title: Woldingham

abstract: Woldingham is a village and civil parish high on the North Downs between Oxted and Warlingham in Surrey, England, within the M25, 17.5 miles (28.2 km) southeast of London. The village has 2,141 inhabitants, many of whom commute to London, making Woldingham part of the London commuter belt. The village is served by the Oxted line and central London can be reached in 33 minutes by train.

text:
# Woldingham

**Woldingham** is a village and civil parish high on the North Downs between Oxted and Warlingham in Surrey, England, within the M25, 17.5 miles (28.2 km) southeast of London. The village has 2,141 inhabitants, many of whom commute to London, making Woldingham part of the London commuter belt. The village is served by the Oxted line and central London can be reached in 33 minutes by train.

## History

### Early history

Two bronze fibulae, some stone arrow-heads and celts were found here about 1800.

### Dark and Middle Ages

The place-name 'Woldingham' is first attested in the Domesday Book of 1086, where it appears as *Wallingeham*. It appears as *Waldingham* in the Close Rolls of 1232, and as *Waldingeham* in 1242 in the *Book of Fees*. The name means "the village or homestead of the people of the Weald or wood".

The village lay within the Anglo-Saxon administrative division of Tandridge hundred, and was held by John in 1086 from Richard Fitz Gilbert. Its Domesday assets were: 1 hide. It had 4½ ploughs. It rendered £1. No church is mentioned in Woldingham in the Domesday Survey. A chapel, now rebuilt as St Agatha's Church, is first mentioned in 1295 as appurtenant to Gilbert de Clare's part of Woldingham; there has always been a vicar rather than a rector.

### Upper Court Manor

Upper Court Manor was owned by a series of high-profile nobles indicating its wealth: including Gilbert de Clare; Ralph, Earl of Stafford; grandson Hugh of Woldingham; Humphrey Earl of Stafford then created first Duke of Buckingham; his third son John, Earl of Wiltshire and son; Edward, Duke of Buckingham, who was attainted and beheaded in 1521 leaving it for Henry VIII to grant; John Bourchier Lord Berners, Deputy of Calais; Sir John Gresham and his family held until sale to Henry Bynes; William Bryant who purchased it for £3,600 in 1795; followed by a Mr Withers, Jones and Gifford.

### Nether Court Manor

This manor started similarly with Gilbert de Clare. Less notable nobles followed generally except for: Sir Guy Ferre's wife, Sir Thomas Uvedale and great-grandson of the same name and rank (not inherited), Edward Duke of Buckingham and John Gresham of London.

### Marden Park Manor

It appears that the manor-houses of Marden and Lagham were centres of population until the inhabitants were nearly exterminated by the Black Death of 1349. Marden Park, formerly a manor, owned much of the area, however it was until some point after 1911 part of the parish of Godstone.

This was half of the manor of Walkhampstead held by Richard de Lucy, had also come into the possession of the St. Johns of Lagham by the middle of the 13th century. They held it of the king in chief as of the honour of Boulogne by the service of a quarter of a knight's fee. Marden followed the same descent as Lagham Manor until after the death of Thomas St. Clare, when this manor went to Eleanor, one of his daughters and co-heirs, who married John Gage; then held by William Gage, their son and heir, at his death in 1497. In 1506 John Gage sold it to Sir David Owen, who also held Lagham. His son John Owen afterwards owned Marden, which, after passing through the hands of James Altham and John Elliott successively, came to Thomas Powle in 1561. During his tenure a petition was lodged against him by Henry son of John Owen, who stated that the latter's conveyance to Altham was a mortgage and that Owen had redeemed this estate, but the appeal was apparently dismissed, as Thomas Powle continued to hold and sold the manor to George Evelyn in 1588. George settled it on his son Robert on the latter's marriage in 1590. Robert apparently conveyed Marden, as he did Walkhampstead, to his brother John, whose son George afterwards held, and died seised in 1636. Sir John Evelyn (George's son), conveyed Marden to his younger brother Arthur, and it was conveyed by Arthur to his uncle Sir John. John Evelyn, eldest son of the latter, created a baronet in 1660, married first Mary Farmer and secondly Anne Glynne. He died without issue in 1671, his brother George Evelyn (1641–1699) being his heir, but before his death he had made a conveyance of Marden, together with the manor of Flower in this parish, to one Mary Gittings, with whom he had lived for several years prior to his death. She sold the manor in 1672 to Robert Clayton (afterwards Sir Robert) and John Morris, partners in business. Morris afterwards released to Clayton, in whose family Marden remained until it was sold shortly before 1911 to Sir Walpole Greenwell.

Marden Park is about a mile and a half to the north of Godstone, and was formerly the seat of Sir Robert Clayton, Lord Mayor of London, who died in 1707. From him it passed to his nephew Sir William Clayton, 1st Baronet and thence to the latter's son Sir Kenrick Clayton, 2nd Baronet.

William Wilberforce lived here towards the close of the 18th century, several of his letters being dated from the house. It was in 1911 the residence of Sir Walpole Lloyd Greenwell. Today's mansion was re-erected to the west of the original site. It is built in the style of a French chateau and is approached by a drive a mile in length through the park. The grounds, to quote from the inscription on Clayton's monument in Bletchingley Church, are "a remarkable instance of the politeness of his Genius, and how far Nature may be improv'd by Art". The stables of the original mansion still remain.

The mill mentioned in the Domesday Book as being in the manor of Walkhampstead became appurtenant to Marden on the division; it was generally said to be worth 20s. or 30s. a year, but an inquisition taken in 1349 after the Black Death stated that the mill was out of repair and had brought in nothing that year, as all who used to come there to grind were dead. The same inquisition gives further proof of the ravages worked here by the plague; perquisites of court both here and at Lagham were this year nothing, as the tenants who owed suit were nearly all dead, the *capital messuages* (houses and land) of both had deteriorated in value owing to the pestilence, and the pasture was valueless because it had not been let to farm. An old cottage standing back from the high road to the station near the entrance to Bullbeggar's Lane is still known as the Pest House.

### Post-Industrial Revolution

The railway or *Croydon and East Grinstead line* was opened in 1884 including a station then named *Marden Park* (as it was in Godstone parish then), and a tunnel was built to take the line under the high wolds (or rolling uplands) that make up most of the village.

The Garden Village is a former army camp. The bungalow called "Funny Neuk" was home to the Czechoslovak military intelligence radio station from 1940 to 1942, and was used for communications concerning the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich. In 1942 the radio station moved to Hockliffe, near Dunstable in Bedfordshire.

On Friday 25 May 1951, Donald Duart Maclean, Soviet spy and then resident of nearby Tatsfield, is said to have left from Woldingham station on the night of his escape to the coast and defection to Russia.

## Geography

Woldingham is a village and civil parish in Surrey; its buildings lie at 150–248m AOD within the M25, 17.5 miles (28.2 km) south-by-southeast of London. Situated high on the North Downs in its Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty between Oxted and Warlingham, a straight line to Oxted measures 2.6 miles (4.2 km) to the southeast, the Tandridge's administrative town.

Woldingham is home to one of the smallest churches in the country – St. Agatha's (it only seats 40 but it served as Parish Church of Woldingham until 1934 and is still in regular use). First mentioned in 1270, St. Agatha's is the county's smallest church with dimensions of 30 ft 3 in by 20 ft 2 in (9.2 by 6.1 m), and at 797 ft (243 m) above sea level is the third highest old parish church in Surrey.

## Elevations

Buildings lie at 150–248m AOD; the lowest point is at the Croydon Road roundabout at the foot of Woldingham Road, which is 106m AOD; the highest point is along The Ridge, a road which is parallel to the North Downs Way, which is 261m AOD and is a continuation of the highest point of the North Downs, Botley Hill, 6 metres (20 ft) higher.

From the nearby areas of high ground impressive views can be enjoyed – and from some places one can see much of Greater London as far as the Chilterns, or looking south the Vale of Holmesdale, Greensand Ridge and woods of the Weald.

An impressive view over Oxted and The Weald from the North Downs Way above the works of lime quarries reflects the geology of the North Downs, with rolling or very gradual north slopes and a steep south slope.

### Soil and geology

Relatively wide bands of chalky soil intersperse the brick-earth topping of the downs, all of which is relatively quick draining making some agriculture challenging. A majority of this Downs-topping soil is free-draining, slightly acid, loamy soil beside this free-draining, lime-rich, loamy soil, i.e. alkaline.

## Demography and housing

In 2011, Woldingham over 10 years had seen an increase in housing, yet it had fewer residents than in 2001. In 2001 Woldingham had 2,326 residents in 732 households, of which 14.1% were aged over 65; 15.6% of the population were in full-time further education; 78.0% of all men were economically active, whereas 2.7% were unemployed and 4.6% worked part-time; 44.7% of all women were economically active, whereas 2.3% were unemployed and 33.3% worked part-time.

In the 2011 census, for ethnicity Woldingham was White or White British (89.6%), Asian or Asian British (6.1%), Mixed/multiple ethnic groups (2.2%), Black or Black British (1.6%), and Other ethnic group (0.3%). The largest single ethnicity was White British (81.9%). In terms of religious affiliation, residents stated Christian (65.6%) followed by No religion (23.2%), Religion not stated (7.9%), Buddhist (1%), Hindu (1%), Muslim (0.3%), and Other religion (0.3%).

Woldingham's economy is predominantly a service sector economy reflected by one end of the official categorisation table of occupation given, compiled from the 2001 census:

| Category | Number of adults in category in 2001 | Percentage of those aged 16–74 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Lower supervisory and technical occupations | 45 | 2.9% |
| Semi-routine occupations | 63 | 4.1% |
| Routine occupations | 26 | 1.7% |

32.3% of the working-age population worked in middle or higher professional occupations and 7.6% of the population worked as large employers or in higher management.

|
|  |
**2011 Census homes**
| Output area | Detached | Semi-detached | Terraced | Flats and apartments | Caravans/temporary/mobile homes | Shared between households |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| (Civil Parish) | 524 | 90 | 42 | 81 | 1 | 6 |

The average level of accommodation in the region composed of detached houses was 28%, and the average that was apartments was 22.6%.

|
|  |
**2011 Census key statistics**
| Output area | Population | Households | % Owned outright | % Owned with a loan | Hectares |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| (Civil Parish) | 2,141 | 744 | 44.9% | 37.9% | 1,087 |

The proportion of households in the civil parish who owned their home outright compares to the regional average of 35.1%. The proportion who owned their home with a loan compares to the regional average of 32.5%. The remaining portion is made up of rented dwellings (plus a negligible percentage of households living rent-free).

