title: Nothing Like Falling in Love

abstract: "Nothing Like Falling in Love" is a song written by Thom Schuyler and Jim Schnaars, and recorded by American country music artist Eddie Rabbitt. It was released in November 1983 as the second single from his compilation album Greatest Hits Vol. II. The song reached number 10 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in February 1984 and number 1 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada.

text:
# Nothing Like Falling in Love

"**Nothing Like Falling in Love**" is a song written by Thom Schuyler and Jim Schnaars, and recorded by American country music artist Eddie Rabbitt. It was released in November 1983 as the second single from his compilation album *Greatest Hits Vol. II*. The song reached number 10 on the *Billboard* Hot Country Singles chart in February 1984 and number 1 on the *RPM* Country Tracks chart in Canada.

## Chart performance

| Chart (1983–1984) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 10 |
| US Adult Contemporary (*Billboard*) | 38 |
| Canadian *RPM* Country Tracks | 1 |

## InfoBox

| "Nothing Like Falling in Love" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Eddie Rabbitt | |
| from the album  *Greatest Hits Vol. II* | |
| B-side | "Gone Too Far" |
| Released | November 1983 |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 2:58 |
| Label | Warner Bros. Nashville |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Eddie Rabbitt singles chronology | |
| "You Put the Beat in My Heart"
(1983) "**Nothing Like Falling in Love**"
(1983) "B-B-B-Burnin' Up with Love"
(1984) | |


title: The Pink Lady (aircraft)

abstract: The Pink Lady is the nickname of a B-17G Flying Fortress bomber, serial number 44-8846, which flew several missions for the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) over Nazi Germany near the end of World War II. The plane is now on static display in Cerny, Essonne, France.

text:
# The Pink Lady (aircraft)

***The Pink Lady*** is the nickname of a B-17G Flying Fortress bomber, serial number 44-8846, which flew several missions for the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) over Nazi Germany near the end of World War II. The plane is now on static display in Cerny, Essonne, France.

## History

### Military use

Rolled out of the Lockheed-Vega production facility in Burbank, California in December 1944, *The Pink Lady* was then only known as a B-17G-85-VE Fortress, serial number 44-8846. The plane was outfitted with AN/APS-15 radar in place of a standard ball turret.

On March 1, 1945, 44-8846 was flown to RAF Polebrook, England, and assigned to the 511th Bombardment Squadron, 351st Bombardment Group. Since she entered active service so close to the end of the war, 44-8846 only flew six missions over Germany, the last one on April 20, 1945, when the 351st ended combat operations. She was transferred to the 365th Bombardment Squadron, 305th Bombardment Group, based at RAF Chelveston, England, when the rest of the 351st returned to the United States.

### Post-military use

She was featured as the fictional B-17F aircraft *Mother and Country* in the 1990 film *Memphis Belle*, she was painted on one side to resemble the older B-17F. She is credited in the 2012 film *Red Tails*. *The Pink Lady* was based at Paris–Orly Airport, France, just to the south of Paris, until its hangar was listed for demolition. In October 2006, she was stored for winter 2006–2007 in a hangar in Saint Yan, (Saône et Loire), France. Afterwards, she was based at Melun Villaroche (LFPM), south-east of Paris, where some Dassault (Mirage, Mystère or Balzac) aircraft made their first flights. She has made some appearances, like at Melun in 2008 or the Paris Air Show in 2009. Her last flight from Melun Villaroche (her last base before retirement) was to Cerny-La Ferté Alais (LFFQ) (the airfield of Amicale Jean-Baptiste Salis) in March 2010.

Until retirement early in 2010, it was the only flying survivor to have seen action in Europe during World War II. As of 29 October 2011, she is inside a new hangar where she will wait some years before flying again. In 2012, this aircraft was classed as *Monument historique*.

## Painting schemes and registration numbers

Below is a non-exhaustive chronological list of *The Pink Lady's* painting schemes and registration numbers from 1945 to 2006:

**Entire Aircraft: Unpainted Aluminum**

1945: s/n 48846 on tail

1945, March: white **J** in black Triangle 48846 M on tail (with red diagonal stripe), **DS : M** on fuselage, M on chin turret

▲J designates 351st Bombardment Group Squadron code DS designates 511th Bombardment Squadron

1945, May: white **G** in black Triangle 48846 **XK: M** on fuselage

▲G designates 305th Bombardment Group Squadron code XK designates 365th Bombardment Squadron

1954: Institut Geographique National logo on tail, F-BGSP on fuselage

1965: IGN, registered as ZS-DXM

1979: WFU

1985: 48846 on tail, F-AZDX on fuselage, "Lucky Lady" artwork added to nose for air-show tour

**Entire Aircraft: Olive Drab upper surfaces, light gray lower surfaces**

1989: Officially registered as F-AZDX, was painted for the movie *Memphis Belle* as:

* Left side: 28703 (25703?) on tail, DF-S on fuselage, "Mother and Country" on nose
* Right side: 122960 on tail, G-DF on fuselage, "The Pink Lady" artwork on nose

1993: large text below pilot and co-pilot side windows:

B 17 FAURE EVER * On right-hand side, 5 yellow bombs painted after the word "FAURE", under which there were 2 swastikas

1998: 22955 on tail, F-AZDX on fuselage, "Mother and Country" artwork on nose

2002: Triangle-J 48846 M on tail (with red stripe as per 351st Bomb Group markings), M-DS on fuselage (chin turret removed)

* Left side: "The Pink Lady" artwork, and 846 on nose
    + 6 yellow bombs painted below pilot's side window
    + Blue number "7"
    + TEXT (black stencil):
        - U.S. ARMY-MODEL B-17G-85-VE
        - AIR FORCES SERIAL NO. 44-8846
        - CREW WEIGHT 1200 LBS
        - (+ 5 lines of smaller text)
* Right side: "Mother and Country", and "The Pink Lady" artwork on nose
* Top left wing: Star
* Right Bottom wing: Star

The current paint job does not have "The Pink Lady" artwork on right nose, but is otherwise like its 2002 configuration.

This aircraft was present at "The Flying Legends" (Duxford, UK) air display on 12–13 July 2008. The "Mother and Country", and "The Pink Lady" artwork was present on the right side nose area.

## InfoBox

| Boeing B-17G Flying Fortress<br>*The Pink Lady* | |
| --- | --- |
| The aircraft at Duxford, England, in 2008 | |
| General information | |
| Type | Boeing B-17G-85-VE Flying Fortress |
| Manufacturer | Lockheed-Vega |
| Construction number | 8246 (-VE) |
| Registration | F-AZDX (France) |
| Serial | 44-8846 |
| History | |
| Manufactured | 1944 |
| Preserved at | *Forteresse toujours volante*, Cerny, Essonne, France |


title: Official Table of Drops

abstract: The Official Table of Drops, formerly issued by the British Home Office, is a manual which is used to calculate the appropriate length of rope for long drop hangings. Following a series of failed hangings, including those of John Babbacombe Lee, a committee chaired by Henry Bruce, 1st Baron Aberdare was formed in 1886 to discover and report on the most effective manner of hanging. The committee's report was printed in 1888 and recommended a drop energy of 1,260 foot-pounds force (1,710 J). In April 1892, the Home Office revised this based on an energy of 840 foot-pounds force (1,140 J). In practice, however, the hangmen ignored this table and used considerably longer drops. A significantly revised edition of the Table of Drops was published in October 1913, allowing 1,000 foot-pounds force (1,400 J) of drop energy – and then from 1939 executioners routinely added nine more inches (23 cm) to the drop in the 1913 Table. The Table continued to be used in the United Kingdom until the country suspended capital punishment in 1965, and the UK abolished the death penalty altogether in 1998. The Table remains in use in former British colonies that have retained capital punishment by hanging, such as Singapore.

text:
# Official Table of Drops

The ***Official Table of Drops***, formerly issued by the British Home Office, is a manual which is used to calculate the appropriate length of rope for long drop hangings.

Following a series of failed hangings, including those of John Babbacombe Lee, a committee chaired by Henry Bruce, 1st Baron Aberdare was formed in 1886 to discover and report on the most effective manner of hanging. The committee's report was printed in 1888 and recommended a drop energy of 1,260 foot-pounds force (1,710 J). In April 1892, the Home Office revised this based on an energy of 840 foot-pounds force (1,140 J). In practice, however, the hangmen ignored this table and used considerably longer drops. A significantly revised edition of the Table of Drops was published in October 1913, allowing 1,000 foot-pounds force (1,400 J) of drop energy – and then from 1939 executioners routinely added nine more inches (23 cm) to the drop in the 1913 Table.

The Table continued to be used in the United Kingdom until the country suspended capital punishment in 1965, and the UK abolished the death penalty altogether in 1998. The Table remains in use in former British colonies that have retained capital punishment by hanging, such as Singapore.

| Body weight | | | 1888 drop | | 1892 drop | | 1913 drop | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Stone | lb | kg | ft | cm | ft | cm | ft | cm |
| 14.0 | 196 | 89 | 6′5" | 196 | 4'3½" | 131 | 5′1" | 155 |
| 13.5 | 189 | 86 | 6′8" | 203 | 4'5" | 135 | 5′3½" | 161 |
| 13.0 | 182 | 82½ | 6′11" | 211 | 4'7" | 140 | 5′6" | 168 |
| 12.5 | 175 | 79¼ | 7′3" | 221 | 4'9½" | 146 | 5′8½" | 174 |
| 12.0 | 168 | 76¼ | 7′6" | 229 | 5'0" | 152 | 5′11½" | 182 |
| 11.5 | 161 | 73 | 7′10" | 239 | 5'2½" | 159 | 6′2½" | 189 |
| 11.0 | 154 | 70 | 8′2" | 249 | 5'5" | 165 | 6′6" | 198 |
| 10.5 | 147 | 66⅔ | 8′7" | 262 | 5'8½" | 174 | 6′9½" | 207 |
| 10.0 | 140 | 63½ | 9′0" | 274 | 6'0" | 183 | 7′2" | 218 |
| 9.5 | 133 | 60¼ | 9′3" | 282 | 6'3½" | 192 | 7′6" | 229 |
| 9.0 | 126 | 57 | 9′6" | 293 | 6'8" | 203 | 7′11" | 241 |
| 8.5 | 119 | 54 | 9′9" | 297 | 7'0½" | 215 | 8′5" | 257 |
| 8.0 | 112 | 51 | 10′0" | 305 | 7'6" | 229 | 8′6" | 259 |

| weight of prisoner | 1892 drop (ft & inches) | Ft.lbs energy developed | 1913 drop (feet & inches) | Ft.lbs energy developed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 105 and under | 8'0" | 840 | - | - |
| 110 | 7'10" | 862 | - | - |
| 115 | 7'3" | 834 | 8'6" | 1003 |
| 120 | 7'0" | 840 | 8'4" | 1000 |
| 125 | 6'9" | 844 | 8'0" | 1000 |
| 130 | 6'5" | 834 | 7'8" | 996 |
| 135 | 6'2" | 833 | 7'5" | 1001 |
| 140 | 6'0" | 840 | 7'2" | 1003 |
| 145 | 5'9" | 834 | 6'11" | 1003 |
| 150 | 5'7" | 838 | 6'8" | 999 |
| 155 | 5'5" | 840 | 6'5" | 995 |
| 160 | 5'3" | 853 | 6'3" | 1000 |
| 165 | 5'1" | 839 | 6'1" | 1004 |
| 170 | 4'11" | 836 | 5'10" | 992 |
| 175 | 4'9" | 831 | 5'8" | 991 |
| 180 | 4'8" | 839 | 5'7" | 1005 |
| 185 | 4'7" | 848 | 5'5" | 1002 |
| 190 | 4'5" | 839 | 5'3" | 993 |
| 195 | 4'4" | 844 | 5'2" | 1008 |
| 200 and over | 4'2" | 833 | 5'0" | 1008 |
|

## Other published drop tables

* 1947 US "Procedure for Military Executions" handbook.

