title: Wiktor Wysoczański

abstract: Wiktor Wysoczański was a Polish Old Catholic bishop who served as a Superior of the Polish Catholic Church. Wysoczański was born in Verkhnie Vysotske on 24 March 1939. He became Superior in 1995, succeeding Bishop Tadeusz Majewski. As Superior, Wysoczański was chosen by the National Synod of the Church and consecrated by at least three bishops who are members of the International Conference of Old-Catholic Bishops. Wysoczański died on 27 April 2023, at the age of 84.

text:
# Wiktor Wysoczański

**Wiktor Wysoczański** (24 March 1939 – 27 April 2023) was a Polish Old Catholic bishop who served as a Superior of the Polish Catholic Church.

Wysoczański was born in Verkhnie Vysotske on 24 March 1939. He became Superior in 1995, succeeding Bishop Tadeusz Majewski. As Superior, Wysoczański was chosen by the National Synod of the Church and consecrated by at least three bishops who are members of the International Conference of Old-Catholic Bishops (the Utrecht Union).

Wysoczański died on 27 April 2023, at the age of 84.


title: United Nations Institute for Namibia

abstract: The United Nations Institute for Namibia (UNIN) was an educational body set up by the United Nations Council for Namibia from 1976 to 1990. Based in Zambia's capital of Lusaka, UNIN was the brainchild of United Nations Commissioner for Namibia Seán MacBride, the proposal creating UNIN was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in December 1974. The forerunner to the current University of Namibia, UNIN sought to educate Namibians for roles in an independent Republic of Namibia.

text:
# United Nations Institute for Namibia

The **United Nations Institute for Namibia (UNIN)** was an educational body set up by the United Nations Council for Namibia from 1976 to 1990. Based in Zambia's capital of Lusaka, UNIN was the brainchild of United Nations Commissioner for Namibia Seán MacBride, the proposal creating UNIN was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in December 1974. The forerunner to the current University of Namibia, UNIN sought to educate Namibians for roles in an independent Republic of Namibia.

## Background

As states across Africa achieved independence, Namibia remained illegally ruled by Apartheid South Africa. Treated as a fifth province, Namibia did not have its own tertiary educational system. Bantu Education, or purposely inferior education for Black Namibians, was the norm education in Namibia for Black Namibians. The United Nations Council for Namibia under Seán MacBride put forth a plan in February 1974 for a tertiary educational institution for Namibia in Africa, preferably Zambia. On 26 August 1976 (Namibian Heroes' Day), President of Zambia Kenneth Kaunda formally inaugurated the institute in Lusaka.

## Funding

Funding for UNIN was provided for, on a short-term basis, by the United Nations Fund for Namibia, itself funded by individual government donations and private organizations such as the Ford Foundation.

## Since independence

Closing in September 1990 (6 months after formal independence was achieved), UNIN's files have been transferred to the archival unit at the University of Namibia.

## Notable people affiliated with the United Nations Institute for Namibia


abstract: The United Nations Integrated Office in Sierra Leone (UNIOSIL) was established by Resolution 1620 of the United Nations Security Council in 2005 to begin operations in 2006 as a follow-up to United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) which helped end the Sierra Leone Civil War. It was extended twice and ended on 30 September 2008; it was replaced with the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Sierra Leone (UNIPSIL).

text:
# United Nations Integrated Office in Sierra Leone

The **United Nations Integrated Office in Sierra Leone** (**UNIOSIL**) was established by Resolution 1620 of the United Nations Security Council in 2005 to begin operations in 2006 as a follow-up to United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) which helped end the Sierra Leone Civil War.

It was extended twice and ended on 30 September 2008; it was replaced with the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Sierra Leone (UNIPSIL).


abstract: The United National Heavyweight Championship was a professional wrestling title in the Japanese promotion Pro Wrestling Zero1. It was one of Zero1's top two singles titles, along with the World Heavyweight Championship. The title was created on January 31, 2004 as the NWA United National Heavyweight Championship. Masato Tanaka, then known as Masa Tanaka, defeated Steve Corino in an Indian strap match to become the first champion. It was created at a time when Zero1 was a member of the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA); when Zero1 departed the NWA in late 2004, NWA ceased recognizing or sanctioning it, though it retained the NWA initials. The title was revived by NWA Pro Wrestling in 2011, with NWA beginning to sanction title matches in Zero1 that same year after Zero1 was reinstated as a member of the NWA. NWA stopped sanctioning the title and the NWA initials were dropped after Zero1 left the NWA again later in 2011. In 2020, the championship was retired. There were a total of 26 recognized champions who had a combined 32 official reigns.

text:
# United National Heavyweight Championship (Zero1)

The **United National Heavyweight Championship** (often shortened to **UN Championship**) was a professional wrestling title in the Japanese promotion Pro Wrestling Zero1. It was one of Zero1's top two singles titles, along with the World Heavyweight Championship. The title was created on January 31, 2004 as the **NWA United National Heavyweight Championship**. Masato Tanaka, then known as Masa Tanaka, defeated Steve Corino in an Indian strap match to become the first champion. It was created at a time when Zero1 was a member of the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA); when Zero1 departed the NWA in late 2004, NWA ceased recognizing or sanctioning it, though it retained the NWA initials. The title was revived by NWA Pro Wrestling in 2011, with NWA beginning to sanction title matches in Zero1 that same year after Zero1 was reinstated as a member of the NWA. NWA stopped sanctioning the title and the NWA initials were dropped after Zero1 left the NWA again later in 2011. In 2020, the championship was retired. There were a total of 26 recognized champions who had a combined 32 official reigns.

## Title history

Key
| No. | Overall reign number |
| --- | --- |
| Reign | Reign number for the specific champion |
| Days | Number of days held |
| Defenses | Number of successful defenses |
| \<1 | Reign lasted less than a day |
| + | Current reign is changing daily |

| No. | Champion | Championship change | | | Reign statistics | | | Notes | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Date | Event | Location | Reign | Days | Defenses | | |
|  | **(NWA) National Wrestling Alliance / Pro Wrestling Zero1 (Zero1)** | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1 | Masa Tanaka | January 31, 2004 | U$A – Day 2 | Tokyo, Japan | 1 | 251 | 5 | Defeated Steve Corino in an Indian strap match. |  |
|  | **Pro Wrestling Zero1 (Zero1)** | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | Takao Omori | October 8, 2004 | New Whirlpool-1 Truth II 2004 – Day 3 | Tokyo, Japan | 1 | 107 | 1 | This was a steel cage match. |  |
|  | Vacated | January 23, 2005 |  |  |  |  |  | Vacated due to Omori winning the World Heavyweight Championship of AWA Superstars of Wrestling. |  |
| 3 | C. W. Anderson | March 27, 2005 | MAX Strong Wind & Thunder – Day 5 | Tokyo, Japan | 1 | 313 | 0 | Defeated Kohei Sato. |  |
|  | Vacated | February 3, 2006 |  |  |  |  |  | Vacated due to a back injury. |  |
| 4 | Kohei Sato | February 26, 2006 | Happening – Day 5 | Tokyo, Japan | 1 | 258 | 5 | Defeated Ryouji Sai. |  |
| 5 | Ryouji Sai | November 11, 2006 | Max Around '06 – Day 8 | Osaka, Japan | 1 | 117 | 1 |  |  |
| 6 | Daisuke Sekimoto | March 8, 2007 | Max Satisfaction – Day 1: Ex-Impact | Tokyo, Japan | 1 | 250 | 3 |  |  |
| 7 | Yoshihito Sasaki | November 13, 2007 | Believe Your Way 2007 – Day 8 – Shinjiro Otani, Takao Omori, Tatsuhito Takaiwa & Kamikaze 15th Anniversary | Tokyo, Japan | 1 | 90 | 1 |  |  |
| 8 | Sandy Beach | February 11, 2008 | Solidarity – Day 3 | Nagoya, Japan | 1 | 47 | 0 |  |  |
| 9 | Yoshihito Sasaki | March 29, 2008 | Whirlwind – Day 7 | Sapporo, Japan | 2 | 27 | 0 |  |  |
|  | Vacated | April 25, 2008 |  |  |  |  |  | Vacated due to injury. |  |
| 10 | Kengo Mashimo | May 4, 2008 | Kaientai Dojo's GWSP6 2008 – Day 4: Kengo Mashimo Produce | Chiba, Japan | 1 | 937 | 2 | Defeated Ryouji Sai. |  |
|  | Vacated | November 27, 2010 |  |  |  |  |  | Vacated due to inactivity. |  |
|  | **(NWA) National Wrestling Alliance / Pro Wrestling Zero1 (Zero1)** | | | | | | | | | | |
| 11 | Hartley Jackson | February 19, 2011 | NWA Pro Australia: Meltdown 2011 | Adelaide, Australia | 1 | 263 | 8 | Defeated Robby Heart to become the new NWA United National Heavyweight Champion. |  |
| 12 | Shito Ueda | November 9, 2011 | Yarisugi Forever II | Tokyo, Japan | 1 | 13 | 0 |  |  |
| 13 | Paul Tracy | November 22, 2011 | God's of Shimane Country Tour 2011 – Day 1 | Matsue, Japan | 1 | 2 | 0 |  |  |
| 14 | Shito Ueda | November 24, 2011 | God's of Shimane Country Tour 2011 – Day 3 | Kumamoto, Japan | 2 | 255 | 4 |  |  |
| 15 | Yusaku Obata | August 5, 2012 | Midsummer Festival ~ Fire Festival 2012 – Day 11 | Tokyo, Japan | 1 | 72 | 0 |  |  |
| 16 | James Raideen | October 16, 2012 | World | Tokyo, Japan | 1 | 257 | 1 |  |  |
|  | **Pro Wrestling Zero1 (Zero1)** | | | | | | | | | | |
| 17 | Ikuto Hidaka | June 30, 2013 | Fusion | Nagoya, Japan | 1 | 30 | 0 |  |  |
| 18 | Zeus | July 30, 2013 | Fire Festival (2013) – Day 8 | Osaka, Japan | 1 | 170 | 0 |  |  |
| 19 | Tama Williams | January 16, 2014 | Live event | Tokyo, Japan | 1 | 199 | 2 |  |  |
| 20 | Hideki Suzuki | August 3, 2014 | Fire Festival (2014) | Tokyo, Japan | 1 | 275 | 2 |  |  |
| 21 | Kamikaze | May 5, 2015 | Live event | Tokyo, Japan | 1 | 141 | 2 |  |  |
| 22 | Toshiki Iwaki | September 23, 2015 | Live Event | Tokyo, Japan | 1 | 39 | 0 | Won the match by disqualification; awarded the title by referee Katsumi Sasazaki, who was assaulted by Kamikaze during the match. |  |
| 23 | Kamikaze | November 1, 2015 | Live Event | Tokyo, Japan | 2 | 22 | 0 |  |  |
| 24 | Yoshikazu Yokoyama | November 23, 2015 | Live Event | Tokyo, Japan | 1 | 26 | 0 |  |  |
| 25 | Masakado | December 19, 2015 | Live Event | Tokyo, Japan | 3 | 190 | 3 | Masakado previously held the title under the name Shito Ueda. |  |
| 26 | Buffa | June 26, 2016 | Super Fireworks Captain Super Fireworks | Kakegawa, Japan | 1 | 133 | 1 |  |  |
| 27 | Hartley Jackson | November 6, 2016 | Kohei Sato 15th Anniversary Show | Tokyo, Japan | 2 | 116 | 0 | This was a three-way match, also involving Kamikaze. |  |
| 28 | Sean Guinness | March 2, 2017 | Shinsei Zero1 Dream Series ~ Birthday Party | Tokyo, Japan | 1 | 182 | 0 |  |  |
|  | Vacated | August 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  | Guinness relinquished the title to focus on wrestling as a junior heavyweight. |  |
| 29 | Super Tiger | September 30, 2017 | Shinjiro Otani & Tatsuhito Takaiwa 25th Anniversary Convention | Tokyo, Japan | 1 | 190 | 3 | Defeated Hartley Jackson to win the vacant title. |  |
| 29 | Chris Vice | April 8, 2018 | 15th Yasukuni Shrine Festival | Tokyo, Japan | 1 | 56 | 1 |  |  |
| 30 | Shogun Okamoto | June 3, 2018 | Shinsei Zero1 Sapporo First Landing ~ No Gravity Warrior Sugi Sapporo First Visit | Sapporo, Japan | 1 | 280 | 2 |  |  |
| 31 | Towa Iwasaki | March 10, 2019 | Sayonara West Holy Land Hakata Star Lanes | Fukuoka, Japan | 1 | 314 | 3 |  |  |
| 32 | Chris Vice | January 18, 2020 | Skill Up To The Future ~ Towards A Dream | Tokyo, Japan | 2 | 106 | 0 |  |  |
|  | Deactivated | May 3, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  | Vacated due to Vice winning the World Heavyweight Championship; title abandoned. |  |

