title: Li Bi

abstract: Li Bi or Li Mi, courtesy name Changyuan (長源), formally the Marquess of Ye County (鄴縣侯), was a Chinese historian, poet, and politician during the Tang dynasty. Li was a trusted advisor and close friend to Emperor Suzong of Tang, whom he aided in suppressing the An Lushan Rebellion, and later served as chancellor and chief civil official under Emperor Dezong. An accomplished man of letters, Li was a dedicated Taoist practitioner who cut an unusual figure at court, disentangling himself from political intrigue by leading an eremitic lifestyle and often eschewing high office to serve as personal counsellor to Emperor Suzong and his successors, Emperor Daizong and Emperor Dezong. Li's strategies helped stabilize the Tang state during a chaotic era marked by rebellion, warfare, and tension with foreign powers, though his influence and perceived eccentricity drew criticism from contemporary rivals and some traditional historians. Li is one of the 40 prominent figures memorialized in the Wu Shuang Pu by Jin Guliang.

text:
# Li Bi

**Li Bi** or **Li Mi** (Chinese: 李泌; 722 – April 1, 789), courtesy name **Changyuan** (長源), formally the **Marquess of Ye County** (鄴縣侯), was a Chinese historian, poet, and politician during the Tang dynasty. Li was a trusted advisor and close friend to Emperor Suzong of Tang, whom he aided in suppressing the An Lushan Rebellion, and later served as chancellor and chief civil official under Emperor Dezong. An accomplished man of letters, Li was a dedicated Taoist practitioner who cut an unusual figure at court, disentangling himself from political intrigue by leading an eremitic lifestyle and often eschewing high office to serve as personal counsellor to Emperor Suzong and his successors, Emperor Daizong and Emperor Dezong. Li's strategies helped stabilize the Tang state during a chaotic era marked by rebellion, warfare, and tension with foreign powers, though his influence and perceived eccentricity drew criticism from contemporary rivals and some traditional historians. Li is one of the 40 prominent figures memorialized in the *Wu Shuang Pu* by Jin Guliang.

## Background

Li Bi was born in 722, during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong. His family was from the Tang dynasty capital Chang'an, but his ancestors claimed order from Liaodong Peninsula and further claimed ancestry from the Warring States period state Qin (the precursor to the Qin dynasty) official Li Tan (李曇) and Li Tan's son, the Zhao prime minister Li Qi (李齊). Their traceable ancestry included officials of the Han dynasty, Jin dynasty (266–420), Later Yan, Northern Wei, and Northern Zhou. Li Bi's father Li Chengxiu (李承休) was a county magistrate.

## During Emperor Xuanzong's reign

It was said that Li Bi could read and write by age six, and that in his youth, he was known for his intelligence and dexterity. That year, when Emperor Xuanzong put out a general order requesting people to recommend those well-versed in Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism, the officials all recommended those whom they knew. An eight-year-old named Yuan Chu (員俶), a grandson of the great scholar Yuan Banqian (員半千) and a cousin to Li Bi (Yuan Chu's mother was a sister to Li Chengxiu), particularly impressed Emperor Xuanzong. When Emperor Xuanzong asked Yuan Chu whether he knew anyone else like him, Yuan Chu replied that Li Bi was one. Emperor Xuanzong thus summoned Li Bi. When Li Bi arrived, Emperor Xuanzong was playing Go with the high-level official Zhang Shuo the Duke of Yan, and Zhang, wanting to test the child, asked to make up a poem comparing Go to life and recite it. Zhang then recited the poem that he thought of on the spot, and Li Bi immediately followed with one of his own. Both Emperor Xuanzong and Zhang were amazed, and Zhang congratulated Emperor Xuanzong on finding a divine child. Emperor Xuanzong gave Li Bi an award and honored his household. He also had Li Bi associate with his son Li Jun the Prince of Zhong.

Li Bi became learned in the Confucian classics and the histories, but was particularly well-learned in the *I Ching*. He was also a talented writer and wrote poems well, and he had great ambitions to assist emperors. He was honored by officials such as Zhang Jiuling, Wei Xuxin (韋虛心), and Zhang Tinggui (張廷珪). Zhang Jiuling, in particular, treated him as a friend notwithstanding the age and position differences. Li Bi, however, did not like to be restricted by governmental regulations, and as he grew older often journeyed among Mount Song, Mount Hua, and the Qinling Mountains, seeking out for the alchemist arts that could lead to longevity. During the middle of Emperor Xuanzong's *Tianbao* era (742–756), Li Bi submitted a petition from Mount Song discussing the affairs of state. Emperor Xuanzong, remembering the meetings when he was young, summoned him to Chang'an and made Li Bi an attendant to Li Jun – whose name had been changed to Li Heng by that point and who had become crown prince. However, after Li Bi wrote some poems satirizing such powerful figures as Yang Guozhong and An Lushan, Yang became displeased and requested that Li Bi be exiled to Qichun Commandery (蘄春, in modern Huanggang, Hubei). Only after a pardon was Li Bi allowed to return to Chang'an. Thereafter, he took no governmental positions and became a hermit at Yingyang (潁陽, in modern Zhengzhou, Henan).

## During Emperor Suzong's reign

In 755, An Lushan rebelled at Fanyang, and by summer 756, forces of his new state of Yan reached Chang'an, forcing Emperor Xuanzong to flee to Chengdu. Li Heng, however, did not follow Emperor Xuanzong to Chengdu, but instead fled to Lingwu, where he was declared emperor (as Emperor Suzong). He summoned Li Bi to Lingwu to serve as an advisor, and Li Bi did so. It was said that they spent so much together discussing the affairs of the military and the state that they often slept in the same bedroom, just like the times when Emperor Suzong was just a prince. It was said that Emperor Suzong consulted Li Bi on every matter, including military commissions. He wanted to make Li Bi *Zhongshu Ling* (中書令) – the head of the legislative bureau of government (中書省) and a post considered one for a chancellor – but Li Bi declined, stating, "I find it much more honored that Your Imperial Majesty treats me as a guest and a friend, than as a chancellor. Why do you want me to take an inferior position?"

Thereafter, when Emperor Suzong wanted to make his son Li Tan the Prince of Jianning, who was known for his military talent, the supreme commander of the armed forces, Li Bi pointed out that awkwardness would then come to the issue of imperial succession given that Li Tan was younger than his brother Li Chu the Prince of Guangping. Emperor Suzong agreed and gave the title of supreme commander to Li Chu instead. Li Tan, however, did not resent Li Bi for this and thanked Li Bi for his suggestion. It was said that at that time, the soldiers, whenever they saw Emperor Suzong and Li Bi surveying the troops together, the soldiers would comment: "The one who wears the yellow robe is the holy one \[(i.e., emperor)\]. The one who wears the white robe is the mystical one." Emperor Suzong, hearing this, told Li Bi to put on the purple robe of a high-level official, and Li Bi reluctantly agreed. Subsequently, Emperor Suzong gave him the title of imperial advisor (侍謀軍國, *Shimou Junguo*) as well as Li Chu's secretary general. From that point on, he and Li Chu would rotate to be on duty at the army headquarters, ready to act on the generals' reports; when Li Chu was attending to Emperor Suzong, Li Bi would be at headquarters, and when Li Bi was attending to Emperor Suzong, Li Chu would be at headquarters. Emperor Suzong also gave the keys to the makeshift palace to Li Chu and Li Bi. Whenever there were generals' requests that needed immediate action, Li Chu and Li Bi would act on them, and whenever further approval from Emperor Suzong were necessary, they would take them to the palace and submit to Emperor Suzong through a slot in the door. In fall 756, at Li Bi's suggestion, Emperor Suzong moved his headquarters from Lingwu to Pengyuan (彭原, in modern Qingyang, Gansu), to better coordinate the troops coming to his aid.

Also in fall 756, however, Li Bi and Li Tan both offended Emperor Suzong's favorite concubine Consort Zhang. Emperor Suzong had been considering creating Consort Zhang empress, but, as Li Bi advised him that it was inappropriate to do so before he had a chance to seek the approval of Emperor Xuanzong (whom he honored as *Taishang Huang* (retired emperor)), he decided to wait. Meanwhile, however, around this time Emperor Xuanzong sent Consort Zhang a saddle with seven kinds of jewels studded on it as a gift. Li Bi opined that in the difficult times, it would be inappropriate for her to use such a luxurious item, and therefore suggested instead that the jewels be removed and rewarded to those soldiers with accomplishments. Emperor Suzong agreed – and Li Tan publicly praised the decision, causing Consort Zhang to thereafter bear much resentment toward Li Bi and Li Tan. Meanwhile, in winter 756, after the chancellor Fang Guan failed to recapture Chang'an and suffered heavy losses, Emperor Suzong initially wanted to punish Fang, but at Li Bi's intercession, did not do so.

Meanwhile, Li Bi also suggested to Emperor Suzong his plan of destroying Yan:

* That the major generals Li Guangbi and Guo Ziyi be sent to the region north of the Yellow River to engage the Yan generals Shi Siming, Zhang Zhongzhi, so that Shi and Zhang would be unable to move south.
* That meanwhile, Emperor Suzong himself not attack, but continue to stay close to Chang'an, so that the Yan generals An Shouzhong (安守忠) and Tian Qianzhen (田乾真), then at Chang'an, would be unable to move east.
* That Li Guangbi and Guo then launch periodic attacks against Yan troops, such that the Yan forces would be forced to constantly move and become worn out.
* That in spring 757, Li Tan be sent to join Li Guangbi to capture Fanyang, and then the Tang armies could then converge toward An Lushan's capital at Luoyang and attack it.

Emperor Suzong was happy about the plan. Meanwhile, however, Consort Zhang entered into an alliance with Emperor Suzong's trusted eunuch Li Fuguo, and together the two became powerful inside the palace, purportedly carrying out much misdeeds. Li Tan considered trying to kill them, and despite Li Bi's advice to the contrary, Li Tan did not stop his planning. In 757, Consort Zhang and Li Fuguo struck first, accusing Li Tan of plotting to kill Li Chu, and Emperor Suzong, believing their accusation, forced Li Tan to commit suicide. This caused Li Chu and Li Bi to be fearful of her as well, although at Li Bi's urging, Li Chu did not himself try to kill them. Around this time, Emperor Suzong also consulted Li Bi on what his thoughts were on how to reward the generals after Yan's destruction, and Li Bi advocated that the generals be given fiefdoms so that they would want to pass them to their descendants. (Emperor Suzong initially agreed, but the plan was never actually implemented in Emperor Suzong's reign or after.)

Later in spring 757, Emperor Suzong advanced to Fengxiang (鳳翔, in modern Baoji, Shaanxi). Aid troops from Anxi Circuit (安西, headquartered in modern Aksu Prefecture, Xinjiang, as well as Xiyu states, were arriving, and Li Bi, as he had previously suggested, advocated that the troops be sent to attack Fanyang first, to root out Yan's power base, before attempts should be made to recapture Chang'an and Luoyang. This time, however, Emperor Suzong overruled him, stating that he wanted to capture Chang'an as soon as possible to welcome Emperor Xuanzong back to the capital, despite Li Bi's objections that doing so would prolong the rebellion in that the Anxi and Xiyu troops could not bear the heat and would be worn out after recapturing Chang'an and Luoyang. (As it turned out, whether it was due to Emperor Suzong's decision to overrule Li Bi or not, the rebellion would not be completely put down until 763.)

