title: Superconducting radio frequency

abstract: Superconducting radio frequency (SRF) science and technology involves the application of electrical superconductors to radio frequency devices. The ultra-low electrical resistivity of a superconducting material allows an RF resonator to obtain an extremely high quality factor, Q. For example, it is commonplace for a 1.3 GHz niobium SRF resonant cavity at 1.8 kelvins to obtain a quality factor of Q=5×10ⁱ⁰. Such a very high Q resonator stores energy with very low loss and narrow bandwidth. These properties can be exploited for a variety of applications, including the construction of high-performance particle accelerator structures.

text:
# Superconducting radio frequency

**Superconducting radio frequency (SRF)** science and technology involves the application of electrical superconductors to radio frequency devices. The ultra-low electrical resistivity of a superconducting material allows an RF resonator to obtain an extremely high quality factor, *Q*. For example, it is commonplace for a 1.3 GHz niobium SRF resonant cavity at 1.8 kelvins to obtain a quality factor of *Q*=5×1010. Such a very high *Q* resonator stores energy with very low loss and narrow bandwidth. These properties can be exploited for a variety of applications, including the construction of high-performance particle accelerator structures.

## Introduction

The amount of loss in an SRF resonant cavity is so minute that it is often explained with the following comparison: Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) was one of the first investigators of pendulous motion, a simple form of mechanical resonance. Had Galileo experimented with a 1 Hz resonator with a quality factor *Q* typical of today's SRF cavities and left it swinging in an entombed lab since the early 17th century, that pendulum would still be swinging today with about half of its original amplitude.

The most common application of superconducting RF is in particle accelerators. Accelerators typically use resonant RF cavities formed from or coated with superconducting materials. Electromagnetic fields are excited in the cavity by coupling in an RF source with an antenna. When the RF fed by the antenna is the same as that of a cavity mode, the resonant fields build to high amplitudes. Charged particles passing through apertures in the cavity are then accelerated by the electric fields and deflected by the magnetic fields. The resonant frequency driven in SRF cavities typically ranges from 200 MHz to 3 GHz, depending on the particle species to be accelerated.

The most common fabrication technology for such SRF cavities is to form thin walled (1–3 mm) shell components from high purity niobium sheets by stamping. These shell components are then welded together to form cavities.

A simplified diagram of the key elements of an SRF cavity setup is shown below. The cavity is immersed in a saturated liquid helium bath. Pumping removes helium vapor boil-off and controls the bath temperature. The helium vessel is often pumped to a pressure below helium's superfluid lambda point to take advantage of the superfluid's thermal properties. Because superfluid has very high thermal conductivity, it makes an excellent coolant. In addition, superfluids boil only at free surfaces, preventing the formation of bubbles on the surface of the cavity, which would cause mechanical perturbations. An antenna is needed in the setup to couple RF power to the cavity fields and, in turn, any passing particle beam. The cold portions of the setup need to be extremely well insulated, which is best accomplished by a vacuum vessel surrounding the helium vessel and all ancillary cold components. The full SRF cavity containment system, including the vacuum vessel and many details not discussed here, is a cryomodule.

Entry into superconducting RF technology can incur more complexity, expense, and time than normal-conducting RF cavity strategies. SRF requires chemical facilities for harsh cavity treatments, a low-particulate cleanroom for high-pressure water rinsing and assembly of components, and complex engineering for the cryomodule vessel and cryogenics. A vexing aspect of SRF is the as-yet elusive ability to consistently produce high *Q* cavities in high volume production, which would be required for a large linear collider. Nevertheless, for many applications the capabilities of SRF cavities provide the only solution for a host of demanding performance requirements.

Several extensive treatments of SRF physics and technology are available, many of them free of charge and online. There are the proceedings of CERN accelerator schools, a scientific paper giving a thorough presentation of the many aspects of an SRF cavity to be used in the International Linear Collider, bi-annual International Conferences on RF Superconductivity held at varying global locations in odd numbered years, and tutorials presented at the conferences.

## SRF cavity application in particle accelerators

A large variety of RF cavities are used in particle accelerators. Historically most have been made of copper – a good electrical conductor – and operated near room temperature with exterior water cooling to remove the heat generated by the electrical loss in the cavity. In the past two decades, however, accelerator facilities have increasingly found superconducting cavities to be more suitable (or necessary) for their accelerators than normal-conducting copper versions. The motivation for using superconductors in RF cavities is *not* to achieve a net power saving, but rather to increase the quality of the particle beam being accelerated. Though superconductors have little AC electrical resistance, the little power they do dissipate is radiated at very low temperatures, typically in a liquid helium bath at 1.6 K to 4.5 K, and maintaining such low temperatures takes a lot of energy. The refrigeration power required to maintain the cryogenic bath at low temperature in the presence of heat from small RF power dissipation is dictated by the Carnot efficiency, and can easily be comparable to the normal-conductor power dissipation of a room-temperature copper cavity. The principle motivations for using superconducting RF cavities, are:

* **High duty cycle or cw operation**. SRF cavities allow the excitation of high electromagnetic fields at high duty cycle, or even cw, in such regimes that a copper cavity's electrical loss could *melt* the copper, even with robust water cooling.
* **Low beam impedance**. The low electrical loss in an SRF cavity allows their geometry to have large beampipe apertures while still maintaining a high accelerating field along the beam axis. Normal-conducting cavities need small beam apertures to concentrate the electric field as compensation for power losses in wall currents. However, the small apertures can be deleterious to a particle beam due to their spawning of larger wakefields, which are quantified by the accelerator parameters termed "beam impedance" and "loss parameter".
* **Nearly all RF power goes to the beam**. The RF source driving the cavity need only provide the RF power that is absorbed by the particle beam being accelerated, since the RF power dissipated in the SRF cavity walls is negligible. This is in contrast to normal-conducting cavities where the wall power loss can easily equal or exceed the beam power consumption. The RF power budget is important since the RF source technologies, such as a Klystron, Inductive output tube (IOT), or solid state amplifier, have costs that increase dramatically with increasing power.

When future advances in superconducting material science allow higher superconducting critical temperatures *Tc* and consequently higher SRF bath temperatures, then the reduced thermocline between the cavity and the surrounding environment could yield a significant net power savings by SRF over the normal conducting approach to RF cavities. Other issues will need to be considered with a higher bath temperature, though, such as the fact that superfluidity (which is presently exploited with liquid helium) would not be present with (for example) liquid nitrogen. At present, none of the "high *Tc*" superconducting materials are suitable for RF applications. Shortcomings of these materials arise due to their underlying physics as well as their bulk mechanical properties not being amenable to fabricating accelerator cavities. However, depositing films of promising materials onto other mechanically amenable cavity materials may provide a viable option for exotic materials serving SRF applications. At present, the de facto choice for SRF material is still pure niobium, which has a critical temperature of 9.3 K and functions as a superconductor nicely in a liquid helium bath of 4.2 K or lower, and has excellent mechanical properties.

## Physics of SRF cavities

The physics of Superconducting RF can be complex and lengthy. A few simple approximations derived from the complex theories, though, can serve to provide some of the important parameters of SRF cavities.

By way of background, some of the pertinent parameters of RF cavities are itemized as follows. A resonator's quality factor is defined by

$Q\_{o}={\frac {\omega U}{P\_{d}}}$,

where:

*ω* is the resonant frequency in \[rad/s\], *U* is the energy stored in \[J\], and *Pd* is the power dissipated in \[W\] in the cavity to maintain the energy *U*.

The energy stored in the cavity is given by the integral of field energy density over its volume,

$U={\frac {\mu \_{0}{2}\int {|{\overrightarrow {H}|^{2}dV}}}}$ ,

where:

*H* is the magnetic field in the cavity and *μ0* is the permeability of free space.

The power dissipated is given by the integral of resistive wall losses over its surface,

$P\_{d}={\frac {R\_{s}{2}\int {|{\overrightarrow {H}|^{2}dS}}}}$ ,

where:

*Rs* is the surface resistance which will be discussed below.

The integrals of the electromagnetic field in the above expressions are generally not solved analytically, since the cavity boundaries rarely lie along axes of common coordinate systems. Instead, the calculations are performed by any of a variety of computer programs that solve for the fields for non-simple cavity shapes, and then numerically integrate the above expressions.

An RF cavity parameter known as the Geometry Factor ranks the cavity's effectiveness of providing accelerating electric field due to the influence of its shape alone, which excludes specific material wall loss. The Geometry Factor is given by

$G={\frac {\omega \mu \_{0}\int {|{\overrightarrow {H}|^{2}dV}{\int {|{\overrightarrow {H}|^{2}dS}}}}}}$ ,

and then

$$Q\_{o}={\frac {G}{R\_{s}\cdot }}$$

The geometry factor is quoted for cavity designs to allow comparison to other designs independent of wall loss, since wall loss for SRF cavities can vary substantially depending on material preparation, cryogenic bath temperature, electromagnetic field level, and other highly variable parameters. The Geometry Factor is also independent of cavity size, it is constant as a cavity shape is scaled to change its frequency.

As an example of the above parameters, a typical 9-cell SRF cavity for the International Linear Collider (a.k.a. a TESLA cavity) would have *G*=270 Ω and *Rs*= 10 nΩ, giving *Qo*=2.7×1010.

The critical parameter for SRF cavities in the above equations is the surface resistance *Rs*, and is where the complex physics comes into play. For normal-conducting copper cavities operating near room temperature, *Rs* is simply determined by the empirically measured bulk electrical conductivity *σ* by

$R\_{s\ normal}={\sqrt {\frac {\omega \mu \_{0}{2\sigma }}}}$ .

For copper at 300 K, *σ*=5.8×107 (Ω·m)−1 and at 1.3 GHz, *Rs copper*= 9.4 mΩ.

For Type II superconductors in RF fields, *Rs* can be viewed as the sum of the superconducting BCS resistance and temperature-independent "residual resistances",

$R\_{s}=R\_{BCS}+R\_{res}$ .

The *BCS resistance* derives from BCS theory. One way to view the nature of the BCS RF resistance is that the superconducting Cooper pairs, which have zero resistance for DC current, have finite mass and momentum which has to alternate sinusoidally for the AC currents of RF fields, thus giving rise to a small energy loss. The BCS resistance for niobium can be approximated when the temperature is less than half of niobium's superconducting critical temperature, *T*\<*Tc*/2, by

$R\_{BCS}\simeq 2\times 10^{-4}\left({\frac {f}{1.5\times 10^{9}\right)^{2}{\frac {e^{-17.67/T}{T}}}}}$ \[Ω\],

where:

*f* is the frequency in \[Hz\], *T* is the temperature in \[K\], and *Tc*=9.3 K for niobium, so this approximation is valid for *T*\<4.65 K.

Note that for superconductors, the BCS resistance increases quadratically with frequency, ~*f* 2, whereas for normal conductors the surface resistance increases as the root of frequency, ~√*f*. For this reason, the majority of superconducting cavity applications favor lower frequencies, \<3 GHz, and normal-conducting cavity applications favor higher frequencies, \>0.5 GHz, there being some overlap depending on the application.

The superconductor's *residual resistance* arises from several sources, such as random material defects, hydrides that can form on the surface due to hot chemistry and slow cool-down, and others that are yet to be identified. One of the quantifiable residual resistance contributions is due to an external magnetic field pinning magnetic fluxons in a Type II superconductor. The pinned fluxon cores create small normal-conducting regions in the niobium that can be summed to estimate their net resistance. For niobium, the magnetic field contribution to *Rs* can be approximated by

$R\_{H}={\frac {H\_{ext}{2H\_{c2}R\_{n}\approx 9.49\times 10^{-12}H\_{ext}{\sqrt {f}}}}}$ \[Ω\],

where:

*Hext* is any external magnetic field in \[Oe\], *Hc2* is the Type II superconductor magnetic quench field, which is 2400 Oe (190 kA/m) for niobium, and *Rn* is the normal-conducting resistance of niobium in ohms.

