title: Porto (restaurant)

abstract: Porto is a restaurant in Chicago, Illinois. The restaurant serves Portuguese cuisine and seafood, and has received a Michelin star.

text:
# Porto (restaurant)

**Porto** is a restaurant in Chicago, Illinois. The restaurant serves Portuguese cuisine and seafood, and has received a Michelin star.

## Reception

Frommer's has rated Porto 2 out of 3 stars.

## InfoBox

| Porto | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Restaurant information | |
| Food type | * Portuguese * seafood |
| Street address | 1600 W. Chicago Ave. |
| City | Chicago |
| State | Illinois |
| Postal/ZIP Code | 60622 |
| Country | United States |
| Coordinates | 41°53′46.5″N 87°40′3″W / 41.896250°N 87.66750°W / 41.896250; -87.66750 |


title: Prix Corrida

abstract: The Prix Corrida is a Group 2 flat horse race in France open to thoroughbred fillies and mares aged four years or older. It is run at Saint-Cloud over a distance of 2,100 metres, and it is scheduled to take place each year in May.

text:
# Prix Corrida

Prix Corrida
| 2023 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |
| Above The Curve | Mqse De Sevigne | India |

| Previous years | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2022 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Sweet Lady | Burgarita | Amazing Grace |
| 2021 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Ebaiyra | Raabihah | No Limit Credit |

| 2020-2011 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Ambition | Grand Glory | Spirit Of Nelson |
| 2019 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Morgan Le Faye | Listen In | Shahnaza |
| 2018 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Bateel | Bebe D'Amour | Navaro Girl |
| 2017 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Armande | That Which Is Not | Haggle |
| 2016 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Speedy Boarding | Siljan's Saga | Candarliya |
| 2015 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Treve | We Are | Mayhem |
| 2014 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Siljan's Saga | Vally Jem | Daksha |
| 2013 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Grace Lady | Fate | Romantica |
| 2012 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Solemia | Shareta | Siyouma |
| 2011 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Sarafina | Announce | One Clever Cat |

| 2010–2000 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Plumania | Celimene | Daryakana |
| 2009 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Alpine Rose | Danse Grecque | La Boum |
| 2008 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Fair Breeze | La Boum | Believe Me |
| 2007 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Mandesha | Macleya | Musical Way |
| 2006 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Pride | Paita | Ysoldina |
| 2005 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Elopa | Russian Hill | Diamond Tango |
| 2004 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Actrice | Visorama | Pride |
| 2003 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Trumbaka | Bonne Gargotte | Amathia |
| 2001 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Acceleration | Beyond The Waves | Well Minded |
| 2000 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Super Tassa | War Game | Turbotiere |
|  | | |

The **Prix Corrida** is a Group 2 flat horse race in France open to thoroughbred fillies and mares aged four years or older. It is run at Saint-Cloud over a distance of 2,100 metres (about 1 mile and 2½ furlongs), and it is scheduled to take place each year in May.

## History

The event is named after the successful mare Corrida, a dual winner of the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe in the 1930s. A different race with the same title was created at Le Tremblay in 1950, and it was staged each year until the venue closed in 1967. It was transferred to Vichy for the following two seasons, and it was discontinued thereafter.

The present Prix Corrida was established at Saint-Cloud in 1979, and it originally held Group 3 status. It was contested at Évry in 1994 and 1995, and at Lyon over 2,200 metres from 1996 to 1999. It was promoted to Group 2 level in 2004.

## Records

**Most successful horse:**

* *no horse has won this race more than once*

---

**Leading jockey (5 wins):**

* Olivier Peslier*Camporese (1997), Trumbaka (2003), Actrice (2004), Plumania (2010), Solemia (2012)*

---

**Leading trainer (8 wins):**

* André Fabre*Fly Me (1984), Galla Placidia (1986), Diese (1993), Luna Mareza (1995), Plumania (2010), Armande (2017), Morgan Le Faye (2019), Pensee Du Jour (2024)*

---

**Leading owner (3 wins):**

## Winners

| **Year**
 | **Winner**
 | **Age**
 | **Jockey**
 | **Trainer**
 | **Owner**
 | **Time**
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1979 | Tintagel | 4 | Henri Samani | J. R. Lyon | Marietta Fox-Pitt |  |
| 1980 | Ho Han Wai | 4 | Alain Lequeux | Aage Paus | Sir Douglas Clague |  |
| 1981 | Daeltown | 4 | Alain Lequeux | David Smaga | Xavier Beau |  |
| 1982 | La Hougue | 4 | Georges Doleuze | Guy Bonnaventure | Naji Pharaon |  |
| 1983 | Radiance | 4 | Alfred Gibert | Edouard Bartholomew | Sir Robin McAlpine |  |
| 1984 | Fly Me | 4 | Freddy Head | André Fabre | Moufid F. Dabaghi |  |
| 1985 | Lady Tamara | 4 | Henri Samani | Jean-Marie Béguigné | N. A. Souter |  |
| 1986 | Galla Placidia | 4 | Alfred Gibert | André Fabre | William Kazan |  |
| 1987 | Bonshamile | 4 | Dominique Regnard | John Hammond | Charles E. Schmidt | 2:16.50 |
| 1988 | Birthday Fever | 4 | Henri Samani | J. C. Cunnington | Hubertus Liebrecht | 2:31.60 |
| 1989 | Athyka | 4 | Cash Asmussen | Criquette Head | Jacques Wertheimer |  |
| 1990 | Ode | 4 | Dominique Boeuf | Élie Lellouche | Daniel Wildenstein | 2:14.30 |
| 1991 | Echoes | 4 | Freddy Head | Dominique Sépulchre | Stavros Niarchos | 2:17.30 |
| 1992 | Fabulous Hostess | 4 | Corey Black | Criquette Head | Jacques Wertheimer | 2:15.30 |
| 1993 | Diese | 4 | Thierry Jarnet | André Fabre | Khalid Abdullah | 2:17.40 |
| 1994 | Elacata | 4 | Guy Guignard | Bruno Schütz | Stall Marcassargues | 2:13.45 |
| 1995 | Hollywood Dream | 4 | Cash Asmussen | Uwe Ostmann | Gestüt Ittlingen | 2:23.13 |
| 1996 | Luna Mareza | 4 | Thierry Jarnet | André Fabre | Jean-Luc Lagardère | 2:22.90 |
| 1997 | Camporese | 4 | Olivier Peslier | Peter Chapple-Hyam | Michael Tabor | 2:21.40 |
| 1998 | Lexa | 4 | Dominique Boeuf | Helena van Zuylen | Baron Thierry van Zuylen | 2:16.10 |
| 1999 | Majoune | 4 | Sébastien Beaumard | Jean-Pierre Pelat | Claude Ankri | 2:20.40 |
| 2000 | Super Tassa | 4 | Thierry Thulliez | Valfredo Valiani | Valfredo Valiani | 2:16.50 |
| 2001 | Acceleration | 4 | Stéphane Pasquier | Valérie Dissaux | Hillbrow Breeding Ltd | 2:12.90 |
| 2002 | Jomana | 4 | Olivier Plaçais | Henri-Alex Pantall | Sheikh Mohammed | 2:19.70 |
| 2003 | Trumbaka | 4 | Olivier Peslier | Criquette Head-Maarek | Wertheimer et Frère | 2:20.70 |
| 2004 | Actrice | 4 | Olivier Peslier | Élie Lellouche | Ecurie Wildenstein | 2:13.50 |
| 2005 | Elopa | 4 | Andrasch Starke | Andreas Schütz | Stall Gamshof | 2:15.50 |
| 2006 | Pride | 6 | Christophe Lemaire | Alain de Royer-Dupré | NP Bloodstock Ltd | 2:17.20 |
| 2007 | Mandesha | 4 | Christophe Soumillon | Alain de Royer-Dupré | Zahra Aga Khan | 2:25.30 |
| 2008 | Fair Breeze | 5 | Jean-Pierre Carvalho | Mario Hofer | Stall Margarethe | 2:15.90 |
| 2009 | Alpine Rose | 4 | Gérald Mossé | Alain de Royer-Dupré | Ecurie des Monceaux *et al.* | 2:16.00 |
| 2010 | Plumania | 4 | Olivier Peslier | André Fabre | Wertheimer et Frère | 2:13.60 |
| 2011 | Sarafina | 4 | Christophe Lemaire | Alain de Royer-Dupré | HH Aga Khan IV | 2:10.50 |
| 2012 | Solemia | 4 | Olivier Peslier | Carlos Laffon-Parias | Wertheimer et Frère | 2:11.74 |
| 2013 | Grace Lady | 4 | Gérald Mossé | Tatiana Puitg | Ecurie Victoria Dreams | 2:21.16 |
| 2014 | Siljan's Saga | 4 | Pierre-Charles Boudot | Jean-Pierre Gauvin | De Besset & Tassin | 2:16.19 |
| 2015 | Treve | 5 | Thierry Jarnet | Criquette Head-Maarek | Al Shaqab Racing | 2:12.99 |
| 2016 | Speedy Boarding | 4 | Frederik Tylicki | James Fanshawe | Helena Springfield Ltd | 2:16.17 |
| 2017 | Armande | 4 | Pierre-Charles Boudot | André Fabre | O'Reilly & Rothschild | 2:16.69 |
| 2018 | Bateel | 6 | Pierre-Charles Boudot | Francis-Henri Graffard | Al Asayl Bloodstock Ltd | 2:10.88 |
| 2019 | Morgan Le Faye | 5 | Mickael Barzalona | André Fabre | Godolphin | 2:19.50 |
| 2020 | Ambition | 4 | Mickael Barzalona | Xavier Thomas-Demeaulte | James Rowsell & Steve Ashley | 2:26.72 |
| 2021 | Ebaiyra | 4 | Christophe Soumillon | Alain de Royer-Dupré | HH Aga Khan IV | 2:24.04 |
| 2022 | Sweet Lady | 4 | Ioritz Mendizabal | Francis-Henri Graffard | Gemini Stud | 2:14.11 |
| 2023 | Above The Curve | 4 | Maxime Guyon | Joseph O'Brien | Magnier / Tabor / Smith / Westerberg | 2:14.17 |
| 2024 | Pensee Du Jour | 4 | Maxime Guyon | André Fabre | Wertheimer & Frere | 2:12.74 |

1. "Prix Corrida". *The French Black Type*. Retrieved 23 May 2017.

