title: Vale do Sol

abstract: Vale do Sol is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

text:
# Vale do Sol

**Vale do Sol** is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

## InfoBox

| Vale do Sol | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location within Rio Grande do Sul | |
| Vale do SolLocation in Brazil | |
| Coordinates: 29°36′14″S 52°40′58″W / 29.60389°S 52.68278°W / -29.60389; -52.68278 | |
| Country | Brazil |
| State | Rio Grande do Sul |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 11,828 |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |


abstract: Women's quadrant at the 2022 Asian Games was held at Jinhua Sports Center Gymnasium, Jinhua, Zhejiang from 1 to 4 October.

text:
# Sepak takraw at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's quadrant

**Women's quadrant** at the 2022 Asian Games was held at Jinhua Sports Center Gymnasium, Jinhua, Zhejiang from 1 to 4 October.

## Squads

| China | India | Indonesia | Japan |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| * Chen Shishi * Zhou Jiawen * Feng Jingyan * Tang Rongmei * Cui Yonghui * Chen Yan |  | * Leni * Dita Pratiwi * Fujy Lestari * Florensia Cristy * Lena * Kusnelia | * Nagisa Makio * Chinatsu Sato * Yuumi Kawamata * Nanako Takahashi * Chinatsu Saegusa * Chinatsu Kobayashi |
| Laos | Myanmar | Philippines | Vietnam |
| * Aksonesavanh Philavong * Lae Inthavong * Koy Xayavong * Norkham Vongxay * Nouandam Volabouth * Namfonh Morladok | * Khin Hnin Wai * Phyu Phyu Than * Ya Mong Zin * Khin Pa Pa Hlaing * Hnin Hnin Wai * Hsu Mon Aung | * Mary Ann Lopez * Rachelle Palomar * Jean Marie Sucalit * Abegail Sinogbuhan * Allyssa Bandoy * Mary Melody Taming | * Nguyễn Thị Mỹ * Trần Thị Hồng Nhung * Trần Thị Ngọc Yến * Lê Thị Tú Trinh * Nguyễn Thị Yến * Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Huyền |

## Results

All times are China Standard Time (UTC+08:00)

### Preliminary

#### Group A

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | L | SF | SA | SD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Vietnam | 3 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 1 | +5 | 6 | Semifinals |
| 2 | Indonesia | 3 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 2 | +3 | | 4 |
| 3 | Myanmar | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 |  |
| 4 | Japan | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 6 | | 0 |

Source: OCA

| Date | Time |  | Score |  | Set 1 | Set 2 | Set 3 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 01 Oct | 09:00 | **Vietnam** | **2–0** | Myanmar | 21–15 | 21–10 |  |
| 01 Oct | 14:00 | Japan | **0–2** | **Myanmar** | 14–21 | 4–21 |  |
| 02 Oct | 09:00 | **Indonesia** | **2–0** | Japan | 21–17 | 21–19 |  |
| 02 Oct | 14:00 | **Vietnam** | **2–0** | Japan | 21–11 | 21–18 |  |
| 02 Oct | 14:00 | Myanmar | **0–2** | **Indonesia** | 18–21 | 9–21 |  |
| 03 Oct | 10:00 | **Vietnam** | **2–1** | Indonesia | 21–19 | 19–21 | 21–19 |

#### Group B

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | L | SF | SA | SD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Laos | 3 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 0 | +6 | 6 | Semifinals |
| 2 | China | 3 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 3 | +1 | | 4 |
| 3 | Philippines | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 |  |
| 4 | India | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 6 | | 0 |

Source: OCA

| Date | Time |  | Score |  | Set 1 | Set 2 | Set 3 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 01 Oct | 10:00 | India | **0–2** | **Laos** | 14–21 | 16–21 |  |
| 01 Oct | 15:00 | Philippines | **0–2** | **Laos** | 20–22 | 13–21 |  |
| 01 Oct | 15:00 | **China** | **2–0** | India | 21–15 | 21–14 |  |
| 02 Oct | 10:00 | Philippines | **1–2** | **China** | 21–11 | 17–21 | 13–21 |
| 02 Oct | 15:00 | **Philippines** | **2–0** | India | 21–18 | 21–15 |  |
| 03 Oct | 10:00 | **Laos** | **2–0** | China | 21–15 | 21–15 |  |

### Knockout round

#### Semifinals

| Date | Time |  | Score |  | Set 1 | Set 2 | Set 3 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 03 Oct | 15:30 | **Vietnam** | **2–0** | China | 21–10 | 21–6 |  |
| 03 Oct | 15:30 | **Indonesia** | **2–0** | Laos | 21–13 | 21–7 |  |

#### Gold medal match

| Date | Time |  | Score |  | Set 1 | Set 2 | Set 3 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 04 Oct | 10:30 | **Vietnam** | **2–1** | Indonesia | 18–21 | 21–18 | 21–14 |

## InfoBox

| Women's quadrant <br>at the 2022 Asian Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Jinhua Sports Center Gymnasium |
| Date | 1–4 October 2023 |
| Competitors | 48 from 8 nations |
| Medalists | |
|  | |
|


title: Thomas Ethelbert Page

abstract: Thomas Ethelbert Page, CH was a British classicist and schoolmaster.

text:
# Thomas Ethelbert Page

**Thomas Ethelbert Page**, CH (27 March 1850 – 1 April 1936) was a British classicist and schoolmaster.

## Early life

Thomas Ethelbert Page was born in Lincoln, England on 27 March 1850. He was the second son of William Tomlinson Page, the manager of the Lincoln and Lindsey Banking Company, and his wife Anne, whose maiden surname was Watson. He was baptised at St Peter at Arches Church, Lincoln, on 28 April 1850. During the time of the 1851 census, taken on 30 March, Thomas was living with his family at number 18, Salter Gate, Lincoln. He attended Lincoln Grammar School, Shrewsbury School, and St John's College, Cambridge, where he ranked second in Classics in 1873.

## Career

After his graduation, Page worked as a sixth-form master at Charterhouse School until 1910. After his retirement, he was appointed as the first editor of the Loeb Classical Library. During his career, he was offered the headships of Harrow and Shrewsbury, as well as the Kennedy Professor of Latin at Cambridge, all of which he turned down.

Page received the LittD from Manchester University in 1913 and was made an honorary Fellow of St John's College in 1931. He was appointed a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour in the 1934 New Year Honours "for services to scholarship and letters".

Thomas married Delamotte Caroline Eugenie Toynbee, on 16 December 1875 at St George's Hanover Square Church, London. Her father Edward was born in 1825 at Heckington, and was a half-brother of Joseph Toynbee.They had two daughters. He died at a nursing home in Godalming, on 1 April 1936, five days after his 86th birthday.

## Further reading

Niall Rudd: *T. E. Page: Schoolmaster Extraordinary*. Bristol, 1981.


title: Taza (Chiricahua leader)

abstract: Taza was the son of Cochise, leader of the Chihuicahui local group of the Chokonen and principal chief of the Chokonen band of the Chiricahua Apache. His mother Dos-teh-seh (“Something-at-the-campfire-already-cooked”), was the daughter of Mangas Coloradas, leader of the Copper Mines and last leader of the Mimbreños local groups of the Chihenne band and principal chief of the Chihenne band of the Chiricahua Apache.

text:
# Taza (Chiricahua leader)

**Taza** (also *Tazi; Tazhe; Tah-ze; Tahzi; Tahzay; Tazhay*) (c. 1843 – 26 September 1876) was the son of Cochise, leader of the Chihuicahui local group of the Chokonen and principal chief of the Chokonen band of the Chiricahua Apache. His mother Dos-teh-seh (“Something-at-the-campfire-already-cooked”), was the daughter of Mangas Coloradas, leader of the Copper Mines and last leader of the Mimbreños local groups of the Chihenne band and principal chief of the Chihenne band of the Chiricahua Apache.

## Chief Taza

Taza was the older full brother of Naiche (Natchez). Taza succeeded his father Cochise as chief of the Chiricahuas when the latter died in 1874, two years after the Chiricahua Reservation was established by General Howard.

John Clum, an Indian agent for the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation, was sent to pursue Taza and the rest of the Chiricahua in May 1876. He had the goal of relocating the band to his reservation. Naiche and Taza argued with the brothers Skinya and Pionsenay about how to proceed. Skinya and Pionsenay wanted to continue the war, while Naiche and Taza sought to surrender. Skinya was killed when Naiche shot him in the head. Pionsenay was shot in the shoulder by Taza, critically wounding him. Pionsenay fled with those loyal to him and refused to follow the sons of Cochise to the reservation.

In 1876 the tribe was removed from the Chiricahua reservation to San Carlos, and in September of the same year Taza was one of a delegation of Apaches taken to Washington D.C. for a visit. He fell ill in Washington and died there of pneumonia on September 26, 1876, after only about two years as chief.

Taza is buried in Congressional Cemetery in Washington D.C. Taza's mother Dos-teh-seh, his brother Naiche, and his half-sisters Dash-den-zhoos and Naithlotonz (Naiche-dos), lived through the prisoner-of-war period and went to Mescalero.

It is unknown if a portrait of Taza was ever made; an alleged "photograph" of Taza was actually made of a Native American named George Noche in 1886.

## Legacy

The 1954 film *Taza, Son of Cochise* was directed by Douglas Sirk and stars Rock Hudson as Taza.

## InfoBox

| Tah-ze | |
| --- | --- |
| Grave of Taza | |
| Born | c.birth year – c.1843
Chiricahua country |
| Died | (1876-09-26)September 26, 1876
Washington D.C. |
| Buried | Congressional Cemetery, Washington D.C. |
| Allegiance | Chiricahua Apache Indians |
| Years of service | 1860–1876 |
| Rank | Chief or Leader of Chiricahua Apaches |
| Battles/wars | Apache Wars |
| Relations | Cochise (father) |


title: Noise vs. Beauty

abstract: Noise vs. Beauty is the eighth studio album by American DJ and record producer Bassnectar, released on June 24, 2014, by Amorphous Music. The album has been supported by multiple festivals he has played through 2014 and followed by the NVSB tour. An album titled NVSB Remixes was released digitally on October 28, 2014, consisting of remixes of tracks from Noise vs. Beauty, as well as new songs.

text:
# Noise vs. Beauty

***Noise vs. Beauty*** is the eighth studio album by American DJ and record producer Bassnectar, released on June 24, 2014, by Amorphous Music. The album has been supported by multiple festivals he has played through 2014 and followed by the NVSB tour. An album titled *NVSB Remixes* was released digitally on October 28, 2014, consisting of remixes of tracks from *Noise vs. Beauty*, as well as new songs.

