title: Soy Cámara

abstract: Soy Cámara. El programa del CCCB was a television programme based around the activities organized by the Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona with the aim of creating a documentary essay. It was co-produced by the CCCB and RTVE and was broadcast monthly on La 2 from 2010 to 2015. The first programme aired in October 2010. Nowadays it is broadcasting weekly in its YouTube channel, keeping its original aim and opening itself to new collaborations with universities, cinema schools and external filmmakers.

text:
# Soy Cámara

***Soy Cámara. El programa del CCCB*** was a television programme based around the activities organized by the Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona with the aim of creating a documentary essay. It was co-produced by the CCCB and RTVE and was broadcast monthly on La 2 from 2010 to 2015. The first programme aired in October 2010. Nowadays it is broadcasting weekly in its YouTube channel, keeping its original aim and opening itself to new collaborations with universities, cinema schools and external filmmakers.

## Format and style

Editing archive material and interviews as a leading thread, it experiments with television formats. The programmes invite criticism and reflection while remaining enjoyable and dynamic, introducing irony with a hint of transgression of discourse and editing. The idea of hosting different opinions about issues and the absence of a narrator mean that more questions than answers are raised.

Rather than a cultural agenda of the CCCB, this is a space for creation that is more or less independent of the activities that take place at the centre.

## Directors and collaborators

The programme direction varies with each episode. The most regular directors to date are Andrés Hispano and Félix Pérez-Hita, previously directors of Boing Boing Buddha (BTV) and Baixa Fidelitat (XTVL). However, other collaborators have also played this role, including Juan Insua, Judit Carrera, Elisabet Goula, Jorge Luis Marzo, Arturo “Fito” Rodríguez, Ingrid Guardiola and Antonio Monegal.

Each programme contains contributions by different collaborators. International interviewers include Roy Ascott, Philip Ball, Zygmunt Bauman, Judith Butler, Noam Chomsky, Daniel Dennett, Andrés Duque, Harun Farocki, John N. Gray, Naomi Klein, Lawrence Lessig, Jonas Mekas, Alan Moore, Martin Parr, Rick Prelinger, Michael Sandel, Richard Sennett, Vandana Shiva, Bernard Stiegler, Tzvetan Todorov, Gao Xingjian

Interviewers from Spain include Samuel Aranda, Oriol Bohigas, Colita, Joan Fontcuberta, Manuel Huerga, Quim Monzó, Iván Morales, Albert Serra

## Episodes

The programme's episodes can be divided into seven blocks. The number of the programme is shown in brackets.

**New paradigms and new technologies:**

1. Pensar el futuro \[Conceiving the future\] (2)
2. I+C+i \[R+C+i\] (5)
3. Mal de archivo \[Archive ache\] (12)
4. Secreto \[Secret\] (23)
5. En mi habitación \[In my room\] (29)
6. Somos mundos, somos vidas, somos datos, somos votos \[We are worlds, we are lives, we are data, we are votes\] (30)

**Image analysis:**

1. Violencia \[Violence\] (3)
2. Yo también soy cámara \[I'm a camera, too\] (17)
3. Más fotoperiodismo hoy \[More photojournalism today\] (19)
4. Material sensible \[Sensitive material\] (24)

**Cinema and television:**

1. Apropiaciones \[Appropriations\] (9)
2. El museo de los accidentes \[The museum of accidents\] (10)
3. El cine en casa \[Home cinema\] (20)
4. Videocracia. Ficción y Política \[Videocracy. Fiction and politics\] (25)
5. Asuntos domésticos \[Domestic affairs\] (28)
6. Pioneras del cine \[Pioneering women in the cinema\] (38)

**Third culture. Science and art:**

1. Ética \[Ethics\] (7)
2. Now #1 (15)
3. Now #2 (16)
4. ¿Qué nos hace humanos? \[What makes us human?\] (27)
5. Sueños que el dinero puede comprar \[Dreams that money can buy\] (37)

**City and public space:**

1. Ciudad \[City\] (3)
2. Raval (6)
3. Desde mi balcón \[From my balcony\] (11)
4. Europa Ciudad \[Europe city\] (21)
5. En paralelo \[In parallel\] (28)

**Art and culture:**

1. La música del CCCB \[The CCCB's music\] (8)
2. Coleccionismo \[Collecting\] (22)
3. La memoria externa \[External memory\] (18)
4. No tocar, por favor \[Don't touch, please\] (31)
5. El artista en su taller \[The artist in their studio\] (32)
6. ¿Para qué sirve la cultura? \[What is culture for?\] (36)

**Literature and writers:**

1. Querido Público \[Dear audience\] (33)
2. La imagen del escritor \[The image of the writer\] (34)
3. Pasolini hoy, todavía en los márgenes \[Pasolini today, still on the fringes\] (35)

## InfoBox

| *Soy Cámara* | |
| --- | --- |
| Also known as | Soy Cámara. El programa del CCCB |
| Genre | Cultural |
| Original language | Spanish or Spanish subtitles |
| Production | |
| Producers | CCCB<br>RTVE |
| Running time | 30 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | La 2 of RTVE |


title: Splitting lemma (functions)

abstract: In mathematics, especially in singularity theory, the splitting lemma is a useful result due to René Thom which provides a way of simplifying the local expression of a function usually applied in a neighbourhood of a degenerate critical point.

text:
# Splitting lemma (functions)

In mathematics, especially in singularity theory, the **splitting lemma** is a useful result due to René Thom which provides a way of simplifying the local expression of a function usually applied in a neighbourhood of a degenerate critical point.

## Formal statement

Let $f:(\mathbb {R} ^{n},0)\to (\mathbb {R} ,0)$ be a smooth function germ, with a critical point at 0 (so $(\partial f/\partial x\_{i})(0)=0$ for $i=1,\dots ,n$). Let *V* be a subspace of $\mathbb {R} ^{n}$ such that the restriction *f*|<sub>*V*</sub> is non-degenerate, and write *B* for the Hessian matrix of this restriction. Let *W* be any complementary subspace to *V*. Then there is a change of coordinates $\Phi (x,y)$ of the form $\Phi (x,y)=(\phi (x,y),y)$ with $x\in V,y\in W$, and a smooth function *h* on *W* such that

$$f\circ \Phi (x,y)={\frac {1}{2}x^{T}Bx+h(y).}$$

This result is often referred to as the parametrized Morse lemma, which can be seen by viewing *y* as the parameter. It is the *gradient version* of the implicit function theorem.

## Extensions

There are extensions to infinite dimensions, to complex analytic functions, to functions invariant under the action of a compact group, ...

* Poston, Tim; Stewart, Ian (1979), *Catastrophe Theory and Its Applications*, Pitman, ISBN 978-0-273-08429-7.
* Brocker, Th (1975), *Differentiable Germs and Catastrophes*, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-20681-5.


title: Spring Lake, Rhode Island

abstract: Spring Lake is a village in the town of Coventry, Rhode Island. The Johnson family were early owners of the land in the area and, in 1818, sold the property to Ezra Ramsdell to build a warp thread mill along the Mishnock River. Mill housing was constructed along the highway from Washington Village to the Maple Root Meeting House. After the mill burned in 1830, Christopher A. Whitman acquired the land and constructed another called Whitmans’ Yard, which produced shirting material. In 1852, Whitman leased the complex to Pardon Olney; it operated for another 30 years. In 1865, the Peckham family bought the mill, and ran it until it burned around 1907. Today, the area is settled with private businesses.

text:
# Spring Lake, Rhode Island

**Spring Lake** is a village in the town of Coventry, Rhode Island.

The Johnson family were early owners of the land in the area and, in 1818, sold the property to Ezra Ramsdell to build a warp thread mill along the Mishnock River. Mill housing was constructed along the highway from Washington Village to the Maple Root Meeting House. After the mill burned in 1830, Christopher A. Whitman acquired the land and constructed another called Whitmans’ Yard, which produced shirting material.

In 1852, Whitman leased the complex to Pardon Olney; it operated for another 30 years. In 1865, the Peckham family bought the mill, and ran it until it burned around 1907. Today, the area is settled with private businesses.

41°40′47″N 71°34′33″W / 41.67972°N 71.57583°W / 41.67972; -71.57583


title: Spokane (horse)

abstract: Spokane was a chestnut thoroughbred stallion foaled in 1886. Winner of the 1889 Kentucky Derby, he was owned and bred by Noah Armstrong. of Montana. Spokane was sired by the Leamington son Hyder Ali and out of the mare Interpose by Intruder. Spokane is the only horse foaled and trained in Montana to win the Kentucky Derby. In those days, it was still the Montana Territory. He is also one of only eight horses foaled west of the Mississippi to win. The barn in which Spokane was born, the Doncaster Round Barn, located about two miles north of Twin Bridges, Montana, has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places. Armstrong was on a business trip to Spokane Falls, Washington Territory when Interpose gave birth, which is where the colt got his name. Armstrong new right away he had a special colt. In February the year he was born in 1886 he boasted, "I may not win [the Kentucky Derby] boys, but I'll get a place." Spokane's Kentucky Derby and racing success in 1889 coincided with Montana's statehood, as it was admitted to the Union on November 8 that same year.

text:
# Spokane (horse)

**Spokane** was a chestnut thoroughbred stallion foaled in 1886. Winner of the 1889 Kentucky Derby, he was owned and bred by Noah Armstrong. of Montana. Spokane was sired by the Leamington son Hyder Ali and out of the mare Interpose by Intruder.

Spokane is the only horse foaled and trained in Montana to win the Kentucky Derby. In those days, it was still the Montana Territory. He is also one of only eight horses foaled west of the Mississippi to win. The barn in which Spokane was born, the Doncaster Round Barn, located about two miles north of Twin Bridges, Montana, has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places. Armstrong was on a business trip to Spokane Falls, Washington Territory when Interpose gave birth, which is where the colt got his name.

