abstract:
The United States National Boxing Championships bestow the title of United States Champion on Olympic boxers for winning the annual national Olympic boxing tournament organized by USA Boxing, which is the national governing body for Olympic boxing and is the United States' member organization of the World Boxing. USA Boxing comprises 56 Local Boxing Committees, which are currently grouped into 14 geographical regions These LBCs, along with the coaches, athletes, and officials, form the backbone of USA Boxing and Olympic-style boxing in the United States. USA Boxing's athlete membership comprises both male and female boxers. The national Olympic boxing championships now sponsored by USA Boxing are titled United States National Boxing Championships and were formerly the AAU Boxing championship. Current Weight classes
  - Light flyweight
  - Flyweight
  - Bantamweight
  - Featherweight
  - Lightweight
  - Light welterweight
  - Welterweight
  - Middleweight
  - Light heavyweight
  - Heavyweight
  - Super heavyweight

text:
# United States national amateur boxing championships

The **United States National Boxing Championships** bestow the title of **United States Champion** on Olympic boxers for winning the annual national Olympic boxing tournament organized by USA Boxing, which is the national governing body for Olympic boxing and is the United States' member organization of the World Boxing (since 2023; had been a member of the Association Internationale de Boxe (AIBA) until departing because of corruption in the governing body).

USA Boxing comprises 56 Local Boxing Committees, which are currently grouped into 14 geographical regions (previously in 1970s and 1980s they were divided into 22 AAU regions represented in the national's, each carrying a team of 11 boxers, with each being a Region tournament winner.) These LBCs, along with the coaches, athletes, and officials, form the backbone of USA Boxing and Olympic-style boxing in the United States. USA Boxing's athlete membership comprises both male and female boxers.

The national Olympic boxing championships now sponsored by USA Boxing are titled **United States National Boxing Championships** and were formerly the AAU Boxing championship.

**Current Weight classes**

## US Amateur National Championships

Below are the lists of the sanctioned USA National Tournaments, by Jr and open division:

### Jr. Division

* National Silver Gloves
* National Jr. Golden Gloves
* National Jr. Olympics

### Open Division

* National USA Amateur Championships
* National U-19 Amateur Championships
* National Golden Gloves
* National PAL Championships

## US Champions

Below are the lists of the national champions, by division:


title: Management in Education

abstract: Management in Education (MiE) is a quarterly, peer-reviewed academic journal in the field of educational leadership and management. The journal's editor-in-chief is Paul Armstrong, senior lecturer at The University of Manchester. It was established in 1987 and is currently published by SAGE Publications on behalf of the British Educational Leadership, Management & Administration Society. The editorial advisory board comprises academics and practitioners from the field of education. MiE provides a forum for debate and discussion covering all aspects of educational management. Our peer review policy helps to enhance the range and quality of the articles accepted supporting those new to publication and those who are more experienced authors. MIE is a quarterly international journal that is offered free to members of the Society. The journal publishes a range of articles which includes: traditional research articles, opinion pieces, interviews with leading practitioners and academics and news and views about the various special interest groups within BELMAS. It invites contributions by experienced and newer researchers and practitioners.

text:
# Management in Education

***Management in Education*** (*MiE*) is a quarterly, peer-reviewed academic journal in the field of educational leadership and management. The journal's editor-in-chief is Paul Armstrong, senior lecturer at The University of Manchester. It was established in 1987 and is currently published by SAGE Publications on behalf of the British Educational Leadership, Management & Administration Society.

The editorial advisory board comprises academics and practitioners from the field of education. *MiE* provides a forum for debate and discussion covering all aspects of educational management. Our peer review policy helps to enhance the range and quality of the articles accepted supporting those new to publication and those who are more experienced authors. *MIE* is a quarterly international journal that is offered free to members of the Society.

The journal publishes a range of articles which includes: traditional research articles, opinion pieces, interviews with leading practitioners and academics and news and views about the various special interest groups within BELMAS. It invites contributions by experienced and newer researchers and practitioners.