In summer 757, with major aid from Huige, Tang forces commanded by Li Chu recaptured Chang'an. Emperor Suzong entered Chang'an and sent messengers to bring Li Bi to Chang'an. Upon Li Bi's arrival in Chang'an, Emperor Suzong informed Li Bi that he had sent messengers to Emperor Xuanzong requesting that he return to Chang'an and offering the throne back to Emperor Xuanzong. Li Bi pointed out that this would cause Emperor Xuanzong to be apprehensive as to Emperor Suzong's sincerity, and as Li Bi predicted, Emperor Xuanzong initially not only declined but further requested to remain in Jiannan Circuit (劍南, headquartered in modern Chengdu). Only after Emperor Suzong, at Li Bi's suggestion, had the government officials make a joint submission to Emperor Xuanzong no longer mentioning the return of the throne, did Emperor Xuanzong agree to depart Jiannan to return to Chang'an.

Thereafter, Li Bi requested to resign his positions and return to the mountains as a hermit. Emperor Suzong was surprised and stated to Li Bi that this was time for him to be rewarded. Li Bi stated that if he stayed, he would die because people (apparently referring to Consort Zhang and Li Fuguo, although his biography in the *New Book of Tang* also referred to the chancellor Cui Yuan) would be jealous of him for five reasons – that he had too long of an association with Emperor Suzong; that Emperor Suzong trusted him too much; that Emperor Suzong treated him too well; that he had too much accomplishments; and that their friendship was too legendary. Emperor Suzong initially guessed that the real reason for his wanting to leave was Emperor Suzong's refusal to follow his advice on attacking Fanyang first, but Li Bi then stated that it was because of Li Tan's death. He argued to Emperor Suzong that Li Tan was innocent, and that by this point, there would surely be false accusations against Li Chu as well, and that he should not listen to them. With Li Bi insisting on resigning, Emperor Suzong allowed him to return to hermit life at Mount Heng, and had the local government there build him a hermitage and supply him with supplies due a high-level official (of the third rank). While he was at his hermitage, he got into the habit of using pine branches to make back supports, and on one occasion, when he saw one in the shape of a dragon, he sent it to Emperor Suzong as a gift.

## During Emperor Daizong's reign

Emperor Suzong died in 762 and was succeeded by Li Chu (as Emperor Daizong), whose name had been changed to Li Yu by this point. Li Bi remained a hermit at Mount Heng, but later, Emperor Daizong sent eunuchs to Mount Heng to summon him to Chang'an. When Li Bi arrived, Emperor Daizong built him a study next to the palace, and, while he gave Li Bi a purple robe to wear again, he and Li Bi often met in civilian clothes, and he consulted Li Bi on major decisions. He also had the powerful eunuch Yu Chao'en build Li Bi a vacation home. He wanted to make Li Bi a chancellor, but Li Bi declined. At one Duanwu Festival, however, when officials were offering gifts to Emperor Daizong, Emperor Daizong demanded a gift from Li Bi – himself. He wanted Li Bi, who had been a vegetarian and celibate and also abstained from alcohol, to marry, observe a normal diet, and become an official. Under persuasion from Emperor Daizong, Li Bi agreed and married a Lady Lu, a niece of the deceased general Li Wei (李暐). Emperor Daizong further bestowed him a mansion and but continued to have him live part of the time in the palace. In 768, after consulting with Li Bi, he posthumously honored Li Tan an emperor.

In 770, Emperor Daizong, in conjunction with the chancellor Yuan Zai, killed Yu. Thereafter, Yuan became jealous of Li Bi's close association with the emperor and accused Li Bi of having been Yu's associate. Emperor Daizong, not wanting to be in a confrontation with Yuan, sent Li Bi to Jiangxi Circuit (江西, headquartered in modern Nanchang, Jiangxi) to serve as the secretary to Jiangxi's governor Wei Shaoyou (魏少遊). After Yuan was executed in 777 for corruption, Emperor Daizong recalled Li Bi to the capital. However, soon, the new chancellor Chang Gun, also jealous of Li Bi, requested to have Li Bi sent out to be a prefectural prefect – arguing that if Li Bi were to become a chancellor in the future, he should have administrative experience. Emperor Daizong agreed, and in 779 sent Li Bi out to be the prefect of Li Prefecture (澧州, in modern Changde, Hunan), as well as serving as the commander of the prefectural militia of two neighboring prefectures.

## During Emperor Dezong's reign

### Prior to chancellorship

In 779, Emperor Daizong died and was succeeded by his son Emperor Dezong. Li Bi had previously taught Emperor Dezong, who was then the Prince of Fengjie, when Emperor Suzong was at Lingwu. However, Emperor Dezong did not recall Li Bi initially. By 784, when rebellions by Zhu Ci and Li Huaiguang forced Emperor Dezong to flee to Liang Prefecture (梁州, in modern Hanzhong, Shaanxi), Li Bi was serving as the prefect of Hang Prefecture (杭州, in modern Hangzhou, Zhejiang). Emperor Dezong summoned Li Bi; Li Bi and Du Ya (杜亞), the prefect of neighboring Mu Prefecture (睦州, also in modern Hangzhou), thus reported to Liang Prefecture. After Zhu's rebellion was destroyed later in the year, allowing Emperor Dezong to return to Chang'an, Emperor Dezong made Li Bi *Zuo Sanqi Changshi* (左散騎常侍), a high level consultant at the examination bureau (門下省, *Menxia Sheng*). It was said that other officials and the public were all piqued and ready to see what Li Bi would advise the emperor about. At that time, Emperor Dezong was concerned that Li Huaiguang, who was then controlling the region of Hezhong Municipality (河中, in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi), would continue to create problems for the imperial government, but Li Bi pointed out that Li Huaiguang himself lacked powerful messages to keep his subordinates obedient to him, apparently alleviating some of Emperor Dezong's concerns. Li Bi further spoke on behalf of Han Huang, the military governor (*Jiedushi*) of Zhenhai Circuit (鎮海, headquartered in modern Zhenjiang, Jiangsu), whom Emperor Dezong had been suspicious of, and subsequently, Emperor Dezong sent messengers, including Han Huang's son Han Gao (韓皐), to Zhenhai to show that he had no further apprehensions of Han Huang. Han Huang, in gratitude, sent the imperial government a large supply of rice, allowing the Chang'an region to recover from a major famine.

In 785, after Zhang Quan (張勸), the military governor of Shanguo Circuit (陝虢, headquartered in modern Sanmenxia, Henan), was assassinated by his subordinate Daxi Baohui (達奚抱暉) and Daxi took over the circuit, Emperor Dezong, concerned that Daxi Baohui would join Li Huaiguang, sent Li Bi to Shanguo to try to calm the situation. Li Bi, initially claiming that he was only there to make sure that the food supplies would continue to flow through the circuit to Chang'an, initially promised that he would recommend Daxi to succeed Zhang. However, after he settled the situation down, he secretly persuaded Daxi that the only way for him to save himself was to flee. Daxi did so, and Li Bi took over the circuit. Emperor Dezong gave him the title of defender (防禦使, *Fangyushi*) rather than military governor. In 786, Li Bi built a new road to allow supply shipment over land, to avoid the rapids where the Wei River flowed into the Yellow River. In 787, when soldiers sent from Huaixi Circuit (淮西, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan) to join the defense against Tufan in the west suddenly mutinied and tried to head back to Huaixi, pillaging on the way, Li Bi intercepted them and crushed them.

### Chancellorship

Later in 787, Emperor Dezong summoned Li Bi back to Chang'an and made him *Zhongshu Shilang* (中書侍郎), the deputy head of the legislative bureau. He also gave Li Bi the designation *Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi* (同中書門下平章事), making him a chancellor *de facto*, and created him the Marquess of Ye. At their first meeting with Li Bi as chancellor, and with other chancellors Li Sheng, Ma Sui, and Liu Hun present as well, Emperor Dezong wanted Li Bi to promise not to carry past grudges against those who had harmed him, and Li Bi, after stating that he had no real enemies and that such persons who had been jealous of him as Li Fuguo and Yuan Zai had already died, in turn wanted Emperor Dezong to promise the safety of both Li Sheng and Ma Sui – both of whom had been instrumental in ending the rebellions and restoring his rule, against any false accusations that might be made against them. Emperor Dezong agreed.

Li Bi immediately presented to Emperor Dezong the proposal to reverse cuts in the ranks of the governmental officials that fellow chancellor Zhang Yanshang had carried out, pointing out that the reduced ranks were unable to carry out the affairs of government. He also refused Emperor Dezong's attempts to divide governmental responsibilities between chancellors – pointing out that chancellors should oversee all government affairs. Emperor Dezong agreed to both of his proposals.

Meanwhile, Zhang, who had a grudge against Li Shuming (李叔明) the military governor of Dongchuan Circuit (東川, headquartered in modern Mianyang, Sichuan), discovered that Li Shuming's son Li Shēng (李昇, note different tone than the famous general), along with several other young officials, were often secretly visiting Emperor Dezong's aunt Princess Gao, whose daughter was the wife and crown princess of Emperor Dezong's son and crown prince Li Song. He informed this to Emperor Dezong, intimating that Li Shēng was having an affair with Princess Gao. When Emperor Dezong asked Li Bi to investigate this, however, Li Bi correctly guessed that it was Zhang who informed Emperor Dezong of this and suggested no investigation, pointing out that Zhang's accusations also appeared to be intended to endanger Li Song. Emperor Dezong agreed, and thereafter moved Li Shēng to the position of head of Li Song's household, away from Princess Gao.

Meanwhile, with the public owing much tax debt, Li Bi suggested the granting of a general tax amnesty if the people would admit to what they owed and paid a fraction thereof. Emperor Dezong agreed, and it was said that the amnesty helped the treasury to recover much of its losses. He also required the emissaries from foreign states – who had stayed in Chang'an ever since An Lushan's rebellion but who continued to receive stipends from the Tang government – to make an election whether to return home or to become Tang citizens and not receive the diplomat stipends. The emissaries all decided to stay despite the lack of stipends; they largely became military officers and soldiers, strengthening the imperial guard corps while reducing public expense.

Emperor Dezong and Li Bi discussed the return to the corvée conscription system – which had been used early in Tang history but had been abolished by the time of Emperor Xuanzong. Li Bi, who had initially advocated for its return, by that point was pointing out that the treasury could not afford paying the expenses of such a system. He instead proposed using various measures, including the offers of free land, to encourage soldiers to settle on the borders with Tufan and become farmer-soldiers. Emperor Dezong agreed, and with the offers of free land, it was said that some 50% to 60% of soldiers sent to the Tufan frontier decided to stay in the region. After Liu was removed in late 787, Li Bi was effectively the sole chancellor, with no other civilian officials carrying chancellor title. (Ma, Li Shèng, and Hun Jian carried chancellor titles but were generals.)