Armstrong new right away he had a special colt. In February the year he was born in 1886 he boasted, "I may not win \[the Kentucky Derby\] boys, but I'll get a place."

Spokane's Kentucky Derby and racing success in 1889 coincided with Montana's statehood, as it was admitted to the Union on November 8 that same year.

## Racing career

### Two-year-old, 1888

Spokane was sent to Tennessee to train with John Rodegap, who had been a trainer for five years at that point. His first race was the Hyde Park Stakes at Washington Park in Chicago, where he finished fourth. His next race was in the fall in Louisville, Kentucky where he was unplaced. He finally for his first win at Latonia beating thirteen horses in a six furlong maiden race. In Nashville he won another race beating six horses going five furlongs. Out of five races that year, he won two and was off the board in the rest. He spent the winter in Memphis preparing for his three-year-old season.

Unimpressed with how the colt was handled at two, Armstrong fired his trainer and took to training Spokane himself.

### Three-year-old, 1889

He began the year on against older horses on April 24 in the Peabody Hotel Stakes in Memphis where he finished second, going nine furlongs.

The Kentucky Derby in 1889 on May 9 was an exciting one for fans as thousands packed into Churchill Downs (then called the Louisville Jockey Club) to see the field of eight take on the reigning two-year-old champion Proctor Knott. It was the largest crowd the track had seen since the Ten Broeck–Mollie McCarty match race in 1878, with an estimated 16,000 in attendance.

Ridden by Tennessee native Tom Kiley and sent off at 6-1 odds, Spokane got on the rail and closed in the stretch to the cheers of the crowd, running down the Proctor Knott to win by a nose in the final strides. In a time before photo finish, it was left to the judges who awarded the win to Spokane after deliberation. He set a new Kentucky Derby record for 1½ miles at 2:34.50, nearly beating the record set by Luke Blackburn (the sire of Proctor Knott) in 1880. His time remains the fastest Kentucky Derby at that distance, however it has not been run at 1½ miles since 1894. Kiley said after the race that he wagered $25 to win on Proctor Knott.

The people of Montana were thrilled by the victory, particularly in Helena where people who passed each other on the street would say "What's the matter with Spokane?" or "Hurrah Spokane!" Helana's Independent-Record called the Derby win the "biggest feather that has ever been placed in Montana's cap." While he was entered to run in the Helena Derby, he never made the appearance.

After the Derby, many still doubted Spokane as the best of the crop with Proctor Knott so narrowly beaten. The pair met again a few days later on May 14 in the Clark Stakes, this time over a wet track. Proctor Knott was again the favorite, and again went to the lead. Just like the Derby, Spokane closed quickly to take the Clark by three lengths proving that his Derby victory a few days prior was not a fluke.

The pair went up to Washington Park to run in the prestigious 1½ miles American Derby on June 21, with a purse of $15,400 (more than the Derby, Preakness, and Belmont combined). There was much excitement for the third match, with a crowd of 30,000 (with some claiming up to 75,000.) Proctor Knott once again took the early lead with Spokane settling midpack. With a quarter mile to go, Spokane started his move and closed fast to claim the victory, with Proctor Knott finishing last. Finishing time was 2:41 ¼. After the victory, he was adorned with a saddle of flowers in Washington Park Club colors. Armstrong was asked how much he would sell the horse for, and while insisting the horse was not for sale, he would not accept anything less than $50,000 for the colt. The American Derby would be Spokane's final victory.

The two would meet again in the Sheridan Stakes on July 4 again at Washington Park, this time going 1¼ miles. Carrying 10lbs more than his rival at 125, Spokane finally conceded to Proctor Knott in front of a crowd of 20,000.

He ended his three-year-old year with eight starts, winning three times, second twice, and third once. His other finishes included second in the Peabody Hotel Handicap, and a third in the Pelham Bay Handicap. He was unplaced in the Twin Cities Handicap (still finishing ahead of Proctor Knott) and Drexel Stakes.

### Four-year-old, 1890

A four, he was winless in four races but came in second twice and third another time.

## Retirement

He was retired from racing by November 14, at one point in the year being sick with pneumonia. Spokane initially started his stud career at the Woolley Breeding Farm near Lexington, Kentucky. He stood at stud at Fairhaven Farm, Niddervale Farm, and Elmendorf Farm all in Kentucky at some point, but suffered from fertility issues. In 1898, he was sold at auction for the low price of $170 to Woodward and Shanklins Thoroughbreds.

Spokane is listed in the 1900 Catalogue for the National Horse Show at Madison Square Garden, with the exhibitor listed as J. Hume Carter.

The later years of Spokane's life are unknown. Some records indicate he returned to Montana at age six, some that he was fatally stabbed by a pitchfork, or died in a railway accident, or died peacefully at age 30 in Montana. There were calls in the Northwest to buy the horse and give him a proper retirement, but there is no confirmation if that came to fruition.

## Pedigree

Pedigree of Spokane
| Sire
Hyder Ali 1872 | Leamington 1853 | Faugh-a-Ballagh | Sir Hercules |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Guiccioli |
| | Pantaloon Mare | Pantaloon |
| | Daphne |
| | Lady Duke 1860 | Lexington | Boston |
| | | Alice Carneal |
| | Magdalen | Medoc |
| | Sumpter Mare |
| Dam
Interpose 1877 | Intruder 1871 | Crater | Orlando |
| | | Vesuvienne |
| | Lady Bountiful | Rataplan |
| | Plentiful |
| | Lilac 1863 | Lightning | Lexington |
| | | Blue Bonnet |
| | Dolly Carter | Glencoe I |
| | Myrtle |

* Nardinger. "*Spirit Horse of the Rockies*" (1988) Falcon Press Pub. Co. (dist) ISBN 0-937959-48-0

## InfoBox

| Spokane | |
| --- | --- |
| Sire | Hyder Ali |
| Grandsire | Leamington |
| Dam | Interpose |
| Damsire | Intruder |
| Sex | Stallion |
| Foaled | 1886 |
| Country | United States |
| Colour | Chestnut |
| Breeder | Noah Armstrong |
| Owner | Noah Armstrong |
| Trainer | John Rodegap |
| Record | 17: 5-4-2 |
| Earnings | $26,805.00 |
| Major wins | |
| American Derby (1889)
Clark Handicap (1889)
**American Classic Race wins:
**Kentucky Derby (1889) | |


title: Splatalogue

abstract: Splatalogue is a database for astronomical spectroscopy which contains information on nearly six million spectral lines and is maintained by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO). The name is a portmanteau of "spectral line catalogue". It contains data from seven catalogues and other sources of spectral line data and is accessible via an online search interface.

text:
# Splatalogue

**Splatalogue** is a database for astronomical spectroscopy which contains information on nearly six million spectral lines and is maintained by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO). The name is a portmanteau of "spectral line catalogue".

It contains data from seven catalogues and other sources of spectral line data and is accessible via an online search interface.

## Spectral lines

The spectral lines contained in Splatalogue range in frequency from 400 to 3.22×1018 Hz (400 Hz to 3.22 PHz), or equivalently, wavelengths from 97.25nm to 749.5 km). About 99.99% of the lines are in the microwave, millimeter, and submillimeter spectral regimes (1 GHz to 10 THz), as the catalogue is for use mainly by observational astronomers using instruments such as the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array and NRAO's Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array and Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope.


title: Spellbinder (Bowkett novel)

abstract: Spellbinder is a novel by Stephen Bowkett published in 1985.

text:
# Spellbinder (Bowkett novel)

***Spellbinder*** is a novel by Stephen Bowkett published in 1985.

## Plot summary

*Spellbinder* is a novel in which the teenaged protagonist uses actual magic to perform tricks of conjuration.

## Reception

Dave Langford reviewed *Spellbinder* for *White Dwarf* #67, and stated that "magic and fantasy do not conveniently depart from the hero's life the moment he's been taught some cheap moral lesson: here the poor sod has to learn to live with a responsibility which is his for the next sixty years. Right on."

## Reviews


title: Springfield Buckeyes

abstract: The Springfield Buckeyes were a minor league baseball team based in Springfield, Ohio. From 1928 to 1930, Springfield played as members of the Class B level Central League. Springfield won the 1930 Central League championship playing under Springfield native Joe Dunn, who managed the team all three seasons in the league. Springfield had a different nickname in each of the three seasons of Central League play, with the 1929 team being known as the "Dunnmen" in reference to their manager. From 1928 to 1930, the Springfield teams hosted home minor league games at Eagles Field.

text:
# Springfield Buckeyes

The **Springfield Buckeyes** were a minor league baseball team based in Springfield, Ohio.

From 1928 to 1930, Springfield played as members of the Class B level Central League. Springfield won the 1930 Central League championship playing under Springfield native Joe Dunn, who managed the team all three seasons in the league. Springfield had a different nickname in each of the three seasons of Central League play, with the 1929 team being known as the "Dunnmen" in reference to their manager.

From 1928 to 1930, the Springfield teams hosted home minor league games at Eagles Field.

## History

In 1877, minor league play began in Springfield, when the "Springfield Champion City" team played as members of the League Alliance. The 1917 Springfield Reapers preceded the Buckeyes in Central League play, ending a tenure in the league, which folded following the 1917 season. Joe Dunn managed the Reapers in 1916 and 1917.

