title: Vizzolo Predabissi

abstract: Vizzolo Predabissi is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Milan. Vizzolo Predabissi borders the following municipalities: Colturano, Dresano, Casalmaiocco, Melegnano, Cerro al Lambro, Sordio and San Zenone al Lambro.

text:
# Vizzolo Predabissi

**Vizzolo Predabissi** (Milanese: *Vizzoeu*) is a *comune* (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Milan.

Vizzolo Predabissi borders the following municipalities: Colturano, Dresano, Casalmaiocco, Melegnano, Cerro al Lambro, Sordio and San Zenone al Lambro.

## InfoBox

| Vizzolo Predabissi | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Vizzolo Predabissi | |
| Church of Santa Maria in Calvenzano. | |
| Location of Vizzolo Predabissi | |
| Vizzolo PredabissiLocation of Vizzolo Predabissi in ItalyVizzolo PredabissiVizzolo Predabissi (Lombardy) | |
| Coordinates: 45°21′N 9°21′E / 45.350°N 9.350°E / 45.350; 9.350 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Lombardy |
| Metropolitan city | Milan (MI) |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Luisa Salvatori |
| Area | |
| Total | 5.65 km2 (2.18 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 90 m (300 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2018) | |
| Total | 4,012 |
| Density | 710/km2 (1,800/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Vizzolesi |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 20070 |
| Dialing code | 02 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Vivian Chu

abstract: Vivian Chu is an American roboticist and entrepreneur, specializing in the field of human-robot interaction. She is Chief Technology Officer at Diligent Robotics, a company she co-founded in 2017 for creating autonomous, mobile, socially intelligent robots.

text:
# Vivian Chu

**Vivian Chu** (born c. 1987) is an American roboticist and entrepreneur, specializing in the field of human-robot interaction. She is Chief Technology Officer at Diligent Robotics, a company she co-founded in 2017 for creating autonomous, mobile, socially intelligent robots.

## Early life and education

Chu was born in San Jose, California. Growing up, she lived with her parents, who were both software engineers, and her grandparents.

She received her bachelor's degree in electrical engineering and computer science from the University of California, Berkeley in 2009. During her time at Berkeley, she worked as a research assistant in the lab of Dennis K. Lieu, where she worked on integrated flywheels in triple hybrid drive trains. Upon graduation, she worked for IBM Almaden Research, an innovation lab for disruptive technology, where her research centered on natural language processing and intelligent information integration.

In 2011, Chu left IBM Almaden to pursue a master's degree at the University of Pennsylvania. At Penn, she worked under the mentorship of Katherine Kuchenbecker in the Haptics Research Group as a part of the GRASP Lab. She focused on haptic technology to enable robots to both interact with their environment and understand the abstract terms that humans would use to describe the feeling of that interaction. For example, a human may say a carpet is fuzzy, but Chu's algorithms would enable a robot to sense the rug, perform a computation, and also associate that “feeling” with the adjective or descriptor of fuzzy. Chu and her colleagues were able to train PR2 robots equipped with haptic sensors to touch objects and relate the information from the sensor with the human-provided adjective for the haptic quality of the object. The robot was able to learn these associations and then later generalize its learning to objects it had not yet touched and provide an adjective descriptor similar to one a human might use. This work were reported in Chu's first author paper in 2013, which was awarded Best Paper in Cognitive Robotics at the IEEE International Conference on Robotics.

After completing her Master's in 2013, Chu had a summer internship at Honda Research Institute and continued graduate training at Georgia Tech. She worked towards a PhD in Robotics under the mentorship of Andrea L. Thomaz in the Socially Intelligent Machines Lab and under the mentorship of Sonia Chernova in the Robot Autonomy and Interactive Learning Lab. Her work focused on building algorithms that enable robots to reason about action effects and interact with their environments in an adaptable way. Chu was inspired by a talk in developmental psychology discussing how children learn to interact with their environments. She figured that she could approach robot learning in this way as well, giving robots the basic building blocks of cognition so that they could play with objects in the environment and learn the appropriate ways to interact with them. Chu based her design on applying human-guided robot self-exploration to learn affordances. She built algorithms that enabled robots with both self guided and supervised learning of the affordances of objects in the environment, and showed that the combination of both self and supervised learning allows for the best robot performance. Chu and Thomaz filed a patent in 2017 for this technology, which is also when she completed her PhD.

## Career and research

In 2015, Chu spent a summer as an intern at Google\[x\] under the mentorship of Leila Takayama. She then began working alongside Andrea Thomaz to create a company to build socially intelligent robots that can assist people with chores at work and home. In 2017, they co-founded Diligent Robotics. After graduating from her PhD in 2018, she became the full-time Chief Technology Officer at the firm. She leads a diverse team of roboticists who build robots that feature autonomous mobile manipulation, social intelligence, and human-guided learning abilities, inspired by Chu's graduate discoveries.

### Diligent Robotics

Diligent Robotics' first clinical assistant was Poli, a one-arm robot that was able to pre-fetch supply kits to allow nursing staff to spend more time with patients. Poli was piloted at Seton Medical Center at the University of Texas in Austin. The firm's second healthcare support robot, Moxi, is a refurbished and updated version of Poli. It possesses more human-like features including a face that can visually communicate social cues and a head and torso.

In 2020, Diligent Robotics raised a $10 million Series A. In 2022, the company raised more than $30 million for their Series B, led by Tiger Global, for a total of nearly $50 million since founding. It has won accolades including being named as Time's 100 Best Inventions (2019), World Economic Forum Technology Pioneer (2021), and Newsweek America's Greatest Disruptors (2021).

## Awards and honors

## Depiction in media

* 2020: *The Future of Science is Female* by Zara Stone

## Select publications

* Bin Liu, Laura Chiticariu, Vivian Chu, H. V. Jagadish, and Frederick R. Reiss, "Refining Information Extraction Rules Using Data Provenance", IEEE Data Engineering Bulletin, 2010.
* Vivian Chu, Ian McMahon, Lorenzo Riano, Craig G. McDonald, Qin He, Jorge M. Perez-Tejada, Michael Arrigo, Naomi Fitter, John C. Nappo, Trevor Darrell, Katherine J. Kuchenbecker. "Using Robotic Exploratory Procedures to Learn the Meaning of Haptic Adjectives", IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2013.
* Vivian Chu, Kalesha Bullard, Andrea L. Thomaz, "Multimodal Real-time Contingency Detection for HRI", IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), 2014
* Vivian Chu, Ian McMahon, Lorenzo Riano, Craig G. McDonald, Qin He, Jorge M. Perez-Tejada, Michael Arrigo, Trevor Darrell, Katherine J. Kuchenbecker, "Robotic Learning of Haptic Adjectives Through Physical Interaction," Robotics and Autonomous Systems (RAS), 2015
* Vivian Chu, Tesca Fitzgerald, Andrea L. Thomaz, "Learning Object Affordances by Leveraging the Combination of Human-Guidance and Self-Exploration", IEEE/ACM International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), 2016.
* Vivian Chu, Baris Akgun, Andrea L. Thomaz, "Learning Haptic Affordances from Demonstration and Human-Guided Exploration", IEEE Haptics Symposium (HAPTICS), 2016.
* Vivian Chu, Andrea L. Thomaz. "Analyzing Differences between Teachers when Learning Object Affordances via Guided-Exploration," International Journal of Robotics Research (IJRR), 2017.

## InfoBox

| Vivian Chu | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | c. 1987 (age 3637)
California |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | University of Pennsylvania
University of California, Berkeley
Georgia Tech |
| Known for | Co-founder of Diligent Robotics, designing AI software for service robots |
| Awards | 2022 Fortune 40 under 40, 2021 and 2022 Fast Company Queer 50, 2019 MIT Technology Review 35 Innovators Under 35 |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Robotics |
| Institutions | Diligent Robotics |
|  | |


title: Vivian Cherry

abstract: Vivian Cherry was an American photographer best known for her street photography. She was a member of the New York Photo League.

text:
# Vivian Cherry

**Vivian Cherry** (July 27, 1920 – March 4, 2019) was an American photographer best known for her street photography. She was a member of the New York Photo League.

## Early life

Vivian Cherry was born in Manhattan on July 27, 1920, and grew up in the Bronx, New York. Her parents, Sasha and Ida (Agranovitch) Cherry, were Russian Jewish immigrants. After arriving in the United States, her father anglicized his name to Sam worked as a house painter, while her mother was a homemaker.

Cherry's earliest ambition was to become a dancer. She studied dance at the Denishawn School in the Bronx before attending Walton High School.

## Career

After a short stint at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, Cherry began dancing professionally. She performed with the Helen Tamiris Dance Company; in nightclubs like La Conga and Le Bal Tabarin; in the Lunch Hour Follies, a wartime entertainment put on by the American Theater Wing; and the Broadway musical *Sadie Thompson*.

When a knee injury put her dance career on hold, Cherry found work at a photography lab for the news service Underwood & Underwood. As she mastered the technical elements of the darkroom, she became more and more curious about the photographers who took the images she processed. She bought a Graflex camera and went out to take pictures of her own. Cherry returned to Broadway once more, to dance in the 1945 revival of *Showboat*, but when that musical closed she decided to pursue a career in photography full time.

Vivian Cherry joined the Photo League cooperative in 1946. She met the photographer and teacher Sid Grossman through the League; he would become her mentor. In the 1940s and 1950s, she licensed photographs to magazines like *Collier's*, *Life*, *Look*, *Ebony*, and *Popular Photography*. She documented ordinary people amid the swirl of city life; one of her best-known photo series is of commuters traveling to and from work on the Third Avenue El. That series is bookended by a later one showing men at work dismantling that train line in 1955.

Cherry also traveled outside of New York City for her photo essays, including a pair that focused on issues of healthcare among the Navajo and Pueblo nations and among West Virginia coal miners. Her photography was inspired by the documentary work of Dorothea Lange, Helen Levitt, and Paul Strand.

Like Helen Levitt, she frequently photographed children at play on the streets of New York City. One of these photographs, *Playing Lynched, East Harlem, New York* (1947)*,* was taken when Cherry witnessed a group of children playing a game that reenacted, in pantomime, the scene of a lynching. The image illustrates the pervasive effects of racial terror in the United States, a theme that was of great concern to the leftist Cherry and her colleagues at the Photo League. Its composition references the photo postcards of lynchings that circulated in the United States at that time, creating a disturbing contrast with the actual subject of the photograph, a Black child playing a game. Although it is now one of her most prominent works, at the time Cherry could not immediately find a publisher for this photograph and others from the same series – when she submitted them to McCall's, the magazine rejected them. In 1948, her larger series "Game of Guns" looking at violence and children's play was published in the French magazine *Regards;* it wasn't published in the US until 1952.

Vivian Cherry took a long hiatus from photography beginning in the early 1960s. For about 25 years, she focused on jewelry-making as an artistic pursuit, while working as an X-ray technician alongside her husband Dr. Louis Finger. When she returned to photography in the late 1980s, she began working for the first time in color, including on a series of photographs of people with tattoos. By the early 2000s she had returned to her signature black-and-white film.

Cherry continued shooting street photography into her eighties. She was injured while photographing an anti-war protest in Manhattan – crushed by the crowd, she broke her hip, a wrist, and several ribs. Speaking of this event, she later said "I wasn't as fast as I used to be."

## Personal life

Cherry was married four times; three of the marriages ended in divorce. She had one son, Steven Schmidt.

