title: WLXG

abstract: WLXG is a sports formatted broadcast radio station affiliated with ESPN Radio. WLXG is licensed to Lexington, Kentucky, United States, and serves the Lexington and Frankfort area. It is owned and operated by L.M. Communications, Inc. The station's studios are located at Triangle Center in downtown Lexington, and its transmitter is located in the northwest part of Lexington.

text:
# WLXG

**WLXG** (1300 AM) is a sports formatted broadcast radio station affiliated with ESPN Radio. WLXG is licensed to Lexington, Kentucky, United States, and serves the Lexington and Frankfort area. It is owned and operated by L.M. Communications, Inc. The station's studios are located at Triangle Center in downtown Lexington, and its transmitter is located in the northwest part of Lexington.

## FM translator

WLXG programming is also relayed to an FM translator. It is owned by L.M. Communications, Inc.

Broadcast translator for WLXG
| Call sign | Frequency | City of license | FID | ERP () | Class | FCC info |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| W223CV | 92.5 FM | Lexington, Kentucky | 148567 | 63 | D | LMS |

## History

WLXG signed on as WKLX in 1946. It merged with WLEX (1340) by 1952, keeping the 1300 kHz frequency and getting the WLEX calls. Much of the WKLX airstaff (like Claude Sullivan and Artie Kay) went to WVLK. James Narz, who later became famed game show host Tom Kennedy, worked at WKLX in 1948.

In 1958, WLEX was sold to Roy B. White and the call letters were changed to WBLG ("Bluegrass"). In the early-1970s, WBLG was an affiliate of the Chicago Cubs Radio Network.

Until 1978, WBLG was 1,000 watts non-directional in the daytime, and 1,000 watts directional at night. Daytime power was upped to 2,500 watts in 1978.

WBLG became the country-formatted WTKC in 1979.

In 1986, country music gave way to oldies and the calls were changed to WLXG.

In 1990, WLXG switched to a news/talk format. In the mid-2000s, WLXG picked up a sports talk format and became affiliated with ESPN Radio.

1. "Facility Technical Data for WLXG". *Licensing and Management System*. Federal Communications Commission.

## InfoBox

WLXG
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Lexington, Kentucky
Frankfort, Kentucky |
| Frequency | 1300 kHz |
| Branding | *ESPN SportsRadio 1300* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Sports |
| Affiliations | ESPN Radio |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | L.M. Communications, Inc. |
| Sister stations | WCDA, WGKS, WBVX, WBTF |
| History | |
| First air date | 1946 (as WKLX) |
| Former call signs | WKLX (1946–1952)
WLEX (1952–1958)
WBLG (1958–1979)
WTKC (1979–1986) |
| Call sign meaning | Lexington |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 36114 |
| Class | B |
| Power | 2,500 watts day
1,000 watts night |
| Transmitter coordinates | 38°05′55.7″N 84°31′41.6″W / 38.098806°N 84.528222°W / 38.098806; -84.528222 |
| Translator(s) | 92.5 W223CV (Lexington) |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | wlxg.com |


title: Sipgate

abstract: Sipgate, stylised as sipgate, is a European VoIP and mobile telephony operator.

text:
# Sipgate

**Sipgate**, stylised as **sipgate**, is a European VoIP and mobile telephony operator.

## Company

Sipgate was founded in 2004 and became one of Germany's largest VoIP service providers for consumers and small businesses. Through its network, which used SIP protocol, it allowed making low-cost national and international calls and provided customers with an incoming geographical phone number. Customers were expected to use a client software or a SIP-compliant hardware (a VoIP phone or ATA) to access its services.

Since 2011, Sipgate's network has been using the open-source project Yate for the core of its softswitch infrastructure.

Sipgate are among the sponsors of the Kamailio World Conference & Exhibition. In January 2013, the firm entered the German mobile phone market as a full MVNO. Sipgate's German mobile phone services run over the Telefónica Germany network.

## Products

***sipgate team***

Introduced in 2009, the product is a hosted business phone system (PBX) providing online management of phone services for 1 to 250 Users. All billing, end user management, call management, etc. is through an online portal. A mobile solution was released in Germany in early 2013 that can be integrated with the 'Team' business VoIP service. SIM cards can be used as extensions in the Team web telephone system or used individually with mobile and landline numbers.

***sipgate trunking***

In Germany, SIP trunking services connect customer's third party VoIP PBXs via broadband with the public telephone network. SIP trunking can be combined with the team product.

***sipgate basic* and *sipgate basic plus***

The basic residential VoIP service was released in Germany and the UK in January, 2004. basic accounts receive one free UK or German geographic 'landline' phone number and a voicemail box. With a suitable fax-enabled VoIP adapter faxes may also be sent from conventional fax machines.

On 6 October 2014, the firm released an open API ***sipgate io***.

## Discontinued products

**Smartphone apps**

Sipgate provided a software application called *sipgate* for use with Apple iOS and Android devices. In September 2008, the Higher Regional Court of Hamburg (Germany) sided with a request by T-Mobile and issued an injunction preventing the download of *sipgate*, barring iPhone owners from placing calls over the device's Internet connection rather than over T-Mobile's cellphone network. In counter action, Sipgate won an injunction against T-Mobile to bar it from advertising unlimited Internet access via the device. In March 2013 support and further development of the smartphone VoIP apps was ceased.

**Services in United States and Austria**

Sipgate operated a subsidiary which provided sipgate-branded VoIP services in Austria and the US. On 31 December 2013, the company discontinued Austrian operations citing negative regulatory restrictions imposed by the Austrian telecommunications regulator RTR. The RTR imposed rulings that a company can only supply a telephone number to a property if they also supply the associated cabling.

All services provided by Sipgate Inc (USA) were discontinued as of 31 October 2013.

***sipgate one***

*sipgate one* was a product that allocated the customers a German mobile number and incoming calls were then forwarded to customer's landline number or Skype. The service was discontinued on 31 July 2013.

## InfoBox

Sipgate GmbH
|
|  |
| Company type | GmbH |
| Traded as | sipgate, simquadrat |
| Industry | Communications services |
| Founded | 2004 (2004) \- Düsseldorf, NRW, Germany |
| Headquarters | Düsseldorf, NRW, Germany |
| Area served | Germany, UK |
| Products | Phone over Internet (VOIP) and mobile telephony, Internet services |
| Number of employees | 300 (2022) |
| Divisions | Sipgate Germany, Sipgate UK, Simquadrat |
| Website | www.sipgate.de |


title: Simpang Tiga

abstract: Simpang Tiga is a small township in Bagan Datuk District, Perak, Malaysia. This Township is formed by only a few rows of shop houses and a few hundred families, most of them farmers. This township is also the hometown for the Parliament Member of Bagan Datoh and the Deputy Minister of Tourism.

text:
# Simpang Tiga

**Simpang Tiga** is a small township in Bagan Datuk District, Perak, Malaysia. This Township is formed by only a few rows of shop houses and a few hundred families, most of them farmers. This township is also the hometown for the Parliament Member of Bagan Datoh and the Deputy Minister of Tourism.

## Education

There are only two primary schools in this township: a *Sekolah Kebangsaan* (Malay School) and a *Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan* (Chinese School). The educational guideline use by both schools is the same; the only difference is the language.

## Attractions

Fishing for "Ikan Haruan" is one of the attractions in this township. It is also famous for its *Mee Rebus Sin Lok Hooi,* a dish with noodles, deep fried shrimp dough, egg, tofu, and a special sauce.


title: Sir James Steuart Denham, 8th Baronet

abstract: General Sir James Steuart Denham, 8th and 4th Baronet was a Scottish soldier of the British Army.

text:
# Sir James Steuart Denham, 8th Baronet

General **Sir James Steuart Denham, 8th and 4th Baronet** (August 1744 – 12 August 1839) was a Scottish soldier of the British Army.

## Birth and education

He was born **James Steuart**, the only son of Sir James Steuart, 2nd Baronet, of Coltness in Lanarkshire, by his wife Lady Frances, daughter of David Wemyss, 4th Earl of Wemyss. The year after his birth, during the Jacobite Rising of 1745, his father attended the court of Charles Edward Stuart at Holyroodhouse, and consequently had to leave Scotland with his wife. Young James was left with the family of William Mure of Caldwell. He was then educated at Angoulême from 1749 until he and his parents were forced by the looming Seven Years' War to move to Flanders in 1755. He attended the University of Tübingen from 1757 to 1761.

## Early military career

On 17 March 1761 Steuart was made a cornet in the 1st (Royal) Regiment of Dragoons (General Conway's regiment), through the influence of his father's friend Lord Barrington. He served with the regiment in Germany until the end of the Seven Years' War in 1763. On 13 January 1763, passing over the rank of lieutenant, he was promoted to captain in the 105th Regiment of Foot (Queen's Own Royal Regiment of Highlanders), but when the regiment was disbanded in 1764 he was placed on half pay.

From 1764 to 1766 he travelled in France and Germany, studying the cavalry tactics and organisation there, and then was appointed to command a troop of the 5th (or Royal Irish) Regiment of Dragoons, joining the regiment in Ireland. In 1769 he was an aide-de-camp to the Lord Lieutenant, Lord Townshend. He was promoted to major in the 13th Regiment of Dragoons on 6 November 1772, transferring to the 1st Irish Horse on 26 September 1775. On 15 July 1776 he went back to the 13th (now Light Dragoons) as lieutenant-colonel, a command he would hold for the next fifteen years.

## Succession and Member of Parliament

Steuart's father had been allowed to return home after the end of the war in 1763, and was formally pardoned in 1771. In 1773 he succeeded his cousin Sir Archibald Steuart Denham as 7th Baronet, of Coltness (his own baronetcy was "of Goodtrees", which he had sold in 1756; Coltness had been purchased from the senior branch of the family in 1712). In 1776 he inherited the estate of Westshield from Sir William Lockhart Denham, 6th Baronet, and the Steuarts father and son adopted the surname of **Denham**, being known as Denham in England and Steuart in Scotland. James Steuart Denham the younger succeeded his father in the baronetcies of Coltness and Goodtrees and the estates of Coltness and Westshield on 26 November 1780.

On 29 April 1784 Denham was elected Member of Parliament for Lanarkshire through the influence of the Duke of Hamilton. Though a cousin of the Whigs Henry and Thomas Erskine and the independent Francis Charteris, he had been elected as a supporter of William Pitt the Younger and voted with the government, including for parliamentary reform in 1785. At the general elections of 1790 and 1796 he was re-elected unopposed. He is not known to have spoken in Parliament and devoted most of his time to his military career.

## Later military career

Denham spent much time and money on the command of the 13th, showing himself a capable commander in the transition to the light cavalry role and in devising new exercises. He was promoted brevet colonel on 20 November 1782, and in 1788 was appointed by Sir William Augustus Pitt, the commander-in-chief in Ireland, as President of a commission to improve the discipline and organisation of the cavalry in Ireland. His recommendations were favourably received, and officially adopted after review by David Dundas. In March 1789, having commanded his regiment thirteen years, he requested to be made colonel of an infantry regiment, hoping for the 20th or 71st. He made further requests for the 14th in October, the 41st in December, the 56th in January 1790 and the 74th in April 1791, all without success. He was finally appointed colonel of the 12th (The Prince of Wales's) Regiment of (Light) Dragoons on 9 November 1791.

In 1793 the 12th were ordered to Toulon and Denham was to have gone out as a brigadier-general, but never sailed and was instead promoted to major-general in October that year. In 1794 he was intended to command the cavalry to be sent to Flanders under Lord Cornwallis, but the expedition was cancelled. Instead he was appointed (at the suggestion of Henry Dundas) to organise regiments of fencible cavalry in Scotland, and he commanded them in summer camps in 1795, 1796 and 1797, though initially refusing the post owing to rheumatism and depression.

In autumn 1797 he went back to Ireland as commander of the forces in Munster, with local rank of lieutenant-general. With the approval of the commander-in-chief, Sir Ralph Abercromby, he ensured that military officers in his district would not act as justices of the peace, and in March 1798 he organised the yeomanry and militia of Munster into night patrols, improving discipline for the volunteers and relieving the burden on the regular forces. He was made substantive lieutenant-general on 1 January 1798.

Denham's "nervous complaint" meant that he relied increasingly on his subordinates. When the Irish Rebellion of 1798 broke out, its suppression in Munster was largely the work of Major-General Henry Johnson, who won the Battle of New Ross, Brigadier-General John Moore, who won the Battle of Foulksmills and took Wexford, and the new commander-in-chief Gerard Lake.