## Abstracting and indexing

*Management in Education* is abstracted and indexed in:

## InfoBox

*Management in Education*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Discipline | Education |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Paul Armstrong |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1987-present |
| Publisher | SAGE Publications |
| Frequency | Quarterly |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Manag. Educ.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 0892-0206 (print)
1741-9883 (web)
 |
| LCCN | 91640721 |
| OCLC no. | 486040265 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Franklyn Bellamy

abstract: Franklyn Bellamy was an English stage and film actor. In 1924 he appeared in Frederick Lonsdale's melodrama The Fake in the West End.

text:
# Franklyn Bellamy

**Franklyn Bellamy** (7 March 1886 in Kuala Lumpur – 15 February 1961 in Bodmin) was an English stage and film actor. In 1924 he appeared in Frederick Lonsdale's melodrama *The Fake* in the West End.

## Partial filmography

1. "Franklyn Bellamy". *BFI*. Archived from the original on 16 June 2019.
2. "Production of The Fake - Theatricalia". *theatricalia.com*.

## InfoBox

| Franklyn Bellamy | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 7 March 1886
Kuala Lumpur |
| Died | 15 February 1961 (1961-02-16) (aged 74)
Bodmin |
| Nationality | British |
| Occupation(s) | stage and film actor |


title: Xanthius

abstract: In Greek mythology, Xanthius was a descendant of Bellerophon, and father of Leucippus and an unnamed daughter.

text:
# Xanthius

In Greek mythology, **Xanthius** (Ancient Greek: Ξάνθιος) was a descendant of Bellerophon, and father of Leucippus and an unnamed daughter.

## Mythology

Through the wrath of Aphrodite, Leucippus fell in love with his own sister. The passion turned out too strong for him to suppress, so he addressed his mother, imploring her to help him and threatening that he would kill himself if she didn't. She united the girl to Leucippus, and they consorted for a while. But the girl was already betrothed to another man, to whom someone reported the matter. The groom went on to inform Xanthius, without telling him the name of the seducer. Xanthius went straight to his daughter's chamber, where she was together with Leucippus right at the moment. On hearing him enter, she tried to escape, but Xanthius hit her with a dagger, thinking that he was slaying the seducer, and killed her. Leucippus, failing to recognize his father at first, slew him. When the truth was revealed, he had to leave the country and took part in colonization of Crete and the lands in Asia Minor. Later, he was loved by Leucophryne.

## Note


title: USS LST-388

abstract: USS LST-388 was a LST-1-class tank landing ship in the United States Navy during World War II.

text:
# USS LST-388

**USS *LST-388*** was a *LST-1*-class tank landing ship in the United States Navy during World War II.

## Construction and career

*LST-388* was laid down on 20 June 1942 at Newport News Shipbuilding, Newport News, Virginia. Launched on 28 September 1942 and commissioned on 20 November 1942.

During World War II, *LST-388* was assigned to the Europe-Africa-Middle theater but later changed to Asiatic-Pacific theater. During the North African occupation, Tunisian operations, she took part from 8 November 1942 to 9 July 1943. She take part in the Sicilian occupation in Italy from 9 to 15 July 1943 and the Salerno landings from 9 to 21 September of the same year.

She then participated in the Invasion of Normandy from 6 to 25 June 1944.

She participated in the Operation Crossroads the atomic bomb tests at Bikini Atoll in July 1946 and took on an important role as a general supply, provisions, hospital, and recreation.

She was decommissioned on 1 February 1947.

Transferred to the United States Maritime Administration to await her fate.

*LST-388* was struck from the Navy Register on 25 February 1947 and scrapped by Bethlehem Steel Company on 7 April 1948.

## Awards

*LST-388* have earned the following awards:

## Citations

## Sources

## InfoBox

| USS *LST-388* in Normandy on 12 June 1944 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *LST-388* |
| Builder | Newport News Shipbuilding, Virginia |
| Laid down | 20 June 1942 |
| Launched | 28 September 1942 |
| Sponsored by | Mrs. Barbara Ann Besse |
| Commissioned | 20 November 1942 |
| Decommissioned | 1 February 1947 |
| Stricken | 25 February 1947 |
| Identification |  |
| Honors and
awards | See *Awards* |
| Fate | Scrapped, 7 April 1948 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *LST-1*-class tank landing ship |
| Displacement | * 4,080 long tons (4,145 t) full load * 2,160 long tons (2,190 t) landing |
| Length | 328 ft (100 ) oa |
| Beam | 50 ft (15 m) |
| Draft | * Full load: 8 ft 2 in (2.49 m) forward; 14 ft 1 in (4.29 m) aft * Landing at 2,160 t: 3 ft 11 in (1.19 m) forward; 9 ft 10 in (3.00 m) aft |
| Installed power |  |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 12 kn (22 km/h; 14 mph) |
| Range | 24,000 nmi (44,000 km; 28,000 mi) at 9 kn (17 km/h; 10 mph) while displacing 3,960 long tons (4,024 t) |
| Boats & landing
craft carried | 2 or 6 x LCVPs |
| Capacity | * 2,100 tons oceangoing maximum * 350 tons main deckload |
| Troops | 16 officers, 147 enlisted men |
| Complement | 13 officers, 104 enlisted men |
| Armament |  |


title: Mark Perrin Lowrey

abstract: Mark Perrin Lowrey was a Southern Baptist preacher otherwise known as the "Preacher General". He is known for being a Confederate brigadier general during the Civil War, for his works in the Mississippi Southern Baptist Convention, and for founding Blue Mountain College.

text:
# Mark Perrin Lowrey

**Mark Perrin Lowrey** (December 30, 1828  February 27, 1885) was a Southern Baptist preacher otherwise known as the "Preacher General". He is known for being a Confederate brigadier general during the Civil War, for his works in the Mississippi Southern Baptist Convention, and for founding Blue Mountain College.

## Early life and career

Mark Perrin Lowrey was born in 1828, in McNairy County, Tennessee, to Adam and Marguerite (Doss) Lowrey. His parents had immigrated to America from England and Ireland, and Lowrey received no formal education. His father died from yellow fever in Natchez Mississippi, when Lowrey was young. In 1843, he moved with his family to Mississippi, where he became a bricklayer. During the Mexican War, Lowrey enlisted as a private in the 2nd Mississippi Volunteers in 1847. Neither he nor his regiment ever saw action in the conflict, and Lowrey was mustered out in July 1848.

After the war with Mexico ended, Lowrey married Sarah R. Holmes in 1849. In 1853, he was ordained to the Gospel Ministry at Farmington Baptist Church in Farmington, Mississippi. That same year, he became a Southern Baptist preacher, serving primarily around the village of Kossuth, Mississippi. After preaching for eight years, the American Civil War broke out and his congregation urged him to join the Confederacy. Lowrey also served as a captain in the Mississippi State Militia in 1861.

## Civil War service

Lowrey began his war service in Mississippi's armed forces as the colonel of the 4th Regiment, Army of 10,000. This unit was disbanded in early 1862, and on April 3, 1862, he joined the Confederate army as commander of the 32nd Mississippi Infantry. He fought in, and was praised at, the Battle of Shiloh, Battle of Perryville, the Kentucky Campaign, and the Battle of Chickamauga. At the Battle of Perryville in October 1862, Lowrey was shot in the left arm but stayed on the battlefield. During the retreat which began the next day, he had great difficulty keeping up with the army. He then obtained leave and traveled to his brother's house for safety. After six weeks of recuperation, Lowrey joined back with his forces and fought at the Battle of Murfreesboro on January 1, 1863.

On October 4, 1863 at the age of 35 Mark Lowrey was promoted to a Brigadier General. It was because of his evangelistic ties and preaching that he came to be known as the "Preacher General". In December 1864, during the Franklin-Nashville Campaign, an officer saw the flash of an enemy gun and yelled to Lowrey, who quickly lowered himself and the bullet stuck and killed a man behind him. Years of bad health and other reasons caused Lowrey to resign his commission as a brigadier general on March 14, 1865, almost one month before the Confederate forces surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse. Maj. Gen. Patrick Cleburne, Lowrey's divisional commander during the Franklin-Nashville Campaign, pronounced Lowrey "the bravest man in the Confederate Army."

## Postbellum career and death

After the war, Lowrey moved back to Mississippi and focused on his studies. Then, in 1873, he founded the Blue Mountain Female Institute, which later became known as the Blue Mountain College. Lowrey would also serve as president of the Mississippi Baptist convention from 1868 to 1877.

