name | Votes | Percent | Outcome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| Alex X. Mooney, Rep. | 21,617 | 55.0% | **Won** |
|
| **C. Sue Hecht**, Dem. | 17,654 | 44.9% | Lost |
| Other Write-Ins | 66 | 0.2% | Lost |

* **1998 election for Maryland House of Delegates – District 3**

**Voters to choose three:**

| Name | Votes | Percent | Outcome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
|
| Louise Virginia Snodgrass, Rep. | 19,196 | 21% | **Won** |
|
| **C. Sue Hecht**, Dem. | 17,968 | 19% | **Won** |
|
| Joseph R. Bartlett, Rep. | 15,784 | 17% | **Won** |
|
| William M. Castle, Rep. | 15,251 | 17% | Lost |
|
| Richard L. Stup, Dem. | 13,191 | 14% | Lost |
|
| David P. Koontz, Dem. | 10,858 | 12% | Lost |

* **1994 election for Maryland House of Delegates – District 3**

**Voters to choose three:**

| Name | Votes | Percent | Outcome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
|
| J. Anita Stup, Rep. | 20,262 | 25% | **Won** |
|
| Louise Virginia Snodgrass, Rep. | 14,071 | 17% | **Won** |
|
| **C. Sue Hecht**, Dem. | 12,700 | 15% | **Won** |
|
| Ronald L. Sundergill, Dem. | 12,466 | 15% | Lost |
|
| Melvin L. Castle, Rep. | 12,227 | 15% | Lost |
|
| Royd Smith, Dem. | 10,810 | 13% | Lost |

## Legislative Notes

* voted for the Maryland Gang Prosecution Act of 2007 (HB713), subjecting gang members to up to 20 years in prison and/or a fine of up to $100,000
* voted for Jessica's Law (HB 930), eliminating parole for the most violent child sexual predators and creating a mandatory minimum sentence of 25 years in state prison, 2007
* voted for Public Safety – Statewide DNA Database System – Crimes of Violence and Burglary – Post conviction (HB 370), helping to give police officers and prosecutors greater resources to solve crimes and eliminating a backlog of 24,000 unanalyzed DNA samples, leading to 192 arrests, 2008
* voted for Vehicle Laws – Repeated Drunk and Drugged Driving Offenses – Suspension of License (HB 293), strengthening Maryland's drunk driving laws by imposing a mandatory one year license suspension for a person convicted of drunk driving more than once in five years, 2009
* voted for HB 102, creating the House Emergency Medical Services System Workgroup, leading to Maryland's budgeting of $52 million to fund three new Medevac helicopters to replace the State's aging fleet, 2009

For the past four years, Delegate Hecht has annually voted to support classroom teachers, public schools, police and hospitals in Frederick County. Since 2002, funding to schools across the State has increased 82%, resulting in Maryland being ranked top in the nation for K-12 education.

## InfoBox

| Sue Hecht | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Maryland House of Delegates | |
| **In office**
January 10, 2007  January 12, 2011 | |
| Preceded by | Patrick N. Hogan |
| Succeeded by | Patrick N. Hogan |
| Constituency | District 3A |
| **In office**
January 11, 1995  January 8, 2003 | |
| Preceded by | Bruce Poole |
| Succeeded by | Galen R. Clagett |
| Constituency | District 3 |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1947-12-07) December 7, 1947
Takoma Park, Maryland, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Residence(s) | Frederick, Maryland, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Frostburg State University (MBA) |
| Occupation | * Educator * writer * non-profit manager |
|  | |


title: Sukham Yoihenba Meitei

abstract: Sukham Yoihenba Meitei is an Indian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for the Indian Super League club Kerala Blasters FC.

text:
# Sukham Yoihenba Meitei

**Sukham Yoihenba Meitei** (born 7 February 2004) is an Indian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for the Indian Super League club Kerala Blasters FC.

## Club career

### Early life and career

Born in Thoubal, Manipur, Yoihenba started his youth career with the under-16 division of NEROCA FC, whom he represented in the U15 Hero Junior League in 2017. He would then sign for the U15 team of the Indian Super League side Kerala Blasters FC, whom he represented in the 2019 Hero Junior League and the Subroto Cup, before signing to the reserve side of Kerala Blasters.

### Kerala Blasters

#### 2018–2024: Kerala Blasters reserves and senior team debut

Yoihenba signed his first senior contract for the reserves team of the Indian Super League side Kerala Blasters FC. He was then included in the Blasters' reserve squad that played the 2020–21 Kerala Premier League. Under the new senior team gaffer Ivan Vukomanović, Yoihenba was one among the six reserve team players that was called up for 2021 pre-season camp of Kerala Blasters, and was then named in the Blasters' squad for the 2021 Durand Cup by Vukomanović. He also represented the reserves in the 2021–22 Kerala Premier League season. During the 2023–24 season, Yoihenba was chosen in the Blasters' reserves' squad for the 2023 Reliance Foundation Development League's national phase, and was again called up for the pre-season camp, and 2023 Durand Cup squad. After making it to the senior squad for the 2023–24 Indian Super League season, his senior career debut would come against Mohun Bagan Super Giant on 27 December 2023, where he came in as a substitute for Mohammed Azhar in the injury time of the second half and played just one minute, as the Blasters would win the match 0–1 at full-time.

#### 2024–present: Rise to the first team and contract extension

On 14 September 2024, Kerala Blasters announced that Yoihenba has signed a new contract with the club, that would keep him with them until 2027 with an option to extend.

## International career

Yoihenba was called up for the India under-15 national team on 25 July 2019 for the preparatory friendlies in Thailand for the 2020 AFC U-16 Championship qualifiers, and played his first match against Bangkok Glass FC on 30 July 2019, which they won 4–2. He assisted for Sridarth Nongmeikapam goal against Assumption United FC on the final match of the preparatory friendlies on 9 August 2019, as India won the match by the score of 2–0. On 19 November 2020, Yoihenba was called up for the India under-16's training camp in Goa as a part of the preparation for the 2020 AFC U-16 Championship.

## Career statistics

### Club

*As of matches played till 31 December 2023*

| Club | Season | League | | | Cup | | AFC | | Other | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Kerala Blasters FC B | 2023 | RF Development League | 4 | 0 |  | |  | |  | | 4 | 0 |
| Kerala Blasters FC | 2023–24 | Indian Super League | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 |  | |  | | 4 | 0 |
| | 2024–25 | Indian Super League | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | | 3 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
| | Kerala Blasters total | | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 |  | | 3 | 0 | 8 | 0 |
| Career total | | | 7 | 0 | 2 | 0 |  | | 3 | 0 | 12 | 0 |

## InfoBox

Yoihenba Meitei
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Sukham Yoihenba Meitei | | |
| Date of birth | (2004-02-07) 7 February 2004 | | |
| Place of birth | Thoubal, Manipur, India | | |
| Height | 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Central midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Kerala Blasters | | |
| Number | 22 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2017–2018 | NEROCA | | |
| 2018–2020 | Kerala Blasters B | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2020–2024 | Kerala Blasters B | 7 | (0) |
| 2023– | Kerala Blasters | 3 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2019 | India U15 |  |  |
| 2020 | India U16 |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 13:30, 15 September 2024 (UTC) | | | |


title: Sudan Archives

abstract: Brittney Denise Parks, better known by her stage name Sudan Archives, is an American violinist, singer, and songwriter based in Los Angeles, California. Parks learned to play the violin by ear as a young child in Cincinnati, Ohio. Signed to Stones Throw Records, Parks has released two studio albums to date: Athena (2019) and Natural Brown Prom Queen (2022). She won two Libera Awards in 2023, for Best Breakthrough Artist/Release and Best R&B Record.

text:
# Sudan Archives

**Brittney Denise Parks**, better known by her stage name **Sudan Archives**, is an American violinist, singer, and songwriter based in Los Angeles, California. Parks learned to play the violin by ear as a young child in Cincinnati, Ohio.

Signed to Stones Throw Records, Parks has released two studio albums to date: *Athena* (2019) and *Natural Brown Prom Queen* (2022). She won two Libera Awards in 2023, for Best Breakthrough Artist/Release and Best R&B Record.

## Early life

Sudan Archives was born Brittney Denise Parks in Cincinnati, Ohio. She began playing violin in fourth grade, learning by ear. Parks' stepfather worked at the Atlanta-based record label LaFace Records, and he encouraged her to form a pop duo called N2 with her twin sister, Cat. However, Parks realized that she would rather not be in a band. She stated, "I felt stifled – it wasn't good for my creativity. All through high school I was a punk. I never stood up for the Pledge of Allegiance and I didn't sit with anyone at lunch. I just wanted to get out." After attending several late-night raves, Parks felt inspired to follow her own musical inclinations and left home for Los Angeles at age nineteen. Of the raves, she said that "Watching those artists, I realised that I didn't need to be in a band. I could do this by myself. My parents told me I couldn't live with them if I kept going out. So I left."

Parks studied ethnomusicology at Pasadena City College, while attending the experimental club night Low End Theory and working on her own musical material on her iPad. Embarking on a journey "to show the Blackness of the violin," Parks studied the history of violin performers across different cultures, noting: "I found violinists who looked like me in Africa, playing it so wildly. It's such a serious instrument in a western concert setting, but in so many other places in the world it brings the party."

## Career

### 2017–2021: Early releases and *Athena*

Sudan Archives released her self-titled debut EP in 2017 and followed it with the *Sink* EP in 2018. The EP's lead single, "Nont for Sale", ranked as one of *Stereogum*'s favorite songs in May 2018. Parks released her debut studio album, *Athena*, the following year. The album received widespread critical acclaim from publications such as *The Guardian*, which said it contained "some of the most viscerally gorgeous music put to record", *The Quietus*, which commended Parks for her "knack for writing massive hooks that will dig straight into your brain", *Variety*, which described *Athena* as "innovative, unusual and inviting", and many more.

### 2022–present: *Natural Brown Prom Queen*

On March 16, 2022, Parks returned with "Home Maker", her first new track in three years and the first single from her second studio album, *Natural Brown Prom Queen*. *Pitchfork* made it one of their Best New Tracks and described it as Parks' "most approachable yet, a swaggering statement of intent with all the idiosyncratic charm that makes her music so memorable". Parks headlined the Stones Throw showcase at South by Southwest the following day.

On September 9, 2022, *Natural Brown Prom Queen* was released to widespread critical acclaim, with Parks noting of the album's variety: "It felt like time to let people know who I am. My stage name is kind of academic and on *Athena*, I created this thoughtful persona centred on divine Black femininity. Now I want to show my looseness, too. I'm a deep, insightful person, but I'm also fucking silly."

In 2023, Sudan Archives won two Libera Awards, for Best Breakthrough Artist/Release and Best R&B Record.

## Musical style and influences

Sudan Archives has taken inspiration from a variety of African musicians, including Cameroonian electronic musician Francis Bebey and Sudanese violinist Asim Gorashi. She is also inspired by Irish music. When performing, Sudan Archives sometimes uses electronic effects pedals and electronic beats and has also performed in a string quartet.

## Personal life

Parks has a twin sister named Cat, with whom she was briefly part of a pop duo called N2.

Parks lives in Los Angeles, and as of the COVID-19 pandemic has been dating James McCall, better known by the stage names Nocando and All City Jimmy. Parks and McCall built a home studio together in her basement, where she recorded her second studio album, *Natural Brown Prom Queen*.

## Discography

### Studio albums

### EPs

* *Sudan Archives* (2017)
* *Sink* (2018)

### Singles

* "Water" (2017)
* "Nont for Sale" (2018)
* "Confessions" (2019)
* "Glorious" (2019)
* "Confessions (Velvet Negroni Remix)" (2020)
* "Glorious (Nídia Remix)" (2020)
* "Home Maker" (2022)
* "Selfish Soul" (2022)

## InfoBox

| Sudan Archives | |
| --- | --- |
| Sudan Archives performing in 2019 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Brittney Denise Parks |
| Born | Cincinnati, U.S. |
| Origin | Los Angeles, U.S. |
| Genres |  |
| Occupations | * Violinist * singer |
| Instruments | Violin, vocals |
| Labels | Stones Throw |
|  | |
| Website | sudanarchives.com |


title: Sue Meredith

abstract: Sue Meredith is an American politician who served as a member of the Missouri House of Representatives from the 71st district for three terms from 2013 to 2019.

text:
# Sue Meredith

**Sue Meredith** (born August 16, 1946, in St. Louis, Missouri) is an American politician who served as a member of the Missouri House of Representatives from the 71st district for three terms from 2013 to 2019.

## Personal life

Sue Meredith was born in St. Louis, Missouri. She graduated from Pattonville High School in 1964 and then pursued a degree in political science from Webster University and later a master's degree in legal studies from Webster.

## Career

Sue Meredith has served on Ritenour School Board, A marketing firm, PTO boards, treasurer for Midwest Dance Theatre and as an executive officer of Olivette Chamber of Comerence.

Since January 2015, she has served as the chair of the Missouri Children's Services Commission, a statutory commission composed of various Missouri department heads and two members of the Missouri House of Representatives (one from each party) and two members of the Missouri Senate (one from each party). She has served as a Court Appointed Special Advocate (CASA) advocating for children who have been removed from their homes due to abuse and neglect.

With her retirement from the General Assembly, she remains an elected official, serving as Democratic committeewoman for Creve Coeur Township. She also intends to host issues discussions for residents in St. Louis County under the theme of Continuing the Conversation.

## InfoBox

| Sue Meredith | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Missouri House of Representatives
from the 71st district | |
| **In office**
2013  January 9, 2019 | |
| Succeeded by | LaDonna Appelbaum |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1946-08-16) August 16, 1946
St. Louis, Missouri |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Michael |
| Children | 3 |
| Residence | St. Louis County, Missouri |
| Profession | Politician |
|  | |


title: Sue Merz

abstract: Suzanne Rose Merz is an American ice hockey player. She won a gold medal at the 1998 Winter Olympics and a silver medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics.

text:
# Sue Merz

**Suzanne Rose Merz** (born April 10, 1972) is an American ice hockey player. She won a gold medal at the 1998 Winter Olympics and a silver medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics.

## Early life and education

Merz was born April 10, 1972 in Greenwich, Connecticut, to André Merz, a Swiss-born hairdresser, and Rosly Katherine (died 1981). She has one brother, Jean-Claude Merz. She graduated from Greenwich High School and the University of New Hampshire through an ice hockey scholarship. In her hometown, Greenwich, Connecticut, *Susan Merz Way* is named in her honor.

## Personal life

Merz is married to Margaret Mullen-Merz (née Mullen). She is a Swiss-American dual citizen.

Biographical information and career statistics from Eliteprospects.com

## InfoBox

| Sue Merz | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1972-04-10) April 10, 1972<br>Greenwich, Connecticut, U.S. | | |
| Height | 5 ft 5 in (165 cm) | | |
| Weight | 150 lb (68 kg; 10 st 10 lb) | | |
| Position | Defense | | |
| ECAC team | *New Hampshire Wildcats* | | |
| National team | United States | | |
| Playing career | 19902002 | | |
| Medal record      Representing  United States  Women's ice hockey  Olympic games  1998 Nagano  Tournament  2002 Salt Lake City  Tournament  IIHF World Women's Championships  1990 Canada  Tournament  1992 Finland  Tournament  1994 United States  Tournament  1999 Finland  Tournament  2000 Canada  Tournament  2001 United States  Tournament | | | |


title: Sumchinvum

abstract: Sumchinvum is a small village in Singngat-Sub-Division, Churachandpur District, Manipur, India. It was also known as 'Dimmual' by the Tedim people inhibiting in the village before the Kuki–Paite ethnic clash of 1997–98.

text:
# Sumchinvum

**Sumchinvum** is a small village in Singngat-Sub-Division, Churachandpur District, Manipur, India. It was also known as 'Dimmual' by the Tedim people inhibiting in the village before the Kuki–Paite ethnic clash of 1997–98.

## Geography

Sumchinvum is located 29 km from the district headquarter, Churachandpur and 95 km from Imphal, the capital of Manipur. The postal index number, PIN code of Sumchinvum is 795139. It is surrounded by Muallum village, Haijang Village, New Laijang Village and Singngat Village. The time-zone of Sumchinvum is IST (UTC+5:30) and Telephone Code / Std Code is 03874. Singngat Post Office is the nearest Post Office from Sumchinvum.

## Demography

The 2011 census of India recorded the population of Sumchinvum as 999 of which 496 are males and 503 are females. The literacy rate of Sumchinvum is 63.60% which is relatively lower as compare to the state which is 76.94%. The literacy rate of male is 70.33% and female is 56.72%. Also the village code of Sumchinvum is 269833 according to the 2011 census of India.

## Ethnic groups

The Zou community are the majority ethnic group inhibiting in Sumchinvum. Though the Village Chief is from the Kuki community, still the languages, cultures and traditions of the Zou community is followed in the village. Apart from the Zou and Kuki, ethnic groups like the Meitei and the Tedim people also reside in the village.

## Languages

The main languages spoken in the village is Zou. Moreover, dialects like the Thadou-Kuki is also spoken by some households.


title: Sudhamoy Ghosh

abstract: Sudhamoy Ghosh MBE, FNA, FRSE, FCS, FRIC was an Indian biochemist, natural products chemist and pharmacologist.

text:
# Sudhamoy Ghosh

**Sudhamoy Ghosh** MBE, FNA, FRSE, FCS, FRIC (13 January 1890 – 15 August 1970) was an Indian biochemist, natural products chemist and pharmacologist.

## Life and career

Ghosh was born in Dhaka district, then in the eastern region of the Bengal Presidency and now in Bangladesh. He was the son of Rasik Lal Ghosh, a civil servant, and his wife Kusum Kumari. After matriculating from high school and completing his intermediate degree in science from the Comilla Victoria Government College, he completed his bachelor's (1910) and master's (1912) degrees in chemistry from Dhaka College, then an affiliated college of the University of Calcutta. The same year he completed his MSc., Ghosh married Nirmala Guha (d. 1945), with whom he had two daughters, Indira and Manju.

In 1913, he received a scholarship to the University of Edinburgh to pursue doctoral studies; at Edinburgh, he conducted research under the guidance of James Walker on the optical rotation of certain sugars. After receiving his doctorate in 1915, he became a research chemist at the Calcutta Medical College under Leonard Rogers, a prominent researcher in tropical medicine. In December 1921, he joined the faculty of the newly established Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine as Professor and Head of Chemistry, holding the position until his retirement.

Over the course of his career, Ghosh investigated numerous Indian medicinal plants for their chemical properties. Among those were *Boerhaavia diffusa*, from which he isolated the alkaloid punarnavine, and *Sida cordifolia*, from which he and A. T. Dutta isolated ephedrine. He and his students also isolated several new alkaloids during their research, including kurchine and kurchicine from the bark of *Holarrhena antidysentrica*, saussurine from *Saussurea lappa* and tylophorine from *Tylophora asthmatica*.

Ghosh was twice selected (in 1929 and in 1942) as a nominator for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; on both occasions, he unsuccessfully nominated Sir Upendranath Brahmachari for the prize.

Following his retirement in 1947, Ghosh was appointed to the West Bengal Public Service Commission, serving as a member until November 1950. He retired to Calcutta, where he died of a cerebral haemorrhage at his residence on Independence Day 1970, aged 80.

## Awards and honours

1. Prior to 1970, the Indian National Science Academy was named the "National Institute of Sciences of India", and its fellows bore the post-nominal "FNI". The post-nominal became "FNA" in 1970 when the association adopted its present name.

## InfoBox

| Sudhamoy Ghosh | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1890-01-13)13 January 1890
Charsologhar, Dhaka district, Bengal Presidency, British Raj
(now in Bangladesh) |
| Died | 15 August 1970(1970-08-15) (aged 80)
Calcutta (now Kolkata), West Bengal, India |
| Nationality | British Indian (1890–1947)
Indian (1947–1970) |
| Alma mater |  |
| Awards |  |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields |  |
| Institutions |  |
| Doctoral advisor | James Walker
Leonard Rogers (post-doc) |
|  | |


title: Sulin Ba

abstract: Sulin Ba is a Chinese-American researcher, academic administrator, and professor currently serving as the Dean of the DePaul University Driehaus College of Business, beginning in July 2022.

text:
# Sulin Ba

**Sulin Ba** is a Chinese-American researcher, academic administrator, and professor currently serving as the Dean of the DePaul University Driehaus College of Business, beginning in July 2022.

## Early life and education

Sulin Ba was born and raised in China. She pursued higher education in the United States, receiving a master's and Ph.D. from the University of Texas at Austin in Library and Information Sciences and Management Information Systems, respectively. She completed her undergraduate studies in Library and Information Sciences at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, China.

## Career

Before joining DePaul University, Ba was the Treibick Family Endowed Chair at the University of Connecticut School of Business, serving as the school's first Associate Dean of Academic and Research Support and the executive director of the Connecticut Information Technology Institute from 2014 to 2019. Ba served in various other roles at UConn for over 20 years, focusing on research and state-wide initiatives on entrepreneurship and innovation. Ba started her academic career at the University of Southern California.

## Research

Ba's research interests include the design of crowdsourcing platforms, online word-of-mouth, and digital health communities. She has been recognized for her contributions to health IT, online behavior, and internal market mechanisms. Her work has influenced policy-making, including testimony before the United States House Committee on Small Business. Ba has been published in notable journals such as MIS Quarterly, Information Systems Research and Production and Operations Management.

### Selected publications

* Ba, S.; Pavlou, P. A. (2002). "Evidence of the effect of trust building technology in electronic markets: Price premiums and buyer behavior". *MIS Quarterly*. **26** (3): 243–268. doi:10.2307/4132332. JSTOR 4132332. S2CID 14484596.
* Majchrzak, A.; Rice, R. E.; Malhotra, A.; King, N.; Ba, S. (2000). "Technology adaptation: The case of a computer-supported inter-organizational virtual team". *MIS Quarterly*. **24** (4): 569–600. doi:10.2307/3250948. JSTOR 3250948.
* Ba, S. (2001). "Establishing online trust through a community responsibility system". *Decision Support Systems*. **31** (3): 323–336. doi:10.1016/S0167-9236(00)00144-5. S2CID 5832231.
* Luo, J.; Ba, S.; Zhang, H. (2012). "The effectiveness of online shopping characteristics and well-designed websites on satisfaction". *MIS Quarterly*. **36** (4): 1131–1144. doi:10.2307/41703501. JSTOR 41703501.

## InfoBox

| Sulin Ba | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Dean of the DePaul University College of Business | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office** <br>July 2022 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Nationality | Chinese-American |
| Alma mater |  |
|  | |


title: Sulina branch

abstract: The Sulina branch is a distributary of the river Danube that contributes to forming the Danube Delta. The other two main branches of the Danube are the Chilia branch to the north and the Sfântu Gheorghe branch to the south. The Sulina branch starts at a bifurcation of the Tulcea distributary, at Sfântu Gheorghe, Tulcea, runs east for 71.7 km (44.6 mi), and reaches the Black Sea at the port of Sulina. Its outflow comprises about 20% of the Danube's discharge.

text:
# Sulina branch

The **Sulina branch** is a distributary of the river Danube that contributes to forming the Danube Delta.

The other two main branches of the Danube are the Chilia branch to the north and the Sfântu Gheorghe branch to the south. The Sulina branch starts at a bifurcation of the Tulcea distributary, at Sfântu Gheorghe, Tulcea, runs east for 71.7 km (44.6 mi), and reaches the Black Sea at the port of Sulina. Its outflow comprises about 20% of the Danube's discharge.

## Early history

Until 1857, the Sulina Branch was in its initial state. Its path was 83 kilometres (52 mi) long, and sinuous, its width varing between 120 metres (390 ft) and 250 metres (820 ft), and the depth of its thalweg was between 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) and 9 metres (30 ft) below the local water level.

The Crimean War guaranteed its importance. From about 1850 to 1900, its importance for shipping grew as it stood at the confluence of European shipping routes. As the Sulina Branch was wide and shallow, between 1858 and 1872 jetties were built. They were lengthened, between 1925 and 1932, and again from 1944 to 1956 and 1956 to 1986. The jetties currently reach to 9,300 metres (30,500 ft) from the shore. The bar was deepened.

## The Rostock shipwreck

In September 1991, the Ukrainian-flagged vessel Rostock ran aground and sank in the Sulina branch at Mila 31, near Partizani village, partially blocking traffic; the last piece of the wreck of the ship was finally brought to the surface in 2015. In the course of removing the wreck of the Rostock, three divers lost their lives, including John Whitekettle (from the United States) and Anthony James Eke (from England); a memorial dedicated to them was erected on the right bank of the Sulina branch, next to the shipwreck site.

## InfoBox

| Sulina branch | |
| --- | --- |
| Sulina branch | |
|  | |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Danube Delta |
| coordinates | 45°09′28″N 29°39′13″E / 45.15778°N 29.65361°E / 45.15778; 29.65361 |
| Length | 71.75 km (44.58 mi) |


title: Sulimów-Kolonia

abstract: Sulimów-Kolonia is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dołhobyczów, within Hrubieszów County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south of Dołhobyczów, 36 km (22 mi) south of Hrubieszów, and 132 km (82 mi) south-east of the regional capital Lublin.

text:
# Sulimów-Kolonia

**Sulimów-Kolonia** \[suˈlimuf kɔˈlɔɲa\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dołhobyczów, within Hrubieszów County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south of Dołhobyczów, 36 km (22 mi) south of Hrubieszów, and 132 km (82 mi) south-east of the regional capital Lublin.

## InfoBox

| Sulimów-Kolonia | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Sulimów-Kolonia | |
| Coordinates: 50°31′13″N 24°3′14″E / 50.52028°N 24.05389°E / 50.52028; 24.05389 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Hrubieszów |
| Gmina | Dołhobyczów |
| Population | 40 |


title: Suling

abstract: The suling is a musical instrument of the Sundanese people in Indonesia. It is used in the Degung ensemble. Bamboo ring flute can also be found in Southeast Asian, especially in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Singapore.

text:
# Suling

The **suling** (Sundanese:  ᮞᮥᮜᮤᮀ) is a musical instrument of the Sundanese people in Indonesia. It is used in the Degung ensemble. Bamboo ring flute can also be found in Southeast Asian, especially in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Singapore.

## Construction

Sulings are made mainly of "tamiang" bamboo (*Schizostachyum blumei*, Nees), a long, thin-walled bamboo tube. The mouthpiece of the suling is circled with a thin band made of rattan near a small hole.

## Playing method

To play the suling, performers blow into a gap between the rattan band and the bamboo tube at one end of the instrument.

There are two factors that affect a fine suling's tone:

1. Fingering position.
2. Speed of the airflow blown by the mouth.

The fingering position changes the wavelength of sound resonance inside the suling's body. Depending on the distance of nearest hole to the suling's head, different notes can be produced. The airflow speed also can modify the tone's frequency. A note with twice frequency can be produced mostly by blowing the air into suling's head's hole with twice speed.

In the music of Bali the suling is an essential instrument and it appears to be similar to other forms of Javanese suling. The way it is played, however, sets it apart from other forms of Indonesian suling. Namely, it is necessary for the performers to use the technique circular breathing in order to create a highly strung sense of constancy that continues even at moments of dramatic climax by the percussive gamelan instruments.

### Special effects

* **Slur**, is dynamically changing note from one tone position to another position without stopping the airflow. For example, changing from 5 to 4, 4 to 5, 2 to 1 etc.
* **Puruluk**, (Sundanese term) is an effect produced by a-repeatedly-fast opening-and-closing of suling's hole by one or more fingers. The produced sound is similar to voice of a pigeon. The easiest puruluk can be produced by opening and closing mid-finger as shown by the following picture:

* In Sundanese technique, there are other known effects such as *wiwiw*, *keleter*, *lelol*, *gebos*, *petit*, *jengkat*, and *betrik*.

## Types

### Sundanese

In the Sundanese region, a suling is used as

#### Tuning

Sulings can have either 4 holes or 6 holes. The 6-holed Sundanese suling can play at least three different scales. Some custom sulings have 7 or 8 holes as additional holes for playing extended scales such as Mandalungan, the transposed version of Degung.

* **Pelog Degung**: da mi na ti la da \[1 2 3 4 5 1\],
nearly corresponds to do si sol fa mi do \[1' 7 5 4 3 1\] in the Western diatonic scale.
* **Madenda or Sorog**: da mi na ti la da \[1 2 3 4 5 1\], nearly similar to fa mi do si la fa \[4’ 3’ 1’ 7 6 4\] in the Western diatonic scale. Madenda conceptually played by changing the 3rd note of Degung \[1' 7 5 4 3 1\] in diatonic scale to \[1' 7 6 4 3 1\], and move the Sundanese 1/da to the Western 4/fa position.
* **Saléndro**: da mi na ti la da \[1 2 3 4 5 1\],
nearly similar to re do la sol fa re \[2’ 1’ 6 5 4 2\] in the Western diatonic scale. Salendo tone are almost five-equally divided tones, called as Saléndro Padantara (equal interval). Unequal division of Saléndro notes called as Saléndro Bédantara (unequal interval).
*
* **Mandalungan**: a rarely used scale, similar to Degung scale, but it is actually a transposed Degung via changing the 4th tone of Madenda \[4' 3' 1' 7 6 4\] in Western diatonic scale to \[4' 3' 1' ♭7 6 4\]. Basically sounds the same as Degung, just with a different transposition. This scale needs an extra hole (usually in the back of suling) to play.

The following picture shows the fingering for a six-holed **Sundanese suling**.

And below is the example of 'more realistic' view of finger positioning for the **pelog degung** scale.

#### Famous Sundanese suling players

* Endang Sukandar, 1996 2nd Winner of International Festival of Wind Instruments in Seoul, South Korea
* Burhan Sukarma
* Uking Sukri
* Bang Saat(Additional player of Dewa Budjana, He came from kalimantan) He also called as "saat"

The Suling can be many sizes

## Suling outside Indonesia

In Brunei, the suling today is played during a cultural festival and other events together with other Bruneian traditional instruments especially the *Gulintangan*. While in East Malaysia, especially in Sabah with a wide variety of aerophone, the instrument is played by all the interior ethnic groups in the state of Kadazan-Dusun, Murut, Rungus and Lun Bawang/Lundayeh. In Sarawak, the suling is mostly played by men in a Dayak people longhouse.

It is also called as suling by the Tausug, Yakan, B'laan, and Tiruray. Other names for the suling include the lantey (Ata), kinsi (Bukidnon), dagoyong (Higanon) and a babarak (Palawan)

The Maguindanaon suling is the smallest bamboo flute of the Maguindanaon and the only one classified as a ring-flute (the other two bamboo flutes of the Maguindanaon, the tumpong and the palendag are both lip-valley flutes). Air is passed through the suling via a blowing hole found at the bottom of the instrument and pitch is controlled via five finger holes on the top and one finger hole located on the bottom. Traditionally only the palendag was commonly played but because of the difficult nature of playing the palendag, both the tumpong and the suling have come to replace the palendag as the Maguindanaon’s most common aerophones.

## InfoBox

Suling  ᮞᮥᮜᮤᮀ
| Suling with the Kacapi | |
| --- | --- |
| Woodwind instrument | |
| Inventor(s) | Sundanese people |
| Developed | Indonesia |


title: Sunki

abstract: Sunki is a village in the Koraput district of the Indian state of Odisha.

text:
# Sunki

**Sunki** is a village in the Koraput district of the Indian state of Odisha.

## Location

It is located at the border between Odisha's Koraput district and Vijayanagaram district, Andhra Pradesh and on the National Highway 43.

## InfoBox

| Sunki | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| SunkiLocation in Odisha, India | |
| Coordinates: 18°30′02″N 83°02′54″E / 18.5005°N 83.04823°E / 18.5005; 83.04823 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Odisha |
| District | Koraput |
| Languages | |
| Official | Odia |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | OD 10 |
| Website | odisha.gov.in |


title: Sunkireddy Narayana Reddy

abstract: Sunkireddy Narayana Reddy is a poet, writer, researcher and a retired principal from Nalgonda, India who is the author of the books like Mattadi, Ganuma, Mungili, and Telangana Charitra. He won the B.N. Sastry award and an award in the "Litterateurs" category on the occasion of the first formation day of Telangana state. His book "Telangana Charitra" is now included in the syllabus for M.A. History and Group II.

text:
# Sunkireddy Narayana Reddy

**Sunkireddy Narayana Reddy** is a poet, writer, researcher and a retired principal from Nalgonda, India who is the author of the books like Mattadi, Ganuma, Mungili, and Telangana Charitra. He won the B.N. Sastry award and an award in the "Litterateurs" category on the occasion of the first formation day of Telangana state. His book "Telangana Charitra" is now included in the syllabus for M.A. History and Group II.

## Personal life

Narayana Reddy is married to Hemalatha and has three daughters. He is now working on his research associated with University Grants Commission (UGC), Delhi.


title: Saturday Night Live season 26

abstract: The twenty-sixth season of Saturday Night Live, an American sketch comedy series, originally aired in the United States on NBC between October 7, 2000, and May 19, 2001.

text:
# Saturday Night Live season 26

The **twenty-sixth season** of *Saturday Night Live*, an American sketch comedy series, originally aired in the United States on NBC between October 7, 2000, and May 19, 2001.

## History

### 2000 presidential election

The 2000–01 season was also noted for its well-received spoofing of that year's presidential campaign between Al Gore and George W. Bush. The two candidates even appeared (separately) on a special with the cast in fall 2000. Will Ferrell's Bush impression coined the term "strategery" in a sketch mocking Bush's propensity for mispronunciations, while Darrell Hammond's Gore was characterized by his slow, deliberate drawl and use of the term "lockbox" during the show's debate sketches.

In April 2015, Ferrell stated that he thought his impression "humanized" Bush to the country and may have won him the election, and that Hammond's "rigid, robotic-like" take on Gore may have influenced the result also.

## Cast

Before the start of the season, longtime cast members Tim Meadows, Cheri Oteri, and Colin Quinn all left the show. Meadows had been on the show for 10 seasons since 1990, while Oteri and Quinn had both been on for five seasons since 1995. The show added two new featured players: *SNL* head writer Tina Fey and Second City comedian Jerry Minor. Fey had been a writer on the show since 1997 and began as the show's head writer in 1999. Rachel Dratch and Maya Rudolph remained featured players. Minor was let go following this season.

This would be Molly Shannon's final season on the show. Leaving midseason, she surpassed Victoria Jackson as the show's longest-serving female cast member (Amy Poehler would surpass Shannon's record seven years later).

Chris Parnell was fired at the end of this season, but then rehired midway through the next season. Executive producer Lorne Michaels would later admit he made a mistake in firing Parnell.

In 1999, Tina Fey became the show's first female head writer. With Colin Quinn's *Weekend Update* tenure over, Lorne Michaels teamed Fey with Jimmy Fallon this season, the first duo to anchor the segment since Christine Ebersole and Brian Doyle-Murray in the early 1980s. This pairing was well received by critics. Fey appeared occasionally as an extra before being hired as a cast member. Fey was a featured player during her first season and was then promoted to contract player, while still maintaining her position as head writer.

This season also marked the first time since Season 14 that John Goodman didn't host at all. He had previously hosted at least one episode per season for a ten-year stretch.

### Cast roster

**bold** denotes "Weekend Update" anchor

## Writers

Jim Downey rejoins the writing staff this season. James Anderson, who went on to write on SNL for decades, joins the writing staff as a new writer.

Starting with the Charlie Sheen-hosted episode, Tina Fey's is officially credited as head writer (as opposed to writing supervisor like the previous season, in which she was in the same role, just under a different name).

Additionally, starting with that episode, longtime writer Dennis McNicholas (who had been a writer since 1995) is named as Fey's co-head writer; meanwhile, fellow veteran writers Paula Pell and Harper Steele (who had also been writers since 1995) are named as the new writing supervisors, in the role previously held by Fey.

Erik Kenward (a current producer for the show) joins the writing staff with the Katie Holmes-hosted episode.

This was also the final season for Adam McKay (a writer since 1995) and Robert Carlock (a writer since 1996). McKay left after six years, while Carlock left after five.

## Episodes

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Host | Musical guest(s) | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 486 | 1 | Rob Lowe | Eminem | October 7, 2000 (2000-10-07) |
|  | | | | | |
| 487 | 2 | Kate Hudson | Radiohead | October 14, 2000 (2000-10-14) |
|  | | | | | |
| 488 | 3 | Dana Carvey | The Wallflowers | October 21, 2000 (2000-10-21) |
|  | | | | | |
| 489 | 4 | Charlize Theron | Paul Simon | November 4, 2000 (2000-11-04) |
| * Paul Simon performs "Hurricane Eye" and "Old". He also appears in the DiMarco Brothers sketch. * SNL writer and stand up comedian Hugh Fink appears as himself on Weekend Update in a commentary on Judaism and Joe Lieberman. | | | | | |
| 490 | 5 | Calista Flockhart | Ricky Martin | November 11, 2000 (2000-11-11) |
| * Ricky Martin performs "She Bangs" and "Loaded". * Chris Kattan impersonates Martin right before the real Martin performs the song "Loaded" (from Martin's album *Sound Loaded*). * Giovanni Hidalgo performs percussion during Martin's musical performances. | | | | | |
| 491 | 6 | Tom Green | David Gray | November 18, 2000 (2000-11-18) |
| * David Gray performs "Babylon" and appears in the "Wedding" sketch. * Drew Barrymore is in the audience and mentioned in the monologue by Tom Green. * Gwyneth Paltrow appears on Weekend Update. * Tom's parents Mary Jane and Richard Green appear in the opening monologue and the "Wedding" sketch. * Shawn Greenson, Derek Harvie, and Glenn Humplik appear in the "Wedding" sketch. * Green brought in his own writers for this episode, which didn't please the cast. | | | | | |
| 492 | 7 | Val Kilmer | U2 | December 9, 2000 (2000-12-09) |
| * U2 performs "Beautiful Day" and "Elevation". * The previous day marked the 20th anniversary of the murder of John Lennon; Bono paid tribute to Lennon by singing a verse of "All You Need Is Love" over the end of "Beautiful Day". * The Director, Associate Directors, and Stage Managers who worked on this episode won a Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement. | | | | | |
| 493 | 8 | Lucy Liu | Jay-Z | December 16, 2000 (2000-12-16) |
|  | | | | | |
| 494 | 9 | Charlie Sheen | Nelly Furtado | January 13, 2001 (2001-01-13) |
| * Nelly Furtado performs "I'm Like a Bird". * Charlie Sheen reprises his role as Ricky Vaughn from the *Major League* films in "The NFL Pregame" sketch. | | | | | |
| 495 | 10 | Mena Suvari | Lenny Kravitz | January 20, 2001 (2001-01-20) |
| * Lenny Kravitz performs "Again" and "Mr. Cab Driver" and appears in two sketches as himself; one as holding auditions for Kyle and Sean DeMarco (Chris Kattan and Chris Parnell) and another going through airport security. * Former U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno makes a special appearance in the "Janet Reno's Dance Party" sketch where she confronts Janet Reno (portrayed by Will Ferrell). * Fred Wesley performs with the SNL Band. | | | | | |
| 496 | 11 | Jennifer Lopez | Jennifer Lopez | February 10, 2001 (2001-02-10) |
| * Jennifer Lopez performs "Play" and "Love Don't Cost a Thing". * Tom Hanks makes a brief appearance during Weekend Update. * Tracy Morgan opens the show by saying, "Live from New York, it's Jennifer Lopez's booty!" * This episode was delayed on the East Coast by 45 minutes due to a double overtime XFL football game. | | | | | |
| 497 | 12 | Sean Hayes | Shaggy | February 17, 2001 (2001-02-17) |
|  | | | | | |
| 498 | 13 | Katie Holmes | Dave Matthews Band | February 24, 2001 (2001-02-24) |
|  | | | | | |
| 499 | 14 | Conan O'Brien | Don Henley | March 10, 2001 (2001-03-10) |
|  | | | | | |
| 500 | 15 | Julia Stiles | Aerosmith | March 17, 2001 (2001-03-17) |
|  | | | | | |
| 501 | 16 | Alec Baldwin | Coldplay | April 7, 2001 (2001-04-07) |
|  | | | | | |
| 502 | 17 | Renée Zellweger | Eve | April 14, 2001 (2001-04-14) |
|  | | | | | |
| 503 | 18 | Pierce Brosnan | Destiny's Child | May 5, 2001 (2001-05-05) |
| * Destiny's Child performs "Survivor" and "Emotion," and also appears in a sketch as former members of "Gemini's Twin", a recurring parody of the group. * Julia Stiles appears in the cold opening, as George W. Bush's daughter, Jenna. * Molly Shannon appears in an SNL Digital Short, "Five Finger Di$count". | | | | | |
| 504 | 19 | Lara Flynn Boyle | Bon Jovi | May 12, 2001 (2001-05-12) |
|  | | | | | |
| 505 | 20 | Christopher Walken | Weezer | May 19, 2001 (2001-05-19) |
| * Weezer performs "Hash Pipe" and "Island in the Sun". * Former cast member Kevin Nealon appears during Weekend Update to tell viewers he is not on *SNL* anymore and that viewers who do see him are watching reruns from the 1990s that at the time aired on Comedy Central. * Winona Ryder appears during The Weekend Update Cliffhanger. * Jerry Minor's final episode as a cast member. * Chris Parnell's final episode as a cast member (until the middle of the next season). * This is the last episode to air before the 9/11 attacks. | | | | | |

## Specials

| Title | Original air date |
| --- | --- |
| "2000 Presidential Bash" | November 3, 2000 (2000-11-03) |
| The special included election material from this year and years past. Rachel Dratch, Will Ferrell and Darrell Hammond hosted the special while doing a number of different impressions. This special also featured cameo appearances from George W. Bush, Al Gore, Jesse Ventura, George H. W. Bush, Barbara Bush and Dana Carvey. | | |
| "Thursday Night Live (1)" | February 1, 2001 (2001-02-01) |
| "The Culps' Mandatory Drug Awareness Assembly" sketch from this episode was included in the prime-time special "SNL Mother's Day Special 2001" as well as the clip show "The Best of Will Ferrell". | | |
| "Thursday Night Live (2)" | February 8, 2001 (2001-02-08) |
| "The Best of Molly Shannon" | March 20, 2001 (2001-03-20) |
| The special included material featuring Molly Shannon during her stint on the show. Sketches include "Mary Katherine Gallagher," "Leg Up," "The Courtney Love Show," "Pretty Living," "Delicious Dish," "Rockettes Auditions," "Monica Lewinsky in Congress," "Fanatic" (film), "Blind Date At The Airport," "Veronica and Co.," "Dame Elizabeth Taylor," and "Jeannie Darcy". | | |
| "Mother's Day Special 2001" | May 13, 2001 (2001-05-13) |
| The first SNL Mother's Day special since 1993, the episode featured the cast and their mothers talking about their favorite sketches aired on the show. Sketches included "Behind the Music: Rock & Roll Heaven", "TRL: Gemini's Twin", "Mango vs. J.Lo", "The Weakest Link" and more. This special contained a special tribute to singer-songwriter Minnie Riperton, who was the mother of cast member Maya Rudolph. | | |

## *The Ladies Man* film

Based on Leon Phelps' popular sketches, *The Ladies Man* film was released on October 13, 2000. The film's star Tim Meadows left Saturday Night Live at the end of the previous season but returned to promote the film in the first episode of this season. Cast members Will Ferrell and Chris Parnell and former SNL cast member Mark McKinney co-starred in this film. The movie was panned by critics and flopped at the box office.

## InfoBox

| *Saturday Night Live* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 26 | |
|  | |
| No. of episodes | 20 |
| Release | |
| Original network | NBC |
| Original release | October 7, 2000 (2000-10-07)
May 19, 2001 (2001-05-19) |
| Season chronology | |
|


title: Suludella

abstract: Suludella is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Cambrian Period, which lasted from approximately 539 to 485 million years ago.

text:
# Suludella

***Suludella*** is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Cambrian Period, which lasted from approximately 539 to 485 million years ago.

## InfoBox

| *Suludella*<br>Temporal range: Cambrian | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
| Fossil | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Trilobita |
| Order: | Ptychopariida |
| Superfamily: | Ptychoparioidea |
| Family: | Conokephalinidae |
| Genus: | ***Suludella*** |
|


title: Super statute

abstract: The term super statute was applied in 2001 by William Eskridge and John Ferejohn to characterize an ordinary statute whose effort "to establish a new normative or institutional framework... 'stick[s]' in the public culture" and has "a broad effect on the law". As a result, it has a "quasi-constitutional" significance that exceeds its formal status as a statute.

text:
# Super statute

The term ***super statute*** was applied in 2001 by William Eskridge and John Ferejohn to characterize an ordinary statute whose effort "to establish a new normative or institutional framework ... 'stick\[s\]' in the public culture" and has "a broad effect on the law". As a result, it has a "quasi-constitutional" significance that exceeds its formal status as a statute.

## Other uses

According to Eskridge and Ferejohn, previous legal commentators had used the term "super-statute" for other purposes. Some writers have used the term to describe a constitution, e.g., A. E. Dick Howard, *The Road from Runnymede: Magna Carta and the Constitutionalism in America* (1968, pg.122) (stating that American lawyers in the eighteenth century viewed Magna Carta and the common law it was thought to embody "as a kind of superstatute, a constitution placing fundamental liberties beyond the reach of Parliament"). Other writers believe it's simply a big statute with no force outside its four corners, e.g., Bruce A. Ackerman, "Constitutional Politics/Constitutional Law", 99 *Yale Law Journal* **453**, 522 (1989) ("Superstatutes do not seek to revise any of the deeper principles organizing our higher law; instead, they content themselves with changing one or more rules without challenging basic premises.").


title: Super Maximum Retro Show

abstract: Super Maximum Retro Show is a 2023 Vice Media series. Jimmy Kimmel is the series executive producer.

text:
# Super Maximum Retro Show

**Super Maximum Retro Show** is a 2023 Vice Media series.

Jimmy Kimmel is the series executive producer.

## InfoBox

| *Super Maximum Retro Show* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Presented by | Chris Distefano |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Jimmy Kimmel |
| Original release | |
| Network | Vice TV |