She died in Albuquerque, NM on March 4, 2019. She was 98 years old.

## Publications

* *Helluva Town: New York in the 1940s and 50s.* New York: powerHouse, 2008. ISBN 978-1-57687-404-2. With a text by Barbara Head Millstein.
* *Vivian Cherry's New York.* New York: powerHouse, 2010. ISBN 978-1-57687-519-3. With an essay by Julia Van Haaften.

## Collections

Cherry's work is held in the following permanent collections:

## Exhibitions

### Solo exhibitions

* *Vivian Cherry: a Working Street Photographer, 1940s–1990s,* Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, NY, 2000

### Group exhibitions

* *Life of the City,* Museum of Modern Art, New York, 2002
* *Photography Collection: Rotation 4,* Museum of Modern Art, New York, 2006–2007


title: Vladimir Veličković

abstract: Vladimir Veličković was a Serbian painter who spent much of his adult life in Paris.

text:
# Vladimir Veličković

**Vladimir Veličković** (Serbian Cyrillic: Владимир Величковић; 11 August 1935 – 29 August 2019) was a Serbian painter who spent much of his adult life in Paris.

## Biography

Veličković graduated from the Faculty of Architecture at Belgrade University. From 1963 to 1966, he was an assistant in Krsto Hegedušić’s master workshop in Zagreb. In 1965, he was honoured with a prize at the Biennale in Paris, where he moved to the following year. Veličković gained public attention in 1967 with an exhibition at the Galerie du Dragon in Paris, which established him as one of the leading artists of the Narrative Figuration art movement. In 1983 he was elected professor at the *École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts* in Paris, and taught there until 2000. In 1985 he was elected a member of Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SANU) and Honorable doctor of science at University of Kragujevac. He was honoured with the highest French award in the field of culture and arts, the Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. His paintings were exhibited in many countries in Europe and Americas since 1951.

Since 7 December 2005 he was a member of Académie des Beaux-Arts, section I, seat number 7.

In 2017 he signed the Declaration on the Common Language of the Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins.

## Selected exhibitions

Veličković had many solo exhibitions in Europe, Asia and North America.

* Slovenj Gradec - Koroška galerija, 2012.
* Marseille - Galerie Anna-Tschopp, 2013.
* Belgrade - Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 2013.
* Belgrade - Zepter Muzej, 2013.
* Colmar - Espace d'art contemporain André Malraux, 2013.
* Rijeka - Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, 2013.
* Varna - Biennale internationale de l'Estampe, 2013.
* Val d'Isère - Galerie Jane Griffiths, 2014.
* Strasbourg - Galerie Nicole Buck, 2014.
* Lyon - Galerie Anne-Marie et Roland Pallade, 2014.
* Kragujevac - Galerie Rima, 2014.
* Montréal - Centre d'art le 1700 La Poste, 2015.

## InfoBox

| Vladimir Veličković | |
| --- | --- |
| Veličković in his studio in 2016 | |
| Born | (1935-08-11)August 11, 1935
Belgrade, Kingdom of Yugoslavia |
| Died | August 29, 2019(2019-08-29) (aged 84)
Split, Croatia |
| Nationality | Yugoslavian / Serbian |
| Alma mater | University of Belgrade |
| Occupation | Artist |
| Awards | Herder Prize (1987) |


title: Vokesimurex dolichourus

abstract: Vokesimurex dolichourus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

text:
# Vokesimurex dolichourus

***Vokesimurex dolichourus*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Description

The length of the shell varies between 49 mm and 74 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs in the Indo-west Pacific, from Oman and Madagascar to Vanuatu; also off Australia (Queensland).

* Houart, R. 1994. Illustrated Catalogue of Recent Species of Muricidae named since 1971. Weisbaden, Germany : Verlag Christa Hemmen pp. 1-179, pl. 28.
* Wilson, B. 1994. Australian marine shells. Prosobranch gastropods. Kallaroo, WA : Odyssey Publishing Vol. 2 370 pp.
* Middelfart, P. 1997. An illustrated checklist of Muricidae (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) from the Andaman Sea, Thailand. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication 17(2): 349-388
* Houart, R. 2001. Ingensia gen. nov. and eleven new species of Muricidae (Gastropoda) from New Caledonia, Vanuatu, and Wallis and Futuna Islands. pp. 243-269 in Bouchet, P. & Marshall, B.A. (eds). Tropical deep-sea benthos, Volume 22. Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris \[1936-1950\] 185: 1–406
* Houart, R.; Kilburn, R. N. & Marais, A. P. (2010). Muricidae. pp. 176-270, in: Marais A.P. & Seccombe A.D. (eds), Identification guide to the seashells of South Africa. Volume 1. Groenkloof: Centre for Molluscan Studies. 376 pp.
* Merle D., Garrigues B. & Pointier J.-P. (2011) Fossil and Recent Muricidae of the world. Part Muricinae. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 648 pp.
* Houart, R. (2014). Living Muricidae of the world. Muricinae. Murex, Promurex, Haustellum, Bolinus, Vokesimurex and Siratus. Harxheim: ConchBooks. 197 pp.

## InfoBox

| *Vokesimurex dolichourus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Vokesimurex dolichourus* (specimen at MNHN, Paris) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Subfamily: | Muricinae |
| Genus: | *Vokesimurex* |
| Species: | ***V. dolichourus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Vokesimurex dolichourus***<br>(Ponder & Vokes, 1988) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Haustellum dolichourus* Ponder & Vokes, 1988 | |


title: Volumizer (album)

abstract: Volumizer is 2 Skinnee J's second major-label album. It was originally completed and set to be released on September 12, 2000, through Capricorn Records. However, once Capricorn was absorbed by Volcano Records, Volumizer was shelved. The album was finally released in April, 2002, with songs on the original track listing cut, and new songs added. The song "3 Minutes" was used as the entrance theme for former WWE tag team 3-Minute Warning, a team consisting of wrestlers Matt "Rosey" Anoa'i and Eddie "Jamal" Fatu. A music video was shot for the song and single, "Grown Up," featuring comedian Andy Dick. Following poor album sales, 2 Skinnee J's were dropped from Volcano Records.

text:
# Volumizer (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Volumizer*** is 2 Skinnee J's second major-label album. It was originally completed and set to be released on September 12, 2000, through Capricorn Records. However, once Capricorn was absorbed by Volcano Records, *Volumizer* was shelved. The album was finally released in April, 2002, with songs on the original track listing cut (including original single "Stockholm Love," which was released on CD singles in 2000), and new songs added.

The song "3 Minutes" was used as the entrance theme for former WWE tag team 3-Minute Warning, a team consisting of wrestlers Matt "Rosey" Anoa'i and Eddie "Jamal" Fatu. A music video was shot for the song and single, "Grown Up," featuring comedian Andy Dick. Following poor album sales, 2 Skinnee J's were dropped from Volcano Records.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Horns of Destruction" | 3:53 |
| 2. | "3 Minutes" | 4:32 |
| 3. | "Grown Up" | 3:57 |
| 4. | "Girl With the World in Her Eyes" | 4:13 |
| 5. | "Big Beat Evangelists" | 3:25 |
| 6. | "Brew Ha Ha!" | 3:40 |
| 7. | "Lost and Found" | 3:35 |
| 8. | "Pass the Buck" | 2:32 |
| 9. | "Lemon Drop" | 3:06 |
| 10. | "Sugar & Candy" | 4:13 |
| 11. | "Loud Neighbor" | 3:54 |
| 12. | "Coming Home" | 5:24 |
| Total length: | | 46:29 |

Original
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Horns of Destruction" | 3:53 |
| 2. | "3 Minutes" | 4:32 |
| 3. | "Girl With the World in Her Eyes" | 4:13 |
| 4. | "Stockholm Love" | 3:18 |
| 5. | "Big Beat Evangelists" | 3:25 |
| 6. | "Brew Ha Ha!" | 3:40 |
| 7. | "Pass the Buck" | 2:32 |
| 8. | "Secret Frequency" | 3:12 |
| 9. | "Sugar & Candy" | 4:13 |
| 10. | "Loud Neighbor" | 3:54 |
| 11. | "Coming Home" | 5:24 |

Japanese edition
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Horns of Destruction" | 3:53 |
| 2. | "3 Minutes" | 4:32 |
| 3. | "Grown Up" | 3:57 |
| 4. | "Girl With the World in Her Eyes" | 4:13 |
| 5. | "Big Beat Evangelists" | 3:25 |
| 6. | "Brew Ha Ha!" | 3:40 |
| 7. | "Lost and Found" | 3:35 |
| 8. | "Pass the Buck" | 2:32 |
| 9. | "Lemon Drop" | 3:06 |
| 10. | "Sugar & Candy" | 4:13 |
| 11. | "Loud Neighbor" | 3:54 |
| 12. | "Coming Home" | 5:24 |
| 13. | "Stockholm Love" | 3:18 |
| 14. | "Secret Frequency" | 3:12 |

## InfoBox

| Volumizer | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by 2 Skinnee J's | |
| Released | April 2002 |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Length | 46:29 |
| Label | Volcano Entertainment |
| Producer | Mickey Petralia, Michael Bradford |
| 2 Skinnee J's chronology | |
| *Stockholm Love*
(2000) ***Volumizer***
(2002) *Live Bootleg!*
(2001) | |


title: Vrije Groepen Amsterdam

abstract: The Vrije Groepen Amsterdam was a federation of Dutch resistance groups in Amsterdam during the final years of World War II. The VGA was founded in late 1943 to coordinate the activities of Amsterdam's resistance groups. The groups counted some 350 members, about a fifth of whom had a Jewish or part-Jewish background. The VGA focused primarily on hiding Jews from the Nazis and caring for Jews in hiding. Their activities included distributing falsified identification documents, as well as ration cards and financial support, to Jews and others in hiding and to members of the resistance movement. The 38 groups united under the VGA umbrella included the PP group led by Bob van Amerongen and Jan Hemelrijk, which consisted mainly of Jewish and part-Jewish members. The groep-Gerretsen and groep-Brandsma resistance groups were also part of the VGA. The name vrije groepen indicated that the resistance groups did not want to join the national resistance organisation Landelijke Organisatie voor Hulp aan Onderduikers (LO) but preferred to remain independent. The choice to remain independent was often related to the fact that the LO reported all families hiding Jews and others from the Nazis to the Nationaal Steun Fonds (NSF), an organisation which coordinated the financial support of the Dutch resistance activities. This reporting was considered too risky by the vrije groepen, who therefore chose not to be affiliated with the LO. Another reason why these groups preferred to remain independent of the national organisations was that many of the groups represented specific minorities such as Jews or socialists.

text:
# Vrije Groepen Amsterdam

The **Vrije Groepen Amsterdam** (VGA, "Free Groups of Amsterdam") was a federation of Dutch resistance groups in Amsterdam during the final years of World War II. The VGA was founded in late 1943 to coordinate the activities of Amsterdam's resistance groups. The groups counted some 350 members, about a fifth of whom had a Jewish or part-Jewish background. The VGA focused primarily on hiding Jews from the Nazis and caring for Jews in hiding. Their activities included distributing falsified identification documents, as well as ration cards and financial support, to Jews and others in hiding (so-called *onderduikers*) and to members of the resistance movement.

The 38 groups united under the VGA umbrella included the PP group led by Bob van Amerongen and Jan Hemelrijk, which consisted mainly of Jewish and part-Jewish members. The *groep-Gerretsen* and *groep-Brandsma* resistance groups were also part of the VGA.