## Retirement and death

Denham finally resigned his command in Ireland in 1799, though he denied this was because of his health. 1799 also saw the death of Denham's political patron the Duke of Hamilton, and the new Duke had two sons with parliamentary ambitions. Denham reminded the government of his consistent support, but when Lord Archibald Hamilton declared himself as prospective candidate in 1801 the Hamilton influence was too strong. Not wanting to be defeated, Denham withdrew his candidacy on 11 July 1802 and Hamilton was returned unopposed in the general election.

He saw no further military service, but was made full general in 1803, colonel of the 2nd (Royal North British) Regiment of Dragoons in 1815, and a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order. At the 1818 general election he was a noted supporter of Sir Alexander Cochrane against Hamilton in Lanarkshire, without success.

Sir James Steuart Denham died at Cheltenham in his ninety-fifth year; at the time of his death he was the senior general in the British Army. He had married on 30 September 1772 Alicia, daughter of William Blacker of Carrick Blacker, County Armagh, but they had no children, so he was succeeded in the baronetcies by his second cousin Henry Steuart Barclay.


title: Sir John Pretyman, 1st Baronet

abstract:
Sir John Pretyman, 1st Baronet of Loddington, Leicestershire was an English politician. He was the eldest son of Sir John Pretyman of Driffield, Gloucestershire and entered Lincoln's Inn in 1629 before matriculating at Queens' College, Cambridge in 1631. A royalist during the First English Civil War, he was present at the capture of Cirencester in 1642. He suffered financially and sold the family estate at Driffield. He was a Justice of the Peace for Gloucestershire by 1641 to?1646 and for Leicestershire from 1660 to his death and was appointed High Sheriff of Leicestershire for 1653–54. The baronetcy was created for him in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia in 1641, or at the Restoration.
He was Member of Parliament for Leicester from 1661 to 1676. He married twice; firstly Elizabeth, the daughter and heiress of George Turpin of Horninghold, Leicestershire, with whom he had 4 sons and 4 daughters, and secondly Theodosia, daughter of Thomas Adams, merchant, of London, and the widow of Lionel Knyvett. He was succeeded by his son George, who also was MP for Leicester. His daughter Mary married Richard Verney, 11th Baron Willoughby de Broke.

text:
# Sir John Pretyman, 1st Baronet

**Sir John Pretyman, 1st Baronet** (ca. 1612 – buried 1676) of Loddington, Leicestershire was an English politician.

He was the eldest son of Sir John Pretyman of Driffield, Gloucestershire and entered Lincoln's Inn in 1629 before matriculating at Queens' College, Cambridge in 1631. A royalist during the First English Civil War, he was present at the capture of Cirencester in 1642. He suffered financially and sold the family estate at Driffield.

He was a Justice of the Peace for Gloucestershire by 1641 to ?1646 and for Leicestershire from 1660 to his death and was appointed High Sheriff of Leicestershire for 1653–54.

The baronetcy was created for him in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia in 1641, or at the Restoration. He was Member of Parliament for Leicester from 1661 to 1676.

He married twice; firstly Elizabeth, the daughter and heiress of George Turpin of Horninghold, Leicestershire, with whom he had 4 sons and 4 daughters, and secondly Theodosia, daughter of Thomas Adams, merchant, of London, and the widow of Lionel Knyvett. He was succeeded by his son George, who also was MP for Leicester. His daughter Mary married Richard Verney, 11th Baron Willoughby de Broke.


abstract: Sir John Ralph Milbanke Huskisson, 8th Baronet was a British diplomat. He served at Frankfurt, St Petersburg, and Munich before serving as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Netherlands from 1862 until 1867.

text:
# Sir John Ralph Milbanke Huskisson, 8th Baronet

**Sir John Ralph Milbanke Huskisson, 8th Baronet** (5 November 1800 – 30 December 1868) was a British diplomat.

He served at Frankfurt, St Petersburg, and Munich before serving as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Netherlands from 1862 until 1867.

Coat of arms of Sir John Ralph Milbanke Huskisson, 8th Baronet
|  | CrestA lion's head erased Gules charged with a bend Ermine. EscutcheonGules a bend Ermine on a canton Or a lion's head erased of the first. MottoResolute And Firm |
| --- | --- |


title: Siphonochelus arcuatus

abstract: Siphonochelus arcuatus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

text:
# Siphonochelus arcuatus

***Siphonochelus arcuatus*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Description

## Distribution

## InfoBox

| *Siphonochelus arcuatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Genus: | *Siphonochelus* |
| Species: | ***S. arcuatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Siphonochelus arcuatus***
(Hinds, 1843) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Typhis arcuatus* Hinds, 1843
*Typhis duplicatus* Sowerby, 1870 | |


title: Siphonochelus boucheti

abstract: Siphonochelus boucheti is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

text:
# Siphonochelus boucheti

***Siphonochelus boucheti*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Description

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off the Norfolk Ridge, New Caledonia.

* Houart, R. (1991). Mollusca Gastropoda: The Typhinae (Muricidae) from the New Caledonian region with description of five new species. in: Crosnier, A. et al. (Ed.) Résultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM 7. Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle. Série A, Zoologie. 150: 223-235.
* Houart, R, Buge, B. & Zuccon, D. (2021). A taxonomic update of the Typhinae (Gastropoda: Muricidae) with a review of New Caledonia species and the description of new species from New Caledonia, the South China Sea and Western Australia. Journal of Conchology. 44(2): 103–147.

## InfoBox

| *Siphonochelus boucheti* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Siphonochelus boucheti* (holotype at MNHN, Paris) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Genus: | *Siphonochelus* |
| Species: | ***S. boucheti*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Siphonochelus boucheti***<br>Houart, 1991 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Siphonochelus (Siphonochelus) boucheti* Houart, 1991 | |


title: Sir Robert Dalyell, 8th Baronet

abstract: Sir Robert Alexander Osborne Dalyell of the Binns, 8th Baronet DL JP was a British diplomat, and one of the Dalyell baronets. In some sources, his middle name is spelled Osborn. He succeeded to the Baronetecy and inherited the House of the Binns on the death of his brother William Cunningham Dalyell. He received an M.A. in 1847 from Trinity College, Cambridge. He studied law at the Inner Temple and was called to the bar in 1849. He was a J.P. and D.L. of Linlithgowshire. In his diplomatic career, he was acting consul-general in Bucharest 1856–7, and in Belgrade 1857–9. He was consul in Erzerum, Turkey 1859–62, in Iași, Romania 1862–1865, and in Ruse, Bulgaria 1865–74. He died unmarried and the baronetcy became dormant until 1914. He is buried in Abercorn churchyard in West Lothian. The grave lies to the south-east next to the southern path.

text:
# Sir Robert Dalyell, 8th Baronet

**Sir Robert Alexander Osborne Dalyell of the Binns, 8th Baronet** DL JP (1821  1886) was a British diplomat, and one of the Dalyell baronets. In some sources, his middle name is spelled **Osborn**. He succeeded to the Baronetecy and inherited the House of the Binns on the death of his brother William Cunningham Dalyell.

He received an M.A. in 1847 from Trinity College, Cambridge. He studied law at the Inner Temple and was called to the bar in 1849. He was a J.P. and D.L. of Linlithgowshire.

In his diplomatic career, he was acting consul-general in Bucharest 18567, and in Belgrade 18579. He was consul in Erzerum, Turkey 185962, in Iași, Romania 18621865, and in Ruse, Bulgaria 186574.

He died unmarried and the baronetcy became dormant until 1914.

He is buried in Abercorn churchyard in West Lothian. The grave lies to the south-east next to the southern path.


title: Singing Bones

abstract: Singing Bones is the sixth studio album by the Handsome Family. It was released in 2003 by Carrot Top Records / Loose Music (Europe). It includes a cover of the folk song "Dry Bones", known from Bascom Lamar Lunsford's 1928 version on Harry Smith's Anthology of American Folk Music. In 2014, the album received a resurgence of interest when the song "Far from Any Road" was used as the theme song for the first season of HBO's crime drama True Detective.

text:
# Singing Bones

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 85/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| *Pitchfork* | 7.4/10 |
| *Encyclopedia of Popular Music* |  |
| *Tom Hull – on the Web* | B+ () |

***Singing Bones*** is the sixth studio album by the Handsome Family. It was released in 2003 by Carrot Top Records (North America) / Loose Music (Europe). It includes a cover of the folk song "Dry Bones", known from Bascom Lamar Lunsford's 1928 version on Harry Smith's *Anthology of American Folk Music*. In 2014, the album received a resurgence of interest when the song "Far from Any Road" was used as the theme song for the first season of HBO's crime drama *True Detective*.

## Reception

The album was well received by critics: according to Metacritic, the album has received an average review score of 85/100, based on 8 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".

## "Far from Any Road"

Besides its appearance in *True Detective*, "Far from Any Road" was also used as an opening song for *Guns N' Roses'* 2014 world tour, and during the ending credits of the 2015 *The Simpsons* episode "Cue Detective".

"Far from Any Road" also charted on SNEP, the official French singles chart, in 2015, reaching number 61.

It was covered on the Andrew Bird album *Things Are Really Great Here, Sort Of…*.

Jerry Williams and Anna Ternheim recorded a cover for Williams' *Ghost Rider* album.

## Track listing

1. "The Forgotten Lake" – 3:46
2. "Gail with the Golden Hair" – 3:16
3. "24-Hour Store" – 4:52
4. "The Bottomless Hole" – 3:16
5. "Far from Any Road" – 2:48
6. "If the World Should End in Fire" – 1:09
7. "A Shadow Underneath" – 3:44
8. "Dry Bones" – 3:16
9. "Fallen Peaches" – 2:59
10. "Whitehaven" – 2:46
11. "Sleepy" – 3:08
12. "The Song of a Hundred Toads" – 2:28
13. "If the World Should End in Ice" – 1:08

## InfoBox

| Singing Bones | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by the Handsome Family | |
| Released | 2003 |
| Length | 38:36 |
| Label | Carrot Top / Loose Music |
| The Handsome Family chronology | |
| *Smothered and Covered*
(2003) ***Singing Bones***
(2003) *Last Days of Wonder*
(2006) | |


title: Siriometer

abstract: The siriometer is an obsolete astronomical unit of length, defined to be equal to one million astronomical units (au). One siriometer is approximately 149.6 petametres; 4.848 parsecs; 15.81 light-years. The distance from Earth to the star Sirius is then approximately 0.54 siriometers. The unit was proposed in 1911 by Carl V. L. Charlier, who worked on stellar statistics. Charlier originally used the symbol 'sir' but the symbol 'Sm' has also seen use. The siriometer never gained widespread usage. Frank Dyson objected to the name siriometer, because "it suggests a machine for measuring". The first General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union in 1922 adopted the parsec as the standard unit of stellar distances, which simplified the definition of absolute magnitude. Use of the siriometer seems to have disappeared from the astronomical literature by c. 1930. Modern professional astronomers use the parsec as their primary unit for distances larger than the Solar System.

text:
# Siriometer

The **siriometer** is an obsolete astronomical unit of length, defined to be equal to one million astronomical units (au). One siriometer is approximately 149.6 petametres; 4.848 parsecs; 15.81 light-years. The distance from Earth to the star Sirius is then approximately 0.54 siriometers.

The unit was proposed in 1911 by Carl V. L. Charlier, who worked on stellar statistics. Charlier originally used the symbol 'sir' but the symbol 'Sm' has also seen use.

The siriometer never gained widespread usage. Frank Dyson (the Astronomer Royal) objected to the name siriometer, because "it suggests a machine for measuring". The first General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union in 1922 adopted the parsec as the standard unit of stellar distances, which simplified the definition of absolute magnitude. Use of the siriometer seems to have disappeared from the astronomical literature by c.1930. Modern professional astronomers use the parsec as their primary unit for distances larger than the Solar System.