---

## InfoBox

Prix Corrida
| Group 2 race | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Saint-Cloud Racecourse
Saint-Cloud, France |
| Inaugurated | 1979 |
| Race type | Flat / Thoroughbred |
| Website | france-galop.com |
| Race information | |
| Distance | 2,100 metres (1m 2½f) |
| Surface | Turf |
| Track | left-handed |
| Qualification | Four-years-old and up
fillies & mares |
| Weight | 56 kg
**Allowances**
1 kg if not Group winner *
**Penalties**
2 kg for Group 1 winners *
1 kg for Group 2 winners *
* *since June 1 last year* |
| Purse | 130,000 *(2017)*
**1st:** €74,100 |


title: Wang Tao (archaeologist)

abstract: Tao Wang is a Chinese–British archaeologist and art historian specialising in early Chinese art. He is also known for his work on early inscriptions on oracle bones and ritual bronzes. He is married to numismatist and translator Helen Wang.

text:
# Wang Tao (archaeologist)

**Tao** **Wang** (simplified Chinese: 汪涛; traditional Chinese: 汪濤, born 1962) is a Chinese–British archaeologist and art historian specialising in early Chinese art. He is also known for his work on early inscriptions on oracle bones and ritual bronzes. He is married to numismatist and translator Helen Wang.

## Education

Wang was born in Kunming in 1962. He studied Chinese literature at Yunnan Normal University and did postgraduate work at the China Academy of Art. Wang moved to London in 1986. He studied under Sarah Allan at SOAS University of London, earning his PhD in 1993. His thesis was titled *Colour Symbolism in Late Shang China*.

## Academic career

After obtaining his PhD, Wang took up a position as lecturer in Chinese archaeology at SOAS. He was chair of the Centre of Chinese Studies at SOAS from 2005 to 2008. He was later appointed a senior lecturer at SOAS and University College London. He worked with Peter Ucko of the UCL Institute of Archaeology to develop links with archaeology departments in China, and helped found the International Centre for Chinese Heritage and Archaeology (ICCHA), a research centre jointly established by UCL and Peking University. He was instrumental in arranging the publication of Xia Nai's thesis "Ancient Egyptian Beads" (70 years after Xia Nai completed it). He also worked to promote links between the private art markets in China and the United Kingdom.

In 2012 Wang left the UK to take up a position as the senior vice president and head of Chinese works at Sotheby's in New York. In 2015, he was appointed the curator of Chinese art and Pritzker Chair at the Art Institute of Chicago.

**Other positions held by Wang**

* Visiting fellow at the Beijing Palace Museum, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and the Yunnan Center for Southeast Asian Studies
* Guest professor at Yunnan University; and member of the academic board of the National Museum of Chinese Writing
* Member of the editorial boards of the *Early China Journal*, *Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities*, *Chinese Archaeology Journal* (English Edition), and *East Asian Journal: Studies in Material Culture*.
* Chief editor of the Shanghai Fine Art Press series Art, Collecting and Connoisseurship
* Consultant and presenter for the BBC and Discovery Channel
* Judge for the annual Asian Art festival in London

## Selected publications

* 2018 (ed.) *Mirroring China's Past: Emperors, Scholars, and their Bronzes* (with chapters by Sarah Allan, Jeffrey Moser, Su Rongyu, Zhixin Sun, Zhou Ya, Liu Yu and Lu Zhang), Art Institute of Chicago, 2018, to coincide with a major exhibition in 2018
* 2012 "The Archaeological Inspiration for Contemporary Chinese Art" in Michael Goedhuis (ed.), *Ink: The Art of China* (London, 2012), pp. 17–19.
* 2012 "Tradition and Anti-tradition in Contemporary Chinese Calligraphy" in Helen Wang (ed.) *The Music of Ink* (Saffron Books, London)

**On archaeology**

* 2013 (with Denis Thouard) "Making New Classics: The Archaeology of Luo Zhenyu and Victor Segalen", in Humphreys S., Wagner R. (eds), *Modernity's Classics. Transcultural Research – Heidelberg Studies on Asia and Europe in a Global Context* (Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg)
* 2011 "'Public Archaeology' in China: A Preliminary Investigation", in Okamura K., Matsuda A. (eds) *New Perspectives in Global Public Archaeology*
* 2011 (with Luca Zan) "Management and presentation of Chinese sites for UNESCO World Heritage List (UWHL)", *Facilities* 29:7/8, 313–325.
* 2007 (with Peter Ucko) "Early Archaeological Fieldwork Practice and Syllabuses in China and England", in P. Ucko, L. Qin, and J. Hubert (eds), *From Concept of the Past to Practical Strategies: the Teaching of Archaeological Field Techniques* (Saffron Press London)
* 1999 (with Roderick Whitfield) *Exploring China's Past: New Discoveries and Studies in Archaeology and Art* (Saffron Press, London)

**On early inscriptions**

* 2007 "Shang Ritual Animals: Colour and Meaning (part 1)", *Bulletin of SOAS*, 70 (2), pp. 305–372.
* 2007 "Shang Ritual Animals: Colour and Meaning (part 2)", *Bulletin of SOAS*, 70 (3). pp. 539–567.
* 1995 (with N. Postgate and T. Wilkinson), "The evidence for early writing: Utilitarian or ceremonial?", *Antiquity*, 69(264), 459–480. This won the Antiquity Prize 1995.
* 2007 (with Hu Pingsheng 胡平生 and Frances Wood), *Yingguo guojia tushuguan cang Sitanyin suohuo weikan Hanwen jiandu* 《英國國家圖書館藏斯坦因所獲未刊漢文簡牘》\[Unpublished Han dynasty woodslips in the Stein Collection at the British Library\] (Shanghai cishu chubanshe, 2007)ISBN 9787532620982

**On Chinese bronzes**

* 2007 (with Liu Yu), *A Selection of Inscribed Early Chinese Bronzes from Sotheby's and Christie's Sales*
* 2007 *The Meiyintang Collection of Ancient Chinese Bronzes* (汪濤:《中國銅器》) ISBN 9780955335716

**Translations**

* 2010 《龟之谜（修订版）——商代神话、祭祀、艺术和宇宙观研究》 (2010) - Chinese translation of Sarah Allan's *The Shape of the Turtle - Art, Myth and Cosmos in Early China*

**Documentary films**

* 2001 *The Strange Case of Peking Man* (Granite Productions)

**Children's Books**

* 1995 *Exploration into China*

## InfoBox

| Wang Tao | |
| --- | --- |
| 汪濤 | |
| Born | 1962 (age 6162)
Kunming, China |
| Nationality | Chinese–British |
| Occupation(s) | Archaeologist
Chinese art historian |
| Known for | Helping found the International Centre for Chinese Heritage and Archaeology (ICCHA) |
| Spouse | Helen Wang |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Education | Yunnan Normal University
China Academy of Art
SOAS University of London |
| Thesis | *Colour Symbolism in Late Shang China* (1993) |
| Doctoral advisor | Sarah Allan |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Archaeology of China, art history |
| Sub-discipline | Oracle bones
Chinese ritual bronzes
Art of early China |
| Institutions | SOAS University of London
University College London
International Centre for Chinese Heritage and Archaeology (ICCHA)
Sotheby's
Art Institute of Chicago |
|  | |


title: Vishwas (film)

abstract: Vishwas is a 1969 Hindi-language drama film, produced by J. N. Khatri on the K.P.K. & Vijay Movies banner and directed by Kewal P. Kashyap. It stars Jeetendra, Aparna Sen, Bharat Bhushan, Kamini Kaushal and music composed by Kalyanji Anandji.

text:
# Vishwas (film)

***Vishwas*** (transl. Trust / Faith) is a 1969 Hindi-language drama film, produced by J. N. Khatri on the K.P.K. & Vijay Movies banner and directed by Kewal P. Kashyap. It stars Jeetendra, Aparna Sen, Bharat Bhushan, Kamini Kaushal and music composed by Kalyanji Anandji.

## Plot

The film begins with a lavish woman, Neena, whose nuptial with a wealthy gets canceled as her poor parents cannot provide enough dowry. Ramnath Kapoor steps in, who knits Neena, and she re-locates to live penniless with him but yearns to lead a wealthy lifestyle. To accomplish it, she quits her bourgeois husband Ramnath Kapoor and kid Ravi and enters the netherworld. However, Ramnath stands on faith that she will return. Years pass, and Ramnath strives hard to mold Ravi into a forest officer. Suddenly, Neena arrives and asks Ravi to accompany her, leaving his father, which he turns down. Hence, Neena decides to fetch Ravi, exploiting the need for a poor girl, Radha, to trap Ravi. Neena forges her as riches with a play. Radha triumphs over Ravi’s love and attempts to develop disgust in his mind against poverty, but in vain. As time passes, when Radha starts adoring Ravi, she feels like an imposter. Afterward, Ravi is surprised to see his mother as Radha‘s aunt, who puts a condition to be with them, which he denies. So, Radha decides to move out when Neena senses the sweetness of true love and proceeds toward Ravi. On the way, her gangmen attack as her absence is dangerous. They meet in an accident in which the gangsters die. At last, regretful Neena lands at Ramnath‘s feet and pleads pardon. Finally, the movie ends with Neena leaving her to breathe, uniting Ravi & Radha.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

| # | Title | Singer(s) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Aaj Ki Raat" | Lata Mangeshkar |
| 2 | "Aap Se Humko Bichhade" | Manhar Udhas, Suman Kalyanpur |
| 3 | "Chandi Ki Deewar" | Mukesh |
| 4 | "Dhol Baja" | Mahendra Kapoor, Mukesh, Hemlata, Usha Mangeshkar |
| 5 | "Le Chal Mere Jeevan" | Mukesh, Hemlata |
| 6 | "Muskurake Hum Ko" | Mukesh, Asha Bhosle |

## InfoBox

| Vishwas | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Kewal P Kashyap |
| Written by | Brij Katyal (dialogues)
Gulshan Bawra (lyrics) |
| Screenplay by | Brij Katyal |
| Story by | David Jeffries |
| Produced by | J.N. Khatri |
| Starring | Jeetendra
Aparna Sen
Bharat Bhushan
Kamini Kaushal |
| Cinematography | Bipin Gajjar |
| Edited by | B.S. Glaad |
| Music by | Kalyanji Anandji |
| Production
company | K.P.K & Vijay Movies |
| Release date | * 17 October 1969 (1969-10-17) |
| Running time | 138 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Hindi |


title: Loretta, Kansas

abstract: Loretta is an unincorporated community in Rush County, Kansas, United States. It is located 7.5 miles (12.1 km) east of Liebenthal, and 3.5 miles (5.6 km) south of Pfeifer.

text:
# Loretta, Kansas

**Loretta** is an unincorporated community in Rush County, Kansas, United States. It is located 7.5 miles (12.1 km) east of Liebenthal, and 3.5 miles (5.6 km) south of Pfeifer.

## History

The community was founded in 1876, and named with the same name as the Illinois township where it was located. Its name evolved over time from Illinois to Marienfeld to Loretta.

