title: Vai syllabary

abstract: The Vai syllabary is a syllabic writing system devised for the Vai language by Momolu Duwalu Bukele of Jondu, in what is now Grand Cape Mount County, Liberia. Bukele is regarded within the Vai community, as well as by most scholars, as the syllabary's inventor and chief promoter when it was first documented in the 1830s. It is one of the two most successful indigenous scripts in West Africa in terms of the number of current users and the availability of literature written in the script, the other being N'Ko.

text:
# Vai syllabary

The **Vai syllabary** is a syllabic writing system devised for the Vai language by Momolu Duwalu Bukele of Jondu, in what is now Grand Cape Mount County, Liberia. Bukele is regarded within the Vai community, as well as by most scholars, as the syllabary's inventor and chief promoter when it was first documented in the 1830s. It is one of the two most successful indigenous scripts in West Africa in terms of the number of current users and the availability of literature written in the script, the other being N'Ko.

## Structure of the script

Vai is a syllabic script written from left to right that represents CV syllables; a final nasal is written with the same glyph as the Vai syllabic nasal. Originally there were separate glyphs for syllables ending in a nasal, such as *don,* with a long vowel, such as *soo,* with a diphthong, such as *bai,* as well as *bili* and *sɛli.* However, these have been dropped from the modern script.

The syllabary did not distinguish all the syllables of the Vai language until the 1960s when the University of Liberia added distinctions by modifying certain glyphs with dots or extra strokes to cover all CV syllables in use. There are relatively few glyphs for nasal vowels because only a few occur with each consonant.

The symbols used to write words evolved to become visually simpler over time, and an analysis has shown that they can do so over just a few generations.

In the 1960s scholars began suggesting that the Cherokee syllabary of North America may have provided a model for the design of the Vai syllabary in Liberia. The Vai syllabary emerged about 1832/33. This was at a time when American missionaries were working to use the Cherokee syllabary as a model for writing Liberian languages. Another link may have been Cherokee who emigrated to Liberia after the invention of the Cherokee syllabary (which in its early years spread rapidly among the Cherokee) but before the invention of the Vai syllabary. One such man, Cherokee Austin Curtis, married into a prominent Vai family and became an important Vai chief himself. The romantic "inscription on a house" that first drew the world's attention to the existence of the Vai script was in fact on the home of Curtis, a Cherokee.

> What we can be reasonably sure about is that Curtis was not only a well-connected and influential man within the Vai community, but one who spoke the Vai language and adopted Vai customs, who settled in Vai country some four years before the invention of the Vai script, and who later appears to have welcomed the use of the script on his house. *If* Curtis was informed about the Cherokee script, *if* he was already resident at Cape Mount by 1827/28, and *if* he made contact with any of the mission party at Big Town - Revey or even his Vai-speaking assistants – it is conceivable that the notion of a syllabary reached the Vai by this route – but perhaps not very likely. Finally, whether the argument from coincidence should have any weight is difficult to say, but that two new scripts sharing the same basic structure, invented a continent apart within little more than a decade of each other, can each be linked, however tenuously (given the limited evidence), to the same individual, may reasonably be regarded as at least singular. (Tuchscherer and Hair 2002)

## Syllables

|  | e | i | a | o | u | ɔ | ɛ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| ‑̃ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| ŋ‑̃ |  | |  |  | |  |  |
| h‑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| h‑̃ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| w‑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| w‑̃ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| p‑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| b‑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| ɓ‑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| mɓ‑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| kp‑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| kp‑̃ |  | |  |  | | |  |
| mgb‑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| gb‑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| gb‑̃ |  | | | | |  |  |
| f‑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| v‑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| t‑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| θ‑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| d‑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| ð‑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| l‑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| r‑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| ɗ‑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| nɗ‑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| s‑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| ʃ‑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| z‑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| ʒ‑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| tʃ‑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| dʒ‑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| ndʒ‑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| j‑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| k‑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| k‑̃ |  | |  |  | | | |
| ŋg‑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| ŋg‑̃ |  | | | | | |  |
| g‑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| g‑̃ |  | | | | | |  |
| m‑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| n‑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| ɲ‑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | e | i | a | o | u | ɔ | ɛ |

### Additional syllables

| Symbol | Function |
| --- | --- |
|  | Syllable final ŋ |
|  | Syllable vowel lengthener (to optionally indicate a long vowel). A long vowel may also be indicated by following the syllable with a syllable of the same vowel starting with **h**. |
|

## Punctuation

Vai has distinct basic punctuation marks:

| Mark | Function |
| --- | --- |
|  | comma (,) |
|  | period (.) |
| ꘎꘎ | exclamation mark (!) |
|  | question mark (?) |
|

Additional punctuation marks are taken from European usage.

## Historical symbols

### Logograms

The oldest Vai texts used various logograms. Of these, only  and  are still in use.

| Logogram | Pronunciation | Syllabary | Meaning |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | feŋ | ꔌꘋ | thing |
|  | keŋ | ꔞꘋ | foot |
|  | tiŋ | ꔳꘋ | island |
|  | nii; kpɛ kɔwu | ꕇꔦ; ꗬ ꗛꖙ | cow; case of gin |
|  | ɓaŋ | ꕒꘋ | finished |
|  | faa | ꕘꕌ | die, kill |
|  | taa | ꕚꕌ | go, carry, journey |
|  | ɗaŋ | ꕠꘋ | hear, understand |
|  | ɗoŋ | ꖅꘋ | enter |
|  | kuŋ | ꖴꘋ | head, be able to |
|  | tɔŋ | ꗋꘋ | be named |
|  | ɗɔɔ | ꗑꖽ | be small |
|  | dʒɔŋ | ꗘꘋ | slave |
|  | ɗeŋ | ꔔꘋ | child, small |
| * | kai | ꕪꔦ | man |
|  |  |  | in |
|

* Modern \<ka\>; at the time now-obsolete ꘑ was used for \<ka\>.

### Digits

Vai uses Arabic numerals (0–9). In the 1920s Vai-specific digits were developed but never adopted:

| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|

### Book of Rora

One of Momolu Duwalu Bukele's cousins, Kaali Bala Ndole Wano, wrote a long manuscript around 1845 called the *Book of Ndole* or *Book of Rora* under the pen name Rora. This roughly fifty page manuscript contains several now obsolete symbols:

|
|  |
| obsolete symbols |  |  |  |  |  |
|
| modern equivalents |  |  |  |  |  |
|

## Unicode

The Vai syllabary was added to the Unicode Standard in April, 2008 with the release of version 5.1.

In Windows 7 and earlier, since this version only gives names for characters released in Unicode 5.0 and earlier, the names will either be blank (Microsoft Word applications) or "Undefined" (Character Map).

The Unicode block for Vai is U+A500–U+A63F. Code points in this block are contiguous without the gaps shown in the "Syllables" table above.

## Further reading

* Everson, Michael; Charles Riley; José Rivera (1 August 2005). "Proposal to add the Vai script to the BMP of the UCS" (PDF). *Working Group Document*. International Organization for Standardization.
* Fatima Massaquoi-Fahnbulleh. 1963. "The Seminar on the Standardization of the Vai script," in *University of Liberia Journal* Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 15–37.
* "Vai syllabary". *Omniglot*. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
* Kelly, Piers, James Winters, Helena Miton, and Olivier Morin. "The predictable evolution of letter shapes: An emergent script of West Africa recapitulates historical change in writing systems." *Current Anthropology* 62, no. 6 (2021). \[on simplifications over time for Vai symbols\]
* Tuchscherer, Konrad. 2005. "History of Writing in Africa." In *Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience* (second edition), ed. by Kwame Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates, Jr., pp. 476–480. New York: Oxford University Press.
* Tuchscherer, Konrad. 2002 (with P.E.H. Hair). "Cherokee and West Africa: Examining the Origins of the Vai Script," *History in Africa*, 29, pp. 427–486.
* Tuchscherer, Konrad. 2001. "The Vai Script," in *Liberia: Africa's First Republic* (Footsteps magazine). Petersborough, NH: Cobblestone Press.
* Tykhostup, Olena and Piers Kelly. 2017. "A diachronic comparison of the Vai script of Liberia (1834–2005)." *Journal of Open Humanities Data* 4:2. doi:10.5334/johnd.10.

## InfoBox

| Vai<br>ꕙꔤ | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Script type | Syllabary |
| Time period | 1830s–present |
| Direction | Left-to-right |
| Languages | Vai |
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Vaii (470), Vai |
| Unicode | |
| Unicode alias | Vai |
| Unicode range | U+A500–U+A63F |
|


title: List of songs recorded by Ace of Base

text:
# List of songs recorded by Ace of Base

The following is a list of released songs recorded and performed by Ace of Base.

| Contents |
| --- |
| 0-9 **·**  **·**  **·**  **·**  **·**  **·**  **·**  **·**  **·**  **·**  **·**  **·**  **·**  **·**  **·**  **·**  **·**  **·**  **·**  **·**  **·**  **·**  **·**  **·** |

| Song | Writer(s) | Album(s) | Year | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Adventures in Paradise* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *Flowers*
*Cruel Summer* | 1998 |  |
| *All for You* |  | *The Golden Ratio* | 2010 |  |
| *All Temptations* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *Hidden Gems, Vol. 2* | 2020 |  |
| *All That She Wants* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren
Ulf "Buddha" Ekberg | *Happy Nation*
*Happy Nation (U.S. Version)*
*The Sign* | 1992 |  |
| *Always Have, Always Will* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *Flowers*
*Cruel Summer* | 1998 |  |
| *Angel Eyes* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren
Billy Steinberg | *The Bridge* | 1995 |  |
| *Angel of Love* | Ulf "Buddha" Ekberg
John Ballard
Björn Stenström | *Hidden Gems, Vol. 2* | 2020 |  |
| *At The Borderline (Moogoperator 2)* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren
Ulf "Buddha" Ekberg | *Hidden Gems, Vol. 2* | 2020 |  |
| *Bad Dad* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren
Ulf "Buddha" Ekberg | *Hidden Gems, Vol. 2* | 2020 |  |
| *Beautiful Life* | John Ballard
Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *The Bridge* | 1995 |  |
| *Beautiful Morning* | Jenny Berggren
Jonas "Joker" Berggren
Linn Berggren | *Da Capo* | 2002 |  |
| *Black Sea* |  | *The Golden Ratio* | 2010 |  |
| *Blah, Blah, Blah on the Radio* |  | *The Golden Ratio* | 2010 |  |
| *Blooming 18* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren
Billy Steinberg | *The Bridge* | 1995 |  |
| *C'est la Vie (Always 21)* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *Singles of the 90s* | 1999 |  |
| *Captain Nemo* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *Flowers* | 1998 |  |
| *Cecilia* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *Flowers*
*Cruel Summer* | 1998 |  |
| *Change with the Light* | Jenny Berggren
Jonas "Joker" Berggren
Linn Berggren
Ulf "Buddha" Ekberg | *Da Capo* | 2002 |  |
| *Close to You* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren
Ulf "Buddha" Ekberg | *Hidden Gems, Vol. 2* | 2020 |  |
| *Come to Me* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren
Arild Haugland
Birthe Berggren | *Hidden Gems* | 2015 |  |
| *Couldn’t Care Less* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren
Jenny Berggren
Ulf "Buddha" Ekberg
Jakob Petrén | *Hidden Gems, Vol. 2* | 2020 |  |
| *Cruel Summer* | Sara Dallin
Siobhan Fahey
Steve Jolley
Tony Swain
Keren Woodward | *Flowers*
*Cruel Summer* | 1998 |  |
| *Cuba, Cuba Libre* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *Hidden Gems (iTunes edition)* | 2015 |  |
| *Da Capo* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *Da Capo* | 2002 |  |
| *Dancer in a Daydream* |  | *Happy Nation*
*Happy Nation (U.S. Version)*
*The Sign* | 1992 |  |
| *Dimension of Depth* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *Happy Nation* | 1992 |  |
| *Donnie* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *Flowers*
*Cruel Summer* | 1998 |  |
| *Don't Go Away* | John Ballard
Ulf "Buddha" Ekberg | *Flowers*
*Cruel Summer* | 1998 |  |
| *Don't Stop* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren
Arild Haugland
Birthe Berggren | *Da Capo (Japanese edition)* | 2002 |  |
| *Don't Turn Around* | Albert Hammond
Diane Warren | *Happy Nation (U.S. Version)*
*The Sign* | 1993 |  |
| *Don't Turn Around 2009* | Albert Hammond
Diane Warren | *Greatest Hits* | 2008 |  |
| *Doreen* |  | *The Golden Ratio* | 2010 |  |
| *Dr. Sun* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *Flowers* | 1998 |  |
| *Edge of Heaven* | Ulf "Buddha" Ekberg | *The Bridge* | 1995 |  |
| *Everytime It Rains* | Rick Nowels
Billy Steinberg
Maria Vidal | *Cruel Summer* | 1998 |  |
| *Experience Pearls* |  | *The Bridge* | 1995 |  |
| *Fashion Party* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *Happy Nation*
*Happy Nation (U.S. Version)* | 1992 |  |
| *For a Thousand Days* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren
Ulf "Buddha" Ekberg | *Hidden Gems, Vol. 2* | 2020 |  |
| *Funk Funk* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren
Ulf "Buddha" Ekberg | *Hidden Gems, Vol. 2* | 2020 |  |
| *Girl in the Line* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *Hidden Gems, Vol. 2* | 2020 |  |
| *Giving It Up* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren
Ulf "Buddha" Ekberg | *Happy Nation (U.S. Version) (Remastered)*
*Hidden Gems* | 2015 |  |
| *Go Go Go* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *Hidden Gems* | 2015 |  |
| *Hallo Hallo* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *Singles of the 90s* | 1999 |  |
| *Happy Nation* |  | *Happy Nation*
*Happy Nation (U.S. Version)*
*The Sign* | 1992 |  |
| *He Decides* | Jenny Berggren | *Flowers*
*Cruel Summer* | 1998 |  |
| *Hear Me Calling* | Jonas Berggren
Ulf Ekberg
Jenny Berggren
Linn Berggren | *Happy Nation (U.S. Version)* | 1993 |  |
| *Hey Darling* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *Da Capo* | 2002 |  |
| *I Pray* | John Ballard
Ulf "Buddha" Ekberg | *Flowers* | 1998 |  |
| *Immanuel* | Jenny Berggren | *Hidden Gems, Vol. 2* | 2020 |  |
| *Into the Night of Blue* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren
Douglas Carr
Diane Warren | *Cruel Summer (Japanese edition)* | 1998 |  |
| *Juliet* |  | *The Golden Ratio* | 2010 |  |
| *Just 'N' Image* | Linn Berggren | *The Bridge* | 1995 |  |
| *Kings and Queens* | Ulf "Buddha" Ekberg
John Ballard | *Cruel Summer (Remastered)* | 2015 |  |
| *Kyrie Eleison* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *Hidden Gems, Vol. 2* | 2020 |  |
| *L'amour* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren
Billy Steinberg | *Flowers (Remastered)* | 2015 |  |
| *Life Is a Flower* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *Flowers* | 1998 |  |
| *Living in Danger* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren
Ulf "Buddha" Ekberg | *Happy Nation (U.S. Version)*
*The Sign* | 1993 |  |
| *Look Around Me* | Ulf "Buddha" Ekberg
John Ballard | *Hidden Gems* | 2015 |  |
| *Love for Sale* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *The Bridge (Remastered)* | 2015 |  |
| *Love in December* | Jonas Berggren
Ulf Ekberg
Jenny Berggren
Linn Berggren | *Singles of the 90s* | 1999 |  |
| *Love in the Ghetto* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *Hidden Gems, Vol. 2* | 2020 |  |
| *Lucky Love* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren
Billy Steinberg | *The Bridge* | 1995 |  |
| *Lucky Love 2009* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren
Billy Steinberg | *Greatest Hits (iTunes edition)* | 2008 |  |
| *Make My Day* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *Hidden Gems* | 2015 |  |
| *Memories Forever* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren
Ulf "Buddha" Ekberg
Jenny Berggren
Linn Berggren | *Hidden Gems, Vol. 2* | 2020 |  |
| *Mercy Mercy* | Ulf "Buddha" Ekberg
John Ballard | *Hidden Gems* | 2015 |  |
| *Moment of Magic* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren
Ulf "Buddha" Ekberg
Linn Berggren
Jenny Berggren | *Hidden Gems* | 2015 |  |
| *Moogoperator* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren
Ulf "Buddha" Ekberg | *Happy Nation (Remastered)* | 2015 |  |
| *Mr Ace (Demo 1991)* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren
Ulf "Buddha" Ekberg | *The Sign (Remastered)* | 2014 |  |
| *Mr. Replay* |  | *The Golden Ratio* | 2010 |  |
| *My Déjà Vu* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *The Bridge* | 1995 |  |
| *My Mind* |  | *Happy Nation*
*Happy Nation (U.S. Version)*
*The Sign* | 1992 |  |
| *Münchhausen (Just Chaos)* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren
Ulf "Buddha" Ekberg | *Happy Nation* | 1992 |  |
| *Never Gonna Say I'm Sorry* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *The Bridge* | 1995 |  |
| *No Good Lover* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *Hidden Gems* | 2015 |  |
| *One Day* |  | *The Golden Ratio* | 2010 |  |
| *Ordinary Day* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *Da Capo* | 2002 |  |
| *Peepshow (Live in Gothenburg, 1990)* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren
Tech Noir | *All That She Wants: The Classic Collection* | 2020 |  |
| *Perfect World* | Ulf "Buddha" Ekberg | *The Bridge* | 1995 |  |
| *Pole Position* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren
Ulf "Buddha" Ekberg
Linn Berggren
Jenny Berggren | *Hidden Gems* | 2015 |  |
| *Precious* |  | *The Golden Ratio* | 2010 |  |
| *Prime Time* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *Hidden Gems* | 2015 |  |
| *Que Sera* | John Ballard
Ulf "Buddha" Ekberg
Björn Stenström | *The Bridge* | 1995 |  |
| *Ravine* |  | *The Bridge* | 1995 |  |
| *Reality (In Black and White)* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren
Tech Noir | *Hidden Gems, Vol. 2* | 2020 |  |
| *Remember the Words* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren
Anoo Bhagavan
Jonas Von Der Burg
Harry "Slick" Sommerdahl | *Da Capo* | 2002 |  |
| *Scotch/P. Lion Medley (Live in Gothenburg, 1990)* |  | *All That She Wants: The Classic Collection* | 2020 |  |
| *She Was Thinking of You* | Billy Steinberg
Rick Nowels
China Forbes | *Hidden Gems, Vol. 2* | 2020 |  |
| *Show Me Love* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *Da Capo* | 2002 |  |
| *Southern California* |  | *The Golden Ratio* | 2010 |  |
| *Stay With Me* | Jenny Berggren | *Hidden Gems, Vol. 2* | 2020 |  |
| *Strange Ways* | Linn Berggren | *The Bridge* | 1995 |  |
| *Stranger to Love* | Ulf "Buddha" Ekberg
John Ballard | *Hidden Gems, Vol. 2* | 2020 |  |
| *Summer Days* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *Da Capo (Japanese edition)* | 2002 |  |
| *Sunset in Southern California* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *Hidden Gems* | 2015 |  |
| *Sunshine (Live in Gothenburg, 1990)* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren
Tech Noir | *All That She Wants: The Classic Collection* | 2020 |  |
| *The Challenge* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *Hidden Gems, Vol. 2* | 2020 |  |
| *The Golden Ratio* |  | *The Golden Ratio* | 2010 |  |
| *The Juvenile* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *Da Capo* | 2002 |  |
| *The Sign* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *Happy Nation (U.S. Version)*
*The Sign* | 1993 |  |
| *The Sign (Freedom Bunch Mix)* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *Greatest Hits (Japanese edition)* | 2008 |  |
| *The Wizard* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *Hidden Gems, Vol. 2* | 2020 |  |
| *Tokyo Girl* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren
Ralph McCarthy
Billy Steinberg | *Flowers*
*Cruel Summer* | 1998 |  |
| *Told My Ma* |  | *The Golden Ratio* | 2010 |  |
| *Travel to Romantis* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *Flowers*
*Cruel Summer* | 1998 |  |
| *Unspeakable* | Adam Anders
Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *Da Capo* | 2002 |  |
| *Vamos a la Playa/Don’t You Want Me? (Live in Gothenburg, 1990)* |  | *All That She Wants: The Classic Collection* | 2020 |  |
| *Vision in Blue* |  | *The Golden Ratio* | 2010 |  |
| *Voulez-Vous Danser* |  | *Happy Nation*
*Happy Nation (U.S. Version)*
*The Sign* | 1992 |  |
| *Waiting for Magic* |  | *Happy Nation*
*Happy Nation (U.S. Version)*
*The Sign* | 1992 |  |
| *Wave Wet Sand* |  | *The Bridge* | 1995 |  |
| *What's the Name of the Game* | Jenny Berggren
Jonas "Joker" Berggren
Linn Berggren
Jonas Von Der Burg
Harry "Slick" Sommerdahl | *Da Capo* | 2002 |  |
| *Wheel of Fortune* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren
Ulf "Buddha" Ekberg | *Happy Nation*
*Happy Nation (U.S. Version)*
*The Sign* | 1992 |  |
| *Wheel of Fortune 2009* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren
Ulf "Buddha" Ekberg | *Greatest Hits* | 2008 |  |
| *Whenever You're Near Me* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *Cruel Summer* | 1998 |  |
| *Whispers in Blindness* | Linn Berggren | *The Bridge* | 1995 |  |
| *Who Am I?* |  | *The Golden Ratio* | 2010 |  |
| *Wish You Were Mine* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren
Jenny Berggren
Ulf "Buddha" Ekberg
Jakob Petrén | *Hidden Gems, Vol. 2* | 2020 |  |
| *Wonderful Life* | Black | *Da Capo* | 2002 |  |
| *World Down Under* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren
Jonas Von Der Burg
Harry "Slick" Sommerdahl | *Da Capo* | 2002 |  |
| *Would You Believe* | Jonas "Joker" Berggren | *Hidden Gems* | 2015 |  |
| *You and I* |  | *The Bridge* | 1995 |  |
| *Young and Proud* |  | *Happy Nation*
*Happy Nation (U.S. Version)*
*The Sign* | 1992 |  |
|

## Ace Thursdays

Beginning on March 3, 2011, the band has released different demo tracks and alternative versions of released and unreleased songs on their Facebook page on certain Thursdays for free. Some of them were later officially released in the 2015 album *Hidden Gems*.

* "A Million Ways" (February 28, 2013)
* "All Temptations" (November 10, 2011)
* "At The Borderline" (October 27, 2011)
* "Barfly" (July 7, 2011)
* "Beautiful Life" (Instrumental Choir Version) (March 24, 2011)
* "Beautiful Morning" (Original Production) (March 17, 2011)
* "Blah Blah Blah" (Remix) (October 11, 2012)
* "Bodyhouse" (Edited Version) (September 27, 2012)
* "Cecilia" (Ole Evenrude Playback) (November 17, 2011)
* "Change with the Light" (Original Instrumental) (November 10, 2011)
* "Change with the Light" (Original Production) (March 10, 2011)
* "Close to You" (Remix) (November 29, 2012)
* "Come to Me" (March 24, 2011)
* "Come to Me" (Early Instrumental) (March 3, 2011)
* "Cuba Cuba Libre" (March 24, 2011)
* "Cuba Cuba Libre" (d'Cats Reggae Version) (November 17, 2011)
* "Cuba Cuba Libre" (Second Version) (September 27, 2012)
* "Cruel Summer" (Original Version) (July 7, 2011)
* "Cruel Summer" (TOTP Version) (April 14, 2011)
* "Da Capo" (Original Version) (March 17, 2011)
* "Dancer In A Daydream" (Instrumental) (October 27, 2011)
* "Don't Turn Around" (TOTP Instrumental) (April 7, 2011)
* "Dr. Sun" (Instrumental) (November 17, 2011)
* "End Of This World" (March 31, 2011)
* "Funk Funk" (February 28, 2013)
* "Girl in the Line" (March 3, 2011)
* "Giving It Up" (March 10, 2011)
* "Giving It Up" (Alternate Version) (April 7, 2011)
* "Go Go Go, Dr. Beat" (March 10, 2011)
* "Go Go Go, Dr. Beat" (Second version) (April 14, 2011)
* "Hallo Hallo" (Demo Version) (March 31, 2011)
* "Hey Sorry" (d'Cats Version) (April 14, 2011)
* "Hipnotize" (April 14, 2011)
* "For a Thousand Days" (March 10, 2011)
* "Juliet" (Unreleased Version) (February 28, 2013)
* "Killer On The Rampage" (March 31, 2011)
* "Kyrie Eleisson" (October 27, 2011)
* "L'Amour" (Original Version) (March 17, 2011)
* "Learn How to Fly" (d'Cats Version) (October 11, 2012)
* "Look Around Me" (February 28, 2013)
* "Love in December" (Alternate Version) (March 3, 2011)
* "Love in December" (Original Version) (November 3, 2011)
* "Love in the Barrio" (d'Cats version) (April 14, 2011)
* "Love in the Barrio"  (April 14, 2011)
* "Love in the Ghetto" (July 7, 2011)
* "Memories Forever" (July 7, 2011)
* "Memories Forever" (Alternate Version) (November 3, 2011)
* "Moment of Magic" (April 7, 2011)
* "Moment of Magic" (Slow Version) (March 3, 2011)
* "My Déjà Vu" (Instrumental) (March 10, 2011)
* "Never Gonna Say I'm Sorry" (I'm Like a Clown Extended Bit) (April 7, 2011)
* "Never Gonna Say I'm Sorry" (First Day Instrumental) (April 14, 2011)
* "No Good Lover" (Demo Version) (March 17, 2011)
* "One Day" (Remix) (October 11, 2012)
* "Opposites Attract" (July 7, 2011)
* "Pole Position" (November 10, 2011)
* "Reality (In Black and White)" (November 10, 2011)
* "Scared Boys" (November 3, 2011)
* "Sharpshooter" (Remix) (November 29, 2012)
* "She Was Thinking of You" (March 31, 2011)
* "Shoot Me (With a Camera)" (November 10, 2011)
* "Show Me Love" (First Ace Version) (April 14, 2011)
* "Sunset in Southern California" (December 29, 2011)
* "The Challenge" (March 24, 2011)
* "The Duel" (March 10, 2011)
* "The Golden Eye" (Meja Version) (April 7, 2011)
* "The Wizard" (November 3, 2011)
* "Tho Tho Thoa" (d'Cats Version) (February 28, 2013)
* "Unspeakable" (Choir Version) (April 14, 2011)
* "Vida Hermosa" (April 7, 2011)
* "Vision in Blue" (Demo Version) (September 27, 2012)
* "Walk Like a Man" (March 31, 2011)
* "What's The Name Of The Game" (Cowboy Lyrics Version) (April 14, 2011)
* "Wheel of Fortune" (1991 Original Version) (November 29, 2012)
* "World Down Under" (Fast Version) (March 17, 2011)
* "Would You Believe" (March 24, 2011)
* "Would You Believe" (d'Cats Version) (March 3, 2011)
* "Would You Believe" (Summer Version) (March 24, 2011)

## Live songs


title: Falsonyctopais lamottei

abstract: Falsonyctopais lamottei is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Falsonyctopais. It was described by Lepesme in 1949.

text:
# Falsonyctopais lamottei

***Falsonyctopais lamottei*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus ***Falsonyctopais***. It was described by Lepesme in 1949.

## InfoBox

| *Falsonyctopais lamottei* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Falsonyctopais*** |
| Species: | ***F. lamottei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Falsonyctopais lamottei***<br>Lepesme, 1949 | |
|


abstract: The Five: The Untold Lives of the Women Killed by Jack the Ripper is a book by British historian Hallie Rubenhold, published by Doubleday in 2019. The book examines the lives of the "canonical five", the five women largely believed to have been killed by Jack the Ripper in the Whitechapel murders. Rubenhold claims that only two of the five women, Mary Jane Kelly and Elizabeth Stride, were sex workers. In some cases, Rubenhold claims the women may have been targeted by the Ripper just because they were sleeping rough.

text:
# The Five: The Untold Lives of the Women Killed by Jack the Ripper

***The Five: The Untold Lives of the Women Killed by Jack the Ripper*** is a book by British historian Hallie Rubenhold, published by Doubleday in 2019. The book examines the lives of the "canonical five", the five women largely believed to have been killed by Jack the Ripper in the Whitechapel murders. Rubenhold claims that only two of the five women, Mary Jane Kelly and Elizabeth Stride, were sex workers. In some cases, Rubenhold claims the women may have been targeted by the Ripper just because they were sleeping rough.

## Critical reception

Overall, the book was received positively, with *Book Marks* indicating "rave" reviews based on 8 critic reviews with 4 being "rave" and 4 being "positive". In *Books in the Media*, a site that aggregates critic reviews of books, the book received a  (4.27 out of 5) from the site which was based on 9 critic reviews.

Frances Wilson of *The Guardian* called the book "important" and praised its illumination of the lives of the women, as well as challenging long-held assumptions. Joanna Scutts of *The Washington Post* said that by "restoring 'the five' to humanity and dignity, Rubenhold's book becomes a passionate indictment of the true-crime genre, with its fixation on the minds of murderers and its shallow, glancing sympathy for the dead."

Wendy Smith, also writing for *The Washington Post*, described the book as "a blistering counter-narrative to the 'male, authoritarian, and middle class' legend of a demonic superman preying on prostitutes". Smith further decisively notes that, "\[Rubenhold\] has a point about the legions of books that speculate endlessly about Jack the Ripper’s identity while displaying scant interest in the five human beings he viciously dispatched. Her riveting work, both compassionate group portrait, and stinging social history, finally gives them their due." *Kirkus Reviews* argues that, "Rubenhold urges us to see the victims as just that and not as the 'fallen women' of the received record." Her book strays from the common gory re-tellings of Jack the Ripper's femicides and instead adopts "a compassionate but unsentimental style" when describing the lives of the victims, wrote Jad Adams for *Literary Review*: "This is because she wants to look not at how they died but at how they lived."

## Awards

*The Five* was shortlisted for the Wolfson History Prize in 2020 and won the 2019 Baillie Gifford Prize valued at £50,000.

## InfoBox

The Five: The Untold Lives of the Women Killed by Jack the Ripper
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Hallie Rubenhold |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Mary Ann Nichols, Annie Chapman, Elizabeth Stride, Catherine Eddowes, and Mary Jane Kelly |
| Genre | Biography |
| Publisher | Doubleday |
| Media type | Print (hardback & paperback) |
| ISBN | 9781328663818 |


abstract: The 1928 United States Senate election in Texas was held on November 6, 1928. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Earle Mayfield ran for re-election to a second term. Mayfield drew several primary challengers, including former governor Oscar Branch Colquitt and U.S. Representatives Tom Connally and Thomas L. Blanton. The candidates ran on issues such as public utilities, transportation infrastructure, immigration, and agriculture, as well as several of the candidates' records in the House and Senate. The number of high-profile candidates in the race made a runoff almost certain. Mayfield campaigned very little prior to the runoff, which he was confident he would make, as to not alienate the supporters of the candidates who might be eliminated in the first round. Mayfield won a plurality of the vote in the first round, but he failed to win a majority, forcing him into a runoff with the second place finisher, Tom Connally. Mayfield, who in his previous race had been supported by the Ku Klux Klan, was very ideologically similar to Connally. Despite having been defeated by him in the Democratic primary six years prior, former Governor Pa Ferguson endorsed Mayfield against Connally, considering him to be the lesser of two evils. Despite this endorsement, Connally defeated Mayfield in the primary. The Texas Republican Party nominated attorney Thomas M. Kennerly to run against him. Connally easily defeated Kennerly in the general election, despite Republican Herbert Hoover carrying the state in the concurrent presidential election.

text:
# 1928 United States Senate election in Texas

The **1928 United States Senate election in Texas** was held on November 6, 1928. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Earle Mayfield ran for re-election to a second term.

Mayfield drew several primary challengers, including former governor Oscar Branch Colquitt and U.S. Representatives Tom Connally and Thomas L. Blanton. The candidates ran on issues such as public utilities, transportation infrastructure, immigration, and agriculture, as well as several of the candidates' records in the House and Senate. The number of high-profile candidates in the race made a runoff almost certain. Mayfield campaigned very little prior to the runoff, which he was confident he would make, as to not alienate the supporters of the candidates who might be eliminated in the first round. Mayfield won a plurality of the vote in the first round, but he failed to win a majority, forcing him into a runoff with the second place finisher, Tom Connally.

Mayfield, who in his previous race had been supported by the Ku Klux Klan, was very ideologically similar to Connally. Despite having been defeated by him in the Democratic primary six years prior, former Governor Pa Ferguson endorsed Mayfield against Connally, considering him to be the lesser of two evils. Despite this endorsement, Connally defeated Mayfield in the primary. The Texas Republican Party nominated attorney Thomas M. Kennerly to run against him. Connally easily defeated Kennerly in the general election, despite Republican Herbert Hoover carrying the state in the concurrent presidential election.

## Democratic primary

### Candidates

### Withdrew

### Results

1928 Democratic U.S. Senate primary
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Earle B. Mayfield (incumbent)** | **200,246** | **29.66%** |
|  | Democratic | Tom Connally | 178,091 | 26.38% |
|  | Democratic | Alvin M. Owsley | 131,755 | 19.52% |
|  | Democratic | Thomas L. Blanton | 126,758 | 18.78% |
|  | Democratic | Minnie Fisher Cunningham | 28,944 | 4.29% |
|  | Democratic | A. Jeff McLemore | 9,244 | 1.37% |
| Total votes | | | **675,038** | **100.00%** |

### Runoff

1928 Democratic U.S. Senate runoff
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Tom Connally** | **320,071** | **55.39%** |
|  | Democratic | Earle B. Mayfield (incumbent) | 257,747 | 44.61% |
| Total votes | | | **577,818** | **100.00%** |

## General election

### Results

1928 United States Senate election in Texas
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Tom Connally** | **566,139** | **81.24%** | **14.34** |
|  | Republican | Thomas M. Kennerly | 129,910 | 18.64% | 14.46 |
|  | Socialist | David Curran | 690 | 0.10% | N/A |
|  | Communist | John Rust | 114 | 0.02% | N/A |
| Total votes | | | **696,853** | **100.00%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | | |

## InfoBox

1928 United States Senate election in Texas
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Tom Connally** T. M. Kennerly   Party Democratic Republican  Popular vote **566,139** 129,910  Percentage **81.24%** 18.64% | |
| ---  County Results **Connally**:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      \>90%
**Kennerly**:      50–60%      60–70%
**No vote**: | |
| ---  **U.S. senator before election**
Earle Mayfield
Democratic **Elected U.S. Senator**
Tom Connally
Democratic | |


title: Pocatalico River

abstract: The Pocatalico River is a tributary of the Kanawha River, approximately 75 miles (121 km) long, in west-central West Virginia in the United States. Via the Kanawha and Ohio rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River. The Pocatalico begins in Roane County near the community of Walton and flows generally southwestwardly through southern Roane, northern Kanawha and southeastern Putnam counties, through the community of Sissonville. It flows into the Kanawha River at the town of Poca. The Pocatalico River and its watershed experienced severe flooding in March 1997, June 1998, and February 2001. The floods in 1997 and 1998 resulted in National Disaster declarations. The communities of Walton, Cicerone, Sissonville, and Millertown were most seriously impacted.

text:
# Pocatalico River

The **Pocatalico River** is a tributary of the Kanawha River, approximately 75 miles (121 km) long, in west-central West Virginia in the United States. Via the Kanawha and Ohio rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River.

The Pocatalico begins in Roane County near the community of Walton and flows generally southwestwardly through southern Roane, northern Kanawha and southeastern Putnam counties, through the community of Sissonville. It flows into the Kanawha River at the town of Poca.

The Pocatalico River and its watershed experienced severe flooding in March 1997, June 1998, and February 2001. The floods in 1997 and 1998 resulted in National Disaster declarations. The communities of Walton, Cicerone, Sissonville, and Millertown were most seriously impacted.

## Variant names and spellings

Pocatalico is a name derived from a Native American language meaning "river of fat doe".

The United States Board on Geographic Names settled on "Pocatalico River" as the stream's name in 1907. According to the Geographic Names Information System, it has also been known historically as:

38°28′37″N 81°49′01″W / 38.47704°N 81.81708°W / 38.47704; -81.81708


abstract: As minor planet discoveries are confirmed, they are given a permanent number by the IAU's Minor Planet Center (MPC), and the discoverers can then submit names for them, following the IAU's naming conventions. The list below concerns those minor planets in the specified number-range that have received names, and explains the meanings of those names. Official naming citations of newly named small Solar System bodies are approved and published in a bulletin by IAU's Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature (WGSBN). Before May 2021, citations were published in MPC's Minor Planet Circulars for many decades. Recent citations can also be found on the JPL Small-Body Database (SBDB). Until his death in 2016, German astronomer Lutz D. Schmadel compiled these citations into the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (DMP) and regularly updated the collection. Based on Paul Herget's The Names of the Minor Planets, Schmadel also researched the unclear origin of numerous asteroids, most of which had been named prior to World War II. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: SBDB New namings may only be added to this list below after official publication as the preannouncement of names is condemned. The WGSBN publishes a comprehensive guideline for the naming rules of non-cometary small Solar System bodies.

text:
# Meanings of minor planet names: 331001–332000

As minor planet discoveries are confirmed, they are given a permanent number by the IAU's Minor Planet Center (MPC), and the discoverers can then submit names for them, following the IAU's naming conventions. The list below concerns those minor planets in the specified number-range that have received names, and explains the meanings of those names.

Official naming citations of newly named small Solar System bodies are approved and published in a bulletin by IAU's Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature (WGSBN). Before May 2021, citations were published in MPC's *Minor Planet Circulars* for many decades. Recent citations can also be found on the JPL Small-Body Database (SBDB). Until his death in 2016, German astronomer Lutz D. Schmadel compiled these citations into the *Dictionary of Minor Planet Names* (DMP) and regularly updated the collection.

Based on Paul Herget's *The Names of the Minor Planets*, Schmadel also researched the unclear origin of numerous asteroids, most of which had been named prior to World War II.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: SBDB New namings may only be *added to this list below after official publication* as the preannouncement of names is condemned. The WGSBN publishes a comprehensive guideline for the naming rules of non-cometary small Solar System bodies.

## 331001–331100

| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 331011 Peccioli | 2009 UF94 | Peccioli, Italy, a village located in Alta Valdera in the Italian district of Pisa | JPL **·** 331011 |

## 331101–331200

back to top

| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 331105 Giselher | 2009 XG9 | Dietrich Giselher Kracht (born 1944) is the elder brother of the discoverer, who introduced him to astronomy at the observatory of the Olbers-Gesellschaft in Bremen. | JPL **·** 331105 |

## 331201–331300

back to top

| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 331301–331400

back to top

| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 331316 Cavedon | 2011 GP36 | Mario Cavedon (1920–2009) was an Italian astronomer, mathematician, and science writer at the Brera Astronomical Observatory who studied the celestial mechanics of small Solar System bodies and the perturbation of their orbits. | IAU **·** 331316 |
| 331341 Frankscholten | 2012 BL102 | Frank Scholten (b. 1961) was a specialist in planetary photogrammetry active at the DLR Planetary Geodesy Department from 1999 to 2021. Among other space missions, he was involved in Mars-Express, Venus-Express, Dawn, Rosetta and Hayabusa 2. | IAU **·** 331341 |
| 331371 Jockers | 2012 DR53 | Klaus Jockers (b. 1940), a German astrophysicist | IAU **·** 331371 |

## 331401–331500

back to top

| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 331501–331600

back to top

| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 331601–331700

back to top

| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 331605 Guidogryseels | 2001 XB5 | Guido Gryseels (b. 1952), a Belgian agricultural economist. | IAU **·** 331605 |

## 331701–331800

back to top

| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 331785 Sumners | 2003 HL15 | Carolyn Sumners (born 1948) has taught astronomy at the Houston Museum of Natural Science's Burke Baker Planetarium since 1972. It was her inspiration to move a meter-class telescope to the George Observatory in 1989 for educating the public under the stars. | JPL **·** 331785 |

## 331801–331900

back to top

| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 331901–332000

back to top

| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 331992 Chasseral | 2005 GU9 | The Chasseral is a mountain of the Jura range, overlooking Lake Biel in the Swiss canton of Bern. | JPL **·** 331992 |

back to top


# List of unsolved problems in information theory

This article lists notable unsolved problems in information theory. These are separated into source coding and channel coding. There are also related unsolved problems in philosophy.

## Channel coding

* **Capacity of a network**: The capacity of a general wireless network is not known. There are some specific cases for which the capacity is known, such as the AWGN channel and fading channel.
* **Capacity of the broadcast channel**: The capacity of the broadcast channel, or the case in which a single transmitter is sending information to many receivers, is unknown in general, though it is known for several specific cases.
* **Capacity of the interference channel (Two User)**: The capacity of the interference channel, in the case where there are two transmitter and receiver pairs that interfere among each other, is unknown in general. Capacity is known in special cases: strong interference regime, injective-deterministic. Capacity is known in approximate sense or within a range for: injective-semi-deterministic, additive white Gaussian noise with per block power constraint.
* **Capacity of the two-way channel**: The capacity of the two-way channel (a channel in which information is sent in both directions simultaneously) is unknown.
* **Capacity of Aloha**: The ALOHAnet used a very simple access scheme for which the capacity is still unknown, though it is known in a few special cases.
* **Capacity of the queue channel**: Under a FIFO policy, whether the feedback capacity of the queue channel is strictly greater than the capacity without feedback is unknown for general service time distributions though it is known that the two quantities are equal when the service time distribution is memoryless.
* **Quantum capacity**: The capacity of a quantum channel is in general not known.

## Source coding

* **Lossy distributed source coding**: The best way to compress correlated information sources using encoders that do not communicate with each other, preserving each source to within its distortion metric, is not known.

## Further reading


title: Two Occasions

abstract: "Two Occasions" is an R&B song written by Babyface, Darnell Bristol and Sid Johnson. It was produced by Babyface and L.A. Reid for the Deele's third studio album Eyes of a Stranger (1987). The ballad was released as the album's second single in December 1987. It is the only song on the album that features Babyface on lead vocals, which alternate between himself, Bristol, and Carlos "Satin" Greene throughout the course of the song. It has since been remade into a live version with added vocals from Babyface with all original vocals from the Deele intact; this version appeared on the 12-inch maxi single and also three years later on his album, A Closer Look.

text:
# Two Occasions

"**Two Occasions**" is an R&B song written by Babyface, Darnell Bristol and Sid Johnson (who was the former manager for Babyface's early group, Manchild). It was produced by Babyface and L.A. Reid for the Deele's third studio album *Eyes of a Stranger* (1987). The ballad was released as the album's second single in December 1987. It is the only song on the album that features Babyface on lead vocals, which alternate between himself, Bristol, and Carlos "Satin" Greene throughout the course of the song. It has since been remade into a live version with added vocals from Babyface with all original vocals from the Deele intact; this version appeared on the 12-inch maxi single and also three years later on his album, *A Closer Look*.

## Reception

Craig Lytle, in his review of the album for AllMusic, called "Two Occasions" a "quiet-storm classic" with "superb arrangement and production", declaring the song "worthy of a number-one ranking." In 1989, the song won a BMI Pop Award.

Although the band's first hit "Body Talk" actually had a higher placement on the R&B chart, "Two Occasions" is widely considered The Deele's most successful single. It peaked at number 10 on the US *Billboard* Hot 100, number four on the Hot Black Singles chart and number 21 on the Adult Contemporary chart.

## Charts

| Chart (1988) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 10 |
| US Hot Black Singles (*Billboard*) | 4 |
| US Adult Contemporary (*Billboard*) | 21 |

## Legacy

The song and Babyface were referenced by Mariah Carey in her 2005 hit song, "We Belong Together", and sampled in the remix.

## InfoBox

| "Two Occasions" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by the Deele | |
| from the album  *Eyes of a Stranger* | |
| Released | December 23, 1987 |
| Recorded | 1987 |
| Genre | R&B |
| Length | 4:17 |
| Label | Solar |
| Songwriter(s) | Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, Darnell "Dee" Bristol, Sid Johnson |
| Producer(s) | L.A. Reid, Babyface |
| The Deele singles chronology | |
| "Can-U-Dance"
(1987) "**Two Occasions**"
(1987) "Shoot Em Up Movies"
(1988) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Two Occasions" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Falsoropica

abstract:
Falsoropica is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae. It was circumscribed by Stephan von Breuning in 1939. As of 2017, it consists of the following species:
  - Falsoropica albopunctata Breuning & Villiers, 1983
  - Falsoropica clavipes Breuning, 1939
  - Falsoropica grossepunctata Breuning, 1965
  - Falsoropica hawaiana Breuning, 1982
  - Falsoropica lata Breuning, 1960
  - Falsoropica minuta Breuning, 1961
  - Falsoropica orousseti Breuning & Villiers, 1983
  - Falsoropica sikkimensis Breuning, 1973
  - Falsoropica tonkinensis Breuning, 1960

text:
# Falsoropica

***Falsoropica*** is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae. It was circumscribed by Stephan von Breuning in 1939.

As of 2017, it consists of the following species:

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Falsoropica* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *F. sikkimensis* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Falsoropica***
Breuning, 1939 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Falsoropica clavipes*
Breuning, 1939 | |


title: The End of Liberalism

abstract: The End of Liberalism: The Second Republic of the United States is a non-fiction book by Theodore J. Lowi and is considered a modern classic of political science. Originally published in 1969, the book was revised for a second edition in 1979 with the political developments of the 1970s taken into consideration. The book examines the developments of government during the years between its publishing and the Great Depression.

text:
# The End of Liberalism

***The End of Liberalism: The Second Republic of the United States*** is a non-fiction book by Theodore J. Lowi and is considered a modern classic of political science. Originally published in 1969 (under the title *The End of Liberalism*, with no subtitle), the book was revised for a second edition in 1979 with the political developments of the 1970s taken into consideration. The book examines the developments of government during the years between its publishing and the Great Depression.

## Summary

In this book Lowi proposes that classical liberalism and capitalism have died as a public philosophy and have been replaced by interest group liberalism. Lowi goes on to explore the flaws and consequences of interest group liberalism. Lowi argues that the government has grown too large due to Congress assuming power and delegating authority to administrative agencies rather than coming up with a solution to problems within congress. He suggests that American politics has become controlled by interest groups in which politicians associate. Lowi contends that, because of this, the United States has entered into what he calls "The Second Republic". He then suggests that interest group liberalism needs to be replaced by a juridical democracy in order to restore the rule of law.

## Reception and influence

Elizabeth Sanders reviewed *The End of Liberalism: The Second Republic of the United States* in her article "The contributions of Theodore Lowi to political analysis and democratic theory". Within this article Sanders breaks the article down into three parts: the policy analysis scheme, democratic theory, and constitutional advocacy. Sanders praises the second section as "the most lasting contribution".

Sanders sums up her reception of Lowi by expressing her view that the Democratic Party should use Lowi's ideas to rise to meet the Republicans. She even goes as far as to state that "In Theodore Lowi they would have a powerful philosopher. That hasn't been true of the party since Thomas Jefferson."

In his article reviewing the first and second editions of *The End of Liberalism*, Robert C. Grady explained that most initial criticisms of the first edition were due to the text's abrupt end with an "incomplete" description of juridical liberalism. Harvey C. Mansfield, Jr., in his "Disguised Liberalism", criticized Lowi for "failing to recognize that liberal democracy must have virtuous elites to filter out extreme and unwise values and whose roles must be disguised". William E. Connolly said that "Lowi's prescriptions require a citizenry imbued with civic virtue". In practical application, this need for a sense of "civic virtue" on the side of the citizenry is problematic, as "legislatures, let alone citizens, do not begin with civic virtue, nor do they end up talking about it".

Grady's review focuses on the additions made to the second edition of *The End of Liberalism*. While Lowi's additions provide clarity, Grady still labels the work as a polemic. While Lowi provides many examples of juridical democracy's advantages, he does nothing to address the unlikelihood that Congress would ever address the wide sweeping reforms necessary to implement it.

While the practical application of juridical democracy is questionable, even Grady (and other critics of Lowi) agree that as a theory, juridical democracy provides another tool with which "the political scientist probes the weaknesses and liabilities of political practice" by questioning the process and outcomes of interest-group liberalism. Grady admits that while Lowi has not been able to catch the attention of political leadership, his analysis of interest-group liberalism has been adopted by many political scientists, and is "perhaps the most systematic and telling critique of pluralism to have emerged from the controversial decade of the 1960s".

## InfoBox

The End of Liberalism: The Second Republic of the United States
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Theodore J. Lowi |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Political science |
| Genre | non-fiction |
| Publisher | Norton |
| Publication date | 1979 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | hardcover |
| Pages | 331 |
| ISBN | 978-0-393-09000-0 |


# List of listed buildings in Glenisla, Angus

This is a list of listed buildings in the parish of Glenisla in Angus, Scotland.

## List

## Key

The scheme for classifying buildings in Scotland is:

* **Category A**: "buildings of national or international importance, either architectural or historic; or fine, little-altered examples of some particular period, style or building type."
* **Category B**: "buildings of regional or more than local importance; or major examples of some particular period, style or building type, which may have been altered."
* **Category C**: "buildings of local importance; lesser examples of any period, style, or building type, as originally constructed or moderately altered; and simple traditional buildings which group well with other listed buildings."

In March 2016 there were 47,288 listed buildings in Scotland. Of these, 8% were Category A, and 50% were Category B, with the remaining 42% being Category C.

1. "What is Listing?". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
2. *Scotland's Historic Environment Audit 2016* (PDF). Historic Environment Scotland and the Built Environment Forum Scotland. pp. 15–16. Retrieved 29 May 2018.


title: Plug-in electric vehicles in Canada

abstract: The stock of plug-in electric passenger cars in Canada in use totaled 141,060 units at the end of 2019, consisting of 78,680 all-electric cars and 62,380 plug-in hybrids. Sales totaled 50,960 units in 2019. The Chevrolet Volt was the top selling plug-in hybrid, with cumulative sales of 13,619 units through December 2017, and the Tesla Model S was the top selling all-electric car with 6,731 units as of December 2017. Quebec is the regional market leader in Canada, with about 11,000 plug-in electric cars registered as of September 2016, of which, 55% are plug-in hybrids. Registrations in the province totaled 3,100 units in 2015, representing a market share of 0.7% of new car sales, and 45% of total Canadian plug-in electric car sales that year. On December 21, 2022, Steven Guilbeault, Canada's minister of environment and climate change, unveiled a regulation that would require increasing percentages of vehicle sales in Canada to be zero-emission vehicles, up to 100% by the year 2035. The regulations will require that at least 20 percent of new vehicles sold in Canada will be zero emission by 2026, at least 60 percent by 2030, and 100 percent by 2035.

text:
# Plug-in electric vehicles in Canada

The stock of **plug-in electric passenger cars in Canada** in use totaled 141,060 units at the end of 2019, consisting of 78,680 all-electric cars and 62,380 plug-in hybrids. Sales totaled 50,960 units in 2019.

The Chevrolet Volt was the top selling plug-in hybrid, with cumulative sales of 13,619 units through December 2017, and the Tesla Model S was the top selling all-electric car with 6,731 units as of December 2017.

Quebec is the regional market leader in Canada, with about 11,000 plug-in electric cars registered as of September 2016, of which, 55% are plug-in hybrids. Registrations in the province totaled 3,100 units in 2015, representing a market share of 0.7% of new car sales, and 45% of total Canadian plug-in electric car sales that year.

On December 21, 2022, Steven Guilbeault, Canada's minister of environment and climate change, unveiled a regulation that would require increasing percentages of vehicle sales in Canada to be zero-emission vehicles, up to 100% by the year 2035. The regulations will require that at least 20 percent of new vehicles sold in Canada will be zero emission by 2026, at least 60 percent by 2030, and 100 percent by 2035.

## Overview by province or territory

Articles about plug-in electric vehicles in individual provinces and territories:

## Government incentives

The Canadian government provides a rebate of C$5000 to the purchase of an electric vehicle.

## Models available

In January 2009, Hydro-Québec and Mitsubishi signed an agreement to test 50 i-MiEV, at the time, the largest pilot test of electric cars in Canada ever. The test's goal was to allow a better understanding of winter usage of the technology. BC-Hydro and Mitsubishi had previously tested a three-vehicle fleet in British Columbia. In October 2010, Transport Canada and Mitsubishi Motor Sales of Canada announced a partnership to test the Mitsubishi i-MiEV. Transport Canada's ecoTECHNOLOGY for Vehicles (eTV) Program tested two i-MiEVs in government facilities and in a variety of real-world conditions. This program aim was to evaluate the i-MiEV road performance and range. Retail sales of the i-MiEV began in December 2011,

The Nissan Leaf roll-out in Canada began with fleet customers on July 29, 2011, and deliveries to individuals began in late September 2011. As of December 2011, the Leaf was sold only through 27 Leaf-certified dealers for the entire country, and sales were limited to customers who live within a 65 km (40 mi) radius of one of those dealers. Cumulative sales through December 2014 reached 1,965 units, and, as of December 2014, the Leaf ranked as the top selling all-electric car in the country.

Retail sales of the Tesla Model S began in 2012, with 95 cars delivered that year. A total of 638 units were sold in 2013, and cumulative sales reached 1,580 units through December 2014, allowing the Model S to rank as the second best selling all-electric car in the country. During 2014 the BMW i3, Kia Soul EV, BMW i8 and Porsche 918 Spyder were introduced in the Canadian market. The top selling models in 2015 were the Tesla Model S with 2,010 units, followed by the Chevrolet Volt with 1,463, the Nissan Leaf with 1,233, the BMW i3 with 367, and the Kia Soul EV with 318. In 2015, the Model S passed the Nissan Leaf as the all-time best selling all-electric car in Canada.

The all-electric Renault Twizy 40 low-speed quadricycle was certified by Transport Canada in March 2016, and was scheduled to be released on the Canadian market by mid-2016.

British Columbia is the only place in the country where it is legal to drive a low-speed vehicle (LSV) electric car on public roads, although it also requires low speed warning marking and flashing lights. Quebec is allowing LSVs in a three-year pilot project. These cars will not be allowed on the highway, but will be allowed on city streets.

## Sales

There were 18,451 highway legal plug-in electric cars registered in Canada as of December 2015, of which, 10,034 (54%) are all-electric cars and 8,417 (46%) are plug-in hybrids. These figures include some used imports from the U.S. Until 2014 Canadian sales were evenly split between all-electric cars (50.8)% and plug-in hybrids (49.2%).

The Chevrolet Volt, released in 2011, is the all-time top selling plug-in electric vehicle in the country, with cumulative sales of 6,387 units through May 2015 (representing over 30% of all plug-in cars sold in the country). Ranking second is the Tesla Model S with 4,160 units sold through April 2016, followed by the Nissan Leaf with 3,692 units delivered as of May 2016. The Model S was the top selling plug-in electric car in Canada in 2015 with 2,010 units sold.

A total of 1,969 plug-in cars were sold in 2012, up from 521 in 2011. Sales climbed 57.7% in 2013 to 3,106 units, and in 2014 were up 63.0% from 2013 to 5,062 units, reaching cumulative sales of 10,658 plug-in cars through December 2014. The market share of the plug-in electric car segment grew from 0.03% in 2011, to 0.12% in 2012, and reached 0.27% of new car sales in the country in 2014. Cumulative sales reached the 30,000 unit mark in January 2017.

The following table presents new car sales by year of all the highway-capable plug-in electric cars available in Canada between 2011 and December 2015.

Highway-capable plug-in electric new car sales by model
in Canada between 2011 and December 2015
| Model | Total
2011-2015 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chevrolet Volt | 5,415 | 1,463 | 1,521 | 931 | 1,225 | 275 |
| Tesla Model S | 3,590 | 2,010 | 847 | 638 | 95 |  |
| Nissan Leaf | 3,198 | 1,233 | 1,085 | 470 | 240 | 170 |
| Smart electric drive | 1,132 | 306 | 561 | 222 | 28 | 15 |
| Mitsubishi i MiEV | 617 | 121 | 109 | 168 | 196 | 23 |
| Ford C-Max Energi | 609 | 138 | 272 | 199 |  |  |
| BMW i3 | 566 | 367 | 199 |  |  |  |
| Ford Fusion Energi | 429 | 144 | 169 | 116 |  |  |
| Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid | 394 | 43 | 76 | 212 | 63 |  |
| Kia Soul EV | 357 | 318 | 39 |  |  |  |
| Ford Focus Electric | 244 | 42 | 44 | 103 | 55 |  |
| BMW i8 | 228 | 200 | 28 |  |  |  |
| Porsche Cayenne S E-Hybrid | 213 | 213 |  |  |  |  |
| Fisker Karma | 100 |  | 7 | 26 | 67 |  |
| Cadillac ELR | 73 | 25 | 44 | 4 |  |  |
| Chevrolet Spark EV | 66 | 35 | 26 | 5 |  |  |
| Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid | 65 | 20 | 45 |  |  |  |
| Tesla Roadster | 53 |  |  |  |  | 53 |
| Porsche 918 Spyder | 28 | 21 | 7 |  |  |  |
| Audi A3 Sportback e-tron | 24 | 24 |  |  |  |  |
| McLaren P1 | 9 | 6 | 3 |  |  |  |
| BMW X5 xDrive40e | 5 | 5 |  |  |  |  |
| Toyota RAV4 EV | 4 | 1 |  | 3 |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Total new plug-in car sales | **17,995** | **6,990** | **5,322** | **3,178** | **1,969** | **536** |
| PEV market share of new car sales | | **0.37%** | **0.29%** | **0.18%** | **0.12%** | **0.03%** |
| **Note**: New car sales seldom correspond to registrations figures, as some plug-in model registered are used imports from the U.S.
and some model numbers may declined as more cars are being taken off the road than are being sold. | | | | | | |


title: Meerbeek

abstract: Meerbeek is a village in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant and is the part of the municipality of Kortenberg, along with Everberg, Erps-Kwerps and Kortenberg. The village borders the villages of Veltem-Beisem (Herent), Bertem, Erps-Kwerps and Everberg. The area comprises 515 ha.

text:
# Meerbeek

**Meerbeek** is a village in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant and is the part of the municipality of Kortenberg, along with Everberg, Erps-Kwerps and Kortenberg. The village borders the villages of Veltem-Beisem (Herent), Bertem, Erps-Kwerps and Everberg. The area comprises 515 ha.

## InfoBox

| Meerbeek | |
| --- | --- |
| Deelgemeente | |
| Coordinates: 50°52′56″N 4°35′08″E / 50.88222°N 4.58556°E / 50.88222; 4.58556 | |
| Country | Belgium |
| Province | Belgian province Flemish Brabant |
| Municipality | Kortenberg |
| Area | |
| Total | 5.15 km2 (1.99 sq mi) |
| Population (2006) | |
| Total | 2,188 |
| Density | 425/km2 (1,100/sq mi) |
|  | Source: NIS |
| Postal code | 3078 |
| Area code | 02 - 016 |


title: Valeriy Kurinskyi

abstract: Valeryi Alexandrovich Kurinsky was a Ukrainian scientist, philosopher, writer, poet, composer, musician, polyglot, translator from more than a hundred languages, and researcher. He was the author of translations of Levinas, Rilke, Quasimodo, Bin Sin, Tatar poets. He developed his own unique systems for the simultaneous study of several foreign languages.

text:
# Valeriy Kurinskyi

**Valeryi Alexandrovich Kurinsky** (July 13, 1939 - May 3, 2015) was a Ukrainian scientist, philosopher, writer, poet, composer, musician, polyglot, translator from more than a hundred languages, and researcher. He was the author of translations of Levinas, Rilke, Quasimodo, Bin Sin, Tatar poets. He developed his own unique systems for the simultaneous study of several foreign languages.

## Biography

Kurinskyi was born on July 13, 1939, in the city of Pokrovsk (then Krasnoarmeysk), Donetsk region. As an early child during World War II, he and his family were sent to a concentration camp near Vienna, in Austerlitz.

He graduated from the Kyiv Conservatory in the violin class, which he graduated in 1969. By the age of twenty-five, he had mastered about forty languages on his own. After graduating from the Kyiv Conservatory, he was offered the position of head of the literary part of the Kyiv Opera House. It was here that he first met Yevhenia Miroshnychenko, Gizela Tsypola, and Anatoliy Solovyanenko. Working in the opera he continues to write poems for songs, songs for movies. A year later, Kurinsky was offered a new position - Executive Secretary of the Union of Composers of Ukraine. He held a congress of composers, at which the prominent composer Valentin Silvestrov was admitted to the composers' union, although before that his documents were dropped from the lists of candidates for admission.

In 2002-2003, Kurinsky was the host of the TV program "Theater of Thought" (Kyiv).

Valery Kurinsky died on May 3, 2015, in Kyiv. On May 8, 2015, a farewell ceremony took place in the building of the National Union of Composers of Ukraine. Buried in Baikove Cemetery.

## Postpsychological Autodidactics

Valery Kurinskaya is the author of the method "Autodidactics", which is a system for self-learning and self-improvement, which offers a number of methods for managing the process of self-education, which in essence involve the management of mental processes.

## Bibliography

* "Autodidactics. Theses. Poems. Experience in studying Chinese hieroglyphics ”(1990)
* "Hear another (sonnets)" (1993)
* Autodidactics ”, part 1 (1994)
* “ When there is no governess ”(1997)
* "Mouth Aerobics" (1997)
* "General Theory of Skill" (1997)
* "Empty Sets (prose). Sonnets ”(1999)
* “Emanuel Levinas. Between us. The study of thought-about-another ”(1999)
* "Three Books and" Aphorisms "" (2003)
* “Chords. Poems and Aphorisms (2003)
* "Ukrainian Autodidactics" (2006)

* Official website
* Valery Kurinsky. Postpsychological Autodidactics - 1. Lecture 1.1. The beginning of the path inside. Kyiv, 1991

## InfoBox

| Valeryi Alexandrovich Kurinsky | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 13.07.1939 |
| Died | 03.05.2015 |


title: Two Ocean Mountain

abstract: Two Ocean Mountain is a 10,724-foot-elevation (3,269-meter) summit in Teton County, Wyoming, United States.

text:
# Two Ocean Mountain

**Two Ocean Mountain** is a 10,724-foot-elevation (3,269-meter) summit in Teton County, Wyoming, United States.

## Description

Two Ocean Mountain is the northernmost peak of the Wind River Range which is a subrange of the Rocky Mountains. It is set along the Continental Divide, one mile southwest of Togwotee Pass, on land managed by Bridger-Teton National Forest. The nearest towns are Jackson 39 miles (63 km) to the southwest and Dubois, 27 miles (43 km) to the southeast. Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains east into headwaters of the Wind River and ultimately the Atlantic Ocean, whereas the west slope drains into tributaries of the Snake River and ultimately the Pacific Ocean. The east slope of the mountain is the source of the Wind River and topographic relief is modest as the summit rises 1,400 feet (430 meters) above the river in 1.25 mile (2 km). Two Ocean Mountain can be seen from the Wyoming Centennial Scenic Byway which provides year-round access to the mountain except during blizzards. The mountain was called "the Two Ocean Mountain winter sports area" in the mid-1900s. The mountain's toponym has been officially adopted by the United States Board on Geographic Names.

## Climate

According to the Köppen climate classification system, Two Ocean Mountain is located in a subarctic climate zone with long, cold, snowy winters, and cool to warm summers. Due to its altitude, it receives precipitation all year, as snow in winter and as thunderstorms in summer.

## Hazards

Encountering bears is a concern in the Wind River Range. There are other concerns as well, including bugs, wildfires, adverse snow conditions and nighttime cold temperatures.

Importantly, there have been notable incidents, including accidental deaths, due to falls from steep cliffs (a misstep could be fatal in this class 4/5 terrain) and due to falling rocks, over the years, including 1993, 2007 (involving an experienced NOLS leader), 2015 and 2018. Other incidents include a seriously injured backpacker being airlifted near Squaretop Mountain in 2005, and a fatal hiker incident (from an apparent accidental fall) in 2006 that involved state search and rescue. The U.S. Forest Service does not offer updated aggregated records on the official number of fatalities in the Wind River Range.

## InfoBox

| Two Ocean Mountain | |
| --- | --- |
| Northeast aspect | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 10,724 ft (3,269 m) |
| Prominence | 1,184 ft (361 m) |
| Parent peak | Brooks Mountain (11,060 ft) |
| Isolation | 2.28 mi (3.67 km) |
| Coordinates | 43°44′28″N 110°05′09″W / 43.7410693°N 110.0857029°W / 43.7410693; -110.0857029 |
| Geography | |
| Two Ocean MountainLocation in WyomingTwo Ocean MountainTwo Ocean Mountain (the United States) | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Wyoming |
| County | Teton |
| Protected area | Bridger-Teton National Forest |
| Parent range | Rocky Mountains<br>Wind River Range |
| Topo map | USGS *Lava Mountain* |
| Geology | |
| Type of rock | Breccia |
| Climbing | |
| Easiest route | class 4 scrambling |


title: Palermo, Maine

abstract: Palermo is a town in Waldo County, Maine, United States. The population was 1,570 at the 2020 census. Palermo is included in the Augusta, Maine, micropolitan New England City and Town Area.

text:
# Palermo, Maine

**Palermo** is a town in Waldo County, Maine, United States. The population was 1,570 at the 2020 census. Palermo is included in the Augusta, Maine, micropolitan New England City and Town Area.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 43.57 square miles (112.85 km2), of which 40.56 square miles (105.05 km2) is land and 3.01 square miles (7.80 km2) is water, chiefly Sheepscot Pond. Other ponds include: Branch Pond (310 acres), Beech Pond (59 acres), Jump Pond (51 acres), Belden Pond (24 acres), Foster (Crotch) Pond (32 acres), Bowler (Belton) Pond (35 acres), Chisholm Pond (42 acres) and Turner Pond (199 acres).

Palermo is bordered by Albion and Freedom to the north, Montville and Liberty to the east, Somerville and Washington to the south and China to the west. The town is served by Route 3.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1810 | 761 |  |  |
| 1820 | 1,056 |  | 38.8% |
| 1830 | 1,257 |  | 19.0% |
| 1840 | 1,594 |  | 26.8% |
| 1850 | 1,659 |  | 4.1% |
| 1860 | 1,372 |  | −17.3% |
| 1870 | 1,223 |  | −10.9% |
| 1880 | 1,118 |  | −8.6% |
| 1890 | 887 |  | −20.7% |
| 1900 | 757 |  | −14.7% |
| 1910 | 690 |  | −8.9% |
| 1920 | 567 |  | −17.8% |
| 1930 | 513 |  | −9.5% |
| 1940 | 527 |  | 2.7% |
| 1950 | 511 |  | −3.0% |
| 1960 | 528 |  | 3.3% |
| 1970 | 645 |  | 22.2% |
| 1980 | 760 |  | 17.8% |
| 1990 | 1,021 |  | 34.3% |
| 2000 | 1,220 |  | 19.5% |
| 2010 | 1,535 |  | 25.8% |
| 2020 | 1,570 |  | 2.3% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 1,535 people, 623 households, and 461 families living in the town. The population density was 37.8 inhabitants per square mile (14.6/km2). There were 975 housing units at an average density of 24.0 per square mile (9.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.5% White, 0.5% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.1% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.5% of the population.

There were 623 households, of which 30.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.6% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 26.0% were non-families. 19.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.78.

The median age in the town was 43.8 years. 22.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22% were from 25 to 44; 32.7% were from 45 to 64; and 15.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 49.7% male and 50.3% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,220 people, 491 households, and 363 families living in the town. The population density was 30.1 inhabitants per square mile (11.6/km2). There were 789 housing units at an average density of 19.5 per square mile (7.5/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.70% White, 0.33% African American, 0.41% Native American, 0.33% Asian, and 1.23% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.25% of the population.

There were 491 households, out of which 29.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.1% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.9% were non-families. 20.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.84.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.5% under the age of 18, 4.5% from 18 to 24, 30.3% from 25 to 44, 28.0% from 45 to 64, and 12.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.6 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $34,375, and the median income for a family was $37,431. Males had a median income of $29,464 versus $23,365 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,827. About 15.6% of families and 18.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.0% of those under age 18 and 7.9% of those age 65 or over.

## Education

Palermo is part of the Sheepscot Valley Regional School Unit.

The school district's website is http://www.svrsu.org/.

Palermo's elementary school (K–8th) is Palermo Consolidated School. This school usually has about 140 students.

Most children from Palermo Consolidated School continue their education at Erskine Academy in South China, Maine.

## Notable people

* Frank P. Bennett (1853–1933), was an American journalist, magazine publisher and politician who served as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives; he married Nancy L. Greeley of Palermo, Maine
* Frank P. Bennett, Jr. (1878–1965), was an American politician, banker, and editor who served in the Massachusetts General Court. Born in Palermo, Maine
* Harry Vaughn Cail (1913–2008), was an American sport shooter. He competed in the 50 m rifle event at the 1948 Summer Olympics. Lived in Palermo
* Martin Greeley (1814–1899), was an American farmer and politician. Born in Palermo, Maine
* Daniel Darwin Pratt (1813–1877), was a United States Senator from Indiana. Born in Palermo, Maine
* Katrina Smith, (born 1973 or 1974), state legislator

44°24′28″N 69°28′26″W / 44.40778°N 69.47389°W / 44.40778; -69.47389

## InfoBox

| Palermo, Maine | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Location of Palermo (in yellow) in Waldo County and the state of Maine | |
| Coordinates: 44°22′39″N 69°25′42″W / 44.37750°N 69.42833°W / 44.37750; -69.42833 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Maine |
| County | Waldo |
| Area | |
| Total | 43.57 sq mi (112.85 km2) |
| Land | 40.56 sq mi (105.05 km2) |
| Water | 3.01 sq mi (7.80 km2) |
| Elevation | 472 ft (144 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 1,570 |
| Density | 39/sq mi (14.9/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 04354 |
| Area code | 207 |
| FIPS code | 23-56450 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0582659 |
| Website | www.townofpalermo.org |


title: The Enemies EP

abstract: The Enemies EP is the debut release by United States indie rock band Headlights. It was released by the Polyvinyl Record Company in 2004. The song "Everybody Needs a Fence to Lean On" was featured in the Grey's Anatomy season two episode "Yesterday."

text:
# The Enemies EP

***The Enemies EP*** is the debut release by United States indie rock band Headlights. It was released by the Polyvinyl Record Company in 2004. The song "Everybody Needs a Fence to Lean On" was featured in the *Grey's Anatomy* season two episode "Yesterday."

## Track listing

1. "*Tokyo*" (3:38)
2. "*Centuries*" (2:36)
3. "*Everybody Needs a Fence to Lean On*" (4:13)
4. "*It Isn't Easy to Live That Well*" (4:01)

## InfoBox

| The Enemies EP | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Headlights | |
| Released | 2004 |
| Recorded | 2004 |
| Genre | indie rock |
| Label | Polyvinyl Record Co. |
| Headlights chronology | |
| ***The Enemies EP***
(2004) *The Most Serene Republic/Headlights*
(2006) | |


title: List of most expensive stadiums

text:
# List of most expensive stadiums

List of the most expensive stadiums in the world.

| Rank | Stadium | Sport | Main tenant(s) | League | Country | City | Current owner(s) | Broke ground | Opened | Total construction cost
(billion US$) | Inflation-adjusted cost
(billion US$) in 2023 | Capacity |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | SoFi Stadium | American football | Los Angeles Rams | NFL | United States | Inglewood | Kroenke Sports & Entertainment | 2016 | 2020 | $5.5 billion | $6.48 billion | 70,000
(expandable to 100,000) |
| | | | Los Angeles Chargers | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | Allegiant Stadium | American football | Las Vegas Raiders | NFL | United States | Paradise | Las Vegas Stadium Authority | 2017 | 2020 | $1.9 billion | $2.24 billion | 65,000 |
| | | | UNLV Rebels | NCAA | | | | | | | | |
| 3 | MetLife Stadium | American football | New York Jets | NFL | United States | East Rutherford | New York Jets (50%)
New York Giants (50%) | 2007 | 2010 | $1.7 billion | $2.38 billion | 82,500 |
| | | | New York Giants | | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | Mercedes-Benz Stadium | American football | Atlanta Falcons | NFL | United States | Atlanta | Georgia World Congress Center | 2014 | 2017 | $1.5 billion | $1.86 billion | 75,000 |
| | | Association football | Atlanta United | MLS | | | | | | | | |
| 5 | Wembley Stadium | Association football | England National Team | UEFA | United Kingdom | London | The FA | 2003 | 2007 | $1.5 billion = £1.1 billion | $2.2 billion | 90,000 |
| | | | England Women's National Team | | | | | | | | | |
| 6 | Yankee Stadium | Baseball | New York Yankees | MLB | United States | New York City | New York City | 2006 | 2009 | $2.3 billion | $2.13 billion | 54,251 |
| | | Association football | New York City FC | MLS | | | | | | | | |
| 7 | AT&T Stadium | American football | Dallas Cowboys | NFL | United States | Arlington | City of Arlington | 2005 | 2009 | $1.48 billion | $2.1 billion | 80,000
(expandable to 105,000) |
| 8 | Tottenham Hotspur Stadium | Association football | Tottenham Hotspur | EPL | United Kingdom | London | Tottenham Hotspur | 2013 | 2019 | $1.33 billion = £1 billion | $1.58 billion | 62,850 |
| 9 | Singapore National Stadium | Association football | Singapore national football team | AFC | Singapore | Kallang | Sport Singapore | 2010 | 2014 | $1.31 billion = S$1.87 billion | $1.69 billion | 55,000 |
| 10 | Levi's Stadium | American football | San Francisco 49ers | NFL | United States | Santa Clara | City of Santa Clara | 2012 | 2014 | $ 1.3 billion | $1.7 billion | 68,500 |
| 11 | Optus Stadium | Cricket | Australia national cricket team | CA | Australia | Perth | Government of Western Australia | 2014 | 2017 | $1.2 billion | $1.49 billion | 61,244 |
| | | | Western Australia cricket team | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Perth Scorchers | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Perth Scorchers Women | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Australian rules football | West Coast Eagles | AFL | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Fremantle Dockers || | | | | | | |
| 12 | Olympic Stadium (Montreal) | multi-purpose stadium | CF Montréal | MLS | Canada | Montréal | Régie des Installations Olympiques (Government of Quebec) | 1973 | 1976 | $1.1 billion \[14\] | $ 8.95 billion | 61,004 |
| 12 | Krestovsky Stadium | Association football | Zenit | RPL | Russia | Saint Petersburg | Zenit | 2008 | 2017 | $1.1 billion | $1.37 billion | 68,000 |
| 13 | U.S. Bank Stadium | American football | Minnesota Vikings | NFL | United States | Minneapolis | Minnesota Sports Facilities Authority | 2013 | 2016 | $1.1 billion | $1.4 billion | 73,000 |
| 14 | Globe Life Field | Baseball | Texas Rangers | MLB | United States | Arlington | City of Arlington | 2017 | 2020 | $1.1 billion | $1.3 billion | 40,300 |
| 15 | Citi Field | Baseball | New York Mets | MLB | United States | New York | New York Mets | 2006 | 2009 | $0.9 billion | $1.3 billion | 41,922 |
| 16 | Estádio Nacional | Association football | Brasília FC | CB2 | Brazil | Brasília | Terracap | 2010 | 2013 | $0.8 billion | $1.05 billion | 72,788 |


title: Phlox carolina

abstract:
Phlox carolina, the thickleaf phlox, is a species of flowering plant in the family Polemoniaceae. It is an herbaceous perennial growing to 1.2 m (4 ft) tall by 45 cm (18 in) wide, with leaves to 13 cm (5 in) long, and purple or pink flowers in summer.
The specific epithet carolina refers to its native habitat in the eastern United States. It grows in woodland edges and openings. Flowers attract bees, hummingbirds, and butterflies. It is the parent of numerous garden cultivars, of which 'Bill Baker' (pink) and 'Miss Lingard' have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

text:
# Phlox carolina

***Phlox carolina***, the **thickleaf phlox**, is a species of flowering plant in the family Polemoniaceae. It is an herbaceous perennial growing to 1.2 m (4 ft) tall by 45 cm (18 in) wide, with leaves to 13 cm (5 in) long, and purple or pink flowers in summer. The specific epithet *carolina* refers to its native habitat in the eastern United States. It grows in woodland edges and openings. Flowers attract bees, hummingbirds, and butterflies.

It is the parent of numerous garden cultivars, of which 'Bill Baker' (pink) and 'Miss Lingard' (pure white) have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

## InfoBox

| *Phlox carolina* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Phlox carolina* 'Mrs Lingard' | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Ericales |
| Family: | Polemoniaceae |
| Genus: | *Phlox* |
| Species: | ***P. carolina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phlox carolina***<br>L. | |
|


title: Plug-in electric vehicles in Arizona

text:
# Plug-in electric vehicles in Arizona

As of June 2021, there were about 29,000 electric vehicles registered in Arizona, equivalent to one for every 250 residents, the seventh-highest in the United States.

## Government policy

Initially, Arizona's registration fee for electric vehicles was 1% of the equivalent fee for gas-powered vehicles. However, this changed to 20% in 2022, and will become 100% in 2023.

## Charging stations

As of March 2022, there were about 900 public charging station locations with 2,200 charging ports in Arizona.

The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, signed into law in November 2021, allocates US$76.5 million to charging stations in Arizona.

## Manufacturing

Arizona is home to a large number of electric vehicle manufacturing plants, including those for Rivian, Lucid Motors, and Nikola. The state "has the potential to become a massive global leader in emerging auto manufacturing". Arizona has also been proposed as a hub for copper mining, with the intent of using copper for electric vehicles.

## By region

### Flagstaff

In March 2021, electric vehicle manufacturer UACJ Whitehall announced plans to build a US$60 million plant in Flagstaff.

### Phoenix

As of June 2022, there were 63 public charging stations in Phoenix.

### Tucson

In June 2021, the Tucson city council approved an ordinance requiring new single- and double-family homes to have at least one parking space designated for electric vehicle charging.

### Indian reservations

In December 2021, the Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian Community announced plans to fully transition its community bus fleet to electric.


title: Megan Murray (politician)

abstract: Megan A. Murray is an American politician from the New Hampshire Democratic Party. She has been a Democratic member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives for Amherst, New Hampshire since the 2018.

text:
# Megan Murray (politician)

**Megan A. Murray** is an American politician from the New Hampshire Democratic Party. She has been a Democratic member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives for Amherst, New Hampshire since the 2018.

## Personal life

Murray is married and has three children. Murray is a former school teacher.

## Political Career

Murray was first elected to the New Hampshire House of Representatives in 2018 for Hillsborough District 22 and served for that district until 2022. She currently serves for the Hillsborough 37th district. She serves as on the Environment and Agriculture Committee and has served as the Deputy Ranking Member since 2022. She currently serves as Vice Chair of the Hillsborough County Delegation.

## InfoBox

| Megan Murray | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives
from the Hillsborough 37th district | |
| **In office**
December 7, 2022  Present | |
| Preceded by | Peter Hansen |
| Member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives
from the Hillsborough 22nd district | |
| **In office**
December 2017  December 7, 2022 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Democratic |
|  | |


title: Vacuum coffee maker

abstract: A vacuum coffee maker brews coffee using two chambers where vapor pressure and gravity produce coffee. This type of coffee maker is also known as vac pot, siphon or syphon coffee maker, and was invented by Loeff of Berlin in the 1830s. These devices have since been used for more than a century in many parts of the world. Design and composition of the vacuum coffee maker varies. The chamber material is borosilicate glass, metal, or plastic, and the filter can be either a glass rod or a screen made of metal, cloth, paper, or nylon. The Napier Vacuum Machine by James Robert Napier, presented in 1840, was an early example of this technique. While vacuum coffee makers generally were excessively complex for everyday use, they were prized for producing a clear brew, and were quite popular until the middle of the twentieth century. Vacuum coffee makers remain popular in some parts of Asia, including Japan and Taiwan. The Bauhaus interpretation of this device can be seen in Gerhard Marcks' Sintrax coffee maker of 1925.

text:
# Vacuum coffee maker

A **vacuum coffee maker** brews coffee using two chambers where vapor pressure and gravity produce coffee. This type of coffee maker is also known as *vac pot*, *siphon* or *syphon coffee maker,* and was invented by Loeff of Berlin in the 1830s. These devices have since been used for more than a century in many parts of the world. Design and composition of the vacuum coffee maker varies. The chamber material is borosilicate glass, metal, or plastic, and the filter can be either a glass rod or a screen made of metal, cloth, paper, or nylon. The Napier Vacuum Machine by James Robert Napier, presented in 1840, was an early example of this technique. While vacuum coffee makers generally were excessively complex for everyday use, they were prized for producing a clear brew, and were quite popular until the middle of the twentieth century. Vacuum coffee makers remain popular in some parts of Asia, including Japan and Taiwan. The Bauhaus interpretation of this device can be seen in Gerhard Marcks' Sintrax coffee maker of 1925.

## Workings

A vacuum coffee maker operates as a siphon, where heating and cooling the lower vessel changes the vapor pressure of water in the lower, first pushing the water up into the upper vessel, then allowing the water to fall back down into the lower vessel.

Specifically, once the water in lower chamber is hot enough that its vapor pressure (the pressure exerted by the vapour component of a liquid) exceeds the pressure of a standard atmosphere, some of it begins to boil, turning into water vapor. Since the density of water vapor is about 1/2000 that of liquid water, the mixture of the air and water vapor in the lower chamber quickly expands, and, when the new pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure, pushes the remaining water up the siphon tube into the upper chamber, where it remains so long as the pressure difference between the upper and lower chambers is sufficient to support it (about 1.5 kPa or 0.015 atm). This pressure difference is maintained during brewing through the continuous heating of the lower chamber. Coffee grinds are added to the water in the upper chamber.

When the coffee has finished brewing, the heat is removed and the pressure in the bottom vessel drops, so the combined force of gravity and atmospheric pressure overcomes the pressure of the bottom chamber, causing the brewed coffee to be pulled into the bottom chamber of the vacuum coffee maker, leaving the coffee grounds in the top chamber.

The iconic Moka pot coffee maker functions on the same principle but the water is forced up from the bottom chamber through a third middle chamber containing the coffee grounds to the top chamber which has an air gap to prevent the brewed coffee from returning downwards. (Additionally, because the water is forced up through packed grounds, the pressures are greater.) The prepared coffee is then poured off from the top.

### Balance siphon

An early variation of this principle is called a *balance siphon*. This implementation has the two chambers arranged side by side on a balance-like device, with a counterweight attached to the heated chamber.  Once the vapor has forced the hot water out, the counterweight activates a spring-loaded snuffer which smothers the flame and allows the initial chamber to cool down thus lowering pressure (creating a vacuum) and causing the brewed coffee to seep in.

### Automated version

In 2022, Japanese *Tiger Corporation* was working on an automated coffee-maker based on the vacuum coffee maker principle, the Siphonysta. The Siphonysta's heating is electrical. The chambers are made of plastic ("resin").