title: Paddy Run

abstract: Paddy Run is a tributary of the Susquehanna River in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. It is approximately 1.0 mile (1.6 km) long and flows through Salem Township and Shickshinny. The stream is in the United States Geological Survey quadrangle of Shickshinny. It has been used as an industrial water supply for the E.E. Stackhouse Coal Company. The stream was entered into the Geographic Names Information System on February 1, 1990.

text:
# Paddy Run

**Paddy Run** (also known as **Paddy Run Creek**) is a tributary of the Susquehanna River in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. It is approximately 1.0 mile (1.6 km) long and flows through Salem Township and Shickshinny. The stream is in the United States Geological Survey quadrangle of Shickshinny. It has been used as an industrial water supply for the E.E. Stackhouse Coal Company. The stream was entered into the Geographic Names Information System on February 1, 1990.

## Course

Paddy Run begins a valley in Salem Township. It flows east for several tenths of a mile before turning east-northeast. After a short distance, the stream exits its valley and enters Shickshinny. It turns east and crosses US Route 11. A short distance further downstream, it reaches its confluence with the Susquehanna River.

## Geography and geology

The elevation near the mouth of Paddy Run is 482 feet (147 m) above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between 1,020 and 1,040 feet (310 and 320 m) above sea level.

The watershed of Paddy Run is relatively mountainous and is situated on the Salem coal basins. The stream flows down the eastern side of Rocky Mountain.

Paddy Run accumulates drift to some degree as it flows along its course. However, due to the high speed of its waters, it does not deposit significant amounts of drift along its course. One more mine sheets occur in the stream's watershed.

## Watershed

Paddy Run is entirely within the United States Geological Survey quadrangle of Shickshinny. The stream is in Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 260 for most of its length.

## History

The Paddy Run Coal Company was established in Shickshinny by John M. Stackhouse and his brother Cyrus Stackhouse in the 19th century. In the late 1800s, the mouth of Paddy Run was on the Pennsylvania Canal at the Salem Coal Breakers. Along with Rocky Run, the stream was used as an industrial water supply for the E.E. Stackhouse Coal Company. The water was supplied via gravity from small reservoirs.

Susquehanna Haul & Drilling, LLC has a permit to reprocess anthracite refuse in Salem Township and Shickshinny, with Paddy Run being the receiving stream for the operation's waste. The permit was granted on April 12, 2012.

## InfoBox

| Paddy Run<br>Paddy Run Creek | |
| --- | --- |
| Paddy Run near its mouth | |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Valley in Salem Township, Pennsylvania |
| elevation | between 1,020 and 1,040 feet (310 and 320 m) |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Susquehanna River in Shickshinny |
| coordinates | 41°08′48″N 76°08′52″W / 41.1466°N 76.1477°W / 41.1466; -76.1477 |
| elevation | 482 ft (147 m) |
| Length | 1.0 mi (1.6 km) |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | Susquehanna RiverChesapeake Bay |


title: PFL Europe 3 (2024)

abstract: PFL Europe 3 was a mixed martial arts event produced by the Professional Fighters League that took place on September 28, 2024, at the OVO Hydro in Glasgow, Scotland.

text:
# PFL Europe 3 (2024)

***PFL Europe 3*** was a mixed martial arts event produced by the Professional Fighters League that took place on September 28, 2024, at the OVO Hydro in Glasgow, Scotland.

## Background

This event marked the organization's debut in Scotland.

A welterweight bout between former Cage Warriors Lightweight Champion Stevie Ray and Lewis Long headlined the event.

2023 PFL Europe bantamweight winner Khurshed Kakhorov was scheduled to face Dean Garnett in a bantamweight semifinal, but he forced to withdrew due to an undisclosed injury and was replaced by Federico Fasciano.

## Results

| Main card (DAZN) | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Weight class |  |  |  | Method | Round | Time | Notes |
| Welterweight | Stevie Ray | def. | Lewis Long | Submission (twister) | 1 | 4:24 |  |
| Catchweight (150 lb) | Rob Whiteford | def. | Roger Huerta | Decision (unanimous) (30–27, 29–28, 29–28) | 3 | 5:00 |  |
| Lightweight | Mark Ewen | def. | Yassin Chtatou | Submission (brabo choke) | 1 | 2:30 |  |
| Bantamweight | Lewis McGrillen-Evans | def. | Dean Garnett | KO (punch) | 3 | 1:43 |  |
| Bantamweight | Alexander Luster | def. | Julien Pierre Lopez | Submission (rear-naked choke) | 1 | 1:15 |  |
| Welterweight | Florim Zendeli | def. | Jack Grant | Decision (split) (28–29, 29–28, 29–28) | 3 | 5:00 |  |
| Welterweight | Daniele Miceli | def. | Ibrahima Mané | TKO (punches) | 1 | 1:26 |  |
| Preliminary card (DAZN) | | | | | | | |
| Lightweight | Jakub Kaszuba | def. | Daniele Scatizzi | Decision (unanimous) (30–27, 29–28, 29–28) | 3 | 5:00 |  |
| Lightweight | Connor Hughes | def. | Ignacio Capella | Decision (unanimous) (29–28, 29–28, 29–28) | 3 | 5:00 |  |
| Women's Flyweight | Shanelle Dyer | def. | Valentina Scatizzi | Decision (split) (28–29, 29–28, 29–28) | 3 | 5:00 |  |
| Women's Flyweight | Paulina Wiśniewska | def. | Karolina Wójcik | Decision (unanimous) (30–27, 30–27, 30–27) | 3 | 5:00 |  |
| Lightweight | Lorenzo Parente | def. | Stefano Catacoli | Submission (armbar) | 1 | 1:45 |  |
| Bantamweight | Matiss Zaharovs | def. | Brian Hyslop | Submission (rear-naked choke) | 2 | 4:18 |  |
| Women's Flyweight | Gemma Auld | def. | Weronika Pietruszka | TKO (punches) | 1 | 4:50 |  |

## Bracket

### Welterweight

### Lightweight

### Bantamweight

1. De Paepe failed medicals and Garnett therefore got a bye to the semi-finals
2. Garnett was originally scheduled to face Khurshed Kakhorov, but he forced to withdraw due to an undisclosed injury and was replaced by Lewis McGrillen-Evans.

### Women's Flyweight

1. Cruz, Guilherme (2024-06-04). "Roger Huerta returns from 3-year layoff to co-main PFL Glasgow card, Stevie Ray headlines". *MMA Fighting*. Retrieved 2024-06-04.
2. "PFL Europe Glasgow at OVO Hydro: Stevie "Braveheart" Ray Headlines Scotland Debut". *FightBook MMA*. 2024-06-04. Retrieved 2024-06-04.
3. "PFL Europe 2024 Dates Announced in Newcastle and Glasgow Along With Massive Matchup Coming to Paris". *Combat Sports UK*. 2024-01-18. Retrieved 2024-06-04.
4. Sherdog.com. "Steven Ray Ends Retirement, Faces Lewis Long at PFL Glasgow Main Event on Sept. 28". *Sherdog*. Retrieved 2024-06-04.
5. "Federico Fasciano Replaces Khurshed Kakhorov At PFL Glasgow". *Fighters Only*. 2024-09-07. Retrieved 2024-09-08.
6. "PFL Europe 3". *www.pflmma.com*. Retrieved 4 June 2024.

## InfoBox

| PFL Europe 3 | |
| --- | --- |
| The poster for PFL Europe 3 | |
| Promotion | Professional Fighters League |
| Date | September 28, 2024 (2024-September-28) |
| Venue | OVO Hydro |
| City | Glasgow, Scotland |
| Event chronology | |
| PFL MENA 3 PFL Europe 3 PFL Super Fights: Battle of the Giants | |


title: PFL Europe 1 (2023)

abstract: The PFL Europe 1 mixed martial arts event for the 2023 season of the Professional Fighters League Europe was held on March 25, 2023, at the Vertu Motors Arena in Newcastle, England. This was the inaugural event of the PFL Europe league, holding bouts in the Light Heavyweight and Women's Flyweight

text:
# PFL Europe 1 (2023)

The ***PFL Europe 1*** mixed martial arts event for the 2023 season of the Professional Fighters League Europe was held on March 25, 2023, at the Vertu Motors Arena in Newcastle, England. This was the inaugural event of the PFL Europe league, holding bouts in the Light Heavyweight and Women's Flyweight

## Background

Starting in 2023 PFL Europe will feature young European MMA fighters, broadcast during prime local hours with all events staged in Europe. The format will follow the same as the regular PFL Season, with the winner receiving a $100,000 prize and a chance to earn a spot in the 2024 PFL regular season.

At weigh-ins, Mafalda Carmona, who was supposed to fight Griet Eeckhout in the flyweight category, weighed in at 131.2 pounds, which was 5.2 pounds over the limit. Consequently, the fight was called off. Lewis Monarch weighed in at 157 pounds for his lightweight showcase bout against Ownsworth, exceeding the 156-pound limit by one pound. However, the bout went ahead with Monarch being penalized a certain percentage of his earnings.

## Results

| Main Card (DAZN) | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Weight class |  |  |  | Method | Round | Time | Notes |
| Light Heavyweight | Simeón Powell | def. | Mohamed Amine | Technical Submission (arm-triangle choke) | 2 | 5:00 |  |
| Women's Flyweight | Dakota Ditcheva | def. | Malin Hermansson | Submission (rear-naked choke) | 1 | 3:52 |  |
| Bantamweight | Lewis McGrillen-Evans | def. | Salih Kulucan | KO (punch) | 1 | 2:33 |  |
| Light Heavyweight | Jakob Nedoh | def. | Riccardo Nosiglia | KO (punches) | 1 | 0:48 |  |
| Light Heavyweight | Anthony Salamone | def. | Daniel Ladero | TKO (punches) | 1 | 2:19 |  |
| Women's Flyweight | Cornelia Holm | def. | Marta Waliczek | Decision (split) (29–28, 28–29, 29–28) | 3 | 5:00 |  |
| Light Heavyweight | Abdellah Er-Ramy | def. | Mădălin Pîrvulescu | TKO (punches) | 1 | 2:18 |  |
| Women's Flyweight | Valentina Scatizzi | def. | Lizzy Gevers | Decision (split) (30–27, 29–28, 28–29) | 3 | 5:00 |  |
| Preliminary card (DAZN) | | | | | | | |
| Bantamweight | Louis Lee Scott | def. | Sam Robinson | TKO (punches and head kick) | 1 | 0:21 |  |
| Lightweight | Oscar Ownsworth | def. | Lewis Monarch | Decision (split) (29–28, 29–28, 28–29) | 3 | 5:00 |  |

## Brackets

### Light Heavyweight

### Women's Flyweight

1. King, Nolan (12 January 2023). "Inaugural PFL Europe season schedule announced". *MMA Junkie*. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
2. Anderson, Jay (14 February 2023). "PFL Europe Announces Full 2023 Roster, Includes Four Weight Classes". *Cageside Press*. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
3. Sherdog.com. "PFL Europe 1 Weigh-in Results: 2 Fighters Heavy, 1 Fight Nixed". *Sherdog*. Retrieved 2023-03-25.
4. "PFL Europe 1". *pflmma.com*. Retrieved 2023-02-28.

