title: List of Seattle Seahawks team records

text:
# List of Seattle Seahawks team records

This article details statistics relating to the Seattle Seahawks NFL football team, including career, single season and game records.

## Offense

### Passing

### Receiving

### Rushing

### Combined (rushing and receiving)

## Defense

## Special teams

### Kicking

### Punting

### Return

## Miscellaneous

## Coaching

## Career leaders

*All lists are accurate through the 2023 season.*

***Bold** denotes an active player.*


title: List of casinos in Colorado

abstract: This is a list of casinos in the U.S. State of Colorado.

text:
# List of casinos in Colorado

This is a **list of casinos in the U.S. State of Colorado.**

## List of casinos

**List of casinos in the U.S. state of Colorado**
| Casino | City | County | State | District | Type | Comments |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ameristar Black Hawk | Black Hawk | Gilpin | Colorado |  | Land-based | State licensed casino |
| Bally's Black Hawk East | Black Hawk | Gilpin | Colorado |  | Land-based | State licensed casino |
| Bally's Black Hawk North | Black Hawk | Gilpin | Colorado |  | Land-based | State licensed casino |
| Bally's Black Hawk West | Black Hawk | Gilpin | Colorado |  | Land-based | State licensed casino |
| Brass Ass Casino | Cripple Creek | Teller | Colorado |  | Land-based | State licensed casino |
| Bronco Billy's Casino | Cripple Creek | Teller | Colorado |  | Land-based | State licensed casino |
| Bull Durham Saloon and Casino | Black Hawk | Gilpin | Colorado |  | Land-based | State licensed casino |
| Century Casino & Hotel Central City | Central City | Gilpin | Colorado |  | Land-based | State licensed casino |
| Century Casino Cripple Creek | Cripple Creek | Teller | Colorado |  | Land-based | State licensed casino |
| Colorado Grande Casino | Cripple Creek | Teller | Colorado |  | Land-based | State licensed casino |
| Dan Cooper's Eureka! Casino | Black Hawk | Gilpin | Colorado |  | Land-based | *Defunct* – closed in 2008 |
| Dostal Alley Brewpub & Casino | Central City | Gilpin | Colorado |  | Land-based | State licensed casino |
| Double Eagle Hotel & Casino | Cripple Creek | Teller | Colorado |  | Land-based | State licensed casino |
| Dragon Tiger Casino | Central City | Gilpin | Colorado |  | Land-based | State licensed casino |
| Easy Street Casino | Central City | Gilpin | Colorado |  | Land-based | State licensed casino |
| Famous Bonanza | Central City | Gilpin | Colorado |  | Land-based | State licensed casino |
| Grand Z Casino Hotel | Central City | Gilpin | Colorado |  | Land-based | State licensed casino |
| Horseshoe Black Hawk | Black Hawk | Gilpin | Colorado |  | Land-based | State licensed casino |
| Johnny Nolon's Casino | Cripple Creek | Teller | Colorado |  | Land-based | State licensed casino |
| Lady Luck Hotel & Casino | Cripple Creek | Teller | Colorado |  | Land-based | State licensed casino |
| McGills Hotel & Casino | Cripple Creek | Teller | Colorado |  | Land-based | State licensed casino |
| Midnight Rose Hotel & Casino | Cripple Creek | Teller | Colorado |  | Land-based | State licensed casino |
| Monarch Casino Resort Spa | Black Hawk | Gilpin | Colorado |  | Land-based | State licensed casino |
| Red Dolly Casino | Black Hawk | Gilpin | Colorado |  | Land-based | State licensed casino |
| Saratoga Casino Black Hawk | Black Hawk | Giipin | Colorado |  | Land-based | State licensed casino |
| Sasquatch Casino | Black Hawk | Giipin | Colorado |  | Land-based | State licensed casino |
| Sky Ute Casino Resort | Ignacio | La Plata | Colorado |  | Native American | Owned by the Southern Ute Indian Tribe |
| Teller House | Central City | Gilpin | Colorado |  | Land-based | *Defunct* – serves as restaurant since 2005 |
| The Gilpin Casino | Black Hawk | Giipin | Colorado |  | Land-based | State licensed casino |
| The Lodge Casino at Black Hawk | Black Hawk | Giipin | Colorado |  | Land-based | State licensed casino |
| Ute Mountain Casino Hotel | Towaoc | Montezuma | Colorado |  | Native American | Owned by the Ute Mountain Ute Tribe |
| Wild Card Casino & Saloon | Black Hawk | Giipin | Colorado |  | Land-based | State licensed casino |
| Wildwood Hotel & Casino | Cripple Creek | Teller | Colorado |  | Land-based | State licensed casino |
| Z Casino | Black Hawk | Giipin | Colorado |  | Land-based | State licensed casino; formally Bullwhacker's Casino |

38°59′50″N 105°32′52″W / 38.9972°N 105.5478°W / 38.9972; -105.5478 (State of Colorado)


title: List of Urdu dramatists

text:
# List of Urdu dramatists

This is a list of those dramatists who wrote their work in the Urdu language. Despite the historical presence of Sanskrit dramas, the history of Urdu drama is begins only with British influences on Urdu in the 19th century. Today Urdu drama has been developed as a separate branch of Urdu literature.

## List

| Name | Era | Nationality | Works |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Agha Hasan Amanat | 1915–1858 | British India | Andar Sabha (1853) |
| Rawnaq Banarasi | 1882 | British India | Insaf Mahmud Shah |
| Mia Hussaini (Pen name Zareef) |  | British India | Asmat, Khuda Dost, Chand Bibi, Bulbul |
| Munshi Banayak Parshad Talib Banarasi | death | British India |  |
| Syed Mehdi Hasan Pen name; Ahsan Lakhnuvi) |  | British India | Waqiaat Anees, Bhool Bhalian, Chalta Purza |
| Betab Dehluvi |  | British India | Qatal e Nazeer, Maha Bharat, |
| Agha Hashar Kashmiri | 1879 – 28 April 1935 | British India | Shaheed Naz, Mureed Shak, Turkey Hur |
| Ghulam Hussain Zareef | 1889 | British India | Anjam Sakhawat |
| Muhammad Abdul Waheed Qais |  | British India | Jalsa Paristan |
| Faqir Muhammad Taigh |  | British India | Anjam e Ulfat e wa Benazir |
| Feroz Shah Khan |  | British India |  |
| Ahmad Hassan Wafar |  | British India | Bulbul e Bemar |
| Mir Karamatullah |  | British India |  |
| Mir Wajidullah |  | British India |  |
| Amrao Ali |  | British India | Albert Bill (first Political Urdu Drama), Jehangir (Translation of Hemlat) |
| Munshi Ghulam ALi |  | British India | Taeed Yazdani |
| Munshi Muhammad Ibrahim |  | British India | Aatishi Nag |
| Munshi Rahmat Ali |  | British India | Dard e Jigar |
| Dawarka Parshad Ufaq |  | British India | Ram Natak |
| Mirza Abbas |  | British India | Noor Jahan wa Shahi Farman |
| Agha Shair Dehluvi |  | British India | Hur o Jannat |
| Lala Khishan Chand |  | British India |  |
| Lala Knwar Seen |  | British India | Brhman Natak |
| Hakim Ahmad Shuja | 1893 – 1969 | Pakistan | Bap ka Gunah, Bharat ka lal |
| Syed Imtiaz Ali |  | British India | Anar Kali, Dulhan |
| Syed Dilawar Ali Shah |  | British India | Punjab MAil |
| Khan Ahmad Hussain |  | British India | Husan Ka Bazar |
| Radhy Sham |  | British India |  |
| Jamiluddin Aali | 1925 – 23 November 2015 | Pakistan |  |
| Rajinder Singh Bedi | 1915 – 1984 | Indian |  |
| Habib Tanvir | 1923 – 8 June 2009 | India |  |
| Manju Qamaraidullāhī | 1908–1983 | India |  |
| Shamim Hanfi | 1938–2021 | India |  |
| Sajjad Zaheer | 1899 – 13 September 1973 | Pakistan |  |
| Munnu Bhai | 1933-2008 | Pakistan |  |
| Muhammad Mansha Yaad |  | Pakistan |  |
| Anwar Maqsood | 1935 | Pakistan |  |
| Bano Qudsia | 1928 – 4 February 2017 | Pakistan |  |
| Ashfaq Ahmed | 1925 – 7 September 2004 | Pakistan |  |
| Zahida Hina | 1946 | Pakistan |  |
| Haseena Moin | 1941–2021 | Pakistan |  |
| Abdul Hameed | 1925–2011 | Pakistan |  |
| Khalid Ahmad | 1943–2013 | Pakistan |  |
| Shoaib Hashmi |  | Pakistan |  |
| Shahid Nadeem | 1947– | Pakistan |  |
| Sarwat Nazir |  | Pakistan | Main Abdul Qadir Hun |
| Samira Fazal |  | Pakistan | *Daastan* |
| Taj Haider | 1942 | Pakistan |  |
| Shamim Hanfi | 1938–2021 | Pakistan |  |
| Javed Siddiqi | 1942- | Indian |  |

1. Urdu, Drama. "Collection of Urdu dramas". *Rekhta*.


title: Tonie Walsh

abstract: Tonie Walsh is an LGBT rights activist, journalist, disc jockey, founding editor of Gay Community News (Dublin) and founder of the Irish Queer Archive.

text:
# Tonie Walsh

**Tonie Walsh** (born 25 December 1960 in Dublin, Ireland) is an LGBT rights activist, journalist, disc jockey, founding editor of Gay Community News (Dublin) and founder of the Irish Queer Archive.

## Biography

Walsh spent most of his childhood in Clonmel, County Tipperary. His twenties were spent mainly in the gay civil rights movement in Dublin, during which time he was one of the prime movers behind Dublin's LGBT community space, the Hirschfeld Centre.

Walsh was president of the National LGBT Federation (NXF) from 1984 to 1989, at a time when it was co-litigant with Senator David Norris in his constitutional action (Norris v. Ireland). During this period Walsh worked as a staff reporter with Ireland's first commercial LGBT magazine, *OUT*, which folded in 1988. Walsh along with gay activist Catherine Glendon founded *Gay Community News*, an A3 newspaper which he also edited during its first two years. *GCN* is Ireland's longest-running LGBTQ publication.

He ran for election twice, in the 1985 Dublin City Council election and in the 1989 Irish general election in the Dublin South-East constituency as an independent but supported by the Gay and Lesbian Equality Campaign.

After ten years of activism, Walsh followed his boyfriend to London where he remained for a time, before returning to his native town and launching himself as a DJ and club promoter. Throughout the 1990s, Walsh played at well known club nights among them Horny Organ Tribe, Elevator, the fetish club GAG, Powderbubble, H.A.M., Cork's club Telefunkin and the HIV/AIDS fund-raising alternative beauty pageant *Alternative Miss Ireland*.

In 1997, he reorganised the National LGBT Federation archive holdings into what would later become the Irish Queer Archive (IQA). Drawing on materials from IQA's collection, Walsh curated both "Pride and Protest" at Belfast's Central Library (2005) and "Revolting Homosexuals" (Outhouse and GUBU, Dublin 2004). "A Liberating Party", a site-specific exhibition on the history of LGBT Pride in Ireland commissioned by Thisispopbaby, was created for Dublin's Project Arts Centre in 2009. It has since gone on to tour art centres and libraries across Ireland. On 16 June 2008, the Irish Queer Archive officially transferred its materials to the National Library of Ireland marking it as a significant and historical event.

Walsh initiated the "Queer History Walking Tour of Dublin" in 2009 when he and longtime friend and political associate David Norris entertained over 100 people on a three-hour stroll across Dublin city. The tour became an instant success and has been a permanent feature of Dublin Pride ever since.