Joe Dunn was a key figure in bringing minor league baseball back to Springfield in 1928. Without a Springfield-based team since Dunn led the 1917 Springfield Reapers, Dunn and his siblings Charles and Katherine partnered together to form the "Springfield Baseball Club Inc." They hoped to secure a franchise as the Central League was reforming for the 1928 season. The three siblings transferred some of the franchise stock to Frank Navin, who was the owner of the Detroit Tigers. Dunn had previously worked for Navin while serving as a scout for the Tigers in 1922. The club received $5,000 from Navin for the stock in the team, which was used for operating expenses. In return Navin received a percentage of the ballpark concessions and held first-refusal rights on any players that the team signed. The franchise secured rent at Eagles Field in Springfield for $3,000 for the season and sold the concessions rights to the Jacobs Brothers of Buffalo, New York for $3,000. The Springfield team was then established.

After the franchise was secured, the 1928 the Springfield "Buckeyes" resumed minor league play, when the Central League reformed. The Buckeyes became members of the six-team, Class B level Central League. The Akron Tyrites, Canton Terriers, Dayton Aviators, Erie Sailors and Fort Wayne Chiefs teams joined Springfield in beginning Central League play on April 25, 1928. The Buckeyes were managed by Springfield native Joseph Dunn, who would serve as manager for three seasons. The Buckeyes began hosting home minor league games at Eagles Field.

The Springfield use of the "Buckeyes" nickname corresponds with Ohio history. The state is nicknamed as "The Buckeye State," with residents of the state referred to as "buckeyes" as early as the 1840s. The buckeye tree (Aesculus glabra) is indigenous to the region and is the state tree of Ohio.

In their first season of play, the Buckeyes placed fifth in the Central League overall standings, with the league playing a split season schedule. With a record of 67–66, Springfield finished 10.0 games behind the first place Erie Sailors (76–57) in the final regular season standings. The Buckeyes did not qualify for the league playoff, as Erie won the second half of the split-season schedule, and the Fort Wayne Chiefs won the first half standings, with Fort Wayne winning the playoff championship over Erie.

The Springfield was renamed to the "Dunnmen" in 1929, corresponding to their manager. Springfield continued play in the 1929 Central League, again placing fifth in the final standings of the six-team league. The Dunnmen had an overall record of 59-77 and finished 20.0 games behind the first place Canton Terries in the final standings. The league held no playoffs, as Springifled was managed by their namesake Joseph Dunn during the season.

The Springfield "Blue Sox" won the 1930 Central League championship. Playing their final season under returning manager Joseph Dunn, the Blue Sox placed first in the six-team league, and no playoffs were held. With a record of 82–55, Springfield finished 7.0 games ahead of the second place Erie Sailors in the six-team league. Gus Goeckel of Springfield led Central League pitchers with both a 3.19 ERA and a 19–5 record.

The Central League folded and did not return to play in 1931, leaving Springfield unable to defend their championship. With his franchise without a league, Springfield was unable to continue minor league play. As owner of the team, during the Great Depression, Joe Dunn incurred debt and was advised to declare bankruptcy to avoid the debts. He declined and was able to repay his creditors over time. Joseph Dunn left Springfield to become manager of the Bloomington Cubs in 1931, his last season of managing in the minor leagues.

In 1931 and 1932, after the Central League folded, Springfield did not host a minor league team. In 1933, the Springfield Chicks began play as members of the Class C level Middle Atlantic League.

## The ballpark

The Springfield teams hosted minor league home games at Eagles Field from 1928 to 1930. The Springfield Buckeyes rented the ballpark for $3000 beginning with the 1928 season. In 1933, the Springfield Chicks resumed minor league play at Eagles Field. The ballpark no longer exists. Eagles Field was located on North Murray, between York Street and East Columbia Street in Springfield, Ohio.

## Timeline

| Year(s) | \# Yrs. | Team | Level | League | Ballpark |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1928 | 1 | Springfield Buckeyes | Class B | Central League | Eagles Field |
| 1929 | 1 | Springfield Dunnmen | | | |
| 1930 | 1 | Springfield Blue Sox | | | |
|| |

## Year-by-year records

| Year | Record | Finish | Manager | Playoffs / Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1928 | 67–66 | 5th | Joe Dunn | Did not qualify |
| 1929 | 59–77 | 5th | Joe Dunn | No playoffs held |
| 1930 | 82–55 | 1st | Joe Dunn | **Won league championship**
No playoffs held |
|

## Notable alumni

### See also

Springfield Buckeyes players
Springfield Dunnmen players
Springfield Blue Sox players

## InfoBox

| Springfield Buckeyes | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Minor league affiliations | |
| Class | Class B (1928–1930) |
| League | Central League (1928–1930) |
| Major league affiliations | |
| Team | None |
| Minor league titles | |
| League titles (1) | 1930 |
| Team data | |
| Name | **Springfield Buckeyes** (1928)
Springfield Dunnmen (1928)
Springfield Blue Sox (1928) |
| Ballpark | Eagles Field (1928–1930) |


title: Spring Break Zombie Massacre

abstract: Spring Break Zombie Massacre is a 2016 American horror short film directed by Bobby Carnevale. Sam Suchmann and Mattie Zufelt star as half-brothers who must stop Satan from ruining their spring break.

text:
# Spring Break Zombie Massacre

***Spring Break Zombie Massacre*** is a 2016 American horror short film directed by Bobby Carnevale. Sam Suchmann and Mattie Zufelt star as half-brothers who must stop Satan from ruining their spring break.

## Premise

After failing to steal their magic powers, Satan kills the mothers of two half-brothers shortly after they are born. Twenty years later, the brothers must use their powers to stop Satan and his zombie minions from ruining their spring break.

## Cast

* Sam Suchmann as Sam
* Mattie Zufelt as Mattie
* Madeline Brumby as Nikki
* Justine S Harrison as Elizabeth/Mrs. Fox
* Allison Maier as A. J.
* Joseph Turner as Frakenzombie
* Johnny Collins as the Devil

Pauly D appears in a cameo near the end.

## Production

Sam Suchmann and Mattie Zufelt, both of whom have Down syndrome, met at the Special Olympics. Sam's older brother, Jesse, said their families initially viewed the friends' enthusiasm for a film as a phase the two would eventually outgrow. When they did not, Jesse investigated further, finding that they had written a notebook full of scenes, including storyboards. Jesse initially considered shooting the film do-it-yourself style but was impressed enough with their work that he took the film to Kickstarter, where it received $68,000 in funding. Taking the position of producer, Jesse brought in director Bobby Carnevale, whom he had been friends with in high school. Filming took place over 16 days in Providence, Rhode Island. The Kickstarter campaign and resulting publicity resulted in increased interest in the film, and industry veterans like Farrelly brothers visited the set. Casting involved diverse groups of people. Some of the extras are friends on the autism spectrum or with Downs, and some auditioned after discovering the project. Other talent came from Atlanta, where director Carnevale had contacts. Pauly D, a hero to Mattie, accepted a cameo role after the friends insisted that he be approached. Jesse said the film was Sam and Mattie's project, and they were not simply helped by a professional film crew. A sequel is planned.

## Release

*Spring Break Zombie Massacre* premiered on July 7, 2016, in Providence, Rhode Island. It later played at the Telluride Film Festival in October 2016.

## Reception

Steve Hartman of CBS News called it "really gross in parts, terribly offensive in others and completely ludicrous throughout", concluding that it is a future cult film. In 2016, due to the success of the movie, Suchmann and Zufelt were guests on *Conan*. O'Brien brought a chocolate fountain out for them to celebrate their achievement. Pauly D told *People* that the pair were impressive to work with and referred to them as "my boys". Oscar-winning filmmaker Peter Farrelly stated, “I don’t think I’ve ever smiled more while watching a movie in my life."

## *Sam & Mattie Make a Zombie Movie*

In 2021, Apple TV released *Sam and Mattie Make a Zombie Movie*, a documentary following Suchmann and Zufelt's journey while making *Spring Break Zombie Massacre*. The documentary received 4.5 stars on *Dread Central*. *Fox News* wrote, "the hope is that the film inspires others to put neurodivergent minds in charge of the creative process."

## InfoBox

| Spring Break Zombie Massacre | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Bobby Carnevale |
| Written by | * Sam Suchmann * Mattie Zufelt |
| Produced by | Jesse Suchmann |
| Starring | * Sam Suchmann * Mattie Zufelt |
| Edited by | Tim Forster |
| Release date | * July 7, 2016 (2016-07-07) |
| Running time | 45 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Spring Breakin'

abstract: Spring Breakin' is an annual professional wrestling television special produced by the American promotion WWE as part of their NXT brand division. Since its inception in 2022, it has been held annually as a television special of NXT. The event's name is a reference to it being held in the spring as all events have been held in either April or May.

text:
# Spring Breakin'

**Spring Breakin'** is an annual professional wrestling television special produced by the American promotion WWE as part of their NXT brand division. Since its inception in 2022, it has been held annually as a television special of *NXT*. The event's name is a reference to it being held in the spring as all events have been held in either April or May.

## History

The inaugural Spring Breakin' event was held as a special episode of *NXT*, on May 3, 2022 and took place at NXT's home base of the WWE Performance Center in Orlando, Florida. A second Spring Breakin' was confirmed for the following year, establishing Spring Breakin' as an annual Spring event for NXT. On the April 9, 2024 episode of *NXT*, it was announced that the third Spring Breakin' would take place on April 23 and 30, 2024, this time expanded to a two-part special.