## Education

The community is served by Otis–Bison USD 403 public school district.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Loretta, Kansas | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| KDOT map of Rush County (legend) | |
| LorettaLoretta | |
| Coordinates: 38°39′13″N 99°10′50″W / 38.65361°N 99.18056°W / 38.65361; -99.18056 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kansas |
| County | Rush |
| Township | Illinois |
| Founded | 1876 |
| Elevation | 2,001 ft (610 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code | 785 |
| FIPS code | 20-42750 |
| GNIS ID | 475395 |


title: Feuquerolles station

abstract: Feuquerolles is a former railway station located in the commune of Feuquières-en-Vimeu in the Somme department, France. The SNCF station was served by TER Hauts-de-France trains from Le Tréport-Mers to Abbeville. Train services were discontinued in 2018.

text:
# Feuquerolles station

**Feuquerolles** is a former railway station located in the commune of Feuquières-en-Vimeu in the Somme department, France. The SNCF station was served by TER Hauts-de-France trains from Le Tréport-Mers to Abbeville. Train services were discontinued in 2018.

## The station

Feuquerolles is an unmanned stop located at the 195.620 km point on the single-track Eu \- Abbeville line, between Chépy-Valines and Feuquières-Fressenneville. The line opened on 4 December 1882. In 2008, the station was improved as part of a renewal of facilities on the entire line by the SNCF.

## InfoBox

| Feuquerolles | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | rue Henri Barbusse<br>80210 Feuquières-en-Vimeu |
| Coordinates | 50°3′54″N 1°36′22″E / 50.06500°N 1.60611°E / 50.06500; 1.60611 |
| Elevation | 100 m |
| Owned by | RFF/SNCF |
| Line(s) | Abbeville-Eu railway |
| Platforms | 1 |
| Tracks | 1 |
| Other information | |
| Station code | 87316752 |
| History | |
| Opened | 1882 |
| Closed | 2018 |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| 2007 | fewer than 5 per day |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


abstract: The Unifying Themes of Sex, Death and Religion is a compilation album by the American rock band Botch. Originally released through Excursion Records in 1997, the album compiled Botch's first two EPs—The John Birch Conspiracy Theory and Faction—with the song "Closure" which was previously released on the various artists compilation I Can't Live Without It. After the original release went out of print, Excursion Records re-released The Unifying Themes of Sex, Death and Religion with eight additional tracks in 2002 as Unifying Themes Redux. The updated version featured new artwork and tracks that were previously released on Botch's split EPs with Nineironspitfire and Murder City Devils, various artists compilations and three previously unreleased tracks. Unifying Themes Redux was later reissued by Hydra Head Records in 2006, the label which also released Botch's two studio albums, American Nervoso and We Are the Romans, in addition to their posthumous EP An Anthology of Dead Ends.

text:
# The Unifying Themes of Sex, Death and Religion

Professional ratings
| **for *Unifying Themes Redux* (2006)** | |
| --- | --- |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| Pitchfork Media | (7.1/10) |
| PopMatters | (5/10) |
| Punknews.org |  |

***The Unifying Themes of Sex, Death and Religion*** is a compilation album by the American rock band Botch. Originally released through Excursion Records in 1997, the album compiled Botch's first two EPs—*The John Birch Conspiracy Theory* and *Faction*—with the song "Closure" which was previously released on the various artists compilation *I Can't Live Without It*.

After the original release went out of print, Excursion Records re-released *The Unifying Themes of Sex, Death and Religion* with eight additional tracks in 2002 as ***Unifying Themes Redux***. The updated version featured new artwork and tracks that were previously released on Botch's split EPs with Nineironspitfire and Murder City Devils, various artists compilations and three previously unreleased tracks. *Unifying Themes Redux* was later reissued by Hydra Head Records in 2006, the label which also released Botch's two studio albums, *American Nervoso* and *We Are the Romans*, in addition to their posthumous EP *An Anthology of Dead Ends*.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Botch, except where noted

Excursion 1997 (EXC-025)
| No. | Title | Original release (Label) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "God vs. Science" | *The John Birch Conspiracy Theory* (Phyte) | 3:08 |
| 2. | "Third Part in a Tragedy" | *The John Birch Conspiracy Theory* (Phyte) | 1:42 |
| 3. | "Inch by Inch" | *The John Birch Conspiracy Theory* (Phyte) | 2:39 |
| 4. | "O Fortuna" (originally by Carl Orff) | *The John Birch Conspiracy Theory* (Phyte) | 3:18 |
| 5. | "Closure" | *I Can't Live Without It* (Mountain) | 3:10 |
| 6. | "Contraction" | *Faction* (World of Hurt, Threshold) | 2:32 |
| 7. | "Ebb" | *Faction* (World of Hurt, Threshold) | 3:24 |
| 8. | "Stupid Me" | *Faction* (World of Hurt, Threshold) | 1:38 |
| 9. | "In Spite of This" | *Faction* (World of Hurt, Threshold) | 4:49 |
| Total length: | | | 26:20 |

Excursion 2002 (EXC-032) and Hydra Head 2006 (HH666-118) bonus tracks
| No. | Title | Original release (Label) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 10. | "End of Discussion" | *Brewing* (Excursion) | 2:56 |
| 11. | "Wounded" | Previously unreleased | 3:17 |
| 12. | "Liquored Up and Laid" | Split with Nineironspitfire (Indecision) | 3:32 |
| 13. | "Leavers Take on Genesis" | Split with Nineironspitfire (Indecision) | 2:28 |
| 14. | "Rock Lobster" (originally by The B-52s) | *All About Friends* (Point Furthest from the Middle) | 3:09 |
| 15. | "Frequenting Mass Transit" | Split with Murder City Devils (Excursion) | 5:05 |
| 16. | "Sudam" | Previously unreleased | 3:05 |
| 17. | Untitled (live set From WFMU) (hidden track) | Previously unreleased | 20:42 |
| Total length: | | | 70:42 |

## Personnel

**Botch**

**Production**

* Matt Bayles – recording at Litho Studios (tracks 15, 16)
* Jake Snider – recording (tracks 5–11, 14)
* Wes – recording at Uptone Studios (tracks 1–4, 12, 13)

## InfoBox

| The Unifying Themes of Sex, Death and Religion | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Botch | |
| Released | 1997 (1997) |
| Recorded | Litho and Uptone Studios |
| Genre | Mathcore |
| Length | 26:20 |
| Label | Excursion |
| Producer | Jake Snider, Wes |
| Botch chronology | |
| *The John Birch Conspiracy Theory*
(1996) ***The Unifying Themes of Sex, Death and Religion***
(1997) *American Nervoso*
(1998) | |
|  | |
| Alternative cover | |
|  | |
| Excursion's 2002 reissue cover. The artwork for Hydra Head's 2006 reissue features the same image, but it's colored orange instead of blue. | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Lords of Cemais

abstract:
The Lords of Cemais were the ruling families, from the early 12th century of the Marcher Lordship of Kemes, and in later centuries of the barony of Cemais in Wales.
  - Martin de Turribus, fl. 1090's.
  - Robert fitz Martin, c.1095? - died c.1159
  - William I FitzMartin, c.1155-1209, husband of Angharad, daughter of Rhys ap Gruffydd, prince of the briefly re-established Deheubarth.
  - William II FitzMartin, 1177?-1216
  - Sir Nicholas FitzMartin, 1210–1282, who granted land in the Preseli Hills to a son of Cuhelyn the Bard, a famous poet.
  - William Martin, 1st Baron Martin, 1257–1324
  - William, Lord Martin, 1296–1326; his sole heir was the nephew of his deceased aunt, Joan, the wife of the first Baron Audley:
  - James Audley, 2nd Baron Audley, 1312–1386
  - Nicholas Audley, 3rd Baron Audley, c.1330-1391; title went into abeyance until being inherited by his sister's son:
  - John Tuchet, 4th Baron Audley, d. 1409
  - James Tuchet, 5th Baron Audley, d. 1459
  - John Tuchet, 6th Baron Audley, d. 1491
  - James Tuchet, 7th Baron Audley, c.1465-1497, who was executed for treason and the Marcher Lorship forfeit. It was eventually re-established as a Barony, in the year of the Laws in Wales Acts, for his son:
  - John Tuchet, 8th Baron Audley, d. 1558, who sold it in 1539 to
  - William Owen, c. 1488–1574, a local lawyer
  - George Owen, 1552–1613
  - Alban Owen, 1580–1656
  - David Owen, fl. 1651
  - William Owen, c.1654-1721
  - Elizabeth Owen, d. 1746
  - Anne Owen, d. c.1720?
  - William Lloyd, d. 1734
  - Anne Lloyd, c. 1715-1775
  - Colonel Thomas Lloyd, 1740–1807
  - Thomas Lloyd, 1788–1845
  - Sir Thomas Davies Lloyd, bart., 1820–1877
  - Sir Marteine Lloyd, bart., 1851–1933
  - Nesta Lloyd Withington, d.1943
  - Morfa Withington Winser, 1920–1958
  - Joan Gregson Ellis, d. 1973
  - Hyacinthe Hawkesworth, married John Hawkesworth in 1943, d. 2011 Heir presumptative: John Phillip Cemaes Hawkesworth, 1947–2006
  - Alexander Hawkesworth, b 1984

text:
# Lords of Cemais

The **Lords of Cemais** were the ruling families, from the early 12th century of the Marcher Lordship (aka *Palatine Barony*) of Kemes, and in later centuries of the barony of Cemais in Wales.

Heir presumptative: John Phillip Cemaes Hawkesworth, 1947–2006

* Alexander Hawkesworth, b 1984

## Sources

* *The Lords of Cemais*, Dilwynn Miles, Haverfordwest, 1997. ISBN 0-9531961-0-0

1. *Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry*, John Burke, London, 1847, Volume 1, entry for *Lloyd of Bronwydd*
2. *Baronia de Kemeys. From the original documents at Bronwydd.*, Sir Thomas Davies Lloyd (Bt.), London, 1862, p.48
3. *An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Wales and Monmouthshire*, Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales, 1914, Volume 4, p 276
4. "Hyacinthe HAWKESWORTH Obituary (2011) - Legacy Remembers". *Legacy.com*. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
5. "Death of barony heir".


title: Proctor, Vermont

abstract: Proctor is a town in Rutland County, Vermont, United States. The population was 1,763 at the 2020 census. Proctor is home to the Vermont Marble Museum and Wilson Castle.

text:
# Proctor, Vermont

**Proctor** is a town in Rutland County, Vermont, United States. The population was 1,763 at the 2020 census. Proctor is home to the Vermont Marble Museum and Wilson Castle.

## History

In the early 19th century, small high-quality marble deposits were discovered in Rutland, and in the 1830s a large deposit of nearly solid marble of high quality was found in what is now West Rutland. By the 1840s small firms had begun operations, but marble quarries only became profitable when the railroad came to Rutland in 1851. At the same time, the famous quarries of Carrara in Tuscany, Italy, became largely unworkable because of their extreme depth, and Rutland quickly became one of the leading producers of marble in the world.