The Earth's nominal magnetic flux of 0.5 gauss (50 μT) translates to a magnetic field of 0.5 Oe (40 A/m) and would produce a residual surface resistance in a superconductor that is orders of magnitude greater than the BCS resistance, rendering the superconductor too lossy for practical use. For this reason, superconducting cavities are surrounded by magnetic shielding to reduce the field permeating the cavity to typically \<10 mOe (0.8 A/m).

Using the above approximations for a niobium a SRF cavity at 1.8 K, 1.3 GHz, and assuming a magnetic field of 10 mOe (0.8 A/m), the surface resistance components would be

*RBCS* = 4.55 nΩ and *Rres* = *RH* = 3.42 nΩ, giving a net surface resistance *Rs* = 7.97 nΩ. If for this cavity *G* = 270 Ω then the ideal quality factor would be *Qo* = 3.4×1010.

The *Qo* just described can be further improved by up to a factor of 2 by performing a mild vacuum bake of the cavity. Empirically, the bake seems to reduce the BCS resistance by 50%, but increases the residual resistance by 30%. The plot below shows the ideal *Qo* values for a range of residual magnetic field for a baked and unbaked cavity.

In general, much care and attention to detail must be exercised in the experimental setup of SRF cavities so that there is not *Qo* degradation due to RF losses in ancillary components, such as stainless steel vacuum flanges that are too close to the cavity's evanescent fields. However, careful SRF cavity preparation and experimental configuration have achieved the ideal *Qo* not only for low field amplitudes, but up to cavity fields that are typically 75% of the magnetic field quench limit. Few cavities make it to the magnetic field quench limit since residual losses and vanishingly small defects heat up localized spots, which eventually exceed the superconducting critical temperature and lead to a thermal quench.

## *Q*  vs *E*

When using superconducting RF cavities in particle accelerators, the field level in the cavity should generally be as high as possible to most efficiently accelerate the beam passing through it. The *Qo* values described by the above calculations tend to degrade as the fields increase, which is plotted for a given cavity as a "*Q* vs *E*" curve, where "*E*" refers to the accelerating electric field of the TM01 mode. Ideally, the cavity *Qo* would remain constant as the accelerating field is increased all the way up to the point of a magnetic quench field, as indicated by the "ideal" dashed line in the plot below. In reality, though, even a well prepared niobium cavity will have a *Q* vs *E* curve that lies beneath the ideal, as shown by the "good" curve in the plot.

There are many phenomena that can occur in an SRF cavity to degrade its *Q* vs *E* performance, such as impurities in the niobium, hydrogen contamination due to excessive heat during chemistry, and a rough surface finish. After a couple decades of development, a necessary prescription for successful SRF cavity production is emerging. This includes:

* Eddy-current scanning of the raw niobium sheet for impurities,
* Good quality control of electron beam welding parameters,
* Maintaining low cavity temperatures during acid chemistry to avoid hydrogen contamination,
* Electropolishing of the cavity interior to achieve a very smooth surface,
* High pressure rinsing (HPR) of the cavity interior in a clean room with filtered water to remove particulate contamination,
* Careful assembly of the cavity and other vacuum apparatus in a clean room with clean practices,
* A vacuum bake of the cavity at 120 °C for 48 hours; this typically improves *Qo* by a factor of 2.

There remains some uncertainty as to the root cause of why some of these steps lead to success, such as the electropolish and vacuum bake. However, if this prescription is not followed, the *Q* vs *E* curve often shows an excessive degradation of *Qo* with increasing field, as shown by the "*Q* slope" curve in the plot below. Finding the root causes of *Q* slope phenomena is the subject of ongoing fundamental SRF research. The insight gained could lead to simpler cavity fabrication processes as well as benefit future material development efforts to find higher *Tc* alternatives to niobium.

In 2012, the Q(E) dependence on SRF cavities discovered for the first time in such a way that the Q-rise phenomenon was observed in Ti doped SRF cavity. The quality factor increases with increase in accelerating field and was explained by the presence of sharper peaks in the electronic density of states at the gap edges in doped cavities and such peaks being broadened by the rf current. Later the similar phenomenon was observed with nitrogen doping and which has been the current state-of-art cavity preparation for high performance.

## Wakefields and higher order modes (HOMs)

One of the main reasons for using SRF cavities in particle accelerators is that their large apertures result in low beam impedance and higher thresholds of deleterious beam instabilities. As a charged particle beam passes through a cavity, its electromagnetic radiation field is perturbed by the sudden increase of the conducting wall diameter in the transition from the small-diameter beampipe to the large hollow RF cavity. A portion of the particle's radiation field is then "clipped off" upon re-entrance into the beampipe and left behind as wakefields in the cavity. The wakefields are simply superimposed upon the externally driven accelerating fields in the cavity. The spawning of electromagnetic cavity modes as wakefields from the passing beam is analogous to a drumstick striking a drumhead and exciting many resonant mechanical modes.

The beam wakefields in an RF cavity excite a subset of the spectrum of the many electromagnetic modes, including the externally driven TM01 mode. There are then a host of beam instabilities that can occur as the repetitive particle beam passes through the RF cavity, each time adding to the wakefield energy in a collection of modes.

For a particle bunch with charge *q*, a length much shorter than the wavelength of a given cavity mode, and traversing the cavity at time *t*=0, the amplitude of the wakefield voltage left behind in the cavity *in a given mode* is given by

$V\_{wake}={\frac {q\omega \_{o}R}{2Q\_{o}\ e^{j\omega \_{o}t}\ e^{-{\frac {\omega \_{o}t}{2Q\_{L}=kq\ e^{j\omega \_{o}t}\ e^{-{\frac {\omega \_{o}t}{2Q\_{L}}}}}}}}}$ ,

where:

*R* is the shunt impedance of the cavity *mode* defined by $R={\frac {\left(\int {{\overrightarrow {E}\cdot dl}\right)^{2}{P\_{d}={\frac {V^{2}{P\_{d}}}}}}}}$ , *E* is the electric field of the RF mode, *Pd* is the power dissipated in the cavity to produce the electric field *E*, *QL* is the "loaded *Q*" of the cavity, which takes into account energy leakage out of the coupling antenna, *ωo* is the angular frequency of the mode, the imaginary exponential is the mode's sinusoidal time variation, the real exponential term quantifies the decay of the wakefield with time, and $k={\frac {\omega \_{o}R}{2Q\_{o}}}$ is termed the *loss parameter* of the RF mode.

The shunt impedance *R* can be calculated from the solution of the electromagnetic fields of a mode, typically by a computer program that solves for the fields. In the equation for *Vwake*, the ratio *R*/*Qo* serves as a good comparative measure of wakefield amplitude for various cavity shapes, since the other terms are typically dictated by the application and are fixed. Mathematically,

$\frac {R}{Q\_{o}={\frac {V^{2}{\omega \_{o}U}={\frac {2\left(\int {{\overrightarrow {E}\cdot dl}\right)^{2}{\omega \_{o}\mu \_{o}\int {|{\overrightarrow {H}|^{2}dV}={\frac {2k}{\omega \_{o}}}}}}}}}}}$ ,

where relations defined above have been used. *R*/*Qo* is then a parameter that factors out cavity dissipation and is viewed as measure of the cavity geometry's effectiveness of producing accelerating voltage per stored energy in its volume. The wakefield being proportional to *R*/*Qo* can be seen intuitively since a cavity with small beam apertures concentrates the electric field on axis and has high *R*/*Qo*, but also clips off more of the particle bunch's radiation field as deleterious wakefields.

The calculation of electromagnetic field buildup in a cavity due to wakefields can be complex and depends strongly on the specific accelerator mode of operation. For the straightforward case of a storage ring with repetitive particle bunches spaced by time interval *Tb* and a bunch length much shorter than the wavelength of a given mode, the long term steady state wakefield voltage presented to the beam by the mode is given by

$V\_{ss\ wake}=V\_{wake}\left({\frac {1}{1-e^{-\tau }e^{j\delta }-{\frac {1}{2}\right)}}}$ ,

where:

$\tau ={\frac {\omega \_{o}T\_{b}{2Q\_{L}}}}$ is the decay of the wakefield between bunches, and *δ* is the phase shift of the wakefield mode between bunch passages through the cavity.

As an example calculation, let the phase shift *δ=0*, which would be close to the case for the TM01 mode by design and unfortunately likely to occur for a few HOM's. Having *δ=0* (or an integer multiple of an RF mode's period, *δ=n2π*) gives the worse-case wakefield build-up, where successive bunches are maximally decelerated by previous bunches' wakefields and give up even more energy than with only their "self wake". Then, taking *ωo* = 2*π* 500 MHz, *Tb*=1 μs, and *QL*=106, the buildup of wakefields would be *Vss wake*=637×*Vwake*. A pitfall for any accelerator cavity would be the presence of what is termed a "trapped mode". This is an HOM that does not leak out of the cavity and consequently has a *QL* that can be orders of magnitude larger than used in this example. In this case, the buildup of wakefields of the trapped mode would likely cause a beam instability. The beam instability implications due to the *Vss wake* wakefields is thus addressed differently for the fundamental accelerating mode TM01 and all other RF modes, as described next.

### Fundamental accelerating mode TM010

The complex calculations treating wakefield-related beam stability for the TM010 mode in accelerators show that there are specific regions of phase between the beam bunches and the driven RF mode that allow stable operation at the highest possible beam currents. At some point of increasing beam current, though, just about any accelerator configuration will become unstable. As pointed out above, the beam wakefield amplitude is proportional to the cavity parameter *R*/*Qo*, so this is typically used as a comparative measure of the likelihood of TM01 related beam instabilities. A comparison of *R*/*Qo* and *R* for a 500 MHz superconducting cavity and a 500 MHz normal-conducting cavity is shown below. The accelerating voltage provided by both cavities is comparable for a given net power consumption when including refrigeration power for SRF. The *R*/*Qo* for the SRF cavity is 15 times less than the normal-conducting version, and thus less beam-instability susceptible. This one of the main reasons such SRF cavities are chosen for use in high-current storage rings.

### Higher order modes (HOMs)

In addition to the fundamental accelerating TM010 mode of an RF cavity, numerous higher frequency modes and a few lower-frequency dipole modes are excited by charged particle beam wakefields, all generally denoted higher order modes (HOMs). These modes serve no useful purpose for accelerator particle beam dynamics, only giving rise to beam instabilities, and are best heavily damped to have as low a *QL* as possible. The damping is accomplished by preferentially allowing dipole and all HOMs to leak out of the SRF cavity, and then coupling them to resistive RF loads. The leaking out of undesired RF modes occurs along the beampipe, and results from a careful design of the cavity aperture shapes. The aperture shapes are tailored to keep the TM01 mode "trapped" with high *Qo* inside of the cavity and allow HOMs to propagate away. The propagation of HOMs is sometimes facilitated by having a larger diameter beampipe on one side of the cavity, beyond the smaller diameter cavity iris, as seen in the SRF cavity CAD cross-section at the top of this wiki page. The larger beampipe diameter allows the HOMs to easily propagate away from the cavity to an HOM antenna or beamline absorber.

