title: Walter Anderson (Australian politician)

abstract: Walter Anderson was an Australian politician. He was born in Pyrmont to timekeeper Alexander Anderson and Jean Mackay. On 15 February 1888 he married Annie Andrews; they would have six children. A bookfinisher, he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1904 as the Liberal member for Balmain. He was defeated in 1907. He worked with the Government Printing Office from 1904 to 1928, as a sub-overseer until 1916 and an overseer thereafter. He died in Manly in 1939.

text:
# Walter Anderson (Australian politician)

**Walter Anderson** (7 June 1865  27 April 1939) was an Australian politician.

He was born in Pyrmont to timekeeper Alexander Anderson and Jean Mackay. On 15 February 1888 he married Annie Andrews; they would have six children. A bookfinisher, he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1904 as the Liberal member for Balmain. He was defeated in 1907. He worked with the Government Printing Office from 1904 to 1928, as a sub-overseer until 1916 and an overseer thereafter. He died in Manly in 1939.


title: Walter Alvarez

abstract: Walter Alvarez is a professor in the Earth and Planetary Science department at the University of California, Berkeley. He and his father, Nobel Prize–winning physicist Luis Alvarez, developed the theory that dinosaurs were killed by an asteroid impact.

text:
# Walter Alvarez

**Walter Alvarez** (born October 3, 1940) is a professor in the Earth and Planetary Science department at the University of California, Berkeley. He and his father, Nobel Prize–winning physicist Luis Alvarez, developed the theory that dinosaurs were killed by an asteroid impact.

## Biography

Born in Berkeley, California, Alvarez is the son of Luis Walter Alvarez, a Nobel prize-winner in physics, and Geraldine Smithwick. His grandfather was physician Walter C. Alvarez and his great-grandfather, Spanish-born Luis F. Alvarez, worked as a doctor in Hawaii and developed a method for the better diagnosis of macular leprosy. His great-aunt Mabel Alvarez was an artist and oil painter from California.

Alvarez earned his B.A. in geology in 1962 from Carleton College in Minnesota and Ph.D. in geology from Princeton University in 1967. He worked for American Overseas Petroleum Limited in the Netherlands, and in Libya at the time of Colonel Gaddafi's revolution. Having developed a side interest in archaeological geology, he left the oil company and spent some time in Italy, studying the Roman volcanics and their influence on patterns of settlement in early Roman times.

Alvarez then moved to Lamont–Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University, and began studying the Mediterranean tectonics in the light of the new theory of plate tectonics. His work on tectonic paleomagnetism in Italy led to a study of the geomagnetic reversals recorded in Italian deep-sea limestones. Alvarez and his colleagues were able to date the reversals for an interval of more than 100 million years of the Earth's history by using Foraminifera biostratigraphy.

## Impact theory

Alvarez and his father Luis W. Alvarez, together with Frank Asaro and Helen Michel, discovered that a clay layer occurring right at the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary was highly enriched in the element iridium. Since iridium enrichment is common in asteroids, but very uncommon on the Earth, they postulated that the layer had been created by the impact of a large asteroid with the Earth, and that this impact was the likely cause of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, which occurred 66 million years ago and was responsible for the elimination of 75% of all then-existent species, including all non-avian dinosaurs.

This iridium enrichment has now been observed in many other sites around the world. In addition, the Chicxulub crater off the northeast coast of the Yucatan Peninsula was identified and is now regarded as the definitive evidence of a large impact. Consequently, a majority of scientists now accept an impact scenario as the most likely cause for the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction. Alvarez's book, T. rex *and the Crater of Doom*, details the discovery of the event.

In addition to his interest in extinction events and impacts, Alvarez has contributed to the understanding of Mediterranean tectonics, Roman geology and archeology, and the establishment of magnetostratigraphic correlations.

## Big History

Alvarez began teaching a course in Big History at UC Berkeley in 2006 under the title "Big History: Cosmos, Earth, Life, Humanity." He last taught the course in 2011 where it was videotaped and made freely available online. According to Alvarez, Big History is the "attempt to understand, in a unified and interdisciplinary way, the history of the Cosmos, Earth, Life and Humanity." This definition was later adopted by the International Big History Association (IBHA). Alvarez's course is open to all majors and grade levels and seeks to provide a broad understanding of the past, present and future.

Alvarez helped organize a meeting of Big Historians at the Geological Observatory at Coldigioco in Italy in 2010 which resulted in the establishment of the International Big History Association. In 2011, the IBHA is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization.

Alvarez was one of the founding members of the IBHA, and served on the advisory board until August 7, 2014 when he stepped down at the 2014 IBHA conference held at Dominican University of California.

### ChronoZoom

In partnership with Microsoft Research, Alvarez developed a zoomable timeline called ChronoZoom, which is a computer-graphical approach to visualizing and understanding time scales, and presenting vast quantities of historical information in a useful way. ChronoZoom was introduced at the 97th Annual Faculty Research Lecture at UC Berkeley.

## Awards and honors

Alvarez was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1983, and elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1991. He was awarded the 2006 Nevada Medal, the 2008 Vetlesen Prize, and the Penrose Medal from the Geological Society of America. In 2005, he received the doctorate "Honoris Causa" in Geological Sciences from the University of Siena, Italy.

Minor planet 3581 Alvarez is named after him and his father, Luis Walter Alvarez.

## Works

* T. rex *and the Crater of Doom* (Princeton University Press, 1997) ISBN 0-375-70210-5
* *The Mountains of Saint Francis: The Geologic Events that Shaped Our Earth*. W. W. Norton. 2008. ISBN 9780393061857  via Internet Archive.
* *A Most Improbable Journey: A Big History of our Planet and Ourselves* (W. W. Norton, 2016) ISBN 978-0393292695

## InfoBox

| Walter Alvarez | |
| --- | --- |
| Walter Alvarez at his home in 2024 | |
| Born | Walter Alvarez
(1940-10-03) October 3, 1940
Berkeley, California, U.S. |
| Alma mater |  |
| Known for | Alvarez hypothesis |
| Spouse | Milly Alvarez (m. 1963) |
| Awards |  |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Geology |
| Institutions |  |
|  | |


title: Wairuna, Brisbane

abstract: Wairuna is a heritage-listed detached house at 27 Hampstead Road, Highgate Hill, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Robin Dods and built from 1896 to 1900. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

text:
# Wairuna, Brisbane

**Wairuna** is a heritage-listed detached house at 27 Hampstead Road, Highgate Hill, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Robin Dods and built from 1896 to 1900. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

## History

Wairuna was constructed as the residence of James Allan between 1896 and 1900, to the design of fine Brisbane architect Robin Dods.

James Allan was the co-founder of the drapery and outfitting firm, Allan and Stark who had outlets in South Brisbane and Queen Street. Allan and Stark were operating from the mid-1880s and remained in business as a major Queensland department store until they were taken over by Myer in the later half of the twentieth century.

James Allan and his new wife, Elizabeth Stark, moved into a house in Hampstead Road on the site of Wairuna which Allan bought on 4 February 1885. Wairuna was constructed in several stages from 1896 until 1900 and there is suggestion that the original house in which the couple were living was somehow incorporated in the new Dods' designed residence. However, there is very little evidence of this at the house, although material including timber and doors may well have been recycled within the Allan's new house. When constructed Wairuna included a tennis court and tennis pavilion, a fence and surrounding gardens. Robert Smith (Robin) Dods was a prolific, innovative and highly skilled Brisbane architect. Dods was articled in Edinburgh to Hay and Henderson and also attended classes of the local Architectural Association, before moving to London and joining the office of prominent nineteenth century architect, Sir Aston Webb in 1890. He returned to Brisbane after winning a competition for the Brisbane Hospital and began a partnership Hall & Dods with local architect, Francis Richard Hall. Dods was a sophisticated architect, able to well integrate the contemporary innovative design of the Arts and Crafts movement with the climatic features of a sub-tropical climate. Wairuna is certainly an example of this integration of ideas, a finely designed building following the Arts and Crafts tradition with a high pitched complex roof, multi gabled and bayed projections and an overall picturesque quality, achieved whilst obtaining a comfortable and livable Queensland house.

James Allan died on 27 January 1938 and Wairuna was acquired by the Presbyterian Church on 16 March 1943. The building was used as a hostel from 1939 until 1972, then as a Home Mission Training Institute and in 1977 was used as a Uniting Church manse. During the period of church ownership many internal partitions were added and the bathroom facilities were extended. A church hall was constructed on the site of the former tennis court. Subdivision followed and the church was sold into private ownership in about 1984.

## Description

Wairuna is a substantial mostly one storeyed elevated timber building on a prominent site in Hampstead Road, Highgate Hill. The building has a complex steeply pitched hipped and gabled roof clad with red Marseilles patterned terracotta roof tiles. Gabled projections on the roof give external expression to bay windows and other projections which would otherwise be concealed by verandahs. The gabled projections on the roof are clad with a variety of small terracotta tiles or horizontal timber boarding. The projections have decorative bargeboards partially infilled with either vertical timber battening or cross braced timber members.

The building is timber framed and clad with horizontal beaded boarding. Tall rectangular stuccoed chimney stacks with simple cut out decorative motif below the cap. The building is lined on the northern facade, facing toward the central business district, with a wide timber framed verandah. The verandah has rectangular timber posts, a simple vertical battened balustrade. The verandahs are lined with timber louvred screen and latticing. The pitch of the roof becomes more shallow over the verandahs.

Pedestrian entrance to the house is via a set of secured concrete stairs from Hampstead Road which curve up to a lawned terrace in front of the northern facade of the house. From this timber steps lead to a double timber latticed door in a small diagonally placed porch projecting from the verandah. This north eastern end of the verandah expands to form a large open piazza area. From the piazza access is provided to a double timber entrance door, flanked by leadlight sidelights and surmounted by a rectangular transom, also glazed with leadlight. From here, a small entrance vestibule is separated from the entrance hall by a colonnade.

Internally the building has timber boarded floors, vertical timber boarded walls and ceilings clad with decorative pressed metal sheeting. The interior is arranged around a large central space comprising the entrance hall and a large conservatory hall to the west of the hall and linked by a short hallway. Both of these central rooms have large clerestory windows, providing natural light to what would otherwise be quite dark central rooms. Surrounding these rooms and accessed from them are a number of rooms including a drawing room, dining room, study, three bedrooms along with a number of smaller ancillary rooms including a servant's bedroom, bathroom and toilet, kitchen, serving pantry and scullery. Access is provided to two stairs from the conservatory, one internal timber stair and, quite near this, at the western end of the house, an external stair, leading to a rear terrace. Most internal timber doors, which are generally four panelled, are surmounted by operable transom lights. The internal rooms are generally generously sized spaces and the interior is a substantially intact late nineteenth century residence, although many of the service areas have been refitted with modern facilities.

