abstract: The men's freestyle 90 kilograms at the 1996 Summer Olympics as part of the wrestling program were held at the Georgia World Congress Center from August 1 to August 2. The gold and silver medalists were determined by the final match of the main single-elimination bracket. The losers advanced to the repechage. These matches determined the bronze medalist for the event.

text:
# Wrestling at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 90 kg

The **men's freestyle 90 kilograms at the 1996 Summer Olympics** as part of the wrestling program were held at the Georgia World Congress Center from August 1 to August 2. The gold and silver medalists were determined by the final match of the main single-elimination bracket. The losers advanced to the repechage. These matches determined the bronze medalist for the event.

## Results

### Round 1

|  | Score |  | CP |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1/16 finals | | | |
| **Ričardas Pauliukonis (LTU)** | **11–0** | Louis Purcell (ASA) | 4–0 **ST** |
| **Eldar Kurtanidze (GEO)** | **11–0** | Kaloyan Baev (BUL) | 4–0 **ST** |
| **Kim Ik-hee (KOR)** | **2–1** | Péter Bacsa (HUN) | 3–1 **PP** |
| **Jozef Lohyňa (SVK)** | **5–0** | Tatsuo Kawai (JPN) | 3–0 **PO** |
| **Bayanmönkhiin Gantogtokh (MGL)** | **5–0** | José Betancourt (PUR) | 3–0 **PO** |
| Victor Kodei (NGR) | **1–6** | **Rasoul Khadem (IRI)** | 1–3 **PP** |
| Scott Bianco (CAN) | **2–5** | **Islam Bayramukov (KAZ)** | 1–3 **PP** |
| Robert Kostecki (POL) | **4–5** | **Dzhambolat Tedeyev (UKR)** | 1–3 **PP** |
| Bob Renney (AUS) | **1–11** | **Heiko Balz (GER)** | 1–4 **SP** |
| Bashir Bhola Bhala (PAK) | **0–10** | **Makharbek Khadartsev (RUS)** | 0–4 **ST** |
| **Melvin Douglas (USA)** |  | Bye |  |

### Round 2

|  | Score |  | CP |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1/8 finals | | | |
| **Melvin Douglas (USA)** | **5–0** | Ričardas Pauliukonis (LTU) | 3–0 **PO** |
| Eldar Kurtanidze (GEO) | **2–3** | **Kim Ik-hee (KOR)** | 1–3 **PP** |
| **Jozef Lohyňa (SVK)** | **5–3** | Bayanmönkhiin Gantogtokh (MGL) | 3–1 **PP** |
| **Rasoul Khadem (IRI)** | **4–3** | Islam Bayramukov (KAZ) | 3–1 **PP** |
| **Dzhambolat Tedeyev (UKR)** | **4–1** | Heiko Balz (GER) | 3–1 **PP** |
| **Makharbek Khadartsev (RUS)** |  | Bye |  |
| Repechage | | | |
| Louis Purcell (ASA) | 0–4 **Fall** | **Kaloyan Baev (BUL)** | 0–4 **TO** |
| **Péter Bacsa (HUN)** | **5–2** | Tatsuo Kawai (JPN) | 3–1 **PP** |
| José Betancourt (PUR) | **0–10** | **Victor Kodei (NGR)** | 0–4 **ST** |
| **Scott Bianco (CAN)** | **3–2** | Robert Kostecki (POL) | 3–1 **PP** |
| Bob Renney (AUS) | **3–7** | **Bashir Bhola Bhala (PAK)** | 1–3 **PP** |

### Round 3

|  | Score |  | CP |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Quarterfinals | | | |
| **Makharbek Khadartsev (RUS)** | **4–1** | Melvin Douglas (USA) | 3–1 **PP** |
| Kim Ik-hee (KOR) | **0–3** | **Jozef Lohyňa (SVK)** | 0–3 **PO** |
| **Rasoul Khadem (IRI)** |  | Bye |  |
| **Dzhambolat Tedeyev (UKR)** |  | Bye |  |
| Repechage | | | |
| Kaloyan Baev (BUL) | **5–7** | **Péter Bacsa (HUN)** | 1–3 **PP** |
| **Victor Kodei (NGR)** | **7–0** | Scott Bianco (CAN) | 3–0 **PO** |
| Bashir Bhola Bhala (PAK) | **0–12** | **Ričardas Pauliukonis (LTU)** | 0–4 **ST** |
| **Eldar Kurtanidze (GEO)** | **6–1** | Bayanmönkhiin Gantogtokh (MGL) | 3–1 **PP** |
| **Islam Bayramukov (KAZ)** | **3–0** | Heiko Balz (GER) | 3–0 **PO** |

### Round 4

|  | Score |  | CP |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Semifinals | | | |
| **Makharbek Khadartsev (RUS)** | **7–1** | Jozef Lohyňa (SVK) | 3–1 **PP** |
| **Rasoul Khadem (IRI)** | **3–0** | Dzhambolat Tedeyev (UKR) | 3–0 **PO** |
| Repechage | | | |
| Péter Bacsa (HUN) | **4–7** | **Victor Kodei (NGR)** | 1–3 **PP** |
| Ričardas Pauliukonis (LTU) | **1–5** | **Eldar Kurtanidze (GEO)** | 1–3 **PP** |
| Islam Bayramukov (KAZ) | **0–3** | **Melvin Douglas (USA)** | 0–3 **PO** |
| **Kim Ik-hee (KOR)** |  | Bye |  |

### Round 5

|  | Score |  | CP |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Repechage | | | |
| Kim Ik-hee (KOR) | **0–7** | **Victor Kodei (NGR)** | 0–3 **PO** |
| **Eldar Kurtanidze (GEO)** | **1–0** | Melvin Douglas (USA) | 3–0 **PO** |

### Round 6

|  | Score |  | CP |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Repechage | | | |
| **Jozef Lohyňa (SVK)** | **10–0** | Victor Kodei (NGR) | 4–0 **ST** |
| **Eldar Kurtanidze (GEO)** | **10–4** | Dzhambolat Tedeyev (UKR) | 3–1 **PP** |

### Finals

|  | Score |  | CP |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Classification 7th–8th | | | |
| Kim Ik-hee (KOR) | **0–6** | **Melvin Douglas (USA)** | 0–3 **PO** |
| Classification 5th–6th | | | |
| Victor Kodei (NGR) | 0–12 **Fall** | **Dzhambolat Tedeyev (UKR)** | 0–4 **TO** |
| Bronze medal match | | | |
| Jozef Lohyňa (SVK) | **0–5** | **Eldar Kurtanidze (GEO)** | 0–3 **PO** |
| Gold medal match | | | |
| Makharbek Khadartsev (RUS) | **0–3** | **Rasoul Khadem (IRI)** | 0–3 **PO** |

## Final standing

| Rank | Athlete |
| --- | --- |
|  | Rasoul Khadem (IRI) |
|  | Makharbek Khadartsev (RUS) |
|  | Eldar Kurtanidze (GEO) |
| 4 | Jozef Lohyňa (SVK) |
| 5 | Dzhambolat Tedeyev (UKR) |
| 6 | Victor Kodei (NGR) |
| 7 | Melvin Douglas (USA) |
| 8 | Kim Ik-hee (KOR) |
| 9 | Ričardas Pauliukonis (LTU) |
| 10 | Péter Bacsa (HUN) |
| 11 | Islam Bayramukov (KAZ) |
| 12 | Heiko Balz (GER) |
| 13 | Kaloyan Baev (BUL) |
| 14 | Bayanmönkhiin Gantogtokh (MGL) |
| 15 | Scott Bianco (CAN) |
| 16 | Bashir Bhola Bhala (PAK) |
| 17 | Robert Kostecki (POL) |
| 18 | Bob Renney (AUS) |
| 19 | Tatsuo Kawai (JPN) |
| 20 | Louis Purcell (ASA) |
| 20 | José Betancourt (PUR) |

## InfoBox

| Men's freestyle 90 kg<br>at the Games of the XXVI Olympiad | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Georgia World Congress Center |
| Dates | 1–2 August 1996 |
| Competitors | 21 from 21 nations |
| Medalists | |
| Rasoul Khadem  Iran  Makharbek Khadartsev  Russia  Eldar Kurtanidze  Georgia | |
|


title: Leka (Paulician leader)

abstract: Leka was a Paulician leader in the 11th century Byzantine Balkans in the territory of contemporary Bulgaria. He is mentioned in the History of Michael Attaleiates and in Skylitzes Continuatus partly based on information from Attaleiates. Lekas was a member of the Paulician Christian sect. He lived in Philippopolis (Plovdiv) and was married to a Pecheneg woman. The Pechenegs north of the Danube in the 11th century had been influenced by Paulician ideas. In alliance with them and the Paulician leader Dobromir he launched a revolt in the eastern Balkans in 1078–79 in an attempt to become an independent ruler. In the revolt he killed Michael, bishop of Serdica (Sofia). Dobromir expanded in the region of Mesembria. As the new Emperor Nikephoros III Botaneiates organized an army to send against them, they accepted the rule of the emperor and were given many gifts and privileges. The mention of the Paulician Leka is the first mention of the Albanian name Leka and indicates that this individual may have been an Albanian. As such, it is the first reference of a medieval Albanian by name by the same author (Attaleiates) who mentions medieval Albanians for the first time in Byzantine literature. The attestation of a Paulician Albanian suggests that Paulicians had become popular among Albanian groups. Toponymy between Sofia and Plovdiv in the 10th and 11th centuries indicates that (Proto-)Albanian populations had migrated from their native lands to the eastern Balkans before the era of Leka. The next mention of the name Leka is three centuries later in the names of the brothers Leka and Pal Dukagjini who held the city of Lezha.

text:
# Leka (Paulician leader)

**Leka** (**Lekas** in Skylitzes Continuatus) was a Paulician leader in the 11th century Byzantine Balkans in the territory of contemporary Bulgaria.

He is mentioned in the *History* of Michael Attaleiates and in Skylitzes Continuatus partly based on information from Attaleiates. Lekas was a member of the Paulician Christian sect. He lived in Philippopolis (Plovdiv) and was married to a Pecheneg woman. The Pechenegs north of the Danube in the 11th century had been influenced by Paulician ideas. In alliance with them and the Paulician leader Dobromir (Dobromiros in Skylitzes Continuatus) he launched a revolt in the eastern Balkans in 1078–79 in an attempt to become an independent ruler. In the revolt he killed Michael, bishop of Serdica (Sofia). Dobromir expanded in the region of Mesembria (coastal Bulgaria). As the new Emperor Nikephoros III Botaneiates organized an army to send against them, they accepted the rule of the emperor and were given many gifts and privileges.

The mention of the Paulician Leka is the first mention of the Albanian name Leka and indicates that this individual may have been an Albanian. As such, it is the first reference of a medieval Albanian by name by the same author (Attaleiates) who mentions medieval Albanians for the first time in Byzantine literature. The attestation of a Paulician Albanian suggests that Paulicians had become popular among Albanian groups. Toponymy between Sofia and Plovdiv in the 10th and 11th centuries indicates that (Proto-)Albanian populations had migrated from their native lands to the eastern Balkans before the era of Leka. The next mention of the name *Leka* is three centuries later in the names of the brothers Leka (ancestor of Lekë Dukagjini) and Pal Dukagjini who held the city of Lezha.