1. The process of judicial hanging Archived 2011-08-15 at the Wayback Machine
2. "Hanged by the neck until dead. The process of judicial hanging".
3. "Procedure For Military Executions" (PDF). *Library of Congress*. December 1947. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 March 2008.


abstract: National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System was a court case that was first decided in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas on February 22, 2019, declaring that requiring men but disallowing women to register for the draft for military service in the United States was unconstitutional. The ruling did not specify which actions the government needed to take to resolve the conflict with the constitution. That ruling was reversed by the Fifth Circuit. In June 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to review the decision by the Court of Appeals. In an opinion on supporting the denial, Justice Sonia Sotomayor, joined by Justices Stephen Breyer and Brett Kavanaugh, stated that while there was a constitutional argument about discrimination on sex on the current draft, they agreed to decline because Congress was actively evaluating removing the male-only requirement of the draft through the 2016 Commission, and that "the Court's longstanding deference to Congress on matters of national defense and military affairs cautions against granting review while Congress actively weighs the issue".

text:
# National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System

| National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Court | United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit |
| Full case name | *National Coalition for Men, et al. v. Selective Service System, et al.* |
| Decided | August 13, 2020 |
| Docket nos. | 19-20272 |
| Holding | |
| The district court's judgment is reversed because it directly contradicts the Supreme Court’s holding in Rostker v. Goldberg, 453 U.S. 57, 78–79 (1981), and only the Supreme Court may revise its precedent. | |
| Court membership | |
| Judges sitting | Jacques L. Wiener Jr., Carl E. Stewart, and Don Willett |
| Case opinions | |
| Opinion | |
| **Per curiam** | |

***National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System*** was a court case that was first decided in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas on February 22, 2019, declaring that requiring men but disallowing women to register for the draft for military service in the United States was unconstitutional. The ruling did not specify which actions the government needed to take to resolve the conflict with the constitution (e.g., whether to abolish the draft registration requirement or apply it in a gender-neutral manner). That ruling was reversed by the Fifth Circuit.

In June 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to review the decision by the Court of Appeals. In an opinion on supporting the denial, Justice Sonia Sotomayor, joined by Justices Stephen Breyer and Brett Kavanaugh, stated that while there was a constitutional argument about discrimination on sex on the current draft, they agreed to decline because Congress was actively evaluating removing the male-only requirement of the draft through the 2016 Commission, and that "the Court's longstanding deference to Congress on matters of national defense and military affairs cautions against granting review while Congress actively weighs the issue".

## Background

In the United States, men between the ages of 18 and 25 and residing in the country, with limited exceptions, are required to sign up and maintain their registration in the Selective Service System, established by the Military Selective Service Act. Failure to register or maintain that can lead to fines and prison, and prevents one from several government benefits such as federally backed student loans or employment in the federal sector. Women, who are not required to serve involuntarily, are not required to register. At the time it was established, the military did not allow women to serve in combat roles. The law was challenged on the basis of gender discrimination, leading to the Supreme Court case *Rostker v. Goldberg*. In that 1981 case, the Supreme Court ruled that the practice of requiring only men to register for the draft was constitutional on the basis that women were restricted from serving in combat roles.

Between 2013 and 2015, the Pentagon abolished their restrictions on women voluntarily serving in combat roles. Based on these changes, the National Coalition for Men, a non-profit men's rights organization, filed a lawsuit against the Selective Service System in the United States District Court for the Central District of California on April 4, 2013, arguing that with the Pentagon's change in female participation in combat roles, the rationale behind *Rostker* no longer applied, and the male-only requirement of the Selective Service System was gender-discriminatory. In 2016, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reversed the district court's dismissal of the case and remanded the case back to the district court. The case was later moved to the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas in the 5th Circuit.

In 2016, through a provision in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016, the Congress created the National Commission on Military, National, and Public Service, an independent bipartisan advisory commission tasked with evaluating the Selective Service System and recommending whether women should be required to register with the Selective Service, or potentially do away with the Selective Service System to avoid the gender inequality issue. On January 23, 2019, the Commission released an interim report outlining the various options. On March 25, 2020, after holding various public hearings, the Commission issued its final report, recommending that as long as the Selective Service System exists, both men and women should be subject to mandatory draft registration.

## Arguments

The National Coalition for Men argued in part: "Forcing only males to register is an aspect of socially institutionalized male disposability and helps reinforce the stereotypes that support discrimination against men in other areas such as child custody, divorce, criminal sentencing, paternity fraud, education, public benefits, domestic violence services, due process rights, genital autonomy, and more." Opponents of the status quo also argued that current conscription laws violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution via reverse incorporation because the law treats men and women differently.

## Ruling

On February 22, 2019, Judge Gray H. Miller issued a declaratory judgement that the male-only registration requirement of the MSSA violates the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, since the restrictions on women serving in combat roles in the military, which were present at the time of the decision in *Rostker*, no longer applied and men and women are, therefore, similarly situated for purposes of a draft or registration for a draft.

## Appeal

The ruling was appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit. The Eagle Forum filed an *amicus curiae* brief supporting continued registration of men for the draft, opposing requiring women to register, and asking the Court of Appeals to overturn the District Court decision. A coalition including the American Civil Liberties Union Foundation of Texas, American Civil Liberties Union, 9to5 National Association of Working Women, A Better Balance, Gender Justice, KWH Law Center for Social Justice and Change, National Organization for Women Foundation, National Women’s Law Center, Women’s Law Center of Maryland, and Women’s Law Project filed an amicus curiae brief arguing that the Court of Appeals should uphold the District Court finding that the current Military Selective Service Act is unconstitutional. Oral arguments on the appeal were held March 3, 2020, before a 3-judge panel of the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals at Tulane Law School in New Orleans. A decision by the panel was issued on August 13, 2020, reversing the District Court judgment on the grounds that it amounted to overturning the Supreme Court's precedent from *Rostker*, which only the Supreme Court has the authority to do.

## Supreme Court

Harry Crouch, President of the National Coalition for Men, announced that NCFM was "exploring its options, including filing a Petition for Writ of Certiorari with the United States Supreme Court". On January 8, 2021, NCFM, represented by the ACLU and cooperating counsel from Hogan Lovells, filed a petition for certiorari with the U.S. Supreme Court, asking the Supreme Court to review the decision of the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals. The case was docketed in the Supreme Court as case No. 20-928.

The Supreme Court declined to review the case in June 2021. In an opinion on supporting the denial, Justice Sonia Sotomayor, joined by Justices Stephen Breyer and Brett Kavanaugh, stated that while there was a constitutional argument about discrimination on sex on the current draft, they agreed to decline because Congress was actively evaluating removing the male-only requirement of the draft through the 2016 Commission, and that "the Court's longstanding deference to Congress on matters of national defense and military affairs cautions against granting review while Congress actively weighs the issue".

## InfoBox

| National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Court | United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas |
| Full case name | *National Coalition for Men, et al. v. Selective Service System, et al.* |
| Decided | February 22, 2019 (2019-02-22) |
| Docket nos. | 4:16-cv-03362 |
| Defendants | Selective Service System; Donald Benton, as Director of Selective Service System |
| Counsel for plaintiffs | Marc Angelucci |
| Plaintiffs | National Coalition for Men; James Lesmeister, individually and on behalf of others similarly situated; Anthony Davis |
| Holding | |
| Requiring only men to register for the draft violated their Fifth Amendment right. | |
| Court membership | |
| Judge sitting | Gray H. Miller |
| Case opinions | |
| Transcript | |


title: Magical Mystery Cure

abstract: "Magical Mystery Cure" is the thirteenth and final episode of the third season of the animated television series My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic and the sixty-fifth episode of the series overall. Directed by James Wootton, it was written by M.A. Larson. In the episode, the destinies and cutie marks of Twilight Sparkle's friends get switched around, forcing Twilight to create a magic spell of her own in order to correct it. Part of the episode focuses on Twilight Sparkle becoming a princess and transforming into an alicorn. The Hub heavily emphasized the event while promoting the episode in a coronation-themed advertising sweepstakes campaign, which included a special concert event featuring Miss America 2013 winner Mallory Hagan, and a nine-episode marathon that preceded the episode's premiere. Aired on February 16, 2013, on The Hub, the episode became the network's highest-rated telecast among kids aged 2–11. Reception from critics was polarized. Praise was given for the story, while its musical format, believing it took away from the story element, and Twilight's transformation into an alicorn were criticized. Similarly, a significant fraction of the show's fandom called the transformation a "jump the shark" moment.

text:
# Magical Mystery Cure

"**Magical Mystery Cure**" is the thirteenth and final episode of the third season of the animated television series *My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic* and the sixty-fifth episode of the series overall. Directed by James Wootton, it was written by M.A. Larson.

In the episode, the destinies and cutie marks of Twilight Sparkle's friends get switched around, forcing Twilight to create a magic spell of her own in order to correct it. Part of the episode focuses on Twilight Sparkle becoming a princess and transforming into an alicorn. The Hub heavily emphasized the event while promoting the episode in a coronation-themed advertising sweepstakes campaign, which included a special concert event featuring Miss America 2013 winner Mallory Hagan, and a nine-episode marathon that preceded the episode's premiere.

Aired on February 16, 2013, on The Hub, the episode became the network's highest-rated telecast among kids aged 2–11. Reception from critics was polarized. Praise was given for the story, while its musical format, believing it took away from the story element, and Twilight's transformation into an alicorn were criticized. Similarly, a significant fraction of the show's fandom called the transformation a "jump the shark" moment.

## Plot

Twilight Sparkle awakens one morning to find that her friends' cutie marks and duties around Ponyville have swapped: Rarity's creativity in doing Rainbow Dash's weather control causes havoc around town; Rainbow is unable to tame Fluttershy's animals; Fluttershy's attempts to throw Pinkie Pie's parties disappoint Ponyville's residents, who become grumpy and tetchy; Pinkie has difficulties working on Applejack's farm, where her apple trees are now bare and blackened; and Applejack's dressmaking skills are awful, forcing her to close Rarity's boutique. Twilight's friends are unaware of the change, believing that they are following their true destinies.

Twilight remembers that Princess Celestia had earlier sent her the notebook of unicorn wizard Star Swirl the Bearded, believing that Twilight can make sense of the incomplete spell on the last page. However, when Twilight read the spell, it inadvertently switched around the Elements of Harmony, affecting their respective bearers. Realizing she is responsible for her friends' condition, and with no counter-spell to fix it, Twilight blames herself for her friends' misery and Ponyville's resulting desolation.

However, inspired by Spike's compassion, Twilight realizes that if she shows her friends their true destinies and reminds them their meaning to each other, she may be able to reverse the spell. She shows her friends what their true calling is, encouraging them to help each other fix things. They regain their original cutie marks with the help of their respective Elements, and Ponyville is quickly restored. Twilight realizes that friendship is a factor Star Swirl never accounted for and completes the spell. Upon doing so, the Elements worn by her friends activate, engulfing Twilight in a bright light and causing her to disappear.

