# List of place names of Dutch origin in Australia

Of an estimated 200 place names the Dutch bestowed on Australian localities in the 17th century as a result of the Dutch voyages of exploration along the western, northern and southern Australian coasts, only about 35 can still be found on current maps. Five out of six names were either renamed or forgotten or their locations were lost. Other places were named after the early Dutch explorers by later British explorers or colonists, for instance the Australian state of Tasmania is named after Abel Tasman. Australia itself was called New Holland by the English and Nieuw Holland by the Dutch.

## Places named by the Dutch

### Queensland

The Dutch charted the western side of Cape York Peninsula and the coast of the Gulf of Carpentaria. Willem Janszoon made the first recorded European landfall in Australia during the Janszoon voyage of 1605-6.

| Dutch name | English translation | Date | Reason for naming | Coords | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Kaap Keerweer | Cape Keerweer | 1606 | Meaning "turn-about" cape, the point where the Duijfken turned back North | 13°56′00″S 141°28′30″E / 13.93333°S 141.47500°E / -13.93333; 141.47500 (Cape Keerweer) |  |
| Golf van Carpentaria | Gulf of Carpentaria | 1623 | Pieter de Carpentier, then Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies | 13°59′S 139°00′E / 13.983°S 139.000°E / -13.983; 139.000 (Gulf of Carpentaria) | Situated between the Northern Territory and Queensland |
| Coen Rivier | Coen River | 1623 | Jan Pieterszoon Coen, previous Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies | 13°37′S 142°08′E / 13.617°S 142.133°E / -13.617; 142.133 (Coen River) | Renamed to Archer River, while its southern tributary (the "South Coen River") retained its name |
| Staaten Rivier | Staaten River | 1623 | Like Staten Island after the Staten-Generaal | 16°24′S 141°17′E / 16.400°S 141.283°E / -16.400; 141.283 (Staaten River) |  |
| Nassau Rivier | Nassau River | 1644 | Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange | 15°54′S 141°23′E / 15.900°S 141.383°E / -15.900; 141.383 (Nassau River) |  |
| Van Diemens Baai | Van Diemen Inlet | 1644 | Anthony van Diemen, then Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies | 16°58′S 140°59′E / 16.967°S 140.983°E / -16.967; 140.983 (Van Diemen Inlet) |  |
| Kaap Van Diemen | Cape Van Diemen | 1644 | Anthony van Diemen | 16°31′S 139°42′E / 16.517°S 139.700°E / -16.517; 139.700 (Cape Van Diemen) | eastern cape of Mornington Island in the Wellesley Islands |

#### Renamed

| Dutch name | Current name | Date | Reason for naming | Coords | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Riv. met het Bosch | Pennefather River | 1606 | For being a river in the bush | 12°13′S 141°44′E / 12.217°S 141.733°E / -12.217; 141.733 (Cape York Peninsula) | Australia's first recorded place name, possibly named after the emblematic "bush". The Dutch word *bosch*, current spelling *bos*, did at the time cover meanings from *shrub* via *bush* to *forest.* |
| Carpentaria | Cape York Peninsula | 1623 ? | Pieter de Carpentier | 14°S 140°E / 14°S 140°E / -14; 140 (Cape York Peninsula) |  |
| Van Speult Rivier | Jardine River |  | Dutch local governor, Herman van Speult | 10°55′S 142°12′E / 10.917°S 142.200°E / -10.917; 142.200 (Jardine River) |  |
| Batavia Rivier | Wenlock River |  | Batavia | 12°03′S 141°55′E / 12.050°S 141.917°E / -12.050; 141.917 (Wenlock River) |  |

### Northern Territory

| Dutch name | English translation | Date | Reason for naming | Coords | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Kaap Arnhem | Cape Arnhem and Arnhem Land | 1623 | The ship *Arnhem* which explored the area. | 12°21′S 136°58′E / 12.350°S 136.967°E / -12.350; 136.967 (Arnhem Land) | The ship was itself named after the city of Arnhem, Gelderland. |
| Groote Eylandt | "Big island" | sighted 1623, named 1644 |  | 14°00′S 136°35′E / 14.000°S 136.583°E / -14.000; 136.583 (Groote Eylandt) |  |
| Wesel Eilanden | Wessel Islands | 1636 | The ship *Klein Wesel* or just *Wezel*, which explored the area. | 11°30′S 136°25′E / 11.500°S 136.417°E / -11.500; 136.417 (Van Diemen Gulf) | The ship was itself named after the city of Wesel, Duchy of Cleves. |
| Crocodils Eijlandt | Crocodile Islands | 1644 | Saltwater crocodiles | 11°53′S 135°05′E / 11.883°S 135.083°E / -11.883; 135.083 (Crocodile Islands) |  |
| Kaap Van der Lijn | Cape Vanderlin | 1644 | Cornelis van der Lijn, member of the Council of India | 15°35′S 136°59′E / 15.583°S 136.983°E / -15.583; 136.983 (Cape Vanderlin) | Actually the Sir Edward Pellew Group of Islands, the cape name is used for the northern tip of Vanderlin Island |
| Kaap Maria | Maria Island | 1644 | Maria Van Aelst, wife of Anthony van Diemen | 14°52′S 135°44′E / 14.867°S 135.733°E / -14.867; 135.733 (Maria Island) | An island, not a cape, in the Limmen Bight, now called Maria Island |
| Limmen Bocht | Limmen Bight | 1644 | The ship *Limmen*, one of the three ships in Tasman's 1644 expedition. | 14°50′S 135°34′E / 14.833°S 135.567°E / -14.833; 135.567 (Limmen Bight) | The ship was itself named after the town of Limmen, Holland. |
| Van Diemen Baai | Van Diemen Gulf | 1644 | Anthony van Diemen | 12°S 132°E / 12°S 132°E / -12; 132 (Van Diemen Gulf) |  |
|

### Western Australia

| Dutch name | English translation | Date | Reason for naming | Coords | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dirck Hartogs Ree cap. | Dirk Hartog Island | 1616 | Dirk Hartog | 25°50′S 113°05′E / 25.833°S 113.083°E / -25.833; 113.083 |  |
| Dorre Eijlanden | Dorre Island | 1616 | Translates to "arid islands" | 25°03′S 113°06′E / 25.050°S 113.100°E / -25.050; 113.100 | to the north of Dirk Hartog Island, appears on 1697-1726 map |
| Willems Rivier | Yardie Creek | 1618 | Willem Jansz, captain of the Duyfken | 22°19′23″S 113°48′44″E / 22.32306°S 113.81222°E / -22.32306; 113.81222 | Named by captain Lenaert Jacobsz. Jansz was on board, making this his second visit to Australia. |
| Houtmans Abrolhos | Houtman Abrolhos | 1619 | Frederick de Houtman, various published explanations for "Abrolhos" | 28°43′S 113°47′E / 28.717°S 113.783°E / -28.717; 113.783 |  |
| Rottnest Island | Rat's Nest Island | 12/29/1696 | Quokkas which appeared to be rats, hence 'rat's nest' | 31°59′46″S 115°32′28″E / 31.99611°S 115.54111°E / -31.99611; 115.54111 | Named by \[Tom Preston\] |
| Zwaanenrivier or Swarte Swaene-Rivier | Swan River | 1/10/1697 | Black swans | 31°56′50″S 115°54′58″E / 31.94722°S 115.91611°E / -31.94722; 115.91611 | Named by Willem de Vlamingh. The sighting of the swans was a black swan event. |
| Landt van de Leeuwin | Cape Leeuwin |  | Leeuwin (galleon) | 34°22′27″S 115°08′09″E / 34.37417°S 115.13583°E / -34.37417; 115.13583 | Name used for the land in the south west, now name only used for the cape. The word *leeuwin* translates as *lioness.* |
| Landt van P. Nuyts | Nullarbor |  | Pieter Nuyts | 32°18′S 125°52′E / 32.300°S 125.867°E / -32.300; 125.867 | Nuytsland comprised the entire coast adjoining the Great Australian Bight. The name survives in two smaller, separate areas: Nuytsland Nature Reserve and Nuyts Land District. |
|

### South Australia

| Dutch name | English translation | Date | Reason for naming | Coords | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Landt van P. Nuyts | Nullarbor | 1/16/1627 | Pieter Nuyts | 32°S 132°E / 32°S 132°E / -32; 132 | Nuytsland was the given to the coast adjoining the Great Australian Bight. |
| Eijland St. François | St. Francis Island | 1627 | St. Francis via François Thijssen | 32°31′S 133°17′E / 32.517°S 133.283°E / -32.517; 133.283 |  |
| Eijland St. Pieter | St. Peter Island | 1627 | St. Peter via Pieter Pietersen, the head merchant on Thijssen's expedition | 32°17′S 133°34′E / 32.283°S 133.567°E / -32.283; 133.567 |  |

### Tasmania

| Dutch name | English translation | Date | Reason for naming | Coords | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Diemens Land | Van Diemen's Land | 11/24/1642 | Anthony van Diemen | 43°35′S 146°21′E / 43.583°S 146.350°E / -43.583; 146.350 | Now known as Tasmania, after Dutch explorer Abel Tasman |
| Wits Eijlanden | De Witt Island | 1642 | Cornelis Jan Witsen, a VOC Commissioner | 43°35′S 146°21′E / 43.583°S 146.350°E / -43.583; 146.350 |  |
| Sweers eijland | Sweers Island | 1642 | named after Salomon Sweers, member of the Council of India |  |  |
| Eijland den Maet | Maatsuyker Island | 12/1/1642 | named after Joan Maetsuycker, member of the Council of India | 43°39′18″S 146°16′23″E / 43.65500°S 146.27306°E / -43.65500; 146.27306 |  |
| Pedra branca |  | 1642 | *"towards noon we passed two rocks of which the westernmost was like Pedra Branca off the coast of China"* | 43°51′S 146°58′E / 43.850°S 146.967°E / -43.850; 146.967 (Pedra branca) | Name is Portuguese in origin, although named by the Dutch Tasman |
| Boreels-eiland | Boreel Head | 11/29/1642 | Pieter Boreel, member of the Council of India | 43°14′S 148°00′E / 43.233°S 148.000°E / -43.233; 148.000 (The Friars) | Islands now called The Friars, Boreel Head is now the nearby cape on the south of Bruny Island |
| Storm Baij | Storm Bay | 1642 | "\[Tasman\] had almost reached his intended anchorage when a heavy storm arose and he was driven out so far to sea that next morning he could hardly discern the land. It was from this incident that Storm Bay got its name." | 43°10′S 147°33′E / 43.167°S 147.550°E / -43.167; 147.550 (Storm Bay) |  |
| Tasmans Eijland | Tasman Island | 1642 |  | 43°14′S 148°00′E / 43.233°S 148.000°E / -43.233; 148.000 (Tasman Island) |  |
| Fredericks Hendricks Baij | Frederick Hendrick Bay | 1642 |  | 42°51′S 147°58′E / 42.850°S 147.967°E / -42.850; 147.967 (Frederick Hendrick Bay) | nearby NE cape on Forestier Peninsula still has the name Cape Frederick Hendrick, not near Frederick Henry Bay which is on the other side of the Tasman Peninsula which he never visited. The bay he called Frederick Henry Bay is now Marion Bay |
| Marias Eijlandt | Maria Island | 12/4/1642 | Maria Van Aelst, wife of Anthony Van Diemen | 42°37′S 148°05′E / 42.617°S 148.083°E / -42.617; 148.083 (Maria Island) |  |
| Schoute Eijlandt | Schouten Island | 12/4/1642 | Justus Schouten, member of the Council of India. | 42°18′S 148°16′E / 42.300°S 148.267°E / -42.300; 148.267 (Schouten Island) |  |
| Van der Lijns Eijland | Vanderlins Island | 1642 | Cornelis van der Lijn, member of the Council of India | 42°13′S 148°18′E / 42.217°S 148.300°E / -42.217; 148.300 (Freycinet Peninsula) | not an island, actually Freycinet Peninsula.  When Tasman passed it he was heading east; did not see the connection to the mainland in the north. |
|

## Places named after the Dutch

Other places were given Dutch names by later explorers or colonists in honour of the Dutch. These include:

### Sources


abstract: The Women's School of Planning and Architecture (WSPA) was an educational program for women interested in architecture, planning, and environmental design that presented sessions and symposia between 1976 and 1981. The School was founded by Katrin Adam, Ellen Perry Berkeley, Noel Phyllis Birkby, Bobbie Sue Hood, Marie I. Kennedy, Joan Forrester Sprague, and Leslie Kanes Weisman.

text:
# Women's School of Planning and Architecture

The **Women's School of Planning and Architecture** (WSPA) was an educational program for women interested in architecture, planning, and environmental design that presented sessions and symposia between 1976 and 1981. The School was founded by Katrin Adam, Ellen Perry Berkeley, Noel Phyllis Birkby, Bobbie Sue Hood, Marie I. Kennedy, Joan Forrester Sprague, and Leslie Kanes Weisman.