## Sources

### Bibliography

* McGeer, Eric; Nesbitt, John (2019). *Byzantium in the Time of Troubles: The Continuation of the Chronicle of John Skylitzes (1057-1079)*. BRILL. ISBN 9004419403.
* Saldzhiev, Hristo (2019). "Continuity between Early Paulicianism and the Seventeenth-Century Bulgarian Paulicians:the Paulician Legend of Rome and the Ritualof the Baptism by Fire". *Studia Ceranea*. **9**. doi:10.18778/2084-140X.09.32. hdl:11089/38880.
* Malingoudis, Phaidon (1976). "Ena alvaniko onoma stis vizantines piges \[An Albanian name in Byzantine sources\]". *Byzantina*. **8**.


title: Tony Burrough

abstract: Tony Burrough is a production designer known for his work on the 1995 film Richard III.

text:
# Tony Burrough

**Tony Burrough** is a production designer known for his work on the 1995 film *Richard III*.

## Career

In 1989, he was nominated for the British Academy Television Award for Best Production Design for his work on Series 1 of Alan Bennett's *Talking Heads*. He was nominated for the same award in 1996 for his work on the 1995 miniseries *The Buccaneers*.

In 1996, Burrough was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Art Direction for the 1995 film *Richard III*. He won the 1997 BAFTA Award for Best Production Design for the same film. In 2000, he was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Art Direction for a Miniseries or Movie alongside Choi Ho Man and Dominic Smithers for their work on the television miniseries *Arabian Nights*.

Burrough's production design has been praised by many critics. Kenneth Turan of the *Los Angeles Times* referred to his settings in several films as being "so satisfying that they're a reason to see the film all by themselves". His design of Santa's workshop and elf village in *The Santa Clause 2* was praised by Kevin Thomas as being "the film's strongest asset".

## Filmography

### Television

### Film

## InfoBox

| Tony Burrough | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | British |
| Occupation | Production designer |
| Years active | 1978–2007 |


title: Papyrus 35

abstract: Papyrus 35, designated by 𝔓⁳⁵, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Gospel of Matthew, it contains only Matthew 25:12-15.20-23. The manuscript paleographically has been assigned to the 3rd or 4th century.

text:
# Papyrus 35

**Papyrus 35** (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by **𝔓35**, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Gospel of Matthew, it contains only Matthew 25:12-15.20-23. The manuscript paleographically has been assigned to the 3rd or 4th century.

## Description

The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. Aland placed it in Category I.

Aland dated the manuscript to the 4th century, Roberts and T. C. Skeat dated it to the 3rd century.

It is currently housed at the Laurentian Library (PSI 1) in Florence.

## Further reading

* E. Pistelli (1912). *Papiri greci e latini della Società Italiana I*. Florence. pp. 1–2.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

## Images

## InfoBox

Papyrus **𝔓35**
| **New Testament manuscript** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Text | Matthew 25 † |
| Date | 4th century |
| Script | Greek |
| Found | Egypt |
| Now at | Laurentian Library |
| Cite | E. Pistelli, PGLSI I (1912), pp. 1-2 |
| Size | 26 cm by 15 cm |
| Type | Alexandrian text-type |
| Category | I |


title: Oxlestes

abstract: Oxlestes is an extinct mammal from the Late Cretaceous of Asia, more specifically from the Cenomanian of Uzbekistan. A carnivorous species of uncertain affinities, it is notable for its relatively large size, being among the largest of all Mesozoic mammals. Due to the limited amount of material, it has been considered a nomen dubium.

text:
# Oxlestes

***Oxlestes*** is an extinct mammal from the Late Cretaceous of Asia, more specifically from the Cenomanian of Uzbekistan. A carnivorous species of uncertain affinities, it is notable for its relatively large size, being among the largest of all Mesozoic mammals. Due to the limited amount of material, it has been considered a *nomen dubium*.

## Description

*Oxlestes* is currently a monotypic genus, containing a single species, *O. grandis*. Its specimens were recovered in the Cenomanian-aged Khodzhakul Formation of Uzbekistan. The holotype, **CCMGE 6/11758**, is composed of an axis vertebra, dentaries, canine teeth and a sagittal crest.

The axis is relatively narrow, with a long, pointed anterior process. There are two pairs of distinct foramina anterior and posterior to the dorsal transverse suture; modern placentals only bear one. It is about 1.9 centimeters long.

The dentaries are short and robust, with a convex central border. The masseteric fossa is deep, and the canine is long and deep. The skull has been suggested to be about 10 centimeters long; one axis and dentary comparison to zhelestids and rabbits would make it somewhat smaller at 7.5 centimeters, though this has since been contested.

Overall, the available proportions seem to indicate an animal comparable in size to the largest of modern mustelids and mid-sized felines.

## Classification

*Oxlestes* was initially referred to Palaeoryctidae, a eutherian family, based on comparisons with several other Cretaceous eutherians like *Zalambdalestes*, *Barunlestes* and *Asioryctes* (none of which considered to be palaeoryctids anymore; Palaeoryctidae as a whole may be invalid). Posterior efforts have cautiously referred it to the metatherian clade Deltatheroida, mostly based on size and its carnivorous speciations, but recent studies have shown no evidence of specifically deltatheroidean or even metatherian characters. Averinov and Archibald et al. 2005 referred it to the eutherian clade Zhelestidae, suggesting a close relation to *Sheikhdzheilia* though this too is not entirely certain.

## Ecology

*Oxlestes* was among the largest mammals of the Mesozoic, being comparable in size to modern mammalian predators such as wolverines and mid-sized cats. Its deep sagittal crest and masseteric fossae are indicative of powerful jaw musculature, and it possessed deep canines, both characteristics of predatory mammals. Some of these are shared with the contemporary deltatheroidean mammals, to which it could be related. If *Oxlestes* was a zhelestid, it would set a precedent in an otherwise herbivorous clade.

It is larger than some contemporary dinosaur species. Some researchers have even suggested that it could have predated on the local small ceratopsians such as *Asiaceratops*.

## InfoBox

| *Oxlestes*
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous, | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| *Clade*: | Eutheria |
| Genus: | *Oxlestes*
Nessov *et al.*, 1982 |
|
| Type species | |
| ***Oxlestes grandis***
Nessov *et al.*, 1982 | |


title: Valencian Figurita

abstract:
The Valencian Figurita is a breed of fancy pigeon developed over many years of selective breeding. It originated in Valencia, Spain hundreds of years ago and is the smallest of the many fancy pigeon breeds. The breed is promoted by the Valencian Figurita and Italian Owl Club in the United States, by the Figurita Club Nederland in the Netherlands, and by the Figurita-Movchen-Club Deutschland in Germany. Valencian Figuritas are bred in the colors black, red, yellow, silver, blue, white, dun, ash-red, and blue and red grizzle. It also appears in the patterns bar, check, and spread. Valencian Figuritas, along with other varieties of domesticated pigeons, are all descendants of the rock pigeon.
The Figurita is known for its small size, angular-shaped head, frilled chest feathers, and perky disposition.

text:
# Valencian Figurita

The **Valencian Figurita** is a breed of fancy pigeon developed over many years of selective breeding. It originated in Valencia, Spain hundreds of years ago and is the smallest (4-6 ounces) of the many fancy pigeon breeds. The breed is promoted by the Valencian Figurita and Italian Owl Club in the United States, by the Figurita Club Nederland in the Netherlands, and by the Figurita-Movchen-Club Deutschland in Germany. Valencian Figuritas are bred in the colors black, red, yellow, silver, blue, white, dun, ash-red, and blue and red grizzle. It also appears in the patterns bar, check, and spread.

Valencian Figuritas, along with other varieties of domesticated pigeons, are all descendants of the rock pigeon (*Columba livia*). The Figurita is known for its small size, angular-shaped head, frilled chest feathers, and perky disposition.

## Origin

This ancient breed originated in Valencia, Spain.


title: Li Tianmin

abstract: Li Tianmin, or Li Tien-Min (romanised), was a Chinese Nationalist politician and political historian. Born in Sichuan province, Li studied at the Central Military Academy in Wuhan and completed his undergraduate studies in economics at Waseda University. He was elected as the Kuomintang candidate in 1948 to represent the municipality of Chengdu in Sichuan province in the Legislative Yuan of the Republic of China. He held this seat from 1948 until 1991, even after fleeing to Taiwan with the Nationalist government in 1949 at the end of the Chinese Civil War. A historical biographer, and a professor at the National Chengchi University, he wrote six books on Chinese Communist party leaders Zhou Enlai, Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi, Deng Xiaoping, and Lin Biao. Li had seven children. His second son and youngest child, Kai-Fu Lee, is a computer scientist and businessman who is the founding president of Google China and previously the founder of Microsoft Research Asia.

text:
# Li Tianmin

**Li Tianmin** (Chinese: 李天民; pinyin:  *Tiānmín*, October 14, 1909 – June 24, 1993), or **Li Tien-Min** (romanised), was a Chinese Nationalist politician and political historian.

Born in Sichuan province, Li studied at the Central Military Academy in Wuhan (Chinese: 武汉中央军事政治学校) and completed his undergraduate studies in economics at Waseda University. He was elected as the Kuomintang candidate in 1948 to represent the municipality of Chengdu in Sichuan province in the Legislative Yuan of the Republic of China. He held this seat from 1948 until 1991, even after fleeing to Taiwan with the Nationalist government in 1949 at the end of the Chinese Civil War.

A historical biographer, and a professor at the National Chengchi University, he wrote six books on Chinese Communist party leaders Zhou Enlai, Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi, Deng Xiaoping, and Lin Biao.

Li had seven children. His second son and youngest child, Kai-Fu Lee, is a computer scientist and businessman who is the founding president of Google China and previously the founder of Microsoft Research Asia.

## Books

* *Chou En-Lai*. Institute of International Relations, 1970.
* *Liu Shao-ch'i: Mao's first heir-apparent*. Institute of International Relations, 1975.
* *Ping Zhou Enlai*. Ming bao chu ban she, 1994. Published posthumously; translated into English as *A review of Zhou Enlai*. ISBN 962-357-694-3


title: List of tallest buildings in Nagoya

abstract: This list of tallest buildings in Nagoya ranks buildings in Nagoya, Japan, by height. Nagoya is the fourth largest city in Japan by population, and the central city of the Chūkyō metropolitan area, the third largest in the country. As of March 2024, Nagoya has 4 skyscrapers above 200 meters, 14 buildings above 150 meters and 37 buildings above 100 meters. Nagoya is a major economic and manufacturing centre of Japan. As the home to automaking giants Toyota, Honda, and Mitsubishi Motors, the city is the prime carmaker centre in the country. Other high-tech industries are also located there. The city also has the third busiest train station in the country. The strong industry base is one of the major driving forces in continuing to build and expand large office spaces. Most skyscrapers are located in the downtown area of Meieki, close to the main train station. The oldest skyscraper in the city is the Sumitomo Life Nagoya Building, completed in 1974. The tallest building in Nagoya is currently the 247-metre-tall (810 ft) Midland Square, which was completed in 2006 and is also the eighth tallest skyscraper in Japan. The city's second tallest building is the JR Central Office Tower, built next to the Nagoya Station; it reaches 245 metres (804 ft) and was fully opened to the public in 1999. The Mode Gakuen Spiral Towers, completed in 2008, is noteworthy for its unusual spiral architectural structure, having established itself as a recognisable landmark. A new 212 metres (695 ft) skyscraper tentatively named Nishiki 3-Chōme Block 25 is due to be completed in 2026 as Nagoya's fifth tallest building.

text:
# List of tallest buildings in Nagoya

This **list of tallest buildings in Nagoya** ranks buildings in Nagoya, Japan, by height. Nagoya is the fourth largest city in Japan by population, and the central city of the Chūkyō metropolitan area, the third largest in the country. As of March 2024, Nagoya has 4 skyscrapers above 200 meters (657 ft), 14 buildings above 150 meters (492 feet) and 37 buildings above 100 meters (328 feet).

Nagoya is a major economic and manufacturing centre of Japan. As the home to automaking giants Toyota, Honda, and Mitsubishi Motors, the city is the prime carmaker centre in the country. Other high-tech industries are also located there. The city also has the third busiest train station in the country. The strong industry base is one of the major driving forces in continuing to build and expand large office spaces. Most skyscrapers are located in the downtown area of Meieki, close to the main train station.