## Further reading

* Arenou, Frédéric. "The origin of the parsec". Paris Observatory. Retrieved 18 May 2018.


title: Six TV

abstract: Six TV was the sixth free to air terrestrial television channel in the United Kingdom, broadcast in Oxford and Southampton. It was the final analogue network to have been launched after BBC One, BBC Two, ITV, Channel 4 and Channel 5. It operated under a set of Restricted Television Service Licences, broadcasting on UHF channel 47 in Oxford and channel 29 in Southampton. It was owned by Oxford Broadcasting, who launched the channel in 1999; Oxford Broadcasting was sold to Milestone Group in 2001, who closed all operations by April 2009.

text:
# Six TV

**Six TV** was the sixth free to air terrestrial television channel in the United Kingdom, broadcast in Oxford and Southampton. It was the final analogue network to have been launched after BBC One, BBC Two, ITV, Channel 4 and Channel 5. It operated under a set of Restricted Television Service Licences, broadcasting on UHF channel 47 in Oxford and channel 29 in Southampton. It was owned by Oxford Broadcasting, who launched the channel in 1999; Oxford Broadcasting was sold to Milestone Group in 2001, who closed all operations by April 2009.

## Launch and expansion

Oxford Broadcasting was founded in 1998 by Debora and Thomas Harding, who both had worked at Oxford-based video production company Undercurrents. They applied for a local television licence and were successful. They raised the capital to launch the station, set up a broadcast studio in an old nuclear bunker on Woodstock Road, and hired over 60 staff. From the beginning, the channel focused on local stories, particularly sports, business, arts, music and politics.

**The Oxford Channel** was launched on 6 June 1999. Within a few months, the station's programming had built a considerable following: over 25% of the potential audience of 500,000 watched each week. Advertising for the station was produced by Tom, Dick and Debbie Productions, founded by Debora & Thomas Harding and Richard Lewis.

According to a Reuters Institute report, the channel "also had a strong training programme, which made formal in 2000 through the Local Television Training company that attracted government money to train unemployed young people from Oxford and taught them the skills of broadcast television. This scheme had a high success rate of placing trainees within the television industry."

In 2001, the board voted to sell the loss-making station and its operating company to Milestone Group. During this transition, most of the staff were laid off by Milestone, who also laid off the station's founders, though a small percentage of the staff remained.

Milestone gained further licences to broadcast in Southampton, Fawley, Reading and Portsmouth in 2003 after the re-advertising of the four-year contracts, and successfully renewed its contract to broadcast to Oxford. The station was re-branded as **Six TV** in anticipation of the launch of these services.

The channel broadcast a 24-hour service, seven days a week and featured numerous local programmes including a motoring show *V6* presented by Chris Ford, as well as an interactive music programme *OX900*, and wildlife series *Wild*, which was nominated for an RTS Award. It also introduced a children's section, local sports, and local news under the guidance of managing director, Nigel Taylor.

## Fate

The channel's contract to broadcast was set to expire on 30 June 2007; however, Ofcom confirmed that all RSL licences would be extended until the 2012 digital switchover but gave no undertaking that a digital licence would be granted. Milestone concluded that the lack of digital licences rendered the stations non-viable, and all channels had ceased broadcasting by April 2009, including the original Oxford channel.

## InfoBox

Six TV
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Milestone Group (2001–2009) |
| Parent | Oxford Broadcasting (1999–2009) |
| History | |
| Launched | June 1999 (1999-06) |
| Closed | April 2009 (2009-04) |
| Former names | The Oxford Channel (1999–2001) |
| Availability | |
|  | |
| Terrestrial | |
| UHF | **Southampton:**
Channel 29 (Fawley)
Channel 55 (Millbrook)
**Oxford:**
Channel 47 |
|  | |


title: Six String Giant

abstract: Six String Giant is a bootleg CD by Buckethead that includes two live shows: live at The Palace in Tokyo, Japan July 8, 1992, and live at The Electric Church in New York, New York, on April 27, 2000.

text:
# Six String Giant

***Six String Giant*** is a bootleg CD by Buckethead that includes two live shows: live at The Palace in Tokyo, Japan July 8, 1992, and live at The Electric Church in New York, New York, on April 27, 2000.

## Track listing

*Live at The Palace*
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Skids Looking Where" | 3:02 |
| 2. | "End of Phantom Monk" | 0:48 |
| 3. | "When You Wish Upon a Star" | 0:53 |
| 4. | "Cattle Prod/Solo" | 1:39 |
| 5. | "Aquabot" | 4:24 |
| 6. | "Pirate's Life for Me" | 0:29 |
| 7. | "Beginning of Phantom Monk" | 5:42 |
| 8. | "I Love My Parents" | 1:15 |
| 9. | "Nosin'" | 1:04 |
| 10. | "Terminator Theme" | 1:23 |
| 11. | "Taccato and Fugue in D Minor" | 0:43 |
| 12. | "Halloween Theme" | 0:17 |
| 13. | "Unknown Theme Song" | 1:41 |
| 14. | "Interlude/Solo" | 2:50 |
| 15. | "Giant Robot" | 1:10 |
| Total length: | | 27:20 |

*Live at The Electric Church*
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 16. | "Introduction" | 1:45 |
| 17. | "Jowls" | 4:24 |
| 18. | "Jumpman" | 4:26 |
| 19. | "Giant Robot/Solo/Nuntyaku" | 6:06 |
| 20. | "Pirate's Life for Me/Chicken Pickin'" | 1:45 |
| 21. | "Huge Unaccompained Solo" | 9:25 |
| 22. | "Big Sur Moon" | 6:36 |
| 23. | "Night of the Slunk" | 5:46 |
| Total length: | | 40:13 |

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Six String Giant | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Buckethead | |
| Recorded | 1992, 2000 |
| Length | 27:20<br>67:33 |


title: Skagerak Arena

abstract: The Skagerak Arena is a football stadium located in Skien, Norway. It was formerly called Odd Stadion, and was built in 1923 as the home ground of Eliteserien club Odd. The stadium is often referred to as Falkum, being situated in that area of Skien. The stadium has been undergoing an extensive redevelopment process, begun in November 2006, which produced a modern all-seater venue by April 2008. Part of the finance Odd needed for the project was obtained through the lease of the stadium's naming rights to the club's main sponsor since 1995, the Norwegian power company Skagerak Energi. The stadium will therefore be known as Skagerak Arena until at least 2017. The pitch has been rotated 90 degrees in order to free up space. As is increasingly common in Norway, the new surface is artificial. The old main stand is now an end stand, incorporated into the new structure as the only surviving feature of the old stadium. Three new two-tiered stands was completed between 2007 and 2008. The east and west stands has a capacity of 4,300 while the south end seats around 3,000. Construction of the west stand had progressed far enough by April 2007 to allow spectators on the lower tier for the first home match of the season, on 15 April. Total capacity was at first 6,000 And increased gradually throughout 2007. The old stadium had a capacity of about 8,600, of which 5,600 were seated. The venue has hosted Norway national under-21 football team matches three times, playing 0–0 against Portugal on 9 May 1979, 2–1 against Romania on 18 August 1998 and 3–1 against Scotland on 19 August 2003. In a 2012 survey carried out by the Norwegian Players' Association among away-team captains, Skagerak Arena was ranked tenth amongst league stadiums, with a score of 3.07 on a scale from one to five.

text:
# Skagerak Arena

The **Skagerak Arena** is a football stadium located in Skien, Norway. It was formerly called **Odd Stadion**, and was built in 1923 as the home ground of Eliteserien club Odd. The stadium is often referred to as *Falkum*, being situated in that area of Skien.

The stadium has been undergoing an extensive redevelopment process, begun in November 2006, which produced a modern all-seater venue by April 2008. Part of the finance Odd needed for the project was obtained through the lease of the stadium's naming rights to the club's main sponsor since 1995, the Norwegian power company Skagerak Energi. The stadium will therefore be known as Skagerak Arena until at least 2017.

The pitch has been rotated 90 degrees in order to free up space. As is increasingly common in Norway, the new surface is artificial. The old main stand is now an end stand, incorporated into the new structure as the only surviving feature of the old stadium.

Three new two-tiered stands was completed between 2007 and 2008. The east and west stands has a capacity of 4,300 while the south end seats around 3,000. Construction of the west stand had progressed far enough by April 2007 to allow spectators on the lower tier for the first home match of the season, on 15 April. Total capacity was at first 6,000 And increased gradually throughout 2007. The old stadium had a capacity of about 8,600, of which 5,600 were seated.

The venue has hosted Norway national under-21 football team matches three times, playing 0–0 against Portugal on 9 May 1979, 2–1 against Romania on 18 August 1998 and 3–1 against Scotland on 19 August 2003. In a 2012 survey carried out by the Norwegian Players' Association among away-team captains, Skagerak Arena was ranked tenth amongst league stadiums, with a score of 3.07 on a scale from one to five.

Skagerak Arena video and photos \- Nordic Stadiums

59°12′40″N 009°35′23″E / 59.21111°N 9.58972°E / 59.21111; 9.58972

## InfoBox

Skagerak Arena
| Falkum | |
| --- | --- |
| **UEFA** | |
|  | |
| Former names | Odd Stadion |
| Location | Skien, Norway |
| Owner | Odd |
| Operator | Odd |
| Capacity | 11 767 |
| Surface | Artificial turf |
| Construction | |
| Opened | 17 May 1923 |
| Expanded | 2006–08 |
| Tenants | |
| Odd | |


title: Sister Boom Boom

abstract: Sister Boom Boom, also known as Sister Mary Boom Boom, was the drag nun persona of astrologer Jack Fertig. He was a prominent member of the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence, a gay activist group founded in San Francisco in 1979.

text:
# Sister Boom Boom

**Sister Boom Boom**, also known as **Sister Mary Boom Boom**, was the drag nun persona of astrologer **Jack Fertig** (February 21, 1955 – August 5, 2012). He was a prominent member of the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence, a gay activist group founded in San Francisco in 1979.

## Drag career

Often erroneously credited as a founder of the group, Sister Boom Boom actually joined the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence in 1980, several months after its founding. His persona's full name was **Sister Rose of the Bloody Stains of the Sacred Robes of Jesus**, which—when spoken—would trail into a sing-song cadence and a long fermata.

In 1982, Sister Boom Boom ran for a seat on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors with agitprop campaigning tactics bringing humor and raising issues he felt were being ignored in the race. He won 23,124 votes with his occupation listed as "Nun of the Above". Five supervisors were elected; he placed eighth. After he started campaigning for mayor in the 1983 recall election against incumbent Dianne Feinstein, San Francisco passed an ordinance requiring candidates to use only their legal names on the ballot. This was commonly called the "Sister Boom Boom law".

Boom Boom wrote a theatrical-ritual exorcism of Jerry Falwell and Phyllis Schlafly. The exorcism was performed by the Sisters in Union Square on July 13, the Friday before the 1984 Democratic National Convention, before a crowd of about 2,000.

Boom Boom is one of the characters in Emily Mann's play *Execution of Justice* about the trial of Dan White for the 1978 assassinations of George Moscone and Harvey Milk. Moscone was mayor of San Francisco and Milk was the city's first openly gay supervisor. In the Broadway production, Boom Boom was played by Wesley Snipes.

Fertig retired Sister Boom Boom in 1985, and joined a sobriety program. He left the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence in the spring of 1986, though he would continue activism beyond drag.

## Personal life

Fertig was born in Chicago on February 21, 1955. Born to a Jewish father and a Christian mother, he associated with many religions throughout his life. He had variously identified as Roman Catholic and Episcopalian, before converting to Islam in 2001. Fertig never identified as a woman.

Fertig worked as an astrologer. He died on August 5, 2012, in San Francisco, from liver cancer.

## InfoBox

| Sister Boom Boom | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Jack Fertig
(1955-02-21)February 21, 1955
Chicago, Illinois, United States |
| Died | August 5, 2012(2012-08-05) (aged 57)
San Francisco, California, United States |
| Other names | * Sister Mary Boom Boom * Sister Rose of the Bloody Stains of the Sacred Robes of Jesus |
| Occupations |  |
| Organization | Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence |


title: Sister Bliss

abstract: Ayalah Deborah Bentovim, better known by her stage name Sister Bliss, is a British keyboardist, record producer, DJ and songwriter. In the studio, she is best known for her work with Rollo Armstrong as one half of the production duo Rollo & Sister Bliss, and particularly as part of Faithless.

text:
# Sister Bliss

**Ayalah Deborah Bentovim** (born 30 December 1970), better known by her stage name **Sister Bliss**, is a British keyboardist, record producer, DJ and songwriter. In the studio, she is best known for her work with Rollo Armstrong as one half of the production duo Rollo & Sister Bliss, and particularly as part of Faithless.

