title: Thomas Boston the younger

abstract: Thomas Boston, the younger (1713–1767) was a Scottish minister of the Relief Church.

text:
# Thomas Boston the younger

**Thomas Boston**, the younger (1713–1767) was a Scottish minister of the Relief Church.

## Early life

The youngest son of Thomas Boston (1676–1732), he was born at Ettrick on 3 April 1713. After some home instruction, he went to the grammar school at Hawick, and then to Edinburgh University. Boston was licensed on 1 August 1732 by the Selkirk presbytery, presented to Ettrick in place of his father in November 1732, and ordained there on 4 April 1733. As father and son were successive ministers in the same location, portraits of both men are frequently confused due to the inscription "Minister of Ettrick". On 25 October 1748 he was released from the charge, having a call to Oxnam, Roxburghshire; and was admitted there on 10 August 1749.

## The "relief" presbytery

Popular as the heir to his father's theology of the Marrow Controversy, Boston was the immediate cause of a rift in the parish church of the neighbouring town of Jedburgh. When a vacancy there was filled over the wishes of the congregation, the elders of the church and most of the parishioners, including the town council, withdrew from the church and built a meeting-house for Boston.

John Bonar, who had been appointed to Jedburgh, did not take up the post. Boston tendered his demission to the presbytery on 7 December 1757. On 30 May 1758 the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland accepted his demission, and in doing so declared him henceforth incapable of receiving a presentation; and prohibited all ministers from employing him in any office.

Boston then continued his ministry at Jedburgh as an Independent. In 1761 he and Thomas Gillespie joined in admitting Thomas Colier as minister to a congregation at Colinsburgh. The three constituted themselves into a new body, the "Presbytery of Relief". Boston was its first moderator. In 1765 he went to Glasgow, on trial as a minister to a Relief congregation there, but was not called.

The new organisation, which became the Relief Church, initially did not consider itself opposed to the Church of Scotland. In 1773, six years after Boston's death, the relief presbytery formed itself into a "Synod of Relief".

## Death and family

Boston died at Jedburgh on 13 February 1767 and is buried in Jedburgh Abbey. He had married on 26 April 1738 Elizabeth Anderson, who died at Dysart on 21 June 1787. His son Michael was minister of the relief congregation at Falkirk; his daughter Christiana, married Dr. Tucker Harris, of Charlestown, South Carolina.

## Works

Boston's publications consisted of four single sermons, of which the first was printed in 1745, the last in 1762. His *Select Discourses on a variety of practical subjects*, Glasgow, 1768, were issued posthumously. Some of these are in *Select Sermons* by Boston and James Baine, with introductory essay by Neil McMichael, Edinburgh 1850.

### Citations

### Sources

**Attribution**

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1886). "Boston, Thomas (1713-1767)". *Dictionary of National Biography*. Vol. 5. London: Smith, Elder & Co.

## InfoBox

| ReverendThomas Boston the younger | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 3 April 1713 (1713-04-03)
Ettrick, Scottish Borders |
| Died | 13 February 1767 (1767-02-14) (aged 53)
Jedburgh, Scottish Borders |
| Nationality | Scottish |
| Occupation | Minister of religion |


title: Thestor holmesi

abstract: Thestor holmesi, the Holmes's skolly, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is found in South Africa, where it is known to range in the West Cape, from the Outeniqua Mountains and Jonkershoek. The wingspan is 26.5-35.5 mm for males and 30.5-39.5 mm for females. Adults are on wing from December to early January. There is one generation per year.

text:
# Thestor holmesi

***Thestor holmesi***, the **Holmes's skolly**, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is found in South Africa, where it is known to range in the West Cape, from the Outeniqua Mountains and Jonkershoek.

The wingspan is 26.5-35.5 mm for males and 30.5-39.5 mm for females. Adults are on wing from December to early January. There is one generation per year.

## InfoBox

| *Thestor holmesi* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lycaenidae |
| Genus: | *Thestor* |
| Species: | ***T. holmesi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Thestor holmesi***
van Son, 1951 | |
|


title: Thomas J. Carroll

abstract: Father Thomas J. Carroll was a Catholic priest and a pioneer in treatment for people who became blind later in their lives,. He was also a leader in implementing liturgical renewal in the Catholic church after Vatican II and took an active part in the civil rights movement.

text:
# Thomas J. Carroll

**Father Thomas J. Carroll** (August 6, 1909 – April 24, 1971) was a Catholic priest and a pioneer in treatment for people who became blind later in their lives,. He was also a leader in implementing liturgical renewal in the Catholic church after Vatican II and took an active part in the civil rights movement.

## Early adult life

Father Thomas Carroll graduated from the College of the Holy Cross in 1932 and from St. Johns Seminary in Brighton, Massachusetts, in 1938.

He was ordained May 20, 1938, by Bishop Francis Spellman.

## U.S. liturgical movement

Liturgy is a rite or body of rites prescribed for public worship. Rev. Thomas J. Carroll was a pioneer and leader in the Liturgical Movement in the U.S. He was the president of the New England Regional Unit of the National Liturgical Conference, and founded a newsletter "the Mediator". He was president of the National Liturgical Conference from 1946 to 1949, and was on both the executive committee and the Advisory Council.

## Work with the blind

In addition to his work on Liturgical reform, he is best known for his work with the blind, especially those who become blind as adults. He was a pioneer in rehabilitation for the blind and in the specific area of Orientation and Mobility (O&M). In 1938, Carroll's first assignment after ordination was as the assistant director of the Catholic Guild for The Blind, an agency of the Archdiocese of Boston, Massachusetts.

In October 1944, he was appointed chaplain of St. Raphael's Hall in Newton, Massachusetts.

Carroll played a key role in the establishment of low vision and blind services for the military and veterans administrations. He was auxiliary chaplain working with blinded serviceman at the U.S. Army's Ophthalmological Center located at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, and at the Avon Old Farms Convalescent Hospital in Connecticut from 1944 to 1947. He helped to found the Blinded Veterans Association (BVA) and was its National Chaplain until his death in 1971.

In 1945, the U.S. Army established the "Honorary Civilian Advisory Committee, Program for the War Blinded of the United States Army". Members included Robert Irwin (Chairman of the committee), Colonel Baker (Canada), Reverend Thomas Carroll, Joseph G. Cauffma, Dr. Roma S. Cheek, Dr. Gabriel Farrell, Philip N. Harrison, R. Henry P. Johnson, Mrs. Lee Johnson, W.L.McDaniel, Eber L. Palmer, Peter J. Salmon. The committee was disbanded in 1946, but the members, plus three additional members, then became the VA's Committee on the Blinded Veteran with the permission of General Omar Bradley, the new head of the VA. Carroll also served on the President's Committee on Employment of the Handicapped. He served on the program for the war-blinded of the U.S. Army. In November 1946, he became executive director of the Catholic Guild for all of the blind replacing Father Connolly.

Father Carroll was a fencer. While working with the blinded vets in Avon Old Farms Convalescent Hospital he saw blinded vets fencing, which was easily accepted by the vets as a competitive skill for combat. Carroll saw the connection between fencing and cane travel, so he introduced fencing to the trainees at the St. Paul's Rehabilitation Center for Newly Blinded Adults when he got it going. The fencing program he implemented in the 1940s was the first designed for the blind. He introduced the fencing program at the Carroll Center in 1954 with Larry Dargle. They then brought in Eric Sollee in 1968. Eric Sollee took over in 1972 and continued to teach there for four decades.

In 1953, in the United States there were only 40 full-time mobility restoration experts. Recognizing a lack of sufficient experts, Father Carroll helped to organize the first conference on mobility restoration at his family's home near Gloucester, Massachusetts. This three-day conference gathered thirty experts in a range of fields regarding blind activities. During the conference, the non-blind experts (five were blind) were blindfolded for two hours. Speaking of this experience, Carroll said, "We recognized immediately our feeling of fright, insecurity, groping, and awkwardness. …This shows, in a way that no amount of discussion could, how great is the need for coordinated scientific mobility training." As a result of this conference, a Committee on Mobility Restoration was formed. Dr. A.B.C. Knudsen, director of the Veteran's Administration physical medicine and rehabilitation, one of the attendees, advocated for a national program, patterned after the Army's program for rehabilitation of the blind.

In 1954, under Father Carroll's direction and based on his experience with blinded servicemen, the Guild founded St. Paul's Rehabilitation Center for newly blinded adults on the Guild's grounds. Prior to this, the Guild consisted of St. Raphael's Hall, which was primarily a safe haven for elderly blind women. At St. Paul, all of the blind, including the elderly, were taught to do as much as they could for themselves. The name of the hall (as part of St. Paul's) was changed to St. Raphael's Geriatric Adjustment Center for the Blind and the Visually Handicapped. Skills taught included operating power tools including a buzz saw and cooking using an electric mixer and gas stove. In addition to building skills, each blind person developed confidence and independence.

In 1957 to 1958, Father Carroll stayed at the Rusk Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in New York for surgery on and rehabilitation of his leg following a traffic accident. At the beginning of these 13 months, Dr. Howard Rusk told him that it would be about a ten-day stay. Dr. Rusk had presented the AFB Migel Medal to Father Carroll earlier in 1957.

Father Thomas Carroll wrote *Blindness: What it is, What it Does and How to Live with it* in 1961. In it, he characterized blindness in terms of 20 losses, and as the 'death' of the sighted individual.

The Greater Pittsburgh Guild for the Blind located in Bridgeville, Pennsylvania, was created under the influence of Father Carroll. In 1959, the Catholic Guild for the blind was dissolved and replaced by the non-sectarian Greater Pittsburgh Guild where "... we continue the Carroll Revolution" using his book *Blindness: What it is, What it Does and How to Live with it* as their textbook.

In 1959, the American Foundation for the Blind funded a national conference to establish the criteria for selecting O&M personnel. This group included the people who had helped to develop Orientation and Mobility (O&M) training procedures for the visually impaired: Richard Hoover, Father Carroll, Frederick Jervis, and other practitioners and administrators.

In 1963, Father Carroll founded the American Center for Research and Blindness in Newton, Massachusetts. This was one of the first laboratories devoted to the medical, psychological, sociological, and rehabilitation problems of the blind.