The oldest skyscraper in the city is the Sumitomo Life Nagoya Building, completed in 1974. The tallest building in Nagoya is currently the 247-metre-tall (810 ft) Midland Square, which was completed in 2006 and is also the eighth tallest skyscraper in Japan. The city's second tallest building is the JR Central Office Tower, built next to the Nagoya Station; it reaches 245 metres (804 ft) and was fully opened to the public in 1999. The Mode Gakuen Spiral Towers, completed in 2008, is noteworthy for its unusual spiral architectural structure, having established itself as a recognisable landmark.

A new 212 metres (695 ft) skyscraper tentatively named Nishiki 3-Chōme Block 25 is due to be completed in 2026 as Nagoya's fifth tallest building.

## Tallest buildings

This list ranks Nagoya's skyscrapers that stand at least 100 m (328 ft) tall, based on standard height measurement. This includes spires and architectural details but does not include antenna masts. An equal sign (=) following a rank indicates the same height between two or more buildings.

| Rank | Name | Image | Height
m (ft) | Floors | Year | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Midland Square |  | 247 (810) | 47 | 2006 | Tallest building in Aichi Prefecture |
| 2 | JR Central Office Tower |  | 245 (804) | 51 | 1999 |  |
| 3 | JR Central Hotel Tower |  | 226 (741) | 53 | 1999 |  |
| 4 | JR Gate Tower |  | 220 (721) | 46 | 2016 |  |
| 5 | JP Tower Nagoya |  | 196 (642) | 40 | 2015 |  |
| 6 | Nagoya Lucent Tower |  | 180 (591) | 40 | 2007 |  |
|  | Nagoya TV Tower |  | 180 (591) | 5 | 1954 |  |
| 7 | Dai-Nagoya Building |  | 175 (574) | 34 | 2015 |  |
| 8= | Mode Gakuen Spiral Towers |  | 170 (558) | 36 | 2008 |  |
| 8= | Global Gate Sky Tower |  | 170 (558) | 36 | 2017 |  |
| 10 | The Lions Mid Capital Tower |  | 162 (531) | 47 | 2009 |  |
| 11= | The Scene Johoku |  | 160 (524) | 45 | 1996 |  |
| 11= | Grand Maison Misonoza Tower |  | 160 (524) | 41 | 2017 |  |
| 13 | Chunichi Building |  | 159 (521) | 33 | 2023 |  |
| 14 | Grand Maison Ikeshita the Tower |  | 153 (501) | 42 | 2013 |  |
| 15 | Nagoya the Tower |  | 149 (489) | 42 | 2023 |  |
| 16 | Kanayama Minami Building |  | 135 (441) | 31 | 1998 |  |
|  | Higashiyama Sky Tower |  | 134 (440) | 7 | 1989 |  |
| 17 | Loisir Hotel Toyohashi |  | 120 (393) | 30 | 1990 |  |
| 18 | Aqua Town Nayabashi |  | 118 (386) | 33 | 2006 |  |
| 19 | Alpen Marunouchi Tower |  | 116 (380) | 25 | 2007 |  |
| 20 | Symphony Toyota Building |  | 115 (377) | 25 | 2016 |  |
| 21 | Nadya Park |  | 114 (373) | 23 | 1996 |  |
| 22= | Cittanapoli Tower |  | 111 (364) | 34 | 1994 |  |
| 22= | Hilton Nagoya |  | 111 (364) | 25 | 1989 |  |
| 24= | Proud Tower Nagoya Nishiki |  | 110 (361) | 30 | 2022 |  |
| 24= | Sky Stage33 |  | 110 (361) | 33 | 1991 |  |
| 26 | Axios Chikusa |  | 108 (356) | 31 | 2004 |  |
| 27= | Nagoya Prime Central Toweraxios Chikusa |  | 106 (348) | 23 | 2009 |  |
| 27= | Nagoya Prime Central Toweraxios grand suite |  | 106 (348) | 23 | 2009 |  |
| 29 | Okazaki Tower Residence |  | 105 (344) | 31 | 2008 |  |
| 30 | Nagoya Center Tower |  | 103 (338) | 29 | 2008 |  |
| 31= | Sumitomo Life Nagoya Building |  | 102 (334) | 26 | 1974 |  |
| 31= | Nagoya International Center |  | 102 (334) | 26 | 1984 |  |
| 33= | Urbanet Nagoya Building |  | 101 (332) | 22 | 2005 |  |
| 33= | Grand-Suite Chikusa Tower |  | 101 (332) | 30 | 2010 |  |
| 33= | Sakae Tower Hills |  | 101 (332) | 28 | 2019 |  |
| 36= | Vique Tower Nagoya Higashibetsuin |  | 100 (328) | 29 | 2013 |  |
| 36= | City Tower Nagoya Hisaya-Odori Koen |  | 100 (328) | 31 | 2012 |  |

## Under construction

The following list shows buildings that are under construction in Nagoya and are planned to rise at least 100 metres (328 ft). Any buildings that have been topped out but are not completed are also included.

| Name | Height
m (ft) | Floors | Year | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Nishiki 3-Chōme Block 25 | 212 (695) | 41 | 2026 |  |
| Grand Maison Ikeshita the Tower II | 136 (446) | 39 | 2025 |  |
| Nishiki 2-Chōme 18th District Urban Redevelopment Project | 130 (427) | 24 | 2028 |  |
| Meiji Yasuda Life Nagoya Station Building Redevelopment Project | 100 (328) | 20 | 2026 |  |
| S2 Project | 100 (328) | 19 | 2026 |  |

## Proposed

The following list shows proposed buildings in Nagoya that are planned to rise at least 100 metres (328 ft).

| Name | Height
m (ft) | Floors | Year | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Meitetsu Nagoya Station North Building | 180 (591) | TBA | 2030 |  |
| Meitetsu Nagoya Station Central Building | 180 (591) | TBA | 2030 |  |
| Meitetsu Nagoya Station South Building | 180 (591) | TBA | 2030 |  |
| Mitsukoshi Nagoya Sakae Store\* | 180 (591) | 34 | TBA |  |

*Plans were frozen in July 2023.


abstract: The boys' 100 kg tournament in wrestling at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics was held on August 17 at the International Convention Centre. The event limited competitors to a maximum of 100 kilograms of body mass. The tournament had two groups where wrestlers compete in a round-robin format. The winners of each group would go on to play for the gold medal, second placers played for the bronze medal while everyone else played for classification depending on where they ranked in the group stage.

text:
# Wrestling at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' freestyle 100 kg

The **boys' 100 kg** tournament in **wrestling at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics** was held on August 17 at the International Convention Centre.

The event limited competitors to a maximum of 100 kilograms of body mass. The tournament had two groups where wrestlers compete in a round-robin format. The winners of each group would go on to play for the gold medal, second placers played for the bronze medal while everyone else played for classification depending on where they ranked in the group stage.

## Medalists

| Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ali Magomedabirov
Azerbaijan | Abraham Ruano
Cuba | Satyawart Kadian
India |

## Group stages

### Group A

| Athlete | Pld | C. Points | T. Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ali Magomedabirov (AZE) | 3 | 10 | 10 |
| Geno Petriashvili (GEO) | 3 | 7 | 15 |
| Oyunbold Enkhtugs (MGL) | 3 | 6 | 6 |
| Manuolefoaga Sualevai (ASA) | 3 | 0 | 0 |

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Ali Magomedabirov (AZE)** | **2-0**
(**1**–0, **2**–1) | Oyunbold Enkhtugs (MGL) |
| **Geno Petriashvili (GEO)** | **T. Fall**
(**6**–0, **5**–0) | Manuolefoaga Sualevai (ASA) |
| **Ali Magomedabirov (AZE)** | **2-0**
(**2**–0, **3**–0) | Geno Petriashvili (GEO) |
| **Oyunbold Enkhtugs (MGL)** | **Fall**
(**4**–0) | Manuolefoaga Sualevai (ASA) |
| **Ali Magomedabirov (AZE)** | **Fall**
(**2**–0) | Manuolefoaga Sualevai (ASA) |
| Oyunbold Enkhtugs (MGL) | **0-2**
(1-**3**, 0-**1**) | **Geno Petriachvili (GEO)** |

### Group B

| Athlete | Pld | C. Points | T. Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Abraham Ruano (CUB) | 3 | 9 | 12 |
| Satyawart Kadian (IND) | 3 | 6 | 4 |
| Parmvir Dhesi (CAN) | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Andries Schutte (RSA) | 3 | 2 | 4 |

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Parmvir Dhesi (CAN)** | **2-0**
(**2**–0, **1**–0) | Andries Schutte (RSA) |
| Satyawart Kadian (IND) | **0-2**
(0-**1**, 0-**1**) | **Abraham Ruano (CUB)** |
| Parmvir Dhesi (CAN) | **0-2**
(0-**1**, 0-**1**) | **Satyawart Kadian (IND)** |
| Andries Schutte (RSA) | **0-2**
(3-**4**, 0-**1**) | **Abraham Ruano (CUB)** |
| Parmvir Dhesi (CAN) | **0-2**
(0-**1**, 0-**3**) | **Abraham Ruano (CUB)** |
| Andries Schutte (RSA) | **1-2**
(0-**1**, **1**–0, 0-**1**) | **Satyawart Kadian (IND)** |

## Classification

### 7th-place match

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Manuolefoaga Sualevai (ASA) | **0-2**
(0-**2**, 0-**4**) | **Andries Schutte (RSA)** |

### 5th-place match

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Oyunbold Enkhtugs (MGL)** | **2-1**
(1-**1**, **2**–0, **2**–0) | Parmvir Dhesi (CAN) |

### Bronze-medal match

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Geno Petriashvili (GEO) | **0-2**
(1-**2**, 0-**1**) | **Satyawart Kadian (IND)** |

### Gold-medal match

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Ali Magomedabirov (AZE)** | **2-0**
(**1**–0, **1**–0) | Abraham Ruano (CUB) |

## Final rankings

| Rank | Athlete |
| --- | --- |
|  | Ali Magomedabirov (AZE) |
|  | Abraham Ruano (CUB) |
|  | Satyawart Kadian (IND) |
| 4 | Geno Petriashvili (GEO) |
| 5 | Oyunbold Enkhtugs (MGL) |
| 6 | Parmvir Dhesi (CAN) |
| 7 | Andries Schutte (RSA) |
| 8 | Manuolefoaga Sualevai (ASA) |


title: Lemine Ould Mohamed Salem

abstract: Lemine Ould Mohamed Salem is a Mauritanian journalist, director, and author who embedded himself with jihadists from Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) in 2012.

text:
# Lemine Ould Mohamed Salem

**Lemine Ould Mohamed Salem** is a Mauritanian journalist, director, and author who embedded himself with jihadists from Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) in 2012.

## Biography

Salem was born in 1968 in Moudjeria, Mauritania. He has degrees in public law, political science, and international relations. He first worked as a journalist for Al Bayane, and then as a correspondent in Paris for the French service of the BBC and as a contributor to Libération, L'Humanité, and Radio Suisse Romande. In 2007, Salem released a report revealing the presence of a CIA black site in Oualata, Mauritania.

At the outbreak of the Mali War in 2012, Salem obtained authorization from jihadist leadership to travel to Gao and Timbuktu, which were under control of Ansar Dine, AQIM, and MOJWA at the time. The images and videos he recorded during his time in the cities were used for the documentary Salafistes which he co-directed with Francois Margolin and released in 2016. Abderrahmane Sissako, a Mauritanian filmmaker initially associated with the project, withdrew from it in December 2012 and used Salem's images as inspiration for the fictional movie Timbuktu which was released in 2014.