Lowrey then persuaded a friend, Colonel William C. Falkner, to run his railroad near the college. Since he was a major shareholder of Falkner's Railroad, the plan was soon carried out. The school became quite a success and 3 generations of Lowreys became presidents of the school: General Lowrey himself, two of his sons, and a grandson. Following several years of teaching at the Blue Mountain College, Lowrey became very sick and, in 1882, his doctors alerted him that his heart was very weak. Then, on February 27, 1885, while buying a train ticket at Middleton, Tennessee, he turned, gasped, and fell to the floor dead.

## Possible family wealth

Lowrey lore states that sometime after Mark and Sarah were married an English grandfather of Lowrey's mother, Margaret (Doss) Lowrey, died, leaving a six million dollar fortune to his descendants. Before the arrangements could be made for the family to get the money, the Civil War began and the descendants became preoccupied with other matters. At the war's end, Lowrey once again tried to claim his share of the English estate left behind by his ancestor, but it was discovered that the papers pertaining to the money and estate were lost or destroyed.

* Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, *Civil War High Commands.* Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-8047-3641-1.
* Howell, Elmo *"Mississippi Home-Places: Notes on Literature and History"* (1988) pg. 29.
* Lowery, Rosewell G. *"Lowrey (Mark Perrin) Autobiographical Essay Summary"* (1867)
* Sifakis, Stewart. *Who Was Who in the Civil War.* New York: Facts On File, 1988. ISBN 978-0-8160-1055-4.
* Watson, Annah Walker Robinson*"Of Sceptred Race"* (1910) pg. 151-53.
* Wakelyn, Jon L., *Biographical Dictionary of the Confederacy*, Greenwood Press, 1977, ISBN 0-8371-6124-X.
* Warner, Ezra J. *Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders.* Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. ISBN 978-0-8071-0823-9.er, Ezra J., *Generals in Gray: The Lives of the Confederate Commanders*, Louisiana State University Press, 1959, ISBN 0-8071-3150-4.
* Welsh, Jack D. *"Medical Histories of Confederate Generals"* (1999) pg. 145.

## InfoBox

| Mark Perrin Lowrey | |
| --- | --- |
| Mark Perrin Lowrey, Brigadier General in the Confederate Army | |
| Nickname(s) | "Preacher General"
"The Gallant Preacher Soldier" |
| Born | (1828-12-30)December 30, 1828
McNairy County, Tennessee |
| Died | February 27, 1885(1885-02-27) (aged 56)
Middleton, Tennessee |
| Place of burial | Old Macedonia Cemetery, Blue Mountain, Mississippi |
| Allegiance | United States of America
Confederate States of America |
| Rank | Private (USA)
Brigadier General (CSA) |
| Battles/wars | Mexican-American War
American Civil War |
| Other work | Preacher
Founder and President of the Blue Mountain Female Institute which is now called the Blue Mountain College. |
| Signature |  |


title: Mao Bangchu

abstract: Mao Bangchu or Mow Pang Tzu was a high-ranking military officer in the Chinese Chiang Kai-shek government. He was the main figure in an embezzlement scandal that pitched him against the Taiwan government in the early fifties. The charges and countercharges of fraud and misappropriation of millions of dollars, ensuing legal battles, and John-le-Carré-like plots involving private detectives, Mexican prisons, night-club dancers, US Congressmen, suspicious deaths, and the US Supreme Court, were covered in over 2,000 articles published in the US, China, Australia, India, and many other countries around the world.

text:
# Mao Bangchu

**Mao Bangchu** or **Mow Pang Tzu** (Chinese: 毛邦初; also transcribed as Mow Pang Tsu, Mow Pong Tsu, or Mow Pang Chu; 5 March 1904   22 June 1987) was a high-ranking military officer in the Chinese Chiang Kai-shek government. He was the main figure in an embezzlement scandal that pitched him against the Taiwan government in the early fifties. The charges and countercharges of fraud and misappropriation of millions of dollars, ensuing legal battles, and John-le-Carré-like plots involving private detectives, Mexican prisons, night-club dancers, US Congressmen, suspicious deaths, and the US Supreme Court, were covered in over 2,000 articles published in the US, China, Australia, India, and many other countries around the world.