## Heritage listing

Wairuna was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.

**The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.**

Wairuna is a substantial timber residence, constructed between 1896 and 1900, and demonstrates the growth of South Brisbane during this period when many large residences were erected.

**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.**

The building is a good example of the work of Robin Dods, adapting Arts and Crafts design philosophy with the climatic constraints posed by sub-tropical dwelling.

**The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.**

The building has special associations with Robin Dods, the architect and with James Allan for whom it was constructed.

### Attribution

This Wikipedia article was originally based on *"The Queensland heritage register"* published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 7 July 2014, archived on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were originally computed from the *"Queensland heritage register boundaries"* published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 5 September 2014, archived on 15 October 2014).

Media related to Wairuna, Brisbane at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Wairuna | |
| --- | --- |
| House in 2015 | |
| Location | 27 Hampstead Road, Highgate Hill, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia |
| Coordinates | 27°28′59″S 153°00′56″E / 27.4831°S 153.0156°E / -27.4831; 153.0156 |
| Design period | 1870s - 1890s (late 19th century) |
| Built | 1896 - 1900 |
| Built for | James Allan |
| Architect | Robin Dods |
|  | |
| Queensland Heritage Register | |
| Official name | Wairuna |
| Type | state heritage (landscape, built) |
| Designated | 21 October 1992 |
| Reference no. | 600226 |
| Significant period | 1890s-1900s (fabric, historical) |
| Significant components | residential accommodation - main house, terracing, fence/wall - perimeter |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Wairuna in QueenslandWairuna, Brisbane (Australia) | |


title: Walk-Over shoes

abstract: Walk-Over shoes is a historic shoe brand in the U.S. It was founded in 1874 by George Eldon Keith under the name George E. Keith Co. He donated land to Brockton, Massachusetts and Keith Park was named for him. Shoemaking was a family business, though the brand gained recognition and popularity over the years, with George E. Keith opening a factory and expanding the business. In 1899, a store was established in London, and in 1902, a women's shoe line was introduced. By 1920, Walk-Over had multiple production plants, factories, a distribution center in St. Louis, and stores in England and France. It also had stores in various cities, including Detroit and Chicago, with the Detroit store located at 152 Woodward Avenue. Walk-Overs were even sold by L.L. Bean when it operated as a shop. The shoes were made in the Campello section of Brockton, Massachusetts, as well as Middleboro, Massachusetts. In 1919, Keith gave a talk at the Waldorf Astoria hotel in New York City about Walk-Over's export business. The company filed an unfair competition suit against a store selling shoes as Walk-Overs that were not from the company. Walk-Over also made shoes under contract for department stores. Walk-Over released a postcard set of 24 famous Americans to advertise its shoes.

text:
# Walk-Over shoes

**Walk-Over shoes** is a historic shoe brand in the U.S. It was founded in 1874 by George Eldon Keith under the name George E. Keith Co. He donated land to Brockton, Massachusetts and Keith Park was named for him.

Shoemaking was a family business, though the brand gained recognition and popularity over the years, with George E. Keith (February 5, 1850 – December 8, 1920) opening a factory and expanding the business. In 1899, a store was established in London, and in 1902, a women's shoe line was introduced.

By 1920, Walk-Over had multiple production plants, factories, a distribution center in St. Louis, and stores in England and France. It also had stores in various cities, including Detroit and Chicago, with the Detroit store located at 152 Woodward Avenue. Walk-Overs were even sold by L.L. Bean when it operated as a shop.

The shoes were made in the Campello section of Brockton, Massachusetts, as well as Middleboro, Massachusetts. In 1919, Keith gave a talk at the Waldorf Astoria hotel in New York City about Walk-Over's export business. The company filed an unfair competition suit against a store selling shoes as Walk-Overs that were not from the company.

Walk-Over also made shoes under contract for department stores. Walk-Over released a postcard set of 24 famous Americans to advertise its shoes.


title: Walter Schreifels

abstract: Walter Arthur Schreifels is an American rock musician from New York City.

text:
# Walter Schreifels

**Walter Arthur Schreifels** (born March 10, 1969) is an American rock musician from New York City.

## Career

In the late 1980s, he played in many New York hardcore bands, most notably Youth of Today and Gorilla Biscuits, where he was also the songwriter and lyricist. After Gorilla Biscuits broke up, he formed the short-lived Moondog, releasing only a bootleg 7" record. Moondog would transition into the more aggressive post-hardcore band Quicksand. Quicksand went on hiatus in the late nineties. He also collaborated with his former Gorilla Biscuits bandmates in the melodic hardcore band CIV, writing much of their first LP and one song on their follow-up LP despite not actually playing on the record. He went on to start World's Fastest Car, a relatively short-lived project. The band recorded a demo and an EP, neither of which have been officially released. The EP was supposed to be released by Revelation Records, but that never came to fruition due to their breakup. Later, he helped create the melodic indie rock-styled band Rival Schools. After Rival Schools' dissolution, he went on to form Walter and the Motorcycles, who recorded but never released a self-titled LP and played a few shows but quickly broke up. Walking Concert, his next project, was heavily influenced by classic British acts such as Elvis Costello, The Kinks, Syd Barrett, David Bowie and The Smiths. In addition to a new solo acoustic LP scheduled for release in 2008, Schreifels reformed Rival Schools in June 2008 with plans to release a new album. In October 2009, he appeared on "Memoria: A Tribute to the Alternative 90s" (Yr Letter Records) with "When You Sleep", a My Bloody Valentine cover. In 2014, Schreifels joined a blues rock band that would come to be known as Dead Heavens.

On November 16, 2010, Rival Schools released the deluxe single for "Shot After Shot" on iTunes from the forthcoming record *Pedals*, which was released in March 2011.

As a producer, he has worked with such hardcore-related bands as Hot Water Music, Sinch, The First Step and Title Fight. He produced the EP *Deer Strutter*, the first from the UK band Cars As Weapons, and a full length titled *Days Above Ground* from Australian post-hardcore band, Paper Arms. He is also part owner of the record label Some Records. He produced hardcore/pop punk act Title Fight's first full length titled Shed.

### Solo

On May 4, 2010, Schreifels released his first solo album, *An Open Letter to the Scene,* on Big Scary Monsters Recording Company (UK), Academy Fight Song (U.S.), Dine Alone Records (Canada) and Arctic Rodeo (Europe). In support of the album release, Schreifels announced a 12-date UK tour. The album features 10 tracks on CD and 11 on vinyl, including covers of songs by Agnostic Front, CIV, and My Bloody Valentine (vinyl version only). The CIV song he covered, "Don't Gotta Prove It", was written by Schreifels.

In an interview with *Alter the Press!*, Schreifels confirmed his follow-up solo record was 85% complete and would be titled *Jesus Is My Favorite Beatle*.

## Discography

### With Gorilla Biscuits

### With Youth of Today

* *We're Not in This Alone* (1986 Wishing Well Records/ 1988 Revelation Records)
* *Disengage* (1990 Revelation Records)

### With Quicksand

### With Rival Schools

### With Walking Concert

### As Walter Schreifels

* *An Open Letter to the Scene* (2010, Arctic Rodeo Recordings)

### With Vanishing Life

### With Dead Heavens

* *Whatever Witch You Are* (2017, Dine Alone Records)

## InfoBox

| Walter Schreifels | |
| --- | --- |
| Schreifels performing at Groezrock 2013 | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1969-03-10) March 10, 1969<br>New York City, U.S. |
| Genres | Hardcore punk, post-hardcore, alternative rock |
| Occupation(s) | Musician, record producer |
| Instrument(s) | Vocals, guitar, bass guitar, piano |
| Years active | 1985–present |
| Labels | Big Scary Monsters |


title: Wanzhou North railway station

abstract: Wanzhou North railway station is a railway station in Wanzhou District, Chongqing, China. It is served by the Zhengzhou–Wanzhou high-speed railway and the Chongqing–Wanzhou intercity railway. It is one of two passenger railway stations in Wanzhou and the first to offer high-speed service. The other station is Wanzhou railway station which is served by trains on conventional lines.

text:
# Wanzhou North railway station

**Wanzhou North railway station** (Chinese: 万州北) is a railway station in Wanzhou District, Chongqing, China. It is served by the Zhengzhou–Wanzhou high-speed railway and the Chongqing–Wanzhou intercity railway. It is one of two passenger railway stations in Wanzhou and the first to offer high-speed service. The other station is Wanzhou railway station which is served by trains on conventional lines.

## History

Wanzhou North railway station opened on 28 November 2016 along with the Chongqing–Wanzhou intercity railway. The station became a terminus of the Zhengzhou–Wanzhou high-speed railway on 20 June 2022.

## Future

The station will also be the terminus of a new Chongqing–Wanzhou route, Chongqing–Wanzhou high-speed railway, which will be faster and more direct than the existing route.

| Preceding station | China Railway High-speed | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Liangping Southtowards Chongqing North |  | Chongqing–Wanzhou intercity railway |  | *Terminus* |
| Yunyangtowards Zhengzhou East |  | Zhengzhou–Wanzhou high-speed railway |  | |
| Zhongxiantowards Chongqing East |  | Chongqing–Wanzhou high-speed railway |  | |

## InfoBox

| Wanzhou North
万州北 | |
| --- | --- |
| Wanzhou North in 2018 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Wanzhou District, Chongqing
China |
| Coordinates | 30°51′56″N 108°21′44″E / 30.8655°N 108.36219°E / 30.8655; 108.36219 |
| Line(s) |  |
| History | |
| Opened | 28 November 2016 (2016-11-28) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Wang Guosong

abstract: Wang Guosong, was a Chinese electrical engineer, and a pioneer of electrotechniques in modern China. Wang was also an educator, and best known for his acting President position of Zhejiang University in history.

text:
# Wang Guosong

**Wang Guosong** (or **Kuo-Song Wang**; Chinese: 王国松; 1902–1983), was a Chinese electrical engineer, and a pioneer of electrotechniques in modern China. Wang was also an educator, and best known for his acting President position of Zhejiang University in history.