In 2006, Tonie Walsh retired as a professional DJ and club promoter to concentrate on a number of research and writing projects. He spent much of the following decade living at Clonmel, being a full-time carer to his mother, Sylvia, who had Parkinson's and dementia.

As an advocate for a more holistic and upfront sexual health education strategy in Ireland, Tonie Walsh publicly declared his HIV Poz status in a Facebook 'manifesto' marking World AIDS Day 2015. The following year, at a seminar in Maynooth University he launched a campaign to build an Irish AIDS Memorial. His proposal was later embraced by Taoiseach Leo Varadkar. After an OPW competition, the Irish HIV/AIDS Memorial "Closed Loop" was unveiled on World AIDS Day 2023 in Dublin's Phoenix Park.

In 2017, Dublin's celebrated theatre and performance group, thisispopbaby, signalled its plan to put Walsh on stage in a one-man show centred around his experience as a campaigner, as 'a witness to massive social upheaval in Ireland', entitled, "I Am Tonie Walsh". Presented in development at the Dublin Theatre Festival 2017, 'I Am Tonie Walsh' is listed as documentary theatre about "active citizenship, creativity over consumption, community; about standing up for what is right – and being fabulous while doing so". Described by director, Tom Creed, as a "meditation on grief", the show premiered at Dublin's Project Arts Centre in Winter 2018. Walsh has described the show as "part catharsis, part entertainment...a reassessment".

He is the brother of Paul Walsh, one-time lead singer of Dublin indie band, Royseven. Walsh is a great-grandson of Hector Hughes, former Labour MP for Aberdeen (UK), and Isa Hughes (née Lawler), suffragist and founding secretary-manager of Dublin's Gate Theatre. His great-uncle, Liam Ó Briain was a noted civil rights activist and instigator of the Galway theatre Taibhdhearc na Gaillimhe.

Based between Dublin and Antalya, Turkey, Walsh continues to independently curate the Irish Queer Archive and hosts regular walking tours.


title: Yao Hong

abstract: Yao Hong, courtesy name Yuanzi (元子), was the last emperor of the Qiang-led Later Qin dynasty of China. He was the oldest son and heir of Yao Xing, who was already regarded as kind but weak during his father's reign, and after his father's death, with the state already weakened by attacks by the Hu Xia dynasty and with his brothers and cousins repeatedly rebelling, the Eastern Jin general Liu Yu took advantage of Yao Hong's weaknesses to conquer Later Qin. After he surrendered, Liu Yu had him delivered to the Eastern Jin capital Jiankang and executed.

text:
# Yao Hong

**Yao Hong** (Chinese: 姚泓; 388–417), courtesy name **Yuanzi** (元子), was the last emperor of the Qiang-led Later Qin dynasty of China. He was the oldest son and heir of Yao Xing (Emperor Wenzhao), who was already regarded as kind but weak during his father's reign, and after his father's death, with the state already weakened by attacks by the Hu Xia dynasty and with his brothers and cousins repeatedly rebelling, the Eastern Jin general Liu Yu took advantage of Yao Hong's weaknesses to conquer Later Qin. After he surrendered, Liu Yu had him delivered to the Eastern Jin capital Jiankang and executed.

## Under Yao Xing's reign

Yao Hong was born in 388, during the reign of his grandfather Yao Chang (Emperor Wuzhao), two years after Yao Chang took Chang'an as his capital and created Yao Hong's father Yao Xing as his crown prince. He was Yao Xing's oldest son. The first historical reference to Yao Hong was in 402, when Yao Xing, who became emperor in 394, created him crown prince, after much hesitation, as Yao Hong was described as loving and kind, but weak in his personality and often ill. Yao Hong was also described as favoring arts and literature. Later in 402, when Yao Xing battled Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei, Yao Hong was in charge at the capital. In 407, Yao Xing transferred some imperial authorities to him. In 409, when Yao Xing was battling the rebel general Liu Bobo, who had established Xia, Yao Hong was again in charge of the capital when Liu Jue (劉厥) rebelled, and Yao Hong defeated his rebellion. When his subordinates suggested that the victory be commemorated on an open bulletin, written on cloth, Yao Hong declined, reasoning that it was his responsibility to make sure that no rebellion occurred, and that such a victory over a rebel was nothing to be proud of.

By 411, Yao Hong's brother Yao Bi (姚弼) the Duke of Guangping, who was much favored by Yao Xing for his talents, was conspiring with his associates to seize the crown prince position from Yao Hong. For the next several years, Yao Bi tried to undermine Yao Hong's authority whenever he could, and in 414, Yao Bi falsely accused Yao Hong's associate Yao Wenzong (姚文宗) of crimes, causing Yao Xing to force Yao Wenzong to commit suicide. This caused many imperial officials to fear Yao Bi's power, and many joined his conspiracy. As Yao Xing grew ill that year, Yao Bi secretly planned a coup, causing his brothers Yao Yi (姚懿), Yao Huang (姚洸), and Yao Chen (姚諶) to mobilize their forces to prepare to act against him. Yao Xing, who then recovered somewhat, was then advised by his officials Liang Xi (梁喜) and Yin Zhao (尹昭) to execute or at least strip Yao Bi of his authority. Yao Xing relieved Yao Bi of his posts, and Yao Yi, Yao Huang, and Yao Chen demobilized.

In 412, however, Yao Bi falsely accused another brother, Yao Xuan (姚宣) (who had spoken against him in 411 as well) of crimes, causing Yao Xuan to be imprisoned. Yao Xing gave Yao Xuan's forces to Yao Bi, who then returned to his plots. Yao Xing discovered this and executed Yao Bi's associates Tang Sheng (唐盛) and Sun Xuan (孫玄), but when Yao Xing arrested and was ready to execute Yao Bi as well, Yao Hong pleaded for Yao Bi's life, and Yao Xing spared Yao Bi.

In 416, Yao Xing went to the vacation palace at Huayin (華陰), and he had Yao Hong formally serve as regent at Chang'an and stay in the palace. Yao Xing grew gravely ill at Huayin, however, and was on the way back to Chang'an when his attendant Yin Chong (尹沖), a conspirator with Yao Bi, planned to assassinate Yao Hong when he comes out of the palace to welcome his father. Yao Hong's associates, however, heard rumors of the plot and persuaded him not to come out of the palace. Yin Chong's assistant Yao Shami (姚沙彌) then suggested to Yin that they deliver Yao Xing to Yao Bi's home and start a rebellion there, but Yin hesitated and did not carry this suggestion out. As soon as Yao Xing returned to the palace, he ordered that Yao Bi's home be searched and that all weapons be seized. When Yao Yin (姚愔) the Duke of Nanyang, another brother who was in alliance with Yao Bi, then attacked the palace with Yin Chong, planning to put Yao Bi on the throne, Yao Xing publicly ordered that Yao Bi be forced to commit suicide, causing Yao Yin's force to collapse. The next day, Yao Xing, after entrusting Yao Hong to his brother Yao Shao (姚紹) the Duke of Dongping, Liang Xi, Yin Zhao, and Lian Manwei (斂曼嵬), died. Yao Hong initially did not announce news of Yao Xing's death, but did so only after executing Yao Yin and Yao Bi's other associates—including Lü Long the Duke of Jiankang and the former prince of Later Liang, and Yin Yuan (尹元). Yao Hong then took the throne and, not using the secondary imperial title that his father had used ("Heavenly King" (*Tian Wang*)), directly claimed imperial title.

## Reign

Yao Hong, who immediately faced threats from both Jin and Xia forces, was heavily dependent on his uncle Yao Shao to face both these external threats, and the rebellions by his brothers and cousins, who apparently believed him to be an easy target to seize the throne from. The Jin general Liu Yu, seeing Later Qin's internal unrest as an opportunity, launched a major attack in fall 416 and quickly seized the eastern half of Later Qin, including the important city of Luoyang.

Late 416, Yao Yi, who was in charge of Puban (蒲阪, in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi), rebelled, but with little popular support, Yao Shao was able to quickly capture Puban and arrest him. However, rebellions continued. In 417, Yao Hong's cousin Yao Hui (姚恢) the Duke of Qi rebelled, abandoning his post of Anding (安定, in modern Pingliang, Gansu) and using all forces at Anding (a major defense post during Later Qin) against Yao Hong. Yao Shao and his son Yao Zan (姚讚), however, were able to capture and kill Yao Hui quickly as well.

Meanwhile, however, Jin forces continued to advance, and when Yao Shao and Yao Zan then engaged Liu Yu's generals Tan Daoji and Shen Linzi (沈林子), they were unable to stop them, and Yao Shao, humiliated by the defeats, died of illness. Yao Zan tried to continue to resist, but was continuously defeated.

Yao Hong decided to lead an army of several tens of thousands against Liu Yu's main army, commanded by Tan and Shen, but concerned that a branch force commanded by Shen Linzi's brother Shen Tianzi (沈田子), which in actuality had less than 1,000 men but had advanced to Qingni (青泥, in modern Xi'an, Shaanxi), would attack his rear, tried to attack Shen Tianzi first, but was defeated by the heavily outnumbered Shen Tianzi, causing his army to collapse, and he was forced to return to Chang'an without having faced Liu Yu's main army. Liu Yu's fleet, commanded by Wang Zhen'e (王鎮惡), then arrived at Chang'an, and the soldiers, after landing, attacked the Later Qin garrison at the city gates overlooking the Wei River. Yao Hong tried to personally relieve the garrison at the city gates, but his army and the garrison force trampled themselves and collapsed without engaging Wang, and he fled back to the palace.

Back at the palace, Yao Hong considered surrendering. His 10-year-old son Yao Fonian (姚佛念) opined that they would be executed anyway, and that it would be better to commit suicide. Yao Hong declined, and Yao Fo'nian himself climbed up a wall and jumped to his death. Yao Hong, instead, along with his empress, surrendered to Wang, who arrested him and had him delivered to the Jin capital Jiankang. Yao Hong was executed there, and most members of the Yao clan who were captured or who surrendered were also executed. Later Qin was at its end.

## Era name

* *Yonghe* (永和 yǒng hé) 416–417

## Personal information

* Father
* Wife
* Children
    + Yao Fonian (姚佛念) (b. 407, committed suicide 417)

## InfoBox

| Yao Hong
姚泓 | |
| --- | --- |
| *Emperor of Later Qin* | |
| Emperor of Later Qin | |
| Reign | 416–417 |
| Predecessor | Yao Xing |
|  | |
| Born | 388 |
| Died | 417 (aged 2829)
Jiankang, Eastern Jin |
| Names  Yao Hong (姚泓)  Era name and dates  Yǒnghé (永和): 416–417 | |
| House | Yao |
| Dynasty | Later Qin |
| Father | Yao Xing |


title: Willard Johnson (politician)

abstract: Willard Johnson was an American businessman and politician from New York.

text:
# Willard Johnson (politician)

**Willard Johnson** (May 16, 1820 – February 5, 1900) was an American businessman and politician from New York.

## Life

He was born on May 16, 1820, in Volney, New York, the son of Lovwell Johnson. He attended the common schools, Mexico Academy and Cazenovia Seminary. On September 9, 1847, he married Mary Gasper (died 1870), and they had four children. In 1852, he opened a lake and canal shipping business in Fulton. In the 1860s he also became a contractor and engaged primarily in public works connected to inland navigation.

Johnson was a delegate to the 1860 Democratic National Convention in Charleston, South Carolina; Supervisor of the Town of Volney in 1860 and 1861; a member of the New York State Assembly (Oswego Co., 2nd D.) in 1862; a delegate to the 1864, 1868 and 1872 Democratic National Conventions; and again a member of the State Assembly in 1873, 1874 and 1875.