In 1964, the center was renamed to the Catholic Guild for All the Blind to reflect the fact that it served people regardless of their religion. In 1972, it was renamed to the Carroll Rehabilitation Center for the Visually Impaired, in memory of Father Carroll who had died in 1971. He introduced rehabilitation concepts into the program at the Catholic Guild, including many firsts such as mobility training for blind persons in the community, in the American Center for Research in Blindness and Rehabilitation, and in St. Raphael's Geriatric Adjustment Center.

Carroll also worked with the American Foundation for the Blind.

## Civil rights

Father Carroll was active in the civil rights movement of the 1960s, both in national and local civil rights groups. He helped to organize Boston clergy to participate in the Selma to Montgomery march in 1965 and participated in it, including "Turnaround Tuesday", as is seen in the referenced video.

## Author

In addition to his book *Blindness* which was translated into several languages, he also wrote free verse. Among his published poems were: "Lines written on the death of Reverend Jame Reeb", "To Paul Dever" (former Governor of Massachusetts), and "Search for Identification" (on the death of Malcolm X).

## Death

Rev. Thomas J. Carroll died April 24, 1971, at St. Elizabeth's Hospital at the age of 61.

## Honors and awards

Father Carroll received close to 100 awards for his work with the blind, including the Associated Services for the Blind's Louis Braille Award in 1961, the National Rehabilitation Association's Outstanding Achievement Award in 1960, the Migel Medal of the American Foundation for the Blind (AFB), the Leslie Dana award from the St. Louis Society for the Blind (awarded annually since 1925), and the Bell Greve Memorial award of the National Rehabilitation Association. He is in the American Printing House for the Blind Hall of Fame. Awards in his memory include the Carroll Society Award, given annually, and the Father Carroll Award given alternate years. In addition, the BVA has a speech in his memory at the annual Father Carroll luncheon at their national convention.

Additional Awards:

* War Department – Appreciation of Patriotic Service – 9/2/47
* Blinded Veterans Association – Certificate of Appreciation 5/16/53
* Holy Cross – Honorary Degree 6/8/56
* Commission of Standards and Accreditation – Outstanding Achievement Award – 4/30/58
* Massachusetts Council of Organizations for the Blind – Bay State Award – 5/58
* Commonwealth of MA – 3/59
* Ma Chapter of Rehabilitation Association – Certificate of Meritorious Service 5/10/60
* Rehab Centers and Facilities – Associate Member 6/61
* President's Committee on Employment of the Physically Handicapped – 1959-1960-1961
* International Society for Rehabilitation of Disabled – Member of World Commission of Rehabilitation – 2/28/61
* Department on Labor – Advisory Committee on Sheltered Workshops 7/1/66
* Klocke Martin Award – American federation of the Catholic Workers for the Blind – 10/67
* Royal Society of Health 9/10/68
* American Public Health Association – Fellow – 11/69
* President's Committee on Employment of the Physically Handicapped 1969, 1970, 1971
* Bell Greve Memorial Award – 1980

## InfoBox

| Father Thomas J. Carroll | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1909-08-06)August 6, 1909
Gloucester, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Died | (1971-04-24)April 24, 1971 |
| Education | College of the Holy Cross (BA)
Saint John's Seminary |
| Known for | Work with the blind |
| Notable work | *Blindness* (several translations) |


title: Thomas J. Cason

abstract: Thomas Jefferson Cason was an American lawyer and politician who served two terms as a U.S. Representative from Indiana from 1873 to 1877.

text:
# Thomas J. Cason

**Thomas Jefferson Cason** (September 13, 1828 – July 10, 1901) was an American lawyer and politician who served two terms as a U.S. Representative from Indiana from 1873 to 1877.

## Early life and career

Born near Brownsville, Indiana, Cason moved to Boone County with his parents, who settled on a farm near Thorntown in 1832. He attended the common schools, and taught school in Boone County for several years. He studied law in Crawfordsville, Indiana to gain admission to the bar in 1850, commencing practice in Lebanon, Indiana.

### Early political career

He served as member of the Indiana House of Representatives from 1861 to 1864, and of the Indiana State Senate from 1864 to 1867. In April 1867, Governor Conrad Baker appointed Cason to be a common pleas judge of Boone County, to which office he was subsequently elected in October 1867 for a term of four years. He declined reelection in 1871, and resumed the practice of law.

## Congress

Cason was elected as a Republican to the Forty-third and Forty-fourth Congresses (March 4, 1873 – March 3, 1877). He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1876.

## Later career and death

After leaving office, he resumed the practice of law in Lebanon, Indiana.

He retired in 1897 and moved to Washington, D.C., where he died July 10, 1901. He was interred in Oak Hill Cemetery, Lebanon, Indiana.

* United States Congress. "Thomas J. Cason (id: C000232)". *Biographical Directory of the United States Congress*.

This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

## InfoBox

| Thomas Cason | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Indiana's 7th district | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1873  March 3, 1875 | |
| Preceded by | Mahlon D. Manson |
| Succeeded by | Franklin Landers |
| Member of the Indiana Senate | |
| **In office**
1864–1867 | |
| Member of the Indiana House of Representatives
from the ? district | |
| **In office**
1861–1864 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1828-09-13)September 13, 1828
Brownsville, Indiana, U.S. |
| Died | July 10, 1901(1901-07-10) (aged 72)
Washington, D.C., U.S |
| Resting place | Oak Hill Cemetery |
| Political party | Republican |
|  | |


title: Thomas J. Christensen

abstract: Thomas J. Christensen is an American political scientist. He is the James T. Shotwell Professor of International Relations at the School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University.

text:
# Thomas J. Christensen

**Thomas J. Christensen** is an American political scientist. He is the James T. Shotwell Professor of International Relations at the School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University.

## Education

Christensen received his B.A. with honors from Haverford College, an M.A. in International Relations from the University of Pennsylvania, and Ph.D. in political science from Columbia University. Among his advisers at Columbia was Robert Jervis. His research interests include international relations, security, and the international relations of East Asia. He coined the terms Chain ganging and Buck passing in international relations with Jack Snyder.

## Career

From 2006 to 2008, he also served as Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs.

Christensen taught at Cornell University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Princeton University, where he co-founded the China in the World program with Harvard professor Alastair Ian Johnston in 2004. He was the William P. Boswell Professor of World Politics of Peace and War at Princeton University before joining the Columbia faculty in fall of 2018. He also sits on the faculty of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute at Columbia.

He has been described as a China expert by numerous Chinese and American publications. Gideon Rose called his views on the international system as neorealist.

Christensen served as a founding member of the Academic Advisory Council of the Schwarzman Scholars program. He was also a silver medalist of the 2016 Arthur Ross Book Award from the Council on Foreign Relations.

In 2020, Christensen, along with over 130 other former Republican national security officials, signed a statement asserting that President Donald Trump was unfit to serve another term, and "To that end, we are firmly convinced that it is in the best interest of our nation that Vice President Joe Biden be elected as the next President of the United States, and we will vote for him."

He is a participant of the Task Force on U.S.-China Policy convened by the Asia Society's Center on US-China Relations.

## Publications

### Articles

## InfoBox

| Thomas J. Christensen | |
| --- | --- |
| Christensen in 2015 | |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Education |  |
| Influences |  |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Political science |
| Institutions |  |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Traditional Chinese | 柯慶生 |
| Simplified Chinese | 柯庆生 |
|  | |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Kē Qìng Shēng | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Trigonopterus florensis

abstract: Trigonopterus florensis is a species of flightless weevil in the genus Trigonopterus from Indonesia.

text:
# Trigonopterus florensis

***Trigonopterus florensis*** is a species of flightless weevil in the genus *Trigonopterus* from Indonesia.

## Etymology

The specific name is derived from that of the island of Flores.

## Description

Individuals measure 1.48–2.04 mm in length. General coloration is black, with rust colored antennae and tarsi. The elytra vary between black and dark rust-colored.

## Range

The species is found around elevations of 1,250–1,590 metres (4,100–5,220 ft) around Golo Lusang, Mount Ranaka, and Lake Ranamese on the island of Flores, part of the Indonesian province of East Nusa Tenggara.

## Phylogeny

*T. florensis* is part of the *T. relictus* species group. The species is similar morphologically to *T. paraflorensis* and *T. pseudoflorensis*.

## InfoBox

| *Trigonopterus florensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Curculionidae |
| Genus: | *Trigonopterus* |
| Species: | ***T. florensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trigonopterus florensis***<br>Riedel, 2014 | |
|


title: The Dancing Druids

abstract: The Dancing Druids is a 1948 mystery detective novel by the British writer Gladys Mitchell. It is the twenty-first in her long-running series featuring the psychoanalyst and amateur detective Mrs. Bradley. The title refers to a group of prehistoric stones whose appearance resembles dancing druids.

text:
# The Dancing Druids

***The Dancing Druids*** is a 1948 mystery detective novel by the British writer Gladys Mitchell. It is the twenty-first in her long-running series featuring the psychoanalyst and amateur detective Mrs. Bradley. The title refers to a group of prehistoric stones whose appearance resembles dancing druids.

## Synopsis

In the West Country a cross country runner stumbles across a mysterious scene, and calls in Mrs. Bradley who arrives with her various assistants.

## Bibliography

* Craig, Patricia & Cadogan, Mary. *The Lady Investigates: Women Detectives and Spies in Fiction*. Orion Publishing Group 1981.
* Klein, Kathleen Gregory. *Great Women Mystery Writers: Classic to Contemporary*. Greenwood Press, 1994.
* Reilly, John M. *Twentieth Century Crime & Mystery Writers*. Springer, 2015.

## InfoBox

The Dancing Druids
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Gladys Mitchell |
| Language | English |
| Series | Mrs. Bradley |
| Genre | Mystery |
| Publisher | Michael Joseph |
| Publication date | 1948 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print |
| Preceded by | *Death and the Maiden* |
| Followed by | *Tom Brown's Body* |


title: The Boat Race 1931

abstract: The 83rd Boat Race took place on 21 March 1931. Held annually, the Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames. In a race umpired by the former rower John Houghton Gibbon, Cambridge won by two and a half lengths in a time of 19 minutes 26 seconds. The victory took the overall record to 42–40 in their favour. It was the first race for which John Snagge provided a radio commentary for the BBC.

text:
# The Boat Race 1931

The **83rd Boat Race** took place on 21 March 1931. Held annually, the Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames. In a race umpired by the former rower John Houghton Gibbon, Cambridge won by two and a half lengths in a time of 19 minutes 26 seconds. The victory took the overall record to 4240 in their favour. It was the first race for which John Snagge provided a radio commentary for the BBC.