## Career

### Faithless

Sister Bliss formed Faithless in 1995 with Rollo, Jamie Catto and Maxi Jazz. Bliss constructed most of the music of Faithless herself electronically, but also played the piano, violin, saxophone and bass guitar. Various others have been members and collaborators over the years including Zoë Johnston and, frequently, Rollo's sister Dido, who began her musical career providing backing vocals on Rollo's 1994 single 'Give Me Life' (under the pseudonym Mr V). Faithless toured extensively, and while Rollo preferred to stay in the studio, Sister Bliss could be seen on stage with Maxi Jazz. Faithless enjoyed a 17-year career that included 7 albums, including two number ones, and six top 10 singles. As of October 2013, Faithless had sold in excess of 15 million records worldwide and played live to millions across the world.

In 1996, she teamed up with Faithless bandmate Rollo to successfully remix Moby's recording of "That's When I Reach for My Revolver". Moby was so pleased they were asked to remix another song – "Honey".

She released a two-disc compilation entitled *Headliners: 02* in 2001.

On 10 September 2006, she gave birth to a son named Nate. The track "Nate's Tune" found on the Faithless album *To All New Arrivals* is dedicated to him. Later on, Faithless founded their own record label called Nate's Tunes.

She released *Nightmoves* on 14 July 2008.

### Post-Faithless

Following Faithless' retirement from touring in April 2011, she has concentrated on different projects. She presented a weekly show on Ministry of Sound Radio at 7 pm on Friday evenings.

Sister Bliss has collaborated with Dido, Boy George, Cat Power, Robert Smith (The Cure), The Temper Trap and Example amongst others. A gifted musician and composer, Sister Bliss has written music for film, TV and theatre. Credits include 2012ʼs film *Knife Fight* starring Rob Lowe, and directed by 2-times Oscar winner, Bill Guttentag, commissions for *Sex and the City 2*, Danny Boyleʼs *The Beach*, acclaimed British film *The Hide*, *Crossing The Line* and popular TV drama *Life Begins*. For theatre, Bliss has written music for The Black Album and The Emperor Jones at The National Theatre in London, as well as composing an original piece for the London Sinfonietta, which was performed at Fuse Festival, UK.

The Faithless Sound System – a stripped down live act featuring a live PA from Maxi Jazz, DJ set from Bliss and percussion – has appeared at a number of festivals worldwide since the full Faithless band's split. The sets are typically one hour or less in duration.

Bliss has occasionally appeared at medium-sized clubs in the UK in recent years, often as a headline DJ act playing sets of house music.

Junkdog Records is her current record label, launched in 2013. Junkdog has released Sister Bliss solo singles, her remixing of others' tracks and also independent artists.

On 31 May 2013, she reunited with Maxi Jazz for a Faithless live PA and DJ set at the Electric Brixton nightclub in London. The 1,500 capacity event was in aid of the youth academy for Crystal Palace football club. A similar arrangement of her DJing house tracks between Faithless songs featuring Maxi Jazz on live vocals, was performed at a festival in the United States in March of the same year. The Brixton Electric gig was repeated on 6 June 2014 and was described as an "annual fundraiser", indicating that it will continue to be a once-yearly event.

She released the mid-tempo house track "Dancing Home" under the name of Bliss in 2014. Featuring Dutch vocalist Janne Schra, it was remixed by Tuff City Kids and Yoon.

On 17 March 2022, Bliss released the single "Life is a Melody", in collaboration with Faithless and Hyacinth & Apollo. Speaking about the collaboration, Bliss told *NME*:

> It all started in a South London basement – I first saw Hyacinth & Apollo aka Grammy winner Jinadu & DJ/ producer Jem Haynes perform at a private gig in London I was DJing at – their live set totally blew me away. Following the liberating feeling of playing a huge number of festivals over the summer after multiple postponements due to the pandemic, I wanted to encapsulate that feeling of euphoria and intensity of being back on the road, and the power of music to bring us together once again.

## Discography

### Albums

* *Headliners: 02* (2001)
* *Nightmoves* (2008)

### Singles

List of singles, with selected chart positions
| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | UK
 | AUS
 |
| "Future Pulse" / "The Future Is Now" | 1993 |  |  |
| "Cantgetaman, Cantgetajob (Life's a Bitch!)"
(featuring Colette) | 1994 | 31 | 74 |
| "Oh! What a World" | 1995 | 40 |  |
| "Bad Man" | 1996 | 51 |  |
| "Sister Sister" | 2000 | 34 |  |
| "Deliver Me"
(featuring John Martyn) | 2001 | 31 |  |
| "Dancing Home" | 2014 |  |  |
| "How Long Can I Wait?"
(featuring Wiley) | 2018 |  |  |
| "Life Is a Melody"
(with Faithless & Hyacinth Apollo) | 2023 |  |  |

## InfoBox

| Sister Bliss | |
| --- | --- |
| Sister Bliss as a keyboard/DJ performer with her band Faithless in concert at Palmesus 2013, Kristiansand, Norway | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Ayalah Deborah Bentovim |
| Born | (1970-12-30) 30 December 1970
London, England |
| Genres | House, psychedelic trance, progressive house, electronic, trip hop, trance |
| Occupation(s) | Musician, songwriter, record producer, DJ, keyboardist, pianist |
| Instrument(s) | Piano, synthesizer, keyboards |


title: Sister Beáta

abstract: Sister Beáta is a 1941 Hungarian drama film directed by István György and starring Éva Szörényi, Antal Páger and Piroska Vaszary. The film's sets were designed by the art director Márton Vincze.

text:
# Sister Beáta

***Sister Beáta*** (Hungarian: ***Beáta és az ördög***) is a 1941 Hungarian drama film directed by István György and starring Éva Szörényi, Antal Páger and Piroska Vaszary. The film's sets were designed by the art director Márton Vincze.

## Synospsis

Count Martino is injured in an accident and is taken to a convent to recuperate. There he is cared for by the young nun Sister Beáta with whom he falls in love.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Juhász, István. *Kincses magyar filmtár 1931-1944: az eredeti forgatókönyvből 1931 és 1944 között létrejött hazai mozgóképekről*. Kráter, 2007.
* Rîpeanu, Bujor. (ed.) *International Directory of Cinematographers, Set- and Costume Designers in Film: Hungary (from the beginnings to 1988)*. Saur, 1981.

## InfoBox

| Sister Beáta | |
| --- | --- |
| Danish poster | |
| Directed by | István György |
| Written by | István György
Árpád Horváth
Rezsö Török |
| Produced by | Béla Lévay |
| Starring | Éva Szörényi
Antal Páger
Piroska Vaszary |
| Cinematography | Károly Vass |
| Edited by | Zoltán Farkas |
| Music by | Lajos Ákom |
| Production
company | Léna Film |
| Release date | * 7 May 1941 (1941-05-07) |
| Running time | 89 minutes |
| Country | Hungary |
| Language | Hungarian |


title: Skanawan, Wisconsin

abstract: Skanawan is a town in Lincoln County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 391 at the 2010 census, up from 354 at the 2000 census.

text:
# Skanawan, Wisconsin

**Skanawan** is a town in Lincoln County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 391 at the 2010 census, up from 354 at the 2000 census.

## Geography

Skanwan is in northeastern Lincoln County, 9 miles (14 km) southeast of Tomahawk and 21 miles (34 km) north of Merrill, the county seat. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 36.0 square miles (93.3 km2), of which 35.4 square miles (91.8 km2) are land and 0.58 square miles (1.5 km2), or 1.64%, are water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 354 people, 141 households, and 98 families residing in the town. The population density was 10 people per square mile (3.9/km2). There were 216 housing units at an average density of 6.1 per square mile (2.4/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.72% White, and 0.28% from two or more races.

There were 141 households, out of which 31.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.8% were married couples living together, 2.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.8% were non-families. 26.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.04.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.6% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 26.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 111.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $41,458, and the median income for a family was $51,042. Males had a median income of $36,625 versus $23,125 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,698. About 4% of families and 3.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.9% of those under age 18 and 9.8% of those age 65 or over.

1. "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files – Wisconsin". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
2. "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
3. "Total Population: 2010 Census DEC Summary File 1 (P1), Skanawan town, Lincoln County, Wisconsin". *data.census.gov*. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
4. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.

## InfoBox

| Skanawan, Wisconsin | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Location of Skanawan, Wisconsin | |
| Coordinates: 45°24′43″N 89°37′37″W / 45.41194°N 89.62694°W / 45.41194; -89.62694 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Wisconsin |
| County | Lincoln |
| Area | |
| Total | 36.0 sq mi (93.3 km2) |
| Land | 35.4 sq mi (91.8 km2) |
| Water | 0.6 sq mi (1.5 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,545 ft (471 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 391 |
| Density | 11/sq mi (4.3/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP Codes | 54442 (Irma)
54487 (Tomahawk) |
| Area code(s) | 715 & 534 |
| FIPS code | 55-74250 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1584167 |
| Website | townofskanawannewsletter.com |


abstract: The men's normal hill individual ski jumping competition for the 1976 Winter Olympics was held at Seefeld. It took place on 15 February.

text:
# Ski jumping at the 1976 Winter Olympics – Normal hill individual

The **men's normal hill individual** ski jumping competition for the 1976 Winter Olympics was held at Seefeld. It took place on 15 February.

## Results

| Rank | Athlete | Country | Jump 1 | Jump 2 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Hans-Georg Aschenbach | East Germany | 128.0 | 124.0 | 252.0 |
|  | Jochen Danneberg | East Germany | 124.4 | 121.8 | 246.2 |
|  | Karl Schnabl | Austria | 121.8 | 120.2 | 242.0 |
| 4 | Jaroslav Balcar | Czechoslovakia | 118.9 | 120.7 | 239.6 |
| 5 | Ernst von Grünigen | Switzerland | 119.1 | 119.6 | 238.7 |
| 6 | Reinhold Bachler | Austria | 118.1 | 119.1 | 237.2 |
| 7 | Rudi Wanner | Austria | 116.5 | 117.0 | 233.5 |
| 7 | Toni Innauer | Austria | 115.6 | 117.9 | 233.5 |
| 9 | Walter Steiner | Switzerland | 117.3 | 114.9 | 232.2 |
| 10 | Alfred Grosche | West Germany | 115.3 | 116.6 | 231.9 |
| 11 | Esko Rautionaho | Finland | 116.5 | 113.1 | 229.6 |
| 12 | Aleksandr Karapuzov | Soviet Union | 112.6 | 114.2 | 226.8 |
| 13 | Hans Schmid | Switzerland | 112.1 | 114.2 | 226.3 |
| 14 | Jouko Törmänen | Finland | 112.4 | 112.6 | 225.0 |
| 15 | Aleksey Borovitin | Soviet Union | 111.3 | 113.6 | 224.9 |
| 16 | Rudolf Höhnl | Czechoslovakia | 112.6 | 111.4 | 224.0 |
| 16 | Yukio Kasaya | Japan | 114.1 | 109.9 | 224.0 |
| 18 | Johan Sætre | Norway | 112.6 | 109.9 | 222.5 |
| 18 | Karel Kodejška | Czechoslovakia | 108.4 | 114.1 | 222.5 |
| 20 | Hiroshi Itagaki | Japan | 109.4 | 111.7 | 221.1 |
| 21 | Jim Denney | United States | 110.7 | 108.2 | 218.9 |
| 22 | Yury Kalinin | Soviet Union | 105.5 | 113.2 | 218.7 |
| 23 | Sepp Schwinghammer | West Germany | 106.1 | 109.2 | 215.3 |
| 24 | Takao Ito | Japan | 106.8 | 107.1 | 213.9 |
| 25 | Sergey Saychik | Soviet Union | 105.2 | 108.4 | 213.6 |
| 26 | Ivo Felix | Czechoslovakia | 105.3 | 107.4 | 212.7 |
| 27 | Jerry Martin | United States | 109.6 | 103.0 | 212.6 |
| 28 | Stanisław Bobak | Poland | 104.2 | 106.8 | 211.0 |
| 29 | Koji Kakuta | Japan | 104.5 | 105.9 | 210.4 |
| 30 | Harri Blumén | Finland | 105.6 | 104.8 | 210.4 |
| 31 | Tadeusz Pawlusiak | Poland | 105.5 | 104.7 | 210.2 |
| 32 | Bernd Eckstein | East Germany | 118.6 | 90.7 | 209.3 |
| 33 | Odd Hammernes | Norway | 103.5 | 104.8 | 208.3 |
| 34 | Greg Windsperger | United States | 103.9 | 104.1 | 208.0 |
| 35 | Robert Mösching | Switzerland | 104.3 | 103.3 | 207.6 |
| 36 | Peter Wilson | Canada | 103.8 | 103.5 | 207.3 |
| 37 | Finn Halvorsen | Norway | 103.8 | 102.5 | 206.3 |
| 38 | Adam Krzysztofiak | Poland | 100.0 | 105.8 | 205.8 |
| 38 | Bogdan Norčič | Yugoslavia | 102.5 | 103.3 | 205.8 |
| 38 | Marcello Bazzana | Italy | 103.8 | 102.0 | 205.8 |
| 41 | Odd Brandsegg | Sweden | 99.2 | 105.4 | 204.6 |
| 42 | Branko Dolhar | Yugoslavia | 104.1 | 100.0 | 204.1 |
| 43 | Per Bergerud | Norway | 100.3 | 103.7 | 204.0 |
| 44 | Henry Glaß | East Germany | 118.3 | 85.5 | 203.8 |
| 45 | Lido Tomasi | Italy | 101.4 | 101.9 | 203.3 |
| 46 | Ivo Zupan | Yugoslavia | 103.8 | 98.5 | 202.3 |
| 47 | Janez Demšar | Yugoslavia | 98.3 | 101.5 | 199.8 |
| 48 | Richard Grady | Canada | 96.3 | 96.3 | 192.6 |
| 49 | Francesco Giacomelli | Italy | 94.9 | 97.0 | 191.9 |
| 50 | Leo De Crignis | Italy | 91.1 | 99.7 | 190.8 |
| 51 | Thomas Lundgren | Sweden | 100.7 | 87.3 | 188.0 |
| 52 | Janusz Waluś | Poland | 92.7 | 92.5 | 185.2 |
| 53 | Kip Sundgaard | United States | 89.6 | 88.0 | 177.6 |
| 54 | Kim Fripp | Canada | 91.2 | 84.7 | 175.9 |
| 55 | Donald Grady | Canada | 85.7 | 79.2 | 164.9 |