In 1875, Johnson came under scrutiny during the investigation of the Canal Ring frauds.

He died on February 5, 1900; and was buried at the Mount Adnah Cemetery in Fulton.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Willard Johnson | |
| --- | --- |
| 1877 photo | |
| Born | (1820-05-16)May 16, 1820<br>Volney, New York, US |
| Died | February 5, 1900(1900-02-05) (aged 79) |
| Burial place | Mount Adnah Cemetery, Fulton, New York |
| Education | Mexico Academy, Cazenovia Seminary |
| Occupation(s) | businessman, politician |
| Spouse | Mary Gasper  (m. 1847; died 1870) |
| Children | four |
| Father | Lovwell Johnson |


title: Necros (James Bond)

abstract: Necros is a fictional character and henchman in the 1987 James Bond film The Living Daylights. He was played by Andreas Wisniewski. Tall, muscular, blond, blue-eyed and steel-jawed Necros is of the Red Grant model, common in the earlier James Bond films. Over the course of the film, Necros impersonates an American jogger, a Cockney milkman, an upper-class-sounding MI6 Agent, an Austrian balloon salesman, and a doctor in Morocco.

text:
# Necros (James Bond)

**Necros** is a fictional character and henchman in the 1987 James Bond film *The Living Daylights*. He was played by Andreas Wisniewski. Tall, muscular, blond, blue-eyed and steel-jawed Necros is of the Red Grant model, common in the earlier James Bond films. Over the course of the film, Necros impersonates an American jogger, a Cockney milkman, an upper-class-sounding MI6 Agent, an Austrian balloon salesman, and a doctor in Morocco.

## Biography

Necros, meaning 'dead' in Greek, was General Koskov's highly trained and disciplined Soviet assassin with KGB affiliations, but ultimately loyal to Koskov. He also says he has comrades fighting for "world revolution". His personal stereo plays The Pretenders. Necros uses a great number of disguises and many techniques of killing, although strangulation seems to be a preferred method.

His first priority is to see that Koskov is brought safely to Brad Whitaker's Tangier estate from the safe house in England, where Koskov is being held by British Intelligence. He completes this mission by disguising himself as a milkman, whereby he gains access to the intelligence compound. Subsequently, he radios in a report of a major gas leak within the building. This causes security to order an immediate evacuation. In the confusion, he abducts Koskov and effects his escape with the help of explosive milk bottles that look like molotovs, killing several Secret Service agents who attempt to apprehend him.

Necros later kills Saunders, head of Station V in Vienna, disguised as a balloon salesman, by setting a bomb to explode at the doors to the cafe as he leaves his rendezvous with Bond. The killing becomes part of the operation to make the British Secret Service believe the Soviets have instituted a "Smiert Spionem" or "Death to Spies" operation.

Necros himself is killed after a midair struggle with Bond on the holding net of a Lockheed C-130 Hercules cargo plane 6,500 feet (2,000 m) above Afghanistan. Necros pleads for his life whilst hanging on to Bond's boot, but Bond slips the boot off by cutting the laces and drops the henchman to his death.

## Reception

Perhaps due to his imposing stature and chiseled features, variety of false accents and love of pop music, Sally Hibbin considers Necros to be one of the most memorable Bond villains. However, Steven Rubin stated that he was "not on-screen long enough to make any true impact", although he added that "even he has his sympathetic moments." Lee Pfeiffer and Dave Worrall say of Necros, "Necros is the most intriguing of the film's trio of main villains. He is a silent, humourless, but extremely handsome assassin who tends to use a Walkman as a strangulation device. The role is well played by Andreas Wisniewski, who provides the film with a much-needed sense of menace."

## InfoBox

| Necros | |
| --- | --- |
| *James Bond* character | |
| Andreas Wisniewski as Necros | |
| Portrayed by | Andreas Wisniewski |
| In-universe information | |
| Gender | Male |
| Affiliation |  |
| Classification | Henchman |


title: Secrets of the Heart (song)

abstract: "Secrets of the Heart" is the third single by British singer and actor Chesney Hawkes. Written by Chesney Hawkes and Nigel Hinton, it was included in the film Buddy's Song, with Hawkes as Buddy and Roger Daltrey as his father. The B-side is a cover of "One World", written and originally recorded by Nik Kershaw from his 1989 album The Works. Released on 16 September 1991, "Secrets of the Heart" peaked at No. 57 on the UK Singles Chart.

text:
# Secrets of the Heart (song)

"**Secrets of the Heart**" is the third single by British singer and actor Chesney Hawkes. Written by Chesney Hawkes and Nigel Hinton, it was included in the film *Buddy's Song*, with Hawkes as Buddy and Roger Daltrey (of rock band the Who) as his father. The B-side is a cover of "One World", written and originally recorded by Nik Kershaw from his 1989 album *The Works*. Released on 16 September 1991, "Secrets of the Heart" peaked at No. 57 on the UK Singles Chart.

## Track listing

UK CD single
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Secrets of the Heart" |  | 3:57 |
| 2. | "One World" | Nik Kershaw | 4:19 |
| 3. | "Secrets of the Heart" (Live) | * Hinton * Hawkes | 3:10 |
| Total length: | | | 11:26 |

## Charts

| Chart (1991) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 57 |

## InfoBox

| "Secrets of the Heart" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Chesney Hawkes | |
| from the album  *Buddy's Song* | |
| B-side | "One World" |
| Released | 16 September 1991 (1991-09-16) |
| Length | 3:57 |
| Label | Chrysalis |
| Songwriter(s) | Nik Kershaw |
| Producer(s) | Alan Shacklock |
| Chesney Hawkes singles chronology | |
| "I'm a Man Not a Boy"
(1991) "**Secrets of the Heart**"
(1991) "What's Wrong With This Picture?"
(1991) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Secrets of the Heart" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Xenosophira

abstract:
Xenosophira is a genus of tephritid or fruit flies in the family Tephritidae.There are two known species are recognized:
  - Xenosophira invibrissata Hardy, 1980
  - Xenosophira vibrissata Hardy, 1980

text:
# Xenosophira

***Xenosophira*** is a genus of tephritid or fruit flies in the family Tephritidae.There are two known species are recognized:

## InfoBox

| *Xenosophira* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tephritidae |
| Subfamily: | Phytalmiinae |
| Tribe: | Phascini |
| Genus: | *Xenosophira*<br>Hardy, 1980 |
|


title: Mechanical power (medicine)

abstract: In medicine, mechanical power is a measure of the amount of energy imparted to a patient by a mechanical ventilator. While in many cases mechanical ventilation is a life-saving or life-preserving intervention, it also has the potential to cause harm to the patient via ventilator-associated lung injury. A number of stresses may be induced by the ventilator on the patient's lung. These include barotrauma caused by pressure, volutrauma caused by distension of the lungs, rheotrauma caused by fast-flowing delivery of gases and atelectotrauma resulting from repeated collapse and re-opening of the lung. The purpose of mechanical power is to provide a quantity which can account for all of these stresses and therefore predict the amount of lung injury which is likely to be seen in the patient.

text:
# Mechanical power (medicine)

In medicine, **mechanical power** is a measure of the amount of energy imparted to a patient by a mechanical ventilator.

While in many cases mechanical ventilation is a life-saving or life-preserving intervention, it also has the potential to cause harm to the patient via ventilator-associated lung injury. A number of stresses may be induced by the ventilator on the patient's lung. These include barotrauma caused by pressure, volutrauma caused by distension of the lungs, rheotrauma caused by fast-flowing delivery of gases and atelectotrauma resulting from repeated collapse and re-opening of the lung.

The purpose of **mechanical power** is to provide a quantity which can account for all of these stresses and therefore predict the amount of lung injury which is likely to be seen in the patient.

There is no agreed upon equation for Mechanical Power.


title: McKenzy Cresswell

abstract: McKenzy Cresswell is a British racing driver currently set to compete in the GB3 Championship with Elite Motorsport. He was a substitute driver in the 2023 FIA Formula 3 Championship with PHM Racing by Charouz. He is part of the BRDC Rising Star Programme.

text:
# McKenzy Cresswell

**McKenzy Cresswell** (born 16 January 2006) is a British racing driver currently set to compete in the GB3 Championship with Elite Motorsport. He was a substitute driver in the 2023 FIA Formula 3 Championship with PHM Racing by Charouz. He is part of the BRDC Rising Star Programme.

## Career

### Karting

Cresswell began karting at seven years old at the Austin, Texas location of K1 Speed, where he competed in the Junior League events. He subsequently competed in SKUSA karting events in the United States.

Upon his return to the UK, Cresswell competed with DSM-Sport in several British karting events.

### F4 British Championship

#### 2021

In December 2020, Cresswell signed for JHR Developments to race in the 2021 British F4 Championship. As a build up to the transition from karting, Cresswell spent time at iZone Performance at Silverstone. Where, in addition to practice on the simulator he worked on mindfulness training.

On his debut weekend at Thruxton, Cresswell scored a best result of 2nd having claimed 3rd on the starting grid for the final race of the weekend. Thruxton was followed by two 3rd-place finishes at the Snetterton round and a best result of 2nd in changeable conditions at the Brands Hatch Indy weekend. The first victory of the season occurred in the reverse grid race in the following round at Oulton Park. Similarly at the next round at Knockhill in Scotland, Cresswell secured victory in the reverse grid. With a return to qualifying form at the Croft round Cresswell had his most successful weekend of the season; scoring a double pole, double win, leading every lap and two fastest laps. At the final event of the 2021 season at Brands Hatch, Cresswell scored a double victory to finish 3rd in the championship.

### GB3 Championship

#### 2022

For 2022, Cresswell switched teams to Chris Dittmann Racing to compete in the GB3 Championship.

The season started with 4th place at Oulton Park over the Easter Weekend. A series of disappointing qualifying sessions was brought to an end with 6th on the grid at Spa Francorchamps, where the highlight of the season followed in race 2. Despite an incident on lap 1, which left Cresswell in 9th position, he recovered to finish 4th. on the road which became 3rd after penalties were applied. The subsequent event at Silverstone saw Cresswell have another lap 1 incident in race 2 which resulted in the car rolling twice at Abbey curve. Cresswell was uninjured but was unable to continue for the weekend and did not start race 3.

#### 2023

For the 2023 season, Cresswell remained in the GB3 Championship, largely due to the increase in the minimum weight of the car but switched teams to Elite Motorsport. The season started with a disastrous weekend, triggered by a mechanical failure in qualifying, at Oulton Park. With only 4 points from all three races Cresswell finished the weekend last in the Championship. Thereafter Cresswell rose to finally finish fourth, thanks to consistent performance and a late season podium run where he scored more points that anyone else.

#### 2024

Cresswell opted to remain with Elite Motorsport for a third GB3 season in 2024. Budget issues prevented a move into FIA F3.

### FIA Formula 3 Championship

Cresswell was drafted in to replace Piotr Wiśnicki at PHM Racing by Charouz during the 2023 FIA Formula 3 Championship, for the Austrian and Silverstone rounds. He achieved a best finish of 17th in his second race at Austria, which at that time lifted him ahead of teammates Wiśnicki and Roberto Faria in the standings. Cresswell returned to his main GB3 campaign and was replaced by Michael Shin for the final three rounds.

## Personal life

Although born in the UK, Cresswell moved to Austin, Texas when he was 4-years old. Returning to the UK just before his 12th birthday, Cresswell lives in Weybridge, Surrey.