## Early life

Mao Bangchu was born in Shanghai, China, in 1904. His ancestral hometown is Fenghua, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province. His mother was the older sister of Mao Fumei, the first wife of Chiang Kai-shek, and mother of Chiang Ching-kuo. Chiang Kai-shek, the leader of the Republic of China between 1928 and 1975, was born in 1887 in Xikou, a town approximately 30 kilometers (19 mi) southwest of downtown Ningbo. Mow Pang Tzu's father worked for Standard Oil in Shanghai.

## Military career

Mao graduated from the 3rd class of China's Whampoa Military Academy in 1927. The academy was established in 1924 by the Kuomintang (KMT) with funds and support from the Soviet Union. Soviet officers initially focused their teaching on basic infantry topics and provided special classes for artillery, engineering, communication, logistical and machine gun units. After this basic training, Mao was sent to Moscow and Italy where he received additional flying training. When he returned to China, he became Chiang Kai-shek's personal pilot and distinguished himself during the Northern Expedition that substantially increased Chiang's and the KMT's sphere of influence. During the Northern Expedition, Chiang and his followers, including Mao, decided to purge the KMT of its communist wing. The Shanghai Massacre of 12 April 1927, during which KMT's left wing members, students and worker union members were purged, heralding the beginning of the Chinese Civil War.

Further enhancing his standing with Chiang Kai-shek, Mao commanded the air assaults on a rebellious, heavily-fortified city in the Fujian Province, in 1934. The successful assault proved crucial for Chiang's ground forces to take control of the city. Subsequently, as member of the National Government Aviation Committee, Mao was sent to the United States to explore the purchase of new airplanes for the Chinese air force. While he attend an airshow in Miami, Florida, he met Captain Claire Chennault, who let a demonstration by the Army Air Corps. Impressed by his skills, Mao invited him to come to China. On 25 May 1940, Mao was promoted to major general, and in 1941 he helped Captain Chennault to established the 1st American Volunteer Group (AVG) of the Chinese Air Force. Under the leadership of Chennault the AVG successfully engaged the Japanese air force on many occasions and became famous as the so-called "Flying Tigers." The Flying Tigers were also instrumental in establishing an alternate supply route over "The Hump," a connection between Burma and southern Chinese cities, such as Kunming and Chengdu. Mao was part of a group of pilots that sought suitable routes through the very difficult terrain of the Himalayas. The first recorded flight over what later became the Hump route from Dinjan, Burma, to Kunming, China, was performed by Xia Pu, a pilot of American citizenship from the China National Aviation Corporation in November 1941.

## Air Force Procurement Officer

In 1942 Mao was assigned to the U.S. to establish the Chinese Air Force Office in Washington, DC and was placed in charge of aviation procurement activities. Over the years he was entrusted with over $50,000,000 (worth about half a billion dollars in 2015) for the purchase of military aircraft and supplies. On 14 August 1944, Mao was given the Medal of the Kuomintang, and in August 1945, President Harry Truman awarded him the U.S. Legion of Merit "for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services to the Government of the United States from February 1943 to August 1945." Subsequently, he was promoted to lieutenant general of the Republic of China Air Force. In May 1945, Mao was appointed as a member of the Sixth Kuomintang Central Executive Committee. He eventually became the national government's representatives in the United States Aviation Committee and the United Nations Security Council. In 1949 his wife, Wong Ay Chuan (also known as Pauline), and five of his six sons (Van, Maurice, Donald, Harry and William) joined General Mao in Washington, DC, where they lived in a diplomat residence on 32nd Street, N.W. in the Woodley Park neighborhood. His oldest son, David, who served in the Chinese air force, stayed in Taiwan.

