title: Pig (2021 film)

abstract: Pig is a 2021 American drama film written and directed by Michael Sarnoski, from a story by Vanessa Block and Sarnoski. The film stars Nicolas Cage as a truffle-hunter who lives alone in the Oregon wilderness and must return to his past in Portland in search of his beloved foraging pig after she is kidnapped. It also stars Alex Wolff and Adam Arkin. Pig was theatrically released in the United States on July 16, 2021, by Neon. Critics praised its screenplay and Cage's performance. It won the Independent Spirit Award for Best First Screenplay and earned Cage a second nomination for the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actor.

text:
# Pig (2021 film)

***Pig*** is a 2021 American drama film written and directed by Michael Sarnoski (in his feature directorial debut), from a story by Vanessa Block and Sarnoski. The film stars Nicolas Cage as a truffle-hunter who lives alone in the Oregon wilderness and must return to his past in Portland in search of his beloved foraging pig after she is kidnapped. It also stars Alex Wolff and Adam Arkin.

*Pig* was theatrically released in the United States on July 16, 2021, by Neon. Critics praised its screenplay and Cage's performance. It won the Independent Spirit Award for Best First Screenplay and earned Cage a second nomination for the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actor.

## Plot

Robin "Rob" Feld is a reclusive truffle-forager who was once a renowned Portland chef. Living in a cabin deep in the Oregon forests, he hunts for truffles with the help of his prized foraging pig. Rob sells the truffles exclusively to Amir, a young and inexperienced supplier of luxury ingredients to high-end restaurants.

One night, Rob is attacked by unidentified assailants as they steal his pig. He contacts Amir, who helps him locate a pair of bedraggled drug addicts suspected by another local truffle-hunter. They claim the pig was taken to Portland.

After his old friend Edgar refuses to help, Rob leads Amir to an underground fighting ring for restaurant people below the defunct Portland Hotel, saying certain names carry cachet. Rob identifies himself to the crowd, then allows himself to be beaten to a pulp by a waiter in exchange for Edgar's information.

Shocked to learn his identity, the following morning Amir reveals that his parents had such a miserable marriage that the only happy time he remembers is a night when they had dinner at Rob's restaurant, before his mother died by suicide. Rob asks Amir to secure reservations at Eurydice, a trendy *haute cuisine* restaurant Amir's father does business with. Rob visits the house he used to live in with his wife Lori, whose death compelled Rob to withdraw to the woods.

At Eurydice, Rob asks to meet with its head chef, Derek, a former prep cook at Rob's restaurant. Rob pointedly yet empathetically criticizes Derek for opening a contemporary restaurant rather than the pub he always wanted to run. Overwhelmed by the memory of his dream and the reality of his current circumstances, Derek confesses that Amir's wealthy father, Darius, was behind the theft of Rob's pig, having learned of its existence from Amir. Rob angrily ends his partnership with Amir before going to confront Darius at his home. Darius offers Rob $25,000 in exchange for the pig and threatens to kill it if Rob continues his pursuit.

Rob leaves, finding Amir waiting outside, having just left his comatose mother in a care facility, revealing she is still alive. Rob admits he does not need his pig to hunt truffles, because the trees tell him where they are; he wants to find her simply because he loves her. He gives Amir a list of items and tells him to use Rob's name to obtain them.

Rob visits his former baker for a salted baguette and a few pastries he shares with Amir before they go back to Darius's house. Rob guides Amir as they prepare the same meal for Darius that Rob served to him and his wife, including a rare wine from Rob's personal collection, which Amir obtained from the woman caring for the mausoleum containing Lori's ashes.

All three men sit down to eat together, despite Darius's resistance. An emotional Darius leaves the table after just a few tastes. When Rob follows and confronts him, Darius asks why he is doing this, and Rob says he remembers every meal he ever cooked and every person he ever served. Darius tearfully confesses that the junkies he hired for the theft mishandled the pig, resulting in her death. Rob collapses in tears, and a remorseful Amir drives him back to a diner near Rob's home in the forest. Despite Amir's foolishness, Rob says he will see him next Thursday.

Returning to his forest, Rob washes his bloody face in the lake, before returning to his cabin to play a tape Lori recorded of herself singing Bruce Springsteen's "I'm on Fire" to him for his birthday.

## Cast

## Production

In September 2019, it was announced Nicolas Cage and Alex Wolff had joined the cast of the film, with Michael Sarnoski directing from a screenplay he wrote.

Principal photography began September 23, 2019, in Portland, Oregon, lasting 20 days.

## Release

In March 2020, Neon acquired U.S. distribution rights to the film. *Pig* had a limited theatrical release in the United States on July 16, 2021, followed by screenings in the UK and Republic of Ireland on August 20, 2021.

## Reception

### Box office

The film grossed $945,000 in 552 theaters in its first opening weekend. It additionally grossed $565,000 in its second weekend.

### Critical response

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 97% of 268 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 8.2/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "Like the animal itself, *Pig* defies the hogwash of expectations with a beautiful odyssey of loss and love anchored by Nicolas Cage's affectingly raw performance." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 82 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".

Richard Roeper of the *Chicago Sun-Times* gave the film a score of four out of four stars, writing: "The unpredictable Cage delivers some of his best work in years." Bilge Ebiri of *Vulture* gave the film a positive review and stated, "As it proceeds, it expands its vision and compassion, even as it de-escalates the tension. It's not about the thing it's about, except that it ultimately is totally about the thing it's about." Richard Whittaker of *The Austin Chronicle* gave the film four-and-a-half out of five stars and stated, "At a time when so many people are struggling to find something of value in their lives, when people are fleeing jobs, cities, futures they thought they wanted, Cage has crafted a quiet soliloquy about grasping onto something that has meaning."

Thelma Adams of AARP Movies for Grownups gave the film four out of five stars and stated, "Playing oddly against expectations, there's no Cage Rage, no showy violence or operatic monologues, just a simple, moving story of a broken man who lost his pig but, perhaps, has found his way." Johnny Oleksinski of *The New York Post* gave the film three out of four stars, calling it "\[an\] undeniably odd, but surprisingly touching drama."

Karen Han of *Slate* gave the film a positive review and stated, "*Pig* is a small film with a few big surprises executed very well, and well worth going into as blind as possible." Mike D'Angelo of *The A.V. Club* gave the film a grade of "A", writing that "There are no plot twists, in the traditional sense, but each successive encounter reveals a new facet that enriches the tale." Carlos Aguilar of *TheWrap* gave the film a positive review, writing, "Not all the ingredients make sense together, but the product of their intermingling inside the filmmaker's narrative plot render a special concoction." Noel Murray, in his review of the film for the *Los Angeles Times*, wrote that, "Though its plot follows the same rough outline of a *John Wick*-style shoot-em-up, *Pig* is actually a quiet and often melancholy meditation on loss, anchored by a character who wishes he could shake free of the person he used to be."

Kristy Puchko, in her review of the film for *Pajiba*, wrote: "*Pig* is not only a mesmerizing while meditative drama about love and loss. It is also a powerful reminder that Cage is one of the most talented, most captivating movie stars of our time." Cody Corrall of the *Chicago Reader* gave the film a positive review and stated, "Even through its various webs of tragedy, relentless ambition, and destruction for capital gain*Pig* remarkably and overwhelmingly champions care and kindness." Randy Myers of *The Mercury News* gave the film three-and-a-half out of four stars and stated, "It is Cage who carries *Pig* with a measured performance in which his trademark outbursts pierce the soul. He's magnificent."

Jeannette Catsoulis of *The New York Times* gave the film a positive review, writing that, "While *Pig* can at times feel engulfed by its own sullenness, there's a rigor to the filmmaking and a surreal beauty to Pat Scola's images that seal our investment in Robin's fate." Matt Zoller Seitz of *RogerEbert.com* gave the film four out of four stars, and wrote: "What a beguiling, confounding film *Pig* is. From start to finish, it never moves as you might expect it to." Michael O'Sullivan of *The Washington Post* also gave the film four out of four stars, writing that "*Pig*'s stock in trade is a kind of visual and narrative poetry, and Sarnoski and Block ply it with the skill and light touch of master chefs." *The Guardian*'s Benjamin Lee gave the film three out of five stars and stated, "It... hints at exciting things to come from Sarnoski, a gifted visual filmmaker, who has assembled a promising, if imperfect, debut."

Sheri Linden of *The Hollywood Reporter* gave the film a positive review, writing: "Whatever the screenplay's stumbles, Cage's contained performance embraces his character's losses and his turning away from the world without the slightest play for sympathy." Chuck Bowen of *Slant Magazine* gave the film three out of four stars and stated, "Nicolas Cage, in full martyr mode here, seems to get off on the perversity of, well, caging his brand of operatic hysteria." Michael Nordine of *Variety* gave the film a positive review, concluding that, "As a descent into the apparently high-stakes world of truffle-pig-poaching, *Pig* is unexpectedly touching; as a showcase for Cage's brilliance, it's a revelation." Lauren Milici of Total Film praised the film, writing: "Blood and weapons aside, the film is a moving meditation on grief and loss, and how sometimes the only way to move on is to return to the place that broke us in the first place."

Ethan Brehm of *Spoiler* magazine named it the best film of the year.

Cage has stated that *Pig* is his favorite film that he has starred in to date, and considers it his best performance.

Gary M. Kramer, in a negative review of the film for *Salon.com*, wrote that "*Pig* doesn't give viewers much to care about, other than perhaps the title character. Sarnoski's film is undercooked."

#### Retrospective lists

The film has been cited among the best drama films of the 2020s by *Collider* and the best independent films of the 21st century by *IndieWire*. *Collider* ranked the film at number 12 on its list of "The 20 Best Drama Movies of the 2020s So Far", writing that the film "showed the world why Cage had become such an icon in the first place; he narrowed his focus and gave one of the most moving performances of his career as the former chef Rob."