## Combined reigns

As of October 8, 2024.

|  | Indicates the current champion |
| --- | --- |

| Rank | Wrestler | No. of
reigns | Combined
defenses | Combined days |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Kengo Mashimo | 1 | 2 | 937 |
| 2 | Shito Ueda/Masakado | 3 | 7 | 458 |
| 3 | Hartley Jackson | 2 | 8 | 379 |
| 4 | Towa Iwasaki | 1 | 3 | 314 |
| 5 | C. W. Anderson | 1 | 0 | 313 |
| 6 | Shogun Okamoto | 1 | 2 | 280 |
| 7 | Hideki Suzuki | 1 | 2 | 275 |
| 8 | Kohei Sato | 1 | 5 | 258 |
| 9 | James Raideen | 1 | 1 | 257 |
| 10 | Masato Tanaka | 1 | 5 | 251 |
| 11 | Daisuke Sekimoto | 1 | 3 | 250 |
| 12 | Tama Williams | 1 | 2 | 199 |
| 13 | Super Tiger | 1 | 3 | 190 |
| 14 | Sean Guinness | 1 | 0 | 182 |
| 15 | Zeus | 1 | 0 | 170 |
| 16 | Kamikaze | 2 | 2 | 163 |
| 17 | Buffa | 1 | 1 | 133 |
| 18 | Ryouji Sai | 1 | 1 | 117 |
| | Yoshihito Sasaki | 2 | 1 | 117 |
| 20 | Takao Omori | 1 | 1 | 107 |
| 21 | Chris Vice | 2 | 1 | 106 |
| 22 | Yusaku Obata | 1 | 0 | 72 |
| 23 | Sandy Beach | 1 | 0 | 47 |
| 24 | Toshiki Iwaki | 1 | 0 | 39 |
| 25 | Ikuto Hidaka | 1 | 0 | 30 |
| 26 | Yoshikazu Yokoyama | 1 | 0 | 26 |
| 27 | Paul Tracy | 1 | 0 | 2 |
|

## InfoBox

| United National Heavyweight Championship | |
| --- | --- |
| United National Heavyweight Championship belt | |
| Details | |
| Promotion | Pro Wrestling Zero1 |
| Date established | January 31, 2004 |
| Date retired | May 3, 2020 |
| Other name(s) | |
| NWA United National Heavyweight Championship | |
| Statistics  First champion(s) Masato Tanaka  Most reigns Shito Ueda/Masakado (3)  Longest reign Kengo Mashimo (937 days)  Shortest reign Paul Tracy (2 days)  Youngest champion Toshiki Iwaki (20 years, 161 days)  Heaviest champion Shogun Okamoto (264 lb)  Lightest champion Sean Guinness and Ikuto Hidaka (176 lb) | |


abstract: United Nations Security Council resolution 1597, adopted unanimously on 20 April 2005, after recalling resolutions 827 (1993), 1166 (1998), 1329 (2003), 1411 (2002), 1431 (2002), 1481 (2003), 1503 (2003) and 1534 (2004), the Council amended the statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in order to allow temporary judges to be re-elected. The Security Council had received a new list of candidates for temporary judges at the ICTY, and the deadline for nominations had been extended until 31 March 2005, with the Secretary-General requesting a further extension. 27 judges elected by the General Assembly whose terms were to expire on 11 June 2005 were able to be re-elected and, acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, the statute was amended accordingly.

text:
# United Nations Security Council Resolution 1597

**United Nations Security Council resolution 1597**, adopted unanimously on 20 April 2005, after recalling resolutions 827 (1993), 1166 (1998), 1329 (2003), 1411 (2002), 1431 (2002), 1481 (2003), 1503 (2003) and 1534 (2004), the Council amended the statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in order to allow temporary judges to be re-elected.

The Security Council had received a new list of candidates for temporary judges at the ICTY, and the deadline for nominations had been extended until 31 March 2005, with the Secretary-General requesting a further extension. 27 judges elected by the General Assembly whose terms were to expire on 11 June 2005 were able to be re-elected and, acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, the statute was amended accordingly.

## InfoBox

| UN Security Council
Resolution 1597 | |
| --- | --- |
| Swearing in judges at the ICTY
Photograph provided courtesy of the ICTY | |
| Date | 20 April 2005 |
| Meeting no. | 5,165 |
| Code | S/RES/1581 (Document) |
| Subject | **The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia** |
| Voting summary | * **15 voted for** * **None voted against** * **None abstained** |
| Result | Adopted |
| Security Council composition | |
| Permanent members |  |
| Non-permanent members |  |
|  | |


title: United Newfoundland Party

abstract: The United Newfoundland Party was the name of two conservative parties in Newfoundland.

text:
# United Newfoundland Party

The **United Newfoundland Party** was the name of two conservative parties in Newfoundland.

## Pre-Confederation

The first UNP was a conservative party in the Dominion of Newfoundland led by Frederick C. Alderdice from 1928 to 1934. It was organized by Alderdice when disaffected Liberals joined his Liberal-Conservative Progressive Party sitting in opposition and won the 1932 general election. His government was replaced by an appointed Commission of Government in 1934 (a change his party promised in its 1932 platform as a means of getting the Dominion out of fiscal trouble), resulting in the termination of responsible government in the Dominion. (See also Conservative parties in Newfoundland (pre-Confederation).)

## Post-Confederation

The second United Newfoundland Party was formed prior to the 1959 provincial election, made up of some Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador caucus members and supporters. The party was formed immediately prior to the election when two Tory MHAs, led by James D. Higgins, supported Premier Joey Smallwood's stance in favour of Newfoundland receiving financial assistance from the federal government indefinitely. Provincial Conservative leader Malcolm Mercer Hollett supported the position of Conservative Prime Minister John Diefenbaker, who maintained that the funding agreement between the two orders of government had run its course. While two UNP MHAs were elected in 1959, Higgins was defeated. Gus Duffy succeeded Higgins as UNP leader. He sat with fellow UNP MHA John R. O'Dea, who stepped down after one term. In the 1962 provincial election, Duffy was defeated in his St. John's Centre riding. The party became defunct soon after.


title: Unconscionability in English law

abstract: Unconscionability in English law is a field of contract law and the law of trusts, which precludes the enforcement of voluntary obligations unfairly exploiting the unequal power of the consenting parties. "Inequality of bargaining power" is another term used to express essentially the same idea for the same area of law, which can in turn be further broken down into cases on duress, undue influence and exploitation of weakness. In these cases, where someone's consent to a bargain was only procured through duress, out of undue influence or under severe external pressure that another person exploited, courts have felt it was unconscionable to enforce agreements. Any transfers of goods or money may be claimed back in restitution on the basis of unjust enrichment subject to certain defences. Considerable controversy is still present over whether "iniquitous pressure" must actually be exercised by a defendant in order for a voluntary obligation to be voidable. While it seems clear that in cases of undue influence the pressure need not come from the person who may lose the contract, it is open to debate whether circumstances exist where an obligation should be voidable simply because the person was pressured by circumstances wholly outside a defendant's control. One of the most prominent cases in this area is Lloyds Bank Ltd v Bundy, where Lord Denning MR advocated that there be a general principle to govern this entire area. He called the concept "inequality of bargaining power", while the American case espousing an equivalent doctrine, Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co. (1965), termed the issue one of "unconscionability". Note that even though it is accepted that an "inequality of bargaining power" is relevant to the doctrine of undue influence, Lord Denning's broader dictum on a general equitable principle of an "inequality of bargaining power" was later rejected by the House of Lords in the 1985 case National Westminster Bank plc v Morgan.

text:
# Unconscionability in English law

**Unconscionability in English law** is a field of contract law and the law of trusts, which precludes the enforcement of voluntary (or consensual) obligations unfairly exploiting the unequal power of the consenting parties. "Inequality of bargaining power" is another term used to express essentially the same idea for the same area of law, which can in turn be further broken down into cases on duress, undue influence and exploitation of weakness. In these cases, where someone's consent to a bargain was only procured through duress, out of undue influence or under severe external pressure that another person exploited, courts have felt it was unconscionable (i.e., contrary to good conscience) to enforce agreements. Any transfers of goods or money may be claimed back in restitution on the basis of unjust enrichment subject to certain defences.

Considerable controversy is still present over whether "iniquitous pressure" must actually be exercised by a defendant in order for a voluntary obligation to be voidable. While it seems clear that in cases of undue influence the pressure need not come from the person who may lose the contract, it is open to debate whether circumstances exist where an obligation should be voidable simply because the person was pressured by circumstances wholly outside a defendant's control.

One of the most prominent cases in this area is *Lloyds Bank Ltd v Bundy*, where Lord Denning MR advocated that there be a general principle to govern this entire area. He called the concept "inequality of bargaining power", while the American case espousing an equivalent doctrine, *Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co.* (1965), termed the issue one of "unconscionability". Note that even though it is accepted that an "inequality of bargaining power" is relevant to the doctrine of undue influence, Lord Denning's broader dictum on a general equitable principle of an "inequality of bargaining power" was later rejected by the House of Lords in the 1985 case *National Westminster Bank plc v Morgan*.

> If a man fails to fulfil an agreed contract – unless he had contracted to do something forbidden by law or decree, or gave his consent under some inquitous pressure, or was involuntarily prevented from fulfilling his contract because of some unlooked-for accident – an action for such an unfulfilled agreement should be brought in the tribal courts, if the parties have not previously been able to reconcile their differences before arbitrators (their neighbours, that is).

**Plato**, *The Laws*, Book 11, §23, Contracts.

## History

* *James v Morgan* (1663) 83 Eng Rep 323 refused to enforce contract calculating purchase price of a horse based upon 2 pence for the first nail in the horse's shoes, doubled for each of an additional 31 nails.
* *Vernon v Bethell*
* *Earl of Chesterfield v Janssen* (1751) 28 Eng Rep 82, 100, unconscionability "may be apparent from the intrinsic nature and subject of the bargain itself; such as no man in his senses and not under a delusion would make on the one hand, and as no honest man would accept on the other; which are unequitable and unconscientious bargains, and of such even the common law take notice".