## Reception

The album debuted on *Billboard* 200 at No. 21, No. 1 on the Top Dance/Electronic Albums chart, selling 13,000 copies in its first week.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "F.U.N." (with Seth Drake) | 4:42 |
| 2. | "Now" (featuring Rye Rye) | 4:06 |
| 3. | "Loco Ono" | 3:05 |
| 4. | "You & Me" (featuring W. Darling) | 4:04 |
| 5. | "Lost in the Crowd" (with Jantsen featuring Fashawn and Zion I) | 3:33 |
| 6. | "Ephemeral" | 4:39 |
| 7. | "Hold On" (featuring TURSI) | 2:39 |
| 8. | "Noise" (featuring Donnis) | 4:07 |
| 9. | "The Future" (featuring Jenna Sousa) | 3:51 |
| 10. | "Open Up" (featuring Simon Morel) | 3:36 |
| 11. | "Mystery Song" (with Amp Live featuring BEGINNERS) | 2:56 |
| 12. | "Don't Hate the 808" (featuring Lafa Taylor) | 3:17 |
| 13. | "Gnar" (with The Upbeats) | 3:49 |
| 14. | "Flash Back" | 4:11 |
| 15. | "So Butterfly" (2014 version) | 6:17 |
| Total length: | | 59:21 |

## Charts

## InfoBox

| Noise vs. Beauty | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Bassnectar | |
| Released | June 24, 2014 (2014-06-24) |
| Genre | Electronic, dubstep, drumstep, glitch |
| Length | 59:21 |
| Label | Amorphous |
| Producer | Lorin Ashton |
| Bassnectar chronology | |
| *Vava Voom*
(2012) ***Noise vs. Beauty***
(2014) *Into the Sun*
(2015) | |


title: Tommy Comerford

abstract: Thomas Anthony "Tommy" Comerford, also known as "Tacker" and "Top Cat", was an English gangster. A longtime figure in Liverpool's underworld, Comerford dominated criminal activity in the Merseyside area, spending over 34 years in prison during the course of his criminal career. He was involved in narcotics, and was one of the first criminals to establish an international drug trafficking network in England.

text:
# Tommy Comerford

**Thomas Anthony "Tommy" Comerford** (19 October 1932  October 2003), also known as "Tacker" and "Top Cat", was an English gangster. A longtime figure in Liverpool's underworld, Comerford dominated criminal activity in the Merseyside area, spending over 34 years in prison during the course of his criminal career. He was involved in narcotics, and was one of the first criminals to establish an international drug trafficking network in England.

## Criminal career

The son of Elizabeth and John Comerford, he was born in Liverpool on 19 October 1932 and grew up un the city's Vauxhall district during the post-war era. Comerford worked as a truck driver on the Liverpool docks and was also a petty criminal and thief before becoming involved in armed robbery. He was reportedly responsible for stopping the Kray twins from moving in on the city's rackets in the 1960s.

In August 1969, Comerford was part of a gang of robbers from the north of Liverpool who spent a bank holiday weekend tunnelling into a branch of the District Bank on Water Street in Liverpool city centre, using a thermal lance to open the safe and stealing over £140,000 in cash and £20,000 in property. Comeford allegedly gave a cigarette case which had been stolen during the break-in to his barrister, who later offered a senior police detective a cigarette from the case during a boxing match at the Britannia Adelphi Hotel. The detective reportedly recognised the case as being stolen from the bank, leading to the arrests of Comerford and the other robbers. In December 1970, Comerford was convicted of burglary and sentenced to ten years in prison. This was his second criminal conviction.

After his release from prison several years later, Comerford abandoned robbery and became involved in the drug trade. In the late 1970s, he formed the "Liverpool Mafia", a group of white, middle-aged former armed robbers who, using corrupt port officials and protected by corrupt police, smuggled major quantities of amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine, heroin and LSD through the Liverpool docks. The "Liverpool Mafia" gained strength by brokering a strategic alliance with young black gangs following the 1981 Toxteth riots, and became the richest crime group in the United Kingdom. Comerford recruited a gang, which included four dockers, to collect a consignment of cannabis from North Africa. The plot was discovered by the Merseyside Police drug squad, however, and he and his associates were arrested following a stakeout. Comerford was sentenced to seven years' imprisonment at Liverpool Crown Court, although his sentence was reduced to four years' upon appeal.

As one of the first Liverpudlians to become involved in international drug trafficking, Comerford was among Liverpool's leading criminals in the 1980s. Described as "a larger-than-life Scotland Road character", he lived an extravagant lifestyle, wearing expensive suits and watches, and regularly attending boxing dinners and the Grand National. Despite his wealth, Comerford was granted a council flat on Lee Vale Road and regular benefit payments from the Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS). At the same time, he was living in a luxury bungalow on Station Road in Gateacre. In 1983, he and his wife flew to New York to embark on a winter cruise onboard the *Queen Elizabeth 2*, a holiday costing almost £5,000. In the summer of 1984, Comerford and his associates came under heavy police surveillance as part of an investigation known as Operation Eagle. One of his senior dealers began cooperating with authorities after he was arrested following a police chase from Liverpool city centre into Anfield, and he led police to Comerford's council flat, which was used as the headquarters of his drug enterprise. It emerged that Comerford had used the flat to supply U.S. military personnel stationed in West Germany with vast quantities of drugs. He and an accomplice were arrested in possession of a half-kilogram of heroin as they arrived at Heathrow Airport from Stuttgart, and Comerford was sentenced to fourteen years in prison at the Old Bailey the following year.

In the mid-1990s, HM Customs and Excise launched another covert operation against Comerford after receiving intelligence that he was involved in a new drug conspiracy. He was arrested in November 1995 during a sting operation at the Hyatt Regency Birmingham in connection with a ten-kilogram cocaine shipment from Ecuador, valued at £1 million, which was seized at Felixstowe. He was given a ten-year prison sentence in November 1996.

Comerford was charged with possession with intent to supply in March 2003 after police stopped and searched a car he was travelling in with a group of friends, finding a stash of heroin valued at approximately £10,000. Although Comerford's solicitor Robert Broudie claimed that his client was unaware of the drugs in the car, the case was ultimately never settled as Comerford died before he could stand trial.

## Death

Comerford was diagnosed with liver cancer in August 2003, and he succumbed to the disease in October that year at the age of 70. He was buried at a small, low-key funeral attended by half a dozen friends and family.

A month after his death, police were granted £25,000 seized from his home following his March 2003 arrest. However, this was contested by family members who requested to have the money returned. Under the terms of the Proceeds of Crime Act, police were eventually granted a Forfeiture Order by the Liverpool Magistrates Court, following an investigation by the Money Laundering Investigation Team. The family withdrew their claim.

Comerford is considered one of Liverpool's first crime bosses and the predecessor to later drug kingpins of the city such as John Haase and Curtis Warren. Comerford's former solicitor Rex Makin said of him: "He was one the most charming criminals I have ever known. His career as a criminal on Merseyside was more colourful than any other in the last half century".

## InfoBox

| Tommy Comerford | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Thomas Anthony Comerford
(1932-10-19)19 October 1932
Liverpool, England |
| Died | October 2003(2003-10-00) (aged 70–71)
Liverpool, England |
| Other names | "Tacker", "Top Cat" |
| Occupation | Crime boss |
| Years active | 1960s–1990s |
|  | |
| Conviction(s) | Burglary (1970)
Drug trafficking (1985)
Drug trafficking (1996) |
| Criminal penalty | 10 years' imprisonment (1970)
14 years' imprisonment (1985)
10 years' imprisonment (1996) |
|  | |


title: Vale o' Nith F.C.

abstract: Vale o' Nith Football Club was an association football club from Dumfries, Scotland.

text:
# Vale o' Nith F.C.

**Vale o' Nith Football Club** was an association football club from Dumfries, Scotland.

## History

The club was founded in 1880 by "very young and enthusiastic" players. Although the club's name was sometimes given as Vale of Nith, it was officially registered as Vale o' Nith.

It was a founder member of the Southern Counties Association in 1881; the association obtained a trophy from the Rev. W. H. Churchill of Moffat for a competition, and Vale o' Nith played in the Churchill Cup from its first edition in 1881–82 until 1888–89.

The Vale won through to the second round in its first entry, losing 6–0 to the strongest side in the area in the second round, Queen of the South Wanderers.

### Churchill Cup success

Although the club had some prominence as one of the few senior clubs in the southern counties, and proved more resilient than most, it was a frequent victim of "the drafting system" in losing players to the bigger sides. Between 1883 and 1885, its membership went down from 80 to 70, despite taking over the East End Rovers, while the membership of QoS Wanderers went up from 81 to over 120 and the 5th K.R.V. rose by a similar amount.

Nevertheless, "much to their own surprise", the club was the second winner of the Churchill Cup, in 1882–83, the key match being an unexpected 6–1 drubbing of Moffat in the second round. The final, against Newton Stewart, was almost a home match, being played at the 5th K.R.V.'s Palmerston Park, and a large number of supporters from other teams came out to support the underdogs - the support being so boisterous as to lead to an unsuccessful protest from the losers.

Perhaps as a consequence of this success, the club and joined the Scottish Football Association in August 1883, and entered the 1883–84 Scottish Cup, its first time in the national competition. Moffat gained a revenge by winning the first round tie 4–2, and added to that revenge by ending the Vale's defence of the Churchill Cup in the second round.

East End Rovers
| Nickname(s) | the Rovers |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1882 |
| Dissolved | 1883 |
| Ground | Caledonia Park |
| Match Secretary | J. G. Thomson |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |

### East End Rovers

Somewhat unexpectedly, the club had a second chance in the Scottish Cup. In the pre-season to 1883–84, it had taken over fellow Dumfries side East End Rovers. The Rovers had been founded in 1882 and originally played at Caledonia Park. In its first half-season, over the first half of 1882, the Rovers played 3 matches, losing them all.

The Rovers entered the 1882–83 Scottish Cup but was hammered 9–0 at Moffat. It also lost its only tie in the Churchill Cup, in the same season, 2–1 at home to Mid-Annandale. The club at least finished the season on a positive note, being runners-up to the 5th K.R.V. in a five-a-side tournament at Palmerston, the players earning themselves a pair of orange and black socks each.

Nevertheless, it had amassed 50 members by 1883 and had also entered the Scottish Cup in 1883–84 before the takeover. The Rovers did not withdraw from the Cup; instead those players who were not Cup-tied took advantage of Newton Stewart scratching to Rovers in the first round to face Drumlanrig Rangers in the round, and a 3–2 away win for the Rovers took them into the third round.

The run ended at Milldamhead against the 5th K.R.V. in "one of the pleasantest that has been played in this district, owing to an entire absence of charging and quarrelling"; the Rovers held out for half-an-hour, and Mulholland scored an equaliser straight after the Volunteers had taken the lead, but ultimately the 5th scored five more without reply.

The Rovers name was briefly retained as the name of the Vale o' Nith reserve side, and the SFA removed it from the roll in 1884.

### After the takeover

Rather than boost the Vale to a new level, the takeover merely delayed the decay, as by 1886 the Vale was still struggling with 70 members, compared to QoS Wanderers' 200, the 5th's 140, and Moffat's 100; even the perennially-obliterated Nithsdale still had 50 members.