## Founding

The founders met through professional organizations for women architects and planners (beginning in 1972) and attendance at the first U.S. conferences on women in architecture in 1974 and 1975. According to the 1975 WSPA brochure, these opportunities to meet and share experiences with other women professionals led them to a conviction that an alternative educational experience would be a valuable way to address the "shared common goals and interests not being met within the existing professional contexts."

The same brochure describes the founders goals:

> ...to create a personally supportive atmosphere and a stimulating exchange of ideas in a vacation setting. We hope to encourage both personal and professional growth through a fuller integration of our values and identities as women with our values and identities as designers. Our aim is to create a forum within which we may discover and define the particular qualities, concerns, and abilities that we as women bring to the environmental design professions.
>
> Women's School of Planning and Architecture, 1975 WSPA brochure

## Mission and purpose

WSPA was designed as a form of organization providing a style of educational experience that incorporated feminist principles in form as well as content. There was no set format for WSPA sessions, and the coordinators used feedback from participants to make adjustments and innovations designed to help the organization better meet its goals. Within a general set of criteria, the founders envisioned an ever-changing and evolving entity responsive to the needs of the participants.

The School aimed to attract participants from diverse backgrounds and geographic locations by making an interest in environmental design the only admission "requirement" and by holding each session at a different location. Tuition was kept to a minimum and work-study scholarships were available. While the focus of the earlier sessions could be characterized as "consciousness raising, skill building, and \[theoretical discussion\]" among women who were primarily professionals and academics, in its latter years WSPA was moving toward involvement in political activism based on collaboration with "grassroots women."

According to co-founders Noel Phyllis Birkby and Leslie Kanes Weisman, all participants in WSPA were considered members of a peer group "equally responsible and equally capable of making a contribution". Sessions were planned by a group of Coordinators who were essentially self-selected, based on their willingness and ability to devote the time and energy necessary to bring off a successful session. The Coordinators were paid through income generated by tuition fees.

## Curriculum and sessions

The curriculum was designed to offer subject matter unavailable in standard academic or professional settings and particularly emphasized skills that were not valued in male-dominated architectural firms. Courses were conducted by methods designed to "eliminate some of the effects of male-defined and identified educations." Instructors emphasized "the active participation of all members of the group, minimizing the role of the coordinators as experts or authorities," while maximizing their "roles as information sources and organizers".

There were five WSPA sessions in all: at St. Joseph's College, Biddeford, Maine, in 1975; at Stephenson College in Santa Cruz, California, in 1976; at Roger Williams College in Bristol, Rhode Island, in 1978; at Regis College in Denver, Colorado, in 1979; and a weekend symposium in Washington, D.C., in 1981. A session planned and advertised for 1980 at Hood College in Frederick, Maryland, was cancelled when registration targets were not met.

WSPA hosted a national women's symposium *"Community-Based Alternatives and Women in the Eighties"* from May 17–20, 1981 at American University, Washington, DC. The event focused on women in the areas of housing, employment, economic development, education and cooperative development. Despite ongoing efforts, WSPA's final project was a 1983-1984 Design Arts Grant from the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) for *"Architectural Quality in Urban Homesteading,"* a project with a stated aim to help urban homesteaders, many of whom where women, *"achieve architectural quality in buildings rehabilitated and cooperatively owned and managed by homesteaders through a participatory design process."*

WSPA programming focused on reforming the design professions to include women. Courses like *"Demystification of Tools in Relation to Design"* taught by Katrin Adam, emphasized practical skills, and courses such as *"Women and the Built Environment: Personal, Social, and Professional Perceptions,"* taught by Birkby and others, encouraging women to consider broader issues of significance to women in built and symbolic environments. The participants who brought children to the two-week program where provided with childcare arranged through a work study program on each campus.

## Legacy

Though WSPA remained a legal corporation after the final session in 1981, no additional sessions came to fruition. Internal struggles developed, the School was perpetually short of money, and, probably most importantly, no group of Coordinators came forward to take on the challenge of planning a session.

In a 1989 piece on WSPA for the book *Architecture: A Place for Women*, Leslie Kanes Weisman described it as a product of its time, ideal for "the consciousness-raising task of defining problems," but less useful for "designing and implementing solutions."


title: 1991 Open Championship

abstract: The 1991 Open Championship was a men's major golf championship and the 120th Open Championship, held from 18 to 21 July at Royal Birkdale Golf Club in Southport, England. Ian Baker-Finch won his only major championship, two strokes ahead of runner-up Mike Harwood. Baker-Finch was two-over after two rounds in a tie for 28th place, then was ten-under on the weekend. His 66 on Sunday was bolstered by a 29 on the front nine, with birdies on five of the first seven holes. The cut at 148 (+8) included those within ten strokes of the lead, which resulted in a record 113 players on the weekend, nearly three-quarters of the field.

text:
# 1991 Open Championship

Southportclass=notpageimage|Location in England Royal Birkdale Golf Clubclass=notpageimage|Location in Southport, Merseyside,
north of Liverpool, England

The **1991 Open Championship** was a men's major golf championship and the 120th Open Championship, held from 18 to 21 July at Royal Birkdale Golf Club in Southport, England. Ian Baker-Finch won his only major championship, two strokes ahead of runner-up Mike Harwood.

Baker-Finch was two-over after two rounds in a tie for 28th place, then was ten-under on the weekend. His 66 on Sunday was bolstered by a 29 on the front nine, with birdies on five of the first seven holes.

The cut at 148 (+8) included those within ten strokes of the lead, which resulted in a record 113 players on the weekend, nearly three-quarters of the field.

## Course

| Hole | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Out | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | In | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Yards | 448 | 417 | 409 | 203 | 346 | 473 | 156 | 458 | 414 | **3,324** | 395 | 409 | 184 | 475 | 199 | 543 | 414 | 525 | 472 | **3,616** | **6,940** |
| Par | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | **34** | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | **36** | **70** |

Source:
Lengths of the course for previous Opens (since 1950):

## Round summaries

### First round

*Thursday, 18 July 1991*

| Place | Player | Score | To par |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Seve Ballesteros | 66 | −4 |
| T2 | Chip Beck | 67 | −3 |
| | Martin Gates | | |
| | Santiago Luna | | |
| T5 | Nick Faldo | 68 | −2 |
| | Gary Hallberg | | |
| | Mike Harwood | | |
| | Barry Lane | | |
| | Mark Mouland | | |
| | Mike Reid | | |
| | Costantino Rocca | | |

Source:

### Second round

*Friday, 19 July 1991*

| Place | Player | Score | To par |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| T1 | Gary Hallberg | 68-70=138 | −2 |
| | Mike Harwood | 68-70=138 | |
| | Andrew Oldcorn | 71-67=138 | |
| T4 | Seve Ballesteros | 66-73=139 | −1 |
| | Steve Elkington | 71-68=139 | |
| | David Gilford | 72-67=139 | |
| | Wayne Grady | 69-70=139 | |
| | Mark O'Meara | 71-68=139 | |
| | Mike Reid | 68-71=139 | |
| T10 | Richard Boxall | 71-69=140 | E |
| | Roger Chapman | 74-66=140 | |
| | Howard Clark | 71-69=140 | |
| | Mark James | 72-68=140 | |
| | Barry Lane | 68-72=140 | |
| | Colin Montgomerie | 71-69=140 | |
| | Vijay Singh | 71-69=140 | |

Source:
Amateurs: *Mickelson (+4), Payne (+4)*, Allenby (+9), Roblin (+11), Coltart (+13), Evans (+13), Muntz (+14), Wilshire (+15).

### Third round

*Saturday, 20 July 1991*

| Place | Player | Score | To par |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| T1 | Ian Baker-Finch | 71-71-64=206 | −4 |
| | Mark O'Meara | 71-68-67=206 | |
| T3 | Eamonn Darcy | 73-68-66=207 | −3 |
| | Mike Harwood | 68-70-69=207 | |
| 5 | Seve Ballesteros | 66-73-69=208 | −2 |
| T6 | Mike Reid | 68-71-70=209 | −1 |
| | Vijay Singh | 71-69-69=209 | |
| T8 | Mark James | 72-68-70=210 | E |
| | Mark Mouland | 68-74-68=210 | |
| | Craig Parry | 71-70-69=210 | |
| | Martin Poxon | 71-72-67=210 | |

Source:

### Final round

*Sunday, 21 July 1991*

| Place | Player | Score | To par | Money () |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **Ian Baker-Finch** | 71-71-64-66=272 | −8 | 90,000 |
| 2 | Mike Harwood | 68-70-69-67=274 | −6 | 70,000 |
| T3 | Fred Couples | 72-69-70-64=275 | −5 | 55,000 |
| | Mark O'Meara | 71-68-67-69=275 | | |
| T5 | Eamonn Darcy | 73-68-66-70=277 | −3 | 34,167 |
| | Jodie Mudd | 72-70-72-63=277 | | |
| | Bob Tway | 75-66-70-66=277 | | |
| 8 | Craig Parry | 71-70-69-68=278 | −2 | 27,500 |
| T9 | Seve Ballesteros | 66-73-69-71=279 | −1 | 22,833 |
| | Bernhard Langer | 71-71-70-67=279 | | |
| | Greg Norman | 74-68-71-66=279 | | |

Source:
Amateurs: Payne (+4), Mickelson (+8)

53°37′19″N 3°01′59″W / 53.622°N 3.033°W / 53.622; -3.033

## InfoBox

1991 Open Championship
| Tournament information | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 18–21 July 1991 |
| Location | Southport, England |
| Course(s) | Royal Birkdale Golf Club |
| Tour(s) | European Tour
PGA Tour |
| Statistics | |
| Par | 70 |
| Length | 6,940 yards (6,346 m) |
| Field | 156 players, 113 after cut |
| Cut | 148 (+8) |
| Prize fund | 900,000
1,512,000 |
| Winner's share | £90,000
$151,200 |
| Champion | |
| Ian Baker-Finch | |
| 272 (−8) | |
|  | |


title: Toksan Airport

abstract: Toksan Airport is an airport in Tŏksan-dong, Hamhŭng-si, Hamgyong-namdo, North Korea.

text:
# Toksan Airport

| Toksan Airport | |
| --- | --- |
| Chosŏn'gŭl | 덕산비행장 |
| Hancha |  |
| Revised Romanization | *Deoksan bihaengjang* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Tŏksan pihaengjang* |

**Toksan Airport** is an airport in Tŏksan-dong, Hamhŭng-si, Hamgyong-namdo, North Korea.

## Facilities

The airfield has a single concrete runway 05/23 measuring 8150 x 161 feet (2484 x 49 m). It is sited in a valley and has a full-length parallel taxiway. It is home to a fighter-bomber regiment of 24 MiG-21 jets.