## Karting record

### Karting career summary

| Season | Series | Team | Position |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2019 | British Kart Championship - Rotax Junior | DSM-Sport | 32nd |
| | IAME Winter Cup - X30 Junior | MLR |  |
| 2020 | Rotax Max Euro Winter Cup - Junior |  |  |
| | Rotax Max Euro Trophy - Junior Max | DSM Msport | 31st |

## Racing record

### Racing career summary

| Season | Series | Team | Races | Wins | Poles | F/Laps | Podiums | Points | Position |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2021 | F4 British Championship | JHR Developments | 29 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 11 | 305 | **3rd** |
| 2022 | GB3 Championship | Chris Dittmann Racing | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 221 | 11th |
| 2023 | GB3 Championship | Elite Motorsport | 23 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 390 | 4th |
| | FIA Formula 3 Championship | PHM Racing by Charouz | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 33rd |
| 2024 | GB3 Championship | Elite Motorsport | 23 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 8 | 376 | 4th |

### Complete F4 British Championship results

(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

| Year | Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | DC | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2021 | JHR Developments | THR
1
9 | THR
2
7 | THR
3
2 | SNE
1
3 | SNE
2
14 | SNE
3
3 | BHI
1
108 | *BHI
2
*6 | **BHI
3
**2 | OUL
1
13 | OUL
2
14 | OUL
3
14 | KNO
1
8 | KNO
2
13 | KNO
3
9 | THR
1
4 | THR
2
Ret | THR
3
WD | ***CRO
1
***1 | CRO
2
Ret | ***CRO
3
***1 | SIL
1
5 | SIL
2
86 | *SIL
3
*9 | *DON
1
*2 | DON
2
123 | DON
3
4 | BHGP
1
1 | BHGP
2
106 | **BHGP
3
**1 | 3rd | 305 |

### Complete GB3 Championship results

(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

| Year | Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | DC | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2022 | Chris Dittman Racing | OUL
1
4 | OUL
2
7 | OUL
3
103 | SIL
1
9 | SIL
2
Ret | SIL
3
66 | DON
1
7 | DON
2
12 | DON
3
16 | SNE
1
9 | SNE
2
16 | SNE
3
54 | SPA
1
18 | SPA
2
3 | SPA
3
20 | SIL
1
11 | SIL
2
Ret | SIL
3
DNS | BHGP
1
16 | BHGP
2
12 | BHGP
3
7 | DON
1
Ret | DON
2
4 | DON
3
81 | 11th | 221 |
| 2023 | Elite Motorsport | OUL
1
20 | OUL
2
18 | OUL
3
Ret | SIL1
1
5 | SIL1
2
2 | SIL1
3
58 | SPA
1
7 | SPA
2
3 | SPA
3
1112 | SNE
1
9 | SNE
2
5 | SNE
3
Ret | SIL2
1
2 | *SIL2
2*
1 | SIL2
3
C | BHGP
1
3 | *BHGP
2*
3 | BHGP
3
166 | ZAN
1
2 | **ZAN
2**
2 | ZAN
3
1112 | DON
1
Ret | DON
2
5 | DON
3
610 | 4th | 390 |
| 2024 | Elite Motorsport | OUL
1
5 | OUL
2
3 | OUL
3
8 | SIL1
1
2 | SIL1
2
4 | SIL1
3
C | SPA
1
7 | SPA
2
Ret | SPA
3
61 | HUN
1
6 | HUN
2
3 | HUN
3
9 | ZAN
1
Ret | ZAN
2
3 | ZAN
3
23 | **SIL2
1**
7 | ***SIL2
2***
1 | SIL2
3
111 | DON
1
10 | DON
2
10 | DON
3
2 | **BRH
1**
1 | BRH
2
4 | BRH
3
111 | 4th | 376 |

### Complete FIA Formula 3 Championship results

(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

| Year | Entrant | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | DC | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2023 | PHM Racing by Charouz | BHR
SPR | BHR
FEA | MEL
SPR | MEL
FEA | MON
SPR | MON
FEA | CAT
SPR | CAT
FEA | RBR
SPR
23 | RBR
FEA
17 | SIL
SPR
23 | SIL
FEA
22 | HUN
SPR | HUN
FEA | SPA
SPR | SPA
FEA | MNZ
SPR | MNZ
FEA | 33rd | 0 |

* Season still in progress.

## InfoBox

| McKenzy Cresswell | |
| --- | --- |
| Cresswell at the Hungaroring in 2024 | |
| Nationality | British |
| Born | (2006-01-16) 16 January 2006
Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom |
| GB3 Championship career | |
| Debut season | 2022 |
| Current team | Elite Motorsport |
| Car number | 16 |
| Former teams | Chris Dittman Racing |
| Starts | 64 (66 entries) |
| Wins | 3 |
| Podiums | 14 |
| Poles | 4 |
| Fastest laps | 3 |
| Best finish | 4th in 2023 |
| Previous series | |
| 2021 | F4 British Championship |


abstract: McPherson Township is one of the thirteen townships of Sherman County, Kansas, United States. The population was 52 at the 2000 census.

text:
# McPherson Township, Sherman County, Kansas

**McPherson Township** is one of the thirteen townships of Sherman County, Kansas, United States. The population was 52 at the 2000 census.

## Geography

Located in the southwestern corner of the county, along the Colorado border, it borders the following townships:

Kit Carson County lies across the Colorado border to the west.

It lies southwest of the county seat of Goodland. There are no communities in the township.

The north fork of the Smoky Hill River flows through McPherson Township.

## Transportation

Only local roads are located in McPherson Township.

## Government

As an active township, McPherson Township is governed by a three-member board, composed of the township trustee, the township treasurer, and the township clerk. The trustee acts as the township executive.

39°10′45″N 101°56′02″W / 39.17917°N 101.93389°W / 39.17917; -101.93389


title: McPherson USD 418

abstract: McPherson USD 418 is a public unified school district headquartered in McPherson, Kansas, United States. The district includes the communities of McPherson, Conway, New Gottland, and nearby rural areas.

text:
# McPherson USD 418

**McPherson USD 418** is a public unified school district headquartered in McPherson, Kansas, United States. The district includes the communities of McPherson, Conway, New Gottland, and nearby rural areas.

## Schools

The school district operates the following schools:

* McPherson High School
* McPherson Middle School
* Eisenhower Elementary
* Lincoln Elementary
* Roosevelt Elementary
* Washington Elementary

## InfoBox

| McPherson USD 418 | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
| 514 N. Main St. McPherson, Kansas, 67460<br>United States | |
| Coordinates | 38°22′27″N 97°39′59″W / 38.3742°N 97.6664°W / 38.3742; -97.6664 |
| District information | |
| Type | Public |
| Grades | to 12 |
| Schools | 6 |
| Other information | |
| Website | mcpherson.com |


title: Mecodema punctellum

abstract: Mecodema punctellum is a presumed-extinct species of ground beetle of the family Carabidae, endemic to Stephens Island in New Zealand.

text:
# Mecodema punctellum

***Mecodema punctellum*** is a presumed-extinct species of ground beetle of the family Carabidae, endemic to Stephens Island in New Zealand.

## Description

*Mecodema punctellum* was a large black flightless ground beetle which reached a length of 38.5 millimetres (1.52 in) and a width of 11.7 millimetres (0.46 in).

## Habitat and biology

Nothing is known about its habitat, but it is assumed that it occurred in wet forests and sought shelter under large logs. It was a predator of snails.

## Extinction

*Mecodema punctellum* was last seen in 1931, and after surveys in 1961, 1971, 1974/5, 1976, 1981, 1990, 1996 on Stephens Island, and 1997 on D'Urville Island failed, it is now considered to be extinct. The cause of its extinction was probably habitat destruction, because after the clearing of forest there were no large logs remaining on Stephens Island.

## InfoBox

| *Mecodema punctellum* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Extinct  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Mecodema* |
| Species: | ***M. punctellum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mecodema punctellum***
Broun, 1921 | |
|


title: Mecodema tenaki

abstract: Mecodema tenaki is a species of ground beetle found in the Cape Reinga region, Northland, New Zealand.

text:
# Mecodema tenaki

***Mecodema tenaki*** is a species of ground beetle found in the Cape Reinga region, Northland, New Zealand.

## InfoBox

| *Mecodema tenaki* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Mecodema* |
| Species: | ***M. tenaki*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mecodema tenaki***<br>Seldon & Leschen, 2011 | |
|


title: Medvedev–Tsitsipas rivalry

text:
# Medvedev–Tsitsipas rivalry

Stefanos TsitsipasDaniil Medvedev

Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) players Daniil Medvedev and Stefanos Tsitsipas have faced each other 14 times since 2018, with Medvedev leading the rivalry, 10–4. They are considered to be two of the best tennis players of their generation. According to the BBC, "The pair have long had a spiky relationship and, while there is respect and cordiality, an element of drama always appears when they meet".

## Notable matches

### 2018 Miami Open first round

Medvedev and Tsitsipas first played each other in the first round of the 2018 Miami Open, when both were ranked outside of the top 50 and were 22 and 19 years old respectively. Medvedev made a comeback after dropping the first set to win 6–2 in the third. However, the match is better remembered for a verbal altercation after the players shook hands. Russian Medvedev, upset about some of his opponent's etiquette during the match and especially that Greek Tsitsipas had muttered "bullshit Russian" at the net, yelled at Tsitsipas from his bench, "Man, you better shut your  \[*sic*\] fuck up, okay?" He then got up and began complaining that Tsitsipas had taken a long bathroom break (Medvedev also took one) and took issue with Tsitsipas not apologizing for hitting the net cord during a point. As the chair umpire intervened, Tsitsipas quietly packed his bag to leave the court while Medvedev continued, "Look at me... He started it... He's a small kid who doesn't know how to fight".

Tsitsipas later said the "overall ambience" after the match was overly hostile. Of the "bullshit Russian" remark, he has said that Medvedev had been chiding him midmatch for not apologizing for hitting the net cord, but that he "did get pissed and said what I said, which I do regret".

In another interview, both players seemed to have moved past the incident. Medvedev said, "I do think that it's completely normal when something like this can happen, I mean, you're going to spend fifteen years on the tour and you're going to have some hot moments".

Tsitsipas, who was interviewed separately, said "I think it's also good for our sport to have such things... It makes it more colorful, more exciting for the fans, not that my intention was to do that, but you can always see things from their bright side".

### 2019 ATP Finals round-robin

Tsitsipas scored his first win over Medvedev in their sixth meeting, in the group stage of the 2019 ATP Finals, an event that Tsitsipas eventually won. Tsitsipas never faced break point in the match, winning a close tiebreak in the first set and breaking Medvedev's serve once in the second. He said afterward, "It's a victory that I craved for a long time now".

### 2022 Australian Open semifinal

At the 2022 Australian Open, No. 2 seed Medvedev and No. 4 seed Tsitsipas met in the semifinals. Both players received fines from the ATP because of this match, which was a rematch of their 2021 semifinal that Medvedev won in straight sets. Medvedev was fined AU$12,000 (about US$8,400) for unsportsmanlike conduct toward chair umpire Jaume Campistol. During a changeover in the second set, after dropping his serve with a double fault, Medvedev erupted in frustration, yelling repeatedly at the umpire, "His father can talk every point? Bro, are you stupid? His father can talk every point?! ... Can his father talk every point?!" He later called Campistol a "small cat" for not citing his opponent for on-court coaching. In fact Tsitsipas's father Apostolos, who often gets coaching warnings at his son's matches, was shouting finable advice (in Greek) from the player's box, something tournament officials eventually laid bare in the fourth set in a "sting operation" using Greek umpire Eva Asderaki-Moore. Tsitsipas failed to win another game after he was given a coaching warning and fined AU$5,000 (about US$3,500). Medvedev managed to dial in on return as the match went on, winning 7–6(7–5), 4–6, 6–4, 6–1.