The 1883–84 season saw the first Southern Counties Charity Cup, and the Vale reached the final. Its unexpected 3–0 semi-final win over the QoS Wanderers was "one of the most exciting games played this season" and full-back Wilson was chaired off the field because of his display. The Vale lost 3–1 to the 5th K.R.V. in the final, the match demonstrating "the finest exhibition of play \[Southern Counties chairman Johnson\] had seen in the district"; the Vale had the disadvantage of the tie being at Palmerston, the Wanderers having pulled out of hosting duties at the last minute. The Vale's protest against an "objectionable incident" when Duff, in the 5th's goal, struck Haining in the eye, was dismissed.

Unbeknownst to the club, it had already passed its peak. Its only other Southern Counties Charity Cup final came after it did not need to play a match; in the Churchill, it reached the final in 1886–87, but lost 4–3 against Mid-Annandale, two late Vale goals making the result look more respectable.

In the Scottish Cup, which at the time had regionalized early rounds, the club never got beyond the Southern Counties region, twice reaching the third round (in 1884–85 and 1888–89) but lost to the QoS Wanderers both times.

The club's last Cup run saw it get past Thornhill on a walkover. The tie had been abandoned (while the score was 2–2) when the referee walked off, having been "caught by the throat" by a Thornhill player. Thornhill had four players suspended in the aftermath - Marchbanks for 6 months and M'Credie, Graham, and M'Lachlan for 3 - and rather than play a replay, Thornhill withdrew. On 22 September 1888 the club Mid-Annandale 3–1 in the second round, in a typically brutal game with the Mids, who had the temerity to protest about rough play; the appeal found that, as the Vale finished the match with 8 men because of injuries, which included a broken leg to Dickson, that "the club complained of had come off worst" - nevertheless Lavin of the Vale (as well as Mitchell of the Mids) were suspended for a month.

The club collapsed in the aftermath, suffering from the rise of professionalism and poaching of players. In the third round of the Cup, the Vale surrendered to an 11–1 defeat to Queen of the South Wanderers; even worse, in what seems to have been the Vale's last match, exactly 3 months after beating Mid-Annandale in the Scottish Cup, it lost to the Mids in the Churchill Cup by the appalling score of 19–1. That seems to have been the final blow for the club, as at the start of 1889 its ground at Milldamhead Park was being let for grazing.

The Vale was struck from the Scottish FA membership roll in August 1889. the name was revived in the 1893–94 season by a Junior side, which lost in the Southern Counties Junior Cup final to the 5th K.R.V. reserve side at the end of the season.

## Colours

The club's colours were 1" black and white hoops. East End Rovers' colours were orange and black hooped jerseys and hose, with white knickers.

## Ground

The club originally was forced to use public fields, before securing Vale Park, a three-minute walk from Dumfries railway station, in 1882. In 1883 the club moved to Milldamhead Park, which had originally been the practice ground of the East End Rovers and later the Rovers' home ground; the Rovers' original Caledonia Park ground was a 2-minute walk from Dumfries railway station.

## Honours

**Churchill Cup** * **Winners:** 1882–83
* **Runners-up:** 1886–87

**Southern Counties Charity Cup** * **Runners-up:** 1883–84, 1887–88

## InfoBox

Vale o' Nith Football Club
| Full name | Vale o' Nith |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | the Vale, the Zebras |
| Founded | 1880 |
| Dissolved | 1889 |
| Ground | Vale Park |
| Hon. Secretary | Alexander Kinghorn |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Senga Falls

abstract: Senga Falls (仙娥滝, Senga-taki) is a waterfall in northern Kōfu, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan, on the Arakawa River, an upper tributary of the Fuji River. It is located in the Shōsenkyō canyon, which is recognized by the national government as one of the protected Special Places of Scenic Beauty. Senga Falls is a waterfall in northern Kōfu, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan, on the Arakawa River, an upper tributary of the Fuji River. It is located in the Shōsenkyō canyon, which is recognized by the national government as one of the protected Special Places of Scenic Beauty. The Senga Falls is listed as one of the "Japan’s Top 100 Waterfalls", in a listing published by the Japanese Ministry of the Environment in 1990. Located within a 5-minute walk from a parking lot, a large number of tourists visit during the autumn foliage season.

text:
# Senga Falls

**Senga Falls** (仙娥滝, *Senga-taki*) is a waterfall in northern Kōfu, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan, on the Arakawa River, an upper tributary of the Fuji River. It is located in the Shōsenkyō canyon, which is recognized by the national government as one of the protected Special Places of Scenic Beauty.

The Senga Falls is listed as one of the "Japan’s Top 100 Waterfalls", in a listing published by the Japanese Ministry of the Environment in 1990. Located within a 5-minute walk from a parking lot, a large number of tourists visit during the autumn foliage season.

## InfoBox

| Senga Falls | |
| --- | --- |
| Senga Falls | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Kōfu, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan |
| Coordinates | 35°44′58.23″N 138°33′58.26″E / 35.7495083°N 138.5661833°E / 35.7495083; 138.5661833 |
| Type | chute |
| Total height | 30 metres (98 ft) |
| Watercourse | Arakawa River/Fuji River |


title: Tanjung Priok railway station

abstract: Tanjung Priok Station (TPK) is a railway station in Tanjung Priok, Tanjung Priok, North Jakarta. It is located across the Tanjung Priok Port, which is the main port of Jakarta. This station is one of the oldest in Jakarta and the biggest station built during the Dutch East Indies era. It is included in the list of heritage buildings by the government of Jakarta.

text:
# Tanjung Priok railway station

**Tanjung Priok Station** (**TPK**) is a railway station in Tanjung Priok, Tanjung Priok, North Jakarta. It is located across the Tanjung Priok Port, which is the main port of Jakarta. This station is one of the oldest in Jakarta and the biggest station built during the Dutch East Indies era. It is included in the list of heritage buildings by the government of Jakarta.

## History

The history of Tanjung Priok station is intertwined with the port of Tanjung Priok, the main port and gateway to Batavia and thereby of the entire Dutch East Indies.

### First generation

In the past, Tanjung Priok was a dangerous forest and swamp, so a safe means of transportation was needed at that time (railway). At the end of the 19th century, the Sunda Kelapa port which was originally located in the area around the Fish Market was no longer sufficient, and the Dutch built a new port facility at Tanjung Priok. The port was built in 1877 in response to the increased maritime traffic accompanying the opening of the Suez Canal. Since Tanjung Priok is situated further away from Batavia than the old port of Sunda Kelapa, a railway was constructed linking Tanjung Priok to the city of Batavia in the southwest. This would provide a safe and comfortable means of transportation in the swampy area.

The first Tanjung Priok Station is located near the pier of Tanjung Priok Port. This station was completed by *Burgerlijke Openbare Werken* (BOW) or civil public works in 1883 and it was only on November 2, 1885 that its opening was inaugurated at the same time as the opening of Tanjung Priok Port. The first station opened to the quay immediately next to the first harbour.

Furthermore, the operation of the Sunda Kelapa-Tanjung Priok railway line was handed over to *Staatsspoorwegen* (SS). Until 1900, no less than 40 train trips per day for the Tanjung Priok–Batavia SS/NIS and Tanjung Priok–Kemayoran round trip routes.

### Second generation

With the increase of the port activity since the early 20th century, there has been an expansion of the port which caused the Tanjung Priok Station to be evicted. SS then looked for vacant land next to the Lagoa warehouse to build a new station. SS assigned Engineer C.W. Koch as the main architect of the station.

To prepare for the construction of the station, SS made a mock-up model of the new Tanjung Priok Station. This mockup appears in the book commemorating the 50th anniversary of the SS by S.A. Reitsma. SS then contracted a steel company named Machinefabriek Braat Soerabaia-Djokja-Tegal located in Ngagel, Surabaya to manufacture its overcapping roof frame. At that time, the ruling Governor General was A.F.W. Idenburg (1909-1916). It takes about 1,700 workers with 130 of them being European workers.

This new station was opened to the public on 6 April 1925 which coincided with the launch of the first KRL route from Tanjung Priok to Meester Cornelis (Jatinegara). The first launch was also carried out to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the SS. The station building is in the Art Deco style and has an area of 3,678 m2 (0.3678 ha), standing on an embankment area which covers 46,930 m2 (4.693 ha).

With the completion of this station, the "wasting act" was committed by the SS. With eight lines and five platforms, this station is very large and since 1929 this station is almost as big as the Batavia-benedenstad station which has now turned into Jakarta Kota Station. Unfortunately, ships that dock at Tanjung Priok Harbor do not bring passengers to this station. This station later only became the terminus for KRL (electric commuter train) since 1925.

This station is also equipped with temporary accommodation on the left wing of the building for passengers who will continue their journey by ship. With the opening of Kemayoran Airport which serves general flights, SS experienced a tough challenge considering that many passengers switched to airplanes. The location of Tanjung Priok Station which is far from the port makes passengers reluctant to use the train, even though feeder buses are available. World War II had a significant impact on SS railroad operations. During the Japanese occupation of Indonesia, this station was prioritized for war purposes and sent *romusha* out of Java.

### Present day

In the early 1990s, the Ministry of Transportation had planned to build a Jakarta outer ring rail network that would connect this station with Cikarang Station via Pasoso Station, but was diverted to Sungai Lagoa Station. One of the goals is to minimize freight trains crossing urban areas in Jakarta. At first the plan went quite well with the completion of the Citayam to Nambo railway network, but the 1997 Asian financial crisis made this plan stop halfway.

Amidst the hustle and bustle of the port, the condition of the station building became increasingly unkempt towards the 21st century. Nonetheless, the elegance of this neoclassical, art deco and contemporary building has proven that in the 20th century, this station triumphed in its time. Indeed, at that time PT Kereta Api had deactivated the station for passenger service in early January 2000. The roof of the building is off; many of the glass is broken and many of the framework is rusty with age. The station platform and its emplacements are full of homeless people. In order to "patch up" the leaking revenue due to stowaways and losses due to the lack of revenue from platform tickets, PT Kereta Api leased out its station space as a warehouse for expeditions, ticket agents, and money exchange services.

Concerned about this condition, PT Kereta Api decided to completely renovate the station. Preparations were carried out in November-December 2008 by carrying out a major physical renovation of the station building. Furthermore, the project continued with the rehabilitation of rail facilities and the construction of electrical signaling devices in early 2009. On 28 April 2009, this station was able to return to function and was inaugurated by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, along with the inauguration of Terminal 3 of the Soekarno–Hatta International Airport.

## Building and layout

This station has eight train lines with line 2 as a straight line to Jakarta Kota, line 3 as a straight line from Jakarta Kota, line 6 as a straight line to Rajawali-Pasar Senen-Jatinegara, and line 7 as a straight line from Jatinegara-Pasar Senen-Rajawali. On the northwestern wing of the station emplacement there is a fork in the path to the port.