The resistive load for HOMs can be implemented by having loop antennas located at apertures on the side of the beampipe, with coaxial lines routing the RF to outside of the cryostat to standard RF loads. Another approach is to place the HOM loads directly on the beampipe as hollow cylinders with RF lossy material attached to the interior surface, as shown in the adjacent image. This "beamline load" approach can be more technically challenging, since the load must absorb high RF power while preserving a high-vacuum beamline environment in close proximity to a contamination-sensitive SRF cavity. Further, such loads must sometimes operate at cryogenic temperatures to avoid large thermal gradients along the beampipe from the cold SRF cavity. The benefit of the beamline HOM load configuration, however, is a greater absorptive bandwidth and HOM attenuation as compared to antenna coupling. This benefit can be the difference between a stable vs. an unstable particle beam for high current accelerators.

## Cryogenics

A significant part of SRF technology is cryogenic engineering. The SRF cavities tend to be thin-walled structures immersed in a bath of liquid helium having temperature 1.6 K to 4.5 K. Careful engineering is then required to insulate the helium bath from the room-temperature external environment. This is accomplished by:

* A vacuum chamber surrounding the cold components to eliminate convective heat transfer by gases.
* Multi-layer insulation wrapped around cold components. This insulation is composed of dozens of alternating layers of aluminized mylar and thin fiberglass sheet, which reflects infrared radiation that shines through the vacuum insulation from the 300 K exterior walls.
* Low thermal conductivity mechanical connections between the cold mass and the room temperature vacuum vessel. These connections are required, for example, to support the mass of the helium vessel inside the vacuum vessel and to connect the apertures in the SRF cavity to the accelerator beamline. Both types of connections transition from internal cryogenic temperatures to room temperature at the vacuum vessel boundary. The thermal conductivity of these parts is minimized by having small cross sectional area and being composed of low thermal conductivity material, such as stainless steel for the vacuum beampipe and fiber reinforced epoxies (G10) for mechanical support. The vacuum beampipe also requires good electrical conductivity on its interior surface to propagate the image currents of the beam, which is accomplished by about 100 μm of copper plating on the interior surface.

The major cryogenic engineering challenge is the refrigeration plant for the liquid helium. The small power that is dissipated in an SRF cavity and the heat leak to the vacuum vessel are both heat loads at very low temperature. The refrigerator must replenish this loss with an inherent poor efficiency, given by the product of the Carnot efficiency *ηC* and a "practical" efficiency *ηp*. The Carnot efficiency derives from the second law of thermodynamics and can be quite low. It is given by

$$\eta \_{C}={\begin{cases}{\frac {T\_{cold}{T\_{warm}-T\_{cold},&{\mbox{if }T\_{cold}\<T\_{warm}-T\_{cold}\\1,&{\mbox{otherwise}\end{cases}}}}}}}$$

where

*Tcold* is the temperature of the cold load, which is the helium vessel in this case, and *Twarm* is the temperature of the refrigeration heat sink, usually room temperature.

In most cases *Twarm =*300 K, so for *Tcold* 150 K the Carnot efficiency is unity. The practical efficiency is a catch-all term that accounts for the many mechanical non-idealities that come into play in a refrigeration system aside from the fundamental physics of the Carnot efficiency. For a large refrigeration installation there is some economy of scale, and it is possible to achieve *ηp* in the range of 0.20.3. The wall-plug power consumed by the refrigerator is then

$P\_{warm}={\frac {P\_{cold}{\eta \_{C}\ \eta \_{p}}}}$ ,

where

*Pcold* is the power dissipated at temperature *Tcold* .

As an example, if the refrigerator delivers 1.8 K helium to the cryomodule where the cavity and heat leak dissipate *Pcold*=10 W, then the refrigerator having *Twarm*=300 K and *ηp*=0.3 would have *ηC*=0.006 and a wall-plug power of *Pwarm*=5.5 kW. Of course, most accelerator facilities have numerous SRF cavities, so the refrigeration plants can get to be very large installations.

The temperature of operation of an SRF cavity is typically selected as a minimization of wall-plug power for the entire SRF system. The plot to the right then shows the pressure to which the helium vessel must be pumped to obtain the desired liquid helium temperature. Atmospheric pressure is 760 Torr (101.325 kPa), corresponding to 4.2 K helium. The superfluid *λ* point occurs at about 38 Torr (5.1 kPa), corresponding to 2.18 K helium. Most SRF systems either operate at atmospheric pressure, 4.2 K, or below the λ point at a system efficiency optimum usually around 1.8 K, corresponding to about 12 Torr (1.6 kPa).


abstract: Summerville Historic District is a national historic district located at Summerville, Dorchester County, South Carolina. The district encompasses 700 contributing buildings in the village of Summerville. About 70 percent of the buildings predate World War I. The buildings include raised cottages, Greek Revival influenced, and Victorian / Queen Anne and other turn of the 20th century structures are found throughout. In addition to residential structures, the district includes churches and commercial buildings—most dating from around 1900. Notable buildings include Tupper's Drug Store, O. J. Sire's Commercial Building, White Gables, Pettigru-Lebby House Gazebo, Summerville Presbyterian Church, Wesley United Methodist Church, and the Squirrel Inn. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

text:
# Summerville Historic District (Summerville, South Carolina)

**Summerville Historic District** is a national historic district located at Summerville, Dorchester County, South Carolina. The district encompasses 700 contributing buildings in the village of Summerville. About 70 percent of the buildings predate World War I. The buildings include raised cottages, Greek Revival influenced, and Victorian / Queen Anne and other turn of the 20th century structures are found throughout. In addition to residential structures, the district includes churches and commercial buildings—most dating from around 1900. Notable buildings include Tupper's Drug Store, O. J. Sire's Commercial Building, White Gables, Pettigru-Lebby House Gazebo, Summerville Presbyterian Church, Wesley United Methodist Church, and the Squirrel Inn.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Summerville Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Roughly bounded by S. Railroad Ave., Magnolia, Main Sts. and town boundary, Summerville, South Carolina |
| Coordinates | 33°00′53″N 80°10′59″W / 33.01472°N 80.18306°W / 33.01472; -80.18306 |
| Area | 607 acres (246 ha) |
| Architectural style | Stick/eastlake, Queen Anne, Shingle Style |
| NRHP reference No. | 76001701 |
| Added to NRHP | May 19, 1976 |


title: Susan Haskell

abstract: Susan Haskell is a Canadian actress. She played the role of Marty Saybrooke on the ABC soap opera One Life to Live.

text:
# Susan Haskell

**Susan Haskell** (born June 10, 1968) is a Canadian actress. She played the role of Marty Saybrooke on the ABC soap opera *One Life to Live*.

## Personal life

She graduated from The American Academy of Arts in 1991.

Haskell also appeared on *Port Charles* in 2001 as Granya Thornhart, opposite her former *One Life to Live* love interest (and real-life husband), Thorsten Kaye, with whom she has two daughters McKenna (born February 2003) and Marlowe Marann (born January 28, 2007).

## Career

Haskell portrayed this role from December 1991 until August 1997, with two brief visits in January 2004 and January 2005. She returned again for an extended stay in mid-2008, first appearing onscreen on June 11, 2008. Haskell won two Daytime Emmy Awards, in 1994 for Outstanding Supporting Actress for the role in 1994, and in 2009 for Outstanding Lead Actress. At the time of Haskell's 2008 return, Marty was called "one of those tentpole characters that everyone who has watched *One Life to Live* at some point remembers." It was noted that the 1993 story of the character's gang rape led by Todd Manning "is one of the show's most remembered and impactful."

When Haskell was expecting her second child with Kaye, the role of Marty was recast in November 2006 with Christina Chambers. Chambers exited the show in November 2007, a year after her debut, and Haskell returned in mid-2008.

1.

## Television & Film Credits

## InfoBox

| Susan Haskell | |
| --- | --- |
| Haskell in March 2012 | |
| Born | (1968-06-10) June 10, 1968<br>Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Years active | 1992–2011 |
| Spouse | Thorsten Kaye |
| Children | 2 |


title: Susan Hawley

abstract: Susan Hawley renamed Mary of the Conception was an English born Sepulchrine prioress in Liège. The organisation continues at three communities in south-east England in 2021. New Hall School in Chelmsford credits Hawley with founding their school in 1642.

text:
# Susan Hawley

**Susan Hawley** renamed **Mary of the Conception** (1622 – 1706) was an English born Sepulchrine prioress in Liège. The organisation continues at three communities in south-east England in 2021. New Hall School in Chelmsford credits Hawley with founding their school in 1642.

## Life

Hawley was born in Brentford in 1622. Her parents were Julie (born Hawkins) and Thomas Hawley. By the time she was nineteen she had decided not only on a religious life but that she wanted to move to Flanders to establish a convent. It was not possible to do this in Protestant England at that time. She became a Sepulchrine when she joined the Convent of the Canonesses Regular of the Holy Sepulchre (Sepulchrines) at Tongres in 1641. She took the "name in religion" of Mary of the Conception.

She joined forces with two other English-born nuns and they decided to create a new house in Liège. From the start the community created a school for girls. They could receive a Catholic education without ever wanting to be a nun. By 1651 the school was creating funds seen in the accounts. The convent grew and there were twenty-two sisters within seven years. Hawley became the first prioress when she was elected in 1652. That same year she published "Brief relation of the order and institute of the English religious women at Liège" and several copies still exist. It would have been illegal to publish this Catholic document in England but these pamphlets were small enough to be kept secret. Durham University owns a copy and the nuns archives. They note that many copies contained instructions on how to get to Liège on the final page.

Their first house was considered unsafe, it lacked privacy and Liège was unruly. The applied to the prince-bishop for help and they then moved but building work was required. This was funded by the sale of gifted silver and a bequest and by 1660 their new home was complete.

## Death and legacy

Hawley died in Liège. The community that she founded continued and it moved to England in 1794. The move was required because of the aftermath of the French Revolution and much planning had to be done. Not only was this a large move, but being a Catholic was illegal. In 2021 there were communities in Chelmsford, London and Colchester. New Hall School continues and one of its houses is named "Hawley".

## InfoBox

| Susan Hawley | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1622
Brentford |
| Died | 1706
Liège |
| Nationality | Kingdom of England |
| Employer | Canonesses Regular of the Holy Sepulchre |
| Known for | Prior |


title: Supra Corporation

abstract: Supra Corporation was best known as a manufacturer of modems for personal computers, but also produced a range of hardware for the Amiga and Atari ST, including hard drives, SCSI controllers, memory boards, and processor accelerators. They were purchased by Diamond Multimedia in 1995.

text:
# Supra Corporation

**Supra Corporation** was best known as a manufacturer of modems for personal computers, but also produced a range of hardware for the Amiga and Atari ST, including hard drives, SCSI controllers, memory boards, and processor accelerators.

They were purchased by Diamond Multimedia in 1995.

## Early history

The company was founded by John Wiley and Alan Ackerman as **Microbits Peripheral Products** (**MPP**), a provider of interface products for Atari 8-bit computers. The two of them were friends in high school when they developed various computer hardware for the school computers, and were best known for a 300 baud modem and a printer interface. The company was successful for some time, but a number of factors led to its bankruptcy around 1986, and its reformation as Supra, initially selling hard drives for the Atari ST. Originally from Albany, Oregon, they later moved to Vancouver, Washington.

## SupraFAXModem 14400

In 1991 the company arranged a deal with Rockwell International to use their new V.32bis 14,400 bit/s modem chips with an exclusivity arrangement. Their SupraFAXModem 14400 was sold at prices points about half that of the slower 9600 V.32 models of the same era, and its introduction led to a rapid downward spiral in modem pricing.