Twilight awakens in an ethereal place where she is greeted by Princess Celestia, who congratulates her and declares Twilight is ready for a new stage in her life. Twilight undergoes a transformation and returns as a winged unicorn known as an alicorn. Her friends are amazed and happily welcome her change, while Celestia announces that Twilight is no longer her student, but a princess who has demonstrated leadership and other positive attributes during her stay in Ponyville. Twilight becomes concerned that she is now lost as she is no longer Celestia's student, but the latter promises they will all help each other learn. Twilight is officially crowned in a grand celebration in Canterlot, where she thanks her friends for being there to help her.

## Cast

## Production

On the topic of Twilight's ascension to becoming a princess, writer Meghan McCarthy explained that Twilight had been embarking on a journey since the first episode of the series that would eventually lead to this outcome. McCarthy explained that the title of princess in Equestria has to be earned by sharing their gifts with others, and that "every little girl wants to be a princess, and not everybody can get to be a princess—but \[they\] can live up to the ideals that should come along with being a princess." McCarthy noted that, despite Twilight's new role and the new challenges she will face, her personality will remain the same. M.A. Larson stated the script "was heavily altered from his final \[one\]."

The episode is primarily a musical. The show's composer Daniel Ingram created seven songs with episode's writer, M.A. Larson who wrote two songs. Ingram wrote most of the songs' lyrics for "I've Got to Find a Way", "A True, True Friend", "Celestia's Ballad", "Behold, Princess Twilight Sparkle", and, with assistance from Larson, "What My Cutie Mark is Telling Me". The lyrics for both "Morning in Ponyville" and "Life in Equestria" were written by Larson. "What My Cutie Mark Is Telling Me", under the title "Find a Way", "I've Got to Find a Way", and "A True, True Friend" are included on the album *Songs of Ponyville*.

1. "Morning in Ponyville"
2. "What My Cutie Mark is Telling Me"
3. "I've Got To Find a Way"
4. "A True, True Friend"
5. "Celestia's Ballad"
6. "Behold, Princess Twilight Sparkle"
7. "Life in Equestria"

## Promotion

On February 9, 2013, The Hub held a "Coronation Concert" in Los Angeles to promote the episode, hosted by Miss America 2013 special guest star Mallory Hagan. Despite stating that she was more of a *Strawberry Shortcake* fan growing up, Hagan felt honored to participate in the event since she supported the series' aim to teach lessons about friendship and acceptance, considering it "a great way to show little girls that they can be empowered by trying to reach their goals." The premiere of "Magical Mystery Cure" on The Hub was also preceded by a marathon of previous *Friendship is Magic* episodes. Hasbro also released merchandise later in the year featuring Twilight Sparkle's princess form.

## Broadcast and reception

### Ratings

"Magical Mystery Cure" premiered on The Hub on February 16, 2013. Its ratings outperformed its key competitors, such as Disney XD and Cartoon Network. The show also earned triple-digit year-to-year time period delivery gains in almost all demographics. As of September 2013, it is also The Hub's most-viewed telecast among kids aged 2–11.

### Critical reception and awards

Ed Liu of *ToonZone* (now *Anime Superhero*) considered the episode felt "rushed and perfunctory", having nearly two separate stories that would have been told better across two separate episodes, and considered that the large number of songs was a contributing factor towards this. While Liu did not consider it a poor episode of the series, he felt the show had done better with emotional conclusions in previous seasons. Daniel Alvarez of *Unleash the Fanboy* also acknowledged that the musical format took away time from the "great story", but otherwise considered it a "very grand episode". He gave it 4.5 out of 5 stars. Writing for Den of Geek, Ethan Lewis deemed the episode a "disappoint\[ment\]". He believed promoting someone to a "princess" was inappropriate and that Twilight's transformation was undeserved and would make her miserable and too powerful. The episode and its composers, Daniel Ingram and Steffan Andrews, received a 2013 Leo Award for "Best Musical Score in an Animated Program or Series".

### Fandom reaction

The revelation that Twilight Sparkle would become an alicorn was announced several weeks before the episode's premiere, though this had been rumored months before based on photos of upcoming toy lines from Hasbro. The "brony" fanbasewhich encompasses older viewers who had grown to appreciate the serieshad mixed reviews to this announcement, with a significant fraction considering it a "jump the shark" moment for the show. Shaun Scotellaro of the fan site Equestria Daily considered this a normal reaction to any changes to the show by the fans, but considered that since many of the older fans connect with Twilight Sparkle as a bookish nerdy character, changes such as this would be dramatic. In response, Tara Strong, the voice actress for Twilight, asserted that the episode is "a birth of a new era for Twilight, but not the end of what makes the show so wonderful".

## Home media

The season 3 finale is part of the "Princess Twilight Sparkle" Region 1 DVD by Shout! Factory which was made available in stores on April 30, 2013. It has also been released as part of the complete Season 3 DVD set.

## InfoBox

| "**Magical Mystery Cure**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic* episode | |
| Twilight Sparkle (front) crowned as a princess in her new alicorn form | |
| Episode no. | Season 3<br>Episode 13 |
| Directed by | James Wootton |
| Written by | M.A. Larson |
| Featured music | See Featured songs |
| Editing by |  |
| Original air date | February 16, 2013 (2013-02-16) |
| Running time | 22 minutes |
| Guest appearances | |
|  | |
|
|


title: Walter Rupprecht

abstract: Walter Rupprecht was a Swiss footballer who played for FC Basel. He played in the position as defender. Between the years 1915 and 1924 Rupprecht played a total of 17 games for Basel, scoring one goal. Five of these games were in the Swiss Serie A and twelve were friendly games. He only scored one goal and this was in the test game that Basel played in the Landhof on 14 October 1917. The game against Young Fellows Zürich ended with a 3–2 victory. Rupprecht scored Basel's third goal.

text:
# Walter Rupprecht

**Walter Rupprecht** (date of birth unknown; died 21 July 1954) was a Swiss footballer who played for FC Basel. He played in the position as defender.

Between the years 1915 and 1924 Rupprecht played a total of 17 games for Basel, scoring one goal. Five of these games were in the Swiss Serie A and twelve were friendly games. He only scored one goal and this was in the test game that Basel played in the Landhof on 14 October 1917. The game against Young Fellows Zürich ended with a 3–2 victory. Rupprecht scored Basel's third goal.

## Sources

## InfoBox

Walter Rupprecht
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Walter Rupprecht | | |
| Place of birth | Switzerland | | |
| Date of death | 21 July 1954 | | |
| Place of death | Switzerland | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1915–1924 | FC Basel | 5 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: 1917 Twin Cities streetcar strike

abstract: The 1917 Twin Cities streetcar strike was a labor strike involving streetcar workers for the Twin City Rapid Transit Company (TCRT) in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area of the U.S. state of Minnesota, popularly known as the Twin Cities. The initial strike lasted from October 6 to 9, 1917, though the broader labor dispute between the streetcar workers and the company lasted for several months afterwards and included a lockout, a sympathetic general strike, and months of litigation before ending in failure for the strikers. The labor dispute began in August 1917, when streetcar workers began to openly discuss their grievances regarding their poor working conditions and low pay. In September, the workers met with Horace Lowry, the president of the company, to discuss possible wage increases and changes to working conditions, though Lowry resisted both. As a result, the workers organized with the International Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees, which established two local unions in the Twin Cities. Lowry responded by firing several union employees and offering remaining employees a ten percent wage increase, though they rejected the offer because it would not have included the rehiring of those employees. Fearing a possible labor strike, the Civic and Commerce Association, Minneapolis's employers' organization, mobilized the Civilian Auxiliary, an auxiliary group they had formed at the beginning of the United States's entry into World War I earlier that year. On October 6, the streetcar workers went on strike, which went relatively peacefully in Minneapolis, but became violent in nearby Saint Paul, where a mob of about 3,000 people roamed the streets and committed acts of violence and property damage against both TCRT and non-TCRT owned property. The violence became so bad that Minnesota Governor Joseph A. A. Burnquist mobilized the state's home guard. On October 9, the Minnesota Commission of Public Safety became involved, bringing an end to the strike as they mandated that the company institute improved working conditions and pay increases while they reviewed the terminations on a case-by-case basis. While the union claimed a partial victory with the strike, the company soon after began to plan ways to damage the union. They created a company union whose members often engaged in confrontations with amalgamated union employees, prompting the streetcar union to request the MCPS to intervene again. The MCPS organized a committee to address both sides' grievances and ultimately found in favor of the company, ruling that the union could not solicit or propagandize on company property, such as with wearing buttons advocating for the union. Taking advantage of the ruling, the company committed a lockout of about 800 union employees on November 25, further inflaming tensions. On December 2, a pro-labor rally at Saint Paul's Rice Park in support of the streetcar workers turned violent and resulted in a mob of about 2,500 damaging property in the city, and around the same time, labor leaders in the Twin Cities announced plans for a general strike. This general strike, which involved about 10,000 workers, was held on December 13 and was called off after less than four hours when it was announced that federal mediators would become involved in the streetcar labor dispute. The mediators found in favor of the union, but the company refused to obey their recommendations, which the mediators were powerless to enforce, and the union, which had previously agreed to a no-strike clause, was powerless to protest. After several months of litigation stretching into 1918, the labor dispute ended in failure for the union. Following World War I, the Civilian Auxiliary and the MCPS would be disbanded. It would take until 1934 for employees of the TCRT to become unionized under the banner of the Amalgamated Transit Workers Union. The company would continue operations until 1970, when its assets were absorbed by Metro Transit. Discussing the strike in a 2001 book, historian Mary Lethert Wingerd said, "I think it’s one of the most important events in the history of Minnesota, and one of the least recognized". Wingerd states that the strike exposed the federal government's limited power in addressing local labor disputes and resulted in later changes at the national level to address this. Additionally, the strike, which was supported by the Nonpartisan League, resulted in closer collaboration between organized labor and agricultural interests, contributing to the formation of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party the following year.

text:
# 1917 Twin Cities streetcar strike

The **1917 Twin Cities streetcar strike** was a labor strike involving streetcar workers for the Twin City Rapid Transit Company (TCRT) in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area of the U.S. state of Minnesota, popularly known as the Twin Cities. The initial strike lasted from October 6 to 9, 1917, though the broader labor dispute between the streetcar workers and the company lasted for several months afterwards and included a lockout, a sympathetic general strike, and months of litigation before ending in failure for the strikers.

The labor dispute began in August 1917, when streetcar workers began to openly discuss their grievances regarding their poor working conditions and low pay. In September, the workers met with Horace Lowry, the president of the company, to discuss possible wage increases and changes to working conditions, though Lowry resisted both. As a result, the workers organized with the International Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees, which established two local unions in the Twin Cities. Lowry responded by firing several union employees and offering remaining employees a ten percent wage increase, though they rejected the offer because it would not have included the rehiring of those employees. Fearing a possible labor strike, the Civic and Commerce Association, Minneapolis's employers' organization, mobilized the Civilian Auxiliary, an auxiliary group they had formed at the beginning of the United States's entry into World War I earlier that year.