Even though this station is not a central station, it is quite modern because it uses an arc-shaped overcapping framework that covers the six railway lines. Steel structures became common on European stations in the 20th century. Windows in the form of lines consisting of horizontal roof profile trim and cornice holes, vertical lines and wall indentations, giving a graceful impression. Stained glass and ceramic profile ornaments give a grandiose effect and are strengthened by large and strong columns on the main porch and supported by stairs along the building.

TP05
| **G** | **South departure gate** | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Station hall and east departure gate** | Side platform | |
| | Line **8** | - |
| | Line **7** | - |
| | Bay platform | |
| | Line **6** | Flat train car parking |
| | Line **5** | Flat train car parking |
| | Bay platform | |
| | Line **4** | Flat train car parking |
| | Line **3** | Flat train car parking |
| | Bay platform | |
| | Line **2** | **Tanjung Priok Line** to Jakarta Kota (Ancol) |
| | Line **1** | **Tanjung Priok Line** to Jakarta Kota (Ancol)
and flat train car parking |
| | Side platform | |
| **G** | **North departure gate** | |

**Notes:**

## Services

So far only a few long distance economy class trains depart/terminate at this station. Starting from 1 November 2014, Tanjung Priok Station only serves freight trains heading from/to Tanjung Priok Port. All passenger trains that used to terminate here were rerouted to Pasar Senen.

On 21 December 2015, the pink line to Jakarta Kota railway station was reopened, after being inactive for years.

### Passenger train

#### Commuterline

| Type | Route | Destination | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| KRL Commuterline | Tanjung Priok Line | Jakarta Kota**Tanjung Priok** |  |

### Freight train

## Supporting transportation

| Type | Station | Route | Destination |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| TransJakarta | Tanjung Priok |  | **Tanjung Priok**–PGC |
| | |  | **Tanjung Priok**–Kampung Rambutan |
| | |  | **Tanjung Priok**Blok M |
| | |  | Pluit–**Tanjung Priok** |
| | | 10A (Non-BRT) | **Tanjung Prok**–Marunda |
| | *N/A* | 14B (Non-BRT) | **Tanjung Priok**–Pasar Senen via Jakarta International Stadium |
| | *N/A* | JAK-1 (MikroTrans Jak Lingko) | Tanjung Priok–Kebon Bawang |
| | JAK-15 (MikroTrans Jak Lingko) | Tanjung Priok–Segaramakmur, Bekasi |
| | JAK-29 (MikroTrans Jak Lingko) | Tanjung Priok–Sukapura |
| | JAK-77 (MikroTrans Jak Lingko) | Tanjung Priok–Sunter Agung |
| | JAK-88 (MikroTrans Jak Lingko) | Tanjung Priok–Ancol |
| | JAK-117 (MikroTrans Jak Lingko) | Tanjung Priok–Tanah Merdeka |
| | DAMRI |  | Tanjung Priok–Soekarno–Hatta International Airport |
| | Transjabodetabek | AC25 (Mayasari Bakti) | Tanjung Priok–Bekasi |
| | AC42 (Mayasari Bakti) | Tanjung Priok–Cileungsi |
| | x1 (Kramat Djati) | Tanjung Priok–Baranangsiang, Bogor |
| | x2 (Kosub Bersama) | Tanjung Priok–Cibinong |
| | x3 (CBU) | Tanjung Priok–Leuwiliang |
| | Angkot & Mikrolet (share taxis) | U01 | Tanjung Priok–Pulo Gebang |
| | U03A | Tanjung Priok–Pulo Gebang (via Cakung–Cilincing) |
| | U05 | Tanjung Priok–Cilincing (via Lagoa) |
| | U06 | Tanjung Priok–Alur Laut (via Pasar Koja, Walang) |
| | U07 | Tanjung Priok–Pegangsaan Dua |
| | U08 | Tanjung Priok–Rorotan |
| | U09 | Tanjung Priok–Kramat Jaya (via Walang, Pasar Lontar) |
| | JU02 | Tanjung Priok–Pasar Embrio |
| | JU02 | Tanjung Priok–Rawa Badak Utara |
| | JU04 | Tanjung Priok–Sunter Agung |
| | M14 | Tanjung Priok–Cilincing (via Jampea) |
| | M15 | Tanjung Priok–Jakarta Kota Station (via Kampung Bandan Raya) |
| | M15A | Tanjung Priok–Jakarta Kota Station (via Gunung Sahari–Mangga Dua Raya) |
| | M30A | Tanjung Priok–Pulo Gadung |
| | M49 | Tanjung Priok–Sunter Agung |

Tanjung Priok Station is often used as a shooting location for music videos, movies, soap operas, and commercials. Several titles of soap operas and songs whose music videos have used filming locations at this station include *Dia Bukan Anakku* (RCTI, SinemArt), "*Menunggumu*" sung by Chrisye featuring Peterpan (now named Noah), "*Ku Tetap Menanti*" created by Eka Gustiwana sung by Nikita Willy, and "*Dengan Nafasmu*" by Ungu.

### Photography prohibition

Since the commercialization of Tanjung Priok Station through commercials, television shows, and music videos filming, this station is now a very strict place for novice and experienced photographers because this place is prohibited as a photographing area, even though there are absolutely no signs prohibiting taking pictures. at Station. The reason for the cultural heritage status of this station is "never implemented" at other sites managed by the local government or BPCB. Taking an SLR camera (including DSLR and mirrorless) or pocket digital camera on several occasions can be warned by security officers. Since the enactment of the new photographing rules at Commuter Line KRL stations, only cell phone cameras, pocket cameras, SLRs and action cameras (GoPro) are allowed to be used to photograph stations.

## Cited works

## InfoBox

| TP05
Tanjung Priok Station
*Stasiun Tanjung Priok* | |
| --- | --- |
| Tanjung Priok Station, 2019. | |
| General information | |
| Location | Jalan Taman Stasiun Tanjung Priok, Tanjung Priok, Tanjung Priok, North Jakarta 14310
Jakarta
Indonesia |
| Coordinates | 6°06′40″S 106°52′51″E / 6.1111°S 106.8808°E / -6.1111; 106.8808 |
| Elevation | +4 m (13 ft) |
| Owned by | Kereta Api Indonesia |
| Operated by | Kereta Api Indonesia
Kereta Commuter Indonesia
KAI Logistik |
| Line(s) |  |
| Platforms | 4 bay platforms |
| Tracks | 8 |
| Connections | Tanjung Priok |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Ground |
| Parking | Available |
| Accessible | Available |
| Architect | C.W. Koch |
| Architectural style | Art deco |
| Other information | |
| Station code | TPK • 0480 |
| Classification | II |
| History | |
| Opened | 2 November 1885 (1885-11-02)
28 April 2009 (2009-04-28) *(reopened)* |
| Rebuilt | 6 April 1925 (1925-04-06) |
| Electrified | 6 April 1925 (1925-04-06) |
| Previous names | Tandjongpriok |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Passenger train: KRL Commuterline
Freight train: Container train  Preceding station  Following station  Ancoltowards Jakarta Kota  Tanjung Priok Line  *Terminus*  Jakarta International Stadiumtowards Jakarta Kota  Tanjung Priok Line*under construction* | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Tanjung Priok StationLocation in Jakarta | |


title: Thomas Eugene Everhart

abstract: Thomas Eugene Everhart FREng is an American educator and physicist. His area of expertise is the physics of electron beams. Together with Richard F. M. Thornley he designed the Everhart–Thornley detector. These detectors are still in use in scanning electron microscopes, even though the first such detector was made available as early as 1956. Everhart was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1978 for contributions to the electron optics of the scanning electron microscope and to its use in electronics and biology. He was appointed an International Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 1990. He served as chancellor of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign from 1984 to 1987 and as the president of the California Institute of Technology from 1987 to 1997.

text:
# Thomas Eugene Everhart

**Thomas Eugene Everhart** FREng (born February 15, 1932, Kansas City, Missouri) is an American educator and physicist. His area of expertise is the physics of electron beams. Together with Richard F. M. Thornley he designed the Everhart–Thornley detector. These detectors are still in use in scanning electron microscopes, even though the first such detector was made available as early as 1956.

Everhart was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1978 for contributions to the electron optics of the scanning electron microscope and to its use in electronics and biology. He was appointed an International Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 1990. He served as chancellor of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign from 1984 to 1987 and as the president of the California Institute of Technology from 1987 to 1997.

## Early life and education

Everhart's parents were William E. Everhart and Elizabeth A. West. Everhart received his A.B. in physics from Harvard University in 1953, and his M.S. in applied physics from the University of California, Los Angeles, in 1955. He held a Marshall Scholarship at Clare College, Cambridge, where he completed a PhD in Physics under Professor Charles Oatley in 1958.

## Career

### Everhart-Thornley detector

Everhart began working on electron detection and the design of scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) as a student with Charles Oatley at Cambridge in 1955. An initial prototype, the SEM1, had been developed by Dennis McMullen, who published his dissertation *Investigations relating to the design of electron microscopes* in 1952. It was further modified by Ken C. A. Smith, who developed a way to efficiently detect low-energy secondary electrons. Oatley and his students used SEM to develop a variety of new techniques for studying surface topography.

Everhart developed techniques to detect low-energy secondaries. His Ph.D. thesis, in 1958, was *Contrast formation in the scanning electron microscope*. Analyzing the electrons detected by the SEM, he reported that about 67% of the signal measured could be attributed to low energy secondaries from the specimen. About 3% was due to higher-energy reflected electrons. He also presented equations to model the noise introduced.

Use of the term "voltage contrast" to describe the relationship between the voltage applied to a specimen and the resulting image contrast, is attributed to Everhart. As of 1959, Everhart produced the first voltage-contrast images of p-n junctions of biased silicon diodes. Voltage contrast, the ability to detect variations in surface electrical potentials on a specimen, is now one of several imaging modes used for the characterization, diagnosis and failure analysis of semiconductors. As many as half of the SEMs sold are believed to be used in semiconductor applications.

Everhart studied contrast mechanisms in detail and developed a new theory of reflection of electrons from solids. He also made some of the first quantitative studies of the effects of beam penetration on image formation in the SEM.

In 1960 Everhart and Richard F. M. Thornley published a description for the improved design of a secondary electron detector, since known as the Everhart–Thornley detector. Everhart and Thornley increased the efficiency of existing detectors by adding a light pipe to carry the photon signal from the scintillator inside the evacuated specimen chamber of the scanning electron microscopes to the photomultiplier outside the chamber. This strengthened the signal collected and improved the signal-to-noise ratio. In 1963, Pease and Nixon incorporated the Everhart-Thornley detector into their prototype for the first commercial SEM, later developed as the Cambridge Scientific Instruments Mark I *Stereoscan*. This type of secondary electron and back-scattered electron detector is still used in modern scanning electron microscopes (SEMs).

By using various types of detectors with SEM, it becomes possible to map the topography, crystallography and composition of specimens being examined. In the 1960s, Wells, Everhart, and Matta built an advanced SEM for semiconductor studies and microfabrication at Westinghouse Laboratories in Pittsburgh. They were able to combine signals so to more effectively examine multiple layers in active devices, an early example of EBIC imaging.

### University of California, Berkeley

From 1958-1978 Everhart was a professor and latterly department chairman of engineering and computer science, at the University of California at Berkeley. There he supported the construction of the first scanning electron microscope in a U.S. university.

### Cornell University

In January 1979, he became Joseph Silbert Dean of the college of engineering at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

### University of Illinois

Everhart served as chancellor of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign from 1984 to 1987. As chancellor, Everhart was involved in proposals for and development of the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, an interdisciplinary research institute substantially funded by an appeal to Arnold Orville Beckman. In a formal invitation to proposed members of the Administrative Committee for the Beckman Institute, Everhart wrote that creation of the Beckman Institute was "an exceptional opportunity, perhaps the most dramatic and exciting one that we will see in our working lifetimes."

### California Institute of Technology

Everhart was president of the California Institute of Technology from 1987 to 1997. As Caltech's president, Everhart authorized the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) project, a large-scale experiment that seeks to detect gravitational waves and use them for fundamental research in physics and astronomy.

While at Caltech, Everhart was involved in substantial expansion of the university, heading a $350-million fund-raising drive. In 1989, he helped dedicate the Beckman Institute at Caltech, a research center for biology, chemistry, and related sciences. It was the second of five research centers supported by Arnold Orville Beckman and his wife Mabel. Everhart also was involved in the development of the W. M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii, supported by the W. M. Keck Foundation; the Gordon and Betty Moore Laboratory of Engineering, supported by Gordon Moore of Intel; and the Fairchild Engineering Library, supported by the Sherman Fairchild Foundation.

Everhart promoted efforts to hire more female faculty and increase the enrollment of women. In his final year at Caltech the number of women in the freshmen class was double that of the year he joined Caltech.

Since 1998, Everhart has served as a trustee of the California Institute of Technology. He sits on the boards of directors of Raytheon and the Kavli Foundation, among others.

### Harvard University

In 1999, Everhart was elected to a six-year terms as Overseer of Harvard University. In 2001 he became a member of the Overseers executive committee. He was one of three overseers who participated in the university's presidential search committee in 2000-01. In 2004, he was elected president of Harvard's Board of Overseers for 2004-05.

## Awards and honors

Everhart has been elected to a number of scientific societies, including the following:

Everhart has received a number of awards, including the following:

## InfoBox

| Thomas Eugene Everhart | |
| --- | --- |
| Everhart in 1987 | |
|  | |
| 5th President of the California Institute of Technology | |
| **In office**
1987–1997 | |
| Preceded by | Marvin Goldberger |
| Succeeded by | David Baltimore |
| 4th Chancellor of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign | |
| **In office**
1984–1987 | |
| Preceded by | John E. Cribbet |
| Succeeded by | Morton W. Weir |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1932-02-15) February 15, 1932
Kansas City, Missouri, U.S. |
| Education | Harvard University (BA)
University of California, Los Angeles (MS)
Clare College, Cambridge (PhD) |
|  | |
| Awards | IEEE Centennial Medal (1984)
Clark Kerr Award (1992)
ASEE Centennial Medallion (1993)
IEEE Founders Medal (2002)
Okawa Prize (2002) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Electrical Engineering, Applied Physics |
| Institutions | University of California, Berkeley, Cornell University, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, California Institute of Technology, University of Cambridge |
| Thesis | *Contrast formation in the scanning electron microscope* (1958) |
| Doctoral advisor | Charles Oatley |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Tchaenhotep

abstract: Tchaenhotep pronounced Cha-en-hotep, is a female Third Intermediate Period mummy. Currently, Tchaenhotep is on display at the Kentucky Science Center in Louisville, Kentucky, United States.

text:
# Tchaenhotep

**Tchaenhotep** (aka ThenHotep) pronounced Cha-en-hotep, is a female Third Intermediate Period mummy. Currently, Tchaenhotep is on display at the Kentucky Science Center in Louisville, Kentucky, United States.

## Name and life

The meaning of her name is "the one who is content". Tchaenhotep lived somewhere between c. 1069 BC and c. 664 BC. Tchaenhotep died at an early age between 25 and 35 years old. She was one of eight in her family to be buried in the famous Valley of the Queens. At the time of her death the valley was no longer used for royal burials. She was buried along with forty-two other mummies.

## Tomb and coffin

Tchaenhotep's tomb was located by Italian Egyptologist Ernesto Schiaparelli in 1903. A dig that was commissioned by the Egyptian government. Schiaparelli was noted to have also discovered Queen Nefertari’s tomb in the Valley of the Queens. The catalogue number 2-2-1 is painted on the bottom of Tchaenhotep’s coffin. The purpose was to help identify the burial site in which she was discovered. With only partial hieroglyphs available the mummy was named "Then-Hotep". At this time, the sex of the mummy could not be determined. Professor Gaston Maspero, a well-known and admired Egyptologist, hand-picked Tchaenhotep to be sent to the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair.

## Move to America

Tchaenhotep was brought to America for the 1904 World's Fair in St. Louis Egyptian exhibit. She was purchased after the exhibit by the Lt. Governor of Kentucky, Samuel Thruston Ballard to be put on display at the Louisville Free Public Library Museum.

The Ohio River flood of 1937 damaged many museum exhibits including the mummy, which was crushed under a piano. She was eventually restored to the viewing public.

In 1977, the mummy was relocated to what is now Kentucky Science Center for display.

In 2000, the mummy was placed in the museum's collections storage area until 2005. During that time, it was analyzed by the Louisville Baptist Hospital East, where it was discovered that the heart and brain had not been removed. The resulting studies were made public for the museums exhibition release entitled the "World Around Us".


title: Trust Inns

abstract: Trust Inns Ltd is a pub company based in Chorley, Lancashire. Trust Inns own nearly 500 tenanted pubs in England, Wales and Scotland. Trust Inns specialises in buying pubs and then renting them to tenants, who pay rent to Trust Inns while they live in and run the pubs.

text:
# Trust Inns

**Trust Inns Ltd** is a pub company based in Chorley, Lancashire. Trust Inns own nearly 500 tenanted pubs in England, Wales and Scotland. Trust Inns specialises in buying pubs and then renting them to tenants, who pay rent to Trust Inns while they live in and run the pubs.

## History

The company was established as the Pub Estates Group in 1995 specifically to purchase a portfolio of pubs from the Scottish & Newcastle brewery. The company subsequently purchased further pubs from drinks company Allied Domecq and Go-Ahead Leisure.

It changed its name to Trust Inns in September 2004.

Mitchells & Butlers sold 102 pubs to Trust Inns in 2006 for £101 million.


title: Stephen Mallory

abstract: Stephen Russell Mallory was a Democratic senator from Florida from 1851 to the secession of his home state and the outbreak of the American Civil War. For much of that period, he was chairman of the Committee on Naval Affairs. It was a time of rapid naval reform, and he insisted that the ships of the U.S. Navy should be as capable as those of Britain and France, the foremost navies in the world at that time. He also wrote a bill and guided it through Congress to provide for compulsory retirement of officers who did not meet the standards of the profession. Although he was not a leader in the secession movement, Mallory followed his state out of the Union. When the Confederate States of America was formed, he was named Secretary of the Navy in the administration of President Jefferson Davis. He held the position throughout the existence of the Confederacy. Because of indifference to naval matters by most others in the Confederacy, Mallory was able to shape the Confederate Navy according to the principles he had learned while serving in the U.S. Senate. Some of his ideas, such as the incorporation of armor into warship construction, were quite successful and became standard in navies around the world. On the other hand, the navy was often handicapped by administrative ineptitude in the Navy Department. During the war, he was weakened politically by a Congressional investigation into the Navy Department for its failure in defense of New Orleans. After months of taking testimony, the investigating committee concluded that it had no evidence of wrongdoing on his part. Mallory resigned after the Confederate government had fled from Richmond at the end of the war, and he and several of his colleagues in the cabinet were imprisoned and charged with treason. After more than a year in prison, the public mood had softened, and he was granted parole by President Andrew Johnson. He returned to Florida, where he supported his family in his final years by again practicing law. Unable to hold elective office by the terms of his parole, he continued to make his opinions known by writing letters to newspapers. His health began to deteriorate although he was not incapacitated until the very end. He was the father of Stephen Russell Mallory, a U.S. Representative and Senator from Florida.

text:
# Stephen Mallory

**Stephen Russell Mallory** (1812 – November 9, 1873) was a Democratic senator from Florida from 1851 to the secession of his home state and the outbreak of the American Civil War. For much of that period, he was chairman of the Committee on Naval Affairs. It was a time of rapid naval reform, and he insisted that the ships of the U.S. Navy should be as capable as those of Britain and France, the foremost navies in the world at that time. He also wrote a bill and guided it through Congress to provide for compulsory retirement of officers who did not meet the standards of the profession.

Although he was not a leader in the secession movement, Mallory followed his state out of the Union. When the Confederate States of America was formed, he was named Secretary of the Navy in the administration of President Jefferson Davis. He held the position throughout the existence of the Confederacy. Because of indifference to naval matters by most others in the Confederacy, Mallory was able to shape the Confederate Navy according to the principles he had learned while serving in the U.S. Senate. Some of his ideas, such as the incorporation of armor into warship construction, were quite successful and became standard in navies around the world. On the other hand, the navy was often handicapped by administrative ineptitude in the Navy Department. During the war, he was weakened politically by a Congressional investigation into the Navy Department for its failure in defense of New Orleans. After months of taking testimony, the investigating committee concluded that it had no evidence of wrongdoing on his part.

Mallory resigned after the Confederate government had fled from Richmond at the end of the war, and he and several of his colleagues in the cabinet were imprisoned and charged with treason. After more than a year in prison, the public mood had softened, and he was granted parole by President Andrew Johnson. He returned to Florida, where he supported his family in his final years by again practicing law. Unable to hold elective office by the terms of his parole, he continued to make his opinions known by writing letters to newspapers. His health began to deteriorate although he was not incapacitated until the very end.

He was the father of Stephen Russell Mallory, a U.S. Representative and Senator from Florida.

## Early life

Mallory was born in Trinidad, British West Indies, in 1812. His parents were Charles and Ellen Mallory. His father was a construction engineer originally from Redding, Connecticut. He met and married the Irish-born Ellen Russell in Trinidad, and there the couple had two sons.

The family moved to the United States and settled in Key West, Florida, in 1820. Young Stephen was sent to school near Mobile, Alabama, but his education was interrupted by his father's death. His elder brother John also died about this time. To support herself and her surviving son, Ellen opened a boarding house for seamen. Then she sent her son away for further schooling at a Moravian academy in Nazareth, Pennsylvania. Although he was for all of his life a practicing Catholic, he had only praise for the education he received at the academy. After about three years, his mother could no longer afford to pay his tuition, so in 1829 his schooling ended and he returned home.

## Adulthood in Florida

Young Mallory prepared for a profession by reading law in the office of Judge William Marvin. Because of its geographical position, Key West was often sought as a port of refuge for ships caught in storms and was for the same reason near frequent shipwrecks. Marvin was recognized as an authority on maritime law, particularly applied to laws of wreck and salvage, and Mallory argued many admiralty cases before him. He was reputed to be one of the best young trial lawyers in the state.

His career prospering, in 1838 Mallory courted and wed Angela Moreno, a member of a wealthy Spanish-speaking family living in Pensacola. Their marriage produced nine children, five of whom died young; surviving into adulthood were daughters Margaret ("Maggie") and Ruby, and sons Stephen R. Jr. ("Buddy"), and Attila ("Attie"). Buddy followed his father into politics, and he would eventually also serve as U.S. Senator from Florida. Angela Moreno was the cousin of Felix Senac, future Confederate Paymaster and agent in Europe, born like her in 1815 in Pensacola.

Mallory held a few minor public offices, beginning in 1832 with his selection as town marshal. One of his first paid positions was as Inspector of Customs, for which he earned three dollars per day. Later, President Polk appointed him Collector of Customs. Before his marriage, he joined the Army and took part in the Seminole War, 1835–1837. He also was elected judge for Monroe County for the years 1837–1845.

In 1850, the sectional differences that eventually culminated in the Civil War led to a convention to be held in Nashville, Tennessee, for the purpose of defining a common course of action for all Southern (slave-holding) states. Although Mallory had held no statewide offices, he was regarded as sufficiently powerful in the state Democratic Party to be chosen as an alternate delegate to the convention. Personal considerations kept him from attending, but he expressed his agreement with the purposes of the convention in a letter that was widely reprinted in the Florida newspapers.

## In the Senate, 1851–1861

The term in office of senator from Florida David Levy Yulee expired in 1850. He sought reappointment, but he had aligned himself too strongly with the Fire-eaters, and also had antagonized some commercial interests in the state. The moderates who favored working within the Union still dominated Florida politics, and they successfully sought to put Mallory in place of the radical Yulee. The selection process in the Florida state legislature was somewhat irregular, and Yulee protested, carrying his protest all the way to the Senate itself. That body determined that the Florida legislature had acted within its authority in certifying Mallory, and so he was seated.

### Senator from Florida

Much of what he did in the Senate can be described as the typical sponsorship of legislation that would benefit his state. With his sponsorship, the Senate passed a bill that would aid railroads in Florida, and another that would sell off some of the live oak reservations maintained by the Federal government for the Navy; both bills failed in the House of Representatives. He was more successful with bills aimed at prosecuting the ongoing campaign against the Seminole Indians, although the problem seems to have been overstated. His bills would provide compensation for persons who had suffered from the depredations of Indian raids and would further the process of removing the aborigines from the state. He also introduced bills that provided for marine hospitals in port cities in Florida. None of this would have been considered exceptional for the era.

### Committee on Naval Affairs

Mallory was placed on the Senate Committee on Naval Affairs. His assignment became significant when President Millard Fillmore, in his Message to Congress of December 13, 1851, recommended Congressional action on two issues. First was the problem of what to do with ineffective officers in the Navy. At the time, promotion was based solely on seniority, and no policy existed for removing officers who could not or would not fulfill their duties. Second was the issue of discipline in the enlisted rates. The practice of flogging had been outlawed in the previous Congress, and many of the old captains believed discipline on their warships was deteriorating; they wanted a return to the old ways or at least a reasonable substitute that would enable them to exert their authority.

Mallory's first major speech in Congress was in favor of a return to flogging, which he argued was needed in order that a captain would be able to control his seamen in battle. His position was unpopular throughout the nation, and Congress refused to lift the ban. His views on flogging, for good or ill, were forgotten when he turned his energies to the second of President Fillmore's proposals, that of reforming the officer corps of the Navy. He was by this time chairman of the Senate Committee on Naval Affairs, and the law that Congress passed was recognized as coming from his hand. It established a Retirement Board of senior naval officers, who examined the qualifications of all other commissioned officers. Those who were deemed incapable or unworthy of their rank were placed on a retired list, the first compulsory retirement in the history of the U.S. Navy. By most accounts, the board did its work creditably, but many of the officers who were adversely affected did not agree. Among those who were forced into early retirement was Matthew Fontaine Maury, too crippled to go to sea, but whose study of ocean currents formed the basis for the new science of oceanography. Maury and some of the other retirees enlisted other senators to support their cases, and the debate was renewed. In the end, however, Mallory's views prevailed, a testimonial to his parliamentary skills. The enmity between Maury and Mallory lasted the remainder of their lives and distorted their performance in the Civil War when both men sided with the South.

Mallory's tenure on the Committee on Naval Affairs came during a time of great innovation in naval warfare. He kept abreast of developments in other navies, and he made sure that the U.S. Navy would incorporate the latest thinking into its new ships. Britain and France, then the two foremost navies in the world, were in the process of converting their fleets from sail to steam, and from paddles to screws. In 1853, the committee recommended passage of a bill providing for the addition of six new screw frigates to the fleet; when delivered, some considered them to be the best frigates in the world. In 1857, his committee persuaded the Senate to authorize twelve sloops-of-war. These entered the Navy beginning in 1858, on the verge of the Civil War.

Another innovation that was being considered was that of armor. Mallory was here somewhat ahead of his time, enthusiastically supporting iron cladding for ships before the fledgling metals industry in the country could supply it in the requisite quantities. No armored vessels were commissioned while he was in the Senate, but whatever fault there was lay elsewhere. He spoke up for extending appropriations for an armored vessel that was intended for the defense of New York Harbor; named the Stevens Battery after its designer and builder Robert L. Stevens, it had been laid down in 1842 but was still incomplete in 1853, when Mallory gave his argument. His pleading was unsuccessful in that the Senate did not agree to continue funding the project, but in his supporting speech he expressed some of the principles that guided his thinking when he later became the Confederate Secretary of the Navy.

### Secession crisis

Representing as he did a state in the Deep South, Mallory could hardly have avoided taking a public stance on the issues that were tearing the nation apart. The occasion arose when the Senate considered the admission of Kansas to the Union. Its Lecompton Constitution would allow slavery in Kansas, and citizens who were against extending the practice into new territories seized upon the widespread irregularities in the adoption procedure to oppose it. Senator Preston King of New York mounted a two-hour attack on the constitution and Southern policy in general, following which Mallory replied in what his biographers describe as "probably his most effective speech in the Senate." One segment of his talk presented the rationale of the slave-holders in their unwillingness to accept majority rule. Addressing the question whether the constitution had been ratified by "the people," he said: "States have conferred, and may at any time confer, their whole political power on a minority. They may make disqualifications dependent upon the tenure of freehold estate, upon the payment of tax, upon militia duty, or upon the color of skin; but whoever the State chooses to confer her political authority upon, are the people." He foresaw the decline in relative power of the slave-holding states, although at this time he did not believe it would necessarily lead to secession. He concluded his remarks by a pledge to follow the South whatever happened: "It is not for me to indicate the path she \[the South\] may, in her wisdom, pursue; but, sir, ... my whole heart is with her, and she will find me treading it with undivided affections."

Despite his willing adherence to the Southern position on the issues that were dividing the country, Mallory was not prominent in the secession movement. He advocated reconciliation almost up to the moment that Florida passed its ordinance of secession. That occurred on January 10, 1861, making Florida the third state (behind South Carolina and Mississippi) to leave the Union. On January 21, Mallory delivered his farewell speech in the United States Senate.

In the days before Abraham Lincoln took office, parties in the seceding states disagreed over the proper course of action concerning the forts within their domains. In Florida, three forts remained in the possession of the United States Army: Fort Zachary Taylor at Key West, Fort Jefferson in the Dry Tortugas, and Fort Pickens near Pensacola. Some of the most strident secessionists proposed that they be taken over immediately, by force if needed, beginning with Fort Pickens. Cooler heads hoped to avoid bloodshed and gain possession by negotiation; they made much of the conciliatory words of William H. Seward, already selected to be Secretary of State in the incoming administration. Mallory and Florida's other senator, David L. Yulee, and the two senators from Alabama sent telegrams to their respective governors urging caution. Other Southern senators lent their support, and President-elect Jefferson Davis seemed to agree. In the end, the moderates won out, and no attack was made on Fort Pickens. Although Mallory was hardly alone, his political opponents later used his perceived pro-Union stance as an excuse to attack him.

## Confederate Secretary of the Navy: nomination and confirmation

The governmental structure of the newly formed Confederate States of America was very much like that of the parent United States. The executive branch was partitioned into several departments, each headed by a secretary or equivalent who would advise the president. The constitution provided for a navy that would be directed by its own department, and President Jefferson Davis nominated Mallory to be Confederate States Secretary of the Navy. He was chosen for two principal reasons: first, he had extensive experience with nautical affairs, both in his boyhood home of Key West and later in Washington; and second, he was from Florida. In a bow to the principle of states' rights, Davis had to spread representation in his cabinet around among the seceding states. Although the requirement of geographical representation sometimes meant that the occupant would not be the best person available, the selection process worked well in Mallory's case.

Mallory's nomination as Secretary of the Navy was submitted to the Provisional Congress as soon as the act establishing a navy was passed. Despite his evident qualifications, it drew significant opposition; his detractors cited the Fort Pickens incident as evidence that he was not strongly pro-secession. Ultimately, however, he was confirmed.

As few other persons in the Confederate government were interested in naval matters, Mallory had almost free rein to shape the department, as well as the navy it controlled, according to his own views. The result was very much the product of his prior experience. The Department of the Navy was organized into separate offices, equivalent to the bureau system of the United States Navy; whereas the U.S. Navy had five bureaus, the Confederate Navy had only four: Orders and Detail (dealing with personnel), Provisions and Clothing, Medicine and Surgery, and Ordnance and Hydrography. Although there was no Office of Construction and Repair, its function was met by John L. Porter. Porter served as Chief Naval Constructor, without title from the start until the position was officially established in 1863, and thereafter with title until the end of the war. A few other functions lay outside the bureau system: a small Marine Corps, a few men who were sent to Europe to acquire vessels there and who reported directly to Mallory, and a Torpedo Bureau.

At the start, the Confederate Navy faced one of the problems that Mallory had encountered when he was chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Naval Affairs: an overabundance of high-ranking officers who were too old to go to sea. This came about because the Confederacy had created its navy by promising that men resigning from the U.S. Navy would enter the CS Navy at their old rank. Hoping to avoid the stagnation that was the result of the former promotion process, Mallory proposed that promotion should depend solely on "gallant or meritorious conduct during the war." His proposal was quickly made into law by the Confederate Congress. Still not completely satisfied, in 1863 Mallory initiated the creation of a Provisional Navy, which in effect established two officer corps. The officers whom Mallory or his advisers deemed incapable of combat were retained in the Regular Navy, while young and presumably more aggressive officers would transfer to the Provisional Navy. Officers for fighting ships would be drawn from the Provisional Navy, and they could be promoted without regard for seniority if they served with distinction.

Mallory also was able to shape naval policy and doctrine. After viewing the disparity between the shipbuilding and other manufacturing facilities of the Confederacy and those of the Union, he set forth a fourfold plan for the navy:

1. Send out commerce raiders to destroy the enemy's mercantile marine. 2. Build ironclad vessels in Southern shipyards for defensive purposes. 3. Obtain by purchase or construction abroad armored ships capable of fighting on the open seas. 4. Employ new weapons and techniques of warfare.

### Attacks on Union commerce

From the start, one of the main efforts of the Confederate Navy was to counter the blockade of its ports by the Union Navy. Mallory believed that by attacking the merchant shipping that carried trade to Northern ports he could force his Union counterpart, Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles, to divert his own small fleet to defend against the raiders. In the early days of the war, the Confederacy tried to enlist the services of private shipowners in the service by offering letters of marque and reprisal. Issuance of the letters was not in the purview of the Navy Department, but Mallory was aware of them and saw them as part of his plan. For several reasons, the privateers did not have the success that was hoped for. Although they ventured out throughout the war, they had only fleeting success, and that had ceased by the end of the first year.

He was more directly involved in the activities of the commissioned raiders, ships of the Confederate States Navy that were sent out to destroy rather than capture enemy commerce. He first proposed their use as early as April 18, 1861. The first raider, CSS *Sumter*, avoided the Union blockade at New Orleans on June 30, 1861. From then until after the war was over, the small group of raiders plundered Union shipping, inflicting damage on the American Merchant Marine that persists to the present day. They failed of their primary purpose, however, because Welles maintained the Union blockade, and international trade continued as before, carried in ships flying foreign flags.

No other aspect of Mallory's tenure as Secretary of the Navy is better known than his advocacy of armored vessels. He argued that the Confederacy could never produce enough ships to compete with the industrial Union on a ship-by-ship basis. As he saw it, the South should build a few ships that were individually so far superior to their opponents as to dominate. In his words, "The perfection of a warship would doubtless be a combination of the greatest known ocean speed with the greatest known floating battery and power of resistance." He hoped that armored warships would prove to be the "ultimate weapon." He did not anticipate that his opponents would also produce armored vessels, which rapidly became important parts of both navies. Furthermore, other navies, notably Great Britain and France, stepped up the conversions of their own fleets from wood to iron. Certainly, the change was under way even before the Civil War broke out; his legacy consists in forcing the change to be made sooner than would otherwise have been done.

The first ironclad to be created at Mallory's urging was CSS *Virginia*. The burned and scuttled USS *Merrimack* had been raised at Gosport (Norfolk) Navy Yard, and an armored casemate built on her hull. For armament, she carried 12 guns. She was also fitted with an iron ram. On March 8, 1862, she attacked the Union fleet enforcing the blockade at Hampton Roads, on the James River near Norfolk. She sank two major Union warships (USS *Cumberland* and *Congress*), and menaced a third (*Minnesota*), which had grounded in the attempt to get into action. The damages she suffered were negligible. In that first day of the battle, she had demonstrated the basic validity of Mallory's belief that armored warships could destroy the best wooden ships and were almost impervious to damage in return. As is well known, when *Virginia* returned to battle the next day intending to finish off *Minnesota*, she encountered the Union's *Monitor*. The two armored vessels fought inconclusively, demonstrating the flaw in Mallory's argument: an ultimate weapon is truly decisive only if one side does not have it.

After *Virginia*, most other Confederate ironclads had at best-limited success, and many were complete failures. Particularly embarrassing were four that were contracted to be built for service on the Mississippi River. Of the four, only one, CSS *Arkansas*, entered into combat in the way that was intended, with full crew and under steam. Of the others, *Tennessee* was destroyed on the stocks; *Mississippi* was hastily launched and then burned to avoid capture; and *Louisiana* was used merely as an ineffectual floating battery at the Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip, when the fate of New Orleans was decided, and she was then blown up rather than be surrendered. No parties in the Confederacy acquitted themselves well in the three losses, but Mallory must bear a large part of the blame. Poor administration is among the foremost reasons for the delays that hindered completion of the vessels. By failing to prioritize their construction, he allowed *Louisiana* and *Mississippi* to compete for scarce resources. Because he did not delegate responsibility, he was swamped with details of the construction of *Virginia* while letting problems concerning the other ships go unresolved. And because he accepted the role implicitly assigned to his service as secondary to the Army, the Navy had to work with only the materials and funds that were left over after the Army had satisfied its needs.

### Mission to Europe

The backward condition of shipyards in the seceding states convinced Mallory that he would have to look abroad to obtain the vessels that he thought would be able to challenge the U.S. Navy. He selected two men as his primary representatives: James D. Bulloch and Lieutenant James H. North of the Confederate States Navy. North was a disappointment, but Bulloch proved to be one of the most effective agents for the Confederacy in Europe. He sought diligently and discreetly in England to acquire ships for the purposes of his government while working within or around the framework of the neutrality laws of the host nation.

Four of the Confederate Navy raiders were purchased in Britain: CSS *Florida*, *Georgia*, *Shenandoah*, and above all, *Alabama*. Probably Mallory would have liked to have more, but the record shows that the few that were commissioned were more than adequate.

Efforts to purchase or have built ironclad warships were unsuccessful despite Bulloch's best efforts. Buying them was never seriously considered, as the Royal Navy would not care to give any of its best ships to a foreign power, no matter how favorably disposed. Contracts were made with private shipyards in both Britain and France to build rams to Confederate naval specifications, but their ultimate purpose could not be disguised. They therefore directly violated the neutrality laws, and American (that is, Union) officials immediately informed the governments of their existence. For a while, Her Majesty's Government chose to turn a blind eye on developments, but the Union victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg caused them to reconsider. On September 5, 1863, Ambassador Charles Francis Adams sent a message to Foreign Minister Lord John Russell informing him that the first of the ironclads was about to leave, and that "it would be superfluous in me to point out to your Lordship that this means war." The ship was not permitted to leave and was later seized for the Royal Navy. As the French government had implicitly agreed to follow Britain's lead concerning North America, all the contracts were voided.

### New weapons

The Civil War provided a testing ground for numerous innovations in warfare, and Mallory was in position to provide support for many of them. His advocacy of armored vessels has been described and is the development most closely associated with his name, but he encouraged the development of several other weapons. For example, he favored the use of rifled guns, as opposed to the smoothbore muzzle loaders used in the Union Navy. The favored gun was a rifle designed by the head of his Office of Ordnance and Hydrography, Lieutenant John Mercer Brooke. The Brooke rifle gave Rebel gunners a qualitative advantage over their Yankee counterparts that persisted to the end of the war.

The torpedo office, officially named the Submarine Battery Service, developed underwater explosive devices, known as "torpedoes" at that time but as "mines" today. The office was initially led by Mallory's enemy Matthew Fontaine Maury, and later by Lieutenant Hunter Davidson. The first ship to be lost to mines was USS *Cairo*, on December 12, 1862. Subsequently, more vessels of all types were lost in combat to mines and torpedoes than from all other causes combined.

In Charleston Harbor, Army Captain Francis D. Lee, supported by General P. G. T. Beauregard, developed a small boat that would carry a spar torpedo. His craft, known as *David*, successfully exploded a torpedo against the side of USS *New Ironsides*, severely damaging her. Later, the more famous *H. L. Hunley* used one of Lee's spar torpedoes to sink USS *Housatonic*, the first ship to be sunk by a submarine. The Navy Department had not provided active support for Lee's experiments, but their successful result led to the use of spar torpedoes on ships throughout the fleet. (Less favorably for the Rebel cause, spar torpedoes were also immediately adopted by the Union Navy, and one was used in October 1864 to sink the ironclad CSS *Albemarle*.)

## Investigation of the Navy Department

The loss of New Orleans came as a tremendous shock to the Confederacy, and a spate of recriminations followed. Members of Congress, noting the failure of the ironclads, blamed the navy in particular, and suggested that there was no need for a separate Navy Department. Hoping to forestall such a proposal, Mallory was able to persuade the Congress instead to investigate the conduct of the department. Each house put five of its members on the investigating committee. The chairman, Senator Clement C. Clay, was known as one of Mallory's friends, as was Representative Ethelbert Barksdale. They were at least partially balanced by Representative Henry S. Foote, a persistent critic of secession and everything that the entire Davis administration had done. Also weighing in against Mallory was Senator Charles M. Conrad, chairman of the Naval Affairs Committee, who was not a member of the investigating committee but who did appear as a prosecution witness. The committee continued to meet for more than six months, and ended with no finding of neglect or malfeasance.

The investigation may have weakened Mallory politically and certainly diverted him from other duties, but it was not enough to drive him from office. Perhaps because there was no one to replace him and perhaps because he absorbed shafts that were aimed at the president, Davis retained him in the cabinet until the end of the war. After the surrender of Lee's army at Appomattox, Mallory remained with Davis and the other cabinet members as they fled deeper into the South, first to Danville, Virginia, then to Greensboro, North Carolina, Charlotte, Abbeville, South Carolina, and finally Washington, Georgia. There, Mallory submitted his resignation and went to La Grange, Georgia, where he was temporarily reunited with his wife and children.

## After the war

### Capture and imprisonment

A large part of the population of the Northern states believed that the Davis government was somehow involved in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, and although there was no evidence of their complicity, it was a political reality that had to be dealt with. One result was that the political radicals were able to force the government to prosecute those who had led the war against the Union. Mallory was one of the Confederate leaders who were charged with treason, among other things; on May 20, 1865, while he was still at La Grange, he was roused from his sleep at about midnight and taken into custody. From there he was taken to Fort Lafayette in New York Harbor, where he was confined as a political prisoner.

For several months, the demand of the public for vengeance increased, so that Mallory feared that he would face the death penalty if convicted. However, no bill of particulars to specify precisely which of his acts constituted treason was ever presented, and it became increasingly clear that no one in the Confederate government was guilty of assassinating the former president. The period for extracting vengeance passed with no one put on trial, and hope was revived. From his prison cell, Mallory began to write letters in a personal campaign to gain release. He petitioned President Andrew Johnson directly, and enlisted the support of some of his former colleagues in the Senate. His wife Angela visited Washington and importuned President Johnson and other persons who had influence. Johnson was already quite lenient in granting pardons, and the popular clamor for harsh punishment began to recede by the end of the year. On March 10, 1866, Johnson granted Mallory a "partial parole." Although he was no longer in jail, he was required to stay with his daughter in Bridgeport, Connecticut until he could take the oath of allegiance.

### Release and return to Florida

In June 1866, Mallory visited Washington, where he called on many of his old friends and political adversaries, including President Johnson and Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, who received him cordially. He got permission to return to Florida; his return was somewhat delayed by problems with his health, but on July 19 he arrived at his home in Pensacola.

By the terms of his parole, Mallory was not permitted to hold public office, so he made a living by reopening his old law practice. Nominally excluded from politics, he managed to make his views known by writing letters and editorials for Florida newspapers. At first he urged acceptance of the reconstituted Union and acquiescence in the policies of Reconstruction, but he soon came out in opposition, particularly against black suffrage.

He had long suffered occasional attacks of gout, and these continued to plague him in the postwar years. In the winter of 1871–1872 he began to complain of his heart, and his health began to deteriorate. Still, he remained active, and the end came rather quickly. He is said to have been "listless" on November 8, 1873, and that night he began to fail. On the morning of November 9 he died. He was buried in St. Michael's Cemetery, Pensacola, Florida.

* Anderson, Bern, *By Sea and by River: The Naval History of the Civil War.* New York: Knopf, 1962; reprint, Da Capo Press, 1989.
* Durkin, Joseph T., *Confederate Navy Chief: Stephen R. Mallory.* Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 1987. ISBN 0-87249-518-3
* *Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War*, Patricia L. Faust, editor. New York: Harper & Row, 1986. ISBN 0-06-181261-7
* Hearn, Chester G., *The Capture of New Orleans, 1862.* Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-8071-1945-8
* Luraghi, Raimondo, *A History of the Confederate Navy.* (tr. Paolo E. Coletta, *Marina del Sud: storia della marina confederate nella Guerra Civile Americana, 1861–1865.* Rizzoli, 1993.) Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1996. ISBN 1-55750-527-6
* Perry, Milton F., *Infernal Machines: The Story of Confederate Submarine and Mine Warfare.* Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1965.
* Scharf, J. Thomas, *History of the Confederate States Navy from Its Organization to the Surrender of Its Last Vessel; Its Stupendous Struggle with the Great Navy of the United States, the Engagements Fought in the Rivers and Harbors of the South and upon the High Seas, Blockade-Running, First Use of Iron-Clads and Torpedoes, and Privateer History.* New York, Rogers & Sherwood, 1887.
* Simson, Jay W., *Naval Strategies of the Civil War: Confederate Innovations and Federal Opportunism.* Nashville, Tenn.: Cumberland House, 2001. ISBN 1-58182-195-6
* Still, William N., *Iron Afloat: The Story of the Confederate Armorclads.* Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1971; reprint, Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 1985. ISBN 0-87249-454-3
* Tucker, Spencer C., *Handbook of 19th Century Naval Warfare.* Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2000. ISBN 1-55750-322-2
* Underwood, Rodman L., *Stephen Russell Mallory: a Biography of the Confederate Navy Secretary and United States Senator.* Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 2005. ISBN 0-7864-2299-8 (alk. paper)

## InfoBox

| Stephen Mallory | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Confederate States Secretary of the Navy | |
| **In office**<br>March 4, 1861  May 2, 1865 | |
| President | Jefferson Davis |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Position abolished |
| United States Senator<br>from Florida | |
| **In office**<br>March 4, 1851  January 21, 1861 | |
| Preceded by | David Yulee |
| Succeeded by | Adonijah Welch |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1812<br>Trinidad, British West Indies<br>(now Trinidad and Tobago) |
| Died | November 9, 1873 (aged 6061)<br>Pensacola, Florida |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Angela Sylvania Moreno |
| Signature |  |
|  | |


title: Nokia E66

abstract: The Nokia E66 is a slider mobile phone in the Nokia Eseries range, a S60 platform third edition device with slide action targeting business users. It is a successor to the Nokia E65 with which it shares many features. E66 has similar features to the Nokia E71 handset, but lacks sufficient battery capacity for all day use and does not have the full QWERTY, however the E66 is smaller in size and weighs less. The E66 also includes an accelerometer and new animations and transition effects, which are lacking in the E71.

text:
# Nokia E66

The **Nokia E66** is a slider mobile phone in the Nokia Eseries range, a S60 platform third edition device with slide action targeting business users. It is a successor to the Nokia E65 with which it shares many features.

E66 has similar features to the Nokia E71 handset, but lacks sufficient battery capacity for all day use and does not have the full QWERTY, however the E66 is smaller in size and weighs less. The E66 also includes an accelerometer and new animations and transition effects, which are lacking in the E71.

## Features

The 2.5 mm (3/32") audio port is not suitable for traditional 3.5 mm (1/8") headphones plugs.

The microUSB port cannot be used to charge the mobile.

## Operating times

* Talk time: Up to 3.4 hours (3G), 7.5 hours (GSM)
* Standby time: Up to 14 days (3G), 11 days (GSM)

## Firmware history

Dial \*#0000# to Check firmware version

* 100.07.81/100.07.76: Build date 16-06-2008 (Default firmware upon release)
* 102.07.81: Build date 12-07-2011
* 110.07.126: Build date 03-10-2011
* 200.21.118: Build date 26-11-2011
* 210.21.007: Build date 27-02-2011
* 300.21.012: Build date 18-06-2011
* 400.21.013: Build date 24-10-2011
* 410.21.010: Build date 08-02-2011
* 500.21.009: Build date 02-06-2011
* 501.21.001: Build date 10-08-2011
* 510.21.009: Build date 19-03-2011

## Bundled software

* Adobe PDF
* Adv. Call Manager
* Barcode Reader
* Chat and instant messaging
* Dictionary
* Download! (Replaced by Ovi store on later versions)
* Email for Nokia
* File Manager
* Flash Lite 3.0
* Global Race – Raging Thunder
* Internet Radio
* Java MIDP 2.0
* MfE (Mail for Exchange)
* Multiscanner
* Nokia Maps (with 3 months of turn-by-turn navigation mode trial)
* Nokia Search
* Nokia browser
* PDF Viewer
* Quickoffice (Quickword, Quickpoint, Quicksheet)
* Sports Tracker
* WiPresenter
* Wireless Keyboard
* World Mate
* ZIP Manager

## InfoBox

Nokia E66
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Manufacturer | Nokia |
| Compatible networks | Quad band
GSM / GPRS /
EDGE: GSM 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900
Dual band
UMTS / HSDPA |
| Availability by region | 2008—2010 |
| Discontinued | 2010 |
| Predecessor | Nokia E65 |
| Successor | Nokia C6-01
Nokia C7-00 |
| Related | Nokia E51
Nokia E63
Nokia E71 |
| Form factor | slider |
| Dimensions | 107.5 × 49.5 × 13.6 mm, Volume: 62.6 cm3 (3.82 cu in) |
| Weight | 121 g (0.267 lb) |
| Operating system | S60 v3.1 (3rd Edition, Feature Pack 1) UI on Symbian OS v9.2 |
| CPU | 369 MHz ARM11 Freescale processor |
| Memory | 110 MB Internal user storage
ROM: 256 MB
SDRAM: 128 MB
~71 MB Free Executable RAM |
| Removable storage | 8 GB max MicroSDHC Hot-swappable |
| Battery | BL-4U, 3.7 V 1000 mAh lithium-polymer |
| Display | 2.4 in TFT QVGA (240×320 pixel), 166 ppi, 16.8 million colors |
| Rear camera | 3.2-megapixel, 2048 × 1536 pixel, autofocus, video (QVGA, 150 frames/second), flash |
| Front camera | video call camera |
| Connectivity | WLAN Wi-Fi 802.11 b,g,
Integrated & Assisted GPS,
Bluetooth 2.0,
Infrared and microUSB |
| Data inputs | Numeric keyboard, five-way joystick |
| Other | FOTA (Firmware update Over The Air) This handset does not support FOTA as of firmware v 510.21.009 |


title: Tommy Collins (filmmaker)

abstract: Tommy Collins, sometimes referred to as Tom Collins, was an Irish filmmaker. Two of Collins's Irish language works have been Ireland's entries into the Foreign Language Films category at the Academy Awards.

text:
# Tommy Collins (filmmaker)

**Tommy Collins** (died July 2022), sometimes referred to as **Tom Collins**, was an Irish filmmaker. Two of Collins's Irish language works (*Kings* and *The Gift*) have been Ireland's entries into the Foreign Language Films category at the Academy Awards.

## Career

Collins' broadcast career began as the photographer on the documentary *Mother Ireland* (1986), which won a Femme Cathodique Cinematography award.

His later works include *Hush-a-Bye Baby* (1989) (producer) with Sinéad O'Connor and Emer McCourt, *The Bishop's Story* (1994) (co-producer) with Donal McCann, *Bogwoman* (1997) (director) with Rachael Dowling and Peter Mullan, and *Dead Long Enough* (2006) (director) with Michael Sheen.

He also wrote and directed *Teenage Kicks – The Undertones* (2006), a "rockumentary" on the Derry band The Undertones. He also produced or directed a number of other documentaries including *More than a Sacrifice* (1996), *First Love* (1997), *Cambat D'une Mere* (1998), *A Mother's Story* (1999), *The Johnie Walker Story* and *Donal McCann — It Must Be Done Right* (2000). He directed *The Boys of St Columb's*, a documentary for BBC and RTÉ in 2009.

In 2007 his film *Kings*, which tells the story of a group of young men who left the west of Ireland in 1977 for London, was entered as Ireland's choice for Oscar nomination. *Kings* was placed in the Best Foreign Language Film category as it was filmed in the Irish language. The film stars Colm Meaney, Brendan Conroy, Donal O'Kelly, Donnacha Crowley and Sean O'Tarpaigh. *Kings* was nominated for a record 14 awards at the 2008 Irish Film and Television Awards; won the Gold Torc at the 2008 Celtic Film and Media Awards; picked up a Special Commendation at Prix Europa Best Drama 2008; won Best Cinematography Award at the Hamptons Film Festival 2007; was awarded Best Film at the Westchester Film Festival 2007 and was awarded Special Commendation Foyle Film Festival 2007.

He subsequently directed a documentary on the British Education Act (Northern Ireland) 1947, which led to free secondary education in Northern Ireland. The film, called *The Boys of St Columb's* and released in 2009, featured Seamus Heaney, Seamus Deane and John Hume.

In 2014 he produced and directed *An Bronntanas* ("The Gift") for Irish Film Board, Northern Irish screen, TG4 and the Broadcast Authority of Ireland.

Collins subsequently produced *Penance* (2018), which was distributed by Cinema Epooque.

## Early and personal life

Brought up in Derry in Northern Ireland, Collins received an M.A.(Hons.) from Dublin City University.

Collins died from cancer in July 2022.

## InfoBox

| Tommy Collins | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Derry, Northern Ireland |
| Died | July 2022 |
| Other names | Tom Collins |
| Occupation(s) | Director, film maker |
| Years active | 1986-2018 |
| Notable work | *Teenage Kicks – The Undertones* (2006), *Kings* (2007), *An Bronntanas* (2014), *Penance* (2018) |