## Events

| # | Event | Date | City | Venue | Main Event | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Spring Breakin' (2022) | May 3, 2022 | Orlando, Florida | WWE Performance Center | Bron Breakker (c) vs. Joe Gacy for the NXT Championship |  |
| 2 | Spring Breakin' (2023) | April 25, 2023 | | | Indi Hartwell (c) vs. Roxanne Perez vs. Tiffany Stratton for the NXT Women's Championship |  |
| 3 | Spring Breakin' (2024) | April 23, 2024 | | | Ilja Dragunov (c) vs. Trick Williams for the NXT Championship |  |
| | | April 30, 2024 | | | Lola Vice vs. Natalya in an NXT Underground match |
| (c) – refers to the champion(s) heading into the match | | | | | | | | | |
|

## InfoBox

| Spring Breakin' | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotions | WWE |
| Brands | NXT (2022–present) |
| First event | 2022 |


title: Spring Breakin' (2023)

abstract: The 2023 Spring Breakin' was the second annual Spring Breakin' professional wrestling event produced by WWE. It was held primarily for wrestlers from the NXT brand division. Spring Breakin' aired as a special episode of NXT. The television special took place on April 25, 2023, at the WWE Performance Center in Orlando, Florida and aired on the USA Network. Seven matches were contested at the event. In the main event, Indi Hartwell defeated Roxanne Perez and Tiffany Stratton in a triple threat match to retain the NXT Women's Championship.

text:
# Spring Breakin' (2023)

The 2023 **Spring Breakin'** was the second annual Spring Breakin' professional wrestling event produced by WWE. It was held primarily for wrestlers from the NXT brand division. Spring Breakin' aired as a special episode of *NXT*. The television special took place on April 25, 2023, at the WWE Performance Center in Orlando, Florida and aired on the USA Network.

Seven matches were contested at the event. In the main event, Indi Hartwell defeated Roxanne Perez and Tiffany Stratton in a triple threat match to retain the NXT Women's Championship.

## Production

### Background

Spring Breakin' is an annual professional wrestling television special produced by WWE. The inaugural Spring Breakin' event was held as a special episode of *NXT*, on May 3 and took place at NXT's home base of the WWE Performance Center in Orlando, Florida. On the April 11, 2023, episode of *NXT*, it was announced that the second Spring Breakin' would take place on April 25, 2023, thereby establishing Spring Breakin' as an annual Spring event for NXT.

### Storylines

The card included matches that resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Results were predetermined by WWE's writers on the NXT brand, while storylines were produced on WWE's weekly television program, *NXT*, and the supplementary online streaming show, *Level Up*.

On the April 11 episode of *NXT*, Grayson Waller won a fatal four-way match to become the number one contender for Carmelo Hayes' NXT Championship at Spring Breakin'.

On the April 11 episode of *NXT*, while Chase University (Andre Chase, Duke Hudson, and Thea Hail) were presenting an MVP award for Hudson, they were confronted by Bron Breakker, who laid them out. The following week, Hudson challenged Breakker to face Chase at Spring Breakin', which was made official.

Starting on the April 4 episode of *NXT*, video packages aired that hyped the NXT debut of a new wrestler named Oba Femi. On the April 18 episode, it was announced that Femi would make his NXT debut at Spring Breakin'.

On the April 4 episode of *NXT*, Pretty Deadly (Kit Wilson and Elton Prince) defeated Tony D'Angelo and Channing "Stacks" Lorenzo when Wilson and Prince switched places, allowing Prince to send D'Angelo into an exposed turnbuckle. The following week, an NXT Anonymous video showed D'Angelo and Lorenzo attacking Pretty Deadly in the parking lot, with Wilson being kidnapped in the trunk of a car. On the April 18 episode, Pretty Deadly challenged D'Angelo and Lorenzo to a match at Spring Breakin', which was made official as a trunk match.

At Stand & Deliver, Roxanne Perez lost the NXT Women's Championship to Indi Hartwell in a ladder match. On the April 18 episode, after Perez won her match, Hartwell interrupted. Hartwell stated that the reason she was still the champion was because of Perez, and gave her a title match at Spring Breakin'. Tiffany Stratton interrupted, making it a triple threat match.

On the April 11 episode of *NXT*, Fallon Henley and Kiana James (with Josh Briggs and Brooks Jensen) failed to win the NXT Women's Tag Team Championship after Jensen was ejected from ringside. The following week, James and Briggs argued backstage, and Briggs stated that he ended his friendship with Jensen. Later that night, James and Jensen challenged Henley and Briggs to a mixed tag team match, which was made official for Spring Breakin'.

On the April 4 episode of *NXT*, following Cora Jade's return, she was confronted by Lyra Valkyria backstage. The following week, Jade cut a promo about shifting her focus to the NXT Women's Championship, but was confronted by Valkyria. Valkyria then attacked Jade, who was able to retreat. On the April 18 episode, after Jade won her match, Valkyria confronted Jade and stated that they would face each other at Spring Breakin'.

## Event

### Preliminary matches

The television special began with Pretty Deadly (Kit Wilson and Elton Prince) taking on Tony D'Angelo and Channing "Stacks" Lorenzo in a trunk match, where the only way to win is to put both members of a team into a car trunk. In the closing moments, Pretty Deadly performed Spilt Milk on Lorenzo and put him in the trunk, but as they tried to do the same to D'Angelo, Lorenzo sprayed a fire extinguisher on Pretty Deadly. Afterwards, D'Angelo struck Wilson with a crowbar to put him in the trunk. D'Angelo and Lorenzo then sent Prince through a table with a spinebuster before putting him in the trunk to win the match.

Next, Andre Chase (accompanied by Duke Hudson) took on Bron Breakker. Chase managed to dominate Breakker throughout the match, but the turning point came when Breakker broke up the Chase U boots at the "H". Breakker then performed a Powerslam on Chase and forced him to submit to the Steiner Recliner to win the match.

Following this, Ilja Dragunov entered a parking garage, but was attacked from behind by Dijak, who sent Dragunov into the production tools before slamming the garage door on him.

In the third match, Cora Jade took on Lyra Valkyria. In the closing moments, the referee prevented Jade from using a kendo stick, but Jade used the referee to block Valkyria's crescent kick. Jade followed up with a DDT on Valkyria to win the match.

After that, Carmelo Hayes (accompanied by Trick Williams) defended the NXT Championship against Grayson Waller. During the match, Waller introduced a chair, which the referee tossed out, allowing Waller to strike Williams with another chair. Waller and Hayes were able to prevent the others' finishing moves, and Waller performed a crescent kick and a Sitout Powerbomb for a nearfall. Waller performed the Ace Crusher on Hayes, who rolled out of the ring to avoid the pinfall. Afterwards, Waller sent Hayes through the announce table. Back in the ring, Hayes was able to kick out. In the climax, Waller attempted the Ace Crusher again, but messed up the roll, allowing Hayes to perform a kick and the Nothing But Net on Waller to retain the title. After the match, Hayes challenged Bron Breakker to a title match at Battleground, only for Breakker to attack Hayes and Williams from behind, ending the attack with Breakker spearing Hayes through a barricade.

Following this, while Joe Coffey was on the phone with Mark Coffey, Joe Gacy and Ava interrupted. Ava asked for an NXT Tag Team Championship match pitting The Dyad (Jagger Reid and Rip Fowler) against champions Gallus (Joe, Mark, and Wolfgang). Gacy then challenged Joe to a match where if Gacy won, The Dyad would get a title match, but if Joe won, The Dyad would not get a title match as long as Gallus were the champions. The match was subsequently scheduled for the following week.

In the fifth match, Josh Briggs and Fallon Henley took on Brooks Jensen and Kiana James in a mixed tag team match. In the closing moments, James handed Jensen a designer bag, but Briggs moved out of the way of the bag shot. Jensen accidentally knocked James off the ring apron, allowing Briggs to perform a clothesline on Jensen to win the match. Following the match, James stated that she never loved Jensen and left. Jensen and Briggs then hugged it out.

Next, Dragon Lee was being interviewed backstage, and set his sights on Noam Dar and the NXT Heritage Cup.

In the penultimate match, Oba Femi, in his debut match on NXT, took on Oro Mensah. In the end, Femi performed a Powerbomb on Mensah to win the match.

Immediately after the match, Gigi Dolin took the headset from commentator Vic Joseph and called out Jacy Jayne for abandoning her family. Dolin promised to defeat Jayne with Dolin's family at ringside the following week.

Before the main event, Charlie Dempsey and Drew Gulak were being interviewed backstage about how wins and losses mattered. Gulak stated that he would defeat Wes Lee for the NXT North American Championship the following week.

### Main event

In the main event, Indi Hartwell defended the NXT Women's Championship against Tiffany Stratton and Roxanne Perez in a triple threat match. During the match, Stratton performed a Swanton Bomb on Perez and Hartwell, with the latter being checked at by referees. In the climax, Hartwell returned and performed a spinebuster on Stratton for a nearfall. Stratton then performed a bodyslam and followed up with a moonsault on Perez, but Hartwell broke up the pin and performed a basement forearm on Perez to retain the title.

Finally, Tony D'Angelo and Channing "Stacks" Lorenzo dumped Pretty Deadly (Kit Wilson and Elton Prince) into a lake. D'Angelo and Lorenzo stated that they would be setting their sights at the NXT Tag Team Championship. They then drove off to celebrate as the show ended.

## Aftermath

The 2023 Spring Breakin' was the final episode of *NXT* before the 2023 WWE Draft. As a result, the event marked the final NXT appearance for Pretty Deadly (Kit Wilson and Elton Prince) and Grayson Waller, as they were drafted to SmackDown. Also, NXT Women's Champion Indi Hartwell was drafted to Raw; on the following episode of *NXT*, Hartwell vacated the title, and announced that a tournament to crown a new champion would begin the following week and end at Battleground.

Wes Lee (accompanied by Tyler Bate) and Drew Gulak (with Charlie Dempsey) had their NXT North American Championship match on the following episode of *NXT*, where Lee retained after Bate took out Dempsey. Bate also began setting his sights at the title.

Also on *NXT*, Trick Williams talked about the situation of NXT Champion Carmelo Hayes when Bron Breakker interrupted. Breakker stated that the damage he caused to Hayes and Williams made his title match against Hayes at Battleground easier, and Breakker and Williams agreed to a match the following week.