On October 6, the streetcar workers went on strike, which went relatively peacefully in Minneapolis, but became violent in nearby Saint Paul, where a mob of about 3,000 people roamed the streets and committed acts of violence and property damage against both TCRT and non-TCRT owned property. The violence became so bad that Minnesota Governor Joseph A. A. Burnquist mobilized the state's home guard. On October 9, the Minnesota Commission of Public Safety (MCPS, a watchdog organization formed by the state government during the war) became involved, bringing an end to the strike as they mandated that the company institute improved working conditions and pay increases while they reviewed the terminations on a case-by-case basis. While the union claimed a partial victory with the strike, the company soon after began to plan ways to damage the union. They created a company union whose members often engaged in confrontations with amalgamated union employees, prompting the streetcar union to request the MCPS to intervene again. The MCPS organized a committee to address both sides' grievances and ultimately found in favor of the company, ruling that the union could not solicit or propagandize on company property, such as with wearing buttons advocating for the union. Taking advantage of the ruling, the company committed a lockout of about 800 union employees on November 25, further inflaming tensions. On December 2, a pro-labor rally at Saint Paul's Rice Park in support of the streetcar workers turned violent and resulted in a mob of about 2,500 damaging property in the city, and around the same time, labor leaders in the Twin Cities announced plans for a general strike. This general strike, which involved about 10,000 workers, was held on December 13 and was called off after less than four hours when it was announced that federal mediators would become involved in the streetcar labor dispute. The mediators found in favor of the union, but the company refused to obey their recommendations, which the mediators were powerless to enforce, and the union, which had previously agreed to a no-strike clause, was powerless to protest. After several months of litigation stretching into 1918, the labor dispute ended in failure for the union.

Following World War I, the Civilian Auxiliary and the MCPS would be disbanded. It would take until 1934 for employees of the TCRT to become unionized under the banner of the Amalgamated Transit Workers Union. The company would continue operations until 1970, when its assets were absorbed by Metro Transit. Discussing the strike in a 2001 book, historian Mary Lethert Wingerd said, "I think it’s one of the most important events in the history of Minnesota, and one of the least recognized". Wingerd states that the strike exposed the federal government's limited power in addressing local labor disputes and resulted in later changes at the national level to address this. Additionally, the strike, which was supported by the Nonpartisan League, resulted in closer collaboration between organized labor and agricultural interests, contributing to the formation of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party the following year.

## Background

### Twin City Rapid Transit Company

By the beginning of the 1900s, electric streetcars had mostly replaced horse-drawn streetcars and cable cars as the dominant form of public transit in many cities across the United States. In the U.S. state of Minnesota, may cities had electric streetcar systems, including Duluth, East Grand Forks, and Winona. The streetcar systems for the neighboring cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul (which form a metropolitan area commonly referred to as the "Twin Cities") had been electrified in 1891, and that same year, the systems merged to form the Twin City Rapid Transit Company (TCRT), which held a monopoly on public transit in the cities. As in other localities, the Minneapolis-based company was granted a franchise by the cities to lay tracks and operate on their public roads, but in exchange, the company had to provide certain public services at its own cost, such as maintaining the road surface and performing snow removal. The company had a board of directors that included many noted area citizens and was led by its president, Thomas Lowry, a real estate developer who had been involved in the creation of many of the Twin Cities' neighborhoods, which were serviced by the streetcars. He died in 1909, and by 1915, his son, Horace Lowry, had become the president of the company. By the mid-1910s, the company was struggling financially as its operating expenses had grown over the past several years. Additionally, while the company wanted to raise its fare, the prices were set by the local governments of Minneapolis and Saint Paul, and the local politicians did not want to raise the nickel-fare that had been in place since before the system had been electrified.

### Labor organizing amongst the streetcar workers

Conductors and motormen for the company during this time experienced poor working conditions, working up to 12-hour shifts with no paid time off. As a result, starting in August 1917 and continuing into September, workers began to hold talks with labor union activists and pushed for a wage increase of 0.03 per hour. In September, a committee of streetcar workers met with Lowry and company management to demand increased wages and improved working conditions, though Lowry denied these requests, citing inadequate revenue that could not cover the increased costs. After this, many of the workers sought assistance from the Minneapolis Trades and Labor Assembly, the local trades council. On September 23, 32 workers held a meeting to discuss unionizing. Many unions during this time were taking advantage of the general nationwide labor shortage caused by the U.S. involvement in World War I by pushing for higher wages, better working conditions, and union recognition. The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), a radical anticapitalist union that had regional headquarters in downtown Minneapolis, was one such organization, and many employees who had pushed for the wage increases and better working conditions had ties to the group.

Article in the *Minneapolis Labor Review* discussing unionization among the streetcar workers, September 28, 1917

By September 25, Lowry had discovered the identity of 20 of the 32 men who had participated in the union meeting on September 23 and immediately fired them. This incensed many of the workers, and on October 1, about 400 workers held a meeting to discuss the situation with the company and decided to fully unionize with the International Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees, a union for streetcar employees, whose organizers established two local unions for the streetcar workers in Minneapolis and Saint Paul. Around the same time, Lowry attempted to counter the growing labor movement in his company by offering a ten percent wage increase to remaining employees, though this offer was rejected because it would not have included the rehiring of the fired men. At the same time, Lowry fired another 37 workers for union activities. Alongside this one of the fired union workers was attacked by a foremen with another non-union employee holding him down, this was after he demanded the pay from his last week of work before being discharged. With no progress in negotiating with Lowry, the streetcar workers began to prepare for a labor strike. It would not be the first in the history of the Twin Cities streetcar system, as in 1889, workers for the Minneapolis Street Railway Company (a predecessor of the TCRT) went on strike over a wage decrease.

### Political developments in Minnesota

Several months prior to the start of the labor dispute between streetcar workers and management, the United States entered into World War I. In the immediate aftermath, the government of Minnesota enacted a law to create the Minnesota Commission of Public Safety (MCPS), a watchdog group that was led by Minnesota Governor Joseph A. A. Burnquist and was granted broad powers to ensure the state's protection from foreign threats and oversee its war effort. For the duration of the war, the MCPS targeted many groups that they deemed a possible threat, including socialists, German Americans, the Nonpartisan League, the IWW, and organized labor in general. With the federalization of the Minnesota National Guard, the MCPS also created a state home guard, the Minnesota Home Guard, as a military organization for the state. According to an article published by the Minnesota Historical Society, "The MCPS employed the Home Guard as a de facto police force to quell labor disputes".

In the Twin Cities, Saint Paul was a closed shop city where almost all employers recognized union workers, while organized labor in Minneapolis was less strong, resulting in a more open shop city. This was due in part to the actions of the Minneapolis Citizens' Alliance, a local anti-union group that was closely associated with the city's employer's organization, the Minneapolis Civic and Commerce Association (CCA). The CCA included several hundred businessmen from the area, including its leader John F. McGee, who was also a member of the MCPS. In April 1917, due to the outbreak of war, the CCA established the Civilian Auxiliary, an auxiliary group consisting of several hundred men, including many CCA members, who engaged in military training. The group was led by Perry G. Harrison, a CCA member, and held exercises at the College of St. Thomas in Saint Paul. According to historian William Millikan, the CCA had established the auxiliary out of fear that Governor Burnquist and the MCPS would be too hesitant to respond to a local issue, such as a labor strike. However, per Millikan, "the fears and goals of the Public Safety Commission and the Civic and Commerce Association were identical". Additionally, the CCA was concerned by the recently elected Minneapolis Mayor Thomas Van Lear, a member of the Socialist Party of America, who pledged that the Minneapolis Police Department would not be employed in strikebreaking under his mayorship. With a possible streetcar strike imminent, officers in the Civilian Auxiliary met on September 6 at the Minneapolis Athletic Club to reorganize the group into four companies of 150 men each. Additionally, the officers talked to Hennepin County Sheriff Otto S. Langum, a CCA member, and on September 13, he deputized the Civilian Auxiliary. On September 25, Sheriff Langum notified the auxiliary that they would be free to openly bear arms and make arrests.

## Course of the labor dispute

### Early strike actions

The strike began at 1:00 a.m. CT on Monday, October 6. Sheriff Langum was quickly notified and he ordered the Civilian Auxiliary to be mobilized, under the field leadership of Colonel Harrison and Major Henry Adams Bellows. These two set up headquarters in a room in the Minneapolis Courthouse and began to assign companies to different areas of Minneapolis to defend streetcar employees and property, including their many carbarns. Later in the day, a group of about 150 union supporters gathered around a carbarn at the intersection of Washington Avenue and 24th Street and attempted to convince working employees to join the strike. However, the streetcars continued to operate on a normal schedule and, aside from some rock-throwing, the gathering was largely peaceful. Later that day, a group of about 100 union sympathizers marched to the carbarn with weapons such as clubs and stones, though they were quickly dispersed by the auxiliary, who were equipped with Krag–Jørgensen and Springfield rifles. One of the group leaders was arrested and charged with inciting a riot. Over the next four days, the auxiliary remained on patrol and, aside from some sporadic incidents at this station, the strike was relatively peaceful in Minneapolis.

In Saint Paul, the strike was much more violent, owing in large part to the strong influence that organized labor held over the city politics. For several hours after the start of the strike, a mob of about 3,000 strikers moved through the streets and committed acts of property damage, such as smashing windows and attacking operating streetcars. The *St. Paul Pioneer Press* reported during the strike, "Wild rioting in which the police were unable to control mobs numbering in the thousands marked the end of the first day of the street car strike", while Minnesota historian Mary Lethert Wingerd later stated, "the situation had escalated into a full-scale riot, like nothing St. Paul had ever seen". As a result, by 11 p.m., the company decided to temporarily shut down operations in Saint Paul. The Saint Paul Police Department, whose officers were unionized, was hesitant to suppress the riot. In Minneapolis, Sheriff Langum posted guards at all of the bridges connecting the two cities to prevent the spread of violence from Saint Paul. The violence was so great that Governor Burnquist ordered in federal soldiers from Fort Snelling to quell the rioting. In total, about 500 troops from several units of the Minnesota Infantry were brought in to restore order. In total, 11 men were arrested, while 20 were injured during the rioting. According to Wingerd, the rioting, which had begun as a labor dispute between the workers and streetcar company, had quickly taken the form of a "community protest" that involved many Saint Paulites airing various grievances, including from several uniformed soldiers who participated, and the local *St. Paul Daily News* described the event as having the atmosphere of "a state fair", noting the presence of vendors selling popcorn and peanuts. On October 8, Lowry purchased a full-page advertisement in the *Saint Paul Dispatch* in an attempt to garner public sympathy against the strike, saying, "a small group of men, outside of our organization, have, for political and personal advantage, attempted to create discord between you and your management. ... Can we for a moment either as employees charged with a public duty, or as joint workers in a great industry entrust our interests to these men?" The *Pioneer Press* also attempted to portray the event as the result of outside agitators, in particular IWW activists.

By October 9, the MCPS decided to intervene and brought an end to the strike. The commission ordered an immediate end to the strike and the reinstatement of fired workers while they began an investigation into the strike that included interviews with numerous union and company representatives. The MCPS reviewed each termination on a case-by-case basis and by October 12, all but 13 of the 57 fired employees had their jobs back. By that date, sporadic violence in Saint Paul had completely died down. The union claimed a victory in this strike action, as the company agreed to an MCPS order to increase pay (resulting in a wage increase of ten percent) and improve working conditions, prompting the pro-labor *Minneapolis Labor Review* to report in an October 12 headline story, "Street Railway Strike Ends in Victory for Men".