## Biography

Wang was born in Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province in 1902, and his father was a handcraft worker. Wang graduated from Zhejiang No.10 Middle School (current Wenzhou Middle School). In 1920, Wang entered Zhejiang Industrial School (浙江公立工业专门学校; a technical school of Zhejiang University) in Hangzhou, and studied electrical engineering. Wang graduated in 1925 and became a teaching assistant in the school. In 1927/1928, Zhejiang Industrial School became the engineering faculty of Zhejiang University, Wang taught both at Zhejiang University School of Engineering and its affiliated technical schools.

In 1930, Wang went to the United States, and studied at the Graduate School of Cornell University. Wang received MS in 1931 and PhD in 1933 both from Cornell University.

Wang went back to China in Aug 1933, and later became an associate professor at the Department of Electrical Engineering of Zhejiang University. Wang was one of three main founders of the Chinese Society for Electrical Engineering (中国机电工程学会) in Oct 1934. In May 1936, Wang was pointed the head of the Department of Electrical Engineering of Zhejaing University, and promoted to professor in Aug 1937.

In Jun 1950, Wang was pointed the Vice-president of Zhejiang University. From Jun 1951 to Nov 1952, Wang served as the acting President of Zhejiang University. After Nov 1952, Wang continued as Vice-president of Zhejiang University.

Wang was former Chairman of Hangzhou Association of Science and Technology. From 1978 to 1983, Wang was the Director-general of Zhejiang Society for Electrical Engineering.

Wang died in Hangzhou on 3 December 1983. The *Wang Guosong Education Fund* (王国松教育基金会) was founded in Nov 1996, named after his honor.

1. Wang Guosong's biography Archived 17 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine
2. ...并与浙江大学工学院院长李熙谋、上海交通大学工学院院长张廷金等人于1934年10月发起成立“中国电机工程师学会”...


title: War Requiem (film)

abstract: War Requiem is a 1989 film adaptation of Benjamin Britten's musical piece of the same name. It was shot in 1988 by the British film director Derek Jarman with the 1963 recording as the soundtrack, produced by Don Boyd and financed by the BBC. Decca Records required that the 1963 recording be heard on its own, with no overlaid soundtrack or other sound effects. The film featured Nathaniel Parker as Wilfred Owen, and Laurence Olivier in his last acting appearance before his death in July 1989. The film is structured as the reminiscences of Olivier's character, the Old Soldier, and Olivier recites "Strange Meeting" in the film's prologue.

text:
# War Requiem (film)

***War Requiem*** is a 1989 film adaptation of Benjamin Britten's musical piece of the same name.

It was shot in 1988 by the British film director Derek Jarman with the 1963 recording as the soundtrack, produced by Don Boyd and financed by the BBC. Decca Records required that the 1963 recording be heard on its own, with no overlaid soundtrack or other sound effects. The film featured Nathaniel Parker as Wilfred Owen, and Laurence Olivier in his last acting appearance before his death in July 1989. The film is structured as the reminiscences of Olivier's character, the Old Soldier, and Olivier recites "Strange Meeting" in the film's prologue.

## Cast

## Filming

Shooting for the film took place at Darenth Park Hospital in Kent, beginning 17 October 1988 and lasting for 18 days. It was released on the following dates in English-speaking countries:

## Video

The film was released on VHS and Laserdisc in 1990, but because of its limited release, copies are quite rare. A US (Region 1/NTSC) DVD is available from Kino International. The film has been released on UK Region 2 DVD featuring a *Making of War Requiem* documentary and interviews with Swinton, Parker and Don Boyd (who also provides an audio commentary). A DVD has also been released in Japan. The film, classified "PG" on its UK release, was classified "12" on its 2008 home media release, with the comment "Contains infrequent strong documentary images of war horror".

## InfoBox

| War Requiem | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Derek Jarman |
| Screenplay by | Derek Jarman |
| Based on | *War Requiem*
by Benjamin Britten |
| Produced by | Don Boyd |
| Starring | Laurence Olivier
Nathaniel Parker
Tilda Swinton
Sean Bean
Nigel Terry |
| Cinematography | Richard Greatrex |
| Edited by | Rick Elgood |
| Music by | Benjamin Britten |
| Release date | * 6 January 1989 (1989-01-06) |
| Running time | 92 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: Walyunga National Park

abstract: Walyunga National Park is a national park in Western Australia, 35 km northeast of Perth along the Great Northern Highway. There is also an eponymous locality of the City of Swan, but the boundaries of the national park and the locality are not identical.

text:
# Walyunga National Park

**Walyunga National Park** is a national park in Western Australia, 35 km northeast of Perth along the Great Northern Highway.

There is also an eponymous locality of the City of Swan, but the boundaries of the national park and the locality are not identical.

## Description

The park is situated just behind the Darling Scarp in the Darling Range spread over a steeply sided valley. The Swan-Avon River and the Eastern Railway run through the park and the Avon Descent passes through a set of rapids along this section. The area is dominated by granite outcrops along with smaller dolerite areas, the tops of hills are capped with laterite.

The park has barbeque, parking and toilet facilities. Also it is home to many animals such as grey kangaroo, galah, goanna, magpie, gecko and many other wildlife species. Plants include flooded gum, jarrah, petrophile and hakea. Walyunga is a 6000 year old meeting place used by the Noongar people. Currently it is an official protected area.

The word *Walyunga* roughly translates to "Happy Place".

Official website

## InfoBox

| Walyunga National Park
Western Australia | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category II (national park) | |
| Walyunga Pool, just downstream from where the Avon River becomes the Swan | |
| Walyunga National Park | |
|  | |
| Nearest town or city | Perth, Western Australia |
| Coordinates | 31°42′22″S 116°05′23″E / 31.70611°S 116.08972°E / -31.70611; 116.08972 |
| Established | 1970 (1970) |
| Area | 1,814 ha (4,480 acres) |
| Managing authorities | Department of Environment and Conservation |
| Website | Walyunga National Park |
| See also | List of protected areas of
Western Australia |


title: Waren (port)

abstract: Waren, also known as Warn, Waren Bay, Warenmouth and Warenquay, was a seaport at Budle Bay, on the north-east coast of England, the recorded history of which spans from the 1240s to the early twentieth century. Waren was England's northernmost mainland port during periods in which Berwick Upon Tweed was controlled by the Kingdom of Scotland. The port was associated with Bamburgh and its castle, situated 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to the east-south-east.

text:
# Waren (port)

**Waren**, also known as **Warn**, **Waren Bay**, **Warenmouth** and **Warenquay**, was a seaport at Budle Bay, on the north-east coast of England, the recorded history of which spans from the 1240s to the early twentieth century.

Waren was England's northernmost mainland port during periods in which Berwick Upon Tweed was controlled by the Kingdom of Scotland. The port was associated with Bamburgh and its castle, situated 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to the east-south-east.

## Geography

Budle Bay is a 1 mile (1.6 km) square-plan mudflat open to the north sea on its north-east side. Two burns form channels across the bay; the Waren Burn enters at its southern corner and the smaller Ross Low from the western corner. These meet in the intertidal zone and continue east to the low water mark as Budle Water.

The port at Waren was situated on Budle Water, where a quay and pier were built on the south bank, and extended west along the Waren Burn as far as Waren Mill.

The main settlements close to the port are Waren Mill, and Bamburgh, which having a north-east facing seafront of sandy beach, with a rocky foreshore to the north-east, provides no shelter for anchorage. Budle Water is the closest natural harbour.

## History

The placement of a Roman fort, Outchester, on the north bank of the Waren Burn at Spindlestone Mill, 0.5 miles (0.80 km) upstream of Waren Mill, is taken to indicate an intention to secure the Waren harbour and a route from it to the Devil's Causeway.

In post-Roman times, the dolerite outcrop on which Bamburgh Castle is situated was a centre of regional power dating back at least to the Celtic Brittonic fort of *Din Guarie*, and may have been the capital of the kingdom of Bernicia, the realm of the Gododdin people.

The recorded history of the port dates to a royal charter of 26 April 1247, granted to the burgesses of the new borough of Warenmouth. The port and settlement were founded by William Heron, sheriff of Northumberland from 1246 and keeper of Bamburgh Castle from 1248, on the common land of Bamburgh in the vicinity of the contemporary farm of Newtown, east of Budle. The charter granted the same liberties and customs to Warenmouth as had been extended to those of Newcastle Upon Tyne, including the right to hold a market; inception of a merchant guild, and exemption from trial by battle and jurisdiction to settle trade disputes within the borough, the sheriff acting as bailiff.

In its earliest years Warenmouth appears to have acted chiefly as a fishing port. Its fortune seems to have fallen with that of Bamburgh Castle, which was besieged for nine-months during the War of the Roses before falling in 1464 to the Yorkists, and entering an unsettled period in which its ownership twice reverted to the Crown.

Stafford Linsley, in *Ports and Harbours of Northumberland*, asserts that the name Warenmouth fell into disuse in the fourteenth century, in favour of Newtown; and that the port "seems to have been quite forgotten by 1575", a reference to enquiries made about Bamburgh and its estate in June 1575, when local jurors were asked where 'the Cee Towne' was, and replied 'There is at this day no place or towne of that name, that we can know, unlesse that be menie \[sic\] of the towne of Bamburgh, which is scituate not far from the foresaid castle, on the west parte thereof, and hath been a borough and market towne, but now not frequented with market, but in manner decayed, and the most parte thereof desolate and unbielded.'

Waren is recorded in a 1753 return to the Court of Exchequer as being a harbour or creek within the administrative Port of Berwick.

The port in the early 1800s is described in *Grace Darling and her Times*:

> At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Warenquay, just beyond Budle, was a harbour accommodating a multitude of minor shipping. A granary stood on the quay where corn was brought from the Continent, and transferred into flat-bottomed lighters which went up the river at high tide, to Waren Mill. Out-going vessels carried the flour away and there was perpetual traffic up and down the coast. "Jenny Henderson’s", an inn between Budle and Waren Mill, was the great meeting-place of local skippers and sailors.
>
> Constance Smedley, *Grace Darling and her Times* (1932)

Besides the grain trade and its use as a fishing port, Linsley records exports from the port of whinstone, transported from quarries south of the port on rail tracks running across what is now the perimeter of a golf course.

Waren is recorded in nineteenth century shipowner and port directories, still as part of the Port of Berwick. In 1843 it is specified as having 14 foot (4.3 m) of water on spring tides, and 10 foot (3.0 m) on neap tides, but with a shifting bar. Pilots, normally from Holy Island harbour, were necessary, and a steam boat was kept at the port to tow vessels into and out of the port. Linsley traces advice on the use of Waren to as late as 1948, when mariners were warned of the Warnham bar and advised that entry should not be attempted without assistance from pilots from Holy Island or Seahouses.