## Background

The Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing competition between the University of Oxford (sometimes referred to as the "Dark Blues") and the University of Cambridge (sometimes referred to as the "Light Blues"). The race was first held in 1829, and since 1845 has taken place on the 4.2-mile (6.8 km) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London. The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities; it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and, as of 2014, broadcast worldwide. Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions, having won the 1930 race by two lengths, and led overall with 41 victories to Oxford's 40 (excluding the "dead heat" of 1877).

Cambridge were coached by R. W. M. Arbuthnot (who had rowed for Cambridge four times between 1909 and 1912), J. A. MacNabb (who had rowed in the 1924 race) and P. H. Thomas (a four-time Blue between 1902 and 1905). Oxford's coaches were A. V. Campbell (who took part in the 1922 and 1925 races), Stanley Garton (who had rowed three times between 1909 and 1911) and P. C. Mallam (a Dark Blue from 1921 to 1924 inclusive). The race was umpired by former Cambridge rower John Houghton Gibbon who had participated in the 1899 and 1900 races.

The rowing correspondent for *The Times* stated that the crews were "well-matched", while *The Manchester Guardian*'s correspondent predicted a "gruelling struggle". It was the first time John Snagge provided a radio commentary for the BBC. He would go on to commentate for the corporation every year up to and including the 1980 race.

## Crews

The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 12 st 4.625 lb (78.1 kg), 1.125 pounds (0.5 kg) per rower more than their opponents. Oxford saw three rowers return to their crew with Boat Race experience, including D. E. Tinne who was making his third consecutive appearance. Cambridge's crew included five rowers who had participated in the event prior to this year, including their stroke T. A. Brocklebank who was also rowing for the third year in a row. All of the participants in the race were registered as British.

| Seat | Oxford
 | | | Cambridge
 | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Name | College | Weight | Name | College | Weight |
| Bow | W. L. Garstang | Trinity | 11 st 2 lb | D. Haig-Thomas | Lady Margaret Boat Club | 11 st 4.5 lb |
| 2 | G. M. L. Smith | Brasenose | 11 st 11 lb | W. A. Prideaux | 3rd Trinity | 12 st 6 lb |
| 3 | D. E. Tinne (P) | University | 12 st 4 lb | R. H. H. Symonds | Lady Margaret Boat Club | 11 st 12.5 lb |
| 4 | C. M. Johnston | Brasenose | 12 st 9 lb | G. Gray | Queens' | 13 st 5 lb |
| 5 | R. A. J. Poole | Brasenose | 13 st 2 lb | P. N. Carpmael | Jesus | 13 st 0 lb |
| 6 | L. Clive | Christ Church | 13 st 2.5 lb | H. R. N. Rickett | 3rd Trinity | 12 st 10 lb |
| 7 | W. D. C. Erskine-Crum | Christ Church | 12 st 1.5 lb | C. J. S. Sergel | Clare | 12 st 7 lb |
| Stroke | R. W. G. Holdsworth | Brasenose | 11 st 10.5 lb | T. A. Brocklebank (P) | 3rd Trinity | 11 st 6 lb |
| Cox | E. R. Edmett | Worcester | 8 st 7 lb | J. M. Ranking | Pembroke | 6 st 13 lb |
| Source:
(P)  boat club president | | | | | | |

## Race

Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Middlesex station, handing the Surrey side of the river to Cambridge. In wind gusting from the south-west, the umpire Gibbons started the race. Cambridge took an early lead, although they were out-rated by the Dark Blues. The boats were close, with oars nearly touching, for the first two minutes of the race, before the Light Blue cox steered to avoid a collision. By the end of Fulham Wall, Cambridge held a half-length lead although Oxford kept in touch, and even reduced the deficit to a quarter of a length by the time the crews passed the Mile Post.

By the Crab Tree pub, Cambridge's stroke Brocklebank made his first push for ten strokes to which Oxford responded in kind. A second push from the Light Blues however saw them pull away and lead by one and a quarter lengths as they passed below Hammersmith Bridge. As both crews encountered a headwind, they dropped to 29 strokes per minute, but their styles were markedly different: Cambridge were lively while Oxford laboured. By Chiswick Steps the lead was two and a half lengths and three by Barnes Bridge. The Dark Blues pushed hard in the final stretches and slowly reduced Cambridge's lead until Brocklebank put one final spurt in at Mortlake Brewery to secure the victory.

Cambridge won by two and a half lengths in a time of 19 minutes 26 seconds, their eighth consecutive win in the event and the narrowest margin of victory since the 1923 race. The win took the overall record in the event to 4240 in their favour.

**Notes**

**Bibliography**

## InfoBox

| 83rd Boat Race | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 21 March 1931 |
| Winner | Cambridge |
| Margin of victory | 2+12 lengths |
| Winning time | 19 minutes 26 seconds |
| Overall record
(CambridgeOxford) | 4240 |
| Umpire | John Houghton Gibbon
(Cambridge) |
|  | |


title: Mina Kiá

abstract: Mina Kiá is a 2017 short drama film from São Tomé and Príncipe, the directorial debut of Katya Aragão. It tells of the hardships faced by girls in São Tomé. The film features Ana Pinheiro in the lead role. Additional participants include Ely Patrícia, Marilene Mandinga, Job do Mocho, and Djamila Costa.

text:
# Mina Kiá

***Mina Kiá*** (the little housemaid) is a 2017 short drama film from São Tomé and Príncipe, the directorial debut of Katya Aragão. It tells of the hardships faced by girls in São Tomé. The film features Ana Pinheiro in the lead role. Additional participants include Ely Patrícia, Marilene Mandinga, Job do Mocho, and Djamila Costa.

## Plot summary

Tónia dreams of becoming a journalist. Her family sends her to live with relatives in the big city. Her relatives treat her like a housemaid, and abuse and rape her. Other girls in similar situations drop out of school and forego any professional future, but Tonya is determined to persevere and make her dreams come true.

## Background and production

The film was produced with funding from European External Action Service program for film development in Africa and the promotion of human rights. Filming took place in Porto Alegre and in various locations on the island of São Tomé.

Aragão created the film in order to highlight the issues facing girls in her country, to expose the taboo associated with the topic, and to promote resolution of these problems through education. The issue is recognized as a serious problem in São Tomé and Principe. Aragão has stated that violence and discrimination towards girls are the main reasons they drop out of school, and that she intentionally did not depict her main character, Tónia, as quitting her education in spite of the extreme hardships she faced. "I chose to show a young girl's empowerment through education... The film is intended to spark dialog about a subject that is taboo, and raise awareness about what's going on, so that the mentality can change, and to encourage the struggle for women's rights and gender equality, which we are far from achieving at this point."

## Release

The film was selected for screening at many international film festivals, mostly Portuguese language ones, including Kugoma – Mozambique Film Forum in Maputo, the São Tomé and Principe International Film Festival, FESTIN, the international Portuguese language film festival, the international women's film festival Porto Femme, the Cape Verde European Film Festival, and the African Film Week at Angola House in Brazil.

On the 29th anniversary of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the film was screened at a co-production of Alliance Française and UNICEF, on November 23, 2018, and it was also broadcast on the international television station RTF on November 3, 2018.

## InfoBox

| Mina Kiá | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Katya Aragão |
| Starring | Ana Pinheiro |
| Production<br>company | Tela Digital Media Group |
| Release date | * September 28, 2017 (2017-09-28) |
| Running time | 45 minutes |
| Country | São Tomé and Príncipe |
| Language | Portuguese |


title: Vito Acconci

abstract: Vito Acconci was an American performance, video and installation artist, whose diverse practice eventually included sculpture, architectural design, and landscape design. His performance and video art was characterized by "existential unease," exhibitionism, discomfort, transgression and provocation, as well as wit and audacity, and often involved crossing boundaries such as public–private, consensual–nonconsensual, and real world–art world. His work is considered to have influenced artists including Laurie Anderson, Karen Finley, Bruce Nauman, and Tracey Emin, among others. Acconci was initially interested in radical poetry, creating 0 to 9 Magazine, but by the late 1960s he began creating Situationist-influenced performances in the street or for small audiences that explored the body and public space. Two of his most famous pieces were Following Piece (1969), in which he selected random passersby on New York City streets and followed them for as long as he was able, and Seedbed (1972), in which he claimed that he masturbated while under a temporary floor at the Sonnabend Gallery, as visitors walked above and heard him speaking. In the late-1970s, he turned to sculpture, architecture and design, greatly increasing the scale of his work, if not his art world profile. Over the next two decades he developed public artworks and parks, airport rest areas, artificial islands and other architectural projects that frequently embraced participation, change and playfulness. Notable works of this period include: Personal Island, designed for Zwolle, the Netherlands (1994); Walkways Through the Wall at the Wisconsin Center, in Milwaukee, WI (1998); and Murinsel, for Graz, Austria (2003). Retrospectives of Acconci's work have been organized by the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam (1978) and the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago (1980), and his work is in numerous public collections, including those of the Museum of Modern Art and Whitney Museum of American Art. He has been recognized with fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts, John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation (1979), and American Academy in Rome (1986). In addition to his art and design work, Acconci taught at many higher learning institutions. Acconci died on April 28, 2017, in Manhattan at age 77.

text:
# Vito Acconci

**Vito Acconci** (Italian: \[ˈviːto akˈkontʃi\], /əˈkɒni/; January 24, 1940 – April 27, 2017) was an American performance, video and installation artist, whose diverse practice eventually included sculpture, architectural design, and landscape design. His performance and video art was characterized by "existential unease," exhibitionism, discomfort, transgression and provocation, as well as wit and audacity, and often involved crossing boundaries such as public–private, consensual–nonconsensual, and real world–art world. His work is considered to have influenced artists including Laurie Anderson, Karen Finley, Bruce Nauman, and Tracey Emin, among others.