### Comparisons by national media

In December 2007, the *Sunday Telegraph* announced that Woldingham ranked second in its list of the "Top Ten Richest Suburbs in Britain".

## Culture and community

Woldingham Civil Parish operate a village website with events, meetings and information about the facilities offered by the third-tier local council. Its location in Tandridge District is shown above.

Woldingham has a small parade of shops (known as "The Crescent") in the centre of the village next to St Paul's Church, constructed in 1933.

Woldingham has a large recreation ground with tennis courts, Woldingham Golf Club and North Downs Golf Club.

## Education

Woldingham School is an independent Catholic school that provides education for girls between the ages of 11 and 18; the architecture of the school building is described above under its old name, Marden Park. The school has extensive grounds in the valley between Woldingham and similarly high, but steeper and narrower, Tillingdown across the railway line. The village also has Woodlea Primary School, which converted to academy status in 2017.

## Transport

Rail

Central London is just over thirty minutes by train and the village is served by the Oxted lines that have a franchise currently held exclusively by Southern. During peak hours there are four trains per hour in each direction with northbound services alternating between London Bridge and London Victoria and southbound services terminating at East Grinstead. Outside peak hours there is a half-hourly service northbound to London Victoria and a half-hourly service southbound to East Grinstead. A train journey to Oxted takes 5 minutes and one to Edenbridge (change at Oxted for an Uckfield train) takes 19 minutes.

Road

The main access to the M25 is via the A22 from a large roundabout in the north-west, the Wapses Lodge Roundabout, which is a tripoint between Warlingham, Woldingham and Caterham. This passes over the Tillingdown and cuts through some of its upper slopes to reach the Godstone Hill junction (J6) of the M25 motorway; the village has three exits to its north, one to the east and one to the south.

## Current and former residents

## Notes and references

Notes References  1. Key Statistics; Quick Statistics: Population Density United Kingdom Census 2011 *Office for National Statistics* Retrieved 21 November 2013
2. Office for National statistics 2001 census
3. H.E. Malden, ed. (1912). "Parishes: Woldingham". *A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 4*. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
4. Eilert Ekwall, *The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-names*, p.529.
5. Surrey Domesday Book Archived 15 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine
6. H.E. Malden, ed. (1912). "Parishes: Godstone". *A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 4*. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
7. Grid reference Finder measurement tools
8. Natural England – Geodiversity Archived 2 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
9. Cranfield University National Soil Resources Institute
10. Surrey collated 2001 census statistics
11. Services, Good Stuff IT. "Woldingham - UK Census Data 2011". *UK Census Data*. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
12. Services, Good Stuff IT. "Religion - UK Census Data 2011". *UK Census Data*. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
13. "Property in the suburbs: Britain's top 10 richest suburbs - Telegraph". *www.telegraph.co.uk*. Archived from the original on 7 March 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
14. Map created by Ordnance Survey, courtesy of English Heritage
15. "Woodlea Primary School Converts to an Academy School | Woldingham Village". *www.woldingham.com*. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020.
16. Association of Train Operating Companies – official timetable
17. Barr, Robert. 7 Best Short Stories by Robert Barr. Brazil, Tacet Books, 2019.
18. "Celebrity Big Brother exclusive: Davina McCall's £4.3million country mansion". *Mirror*. 11 January 2009. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
19. The Croydon local newspaper; move of Katie Price
* Neil Rees "The Secret History of The Czech Connection – The Czechoslovak Government in Exile in London and Buckinghamshire" compiled by Neil Rees, England, 2005. ISBN 0-9550883-0-5

## InfoBox

| Woldingham | |
| --- | --- |
| Woldingham Road
Woldingham | |
| Woldingham Golf Club | |
| WoldinghamLocation within Surrey | |
| Area | 10.87 km2 (4.20 sq mi) |
| Population | 2,141 (Civil Parish 2011) |
| Density | 197/km2 (510/sq mi) |
| OS grid reference | TQ369560 |
| London | 17.5 miles (28.2 km) |
| Civil parish | * Woldingham |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Caterham |
| Postcode district | CR3 |
| Dialling code | 01883 |
|  | |
| Police | Surrey |
| Fire | Surrey |
| Ambulance | South East Coast |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Wisconsin Dells station

abstract: Wisconsin Dells station is an Amtrak intercity train station in Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin. It is served by the daily round trips of the Borealis and Empire Builder. Despite the antiquated appearance, the station was built in 1989. The station is a replica of a former Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad depot, and is in close proximity to a tourist railroad called the Riverside and Great Northern Railway. The previous station on this site was damaged by a Soo Line Railroad freight train derailing in 1982 A nonprofit group was created in the town in order to raise funds for the current station building. Borealis service began on May 21, 2024. Although there is a caretaker who opens and closes the station around train times, there are no Amtrak employees to sell tickets or handle baggage at this station. In 2021, Amtrak proposed additional rail connections to Madison and Eau Claire by 2035.

text:
# Wisconsin Dells station

**Wisconsin Dells station** is an Amtrak intercity train station in Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin. It is served by the daily round trips of the *Borealis* and *Empire Builder*. Despite the antiquated appearance, the station was built in 1989. The station is a replica of a former Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (Milwaukee Road) depot, and is in close proximity to a tourist railroad called the Riverside and Great Northern Railway. The previous station on this site was damaged by a Soo Line Railroad freight train derailing in 1982 (although the depot belonged to the Milwaukee Road then; the Soo Line did not merge with the Milwaukee until 1986.) A nonprofit group was created in the town in order to raise funds for the current station building. *Borealis* service began on May 21, 2024.

Although there is a caretaker who opens and closes the station around train times, there are no Amtrak employees to sell tickets or handle baggage at this station.

In 2021, Amtrak proposed additional rail connections to Madison and Eau Claire by 2035.

Media related to Wisconsin Dells (Amtrak station) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Wisconsin Dells, WI | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | 100 La Crosse Street
Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin
United States |
| Coordinates | 43°37′36″N 89°46′39″W / 43.6266°N 89.7775°W / 43.6266; -89.7775 |
| Owned by | City of Wisconsin Dells |
| Line(s) | CPKC Tomah Subdivision |
| Platforms | 1 side platform |
| Tracks | 1 |
| Construction | |
| Parking | Yes |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Station code | Amtrak: WDL |
| History | |
| Opened | 1989 |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY 2023 | 11,392 (Amtrak) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Amtrak Following station  Tomahtoward St. Paul  *Borealis*  Portagetoward Chicago  Tomahtoward Seattle or Portland  *Empire Builder* | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Former services   Preceding station Milwaukee Road Following station  Lyndontowards Seattle or Tacoma  Main Line  Lewistontowards Chicago | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | |


title: Wit's End Publishing

abstract: Wit's End Publishing is a small publishing house established in 2003 by JT Lindroos and Kathleen Martin. It has published two titles by Charles Willeford: The Second Half of the Double Feature, a collection of Willeford's short fiction and poetry, and a reprint of The Black Mass of Brother Springer which featured an introduction by James Sallis and included a previously unpublished play based on the novel.

text:
# Wit's End Publishing

**Wit's End Publishing** is a small publishing house established in 2003 by JT Lindroos and Kathleen Martin. It has published two titles by Charles Willeford: *The Second Half of the Double Feature*, a collection of Willeford's short fiction and poetry, and a reprint of *The Black Mass of Brother Springer* which featured an introduction by James Sallis and included a previously unpublished play based on the novel.


title: Wit Busza

abstract: Wit Busza is an American physicist, born in Romania and of Polish descent. He is a professor in physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He obtained a B.Sc. (1960) and Ph.D. (1964) from University College London. He began teaching at MIT in 1969 and was appointed as full professor in 1979. He was named a Margaret MacVicar Faculty Fellow in 1995. He is a member of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences and a fellow of the American Physical Society.

text:
# Wit Busza

**Wit Busza** is an American physicist, born in Romania and of Polish descent. He is a professor in physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He obtained a B.Sc. (1960) and Ph.D. (1964) from University College London. He began teaching at MIT in 1969 and was appointed as full professor in 1979. He was named a Margaret MacVicar Faculty Fellow in 1995. He is a member of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences and a fellow of the American Physical Society.

## Research interests

Busza's studies are primarily in the field of quark–gluon plasma. He has been the spokesperson of the PHOBOS experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. PHOBOS has the largest pseudorapidity coverage of all detectors and is tailored for bulk particle multiplicity measurement.

## Awards

* Buechner Prize for Outstanding Contributions to the MIT Physics Education Program (1990)
* MIT School of Science Prize for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching (1993)
* American Physical Society’s Tom W. Bonner Prize in Nuclear Physics "for pioneering work on multi-particle production in proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions, including the discovery of participant scaling, and for the conception and leadership of the PHOBOS experiment." (2023)

1. "Wit Busza". MIT Department of Physics. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
2. "MIT news". 26 October 2023.


title: Wolf Township, Pennsylvania

abstract: Wolf Township is a township in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 3,109 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Williamsport Metropolitan Statistical Area.

text:
# Wolf Township, Pennsylvania

**Wolf Township** is a township in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 3,109 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Williamsport Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## History

Wolf Township was formed from part of Muncy Township by the Court of Quarter Sessions of the Peace of Lycoming County in 1834. The township is named for George Wolf, governor of Pennsylvania from 1829 to 1835. The boroughs of Hughesville and Picture Rocks are on land that was taken from Wolf Township.

Wolf Township has grown to a population of 2,907 residents as of the 2010 census, up from 734 residents at the census of 1890.

### Quarries

The geology of Wolf Township played a role in its history. Limestone was quarried west of Hughesville for use as lime, used in large quantities as building and engineering materials (including limestone products, concrete and mortar) and as chemical feedstocks, among other uses. Wolf Township was also the home to several Pennsylvania bluestone quarries. Pennsylvania bluestone has many uses, from cut dimensional stone used in patios, walkways and stair treads to architectural stone used in buildings. It is also used for wallstone, decorative boulders, natural steps and other landscape features.

### Early settlers and industry

David Aspen was the first white settler to live within the borders of what is now Wolf Township. He was scalped during the Revolutionary War, when his and other settlements throughout the Susquehanna valley were attacked by Loyalists and Native Americans allied with the British. After the Wyoming Valley battle and massacre in the summer of 1778 (near what is now Wilkes-Barre) and smaller local attacks, the "Big Runaway" occurred throughout the West Branch Susquehanna Valley. Settlers fled feared and actual attacks by the British and their allies. Homes and fields were abandoned, with livestock driven along and a few possessions floated on rafts on the river east to Muncy, then further south to Sunbury. The abandoned property was burnt by the attackers. Some settlers soon returned, only to flee again in the summer of 1779 in the "Little Runaway". Sullivan's Expedition helped stabilize the area and encouraged resettlement, which continued after the war. Abraham Webster was another of the early settlers to be attacked, only he survived and returned to Wolf Township twelve years after the Big Runaway. His entire family had been killed, but he returned with a new wife and re-established his home.