By late 787, the matters with Princess Guo flared up, as she continued her affairs with Li Shēng and the other young officers, but was exposed in her affairs by other nobles. She was also accused of using witchcraft against Emperor Dezong. Emperor Dezong, in anger, imprisoned her, and further suspected Li Song of being complicit. Li Song, in fear, divorced Princess Guo's daughter Crown Princess Xiao, but Emperor Dezong continued to be incensed, considering deposing Li Song and replacing Li Song with another son Li Yi (李誼) the Prince of Shu – who was actually his biological nephew, whom he adopted after Li Yi's biological father, his brother Li Biao (李邈) the Prince of Zheng, died early. Li Bi earnestly protested Li Song's innocence, and at one point appeared to be at the risk of being the object of Emperor Dezong's wrath himself. Eventually, Emperor Dezong's wrath subsided, particularly after Li Bi pointed out the example of what happened to Li Tan, and Li Song was spared.

Meanwhile, Emperor Dezong complained that he had insufficient funds for use in the palace. Li Bi instituted a new system where a part of the tax revenues were designated for the emperor's personal use, to try to stop Emperor Dezong from personally extracting tributes from local governments – as that was causing the local officials to in turn extract them from the people, above and beyond the regular tax burden. However, even with Li Bi's new budgeting, Emperor Dezong continued to demand tributes from local governments and further instructed them not to inform Li Bi. When Li Bi found out, he was upset, but chose not to try to stop Emperor Dezong again.

Also in late 787, Li Bi finally proposed his plan for counterattacks against Tufan – enter alliances with Huige, Nanzhao, and the Abbasid Caliphate, with the alliance with Huige being the most urgent. However, Emperor Dezong hated the Huige, ever since several of his attendants were tortured and killed by Huige's Maoyu Khan Yaoluoge Yidijian (藥羅葛移地健) in 762 while he was still a prince, and therefore refused. Only after repeated attempts by Li Bi that that grudge should not be borne against the current khan, the Hegu Khan Yaoluoge Dunmohe (藥羅葛頓莫賀) as well as repeated analyses of how crucial the Huige alliance would be did Emperor Dezong agree – particularly after Li Bi, who had strong friendships with both Yaoluoge Dunmohe and the Huige chancellor Baipodi (白婆帝), extracted promises from Yaoluoge Dunmohe to submit to Tang as a subject, as a matter of formality. Emperor Dezong was pleased, and subsequently, the treaty was cemented with the betrothal of Emperor Dezong's daughter Princess Xian'an to Yaoluoge Dunmohe. Meanwhile, Li Bi requested to have another chancellor named, but Emperor Dezong declined, pointing out that he could not find another person with the same talent.

By 789, Li Bi was seriously ill, and only then did Emperor Dezong agree to name more chancellors. At Li Bi's recommendation, Emperor Dezong made Dong Jin and Dou Can chancellors as well. Li Bi died soon thereafter.

## Historians' views of Li Bi

The historians' views on Li Bi were highly mixed. The editors of the *Old Book of Tang* did not view Li Bi's chancellorship highly, believing that he lacked contributions while serving as chancellor and criticizing him for his Taoist cultivation and frequent discussions of Taoism, although it referred to Li Bi as highly intelligent with good ideas. The lead editor, the Later Jin historian Liu Xu, commented:

> Li Bi had clear understanding and high intelligence, knowing that it is easier to advance in position than to retreat. However, when he served as a chancellor, he spent much time talking about gods and ghosts. This showed how he was frivolous and senseless. The *Royal Regulations* \[(a component of the *Classic of Rites*)\] stated, "One who disturbs government with sorcery should be killed." Did he have no fear of this?

The lead editor of the *New Book of Tang*, the Song dynasty historian Ouyang Xiu, was more complimentary, although he was also critical of Li Bi, believing that he became chancellor in Emperor Dezong's reign only because Emperor Dezong became more superstitious as his reign went on:

> Li Bi's behavior was most unusual. His advice were faithful; his departures were frivolous; his self-protections were intelligent; and his accomplishments as chancellor were like those with great contributions. I see that when Emperor Suzong established his temporary court in the wilderness, even those who made a single good suggestion was entrusted with power. At that time, Li Bi made many suggestions that were accepted, and he also aided Emperor Daizong in recapturing the two capitals. He refused to be entered into the official registers at the time, however. Is it really that the two emperors were unwilling to make him chancellor? Late in Emperor Dezong's reign, the emperor became attached to matters of gods and ghosts, and Li Bi became powerful. That was because Emperor Dezong thought that he was the only one who could get Li Bi to help him.

Contrary to the *Old Book of Tang* and the *New Book of Tang*, which had relatively short records of Li Bi's deeds, Sima Guang, also of the Song dynasty, included extensive records of Li Bi's contributions in his *Zizhi Tongjian* – but personally wrote only a short comment about Li Bi, stating:

> Li Bi had many strategies, but he liked to talk about gods and ghosts, and those things sounded ridiculous. Therefore, he was looked on lightly by others.

The commentator to the *Zizhi Tongjian*, Hu Sanxing, toward the end of the Song dynasty, was in turn very complimentary of Li Bi, believing that his devotion in Taoism was a way to avoid getting in danger, while making exceptional contributions during the reigns of three emperors. His view was shared by the modern historian Bo Yang, who even ranked Li Bi to be the most talented Chinese chancellor since Wang Meng. Bo was particularly complimentary of Li Bi's suggestions that led to the gradual alleviation of Tufan attacks against Tang.

Li Bi is a main character in the 2019 Chinese television series *The Longest Day in Chang'an*, a period thriller set early in Emperor Xuanzong's *Tianbao* era (742–756). Portrayed by Jackson Yee, Li is depicted as a Taoist adept attired in *daojiao fushi*, an ambitious government official, and a trusted confidant of Crown Prince Li Yu, a fictional character modeled after a young Emperor Suzong. In the series, Li serves as chief of Chang'an's Peacekeeper Corps, an imperial intelligence agency presided under the supervision of He Zhizheng, a senior government official and poet modeled after the historical figure He Zhizhang.

## Notes and references


title: The M's

abstract: The M's is an American indie rock band from Chicago.

text:
# The M's

**The M's** is an American indie rock band from Chicago.

## History

The M's were formed in 2000 by Josh Chicoine, Joey King, Steve Versaw and Robert Hicks. Chicoine, King and Versaw met in the winter of 1999 and began collaborating in a makeshift studio in Chicago's Bucktown neighborhood in which the short lived group, Sanoponic, was formed. After Sanoponic's dissolution, they began working on new material with Hicks who had the name The M's in mind for a new project. Their debut EP appeared in 2002 on Brilliante Records, followed by a full-length in 2004. They signed with Polyvinyl Record Co. for their 2006 and 2008 releases. Glenn Rischke joined the group in 2008 for the release of their last recording to date "Real Close Ones". The group decided to go into "a long hiatus" on March 6, 2009. In 2011, The M's released a digital-only EP "The Personal Touch" on Movings label, recorded collaboratively with electronic trio from Chicago TV Pow.

## Members

* Josh Chicoine - vocals, guitar
* Steve Versaw - drums
* Joey King - vocals, bass
* Robert Hicks - vocals, guitar
* Glenn Rischke - Keyboards, percussion (Joined 2008/2009)

## Discography

* *The M's* EP (Brillante Records, 2002)
* *The M's* LP (Brillante, 2004)
* *Split* with Dr. Dog (Polyvinyl Record Co., 2006)
* *Future Women* (Polyvinyl, 2006)
* *Real Close Ones* (Polyvinyl, 2008)
* *The Personal Touch* with TV Pow (Movings, 2011)

## InfoBox

| The M's | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Chicago, Illinois |
| Genres | Indie rock, neopsychedelia, noise pop, power pop, garage rock revival |
| Years active | 2000present |
| Labels | Polyvinyl |


title: 1887 Scottish Athletics Championships

abstract: The 1887 Scottish Athletics Championships were the fifth national athletics championships to be held in Scotland. They were held under the auspices of the Scottish Amateur Athletic Association at Hampden Park, Glasgow, on Saturday 25 June 1887. Very hot weather was blamed for the low attendance of "probably not more than a thousand," but the Glasgow Police Sports held the same afternoon attracted a crowd of over 3,000 spectators. At Hampden Park, Ernest Latimer Stones broke the Scottish record for the pole vault with his winning height of 11 feet (3.35m). Born at Ulverston in the English Lake District in 1865, he played football for Partick Thistle, tied with Tom Ray for the AAA pole vault title in 1888, and won it outright in 1889. At Southport in June 1888, he set a world record of 11 feet 7 inches (3.53m). He will eventually win the Scottish title three times, and his Scottish record for the event of 11 feet 4 inches (3.45m) will not be broken in Scotland until 1924, and not by a Scottish athlete until 1930. The half mile was won by John Braid who competed in the Olympic Games in 1900, playing cricket, for France. Alex Findlay won the inaugural 4 miles championship on the Saturday, and in the 10 miles championship, held at the same venue on the following Monday, set a Scottish All-comers record for 9 miles en route to defending the title he had won last year, and was less than five seconds outside his own record for 10 miles. The prizes were presented by Mrs A. M. Hunter, the wife of the Hon. Sec. Scottish AAA, who would serve as President of the association in 1890.

text:
# 1887 Scottish Athletics Championships

The **1887 Scottish Athletics Championships** were the fifth national athletics championships to be held in Scotland. They were held under the auspices of the Scottish Amateur Athletic Association at Hampden Park, Glasgow, on Saturday 25 June 1887. Very hot weather was blamed for the low attendance of "probably not more than a thousand," but the Glasgow Police Sports held the same afternoon attracted a crowd of over 3,000 spectators. At Hampden Park, Ernest Latimer Stones (Partick Thistle FC) broke the Scottish record for the pole vault with his winning height of 11 feet (3.35m). Born at Ulverston in the English Lake District in 1865, he played football for Partick Thistle, tied with Tom Ray for the AAA pole vault title in 1888, and won it outright in 1889. At Southport in June 1888, he set a world record of 11 feet 7 inches (3.53m). He will eventually win the Scottish title three times, and his Scottish record for the event of 11 feet 4 inches (3.45m) will not be broken in Scotland until 1924, and not by a Scottish athlete until 1930. The half mile was won by John Braid (Stanley House Cricket Club) who competed in the Olympic Games in 1900, playing cricket, for France. Alex Findlay (Ayr FC) won the inaugural 4 miles championship on the Saturday, and in the 10 miles championship, held at the same venue on the following Monday, set a Scottish All-comers record for 9 miles en route to defending the title he had won last year, and was less than five seconds outside his own record for 10 miles. The prizes were presented by Mrs A. M. Hunter, the wife of the Hon. Sec. Scottish AAA, who would serve as President of the association in 1890.

