title: Vaughan Bollen

abstract: Vaughan Bollen is an Australian former lightweight rower. He is from a prominent South Australian rowing family, was a seven-time Australian national champion and won a bronze medal at the 1978 World Rowing Championships. He competed over an eighteen-year period in events at the annual Interstate Regatta within the Australian Rowing Championships firstly as a South Australian King's Cup coxswain from 1961, then as a South Australian Presidents Cup rower from 1967 and finally till 1979, as a Victorian state representative President's Cup rower.

text:
# Vaughan Bollen

**Vaughan Bollen** is an Australian former lightweight rower. He is from a prominent South Australian rowing family, was a seven-time Australian national champion and won a bronze medal at the 1978 World Rowing Championships. He competed over an eighteen-year period in events at the annual Interstate Regatta within the Australian Rowing Championships firstly as a South Australian King's Cup coxswain from 1961, then as a South Australian Presidents Cup rower from 1967 and finally till 1979, as a Victorian state representative President's Cup rower.

## Family, club and state rowing

Raised in Adelaide, Bollen's senior rowing was initially from the Torrens Rowing Club where his family had a rich history. Late in his career he rowed for two seasons at the Melbourne University Boat Club.

His father Jack was a competitive Torrens senior eight rower from the 1930s, had rowed in South Australian King's Cup crews from 1938 and was a senior clubman at war's end when South Australian rowing recommenced. As a club and King's Cup state coach and later club president, Jack Bollen helped the take up of SA rowing from 1946 and helped build Torrens into the prominent Adelaide Club in the first post-bellum decade. Jack had rowed with his brother Eric at Torrens. Eric was the Torren's club captain in 1947–48. Their mother, Vaughan's grandmother had a long involvement with the club from 1931 till her 1946 death.

State representation first came for Vaughan Bollen in 1961 as the coxswain of the South Australian men's eight contesting the King's Cup at the Interstate Regatta. That crew was coached by his father Jack. In 1962, 1963 and 1964 he again coxed the South Australian King's Cup eight.

In 1967 he was selected as a South Australian rower and he stroked the state lightweight four contesting the Penrith Cup at the Interstate Regatta within the Australian Rowing Championships. He rowed in further South Australian Penrith Cup crews in 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1974, 1975 and 1977. He stroked those South Australian fours in 1968, 1969, 1975 and 1977 His 1970 South Australian crew was victorious breaking the long stranglehold held by Victoria and New South Wales in this event.

By 1978 in his effort to make the Australian lightweight four Bollen had relocated to Victoria and he rowed in the Victorian crew which won the Penrith Cup in 1978 and went on to represent Australia at that year's world championships. In 1979 that same Victorian crew raced to a second place in the Penrith Cup behind another Victorian crew, when in that year up to three crews from each state were allowed to race.

In 1966 Bollen rowed in a composite South Australian eight contesting the lightweight eight title at the Australian Championships. In 1968 and again in 1974 in Torrens colours and rowing with Robert Cooper, Bollen won the national lightweight coxed pair title at the Australian Rowing Championships. During Australian representative campaign and his 1978 relocation to Victoria, he rowed in Melbourne University Boat Club colours at the Australian Championships. In MUBC crews he won the lightweight eight national title in 1978 and 1979 and the lightweight coxless four title in 1978.

## International representative rowing

Bollen made his sole Australian representative appearance at the 1978 World Rowing Championships in Copenhagen in the Australian men's lightweight coxless four. That four containing Peter Antonie, Simon Gillett, Geoffrey Rees with Bollen won a bronze medal.

## InfoBox

Vaughan Bollen
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Born | Adelaide, South Australia |
| Sport | |
| Country | Australia |
| Sport | Rowing |
| Club | Torrens Rowing Club |
| Achievements and titles | |
| National finals | King's Cup 1961-64 <br>Penrith Cup 1967-79 |
| Medal record      Representing  Australia  World Rowing Championships  1978 Copenhagen  LM4- | |


title: Søren Egge Rasmussen

abstract: Søren Egge Rasmussen is a Danish politician, serving as a member of the Folketing for the Red–Green Alliance political party. He was elected at the 2015 Danish general election, and again re-elected in the 2022 Danish general election.

text:
# Søren Egge Rasmussen

**Søren Egge Rasmussen** (born 2 July 1961) is a Danish politician, serving as a member of the Folketing for the Red–Green Alliance political party. He was elected at the 2015 Danish general election, and again re-elected in the 2022 Danish general election.

## Political career

Rasmussen was a member of the municipal council of Aarhus Municipality from 1994 to 2001. On three occasions he served as substitute member of the Folketing. His first period as a substitute was from 23 to 30 May in 2002, substituting for Keld Albrechtsen. The next two substitute periods were as replacement for Frank Aaen: from 23 December to 18 December 2005 and from 21 March to 18 April 2006.

Rasmussen ran in the 2015 general election and was elected on a levelling seat, receiving 1,124 votes. In the 2019 election he received 1,453, which was initially not enough for a seat in parliament, but made him the party's primary substitute in the constituency. However the elected politician Nikolaj Villumsen had already been elected to the European Parliament, and declined to also take the seat in the Folketing. That made Rasmussen the elected politician instead, securing him re-election. An initial miscount caused Rasmussen to believe he had lost his seat, but he was later confirmed to have retained it.

## InfoBox

| Søren Egge Rasmussen | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Folketing | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
18 June 2015 | |
| Constituency | East Jutland |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1961-07-02) 2 July 1961
Fussingsø, Denmark |
| Political party | Red–Green Alliance |
|  | |


title: Pakhanjur

abstract: Pakhanjur, also known as Pakhanjore, is a town, nagar panchayat, and the headquarters of the eponymous tehsil in the Kanker District of Chhattisgarh State in India. According to the 2011 Census of India, it is the second largest town in the district by population, only second to the district headquarters Kanker. It is located 120 km (75 mi) south-west of Kanker and 47 km (29 mi) west of the block headquarters Koyalibeda.

text:
# Pakhanjur

**Pakhanjur**, also known as **Pakhanjore**, is a town, nagar panchayat, and the headquarters of the eponymous tehsil in the Kanker District of Chhattisgarh State in India. According to the 2011 Census of India, it is the second largest town in the district by population, only second to the district headquarters Kanker. It is located 120 km (75 mi) south-west of Kanker and 47 km (29 mi) west of the block headquarters Koyalibeda.