Postmatch, Medvedev regretted his reaction to the umpire, saying "I think we can say it was funny, but I was definitely out of my mind".

### 2022 Cincinnati Masters semifinal

Tsitsipas beat Medvedev at the 2022 Cincinnati Masters semifinals. Tsitsipas won the first set in a close tiebreak. Medvedev answered back with a 6–3 scoreline in the second set, before Tsitsipas also took the third set with the same scoreline, winning the match. The scoreline was 7–6(8–6), 3–6, 6–3. It was his second hardcourt win over Medvedev. Tsitsipas used an all-court game and approached the net plenty to overcome the Russian's deep-lying defensive game. Tsitsipas would ultimately lose to Borna Ćorić in the final in straight sets.

### 2022 ATP Finals round-robin

Though neither would ultimately make it out of the group stage, Medvedev and Tsitsipas faced off in a win-or-go-home match at the 2022 ATP Finals. After Tsitsipas took the first set relatively comfortably, Medvedev saved three match points in a "dramatic" second-set tiebreaker that he captured on his own fourth set point. However, up a break at the end of the third set, Medvedev failed to serve out the match, partly due to an untimely pair of double faults, and Tsitsipas cruised through the decisive tiebreaker, winning 6–3, 6–7(11–13), 7–6(7–1).

### 2023 Italian Open semifinal

At the start of the tournament, a fan shared a video showing Medvedev and Tsitsipas passing on a narrow walkway, appearing not to acknowledge each other. They would go on to face each other in the semifinal. During the match, Tsitsipas got into a verbal altercation with his mother, Julia Apostoli, as she was shouting coaching advice to him in Russian. As a result of their disagreement, Apostoli left Tsitsipas’s designated box and went to sit in the stands behind Medvedev’s box. After winning the match 7–5, 7–5, Medvedev did a dance in celebration, reminiscent of Tsitsipas’s celebration after his win over Medvedev in Cincinnati. When asked about this celebration in an interview following the match, Tsitsipas said, "\[It\] was fun. I wasn’t mad or upset or anything regarding that. I did the same a few months ago". In the same interview, he went on to compliment Medvedev, saying, "The consistency and the power that he was able to put out there \[...\] he gave me a fresh idea of who he now is on this surface".

## Relationship

Following their acrimonious match in Miami in 2018, Tsitsipas's mother said in an interview: "It was just a tense moment, it wasn't personal. Our families are very close. In fact, Daniil's parents were in our house two weeks ago for dinner. Stefanos has nothing against Russia". She later said both players have "room to grow".

In August 2018, after his victory over Tsitsipas at the US Open, Medvedev said, "We didn't speak after Miami ... but it's OK, I understand sometimes there are emotions on court. He blocked me on Instagram, it's strange, but even today he told me 'congrats'. There is no conflict between us, our parents are friends ... I think he wasn't right that time, and when I'm not right I apologize, but he didn't." After defeating Tsitsipas in Basel in October 2018, Medvedev posted a photo to his Instagram account with the caption, "Oops, I did it again".

Tsitsipas said of Medvedev in 2019, "Our chemistry definitely isn’t the best that you can find on the tour ... It's not that I hate him \[but\] we will not go to dinner together". Medvedev has since said of Tsitsipas, "I think we respect each other as players but probably not so much on personal level ... We don't have any sort of relationship at all, I would say". Alexander Zverev, a generational rival of both players, said in 2019 that Medvedev and Tsitsipas have a "weird" relationship.

After sharing a flight to Washington, D.C. with Tsitsipas and Nick Kyrgios, Medvedev was asked about Tsitsipas, to which he replied, "We don't have a relationship, if I can answer like this. I'm not talking about ... I mean, tough to say. As I always said, I'm not enemies with him, but we're definitely not friends".

Shortly afterwards in August 2019, Tsitsipas said that he found Medvedev uncomfortable to play against, describing his style as "very sloppy, but a good sloppy". Following their 2019 Shanghai match in October, Tsitsipas called Medvedev's game "so boring". When Medvedev defeated Tsitsipas in the 2021 Australian Open, Tsitsipas described Medvedvev as "a player who has unlocked pretty much everything in the game ... He tricks you. You know, he plays the game really smart. It's really interesting to see that". Tsitsipas expressed some optimism about Medvedev's ability to win the entire tournament, saying that a win for Medvedev would be "good for tennis". He took back his previous assessment of Medvedev: "Might have said in the past that he plays boring, but I don't really think he plays boring. He just plays extremely smart and outplays you". When Medvedev reached the world No. 2 ranking in March 2021, Tsitsipas found it "very inspiring" and "important for the game".

Tsitsipas called his first win over Medvedev, at the 2019 ATP Finals, "one of the most important victories of \[his\] career so far" and said that it meant "more than extra" to him. Upon defeating Medvedev in June 2021, Tsitsipas praised Medvedev as "one of the best guys on tour". Of his defeat, Medvedev said he "didn't expect such a great level from \[Tsitsipas\]" and that their match was "definitely the match of the day".

Prior to the 2021 Laver Cup, Tsitsipas called Medvedev the "best player at the moment", though he added: "I would not say Medvedev's game is boring; I would say it is one-dimensional. It surprises me that, with that kind of tennis, he manages to achieve what he has achieved". Their relationship "thawed" over time and "kind of got better" after they were teammates at the 2021 Laver Cup.

In January 2022, at the Australian Open, Medvedev lost his temper at the umpire due to Tsitsipas’s coach and father, Apostolos Tsitsipas, talking frequently between points. (It was not the first time Medvedev had expressed his displeasure with Tsitsipas for receiving coaching; he made the same complaint during their 2021 Australian Open match.) When asked about Medvedev's outburst, Tsitsipas said, "It's funny. I don’t pay attention to the stuff ... He's not the most mature person anyways". After the match, Medvedev said "It all started in Miami" and "Every match against Stefanos is kind of special", though in another interview, he said that his outburst was about the coaching, and not something personal against his opponent.

Things remained strained when Tsitsipas was defeated by Andrey Rublev in the 2022 ATP Finals. Tsitsipas described himself as being a better player than Rublev, and that Rublev had "prevailed with the few tools that he has", though he later apologized. Medvedev is a close friend of Rublev. After winning the 2023 title in Dubai, Medvedev addressed the insults towards Rublev in his victory speech, though he did not mention Tsitsipas by name: "Not long ago one player says that \[Rublev\] has just a few weapons and I was reading this interview and I was like how can you say this? \[...\] Hopefully, he can beat this guy who said it many, many times. I wish this for sure".

Tsitsipas has since said that he finds Medvedev's antics on court funny at times, as well as praising Medvedev's unorthodox plays and his inside-out backhand. Medvedev also complimented Tsitsipas's one-handed backhand in 2023.

## Head-to-head

| **Legend** | **Medvedev** | **Tsitsipas** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Grand Slam | 3 | 1 |
| Tour Finals | 0 | 2 |
| Masters 1000 | 5 | 1 |
| 500 | 2 | 0 |
| **Total** | **10** | **4** |

| No. | Year | Tournament | Tier | Surface | Round | Winner | Score | Length | Sets | Medvedev | Tsitsipas |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | 2018 | Miami Open | Masters 1000 | Hard | Round of 128 | **Medvedev** | 2–6, 6–4, 6–2 | 1:52 | 3/3 | **1** | 0 |
| 2. | 2018 | US Open | Grand Slam | Hard | Round of 64 | **Medvedev** | 6–4, 6–3, 4–6, 6–3 | 2:48 | 4/5 | **2** | 0 |
| 3. | 2018 | Swiss Indoors | 500 | Hard (i) | Quarterfinals | **Medvedev** | 6–4, 3–6, 6–3 | 1:50 | 3/3 | **3** | 0 |
| 4. | 2019 | Monte-Carlo Masters | Masters 1000 | Clay | Round of 16 | **Medvedev** | 6–2, 1–6, 6–4 | 1:45 | 3/3 | **4** | 0 |
| 5. | 2019 | Shanghai Masters | Masters 1000 | Hard | Semifinals | **Medvedev** | 7–6(7–5), 7–5 | 1:36 | 2/3 | **5** | 0 |
| 6. | 2019 | ATP Finals | Tour Finals | Hard (i) | Round Robin | **Tsitsipas** | 7–6(7–5), 6–4 | 1:42 | 2/3 | 5 | **1** |
| 7. | 2021 | Australian Open | Grand Slam | Hard | Semifinals | **Medvedev** | 6–4, 6–2, 7–5 | 2:09 | 3/5 | **6** | 1 |
| 8. | 2021 | French Open | Grand Slam | Clay | Quarterfinals | **Tsitsipas** | 6–3, 7–6(7–3), 7–5 | 2:19 | 3/5 | 6 | **2** |
| 9. | 2022 | Australian Open | Grand Slam | Hard | Semifinals | **Medvedev** | 7–6(7–5), 4–6, 6–4, 6–1 | 2:30 | 4/5 | **7** | 2 |
| 10. | 2022 | Cincinnati Masters | Masters 1000 | Hard | Semifinals | **Tsitsipas** | 7–6(8–6), 3–6, 6–3 | 2:23 | 3/3 | 7 | **3** |
| 11. | 2022 | ATP Finals | Tour Finals | Hard (i) | Round Robin | **Tsitsipas** | 6–3, 6–7(11–13), 7–6(7–1) | 2:21 | 3/3 | 7 | **4** |
| 12. | 2023 | Italian Open | Masters 1000 | Clay | Semifinals | **Medvedev** | 7–5, 7–5 | 1:47 | 2/3 | **8** | 4 |
| 13. | 2023 | Vienna Open | 500 | Hard (i) | Semifinals | **Medvedev** | 6–4, 7–6(8–6) | 1:44 | 2/3 | **9** | 4 |
| 14. | 2024 | Shanghai Masters | Masters 1000 | Hard | Round of 16 | **Medvedev** | 7–6(7–3), 6–3 | 1:50 | 2/3 | **10** | 4 |

## InfoBox

| External videos | |
| --- | --- |
| Post-match encounter at the 2018 Miami Open on YouTube. Medvedev yelled to Tsitsipas: "Man, you better shut your fuck up, okay? Hey Stefanos, you wanna look at me and talk? You have some problems, you go emergency toilet for five minutes? ... And then you hit let and you don't say sorry, you think you are a good kid? Look at me! Hey, look at me, huh? You don't look at me? He started it. He started it. He started it. Yes, he started it. He said 'bullshit Russian', you think this is normal? I answer him because he doesn't know how to fight. He's a small kid who doesn't know how to fight. If he doesn't say anything, I have no problems with him. But if he says something to me and he wants to fight, he needs to do it. But he doesn't look at me after". | |


title: Mecyclothorax paradoxus

abstract: Mecyclothorax paradoxus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Psydrinae. It was described by Blackburn in 1879.

text:
# Mecyclothorax paradoxus

***Mecyclothorax paradoxus*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Psydrinae. It was described by Blackburn in 1879.