This fueled enough growth and investment that in 1886 the marble companies saw to it that when the present Rutland City was incorporated as a village, most of the town was split off as West Rutland and Proctor, which between them contained the bulk of the marble quarries. Proctor was formed around the nucleus of the old Sutherland Falls from parts of Rutland and Pittsford. Proctor was named for and almost completely owned by Senator Redfield Proctor. The closing of the marble quarries in the town in the 1980s and 1990s cost the area many jobs, and Proctor has struggled much more than its neighbors. In 2004 the Proctor Marble Arch Bridge restoration project was the recipient of the Marble Institute Award of Merit for "commitment to preservation of the original stonework."

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 7.6 square miles (20 km2), of which 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2), or 0.39%, is water. Drained by Otter Creek, Proctor lies between the Taconic Range and Green Mountains. The northern half of the town, home of unincorporated Proctor village, is the Proctor census-designated place.

The town is crossed by Vermont Route 3.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1890 | 1,758 |  |  |
| 1900 | 2,136 |  | 21.5% |
| 1910 | 2,871 |  | 34.4% |
| 1920 | 2,789 |  | −2.9% |
| 1930 | 2,596 |  | −6.9% |
| 1940 | 2,292 |  | −11.7% |
| 1950 | 1,917 |  | −16.4% |
| 1960 | 2,102 |  | 9.7% |
| 1970 | 2,095 |  | −0.3% |
| 1980 | 1,998 |  | −4.6% |
| 1990 | 1,979 |  | −1.0% |
| 2000 | 1,877 |  | −5.2% |
| 2010 | 1,741 |  | −7.2% |
| 2020 | 1,763 |  | 1.3% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,877 people, 756 households, and 530 families residing in the town. The population density was 248.2 inhabitants per square mile (95.8 inhabitants/km2). There were 791 housing units at an average density of 104.6 units per square mile (40.4 units/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.04% White, 0.16% African American, 0.11% Native American, 0.05% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.05% from other races, and 0.53% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.59% of the population.

There were 756 households, out of which 33.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.3% were married couples living together, 12.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.8% were non-families. 24.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.94.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.2% under the age of 18, 5.1% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 16.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.8 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $39,773, and the median income for a family was $45,625. Males had a median income of $33,214 versus $25,197 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,214. About 6.8% of families and 9.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.9% of those under age 18 and 13.0% of those age 65 or over.

## Neighboring cities and towns

## Notable people

## Sites of interest

## Footnotes

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Proctor, Vermont | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Proctor Free Library | |
| Proctor, Vermont | |
| Coordinates: 43°40′N 73°2′W / 43.667°N 73.033°W / 43.667; -73.033 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Vermont |
| County | Rutland |
| Chartered | 1886 |
| Government | |
| Board of Selectmen | Members |
| Town Manager | Judy Frazier |
| Area | |
| Total | 7.6 sq mi (19.7 km2) |
| Land | 7.6 sq mi (19.6 km2) |
| Water | 0.0 sq mi (0.1 km2) |
| Elevation | 482 ft (147 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 1,763 |
| Density | 230/sq mi (89/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 05765 |
| Area code | 802 |
| FIPS code | 50-57250 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1462180 |


title: Washboard Blues

abstract: "Washboard Blues" is a popular jazz song written by Hoagy Carmichael, Fred B. Callahan and Irving Mills. It was first recorded for Gennett Records in May, 1925 by Hitch's Happy Harmonists with Carmichael on piano. It was subsequently recorded by jazz bands Original Memphis Five (1925) and Red Nichols and his Five Pennies (1926). On November 18, 1927, it was recorded in Chicago by Paul Whiteman and his Concert Orchestra, featuring piano and lead vocals by Carmichael, and was released as Victor 35877-B The song is an evocative washerwoman's lament. Though the verse, chorus, and bridge pattern is present, the effect of the song is of one long, cohesive melodic line with a dramatic shifting of tempo. The cohesiveness of the long melody perfectly matches the lyrical description of the crushing fatigue resulting from the repetitious work of washing clothes under primitive conditions.

text:
# Washboard Blues

"**Washboard Blues**" is a popular jazz song written by Hoagy Carmichael, Fred B. Callahan and Irving Mills. It was first recorded for Gennett Records in May, 1925 by Hitch's Happy Harmonists with Carmichael on piano. It was subsequently recorded by jazz bands Original Memphis Five (1925) and Red Nichols and his Five Pennies (1926).

On November 18, 1927, it was recorded in Chicago by Paul Whiteman and his Concert Orchestra, featuring piano and lead vocals by Carmichael, and was released as Victor 35877-B (the B-side of "Among My Souvenirs")

The song is an evocative washerwoman's lament. Though the verse, chorus, and bridge pattern is present, the effect of the song is of one long, cohesive melodic line with a dramatic shifting of tempo. The cohesiveness of the long melody perfectly matches the lyrical description of the crushing fatigue resulting from the repetitious work of washing clothes under primitive conditions.

## Credits

A copy of the lyrics from the Indiana University archives of the Hoagy Carmichael collection credits F. B. Callahan with the words to "Washboard Blues".

## InfoBox

| "Washboard Blues" | |
| --- | --- |
| 1927 recording by Paul Whiteman and His Concert Orchestra. | |
| Single by Paul Whiteman and his Concert Orchestra, vocal refrain by Hoagy Carmichael | |
| A-side | "Among My Souvenirs" |
| Written | 1926 |
| Published | May 28, 1925 (1925-05-28) Jack Mills, Inc. |
| Released | February 1928 (1928-02) |
| Recorded | November 18, 1927 (1927-11-18) |
| Studio | Victor Studios, 952 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, Illinois |
| Genre | Blues |
| Label | Victor 35877 |
| Composer(s) | Hoagy Carmichael |
| Lyricist(s) | Fred B. Callahan, Irving Mills |


title: Viça, Štrpce

abstract: Viçë or Viča is a settlement in the Shtërpcë municipality in Kosovo. It has 209 inhabitants, of whom 197 are Albanians and 12 are Serbs.

text:
# Viça, Štrpce

**Viçë** or **Viča** is a settlement in the Shtërpcë municipality in Kosovo. It has 209 inhabitants, of whom 197 are Albanians and 12 are Serbs.

## Geography

It is situated in the northeastern part of the Sharr Mountains, of which valley sides of the Viča river, a left tributary of the Lepenac. It lies 2 km north of the Prizren-Štrpce-Doganović regional road.

## History

In Medieval Serbia, the *župa* (province) of Siriniq (first mentioned in a charter of the 13th century, the second time in 1331, in a charter of Emperor Stephen Dušan) existed, covering the whole of modern Štrpce municipality, having two cities, Gradište (in Brezovica) and Zidinac (in Gotovuša), near Viča. Several remains of Byzantine forts exist in the region.

The village is part of the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Raška and Prizren.

In 1894, the village had 40 houses, of which 35 were Serb, 4 Albanian, and one Islamized Serb.

According to data from 1938, the village had the following kin families, with their number of houses, traditions (*Krsna Slava*, patron saint day), and history:

* Karadžić (5 houses, *Slava* of St. Nicholas).
* Velan (12 houses, St. Nicholas), settled from Kabash, in Metohija, at the end of the 18th century.
* Lukačić (12 houses, St. Nicholas) settled from Dragobilje, in Metohija, at the end of the 18th century. Part of their kin family, which stayed in Metohija, converted into Islam after their departure.
* Alilovit (13 houses), an Albanian family, settled from northern Albania in the 19th century, part of the Berisha *fis*.

Demographic history
| Ethnic group | 1948 | 1953 | 1961 | 1971 | 1981 | 1991 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Serbs |  |  |  |  | 219 (50,23%) |  |
| Albanians |  |  |  |  | 217 (49,77%) |  |
| Total | 371 | 402 | 408 | 393 | 436 | 452 |

## Infrastructure

The rural settlement has primarily livestock farming (ratarsko-stočarstvo).

## InfoBox

| Viçë | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| ViçëLocation in Kosovo | |
| Coordinates: 42°15′57″N 21°04′50″E / 42.26583°N 21.08056°E / 42.26583; 21.08056 | |
| Location | Kosovo |
| District | Ferizaj |
| Municipality | Shtërpcë |
| Area | |
| Total | 0 sq mi (0 km2) |
| Elevation | 2,421 ft (738 m) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 209 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Area code | +381 290 |
| Car plates | 05 |


title: Los Ángeles (band)

abstract: Los Ángeles were a Spanish pop group active 1963-1976. Originally the band was known as Los Ángeles Azules, the "Azules" was dropped when contracted by Hispavox, a major Spanish label, in 1967. On September 26, 1976, the band were on their way to Madrid after playing in Tarragona the previous day. The car, which was carrying Poncho Gonzalez (drummer) and Jose Luis Avellaneda (guitarist), crashed in Motilla del Palancar, killing both band members. Carlos Alvarez, the other guitarist, suffered serious injuries that would keep him hospitalized for a long time. The bassist, Paco Quero, also survived.

text:
# Los Ángeles (band)

**Los Ángeles** were a Spanish pop group active 1963-1976. Originally the band was known as Los Ángeles Azules (The Blue Angels), the "Azules" was dropped when contracted by Hispavox, a major Spanish label, in 1967.

On September 26, 1976, the band were on their way to Madrid after playing in Tarragona the previous day. The car, which was carrying Poncho Gonzalez (drummer) and Jose Luis Avellaneda (guitarist), crashed in Motilla del Palancar, killing both band members. Carlos Alvarez, the other guitarist, suffered serious injuries that would keep him hospitalized for a long time. The bassist, Paco Quero, also survived.

## Discography

* Los Ángeles (1967)
* Pequeñas cosas (1972)

Singles * 98.6
* Dime, dime
* Mañana, mañana
* Créeme
* Momentos
* Mónica
* Abre tu ventana
* Raquel
* Nada va a cambiar el mundo
* Quiero que seas tú
* Pequeñas cosas


title: Ua Huka

abstract: Ua Huka is one of the Marquesas Islands, in French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. It is situated in the northern group of the archipelago, approximately 25 mi (40 km) to the east of Nuku Hiva, at 8°54′S 139°33′W.

text:
# Ua Huka

**Ua Huka** is one of the Marquesas Islands, in French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. It is situated in the northern group of the archipelago, approximately 25 mi (40 km) to the east of Nuku Hiva, at 8°54′S 139°33′W / 8.900°S 139.550°W / -8.900; -139.550.