### Accolades

| Award | Date of ceremony | Category | Recipient(s) | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Austin Film Critics Association | January 11, 2022 | Top Ten Films | *Pig* | Won |  |
| | | Best Film | *Pig* | Nominated | |
| | | Best Actor | Nicolas Cage | Won | |
| | | Best Original Screenplay | Vanessa Block and Michael Sarnoski | Won | |
| | | Best First Film | Michael Sarnoski | Won | |
| Chicago Film Critics Association Awards | December 15, 2021 | Best Actor | Nicolas Cage | Nominated |  |
| | | Best Original Screenplay | Michael Sarnoski | Nominated | |
| | | Milos Stehlik Breakthrough Filmmaker Award | Michael Sarnoski | Won | |
| Coronado Island Film Festival |  | Best Narrative Audience Award | *Pig* | Won |  |
| Critics' Choice Movie Awards | March 13, 2022 | Best Actor | Nicolas Cage | Nominated |  |
| Detroit Film Critics Society Awards | December 6, 2021 | Best Actor | Nicolas Cage | Nominated |  |
| Florida Film Critics Circle Awards | December 22, 2021 | Best Actor | Nicolas Cage | Nominated |  |
| | | Best First Feature | *Pig* | Won | |
| Georgia Film Critics Association Awards | January 14, 2022 | Best Actor | Nicolas Cage | Won |  |
| Golden Raspberry Awards | March 26, 2022 | Razzie Redeemer Award | Nicolas Cage | Nominated |  |
| Gotham Independent Film Awards | November 29, 2021 | Best Feature | *Pig* | Nominated |  |
| Independent Spirit Awards | March 6, 2022 | Best First Screenplay | Vanessa Block and Michael Sarnoski | Won |  |
| National Board of Review Awards | December 2, 2021 | Best Directorial Debut | Michael Sarnoski | Won |  |
| Online Film Critics Society | January 24, 2022 | Best Picture | *Pig* | Nominated |  |
| | | Best Actor | Nicolas Cage | Nominated | |
| | | Best Debut Feature | Michael Sarnoski | Nominated | |
| | | Best Original Screenplay | Vanessa Block and Michael Sarnoski | Won | |
| San Diego Film Critics Society | January 10, 2022 | Best Actor | Nicolas Cage | Won |  |
| | | Best Original Screenplay | Michael Sarnoski | Nominated | |
| San Francisco Bay Area Film Critics Circle | January 10, 2022 | Best Actor | Nicolas Cage | Nominated |  |
| Saturn Awards | October 25, 2022 | Best Thriller Film | *Pig* | Nominated |  |
| Seattle Film Critics Society Awards | January 17, 2022 | Best Picture | *Pig* | Nominated |  |
| | | Best Actor | Nicolas Cage | Won | |
| | | Best Screenplay | Michael Sarnoski | Nominated | |
| St. Louis Film Critics Association | December 19, 2021 | Best Actor | Nicolas Cage | Won |  |
| | | Best Original Screenplay | Michael Sarnoski and Vanessa Block | Nominated | |
| Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association | December 6, 2021 | Best Actor | Nicolas Cage | Nominated |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Pig | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Michael Sarnoski |
| Written by | Michael Sarnoski |
| Story by |  |
| Produced by | * David Carrico * Adam Paulsen * Nicolas Cage * Steve Tisch * Vanessa Block * Dimitra Tsingou * Thomas Benski * Ben Giladi * Dori A. Rath * Joseph Restaino |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Patrick Scola |
| Edited by | Brett W. Bachman |
| Music by |  |
| Production<br>companies |  |
| Distributed by | Neon |
| Release date | * July 16, 2021 (2021-07-16) |
| Running time | 92 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $3 million |
| Box office | $3.9 million |


title: Pinnau

abstract:
Pinnau is an Amt in the district of Pinneberg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The Amt Pinnau was formed in January 2007 by the merger of the Ämter Bönningstedt and Pinneberg-Land. The seat of the Amt is in Rellingen, itself not part of the Amt. The Amt Pinnau consists of the following municipalities:
  - Borstel-Hohenraden
  - Ellerbek
  - Kummerfeld
  - Prisdorf
  - Tangstedt

text:
# Pinnau

**Pinnau** is an *Amt* ("collective municipality") in the district of Pinneberg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The *Amt* Pinnau was formed in January 2007 by the merger of the *Ämter* Bönningstedt and Pinneberg-Land. The seat of the *Amt* is in Rellingen, itself not part of the *Amt*.

The *Amt* Pinnau consists of the following municipalities:

1. Borstel-Hohenraden
2. Ellerbek
3. Kummerfeld
4. Prisdorf
5. Tangstedt

53°41′N 9°50′E / 53.683°N 9.833°E / 53.683; 9.833

## InfoBox

| Pinnau | |
| --- | --- |
| Amt | |
| Map of Pinneberg highlighting Pinnau | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Schleswig-Holstein |
| District | Pinneberg |
| Region seat | Rellingen |
| Government | |
| Amtsvorsteher | Günther Hildebrand (FDP) |
| Area | |
| Total | 4,824 km2 (1,863 sq mi) |
| Population (2020-12-31) | |
| Total | 13.624 |
| Website | www.amt-pinnau.de |


title: Pimelea imbricata

abstract: Pimelea imbricata is a species of flowering plant in the family Thymelaeaceae and is native to the southwest of Western Australia and south-eastern South Australia. It is a shrub with narrowly elliptic leaves and erect, compact clusters of white or pink flowers surrounded by 10 to 22 green or red to purple involucral bracts.

text:
# Pimelea imbricata

***Pimelea imbricata*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Thymelaeaceae and is native to the southwest of Western Australia and south-eastern South Australia. It is a shrub with narrowly elliptic leaves and erect, compact clusters of white or pink flowers surrounded by 10 to 22 green or red to purple involucral bracts.

## Description

*Pimelea imbricata* is a shrub that typically grows to a height of 0.2–1.5 m (7.9 in – 4 ft 11.1 in). The leaves are more or less narrowly elliptic, 1–16 mm (0.039–0.630 in) long and 0.6–5 mm (0.024–0.197 in) wide on a short petiole. The flowers are arranged in compact clusters, surrounded by 10 to 22 involucral bracts that are 5–12 mm (0.20–0.47 in) long, 1–5 mm (0.039–0.197 in) wide and green, sometimes partly red to purple. The sepals are 1.5–3.3 mm (0.059–0.130 in) long and hairy on the outside. Flowering occurs from August to March with a peak from September to January.

## Taxonomy

*Pimelea imbricata* was first formally described in 1810 by Robert Brown in his book *Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen*. The specific epithet (*imbricata*) means "imbricate".

The names of 5 varieties of *P. imbricata* have been accepted by the Australian Plant Census:

* *Pimelea imbricata* R.Br. var. *imbricata* has stems that are hairy near the pale to deep pink flowers, the style part of the floral tube densely hairy.

* *Pimelea imbricata* var. *petraea* (Meisn.) Rye has stems that are hairy near the usually white or cream-coloured flowers, the floral tube 8–11 mm (0.31–0.43 in) long, and the style part of the floral tube densely hairy.

* *Pimelea imbricata* var. *piligera* (Benth.) Diels has stems that are hairy near the usually white or cream-coloured flowers, the floral tube usually 6–10 mm (0.24–0.39 in) long, and the style part of the floral tube densely hairy.

* *Pimelea imbricata* var. *simulans* Rye has glabrous stems, white flowers, the floral tube 4.5–6 mm (0.18–0.24 in) long, and the style part of the floral tube densely hairy.

## Distribution and habitat

This pimelea is widespread in the south-west of Western Australia and the south-east of South Australia. The variety *imbricata* grows on granite outcrops and in swamps from near Point D'Entrecasteaux east to Albany in the Avon Wheatbelt, Esperance Plains, Jarrah Forest, Mallee and Warren bioregions of south-western Australia. Variety *major* is restricted to the coastal plain, growing in winter-wet areas and temporary watercourses from near Gingin to Serpentine in the Jarrah Forest and Swan Coastal Plain bioregions. Variety *petraea* occurs in the south-east of South Australia, including on the Eyre and Yorke Peninsulas, Kangaroo Island and Flinders Ranges. Variety *piligera* often grows near granite rocks or in winter-wet areas and is found from the Murchison River to Margaret River and along the south coast of Western Australia to near Esperance in the Avon Wheatbelt, Coolgardie, Esperance Plains, Geraldton Sandplains, Jarrah Forest, Mallee, Murchison, Swan Coastal Plain and Warren bioregions. Variety *simulans* occurs between Wongan Hills and Bruce Rock in the Avon Wheatbelt bioregion of south-western Western Australia.

## Conservation status

All four varieties of *P. imbricata* found in Western Australian are listed as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions,

## InfoBox

| *Pimelea imbricata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Variety *piligera* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malvales |
| Family: | Thymelaeaceae |
| Genus: | *Pimelea* |
| Species: | ***P. imbricata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pimelea imbricata***<br>R.Br. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Banksia imbricata* (R.Br.) Kuntze * ? *Pimelea nana var. glabrifolia* Meisn. * *Pimelea microcephala* auct. non R.Br.: Meisner, C.D.F. in Lehmann, J.G.C. (ed.) | |


title: Pimelea leptostachya

abstract: Pimelea leptostachya is a species of flowering plant in the family Thymelaeaceae and is endemic to central Queensland. It is a shrub with narrowly elliptic leaves and spikes of maroon or yellow, tube-shaped flowers arranged in groups of 13 to 23.

text:
# Pimelea leptostachya

***Pimelea leptostachya*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Thymelaeaceae and is endemic to central Queensland. It is a shrub with narrowly elliptic leaves and spikes of maroon or yellow, tube-shaped flowers arranged in groups of 13 to 23.

## Description

*Pimelea leptostachya* is a shrub that typically grows to a height of 20–40 cm (7.9–15.7 in) and has densely hairy young stems. The leaves are narrowly elliptic, 11–30 mm (0.43–1.18 in) long and 3.0–5.5 mm (0.12–0.22 in) wide on a petiole 0.7–1.1 mm (0.028–0.043 in) long. The upper surface of the leaves is glabrous and the lower surface is covered with coarse hairs pressed against the surface. The flowers are arranged on the ends of branches in a spike of 13 to 23 flowers on a sparsely hairy rachis 25–45 mm (0.98–1.77 in) long, the peduncle 2–11 mm (0.079–0.433 in) long. The flowers are maroon or yellow, each flower on a pedicel 0.9–2 mm (0.035–0.079 in) long, the floral tube 3.9–5 mm (0.15–0.20 in) long, the sepals 0.8–1.2 mm (0.031–0.047 in) long, and the style about the same length as the floral tube. Flowering has been observed from May to June and from October to December.