Acconci was initially interested in radical poetry, creating 0 to 9 Magazine, but by the late 1960s he began creating Situationist-influenced performances in the street or for small audiences that explored the body and public space. Two of his most famous pieces were *Following Piece* (1969), in which he selected random passersby on New York City streets and followed them for as long as he was able, and *Seedbed* (1972), in which he claimed that he masturbated while under a temporary floor at the Sonnabend Gallery, as visitors walked above and heard him speaking.

In the late-1970s, he turned to sculpture, architecture and design, greatly increasing the scale of his work, if not his art world profile. Over the next two decades he developed public artworks and parks, airport rest areas, artificial islands and other architectural projects that frequently embraced participation, change and playfulness. Notable works of this period include: *Personal Island*, designed for Zwolle, the Netherlands (1994); *Walkways Through the Wall* at the Wisconsin Center, in Milwaukee, WI (1998); and *Murinsel*, for Graz, Austria (2003). Retrospectives of Acconci's work have been organized by the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam (1978) and the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago (1980), and his work is in numerous public collections, including those of the Museum of Modern Art and Whitney Museum of American Art. He has been recognized with fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts (1976, 1980, 1983, 1993), John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation (1979), and American Academy in Rome (1986). In addition to his art and design work, Acconci taught at many higher learning institutions. Acconci died on April 28, 2017, in Manhattan at age 77.

## Life and work

### Education

Born Vito Hannibal Acconci in the Bronx, New York in 1940, Acconci attended a Roman Catholic elementary school, high school (Regis High School in New York City), and college. He received a BA in literature from the College of the Holy Cross in 1962 and an MFA in literature and poetry from the University of Iowa. He noted: "There wasn't a woman in my classroom between kindergarten and graduate school." Then he returned to New York City to pursue a career as a poet.

### 1960s and 70s

Acconci began his career as a poet, editing and self-publishing the poetry magazine *0 TO 9* with Bernadette Mayer in the late 1960s. Produced in quantities of 100 to 350 copies per issue on a mimeograph machine, the magazine mixed contributions by both poets and artists.

In the late 1960s, Acconci transformed himself into a performance and video artist using his own body as a subject for photography, film, video, and performance. Most of his early work incorporated subversive social comment. His performance and video work was marked heavily by confrontation and Situationism. In the mid-1970s, Acconci expanded his métier into the world of audio/visual installations.

One installation/performance work from this period, perhaps his best known work, is *Seedbed* (January 15–29, 1972). In *Seedbed* Acconci lay hidden underneath a gallery-wide ramp installed at the Sonnabend Gallery, masturbating while vocalizing into a loudspeaker his fantasies about the visitors walking above him on the ramp. One motivation behind *Seedbed* was to involve the public in the work's production by creating a situation of reciprocal interchange between artist and viewer.

Cindy Nemser was the first art critic to write about Acconci for *Arts Magazine* in 1971. Nemser also later did an interview with Acconci which became the cover piece for *Arts Magazine*. In the article "Video: the Aesthetics of Narcissism," Rosalind Krauss refers to aspects of Narcissism apparent in the video work of Acconci. "A line of sight begin Acconci's plane of vision ends on the eyes of his projected double." Krauss uses this description to underline aspects of narcissism in the Vito Acconci work *Centers.* In the piece Acconci is filming himself pointing directly at himself for about 25 minutes; by doing so Acconci makes a nonsensical gesture that exemplifies the critical aspects of a work of art through the beginning of the 20th century. Krauss also goes on to explain the psychological basis behind the actions of video in comparison to discussions of object art.

### 1980s

In the 1980s, Acconci turned to permanent sculptures and installations. During this time he invited viewers to create artwork by activating machinery that erected shelters and signs. One of the most prominent examples of these temporary installations is titled *Instant House,* which was first created in 1980, but was recently exhibited in the summer of 2012 at the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego. Later, in January 1983, Acconci was a visiting artist at Middlebury College. During that time, he completed *Way Station I (Study Chamber),* which was his first permanent installation. The work sparked immense controversy on the college's campus, and was eventually set on fire and destroyed in 1985. Despite this, the sculpture marked a transition for Acconci's career from performance artist to architectural designer. He turned to the creation of furniture and prototypes of houses and gardens in the late 1980s, and in 1988, the artist founded Acconci Studio, which focused on theoretical design and building. Acconci Studio is located on Jay Street in Brooklyn. Acconci designed the United Bamboo store in Tokyo in 2003, and collaborated on concept designs for interactive art vehicle Mister Artsee in 2006, among others including the highly acclaimed: Murinsel in Graz, Austria.

The artist has focused on architecture and landscape design that integrates public and private space. One example of this is *Walkways Through the Wall,* which flow through structural boundaries of the Wisconsin Center in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and provide seating at both ends. An example of this interest on the private/public space is the collaboration he did with architect Steven Holl when commissioned on a collaborative building project for Storefront for Art and Architecture. The project replaced the existing facade with a series of twelve panels that pivot vertically or horizontally to open the entire length of the gallery directly onto the street. The project blurs the boundary between interior and exterior and, by placing the panels in different configurations, creates a multitude of different possible facades, and is now regarded as a contemporary architectural landmark. Another example of his work is *Dirt Wall* (1992) at the Arvada Center for the Arts and Humanities Sculpture Garden in Colorado. The wall begins outside the Arvada Center and extends inside, rising from ground level to a height of 24 feet. The glass and steel wall contains a mixture of volcanic rock, various types of sand, red dolomite, and topsoil which are visible through the glass panels, and represents an attempt to bring what is underground up, and what is outside in.

### 2000s

One of his later works, *Lobby-for-the-Time-Being* is an installation in the North Wing Lobby of Bronx Museum of the Arts. It has been there since 2009. The installation fills the lobby with a web of white Corian, creating a long, undulating wall resembling giant paper snowflakes.

In 2008, in an interview with Brian Sherwin for *Myartspace,* Vito discussed *Seedbed* at length. Vito discussed the title *Seedbed* and the connection it had to the performance, stating, "I knew what my goal had to be: I had to produce seed, the space I was in should become a bed of seed, a field of seed – in order to produce seed, I had to masturbate – in order to masturbate, I had to excite myself."

In 2010, Acconci completed *Waterfall Out & In,* a water feature at the visitors' center of the Newtown Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant in Greenpoint, Brooklyn. Part of the piece is indoors and part of the piece is outdoors.

In 2013, Acconci's *Way Station I (Study Chamber),* a work that was vandalized and destroyed in 1985 after being constructed for Middlebury College, was reinstalled along with an exhibit at the college's museum.

In 2014, Acconci was featured in a video segment, produced by Marc Santo, in which he talks about a few of his favorite projects that were never completed, including a Skate Park in San Jose and a museum of needles in Ichihara, Japan. "I think what unbuildable stuff leads to is maybe a possible reexamination, not so much of the past, but of what's to come," he said in the interview.

## Academic career

Acconci taught at many institutions, including the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design, Halifax; San Francisco Art Institute; California Institute of the Arts, Valencia; Cooper Union; School of the Art Institute of Chicago; Yale University; University of Iowa, Pratt Institute; and the Parsons School of Design. Prior to his death, he had most recently taught at Brooklyn College in the Art Department and Performance and Interactive Media Arts programs and was an Adjunct Associate Professor at Pratt Institute in the Graduate Architecture and Urban Design Department.

## Personal life and death

Acconci had been married to the artist Rosemary Mayer in the 1960s. Acconci died on April 28, 2017. He was 77. His cause of death has not been released by his estate. He is survived by his wife, Maria Acconci.

## Exhibitions

* "Vienna For Art's Sake ! Contemporary Art Show", created by Peter Noever; 161 exceptional artists, architects, designers, 13 solo exhibitions / site-specific interventions: Vito + Maria Elena Acconci, Zaha hadid, Magdalena Jetelová, Michael Kienzer, Hans Kupelwieser, Hermann Nitsch, Eva Schlegel, Kiki Smith, the next ENTERprise, Iv Toshain, Atelier Van Lieshout, Koen Vanmechelen, Manfred Wakolbinger; Winter Palace/Belvedere Wien; starting point: Imago Mundi/Luciano Benetton Collection, Archive Austria, curated by Peter Noever, Wien, 2015
* "Vito Acconci. The City Inside Us", edited by Peter Noever/MAK, 1993

## Further reading

* Peter Lodermeyer, Karlyn De Jongh & Sarah Gold, *Personal Structures: Time Space Existence*, DuMont Verlag, Cologne, Germany, (2009): p. 282 – 287.
* "Vito Acconci." MoMA. MoMA, n.d. Web. 9 May 2013. \<Vito Acconci | MoMA\>.
* Lee, A. C. "Exhibits From 2 Artists in Their 70s." *The New York Times*. 26 Apr. 2012. Web.
* Frazer Ward, Mark C. Taylor, Jennifer Bloomer, *Vito Acconci*, Phaidon, London, 2002.

### Articles

* Alessandra Orlandoni "Interview with Vito Acconci"*The Plan 020*, June 2007.
* Frederic Maufras *Parachute 118*, April–June 2005.
* *Altered States* from London-based *ZG Magazine*, edited by Rosetta Brooks.

## InfoBox

| Vito Acconci | |
| --- | --- |
| Acconci in 1973 | |
| Born | Vito Hannibal Acconci
(1940-01-24)January 24, 1940
New York City, U.S. |
| Died | April 27, 2017(2017-04-27) (aged 77)
New York City, U.S. |
| Education | College of the Holy Cross (BA)
University of Iowa (MFA) |
| Known for | Landscape architect
Installation art
Performance art
Video art |
| Notable work | *0 to 9* |
| Website | www.acconci.com |


title: Vittorio Capellaro

abstract: Eusebio Vittorio Giovanni Battista Capellaro (1877–1943) was a Brazilian film director, film producer, film actor, and screenwriter who worked in the Cinema of Brazil between 1915 and 1935.

text:
# Vittorio Capellaro

**Eusebio Vittorio Giovanni Battista Capellaro** (1877–1943) was a Brazilian film director, film producer, film actor, and screenwriter who worked in the Cinema of Brazil between 1915 and 1935.