## Duress

### Physical threats

Duress has been defined as a "threat of harm made to compel a person to do something against his or her will or judgment; esp., a wrongful threat made by one person to compel a manifestation of seeming assent by another person to a transaction without real volition". An example is in *Barton v Armstrong*, a decision of the Privy Council. Armstrong threatened to kill Barton if he did not sign a contract, so the court set the contract aside. An innocent party wishing to set aside a contract for duress to the person need only to prove that the threat was made and that it was a reason for entry into the contract; the onus of proof then shifts to the other party to prove that the threat had no effect in causing the party to enter into the contract. There can also be duress to goods and sometimes, the concept of 'economic duress' is used to vitiate contracts.

### Economic duress

### Consideration

## Undue influence

Undue influence is an equitable doctrine that involves one person taking advantage of a position of power over another person. The law presumes that in certain classes of special relationship, such as between parent and child, or solicitor and client, there will be a special risk of one party unduly influencing their conduct and motives for contracting. As an equitable doctrine, the court has the discretion to vitiate such a contract. When no special relationship exists, the general rule is whether there was a relationship of such trust and confidence that it should give rise to such a presumption.

### Actual undue influence

### Presumed undue influence

## Exploitation or unconscionable bargain

* *Earl of Chesterfield v Janssen* (1751) 2 Ves Sen 125, equity intervenes to relieve against unconscionable bargains
* *Earl of Aylesford v Morris* (1873) LR 8 Ch App 484
* *Fry v Lane* (1888) 40 Ch D 312
* *Cresswell v Potter* \[1978\] 1 WLR 255
* *The Medina* (1876) 2 PD 5
* *Alec Lobb Garages Ltd v Total Oil (GB) Ltd* \[1985\] 1 WLR 173
* *Backhouse v Backhouse* \[1978\] 1 WLR 243, 251, Balcombe J could not fit in an intelligent woman into the *Fry v Lane* criteria but citing *Bundy* said, *obiter dicta*, that entering a contract without independent advice because of "great emotional strain" could be another way the law could develop.
* *Burmah Oil Co Ltd v Governor of the Bank of England* (1981) noted 125 Sol Jo 528, the Bank bought Burmah Oil's shares in BP on request from Burmah, who was very financially embarrassed because the share price had fallen and Burmah's borrowings were structured on the basis that BP shares would be higher. It looked like Burmah may collapse, and the Bank did not want BP shares to go foreign. But afterwards, Burmah claimed the Bank took unfair advantage of bargaining power inequality in buying the shares and making a profit. Walton J doubted Lord Denning MR's principle. Note that Burmah was always advised by expert lawyers and merchant bankers and would have got no better price elsewhere (because selling such a large block of shares would depress the price).

## A general principle?

## Statutory regulation

* P Birks, ‘The Travails of Duress’ \[1990\] LMCLQ 342, argued there is a policy choice in applying a duress doctrine. A wide principle, to give weight to the initial agreement, a narrow principle to uphold renegotiations. Which is better?
* Enman, 'Doctrines of Unconscionability in England, Canada and the Commonwealth' (1987) 16 Anglo-American Law Review 191
* AA Leff, 'Unconscionability and the Code: The Emperor's New Clause' (1967) 115 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 485-559
* Slayton, 'The Unequal Bargain Doctrine' (1976) 22 McGill Law Journal 94
* SA Smith, 'Contracting Under Pressure: A Theory of Duress' \[1997\] Cambridge Law Journal 343, 371
* M Trebilcock, 'Economic Criteria of Unconscionability' in Reiter and Swan (eds), *Studies in Contract Law* 390–396, 404-408
* Waddams, 'Unconscionability in Contracts' (1976) 39 Modern Law Review 369
* RA Epstein, 'Unconscionability: A Critical Reappraisal' (1975) 18 Journal of Law and Economics 293, 297, “The question of duress is not that of the equality of bargaining power in a loose sense that refers to the wealth of the parties. It is the question of what means are proper to achieve agreement.”


abstract:
The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit is a federal court located in Richmond, Virginia, with appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts:
  - District of Maryland
  - Eastern District of North Carolina
  - Middle District of North Carolina
  - Western District of North Carolina
  - District of South Carolina
  - Eastern District of Virginia
  - Western District of Virginia
  - Northern District of West Virginia
  - Southern District of West Virginia The court is based at the Lewis F. Powell Jr. United States Courthouse in Richmond, Virginia. With 15 authorized judgeships, it is mid-sized among the 13 United States Courts of Appeals.

text:
# United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit

The **United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit** (in case citations, **4th Cir.**) is a federal court located in Richmond, Virginia, with appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts:

The court is based at the Lewis F. Powell Jr. United States Courthouse in Richmond, Virginia. With 15 authorized judgeships, it is mid-sized among the 13 United States Courts of Appeals.

## Current composition of the court

As of March 19, 2024:

| # | Title | Judge | Duty station | Born | Term of service | | | Appointed by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | Active | Chief | Senior | |
| 48 | Chief Judge | Albert Diaz | Charlotte, NC | 1960 | 2010–present | 2023–present |  | Obama |
| 30 | Circuit Judge | J. Harvie Wilkinson III | Charlottesville, VA | 1944 | 1984–present | 1996–2003 |  | Reagan |
| 33 | Circuit Judge | Paul V. Niemeyer | Baltimore, MD | 1941 | 1990–present |  |  | G.H.W. Bush |
| 40 | Circuit Judge | Robert Bruce King | Charleston, WV | 1940 | 1998–present |  |  | Clinton |
| 41 | Circuit Judge | Roger Gregory | Richmond, VA | 1953 | 2000–present | 2016–2023 |  | Clinton /
G.W. Bush |
| 44 | Circuit Judge | G. Steven Agee | Salem, VA | 1952 | 2008–present |  |  | G.W. Bush |
| 47 | Circuit Judge | James Andrew Wynn | Raleigh, NC | 1954 | 2010–present |  |  | Obama |
| 50 | Circuit Judge | Stephanie Thacker | Charleston, WV | 1965 | 2012–present |  |  | Obama |
| 51 | Circuit Judge | Pamela Harris | Bethesda, MD | 1962 | 2014–present |  |  | Obama |
| 52 | Circuit Judge | Julius N. Richardson | Columbia, SC | 1976 | 2018–present |  |  | Trump |
| 53 | Circuit Judge | A. Marvin Quattlebaum Jr. | Greenville, SC | 1964 | 2018–present |  |  | Trump |
| 54 | Circuit Judge | Allison Jones Rushing | Asheville, NC | 1982 | 2019–present |  |  | Trump |
| 55 | Circuit Judge | Toby J. Heytens | Alexandria, VA | 1975 | 2021–present |  |  | Biden |
| 56 | Circuit Judge | DeAndrea G. Benjamin | Columbia, SC | 1972 | 2023–present |  |  | Biden |
| 57 | Circuit Judge | Nicole Berner | Baltimore, MD | 1965 | 2024–present |  |  | Biden |
| 38 | Senior Circuit Judge | Diana Gribbon Motz | Baltimore, MD | 1943 | 1994–2022 |  | 2022–present | Clinton |
| 39 | Senior Circuit Judge | William Byrd Traxler Jr. | Greenville, SC | 1948 | 1998–2018 | 2009–2016 | 2018–present | Clinton |
| 46 | Senior Circuit Judge | Barbara Milano Keenan | Alexandria, VA | 1950 | 2010–2021 |  | 2021–present | Obama |
| 49 | Senior Circuit Judge | Henry F. Floyd | Spartanburg, SC | 1947 | 2011–2021 |  | 2021–present | Obama |

## Vacancies and pending nominations

| Seat | Prior judge's duty station | Seat last held by | Vacancy reason | Date of vacancy | Nominee | Date of nomination |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 7 | Raleigh, NC | James Andrew Wynn | Senior status | TBD | Ryan Y. Park | July 8, 2024 |

## List of former judges

| # | Judge | State | Born–died | Active service | Chief Judge | Senior status | Appointed by | Reason for
termination |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| 1 | Hugh Lennox Bond | MD | 1828–1893 | 1891–1893 |  |  | Grant / Operation of law | death |
| 2 | Nathan Goff Jr. | WV | 1843–1920 | 1892–1913 |  |  | B. Harrison | resignation |
| 3 | Charles Henry Simonton | SC | 1829–1904 | 1893–1904 |  |  | Cleveland | death |
| 4 | Jeter Connelly Pritchard | NC | 1857–1921 | 1904–1921 |  |  | T. Roosevelt | death |
| 5 | Martin Augustine Knapp | NY | 1843–1923 | 1916–1923 |  |  |  | death |
| 6 | Charles Albert Woods | SC | 1852–1925 | 1913–1925 |  |  | Wilson | death |
| 7 | Edmund Waddill Jr. | VA | 1855–1931 | 1921–1931 |  |  | Harding | death |
| 8 | John Carter Rose | MD | 1861–1927 | 1922–1927 |  |  | Harding | death |
| 9 | John J. Parker | NC | 1885–1958 | 1925–1958 | 1948–1958 |  | Coolidge | death |
| 10 | Elliott Northcott | WV | 1869–1946 | 1927–1939 |  | 1939–1946 | Coolidge | death |
| 11 | Morris Ames Soper | MD | 1873–1963 | 1931–1955 |  | 1955–1963 | Hoover | death |
| 12 | Armistead Mason Dobie | VA | 1881–1962 | 1939–1956 |  | 1956–1962 | F. Roosevelt | death |
| 13 | Simon Sobeloff | MD | 1894–1973 | 1956–1970 | 1958–1964 | 1970–1973 | Eisenhower | death |
| 14 | Clement Haynsworth | SC | 1912–1989 | 1957–1981 | 1964–1981 | 1981–1989 | Eisenhower | death |
| 15 | Herbert Stephenson Boreman | WV | 1897–1982 | 1959–1971 |  | 1971–1982 | Eisenhower | death |
| 16 | Albert Vickers Bryan | VA | 1899–1984 | 1961–1972 |  | 1972–1984 | Kennedy | death |
| 17 | J. Spencer Bell | NC | 1906–1967 | 1961–1967 |  |  | Kennedy | death |
| 18 | Harrison Lee Winter | MD | 1921–1990 | 1966–1990 | 1981–1989 | 1990 | L. Johnson | death |
| 19 | James Braxton Craven Jr. | NC | 1918–1977 | 1966–1977 |  |  | L. Johnson | death |
| 20 | John D. Butzner Jr. | VA | 1917–2006 | 1967–1982 |  | 1982–2006 | L. Johnson | death |
| 21 | Donald S. Russell | SC | 1906–1998 | 1971–1998 |  |  | Nixon | death |
| 22 | John A. Field Jr. | WV | 1910–1995 | 1971–1976 |  | 1976–1995 | Nixon | death |
| 23 | Hiram Emory Widener Jr. | VA | 1923–2007 | 1972–2007 |  | 2007 | Nixon | death |
| 24 | Kenneth Keller Hall | WV | 1918–1999 | 1976–1998 |  | 1998–1999 | Ford | death |
| 25 | James Dickson Phillips Jr. | NC | 1922–2017 | 1978–1994 |  | 1994–2017 | Carter | death |
| 26 | Francis Dominic Murnaghan Jr. | MD | 1920–2000 | 1979–2000 |  |  | Carter | death |
| 27 | James Marshall Sprouse | WV | 1923–2004 | 1979–1992 |  | 1992–1995 | Carter | retirement |
| 28 | Samuel James Ervin III | NC | 1926–1999 | 1980–1999 | 1989–1996 |  | Carter | death |
| 29 | Robert F. Chapman | SC | 1926–2018 | 1981–1991 |  | 1991–2018 | Reagan | death |
| 31 | Emory M. Sneeden | NC | 1927–1987 | 1984–1986 |  |  | Reagan | resignation |
| 32 | William Walter Wilkins | SC | 1942–present | 1986–2007 | 2003–2007 | 2007–2008 | Reagan | retirement |
| 34 | Clyde H. Hamilton | SC | 1934–2020 | 1991–1999 |  | 1999–2020 | G.H.W. Bush | death |
| 35 | J. Michael Luttig | VA | 1954–present | 1991–2006 |  |  | G.H.W. Bush | resignation |
| 36 | Karen J. Williams | SC | 1951–2013 | 1992–2009 | 2007–2009 | 2009–2013 | G.H.W. Bush | death |
| 37 | M. Blane Michael | WV | 1943–2011 | 1993–2011 |  |  | Clinton | death |
| 42 | Dennis Shedd | SC | 1953–present | 2002–2018 |  | 2018–2022 | G.W. Bush | retirement |
| 43 | Allyson K. Duncan | NC | 1951–present | 2003–2019 |  | 2019 | G.W. Bush | retirement |
| 45 | Andre M. Davis | MD | 1949–present | 2009–2014 |  | 2014–2017 | Obama | retirement |