## InfoBox

| *Mecyclothorax paradoxus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Mecyclothorax* |
| Species: | ***M. paradoxus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mecyclothorax paradoxus***<br>(Blackburn, 1879) | |
|


title: Megacorma hoffmani

abstract: Megacorma hoffmani is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is known from Papua New Guinea.

text:
# Megacorma hoffmani

***Megacorma hoffmani*** is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is known from Papua New Guinea.

## InfoBox

| *Megacorma hoffmani* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Sphingidae |
| Genus: | *Megacorma* |
| Species: | ***M. hoffmani*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Megacorma hoffmani***<br>Eitschberger, 2007 | |
|


title: Megacorporation

abstract: Megacorporation, mega-corporation, or megacorp, a term originally coined by Alfred Eichner in his book The Megacorp and Oligopoly: Micro Foundations of Macro Dynamics but popularized by William Gibson, derives from the combination of the prefix mega- with the word corporation. It has become widespread in cyberpunk literature. It is synonymous with syndicate, globalist- or transnational capital. It refers to a corporation that is a massive conglomerate, holding monopolistic or near-monopolistic control over multiple markets. Megacorps are so powerful that they are above the government laws, possess their own heavily armed private armies, are operators of privatized police forces, hold "sovereign" territory, and even act as outright governments. They often exercise a large degree of control over their employees, taking the idea of "corporate culture" to an extreme.

text:
# Megacorporation

**Megacorporation**, **mega-corporation**, or **megacorp**, a term originally coined by Alfred Eichner in his book *The Megacorp and Oligopoly: Micro Foundations of Macro Dynamics* but popularized by William Gibson, derives from the combination of the prefix *mega-* with the word *corporation*. It has become widespread in cyberpunk literature. It is synonymous with **syndicate**, **globalist-** or **transnational capital**. It refers to a corporation (normally fictional) that is a massive conglomerate (usually private), holding monopolistic or near-monopolistic control over multiple markets (thus exhibiting both a horizontal and a vertical monopoly). Megacorps are so powerful that they are above the government laws, possess their own heavily armed (often military-sized) private armies, are operators of privatized police forces, hold "sovereign" territory, and even act as outright governments. They often exercise a large degree of control over their employees, taking the idea of "corporate culture" to an extreme.

## Examples in literature

Such organizations as a staple of science fiction long predate cyberpunk, appearing in the works of writers such as Philip K. Dick (*Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?*, 1968), Thea von Harbou (*Metropolis*, 1927), Robert A. Heinlein (*Citizen of the Galaxy*, 1957), Robert Asprin (*The Cold Cash War*, 1977), and Andre Norton (the *Solar Queen* novels). The explicit use of the term in the *Traveller* science fiction roleplaying game from 1977 predates Gibson's use of it. The transnationals, and later metanationals in Kim Stanley Robinson's Mars Trilogy are an example of mega corporations that exceed most countries in political influence.

## Examples in film

In the Alien film franchise characters are repeatedly manipulated and endangered by the unscrupulous megacorporation Weyland-Yutani, which seeks to profit from the Aliens.

In the animated Pixar film *WALL-E*, the megacorporation Buy n' Large has completely supplanted every planetary government.

In the *Avatar* series of films, the Resources Development Administration (RDA) is a megacorporation that outmatches most governments in wealth, influence, and military power. The RDA has monopolized ownership of all extraterrestrial colonies and assets, granted in perpetuity by an international committee.

## Examples in games

In the sci-fi strategy game *Stellaris,* players can choose to control a megacorporation that has consumed all aspects of their alien government, with variable policies such as indentured servitude, media conglomerates, or even employee resurrection.

In the video game *The Outer Worlds,* many megacorps purchase the rights to solar systems from Earth governments. Corporate colonies, being lightyears away from government influence, are effectively governed by their parent companies, with employment acting as citizenship.

In the *Doom* video game franchise, the Union Aerospace Corporation (UAC)—a multi-planetary conglomerate—is often referred to as a megacorporation.

In the *Ratchet & Clank* franchise, each of the featured galaxies is dominated by an arms manufacturer with a near-total monopoly on commercial activity, the largest of which is simply called "Megacorp".

In Compilation of Final Fantasy VII, Shinra Electric Power Company is referred as a megacorporation because of its dominance of Mako energy and electricity and actively competes with the nation of Wutai by having its own military which helps with their dominance amongst the populace.

In *Cyberpunk 2077*, several megacorps (most notably Arasaka and Militech) provide security services and sell weapons. While also controlling the population through different methods in a dystopian way.

In the Titanfall franchise, which contains *Apex Legends*, a megacorporation named Interstellar Manufacturing Corporation \[IMC\] dominates the entire mining and manufacturing industry across the *Frontier* (galaxy) based on Earth, well as maintaining private military contractors to suppress dissidents.

## Real-life examples

Although the term itself arose out of science fiction, certain real-life corporations, such as colonial-era chartered companies and zaibatsu, have achieved or approached megacorporation status in various ways. The private Dutch East India Company, for example, operated 40 warships and had 10,000 private soldiers to monitor its farflung spice empire, while the British East India Company controlled a large colonial empire and maintained a 300,000 strong standing army in the mid-19th century before the company was dissolved and its territories absorbed into the British Empire. In the French colonial empire, the Hudson's Bay Company was once the world's largest landowner, exercising legal control and a trading monopoly on its territory known as Rupert's Land which consisted of 15% of the North American land mass.

Today many countries have competition laws (also known as antitrust laws) to prevent real-life corporations from having mega-corporation characteristics. On the other hand, some countries protect a certain industry deemed important by mandating that only a single company, usually state-owned, can operate in it. An example of the latter is Saudi Arabia, which gains the majority of its government revenues through its mega-corporation Saudi Aramco.

In the book *The Wal-Mart Effect*, Charles Fishman describes Walmart as "\[in\] a whole class of megacorporations of which Wal-Mart is just the most extreme, vivid example".


title: Megaherpystis melanoneura

abstract: Megaherpystis melanoneura is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Japan, Korea, China, Taiwan, Thailand, India and Vietnam.

text:
# Megaherpystis melanoneura

***Megaherpystis melanoneura*** is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Japan, Korea, China (Anhui, Fujian, Shandong, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Shaanxi), Taiwan, Thailand, India and Vietnam.

## InfoBox

| *Megaherpystis melanoneura* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Megaherpystis* |
| Species: | ***M. melanoneura*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Megaherpystis melanoneura***<br>(Meyrick, 1912) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Eucosma melanoneura* Meyrick, 1912 * *Melanodaedala melanoneura* | |


title: Medicare for All Act

abstract: The Medicare for All Act, also known as the Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act or United States National Health Care Act, is a bill first introduced in the United States House of Representatives by Representative John Conyers (D-MI) in 2003, with 38 co-sponsors. In 2019, the original 16-year-old proposal was renumbered, and Pramila Jayapal (D-WA) introduced a broadly similar, but more detailed, bill, HR 1384, in the 116th Congress. As of November 3, 2019, it had 116 co-sponsors still in the House at the time, or 49.8% of House Democrats. The act would establish a universal single-payer national health insurance system in the United States, the rough equivalent of Canada's Medicare and Taiwan's Bureau of National Health Insurance, among other examples. Under a single-payer system, most medical care would be paid for by the federal government, ending the need for private health insurance and premiums, and re-casting private insurance companies as providing purely supplemental coverage, to be used when non-essential care is sought. The national system would be paid for in part through taxes replacing insurance premiums, but also by savings realized through the provision of preventive universal health care and the elimination of insurance company overhead and hospital billing costs. On September 13, 2017, Senator Bernie Sanders (I-VT) introduced a parallel bill in the United States Senate, with 16 co-sponsors. The act would establish a universal single-payer health care system in the United States.

text:
# Medicare for All Act

The **Medicare for All Act** (abbreviated **M4A**), also known as the **Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act** or **United States National Health Care Act**, is a bill first introduced in the United States House of Representatives by Representative John Conyers (D-MI) in 2003, with 38 co-sponsors. In 2019, the original 16-year-old proposal was renumbered, and Pramila Jayapal (D-WA) introduced a broadly similar, but more detailed, bill, HR 1384, in the 116th Congress. As of November 3, 2019, it had 116 co-sponsors still in the House at the time, or 49.8% of House Democrats.

The act would establish a universal single-payer national health insurance system in the United States, the rough equivalent of Canada's Medicare and Taiwan's Bureau of National Health Insurance, among other examples. Under a single-payer system, most medical care would be paid for by the federal government, ending the need for private health insurance and premiums, and re-casting private insurance companies as providing purely supplemental coverage, to be used when non-essential care is sought. The national system would be paid for in part through taxes replacing insurance premiums, but also by savings realized through the provision of preventive universal health care and the elimination of insurance company overhead and hospital billing costs.

On September 13, 2017, Senator Bernie Sanders (I-VT) introduced a parallel bill in the United States Senate, with 16 co-sponsors. The act would establish a universal single-payer health care system in the United States.

## Provisions

The laws proposed are not necessarily identical year-over-year.

### John Conyers' bill

The summary of the National Health Care Act as proposed in the 111th Congress (2009–2010) includes the following elements, among others:

1. Expands the Medicare program to provide all individuals residing in the 50 states, Washington, D.C., Puerto Rico, and territories of the United States with tax-funded health care that includes all medically necessary care. That would include primary and preventive care, prescription drugs, emergency care, long-term care, mental health services, dental services, and vision care.
2. Prohibits an institution from participating unless it is a public or nonprofit institution. Allows nonprofit health maintenance organizations (HMOs) that deliver care in their own facilities to participate. On the whole, private insurance would be replaced with the new nationalized system for all basic, major care.
3. Gives patients the freedom to choose from participating physicians and institutions, which, given the coverage of the new national system, would be any institution or clinic in the United States receiving any degree of public funding (the vast majority).
4. Prohibits a private health insurer from selling health insurance coverage that duplicates the benefits provided under this Act. Allows the private insurers to sell benefits not medically necessary, such as cosmetic surgery benefits.
5. Sets forth methods to pay institutional providers of care and health professionals for services. Prohibits financial incentives between HMOs and physicians based on utilization.
6. Establishes the USNHC Trust Fund to finance the Program with amounts deposited: (1) from existing sources of government revenues for health care; (2) by increasing personal income taxes on the top 5% of income earners; (3) by instituting a progressive excise tax on payroll and self-employment income; and (4) by instituting a small tax on stock and bond transactions. Transfers and appropriates amounts that would have been appropriated for federal public health care programs, including Medicare, Medicaid, and the State Children's Health Insurance Program. Taxes would be paid instead of insurance premiums, as the government (instead of private insurance companies) would be paying for the care under the single-payer health care.
7. Establishes a program to assist individuals whose jobs are eliminated (such as within insurance companies) by the simplified single-payer administrative process.
8. Requires creation of a confidential electronic patient record system.
9. Establishes a National Board of Universal Quality and Access to provide advice on quality, access, and affordability.
10. Provides for the eventual integration of the Indian Health Service into the Program and evaluation of the continued independence of Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health programs.
11. The bill covers treatments starting on the first day of the year that follows one year after the date of passage.
12. Compensation continues for 15 years to owners of converting for-profit providers for reasonable financial losses.

### Pramila Jayapal's bill

Pramila Jayapal's Medicare for All Act of 2019, introduced in the House is broadly similar but more detailed than the original Conyers proposal, but the "parallel" proposal by Sanders has significant differences, including a "global budget" system for hospitals. Both proposals contain expansive coverage including long-term care and dental care with no cost-sharing such as coinsurance, deductibles, or premiums, which as of 2019 is unprecedented in the world.

Under the House version, funding for institutions such as hospitals would be negotiated with regional directors, while individual providers would be paid a fee-for-service. Value-based pay for performance incentives would not be allowed. HHS would have administrative authority to set various details.

The Senate proposal sets out a four-year transition plan and the House proposal is two years.

As of April 2019, the Senate proposal did not include details on how to completely pay for the plan, but Sanders had released a paper listing ideas.