## Director filmography

* *Inocência* (1915)
* *O Guaraní* (1916)
* *Iracema* (1917)
* *O Cruzeiro do Sul* (1917)
* *O Garimpeiro* (1920)
* *O Guaraní* (1926)
* *O Caçador de Diamantes* (1934)
* *Fazendo Fitas* (1935)

## InfoBox

| Vittorio Capellaro | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 21 October 1877
Mongrando, Italy |
| Died | 1943
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
| Years active | 1915–1935 |


title: Sidney Knott

abstract: Sidney Knott was a South African cricketer who played first-class cricket for Border from 1951 to 1964. A fast bowler, Sidney Knott was a fixture in the Border team for ten years after making his first-class debut in the 1951–52 season at the age of 18. He had his most successful season in 1952–53, when he took 36 wickets in six matches at an average of 17.19. He also took his best innings figures in that season, 7 for 34 against North Eastern Transvaal, and his best match figures, 4 for 54 and 6 for 50 against Griqualand West. Against Natal in East London in 1959–60 he took 5 for 40, bowling unchanged through the innings, to help dismiss Natal for 90 on the first day. Border, however, were then dismissed for totals of 16 and 18, Knott being one of the three batsmen who made a pair.

text:
# Sidney Knott

**Sidney Knott** (12 August 1933 – 8 December 2020) was a South African cricketer who played first-class cricket for Border from 1951 to 1964.

A fast bowler, Sidney Knott was a fixture in the Border team for ten years after making his first-class debut in the 1951–52 season at the age of 18. He had his most successful season in 1952–53, when he took 36 wickets in six matches at an average of 17.19. He also took his best innings figures in that season, 7 for 34 against North Eastern Transvaal, and his best match figures, 4 for 54 and 6 for 50 against Griqualand West.

Against Natal in East London in 1959–60 he took 5 for 40, bowling unchanged through the innings, to help dismiss Natal for 90 on the first day. Border, however, were then dismissed for totals of 16 and 18, Knott being one of the three batsmen who made a pair.

## InfoBox

Sidney Knott
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1933-08-12)12 August 1933
Alice, Cape Province, South Africa |
| Died | 8 December 2020(2020-12-08) (aged 87)
East London, Eastern Cape, South Africa |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm fast |
| Relations | Donald Knott (son) |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1951–52 to 1964–65 | Border |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 49  Runs scored 1222  Batting average 14.37  100s/50s 0/6  Top score 79  Balls bowled 10,616  Wickets 194  Bowling average 21.59  5 wickets in innings 11  10 wickets in match 1  Best bowling 7/34  Catches/stumpings 19/0 | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 5 December 2017 | |


title: United Libya Airlines

abstract: United Libyan Airlines was a Libyan charter airline, headquartered in Benghazi.

text:
# United Libya Airlines

**United Libyan Airlines** was a Libyan charter airline, headquartered in Benghazi.

## History

The company was set up in early 1962 as a Libyan-owned charter airline that initially employed British crews. The airline took delivery of its first aircraft, a British-registered Douglas DC-3 bought from Autair, in March 1962.

United Libyan Airlines was absorbed into Kingdom of Libya Airlines on 2 October 1965.

## InfoBox

United Libyan Airlines
| IATA ICAO Call sign | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1962 (1962) |
| Ceased operations | 2 October 1965 (1965-10-02) |
| Fleet size | 1 |
| Headquarters | Benghazi, Libya |
| Key people | C. J. Bicknell (General Manager) |


title: Thomas Steele (British politician)

abstract: Thomas Steele PC was a British politician at the turn of the nineteenth century.

text:
# Thomas Steele (British politician)

**Thomas Steele** PC (17 November 1753 – 8 December 1823) was a British politician at the turn of the nineteenth century.

## Early life

Steele was born on 17 November 1753. He was the eldest son of Thomas Steele, Recorder of Chichester, and the former Elizabeth Madgwick of Cuckfield. His younger brother was Robert Steele, MP for Weobley.

He was educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge.

## Career

His father was connected in Chichester politics with MP John Page, but transferred his allegiance when the Duke of Richmond secured control of the borough. After studying law at the Middle Temple he was elected as MP for Chichester in 1780, holding the seat until 1807.

He held the post of Joint Secretary to the Treasury from 1783 to 1791, Joint Paymaster of the Forces from 1791 to 1804, and King's Remembrancer from 1797 to 1823.

## Personal life

On 3 September 1785, Steele married Charlotte Amelia Lindsay, the daughter of Sir David Lindsay, 4th Baronet, of Evelick, Perth. Among her siblings were William Lindsay, the Ambassador to Venice and Governor of Tobago, and Naval officer Sir Charles Lindsay. Her father died in 1797 and the baronetcy passed to her brother Charles but, being childless, it became extinct upon his death by drowning in 1799. The Evelick estate was then inherited by Charlotte-Amelia. Together, they were the parents of a son and two daughters, including:

Steele died on 8 December 1823.

### Relationship with Pitt

Steele was a close friend of William Pitt the Younger, the youngest and last prime minister of Great Britain and then first prime minister of the United Kingdom. Pitt's biographer William Hague writes:

> Pitt was happiest among his Cambridge companions or family. He had no social ambitions, and it was rare for him to set out to make a friend. The talented collaborators of his first 18 months in office—Beresford, Wyvil and Twining—passed in and out of his mind along with their areas of expertise. Pitt's lack of interest in enlarging his social circle meant that it did not grow to encompass any women outside his own family, a fact that produced a good deal of rumour. From late 1784, a series of satirical verses appeared in *The Morning Herald* drawing attention to Pitt's lack of knowledge of women: "Tis true, indeed, we oft abuse him,/Because he bends to no man;/But slander's self dares not accuse him/Of stiffness to a woman." Others made snide references to Pitt's friendship with Tom Steele, Secretary to the Treasury. At the height of the constitutional crisis in 1784, Sheridan had compared Pitt to James I's favourite, the Duke of Buckingham, a clear reference to homosexuality.

## Legacy and honours

Steel(e) Point, on Sydney Harbour, Australia, was named for him when he was Joint Secretary to the Treasury during the time of Arthur Phillip's governorship.

### Descendants

Through his daughter Charlotte, he was a grandfather of Maria Charlotte Ridley-Colborne (wife of Sir George Nugent, 2nd Baronet, son of Sir George Nugent, 1st Baronet), Henrietta Susannah Ridley-Colborne (wife of Brampton Gurdon), Emily Frances Ridley-Colborne (wife of John Moyer Heathcote), William Nicholas Ridley-Colborne (MP for Richmond), and Louisa Harriet Ridley-Colborne (wife of Harvie Morton Farquhar, son of Sir Thomas Farquhar, 2nd Baronet).


title: The DJ 5 in the Mix

abstract: The DJ 5 In The Mix is the fifth DJ mix compilation by German producer and remixer ATB, which was released on January 12, 2010. The DJ 5 is a triple-CD album, and includes songs by various DJs and producers, all mixed and compiled by ATB. ATB has collaborated with many important artists for this release, including Ferry Corsten.

text:
# The DJ 5 in the Mix

***The DJ 5 In The Mix*** is the fifth DJ mix compilation by German producer and remixer ATB, which was released on January 12, 2010. *The DJ 5* is a triple-CD album, and includes songs by various DJs and producers, all mixed and compiled by ATB.

ATB has collaborated with many important artists for this release, including Ferry Corsten.

## Track listing

### Disc 1

1. ATB - 9 PM Reloaded \[Club Version\] \[Version\]
2. Fischerspooner - Supply & Demand
3. Arty - Gentle Touch
4. Alpha9 - Bliss \[Alpha Club Mix\]
5. Dash Berlin With Cerf, Mitiska & Jaren - Man on the Run
6. Cor Fijneman Feat. Melissa Mathes - Disappear \[Carlos Sun Juan Remix\]
7. Jaco - Unreachable
8. ATB Pres. Flanders - Behind \[EDX Ibiza Sunrise Remix\]
9. Simon Patterson - Different Feeling
10. Estiva - I Feel Fine \[Piano Mix\]
11. Signalrunners - Meet Me In Montauk
12. JPL - Waking Up With You
13. DJ Tatana - Somebody \[Leventina Remix\]
14. Mossy - Come With Me

### Disc 2

1. ATB - Gravity \[2010 ATB Club Mix\]
2. Kyau & Albert - I Love You \[Cosmic Gate Remix\]
3. Steve Brian - Starlight
4. Josh Gallahan - Shades of Love
5. ATB, Tanneberger, Andre - L.A. Nights \[ATB's 2010 Energy Club Mix\]
6. Cold Blue - Fever
7. Akesson\* - Flavour Park
8. ATB & Josh Gallahan - Mythology
9. JPL - Summer Skin
10. Ferry Tayle & Static Blue - L'Acrobat
11. Henrik Christensen - Overseas
12. Oliver Smith - Cirrus
13. Adam Nickey - Callista
14. Ronski Speed - Aural Slave \[Thomas Datt Remix\]
15. Walsh & McAuley - Beyond Belief

### Disc 3

1. Dance 2 Trance - Hello San Francisco
2. Zyon - No Fate \[Struggle Continuous Mix\]
3. Energy 52 - Cafe Del Mar \[Three N One Remix\]
4. Chicane Feat. Moya Brennan - Saltwater
5. Hidden Logic Pres. Luminary - Wasting
6. Breakfast (3) - Dancing in the Moonlight
7. Jam & Spoon - Stella
8. Three Drives - Greece 2000
9. Airwave - When Things Go Wrong
10. Ferry Corsten Pres. Moonman - Galaxia
11. Andain - Beautiful Things \[Gabriel & Dresden Unplugged Mix\]
12. Moby - Go
13. Cosmic Baby - Liebe

## InfoBox

| The DJ 5 in the Mix | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by ATB | |
| Released | January 12, 2010 |
| Recorded | 2010 |
| Genre | Trance |
| Producer | ATB |
| ATB chronology | |
| *The DJ 4 in the Mix*
(2007) ***The DJ 5 in the Mix***
(2010) *The DJ 6 in the Mix*
(2010) | |


title: Trifurcula calycotomella

abstract: Trifurcula calycotomella is a moth of the family Nepticulidae. It was described by A. and Z. Laštuvka in 1997. It was described from Liguria, Italy, but is also found in Spain, France, Croatia and Greece. The larvae feed on Calicotome spinosa.

text:
# Trifurcula calycotomella

***Trifurcula calycotomella*** is a moth of the family Nepticulidae. It was described by A. and Z. Laštuvka in 1997. It was described from Liguria, Italy, but is also found in Spain, France, Croatia and Greece.