## Name

Ua Huka in Marquesan means "two holes"; it is sometimes also found spelled *Roohka* or *Ua Huna*. The first Western navigator to sight the island was U.S. Navy Captain Joseph Ingraham in 1791. He named the island "Washington Island" in honor of U.S. President George Washington, a name which was eventually extended to include all of the northern group of the Marquesas Islands. Other names for the island include *Riou* and *Solide*. *See also Names of the Marquesas Islands*.

The spider genus *Uahuka* is named after this island.

## History

Although Ua Huka is located in the northern Marquesas, historically, culturally and linguistically the island's tribes were far more closely aligned with the southern Marquesas Islands, especially with the tribes from Pepane, in the eastern half of Hiva Oa.

Ua Huka was settled by Polynesians about 1700 years ago. The first settlers lived in settlements near the beach. In 1998, at Hane, a French archaeological team explored remains of settlements buried by a dune. It is the oldest settlement in the Marquesas so far, dating to 350 AD. Five researchers found seventeen human skeletons, fishhooks, a harpoon point, net weights and scrapers. From the detritus of the settlement, it appears that the indigenous people fed mainly on fish, birds (skeletons of a dozen extinct bird species have been found) and shellfish.

As in other islands of the Marquesas, as population density increased, people settled in the upper reaches of the valleys and, favored by the enclosed location, a strictly stratified tribal society developed. From the places of worship in the valleys, it can be seen that there must have been at least five independent tribes, possibly more.

Archaeological remains of cult and residential platforms are still visible in the Vaipaee, Hanei, Hokatu, Hinaehi and Hane valleys.

American merchant captain Joseph Ingraham, who sailed on the brig *Hope* from Boston around Cape Horn to China, discovered Ua Huka on April 19, 1791, and named it "Washington Island" in honor of U.S. President George Washington.

Another early 18th-century visitor was the Frenchman Étienne Marchand. He sailed from Marseilles on December 14, 1790, on the newly built merchant ship *Solide*, rounded Cape Horn and arrived at the Marquesas in June 1791. He named Ua Huka "Île du Solide" in honor of his ship.

Lieutenant Richard Hergest, commander of the *Daedalus*, the supply ship of the Vancouver expedition, arrived at Ua Huka on March 30, 1792, and christened it "Riou Island".

On June 2, 1842, French Rear Admiral Abel Aubert Dupetit-Thouars took possession of the northern group of the Marquesas for France. Ua Huka became a French colony.

## Geography

The island is shaped approximately like a crescent, with its concave edge facing the south. The land area is approximately 83 km2 (32 sq. mi.). The center of the island is a high plateau, deeply indented in places by narrow river valleys. The highest peak, Hitikau reaches an elevation of 884 metres (2,900 ft).

Ua Huka is a shield volcano that was emplaced between 2.2 and 2.4 million years ago. It is thought to have formed by a center of upwelling magma called the Marquesas hotspot. The island is served by Ua Huka Airport.

In contrast to the lush, larger islands of the Marquesas, Ua Huka gives a rather arid and forbidding impression, the vegetation is sparse. The rugged peaks are not as high as those of the other islands of the archipelago, about 600 m in the west and up to 800 m in the east. The highest elevation is Mount Hitikau, at 857 meters. The lower overall altitude means less cloud rainfall. Ua Huka has a much drier climate than the neighboring islands. A large part of the island is made up of extensive, arid plateaus and deep, fertile valleys in which settlements are also found.

The coast, very rugged, is not protected by a coral reef, so the strong waves come directly to the shores. There are several rocky islets (motus) off the main island. Motu Hane ♁♁ is especially spectacular. It is a 163-meter-high, sugarloaf-shaped rock cone off Hane Bay on the south coast. The island is 410 meters long in a north–south direction and up to 210 meters wide, and lies 250 meters south of the Tekaepa headland, which separates the Hane and Hokatu valleys.

### Geology

Ua Huka is formed by the northern half of two interlocking volcanoes.

The first caldera, about 10 km in diameter, contains the Vaipaee valley. The second caldera, included in the eastern half of the first, reaches 857 meters at Mount Hitikau, the highest point on the island. Its diameter is about 5 km and its age is estimated to be between 2.9 and 2.8 million years old. It contains the Hane and Hokatu valleys.

The island then underwent another volcanic period in the southwest (Tepeopo scoriaceous volcano and Tahoatikihau Hawaiian volcano) dated around 1.6 - 1.4 Ma. This shows a long geological activity compared to the other islands, at least 1.5 Ma.

Tahoatikihau crater contains a fossil lava lake. At the western end of the island there are several sea caves.

### Flora

The vegetation of the plateaus of Ua Huka is poorer than that of the other Marquesan islands, especially the northwestern part of the island, corresponding to the outer side of the large crater. Much of the plant cover, here consists primarily of dryland scrub due to a drier climate.

Unlike the plateaus and hills, the valleys have a much more exuberant vegetation, similar to that of the other islands of the archipelago. This diversity has been enhanced by the creation of the Papuakeikaa arboretum near Vaipaee. This unique achievement in Polynesia brings together more than a thousand species of trees from all over the world, including one of the largest collections of citrus trees in the world (almost three hundred varieties). It is intended to serve as a reserve for the reforestation of the island.

The impoverishment of the vegetation is largely due to domestic animals introduced by man, which have then been reintroduced into the wild. Goats, pigs and horses have largely destroyed the vegetation. Ua Huka proudly calls itself the "Island of Horses", but the serious damage they have caused is hidden.

In the valleys there are small remnants of the original rainforest, consisting of *Hibiscus tiliaceus*, *Piper latifolium, Pterophylla marquesana*, and *Metrosideros*. In the humid and shady areas of the narrow gorges grow lush masses of moss and ferns. In the west of the island, the rainforest changes to a drier forest, composed mainly of hibiscus, pandanus, guavas and glochidion. In the lower areas of the large valleys, coconut and breadfruit trees have been planted. There is still a remnant of *Pisonia grandis* in the lower reaches of Hane Bay.

The short valleys of the north coast are almost devoid of vegetation, and the upper parts of the mountains are even arid and desert-like.

### Fauna

Because of the sparse vegetation, there are only a few species of native land animals on Ua Huka, mainly insects, lizards, land birds and spiders including a genus of spiders endemic to the Marquesas named after this island itself belonging to the canopy spider family (Linyphiidae). The large number of feral goats and horses that graze freely there contribute to scrub deforestation. Horses were brought from Chile to Ua Huka by Admiral du Petit-Thouars in 1842, it has gained a reputation ever since as the "horse island" where it is said that there are more horses than people on the island numbering around 3,000.

Life is richer around the island: giant tortoises in Haavei Bay, sharks, dolphins, manta rays and thousands of seabirds live on the islets. In particular, Hemeni and Teuaua, also known as the "bird islands", are home to a large colony of terns. The Polynesian Ornithological Society "MANU" lists 35 species of birds on Ua Huka, 16 marine and 17 terrestrial, 8 of which are endemic.

Its forests also contain the last specimens of the Iphis monarch, a small passerine bird.

There are six endemic and critically endangered landbird species in Ua Huka:

## Administration

Administratively Ua Huka forms the commune (municipality) of Ua-Huka, part of the administrative subdivision of the Marquesas Islands. This commune consists solely of the island of Ua Huka itself.

The administrative centre of the commune is the settlement of Hane.

## Demography

The people of Ua Huka live on the south coast in the villages of Vaipae'e, Hane and Hokatu. These three villages are part of the commune of Ua Huka. The island had 584 inhabitants in the 2002 census, a number that increased to 719 inhabitants according to 2022 figures, 13 living mainly in the villages of Vaipae and Hane.

Population growth is one of the lowest in the Marquesas, mainly due to emigration. As there is no secondary school on the island, young people are forced to leave at a very young age, first to Nuku Hiva and then to Pape'ete for higher education. Many do not return to Ua Huka afterwards.

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2002 | 582 |  |
| 2007 | 570 | −2.1% |
| 2012 | 621 | +8.9% |
| 2017 | 678 | +9.2% |
| 2022 | 719 | +6.0% |

### Languages

The languages spoken on Ua Huka are mainly French (the only official language) and Marquesan, with one peculiarity: the dialect spoken here contains elements of the northern and southern Marquesan languages (to a lesser extent). The southern elements are very close to a dialect spoken by the inhabitants of the island of Tahuata, which shows that there were frequent exchanges between the two islands before the arrival of Westerners.

Tahitian is spoken by a minority.

### Religion

The majority of the population, like the other Marquesan Islands, is Christian, as a result of missionary activity by both Catholic and Protestant groups. The Catholic Church controls at least 3 religious buildings on the island which are under the administration of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Taiohae (*Dioecesis Taiohaënus seu Humanae Telluris*; *Diocèse de Taiohae ou Tefenuaenata*): The Church of Saint Therese of the Infant Jesus in Hane (*Église de Sainte-Thérèse-de-l'Enfant-Jésus*), the Church of Christ the King in Hotaku (*Église du Christ-Roi*) and the Church of the Immaculate Conception in Vaipaee (*Église de l'Immaculée Conception*).

## Economy

Ua Huka's economy revolves around three main areas: agriculture, handicrafts and tourism. The currency is (still) the CFP franc, which is pegged to the euro.

Agriculture is based on free-ranging horses and goats, but also on fishing, copra and, more recently, citrus fruits. Hunting wild goats, collecting shells, birds' eggs and fruit complete the diet.

Although the primary economic activity remains the production of copra, Ua Huka has rich resources for tourism, including restorations of various archæological sites, museums displaying the former glory of Marquesan civilization, and the preservation of the island's unique flora. Among the archæological remains at sites such as Tehavea and Meiaute are ancient petroglyphs and thousands of bird bones. The Pupuakeiha Arboretum consists of 42 acres (17 ha) planted with over 300 species of trees. It is hoped that one day this wealth of species will be able to be used to reforest the island. On the western end of the island are found a number of sea-caves.

Crafts consist mainly of wood carving, for which the inhabitants of Ua Huka are renowned, which is rather paradoxical given the small area occupied by trees. Some craftsmen choose to go to other islands to practise their trade more easily. The most commonly carved objects are puzzles, spears, plates and bracelets. The most commonly used species are miro (rosewood), tou (Cordia subcordata), toa (ironwood, for jigsaw puzzles) and sandalwood. Other crafts include stone carving (tikis, mortars), bone carving (forks, hooks), tapa making and the production of monoi oil, jams and other fruit products. Also in this land of horses, craftsmen work with leather, including the saddles that have replaced the old wooden saddles.

### Tourism

Tourism allows locals to sell their handicrafts, especially when the Aranui passes through regularly. Of course, visitors can go horseback riding; it is also possible to tour the island by boat. Tourists can also visit the arboretum and the island's six museums. Some hostels offer boarding accommodation.