## InfoBox

| PFL Europe 1 | |
| --- | --- |
| The poster for PFL Europe 1 | |
| Promotion | Professional Fighters League |
| Date | March 25, 2023 (2023-March-25) |
| Venue | Vertu Motors Arena |
| City | Newcastle, England |
| Event chronology | |
| PFL 10 PFL Europe 1 PFL 1 | |


title: PFL Europe 2 (2023)

abstract: The PFL Europe 2 mixed martial arts event for the 2023 season of the Professional Fighters League Europe was held on July 8, 2023, at the Verti Music Hall in Berlin, Germany. This was the sophomore event of the PFL Europe league, holding bouts in the Lightweight and Bantamweight divisions.

text:
# PFL Europe 2 (2023)

The ***PFL Europe 2*** mixed martial arts event for the 2023 season of the Professional Fighters League Europe was held on July 8, 2023, at the Verti Music Hall in Berlin, Germany. This was the sophomore event of the PFL Europe league, holding bouts in the Lightweight and Bantamweight divisions.

## Background

Starting in 2023 PFL Europe will feature young European MMA fighters, broadcast during prime local hours with all events staged in Europe. The format will follow the same as the regular PFL Season, with the winner receiving a $100,000 prize and a chance to earn a spot in the 2024 PFL regular season.

At weigh-ins, three fighters missed weight, Moktar Benkaci (136.5 lbs) came in half a pound over the limit for his fight against Khurshed Kakhorov, lightweight Acoidan Duque (159.1) clocked in 3.1 pounds over the lightweight cap, and Rachid El Hazoume Aamay was .3 pounds over the bantamweight max at 136.3 pounds.

## Results

| Main Card (DAZN) | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Weight class |  |  |  | Method | Round | Time | Notes |
| Bantamweight | Francesco Nuzzi | def. | Farbod Iran Nezhad | KO (head kick and punches) | 1 | 1:52 |  |
| Bantamweight | Khurshed Kakhorov | def. | Moktar Benkaci | Decision (unanimous) (30–26, 30–26, 30–25) | 3 | 5:00 |  |
| Women's Flyweight | Griet Eeckhout | def. | Lorena Cubero | Decision (unanimous) (30–27, 30–27, 30–25) | 3 | 5:00 |  |
| Bantamweight | Frans Mlambo | def. | Rachid Haz | Decision (majority) (29–27, 29–27, 28–28) | 3 | 5:00 |  |
| Bantamweight | Ali Taleb | def. | Kenji Bortoluzzi | TKO (punches) | 1 | 3:26 |  |
| Lightweight | John Mitchell | def. | Geysim Derouiche | Decision (unanimous) (30–27, 30–27, 30–27) | 3 | 5:00 |  |
| Lightweight | Acoidan Duque | def. | Aleksandr Chizov | Decision (unanimous) (29–28, 29–28, 29–28) | 3 | 5:00 |  |
| Bantamweight | Lewis McGrillen-Evans | def. | Amrali Saydoshurov | KO (punch) | 2 | 0:12 |  |
| Lightweight | Dylan Tuke | def. | Connor Hughes | Decision (unanimous) (29–28, 29–28, 29–28) | 3 | 5:00 |  |
| Lightweight | Jakub Kaszuba | def. | Maxim Radu | Submission (rear-naked choke) | 1 | 3:18 |  |
| Lightweight | Anatolij Baal | def. | Sebas Santana Guedes | TKO (punches) | 2 | 4:16 |  |
| Women's Featherweight | Christina Breuer | def. | Ruby Mesu | TKO (punches and knees) | 2 | 3:12 |  |

## Brackets

### Lightweight

* Officially a Unanimous decision victory for Duque, Chizov advanced due to the weight miss by Duque

### Bantamweight

### Women's Flyweight

1. "Inaugural PFL Europe season schedule announced". *MMA Junkie*. 2023-01-12. Retrieved 2023-04-22.
2. Anderson, Jay (2023-04-21). "PFL Europe 2 Line-Up Announced for Berlin, Germany on July 8". *Cageside Press*. Retrieved 2023-04-22.
3. Sherdog.com. "PFL Europe Reveals Lineup for Second Regular Season Card in Germany on July 8". *Sherdog*. Retrieved 2023-04-22.
4. Sherdog.com. "PFL Europe 2 Weigh-in Results: 3 Fighters Miss Weight". *Sherdog*. Retrieved 2023-07-08.
5. "PFL Europe 2". *pflmma.com*. Retrieved 2023-02-28.

## InfoBox

| PFL Europe 2 | |
| --- | --- |
| The poster for PFL Europe 2 | |
| Promotion | Professional Fighters League |
| Date | July 8, 2023 (2023-July-08) |
| Venue | Verti Music Hall |
| City | Berlin, Germany |
| Event chronology | |
| PFL 6 PFL Europe 2 PFL 7 | |


title: Padley Hall

abstract: Padley Hall was an Elizabethan great house overlooking the River Derwent near Grindleford, Derbyshire, England. The remains of the hall today are mostly just foundation walls. The site is a protected Scheduled Monument. Not to be confused with 17th-century Padley Hall near Ripley. Padley Hall was a large double courtyard house dating back to the 14th century, although it was built on the site of an earlier Norman manor house. William the Conqueror gave the Padley estate to his supporter the head of the De Bernac family. The Bernac family changed their name to Padley after the estate. The hall was built for the Padley family and subsequently passed onto the local aristocratic Eyre family, when Joan Padley married Robert Eyre. It became the residence of Sir Thomas Fitzherbert through his marriage to Anne Eyre in 1534. The Fitzherbert family were devout Catholics, refusing to attend the services of the Church of England. Sir Thomas had given the hall to his younger brother John by 1588. In July 1588, the hall was raided and two Catholic priests were discovered hiding within the walls. Two weeks later they were found guilty of high treason and they were hanged, drawn and quartered in Derby. Their corpses were displayed on poles on St. Mary’s Bridge. They became known as the 'Padley Martyrs'. John Fitzherbert was imprisoned and died in 1590. Sir Thomas Fitzherbert had spent 32 years in prison for his beliefs and died in the Tower of London in 1591. Padley Manor was confiscated by the Crown before being returned later to the Fitzherbert family. William Fitzherbert inherited the estate in 1649 but hefty recusancy fines and family debts forced him to sell the hall, which gradually fell into disrepair. Stones were taken from the hall ruins to construct two barns. Padley Chapel was the former gatehouse to the hall and was used as a farm building following the closure of the hall. The building is still intact and in 1933 it was converted into a Catholic chapel in honour of the martyrs. A pilgrimage to Padley Chapel began in 1892 in honour of the executed martyrs and it still takes place in July each year from nearby Grindleford railway station. The chapel is a Grade I listed building. The National Trust's Longshaw Estate and Padley Gorge would have been part of the original Padley estate.

text:
# Padley Hall

**Padley Hall** (or **Padley Manor**) was an Elizabethan great house overlooking the River Derwent near Grindleford, Derbyshire, England. The remains of the hall today are mostly just foundation walls. The site is a protected Scheduled Monument. Not to be confused with 17th-century Padley Hall near Ripley.

Padley Hall was a large double courtyard house dating back to the 14th century, although it was built on the site of an earlier Norman manor house. William the Conqueror gave the Padley estate to his supporter the head of the De Bernac family. The Bernac family changed their name to Padley after the estate. The hall was built for the Padley family and subsequently passed onto the local aristocratic Eyre family, when Joan Padley married Robert Eyre (Sheriff of Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and the Royal Forests in 1481). It became the residence of Sir Thomas Fitzherbert through his marriage to Anne Eyre in 1534.

The Fitzherbert family were devout Catholics, refusing to attend the services of the Church of England. Sir Thomas had given the hall to his younger brother John by 1588. In July 1588, the hall was raided and two Catholic priests (Nicholas Garlick and Robert Ludlum) were discovered hiding within the walls. Two weeks later they were found guilty of high treason (being ordained priests in England) and they were hanged, drawn and quartered in Derby. Their corpses were displayed on poles on St. Mary’s Bridge. They became known as the 'Padley Martyrs'. John Fitzherbert was imprisoned and died in 1590. Sir Thomas Fitzherbert had spent 32 years in prison for his beliefs and died in the Tower of London in 1591. Padley Manor was confiscated by the Crown before being returned later to the Fitzherbert family. William Fitzherbert inherited the estate in 1649 but hefty recusancy fines and family debts forced him to sell the hall, which gradually fell into disrepair. Stones were taken from the hall ruins to construct two barns.

Padley Chapel was the former gatehouse to the hall and was used as a farm building following the closure of the hall. The building is still intact and in 1933 it was converted into a Catholic chapel in honour of the martyrs. A pilgrimage to Padley Chapel began in 1892 in honour of the executed martyrs and it still takes place in July each year from nearby Grindleford railway station. The chapel is a Grade I listed building.

The National Trust's Longshaw Estate and Padley Gorge would have been part of the original Padley estate.

1. Historic England. "Padley Hall: a medieval great house (1017587)". *National Heritage List for England*. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
2. Express, Britain. "Padley Chapel and Manor Gatehouse, History & Photos | Historic Derbyshire". *Britain Express*. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
3. "Padley chapel". *www.derbyshireheritage.co.uk*. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
4. Historic England. "Padley Chapel (1335033)". *National Heritage List for England*. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
5. "Longshaw, Burbage and the Eastern Moors". *National Trust*. Retrieved 3 June 2020.