## Results summary

100 yards
| Pos | Athlete | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Robert A. Taylor (Edinburgh Un.) | 10 3/5 |
| 2. | Charles J. F. Paisley (Royal High School FP) | 1 yard |
| 3. | James Adams (Australasian CC) | inches |

440 yards
| Pos | Athlete | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Charles J. F. Paisley (Royal High School FP) | 52 3/5 |
| 2. | Douglas R. McCulloch (Helensburgh AC) |  |

880 yards
| Pos | Athlete | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | John C. Braid (Stanley House CC) | 2:02 2/5 |
| 2. | Stephen G. Nobbs (Royal High School FP) | 2 yards |
| 3. | James Logan (Vale of Leven FC) |  |

1 mile
| Pos | Athlete | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | James Logan (Vale of Leven FC) | 4:35 3/5 |
| 2. | David S. Duncan (Edinburgh H.) | 3 yards |
| 3. | John J Smeaton (Stirling County CC) |  |

4 miles
| Pos | Athlete | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Alex P. Findlay (Ayr FC) | 21:30 |
| 2. | William M. Thomson (Clydesdale H.) |  |

120 yard hurdles
| Pos | Athlete | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Henry A. Watt (Glasgow Un.) | 17 4/5 |
| 2. | James T. Ward (Clydesdale H.) | 3 yards |
| 3. | C. C. McKnight (Australasian CC) |  |

3 miles walk
| Pos | Athlete | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | A. Brown (Plains FC) | 24:32 1/5 |
| 2. | James Caw (Edinburgh H.) |  |

High jump
| Pos | Athlete | Dist |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | James N. MacLeod (Glasgow Un.) | 5 ft 7in (1.70m) |

Pole vault
| Pos | Athlete | Dist |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Ernest Stones (Partick Thistle FC) | 11 ft 0in (3.35m) |
| 2. | C. C. MacKnight (Australasian CC) | 7 ft 0in (2.13m) |

Long jump
| Pos | Athlete | Dist |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Arthur E. Bullock (Edinburgh Un.) | 21 ft 0in (6.40m) |

Shot put
| Pos | Athlete | Dist |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Charles Reid (Edinburgh Academicals) | 40 ft 11in (12.47m) |
| 2. | J. MacDonald (Edinburgh H.) | 40 ft 4in (12.29m) |
| 3. | T. Robertson (Edinburgh H.) | 37 ft 2in (11.33m) |

Hammer
| Pos | Athlete | Dist |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | J. Barron (Edinburgh H.) | 94 ft 6in (28.80m) |
| 2. | Robert Smith (Mauchline FC) | 94 ft 1 1/2in (28.68m) |
| 3. | Charles Reid (Edinburgh Academicals FC) | 83 ft 2in (25.36m) |

## 10 miles (track)

10 miles (track)
| Pos | Athlete | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Alex P. Findlay (Ayr FC) | 55:21 3/5 |
| 2. | William Henderson (Clydesdale H.) | 56:02 4/5 |

The 10-mile championship took place at the same venue on Monday 27 June. As last year there were four starters, with Findlay taking the lead and W. Henderson (Clydesdale H.), W. M. Jack (Edinburgh H.) and J. McWilliam (Kilmarnock H.) in close attendance in that order for two miles, when Findlay increased the pace and gradually the others fell away. Both Jack and McWilliam retired in the sixth mile at which point Henderson was 200 yards in arrears. From there, Findlay just did enough to maintain the gap and won easily. splits (Leith Burghs Pilot) 1 mile: 5:19, 10:40 (5:21), 16:12 (5:32), 21:45 (5:33), 27:20 (5:35), 33:04 (5:44), 38:41 (5:37), 44:10 (5:29), 49:52 (5:42), 55:21.6 (5:29.6).

## InfoBox

| 1887 Scottish Athletics Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 25 June |
| Host city | Glasgow, Scotland |
| Venue | Hampden Park |
| Level | Senior |
| Type | Outdoor |
| Events | 13 |
| 1886 1888  <br>---  Scottish Athletics Championships | |


title: Norburn Terrace

abstract: Norburn Terrace is a historic home located at Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina. It was built about 1898, and is a two-story, three-bay, T-shaped, Late Victorian style brick dwelling. It features an octagonal tower with a spire roof and decorative porch with a spindle frieze and turned balusters. It was the home of Herbert E. Norris, a prominent Wake County attorney and politician. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

text:
# Norburn Terrace

**Norburn Terrace** is a historic home located at Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina. It was built about 1898, and is a two-story, three-bay, T-shaped, Late Victorian style brick dwelling. It features an octagonal tower with a spire roof and decorative porch with a spindle frieze and turned balusters. It was the home of Herbert E. Norris, a prominent Wake County attorney and politician.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Norburn Terrace | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 216 Lafayette St., Raleigh, North Carolina |
| Coordinates | 35°47′38″N 78°37′47″W / 35.79389°N 78.62972°W / 35.79389; -78.62972 |
| Area | 1.3 acres (0.53 ha) |
| Built | 1898 (1898) |
| Architect | Bauer, A.G. |
| Architectural style | Late Victorian |
| NRHP reference No. | 80002902 |
| Added to NRHP | February 1, 1980 |


title: Türbe

abstract: Türbe refers to a Muslim mausoleum, tomb or grave often in the Turkish-speaking areas and for the mausolea of Ottoman sultans, nobles and notables. A typical türbe is located in the grounds of a mosque or complex, often endowed by the deceased. However, some are more closely integrated into surrounding buildings. Many are relatively small buildings, often domed and hexagonal or octagonal in shape, containing a single chamber. More minor türbes are usually kept closed although the interior can be sometimes be glimpsed through metal grilles over the windows or door. The exterior is typically masonry, perhaps with tiled decoration over the doorway, but the interior often contains large areas of painted tilework, which may be of the highest quality. Inside, the body or bodies repose in plain sarcophagi, perhaps with a simple inscription, which are, or were originally, covered by rich cloth drapes. Usually these sarcophagi are symbolic, and the actual body lies below the floor. At the head of the tomb a wooden pole was sometimes surmounted by a white cloth Ottoman turban or by a turban carved in stone. Earlier examples often had two or more storeys, following the example of the Ilkhanate and Persian tombs on which they were modelled; the Malek Tomb is a good example of this. The Ottoman style is also supposed to reflect the shape of the tents used by the earlier nomadic Ottomans and their successors when on military campaigns. Sultans often had their tombs built during their lifetimes, although those of other family members were constructed after their deaths. The vital organs of Sultan Murad I, assassinated just after his victory at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, were buried in a türbe there while the rest of his body was carried back to his capital at Bursa to be buried in a second türbe.

text:
# Türbe

***Türbe*** refers to a Muslim mausoleum, tomb or grave often in the Turkish-speaking areas and for the mausolea of Ottoman sultans, nobles and notables. A typical türbe is located in the grounds of a mosque or complex, often endowed by the deceased. However, some are more closely integrated into surrounding buildings.

Many are relatively small buildings, often domed and hexagonal or octagonal in shape, containing a single chamber. More minor türbes are usually kept closed although the interior can be sometimes be glimpsed through metal grilles over the windows or door. The exterior is typically masonry, perhaps with tiled decoration over the doorway, but the interior often contains large areas of painted tilework, which may be of the highest quality.

Inside, the body or bodies repose in plain sarcophagi, perhaps with a simple inscription, which are, or were originally, covered by rich cloth drapes. Usually these sarcophagi are symbolic, and the actual body lies below the floor. At the head of the tomb a wooden pole was sometimes surmounted by a white cloth Ottoman turban (for men) or by a turban carved in stone.

Earlier examples often had two or more storeys, following the example of the Ilkhanate and Persian tombs on which they were modelled; the Malek Tomb is a good example of this. The Ottoman style is also supposed to reflect the shape of the tents used by the earlier nomadic Ottomans and their successors when on military campaigns. Sultans often had their tombs built during their lifetimes, although those of other family members (and some sultans) were constructed after their deaths. The vital organs of Sultan Murad I, assassinated just after his victory at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, were buried in a türbe there while the rest of his body was carried back to his capital at Bursa to be buried in a second türbe.

## Etymology

The word is derived from the Arabic تُرْبَة *turbah* (meaning *"soil/ground/earth"*), which can also mean a mausoleum, but more often a funerary complex, or a plot in a cemetery.

## Famous *türbes*

Istanbul is home to the *türbes* of most of the Ottoman sultans as well as to many of the grand viziers and other notables. Turkey also has *türbes* associated with several Sufi saints of the Ottoman Empire.

### Süleymaniye Mosque complex

The Süleymaniye Mosque complex in Istanbul includes some of the most famous *türbes*, including that of Suleyman himself (1550s) – perhaps the most splendid of all Ottoman *türbes –* and that of his wife Hürrem Sultan, with some extremely fine tilework. In a street close to the complex is the small *türbe* of its famous architect Mimar Sinan, in what was his garden.

### Konya

In Konya the grounds of the 12th-century Alâeddin Mosque contain two conical-roofed early *türbes* containing the remains of members of the Seljuk Rum dynasty. The town is also home to the *türbe* of Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi, which is a major shrine and pilgrimage point. In Konya, as in Kayseri, *türbes* are also referred to as *Kümbets*.

### Bursa

The Ottoman capital before the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, Bursa is home to the *türbes* of most of the earlier sultans including Osman I and his son, Orhan. *Türbes* in the grounds of the lovely Muradiye Complex contain the remains of Murad II and several princes. The Yeşil Türbe (Green Türbe), a large three-story tower in the grounds of the Yeşil Mosque, houses the beautifully tiled sarcophagus of Mehmed I. Much of its exterior is covered with plain blue tiles, despite the name of the tomb suggesting that they are green.

### Bulgaria

In Bulgaria, the heptagonal *türbes* of dervish saints such as Kıdlemi Baba, Ak Yazılı Baba, Demir Baba and Otman Baba served as the centers of Bektashi tekkes (gathering places) before 1826. The türbe of Haji Bektash Veli is located in the original Bektashi tekke (now a museum) in the town that now bears his name and remains a site for Alevi pilgrims from throughout Turkey.

### Bosnia and Herzegovina

At the peak of the Ottoman empire, under Gazi Husrev-beg Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, became one of the biggest and most important Ottoman cities in the Balkans after Istanbul, with the largest marketplace (modern day Baščaršija), and numerous mosques, which by the middle of the 16th century numbered more than 100. By 1660, the population of Sarajevo was estimated to be over 80,000. Husrev-beg greatly shaped the physical city, as most of what is now the Old Town was built during his reign. The Gazi Husrev-beg Mosque (Bosnian: Gazi Husrev-begova Džamija, Turkish: Gazi Hüsrev Bey Camii), is a mosque in Sarajevo historic marketplace Baščaršija, and it was built in 16th century. It is the largest historical mosque in Bosnia and Herzegovina and one of the most representative Ottoman structures in the Balkans. Gazi Husrev-beg's turbe is located in the mosque courtyard.

Travnik, in modern Bosnia and Herzegovina, became the capital of the Ottoman province of Bosnia and residence of the Bosnian viziers after 1699, when Sarajevo was set ablaze by Prince Eugene of Savoy. The Grand Viziers were sometimes buried in Travnik, and türbe shrines were erected in their honour in the heart of Old town of Travnik, where they stand today.