## Notable Dates

* 1986 - Supra introduces a 10 MB hard drive for the Atari ST.
* 1987 - Supra introduces the Supra Modem 2400 at $179.
* 1991 - Supra introduces the SupraFAXModem 14400 at $399 and the SupraFAXModem V.32 at $299.
* 1994 - Supra purchases PSI Integration
* 1994 - Supra ships First 28.8 Modem
* 1994 - Supra ships First Voice Modem
* 1995 - Supra purchased by Diamond Multimedia
* 1999 - S3 Graphics purchases Diamond Multimedia

## Products

* Supra Modems
* Supra Voice Modems

## Software

* FAXCilitate
* Supra VoiceMail

## InfoBox

Supra Corporation
|
|  |
| Formerly | Microbits Peripheral Products (until 1986) |
| Industry | Electronics |
| Founders | * John Wiley * Alan Ackerman |
| Defunct | 1995 |
| Fate | Acquired by Diamond Multimedia |


title: Supra Singhal

abstract: Supra Agarwal née Singhal is a former Ugandan-Indian swimmer, who specialized in sprint freestyle events. She competed in the women's 100 m freestyle at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Supra Singhal

**Supra Agarwal** née **Singhal** (born 2 March 1982, in Kampala) is a former Ugandan-Indian swimmer, who specialized in sprint freestyle events. She competed in the women's 100 m freestyle at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

## Career

Singhal competed for Uganda in the women's 100 m freestyle at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. She received a ticket from FINA, under a Universality program, in an entry time of 59.20. She challenged seven other swimmers in heat one, including 15-year-olds Maria Awori of Kenya Nathalie Lee Baw of Mauritius. Entering the race with the fastest-seeded time, she faded down the stretch to pick up a sixth seed in a poor time of 1:08.15. Singhal's swim had also been overshadowed by fever and arm sprain that shortened her time for proper training and concentration. Singhal failed to advance into the semifinals, as she placed fifty-second overall in the prelims.

In her early career, Supra was the Uganda national champion for 4 years running from 1996 to 2000. She also bagged 12 gold medals in the East Africa Swimming Championships held in Mombasa, Kenya in 1997. Supra also represented Uganda at the Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in 1998.

## Personal life

Currently Supra lives in New Delhi and, alongside her husband Varun Agarwal, runs a chain of successful restaurants in Delhi called Not Just Paranthas (NJP).

## InfoBox

Supra Singhal (Supra Agarwal)
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Uganda |
| Born | (1982-03-02) 2 March 1982<br>Kampala, Uganda |
| Height | 1.63 m (5 ft 4 in) |
| Weight | 48 kg (106 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Swimming |
|  | |
| Strokes | Freestyle |
|  | |


title: Surface of revolution

abstract:
A surface of revolution is a surface in Euclidean space created by rotating a curve one full revolution around an axis of rotation.
The volume bounded by the surface created by this revolution is the solid of revolution. Examples of surfaces of revolution generated by a straight line are cylindrical and conical surfaces depending on whether or not the line is parallel to the axis. A circle that is rotated around any diameter generates a sphere of which it is then a great circle, and if the circle is rotated around an axis that does not intersect the interior of a circle, then it generates a torus which does not intersect itself.

text:
# Surface of revolution

A **surface of revolution** is a surface in Euclidean space created by rotating a curve (the *generatrix*) one full revolution around an *axis of rotation* (normally not intersecting the generatrix, except at its endpoints). The volume bounded by the surface created by this revolution is the *solid of revolution*.

Examples of surfaces of revolution generated by a straight line are cylindrical and conical surfaces depending on whether or not the line is parallel to the axis. A circle that is rotated around any diameter generates a sphere of which it is then a great circle, and if the circle is rotated around an axis that does not intersect the interior of a circle, then it generates a torus which does not intersect itself (a ring torus).

## Properties

The sections of the surface of revolution made by planes through the axis are called *meridional sections*. Any meridional section can be considered to be the generatrix in the plane determined by it and the axis.

The sections of the surface of revolution made by planes that are perpendicular to the axis are circles.

Some special cases of hyperboloids (of either one or two sheets) and elliptic paraboloids are surfaces of revolution. These may be identified as those quadratic surfaces all of whose cross sections perpendicular to the axis are circular.

## Area formula

If the curve is described by the parametric functions *x*(*t*), *y*(*t*), with t ranging over some interval \[*a*,*b*\], and the axis of revolution is the y-axis, then the surface area Ay is given by the integral $A\_{y}=2\pi \int \_{a}^{b}x(t)\\,{\sqrt {\left({dx \over dt}\right)^{2}+\left({dy \over dt}\right)^{2}\\,dt,}}$ provided that *x*(*t*) is never negative between the endpoints a and b. This formula is the calculus equivalent of Pappus's centroid theorem. The quantity $\sqrt {\left({dx \over dt}\right)^{2}+\left({dy \over dt}\right)^{2}}$ comes from the Pythagorean theorem and represents a small segment of the arc of the curve, as in the arc length formula. The quantity *x*(*t*) is the path of (the centroid of) this small segment, as required by Pappus' theorem.

Likewise, when the axis of rotation is the x-axis and provided that *y*(*t*) is never negative, the area is given by $A\_{x}=2\pi \int \_{a}^{b}y(t)\\,{\sqrt {\left({dx \over dt}\right)^{2}+\left({dy \over dt}\right)^{2}\\,dt.}}$

If the continuous curve is described by the function *y* = *f*(*x*), *a**x**b*, then the integral becomes $A\_{x}=2\pi \int \_{a}^{b}y{\sqrt {1+\left({\frac {dy}{dx}\right)^{2}\\,dx=2\pi \int \_{a}^{b}f(x){\sqrt {1+{\big (}f'(x){\big )}^{2}\\,dx}}}}}$ for revolution around the x-axis, and $A\_{y}=2\pi \int \_{a}^{b}x{\sqrt {1+\left({\frac {dy}{dx}\right)^{2}\\,dx}}}$ for revolution around the *y*-axis (provided *a* ≥ 0). These come from the above formula.

This can also be derived from multivariable integration. If a plane curve is given by $\langle x(t),y(t)\rangle $ then its corresponding surface of revolution when revolved around the x-axis has Cartesian coordinates given by $\mathbf {r} (t,\theta )=\langle y(t)\cos(\theta ),y(t)\sin(\theta ),x(t)\rangle $ with $0\leq \theta \leq 2\pi $. Then the surface area is given by the surface integral $A\_{x}=\iint \_{S}dS=\iint \_{\[a,b\]\times \[0,2\pi \]}\left\\|{\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} }{\partial t}\times {\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} }{\partial \theta }\right\\|\ d\theta \ dt=\int \_{a}^{b}\int \_{0}^{2\pi }\left\\|{\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} }{\partial t}\times {\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} }{\partial \theta }\right\\|\ d\theta \ dt.}}}}$

Computing the partial derivatives yields $\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} }{\partial t}=\left\langle {\frac {dy}{dt}\cos(\theta ),{\frac {dy}{dt}\sin(\theta ),{\frac {dx}{dt}\right\rangle ,}}}$ $\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} }{\partial \theta }=\langle -y\sin(\theta ),y\cos(\theta ),0\rangle $ and computing the cross product yields $\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} }{\partial t}\times {\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} }{\partial \theta }=\left\langle y\cos(\theta ){\frac {dx}{dt},y\sin(\theta ){\frac {dx}{dt},y{\frac {dy}{dt}\right\rangle =y\left\langle \cos(\theta ){\frac {dx}{dt},\sin(\theta ){\frac {dx}{dt},{\frac {dy}{dt}\right\rangle }}}}}}}$ where the trigonometric identity $\sin ^{2}(\theta )+\cos ^{2}(\theta )=1$ was used. With this cross product, we get $\begin{aligned}A\_{x}&=\int \_{a}^{b}\int \_{0}^{2\pi }\left\\|{\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} }{\partial t}\times {\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} }{\partial \theta }\right\\|\ d\theta \ dt\\\\[1ex\]&=\int \_{a}^{b}\int \_{0}^{2\pi }\left\\|y\left\langle y\cos(\theta ){\frac {dx}{dt},y\sin(\theta ){\frac {dx}{dt},y{\frac {dy}{dt}\right\rangle \right\\|\ d\theta \ dt\\\\[1ex\]&=\int \_{a}^{b}\int \_{0}^{2\pi }y{\sqrt {\cos ^{2}(\theta )\left({\frac {dx}{dt}\right)^{2}+\sin ^{2}(\theta )\left({\frac {dx}{dt}\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {dy}{dt}\right)^{2}\ d\theta \ dt\\\\[1ex\]&=\int \_{a}^{b}\int \_{0}^{2\pi }y{\sqrt {\left({\frac {dx}{dt}\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {dy}{dt}\right)^{2}\ d\theta \ dt\\\\[1ex\]&=\int \_{a}^{b}2\pi y{\sqrt {\left({\frac {dx}{dt}\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {dy}{dt}\right)^{2}\ dt\end{aligned}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}$ where the same trigonometric identity was used again. The derivation for a surface obtained by revolving around the y-axis is similar.

For example, the spherical surface with unit radius is generated by the curve *y*(*t*) = sin(*t*), *x*(*t*) = cos(*t*), when t ranges over \[0,π\]. Its area is therefore $\begin{aligned}A&{}=2\pi \int \_{0}^{\pi }\sin(t){\sqrt {{\big (}\cos(t){\big )}^{2}+{\big (}\sin(t){\big )}^{2}\\,dt\\\&{}=2\pi \int \_{0}^{\pi }\sin(t)\\,dt\\\&{}=4\pi .\end{aligned}}}$

For the case of the spherical curve with radius r, *y*(*x*) = *r*2*x*2 rotated about the x-axis $\begin{aligned}A&=2\pi \int \_{-r}^{r}{\sqrt {r^{2}-x^{2}\\,{\sqrt {1+{\frac {x^{2}{r^{2}-x^{2}\\,dx\\\&=2\pi r\int \_{-r}^{r}\\,{\sqrt {r^{2}-x^{2}\\,{\sqrt {\frac {1}{r^{2}-x^{2}\\,dx\\\&=2\pi r\int \_{-r}^{r}\\,dx\\\&=4\pi r^{2}\\,\end{aligned}}}}}}}}}}}}}$

A minimal surface of revolution is the surface of revolution of the curve between two given points which minimizes surface area. A basic problem in the calculus of variations is finding the curve between two points that produces this minimal surface of revolution.

There are only two minimal surfaces of revolution (surfaces of revolution which are also minimal surfaces): the plane and the catenoid.

## Coordinate expressions

A surface of revolution given by rotating a curve described by $y=f(x)$ around the x-axis may be most simply described by $y^{2}+z^{2}=f(x)^{2}$. This yields the parametrization in terms of $x$ and $\theta $ as $(x,f(x)\cos(\theta ),f(x)\sin(\theta ))$. If instead we revolve the curve around the y-axis, then the curve is described by $y=f({\sqrt {x^{2}+z^{2})}}$, yielding the expression $(x\cos(\theta ),f(x),x\sin(\theta ))$ in terms of the parameters $x$ and $\theta $.

If x and y are defined in terms of a parameter $t$, then we obtain a parametrization in terms of $t$ and $\theta $. If $x$ and $y$ are functions of $t$, then the surface of revolution obtained by revolving the curve around the x-axis is described by $(x(t),y(t)\cos(\theta ),y(t)\sin(\theta ))$, and the surface of revolution obtained by revolving the curve around the y-axis is described by $(x(t)\cos(\theta ),y(t),x(t)\sin(\theta ))$.

## Geodesics

Meridians are always geodesics on a surface of revolution. Other geodesics are governed by Clairaut's relation.

## Toroids

A surface of revolution with a hole in, where the axis of revolution does not intersect the surface, is called a toroid. For example, when a rectangle is rotated around an axis parallel to one of its edges, then a hollow square-section ring is produced. If the revolved figure is a circle, then the object is called a torus.

1. Middlemiss; Marks; Smart. "15-4. Surfaces of Revolution". *Analytic Geometry* (3rd ed.). p. 378. LCCN 68015472.
2. Wilson, W.A.; Tracey, J.I. (1925), *Analytic Geometry* (Revised ed.), D.C. Heath and Co., p. 227
3. Thomas, George B. "6.7: Area of a Surface of Revolution; 6.11: The Theorems of Pappus". *Calculus* (3rd ed.). pp. 206–209, 217–219. LCCN 69016407.
4. Singh, R.R. (1993). *Engineering Mathematics* (6 ed.). Tata McGraw-Hill. p. 6.90. ISBN 0-07-014615-2.
5. Swokowski, Earl W. (1983). *Calculus with analytic geometry* (Alternate ed.). Prindle, Weber & Schmidt. p. 617. ISBN 0-87150-341-7.
6. Weisstein, Eric W. "Minimal Surface of Revolution". *MathWorld*.
7. Weisstein, Eric W. "Catenoid". *MathWorld*.
8. Pressley, Andrew. “Chapter 9 - Geodesics.” *Elementary Differential Geometry*, 2nd ed., Springer, London, 2012, pp. 227–230.
9. Weisstein, Eric W. "Toroid". *MathWorld*.


title: Gemma Houghton

abstract: Gemma Houghton is an Australian rules footballer playing for the Port Adelaide Football Club in the AFL Women's competition. Houghton was recruited by Fremantle as a free agent in October 2016. She had never played AFL before, having been found through a talent search open to all athletes. She previously played high level basketball.

text:
# Gemma Houghton

**Gemma Houghton** (born 31 December 1993) is an Australian rules footballer playing for the Port Adelaide Football Club in the AFL Women's competition. Houghton was recruited by Fremantle as a free agent in October 2016. She had never played AFL before, having been found through a talent search open to all athletes. She previously played high level basketball.

## AFL Women's career

Houghton made her debut in the thirty-two point loss to the Western Bulldogs at VU Whitten Oval in the opening round of the 2017 season. She played every match in her debut season to finish with seven matches.

Playing for the Swan Districts Football Club in the 2018 WAFL Women's competition, Houghton won the Mandy McSherry Medal, the teams best and fairest award.

After only playing two games in 2018, Houghton played in all eight of Fremantle's games in 2019, kicking 9 goals to be the club's leading goalkicker. Her athleticism and strong marking was recognised with selection in the 2019 and 2020 AFL Women's All-Australian teams. The 2020 AFL Women's season saw Houghton obtain her second AFL Women's All-Australian team selection, named in the half forward position.

Her brother Joel Houghton was drafted by Fremantle in the 2009 AFL draft, but did not play an AFL game. He played for Perth, Swan Districts and East Perth in the West Australian Football League (WAFL).

On 10 May 2022, Houghton signed with expansion club Port Adelaide for 2022 AFL Women's season 7 and scored their inaugural goal in Round 1. She has been the leading goalkicker in each of Port's first two seasons.

## Statistics

*Statistics are correct to the end of the 2021 season*.

**Legend**
| G | Goals | K | Kicks | D | Disposals | T | Tackles |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| B | Behinds | H | Handballs | M | Marks |

| Season | Team | No. | Games | Totals | | | | | | | Averages (per game) | | | | | | | Votes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | G | B | K | H | D | M | T | G | B | K | H | D | M | T | |
| 2017 | Fremantle | 27 | 7 | 3 | 5 | 36 | 26 | 62 | 11 | 28 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 5.1 | 3.7 | 8.9 | 1.6 | 4.0 | 0 |
| 2018 | Fremantle | 27 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 0 |
| 2019 | Fremantle | 27 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 51 | 22 | 73 | 25 | 35 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 6.4 | 2.8 | 9.1 | 3.1 | 4.4 | 3 |
| 2020 | Fremantle | 27 | 7 | 4 | 10 | 54 | 24 | 78 | 26 | 20 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 7.7 | 3.4 | 11.1 | 3.7 | 2.9 | 2 |
| 2021 | Fremantle | 27 | 10 | 15 | 8 | 73 | 35 | 108 | 27 | 26 | 1.5 | 0.8 | 7.3 | 3.5 | 10.8 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 8 |
| Career | | | 34 | 31 | 31 | 218 | 107 | 325 | 92 | 113 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 6.4 | 3.1 | 9.6 | 2.7 | 3.3 | 13 |

## InfoBox

| Gemma Houghton | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Houghton playing for Port Adelaide in 2022 | | | |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1993-12-31) 31 December 1993 | | |
| Place of birth | Western Australia | | |
| Draft | 2016 free agent: Fremantle | | |
| Debut | Round 1, 2017, Fremantle vs. Western Bulldogs, at VU Whitten Oval | | |
| Height | 179 cm (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Club information | | | |
| Current club | Port Adelaide | | |
| Number | 27 | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 2017–2022 (S6) | Fremantle | 46 (40) |
| 2022 (S7)– | Port Adelaide | 14 (20) |
| Total |  | **60 (60)** |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of the 2023 season. | | | |
| Career highlights | | | |
|  | | | |
| Source: AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Suresh Peiris

abstract: Suresh Peiris is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his List A debut for Polonnaruwa District in the 2016–17 Districts One Day Tournament on 21 March 2017. He made his Twenty20 debut for Panadura Sports Club in the 2017–18 SLC Twenty20 Tournament on 24 February 2018.

text:
# Suresh Peiris

**Suresh Peiris** (born 2 October 1990) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his List A debut for Polonnaruwa District in the 2016–17 Districts One Day Tournament on 21 March 2017. He made his Twenty20 debut for Panadura Sports Club in the 2017–18 SLC Twenty20 Tournament on 24 February 2018.

## InfoBox

Suresh Peiris
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1990-10-02) 2 October 1990<br>Panadura, Sri Lanka |
| Source: Cricinfo, 5 April 2017 | |


title: Svend Hammershøi

abstract: Svend Hammershøi was a Danish painter and ceramist. He is remembered principally for the classical pottery designs he contributed to the Royal Copenhagen and to Kähler's Ceramics Factory in Næstved.

text:
# Svend Hammershøi

**Svend Hammershøi** (10 August 1873 – 27 February 1948) was a Danish painter and ceramist. He is remembered principally for the classical pottery designs he contributed to the Royal Copenhagen (*Kongelige Porcelainsfabrik*) and to Kähler's Ceramics Factory (*Kählers Keramiske Værksted*) in Næstved.

## Biography

Born in the Frederiksberg district of Copenhagen, he was the younger brother of the painter Vilhelm Hammershøi (1864–1916) who was a strong source of influence and inspiration. After a preparatory period at the Copenhagen Technical College, he studied painting at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts from 1890 to 1892, after which he spent a further five years at Kunstnernes Frie Studieskoler, the artists school operated by Kristian Zahrtmann.

From the age of 14, Hammershøi had been interested in ceramics. In 1888, he began to decorate porcelain at Kjøbenhavns Lervarefabrik in Valby where from 1890 to 1905 he worked together with Thorvald Bindesbøll. Between 1893 and 1894 he published drawings in the symbolist magazine *Taarnet*. He also spent two lengthy periods with Herman A. Kähler in Næstved, in addition to assignments at the Kongelige Porcelainsfabrik and Bing & Grøndahl.

When Bindesbøll died in 1908, Hammershøi lost interest in ceramics and turned back to painting, concentrating on landscapes, initially sketches and watercolours, later oils. Hammershøi traveled to Berlin in 1894, to Dresden in 1896-97. On a study grant, he moved to England in 1910 where he spent the next four years creating architectural paintings of Oxford and Wells. From 1910 until 1933, he was almost annually in Oxford. He returned to Denmark during the First World War painting Kronborg, Gåsetårnet in Vordingborg and scenes of Copenhagen's old town.

He exhibited at the International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts in Paris during 1925 and at Royal Institute of British Architects in London in 1927. Hammershøi also published a biography: *Thorvald Bindesbøll in Memoriam, 1846-1946*. He died during 1948 in Copenhagen and was buried at Solbjerg Park Cemetery in Frederiksberg.

A painting of Svend Hammershøi (Nørregade Copenhagen) was sold at Sotherby’s in 2016 for circa 25.000 pounds.

## Awards

In 1925, Hammershøi (together with Holger Kyster) was awarded a gold medal at the International Exposition of Modern Industrial and Decorative Arts in Paris for his silverware.

Hammershøi became a Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog in 1925 and in 1944 he received the Thorvaldsen Medal.

## Legacy

While Hammershøi's ceramics have long been appreciated, his paintings have been overshadowed by those of his brother Vilhelm. Recently, however, international interest has grown in his scenes of nature and architecture, generally painted in the open air. His paintings often carry a sombre golden tone, creating a rather mystical impression of trees and buildings.

In 2008, Øregaard Museum in Hellerup (in conjunction with Næstved Museum and Skovgaard Museum) presented an extensive exhibition of Svend Hammershøi's work. Consisting of over a hundred artefacts, it included drawings, paintings, ceramics and silverware.

## Literature


title: Svend Hansen (footballer, born 1905)

abstract: Svend Hansen was a Danish footballer. He played in one match for the Denmark national football team in 1931.

text:
# Svend Hansen (footballer, born 1905)

**Svend Hansen** (5 December 1905  25 January 1976) was a Danish footballer. He played in one match for the Denmark national football team in 1931.

## InfoBox

Svend Hansen
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1905-12-05)5 December 1905 | | |
| Date of death | 25 January 1976(1976-01-25) (aged 70) | | |
| International career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1931 | Denmark | 1 | (0) |


title: Svend Hansen (footballer, born 1922)

abstract: Svend Hansen was a Danish footballer who played as a forward. He made two appearances for the Denmark national team from 1942 to 1949.

text:
# Svend Hansen (footballer, born 1922)

**Svend Hansen** (17 September 1922  7 May 2006) was a Danish footballer who played as a forward. He made two appearances for the Denmark national team from 1942 to 1949.

## InfoBox

Svend Hansen
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1922-09-17)17 September 1922 | | |
| Date of death | 7 May 2006(2006-05-07) (aged 83) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| –1950 | Odense BK |  |  |
| 1950–1952 | Atalanta | 70 | (13) |
| 1952–1953 | Aurora Pro Patria | 12 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 1942–1949 | Denmark | 2 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Supreme Ruler 2010

abstract: Supreme Ruler 2010 is a computer wargame in which a player controls all aspects of a region's government and attempts to unite a world of fragmented states in the year of 2010. The game was produced by BattleGoat Studios and released by Strategy First in 2005. Official support for Supreme Ruler 2010 ended in August 2006 with the release of the 6th update. The final version of the game was 4.6.1. A sequel, Supreme Ruler 2020, was released in 2008 by publisher Paradox Interactive.

text:
# Supreme Ruler 2010

***Supreme Ruler 2010*** is a computer wargame in which a player controls all aspects of a region's government and attempts to unite a world of fragmented states in the year of 2010.

The game was produced by BattleGoat Studios and released by Strategy First in 2005.

Official support for *Supreme Ruler 2010* ended in August 2006 with the release of the 6th update. The final version of the game was 4.6.1.

A sequel, *Supreme Ruler 2020*, was released in 2008 by publisher Paradox Interactive.

## Reception

*Supreme Ruler 2010* received "average" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

Brett Todd of *GameSpot* praised the game's ease of play and quantity of scenarios but criticized the difficulty as being artificially inflated. Barry Brenesal of *IGN* gave praise to its gameplay and interfaces but criticized the AI and the numerous bugs.