## Chief judges

| Chief Judge | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parker | 1948–1958 |
| Sobeloff | 1958–1964 |
| Haynsworth | 1964–1981 |
| Winter | 1981–1989 |
| Ervin III | 1989–1996 |
| Wilkinson III | 1996–2003 |
| Wilkins | 2003–2007 |
| Williams | 2007–2009 |
| Traxler, Jr. | 2009–2016 |
| Gregory | 2016–2023 |
| **Diaz** | 2023–present |

Chief judges have administrative responsibilities with respect to their circuits, and preside over any panel on which they serve, unless the circuit justice (the Supreme Court justice responsible for the circuit) is also on the panel. Unlike the Supreme Court, where one justice is specifically nominated to be chief, the office of chief judge rotates among the circuit judges.

To be chief, a judge must have been in active service on the court for at least one year, be under the age of 65, and have not previously served as chief judge. A vacancy is filled by the judge highest in seniority among the group of qualified judges, with seniority determined first by commission date, then by age. The chief judge serves for a term of seven years, or until age 70, whichever occurs first. If no judge qualifies to be chief, the youngest judge over the age of 65 who has served on the court for at least one year shall act as chief until another judge qualifies. If no judge has served on the court for more than a year, the most senior judge shall act as chief. Judges can forfeit or resign their chief judgeship or acting chief judgeship while retaining their active status as a circuit judge.

When the office was created in 1948, the chief judge was the longest-serving judge who had not elected to retire, on what has since 1958 been known as senior status, or declined to serve as chief judge. After August 6, 1959, judges could not become or remain chief after turning 70 years old. The current rules have been in operation since October 1, 1982.

## Succession of seats

The court has fifteen seats for active judges, numbered in the order in which they were initially filled. Judges who assume senior status enter a kind of retirement in which they remain on the bench but vacate their seats, thus allowing the U.S. President to appoint new judges to fill their seats.

## Practice in the 4th Circuit

From 2000 to 2008, the Court had the highest rate of non-publication (92%) on the Federal Circuit.

The Chief Justice is always assigned to the Fourth Circuit as the circuit justice, due to Richmond's close proximity to Washington, D.C.

The Fourth Circuit is considered an extremely collegial court. By tradition, the judges of the Fourth Circuit come down from the bench following each oral argument to greet the lawyers.

## Case law

1. "U. S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit". *Official website of the Federal Judicial Center*. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
2. "Fourth Circuit Judges". *Official website of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit*. Retrieved March 19, 2024.
3. "Future Judicial Vacancies | United States Courts". *www.uscourts.gov*.
4. Bond was appointed as a circuit judge for the Fourth Circuit in 1870 by Ulysses S. Grant. The Judiciary Act of 1891 reassigned his seat to what is now the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit.
5. Knapp did not have a permanent seat on this court. Instead, he was appointed to the ill-fated United States Commerce Court in 1910 by William Howard Taft. Aside from their duties on the Commerce Court, the judges of the Commerce Court also acted as at-large appellate judges, able to be assigned by the Chief Justice of the United States to whichever circuit most needed help. Knapp was assigned to the Second Circuit upon his commission and then to the Fourth Circuit in 1916.
6. Recess appointment, confirmed by the United States Senate at a later date.
7. 28 U.S.C. § 45
8. 62 Stat. 871, 72 Stat. 497, 96 Stat. 51
9. Aaron S. Bayer (August 24, 2009), *Unpublished Appellate Opinions Are Still Commonplace*, The National Law Journal
10. Roberts, John G. (2006). "What Makes the D.C. Circuit Different?: A Historical View". *Virginia Law Review*. **92** (3): 375–389. ISSN 0042-6601. JSTOR 4144947.
11. Sontag, Deborah (2003-03-09). "The Power of the Fourth". *The New York Times*. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-05-08.

37°32′16″N 77°26′05″W / 37.53769°N 77.43481°W / 37.53769; -77.43481

## InfoBox

| United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit | |
| --- | --- |
| (4th Cir.) | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Lewis F. Powell Jr. U.S. Courthouse(Richmond, Virginia) |
| Appeals from |  |
| Established | June 16, 1891 |
| Judges | 15 |
| Circuit Justice | John Roberts |
| Chief Judge | Albert Diaz |
| www.ca4.uscourts.gov | |


title: United States Coast Guard sector

abstract: A Sector is a shore-based operational unit of the United States Coast Guard. Each Sector is responsible for the execution of all Coast Guard missions within its Area of Responsibility (AOR), with operational support from Coast Guard Cutters and Air Stations. Subordinate commands within a Sector typically include Stations and Aids-to-Navigation (ATON) Teams. Some Sector commands also have subordinate units such as Sector Field Offices and Marine Safety Units that are responsible for mission execution in parts of the Sector's AOR. There are 37 sectors within the Coast Guard.

text:
# United States Coast Guard sector

A **Sector** is a shore-based operational unit of the United States Coast Guard. Each Sector is responsible for the execution of all Coast Guard missions within its Area of Responsibility (AOR), with operational support from Coast Guard Cutters and Air Stations. Subordinate commands within a Sector typically include Stations and Aids-to-Navigation (ATON) Teams. Some Sector commands also have subordinate units such as Sector Field Offices and Marine Safety Units that are responsible for mission execution in parts of the Sector's AOR. There are 37 sectors within the Coast Guard.

## History

Sectors replaced Coast Guard Groups, Marine Safety Offices (MSO), Activities, and Vessel Traffic Services (VTS). Previously, a Group and its units provided Search and Rescue (SAR), maritime law enforcement, recreational boating safety, and maintained aids to navigation. MSOs enforced federal laws and regulations related to the safety and security of vessels, port facilities, and the marine environment, and assisted other law enforcement agencies. The new Sector organizations are based on the Activities prototype commands established in 1996 in New York and Baltimore, and (later) San Diego. The Activities units were praised for their efficiency and unity of effort in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks.

Before 2004, field operations in a single port fell under multiple, mission-based commands (Group, MSO, and VTS) that were physically dispersed, had unique chains of command and different program managers at Coast Guard Headquarters, lacked a consistent voice to the public, and had some mission overlap. The attacks of September 11 called for a new Coast Guard unity of effort that was cumbersome to achieve using the previous multiple command port-level structure. The Coast Guard’s move from the Department of Transportation to the Department of Homeland Security and implementation of the Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002 (MTSA) provided further impetus to restructure.

In 2003, the Coast Guard began to consolidate field activities for its Commercial Vessel Safety, Port and Environmental Safety, Marine Environmental Response, Port Security, Waterways Management, Bridge Administration, Search and Rescue (SAR), Recreational Boating Safety missions under one local Sector Command. The organizational change to Sectors eliminated the historical segregation of prevention and response activities at the local level and created a comprehensive unit that brings together field activities, authorities, and resources to provide the most effective organization and the best value to the public.

The Sector Command combines responsibilities and authorities previously shared by two or more commands into a single operational unit with a command and senior staff of highly competent experts.

The Coast Guard Sector provides for rapid, coordinated response to emergencies, whether natural (such as Hurricane Katrina) or man-made, along with integrated daily operations to enforce regulations governing marine safety, security, and environmental protection. In addition, it provides an immediate safety and security assessment at the onset of any maritime event, disaster, or casualty affords critical synergy to operations essential to marine safety, security, and environmental protection.

Coast Guard Sectors serve as one-stop-shops for marine safety, security, and environmental protection for major seaports and regions. They bring multi-mission capabilities to life on the front lines of the maritime environment, where Sector Commanders are afforded broad authority.

## Organization

The Sector organizational construct represents a transformation from a Coast Guard traditionally organized around its operational programs to one organized around core operational service delivery processes. It focuses the coordinated efforts of all assigned operational capabilities to accomplish Coast Guard mission objectives.

### Sector Commander

The commanding officer of a Sector is called the Sector Commander and is usually the rank of Captain. The Sector Commander holds the positions of Captain of the Port (COTP) and Federal Maritime Security Coordinator (FMSC). Unless otherwise assigned, the Sector Commander is also the Officer in Charge Marine Inspections (OCMI), Search and Rescue Mission Coordinator (SMC), and Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC). The Sector Commander reports to the appropriate District Commander.

### Command Staff

The Sector Commander's second-in-command is the Deputy Sector Commander. Also reporting directly to the Sector Commander are the:

#### Command Center

The Sector Command Center (SCC) is the center of Sector Operations. It provides 24-hour command, control, coordination, communications, intelligence, sensor analysis, and data mining (C4ISM). The SCC coordinates with other federal, state, and local operations centers, and issues Notices to Mariners, Situation Reports, and maritime security alerts. The SCC displays the current Common Operating Picture (COP) and Common Intelligence Picture (CIP), including a presentation of all vessels, aircraft, communications equipment, and personnel belonging to the Coast Guard and supporting agencies.

#### Contingency Planning and Force Preparedness

The Contingency Planning and Force Readiness Staff develops and maintains plans covering readiness, logistics, and emergency preparedness. It coordinates with the three departments in plan development and execution, and plans and executes readiness exercises to test contingency plans. The Contingency branch also monitors the training and readiness of Sector Reserve Forces and manages their mobilization and demobilization. The Contingency Planning and Force Readiness staff also manages the federally mandated Area and Area Maritime Security Committees around the nation.

#### Intel

The Intelligence Staff is envisioned to collect, evaluate, report, and disseminate operational intelligence within the Sector. This staff will serve as the primary intelligence support element for all operations within the Sector. This staff forwards its analysis of raw intelligence reports to the District and the Atlantic or Pacific Maritime Intelligence Fusion Center, and will be the critical link between the Sector Commander and the entire Coast Guard intelligence enterprise, which is in turn a part of the United States Intelligence Community.