## InfoBox

Padley Hall
| Padley Chapel and ruins of Padley Hall | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Grindleford |
| Region | Derbyshire, England |
| Coordinates | 53°18′25″N 1°37′52″W / 53.3070°N 1.6311°W / 53.3070; -1.6311 |
| History | |
| Periods | Medieval |
| Site notes | |
| Condition | Standing remains |
| Public access | Public footpath |
|  | |
| Scheduled monument | |
| Official name | Padley Hall: a medieval great house |
| Type | Settlement |
| Designated | 29 January 1998 |
| Reference no. | 1017587 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: POU2F3

abstract: POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the POU2F3 gene.

text:
# POU2F3

**POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 3** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *POU2F3* gene.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| POU2F3 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | POU2F3, Epoc-1, OCT-11, OCT11, OTF-11, PLA-1, PLA1, Skn-1a, POU class 2 homeobox 3 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 607394; MGI: 102565; HomoloGene: 7898; GeneCards: POU2F3; OMA:POU2F3 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_001244682
NM\_014352   NM\_011139   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001231611
NP\_055167   n/a   Location (UCSC) Chr 11: 120.24 – 120.32 Mb Chr 9: 43.04 – 43.12 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Padre Canyon incident

abstract: The Padre Canyon incident was a skirmish in November 1899 between a group of Navajo hunters and a posse of Arizona lawmen. Among other things, it was significant in that it nearly started a large-scale Indian war in Coconino County and it led to the expansion of the Navajo Reservation. It was also the final armed conflict during a land dispute between the Navajo and American settlers, as well as one of the bloodiest.

text:
# Padre Canyon incident

The **Padre Canyon incident** was a skirmish in November 1899 between a group of Navajo hunters and a posse of Arizona lawmen. Among other things, it was significant in that it nearly started a large-scale Indian war in Coconino County and it led to the expansion of the Navajo Reservation. It was also the final armed conflict during a land dispute between the Navajo and American settlers, as well as one of the bloodiest.

## Background

In the 1880s and 1890s, the Navajo band of Chief B'ugoettin were fighting a minor, undeclared war with local cattlemen for control of what was later known as the Leupp Extension, a large area of rangeland between Flagstaff, the Hopi Reservation, and the Colorado River, which would later become part of the Navajo Reservation. When the trouble began, the Leupp Extension was owned by the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad, which acquired the land from the federal government through a grant. Like other railroads in the Old West, the Atlantic and Pacific sold unused land to pioneers, but, due to the Navajo presence in the Leupp Extension, pioneers were reluctant to buy land from them.

Eventually, cattlemen began moving their herds into the area, which only added tension to an already uneasy situation. Initially, the Navajo pleaded to the federal government for their help, but when that failed they retaliated by raiding for livestock. The cattlemen responded in a like manner, but for the most part, the violence was minimal. Usually, when the Navajo captured a thief they would beat him up and then send him on his way. As was the case in 1899.

William Henry Montgomery was a nineteen-year-old cowboy employed by William Roden, Jr. According to some accounts, on November 6, Montgomery was caught trying to steal some ponies from a group of Navajo hunters so three of the natives assaulted him in the usual manner. Wanting revenge, Montgomery went to Flagstaff and persuaded the county to have warrants issued for the arrest of the three natives. Other accounts say that the posse was responding to allegations of deer poaching and the theft of horses from William Roden's ranch, but the exact cause for the issuing of the warrants remains uncertain.

To serve the warrants, Deputy Sheriff Dan Hogan formed a posse consisting of himself, William Montgomery, William Roden and Walter Durham, who was another cowboy from the Roden Ranch.

## Incident

On the morning of November 11, Hogan and Montgomery left Flagstaff and headed to the Roden Ranch, where they recruited Roden and Durham. From there the posse went east towards Padre Canyon. Later that afternoon, at the edge of Elliott Canyon, the posse spotted a small Navajo camp in the brush down below near the junction of Padre Canyon and Canyon Diablo. After dismounting and making their way down the canyon wall, they stealthily advanced on a wickiup that was occupied by an elderly man who was tanning deer hide.

At this time, four other Navajo men spotted Montgomery as they were walking back to camp from a hunting trip. Assuming he was there to steal horses, the Navajos immediately opened fire on Montgomery, striking him in the heart and killing him instantly. A shootout ensued and it was later described by the *Coconino Sun* as being "one of the most desperate conflicts ever to be fought in the Southwest."

The Navajo fire was accurate so the posse was forced to retreat at sundown. Fearing they would be too exposed by climbing back up the canyon wall, the possemen made their way south to a nearby railroad and on the following morning they succeeded in stopping a train for a ride back to Flagstaff.

Two of the Navajos were killed and one other was wounded. Deputy Hogan received a "long gash" across his shoulders as he was bending over to take cover and Roden received a shot to the groin. Montgomery was dead and Durham escaped with the other survivors unharmed.

## Aftermath

News of the shooting quickly spread throughout Arizona and the rest of the nation, but it took nearly a month before the federal government responded. During that time, both the Navajo and the Americans feared that the other side would launch a campaign of reprisal. As result, Flagstaff was fortified by the town militia.

Eventually, the hunters who were involved in the fight were told to report to Flagstaff for a hearing in court, which they refused to do at first. Instead, Chief B'ugoettin assembled 300 heavily armed warriors and led them to Flagstaff. His plan was to conceal his force in the woods outside of town and then go in unarmed with two men to return the posse's horses, attacking only if they were placed in jail. Fortunately, however, Reverend William R. Johnston helped defuse the situation and he promised B'ugoettin that the three hunters would receive an adequate defense if they surrendered now. B'ugoettin agreed so the attack on Flagstaff never came.

The trial was held in the Coconino County Courthouse in September 1900, during which, the wounded Navajo hunter, Haastiin Biwoo Adin, impressed Judge Richard E. Sloan with his address so much so that he found all three of the hunters innocent. Reverend Johnston's nine-year-old son, Philip, translated the Navajo's speech for the court.

After the trial, a Navajo delegation was sent to Washington, D. C. to petition the government for the creation of the Leupp Extension. Ultimately, the delegation was successful in convincing President Theodore Roosevelt, who issued his executive order on November 14, 1901. The Leupp Extension was named after Roosevelt's commissioner of Indian affairs, Francis E. Leupp, and it led to the founding of the town Leupp. Also, B'ugoettin rewarded Reverend Johnston by permitting him to build a mission at Tolchaco, which was located about seven miles south of Leupp.

## InfoBox

Padre Canyon Incident
| Date | November 11, 1899 |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Near Leupp, Arizona, United States |
| Deaths | 3 |


title: Pajama Club

abstract: Pajama Club are a rock band from Auckland, formed in 2011. They consist of Neil Finn, Sharon Finn, Sean Donnelly, and Alana Skyring. After recording their first album with Neil Finn on drums, drummer Alana Skyring was added to the line-up as an official fourth member to play on live dates. They toured Australia in June 2011, East Coast USA in June and July 2011 and West Coast USA in August 2011. These live dates all took place before the release of their album. Pajama Club's self-titled debut was released in September 2011. Since that time, Pajama Club has been inactive, though no formal announcement as to the band's current status has been made.

text:
# Pajama Club

**Pajama Club** are a rock band from Auckland, formed in 2011. They consist of Neil Finn, Sharon Finn, Sean Donnelly, and Alana Skyring.

After recording their first album with Neil Finn on drums (as well as guitars, keyboards and vocals), drummer Alana Skyring (formerly of The Grates) was added to the line-up as an official fourth member to play on live dates. They toured Australia in June 2011, East Coast USA in June and July 2011 and West Coast USA in August 2011.

These live dates all took place before the release of their album. Pajama Club's self-titled debut was released in September 2011 (9 September in Australia/New Zealand, 13th in North America and 19th in Europe). Since that time, Pajama Club has been inactive, though no formal announcement as to the band's current status has been made.

## Background

After Sharon and Neil Finn's children, Liam and Elroy, left the family home to pursue their own musical careers, the parents wondered what to do to fill the time left open by their children's absence. The two decided to repair the music room in their Auckland home and begin making music of their own: "We've had a bit more time on our hands since the boys left home, and we just decided to make a record. It was as simple as that. We called the group Pajama Club, because we were dressed in our pajamas when we started." (The group was in fact originally called Pajama Party, but was changed very early on due to another group having the same name.)

With Pajama Club, Sharon began to play the bass guitar, while Neil sat behind the drum set, despite the fact that neither had played either instrument before. Neil commented that "We found ourselves locking into these grooves which were incredibly fun to play...We naturally gravitated towards being 'funky'," drawing influence from South Bronx band ESG.

With Pajama Club, Neil employed a different style of songwriting, adding words to instrumentals as opposed to Crowded House's method of writing instrument parts after the lyrics. He felt energized by the experience: "It was all new to me, it felt like starting over. When you've been doing something for as long as I've been writing songs, you can feel like you've exhausted your reservoir of ideas. Discovering new methods, new angles on songwriting, was very exciting." The music takes influence from dub, disco, and funk, and uses motorik-style beats. He stated "Some people aren't gonna get it; it's not as 'songy', in a traditional way, as Crowded House...I like what happens when you keep yourself open to new things happening. It keeps the music fresh and alive." Pajama Club also features vocals from Sharon, who previously sang backing vocals on a number of Crowded House songs.

## Discography

* *Pajama Club* \- 2011 Lester Records (CD/Vinyl/Download) (UK chart peak: #154, AUS: #61)

## InfoBox

| Pajama Club | |
| --- | --- |
| Pajama Club at the Richmond Hotel, Melbourne 15 June 2011 | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Auckland, New Zealand |
| Genres | Indie rock |
| Years active | 2011 |
| Labels | Lester |
|  | |
| Members | Sharon Finn
Neil Finn
Sean Donnelly
Alana Skyring |
|  | |
| Website | pajamaclubmusic.com |


title: Pabuji Ki Phad

abstract:
Pabuji Ki Phad is a religious scroll painting of folk deities, which is used for a musical rendition of the only surviving ancient traditional folk art form, Phad painting in the world of the epic of Pabuji, the Rathore Rajput chief.
Bhopas of Pabusar are the bards and also priests who are the traditional narrators of this art form. The Phad is also spelt as "Par". This art form is popular in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Literally, 'Pabuji Ki Phad' translates into two versions namely, "The Screen of Pabuji or O, Read of Pabuji!. Pabuji is also known as "the Ascetic Deity of Sand Desert". The three basic features associated with this art form are: the epic story of Pabuji, the Rathore chief of Rajasthan in the 14th century, who is extolled as an incarnation of Hindu God, and worshipped by the Rabari tribals of Rajasthan; the Phad or Par, which is a long scroll painting made on cloth, with the martial heroics of Pabuji richly displayed for worship; and the bard priests, known as the Bhopas of the nomadic tribe of Nayakas and specialists in narrating the story of the Pabuji in their sartorial best through the medium of the Phads used as a portable temple, all over the desert lands of the Thar in Rajasthan.

text:
# Pabuji Ki Phad

**Pabuji Ki Phad** is a religious scroll painting of folk deities, which is used for a musical rendition of the only surviving ancient traditional folk art form, Phad painting in the world of the epic of Pabuji, the Rathore Rajput chief. Bhopas of Pabusar are the bards and also priests who are the traditional narrators of this art form. The Phad is also spelt as "Par". This art form is popular in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Literally, 'Pabuji Ki Phad' translates into two versions namely, "The Screen of Pabuji *or* O, Read of Pabuji!. Pabuji is also known as "the Ascetic Deity of Sand Desert".