The earliest industrial venture in Wolf Township was a gristmill constructed in 1816. A wool carding mill was built in 1842. There were also several sawmills in the township that were part of the lumber industry that covered much of Pennsylvania during the late 1800s.

## Geography

Wolf Township is in southeastern Lycoming County and is bordered by Plunketts Creek Township to the north, Shrewsbury Township to the northeast, the borough of Picture Rocks and Penn Township to the east, Moreland Township to the southeast, Muncy Creek Township to the southwest, Muncy Township to the west, and Mill Creek Township to the northwest. Wolf Township surrounds the borough of Hughesville. Wolf Township is 15 miles (24 km) east of Williamsport, the Lycoming county seat, and 84 miles (135 km) north of Harrisburg, the state capital. It is 50 miles (80 km) west of Wilkes-Barre.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 19.8 square miles (51.2 km2), of which 19.6 square miles (50.8 km2) are land and 0.2 square miles (0.4 km2), or 0.75%, are water. Muncy Creek, a tributary of the West Branch Susquehanna River, flows through the township from northeast to southwest.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | 2,907 |  |  |
| 2020 | 3,109 |  | 6.9% |
| 2021 (est.) | 3,090 |  | −0.6% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,707 people, 1,050 households, and 787 families residing in the township. The population density was 138.3 inhabitants per square mile (53.4/km2). There were 1,102 housing units at an average density of 56.3 per square mile (21.7/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 99.19% White, 0.22% African American, 0.07% Native American, 0.15% Asian, and 0.37% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.15% of the population.

There were 1,050 households, out of which 32.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.1% were married couples living together, 9.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.0% were non-families. 21.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 2.97.

In the township the population was spread out, with 25.3% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 26.7% from 45 to 64, and 12.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 97.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.9 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $39,167, and the median income for a family was $45,859. Males had a median income of $31,284 versus $22,852 for females. The per capita income for the township was $18,571. About 5.8% of families and 8.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.8% of those under age 18 and 11.8% of those age 65 or over.

## InfoBox

| Wolf Township,
Lycoming County,
Pennsylvania | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Field in Wolf Township | |
| Map of Lycoming County, Pennsylvania highlighting Wolf Township | |
| Map of Lycoming County, Pennsylvania | |
| Coordinates: 41°15′2″N 76°43′4″W / 41.25056°N 76.71778°W / 41.25056; -76.71778 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Lycoming |
| Settled | 1777 |
| Incorporated | 1824 |
| Area | |
| Total | 19.78 sq mi (51.22 km2) |
| Land | 19.63 sq mi (50.84 km2) |
| Water | 0.15 sq mi (0.38 km2) |
| Elevation | 558 ft (170 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 3,109 |
| Estimate (2021) | 3,090 |
| Density | 153.19/sq mi (59.15/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| FIPS code | 42-081-85984 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1216777 |
| Website | wolftownship.org |


title: Women Hurt

abstract: Women Hurt is an Irish anti-abortion organisation for women who regret having an abortion. They campaign against change in the state's abortion law. They have appeared on TV debates about abortion, and participated in anti-abortion protests. Women Hurt was founded in 2011 by Bernadette Goulding and Lynn Coles, both of whom regretted their abortions. Goulding in 2003 had founded an Irish chapter of Rachel's Vineyard, a similar organisation with a Catholic perspective. Coles had worked with a group called Surrendering the Secret, described as "an abortion recovery Bible study rooted in the Gospel". In 2013, during the debate about Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act 2013, representatives spoke at the National Vigil for Life organised by the Pro Life Campaign, and they participated in the 2014 Vigil. In 2017, Women Hurt was one of 17 groups selected to present to the Citizens' Assembly during its review of the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution, which underpins Irish abortion law. Women Hurt was represented by Anthony Levatino, a Doctor from the US, which drew criticism for being a male doctor talking about abortion rather than a personal story from a woman who regretted her abortion.

text:
# Women Hurt

**Women Hurt** is an Irish anti-abortion organisation for women who regret having an abortion. They campaign against change in the state's abortion law. They have appeared on TV debates about abortion, and participated in anti-abortion protests.

Women Hurt was founded in 2011 by Bernadette Goulding and Lynn Coles, both of whom regretted their abortions. Goulding in 2003 had founded an Irish chapter of Rachel's Vineyard, a similar organisation with a Catholic perspective. Coles had worked with a group called *Surrendering the Secret*, described as "an abortion recovery Bible study rooted in the Gospel".

In 2013, during the debate about Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act 2013, representatives spoke at the *National Vigil for Life* organised by the Pro Life Campaign, and they participated in the 2014 *Vigil*.

In 2017, Women Hurt was one of 17 groups selected to present to the Citizens' Assembly during its review of the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution, which underpins Irish abortion law. Women Hurt was represented by Anthony Levatino, a Doctor from the US, which drew criticism for being a male doctor talking about abortion rather than a personal story from a woman who regretted her abortion.

## Footnotes

1. Naughton, Celine (5 July 2011). "Why women shouldn't think of abortion as a 'dirty little secret'". *Irish Independent*. p. 17. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
2. Women Hurt. "About Us". Retrieved 22 February 2017.
3. *Claire Byrne Live*. 5 September 2016. RTÉ One.
4. "Stand For Life Vigil - Dungarvan - Bernadette Goulding". *YouTube*. 5 March 2013.
5. Hogan, Dick (2 May 1988). "Women wounded by abortion, says priest". *The Irish Times*. p. 12.
6. Frankel, Glenn (29 June 1992). "Irish Catholic Traditions Confront Modern Trends". *The Washington Post*. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
7. Price, Christopher (April 1997). "Finding Fault with Irish Divorce Law". *Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review*. **19**: 669 –707: 679.
8. "Rachel's Vineyard Comes to Ireland". Archived from the original on 5 February 2005.
9. Goulding, Bernadette (13 November 2009). "Hope and healing for those hurt by abortion". *Leitrim Observer*. p. 31.
10. Coles, Lynn (March–April 2014). "Healing the heartbreak of abortion". *Families First*.
11. O'Brien, Breda (2 July 2011). "Attitudes, not pregnancy, are cause of 'crisis'". *The Irish Times*. p. 14.
12. Keenan, Dan (8 June 2013). "Thousands attend Dublin abortion rally". *The Irish Times*. In an emotional contribution, Edel Best of Women Hurt, an organisation representing those who have had abortions, said she had suffered after two abortions. "Abortion stole my children," she said.
13. Holland, Kitty (3 May 2014). "Thousands protest in Dublin against abortion law". *The Irish Times*.
14. "17 Advocacy Groups to Address Citizens' Assembly on the Topic of Eighth Amendment". Citizens' Assembly. 21 February 2017.
15. "The Citizens' Assembly will NOT hear from a woman who regrets having an abortion". *TheJournal.ie*. 3 March 2017. Dr Anthony Levatino will speak on behalf of Women Hurt.
16. "Citizens Assembly hears from advocacy groups". *Newstalk*. 5 March 2017. Many members of the public watching the online live stream of the presentations commented on the fact that a male doctor was speaking on behalf of Women Hurt, rather than a personal story from a woman who regretted her abortion.

## InfoBox

Women Hurt
| Founded | 2011 (2011) |
| --- | --- |
| Type |  |
| Location |  |
| Key people | * Bernadette Goulding * Lynn Coles * Edel Best |
| Website | WomenHurt.ie |


title: Woman's Club of Morristown

abstract: 51 South Street, Morristown, NJ 07960 https://wcomt.org/ The Woman's Club of Morristown is a non-profit, non-political, and non-sectarian organization whose purpose is to promote improvements within the community; to offer civic, cultural and educational activities; and to maintain and preserve the historic Dr. Lewis Condict House. Membership is open to women living or working in the greater Morristown, NJ, area. Notable members included suffragist Alison Turnbull Hopkins and farmer and philanthropist Caroline Rose Foster. In 2003, the National Park Service listed the WCOMT in "Properties Associated with the Women's Rights Movement" as part of a Women's Rights National History Trail Feasibility Study.

text:
# Woman's Club of Morristown

51 South Street, Morristown, NJ 07960 https://wcomt.org/

The **Woman's Club of Morristown** is a non-profit, non-political, and non-sectarian organization whose purpose is to promote improvements within the community; to offer civic, cultural and educational activities; and to maintain and preserve the historic Dr. Lewis Condict House. Membership is open to women living or working in the greater Morristown, NJ, area.

Notable members included suffragist Alison Turnbull Hopkins and farmer and philanthropist Caroline Rose Foster.

In 2003, the National Park Service listed the WCOMT in "Properties Associated with the Women's Rights Movement" as part of a *Women's Rights National History Trail Feasibility Study.*

## History

Established in 1910, the WCOMT was initially titled the Woman's Town Improvement Committee. Part of its goals aligned with the City Beautiful movement.

In 1912, the Club allied with the all-male Civic Association of Morristown to demand better conditions for the Maple Avenue School, after hearing about its abysmal state, overcrowding, and "vital fire danger." The two groups collaborated to demand that the Board of Education rectify the Maple Avenue School's condition as well as constructing a new school. The Club's leader, Mrs. W. W. Cutler, insisted that a new school was necessary. Editorials about the situation were printed in *The Jerseyman* as well as its political opposite, *True Democratic Banner*.

After years of debate and referendums, the construction of the new school was approved in 1916; construction began in September 1916 and the new, comparatively spacious Morristown High School was open to students by September 4, 1918.

By 1923, the Club was renamed Morristown Woman's Civic Organization, and it was printed in the *Annual Register of Women's Clubs and National Organizations in America*. Its President was identified "Mrs. James L. Dexter"; the President's own name is not stated. At the time, the Club was headquartered at 87 Early Street in Morristown.

In 1928, *Railway Age* reported that the Club (specifically Mrs. D. F. Barkman) were on a Committee supporting D. L. & W. Railroad's railway electrification, which would greatly improve the commute of thousands of New Jersey residents. The lines in question were Hoboken to Dover via Morristown; Passaic & Delaware branch to Gladstone; and the Montclair branch. The cost was estimated to be US$14,000,000–US$18,000,000. The Committee was successful and the entire project was completed on January 11, 1931.