The larvae feed on *Calicotome spinosa*.

## InfoBox

| *Trifurcula calycotomella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Nepticulidae |
| Genus: | *Trifurcula* |
| Species: | ***T. calycotomella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trifurcula calycotomella***<br>Laštuvka, A. & Z., 1997 | |
|


title: Oxyopes macilentus

abstract: Oxyopes macilentus, sometimes known as the lean lynx spider, is a species of lynx spiders from East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and northern Australia. They are active predators, hunting invertebrates among vegetation. They are especially common in grassy areas and rice fields. Their bodies are characteristically long and thin, about four times as long as it is wide. Their body color ranges from pale white to yellow, orange, or green; with a pattern of black, orange, and white longitudinal lines. Females have a maximum body length of 10 mm (0.39 in), while males grow to 9 mm (0.35 in). The species was first described in 1878 by the German arachnologist Ludwig Carl Christian Koch. The specific name is from Latin macilentus, in reference to the spider's body. It is classified under the genus Oxyopes.

text:
# Oxyopes macilentus

***Oxyopes macilentus***, sometimes known as the **lean lynx spider**, is a species of lynx spiders from East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and northern Australia. They are active predators, hunting invertebrates (including other spiders) among vegetation. They are especially common in grassy areas and rice fields. Their bodies are characteristically long and thin, about four times as long as it is wide. Their body color ranges from pale white to yellow, orange, or green; with a pattern of black, orange, and white longitudinal lines. Females have a maximum body length of 10 mm (0.39 in), while males grow to 9 mm (0.35 in).

The species was first described in 1878 by the German arachnologist Ludwig Carl Christian Koch. The specific name is from Latin *macilentus* ("lean" or "thin"), in reference to the spider's body. It is classified under the genus *Oxyopes*.

## InfoBox

| *Oxyopes macilentus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Female *O. macilentus* from the Philippines | |
|  | |
| Male *O. macilentus* from Brisbane, Australia | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Oxyopidae |
| Genus: | *Oxyopes* |
| Species: | ***O. macilentus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oxyopes macilentus***<br>L. Koch, 1878 | |
|


title: The Boat Race 1980

text:
# The Boat Race 1980

The 126th Boat Race took place on 5 April 1980. Held annually, the Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames. It was won by Oxford in the closest finish for a century, despite one of its oarsmen collapsing before the end of the race.

In the reserve race, Isis beat Goldie by five lengths, and in the Women's Boat Race, Oxford were victorious.

## Background

The Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing competition between the University of Oxford (sometimes referred to as the "Dark Blues") and the University of Cambridge (sometimes referred to as the "Light Blues"). First held in 1829, the race takes place on the 4.2 miles (6.8 km) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London. The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide. Oxford went into the race as reigning champions, having beaten Cambridge by 3+12 lengths in the previous year's race. However Cambridge held the overall lead, with 68 victories to Oxford's 56 (excluding the "dead heat" of 1877). The race was sponsored for fourth time by Ladbrokes. It was the last race to be commentated on BBC Radio by John Snagge.

The first Women's Boat Race took place in 1927, but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s. Until 2014, the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races, but as of the 2015 race, it is held on the River Thames, on the same day as the men's main and reserve races. The reserve race, contested between Oxford's Isis boat and Cambridge's Goldie boat has been held since 1965. It usually takes place on the Tideway, prior to the main Boat Race.

Cambridge coach Graeme Hall was stroke for the Light Blues in the 1968 race, racing against Oxford coach Daniel Topolski who was bowman for the Dark Blues that year. Cambridge Boat Club president John Woodhouse noted: "We have cut down the number of formal dinners with old Blues and old coaches, and we have tried to keep the evenings quiet."

## Crews

The Oxford crew featured three Old Blues, Chris Mahoney, Mike Diserens, and Boris Rankov, who was rowing in his third University Boat Race. In J.S. Palmer and A.G. Phillips, Cambridge's crew contained two Blues returning from the previous year's race. Hugh Laurie was following the tradition of his father, former Light Blue president and Olympic gold medallist Ran, who had won the Boat Race in 1934, 1935 and 1936.

| Seat | Oxford
 | | | Cambridge
 | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Name | College | Weight | Name | College | Weight |
| Bow | S. R. W. Francis | Corpus Christi | 13 st 12 lb | L. W. J. Baart | Gonville and Caius | 13 st 4 lb |
| 2 | N. A. Conington | Oriel | 13 st 0 lb | M. F. Panter | Lady Margaret Boat Club | 14 st 1 lb |
| 3 | M. D. Andrews | Magdalen | 14 st 0.5 lb | T. W. Whitney | Jesus | 13 st 7 lb |
| 4 | J. L. Bland | Merton | 13 st 11 lb | J. H. C. Laurie | Selwyn | 13 st 12 lb |
| 5 | N. B. Rankov (P) | Corpus Christi | 14 st 3 lb | A. G. Phillips | Jesus | 13 st 5.5 lb |
| 6 | C. J. Mahoney | Oriel | 13 st 6 lb | J. W. Woodhouse (P) | Selwyn | 13 st 9 lb |
| 7 | T. C. M Barry | Oriel | 13 st 4.5 lb | J. S. Palmer | Pembroke | 14 st 8 lb |
| Stroke | M. J. Diserens | Keble | 12 st 13 lb | A. D. Dalrymple | Downing | 12 st 8 lb |
| Cox | J. S Mead | St Edmund Hall | 8 st 3.5 lb | C. J. Wigglesworth | Jesus | 7 st 13.5 lb |
| Source:
(P)  Boat club president | | | | | | |

## Race

Oxford won the toss and elected to start on the Surrey station. The race started at 4.45 pm. Following a clash soon after the start, and another at Harrods, the crews were level. Despite Oxford's number seven, Thomas Barry, losing part of his blade, his crew established a lead and defended it against a higher rating Cambridge. Umpire Alan Burrough allowed the race to continue, despite the clash and close steering. By Barnes Bridge, Oxford's bowman, Steve Francis, was exhausted and "had more or less stopped rowing". Cambridge's push continued but Oxford passed the finishing post with a canvas' advantage, the closest finish of the century. Francis was treated for exhaustion, but was later diagnosed with hepatitis.

In the reserve race, Isis beat Goldie by five lengths, their first victory in four years. In the 35th running of the Women's Boat Race, Oxford triumphed, only their second victory in twenty years.

## Reaction

It was the first time Oxford had won five consecutive races since 1913 and was the "closest finish since at least the turn of the century." Laurie recalls his attempts to emulate his father's rowing career as "feeble". Rankov, rowing in the third of his six Boat Races, recalls the race as one of his most memorable. He continued: "It was unbelievable. They kept coming at us and every time we tried to get away nothing happened." Woodhouse lamented: "All I can say is that we shouldn't have lost by so much."

BBC reporter Snagge, commentating on his last Boat Race, remarked: "An absolutely cracking race ... a grand battle."

**Notes**

**Bibliography**

* Dodd, Christopher (1983). *The Oxford & Cambridge Boat Race*. Stanley Paul. ISBN 0-09-151340-5.

## InfoBox

| 126th Boat Race | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 5 April 1980 |
| Winner | Oxford |
| Margin of victory | Canvas |
| Winning time | 19 minutes 20 seconds |
| Overall record
(CambridgeOxford) | 6857 |
| Umpire | Alan Burrough |
| Other races | |
| Reserve winner | Isis |
| Women's winner | Oxford |
|  | |


title: Union Theatre, London

abstract: The Union Theatre is a fringe theatre situated in the borough of Southwark in London, England. It was established in 1998 by Sasha Regan, and has a reputation for staging musicals.

text:
# Union Theatre, London

The **Union Theatre** is a fringe theatre situated in the borough of Southwark in London, England. It was established in 1998 by Sasha Regan, and has a reputation for staging musicals.

## Original premises

In 1998, Sasha Regan took the initiative to convert a disused paper warehouse on Union Street near Southwark station into a functioning theatre. Set beneath railway arches, it was one of the more distinctive theatrical spaces in London. When its landlord, the publicly owned infrastructure body Network Rail, wished to redevelop the site for offices, a campaign was started to save the theatre, and also other small businesses nearby which were given just 12 weeks notice to relocate. The Union Theatre was given a stay of execution.

## Relocation

In 2016, after almost twenty years in its original premises, the Union Theatre moved into new Network Rail premises just across the road from its original site. The theatre's new home, which "will keep the heart of the Union intact," offers a restaurant, rehearsal room, and some offices to let. Enhanced facilities include tiered seats and an increased seating capacity.

## Notable productions

51°30′13″N 0°06′07″W / 51.5037°N 0.1019°W / 51.5037; -0.1019


title: Union Avenue Bridge (Passaic River)

abstract: Union Avenue Bridge is a vehicular bridge over the Passaic River in northeastern New Jersey, crossing the county line at the town of Rutherford in Bergen County and the city of Passaic in Passaic County. It takes its name from Union Avenue in Rutherford which connects to River Drive in Passaic. The two-lane, four-span fixed bridge which opened in 2002 is 13.2 miles (21.2 km) from the river's mouth at Newark Bay. There is another Union Avenue Bridge traversing the Passaic at Little Falls

text:
# Union Avenue Bridge (Passaic River)

**Union Avenue Bridge** is a vehicular bridge over the Passaic River in northeastern New Jersey, crossing the county line at the town of Rutherford in Bergen County and the city of Passaic in Passaic County. It takes its name from Union Avenue (CR S32) in Rutherford which connects to River Drive (and access to Route 21) in Passaic. The two-lane, four-span fixed bridge which opened in 2002 is 13.2 miles (21.2 km) from the river's mouth at Newark Bay. There is another Union Avenue Bridge traversing the Passaic at Little Falls

## History

The bridge replaced an earlier structure built in 1896. In 1963 it was struck by a barge which left it damaged; requiring it remain in the open position for two weeks. It was dedicated to Douglas O. Mead (1894–1971), a World War I and World War II veteran.