### Interim

Following this initial strike action, Lowry and company management remained fearful of future union actions and decided to create a company union called the Trainmen's Cooperative and Protective Association. This association, with Lowry as its head, was designed to counter the influence of the union and gave Lowry arbitration power over the members. The association distributed buttons to its members, though this backfired as the union began to issue buttons of its own and increased recruitment efforts. At one carbarn, about 160 employees left the association and joined with the union. Tensions escalated between the two groups of workers, and daily instances of harassment, verbal abuse, and in some cases even physical violence were not uncommon. On November 1, the union sent an appeal to the MCPS, which ordered all hostilities to cease as they assembled a committee to address both sides' grievances. The committee initially consisted of President Samuel F. Kerfoot of Hamline University, Minneapolis lawyer Robert Jamison, and Saint Paul businessman Norman Fetter, though Jamison was later replaced by CCA member Waldron M. Jerome after it was revealed that Jamison owned stock in TCRT. According to Millikan, this committee, which began holding hearings on November 7, was biased towards the union, and there were rumors that Fetter also owned stock in TCRT and that Hamline University had received a financial endowment from Horace Lowry. While this committee continued to hold hearings, both the company and the union prepared for the next labor dispute. Edward Karow, a captain in the Minneapolis Civilian Auxiliary, traveled to Saint Paul to organize an auxiliary force in that city, arming them with several hundred riot sticks and some rifles. The union complained to Governor Burnquist that the auxiliary was in essence nothing more than a private army for employers and was illegally wearing United States Army clothing and brandishing rifles. While the union wanted the auxiliary disbanded, the only change to come from this was that the group began to wear steel-gray uniforms instead of their previous khaki ones.

On November 19, the committee released its recommendations, which included a ban on button-wearing by the streetcar workers and the prohibition of the union to solicit and propagandize on company property, which included the carbarns and the streetcars. The MCPS adopted the committee's recommendations in full the following day, with the company given the ability to enforce the recommendations. While both the company and the union had agreed to the button recommendation, the union had not agreed to the ban on soliciting and propagandizing, and after discussing the matter with the MCPS, the union agreed to hold a vote on November 26. However, the company learned of the planned vote and on November 25 ordered that anyone seen wearing a button or soliciting would be fired immediately. This resulted in a lockout of about 800 union members who had refused to comply with the company's demands, and the union viewed the move as an effort by the company to break the union. These 800 men would later be fired by the company. While the union contended that the recommendations did not carry the force of law and were thus unenforceable by the company, the MCPS, which supported the company, passed an order on November 27 that gave the recommendations the force of law, though the order also stipulated that the 800 men would be rehired. However, the union still refused to comply. That same day, the CCA reorganized the Minneapolis division of the American Protective League (APL), an organization nominally under the direction of the United States Department of Justice's Bureau of Investigation whose goal was to employ surveillance on certain groups during the war. Approximately 400 members of the CCA joined the APL, which was headquartered in the local federal building.

### Pro-labor riot in Saint Paul

Union supporters gathered at a rally in Saint Paul's Rice Park on December 2, 1917

On December 2, tensions came to a head during a pro-union rally at Saint Paul's Rice Park that had been organized by labor groups in the Twin Cities. After the rally, despite calls by labor leader speakers to engage in peaceful demonstrations, a large group of people (later reported by the *Pioneer Press* as about 2,500) took to Saint Paul's streets and began to damage TCRT company property and attack nonunion streetcar workers. The actions caused the company to suspend afternoon operations in the city and resulted in about 50 nonunion streetcar workers getting injured.

Ramsey County Sheriff John Wagener refused to offer protection to the streetcar company and the Saint Paul Police Department was unable to restore order, prompting the deployment of the Minnesota Home Guard at 6:00 p.m. Within two hours, the Home Guard had dispersed crowds from Downtown Saint Paul and had erected barricades in certain areas of the city.

Over the next several days, additional troops arrived from across the state, from cities such as Austin, Crookston, Duluth, Morris, and Red Wing. Governor Burnquist later removed Sheriff Wagener from his post due to his inaction, and though labor activists gathered 20,000 signatures calling for his reinstatement, this did not occur. In Minneapolis, Sheriff Langum mobilized the Civilian Auxiliary shortly after rioting broke out in Saint Paul. These men patrolled the streets in weather that dropped to as low as -25 degrees Fahrenheit and engaged in some sporadic scuffles with union members, but were able to prevent the widespread rioting that Saint Paul experienced. During this conflict, the Northwestern National Bank donated 66 .30 caliber rifles with bayonets to the auxiliary. Local media would later call this act of violence "The War of St. Paul". In the aftermath, two speakers at the Rice Park rally, including James Manahan of the Nonpartisan League, who had pledged that group's support for the strikers, were arrested for inciting a riot, though these charges were later dismissed by a judge in Ramsey County.

One labor newspaper's account of the secondary riot in Minneapolis was as follows. The paper claims that the actions and presence of the Civilian Auxiliary, armed with pick handles as rudimentary clubs and pistols, provoked it. That they prodded workers with the handles and the prevented people from crossing street corners, leading fights to break out. It then concludes that at the end of the night a couple street car windows were broken and no one was injured except those beaten by the Civilian Auxiliary. Another labor newspaper, *The Minnesota Union Advocate,* claims the streetcars power was shut down right before an outside meeting ended.

### Plans for a general strike

While the violence had been quelled in the Twin Cities, a national gathering of union members scheduled for December 5 prompted fears of a general strike in the metropolitan area. As a result, on December 4, United States Secretary of War Newton D. Baker, acting United States Secretary of Labor Louis F. Post, American Federation of Labor (AFL) president Samuel Gompers, and MCPS representative C. W. Ames met in Washington, D.C. to discuss the situation in the Twin Cities. The group decided that the best course of action to prevent a full-scale general strike was to suspend the MCPS and reopen the case between the streetcar company and the union. Secretary Baker notified Governor Burnquist that the federal government was willing to intervene to prevent more disturbances, as they believed that a continued labor dispute in the cities could hurt the country's war effort. McGee and the CCA were afraid that federal government intervention would hurt the organization's position of power in the Twin Cities and McGee notified both Secretary Baker and United States Secretary of the Treasury William Gibbs McAdoo that their intervention was unwarranted. Governor Burnquist also resisted intervention and Secretary Baker opted to put these plans on hold for the time being.

On the morning of Wednesday, December 5, about 15,000 unionists met at the Saint Paul Auditorium and heard speeches from notable labor activists, including Mayor Van Lear. The unionists pledged their support to the streetcar union members and demanded the firing of both McGee and Charles W. Ames from the MCPS. Additionally, they voted to wait until December 11 for federal intervention, vowing to gather again and vote on a general strike if intervention had not occurred by that time. In a bid to show he was not antilabor, Governor Burnquist fired Ames, though kept McGee on the commission. Several days later, on December 7, APL members learned through espionage that some machinist union members were planning a possible statewide general strike. A general strike in the Twin Cities was officially declared to begin at 10:00 a.m. on December 13. The union stated that they expected 30,000 people to go on strike, prompting fears that martial law would be declared. Governor Burnquist ordered that all liquor stores be closed and instructed the sheriffs of both Hennepin and Ramsey counties to maintain order. By noon, over 10,000 people had walked out of their jobs. By that time, Secretary Baker, acting under the authority of United States President Woodrow Wilson, telegraphed William Bauchop Wilson of the President's Mediation Commission to investigate the developments in the Twin Cities, citing a "federal interest" in the matter. Having achieved their goal of federal intervention, at 1:30 p.m., E. G. Hall, the president of the Minnesota chapter of the AFL, called off the strike. In total, this general strike had lasted less than four hours, with no reports of violence. Governor Burnquist, while agreeing to meet with federal mediators, voiced stern opposition to the federal government's decision, calling it an overreach of their power.

### Federal mediation and the end of the dispute

The mediators held their inquiries at the Radisson Hotel in Minneapolis and heard testimony from representatives of many of the involved organizations, including the streetcar company, the unions, the CCA, the MCPS, and other politicians. Additionally, before departing to Washington, D.C. to complete their investigation, the mediators had the unions sign an agreement not to strike. According to Millikan, the decision by the unions to agree to not strike severely damaged the union members chances at winning this labor conflict, as, according to Millikan, "The unions refused to believe the obvious: Lowry and the \[MCPS\] fully intended to ignore any federal intervention". While the mediators continued their investigations into January, the TCRT began to recruit nonunion workers from rural areas outside of the Twin Cities, while the CCA established an employment bureau to help find more workers.

On February 14, 1918, the mediators released their recommendations, which stated that the streetcar company should rehire all union workers at prestrike wages and should not discriminate based on union membership. Secretary Baker requested the MCPS to urge the company to comply with the recommendations, but Lowry responded that compliance "would be imposing a gross injustice" on nonunion members. With the federal mediators powerless to enforce their recommendations and the MCPS unwilling to force the company to comply, the company remained steadfast in their refusal to rehire union members. J. H. Walker, a member of the mediation commission, wrote that, "The company has positively refused to agree to the findings of the commission. ... They have thus put themselves squarely on record in opposition to the war policies of our government at this time". Despite a campaign by labor activists in the state, the MCPS remained steadfast in opposition to forcing compliance, and on April 16, they issued an order to establish an industrial status quo, hurting the development of union activities in the state. In accordance with the order, on June 12, the Minnesota Board of Arbitration attempted to mediate between the company and the union, but the company refused to enter into any form of discussions with the union. Despite this, the Board of Arbitration agreed with the findings of the presidential mediators, and the union then requested that the dispute be handled by the newly created National War Labor Board (NWLB). However, on April 10, 1919, the NWLB dismissed the case, thus finally ending the streetcar labor dispute in the Twin Cities.

## Aftermath

In a 2001 book that discusses the strike, Minnesota historian Mary Lethert Wingerd stated, "I think it’s one of the most important events in the history of Minnesota, and one of the least recognized". According to Wingerd, the strike had an impact on national politics, as it demonstrated the limited power the federal government held in dealing with labor issues. As a result, the strike led to "a restructuring of federal powers" that foreshadowed later developments such as the New Deal several years later. In Minnesota, the strike solidified opposition to the MCPS on the part of both labor and agricultural interests and led to a strengthening of the Farmer–Labor movement. Wingerd cites the strike as the first time that the Nonpartisan League, which had supported the strike from the beginning, and organized labor worked together towards their common interests, leading to the creation of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party, which ran candidates in the 1918 United States elections. The Farmer–Labor Party would be one of the most successful third parties in U.S. history before merging with the Minnesota Democratic Party in 1944 to form the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party. The CCA and its Civilian Auxiliary and the MCPS and its Home Guard continued to exert strong influence over state and local politics for the next several months, effectively silencing the IWW, Nonpartisan League, and vocal labor unions for the duration of WWI. However, following the end of the war, the Home Guard and the Civilian Auxiliary were both disbanded as the Minnesota National Guard was defederalized. The MCPS was also shuttered, being officially dissolved in 1920.

The strike severely damaged the image of the TCRT in the eyes of many Twin Cities residents, especially its working class. In 1920, the company succeeded in instating fare increases and the following year, legislation passed that benefitted the company in further raising fares. However, according to historians John W. Diers and Aaron Isaacs, "The company won "The War of St. Paul" and its fare increases, but its obstinacy did nothing to improve its fortunes, as more and more streetcar riders became automobile owners". Indeed, the company reached its peak in the 1920s in terms of revenue and ridership before entering into a decline brought on by the increased usage of the automobile. The company would last until 1970, when its assets were transferred to its public successor, Metro Transit. Organized labor activities among public transit workers in the cities would continue for the next several decades, and in 1934, the workers succeeded in establishing union recognition under the Amalgamated Transit Workers Union, the new name of the International Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees. In 2011, a novel by noted Twin Cities author and journalist Larry Millett was published that took place during the streetcar strike.