In 2015, he worked as a correspondent for the Tribune de Genève, Le Soir, Le Temps, and Sud Ouest.

## Publications

In 2014, Salem released the book *Le Bin Laden du Sahara: Sur les traces du jihadiste Mokhtar Belmokhtar* (The Bin Laden of the Sahara: In the Footsteps of Mokhtar Belmokhtar) about his time embedded in AQIM.

In 2018, Salem published *L'histoire Secrete du Djihad: D'al-Qaida a l'Etat Islamique* (The Secret History of Jihad: From al-Qaeda to the Islamic State) about Mahfouz Ould al-Walid, a close companion of al-Qaeda emir Osama bin Laden.

## Filmography

## Bibliography

* *Le Bin Laden du Sahara: Sur les traces du jihadiste Mokhtar Belmokhtar* \- 2014
* *L'histoire Secrete du Djihad: D'al-Qaida a l'Etat Islamique -* 2018

## InfoBox

| Lemine Ould Mohamed Salem | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1968 (age 5556)
Moudjeria, Mauritania |
| Notable work | Salafistes
*Le Bin Laden du Sahara: Sur les traces du Mokhtar Belmokhar*
*L'histoire secrète du djihad ; d'al-Qaida à l'Etat islamique* |


title: Torsten Hallman

abstract: Torsten Hallman is a Swedish former professional motocross racer and business entrepreneur. He competed in the Motocross World Championships from 1959 to 1971, most prominently as a member of the Husqvarna factory racing team where he won four 250cc Motocross World Championships. Hallman was part of a contingent of Swedish motorcyclists including; Bill Nilsson, Rolf Tibblin and Sten Lundin who dominated the sport of motocross in the early 1960s. His battles with Belgium's Joël Robert were considered some of the best in the history of the championships. Between 1964 and 1968, the pair finished first or second to one another in the world championship four times. After his racing career, he established a successful off-road racing apparel company. Hallman played an integral role in the introduction of the sport of motocross in the United States. He was recognized for his influential role in the development of American motocross in 2000 when, he was inducted into the AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame. In 2012, he was named an FIM Legend for his motorcycling achievements.

text:
# Torsten Hallman

**Torsten Hallman** (born 17 October 1939) is a Swedish former professional motocross racer and business entrepreneur. He competed in the Motocross World Championships from 1959 to 1971, most prominently as a member of the Husqvarna factory racing team where he won four 250cc Motocross World Championships.

Hallman was part of a contingent of Swedish motorcyclists including; Bill Nilsson, Rolf Tibblin and Sten Lundin who dominated the sport of motocross in the early 1960s. His battles with Belgium's Joël Robert were considered some of the best in the history of the championships. Between 1964 and 1968, the pair finished first or second to one another in the world championship four times.

After his racing career, he established a successful off-road racing apparel company. Hallman played an integral role in the introduction of the sport of motocross in the United States. He was recognized for his influential role in the development of American motocross in 2000 when, he was inducted into the AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame. In 2012, he was named an FIM Legend for his motorcycling achievements.

## Motorcycling career

Hallman was born in Viksta, just outside of Uppsala, Sweden. His father and older brother were both motorcycle racers, and they had built a practice motocross track on their farm where Hallman first learned to ride at the age of 13. Hallman’s first motorcycle was a 100cc DKW, which he rode in all types of weather including rain and snow. After the DKW was worn down from constant riding, he next acquired a 175cc Royal Enfield motorcycle.

Hallman entered his first race at the age of 17 as a member of the Uppsala Motorcycle Club (UMCK). He won the Junior Class at the 1957 Nyman Cup and scored fifth overall. His sudden success brought him to the attention of Bror Jauren, manager of Husqvarna’s racing team, who offered Hallman a motorcycle and support for his racing competitions. He then won the 1958 200cc Swedish Enduro National Championship.

Hallman won the 175cc Swedish Enduro National Championship in 1959, and entered into his first 250cc European motocross championship race at the 250cc Dutch Grand Prix at Lichtenvoorde, where he scored an impressive third place in the first heat race behind race winner Rolf Tibblin and second-placed Stig Rickardsson. He placed seventh in the second heat race. At the 1959 250cc Swedish Grand Prix, he followed race winner Tibblin with two second place results. Tibblin went on to win the 1959 250cc European motocross championship for Husqvarna. Hallman also finished second to Gunnar Johansson at the 1959 Novemberkåsan Enduro.

### Grand Prix racing

Hallman possessed a smooth, efficient riding style, absorbing jumps with his legs so that his motorcycle flew at half the height of his competitors, which allowed the rear tire to begin applying power to the ground sooner. Five-time World Champion, Roger De Coster, cited Hallman's riding style as having influenced his own riding habits.

His success on the race track earned Hallman full sponsorship from the Husqvarna racing team in the 1960 250cc European Motocross Championship. He won his first European Championship heat race at the season-opening 250cc Spanish Grand Prix ahead of Dave Bickers and Jaromír Čížek. He won another heat race in East Germany ahead of Stig Rickardsson and Arthur Lampkin, but then broke his collarbone at 1960 250cc British Grand Prix which forced him to miss the remainder of the season. Dave Bickers claimed the championship for the Greeves factory while Hallman was ranked seventh in the 250cc European Championship final classification.

Hallman began the 1961 season with a string of top five results before winning his first overall victory at the 1961 250cc Finnish Grand Prix. He improved to fourth in the 1961 250cc European Motocross Championship, with Bickers repeating as champion. Hallman was the top points scorer at 1961 Trophée des Nations, helping the Swedish team place second behind the British team.

The Husqvarna company had been making motorcycles since 1903, but in the early 1960s, the company almost stopped motorcycle production as demand had decreased. Husqvarna had informed Hallman that their motorcycle development would stop and that he should seek employment elsewhere. After he had arranged a test ride with the Greeves factory, he was notified that the Husqvarna management had reluctantly agreed to repurpose some of the funding for their chainsaw division, and instead invest it into the development of a new 250cc motorcycle with a four-speed, two-stroke engine. Husqvarna was one of the first motorcycle manufacturers to adopt two-stroke engine technology.

During the 1950s, motocross competitors used motorcycles with heavy, pre-war, four-stroke engines, however the advances in two-stroke technology after the Second World War made apparent the importance of lightness and agility in motocross racing. Hallman was asked to stay on and help development of the new motorcycle while competing in the World Championships. Believing that the future of motocross was with the lightweight two-stroke engines, he chose to remain in the 250cc class rather than compete in the more prestigious 500cc class. He also believed it was pointless to compete with Rolf Tibblin in 500 class.

The FIM upgraded the European Motocross Championship to World Championship status for the 1962 season. The Greeves factory chose not to compete in the new championship, keeping two-time European motocross champion, Dave Bickers, at home to compete in the British championship. Given a second chance by the Husqvarna factory, Hallman rode his Husqvarna motorcycle to victory, winning five of the last six Grand Prix races to overtake BSA teammates Jeff Smith and Arthur Lampkin and claim his first world title.

Hallman successfully defended his crown in 1963, dominating the 1963 250cc World Championship by winning eight of the fourteen rounds to take the title over three ČZ factory team riders. At the 1963 Trophée des Nations, Hallman won both heat races to help the Swedish team defeat the British and Czechoslovakian teams.

22-year-old newcomer, Åke Jonsson, who had defeated Hallman in the 1964 250cc Swedish National Championship, would join Hallman on the Husqvarna factory racing team to help with development of the new race bike, and to help fend off the threat from the ČZ factory racing team in the 1964 250cc World Championship.

### Rivalry with Robert

Prior to the 1964 season, Hallman had been offered a contract to race for the ČZ factory racing team. ČZ had developed a new twin-port, two-stroke engine that considerably increased its horsepower. However, Hallman rejected their offer preferring to remain with the Husqvarna team. After Hallman's rejection, the ČZ factory gave the motorcycle they had intended for Hallman to 20-year-old privateer, Joël Robert. Robert took full advantage of the ČZ factory support to win 9 of the 14 Grand Prix races to claim the world championship ahead of second-placed Hallman. Hallman was once again the top scoring rider at the 1964 Trophée des Nations, as the Swedish team took top honors for the second consecutive year.

In 1965, Hallman was completing his senior year in college and the heavy workload meant he had to reduce his racing schedule, yet he still managed a fourth place in the 1965 250cc World Championship. Russian ČZ rider Victor Arbekov won five Grand Prix races to claim the world championship ahead of the defending champion Joël Robert.

The following three seasons were marked by the intense rivalry between Hallman and his great rival, Joël Robert. Husqvarna produced a new race bike for 1966 with a new, rigid frame that placed the engine lower so that handling was improved. The new front forks were also developed and produced in-house. Defending champion Arbekov began the 1966 season with a victory at the Spanish Grand Prix, however he was injured in a serious crash at the second round in France and did not return until the 14th round. Despite Arbekov's absence, Hallman still had to fend off ČZ riders Robert and Petr Dobry. Hallman and Robert traded wins back and forth in a season-long battle for the 1966 250cc Motocross World Championship that wasn't decided until the final race when Hallman finally prevailed over his rival.

Hallman was once again a member of the victorious Swedish team at the 1966 Trophée des Nations, helping the Swedish team take top honors for the third time in four years (the 1965 Trophée des Nations event was canceled due to bad weather). During his free time, Hallman also participated in Swedish auto rally racing competitions, driving a Saab 96 with his older brother, Hans, serving as his co-driver.

### Spreading motocross to America

At the end of the 1966 World Championship, the American importer for Husqvarna motorcycles, Edison Dye, invited Hallman to participate in exhibition races up and down the west coast of the United States as a means to introduce the sport of motocross to an American audience. Hallman impressed American spectators who had never witnessed the kind of acrobatic off-road riding performed by Hallman.

Hallman's first trip to the United States was a success and is credited with igniting the growth of motocross in North America. Motorcycle Hall of Fame member, Dick Mann, who rode against Hallman in 1966, declared after Hallman's visit to the United States, “Nothing affected the sport so much in my lifetime as the Europeans coming to America!”

### Hallman vs Robert

Husqvarna doubled its racing budget over the previous year, with riders Håkan Andersson, Olle Pettersson and Staffan Eneqvist joining Hallman on the 250cc team, while Jonsson moved up to the 500cc class. Hallman and Robert were once again the main protagonists in the battle for the 1967 250cc motocross World Championship. As with the previous year, the two rivals traded victories throughout the season. After eight of twelve rounds, Robert had won four Grand Prix races to Hallman's three however, Robert failed to finish in the three of the final four rounds, allowing Hallman to overtake him with a victory at the penultimate round in Russia and claim his fourth world championship by a slim two point margin. The two rivals dominated the championship with five Grand Prix victories apiece.

Hallman continued his success at the Trophée des Nations event in 1967, when he was once again the top scoring rider helping the Swedish team take top honors for their fourth victory in five years at the event. He also helped the Swedish team score a second place in 1967 500cc Motocross des Nations behind Great Britain.

The two competitors continued their rivalry into the 1968 season. The ČZ factory switched Dave Bickers from the 500cc class to the 250cc class and hired 23-year-old Sylvain Geboers to support Robert while Husqvarna retained Håkan Andersson in support of Hallman. Olle Pettersson was hired from Husqvarna by the Suzuki factory to help develop their new motocross bike. After Robert won three consecutive Grand Prix races in France, Holland and West Germany to take the early points lead, Hallman then won three races in Russia, Yugoslavia and Sweden to tie Robert for the championship points lead as they went into the final round in Austria.