## Stewardship of Dr. Lewis Condict House

In 1937, the Club purchased the Dr. Lewis Condict House, a "five-bay, Federal-style clapboard house" constructed in 1797. The house was declared a New Jersey Historic Site in 1971, and in 1973 it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## Philanthropy and public service

In 1964, the Club held roundtable discussions open to the public about how to combat drug abuse. These presentations led to the 1965 creation of the Committee for Narcotics Preventions of Morris County, led by Anne Louise Sando McGee Groome. Around this time, Sears Roebuck awarded the Club as part of its Community Improvement Contest, specifically for Groome's work in the field of drug abuse.

The Woman’s Club of Morristown (WCOMT) has a long history of service to women, children, and families in need. The Community Services group coordinates collections of items for donation to various organizations, as well as knits, quilts, and crochets items.

The Club currently supports a variety of local and national charities, including *Deirdre’s House, The Neighborhood House, The Ronald McDonald House,* and *The Seaman’s Institute.*

## Events

The WCOMT hosts an annual Rummage Sale each summer, as well as a Holiday Boutique. Proceeds from these major fundraisers directly benefit the Club’s service projects, activities, and restoration efforts. Donations are drawn from the local community at various collection times throughout the year.

## Scholarships

Each year, the WCOMT grants four scholarships to young women graduating from Morristown High School. Recipients are selected based on scholastic achievement, leadership, and community service.

## Notable members

## InfoBox

The Woman’s Club of Morristown (WCOMT)
|
|  |
| Formation | 1910 |
| Legal status | 501c3 non-profit |
| Headquarters | 51 South Street Morristown |
| Website | www.wcomt.org |
| Formerly called | * Woman’s Town Improvement Committee (1910) * Woman’s Civic Association (1920) * Incorporated as The Woman’s Club of Morristown (1930) |


title: Wiljam Sarjala

abstract: Vihtori Wiljam Sarjala was a Finnish politician, born in Laitila. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1948 to 1970, representing the Agrarian League, which changed its name to Centre Party in 1965. He served as Deputy Minister of Finance from 27 May to 2 July 1957, Minister of Transport and Public Works from 2 July to 29 November 1957 and Minister of Finance from 13 January 1959 to 13 April 1962. He was a presidential elector in the 1950, 1956, 1962 and 1968 presidential elections.

text:
# Wiljam Sarjala

**Vihtori Wiljam Sarjala** (18 December 1901 – 6 May 1977; surname until 1935 *Sulo*) was a Finnish politician, born in Laitila.

He was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1948 to 1970, representing the Agrarian League, which changed its name to Centre Party in 1965. He served as Deputy Minister of Finance from 27 May to 2 July 1957, Minister of Transport and Public Works from 2 July to 29 November 1957 and Minister of Finance from 13 January 1959 to 13 April 1962. He was a presidential elector in the 1950, 1956, 1962 and 1968 presidential elections.


title: WDJY-LP

abstract: WDJY-LP is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Dallas, Georgia. The station is owned by Hype Media Global Inc. It airs a talk radio format. The station was assigned the WDJY-LP call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on February 13, 2014.

text:
# WDJY-LP

**WDJY-LP** (99.1 FM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Dallas, Georgia. The station is owned by Hype Media Global Inc. It airs a talk radio format.

The station was assigned the WDJY-LP call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on February 13, 2014.

## InfoBox

WDJY-LP
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | 99.1 MHz |
| Branding | *WDJY 99.1 FM* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Talk radio |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Hype Media Global Inc |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 197433 |
| Class | L1 |
| ERP | 13 watts |
| HAAT | 58 metres (190 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 33°55′16.60″N 84°46′32.60″W / 33.9212778°N 84.7757222°W / 33.9212778; -84.7757222 |
| Links | |
| Public license information | LMS |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | Official Website |


title: Visconti Castle (Vercelli)

abstract: The Visconti Castle of Vercelli is a medieval castle in Vercelli, Piedmont, Northern Italy. Erected at the end of the 13th century, it underwent subsequent transformation to be changed in its use. Today it is the seat of the Tribunal of Vercelli.

text:
# Visconti Castle (Vercelli)

The **Visconti Castle of Vercelli** is a medieval castle in Vercelli, Piedmont, Northern Italy. Erected at the end of the 13th century, it underwent subsequent transformation to be changed in its use. Today it is the seat of the Tribunal of Vercelli.

## History

The Visconti of Milan took control of Vercelli at the end of the 13th century, during their initial expansion outside Milan. Around 1290, Matteo Visconti ordered the construction of the castle, probably on a previous building's ruins.

It had the classic layout of the Visconti castles of the Lombardy plains: quadrangular, with square towers at each corner, two entrances on opposite sides, and an internal courtyard. Another small door ("pusterla") was in the south-eastern corner. An inner wing ("rocchetta") leaned on the southern side. The castle's primary purpose was to show a sign of the Visconti's power over Vercelli. Being along the city's wall, it also reinforced its defense to the south.

In 1427 the Visconti handed over Vercelli to Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy. The castle became a seat of the House of Savoy and came to be known as Savoy Castle. The blessed Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy died there in 1472. Yolande of Valois, her widow, had it restored and enlarged.

In the following centuries, the castle declined. As a military building, it was no longer useful, and, as civil work, it became unsuitable compared to other residences of the Savoy house. At the time of the Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659), it was damaged during the Spanish siege in 1638. The people of Vercelli had the castle repaired to the best of their ability. Vercelli's governors continued to live there during the Napoleonic age. In 1832, the Vercelli prison moved there.

In the 20th century, further adaptations and reparations transformed the building into the Vercelli Tribunal seat. The restorations ended in 1931. They consisted of the reconstruction of the collapsed towers, the erection of a new one on the right side of the facade, the addition of internal bodies, and the reopening of the seventeenth-century arcades on the ground floor and first floor. The works rebuilt the original southern gate, with a wooden bridge over the moat, and the pusterla in the south-eastern corner.

## Today

The castle is open only from the outside. Being used as Tribunal, it is accessible internally only for its state functions.

## Sources

* Conti, Flavio (1975). *I castelli del Piemonte. Tomo I* (in Italian). Milano: Görlich Editore.
* Black, Jane (2009). *Absolutism in Renaissance Milan. Plenitude of power under the Visconti and the Sforza 1329–1535*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199565290.

## InfoBox

| Visconti Castle (Vercelli) | |
| --- | --- |
| *Castello Visconteo di Vercelli* | |
| Vercelli, Piedmont, Northern Italy | |
| Front of the castle | |
| Visconti Castle (Vercelli) | |
| Coordinates | 45°19′40.66″N 8°25′33.35″E / 45.3279611°N 8.4259306°E / 45.3279611; 8.4259306 |
| Type | Medieval castle |
| Site information | |
| Owner | Italian State |
| Open to<br>the public | Only for its public office functions |
| Condition | Good |
| Site history | |
| Built | around 1290 |
| Built by | Matteo Visconti |
| Materials | Bricks |


title: Nandavanampatti

abstract: Nandavanampatti is a village in the Thanjavur taluk of Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India.

text:
# Nandavanampatti

**Nandavanampatti** is a village in the Thanjavur taluk of Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India.

## Demographics

As per the 2001 census, Nandavanampatti had a total population of 1895 with 962 males and 933 females. The sex ratio was 970. The literacy rate was 66.79.

* "Primary Census Abstract - Census 2001". Directorate of Census Operations-Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 29 August 2009.

10°23′N 77°59′E / 10.383°N 77.983°E / 10.383; 77.983

## InfoBox

| Nandavanampatti | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| District | Thanjavur |
| Taluk | Thanjavur |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 1,895 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Tamil |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


title: The Athenian Mercury

abstract: The Athenian Mercury, or The Athenian Gazette, or The Question Project, or The Casuistical Mercury, was a periodical written by The Athenian Society and published in London twice weekly between 17 March 1690 and 14 June 1697. John Dunton was the editor in chief. A spin-off of The Athenian Mercury, The Ladies' Mercury, was also published by The Athenian Society, in 1693, for four weeks. It was the first periodical that catered specifically to women readers.

text:
# The Athenian Mercury

***The Athenian Mercury***, or ***The Athenian Gazette***, or ***The Question Project***, or ***The Casuistical Mercury***, was a periodical written by *The Athenian Society* and published in London twice weekly between 17 March 1690 (i.e. 1691 Gregorian calendar) and 14 June 1697. John Dunton was the editor in chief. A spin-off of *The Athenian Mercury*, *The Ladies' Mercury*, was also published by *The Athenian Society*, in 1693, for four weeks. It was the first periodical that catered specifically to women readers.

## Title

The magazine was initially called *The Athenian Gazette or The Casuistical Mercury* in its first printings. Dunton explains in his autobiography *Life and Errors* he had an inspiration for the title one day while he was walking home that he would "not exchange for 50 guineas." He continues that a reader of his magazine need only consult Acts 17:21 to see the reasoning behind the title.

After the first issue was published, concerns were raised about Dunton's use of the word "Gazette", to which the 25-year-old *London Gazette* could be considered to have prior claim; in response, Dunton changed "Gazette" to "Mercury".

## Advice column

Scholars credit Dunton with initiating the advice column format. It was first used in *The Athenian Mercury* in 1691. He formed a "society of experts", which he called The Athenian Society, to give their knowledgeable advice on questions submitted by the magazine's readers. The magazine had an announcement at the end encouraging readers to send in their questions, *All Persons whatever may be resolved gratis in any Question that their own satisfaction or curiosity shall prompt 'em to, if they send their Questions by a Penny Post letter to Mr. Smith at his Coffee-house in Stocks Market in the Poultry, where orders are given for the reception of such Letters, and care shall be taken for their Resolution by the next Weekly Paper after their sending.* The "most nice and curious questions" ran from natural sciences to religion to literature to politics. During the lifetime of the magazine "the experts" grappled with thousands of questions. The readers submitted questions like:

* *Were there any men before Adam?*
* *Is there an impartial and true history of the world?*
* *How can a man know when he dreams or when he is really awake?*

In addition to questions on everyday life, religion, and the soul, people sent in questions on supernatural subjects such as witches and ghosts.

Dunton's "question-answer project", as he referred to his new format, needed people to help publish it. The first person who partnered with him was Richard Sault, a mathematics teacher. Sault understood the philosophy of Nicolas Malebranche and could convey it to Dunton. The first two issues of the magazine were composed and published by these two only. The "surprising and unthought of" magazine's style produced a response of hundreds of letters of inquiries. *The Athenian Gazette*, as these first two issues were called, produced such a large readership that an increase in their Society membership of "experts" was required.