1. Diers & Isaacs 2007, p. 3.
2. Diers & Isaacs 2007, p. 4.
3. Diers & Isaacs 2007, p. 5.
4. Diers & Isaacs 2007, pp. 5–6.
5. Woltman 2017.
6. Diers & Isaacs 2007, p. 99.
7. Diers & Isaacs 2007, p. 100.
8. Millikan 1986, p. 10.
9. Chrislock 1991, p. 187.
10. Nathanson 2011.
11. Millikan 2001, p. 125.
12. Reicher 2019.
13. Diers & Isaacs 2007, p. 101.
14. "Car Men United For Freedom and U. S. Conditions". *Minneapolis Labor Review*. September 28, 1917. p. 1.
15. Millikan 2001, pp. 18–20.
16. Millikan 2001, p. 102.
17. DeCarlo 2017.
18. PBS 2016.
19. Jorgenson 2009.
20. Millikan 1986, p. 4.
21. Millikan 2001, p. 50.
22. Millikan 1986, pp. 4, 6.
23. Millikan 2001, p. 124.
24. Millikan 2001, pp. 124, 272.
25. Millikan 1986, p. 6.
26. Millikan 1986, pp. 4–5.
27. Millikan 1986, p. 11.
28. Millikan 1986, pp. 11–12.
29. Wingerd 2001, p. 185.
30. Millikan 1986, p. 12.
31. Wingerd 2001, p. 184.
32. Cameron 2016.
33. Millikan 2001, pp. 127–128.
34. Millikan 2001, p. 128.
35. Millikan 1986, pp. 12–13.
36. Millikan 1986, p. 13.
37. Millikan 1986, p. 15.
38. Millikan 1986, p. 14.
39. "Trouble Mon. Night Blamed on Deputies" (PDF). *Minneapolis Labor Review*. December 7, 1917. p. 1.
40. "Organized Labor Took No Part in Street Car Riot" (PDF). *THE MINNESOTA UNION ADVOCATE*. December 28, 1917.
41. Millikan 1986, pp. 15–16.
42. Millikan 1986, p. 16.
43. Chrislock 1991, p. 198.
44. Millikan 2001, p. 133.
45. Millikan 1986, p. 17.
46. Millikan 2001, p. 134.
47. Wingerd 2001, p. 211.
48. Chrislock 1991, p. 182.
49. Millikan 2001, p. 197.
50. Diers & Isaacs 2007, p. 102.
51. Diers & Isaacs 2007, pp. 4–7.

## Sources

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| 1917 Twin Cities streetcar strike | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of streetcar strikes in the United States | |
|  | |
| Date | October 6–9, 1917 (Initial strike, 3 days)<br>November 25, 1917 (lockout)<br>December 13, 1917 (General strike) |
| Location | Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States |
| Caused by | Low wages and poor working conditions |
| Goals | * Wage increases * Improved working conditions * Union recognition |
| Methods |  |
| Resulted in | Company fires several unionized employees, resists union demands, succeeds in breaking the strike |
| Parties | |
|  | |
| Number | |
|  | |


abstract: The Lincoln Building built in 1908 was a historic school building located off U.S. 281 in Carrington, North Dakota. It was designed by Fargo architects Haxby & Gillespie and was built in 1908. On April 30, 1980, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Reportedly, it was scheduled to be torn down in June or July 2008. It was removed from the National Register in February 2011.

text:
# Lincoln Building (Carrington, North Dakota)

The **Lincoln Building** built in 1908 was a historic school building located off U.S. 281 in Carrington, North Dakota. It was designed by Fargo architects Haxby & Gillespie and was built in 1908.

On April 30, 1980, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Reportedly, it was scheduled to be torn down in June or July 2008. It was removed from the National Register in February 2011.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Lincoln Building | |
| Formerly listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Off U.S. 281, Carrington, North Dakota |
| Coordinates | 47°27′7″N 99°7′22″W / 47.45194°N 99.12278°W / 47.45194; -99.12278 |
| Built | 1908 |
| Architect | Haxby & Gillespie |
| NRHP reference No. | 80002912 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | April 30, 1980 |
| Removed from NRHP | February 1, 2011 |


title: Nova Scotia Route 212

abstract: Route 212 is a collector road in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. It is located in the Halifax Regional Municipality and connects Enfield at Exit 5 on Highway 102 with Route 357 at Elderbank in the Musquodoboit Valley. The route is known as the "Old Guysborough Road" as it was the colonial military road from Halifax to Guysborough.

text:
# Nova Scotia Route 212

**Route 212** is a collector road in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia.

It is located in the Halifax Regional Municipality and connects Enfield at Exit 5 on Highway 102 with Route 357 at Elderbank in the Musquodoboit Valley.

The route is known as the "Old Guysborough Road" as it was the colonial military road from Halifax to Guysborough.

## Communities

## Parks

## InfoBox

| Route 212 | |
| --- | --- |
| Old Guysborough Road | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by Nova Scotia Department of Transportation and Infrastructure Renewal | |
| Length | 31 km (19 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | Hwy 102 in **Enfield** |
| East end | Route 357 in **Elderbank** |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Nova Scotia |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| Route 211   Route 213 | |


title: The Real Lee Konitz

abstract: The Real Lee Konitz is a live album by American jazz saxophonist Lee Konitz which was released on the Atlantic record label in 1957.

text:
# The Real Lee Konitz

***The Real Lee Konitz*** is a live album by American jazz saxophonist Lee Konitz which was released on the Atlantic record label in 1957.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

Jim Todd of Allmusic states "The result of this low-tech production is a fine document of Konitz playing live in a fairly straight-ahead setting. The sound is good and places the leader's alto sax at the forefront, as he floats his sinewy, pleasantly acerbic sound over the attentive work of the rhythm section".

## Track listing

1. "Straightaway" (Lee Konitz) - 3:41
2. "Foolin' Myself" (Andy Razaf, Fats Waller) - 4:40
3. "You Go to My Head" (J. Fred Coots, Haven Gillespie) - 6:10
4. "My Melancholy Baby" (Ernie Burnett, George A. Norton) - 3:56
5. "Pennies in Minor" (Lennie Tristano) - 8:42
6. "Sweet and Lovely" (Gus Arnheim, Jules LeMare, Harry Tobias) - 2:15
7. "Easy Livin'" (Ralph Rainger, Leo Robin) - 3:35
8. "Midway" (Konitz) - 3:20

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| The Real Lee Konitz | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Lee Konitz | |
| Released | 1957 |
| Recorded | February 15, 1957 |
| Studio | The Midway Lounge in Pittsburgh, PA |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 36:19 |
| Label | Atlantic
LP 1273 |
| Lee Konitz chronology | |
| *Worth While*
(1956) ***The Real Lee Konitz***
(1957) *Very Cool*
(1957) | |


title: Official Version

abstract: Official Version is the third studio album by Front 242, released in March 1987 and re-released in 1992.

text:
# Official Version

***Official Version*** is the third studio album by Front 242, released in March 1987 and re-released in 1992.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "W.Y.H.I.W.Y.G." | 7:28 |
| 2. | "Rerun Time" | 5:25 |
| 3. | "Television Station" | 2:41 |
| 4. | "Agressiva Due" | 2:58 |
| 5. | "Master Hit" (Part 1 & 2") | 7:07 |
| 6. | "Slaughter" | 3:36 |
| 7. | "Quite Unusual" | 3:49 |
| 8. | "Red Team" | 3:50 |
| 9. | "Angst" | 1:56 |
| Total length: | | 38:50 |

CD Bonus Tracks
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 10. | "Quite Unusual" (12" Version) | 5:02 |
| 11. | "Agressiva" (12" Version) | 4:59 |
| Total length: | | 48:51 |

1992 Epic release
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 12. | "Masterblaster" | 7:06 |
| 13. | "Hypnomix" | 4:31 |
| Total length: | | 60:28 |

### Notes

The CD version of the original issue included 12" mixes of "Quite Unusual" and "Agressiva", giving the disc 11 tracks. The 1992 issue of the album added the first two songs from the "Masterhit" 12", bringing the track count to 13.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Christgau's Record Guide* | B− |
| *Encyclopedia of Popular Music* |  |
| *MusicHound* | 5/5 |
| *NME* | 6/10 |
| *Select* | 4/5 |

AllMusic's Ned Raggett rated the album 4 stars out of 5, describing it as "amazing" and "brutal", "helping to fully define industrial in the broadest sense of the term." Robert Christgau wrote that "the worst you could say of them is that their club and cult hits don't exactly carpet-bomb the sensorium." *MusicHound* described *Official Version* as "chock full of music that is guaranteed to make your heart race and your toes tap."

In 2023, *Consequence* ranked it at number 47 in its list of the "50 Best Industrial Albums of All Time" and wrote that "even after 35 years, still sounds like a missive sent back to us from a dystopian future."

## Personnel

* Daniel Bressanutti
* Patrick Codenys
* Jean-Luc De Meyer
* Richard Jonckheere
* F. Boebaert – art Direction
* Greg Calbi – remastering
* A. Verbaert, Front 242, L. Van Praet – photography

## InfoBox

| Official Version | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Front 242 | |
| Released | March 1987 |
| Genre | EBM, industrial |
| Length | 38:50
48:51 original CD issue
60:28 Epic CD issue |
| Label | Red Rhino Europe
Wax Trax!
Animalized
Epic |
| Producer | Front 242 |
| Front 242 chronology | |
| *No Comment*
(1984) ***Official Version***
(1987) *Back Catalogue*
(1987) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Official Version* | |
| 1. "Quite Unusual"
Released: October 1986 2. "Masterhit"
Released: 1987 | |
| 1992 Epic release cover | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


abstract: This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Florence County, South Carolina. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Florence County, South Carolina, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map. There are 29 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark.           This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.

text:
# National Register of Historic Places listings in Florence County, South Carolina

This is a list of the **National Register of Historic Places listings in Florence County, South Carolina**.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Florence County, South Carolina, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 29 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark.