## Scandal

In the early fifties, Mao became entangled in an embezzlement scandal that was covered in great detail in major US and Chinese newspapers. The Chiang Kai-shek government of the Republic of China alleged that Mao failed to account for $19,440,000 (equivalent to about $180,000,000 in 2015) and removed him from all official positions at the UN. General Mow responded that the charges were only brought in retaliation for his discovery of corruption in the inner circles of the Chiang government. Ambassador Wellington Koo recalled in his memoirs that at the heart of the matter were strong personal animosities between General Chou, who was leading the Chinese Air Force, and General Mao, who "always felt that he should have been the commanding general of the air force." (Madame Chiang Kai-shek had accused both generals as early as 1938 of corruption and was dismayed they had not been punished more severely. Similarly, in 1943, American General Joseph Stilwell, a military adviser to Chiang during World War II, strongly criticized Chiang and his generals for what he perceived as their incompetence and corruption.) Koo furthermore found proof that Mao had diverted large sums of government funds into his own accounts in the US and around the world, which include $2,000,000 in United States Treasury bearer bonds. Fearing extradition to Taiwan and possibly execution, General Mow did not appear in court as ordered, and instead fled to Mexico in January 1952. Initially he flew to San Antonio, TX with his assistant Frances Yuan, who later detailed the journey in a congressional hearing. Subsequently, he flew to Tucson, AZ, took a bus to the border town of Nogales, AZ, and eventually arrived in the resort town of Cuernavaca, approximately 50 miles to the south of Mexico City. The first weeks he stayed with Oliver Kisich, a friend and nightclub entertainer from San Francisco. Mao went on to buy 250,000-Peso villa, hired 4 servants, and arranged for his secretary, Agnes Kelly, a "tall, blonde, ex-showgirl," to join him. When he attempted to obtain a Mexican passport under the cover name of Carlos Gomez Lee Wong, his identity was discovered, and Mexican authorities arrested him for illegal entry into their country.

A protracted legal and political battle ensued during which Taiwan sought an extradition of General Mow from Mexico, and the recovery of $6,400,000 million in US courts. General Mow never disputed that he embezzled the funds. He claimed to be a "patriot, preserving all the millions for the people (of China), when they should cast off their present government." Richard O'Connor from the Coronet Magazine commented, "Meanwhile, he spread plenty of their money around as a highly unofficial ambassador of good will." It was reported that the Chiang Kai-shek government hired John Broady, an infamous private investigator, to find and recover the missing funds, and to extract General Mow from Mexico. The attempt of removing Mow from Mexico failed, and an attempt to bring some of the recovered security notes to New York ended with the shooting death of Clarence Sopman, a Broady associate, near Mexico City. In the end, General Mow was imprisoned in the Black Palace of Lecumberri, in a prison cell next to Leon Trotsky assassin Ramón Mercader, from 1951 until 1955. Allegedly he paid $350 per month to have "luxury" prison housing, including a valet, cook, and weekly conjugal visits by Agnes Kelly.

The Mow case also became a proxy battle in the political fight over US support for Communist China under Mao Zedong or National China under Chiang Kai-shek. In the late forties opinions in the US were split about who should be considered the true representative of the Chinese people, the communist government on the mainland, or the government in Taiwan (which was referred to as "Formosa" at that time). Many considered the Formosa government inapt and deeply corrupt; and Mao Zedong, even though a communist, was considered a powerful ally against Japan and Russia. The Korean War, which started in June 1950, seemed to settle the question in favor of Chiang Kai-shek. Consequently, Republicans, such Congressman Walter H. Judd and Senator William F. Knowland strongly supported Taiwan's position. On the other hand, liberal democrats used the case to label Mow as "principled hero" and attacked the Chiang Kai-shek government. A congressional hearing was convened during which France Yuan, Mow personal assistant, and Col. Hsiang, Mow's right hand, were called to testify. Hsiang defended General Mow forcefully, but was not helped by the fact that his wife and children had fled to Communist China. In the press the liberal Drew Pearson from the Washington Post wrote many articles to defend General Mow, while the conservative columnist James Westbrook Pegler tried to discredit Pearson, by linking him to the embezzlement scandal. Apparently Pearson had indirectly received $60,000 from funds misappropriated by Mow.

In 1955 a Mexican Court barred the extradition of General Mow, and he was freed from prison. However, a US Appeals Court upheld a lower-court ruling that General Mow owed the Republic of China $6,368,503 plus interest and costs. Trying to collect all the funds proved to be difficult, even though a good amount was recovered. For example, $810,000 were seized by court order in Los Angeles. Two $100,000 treasury bonds turned up in Chicago, and a $1,000,000 treasury bill was recovered when a Beverly Hills business man tried to cash it in California. A settlement between the Republic of China and Mow was reached in 1958. The settlement negotiated by ambassador George Yeh called for the return of about $1.5 million in Treasury notes still held in Swiss bank accounts. In exchange, General Mow was cleared of all charges and was allowed to keep $200,000 (equivalent to about $1,700,000 in 2015) for future living expenses. For the next 10 years he lived in Mexico, where he allegedly fathered 2 more children. In the mid-sixties General Mow returned to the US and settled in Los Angeles. His sons Harry C.C. Mow and William C. W. Mow, President and CEO of the famous apparel brand Bugle Boy, supported him until his death in 1987. A detailed account of the scandal, up to the settlement in 1958, was aired on Chinese TV on 15 May 2015.