## InfoBox

| Men's normal hill individual
at the XII Olympic Winter Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Pictogram for ski jumping | |
| Venue | Seefeld |
| Dates | 7 February |
| Competitors | 55 from 15 nations |
| winning score | 252.0 |
| Medalists | |
| Hans-Georg Aschenbach
East Germany  Jochen Danneberg
East Germany  Karl Schnabl
Austria | |
|


abstract: The men's normal hill individual ski jumping competition for the 1964 Winter Olympics was held at Seefeld. It occurred on 31 January.

text:
# Ski jumping at the 1964 Winter Olympics – Normal hill individual

The **men's normal hill individual** ski jumping competition for the 1964 Winter Olympics was held at Seefeld. It occurred on 31 January.

## Results

| Rank | Athlete | Country | Jump 1 | Jump 2 | Jump 3 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Veikko Kankkonen | Finland | ~~95.9~~ | 115.9 | 114.0 | 229.9 |
|  | Toralf Engan | Norway | ~~112.1~~ | 112.3 | 114.0 | 226.3 |
|  | Torgeir Brandtzæg | Norway | ~~98.8~~ | 112.6 | 110.3 | 222.9 |
| 4 | Josef Matouš | Czechoslovakia | 114.3 | ~~103.9~~ | ~~103.9~~ | 218.2 |
| 5 | Dieter Neuendorf | United Team of Germany | 109.3 | 105.4 | ~~102.8~~ | 214.7 |
| 6 | Helmut Recknagel | United Team of Germany | ~~101.3~~ | 105.4 | 105.0 | 210.4 |
| 7 | Kurt Elimä | Sweden | ~~102.0~~ | 104.1 | 104.8 | 208.9 |
| 8 | Hans Olav Sørensen | Norway | 106.0 | ~~99.5~~ | 102.6 | 208.6 |
| 9 | Karl-Heinz Munk | United Team of Germany | 104.9 | 102.1 | ~~100.4~~ | 207.0 |
| 10 | John Balfanz | United States | ~~102.2~~ | 103.9 | 102.6 | 206.5 |
| 11 | Sepp Lichtenegger | Austria | ~~93.4~~ | 102.1 | 103.3 | 205.4 |
| 12 | Pyotr Kovalenko | Soviet Union | ~~100.8~~ | 101.1 | 104.0 | 205.1 |
| 13 | Baldur Preiml | Austria | 101.1 | 103.5 | ~~99.2~~ | 204.6 |
| 14 | Gene Kotlarek | United States | 103.2 | 100.2 | ~~97.2~~ | 203.4 |
| 14 | Torbjørn Yggeseth | Norway | 99.0 | 104.4 | ~~97.7~~ | 203.4 |
| 16 | Niilo Halonen | Finland | ~~99.4~~ | 102.8 | 100.6 | 203.4 |
| 17 | Aleksandr Ivannikov | Soviet Union | 101.6 | ~~99.8~~ | 101.7 | 203.3 |
| 18 | Józef Przybyła | Poland | 104.5 | 98.7 | ~~95.5~~ | 203.2 |
| 19 | Dalibor Motejlek | Czechoslovakia | 100.0 | 102.5 | ~~98.4~~ | 202.5 |
| 20 | Ensio Hyytiä | Finland | 101.5 | ~~99.6~~ | 100.9 | 202.4 |
| 21 | Nikolay Kamenskiy | Soviet Union | 100.4 | ~~99.1~~ | 100.7 | 201.1 |
| 22 | Piotr Wala | Poland | ~~96.7~~ | 100.1 | 100.9 | 201.0 |
| 23 | Yukio Kasaya | Japan | ~~97.5~~ | 101.4 | 99.2 | 200.6 |
| 24 | Ansten Samuelstuen | United States | 100.1 | 100.3 | ~~98.8~~ | 200.4 |
| 25 | Heribert Schmid | Switzerland | 99.7 | ~~92.7~~ | 100.4 | 200.1 |
| 26 | Sadao Kikuchi | Japan | ~~95.9~~ | 99.7 | 98.8 | 198.5 |
| 27 | Yosuke Eto | Japan | ~~94.2~~ | 98.4 | 100.0 | 198.4 |
| 28 | Otto Leodolter | Austria | ~~96.4~~ | 99.7 | 97.6 | 197.3 |
| 28 | Giacomo Aimoni | Italy | ~~96.1~~ | 96.9 | 100.4 | 197.3 |
| 30 | Zbyněk Hubač | Czechoslovakia | 98.3 | 98.5 | ~~93.7~~ | 196.8 |
| 31 | Antero Immonen | Finland | ~~95.4~~ | 97.7 | 97.6 | 195.3 |
| 32 | Olle Martinsson | Sweden | ~~93.9~~ | 98.7 | 96.1 | 194.8 |
| 33 | Kjell Sjöberg | Sweden | 98.4 | 96.2 | ~~91.4~~ | 194.6 |
| 34 | Antoni Łaciak | Poland | 95.1 | 99.2 | ~~91.7~~ | 194.3 |
| 35 | Holger Karlsson | Sweden | ~~93.8~~ | 96.7 | 97.1 | 193.8 |
| 36 | Nikolay Shamov | Soviet Union | 96.7 | ~~95.2~~ | 95.4 | 192.1 |
| 37 | Nilo Zandanel | Italy | ~~93.9~~ | 95.9 | 95.6 | 191.5 |
| 37 | Max Bolkart | United Team of Germany | ~~92.7~~ | 98.1 | 93.4 | 191.5 |
| 39 | Ludvik Zajc | Yugoslavia | 95.6 | ~~95.4~~ | 95.6 | 191.2 |
| 40 | Naoki Shimura | Japan | ~~93.5~~ | 95.2 | 95.7 | 190.9 |
| 41 | David Hicks | United States | ~~92.6~~ | 95.4 | 94.9 | 190.3 |
| 42 | László Gellér | Hungary | ~~63.7~~ | 97.9 | 91.6 | 189.5 |
| 43 | Kaare Lien | Canada | 93.9 | 94.4 | ~~90.2~~ | 188.3 |
| 44 | Willi Egger | Austria | ~~91.7~~ | 94.5 | 92.9 | 187.4 |
| 45 | Ryszard Witke | Poland | ~~83.2~~ | 94.5 | 91.6 | 186.1 |
| 46 | Bruno De Zordo | Italy | 88.5 | ~~87.5~~ | 96.6 | 185.1 |
| 47 | Miro Oman | Yugoslavia | 93.3 | 87.6 | ~~84.9~~ | 180.9 |
| 48 | Ueli Scheidegger | Switzerland | 89.4 | 87.0 | ~~76.7~~ | 176.4 |
| 49 | Božo Jemc | Yugoslavia | 89.8 | ~~81.1~~ | 86.5 | 176.3 |
| 50 | Peter Eržen | Yugoslavia | 89.9 | ~~58.5~~ | 84.4 | 174.3 |
| 51 | Josef Zehnder | Switzerland | 88.1 | ~~45.5~~ | 83.6 | 171.7 |
| 52 | László Csávás | Hungary | ~~80.5~~ | 86.1 | 84.8 | 170.9 |
| 53 | John McInnes | Canada | ~~76.7~~ | 82.9 | 83.4 | 166.3 |

## InfoBox

| Men's normal hill individual
at the IX Olympic Winter Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Left-right: Brandtzæg, Kankkonen, Engan | |
| Venue | Seefeld |
| Dates | January 31 |
| Competitors | 53 from 15 nations |
| Winning score | 229.9 |
| Medalists | |
| Veikko Kankkonen
Finland  Toralf Engan
Norway  Torgeir Brandtzæg
Norway | |
|


abstract: The men's large hill individual ski jumping competition for the 1972 Winter Olympics was held in Okurayama Ski Jump Stadium. It occurred on 11 February. In the competition on the Okurayama jumping hill, conditions were "variable and unfair" according to a Norwegian account of the 1972 Games published in 2006, and the result is described as "the greatest surprise of all time on the jumping hill". In the first run, the 19-year-old Zakopane mechanic Wojciech Fortuna completed a leap of 111 metres, while Manfred Wolf of East Germany was runner-up after the first run having jumped 107 metres. Jiří Raška, Gariy Napalkov and Tauno Käyhkö, all counted among the favourites according to Jorsett's account, were all more than 12 metres behind, Yukio Kasaya, who won on the normal hill, landed on 90 metres, and Ingolf Mork, the 1972 Four Hills Tournament winner, touched down on 88 metres. Fortuna's second jump was a more modest 87.5 metres; still, the tenths of a point remained on his side. Again according to Jorsett, Steiner, Schmidt and Käyhkö got lucky with the wind in the second run, but all finished within 0.7 points of Fortuna. This was the smallest margin between first and fourth to date. Pudgar's eighth place was the best placing by a Yugoslav at the Winter Olympics ski jumping until Matjaž Debelak won bronze at the 1988 Winter Olympics, and the best placing by a Yugoslav athlete at any Winter Olympic event until alpine skier Bojan Križaj finished fourth in giant slalom at the 1980 Winter Olympics.

text:
# Ski jumping at the 1972 Winter Olympics – Large hill individual

The **men's large hill individual** ski jumping competition for the 1972 Winter Olympics was held in Okurayama Ski Jump Stadium. It occurred on 11 February.

In the competition on the Okurayama jumping hill, conditions were "variable and unfair" according to a Norwegian account of the 1972 Games published in 2006, and the result is described as "the greatest surprise of all time on the jumping hill". In the first run, the 19-year-old Zakopane mechanic Wojciech Fortuna completed a leap of 111 metres, while Manfred Wolf of East Germany was runner-up after the first run having jumped 107 metres. Jiří Raška, Gariy Napalkov and Tauno Käyhkö, all counted among the favourites according to Jorsett's account, were all more than 12 metres behind, Yukio Kasaya, who won on the normal hill, landed on 90 metres, and Ingolf Mork, the 1972 Four Hills Tournament winner, touched down on 88 metres.

Fortuna's second jump was a more modest 87.5 metres; still, the tenths of a point remained on his side. Again according to Jorsett, Steiner (103 metres), Schmidt (101 metres) and Käyhkö (100.5 metres) got lucky with the wind in the second run, but all finished within 0.7 points of Fortuna. This was the smallest margin between first and fourth to date.

Pudgar's eighth place was the best placing by a Yugoslav at the Winter Olympics ski jumping until Matjaž Debelak won bronze at the 1988 Winter Olympics, and the best placing by a Yugoslav athlete at any Winter Olympic event until alpine skier Bojan Križaj finished fourth in giant slalom at the 1980 Winter Olympics.