*This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.*

## Current listings

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Location | City or town | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | W.T. Askins House |  | May 26, 1995
(#95000636) | 178 S. Acline Ave.
33°52′11″N 79°45′22″W / 33.869722°N 79.756111°W / 33.869722; -79.756111 (W.T. Askins House) | Lake City |  |
| 2 | Blooming Grove |  | June 1, 2005
(#05000517) | Eastern end of Rogers Court
34°16′06″N 79°42′51″W / 34.268333°N 79.714167°W / 34.268333; -79.714167 (Blooming Grove) | Florence |  |
| 3 | Bonnie Shade |  | November 14, 1978
(#78002506) | 1439 Cherokee Rd.
34°11′07″N 79°47′40″W / 34.185278°N 79.794444°W / 34.185278; -79.794444 (Bonnie Shade) | Florence |  |
| 4 | Browntown |  | June 28, 1982
(#82003850) | South Carolina Highway 341
33°47′59″N 79°37′49″W / 33.799722°N 79.630278°W / 33.799722; -79.630278 (Browntown) | Johnsonville |  |
| 5 | Christ Church |  | November 14, 1978
(#78002507) | Northeast of Florence on South Carolina Highway 327
34°14′32″N 79°11′35″W / 34.242222°N 79.193056°W / 34.242222; -79.193056 (Christ Church) | Florence |  |
| 6 | Claussen House |  | April 11, 2001
(#01000343) | 5109 Old River Rd.
34°07′53″N 79°37′44″W / 34.131389°N 79.628889°W / 34.131389; -79.628889 (Claussen House) | Florence |  |
| 7 | P.D. Cockfield House |  | January 13, 2022
(#100007306) | 125 Valley St.
33°52′33″N 79°45′04″W / 33.8759°N 79.7511°W / 33.8759; -79.7511 (P.D. Cockfield House) | Lake City |  |
| 8 | Ebony Guest House |  | January 14, 2021
(#100006018) | 712-714 Wilson St.
34°12′26″N 79°45′39″W / 34.2072°N 79.7608°W / 34.2072; -79.7608 (Ebony Guest House) | Florence |  |
| 9 | Florence Downtown Historic District |  | July 2, 2008
(#08000621) | Portions of W. Evans, N. Dargan St., and S. Dargan St. and 124-201 W. Evans St.,
34°11′52″N 79°45′59″W / 34.197743°N 79.766306°W / 34.197743; -79.766306 (Florence Downtown Historic District) | Florence |  |
| 10 | Florence National Cemetery |  | January 5, 1998
(#97001207) | 803 E. National Cemetery Rd.
34°11′05″N 79°45′16″W / 34.184722°N 79.754444°W / 34.184722; -79.754444 (Florence National Cemetery) | Florence |  |
| 11 | Florence Public Library |  | November 15, 2006
(#06001041) | 319 S. Irby St.
34°11′31″N 79°46′06″W / 34.191944°N 79.768333°W / 34.191944; -79.768333 (Florence Public Library) | Florence |  |
| 12 | Gregg-Wallace Farm Tenant House |  | January 28, 2002
(#01001550) | 310 Price Rd.
34°12′06″N 79°39′07″W / 34.201667°N 79.651944°W / 34.201667; -79.651944 (Gregg-Wallace Farm Tenant House) | Mars Bluff |  |
| 13 | Griffin Motor Company |  | October 2, 2018
(#100003001) | 329 N Irby St.
34°12′05″N 79°46′07″W / 34.2013°N 79.7685°W / 34.2013; -79.7685 (Griffin Motor Company) | Florence |  |
| 14 | Philip C. Heiden House |  | September 10, 2021
(#100006885) | 116 North Blanding St.
33°52′16″N 79°44′49″W / 33.8712°N 79.7470°W / 33.8712; -79.7470 (Philip C. Heiden House) | Lake City |  |
| 15 | Hopewell Presbyterian Church and Hopewell Cemetery |  | June 2, 2000
(#00000589) | 5314 Old River Rd.
34°07′42″N 79°37′26″W / 34.128333°N 79.623889°W / 34.128333; -79.623889 (Hopewell Presbyterian Church and Hopewell Cemetery) | Florence |  |
| 16 | Jamestown Historic District |  | October 25, 2018
(#01000610) | Approximately 1 mile north of U.S. Routes 76/301
34°13′36″N 79°36′18″W / 34.226667°N 79.605000°W / 34.226667; -79.605000 (Jamestown Historic District) | Florence | An historic African-American community site. |
| 17 | Lake City Downtown Historic District |  | January 24, 2003
(#01001551) | Main St. and Acline Ave.
33°52′22″N 79°45′17″W / 33.872778°N 79.754722°W / 33.872778; -79.754722 (Lake City Downtown Historic District) | Lake City |  |
| 18 | Mt. Zion Rosenwald School |  | October 12, 2001
(#01001098) | 5040 Liberty Chapel Rd.
34°10′45″N 79°38′35″W / 34.179167°N 79.643056°W / 34.179167; -79.643056 (Mt. Zion Rosenwald School) | Florence |  |
| 19 | Poynor Junior High School |  | May 19, 1983
(#83002194) | 301 S. Dargan St.
34°11′36″N 79°45′56″W / 34.193333°N 79.765556°W / 34.193333; -79.765556 (Poynor Junior High School) | Florence |  |
| 20 | Rankin-Harwell House |  | October 9, 1974
(#74001855) | 6 miles northeast of Florence off South Carolina Highway 305
34°13′55″N 79°08′47″W / 34.231944°N 79.146389°W / 34.231944; -79.146389 (Rankin-Harwell House) | Florence |  |
| 21 | Red Doe |  | October 29, 1982
(#82001521) | East of Florence on South Carolina Highway 327
34°10′29″N 79°38′51″W / 34.174722°N 79.6475°W / 34.174722; -79.6475 (Red Doe) | Florence |  |
| 22 | Roseville Plantation |  | September 25, 1997
(#97001158) | 3636 Williston Rd.
34°16′37″N 79°42′04″W / 34.276944°N 79.701111°W / 34.276944; -79.701111 (Roseville Plantation) | Florence |  |
| 23 | Slave Houses, Gregg Plantation |  | July 22, 1974
(#74001856) | Francis Marion College campus
34°11′28″N 79°09′06″W / 34.191111°N 79.151667°W / 34.191111; -79.151667 (Slave Houses, Gregg Plantation) | Mars Bluff |  |
| 24 | Smith-Cannon House |  | July 28, 1983
(#83002195) | 106 W. Market St.
34°08′05″N 79°56′35″W / 34.134722°N 79.943056°W / 34.134722; -79.943056 (Smith-Cannon House) | Timmonsville |  |
| 25 | Snow's Island |  | March 14, 1973
(#73001708) | Along the Pee Dee River, east of Johnsonville
33°49′39″N 79°20′38″W / 33.8275°N 79.3439°W / 33.8275; -79.3439 (Snow's Island) | Johnsonville | A National Historic Landmark |
| 26 | The Stockade |  | November 28, 1980
(#80003669) | Address Restricted
 | Florence |  |
| 27 | U.S. Post Office |  | December 21, 1977
(#77001221) | Irby and W. Evan Sts.
34°11′50″N 79°46′07″W / 34.197222°N 79.768611°W / 34.197222; -79.768611 (U.S. Post Office) | Florence |  |
| 28 | Woodlawn |  | May 13, 2019
(#100003917) | 10 Kings Rd.
34°13′36″N 79°44′03″W / 34.2268°N 79.7341°W / 34.2268; -79.7341 (Woodlawn) | Quinby |  |
| 29 | Young Farm |  | November 10, 1983
(#83003854) | West of Florence on U.S. Route 76
34°09′28″N 79°52′15″W / 34.157778°N 79.870833°W / 34.157778; -79.870833 (Young Farm) | Florence |  |

## Former listings

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Date removed | Location | City or town | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Dr. Benjamin Gregg House |  | December 8, 1978
(#78002508) | March 15, 2000 | 315 S. Coit St.
 | Florence | Burned |


abstract: The Men's madison is one of the disciplines of the annual UEC European Track Championships. It was first competed as a separate event in 1895. European championships Madison events were later held as European Criterion or Winter Championship (1949–1971). From 1972 to 1990, they were organized by the FICP as European Championship. Since 1995 the UEC is responsible for all European championships. The Madison became part of the newly established senior UEC European Track Championship event in 2010 in Poland. It presently consists of a race distance of 50 km, where the pairs can gain points through sprints or by being one lap ahead.

text:
# UEC European Track Championships – Men's madison

European Champion JerseyThe European Champion Jersey, from 2016

The **Men's madison** is one of the disciplines of the annual UEC European Track Championships.

It was first competed as a separate event in 1895.

European championships Madison events were later held as **European Criterion** or **Winter Championship** (1949–1971).

From 1972 to 1990, they were organized by the FICP as **European Championship**.

Since 1995 the UEC is responsible for all European championships.

The Madison became part of the newly established senior UEC European Track Championship event in 2010 in Poland.

It presently consists of a race distance of 50 km (200 laps), where the pairs can gain points through sprints or by being one lap ahead.