Gigi Dolin and Jacy Jayne also had their match, where Jayne was victorious this time; during the match, Jayne was bleeding heavily.

Josh Briggs, Brooks Jensen, and Fallon Henley chatted at Henley's bar, and Jensen stated that he learned some business sense from Kiana James. Two people wanted to have a drink with them, which Jensen declined, and his friends acknowledged his growth.

NXT Heritage Cup champion Noam Dar cost Dragon Lee his match against JD McDonagh (who was also drafted to Raw during the 2023 WWE Draft, and was his final NXT appearance). After the match, Lee chased Dar off.

Joe Gacy and Joe Coffey had their singles match, with their respective stablemates in their corners. Thanks to interference from Schism (Ava, Jagger Reid, and Rip Fowler), Gacy was victorious.

## Results

| No. | Results | Stipulations | Times |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | The Family (Tony D'Angelo and Channing "Stacks" Lorenzo) defeated Pretty Deadly (Elton Prince and Kit Wilson) | Trunk match | 12:31 |
| 2 | Bron Breakker defeated Andre Chase (with Duke Hudson) by submission | Singles match | 2:19 |
| 3 | Cora Jade defeated Lyra Valkyria by pinfall | Singles match | 8:19 |
| 4 | Carmelo Hayes (c) (with Trick Williams) defeated Grayson Waller by pinfall | Singles match for the NXT Championship | 12:03 |
| 5 | Josh Briggs and Fallon Henley defeated Brooks Jensen and Kiana James by pinfall | Mixed tag team match | 11:43 |
| 6 | Oba Femi defeated Oro Mensah by pinfall | Singles match | 3:35 |
| 7 | Indi Hartwell (c) defeated Roxanne Perez and Tiffany Stratton by pinfall | Triple threat match for the NXT Women's Championship | 15:12 |
| (c)  – the champion(s) heading into the match | | | |

## InfoBox

| NXT Spring Breakin' | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional poster featuring various WWE wrestlers | |
| Promotion | WWE |
| Brand(s) | NXT |
| Date | April 25, 2023 |
| City | Orlando, Florida |
| Venue | WWE Performance Center |
| *NXT* special episodes chronology | |
| **Previous**
Roadblock **Next**
Gold Rush | |
| Spring Breakin' chronology | |
| **Previous**
2022 **Next**
2024 | |


title: Square mile

abstract: The square mile is an imperial and US unit of measure for area. One square mile is equal to the area of a square with each side measuring a length of one mile.

text:
# Square mile

The **square mile** (abbreviated as **sq mi** and sometimes as **mi2**) is an imperial and US unit of measure for area. One square mile is equal to the area of a square with each side measuring a length of one mile.

## Equivalents

One square mile is equal to:

One square mile is also equivalent to:

## Similarly named units

### Miles square

Square miles should not be confused with miles square, a square region with each side having a length of the value given. For example, a region which is 20 miles square (20 mi × 20 mi) has an area of 400 sq mi; a rectangle of measuring 10 mi × 40 mi also has an area of 400 sq mi, but is not 20 miles square.

### Section

In the United States Public Land Survey System, "square mile" is an informal synonym for section.

## InfoBox

| square mile | |
| --- | --- |
| Various units of area, with square mile being represented as a yellow square | |
| General information | |
| Unit system | Imperial, United States customary units |
| Unit of | area |
| Symbol | mi2,sq mi |
| Conversions | |
| 1 mi2 *in ...* | *... is equal to ...* |
|  | |
| Imperial/US | * 4.0145×109 sq in * 2.7878×107 sq ft * 3.0976×106 sq yd * 640 acres |
| SI units | * 2.59×106 m2 * 2.59 km2 |


title: Square metre

abstract: The square metre or square meter is the unit of area in the International System of Units (SI) with symbol m⁲. It is the area of a square with sides one metre in length. Adding and subtracting SI prefixes creates multiples and submultiples; however, as the unit is exponentiated, the quantities grow exponentially by the corresponding power of 10. For example, 1 kilometre is 10⁳ times the length of 1 metre, but 1 square kilometre is (10⁳)⁲ times the area of 1 square metre, and 1 cubic kilometre is (10⁳)⁳ cubic metres.

text:
# Square metre

The **square metre** (international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures) or **square meter** (American spelling) is the unit of area in the International System of Units (SI) with symbol **m2**. It is the area of a square with sides one metre in length.

Adding and subtracting SI prefixes creates multiples and submultiples; however, as the unit is exponentiated, the quantities grow exponentially by the corresponding power of 10. For example, 1 kilometre is 103 (one thousand) times the length of 1 metre, but 1 square kilometre is (103)2 (106, one million) times the area of 1 square metre, and 1 cubic kilometre is (103)3 (109, one billion) cubic metres.

## SI prefixes applied

The square metre may be used with all SI prefixes used with the metre.

| Multiplication | Name | Symbol | Multiplication | Name | Symbol |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 100 | **square metre** (centiare) | **m2** | 100 | **square metre** (centiare) | **m2** |
| 102 | square decametre (are) | dam2 | 10−2 | square decimetre | dm2 |
| 104 | square hectometre (hectare) | hm2 | 10−4 | square centimetre | cm2 |
| 106 | square kilometre | km2 | 10−6 | square millimetre | mm2 |
| 1012 | square megametre | Mm2 | 10−12 | square micrometre | μm2 |
| 1018 | square gigametre | Gm2 | 10−18 | square nanometre | nm2 |
| 1024 | square terametre | Tm2 | 10−24 | square picometre | pm2 |
| 1030 | square petametre | Pm2 | 10−30 | square femtometre | fm2 |
| 1036 | square exametre | Em2 | 10−36 | square attometre | am2 |
| 1042 | square zettametre | Zm2 | 10−42 | square zeptometre | zm2 |
| 1048 | square yottametre | Ym2 | 10−48 | square yoctometre | ym2 |
| 1054 | square ronnametre | Rm2 | 10−54 | square rontometre | rm2 |
| 1060 | square quettametre | Qm2 | 10−60 | square quectometre | qm2 |

## Unicode characters

Unicode has several characters used to represent metric area units, but these are for compatibility with East Asian character encodings and are *not* meant to be used in new documents.

* U+33A1  SQUARE M SQUARED
* U+33A2  SQUARE KM SQUARED
* U+3378  SQUARE DM SQUARED
* U+33A0  SQUARE CM SQUARED
* U+339F  SQUARE MM SQUARED

Instead, the Unicode superscript U+00B2 ² SUPERSCRIPT TWO can be used, as in m².

## Conversions

One square metre is equal to:

## InfoBox

| Square metre | |
| --- | --- |
| Visualization of a square metre | |
| General information | |
| Unit system | SI |
| Unit of | area |
| Symbol | m2 |


title: Spring Creek

abstract: A spring creek is a stream that flows from a spring. Spring Creek may refer to:

text:
# Spring Creek

A spring creek is a stream that flows from a spring.

**Spring Creek** may refer to:

## Australia

## Canada

## New Zealand

## United States

### Settlements

### Waterways

#### California

#### Colorado

#### Delaware

#### Georgia

#### Illinois

#### Minnesota

#### Missouri

#### Nebraska

#### Nevada

#### North Carolina

#### North Dakota

#### Ohio

#### Oklahoma

#### Pennsylvania

#### Tennessee

#### Texas

#### West Virginia

#### Wisconsin


abstract: St. David's Church and Cemetery is a historic church and cemetery on Church Street in Cheraw, South Carolina. It was built in 1770 and added to the National Register in 1971.

text:
# St. David's Episcopal Church and Cemetery

**St. David's Church and Cemetery** is a historic church and cemetery on Church Street in Cheraw, South Carolina.

It was built in 1770 and added to the National Register in 1971.

## Notable burials

Media related to St. David's Episcopal Church and Cemetery (Cheraw, South Carolina) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| St. David's Church and Cemetery | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Church St., Cheraw, South Carolina |
| Coordinates | 34°41′44″N 79°52′46″W / 34.69556°N 79.87944°W / 34.69556; -79.87944 |
| Area | 8 acres (3.2 ha) |
| Built | 1770 |
| NRHP reference No. | 71000761 |
| Added to NRHP | September 22, 1971 |


title: Spring Park, Croydon

abstract: Spring Park is a small area in London, England. It is within the London Borough of Bromley and the London Borough of Croydon, straddling the traditional Kent-Surrey border along The Beck. Spring Park is located north of Addington, west of West Wickham and south of Monks Orchard and Shirley.

text:
# Spring Park, Croydon

**Spring Park** is a small area in London, England. It is within the London Borough of Bromley and the London Borough of Croydon, straddling the traditional Kent-Surrey border along The Beck. Spring Park is located north of Addington, west of West Wickham and south of Monks Orchard and Shirley.

## History

The area was historically known as Cold Harbour. Settlement began in the area in the 1830s at the instigation of the MP John Temple Leader, who employed the agricultural innovator Hewitt Davis to turn what was barren heathland into productive farmland. Large scale residential building began in the 1920s–1930s. The Shrublands council estate was constructed after the Second World War on compulsorily purchased land from the golf course.

The area contains a small row of shops at the junction of Bridle Road and Broom Road. The Goat pub, which closed in 2017 following an attack on a local asylum seeker, re-opened in 2019 as The Apple Tree.

## Notable residents

## InfoBox

| Spring Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Spring ParkLocation within Greater London | |
| London borough |  |
| Ceremonial county | Greater London |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Croydon |
| Postcode district | CR0 |
| Dialling code | 020 |
|  | |
| Police | Metropolitan |
| Fire | London |
| Ambulance | London |
|  | |
| London Assembly |  |
|


title: Spring Park, Prince Edward Island

abstract: Spring Park is a Canadian neighbourhood in the city of Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. Spring Park derived its name in 1925 from the Spring Park School District whose southern boundary at that time was located along the northern boundary of the city of Charlottetown and west of the villages of Parkdale and Sherwood. The community was defined by Spring Park Road which ran north from the city to serve what was then a rural farming district consisting of 12 acres (4.9 ha) estates in the unincorporated township of Queens Royalty. Population growth and development pressures in Charlottetown following World War II saw parts of Spring Park south of Kirkwood Drive successively merged into the city. In the early 1950s a new Spring Park School was constructed on Union Street later called Kirkwood Drive; this building stood where the current Charlottetown Police Department is located on Kirkwood Drive. The school district was incorporated as a village in 1954 and was roughly delineated by Eden Street, Kirkwood Drive, Colonel Gray Drive, the east bank of the North River, the southern boundary with West Royalty along Hermitage Creek and the north end of the University of Prince Edward Island campus, and the former railway corridor. A municipal building named "Spring Park Hall" and a fire station housing the "Spring Park Volunteer Fire Department" were located on a municipal property named "Spring Park Square" which also included Spring Park School. This property was bounded by University Avenue, Kirkwood Drive, Willow Street and Eden Street. Since it was located outside the city limits, Spring Park Square played host to many larger outdoor events such as circuses from the 1920s-1950s. The village was dissolved on April 17, 1958 in a municipal amalgamation with the City of Charlottetown. Development pressures on the Spring Park School district by a flood of young families to new subdivisions in the early 1960s saw this school replaced in 1964 by a building located on Dunkirk Street. The neighbourhood is Charlottetown's first post-war suburb and consists of smaller bungalows interspersed with some larger homes and is defined by mature trees lining quiet streets. This is likely the most accessible Charlottetown neighbourhood to services within walking distance with several popular churches, shopping services, restaurants, schools, and employment locations being located within and adjacent to the area. The neighbourhood expanded significantly during the late 1960s with the construction of Colonel Gray High School on the Simmons Estate fronting Spring Park Road immediately south of the former municipal boundary. Residential subdivisions such as Holland Park and Skyview were developed in the late 1960s and 1970s, followed by Westwood and Marysfield in the 1980s and 1990s.

text:
# Spring Park, Prince Edward Island

**Spring Park** is a Canadian neighbourhood in the city of Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island.

Spring Park derived its name in 1925 from the Spring Park School District whose southern boundary at that time was located along the northern boundary of the city of Charlottetown and west of the villages of Parkdale and Sherwood. The community was defined by Spring Park Road which ran north from the city to serve what was then a rural farming district consisting of 12 acres (4.9 ha) estates in the unincorporated township of Queens Royalty.

Population growth and development pressures in Charlottetown following World War II saw parts of Spring Park south of Kirkwood Drive successively merged into the city. In the early 1950s a new Spring Park School was constructed on Union Street later called Kirkwood Drive; this building stood where the current Charlottetown Police Department is located on Kirkwood Drive. The school district was incorporated as a village in 1954 and was roughly delineated by Eden Street, Kirkwood Drive, Colonel Gray Drive, the east bank of the North River, the southern boundary with West Royalty along Hermitage Creek and the north end of the University of Prince Edward Island campus, and the former railway corridor (now the Confederation Trail).

A municipal building named "Spring Park Hall" and a fire station housing the "Spring Park Volunteer Fire Department" were located on a municipal property named "Spring Park Square" which also included Spring Park School. This property was bounded by University Avenue, Kirkwood Drive, Willow Street and Eden Street. Since it was located outside the city limits, Spring Park Square played host to many larger outdoor events such as circuses from the 1920s-1950s.

The village was dissolved on April 17, 1958 in a municipal amalgamation with the City of Charlottetown. Development pressures on the Spring Park School district by a flood of young families to new subdivisions in the early 1960s saw this school replaced in 1964 by a building located on Dunkirk Street.

Federal census population history of Spring Park
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1956 | 1,370 |  |
| Source: Statistics Canada<br> | | |

The neighbourhood is Charlottetown's first post-war suburb and consists of smaller bungalows interspersed with some larger homes and is defined by mature trees lining quiet streets. This is likely the most accessible Charlottetown neighbourhood to services within walking distance with several popular churches, shopping services, restaurants, schools, and employment locations being located within and adjacent to the area. The neighbourhood expanded significantly during the late 1960s with the construction of Colonel Gray High School on the Simmons Estate fronting Spring Park Road immediately south of the former municipal boundary. Residential subdivisions such as **Holland Park** and **Skyview** were developed in the late 1960s and 1970s, followed by **Westwood** and **Marysfield** in the 1980s and 1990s.

## InfoBox

| Spring Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
| Spring ParkLocation of Spring Park in PEI | |
| Coordinates: 46°16′00″N 63°09′00″W / 46.26667°N 63.15000°W / 46.26667; -63.15000 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Provinces of Canada | Prince Edward Island |
| County | Queens County |
| Township | Queens Royalty |
| City | City of Charlottetown |
| Incorporated Village | January 1, 1954 |
| Dissolved | April 17, 1958 |
| Time zone | UTC-4 (AST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-3 (ADT) |
| Canadian Postal code | 1A |
| Area code | 902 |


title: Moses Block

abstract: The Moses Block is located at the corner of Durham at Elgin Street in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. It is one of only ten flatiron buildings in Canada, and one of the six within Ontario. Moses Block is a historic site in Sudbury dating back to the beginning of the 20th century. The construction date is unclear, although the building was completed sometime between 1907 and 1915 by Hascal Moses and the Moses Family. The design of the flatiron building was inspired by the famous Flatiron Building in New York City.

text:
# Moses Block

The **Moses Block** is located at the corner of Durham at Elgin Street in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. It is one of only ten flatiron buildings in Canada, and one of the six within Ontario. Moses Block is a historic site in Sudbury dating back to the beginning of the 20th century. The construction date is unclear, although the building was completed sometime between 1907 and 1915 by Hascal Moses and the Moses Family. The design of the flatiron building was inspired by the famous Flatiron Building in New York City.

## History

The building originally housed Wolfe's Bookstore, a newspaper stand on the bottom floor owned by Wolfe Moses. Wolfe Moses owned the lucrative business from 1935 to 1973. The second floor was one of the largest raw fur businesses in Northern Ontario and Quebec, owned by Jack Leve after he served in the military. Leve traveled around Canada before setting up shop in Sudbury, Ontario.

Before a damaging fire in 1943 the building was branded on the side as "Flat Iron Building". When repairing the building Moses added a third floor to allow for more storage of books, but the branding was not replaced.

In 1975 the bookstore was purchased by John Rutherford, a University professor. As of 2021, the building is home to an advertising agency 50 Carleton, a Money Mart, and the Good Luck General Store.

The site of Moses Block was a part of the Village of Sudbury Township of McKim master plan in 1887. The approximate dimensions of the site are 9.11 metres by 21.25 metres by 21.87 metres. The approximate area of the site is 95 metre2. The neighborhood's master plan of the streets and railway lines allowed for the eventual design of the odd-shaped building.

The most famous Flatiron Building in New York City designed by architect Daniel Burnham was the first building of its kind. The building style gets its name from the resemblance to a certain household appliance. It is well known for its distinct triangular shape. Many buildings were modeled after it in the years following its construction in 1902.

## Architectural style and structure

Moses Block structure is characterized by the fact that it is part of a triangular-shaped block. Aside from that, the structure is very simple in nature. The brick has a stretcher bond pattern. The roof is flat, with a flat, narrow strip of metal serving as roof trim. The building's first floor was renovated, while the second and third floors were not. The windows have two panes of glass. They have lugsills and a rather simple trim. The main entrance is partly glazed and has a simple trim.

Seven large masonry buildings between Elgin and Elm are remnants of Sudbury's historic downtown core. Other buildings in the area such as the 1937 Coulson Hotel, former T. Eaton's, the Northern Ontario, and Roy's Furniture provide an insight into the scale and typology of the buildings in this area through the mid-century. Throughout the first half of the twentieth century, the downtown core bustled with railways, communication, retail, theatres, and hotels. This section of Sudbury’s downtown core is well known for its cohesive architectural typology.

Sudbury's first distinctively European architectural period, characterized by a mix of Victorian and Classical styles, was about to begin. Between the years 1907 and 1915 Sudbury experienced a building construction boom. The use of Victorian-style schools, also known as the Queen Anne revival, is most evident in the town's residential buildings. Many of the homes built featured numerous bays and dormers, which are typical of the Victorian era, as well as a near-fanatical use of classical Doric pillars.

The style of architecture of Moses Block is likely a part of the Queen Anne revival period, but it does fall at the tail end of the Art Nouveau period between 1890 and 1914. This style is commonly confused with the Art Deco period which began later in the 1920s. Art Nouveau style is a rebellion against the industrial era when designs turned attention back towards natural forms and the craftsmanship of the building. Although, "art deco, like art nouveau, did not become a dominant architectural style in Sudbury. The former, however, introduced the city to the era of modern building". By the 50s and 60s structural steel and precast concrete became trademarks of "modern" architecture. Resulting in the bulldozing of Sudbury's greatest buildings on the Elm at Durham corridor beginning with the post office building.

46°29′24″N 80°59′43″W / 46.49003°N 80.99524°W / 46.49003; -80.99524


title: The Hampdens

abstract: The Hampdens were an Australian indie pop band formed in Perth in 2002. They issued a studio album, The Last Party, in May 2008 before disbanding in 2010. During their career they performed in Australia and in London.

text:
# The Hampdens

**The Hampdens** were an Australian indie pop band formed in Perth in 2002. They issued a studio album, *The Last Party*, in May 2008 before disbanding in 2010. During their career they performed in Australia and in London.

## Biography

The Hampdens were formed in Perth in 2002 with a line-up of Gavin Crawcour on bass guitar, guitar, percussion and clarinet and Julian "Jules" Hewitt on piano, electric piano \[Rhodes\], bass guitar, Hammond organ, synthesiser, saxophone and percussion. Their name is from the fictitious, Hampden College, in Donna Tartt's 1992 novel, *The Secret History*, which describes a group of college kids embroiled in a pagan cult. Crawcour and Hewitt were soon joined by Susannah Legge on lead vocals and Andrew McDonald on lead guitar and backing vocals.

During 2002 they lived in a beach house where "they wrote, recorded and rehearsed for three months." Their debut independent extended play, *Brightness Falls*, was released in August 2003. The EP's six tracks were produced by Dave Parkin (Red Jezebel), at Blackbird Sound Studios, who also provided electric guitar and percussion. For the recording they were joined by Jordy Hewitt on backing vocals, Justin Smith on violin and session drummers, Mark Milentis and Tim Stacey, who replaced by Jon Elder on drums for live performances.

K. P. from *Forte* reviewed their debut EP and opined that, "\[their\] music often masks some dark lyrics, but whether it's funk, drums 'n' bass, or folk pop, every time Legge's voice appears its magic time!" *The Sunday Telegraph*'s reviewer declared "this music sends tingles up your spine... \[they\] defy the nu-rock trend with their lush electronica and superb songs... Intelligent music with intelligent lyrics." The first run sold out within two weeks – a second run was pressed and subsequently sold out.

The group toured Australia with gigs in Perth, Sydney and Melbourne. They appeared on Francis Leach's programme, *The Deep End*, on ABC Radio National in October 2003. After a month-long residency at Melbourne's Duke of Windsor Hotel the band travelled to London to perform at the Barfly and the Metro in November. The Hampdens have played with Ben Lee, Evermore, John Mayer, Ray LaMontagne, Thirsty Merc, Sarah Harmer, george, Rob Thomas, and Missy Higgins.

The success of the *Brightness Falls* led to their signing with Sony Music Australia, which released their follow up EP, *Even World*, on 12 April 2004. Its seven tracks were produced by Parkin again and mixed at Metropolis Studios in Melbourne; Parkin also provided guitar, slide guitar and percussion; Stacey supplied drums. Anton S Trees of *FasterLouder* felt it provided "Haunting melodies and dreamy soundscapes. Two lead singers (one female, one male). Warm, jazzy keys and chilled-out drumbeats." *In Music and Media*'s Christie Eliezer cited *Cream* magazine's reviewer, "If Perth is the new Paris, then the Hampdens are the new Air". Eliezer added that their EP included "references of writers, photographers, washed-up moguls, and falling ASX stock tickers atop crumbling concrete skyscrapers."

Their third EP, *So Young It Hurts*, had six tracks and was released in August 2005 on Rubber Records. It was mixed and recorded by United Kingdom producer Eden, who had worked as side-kick for Nellee Hooper (Madonna). The EP reached No. 16 on the ARIA Hitseekers Singles Chart. By that time the group were based in Melbourne and had trimmed down to a three-piece: Crawcour, Jules Hewitt and Legge. They supported National Youth Week in 2007, where their EP was described as "set against the sound of melodic electronica and haunting vocals."

The band finished recording their debut album, *The Last Party*, in New York City. They enlisted the services of Victor Van Vugt (Beth Orton, Nick Cave and PJ Harvey) to produce the album, with fellow Melburnian, Matt Lovell (Silverchair, Eskimo Joe) as sound engineer. The album's lead single, "Generation Y", was released in July 2007, which peaked at No. 51 on the ARIA Singles Chart, No. 29 on the Top 100 Physical Singles Chart and No. 1 on the Hitseekers Singles Chart. Foster noticed that "The world Legge presents – partly with an eye on hitting the zeitgeist with song titles like ‘Generation Y' – is jaded, partied out and numb, with refuge found in dreams and sleep and the search for love." The song is about beauty and hope, about white Converse sneakers and beating hearts in dark clubs, about a new generation for whom Kurt Cobain is nostalgia and CK one is a cultural relic, about going back to the town you grew up in and burying your hands in the soil. "Generation Y" was co-written by the trio with Julian Hamilton of the Presets.

In early 2008 the Hampdens filmed a music video for the album's second single, "Asleep on the Lawn", in Essendon West. *The Last Party* appeared on 17 May 2008 via Warner Music Australasia, which peaked at No. 14 on the ARIA Hitseekers Albums Chart. It provided "themes that are interwoven into their songs deal with loss, hope and re-enchantment. Much of their music focuses on youth and the issues they face today." Robert Forster of *The Monthly* felt its "sound is good. There's silky bass, programmed drums, and live drums that sound like programmed drums; synths either squelch and squeak in late-'90s fashion or are banked and layered in '80s mode, and there's tinkling piano and guitar. It's a lush, compact, Europop-influenced production."

*Sounds of Oz*' Lauren Katulka opined that "This isn't your dance til your feet hurt and drink til you puke kind of party. Instead it evokes chilled out cocktail parties, with some mellow jazz in the background and some good conversation. It's one of those sleeper albums, which may not immediately grab you on the first listen. Instead it wraps around you slowly, and becomes richer with each and every listen." It was followed by another single, "Miami", in June. An album track, "Belljar", received an Honourable Mention at the International Songwriting Competition of 2008 in the Performance category.

In May 2009 they issued a four-track EP, *The Croupier* on Nettwerk Records. The trio disbanded in the following year to pursue solo careers. Legge provided lead vocals for a track on the second album by Sydney artist, Matt Ridgway, *Sunday Morning* (October 2011). Crawcourt and Hewitt co-wrote tracks for Melbourne-based synth-pop group, Clubfeet on their two albums, *Gold on Gold* (July 2010) and *Heirs and Graces* (January 2013).

## Band members

* Gavin Crawcour – bass guitar, guitar, programming, percussion, clarinet
* Jordy Hewitt – backing vocals
* Julian Hewitt – piano, rhodes, keyboards, programming
* Susannah Legge – lead vocals
* Andrew McDonald – guitar, acoustic guitar, backing vocals
* Justin Smith – violin
* Jon Elder – drums

## Discography

### Albums

List of albums, with selected details
| Title | Details |
| --- | --- |
| *The Last Party* | * Released: May 2008 * Format: CD * Label: Warner Music Australia (5144227392) |

### Extended plays

List of EPs, with selected details
| Title | Details |
| --- | --- |
| *Brightness Falls* | * Released: August 2003 * Format: CD * Label: The Hampdens International (HIPL001) |
| *Even World* | * Released: April 2004 * Format: CD * Label: Sony Music (5162002000) |
| *So Young It Hurts* | * Released: August 2005 * Format: CD * Label: Rubber (RUB198) |
| *The Croupier* | * Released: 28 May 2009 * Format: CD * Label: Nettwerk |

### Singles

List of singles, with selected chart positions
| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | AUS<br> | |
| "Croupier" | 2003 |  | *Brightness Falls* |
| "The Hype" | 2004 |  | *Even World* |
| "Generation Y" | 2007 | 51 | *The Last Party* |
| | "Asleep on the Lawn" | |  |
| "Miami" | 2008 | |  |

1. "Band Profiles: The Hampdens". *WAM Scene*. Western Australian Music Industry Association. 2004. Archived from the original on 10 August 2007. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
2. Leach, Francis (31 October 2003). "The Hampdens Play Live". *The Deep End*. ABC Radio National (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). Retrieved 21 October 2016.
3. "The Hampdens:: *The Croupier* EP". *Parasites & Sycophants*. 29 May 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
4. K. P. (August 2003). "Albums: The Hampdens: *Brightness Falls* (Hampdens International/MGM Distribution)". *Forte*. Archived from the original on 7 December 2003. Retrieved 21 October 2016  via The Hampdens Official Website.
5. "CD Reviews: *Brightness Falls*, Independent". *The Sunday Telegraph*. News Limited. 2003. Archived from the original on 30 October 2003. Retrieved 21 October 2016  via The Hampdens Official Website.
6. "Artists :: The Hampdens". Australian Music Online. Archived from the original on 26 July 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
7. "Week Commencing ~ 12th April 2004 ~ Issue #737" (PDF). *The ARIA Report* (737). Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA): 27. 12 April 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 April 2004. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
8. "Releases :: *Even World*". Australian Music Online. Archived from the original on 7 August 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
9. Trees, Anton S (17 May 2004). "The Hampdens – *Even World*". *FasterLouder*. Junkee Media. Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
10. Eliezer, Christie (15 June 2004). "The Hampdens". *In Music & Media* (409). themusic.com.au. Archived from the original on 27 February 2005. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
11. "Releases :: *The So Young It Hurts*". Australian Music Online. Archived from the original on 26 July 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
12. "Week Commencing ~ 22nd August 2005 ~ Issue #808" (PDF). *The ARIA Report* (808). Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA): 18. 22 August 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2005. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
13. Forster, Robert (August 2008). "Back to college: The Hampdens & Vampire Weekend". *The Monthly*. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
14. "National Youth Week 2007 Supporter – The Hampdens". Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs. Archived from the original on 22 April 2007. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
15. "Week Commencing ~ 17th September 2007 ~ Issue #915" (PDF). *The ARIA Report* (915). Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA): 8, 10, 19. 17 September 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2007. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
16. "'Generation Y' at APRA search engine". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). Retrieved 23 October 2016. Note: User may have to click "Search again" and provide details at "Enter a title:" e.g. Generation Y; or at "Performer:" Hampdens
17. "Week Commencing ~ 2nd June 2008 ~ Issue #953" (PDF). *The ARIA Report* (953). Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA): 21. 2 June 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2008. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
18. Katulka, Lauren (15 June 2008). "*The Last Party* – The Hampdens". *Sounds of Oz*. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
19. "APRA members win ISC Grand Prize". *APRA|AMCOS news*. Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS). 29 April 2009. Archived from the original on 28 September 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
20. "The Hampdens Release Digital Debut – Hampdens News". *antiMusic.com*. 28 May 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
21. Ubaldi, Simone (26 October 2011). "Winterpark: 'Hey Love'". *Beat Magazine*. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
22. "'Heartbreak' at APRA search engine". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). Retrieved 23 October 2016. Note: User may have to click "Search again" and provide details at "Enter a title:" e.g. Heartbreak; or at "Performer:" Clubfeet
23. Ryan, Gavin (2011). *Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010* (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 123.

## InfoBox

| The Hampdens | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Perth, Western Australia, Australia |
| Genres | Indie pop |
| Years active | 2002 (2002)–2010 (2010) |
| Labels |  |
|  | |
| Past members | * Gavin Crawcour * Jon Elder * Jordy Hewitt * Julian Hewitt * Susannah Legge * Andrew McDonald * Justin Smith |
|  | |
| Website | Official website |


abstract: The Weather Forecasting Improvement Act of 2013 (H.R. 2413) was a bill that intended to authorize appropriations over the 2014-2017 period for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to improve forecasting of severe weather events. The bill also sought to authorize NOAA to carry out various other activities related to weather forecasting and research. The bill was introduced in the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress.

text:
# Weather Forecasting Improvement Act of 2013

The **Weather Forecasting Improvement Act of 2013** (H.R. 2413) was a bill that intended to authorize appropriations over the 2014-2017 period for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to improve forecasting of severe weather events. The bill also sought to authorize NOAA to carry out various other activities related to weather forecasting and research.

The bill was introduced in the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress.

## Background

"Severe weather" refers to any dangerous meteorological phenomena with the potential to cause damage, serious social disruption, or loss of human life. Types of severe weather phenomena vary, depending on the latitude, altitude, topography, and atmospheric conditions. High winds, hail, excessive precipitation, and wildfires are forms and effects of severe weather, as are thunderstorms, downbursts, lightning, tornadoes, waterspouts, tropical cyclones, and extratropical cyclones. Regional and seasonal severe weather phenomena include blizzards, snowstorms, ice storms, and duststorms.

## Provisions of the bill

*This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Research Service, a public domain source.*

The Weather Forecasting Improvement Act of 2013 meant to require the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere (and also the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration \[NOAA\]) to make certain weather-related activities concerning public safety and the national economy the top priority in the planning and management of programs within all relevant NOAA line offices.

Had it been enacted, it would have directed the Assistant Administrator of the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR) to: (1) undertake a program to develop an improved understanding of forecast capabilities for atmospheric events; (2) establish a tornado warning extension program; and (3) issue a plan for restoring U.S. leadership in weather modeling, prediction, and forecasting. The Under Secretary would have been required to: (1) develop a prioritized list of observation data requirements necessary to ensure weather forecasting capabilities to protect life and property; (2) undertake ongoing systematic evaluations of observing systems, data, and information needed to meet the requirements developed under such priority list; (3) identify current and potential future data gaps in observing capabilities related to such requirements; and (4) determine a range of options to address the gaps identified. The OAR Assistant Administrator would have been instructed to undertake Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) to assess the relative value and benefits of observing capabilities and systems. Allows technical and scientific OSSE evaluations to include assessments of the impact of observing capabilities on global weather prediction, hurricane track and intensity forecasting, tornado warning times and accuracy, and prediction of mid-latitude severe local storm outbreaks.

OSSEs would have been required to determine the potential impact of proposed space-based, sub-orbital, and in-situ observing systems on analyses and forecasts; to evaluate and compare observing system design options; and to assess the relative capabilities and costs of various and combinations of observing systems in providing data necessary for the protection of life and property. Conducting an OSSE would have been required before the acquisition of major government-owned or government-leased operational observing systems, before the purchase of new commercially provided data critical to forecast accuracy, and for any existing commercially provided observing system data contracts exceeding $15 million. Permits OSSEs to be conducted on existing observing systems where such data costs NOAA in excess of $20 million.

## Procedural history

The Weather Forecasting Improvement Act of 2013 was introduced into the United States House of Representatives on June 18, 2013 by Republican Jim Bridenstine of Oklahoma's 1st congressional district. It was referred to the United States House Committee on Science, Space and Technology and the United States House Science Subcommittee on Environment. On December 5, 2013, it was ordered to be reported in the nature of a substitute (amended) by a voice vote of the Science Committee. On March 21, 2014, it was reported (amended) alongside House Report 113-383.

## Debate and discussion

The bill's sponsor Rep. Bridenstine introduced the bill in response to several 2013 Oklahoma tornadoes. Bridenstine said that "my state has seen all too many times the destructive power of tornadoes and severe weather. In the wake of the latest outbreak in May that cost 48 lives, it is painfully clear that we must do more." Bridenstine noted that he believed more money should be spent on weather forecasting instead of climate change.

According to Republican Chairman of the Environment Subcommittee Chris Stewart, the bill "prioritizes protection of public safety and forward-looking weather research, improves procurement of observing system data from space, air, and land, and opens up NOAA's process to encourage private sector weather solutions."

When it was introduced, the bill only had Republican support, although at least seven Democrats later became co-sponsors, in part due to language changes from the committee stage.

According to liberal blog Think Progress, "both sides agree that increased funding for weather forecasting research is critical, but Democrats criticized Republican plans to take money away from climate change research, which already contributes to weather prediction capabilities."

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Government.

## InfoBox

Weather Forecasting Improvement Act of 2013
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Long title | To prioritize and redirect NOAA resources to a focused program of investment on near-term, affordable, and attainable advances in observational, computing, and modeling capabilities to deliver substantial improvement in weather forecasting and prediction of high impact weather events, such as tornadoes and hurricanes, and for other purposes. |
| Announced in | the 113th United States Congress |
| Sponsored by | Rep. Jim Bridenstine (R, OK-1) |
| Number of co-sponsors | 3 |
| Codification | |
| U.S.C. sections affected | 51 U.S.C. § 60161 |
| Agencies affected | National Science Foundation, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Congress |
| Authorizations of appropriations | $569,500,000 |
| Legislative history | |
|  | |


title: What the Hell Have I

abstract: "What the Hell Have I" is a song by the American rock band Alice in Chains. It was originally featured on the soundtrack to the 1993 John McTiernan film Last Action Hero starring Arnold Schwarzenegger. The song was released as a single and peaked at No. 19 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. It was included on the compilation album Nothing Safe: Best of the Box (1999). A remixed version of the song was included on the compilation albums Music Bank (1999) and The Essential Alice in Chains (2006).

text:
# What the Hell Have I

"**What the Hell Have I**" is a song by the American rock band Alice in Chains. It was originally featured on the soundtrack to the 1993 John McTiernan film *Last Action Hero* starring Arnold Schwarzenegger. The song was released as a single and peaked at No. 19 on the *Billboard* Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. It was included on the compilation album *Nothing Safe: Best of the Box* (1999). A remixed version of the song was included on the compilation albums *Music Bank* (1999) and *The Essential Alice in Chains* (2006).

## Origin and recording

The song was originally written for their breakthrough album *Dirt*, but was shelved at the time and used later for the *Last Action Hero* soundtrack. Contrary to popular belief, Jerry Cantrell did not use a traditional sitar during the recording session, although he did attempt to play one, but was unsure how. While experimenting with sounds, he adopted a guitar-sitar into the session to achieve the sound of the opening riff.

In the liner notes of 1999's *Music Bank* box set collection, guitarist Jerry Cantrell said of the song:

> This and "A Little Bitter" were mixed by Andy Wallace because Toby \[Wright\] had a previous commitment, and they always bothered me because they were too "tinny" compared to our other stuff. So I was happy to see Toby finish his work off with the remixes \[on *Music Bank*\]. That's not to disrespect Andy, it's just that he wasn't there when they were being created. Toby's like a brother, he knows all our shit, all our personalities and we don't trust anybody unless we've got something on them.

## Release and reception

"What the Hell Have I" was released to radio stations on June 7, 1993 in support of Alice in Chains' appearance on the 1993 Lollapalooza tour. The single peaked at No. 19 on the *Billboard* Mainstream Rock Tracks chart.

Allmusic's Jason Birchmeier said that the song is "on a par with those featured on the band's recent (and magnificent) *Dirt* album." Ned Raggett of Allmusic said that the song "isn't bad at all but on the flipside has little immediate surprise to offer to it."

## Music video

The music video for "What the Hell Have I" was released in 1993 and was directed by Rocky Schenck, who had previously directed the "We Die Young" and "Them Bones" music videos for the band, and who would later direct the music video for "Grind". In the music video, singer Layne Staley's face is projected on him with different expressions, while guitarist Jerry Cantrell is seen with the same contact lenses with a smiley face that was worn by Mr. Benedict (played by Charles Dance) in *Last Action Hero*. The video is available on the home video release *Music Bank: The Videos*.

## Track listing

1. "What the Hell Have I"
2. "A Little Bitter"

## Personnel

## Chart positions

| Chart (1993) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Mainstream Rock Tracks | 19 |

## InfoBox

| "What the Hell Have I" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Promotional single by Alice in Chains | |
| from the album  *Last Action Hero: Music from the Original Motion Picture* | |
| Released | June 7, 1993 |
| Recorded | April 1993 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:58 |
| Label | Columbia |
| Songwriter(s) | Jerry Cantrell |
| Producer(s) | Andy Wallace, Alice in Chains |
| Alice in Chains singles chronology | |
| "Rooster"
(1993) "**What the Hell Have I**"
(1993) "Down in a Hole"
(1993) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "What the Hell Have I" on YouTube | |
|  | |