The name *vrije groepen* ("free groups") indicated that the resistance groups did not want to join the national resistance organisation *Landelijke Organisatie voor Hulp aan Onderduikers* (LO) but preferred to remain independent. The choice to remain independent was often related to the fact that the LO reported all families hiding Jews and others from the Nazis to the *Nationaal Steun Fonds* (NSF), an organisation which coordinated the financial support of the Dutch resistance activities. This reporting was considered too risky by the *vrije groepen*, who therefore chose not to be affiliated with the LO. Another reason why these groups preferred to remain independent of the national organisations was that many of the groups represented specific minorities such as Jews or socialists.

## History

In late 1943, the various organisations caring for Jews and others in hiding in Amsterdam established regular contact. A number of leaders of these groups met at Keizersgracht 695 to found the VGA. A similar federation was established in The Hague, the *Vrije Groepen Den Haag*.

"For us, it was the most dangerous meeting of the war", Jan Hemelrijk said of the gathering on Keizersgracht. "There were about thirty people, all representing various groups. I went there shaking in my boots. Fortunately we were not betrayed, or the Germans would have been able to arrest the entire non-affiliated resistance movement in Amsterdam in one fell blow."

The VGA had a special branch aimed at identifying traitors and helping members who had been arrested, in some cases even attempting to break them free. The intelligence work included making contact with a broad network of jailers, attorneys, physicians, priests and even members of the German *Sicherheitsdienst* (SD) intelligence agency.

## Remembrance

In April 2013, a book by Loes Gompes documenting the history of the PP group, one of the organisations in the VGA, was published under the title *Fatsoenlijk land: Porgel en Porulan in het verzet*. The book was accompanied by a documentary film of the same title, which was shown in the Joods Historisch Museum (Jewish Historical Museum) in Amsterdam in January 2014 and broadcast in April of that year on national television channel Nederland 2.

In May 2014, the film was shown in cinema Tuschinski in Amsterdam, followed by interviews with children of PP group members. Following the showing, a ceremony was held to unveil a plaque on the building at Keizersgracht 695 commemorating the founding of the VGA there.

The archive of the VGA is maintained by the NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies.


title: Vrijdag

abstract: Vrijdag is a 1980 Belgian-Dutch drama film directed by Hugo Claus, based on his 1969 play. It was entered into the 31st Berlin International Film Festival. The film focuses on a couple, Georges and Jeanne, in a quiet Dutch countryside as they cope and catch up with each other after Georges is released from jail.

text:
# Vrijdag

***Vrijdag*** (Dutch for *Friday*) is a 1980 Belgian-Dutch drama film directed by Hugo Claus, based on his 1969 play (a "classic" Dutch play). It was entered into the 31st Berlin International Film Festival. The film focuses on a couple, Georges and Jeanne, in a quiet Dutch countryside as they cope and catch up with each other after Georges is released from jail.

## Plot

Georges Vermeersch is released from prison after two years. He returns to his hometown of Marke on a Friday afternoon where he awkwardly reunites with his wife Jeanne and meets her baby daughter Elisabeth.

Prior to his arrest, Georges and Jeanne were a couple living with their daughter Christiane. Christiane always favored her father since childhood and formed a close bond with him, but this developed into incestuous feelings as she grew into her teenager years. While Jeanne is away, Christiane manages to seduce her father and they have sex. Christiane later has a boyfriend, Jacky, and the two join a gang of petty burglars. When the gang is caught by the authorities, the policemen chastise Jacky for dating the young Christiane, to which Jacky blurts out Christiane's father being her first lover.

Georges is arrested on grounds of incest, with the town testifying either for or against him, with Jeanne defending her husband. Christiane admits her affair with her father, and Georges is sentenced to prison. There, he spends time with Jules, a mentally ill former customs officer who was jailed for having sex with a random passerby and spends time painting while incarcerated to prevent manic moments. While Georges is in prison, Jeanne starts a relationship with Georges' friend, Erik. Jeanne gives birth to Erik's daughter, Elisabeth, whose birth Georges hears and believes was punishment for his act. Eventually, he is released early, and he is gifted a painting by Jules as a parting gift before he leaves.

In the present, Jeanne shares that Christiane has moved out to live with Jacky in Guido Gezellestraat near Anderlecht. Their neighbor, Alex, visits the two, but Georges, knowing that he was against him during his arrest, drives him away. Georges says that Jeanne, having found a new lover who supports her in Erik, can move out. Erik later arrives, and they have a tense dinner together. Erik tells the story of how he and Jeanne began their relationship during a funeral of a mutual friend. Georges lashes out at the two before Erik leaves for the night, and the drunk Georges once again starts a fight with Jeanne before briefly making love with her and then passing out. Jeanne goes off to Erik's home, where Erik reveals he has taken a job in Rouen and will leave the next morning. Jeanne is torn between staying with Georges or leaving with Erik, while Erik says he is okay with whoever she chooses.

Georges retrieves Erik back into his home, where Georges insists to be legally known as Elisabeth's father and the three finally talk about his relationship with Christiane. Georges admits to having sex with his daughter only once; Jeanne confesses she had figured out their affair yet still lied in court. Having closed that chapter, Georges explains that he wants Erik to have sex with Jeanne one last time before Erik leaves for good to conclude their relationship and prevent any lingering feelings. Jeanne and Erik comply while Georges takes a walk outside and falls asleep on a bench before returning the next morning. After breakfast, Erik shares his farewells while Jeanne reluctantly rejects his caresses before he leaves, ending their relationship. Georges joins Jeanne as they sit together to talk about their plans for the future.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Vrijdag | |
| --- | --- |
| DVD cover | |
| Directed by | Hugo Claus |
| Written by | Hugo Claus (play) |
| Produced by | Jan van Raemdonck |
| Starring | Frank Aendenboom
Kitty Courbois
Herbert Flack
Hilde Van Mieghem |
| Release date | * 11 December 1980 (1980-12-11) |
| Running time | 96 minutes |
| Countries | Belgium
Netherlands |
| Language | Dutch |


title: Volvarina taeniata

abstract: Volvarina taeniata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

text:
# Volvarina taeniata

***Volvarina taeniata*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

## Description

The small, rather conical, smooth shell is pale-red and consists of five whorls. The spire is short. The aperture is elongate and rather narrow. The columella is four-plaited with the two plaits on top somewhat larger. The outer lip is smooth and somewhat reflexed.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off the Cape Verde

* Moreno D. & Burnay L.P. (1999) The genus Volvarina (Gastropoda: Marginellidae) in the Cape Verde Islands. Journal of Conchology 36(5): 83–124
* Rolán E. (2005). Malacological Fauna From The Cape Verde Archipelago. Part 1, Polyplacophora and Gastropoda. ConchBooks. Hackenheim. ISBN 3-325-31973-2. 455 pp.
* Cossignani, T. (2006). Marginellidae & Cystiscidae of the World. L'Informatore Piceno. 408 pp.

## InfoBox

| *Volvarina taeniata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Marginellidae |
| Subfamily: | Marginellinae |
| Genus: | *Volvarina* |
| Species: | ***V. taeniata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Volvarina taeniata***<br>(G.B. Sowerby II, 1846) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Marginella navicella* Reeve, 1865 * *Marginella quadripunctata* Locard, 1897 * *Marginella taeniata* G. B. Sowerby II, 1846 (original combination) * *Volvarina (Atlantivolva) taeniata* (G. B. Sowerby II, 1846) · alternate representation * *Volvarina cessaci* Jousseaume, 1881 · unaccepted * *Volvarina cessaci* Rochebrune, 1882 (junior homonym of *Volvarina cessaci* Jousseaume, 1881) * *Volvarina quadripunctata* (Locard, 1897) * *Volvarina rubella navicella* (Reeve, 1865) · | |


# Volleyball at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Qualification

NOC is allowed to enter 1 men's and 1 women's qualified team in volleyball tournaments and 2 men's and 2 women's qualified teams in beach volleyball tournaments.

## Indoor Volleyball

### Men

| Volleyball Men | Date | Host | Vacancies | Qualified |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Host nation | - | - | 1 | China |
| 2007 FIVB Men's World Cup | Nov 18 - Dec 2, 2007 | Japan | 3 | Brazil
Russia
Bulgaria |
| African Olympic Qualification Tournament | February 3–9, 2008 | Durban | 1 | Egypt |
| Asian Olympic Qualification Tournament* | May 31 - Jun 8, 2008 | Tokyo | 1 | Japan |
| European Olympic Qualification Tournament | January 7–13, 2008 | İzmir | 1 | Serbia |
| North American Olympic Qualification Tournament | January 6–11, 2008 | Caguas | 1 | United States |
| South American Olympic Qualification Tournament | January 3–7, 2008 | Formosa | 1 | Venezuela |
| World Olympic Qualification Tournament 1 | May 23–25, 2008 | Düsseldorf | 1 | Germany |
| World Olympic Qualification Tournament 2 | May 30 - Jun 1, 2008 | Espinho | 1 | Poland |
| World Olympic Qualification Tournament 3 | May 31 - Jun 8, 2008 | Tokyo | 1 | Italy |
| TOTAL |  | | **12** |  |

** The Asian Olympic Qualification Tournament is combined with the World Olympic Qualification Tournament 3. The winner of the tournament will qualify as the champion of the World Olympic Qualification Tournament 3 while the best Asian team except the winner will qualify as the Asian Olympic Qualification Tournament champion.*

#### World Cup

| Rk | Team | Points | Won | Lost | PW | PL | Ratio |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Brazil | **21** | 10 | 1 | 852 | 673 | 1.266 |
| 2 | Russia | **20** | 9 | 2 | 899 | 742 | 1.212 |
| 3 | Bulgaria | **20** | 9 | 2 | 988 | 881 | 1.121 |
| 4 | United States | **19** | 8 | 3 | 947 | 843 | 1.123 |
| 5 | Spain | **18** | 7 | 4 | 848 | 825 | 1.028 |
| 6 | Puerto Rico | **16** | 5 | 6 | 878 | 869 | 1.010 |
| 7 | Argentina | **16** | 5 | 6 | 825 | 876 | 0.942 |
| 8 | Australia | **15** | 4 | 7 | 839 | 940 | 0.893 |
| 9 | Japan | **14** | 3 | 8 | 865 | 923 | 0.937 |
| 10 | Egypt | **14** | 3 | 8 | 829 | 922 | 0.899 |
| 11 | South Korea | **13** | 2 | 9 | 818 | 947 | 0.864 |
| 12 | Tunisia | **12** | 1 | 10 | 909 | 1056 | 0.861 |

#### African Qualification Tournament

| Rk | Team | Points | Won | Lost | PW | PL | Ratio |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Algeria | **8** | 4 | 0 | 322 | 253 | 1.273 |
| 2 | Cameroon | **7** | 3 | 1 | 311 | 265 | 1.174 |
| 3 | Nigeria | **6** | 2 | 2 | 309 | 346 | 0.893 |
| 4 | South Africa | **5** | 1 | 3 | 340 | 359 | 0.947 |
| 5 | Rwanda | **4** | 0 | 4 | 295 | 353 | 0.836 |

| Rk | Team | Points | Won | Lost | PW | PL | Ratio |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Egypt | **8** | 4 | 0 | 340 | 247 | 1.377 |
| 2 | Tunisia | **7** | 3 | 1 | 341 | 248 | 1.375 |
| 3 | Morocco | **6** | 2 | 2 | 263 | 236 | 1.114 |
| 4 | Gabon | **5** | 1 | 3 | 208 | 286 | 0.727 |
| 5 | Mozambique | **4** | 0 | 4 | 179 | 300 | 0.597 |