## InfoBox

| Union Avenue Bridge | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 40°50′30″N 74°07′23″W / 40.84162°N 74.12301°W / 40.84162; -74.12301 |
| Carries | Union Avenue (CR S32) to River Drive
and Route 21 |
| Crosses | Passaic River |
| Locale | Rutherford & Passaic,
New Jersey |
| Other name(s) | Douglas O. Mead Bridge |
| Owner | Bergen County and
Passaic County |
| Maintained by | NJDOT |
| ID number | 1600022 |
| Preceded by | 1896 (1896) |
| Characteristics | |
| Material | Steel/concrete |
| Total length | 295.9 feet (90.2 m) |
| Width | 39 feet (12 m) |
| Longest span | 80.1 feet (24.4 m) |
| No. of spans | 4 |
| Clearance above | 16.1 feet (4.9 m) |
| History | |
| Constructed by | M.J. Paquet, Inc |
| Construction cost | $9.5m |
| Opened | 2002 (2002) |
| Location | |
|  | |
| References | |
|  | |


abstract: The Union Avenue Historic Commercial District is a century-old business district in Pueblo, Colorado, United States. The district comprises sixty-nine contributing properties in a total area of 27 acres (11 ha) including the Union Depot, Vail Hotel and Quaker Flour Mill. In 1983, the district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The historic district was originally located within South Pueblo and Central Pueblo, two small cities until incorporated into Pueblo, Colorado which combined South Pueblo, Central Pueblo, Pueblo and Bessemer into one municipality. While still South Pueblo, Bat Masterson, best known for his association with Wyatt Earp and Doc Holliday was brought in as sheriff to protect a railroad that was being built.

text:
# Union Avenue Historic Commercial District

The **Union Avenue Historic Commercial District** is a century-old business district in Pueblo, Colorado, United States. The district comprises sixty-nine contributing properties in a total area of 27 acres (11 ha) including the Union Depot, Vail Hotel and Quaker Flour Mill. In 1983, the district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The historic district was originally located within South Pueblo and Central Pueblo, two small cities until incorporated into Pueblo, Colorado which combined South Pueblo, Central Pueblo, Pueblo and Bessemer into one municipality. While still South Pueblo, Bat Masterson, best known for his association with Wyatt Earp and Doc Holliday was brought in as sheriff to protect a railroad that was being built.

## History

Little is known about the early history of the area. On maps as early as 1872, the area was called 5th Street, with the first known reference to Union Avenue in 1880. The Pueblo City Hall, also on the National Historic Register of Places, had a key part in the formation of the modern city of Pueblo. In Article VI of The Articles of Consolidation, it was agreed that City hall had to be within this district "not further north then 2nd street in the present city of Pueblo and not further south then the Arkansas River."

The area has suffered several floods that have received national coverage due to the scope and the damage they caused to both the local and national economies. Before the current levee was constructed, the district and most of the rest of Pueblo was devastated by the single largest flood in Pueblo history in 1921. The damage was described to The Los Angeles Times by Maj. Paul P. Newlon, who took command of the state troops sent to help recovery, as "Conditions are beyond description...Virtually every building from the postoffice \[sic\] to the square beyond the Union station on Union avenue was completely wiped out." Waters as deep as 18 feet (5.5 m) almost completely destroyed the city's downtown and killed over 1,500 people. As Pueblo was the leading economic center of southern Colorado before the flood, both the city economy and the regional economy were severely set back.

Many of the existing buildings were built in the 1880s, but due to the floods many were remodeled to the standards of the time preceding the region's floods. Most notably this was an issue with the flood in 1921. With the collapse of the district economically and the decline of passenger railway use, the district soon became a notorious "Red Light District", known also for its many Taverns. Local folklore says that in the late 1930s the residents of Union Ave in the mesa junction area petitioned to have the street name changed, in order to avoid association with this element. In 1939 the upper portion of the street was renamed Colorado Ave.

Due to the impacts of negligent ownership and the age of the buildings, decay soon set in. Starting in 1996, a major voter approved project was started to renew the "unsightly" district to be a catalyst for cultural and economic growth. The Historic Arkansas River Project follows the original path of the Arkansas River, which had been rerouted after the 1921 flood. It has a special significance for Pueblo as it marks the former borders of France and Spain and later United States of America, Mexico and the Republic of Texas. By 2001 the addition of the Riverwalk was deemed a success in not only revitalizing the district, but helping the Pueblo city economy recover from a decade long recession the city had experienced after CF & I Steel laid off 3800 workers in 1982.

In November 2008, The Branch Inn, a historic building with ties to reputed mafioso Jo Jo Concialdi, was destroyed by a sudden explosion. One woman was killed and multiple other individuals were injured in the destruction of the Branch Inn. The century-old building was not only lost, but many other buildings in the area were damaged. An investigation by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives determined that the explosion was the result of a gas leak. However, responsibility for the accident is disputed, with multiple parties alleging that the city is responsible for neglecting possible warning signs, and the city claiming that the local utility company failed to properly maintain the leaking pipeline. The local district attorney has announced that no criminal charges will be filed. By late 2009, plans had been laid for new construction on the vacant lot, a move welcomed by neighboring business owners.

The Union Avenue Historic Commercial District is a common location for community events. Annual events held in the district include the "B Street Bash" in June, Oktoberfest in September, and the autumn Pueblo Chile and Frijoles Festival. The district has been host to several well-known politicians over its history. Pueblo Memorial Hall hosted the Pueblo speech, which was the last public speech of president Woodrow Wilson. The city erected a plaque commemorating his speech in support of the League of Nations. The Union Avenue Historic Commercial District was the location of a rally for Barack Obama's presidential campaign on October 31, 2008.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Union Avenue Historic Commercial District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| Union Depot, a prominent building in the district | |
|  | |
| Location | Roughly bounded by railroad tracks, Main St., and Grand and Victoria Aves., Pueblo, Colorado |
| Coordinates | 38°15′51″N 104°36′48″W / 38.26417°N 104.61333°W / 38.26417; -104.61333 |
| Area | 27 acres (11 ha) |
| Architect | G.W. Roe; P.P. Mills |
| Architectural style | Late Victorian |
| NRHP reference No. | 82001021 |
| Added to NRHP | December 28, 1982 |


title: Union process

abstract: The Union process was an above ground shale oil extraction technology for production of shale oil, a type of synthetic crude oil. The process used a vertical retort where heating causes decomposition of oil shale into shale oil, oil shale gas and spent residue. The particularity of this process is that oil shale in the retort moves from the bottom upward to the top, countercurrent to the descending hot gases, by a mechanism known as a rock pump. The process technology was invented by the American oil company Unocal Corporation in late 1940s and was developed through several decades. The largest oil shale retort ever built was the Union B type retort.

text:
# Union process

The **Union process** was an above ground shale oil extraction technology for production of shale oil, a type of synthetic crude oil. The process used a vertical retort where heating causes decomposition of oil shale into shale oil, oil shale gas and spent residue. The particularity of this process is that oil shale in the retort moves from the bottom upward to the top, countercurrent to the descending hot gases, by a mechanism known as a rock pump. The process technology was invented by the American oil company Unocal Corporation in late 1940s and was developed through several decades. The largest oil shale retort ever built was the Union B type retort.

## History

Union Oil Company of California (Unocal) started its oil shale activities in 1920s. In 1921, it acquired an oil shale tract in the Parachute Creek area of Colorado, southern Piceance Basin. The development of the Union process began in the late 1940s, when the Union A retort was designed. This technology was tested between 1954 and 1958 at the company-owned tract in the Parachute Creek. During these tests, up to 1,200 tonne per day of oil shale was processed, resulting of 800 barrels per day (130 m3/d) shale oil, which was refined at a Colorado refinery. More than 13,000 barrels (2,100 m3) of gasoline and fuels were produced. This production was finally shut down in 1961 due to cost.

In 1974, the Union B process, evolved from the Union A process, was developed. In 1976, Union announced its plans to build a Union B demonstration plant. Construction started in 1981 at Long Ridge in Garfield County, Colorado, and the plant was started its operations in 1986. It was closed in 1991 after production of 5 million barrels (790×10~~^~~3 m3) shale oil.

## Process

The Union process can be operated in two different combustion modes, which are direct and indirect. The Union A (direct) process is similar to the gas combustion retort technology, classified as an internal combustion method, while the Union B (indirect) process is classified as an externally generated hot gas method.

The Union retort is a vertical shaft retort. The main difference to other vertical shaft retorts such as Kiviter, Petrosix, Paraho and Fushun is that crushed oil shale is fed through the bottom of the retort rather than the top. Lumps of oil shale in size of 3.2 to 50.8 millimetres (0.13 to 2.00 in) are moved upwards through the retort by a solids pump (known as a "rock pump"). Hot gases, generated by internal combustion or circulated through the top of the retort, decompose the oil shale while descending. The pyrolysis occurs at the temperature of 510 °C (950.0 °F) to 540 °C (1,004.0 °F). Condensed shale oil and gases are removed from the retort at the bottom. Part of the gases is recirculated for pyrolysis and fueling combustion, while other part could be used as product gas. The spent shale is removed from the top of the retort. After cooling with a water, it is conveyed to the waste disposal.

## Advantages

The Union retort design has several advantages. The reducing atmosphere in the retort allows the removal of sulfur and nitrogen compounds through the formation of hydrogen sulfide and ammonia. Oil vapors are cooled by the raw oil, thus minimizing polymer formation among the hydrocarbon fractions.

## InfoBox

Union process
| Process type | Chemical |
| --- | --- |
| Industrial sector(s) | Chemical industry
oil industry |
| Feedstock | oil shale |
| Product(s) | shale oil |
| Leading companies | Unocal Corporation |
| Inventor | Unocal Corporation |


title: Military Household of the Emperor

abstract: The Military Household of the Emperor was the immediate entourage of the Emperor of the French during the First French Empire.

text:
# Military Household of the Emperor

**The Military Household of the Emperor** (French: *Maison Militaire de l'Empereur*) was the immediate entourage of the Emperor of the French during the First French Empire.

## Membership numbers

By the end of December 1806, no less than 800 men were members of the Military Household (200 for the saddle crew, 200 for the light crew, and 400 for the harness crew).