The next person to join the "secret" society of the Athenians was one Dr. Norris (likely the physician Edward Norris, the fifth son of Thomas Norris of Lancashire) who devoted his assistance without any compensation or recognition. As readership increased and the amount of inquiries became overwhelming, they added another member, Dunton's brother-in-law the poet Reverend Samuel Wesley. The Society consisted of these four real members and several fictional members.

Because Dunton's "answers to correspondents" were "universally received" his "Children of the Brain" were being plagiarized by a copycat publication called *The Lacedemonian Mercury.* He fought this with advertising that said any queries that they had replied to should be resubmitted to his magazine for *amendments.* Dunton referred to Tom Brown, chief editor of *The Lacedemonian Mercury*, as "the chief Antagonist."

Some of the people who read the advice column in *The Athenian Mercury*, and sometimes submitted questions and comments of their own, according to Dunton, were Sir William Temple (pertaining to talismans, amongst other things), Jonathan Swift, Marquess of Halifax, Sir Thomas Pope Blount, Sir William Hedges, and Sir Peter Pett.

### Periodicals

Dunton was surprised one day early on into his "question project" with a letter that came from a "gentle-woman" who wish to know if ladies could submit inquiries also. He assured them that their questions would be seriously considered, as on 23 May 1691 *The Athenian Mercury* printed the "gentle-woman's" questions. One thing lead to another and on 28 February 1693 *The Ladies' Mercury*, a spin-off, started its own publication, a periodical exclusively for women.

Dunton followed in 1703 with a collection of the questions and answers from *The Athenian Mercury* called the *Athenian Oracle.* The concept of questions submitted by readers of a periodical and free "expert advice" given was then followed by writer Daniel Defoe with his *Review* in 1704, followed by *The little Review.* Then in 1708 came *The British Apollo.*

### Satire

A comical representation of the Athenian Society written by Elkanah Settle, published in 1693 and titled *The New Athenian Comedy,* satirizes the mythical members of the Athenian Society and plays fun at the premises of the *Athenian Mercury.*

## Historiographical approach

The *Athenian Mercury* is approached by most scholars in the context of Dunton's life. Additionally, analysis of the questions in the *Athenian Mercury* has been focused on the political and scientific content portrayed by the authors. Though this approach is useful, the *Athenian Mercury* can also be analysed in the context of gender representation due to the number of questions about courtship and gender relations. Helen Berry, in her book *Gender, Society and Print Culture in Late-Stuart England: The Cultural World of the Athenian Mercury*, focuses more on the 30% of questions that are directly related to gender issues, a subject first broached by Kathryn Shevelow in *Women and Print Culture: The Construction of Femininity in the Early Periodical.*

## Footnotes

* Berry, Helen M., *Gender, society, and print culture in late Stuart England / The Cultural World of the Athenian Mercury*, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2003, ISBN 0-7546-0496-9
* Dunton, John & National Art Library (Great Britain) et al., *The life and errors of John Dunton, citizen of London*, J. Nichols, son, and Bentley, 1818
* Jasenowski, Jaroslaw, "Coffeehouse Curiosities: Materiality and Musealization Strategies in *The Athenian Mercury*", *Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies,* 47, no. 1 (March 2024). p. 77-94.
* Gudelunas, David, *Confidential to America: newspaper advice columns and sexual education*, Aldine Transaction, 2007, ISBN 1-4128-0688-7
* Locher, Miriam A., *Advice online: advice-giving in an American Internet health column*, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2006, ISBN 90-272-5392-7


title: Six Suspects

abstract: Six Suspects is the second novel by Vikas Swarup, an Indian diplomat and author of The New York Times bestseller Q&A. It was published by Transworld in 2016 and in the US by Minotaur Books and has been optioned for a film by Starfield Productions and the BBC. In 2005, Swarup's first novel, Q&A, was published and was later turned into an Oscar Award-winning film, Slumdog Millionaire in 2008.

text:
# Six Suspects

***Six Suspects*** is the second novel by Vikas Swarup, an Indian diplomat and author of *The New York Times* bestseller *Q&A*. It was published by Transworld in 2016 and in the US by Minotaur Books and has been optioned for a film by Starfield Productions and the BBC. In 2005, Swarup's first novel, *Q&A*, was published and was later turned into an Oscar Award-winning film, *Slumdog Millionaire* in 2008.

## Plot

Seven years ago, Vivek "Vicky" Rai, the playboy son of the Home Minister of Uttar Pradesh, murdered bartender Ruby Gill at a trendy restaurant in New Delhi, simply because she refused to serve him a drink. The opening murder committed by Vicky Rai is similar to the Jessica Lal murder case in which the killer was Manu Sharma.

Now Vicky Rai has been killed at the party he was throwing to celebrate his acquittal. The police recover six guests with guns in their possession: a corrupt bureaucrat who claims to have become Mahatma Gandhi; an American tourist infatuated with an Indian actress; a member of an ancient tribe on a quest to recover a sacred stone; a Bollywood sex symbol with a guilty secret; a mobile-phone thief who dreams big; and an ambitious politician prepared to stoop low.

Swarup unravels the lives and motives of the six suspects.

## Adaptation

*Six Suspects* has been adapted into a web series directed by Tigmanshu Dhulia called *The Great Indian Murder*. It features Richa Chaddha and Pratik Gandhi in lead roles. It was released on Disney+ Hotstar on 4 February 2022.

## InfoBox

Six Suspects
| First edition (US) | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Vikas Swarup |
| Cover artist | David Baldeosingh Rotstein |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Novel |
| Publisher | St. Martin's Press (US)<br>Doubleday (UK) |
| Publication place | India |
| Pages | 480 |
| ISBN | 978-0-312-63073-7 |


title: Rand Building (Huntsville, Alabama)

abstract: The Rand Building is a historic commercial building in Huntsville, Alabama. Built in 1883, it and the adjacent building, the Donegan Block, represent a simplified Italianate architecture style common in smaller towns in the late 19th century. It is one of few remaining Italianate buildings which once were prevalent on Courthouse Square. The two-story green-painted brick building has an elaborate bracketed metal cornice with decorative panels between the brackets. The street-level façade has large four-pane fixed windows supported by paneled bulkheads, with a central recessed entry. A second row of smaller windows runs above the first, below a smoothed concrete header panel which along which an awning runs the width of the building. On the second floor, three two-over-two sash windows with segmental arched tops are in a frame recessed one course from the rest of the building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

text:
# Rand Building (Huntsville, Alabama)

The **Rand Building** is a historic commercial building in Huntsville, Alabama. Built in 1883, it and the adjacent building, the Donegan Block, represent a simplified Italianate architecture style common in smaller towns in the late 19th century. It is one of few remaining Italianate buildings which once were prevalent on Courthouse Square. The two-story green-painted brick building has an elaborate bracketed metal cornice with decorative panels between the brackets. The street-level façade has large four-pane fixed windows supported by paneled bulkheads, with a central recessed entry. A second row of smaller windows runs above the first, below a smoothed concrete header panel which along which an awning runs the width of the building. On the second floor, three two-over-two sash windows with segmental arched tops are in a frame recessed one course from the rest of the building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Rand Building | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The building in July 2010 | |
|  | |
| Location | 113 N. Side Sq., Huntsville, Alabama |
| Coordinates | 34°43′51″N 86°35′7.75″W / 34.73083°N 86.5854861°W / 34.73083; -86.5854861 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1883 (1883) |
| Architectural style | Italianate, Italianate Revival |
| MPS | Downtown Huntsville MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 80000722 |
| Added to NRHP | September 22, 1980 |


title: 1900 in Argentina

text:
# 1900 in Argentina

## Incumbents

### Governors

### Vice Governors

## Events

* January 25 \- Plague is officially declared in Rosario.
* January 29February 4 \- Buenos Aires suffers its worst heat wave for 20 years. In the first two weeks of February, 403 deaths are certified from "heat apoplexy and sunstroke". The *Buenos Aires Herald* speculates that some of these are actually caused by plague.
* March 30 \- By presidential decree, lyrics considered offensive to Spanish immigrants are omitted from future public performances of the Argentine National Anthem.
* May 14October 28 \- Argentina participates for the first time in the Olympic Games.
* June 8 \- The Argentine Republic is officially declared free of plague.

## Births

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | Other events of 1900<br>List of years in Argentina |


abstract: The 1903 International Lawn Tennis Challenge was the third edition of what is now known as the Davis Cup. The British Isles team returned to the United States to contest the Cup. The tie was played at the Longwood Cricket Club in Boston, Massachusetts. The British won 4-1, bringing the Cup to Britain for the first time.

text:
# 1903 International Lawn Tennis Challenge

The **1903 International Lawn Tennis Challenge** was the third edition of what is now known as the **Davis Cup**. The British Isles team returned to the United States to contest the Cup. The tie was played at the Longwood Cricket Club in Boston, Massachusetts (the same location as the first competition in 1900). The British won 4-1, bringing the Cup to Britain for the first time.

## Result

**United States vs. British Isles**

|
United States
1 | Longwood Cricket Club, Boston, MA, United States
4–8 August 1903
Grass | |
British Isles
4 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 2 3 4 5   1
 **William Larned**
Reginald Doherty           **w/o**
  2
 Robert Wrenn
**Laurence Doherty** 0
**6**  3
**6**  4
**6**         3
 George Wrenn / Robert Wrenn
**Laurence Doherty / Reginald Doherty** 5
**7**  7
**9**  **6**
2 3
**6**       4
 William Larned
**Laurence Doherty** 3
**6**  **8**
6 0
**6**  **6**
2 5
**7**     5
 Robert Wrenn
**Reginald Doherty** 4
**6**  **6**
3 3
**6**  **8**
6 4
**6** | | | | | |

## InfoBox

1903 International Lawn Tennis Challenge
| Details | |
| --- | --- |
| Duration | 4 – 8 August 1903 |
| Edition | 3rd |
| Teams | 2 |
| Champion | |
| Winning nation | British Isles |
| 1902 1904 | |


title: 1903 Italian Football Championship

abstract: The 1903 Italian Football Championship season was won by Genoa.

text:
# 1903 Italian Football Championship

The **1903 Italian Football Championship** season was won by Genoa.