## Results

| Rank | Athlete | Country | Jump 1 | Jump 2 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Wojciech Fortuna | Poland | 130.4 | 89.5 | 219.9 |
|  | Walter Steiner | Switzerland | 101.6 | 118.2 | 219.8 |
|  | Rainer Schmidt | East Germany | 106.4 | 112.9 | 219.3 |
| 4 | Tauno Käyhkö | Finland | 104.5 | 114.7 | 219.2 |
| 5 | Manfred Wolf | East Germany | 120.3 | 94.8 | 215.1 |
| 6 | Gariy Napalkov | Soviet Union | 111.3 | 98.8 | 210.1 |
| 7 | Yukio Kasaya | Japan | 124.9 | 84.5 | 209.4 |
| 8 | Danilo Pudgar | Yugoslavia | 98.5 | 107.5 | 206.0 |
| 9 | Esko Rautionaho | Finland | 95.7 | 110.1 | 205.8 |
| 10 | Jiří Raška | Czechoslovakia | 111.1 | 93.6 | 204.7 |
| 11 | Rolf Nordgren | Sweden | 105.5 | 98.0 | 203.5 |
| 12 | Akitsugu Konno | Japan | 109.7 | 89.4 | 199.1 |
| 13 | Kari Ylianttila | Finland | 99.1 | 98.3 | 197.4 |
| 14 | Takashi Fujisawa | Japan | 107.2 | 89.9 | 197.1 |
| 15 | Zbyněk Hubač | Czechoslovakia | 96.1 | 98.6 | 194.7 |
| 15 | Frithjof Prydz | Norway | 89.0 | 105.7 | 194.7 |
| 17 | Zdenek Mezl | Canada | 104.7 | 89.6 | 194.3 |
| 18 | Tadeusz Pawlusiak | Poland | 89.3 | 94.0 | 183.3 |
| 19 | Hiroshi Itagaki | Japan | 96.0 | 87.1 | 183.1 |
| 20 | Henry Glaß | East Germany | 97.9 | 85.1 | 183.0 |
| 21 | Sergey Yanin | Soviet Union | 93.1 | 88.3 | 181.4 |
| 22 | Josef Zehnder | Switzerland | 97.0 | 84.1 | 181.1 |
| 23 | Drago Pudgar | Yugoslavia | 95.6 | 84.1 | 179.7 |
| 24 | Reinhold Bachler | Austria | 88.9 | 90.3 | 179.2 |
| 25 | Ron Steele | United States | 86.6 | 91.1 | 177.7 |
| 26 | Leoš Škoda | Czechoslovakia | 96.3 | 80.0 | 176.3 |
| 27 | Günther Göllner | West Germany | 93.0 | 82.3 | 175.3 |
| 28 | Ingolf Mork | Norway | 95.6 | 77.7 | 173.3 |
| 29 | Adam Krzysztofiak | Poland | 85.6 | 87.5 | 173.1 |
| 30 | Greg Swor | United States | 77.2 | 95.6 | 172.8 |
| 31 | Stanisław Gąsienica Daniel | Poland | 83.2 | 87.9 | 171.1 |
| 32 | Rauno Miettinen | Finland | 79.7 | 91.0 | 170.7 |
| 32 | Anatoly Zheglanov | Soviet Union | 73.7 | 97.0 | 170.7 |
| 34 | Jo Inge Bjørnebye | Norway | 86.7 | 81.1 | 167.8 |
| 35 | K'oba Ts'akadze | Soviet Union | 69.7 | 95.5 | 165.2 |
| 36 | Jerry Martin | United States | 89.1 | 74.0 | 163.1 |
| 37 | Bjørn Wirkola | Norway | 97.7 | 64.8 | 162.5 |
| 37 | Marjan Mesec | Yugoslavia | 78.7 | 83.8 | 162.5 |
| 39 | Peter Wilson | Canada | 78.7 | 80.9 | 159.6 |
| 40 | Heinz Wosipiwo | East Germany | 74.3 | 85.3 | 159.6 |
| 41 | Anders Lundqvist | Sweden | 85.8 | 72.2 | 158.0 |
| 42 | Hans Schmid | Switzerland | 101.8 | 54.6 | 156.4 |
| 43 | Max Golser | Austria | 84.9 | 68.7 | 153.6 |
| 44 | Ernst von Grünigen | Switzerland | 79.8 | 73.2 | 153.0 |
| 45 | Ulf Kvendbo | Canada | 75.6 | 77.0 | 152.6 |
| 46 | Rudi Wanner | Austria | 69.6 | 82.7 | 152.3 |
| 47 | Scott Berry | United States | 76.1 | 75.6 | 151.7 |
| 48 | Peter Štefančič | Yugoslavia | 67.6 | 77.6 | 145.2 |
| 49 | Yvan Richard | France | 68.8 | 73.4 | 142.2 |
| 50 | Alain Macle | France | 65.9 | 56.9 | 122.8 |
| 51 | Jacques Gaillard | France | 60.8 | 61.9 | 122.7 |
| 52 | Alfred Grosche | West Germany | 44.6 | 75.0 | 119.6 |

## InfoBox

| Men's large hill individual
at the XI Olympic Winter Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Pictogram for ski jumping | |
| Venue | Okurayama Ski Jump Stadium |
| Dates | February 11 |
| Competitors | 52 from 15 nations |
| Winning score | 219.9 |
| Medalists | |
| Wojciech Fortuna
Poland  Walter Steiner
Switzerland  Rainer Schmidt
East Germany | |
|


title: Sister Spit

abstract: Sister Spit was a lesbian-feminist spoken-word and performance art collective based in San Francisco, signed to Mr. Lady Records. They formed in 1994 and disbanded in 2006. Founding members included Michelle Tea and Sini Anderson, Other members included Jane LeCroy and poet Eileen Myles. The group were noted for their Ramblin' Roadshow, performing at feminist events such as the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival. The Boston Phoenix described it as "the coolest line-up of talented, tattooed, pierced, and purple-pigtailed performance artists the Bay Area has to offer." The Independent Weekly magazine described the group as a "literary celebration of outspoken and courageous feminists". Sister Spit performed on numerous occasions at the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival, as well as on multiple tours across the United States, chiefly to LGBT audiences, including the Castro Street Fair, Pride and Ladyfest in San Francisco. They played at such locations as Boston, Cambridge, Massachusetts and Buffalo, New York. Michelle Tea revived the tour in April 2007, calling the new incarnation Sister Spit: The Next Generation. The new group includes original Sister Spitters Eileen Myles and Ali Liebegott, as well as younger writers such as Cristy Road, Nicole Georges, and Rhiannon Argo. For a month on the road, Sister Spit: The Next Generation traveled across the U.S. and Canada, and occasionally through Europe, performing mainly at universities and art centers. In order to reflect changes in gender identity and sexual orientation, the line-up no longer includes only women. Performers have included Nicole Georges, Cristy Road, Eileen Myles, Beth Lisick, Blake Nelson, Justin Vivian Bond and Ariel Schrag. In 2017, the 20th Anniversary Sister Spit tour included Denise Benavides, Virgie Tovar, Maya Songbird, Celeste Chan, Cathy de la Cruz, Juliana Delgado Lopera and Joshua Jennifer Espinoza.

text:
# Sister Spit

**Sister Spit** was a lesbian-feminist spoken-word and performance art collective based in San Francisco, signed to Mr. Lady Records. They formed in 1994 and disbanded in 2006. Founding members included Michelle Tea and Sini Anderson, Other members included Jane LeCroy and poet Eileen Myles. The group were noted for their *Ramblin' Roadshow*, performing at feminist events such as the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival. The *Boston Phoenix* described it as "the coolest (and cutest) line-up of talented, tattooed, pierced, and purple-pigtailed performance artists the Bay Area has to offer."

The *Independent Weekly* magazine described the group as a "literary celebration of outspoken and courageous feminists". Sister Spit performed on numerous occasions at the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival, as well as on multiple tours across the United States, chiefly to LGBT audiences, including the Castro Street Fair, Pride and Ladyfest in San Francisco. They played at such locations as Boston, Cambridge, Massachusetts and Buffalo, New York.

Michelle Tea revived the tour in April 2007, calling the new incarnation Sister Spit: The Next Generation. The new group includes original Sister Spitters Eileen Myles and Ali Liebegott, as well as younger writers such as Cristy Road, Nicole Georges, and Rhiannon Argo.

For a month on the road, Sister Spit: The Next Generation traveled across the U.S. and Canada, and occasionally through Europe, performing mainly at universities and art centers. In order to reflect changes in gender identity and sexual orientation, the line-up no longer includes only women. Performers have included Nicole Georges, Cristy Road, Eileen Myles, Beth Lisick, Blake Nelson, Justin Vivian Bond and Ariel Schrag.

In 2017, the 20th Anniversary Sister Spit tour included Denise Benavides, Virgie Tovar, Maya Songbird, Celeste Chan, Cathy de la Cruz, Juliana Delgado Lopera and Joshua Jennifer Espinoza.

## Sister Spit and City Lights Publishers

In 2012 Sister Spit made the long-desired leap from promoting and supporting up-and-coming queer, feminist writers to actually shepherding them into print via a collaboration with City Lights Publishers. The new imprint, City Lights/Sister Spit, began by publishing the anthology *Sister Spit: Writing, Rants and Reminiscence from the Road*. Subsequently, it has published works by Ali Liebegott, Beth Lisick, and others. In their 40th-anniversary issue, *Ms.* magazine named the anthology a "great read" of the season that honors the cultural institution that is the Sister Spit roadshow.

The mission of the City Lights/Sister Spit imprint is to publish primarily but not exclusively writings that are informed by a queer, feminist outsider perspectives. Editor Michelle Tea wishes to nurture work from people who struggle to find a place.

## Membership

Sister Spit had a rotating membership. Members for many or all shows included

## Releases

## Bibliography

* Tea, Michelle. *Sister Spit: Writing, Rants and Reminiscence from the Road* (City Lights, 2012). ISBN 978-0-87286-566-2, editor: Michelle Tea. Collection of essays, stories, poetry and comics from Michelle Tea, Rhiannon Argo, Cooper Lee Bombardier, Harry Dodge, Nicole J. Georges, Myriam Gurba, Tara Jepsen, Ali Liebegott, Elisha Lim, Beth Lisick, Tamara Llosa-Sandor, MariNaomi, Ben McCoy, Lenelle Moïse, Eileen Myles, Blake Nelson, Kirk Read, Cristy C. Road, Sara Seinberg, Cassie J. Sneider, Samuael Topiary and Kat Marie Yoas.
* Felix, Dia. *Nochita* (City Lights, 2014). ISBN 978-0-87286-612-6
* Moïse, Lenelle. *Haiti Glass* (City Lights, 2014). ISBN 978-0-87286-614-0

1. "Great expectorations: San Francisco's Sister Spit heads east" Archived 2006-10-20 at the Wayback Machine, *Boston Phoenix*, July 1997.
2. "Feminist/Queer Entrepreneurs: Mr. Lady Music and Videos", *Independent Weekly*, June 27, 2001.
3. Lynnee Breedlove's CV Archived 2007-02-09 at the Wayback Machine, includes Sister Spit festival appearances.
4. "Eileen Myles is an unregenerate punk at 50". Article on Sister Spit in the *Village Voice*.
5. "Quirky women spice up literary reading at Jake's". Article on Sister Spit in *The Olympian*.
6. "Sister Spit - Performance" (Press release). University of California, Riverside. 2017-03-13. Archived from the original on 2017-03-04. Retrieved 2017-03-28.
7. Jessa Crispin "Sister Spit: Writings, Rants & Reminiscence from the Road", *Kirkus Reviews*, 9/18/12.
8. Adam Rathe Tea and Spit\- *Out*, 9/4/12.
9. Michelle Tea shrine, features line-up of Sister Spit.
10. Holman, Bob. "Mouth Almighty Records". Retrieved 2017-03-28.
11. "Sister Spit's Ramblin' Road Show - Greatest Spits". *Discogs.org*. 29 May 2001. Retrieved 2017-03-28.
12. "Kriss De Jong" (PDF). *Killer Banshee Studios*. Retrieved 2017-03-28.


title: Sister Sridevi

abstract: Sister Sridevi is a 2017 Indian Odia-language romantic comedy film produced by Tarang Cine Productions. Babushaan and Sivani Sangita, with Mihir Das and Aparajita Mohanty are in supporting role. The movie is a remake of 2016 Tamil movie Remo.

text:
# Sister Sridevi

***Sister Sridevi*** is a 2017 Indian Odia-language romantic comedy film produced by Tarang Cine Productions. Babushaan and Sivani Sangita, with Mihir Das and Aparajita Mohanty are in supporting role. The movie is a remake of 2016 Tamil movie *Remo*.