### Response

The Response Department contains two Divisions:

* Incident Management Division: Addresses unit search & rescue policy, pollution response, and all-hazards incident management.
* Enforcement Division: Provides administration and oversight to the Coast Guard Boat Stations and Cutters that enforce U.S. law and execute the service's Ports, Waterways & Coastal Security (PWCS) enforcement activities, such as armed boardings, vessel escorts and security zone enforcement. This division works closely with federal, state, and local law enforcement and sister agencies within the DHS to respond to and mitigate the impact of maritime threats.

### Prevention

The Prevention Department consists of three divisions.

* Inspections Division: Manages and oversees the regulatory and inspection aspects of the Coast Guard’s safety, security, and environmental protection responsibilities for vessels and facilities.
* Waterways Management Division: Controls aids to navigation; safety and security zones; Regulated Navigation Areas; ice breaking; and VTS and AIS.
* Investigations Division: Initiates inquiries into marine casualties, pollution, boating violations, and assessment of civil penalties.

### Logistics

The Logistics Department performs unit level maintenance and organic engineering, personnel, medical support, and finance/supply functions for the entire Sector.

* Engineering/Support Division: Administers electronics and computer system, naval, aviation, vehicle, and facilities engineering; armory and small arms qualification; and environmental compliance. The associated Integrated Support Command or Aircraft Repair and Supply Center handle intermediate and depot level maintenance.
* Administrative/Personnel Division: Handles medical, training, housing, and educational services.
* Finance/Supply Division: Encompasses galley, transportation, and property and inventory management.

## List of Coast Guard Sectors

### Atlantic Area

| District | District Logo | Sector | Location of Sector command |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| District One |  | Sector Northern New England | South Portland, Maine |
| | | Sector Boston | Boston, Massachusetts |
| | | Sector Southeast New England | Woods Hole, Massachusetts |
| | | Sector Long Island Sound | New Haven, Connecticut |
| | | Sector New York | Staten Island, New York |
| District Five |  | Sector Delaware Bay | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| | | Sector Maryland-National Capital Region | Baltimore, Maryland |
| | | Sector Virginia | Portsmouth, Virginia |
| | | Sector North Carolina | Atlantic Beach, North Carolina |
| District Seven |  | Sector Charleston | Charleston, South Carolina |
| | | Sector Jacksonville | Jacksonville, Florida |
| | | Sector Miami | Miami, Florida |
| | | Sector Key West | Key West, Florida |
| | | Sector St. Petersburg | St. Petersburg, Florida |
| | | Sector San Juan | San Juan, Puerto Rico |
| District Eight |  | Sector Ohio Valley | Louisville, Kentucky |
| | | Sector Upper Mississippi | St. Louis, Missouri |
| | | Sector Lower Mississippi | Memphis, Tennessee |
| | | Sector Mobile | Mobile, Alabama |
| | | Sector New Orleans | New Orleans, Louisiana |
| | | Sector Houston-Galveston | Houston, Texas |
| | | Sector Corpus Christi | Corpus Christi, Texas |
| District Nine |  | Sector Buffalo | Buffalo, New York |
| | | Sector Detroit | Detroit, Michigan |
| | | Sector Lake Michigan | Milwaukee, Wisconsin |
| | | Sector Sault Ste. Marie | Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan |

### Pacific Area

| District | District Logo | Sector | Location of Sector command |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| District Eleven |  | Sector San Francisco | San Francisco, California |
| | | Sector Humboldt Bay | McKinleyville, California |
| | | Sector Los Angeles - Long Beach | San Pedro, California |
| | | Sector San Diego | San Diego, California |
| District Thirteen |  | Sector Puget Sound | Seattle, Washington |
| | | Sector Columbia River | Portland, Oregon |
| District Fourteen |  | Sector Honolulu | Honolulu, Hawaii |
| | | Sector Guam | Santa Rita, Guam |
| District Seventeen |  | Sector Anchorage | Anchorage, Alaska |
| | | Sector Southeast Alaska | Juneau, Alaska |

\- Sector Commands Article available at http://homeport.uscg.mil


abstract: The United States Collegiate Ski and Snowboard Association (USCSA) is the sports federation for collegiate skiing and snowboarding in the United States. With over 180 member colleges, the USCSA fields some 5,000 men and women, alpine, Nordic, freeski and snowboard athletes in over 200 competitive events annually. The organization offers alpine skiing, Nordic skiing, freestyle skiing and snowboarding.

text:
# United States Collegiate Ski and Snowboard Association

The **United States Collegiate Ski and Snowboard Association** (**USCSA**) is the sports federation for collegiate skiing and snowboarding in the United States. With over 180 member colleges, the USCSA fields some 5,000 men and women, alpine, Nordic, freeski and snowboard athletes in over 200 competitive events annually. The organization offers alpine skiing, Nordic skiing, freestyle skiing and snowboarding.

## Mission

> "To be the national governing body of collegiate team ski and snowboard competition in the United States; to promote and increase awareness of and participation in alpine skiing, Nordic skiing, free skiing and snowboarding; and to provide competition and development opportunities for student athletes in a team atmosphere leading toward National titles in each discipline."

## Overview

The United States Collegiate Ski & Snowboard Association is a sports federation for collegiate team ski racing and snowboarding in America. You can be part of a team at any college in the United States. The USCSA has an alpine, nordic, snowboard, freeski or ski jumping collegiate competition programs available. If a college does not have a team, students can start one with the help of the organization.

The USCSA asserts that student-athletes, of ALL levels and abilities, should have access to a quality and exciting venue of competition. The organization also recognizes "student" comes before "athlete" and for its members to be successful individuals, academics should take priority.

## Organization Structure

Competition takes place across three progressive tiers. Conference qualifiers determine the participants at the six USCSA regional championships. The Regional Championships are the last step on the road to the annual United States Collegiate Ski and Snowboard National Championship, the showcase event in college snowsports competition. The USCSA National Championships sees over 450 athletes, participating for more than 40 schools.

## Conferences By Region with Current Conference Coordinators

## InfoBox

United States Collegiate Ski and Snowboard Association (USCSA)
| **Most recent season or competition:**
*2024* | |
| --- | --- |
| Sport | Skiing & Snowboarding |
| Director | Meegan Moszynski |
| President | Bo Bigelow |
| No. of teams | \>450 |
| Country | United States |
| Continent | North America |
| Most recent
champion(s) | **Alpine** \- Vermont State University - Castleton (Men), Rocky Mountain College (Women) **FreeSki** \- Liberty University (Men), The Claremont Colleges (Women)
**Nordic** \- Clarkson University (Men), St. Olaf (Women)
**Snowboard Alpine** \- Lees-McRae College (Men & Women)
**Snowboard Freestyle** \- Liberty University (Men & Women) |
| Sponsor(s) | Celsius, IKON Pass, Borah Teamwear, Sync Performance, ACL Strong, Curated |
| Official website | https://www.uscsa.org/ |


title: Uncool (album)

abstract: Uncool is the fifth studio album by recording artist Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal released in February 2002. This is his third release under the Bumblefoot name. Uncool was originally released in 2000 only in France. The 2002 release contains two cover songs not included on the French version - "What's New Pussycat?" by Burt Bacharach and "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" sung by Frankie Valli. Songs excluded from the American release but on the French release were eventually included on Thal's Forgotten Anthology CD released in 2003.

text:
# Uncool (album)

***Uncool*** is the fifth studio album by recording artist Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal released in February 2002. This is his third release under the **Bumblefoot** name. *Uncool* was originally released in 2000 only in France. The 2002 release contains two cover songs not included on the French version - "What's New Pussycat?" by Burt Bacharach and "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" sung by Frankie Valli. Songs excluded from the American release but on the French release were eventually included on Thal's *Forgotten Anthology* CD released in 2003.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "BBF Takes the Mic" |  | 0:39 |
| 2. | "Go" |  | 3:11 |
| 3. | "T Jonez" |  | 3:39 |
| 4. | "My World Is You" |  | 2:02 |
| 5. | "Dominated" |  | 2:59 |
| 6. | "Kiss the Ring" |  | 2:31 |
| 7. | "What's New Pussycat?" | Burt Bacharach | 2:28 |
| 8. | "I Hate Me More Than I Love You" |  | 3:56 |
| 9. | "Delilah" |  | 4:31 |
| 10. | "Ronald's Comin' Back Now" |  | 4:37 |
| 11. | "BBF Says Goodnight" |  | 1:52 |
| 12. | "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" | Frankie Valli | 3:53 |
| 13. | "Hidden Track" |  |  |
| Total length: | | | 36:46 |

## Track listing (French release)

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Intro" | 0:38 |
| 2. | "Go" | 3:12 |
| 3. | "T Jonez" | 3:39 |
| 4. | "My World Is You" | 2:02 |
| 5. | "Crunch" | 3:52 |
| 6. | "I Hate Me More Than I Love You" | 3:54 |
| 7. | "Kiss The Ring" | 2:31 |
| 8. | "Delilah" | 4:31 |
| 9. | "Dominated" | 2:59 |
| 10. | "R2" | 2:50 |
| 11. | "Ronald's Comin' Back Now" | 4:38 |
| 12. | "Maricona" | 2:11 |
| 13. | "Mine" | 2:22 |
| 14. | "Heart Attack" | 6:00 |
| 15. | "Girl Like You" | 4:42 |
| 16. | "Finale" | 1:52 |
| 17. | "We Don't Care" | 1:50 |
| Total length: | | 53:35 |

## Personnel

* Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal - Guitars, vocals
* Lafrae Olivia Sci \- drums on tracks 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7
* Sanford Oxenbery - drums on tracks 9, 11
* Joe Bergamini \- drums on tracks 5, 8, 10
* Joe Bedford - drums on "Can't Take My Eyes Off You"
* Frank Rao - bass on tracks 2, 5, 10
* Thorndike Applethorple - all other bass tracks
* Neil Alexander - piano on tracks 2, 10
* Ray Porrigsworth - piano on 11
* Lea DeMartini - flute on "Delilah"
* Cletus Xalapagous - flute on 7, 8, 11
* NJ Brunswick Brass - horns on tracks 10, 12
* Herbert Wellington - tuba on "What's New Pussycat?"
* Filbert Murray, Zachary Torme - cellos on "TJonez"
* Callista & Beatrice Beans - violins on "Ronald's Comin' Back Now"
* Ndjiwanta - Nigerian hymn vocals on "TJonez"
* The Wilson Bennett Vocestra - vocal harmonies on tracks 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10
* John Pec, Ben Bartlett - backing vocals on "Can't Take My Eyes Off You"
* Anomos - guest lyricist on "I Hate Me More Than I Love You"
* David Horenstein - guest vocalist on "Can't Take My Eyes Off You"

## InfoBox

| Uncool | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Bumblefoot | |
| Released | February 2002 |
| Genre | Hard rock, heavy metal, grunge |
| Length | 66:46 |
| Label | Hermit Inc. |
| Bumblefoot chronology | |
| *9.11*
(2001) ***Uncool***
(2002) *Forgotten Anthology*
(2003) | |


title: Prunus americana

abstract: Prunus americana, commonly called the American plum, wild plum, or Marshall's large yellow sweet plum, is a species of Prunus native to North America from Saskatchewan and Idaho south to New Mexico and east to Québec, Maine and Florida. Prunus americana has often been planted outside its native range and sometimes escapes cultivation. It is commonly confused with the Canada plum, although the fruit is smaller and rounder and bright red as opposed to yellow. Many cultivated varieties have been derived from this species. It forms an excellent stock upon which to graft the domestic plum.

text:
# Prunus americana

***Prunus americana***, commonly called the **American plum**, **wild plum**, or **Marshall's large yellow sweet plum**, is a species of *Prunus* native to North America from Saskatchewan and Idaho south to New Mexico and east to Québec, Maine and Florida.