## Medalists

| Championship | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **European Criterion or Winter Championship** | | | |
| 1949 Brussels | Gerrit Boeijen
Gerrit Schulte | Achiel Bruneel
Camiel Dekuysscher | Reginald Arnold
Alfred Strom |
| 1950 Zürich | Gerrit Peters
Gerrit Schulte | Achiel Bruneel
Guy Lapébie | Armin von Büren
Hugo Koblet |
| 1951 Antwerp | Valère Ollivier
Albert Sercu | Gerrit Peters
Gerrit Schulte | Ernest Thyssen
Albert Ramon |
| 1952 Paris | Jean Le Nizerhy
Roger Reynes | Reginald Arnold
Alfred Strom | Roger Godeau
Raymond Goussot |
| 1953 Zürich | Armin von Büren
Hugo Koblet | Gerrit Peters
Gerrit Schulte | Achiel Bruneel
Arsene Rijckaert |
| 1954 Zürich | Armin von Büren
Hugo Koblet | Gerrit Peters
Gerrit Schulte | Achiel Bruneel
Lucien Acou |
| 1955 Paris | Dominique Forlini
Georges Senfftleben | Walter Bucher
Jean Roth | Joseph Debeuckelaer
Arsene Rijckaert |
| 1956 Dortmund | Piet Haan
Jan Plantaz | Gerrit Peters
Gerrit Schulte | Reginald Arnold
Sid Patterson |
| 1957 Kopenhagen | Reginald Arnold
Ferdinando Terruzzi | Joseph Debeuckelaer
Arsene Rijckaert | Evan Klamer
Kay Werner Nielsen |
| 1958 Kopenhagen | Rik Van Steenbergen
Emile Severeyns | Émile Carrara
Georges Senfftleben | Dominique Forlini
Pierre Brun |
| 1959 Zürich | Rik Van Steenbergen
Emile Severeyns | Palle Lykke
Kay Werner Nielsen | Peter Post
Gerrit Schulte |
| 1960 Antwerp | Rik Van Steenbergen
Emile Severeyns | Fritz Pfenninger
Jean Roth | Lucien Gillen
Oscar Plattner |
| 1961 Köln | Rik Van Steenbergen
Emile Severeyns | Sigi Renz
Günther Ziegler | Rudi Altig
Hans Junkermann |
| 1962 Zürich | Klaus Bugdahl
Fritz Pfenninger | Rik Van Looy
Peter Post | Rik Van Steenbergen
Emile Severeyns |
| 1963 Brussels | Rik Van Steenbergen
Palle Lykke | Willy Vannitsen
Peter Post | Emile Severeyns
Reginald Arnold |
| 1964 Zürich | Peter Post
Fritz Pfenninger | Klaus Bugdahl
Sigi Renz | Lucien Gillen
Peter Tiefenthaler |
| 1965 Bremen | Rudi Altig
Hans Junkermann | Rik Van Steenbergen
Emile Severeyns | Dieter Kemper
Horst Oldenburg |
| 1966 Brussels | Klaus Bugdahl
Sigi Renz | Rik Van Steenbergen
Palle Lykke | Fritz Pfenninger
Ron Baensch |
| 1967 Gent | Peter Post
Fritz Pfenninger | Sigi Renz
Horst Oldenburg | Romain Deloof
Freddy Eugen |
| 1968 Bremen | Dieter Kemper
Horst Oldenburg | Freddy Eugen
Rolf Roggendorf | Patrick Sercu
Klaus Bugdahl |
| 1969 Gent | Patrick Sercu
Peter Post | Dieter Kemper
Horst Oldenburg | Klaus Bugdahl
Fritz Pfenninger |
| 1970 Köln | Patrick Sercu
Eddy Merckx | Peter Post
Leo Duyndam | Klaus Bugdahl
Dieter Kemper |
| 1971 Gent | Wilfried Peffgen
Sigi Renz | Peter Post
René Pijnen | Patrick Sercu
Graeme Gilmore |
| **FICP European Championship** | | | |
| 1972 Antwerp | Klaus Bugdahl
Dieter Kemper | Patrick Sercu
Julien Stevens | Wilfried Peffgen
Sigi Renz |
| 1973 Antwerp | Wilfried Peffgen
Albert Fritz | Klaas Balk
René Pijnen | Rik Van Linden
Julien Stevens |
| 1974 Grenoble | Leo Duyndam
René Pijnen | Jacky Mourioux
Alain van Lancker | Wilfried Peffgen
Albert Fritz |
| 1975 Rotterdam | Patrick Sercu
René Pijnen | Graeme Gilmore
Dieter Kemper | Sigi Renz
Roy Schuiten |
| 1976 Zürich | Günter Haritz
René Pijnen | Donald Allan
Danny Clark | Patrick Sercu
Klaus Bugdahl |
| 1977 Kopenhagen | Patrick Sercu
Eddy Merckx | Gert Frank
René Pijnen | Wilfried Peffgen
Günter Haritz |
| 1978 Milan | Patrick Sercu
Gregor Braun | Danny Clark
Francesco Moser | René Savary
Kim Gunnar Svendsen |
| 1979 Kopenhagen | Danny Clark
Donald Allan | Francesco Moser
René Pijnen | Patrick Sercu
Dietrich Thurau |
| 1980 Gent | René Pijnen
Michel Vaarten | ~~Patrick Sercu~~
~~Albert Fritz~~ | ~~Heinz Betz~~
~~Günther Schumacher~~ |
| 1981 Kopenhagen | Hans-Henrik Ørsted
Gert Frank | Roman Hermann
Horst Schütz | Albert Fritz
Wilfried Peffgen |
| 1982 Gent | Patrick Sercu
René Pijnen | Gert Frank
Josef Kristen | Maurizio Bidinost
Pierangelo Bincoletto |
| 1983 Kopenhagen | Hans-Henrik Ørsted
Gert Frank | Anthony Doyle
Gary Wiggins | Henry Rinklin
Josef Kristen |
| 1984 Zürich | Anthony Doyle
Gary Wiggins | Roman Hermann
Sigmund Hermann | Henry Rinklin
Josef Kristen |
| 1985 Kopenhagen | René Pijnen
Gert Frank | Anthony Doyle
Gary Wiggins | Dietrich Thurau
Josef Kristen |
| 1986 Stuttgart | Roman Hermann
Josef Kristen | Etienne De Wilde
Stan Tourné | René Pijnen
Gert Frank |
| 1987 Zürich | Volker Diehl
Roland Günther | Urs Freuler
Hans Rudi Maerki | Roman Hermann
Sigmund Hermann |
| 1988 Kopenhagen | Danny Clark
Anthony Doyle | Volker Diehl
Roland Günther | Roman Hermann
Hans Rudi Maerki |
| 1989 Gent | Danny Clark
Anthony Doyle | Bruno Holenweger
Daniel Wyder | Marc Meilleur
Philippe Tarantini |
| 1990 Grenoble | Pierangelo Bincoletto
Jens Veggerby | Laurent Biondi
Philippe Tarantini | Roland Günther
Carsten Wolf |
| 1991–1994 | *Not held* | | |
| **UEC European Track Championship Madison (national teams)** | | | |
| 1995 Manchester | Switzerland
Kurt Betschart
Bruno Risi | Italy
Pierangelo Bincoletto
Marco Villa | Belgium
Etienne De Wilde
Laurenzo Lapage |
| 1996 Zürich | Denmark
Jimmi Madsen
Jens Veggerby | Switzerland
Kurt Betschart
Bruno Risi | Germany
Andreas Kappes
Carsten Wolf |
| 1997 Dortmund | Denmark
Jimmi Madsen
Jens Veggerby | Switzerland
Kurt Betschart
Bruno Risi | Belgium
Etienne De Wilde
Frank Corvers |
| 1998 | *Not held* | | |
| 1999 Gent | France
Damien Pommereau
Robert Sassone | Austria
Andreas Müller
Bernhard Waechter | Czech Republic
Martin Bláha
Jacub Lazar |
| 2000 | *Not held* | | |
| 2001 Gent | Belgium
Matthew Gilmore
Etienne De Wilde | Italy
Silvio Martinello
Marco Villa | Switzerland
Kurt Betschart
Bruno Risi |
| 2002 Amsterdam
 | Netherlands
Danny Stam
Robert Slippens | Switzerland
Kurt Betschart
Bruno Risi | Slovakia
Martin Liška
Jozef Žabka |
| 2003 Amsterdam
 | Germany
Andreas Kappes
Andreas Beikirch | Netherlands
Danny Stam
Robert Slippens | Switzerland
Kurt Betschart
Bruno Risi |
| 2004 Fiorenzuola
 | Switzerland
Alexander Äschbach
Franco Marvulli | Slovakia
Martin Liška
Jozef Žabka | Denmark
Jens-Erik Madsen
Michael Smith Larsen |
| 2005 Dalmine
 | Belgium
Matthew Gilmore
Iljo Keisse | Czech Republic
Martin Bláha
Petr Lazar | Russia
Konstantin Ponomarev
Alexey Shmidt |
| 2006 Ballerup
 | Switzerland
Bruno Risi
Franco Marvulli | Netherlands
Danny Stam
Peter Schep | Czech Republic
Alois Kaňkovský
Petr Lazar |
| 2007 Alkmaar
 | Netherlands
Jens Mouris
Peter Schep | Russia
Alexei Markov
Nikolay Trusov | Russia
Ivan Kovalev
Alexey Shmidt |
| 2008 Alkmaar
 | Belgium
Iljo Keisse
Kenny De Ketele | Denmark
Casper Jørgensen
Michael Mørkøv | Russia
Ivan Kovalev
Sergueï Kolesnikov |
| 2009 Ghent
 | Germany
Roger Kluge
Robert Bartko | Russia
Alexey Shmidt
Sergueï Kolesnikov | Netherlands
Danny Stam
Peter Schep |
| **UEC European Track Championships** | | | |
| 2010 Pruszków
 | Czech Republic
Martin Bláha
Jiří Hochmann | Belgium
Kenny De Ketele
Tim Mertens | Ukraine
Mykhaylo Radionov
Sergiy Lagkuti |
| 2011 Apeldoorn
 | Belgium
Kenny De Ketele
Iljo Keisse | Switzerland
Claudio Imhof
Cyrille Thièry | France
Vivien Brisse
Morgan Kneisky |
| 2012 Panevėžys
 | Czech Republic
Martin Bláha
Jiří Hochmann | Russia
Artur Ershov
Valery Kaykov | Italy
Angelo Ciccone
Elia Viviani |
| 2013 Apeldoorn
 | Italy
Liam Bertazzo
Elia Viviani | Spain
David Muntaner
Albert Torres | Belgium
Kenny De Ketele
Gijs Van Hoecke |
| 2014 Guadeloupe
 | Austria
Andreas Graf
Andreas Müller | Belgium
Kenny De Ketele
Otto Vergaerde | France
Morgan Kneisky
Vivien Brisse |
| 2015 Grenchen
 | Spain
Sebastián Mora
Albert Torres | Russia
Mikhail Radionov
Andrey Sazanov | France
Morgan Kneisky
Bryan Coquard |
| 2016 Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
 | Spain
Sebastián Mora
Albert Torres | France
Morgan Kneisky
Bryan Coquard | Belgium
Kenny De Ketele
Moreno De Pauw |
| 2017 Berlin
 | France
Florian Maitre
Benjamin Thomas | Denmark
Niklas Larsen
Casper Pedersen | Poland
Wojciech Pszczolarski
Daniel Staniszewski |
| 2018 Glasgow
 | Belgium
Kenny De Ketele
Robbe Ghys | Germany
Roger Kluge
Theo Reinhardt | United Kingdom
Oliver Wood
Ethan Hayter |
| 2019 Apeldoorn
 | Denmark
Lasse Norman Hansen
Michael Mørkøv | Netherlands
Yoeri Havik
Jan-Willem van Schip | Germany
Maximilian Beyer
Theo Reinhardt |
| 2020 Plovdiv
 | Spain
Sebastián Mora
Albert Torres | Portugal
Ivo Oliveira
Rui Oliveira | Italy
Francesco Lamon
Stefano Moro |
| 2021 Grenchen
 | Netherlands
Yoeri Havik
Jan-Willem van Schip | Belgium
Kenny De Ketele
Lindsay De Vylder | Portugal
Iúri Leitão
Rui Oliveira |
| 2022 Munich
 | Germany
Roger Kluge
Theo Reinhardt | France
Thomas Boudat
Donavan Grondin | Belgium
Robbe Ghys
Fabio Van den Bossche |
| 2023 Grenchen
 | Germany
Roger Kluge
Theo Reinhardt | Italy
Simone Consonni
Michele Scartezzini | France
Benjamin Thomas
Donavan Grondin |
| 2024 Apeldoorn
 | Germany
Roger Kluge
Theo Reinhardt | France
Thomas Boudat
Donavan Grondin | Denmark
Michael Mørkøv
Theodor Storm |

1. "European Omnium Endurance Championships for Professionals (historical)". *sport-record.de*. 20 January 2022.
2. "The cyclists initially ranked second and third were disqualified due to the positive doping tests of Albert Fritz, Heinz Betz and Günther Schumacher". *Cycling News* (in Dutch). 2022.


title: Wang Zhonglian

abstract: Wang Zhonglian (王仲廉) (1904–1991) was a KMT general from Jiangsu. His birthplace became part of Anhui in 1950. He was a graduate of the Whampoa Military Academy. He fought against the Imperial Japanese Army in Shanxi, Henan and Hubei. He commanded the 19th Army Group from April to September 1943 and the 31st Army Group from September 1943 to December 1946. He was later demoted to commander of the 26th Army, a position he held until July 1947. In August 1947, he was removed from command. In 1949, after the end of the Chinese Civil War, he immigrated to Taiwan, where he lived for the rest of his life.

text:
# Wang Zhonglian

**Wang Zhonglian** (王仲廉) (19041991) was a KMT general from Jiangsu. His birthplace became part of Anhui in 1950. He was a graduate of the Whampoa Military Academy. He fought against the Imperial Japanese Army in Shanxi, Henan and Hubei. He commanded the 19th Army Group from April to September 1943 and the 31st Army Group from September 1943 to December 1946. He was later demoted to commander of the 26th Army, a position he held until July 1947. In August 1947, he was removed from command. In 1949, after the end of the Chinese Civil War, he immigrated to Taiwan, where he lived for the rest of his life.

## InfoBox

| Wang Zhonglian | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1904
Xiao County, Xuzhou, Jiangsu (now part of Suzhou, Anhui) |
| Died | 1991
Taipei, Taiwan |
| Allegiance | Republic of China |
| Service/branch | National Revolutionary Army |
| Rank | lieutenant general |
| Commands | 89th Division
85th Army
19th Army Group
31st Army Group
26th Army |
| Battles/wars |  |