## InfoBox

| Supreme Ruler 2010 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | BattleGoat Studios |
| Publisher(s) |  |
| Platform(s) | Microsoft Windows |
| Release | * NA: May 10, 2005 * UK: July 7, 2006 |
| Genre(s) | Strategy |
| Mode(s) | Single player, multiplayer |


title: Suryakumari

abstract: Tanguturi Suryakumari, also known by her married name Suryakumari Elvin, was an Indian singer, actress and dancer in Telugu cinema. She sang "Maa Telugu Thalliki", the official song of the State of Andhra Pradesh. She was the winner of Miss Madras 1952 pageant and runner-up of the Miss India 1952 pageant. She was the niece of activist and politician Tanguturi Prakasam Pantulu, who served as the first chief minister of Andhra state and previously as the chief minister of Madras. As an actress, she has won the Outer Critics Circle Award for best actress, for playing Queen Sudarshana, in Rabindranath Tagore’s Off-Broadway play The King of the Dark Chamber in 1961.

text:
# Suryakumari

**Tanguturi Suryakumari** (13 November 1925 – 25 April 2005), also known by her married name **Suryakumari Elvin**, was an Indian singer, actress and dancer in Telugu cinema. She sang "Maa Telugu Thalliki", the official song of the State of Andhra Pradesh. She was the winner of Miss Madras 1952 pageant and runner-up of the Miss India 1952 pageant. She was the niece of activist and politician Tanguturi Prakasam Pantulu, who served as the first chief minister of Andhra state and previously as the chief minister of Madras.

As an actress, she has won the Outer Critics Circle Award for best actress, for playing Queen Sudarshana, in Rabindranath Tagore’s Off-Broadway play *The King of the Dark Chamber* in 1961.

## Career

Suryakumari was a film star at the age of 12, when a special part was written into the film *Vipranarayana* (1937) to accommodate her singing talents.

Suryakumari's next film *Adrushtam* (1939) was a success. Her other films include *Katakam* (1948) and *Samsara Nowka* (1949). *Katakam* was at first a Tamil play based on a lesser – known William Shakespeare play, *Cymbeline*. Suryakumari acted in the Tamil version of the film. Tanguturi Suryakumari later acted in some 25 films. Among these films, *Devatha* and *Raithu Bidda* made film history and contributed to the Golden age of Telugu Cinema. In the film, *Krishna Prema* by H. V. Babu, Suryakumari played the role of sage Narada. And it was first time in the history of Telugu cinema; a woman played the male role of Narada. In this film, for the first time, Surya Kumari's singing talents were fully utilised as Narada and her performance won her many laurels. Tanguturi Suryakumari also acted in Hindi movies *Watan* (1954) and *Uran Khatola* (1955). In the second one, Tanguturi Suryakumari acted with Hindi movie icon Dilip Kumar and was nominated for Best Supporting Actress award in the Filmfare Awards.

### As singer

Apart from her film career, Tanguturi Suryakumari was also well known for her private songs released as gramophone records and later as audiocassettes. The songs were melodious and had impressive lyrics. Her sweet voice added beauty to these songs. Tanguturi Suryakumari also sang some patriotic songs and in few of them Tanguturi Suryakumari praised Mahatma Gandhi. There were numerous songs sung by Suryakumari of which few of them are "Maa Telugu Talliki", "Mallepoodhandalu", "O Mahatma", "Satapatra Sundari", "Maamidichettunu" and others. Tanguturi Suryakumari also sang in a feature-length documentary film about Mahatma Gandhi, which was made by a patriotic Tamil writer and journalist, A. K. Chettiar.

Record companies came forward to record her voice, and at a time when gramophones were not yet common, her songs could be heard everywhere. Patrons in restaurants and outdoor cafes would pay extra if their meal was accompanied by Surya's songs, and passing traffic would stop until a song had finished. Her presence was a major attraction at meetings of the Indian National Congress, and her recordings reached rural areas unvisited by politicians. Even today, her most famous song, "Maa Telugu Thalli" (in praise of her mother tongue), is sung at the start of social functions in her home state of Andhra.

## Career in the West

Altogether, Surya appeared in some 25 Indian films in the 1940s and 1950s, singing and acting in a variety of languages, including Telugu, Sanskrit, Tamil, Gujarati, Hindi and English.

She had her film admirers too, for her films like *Raithu Bidda* (1939), *Bhagyalakshmi* (1943), *Krishna Prema* (1943), *Maradalu Pelli* (1952) and Hindi films *Watan* (1954), *Uran Khatola* (1955).

In the mid-1950s, she made her first visit to the US, as a member of a delegation from the Indian film industry invited to Hollywood by the Motion Picture Association of America (though union regulations precluded her from film work there).

In 1959, she went to New York to teach at the Columbia University, and also to add to her skills by studying western classical and popular dance forms. On her arrival, she appeared on television alongside the Indian ambassador and sang Indian songs. Making her debut stage appearance in American theatre, she portrayed Queen Sudarshana in Rabindranath Tagore's play *The King of the Dark Chamber* in Jan Hus Playhouse Theater, in February 1961. Commending her performance, *Red Bank Register* wrote that she "displayed luminous artistry to match appealing beauty." For the performance, she was awarded the Off-Broadway Award Critics' Award for Best Actress. Suryakumari had an acquaintance with the great Alfred Hitchcock. She also took the role of Princess Chitra in the dance production of Tagore's Chitra for CBS, and researched Indian stories for Alfred Hitchcock.

### Journey to London

In 1965, Suryakumari travelled to London. Scheduled to play the Hindu deity Kali in *Kindly Monkeys*, a new play at the Arts Theatre, she decided at the end of the run to stay on and found India Performing Arts in Kensington with her husband Harold Elvin, a project to train performers and mount productions. Annual performances by Suryakumari herself, her students and fellow artists followed at the Purcell Room, in the South Bank Centre, for the next 40 years.

From 1973, Surya was supported in her work by her husband, Harold Elvin, poet, painter and potter, reading his poetry and telling his stories as she sang and played the tanpura and sitar.

Something of the flavour of these gatherings may be gained from the programmes for two events in 1982, with schoolchildren appearing alongside Ben Kingsley in Homage To Mahatma Gandhi, and Larry Adler's harmonica improvisations (complemented by Surya's instrumental accompaniment) in *An Indian Pageant*. Surya's political commitments were engrained in all her work, whether as chief singer at the Gandhi centenary commemoration at St Paul's cathedral in 1969, or with the Hordaland Teater of Bergen, for children in Norway, with whom she worked from 1991 to 1998. He predeceased her. Tanguturi Suryakumari, a singer, actor and dancer, died on 25 April 2005, aged 79.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Tanguturi Suryakumari | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1925-11-13)13 November 1925
Rajahmundry, Madras Presidency, British India
(today in Andhra Pradesh, India) |
| Died | 25 April 2005(2005-04-25) (aged 79)
London, England, UK |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Other names | Tanguturu Suryakumari |
| Occupation(s) | Model, singer, actress, dancer |
| Spouse | Harold Elvin |


title: Suryamaninagar Assembly constituency

abstract: Suryamaninagar is one of the 60 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Tripura state in India. It is in West Tripura district and a part of West Tripura.

text:
# Suryamaninagar Assembly constituency

**Suryamaninagar** is one of the 60 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Tripura state in India. It is in West Tripura district and a part of West Tripura (Lok Sabha constituency).

## Members of the Legislative Assembly

| Election | Member | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | Rajkumar Chowdhury |  | Communist Party of India |
| 2018 | Ram Prasad Paul |  | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2023 | | | |

## Election results

### 2023 Assembly election

2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election: Suryamaninagar
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **BJP** | **Ram Prasad Paul** | **24,991** | **49.92%** | **2.86** |
|  | INC | Susanta Chakraborty | 23,083 | 46.11% | 45.18 |
|  | Independent | Mohanta Barman | 756 | 1.51% | *New* |
|  | NOTA | None of the Above | 730 | 1.46% | 0.77 |
|  | Independent | Biplab Majumder | 503 | 1.00% | *New* |
| Margin of victory | | | 1,908 | 3.81% | 5.88 |
| Turnout | | | 50,063 | 92.46% | 3.20 |
| Registered electors | | | 54,213 |  | 9.91 |
|  | BJP **hold** | | Swing | 2.86 |  |

### 2018 Assembly election

2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election: Suryamaninagar
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **BJP** | **Ram Prasad Paul** | **24,874** | **52.78%** | **51.44** |
|  | CPI(M) | Rajkumar Chowdhury | 20,307 | 43.09% | 7.39 |
|  | INC | Prasanta Bhattacharjee | 436 | 0.93% | 45.73 |
|  | NOTA | None of the Above | 325 | 0.69% | *New* |
|  | AMB | Jagadish Das | 282 | 0.60% | *New* |
| Margin of victory | | | 4,567 | 9.69% | 5.87 |
| Turnout | | | 47,128 | 94.47% | 0.01 |
| Registered electors | | | 49,324 |  | 10.05 |
|  | BJP **gain** from CPI(M) | | Swing | 2.31 |  |

### 2013 Assembly election

2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election: Suryamaninagar
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **CPI(M)** | **Rajkumar Chowdhury** | **21,613** | **50.47%** | ***New*** |
|  | INC | Avijit Deb | 19,979 | 46.66% | *New* |
|  | BJP | Tapas Majumder | 575 | 1.34% | *New* |
|  | Independent | Nepal Chandra Das | 382 | 0.89% | *New* |
|  | SUCI(C) | Babul Banik | 271 | 0.63% | *New* |
| Margin of victory | | | 1,634 | 3.82% |  |
| Turnout | | | 42,820 | 95.62% |  |
| Registered electors | | | 44,818 |  |  |
|  | CPI(M) **win** (new seat) | | | | |

23°46′N 91°16′E / 23.76°N 91.27°E / 23.76; 91.27

## InfoBox

| Suryamaninagar | |
| --- | --- |
| Constituency No. 18 for the Tripura Legislative Assembly | |
|  | |
| Constituency details | |
| Country | India |
| Region | Northeast India |
| State | Tripura |
| District | West Tripura |
| LS constituency | Tripura West |
| Established | 2008 |
| Total electors | 54,213 |
| Reservation | None |
| Member of Legislative Assembly | |
| 13th Tripura Legislative Assembly | |
| **Incumbent**  **Ram Prasad Paul** | |
| Party | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| Elected year | 2023 |


title: Suryamal Mishran Shikhar Award

abstract: Suryamal Mishran Shikhar Award is a literary honour granted by the Rajasthani Bhasha Sahitya and Sanskriti Akademi for special contribution to Rajasthani literature. It was established in the memory of the 19th century poet-historian Suryamal Misran.

text:
# Suryamal Mishran Shikhar Award

**Suryamal Mishran Shikhar Award** is a literary honour granted by the Rajasthani Bhasha Sahitya and Sanskriti Akademi for special contribution to Rajasthani literature. It was established in the memory of the 19th century poet-historian Suryamal Misran.

## Recipients

The award consists of 71,000. Following is the list of recipients:

| Year | Author | Title of the work | Genre | Amount | References |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1985-86 | Shakti Dan Kaviya | Sanskriti ri Souram | Essay | 11,000 |  |
| 1986-87 | Kanhaiya Lal Sethia | Sabad | Poetry | 11,000 |  |
| 1987-88 | Narayan Singh Shivakar, Nokha | Durgadas Satsai | Poetry | 11,000 |  |
| 1988-89 | Bhagwatiprasad Choudhary | Tulsi Channan | Poetry | 11,000 |  |
| 1990-91 | Kalyan Singh Rajawat | Kun Kun Nain Bilmasi | Poetry | 11,000 |  |
| 1991-92 | Annaram Sudama | Achook Ilaaj | Story | 11,000 |  |
| 1992-93 | Jyotipunj | Bol Dungri Dhab Dhabuk | Poetry | 11,000 |  |
| 1993-94 | Dr. Narsingh Rajpurohit | Adhura Supna | Story | 11,000 |  |
| 1994-95 | Kishore Kalpanakant | Kukh Padyai ri Peed | Poetry | 15,000 |  |
| 1995-96 | Dr. Nemnarayan Joshi | Oloon ri Akhiyatan | Sketch | 21,000 |  |
| 1996-97 | Badridan Gaden | Antas Alok | Poetry | 21,000 |  |
| 1997-98 | Arjun Deo Charan | Dharam Juddha | Drama | 21,000 |  |
| 1998-99 | Satyen Joshi | Fer Ugaila Suraj | Poetry | 21,000 |  |
| 1999-2000 | Srilal Nathmal Joshi | Maindhi, Kaneer ar Gulab | Story | 21,000 |  |
| 2000-2001 | Suryashankar Pareek | Suraj Kade Visunjai Koni | Essay | 21,000 |  |
| 2001-02 | Dr. Govind Singh Rathod | Ganva Me Ganv Suhavno | Story | 21,000 |  |
| 2002-03 | Dr. Kundan Mali | Sagar Pankhi | Poetry | 21,000 |  |
| 2003-04 | Malchand Tiwari | Celebration | Story | 21,000 |  |
| 2004-05 | Chandra Prakash Deval | Udeek Purana | Poetry | 21,000 |  |
| 2005-06 | Dr. Venkat Sharma | Kavya Shastra: Bhartiya Deeth | Essay | 21,000 |  |
| 2006-07 | Mangat Badal | Dashmesh | Poetry | 21,000 |  |
| 2011-12 | Shivraj Changani | Ikkad Bikkad | Poetry | 31,000 |  |
| 2012-13 | Aidan Singh Bhati | Aankh Hiye ra Harial Sapna | Poetry | 71,000 |  |
| 2013-14 | Nand Bharadwaj | Badalti Sargam | Story Collection | 71,000 |  |
| 2022-23 | Madhu Acharya 'Ashawadi' | Peed Adi Pal Bandh | Poetry | 71,000 |  |

## InfoBox

| Suryamal Mishran Shikhar Award | |
| --- | --- |
| Award for contributions to Literature | |
| Sponsored by | Rajasthani Bhasha Sahitya and Sanskriti Akademi, Government of Rajasthan |
| Reward(s) | 71,000 (US$850) |
| First awarded | 1985 |
| Last awarded | 2023 |
| Highlights | |
| Total awarded | 25 |
| First winner | Shakti Dan Kaviya |
| Most Recent winner | Madhu Acharya |
| Website | artandculture.rajasthan.gov.in |


title: Sverrir Guðnason

abstract: Sverrir Páll Guðnason is a Swedish and Icelandic actor. Sverrir was born in Lund, Sweden, to Icelandic parents and raised in Reykjavík, Iceland. He first performed on stage in Heimsljós in the Reykjavík City Theatre and the same year he appeared in Áramótaskaupið. He moved with his family to Tyresö, Sweden, in 1990 when his father found work as a professor at the Royal Institute of Technology. At the 2009 Shanghai International Film Festival, he received an award for Best Actor for his role in the Swedish/Danish film Original. He has since played the role of Pontus Höijer in the second series of Wallander as well as leading roles in productions at both Gothenburg's and Stockholm's city theaters. He was cast as Björn Borg in the 2017 film Borg vs McEnroe. In 2018, he played Mikael Blomkvist in the thriller The Girl in the Spider's Web. In the 2020 film Falling which was written, directed and played in by Viggo Mortensen, he plays the role of the caustically misogynist father as a difficult young family man in the flashback scenes.

text:
# Sverrir Guðnason

**Sverrir Páll Guðnason** (born 12 September 1978) is a Swedish and Icelandic actor.

Sverrir was born in Lund, Sweden, to Icelandic parents and raised in Reykjavík, Iceland. He first performed on stage in *Heimsljós* in the Reykjavík City Theatre and the same year he appeared in *Áramótaskaupið*. He moved with his family to Tyresö, Sweden, in 1990 when his father found work as a professor at the Royal Institute of Technology. At the 2009 Shanghai International Film Festival, he received an award for Best Actor for his role in the Swedish/Danish film *Original*. He has since played the role of Pontus Höijer in the second series of *Wallander* as well as leading roles in productions at both Gothenburg's and Stockholm's city theaters.

He was cast as Björn Borg in the 2017 film *Borg vs McEnroe*. In 2018, he played Mikael Blomkvist in the thriller *The Girl in the Spider's Web*. In the 2020 film *Falling* which was written, directed and played in by Viggo Mortensen, he plays the role of the caustically misogynist father as a difficult young family man in the flashback scenes.

## Personal life

Sverrir was born to Guðni A. Jóhannesson (1951-2023), the former Secretary General of the Icelandic National Energy Regulatory, and Bryndís Sverrisdóttir. His grandfather on his mother's side was Icelandic politician and banker Sverrir Hermannsson.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2001 | *Familjehemligheter* | Bengan |  |
| 2001 | *Festival* | Lukas |  |
| 2003 | *Sprickorna i muren* | Jonny |  |
| 2003 | *Köftbögen* |  |  |
| 2004 | *6 Points* | Marcus |  |
| 2004 | *Miss Sweden* | Conny |  |
| 2005 | *Den utvalde* | Anders |  |
| 2006 | *Min frus förste älskare* | Jonas |  |
| 2009 | *Original* | Henry |  |
| 2011 | *Hur många lingon finns det i världen?* | Alex |  |
| 2012 | *Mörkt vatten* | Daniel |  |
| 2012 | *Call Girl* | Krister |  |
| 2012 | *The Passion of Marie* | Hugo Alfvén |  |
| 2013 | *Love and Lemons* | David Kummel |  |
| 2013 | *Waltz for Monica* | Sture Åkerberg |  |
| 2014 | *Gentlemen* | Leo Morgan |  |
| 2014 | *Min så kallade pappa* | Frank |  |
| 2014 | *Flugparken* | Kille |  |
| 2015 | *The Circle* | Max Rosenqvist |  |
| 2016 | *A Serious Game* | Arvid Stjärnblom |  |
| 2017 | *Borg vs McEnroe* | Björn Borg |  |
| 2018 | *The Girl in the Spider's Web* | Mikael Blomkvist |  |
| 2018 | *Føniks* | Nils |  |
| 2020 | *Charter* | Mattias |  |
| 2020 | *Falling* | Young Willis Peterson |  |
| 2020 | *The Book of Vision* | Dr. Nils Lindgren |  |
| 2021 | *Omerta 6/12* | Vasa Jankovic | Post-production |
| 2023 | *Northern Comfort* | Alphons |  |
|

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1996–1997 | *Sexton* | Jonas | Miniseries; 16 episodes |
| 1998 | *Nini* |  | Unknown episodes |
| 2000 | *Jesus lever* | Felix Eriksson | Television film |
| 2001 | *Nya tider* | Björn "Nalle" Jepson | Unknown episodes |
| 2001 | *En ängels tålamod* |  | Episode #2.10 |
| 2002 | *Stora teatern* | Oliver | Miniseries; 4 episodes |
| 2003 | *Cleo* | Jonas | 6 episodes |
| 2005 | *Kommissionen* | Hampus | Episode: "Psaltaren 37:2" |
| 2005 | *Lasermannen* | Ralf | Miniseries; episode 1 |
| 2007 | *How Soon Is Now?* | Tommy Berglund | Miniseries; 4 episodes |
| 2008 | *Kungamordet* | Rasmus Hamberg | Miniseries; 4 episodes |
| 2009 | *183 dagar* | Danny | 2 episodes |
| 2009 | *Hotell Kantarell* | Spiken | Episode: "Åkes rosa period" |
| 2009–2010 | *Wallander* | Pontus | 12 episodes |
| 2010–2011 | *Drottningoffret* | Rasmus Hamberg | Miniseries; 3 episodes |
| 2015 | *Badehotellet* | Ernst Bremer | 3 episodes |
| 2016 | *Gentlemen & Gangsters* | Leo Morgan | Miniseries; 3 episodes |

## InfoBox

| Sverrir Guðnason | |
| --- | --- |
| Gudnason at the Stockholm International Film Festival in November 2014 | |
| Born | (1978-09-12) 12 September 1978<br>Lund, Sweden |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1996–present |


title: Surdag

abstract:
Surdag is a village in Karak District located in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Zip Code: 27200
Total Papulation: 4200
Male: 2000
Female: 2200
No of School High  :
No of Primary Schools: 01 (F), 01 (M) Village Latamber, Rahmat Abad, Bahadar Khel and Shobley Kala are located in West, East, North and South respectively. Surdag is located at a latitude of 34°18'56.9988" N, and a longitude of 70°13'54.0012" E.

text:
# Surdag

**Surdag** is a village in Karak District located in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Zip Code: 27200 Total Papulation: 4200 Male: 2000 Female: 2200 No of School High  : (Male-01, Female-01) No of Primary Schools: 01 (F), 01 (M)  Village Latamber, Rahmat Abad, Bahadar Khel and Shobley Kala are located in West, East, North and South respectively.

Surdag is located at a latitude of 34°18'56.9988" N, and a longitude of 70°13'54.0012" E.


title: Surdegis

abstract: Surdegis is a town in Anykščiai district municipality, in Utena County, in northeast Lithuania. According to the 2011 census, the town had a population of 158 people.

text:
# Surdegis

**Surdegis** is a town in Anykščiai district municipality, in Utena County, in northeast Lithuania. According to the 2011 census, the town had a population of 158 people.

## Notable residents

## InfoBox

| Surdegis | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
|  | |
| Surdegis | |
| Coordinates: 55°40′10″N 24°48′30″E / 55.66944°N 24.80833°E / 55.66944; 24.80833 | |
| Country | Lithuania |
| County | Utena County |
| Municipality | Anykščiai |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 158 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Sussex Shores, Delaware

abstract: Sussex Shores is an unincorporated community in Sussex County, Delaware, United States. Sussex Shores is located along the Atlantic Ocean and Delaware Route 1, north of Bethany Beach and south of Delaware Seashore State Park. Sussex Shores was built in the 1950s and was the first of several developments built to the north of Bethany Beach.

text:
# Sussex Shores, Delaware

**Sussex Shores** is an unincorporated community in Sussex County, Delaware, United States. Sussex Shores is located along the Atlantic Ocean and Delaware Route 1, north of Bethany Beach and south of Delaware Seashore State Park. Sussex Shores was built in the 1950s and was the first of several developments built to the north of Bethany Beach.

## InfoBox

| Sussex Shores, Delaware | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Sussex ShoresSussex Shores | |
| Coordinates: 38°33′00″N 75°03′26″W / 38.55000°N 75.05722°W / 38.55000; -75.05722 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Delaware |
| County | Sussex |
| Elevation | 10 ft (3 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 19930 |
| Area code | 302 |
| GNIS feature ID | 214709 |


title: Susanna Calkins

abstract: Susanna Calkins is an American writer of historical mysteries, an historian, and a university teacher and administrator. Through 2020, her publications include five mystery novels in two series, as well as a work of non-fiction about higher education. Her third novel, The Masque of a Murderer won the Sue Feder Historical Mystery Award in 2016 for Best Historical Novel. Born in Philadelphia, Calkins attended Northwestern University, graduating with a Master of Science in education. She then went to graduate school at Purdue University, earning Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in history. Calkins was an assistant professor of history at the University of Louisville through 2003 before becoming a lecturer in higher-education administration and associate director of Searle Center for Advanced Learning & Teaching at Northwestern University. Calkins lives with her husband and two sons in the Chicago area.

text:
# Susanna Calkins

**Susanna Calkins** (born November 3, 1971) is an American writer of historical mysteries, an historian, and a university teacher and administrator. Through 2020, her publications include five mystery novels in two series, as well as a work of non-fiction about higher education. Her third novel, *The Masque of a Murderer* won the Sue Feder Historical Mystery Award (a Macavity Award) in 2016 for Best Historical Novel.