## Structure

Its key components were organised around three main functions:

* **Military and administrative functions**:
* **Military functions**:
    + Generals without assignment who were available for temporary assignments;
    + Seven *aides-de-camp* of the Emperor, who had their own *aides-de-camp*;
    + Twelve batmen of the Emperor, usually officers;
    + the Emperor's Cabinet;
    + Private Secretariat;
    + Espionage service;
    + Archives service;
    + One translator-secretary;
    + Topographical bureau;
* **Civil functions**:
    + The Emperor's personal service:
        - Four menservants of the Emperor;
        - Administrator of the gardens;
        - Mameluke of the Emperor (Roustam Raza);
    + Other services:
        - Marshal of the palace;
        - Prefect of the palace;
        - Chamberlains;
        - Squires;
        - Surgeons;
        - One doctor;
        - The crown's payer;
        - Low-ranking personnel (menservants, cooks, grooms etc.)

Alain Pigeard, "*Dictionnaire de la Grande Armée*", Tallandier, *Bibliothèque Napoléonienne*, 2004, ISBN 2-84734-009-2, p. 381-382.


title: Vladimir Velebit

abstract: Vladimir "Vlatko" Velebit, PhD was a Yugoslav politician, diplomat and military leader who rose the rank of Major-General during World War II. A lawyer by profession, after the war he became a diplomat and historian. Among his notable post-World War II appointments were the Yugoslav Ambassador to Rome as well as the Court of St. James's and World Bank. Additionally, he was Yugoslav Deputy Minister of Foreign Trade, and UNECE Executive Secretary from 1960 to 1967.

text:
# Vladimir Velebit

**Vladimir "Vlatko" Velebit**, PhD (19 August 1907  29 August 2004) was a Yugoslav politician, diplomat and military leader who rose the rank of Major-General during World War II. A lawyer by profession, after the war he became a diplomat and historian.

Among his notable post-World War II appointments were the Yugoslav Ambassador to Rome as well as the Court of St. James's and World Bank. Additionally, he was Yugoslav Deputy Minister of Foreign Trade, and UNECE Executive Secretary from 1960 to 1967.

## Early life and education

Born in Zadar, Austria-Hungary to Serbian father Ljubomir Velebit and Slovenian-Croatian mother Olga Šeme, Vladimir's family had a long military tradition. His father Ljubomir was an officer in the Austro-Hungarian Army, fighting on the Russian front during World War I and later becoming brigadier-general in the Royal Yugoslav Army, while Vladimir's paternal grandfather Dušan Velebit was a general in the Austrian Army who married Elisabeth Marno von Eichenhorst, daughter of another Austrian general Adolf Marno von Eichenhorst. Even Vladimir's great grandfather Ilija Velebit was an officer in the Austrian army.

His male ancestors were Serbs originating from the village of Gornja Pastuša near Petrinja in the Banija region that was part of the Austrian-created Military Frontier. They were recruited into the Austrian army, eventually achieving high ranks.

Velebit began his formal education in Timișoara in German language. His family left the city just after the outbreak of World War I and went to Trieste while his father was off in Russia fighting for the Austro-Hungarians. Young Vladimir was soon moved again, this time to Vienna where he got enrolled in a private school that held classes in French language. Following the end of the war in 1918 and the final break-up of Austria-Hungary, the family moved to Zagreb which was now part of the newly created Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. At this point, 11-year-old Vladimir spoke very little Serbo-Croatian and had to study hard to be able to communicate in school. Due to his father's (who was now in the Royal Yugoslav Army) job, the family then moved to Čakovec and later to Varaždin, which is where Vladimir graduated high school in 1925.

He started studies at the University of Zagreb's Faculty of Law and then went to Paris for specialization, before returning to Zagreb to graduate in 1931. He earned his PhD two years later in 1933 from the same university.

After passing the lawyer's and judge's exams, Velebit began working as legal assistant at the District Court in Niš. Accused of having leftist political leanings during his student days he got transferred to Leskovac. Once there he hooked up with Communist Party (KPJ) members (a political party that was at the time an underground organization because of the ban on its activities in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) and took part in starting the newspaper *Leskovačke nedeljne novine* that wasn't openly communist, but supported political opposition to the ruling coalition and by proxy to King Alexander I Karađorđević. Because of this Velebit got transferred again, this time to Priština where he was a judge in the County Court. The continual career demotion didn't deter Velebit from continuing with leftist activity; in Priština he started a readers' group that met clandestinely in his room to read Marxist literature and discuss politics. When authorities caught wind of this, the county sheriff ordered his room to be searched, but nothing incriminating was found. Velebit then became the chief of County Court in Kičevo, and later got transferred to Šid where he established contact with more KPJ members among whom was Herta Haas (at the time a student at Economics High School in Zagreb, later to become Josip Broz Tito's wife).

By 1937 Velebit had enough of being a judge, and moved to Zagreb where he established a law practice. Already deeply involved with the communists, in parallel with his legal practice he became a courier for the underground movement. Due to the nature of his job and a considerable network of professional connections, he was perfectly suitable for carrying messages to foreign countries. On one of those trips to Istanbul in 1939, 32-year-old Velebit met 47-year-old Josip Broz Tito who was KPJ's general secretary at the time. Being impressed with Velebit's guile, skills, and intelligence, Tito immediately offered him membership in the party. After becoming a full-fledged member Velebit began working as assistant to Josip Kopinič, Comintern's agent in Zagreb. In 1940 Velebit obtained and set up a radio station used to establish daily contact with Moscow \- the station was never discovered and was functional throughout the war.

## World War II

Following April 1941 Nazi invasion and dismemberment of the Yugoslav Kingdom, Velebit stayed in Zagreb that became capital of the newly created Nazi client, Ustaše-run puppet state entity Independent State of Croatia (NDH). He operated as an underground collaborator of the KPJ-established People's Liberation Front. While working underground he used the alias name Vladimir Petrović, although due to being a well known and respected lawyer before the war he experienced no trouble with NDH authorities.

During March 1942 Velebit left Zagreb and joined the Partisans who mounted a guerrilla resistance to the Nazis and domestic collaborationists. Right away Tito included him in the army's Supreme Command where he mostly worked on establishing some sort of military court authority. Due to his education and knowledge of foreign languages, along with Koča Popović and Milovan Đilas, Velebit was part of the Partisan delegation in Gornji Vakuf and Zagreb at the controversial March 1943 German-Partisan negotiations while the Battle of Neretva raged several hundred kilometers to the south. Velebit and Đilas conducted the negotiations under pseudonyms Vladimir Petrović and Miloš Marković, respectively, while Koča Popović gave his real name.

In June 1943, Velebit became the point of contact for foreign military missions in their dealings with the Partisans. Following the death of Ivo Lola Ribar (member of Supreme Command and the chief of Partisan first military mission) on 27 November 1943, Velebit took over his duties. Following the Teheran Conference where the Allies agreed on backing the Partisan resistance exclusively over the Chetnik one, Velebit was sent to the Near East with lieutenant-colonel Miloje Milojević for negotiations over the details and scope of the support. After establishing first contact with the Allies in Cairo, he was on his way to London for further negotiations. Once there, Velebit had meetings with British envoys Fitzroy Maclean and William Deakin over the formal recognition of the People's Liberation Front as a new state entity. In May 1944 Velebit met with Winston Churchill and was also present in Caserta near Naples during Churchill's meeting with Tito on 12 August 1944.

## Post-war diplomatic career

Right after the end of World War II Velebit continued his diplomatic activity.

In the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia's provisionary government that got formed on the basis of British-brokered Treaty of Vis and later the Belgrade Agreement, he was the deputy to the Foreign Affairs Minister. He then became one of the chief members of the secret Yugoslav diplomatic mission to Washington, negotiating the terms and scope of the American help to Yugoslavia. After returning home to the country that was in the meantime re-constituted as a Stalinist communist state called Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia, he became deputy to Foreign Affairs Minister Stanoje Simić. In that role, Velebit negotiated with the Allies during the Trieste Crisis.

In March 1948, after Soviet accusation that he was a British spy, Velebit was forced into resigning his post at the Yugoslav Foreign Affairs Ministry and got moved to the Tourist and Service Industry Committee. During the 1948 Cominform resolution and the fallout of subsequent Tito–Stalin split, Velebit was on more than one occasion cited by the Soviets as a spy who works for the British.

In 1951, Velebit became Yugoslav ambassador to Italy, while a year later he got the same job in the United Kingdom. During March 1953, he prepared Tito's first official state visit to a Western country. Tito thus became the first communist leader to visit the UK.

In 1960, on invitation from the United Nations secretary-general Dag Hammarskjöld, Velebit became executive secretary at the UN European Economic Commission (UNECE) in Geneva. He performed this job up until his retirement in 1967. Known in Western circles as a skilled diplomat, his last assignment was as an emissary of the Carnegie Foundation in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

In the early 1990s during the Yugoslav breakup and the beginning stages of the Yugoslav Wars, Velebit moved from London to Zagreb due to nationalist threats. Once back he divided his time between Zagreb and Mali Lošinj.

In 1992, Velebit was a contributor for the Radio Television of Serbia documentary series entitled *Yugoslavia in War 1941–1945*.

During retirement he wrote two books 1983's *Sećanja* (Memories) and 2002's *Tajne i zamke Drugog svetskog rata* (World War II's Secrets and Traps).

He died on 29 August 2004 at the Rebro clinical center in Zagreb. He was buried at the city's Mirogoj Cemetery on 3 September 2004.

Vladimir Velebit is mentioned in the 2009 book *A Rat Hole to be Watched* by American historian Coleman Armstrong Mehta as the point of contact between Frank Wisner (head of the Central Intelligence Agency's Directorate of Plans) and Yugoslav communist government during the early 1950s. Wisner apparently contacted Velebit because he was known to be the leading proponent of the idea that Yugoslav state should be oriented towards the West. According to Mehta's book that's based upon recently declassified American intelligence documents, the Wisner-Velebit contact, which occurred in the wake of Tito–Stalin split, eventually resulted in intelligence cooperation agreement between the United States and Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia. The agreement enabled the Americans to get their hands on recently developed and deployed MiG-15 Soviet fighter plane, which was delivered to them by the Josip Broz Tito's Yugoslav government in 1951.

## Personal

Velebit married Vera Becić, a woman of Croatian ethnicity, the daughter of Croatian painter Vladimir Becić. They had two sons: Vladimir Jr. and Dušan.