## Qualifications

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Juventus | 5-0 | FBC Torinese |
| Juventus | 2-1 | Audace Torino |
| Juventus | 7-1 | Andrea Doria |

## Semifinal

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Milan | 0-2 | Juventus |

## Final

*Played on 13 April*

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Genoa | 3-0 | Juventus |

## References and sources

* *Almanacco Illustrato del Calcio - La Storia 1898-2004*, Panini Edizioni, Modena, September 2005

## InfoBox

Italian Football Championship
| Season | 1902–03 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Genoa<br>5th title |
| 1902 1904 | |


abstract: The 1903 International Cross Country Championships was held in Hamilton, Scotland, at the Hamilton Park on 28 March 1903. A preview of the event and an appraisal of the results appeared in the Glasgow Herald. Complete results, medallists, and the results of British athletes were published.

text:
# 1903 International Cross Country Championships

The **1903 International Cross Country Championships** was held in Hamilton, Scotland, at the Hamilton Park on 28 March 1903. A preview of the event and an appraisal of the results appeared in the Glasgow Herald.

Complete results, medallists, and the results of British athletes were published.

## Medallists

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Individual** | | | | | | |
| Men
8.5 mi (13.7 km) | Alfred Shrubb
England | 46:22.6 | Tom Edwards
England | 46:56.6 | John Daly
Ireland | 47:10.2 |
| **Team** | | | | | | |
| Men | England | 25 | Ireland | 78 | Scotland | 107 |

## Individual Race Results

### Men's (8.5 mi /13.7 km)

| Rank | Athlete | Nationality | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Alfred Shrubb | England | 46:22.6 |
|  | Tom Edwards | England | 46:56.6 |
|  | John Daly | Ireland | 47:10.2 |
| 4 | Albert Aldridge | England | 47:10.2 |
| 5 | Sidney Robinson | England | 47:21 |
| 6 | W.A. Mercer | England | 47:37 |
| 7 | Harry Lawson | England | 47:50 |
| 8 | Tom Hynes | Ireland | 47:58 |
| 9 | J. Thomas | England | 48:10 |
| 10 | James Crosbie | Scotland | 48:47.4 |
| 11 | George Smith | England | 48:51 |
| 12 | Jack Marsh | Wales | 48:54 |
| 13 | J. Creedon | Ireland | 49:00 |
| 14 | John Ranken | Scotland | 49:08 |
| 15 | Charlie Silsby | England | 49:14 |
| 16 | Pat Whyte | Ireland | 49:18 |
| 17 | James Ure | Scotland | 49:25 |
| 18 | Frank Curtis | Ireland | 49:26 |
| 19 | D.G. Harris | Wales | 49:40 |
| 20 | P.J. McCafferty | Ireland | 49:41 |
| 21 | T.C. Hughes | Scotland | 49:51 |
| 22 | James Reston | Scotland | 49:59 |
| 23 | Thomas Mulrine | Scotland | 50:02 |
| 24 | James Hosker | England | 50:22 |
| 25 | Arthur Turner | Wales | 50:25 |
| 26 | Hugh Muldoon | Ireland | 50:38 |
| 27 | Albert Palmer | Wales | 50:42 |
| 28 | Robert Davies | Wales | 50:45 |
| 29 | Ernest Thomas | Wales | 50:47 |
| 30 | Fullerton Wilson | Scotland | 50:50 |
| 31 | Pat Hehir | Ireland | 50:51 |
| 32 | Rhys Evans | Wales | 50:58 |
| 33 | Albert Horne | England | 51:16 |
| 34 | Tom Johnston | Scotland | 51:18 |
| 35 | Robert Pugh | Wales | 51:30 |
| 36 | Allan Rees | Wales | 52:01 |
| 37 | W. Davies | Wales | 52:01 |
| 38 | W. Grail | Wales | 52:33 |
| 39 | Thomas Baggs | Wales | 52:44 |
| 40 | James Butters | Scotland | 52:57 |
| 41 | Alex Kinnaird | Scotland | 53:02 |
|  | Phil Randles | England | DNF |
|  | William Robertson | Scotland | DNF |
|  | Robert Frew | Scotland | DNF |
|  | Tom Hamilton | Ireland | DNF |

## Team Results

### Men's

| Rank | Country | Team | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | England | Alfred Shrubb
Tom Edwards
Albert Aldridge
Sidney Robinson
W.A. Mercer
Harry Lawson | 25 |
| 2 | Ireland | John Daly
Tom Hynes
J. Creedon
Pat Whyte
Frank Curtis
P.J. Mccafferty | 78 |
| 3 | Scotland | James Crosbie
John Ranken
James Ure
T.C. Hughes
James Reston
Thomas Mulrine | 107 |
| 4 | Wales | Jack Marsh
D.G. Harris
Arthur Turner
Albert Palmer
Robert Davies
Ernest Thomas | 140 |

## Participation

An unofficial count yields the participation of 45 athletes from 4 countries.

## InfoBox

| 1903 International Cross Country Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Organisers | ICCU |
| Edition | 1st |
| Date | 28 March |
| Host city | Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, Scotland |
| Venue | Hamilton Park |
| Events | 1 |
| Distances | 8.5 mi (13.7 km) |
| Participation | 45 athletes from
4 nations |
| 1898 Ville-d'Avray 1904 St Helens | |


title: 1903 Invercargill mayoral election

abstract: The 1903 Invercargill mayoral election was held on 29 April 1903 as part of that year's local elections. Former mayor George Froggatt defeated the incumbent Charles Stephen Longuet.

text:
# 1903 Invercargill mayoral election

The **1903 Invercargill mayoral election** was held on 29 April 1903 as part of that year's local elections.

Former mayor George Froggatt defeated the incumbent Charles Stephen Longuet.

## Results

The following table gives the election results:

1903 Invercargill mayoral election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Independent** | **George Froggatt** | **618** | **50.86** |  |
|  | Independent | Charles Stephen Longuet | 592 | 48.72 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 5 | 0.41 |  |
| Majority | | | 26 | 2.14 |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,215 |  |  |

## InfoBox

1903 Invercargill mayoral election
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Turnout | 1,215 |
| Candidate George Froggatt Charles Stephen Longuet  Party Independent Independent  Popular vote 618 592  Percentage 50.86 48.72 | |
| ---  **Mayor before election**
Charles Stephen Longuet
 **Elected mayor**
George Froggatt
 | |


title: Words Are Not Enough (album)

abstract: Words Are Not Enough is the fifth studio album by Australian musician Jon English. The album was released in Australia in August 1978. Three singles were released from the album, including "Words Are Not Enough", which peaked at number 6 on the Kent Music chart, becoming English's first top ten single.

text:
# Words Are Not Enough (album)

***Words Are Not Enough*** is the fifth studio album by Australian musician Jon English. The album was released in Australia in August 1978.

Three singles were released from the album, including "Words Are Not Enough", which peaked at number 6 on the Kent Music chart, becoming English's first top ten single.

## Track listing

Vinyl/ Cassette (2907 046)

Side One

1. "Give it a Try" (Bruce Brown, Russell Dunlop) - 2:56
2. "Words Are Not Enough" (Garry Paige, Mark Punch) - 3:37
3. "Free Ride" (Dan Hartman) - 2:43
4. "Nights in Paradise" (T.Moeller, C.Gibley) - 5:09
5. "Love is Alive" (G.Wright) - 3:57

Side Two

1. "Sail On" (Mark Punch) - 4:19
2. "A Love Like Yours" (Holland–Dozier–Holland) - 4:14
3. "Fantastic (Ain't What it Used to Be)" - 3:52
4. "Hot and Dirty in the City" - 3:22
5. "Same Old Feeling Again" - 3:03

## Weekly charts

| Chart (1978) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Kent Music Report Albums Chart | 28 |

* "Jon English -"Words Are Not Enough"". discogs.com. Retrieved 14 October 2016.

## InfoBox

| Words Are Not Enough | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Jon English | |
| Released | August 1978 (1978-08) |
| Studio | Albert Studios, Sydney |
| Genre | Pop rock |
| Length | 36:59 |
| Label | Polydor |
| Producer | Bruce Brown, Russell Dunlop |
| Jon English chronology | |
| *Minutes to Midnight*
(1977) ***Words Are Not Enough***
(1978) *Against the Wind*
(1978) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Words Are Not Enough* | |
| 1. "Same Old Feeling Again"
Released: January 1978 2. "Words Are Not Enough"
Released: May 1978 3. "Nights in Paradise"
Released: August 1978 | |
|  | |


title: Words (Sharon O'Neill song)

abstract: "Words" is a song by the New Zealand singer and songwriter Sharon O'Neill. The song was released in New Zealand in September 1979 as the lead single from her second studio album, Sharon O'Neill (1980). The song was released in Australia in April 1980 as her first single in that country.

text:
# Words (Sharon O'Neill song)

"**Words**" is a song by the New Zealand singer and songwriter Sharon O'Neill. The song was released in New Zealand in September 1979 as the lead single from her second studio album, *Sharon O'Neill* (1980). The song was released in Australia in April 1980 as her first single in that country.

## Track listings

**New Zealand 7"** (BA 222561)

* Side A "Words" - 3:16
* Side B "Face in a Rainbow"

**Australia 7"**

* Side A "Words" - 3:16
* Side B "Dance All Night"

## Charts

| Chart (1979–1980) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Kent Music Report | 56 |
| New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) | 22 |
|

## InfoBox

| "Words" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Sharon O'Neill | |
| from the album  *Sharon O'Neill* | |
| Released | September 1979
April 1980 |
| Recorded | 1979 |
| Studio | Marmalade Studios, Wellington |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 3:16 |
| Label | CBS Records |
| Songwriter(s) | Sharon O'Neill |
| Producer(s) | Steve Robinson |
| Sharon O'Neill singles chronology | |
| "Don't Say No to Tomorrow"
(1979) "**Words**"
(1979) "Baby Don't Fight"
(1979) | |


title: Woodbourne, New York

abstract: Woodbourne is a hamlet in the town of Fallsburg in Sullivan County, New York, United States. Woodbourne is bordered by the town of Neversink, the hamlet of Grahamsville, the hamlet of Loch Sheldrake, the hamlet of Old Falls and the hamlet of Hasbrouck. The major thoroughfares of Woodbourne are New York State Routes 42 and 52. The center of the hamlet is where the two highways briefly overlap and cross the Neversink River. Woodbourne is in the Catskills Borscht Belt and in its heyday was home to many summer hotels, bungalow colonies and boarding houses, which are mainly uninhabited throughout most of the calendar year. To this day, the population of Woodbourne and nearby areas increases dramatically each summer with an influx of Orthodox Jewish residents from New York City, New Jersey and other surrounding Jewish population centers. With this, the local economy expands in the warmer months as locally owned small businesses thrive until approximately Labor Day Weekend, marking the typical end of summer.

text:
# Woodbourne, New York

**Woodbourne** is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in the town of Fallsburg in Sullivan County, New York, United States.