## Premise

A romantic story with an extra dose of comedy. This is a story of a boy who goes to extreme lengths of disguising his gender to win the love of his beloved.

## Cast

* Babushaan as Sanju
* Sivani Sangita as Sunayana
* Mihir Das
* Aparajita Mohanty
* Salil Mitra
* Jayprakash Das
* Tribhuban Raj
* Pratyush toltia

## Music

The music for the film was composed by Abhijit Majumdar

* Music Director - Abhijit Majumdar
* Lyricist - Nirmal Nayak
* Male Vocals - Tarique Aziz, Rituraj Mohanty
* Female Vocals - Sanju Mohanty, Pragyan

## Soundtrack

The soundtrack has music composed by Abhijit Majumdar with lyrics by Nirmal Nayak. The music was released on 12 June 2017.

| Sister Sridevi | |
| --- | --- |
| Soundtrack album by Abhijit Majumdar | |
| Released | 9 June 2017 |
| Recorded | 2017 |
| Genre | Feature film soundtrack |
| Language | Odia |
| Director | Ashok Pati |
| Producer | Tarang Cine Productions |

Track list
| No. | Title | Music | Singer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Sister Sridevi (Title Song)" | Abhijit Majumdar | Tarique Aziz |  |
| 2. | "Mo Chuni Tale black Money" | Abhijit Majumdar | Sanju Mohanty |  |
| 3. | "Nagin Nagin" | Abhijit Majumdar | Tarique Aziz |  |
| 4. | "Kain Bhuligalu" | Abhijit Majumdar | Rituraj Mohanty |  |
| 5. | "Oh Sunayana" | Abhijit Majumdar | Rituraj Mohanty, Pragyan |  |

## Box office

The film was released on 9 June 2017 during Raja festival across Odisha to positive reviews. The movie grossed 18 Lakh on its first day and collected 70 lakh in first week. In the second & third week it grossed respectively 1.03 crore & 30 Lakh.

## InfoBox

| Sister Sridevi | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Ashok Pati |
| Screenplay by | Ashok Pati |
| Produced by | Tarang Cine Productions |
| Starring | Babushaan
Sivani Sangita
Aparajita Mohanty
Mihir Das |
| Edited by | Sukumar Mani |
| Music by | Abhijit Majumdar |
| Production
company | Tarang Cine Productions |
| Distributed by | Tarang Cine Productions |
| Release date | * 9 June 2017 (2017-06-09) (India) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Odia |


title: Skimming (fraud)

abstract: A form of white-collar crime, skimming is taking cash "off the top" of the daily receipts of a business and officially reporting a lower total. The formal legal term is defalcation.

text:
# Skimming (fraud)

A form of white-collar crime, **skimming** is taking cash "off the top" of the daily receipts of a business (or from any cash transaction involving a third interested party) and officially reporting a lower total. The formal legal term is **defalcation**.

## Examples

A skimming crime may be simple tax evasion: the owner of a business may fail to "ring up" a transaction and pocket the cash, thus converting a customer's payment directly to the owner's personal use without accounting for the profit, thereby the owner avoids paying either business or personal income taxes on it. A famous example of this crime occurred at Studio 54 discotheque, which was forced to close as a result.

Skimming may additionally be the direct theft of cash; in addition to hiding it from tax authorities, the perpetrator hides the taking from an employer (embezzlement), business partners, or shareholders. A large-scale allegation of this kind has been levelled at Satyam Computer Services concerning the billion dollars missing from the company's coffers.

Skimming may be necessitated by a third crime; for example, an otherwise honest businessman who pays taxes and does not cheat his partners might still be forced to skim some cash from the business and use it to give to an extortionist in the form of a bribe, kickbacks, or payment to a protection racket or loan shark or even a blackmailer.

Skimming at casinos is associated with the funding of organized crime. In May 1963, the FBI turned over to the Justice Department a two-volume document called *The Skimming Report* which detailed the skimming of gambling profits by Las Vegas casinos to avoid taxes. The report documented how pre-tax profits from casinos were being routed to various organized crime syndicates across the nation. No one could be prosecuted as the FBI obtained its information by illegally bugging casino money rooms. Casino skimming during the 1970s and 1980s is featured in Nicholas Pileggi's nonfiction book *Casino: Love and Honor in Las Vegas* and in the film *Casino*, which is based on it.

Other related usages can include things such as corrupt government officials "skimming" cash received as foreign aid.


title: Sires' Produce Stakes (WA)

abstract: The Sires' Produce Stakes is a Perth Racing Group 3 Thoroughbred horse race for two-year-olds, run at set weights, over a distance of 1400 metres at Ascot Racecourse, Perth, Western Australia in April. Total prizemoney is A$200,000.

text:
# Sires' Produce Stakes (WA)

The **Sires' Produce Stakes** is a Perth Racing Group 3 Thoroughbred horse race for two-year-olds, run at set weights, over a distance of 1400 metres at Ascot Racecourse, Perth, Western Australia in April. Total prizemoney is A$200,000.

## History

### Grade

* 19111978 - Principal Race
* 19791990 - Group 2
* 1991 onwards - Group 3

### Venue

## Winners

* 2022 - Snowdome
* 2021 - Hoi An
* 2020 - Watch Me Dance
* 2019 - Tinsnip
* 2018 - Lordhelpmerun
* 2017 - Debellatio
* 2016 - Whispering Brook
* 2015 - Showy Chloe
* 2014 - Prentice
* 2013 - Camporella
* 2012 - Luke's Luck
* 2011 - Bliss Street
* 2010 - Motion Pictures
* 2009 - God Has Spoken
* 2008 - Brava Fortune
* 2007 - Roman Time
* 2006 - Paris Petard
* 2005 - Denmarket
* 2004 - Covertly
* 2003 - Diamond Dash
* 2002 - Hardrada
* 2001 - Miss Vandal
* 2000 - Simon Said
* 1999 - Paradise Park
* 1998 - Bomber Bill
* 1997 - Snooping
* 1996 - Clever Jev
* 1995 - Marooned Lady
* 1994 - Arabella
* 1993 - Starbaleta
* 1992 - Rapid Tripper
* 1991 - Time Frame
* 1990 - Pedantic
* 1989 - Send A Sign
* 1988 - Deluxe Model
* 1987 - Showy Gift
* 1986 - Sanhedrin's Pride
* 1985 - Just Begun
* 1984 - Don Remon
* 1983 - Shah-Anne
* 1982 - Corona Miss
* 1981 - Wild Side
* 1980 - Papermaker
* 1979 - Hakim Boy
* 1978 - Rare Sovereign
* 1977 - Rolera
* 1976 - Storm Star
* 1975 - Farranfore
* 1974 - Dawn Aptly
* 1973 - Our Pocket
* 1972 - Indian Law
* 1971 - Indian Shel
* 1970 - Red Crescent
* 1969 - Roman Hills
* 1968 - Hispano
* 1967 - Super Sam
* 1966 - Haze
* 1965 - Nanna Tale
* 1964 - Little Roderick
* 1963 - Son O' Minx
* 1962 - Nicopolis
* 1961 - Geike
* 1960 - Chestillion
* 1959 - Kuantan
* 1958 - Countess Blanche
* 1957 - Sanvista
* 1956 - Fairflow
* 1955 - Aldon Queen
* 1954 - Maniana
* 1953 - Queen Mark
* 1952 - Winker
* 1951 - Master Gordon
* 1950 - Beau Scot
* 1949 - Radiant Stream
* 1948 - Precedent
* 1947 - Westralian
* 1946 - Blue Stream
* 1945 - Flaming Monarch
* 1944 - New Hue
* 1943 - Kalamunda
* 1942 - Skyro
* 1941 - Ruby
* 1940 - Knight Brook
* 1939 - Loyalist
* 1938 - Gay Prince
* 1937 - Jungle Lady
* 1936 - Jongleur
* 1935 - First Consul
* 1934 - Hyperion
* 1933 - D'Artagnan
* 1932 - Riveret
* 1931 - Jolly Fair
* 1930 - Shining Colours
* 1929 - Lord Beggar
* 1928 - Dawn Of Youth
* 1927 - Ferric
* 1926 - Maple
* 1925 - Pica Pica
* 1924 - Neatfoot
* 1923 - Flimsy
* 1922 - Landon
* 1921 - Poondarra
* 1920 - Jolly Cosy
* 1919 - Eurythmic
* 1918 - Eudios
* 1917 - Ventrim
* 1916 - Yandil
* 1915 - Welkin Queen
* 1914 - Irish Knight
* 1913 - Pilbarra
* 1912 - Roserial
* 1911 - Florabel

## InfoBox

WA Sires' Produce Stakes
| Group 3 race | |
| --- | --- |
| Eurythmic, 1919 winner | |
| Location | Ascot Racecourse, Perth, Western Australia |
| Inaugurated | 1911 |
| Race type | Thoroughbred |
| Race information | |
| Distance | 1,400 metres |
| Surface | Turf |
| Qualification | Two year old |
| Weight | Set weights
colts and geldings  56+12 kg
fillies  54+12 kg |
| Purse | 200,000 (2022) |


title: Siyadi House

abstract: Siyadi House, also known as Bayt Siyadi is a historic building in Muharraq City, Kingdom of Bahrain. It is part of a larger complex of buildings constructed for the pearl merchant Abdullah bin Isa Siyadi, which further includes a mosque and a majlis. While the Siyadi House was built under Ahmad bin Jassim Siyadi, the construction of the Siyadi Majlis was initiated by Ahmad bin Jassim Siyadi and the Siyadi Mosque was a shared initiative of Isa and Jassim bin Yousif Siyadi. It is also a part of the Bahrain pearling trail, the second UNESCO World Heritage Site in the country.

text:
# Siyadi House

**Siyadi House**, also known as Bayt Siyadi (Arabic: بيت سيادي) is a historic building in Muharraq City, Kingdom of Bahrain. It is part of a larger complex of buildings constructed for the pearl merchant Abdullah bin Isa Siyadi, which further includes a mosque and a majlis. While the Siyadi House was built under Ahmad bin Jassim Siyadi, the construction of the Siyadi Majlis was initiated by Ahmad bin Jassim Siyadi and the Siyadi Mosque was a shared initiative of Isa and Jassim bin Yousif Siyadi. It is also a part of the Bahrain pearling trail, the second UNESCO World Heritage Site in the country.

## History

The Siyadi family arrived to Bahrain in the early 19th century and settled close to the rulers’ houses in the Sh. Abdallah neighbourhood. The family's wealth originated from their involvement in the pearl trade, which blossomed in Muharraq in the 19th century.

## Architecture

The oldest part of the complex is Siyadi Mosque, which Isa and Jassim bin Yousif Siyadi donated to the Muharraq community in 1865. The original building was later revised and, according to Yarwood, the preserved structure dates to 1910. the Siyadi Mosque is the oldest preserved mosque in Muharraq and is still used for daily prayers.

Siyadi Majlis was constructed in two phases; the first phase initiated by Jassim bin Yousif Siyadi in 1850, which covered the ground floor and the upper-storey rooms constructed during the second phase in 1921. The largest part of the complex, Siyadi House is still used as a private residence and is inhabited by Abdallah bin Hassan Siyadi, the grandson of the builder Abdallah bin Isa Siyadi. It is not open to accessible to public and cannot be visited. The 450 square meters residence was the last construction and is dated to 1931.

The three buildings illustrate elaborate decorations of the late pearling era of Bahrain, in particular Siyadi Majlis has an inside room worth visiting. At present the Siyadi Majlis is under the responsibility of the Ministry of Culture, Bahrain.


title: Siyadumisa (Songs of Praise)

abstract: Siyadumisa is a 2007 album by the South African mbaqanga group the Mahotella Queens. The album is the first gospel-orientated album by the Queens, and features the voice of lead singer Hilda Tloubatla's son, Alfred "Ali" Temo. The album was released in May 2007 in South Africa on the Bula Music label, and was a joint venture between Bula and AS Entertainment. During the making of the album, the group's bass guitarist Madoda Ntshingila was injured in a car accident, and at the last minute the acclaimed bassist Jabu Sibumbe was hired to replace Ntshingila. The Queens had also recruited a new lead guitarist, John Papo, whom they described as "very beautiful, when he plays guitar he is just like Marks Mankwane". Papo died after only a week recording on the album. Songs on the album include "Ebenezer" and "Usathane Uyadelela" as well as a re-recording of "Bonang Suna", a song the Queens originally recorded in the late 1980s. Also included are several Zulu hymns rearranged by the Queens into a gospel-mbaqanga style.

text:
# Siyadumisa (Songs of Praise)

***Siyadumisa (Songs of Praise)*** is a 2007 album by the South African mbaqanga group the Mahotella Queens. The album is the first gospel-orientated album by the Queens, and features the voice of lead singer Hilda Tloubatla's son, Alfred "Ali" Temo. The album was released in May 2007 in South Africa on the Bula Music label, and was a joint venture between Bula and AS Entertainment (the Queens' management).