## InfoBox

| Waren | |
| --- | --- |
| The old quayside and pier of Waren port shown on an 1892-1914 Ordnance Survey map | |
| Click on the map for a fullscreen view | |
| Native name | Waren |
| Location | |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Location | Northumberland |
| Coordinates | 55°36′54″N 1°44′52″W / 55.615129°N 1.747777°W / 55.615129; -1.747777 |


title: Waren Town Hall

abstract: The New Town Hall in Waren was inaugurated in 1862. It is located in the town centre of Waren in Mecklenburg, Germany, on the market square (Marktplatz) near Sain Mary's Church.

text:
# Waren Town Hall

The **New Town Hall in Waren** was inaugurated in 1862. It is located in the town centre of Waren in Mecklenburg, Germany, on the market square (*Marktplatz*) near Sain Mary's Church.

## Chronology

Originally the town was sited around Saint George's Church, built around 1273. From 1292, Waren is recorded as a *civitas* (which meant it had town rights) and from 1331 as an *oppidum* (small town).

The first town hall was on the old market square - today: *Alter Markt 14* \- from the early 15th century. The Old Town Hall was a two-storey brick building with arcades on its eastern gable, which acted as a *Gerichtslaube*.

Shortly thereafter the New Town (*Neustadt*) was established which was united with the Old Town (*Altstadt*) around 1325. In the centre of the two settlements, on the new market square (*Neuer Markt*), which was now the central point, the second town hall was built.

In 1699, after the last town fire, the town had to be almostly entirely rebuilt.

The third, three-storey, New Town Hall (*Neues Rathaus*) was built from 1791 to 1797 in a historicist tudor style. The corners of the plastered building were emphasised with slender, turret-like columns. The surrounding crenellations (*Zinnenkranz*) runs around the base of the hip roof and is interrupted on the longer sides of the building by two additional turrets. There is an open arcade on the right-hand side.

In 1857 there was a considerable extension of the town hall. When the town was bombarded in 1920 during the Kapp Putsch, the town hall was also hit. The shell hole on the rear of the building may still be seen today.

The New Town Hall was renovated around 1997 as part of a general urban regeneration project. The town council is located today on the western edge of the Old Town.

## Literature

* Hartmut Brun, Theodor Müller: *Rathäuser in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern*; Hinstorff-Verlag, Rostock, 2001, ISBN 3-356-00912-5
* Georg Dehio: *Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler - Mecklenburg*; Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich and Berlin, 1980

53°30′50″N 12°41′22″E / 53.514°N 12.689372°E / 53.514; 12.689372


title: Warriors All-Stars

abstract: Warriors All-Stars, is a hack and slash video game by Koei Tecmo. It is a crossover based on the long-running Warriors series, featuring an array of cast taken from various titles owned by the company, similar to the Warriors Orochi series. It was released on March 30, 2017 in Japan for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita. The Microsoft Windows version was released on August 29, 2017 in the US and on September 1, 2017 in Europe.

text:
# Warriors All-Stars

***Warriors All-Stars***, is a hack and slash video game by Koei Tecmo. It is a crossover based on the long-running *Warriors* series, featuring an array of cast taken from various titles owned by the company, similar to the *Warriors Orochi* series. It was released on March 30, 2017 in Japan for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita. The Microsoft Windows version was released on August 29, 2017 in the US and on September 1, 2017 in Europe.

## Gameplay

The gameplay is modeled after the hack-and-slash *Warriors* series, in which the player controls a single character to defeat enemies throughout a stage while trying to achieve a specific goal. In *Warriors All-Stars*, each player may also select four supporting characters to assist the chosen character; the supporting characters lend additional abilities that may be triggered by holding down R1 and selecting a face button. Certain pairs of characters, when assisting the character at the same time, may combine their attacks for additional effect.

Although the game uses the *Warriors Orochi* series as its inspiration, the game engine is highly reminiscent of *Samurai Warriors: Spirit of Sanada* and gameplay is closer to that of *Dynasty Warriors 8: Empires*. All characters have a similar movepool of a normal attack chain of six attacks, and six charge attacks, as with the *Dynasty Warriors* series. In addition, effort was made so that each character's moveset remains true to their series of origin (Ryu Hayabusa, Ayane, and Kasumi, who previously appeared in *Warriors Orochi 3*, have their movesets entirely redone as a result). *Samurai Warriors* series characters have their normal and hyper attack chain shortened to accommodate the attack system, though they are given a sixth charge attack to compensate; *Dynasty Warriors* series characters have some of their charge attacks altered either visually or in their function for this game.

As not every character is armed with a weapon, as is traditional in *Warriors* games, character growth instead focuses on hero cards, which take the place of weapons in this game. Hero cards may be equipped to a corresponding hero, and grant the hero increased abilities. Each character may have up to twenty cards in their inventory, although only one may be equipped to a character at any given time. Unwanted and excess hero cards may be sold for gold between missions or disassembled for materials that may be spent to enhance other hero cards. Gold may also be spent to level up characters, though only to the highest-leveled character currently available to the player.

The stages featured are themed after the series of origin for the various characters, though some stages are taken from *Samurai Warriors 4* and *Dynasty Warriors 8* series games, either taken as-is or themed to another series' visuals. (This had also occurred with *Warriors Orochi 3* series games as well.) Visuals include a Nara-era Japanese garden and medieval European ruins were featured, based on the *Toukiden: The Age of Demons* and *Atelier* titles, respectively. Music for the game primarily consists of remixed versions of theme music from the characters' series of origin. Most themes contain two mixes: a "Starlet Mix" that is primarily orchestral in nature, and a "Stars Mix" that is similar, but places greater prominence on rock instruments, as traditional in the *Warriors* series, along with a "Guitar" version that adds in guitars to the "Stars Mix".

The game story features a scenario that unfolds based on the initial character chosen at the start of the game. The storyline is nonlinear, and may be advanced at a player's own pace. Most missions do not advance the plot, and merely serve as side missions meant to raise a character's skills and abilities, akin to Free Mode in other *Warriors* games. "Hero Battles" allow additional characters to be unlocked, while "Key Battles" advance the story. The completion of certain Key Battles may prevent the player from participating in other missions, and some Key Battles may require that characters be unlocked through Hero Battles before they may be played. There are 15 total endings in *Warriors All-Stars*, necessitating multiple play-throughs in order to experience the complete story.

The game is strictly single-player, though the producers have not ruled out a future update that includes multiplayer functionality.

## Story

The primary setting of *Warriors All-Stars* is a kingdom relying on a magical spring to sustain themselves. When the king of the kingdom suddenly dies and the spring begins to wither, the widowed queen and priestess of the spring, **Sayo** (小夜, voiced by Aya Endo) informs her three charges, her children **Tamaki** (環, voiced by Yūki Takada) and **Shiki** (志貴, voiced by Kazuyuki Okitsu), as well as her nephew **Setsuna** (刹那, voiced by Yukitoshi Kikuchi), that the spring must be restored using the power of otherworldly heroes. Tamaki summons the heroes using the last of the spring's magic. Each of the three charges recruit heroes to their cause in a race to restore the fountain and claim the throne for themselves.

The game's second mission introduces both rival claimants to the throne and their respective forces. At this point, the story branches off into three broad campaigns, each focusing on one of the royal heirs.

In all three campaigns, it is revealed that a being bent on destruction known as **Yomi** (夜見, voiced by Aya Endo) was sealed under the spring by the first king and had been siphoning off the life energies of the kings to fuel its resurrection. This in turn had caused a notorious curse that made the rulers of the kingdom have a short lifespan; Setsuna merely claims the throne in order to protect Tamaki, the crown princess of the kingdom, from this fate, while being willing to sacrifice himself in her place. Shiki also seeks to protect Tamaki using the Monument of Dawn, an artifact which provided instructions on how to properly seal Yomi away. Shiki knows that Yomi had also been able to amass enough power to spy on any interlopers trying to seal Yomi away, but does not know the identity of the corrupted individual. Being unable to trust either Tamaki or Setsuna for fear that they may be corrupted, Shiki searches for the Monument of Dawn, only attempting to claim the throne if his effort resulted in failure.

If the player meets a special condition at any point of their chosen campaign, the story abruptly switches to a common fourth campaign. In this campaign, each of the three charges recover a piece of the Monument of Dawn, and Shiki concludes that neither Setsuna nor Tamaki had been corrupted by Yomi. However, the Monument of Dawn remains incomplete. When the three ask Sayo about another means of sealing Yomi away, Sayo reveals herself as the corrupted individual, fully resurrects Yomi, and disappears into hiding. The three band together with the heroes that they have each recruited, in order to find the remaining pieces of the Monument of Dawn and seal Yomi away for good.

The heroes and royal heirs divide themselves into two groups in order to distract Yomi. One group eventually finds the other group having been mind-controlled by Yomi. The royal heirs are released using the three weapons wielded by the royal heirs, and the heroes require capture and a purification ritual. As the heroes find more pieces of the Monument of Dawn, they discover that the three divine weapons are the key to sealing away Yomi. However, the three final pieces of the Monument also reveal that Yomi was in fact the wife of the first king and the goddess who created the world; in this form Yomi has a great resemblance to Sayo (and to a lesser extent, Tamaki), explaining why Sayo is able to harness the energies of the spring. Yomi had fought alongside the first king to bring peace and prosperity to the world, but was ultimately corrupted in body and mind by the evil that they were trying to fight off. Unable to bear the thought of destroying all that she held dear, Yomi had allowed herself to be sealed away by the first king. The monument was shattered into pieces by advisors of an earlier king who spread the fiction that Yomi was a feared creature. Hidden within the last three pieces was a message from the first king, begging his descendants to purify, rather than seal, Yomi using the divine weapons. Tamaki, Shiki, and Setsuna vow to carry out this will, along with the help of the heroes.

## Characters

The game features 30 playable characters, referred to as "Heroes". There are 27 characters spanning 13 Koei Tecmo video game series, as well as three original characters. These original characters are based on the Imperial Regalia of Japan, and they all serve as the main story focus of the game. They are:

* **Tamaki**: The young princess responsible for summoning heroes from other worlds to help restore her kingdom following her father's death. Though she is chosen as heir to the throne, her right is challenged by other members of the royalty. She wields the Light's Echo, a weapon inspired by the Yata no Kagami. Her voice actress is Yūki Takada.
* **Shiki**: Former crown prince of the kingdom and Tamaki's older brother, he originally accepted the heir apparent title before renouncing it for unknown reasons. He wields the Moonlight Glow, a weapon inspired by the Yasakani no Magatama. His voice actor is Kazuyuki Okitsu.
* **Setsuna**: Another member of the royalty and Tamaki and Shiki's cousin, who makes claim for the throne, which originally belonged to his father. He wields the Divine Edge, a weapon inspired by the Kusanagi. His voice actor is Yukitoshi Kikuchi.