*Prunus americana* has often been planted outside its native range and sometimes escapes cultivation. It is commonly confused with the Canada plum (*Prunus nigra*), although the fruit is smaller and rounder and bright red as opposed to yellow. Many cultivated varieties have been derived from this species. It forms an excellent stock upon which to graft the domestic plum.

## Description

The American plum grows as a large shrub or small tree, reaching up to 4.6 metres (15 feet). It is adapted to coarse- and medium-textured soils, but not to fine soils (silt or clay). Beneficially, the shrub survives harsh winters, down to temperatures of -40 degrees (Fahrenheit); but has little tolerance for shade, drought, or fire. Its growth is most active in spring and summer; it blooms in spring and starts fruiting in summer. It propagates naturally by seed, expanding as a stand relatively slowly, due to its long time to maturity when grown from seed.

The roots are shallow, widely spread, and send up suckers. The numerous stems per plant become scaly with age. The tree has a crown width and height of 10 feet at maturity. The branches are thorny. The leaves are alternately arranged, with an oval shape. The leaf length is usually 5.1–10.2 centimetres (2–4 inches) long. The upper surface of the leaf is dark green; the underside is smooth and pale. The small white flowers with five petals occur singly or in clusters in the leaf axils. The globular fruits are about 2.5 cm (1 in) in diameter.

## Taxonomy

*Prunus americana* var. *lanata* Sudw is considered a synonym of *Prunus mexicana*, and *Prunus americana* var. *nigra* is considered a synonym of *Prunus nigra*.

Chickasaw plum (*Prunus angustifolia* Marsh.) hybridizes naturally with *P. americana* to produce *P.* × *orthosepala* Koehne.

In cultivation, many crosses have been made between American plum and other *Prunus* species, including *Prunus persica*, the peach.

## Uses

The American plum is used for both ornamental and culinary purposes. The white flowers are decorative in spring and its short, single leader makes it a popular residential landscape tree. Sargent says of it: "As an ornamental plant *P. americana* has real value; the long wand-like branches form a wide, graceful head which is handsome in winter and in spring is covered with masses of pure white flowers followed by ample bright foliage and abundant showy fruit." More than 200 forms of American plum have been grown for cultivation. The sour and sweet fruit is eaten fresh and is processed as preserves, jellies, jam and wine.

Farms use medium to tall shrubs or trees for windbreaks, and highway or riverside plantings. Its high density of growth effectively reduces the wind velocity near the ground. Development of suckers from the root system makes American plum effective in stabilizing stream banks and gullies. It will tolerate several days of flooding. Some commercial properties plant the trees along the entrance road.

Many birds and animals eat the fruit, and both white-tailed deer and mule deer feed on twigs and leaves.

Traditionally, American plum was extensively used by Native Americans. Eastern Native Americans planted many trees giving many places the name of Crab Orchard.

The Plains Indians and Cheyenne ate the plums; the latter used the branches for the Sun Dance. The Navajo used the roots to make a red dye.

1. Pollard, R.P.; Rhodes, L.; Maxted, N. (2016). "*Prunus americana*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2016**: e.T50669154A50672305. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T50669154A50672305.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
2. Bailey, Liberty Hyde (1916). *The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture*. New York: The MacMillan Company.
3. Bailey, Liberty Hyde (1916). *The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture: A Discussion for the Amateur, and the Professional and Commercial Grower, of the Kinds, Characteristics and Methods of Cultivation of the Species of Plants Grown in the Regions of the United States and Canada for Ornament, for Fancy, for Fruit and for Vegetables; with Keys to the Natural Families and Genera, Descriptions of the Horticultural Capabilities of the States and Provinces and Dependent Islands, and Sketches of Eminent Horticulturists*. Macmillan.
4. Elbert L. Little, Jr. "Digital Representations of Tree Species Range Maps". Atlas of United States Trees.
5. "*Prunus americana* Marshall". Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh. Retrieved July 25, 2018  via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
6. "*Prunus americana var. mollis* (Torr.) Torr. & A. Gray". *Tropicos*. Missouri Botanical Gardens. Retrieved July 25, 2018  via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
7. USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "*Prunus americana*". *The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)*. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
8. "*Prunus americana*". *State-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA)*. Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
9. Little, Elbert L., Jr. (1950). *Southwestern trees*: A guide to the native species of New Mexico and Arizona. Agric. Handb. No. 9. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 109 p.
10. Keeler, Harriet L. (1900). *Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them*. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
11. Keeler, Harriet L. (Harriet Louise) (1900). *Our native trees and how to identify them; a popular study of their habits and their peculiarities*. University of Michigan. New York, C. Scribner's Sons.
12. "USDA NRCS Plant Fact Sheet: American Plum, *Prunus americana* Marsh" (PDF). USDA.
13. Prunus americana Marshall (American plum) - Characteristics
14. Rohrer, Joseph R. (2014). "*Prunus americana*". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). *Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)*. Vol. 9. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press  via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
15. Prunus americana Marshall (American plum) - Characteristics
16. North Dakota State University
17. Lee, Sangtae; Wen, Jun. (2001). *A phylogenetic analysis of* Prunus *and the Amygdaloideae (Rosaceae) using ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA.* *American Journal of Botany*. 88(1): 150-160.
18. Kansas Forests, American plum Archived 2011-09-28 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on April 20, 2010
19. "FPS492/FP492: Prunus americana American Plum". *Ask IFAS - Powered by EDIS*. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
20. Morris, Melvin S.; Schmautz, Jack E.; Stickney, Peter F. (1962). *Winter field key to the native shrubs of Montana.* Bulletin No. 23. Missoula, MT: Montana State University, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station. 70 p.
21. {Aronhime papers, Virginia State Library}
22. Peattie, Donald Culross (1953). *A Natural History of Western Trees*. New York: Bonanza Books. p. 534.
23. Hart, Jeffrey A. (1981). *The ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana.* Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 4: 1-55.
24. Elmore, Francis H. (1944). *Ethnobotany of the Navajo.* Monograph Series: 1(7). Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico. 136 p.

## InfoBox

| *Prunus americana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Genus: | *Prunus* |
| Subgenus: | *Prunus subg. Prunus* |
| Section: | *Prunus sect. Prunocerasus* |
| Species: | ***P. americana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prunus americana***
Marsh. | |
|
|  | |
| Distribution of *Prunus americana* | |
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Mirante do Paranapanema

abstract: Mirante do Paranapanema is a city in the western part of the state of São Paulo, in Brazil. It is part of the microregion of Presidente Prudente. The population is 18,338 in an area of 1239 km⁲. The altitude is 448 m. It is situated near the Paranapanema River, which forms the border with the state of Paraná here. The municipality contains part of the 246,800 hectares Great Pontal Reserve, created in 1942.

text:
# Mirante do Paranapanema

**Mirante do Paranapanema** is a city in the western part of the state of São Paulo, in Brazil. It is part of the microregion of Presidente Prudente. The population is 18,338 (2020 est.) in an area of 1239 km2. The altitude is 448 m. It is situated near the Paranapanema River, which forms the border with the state of Paraná here.

The municipality contains part of the 246,800 hectares (610,000 acres) Great Pontal Reserve, created in 1942.

## Media

In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

## InfoBox

| Mirante do Paranapanema | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location in São Paulo state | |
| Mirante do ParanapanemaLocation in Brazil | |
| Coordinates: 22°17′31″S 51°54′23″W / 22.29194°S 51.90639°W / -22.29194; -51.90639 | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | Southeast |
| State | São Paulo |
| Microregion | Presidente Prudente |
| Area | |
| Total | 1,239 km2 (478 sq mi) |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 18,338 |
| Density | 15/km2 (38/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |


title: Vito's

abstract: Vito's was an Italian restaurant in Seattle's First Hill neighborhood, in the U.S. state of Washington.

text:
# Vito's

**Vito's** was an Italian restaurant in Seattle's First Hill neighborhood, in the U.S. state of Washington.

## History

Vito's opened in 1953. The restaurant has hosted an annual costume competition for Halloween, along with "sibling" establishment The Hideout. In 2021, Vito's suffered a catastrophic fire that caused it to close temporarily. On January 1, 2024, a second fire occurred in the building while Vito's was still in the process of resolving insurance claim issues. The building is slated for demolition, and Vito's has closed permanently.

## InfoBox

| Vito's | |
| --- | --- |
| The restaurant's exterior in December 2022 | |
|  | |
| Restaurant information | |
| Food type | Italian |
| Street address | 927 Ninth Avenue |
| City | Seattle |
| State | Washington |
| Postal/ZIP Code | 98104 |
| Country | United States |
| Coordinates | 47°36′29.6″N 122°19′38.7″W / 47.608222°N 122.327417°W / 47.608222; -122.327417 |
| Website | vitosseattle.com |


title: Černčice (Náchod District)

abstract: Černčice is a municipality and village in Náchod District in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.

text:
# Černčice (Náchod District)

**Černčice** is a municipality and village in Náchod District in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 527 |  |
| 1880 | 578 | +9.7% |
| 1890 | 557 | −3.6% |
| 1900 | 532 | −4.5% |
| 1910 | 637 | +19.7% |
| 1921 | 636 | −0.2% |
| 1930 | 595 | −6.4% |
| 1950 | 442 | −25.7% |
| 1961 | 443 | +0.2% |
| 1970 | 429 | −3.2% |
| 1980 | 411 | −4.2% |
| 1991 | 445 | +8.3% |
| 2001 | 452 | +1.6% |
| 2011 | 450 | −0.4% |
| 2021 | 445 | −1.1% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## InfoBox

| Černčice | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Aerial view | |
|  | |
| ČernčiceLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 50°20′9″N 16°6′10″E / 50.33583°N 16.10278°E / 50.33583; 16.10278 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | Hradec Králové |
| District | Náchod |
| First mentioned | 1318 |
| Area | |
| Total | 5.65 km2 (2.18 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 297 m (974 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 474 |
| Density | 84/km2 (220/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 549 01 |
| Website | www.cerncice.eu |


title: Telo, Bokaro

abstract: Telo is a census town in the Chandrapura CD block in the Bermo subdivision of the Bokaro district in the Indian state of Jharkhand.

text:
# Telo, Bokaro

**Telo**  is a census town in the Chandrapura CD block in the Bermo subdivision of the Bokaro district in the Indian state of Jharkhand.

## Geography

8km
5milesWES T  BENGAL Bokaro
River Konar
River Damodar River Tenughat
DamD PetarwarR NawadihR KasmarR MahuatandR PindrajoraR SiyaljoriR ChandankiyariR Bokaro Steel PlantF Bokaro B TPSF Tenughat TPSF CCL Kathara AreaA CCL Dhori AreaA CCL B&K AreaA PhusroM ChasM TenuCT BhandraCT Tanr BalidihCT JenaCT Bandh DihCT Tenudam-cum-KatharaCT SaramCT LalpaniaCT HasirCT GomiaCT BandhgoraCT Bokaro Steel CityCT DugdaCT SijuaCT BurseraCT TermiCT ChandrapuraCT NarraCT TeloCT Jaridih BazarCT BermoCT KurpaniaCT Bokaro (Thermal)CT  BhojudihCT  AmlabadCT**Cities, towns and locations in Bokaro district in North Chotanagpur Division**
M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, F: Factory, A: Coal Mining Area
Abbreviation used: TPS – Thermal Power Station
Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

### Location

Telo is located at 23°49′13″N 86°07′31″E / 23.820256°N 86.125389°E / 23.820256; 86.125389.

### Area overview

Bokaro district consists of undulating uplands on the Chota Nagpur Plateau with the Damodar River cutting a valley right across. It has an average elevation of 200 to 540 metres (660 to 1,770 ft) above mean sea level. The highest hill, Lugu Pahar, rises to a height of 1,070 metres (3,510 ft). The East Bokaro Coalfield located in the Bermo-Phusro area and small intrusions of Jharia Coalfield make Bokaro a coal rich district. In 1965, one of the largest steel manufacturing units in the country, Bokaro Steel Plant, operated by Steel Authority of India Limited, was set-up at Bokaro Steel City. The Damodar Valley Corporation established its first thermal power station at Bokaro (Thermal). The 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) long, 55 metres (180 ft) high earthfill dam with composite masonry cum concrete spillway, Tenughat Dam, across the Damodar River, is operated by the Government of Jharkhand. The average annual rainfall is 1,291.2 millimetres (50.83 in). The soil is generally infertile and agriculture is mostly rain-fed.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 Census of India, Telo had a total population of 14,274, of which 7,406 (52%) were males and 6,868 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0-6 years was 2,127. The total number of literate persons in Telo was 8,894 (73.22% of the population over 6 years).

## Infrastructure

According to the *District Census Handbook 2011, Bokaro*, Telo covered an area of 12.79 km2. Among the civic amenities, it had 18 km roads with both open and closed drains, the protected water supply involved uncovered wells, hand pumps. It had 50 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities, it had 9 hospitals, 1 dispensary, 1 health centre, 1 family welfare centre, 6 maternity and child welfare centres, 9 maternity homes, 10 nursing homes, 5 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had 4 primary schools, 2 middle schools, 4 secondary schools, 1 senior secondary school. It had 1 non-formal educational centre (Sarva Siksha Abhiyan). It had the branch offices of 1 nationalised bank, 1 cooperative bank.

## Transport

There is a station at Telo on the Railways in East Central Railway. It is 8 km from Chandrapura Junction railway station and 9 km from Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh railway station.

## InfoBox

| Telo | |
| --- | --- |
| Census Town | |
| TeloLocation in Jharkhand, India#India3TeloTelo (India) | |
| Coordinates: 23°49′13″N 86°07′31″E / 23.820256°N 86.125389°E / 23.820256; 86.125389 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Jharkhand |
| District | Bokaro |
| Area | |
| Total | 12.79 km2 (4.94 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 14,274 |
| Density | 1,100/km2 (2,900/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Hindi, Urdu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 828403 |
| Telephone/STD code | 06549 |
| Vehicle registration | JH |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Giridih |
| Vidhan Sabha constituency | Dumri |
| Website | bokaro.nic.in |


title: Tsutsui Station (Aomori)

abstract: Tsutsui Station Tsutsui Station is a railway station on the Aoimori Railway Line in the city of Aomori in Aomori Prefecture, Japan, operated by the third sector railway operating company Aoimori Railway Company.

text:
# Tsutsui Station (Aomori)

**Tsutsui Station** (筒井駅, *Tsutsui-eki*) is a railway station on the Aoimori Railway Line in the city of Aomori in Aomori Prefecture, Japan, operated by the third sector railway operating company Aoimori Railway Company.

## Location

Tsutsui Station is served by the 123.3 km (76.6 mi) Aoimori Railway Line between Metoki and Aomori, and is located between Higashi-Aomori and Aomori stations.

### Surrounding area

## Station layout

The station consists of two elevated side platforms serving two tracks. The platforms are long enough to handle four-car trains. The station is unstaffed. A ticket vending machine, waiting room, and lifts to the platforms are located on the ground floor level.

### Platforms

| **1** | Aoimori Railway Line | for Noheji, Misawa and Hachinohe |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **2** | Aoimori Railway Line | for Aomori |

## History

Intended to provide access for the nearby Aomori High School, construction of the station commenced in June 2012. The name "Tsutsui" for the station was announced by Aomori Prefecture on 27 June 2013. It formally opened from the start of the revised timetable on 15 March 2014.

## InfoBox

| Tsutsui Station
筒井駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Regional rail station | |
| Tsutsui Station in March 2024 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Tsutsui 3-chōme, Aomori, Aomori Prefecture 030-0944
Japan |
| Coordinates | 40°48′20″N 140°46′12″E / 40.80556°N 140.77000°E / 40.80556; 140.77000 |
| Operated by | Aoimori Railway |
| Line(s) | Aoimori Railway Line |
| Distance | 117.5 km from Metoki |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Unstaffed |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | 15 March 2014 (2014-03-15) |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Aoimori Railway Following station  Higashi-Aomoritowards Metoki  Aoimori Railway Line  AomoriTerminus | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Tsutsui StationLocation within Aomori PrefectureTsutsui StationTsutsui Station (Japan) | |


title: Wilhelm Munthe

abstract: Abraham Wilhelm Støren Munthe was a Norwegian librarian and author. He worked at the University Library of Oslo from 1903 to 1953.

text:
# Wilhelm Munthe

**Abraham Wilhelm Støren Munthe** (20 October 1883  18 December 1965) was a Norwegian librarian and author. He worked at the University Library of Oslo from 1903 to 1953.

## Personal life

Munthe was born in Kristiania (now Oslo) as the son of Olaf Andreas Jens Wilhelm Munthe (1851-1914) and Helene Andrea Støren (1857-1939). In 1917, he married Jenny Hempel (1882–1975).

## Career

Munthe finished his examen artium at Kristiania Cathedral School in 1902. He worked for the University Library of Kristiania from 1903, first as a volunteer. He received the cand.philol. degree in 1911. He studied middle age palaeography and diplomatics at the University of Berlin from 1913 to 1914, and Old Norse handwritings at the libraries of Uppsala, Stockholm and Copenhagen from 1915 to 1916. From 1920 he was leader of the handwriting collection at the University Library of Oslo, and from 1922 he was appointed leader of the library, a position he held until he retired in 1953. Among Munthe's works are *De norske bibliotekers historie* from 1927, *American Librarianship from a European Angle* from 1939, *Litterære falsknerier* from 1942, and the 1947 essay *Norwegian Libraries during the War*. He co-edited the journal *Nordisk tidskrift för bok- och biblioteksväsen* for many years, and served as president of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) from 1947 to 1951.

Munthe chaired the Norwegian Trekking Association from 1940 to 1946, and the Norwegian Genealogical Society from 1952 to 1957, and received honorary degrees from the University of Toronto and University of Uppsala.

Munthe was appointed as a Commander of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav (1953), of the Order of the Polar Star (Sweden), of the Order of the Dannebrog (Denmark) and of the Order of the White Rose of Finland.


abstract: The United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama is a federal court in the Eleventh Circuit. The District was established on March 10, 1824, with the division of the state into a Northern and Southern district. The United States Attorney's Office for the Southern District of Alabama represents the United States in civil and criminal litigation in the court. As of February 2, 2021 the United States attorney is Sean P. Costello.

text:
# United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama

The **United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama** (in case citations, **S.D. Ala.**) is a federal court in the Eleventh Circuit (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit).

The District was established on March 10, 1824, with the division of the state into a Northern and Southern district.

The United States Attorney's Office for the Southern District of Alabama represents the United States in civil and criminal litigation in the court. As of February 2, 2021 the **United States attorney** is Sean P. Costello.

## Organization of the court

The United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama is one of three federal judicial districts in Alabama. Court for the District is held at Mobile and Selma.

**Mobile** Division comprises the following counties: Baldwin, Choctaw, Clarke, Conecuh, Escambia, Mobile, Monroe, and Washington.

**Selma** Division comprises the following counties: Dallas, Hale, Marengo, Perry, and Wilcox.

## Current judges

As of October 1, 2021:

| # | Title | Judge | Duty station | Born | Term of service | | | Appointed by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | Active | Chief | Senior | |
| 21 | Chief Judge | Jeff Beaverstock | Mobile | 1968 | 2018–present | 2021–present |  | Trump |
| 20 | District Judge | Kristi DuBose | Mobile | 1964 | 2005–present | 2017–2021 |  | G.W. Bush |
| 22 | District Judge | Terry F. Moorer | Mobile | 1961 | 2018–present |  |  | Trump |
| 16 | Senior Judge | Charles R. Butler Jr. | Mobile | 1940 | 1988–2005 | 1994–2003 | 2005–present | Reagan |
| 18 | Senior Judge | Callie V. Granade | Mobile | 1950 | 2002–2016 | 2003–2010 | 2016–present | G.W. Bush |
| 19 | Senior Judge | William H. Steele | Mobile | 1951 | 2003–2017 | 2010–2017 | 2017–present | G.W. Bush |

## Former judges

| # | Judge | State | Born–died | Active service | Chief Judge | Senior status | Appointed by | Reason for<br>termination |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| 1 | Charles Tait | AL | 1768–1835 | 1824–1826 |  |  | Monroe/Operation of law | resignation |
| 2 | William Crawford | AL | 1784–1849 | 1826–1849 |  |  | J.Q. Adams | death |
| 3 | John Gayle | AL | 1792–1859 | 1849–1859 |  |  | Taylor | death |
| 4 | William Giles Jones | AL | 1808–1883 | 1859–1861 |  |  | Buchanan | resignation |
| 5 | George Washington Lane | AL | 1806–1863 | 1861–1863 |  |  | Lincoln | death |
| 6 | Richard Busteed | AL | 1822–1898 | 1863–1874 |  |  | Lincoln | resignation |
| 7 | John Bruce | AL | 1832–1901 | 1875–1886 |  |  | Grant | seat abolished |
| 8 | Harry Theophilus Toulmin | AL | 1838–1916 | 1887–1916 |  |  | Cleveland | death |
| 9 | Robert Tait Ervin | AL | 1863–1949 | 1917–1935 |  | 1935–1949 | Wilson | death |
| 10 | John McDuffie | AL | 1883–1950 | 1935–1950 |  |  | F. Roosevelt | death |
| 11 | Daniel Holcombe Thomas | AL | 1906–2000 | 1951–1971 | 1966–1971 | 1971–2000 | Truman | death |
| 12 | Thomas Virgil Pittman | AL | 1916–2012 | 1966–1981 | 1971–1981 | 1981–2012 | L. Johnson | death |
| 13 | William Brevard Hand | AL | 1924–2008 | 1971–1989 | 1981–1989 | 1989–2008 | Nixon | death |
| 14 | Emmett Ripley Cox | AL | 1935–2021 | 1981–1988 |  |  | Reagan | elevation to 11th Cir. |
| 15 | Alex T. Howard Jr. | AL | 1924–2011 | 1986–1996 | 1989–1994 | 1996–2011 | Reagan | death |
| 17 | Richard W. Vollmer Jr. | AL | 1926–2003 | 1990–2000 |  | 2000–2003 | G.H.W. Bush | death |

## Chief judges

Chief judges have administrative responsibilities with respect to their district court. Unlike the Supreme Court, where one justice is specifically nominated to be chief, the office of chief judge rotates among the district court judges. To be chief, a judge must have been in active service on the court for at least one year, be under the age of 65, and have not previously served as chief judge.

A vacancy is filled by the judge highest in seniority among the group of qualified judges. The chief judge serves for a term of seven years, or until age 70, whichever occurs first. The age restrictions are waived if no members of the court would otherwise be qualified for the position.

When the office was created in 1948, the chief judge was the longest-serving judge who had not elected to retire, on what has since 1958 been known as senior status, or declined to serve as chief judge. After August 6, 1959, judges could not become or remain chief after turning 70 years old. The current rules have been in operation since October 1, 1982.

## Succession of seats

## Court decisions

*Wallace v. Jaffree* (1983) – Court affirmed that silent prayer was permissible in Mobile County public schools. Decision was reversed by Eleventh Circuit and U.S. Supreme Court, both ruling that it violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.

*Smith v. Board of School Commissioners of Mobile County* (1987) – Court rules that textbooks promoting secular humanism were unconstitutional, running contrary to the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. Decision was reversed by Eleventh Circuit, which held that secular humanism was not a violation of the Establishment Clause as it is not a system of belief constituting a "religion".

*Searcy v. Strange* (2015) – District Judge Callie V. S. "Ginny" Granade ruled that Alabama's ban on same-sex marriage was unconstitutional, violating the 14th Amendment's equal protection clause, on January 23. Days later, she issued an order clarifying her ruling, saying that all Alabama probate judges, who issue marriage licenses, must comply with the order. She stayed her order for two weeks to allow state defendants time to seek a stay from a higher court. On February 3, the Eleventh Circuit denied the stay, after denying a stay in a similar case out of Florida months before. On February 9, as the order was set to take effect, the U.S. Supreme Court also denied the stay.

## U.S. Attorneys

1. U.S. District Courts of Alabama, Legislative history, *Federal Judicial Center*
2. 28 U.S.C. § 81
3. "Hitchcock, Henry". *Encyclopedia of Alabama*. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
4. "Bicentennial Celebration of United States Attorneys, 1789–1989" (PDF). 1989. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
5. "Forsyth Jr., John". *Encyclopedia of Alabama*. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
6. "Meek, Alexander Beaufort". *Encyclopedia of Alabama*. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
7. Kirby, Brendan (April 17, 2012). "Ed Vulevich, former prosecutor who served as interim U.S. attorney in Mobile, dies". *al*. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
8. Campbell, Robin (2001). "Issues of Consistency in the Federal Death Penalty: A Roundtable Discussion on the Role of the U.S. Attorney". *Federal Sentencing Reporter*. **14** (1): 52–59. doi:10.1525/fsr.2001.14.1.52. ISSN 1053-9867.
9. "David Preston York — Department of Justice". *Congress.gov*. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
10. "Deborah Jean Johnson Rhodes — Department of Justice". *Congress.gov*. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
11. Jillian Kramer, Press-Register (April 5, 2009). "U.S. Attorney Deborah Rhodes announces resignation". *al*. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
12. "Southern District of Alabama | Meet the U.S. Attorney | United States Department of Justice". *www.justice.gov*. March 3, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2024.

## InfoBox

| United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama | |
| --- | --- |
| (S.D. Ala.) | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | John Archibald Campbell U.S. Courthouse(Mobile)*More locations* |
| Appeals to | Eleventh Circuit |
| Established | March 10, 1824 |
| Judges | 3 |
| Chief Judge | Jeff Beaverstock |
| Officers of the court | |
| U.S. Attorney | Sean P. Costello |
| U.S. Marshal | Mark F. Sloke |
| www.alsd.uscourts.gov | |


abstract: The U.S. Post Office in Sycamore, Illinois, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Sycamore Historic District. The district was designated and listed in May 1978. It stands directly across the street from another key structure in the district, the Sycamore Public Library and cross-corner from the district's largest structure, the DeKalb County Courthouse. It is open M-F from 8:30 am – 6:00 pm, Saturday from 9:00 am – 3:00 pm, and it is closed on Sunday.

text:
# United States Post Office (Sycamore, Illinois)

The **U.S. Post Office** in Sycamore, Illinois, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Sycamore Historic District. The district was designated and listed in May 1978. It stands directly across the street from another key structure in the district, the Sycamore Public Library and cross-corner from the district's largest structure, the DeKalb County Courthouse. It is open M-F from 8:30 am – 6:00 pm, Saturday from 9:00 am – 3:00 pm, and it is closed on Sunday.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| U.S. Post Office | |
| U.S. Historic district<br>Contributing property | |
|  | |
| The U.S. Post Office in Sycamore, Illinois, is part of the Sycamore Historic District. | |
|  | |
| Interactive map showing the location for U.S. Post Office-Sycamore | |
| Location | Sycamore, DeKalb County, Illinois |
| Coordinates | 41°59′2″N 88°41′39″W / 41.98389°N 88.69417°W / 41.98389; -88.69417 |
| Architectural style | Classical Revival |
| Part of | Sycamore Historic District (ID78003104) |
| Added to NRHP | May 2, 1978 |


title: Uniform of Colo-Colo

abstract: The Uniform of Colo-Colo, for much of team's history its home colours have been all black and white.

text:
# Uniform of Colo-Colo

The **Uniform of Colo-Colo**, for much of team's history its home colours have been all black and white.

## History

For much of Colo-Colo's history its home colours have been all black and white. The same day of its foundation in 1925, the uniform was defined by Juan Quiñones, according to the propositions of David Arellano. After a match disputed against Spain's Real Unión Deportiva, because Arellano's tragic death during that game, the shirt of *«Los Albos»* wears a black horizontal band, that means the eternal mourning of the institution, for the death of its founder. Initially, was located on the shirt's left sleeve, until 1974, when was placed over the club's badge. Because of this, during the 1930s, the team wore the nickname *The Mourners*. In regard to the alternative kit, Colo-Colo wore several models throughout its history. The first of those, in 1927, was a green shirt and short & socks black.

1988 was the first season in which Colo-Colo wore a black shirt, white shorts and red socks. That uniform with the pass of time was entirely black, where sometimes wear white shorts and socks. However, in a 2010 Copa Libertadores game against Vélez Sarsfield at José Amalfitani Stadium, the team featured its model of 1973 that they wore against Botafogo in that Libertadores under orders of Luis Álamos as coach.

In the early 1980s, specifically for the 1981 season, the club's first kit manufacturer was Adidas, and the first shirt sponsor was Lan Chile, a successful Chilean travel company. That auspice remained during the presidency of Raúl Labán until 1989, but with the arrival of Peter Dragicevic in the 1990s, was only changed shirt sponsor, being the Russian car company Lada the new model, which was achieved 1991 Copa Libertadores (in the photo). Five years later, Colo-Colo changed his manufacturer to Nike and also its sponsor to Cristal, Chilean beer company that has been remained to date.

The following manufacturers were Puma (2002–2004), then was Reebok in 2005 and the next season with the arrival of Gabriel Ruíz Tagle as chairman, *«Los Albos»* signed with Umbro, that is the current sponsor of Colo-Colo.

## Kit suppliers and shirt sponsors

| Period | Kit manufacturer | Shirt sponsor |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1981–1989 | Adidas | Lan Chile |
| 1990–1996 | | Lada |
| 1997–2001 | Nike | Cristal (Beer) |
| 2002–2004 | Puma | |
| 2005 | Reebok | |
| 2006–2013 | Umbro | |
| 2014–2015 | Under Armour | |
| 2016–2019 | | DirecTV |

## Further reading

* Salinas, Sebastián (2004). *Por Empuje Y Coraje. Los Albos en la época amateur 1925–1933*. Santiago: Central de Estadísticas Deportivas (Cedep). ISBN 956-299-125-3.


abstract: The Physics Department at the University of California, Santa Barbara has 58 faculty members. It offers academic programs leading to the B.A., B.S., and Ph.D. degrees.

text:
# University of California, Santa Barbara Physics Department

The **Physics Department** at the University of California, Santa Barbara has 58 faculty members. It offers academic programs leading to the B.A., B.S., and Ph.D. degrees.

## Faculty Awards

As of 2014, the department counts three Nobel Prize winners among its faculty: David Gross (2004, Physics), Alan J. Heeger (2000, Chemistry), and Walter Kohn (1998, Chemistry). Physics Nobel Prize winners Herbert Kroemer (2000) and Shuji Nakamura (2014) are both professors of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Materials Departments at UCSB. The Physics Department's faculty includes 13 members of the National Academy of Sciences: Guenter Ahlers, Matthew Fisher, David Gross, James Hartle, Alan Heeger, Gary Horowitz, Joseph Incandela, Walter Kohn, James Langer, Joseph Polchinski, Douglas Scalapino, Boris Shraiman, and Michael Witherell. Heeger is also a member of the National Academy of Engineering. Guenter Ahlers, Matthew Fisher, David Gross, Gary Horowitz, Walter Kohn, James Langer, Joseph Polchinski, Douglas Scalapino, and Anthony Zee have all been elected to membership in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Joseph Incandela shared the 2012 Special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics with six other physicists for the discovery of the Higgs boson.

## Academics

### Undergraduate academics

The standard program, which is in the College of Letters and Science (L&S), leads to either a B.A. or B.S. degree. The B.S. program is for those aiming for a career in physics, while the B.A. is a more flexible program allowing more courses from other areas. Within the B.S. program there are three possible schedules of courses - a standard track, an advanced track, and an honors track - leading to a degree in four years. These tracks include increasingly more electives and undergraduate research. UCSB conferred 66 bachelor's degrees in physics in 2013, which represents the sixth largest graduating physics class among U.S. universities.

### Graduate academics

The graduate program was ranked fifth (or sixth, depending on which method used) among physics program in the 2011 study by the National Research Council. *U.S. News & World Report* ranked the graduate program tenth in the country across all subfields, third in Condensed Matter Physics, fifth in Quantum Physics, eighth in Elementary Particles/Field/String Theory, and ninth in Cosmology/Relativity/Gravity. The graduate program awarded a total of 20 Ph.D. degrees in 2013.

## Research Programs and Institutes

The faculty members conduct and supervise research in Astrophysics, Cosmology, Biophysics, Condensed Matter Physics, Gravitation, and Particle Physics. In 2011 The Academic Ranking of World Universities ranked the UCSB department eleventh in the world, ninth in the United States. In a ranking of physics departments by citations per faculty member, UCSB is first with 178 citations per faculty member.

Physics professor Lars Bildsten is Director of the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics (KITP) and all of its permanent members are also faculty of the Physics Department. Several faculty members carry out their research at the California NanoSystems Institute at UC Santa Barbara, or the Institute for Terahertz Science and Technology.

Four faculty members from the department lead a large UCSB research group working at the Large Hadron Collider using the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS). UCSB Professor Joseph Incandela is the spokesperson for the CMS collaboration. On 4 July 2012, Incandela spoke on behalf of CMS, where the discovery of a previously unknown boson with mass 125.3 ± 0.6 GeV/c2 was announced.

*