### Hungary

The türbe of Idrisz Baba stands in Pécs, Hungary and was built in 1591. It features an octagonal base and domed sepulchre, with ogee-shaped lower windows and circular upper windows on the facade. It is one of only two surviving türbes of its kind in Hungary (the other is the Tomb of Gül Baba), and plays an important role in the record of Ottoman architecture in Hungary.

Not much is known about the Turkish person entombed in the türbe of Idrisz Baba; however, he was considered to be a holy man with the power to work miracles. It was later used as a storage facility for gunpowder. The türbe has been furnished with a mausoleum, embroidered sheet, and prayer mat by the Turkish government. Both the türbe of Idrisz Baba and the türbe of Gül Baba are places of pilgrimage for Muslims.


abstract: The 1887 United States Senate election in Massachusetts was held during January 1887. Republican incumbent Henry L. Dawes was re-elected to a third term over opposition from within his own party, led by former Governor John Davis Long. At the time, Massachusetts elected United States senators by a majority vote of the combined houses of the Massachusetts General Court.

text:
# 1887 United States Senate election in Massachusetts

The **1887 United States Senate election in Massachusetts** was held during January 1887. Republican incumbent Henry L. Dawes was re-elected to a third term over opposition from within his own party, led by former Governor John Davis Long.

At the time, Massachusetts elected United States senators by a majority vote of the combined houses of the Massachusetts General Court.

## Background

Massachusetts had been a solidly Republican state since the start of the American Civil War. The Senate consisted of 25 Republicans and 14 Democrats, and the House consisted of 158 Republicans, 78 Democrats, and 5 independents.

## Candidates

### Declared

### Declined

## Campaign

On January 10, Long supporters in the legislature moved for a binding Republican caucus to nominate a single candidate and coalesce the Republican vote. Dawes supporters killed the motion and instead substituted one for a non-binding conference. Without a binding caucus, the candidates would be put to the whole of the legislature, where Dawes could rely on his support among Democrats and independents.

Some considered the matter to be a conclusive victory for Dawes. However, there was a chance that Long could pick up Democratic votes in the legislature, as he had in 1883.

On January 11, both candidates conducted separate canvasses of the legislature, and each found that they would win by around 75 votes.

On January 17, Democrats caucused and determined to cast their first ballot for Patrick A. Collins, and then to divide between Dawes and Long on subsequent ballots. Supporters of Governor George Robinson also determined to cast their ballots for Dawes after voting for Robinson in early balloting, a major blow to Long.

## Balloting

### First ballot

On the first ballots, Long was well behind Dawes. However, some of his supporters intentionally cast ballots for George Robinson. No candidate was close to the required majority in either house. It was generally conceded by all but the Long faction that Dawes would be re-elected given his unexpected lead in the House and rumors that Democrats would cast their votes for him tomorrow.

First ballot, Senate
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | Patrick A. Collins | 14 | 35.00% |
|  | Republican | John Davis Long | 12 | 30.00% |
|  | Republican | Henry L. Dawes | 11 | 27.50% |
|  | Republican | George D. Robinson | 2 | 5.00% |
| Total votes | | | **40** | **100.00%** |

First ballot, House
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | Patrick A. Collins | 81 | 34.62% |
|  | Republican | Henry L. Dawes | 65 | 27.78% |
|  | Republican | John Davis Long | 44 | 18.80% |
|  | Republican | George D. Robinson | 44 | 18.80% |
| Total votes | | | **234** | **100.00%** |

### Second ballot

On January 19, Democrats held a legislative conference to determine their action on the second ballot. The legislature met in joint convention to decide the election, rather than meeting as separate houses.

Second ballot
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | Patrick A. Collins | 92 | 33.33% |
|  | Republican | Henry L. Dawes | 76 | 27.54% |
|  | Republican | John Davis Long | 53 | 19.20% |
|  | Republican | George D. Robinson | 53 | 19.20% |
|  | Democratic | John E. Russell | 1 | 0.36% |
| Total votes | | | **276** | **100.00%** |

Second ballot, after changes
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Henry L. Dawes** | **181** | **65.58%** |
|  | Republican | George D. Robinson | 57 | 20.65% |
|  | Republican | John Davis Long | 26 | 9.42% |
|  | Democratic | Patrick A. Collins | 11 | 3.99% |
|  | Democratic | John E. Russell | 1 | 0.36% |
| Total votes | | | **276** | **100.00%** |

1. "Composition of the Massachusetts State Senate", *Resources on Massachusetts Political Figures in the State Library*, Mass.gov, archived from the original on June 6, 2020
2. "Composition of the State of Massachusetts House of Representatives", *Resources on Massachusetts Political Figures in the State Library*, Mass.gov, archived from the original on June 6, 2020
3. "The Massachusetts Senatorship". *The Baltimore Sun*. January 1, 1887. p. 1.
4. "A Victory for Senator Dawes". *The New York Times*. January 11, 1887. p. 1.
5. "The Massachusetts Senatorship". *The New York Times*. January 14, 1887. p. 4.
6. *Louisville Courier-Journal*. January 17, 1887. p. 1. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
7. "Senator Dawes Gaining". *The New York Times*. January 18, 1887. p. 1.
8. "Senator Dawes's Hopes". *The New York Times*. January 19, 1887. p. 4.
9. "It's Dawes: Democrats Elect Him Senator". *Boston Daily Globe*. January 20, 1887. p. 1.

## InfoBox

1887 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  280 members of the Massachusetts General Court
Majority of votes needed to win | |
| Nominee **Henry L. Dawes** George D. Robinson John D. Long  Party Republican Republican Republican  Electoral vote **181** 57 26  Percentage **65.58%** 20.65% 9.42% | |
| ---  **Senator before election**
Henry L. Dawes
Republican **Elected Senator**
Henry L. Dawes
Republican | |


title: Object–action interface

abstract: Object–action interface, also abbreviated as OAI, is an extension to the graphical user interface, especially related to direct manipulation user interface and it can help to create better human–computer interfaces and increase the usability of a product. There are basically two similar models regarding OAI. This model focuses on the priority of the object over the actions (i.e. it emphasizes the object being selected first, and then any action performed on it. OAI adheres to this model.

text:
# Object–action interface

**Object–action interface**, also abbreviated as **OAI**, is an extension to the graphical user interface, especially related to direct manipulation user interface and it can help to create better human–computer interfaces and increase the usability of a product.

There are basically two similar models regarding OAI.

This model focuses on the priority of the object over the actions (i.e. it emphasizes the object being selected first, and then any action performed on it. OAI adheres to this model.

## OAI model

The OAI model graphically represents the users' workplace using metaphors and let the users perform action(s) on the object. The sequence of work is to first select the object graphically (using mouse or other pointing device), and then performing an action on the selected object. The result/effect of the action is then shown graphically to the user. This way, the user is relieved from memory limitation, and syntactical complexity of the actions. Moreover, it emulates WYSIWYG. This feature of OAI lets the user control their sequence of action and visualize the effects at the runtime. If an action results in an undesired effect, the user simply reverses his sequence of actions.

In the action–object model, the computer is seen as a tool to perform different action. Whereas in the object–action model, the user gains a great sense of control from the feeling of a direct involvement. The computer in this case is seen as a medium through which different tools are represented, which is isomorphic to interacting with objects in the real world.

Designing an OAI model starts with examining and understanding the tasks to be performed by the system. The domain of tasks include the universe of objects within which the user works to accomplish a certain goal as well as the domain of all possible actions performed by the user. Once these tasks objects and actions are agreed upon, the designer starts by creating an isomorphic representation of the corresponding interface objects and actions.

The figure above shows how the designer maps the objects of the user's world to metaphors and actions to plans. The interface actions are usually performed by pointing device or keyboard and hence have to be visual to the user so that the latter can decompose his plan into steps of actions such as pointing, clicking, dragging, etc.

This way DMUIs provide a snapshot of the real world situations and map the natural way of user's work sequence through the interface. This means that the users do not have to memorize the course of actions and it reduces the time required to familiarize themselves with the new model of work. Moreover, it reduces the memory load of the users significantly and therefore enhances the usability.

## Task hierarchies of objects and actions

Tasks are composed of objects and actions at different levels. The positional hierarchy of any object and its related action may not be suitable for every user, but by being comprehensible they provide a great deal of usefulness.

### For the user

The most natural way of solving a complex problem is to divide it into sub-problems and then tackle them independently. Then by merging the solutions, a solution for the main problem is reached. This is basically a Divide-and-Conquer approach to problem-solving. This approach is followed in the real world by users when they perform tasks. Each complex task is divided into simple tasks. It is easy to see then, that by managing different levels within a hierarchy, the process is simplified. Through this method, users learn to execute tasks without considering the issues of implementation.

### For the designer

Ben Shneiderman suggests the following steps for designers to build a correct task hierarchy:

1. Know about the users and their tasks (Interviewing users, reading workbooks and taking training sessions)
2. Generate hierarchies of tasks and objects to model the users' tasks
3. Design interface objects and actions that metaphorically map to the real world universe

## Interface hierarchy of objects and actions

This hierarchy is similar to that of the task hierarchy and contains:

### Interface objects

Users interacting with system build up a basic concept/model of computer related objects like files, buttons, dialog box etc. They also acquire a brief experience of the properties of the objects and how to manipulate the object through its properties. Moreover, they learn how to perform actions on those objects to achieve their computing goals. Hence, a hierarchy of such objects is maintained (which represent the resource of the interface).

### Interface actions

This hierarchy consists of decomposed low level units of complex actions that could be performed on objects relevant to the domain of computers as assigned in the interface objects hierarchy. Each level in the hierarchy represent different level of decompositions. A high level plan to create a text file might involve mid-level actions such as creating a file, inserting text and saving that file. The mid-level action of saving a file the file can be decomposed into lower level actions such as storing the file with a backup copy and applying the access control rights. Further lower level actions might involve choosing the name of the file, the folder to save in, dealing with errors such as space shortage and so on.

### For the user

There are several ways users learn interface objects and actions such as demonstrations, sessions, or trial and error sessions. When these objects and actions have logical structure that can be related to other familiar task objects and actions, this knowledge becomes stable in the user's memory.

### For the designer

The OAI model helps a designer to understand the complex processes that a user has to perform in order to successfully use an interface to perform a certain task. Designers model the interface actions and objects based on familiar example and then fine tune these models to fit the task and the user.


title: Spartaeus spinimanus

abstract: Spartaeus spinimanus, the spiny-legged jumper, is a species of spider of the genus Spartaeus. It is found from Sri Lanka to Borneo, and Sumbawa. The most preferred prey is moths, where the spider builds large sheet webs on tree trunks to capture them.

text:
# Spartaeus spinimanus

***Spartaeus spinimanus***, the **spiny-legged jumper**, is a species of spider of the genus *Spartaeus*. It is found from Sri Lanka to Borneo, and Sumbawa. The most preferred prey is moths, where the spider builds large sheet webs on tree trunks to capture them.

## InfoBox

| *Spartaeus spinimanus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Salticidae |
| Genus: | *Spartaeus* |
| Species: | ***S. spinimanus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Spartaeus spinimanus***<br>(Thorell, 1878) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Boethus spinimanus* Thorell, 1878 | |


title: Nancy Stoyer

abstract:
Nancy J. Stoyer is an American chemist.
She was part of the team that discovered the 113 through 118 elements.

text:
# Nancy Stoyer

**Nancy J. Stoyer** is an American chemist. She was part of the team that discovered the 113 through 118 elements.

## Life

Stoyer graduated from California State University, Stanislaus in 1988 with a B.S. in chemistry. She obtained her PhD in chemistry from UC Berkeley in 1995.

## Career

Following her PhD, Stoyer worked at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory until 2008, where she was involved in the discoveries of superheavy elements 113-118.

She is on the board of the Pedrozzi Scholarship Foundation.

### Scientific discoveries

Stoyer was part of the team of scientists at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory that discovered and verified the existence of superheavy elements 113 (Nihonium), 115 (Moscovium) 116 (Livermorium), and 118 (Oganesson). When element 114 (Flerovium) was synthesised in 1998 at Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, scientists at Livermore helped to confirm their discovery by assisting with independent analysis of their data. Stoyer generated a search code to search through the experimental data for decay sequences similar to the 114-289 decay sequence that had already been observed experimentally. This analysis was used to confirm that Flerovium had actually been made and detected.


title: Leyte diminutive false gecko

abstract: The Leyte diminutive false gecko is a species of gecko. It is endemic to the Philippines.

text:
# Leyte diminutive false gecko

The **Leyte diminutive false gecko** (***Pseudogekko ditoy***) is a species of gecko. It is endemic to the Philippines.

## InfoBox

| Leyte diminutive false gecko | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Gekkonidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudogekko* |
| Species: | ***P. ditoy*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudogekko ditoy***<br>Siler, Welton, Davis, Watters, Davey, Diesmos, Diesmos, & Brown, 2014 | |
|


title: Voousia

abstract: Voousia punctifer is a moth in the family Cossidae, and the only species in the genus Voousia. It is found on Grenada, Dominica, St. Lucia and St. Vincent.

text:
# Voousia

***Voousia punctifer*** is a moth in the family Cossidae, and the only species in the genus ***Voousia***. It is found on Grenada, Dominica, St. Lucia and St. Vincent.

## Etymology

The genus is named in honour of Prof. Dr. K . H . Voous.

## InfoBox

| *Voousia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Cossidae |
| Genus: | ***Voousia***
Schoorl, 1990 |
| Species: | ***V. punctifer*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Voousia punctifer***
(Hampson, 1898) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Duomitus punctifer* Hampson, 1898 * *Xyleutes punctifer* | |


title: The M+M's Tour

abstract: The M+M's Tour was the sixth concert tour by American entertainer Britney Spears, consisting of six brief shows at clubs in the United States. Spears expressed interest in touring again as early as February 2006. She started rehearsing for a show at House of Blues venues in secret, and pulled out of a surprise performance on April 25, 2007, at Los Angeles nightclub Forty Deuce. After a marquee reading "The M+M's" at the House of Blues in San Diego, California, appeared in late April 2007, media sources identified the act as Spears, and the show quickly sold out. The title, "M+M's" code name was claimed to be Mother and Miss. The tour marked the first time Spears performed live since The Onyx Hotel Tour in June 2004. The show, which ran 12–16 minutes in length, featured Spears accompanied by four female back-up dancers performing choreographed dance numbers to shortened versions of five songs, including hits such as "...Baby One More Time" and "Toxic". During the performance of one song, a male audience member participated onstage. Spears' vocals during the performance were lip-synched. The shows received mixed reviews from critics and fans. Some said that Spears looked happy and in great shape, while others deemed the show as subpar. Scalpers outside the San Diego venue sold tickets with a face value of $35 for prices between $200 and $500.

text:
# The M+M's Tour

**The M+M's Tour** was the sixth concert tour by American entertainer Britney Spears, consisting of six brief shows at clubs in the United States. Spears expressed interest in touring again as early as February 2006. She started rehearsing for a show at House of Blues venues in secret, and pulled out of a surprise performance on April 25, 2007, at Los Angeles nightclub Forty Deuce. After a marquee reading "The M+M's" at the House of Blues in San Diego, California, appeared in late April 2007, media sources identified the act as Spears, and the show quickly sold out. The title, "M+M's" code name was claimed to be Mother (after having two children) and Miss (after being divorced). The tour marked the first time Spears performed live since The Onyx Hotel Tour in June 2004.

The show, which ran 12–16 minutes in length, featured Spears accompanied by four female back-up dancers performing choreographed dance numbers to shortened versions of five songs, including hits such as "...Baby One More Time" and "Toxic". During the performance of one song, a male audience member participated onstage. Spears' vocals during the performance were lip-synched. The shows received mixed reviews from critics and fans. Some said that Spears looked happy and in great shape, while others deemed the show as subpar. Scalpers outside the San Diego venue sold tickets with a face value of $35 for prices between $200 and $500.

## Background and development

> "She wants people to forget she's famous for shaving her head and going into rehab. She's famous for 'Baby One More Time' and for being a dancer and being sexy and being a professional music artist. This was just a teaser, and a way for her to get some of the nerves out of the way."

—Craig Marks, editor-in-chief of *Blender* talking about the tour.

The shows took place against a backdrop of Spears' life struggles the previous few years that had made her fodder for tabloid reports. These included a two-day marriage, a stormy two-year marriage and divorce after having two children, shaving her head, entering rehabilitation, and various run-ins with the paparazzi.

In an interview with *People* in February 2006, Spears explained that she was anxious to resume her career, saying, "This may sound weird, but I miss traveling. I miss the road, seeing different places and being with the dancers and having fun. That feeling of being on the stage, knowing it's your best — I love that. I needed a break. I needed to be hungry again." On April 26, 2007, Ivan Kane, the owner of Los Angeles nightclub Forty Deuce, told *E! News* that Spears had pulled out of a surprise performance at the venue the previous night. Kane stated that during rehearsal, she was "looking very hot, with four backup dancers and \[she\] sang three songs. They ran through the set several times, the choreography was smokin', and she sounded great." Marc Malkin of *E! News* said that Spears thought she might need more time to prepare. He also reported that she was planning to tour House of Blues venues in the United States. Spears wanted to keep the rehearsals a secret, and did not even inform the owners of the different dance studios the reason for the preparation. In late April 2007, a marquee reading "The M+M's" appeared at the House of Blues in San Diego. Several gossip websites and local media sources identified the act as Spears, prompting the show to quickly sell out. The title, "M+M's" code name was claimed to be Mother (after having two children) and Miss (after being divorced). On May 1, 2007, a front-page story on *The San Diego Union-Tribune* fueled the speculation. The same day, the doors opened at 19:00 PST (03:00 UTC), and Spears took the stage at 22:00 PST (06:00 UTC). It marked the first time Spears was on stage since her knee injury caused The Onyx Hotel Tour to be cancelled in June 2004.

## Concert synopsis

The concert opened with Spears taking the stage accompanied by four blonde female dancers to perform a short version of "...Baby One More Time", wearing a silver beaded bra, a pleated white skirt and white boots. She wore a long brown (blond in later dates) wig to cover the head she had shaved two and a half months previously and appeared in physically good shape. The show then segued into a flashy shortened version of "I'm a Slave 4 U". Though while Spears performed the original choreography, the performance was compared to the style of the Pussycat Dolls. The dancers then left Spears alone onstage to perform a chair routine of "Breathe on Me". They re-entered with a male fan from the audience with them and Spears giving him a lap dance. Halfway through the lap dance, Spears disappeared for a costume change leaving her dancers to continue the performance. She then reappeared in a hot pink bra, white fur coat and jean skirt to perform "Do Somethin'" with Spears throwing air guitars to the crowd. The show then concluded with "Toxic", which featured Spears and her dancers performing in a mix of Spears and Shakira dance styles. As the performance came to an end, Spears said "Thank you so much. These are my dancers" – her only words during the show – and left the stage. The show lasted around 12–16 minutes.

The first show in San Diego began two hours after the stated time. There was no live band for the shows; Spears and the dancers performed to recorded tracks. Spears' vocals during the show were also not live but rather were lip-synched to the recording. At some points, she was chewing gum while performing. The lack of live singing became most prominent during the Orlando stop of the tour, when the CD to which Spears was miming began skipping during "Do Somethin'", reportedly caused some in the audience to start booing. By the Florida shows, Spears was up to four costume changes.

## Reception

Teri VanHorn of MTV said that with "Her body newly toned and her smile beaming, she looked every bit like a woman who had emerged from her quarter-life crisis stronger than yesterday." She also said Spears performed with "a naughty, free-spirited attitude", as though she "had invited 900 friends to her dirty little dance party, and too bad for you if you couldn't roll with the fun." SuChin Pak, also from MTV stated the show was "no huge revelation", explaining, "It was not the kind of show that says: 'She's back. She's going to come out with the biggest album of her career.' Nor did it say that she's lost forever and we'll never see the old Britney back again. These are all really tiny baby steps." Thomas K. Arnold of *USA Today* said the show "turned out to be more rehearsal than comeback", although "all those post-rehab workouts were worth the effort." On May 2, 2007, scalpers outside the House of Blues in San Diego were selling tickets with a face value of $35 for prices between $200 and $500. Chris Lee of the *Los Angeles Times* wrote that "her 'comeback' – if you want to call it that – cemented Spears' place as pop music's reigning drama queen, capable of capturing worldwide tabloid headlines with a bare minimum of creative expenditure."

Fan reaction to the show was generally divided. Some fans attending the show were dissatisfied with its short length, with one quoted afterward as saying, "That was so disappointing." Some fans were also disappointed by the performance quality, with one quoted as saying, "It looked like she lip-synched her way through the whole thing." Other fans were more accommodating, pleased to be seeing her in good health and appearance and with one quoted as saying, "Whatever, we love her. She's amazing." One group of female fans wore matching pink tops that said "Bald Ambition" on one side and "The Comeback 2007" on the other. Jim Abbott of the *Orlando Sentinel* summed up some of the reaction by writing that fans at the tail end of the tour "knew that the show would be short. ... They also knew that she would be lip-synching, but this wasn't about music as much as it was about celebrity, loyalty and beating adversity."

## Setlist

Setlist adapted from MTV.

1. "...Baby One More Time"
2. "I'm a Slave 4 U"
3. "Breathe on Me"
4. "Do Somethin'"
5. "Toxic"

## Shows

List of concerts, showing date, city, country, venue, tickets sold, number of available tickets and amount of gross revenue
| Date | City | Country | Venue | Attendance | Revenue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| May 1, 2007 | San Diego | United States | House of Blues | 900 / 900 (100%) | $36,896 |
| May 2, 2007 | Anaheim | | | 1,100 / 1,100 (100%) | $38,500 |
| May 3, 2007 | Los Angeles | | | 1,050 / 1,050 (100%) | $36,750 |
| May 6, 2007 | Las Vegas | | | 1,743 / 1,800 (97%) | $104,580 |
| May 19, 2007 | Orlando | | | 2,100 / 2,100 (100%) | $73,500 |
| May 20, 2007 | Miami | | Mansion Nightclub |  |  |
| Total | | | | 6,893 / 6,950 (99%) | $290,226 |
|

## InfoBox

The M+M's Tour
| Tour by Britney Spears | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | North America |
| Start date | May 1, 2007 (2007-05-01) |
| End date | May 20, 2007 (2007-05-20) |
| Legs | 1 |
| No. of shows | 6 |
| Box office | $290,226 |
| Britney Spears concert chronology | |


abstract: Norden Township is a township in Pennington County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 385 at the 2000 census.

text:
# Norden Township, Pennington County, Minnesota

**Norden Township** is a township in Pennington County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 385 at the 2000 census.

## History

Norden is a name derived from Norwegian and/or Swedish meaning "northern."

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 27.6 square miles (71.5 km2), all land.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 385 people, 135 households, and 108 families residing in the township. The population density was 14.0 people per square mile (5.4/km2). There were 144 housing units at an average density of 5.2/sq mi (2.0/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 98.44% White, 0.26% African American, 0.78% Native American, and 0.52% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.26% of the population.

There were 135 households, out of which 40.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.9% were married couples living together, 5.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.0% were non-families. 17.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.85 and the average family size was 3.23.

In the township the population was spread out, with 29.6% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 26.8% from 45 to 64, and 8.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 110.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 115.1 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $50,500, and the median income for a family was $55,938. Males had a median income of $35,521 versus $21,125 for females. The per capita income for the township was $17,951. About 6.9% of families and 7.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.5% of those under age 18 and 5.9% of those age 65 or over.

## InfoBox

| Norden Township, Minnesota | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Norden Township, MinnesotaLocation within the state of MinnesotaNorden Township, MinnesotaNorden Township, Minnesota (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 48°8′8″N 96°18′7″W / 48.13556°N 96.30194°W / 48.13556; -96.30194 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Minnesota |
| County | Pennington |
| Area | |
| Total | 27.6 sq mi (71.5 km2) |
| Land | 27.6 sq mi (71.5 km2) |
| Water | 0.0 sq mi (0.0 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,129 ft (344 m) |
| Population (2000) | |
| Total | 385 |
| Density | 14.0/sq mi (5.4/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 56701 |
| Area code | 218 |
| FIPS code | 27-46510 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0665132 |


title: MIKE 11

abstract:
MIKE 11 is a computer program that simulates flow and water level, water quality and sediment transport in rivers, flood plains, irrigation canals, reservoirs and other inland water bodies. MIKE 11 is a 1-dimensional river model. It was developed by DHI. MIKE 11 has long been known as a software tool with advanced interface facilities. Since the beginning MIKE 11 was operated through an efficient interactive menu system with systematic layouts and sequencing of menus. It is within that framework where the latest ‘Classic’ version of MIKE 11 – version 3.20 was developed. The new generation of MIKE 11 combines the features and experiences from the mike11
MIKE 11 ‘Classic’ period, with the powerful Windows based user interface including graphical editing facilities and improved computational speed gained by the full utilization of 32-bit technology.

text:
# MIKE 11

**MIKE 11** is a computer program that simulates flow and water level, water quality and sediment transport in rivers, flood plains, irrigation canals, reservoirs and other inland water bodies. MIKE 11 is a 1-dimensional river model. It was developed by DHI.

MIKE 11 has long been known as a software tool with advanced interface facilities.

```
Since the beginning MIKE 11 was operated through an efficient interactive menu system with systematic layouts and sequencing of menus. It is within that framework where the latest ‘Classic’ version of MIKE 11 – version 3.20 was developed.
```

The new generation of MIKE 11 combines the features and experiences from the mike11 MIKE 11 ‘Classic’ period, with the powerful Windows based user interface including graphical editing facilities and improved computational speed gained by the full utilization of 32-bit technology.

## Modules

The computational core of MIKE 11 is a hydrodynamic simulation engine, and this is complemented by a wide range of additional modules and extensions covering almost all conceivable aspects of river modeling.

**HD module**: provides fully dynamic solution to the complete nonlinear 1-D Saint Venant equations, diffusive wave approximation and kinematic wave approximation, Muskingum method and Muskingum-Cunge method for simplified channel routing. It can automatically adapt to subcritical flow and supercritical flow. It has ability to simulate standard hydraulic structures such as weirs, culverts, bridges, pumps, energy loss and sluice gates.

**GIS Extension**: an extension of ArcMap from ESRI providing features for catchment/river delineation, cross-section and Digital Elevation Model(DEM) data, pollution load estimates, flood visualisation/animation as 2D maps and results presentation/analysis using Temporal Analyst.

**RR module**: a rainfall runoff module, including the unit hydrograph method (UHM), a lumped conceptual continuous hydrological model and a monthly soil moisture accounting model. It includes an auto-calibration tool to estimate model parameter based on statistic data of comparison of simulated water levels/discharges and observations.

**SO module**: a structure operation module. It simulates operational structures such as sluice gates, weirs, culverts, pumps, bridges with operating strategies.

**DB module**: a dam break module. It provides complete facilities for definition of dam geometry, breach development in time and space as well as failure mode.

**AUTOCAL module**: an automatic calibration tool. It allows automisation of the calibration process for a wide range of parameters, including rainfall runoff parameters, Manning's number, head loss coefficients, water quality parameters etc.

**AD module**: an advection dispersion module. It simulates transport and spreading of conservative pollutants and constituents as well as heat with linear decay.

**ST/GST module**: a noncohesive sediment module. It simulates transport, erosion and deposition of non-cohesive and graded noncohesive sediments, including simulations of river morphology.

**ACS module**: a cohesive sediment module. It has 3-layer bed description, including quasi-2D erosion.

**MIKE ECO Lab module**: provides ecological modeling. It can simulate BOD/DO, Ammonia, Nitrate, Eutrophication, heavy metals and Wetlands. It includes standard templates that are well documented and have been used extensively in numerous applications worldwide. Based on predefined process templates, one can develop his/her own templates.

**MIKE 11 Stratified module**: models vertical density differences such as salinity or temperature in two-layer or multi-layered stratified water bodies.

**MIKE 11 Real Time module**: a simulation package and GIS front-end for setting up operational flood forecasting systems. It includes real-time updating and kalman filtering.

## Applications

MIKE 11 has been used in hundreds of application around the world. Its main application areas are flood analysis and alleviation design, real-time flood forecasting, dam break analysis, optimisation of reservoir and canal gate/structure operations, ecological and water quality assessments in rivers and wetlands, sediment transport and river morphology studies, salinity intrusion in rivers and estuaries.


abstract: The 1887 United States Senate election in New York was held from January 18 to 20, 1887, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate. Incumbent Republican Senator Warner Miller was not renominated by the Republican legislative caucus and was succeeded by Frank Hiscock.

text:
# 1887 United States Senate election in New York

The **1887 United States Senate election in New York** was held from January 18 to 20, 1887, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 1) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate. Incumbent Republican Senator Warner Miller was not renominated by the Republican legislative caucus and was succeeded by Frank Hiscock.

## Background

Republican Warner Miller had been elected to this seat in a special election in 1881 to succeed Thomas C. Platt who had resigned. Miller's term would expire on March 3, 1887.

At the State election in November 1885, 20 Republicans and 12 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1886-1887) in the State Senate. At the State election in November 1886, 74 Republicans and 54 Democrats were elected for the session of 1887 to the Assembly. The 110th New York State Legislature met from January 4 to May 26, 1887, at Albany, New York.

## Republican caucus

### Candidates

### Results

The caucus of Republican State legislators met on January 17, President pro tempore of the State Senate Edmund L. Pitts presided. 20 State senators and 71 assemblymen attended. Ex-Speaker of the Assembly George Z. Erwin (a Morton man) moved that a majority of all Republican legislators should be necessary to nominate, not only a majority of those present, meaning that 48 votes were required instead of 46, which was carried by a vote of 52 to 39. The incumbent U.S. Senator Warner Miller (Half-Breed faction) failed to be nominated by only four votes. Levi P. Morton (Stalwart faction) was rejected by the caucus, as in 1885. A small faction voted for Congressman Frank Hiscock. After the second ballot, Erwin moved to adjourn, which was carried by 48 to 43. The caucus met again on the next day, no choice was made in another two ballots. The caucus met again on January 19 after the joint ballot of the State Legislature, and after twelve more ballots, Erwin withdrew Morton's name and urged the Morton men to vote for Hiscock. On the next ballot Hiscock received one vote more than Miller (47 to 46), but was one short of the previously established majority of 48. On the 18th and last ballot, Hiscock received 50 votes and was nominated. On the next day, Hiscock was elected on the second joint ballot of the State Legislature. Thus, by blocking Miller's re-election, the Republican boss Thomas C. Platt took his revenge for his defeat at the special election in 1881.

**1887 Republican caucus for United States Senator**
| Ballot | Date | Warner Miller | Levi P. Morton | **Frank Hiscock** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1st | January 17 | 44 | 35 | 12 |
| 2nd | January 17 | 44 | 36 | 11 |
| 3rd | January 18 |  |  |  |
| 4th | January 18 |  |  |  |
| 5th | January 19 | 46 | 36 | 11 |
| 6th | January 19 | 46 | 36 | 11 |
| 7th | January 19 | 46 | 36 | 11 |
| 8th | January 19 | 46 | 36 | 11 |
| 9th | January 19 | 46 | 36 | 11 |
| 10th | January 19 | 46 | 36 | 11 |
| 11th | January 19 | 46 | 36 | 11 |
| 12th | January 19 | 46 | 36 | 11 |
| 13th | January 19 | 46 | 36 | 11 |
| 14th | January 19 | 46 | 36 | 11 |
| 15th | January 19 | 46 | 36 | 11 |
| 16th | January 19 | 46 | 36 | 11 |
| 17th | January 19 | 46 | Withdrew | 47 |
| 18th | January 19 | 43 |  | 50 |

## Democratic caucus

The Democratic caucus nominated Smith Mead Weed (1834-1920), a lawyer and businessman of Plattsburgh, New York. Weed had been a member of the New York State Assembly from Clinton County, New York in 1865, 1866, 1867, 1871, 1873 and 1874; and a delegate to the 1876 and 1884 Democratic National Conventions.

## General election

| House | Democrat | | Republican | | Republican | | Republican | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| State Senate
(32 members)
January 18 | Smith M. Weed | 11 | Warner Miller | 10 | Levi P. Morton | 9 | Frank Hiscock | 1 |
| State Assembly
(128 members)
January 18 | Smith M. Weed | 41 | Warner Miller | 32 | Levi P. Morton | 26 | Frank Hiscock | 10 |
| Joint ballot
(160 members)
January 19 | Smith M. Weed | 61 | Warner Miller | 43 | Levi P. Morton | 33 | Frank Hiscock | 11 |
| Second joint ballot
(160 members)
January 20 | Smith M. Weed | 62 |  |  |  |  | **Frank Hiscock** | **91** |

## Aftermath

Hiscock served a single term, and remained in office until March 3, 1893. In January 1893, Hiscock was defeated for re-election by Democrat Edward Murphy, Jr.

## Sources

* "Members of the 50th United States Congress" (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 6, 2010. Retrieved December 10, 2009.
* "MILLER LEADS IN CAUCUS; BUT WANTS FOUR VOTES OF A NOMINATING MAJORITY" (PDF). *The New York Times*. January 18, 1887.
* "'HISCOCK WINS THE PRIZE; MORTON WITHDRAWN FROM THE SENATORIAL FIGHT" (PDF). *The New York Times*. January 20, 1887.
* "MR. HISCOCK'S ELECTION" (PDF). *The New York Times*. January 21, 1887.
* "Smith M. Weed Dies in Plattsburgh" (PDF). *The New York Times*. June 8, 1920.

## InfoBox

1887 United States Senate election in New York
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Frank Hiscock** Smith Mead Weed   Party Republican Democratic  Electoral vote **91** 62  Percentage **59.48%** 40.52% | |
| ---  **U.S. Senators before election**
Warner Miller
Republican **Elected U.S. Senators**
Frank Hiscock
Republican | |


title: Object–verb word order

abstract: In linguistics, an OV language, or a language with object-verb word order, is a language in which the object comes before the verb. OV languages compose approximately forty-seven percent of documented languages. They are primarily left-branching, or head-final, with heads often found at the end of their phrases, with a resulting tendency to have the adjectives before nouns, to place adpositions after the noun phrases they govern, to put relative clauses before their referents, and to place auxiliary verbs after the action verb. Of the OV languages that make use of affixes, many predominantly, or even exclusively, as in the case of Turkish, prefer suffixation to prefixation. For example, English would be considered a VO language, and Japanese and Korean would be considered to be OV. Some languages, such as Finnish, Hungarian, Russian, and Yiddish, use both OV and VO constructions, but in other instances, such as Early Middle English, some dialects may use VO and others OV. Languages that contain both OV and VO construction may solidify into one or the other construction. A language that moves the verb or verb phrase more than the object will have surface VO word order, and a language which moves the object more than the verb or verb phrase will have surface OV word order.

text:
# Object–verb word order

In linguistics, an **OV language** (**object–verb language**), or a language with **object-verb word order**, is a language in which the object comes before the verb. OV languages compose approximately forty-seven percent of documented languages.

They are primarily left-branching, or head-final, with heads often found at the end of their phrases, with a resulting tendency to have the adjectives before nouns, to place adpositions after the noun phrases they govern (in other words, to use postpositions), to put relative clauses before their referents, and to place auxiliary verbs after the action verb. Of the OV languages that make use of affixes, many predominantly, or even exclusively, as in the case of Turkish, prefer suffixation to prefixation.

For example, English would be considered a VO language, and Japanese and Korean would be considered to be OV.

**Japanese:**

inu

ga

neko

object

o

追いかけた

oikaketa

verb

犬 が 猫 を 追いかけた

inu ga neko o oikaketa

{} {} object {} verb

The dog **chased** (verb) the *cat* (object)

**Korean:**

개는

gae-neun

고양이를

go-yang-i-reul

object

쫓았다

jjo-chatt-da

verb

개는 고양이를 쫓았다

gae-neun go-yang-i-reul jjo-chatt-da

{} object verb

The dog **chased** (verb) the *cat* (object)

**Turkish:**

Köpek,

kediyi

object

kovaladı.

verb

Köpek, kediyi kovaladı.

{} object verb

The dog **chased** (verb) the *cat* (object)

Some languages, such as Finnish, Hungarian, Russian, and Yiddish, use both OV and VO constructions, but in other instances, such as Early Middle English, some dialects may use VO and others OV. Languages that contain both OV and VO construction may solidify into one or the other construction. A language that moves the verb or verb phrase more than the object will have surface VO word order, and a language which moves the object more than the verb or verb phrase will have surface OV word order.

## Subsets


title: Spartaeus (mythology)

abstract: In Greek mythology, Spartaeus was the son of the Rhodian nymph Himalia and Zeus. He was the brother of Cronius and Cytus.

text:
# Spartaeus (mythology)

In Greek mythology, **Spartaeus** (Ancient Greek: Σπαρταῖον *Spartaios*) was the son of the Rhodian nymph Himalia and Zeus. He was the brother of Cronius and Cytus.

## Mythology

When Spartaeus and his brothers were still young men, Aphrodite travelling from Cythera to Cyprus, dropped near Rhodes but was prevented by the sons of Poseidon and Halia. Thus, the goddess cursed them with insanity.

Jennifer Larson observes that the dictionary compiler Hesychius of Alexandria gives ίμαλιά. denoting an abundance of wheat meal, and notes the agricultural connotations of the sons' names: "*Spartaios* recalls sowing, and *Kytos* means a basket or jar. *Kronios* denotes a descendant of Kronos, the god of the Golden Age", a mythic time of ease and abundance.

1. Diodorus Siculus, 5.55.5
2. Diodorus Siculus, 5.55.6
3. Jennifer Lynn Larson, 2001. *Greek Nymphs: Myth, Cult, Lore* p. 322 note 397.


title: Nancy Struever

abstract: Nancie Schermerhorn Struever is an American historian of the Renaissance. She is a professor emerita in the department of comparative thought and literature at the Johns Hopkins Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences where she joined the faculty in 1974. Struever was previously a professor at the Hobart and William Smith Colleges.

text:
# Nancy Struever

**Nancie Schermerhorn Struever** (born December 2, 1928) is an American historian of the Renaissance. She is a professor emerita in the department of comparative thought and literature at the Johns Hopkins Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences where she joined the faculty in 1974. Struever was previously a professor at the Hobart and William Smith Colleges.

## Early life and education

Nancie Schermerhorn Struever was born December 2, 1928, in LaSalle, Illinois. She is the daughter of Olive M. Schermerhorn. She graduated from LaSalle-Peru High School in June 1945. From 1945 to 1946, Struever attended Frances Shimer Academy where she won the Elizabeth Percy Konrad trophy for excellence in English and the Phi Theta Kappa scholastic award. She majored in history during her junior a senior year at Connecticut College from 1946 to 1948.

Struever married Carl C. Struever Jr., an engineer at Eastman Kodak. She later completed a bachelor's degree in history at the University of Rochester College for Women where she graduated with distinction and Phi Beta Kappa in June 1954. She completed a M.A. in English in June 1957 at the University of Rochester. Her master's thesis conducted under advisor Bernard Nicholas Schilling was titled, *A Comparison of the Historical Method and Literary Style of Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire and Tomas Carlyle's French Revolution*.

Struever commenced her doctoral studies in May 1961 under advisor Hayden White. While completing graduate courses, she studied Greek at the Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School. During the school year 1963 to 1964, she was awarded a $3,000 fellowship by the American Association of University Women, allowing her to spend a summer Florence. While there, she researched in the Archivio di Stato di Firenze and read Florentine manuscripts at the British Museum. Stuever was an instructor in the history department at Hobart and William Smith Colleges beginning in 1964. In 1966, Struever completed a Ph.D. in medieval history. Her dissertation was titled, *Rhetoric and Historical Consciousness in Italian Humanism; Rhetorical and Historical Modes in Coluccio Salutati, Leonardo Bruni, and Poggio Bracciolini*. The dissertation became the basis of her first book published in 1970.

At the time she completed her doctorate, Struever had a daughter and son in college and her youngest son was a freshman in high school. In a 1971 interview, Struever shared of her experiences as a doctoral student that, "...attitudes among the faculty ranged from encouraging to horrified. My worst problem was that U of R would not give me a graduate fellowship, because history obviously could only be my avocation, not my vocation. They didn't think I could be serious, so I spent two years as a teaching assistant without pay, in order to get my teaching credits."

## Career

In 1971, Struever, a professor of history at Hobart and William Smith Colleges, was awarded an American Council of Learned Societies fellowship that she would use to take a sabbatical from 1972 to 1973 in Italy to research for her second book.

In 1974, Struever became a professor at Johns Hopkins University.

In 1990, Struever was the president of the International Society for the History of Rhetoric.

In March 1998, the humanities center at Johns Hopkins sponsored a symposium in honor of her retirement.

## Personal life

In 1974, Struever moved to Tuscany-Canterbury, Baltimore. Struever's sons Bill and Fred are real estate developers in Baltimore. She owns a home in Maine. Struever and her daughter, Molly, shared ownership of the Children's Bookstore in Baltimore with JoAnn Fruchtman. By 1999, Fruchtman reported that she bought the Struevers out a few years after opening.

## Selected works

* Struever, Nancy S. (1970). *The Language of History in the Renaissance: Rhetoric and Historical Consciousness in Florentine Humanism*. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-06180-1.
* Vickers, Brian; Struever, Nancy S. (1985). *Rhetoric and the Pursuit of Truth: Language Change in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries*. William Andrews Clark Memorial Library, University of California.
* Struever, Nancy S. (1992). *Theory as Practice: Ethical Inquiry in the Renaissance*. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-77742-9.
* Struever, Nancy S. (2009). *Rhetoric, Modality, Modernity*. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-77750-4.
* Struever, Nancy S. (2009). *The History of Rhetoric and the Rhetoric of History*. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-5999-0.
* Pender, Stephen; Struever, Nancy S., eds. (2012). *Rhetoric and Medicine in Early Modern Europe*. Ashgate. ISBN 978-1-4094-3022-3.

## InfoBox

| Nancy Struever | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Nancie Schermerhorn
(1928-12-02) December 2, 1928
LaSalle, Illinois, U.S. |
| Children | 3 |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | Frances Shimer Academy
Connecticut College
University of Rochester |
| Thesis | *Rhetoric and Historical Consciousness in Italian Humanism; Rhetorical and Historical Modes in Coluccio Salutati, Leonardo Bruni, and Poggio Bracciolini* (1966) |
| Doctoral advisor | Hayden White |
| Other advisors | Bernard Nicholas Schilling |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Renaissance studies, comparative literature |
| Institutions | Hobart and William Smith Colleges
Johns Hopkins University |
|  | |


abstract: The Lewisburg Hall and Warehouse Company Building is a building located in Lewisburg, Oregon listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

text:
# Lewisburg Hall and Warehouse Company Building

The **Lewisburg Hall and Warehouse Company Building** is a building located in Lewisburg, Oregon listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Lewisburg Hall and Warehouse Company Building | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The building's exterior in 2009 | |
|  | |
| Location | 6000 NE. Elliott Cir., Corvallis, Oregon |
| Coordinates | 44°37′54″N 123°14′21″W / 44.63167°N 123.23917°W / 44.63167; -123.23917 |
| Area | 0.4 acres (0.16 ha) |
| Built | 1911 (1911) |
| Built by | Robert Wiley, John Dodge, Thomas Logsdon, George Mitchell |
| NRHP reference No. | 91000804 |
| Added to NRHP | June 19, 1991 |