The three basic features associated with this art form are: the epic story of Pabuji, the Rathore chief of Rajasthan in the 14th century, who is extolled as an incarnation of Hindu God, and worshipped by the Rabari tribals of Rajasthan; the Phad or *Par*, which is a long scroll painting (or sewn) made on cloth, with the martial heroics of Pabuji richly displayed for worship; and the bard priests, known as the Bhopas (who belong to the cult of Pabuji) of the nomadic tribe of Nayakas and specialists in narrating the story of the Pabuji in their sartorial best through the medium of the Phads used as a portable temple, all over the desert lands of the Thar in Rajasthan.

## History

Pabuji is worshipped as a folk-deity. He lived in the 14th century (the 16th century is also mentioned) in a remote village known as Kulu in Rajasthan. Dhadal Rathore of village Kolu had four children: two boys, Buro the older and Pabuji the younger brother, and two girls, Sona and Pema. However, Pabuji was stated to be born to a nymph and as foretold by the nymph she was to return after 12 years as a mare to be with him. In his young age, Pabuji fought against the Khici clan to evict them from his land that they had encroached and killed their leader, Jindrav Khinchi. During this period, he also acquired a black horse from Lady Daval (goddess worshipped in Kolu) of Charan Clan and it is believed that this horse was in the reborn form of his own mother. He then went on to defeat Mirza Khan who was indulging in the killing of cows, which are held sacred by the Hindus and Muslim plunderer named Muslim marauder Mirza Khan Patan and also protected honour of the womenfolk.

An eventful part of Pabuji’s life was the marriage of Kelam, his favourite niece, to his friend, the snake deity of Rajasthan, known as Gogaji. At this wedding, while the wedding guests presented the couple with rich gifts (such as diamonds, pearls, an exquisite dress made from best cloth of South India, white cows, horses, elephants and so forth), Pabuji only promised her camels from Lanka (Lanka referred here is not the island of Sri Lanka, but refers to a kingdom west of the Indus River). He then went in search of a herd of camels to Lanka. After fighting and defeating the local ruler Ravana of Lanka, he then brought the herd of camels for his niece. When he was returning with the camels, he passed through Umarkot in Sindh (now in Pakistan). There, he fell in love with the princess Pulvati and after lot of persuasion married her.

The Kulu village where Pabu was born, now has only two conventional but small temples within a courtyard, where Puja (worship) is offered to the Pabuji. This village was known as the "great village fortress of Kolu" and it included the shrine of goddess Daval. The deity has still not attained the status for universal worship through building of many other temples elsewhere. Hence, only small shrines and commemorative stones are found in and around Kolu. Another reason attributed to the inadequate representation in the form of many temples to Pabuji is that the Bhopas are semi-nomadic and a traveling group who are not rooted to one place where they could build a temple for daily worship. Rabaris, also a semi-nomadic tribe and who are cattle herders of the region also revere Pabuji and consider it as the "myth of their origin".

In villages of Rajasthan, Pabuji was considered an ascetic and hence his blessings were sought for veterinary services provided by his disciples, the Bhopas. He is also invoked to cure children possessed of spirits by driving away the djinn; this is done by tying an amulet created during the early hours of the morning, towards the end of the narration of the Phad, by circling a holy thread seven times around the flame and then seven knots.

The epic story of Pabuji has been analysed by historians with respect to the other epic stories of Ramayana and Mahabharata and the conclusion drawn is that the Pabuji tradition is "one multilayered and collective narrative construction of different Rajasthani performers, transmitted in oral and written forms."

## The Phad

The Phad canvas is usually of 15 by 15 feet (4.6 m × 4.6 m) sheet cloth, on which are painted (or sewn) miniature scenes depicting the life of Pabuji and his adventures.

The Phad or Par represents, in its painting, the court of Pabuji (as a historical true Rajput chief who sacrifices his life for protection of others), his palace and his divine character as an incarnation of Laksmana, brother of the Rama of the Ramayana Hindu epic story, the forts in which he lived as well as the sanctum of his goddess Deval. The backdrop of such narrations is invariably in the desert villages of Rajasthan. The images in the painting are arranged logically, also showing revengeful exploits of his nephew on his enemy, Jindrav Khici. However, iconographically it is considered as "extremely complex and intricate."

The depictions (as shown in the image in the infobox) shows according to historian William Dalrymple a "panorama of medieval Rajasthan: women, horses, peacocks, carts, archers, battles, washer-men and fishermen, kings and queens, huge grey elephants and herds of white cows and buff camels, many-armed demons, fish-tailed wonder-creatures and blue-skinned gods, all arranged around the central outsized figure of Pabuji, his magnificent black mare, Kesar Kalami, and his four great companions and brothers-in-arms."

The sequence of images (see infobox) painted on the Pabuji Ki Phad is: the main deity - Pabuji - is at the centre and to his right is his court with his four principal companions, on the left of the main deity, is the court of Buro, his brother. At the extreme left is Umarkot and at the left edge, Lanka. To the right of Pabuji's court is the court of the Lady Deval (goddess of Kolu). At the far right of the painting is Khici's court. The blank spaces in between are depicted with scenes of Pabuji's journey from Rajasthan to Umarkot, and also images of Ganesh, Sarasvati and Vishnu in different incarnations that are painted at the top of the Phad or Par.

The Phad, from the time it is painted by the renowned painters of this art form, is treated with utmost reverence by the Bophas. They make daily offerings to the Phad. It is considered a hereditary possession and is passed on to one of their kin to continue the tradition. As the Phad gets worn or torn or becomes threadbare, a formal religious procedure is followed to decommission it. This procedure is called *tandakarna* in Hindi, which means to cool or remove its divine power. This is done by confining to the holy waters of the Ganges or Pushkar Lake.

## Bhopas

Bhopa community in Rajasthan is considered to be of priest singers of Pabuji. They hail from the village of Pabusar(named after the hero of the epic) and are traced to the 16th century, though 14th century is also mentioned. It is also said that sweet water well was located in the village by Pabuji. They belong to the Nayak community, a Scheduled Caste community of Rajasthan. Phads are integral to the Bhopas' vocation and are considered the “epic qua religious service.” They perform this art form through a combination of folk singing and dancing interspersed with interludes to interact with the audience in front of a scroll or canvas, known as *Phad* or *Par* in Rajasthani that depicts the episodes of the narrative of the folk deity. The Phad functions as a 'portable temple.' The Bhopas carry the Phad traditionally and are invited by villagers to perform in their localities during times of sickness and misfortune. The Phads are kept rolled during transit. After reaching a village or town, the Bhopas erect the Phad between two poles under a *shamiana* (an open tent)in a suitable public place shortly after nightfall. The performance goes on throughout the night and terminates only towards dawn.

## Narration

The narrative usually held by the Bhopas in the backdrop of Rajasthani deserts, is narrated by the poet-singers as a structured rendition of the epic story, called the *Pabuprakasa*, glorifying Pabuji as a divine being. The rendering is highly "stylized and formulistic in its narration". The text, which has a number of episodes, belongs to two different types namely, the *parvaro*s and the *sayl*s. The narrative of Pabuji, in particular, is recorded in the *Khyata* of Muhato Nainasi, a text with the title *Vata Pabujiri.* The entire narration relates to Pabuji and his heroic deeds. This epic, a courtly religious poem invoking Pabuji has 4,000 lines. Its recitation, from start to the end, takes full five nights of 8 hours duration from dusk to dawn; it is rarely fully recited now. The present trend of narration has many intermissions for taking tea, singing devotional songs (bhajans), popular film music, thus making it partly an entertainment coupled with the "religious ritual of invoking Pabuji as a living deity".

The musical and sometimes chanted narration is in colloquial Rajasthani dialect. Bhopa is the main singer (narrator) who does it with an accompaniment of a musical instrument, called the *ravanhattho* (a desert zither or a spike fiddle with eighteen strings but without frets), which he crafts by himself. A dholak or drum is also part of the musical ensemble. During the entire narration, Bhopa’s wife called the Bhopi, is present with him and joins him in singing. She also carries a lantern to shed light on the Phad when Bhopa is indicating to some scenes on the Phad linked to his narration. The singer has a stick with which he points out each scene and narrates the story. He also sometimes dances to his songs and interjects his performance with jokes and banter with the audience. There are several such itinerant Bhopa groups performing in various parts of Rajasthan. One of the famous narrators of the epic named Mohan from Pabusar was an illiterate but he could recite the entire 4000 lines of the epic.

The narration of the epic is done in the *jagaran*s (night-wakes) time to invoke the *prakas,* meaning the presence of the folk deities, in the Rajasthani dialect. The set sequence for the narration, which in local language, called the *phad vacno* or performance is in the following order.

* Purification rites involving erecting of the Phad is preceded by sanctifying the site by cleaning the land below the Phad and lighting incense sticks. A small *jyot* (lamp) made of cowdung is lit in front of the Phad and then circled around the Phad of Phabuji.
* The procedure for stretching the Phad involves running a string through the red band stitched at the top and then tie the rope to wooden or bamboo posts at both ends.
* The bard narrating the epic, the Bhopa, is dressed in a costume called the *baga*. The Bhopa announces the start of the narration by blowing the Conch shell
* Devotees offer grains and money for consecrating the Phad
* The deities depicted on the Phad are then invoked.
* The narration of the epic story by the Bhopas is "prosimetric." The narration of verse sections is called *gav*s, which has a number of couplets known as *kari*s. This is followed by the narration of the prose sections called *arthav*s (explanations). Each scene on the Phad is specifically shown with a wand by the Bhopas and then narrated
* Collection of monetary contributions is part of the frequent intermissions for food, tea, tobacco or rest. Every time a donation is received, the Bhopa makes the announcement by blowing a conch-shell and mentioning the name of the donor.
* At the conclusion of the performance, the Bhopas do an arati (offering of a lighted lamp for the deities) to the characters on the Phad, which is followed by another round of donations before the Phad is rolled up before dawn

The Phad's epic narrations are attended primarily by the traditionally nomadic and camel-herding Rabari caste (for Pabuji is their principal deity). The Rajputs of Pabuji’s own warrior caste also attend. It represents navrasas or nine forms of Indian classical aesthetics such as love, war, devotion and so forth in it. Its particular theme is enthralling and is more on bravery so much so that it is said that due to "a narration of the tale, the gross gets burned around it". Though they cater to the village Rajputs, narration is also attended by the Rajputs of the royal class. Present day narratives have drawn parallels with the Ramayana episodes to create divine attributes of the deities to Pabuji and the other characters. One writer attributes this development as "regarding Pabuji and other characters as avatars of Sanskritic deities and personages, though Brahmin influence is still minimal. Pabuji seems to be worshipped for very worldly ends, namely sound health, or its recovery, prosperity, a good marriage, a successful childbirth, and so on. Traditional Brahminic spirituality of moksha and mention of the Vedas is still virtually absent."