## Taxonomy

*Pimelea leptostachya* was first formally described in 1873 by George Bentham in *Flora Australiensis* from specimens collected by Edward Bowman. The specific epithet (*leptostachya*) means "slender flower spike".

## Distribution and habitat

This pimelea grows on hillsides, often near sandstone cliffs or rocks, between Capella, Injune, Springsure and Rockhampton in central Queensland.

## Conservation status

*Pimelea leptostachya* is listed as "least concern" under the Queensland Government *Nature Conservation Act 1992*.

1. https://www.anbg.gov.au/biography/bowman-edward.html.

## InfoBox

| *Pimelea leptostachya* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malvales |
| Family: | Thymelaeaceae |
| Genus: | *Pimelea* |
| Species: | ***P. leptostachya*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pimelea leptostachya***<br>Benth. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Banksia leptostachya* (Benth.) Kuntze | |


title: Pimelea latifolia

abstract: Pimelea latifolia is a species of flowering plant in the family Thymelaeaceae and is endemic to eastern Australia. It is a shrub with hairy young stems, egg-shaped leaves with the narrower end towards the base, and greenish-yellow to white, tube-shaped flowers.

text:
# Pimelea latifolia

***Pimelea latifolia*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Thymelaeaceae and is endemic to eastern Australia. It is a shrub with hairy young stems, egg-shaped leaves with the narrower end towards the base, and greenish-yellow to white, tube-shaped flowers.

## Description

*Pimelea latifolia* is a spreading shrub that typically grows to a height of 0.2–3 m (7.9 in – 9 ft 10.1 in) and has hairy young stems. Its leaves are egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, 31–67 mm (1.2–2.6 in) long and 13–24 mm (0.51–0.94 in) wide on a petiole, 2–19 mm (0.079–0.748 in) long. The flowers are arranged on the ends of branches in clusters of up to 18 on a peduncle usually up to 5 mm (0.20 in) long, sometimes much longer. The flowers are greenish-yellow to white, and are either bisexual or female, with leaf-like bracts at the base. The floral tube is 3.5–10 mm (0.14–0.39 in) long and the sepals 1.0–3.5 mm (0.039–0.138 in) long. Flowering mostly occurs from August to October.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Pimelea latifolia* was first formally described in 1810 by Robert Brown in *Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen*. The specific epithet (*latifolia*) means "broad-leaved".

The Australian Plant Census accepts *Pimelea latifolia* subsp. *altior* as a synonym of *P. altior*, subsp. *hirsuta* as a synonym of *P. hirsuta* and subsp. *elliptifolia* as a synonym of *Pimelea hirsuta* subsp. *elliptifolia*.

## Distribution and habitat

This pimelea occurs from north of Cairns in far north Queensland to near Bowral in New South Wales.

## InfoBox

| *Pimelea latifolia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malvales |
| Family: | Thymelaeaceae |
| Genus: | *Pimelea* |
| Species: | ***P. latifolia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pimelea latifolia***<br>R.Br. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Banksia latifolia* (R.Br.) Kuntze nom. illeg. * *Calyptrostegia latifolia* (R.Br.) Endl. * *Pimelea latifolia* R.Br. subsp. *latifolia* * *Pimelea latifolia* R.Br var. *latifolia* | |


title: Pinguinus alfrednewtoni

abstract: Pinguinus alfrednewtoni is an extinct species of auk related to the great auk known from fossils that were discovered in the Pliocene Yorktown Formation of North Carolina. Like the great auk, it was a large flightless diving bird that used its wings to propel itself forward underwater. Only a limited amount of material is known, despite the rich diversity of fossil auks recovered from the Yorktown Formation. Due to this, it has been proposed that it was either a more coastal animal or simply not as common in more southern waters. This later suggestion could be supported by the discovery of relatively young P. alfrednewtoni remains, indicating that they may have overwintered in the region. One early hypothesis proposed that it was a direct ancestor to the great auk, but this idea is no longer supported. Instead, it is thought that it filled the same niche as its eastern relative, which eventually expanded into the western Atlantic after the extinction of P. alfrednewtoni.

text:
# Pinguinus alfrednewtoni

***Pinguinus alfrednewtoni*** is an extinct species of auk related to the great auk known from fossils that were discovered in the Pliocene Yorktown Formation of North Carolina. Like the great auk, it was a large flightless diving bird that used its wings to propel itself forward underwater. Only a limited amount of material is known, despite the rich diversity of fossil auks recovered from the Yorktown Formation. Due to this, it has been proposed that it was either a more coastal animal or simply not as common in more southern waters. This later suggestion could be supported by the discovery of relatively young *P. alfrednewtoni* remains, indicating that they may have overwintered in the region. One early hypothesis proposed that it was a direct ancestor to the great auk, but this idea is no longer supported. Instead, it is thought that it filled the same niche as its eastern relative, which eventually expanded into the western Atlantic after the extinction of *P. alfrednewtoni*.

## History and naming

The fossils of *Pinguinus alfrednewtoni* were discovered in the Lee Creek phosphate mines of the Yorktown Formation in North Carolina. Of the thousands of alcid bones recovered from the locality, six were identified as having belonged to a species of the genus *Pinguinus* by ornithologist Storrs Olson, who proceeded to assign them to a new species. A large and heavy ulna served as the holotype, while the remaining fossils (including a femur, two humeri and some other leg bones) were designated as the paratypes. Remains of this species have however remained rare and since this initial discovery only approximately 20 specimens have been collected, which are generally isolated and fragmentary. These additional specimens are primarily composed of more limb material, but also includes coracoids, scapulae and a part of the skull.

The species was named after Alfred Newton, a British zoologist and ornithologist as well as founding member of the British Ornithologists' Union. In addition to honoring Newton for his work in ornithology in general, Olson notes Newton's passion for the great auk specifically.

## Description

*Pinguinus alfrednewtoni* was a large species of auk and among the largest members of its family. The ulna of this bird is massive, but can be distinguished from the distantly related, also flightless members of Mancallinae by being proportionally longer. The fact that the ulna is shorter than the femur allows it to be identified as a species of *Pinguinus*. However, there are enough differences to clearly separate it from *Pinguinus impennis*. Notably, the ulna isn't as compressed as in the more recent form and shows a greater curvature to its shaft, while both the external and internal cotyla are wider in proximal view. The distal tendinal groove runs almost perpendicular to the shaft of the bone at a 70° angle, whereas the same element in the great auk runs at a 45° angle. Although this is among the more minor differences, it may still be significant for the animal's lifestyle. The same lack of compression observed in the ulna also applies to the humerus, which is likewise less flattened than in great auks. The proximal end of the humerus, as is the case in the ulna, is heavier and more rounded, while the distal end appears to be less rounded with thinner bone walls. The head of the femur, which fits into the hip joint, is smaller than in the more recent great auk. The tarsometatarsi, unlike the rest of the skeleton, are described as being longer and more gracile than those of the great auk. Overall, the proportions greatly resemble *Pinguinus impennis*, with the differences in the wing bones indicating that *P. alfrednewtoni* was a slightly less specialised animal compared to its Pleistocene relative.

The fossil material of *P. alfrednewtoni* generally falls within the size range of the great auk, making it one of the biggest known auks. In 2001, Olson and Rasmussen wrote that *P. alfrednewtoni* was larger and heavier than the great auk, in part due to having heavier bones. However, a more recent study by N. A. Smith recovered *P. alfrednewtoni* as being slightly smaller than *P. impennis*. Smith lists the largest humerus and femur as being 101 mm (4.0 in) and 71.1 mm (2.80 in) long respectively, which is congruent with the largest specimens reported by Olson (1977) and Olson & Rasmussen (2001). Smith's calculations would indicate that *P. alfrednewtoni* reached a weight of 4.608 kg (10.16 lb), compared to the 4.750 kg (10.47 lb) recovered for *P. impennis*.

## Phylogeny

Although *P. alfrednewtoni* had been considered a sister taxon to the more recent great auk since its description in the 70s, it and many other extinct auks had not been included in phylogenetic analysis until 2011. The results derived from this analysis confirmed its placement in *Pinguinus* and relationship to the great auk. A later publication by Smith also followed this placement, the resulting phylogenetic tree is depicted below.

## Evolution

Being a member of the alcid crown group, *Pinguinus alfrednewtoni* and other members of *Pinguinus* evolved their large body size independently from the earlier Lucas auks of the Mancallinae, while also independently losing their ability to fly. Although some researchers draw parallels to penguins, Smith urges against direct comparison between these phylogenetically distant groups. Smith suggests that the large size obtained by some lineages of auks including *Pinguinus alfrednewtoni* are the result of these animals no longer being constrained by the need to remain light enough to stay volant, allowing them to grow much larger than their flying relatives.

One early hypothesis for the evolutionary importance of *P. alfrednewtoni* was that it may have been a direct ancestor to *P. impennis*, as proposed in early works by Olson. However, a later study by Olson and Rasmussen concluded that it instead represented a distinct branch that had become incredibly derived in its own right and derived from the ancestor of the great auk prior to the Pliocene. This may have effectively split the Atlantic in two between an eastern *Pinguinus* species (ancestral to *P. impennis*) and the western *P. alfrednewtoni*, with the former expanding westward following the latter's extinction.

## Paleobiology

Like the great auk, *P. alfrednewtoni* was a flightless wing-propelled diver, meaning that they used their wings to propel themselves forward underwater in a fashion similar to penguins. While this locomotion is used by both flying and flightless auks, Smith suggests that the body weight limit for volant alcids lies at 2–2.5 kg (4.4–5.5 lb), which is exceeded by *P. alfrednewtoni* by nearly twice. The anatomy of the forelimbs in the Pliocene form, in particular the lesser flattening of the bones, indicates that it may have been slightly less specialised for this lifestyle than the later great auk. Another indicator of this being the case is the angle of the distal tendinal grove, which would allow *P. alfrednewtoni* a greater ability to flex its wing tips. Compared to this, the great auk had less mobile wing tips better suited to function as a paddle. It is regardless considered to be a highly derived alcid by Olson and Rasmussen, simply not in the same manner as its more recent relative.