## InfoBox

| Toksan Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Military |
| Serves | Hamhung, North Korea |
| Elevation AMSL | 210 ft / 64 m |
| Coordinates | 39°59′49.50″N 127°36′44.30″E / 39.9970833°N 127.6123056°E / 39.9970833; 127.6123056 |
| Map | |
| ToksanToksanToksanToksan | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  05/23 8,150 2,484 Concrete | |


title: Palézieux–Lyss railway

abstract: The Palézieux–Lyss railway is a single-track standard-gauge line of the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) in Romandy. The section south of Kerzers is sometimes considered to form one of two lines that intersect at Payerne station and are referred to in French as the Ligne de la Broye or in German as the Broyelinien or Broyetallinien. The Palézieux–Lyss railway includes the Broye longitudinal (Palézieux–Payerne–Murten–Kerzers). The Fribourg–Yverdon railway is considered to form the Broye transversal (Yverdon-les-Bains–Payerne–Fribourg/Freiburg). The lines are named after the Broye river, which passes through the cantons of Vaud and Fribourg, crossing the cantonal border ten times in total.

text:
# Palézieux–Lyss railway

The **Palézieux–Lyss railway** is a single-track standard-gauge line of the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) in Romandy.

The section south of Kerzers is sometimes considered to form one of two lines that intersect at Payerne station and are referred to in French as the *Ligne de la Broye* (Broye line) or in German as the *Broyelinien* (Broye lines) or *Broyetallinien* (Broye valley lines). The Palézieux–Lyss railway includes the *Broye longitudinal* (Palézieux–Payerne–Murten–Kerzers). The Fribourg–Yverdon railway is considered to form the *Broye transversal* (Yverdon-les-Bains–Payerne–Fribourg/Freiburg). The lines are named after the Broye river, which passes through the cantons of Vaud and Fribourg, crossing the cantonal border ten times in total.

## History

The line was opened in two stages:

* 12 June 1876: Murten–Kerzers–Lyss,
* 25 August 1876: Murten–Palézieux

The line between Palézieux and Fräschels was owned by the Western Swiss Railways (*Chemins de fer de la Suisse Occidentale*), which already operated the Jura Foot Railway via Yverdon and the Lausanne–Bern railway via Fribourg. The Jura bernois also opened its section between Fräschels and Lyss on 12 June 1876, so that the Murten–Kerzers–Lyss section went in operation on the same day, although owned by two companies. The competition from the two established main lines and the rural character of the catchment area never allowed the Palézieux–Lyss railway to advance beyond the status of a secondary line. Various mergers of railway companies led to the line becoming wholly owned by the SBB at its foundation in 1903.

Most of the line was electrified in 1944–1947, late by Swiss standards and reflecting its low traffic. The Murten–Muntelier section had already been electrified at 750 Volt using side-contact third rail between 1903 and 1947 for the trains of the Chemin de fer Fribourg–Morat–Anet (FMA).

## Route

The Palézieux–Kerzers route runs in a predominantly northeastern direction, always along the Broye river to Lake Morat. In the first section to Moudon, which also has the only tunnel of the line, the maximum slope is 1.9%; afterwards the line is flatter. At the entrance to Kerzers station, the Bern–Neuchâtel railway is crossed at an acute angle at grade. The station itself, operated jointly by the SBB and BLS, underwent a fundamental reconstruction between 2003 and 2005. The mechanical signal box built in 1896 is preserved as a museum.

### Footnotes

### Sources

* Wägli, Hans G. (2010). *Schienennetz Schweiz, Réseau Ferré suisse* (in German). Zürich: AS Verlag. ISBN 978-3-909111-74-9.

## InfoBox

| Palézieux–Lyss railway | |
| --- | --- |
| Kerzers station | |
| Overview | |
| Owner | Swiss Federal Railways |
| Line number | 251, 305, 291 |
| Termini |  |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 79.7 km (49.5 mi) |
| Number of tracks | 1 |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) |
| Electrification | 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC overhead catenary |
| Route map | |


title: OTO Award for Female Singer

abstract: OTO Award for Female Singer has been awarded since the first edition of the accolades, established by Art Production Agency (APA) in Slovakia. Each year, the award is presented to the most recognized female artists of the past year with the ceremony permitted live by the national television network STV.

text:
# OTO Award for Female Singer

***OTO* Award
Female Singer**

---

**Currently held by**
Kristína

---

**First awarded | Last awarded**
2000 | Present

***OTO* Award for Female Singer** has been awarded since the first edition of the accolades, established by Art Production Agency (APA) in Slovakia. Each year, the award is presented to the most recognized female artists of the past year with the ceremony permitted live by the national television network STV.

## Winners and nominees

### 2000s

Jana Kirschner leads the category, having accumulated four trophies to her credit.Zuzana Smatanová comes the first with the most achieved nominations, ten.Katarína Knechtová has scooped two wins, being nominated four times.

| Year | Recipient | Nominees |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | **Jana Kirschner** |  |
| 2001 | **Marika Gombitová** |  |
| 2002 | **Misha**
(2 consecutive wins) | |
| 2003 | |  |
| 2004 | **Zuzana Smatanová**
(2 consecutive wins) |  |
| 2005 | |  |
| 2006 | **Katarína Knechtová**
(2 consecutive wins) |  |
| 2007 | | |
| 2008 | **Jana Kirschner**
(3 consecutive wins) |  |
| 2009 | | |

### 2010s

| Year | Recipient | Nominees |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | (See above) |  |
| 2011 | **Nela Pocisková** |  |
| 2012 | **Celeste Buckingham**
(3 consecutive wins) |  |
| 2013 | | |
| 2014 | |  |
| 2015 | **Kristína**
(2 consecutive wins) |  |
| 2016 | |  |
| 2017 | **Mária Čírová** |
| 2018 | **Simona Martausová**
(2 consecutive wins) |
| 2019 | |

## Superlatives


title: Our Lady of Angels

abstract: Our Lady of the Angel is a monastery near Orebić, a town on the Pelješac peninsula, in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County, Croatia. The monastery was built at the end of the 16th century under the Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik), to which the town of Orebić belonged between 1333 and 1806. The Franciscans built it and are of a Gothic-Renaissance style. The monastery is surrounded by dense pinewood forests and is located on a craggy stone crest 152 metres above the sea.It has a bird's-eye view east, south, and west over the Korčula and Pelješac sea channel with the old town of Korčula in the background. The building consists of one large floor with four outer wings. The whole building forms a unit with the church and is dominated by the bell tower. Petar Tolstoj, a Russian lord and travel writer, mentioned the monastery in 1868. German prince Philipp of Coburg stayed at the monastery in 1905, and the British writer Seaton Watson was there in 1913. Seamen passing under the monastery traditionally greeted it with three calls on their ship sirens, and then the Franciscans answered with their church bells, producing a brilliant sound. The sound of the church bells could be heard throughout the sea channel.

text:
# Our Lady of Angels

**Our Lady of the Angel** (Croatian: *Gospa od Anđela*) is a monastery near Orebić, a town on the Pelješac peninsula, in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County, Croatia.

The monastery was built at the end of the 16th century under the Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik), to which the town of Orebić belonged between 1333 and 1806. The Franciscans built it and are of a Gothic-Renaissance style.

The monastery is surrounded by dense pinewood forests and is located on a craggy stone crest 152 metres above the sea.It has a bird's-eye view east, south, and west over the Korčula and Pelješac sea channel with the old town of Korčula in the background. The building consists of one large floor with four outer wings. The whole building forms a unit with the church and is dominated by the bell tower. Petar Tolstoj, a Russian lord and travel writer, mentioned the monastery in 1868. German prince Philipp of Coburg stayed at the monastery in 1905, and the British writer Seaton Watson was there in 1913.

Seamen passing under the monastery traditionally greeted it with three calls on their ship sirens, and then the Franciscans answered with their church bells, producing a brilliant sound. The sound of the church bells could be heard throughout the sea channel.

42°58′41″N 17°09′14″E / 42.97806°N 17.15389°E / 42.97806; 17.15389


title: Marignana

abstract: Marignana is a commune in the Corse-du-Sud department of France on the island of Corsica.

text:
# Marignana

**Marignana** (French pronunciation: \[maʁiɲana\]) is a commune in the Corse-du-Sud department of France on the island of Corsica.

## Geography

### Climate

Marignana has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification *Csa*). The average annual temperature in Marignana is 15.7 °C (60.3 °F). The average annual rainfall is 740.0 mm (29.13 in) with November as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.4 °C (75.9 °F), and lowest in February, at around 8.5 °C (47.3 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Marignana was 39.3 °C (102.7 °F) on 3 August 2017; the coldest temperature ever recorded was −3.2 °C (26.2 °F) on 11 February 2012.

| Climate data for Marignana (1991−2020 normals, extremes 2009−present) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 19.3
(66.7) | 21.2
(70.2) | 25.7
(78.3) | 29.5
(85.1) | 33.1
(91.6) | 35.9
(96.6) | 38.8
(101.8) | 39.3
(102.7) | 33.3
(91.9) | 31.0
(87.8) | 23.8
(74.8) | 19.6
(67.3) | 39.3
(102.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 11.3
(52.3) | 11.5
(52.7) | 13.9
(57.0) | 17.2
(63.0) | 20.2
(68.4) | 24.8
(76.6) | 28.1
(82.6) | 28.5
(83.3) | 24.5
(76.1) | 20.7
(69.3) | 15.8
(60.4) | 12.6
(54.7) | 19.1
(66.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 8.7
(47.7) | 8.5
(47.3) | 10.6
(51.1) | 13.7
(56.7) | 16.6
(61.9) | 21.0
(69.8) | 24.0
(75.2) | 24.4
(75.9) | 20.8
(69.4) | 17.3
(63.1) | 13.1
(55.6) | 10.0
(50.0) | 15.7
(60.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 6.1
(43.0) | 5.5
(41.9) | 7.4
(45.3) | 10.2
(50.4) | 13.0
(55.4) | 17.2
(63.0) | 19.9
(67.8) | 20.3
(68.5) | 17.0
(62.6) | 14.0
(57.2) | 10.3
(50.5) | 7.4
(45.3) | 12.4
(54.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −1.4
(29.5) | −3.2
(26.2) | −0.3
(31.5) | 0.1
(32.2) | 4.5
(40.1) | 10.6
(51.1) | 13.4
(56.1) | 13.0
(55.4) | 8.2
(46.8) | 2.3
(36.1) | 2.0
(35.6) | −1.5
(29.3) | −3.2
(26.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 79.4
(3.13) | 79.5
(3.13) | 68.5
(2.70) | 63.1
(2.48) | 57.5
(2.26) | 32.3
(1.27) | 13.2
(0.52) | 14.7
(0.58) | 42.8
(1.69) | 81.2
(3.20) | 123.1
(4.85) | 84.7
(3.33) | 740.0
(29.13) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 9.3 | 8.6 | 7.3 | 7.6 | 5.8 | 3.2 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 5.1 | 7.2 | 10.3 | 9.2 | 76.8 |
| Source: Météo-France | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 150 |  |
| 1975 | 105 | −4.97% |
| 1982 | 90 | −2.18% |
| 1990 | 120 | +3.66% |
| 1999 | 101 | −1.90% |
| 2009 | 104 | +0.29% |
| 2014 | 105 | +0.19% |
| 2020 | 106 | +0.16% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Marignana | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| A general view of Marignana | |
| Location of Marignana | |
| MarignanaMarignana | |
| Coordinates: 42°14′03″N 8°48′04″E / 42.2342°N 8.8011°E / 42.2342; 8.8011 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Corsica |
| Department | Corse-du-Sud |
| Arrondissement | Ajaccio |
| Canton | Sevi-Sorru-Cinarca |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Mathieu Ceccaldi |
| Area**1** | 55.09 km2 (21.27 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 104 |
| Density | 1.9/km2 (4.9/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 2A154 /20141 |
| Elevation | 13–1,332 m (43–4,370 ft)
(avg. 750 m or 2,460 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Leonid Belakhov

abstract: Leonid Yulianovich Belakhov was a general and a senior Soviet administrator at the time of World War II, and managed several strategic logistical programs that influenced the course of the war, including the transportation of war aid from the US through the Lend-Lease program and of troops and fuel for the beginning of the offensive against the Nazi Germany's invasion of the USSR.

text:
# Leonid Belakhov

**Leonid Yulianovich Belakhov** (Russian: Леонид Юлианович Белахов, June 9, 1907 – June 9, 1975) was a general and a senior Soviet administrator at the time of World War II, and managed several strategic logistical programs that influenced the course of the war, including the transportation of war aid from the US through the Lend-Lease program and of troops and fuel for the beginning of the offensive against the Nazi Germany's invasion of the USSR.

## Biography

**Arctic exploration**

In 1937, after finishing the air force command academy, Belakhov was appointed head of political administration of the Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route (GlavSevMorPut), one of the largest Soviet agencies, governing the Soviet territory north of the Arctic Circle and east of the Ural mountains. In this role, Belakhov oversaw the internal affairs of the agency and the logistics of the Arctic exploration programs.

The agency was at that time headed by Otto Schmidt. Belakhov continued as the political chief under Ivan Papanin, the new chief of CDNSR after Otto Schmidt's resignation from the agency's leadership in 1939.

**World War II**

In 1940, Belakhov was appointed head of political administration and deputy minister of the Soviet Merchant Fleet. In this capacity, Belakhov was commissioned to manage several key projects, reporting to Anastas Mikoyan, the deputy head of the government and a stalwart of Soviet politics. The projects included the organization of transportation of war aid to the USSR from the U.S. through the Lend-Lease program, supply of fuel and transportation of troops for the Battle of Stalingrad.

## Family

Belakhov was married to Maria Belakhova, a writer and educator known for her work in children's literature and education in the Soviet Union, mentorship of many of the country's prominent children's writers, and her own works.

* Mikoyan, Anastas I. "It Was Thus: Memoirs of Anastas Mikoyan.". Trans. Katherine T. O’Connor and Diana L. Burgin. Madison, CT: Sphinx Press, 1988. ISBN 0-943071-04-6.
* Valentin Akuratov "On New Routes". GlavSevMorPut Press, USSR, 1941.
* John McCannon "Red Arctic: Polar Exploration and the Myth of the North in the Soviet Union, 1932-1939". Oxford University Press, USA, 1998. ISBN 978-0-19-511436-2.
* Aleksey Shahurin "Wings Of Victory". Politizdat, USSR, 1990.

## InfoBox

| Leonid Belakhov | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Leonid Yulianovich Belakhov
June 9, 1907
Vinnytsia, Russian Empire |
| Died | June 9, 1975 (aged 68)
Moscow, Soviet Union |
| Nationality | Soviet Union |
| Awards | Order of Lenin |


title: Swainsona sericea

abstract: Swainsona sericea commonly known as silky Swainson-pea or silky pea, is a flowering plant in the family Fabaceae. It is a small perennial with greyish-green leaves, purple flowers and grows in New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia.

text:
# Swainsona sericea

***Swainsona sericea*** commonly known as **silky Swainson-pea** or **silky pea**, is a flowering plant in the family Fabaceae. It is a small perennial with greyish-green leaves, purple flowers and grows in New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia.

## Description

*Swainsona sericea* is an upright or prostrate, sparsely branched perennial plant about 10 cm (3.9 in) high with stems thickly covered in soft hairs. The leaves are greyish-green, up to 7 cm (2.8 in) long, narrowly oblong, 5-13 leaflets to 1.5 cm (0.59 in) long, densely hairy, pointed at the tip, apex leaflet considerably longer, upper and lower surfaces more or less covered with short, soft, silky hairs and stipules 3–7 mm (0.12–0.28 in) long. The raceme usually consists of 2-8 pea-shaped flowers 7–11 mm (0.28–0.43 in) long, corolla purple, covered with soft hairs, keel 7–10 mm (0.28–0.39 in) long, standard petal broadly egg-shaped, 8–14 mm (0.31–0.55 in) long, 8–14 mm (0.31–0.55 in) wide and the flowers stems about 5 mm (0.20 in) long. Flowering occurs from August to October and the fruit is an oval-shaped pod, hairy, up to 1.7 cm (0.67 in) long and ending in a point.

## Taxonomy and naming

This species was described in 1948 by Alma Theodora Lee and given the name *Swainsona oreboides* subsp. *sericea*. In 1968 H.Eichler changed the name to *Swainsona sericea* from an unpublished description by J.M.Black and the description was published in *Supplement to J.M.Black's Flora of South Australia*. The specific epithet (sericea) means "silky".

## Distribution and habitat

Silky Swanson-pea grows in grassland and grassy woodland in Victoria, New South Wales and South Australia.

## InfoBox

| Silky Swainson-pea | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Faboideae |
| Genus: | *Swainsona* |
| Species: | ***S. sericea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Swainsona sericea***<br>(A.T.Lee) J.M.Black ex H.Eichler | |
|


# List of national conservation lands in Colorado

This is a list of National Conservation Lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management in the U.S. State of Colorado. The Bureau of Land Management manages the National Landscape Conservation System in the Western United States.

## National Monuments

The Bureau of Land Management manages two of the eight National Monuments in Colorado:

## National Conservation Areas

The Bureau of Land Management manages the three National Conservation Areas within Colorado.

## National Wildernesses

The Bureau of Land Management manages five of the 44 National Wildernesses within Colorado.

## National Historic Trails

The Bureau of Land Management manages portions of one of the four National Historic Trails that pass through Colorado:

## National Scenic Trail

The Bureau of Land Management manages portions of the National Scenic Trail that passes through Colorado:

## Other federal lands

The Bureau of Land Management manages the extensive federal land holdings in western Colorado not managed by another federal agency.

### Areas of Critical Environmental Concern

The Bureau of Land Management has designated 88 Areas of Critical Environmental Concern in Western Colorado.

1. "Colorado National Conservation Lands". *United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management*. 2024-08-02. Archived from the original on 2024-08-02. Retrieved 2024-08-02.

38°59′50″N 105°32′52″W / 38.9972°N 105.5478°W / 38.9972; -105.5478 (State of Colorado)


abstract: The women's 55 kg Semi-Contact category at the W.A.K.O. World Championships 2007 in Coimbra was the second lightest of the female Light-Contact tournaments falling between featherweight and lightweight when compared to Full-Contact's weight classes. There were fourteen women from two continents taking part in the competition. Each of the matches was three rounds of two minutes each and were fought under Semi-Contact rules. Due to there being too few competitors for a tournament designed for sixteen, two of the women had a bye through to the quarter finals. The tournament gold medallist was Russia's Maria Kushtanova who added to the gold medal she won in the Light-Contact category at Belgrade earlier in the year, by defeating Norway's Eirin Dale in the final on points. Greece's Peny Galani and Ireland's Lorraine McDermott took bronze.

text:
# Women's Semi-Contact at WAKO World Championships 2007 Coimbra -55 kg

The women's 55 kg (121 lbs) Semi-Contact category at the W.A.K.O. World Championships 2007 in Coimbra was the second lightest of the female Light-Contact tournaments falling between featherweight and lightweight when compared to Full-Contact's weight classes. There were fourteen women from two continents (Europe and North America) taking part in the competition. Each of the matches was three rounds of two minutes each and were fought under Semi-Contact rules.

Due to there being too few competitors for a tournament designed for sixteen, two of the women had a bye through to the quarter finals. The tournament gold medallist was Russia's Maria Kushtanova who added to the gold medal she won in the Light-Contact category at Belgrade earlier in the year, by defeating Norway's Eirin Dale in the final on points. Greece's Peny Galani and Ireland's Lorraine McDermott took bronze.

## Results

|  | 1st Round | | |  |  | Quarter Finals | | |  |  | Semi Finals | | |  |  | Final | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | | |  |  | Peny Galani | | **D(15:5)** |  |  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | Lora Minicucci | |  |  |  | Stephanie Wright | |  |  | ||
|  | Stephanie Wright | | **D(20:15)** |  |  |  | | |  |  | Peny Galani | |  |  | |
|  | Klaudia Diligens | | **D(18:8)** |  |  | |  |  | Maria Kushtanova | | **D(14:4)** |  ||
|  | Kimberly Abdulla | |  |  |  | Klaudia Diligens | |  |  |  |  | | |  | |
|  | Maria Kushtanova | | **D(15:5)** |  |  | Maria Kushtanova | | **D(16:14)** |  | | || |
|  | Nellie Vergopoulou | |  |  |  | | | | | | |  | Maria Kushtanova | | | **D(14:9)** |  |
|  | Adriana Tricoci | |  |  |  | | | | |  | |  |  | Eirin Dale | |  |  |
|  | Sandra Guzzetta | | **D(11:6)** |  |  | Sandra Guzzetta | |  |  | | |  |  | | |  |
|  | Lorraine McDermott | | **D(12:5)** |  |  | Lorraine McDermott | | **D(20:13)** |  | | ||
|  | Asli Guenduez | |  |  |  |  | | |  | | |  | Lorraine McDermott | | |  |  |
|  | Natalia Hein | |  |  |  | |  |  | Eirin Dale | | | | **D(14:11)** | |  |
|  | Eirin Dale | | **D(10:0)** |  |  | Eirin Dale | | **D(11:9)** |  | | |  | | | | | |
|  |  | | |  |  | Dorota Godzina | |  |  | | ||

### Key

| Abbreviation | Meaning |
| --- | --- |
| D (3:0) | Decision (Unanimous) |
| D (2:1) | Decision (Split) |
|
| KO | Knockout |
| TKO | Technical Knockout |
| AB | Abandonment (Injury in match) |
| WO | Walkover (No fight) |
| DQ | Disqualification |
|


title: 1991 Ginebra San Miguel season

abstract: The 1991 Ginebra San Miguel season was the 13th season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA).

text:
# 1991 Ginebra San Miguel season

The **1991 Ginebra San Miguel season** was the 13th season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA).

## Draft pick

| Round | Pick | Player | Details |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 5 | Jayvee Gayoso | Signed |
|

## 3rd Championship

Formerly the Añejo Rum 65ers, the La Tondeña ballclub returns to its old brand name Ginebra San Miguel beginning the season. In the First Conference, the Ginebras were in danger of being eliminated going into their last two games in the elimination round. In a must-win situation, Ginebra beat Purefoods, 137-133 on April 2, and Alaska, 123-117 on April 7, to advance into the semifinals with five wins and six losses and at the bottom of the five-team semis cast.

After losing their first semifinal assignment to Shell, 120-121 on April 11, the never-say-die Ginebras racked up seven straight victories to march to the finals rematch with arch-rivals Shell Turbo Chargers. Ginebra San Miguel made history by coming back from a 1-3 series deficit to take the last three games and win the championship, highlighted by Rudy Distrito's winning shot in the last five seconds of the thrilling Game Seven with the score tied at 102-all.

## Runner-up finish

Ginebra signed up Wes Matthews, a member of the 1987-88 NBA World Champions Los Angeles Lakers, as their import in the Third Conference. Matthews led the team to seven wins and four losses in the elimination round. The Ginebras won their first five semifinal games for a return trip to the finals, this time playing against the Alaska Milkmen. Ginebra lost in four games to Alaska in the best-of-five title series with rumors abound possible changes in their lineup next season following the reduced playing time of some of their key players in Game four finals loss.

## Occurrences

Assistant coach Rino Salazar accepted the offer to coach Shell beginning the Third Conference and in his place, Ginebra hired Shell's former coach Arlene Rodriguez, whom Salazar replaced on the Turbo Chargers' bench.

## Notable dates

**March 10:** Ginebra snapped out of a three-game losing skein as new import Jervis Cole sizzled for 41 points and 19 rebounds, capping his brilliant stint when he canned-in two free throws with two seconds left in lifting the Gins to a 110-109 win over Presto Tivoli. Cole is the third Ginebra import to arrived after Ron Davis (three games) and William Alexander (one game).

**April 21:** The Ginebras came back from 19 points down in the fourth quarter and behind the plays of Dondon Ampalayo and import Jervis Cole, a final 9-1 blast gave the Gins a dramatic 126-125 come-from-behind victory over Diet Sarsi after trailing 117-124 with only 32 seconds left in the game. The win put Ginebra in a triple-tie at second place with Sarsi and Purefoods at the end of the first round of the semifinals.

**May 2:** Ginebra led 16-0 over importless-Purefoods early in the first quarter and never look back in a 126-108 victory to set the stage for an explosive finals grudge rematch opposite last year's championship rival Shell Rimula-X Turbo Chargers.

**May 14:** In Game five of the First Conference finals with Shell leading the series, three games to one, a 30-0 blast in the fourth quarter silence the Turbo Chargers for some five minutes and allowed Ginebra to turn a close game into a rout, pulling away with a 116-90 victory and stays alive in the finals series.

**May 19:** Rudy Distrito caught a pinpoint inbound pass from Sonny Jaworski and then delivered on a drive with one second left that lifted the Gins to a 104-102 win over Shell in Game Seven for the First Conference championship as they completed a remarkable comeback in the playoffs and bag their third PBA title.

**June 29:** Ginebra beats Alaska, 75-68, in a low-scoring contest in the out-of-town game in Baguio City for their second win in five games in the All-Filipino Conference. The Milkmen's 68-point total broke the previous all-time low of 69 points made by Presto back in 1981.

**July 7:** The Ginebras rode on the heroics of playing-coach Sonny Jaworski's fired-up game and pinpoint passing in the fourth quarter with Dondon Ampalayo hitting a basket from close range as Ginebra pulled a 104-103 win over league-leading Diet Sarsi. The Gins, which trailed by as many as 11 points, improved to three wins and four losses. The Sizzlers' defeat dropped their win–loss standings to 6-2.

**October 6:** With both teams carrying an identical two wins and two loss slate, Ginebra prevailed over Pepsi Hotshots, 117-112, in a match where Ginebra playing-coach Sonny Jaworski was ejected from two technical fouls and Pepsi import Perry McDonald being given a technical just as the game was about to end. Jaworski fouled a driving Abet Guidaben, who fell down and then confronted the Ginebra playing coach, McDonald intervened by grabbing the Big J's nape.

**October 31:** Ginebra San Miguel repeated over Pepsi Hotshots, 114-111, at the start of the semifinal round of the Third Conference as they halted the six-game winning streak of the Hotshots and tied them on top of the standings with eight wins and four losses.

**November 12:** At the start of the second round in the semifinals, Ginebra defeated Pepsi for the third time in the conference, 123-120. The score was tied at 120-all with only few seconds remaining and ball possession for the Hotshots, Ginebra import Wes Matthews stole the ball from Willie Generalao and then let go of a 35-footer that swished the net with one second left. The victory gave the Gins their seventh straight win since their last two games in the eliminations and their 12th victory in 16 games, assuring them of one of the two finals berth.

## Roster

1991 Ginebra San Miguel roster
| Players | Coaches |
| --- | --- |
| Pos. # POB Name Height Weight DOB (YYYY–MM–DD) From  6  Ampalayo, Dondon 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)   USJ–R  7  Jaworski, Robert 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)   UE  G/F 8  Palad, Silverio 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)   UST  9  Isaac, Leo 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)   Mapúa  10  Poblador, Anthony 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)   De La Salle  G/F 11  Gayoso, Jayvee 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)   Ateneo  12  Gonzalgo, Dante 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)   Lyceum  14  Villanil, Larry 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)   Visayas  15  Cuenco, Rey 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)   GAUF  17  Distrito, Rudy 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)   UE  18  Cezar, Philip 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)   JRC  G/F 41  Loyzaga, Chito 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)   San Beda | Head coach Assistant coach(es) Team manager   ---  Legend * **(C)** Team captain * Injured |

## Transactions

### Rookie free agents

| **Player** | **Signed** | **Former team** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Silverio Palad | Off-season | N/A |
| Anthony Poblador | Off-season | N/A |

### Recruited imports

| Name | Conference | No. | Pos. | Ht. | College | Duration |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ronald Davis | First Conference | 2 | Center | 6'5" | Arizona State University | February 19–28 |
| William Alexander | |  | Guard-Forward | 6'5" |  | March 5 (one game) |
| Jervis Cole | | 32 | Forward | 6'5" | Fresno State University | March 10 to May 19 |
| Wes Matthews | Third Conference | 1 | Guard | 6'1" | University of Wisconsin | September 15 to December 15 |

## InfoBox

| 1991 Ginebra San Miguel season | |
| --- | --- |
| Head coach | Robert Jaworski |
| General Manager | Bernabe Navarro |
| Owner(s) | La Tondeña Distillers, Inc. |
| First Conference results | |
| Record | 1610
(61.5%) |
| Place | 1st |
| Playoff finish | Champions |
| All-Filipino Conference results | |
| Record | 47
(36.4%) |
| Place | 7th |
| Playoff finish | Eliminated |
| Third Conference results | |
| Record | 1310
(56.5%) |
| Place | 2nd |
| Playoff finish | Runner-up |
| Ginebra San Miguel seasons | |
|


title: Tom Loyless

abstract: Tom W. Loyless, now best known as the manager owner of the Warm Springs spa resort, owned by George Foster Peabody. Prior to managing the resort, Loyless, a native of west Georgia, served as a newspaper reporter, editor and publisher at papers in Augusta, Columbus and Macon. He was " one of the South's leading editorial voices, known for his fierce commentaries and a temper that matched."

text:
# Tom Loyless

**Tom W. Loyless** (ca.1871 - March 19, 1926), now best known as the manager owner of the Warm Springs spa resort, owned by George Foster Peabody. Prior to managing the resort, Loyless, a native of west Georgia, served as a newspaper reporter, editor and publisher at papers in Augusta, Columbus and Macon. He was " one of the South's leading editorial voices, known for his fierce commentaries and a temper that matched."

## Life

As a young editor Loyless earned a reputation for bluntness and a fiery temper that did not always limit itself to print. An 1897 dispute with H.C. Hanson, editor of the rival *Macon Morning Telegraph* (later merged with *Macon Evening News* to form the *Macon Telegraph*) in which Loyless accused Hanson of bias in reporting became so heated that when meeting Hanson in person Loyless struck him. Hanson in turn drew a handgun.

### Career

In 1903 Loyless and H.H. Cabiness acquired ownership of the *Augusta Chronicle*. By 1915 Loyless was editor of the few newspaper editors in Georgia to proclaim the innocence of Leo Frank and denounced his prosecutors as corrupt. The *Chronicle* supported Governor John M. Slaton in commuting Leo Frank's death sentence. Thomas E. Watson, publisher of *Watson's Magazine* and *The Jeffersonian*, openly advocated the lynching of Frank and defended the mob that attacked the Governor's home. For several weeks Loyless devoted almost his entire newspaper to confronting Watson. The *Chronicle* was practically alone among the daily newspapers to do so. In 1919 Loyless moved to the Columbus Enquirer-Sun. His editorials about Frank cost him his local popularity and made him an enemy of the Ku Klux Klan.

### Warm Springs

Georgia banker and philanthropist George Foster Peabody had often visited the estate of his partner Spencer Trask in Saratoga Springs, New York, and in 1910 agreed to succeed him as chairman of the state commission set up to purchase and conserve the famous spa there. In 1923 Peabody acquired the Meriweather Inn at Warm Springs, Georgia near his boyhood home. Loyless had been leasing the Inn, and became Peabody's agent, managing the property.

Loyless proved an ambitious caretaker of the much-in-disrepair property. After a young man suffering from polio discovered that the springs helped him, Loyless and Warm Springs attracted the attention of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who had been stricken by a paralytic illness in 1921, diagnosed at the time as polio. Based on his own improvement, Roosevelt decided that Warm Springs could help victims of polio, and he worked together with Loyless on improvements to the resort and spa.

In March 1923, Loyless was in New York and addressed the Jewish Correspondence Bureau regarding the Frank case. Loyless remained at Warm Springs until his health failed due to cancer in 1925. An obituary (featuring the subheading "Georgia Editor Was an Unceasing Enemy of the Klan") appeared on page 19 of the March 22, 1926, issue of the *New York Times*.

Loyless is portrayed in the 2005 movie *Warm Springs* by Tim Blake Nelson. While the film gives the impression that Loyless was no longer active in newspapers at the time of Roosevelt's visits, he was in fact still involved with the *Columbus* (Georgia) *Ledger* (of which Loyless owned a percentage). Franklin Roosevelt contributed several editorials to the paper as a guest editor and nine guest-editorials for Loyless's former paper, the *Macon Telegraph*, which were syndicated nationally.

1. "The Way We Were: The Chronicle’s famed editor Tom Loyless", *Augusta Chronicle*, August 23, 2020
2. *Forum*, vol. 56, Library of American civilization, PSU, 1916, p.690 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
3. "Augusta chronicle and Georgia advertiser", Georgia Historic Newspapers
4. Tobin, James. *The Man He Became: How FDR Defied Polio to Win the Presidency*, Simon and Schuster, 2014, p. 203
5. "Watson Made Fortune on Frank case says Georgia Editor", *The Reform Advocate*, vol. 65, p.226
6. FDR's ties to Georgia


title: Pamela Moore

abstract: Pamela Moore is an American singer-songwriter, mixing hard rock, heavy metal, melodic rock and industrial music while her earlier years delved into pop and electronica. She currently resides in Seattle, Washington.

text:
# Pamela Moore

**Pamela Moore** is an American singer-songwriter, mixing hard rock, heavy metal, melodic rock and industrial music while her earlier years delved into pop and electronica. She currently resides in Seattle, Washington.

## History

Born and raised in Seattle, Moore was introduced to theater at a young age and developed a passion for performing on stage. She studied with the music program in high school and taught herself how to play steel-string acoustic guitar and piano.

In the early 1980s, Moore released her two first albums, *Take a Look* and *You Won't Find Me There*. Both albums were critically acclaimed, but record label problems put an early end to her budding recording career. Moore continued to perform with live club bands and was repeatedly hired for many radio and TV advertisements doing voice overs and singing Jingles. Then in 1988, Moore was tapped to be the voice of Sister Mary on Queensrÿche's concept album *Operation: Mindcrime*. It became a commercial success, and as a result she started performing live with them. In the late 1990s, she became the singer for the band Radar and relocated to New York City to record their 2000 debut album, *R.P.M.* After Radar disbanded in 2001, Moore moved back to Seattle.

### Solo career

In 2006, Moore released a full-length album, *Stories from a Blue Room*. All of the songs written by Moore and former Rorschach Test guitarist Benjamin Anderson. The album was produced by Neil Kernon and recorded at Sonic Ranch studio in El Paso, Texas and Robert Lang Studios in Seattle. Terri Nunn, Jeff Loomis, and Michael Wilton have all made guest appearances on this record.

The album was followed on May 14, 2013 with *Resurrect Me*. Compared to her previous solo albums, this album features a more contemporary metal sound. It is a collaboration between Moore and Radakka guitarist Michael Posch. This release features guest appearances by Ralf Scheepers on the song 'Sky is falling', as well as background vocals. Jeff Loomis featured on song 'Awakening'. Additional vocals Aury Moore, Patrick Moore, Brenda Kashmir, Randy Piper and Scott Bowen. A video for the song "Paranoia" was released on May 8, 2013.

On May 1, 2018, "Behind the Veil" was unleashed to the public with a team of musicians; Rudy Sarzo\- Bass, Casey Grillo \- Drums, Michael Posch - Guitar and orchestration and newcomer, Craig Church - Guitar and orchestration, as well as special guests, Ralf Scheepers, Randy Piper and Elliot Anders. On June 19, 2018, Billboard (magazine) won the exclusive premiere of Moore's “WiFi Zombie” video. Says Billboard's Christa Titus, "With images in the video of zombies staggering about clutching phones and cars careening out of control, the dark humor is underscored by real-life footage of people committing potentially fatal blunders while distracted by their phones, like falling into cellar doors on city streets and wandering into traffic. To signify the damage that smartphone-related diversions create" Moore adds, "WiFi Zombie poses the very real, absurd obsession we have developed with our smartphones and devices".

Moore has a vocal and performance coaching business.

### Queensrÿche

Moore has performed with Queensrÿche on several occasions, most notably on the song "Suite Sister Mary" on Queensrÿche's 1988 concept album *Operation: Mindcrime*. Following the album's commercial success, she started performing live with Queensrÿche, making her first public appearance with them on the 1990–1991 *Empire* tour, participating in the filming and recording of *Operation: Livecrime*, and later also on 2002's *Live Evolution* and 2006's *Mindcrime at the Moore*. In the studio, Moore revived her role as Sister Mary on the sequel album *Operation: Mindcrime II*, which was released in 2006.

Moore has also performed select live shows with Queensrÿche alongside Todd La Torre in 2012, and in 2013, she provided vocals on the song "A World Without" on their self-titled album *Queensrÿche*. At that album's release party, she performed "Suite Sister Mary", "Eyes of a Stranger", and "Silent Lucidity" with them.

## Discography

| Date Of Release | Title | Artist |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1981 | *Take a Look* | Pamela Moore |
| 1982 | *You Won't Find Me There* | Pamela Moore |
| 1988 | *Operation: Mindcrime* | Queensrÿche |
| 1992/2001 | *Operation: Livecrime* | Queensrÿche |
| 2000 | *R.P.M.* | Radar |
| 2002 | *Live Evolution* | Queensrÿche |
| 2004 | *A Retrospective* | Pamela Moore |
| 2006 | *Operation: Mindcrime II* | Queensrÿche |
| | *Stories from a Blue Room* | Pamela Moore |
| | *Mindcrime at the Moore* | Queensrÿche |
| 2008 | *Sent from Heaven* (EP) | Solna |
| | *The Second Coming* | Eden's Curse |
| 2009 | *Eurameric* | Solna |
| 2013 | *Resurrect Me* | Pamela Moore |
| | *Words Thoughts Actions* | Marco Ricardo |
| | *Queensrÿche* | Queensrÿche |
| 2018 | *Behind The Veil* | Pamela Moore |

## Family

Moore has one sister and four brothers. She is a cousin of Terri Nunn, the lead singer of Berlin.

## InfoBox

| Pamela Moore | |
| --- | --- |
| Moore in 2013 | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Seattle, Washington, U.S. |
| Genres | hard rock, heavy metal |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, songwriter |
| Years active | 1981–present |
| Labels | First American Records (1981–82)
Kivel Records (2000–01)
Planet Sweet Records (2005–present)
Rat Pak Records (2013) |
|  | |
| Website | pamelamoore.net |


title: OTO Award for Music Band

abstract: OTO Award for Music Band has been awarded since the 2013, established by Art Production Agency (APA) in Slovakia. The award is presented to the most recognized music band of the past year with the ceremony permitted live by the national television network STV.

text:
# OTO Award for Music Band

***OTO* Award
Music Band**

---

**Currently held by**
IMT Smile

---

**First awarded | Last awarded**
2013 | Present

**OTO Award for Music Band** has been awarded since the 2013, established by Art Production Agency (APA) in Slovakia. The award is presented to the most recognized music band of the past year with the ceremony permitted live by the national television network STV.

## Winners and nominees

### 2010s

Fragile has won the award at all ceremonies since.

| Year | Recipient | Nominees |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | Not awarded | |
| 2011 | |
| 2012 | |
| 2013 | **Fragile**
(3 consecutive wins) |  |
| 2014 | |  |
| 2015 | |  |
| 2016 | **IMT Smile** | * Desmod * Fragile |

## Superlatives


title: Our Lady of Alice Bhatti

abstract: Our Lady of Alice Bhatti (2011) is a novel by Pakistani author and journalist, Mohammed Hanif.

text:
# Our Lady of Alice Bhatti

***Our Lady of Alice Bhatti*** (2011) is a novel by Pakistani author and journalist, Mohammed Hanif.

## Plot

The story revolves around the everyday life of a Christian nurse working in a government hospital in the Pakistani city of Karachi.

The author explained that it was a love story, but some critics suggested that the novel is also a statement on the plight of religious minorities living in Pakistan.

## Reception

It was shortlisted for the Wellcome Trust Book Prize (2012), and the DSC Prize for South Asian Literature (2013).

## InfoBox

| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Mohammad Hanif |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Cultural Fiction |
| Publisher | Jonathan Cape |
| ISBN | 0-224-08205-1 |


title: Marguerite Wells

abstract: Marguerite Milton Wells (1872–1959) was an American suffragist and social reformer. She served as president of the Minnesota League of Women Voters and president of the National League of Women Voters. Wells was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1872. She attended Smith College from 1891 through 1895. In 1917 she became a member of the Minnesota Woman Suffrage Association (MWSA). There she organized a petition drive supporting the passage of Woman Suffrage and presented to the Minnesota congressional delegation. Following the passage of the 19th Amendment Wells turned her attention to the newly created League of Women Voters. She served as president of the Minnesota League of Women Voters (1922-1932) and president of the National League of Women Voters (1934-1944). In 1929 her article Some Effects of Woman Suffrage was published in the journal Women in the Modern World. In 1938 the National League of Women Voters published her 22-page booklet A Portrait of the League of Women Voters at the Age of Eighteen. Wells died in Minneapolis in 1959. Her papers are in the Schlesinger Library at Radcliffe Institute Her name is included on the Minnesota Woman Suffrage Memorial.

text:
# Marguerite Wells

**Marguerite Milton Wells** (1872–1959) was an American suffragist and social reformer. She served as president of the Minnesota League of Women Voters and president of the National League of Women Voters.

Wells was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1872. She attended Smith College from 1891 through 1895. In 1917 she became a member of the Minnesota Woman Suffrage Association (MWSA). There she organized a petition drive supporting the passage of Woman Suffrage and presented to the Minnesota congressional delegation. Following the passage of the 19th Amendment Wells turned her attention to the newly created League of Women Voters. She served as president of the Minnesota League of Women Voters (1922-1932) and president of the National League of Women Voters (1934-1944).

In 1929 her article *Some Effects of Woman Suffrage* was published in the journal *Women in the Modern World*. In 1938 the National League of Women Voters published her 22-page booklet *A Portrait of the League of Women Voters at the Age of Eighteen*.

Wells died in Minneapolis in 1959. Her papers are in the Schlesinger Library at Radcliffe Institute Her name is included on the Minnesota Woman Suffrage Memorial.

## InfoBox

| Marguerite Milton Wells | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1872 (1872)
Milwaukee, Wisconsin |
| Died | 1959 (aged 8687)
Minneapolis, Minnesota |
| Occupation(s) | Suffragist, social reformer |


title: Leon Leyson

abstract: Leon Leyson was a Polish-American Holocaust survivor and one of the youngest Schindlerjuden, Jews saved by Oskar Schindler. His posthumously published memoir, The Boy on the Wooden Box- How the impossible became the possible, on Schindler's List details his extraordinary survival during the dark times of the dreaded Holocaust.

text:
# Leon Leyson

**Leon Leyson** (born **Leib Lejzon**; September 15, 1929 – January 12, 2013) was a Polish-American Holocaust survivor and one of the youngest *Schindlerjuden*, Jews saved by Oskar Schindler. His posthumously published memoir, *The Boy on the Wooden Box- How the impossible became the possible, on Schindler's List* details his extraordinary survival during the dark times of the dreaded Holocaust.

## Leyson's Life

### Early life

Leyson was born **Leib Lejzon** in Narewka, Poland to Moshe Lejzon and Chanah Lejzon (née Golner) on September 15, 1929. He had four siblings: Hershel, Betzalel (called Tsalig), Pesza, and David. He also had a large extended family. He and his family members were all observant Jews. The Lejzons were also farmers, and came from an ancestry of farming. Narewka was a small town, with only one car and little to no access to electricity. Leyson later recalled there being some division between Jews and gentiles in Narewka, including antisemitic jokes, or being chased away from a place for being a Jew on Christian holidays.

In 1938, the Lejzons moved to Kraków for better job opportunities. Leib began to experience overt antisemitism for the first time attending public school in Kraków. A year later, Germany invaded Poland and soon after began placing restrictions on Jews. Moshe Lejzon was arrested by the Germans and held without charges for three months before being released.

### The Holocaust

After the invasion, Hershel fled back to the family's home village of Narewka, then occupied by the Soviet Union. In 1941, he and the rest of the town's Jews, including most of the Leyson's extended family members, were massacred by the Nazis when they invaded. The Lejzons only found out about their deaths after the war ended.

Six months after the German army entered Kraków, the area's Jews were ordered to leave their homes and move into the Kraków Ghetto. Lejzon's father, Moshe, and his brother David began working for Oskar Schindler at his enamelware factory soon after. Channah, Leib and Pesza were covered under Moshe's pass until they found work, sparing them from deportation to an extermination camp.

Tsalig Lejzon was unable to get an employment pass, and was put on a train for deportation, most likely to the Bełżec extermination camp. Schindler, who was already at the station having some of his workers taken off the train, recognized him and offered to have him taken off as well. Tsalig refused, as he did not want to leave his girlfriend. It is assumed that neither of them survived, likely being murdered shortly after arrival in Bełżec or a similar camp.

In 1943, the Kraków Ghetto was liquidated by Nazi authorities. Those who survived and were not sent to extermination camps were sent to the newly built Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp under the notorious commandant Amon Göth, who Leib encountered on more than one occasion. Moshe managed to get Leib and Channah transferred out of Płaszów to Schindler's factory, where they remained in relative safety for almost a year.

In 1944, Leib and his surviving family members were placed on the famous Schindler's list. Leib's number on the list was 69128. The male *Schindlerjuden*, including Leib, David and Moshe, were transferred from Płaszów to the Gross-Rosen concentration camp for a few days before being sent on to Schindler's new camp, Brünnlitz in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, part of occupied Czechoslovakia. Leib was so traumatized by the experience that later he could not recall if they had spent days, weeks, or months there. The female *Schindlerjuden*, including Channah and Pesza, were sent to Auschwitz–Birkenau where they spent a harrowing few weeks before Schindler bribed Nazi officials into releasing them to Brünnlitz.

Despite Schindler and his wife, Emilie's, efforts to care for the workers, food was in short supply at Brünnlitz. Oskar Schindler was fond of Leib, calling him "Little Lejzon". He arranged for him to have extra rations, which Leib shared with his family. Schindler also had Leib transferred to easier work and had him taken off the night shift. On May 9, 1945, a few days after the guards, and then Schindler had fled, a lone Russian soldier arrived to announce that they were liberated.

### Later life

After the Red Army liberated Brünnlitz, the Lejzons briefly returned to Kraków, before Leib and his parents left for a displaced persons camp in Wetzlar, American-occupied Germany. In 1949, Lejzon and his parents immigrated to the United States, where they changed their family name to Leyson and Leib adopted the name Leon. His surviving siblings, David and Pesza (who changed her name to Aviva), immigrated first to Czechoslovakia and then settled in Israel.

In 1951, Leyson was drafted and served as an engineer in the US Army in Okinawa, Japan for sixteen months during the Korean War. He began teaching at Huntington Park High School in 1958. He met his wife, Elisabeth Burns, in January 1965. They married that year in July.

Leyson studied industrial arts at Los Angeles City College and received a bachelor's degree from Los Angeles State College in 1958. He then earned a Master of Education from Pepperdine University in 1970. He taught tech ed and was a guidance counselor at Huntington Park High School for 39 years, before his retirement in 1997. In 2011 he was awarded an honorary doctorate in humane letters from Chapman University.

In 1972, he met his savior Oskar Schindler one last time at a reunion of survivors in Los Angeles, before Schindler's death in 1974. Leyson was not sure Schindler would remember him, but he recognized him immediately, saying "I know who you are, you're Little Leyson!"

Leyson kept quiet about his experiences during the Holocaust until the release of the film *Schindler's List*, and the public interest that followed. He began speaking publicly about his experiences to audiences around the United States and Canada. He was a member of Rodgers Center for Holocaust Education Advisory Board at Chapman University.

### Death and legacy

Leyson died on January 12, 2013, of cutaneous t-cell lymphoma in Fullerton, California. He was survived by his two children, six grandchildren and his wife, Elisabeth B. Leyson. His book about his Holocaust experiences, *The Boy on the Wooden Box*, was published after his death with the help of his wife. The book was coauthored by Elisabeth B. Leyson and Holocaust scholar Dr. Marilyn J. Harran. The title came from Leyson, at age 13, needing to stand on a wooden box to reach the machinery in the factory at Brünnlitz. The book was successful, becoming a New York Times Best Seller. It also won a Christopher Award.

## Writing

* *The Boy on the Wooden Box: How the Impossible Became Possible . . . on Schindler's List.* Atheneum Books for Young Readers, 2015

Bibliography  * Brecher, Elinor J. (November 1, 1994). *Schindler's Legacy: True Stories of the List Survivors*. Plume. ISBN 9780452273535.
* Crowe, David M. (October 26, 2004). *Oskar Schindler: The Untold Account of His Life, Wartime Activities, and the True Story Behind the List*. Westview Press. ISBN 9780813333755. Archived from the original on January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
* Leyson, Leon (August 27, 2013). *The Boy on the Wooden Box: How the Impossible Became Possible . . . on Schindler's List*. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781442497832. Archived from the original on January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
* O'Neil, Robin (2010). *Oskar Schindler: Stepping Stone to Life: a Reconstruction of the Schindler Story*. Susaneking.com. ISBN 9780984594313. Archived from the original on 2024-01-03. Retrieved 2024-01-03.

Citations

## InfoBox

| Leon Leyson | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Leib Lejzon
(1929-09-15)September 15, 1929
Narewka, Poland |
| Died | January 12, 2013(2013-01-12) (aged 83)
Whittier, California, United States |
| Nationality | Polish |
| Citizenship | American |
| Education |  |
| Occupation | Teacher |
| Notable work | *The Boy on the Wooden Box: How the Impossible Became Possible . . . on Schindler's List* |
| Spouse | Elisabeth 'Lis' B. Leyson  (m. 1965) |
| Children | 2 |


title: Surface chemistry of cooking

text:
# Surface chemistry of cooking

In cooking several factors, including materials, techniques, and temperature, can influence the surface chemistry of the chemical reactions and interactions that create food. All of these factors depend on the chemical properties of the surfaces of the materials used. The material properties of cookware, such as hydrophobicity, surface roughness, and conductivity can impact the taste of a dish dramatically. The technique of food preparation alters food in fundamentally different ways, which produce unique textures and flavors. The temperature of food preparation must be considered when choosing the correct ingredients.

## Materials in cooking

The interactions between food and pan are very dependent on the material that the pan is made of. Whether or not the pan is hydrophilic or hydrophobic, the heat conductivity and capacity, surface roughness, and more all determine how the food is cooked.

### Stainless steel

Stainless steel is considered stainless because it has at least 11% chromium by mass. Chromium is a relatively inert metal and does not rust or react as easily as plain carbon steel. This is what makes it an exceptional material for cooking. It is also fairly inexpensive, but does not have a very high thermal conductivity. From a surface standpoint, this is because of the thin layer of chromium oxide that is formed on the surface. This thin layer protects the metal from rusting or corroding. While it is protective, the oxide layer is not very conductive, which makes cooking food less efficient than it could be. For most cooking applications, high thermal conductivity is desirable to create an evenly heated surface on which to cook. In this way, stainless steel is usually not considered high-grade cookware.

In terms of surface interactions, chromium oxide is polar. The oxygen atoms on the surface have a permanent dipole moment, and are therefore hydrophilic. This means that water will wet it, but oils or other lipids will not.

### Cast iron

Cast-iron cookware is seasoned with oil. The surface of the cast iron is not very smooth; it has pits and peaks that are not conducive to cooking. Typically, the cookware is seasoned with oil. This process leaves a thin coat of oil in the pits and on top of the peaks on the surface of the pan. This thin coat actually polymerizes, making it durable and lasting. It also prevents the cast iron from rusting, which it is prone to do. The oil that is used in a seasoned pan combines with any liquid that is used in the cooking process and creates a good contact between pan and food. Even though the cast iron itself is a poor heat conductor, the oil makes the pan effective when it is at a high temperature.

The other effect that the seasoning oil has is to make the surface of a cast-iron pan hydrophobic. This makes the pan non-stick during cooking, since the food will combine with the oil and not the pan. It also makes the pan easier to clean, but eventually the polymerized oil layer which seasons it comes off and it needs to be re-seasoned.

### Ceramic

Ceramic cookware (as in pans, not baking dishes) is not made of a solid ceramic, but rather is a metal pan, typically aluminum, with a nano-particle ceramic coating. This makes the surface rough on a small-scale and causes solutions to bead up more and not stick to the surface.

The downside is that the increased surface area means less surface contact with the food that is to be cooked and therefore has less heat transfer. Unfortunately, since the surface is fine, it can be scratched off over time, and the benefit from having it in the first place is lost.

### Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon)

Polytetrafluoroethylene (commonly called by its DuPont brand name, Teflon) is a polymer that is used as a coating for non-stick cookware. The polymer is a polyethylene chain with fluorine atoms replacing the hydrogen atoms. The strength of the carbon-fluorine bonds makes it nonreactive to most things. Furthermore fluorine bonded to carbon tends to not form hydrogen bonds, and this along with the overall relatively weak London dispersion forces present result in Teflon poorly sticking to other substances. Teflon has the third lowest coefficient of friction of any known solid. It is also relatively cheap and very common.

The downsides of Teflon include the fact that it can be scratched off and get into food during the cooking process. Another problem is that Teflon begins to break down at around 350 °C and can give off poisonous fluorocarbon gasses. The final problem is that the bonding of Teflon to the pan uses a surfactant called perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which can also break down at high temperatures and poison food. Modern pans no longer use PFOA as it's banned in the European Union.

### Silicone

Silicone is a heat-resistant rubber that is inert and non-toxic. They are polymers that typically have a silicon–oxygen backbone with methyl ligands. The fairly inert methyl groups are not very reactive, giving the silicone a fairly low coefficient of friction. Just like Teflon, this makes them non-stick and easy to clean. They are also resistant to very high temperatures due to the strong bonds between all of the atoms. This means that they can be baked or used around hot oils.

Silicone has a very specific use as cookware, since it is not rigid. Most silicon used in cooking is in the form of spatulas or molds, and as such serve a different purpose than the previously discussed materials.

## Interaction of cooking techniques

Cooking techniques can be broken down into two major categories: Oil based and water based cooking techniques. Both oil and water based techniques rely on the vaporization of water to cook the food. Oil based cooking techniques have significant surface interactions that greatly affect the quality of the food they produce. These interactions stem from the polar oil molecules interacting with the surface of the food. Water based techniques have far less surface interactions that affect the quality of the food.

### Pan fry

Pan frying is an oil based cooking technique which is typically used to sear larger cuts of meat or to fully cook thinner cuts. This technique uses a thin layer of heated oil to coat the pan. The oil layer is the method of heat transfer between the burner and the food.

Water vapor is a critical component of how pan frying works. Raw meat products contain up to 73% water. The meat is cooked by the evaporation of this water. When the water is vaporized it leaves the meat through pores in the surface of the meat. Another source of water vapor is the Maillard Reaction. This reaction is responsible for why meat, and many other food products, turn brown when cooked. This reaction only occurs at high temperatures. Water vapor is a byproduct of the Maillard reaction.

In pan frying, the water that exits the meat forms a barrier between the meat and the oil or the surface of the pan. This barrier is critical for the success of pan frying meat. When meat cooks, the proteins on the surface of the meat denature because of the heat. This means that many of the secondary bonds that give the proteins their shape are broken. The protein molecules want to reform those interactions to return to their most thermodynamically stable state. Two opportune locations for the surface proteins to bind are the oil and the surface of the pan. Meat sticking to the bottom of the pan is caused by the interactions between proteins on the surface of the meat binding with the molecules on the surface of the pan. The denatured protein can also bind with the oil in the pan. This is not desirable for many health and flavor reasons. Since the proteins, the oil molecules, and in some cases the surface of the pan, all have a significant polarity, the force of their interactions can be high.

The force of the interactions between the protein and oil or pan surface is modeled by the Coulomb force equation:

$F}={\frac {Q\_{1}Q\_{2}{4\pi \mathrm {D} ^{2}\varepsilon \_{0}\varepsilon \_{\mathrm {r} }}}$

where $Q$ represents the charge in coulombs on each object, $D$ represents the separation between the two objects in meters, $\varepsilon \_{0}$ represents the vacuum permittivity constant which is 8.85... × 10−12 farads per meter, and $\varepsilon \_{\mathrm {r} }$ represents the relative permittivity of the surrounding material in farads per meter.

The value of each individual interaction may be small but when there are millions of interactions the overall force can be noticeable. The presence of water reduces the force of these attractions in three ways. The water puts physical distance between the oil or pan and the proteins on the surface of the meat. This increases the $D^{2}$ value in the equation. Water also has a high permittivity value ( $\varepsilon \_{\mathrm {r} }$). Both of these increase the value of the denominator and reduce the value of the force that is possible. Water is also a polar molecule which means, in certain cases, it can bind to the denatured proteins. Water binding to the proteins on the surface of the meat has no effect on how the meat cooks.

### Deep fry

Deep frying is another oil based cooking technique that is similar to pan frying. However, in deep frying, the entire piece of food is submerged in the oil. Thus there should be no interaction between the food and the container holding the oil. All the interactions will be between the food and the oil.

Oftentimes the food is covered in a liquid batter before it is deep fried. This eliminates the interactions between the denatured proteins on meat and the oil. In deep frying, the interactions are primarily at the interface of the batter and the oil. For proper deep frying the oil temperature should exceed 163 °C. When the batter, which is typically water based, comes into contact with the high temperature oil, the water in it is instantly vaporized. This vaporization dehydrates the batter and causes the crispiness associated with deep fried foods. Similar to pan frying, the water vapor leaving the batter creates a boundary layer between the oil and the food. Because of the large surface area of the food that is in contact with the oil and the limited water stored in the batter, this boundary layer does not last nearly as long as in pan frying.

The boundary layer of water vapor again serves the purpose of preventing interactions between the oil and the surface of the food. Even as the boundary layer of water breaks down, the initial interactions between the oil and the batter will be minimal. The oil will move into the vacancies left in the batter by the vaporization of the water. At this point there is very little bonding between the fatty acids in the oil and the non polar hydrocarbons that make up the majority of the batter. However the polar portion of the triglyceride molecule does begin to induce dipoles in the hydrocarbon chains that make up the batter.

Under prolonged heat, the triglycerides in the oil begin to break down. This means the glycerol molecules and the fatty acid chains begin to break apart. As this occurs the oil becomes more polar. As the oil becomes more polar, the Van der Waals interactions between the glycerol and the hydrocarbons begin to increase. In this case, the dipole on glycerol induces a dipole in the hydrocarbon chain. The strength of the dipole induced dipole interactions can be modeled with a combination of Debye, Keesom and London interactions through addition.

Debye:

$$V}={\frac {M\_{1}^{2}\alpha \_{2}+M\_{2}^{2}\alpha \_{1}{-\left(4\pi \varepsilon \_{0}\varepsilon \_{\mathrm {r} }\right)^{2}r^{6}}}$$

Keesom:

$$V}={\frac {-2\left(M\_{1}M\_{2}\right)^{2}{3\left(4\pi \varepsilon \_{0}\varepsilon \_{\mathrm {r} }\right)r^{6}k\_{\mathrm {b} }T}}$$

London:

$$V}={\frac {-3\left(\alpha \_{1}\alpha \_{2}\right)^{2}{2\left(4\pi \varepsilon \_{0}\varepsilon \_{\mathrm {r} }\right)^{2}r^{6}\left({\frac {hV\_{1}V\_{2}{V\_{1}+V\_{2}\right)}}}}}$$

Where $M\_{1}$ and $M\_{2}$ are the charges per length in coulomb-meters, $\alpha \_{1}$ and $\alpha \_{2}$ are polarizability in units of C·m2·V−1, $\varepsilon \_{0}$ represents the vacuum permittivity constant which is 8.85... × 10−12 farads per meter, $\varepsilon \_{\mathrm {r} }$ represents the relative permittivity of the surrounding material in farads per meter, $k\_{\mathrm {b} }$ is the Boltzmann constant, $T$ is temperature in units of kelvin, $r$ is the distance between the molecules, and the $hV$ terms refer to the ionization energies of the molecules.

When the water boundary layer is present the value of *ε*r is very large. The presence of water also increases the value of $r$. Since $r$ is raised to the sixth power any increase is significantly magnified. Both these serve to significantly reduce the interactions between the oil and the batter. As the oil breaks down, its polarizability increases. This significantly increases the strength of the London and Debye interaction and thus combination of them. As the strength of the interactions increases the amount of oil that cannot be removed from the food increases. This leads to greasy, oily and unhealthy food.

### Water-based cooking techniques

There are many cooking techniques that do not use oil as part of the process such as steaming or boiling. Water based techniques are typically used to cook vegetables or other plants which can be consumed as food. When no oil is present the method of heat transfer to the food is typically water vapor. Water vapor molecules do not have any significant surface interactions with the food surface. Since food, including vegetables, is cooked by the vaporization of water within the food, the use of water vapor as the mode of heat transfer has no effect on the chemical interactions on the surface of the food.

## Importance of cooking temperature on interfaces

Understanding the role of temperature in cooking is an essential part of creating fine cuisine. Temperature plays a vital role in nearly every meal's preparation. Many aspects of cooking rely on the proper treatment of colloids. Things such as sauces, soups, custards, and butters are all created by either creating or destroying a colloid. Heat plays a vital role in the life of a colloid as the balance between thermal excitation and molecular interaction can tip the scale in favor of suspension or coagulation and eventually coalescence. In some cases, like sauces that contain cheeses, heating the sauce to too high of a temperature will cause clumping, ruining the sauce.

### Smoke points of oils

The smoke point of any oil is defined by the temperature at which light blue smoke rises from the surface. The smoke, which contains acrolein, is an eye irritant and asphixiant. The smoke point of oils vary widely. Depending on origin, refinement, age, and source growth conditions, the smoke point for any given type of oil can drop nearly 20 °C. For example, the smoke point of olive oil can vary from being suitable for high temperature frying to only safely used for stir frying. As a cooking oil is refined its smoke point increases. This is because many of the impurities found in natural oils aid in their breakdown. In general the lighter the oil, the higher its smoke point. It is important to choose the appropriate oil for each cooking technique and temperature as cooking oils degrade rapidly when heated about their smoke point. It is recommended that oils heated beyond their smoke point should not be consumed as the chemicals created are suspected carcinogens.

| Cooking Oil | Smoke Point (°C / °F) |
| --- | --- |
| Butter | 175 / 347 |
| Lard | 190 / 374 |
| Sesame | 210 / 410 |
| Grape Seed | 252 / 486 |
| Palm | 232 / 450 |
| Soybean | 257 / 495 |


title: List of nature centers in Delaware

text:
# List of nature centers in Delaware

This is a list of nature centers and environmental education centers in the state of Delaware.

To use the sortable tables: click on the icons at the top of each column to sort that column in alphabetical order; click again for reverse alphabetical order.

| Name | Location | County | Region | Summary |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Abbott's Mill Nature Center | Milford | Sussex | Southern | website, operated by the Delaware Nature Society, part of 313 acre Milford Millponds Nature Preserve, includes tours of Abbott's Mill |
| Ashland Nature Center | Hockessin | New Castle | Northern | website, operated by the Delaware Nature Society, 81 acres |
| Baldcypress Nature Center | Laurel | Sussex | Southern | Located in 2,109-acre Trap Pond State Park |
| Bethany Beach Nature Center | Bethany Beach | Sussex | Southern | website, 26 acres, operated by the Town |
| Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge | Smyrna | Kent | Central | 15,978 acres of mostly tidal salt marsh, visitor center exhibits, programs, 12-mile auto tour, five walking trails (2 handicapped accessible), three observation towers |
| Blackbird State Forest Education Center |  | New Castle | Northern | Exhibits and programs about Delaware's forests and their management, open by appointment |
| Brandywine Creek Nature Center | Wilmington | New Castle | Northern | Located in 933-acre Brandywine Creek State Park |
| Carmine Environmental Center | Lewes | Sussex | Southern | 165 acres located on the western shore of Rehoboth Bay, part of Camp Arrowhead |
| Delaware National Estuarine Research Reserve: St. Jones Reserve | Dover | Kent | Central | 3,750 acres, St Jones Center for Estuarine Studies, hiking trails, hands-on interactive activities and exhibits, a recycling center, restoration demonstration areas |
| Dupont Environmental Education Center | Wilmington | New Castle | Northern | website, operated by the Delaware Nature Society, 212 acres at the Russell W. Peterson Urban Wildlife Refuge |
| Dupont Nature Center | Milford | Sussex | Southern | website, operated by the Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife in the Mispillion Harbor Reserve on the Delaware Bay |
| Environmental Outpost | Smyrna | Kent | Central | Operated by the Delaware AeroSpace Education Foundation in the 90-acre Big Oak County Park, environmental and aerospace science programs |
| Killens Pond Nature Center | Felton | Kent | Central | Located on the 66 acre pond in Killens Pond State Park |
| Lums Pond State Park | Bear | New Castle | Northern | 1,790 acres, features the Whale Wallow Nature Center |
| Redden Forest Education Center | Georgetown | Sussex | Southern | Exhibits and programs about Redden State Forest |
| Seaside Nature Center | Lewes | Sussex | Southern | Located in 5,193-acre Cape Henlopen State Park |
| White Clay Creek State Park | Newark | New Castle | Northern | 3,300 acres, features the Chambers House Nature Center |
|

## Resources


abstract: The women's Over 70 kg Semi-Contact category at the W.A.K.O. World Championships 2007 in Coimbra was the heaviest of the female Light-Contact tournaments being the equivalent of the super heavyweight division when compared to Full-Contact's weight classes. There were eight women from two continents taking part in the competition. Each of the matches was three rounds of two minutes each and were fought under Semi-Contact rules. The tournament gold medal went to Hungary's Anna Kondar who defeated Ireland's Natalie Cassidy in the final by points decision. Defeated semi finalists Russia's Oxana Kinakh and Great Britain's Rosemarie James won bronze medals for their efforts in reaching the semi-finals.

text:
# Women's Semi-Contact at WAKO World Championships 2007 Coimbra +70 kg

The women's Over 70 kg (+154 lbs) Semi-Contact category at the W.A.K.O. World Championships 2007 in Coimbra was the heaviest of the female Light-Contact tournaments being the equivalent of the super heavyweight division when compared to Full-Contact's weight classes. There were eight women from two continents (Europe and North America) taking part in the competition. Each of the matches was three rounds of two minutes each and were fought under Semi-Contact rules.

The tournament gold medal went to Hungary's Anna Kondar who defeated Ireland's Natalie Cassidy in the final by points decision. Defeated semi finalists Russia's Oxana Kinakh (who had won gold in the Light-Contact category in Belgrade earlier that year) and Great Britain's Rosemarie James won bronze medals for their efforts in reaching the semi-finals.

## Results

These matches were decided on points.

|  | Quarter-finals | | |  |  | Semi-finals | | |  |  | Final | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Silvia Maggioni | | 4 |  |  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | || | | |
|  | **Anna Kondar** | | **14** |  | ||
|  | |  | | | **Anna Kondar** | | **16** |  ||
|  | | |  | | | | |  ||
|  | |  |  | Rosemarie James | | 11 |  ||
|  | **Rosemarie James** | | | | | | **13** |  ||
|  | |  | | | | | | ||
|  | | Ayten Çoban | | 3 |  ||
|  | |  | | | **Anna Kondar** | | **11** |  |
|  | | |  | | | | | | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | Natalie Cassidy | | 0 |  |
|  | **Natalie Cassidy** | | | | | | **9** |  |  | | | | |
|  | |  | | | | | | | |
|  | | Marika Markiewicz | | 7 | |  |
|  | |  | | | **Natalie Cassidy** | | **15** |  |
|  | | |  | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | Oxana Kinakh | | 11 |  |
|  | | | | Sara Homewood | | | | 6 |  |
|  | |  | | | | | | |
|  | | **Oxana Kinakh** | | **16** |  |