## Legislative history

As of 13 December 2022:

| Congress | Short title | Bill number(s) | Date introduced | Sponsor(s) | \# of cosponsors | Latest status |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 108th Congress | Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act of 2003 | H.R. 676 | February 12, 2003 | John Conyers (D-MI) | 38 | Died in Committee |
| 109th Congress | Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act of 2005 | H.R. 676 | February 8, 2005 | John Conyers (D-MI) | 78 | Died in Committee |
| 110th Congress | United States National Health Insurance Act (or the Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act) of 2007 | H.R. 676 | January 24, 2007 | John Conyers (D-MI) | 93 | Died in Committee |
| 111th Congress | Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act of 2009 | H.R. 676 | January 26, 2009 | John Conyers (D-MI) | 87 | Died in Committee |
| 112th Congress | Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act of 2011 | H.R. 676 | February 11, 2011 | John Conyers (D-MI) | 77 | Died in Committee |
| 113th Congress | Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act of 2013 | H.R. 676 | February 13, 2013 | John Conyers (D-MI) | 63 | Died in Committee |
| 114th Congress | Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act of 2015 | H.R. 676 | February 3, 2015 | John Conyers (D-MI) | 62 | Died in Committee |
| 115th Congress | Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act of 2017 | H.R. 676 | January 24, 2017 | John Conyers (D-MI) | 124 | Died in Committee |
| | | S. 1804 | September 13, 2017 | Bernie Sanders (I-VT) | 16 | Died in Committee |
| 116th Congress | Medicare for All Act of 2019 | H.R. 1384 | February 27, 2019 | Pramila Jayapal (D-WA) | 118 | Died in Committee |
| | | S. 1129 | April 10, 2019 | Bernie Sanders (I-VT) | 14 | Died in Committee |
| 117th Congress | Medicare for All Act of 2021 | H.R. 1976 | March 17, 2021 | Pramila Jayapal (D-WA) | 122 | Died in Committee |
| | Medicare for All Act of 2022 | S. 4204 | May 12, 2022 | Bernie Sanders (I-VT) | 14 | Died in Committee |
| 118th Congress | Medicare for All Act of 2023 | H.R. 3421 | May 17, 2023 | Pramila Jayapal (D-WA) | 113 | Referred to Committees of Jurisdiction |
| | | S.1655 | May 17, 2023 | Bernie Sanders (I-VT) | 14 | Referred to Committees of Jurisdiction |

## Analysis

An analysis of the bill by Physicians for a National Health Program estimated the immediate savings at $350 billion per year. Others have estimated a long-term savings amounting to 40% of all national health expenditures due to the extended preventive healthcare and the elimination of insurance company overhead costs.

A study estimated the 1999 costs of U.S. health care administration at nearly $300 billion, accounting for 30.1% of health care expenses, versus 16.7% in Canada. This study estimated the U.S. per-person administrative cost at $1,059.

Charles Blahouse, who worked as George W. Bush's economic advisor and as a public trustee for medicare and social security, wrote a Mercatus Center study of the 2017 proposal It claims that Sanders' M4A plan will increase federal spending by at least $32 trillion (this money is currently going to private healthcare) but that the savings on administrative and other costs could save $2 trillion in healthcare costs. However, Blahouse stresses that these savings rely on multiple generous assumptions and that the plan will likely cost significantly more.

A 2019 analysis was critical of Sanders' bill for allowing accountable care organizations and failing to include a provision to negotiate budgets with hospitals.

According to a 2020 study in *The Lancet*, the Medicare for All Act was estimated to save 13% in national health-care expenditure (equivalent to more than US$450 billion annually), and save more than 68,500 lives every year.

### Other countries

## InfoBox

Medicare for All Act of 2021
Medicare for All Act of 2022
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Long title | To establish an improved Medicare for All national health insurance program. |
| Announced in | the 117th United States Congress |
| Number of co-sponsors | 121 |
| Legislative history | |
|  | |


title: Medicine Owl Lake

abstract: Medicine Owl Lake is located in Glacier National Park, in the U. S. state of Montana. Amphitheater Mountain rises to the southwest and Medicine Owl Peak is immediately west of the lake. Medicine Owl Lake is in the remote backcountry of Glacier National Park and no designated or maintained trails are nearby.

text:
# Medicine Owl Lake

**Medicine Owl Lake** is located in Glacier National Park, in the U. S. state of Montana. Amphitheater Mountain rises to the southwest and Medicine Owl Peak is immediately west of the lake. Medicine Owl Lake is in the remote backcountry of Glacier National Park and no designated or maintained trails are nearby.

## InfoBox

| Medicine Owl Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Medicine Owl LakeMedicine Owl Lake | |
| Location | Glacier National Park, Glacier County, Montana, US |
| Coordinates | 48°36′21″N 113°28′50″W / 48.60583°N 113.48056°W / 48.60583; -113.48056 |
| Type | Natural |
| Primary outflows | Medicine Owl Creek |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Max. length | .30 miles (0.48 km) |
| Max. width | .25 miles (0.40 km) |
| Surface elevation | 6,806 ft (2,074 m) |


title: Meganophthalmus

abstract: Meganophthalmus is a genus in the ground beetle family Carabidae. There are about five described species in Meganophthalmus, found in Russia and Georgia.

text:
# Meganophthalmus

***Meganophthalmus*** is a genus in the ground beetle family Carabidae. There are about five described species in *Meganophthalmus*, found in Russia and Georgia.

## Species

These five species belong to the genus *Meganophthalmus*:

## InfoBox

| *Meganophthalmus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Subfamily: | Trechinae |
| Tribe: | Trechini |
| Subtribe: | Trechina |
| Genus: | *Meganophthalmus*<br>Kurnakov, 1959 |
|


title: Meganola strigula

abstract:
Meganola strigula, the small black arches, is a moth of the family Nolidae. The species was first described by Michael Denis and Ignaz Schiffermüller in 1775. It is found in Europe, Russia and Asia Minor. The wingspan is 18–24 mm. Adults are on wing from June to July and can be attracted to light. The larvae feed on Quercus, Fagus, Prunus and Tilia
species. Its habitat includes mature deciduous woodland, where the larvae are believed to feed on oak (Quercus).

text:
# Meganola strigula

***Meganola strigula***, the **small black arches**, is a moth of the family Nolidae. The species was first described by Michael Denis and Ignaz Schiffermüller in 1775. It is found in Europe, Russia and Asia Minor.

The wingspan is 18–24 mm. Adults are on wing from June to July and can be attracted to light.

The larvae feed on *Quercus* (including *Quercus robur*), *Fagus*, *Prunus* and *Tilia* species.

Its habitat includes mature deciduous woodland, where the larvae are believed to feed on oak (Quercus).

* Kimber, Ian. "74.001 BF2075 Small Black Arches *Meganola strigula* (\[Denis & Schiffermüller\], 1775)". *UKMoths*. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
* *Lepiforum e.V.*

## InfoBox

| *Meganola strigula* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Nolidae |
| Genus: | *Meganola* |
| Species: | ***M. strigula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Meganola strigula***<br>(Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Noctua strigula* Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775 * *Phalaena asperalis* Viler, 1789 * *Pyralis strigularis* Hübner, 1796 * *Phalaena corticosa* Vallot, 1802 * *Pyralis monachalis* Haworth, 1811 * *Nola monachalis* (Haworth, 1811) * *Roeselia strigulana* Hübner, \[1825\] * *Nola lineolalis* Eversmann, 1844 * *Roeselia strigula kolbi* Daniel, 1935 * *Roeselia pannonica* Kovács, 1947 | |


abstract: The Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire was the last war fought by the Neo-Assyrian Empire, between 626 and 609 BC. Succeeding his brother Ashur-etil-ilani, the new king of Assyria, Sinsharishkun, immediately faced the revolt of one of his brother's chief generals, Sin-shumu-lishir, who attempted to usurp the throne for himself. Though this threat was dealt with relatively quickly, the instability caused by the brief civil war may have made it possible for another official or general, Nabopolassar, to rise up and seize power in Babylonia. Sinsharishkun's inability to defeat Nabopolassar, despite repeated attempts over the course of several years, allowed Nabopolassar to consolidate power and form the Neo-Babylonian Empire, restoring Babylonian independence after more than a century of Assyrian rule. The Neo-Babylonian Empire, and the newly-formed Median Empire under King Cyaxares, then invaded the Assyrian heartland. In 614 BC, the Medes captured and sacked Assur, the ceremonial and religious heart of the Assyrian Empire, and in 612 BC, their combined armies attacked and razed Nineveh, the Assyrian capital. Sinsharishkun's fate is unknown but it is assumed that he died in the defense of his capital. He was succeeded as king only by Ashur-uballit II, possibly his son, who rallied what remained of the Assyrian army at the city of Harran and, bolstered by an alliance with Egypt, ruled for three years, in a last attempt to resist the Medo-Babylonian invasion of his realm.

text:
# Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire

The **Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire** was the last war fought by the Neo-Assyrian Empire, between 626 and 609 BC. Succeeding his brother Ashur-etil-ilani (r.631–627 BC), the new king of Assyria, Sinsharishkun (r.627–612 BC), immediately faced the revolt of one of his brother's chief generals, Sin-shumu-lishir, who attempted to usurp the throne for himself.

Though this threat was dealt with relatively quickly, the instability caused by the brief civil war may have made it possible for another official or general, Nabopolassar (r.c.626 – 605 BC), to rise up and seize power in Babylonia.

Sinsharishkun's inability to defeat Nabopolassar, despite repeated attempts over the course of several years, allowed Nabopolassar to consolidate power and form the Neo-Babylonian Empire, restoring Babylonian independence after more than a century of Assyrian rule. The Neo-Babylonian Empire, and the newly-formed Median Empire under King Cyaxares (r.625–585 BC), then invaded the Assyrian heartland. In 614 BC, the Medes captured and sacked Assur, the ceremonial and religious heart of the Assyrian Empire, and in 612 BC, their combined armies attacked and razed Nineveh, the Assyrian capital.

Sinsharishkun's fate is unknown but it is assumed that he died in the defense of his capital. He was succeeded as king only by Ashur-uballit II (r.612–609 BC), possibly his son, who rallied what remained of the Assyrian army at the city of Harran and, bolstered by an alliance with Egypt, ruled for three years, in a last attempt to resist the Medo-Babylonian invasion of his realm.

## Background

In the first half of the seventh century, the Neo-Assyrian Empire was at the height of its power, controlling the entire Fertile Crescent, and allied with Egypt. However, when Assyrian king Assurbanipal died of natural causes in 631 BC, his son and successor Ashur-etil-ilani was met with opposition and unrest, a common occurrence in Assyrian history. An Assyrian official called Nabu-rihtu-usur attempted to usurp the Assyrian throne with the help of another official, Sin-shar-ibni, but the king, likely with the help of Sin-shumu-lishir, stopped Nabu-rihtu-usur and Sin-shar-ibni crushing the conspiracy relatively quickly. However, it is possible that some of Assyria's vassals used the reign of what they perceived to be a weak ruler to free themselves from Assyrian control and even attack Assyrian outposts. In c. 628 BC, Josiah, an Assyrian vassal and the king of Judah in the Levant, extended his land so that it reached the coast, capturing the city of Ashdod and settling some of his own people there. Ashur-etil-ilani's end is unclear, but it is frequently assumed, without any supporting evidence, that Ashur-etil-ilani's brother Sinsharishkun fought with him for the throne and, ultimately, ascended to the throne in the middle of 627 BC. Roughly at the same time, the vassal king of Babylon, Kandalanu, died which led to Sinsharishkun also becoming the ruler of Babylon, as proven by inscriptions by him in southern cities such as Nippur, Uruk, Sippar and Babylon itself. Around this time, the Neo-Assyrian Empire was also in the midst of a 125-year-long megadrought stretching from 675 to 550 BC, which further weakened the empire.