*Pinguinus alfrednewtoni* is exclusively known from the Pliocene Yorktown Formation, a marine formation well known for its rich diversity in birds including a wide variety of auks. This includes several species of *Miocepphus* (*M. mcclungi*, *M. bohaski* and *M. mergulellus*), the extant razorbill and multiple extinct species of *Alca* (*A. ausonia*, *A. grandis*, *A. carolinensis*, *A. minor*, *A. olsoni* and *A. stewarti*) as well as the tufted puffin, Atlantic puffin and a form related to the rhinoceros auklet. One possible reason for the coexistence of several different types of alcids may be niche differentiation based around body size. Even among modern taxa, size plays an important factor that correlates both with foraging and nesting behavior.

Compared to the other alcids of the Yorktown Formation, *P. alfrednewtoni* was much scarcer, with only around 20 specimens among thousands of alcids. Olson offers two potential explanations for this apparent rarity. On the one hand, the Yorktown Formation may be outside the species' typical range, with Olson speculating that it may have been more common at higher latitudes. Notably, two of the fossil bones are far less ossified than those of breeding great auks and have subsequently been interpreted as those of juveniles. Due to the similarity to first-winter razorbill bones, it has been proposed that *Pinguinus alfrednewtoni* may have overwintered at Lee Creek. Another possible explanation concerns not latitude but distance from the shore. Olson interprets the deposits as representing an open ocean environment a fair distance away from the coastline. This could suggest that the flightless *P. albertnewtoni* preferred coastal waters and did not regularly venture as far out to sea as other alcids native to the region.

## InfoBox

| *Pinguinus alfrednewtoni*
Temporal range: Pliocene | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Life restoration | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Charadriiformes |
| Family: | Alcidae |
| Genus: | *Pinguinus* |
| Species: | ***P. alfrednewtoni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pinguinus alfrednewtoni***
Olson, 1977 | |
|


title: Watnong Mountain

abstract: Watnong Mountain is a mountain in Morris County, New Jersey. The major peak rises to 965 feet (294 m). It is located in Parsippany-Troy Hills Township and overlooks Morris Plains to the east. It is part of the New York–New Jersey Highlands of the Reading Prong.

text:
# Watnong Mountain

**Watnong Mountain** is a mountain in Morris County, New Jersey. The major peak rises to 965 feet (294 m). It is located in Parsippany-Troy Hills Township and overlooks Morris Plains to the east. It is part of the New York–New Jersey Highlands of the Reading Prong.

## InfoBox

| Watnong Mountain | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 965 ft (294 m)NGVD 29 |
| Coordinates | 40°50′56″N 74°29′35″W / 40.8489884°N 74.4929333°W / 40.8489884; -74.4929333 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Morris County, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Topo map | USGS Morristown |
| Climbing | |
| Easiest route | Road |


abstract: Sublette County School District #9 is a public school district based in Big Piney, Wyoming, United States.

text:
# Sublette County School District Number 9

**Sublette County School District #9** is a public school district based in Big Piney, Wyoming, United States.

## Geography

Sublette County School District #9 serves southwestern Sublette County and a portion of northeastern Lincoln County, including the following communities:

## Schools

* Big Piney High School (Grades 9–12)
* Big Piney Middle School (Grades 6–8)
* Big Piney Elementary School (Grades K-5)
* La Barge Elementary School (Grades K-5)

## Student demographics

The following figures are as of October 1, 2008.

* **Total District Enrollment**: 691
* **Student enrollment by gender**
    + Male: 367 (53.11%)
    + Female: 324 (46.89%)
* **Student enrollment by ethnicity**
    + White (not Hispanic): 602 (87.12%)
    + Hispanic: 57 (8.25%)
    + American Indian or Alaskan Native: 26 (3.76%)
    + Black (not Hispanic): 6 (0.87%)


title: Stronger Futures policy

abstract: The Stronger Futures policy was a multifaceted social policy of the Australian government concerning the Aboriginal population of the Northern Territory. It was underpinned by the Stronger Futures in the Northern Territory Act 2012, which ceased 10 years after its commencement on 29 June 2012. On 23 November 2011, the Stronger Futures legislation was introduced in the Parliament of Australia by Jenny Macklin, the Minister for Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, and was subsequently supported by the Prime Minister, Julia Gillard. The policy intended to address key issues that exist within Indigenous communities of the Northern Territory such as unemployment, low school enrolment and attendance, alcohol abuse, community safety and child protection issues, food security, and housing and land reforms. Several years of similar initiatives preceded the policy, including the "Building Stronger Regions, Stronger Futures" policy, "New Local Government" policy, and the Northern Territory National Emergency Response Act 2007. The Stronger Futures legislation maintains key components of the Northern Territory National Emergency Response Act 2007 and includes bills such as the Stronger Futures in the Northern Territory Bill of 2011, Stronger Futures in the Northern Territory Bill 2011 and the Social Security Legislation Amendment Bill of 2011. The legislation proposed to extend both the time frame and the geographic scope of these measures. The Stronger Futures legislation was passed in the House of Representatives with small changes on 27 February 2012 and was passed by the Senate on 29 June. The Australian Government claimed that consultations with Aboriginal communities of the Northern Territory helped to construct the Stronger Futures. The policy has been criticised by rights organisations such as Amnesty International and Concerned Citizens of Australia. The Stand for Freedom campaign leads the public movement against this legislation and criticises many measures of the legislation since they maintain "racially-discriminatory" elements of the Northern Territory Emergency Response Act and continue the control by the Australian Government over "Aboriginal people and their lands." In addition, the campaign is critical of the inadequacy of the Aboriginal consultations, saying that the decisions derived from these consultations rarely coincided with the actual desires of the affected communities.

text:
# Stronger Futures policy

The **Stronger Futures policy** was a multifaceted social policy of the Australian government concerning the Aboriginal population of the Northern Territory. It was underpinned by the ***Stronger Futures in the Northern Territory Act 2012***, which ceased 10 years after its commencement on 29 June 2012.

On 23 November 2011, the Stronger Futures legislation was introduced in the Parliament of Australia by Jenny Macklin, the Minister for Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, and was subsequently supported by the Prime Minister, Julia Gillard. The policy intended to address key issues that exist within Indigenous communities of the Northern Territory such as unemployment, low school enrolment and attendance, alcohol abuse, community safety and child protection issues, food security, and housing and land reforms. Several years of similar initiatives preceded the policy, including the "Building Stronger Regions, Stronger Futures" policy, "New Local Government" policy, and the *Northern Territory National Emergency Response Act 2007*.

The Stronger Futures legislation maintains key components of the *Northern Territory National Emergency Response Act 2007* and includes bills such as the Stronger Futures in the Northern Territory Bill of 2011, Stronger Futures in the Northern Territory (Consequential and Transitional Provisions) Bill 2011 and the Social Security Legislation Amendment Bill of 2011. The legislation proposed to extend both the time frame and the geographic scope of these measures. The Stronger Futures legislation was passed in the House of Representatives with small changes on 27 February 2012 and was passed by the Senate on 29 June. The Australian Government claimed that consultations with Aboriginal communities of the Northern Territory helped to construct the Stronger Futures.

The policy has been criticised by rights organisations such as Amnesty International and Concerned Citizens of Australia. The Stand for Freedom campaign leads the public movement against this legislation and criticises many measures of the legislation since they maintain "racially-discriminatory" elements of the Northern Territory Emergency Response Act and continue the control by the Australian Government over "Aboriginal people and their lands." In addition, the campaign is critical of the inadequacy of the Aboriginal consultations, saying that the decisions derived from these consultations rarely coincided with the actual desires of the affected communities.

## Building Stronger Regions, Stronger Futures policy

The Building Stronger Regions, Stronger Futures policy, launched on 3 May 2003 by the Northern Territory Community Development Minister Jack Ah Kit, involved consultation between the Northern Territory Government and Indigenous group leaders of the Northern Territory to form a regional governance system and improve service delivery outcomes within the Northern Territory. Due to the high failure rate of small councils in the Northern Territory, their increased dependence on non-Aboriginal staff for basic needs, and the corrupt and fraudulent activity within local governments, the policy created representative and administrative regional authorities and transfused local governments into twenty large and stable councils. The regional authorities would sustain initiatives of regional development, require the support of residents, supply decision-making structures and provide a culturally based electorate.

The Local Government Act of 1978, which established community governance structures in remote areas of the Northern Territory and promoted local governments in Aboriginal communities, supplied an appropriate statutory foundation for these authorities. In addition, the policy addressed capacity development in governance through the development of improved financial and service capacity monitoring, instatement of development officers and establishment of stronger administration in local and regional areas.

In 2004, at the end of the policy's first year of application, the Australian Government abolished the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC), which was a "statutory based national forum for Indigenous Australians based on the election of representatives from every state and territory." Through this abolition, the Indigenous people of the NT had much lessened representation in the Commonwealth government, and the regional governments were promoted as an alternative. In mid-2005, the Northern Territory negotiated with the Australian Government to produce the "Overarching Agreement on National Affairs". This agreement detailed the collaborative goals of the Australian Government and Northern Territory and outlined the initiatives of the Building Stronger Regions, Stronger Futures policy. These were:

* "The implementation of legitimate and effective representation"
* "The establishment of Regional Authorities which would involve voluntary amalgamations of community councils based on extensive and effective consultation to ensure constitutions reflect local aspirations and have cultural legitimacy"
* "The amalgamation of community councils into Regional Authorities to effectively addresses current problems of scale, improve service delivery, reduce staff turnover and ensure greater coordination and continuity of interest in community economic and social development."

This agreement defined the anticipated outcome of the regional authorities. In late 2006, the Building Stronger Regions, Stronger Futures policy was replaced with the New Local Government Policy due to "ideological dissatisfaction and implementation difficulties experienced by government bureaucrats in trying to accommodate Indigenous regional concepts, ideas about representation for local government and consensus methods of decision making." The discussion-based approach of the Building Stronger Regions, Stronger Futures policy took time and strained the resources and capacity of both Governments.

## New Local Government Policy

In 2006, the Australian Government enacted the New Local Government Policy which established mandatory regionalisation within the Northern Territory and outlined nine regions, which were to be acknowledged as shires, to command a single democratic governance structure through a "one size fits all" approach. The policy exhibited similar flexibility in Indigenous governance structures and decision-making processes, compared to the Building Stronger Regions, Stronger Futures policy, yet effectively ignored culturally based processes of local governance, Indigenous governance systems and cultural geographies within the shire structure.

In order to address Indigenous input, the policy created 'transitional committees' through which the Australian Government could provide advice about shires and non-Indigenous individuals and stakeholders could participate.

## *Northern Territory National Emergency Response Act 2007*

In August 2007, the Coalition Australian Government responded to the ALP NT government's *Little Children are Sacred* report, with the *Northern Territory National Emergency Response Act 2007*, bringing about what became known as "The Intervention". This was developed without the involvement of the NT government. Through this Act, the Australian Government seized administrative control of sixty remote Indigenous communities, attained compulsory leases on Indigenous settlements for a minimum of a five-years and enacted legislation to act on these changes. As a result, "all communities located on the Aboriginal inalienable freehold land under the *Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976* would have their permit systems revoked."

In addition, the Australian Government sent an Emergency Response Taskforce, which included the Australian Army and Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, to "priority communities" in order to ensure requirements of the Act were carried out and oversee health checks on Aboriginal children.

At the November 2007 federal election the ALP was voted into power, and expressed a desire to evaluate the new Act.

## Northern Territory Emergency Response Evaluation

In October 2008, after an examination of an independent review of the Northern Territory Intervention, the Australian Government pledged to recognise the extreme disadvantage and social seclusion experienced by remote communities within the Northern Territory, form a legitimate relationship with the Indigenous people based on consultation, acknowledge Australian human rights responsibilities and reinstate the *Racial Discrimination Act 1975*. From June to August 2009, the Government held consultations with Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory to identify the proper direction for the Northern Territory Emergency Response. In June 2010, as a result of these consultations, the Australian Parliament passed legislation to "reinstate the operation of the *Racial Discrimination Act 1975* in relation to the Northern Territory Emergency Response, introduce a new, non-discriminatory scheme of income management, redesign the alcohol and pornography restrictions, five-year leases and community stores licensing, redesign law enforcement powers to improve and make them sustainable for the greater long-term benefit of Indigenous people."

In 2011, representatives of the Northern Territory Government and Australian Government, assisted by independent advisory groups from the community, compiled an Evaluation Report of the Northern Territory Emergency Response Act to discover if initiatives within the Intervention were effective and produced desirable outcomes. The report identified measures of the Intervention which drew positive support from Northern Territory community members such as the utilisation of Indigenous Engagement Officers, establishment of Government Business Models, increased presence of police and use of night patrols. In addition, the report revealed how the Intervention expanded educational systems, reduced school overcrowding and increased the availability of teaching positions.

Despite these improvements, the report recognised that "a key gap in the evaluative evidence that we have addressed was the systematic collection of data about the experiences and views of local peoples from the NTER communities." The report identified certain problems within the Northern Territory Emergency Response such as the blanket imposition of initiatives, especially those that demanded behavioral change such as income management, and the suspension of the *Racial Discrimination Act 1975*. The report identified specific issues within the Intervention such as the lack of interpreter services, persistent challenge of housing, high rates of violent crime and alcohol-related offenses, low employment rates, and low rates of school attendance. The report received widespread criticism, such as that it was a hasty reaction to allegations and not properly planned or thought through, and that it was nothing more than another attempt to control these Aboriginal communities. Through this evaluation, the Australian Government recognised the large discrepancy which persists between non-Indigenous and Indigenous peoples within the Northern Territory and has created the "Stronger Futures" Policy along with several pieces of supportive legislation to continue "closing the gap."

## Stronger Futures policy of 2011

On 23 November 2011, Hon Jenny Macklin MP, the Minister for Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs introduced legislation to Parliament in order to address issues within the Northern Territory and released the Stronger Futures policy statement. The Stronger Futures in the Northern Territory legislation seeks to address the disadvantaged position of Aboriginal Territorians in the Northern Territory and create a collaboration between the Northern Territory Government and Aboriginal Territorians to construct a strong future together. This engagement of different governance bodies, the Aboriginal Territorians, Northern Territory Government and Australian Government, seeks to encourage reform and improve service delivery across the Northern Territory. The Stronger Futures in the Northern Territory Policy statement declares, "At the heart of this work will be the views of Aboriginal people in the Northern Territory." The Australian Government identified imperative issues within the Northern Territory such as appropriate education, rampant alcohol abuse, housing availability and the deficient supply of economic and employment opportunities.

### Supporting legislation

The Australian Government intends for all legislation to occur in collaboration with Northern Territory Indigenous communities, which the Government recognises did not happen during instatement of Northern Territory Response Act. All legislative measures will continue to comply with the *Racial Discrimination Act 1975*.

* The Stronger Futures in the Northern Territory Bill 2011 supports the ability for Aboriginals in the NT to have families and cultivate livelihoods. The measures within the Bill express a desire to create communities in the Northern Territory where children can grow up safe and healthy.
* The Stronger Futures in the Northern Territory (Consequential and Transitional Provisions) Bill 2011 proposes repeals of Northern Territory Emergency Response Act of 2007, amendments to Commonwealth Laws to improve operation of existing measures like pornography restrictions and prohibitions on considering customary law in bail and sentencing decision.
* The Social Security Legislation Amendment Bill 2011 intends to assist disadvantaged and vulnerable Australians and improve school attendance. Certain legislative measure seek to address the issue of alcohol abuse in the Territory by allowing State and Northern Territory authorities to refer people to income management, which is an initiative that reduces the amount of discretionary funds that can be spent on harmful substances such as drugs or alcohol and ensures that money is spent on basic needs such as food and shelter. This provision is similar to the Child Protection Measure, which allows child protection workers to refer people for income management.

### Content

#### Jobs

Through consultations with Aboriginal community members, the Australian Government recognised how unemployment continues to be a central problem in the Northern Territory yet this will be addressed through the Stronger Futures policy by a jobs package of 19.1 million in funding over four years. In terms of job creation, the Government will introduce 50 new ranger positions in the Working with the Country program, which builds on traditional Indigenous knowledge on how to manage the land, and deliver 280 existing positions in the Northern Territory. The Australian Government will provide job support to Indigenous communities to encourage the ability for Indigenous people to gain jobs in their area, rather than outsiders, and establish job brokers in the area to help skilled Indigenous people connect to businesses that are experiencing shortages. The new program called Local Jobs for Local People" creates Indigenous traineeships which will help 100 Indigenous people in the Northern Territory to fill service delivery jobs in their communities according to availability. The Australian Government supports the Northern Territory Government's initiative which awards jobs in the Australian Public Service or with organisations delivering government funded services to those who finish year 12. The policy will provide micro-enterprise support in which the Australian Government will extend the Indigenous Communities in Business Program to two additional communities.

#### School enrolment and attendance

In partnership with the Northern Territory Government, the Australian Government will expand the current School Enrolment and Attendance Measure, or SEAM, so that it aligns with the Northern Territory Government's strategy of Every Child Every Day. Both measures intend to promote parental responsibility in terms of children attendance and enrolment. Before SEAM implementation in communities, the Government will hold seminars for parents to explain their responsibilities under the SEAM measure and to cultivate understanding that their income entitlements may be affected if their children do not enrol in or attend school. The Government will send a letter to parents at the beginning of each school term to remind them of their responsibilities and of the SEAM arrangements.

The Government commits to holding conferences with parents if their child falls behind the benchmark for attendance and asking parents to agree to attendance plans through which additional support and links can be provided. In addition, the government will suspend income support payments of parents who don't follow attendance plan and these payments will be reinstated once they are in compliance with the attendance plan. Within the SEAM measure, the data exchange between schools and Centrelink will ensure mobile students do not fall through cracks.

#### Alcohol abuse

The Australian Government identified alcohol abuse as the center of dysfunction within communal and familial structures of the Northern Territory. Therefore, the "Enough is Enough" alcohol reforms intend to target problem drinking and expand opportunities for alcoholism rehabilitation and treatment. The Stronger Futures policy addresses the issues of alcohol traders by allowing the Commonwealth Indigenous Affairs Minister, under the Northern Territory Liquor Act, to request the appointment of an independent assessor to review licensee operations. In collaboration with the Northern Territory Government, the Australian Government will conduct an independent review, with Indigenous leader involvement, of alcohol laws such as the Northern Territory Government's Enough is Enough, the Stronger Future's alcohol restriction and the Northern Territory Liquor Act. The policy continues current alcohol restrictions yet strengthens penalties for grog running. The penalty for liquor offenses under 1350 milliliters will be increased to include six months imprisonment. The Stronger Futures provisions call for a continuation of signage to inform residents and visitors about alcohol rules within communities.

#### Community safety and child protection

The Australian and Northern Territory Governments intend to help ensure the safety of communities, in particular that of women and children residents. The Stronger Futures policy provisions propose small alterations to prohibit the consideration of customary law and cultural practice in bail and sentencing decisions for offenses against the Commonwealth and Northern Territory laws that protect cultural heritage such as sacred sites and cultural heritage objects. Under the Stronger Futures policy, additional restrictions will be applied to refused classification material in areas called prohibited material areas, which are declared by the Commonwealth Indigenous Affairs Minister. Furthermore, certain provisions will continue under Stronger Futures legislation such as the power for the Australian Crime Commission to address the violence and sex abuse against Indigenous persons and the ability for Australian Federal Police to the assume capacity and responsibility of the Northern Territory police. The policy provisions eliminate the current legislative requirements for internet filters and audits on publicly funded computers and replace them with the requirement for Commonwealth funded organisations to address and avoid the inappropriate use of publicly funded computers.

#### Food security

The Government will continue the licensing of community stores to ensure the availability of fresh and health food in Northern Territory communities under legislation that defines licensing arrangements, describes the necessary conditions under which licences are granted, includes business registration requirements and ascribes assessment procedures. In addition, there will be a new range of penalties for stores that breach licensing agreements such as fines and injunctions. The legislation will require licensing for stores in designated food security areas in order to ensure that remote communities have a secure access to food.

#### Housing and land reforms

The Australian Government is committed to providing voluntary five-year leases and will not extend the measure for compulsory five-year leases in the Northern Territory Emergency Response Act. In addition, "the Australian Government and Northern Territory Government will continue negotiate leases with Aboriginal landowners to manage social housing in remote areas." Furthermore, the legislation allows for the Australian Government to instate regulations that ease leasing on town camp and community living area land in the Northern Territory in order to encourage Aboriginal landowners to use their land for a wider range of functions such as economic development and private land ownership. The Australian Government in collaboration with the Northern Territory Government seek to ensure the establishment of fair standards for social housing provisions by non-governmental organisations. In addition, beginning in areas with township leases, both Governments ensure that building protections are applied in remote communities of the Northern Territory.

#### Sunset and review

The *Stronger Futures Act* has a sunset clause, terminating the effect of its provisions 10 years after the date of commencement. It also stipulates that there should be Independent review of Commonwealth and Northern Territory laws relating to alcohol to be begun after two years and completed within three years of commencement of the Act, as well as a review of the operation of the whole Act within three years, and submitted within four years.

## Reaction

### Criticism

In response to the Stronger Futures legislation, Amnesty International called on the Australian Government to collaborate with the Indigenous communities of the Northern Territory and construct appropriate approaches that "respect the rights of those affected." Rodney Dillon, the Amnesty International Campaigner of Australian Indigenous Rights, referring to the Northern Territory National Emergency Response Act, states "The Government must recognise that local issues need local solutions rather than the failed one-size-fits-all Intervention policies that were imposed upon communities four years ago."

The organisation has discussed how the Australian Government must adopt a holistic approach to service delivery, which is based on the actual location of where Indigenous people live, and address the one-third of Indigenous people living in remote homelands without financial support. Amnesty International concludes that they are "calling for policies and programs to be brought in line with the minimum standards set out in the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and grounded in the free, prior and informed consent of Aboriginal people living in the Northern Territory."

The 'Stand for Freedom' campaign leads the movement against the implementation of the Stronger Futures legislation. The campaign criticises elements of the Northern Territory Emergency Response Act of being culturally and racially discriminating and claims these features remains consistent in the Stronger Futures policy. The Stand for Freedom website discusses how 450 submission were made to the Senate Committees' inquiry into legislation, from a variety of organisations including the National Congress of Australia's First Peoples and the Australian Council of Social Service, and how 95 percent of the submissions opposed the legislation. The campaign has outlined several measures that enhance government control over Aboriginals and their land:

* It excludes Aboriginal customary law and traditional cultural practices from criminal sentencing decisions
* It bans all alcohol on large swathes of Aboriginal land, and continues to suspend the permit system in Aboriginal townships, even though these measures have been opposed by the Northern Territory's Aboriginal Peak Organisations.
* It provides excessively increased penalties for alcohol possession, "including 6 months potential jail time for a single can of beer and 18 months for more than 1.35L of alcohol."
* It provides the Australian Crime Commission with "'Star Chamber' powers" when it investigates Aboriginal communities, overriding the right to remain silent.
* It provides police the right to "enter houses and vehicles in Aboriginal communities without a warrant" if they suspect alcohol possession.
* Makes laws "allowing for information to be transferred about an individual, to any Federal, State or Territory government department or agency, without an individual’s knowledge or consent."
* It bans all "sexually explicit or very violent material" on Aboriginal Land.
* It gives the Commonwealth control over "local regulations in Community Living Areas and town camps."
* It expands the School Enrolment and Attendance Measure (SEAM). Under the measure, parents of truant students (who are absent more than once a week) will receive smaller welfare payments. This action ignores "rising concerns among Aboriginal families regarding inappropriate education"
* The two thousand remaining paid Community Development Employment Program positions will be cut by April 2012. This is, in Stand for Freedom's view, "the final attack on a vibrant program which was the lifeblood of many communities, employing upwards of 7500 people before the Northern Territory Intervention."
* Changes proposed to the Social Security Act would constitute "further attacks on the rights of welfare recipients."

Several prominent figures in Australia have expressed opposition to the Stronger Futures legislation. Mick Gooda, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner, discussed the "inadequacy" of the Aboriginal consultations within a report by the Australian Human Rights Commission, in which he identified key issues within the Stronger Futures policy including the lack of cultural competency and attention paid to the competency and ability of Aboriginal governments.

A group of Aboriginal Elders of the Northern Territory released a statement in a response to the Stronger Futures legislation which was titled, "No More! Enough is Enough!". The statement discussed their rejection of their Stronger Futures legislation and called on the Australian Government to issue an apology for the "hurt, embarrassment, shame and stigma" that Aboriginals in the Northern Territory experienced because of the measures within the Intervention. The Elders accused the Australian government of being in breach of its international treaty obligations to the First Nations people, due to its membership to the United Nations, through its inability to eliminate racial discrimination. The Elders identified several measures which would help ensure a strong future for their children, including: bilingualism in schools, rewards for attendance, leadership roles in localised school programs, a reflection of traditional knowledge in the curriculum, and the fair treatment of Aboriginal teachers in a culturally sensitive manner.

A statement by 28 leading Australians, including Professor of Anthropology Jon Altman, Hon Ian Viner, and Hon Malcolm Fraser criticised the policy since there is no apparent attempt to involve Aboriginal people or Elders and discussed how the policy lacked informed consent on part of the affected communities. The individuals wrote about the "iniquitous and demeaning nature of income management", and how SEAM is an "obvious injustice to children depriving their parents of the means of support for them." The individuals asserted that the policy violates the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and breaches the *Racial Discrimination Act 1975*. The individuals called on the Government to abandon the legislation and set up appropriate mechanisms to involve Aboriginals leaders and Elders of the Northern Territory in the decision-making processes that define their future. Despite widespread condemnation, the Stronger Futures legislation passed on 29 June 2012.

### Support

The Stronger Futures policy is regarded by the Government as an important initiative to improve the quality and access of education for children in the Northern Territory through a $583 million investment, as discussed by Jenny Macklin, Peter Garrett MP, the Minister for School Education, Warren Snowdon MP, the Minister for Indigenous Health, and Senator Trish Crossin, Senator for the Northern Territory, in a joint media release. The officials detail how the policy provides for the retainment of teaching positions in remote Northern Territory schools and investment of teaching initiatives. In addition the policy will supply funding for the creation of teacher housing in remote Northern Territory communities and provide assistance to the Northern Territory Government for the professional development of Aboriginal workers in the education system. In addition, the releases states how the Stronger Futures policy will continue funding of a nutrition program that provides meals to 5,000 students in 67 schools every day.

In another media release, members of the Australian Government, including Macklin, Snowdon, Kate Ellis and Trish Crossin, suggest that the Stronger Futures policy provides an investment of more than 443 million dollars to strengthen the safety and encourage the well-being of Aboriginal children, youth and families in the Northern Territory. This funding will support sixteen women's safe houses and allow for the expansion of a number of Communities for Children sites, which offer various services such as early learning and literacy programs and child nutrition advice. The input of community members will help define what services are offered. In addition, the policy funds Mobile Child Protection teams, the employment of twelve remote Aboriginal family and community workers, and the Youth in Communities Program, which help keep youth connected to school and away from substance abuse. Advocates of the Stronger Futures policy discuss how it encourages the livelihood of Indigenous community members and increases the amount of services for Aboriginal families in the Northern Territory.

Proponents of the Stronger Futures policy claim that it increases safety within Aboriginal communities of the Northern Territory. Members of the Australian Government, such as Jenny Macklin, Trish Crossin, Nicola Roxon, and Warren Snowdon, say the policy will provide $619 million in funding to boost services such as remote policing, community night patrols and legal assistance services. The funding will support the employment of sixty full-time Northern Territory police officers and help build four police complexes in the Northern Territory. The funding will provide Substance Abuse Intelligence Desks, which are intended to help bust drug distribution from other states into the Northern Territory and reduce substance abuse in remote communities of the Northern Territory as revealed by an independent review in 2012. In response to strong community support, the Australian Government will continue funding of night patrols. In addition, the funding will support the Northern Territory Child Abuse Taskforce. Furthermore, the Stronger Futures policy includes 76 million dollars in funding to tackle alcohol abuse in terms of extending current restrictions, developing alcohol management plans and increasing penalties for grog running. The Australian Government claims that through the funding provided by the Stronger Futures policy, the safety of Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory will increase and the degree of alcohol abuse will decline.

## 2022 review

The alcohol restrictions are due to end in July 2022, with the communities and town camps having the option to continue the bans for a further two years in order to further consider what the community wishes to do. The NT Government has said that some communities have opted to apply for a licence for a local venue, but that any application would have to follow the usual processes for approval. Not all NT communities fall under the Stronger Futures legislation, and some will remain dry regardless, under existing NT laws.

A 2019 report showed that the Northern Territory has the highest consumption of alcohol per capita of all states and territories of Australia, and that much crime is driven by alcohol.

## Further reading


title: Styphelia corynocarpa

abstract: Styphelia corynocarpus is a flowering plant in the family Ericaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an erect, open shrub with narrowly egg-shaped to narrowly elliptic leaves, and white flowers arranged in groups of up to five in leaf axils.

text:
# Styphelia corynocarpa

***Styphelia corynocarpus*** is a flowering plant in the family Ericaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an erect, open shrub with narrowly egg-shaped to narrowly elliptic leaves, and white flowers arranged in groups of up to five in leaf axils.

## Description

*Styphelia corynocarpus* is an erect, open shrub that typically grows up to about 150 cm (59 in) high and 80 cm (31 in) wide, its young branchlets sometimes covered with short hairs. The leaves are directed upwards, narrowly egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base or narrowly elliptic, 4–13 mm (0.16–0.51 in) long and 1.0–2.2 mm (0.039–0.087 in) long. The leaves are mostly glabrous and the lower surface has 3 to 5 prominent veins. The flowers are arranged in groups of up to five in leaf axils, on a peduncle 2–8 mm (0.079–0.315 in) long. There are egg-shaped bracts 0.7–1.2 mm (0.028–0.047 in) long and similar bracteoles 1.2–1.5 mm (0.047–0.059 in) long at the base. The sepals are egg-shaped to narrowly egg-shaped, 2.3–3.0 mm (0.091–0.118 in) long and the petals are white, joined at the base to form a tube 1.4–1.8 mm (0.055–0.071 in) long with lobes 2.2–2.8 mm (0.087–0.110 in) long.

## Taxonomy

This species was first formally described in 1845 by Otto Wilhelm Sonder who gave it the name *Leucopogon corynocarpua* in Johann Georg Christian Lehmann's *Plantae Preissianae*. In 1882, Ferdinand von Mueller transferred the species to *Styphelia* as *S. corynocarpa* in the *Systematic Census of Australian Plants*. The specific epithet (*corynocarpa*) means "club-fruited".

## Distribution

This styphelia grows in heath or open mallee woodland from the western end of the Stirling Ranges to the western end of the Fitzgerald River National Park in the Avon Wheatbelt, Esperance Plains and Jarrah Forest bioregions of south-western Western Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Styphelia corynocarpa* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Ericales |
| Family: | Ericaceae |
| Genus: | *Styphelia* |
| Species: | ***S. corynocarpa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Styphelia corynocarpa***<br>(Sond.) F.Muell. | |
|
|  | |
| Occurrence data from AVH | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Leucopogon corynocarpus* Sond. | |


title: Styphelia cordifolia

abstract: Styphelia cordifolia, commonly known as heart-leaved beard-heath, is a species of flowering plant in the heath family Ericaceae and is endemic to Australia. It is an erect shrub with broadly egg-shaped to round leaves, and white, tube-shaped flowers, the petals bearded on the inside.

text:
# Styphelia cordifolia

***Styphelia cordifolia***, commonly known as **heart-leaved beard-heath**, is a species of flowering plant in the heath family Ericaceae and is endemic to Australia. It is an erect shrub with broadly egg-shaped to round leaves, and white, tube-shaped flowers, the petals bearded on the inside.

## Description

*Styphelia cordifolia* is an erect shrub that typically grows to a height of 0.8–1.5 m (2 ft 7 in – 4 ft 11 in) and has softly-hairy branchlets. Its leaves are broadly egg-shaped to round, 3.5–7 mm (0.14–0.28 in) long and 4–8 mm (0.16–0.31 in) wide and curve downwards with a short bristle on the tip. The flowers are arranged in spikes 5.5–8.5 mm (0.22–0.33 in) long in leaf axils, each spike with up to three flowers with broadly egg-shaped to round bracteoles 1.8–2.3 mm (0.071–0.091 in) long at the base. The sepals are egg-shaped, 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) long, the petals white and joined at the base to form a tube 2.8–4.1 mm (0.11–0.16 in) long, the lobes 2.4–2.8 mm (0.094–0.110 in) long and bearded on the inside.

## Taxonomy

*Styphelia cordifolia* was first formally described in 1838 by John Lindley and given the name *Leucopogon cordifolius* in Thomas Mitchell's journal, *Three Expeditions into the interior of Eastern Australia*. In 1873, Ferdinand von Mueller transferred the species to *Styphelia* as *S. cordifolia* in his *Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae*. The specific epithet (*cordifolia*) means "heart-leaved".

## Distribution and habitat

Heart-leaved beard-heath grows in the understorey of woodland and in heathland in the far north-west of Victoria, the south-east of South Australia, and disjunctly in the Carnarvon, Geraldton Sandplains, Yalgoo bioregions in the west of Western Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Styphelia cordifolia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| In the Australian National Botanic Gardens | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Ericales |
| Family: | Ericaceae |
| Genus: | *Styphelia* |
| Species: | ***S. cordifolia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Styphelia cordifolia***<br>(Lindl.) F.Muell. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Leucopogon cordifolius* Lindl. * *Acrotriche latifolia* A.Cunn. ex DC. * *Leucopogon rotundifolius* Sond. nom. illeg. * *Styphelia rotundifolia* F.Muell. nom. illeg. | |


title: Stygopholcus absoloni

abstract: Stygopholcus absoloni is a cellar spider species found in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina.

text:
# Stygopholcus absoloni

***Stygopholcus absoloni*** is a cellar spider species found in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina.

## InfoBox

| *Stygopholcus absoloni* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Pholcidae |
| Genus: | *Stygopholcus* |
| Species: | ***S. absoloni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Stygopholcus absoloni***<br>(Kulczynski, 1914) | |
|


title: Stylidium armeria

abstract: Stylidium armeria, the thrift-leaved triggerplant, is a species of Stylidium that is native to Australia. It is an herbaceous perennial that grows from 50 to 100 cm tall. Narrowly lanceolate to narrowly oblanceolate leaves, about 15–40 mm long, are tufted at the base and are erect to spreading. Inflorescences produce 25–100 dark pink-magenta flowers that bloom August to February in its native range.

text:
# Stylidium armeria

***Stylidium armeria***, the **thrift-leaved triggerplant**, is a species of *Stylidium* that is native to Australia. It is an herbaceous perennial that grows from 50 to 100 cm tall. Narrowly lanceolate to narrowly oblanceolate leaves, about 15–40 mm long, are tufted at the base and are erect to spreading. Inflorescences produce 25–100 dark pink-magenta flowers that bloom August to February in its native range.

## Distribution and habitat

*S. armeria* is native to New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, and Victoria. Its typical habitat has been reported as "heathland, woodland and open forests of the Otway Ranges through to the snowfields of the Eastern Highlands."

## Botanical history and taxonomy

On 8 July 1805, Jacques Labillardière published a species under the name *Candollea armeria*. The generic name that Labillardière used, *Candollea* had been previously published as a genus of Polypodiaceae, so Labillardière corrected the mistake by publishing the species as *S. armeria* in 1806. In 1878, Jean Baptiste Saint-Lager "corrected" the gender agreement of *Stylidium armeria* to *Stylidium armerium*. This specific epithet, however, is not an adjective but a noun in apposition, so the suffix should not be changed with different gender generic names. Later, Ferdinand von Mueller insisted on using the illegitimate genus *Candollea* and shifted the *Stylidium* species back in the late 19th century. Those moves, however, were not widely adopted. In 2001, Raulings and Ladiges recognized several synonyms.

## Subspecies

## InfoBox

| *Stylidium armeria* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Illustration of *Stylidium armeria* (syn. *Candollea serrulata*) from Ferdinand von Mueller 1892 *Iconography of Candolleaceous Plants* | |
|  | |
| Living specimen in Tasman National Park | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Stylidiaceae |
| Genus: | *Stylidium* |
| Subgenus: | *Stylidium subg. Tolypangium* |
| Section: | *Stylidium sect. Lineares* |
| Species: | ***S. armeria*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Stylidium armeria***<br>(Labill.) Labill. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Candollea armeria* Labill. * *Candollea serrulata* Labill. * *Candollea umbellata* Labill. * *Stylidium armerium* (Labill.) St.-Lag. * *Stylidium graminifolium* f. *grandiflorum* Mildbr. * *Stylidium melastachys* R.Br. * *Stylidium serrulatum* (Labill.) Rich. * *Stylidium umbellatum* (Labill.) Labill. | |


title: Stéphan L'Enflé

abstract: Stéphan L'Enflé is a football player who currently plays for SS Capricorne in the Réunion Division 2. He has also represented Mauritius internationally with the Mauritius national football team. He is featured on the Mauritian national team in the official 2010 FIFA World Cup video game.

text:
# Stéphan L'Enflé

**Stéphan L'Enflé** (born November 7, 1982, in Mauritius) is a football player who currently plays for SS Capricorne in the Réunion Division 2. He has also represented Mauritius internationally with the Mauritius national football team. He is featured on the Mauritian national team in the official 2010 FIFA World Cup video game.

## InfoBox

Stéphan L'Enflé
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Stéphan L'Enflé | | |
| Date of birth | (1982-11-07) November 7, 1982 | | |
| Place of birth | Mauritius | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | SS Capricorne | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2001–2008 | AS Port-Louis 2000 |  |  |
| 2008–2009 | Curepipe Starlight SC |  |  |
| 2009– | SS Capricorne |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2003– | Mauritius | 35 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Three Pieces for Solo Clarinet

abstract: Three Pieces for Solo Clarinet is a solo instrumental work by Igor Stravinsky. The work was composed in 1918. It was published in 1919, shortly after the completion of his Suite from L'Histoire du Soldat, as a thank-you gift to the philanthropist and arts patron Werner Reinhart, who was also an amateur clarinetist. The Three Pieces is perhaps the most well-known work for unaccompanied clarinet in the repertoire. It is also notable for being one of the few clarinet solo pieces that calls for clarinets in both B♭ and A.

text:
# Three Pieces for Solo Clarinet

***Three Pieces for Solo Clarinet*** is a solo instrumental work by Igor Stravinsky. The work was composed in 1918. It was published in 1919, shortly after the completion of his Suite from *L'Histoire du Soldat*, as a thank-you gift to the philanthropist and arts patron Werner Reinhart, who was also an amateur clarinetist. The *Three Pieces* is perhaps the most well-known work for unaccompanied clarinet in the repertoire. It is also notable for being one of the few clarinet solo pieces that calls for clarinets in both B and A.

## Analysis

### I (Preferably Clarinet in A)

The first piece started out as a song Stravinsky began writing in 1916. It is marked "Sempre ***p*** e molto tranquillo", or "Always *piano* and very peaceful". The tempo is marked at  = 52, making it by far the slowest of the three pieces. It is made up of a long, plodding series of quarter and eighth notes, adorned by the occasional grace notes and often interrupted by a breath mark. The lower register of the clarinet is explored here, with many leaps going from the upper to the lower registers of the instrument. The last measure is marked "poco più ***f*** e poco più mosso", or "A little more *forte* and a little more motion". This last measure is to be played much quicker and at a louder dynamic so as to create a contrast with the rest of the piece. A sustained concert C ends the first piece in a long fade-out.

### II (Preferably Clarinet in A)

The second piece is written in a free-form style, akin to jazz improvisation, with no time signature or bar lines. The indicated tempo is  = 168, with an eighth note being treated as three sixteenth notes. The piece can be segmented into three sections. The first is a flurry of sextuplets and thirty-second notes that are extremely technically challenging. The second section is quieter and calmer, with the clarinetist playing fast eighth notes in the lower register. The third section is a recapitulation of the first, bringing back the same sextuplet patterns from earlier. The second piece also ends softly, with a sudden change from a ***f*** to ***p*** dynamic.

### III (Preferably Clarinet in B)

The third piece is inspired by the ragtime from the *L'Histoire du Soldat* Suite, and is the only one to call for clarinet in B instead of in A. With a metronome marking of  = 160, the piece is characterized by much rapid syncopation and frequently shifting time signatures, made more complicated by the accents placed on certain notes. It maintains a near-constant ***f*** dynamic until the very end, where the player backs down to a softer dynamic and ending with one final grace note.


title: Yalvaç

abstract: Yalvaç is a town of Isparta Province in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. It is the seat of Yalvaç District. Its population is 22,538 (2022). The ruins of ancient Antioch of Pisidia are 1 km northeast of the town.

text:
# Yalvaç

**Yalvaç** is a town of Isparta Province in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. It is the seat of Yalvaç District. Its population is 22,538 (2022). The ruins of ancient Antioch of Pisidia are 1 km northeast of the town.

## International relations

### Twin towns - Sister cities

Yalvaç is twinned with:

## InfoBox

| Yalvaç | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| YalvaçLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 38°17′44″N 31°10′48″E / 38.29556°N 31.18000°E / 38.29556; 31.18000 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Isparta |
| District | Yalvaç |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Mustafa Kodal (İYİ) |
| Elevation | 1,150 m (3,770 ft) |
| Population (2022) | 22,538 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |
| Postal code | 32400 |
| Area code | 0246 |
| Website | www.yalvac.bel.tr |


title: WANC

abstract: WANC is a public radio station officially licensed to Ticonderoga, New York, and owned by WAMC, Inc. The station broadcasts at 103.9 MHz at 1,550 watts effective radiated power, and is a repeater of WAMC-FM serving the southern Champlain Valley.

text:
# WANC

**WANC** is a public radio station officially licensed to Ticonderoga, New York, and owned by WAMC, Inc. The station broadcasts at 103.9 MHz at 1,550 watts effective radiated power, and is a repeater of WAMC-FM serving the southern Champlain Valley.

## History

WANC originally signed on September 6, 1982, as WXTY with a Top 40 radio format; it was a sister station to WIPS. However, the station was only a rimshot into major nearby cities. It was never significant in either Burlington, Vermont, or Plattsburgh, New York, due to the presence of several other top 40 stations at the time, including WGFB "B100", WQCR "Q99" and upstart WXXX "95 Triple X".

In August 1990, Alan Chartock purchased WXTY from the then-owners of WIPS for $400,000. It became a repeater of WAMC-FM under the WANC calls for the southern Champlain Valley and Glens Falls/Lake George area. Despite it being a repeater station for WAMC, it is one a very small handful of noncommercial radio stations whose frequency is outside the standard frequency range for noncommercial FM radio stations (88-92 mHz) in the United States.

1. "Facility Technical Data for WANC". *Licensing and Management System*. Federal Communications Commission.
2. *Broadcasting & Cable Yearbook 2010* (PDF). 2010. p. D-393. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
3. "FM Translators and Boosters". December 10, 2015.

## InfoBox

WANC
| Satellite of WAMC-FM, Albany | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Glens Falls, Plattsburgh, Burlington |
| Frequency | 103.9 MHz |
| Branding | WAMC, Northeast Public Radio |
| Programming | |
| Format | Public radio |
| Affiliations | National Public Radio |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | WAMC, Inc. |
| History | |
| First air date | September 6, 1982 (1982-09-06) |
| Former call signs | WXTY (1982–1990) |
| Call sign meaning | Adirondack North Country (variation of WAMC) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 70842 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | 1,550 watts |
| HAAT | 116 meters (381 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 43°49′55.2″N 73°24′26.4″W / 43.832000°N 73.407333°W / 43.832000; -73.407333 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Website | www.wamc.org |


title: West Clear Creek Wilderness

abstract: The West Clear Creek Wilderness is a 15,238-acre wilderness area in the U.S. state of Arizona. West Clear Creek is formed by the junction of Willow Creek and Clover Creek in the Mogollon Rim, which is part of the Colorado Plateau; the Mogollon Rim is the major part of the Arizona transition zone at the southwest of the Colorado Plateau of Utah-Colorado, Arizona-New Mexico. Located east of Camp Verde, the area is part of Coconino National Forest. Common activities in West Clear Creek are swimming, camping, backpacking, hunting, fishing, and hiking. A variety of plants and animals can be found year-round, along with extremely cold water.

text:
# West Clear Creek Wilderness

The **West Clear Creek Wilderness** is a 15,238-acre (6,167 ha) wilderness area in the U.S. state of Arizona. West Clear Creek is formed by the junction of Willow Creek and Clover Creek in the Mogollon Rim, which is part of the Colorado Plateau; the Mogollon Rim is the major part of the Arizona transition zone at the southwest of the Colorado Plateau of Utah-Colorado, Arizona-New Mexico. Located east of Camp Verde, the area is part of Coconino National Forest. Common activities in West Clear Creek are swimming, camping, backpacking, hunting, fishing, and hiking. A variety of plants and animals can be found year-round, along with extremely cold water.

## InfoBox

| West Clear Creek Wilderness | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category Ib (wilderness area) | |
|  | |
| Location | Yavapai / Coconino counties, Arizona, United States |
| Nearest city | Camp Verde, Arizona |
| Coordinates | 34°30′48″N 111°45′51″W / 34.51333°N 111.76417°W / 34.51333; -111.76417 |
| Area | 15,238 acres (6,167 ha) |
| Established | 1984 |
| Governing body | U.S. Forest Service |


title: Ulster Protestant Association

abstract: The Ulster Protestant Association (UPA) were a loyalist paramilitary group organised in Belfast in August 1920 to prevent Northern Ireland being included in an independent Irish Free State. In 1921, plumber and UPA Thomas Pentland was arrested for the murder of a Catholic named Murtagh McStocker, supposedly a member of the IRA, but was acquitted. The UPA were also associated with the 1922 murders of Catholic civilians in Ballymacarrett. John William Nixon was alleged to be associated with the UPA. In 1923 a police report described the Association as dominated by "the Protestant hooligan element [whose] whole aim and object was simply the extermination of Catholics by any and every means." Bomb attacks were made against children, crowds leaving Mass and onto crowded trains. Their headquarters was in an East Belfast pub, with a flogging-horse upstairs to punish members who violated UPA rules. The UPA is said to have provided many members of the murder gangs active in Belfast during 1921–22. Other Protestant gangs active at that time were: the Imperial Guards, Crawford's Tigers and the Cromwell Clubs. Many UPA members were recruited into the Ulster Special Constabulary, the infamous "B Specials." Although it is sometimes said to have dissolved in 1922, a hardcore remained active, murdering several Catholics in the mid-1930s. The UPA fought side-by-side with the IRA during the 1932 Outdoor Relief riots, swapping places in order to confuse Royal Ulster Constabulary policemen. The name was also used as a cover name by the loyalist group "Spirit of Drumcree" in 1998.

text:
# Ulster Protestant Association

The **Ulster Protestant Association** (**UPA**) were a loyalist paramilitary group organised in Belfast in August 1920 to prevent Northern Ireland being included in an independent Irish Free State.

In 1921, plumber and UPA Thomas Pentland was arrested for the murder of a Catholic named Murtagh McStocker, supposedly a member of the IRA, but was acquitted.

The UPA were also associated with the 1922 murders of Catholic civilians in Ballymacarrett. John William Nixon was alleged to be associated with the UPA.

In 1923 a police report described the Association as dominated by "the Protestant hooligan element \[whose\] whole aim and object was simply the extermination of Catholics by any and every means." Bomb attacks were made against children, crowds leaving Mass and onto crowded trains. Their headquarters was in an East Belfast pub, with a flogging-horse upstairs to punish members who violated UPA rules.

The UPA is said to have provided many members of the murder gangs active in Belfast during 1921–22. Other Protestant gangs active at that time were: the Imperial Guards, Crawford's Tigers and the Cromwell Clubs. Many UPA members were recruited into the Ulster Special Constabulary, the infamous "B Specials."

Although it is sometimes said to have dissolved in 1922, a hardcore remained active, murdering several Catholics in the mid-1930s.

The UPA fought side-by-side with the IRA during the 1932 Outdoor Relief riots, swapping places in order to confuse Royal Ulster Constabulary policemen.

The name was also used as a cover name by the loyalist group "Spirit of Drumcree" in 1998.

1. Norton, Christopher (6 April 1996). "Worker Response to the 1920 Belfast Shipyard Expulsions : Solidarity or Sectarianism ?". *Études irlandaises*. **21** (1): 153–163. doi:10.3406/irlan.1996.1297  via www.persee.fr.
2. Norton, Christopher (6 April 2019). "An Earnest Endeavour for Peace Unionist Opinion and the Craig/Collins Peace Pact of 30 March 1922". *Études irlandaises*. **32** (1): 91–108. doi:10.3406/irlan.2007.1787  via www.persee.fr.
3. "'The Mad Dance of Death': The Ulster Protestant Association in Belfast, 1921-22". 15 February 2016.
4. "Dictionary of Irish Biography - Cambridge University Press". *dib.cambridge.org*.
5. "CAIN: Issues: Sectarianism: Brewer, John D. 'Northern Ireland: 1921-1998'". *cain.ulster.ac.uk*.
6. *The Irish Times* (Saturday, September 6, 1980), page 11.
7. McDermott, Jim, (2001), *Northern Divisions The Old IRA and the Belfast Pogroms 1920-22*, BTP Publications, Belfast, pg 15, ISBN 1-900960-11-7
8. *The Irish Times* (Saturday, November 24, 1979), page 13.
9. *The Irish Times* (Wednesday, November 18, 1970), page 9.
10. "Low-level ethnic cleansing in evidence". *The Irish Times*.