The wealth of tourism is based on the restoration of the many archaeological sites, the exhibition of archaeological remains in two museums, and the preservation of the flora in the only Polynesian botanical garden. Among the archaeological remains are ancient petroglyphs. To the west is the mysterious "grotto of the steps". This is a grotto accessible only by sea where there are footprints.

The most important archaeological site on the island is Meiaute, at the foot of Mount Hitikau on the south coast. It is an extensive complex of stone platforms, only partially exposed, with paepae (living platforms) and mea'e (ceremonial platforms), as well as three red tufa tiki, up to a metre high.

At Vaikivi, in the Vaipae'e valley and only accessible on foot, there are about 50 carved petroglyphs, including faces (masks?), geometric figures and, unique to the Marquesas, a sailing canoe. More petroglyphs can be found in the upper, now uninhabited area of the Hane Valley, as well as numerous remains of residential and ceremonial platforms.

The village of Hokatu, the smallest of the island's three villages, is known for its excellent woodcarvers. There is also a small community museum with an interesting collection of seashells, as well as historical artefacts belonging to the village families.

In Manihina, two kilometres east of the village of Vaipaee, the then mayor Leon Litchlé founded a botanical garden in 1974, the 17-hectare Pupuakeiha Arboretum, where more than 300 species of trees have been planted. It allows visitors to see how the trees have adapted to the Marquesan soil and to select varieties to reforest the island, and preserves many of the species native to the region. Of special interest to visitors are the unique large-leaved Marquesas palms (Pelagodoxa henryana) and the collection of more than 100 species of citrus trees.

The island's most beautiful white beach is at Manihina, also a good place for snorkelling. There are other small black and grey sand beaches in Haavai and Hane Bays.

## Culture

The island has several archaeological sites as well as interesting natural sites (the "Invisible Bay" of Vaipaee, the bays of Haavei and Hatuana, the "Cave of Footprints" containing a beach where footprints reappear after each tide, etc.).

Despite its small population, Ua Huka has no less than six museums, including:

* the Vaipae'e Archaeological Museum: opened in 1989, it contains numerous traditional and handicraft objects, many of them donated by the people themselves (tikis, wood carvings, tapa bark raffia, decorated popoi bowls, bracelets, earrings, shovels, U'u sticks and native stone tools). It also has ethnographic documents, precious testimonies of the Marquesan culture.
* Hane Sea Museum: has an exhibition of traditional fishing techniques and a collection of canoes from all eras by Joseph Va'atete, the museum's curator.
* Geological Museum, Hakatu
* Petroglyph Museum, Hakatu
* Stone Museum, in Hakatu
* Garden Forest Museum: located in the arboretum

In each village there is also a handicraft exhibition centre. Every year in June, a competition is held among the craftsmen of Ua Huka to copy old objects. This ensures that the ancient techniques of carving and engraving are not lost.

## Politics and government

The island is currently politically part of the Overseas Country (*Pays d'outre-mer* \- POM) of French Polynesia and is therefore affiliated with the European Union. It is administered by a subdivision (Subdivision administrative des Îles Marquises) of the High Commissariat of the Republic in French Polynesia (Haut-commissariat de la République en Polynésie française) based in Papeete. Ua Huka forms an independent municipality (Commune de Ua Huka) with 633 inhabitants (2012). The population density is about 7 inhabitants/km2.

The official language is French. There are three villages in Ua Huka, all on the south coast: Vaipae'e, Hane and Hokatu. The main village and seat of local government is the village of Vaipae'e. Vaipae'e is the largest and Hokatu the smallest of the three settlements. The entire northern part of the island is uninhabited.

## Infrastructure

Ua Huka is supplied with goods not produced on the island by a cargo and passenger ship that arrives regularly from Tahiti. The *Aranui 5* calls at Ua Huka once a month. This is also the best way for tourists to reach the island. The ship cannot dock at Vaipae'e's small pier, so it has to be loaded and unloaded by boats.

Opened in 1972, Ua Huka Airport (IATA: UAH, ICAO: NTMU) consists of a single 755 m asphalt runway and is located between the villages of Vaipae'e and Hane. It is served exclusively by Air Tahiti with small aircraft via Nuku Hiva (flight time approximately 30 minutes).

The three villages and the airfield are connected by a paved road, the rest of the island is undeveloped or accessible only by roads and trails.

The tourist infrastructure is modest. There are no hotels, but there are a few privately run guesthouses, restaurants, and small shops with a limited range of products, open at the discretion of the owners. There is no bank on the island and credit cards are not accepted (since 2000).

In Vaipae'e, the most populated village, there is a town hall with local administration, a post office (with satellite phone), a first aid station, a nursery and a primary school (*école maternelle et primaire*). Secondary schools and qualified medical care are only available in Nuku Hiva and Papeete.

## InfoBox

| Ua-Huka | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Location of the commune (in red) within the Marquesas Islands | |
| Location of Ua-Huka | |
| Coordinates: 8°54′S 139°33′W / 8.90°S 139.55°W / -8.90; -139.55 | |
| Country | France |
| Overseas collectivity | French Polynesia |
| Subdivision | Marquesas Islands |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Nestor Ohu |
| Area**1** | 83.4 km2 (32.2 sq mi) |
| Population (2022) | 719 |
| Density | 8.6/km2 (22/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−09:30 |
| INSEE/Postal code | 98756 /98744 |
| Elevation | 0–857 m (0–2,812 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Ficus adhatodifolia

abstract: Ficus adhatodifolia is a species of plant of the Moraceae family, found in South America.

text:
# Ficus adhatodifolia

***Ficus adhatodifolia*** is a species of plant of the Moraceae family, found in South America.

## Distribution

The species occurs in countries like Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay.

## InfoBox

| *Ficus adhatodifolia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Moraceae |
| Genus: | *Ficus* |
| Species: | ***F. adhatodifolia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ficus adhatodifolia***<br>Schott | |
|


title: The Theatre Museum

abstract: The Theatre Museum (TTM) is located at 30 Worth Street in Manhattan, New York City. Its mission is to preserve, protect and perpetuate the legacy of theatre, including Broadway theatre. The Theatre Museum continues the legacy of The Broadway Theatre Institute begun in 1995 by presenting Awards for Excellence in Theatre History Preservation and Theatre Arts Education. It currently functions as a museum-at-large and is not open to the public.

text:
# The Theatre Museum

**The Theatre Museum** (TTM) is located at 30 Worth Street in Manhattan, New York City. Its mission is to preserve, protect and perpetuate the legacy of theatre, including Broadway theatre. The Theatre Museum continues the legacy of The Broadway Theatre Institute begun in 1995 by presenting Awards for Excellence in Theatre History Preservation and Theatre Arts Education. It currently functions as a museum-at-large and is not open to the public.

## History

From 1986 – 2003, the Broadway Theatre Institute developed programs that fostered the appreciation of theatre in New York and served more than 100,000 school children and adults in New York City. It merged with the Theatre Museum in 2003.

## Activities

In 2007, the annual Awards for Excellence Ceremony honored actress Ellen Burstyn, *The New York Times* Chief Theater Critic Ben Brantley, actor, dancer and choreographer Carmen de Lavallade, and Arts Horizons, an institution that uses professional performers to foster creativity in students.

The Theatre Museum has mounted exhibitions in New York throughout the year celebrating the history of the theatre, but none in a long time. Exhibitions included the architecture of the historic Times Square theatres, and the history of the American showboat, which brought entertainment on adapted barges along rivers throughout the country.

The showboat exhibition display in Red Hook, Brooklyn until May 2008 included panels displaying images of showboats, *Playbills*, programs, production photographs and written descriptions, artifacts, oral histories of those who lived on these entertainment barges, video clips, a painted scrim, and a calliope on performance days.

The Theatre Museum has a photo collection of historic Broadway shows, which was donated by board member Basil Hero, president of Broadway Digital Entertainment, a pioneer in preserving Broadway’s greatest masterpieces.

## Board

The founding members of The Theatre Museum in 2003 were Helen Marie Guditis, Tony Award winning producer Stewart F. Lane, Richard F. Bernstein, Esq, Linda B. Leff and William Rappaport.

Ms. Guditis sat on Manhattan Community Board 5 and represented that board on the Times Square Alliance Board of Directors, which serves the Theater District in New York City. She has also served on the board of directors of the League of Professional Theatre Women and the New York Women’s Agenda.

The Theatre Museum’s board of trustees included Stewart F. Lane, Helen Marie Guditis, George Thomas, William Walters, James Heinze and Basil Hero.

Mr. Lane is a writer, director and producer whose credits include *Fiddler on the Roof*, *Thoroughly Modern Millie* and *La Cage aux Folles*, which won him his first Tony Award at the age of 33. Mr. Hero has been cited in The New York Times for his work with PBS to digitally preserve such masterpieces as the original *Death of a Salesman* with Lee J. Cobb and The Iceman Cometh with Jason Robards. William Walters is a VP of Theatrical Stage Workers Local One I.A.T.S.E.

## Award recipients

1995

* Jujamcyn Theaters \- Theatre History Preservation
* Dr. Mary Henderson - Theatre Arts Education

1997

1999

2000

2002

* The Theatre Historical Society of America - Theatre History Preservation
* The Paper Bag Players - Theatre Arts Education
* New York City Police Department and New York City Fire Department - Distinguished Service to the Theatre
* Tony Walton \- Lifetime Achievement
* Richard Rogers in Celebration of his 100th Birthday - Special Award

2003

* The Players - Theatre History Preservation
* The BMI- Lehman Engel Musical Theatre Workshop - Theatre Arts Education
* Materials for the Arts - Distinguished Service to the Theatre
* John Willis - Lifetime Achievement
* St. Malachy's-The Actors' Chapel's 100th Anniversary - Special Award

2004

* Dodger Costumes - Theatre History Preservation
* F.H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts - Theatre Arts Education
* The Princess Grace Foundation USA - Distinguished Service to the Theatre
* Betty Comden \- Lifetime Achievement
* Commemorating the 100th Anniversary of Times Square - Special Award

2005

* Laurence Maslon and Michael Kantor for their PBS Broadway Series - Theatre History Preservation
* Periwinlkle Productionsand Ten Chimney's Foundation - Theatre Arts Education

2006

2007

2008

* Five Towns College \- Theatre Arts Education
* Ricky McKay - Individual Theatre History Preservation
* The Theatre Museum of Repertoire America - Organization Theatre History Preservation
* Joe Franklin \- Lifetime Achievement

2010

2011

* Frank Cullen – Theatre History Preservation
* Frank Sinatra High School for the Arts – Theatre Arts Education
* Sheldon Harnick – Career Achievement
* Bonnie Comley – Distinguished Service to the Theatre

2012

2013

* Emerson College – Theatre Arts Education
* Helen M. Guditis – Distinguished Service to the Theatre
* 100th Anniversary of The Palace Theatre - Special Award