#### European Qualification Tournament

##### Elimination round

| Team 1 | Agg | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Montenegro** | 63 | Latvia | 31 | 32 |
| Georgia | 06 | **Romania** | 03 | 03 |
| Austria | 35 | **Sweden** | 32 | 03 |
| Azerbaijan | 06 | **Denmark** | 03 | 03 |

##### Pre-Qualification Tournaments

**Tournament 1**

| Rk | Team | Points | Won | Lost | SW | SL | Ratio |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Finland | **4** | 2 | 0 | 6 | 2 | 3.000 |
| 2 | Hungary | **3** | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1.000 |
| 3 | Estonia | **2** | 0 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 0.333 |

| Rk | Team | Points | Won | Lost | SW | SL | Ratio |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Poland | **4** | 2 | 0 | 6 | 0 | MAX |
| 2 | Belgium | **3** | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1.000 |
| 3 | Denmark | **2** | 0 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 0.000 |

**Tournament 2**

| Rk | Team | Points | Won | Lost | SW | SL | Ratio |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Germany | **3** | 1 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 1.667 |
| 2 | Czech Republic | **3** | 1 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 1.000 |
| 3 | Portugal | **3** | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 0.600 |

| Rk | Team | Points | Won | Lost | SW | SL | Ratio |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | France | **4** | 2 | 0 | 6 | 0 | MAX |
| 2 | Sweden | **3** | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 0.600 |
| 3 | Slovakia | **2** | 0 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 0.333 |

**Tournament 3**

| Rk | Team | Points | Won | Lost | SW | SL | Ratio |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Italy | **4** | 2 | 0 | 6 | 2 | 3.000 |
| 2 | Croatia | **3** | 1 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 1.250 |
| 3 | Montenegro | **2** | 0 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 0.167 |

| Rk | Team | Points | Won | Lost | SW | SL | Ratio |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Netherlands | **4** | 2 | 0 | 6 | 0 | MAX |
| 2 | Greece | **3** | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 0.750 |
| 3 | Romania | **2** | 0 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 0.167 |

##### Qualification Tournament

| Rk | Team | Points | Won | Lost | SW | SL | Ratio |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Spain | **5** | 2 | 1 | 7 | 7 | 1.000 |
| 2 | Netherlands | **5** | 2 | 1 | 6 | 6 | 1.000 |
| 3 | Poland | **4** | 1 | 2 | 7 | 6 | 1.167 |
| 4 | Italy | **4** | 1 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 0.833 |

| Rk | Team | Points | Won | Lost | SW | SL | Ratio |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Serbia | **5** | 2 | 1 | 8 | 4 | 2.000 |
| 2 | Finland | **5** | 2 | 1 | 6 | 5 | 1.200 |
| 3 | Germany | **5** | 2 | 1 | 6 | 7 | 0.857 |
| 4 | Turkey | **3** | 0 | 3 | 5 | 9 | 0.556 |

#### North American Qualification Tournament

| Rk | Team | Points | Won | Lost | PW | PL | Ratio |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | United States | **6** | 3 | 0 | 225 | 157 | 1.433 |
| 2 | Puerto Rico | **5** | 2 | 1 | 232 | 202 | 1.149 |
| 3 | Dominican Republic | **4** | 1 | 2 | 209 | 221 | 0.946 |
| 4 | Barbados | **3** | 0 | 3 | 139 | 225 | 0.618 |

| Rk | Team | Points | Won | Lost | PW | PL | Ratio |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Canada | **6** | 3 | 0 | 246 | 194 | 1.268 |
| 2 | Cuba | **5** | 2 | 1 | 242 | 193 | 1.254 |
| 3 | Mexico | **4** | 1 | 2 | 201 | 195 | 1.031 |
| 4 | Trinidad and Tobago | **3** | 0 | 3 | 118 | 225 | 0.524 |

#### South American Qualification Tournament

| Rk | Team | Points | Won | Lost | PW | PL | Ratio |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Venezuela | **8** | 4 | 0 | 322 | 233 | 1.382 |
| 2 | Argentina | **7** | 3 | 1 | 309 | 244 | 1.266 |
| 3 | Paraguay | **6** | 2 | 2 | 301 | 334 | 0.901 |
| 4 | Chile | **5** | 1 | 3 | 278 | 320 | 0.869 |
| 5 | Uruguay | **4** | 0 | 4 | 244 | 323 | 0.755 |

#### World Qualification Tournaments

**Tournament 1**

| Rk | Team | Points | Won | Lost | PW | PL | Ratio |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Germany | **6** | 3 | 0 | 295 | 259 | 1.139 |
| 2 | Cuba | **5** | 2 | 1 | 271 | 238 | 1.139 |
| 3 | Spain | **4** | 1 | 2 | 284 | 282 | 1.007 |
| 4 | Chinese Taipei | **3** | 0 | 3 | 177 | 248 | 0.714 |

**Tournament 2**

| Rk | Team | Points | Won | Lost | PW | PL | Ratio |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Poland | **6** | 3 | 0 | 226 | 179 | 1.263 |
| 2 | Portugal | **5** | 2 | 1 | 236 | 206 | 1.146 |
| 3 | Puerto Rico | **4** | 1 | 2 | 199 | 236 | 0.843 |
| 4 | Indonesia | **3** | 0 | 3 | 185 | 225 | 0.822 |

**Tournament 3**

| Rk | Team | Points | Won | Lost | PW | PL | Ratio |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Italy | **14** | 7 | 0 | 615 | 483 | 1.273 |
| 2 | Japan | **13** | 6 | 1 | 659 | 584 | 1.128 |
| 3 | South Korea | **11** | 4 | 3 | 622 | 584 | 1.065 |
| 4 | Argentina | **11** | 4 | 3 | 598 | 589 | 1.015 |
| 5 | Australia | **10** | 3 | 4 | 522 | 526 | 0.992 |
| 6 | Iran | **9** | 2 | 5 | 597 | 630 | 0.948 |
| 7 | Algeria | **9** | 2 | 5 | 501 | 578 | 0.867 |
| 8 | Thailand | **7** | 0 | 7 | 425 | 565 | 0.752 |

* Japan is counted as The Asian Continental Qualification Tournament Champion since it is the best Asian team except the winner.

### Women

| Volleyball Women | Date | Host | Vacancies | Qualified |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Host nation | - | - | 1 | China |
| 2007 FIVB Women's World Cup | November 2–16, 2007 | Japan | 3 | Italy
Brazil
United States |
| African Olympic Qualification Tournament | January 22–26, 2008 | Blida | 1 | Algeria |
| Asian Olympic Qualification Tournament* | May 17–25, 2008 | Tokyo | 1 | Kazakhstan |
| European Olympic Qualification Tournament | January 15–20, 2008 | Halle | 1 | Russia |
| North American Olympic Qualification Tournament | December 17–22, 2007 | Monterrey | 1 | Cuba |
| South American Olympic Qualification Tournament | January 3–7, 2008 | Lima | 1 | Venezuela |
| World Olympic Qualification Tournament | May 17–25, 2008 | Tokyo | 3 | Poland
Serbia
Japan |
| TOTAL |  | | **12** |  |

* *The Asian Olympic qualification tournament and the World Olympic Qualification Tournament are combined into one event. The top 3 teams at the tournament will qualify as the medallists of the World Olympic Qualification Tournament while the best Asian team outside the top 3 will qualify as the Asian Olympic Qualification Tournament champion.*

#### World Cup

| Rk | Team | Points | Won | Lost | PW | PL | Ratio |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Italy | **22** | 11 | 0 | 858 | 604 | 1.421 |
| 2 | Brazil | **20** | 9 | 2 | 891 | 671 | 1.328 |
| 3 | United States | **20** | 9 | 2 | 940 | 821 | 1.145 |
| 4 | Cuba | **19** | 8 | 3 | 1020 | 951 | 1.073 |
| 5 | Serbia | **18** | 7 | 4 | 910 | 866 | 1.051 |
| 6 | Poland | **17** | 6 | 5 | 908 | 820 | 1.107 |
| 7 | Japan | **17** | 6 | 5 | 885 | 866 | 1.022 |
| 8 | South Korea | **15** | 4 | 7 | 825 | 848 | 0.973 |
| 9 | Dominican Republic | **14** | 3 | 8 | 797 | 911 | 0.875 |
| 10 | Thailand | **13** | 2 | 9 | 784 | 924 | 0.848 |
| 11 | Peru | **12** | 1 | 10 | 681 | 855 | 0.796 |
| 12 | Kenya | **11** | 0 | 11 | 498 | 860 | 0.579 |

#### African Qualification Tournament

| Rk | Team | Points | Won | Lost | PW | PL | Ratio |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Algeria | **8** | 4 | 0 | 322 | 201 | 1.602 |
| 2 | Kenya | **7** | 3 | 1 | 274 | 216 | 1.269 |
| 3 | Cameroon | **6** | 2 | 2 | 279 | 280 | 0.996 |
| 4 | Senegal | **5** | 1 | 3 | 260 | 321 | 0.810 |
| 5 | South Africa | **4** | 0 | 4 | 183 | 300 | 0.610 |

#### European Qualification Tournament

##### Pre-Qualification Tournaments

**Tournament 1**

| Rk | Team | Points | Won | Lost | SW | SL | Ratio |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Netherlands | **8** | 4 | 0 | 12 | 1 | 12.000 |
| 2 | Ukraine | **7** | 3 | 1 | 9 | 4 | 2.250 |
| 3 | Czech Republic | **6** | 2 | 2 | 7 | 8 | 0.875 |
| 4 | Azerbaijan | **5** | 1 | 3 | 5 | 11 | 0.455 |
| 5 | Hungary | **4** | 0 | 4 | 3 | 12 | 0.250 |

**Tournament 2**

| Rk | Team | Points | Won | Lost | SW | SL | Ratio |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Romania | **7** | 3 | 1 | 11 | 3 | 3.667 |
| 2 | Bulgaria | **7** | 3 | 1 | 10 | 5 | 2.000 |
| 3 | Slovakia | **6** | 2 | 2 | 7 | 8 | 0.875 |
| 4 | Belarus | **6** | 2 | 2 | 6 | 7 | 0.857 |
| 5 | Belgium | **4** | 0 | 4 | 1 | 12 | 0.083 |

**Tournament 3**

| Rk | Team | Points | Won | Lost | SW | SL | Ratio |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Turkey | **8** | 4 | 0 | 12 | 0 | MAX |
| 2 | Croatia | **7** | 3 | 1 | 9 | 4 | 2.250 |
| 3 | Spain | **6** | 2 | 2 | 7 | 6 | 1.167 |
| 4 | France | **5** | 1 | 3 | 3 | 11 | 0.273 |
| 5 | Austria | **4** | 0 | 4 | 2 | 12 | 0.167 |

##### Qualification Tournament

| Rk | Team | Points | Won | Lost | SW | SL | Ratio |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Russia | **6** | 3 | 0 | 9 | 2 | 4.500 |
| 2 | Serbia | **5** | 2 | 1 | 7 | 6 | 1.167 |
| 3 | Romania | **4** | 1 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 0.750 |
| 4 | Croatia | **3** | 0 | 3 | 3 | 9 | 0.333 |

| Rk | Team | Points | Won | Lost | SW | SL | Ratio |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Poland | **6** | 3 | 0 | 9 | 4 | 2.250 |
| 2 | Germany | **4** | 1 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 1.000 |
| 3 | Netherlands | **4** | 1 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 0.714 |
| 4 | Turkey | **4** | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 0.571 |

#### North American Qualification Tournament

| Rk | Team | Points | Won | Lost | PW | PL | Ratio |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Cuba | **4** | 2 | 0 | 175 | 151 | 1.159 |
| 2 | Canada | **3** | 1 | 1 | 172 | 182 | 0.945 |
| 3 | Puerto Rico | **2** | 0 | 2 | 192 | 206 | 0.932 |

| Rk | Team | Points | Won | Lost | PW | PL | Ratio |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Dominican Republic | **4** | 2 | 0 | 150 | 89 | 1.685 |
| 2 | Mexico | **3** | 1 | 1 | 128 | 116 | 1.103 |
| 3 | Trinidad and Tobago | **2** | 0 | 2 | 77 | 150 | 0.513 |

#### South American Qualification Tournament

| Rk | Team | Points | Won | Lost | PW | PL | Ratio |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Venezuela | **8** | 4 | 0 | 358 | 267 | 1.341 |
| 2 | Peru | **7** | 3 | 1 | 334 | 214 | 1.561 |
| 3 | Uruguay | **6** | 2 | 2 | 290 | 287 | 1.010 |
| 4 | Paraguay | **5** | 1 | 3 | 253 | 319 | 0.793 |
| 5 | Bolivia | **4** | 0 | 4 | 216 | 364 | 0.593 |

#### World Qualification Tournament

| Rk | Team | Points | Won | Lost | PW | PL | Ratio |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Poland | **13** | 6 | 1 | 608 | 524 | 1.160 |
| 2 | Serbia | **13** | 6 | 1 | 624 | 538 | 1.160 |
| 3 | Japan | **13** | 6 | 1 | 684 | 619 | 1.105 |
| 4 | Dominican Republic | **11** | 4 | 3 | 577 | 554 | 1.042 |
| 5 | Kazakhstan | **9** | 2 | 5 | 523 | 572 | 0.914 |
| 6 | South Korea | **9** | 2 | 5 | 534 | 609 | 0.877 |
| 7 | Thailand | **8** | 1 | 6 | 573 | 617 | 0.929 |
| 8 | Puerto Rico | **8** | 1 | 6 | 503 | 593 | 0.848 |

* Kazakhstan is counted as The Asian Continental Qualification Tournament Champion since it is the best Asian team outside the top 3.

## Beach Volleyball

### Qualifying criteria

The main qualifying criteria were the FIVB Beach Volleyball Olympic Ranking lists as of July 21, 2008. It provided a total of 24 pairs in each event. Each NOC was allowed to enter 2 men's and 2 women's qualified teams in beach volleyball tournaments. Each continent and Host nation is guaranteed one entry in each event. If this is not satisfied by the entry selection method, the highest ranking player/pair will be qualified.

### Qualifiers

#### Men

| No. | Rank | Players | NOC |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | Todd Rogers
Phil Dalhausser | United States | **C** |
| 2 | 2 | Ricardo Santos
Emanuel Rego | Brazil | **C** |
| 3 | 3 | Marcio Araujo
Fabio Luiz Magalhães | Brazil |  |
| 4 | 4 | Reinder Nummerdor
Richard Schuil | Netherlands | **C** |
| 5 | 6 | Xu Linyin
Wu Penggen | China | **HC** |
| 6 | 7 | Julius Brink
Christoph Dieckmann | Germany |  |
| 7 | 8 | Dmitri Barsouk
Igor Kolodinsky | Russia |  |
| 8 | 9 | David Klemperer
Eric Koreng | Germany |  |
| 9 | 12 | Jake Gibb
Sean Rosenthal | United States |  |
| 10 | 13 | Andrew Schacht
Joshua Slack | Australia |  |
| 11 | 14 | Pablo Herrera
Raul Mesa | Spain |  |
| 12 | 15 | Sascha Heyer
Patrick Heuscher | Switzerland |  |
| 13 | 16 | Martín Conde
Mariano Baracetti | Argentina |  |
| 14 | 17 | Kristjan Kais
Rivo Vesik | Estonia |  |
| 15 | 18 | Clemens Doppler
Peter Gartmayer | Austria |  |
| 16 | 19 | Emiel Boersma
Bram Ronnes | Netherlands |  |
| 17 | 21 | Renato Gomes
Jorge Terceiro | Georgia |  |
| 18 | 22 | Jørre Kjemperud
Tarjei Skarlund | Norway |  |
| 19 | 23 | Florian Gosch
Alexander Horst | Austria |  |
| 20 | 24 | Martin Laciga
Jan Schnider | Switzerland |  |
| 21 | 25 | Aleksandrs Samoilovs
Martins Plavins | Latvia |  |
| 22 | 26 | Riccardo Lione
Matteo Varnier* | Italy |  |
| 23 | 28 | Kentaro Asahi
Katsuhiro Shiratori | Japan |  |
| 24 | 84 | Emanuel Fernandes
Morais Abreu | Angola | **C** |

* Matteo Varnier is replaced by Eugenio Amore on the Italian team, because of an injury to Varnier.

H = Host Country Quota
C = Continental Quota

#### Women

| No. | Rank | Players | NOC |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | Kerri Walsh
Misty May-Treanor | United States | **C** |
| 2 | 2 | Tian Jia
Wang Jie | China | **HC** |
| 3 | 3 | Juliana Felisberta
Larissa França | Brazil | **C** |
| 4 | 4 | Xue Chen
Zhang Xi | China |  |
| 5 | 5 | Nicole Branagh
Elaine Youngs | United States |  |
| 6 | 6 | Talita Antunes
Renata Ribeiro | Brazil |  |
| 7 | 9 | Vasso Karadassiou
Vassiliki Arvaniti | Greece | **C** |
| 8 | 11 | Sara Goller
Laura Ludwig | Germany |  |
| 9 | 12 | Stephanie Pohl
Okka Rau | Germany |  |
| 10 | 13 | Natalie Cook
Tamsin Barnett | Australia |  |
| 11 | 16 | Nila Håkedal
Ingrid Tørlen | Norway |  |
| 12 | 20 | Kathrine Maaseide
Susanne Glesnes | Norway |  |
| 13 | 21 | Dalixia Fernández
Tamara Larrea | Cuba |  |
| 14 | 23 | Doris Schwaiger
Stefanie Schwaiger | Austria |  |
| 15 | 25 | Liesbet Van Breedam
Liesbeth Mouha | Belgium |  |
| 16 | 26 | Imara Esteves
Milagros Crespo | Cuba |  |
| 17 | 27 | Efthalia Koutroumanidou
Maria Tsiartsiani | Greece |  |
| 18 | 28 | Natalya Uryadova
Alexandra Shiryaeva | Russia |  |
| 19 | 29 | Rebekka Kadijk
Merel Mooren | Netherlands |  |
|  | 30 | Sara Montagnolli
Sabine Swoboda | Austria* |  |
| 20 | 31 | Bibiana Candelas
Mayra García | Mexico |  |
| 21 | 32 | Mika Teru Saiki
Chiaki Kusuhara | Japan |  |
| 22 | 33 | Cristine Santanna
Andrezza Martins | Georgia |  |
| 23 | 34 | Simone Kuhn
Lea Schwer | Switzerland* |  |
| 24 | 81 | Judith Augoustides
Vita Nel | South Africa | **C** |

* Austrian team Montagnolli \- Swoboda is replaced by the Swiss team Kuhn \- Schwer, because of medical reasons.

H = Host Country Quota
C = Continental Quota


title: WDKC

abstract: WDKC is a radio station broadcasting a country music format. Licensed to Covington, Pennsylvania, United States, the station is currently owned by Mid-Atlantic Broadcasting, Inc.

text:
# WDKC

**WDKC** (101.5 FM, "KC101 Hometown Country") is a radio station broadcasting a country music format. Licensed to Covington, Pennsylvania, United States, the station is currently owned by Mid-Atlantic Broadcasting, Inc.

## InfoBox

WDKC
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | 101.5 MHz |
| Branding | *KC101 Hometown Country* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Country |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Mid-Atlantic Broadcasting, Inc. |
| History | |
| Former call signs | WHMU (1991–1993) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 36240 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | 1,900 watts |
| HAAT | 181.0 meters (593.8 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 41°43′25.00″N 77°2′46.00″W / 41.7236111°N 77.0461111°W / 41.7236111; -77.0461111 |
| Translator(s) | W246AL (97.1 MHz, Wellsboro) |
| Repeater(s) | WDKC-FM1 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Website | kc101fm.com |


title: Virginias

abstract: The Virginias is a region in the United States comprising the U.S. states of Virginia and West Virginia. If they were a single state, the Virginias would have a combined population of 10,425,109 as of 2020 United States census. This would give Virginia the 10th-largest population of any state, with 14,000 people less than the 9th, North Carolina. The total area of the two states is about 175,000 square kilometers.

text:
# Virginias

The **Virginias** (sometimes also known as the **two Virginias**) is a region in the United States comprising the U.S. states of Virginia and West Virginia. If they were a single state (as they were until 1863), the Virginias would have a combined population of 10,425,109 as of 2020 United States census. This would give Virginia the 10th-largest population of any state, with 14,000 people less than the 9th, North Carolina. The total area of the two states is about 175,000 square kilometers (67,000 square miles).

## Vexit

Vexit is a proposed measure for Second Amendment sanctuary counties in Virginia to secede and join the neighboring, more conservative West Virginia over the issue of gun legislation.

## InfoBox

| The Virginias | |
| --- | --- |
| Region | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 38°13′30″N 79°49′26″W / 38.225°N 79.824°W / 38.225; -79.824 | |
| Country | United States of America |
| State | Virginia
West Virginia |
| Principal cities | List |
| Area | |
| Total | 67,004.97 sq mi (173,542.1 km2) |
| Land | 63,528.30 sq mi (164,537.5 km2) |
| Water | 3,476.67 sq mi (9,004.5 km2) |
| Population (2019) | |
| Total | 10,327,666 |
| Density | 150/sq mi (60/km2) |


title: Nandasena Perera

abstract: K Nandasena Perera was a Sri Lankan professional golfer.

text:
# Nandasena Perera

**K Nandasena Perera** (29 August 1954 – 14 February 2019) was a Sri Lankan professional golfer.

## Early life

Perera grew up in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Perera left school early to work for his family. He later got into golf while working as a caddy at the Royal Colombo Golf Club. At the age of 15, Perera broke his left arm at the elbow. Te elbow was set incorrectly, prohibiting the full extension of his left hand. Despite this he went on to be a professional golfer.

## Amateur career

Perera won the Sri Lanka Amateur Championship several times. He also won the national amateur championship of Pakistan, Thailand, Singapore, and Malaysia.

Perea had some other highlights during this era. He shot a 63 (−8) at the Royal Colombo Golf Course Open in 1983, breaking the course record. He would go on to win the event. Very shortly afterwards he played in the Singapore Open. In the second round he made a hole-in-one winning a free Mercedes-Benz E320.

## Professional career

Perera turned professional around the year 1990. He competed at the 1990 Asian Games in Beijing, China. Perera was in the finals against Japan's Shigeki Maruyama. The two were tied after regulation and competed in a sudden-death playoff to determine who got the gold medal. Maruyama hit his drive into the rough and could not find his ball after three minutes of searching. If two more minutes elapsed then he would have to take a penalty stroke. However, Perera found the ball and notified his competitor. Maruyama went on to defeat Perera on that hole. Perera, however, won a Silver Medal and was remembered for his act of sportsmanship.

In 1991, Perera played excellently at several international tournaments. He won the 1991 Sabah Masters, an event played in Indonesia. A couple months later, in October 1991, he finished runner-up at the Malaysian Masters to Australian Stewart Ginn. His best play that year, however, may have been at that November's Air New Zealand Shell Open. Ten behind entering Sunday, Perera shot a final round 66 (−4) in "wet, windy conditions" to "surge through the pack" and finish solo second. The following year, Perera also recorded a number of top ten finishes on the international circuit. The best finish was a joint runner-up placing at the Benson & Hedges Malaysian Open to Vijay Singh.

Perera soon qualified for the Japan Golf Tour and Asian Tour. However, the colder conditions in Japan affected him and he developed severe arthritis. This led to end of his career as a touring professional.

The Indian golfer Rishi Narain noted that Perera was probably the best South Asian golfer of his era.

## Personal life

Perera was married to Ranjani. He had three children: a daughter, Nithini, who is a doctor in India; a son, Mithun, who is a professional golfer; and another daughter, Michiko, an archaeology student at University of Colombo. Mithum has won seven events on the Professional Golf Tour of India and has recorded three runner-up finishes on the Asian Tour.

Late in the life, Perera was granted a plot of land adjacent to Royal Colombo Golf Course. He built a house there with the help of several members of the club.

Perera died in early 2019. Late in the year, his son Mithun won an event on the Professional Golf Tour of India and dedicated the win to his father.

## Amateur wins

* 1983 Royal Colombo Golf Course Open
* 1988 Sri Lanka National Amateur Golf Championship, Amateur Golf Championship of India Singapore Open Amateur Championship
* 1989 Sri Lanka National Amateur Golf Championship, All India Amateur Golf Championship
* 1990 Sri Lanka National Amateur Golf Championship, All India Amateur Golf Championship, Singapore Open Amateur Championship
* Pakistan Amateur Golf Championship
* Thailand Amateur Golf Championship
* Malaysia Amateur Golf Championship

## Professional wins

## Team appearances

## InfoBox

| Nandasena Perera | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| **Full name** | K Nandasena Perera |
| **Born** | (1954-08-29)29 August 1954
Rajagiriya, Sri Lanka |
| **Died** | 14 February 2019(2019-02-14) (aged 64)
Colombo, Sri Lanka |
| **Height** | 5 ft 3 in (160 cm) |
| **Sporting nationality** | Sri Lanka |
| Career | |
| **Turned professional** | c. 1990 |
| **Former tour(s)** | Asia Golf Circuit
Asian Tour
Japan Golf Tour |
| **Professional wins** | 8 |
| Medal record      Asian Games  1990 Beijing Individual | |


title: Walnut Park, California

abstract: Walnut Park is a census-designated place (CDP) in Los Angeles County, California, United States, adjacent to Florence-Graham, Huntington Park and South Gate. The population was 15,966 at the 2010 census, down from 16,180 at the 2000 census.

text:
# Walnut Park, California

**Walnut Park** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Los Angeles County, California, United States, adjacent to Florence-Graham, Huntington Park and South Gate. The population was 15,966 at the 2010 census, down from 16,180 at the 2000 census.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 0.7 square miles (1.8 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1970 | 8,925 |  |  |
| 1980 | 11,811 |  | 32.3% |
| 1990 | 14,722 |  | 24.6% |
| 2000 | 16,180 |  | 9.9% |
| 2010 | 15,966 |  | −1.3% |
| source: | | | |

### 2010

At the 2010 census Walnut Park had a population of 15,966. The population density was 21,352.0 inhabitants per square mile (8,244.1/km2). The racial makeup of Walnut Park was 9,046 (56.7%) White (1.7% Non-Hispanic White), 70 (0.4%) African American, 277 (1.7%) Native American, 89 (0.6%) Asian, 2 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 5,953 (37.3%) from other races, and 529 (3.3%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 15,543 persons (97.4%).

The census reported that 15,952 people (99.9% of the population) lived in households, 14 (0.1%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and no one was institutionalized.

There were 3,612 households, 2,128 (58.9%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 2,060 (57.0%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 748 (20.7%) had a female householder with no husband present, 353 (9.8%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 246 (6.8%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 23 (0.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 317 households (8.8%) were one person and 130 (3.6%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 4.42. There were 3,161 families (87.5% of households); the average family size was 4.51.

The age distribution was 4,742 people (29.7%) under the age of 18, 1,849 people (11.6%) aged 18 to 24, 4,821 people (30.2%) aged 25 to 44, 3,266 people (20.5%) aged 45 to 64, and 1,288 people (8.1%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 30.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.3 males.

There were 3,744 housing units at an average density of 5,007.0 per square mile, of the occupied units 1,924 (53.3%) were owner-occupied and 1,688 (46.7%) were rented. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.1%; the rental vacancy rate was 3.6%. 9,340 people (58.5% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 6,612 people (41.4%) lived in rental housing units.

### 2000

At the 2000 census there were 16,180 people, 3,610 households, and 3,191 families in the CDP. The population density was 21,919.0 inhabitants per square mile (8,463.0/km2). There were 3,814 housing units at an average density of 5,166.8 per square mile (1,994.9/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 46.11% White, 0.36% African American, 1.00% Native American, 0.51% Asian, 0.14% Pacific Islander, 47.53% from other races, and 4.44% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 95.77%.

Of the 3,610 households 54.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.5% were married couples living together, 17.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 11.6% were non-families. 9.0% of households were one person and 3.8% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 4.48 and the average family size was 4.62.

The age distribution was 33.4% under the age of 18, 12.7% from 18 to 24, 31.4% from 25 to 44, 15.9% from 45 to 64, and 6.6% 65 or older. The median age was 27 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.1 males.

The median household income was $35,837 and the median family income was $36,875. Males had a median income of $23,211 versus $19,539 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $10,275. About 19.9% of families and 20.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.0% of those under age 18 and 15.9% of those age 65 or over.

## Retail

La Alameda shopping center is located at 2140 Florence Ave. This shopping center which amounts to cover 240,000 square feet of retail area. This shopping center was built atop of underutilized and abandoned industrial areas which spanned 18 acres. The shopping plaza is influenced by the Spanish-Mediterranean architecture which is notable through the location's tile and stone elements. The shopping center's creation as well as the location's design is representative of the high Hispanic community and maintained this as its priority throughout its construction and currently in its daily operation. The plaza fosters community events such as health clinics, and holiday celebrations which are free for all to attend. Every week, local bands showcase their music and people of all ages come out to dance and enjoy the evening scene. La Alameda serves as a central shopping and social hub for Walnut Park and surrounding communities' residents.

## Education

Los Angeles Unified School District schools serve Walnut Park:

* Walnut Park Elementary School
* Gage Middle School
* Hope Street Elementary School
* Walnut Park Middle School

Most of Walnut Park is zoned to Huntington Park High School. Before 2005 all of Walnut Park was zoned to Huntington Park. In 2005 South East High School opened and took a portion of the land in Walnut Park in its attendance boundary. Any student who lives in the Huntington Park or Bell High School zones may apply to Maywood Academy High School; Maywood Academy, which opened in 2005 and moved into its permanent campus in 2006, does not have its own attendance boundary because it lacks American football, track and field, and tennis facilities.

In addition to Los Angeles Unified School District schools, there are many LAUSD authorized public charter schools that operate in Walnut Park:

## Politics

Walnut Park is unincorporated and is thus represented by Janice Hahn at the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors.

The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department (LASD) operates the Century Station in Lynwood, serving Walnut Park.

In the state legislature Walnut Park is located in the 59th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Reggie Jones-Sawyer, and in the 33rd Senate District, represented by Democrat Lena Gonzalez. Federally, Walnut Park is located in California's 44th congressional district, which is represented by Democrat Nanette Barragán.

## InfoBox

| Walnut Park, California | |
| --- | --- |
| census-designated place | |
| Aerial view of houses in Walnut Park in April 2024 | |
| Location of Walnut Park in Los Angeles County, California. | |
| Walnut Park, CaliforniaLocation in the United States | |
| Coordinates: 33°58′8″N 118°13′26″W / 33.96889°N 118.22389°W / 33.96889; -118.22389 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | California |
| County | Los Angeles |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.748 sq mi (1.937 km2) |
| Land | 0.748 sq mi (1.937 km2) |
| Water | 0 sq mi (0 km2)  0% |
| Elevation | 148 ft (45 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 15,214 |
| Density | 20,000/sq mi (7,900/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-8 (PST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-7 (PDT) |
| ZIP code | 90255 |
| Area code | 213/323 |
| FIPS code | 06-83402 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1661650 |


title: Siti Akbari

abstract: Siti Akbari is a 1940 film from the Dutch East Indies directed by Joshua and Othniel Wong and produced by Tan Khoen Yauw. Starring Roekiah and Rd Mochtar, it follows a couple while the husband commits adultery.

text:
# Siti Akbari

***Siti Akbari*** is a 1940 film from the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) directed by Joshua and Othniel Wong and produced by Tan Khoen Yauw. Starring Roekiah and Rd Mochtar, it follows a couple while the husband commits adultery.

## Plot

Siti Akbari (Roekiah) is living happily with her husband. When he begins to wander she stays faithful and he eventually comes back to her.

## Production

*Siti Akbari* was directed by Joshua and Othniel Wong, ethnic Chinese brothers who had received film training in the United States and been active in the film industry of the Dutch East Indies since 1929's *Lily van Java*. The film's producer, Tan Khoen Yauw, was co-owner of the production studio that made the work, Tan's Film.

The black-and-white talkie featured vocals by the actresses Annie Landouw and Titing, with the *keroncong* group Lief Java providing background music. Several further cast members, including the stars Mochtar, Roekiah, and her husband Kartolo, had migrated to Tan's after the success of Albert Balink's *Terang Boelan* (1937); the earlier film's formula of scenery, music, and action, which Tan's had already utilised in 1938's *Fatima*, was present in *Siti Akbari* as well.

The title *Siti Akbari* is reminiscent of a *syair*, or traditional Malay poem, written by Lie Kim Hok in 1884; his *Sair Tjerita Siti Akbari* had previously been adapted for the stage. However, the influence Lim's work exerted on the film is unknown: it may have simply lent the title, or it may have been adapted in its entirety.

## Release

*Siti Akbari* premiered at the Cinema Palace Theatre on 29 April 1940. For promotion, Tan's Film release a novelisation of the film shortly afterwards on Kolf Publishers; the writing team was headed by Andjar Asmara. The film proved to be the last starring Roekiah and Mochtar as lovers; he left Tan's soon after over a wage dispute, being replaced by the tailor Rd Djoemala for *Roekihati* in 1940.

The production is likely a lost film. The American visual anthropologist Karl G. Heider writes that all Indonesian films from before 1950 are lost. However, JB Kristanto's *Katalog Film Indonesia* (*Indonesian Film Catalogue*) records several as having survived at Sinematek Indonesia's archives, and Biran writes that several Japanese propaganda films have survived at the Netherlands Government Information Service.