Hallman took the lead in the first heat race and had built a 23 second lead over Robert, when his motorcycle's rear tire was punctured allowing Robert to pass Hallman for the victory. As the second race began, Hallman once again took the lead until his engine began to overheat and lose power, allowing Robert to catch up and pass him for the race victory. Robert claimed the 1968 250cc World Championship by two points, denying Hallman's bid for a fifth world championship.

Hallman was a member of a victorious Swedish team at the 1968 Trophée des Nations event for the fifth and final time in his career. He also helped the Swedish team score a second place in 1969 500cc Motocross des Nations behind Belgium. After he was slowed by a back injury, his results suffered and he was released by the Husqvarna factory team after the 1969 season.

### Move to Yamaha

In 1971, Hallman was hired by the Yamaha factory to help them develop the Yamaha YZ250 motocross bike. Hallman scored Yamaha's first motocross world championship points with a 7th place at the 1971 250cc Dutch Grand Prix. At the age of 32, he retired from competition at the end of the 1971 season, but continued to work on motorcycle development for Yamaha.

Hallman was instrumental in Yamaha's decision to purchase the patent for an innovative single shock absorber rear suspension designed by Lucien Tilkens, a professor at the Liege Engineering College in Belgium. When Tilkens had his new suspension system rejected by the Suzuki factory, he approached Hallman who then tested a motorcycle fitted with the new suspension. Having seen the benefits of the suspension for himself, Hallman convinced Yamaha team manager, Mr. Kuratomo, that the new invention was worth developing. The suspension design which became known by the trade name Monoshock, helped Håkan Andersson win the 1973 250cc motocross world championship for Yamaha and would go on to revolutionize the sport.

Hallman collaborated with former world champions Bengt Åberg and Sten Lundin in developing a highly modified four stroke Yamaha XT500, which Åberg raced in the 1977 FIM Motocross World Championship season. Åberg rode the bike to a victory in the first moto of the 1977 500cc Luxembourg Grand Prix and ended the season ranked 9th in the final world championship standings.

## Later life

After his racing career, he began to sell motocross pants and gloves at the races to help supplement his income. Innovative Hallman racing products were available in the mid-1970s via catalogue, and were very popular throughout the United States. This eventually led to the formation of THOR Motocross (Torsten Hallman Original Racewear). THOR grew to become one of the leading off-road racing apparel companies in the world. Hallman eventually sold the company to the LeMans Corporation in the late 1990s.

Hallman ended his riding career with 37 Grand Prix victories, five Trophée des Nations victories (1963, 1964, 1966, 1967, 1968), four 250cc motocross world titles (1962, 1963, 1966, 1967} and four 250cc Swedish national motocross championships (1961, 1962, 1963, 1965). In 2000, Hallman was inducted into the AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame along with Joël Robert. Also in 2000, he was named the recipient of the Edison Dye Motocross Lifetime Achievement Award given to those individuals who made the largest impact on the growth of motocross in America.

## Motocross Grand Prix Results

Points system from 1952 to 1968:

| Position | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Points | 8 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 |

Points system from 1969 to 1980:

| Position | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Points | 15 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 |

|  | Denotes European motocross championship only. |
| --- | --- |

| Year | Class | Team | 1 | | 2 | | 3 | | 4 | | 5 | | 6 | | 7 | | 8 | | 9 | | 10 | | 11 | | 12 | | 13 | | 14 | | 15 | | Pos | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | | |
| 1959 | 250cc | Husqvarna | AUT
- | AUT
- | CH
- | CH
- | BEL
- | BEL
- | GDR
- | GDR
- | CZE
- | CZE
- | POL
- | POL
- | GER
- | GER
- | ITA
- | ITA
- | FRA
- | FRA
- | NED
3 | NED
7 | UK
- | UK
- | LUX
- | LUX
- | SWE
2 | SWE
2 |  |  |  |  | 9th | 9 |
| 1960 | 250cc | Husqvarna | CH
1 | CH
- | BEL
10 | BEL
- | FRA
2 | FRA
4 | CZE
- | CZE
- | POL
- | POL
- | ITA
3 | ITA
2 | GDR
3 | GDR
1 | FIN
4 | FIN
2 | LUX
3 | LUX
3 | UK
- | UK
- | SWE
- | SWE
- | GER
- | GER
- |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7th | 24 |
| 1961 | 250cc | Husqvarna | BEL
6 | BEL
4 | FRA
2 | FRA
3 | NED
3 | NED
3 | CZE
- | CZE
4 | POL
- | POL
- | LUX
4 | LUX
2 | FIN
2 | FIN
3 | ITA
- | ITA
- | GER
5 | GER
1 | UK
3 | UK
4 | CH
2 | CH
6 | SWE
3 | SWE
- | GDR
- | GDR
- |  |  |  |  | 4th | 33 |
| 1962 | 250cc | Husqvarna | ESP
- | ESP
- | CH
3 | CH
5 | BEL
1 | BEL
3 | FRA
1 | FRA
2 | CZE
2 | CZE
- | POL
- | POL
- | NED
- | NED
- | LUX
1 | LUX
1 | FIN
7 | FIN
9 | USR
1 | USR
1 | GER
1 | GER
1 | ITA
1 | ITA
1 | UK
2 | UK
2 | SWE
1 | SWE
1 | GDR
1 | GDR
1 | 1st | 56 |
| 1963 | 250cc | Husqvarna | ESP
1 | ESP
2 | ITA
1 | ITA
1 | FRA
1 | FRA
1 | CH
1 | CH
1 | GER
1 | GER
1 | LUX
1 | LUX
1 | NED
7 | NED
1 | UK
1 | UK
1 | SWE
1 | SWE
1 | FIN
1 | FIN
1 | USR
- | USR
1 | POL
- | POL
- | CZE
2 | CZE
2 | GDR
- | GDR
- |  |  | 1st | 56 |
| 1964 | 250cc | Husqvarna | ESP
1 | ESP
1 | BEL
3 | BEL
2 | CH
10 | CH
5 | CZE
9 | CZE
2 | GER
2 | GER
4 | LUX
3 | LUX
5 | ITA
4 | ITA
1 | UK
3 | UK
- | SWE
2 | SWE
2 | FIN
4 | FIN
4 | USR
- | USR
- | POL
2 | POL
1 | GDR
- | GDR
- | FRA
2 | FRA
1 |  |  | 2nd | 50 |
| 1965 | 250cc | Husqvarna | ESP
1 | ESP
8 | ITA
- | ITA
- | FRA
5 | FRA
6 | BEL
4 | BEL
2 | CZE
3 | CZE
3 | GER
- | GER
- | NED
- | NED
- | LUX
9 | LUX
7 | POL
- | POL
- | USR
- | USR
- | GDR
- | GDR
- | UK
- | UK
- | SWE
2 | SWE
1 | FIN
1 | FIN
1 | AUT
- | AUT
- | 4th | 35 |
| 1966 | 250cc | Husqvarna | ESP
3 | ESP
2 | FRA
2 | FRA
1 | BEL
1 | BEL
3 | CH
3 | CH
3 | CZE
2 | CZE
2 | GER
3 | GER
1 | NED
1 | NED
- | LUX
- | LUX
- | ITA
1 | ITA
1 | POL
2 | POL
2 | GDR
4 | GDR
8 | SWE
2 | SWE
2 | FIN
3 | FIN
3 | USR
- | USR
- | AUT
2 | AUT
4 | 1st | 58 |
| 1967 | 250cc | Husqvarna | ESP
- | ESP
2 | CH
1 | CH
2 | FRA
2 | FRA
2 | BEL
3 | BEL
3 | GER
2 | GER
1 | NED
1 | NED
- | ITA
2 | ITA
1 | UK
- | UK
3 | SWE
1 | SWE
1 | FIN
1 | FIN
2 | USR
1 | USR
1 | POL
- | POL
- |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1st | 52 |
| 1968 | 250cc | Husqvarna | ESP
2 | ESP
1 | BEL
- | BEL
- | CZE
- | CZE
- | FRA
2 | FRA
- | NED
8 | NED
3 | GER
3 | GER
1 | LUX
1 | LUX
2 | POL
7 | POL
1 | USR
2 | USR
1 | YUG
1 | YUG
1 | FIN
3 | FIN
- | SWE
4 | SWE
2 | UK
2 | UK
2 | AUT
2 | AUT
- |  |  | 2nd | 52 |
| 1969 | 250cc | Husqvarna | ESP
4 | ESP
7 | CH
8 | CH
6 | YUG
5 | YUG
2 | CZE
- | CZE
- | POL
2 | POL
5 | GER
- | GER
- | NED
- | NED
- | FRA
- | FRA
- | UK
- | UK
- | SWE
4 | SWE
- | FIN
- | FIN
- | USR
- | USR
- |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6th | 32 |
| 1970 | 250cc | Husqvarna | ESP
6 | ESP
2 | FRA
5 | FRA
- | BEL
- | BEL
- | YUG
10 | YUG
- | ITA
- | ITA
9 | USR
- | USR
- | POL
- | POL
- | UK
9 | UK
5 | FIN
- | FIN
- | GDR
- | GDR
- | CH
7 | CH
- | AUT
- | AUT
- |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11th | 17 |
| 1971 | 250cc | Yamaha | ESP
- | ESP
- | CH
- | CH
- | POL
- | POL
- | GER
- | GER
- | YUG
- | YUG
- | ITA
- | ITA
- | NED
8 | NED
10 | GDR
- | GDR
- | FIN
- | FIN
- | SWE
- | SWE
- | UK
- | UK
- | AUT
- | AUT
- |  |  |  |  |  |  | 22nd | 4 |
| Sources: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Torsten Hallman | |
| --- | --- |
| Torsten Hallman, 1967 | |
| Nationality | Swedish |
| Born | 17 October 1939 (1939-10-17) (age 84)
Uppsala, Sweden |
| Motocross career | |
| Years active | 1959 \- 1971 |
| Teams | Husqvarna, Yamaha |
| Championships | 250cc - 1962, 1963, 1966, 1967 |
| Wins | 37 |


title: Oldtown, Maryland

abstract: Oldtown is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Allegany County, Maryland, United States, along the North Branch Potomac River. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 86.

text:
# Oldtown, Maryland

**Oldtown** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Allegany County, Maryland, United States, along the North Branch Potomac River. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 86.

## History

It was founded in 18th century colonial times and was initially called "Opessa's Town" or "Shawanese Old Town" because it was the site of a Shawnee Amerindian village established by Opessa Straight Tail and abandoned about 1725. In later years the explanatory prefix was dropped from the name and the place because known simply as "Oldtown". Oldtown was begun (on a soon to be busy road) with the building of a trading post along an old Native American trail, the Nemacolin Trail, as traders, especially fur traders (and trappers) pushed through the Cumberland Narrows mountain pass into the Monongahela River valley.

In 1741 Thomas Cresap established a trading post at the abandoned village. A few years earlier, Cresap had figured prominently in the Conejohela War, (also called Cresap's War) concerning the Conejohela Flats area of the Susquehanna River valley, later York County, Pennsylvania. Shortly after his release from prison in Pennsylvania for advocating Maryland's claims, Cresap moved west to the sparsely settled frontier. Lord Baltimore claimed lands at the headwaters of the Potomac River. The move positioned Cresap and his patron to open the as yet uncharted Ohio Country. Cresap and the Delaware chief Nemacolin opened a road westward under the auspices of the Virginia and Maryland speculators of the Ohio Company once they received a charter.

Cresap's son Michael Cresap was born at Oldtown, the first white male born in Allegany County.

A post office was established there on May 26, 1870. Oldtown is connected by a one-lane low-water toll bridge to Green Spring in Hampshire County, West Virginia.

The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal reached Cumberland, Maryland, from Georgetown (Washington, D.C.) in 1850, passing Oldtown at milepost 166.5. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, located just across the Potomac from Oldtown, had reached Cumberland eight years earlier. The canal finally closed operations as a carrier in 1924 due to flood damage. The B&O Railroad, now CSX, continues to be a major carrier, and it is used daily by Amtrak's *Capitol Limited* between Washington, DC and Chicago.