2014

* Fathom Events \- Theatre History Preservation
* BroadwayWorld \- Theatre Arts Education
* 100th Anniversary of The Marx Brothers - Special Award

40°45′35.76″N 73°59′1.98″W / 40.7599333°N 73.9838833°W / 40.7599333; -73.9838833


title: Lords of Chaos (criminal group)

abstract: The Lords of Chaos was a self-styled teen militia formed on April 13, 1996, in Fort Myers, Florida, United States. It was led by Kevin Donald Foster. The group gained notoriety for a crime spree that ended on April 30, 1996, with the murder of one of the boys' teachers, Mark Schwebes, the Riverdale High School's band director. The case has been documented most extensively in Jim Greenhill's true crime book, Someone Has to Die Tonight. It is also the subject of a Dateline NBC special, When A Killer Calls, as well as being mentioned in Lords of Chaos: The Bloody Rise of the Satanic Metal Underground by Michael Moynihan & Didrik Søderlind, with the book borrowing the group's name.

text:
# Lords of Chaos (criminal group)

| Kevin Foster | |
| --- | --- |
| 2011 mug shot of Kevin Foster | |
| Born | Kevin Donald Bates
(1977-06-16) June 16, 1977
Amarillo, Texas, U.S. |
| Criminal status | Incarcerated at Union Correctional Institution |
| Parents | * Ruby Foster (mother) * John Bates (father) |
|  | |
| Conviction(s) | First-degree murder, attempted murder, arson, armed robbery |
| Criminal penalty | Death |
|  | |

The **Lords of Chaos** was a self-styled teen militia formed on April 13, 1996, in Fort Myers, Florida, United States. It was led by **Kevin Donald Foster** (born **Kevin Donald Bates**; June 16, 1977). The group gained notoriety for a crime spree that ended on April 30, 1996, with the murder of one of the boys' teachers, Mark Schwebes, the Riverdale High School's band director.

The case has been documented most extensively in Jim Greenhill's true crime book, *Someone Has to Die Tonight.* It is also the subject of a *Dateline NBC* special, *When A Killer Calls*, as well as being mentioned in *Lords of Chaos: The Bloody Rise of the Satanic Metal Underground* by Michael Moynihan & Didrik Søderlind, with the book borrowing the group's name.

## Formation of the Lords of Chaos

On April 12, 1996, in Fort Myers, Florida, Kevin Foster, Pete Magnotti, and Chris Black went on a vandalism and arson spree. Florida juvenile records show that only the group's ringleader, Kevin Foster, had any prior arrests or criminal history, consisting primarily of driving violations. The first spree was quickly followed by a second that included an attempt to burn a church bus and the burning of a bird cage containing two macaws, killing one.

After the night of destruction, Foster decided they should form a militia dedicated to terrorizing the community. The creation of the group's symbol ( **()** ) came from an in-joke involving a question Foster missed on a math test. The symbol for the null or empty set is either { } or Ø. On the test, Foster wrote ( Ø ) as the answer to a question whose answer was not set, marking it incorrect.

Kevin "God" Foster, Pete "Fried" Magnotti, Chris "Slim" Black, and Derek "Mob" Shields made up the core members of the Lords of Chaos. The group also included lesser associates, Chris "Red" Burnett, Thomas "Dog" Torrone, Brad Young, and Craig Lesh.

## Escalation

In an *East Lee Tribune* article titled "Hell Raising in Buckingham," a local reporter lashed out at the unknown culprits, calling them "obviously pea-brained vandals" and "person(s) of less than average intelligence and a cretin's personality."

On April 17, 1996, the group wrote a document entitled "Declaration of War — Formal Introduction of Lords of Chaos," which they planned to mail to the Lee County Clerk/Traffic Violations Bureau but ultimately did not. The manifesto warned:

> Lee County is dealing with a formidable foe, with high caliber intelligence, balls of titanium alloy, and a wicked, destructive streak. . . Be prepared for destruction of biblical proportions, for this is the coming of a NEW GOD, whose fiery hand shall lay waste to the populous \[sic\]. THE GAMES HAVE JUST BEGUN, AND TERROR SHALL ENSUE. . . .

In the early morning hours of April 20, 1996, the group, aided by Lyle Rath, escalated their terror campaign by destroying a historic 12,300-square-foot (1,140 m2) two-story brick Coca-Cola bottling plant in Fort Myers. Foster's original plan had been to destroy the building on April 19 to emulate the Oklahoma City bombing on its one year anniversary. Like Timothy McVeigh, he saw his actions as a retaliation against the government for the Waco Siege, which had occurred on April 19, 1993.

As a perverse joke, Foster used a Pepsi can filled with gunpowder and fitted with a 25-foot firework fuse to destroy the historic building. While the other boys arranged propane tanks around the building which they had previously stolen from a local convenience store, Foster ignited the fuse of the homemade bomb. The boys then retreated to a picnic table across the street where they could view the destruction. About 13 minutes later, an intense explosion ripped through the building, causing an estimated $100,000 in damage.

On April 26, Kevin Foster and Peter Magnotti robbed and carjacked Emory Lewis, Derek Shields's landlord and the owner of the local Alva Country Diner. Shields had hated Lewis since he had heard him call his mother a "bitch" and "poor white trash." Lewis was uninjured in the attack.

## Murder of Mark Schwebes

On April 30, the group decided to steal clothes at a local Dillard's store for an upcoming "Grad Nite" at Walt Disney World, where Foster planned to steal one of the character's costumes to use as a disguise to shoot minorities at the amusement park. As part of their diversion, Foster rigged a smoke grenade, which he had purchased at an Army-Navy store, with fishing wire. The plan was to stack up the clothes they wanted and run out when the grenade went off; however, the grenade proved to be a dud.

The boys decided to vandalize Riverdale High School's auditorium. They stole latex gloves, a fire extinguisher, two staplers, and a bag of canned peaches. Foster rigged a Clorox bleach bottle full of gasoline with a lit rag and threw it through the auditorium window.

Mark Schwebes, 32, the band director at Riverdale, caught members of the group loitering on the school grounds and confiscated the peaches, staplers, and fire extinguisher. He recognized Black and Torrone, telling the boys not to be surprised to get a visit from the police in the morning. After Schwebes left, Black angrily stated, "This has to be fixed tonight because tomorrow's a school day. So, he's gotta die tonight."

Although Schwebes had an unlisted telephone number, the boys could procure his address through local directory assistance. Most of the other boys went home, leaving only Kevin Foster, Chris Black, Pete Magnotti, and Derek Shields, the group's core members. It was decided that Foster would do the actual shooting. Black would act as getaway driver, Shields would knock on the door, and Magnotti would stay in the car and act as a lookout. On the way to the killing, Foster sang a deranged version of "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town":

> He sees you when you're sleeping,
> He knows when you're awake.
> He knows if you've been bad or good,
> So be good for goodness' sake!
> O! You better watch out!
> You better not cry,
> Better shut up
> And prepare to die.
> Kevin Foster's coming to your house.

At approximately 11:30 pm, Mark Schwebes heard a knock at his door. Opening it, Foster shot Schwebes in the face with a Mossberg 12-gauge shotgun, which authorities believe killed him instantly. Foster shot him a second time in the buttocks because he perceived him as homosexual. Mistakenly believing that it was impossible to trace shells back to his shotgun because it was a smooth bore weapon, Foster left the two spent shotgun shells at the scene.

## Arrest and trial

At first, lead detectives on the case focused on a love triangle they believed Mark Schwebes had been involved in. However, members of the group soon began bragging about the killing. On May 2, Craig Lesh, a hanger-on of the group, bragged to his ex-girlfriend Julie Schuchard. Craig told Julie that the Lords of Chaos killed Mark Schwebes. He told her that he had been present and was the one who had knocked on the door. On May 3, after a restless night, Schuchard decided that she had to tell the authorities what she knew.

From Schuchard, detectives learned not only of Schwebes's murder, but of the group's plans to commit armed robbery at a Hardee's restaurant where Magnotti and Shields worked. The detectives then questioned Craig Lesh. They learned he had not actually been present during the murder. Detectives also learned the group was responsible for the Coca-Cola bottling-plant bombing. This led to the arrests of the group's key members on their way to committing the Hardee's robbery.

Brad Young and Craig Lesh were released with no charges filed against them. Chris Burnett worked out a deal with prosecutors. He would plead guilty to second-degree arson and armed robbery, and turn state's evidence against the Lords of Chaos. In return he would serve two years in jail and receive ten years' probation. Tom Torrone also turned state evidence, and was allowed to plead no contest to second-degree arson. Torrone would serve one year in jail with ten years probation. In March 1997, Magnotti pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit first-degree murder, was sentenced to 32 years and agreed to testify. Two weeks before his trial began, Shields pleaded guilty to first-degree murder, followed in October by Black. Both received life imprisonment. Three other members of the Lords of Chaos pleaded guilty in exchange for their testimony. Only Kevin Foster went to trial.

Lee County prosecutors Marshall King Hall, Bob Lee, and Randy McGruther offered Foster life without the possibility of parole. He turned this offer down. Foster told his attorneys, Bob Jacobs and Marquin Rinard, that he considered this fate worse than going to "Old Sparky," Florida's electric chair.

Jury selection for the trial began on March 3, 1998, presided over by Judge Isaac Anderson. During the trial Foster's mother testified that he was home during the murder of Schwebes. Though members of the Lords of Chaos took the stand and each stated that not only had Foster been there, he had been the ringleader of the plot.

On March 11, closing arguments were given, and the jury retired to deliberate. After 2 hours and 16 minutes, the jury reached a verdict of guilty. On April 9, 1998, the penalty phase of the trial began. The jury would decide if Foster received the death penalty or life without parole. By a vote of 9 to 3, the jury recommended the death penalty. On June 17, 1998, Judge Anderson agreed with the jury's recommendation and sentenced Foster to death.

## Subsequent events

In 2000, Foster's case reached the Florida Supreme Court, and his appeal was denied.

### Retaliation murder conspiracy

Foster and his mother were later convicted of conspiracy to murder, planning retaliation murders against the members of the Lords of Chaos who testified against him in the original trial. They were charged with the crime in 2000 after having approached author Jim Greenhill for help in the plan. Instead, Greenhill reported it to the police. His mother was given five years in prison, and he was given an additional sentence concurrent with his death penalty.

### Later appeals

In 2011 in Lee County, Florida, Foster sought a new trial or a new penalty phase based on a theory of inadequate representation, claiming counsel at the time of trial had not made a sufficient presentation on the issue of mental defects. The court denied relief.

In 2010 Shields requested clemency and was supported by former Lee County Sheriff, John McDougall, the sheriff who had arrested him. McDougall pointed out that Shields had been under duress at the time of the murder. Shields pointed out that he was not the trigger-man. The request was denied.