Woodbourne is bordered by the town of Neversink, the hamlet of Grahamsville, the hamlet of Loch Sheldrake, the hamlet of Old Falls and the hamlet of Hasbrouck. The major thoroughfares of Woodbourne are New York State Routes 42 and 52. The center of the hamlet is where the two highways briefly overlap and cross the Neversink River.

Woodbourne is in the Catskills Borscht Belt and in its heyday was home to many summer hotels, bungalow colonies and boarding houses, which are mainly uninhabited throughout most of the calendar year. To this day, the population of Woodbourne and nearby areas increases dramatically each summer with an influx of Orthodox Jewish residents from New York City, New Jersey and other surrounding Jewish population centers. With this, the local economy expands in the warmer months as locally owned small businesses thrive until approximately Labor Day Weekend, marking the typical end of summer.

## Early history

According to the Sullivan County Historical Society, the northern part of the town of Fallsburg was settled by Europeans in the 1780s, many of whom migrated from Ulster County in search of cheap, fertile land. In 1830, a man named Gabriel Ludlum (or Ludlam) relocated his law practice from the nearby hamlet of Hasbrouck, and named the area Woodbourne. Some time after 1831, Mr. Austin Strong, in partnership with Medad T. Morss would establish a tannery, which burnt down in 1866. Woodbourne benefited from being the closest settlement in Sullivan County to Ellenville, which was located along the Delaware & Hudson Canal. The decline of the tanning industry, which resulted from the decline in the hemlock forests in Sullivan county, and the arrival of the New York, Ontario and Western Railway in the early 1870s led to a decline in Woodbourne's importance, as the railway became the main driver of commerce in the region.

## Landmarks and places of interest

1. United States Census Bureau, 2020 U.S. Census Results, Woodbourne CDP, New York https://www.census.gov/search-results.html?searchType=web&cssp=SERP&q=Woodbourne%20CDP,%20New%20York
2. "State of New York Census Designated Places - Current/BAS20 - Data as of January 1, 2019". *tigerweb.geo.census.gov*. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
3. Sullivan County Historical Society *The Sullivan County Historical Society's web page*

## InfoBox

| Woodbourne | |
| --- | --- |
| hamlet and CDP | |
| WoodbourneLocation within the state of New York | |
| Coordinates: 41°46′N 74°36′W / 41.767°N 74.600°W / 41.767; -74.600 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| County | Sullivan |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 411 |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP codes | 12788 |
| FIPS code | 32/82733 |
| GNIS feature ID | 971607 |


title: Woodland Reservoir (Arizona)

text:
# Woodland Reservoir (Arizona)

Located in the heart of Pinetop-Lakeside, Woodland Lake and the park surrounding it have been called the town's "Crown Jewel." In addition to trout fishing, the lake provides a host of other outdoor recreation opportunities. Woodland Lake lies on city and Apache-Sitgraves National Forest property, just west of White Mountain Blvd. in Pinetop.

## Description

Woodland Lake is situated at 6,893 feet (2,101 m). At full capacity, it has a surface area of 18 acres (7.3 ha) with a maximum depth of 20 feet (6.1 m). Because the lake is part of the local irrigation district, at drawdown, it averages 10 acres (4.0 ha). It is shallow and nutrient rich, making it subject to water quality problems in the summer. For this reason, the lake is stocked primarily with catchable-sized rainbow trout in the spring and early summer. The lake also contains a few largemouth bass and channel catfish.

## Amenities

The town of Pinetop-Lakeside maintains Woodland Park, which includes hiking trails, picnic tables and ramadas, barrier-free restrooms, a sand volleyball court, tennis court, two children's playgrounds, some ball fields, a boat ramp and a barrier-free, floating fishing dock.

## Fish species

* Arizona Boating Locations Facilities Map Archived 2008-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
* Arizona Fishing Locations Map Archived 2010-12-28 at the Wayback Machine
* Little Colorado River Watershed
* Information and Education Division (2007), *Arizona Fishin' Holes*, Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Game and Fish Department

## InfoBox

| Woodland Reservoir | |
| --- | --- |
| Woodland ReservoirWoodland Reservoir | |
| Location | Navajo County, Arizona,<br>United States |
| Coordinates | 34°7′36″N 109°57′7″W / 34.12667°N 109.95194°W / 34.12667; -109.95194 |
| Type | Reservoir |
| Primary inflows | Walnut Creek |
| Primary outflows | Walnut Creek |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Surface area | 10 acres (4.0 ha) |
| Average depth | 4 ft (1.2 m) |
| Max. depth | 20 ft (6.1 m) |
| Surface elevation | 6,893 ft (2,101 m) |


title: Woodland Scenics

abstract:
Woodland Scenics, along with its PineCar and Scene-A-Rama divisions, manufactures model scenery, gravity-driven pinewood racecars and educational arts and crafts. The company was founded in 1975 by David Osment, the owner/operator of the architectural firm, Osment Models, Inc., based in Shawnee Mission, Kansas. Osment Models built commissioned architectural and engineering models for national and international corporations. Some of his work included office buildings, airports, sports stadiums, resorts, and a portion of Oral Roberts University in Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Woodland Scenics sells wholesale to distributors who sell to retail hobby outlets or stores with hobby departments. Their product distribution network covers Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and North and South America. Woodland Scenics is considered the prime innovator-inventor of realistic model railroad scenery and the industry leader responsible for setting the current industry standards.

text:
# Woodland Scenics

**Woodland Scenics**, along with its PineCar and Scene-A-Rama divisions, manufactures model scenery, gravity-driven pinewood racecars and educational arts and crafts.

The company was founded in 1975 by David Osment, the owner/operator of the architectural firm, Osment Models, Inc., based in Shawnee Mission, Kansas. Osment Models built commissioned architectural and engineering models for national and international corporations. Some of his work included office buildings, airports, sports stadiums, resorts, and a portion of Oral Roberts University in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Woodland Scenics sells wholesale to distributors who sell to retail hobby outlets or stores with hobby departments. Their product distribution network covers Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and North and South America. Woodland Scenics is considered the prime innovator-inventor of realistic model railroad scenery and the industry leader responsible for setting the current industry standards.

## History

The 1975 recession hit the architectural modeling industry hard, and Osment researched various ways he could diversify his business by capitalizing on his modeling skills. On a tip from an acquaintance, Osment researched the model railroad industry. He found the industry lacking in commercially available, realistic scenery material similar to the products they manufactured to landscape their architectural models. Osment assembled a sample of his manufactured architectural landscape scenery and displayed it as a vendor at a model railroad trade show in Chicago. Osment obtained several patents and began mass-producing scenery, doing business as Woodland Scenics. The company’s first catalog featured 28 products consisting of tree kits, foliage and turf material and stumps. Between 1976 and 1982 Woodland Scenics manufacturing output increased substantially. By 1981, Woodland Scenics had more than 100 distributors nationally and was exporting to Canada, Germany and Sweden. As the business expanded, so did the need for more physical plant manufacturing space. In 1981, Woodland Scenics relocated to Lake of the Ozarks, Missouri, specifically, the town of Linn Creek.

## InfoBox

Woodland Scenics
| Founded | 1975 (1975)<br>Kansas, U.S. |
| --- | --- |
| Founder | David Osment |
| Area served | United States |
| Products | Model railroad scenery |
| Website | woodlandscenics.woodlandscenics.com |


title: Woodland Public Schools (Washington)

abstract: Woodland Public Schools (WPS) or Woodland School District #404 (WSD) is a school district headquartered in Woodland, Washington. It includes Woodland and Cougar in Cowlitz County. It also includes sections of Clark County. As of 2020 it has approximately 2,250 students.

text:
# Woodland Public Schools (Washington)

**Woodland Public Schools** (**WPS**) or **Woodland School District #404** (**WSD**) is a school district headquartered in Woodland, Washington.

It includes Woodland and Cougar in Cowlitz County. It also includes sections of Clark County.

As of 2020 it has approximately 2,250 students.

## History

In January 2007, the district added impact fees on houses in the Clark County section and in houses in the city limits of Woodland. That year it proposed that Cowlitz County add impact fees on houses in the district in order to pay for new facilities. The Cowlitz county attorney stated that he was not sure whether the plan complied with Washington state law.

In 2007, superintendent Bill Hundley chose to retire.

In 2015, four of the five members of the board of education signed a letter in support of superintendent Michael Green. The other board member was absent. The board collectively stated that the school district was inaccurately being depicted in the media as being in a disarray.

## Schools

### Secondary

* Woodland High School
* Woodland Middle School
    + In 2015, there was turmoil as the school district leadership removed multiple employees from their posts. There were protests against the district leadership with parents criticizing a perceived lack of openness with the community. That year it became a grade 5–8 facility and Jake Hall became the principal.
* TEAM High School (alternative)

### Primary

* Columbia Elementary School
* North Fork Elementary School
* Yale Elementary School

### Alternative

* Lewis River Academy
* TEAM High School

## InfoBox

| Woodland Public Schools | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
| 800 3rd Street Woodland, Washington, 98674<br>United States | |
| Coordinates | 45°54′15″N 122°44′55″W / 45.90417°N 122.74861°W / 45.90417; -122.74861 |
| District information | |
| Grades | K-12 |
| Superintendent | Asha Riley |
| NCES District ID | 5310050 |
| Students and staff | |
| Students | 2,432 (2022-2023) |
| Teachers | 140.86 (on an FTE basis) |
| Student–teacher ratio | 17.27 |
| Other information | |
| Website | www.woodlandschools.org |


title: World Scout Emblem

abstract: The world scout emblem, used worldwide by Scouts and many Scout organizations within the Scout Movement is the fleur-de-lis, commonly with a five-point star in each outer lobe. This emblem was adopted by Scouts from the inception of the Scout Movement and is used, in various forms, by many Scout organizations.

text:
# World Scout Emblem

The **world scout emblem**, used worldwide by Scouts and many Scout organizations within the Scout Movement is the fleur-de-lis, commonly with a five-point star in each outer lobe. This emblem was adopted by Scouts from the inception of the Scout Movement and is used, in various forms, by many Scout organizations.

## Origins of the emblem

In 1897, Robert Baden-Powell trained soldiers in India in scouting. The British Army awarded trained army scouts a brass fleur-de-lis-shaped badge. In 1907, Baden-Powell issued copper fleur-de-lis badges to participants of his experimental camp on Brownsea Island in 1907 and he included a simple fleur-de-lis design Scout badge in his book, *Scouting for Boys*. Soon after, a five-pointed star was added to each of the outer lobes of the fleur-de-lis. Boy Scouts and Girls Scouts adopted the fleur-de-lis as their symbol.