The Western Maryland Railway was extended west from Big Pool, Maryland, to Cumberland as a Class-I railroad in 1906, with the mainline being constructed through Oldtown complete with a train station located at the lower end of town. Passenger service ended on the Western Maryland Railway between Cumberland and Hagerstown on May 30, 1953. Afterwards it was not uncommon for B&O passenger trains to be rerouted over the Western Maryland through Oldtown. The last scheduled WM trains through Oldtown occurred on May 12, 1975, for freight, and May 21, 1975, for a Chessie System Passenger Special. The line was officially abandoned as part of the "Chessie System" consolidation, and all WM trains began running on the nearby B&O. A Chessie System work train pulled up the rails through Oldtown in June 1976.

In 1924 a six-classroom/auditorium brick school was erected along Main Street, with the first class graduating from there in 1925. In 1939 an identical new high school section was added to the south end of the present school, which increased the classroom total to fourteen. It included a new cafeteria, office and faculty room. During the 1954-55 school year yet another high school section was added, along with a new vocational agricultural shop, a furnace room and a brand new combination gym/auditorium which could seat 900 people. During the summer of 1977, the 1925 and 1939 sections were torn down, and a new present-day first floor section was constructed on the east side of where the old sections stood. In 2000 the 76th and final class graduated from Oldtown High School, and the school closed. Today it is privately owned, and a restaurant is now located in the former school cafeteria.

The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. The Michael Cresap House was listed in 1972 and the Shawnee Old Fields Village Site in 1975.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 116 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

## InfoBox

| Oldtown, Maryland | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| U.S. Post Office, December 2011 | |
| OldtownLocation within the State of MarylandOldtownOldtown (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 39°32′45″N 78°36′42″W / 39.54583°N 78.61167°W / 39.54583; -78.61167 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Maryland |
| County | Allegany |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.37 sq mi (0.96 km2) |
| Land | 0.37 sq mi (0.96 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 646 ft (197 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 116 |
| Density | 312.67/sq mi (120.76/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| ZIP codes | 21555 |
| FIPS code | 24-58775 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2583668 |


abstract: Our Lady of Ransom and the Holy Souls Church is a Roman Catholic Parish church in Llandrindod Wells. It was founded by the Society of Jesus in 1907. It was rebuilt in 1972. Its original foundation was the only church the Jesuits built in central Wales.

text:
# Our Lady of Ransom and the Holy Souls Church, Llandrindod Wells

**Our Lady of Ransom and the Holy Souls Church** is a Roman Catholic Parish church in Llandrindod Wells. It was founded by the Society of Jesus in 1907. It was rebuilt in 1972. Its original foundation was the only church the Jesuits built in central Wales.

## History

The Jesuits came to Llandrindod Wells from St Beuno's College near St Asaph and set up a Mass centre in 1907. Masses were originally held in the old presbytery. The "old presbytery was known as "the upper room" when Fr Barling was its priest.

Later, at some point in the 20th century, the Jesuits handed over the administration of the church to the Diocese of Menevia who continue to serve the parish.

In 1972, a new church was built on Victoria Road, where it still continues to function.

## Parish

The church is the centre of the Llandrindod Wells Deanery. It has Sunday Mass at 11:00am.

1. Churches from Llandrindod Wells, Powys retrieved 20 October 2013
2. Parishes Archived 2015-04-04 at the Wayback Machine from Diocese of Menevia retrieved 13 March 2014
3. Our Lady Of Ransom And The Holy Souls from Catholic Directory retrieved 13 March 2014

## InfoBox

| Our Lady of Ransom and the Holy Souls Church | |
| --- | --- |
| Front entrance | |
| Our Lady of Ransom and the Holy Souls ChurchLocation in Powys | |
| 52°14′29″N 3°23′05″W / 52.241289°N 3.384704°W / 52.241289; -3.384704 | |
| Location | Llandrindod Wells, Powys |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Denomination | Roman Catholic |
| History | |
| Founder(s) | Society of Jesus |
| Dedication | Virgin of Mercy |
| Events | Founded 1907<br>Rebuilt 1972 |
| Administration | |
| Province | Cardiff |
| Diocese | Menevia |
| Deanery | Llandrindod Wells |


title: Leymus mollis

abstract: Leymus mollis is a species of grass known by the common names American dune grass, American dune wild-rye, sea lyme-grass, strand-wheat, and strand grass. Its Japanese name is hamaninniku. It is native to Asia, where it occurs in Japan, China, Korea, and Russia, and northern parts of North America, where it occurs across Canada and the northern United States, as well as Greenland. It can also be found in Iceland.

text:
# Leymus mollis

***Leymus mollis*** is a species of grass known by the common names **American dune grass**, **American dune wild-rye**, **sea lyme-grass**, **strand-wheat**, and **strand grass**. Its Japanese name is ***hamaninniku***. It is native to Asia, where it occurs in Japan, China, Korea, and Russia, and northern parts of North America, where it occurs across Canada and the northern United States, as well as Greenland. It can also be found in Iceland.

## Growth patterns

This is a rhizomatous perennial grass with erect stems growing up to 1.7 meters tall. The leaf blades can be nearly a meter long in ssp. *mollis*, and up to 1.5 centimeters wide. The flower spike is up to 34 centimeters long by 2 wide. Each spikelet may be up to 3.4 centimeters long and contain up to six florets. There are two subspecies. Subspecies *villosissimus* is mostly limited to arctic regions, and is mainly coastal. It is usually a smaller plant than ssp. *mollis*. The two subspecies are otherwise hard to tell apart, even when growing sympatrically. The most reliable character to use to distinguish them is the type of hairs on the glumes and lemmas; ssp. *villosissimus* has long, soft, sometimes shaggy hairs (*villous*), while ssp. *mollis* has fine, thin hairs (*pilose*), and generally fewer of them. There is no awn.

## Habitat

This grass usually grows in coastal habitat, especially on dunes. It can be an important part of dune ecology. The grass usually grows on the foredune and on embryo dunes, less often on the backdune. It is one of the first plants to establish in the process of ecological succession in the early stages of the development of a sand dune. In these loose dunes facing the ocean the plants tolerate salt spray, salty sand, little to no fresh water, unstable substrates, occasional inundation during storms, low nutrient levels, and abrasion by wind, water, and ice storms. Seedlings may become buried. This type of environment causes stress in a plant. The grass grows from a large rhizome that anchors it into shifting and unstable sands. When there are many plants on a dune, their rhizomes form a network that helps to stabilize it, preventing erosion. The network becomes "the skeleton of the foredune." This makes the grass a valuable species for landscape rehabilitation in native beach habitat.

## Other plants

Other plants that occur with the grass include *Lathyrus japonicus*, *Achillea millefolium*, *Festuca rubra*, *Ammophila breviligulata*, *Rhus typhina*, *Rosa rugosa*, and *Arctanthemum arcticum*. It also grows with mosses such as *Pleurozium shreberi* and *Polytrichum* spp. and lichens such as *Cladina* spp. It was observed to be one of the most common plants in the arctic nesting sites of the snow goose. It is thought that the geese prefer the overall ecosystem that hosts the grass, rather than favoring the grass itself.

## Genetic hybridization

*Leymus mollis* has been studied for possible usage in the science of wheat breeding. Wide hybridization of wheat and *L. mollis* has been conducted successfully since the 1960s to generate many hybrids. An important example of *L. mollis* hybridization with wheat occurred when the AD99 *L. mollis* line was hybridized with wheat. The AD99 was resistant to powdery mildew, and the resultant wheat hybrid yielded six lines that were also resistant to powdery mildew. This experiment can be used as a basis for *L. mollis t*o be considered as a very useful genetic resource. By using Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) it was found that wheat has a complex and redundant genome. ESTs serve to identify transcribed parts of the genome. Through a comparative study it was found that *L. mollis* has some of these genes as well; because they are highly conserved. These genes are more prominent in *L. mollis* than wheat however, and are used for osmotic and drought stress tolerance. Due to their similarity though, they have the ability to be hybridized into wheat. Overall these ESTs help to provide proper tools for molecular markers to help identify possible introgression of genes into wheat, particularly in regards to osmotic stress tolerance.

*Leymus mollis'* relative success with wheat breeding can be demonstrated specifically by utilizing the Genetic In-Situ Hybridization (GISH) method. Comparative GISH showed that the genomes in the genus *Leymus* are fairly diverse. However, it was also found that chromosomes of species within this genus were able to undergo complete meiotic paring in hybridism with each other. Using the GISH technique, it was found that differences in sub-telomeric heterochromatin do not affect meiotic pairing. Because of this it can be understood that the differences between *Leymus* genus and *Triticum* (wheat) would not prevent successful hybridization. This conclusion results from the fact that Leymus is already able to overcome differences within its own genus in pairing.

## Adaptability

*Leymus mollis* is generally looked at for hybridization due to it being highly adaptable and robust. To determine this adaptable nature of *L. mollis,* its seedlings were studied in an environment in which there was low nutrient availability. In this environment, the seedlings were very tolerant of the low nutrients and were still able to sprout. Generally, low soil moisture is considered to be an important mortality factor, yet *L. mollis* seedlings were able to survive successfully. The period of drought that these seedlings were tested in was 5 successive days, and *L. mollis* had a survival rate of 93%. This adaptability of the plant is something that is not seen in wheat seedlings, which is why it is looked at for hybridization. Being a dune grass, *L. mollis* also has an extensive ability to survive salinity. The viability of these seeds in the salinity was found to be higher than fifty percent following submergence for seven days. This is translatable to *L. mollis* being able to grow in soil with high salt content. The surrounding soil may not be viable for traditional plants, however *L. mollis* still retains the ability to grow. This further demonstrates the wide adaptability of *L. mollis*.

As a result of strong anthropogenic pressures in today’s world, one response is to look at sustainable development of our vegetative environment. Biologists are continuously looking for new ways to combat these artificial pressures, and one of the species that has potential to be more closely looked at is Leymus mollis, an extremely adaptable plant species. Specific traits of L. mollis can be proven beneficial in the hybridization and domestication of this species or a hybrid species. These traits include the species’ ability to tolerate moderate burial intensity and sustain trampling, adapt to drought and water deficiency, resist many fungal diseases such as wheat stripe rust, contain high rhizome bud viability, and tolerate salt and various diseases.

Drought tolerance: The first environmental stress factor that L. mollis exhibits tolerance to is drought and water deficiency. This wild relative of wheat has defense mechanisms that express several stress-responsive genes that allow the species to tolerate drought and water deficiency. These genetic factors leading to the adaptability of L. mollis to water deficiencies can be beneficial in artificial selection and hybridization.

Burial tolerance: Although Leymus mollis adapts well to moderate and high drought intensities, it has shown to have even a greater tolerance for moderate burial intensity and sustain the trampling present in North American subarctic environments.

Fungal disease resistance: In addition to these tolerance factors, Leymus mollis is also resistant to many fungal diseases. One example of this tolerance is with wheat stripe rust, a plant infection caused by Puccinia striiformis. As one of the most widely distributed and destructive fungal diseases in the world, many wheat crops today need new effective resistance genes and development of new resistance germplasms. Multiple types of translocation wheat lines that possess resistance to multiple different races of stripe rust fungus have been found.

Rhizome bud viability: The strong rhizome bud viability of L. mollis also contributes to the species’ adaptability. Leymus mollis rhizomes have potential to spread and colonize a large distance from a source population due to their bud’s ability to survive in seawater during seawater submergence. Although L. mollis does not have as brittle of rhizomes as some species native to the same areas, such as Ammophilia arenaria, and therefore does not break into rhizome fragments as easily, many other rhizomes have a lower viability than L. mollis rhizomes.