During the making of the album, the group's bass guitarist Madoda Ntshingila was injured in a car accident, and at the last minute the acclaimed bassist Jabu Sibumbe was hired to replace Ntshingila. The Queens had also recruited a new lead guitarist, John Papo, whom they described as "very beautiful, when he plays guitar he is just like Marks Mankwane". Papo died after only a week recording on the album.

Songs on the album include "Ebenezer" (the opening song to the Queens' concerts) and "Usathane Uyadelela" ("Satan Is Wayward") as well as a re-recording of "Bonang Suna", a song the Queens originally recorded in the late 1980s. Also included are several Zulu hymns rearranged by the Queens into a gospel-mbaqanga style.

## Track listing

1. "Umlingi" (Comp.: Nobesuthu Mbadu)
2. "Lenjabulo" (Comp.: Traditional / Mildred Mangxola)
3. "Bonang Suna" (Comp.: Hilda Tloubatla)
4. "Ebenezer" (Comp.: Hilda Tloubatla)
5. "Usathane Uyadelela" (Comp.: Traditional / Mildred Mangxola)
6. "Thixo Bawo" (Comp.: Traditional / Mildred Mangxola)
7. "Batswarele" (Comp.: Hilda Tloubatla)
8. "Kheth'eyakho" (Comp.: Traditional / Mildred Mangxola)
9. "Siza Ubenami" (Comp.: Nobesuthu Mbadu)
10. "Sisho Udumo" (Comp.: Traditional / Hilda Tloubatla)
11. "Umkhwezeli" (Comp.: Traditional / Nobesuthu Mbadu)
12. "It Is Well" (Comp.: Traditional / Hilda Tloubatla)

## Personnel

### Musicians

### Other

1. Bula Music: "New Releases" section "Bula Music - New releases". Archived from the original on 2 May 2007. Retrieved 16 May 2007., *Mahotella Queens Magic To Take SA By Storm!!*
2. Gospel Grooves: "Featured Artists" section "Gospel Grooves - Featured Artists". Archived from the original on 24 May 2007. Retrieved 10 June 2007., *Mahotella Queens*
3. Gospel Grooves: "Featured Artists" section "Gospel Grooves - Featured Artists". Archived from the original on 24 May 2007. Retrieved 10 June 2007., *Mahotella Queens*
4. Bula Music: "New Releases" section "Bula Music - New releases". Archived from the original on 2 May 2007. Retrieved 16 May 2007., *Mahotella Queens Magic To Take SA By Storm!!*

## InfoBox

| Siyadumisa (Songs of Praise) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Mahotella Queens | |
| Released | May 2007 |
| Recorded | 2007 |
| Genre | Mbaqanga, Mgqashiyo, Gospel |
| Length | 40:00 approx. |
| Label | Bula Music/AS Entertainment |
| Producer | Jabu Sibumbe, Ian Osrin |
| Mahotella Queens chronology | |
| *Kazet*
(2006) ***Siyadumisa (Songs of Praise)***
(2007) | |


title: Skolem normal form

abstract: In mathematical logic, a formula of first-order logic is in Skolem normal form if it is in prenex normal form with only universal first-order quantifiers. Every first-order formula may be converted into Skolem normal form while not changing its satisfiability via a process called Skolemization. The resulting formula is not necessarily equivalent to the original one, but is equisatisfiable with it: it is satisfiable if and only if the original one is satisfiable. Reduction to Skolem normal form is a method for removing existential quantifiers from formal logic statements, often performed as the first step in an automated theorem prover.

text:
# Skolem normal form

In mathematical logic, a formula of first-order logic is in **Skolem normal form** if it is in prenex normal form with only universal first-order quantifiers.

Every first-order formula may be converted into Skolem normal form while not changing its satisfiability via a process called **Skolemization** (sometimes spelled **Skolemnization**). The resulting formula is not necessarily equivalent to the original one, but is equisatisfiable with it: it is satisfiable if and only if the original one is satisfiable.

Reduction to Skolem normal form is a method for removing existential quantifiers from formal logic statements, often performed as the first step in an automated theorem prover.

## Examples

The simplest form of Skolemization is for existentially quantified variables that are not inside the scope of a universal quantifier. These may be replaced simply by creating new constants. For example, $\exists xP(x)$ may be changed to $P(c)$, where $c$ is a new constant (does not occur anywhere else in the formula).

More generally, Skolemization is performed by replacing every existentially quantified variable $y$ with a term $f(x\_{1},\ldots ,x\_{n})$ whose function symbol $f$ is new. The variables of this term are as follows. If the formula is in prenex normal form, then $x\_{1},\ldots ,x\_{n}$ are the variables that are universally quantified and whose quantifiers precede that of $y$. In general, they are the variables that are quantified universally (we assume we get rid of existential quantifiers in order, so all existential quantifiers before $\exists y$ have been removed) and such that $\exists y$ occurs in the scope of their quantifiers. The function $f$ introduced in this process is called a **Skolem function** (or **Skolem constant** if it is of zero arity) and the term is called a **Skolem term**.

As an example, the formula $\forall x\exists y\forall zP(x,y,z)$ is not in Skolem normal form because it contains the existential quantifier $\exists y$. Skolemization replaces $y$ with $f(x)$, where $f$ is a new function symbol, and removes the quantification over $y$. The resulting formula is $\forall x\forall zP(x,f(x),z)$. The Skolem term $f(x)$ contains $x$, but not $z$, because the quantifier to be removed $\exists y$ is in the scope of $\forall x$, but not in that of $\forall z$; since this formula is in prenex normal form, this is equivalent to saying that, in the list of quantifiers, $x$ precedes $y$ while $z$ does not. The formula obtained by this transformation is satisfiable if and only if the original formula is.

## How Skolemization works

Skolemization works by applying a second-order equivalence together with the definition of first-order satisfiability. The equivalence provides a way for "moving" an existential quantifier before a universal one.

$$\forall x\exists yR(x,y)\iff \exists f\forall xR(x,f(x))$$

where

$f(x)$ is a function that maps $x$ to $y$.

Intuitively, the sentence "for every $x$ there exists a $y$ such that $R(x,y)$" is converted into the equivalent form "there exists a function $f$ mapping every $x$ into a $y$ such that, for every $x$ it holds that $R(x,f(x))$".

This equivalence is useful because the definition of first-order satisfiability implicitly existentially quantifies over functions interpreting the function symbols. In particular, a first-order formula $\Phi $ is satisfiable if there exists a model $M$ and an evaluation $\mu $ of the free variables of the formula that evaluate the formula to *true*. The model contains the interpretation of all function symbols; therefore, Skolem functions are implicitly existentially quantified. In the example above, $\forall xR(x,f(x))$ is satisfiable if and only if there exists a model $M$, which contains an interpretation for $f$, such that $\forall xR(x,f(x))$ is true for some evaluation of its free variables (none in this case). This may be expressed in second order as $\exists f\forall xR(x,f(x))$. By the above equivalence, this is the same as the satisfiability of $\forall x\exists yR(x,y)$.

At the meta-level, first-order satisfiability of a formula $\Phi $ may be written with a little abuse of notation as $\exists M\exists \mu (M,\mu \models \Phi )$, where $M$ is a model, $\mu $ is an evaluation of the free variables, and $\models $ means that $\Phi $ is true in $M$ under $\mu $. Since first-order models contain the interpretation of all function symbols, any Skolem function that $\Phi $ contains is implicitly existentially quantified by $\exists M$. As a result, after replacing existential quantifiers over variables by existential quantifiers over functions at the front of the formula, the formula still may be treated as a first-order one by removing these existential quantifiers. This final step of treating $\exists f\forall xR(x,f(x))$ as $\forall xR(x,f(x))$ may be completed because functions are implicitly existentially quantified by $\exists M$ in the definition of first-order satisfiability.

Correctness of Skolemization may be shown on the example formula $F\_{1}=\forall x\_{1}\dots \forall x\_{n}\exists yR(x\_{1},\dots ,x\_{n},y)$ as follows. This formula is satisfied by a model $M$ if and only if, for each possible value for $x\_{1},\dots ,x\_{n}$ in the domain of the model, there exists a value for $y$ in the domain of the model that makes $R(x\_{1},\dots ,x\_{n},y)$ true. By the axiom of choice, there exists a function $f$ such that $y=f(x\_{1},\dots ,x\_{n})$. As a result, the formula $F\_{2}=\forall x\_{1}\dots \forall x\_{n}R(x\_{1},\dots ,x\_{n},f(x\_{1},\dots ,x\_{n}))$ is satisfiable, because it has the model obtained by adding the interpretation of $f$ to $M$. This shows that $F\_{1}$ is satisfiable only if $F\_{2}$ is satisfiable as well. Conversely, if $F\_{2}$ is satisfiable, then there exists a model $M'$ that satisfies it; this model includes an interpretation for the function $f$ such that, for every value of $x\_{1},\dots ,x\_{n}$, the formula $R(x\_{1},\dots ,x\_{n},f(x\_{1},\dots ,x\_{n}))$ holds. As a result, $F\_{1}$ is satisfied by the same model because one may choose, for every value of $x\_{1},\ldots ,x\_{n}$, the value $y=f(x\_{1},\dots ,x\_{n})$, where $f$ is evaluated according to $M'$.

## Uses of Skolemization

One of the uses of Skolemization is within automated theorem proving. For example, in the method of analytic tableaux, whenever a formula whose leading quantifier is existential occurs, the formula obtained by removing that quantifier via Skolemization may be generated. For example, if $\exists x\Phi (x,y\_{1},\ldots ,y\_{n})$ occurs in a tableau, where $x,y\_{1},\ldots ,y\_{n}$ are the free variables of $\Phi (x,y\_{1},\ldots ,y\_{n})$, then $\Phi (f(y\_{1},\ldots ,y\_{n}),y\_{1},\ldots ,y\_{n})$ may be added to the same branch of the tableau. This addition does not alter the satisfiability of the tableau: every model of the old formula may be extended, by adding a suitable interpretation of $f$, to a model of the new formula.

This form of Skolemization is an improvement over "classical" Skolemization in that only variables that are free in the formula are placed in the Skolem term. This is an improvement because the semantics of tableaux may implicitly place the formula in the scope of some universally quantified variables that are not in the formula itself; these variables are not in the Skolem term, while they would be there according to the original definition of Skolemization. Another improvement that may be used is applying the same Skolem function symbol for formulae that are identical up to variable renaming.

Another use is in the resolution method for first-order logic, where formulas are represented as sets of clauses understood to be universally quantified. (For an example see drinker paradox.)

An important result in model theory is the Löwenheim–Skolem theorem, which can be proven via Skolemizing the theory and closing under the resulting Skolem functions.

## Skolem theories

In general, if $T$ is a theory and for each formula with free variables $x\_{1},\dots ,x\_{n},y$ there is an *n*-ary function symbol $F$ that is provably a Skolem function for $y$, then $T$ is called a **Skolem theory**.

Every Skolem theory is model complete, i.e. every substructure of a model is an elementary substructure. Given a model *M* of a Skolem theory *T*, the smallest substructure of *M* containing a certain set *A* is called the **Skolem hull** of *A*. The Skolem hull of *A* is an atomic prime model over *A*.

## History

Skolem normal form is named after the late Norwegian mathematician Thoralf Skolem.

1. "Normal Forms and Skolemization" (PDF). Max-Planck-Institut für Informatik. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
2. Reiner Hähnle. Tableaux and related methods. Handbook of Automated Reasoning.
3. Scott Weinstein, The Lowenheim-Skolem Theorem, lecture notes (2009). Accessed 6 January 2023.
4. "Sets, Models and Proofs" (3.3) by I. Moerdijk and J. van Oosten