## Course of the war

### Rise of Babylon

Sinsharishkun's rule of Babylon did not last long, as almost immediately in the wake of him coming to the throne, the general Sin-shumu-lishir rebelled. Sin-shumu-lishir was a key figure during Ashur-etil-ilani's reign, putting down several revolts and possibly being the *de facto* leader of the country. The new king might have endangered his position, therefore he revolted in an attempt to seize power for himself. Sin-shumu-lishir seized some cities in northern Babylonia, including Nippur and Babylon itself and would rule there for three months before being defeated by Sinsharishkun. Nabopolassar, possibly using the political instability caused by the previous revolt and the ongoing interregnum in the south, assaulted both Nippur and Babylon. and in the aftermath of a failed Assyrian counterattack, Nabopolassar was formally crowned King of Babylon on November 22/23, 626 BC, restoring Babylonia as an independent kingdom.

In 625–623 BC, Sinsharishkun's forces again attempted to defeat Nabopolassar, campaigning in northern Babylonia. The Assyrian campaigns were initially successful, seizing the city of Sippar in 625 BC and repelling Nabopolassar's attempt to reconquer Nippur. Another Assyrian vassal, Elam, also stopped paying tribute to Assyria during this time and several Babylonian cities, such as Der, revolted and joined Nabopolassar. Realizing the threat this posed, Sinsharishkun led a massive counterattack himself which saw the successful recapture of Uruk in 623 BC. Sinsharishkun could possibly have ultimately been victorious but another revolt, led by an Assyrian general, occurred in the empire's western provinces in 622 BC. This general, whose name remains unknown, took advantage of the absence of Sinsharishkun's forces to march on Nineveh, met an army which surrendered without fighting and successfully seized the Assyrian throne. The surrender of the army indicates that the usurper was an Assyrian and possibly even a member of the royal family, or at least a person that would be acceptable as king. Sinsharishkun then abandoned his Babylonian campaign to defeat the usurper, accomplishing the task after roughly a hundred days of civil war; however the absence of the Assyrian army saw the Babylonians conquer the last remaining Assyrian outposts in Babylonia in 622–620 BC. The Babylonian siege of Uruk had begun by October 622 BC, and though control of the ancient city would shift between Assyria and Babylon, it was firmly under Babylonian rule by 620 BC, and Nabopolassar consolidated his rule over the entirety of Babylonia. During the next several years, the Babylonians scored several other victories against the Assyrians and by 616 BC, Nabopolassar's forces had reached as far as the Balikh River. Pharaoh Psamtik I, Assyria's ally, marched his forces to help Sinsharishkun. The Egyptian Pharaoh had over the last few years campaigned in order to establish dominance over the small city-states of the Levant, and it was in his interests that Assyria survived as a buffer state between his own empire and those of the Babylonians and Medes in the east. A joint Egyptian-Assyrian campaign to capture the city of Gablinu was undertaken in October of 616 BC, but ended in defeat, after which the Egyptian allies kept to the west of the Euphrates, only offering limited support. In 616 BC, the Babylonians defeated the Assyrian forces at Arrapha and pushed them back to the Little Zab. Nabopolassar failed to seize Assur, the ceremonial and religious center of Assyria, in May of the next year, forcing him to retreat to Takrit, but the Assyrians were unable to capture Takrit and end his rebellion.

### Medes' intervention

In October or November 615 BC, the Medes under King Cyaxares invaded Assyria and conquered the region around the city of Arrapha in preparation for a great final campaign against the Assyrians. That same year, they defeated Sinsharishkun at the Battle of Tarbisu, and in 614 BC, they conquered Assur, plundering the city and killing many of its inhabitants. Nabopolassar only arrived at Assur after the plunder had already begun and met with Cyaxares, allying with him, signing an anti-Assyrian pact and Nebuchadnezzar, son of Nabopolassar married a Median princess. Shortly after, Sinsharishkun made his last attempt at a counterattack, rushing to rescue the besieged city of Rahilu, but Nabopolassar's army had retreated before a battle could take place. In 612 BC, the Medes and Babylonians joined their forces to besiege Nineveh, taking the city after a lengthy and brutal siege, with the Medes playing a major part in the city's downfall. Although Sinsharishkun's fate is not entirely certain, it is commonly accepted that he died in the defense of Nineveh.

After the destruction of Assur in 614 BC, the traditional Assyrian coronation was impossible, so Ashur-uballit II was crowned in Harran, which he made his new capital. While the Babylonians saw him as the Assyrian king, the few remaining subjects Ashur-uballit II governed likely did not share this view, and his formal title remained crown prince (*mar šarri*, literally meaning "son of the king"). However, Ashur-uballit not formally being king does not indicate that his claim to the throne was challenged, only that he had yet to go through with the traditional ceremony. Ashur-uballit's main objective would have been to retake the Assyrian heartland, including Assur and Nineveh. Bolstered by the forces of his allies, Egypt and Mannea, this ambition was quite possible, and his temporary rule from Harran as crown prince, rather than legitimately crowned king, may have seemed more like a temporary circumstance. Instead, Ashur-uballit's rule at Harran composes the final years of the Assyrian state, which at this point, had effectively ceased to exist as an Empire. After Nabopolassar himself had travelled the recently conquered Assyrian heartland in 610 BC in order to ensure stability, the Medo-Babylonian army embarked on a campaign against Harran in November of 610 BC. Intimidated by the approach of the Medo-Babylonian army, Ashur-uballit and a contingent of Egyptian reinforcements fled the city into the deserts of Syria. The siege of Harran lasted from the winter of 610 BC to the beginning of 609 BC, and the city eventually capitulated. Ashur-uballit's failure at Harran ended the ancient Assyrian monarchy, which would never be restored.

After the Babylonians had ruled Harran for three months, Ashur-uballit, along with a large force of Egyptian soldiers attempted to retake the city, launching a siege in June or July of 609 BC. His siege lasted at most two months, until August or September, before being forced to retreat by Nabopolassar; they may have retreated even earlier.

## Aftermath

The eventual fate of Ashur-uballit is unknown and his siege of Harran in 609 BC is the last time he, or the Assyrians in general, are mentioned in Babylonian records. After the battle at Harran, Nabopolassar resumed his campaign against the remainder of the Assyrian army in the beginning of the year 608 or 607 BC. It is thought that Ashur-uballit was still alive at this point, for in 608 BC, the Egyptian Pharaoh Necho II, Psamtik I's successor, personally led a large Egyptian army into former Assyrian territory to rescue his ally and turn the tide of the war. There is no mention of a large battle between the Egyptians, Assyrians, Babylonians and Medes in 608 BC, which would have been mentioned in contemporary sources as it marked conflict of the four greatest military powers of their day, and there are no later mentions of Ashur-uballit, it is possible he died at some point during 608 BC, before such a battle could occur. The historian M.B. Rowton speculates Ashur-uballit could have lived until 606 BC, however, by this time, references to the Egyptian army in Babylonian sources bear no reference to the Assyrians or their king.

Although Ashur-uballit is no longer mentioned after 609 BC, the Egyptian campaigns in the Levant continued for some time until a crushing defeat at the Battle of Carchemish in 605 BC. Throughout the next century, Egypt and Babylon, brought into direct contact with each other through Assyria's fall, would frequently be at war with each other over control in the Fertile Crescent.

1. Liverani 2013, p. 539.
2. Frahm 2017, p. 192.
3. Curtis 2009, p. 37.
4. Ahmed 2018, p. 121.
5. Na’aman 1991, p. 255.
6. Ahmed 2018, p. 129.
7. Ahmed 2018, p. 126.
8. Lipschits 2005, p. 13.
9. Na’aman 1991, p. 256.
10. Mary Caperton Morton (15 January 2020). "Megadrought Helped Topple the Assyrian Empire". Eos. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
11. Beaulieu 1997, p. 386.
12. Lipschits 2005, p. 14.
13. Lipschits 2005, p. 15.
14. Na’aman 1991, p. 263.
15. Boardman 1992, p. 62.
16. Lipschits 2005, p. 16.
17. Lipschits 2005, p. 17.
18. Boardman 2008, p. 179.
19. Bradford 2001, p. 48.
20. Potts 2012, p. 854.
21. Lipschits 2005, p. 18.
22. Frahm 2017, p. 194.
23. Dandamayev & Grantovskiĭ 1987, pp. 806–815.
24. Dandamayev & Medvedskaya 2006.
25. Yildirim 2017, p. 52.
26. Radner 2019, p. 135.
27. Reade 1998, p. 260.
28. Radner 2019, pp. 135–136.
29. Radner 2019, pp. 140–141.
30. Lipschits 2005, p. 19.
31. Rowton 1951, p. 128.
32. Bertman 2005, p. 19.
33. Radner 2019, p. 141.
34. Lipschits 2005, p. 20.
35. Edwards 1970, p. 14.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire | |
| --- | --- |
|
Map of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 824 BC (dark green) and in its apex in 671 BC (light green), under King Esarhaddon | |
| Date 626–609 BC  Location Middle East  Result * Medo-Babylonian victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| Medes
Babylonians | Assyrians
Egypt |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Cyaxares
Nabopolassar | Sinsharishkun
Ashur-uballit II (?)
Necho II |


title: Megachile intermixta

abstract: Megachile intermixta is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Carl Eduard Adolph Gerstaecker in 1869.

text:
# Megachile intermixta

***Megachile intermixta*** is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Carl Eduard Adolph Gerstaecker in 1869.

## InfoBox

| *Megachile intermixta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Megachilidae |
| Genus: | *Megachile* |
| Species: | ***M. intermixta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Megachile intermixta***<br>Gerstaecker, 1869 | |
|


title: Megiddo (EP)

abstract: Megiddo is the first EP by Norwegian black metal band Satyricon, and the first release following their 1996 studio album Nemesis Divina.

text:
# Megiddo (EP)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Chronicles of Chaos | 4/10 |

***Megiddo*** is the first EP by Norwegian black metal band Satyricon, and the first release following their 1996 studio album *Nemesis Divina*.

## Background

On the EP, the band commented, "*Megiddo* marked five years of Satyricon, and it gave us the chance to break down some barriers and do something completely different."

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "The Dawn of a New Age" (remixed by Apoptygma Berzerk) | 5:45 |
| 2. | "Night of Divine Power" (re-recording of "The Dark Castle in the Deep Forest" from *Dark Medieval Times*) | 5:50 |
| 3. | "Forhekset" (live) | 4:16 |
| 4. | "Orgasmatron" (Motörhead cover) | 4:59 |

## Personnel

Satyricon * Satyr (Sigurd Wongraven) – vocals, guitar, bass guitar, keyboards
* Frost (Kjetil-Vidar Haraldstad) – drums

Session musicians * Gerlioz (Geir Bratland) – synthesizer on "Night of Divine Power"
* Grothesk (Stephan Groth) – synthesizer, programming on "Orgasmatron"
* Anders Odden – guitars, bass guitar on "Orgasmatron"

## InfoBox

| Megiddo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Satyricon | |
| Released | June 13, 1997 |
| Genre | Black metal |
| Length | 20:50 |
| Label | Moonfog |
| Satyricon chronology | |
| *Nemesis Divina*
(1996) ***Megiddo***
(1997) *Intermezzo II*
(1999) | |


title: Meelaku

abstract: Meelaku is a village in Rõuge Parish, Võru County in Estonia.

text:
# Meelaku

**Meelaku** is a village in Rõuge Parish, Võru County in Estonia.

## InfoBox

| Meelaku | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 57°43′05″N 27°07′49″E / 57.718055555556°N 27.130277777778°E / 57.718055555556; 27.130277777778 | |
| Country | Estonia |
| County | Võru County |
| Parish | Rõuge Parish |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |