title: Venus Raj

abstract: Maria Venus Bayonito Raj-Orillan is a Filipino actress, model, and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Binibining Pilipinas Universe 2010. She represented the Philippines at the Miss Universe 2010 pageant and placed 4th Runner-up. Raj placed as fourth runner-up in 59th Miss Universe pageant, where she is known for her answer "Major Major".

text:
# Venus Raj

**Maria Venus Bayonito Raj-Orillan** (/rɑː/; Tagalog pronunciation: \[ɾah, ɾadʒ\]; born July 7, 1988) is a Filipino actress, model, and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Binibining Pilipinas Universe 2010. She represented the Philippines at the Miss Universe 2010 pageant and placed 4th Runner-up.

Raj placed as fourth runner-up in 59th Miss Universe pageant, where she is known for her answer "*Major Major*".

## Early life and education

Maria Venus Bayonito Raj was born in Doha, Qatar, to an Indian-American father and a Filipino mother, the youngest of five children. She came to the Philippines while still an infant and was raised in Bato, Camarines Sur.

For the first two decades of her life, Raj lived in a nipa hut made of wood, bamboo and anahaw leaves, with no electricity, in the middle of a sprawling rice field. She allegedly used rice paddy dikes for her early training, where she eventually developed her distinctive walk.

Raj started out by joining local beauty pageants, as well as oratorical contests at San Vicente High School, where her English teacher served as her coach. Using the prize money won in major contests, she then bought land on an installment basis for her mother to help improve their livelihood.

Raj obtained her bachelor's degree in communication arts, major in journalism, at Bicol University in Legazpi City, with Latin honors (*cum laude*). She graduated through the scholarship that she received from the Francis Papica Foundation. She initially worked as an Information Assistant for the Department of Environment and Natural Resources for Bicol Region. It was at this time that she also worked as a part-time fashion model in both her native Bicol and Manila.

In 2017, Raj completed her master's degree in community development from the University of the Philippines Diliman.

In June 2021, Raj graduated from Oxford Centre for Christian Apologetics (OCCA), Oxford, England.

On December 12, 2023, Raj married her boyfriend named North Orillan. Raj had a one-year relationship with Andrei Felix.

## Pageantry

### Miss Philippines Earth 2008

Raj first competed in Miss Philippines Earth 2008 where she was crowned as Miss Philippines Eco Tourism 2008.

### Binibining Pilipinas 2010

After joining Miss Philippines Earth 2008, Raj took a break from beauty contests and worked as an Information Assistant at the regional office of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. On March 6, 2010, she was crowned Binibining Pilipinas Universe 2010 during the pageant's Grand Coronation Night at the Araneta Coliseum. She also won the special awards for Best in Long Gown, Best in Philippine Terno, and Miss Friendship. She gained the right to represent the Philippines at the 2010 Miss Universe pageant in Las Vegas, Nevada.

### Miss Universe 2010

The Philippines' pending participation at Miss Universe 2010 attracted international attention due to Binibining Pilipinas' controversial initial dethronement of Raj for citizenship reasons. However, due to increasing public pressure and the ensuing intervention of the Miss Universe Organization under Donald Trump, national director Stella Araneta and the country's Department of Foreign Affairs made an agreement with Raj to reinstate her to the national title upon making an exception to grant her a Philippine passport. Raj eventually travelled in August 2010 to Las Vegas, United States and became the official Philippine delegate to the competition.

During the Miss Universe competition, Raj was emotionally distressed to hear about the death of Filipino-German beauty queen Melody Gersbach and make-up artist Alden Orense in a car accident. Gersbach, a fellow Bicolana who previously competed and placed in the Top 15 at Miss International 2009 in China, was one of Raj's coaches in her preparation for the Miss Universe pageant. Raj was one of six delegates who were handpicked for a media tour, Raj, along with Jesinta Campbell of Australia, Natalia Navarro of Colombia, Sarodj Bertin of Haiti, Ximena Navarrete of Mexico, Mariana Vicente of Puerto Rico and Miss Universe 2009 Stefania Fernandez were scheduled for several television appearances prior to the actual pageant in Las Vegas. Raj received the highest rating in the Miss Universe website, with 3.54 points, the highest-ever for a Philippine delegate.

Raj was the last delegate to be announced to the Top 15, signalling both an end to a 10-year semifinal drought for the Philippines and the beginning of its streak of appearances at Miss Universe during the live finale up to 2021 \- the country's longest in its history on the pageant. During the Miss Universe question and answer portion, Raj was asked by American actor William Baldwin about the biggest mistake that she made in her life and what she did to make it right, to which she simply replied that she had never made any big mistakes in her life, citing the famed answer "Major Major" in her response. Raj eventually finished in the Top 5 as 4th runner-up to winner Navarrete from Mexico, marking the Philippines' highest placement at Miss Universe since Miriam Quiambao placed second in the competition in 1999.

## Television career

Prior and after Miss Universe, Raj guested on multiple networks as guests. Eventually she was offered hosting stints including a spot in the morning show *Umagang Kay Ganda*. In 2011, Raj signed up an exclusive contract with ABS-CBN, coinciding with the network gaining the airing rights of the Binibining Pilipinas pageant for at least five years. In 2013, she left on hosting Umagang Kay Ganda due on the reformat of the show. Less busy with entertainment commitments, Raj pursued her master's degree in Community Development at the University of the Philippines Diliman and lent a hand to the group called “Care For Children.”

## Filmography

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Network |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2011 | *Mutya* | Mikki | ABS-CBN |
| 2011–2013 | *ASAP 2012* | Host/Performer | |
| 2011–2016 | *Umagang Kay Ganda* | Host | |
| 2012 | *Wansapanataym: Bye, Bye Bangungot* | Diwata | |
| | *Maalaala Mo Kaya: Korona* | Herself | |
| 2014 | *Wagas* | January Isaac | GMA News TV |
| 2015 | *Maalaala Mo Kaya* | Christine Balaguer | ABS-CBN |
| | *Tunay Na Buhay* | Host | GMA Network |
| 2016 | *Celebrity Playtime* | Herself/Player | ABS-CBN |
| | *A1 Ko Sa 'Yo* | Herself | GMA Network |
| 2017 | *Umagang Kay Ganda* | Herself | ABS-CBN |
| | *Family Feud* | Herself/Player | ABS-CBN |
|

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Production | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | *Pridyider* | Celine | Regal Films |  |
| 2013 | *Slumber Party* | Herself | Riginals |  |

## Awards and nominations

| Awards and Nomination | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Award Giving Body | Category | Nominated Work | Results |
| 2011 | 25th PMPC Star Awards for TV | Best Morning Show Host
(shared with Umagang Kay Ganda hosts) | *Umagang Kay Ganda* | Won |
| | 5th UPLB Gandingan Awards | | | Won |
| 2012 | 26th PMPC Star Awards for TV | | | Won |
| | 6th UPLB Gandingan Awards | | | Won |
| 2013 | 27th PMPC Star Awards for TV | | | Nominated |
| | 7th UPLB Gandingan Awards | | | Won |
| 2014 | 28th PMPC Star Awards for TV | Best Travel Show Host
(shared with Christina Decena) | *Business Flight* | Nominated |

1. Tupaz, Voltaire; Tayag, Voltaire (December 11, 2019). "LOOK BACK: The Binibining Pilipinas legacy through the decades". *Rappler*. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
2. Lapeña, Carmela (August 24, 2010). "RP's Venus Raj 4th runner-up in Miss Universe pageant". *GMA News Online*. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
3. "Venus Raj 4th runner-up in Miss Universe 2010". *Filipino Journal*. August 6, 2010. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
4. Dy, Adrienne (July 14, 2011). "Venus Raj: The goddess is a hometown girl". *Inquirer Lifestyle*. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
5. Francisco, Butch (April 6, 2010). "Venus: 'Goddess' in distress". *Philstar*. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
6. Ephraim Aguilar (September 4, 2010) Dethroned Bicol beauty queen fights for dream Archived April 11, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Inquirer Southern Luzon.
7. Bacungan, VJ (June 9, 2017). "LOOK: Venus Raj flaunts U.P. 'Sablay' graduation photo for master's degree". *CNN Philippines*. Archived from the original on June 12, 2017. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
8. Cagape, Kristhoff (October 9, 2017). "Beauty & Brains: 8 Celebrities who graduated with top honors". *Push*. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
9. Bb. Pilipinas Universe 2010 Archived March 10, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. bbpilipinas.com
10. "Venus Raj completes master's degree in UP". ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs. June 8, 2017. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
11. Layug, Margaret Claire (June 25, 2021). "LOOK: Venus Raj graduates from school in England". *GMA News Online*. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
12. "Venus Raj, non-showbiz boyfriend North Orillan tie the knot". *GMA News Online*. December 12, 2023. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
13. Jimenez, Joyce (December 5, 2014). "Venus Raj: I'm still single, and very happy". The Philippine Star. Retrieved April 21, 2024.
14. Bueno, Leah (December 11, 2023). "Venus Raj is engaged". push.abs-cbn.com. Retrieved April 21, 2024.
15. Adina, Armin (May 13, 2008). "Second time a charm for new Miss Earth". *Philippine Daily Inquirer*. Archived from the original on April 27, 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2008.
16. Jojo, DJ Mojo (May 17, 2008). "Mother's Day for Mother Earth". *Manila Bulletin*. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved December 31, 2008.
17. Dy, Adrienne (July 14, 2011). "Venus Raj: The goddess is a hometown girl". *Inquirer Lifestyle*. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
18. Another mishap: beauty queen dies" Archived August 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. *The Manila Bulletin*, (August 2, 2010). Retrieved on May 12, 2012.
19. Robert R. Requintina Venus mourns, but is ready to shine. August 22, 2010
20. Members. Miss Universe. Retrieved on May 12, 2012.
21. Flores, Karen (June 13, 2011). "'Major major:' Venus Raj's legacy?". *ABS-CBN News*. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
22. Santos, Rhea. "Venus Raj declines Willie Revillame's offer, signs up with ABS-CBN". *Push*. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
23. "Second chance: January Isaac and Wade Bodlovic Love Story sa 'Wagas'". GMA Network. January 23, 2014. Retrieved March 5, 2014.
24. "Venus ready for movie debut in 'Pridyider'". *ABS-CBN News*. August 28, 2012. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
25. "'Major major' viral video inspires comedy flick". *ABS-CBN News*. November 2, 2012. Retrieved January 12, 2021.

## InfoBox

| Venus Raj | |
| --- | --- |
| Raj at a fashion show in Toronto, 2014 | |
| Born | Maria Venus Bayonito Raj
(1988-07-07) July 7, 1988
Doha, Qatar |
| Education | Bicol University (BA)
University of the Philippines Diliman (MS) |
| Height | 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) |
| Spouse | North Orillan (m. 2023) |
| **Beauty pageant titleholder** | |
| Title |  |
| Agency |  |
| Hair color | Black |
| Eye color | Brown |
| Major
competition(s) |  |
|  | |


title: Verrucularina

abstract:
Verrucularina is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Malpighiaceae. Its native range is Brazil. Species:
  - Verrucularina glaucophylla (A.Juss.) Rauschert
  - Verrucularina piresii (W.R.Anderson) Rauschert

text:
# Verrucularina

***Verrucularina*** is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Malpighiaceae.

Its native range is Brazil.

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Verrucularina* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Malpighiaceae |
| Genus: | *Verrucularina*<br>Rauschert |
|


title: Verona (steamship)

abstract: The steamship Verona was a small steamboat of the Puget Sound Mosquito Fleet.

text:
# Verona (steamship)

The steamship ***Verona*** was a small steamboat of the Puget Sound Mosquito Fleet.

## Career

*Verona* was built in 1910 at the Martinolich shipyard at Dockton, Washington. The vessel is best known for an event which occurred on November 5, 1916. The vessel was transporting members of the Industrial Workers of the World to Everett, Washington, in connection with a labor dispute. On arrival in Everett, a shooting broke out which has since become known as the Everett Massacre. In 1923 *Verona* was owned by the Union Navigation Company, a Poulsbo concern, which in that year sold the vessel to Kitsap County Transportation Co. From 1935 to 1936 *Verona* was owned by the Puget Sound Navigation Company.

## Disposition

The aging *Verona* burned after completing its last night run from Bainbridge Island on Jan 10, 1936. Fireboats concentrated on saving nearby steamers.

* Kline, M.S., and Bayless, G.A., *Ferryboats -- A legend on Puget Sound*, Bayless Books, Seattle, WA 1983 ISBN 0-914515-00-4
* Newell, Gordon, *Ships of the Inland Sea*, Binford and Mort, Portland, OR (2nd Ed. 1960)
* Tacoma Public Library, http://www.cimorelli.com/cgi-bin/magellanscripts/ship\_dates\_volume.asp?ShipName=Verona+%28steamer%29

## InfoBox

| *Verona* | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Name | *Verona* |
| Owner | Union Nav. Co.; Kitsap County Trans. Co. |
| Route | Puget Sound |
| Completed | 1910, Dockton |
| Out of service | 1936 |
| Fate | Dismantled. |
| General characteristics | |
| Length | 112.9 ft (34.4 m) |
| Beam | 22.8 ft (6.9 m) |
| Depth | 7.3 ft (2.2 m) depth of hold |
| Installed power | steam engine |
| Propulsion | propeller |


title: Veronica copelandii

abstract: Veronica copelandii is a rare species of flowering plant in the plantain family known by the common name Copeland's speedwell. It is endemic to California, where it is known only from the southeastern Klamath Mountains in Shasta and Trinity Counties. It occurs in mountain meadows and forest habitat in subalpine zones, usually on serpentine soils.

text:
# Veronica copelandii

***Veronica copelandii*** is a rare species of flowering plant in the plantain family known by the common name **Copeland's speedwell**.

It is endemic to California, where it is known only from the southeastern Klamath Mountains in Shasta and Trinity Counties. It occurs in mountain meadows and forest habitat in subalpine zones, usually on serpentine soils.

## Description

*Veronica copelandii* is a rhizomatous perennial herb with hairy, glandular stems growing up to about 12 tall. The hairy oval leaves are up to 3.5 centimeters long and have smooth edges.

The inflorescence is a raceme of flowers each about a centimeter across with four deep blue or purple petals with white bases.

## InfoBox

| *Veronica copelandii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Plantaginaceae |
| Genus: | *Veronica* |
| Species: | ***V. copelandii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Veronica copelandii***
Eastw. | |
|


title: Venkatapura, Gadag

abstract: Venkatapura is a village in the Gadag district of Karnataka State in India, about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from Gadag.

text:
# Venkatapura, Gadag

**Venkatapura** is a village in the Gadag district of Karnataka State in India, about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from Gadag.

## Sri Venkateshwara Temple

Within the village there is a temple dedicated to Lord Venkateshwara.

The Sri Lakshmi Venkateshwara temple is situated at Venkatapura Taluk near Sortur, Gadag District. The temple was renovated by Brahmananda Swami, a devotee of Gondavalekar Maharaj a sage from Gondavale, in Satara District of Maharashtra in the beginning of the 20th century. Arati is at 12 noon and prasad follows thereafter.

The temple is located 20 km from Gadag near the village of Beldhadi. The buses are available from Gadag Bus-Stand or Shirahatti bus stand or Hubli bus stand.

There is a direct bus service in the morning around 7 am from Hubli via Gadag. A hired taxi takes one hour from Gadag.

## InfoBox

| Venkatapura | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| VenkatapuraVenkatapura | |
| Coordinates: 15°20′59″N 75°51′26″E / 15.34972°N 75.85722°E / 15.34972; 75.85722 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Karnataka |
| District | Gadag district |
| Languages | |
| Official | Kannada |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 582113 |
| Telephone code | 08372 |
| Vehicle registration | KA-26 |


title: Vicky J. Meretsky

abstract: Vicky J. Meretsky is an American professor and Director of Environmental Masters Programs at Indiana University Bloomington.

text:
# Vicky J. Meretsky

**Vicky J. Meretsky** is an American professor and Director of Environmental Masters Programs at Indiana University Bloomington.

## Education

Meretsky received a Bachelor of Sciences at Cornell University in 1980. In 1988, she completed her first Master's degree in Wildlife Ecology at Humboldt State University in Arcata, California and pursued a second Master's degree in Statistics from the University of Arizona in 1993. She completed her Doctorate in 1995 at the University of Arizona, where she studied the foraging ecology of Egyptian vultures in the Negev Desert.

## Career and research

Meretsky is currently a professor at Indiana University Bloomington (IUB), teaching: conservation biology, how climate change impacts on natural resources, and graduate statistics. She has held several adjunct positions in various departments since she became an affiliated faculty member in 1998. Previously, Meretsky taught as an adjunct professor at the University of Arizona from 1996 until 2001.

Outside academia, she has worked as a consultant and specialist for outside universities and governmental organizations, including wetlands consultancy for the Department of Justice. Before her employment at IU, she worked for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as a research biologist studying endangered species and ecosystem management in the Grand Canyon.

Meretsky’s work focuses on both the science and policy aspects of conservationism, studying the effects of anthropogenic climate change on single species as well as broader impacts on ecosystems and whole regions. Her interests include, but are not limited to, "conservation planning, ecology of rare species, integrating ecosystem and endangered species management with adaptive management, and impacts of climate change on each." She sits on the advisory board of the Sycamore Land Trust in Indiana. She has spent time studying numerous species within and outside the US, including Egyptian vultures, the humpback chub, and the California condor and was involved in measuring the effects of the insecticide DDT on condor reproduction.

## Awards and honors

Meretsky is a five-time winner of the Trustees Teaching Award at IU, three-time winner of the Teaching Excellence Recognition Award, and three-time winner of IU's School of Public Environmental Affairs (SPEA) Outstanding Teaching Award. In addition, she has received several grants for her continued research, including two EPA-funded National Lakes Assessment grants as well as a $400,000 teaching grant from the Department of Education for the funding of a US-Russia Global Environmental Issues Research and Study Program.

## Publications

* Meretsky, Vicky J.; Snyder, Noel F. R.; Beissinger, Steven R.; Clendenen, David A.; Wiley, James W. (2000). "Demography of the California Condor: implications for reestablishment". *Conservation Biology*. **14** (4): 957–967. Bibcode:2000ConBi..14..957M. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99113.x. S2CID 44017372.\<
* Stevens, Lawrence E.; Ayers, Tina J.; Bennett, Jeffery B.; Christensen, Kerry; Kearsley, Michael J. C.; Meretsky, Vicky J.; Phillips, Arthur M.; Parnell, Roderic A.; Spence, John; Sogge, Mark K.; Springer, Abraham E.; Wegner, David L. (2001). "Planned flooding and Colorado River riparian trade-offs downstream from Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona". *Ecological Applications*. **11** (3): 701–710. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011\[0701:PFACRR\]2.0.CO;2.
* Stevens, Lawrence E.; Meretsky, Vicky J., eds. (2008). *Aridland springs in North America: ecology and conservation*. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 9780816526451.
* Meretsky, Vicky J.; Wegner, D. L.; Stevens, L. E. (2000). "Balancing Endangered Species and Ecosystems: A Case Study of Adaptive Management in Grand Canyon". *Environmental Management*. **25** (6): 579–586. doi:10.1007/s002670010045. PMID 10790523.
* Zengel, Scott A.; Meretsky, Vicky J.; Glenn, Edward P.; Felger, Richard S.; Ortiz, David (1995). "Cienega de Santa Clara, a remnant wetland in the Rio Colorado delta (Mexico): vegetation distribution and the effects of water flow reduction". *Ecological Engineering*. **4** (1): 19–36. Bibcode:1995EcEng...4...19Z. doi:10.1016/0925-8574(94)00050-F.
* Reyes-García, Victoria; Fernández-Llamazares, Álvaro; Aumeeruddy-Thomas, Yildiz; Benyei, Petra; Bussmann, Rainer W.; Diamond, Sara K.; García-Del-Amo, David; Guadilla-Sáez, Sara; Hanazaki, Natalia; Kosoy, Nicolas; Lavides, Margarita; Luz, Ana C.; McElwee, Pamela; Meretsky, Vicky J.; Newberry, Teresa; Molnár, Zsolt; Ruiz-Mallén, Isabel; Salpeteur, Matthieu; Wyndham, Felice S.; Zorondo-Rodriguez, Francisco; Brondizio, Eduardo S. (2022). "Recognizing Indigenous peoples' and local communities' rights and agency in the post-2020 Biodiversity Agenda". *Ambio*. **51** (1): 84–92. Bibcode:2022Ambio..51...84R. doi:10.1007/s13280-021-01561-7. PMC 8651947. PMID 34008095.
* 'Collaborative Governance under the Endangered Species Act: an empirical analysis of protective regulations, *(with R.L. Fischman, M. Castelli), Yale Journal of Regulation, 38:976-1058 (2021)*

## InfoBox

| Vicky J. Meretsky | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Cornell University |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Conservation Biology, Ecology, Statistics |
| Institutions | Indiana University Bloomington |
|  | |


title: Verticordia rennieana

abstract: Verticordia rennieana is a flowering plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an openly branched shrub with small, narrow, warty leaves and pink and silvery-white flowers in spring and summer.

text:
# Verticordia rennieana

***Verticordia rennieana*** is a flowering plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an openly branched shrub with small, narrow, warty leaves and pink and silvery-white flowers in spring and summer.

## Description

*Verticordia rennieana* is an openly branched shrub which grows to a height of 0.3–1.4 m (1–5 ft) and .15–1.4 m (0.5–5 ft) wide. Its new growth is whitish and the leaves are linear, 2–7 mm (0.08–0.3 in) long and prominently warty.

The flowers are scented and arranged in small groups near the ends of the branches, each flower on a stalk 3–7 mm (0.1–0.3 in) long. The floral cup is hemispherical in shape, about 2 mm (0.08 in) long, with large green appendages forming a thick collar around the hypanthium. The sepals are pink and silvery-white, 2.5–4 mm (0.1–0.2 in) long with 7 to 10 feathery lobes. The petals are spreading, pink to purple 4 mm (0.2 in) long, oval to almost round with a smooth edge. There are only 5 fertile stamens with groups of 3 staminodes between the stamens. The style is about 1 mm (0.04 in) long, thick, straight and hairy. Flowering time is from October to January.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Verticordia rennieana* was first formally described by Ferdinand von Mueller and Ralph Tate in 1896 from a specimen collected by Richard Helms and the description was published in *Transactions and proceedings and report, Royal Society of South Australia*. The specific epithet (*rennieana*) honours Edward Henry Rennie.

In his review of the genus in 1991, Alex George placed this species in subgenus *Eperephes*, section *Integripetala* along with *V. helmsii*, *V. interioris*, *V. mirabilis* and *V. picta*.

## Distribution and habitat

This verticordia is found in a broad area between Perenjori and Southern Cross where it grows in sand, sometimes with gravel or loam, often with other species of verticordia in the Avon Wheatbelt, Coolgardie and Yalgoo biogeographic regions.

## Conservation

*Verticordia rennieana* is classified as "Not Threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.

## Use in horticulture

Although this verticordia is rarely grown in gardens it is described as "a beautiful small shrub ... with honey-perfumed flowers". It is propagated from cuttings and requires a sunny position in well-drained soil.

## InfoBox

| *Verticordia rennieana* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Verticordia* |
| Subgenus: | *Verticordia* subg. *Eperephes* |
| Section: | *Verticordia* sect. *Integripetala* |
| Species: | ***V. rennieana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Verticordia rennieana***<br>F.Muell. & Tate | |
|


title: Vermeylenfonds

abstract: The Vermeylenfonds is a non-profit Flemish cultural socialist organization. The Vermeylenfonds was founded in 1945, in Brussels with the aim of studying and of continuing the work of August Vermeylen. The Vermeylenfonds was set up within the framework of the enlargement process of the Flemish movement which consisted until then mainly of catholic (Davidsfonds) and liberal (Willemsfonds) organizations. For a long time the Vermeylenfonds also participated in the political debate in Flanders as a lobbying group.

text:
# Vermeylenfonds

The **Vermeylenfonds** is a non-profit Flemish cultural socialist organization. The Vermeylenfonds was founded in 1945, in Brussels with the aim of studying and of continuing the work of August Vermeylen. The Vermeylenfonds was set up within the framework of the enlargement process of the Flemish movement which consisted until then mainly of catholic (Davidsfonds) and liberal (Willemsfonds) organizations. For a long time the Vermeylenfonds also participated in the political debate in Flanders as a lobbying group.


title: Veusz

abstract: Veusz is a scientific plotting package. Veusz is a Qt application written in Python, PyQt and NumPy. It is freely available for anyone to distribute under the terms of the GPL. It is designed to produce publication-quality plots. The name should be pronounced as "views". This program produces plots in popular vector image formats, including PDF, PostScript and SVG. It is cross-platform, working under Microsoft Windows, macOS and Unix/Linux. Plots are built up from a set of plotting widgets which can be added to the document and whose properties are edited using a consistent interface. For example, graph widgets can be placed within a grid widget to create an array of graphs. Widgets include X-Y plots, functions, contours, box plots, polar plots, ternary plots, vector plots, data images, labels and a variety of shapes. Datasets can be read using standard formats such as CSV, HDF5 or FITS, or entered, edited or created using functions from existing datasets. Functions can also be fitted to data. Veusz is extensible with Python plugins. Plugins can be added for importing data in other formats, automating operations and creating different kinds of mathematical relationships between datasets. The program also provides a command line and scripting interface to its plotting facilities. The saved file format is a simple Python text script, which makes it easy to create plots from other programs. Veusz was reviewed by Linux Format magazine, saying that "There's plenty of scope for creating colourful, engaging graphics". It was also included in their "Hot Pics" selection on their cover disc. Veusz can also be used as a drawing backend for the SciTools Easyviz package.

text:
# Veusz

**Veusz** is a scientific plotting package. Veusz is a Qt application written in Python, PyQt and NumPy. It is freely available for anyone to distribute under the terms of the GPL. It is designed to produce publication-quality plots. The name should be pronounced as "views".

This program produces plots in popular vector image formats, including PDF, PostScript and SVG. It is cross-platform, working under Microsoft Windows, macOS and Unix/Linux.

Plots are built up from a set of plotting widgets which can be added to the document and whose properties are edited using a consistent interface. For example, graph widgets can be placed within a grid widget to create an array of graphs. Widgets include X-Y plots, functions, contours, box plots, polar plots, ternary plots, vector plots, data images, labels and a variety of shapes. Datasets can be read using standard formats such as CSV, HDF5 or FITS, or entered, edited or created using functions from existing datasets. Functions can also be fitted to data.

Veusz is extensible with Python plugins. Plugins can be added for importing data in other formats, automating operations and creating different kinds of mathematical relationships between datasets. The program also provides a command line and scripting interface (based on Python) to its plotting facilities. The saved file format is a simple Python text script, which makes it easy to create plots from other programs.

Veusz was reviewed by *Linux Format* magazine, saying that "There's plenty of scope for creating colourful, engaging graphics". It was also included in their "Hot Pics" selection on their cover disc. Veusz can also be used as a drawing backend for the SciTools Easyviz package.

## InfoBox

Veusz
|
|  |
| Original author(s) | Jeremy Sanders |
| Initial release | October 28, 2007 (2007-10-28) |
|  | |
| Stable release | 3.6.2 / 26 February 2023 (26 February 2023) |
|  | |
| Repository | github.com/veusz/veusz |
| Written in | , C++, Python |
| Operating system | Cross-platform |
| Type | Plotting |
| License | GNU GPLv2+ |
| Website | veusz.github.io |


title: Victoria Alonsoperez

abstract: Victoria Alonsoperez is an Uruguayan electronics and telecommunication engineer and entrepreneur. She invented Chipsafer, a software platform to track cattle, and remotely and autonomously detect anomalies in their behaviour.

text:
# Victoria Alonsoperez

**Victoria Alonsoperez** is an Uruguayan electronics and telecommunication engineer and entrepreneur. She invented Chipsafer, a software platform to track cattle, and remotely and autonomously detect anomalies in their behaviour.

## Early life

María Victoria Alonsoperez was born in Uruguay. She studied electrical and space engineering at the University of the Republic in Montevideo. For her undergraduate thesis, she worked on system designs for the first Uruguayan satellite. In 2009, Alonsoperez was awarded a youth grant from the International Astronautical Federation which allowed her to participate in several astronautical congresses and become involved in the Space Generation Advisory Council. In 2011, she attended a space studies program at the International Space University and participated in a group competition, winning the Barcelona Zero-Gravity Aerobatics Challenge with two colleagues. She pursued a graduate degree in aerospace engineering, the first Uruguayan to study in the field.

## Career

As a twelve-year-old-child, Alonsoperez invented a monitoring system to track the behavior of cattle, which could be used to prevent a repeat disaster of the 2001 Foot-and-mouth disease outbreak. Eleven years later, while working as a teaching associate the International Space University, she heard of the International Telecommunication Union's Young Innovators Competition. Alonsoperez developed her idea into a product called Chipsafer, sent it to the competition, and won. In 2013, Alonsoperez won the Best Young Inventor Award from the World Intellectual Property Organization. In 2014, the Inter-American Development Bank named Chipsafer the Most Innovative Startup of Latin America and the Caribbean, and the MIT Technology Review selected her as the Innovator of the Year for Argentina and Uruguay.

One of the benefits of winning the competition was a course in entrepreneurship, where Alonsoperez learned how to set up a development company and create a prototype. She founded IEETech and with seed money from the Uruguayan National Research and Innovation Agency, Alonsoperez developed the prototype, tested it and moved into commercializing Chipsafer. Once the prototype was created, Alonsoperez began to search for investors to buy the device for broad scale testing. The device is a type of solar-powered collar which sends data to IEETech's servers which then analyze the data to detect anomalies. Servers can modify the information received or update function remotely, and cattle owners can modify data and desired output for customized reports. In 2015, Alonsoperez partnered with local farmers and the University of the Republic for further testing and as a way to build relationships and later that year was nominated as one of the most inspirational women of the year by they BBC 100 Women series.

In 2016, Alonsoperez has been working to attract investor capitalists from Silicon Valley, after an initial product consultation in China proved difficult.

## InfoBox

| Victoria Alonsoperez | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1986 or 1987 (age 36–37)<br>Uruguay |
| Occupation(s) | Telecoms engineer, entrepreneur |
| Notable work | Chipsafer |


abstract: Veterinary medicine in the United States is the performance of veterinary medicine in the United States, normally performed by licensed medical professionals, and subject to provisions of statute law which vary by state. Veterinary medicine is normally led by veterinary physicians, termed veterinarians or vets, but also by paraveterinary workers, such as veterinary technicians, and veterinary assistants. This can be augmented by other paraprofessionals with specific specialties, such as animal physiotherapy or dentistry, and species-relevant roles such as farriers. Dependent on the jurisdiction, other professionals may be permitted to perform some animal treatment, through either specific exemptions in the law or through a lack of prohibitive legislation. This can include manipulation techniques such as physiotherapy, chiropractic and osteopathy, or animal-specific professions such as horse and cattle hoof trimmers, equine dentists, and technicians who specialize in cattle artificial insemination.

text:
# Veterinary medicine in the United States

**Veterinary medicine in the United States** is the performance of veterinary medicine in the United States, normally performed by licensed medical professionals, and subject to provisions of statute law which vary by state. Veterinary medicine is normally led by veterinary physicians, termed veterinarians or vets, but also by paraveterinary workers, such as veterinary technicians, and veterinary assistants. This can be augmented by other paraprofessionals with specific specialties, such as animal physiotherapy or dentistry, and species-relevant roles such as farriers.

Dependent on the jurisdiction, other professionals may be permitted to perform some animal treatment, through either specific exemptions in the law or through a lack of prohibitive legislation. This can include manipulation techniques such as physiotherapy, chiropractic and osteopathy, or animal-specific professions such as horse and cattle hoof trimmers, equine dentists, and technicians who specialize in cattle artificial insemination.

## Veterinarians

### Veterinarian's Oath

The Veterinarian's Oath was adopted by the American Veterinary Medical Association's House of Delegates July 1969, and amended by the AVMA Executive Board, November 1999 and December 2010.

> Being admitted to the profession of veterinary medicine, I solemnly swear to use my scientific knowledge and skills for the benefit of society through the protection of animal health and welfare, the prevention and relief of animal suffering, the conservation of animal resources, the promotion of public health, and the advancement of medical knowledge.
>
> I will practice my profession conscientiously, with dignity, and in keeping with the principles of veterinary medical ethics. I accept as a lifelong obligation the continual improvement of my professional knowledge and competence.

### Qualification

In order to practice, veterinarians must obtain a degree in veterinary medicine, followed by gaining a license to practice. Previously, veterinary degrees were available as a bachelor's degree, but now all courses result in the award of a doctorate and are therefore awarded a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) at most veterinary schools in the United States, or a Veterinariae Medicinae Doctoris ("Veterinary Medical Doctor") (VMD) if the degree is earned at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine.

There is a high level of competition for admission to veterinary schools. As of 2021, there were only 33 veterinary schools in the United States and five in Canada which met the accreditation standards set by the AVMA Council on Education. Entrance requirements vary among veterinary schools, and various pre-professional degree programs have been developed to assist undergraduates in meeting these requirements. Such "pre-vet" programs are thus similar in concept to "pre-med" programs.

Following qualification from the doctoral degree, the prospective veterinarian must receive a passing grade on the North America Veterinary Licensing Exam. This exam is completed over the course of eight hours, and consists of 360 multiple-choice questions. This exam covers all aspects of veterinary medicine, as well as visual material designed to test diagnostic skills.

### Salary

The median salary for starting veterinarians in 2018 was $104,690 in the United States according to U.S. Money News, while the lowest paid graduates earned approximately $87,000 annually. Montana had the lowest state average, while Michigan, Illinois and Hawaii had the highest.

The average income for private practice associates in the United States was $191,000 in 2017. According to DVM360 most practice owners paid themselves based on production, including a 3–4% management fee plus a 4.5% "return on investment" fee dependent on the value of their business. The average owner of a veterinary practice earned approximately $382,000 per year base salary in 2017. These increased values exceed those of public practice including uniformed services and government. In comparison, the profession-wide average income in Australia was $167,000 in 2015.

### Veterinary specialties

As opposed to human medicine, general practice veterinarians greatly outnumber veterinary specialists. Most veterinary specialists work at the veterinary schools, or at a referral center in large cities. As opposed to human medicine, where each organ system has its own medical and surgical specialties, veterinarians often combine both the surgical and medical aspect of an organ system into one field. The specialties in veterinary medicine often encompass several medical and surgical specialties that are found in human medicine.

Veterinary specialties are accredited in North America by the AVMA through the American Board of Veterinary Specialties. While some veterinarians may have areas of interest outside of recognized specialties, they are not legally specialists.

According to a veterinary survey top paying specialties include veterinary anesthesiology ($389,105 median salary in 2008), veterinary ophthalmology ($215,120 median salary in 2009), veterinary nutrition ($202,368 average salary in 2008), and veterinary general surgery ($183,902 average salary in 2008).

## Veterinary technicians

Veterinary technicians are the primary paraveterinary workers in the US in the role of a nurse (and in most other anglophone countries, the equivalent role is called a veterinary nurse), providing trained support. The requirements for technicians vary by state, but in most cases, technicians are graduates of two or four year college-level programs and are legally qualified to assist in many medical procedures.

Some states choose to license technicians, so that only people with appropriate qualifications are able to fulfill the role, but this is not the case in all jurisdictions.

### History

Veterinary technology as an organized and credentialed career option is relatively young, only existing since the mid 20th century, although it began in 1908 when the Canine Nurses Institute was established in England, and as such is still struggling for recognition in many parts of the world. The first training program for technicians in the United States was established by the Air Force in 1951. The first civilian program was established ten years later in 1961 at the State University of New York (SUNY) Agricultural and Technical College at Delhi. In 1965 Walter Collins, a veterinarian, received federal funding to develop model curricula for training technicians. He produced several guides over the next seven years, and for this work he is considered the "father of veterinary technology" in the United States.

### Role and duties

Technical skills include: venipuncture; collecting urine; performing skin scrapings; taking and processing radiographs; and performing routine lab procedures and tests in: hematology, blood chemistry, microbiology, urinalysis, and microscopy. They assist the veterinarian with physical examinations that help determine the nature of the illness or injury. Veterinary technicians also induce and maintain anesthesia, and administer medications, fluids and blood products as prescribed by the veterinarian. Tasks in patient care include: recording temperature, pulse and respiration, dressing wounds, applying splints and other protective devices, and dental procedures. They perform catheterizations – urinary, arterial, and venous; ear flushes; intravenous feedings and tube feedings. Equipment use includes operating various types of patient monitors and imaging devices to include electrocardiographic, radiographic and ultrasonographic equipment. Larger referral practices and teaching hospitals may also find veterinary technicians operating computed tomography equipment, magnetic resonance imagers, gamma cameras and other advanced medical devices. Veterinary technicians commonly assist in surgery by providing correct equipment and instruments and by assuring that monitoring and support equipment are in good working condition. They may also maintain treatment records and inventory of all pharmaceuticals, equipment and supplies, and help with other administrative tasks within a veterinary practice such as client education. Unlike their more specialized counterparts among medical paraprofessionals, the veterinary technician is usually the only paraprofessional found in a veterinary practice and is thus often called upon to be a jack-of-all-trades. However, veterinary technicians with more advanced knowledge and skill in a particular discipline can pursue specialization through the NAVTA Committee on Veterinary Technician Specialties.

### Education and credentialing

To become a credentialed veterinary technician, one must complete a two- or three-year AVMA credentialed degree, most of which result in the awarding of an Associate of Applied Science in Veterinary Technology degree. Those completing a four-year AVMA accredited school gain a bachelor's degree and are considered veterinary technologists, though the distinction is rarely made, with the term "technician" being used generally.

The education a credentialed technician receives is in-depth and crucial for medical understanding and to give proper health care. The American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) is responsible for accrediting schools with either associate's degrees or bachelor's degrees, though in some states or provinces this is not necessary. The AVMA also accredits schools that offer distance education. As a requirement of AVMA accreditation, all distance learning programs require a significant amount of practical clinical experience before the student will be allowed to graduate.

### Specialty certification

Beyond credentialing as a veterinary technician specialty certification is also available to technicians with advanced skills. To date there are specialty recognitions in: emergency & critical care, anesthesiology, dentistry, small animal internal medicine, large animal internal medicine, cardiology, oncology, neurology, zoological medicine, equine veterinary nursing, surgery, behavior, nutrition, clinical practice (canine/feline, exotic companion animal, and production animal sub-specialties), and clinical pathology. Veterinary Technician Specialists carry the additional post-nominal letters "VTS" with their particular specialties indicated in parentheses. As veterinary technology evolves, more specialty academy recognitions are anticipated.

## Veterinary assistants

Non-credentialed personnel who perform similar tasks to veterinary technicians are usually referred to as veterinary assistants, though the term technician is often applied generously. In many states, a veterinary assistant cannot legally perform as many procedures as a technician. Veterinary assistants often have no formal education related to veterinary medicine or veterinary technology; however, NAVTA recently approved the designation of Approved Veterinary Assistant (AVA) for those successfully completing approved educational programs. In larger facilities with tiered hierarchies, veterinary assistants typically assist other professionals in their duties.

## Veterinary malpractice

Most states in the US allow for malpractice lawsuit in case of death or injury to an animal from professional negligence. Usually the penalty is not greater than the value of the animal. For that reason, malpractice insurance for veterinarians usually is well under $500 a year, compared to an average of over $18,400 (in 2000) for a human doctor. Some states allow for punitive penalty, loss of companionship, and suffering into the award, likely increasing the cost of veterinary malpractice insurance and the cost of veterinary care. Most veterinarians carry much higher cost business insurance, worker's compensation, and facility insurance to protect their clients and workers from injuries inflicted by animals.


title: Veterinary parasitology

abstract: Veterinary parasitology is a branch of veterinary medicine that deals with the study of morphology, life-cycle, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and control of eukaryotic invertebrates of the kingdom Animalia and the taxon Protozoa that depend upon other invertebrates and higher vertebrates for their propagation, nutrition, and metabolism without necessarily causing the death of their hosts. Modern parasitology focuses on responses of animal hosts to parasitic invasion. Parasites of domestic animals,, as well as wildlife animals are considered. Data obtained from parasitological research in animals helps in veterinary practice and improves animal breeding. The major goal of veterinary parasitology is to protect animals and improve their health, but because a number of animal parasites are transmitted to humans, veterinary parasitology is also important for public health.

text:
# Veterinary parasitology

**Veterinary parasitology** is a branch of veterinary medicine that deals with the study of morphology, life-cycle, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and control of eukaryotic invertebrates of the kingdom Animalia and the taxon Protozoa that depend upon other invertebrates and higher vertebrates for their propagation, nutrition, and metabolism without necessarily causing the death of their hosts. Modern parasitology focuses on responses of animal hosts to parasitic invasion. Parasites of domestic animals, (livestock and pet animals), as well as wildlife animals are considered. Data obtained from parasitological research in animals helps in veterinary practice and improves animal breeding. The major goal of veterinary parasitology is to protect animals and improve their health, but because a number of animal parasites are transmitted to humans, veterinary parasitology is also important for public health.

## Diagnostic methods

Various methods are used to identify parasites in animals, using feces, blood, and tissue samples from the host animal.

### Coprological

Coprological examinations involve examining the feces of animals to identify and count parasite eggs. Some common methods include fecal flotation and sedimentation to separate eggs from fecal matter. Others include the McMaster method, which uses a special two-chamber slide that allows parasite eggs to be more clearly visible and easily counted. It is most commonly used to monitor parasites in horses and other grazing and livestock animals. The Baermann method is similar but requires more specialized equipment and more time and is typically used to diagnose lungworm and threadworm.

### Haematological

Haematological examinations involve examining the blood of animals to determine the presence of parasites. Blood parasites tend to inhabit the erythrocytes or white blood cells and are most likely to be detected during the acute phase of infection. Veterinary parasitologists use blood smears, which involve placing a drop of blood onto a slide and spreading it over the surface in a thin film in order to examine it under a microscope. The blood is stained with a dye in order for the cells to be easily distinguished.

### Histopathological

Histopathological examinations involve examining tissue samples from animals. A small slice of the organ suspected of being infected by parasites is mounted on a slide, stained, and examined under a microscope.

Though not technically considered a histopathological technique, skin scraping – which involves taking a small sample of the epidermal cells of a dog, cat, or other household pet – is commonly used to detect the presence of mites.

### Immunological

Immunological examinations, such as indirect immunofluorescence, ELISA, Immunoblotting (Western blot), and Complement fixation test are methods of identifying different kinds of parasites by detecting the presence of their antigens on or within the parasite itself. These diagnostic methods are used in conjunction with coprological examinations for more specific identification of different parasite species in fecal samples.

### Molecular biological

Molecular biological methods involve studying the DNA of the parasite in order to identify it. PCR and RFLP are used to detect and amplify parasite DNA found in the feces, blood, or tissue of the host. These techniques are very sensitive, which is useful for diagnosing parasites even when they are present in very low numbers; they are also useful for identifying parasites not only in large animal hosts but smaller insect vectors.

## Divisions of veterinary parasitology

### Veterinary protozoology

Veterinary protozoology is focused on protozoa with veterinary relevance. Examples of protozoan parasites:

### Veterinary helminthology

Veterinary helminthology is focused on veterinary important helminth parasites, for example:

### Veterinary entomology (arachnoentomology)

Veterinary entomology is focused on important arachnids, insects, and crustaceans. Some examples include:


title: Victoria House, Greenwich

abstract: Victoria House, Greenwich on Shooter's Hill in Greenwich is the former officers mess' and living quarters for the Royal Army Medical Corps. It is a "Building of Local Architectural or Historic Interest".

text:
# Victoria House, Greenwich

**Victoria House, Greenwich** on Shooter's Hill in Greenwich is the former officers mess' and living quarters for the Royal Army Medical Corps. It is a "Building of Local Architectural or Historic Interest".

## History

The building was constructed in the classical style in 1909. It became the officers' mess and living quarters for the Royal Army Medical Corps staff employed at the Royal Herbert Hospital. The Ministry of Defence sold the building as part of Project MoDEL in June 2013 and, although it was originally planned that the building would be converted into a 75 bedroom residential care home, the building is now being converted for use as the Primary School element of Greenwich Free School.

51°28′19″N 0°03′14″E / 51.47190°N 0.05386°E / 51.47190; 0.05386


title: Vic Reginato

abstract: Victor John Reginato, later known as Victor John Regin, was an American football player. Reginato was born in 1918 in Klamath Falls, Oregon, and attended Klammath Union High School. He played at the end position for the Oregon Ducks football team during the 1938 and 1939 seasons. He played on both offense and defense and also handled kicking for Oregon. He was also the president of Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity at Oregon. He was selected by the Chicago Cardinals in the sixth round of the 1940 NFL draft, but he opted not to play professional football. Reginato married Marie Virginia Brace in 1940. After his football career ended, he spent 45 years working in finance for Gulf and Western Industries. He died in 2000 at Eisenhower Medical Center in Rancho Mirage, California.

text:
# Vic Reginato

**Victor John Reginato** (September 17, 1918 – February 14, 2000), later known as **Victor John Regin**, was an American football player.

Reginato was born in 1918 in Klamath Falls, Oregon, and attended Klammath Union High School. He played at the end position for the Oregon Ducks football team during the 1938 and 1939 seasons. He played on both offense and defense and also handled kicking for Oregon. He was also the president of Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity at Oregon.

He was selected by the Chicago Cardinals in the sixth round (41st overall pick) of the 1940 NFL draft, but he opted not to play professional football.

Reginato married Marie Virginia Brace in 1940. After his football career ended, he spent 45 years working in finance for Gulf and Western Industries. He died in 2000 at Eisenhower Medical Center in Rancho Mirage, California.

## InfoBox

Vic Reginato
| Vic Reginato, 1936 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position | End |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | September 17, 1918
Klamath Falls, Oregon, U.S. |
| Died: | February 14, 2000 (aged 81)
Rancho Mirage, California, U.S. |
| Career history | |
| College | Oregon |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |


title: Vic Raymer

abstract: Vic Raymer was the Second man on the Alberta Avenue CC curling team during the World Curling Championships known as the 1961 Scotch Cup. Raymer replaced Ron Anton on the team for the world championships, as Anton stayed home to concentrate on his studies.

text:
# Vic Raymer

**Vic Raymer** was the Second man on the Alberta Avenue CC curling team (from Edmonton, Alberta, Canada) during the World Curling Championships known as the 1961 Scotch Cup.

Raymer replaced Ron Anton on the team for the world championships, as Anton stayed home to concentrate on his studies.

## InfoBox

| Vic Raymer | |
| --- | --- |
| Curler | |
| Team | |
| Curling club | Alberta Avenue CC, <br>Edmonton, AB |
| Skip | Hec Gervais |
| Third | Ray Werner |
| Second | Vic Raymer |
| Lead | Wally Ursuliak |


title: Tert-Butyl acetate

abstract: tert-Butyl acetate, t-butyl acetate or TBAc is a colorless flammable liquid with a camphor- or blueberry-like smell. It is used as a solvent in the production of lacquers, enamels, inks, adhesives, thinners and industrial cleaners. It has recently gained EPA volatile organic compound (VOC) exempt status. It is manufactured from acetic acid and isobutylene. An attempt at Fischer esterification would lead to elimination of tert-butyl alcohol to isobutylene. Butyl acetate has four isomers: tert-butyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, and sec-butyl acetate.

text:
# Tert-Butyl acetate

***tert*-Butyl acetate**, *t*-butyl acetate or **TBAc** is a colorless flammable liquid with a camphor\- or blueberry-like smell. It is used as a solvent in the production of lacquers, enamels, inks, adhesives, thinners and industrial cleaners. It has recently gained EPA volatile organic compound (VOC) exempt status.

It is manufactured from acetic acid and isobutylene. An attempt at Fischer esterification would lead to elimination of tert-butyl alcohol to isobutylene.

Butyl acetate has four isomers (or five, including stereoisomers): *tert*-butyl acetate, *n*-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, and *sec*-butyl acetate (two enantiomers).

## InfoBox

*tert*-Butyl acetate
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name *tert*-Butyl acetate | |
| Other names * Acetic acid *tert*-butyl ester * *t*-Butyl acetate | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.007.965 |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C6H12O2/c1-5(7)8-6(2,3)4/h1-4H3 YKey: WMOVHXAZOJBABW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y * InChI=1/C6H12O2/c1-5(7)8-6(2,3)4/h1-4H3Key: WMOVHXAZOJBABW-UHFFFAOYAQ | |
| SMILES * O=C(OC(C)(C)C)C | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C6H12O2 |
| Molar mass | 116.160 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | Colorless liquid |
| Odor | Fruity |
| Density | 0.8593 g/cm3 |
| Boiling point | 97.8 °C (208.0 °F; 370.9 K) |
| Solubility in water | 0.8 wt% at 22 °C |
| Solubility in ether and ethanol | Miscible |
| Hazards | |
| **Occupational safety and health** (OHS/OSH): | |
| Main hazards | Flammable |
| Flash point | 22 °C; 72 °F; 295 K |
| Explosive limits | From 1.5% to unknown |
| **NIOSH** (US health exposure limits): | |
| PEL (Permissible) | TWA 200 ppm (950 mg/m3) |
| REL (Recommended) | TWA 200 ppm (950 mg/m3) |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | 1500 ppm |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: The Black Mages

abstract: The Black Mages were a Japanese instrumental rock band formed in 2002 by Nobuo Uematsu, Kenichiro Fukui and Tsuyoshi Sekito, who were three video game composers for Square and Square Enix. The band arranged Uematsu's Final Fantasy video game series-based compositions in a hard rock style often similar to progressive metal, achieved with the additional use of synthesizers. A year later the band expanded to six members with the addition of Keiji Kawamori, Michio Okamiya and Arata Hanyuda. In August 2010, Uematsu announced the band had been disbanded, but he would continue to perform rock arrangements of his music as a part of another similar band, known as the Earthbound Papas. The band released three studio albums. Their first was released eponymously as The Black Mages in 2003, and contained arrangements of Final Fantasy battle themes. The second album, The Black Mages II: The Skies Above, was released in 2004 and featured additional pieces besides battle themes including the group's first original song, "Blue Blast ~Winning the Rainbow", which was created for Japanese K-1 fighter Takehiro Murahama. The third album, The Black Mages III: Darkness and Starlight, was released in 2008. Music from the group has also appeared in other albums, including one track in Dark Chronicle Premium Arrange, an album of arranged music from the video game Dark Chronicle, a piece in the animated film Final Fantasy VII Advent Children and its corresponding soundtrack album, and one track on Final Fantasy III Original Soundtrack, the soundtrack album for the Nintendo DS version of Final Fantasy III. The Black Mages did not tour as a band, but performed several concerts to promote their album releases. For their first album they performed in Shibuya and Kanagawa, Japan in 2003 and later released a live video of the first concert on DVD exclusively to Uematsu fanclub members. They repeated this for the release of their second album, performing in Kawasaki and Osaka, Japan in 2005 and similarly released on DVD to fanclub members. The third album saw a performance in Yokohama, Japan in 2008; a DVD of the show was released commercially in March 2009. In addition to these concerts, The Black Mages made live appearances at two Final Fantasy concerts, More Friends: Music from Final Fantasy and Voices - Music from Final Fantasy, as well as another video game music event, Extra: Hyper Game Music Event 2007.

text:
# The Black Mages

**The Black Mages** were a Japanese instrumental rock band formed in 2002 by Nobuo Uematsu, Kenichiro Fukui and Tsuyoshi Sekito, who were three video game composers for Square and Square Enix. The band arranged Uematsu's *Final Fantasy* video game series-based compositions in a hard rock style often similar to progressive metal, achieved with the additional use of synthesizers. A year later the band expanded to six members with the addition of Keiji Kawamori, Michio Okamiya and Arata Hanyuda. In August 2010, Uematsu announced the band had been disbanded, but he would continue to perform rock arrangements of his music as a part of another similar band, known as the Earthbound Papas.

The band released three studio albums. Their first was released eponymously as *The Black Mages* in 2003, and contained arrangements of *Final Fantasy* battle themes. The second album, *The Black Mages II: The Skies Above*, was released in 2004 and featured additional pieces besides battle themes including the group's first original song, "Blue Blast ~Winning the Rainbow", which was created for Japanese K-1 fighter Takehiro Murahama. The third album, *The Black Mages III: Darkness and Starlight*, was released in 2008. Music from the group has also appeared in other albums, including one track in *Dark Chronicle Premium Arrange*, an album of arranged music from the video game *Dark Chronicle*, a piece in the animated film *Final Fantasy VII Advent Children* and its corresponding soundtrack album, and one track on *Final Fantasy III Original Soundtrack*, the soundtrack album for the Nintendo DS version of *Final Fantasy III*.

The Black Mages did not tour as a band, but performed several concerts to promote their album releases. For their first album they performed in Shibuya and Kanagawa, Japan in 2003 and later released a live video of the first concert on DVD exclusively to Uematsu fanclub members. They repeated this for the release of their second album, performing in Kawasaki and Osaka, Japan in 2005 and similarly released on DVD to fanclub members. The third album saw a performance in Yokohama, Japan in 2008; a DVD of the show was released commercially in March 2009. In addition to these concerts, The Black Mages made live appearances at two *Final Fantasy* concerts, More Friends: Music from Final Fantasy and Voices - Music from Final Fantasy, as well as another video game music event, Extra: Hyper Game Music Event 2007.

## History

In 2000, Square Enix employees Kenichiro Fukui and Tsuyoshi Sekito formed an experimental partnership to compose music for the video game *All Star Pro-Wrestling* in a rock style. After the game's success, the two continued to compose in the same style. In 2002, Fukui and Sekito decided to arrange some of the compositions of Nobuo Uematsu, the primary composer for the music of the *Final Fantasy* series. Uematsu, a fan of rock music, enjoyed these arrangements, and Fukui and Sekito asked him to join them in making a rock band. Declining at first due to feeling too busy with his composing duties and attempts to become a music producer with his Smile Please label, Uematsu agreed to join them in a single live performance as a keyboardist. At the performance, Uematsu felt a "mix of stage fright and excitement, \[with\] all the crowds cheering, the audience paying full attention", and decided to join the two in making a band; Fukui and Sekito had refused to start one if Uematsu was not involved as one of the musicians.

The group has said they were "nervous" about forming a rock band, as they were all "middle-aged", but decided after the performance it would not be a problem. The name "The Black Mages" was chosen by an employee at Square Enix, Mr. Matsushita, and was decided to be in English because it "wouldn't stand out" in Japanese. Square Enix owns the name "The Black Mages", which means while using that name the band was essentially limited to playing *Final Fantasy* music and original pieces rather than arranging music from other game series that were not owned by the company.

In 2003, Uematsu decided the band should produce an album of *Final Fantasy* arrangements. The trio arranged, interpreted, and sequenced ten battle themes from various *Final Fantasy* titles, with Uematsu as producer; the album was released eponymously on February 19, 2003. To celebrate the success, Uematsu decided to organize a concert in tribute to the album; Uematsu and Fukui served as the keyboardists, while Sekito was the guitarist. They needed more people to perform the arrangements live, however, and as such, several other members from Square Enix joined. Keiji Kawamori joined to play the bass guitar, Michio Okamiya to play the guitar, and Arata Hanyuda to play the drums. Since then, The Black Mages have released two additional albums, with all six members participating. The group performed concerts to promote both of these albums, and also participated in video game music-themed concerts.

On August 7, 2010, Uematsu announced the band had formally disbanded. He did not directly state the reason for the decision, though in previous interviews he had noted the band was increasingly finding it difficult to find time to rehearse together. In an April 2011 interview he said the main reason was because The Black Mages had been formed as a "Square Enix" band, they were unable to perform arrangements of work he had composed after leaving Square Enix or to focus on original pieces. Uematsu continues to play rock arrangements of his music as a part of the band the Earthbound Papas, which performed at the Distant Worlds II concert in 2010. He has been joined by fellow Black Mages bandmates Michio Okamiya and Arata Hanyuda, both continuing on guitar and drums, respectively. They had also left Square Enix; Uematsu built the new band to not include any current Square Enix employees so as to avoid the trademark and licensing problems of The Black Mages.

## Discography

### *The Black Mages*

| The Black Mages | |
| --- | --- |
| Studio album by The Black Mages | |
| Released | February 19, 2003
May 10, 2004 (*re-release*) |
| Genre | Hard rock
Progressive metal |
| Length | 51:29 |
| Label | DigiCube
Square Enix (*re-release*) |
| Producer | Nobuo Uematsu |

*The Black Mages* is an arranged soundtrack album of video game music from the *Final Fantasy* series of role-playing video games. The album contains a selection of musical tracks from the games, arranged and performed in a hybrid of hard rock and progressive metal by The Black Mages. All the selected tracks are "battle themes" from the games. The pieces have been described as "hard-rock" with "blazing synthesizers and guitars". It was first released on February 19, 2003, by DigiCube, and subsequently re-released on May 10, 2004, by Square Enix. It spans ten tracks and covers a duration of 51:29.

The album reached No. 43 on the Japan Oricon charts. It was well received by critics like Andy Byus of RPGFan, who termed it "addicting" and "powerful". He criticized the overuse of synthesizer as opposed to live instruments in some tracks, and that some of the arrangements stayed too close to the original tracks, especially "Dancing Mad". Tetra of Square Enix Music Online also enjoyed the album, saying "all of the members are strong musicians, and Sekito and Fukui were equally strong arrangers". His primary complaint with the album was he felt many of the songs followed the same general pattern in their arrangements.

Track listing
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Battle Scene" (from *Final Fantasy I - "Battle"*) | 4:19 |
| 2. | "Clash on the Big Bridge" (from *Final Fantasy V - "Battle on the Big Bridge"*) | 4:16 |
| 3. | "Force Your Way" (from *Final Fantasy VIII - "Force Your Way"*) | 3:51 |
| 4. | "Battle, Scene II" (from *Final Fantasy II - "Battle Scene 2"*) | 3:52 |
| 5. | "The Decisive Battle" (from *Final Fantasy VI - "The Decisive Battle"*) | 4:02 |
| 6. | "Battle Theme" (from *Final Fantasy VI - "Battle"*) | 3:21 |
| 7. | "J-E-N-O-V-A" (from *Final Fantasy VII - "JENOVA"*) | 6:08 |
| 8. | "Those Who Fight Further" (from *Final Fantasy VII - "Fight On!"*) | 4:25 |
| 9. | "Dancing Mad" (from *Final Fantasy VI - "Dancing Mad"*) | 12:04 |
| 10. | "Fight With Seymour" (from *Final Fantasy X - "Fight With Seymour"*) | 5:05 |

### *The Black Mages II: The Skies Above*

| The Black Mages II: The Skies Above | |
| --- | --- |
| Studio album by The Black Mages | |
| Released | December 22, 2004 |
| Genre | Hard rock
Progressive metal |
| Length | 50:56 |
| Label | Universal Music Group |
| Producer | Nobuo Uematsu |

*The Black Mages II: The Skies Above* is an arranged soundtrack album of video game music from the *Final Fantasy* series of role-playing video games. Like the previous album, it contains a selection of musical tracks from the games, arranged and performed in a hybrid of hard rock and progressive metal by The Black Mages. Unlike their first album, *The Skies Above* includes other pieces besides battle themes; the album also features songs, which were performed by Kazco Hamano, credited as "KAZCO", and Tomoaki Watanabe, or "Mr. Goo". It also includes a non-*Final Fantasy* track, "Blue Blast — Winning the Rainbow", an original piece that was created for Japanese K-1 fighter Takehiro Murahama. *The Skies Above*, as opposed to the first album, features real drums rather than sequenced drums, as the band had expanded from its original three members, none of whom played drums. The line "Maybe I'm a Lion" in the track of the same name was spoken by Alexander O. Smith, a translator for Square Enix and close friend of Okamiya, one of the new members. It was released on December 22, 2004, by Universal Music Group. The album spans eleven tracks, and covers a duration of 50:56.

The album received mixed reviews from critics; Jesse Jones of RPGFan said that he was "simply amazed" by the album, though it was not without flaws. While terming the music overall as "excellent", he disliked the vocal arrangements in "Otherworld" and "The Skies Above", finding that the voices of the singers did not match with the songs' instrumentals. Zane of Square Enix Music Online was less approving of the album, calling it "passable" and saying that the new arrangements gave "mixed results". He blamed the "intolerable vocals" and occasional poor choices in instruments as the problems with the album, concluding that the second Black Mages album was inferior to the first.

Track listing
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "The Rocking Grounds" (from *Final Fantasy III - "Battle 1"*) | 3:56 |
| 2. | "Zeromus" (from *Final Fantasy IV - "Zeromus"*) | 3:51 |
| 3. | "Vamo' Alla Flamenco" (from *Final Fantasy IX - "Vamo Alla Flamenco"*) | 4:25 |
| 4. | "Hunter's Chance" (from *Final Fantasy IX - "Hunter's Chance"*) | 4:44 |
| 5. | "Otherworld" (from *Final Fantasy X - "Otherworld"*) | 3:14 |
| 6. | "Matoya's Cave" (from *Final Fantasy I - "Matoya's Cave"*) | 4:44 |
| 7. | "The Man with the Machine Gun" (from *Final Fantasy VIII - "The Man with the Machine Gun"*) | 4:17 |
| 8. | "Maybe I'm a Lion" (from *Final Fantasy VIII - "Maybe I'm a Lion"*) | 5:34 |
| 9. | "Battle with the Four Fiends" (from *Final Fantasy IV - "Battle with the Four Fiends"*) | 3:58 |
| 10. | "The Skies Above" (from *Final Fantasy X - "To Zanarkand"*) | 7:18 |
| 11. | "Blue Blast — Winning the Rainbow" (original track) | 4:49 |

### *The Black Mages III: Darkness and Starlight*

| The Black Mages III: Darkness and Starlight | |
| --- | --- |
| Studio album by The Black Mages | |
| Released | March 19, 2008 |
| Genre | Hard rock
Progressive metal |
| Length | 60:40 |
| Label | Dog Ear Records |
| Producer | Nobuo Uematsu |

*The Black Mages III: Darkness and Starlight* is the third arranged soundtrack album of video game music from the *Final Fantasy* series of role-playing video games. The album contains a selection of musical tracks from the games, arranged and performed in a hybrid of hard rock and progressive metal by The Black Mages in a similar manner to their previous albums. It was released on March 19, 2008, by Uematsu's Dog Ear Records, spanning ten tracks and a duration of 60:40. The Black Mages sing the chorus for the song "Darkness and Starlight", the only vocal track on the album. The album has been described as being composed of a mix of "intense" symphonic metal pieces and rock opera. Like the previous album, *Darkness and Starlight* features an original piece, "Life ~ in memory of KEITEN ~", which was composed by Uematsu for Yoshitaka Tagawa, a boy he had met who died of leukemia.

The album was well received by websites like RPGFan, which said the album was "very much worth the over three year wait" and described the tracks as "enjoyable" and "inspiring". He had few complaints with the album, only describing "Opening ~ Bombing Mission" and "Assault of the Silver Dragons" as "bland", but still worth listening to. Square Enix Music Online was even more positive in its review of the album, calling it "a masterpiece" and "The Black Mages' finest effort to date", wishing only the album had been longer.

Track listing
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Opening ~ Bombing Mission" (from *Final Fantasy VII – "Opening ~ Bombing Mission"*) | 4:39 |
| 2. | "Neo EXDEATH" (from *Final Fantasy V – "The Final Battle"*) | 4:39 |
| 3. | "The Extreme" (from *Final Fantasy VIII – "The Extreme"*) | 5:51 |
| 4. | "Assault of the Silver Dragons" (from *Final Fantasy IX – "Assault of the Silver Dragons"*) | 5:00 |
| 5. | "KURAYAMINOKUMO" (from *Final Fantasy III – "This is The Last Battle"*) | 4:56 |
| 6. | "Distant Worlds" (from *Final Fantasy XI – "Distant Worlds"*) | 7:31 |
| 7. | "Premonition" (from *Final Fantasy VIII – "Premonition"*) | 5:22 |
| 8. | "Grand Cross" (from *Final Fantasy IX – "The Final Battle"*) | 5:33 |
| 9. | "Darkness and Starlight" (from *Final Fantasy VI – "Opera "Maria and Draco""*) | 15:32 |
| 10. | "Life ~ in memory of KEITEN ~" (original track) | 1:37 |

### Other appearances

In addition to their own albums, pieces from The Black Mages have appeared on several other albums. The first of these was "Flame Demon Monster Gaspard" on *Dark Chronicle Premium Arrange*, an album of arranged music from the video game *Dark Chronicle* originally composed by Tomohito Nishiura. The album was released on April 21, 2004, by Team Entertainment. Their next appearance was in the animated film *Final Fantasy VII Advent Children* and its corresponding soundtrack album, where they played—together with orchestration conducted by Koji Haijima—"Advent: One-Winged Angel", an arrangement of "One-Winged Angel" from *Final Fantasy VII* originally composed by Uematsu and arranged by Shirō Hamaguchi. Their third appearance was on the soundtrack album for the Nintendo DS version of *Final Fantasy III*, entitled *Final Fantasy III Original Soundtrack*, with one track then titled "Last Battle -THE BLACK MAGES Ver.-", but later re-titled "KURAYAMINOKUMO" (Cloud of Darkness) on the *Darkness and Starlight* album.

Other appearances
| Year | Album | Comment |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2004 | *Dark Chronicle Premium Arrange* | The album features the song "Flame Demon Monster Gaspard" performed by the band. |
| 2005 | *Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children* | The album features the song "Advent: One-Winged Angel" performed by the band with orchestration. |
| 2006 | *More Friends: Music from Final Fantasy* | The concert album features the songs "The Rocking Grounds", "Maybe I'm a Lion" and "Advent: One-Winged Angel" performed by The Black Mages with orchestra and choir joining the band on the latter. |
| | *Final Fantasy III Original Soundtrack* | The album features the song "The Final Battle -THE BLACK MAGES Ver.-" performed by the band. It would later appear on *The Black Mages III: Darkness and Starlight* album under the title "KURAYAMINOKUMO". |
|

## Concerts

While The Black Mages never toured as a band, they participated in several concert events. These include promotional concerts for the release of their three albums and appearances at orchestral concerts devoted to *Final Fantasy* music.

### Promotional concerts

The Black Mages held a concert to promote their first album on April 26, 2003, in the Shibuya-AX concert hall in Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan. This overnight concert featured the full setlist from the album, and introduced the track "Matoya's Cave", which would be featured in their next album. While the band members were being introduced, Okamiya performed the Chocobo theme and Uematsu performed the intro to Deep Purple's "Smoke on the Water." A DVD recording of the show was made and given to Uematsu fanclub members that year. The concert was repeated on November 3, 2003, at Kanagawa University in Kanagawa, Japan. This free concert was part of the Kanagawa Jindai Festa. As Uematsu graduated from Kanagawa University, The Black Mages all wore the school's student uniform.

For their second album, The Black Mages performed two promotional concerts. They performed all the songs from their second album, along with "The Decisive Battle", "Those Who Fight Further" and "Clash on the Big Bridge" from their first album. These concerts featured Kenji Ito, who performed piano renditions of pieces from the *SaGa* series. Also featured were muZik, a group who performed seven techno and pop-style *Final Fantasy* arrangements. The first concert set was at Club Citta in Kawasaki, Japan on January 22 and January 23, 2005, and the second one at Namba Hatch in Osaka, Japan on January 28, 2005. A DVD recording of the Kawasaki show was made and given to Uematsu fanclub members on February 1, 2006.

A live concert was performed for the release of The Black Mages' third album as for their previous albums. Performed at the Yokohama Blitz in Yokohama, Japan, on August 9, 2008, the concert featured all the pieces from the album with the exception of "Life ~ in memory of KEITEN ~" and with the addition of "Maybe I'm a Lion" and "Clash on the Big Bridge". A DVD recording of the show was made and released commercially in 2009, a first for the band.

### Other concerts

In addition to their own concerts, The Black Mages made appearances at official *Final Fantasy* concerts. The first of these was the More Friends: Music from Final Fantasy event, held in the Gibson Amphitheatre in Los Angeles, California, on May 16, 2005; the concert was The Black Mages' first appearance in North America. The band performed "The Rocking Grounds" and "Maybe I'm a Lion" from their second album, and joined with the orchestra for "Advent: One-Winged Angel" as an encore to the concert. A recorded album was released on February 15, 2006, by Square Enix, and included the pieces by The Black Mages.

The second *Final Fantasy* concert The Black Mages performed at was the Voices - Music from Final Fantasy concert held in Yokohama, Japan on February 18, 2006. This concert featured performances of various *Final Fantasy* songs. The Black Mages played "Advent: One-Winged Angel" at the end of the concert along with the Prima Vista Philharmonic Orchestra; the song was played a second time as an encore. A DVD of the concert was released on June 21, 2006, and included an interview with Uematsu.

On July 7, 2007, The Black Mages appeared at the Extra: Hyper Game Music Event at Shinkiba Studio Coast in Tokyo. They were the last of thirteen artists and groups to play at the six-hour event, and performed "Last Battle", "Those Who Fight Further", "Maybe I'm a Lion" and "Clash on the Big Bridge". The music performed by The Black Mages did not appear on the official album for the concert.

## Band members

## InfoBox

| The Black Mages | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Tokyo, Japan |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 2002–2010 |
| Labels | Square Enix Music
Dog Ear Records |
|  | |
| Past members | Nobuo Uematsu
Kenichiro Fukui
Tsuyoshi Sekito
Keiji Kawamori
Arata Hanyuda
Michio Okamiya |


title: The Greek Myths

abstract: The Greek Myths (1955) is a mythography, a compendium of Greek mythology, with comments and analyses, by the poet and writer Robert Graves. Many editions of the book separate it into two volumes. Abridged editions of the work contain only the myths and leave out Graves's commentary. Each myth is presented in the voice of a narrator writing under the Antonines, such as Plutarch or Pausanias, with citations of the classical sources. The literary quality of his retellings is generally praised. Following each retelling, Graves presents his interpretation of its origin and significance, influenced by his belief in a prehistoric Matriarchal religion, as discussed in his book The White Goddess and elsewhere. Graves's theories and etymologies are rejected by most classical scholars. Graves argued in response that classical scholars lack "the poetic capacity to forensically examine mythology".

text:
# The Greek Myths

***The Greek Myths*** (1955) is a mythography, a compendium of Greek mythology, with comments and analyses, by the poet and writer Robert Graves. Many editions of the book separate it into two volumes. Abridged editions of the work contain only the myths and leave out Graves's commentary.

Each myth is presented in the voice of a narrator writing under the Antonines, such as Plutarch or Pausanias, with citations of the classical sources. The literary quality of his retellings is generally praised. Following each retelling, Graves presents his interpretation of its origin and significance, influenced by his belief in a prehistoric Matriarchal religion, as discussed in his book *The White Goddess* and elsewhere. Graves's theories and etymologies are rejected by most classical scholars. Graves argued in response that classical scholars lack "the poetic capacity to forensically examine mythology".

## Contents

Graves interpreted Bronze Age Greece as changing from a matriarchal society under the Pelasgians to a patriarchal one under continual pressure from victorious Greek-speaking tribes. In the second stage local kings came to each settlement as foreign princes, reigned by marrying the hereditary queen, who represented the Triple Goddess, and were ritually slain by the next king after a limited period, originally six months. Kings managed to evade the sacrifice for longer and longer periods, often by sacrificing substitutes, and eventually converted the queen, priestess of the Goddess, into a subservient and chaste wife, and in the final stage had legitimate sons to reign after them.

*The Greek Myths* presents the myths as stories from the ritual of all three stages, and often as historical records of the otherwise unattested struggles between Greek kings and the Moon-priestesses. In some cases Graves conjectures a process of "iconotropy", or image-turning, by which a hypothetical cult image of the matriarchal or matrilineal period has been misread by later Greeks in their own terms. Thus, for example, he conjectures an image of divine twins struggling in the womb of the Horse-Goddess, which later gave rise to the myth of the Trojan Horse.

### Pelasgian creation myth

Graves's imaginatively reconstructed "Pelasgian creation myth" features a supreme creatrix, Eurynome, "The Goddess of All Things", who rises naked from Chaos to part sea from sky so that she can dance upon the waves. Catching the north wind at her back and rubbing it between her hands, she warms the *pneuma* and spontaneously generates the serpent Ophion, who mates with her. In the form of a dove upon the waves she lays the Cosmic Egg and bids Ophion to incubate it by coiling seven times around until it splits in two and hatches "all things that exist ... sun, moon, planets, stars, the earth with its mountains and rivers, its trees, herbs, and living creatures".

In the soil of Arcadia the Pelasgians spring up from Ophion's teeth, scattered under the heel of Eurynome, who kicked the serpent from their home on Mount Olympus for his boast of having created all things. Eurynome, whose name means "wide wandering", sets male and female Titans for each wandering planet: Theia and Hyperion for the Sun; Phoebe and Atlas for the Moon; Metis and Coeus for Mercury; Tethys and Oceanus for Venus; Dione and Crius for Mars; Themis and Eurymedon for Jupiter; and Rhea and Cronus for Saturn.

Also included are the Homeric, Orphic and Olympian creation myths, as well as two "philosophical" creation myths.

### Olympian creation myth

Graves offers his interpretation of “The Olympian Creation Myth” in a brief summary. In this interpretation, Mother Earth is the creator of the Earth as it is known, with water, greenery, and animal life. This creation of Earth was possible through the “fertile rain” cast over her by her son Uranus, whom the goddess birthed while asleep after emerging from Chaos. Mother Earth goes on in this retelling to give birth to six “children of semi-human form.” Three of these children are the Hundred-Handed Ones and the other three the Cyclopes. The role played by the children of Mother Earths three original Cyclopes' offspring is specified by the author as he explains the interaction they would eventually have with the mythological figure of Odysseus.

## Reception

Graves's retellings have been widely praised as imaginative and poetic, but the scholarship behind his hypotheses and conclusions is generally criticised as idiosyncratic and untenable.

Ted Hughes and other poets have found the system of *The White Goddess* congenial; *The Greek Myths* contains about a quarter of that system, and does not include the method of composing poems.

*The Greek Myths* has been heavily criticised both during and after the lifetime of the author. Critics have deprecated Graves's personal interpretations, which are, in the words of one of them, "either the greatest single contribution that has ever been made to the interpretation of Greek myth or else a farrago of cranky nonsense; I fear that it would be impossible to find any classical scholar who would agree with the former diagnosis". Graves's etymologies have been questioned, and his largely intuitive division between "true myth" and other sorts of story has been viewed as arbitrary, taking myths out of the context in which we now find them. The basic assumption that explaining mythology requires *any* "general hypothesis", whether Graves's or some other, has also been disputed. The work has been called a compendium of misinterpretations. Sibylle Ihm refers to Graves's "creative mishandling of the Greek myths." Robin Hard called it "comprehensive and attractively written," but added that "the interpretive notes are of value only as a guide to the author's personal mythology". The Disraeli scholar Michel Pharand replies that "Graves's theories and conclusions, outlandish as they seemed to his contemporaries (or may appear to us), were the result of careful observation."

H. J. Rose, agreeing with several of the above critics, questions the scholarship of the retellings. Graves presents *The Greek Myths* as an updating of William Smith's *Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology* (originally published 1844), which Graves calls "the standard work in English", never brought up to date; Rose is dismayed to find no sign that Graves had heard of the *Oxford Classical Dictionary* or any of the "various compendia of mythology, written in, or translated into, our tongue since 1844". Rose finds many omissions and some clear errors, most seriously Graves's ascribing to Sophocles the argument of his *Ajax* (Graves §168.4); this evaluation has been repeated by other critics since.

Graves himself was well aware of scholarly mistrust of *The Greek Myths*. In a letter to Ava Gardner, he wrote:

> I am not a Greek scholar or an archaeologist or an anthropologist or a comparative mythologist, but I have a good nose and a sense of touch, and think I have connected a lot of mythical patterns which were not connected before, Classical faculties will hate me, and I will get a lot of sniffy reviews.

## Editions

* In two volumes (Penguin Books nos 1026 and 1027), 370 pp. and 410 pp. respectively, with maps in each volume and an index in Vol. 2; Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1955; reprinted with amendments 1957; revised edition 1960; numerous reprintings
* in one volume (Penguin Classics) 793 pp, 2012. ISBN 978-0143106715. ePub ISBN 978-1101580509

## InfoBox

The Greek Myths
| First editions | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Robert Graves |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Penguin Books |
| Publication date | 1955 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print (hardback & paperback) |
| Pages | 2 volumes (370 pp, 410 pp) |


title: Waterbury (CDP), Vermont

abstract: Waterbury is an unincorporated village and census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Waterbury, Washington County, Vermont, United States. The population was 1,897 at the 2020 census. The former village of Waterbury was dissolved in 2017, and its governmental functions were merged with the town of Waterbury.

text:
# Waterbury (CDP), Vermont

**Waterbury** is an unincorporated village and census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Waterbury, Washington County, Vermont, United States. The population was 1,897 at the 2020 census. The former village of Waterbury was dissolved in 2017, and its governmental functions were merged with the town of Waterbury.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village had a total area of 1.9 square miles (5.0 km2), of which 1.9 square miles (4.9 km2) were land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km2), or 2.31%, were water.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1880 | 756 |  |  |
| 1890 | 955 |  | 26.3% |
| 1900 | 1,597 |  | 67.2% |
| 1910 | 1,377 |  | −13.8% |
| 1920 | 1,515 |  | 10.0% |
| 1930 | 1,776 |  | 17.2% |
| 1940 | 3,074 |  | 73.1% |
| 1950 | 3,153 |  | 2.6% |
| 1960 | 2,984 |  | −5.4% |
| 1970 | 2,840 |  | −4.8% |
| 1980 | 1,892 |  | −33.4% |
| 1990 | 1,702 |  | −10.0% |
| 2000 | 1,706 |  | 0.2% |
| 2010 | 1,763 |  | 3.3% |
| 2020 | 1,897 |  | 7.6% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,706 people, 793 households, and 409 families residing in the village. The population density was 958.9 people per square mile (370.1/km2). There were 823 housing units at an average density of 462.6/sq mi (178.5/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 97.30% White, 0.23% Black or African American, 0.18% Native American, 0.88% Asian, 0.41% from other races, and 1.00% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.59% of the population.

There were 793 households, out of which 25.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.1% were married couples living together, 9.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.4% were non-families. 36.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.78.

On June 7, 2012, village approved new laws regarding same-sex civil and religious marriage.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 21.0% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 36.2% from 25 to 44, 23.0% from 45 to 64, and 12.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.3 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $37,218, and the median income for a family was $47,708. Males had a median income of $31,709 versus $25,382 for females. The per capita income for the village was $20,678. About 7.0% of families and 9.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.7% of those under age 18 and 2.1% of those age 65 or over.

Media related to Waterbury (village), Vermont at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Waterbury, Vermont | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
|  | |
| Location in Washington County and the state of Vermont | |
| Waterbury, VermontLocation in the United States | |
| Coordinates: 44°20′23″N 72°45′1″W / 44.33972°N 72.75028°W / 44.33972; -72.75028 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Vermont |
| County | Washington |
| Town | Waterbury |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.9 sq mi (5.0 km2) |
| Land | 1.9 sq mi (4.9 km2) |
| Water | 0.04 sq mi (0.1 km2) |
| Elevation | 427 ft (130 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 1,897 |
| Density | 980/sq mi (380/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP codes | 05671, 05676 |
| Area code | 802 |
| FIPS code | 50-76900 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1460075 |