Salt tolerance and disease resistance: The genes for salt tolerance and disease resistance are also naturally found in L. mollis. In addition, this species has large spikes, strong rhizomes, and experiences vigorous growth in environments ranging from Siberia to Canada and Iceland and the northern parts of Japan.

All of these traits of L. mollis have the potential to be beneficial for crop improvement and domestication of new plant species in response to anthropogenic pressures and the increased need for food production.

## Human uses

This grass has had a number of other uses. In addition to possible wheat breeding, the drought resistance of *L. mollis* is suggested to be used in restoration initiatives. The Makah, Nitinaht, and Quileute used bunches of the thick roots to rub the body during bathing. Yupik peoples use the leaves to make mats, baskets, bags, and ropes for hanging fish to dry. The Hesquiat weave the leaves into handles for sacks. The Kwakwaka'wakw make baskets and hats from the leaves and traditionally have used them to line the boxes in which they cooked lupine roots. The Nitinaht used the pointed leaves to sew and tie. The Haisla and Hanaksiala used the grass to line pits in which they prepared the oil of the eulachon fish. The Quinault placed salal fruits on a bed of the leaves to dry. Inuit in Canada have traditionally used *Leymus mollis* to treat stomach problems and to weave baskets. They used dried leaves to insulate their boots.

## Environmental concerns

While it is not a rare or threatened plant, its populations can be affected by processes that degrade and destroy its coastal habitat. Concerns include development, storm damage, and the impact of recreational activities. In some areas it has been displaced by introduced species of plants, such as *Ammophila arenaria*.

Cultivars available include 'Reeve' and 'Benson'. The latter was named for Benny Benson, the thirteen-year-old boy who designed the official flag of Alaska. It was bred for use in the revegetation of eroded dunes.

## InfoBox

| *Leymus mollis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| subsp. *mollis* in California | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Secure  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Pooideae |
| Genus: | *Leymus* |
| Species: | ***L. mollis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Leymus mollis***
(Trin.) Pilg. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Elymus mollis* | |


title: Swamp Thing (band)

abstract: Swamp Thing is a New Zealand blues rock duo who define themselves as a "two-man blues roots juggernaut from New Zealand", and consist of Michael Barker and Grant Haua.

text:
# Swamp Thing (band)

**Swamp Thing** is a New Zealand blues rock duo who define themselves as a "two-man blues roots juggernaut from New Zealand", and consist of Michael Barker (formerly of the John Butler Trio) and Grant Haua.

## Band members

* Michael Barker - Drums, percussion, vocals
* Grant Haua - Guitar, vocals

## Discography

### Albums

| Year | Album | Label |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2011 | *Balladeer* | Yellow Eye Music |
| 2013 | *Primordium* | Yellow Eye Music |
| 2015 | *Let's Get Live* | Yellow Eye Music |
| 2017 | *Rumors & Lies* |  |

## InfoBox

| Swamp Thing | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Rotorua, New Zealand |
| Genres | Blues rock |
| Years active | 2010–present |
| Labels | Yellow Eye |
|  | |
| Members | Michael Barker<br>Grant Haua |
|  | |
| Website | swampthing.band |


title: List of ship launches in 1904

abstract: The list of ship launches in 1904 includes a chronological list of some ships launched in 1904.

text:
# List of ship launches in 1904

The **list of ship launches in 1904** includes a chronological list of some ships launched in 1904.

| Date | Country | Builder | Location | Ship | Class | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 4 February | United Kingdom | Portsmouth Dockyard | Portsmouth | ***New Zealand*** | King Edward VII-class battleship | For Royal Navy |
| 7 February | United States | W. A. Boole & Son | Oakland, California | ***Expansion*** | twin-screw schooner |  |
| 3 March | United Kingdom | Harland & Wolff | Belfast | ***Worcestershire*** | Passenger ship | For Bibby Line. |
| 26 March | Germany | AG Vulcan Stettin | Stettin | ***Lübeck*** | *Bremen*-class cruiser | For Imperial German Navy |
| 31 March | United Kingdom | Harland & Wolff | Belfast | ***Dunluce Castle*** | Passenger ship | For Union-Castle Line. |
| 6 April | United States | Newport News Shipbuilding | Newport News, Virginia | ***Virginia*** | *Virginia*-class battleship | For United States Navy |
| 18 April | United Kingdom | William Hamilton & Co. Ltd. | Port Glasgow | ***Kurt*** | Barque | For G. H. J. Siemers & Co. |
| 30 April | Austria-Hungary | Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino | Trieste | ***Erzherzog Friedrich*** | *Erzherzog Karl*-class battleship | For Austro-Hungarian Navy |
| 30 April | France | Arsenal de Brest | Brest | ***Démocratie*** | *Liberté*-class battleship | For French Navy |
| 30 April | Germany | AG Weser | Bremen | ***München*** | *Bremen*-class cruiser | For Imperial German Navy |
| 14 May | Germany | Blohm + Voss | Hamburg | ***Yorck*** | *Roon*-class cruiser | For Imperial German Navy |
| 17 May | United States | Fore River Shipbuilding Company | Quincy, Massachusetts | ***Rhode Island*** | *Virginia*-class battleship | For United States Navy |
| 17 May | United Kingdom | Harland & Wolff | Belfast | ***Slievemore*** | Ferry | For London and North Western Railway |
| 27 May | Germany | Schichau-Werke | Danzig | ***Lothringen*** | *Braunschweig*-class battleship | For Imperial German Navy |
| 15 June | Netherlands | Rijkswerf | Amsterdam | ***Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp*** | Coastal defence ship | For Royal Netherlands Navy |
| 19 June | Italy | La Spezia Naval Base | La Spezia | ***Regina Elena*** | *Regina Elena*-class battleship | For Regia Marina |
| 30 June | United Kingdom | Harland & Wolff | Belfast | ***Pardo*** | Cargo ship | For Royal Mail Line. |
| 27 August | United Kingdom | Blyth Shipbuilding & Dry Docks Co. Ltd | Blyth | ***Dansborg*** | Cargo ship | For A/S D/S Neptun. |
| 27 august | United Kingdom | Blyth Shipbuilding & Dry Docks Co. Ltd | Blyth | ***Hornsea*** | Cargo ship | For Sea Steamship Co. Ltd. |
| 27 August | United States | Newport News Shipbuilding | Newport News, Virginia | ***Louisiana*** | *Connecticut*-class battleship | For United States Navy |
| 8 September | United Kingdom | Blyth Shipbuilding & Dry Docks Co. Ltd | Blyth | ***Grasmere*** | Coaster | For Grasmere Steamship Co. Ltd. |
| 10 September | United Kingdom | Harland & Wolff | Belfast | ***Potaro*** | Cargo ship | For Royal Mail Line. |
| 24 September | United Kingdom | Harland & Wolff | Belfast | ***Mamari*** | Passenger ship | For Shaw, Savill & Albion Line. |
| 29 September | United States | New York Naval Yard | Brooklyn, New York | ***Connecticut*** | *Connecticut*-class battleship | For United States Navy |
| 7 October | United States | Moran Brothers | Seattle, Washington | ***Nebraska*** | *Virginia*-class battleship | For United States Navy |
| 11 October | United States | Bath Iron Works | Bath, Maine | ***Georgia*** | *Virginia*-class battleship | For United States Navy |
| 12 October | Italy | Castellammare Royal Dockyard | Castellammare di Stabia | ***Vittorio Emanuele*** | *Regina Elena*-class battleship | For Regia Marina |
| 27 October | France | FCM | La Seyne | ***Justice*** | *Liberté*-class battleship | For French Navy |
| October | Germany | Blohm & Voss |  | ***Craigronald*** | Merchant ship | Later named *Glyndwr* |
| 8 November | United Kingdom | Thames Ironworks | Leamouth, London | ***Black Prince*** | *Duke of Edinburgh*-class cruiser | For Royal Navy |
| 10 November | United States | Fore River Shipbuilding Company | Quincy, Massachusetts | ***New Jersey*** | *Virginia*-class battleship | For United States Navy |
| 19 November | Germany | Germaniawerft | Kiel | ***Deutschland*** | *Deutschland*-class battleship | For Imperial German Navy |
| 10 December | United Kingdom | Portsmouth Dockyard | Portsmouth | ***Britannia*** | King Edward VII-class battleship | For Royal Navy |
| Unknown date | Netherlands | Bonn & Mees | Rotterdam | ***Alcyon*** | Fishing trawler | For private owner |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | Barclay, Curle & Co. Ltd. | Glasgow | ***Dover Castle*** | Ocean Liner | For Union Castle Line. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | Brown & Clapson | Barton-upon-Humber | ***Ellen*** | Lighter | For Samuel Cook. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | Beeching Brothers Ltd. | Great Yarmouth | ***Excellent*** | Steam drifter | For George Garden Sr. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | Hall, Russell & Co. Ltd. | Aberdeen | ***Freya*** | Steam trawler | For Fishing Board of Scotland. |
| Unknown date | Canada | Bertram Engine Works Co. Ltd | Toronto | ***Haddington*** | Cargo ship | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | William Hamilton & Co. Ltd. | Port Glasgow | ***Hans*** | Barque | For a German owner. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | Brown & Clapson | Barton-upon-Humber | ***Kathleen*** | Lighter | For Avenue Lighter Co. Ltd. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | J. P. Rennoldson & Sons | South Shields | ***Kingfisher*** | Tug | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | Beeching Brothers Ltd. | Great Yarmouth | ***Lebanon*** | Steam drifter | For . |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | Beeching Brothers Ltd. | Great Yarmouth | ***Olive*** | Steam drifter | For William Smith Jr. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | Beeching Brothers Ltd. | Great Yarmouth | ***Rose*** | Steam drifter | For William Findlay. |
| Unknown date | Netherlands | M. van der Kuijl | Rotterdam | ***Silvain*** | Fishing trawler | For Stoomvisserij Maatschappij Mercurius |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom |  |  | ***W 24*** | Hopper barge | For Admiralty. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | Brown & Clapson | Barton-upon-Humber | **Unnamed** | Lighter | For Mr. Sleight. |

Sources * Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). *The Empire Ships* (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. ISBN 1-85044-275-4.


title: Wotan (disambiguation)

abstract:
Wotan is a character in Richard Wagner's opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen, inspired by the Germanic god Odin. Wotan may also refer to:
  - "Wotan", an essay by Carl Jung included in Dream Analysis: Notes of the Seminar Given in 1928–1930
  - Wotan (horse), an Australian racehorse
  - MV Wotan, a German tanker in service 1913–14 and 1915–19
  - Wotan, an A7V (tank) that was scrapped by the Allies in 1919, also a replica A7V that was built in the 1980s
  - Wotan I, also known as X-Gerät, a German World War II radio navigation project
  - Wotan II, also known as Y-Gerät, another German radio navigation project
  - WOTAN, an antagonist in the Doctor Who franchise
  - Wotan (comics), a DC Comics supervillain

text:
# Wotan (disambiguation)

**Wotan** is a character in Richard Wagner's opera cycle *Der Ring des Nibelungen*, inspired by the Germanic god Odin.

**Wotan** may also refer to:

* "Wotan", an essay by Carl Jung included in *Dream Analysis: Notes of the Seminar Given in 1928–1930*
* Wotan (horse), an Australian racehorse
* MV *Wotan*, a German tanker in service 1913–14 and 1915–19
* *Wotan*, an A7V (tank) that was scrapped by the Allies in 1919, also a replica A7V that was built in the 1980s
* Wotan I, also known as X-Gerät, a German World War II radio navigation project
* Wotan II, also known as Y-Gerät, another German radio navigation project
* WOTAN, an antagonist in the *Doctor Who* franchise
* Wotan (comics), a DC Comics supervillain


title: Lemington Elementary School

abstract: The Lemington Elementary School in the Lincoln-Lemington-Belmar neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania is a building from 1937. Portions of the exterior are ornamented with terracotta, and feature Mayan-inspired motifs such as an amber sunburst frieze and stylized human faces. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

text:
# Lemington Elementary School

The **Lemington Elementary School** in the Lincoln-Lemington-Belmar neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania is a building from 1937. Portions of the exterior are ornamented with terracotta, and feature Mayan-inspired motifs such as an amber sunburst frieze and stylized human faces. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Lemington Elementary School | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| City of Pittsburgh Historic Structure | |
| Pittsburgh Landmark – PHLF | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 7060 Lemington Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania |
| Coordinates | 40°28′12″N 79°53′47″W / 40.4701°N 79.8965°W / 40.4701; -79.8965 |
| Area | 2 acres (0.81 ha) |
| Built | 1937 |
| Architect | Steen, Marion M.; Navarro Corp. |
| Architectural style | Art Deco |
| MPS | Pittsburgh Public Schools TR |
| NRHP reference No. | 86002681 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | September 30, 1986 |
| Designated CPHS | November 30, 1999 |
| Designated PHLF | 2001 |


title: Top Floor, Left Wing

abstract: Top Floor, Left Wing is a 2010 French comedy film. It won the Panorama FIPRESCI Award at the Berlin International Film Festival in 2011.

text:
# Top Floor, Left Wing

***Top Floor, Left Wing*** (*Dernier étage, gauche, gauche*) is a 2010 French comedy film. It won the Panorama FIPRESCI Award at the Berlin International Film Festival in 2011.