In 2017, Foster sought to have his death penalty removed based on a 2017 law signed by Florida Governor Rick Scott that required a unanimous jury verdict to recommend a death sentence. The jury in Foster's case voted 9–3 in favor of a death sentence.

In 2018, the Florida Supreme Court denied Foster's appeal. He remains on death row at Union Correctional Institution as of 2019.

Magnotti was released from prison in July 2023.

## Media attention

* The case was the subject of a 2006 episode of *Dateline NBC*.
* It was also the subject of the book *Someone Has to Die Tonight* by Jim Greenhill.
* The case is also the subject of season 1, episode 4 named "Lords of Chaos" on the television series *The 1990s: The Deadliest Decade*.
* The case was also the subject of an episode of *Arrest & Trial* called "Lords of Chaos" on November 21, 2000.
* It was mentioned in Criminal Minds Season 3, Episode 12, "3rd Life".

## Sources

* Moynihan, Michael; Søderlind, Didrik (1998). *Lords of Chaos: The Bloody Rise of the Satanic Metal Underground*. Vennice, CA: Feral House. ISBN 978-0-922915-48-4.
* "When a Killer Calls". *Dateline NBC*. 2002. NBC Universal.

## InfoBox

Lords of Chaos
| Founded | April 13, 1996 |
| --- | --- |
| Founded by | Kevin Foster, Pete Magnotti, Chris Black |
| Founding location | Fort Myers, Florida |
| Years active | April 13 – May 3, 1996 |
| Membership (est.) | 8 |
| Criminal activities | Arson, murder |


abstract: The 1973 enlargement of the European Communities was the first enlargement of the European Communities (EC), now the European Union (EU). Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom (UK) acceded to the EC on 1 January 1973. Gibraltar and Greenland also joined the EC as part of the United Kingdom and Denmark respectively, but the Danish Faroe Islands, the other British Overseas Territories and the Crown dependencies of the United Kingdom did not join the EC. Ireland and Denmark both held referendums in 1972 in May and October respectively, and the United Kingdom held a referendum in 1975, on membership of the EC, all which approved membership of the EC. Norway planned to accede, but this was rejected in a referendum held in September 1972. In 1992 Norway again applied to join, but voters again rejected the proposal in a 1994 referendum. Greenland later withdrew from the EC on 1 January 1985 after a referendum in 1982. This was followed by the United Kingdom holding a referendum in 2016 on membership which resulted in the United Kingdom voting to leave the EU.

text:
# 1973 enlargement of the European Communities

The **1973 enlargement of the European Communities** was the first enlargement of the European Communities (EC), now the European Union (EU). Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom (UK) acceded to the EC on 1 January 1973. Gibraltar and Greenland also joined the EC as part of the United Kingdom and Denmark respectively, but the Danish Faroe Islands, the other British Overseas Territories and the Crown dependencies of the United Kingdom did not join the EC.

Ireland and Denmark both held referendums in 1972 in May and October respectively, and the United Kingdom held a referendum in 1975, on membership of the EC, all which approved membership of the EC. Norway planned to accede, but this was rejected in a referendum held in September 1972. In 1992 Norway again applied to join, but voters again rejected the proposal in a 1994 referendum.

Greenland later withdrew from the EC on 1 January 1985 after a referendum in 1982. This was followed by the United Kingdom holding a referendum in 2016 on membership which resulted in the United Kingdom voting to leave the EU.

## Background

The United Kingdom was still recovering from the economic cost of the Second World War. Ireland, while an independent state, was economically dependent on the UK, which accounted for nearly 75% of Ireland's exports, as codified in the Anglo-Irish Free trade agreement of 1966.

In 1960 the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) was established and was formed by Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. These countries were often referred to as the Outer Seven, as opposed to the Inner Six of the founding members of the European Community (EC). The EFTA was founded by a convention known as the Stockholm Convention in 1960, with the aim of liberalisation of trade in goods amongst its member states. On 31 July 1961 the United Kingdom, Ireland and Denmark applied to join the EC. In 1963, after negotiations, France vetoed the United Kingdom's application because of the aversion of Charles de Gaulle to the UK, which he considered a "trojan horse" for the United States. De Gaulle resigned the French presidency in 1969. In the 1970s, the EFTA states concluded free trade agreements with the EC.

## Impact

| Member countries | Capital | Population | Area (km²) | GDP
(billion US$) | GDP
per capita (US$) | Languages |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Denmark | Copenhagen | 5,021,861 | 2,209,180 | 70.032 | $59,928 | Danish |
| Ireland | Dublin | 3,073,200 | 70,273 | 21.103 | $39,638 | English, Irish |
| United Kingdom | London | 56,210,000 | 244,820 | 675.941 | $36,728 | English |
| Accession countries |  | 64,305,061 | 2,524,273 | 767.076 | 11,929 | 3 |
| Existing members (1973) |  | 192,457,106 | 1,299,536 | 2,381,396 | 12,374 | 4 |
| EC9 (1973) |  | 256,762,167
*(+33.41%)* | 3,465,633
*(+266.68%)* | 3,148.472
*(+32.21%)* | 12,262
*(−0.91%)* | 7 |


title: Proeulia approximata

abstract: Proeulia approximata is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Chile.

text:
# Proeulia approximata

***Proeulia approximata*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Chile.

## InfoBox

| *Proeulia approximata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Proeulia* |
| Species: | ***P. approximata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Proeulia approximata***<br>(Butler, 1883) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Oenectra approximata* Butler, 1883 | |


title: Washboard Doc

abstract: Joseph Doctor, known as Washboard Doc, was an American New York blues musician, who specialised in playing the washboard. He recorded with Victoria Spivey, Alec Seward, Paul Oscher, Screamin' Jay Hawkins and Big Joe Turner among others.

text:
# Washboard Doc

**Joseph Doctor** (September 8, 1911 – September 16, 1988), known as **Washboard Doc**, was an American New York blues musician, who specialised in playing the washboard. He recorded with Victoria Spivey, Alec Seward, Paul Oscher, Screamin' Jay Hawkins and Big Joe Turner among others.

## Biography

He was born in Johns Island, Charleston County, South Carolina, United States. Scant details exist of Doctor's early life, but it is known that he relocated to New York in 1935. Once established, using the 'stage name' of Washboard Doc, he performed on the streets of the city playing an improvised washboard with various percussive attachments. In addition, he sang to entertain the passers-by. For many years, he remained at the extreme edge of black music performers, having later claimed to have recorded with both Ralph Willis and Sonny Terry in the 1950s. The liner notes to *Early Morning Blues* (1980) relating to Washboard Doc stated, "His first recording was with bluesman Ralph Willis about 1950. About two years later he cut with Sonny Terry for a Folkways LP, playing washboards and spoons". However his involvement, if true, was not credited on either album by Willis or Terry.

In May 1969, in Willie Dixon's basement recording studio in Chicago, Illinois, Washboard Doc provided backing on five tracks which, along with other performers work, was released on the 1970 album, *Victoria Spivey Presents The All Star Blues World of Spivey Records in Stereo*, issued unsurprisingly on Spivey Records. Washboard Doc similarly provided his washboard backing to a small number of tracks on two subsequent Spivey Records collections that were released that year. Victoria Spivey usually recorded at least one track on each of the collections issued by her own record label. One music journalist noted that Washboard Doc "played with varying degrees of appropriateness".

Washboard Doc had been present at a house party in 1966 in New York, that also included fellow musicians Alec Seward, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee. They had a spontaneous jam session which was recorded, with Seward prominent backed by Terry (harmonica, vocals), McGhee (acoustic guitar, vocals) and Washboard Doc (washboard). The recording was of sufficient quality that it was released in 1975, entitled *Late One Saturday Evening*. Also in 1975, Spivey Records issued an album primarily credited to Paul Oscher, *New York Really Has the Blues*, which had three tracks by 'Washboard Doc and Friends'. In 1978, Spivey issued a six track LP, *I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter*. Another composite affair it featured Big Joe Turner with the Bill Dacey-Robert Ross Band with Lloyd Glenn on piano, plus Washboard Doc and Brenda Bell.

By 1979, Washboard Doc had teamed up with two other musicians; Cab Lucky (1938 – 2011) and John "Flash" Whitner (1919 – unknown). Lucky played harmonica and guitar, and was a singer, whilst Flash also sang and played 'humazoo' and washtub bass. The trio recorded an album, *Washboard Doc's Hep 3*, billed as Washboard Doc and his Hep 3. The following year, another album, *Early Morning Blues*, this time on L+R Records was credited to Washboard Doc, Lucky & Flash with Special Guest Louisiana Red. The trio, along with other blues musicians as part of the American Folk Blues Festival, undertook a short tour in Europe, primarily Germany. This resulted in the release of *American Folk Blues Festival '80*, with two sides by the threesome, their versions of "Flip, Flop and Fly" and "Shake, Rattle and Roll".

In 1984, Washboard Doc backed Screamin' Jay Hawkins on his album, *The Art of Screamin' Jay Hawkins*, another Spivey Records offering.

Washboard Doc died in Brooklyn, on September 16, 1988, aged 77.

## Discography

### Albums

| Year | Title | Record label | Credited to |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1970 | *Victoria Spivey Presents The All Star Blues World of Spivey Records in Stereo* | Spivey Records | Various artists |
| 1970 | *Spivey's Blues Parade* | Spivey Records | Various artists |
| 1970 | *Kings and the Queen Volume Two* | Spivey Records | Various artists |
| 1975 | *Late One Saturday Evening* | Blue Labor | Alec Seward |
| 1975 | *New York Really Has the Blues* | Spivey Records | Paul Oscher |
| 1978 | *I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter* | Spivey Records | Big Joe Turner and various artists |
| 1979 | *What Is the Blues* | Spivey Records | Various artists |
| 1979 | *Washboard Doc's Hep 3* | Spivey Records | Washboard Doc and his Hep 3 |
| 1980 | *Early Morning Blues* | L+R Records | Washboard Doc, Lucky & Flash with Special Guest Louisiana Red |
| 1980 | *Eunice Davis Sings the Classic Blues* | L+R Records | Eunice Davis |
| 1980 | *Let's Boogie* | Spivey Records | Various artists |
| 1980 | *American Folk Blues Festival '80* | L+R Records | Various artists |
| 1984 | *The Art of Screamin' Jay Hawkins* | Spivey Records | Screamin' Jay Hawkins |
|

## InfoBox

| Washboard Doc | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Joseph Doctor |
| Born | (1911-09-08)September 8, 1911
Johns Island, Charleston County, South Carolina, United States |
| Died | September 16, 1988(1988-09-16) (aged 77)
Brooklyn, New York, United States |
| Genres | New York blues |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, washboard player |
| Instrument(s) | Vocals, washboard |
| Years active | 1935–1988 |