## Symbolism

The fleur-de-lis represents the north point on a map or compass and is intended to point Scouts on the path to service. The three lobes on the fleur-de-lis represent the three parts of the Scout Promise: duty to God, service to others and obedience to the Scout Law. A "bond", tying the three lobes of the fleur-de-lis together, symbolizes the family of Scouting. The two five-point stars stand for truth and knowledge, with the ten points representing the ten points of the Scout Law.

## InfoBox

| Symbol of the Scout Movement | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Owner | public domain |
| Country | Worldwide |
| Created | 1907 |
|  | |
|


title: World Scientific

abstract: World Scientific Publishing is an academic publisher of scientific, technical, and medical books and journals headquartered in Singapore. The company was founded in 1981. It publishes about 600 books annually, with more than 170 journals in various fields. In 1995, World Scientific co-founded the London-based Imperial College Press together with the Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine.

text:
# World Scientific

**World Scientific Publishing** is an academic publisher of scientific, technical, and medical books and journals headquartered in Singapore. The company was founded in 1981. It publishes about 600 books annually, with more than 170 journals in various fields. In 1995, World Scientific co-founded the London-based Imperial College Press together with the Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine.

## Company structure

The company head office is in Singapore. The Chairman and Editor-in-Chief is Dr Phua Kok Khoo, while the Managing Director is Doreen Liu. The company was co-founded by them in 1981.

### Imperial College Press

In 1995 the company co-founded Imperial College Press, specializing in engineering, medicine and information technology, with Imperial College London. In 2006, World Scientific assumed full ownership of Imperial College Press, under a license granted by the university. Finally, in August 2016, ICP was fully incorporated into World Scientific under the new imprint, *World Scientific Europe*.

## Awards

A book World Scientific published, Lim Siong Guan's *The Leader, The Teacher & You* (2013), co-won the Singapore Literature Prize for English Non-fiction. The judges for the Singapore Literature Prize for Non-fiction were independent parties appointed by the Book Council.

*Soul of Ink: Lim Tze Peng at 100* (2021), authored by Woon Tai Ho, was awarded the inaugural Alan H.J. Chan Spirit of Singapore Book Prize in 2024. This award honors works that epitomize, and promote the Spirit of Singapore.

## InfoBox

World Scientific
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1981 (1981) |
| Founder |  |
| Country of origin | Singapore |
| Distribution | self-distributed (Singapore, United States)
Marston Book Services (UK)
Scholarly Book Services (Canada)
Co Info (Australia) |
| Publication types | Books, academic journals |
| Official website | www.worldscientific.com |


title: World Without God

abstract:
World Without God is the debut album by Finnish death metal band, Convulse. It was originally released on Thrash Records in 1991. It was re-released by Eternal Darkness Productions in a limited print also containing the "Resuscitation Of Evilness" demo, a rehearsal from 1990 featuring the tracks "Godless Truth" and "Powerstruggle Of Belief" as well as a live cover of Venom's "Countess Bathory" taken from the "Live In Pain" bootleg. It was re-released again, this time by Relapse Records in 2010 with Resuscitation Of Evilness demo and live songs Countess Bathory and Incantation Of Restoration as bonus tracks. It is also available in limited vinyl of the following colours:
  - 500 black
  - 100 clear.

text:
# World Without God

***World Without God*** is the debut album by Finnish death metal band, Convulse. It was originally released on Thrash Records in 1991.

It was re-released by Eternal Darkness Productions in a limited print also containing the "Resuscitation Of Evilness" demo, a rehearsal from 1990 featuring the tracks "Godless Truth" and "Powerstruggle Of Belief" as well as a live cover of Venom's "Countess Bathory" taken from the "Live In Pain" bootleg.

It was re-released again, this time by Relapse Records in 2010 with *Resuscitation Of Evilness* demo and live songs *Countess Bathory* and *Incantation Of Restoration* as bonus tracks. It is also available in limited vinyl of the following colours:

* 500 black
* 100 clear.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Introduction" | 0:49 |
| 2. | "World Without God" | 4:55 |
| 3. | "Putrid Intercourse" | 3:22 |
| 4. | "Incantation Of Restoration" | 3:45 |
| 5. | "Blasphemous Verses" | 4:28 |
| 6. | "False Religion" | 4:46 |
| 7. | "Resuscitation Of Evilness" | 3:45 |
| 8. | "Infernal End" | 3:34 |
| 9. | "Godless Truth" | 3:00 |
| 10. | "Powerstruggle of Belief" | 4:01 |

## InfoBox

| World Without God | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Convulse | |
| Released | 1991 |
| Recorded | 1991 |
| Genre | Death metal |
| Length | 38:34 |
| Label | Thrash Records, Eternal Darkness Productions, Relapse Records |
| Convulse chronology | |
| ***World Without God***
(1991) *Reflections*
(1994) | |


title: Woodruff County Airport

abstract: Woodruff County Airport is a county-owned public-use airport in Woodruff County, Arkansas, United States. It is located four nautical miles east of the central business district of Augusta, Arkansas. This airport is included in the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation airport.

text:
# Woodruff County Airport

**Woodruff County Airport** (FAA LID: **M60**) is a county-owned public-use airport in Woodruff County, Arkansas, United States. It is located four nautical miles (5 mi, 7 km) east of the central business district of Augusta, Arkansas.

This airport is included in the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a *general aviation* airport.

## Facilities and aircraft

Woodruff County Airport covers an area of 100 acres (40 ha) at an elevation of 200 feet (61 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 9/27 with an asphalt surface measuring 3,797 by 75 feet (1,157 x 23 m). For the 12-month period ending February 28, 2023, the airport had 5,500 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 105 per week.

1. FAA Airport Form 5010 for M60 PDF. Federal Aviation Administration. effective 7 September 2023.
2. "2011–2015 NPIAS Report, Appendix A (PDF, 2.03 MB)" (PDF). *2011–2015 National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems*. Federal Aviation Administration. 4 October 2010.

## InfoBox

| Woodruff County Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Owner | Woodruff County |
| Serves | Woodruff County |
| Location | Augusta, Arkansas |
| Elevation AMSL | 200 ft / 61 m |
| Coordinates | 35°16′19″N 091°16′11″W / 35.27194°N 91.26972°W / 35.27194; -91.26972 |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  9/27 3,797 1,157 Asphalt | |
| Statistics (2023) | |
| Aircraft operations (year ending 2/28/2023) 5,500 | |
| Source: Federal Aviation Administration | |


title: Worldwide ERC

abstract: Worldwide ERC is a relocation services industry trade group. Its membership of 12,000 relocation professionals – or global workforce mobility specialists — are concerned with current issues and management practices for the movement of employees within the United States and between all other countries. The organization is headquartered in Washington, DC, with a European bureau in Brussels, Belgium.

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# Worldwide ERC

**Worldwide ERC** (also known as the **Employee Relocation Council**) is a relocation services industry trade group. Its membership of 12,000 (as of 2005) relocation professionals – or global workforce mobility specialists — are concerned with current issues and management practices for the movement of employees (by their employers) within the United States and between all other countries. The organization is headquartered in Washington, DC, with a European bureau in Brussels, Belgium.

## Programs

Worldwide ERC addresses issues related to public policy/lobbying, research and trend identification, professional certification, networking, training and education, industry standardization and consensus-building, management processes and practices, and e-business solutions.

Through training courses, a member of the organization can become accredited as a "Certified Relocation Professional," a "Senior Certified Relocation Professional," and a "Global Mobility Specialist," which entitles the member to include the professional designations CRP, SCRP, and/or GMS after his or her name.

Worldwide ERC publishes a monthly magazine, *Mobility,* and several Web-based newsletters and bulletins, including *Globility*.

## Research

### Annual rankings of U.S. cities

Worldwide ERC's annual **Best Cities for Relocating Families** and **Best Cities for Relocation Singles** surveys began ranking U.S. cities in 2003 to determine which metro areas are most likely to foster *successful* relocations. Success is determined by whether a transferring employee remains in his or her new position and does not quit due to dissatisfaction with the new home community—an expensive failure in HR terms for the employer who paid for the move. A number of measurable features can affect the ease with which a family or single person can move to a city and the ease of settling into a new life there.

#### Analyzing cities' suitability for newly relocated families

For each years' "Families" survey, traditional factors such as commute times, tax rates, average home cost, and home appreciation are combined with more diverse cost of living and quality of life variables — like the ability to qualify for in-state tuition, the service quality of local utilities, auto taxes, per-capita volunteerism, and the quantity of family-friendly events and venues. Fee and occupancy rates for temporary housing and self storage are also used to predict the ease of a transition to a large city. The quality and availability of elder care and assisted-living reflects a city’s investment in the needs of modern, multi-generational families.

**Number-one ranked metropolitan areas for relocating *families*, by size**

| *size category* | **2004** | **2005** | **2006** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| large pop. 500,000**+** | Austin-San Marcos, TX | Washington DCVAMDWV | Louisville, KYIN |
| medium 250,000–500,000 | Boulder-Longmont, CO | Boulder-Longmont, CO | Evansville, INKY |
| small 50,000–250,000 | Yolo County, CA | Athens, GA | Athens, GA |

#### Analyzing cities' suitability for newly relocated singles (unmarried)

For each "Singles" ranking, the survey considers demographic and economic factors that helps measure the number of unmarried *newcomers* in each metro area (largest 100 metros only). Newcomers tend to be more open to befriending fellow newcomers, so the cities that tend to attract them foster easier assimilation. The measurement factors include the percentage of singles between the ages of 25 and 34, recent job growth, recent change in each area's 25–34 age-group, and median age (with "ideal range" set to 25–34).

Other, less critical, criteria for singles include gender parity, "fan friendly" sports venues, climate, per-capita volunteerism (a way for the "transitionally shy" to warm up to new acquaintances), on-premises food and beverage spending, availability and pricing of temporary housing and storage, apartment rents, utility customer-service levels, public university residency requirements, and online dating as well as heavy concentrations of Starbucks, other coffee houses, highly rated restaurants, health clubs and nightclubs.

**top five metropolitan areas for relocating *singles***
only metros with populations over 500,000 were evaluated

| *rank* | **2004** | **2005** | **2006** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Austin-San Marcos, TX | Austin-San Marcos, TX | Nashville, Tennessee |
| 2. | San Francisco, CA | Nashville, TN | Austin-San Marcos, TX |
| 3. | Portland-Vancouver, OR–WA | New York-Long Island, NY | Atlanta, Georgia |
| 4. | Jersey City, NJ | Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC | New York-Long Island, NY |
| 5. | Seattle-Bellevue-Everett, WA | Houston, TX | Houston, TX |
|