**Footnotes**

**Bibliography**

* Biran, Misbach Yusa (2009). *Sejarah Film 1900–1950: Bikin Film di Jawa* \[*History of Film 1900–1950: Making Films in Java*\] (in Indonesian). Komunitas Bamboo working with the Jakarta Art Council. ISBN 978-979-3731-58-2.
* "Cinema: Siti Akbari". *Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad* (in Dutch). Batavia: Kolff & Co. 1 May 1940.
* Heider, Karl G (1991). *Indonesian Cinema: National Culture on Screen*. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1367-3.
* "Othniel Wong". *filmindonesia.or.id*. Jakarta: Konfidan Foundation. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
* "Siti Akbari". *filmindonesia.or.id* (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Konfidan Foundation. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
* "Siti Akbari, Sair Cerita". *Encyclopedia of Jakarta* (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Jakarta City Government. Archived from the original on 7 January 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2012.

## InfoBox

| Siti Akbari | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical poster | |
| Directed by | Joshua and Othniel Wong |
| Produced by | Tan Khoen Yauw |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Joshua and Othniel Wong |
| Production<br>company | Tan's Film |
| Release date | * 29 April 1940 (1940-04-29) (Dutch East Indies) |
| Country | Dutch East Indies |
| Language | Malay |


# 1901–02 Michigan State Normal Normalites men's basketball team

The 1901–02 team went 1–0 the first and only undefeated season in school history. It was the first year for head coach Clayton T. Teetzel. The team captain was C.H. Ireland and the team manager was W.A. Whitney. R.C. Smith was elected captain for the following season's team.

## Roster

| Number | Name | Position | Class | Hometown |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Carey H. Ireland | Forward | Senior | Berrien Springs, MI |
|  | Charles M. Novack | Forward |  |  |
|  | Latham | Forward |  |  |
|  | Robert C. Smith | Center | Junior | Bath, MI |
|  | M.B. Huston | Guard |  |  |
|  | B.A. Barnes | Guard |  |  |
|  | John P. Faucher | Guard | Sophomore | Ward, MI |
|  | Ericson | Guard |  |  |
|  | Fred Belland |  | Junior |  |
|  | Charles Salsbury |  |  |  |
|  | Eber A. Burke |  |  | Willow, MI |
|  | Miller |  |  |  |
|  | Morae | Forward |  |  |
|  | Edward O'Brien |  | Sophomore |  |
|

## Schedule

EMU Media Guide has Detroit YMCA and the Detroit Free Press has Detroit College of Medicine.

| Date
time, TV | Rank# | Opponent# | Result | Record | Site (attendance)
city, state |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Non-conference regular season | | | | | | | | |
| 1902*
 |  | Albion College |  |  |
 |
| 1902*
 |  | Hillsdale College |  |  |
 |
| March 1, 1902*
 |  | Detroit YMCA |  |  | Gymnasium
Ypsilanti, MI |
| March 15, 1902*
 |  | Detroit College of Medicine | **W** 11-8 | 1-0
 | Gymnasium
Ypsilanti, MI |
| *Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses.
All times are in Eastern Time. | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Game Notes

#### March 15, 1902

EMU Media Guide has the game being played against the Detroit YMCA. Both the Normal College News and Detroit Free Press have it against the Detroit College of Medicine. Novak, Ireland, Smith, Huston, and Barnes started for the Normalites.

Source:

## InfoBox

| 1901–02 Michigan State Normal Normalites men's basketball | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | Independent |
| Record | 1–0 |
| Head coach | * Clayton T. Teetzel (1st season) |
| Assistant coach | W.A. Whitney |
| Home arena | Gymnasium |
|


title: Mobile launcher platform

abstract: A mobile launcher platform (MLP), also known as mobile launch platform, is a structure used to support a large multistage space vehicle which is assembled (stacked) vertically in an integration facility and then transported by a crawler-transporter (CT) to a launch pad. This becomes the support structure for launch. The use of mobile launcher platform is a part of the Integrate-Transfer-Launch (ITL) system, which involves vertical assembly, transport, and launch of rockets. The concept was first implemented in the 1960s for the United States Air Force's Titan III rocket, and it was later used by NASA for Saturn V, Space Shuttle, and Space Launch System. There are alternatives to ITL. Horizontal assembly and transport to the pad is used by Russia, by ULA for the Delta IV family, and by SpaceX for the Falcon 9 family. Vertical assembly on the launch pad is used for smaller launch vehicles and for the SpaceX Starship.

text:
# Mobile launcher platform

A **mobile launcher platform** (**MLP**), also known as **mobile launch platform**, is a structure used to support a large multistage space vehicle which is assembled (stacked) vertically in an integration facility (e.g. the Vehicle Assembly Building) and then transported by a crawler-transporter (CT) to a launch pad. This becomes the support structure for launch.

The use of mobile launcher platform is a part of the Integrate-Transfer-Launch (ITL) system, which involves vertical assembly, transport, and launch of rockets. The concept was first implemented in the 1960s for the United States Air Force's Titan III rocket, and it was later used by NASA for Saturn V, Space Shuttle, and Space Launch System.

There are alternatives to ITL. Horizontal assembly and transport to the pad is used by Russia, by ULA for the Delta IV family, and by SpaceX for the Falcon 9 family. Vertical assembly on the launch pad is used for smaller launch vehicles and for the SpaceX Starship.

## Kennedy Space Center

From 1967 to 2011, three platforms were used at the LC-39 to support NASA's launch vehicles. Formerly called **Mobile Launchers** (**ML**), the mobile launcher platforms were constructed for transporting and launching the Saturn V rocket for the Apollo program lunar landing missions of the 1960s and 1970s. Each ML originally had a single exhaust vent for the Saturn V's engines. The Mobile Launchers also featured a 380-foot-tall (120 m) **Launch Umbilical Tower** (**LUT**) with nine swing arms that permitted servicing of the vehicle on the launch pad, and swung away from it at launch.

The Mobile Launchers were built by Ingalls Iron Works. The swing arms were constructed by Hayes International.

After the Apollo program, the bases of the Mobile Launchers were modified for the Space Shuttle. The Launch Umbilical Towers from ML-2 and ML-3 were removed. Portions of these tower structures were erected at the two launch pads, 39A and 39B. These permanent structures were known as the Fixed Service Structures (FSS). The LUT from ML-1 was taken apart and stored in the Kennedy Space Center's industrial area. Efforts to preserve the LUT in the 1990s failed due to a lack of funding, and it was scrapped.

In addition to removal of the umbilical towers, each Shuttle-era MLP was extensively reconfigured with the addition of two Tail Service Masts (TSM), one on either side of the main engine exhaust vent. These 9.4 m (31 ft) masts contained the feed lines through which liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid oxygen (LOX) were loaded into the shuttle's external fuel tank, as well as electrical hookups and flares that were used to burn off any ambient hydrogen vapors at the launch site immediately prior to Main Engine start.

The main engines vented their exhaust through the original opening used for the Saturn rocket exhaust. Two additional exhaust ports were added to vent exhaust from the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs) that flanked the external fuel tank.

The Space Shuttle assembly was held to the MLP at eight holddown points using large studs, four on the aft skirt of each Solid Rocket Booster. Immediately before SRB ignition, frangible nuts attached to the top of these studs were detonated, releasing the Shuttle assembly from the platform.

Each MLP weighed 8.23 million pounds (3,730 tonnes) unloaded and roughly 11 million pounds (5,000 tonnes) with an unfueled Shuttle aboard, measured 160 by 135 feet (49 by 41 m), and was 25 feet (7.6 m) high. They were carried by one of two crawler-transporters (CT), which measure 131 by 114 feet (40 by 35 m), and 20 feet (6.1 m) high. Each crawler weighs about 6 million pounds (2,700 tonnes) unloaded, has a maximum speed of about 1 mile per hour (1.6 km/h) loaded, and has a leveling system designed to keep the launch vehicle vertical while negotiating the 5 percent grade leading to the top of the launch pad. Two 2,750 horsepower (2.05 MW) diesel engines power each crawler.

The MLPs were designed as part of NASA's strategy for vertical assembly and transport of space vehicles. Vertical assembly allows the preparation of the spacecraft in a ready-for-launch position, and avoids the additional step of lifting or craning a horizontally-assembled vehicle onto the launchpad (as the engineers of the Soviet space program chose to do).

### Mobile Launcher Platform-1

Construction of the Mobile Launcher Platform-1 (MLP-1) (formerly called the Mobile Launcher-3 or ML-3) began in 1964 and was completed with the installation of the Launch Umbilical Tower hammerhead crane on 1 March 1965. The swing arms were added at a later date.

The ML-3 was used for five crewed Apollo launches; Apollo 10, Apollo 13, Apollo 15, Apollo 16 and Apollo 17.

Following the launch of Apollo 17, the ML-3 was the first of the Mobile Launchers to be converted for use by the Space Shuttle. The Launch Umbilical Tower was dismantled and later partially reassembled on LC-39A as that pad's Fixed Service Structure (FSS) and the base of the launch platform was modified to accommodate the locations of engines on the Shuttle. The platform was redesignated MLP-1.

In total, the MLP-1 was used for 52 Shuttle launches between 1981 and 2009. It was used for the first Space Shuttle launch, STS-1, in April 1981. Following the launch of STS-119 in March 2009, it was transferred to the Constellation program. The platform was used only for the Ares I-X and the MLP-1 suffered substantial damage. The canceled Ares I-Y would have used the same MLP. However, the Constellation program was canceled and the MLP was left unused.

Following the STS-135, usable parts from the MLP-1 were removed and stored in the Vehicle Assembly Building, with no plans to use the MLP again.

In 2021, NASA began rolling out Mobile Launch Platform-1 on Crawler transporter-2 with a concrete ballast on the top to condition the crawlerway to handle the combined weight of the Space Launch System and Orion spacecraft in the future. NASA stated that re-conditioning of the crawlerway will be required periodically in the future, and MLP-1 will be retained for that purpose. MLP-1 will be stored in High Bay 1 of the Vehicle Assembly Building when not in use for crawlerway maintenance.

### Mobile Launcher Platform-2

Mobile Launcher Platform-2 (MLP-2) (formerly called the Mobile Launcher-2 or ML-2) was used for the uncrewed Apollo 6 mission, followed by three crewed Apollo launches; Apollo 9, Apollo 12 and Apollo 14. It was subsequently used for the launch of Skylab on a Saturn V in 1973.

Following the launch of Skylab, ML-2 was the second of the Mobile Launchers to be converted for use by the Space Shuttle. The Launch Umbilical Tower was dismantled and partially reassembled to become the LC-39B Fixed Service Structure (FSS), and the base of the launch platform was modified to accommodate the locations of engines on the Shuttle. The platform was redesignated MLP-2.

In total, MLP-2 was used for 44 Shuttle launches, starting in 1983. All of the orbiters except  *Columbia* made their maiden flights from MLP-2. It was also the launch site for the ill-fated STS-51L mission, when Space Shuttle *Challenger* disintegrated shortly after launch, killing all seven crew members.

Following the Space Shuttle retirement, NASA kept the MLP-2 for liquid-propellant rockets, but in January 2021, NASA announced that due to lack of storage space, the massive structure would be demolished.

### Mobile Launcher Platform-3

The first launch from the Mobile Launcher Platform-3 (MLP-3) (formerly called the Mobile Launcher-1 or ML-1) was the maiden flight of the Saturn V, and the first launch from LC-39, Apollo 4. Following this, it was used for two crewed Apollo launches: Apollo 8 and Apollo 11. After NASA decided to move Saturn IB launches from LC-34 to LC-39B, the ML-1 was modified by the addition of a structure known as the *Milkstool*, which allowed the Saturn IB to use the same Launch Umbilical Tower as the much larger Saturn V. Three crewed flights to Skylab, and the Apollo launch for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, were conducted from the ML-1 using the *Milkstool*.

Prior to the scrapping of the LUT in 2004, there was a campaign to rebuild and preserve it as a memorial to Project Apollo. The crew access arm is preserved at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex on the upper level of the gift shop.

Following the launch of Apollo-Soyuz, ML-1 was the last Mobile Launcher to be converted for use by the Space Shuttle. The LUT and *Milkstool* were dismantled and placed into storage, and the base of the launch platform was modified to accommodate the locations of engines on the shuttle. The platform was redesignated MLP-3.

In total, MLP-3 was used for 29 Shuttle launches, starting in 1990. It was the least used of the three MLPs. Following the Space Shuttle retirement, NASA kept the MLP-3 for solid-propellant rockets.

Usage of MLP-3 to launch the OmegA rocket was granted to Orbital ATK (later bought out by Northrop Grumman) following discussions in 2016, and later formalized through a Reimbursable Space Act Agreement in August 2019. Under the Agreement, Vehicle Assembly Building High Bay 2 would be used to assemble the rocket, while MLP-3 and crawler-transporter 1 would be used to move the rocket to LC-39B for launch. From 2019 to 2020, the OmegA launch tower was under construction on MLP-3. Following the cancellation of OmegA in September 2020, work began to demolish the half-completed launch tower. As of January 2021, MLP-3 is planned to be placed in storage in High Bay 2 of the Vehicle Assembly Building.

### Space Launch System

Between 2009 and 2010, a mobile launcher platform called the Mobile Launcher-1 (ML-1) was constructed as part of the Constellation program. Since the cancellation of the program in 2010, ML-1 was converted for the Space Launch System Block 1, with various phases of construction between 2013 and 2018. The total cost of the ML-1 is estimated to be $1 billion.

The biggest modification to the ML-1 was on the platform's base, where engineers increased the size of a 22 square feet (2.0 m2) exhaust duct to a rectangle stretching 60 by 30 feet (18.3 by 9.1 m) and strengthened the surrounding structure. SLS weighs more than twice as much as the planned Ares I rocket. The Ares I rocket would have featured a single solid-fueled first stage, while the SLS includes two large solid rocket boosters and a powerful core with four RS-25 engines. The base of the ML-1 is 25 feet (7.6 m) high, 158 feet (48 m) long, and 133 feet (41 m) wide. The ML-1 also features a 355-foot-tall (108 m) Launch Umbilical Tower (LUT) with several arms that permit servicing of the SLS on the launch pad, and swing away from it at launch.

In June 2019, NASA awarded a contract for the design and construction of the Mobile Launcher-2 (ML-2) for SLS Block 1B. Construction of the ML-2 began in July 2020, with the planned completion in 2023. The total cost of the ML-2 was originally estimated to be $450 million, however cost overruns have seen this increase to a projected $1.8 to $2.7 billion, and a delay until 2027 or 2029

## Cape Canaveral

### Atlas V

The Atlas V utilizes an MLP when launching from SLC-41. The rocket is stacked on its MLP in the 280-foot-tall (85.4 m) Vertical Integration Facility (VIF), and is then rolled-out over 600 yards (550 m) to the launch pad. The design of this MLP is derived from the MLPs used by the Titan III and IV rockets.

### Titan III and Titan IV

Titan III and Titan IV rockets launched from SLC-40 and SLC-41 utilized MLPs to decouple assembly of the launch vehicle from launch. This was meant to enable simultaneous assembly of multiple launch vehicles as part of the Titan's Integrate-Transfer-Launch (ITL) concept, allowing a high flight rate from a small number of launch pads.

### Vulcan

United Launch Alliance's Vulcan will use an MLP similar in design to the one used by the Atlas V when launching from SLC-41, altered to support the former's larger design. The VLP (Vulcan Launch Platform) stands 183 ft (56 m) tall, and when complete will weigh 1.3 million pounds (590 tonnes). It will be equipped with various electronics, power-lines, and cables to support and control the rocket. For the initial Vulcan-Centaur configuration, the MLP will supply liquefied natural gas and liquid oxygen to the first stage, and liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen to the Centaur upper stage. As of October 24, 2019, the basic structure has been completed, but the umbilicals and equipment have yet to be installed. As of 2024, there are two VLP’s allowing for parallel processing.

## Other uses

Japanese H-IIA and H-IIB rockets utilize an MLP when launching from the Yoshinobu Launch Complex.

The PSLV, GSLV, and GSLV Mark III rockets utilize an MLP called the Mobile Launch Pedestal. The rockets are stacked on the Mobile Launch Pedestal in the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB; not to be confused with the NASA building with the same name), and are then rolled-out towards the launch pad.

## Sound suppression system

Once delivered to the pad, the mobile launcher platform is connected to the larger sound suppression system by large pipes which deliver a deluge of water from an adjacent water tower. Six 12-foot-high (3.7 m) towers known as "rainbirds" spray water over the MLP and into the flame deflector trenches below it, absorbing acoustic waves. The suppression system reduced the acoustic sound level to approximately 142 dB.

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.


title: Will Ye No Come Back Again

abstract: "Will Ye No Come Back Again" is the twelfth episode of the fifth and final series of the period drama Upstairs, Downstairs. It first aired on 23 November 1975 on ITV.

text:
# Will Ye No Come Back Again

"**Will Ye No Come Back Again**" is the twelfth episode of the fifth and final series of the period drama *Upstairs, Downstairs*. It first aired on 23 November 1975 on ITV.

## Background

"Will Ye No Come Back Again" was recorded in the studio on 1, 7 and 8 August 1975. The Scotland location footage was filmed in Applecross in Wester Ross from 6 to 9 May. The idea behind part of the plot, regarding poaching, was taken from the 1953 film *Laxdale Hall*, which was written and produced by Alfred Shaughnessy, the script editor of *Upstairs, Downstairs*. The only main cast member needed for the location scenes was Gordon Jackson, who was provided with a double so he was only needed for one day of filming. Despite being the twelfth episode to air, "Will Ye No Come Back Again" was the last episode of *Upstairs, Downstairs* to be recorded in the studio.

The title of the episode is taken from the Scottish Jacobite song "Bonnie Charlie" written by Lady Nairne.

## Cast

## Plot

Virginia, Alice, and Rose have gone to Paris. Richard, James, Georgina, and the servants go to stay in a house owned by Lord Berkhamstead in the Scottish Highlands. First to arrive are Hudson, Mrs. Bridges, Daisy and Ruby, only to find that there is no electricity as the generator is said to be broken, their grocery order has not arrived, and there is no wood for the fire. On the first evening Roderick McKay, Lord Berkhamstead's head ghillie, arrives and tells the servants the story of how the first laird died at the house after being mortally wounded at the Battle of Culloden. McKay says that the laird returns as a ghost on a handcart during the night. That evening Ruby hears a cart. When she hears the same sound a second night, she screams.

The following morning, James gets ready to go fly fishing until McKay tells him that there are no fish in the river. Richard goes to stay with a friend for a few days; while he is away James tells Georgina of his love for her. However, Georgina says that she does not love him in the same way anymore. James then leaves very early the following morning for London. Meanwhile, looking for the generator, Hudson and Edward find a room that has recently been used to prepare fish. During the night Hudson sees McKay and others poaching salmon. McKay and Hudson then come to a "gentlemen's agreement" that McKay will ensure there are fish for James, and the electricity and hot water also soon start to work. McKay also reveals that the noises Ruby heard were made by him.

When they get back to London, Richard and Georgina get a telegram from James saying he has gone to Liverpool, en route to visit Elizabeth in New York.

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

| "**Will Ye No Come Back Again**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *Upstairs, Downstairs* episode | |
| Episode no. | Season 5<br>Episode 12 |
| Directed by | Bill Bain |
| Written by | Rosemary Anne Sisson |
| Production code | 16 |
| Original air date | 23 November 1975 (1975-11-23) |
|
|


title: Missy Geha

abstract: Melissa Ann Geha is an American former soccer player who played as a midfielder.

text:
# Missy Geha

**Melissa Ann Geha** (born April 29, 1987) is an American former soccer player who played as a midfielder.

## InfoBox

Missy Geha
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Melissa Ann Geha | | |
| Date of birth | (1987-04-29) April 29, 1987 | | |
| Place of birth | Overland Park, Kansas, United States | | |
| Height | 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | St. Thomas Aquinas High School | | |
| College career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2005–2008 | Kansas Jayhawks |  |  |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2013–2014 | Kansas City | 2 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of May 7, 2014 | | | |


title: Moccasin Bend Mental Health Institute

abstract: Moccasin Bend is the site of the Moccasin Bend Mental Health Institute. It is located on a private area of land on the Tennessee River. It was founded in 1961 by the Tennessee State Legislature. "Moccasin Bend Mental Health Institute is a psychiatric hospital in Chattanooga, Tennessee, with 150 beds. Survey data for the latest year available shows that the hospital had a total of 2,340 admissions.". The hospital was built into five different buildings. The first building was built in 1961. "A local architect, Mario Bianculli, designed the majority of the buildings at the Moccasin Bend Mental Health Institute. Considered "Chattanooga's First Modernist," Bianculli was a pioneer of modern architecture in Tennessee and the southeastern United States." The hospital specializes in psychiatric care.

text:
# Moccasin Bend Mental Health Institute

Moccasin Bend is the site of the **Moccasin Bend Mental Health Institute.** It is located on a private area of land on the Tennessee River. It was founded in 1961 by the Tennessee State Legislature. "Moccasin Bend Mental Health Institute is a psychiatric hospital in Chattanooga, Tennessee, with 150 beds. Survey data for the latest year available shows that the hospital had a total of 2,340 admissions.". The hospital was built into five different buildings. The first building was built in 1961. "A local architect, Mario Bianculli, designed the majority of the buildings at the Moccasin Bend Mental Health Institute. Considered "Chattanooga's First Modernist," Bianculli was a pioneer of modern architecture in Tennessee and the southeastern United States." The hospital specializes in psychiatric care.

35°01′33″N 85°20′08″W / 35.0257°N 85.3355°W / 35.0257; -85.3355


title: Moccasin (disambiguation)

abstract:
A moccasin is a form of shoe worn by Native Americans, and by hunters, traders, and settlers in the frontier regions of North America. Moccasin may also refer to:
  - Moccasin (horse), an American Thoroughbred racehorse

text:
# Moccasin (disambiguation)

A **moccasin** is a form of shoe worn by Native Americans, and by hunters, traders, and settlers in the frontier regions of North America.

**Moccasin** may also refer to:

## Places

## Plants

* Lady's slipper, an orchid, called the *moccasin flower* in the United States

## Ships

## Snakes

* Any member of the genus *Gloydius*, also known as Asian moccasins, a group of venomous pit vipers found in Asia
* Any member of the genus *Agkistrodon*, a group of venomous pit vipers found in North and Central America
* *Deinagkistrodon acutus*, also known as the Chinese moccasin, a venomous pit viper species found in China and Southeast Asia
* *Calloselasma rhodostoma*, also known as the Malayan moccasin, a venomous ground pit viper species found in Southeast Asia including Indonesia
* *Heterodon platirhinos*, also known as the eastern hog-nosed snake, a non-venomous colubrid species found in North America