An annual festival of Pabuji Ki Phad epic narration is held at Pabusar when 10,000 to 15,000 people are said to attend. This annual event is arranged and popularised by the Jaipur Virasat Foundation.

## Phad painters

The Phads or Pars are painted by professional painters called *citero*. Well known professional painters are known by the clan name 'Josi' of the Chhipa caste. Their expertise is in textile-printing and they operate from their traditional towns of Shahpura and Bhilwara in Bhilwara district of Rajasthan. There are at least seventeen or eighteen painters involved in painting this art form. However, Shree Lal Joshi and Shanti Lal Joshi are the most noted artists of the *phad painting*, who are known for their innovations and creativity. Bhopas also say that the painting made by Shree Lal Joshi have "the powers to exorcise any spirit...once the Phad was complete and the eyes of the hero were painted in, neither the artist nor the Bhopa regarded it as a piece of art. Instead it instantly became a mobile temple: as Pabuji's devotees were semi-nomadic herders, his temple -the Phad visited the worshippers rather than the other way round."

Painting method

It is a hereditary art form, which is passed on from father to son. A Bhopa commission's this painting for religious purpose. The painting is drawn on a cotton cloth. The cloth is first prepared by applying a paste of flour and gum. It is then polished with a stone. An auspicious date is chosen for starting the painting since it is used for religious purpose by the Bhopa. A virgin girl only has the privilege of giving the first stroke of the brush on the Phad painting; normally the girl belongs to the painter's family or to a high-caste. An outline of the painting is drawn by the artist with light yellow colour paint; only earth colours or vegetable colours or indigo are used. The colours are then mixed with gum and water, and painted one colour after the other, in the order of orange, yellow, and so forth. Black is the last colour paint used for the border. Again, on an auspicious day, the painting is signed by the artist at the centre of the painting, close to the image of the main deity. Signature of the Bhopa who commissions the painting is also included, but it is optional. As a last act, the artist is said to give 'life' or "awaken the deity" of the painting by opening the pupil in the eyes of the main deity at the centre of the painting. It then becomes the Pabuji Ki Phad of the Bhopa who has commissioned it.

The earliest painting of a Phad or Par, as mentioned by John Smith, a scholar of the "Epic of Pabuji", is dated to 1867. Colonel James Tod, the British Lieutenant reported of a ceremony that included a Par painting in 1819. With the emphasis on bardic narration of Pabuji Ki Phad said to be on the decline in recent times, painters of Pars or Phads are also making Phads as collector's items in smaller sizes, and with different religious and other themes.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Pabhuji Ki Phad | |
| --- | --- |
| Rabari tribals | |
|  | |
| Affiliation | Hinduism |
| Abode | Rajasthan |
| Texts | Epic story of Pabuji |
| Region | Rajasthan |


title: Paila marina

abstract: Paila marina is a traditional Chilean seafood soup or light stew usually served in a paila. It usually contains a shellfish stock base cooked with different kinds of shellfish and fish. These are complemented with a variety of herbs and spices such as paprika and parsley.

text:
# Paila marina

***Paila marina*** is a traditional Chilean seafood soup or light stew usually served in a paila (earthenware bowl). It usually contains a shellfish stock base cooked with different kinds of shellfish and fish. These are complemented with a variety of herbs and spices such as paprika and parsley.

## Preparation

Onions, carrots, bell peppers tomatoes, fish and shellfish (in the shell) are fried together, fish stock is poured over them and the soup is simmered.

## Traditions

It is traditional for groups of friends or family to go to the local seafood market and enjoy a paila marina, especially the morning after a party, when it is believed to aid recovery from a hangover. On January 1, the historic seafood market Mercado Central de Santiago is one of the busiest places in Santiago; Chilean national newspaper *La Nación* reported that 28,000 people were expected to visit the market on January 1, 2010. Popular belief also ascribes aphrodisiac properties to paila marina.

## InfoBox

Paila marina
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Stew, soup |
| Course | Main |
| Place of origin | Chile |
| Region or state | Central Chile, Zona Sur, Chile |
| Serving temperature | Hot |
| Main ingredients | Seafood, shellfish, fish, shellfish stock, herbs, spices |
|  | |


title: Palaeohierax

abstract: Palaeohierax is an extinct genus of Accipitridae birds from the late Oligocene. One species has been described, Palaeohierax gervaisii.

text:
# Palaeohierax

***Palaeohierax*** is an extinct genus of Accipitridae birds from the late Oligocene. One species has been described, Palaeohierax gervaisii.

## InfoBox

| Palaeohierax
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Accipitriformes |
| Family: | Accipitridae |
| Genus: | *Palaeohierax*
Milne-Edwards, 1871 |
| Species: | ***P. gervaisii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Palaeohierax gervaisii***
Milne-Edwards, 1863 | |
|


title: Palaeohypsodontus

abstract: Palaeohypsodontus is an extinct genus of small size Bovidae from Oligocene with unclear systematic position. It was originally described from a jaw fragment for P. asiaticus, from Mongolia, Middle Oligocene. The second species, P. zinensis was found in the Upper Oligocene of Pakistan and China.

text:
# Palaeohypsodontus

***Palaeohypsodontus*** is an extinct genus of small size Bovidae from Oligocene with unclear systematic position. It was originally described from a jaw fragment for *P. asiaticus*, from Mongolia, Middle Oligocene. The second species, *P. zinensis* was found in the Upper Oligocene of Pakistan and China.

## Characteristics

Size small. Molars with high crowns (hypsodont), lacking additional columns and tubercles. Second and third molars lacking outer folds on anterior margins; other margins rib-like. Third molar talonid widely rounded.

## InfoBox

| *Palaeohypsodontus*
Temporal range: Middle and Upper Oligocene | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Palaeohypsodontus zinensis* from Oligocene of Pakistan | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Family: | Bovidae |
| Genus: | ***Palaeohypsodontus***
Trofimov, 1958 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Palaeohypsodontus asiaticus* Trofimov, 1958
 | |


title: Padatik (poetry collection)

abstract: Padatik first published in 1940 is a Bengali book of poems written by Subhash Mukhopadhyay. This was Mukhopadhyay's first published book. This book created a storm in Bengali literature. Mukhopadhyay wrote this book as a representative of a political party. Mukhopadhyay in his personal life was a consistent Marxist. In this book, poet showed his zeal to redeem the poor and suffering masses from exploitation.

text:
# Padatik (poetry collection)

***Padatik*** (***The Foot Soldier***) first published in 1940 is a Bengali book of poems written by Subhash Mukhopadhyay. This was Mukhopadhyay's first published book. This book created a storm in Bengali literature. Mukhopadhyay wrote this book as a representative of a political party. Mukhopadhyay in his personal life was a consistent Marxist. In this book, poet showed his zeal to redeem the poor and suffering masses from exploitation.

## Legacy

* For the popularity of the book Subhash Mukhopadhyay is often called "*Padatik* Subhash Mukhopadhyay" or "*Padatik* poet Subhash Mukhopadhyay",
* In 2009 Sealdah-NJP Express was named "Padatik Express" after this book in memory of the poet.

## InfoBox

Padatik
| Padatik book front cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Subhash Mukhopadhyay |
| Language | Bengali |
| Genre | Poetry |
| Publication date | 1940 |
| Publication place | India |


title: Pakali Ba

abstract: Pakali Ba is a riverside settlement in the Gambia. It is in the Jarra East area of the Lower River Division. Pakaliba is one of the earliest settlements of Jarra East. The founder was Kering Fenye Darboe who initially settled with his elder brother Abdou Kareem Darboe at Bureng. He was a hunter who used to travel towards the Sofainyama stream with his hunting dogs. The village is composed of four main clans called kabilo in Mandinka. These are Foday Kunda, Burang Kunda, Bantang Killing and Ceesay Kunda. Its co-ordinates are 13°31′N 15°14′W. Pakali Ba is the last village of the Lower River Region along the Sofainyama Bolong. According to the 2013 census it has a population of more than one thousand people.

text:
# Pakali Ba

**Pakali Ba** is a riverside settlement in the Gambia. It is in the Jarra East area of the Lower River Division. Pakaliba is one of the earliest settlements of Jarra East. The founder was Kering Fenye Darboe who initially settled with his elder brother Abdou Kareem Darboe (commonly referred to as Kareem Jabati) at Bureng. He was a hunter who used to travel towards the Sofainyama stream with his hunting dogs. The village is composed of four main clans called kabilo in Mandinka. These are Foday Kunda, Burang Kunda, Bantang Killing and Ceesay Kunda.

Its co-ordinates are 13°31′N 15°14′W / 13.517°N 15.233°W / 13.517; -15.233. Pakali Ba is the last village of the Lower River Region along the Sofainyama Bolong. According to the 2013 census it has a population of more than one thousand people.

13°31′N 15°14′W / 13.517°N 15.233°W / 13.517; -15.233


title: Pala Hamburger

abstract:
Pala Catering Management Co Ltd, doing business as Pala Hamburger, is a Chinese fast food chain headquartered in the Wuhan CBD (武汉中央商务区).
The first store opened in Wuhan in 1999. Ke Zhaoyan, the marketing manager, stated that Pala opened in smaller cities and towns because its food is cheaper compared to that of Western-owned companies. In 2012 the company had about 1,000 franchised stores and about 400 direct sale stores with plans to open an additional 460 stores. The number of stores grew to 1,700 in 2012, and 2013 to 1,850. In 2014 China Daily ranked Pala as No. 6 of the " Top 10 fast-food chains in China".

text:
# Pala Hamburger

**Pala Catering Management Co Ltd**, doing business as **Pala Hamburger** (simplified Chinese: 派乐汉堡; traditional Chinese: 派樂漢堡; pinyin: *Pàilè Hànbǎo*), is a Chinese fast food chain headquartered in the Wuhan CBD (武汉中央商务区). The first store opened in Wuhan in 1999. Ke Zhaoyan, the marketing manager, stated that Pala opened in smaller cities and towns because its food is cheaper compared to that of Western-owned companies. In 2012 the company had about 1,000 franchised stores and about 400 direct sale stores with plans to open an additional 460 stores. The number of stores grew to 1,700 in 2012, and 2013 to 1,850. In 2014 *China Daily* ranked Pala as No. 6 of the " Top 10 fast-food chains in China".

## InfoBox

| Pala Catering Management Co Ltd | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 武漢派樂餐飲管理有限公司 |
| Simplified Chinese | 武汉派乐餐饮管理有限公司 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Wǔhàn Pàilè Cānyǐn Guǎnlǐ Yǒuxiàngōngsī | |
|  | |


title: Palazzo Salis

abstract: The Palazzo Salis is situated in the heart of the historic centre of Tirano, a small town in the valley Valtellina in the north of Italy. The building got constructed during the second half of the 17th century by the noble family von Salis-Zizers, a branch of the important and well known grison family von Salis. The Palazzo is still in the hands of the family Salis and is run today as a Museum. More than ten rooms decorated with frescoes and stucco from the 17th and 18th century, as well as the hidden Italian Garden on the backside of the building are opened for the public.

text:
# Palazzo Salis

The **Palazzo Salis** is situated in the heart of the historic centre of Tirano, a small town in the valley Valtellina in the north of Italy. The building got constructed during the second half of the 17th century by the noble family von Salis-Zizers, a branch of the important and well known grison family von Salis.

The Palazzo is still in the hands of the family Salis and is run today as a Museum. More than ten rooms decorated with frescoes and stucco from the 17th and 18th century, as well as the hidden Italian Garden on the backside of the building are opened for the public.

## Tirano - Valtellina

The geographical location of Tirano, or rather of its historic centre, is a very strategical point for transport and trading in the Valtellina valley. It is the crossing point of the natural east–west latitude of the valley on the one hand, and an important north–south passage over the southern Alps on the other hand. Exactly those last mountain passes before entering the lowlands of northern Italy have been highly important for trade and political interests, especially in mediaeval and early modern period.

In that period in the hands of the Duchy of Milan, who even tried to fortify the valley (e.g. castle and city wall of Tirano), the Free State of the Three Leagues conquered the Valtellina in the year 1512, and kept it, with an interruption during the Thirty Years' War, until 1797 as a subordinated territory. For ruling and administrating the new territory the Grisons sent governors and podestà into the cities of the Valtellina, elected mainly out of the noble grison families.

## Family-Name *von Salis* and Salis-Zizers

The family name *von Salis* derives from Latin word (*salix*) for the willow tree. Therefore, the coat of arms of the Salis shows an uprooted willow tree on golden ground. The origins of the family can be located in the near of the Lake Como (Sala Comacina). Most probably as a consequence of the conflict between the expanding commune Milan and the commune Como during the 12th century many noble families went north of Lake Como. Even the family Salis transferred themselves to the Val Bregaglia and resettled in the village Soglio which had a prosper position for trading. First one out of the family clan named in a document there was Rudolf Salis who died in Soglio in about 1300.

Due to their position in Soglio and their contacts to the Bishop of Chur they could increase their political and economic importance first in the Val Bregaglia, and later even in the League of God's House. After the formation of the Three Leagues they spread during the 15th and especially 16th century even into the Grey League and the League of the Ten Jurisdictions. The branch of the Salis-Zizers lead around the year 1550 to Malans, 1614 they went on to Zizers, and finally after 1637 they arrived even in Tirano.

Members of the family Salis captured during the reign of the Three Leagues especially during the 17th and 18th century the major part of the political positions in the Valtellina.

## Palazzo – Building History

The Palazzo Salis is situated in the north-eastern area of Tirano, historically called Capo di Terra, inside of the town wall, that got erected in the 1490s by Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan. The start of the construction is dedicated to Giovanni Salis-Zizers, who even became in the 1660s twice podestà of Tirano. About in the middle of the 17th century he bought and sold different properties to finally have the land to build his Palazzo. The entire structure of the Palazzo Salis is the result of the integration and change of already well established buildings, most probably already from the 15th or 16th century. The general style of the face of the building is a leftover of the facades of those 16th century buildings. The imposing doorway of the main entrance took its inspiration from a 16th-century design of the well-known architect Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola (simply called: Il Vignola). The ground plan of the building is structured and organised mainly around two courtyards, named *corte della meridiana* (Sun-dial Courtyard) and *corte dei cavalli* (Courtyard of Horses).

The then rooms surrounding the “Courtyard of Horses” are predominantly decorated with marvellous frescoes from the second half of the 17th century, the construction period of the Palazzo. Just the Main Hall (*salone d‘onore*) was redecorated in the second half of the 18th century, because of fire damages. This decoration work was done then by Antonio Cucchi for the painting of the ceiling and by Ferdinando Crivelli for the prospective architecture. An outstanding work of art, even all over the Valtellina, and for sure the most important room of the Palazzo is the so-called Saloncello. The decoration system of this hall reflects all the levels of interests of the family Salis. The importance of the family network itself is clearly shown by the imposing fireplace made in stucco, which represents the marriage between Giovanni Stefano Salis and his first wife Katharina von Wolkenstein. The political relevance of the Salis got described by the numerous coat of arms of important families (e.g. Medici, Borromeo, Visconti) the Salis family had contact with. But most impressive is the decoration of the ceiling. Thanks to the precision and quality of the illusionistic design as well as to the very thinly vaulted ceiling the illusion of a real architecture which opens to the sky works in a perfect way (*Trompe-l’œi*). On the medallion in the centre of the ceiling there is a representation of Bacchus, a hint of the economic base of the building as a centre of wine-production and wine-trading.

The historical wine cellars of the Palazzo are situated in its foundation. Constructed already together with the preceding buildings of the Palazzo Salis, most probably from the 15th or 16th century. The production of wine and furthermore the trading of wine to the North have been a highly important economic base of the Family Salis in Tirano. Their delivery market has not been just the Grison area. They brought their wine also to parts of present-days Germany, and sold it even to the court of Vienna of the House of Habsburg.

The Italian Garden of the Palazzo Salis is a rareness in the alpine ambience of northern Italy. The current situation is the result of different phases and changes from the 17th century to the second half of the 19th century. The fondness for beautiful gardens of the family Salis is well documented even in other residences. The central element of the garden is a fountain surrounded by four box hedges that create a maze of evergreen which encloses varieties of roses. The impressive cedar of Lebanon, most likely planted in the 1830s is another highlight of the garden.

From the middle of the 17th century onwards the Palazzo Salis is property of the family Salis without any interruption. In 2007 the ***Museo PalazzoSalis.Tirano*** was opened for the public. The wing of the building with the rooms and chambers still decorated with the original frescoes from the 17th and 18th century as well as the historical Italian Garden on the backside of the building are today part of the museum-tour.

## Bibliography

www.palazzosalis.com

ARCHIVIO SALIS - Palazzo Salis Tirano.

PALAZZO SALIS (it/en/dt) - Führer des Museo PalazzoSalis. Tirano (Sondrio 2015).

Corbellini A. und Hitz F., Die Bündner im Veltlin, in Bormio und in Chiavenna (Sondrio-Poschiavo 2012).

Garbellini G., Tirano - Il centro storico (Sondrio 2009).

Daverio P., L'invencible armada al crocevia di Tirano (CdS 13 April 2013).

Gavazzi S., Residenze nobiliari di Valtellina e Valchiavenna (Sondrio 2002).

Jäger G. u.a. (Hrsg.), Das Ende der Bündner Herrschaft im Veltlin und in den Grafschaften Chiavenna und Bormio 1797 (Sondrio 2001).

Salis-Soglio N., Die Familie von Salis (Lindau 1891).

Sertoli Salis R., I Salis di Valtellina (Sondrio 1953).

Sertoli Salis R., Palazzo Salis di Tirano (Milano 1973).

## InfoBox

Museo PalazzoSalis.Tirano
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Established | 2007 |
| Location | Piazza Salis 3, Tirano, Italy |
| Website | www.palazzosalis.com |


title: Palghar Municipal Council

abstract: Palghar is the municipal council in Palghar district, Maharashtra.

text:
# Palghar Municipal Council

**Palghar** is the municipal council in Palghar district, Maharashtra.

## History

The Palghar municipal council established in 1999.

## Municipal Council election

### Electoral performance March 2019

| S.No. | Party Name | Alliance | Party flag or symbol | Number of Corporators |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 01 | Shiv Sena (SS) | NDA |  | 14 |
| 02 | Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) | NDA |  | 07 |
| 03 | Indian National Congress (INC) | UPA |  | 00 |
| 04 | Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) | UPA |  | 02 |
| 05 | Independent | Independent |  | 05 |

## InfoBox

| Palghar Municipal Council | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | |
| Type | Municipal Council of the Palghar |
| History | |
| Founded | 1999 |
| Leadership | |
| Mayor | Dr. Ujjwala Kale, Nationalist Congress Party |
| Seats | 28 |
| Elections | |
| Last election | 25-March-2019 |


title: Palghat Rama Bhagavathar

abstract: Palghat Rama Bhagavathar was an Indian musician.

text:
# Palghat Rama Bhagavathar

**Palghat Rama Bhagavathar** (5 June 1888  26 May 1957) was an Indian musician.

## Early life

Rama Bhagavathar was born in Mundaya (മുണ്ടായ) village near Shoranur, Palghat, Kerala. His father, Kasturi Ranganathan was a man of modest income. His mother was Alamelu Mangai. He took his early gurukulavasam with Palghat Anantarama Bhagavathar. He also learned music from Carnatic exponents like Maha Vaidyanatha Iyer. Umayalpuram Swaminatha Iyer who was a scion of the great composer Thyagaraja's musical lineage, taught him to learn a number of kritis of Tyagaraja. Maharajapuram Viswanatha Iyer was a fellow student and the two became friends.

## Career

His first Carnatic concert was at the Kalpathy Kasi Viswanatha Swamy Temple and so was his last concert.

He launched the Palghat (Palakkad) edition of the Tyagaraja Aradhana at Kalpathi Ram Dhyana Madom.

## Honours and titles

* Rama Bhagavathar was regularly invited by Maharaja of Mysore Jayachamaraja Wodeyar to his durbar during Dasara for a special performance and honoured him.
* Maharaja and Maharani of Travancore too honoured him.
* Nobel laureate C.V. Raman bestowed on him the title of *Gayaka Kesari*.

## Personal life

He died in May 1957 in Kalpathi, Kerala. His wife, Rugmani Ammal, died in 1991. The couple had 7 sons and 4 daughters.


title: Pakhal Tirumal Reddy

abstract: Pakala Tirumal Reddy (1915–1996) was an Indian artist. He was the fifth child born to Ram Reddy and Ramanamma at Annaram village, Karimnagar district, Telangana, India. He received his diploma in painting from J. J. School of Art, Bombay in 1939. He married Yashoda Reddy on 9 May 1947, and she completed a master's of art and Ph.D. degrees and authored over 22 compilations and novels.

text:
# Pakhal Tirumal Reddy

**Pakala Tirumal Reddy** (1915–1996) was an Indian artist. He was the fifth child born to Ram Reddy and Ramanamma at Annaram village, Karimnagar district, Telangana, India. He received his diploma in painting from J. J. School of Art, Bombay in 1939. He married Yashoda Reddy on 9 May 1947, and she completed a master's of art and Ph.D. degrees and authored over 22 compilations and novels.

## Work

P T Reddy played a role in the introduction and the evolution of the so-called "Modern Art" of Europe to India. He formed a group of ‘Bombay Contemporary India Artists,’ branded ‘Young Turks’, in 1941. This group of five painters was formed six years before the ‘Progressive Artists' Group’ formed in Bombay in 1947. Reddy started with realistic style and at the end of the 1930s. His original style was influenced both by traditional India paintings and Post-Impressionism. A process of integration occurred with various ‘isms’ in his work. He created works in water colour, oils, etchings and sculptures. Reddy's Srichakra engraving on aventurine stone has a Devanagari ‘sri’ in the centre, emphasizing both his title and the form of the yantra. Two figures overlay the Sri Yantra, their heads opposite one another at top and bottom, their bodies joined in sexual union in the centre. Reddy arranged their arms in a circular fashion reinforcing the lotus form, but their legs are not symmetrical: the legs of the bottom figure form a ‘V’ with the feet flanking the head of the top figure while the legs of the upper figure bend at the knees and splay outward, echoing the two directions of the triangle of the Sri Yantra. About 1970, Reddy began painting Tantric themes from Indian mythology. In his work, there are see connections and parallels to a wide range of other neo-Tantric artists, including G. R. Santosh, S.H. Raza, Mahirwan Mamtani, and Biren De, and thus he serves as an entry point and guide to the works of Indian artists.

## Style

Reddy's paintings from the 1940s showed a struggle to maintain his identity as Indian by choosing subject matters that were undeniably Indian, yet depicted in a variety of modern European styles. After independence in 1947, many Indian artists including Reddy re-examined India's own art traditions. Reddy's work began growing more abstract and started to reflect Buddhist, Hindu and Tantric symbols and structures. However, many of his works are secular, modern abstractions that echo their original religious sources. Reddy engaged in dialogue with contemporary life and politics, in his Moon landing series, Nehru series, and other works touching on poverty, labor movements, and the social changes wrought by India's Independence. Because of his use of the neo-Tantric idiom, his explorations of historical concerns such as these became dehistoricized and abstracted. For artists struggling with being both modern and Indian in the 1960s and 1970s, neo-Tantric imagery provided a solution, indicating a path through the abstraction/representation bind and retaining both a universality of form and a specificity of national identity.

## Awards and honors

Reddy won the Dolly Cursetji award for murals; Fellowship Government of India; 'Asthana Chitrakar' of the Andhra Pradesh Government, and member of the General Board of Indian Council for Cultural Relations. His works have been exhibited in the U.K., United States, Soviet Union, Sweden, Switzerland and Greece, and represented in the collections of the Royal Palace, London, N.G.M.A., New Delhi, and many other institutions. Reddy's books were Portfolio of Drawings, Paintings and Sculptures in 1941, Contemporary Painters in 1941, 40 Drawings in 1941, and Kiss Volume I in 1968. St.Mary College of Maryland has a collection of his works in the Boyden Art Gallery.

Reddy's major work was done during the freedom struggle, and then during the muscle-flexing that occurred while the Indian diaspora was building its own identity. He produced around 3000 paintings in his lifetime. He died in 1996 and was survived by his daughter, Professor Lakshmi Reddy, who is also an artist. She runs the Sudharma Art Gallery in Hyderabad, along with her husband and her two children.

## Exhibitions

1941 First group exhibition, Contemporary Painters of Bombay, Bombay

1940 First solo exhibition, Bombay Art Society Salon, Bombay

1943 Solo exhibition, Bombay Art Society Salon, Bombay

1955 Annual exhibition, Hyderabad

1956 Solo exhibition, Bombay

1957 Solo exhibition, All India Industrial Exhibition Grounds, Hyderabad

1968 1st International Triennale, Lalit Kala Akademi, New Delhi

1976 Retrospective, Kala Bhavan, Santiniketan and Sudharma Modern Art Gallery, Hyderabad

1983 Solo exhibition on Tantra, West Germany

1985-86 Neo Tantra: Contemporary Indian Painting, Fredrick S. Wight Art Gallery, University of California, Los Angeles

2004 Manifestations II, organised by Delhi Art Gallery, Jehangir Art Gallery, Mumbai and Delhi Art Gallery, New Delhi

## International exhibitions

Triennale India

Air India Exhibitions in Australia

British Art Festival

U K British Prints Biennale U K

Art Exhibition in Japan

## Collections

Buckingham Palace, London

J.J. School of Art, Mumbai

Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi

College of Art, New Delhi

Salarjung Museum, Hyderabad

Lalit Kala Akademi, Hyderabad

Lalit Kala Akademi, New Delhi

National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi

Ministry of Cultural Affairs, Government of India, New Delhi

Parliament House, New Delhi

Tata Fundamental Research Institute, Mumbai

Boyden Gallery, St. Mary's College of Maryland

## Sources

## InfoBox

| P T Reddy | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Pakala Tirumal Reddy
(1915-01-04)4 January 1915
Annaram, Telangana, India |
| Died | 1996 (aged 8081) |
| Language | Telugu |
| Spouse | Yashoda Reddy |


title: The Cyclopedia Talislanta

abstract: The Cyclopedia Talislanta is a supplement published by Bard Games in 1988 for the fantasy role-playing game Talislanta.

text:
# The Cyclopedia Talislanta

***The Cyclopedia Talislanta*** is a supplement published by Bard Games in 1988 for the fantasy role-playing game *Talislanta*.

## Contents

*The Cyclopedia Talislanta*, by Stephan Michael Sechi and with cover art by P.D. Breeding-Black, is the fifth supplement about the world of Talislanta. Information includes

* places of interest in Talislanta
* new monsters, animals, and plants
* New character types
* new skills and abilities

The supplement includes full-color area maps of Talislanta which join together to create a full continental map.

## Reception

Stewart Wieck reviewed *The Cyclopedia Talislanta* for *White Wolf* #14, rating it 4 overall, and stated that "Ownership of this book is a necessity for gamers with campaigns set in Talislanta. Other gamers should take a look just to see what Talislanta offers."

In the May 1989 edition of *Dragon* (Issue #145), Jim Bambra applauded the "excellent interior illustrations", and the wide range of new material. He concluded "GMs and players who already adventure in Talislanta or use it as a source of ideas will find plenty of interesting material within this books pages, as it adds more interesting detail and color to the setting."

In the July-August 1989 edition of *Space Gamer* (Vol. II No. 1), Craig Sheeley commented that "The encyclopedia-style information is listed alphabetically, a minor drawback which spreads specific places in the same areas throughout this section. The section new character race types is brief and concise, as is the gamemaster section (which takes up two pages with new weapons, skills and information.)"


title: Solidarité Française

abstract: Solidarité Française was a French far-right league founded in 1933 by the perfume manufacturer François Coty (1874-1934) as the "Parti national corporatif républicain". After Coty's death, it was commanded by Major Jean Renaud, members dressed in blue shirts, black berets and jackboots and shouted the slogan "France for the French". The movement claimed a strength of 180,000 in 1934, with 80,000 in Paris, but the Paris police thought the number in the city to be closer to 15,000. The small membership did not, however, isolate the group since it found itself integrated in the loose coalition of far-right movements that included Charles Maurras's Action Française and Pierre Taittinger's Jeunesse Patriotes. The group gained notoriety during the rally, which later became a riot, during the 6 February 1934 crisis in front of the Palais Bourbon. The group was dissolved by a law adopted by the Popular Front government of Léon Blum in June 1936. Many members of Solidarité Française subsequently joined Jacques Doriot's fascist Parti populaire français (PPF).

text:
# Solidarité Française

**Solidarité Française** ("French Solidarity") was a French far-right league founded in 1933 by the perfume manufacturer François Coty (1874-1934) as the "Parti national corporatif républicain".

After Coty's death, it was commanded by Major Jean Renaud, members dressed in blue shirts, black berets and jackboots and shouted the slogan "France for the French".

The movement claimed a strength of 180,000 in 1934, with 80,000 in Paris, but the Paris police thought the number in the city to be closer to 15,000. The small membership did not, however, isolate the group since it found itself integrated in the loose coalition of far-right movements that included Charles Maurras's Action Française and Pierre Taittinger's Jeunesse Patriotes.

The group gained notoriety during the rally, which later became a riot, during the 6 February 1934 crisis in front of the Palais Bourbon. The group was dissolved by a law adopted by the Popular Front government of Léon Blum in June 1936. Many members of *Solidarité Française* subsequently joined Jacques Doriot's fascist Parti populaire français (PPF).


title: The Federal Trust

abstract: The Federal Trust for Education and Research is a research institute studying the interactions between regional, national, European and global levels of government. Founded in 1945 on the initiative of Sir William Beveridge, it has long made a powerful contribution to the study of federalism and federal systems. It has always had a particular interest in the European Union and Britain’s place in it. The Federal Trust has no allegiance to any political party. It is registered as a charity for the purposes of education and research.

text:
# The Federal Trust

**The Federal Trust for Education and Research** is a research institute studying the interactions between regional, national, European and global levels of government. Founded in 1945 on the initiative of Sir William Beveridge, it has long made a powerful contribution to the study of federalism and federal systems. It has always had a particular interest in the European Union and Britain’s place in it.

The Federal Trust has no allegiance to any political party. It is registered as a charity for the purposes of education and research.

## People

The director of The Federal Trust is Brendan Donnelly (2003-). Its chairman is John Stevens.

### Senior research fellows

* **Dr Andrew Blick**Andrew Blick is Professor of politics and contemporary history, and head of the Department of Political Economy at King’s College London. He is also the director of history & policy. He is also a senior research fellow at the Democratic Audit, University of Liverpool, which assesses the performance of democracies internationally according to a specially designed framework. He has acted as a consultant on constitutional issues for organisations including the United Nations Development Programme and the UK National Audit Office; and undertaken research projects for the Rowntree trusts; Carnegie UK; the German Marshall Fund; and the Madison Trust. He has written numerous books, articles and pamphlets on UK devolution for the Federal Trust and provided written and oral evidence to parliamentary committees. He has worked in Parliament and closely with parliamentarians on various occasions.
* **Dr Karine Lisbonne – Azais de Vergeron** Dr Karine de Vergeron is associate director and head of Europe Programme at the Global Policy Institute. She has extensive experience in international relations and issues relating to European politics, culture and identity, and the relationship between Europe, China and India as well as the Belt and Road Initiative. She initiated several research projects on non-European views of Europe – Chinese and Indian Views of Europe – jointly with Chatham House in the United Kingdom and the Robert Schuman Foundation in France since 2006. She was the Federal Trust lead of the EU-India Think Tank Twinning project (2018–2020).
* **Professor Colin Talbot** is emeritus professor of government at the University of Manchester and a research affiliate at the University of Cambridge. He has extensive experience of researching, advising, consulting and teaching about Government and public services at all levels. His main research work has been on strategies, structures and performance of the institutions of government and he has published several books and numerous articles for both academic and more popular audiences. He led the Federal Trust's work on Federal Futures in the UK and Intergovernmental relations in the UK.
* **Professor Jo Shaw** (BA Cantab, LenDr Brussels, FRSA) has been professor of European law and Jean Monnet Chair at the University of Manchester since September 2001. She directed the trust's study on Constitutionalism, Federalism and the Reform of the European Union.
* **Professor Stanley Henig** is a former MP and leader of Lancaster City Council. Until 1999 he was secretary of the Labour Group on the Local Government Association. He is the author and/or editor of many books on British and European politics, of which the most recent are *The Uniting of Europe: From Discord to Concord* (Routledge, 1997) and *The Kosovo Crisis: America's Last War in Europe?* (Reuters, 2001).

### Members of the advisory council

Chairman: John Stevens, former MEP (1989–1999)

* Graham Bishop, consultant on European integration: Political, financial, economic and budgetary; founder of *grahambishop.com*
* Professor Stefan Collignon, visiting professor at Harvard University and professor of European political economy at the London School of Economics
* David Gow, editor of *Sceptical Scot*; former European business editor as well as former Germany editor of *The Guardian*
* Dr Hywel Ceri Jones, former director for education, training and youth at the European Commission; former chairman of the governing board of the European Policy Centre, Brussels
* Richard Laming, European Movement
* Nicolas Maclean, chief executive, NWM
* David Melding CBE, former member of the Senedd for South Wales Central (1999 and 2021)
* Robert Moreland, former MEP
* John Palmer, former political director of the European Policy Centre and journalist
* Tom Spencer, executive director, European Centre for Public Affairs
* Sir Brian Unwin, president, European Centre for Nature Conservation and honorary president, European Investment Bank
* Richard Whitman, professor of politics, University of Bath, and senior fellow, Europe, Chatham House

### Patrons

* Baroness Nicholson of Winterbourne MEP Baroness Nicholson was elected as a Member of the European Parliament for the South East region of England in June 1999 and takes the Liberal Democrat Whip. She serves as Vice President of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, Human Rights, Common Defence and Security Policy and is Rapporteur for Iraq and Romania. She is a member of the Committee on Women's Rights and Equal Opportunities and sits on two EU delegations. Baroness Nicholson previously served as a Member of the House of Commons and was vice-chairman of the Conservative Party for four years. Her NGO work includes trusteeship of the Booker Prize for English fiction literature. Baroness Nicholson has been appointed as first Special Envoy for the World Health Organisation to work on peace, health and development in the WHO's Eastern Mediterranean region.
* Lord Plumb of Coleshill Lord Plumb had a distinguished career in British agriculture and European politics. A Conservative Member of the European Parliament from 1979 to 1999 and the only British President of the European Parliament (1987–1990). Lord Plumb was also chairman of the European Parliament's Agriculture Committee; chairman of the European Democratic Group; leader of the Conservative delegation in Europe; co-president of the EU-ACP Joint Parliamentary Assembly; and a full member of the Environment, Agriculture and Development committees of the European Parliament.
* Carole Tongue was, from 1984-1999, a Member of the European Parliament serving on various committees and was the Parliament's spokeswoman on the European Car Industry and on Public Service Broadcasting. Carole Tongue is now a consultant at Citigate Public Affairs. She is also a visiting professor at the London Institute. She is a consultant to a film production company and a member of an EU High Level Group in Cultural Diversity in the Audiovisual Sector. She was recently appointed to serve on the Professional Conduct Committee of the General Medical Council.

## Contact

*As of this edit, this article uses content from* "Federal Trust"*, which is licensed in a way that permits reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, but not under the GFDL. All relevant terms must be followed.*


title: Walnut Park Plaza Hotel

abstract: The Walnut Park Plaza Hotel is an historic, American apartment hotel that is located in the Cobbs Creek neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.

text:
# Walnut Park Plaza Hotel

The **Walnut Park Plaza Hotel** is an historic, American apartment hotel that is located in the Cobbs Creek neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.

## History and architectural features

Built in 1928, this historic structure is a nine-story, red brick building that was designed in the Classical Revival-style. The tower takes an "E" shape above the second story. The building was remodeled in 1955. The building has 224 residential units, ranging in size from 539 to 836 square feet (50 – 78 m2). Also located on the property are two outbuildings that once provided access to underground storage. It has operated as a residence for senior citizens since 1963.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Walnut Park Plaza Hotel | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Walnut Park Plaza, September 2010 | |
|  | |
| Location | 6232-6250 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Coordinates | 39°57′33″N 75°14′50″W / 39.95917°N 75.24722°W / 39.95917; -75.24722 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1928 |
| Architect | Stetler & Deysher; Massiah, Frederick McDonald |
| Architectural style | Classical Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 05000416 |
| Added to NRHP | May 10, 2005 |


title: Trip Payne

abstract: Norman "Trip" Payne is an American professional puzzle maker. He is known by many as a three-time champion of the American Crossword Puzzle Tournament (ACPT). With his first victory in 1993, at age 24, Payne became the youngest champion ever in the tournament's history, a record he held until 2005.

text:
# Trip Payne

**Norman** "**Trip**" **Payne** is an American professional puzzle maker. He is known by many as a three-time champion of the American Crossword Puzzle Tournament (ACPT). With his first victory in 1993, at age 24, Payne became the youngest champion ever in the tournament's history, a record he held until 2005.

## Early life and education

Payne was born in Rock Hill, South Carolina. He grew up in nearby Spartanburg, attending Spartanburg High School, and has been making puzzles professionally since publication in *Games* in November 1983. He attended Emory University in Atlanta, graduating with a degree in English in 1990.

## Career

Payne interned at *Games* during his college summer vacations, where one of his pseudonyms was the anagram "Art Pipeny"; he was expected to go on to work there full-time after college, but two days before his graduation, the magazine folded temporarily. In 1990 he also served on the four-person American team that won the International Crossword Marathon.

In 1992, he was awarded *CROSSWRD*'s "Wynner Award" for creating the best unthemed crossword puzzle of the year.

After graduation, he moved to New York City and was editor-in-chief of *Herald Tribune Crossword Puzzles Only*, *Large Print Crosswords*, and *Crosswords & Other Word Games magazines*, 1990–1991. He moved back to Atlanta in 1991 to embark upon a full-time freelance puzzlemaking career. He is a former contributing editor to *Games*, *Games World of Puzzles*, and *Crossword* magazines, and a former proofreader for Creators Syndicate, *Dell Champion Crossword Puzzles*, and other magazines.

In 1999, Payne was the third contestant to appear on the U.S. version of *Who Wants to Be a Millionaire*, and was the first to earn $32,000.

In 2002, one of his crosswords was voted Puzzle of the Year by solvers of the *New York Times* crossword puzzle.

A member of the National Puzzlers' League since 1986, he served as vice president from 1991 to 1992 and hosted the group's annual convention in Atlanta in 1998. He created or co-created vast multi-puzzle team games for the 1991 and 1993 conventions.

In 2006, Payne was one of the crossword solvers profiled in the documentary *Wordplay*. He also appeared briefly on a number of other television shows, including an episode of *Nightline* about the American Crossword Puzzle Tournament.

In 2014, he won Lollapuzzoola's At-Home Division, edging out David Plotkin by five points. Mathematically, Plotkin would have finished first had both contestants competed at the live tournament in New York City.

Payne was the "Word Expert" on the CBS game show *Million Dollar Password*. He authors the wordoku puzzle in *TV Guide*. He also occasionally writes puzzles for *The New York Times*, *The New York Sun*, and *The Wall Street Journal*, and usually creates one or two puzzle books per year for Sterling Publishing. He has been ranked among the top 50 Scrabble players in North America.

He made five crosswords a week for Yahoo!, Daily Crossword with Hints.

## Publications

* *365 Mind-Challenging Cryptograms*
* *The Little Giant Encyclopedia of Word Puzzles* (co-author)
* *Crosswords to Strain Your Brain*
* *Pop Culture Crosswords*
* *Sit & Solve Scratch Movie Trivia*
* *Sit & Solve Crosswords* (volumes 1–3)
* *Crosswords for Kids* (volumes 1–8)
* *Cosmopolitans & Crosswords*
* *Tiptop Crisscross Puzzles*

Payne has also been published in *New York Newsday*; the *Atlanta Journal-Constitution*; the *New Yorker*; *Dell Champion Crossword Puzzles*; Creators Syndicate; United Feature Syndicate; the Simon & Schuster crossword puzzle book series; the *Expert's Book of Crosswords*; *Masterpiece Crosswords*; *Random House Ultrahard Crosswords*; and *Random House Editor's Choice Crosswords*. Small magazines and by-mail crossword clubs for more dedicated solvers include *Tough Puzzles*, *Tough Cryptics*, *Cryptics Monthly*, Uptown Crossword Club, and Crossword Puzzles of the Month Club.

Magazines that have run specially commissioned puzzles from Payne include *Golf Magazine*, *Manhattan File*, *American Times*, *Out*, and many more; corporate clients have included IBM, NPR, Amtrak, MetLife, Dodge, Fox TV, Hanna-Barbera, Fruit of the Loom, and Kleenex.


title: Mekides Abebe

abstract: Mekides Abebe Demewoz is an Ethiopian athlete. She competed in the women's 3000 metres steeplechase event at the 2019 World Athletics Championships. She won the gold medal in the women's 3000 metres steeplechase at the 2019 African Games and the silver medal in the women's 2000 metre steeplechase at the 2018 Youth Olympics. She competed in the women's 3000 metres steeplechase at the 2020 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Mekides Abebe

**Mekides Abebe Demewoz** (born 29 July 2001) is an Ethiopian athlete. She competed in the women's 3000 metres steeplechase event at the 2019 World Athletics Championships.

She won the gold medal in the women's 3000 metres steeplechase at the 2019 African Games and the silver medal in the women's 2000 metre steeplechase at the 2018 Youth Olympics.

She competed in the women's 3000 metres steeplechase at the 2020 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Mekides Abebe
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Ethiopian |
| Born | (2001-07-29) 29 July 2001 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Event | Steeplechase |
| Medal record      Women's athletics  Representing  Ethiopia  World Championships  2022 Eugene 3000 m st.  Youth Olympic Games  2018 Buenos Aires 2000 m st.  African Games  2019 Rabat 3000 m st. | |