Certain aspect of the case are still of legal relevance today. For example, General Mow defended his position by claiming that Chiang Kai-shek was not the rightful president of Taiwan and hence could not have ordered him to come back or file a lawsuit on behalf of the Chinese people in US courts. The Supreme Court ruled that it is within the purview of the US President, represented by the State Department, to approve ambassadors and recognizes foreign governments. At that time the State Department had provided a letter to the court stating that Chiang-Kai-Check is the recognized president of Taiwan, and Wellington Koo the recognized ambassador of Taiwan in the US. The Supreme Court recently affirmed this general position, when it struck down a law enacted by Congress, but opposed by President Obama, that would let American citizens born in Jerusalem have Israel listed in passports as their country of birth. Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote in his majority opinion, citing among other sources to the ruling in the Mow case, that recognizing foreign governments is "the President's exclusive power." Another more complex issue arose over the legality of countersuits against a foreign government that has immunity, but brings a suit in an American court. For example, in this case, General Mow had countersued Chiang Kai-shek for defamation and the National City Bank of America, sued by the Republic of China for not releasing funds deposited by General Mow, countersute the Republic of China for recovery of lost funds. The courts held that such countersuites are only narrowly allowed if they directly impact the matter put forward by the suing foreign government. Many of the rulings in this case have been cited in subsequent cases and are frequently discussed in modern law textbooks.

## Family

Mao had a younger brother, Mao Yingchu (Chinese: 毛瀛初), who was born in 1911. He had a similar military career as his older brother, becoming a pilot in the *Nationalist* Air Force of China and rising to the position of commanding officer of the 23rd Pursuit Squadron of 4th Pursuit Group of the Chinese Air Force by 1937. He saw combat at the Battle of Shanghai, Nanking, Wuhan, Xuzhou during the Second Sino-Japanese War, becoming an ace-fighter pilot. In June 1938, he married Zheng Xiuzhen, which whom he would later have two sons and two daughters. Later in the war, he served as an attaché at the Chinese embassy in Washington DC, United States. In 1946, he graduated from the US Staff and Command College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, United States. He retired from Republic of China Air Force service in 1968 at the rank of lieutenant general. Between 1969 and 1981, he was an official at the Civil Aviation Authority, and subsequently became the Chairman of the Board of the Hawley & Hazel Chemical Company. He died in Taipei, Taiwan, in 2000.

Mow Pang Tsu was married to Pauline Mow. They had six sons. When the war with Japan broke out in 1937, the family moved to Chongqing, which had become Chiang Kai-shek's provisional capital. As a general's family they "lived lavishly, in a large house guarded by a squad of soldiers." By the end of the war with Japan, in 1945, the family was living in Chengdu from where they undertook a long boat journey down the Yangtze River to Shanghai in 1946. At that time, the city was still held by Chiang's forces, but Communist troops were starting to encircle the city. By 1948, Pauline and her 6 sons were evacuated from mainland China to Taiwan, together with some 2 million people, consisting mainly of members of the ruling Kuomintang, intellectual and business elites, and soldiers. In March 1949, the family briefly returned to Shanghai to board the last Pan Am flight to the U.S. before the city fell to the Communists. (The oldest son, David, was a pilot in the National Chinese Air Force, and stayed in Taiwan. He was killed in Vietnam flying cargo for China Air Transport into Saigon in support of the US war efforts, in 1974.) After General Mow had fled to Mexico in early 1951, Pauline and her sons had to vacate their diplomatic housing in Washington, DC, and settled in Great Neck, New York. Without the support of General Mow, unable to return to Taiwan, not willing to move back to mainland China under communist control, and not being American citizens, the family struggled. They opened a Chinese restaurant, the Yangtze River Cafe, to provide some income. Luckily several of the Mow brothers had already been enrolled in a private boarding school (Riverdale Country School in Riverdale, NY), which agreed to waive the enrollment fees once the family fell on hard times. Growing up under these difficult circumstances, which were detailed by Van C. Mow in a 2005 lecture, Pauline managed to send all of her sons to college.

Harry C.C. Mow, who was born in 1930, "became the father figure for his four younger brothers" when General Mow fled the US in December 1951. He received a PhD degree in electrical engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) in Troy, NY, in 1959. He married shortly following his graduation, and in 1963 moved with his family to Southern California. There he worked for the RAND Corporation, a nonprofit "think tank" of the U.S. Air Force, in Santa Monica. During the real estate boom of the late 1970s and 1980s, Harry left RAND and formed Century West Development Inc. As CEO and chairman of the board he led the developed of many real estate projects in the greater Los Angeles area and across the country. At the same time Harry became also a partner and member of the board of directors of the King's Seafood Company. He went on to become a member of the boards of directors of the UCLA Hospital, Preferred Bank of LA, and the Center for the Partially Sighted. He died on 1 March 2005, in Malibu, CA, leaving behind his wife, two daughters and two sons.

Donald Mow was born on 22 August 1932. After the family moved to the US in 1949, he attended Riverdale Country School and graduate in 1952. He received a bachelor's degree in architecture from RPI, in 1956. He went on to work for several architectural firms in New York City and was involved in the construction of the TWA terminal at JFK airport. Eventually, he became a self-employed architect with an office in Pleasantville, NY. He lived in Briarcliff Manor, NY for over 20 years. When he died on 16 February 2015 in Beijing, China, he was survived by his ex-wife Shirley Lau Mow and two sons, Douglas and Christopher, as well as his granddaughter, Jessica Mow.

William C. W. Mow was born on 18 April 1936 in Hangzhou, China. After graduating from Riverdale Country School in 1955, he earned a BSEE from Rensselaer Polytechnic, MSEE from Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn and a PhD degree in Electrical Engineering from Purdue University in 1967. He became famous as the founder and CEO of Bugle Boy Industries, a clothing company especially known for its brand of denim jeans. During the 1980s sales approached $1 billion, making Bugle Boy one of the largest privately owned apparel companies in the United States. In the late 1990s the company started to struggle and in 2001 declared bankruptcy. In 1999, William donated part of his fortune to Riverdale Country School, the school that had helped the family in the early 1950s. In turn, the school named their Main Building on Hill Campus William C.W. Mow Hall.

Van C. Mow was born as the 5th son on 10 January 1939 in Chengdu, China. Like his three brothers before him, Mow also got his BS degree from RPI. In addition he pursued a PhD in applied mechanics and applied mathematics. Subsequently, he became one of the earliest researchers in the field of biomechanics, was elected President of the Orthopaedic Research Society and, in 2000, became the founding chair of the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Columbia University. Following a highly public dispute with the Dean of the Engineering School, Mow stepped down from his position in 2011. He is one of the few scholars who have been elected to both the National Academy of Engineering (1991) and the National Academy of Medicine (2015). In 2005, Van Mow donated material related to his father's efforts in the China-Burma-India Theater to the Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Aviation Museum, forgoing the Republic of China Air Force Museum in Taipei, Taiwan.

The youngest son, Maurice Mow, received a degree in civil engineering from RPI, in 1963. He went on to become the Chair of the Department of Civil Engineering at the California State University at Chico. Under his leadership civil engineering students achieved unprecedented successes in regional and national student competitions. Dr. Mow has also played a significant role in forging numerous corporate partnerships that have resulted in greater employment for graduates. He retired in 2003.

## InfoBox

| Mao Bangchu | |
| --- | --- |
| 毛邦初 | |
| Mao Bangchu in 1943 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1904-03-05)5 March 1904<br>Shanghai, China |
| Died | 22 June 1987(1987-06-22) (aged 83)<br>Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Spouse(s) | Wong Ay Chua<br>Agnes Kelly (1951–1956) |
| Awards | Medal of the Kuomintang (1944) Legion of Merit (1945) |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Republic of China |
| Branch/service | Republic of China Air Force |
| Years of service | 1927–1952 |
| Rank | Major General (1940–1949)  Lieutenant General (1949–1952) |
| Commands | Republic of China Air Force |
| Battles/wars |  |
|  | |