Born in Philadelphia, Calkins attended Northwestern University, graduating with a Master of Science in education. She then went to graduate school at Purdue University, earning Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in history. Calkins was an assistant professor of history at the University of Louisville through 2003 before becoming a lecturer in higher-education administration and associate director of Searle Center for Advanced Learning & Teaching at Northwestern University. Calkins lives with her husband and two sons in the Chicago area.

## Critical reception

Calkins' first four novels, the Lucy Campion series, are set in 17th-century London. Mystery author Stefanie Pintoff says of the first novel, *A Murder at Rosamund's Gate*, "Susanna Calkins makes Restoration England come alive... Murder, romance, and flawless social history combine into a beautifully crafted mystery...".

Critic Bethany Latham finds Calkins' second novel, *From the Charred Remains*, disappointing. The protagonist, Campion, is naive in matters of love, the other characters are "unevenly crafted", and the plot is too often contrived, she says.

The third novel, *The Masque of a Murderer*, won the Sue Feder Historical Mystery Award (a Macavity Award) in 2016 for Best Historical Novel. Writing for the Historical Novel Society, reviewer Rebecca Henderson Palmer praises the novel for its historical detail. "The printing presses, the Quakers’ struggles with the king, the searcher with her bell, the scold's bridle, the societal upheaval after both the plague, and then the fire – all provide a setting that becomes another character in the tale."

Publishers Weekly gives a mixed review of the fourth novel in the series, *Death Along the River Fleet*. "Calkins deftly evokes period attitudes toward mental illness," the reviewer writes, "but with a pivotal character too impaired to generate much suspense or action, the first half of the story doesn’t do justice to Lucy’s resourcefulness or the author’s full gifts."

*Kirkus Reviews* says of Calkins' *Murder Knocks Twice*, "A spunky sleuth and plenty of period flavor enliven the first in a new series...", which is set in a speakeasy in Chicago.

## Bibliography

### Lucy Campion series

* *A Murder at Rosamund's Gate* (2013)
* *From the Charred Remains* (2014)
* *The Masque of a Murderer* (2015)
* *A Death Along the River Fleet* (2016)

### Speakeasy series

* *Murder Knocks Twice* (2019)

### Non-fiction

* *Learning and Teaching in Higher Education: The Reflective Professional*, 2nd ed. with Greg Light and Roy Cox (2009)
* "Colonial Whips, Royal Writs and the Quaker Challenge: Elizabeth Hooton's Voyages through New England in the Seventeenth Century"

## InfoBox

| Susanna Calkins | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1971-11-03) November 3, 1971<br>Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Occupation | * Mystery writer * historian * college administrator |
| Education |  |
| Notable awards | Macavity Award for Best Historical Novel, 2016 |
| Website | |
| www.susannacalkins.com | |


title: Suur-Pahila

abstract: Suur-Pahila is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County in western Estonia. Before the administrative reform in 2017, the village was in Orissaare Parish.

text:
# Suur-Pahila

**Suur-Pahila** is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County in western Estonia.

Before the administrative reform in 2017, the village was in Orissaare Parish.

58°33′N 22°51′E / 58.550°N 22.850°E / 58.550; 22.850

## InfoBox

| Suur-Pahila | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Country | Estonia |
| County | Saare County |
| Parish | Saaremaa Parish |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Swatara Gap

abstract: Swatara Gap is a water gap through Blue Mountain formed by the Swatara Creek in Lebanon County, Pennsylvania. PA Route 72 as well as Interstate 81 pass through the gap. The Appalachian Trail passes through the gap over the Waterville Bridge in Swatara State Park. The area was a fossil collecting site. "Swatara" comes from a Susquehannock word, Swahadowry or Schaha-dawa, which means "where we feed on eels". Ancient Native Americans built dozens of eel-weirs, V-shaped rock barriers designed to funnel eels to facilitate capture, on the Susquehanna River and its tributaries.

text:
# Swatara Gap

**Swatara Gap** is a water gap through Blue Mountain formed by the Swatara Creek in Lebanon County, Pennsylvania. PA Route 72 as well as Interstate 81 pass through the gap. The Appalachian Trail passes through the gap over the Waterville Bridge in Swatara State Park. The area was a fossil collecting site. "Swatara" comes from a Susquehannock word, *Swahadowry* or *Schaha-dawa*, which means "where we feed on eels". Ancient Native Americans built dozens of eel-weirs, V-shaped rock barriers designed to funnel eels to facilitate capture, on the Susquehanna River and its tributaries.

## InfoBox

| Swatara Gap | |
| --- | --- |
| View of Swatara Gap and Swatara Creek from the Waterville Bridge | |
| Elevation | 433 ft (132 m) |
| Traversed by | PA 72,  I-81 |
| Range | Blue Mountain |
| Coordinates | 40°28′43″N 76°31′44″W / 40.47861°N 76.52889°W / 40.47861; -76.52889 |
|  | |


title: Svanholm Singers

abstract: Svanholm Singers is an internationally acclaimed Swedish male-voice chamber choir founded in 1998 and based in Lund. It comprises around 20 singers, most of whom between 20 and 30 years of age. The choir is led by conductor Sofia Söderberg, and is known for its precise intonation, tonal focus, and vivid dynamics. Svanholm Singers performs concerts and tours mainly in Europe and Asia. With a core repertoire centered around the Scandinavian and Baltic choral tradition, including collaborations with the Estonian composer Veljo Tormis, the choir promotes new compositions or arrangements for men's chorus. It has commissioned works by, among others, Knut Nystedt (Norway), Peter Bruun (Denmark), John Milne (USA), Arturo Salinas (Mexico), and Swedish composers Tobias Broström, Christian Engquist and Daniel Hjort. Svanholm Singers regularly commissions works by the conductor and members of the choir. In 2012, it announced the Svanholm Singers Composition Award, which attracted 46 entries from five continents.

text:
# Svanholm Singers

**Svanholm Singers** is an internationally acclaimed Swedish male-voice chamber choir founded in 1998 and based in Lund. It comprises around 20 singers, most of whom between 20 and 30 years of age. The choir is led by conductor Sofia Söderberg, and is known for its precise intonation, tonal focus, and vivid dynamics. Svanholm Singers performs concerts and tours mainly in Europe and Asia.

With a core repertoire centered around the Scandinavian and Baltic choral tradition, including collaborations with the Estonian composer Veljo Tormis, the choir promotes new compositions or arrangements for men's chorus. It has commissioned works by, among others, Knut Nystedt (Norway), Peter Bruun (Denmark), John Milne (USA), Arturo Salinas (Mexico), and Swedish composers Tobias Broström, Christian Engquist and Daniel Hjort. Svanholm Singers regularly commissions works by the conductor and members of the choir. In 2012, it announced the *Svanholm Singers Composition Award* (prize money $9,500), which attracted 46 entries from five continents.

## History

The choir was founded by conductor Eva Svanholm Bohlin in 1998, and named in honor of her father, the opera singer Set Svanholm. In 2001, Sofia Söderberg took over as conductor.

## Discography

* *Svanholm Singers* (1999)
* *Romance* (2002)
* *december* (2004)
* *Live in Japan* (2006)
* *Tormis – Works for Men's Voices* (2007)
* *Fingerprints* (2010)
* *Exclusive* (2019)

### Collaborative works

With Marius Neset and Daniel Herskedal:

## Awards

The choir has won several awards and prizes, including Toner för miljoner (Sweden, 1998), the Takarazuka International Chamber Chorus Contest (Japan 1999), the Madetoja Festival (Finland 2005), the Concorso Internazionale di Canto Corale C. A. Seghizzi (Italy 2006), the 10th International Choir Festival “Tallinn 2007” (Estonia 2007), the LV International Habaneras and Polyphony Contest of Torrevieja (Spain 2009), the Béla Bartók International Choir Competition (Hungary 2010), and the Tolosa Choral Contest (Spain, 2016).

## InfoBox

| Svanholm Singers | |
| --- | --- |
| Choir | |
|  | |
| Origin | Lund, Sweden |
| Founded | 1998 |
| Founder | Eva Svanholm Bohlin |
| Genre | Classical, Folk music |
| Members | 20 |
| Music director | Sofia Söderberg |
| Website | www.svanholmsingers.se |


title: Swedish post-war prefabricated houses

abstract: Swedish post-war prefabricated houses were a response to the housing shortage in Great Britain following the Second World War. 5,000 homes were built from kits made in Sweden and assembled on site. The first of these houses were built at Abbots Langley, Hertfordshire, in January 1946. The Housing Act 1944 planned the building of 300,000 prefab houses in Britain over the next four years. They were to have a structural lifetime of between 10 and 15 years. In the end just over 150,000 were built. They were a gift of the Swedish government. They are an example of the use of "prefabs'" to deal with the post-war housing shortage in the UK. Many survive to this day and some have become listed buildings.

text:
# Swedish post-war prefabricated houses

**Swedish post-war prefabricated houses** were a response to the housing shortage in Great Britain following the Second World War. 5,000 homes were built from kits made in Sweden and assembled on site. The first of these houses were built at Abbots Langley, Hertfordshire, in January 1946. The Housing (Temporary Accommodation) Act 1944 planned the building of 300,000 prefab houses in Britain over the next four years. They were to have a structural lifetime of between 10 and 15 years. In the end just over 150,000 were built. They were a gift of the Swedish government. They are an example of the use of "prefabs'" to deal with the post-war housing shortage in the UK. Many survive to this day and some have become listed buildings.

## Origins

Scandinavian wooden prefabricated houses had been introduced to Scotland in 1920, with Dundee Corporation building 556, Aberdeen Corporation 76 and from 1937 the Scottish Special Housing Association 350. Robert Matthew, in 1945 Chief Architect in the Department of Health for Scotland was stranded in Sweden for VE Day. However he spent the time designing kits for prefabricated houses which conformed to the recommendations of the 1944 UK government report *Planning our New Homes*.


title: Sveti Lovreč Pazenatički

abstract: Sveti Lovreč Pazenatički is a village in the municipality of Sveti Lovreč, Istria in Croatia.

text:
# Sveti Lovreč Pazenatički

**Sveti Lovreč Pazenatički** (Italian: **San Lorenzo del Pasenatico**) is a village in the municipality of Sveti Lovreč, Istria in Croatia.

## Demographics

According to the 2021 census, its population was 267.

## InfoBox

| Sveti Lovreč Pazenatički San Lorenzo del Pasenatico | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Sveti Lovreč Pazenatički | |
| Coordinates: 45°10′36″N 13°43′34″E / 45.1767844°N 13.7261505°E / 45.1767844; 13.7261505 | |
| Country | Croatia |
| County | Istria County |
| Municipality | Sveti Lovreč |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 267 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 52448 Sveti Lovreč |
| Area code | 052 |


title: Sveti Matej

abstract: Sveti Matej is a village in Croatia.

text:
# Sveti Matej

**Sveti Matej** ("Saint Matthew") is a village in Croatia.

## Description

In the village is located an old church dedicated to Matthew the Apostle. In 2001, there were 631 residents of this village.

45°58′N 16°04′E / 45.967°N 16.067°E / 45.967; 16.067

## InfoBox

| Sveti Matej | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | Croatia |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.7 sq mi (7.1 km2) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 502 |
| Density | 180/sq mi (71/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |