title: List of artillery video games

abstract: This is a list of artillery games, sorted chronologically. Information regarding date of release, developer, platform, setting and notability is provided when available.

text:
# List of artillery video games

This is a **list of artillery games**, sorted chronologically. Information regarding date of release, developer, platform, setting and notability is provided when available.

## Legend

**Video game platforms**
| AMI Amiga  AMI32 Amiga CD32  APPII Apple II  ATR26 Atari 2600  BROW Browser game  C64 Commodore 64  CLV ColecoVision  CROSS Cross-platform  DC Dreamcast  DOS MS-DOS  DS Nintendo DS  GB Game Boy  GBA Game Boy Advance  GBC Game Boy Color  GCN GameCube   GEN Genesis / Mega Drive  JAG Jaguar  LIN Linux  MAC Mac  MAIN Mainframe computer  MOBI Mobile phone  N64 Nintendo 64  NGE N-Gage  ODY2 Magnavox Odyssey²  OSX macOS / OS X  PPC Pocket PC  PS1 PlayStation / PSone  PS2 PlayStation 2  PS3 PlayStation 3  PS4 PlayStation 4   PSP PlayStation Portable  SAT Sega Saturn  SNES Super NES / Super Famicom  ST Atari ST  UNIX Unix  Wii Wii  WIN Microsoft Windows  WIN3X Windows 3.x  X360 Xbox 360  XBLA Xbox Live Arcade  XBOX Xbox  XOne Xbox One  ZX ZX Spectrum |
| --- |

## List

| Year | Game | Developer | Platform | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1970? | *Artillery* (a.k.a. *Super Artillery*) | ? | Tektronix 4050 | Graphical artillery game for Tektronix 4050 series computers. |
| 1972 | *War 3* (a.k.a. *Artillery 3*) | Mike Forman | MAIN, Intel 8080, MOS Technology 6502, Zilog Z80 | Original written in FOCAL Mod V (date unknown). TSS-8 BASIC IV port by M. E. Lyon Jr., 1972. HP Time-Shared BASIC port by Brian West, 1975. Microsoft BASIC port published by Creative Computing, 1979. |
| 1976 | *Secret base* | SEGA | Arcade | A secret bunker within a mountain. You control planes (hi/lo) which can bomb the place in diagonals. The side of bombing changes when the planes passes the middle of the screen.The goal is to dig the mountain with bombs, so the underground facility of missiles detonate. loads of similarity with the future "Worms" game, but much more real time bombing. |
| 1979 | *Human Cannonball* | Atari, Inc. | ATR26 |  |
| 1980? | *Artillery* | unknown | APPII | No date or name. 2-player game. Hi-res. Triangular mountain. |
| 1980? | *Artillery* | Rick Longbrake | APPII | No date. 1-player game. Lo-res. Broken version on Computers Etc., Games Vol 1. Working version found in RI Apple Group archive. |
| 1980 | *Artillery Simulator* | B. Goodson | APPII | Goodson version dated 10/1/80. No date or credit on earlier version that asks for bags of gunpowder instead of force. |
| 1980? | *Ballistics* | unknown | APPII | No date or name. Adaption of early *Artillery Simulator* for joystick control. |
| 1980 | *Super Artillery* | Greg Stein, Rainy City Software | APPII | MICRO, August 1980, $20 mail order. |
| 1981 | *Stone Sling* | Philips | ODY2 |  |
| 1982 | *Artillery Practice* | Jack Kenne | APPII | 1-player game. Inspired by Bally Artillery game in August 1982 Creative Computing by John W. Rhodes. Draws rough terrain instead of a single hill. |
| 1983 | *Artillery Duel* | Xonox | ATR26, C64, CLV, VIC20 |  |
| 1983 | *Tank Trax* | Amoeba Software | ZX |  |
| 1986 | *Tank Wars* | Cody Snider | Various |  |
| 1987 | *Ballerburg* | Eckhard Kruse | ST |  |
| 1988 | *Gravity Wars* | Ed Bartz | AMI, DOS, MAC |  |
| 1991 | *Gorillas* | Microsoft | DOS | Example program for QBasic. |
| 1991 | *Scorched Earth* | Wendell Hicken | DOS |  |
| 1993 | *Scorched Tanks* | Michael Welch | AMI |  |
| 1994 | *Charr* | Michael Boeh | AMI | An innovative Artillery clone (Public Domain) for up to eight players, with adjustable difficulty, various protective shields, nice sound effects and especially *many* varied special projectiles. Downloadable via Aminet ('CHARR100.lha') or oldgamesfinder.com |
| 1995 | *Worms* | Team17 | AMI, AMI32, DOS, GB, GEN, JAG, MAC, PS1, SAT, SNES |  |
| 1995 | *Worms Reinforcements* | Team17 | AMI | Expansion to *Worms*. |
| 1996 | *Death Tank* | Ezra Dreisbach | SAT | Mini-game in *PowerSlave*. |
| 1996 | *Death Tank Zwei* | Ezra Dreisbach | SAT | Mini-game in *Duke Nukem 3D*. |
| 1996 | *Worms & Reinforcements United* | Team17 | AMI | Rerelease of *Worms* and *Worms Reinforcements*. |
| 1997 | *MoleZ* | FRACTiLE | DOS |  |
| 1997 | *Worms: The Director's Cut* | Team17 | AMI | Enhanced remake of *Worms*. |
| 1997 | *Worms 2* | Team17 | WIN | Sequel to *Worms*. |
| 1998 | *Liero* | Joosa Riekkinen | DOS |  |
| 1999 | *Worms Armageddon* | Team17 | DC, GBC, N64, PS1, WIN |  |
| 2000 | *Hogs of War* | Infogrames | PS1, WIN |  |
| 2001 | *Pocket Tanks* | Blitwise | OSX, WIN |  |
| 2001 | *Scorched 3D* | Gavin Camp | LIN, OSX, UNIX, WIN |  |
| 2001 | *Ballerburg: Castle Siege* | Ascaron | WIN, PS1 |  |
| 2001 | *Worms World Party* | Team17 | DC, GBA, NGE, PPC, PS1, WIN | Sequel to *Worms Armageddon*. |
| 2003 | *Atomic Cannon* | Isotope 244 | MAC, WIN |  |
| 2003 | *Worms 3D* | Team17 | GCN, MAC, PS2, WIN, Xbox | Sequel to *Worms 2*. |
| 2003 | *Space Tanks* | YawThrust Software Labs | WIN |  |
| 2004 | *Snails* | PDAmill | PPC |  |
| 2004 | *Worms Forts: Under Siege* | Team17 | MOBI, PS2, WIN, Xbox |  |
| 2005 | *GunBound* | softnyx | WIN |  |
| 2005 | *Worms 4: Mayhem* | Team17 | PS2, WIN, Xbox | Sequel to *Worms 3D*. |
| 2006 | *Gusanos* | Mario Carbajal | CROSS | *Liero* clone. |
| 2006 | *Worms: Open Warfare* | Team17 | DS, PSP |  |
| 2007 | *Chick Chick Boom* | Extra Toxic | BROW |  |
| 2007 | *Crazy Penguin Catapult* | Sumea | WIN, IOS |  |
| 2007 | *Worms* | Team17 | XBLA |  |
| 2007 | *Worms: Open Warfare 2* | Team17 | DS, PSP | Sequel to *Worms: Open Warfare*. |
| 2008 | *Gravity Wars* | Boris Yakubchik | BROW, LIN, WIN |  |
| 2008 | *Worms: A Space Oddity* | Team17 | Wii |  |
| 2009 | *Death Tank* | Snowblind Studios | XBLA |  |
| 2009 | *Incoming!* | JV Games | Wii |  |
| 2009 | *Worms 2: Armageddon* | Team17 | X360, PS3 |  |
| 2010 | *Worms Reloaded* | Team17 | WIN, MAC | PC port of *Worms 2: Armageddon* |
| 2010 | *Worms: Battle Islands* | Team17 | Wii, PSP |  |
| 2011 | *Worms Ultimate Mayhem* | Team17 | WIN, X360, PS3 | re-release of *Worms 4: Mayhem*. |
| 2012 | *Worms Revolution* | Team17 | WIN, X360, PS3 |  |
| 2013 | *Worms 3* | Team17 | IOS, AND, OSX |  |
| 2013 | *Worms Clan Wars* | Team17 | WIN, OSX, LIN |  |
| 2014 | *Worms Battlegrounds* | Team17 | PS4, XONE |  |
| 2015 | *Worms 4* | Team17 | IOS, AND |  |
| 2015 | *ShellShock Live* | kChamp Games | WIN, MAC, LIN, XOne, PS4 | 2D online multiplayer artillery game inspired by *Scorched Earth*. |
| 2016 | *Worms W.M.D* | Team17 | CROSS |  |


title: Fred E. Busbey

abstract: Fred Ernst Busbey was a U.S. Representative from Illinois.

text:
# Fred E. Busbey

**Fred Ernst Busbey** (February 8, 1895 – February 11, 1966) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois.

## Biography

Born in Tuscola, Illinois, Busbey attended the public schools, Armour Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, and Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. During World War I he enlisted on September 24, 1917, in the United States Regular Army and served overseas as a sergeant until after the Armistice, when he was made a battalion sergeant major in the 124th Field Artillery, 33rd Infantry Division, being discharged June 8, 1919. In 1930 he engaged in the investment brokerage business in Chicago.

Busbey was elected as a Republican to the 78th Congress (January 3, 1943 – January 3, 1945). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1944 to the 79th Congress.

Busbey was elected in 1946 to the 80th Congress (January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1949). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1948 to the 81st Congress.

Busbey was elected to the 82nd and 83rd Congresses (January 3, 1951 – January 3, 1955). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1954 to the 84th Congress. He resumed the investment brokerage business until his retirement in 1958. He resided in Cocoa Beach, Florida until his death there and was interred in Mount Hope Cemetery in Chicago.

* United States Congress. "Fred E. Busbey (id: B001161)". *Biographical Directory of the United States Congress*. Retrieved on 2008-04-14

This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

## InfoBox

| Fred E. Busbey | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Illinois's 3rd district | |
| **In office**
January 3, 1951  January 3, 1955 | |
| Preceded by | Neil J. Linehan |
| Succeeded by | James C. Murray |
| **In office**
January 3, 1947  January 3, 1949 | |
| Preceded by | Edward A. Kelly |
| Succeeded by | Neil J. Linehan |
| **In office**
January 3, 1943  January 3, 1945 | |
| Preceded by | Edward A. Kelly |
| Succeeded by | Edward A. Kelly |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1895-02-08)February 8, 1895
Tuscola, Illinois |
| Died | February 11, 1966(1966-02-11) (aged 71)
Cocoa Beach, Florida |
| Political party | Republican |
|  | |


title: Xpress technology

abstract: Xpress technology is Broadcom's standards-based frame-bursting approach to improve 802.11 wireless LAN performance. It is a software-based implementation of the frame-bursting originally in the IEEE 802.11e draft specification, and is found in the Wireless Multimedia Extensions (WME) specification. It is not only designed to improve network efficiency but also boost throughput speeds of 802.11g and is particularly successful in mixed environments with 802.11a/b/g networks. It is one of the early enhancement technologies designed for 802.11 but it was preceded by Intersil's Prism Nitro and Atheros' Super G. Nitro was able to improve speed 3 times while Xpress posted 6 times improvement in mixed mode condition.

text:
# Xpress technology

**Xpress technology** is Broadcom's standards-based frame-bursting approach to improve 802.11 wireless LAN performance. It is a software-based implementation of the frame-bursting originally in the IEEE 802.11e draft specification, and is found in the Wireless Multimedia Extensions (WME) specification. It is not only designed to improve network efficiency but also boost throughput speeds of 802.11g and is particularly successful in mixed environments with 802.11a/b/g networks. It is one of the early enhancement technologies designed for 802.11 but it was preceded by Intersil's Prism Nitro and Atheros' Super G. Nitro was able to improve speed 3 times while Xpress posted 6 times improvement in mixed mode condition.


title: USNS Burlington

abstract: USNS Burlington (T-EPF-10) is the tenth Spearhead-class expeditionary fast transport and operated by the United States Navy's Military Sealift Command. It is the first ship in naval service named after Burlington, Vermont’s largest city.

text:
# USNS Burlington

**USNS *Burlington* (T-EPF-10)** is the tenth *Spearhead*-class expeditionary fast transport and operated by the United States Navy's Military Sealift Command. It is the first ship in naval service named after Burlington, Vermont’s largest city.

## Construction and career

*Burlington* was christened on 24 February 2018 by ship's sponsor Marcelle Leahy and launched at Austal USA in Mobile, Alabama on 1 March 2018. The U.S. Navy accepted delivery of *Burlington* on 15 November 2018.

Media related to USNS Burlington (T-EPF-10) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| USNS *Burlington* in 2021 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *Burlington* |
| Namesake | Burlington |
| Operator | Military Sealift Command |
| Awarded | 20 December 2012 |
| Builder | Austal USA |
| Laid down | 26 September 2017 |
| Launched | 1 March 2018 |
| Sponsored by | Marcelle Leahy |
| Christened | 24 February 2018 |
| In service | 15 November 2018 |
| Identification |  |
| Motto | *Swift And Ready, Today and Tomorrow* |
| Status | In active service |
| Badge |  |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Spearhead* class expeditionary fast transport |
| Length | 103.0 m (337 ft 11 in) |
| Beam | 28.5 m (93 ft 6 in) |
| Draft | 3.83 m (12 ft 7 in) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 43 knots (80 km/h; 49 mph) |
| Troops | 312 |
| Crew | Capacity of 41, 22 in normal service |
| Aviation facilities | Helipad |


title: Vikrampur Village

abstract: Vikrampur Village is a town and a Panchayat in Dewas district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Vikrampur Village is a major agricultural production area in Madhya Pradesh. Earlier.As of 2001 India census,

text:
# Vikrampur Village

**Vikrampur Village** is a town and a Panchayat in Dewas district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Vikrampur Village is a major agricultural production area in Madhya Pradesh. Earlier.As of 2001 India census,

## InfoBox

| Vikrampur Village | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Vikrampur VillageLocation in Madhya Pradesh, IndiaVikrampur VillageVikrampur Village (India) | |
| Coordinates: 22°45′39″N 76°51′22″E / 22.760710431159534°N 76.8562348367531°E / 22.760710431159534; 76.8562348367531 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Madhya Pradesh |
| District | Dewas |
| Languages | |
| Official | Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 455332 |
| Telephone code | 07273 |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-MP |
| Vehicle registration | MP-41 |


title: Monkey Me (song)

abstract: "Monkey Me" is a 2012 song by French singer-songwriter Mylène Farmer with music by Laurent Boutonnat. It was the third single from her ninth studio album, Monkey Me, and was released on radio on 30 August 2013, then physically on 7 October of the same year. A music video composed of graphics was available on the web four days earlier. The song was generally well received by critics and the singer's fans who considered it one of the best tracks of the album. In France, it peaked at number three on the week of the release of the physical formats.

text:
# Monkey Me (song)

"**Monkey Me**" is a 2012 song by French singer-songwriter Mylène Farmer with music by Laurent Boutonnat. It was the third single from her ninth studio album, *Monkey Me*, and was released on radio on 30 August 2013, then physically on 7 October of the same year. A music video composed of graphics was available on the web four days earlier. The song was generally well received by critics and the singer's fans who considered it one of the best tracks of the album. In France, it peaked at number three on the week of the release of the physical formats.

## Background and release

Farmer hadn't released anything since the single "Je te dis tout" in March 2013 and was being completely silent ever since. During that time, filmmaker and frequent collaborator François Hanss posted online many photos he had taken in a jungle on a recent trip to Congo, which led the singer's fans to presume that the forthcoming single would be "Monkey Me", but there was no official statement.

On 19 July, while her fans were wondering whether she would release a third single from the album, Farmer announced that the eponymous song of the album would be released as a single. For the first time in her career, Farmer proposed to her fans to create the official cover of the single "Monkey Me" and to post their creations on Twitter or Instagram so that she can choose her favorite one. The contest was won by Richard Vanloot.

On 30 August 2013, two versions of the song were sent to radio: a shorter version and a remix named "The ET's Radio Mix".

## Music video

On 28 August 2013, it was publicly confirmed that the single would not be promoted by an official music video. However, on 3 October, a video in black and white was launched on the web. Directed by Eric Delmotte and Luc Froehlicher, it consists of computer graphics, and shows buildings collapsing, vegetation that appears and disappears, and crying monkeys, recalling King Kong. As Farmer does not appear in the video, many fans were disappointed. *Metro News* deemed it "surprising", displaying "an experimental rendering and a rather cryptic global concept". According to Kevin Boucher of Ozap, "the video is not really related with the lyrics but is nevertheless aesthetic". More critical, the SFR Live Concerts site stated after seeing the video: "We remain circumspect. \[...\] This series of images of destroyed buildings, unsightly and very repetitive, quickly tired. Only expressions of the "monkey" bring a little interest to this video." A survey on the web gathering 722 votes showed that 34,8% of the voters dislike the video while 33,5% of them considered it very well made.

## Reception

"Monkey Me" generally received praise from both critics and fans. Jonathan Hamard of Chartsinfrance.net wrote that the song is "the most efficient" one from the album. According to Julien Chadeyron of *Le Nouvel Observateur*, "Monkey me" is "absolutely fascinating" and "original", noting that it "has everything to become a hit". The website evous.fr wrote that "Monkey Me" is a "very pop-rock" song similar to "L'Instant X" with lyrics about dual identity, pursuing by noting that it's "neither unpleasant nor a hit"; on the same website, a fan compared the song's introduction to Farmer's 2006 song "Devant soi". In a survey asking Farmer's fans which of the "new" songs they would most like to hear during her forthcoming Timeless 2013 tour, "Monkey Me" ranked at number one with 7.3% of the votes.

## Chart performance

On the week the album was released, "Monkey Me" entered the French Singles Chart at number 131 due to the album's massive first-week sales, then immediately fell off the top 200. On the chart edition of 7 September 2013, when Farmer began her Timeless tour, the song reentered at number 45, through digital sales only, then immediately dropped. When released under physical formats, it reentered the chart at a peak of number three, selling 7,300 units that week, 3% of them digitally. The next week, it dropped to number 61.

Similarly, on 7 September 2013, "Monkey Me" debuted at number 43 on the Belgian Ultratip chart of Wallonia, and peaked at number 13 in the sixth week. Then it entered the Ultratop chart at number 43, on the chart edition of 19 October 2013.

## Live performances

Farmer performed the song during her Timeless tour, debuted on 7 September 2013.

## Formats and track listings

* **CD single – Promo**

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Monkey Me" (edit radio) | 3:46 |

* **CD maxi – Promo**

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Monkey Me" (The ET's club remix) | 6:13 |
| 3. | "Monkey Me" (The ET's radio mix) | 3:03 |
| 4. | "Monkey Me" (album version) | 4:13 |

* **Digital download**

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Monkey Me" (The ET's radio mix) | 3:03 |

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Monkey Me" (album version) | 4:13 |
| 2. | "Monkey Me" (The ET's club remix) | 6:13 |
| 3. | "Monkey Me" (The ET's radio mix) | 3:04 |
| 4. | "Monkey Me" (instrumental version) | 4:11 |

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Monkey Me" (The ET's club remix) | 6:13 |
| 2. | "Monkey Me" (album version) | 4:13 |
| 3. | "Monkey Me" (The ET's radio mix) | 3:04 |
| 4. | "Monkey Me" (instrumental version) | 4:11 |

## Official versions

| Version | Length | Album | Remixed by | Year | Comment |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Album version | 4:13 | *Monkey Me* |  | 2012 |  |
| Radio edit | 3:46 |  |  | 2013 | The intro and the bridge are shorter. |
| The ET's radio mix | 3:04 |  | Amir Afargan | 2013 | This is a shorter and less rock version. |
| The ET's club remix | 6:13 |  | Amir Afargan | 2013 |  |
| Instrumental | 4:11 |  |  | 2013 |  |

## Charts

| Chart (2013) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Belgian (Wallonia) Ultratop Chart | 43 |
| French SNEP Singles Chart | 3 |
|

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Belgium, France | 30 August 2013 | Airplay, digital download (single) |
| | 7 October 2013 | CD maxi, 12" maxi |
|

## InfoBox

| "Monkey Me" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Mylène Farmer | |
| from the album  *Monkey Me* | |
| B-side | "Remix" |
| Released | 30 August 2013
(radio release) |
| Recorded | 2012 |
| Genre | Pop rock |
| Length | 4:13 (album version)
3:46 (radio edit) |
| Label | Polydor, Universal Music |
| Songwriter(s) | Lyrics: Mylène Farmer
Music: Laurent Boutonnat |
| Producer(s) | Laurent Boutonnat |
| Mylène Farmer singles chronology | |
| "Je te dis tout"
(2011) "**Monkey Me**"
(2013) "Diabolique mon ange"
(2013) | |


title: Mark T. Greenberg

abstract: Mark T. Greenberg is the emeritus holder of The Bennett Endowed Chair in Prevention Research in the Penn State College of Health and Human Development, and founding director of the Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center at the Pennsylvania State University. He is the chair of CREATE for Education, a non-profit organization that promotes caring and compassion in education.

text:
# Mark T. Greenberg

**Mark T. Greenberg** (born December 31, 1951) is the emeritus holder of The Bennett Endowed Chair in Prevention Research in the Penn State College of Health and Human Development, and founding director of the Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center at the Pennsylvania State University. He is the chair of CREATE for Education, a non-profit organization that promotes caring and compassion in education.

## Early life and education

Born and raised in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Greenberg received his B.A. at Johns Hopkins University and his M.S. and Ph.D. in Developmental Psychology at the University of Virginia under the mentoring of Mary D. S. Ainsworth and Robert S. Marvin.

## Career

After serving on the faculty of the University of Washington from 1977 to 1997, he joined the department of Human Development and Family Studies at the Pennsylvania State University as the first Bennett Chair of Prevention Research and held that position from 1997 until 2019. He founded the Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center in the Penn State College of Health and Human Development in 1998 and was the director until 2015. He also held faculty positions at the University of Manchester and the University of Stavanger. He conducted research in four areas: school-based prevention research, social and emotional learning, family- and community-level interventions, and mindfulness interventions with children and educators. He provided mentoring for many early career scientists, including those who have gone on to become directors of university prevention research centers, including Nathaniel Riggs, director of the Colorado State University Prevention Research Center.

## Research

Greenberg was involved in the development of numerous evidence-based interventions focused on children’s well-being. In 1980, with Carol A. Kusché he co-authored the PATHS program, an evidence-based social and emotional learning curriculum now used in thousands of schools around the world. In 1990, he joined the Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group to develop and test the Fast Track Intervention – an integrated multiple-tier model for supporting all children to succeed in school and life. He has been a collaborator in the development and/or evaluation of numerous interventions including PROSPER for youth development, Communities That Care, and the Cultivating Awareness and Resilience in Education (CARE) and Community Approach to Learning Mindfully (CALM) mindfulness programs for educators. He was the co-director of the Family Life Project, an ongoing, long-term study of the biological, individual, family and community influences that affect the development of rural children.

## Publications

Dr. Greenberg has published more than 350 peer-reviewed scientific papers, chapters, and books, including:

* Greenberg, M. T., Cicchetti, D., & Cummings, E. M. (Eds.) (1990). Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research and intervention. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
* Greenberg, M. T., Kusche, C. A., Cook, E. T., & Quamma, J. P. (1995). Promoting emotional competence in school-aged children: The effects of the PATHS curriculum. Development and psychopathology, 7(1), 117-136.
* Kusche, C. A. & Greenberg, M. T. (1994). The PATHS (Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies) Curriculum. South Deerfield, MA: Channing-Bete Co.
* Greenberg, M. T., Weissberg, R. P., Utne O’Brien, M., Zins, J. E., Fredericks, L., Resnik, H., & Elias, M. J. (2003). Enhancing school-based prevention and youth development through coordinated social, emotional, and academic learning, *American Psychologist, 58*, 466-474.
* Domitrovich, C. E., Greenberg, M. T., Cortes, R., & Kusche, C. A. (2005). *The Preschool PATHS Curriculum*. Deerfield, MA: Channing-Bete Publishers.
* Jennings, P. A. & Greenberg, M. (2009). The Prosocial Classroom: Teacher social and emotional competence in relation to child and classroom outcomes. *Review of Educational Research*, 79, 491-525.
* Greenberg, M. T. & Abenavoli, R. (2017). Universal Interventions: Fully Exploring Their Impacts and Potential to Produce Population-Level Impacts. *Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness*, 1, 40-67.
* Greenberg, M. T., Domitrovich, C. E., Weissberg, R. P., & Durlak, J. A. (2017). Social and emotional learning as a public health approach to education. *Future of* Children, 27 (1), 13-32.
* Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2019). *The Fast Track Program for Children at Risk*. The Guilford Press.

## Honors and awards

In 2003, Dr. Greenberg was appointed as a member of the National Advisory Council on Drug Abuse of the National Institute on Drug Abuse. He received the Research Scientist Award from the Society for Prevention Research (2002), the Society for Research in Child Development Distinguished Contributions to Public Policy for Children Award (2009), the Society for Prevention Research Presidential Award (2013), and the Urie Bronfenbrenner Award for Lifetime Contribution to Developmental Psychology in the Service of Science and Society from the American Psychological Association (2016). He is one of the founders of the Collaborative for Academic Social and Emotional Learning and a Fellow of the American Educational Research Association.

## Philanthropy

He and his wife, Christa Turksma, endowed the annual Compassion Lecture at the Pennsylvania State University.


title: Marne's 2nd constituency

abstract: The 2nd constituency of Marne is one of five electoral districts in the department of the same name, each of which returns one deputy to the French National Assembly in elections using the two-round system, with a run-off if no candidate receives more than 50% of the vote in the first round.

text:
# Marne's 2nd constituency

The **2nd constituency of Marne** (French: *Deuxième circonscription de la Marne*) is one of five electoral districts in the department of the same name, each of which returns one deputy to the French National Assembly in elections using the two-round system, with a run-off if no candidate receives more than 50% of the vote in the first round.

## Description

The constituency is made up of six whole former cantons – those of Fismes, Reims I, Reims III, Reims V, Reims VIII, and Ville-en-Tardenois – plus the major part of the former canton of Châtillon-sur-Marne (all communes except those of Courtagnon, Nanteuil-la-Forêt, and Pourcy).

It includes the centre and south of Reims as well as rural areas to the south of the city. The seat as currently delineated is substantially different from that which existed prior to the 2012 election, which contained little of Reims and was far more rural in character.

At the time of the 1999 census (which was the basis for the most recent redrawing of constituency boundaries, carried out in 2010) the 2nd constituency had a total population of 103,767.

For 24 years from 1993 the seat was held by the Gaullist right, from 2002 in the person of Catherine Vautrin who held various posts in the governments of Jean-Pierre Raffarin and Dominique de Villepin. However, in the 2017 election Vautrin lost her seat to Aina Kuric of La République En Marche! (REM). Kuric resigned her membership of LREM on 7 June 2019, joining Agir.

## Historic representation

| Election | | Member | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1986 | | *Proportional representation – no election by constituency* | |
|  | 1988 | Georges Colin | PS |
|  | 1993 | Jean-Claude Étienne | RPR |
|  | 1997 | | |
|  | 2002 | Catherine Vautrin | UMP |
|  | 2007 | | |
|  | 2012 | | |
|  | 2017 | Aina Kuric | LREM |
|  | *2019* | | Agir |
|  | 2022 | Anne-Sophie Frigout | RN |
|  | 2023 | Laure Miller | RE |
|  | 2024 | | |

## Election results

### 2024

| Candidate | | Party | Alliance | First round | | | Second round | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | | | % | +/– | Votes | % | +/– |
|  | Anne-Sophie Frigout | RN |  | 17,645 | 36.34 | +14.36 | 19,859 | 41.92 | -12.89 |
|  | **Laure Miller** | RE | Ensemble | 14,756 | 30.39 | +9.16 | **27,511** | **58.08** | new |
|  | Stéphane Pirouelle | LFI | NFP | 10,560 | 21.75 | -0.71 | withdrew | | |
|  | Stéphane Lang | LR | UDC | 3,425 | 7.05 | -3.82 |  | | |
|  | Ghislain Wysocinski | DIV |  | 1,301 | 2.68 | new | |
|  | Marie Pace | REC |  | 446 | 0.92 | -3.97 | |
|  | Thomas Rose | LO |  | 420 | 0.87 | -0.54 | |
|  | | | | | | | | | |
| Votes | | | | 48,553 | 100.00 |  | 47,370 | 100.00 |  |
|  | | | | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | | 48,553 | 98.20 | +2.69 | 47,370 | 95.67 | +13.66 |
| Blank votes | | | | 552 | 1.12 | -0.14 | 1,593 | 3.22 | -11.25 |
| Null votes | | | | 338 | 0.68 | -2.55 | 552 | 1.11 | -2.41 |
| Turnout | | | | 49,443 | 66.25 | +20.23 | 49,515 | 66.34 | +22.69 |
| Abstentions | | | | 25,184 | 33.75 | -20.23 | 25,122 | 33.66 | -22.69 |
| Registered voters | | | | 74,627 |  | | 74,637 |  | |
|  | | | | | | | | | |
| Source: | | | | | | | | | |
| Result | | | | RE WIN | | | | | |

### 2023 by-election

On 2 December 2022, Anne-Sophie Frigout's election was annulled by the Constitutional Council. She lost the seat in the second round of the by-election on 29 January 2023.

2023 by-election: Marne's 2nd constituency
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **RN** | **Anne-Sophie Frigout** | **6,059** | **34.80** | **+12.82** |
|  | **RE (Ensemble)** | **Laure Miller** | **5,228** | **30.03** | **+8.80** |
|  | LFI (NUPÉS) | Victorien Pâté | 2,815 | 16.17 | −6.29 |
|  | LR (UDC) | Stéphane Lang | 1,929 | 11.08 | +0.21 |
|  | DVE | Nesma Sayoud | 521 | 2.99 | −0.48 |
|  | REC | Marie Pace | 436 | 2.50 | −2.39 |
|  | | | | | | | |
|  | Others | *N/A* | 424 | 2.43 |  |
| Turnout | | | 17.411 | 23.96 | −22.06 |
| 2nd round result | | | | | |
|  | **RE (Ensemble)** | **Laure Miller** | **9,047** | **51.80** | **N/A** |
|  | RN | Anne-Sophie Frigout | 8,418 | 48.20 | −6.62 |
| Turnout | | | 18,704 | 25.17 | −18.49 |
|  | RE **gain** from RN | | | | |

### 2022

Legislative Election 2022: Marne's 2nd constituency
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **LFI (NUPÉS)** | **Lynda Meguenine** | **7,369** | **22.46** | **+4.36** |
|  | **RN** | **Anne-Sophie Frigout** | **7,213** | **21.98** | **+5.88** |
|  | LREM (Ensemble) | Laure Miller | 6,964 | 21.23 | −13.11 |
|  | LREM | Aina Kuric* | 4,103 | 12.51 | N/A |
|  | LR (UDC) | Stéphane Lang | 3,565 | 10.87 | −15.57 |
|  | REC | Jean-Claude Philipot | 1,603 | 4.89 | N/A |
|  | DVE | Nesma Sayoud | 1,139 | 3.47 | +2.28 |
|  | | | | | | | |
|  | Others | *N/A* | 853 | - |  |
| Turnout | | | 32,809 | 46.02 | +1.74 |
| 2nd round result | | | | | |
|  | **RN** | **Anne-Sophie Frigout** | **14,650** | **54.81** | **N/A** |
|  | LFI (NUPÉS) | Lynda Meguenine | 12,080 | 45.19 | N/A |
| Turnout | | | 26,730 | 43.65 | +1.91 |
|  | RN **gain** from LREM | | | | |

* Kuric stood as a dissident LREM candidate, without the support of the party or the Ensemble Citoyens alliance. Kuric's results in the last election are counted against the official LREM candidate for swing calculations.

### 2017

| Candidate | | Label | First round | | Second round | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | | % | Votes | % |
|  | **Aina Kuric** | REM | 11,839 | 34.34 | **14,176** | **51.21** |
|  | Catherine Vautrin | LR | 9,115 | 26.44 | 13,508 | 48.79 |
|  | Cindy Demange | FN | 5,552 | 16.10 |  | |
|  | Victorien Pâté | FI | 3,459 | 10.03 | |
|  | Imane Maniani | PS | 1,869 | 5.42 | |
|  | Patricia Coradel | ECO | 913 | 2.65 | |
|  | Daniel Ménard | DLF | 654 | 1.90 | |
|  | Catherine Huat | ECO | 410 | 1.19 | |
|  | Thomas Rose | EXG | 345 | 1.00 | |
|  | Evelyne Fernandez-Toussaint | DIV | 187 | 0.54 | |
|  | Axel Gaucher | DIV | 134 | 0.39 | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Votes | | | 34,477 | 100.00 | 27,684 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | 34,477 | 98.71 | 27,684 | 90.70 |
| Blank votes | | | 296 | 0.85 | 2,028 | 6.64 |
| Null votes | | | 154 | 0.44 | 811 | 2.66 |
| Turnout | | | 34,927 | 47.76 | 30,523 | 41.74 |
| Abstentions | | | 38,206 | 52.24 | 42,608 | 58.26 |
| Registered voters | | | 73,133 |  | 73,131 |  |
|  | | | | | | |
| Source: Ministry of the Interior | | | | | | |

### 2012

Legislative Election 2012: Marne's 2nd constituency
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **UMP** | **Catherine Vautrin-Pennaforte** | **16,703** | **41.81** |  |
|  | **PS** | **Eric Quenard** | **14,427** | **36.11** |  |
|  | FN | Pascale Evanno | 5,080 | 12.72 |  |
|  | FG | Francoise Georges | 1,454 | 3.64 |  |
|  | EELV | Nadine Cortial | 1,037 | 2.60 |  |
|  | | | | | | | |
|  | Others | *N/A* | 1,248 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 39,949 | 55.02 |  |
| 2nd round result | | | | | |
|  | **UMP** | **Catherine Vautrin-Pennaforte** | **20,640** | **53.04** |  |
|  | PS | Eric Quenard | 18,274 | 46.96 |  |
| Turnout | | | 38,914 | 53.60 |  |
|  | UMP **hold** | | | | |

## Sources

## InfoBox

| 2nd constituency of Marne | |
| --- | --- |
| **Constituency of the
National Assembly of France** | |
| The constituency shown within Champagne-Ardenne | |
| Incumbent deputy | Laure Miller
RE |
| Department | Marne |
| Cantons | Châtillon-sur-Marne (part), Fismes, Reims I, Reims III, Reims V, Reims VIII, Ville-en-Tardenois |
| Registered voters | 73,131 (2017) |
|  | |


title: UnReal (My Ticket Home album)

abstract: UnReal is the third studio album by American heavy metal band My Ticket Home. It was released on October 6, 2017, through Spinefarm. It is the band's first release with Spinefarm, as well as the band's first album since 2013's Strangers Only.

text:
# UnReal (My Ticket Home album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| New Noise Magazine |  |
| Rock Sins |  |
| Louder Sound |  |
| KillYourStereo.com |  |
| Already Heard |  |
| The Soundboard Reviews |  |

***UnReal*** (styled **unReal**) is the third studio album by American heavy metal band My Ticket Home. It was released on October 6, 2017, through Spinefarm. It is the band's first release with Spinefarm, as well as the band's first album since 2013's Strangers Only.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by My Ticket Home

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Thrush" | 3:24 |
| 2. | "Flee the Flesh" | 3:21 |
| 3. | "Flypaper" | 2:57 |
| 4. | "Time Kills Everything" | 3:21 |
| 5. | "Hyperreal" | 3:03 |
| 6. | "Redline" | 2:22 |
| 7. | "Joi" | 3:22 |
| 8. | "Gasoline Kiss" | 2:38 |
| 9. | "Cellophane" | 2:43 |
| 10. | "Down Life" | 2:50 |
| 11. | "We All Use" | 3:01 |
| 12. | "Melancholia" | 3:33 |
| 13. | "Visual Snow" | 3:24 |
| Total length: | | 39:59 |

## Personnel

Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.

**My Ticket Home**

* Nick Giumenti – lead vocals, bass guitar
* Derek Blevins – rhythm guitar, vocals
* Matt Gallucci – lead guitar
* Marshal Giumenti – drums

**Additional musicians**

* Amy Archambault – spoken word vocals on "Time Kills Everything"

**Production**

* Fred Archambault – production, recording, mixing
* Gerardo "Jerry" Ordonez – recording, programming
* Nick Giumenti – mixing
* Jarred Bigelow – editing
* Gendry Studer – mastering
* Charles Godfrey – drum tech

## InfoBox

| UnReal | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by My Ticket Home | |
| Released | October 6, 2017 |
| Recorded | 2017 |
| Studio | Sonic Ranch Studios |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 39:59 |
| Label | Spinefarm |
| Producer | Fred Archambault |
| My Ticket Home chronology | |
| *Strangers Only*
(2013) ***UnReal***
(2017) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *UnReal* | |
| 1. "Thrush"
Released: August 18, 2017 2. "Hyperreal"
Released: September 19, 2017 3. "We All Use"
Released: September 21, 2017 4. "Flypaper"
Released: September 29, 2017 | |
|  | |


title: List of artillery by type

abstract: This list of artillery catalogues types of weapons found in batteries of national armed forces' artillery units. Some weapons used by the infantry units, known as infantry support weapons, are often misidentified as artillery weapons because of their use and performance characteristics, sometimes known colloquially as the "infantryman's artillery" which has been particularly applied to mortars. The distinguishing feature of infantry support weapons from artillery weapons is in the unit that provides the personnel for the weapon crew. This list does not differentiate between guns and cannons, although some designations use one word or the other. The word "cannon" is of Latin origin, borrowed into the English language from the French, while "gun" appears to be of German language origin and is found in earlier use in England. There is almost universal use of gunner in the English language to refer to artillery personnel, and not the French term cannonier. Some English speaking armies do use the originally French term bombardier as a rank in artillery units.

text:
# List of artillery by type

This list of artillery catalogues types of weapons found in batteries of national armed forces' artillery units.

Some weapons used by the infantry units, known as infantry support weapons, are often misidentified as artillery weapons because of their use and performance characteristics, sometimes known colloquially as the "infantryman's artillery" which has been particularly applied to mortars.

The distinguishing feature of infantry support weapons from artillery weapons is in the unit that provides the personnel for the weapon crew.

This list does not differentiate between guns and cannons, although some designations use one word or the other. The word "cannon" is of Latin origin, borrowed into the English language from the French, while "gun" appears to be of German language origin and is found in earlier use in England. There is almost universal use of gunner in the English language to refer to artillery personnel, and not the French term *cannonier*. Some English speaking armies do use the originally French term bombardier as a rank in artillery units.

## Recoilless guns

### Recoilless guns

A recoilless gun or recoilless rifle (RCL) is a lightweight weapon that fires a heavier projectile than would be practical to fire from a recoiling weapon of comparable size. Technically, only devices that use a rifled barrel are recoilless rifles. Smoothbore variants are recoilless guns. This distinction is often lost, and both are often called recoilless rifles.

Normally used for anti-tank roles, the first effective system of this kind was developed during World War II to provide infantry with light, cheap and easily deployable weapon that does not require extensive training in gunnery. The near complete lack of recoil allows some versions to be shoulder-fired, but the majority are mounted on light tripods and are intended to be easily carried by a soldier.

| Caliber (mm) | Weapon name | Country of origin | Period |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 30 | Rheinmetall RMK30 | Germany | Modern |
| 50 | Jagdfaust | Nazi Germany | World War II |
| 57 | M18 Kromuskit | United States | World War II / Cold War |
| 73 | SPG-9 | Soviet Union | Cold War / Modern |
| 74 | Miniman | Sweden | Cold War |
| 75 | LG 40 | Nazi Germany | World War II |
| 75 | M20 | United States | World War II / Cold War |
| 80 | Breda Folgore | Italy | Cold War / Modern |
| 82 | BzK vzor 59 | Czechoslovakia | Cold War |
| 82 | B-10 | Soviet Union | Cold War |
| 82 | M-60 | Yugoslavia | Cold War |
| 84 | M3 Carl Gustav | Sweden | Cold War / Modern |
| 84 | AT4 | Sweden | Modern |
| 88 | 55 S 55 | Finland | Cold War |
| 88 | RCL 3.45 inch Gun | United Kingdom | World War II |
| 90 | Pvpj 1110 | Sweden | Cold War / Modern |
| 90 | M67 | United States | Cold War |
| 94 | RCL 3.7 inch Gun | United Kingdom | World War II / Cold War |
| 95 | 95 S 58-61 | Finland | Cold War |
| 105 | LG 40 | Nazi Germany | World War II |
| 105 | LG 42 | Nazi Germany | World War II |
| 105 | LG 43 | Nazi Germany | World War II |
| 105 | Modelo 1968/M-1974 recoilless gun | Argentina | Cold War |
| 105 | M27 | United States | Cold War |
| 105 | M-65 | Yugoslavia | Cold War |
| 106 | M40 | United States | Cold War |
| 107 | B-11 | Soviet Union | Cold War |
| 120 | M28 Nuclear Recoilless Rifle | United States | Cold War |
| 120 | L4 Mobat | United Kingdom | Cold War |
| 120 | L6 Wombat | United Kingdom | Cold War |
| 120 | L7 Conbat | United Kingdom | Cold War |
| 155 | M29 Nuclear Recoilless Rifle | United States | Cold War |

### Self-propelled recoilless guns

Self-propelled recoilless guns are vehicles designed to carry recoilless guns. Only a few such designs have been successful, many mounting multiple rifles.

| Caliber (mm) | Weapon name | Country of origin | Period |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 75 | Vespa 150 TAP | France | Cold War |
| 106 | M50 Ontos | United States | Cold War |
| 106 | Type 60 Self-propelled 106 mm Recoilless Gun | Japan | Cold War |

## Anti-aircraft guns

### Towed and static anti-aircraft guns

### Self-propelled anti-aircraft guns

Anti-aircraft guns are weapons designed to attack aircraft. Such weapons commonly have a high rate of fire and are able to fire shells designed to damage aircraft. They also are capable of firing at high angles, but are also usually able to hit ground targets as well in a direct-fire role.

## Anti-tank guns

### Towed anti-tank guns

### Self-propelled anti-tank guns

Anti-tank guns are typically high-velocity guns designed to fire anti-tank shells. They are usually designed to be easily transported and concealed to maximize responsiveness and surprise.

## Assault guns

Assault guns are guns mounted in armored vehicles designed to provide direct fire support for infantry and armored forces. Typically, the gun is mounted in the hull and the front of the vehicle most heavily armored.

## Autocannons

Autocannons are like machine guns but their calibers are at least 20mm.

## Vehicle guns

### Aircraft artillery

Aircraft artillery has been used since the first world war.

### Tank guns

Tank guns are high-velocity guns designed to be fitted into the turret of a tank. They share many design features with anti-tank guns and in many cases are directly related to anti-tank gun designs. The primary objective of most tank guns is to be able to destroy other tanks, but other tasks such as fire support and anti-personnel missions often are required.

Naval guns are manufactured based on the same principles as the land based artillery ordnance, but differ significantly in system design and use. Never referred to as "artillery" it is however often called upon to provide naval artillery fire support to the land forces operation in the coastal region within their range.

### Railway artillery

Railway artillery involved large guns and howitzers mounted and transported on specially-constructed railway cars.

## Mortars

### Mortar carriers

### Infantry mortars

The List of infantry mortars catalogues weapons which are issued to infantry units to provide close range, rapid response, indirect fire capability of an infantry unit in tactical combat. In this sense the mortar has been called "infantryman's artillery", and represents a flexible logistic solution to satisfying unexpected need for delivery of firepower, particularly for the light infantry. In general infantry mortars are defined by what a team of infantrymen, sometimes known as mortarmen, can transport unaided by significant vehicle support. Because of this intrinsic restriction mandated by weight, mortars are only considered "infantry" to a caliber of 120mm. These larger weapons usually require wheeled assemblies to allow their towing either by hand or by light tactical vehicles.

### Heavy mortars

Heavy mortars are large-caliber mortars designed to fire a relatively heavy shell on a high angle trajectory. Such weapons have a relatively short range, but are usually less complex than similar caliber field artillery.

This category includes the "Trench Mortars" of World War I which were all too heavy and cumbersome, and hence lacked the mobility, to be classed as infantry mortars.

## Field artillery

### Muzzle-loading guns

### Infantry guns

### Self-propelled infantry guns

Infantry guns are designed to provide direct organic support for infantry forces. They fire a range of shells, primarily in a direct-fire mode. Most are lightweight and capable of being manhandled for limited mobility to accompany infantry.

### Mountain artillery

Mountain artillery, which includes pack howitzers, mountain howitzers and mountain guns, is designed to accompany mountain infantry forces. Usually lightweight and designed to be broken down to be portable by pack animals or even soldiers, they often are in limited calibers with low muzzle energy. Correspondingly, range and anti-armor capabilities are limited. However, they can deliver useful firepower in locations that may be inaccessible to heavier support forces.

### Field guns

### Self-propelled field guns

Field guns are one of two primary types of field artillery. Guns fire a heavy shell on a relatively level trajectory from a longer barrel, allowing for very high muzzle velocity and good range performance. Guns are most adequate for providing long range fire support and counter-battery fire.

### Howitzers

### Self-propelled howitzers

Howitzers are one of two primary types of field artillery. Howitzers fire a heavy shell in a high trajectory from a relatively short barrel. Range is limited but howitzers are slightly more mobile than similarly sized field guns.

#### Wheeled self-propelled howitzer

It is a sub-category of self-propelled howitzers, where the artillery gun is mounted on a wheeled vehicle, usually a 8×8 or 10×10 APC, or 6×6, 8×8, 10×10 trucks.

#### Tracked self-propelled howitzer

It is a sub-category of self-propelled howitzers, where the artillery gun is mounted on a tracked vehicle.

### Siege artillery

Siege artillery are heavy guns and other bombardment devices designed to bombard fortifications, cities, and other fixed targets. They are capable of firing heavy shells but require enormous transport and logistical support to operate. They lack mobility and thus are rarely useful in more mobile warfare situations.

## Rocket artillery

## Coastal artillery

## Citations and notes

* Chamberlain, Peter, and Hilary L. Doyle. Thomas L. Jentz (Technical Editor), *Encyclopedia of German Tanks of World War Two: A Complete Illustrated Directory of German Battle Tanks, Armoured Cars, Self-propelled Guns, and Semi-tracked Vehicles, 1933–1945*, London: Arms and Armour Press, 1978 (revised edition 2004).
* Margiotta, Franklin D., *Brassey's Encyclopedia of Land Forces and Warfare*, Brassey's, 1997
* Johnson, Samuel, *A Dictionary of the English Language: In which the Words are Deduced from Their Originals, and Illustrated in Their Different Significations, by Examples from the Best Writers, to which are Prefixed a History of the Language, and an English Grammar*, v. 1, A-D, Printed for Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, 1805
* Zaloga, Steven J., James Grandsen (1984). *Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two*, London: Arms and Armour Press. ISBN 0-85368-606-8.


title: Free-flow electrophoresis

abstract: Free-flow electrophoresis (FFE), also known as carrier-free electrophoresis, is a matrix-free, high-voltage electrophoretic separation technique. FFE is an analogous technique to capillary electrophoresis, with a comparable resolution, that can be used for scientific questions, where semi-preparative and preparative amounts of samples are needed. It is used to quantitatively separate samples according to differences in charge or isoelectric point by forming a pH gradient. Because of the versatility of the technique, a wide range of protocols for the separation of samples like rare metal ions, protein isoforms, multiprotein complexes, peptides, organelles, cells, DNA origami, blood serum and nanoparticles exist. The advantage of FFE is the fast and gentle separation of samples dissolved in a liquid solvent without any need of a matrix, like polyacrylamide in gel electrophoresis. This ensures a very high recovery rate since analytes do not adhere to any carrier or matrix structure. Because of its continuous nature and high volume throughput, this technique allows a fast separation of preparative amounts of samples with a very high resolution. Furthermore, the separations can be conducted under native or denaturing conditions.

text:
# Free-flow electrophoresis

**Free-flow electrophoresis** (**FFE**), also known as **carrier-free electrophoresis**, is a matrix-free, high-voltage electrophoretic separation technique. FFE is an analogous technique to capillary electrophoresis, with a comparable resolution, that can be used for scientific questions, where semi-preparative and preparative amounts of samples are needed. It is used to quantitatively separate samples according to differences in charge or isoelectric point by forming a pH gradient. Because of the versatility of the technique, a wide range of protocols for the separation of samples like rare metal ions, protein isoforms, multiprotein complexes, peptides, organelles, cells, DNA origami, blood serum and nanoparticles exist. The advantage of FFE is the fast and gentle separation of samples dissolved in a liquid solvent without any need of a matrix, like polyacrylamide in gel electrophoresis. This ensures a very high recovery rate since analytes do not adhere to any carrier or matrix structure. Because of its continuous nature and high volume throughput, this technique allows a fast separation of preparative amounts of samples with a very high resolution. Furthermore, the separations can be conducted under native or denaturing conditions.

## History

FFE was developed in the 1960s by Kurt Hannig at the Max-Planck-Institute in Germany. Until the 1980s, it was a standardized technology for the separation of cells and organelles, and FFE was even tested in space to minimize the sedimentation under zero gravity. As flow cytometry became the standard method for cell sorting, FFE developments focused on the separation of proteins and charged particles. Some groups are also working on miniaturized versions of FFE systems or micro FFEs.

## Technique

The separation chamber consists of a backplate and a front plate. The backplate usually consists of a cooled aluminum block, covered with a plastic covered glass mirror. The front plate is nowadays made of PMMA, in earlier times glass has been used. The distance between the front- and the backplate can be adjusted by spacers and is usually between 0.1 and 0.5 mm. The front plate also contains the inlets for the separation buffers and the sample, the outlets for the fractionation tubes and the platinum wires as electrodes. By applying different buffers over the multiple buffer inlets the operator is able to change pH, salt concentrations or composition and therefore the separation conditions over the width of the chamber. The separation buffers and the sample are applied by peristaltic pumps, to ensure a laminar flow. A high voltage electric field is applied perpendicular to the laminar flow. Analytes in the laminar flow can be separated by charge density and isoelectric point. Because of its highly versatile nature, this technique can make use of different modes of electrophoresis, like for example isotachophoresis, isoelectric focusing or (interval) zone electrophoresis.

At the end of the separation cell, the separated sample is split up at the fractionation tubes and collected in microtiter plates.

Afterwards the samples can be characterized by all major techniques like HPLC, LC-MS, mass spectrometry (ESI / MALDI, depending on the protocol used) or electrophoresis (IEF / SDS PAGE, 2D-PAGE).

## Applications

Standard application include the high-resolution separation of protein complexes, membrane proteins, protein and antibody isoforms, cells, subcellular compartments (like organelles, ribosomes) and liposomes. By making use of very flat pH-gradients, generated by ampholytes, it is possible to separate protein isoforms, that vary by less than 0.02 pH units, with a throughput of around 3 mg/h. It is also possible to add additives to the buffers to increase the resolution or denature the samples. Typically concentrations of urea up to 8M, 0.1–1% of detergents like: CHAPS, CHAPSO, Digitonin, Dodecyl-ß-D-maltoside, Octyl-ß-D-glucoside, Triton-X-114 (IEF) and DTT up to 50 mM are tolerated.

## Key features

* Matrix free separation, ideal for conserving protein activity/protein complexes
* High resolution separation of protein complexes, membrane proteins, protein isoforms, cells, subcellular compartments (like organelles, ribosomes, etc.),
* Separation size range from ions to complete cells
* Sample recovery up to 99%, depending on sample and mode of operation
* High reproducibility of individual runs
* Separation in several minutes
* Protocols for Isoelectric Focusing separation with different commercial ampholytes and atoxic small molecular ProLytesTM for direct clinical application
* Fast and sensitive detection of separation quality via UV, IEF-gels
* Compatible with many other downstream techniques, e.g. HPLC, MS, SDS-, IEF- and 2D-GE
* Suited for separation of unstable proteins due to cooling of samples and separation chamber down to 4 °C
* Reduction of the complexity of the proteome before further proteomic analysis
* Enriching low-abundant proteins by removing excess of unwanted proteins
* Compatible with large and small sample volumes from around 50 μL up to several milliliters.
* Preparative as well as analytical operation modes
* Supports all electrophoretic separation modes (IEF, IZE, ZE, ITP)
* Can be run under native or denaturing conditions


title: Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary

abstract: Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary is located in Bhagalpur District of Bihar, India. The sanctuary is a 60 kilometers stretch of the Ganges River from Sultanganj to Kahalgaon in Bhagalpur district. notified as Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary in 1991, it is the protected area for the endangered Gangetic dolphins in Asia. Once found in abundance, only a few hundred remain, of which half are found here. The Gangetic Dolphin have been declared as the national aquatic animal of India. This decision was taken in the first meeting of the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) chaired by Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh on Monday, 5 October 2009.

text:
# Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary

**Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary** is located in Bhagalpur District of Bihar, India. The sanctuary is a 60 kilometers stretch of the Ganges River from Sultanganj to Kahalgaon in Bhagalpur district. notified as Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary in 1991, it is the protected area for the endangered Gangetic dolphins in Asia. Once found in abundance, only a few hundred remain, of which half are found here.

The Gangetic Dolphin have been declared as the national aquatic animal of India. This decision was taken in the first meeting of the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) chaired by Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh on Monday, 5 October 2009.

## Introduction

The Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary (VGDS) has been notified for the protection and conservation of Gangetic dolphin in the 60 km stretch of the Ganga river from Sultanganj to Kahalgaon under the provisions of Wildlife (Protection), Act 1972. Being a riverine habitat, its boundary and expanse keep on changing due to changing geomorphology of the Ganga river. The sanctuary has been named after the famous archaeological remains of Vikramshila University that was once a famous center of Buddhist learning across the world along with Nalanda during the Pala dynasty. Sultanganj, famous as an important religious centre in the Bihar, Bhagalpur famous as silk city and Kahalgaon known for the super thermal power plant of NTPC are important towns along the notified stretch of the sanctuary.

Sultanganj is a city and a notified area in Bhagalpur district, situated on the south bank of Ganga River, approximately 25 kilometers west of Bhagalpur city. Bhagalpur is a city with a Municipal Corporation situated on the southern bank of the Ganga. It is the third largest city in Bihar and the largest city in eastern Bihar. It is one of the major educational and commercial cities of this region. Area of the city is 110 square kilometers. Kahalgaon (formerly known as Colgong during British rule) is a town and a municipality in Bhagalpur district. It is located close to the archaeological remains of Vikramshila University and at the eastern end of the sanctuary bordering the state of Jharkhand. The Kahalgaon Super Thermal Power Plant, a unit of National Thermal Power Corporation is located near the town.

## Attraction

Major attractions are the Ganges river dolphins (known as *Soons* by Locals) which are classified as endangered on the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, included in Schedule-I of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 and Appendix 2 of Convention of Migratory Species.

The sanctuary also contains rich diversity of other threatened aquatic wildlife, including the Indian **smooth-coated otter** (*Lutrogale perspicillata*), **gharial** (*Gavialis gangeticus*), a variety of freshwater turtles, and 135 species of waterfowl.

## Turtle Diversity

Pangshura tectaPangshura tentoriaLissemys punctataChitra indica

Turtle are the key animals for cleaning the water which leads to cleaner and healthy water for all the flora and fauna of the river Ganga. There are several species of turtles of conservation importance such as -

## Avifauna

Compiled information based on surveys done by researchers and experts, there are approximately 198 avifauna species recorded in the sanctuary area. However, out of these recorded species, several species are threatened and near threatened (Critically endangered-1, Endangered-2, Vulnerable-6 and near threatened-13). Faunas from different families such as Accipitridae, Alaudidae, Alcedinidae, Anatidae, Ardeidae, Chardriidae, Ciconidae, Hirundinidae, Laridae, Motacillidae, Scolopacidae, Threskiornithidae could be seen here.

**Accipitridae** (a family of small to large birds with strongly hooked bills and variable morphology based on diet, which feed on a range of prey items from insects to medium-sized mammals, with a number feeding on carrion and a few feeding on fruit) includes Black Kite, Black-winged Kite, Shikra, Crested Serpent Eagle, species like Eastern Imperial Eagle, Greater Spotted Eagle, Indian Spotted Eagle, Pallas's Fish Eagle, declared as Vulnerable as per IUCN Red List could also be spotted here also Osprey and Peregrine Falcon are sighted in this area.

## Fish Abundance and Diversity

Fishes are an important food for Gangetic Dolphin, and hence a critical determinant of dolphin presence. Fishes of small sizes serve as dolphin's food. Some of the fish species recorded in VGDS are:

## Waterfowl Abundance and Diversity

There are approximately 198 species of birds identified by the experts and researchers. Several species are threatened and near threatened (critically endangered-1, endangered-2, vulnerable-6 and near threatened-13).

## Visiting

The best time to visit is October and June. Bhagalpur Junction railway station serves as the nearest railhead. Area between Sultanganj in west of Bhagalpur to Kahalgaon in east of Bhagalpur. Notably at Barari Ghat, where the Vikramshila Setu starts. The Manik Srakar ghat in monsoon season from July to mid-September provides one of the best sighting of this species.

## Threats

* Multiple dams and barriers disrupting free movement of the dolphins.
* Pollution by fertilisers, pesticides and industrial and domestic effluents, which are responsible for the death of many fish and are likely to have a negative effect on dolphin population.
* Killing of the animals for their meat or oil (used as catfish bait), and accidental entanglement in fishing nets.

## Conservation

There are various conservation works going on the sanctuary area. Noted works are:

* The Vikramshila Biodiversity Research and Education Centre (VBREC), led by Dr. Sunil Chaudhary, together with the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society (WDCS), the Environmental Biology Laboratory of Patna University, and T.M. Bhagalpur University, has initiated a project to improve the conservation value of Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary.
* Aaranyak, a registered conservation NGO working in North East India since 1989, has initiated a project entitled "Conservation of Gangetic dolphin in Brahmaputra river system, India" in collaboration with Dibrugarh University (Assam). The project aims to evaluate the conservation status of the Ganges river dolphin throughout the entire Brahmaputra river system by carrying out research into the species' population status, distribution, habitat preferences and threats.
* WWF-India also had started the Dolphin Conservation Programme to conserve the habitat of the Ganges river dolphin and secure a future for the endangered species.
* Forest Guards, Forester and other official of Bhagalpur Forest Division, Bhagalpur make sure of no illegal nets to be there in the sanctuary area. Even with limited support and manpower, Regular patrolling and seizure of illegal nets is carried out.

## InfoBox

| Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary | |
| --- | --- |
| **Notified - 07th August, 1991** | |
| Gangetic Dolphin in VGDS | |
|  | |
| Location | Sultanganj to Kahalgaon Bihar, India |
| Nearest city | Bhagalpur |
| Coordinates | 25°16′10.6″N 87°01′34.7″E / 25.269611°N 87.026306°E / 25.269611; 87.026306 |
| Established | 1991 |
| Governing body | Department of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Bihar |


title: Monika Cvernová

abstract: Monika Cvernová(born 30 July 1990) is a Czech football midfielder. She plays for 1.FC Slovácko in the Czech First Division. She is a member of the Czech national team. Cvernová made her debut for the national team in a match against Slovakia on 20 March 2009.

text:
# Monika Cvernová

**Monika Cvernová**(born 30 July 1990) is a Czech football midfielder. She plays for 1.FC Slovácko in the Czech First Division.

She is a member of the Czech national team. Cvernová made her debut for the national team in a match against Slovakia on 20 March 2009.

## InfoBox

Monika Cvernová
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1990-07-30) 30 July 1990 | | |
| Place of birth | Czechoslovakia | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Slovácko |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2009– | Czech Republic | 14 | (2) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 31 October 2013 | | | |


title: Marolterode

abstract: Marolterode is a municipality in the Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis district of Thuringia, Germany. Located just east of another small town, Schlotheim, it is placed in between Bundesstraßen 249 and 84.

text:
# Marolterode

**Marolterode** is a municipality in the Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis district of Thuringia, Germany. Located just east of another small town, Schlotheim, it is placed in between Bundesstraßen (federal roads) 249 and 84.

## InfoBox

| Marolterode | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location of Marolterode within Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis district | |
| Marolterode Marolterode | |
| Coordinates: 51°14′N 10°41′E / 51.233°N 10.683°E / 51.233; 10.683 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Thuringia |
| District | Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis |
| Government | |
| Mayor (202228) | Joachim Haase |
| Area | |
| Total | 9.46 km2 (3.65 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 278 m (912 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 304 |
| Density | 32/km2 (83/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 99994 |
| Dialling codes | 036021 |
| Vehicle registration | UH |


title: Universal rule

abstract:
The Universal Rule determined a yacht's eligibility to race in the America's Cup from 1914 to 1937 and for this the J-class was chosen. Boats built according to the rule reached their peak in the large J-class yachts.
This Rating Rule is intended to calculate a rating for yachts, which can then be used to calculate its Time Correction Factor (T.C.F.) in order to have disparate yachts racing against each other. The first boat said to be built under the universal rule was Nathanael Greene Herreshoff's Doris built in 1905. Before 1914, the Seawanhaka Rule was used for America's Cup racing, and after 1937 smaller boats were desirable, and so the International Rule gained popularity in the 12-Metre Class and smaller to the detriment of the M-class and smaller and became the standard. The 6, 8 and 12 Metre Classes and from 1948 on the 5.5 Metre, were the most popular and the 12-Metre was used for the America's Cup until 1987, the last year the America's Cup was sailed in 12-meter yachts. Yacht designer Nathanael Herreshoff devised the rule in 1902 "Herreshoff Rule" and accepted by the New York Yacht Club as the rule-making body for 1903. Herreshoff had designed winning America's Cup yachts which fully exploited the Seawanhaka rule, which was based only on a yacht's upright waterline length and sail area, to create narrow boats with long overhangs. This reached its peak with Reliance, the defender of the 1903 America's Cup, which was described as a "racing freak", suitable only for certain conditions. This prompted Herreshoff to propose a rule which also took into account the displacement of the boat.

text:
# Universal rule

The **Universal Rule** (Universal Rule for Yachts) determined a yacht's eligibility to race in the America's Cup from 1914 to 1937 and for this the J-class was chosen. Boats built according to the rule reached their peak in the large J-class yachts. This Rating Rule is intended to calculate a rating for yachts, which can then be used to calculate its Time Correction Factor (T.C.F.) in order to have disparate yachts racing against each other. The first boat said to be built under the universal rule was Nathanael Greene Herreshoff's *Doris* built in 1905.

Before 1914, the Seawanhaka Rule was used for America's Cup racing, and after 1937 smaller boats were desirable, and so the International Rule gained popularity in the 12-Metre Class and smaller to the detriment of the M-class and smaller and became the standard. The 6, 8 and 12 Metre Classes and from 1948 on the 5.5 Metre, were the most popular and the 12-Metre was used for the America's Cup until 1987, the last year the America's Cup was sailed in 12-meter yachts.

Yacht designer Nathanael Herreshoff devised the rule in 1902 "Herreshoff Rule" and accepted by the New York Yacht Club as the rule-making body for 1903. Herreshoff had designed winning America's Cup yachts which fully exploited the Seawanhaka rule, which was based only on a yacht's upright waterline length and sail area, to create narrow boats with long overhangs. This reached its peak with *Reliance*, the defender of the 1903 America's Cup, which was described as a "racing freak", suitable only for certain conditions. This prompted Herreshoff to propose a rule which also took into account the displacement of the boat.

## Universal Rule formula

Mathematically, the **Universal Rule** formula as introduced in 1903 was: $R={\frac {0.2\cdot L\cdot {\sqrt {S}{\sqrt\[{3}\]{D}}}}}$

Variables:

* **L** \- Rated boat length, definition tweaked from year to year by the New York Yacht Club
* **S** \- Measured sail area, up to 1923 to British Navy method, then amended for 3/4 mast-height jibstay and foresails, after the 1928 IYRU London Conference same as Metre-boats of the International Rule. See J-class.
* **D** \- Dead-weight by weighing, no sails no provisions, converted by formula to the equivalent cubic feet of seawater.
* **R** \- Rating

The numerator contains a yacht's speed-giving elements, length and sail area, while the retarding quantity of displacement is in the denominator. Also the result will be dimensionally correct; R will be a linear unit of length (such as feet or meters). Sailing craft are thus rated when their R rating falls within a certain range. J-Class boats, for example, are any single masted craft with an R between 65 and 76 feet (adjusted upward from original to allow British yachts under the International Rule to compete.

The listing for single mast boats, namely classes I through S.

* Class I: Rating = 76– 88 feet. (Skene 1941) indicates this applicable to yachts from around 1930:

Universal Rule: $\textbf {Rating}={\frac {0.182\cdot {\textbf {L}\cdot {\sqrt {SailArea}{\sqrt\[{3}\]{Displacement}}}}}}$ where * $\textbf {L}=L.W.L.+.5(q.b.l.-{\frac {100-{\sqrt {L.W.L.}{100}\cdot L.W.L.)}}}$
* L.W.L. = Length (on) Waterline, measured in measurement trim, in upright position
* q.b.l. = quarter-beam length, measured at the quarter-beam position of the maximum beam (mainframe)on the inside of the hull to the inside of the hull skin
* The length factor in the 1903 Formula is the Measurement Length

The yachts were divided into Development Classes

Incorrect upper limits; should read 16.x feet, etc.

* The Pond Racing Yacht Marble-head is related to the Universal Rule
* The current International A class yacht retains several elements of the Universal Rule in its formulas

There were multi-mast classes too, running Class A to Class H.

Footnotes

Note: The 1941 edition of Norman Skene's book (posthumously (1878-1932)) is the most up to date outside the confidential notes of the Rules Commission notes of the New York Yacht Club. Skene was the designer of J-Class yacht "Yankee" (1930), America's Cup contender, eliminated in the last selection match, so had access to these rules.

* "New York Yacht Club", website www.nyyc.org and New\_York\_Yacht\_Club
* "The M-yacht", website extant?
* "J-Class Racing Association", J Class Yachts Association, website www.jclassyachts.com/news
* "J Class - Sparkman & Stephens" www.sparkmanstephens.com/yachtdesign/sailyachts/jclass\_designs.php
* "America's Cup Book 1851-1983', John Rousmaniere
* "The Herreshoff Marine Museum", website www.herreshoff.org/ and Herreshoff\_Marine\_Museum
* "Twelve Meter Challenges for the America's Cup", Norris D. Hoyt, 1977
* "The Guinness Book of Yachting Facts and Feats", Peter Johnson (editor), 1975
* "Sensible Cruising designs",L. Frances Herreshoff, 1991 (contains lines of two J-class yachts)
* "Mystic Seaport Museum" www.mysticseaport.org/ and Mystic\_Seaport
* Several articles by "Wooden Boat" magazine on S, R, Q, P, M and J Classes. WoodenBoat Magazine www.woodenboat.com
* "The Twelve Metre Yacht: Its Evolution and Design 1906-1987",Chris Freer
* "The America's Cup: The History of Sailing's Greatest Competition in the Twentieth Century" by Dennis Conner (Author), Michael Levitt (Author), 1992
* " Olin J. Stephens II. Lines: A half-century of Yacht Designs by Sparkman & Stephens, 1930-1980.", 2002, David R. Godine, ISBN 978-1-56792-195-3.
* "Vim" a Twelve Meter Design by Sparkman and Stephens
* "Aero-hydrodynamics of sailing", Czesław Antony Marchaj, ISBN 0-229-98652-8
* "1928 IYRU London Conference"
* "Biography Norman l Skene by John G Evans", Sciences 360 www.sciences360.com


title: Mandeville site

abstract: The Mandeville site (9CY1) is an archaeological site in Clay County in southwest Georgia in the United States. The site now lies under the Walter F. George Reservoir, which is a part of the Chattahoochee River basin.

text:
# Mandeville site

The **Mandeville site** (9CY1) is an archaeological site in Clay County in southwest Georgia in the United States. The site now lies under the Walter F. George Reservoir, which is a part of the Chattahoochee River basin.

## History

The first occupations of the site were a village settlement during the Deptford period. Occupation of the site and the construction of two mounds continue into the Middle Woodland period. Ceramic evidence also dates occupation to the Early Swift Creek culture. The final layer of Mound A indicates it was converted to a platform mound typical of the Mississippian period.

## Excavations

The site was first visited by Clarence B. Moore at the turn of the century. He tested the site but did not conduct any excavations due to negative results. The site was visited by a field party from the University of Georgia in 1950. Some minor surface excavations were conducted. Thorough excavations on the site were conducted during 1959-1960 by Arthur Kelly, James H. Kellar and Edward V. McMichael before construction of the dam. The site is no longer accessible for excavation.

## Site description

The site contains two mounds, a flat top mound (Mound A), and one large dome shaped burial mound (Mound B). Mound A is about 240 feet (73 m) by 170 feet (52 m) and about 14 feet (4.3 m) in height. Mound B is about 140 feet (43 m) by 80 feet (24 m). There is also a village situated between the two mounds approximately 40 acres (0.16 km2) in area. A pre-mound village occupation, dated to the Deptford period exists beneath Mound A. Evidence for small circular houses and pits were found dated to this time. The first layers of Mound construction are attributed to the Late Deptford Period, with subsequent cultures building upon the original. The site was abandoned during the Woodland Period and re-inhabited about 500 years later during the Mississippian Period.

## Artifacts

The most significant artifacts at the Mandeville site consist of ceramics, including vessels and potsherds. Bone tools and projectile points were also found, along with flake knives. Fragments from a ceramic figurine were found, including the head and two torso fragments.

## InfoBox

Mandeville site
9 CY 1
| Location within Georgia today | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Clay County, Georgia,  USA |
| Region | Clay County, Georgia |
| Coordinates | 31°46′9.08″N 85°7′0.91″W / 31.7691889°N 85.1169194°W / 31.7691889; -85.1169194 |
| History | |
| Cultures | Deptford culture, Middle Woodland, South Appalachian Mississippian culture |
| Site notes | |
| Excavation dates | 1950 |
| Archaeologists | Clarence Bloomfield Moore |
| Architecture | |
| Architectural styles | platform mound |


title: USS Reindeer (1863)

abstract: USS Reindeer was a steamer purchased by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. She was used by the Union Navy as a gunboat assigned to patrol Confederate waterways. Post-war she was converted into a dispatch vessel and served that function until finally decommissioned.

text:
# USS Reindeer (1863)

**USS *Reindeer*** was a steamer purchased by the Union Navy during the American Civil War.

She was used by the Union Navy as a gunboat assigned to patrol Confederate waterways. Post-war she was converted into a dispatch vessel and served that function until finally decommissioned.

## Built in Cincinnati in 1863

*Reindeer*, a wooden, stern-wheel *gunboat (No. 35)* built at Cincinnati, Ohio, in the spring of 1863 as *Rachel Miller*, was purchased by the Navy there on 13 June 1863 and placed in service early in July 1863.

## Civil War service

### Assigned to the Mississippi Squadron

Reindeer joined the Mississippi Squadron just as Union Army and Navy efforts to open the entire Mississippi River system to Federal shipping finally reached fruition with the capture of the South's river strongholds at Vicksburg, Mississippi, and Port Hudson, Louisiana.

### Opening of the Confederate waterways to Union Navy control

This achievement of Northern arms opened a new phase of the Civil War in the West. Control of the vast inland waterways, which meandered through the Confederacy, gave Union commanders strategic lines of supply and communication for campaigns which would pierce into the South's heartland to deprive the Confederacy of its centers of strength.

To counter this strategy, Southern generals attempted to deprive the North of the use of these vital rivers. Lacking a powerful naval arm to challenge Federal forces afloat, the South resorted to guerrilla raids and cavalry forays against Union bases along the riverbanks and on supply ships which plied the rivers bringing Mr. Lincoln's soldiers food, clothing, ammunition, and the other necessities of war.

### Supporting the effort to suppress Morgan’s Raiders

It was *Reindeer's* job to protect Northern shipping from Southern raiders. After Confederate Brig. Gen. John H. Morgan crossed the Ohio River and invaded the North with some 2,500 troops early in July, *Reindeer* joined a group of Union gunboats which patrolled the river for 10 days to prevent his crossing back to the southern bank and escaping. Aided by Union troops under Major General Ambrose Burnside, they chased Morgan for almost 500 miles before they caught up with him at Buffington Island on the 19th and captured about half of the invading force.

### Reindeer finally officially commissioned

The crisis passed, *Reindeer* returned to Cincinnati for a belated commissioning ceremony on 25 July 1863. She operated along the Ohio from Louisville, Kentucky, to Madison, Indiana, watchful against guerrilla batteries as she patrolled the river and escorted transports and supply ships.

### Reassigned to Cumberland River operations

On 15 November, the gunboat was transferred to the Cumberland River for similar duty. In the months that followed, she frequently engaged Confederate batteries which fired upon her from temporary positions along the riverbanks as she reconnoitered the upper Cumberland and supported Army operations in Tennessee which would ultimately culminate in General William Tecumseh Sherman's death thrust through Georgia to the sea. She also participated in the Battle of Nashville December, 2nd, 4th and 15th, 1864.

On 11 April 1864, *Reindeer* became a dispatch vessel for the Navy base at Mound City, Illinois, and served in that capacity until she decommissioned on 7 August 1865.

## Post-war disposal and subsequent civilian career

She was sold at public auction on 17 August 1865 to J. A. Williamson, et al., and was redocumented as *Mariner* on 5 October 1865. The ship operated as a merchantman until she was stranded and destroyed at Decatur, Alabama, on 9 May 1867.

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*

## InfoBox

|  | |  | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Ordered | as *Rachel Miller* |
| Laid down | date unknown |
| Launched | 1863 |
| Acquired | 13 June 1863 |
| Commissioned | 25 July 1863 |
| Decommissioned | 7 August 1865 |
| In service | July 1863 |
| Stricken | 1865 (est.) |
| Fate | Sold, 17 August 1865 |
| General characteristics | |
| Displacement | 212 tons |
| Length | 154 ft (47 m) |
| Beam | 32 ft 9 in (9.98 m) |
| Draft | 6 ft (1.8 m) |
| Depth of hold | 5 ft (1.5 m) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 8 knots |
| Complement | not known |
| Armament | six 24-pounder howitzers |


title: Vidalia (fly)

abstract: Vidalia is a genus of tephritid or fruit flies in the family Tephritidae. Vidalia are commonly found distributed from the Eastern Palearctic to Oriental and Australasian. They breed in the fruits of Heptapleurum oxyphyllum var. oxyphyllum, a member of family Araliaceae, in West Malaysia.

text:
# Vidalia (fly)

***Vidalia*** is a genus of tephritid or fruit flies in the family Tephritidae. Vidalia are commonly found distributed from the Eastern Palearctic to Oriental and Australasian. They breed in the fruits of *Heptapleurum oxyphyllum* var. *oxyphyllum*, a member of family Araliaceae, in West Malaysia.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Vidalia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tephritidae |
| Subfamily: | Trypetinae |
| Tribe: | Trypetini |
| Genus: | *Vidalia*
Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Vidalia impressifrons*
Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 | |
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Marko Golubić

abstract: Marko Golubić is a Croatian taekwondo practitioner. He was a gold medalist at the 2023 World Taekwondo Championships.

text:
# Marko Golubić

**Marko Golubić** (born 26 July 2000) is a Croatian taekwondo practitioner. He was a gold medalist at the 2023 World Taekwondo Championships.

## Career

He is a member of TK Metalac in Zagreb, he is coached by Dejan Mesarov.

He competed for Croatia at the 2022 European Taekwondo Championships in Manchester and the 2022 World Taekwondo Championships in Guadalajara and reached the medal match each time without winning a medal.

He won the gold medal in the Men's lightweight division at the 2023 World Taekwondo Championships in Baku.

Competing at the European Qualification Tournament in March 2024 he qualified for the 2024 Olympic Games in Paris.

## InfoBox

Marko Golubić
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Croatian |
| Born | (2000-07-26) 26 July 2000 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Taekwondo |
| Weight class | Lightweight |
| Medal record      Men's taekwondo  Representing  Croatia  World Championships  2023 Baku  74 kg | |


title: Martići

abstract: Martići is a village in the municipality of Bar, Montenegro. It is located in the Skadarska Krajina region, by Lake Skadar.

text:
# Martići

**Martići** (Cyrillic: Мартићи; Albanian: Martiq) is a village in the municipality of Bar, Montenegro. It is located in the Skadarska Krajina region, by Lake Skadar.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census, its population was 293.

Ethnicity in 2011
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Albanians | 286 | 97.6% |
| other/undeclared | 7 | 2.4% |
| **Total** | **293** | **100%** |

## InfoBox

| Martići Мартићи<br>Martiq | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| MartićiLocation within Montenegro | |
| Coordinates: 42°05′31″N 19°17′51″E / 42.091920°N 19.297553°E / 42.091920; 19.297553 | |
| Country | Montenegro |
| Municipality | Bar |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 293 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Universal quadratic form

abstract: In mathematics, a universal quadratic form is a quadratic form over a ring that represents every element of the ring. A non-singular form over a field which represents zero non-trivially is universal.

text:
# Universal quadratic form

In mathematics, a **universal quadratic form** is a quadratic form over a ring that represents every element of the ring. A non-singular form over a field which represents zero non-trivially is universal.

## Examples

* Over the real numbers, the form *x*2 in one variable is not universal, as it cannot represent negative numbers: the two-variable form *x*2*y*2 over **R** is universal.
* Lagrange's four-square theorem states that every positive integer is the sum of four squares. Hence the form *x*2 \+ *y*2 \+ *z*2 \+ *t*2*u*2 over **Z** is universal.
* Over a finite field, any non-singular quadratic form of dimension 2 or more is universal.

## Forms over the rational numbers

The Hasse–Minkowski theorem implies that a form is universal over **Q** if and only if it is universal over **Q***p* for all *p* (where we include *p* = ∞, letting **Q** denote **R**). A form over **R** is universal if and only if it is not definite; a form over **Q***p* is universal if it has dimension at least 4. One can conclude that all indefinite forms of dimension at least 4 over **Q** are universal.

* The 15 and 290 theorems give conditions for a quadratic form to represent all positive integers.

* Lam, Tsit-Yuen (2005). *Introduction to Quadratic Forms over Fields*. Graduate Studies in Mathematics. Vol. 67. American Mathematical Society. ISBN 0-8218-1095-2. MR 2104929. Zbl 1068.11023.
* Rajwade, A. R. (1993). *Squares*. London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series. Vol. 171. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-42668-5. Zbl 0785.11022.
* Serre, Jean-Pierre (1973). *A Course in Arithmetic*. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 7. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-90040-3. Zbl 0256.12001.


title: Ukrainian literature

abstract: Ukrainian literature is literature written in the Ukrainian language. Ukrainian literature mostly developed under foreign domination over Ukrainian territories, foreign rule by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Poland, the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Romania, the Austria-Hungary Empire, and the Ottoman Empire, enriched Ukrainian culture and language, and Ukrainian authors were able to produce a rich literary heritage.

text:
# Ukrainian literature

**Ukrainian literature** is literature written in the Ukrainian language.

Ukrainian literature mostly developed under foreign domination over Ukrainian territories, foreign rule by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Poland, the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Romania, the Austria-Hungary Empire, and the Ottoman Empire, enriched Ukrainian culture and language, and Ukrainian authors were able to produce a rich literary heritage.

## History

### Ukrainian literature’s precursor: writings in Old-Church Slavonic and Latin in Ukraine

Prior to the establishment of Ukrainian literature in the 18th century, many authors from Ukraine wrote in "scholarly" languages of the Middle AgesLatin and Old-Church Slavonic. Among prominent authors from Ukraine who wrote in Latin and Old-Church Slavonic are Hryhorii Skovoroda, Yuriy Drohobych, Stanislav Orikhovsky-Roxolan, Feofan Prokopovych, Jan-Toma Yuzefovych, Pavlo Rusyn-Krosnyanyn and others.

### Beginnings of oral Ukrainian literature

During this period of history there was a higher number of elementary schools per population in the Hetmanate than in either neighboring Muscovy or Poland. In the 1740s, of 1,099 settlements within seven regimental districts, as many as 866 had primary schools. The German visitor to the Hetmanate, writing in 1720, commented on how the son of Hetman Danylo Apostol, who had never left Ukraine, was fluent in the Latin, Italian, French, German, Polish and Russian languages

Late 16th and early 17th century included the rise of folk epics called *dumy*. These songs celebrated the activities of the Cossacks and were oral retellings of major Ukrainian historical events in modern Ukrainian language (i.e., not in Old-Church Slavonic). This period produced Ostap Veresai, a renowned minstrel and kobzar from Poltava province, Ukraine.

### Beginnings of written Ukrainian literature

| Ivan Kotlyarevsky
(1769–1838) | Taras Shevchenko
(1814–1861) | Ivan Franko
(1856–1916) | Mykhailo
Kotsiubynsky
(1864–1913) | Lesya Ukrainka
(1871–1913) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |

The establishment of Ukrainian literature is believed to have been triggered by the publishing of a widely successful poem *Eneida* by Ivan Kotliarevsky in 1798, which is one of the first instances of a printed literary work written in modern Ukrainian language. Due to Kotliarevsky's role as the inaugurator of Ukrainian literature, among literary critics he is often referred to as "the father of Ukrainian literature". Modern Ukrainian prose was inaugurated by Hryhorii Kvitka-Osnovianenko’s novel Marusya (1834).

### Contemporary literature

Since the late 1980s, and particularly after the independence of Ukraine (1991) and disappearance of Soviet censorship the whole generation of writers emerged: Sofia Maidanska, Ihor Kalynets, Moysey Fishbein, Yuri Andrukhovych, Serhiy Zhadan, Oksana Zabuzhko, Oleksandr Irvanets, Yuriy Izdryk, Maria Matios, Ihor Pavlyuk and many others. Many of them are considered to be "postmodernists".

## Notable Ukrainian writers

## Bibliography

* A History of Ukrainian Literature (From the 11th to the End of the 19th Century): With an Overview of the Twentieth Century (Annals of the Ukrainian Academy … and Sciences in the U.S., Inc, Vol 17–19) by Dmitrij Tschizewskij, George S. N. Luckyj, Dolly Ferguson, and Doreen Gorsline
* Ukrainian Literature Through the Ages by Yevhen Shabliovsky, Abraham Mistetsky, and Andrew Marko (Paperback – 1 January 2001)
* Toward a history of Ukrainian literature. Grabowicz, George G. / distrib. by Harvard University Press for the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute / 1981 (104: SLA U 50 : 50s Bungehuis-Spuistraat 210, 2e etage)
* A history of Ukrainian literature, from the 11th to the end of the 19th century. Cyzevs'kyj, Dmytro / Ukrainian Academic Press / 1975 (UBM: H 77–63, Singel 425, UB magazijn)
* Ukrainian literature. Kasinec, Edward / Harvard University / 1977 (UBM: Br. f\0 L m 9)
* Ukrainian literature in the twentieth century: a reader's guide. Luckyj, George S.N. / Univ. of Toronto press / 1992 (UBM: H 96-1818)
* Ukrainian Literature in English, 1980–1989 by Marta Tarnawsky