## Plot

Three men in a banlieue are mistaken for terrorists and get targeted by a French SWAT team.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Top Floor, Left Wing | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Angelo Cianci |
| Written by | Angelo Cianci |
| Produced by | Peter Kassovitz |
| Starring | Hippolyte Girardot, Fellag, and Aymen Saidi |
| Cinematography | Laurent Brunet |
| Edited by | Raphaele Urtin |
| Music by | Jørgen Lauritsen |
| Distributed by | Memento Films Dist. |
| Release date | * November 17, 2010 (2010-11-17) |
| Running time | 125 minutes |
| Country | France |
| Language | French |


title: Paralacydes

abstract: Paralacydes is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae from the Afrotropics.

text:
# Paralacydes

***Paralacydes*** is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae from the Afrotropics.

## Species

### *Paralacydes sensu lato* species not congeneric to the *Paralacydes vocula*

## InfoBox

| *Paralacydes* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Subtribe: | Spilosomina |
| Genus: | *Paralacydes*
Aurivillius, 1899 \[1900\] |
|
| Type species | |
| *Phalaena vocula*
Stoll, 1790 | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Maenas* Hübner, \[1819\] 1816 * *Eutaenia* Wallengren, 1875 * *Caligula* Aurivillius, 1879 | |


title: Oldtown, Idaho

abstract: Oldtown is a city in Bonner County, Idaho and suburb of Newport, Washington, with a population of 184 at the 2010 census. It is located on the Pend Oreille River, just east of Newport. There are no natural or physical barriers, and it is strictly a political division, separated by the straight-line state boundary. Oldtown is squeezed between this boundary to the west and the river to the east, leaving the main business district on U.S. Route 2 with only 700 feet of space in which to operate on the Idaho side. Many homes are located in the south end on the other side of the railroad, as the Pend Oreille is somewhat further away here.

text:
# Oldtown, Idaho

**Oldtown** is a city in Bonner County, Idaho and suburb of Newport, Washington, with a population of 184 at the 2010 census. It is located on the Pend Oreille River, just east of Newport. There are no natural or physical barriers, and it is strictly a political division, separated by the straight-line state boundary. Oldtown is squeezed between this boundary to the west and the river to the east, leaving the main business district on U.S. Route 2 with only 700 feet (210 meters) of space in which to operate on the Idaho side. Many homes are located in the south end on the other side of the railroad, as the Pend Oreille is somewhat further away here.

## History

Originally named Newport, Idaho, the town gradually dwindled, and was renamed and incorporated as "Oldtown" in 1947. In October 2003, a 51-year-old man killed four people at Stateline Tavern in Oldtown, and then committed suicide.

## Geography

Oldtown is located at 48°11′8″N 117°1′49″W / 48.18556°N 117.03028°W / 48.18556; -117.03028 (48.185623, -117.030158), at an elevation of 2,134 feet (650 meters).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.83 square miles (2.15 km2), of which, 0.82 square miles (2.12 km2) is land and 0.01 square miles (0.03 km2) is water.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1950 | 358 |  |  |
| 1960 | 211 |  | −41.1% |
| 1970 | 161 |  | −23.7% |
| 1980 | 257 |  | 59.6% |
| 1990 | 151 |  | −41.2% |
| 2000 | 190 |  | 25.8% |
| 2010 | 184 |  | −3.2% |
| 2019 (est.) | 201 |  | 9.2% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2010 census

At the 2010 census there were 184 people in 80 households, including 47 families, in the city. The population density was 224.4 inhabitants per square mile (86.6/km2). There were 109 housing units at an average density of 132.9 per square mile (51.3/km2). The racial makup of the city was 98.4% White, 0.5% African American, 0.5% from other races, and 0.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.7%.

Of the 80 households 35.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.5% were married couples living together, 18.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41.3% were non-families. 35.0% of households were one person and 10% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.87.

The median age was 41.1 years. 25% of residents were under the age of 18; 3.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.4% were from 25 to 44; 30.4% were from 45 to 64; and 15.2% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.5% male and 50.5% female.

### 2000 census

At the 2000 census there were 190 people in 81 households, including 46 families, in the city. The population density was 819.4 inhabitants per square mile (316.4/km2). There were 100 housing units at an average density of 431.2 per square mile (166.5/km2). The racial makup of the city was 93.68% White, 3.16% Native American, and 3.16% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.11%.

Of the 81 households 27.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.0% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.0% were non-families. 34.6% of households were one person and 12.3% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 3.00.

The age distribution was 26.8% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 30.0% from 25 to 44, 18.9% from 45 to 64, and 15.3% 65 or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.5 males.

The median household income was $23,542 and the median family income was $23,125. Males had a median income of $26,250 versus $10,625 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,893. About 21.6% of families and 22.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.5% of those under the age of eighteen and 6.3% of those sixty five or over.

Media related to Oldtown, Idaho at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Oldtown, Idaho | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Location of Oldtown in Bonner County, Idaho. | |
| Coordinates: 48°11′8″N 117°1′49″W / 48.18556°N 117.03028°W / 48.18556; -117.03028 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Idaho |
| County | Bonner |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.84 sq mi (2.18 km2) |
| Land | 0.82 sq mi (2.12 km2) |
| Water | 0.02 sq mi (0.06 km2) |
| Elevation | 2,123 ft (647 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 184 |
| Estimate (2019) | 201 |
| Density | 246.02/sq mi (94.99/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-8 (Pacific (PST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-7 (PDT) |
| ZIP code | 83822 |
| Area code(s) | 208, 986 |
| FIPS code | 16-58600 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0396981 |


title: Vacca (grammarian)

abstract: Vacca was a 6th-century grammarian who studied and commented on the works of Lucan. Little is known of Vacca other than that he wrote Vita Lucani, which is not to be confused with Suetonius' Vita Lucani. Vacca's commentaries were used in the medieval study of Lucan. Though he is not named, evidence of Vacca's writing appears in the 10th-century works Commenta Bernensia and Adnotationes super Lucanum. Vacca's Life of Lucan gives sole accounts of many of Lucan's lost works, as well as accounts of the feud between Lucan and Nero, which agrees with Tacitus' and contradicts Suetonius'.

text:
# Vacca (grammarian)

**Vacca** was a 6th-century grammarian who studied and commented on the works of Lucan. Little is known of Vacca other than that he wrote *Vita Lucani* (*Life of Lucan*), which is not to be confused with Suetonius' *Vita Lucani*.

Vacca's commentaries were used in the medieval study of Lucan. Though he is not named, evidence of Vacca's writing appears in the 10th-century works *Commenta Bernensia* and *Adnotationes super Lucanum*.

Vacca's *Life of Lucan* gives sole accounts of many of Lucan's lost works, as well as accounts of the feud between Lucan and Nero, which agrees with Tacitus' and contradicts Suetonius'.


title: Switch Health

abstract: Switch Health is a Canadian company that provides COVID-19 testing services. The company was founded in Toronto in 2020.

text:
# Switch Health

**Switch Health** is a Canadian company that provides COVID-19 testing services. The company was founded in Toronto in 2020.

## Organization

The company is led by chief executive officer Marc Thomson. Other key staff include Mary Langley and Olga Jilani. Board members include politician and former federal health minister Rona Ambrose.

## Activities and history

The company was founded in Toronto in March 2020. It provides services to enable home self-testing for COVID-19 and provides testing services for organizations including the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Air Canada, Ontario Health, and the Government of Canada.

The company's reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification test was used as an alternative to Polymerase chain reaction tests. In 2021, the company was criticised by Conservative Party of Canada leader Erin O’Toole who stated that "one in six of their tests have failed to deliver a test result within the 14-day quarantine period”.

By February 2022, the company had 2,000 employees. During 2022, the company was developing products for home testing for sexually transmitted diseases.

## InfoBox

Switch Health
| Industry | Health |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | March 2020 |
| Headquarters | Toronto, Canada |
| Area served | Canada |
| Key people | Marc Thomson, CEO |
| Services | Medical testing |
| Website | www.switchhealth.ca |


title: Leymus angustus

abstract: Leymus angustus is a species of grass known by the common name Altai wildrye. It is native to Asia and Europe and it is cultivated elsewhere as a pasture grass, especially in Canada. This rhizomatous perennial grass produces stems up to 1.2 metres tall. The leaves are mostly located around the base of the stems. The stiff, waxy-textured leaf blades are up to 20 cm long. They are light green to blue in color. The inflorescence is a spike up to 25 cm long by 1 wide. Each spikelet is one or two centimetres long and contains 2 or 3 flowers. In its native habitat this grass grows in alkaline meadows and on sandy and gravelly valleys. It is tolerant of some salinity and it can be planted on saline substrates. The grass is cultivated as a forage for livestock. It grows for a long time, from spring to fall, and it provides forage into the winter. It is difficult to make into hay, however. It establishes slowly but it competes well with weeds once established. There are several cultivars available, including 'Eejay', 'Prairieland', 'Mustang', and 'Pearl'.

text:
# Leymus angustus

***Leymus angustus*** is a species of grass known by the common name **Altai wildrye**. It is native to Asia and Europe and it is cultivated elsewhere as a pasture grass, especially in Canada.

This rhizomatous perennial grass produces stems up to 1.2 metres tall. The leaves are mostly located around the base of the stems. The stiff, waxy-textured leaf blades are up to 20 cm long. They are light green to blue in color. The inflorescence is a spike up to 25 cm long by 1 wide. Each spikelet is one or two centimetres long and contains 2 or 3 flowers.

In its native habitat this grass grows in alkaline meadows and on sandy and gravelly valleys. It is tolerant of some salinity and it can be planted on saline substrates.

The grass is cultivated as a forage for livestock. It grows for a long time, from spring to fall, and it provides forage into the winter. It is difficult to make into hay, however. It establishes slowly but it competes well with weeds once established. There are several cultivars available, including 'Eejay', 'Prairieland', 'Mustang', and 'Pearl'.

## InfoBox

| *Leymus angustus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Pooideae |
| Genus: | *Leymus* |
| Species: | ***L. angustus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Leymus angustus***<br>(Trin.) Pilg. | |
|