Each of the heroes is aligned to either Tamaki, Shiki, or Setsuna based on their series of origin. Tamaki's faction consists of *Dynasty Warriors*, *Toukiden*, *Opoona*, and *Atelier* series characters, while Shiki's faction consists of *Samurai Warriors*, *Ninja Gaiden*, *Haruka: Beyond the Stream of Time* and *Nioh* series characters, and Setsuna's faction consists of *Dead or Alive*, *Deception*, *Nights of Azure*, *Rio*, and *Samurai Cats* series characters.

## Development

The game was first confirmed with a teaser trailer released on September 13, 2016. Development had started since the previous summer and was originally planned to be a new entry for the *Warriors Orochi* series, but the developers felt the need to make something different, using several Koei Tecmo titles as base. The game would have a narrower count of characters than the *Warriors Orochi* series to better flesh out the existing characters; it was later confirmed that the game would have around 30 characters spanning 10 titles. Although the characters who will appear have been finalized, a survey was conducted in the *Famitsu* magazine for the possibility of expansions through downloadable content. A livestream was conducted in Niconico on December 1, 2016. Initially with a targeted release date of March 2, 2017, the game was later pushed forward to March 30, 2017.

## Reception

The game received positive critical reception, with *Famitsu* giving the score of 35 for both versions of the game. It sold 40,368 and 17,866 physical retail copies for the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita versions, respectively, during its first week of release.

1. (or ***Musou ☆ Stars*** (無双☆スターズ, *Musō ☆ Sutāzu*) in Japan)

## InfoBox

| Warriors All-Stars | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Omega Force |
| Publisher(s) | Koei Tecmo |
| Director(s) | Tomohiko Aoki |
| Producer(s) | Masaki Furusawa |
| Designer(s) | Kenta Shiraishi |
| Programmer(s) | Masayoshi Yamada |
| Artist(s) | Yu Oboshi |
| Series | *Dynasty Warriors* |
| Platform(s) | PlayStation 4
PlayStation Vita
Microsoft Windows |
| Release | **PlayStation 4*** JP: March 30, 2017 * NA: August 29, 2017 * EU: September 1, 2017 **PlayStation Vita****Microsoft Windows*** NA: August 29, 2017 * EU: September 1, 2017 |
| Genre(s) | Hack and slash |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Walter Tullis

abstract: Walter Henry Tullis is a former American football wide receiver who played two seasons in the National Football League (NFL) and one in the United States Football League (USFL). He played college football for the Delaware State Hornets and was selected in the 12th round of the 1976 NFL draft by the Washington Redskins. He later was a member of the New York Giants, Green Bay Packers, New Jersey Generals and Pittsburgh Maulers.

text:
# Walter Tullis

**Walter Henry Tullis** (born April 12, 1953) is a former American football wide receiver who played two seasons in the National Football League (NFL) and one in the United States Football League (USFL). He played college football for the Delaware State Hornets and was selected in the 12th round of the 1976 NFL draft by the Washington Redskins. He later was a member of the New York Giants, Green Bay Packers, New Jersey Generals and Pittsburgh Maulers.

## Early life and education

Tullis was born on April 12, 1953, in Americus, Georgia. He attended Weaver High School in Hartford, Connecticut, and was their third alumni to play in the NFL. He was an all-city and all-state selection at Weaver while playing running back, but was recruited as a track and field athlete.

Tullis accepted a half-scholarship to play track and field for the Delaware State Hornets, declining a full offer from the Southern Connecticut Owls. He tried out for the football team as a freshman and was told if he made the team he could get the other half of his scholarship. He became a starter at cornerback his first year and went on to play for the Hornets from 1971 to 1975. He was named All-Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference three times and played on defense until being shifted to offense as a wide receiver partway through his senior year in 1975. Tullis had a five-touchdown game with the Hornets and also set the team record with 12 total interceptions. He had scored seven touchdowns through the first three games of the 1975 season when his collegiate career came to an end with a broken leg, suffered when running into the goal post while trying to make a catch. In addition to his football talents, Tullis was described as "one of the finest athletes ever to run track at DelState" by *The Morning News*. His best in the 200-meter dash was 20.7 seconds while he was timed at 45.9 running 400 meters.

## Professional playing and coaching career

Tullis was selected in the 12th round (342nd overall) of the 1976 NFL draft by the Washington Redskins. He signed with them after the draft but was released at the start of August. He then joined the New York Giants for the 1977 season but was again unable to make the final roster.

In 1978, Tullis signed with the Green Bay Packers and was the fastest wide receiver on the team with a 40-yard dash timed at 4.3 seconds. He impressed and made the final roster on special teams, being one of their top players in the unit while appearing in all 16 games. He returned in 1979 and was a backup receiver, totaling 10 receptions for 173 yards, including a 52-yard touchdown catch from Lynn Dickey. However, he was unable to make the team in 1980, being released at the final roster cuts.

Tullis then opted to enter coaching rather than continue attempting to play football, being hired in 1981 as wide receivers coach in football and head women's track and field coach at his alma mater, Delaware State. He coached the women's team to two conference championships in two seasons, and then decided to attempt a return to football by joining the New Jersey Generals of the United States Football League (USFL) in 1983. He played nine games for the Generals as a reserve, running 17 times for 123 yards (an average of 7.2 yards-per-carry) with a touchdown along with two receptions for 52 yards. Tullis moved to the Pittsburgh Maulers in 1984 after having been selected by them in the USFL expansion draft but was unable to make the squad. Later that year, he was hired as wide receivers coach and track coach for the Alabama A&M Bulldogs. He continued coaching Alabama A&M through at least 1994, had moved to Savannah State by 1997, and around 1999 returned to Weaver High School as a track coach.

## Personal life

In 1983, Tullis rescued a family from a fire. He was inducted into the Weaver High School Hall of Fame in 1997 and into the Delaware State Athletic Hall of Fame in 2011.

## InfoBox

Walter Tullis
| No. 20, 87, 84 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Wide receiver |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1953-04-12) April 12, 1953
Americus, Georgia, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) |
| Weight: | 170 lb (77 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Weaver (CT) |
| College: | Delaware State (1971–1975) |
| NFL draft: | 1976 / round: 12 / pick: 342 |
| Career history | |
| As a player: | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
| As a coach: | |
| * Delaware State (1981–1982)
Wide receivers coach / women's track coach * Alabama A&M (1984–c.1994)
Wide receivers coach / track coach * Savannah State (c.1997) * Weaver High School (c.1999)
Track coach | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Receptions: 10  Receiving yards: 173  Touchdowns: 1 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Watergate Halt railway station

abstract: Watergate Halt was an intermediate halt on the initially privately run North Devon and Cornwall Junction Light Railway. "It was one of those moments you always remember – a first glimpse, caught through the dappled sunlight of a woodland glade. Deep within the heart of North Devon, I came across this tiny wayside halt, no longer than a single carriage length." A remote rural station with one small siding used by a local farmer, it was closed in 1965 and now forms part of the popular Tarka trail, a route for ramblers promoted by the local council.

text:
# Watergate Halt railway station

**Watergate Halt** was an intermediate halt on the initially privately run North Devon and Cornwall Junction Light Railway.

> "It was one of those moments you always remember – a first glimpse, caught through the dappled sunlight of a woodland glade. Deep within the heart of North Devon, I came across this tiny wayside halt, no longer than a single carriage length."

A remote rural station with one small siding used by a local farmer, it was closed in 1965 and now forms part of the popular Tarka trail, a route for ramblers promoted by the local council.

| Preceding station |  | Disused railways |  | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Torrington |  | North Devon and Cornwall Junction Light Railway (1925 to 1948)
Southern Region of British Railways (1948 to 1965) |  | Yarde Halt |

50°56′16″N 4°10′51″W / 50.9377°N 4.1808°W / 50.9377; -4.1808

## InfoBox

| Watergate Halt | |
| --- | --- |
| Watergate Halt | |
| General information | |
| Location | Watergate Bridge, Torridge
England |
| Grid reference | SS468176 |
| Platforms | One |
| Other information | |
| Status | Disused |
| History | |
| Original company | North Devon and Cornwall Junction Light Railway |
| Post-grouping |  |
| Key dates | |
| 20 Sept. 1926 | Opened |
| 1 March 1965 | Closed |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


abstract: Ward No. 41, Kolkata Municipal Corporation is an administrative division of Kolkata Municipal Corporation in Borough No. 5, covering parts of Jorasanko neighbourhood in North Kolkata, in the Indian state of West Bengal.

text:
# Ward No. 41, Kolkata Municipal Corporation

**Ward No. 41, Kolkata Municipal Corporation** is an administrative division of Kolkata Municipal Corporation in Borough No. 5, covering parts of Jorasanko neighbourhood in North Kolkata, in the Indian state of West Bengal.

## History

Attempts were made to establish a municipal corporation at Kolkata from the middle of the 19th century. The electoral system was introduced for the first time in 1847, and 4 of the 7 board members were elected by the rate payers. In 1852 the board was replaced by a new one and in 1863 a new body was formed. As per old records, in 1872 there were 25 wards in Kolkata (spellings as in use at that time) – 1. Shyampukur, 2. Kumartuli, 3. Bartala, 4. Sukea Street, 5. Jorabagan, 6. Jorasanko, 7. Barabazar, 8. Kolutola, 9. Muchipara, 10. Boubazar, 11. Padmapukur, 12. Waterloo Street, 13. Fenwick Bazar, 14. Taltala, 15. Kalinga, 16. Park Street, 17. Victoria Terrace, 18. Hastings, 19. Entali, 20. Beniapukur, 21. Baliganj-Tollyganj, 22. Bhabanipur, 23. Alipur, 24.Ekbalpur and 25. Watganj. A new municipal corporation was created in 1876, wherein 48 commissioners were elected and 24 were appointed by the government. With the implementation of the Municipal Consolidation Act of 1888 the area under the jurisdiction of the municipal corporation was enlarged. Certain areas were already there but more parts of them were added (current spellings) - Entally, Manicktala, Beliaghata, Ultadanga, Chitpur, Cossipore, Beniapukur, Ballygunge, Watganj and Ekbalpur, and Garden Reach and Tollygunj. The Calcutta Municipal Act of 1923 brought about important changes. It liberalised the constitution along democratic lines.

The state government superseded the Corporation in 1948 and the Calcutta Municipal Act of 1951 came into force. Adult franchise was introduced in municipal elections in 1962. With the addition of certain areas in the southern parts of the city, the number of wards increased from 75 to 144.

## Geography

5km
3miles Ward No. 41  River  Hooghly Ward No. 41 in Kolkata

Ward No. 41 is bordered on the north by Madan Chatterjee Lane; on the east by Chittaranjan Avenue; on the south by Siddheswar Chandra Lane, Syed Salley Lane and Balmukunda Mackkar Road; on the west by Rabindra Sarani.

The ward is served by Jorasanko police station of Kolkata Police.

Taltala Women police station covers all police districts under the jurisdiction of the Central division of Kolkata Police, i.e. Bowbazar, Burrabazar, Girish Park, Hare Street, Jorasanko, Muchipara, New Market, Taltala and Posta.

## Demographics

As per the 2011 Census of India Ward No. 41, Kolkata Municipal Corporation, had a total population of 19,946, of which 11,540 (58%) were males and 8,406 (42%) were females. Population below 6 years was 1,411. The total number of literates in Ward No. 41 was 15,483 (83.53% of the population over 6 years).

Kolkata is the second most literate district in West Bengal. The literacy rate of Kolkata district has increased from 53.0% in 1951 to 86.3% in the 2011 census.

See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate

| Literacy in KMC wards
 |
| --- |
| North Kolkata |
| Ward No. 1 – 86.12% |
| Ward No. 2 – 94.24% |
| Ward No. 3 – 86.74% |
| Ward No. 4 – 89.27% |
| Ward No. 5 – 90.32% |
| Ward No. 6 – 81.12% |
| Ward No. 7 – 87.65% |
| Ward No. 8 – 93.57% |
| Ward No. 9 – 91.60% |
| Ward No. 10 – 92.38% |
| Ward No. 11 – 87.96% |
| Ward No. 12 – 84.95% |
| Ward No. 13 – 83.39% |
| Ward No. 14 – 87.87% |
| Ward No. 15 – 88.89% |
| Ward No. 16 – 88.62% |
| Ward No. 17 – 92.30% |
| Ward No. 18 – 78.72% |
| Ward No. 19 – 89.29% |
| Ward No. 20 – 85.93% |
| Ward No. 21 – 78.12% |
| Ward No. 22 – 85.07% |
| Ward No. 23 – 71.14% |
| Ward No. 24 – 73.16% |
| Ward No. 25 – 85.49% |
| Ward No. 26 – 82.34% |
| Ward No. 27 – 88.19% |
| Ward No. 28 – 79.39% |
| Ward No. 29 – 70.69% |
| Ward No. 30 – 88.71% |
| Ward No. 31 – 88.28% |
| Ward No. 32 – 75.73% |
| Ward No. 33 – 91.17% |
| Central Kolkata |
| Ward No. 34 – 92.79% |
| Ward No. 35 – 91.44% |
| Ward No. 36 – 66.34% |
| Ward No. 37 – 79.12% |
| Ward No. 38 – 85.77% |
| Ward No. 39 – 73.27% |
| Ward No. 40 – 88.14% |
| Ward No. 41 – 83.53% |
| Ward No. 42 – 75.02% |
| Ward No. 43 – 79.52% |
| Ward No. 44 – 79.09% |
| Ward No. 45 – 74.69% |
| Ward No. 46 – 85.38% |
| Ward No. 47 – 87.87% |
| Ward No. 48 – 82.04% |
| Ward No. 49 – 65.51% |
| Ward No. 50 – 88.70% |
| Ward No. 51 – 93.01% |
| Ward No. 52 – 86.18% |
| Ward No. 53 – 89.49% |
| Ward No. 54 – 82.10% |
| Ward No. 55 – 84.84% |
| Ward No. 56 – 85.53% |
| Ward No. 57 – 80.20% |
| Ward No. 58 – 74.35% |
| Ward No. 59 – 80.39% |
| Ward No. 60 – 74.04% |
| Ward No. 61 – 80.54% |
| Ward No. 62 – 86.04% |
| Ward No. 63 – 84.39% |
| Ward No. 64 – 85.21% |
| Ward No. 65 – 81.60% |
| South Kolkata |
| Ward No. 66 – 80.95% |
| Ward No. 67 – 89.52% |
| Ward No. 68 – 90.86% |
| Ward No. 69 – 86.07% |
| Ward No. 70 – 94.20% |
| Ward No. 71 – 92.01% |
| Ward No. 72 – 90.06% |
| Ward No. 73 – 89.28% |
| Ward No. 74 – 84.56% |
| Ward No. 75 – 80.27% |
| Ward No. 76 – 88.40% |
| Ward No. 77 – 83.84% |
| Ward No. 78 – 83.00% |
| Ward No. 79 – 81.96% |
| Ward No. 80 – 71.89% |
| Ward No. 81 – 85.14% |
| Ward No. 82 – 84.82% |
| Ward No. 83 – 85.63% |
| Ward No. 84 – 85.71% |
| Ward No. 85 – 88.19% |
| Ward No. 86 – 89.61% |
| Ward No. 87 – 90.26% |
| Ward No. 88 – 85.09% |
| Ward No. 89 – 92.40% |
| Ward No. 90 – 84.60% |
| Ward No. 91 – 90.57% |
| Ward No. 92 – 93.53% |
| Ward No. 93 – 91.30% |
| Ward No. 94 – 89.11% |
| Ward No. 95 – 95.61% |
| Ward No. 96 – 96.57% |
| Ward No. 97 – 94.60% |
| Ward No. 98 – 96.24% |
| Ward No. 99 – 95.79% |
| Ward No. 100 – 95.98% |
| Ward No. 101 – 95.36% |
| Ward No. 102 – 93.53% |
| Ward No. 103 – 94.77% |
| Ward No. 104 – 96.03% |
| Ward No. 105 – 93.86% |
| Ward No. 106 – 92.97% |
| Ward No. 107 – 90.06% |
| Ward No. 108 – 80.74% |
| Ward No. 109 – 85.49% |
| Ward No. 110 – 91.35% |
| Ward No. 111 – 93.36% |
| Ward No. 112 – 92.50% |
| Ward No. 113 – 92.18% |
| Ward No. 114 – 91.13% |
| Ward No. 115 – 95.53% |
| Ward No. 116 – 86.91% |
| Ward No. 117 – 86.53% |
| Ward No. 118 – 90.04% |
| Ward No. 119 – 94.04% |
| Ward No. 120 – 92.15% |
| Ward No. 121 – 91.86% |
| Ward No. 122 – 92.88% |
| Ward No. 123 – 93.42% |
| Ward No. 124 – 92.55% |
| Ward No. 125 – 92.50% |
| Ward No. 126 – 93.78% |
| Ward No. 127 – 91.82% |
| Ward No. 128 – 92.67% |
| Ward No. 129 – 92.56% |
| Ward No. 130 – 95.55% |
| Ward No. 131 – 93.48% |
| Ward No. 132 – 90.30% |
| Ward No. 133 – 83.48% |
| Ward No. 134 – 73.75% |
| Ward No. 135 – 75.75% |
| Ward No. 136 – 85.01% |
| Ward No. 137 – 79.16% |
| Ward No. 138 – 78.67% |
| Ward No. 139 – 77.56% |
| Ward No. 140 – 79.93% |
| Ward No. 141 – 75.15% |
| Note: The regional distribution
is a broad one and
there is some overlapping |
| Source:
2011 Census: Ward-Wise
Primary Census Abstract Data |

Census data about mother tongue and religion is not available at the ward level. For district level information see Kolkata district.

According to the District Census Handbook Kolkata 2011, 141 wards of Kolkata Municipal Corporation formed Kolkata district. (3 wards were added later).

## Election highlights

The ward forms a city municipal corporation council electoral constituency and is a part of Jorasanko (Vidhan Sabha constituency).

| Election
year | Constituency | Name of councillor | Party affililiation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | Ward No. 41 | Reita Chowdhury | Communist Party of India (Marxist) |  |
| 2010 |  | Reita Chowdhury | Communist Party of India (Marxist) |  |
| 2015 |  | Reita Chowdhury | Communist Party of India (Marxist) |  |

## Detailed Results

### 2015

2015 Kolkata Municipal Corporation election: Ward No. 41
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | CPI(M) | Reita Chowdhury | 2,533 |  |  |
|  | INC | Rajeev Kumar Sinha | 1,846 |  |  |
|  | AITC | Tapan Kumar Roy | 1,793 |  |  |
|  | BJP | Kamalesh Singh | 1,347 |  |  |
|  | Independent | Sudip Kumar Dey | 24 |  |  |
|  | Independent | Santosh Gupta | 21 |  |  |
|  | Independent | Joy Prakash Singh | 20 |  |  |
|  | Independent | Anup Kamar Yadav | 17 |  |  |
|  | Independent | Sanjit Nag | 15 |  |  |
|  | Independent | Mohan Indaria | 9 |  |  |
|  | Independent | Dipali Dhar | 6 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 7,631 |  |  |
|  | CPI(M) **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

## InfoBox

| Ward No. 41 | |
| --- | --- |
| Kolkata Municipal Corporation | |
| Interactive Map Outlining Ward No. 41 | |
| Ward No. 41Location in Kolkata | |
| Coordinates (dms): 22°34′56″N 88°21′33″E / 22.582278°N 88.359167°E / 22.582278; 88.359167 | |
| Country | India |
| State | West Bengal |
| City | Kolkata |
| Neighbourhood | Jorasanko |
| Reservation | Open |
| Parliamentary constituency | Kolkata Uttar |
| Assembly constituency | Jorasanko |
| Borough | 5 |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 19,946 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 700 006 |
| Area code | +91 33 |


title: Watashi (album)

abstract: Watashi (Me) is Jun Shibata's fourth and last studio album with Dreamusic. It was released on March 30, 2005 and peaked at number 6 in Japan.

text:
# Watashi (album)

***Watashi*** (Me) is Jun Shibata's fourth and last studio album with Dreamusic. It was released on March 30, 2005 and peaked at number 6 in Japan.

## Track listing

1. Okaerinasai. (おかえりなさい。; *Welcome Home.*)
2. Shiroi sekai (白い世界; *White World*)
3. Game (ゲーム; *Game*)
4. Ano natsu (あの夏; *That Summer*)
5. Chiisana boku e (ちいさなぼくへ; *To the Small Me*)
6. Itsuka oujisama mo♪~Haikei, oujisama☆Zokuhen~ (いつか王子様も♪～拝啓、王子様☆続編～; *Someday the Prince Too: Dear, Prince Continuation*)
7. Michibata (道端; *Roadside*)
8. Mata ashita (また明日; *See You Tomorrow*)
9. Maboroshi (幻; *Illusion*)
10. Hitorigurashi (一人暮らし; *Living Alone*)
11. Watashi no yume (わたしの夢; *My Dream*)

## Charts

| Release | Chart | Peak position | Sales total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| March 30, 2005 | Oricon Weekly Albums Chart | 6 | 43,789 |

## InfoBox

| わたし
(Watashi) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Jun Shibata | |
| Released | March 30, 2005 |
| Genre | J-pop |
| Length | 0:49:49 |
| Label | Dreamusic |
| Producer | Jun Shibata |
| Jun Shibata chronology | |
| *Hitori*
(2004) ***わたし
(Watashi)***
(2005) *Single Collection*
(2005) | |


title: Watagatapitusberry

abstract: "Watagatapitusberry" is a collaborative effort by Black Point with American recording artist Pitbull, released on March 9, 2010 as the lead single from his fifth studio album, Armando (2010). The song features guest appearances from Dominican rappers Sensato del Patio, El Cata and Black Point, along with Lil Jon. It combines hip hop and "Latin pop-style theatricality".

text:
# Watagatapitusberry

"**Watagatapitusberry**" is a collaborative effort by Black Point with American recording artist Pitbull, released on March 9, 2010 as the lead single from his fifth studio album, *Armando* (2010). The song features guest appearances from Dominican rappers Sensato del Patio, El Cata and Black Point, along with Lil Jon. It combines hip hop and "Latin pop-style theatricality".

## Background and composition

After the release of Pitbull's then previous album *Rebelution* (2009), Pitbull released his first Spanish-language album, titled *Armando*. The first single from this album was "Watagatapitusberry". This song was produced by DJ Class. The song is a remix, with the original belonging to Dominican hip hop recording artist Sensato del Patio.

## Music video

The music video was released onto Pitbull's official VEVO channel on March 10, 2010, and has received over 10 million views as of June 2021.

## Credits and personnel

Source:

## Charts

| Chart (2010) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot Latin Songs (*Billboard*) | 30 |
| US Latin Pop Songs (*Billboard*) | 24 |
| US Latin Digital Songs (*Billboard*) | 4 |
| US Tropical Songs (*Billboard*) | 13 |
|

## Release history

| Country | Date | Format |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United States | March 9, 2010 | Digital download (promo single) |
| | March 24, 2010 | Mainstream radio |

## InfoBox

| "Watagatapitusberry" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Pitbull featuring Sensato del Patio, Black Point, Lil Jon and El Cata | |
| from the album  *Armando* | |
| Released | March 9, 2010 |
| Genre | Latin hip hop |
| Length | 3:41 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | DJ Class and K.O El Mas Completo |
| Pitbull singles chronology | |
| "Armada Latina"
(2010) "**Watagatapitusberry**"
(2010) "Maldito Alcohol"
(2010) | |
|  | |
| Sensato del Patio singles chronology | |
| "**Watagatapitusberry**"
(2010) "Latino in Paris"
(2011) | |
| El Cata singles chronology | |
| "Ella Quiere Coro Conmigo"
(2009) "**Watagatapitusberry**"
(2010) "Loca"
(2010) | |
| Lil Jon singles chronology | |
| "Do You Remember"
(2009) "**Watagatapitusberry**"
(2010) "Ms. Chocolate"
(2010) | |
| Music video | |
| "Watagatapitusberry" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Watada Station

abstract: Watada Station is a passenger railway station located in the city of Karatsu, Saga Prefecture, Japan. The station is operated by JR Kyushu.

text:
# Watada Station

**Watada Station** (和多田駅, *Watada-eki*) is a passenger railway station located in the city of Karatsu, Saga Prefecture, Japan. The station is operated by JR Kyushu.

## Lines

The station is served by the Chikuhi Line and is located 40.9 km from the starting point of the line at Meinohama. Local and weekday rapid services on the Chikuhi Line stop at this station.

## Layout

It is an elevated station with a single side platform. It is an unmanned station with a ticket machine and a bathroom. The station is unattended.

## History

The station was opened on 22 March 1983. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR), the successor of JGR, on 1 April 1987, control of the station passed to JR Kyushu.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2020, the station was used by an average of 293 passengers daily (boarding passengers only), and it ranked 278th among the busiest stations of JR Kyushu.

## Surrounding area

* Karatsu Commercial High School
* Karatsu City Daigo Junior High School
* Karatsu City Sotomachi Elementary School
* Karatsu Watada Post office

Media related to Watada Station at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Watada Station
和多田駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Entrance of Watada Station in 2023 | |
| General information | |
| Location | 5 Watada Yōjaku, Karatsu-shi, Saga-ken 847-0075
Japan |
| Coordinates | 33°26′14″N 129°58′49″E / 33.43722°N 129.98028°E / 33.43722; 129.98028 |
| Operated by | JR Kyushu |
| Line(s) | JK Chikuhi Line |
| Distance | 40.9 km from Meinohama |
| Platforms | 1 side platform |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Elevated |
| Other information | |
| Status | Unmanned, ticket machine |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | 22 March 1983 (1983-03-22) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2020 | 293 daily |
| Rank | 278th (among JR Kyushu stations) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  JR Kyushu Following station  Karatsutowards Nishi-Karatsu  Chikuhi Line**Local**  Higashi-Karatsutowards Meinohama | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Watada StationLocation within Saga PrefectureWatada StationWatada Station (Japan) | |


title: Water clarity

abstract: Water clarity is a descriptive term for how deeply visible light penetrates through water. In addition to light penetration, the term water clarity is also often used to describe underwater visibility. Water clarity is one way that humans measure water quality, along with oxygen concentration and the presence or absence of pollutants and algal blooms. Water clarity governs the health of underwater ecosystems because it impacts the amount of light reaching the plants and animals living underwater. For plants, light is needed for photosynthesis. The clarity of the underwater environment determines the depth ranges where aquatic plants can live. Water clarity also impacts how well visual animals like fish can see their prey. Clarity affects the aquatic plants and animals living in all kinds of water bodies, including rivers, ponds, lakes, reservoirs, estuaries, coastal lagoons, and the open ocean. Water clarity also affects how humans interact with water, from recreation and property values to mapping, defense, and security. Water clarity influences human perceptions of water quality, recreational safety, aesthetic appeal, and overall environmental health. Tourists visiting the Great Barrier Reef were willing to pay to improve the water clarity conditions for recreational satisfaction. Water clarity also influences waterfront property values. In the United States, a 1% improvement in water clarity increased property values by up to 10%. Water clarity is needed to visualize targets underwater, either from above or in water. These applications include mapping and military operations. To map shallow-water features such as oyster reefs and seagrass beds, the water must be clear enough for those features to be visible to a drone, airplane, or satellite. Water clarity is also needed to detect underwater objects such as submarines using visible light.

text:
# Water clarity

**Water clarity** is a descriptive term for how deeply visible light penetrates through water. In addition to light penetration, the term water clarity is also often used to describe underwater visibility. Water clarity is one way that humans measure water quality, along with oxygen concentration and the presence or absence of pollutants and algal blooms.

Water clarity governs the health of underwater ecosystems because it impacts the amount of light reaching the plants and animals living underwater. For plants, light is needed for photosynthesis. The clarity of the underwater environment determines the depth ranges where aquatic plants can live. Water clarity also impacts how well visual animals like fish can see their prey. Clarity affects the aquatic plants and animals living in all kinds of water bodies, including rivers, ponds, lakes, reservoirs, estuaries, coastal lagoons, and the open ocean.

Clear water with high visibility at Daedalus Reef, Egypt.More turbid water with lower visibility near Castle Rocks, South Africa.

Water clarity also affects how humans interact with water, from recreation and property values to mapping, defense, and security. Water clarity influences human perceptions of water quality, recreational safety, aesthetic appeal, and overall environmental health. Tourists visiting the Great Barrier Reef were willing to pay to improve the water clarity conditions for recreational satisfaction. Water clarity also influences waterfront property values. In the United States, a 1% improvement in water clarity increased property values by up to 10%. Water clarity is needed to visualize targets underwater, either from above or in water. These applications include mapping and military operations. To map shallow-water features such as oyster reefs and seagrass beds, the water must be clear enough for those features to be visible to a drone, airplane, or satellite. Water clarity is also needed to detect underwater objects such as submarines using visible light.

## Water clarity measurements

Water clarity is measured using multiple techniques. These measurements include: Secchi depth, light attenuation, turbidity, beam attenuation, absorption by colored dissolved organic matter, the concentration of chlorophyll-a pigment, and the concentration of total suspended solids. Clear water generally has a deep Secchi depth, low light attenuation (deeper light penetration), low turbidity, low beam attenuation, and low concentrations of dissolved substances, chlorophyll-a, and/or total suspended solids. More turbid water generally has a shallow Secchi depth, high light attenuation (less light penetration to depth), high turbidity, high beam attenuation, and high concentrations of dissolved substances, chlorophyll-a, and/or total suspended solids.

### Overall general metrics

#### Secchi depth

Secchi depth is the depth at which a disk is no longer visible to the human eye. This measurement was created in 1865 and represents one of the oldest oceanographic methods. To measure Secchi depth, a white or black-and-white disk is mounted on a pole or line and lowered slowly down in the water. The depth at which the disk is no longer visible is taken as a measure of the transparency of the water. Secchi depth is most useful as a measure of transparency or underwater visibility.

#### Light attenuation

The light attenuation coefficient – often shortened to “light attenuation” – describes the decrease in solar irradiance with depth. To calculate this coefficient, light energy is measured at a series of depths from the surface to the depth of 1% illumination. Then, the exponential decline in light is calculated using Beer’s Law with the equation:

$I\_{z} \over I\_{0}=e^{-kz}$

where *k* is the light attenuation coefficient, *I**z* is the intensity of light at depth *z*, and *I*0 is the intensity of light at the ocean surface. Which translates to:

$k={ln{I\_{z} \over I\_{0} \over -z}}$

This measurement can be done for specific colors of light or more broadly for all visible light. The light attenuation coefficient of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) refers to the decrease in all visible light (400-700 nm) with depth. Light attenuation can be measured as the decrease in downwelling light (Kd) or the decrease in scalar light (Ko) with depth. Light attenuation is most useful as a measure of the total underwater light energy available to plants, such as phytoplankton and submerged aquatic vegetation.

#### Turbidity

Turbidity is a measure of the cloudiness of water based on light scattering by particles at a 90-degree angle to the detector. A turbidity sensor is placed in water with a light source and a detector at a 90-degree angle to one another. The light source is usually red or near-infrared light (600-900 nm). Turbidity sensors are also called turbidimeters or nephelometers. In more turbid water, more particles are present in the water, and more light scattering by particles is picked up by the detector. Turbidity is most useful for long-term monitoring because these sensors are often low cost and sturdy enough for long deployments underwater.

#### Beam attenuation

Beam attenuation is measured with a device called a transmissometer that has a light source at one end and a detector at the other end, in one plane. The amount of light transmitted to the detector through the water is the beam transmission, and the amount of light lost is the beam attenuation. Beam attenuation is essentially the opposite of light transmission. Clearer water with a low beam attenuation coefficient will have high light transmission, and more turbid water with a high beam attenuation coefficient will have low light transmission. Beam attenuation is used as a proxy for particulate organic carbon in oligotrophic waters like the open ocean.

### Concentration-based metrics

#### Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption

Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorbs light, making the water appear darker or tea-colored. Absorption by CDOM is one measure of water clarity. Clarity can still be quite high in terms of visibility with high amounts of CDOM in the water, but the color of the water will be altered to yellow or brown, and the water will appear darker than water with low CDOM concentrations. CDOM absorbs blue light more strongly than other colors, shifting the color of the water toward the yellow and red part of the visible light spectrum as the water gets darker. For example, in lakes with high CDOM concentrations, the bottom of the lake may be clearly visible to the human eye, but a white surface in the same lake water may appear yellow or brown.

#### Total suspended solids (TSS) concentration

Total suspended solids (TSS) concentration is the concentration (dry weight mass per unit volume of water) of all the material in water that is caught on a filter, usually a filter with about a 0.7 micrometer pore size. This includes all the particles suspended in water, such as mineral particles (silt, clay), organic detritus, and phytoplankton cells. Clear water bodies have low TSS concentrations. Other names for TSS include total suspended matter (TSM) and suspended particulate matter (SPM). The term suspended sediment concentration (SSC) refers to the mineral component of TSS but is sometimes used interchangeably with TSS. If desired, the concentrations of volatile (organic) and fixed (inorganic) suspended solids can be separated out using the loss-on-ignition method by burning the filter in a muffle furnace to burn off organic matter, leaving behind ash including mineral particles and inorganic components of phytoplankton cells, with TSS = volatile suspended solids + fixed suspended solids.

#### Chlorophyll-a concentration

Chlorophyll-a concentration is sometimes used to measure water clarity, especially when suspended sediments and colored dissolved organic matter concentrations are low. Chlorophyll-a concentration is a proxy for phytoplankton biomass, which is one way to quantify how turbid the water is due to biological primary production. Chlorophyll-a concentration is most useful for research on primary production, the contribution of phytoplankton to light attenuation, and harmful algal blooms. Chlorophyll-a concentration is also useful for long-term monitoring because these sensors are often low cost and sturdy enough for long deployments underwater.

## Case studies

### High water clarity

Clear water in Lake Tahoe, California, United States.Clear water in Crater Lake, Oregon, United States.

The clearest waters occur in oligotrophic ocean regions such as the South Pacific Gyre, tropical coastal waters, glacially-formed lakes with low sediment inputs, and lakes with some kind of natural filtration occurring at the inflow point. Blue Lake in New Zealand holds the record for the highest water clarity of any lake, with a Secchi depth of 230 to 260 feet. Blue Lake is fed by an underground passage from a nearby lake, which acts as a natural filter. Some other very clear water bodies are Lake Tahoe between California and Nevada in the United States, Lake Baikal in Russia, and Crater Lake in Oregon in the United States.

Clear water in the Maldives in the Indian Ocean.Clear water for snorkelers near Nanggu Island, Lombok, Indonesia.

In tropical coastal waters, the water is clear thanks to low nutrient inputs, low primary production, and coral reefs acting as a natural buffer that keep sediments from getting resuspended. The clearest recorded water on Earth is either Blue Lake, New Zealand or the Weddell Sea near Antarctica, both of which claim Secchi depths of 80 meters (230 to 260 feet).

### Low water clarity

Turbid water in the Río de la Plata estuary between Uruguay and Argentina.Turbid water in the Gulf of Mexico near the coast of Louisiana, United States.

Very low water clarity can be found where high loads of suspended sediments are transported from land. Some examples are estuaries where rivers with high loads of sediments empty into the ocean. One example is the Río de la Plata, an estuary in South America between Uruguay and Argentina where the Uruguay River and the Parana River empty into the Atlantic ocean. The Río de la Plata shows long-term mean TSS concentrations between 20 and 100 grams per cubic meter, higher than most estuaries. Another example is the gulf coast of North America where the Mississippi River meets the Gulf of Mexico. Turbid water from snowmelt and rain washes high loads of sediment downstream each spring, creating a sediment plume and making the water clarity very low. Water bodies can also experience low water clarity after extreme events like volcanic eruptions. After the eruption of Mount St. Helens, the water of Spirit Lake, Washington was darkened by decaying trees in the lake and had a Secchi depth of only 1 to 2 centimeters.

## Water clarity vs. water quality

Water clarity is more specific than water quality. The term “water clarity” more strictly describes the amount of light that passes through water or an object’s visibility in water. The term “water quality” more broadly refers to many characteristics of water, including temperature, dissolved oxygen, the amount of nutrients, or the presence of algal blooms. How clear the water appears is only one component of water quality.

An underwater ecosystem can have high water clarity yet low water quality, and vice versa. Scientists have observed that many lakes are becoming less clear while also recovering from acid rain. This phenomenon has been seen in the northeastern United States and northern Europe. In the past, some lakes were ecologically bare, yet clear, while acidity was high. In recent years, as acidity is reduced and watersheds become more forested, many lakes are less clear but also ecologically healthier with higher concentrations of dissolved organic carbon and more natural water chemistry.


title: Water cluster

abstract: In chemistry, a water cluster is a discrete hydrogen bonded assembly or cluster of molecules of water. Many such clusters have been predicted by theoretical models (in silico), and some have been detected experimentally in various contexts such as ice, bulk liquid water, in the gas phase, in dilute mixtures with non-polar solvents, and as water of hydration in crystal lattices. The simplest example is the water dimer (H2O)2. Water clusters have been proposed as an explanation for some anomalous properties of liquid water, such as its unusual variation of density with temperature. Water clusters are also implicated in the stabilization of certain supramolecular structures. They are expected to play a role also in the hydration of molecules and ions dissolved in water.

text:
# Water cluster

In chemistry, a **water cluster** is a discrete hydrogen bonded assembly or cluster of molecules of water. Many such clusters have been predicted by theoretical models (in silico), and some have been detected experimentally in various contexts such as ice, bulk liquid water, in the gas phase, in dilute mixtures with non-polar solvents, and as water of hydration in crystal lattices. The simplest example is the water dimer (H2O)2.

Water clusters have been proposed as an explanation for some anomalous properties of liquid water, such as its unusual variation of density with temperature. Water clusters are also implicated in the stabilization of certain supramolecular structures. They are expected to play a role also in the hydration of molecules and ions dissolved in water.

## Theoretical predictions

Detailed water models predict the occurrence of water clusters, as configurations of water molecules whose total energy is a local minimum.

Of particular interest are the cyclic clusters (H2O)n; these have been predicted to exist for n = 3 to 60. At low temperatures, nearly 50% of water molecules are included in clusters. With increasing cluster size the oxygen to oxygen distance is found to decrease which is attributed to so-called cooperative many-body interactions: due to a change in charge distribution the H-acceptor molecule becomes a better H-donor molecule with each expansion of the water assembly. Many isomeric forms seem to exist for the hexamer (H2O)6: from ring, book, bag, cage, to prism shape with nearly identical energy. Two cage-like isomers exist for heptamers (H2O)7, and octamers (H2O)8 are found either cyclic or in the shape of a cube.

Other theoretical studies predict clusters with more complex three-dimensional structures. Examples include the fullerene-like cluster (H2O)28, named the *water buckyball*, and the 280-water-molecule monster icosahedral network (with each water molecule coordinate to 4 others). The latter, which is 3 nm in diameter, consists of nested icosahedral shells with 280 and 100 molecules. There is also an augmented version with another shell of 320 molecules. There is increased stability with the addition of each shell. There are theoretical models of water clusters of more than 700 water molecules, but they have not been observed experimentally. One line of research uses graph invariants for generating hydrogen bond topologies and predicting physical properties of water clusters and ice. The utility of graph invariants was shown in a study considering the (H2O)6 cage and (H2O)20 dodecahedron, which are associated with roughly the same oxygen atom arrangements as in the solid and liquid phases of water.

## Experimental observations

Experimental study of any supramolecular structures in bulk water is difficult because of their short lifetime: the hydrogen bonds are continually breaking and reforming at timescales faster than 200 femtoseconds.

Nevertheless, water clusters have been observed in the gas phase and in dilute mixtures of water and non-polar solvents like benzene and liquid helium. The experimental detection and characterization of the clusters has been achieved with the following methods: far-infrared spectroscopy|far-infrared (FIR), vibration-rotation-tunneling spectroscopy|vibration-rotation-tunneling (VRT), Н-NMR, and neutron diffraction. The hexamer is found to have planar geometry in liquid helium, a chair conformation in organic solvents, and a cage structure in the gas phase. Experiments combining IR spectroscopy with mass spectrometry reveal cubic configurations for clusters in the range n=(8-10).

When the water is part of a crystal structure as in a hydrate, x-ray diffraction can be used. Conformation of a water heptamer was determined (cyclic twisted nonplanar) using this method. Further, multi-layered water clusters with formulae (H2O)100 trapped inside cavities of several polyoxometalate clusters were also reported by Mueller et al.

## Cluster models of bulk liquid water

Several models attempt to account for the bulk properties of water by assuming that they are dominated by cluster formation within the liquid. According to the *quantum cluster equilibrium* (QCE) theory of liquids, n=8 clusters dominate the liquid water bulk phase, followed by n=5 and n=6 clusters. Near the triple point, the presence of an n=24 cluster is invoked. In another model, bulk water is built up from a mixture of hexamer and pentamer rings containing cavities capable of enclosing small solutes. In yet another model an equilibrium exists between a cubic water octamer and two cyclic tetramers. However, none of these models yet have reproduced the experimentally-observed density maximum of water as a function of temperature.