## Name

The name of the town is written as "पखांजूर" in Devanagari script, however it is transliterated as *Pakhanjur* and *Pakhanjore* in English, the former notably supported by Indian Census sources and the latter by Dandakaranya Project report submitted to Rajya Sabha in August 1974.

## History

During the pre-independence era, the entire area covered by the Pakhanjur tehsil today along with the Bande and Koyalibeda tehsils and parts of Abujhmarh, formed the erstwhile Paralkot jagir. In 1825, the region became the theatre of a tribal uprising led by Gaind Singh, a tribal leader and the zamindar of Paralkot, against the British Raj. Popularly known as the Paralkot Rebellion, the uprising saw the rebels fight against the exploitation and injustices meted out to the natives by the foreign powers. It ended with the capture and execution by hanging of the revered tribal leader on 20 January 1825. Subsequently, he came to be honoured as the first martyr of Chhattisgarh.

In 1958, the Pakhanjur Colony that forms the heart of the town, was established along with the neighbouring settlements of Kapsi and Bande under the Dandakaranya Project.

### Dandakaranya project

The Indian government created the Dandakaranya Development Authority in 1958 to assist refugees from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). It constructed the Bhaskel Dam and Paralkot reservoir (Kherkatta Dam), woodworking centers at Jagdalpur, Boregaon, and Umerkote, and roads and railways in the refugee resettlement areas, including the Balangir-Kozilum railway project. A factory that mainly produces aircraft engines is located at Sunabeda. The National Mineral Development Corporation works iron ore at Bailadila. Important towns are Jagdalpur, Bhawanipatna, and Koraput. The project was known as the Dandakaranya Project.

A large number of people from East Pakistan, which is now Bangladesh were settled at the newly formed 133 settlements, each designated as a Paralkot Village (PV) and numbered from PV 1 to PV 133, in areas of Kapsi, Pakhanjur and Bande. These people suffered heavy losses leaving hundreds of acres of agricultural fields and adjusted with very small land for survival.

## Geography

Pakhanjur tehsil is surrounded by the Durgukondal tehsil and Mohla Manpur district to the north, Koyalibeda tehsil to the east, Bande tehsil to the south and the Gadchiroli district of Maharashtra to the west.

### Deforestation

People are suffering a lot because of deforestation here. Every year lakhs of trees are cut down for industrial purpose. The famous green belt is slowly turning into an orange area which is dangerous. New programs need to be initiated to promote greenery and planting of trees.

## Demographics

As of the 2011 Indian Census, Pakhanjur nagar panchayat had a population of 10,201, consisting of 5,370 males and 4,831 females. The population of children aged 0–6 was 1,207; 11.83% of the population. The male:female sex ratio is 900, lower than the state average of 991. The child sex ratio in Pakhanjur is around 904 compared to the state average of 969. The effective literacy rate of people seven years and above is 86.86%; the male literacy is around 91.64% and the female literacy rate is 81.54%. There were 2,332 households. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes populations were 508 and 1,201 respectively.

### Religion

| Religion in Pakhanjur town (2011 census) | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Religion | |  | Percent | |
| Hinduism | |  | 97.35% | |
| Christianity | |  | 0.81% | |
| Sikhism | |  | 0.64% | |
| Islam | |  | 0.61% | |
| Others | |  | 0.59% | |

The overwhelming majority of the population of Pakhanjur is Hindu, with Christians, Sikhs and Muslims having small populations.

## Government and politics

### Administration

The sub-district code of Pakhanjur tehsil is 03354 and the total number of villages is 299.

### Post office

The pin-code of Pakhanjur is 494776, and the sub post office is Pakhanjur Camp.

### Healthcare

#### Hospitals

* Government Civil Hospital Pakhanjore
* Veterinary Hospital Pakhanjore

## Economy

The Hahaladdi Iron Ore Deposit project site is connected through State highway SH-6.

There is no major industrial activity in Pakhanjur tehsil. Small-scale industries include a handful of rice mills and stone crusher plants. Majority of the population and hence the economy is primarily dependent on agriculture.

Pakhanjur town has two prominent bazaars namely, the old market and the new market, as the trade and commerce centres. Kapsi and Bande are the other important bazaars of the tehsil.

## Attractions

* Kherkatta Reservoir which is situated near Kapsi.
* Nara Narayan Mela or Pakhanjur Mela
* Nara Narayana Sevashram
* Kali Mandir
* Shiv Mandir
* Satsang Vihar, Shri Shri Thakur Anukulchandra Temple, situated in the heart of Pakhanjur
* Ram Vatika
* Satyanand Nagar

## Transport

### Roadways

Pakhanjur is situated on Chhattisgarh State Highway 25 and is only connected by road from Durg, Raipur, Kanker, Dalli Rajhara, Bhanupratappur, Jagdalpur, Gadchiroli and Chandrapur. Its distance is 250 km (160 mi) from the state capital Raipur.

### Railways

Railway services are non-existent in Pakhanjur. The nearest major railway station is Durg Jn. (DURG) on the Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line 190 km (120 mi) from Pakhanjur. The nearest local railway station is Keoti (KETI) on the Dalli Rajhara–Jagdalpur line 62 km (39 mi) away.

There has been demands from various quarters to construct the proposed Gadchiroli-Bhanupratappur rail line via Durgukondal, Kapsi and Pakhanjur instead of via Manpur. This proposed line when completed, would serve as an alternative route between Nagpur and Vishakhapatnam — one of the busiest freight corridors in the country — by linking the Nagpur-Wadsa-Gadchiroli line to the Bhanupratappur-Jagdalpur-Vishakhapatnam line. If the demands are met, it would provide a much needed impetus to the development of this area.

In May 2022, the Ministry of Railways (India) provided in-principle approval for the survey of this line. It subsequently allocated a budget of 3.37 crore (US$400,000) for the survey, though the route and deadline were yet undecided. Given the importance of this project, the South Eastern Central Railway zone fast-tracked the regulatory process and in August of the same year floated tenders for the final location survey and preparation of the Detailed Project Report. The survey was commissioned soon after.

### Airports

Pakhanjur's nearest commercial airport with regular scheduled flights is Swami Vivekananda Airport, Raipur 250 km (160 mi) away.

## Education

## Sports

The Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Stadium Pakhanjur is famous for football and cricket tournaments. The stadium hosts annual celebrations on Independence Day (15 August) and Republic Day (26 January). All cultural and extracurricular activities are performed in the stadium and inter-school competitions are organised between them.

## InfoBox

| Pakhanjur Pakhanjore | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Interactive map of Pakhanjur | |
| PakhanjurLocation in Chhattisgarh, IndiaPakhanjurPakhanjur (India) | |
| Coordinates: 20°02′05″N 80°37′32″E / 20.0346544°N 80.6255085°E / 20.0346544; 80.6255085 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Chhattisgarh |
| District | Kanker |
| Government | |
| Type | Nagar Panchayat (Notified Area Council) |
| Body | Nagar Panchayat Pakhanjur |
| Council President | Monika Saha (BJP) |
| Sub-Divisional Magistrate | Anjor Singh Paikra |
| Additional Superintendent of Police | Prashant Shukla (IPS) |
| Sub-Divisional Police Officer | Ravi Kumar Kujur |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 10,201 |
| Language | |
| Official | Hindi, Chhattisgarhi |
| Others | Bengali |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 494 776 |
| Telephone code | 91 7844 |
| Vehicle registration | CG 19 |
| Sex ratio | 991 /900 |


title: Li Tianyou (personality)

abstract: Li Tianyou, is a former Chinese MC and livestreamer. He is considered a controversial figure for his influence on Chinese youth for Hanmai culture. His career started off on YY.com, where he gained fame for Hanmai and contributing to the popularization of the Chinese internet subculture. During his peak era, he gained over 20 million followers on YY and 40 million followers on kuaishou at the time of his ban. In 2018, after Chinese national news channel CCTV exposed his actions of promoting and beautifying drugs during his broadcasting, Li Tianyou was permanently banned by all livestreaming and music platforms for breaking new regulations introduced by the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) in 2016.

text:
# Li Tianyou (personality)

**Li Tianyou** (Chinese: 李天佑; born August 7, 1990, also known as MC Tianyou), is a former Chinese MC and livestreamer. He is considered a controversial figure for his influence on Chinese youth for Hanmai culture.

His career started off on YY.com, where he gained fame for Hanmai and contributing to the popularization of the Chinese internet subculture. During his peak era, he gained over 20 million followers on YY and 40 million followers on kuaishou at the time of his ban. In 2018, after Chinese national news channel CCTV exposed his actions of promoting and beautifying drugs during his broadcasting, Li Tianyou was permanently banned by all livestreaming and music platforms for breaking new regulations introduced by the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) in 2016.

## Early life and career

Tianyu was born and raised in Jinzhou.

In 2014, he started livestreaming on YY, and later gained fame for his talent for Hanmai. By 2016, he was the number 1 livestreamer on YY and kept dominating through 2017.

He also released several music tracks, and starred in multiple web movies and TV shows.

In 2018, he was banned due to bad influence on Chinese youth.

## Achievement

He is deemed as a leading figure for contributing to Hanmai culture. During his peak era, he won best male MCs on YY twice, in 2014 and 2015. In 2016, he was awarded Hottest Livestreamer by SoHu Fashion awards, and also awarded Top 10 Livestreamer by Weibo. In 2017, he was awarded Most Influential Crossover Livestreamer by Netease.

## Discography

* *Future* (2015)
* *You don't love me that much (2016)*
* *Man is tough* (2016)

## Filmography

* *Run, Underwear* (2016)

* *Once upon a time in Northeast: Gangster Camp* (2016)
* *The potential* (2016)
* *Ren Jian Da Pao* (2017)
* *Da Lang Zhi Wo Ming You Ji* (2017)


title: Trontano

abstract: Trontano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola in the Italian Piedmont region, located about 120 kilometres (75 mi) northeast of Turin and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) northwest of Verbania. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,684 and an area of 58.0 square kilometres (22.4 sq mi). Trontano borders the following municipalities: Beura-Cardezza, Cossogno, Domodossola, Druogno, Malesco, Masera, Premosello-Chiovenda, Santa Maria Maggiore.

text:
# Trontano

**Trontano** is a *comune* (municipality) in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola in the Italian Piedmont region, located about 120 kilometres (75 mi) northeast of Turin and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) northwest of Verbania. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,684 and an area of 58.0 square kilometres (22.4 sq mi).

Trontano borders the following municipalities: Beura-Cardezza, Cossogno, Domodossola, Druogno, Malesco, Masera, Premosello-Chiovenda, Santa Maria Maggiore.

## Demographic evolution

1. "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
2. "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
3. All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute Istat.

## InfoBox

| Trontano | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Trontano | |
| Location of Trontano | |
| TrontanoLocation of Trontano in ItalyTrontanoTrontano (Piedmont) | |
| Coordinates: 46°7′20″N 8°20′0″E / 46.12222°N 8.33333°E / 46.12222; 8.33333 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Piedmont |
| Province | Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola (VB) |
| Area | |
| Total | 58.0 km2 (22.4 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 520 m (1,710 ft) |
| Population (Dec. 2004) | |
| Total | 1,684 |
| Density | 29/km2 (75/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 28030 |
| Dialing code | 0324 |


title: Patrice Djokoué

abstract: Patrice Djokoue is a Beninese international football player who currently plays in Benin for Requins.

text:
# Patrice Djokoué

**Patrice Djokoue** (born 16 May 1990, in Cotonou) is a Beninese international football player who currently plays in Benin for Requins.

## Career

He began to play for Requins and was promoted to first team in 2009.

## International

Djokoue his first call up was on 25 March 2009 against Ghana national football team.

## InfoBox

Patrice Djokoue
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1990-05-16) 16 May 1990 | | |
| Place of birth | Cotonou, Benin | | |
| Height | 1.64 m (5 ft 4+12 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Requins | | |
| Number | 7 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2006–2008 | Requins | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2009– | Requins |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2008– | Benin | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 17 May 2008 | | | |


title: Liomesus stimpsoni

abstract: Liomesus stimpsoni is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Buccinidae, the true whelks.

text:
# Liomesus stimpsoni

***Liomesus stimpsoni*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Buccinidae, the true whelks.

## InfoBox

| *Liomesus stimpsoni* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Buccinidae |
| Genus: | *Liomesus* |
| Species: | ***L. stimpsoni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Liomesus stimpsoni***<br>Dall, 1889 | |
|


title: Yagi Station

abstract: Yagi Station Yagi Station is a passenger railway station located in the city of Nantan, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan, operated by West Japan Railway Company.

text:
# Yagi Station

**Yagi Station** (八木駅, *Yagi-eki*) is a passenger railway station located in the city of Nantan, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan, operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR West).

## Lines

Yagi Station is served by the San'in Main Line (Sagano Line), and is located 28.2 kilometres (17.5 miles) from the terminus of the line at Kyoto.

## Station layout

The station consists of two opposed side platforms connected to the station building by a footbridge. The station is staffed.

### Platforms

| **1** | San'in Main Line | for Kameoka and Kyoto |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **2** | San'in Main Line | for Sonobe and Fukuchiyama |

## History

Yagi Station opened on 15 August 1899. With the privatization of the Japan National Railways (JNR) on 1 April 1987, the station came under the aegis of the West Japan Railway Company.

Station numbering was introduced in March 2018 with Yagi being assigned station number JR-E14.

The current station building was completed in April 2021 along with barrier-free improvements.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2018, the station was used by an average of 1440 passengers daily.

## Surrounding area

Media related to Yagi Station at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Yagi Station
八木駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Yagi Station in April 2021 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Yagi-Ueno 34-1, Yagi-cho, Nantan-shi, Kyoto-fu 629-0141
Japan |
| Coordinates | 35°04′09″N 135°31′56″E / 35.0691°N 135.5322°E / 35.0691; 135.5322 |
| Owned by | West Japan Railway Company |
| Operated by | West Japan Railway Company |
| Line(s) | Sagano Line (San'in Main Line) |
| Distance | 28.2 km (17.5 mi) from Kyoto |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Connections | * Bus stop |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Ground level |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Status | Staffed |
| Station code | JR-E14 |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | 15 August 1899 (1899-08-15) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2018 | 1440 daily |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  JR West Following station  Yoshitomitowards Sonobe  Sagano Line**Local****Rapid**  Chiyokawatowards Kyoto | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Yagi StationLocation within Kyoto PrefectureYagi StationYagi Station (Japan) | |


title: Maruthas of Martyropolis

abstract:
Maruthas or Marutha of Martyropolis was a Syriac monk who became bishop of Maypherkat in Mesopotamia (Meiafarakin) for a period beginning before 399 up to around 410. He is believed to have died before 420. He is venerated as a saint in the Catholic, Greek Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches, his feast being kept on 4 December. He brought into his episcopal city the relics of so many martyrs that it received the Greek moniker Martyropolis. During his tenure as bishop he was a friend of Byzantine churchman John Chrysostom. Moreover, it was through this political connections he was able to act as an envoy and ambassador between the East Roman Emperor and the Persian Emperor. In the interests of the Church of Persia, which had suffered much in the persecution of Shapur II, he came to Constantinople, but found Emperor Arcadius too busily engaged in the affairs about the exile of St. John Chrysostom. Later Maruthas was sent by Emperor Theodosius II to the court of Persia, where, notwithstanding the Magi, he won the esteem of King Yazdegerd I of Persia by his affability, saintly life, and, as is claimed, by his knowledge of medicine. Marutha therefore managed to negotiate a peace between the two empires. He was present at the general First Council of Constantinople in 381 and at a Council of Antioch in 383, at which the Messalians were condemned. For the benefit of the Persian Church he is said to have held two synods at Ctesiphon. A great organizer, he was one of the first to give a regular structure to the church, helped in his mission by the catholicos Isaac. His writings include:
  - Acts of the Persian Martyrs
  - History of the Council of Nicaea
  - A translation in Syriac of the canons of the Council of Nicaea
  - A Syrian liturgy, or anaphora
  - Commentaries on the Gospels
  - Acts of the Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon He also wrote hymns on the Holy Eucharist, on the Cross, and on saints killed in Shapur's persecution.

text:
# Maruthas of Martyropolis

**Maruthas** or **Marutha of Martyropolis** was a Syriac monk who became bishop of Maypherkat in Mesopotamia (Meiafarakin) for a period beginning before 399 up to around 410. He is believed to have died before 420. He is venerated as a saint in the Catholic, Greek Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches, his feast being kept on 4 December.

He brought into his episcopal city the relics of so many martyrs that it received the Greek moniker *Martyropolis*. During his tenure as bishop he was a friend of Byzantine churchman John Chrysostom. Moreover, it was through this political connections he was able to act as an envoy and ambassador between the East Roman Emperor and the Persian Emperor.

In the interests of the Church of Persia, which had suffered much in the persecution of Shapur II, he came to Constantinople, but found Emperor Arcadius too busily engaged in the affairs about the exile of St. John Chrysostom. Later Maruthas was sent by Emperor Theodosius II to the court of Persia, where, notwithstanding the Magi, he won the esteem of King Yazdegerd I of Persia by his affability, saintly life, and, as is claimed, by his knowledge of medicine. Marutha therefore managed to negotiate a peace between the two empires.

He was present at the general First Council of Constantinople in 381 and at a Council of Antioch in 383 (or 390), at which the Messalians were condemned. For the benefit of the Persian Church he is said to have held two synods at Ctesiphon. A great organizer, he was one of the first to give a regular structure to the church, helped in his mission by the catholicos Isaac.

His writings include:

* *Acts of the Persian Martyrs* (these acts remember the victims of the persecution of Shapur II and Yazdegerd I)
* *History of the Council of Nicaea*
* A translation in Syriac of the canons of the Council of Nicaea
* A Syrian liturgy, or anaphora
* Commentaries on the Gospels
* *Acts of the Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon*

He also wrote hymns on the Holy Eucharist, on the Cross, and on saints killed in Shapur's persecution.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "St. Maruthas". *Catholic Encyclopedia*. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

## InfoBox

| Saint
Maruthas | |
| --- | --- |
| Maruthas portrayed in the *Menologion of Basil II* | |
| Father of the Syrian Church | |
| Born | 4th century |
| Died | ca. 420 |
| Venerated in | Roman Catholicism
Eastern Catholicism
Eastern Orthodoxy
Oriental Orthodoxy |
| Feast | 4 December (Roman Catholic Church) |


title: TAF4

abstract: Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF4 gene.

text:
# TAF4

**Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 4** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *TAF4* gene.

## Function

Initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II requires the activities of more than 70 polypeptides. The protein that coordinates these activities is transcription factor IID (TFIID), which binds to the core promoter to position the polymerase properly, serves as the scaffold for assembly of the remainder of the transcription complex, and acts as a channel for regulatory signals. TFIID is composed of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and a group of evolutionarily conserved proteins known as TBP-associated factors or TAFs. TAFs may participate in basal transcription, serve as coactivators, function in promoter recognition or modify general transcription factors (GTFs) to facilitate complex assembly and transcription initiation. This gene encodes one of the larger subunits of TFIID that has been shown to potentiate transcriptional activation by retinoic acid, thyroid hormone and vitamin D3 receptors. In addition, this subunit interacts with the transcription factor CREB, which has a glutamine-rich activation domain, and binds to other proteins containing glutamine-rich regions. Aberrant binding to this subunit by proteins with expanded polyglutamine regions has been suggested as one of the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying a group of neurodegenerative disorders referred to as polyglutamine diseases.

## Interactions

TAF4 has been shown to interact with:

## Protein domain

| TAF4 | |
| --- | --- |
| crystal structure of the human taf4-taf12 (tafii135-tafii20) complex | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | TAF4 |
| Pfam | PF05236 |
| InterPro | IPR007900 |
| SCOP2 | 1h3o / SCOPe / SUPFAM |
| Available protein structures:  Pfam structures / ECOD  PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj  PDBsum structure summary | |

Yeast TFIID comprises the TATA binding protein and 14 TBP-associated factors (TAFIIs), nine of which contain histone-fold domains (INTERPRO). The C-terminal region of the TFIID-specific yeast TAF4 (yTAF4) containing the HFD shares strong sequence similarity with Drosophila (d)TAF4 and human TAF4. A structure/function analysis of yTAF4 demonstrates that the HFD, a short conserved C-terminal domain (CCTD), and the region separating them are all required for yTAF4 function. This region of similarity is found in Transcription initiation factor TFIID component TAF4.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| TAF4 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Available structures  PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | TAF4, TAF2C, TAF2C1, TAF4A, TAFII130, TAFII135, TATA-box binding protein associated factor 4, TAFII-135, TAFII-130, TAF(II)135, TAF(II)130 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 601796; MGI: 2152346; HomoloGene: 55723; GeneCards: TAF4; OMA:TAF4 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_003185   NM\_001081092   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_003176   NP\_001074561   Location (UCSC) Chr 20: 61.95 – 62.07 Mb Chr 2: 179.55 – 179.62 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Palicourea holmgrenii

abstract: Palicourea holmgrenii is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador.

text:
# Palicourea holmgrenii

***Palicourea holmgrenii*** is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador.

## InfoBox

| *Palicourea holmgrenii* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Rubiaceae |
| Genus: | *Palicourea* |
| Species: | ***P. holmgrenii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Palicourea holmgrenii***
Standl. | |
|


title: Li Tianyou

abstract: Li Tianyou was a Chinese general in the People's Liberation Army.

text:
# Li Tianyou

**Li Tianyou** (Chinese: 李天佑; pinyin: *Lǐ Tiānyòu*; Wade–Giles: *Li T'ien-yu*; 1914–1970) was a Chinese general in the People's Liberation Army.

## Early life

Born to a poor peasant family in Lingui, Guangxi, Li joined the Chinese Communist Party in 1929, at the age of 15, and in November of that year participated in the Baise Uprising.

## Military career

He took part in the Long March (where he earned a reputation as a reckless military leader due to his intentional sacrifice of his entire division, even though that bought more time for the Communist forces to retreat from the pursuing KMT forces) and then fought in both the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War. In the meantime, from 1938 to 1944 he lived in the Soviet Union, and graduated from the Soviet Frunze Military Academy.

He was Lin Biao's chief of staff during the Chinese Civil War, and, among other actions, led Communist forces to victory in the Battle of Siping.

During the Korean War, he commanded the PVA 13th Army which defeated the UN forces at the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River.

From 1962 until his death in 1970, he served as Deputy Chief of the PLA General Staff, with overall responsibility for Operations.

## Death

He died in 1970, at the age of 56, due to chronic illness.

## InfoBox

| Li Tianyu | |
| --- | --- |
| Li Tianyu in 1955 | |
| Native name | 李天佑 |
| Born | (1914-01-08)January 8, 1914
Lingui, Guangxi, Republic of China |
| Died | September 27, 1970(1970-09-27) (aged 56)
Beijing, China |
| Allegiance | People's Republic of China |
| Service/branch | People's Liberation Army Ground Force |
| Years of service | 1928–1970 |
| Rank | General |
| Commands | PLA Deputy Chief of Staff |
| Battles/wars |  |
| Awards | Order of the Red Star (Third Class Medal)
Order of Bayi (First Class Medal)
Order of Independence and Freedom (First Class Medal)
Order of Liberation (First Class Medal) |


title: Tronville

abstract: Tronville is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in north-eastern France.

text:
# Tronville

**Tronville** (French pronunciation: \[tʁɔ̃vil\]) is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in north-eastern France.

## InfoBox

| Tronville | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Tronville | |
|  | |
| Location of Tronville | |
| TronvilleTronville | |
| Coordinates: 49°05′09″N 5°55′14″E / 49.0858°N 5.9206°E / 49.0858; 5.9206 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Meurthe-et-Moselle |
| Arrondissement | Briey |
| Canton | Jarny |
| Intercommunality | Mad et Moselle |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Serge Humbert |
| Area**1** | 7 km2 (3 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 197 |
| Density | 28/km2 (73/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 54535 /54800 |
| Elevation | 245–286 m (804–938 ft)
(avg. 280 m or 920 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Liu Taigong

abstract: Liu Taigong, personal name Liu Tuan, was the father of Liu Bang.

text:
# Liu Taigong

**Liu Taigong** (Chinese: 劉太公), personal name **Liu Tuan** (Chinese: 劉煓), was the father of Liu Bang (Emperor Gaozu of Han).

## Biography

Not much is recorded about Taigong historically. He was born and likely lived his early life in present-day Feng County, Jiangsu. His personal name is not known. Some historical sources says his name is Liu Zhijia (Chinese:劉執嘉), although this name is likely chosen after Liu Bang became Emperor. He likely came from a humble, rural background.

After Taigong's son Liu Bang became emperor, Liu Bang continued to visit his father once a week. However, upon hearing from an advisor that it was no longer appropriate for Taigong to "receive" his son, as Taigong was technically one of his subjects, Taigong began to greet his son in deprecatory fashion, honoring the latter's status as emperor. Upon learning the reason behind his father's actions, Liu Bang honored Taigong with the title Taishang Huang on 4 July 201 BCE, a year after Liu Bang declared himself emperor in February 202 BCE. The title nominally elevated Liu's status in court protocol as to remain consistent with Confucian norms of filial piety.

Taigong died at a palace in the city of Yueyang in c.June 197 BC. On 9 August 197 BC, he was entombed in present-day Lintong District, Xi'an.

## Family

Consorts and Issue:

* Wang Hanshi (王含始), also known as Liu Ao (劉媪, "Old woman Liu"), posthumously honored as Empress Zhaoling (昭靈皇后)
    + Liu Bo, Prince Wu'ai (武哀王 劉伯; b. 262 BC), first son
    + Liu Xi, Prince Qing of Wu (吳頃王 劉喜; 260–193 BC), second son
    + Empress Zhao'ai (昭哀皇后)
    + Liu Bang, Emperor Gao (高皇帝 劉邦; 256–195 BC), third son
* Retired Empress, of the Li clan (太上皇后 李氏), formerly a concubine
    + Liu Jiao, Prince Yuan of Chu (楚元王 劉交; d. 179 BC), fourth son

## Ancestry

|  |  | |  |  | |  | Liu Qing | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | |  | | ||
|  | |  | | | | | |
|  | || |
|  | | Liu Ren | | | | |  | | |
|  | |  ||
|  | |  | |  |  | | | |
|  | || |
|  | |  | | | | |
|  | |  |
|  | |  | | | |
|  | |
|  | Liu Taigong (282–197 BC) | | | |  | | | | | | |
|  | ||
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## InfoBox

| Liu Taigong | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 282 BC
Feng (present-day Feng County, Jiangsu) |
| Died | c.June 197 BC (aged 85)
Yueyang |
| Spouse | Wang Hanshi
Lady Li |
| Issue | Liu Bo
Liu Xi
Emperor Gaozu
Liu Jiao
Empress Zhao'ai |
| Father | Liu Ren |


title: Paul Loicq Award

abstract: The Paul Loicq Award is presented annually by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) to honour a person who has made "outstanding contributions to the IIHF and international ice hockey". Named after Paul Loicq, who was president of the IIHF from 1922 until 1947, it is the highest personal recognition given by the world governing body of ice hockey. The award is presented during the annual IIHF Hall of Fame induction ceremony.

text:
# Paul Loicq Award

The **Paul Loicq Award** is presented annually by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) to honour a person who has made "outstanding contributions to the IIHF and international ice hockey". Named after Paul Loicq, who was president of the IIHF from 1922 until 1947, it is the highest personal recognition given by the world governing body of ice hockey. The award is presented during the annual IIHF Hall of Fame induction ceremony.

## Award recipients

List of recipients of the Paul Loicq Award:

| Year | Recipient | Nationality |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1998 | Wolf-Dieter Montag | Germany |
| 1999 | Roman Neumayer | Germany |
| 2000 | Vsevolod Kukushkin | Russia |
| 2001 | Isao Kataoka | Japan |
| 2002 | Pat Marsh | Great Britain |
| 2003 | George Nagobads | United States |
| 2004 | Aggie Kukulowicz | Canada |
| 2005 | Rita Hrbacek | Austria |
| 2006 | Bo Tovland | Sweden |
| 2007 | Bob Nadin | Canada |
| 2008 | Juraj Okoličány | Slovakia |
| 2009 | Harald Griebel | Germany |
| 2010 | Lou Vairo | United States |
| 2011 | Yuri Korolev | Russia |
| 2012 | Kent Angus | Canada |
| 2013 | Gord Miller | Canada |
| 2014 | Mark Aubry | Canada |
| 2015 | Monique Scheier-Schneider | Luxembourg |
| 2016 | Nikolai Ozerov | Russia |
| 2017 | Patrick Francheterre | France |
| 2018 | Kirovs Lipmans | Latvia |
| 2019 | Jim Johannson | United States |
| 2020/2022 | Zoltán Kovács | Hungary |
| 2023 | Kimmo Leinonen | Finland |
| 2024 | Anatolii Brezvin | Ukraine |

1. "The inductee class of 2009". Zurich: International Ice Hockey Federation.
2. Gabriola Sounder News Archived 13 September 2012 at archive.today
3. "IIHF Hall of Fame". *International Ice Hockey Federation*. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
4. Podnieks, Andrew (6 February 2019). "Hall of Fame Class of 2019 named". *International Ice Hockey Federation*. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
5. Podnieks, Andrew (4 February 2020). "Legends join IIHF Hall of Fame". *International Ice Hockey Federation*. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
6. Potts, Andy (29 May 2022). "Hall of Fame celebrates new recruits". *International Ice Hockey Federation*. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
7. Podnieks, Andrew (9 December 2022). "IIHF honours international mix for Hall of Fame '23". *International Ice Hockey Federation*. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
8. "Почесний президент Федерації хокею України Анатолій Брезвін удостоєний нагороди IIHF Почесний президент Федерації хокею України Анатолій Брезвін удостоєний нагороди IIHF" (in Ukrainian). Kyiv, Ukraine. Ukrinform. 16 January 2024. Retrieved 14 May 2024.


title: Lipowo, Kętrzyn County

abstract: Lipowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Srokowo, within Kętrzyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) west of Srokowo, 16 km (10 mi) north of Kętrzyn, and 79 km (49 mi) north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

text:
# Lipowo, Kętrzyn County

**Lipowo** \[liˈpɔvɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Srokowo, within Kętrzyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) west of Srokowo, 16 km (10 mi) north of Kętrzyn, and 79 km (49 mi) north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

## InfoBox

| Lipowo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Lipowo | |
| Coordinates: 54°12′49″N 21°27′43″E / 54.21361°N 21.46194°E / 54.21361; 21.46194 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Warmian-Masurian |
| County | Kętrzyn |
| Gmina | Srokowo |


title: TRA (gene)

abstract: T-cell receptor alpha locus is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRA gene, also known as TCRA or TRA@. It contributes the alpha chain to the larger TCR protein.

text:
# TRA (gene)

**T-cell receptor alpha locus** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the **TRA** gene, also known as TCRA or TRA@. It contributes the alpha chain to the larger TCR protein (T-cell receptor).

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| TRA | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | TRA, IMD7, TCRA, TRA@, TRAC, T-cell receptor alpha locus, TCRD, T cell receptor alpha locus | | |
| External IDs | GeneCards: TRA; OMA:TRA - orthologs | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     n/a   n/a   RefSeq (protein)     n/a   n/a   Location (UCSC) n/a n/a  PubMed search  n/a | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human | | | |


title: Martinique Queens

abstract: Martinique Queens is a national beauty pageant responsible for selecting Martinique's representatives to the International pageants. This pageant is not related to Miss Martinique where the winner traditionally competes at Miss France contest.

text:
# Martinique Queens

**Martinique Queens** is a national beauty pageant responsible for selecting Martinique's representatives to the International pageants. This pageant is not related to *Miss Martinique* where the winner traditionally competes at Miss France contest.

## History

### 1957-1985

Miss Martinique pageant has been known since 1957, unrelated as above specified to Martinique Queens, when the island competed at the Miss Universe pageant. Since 1984 the island joins Miss France contest as overseas department of the country. In 1985 it boycotts to the Miss Universe pageant, because of the pageant does allow that island competing in a national competition as a region.

Miss Martinique is a different pageant, therefore should not feature on the history of Martinique Queens.

### 2005-present

Since 2005 Martinique allows winners to compete at the Miss World contest. Moana Saran Luu becomes the national director of the island. In that year she handles the "Martinique Queens" contest to send its winner to the Miss World. While runners-up might compete at the Miss International and Miss Earth pageants.

## Titleholders

Color key  * Declared as Winner
* Ended as runner-up
* Ended as one of the finalists or semifinalists

| Year | Martinique Queen World | Martinique Queen Earth | Martinique Queen International | Martinique Queen Intercontinental |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2004 | N/A | Murielle Celimene
**(*1st Runner-up*)** | N/A |  |
| 2005 | Moana Robinel | Gaëlle ‘Elle’ Narayanan | N/A | Linda Daquin
**Best Charity Ambassador** |
| 2006 | Stephanie Colosse | Mégane Cindy Martinon | Murielle Desgrelle | Sarasvati Lutbert
**(*2nd Runner-up*)** |
| 2007 | Vanessa Beauchaints | Élodie Delor
**(*Top 16*)** | N/A | N/A |
| 2008 | Élodie Delor | Frédérique Violaine Grainville | N/A | Julie Cadot |
| 2009 | Ingrid Littré
**(*Top 16*)**
Miss World Top Model (*2nd Runner-up*) | Pascale Laurie Nelide
**(*Top 8*)** | Nathaly Isabelle Peters | Andy Govindin
**(*Top 15*)**
**Miss Photogenic** |
| 2010 | Tully Fremcourt | Christine Elisabeth Garcon | Yasmina Marie Varsovie | Yaelle Souchette |
| 2011 | Axelle Perrier
Miss World Beach Beauty (*1st Runner-up*) | Coralie Leplus | N/A | Kathelyn Desire
**Miss Photogenic** |
| 2012 | Andy Govindin | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| 2013 | Julie Lebrasseur | Rani Charles
**Miss Bulusan Challenge** | N/A | Juelie Lebrasseur |
| 2014 | Anaïs Delwaulle | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| 2015 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| 2016 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| 2017 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| 2018 | Larissa Segarel
**(*Top 12*)**
**Miss World Caribbean (*1st Runner-up*)** | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| 2023 | Axelle René
**(*Top 40*)**
**Miss World Top Model** | N/A | Pauline Thimon | N/A |
|

## InfoBox

Martinique Queens
| Formation | 2005 |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Beauty pageant |
| Headquarters | Fort-de-France |
| Location |  |
| Membership | Miss World |
| Official language | French |
| Website | Official site |


title: Palicourea microcarpa

abstract: Palicourea microcarpa, synonym Rudgea microcarpa, is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is native to Bolivia and Peru.

text:
# Palicourea microcarpa

***Palicourea microcarpa***, synonym ***Rudgea microcarpa***, is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is native to Bolivia and Peru.

## Conservation

*Rudgea microcarpa* was assessed as "vulnerable" in the 1998 IUCN Red List, where it is said to be native only to Peru. As of March 2023, *R. microcarpa* was regarded as a synonym of *Palicourea microcarpa*, which has a wider distribution that includes Bolivia.

## InfoBox

| *Palicourea microcarpa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Rubiaceae |
| Genus: | *Palicourea* |
| Species: | ***P. microcarpa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Palicourea microcarpa***<br>(Ruiz & Pav.) Zappi | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Coffea bidentata* D.Dietr., nom. illeg. * *Coffea microcarpa* Ruiz & Pav. * *Psychotria yungasensis* Rusby * *Rudgea microcarpa* (Ruiz & Pav.) Standl. | |


title: Opalina

abstract: Opalina is a genus of parasitic heterokonts found in the intestines of frogs and toads. They lack mouths and contractile vacuoles, they are covered with nearly equal flagelliform cilia, and they have numerous nuclei, all similar. All the species are obligate endosymbionts, most likely commensal rather than parasitic, in cold-blooded vertebrates. Its body is leaflike in shape. They lack cytostomes. They are saprozoic, consuming dead matter, which suggests their commensal role. They propagate by means of plasmotomy. The body is flattened, leaf-like and oval in outline and covered by thin pellicle. Nutrition is by pinocytosis. There are several small, spherical and similar sized nuclei present in the endoplasm. The nuclei are evenly distributed. The animal reproduces by longitudinal and transverse binary fission, or by plasmotomy in which the cell division is repeated again and again without division of nuclei. The daughter cells encysted and pass out in the faecal matter of the host. An example of a species is Opalina ranarum.

text:
# Opalina

***Opalina*** is a genus of parasitic heterokonts found in the intestines of frogs and toads. They lack mouths and contractile vacuoles, they are covered with nearly equal flagelliform cilia, and they have numerous nuclei, all similar. All the species are obligate endosymbionts, most likely commensal rather than parasitic, in cold-blooded vertebrates. Its body is leaflike in shape. They lack cytostomes. They are saprozoic, consuming dead matter, which suggests their commensal role. They propagate by means of plasmotomy. The body is flattened, leaf-like and oval in outline and covered by thin pellicle. Nutrition is by pinocytosis. There are several small, spherical and similar sized nuclei present in the endoplasm. The nuclei are evenly distributed. The animal reproduces by longitudinal and transverse binary fission, or by plasmotomy in which the cell division is repeated again and again without division of nuclei. The daughter cells encysted and pass out in the faecal matter of the host.

An example of a species is *Opalina ranarum*.

## InfoBox

| *Opalina* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| *Clade*: | Diaphoretickes |
| *Clade*: | SAR |
| *Clade*: | Stramenopiles |
| Phylum: | Bigyra |
| Class: | Opalinea |
| Order: | Opalinida |
| Family: | Opalinidae |
| Genus: | *Opalina*<br>Purkinye & Valentin, 1835 |
|


title: Leymus condensatus

abstract: Leymus condensatus, the giant wildrye, is a wild rye grass native to eastern Oregon, California and northern Mexico.

text:
# Leymus condensatus

***Leymus condensatus***, the **giant wildrye**, is a wild rye grass native to eastern Oregon, California and northern Mexico.

## Description

*Leymus condensatus* also commonly referred to as *Canyon Prince* is a type of wild rye that is part of the *Poaceae* (Grass Family). It grows in bunches or clumps, a bunch grass, stays green all year, and has a distinctive silver blue foliage. It is drought tolerant, growing in coastal sage scrub, chaparral, the California oak woodlands of southern oak woodland and foothill woodland, and Joshua tree woodlands, rarely in wetlands. It often hybridizes with *Leymus triticoides*, producing the common hybrid grass *Leymus x multiflorus*. The plant's leaves and seeds are often consumed by both mammals and birds.

## InfoBox

| *Leymus condensatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Pooideae |
| Genus: | *Leymus* |
| Species: | ***L. condensatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Leymus condensatus***
(J.Presl) Á.Löve | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Aneurolepidium condensatum*
*Elymus condensatus* | |


title: Trochus calcaratus

abstract: Trochus calcaratus, common name the actor top shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails. The name Trochus histrio was not well described by Reeve, and as was his custom in Trochus, only a back view was given by Reeve, so that positive identification is difficult.

text:
# Trochus calcaratus

***Trochus calcaratus***, common name the **actor top shell**, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

The name *Trochus histrio* was not well described by Reeve, and as was his custom in *Trochus*, only a back view was given by Reeve, so that positive identification is difficult.

## Description

The size of the shell varies between 18 mm and 40 mm. The solid, false-umbilicate shell has an elate-conic shape. The spire has nearly rectilinear outlines. The about 9 whorls are planulate, the body whorl is carinated. The sculpture of the upper surface consists of spiral series, four or five on each whorl, of regular, closely arranged granules, which are either rounded, bead-like, or laterally compressed. Upon the periphery of each whorl, there is a row of radiating, minutely perforated pustules, numbering on the body whorl 28. The base of the shell is concentrically sculptured with 6 to 7 concentric, densely granose lirae. It is slightly convex, radiately striped with brown or purplish. The color of the upper surface is whitish, broadly striped with red, purplish or brown. It is usually blue when rubbed. The aperture is lirate within on outer and parietal walls. The basal margin is concave, thick, and dentate within. The columella is oblique, plicate within and quadridentate. The white umbilical tract is biplicate.

This species is principally distinguished by the fistulous or perforated peripheral tubercles.

## Distribution

This species occurs on coral reefs and in the low and shallow subtidal zone in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean. In Australian waters it occurs off the Northern Territory, Queensland and Western Australia.

* Reeve, L.A. 1848. *Descriptions of new species of Trochus and Turbo, chiefly from the collection of H. Cuming.* Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1848: 49-52
* Philippi, R.A. 1855. *Trochidae*. pp. 249–328 in Küster, H.C. (ed). Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz. Nürnberg : Bauer & Raspe Vol. 2.
* Lischke, C.E. 1869. *Japanische Meeres-Conchylien. Ein beitrag zur kenntniss der Mollusken Japan's, mit besonderer rücksicht auf die geographische vertreitung derselben.* Cassel : Fischer Vol. 1 192 pp., 14 pls.
* Hedley, C. 1907. *The Mollusca of Mast Head Reef, Capricorn Group, Queensland, part II*. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 32: 476-513, pls 16-21
* Oliver, W.R.B. 1915. *The Mollusca of the Kermadec Islands*. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 47: 509-568
* Demond, J. 1957. *Micronesian reef associated gastropods.* Pacific Science 11(3): 275-341, fig. 2, pl. 1.
* MacNeil, F.S. (1961). "Tertiary and Quaternary Gastropoda of Okinawa" (PDF). *U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper.* (339): 1–148. Retrieved 27 June 2024.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
* Ladd, H.S. 1966. *Chitons and gastropods (Haliotidae through Adeorbidae) from the western Pacific Islands*. United States Geological Survey Professional Papers 531: 1-98 16 pls
* Salvat, B. & Rives, C. 1975. *Coquillages de Polynésie*. Tahiti : Papeete les editions du pacifique, pp. 1–391
* Tantanasiriwong, R. 1978. *An illustrated checklist of marine shelled gastropods from Phuket Island, adjacent mainland and offshore islands, Western Peninsula, Thailand.* Phuket Marine Biological Center, Research Bulletin 21: 1-22, 259 figs
* Cernohorsky, W.O. 1978. *Tropical Pacific marine shells*. Sydney : Pacific Publications 352 pp., 68 pls.
* Wells, F.E. & Bryce, C.W. 1986. *Seashells of Western Australia.* Perth : Western Australian Museum 207 pp.
* Wilson, B. 1993. *Australian Marine Shells. Prosobranch Gastropods*. Kallaroo, Western Australia : Odyssey Publishing Vol. 1 408 pp.
* Herbert D.G. (1996) *A critical review of the trochoidean types in the Muséum d'Histoire naturelle, Bordeaux (Mollusca, Gastropoda).* Bulletin du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, ser. 4, 18 (A, 3-4): 409-445.

## InfoBox

| *Trochus calcaratus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Drawing with two views of a shell of *Trochus calcaratus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Order: | Trochida |
| Superfamily: | Trochoidea |
| Family: | Trochidae |
| Genus: | *Trochus* |
| Species: | ***T. calcaratus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trochus calcaratus***<br>Souverbie in Souverbie & Montrouzier, 1874 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Infundibulum (Lamprostoma) calcaratum* (Souverbie in Souverbie & Montrouzier, 1874) * *Trochus (Polydonta) calcaratus* Souverbie in Souverbie & Montrouzier, 1875 * *Trochus histrio* Reeve, 1848 * *Trochus pustulosus* Philippi, 1849 * *Trochus sacellus* Philippi, R.A., 1854 | |


title: Liudhard medalet

abstract: The Liudhard medalet is a gold Anglo-Saxon coin or small medal found sometime before 1844 near St Martin's Church in Canterbury, England. It was part of the Canterbury-St Martin's hoard of six items. The coin, along with other items found with it, now resides in the World Museum Liverpool. Although some scholarly debate exists on whether or not all the items in the hoard were from the same grave, most historians who have studied the object conclude that they were buried together as a necklace in a 6th-century woman's grave. The coin is set in a mount so that it could be worn as jewellery, and has an inscription on the obverse or front surrounding a robed figure. The inscription refers to Liudhard, a Frankish bishop who accompanied Bertha from Francia to England when she married Æthelberht the king of Kent. The reverse side of the coin has a double-barred cross, or patriarchal cross, with more lettering. The coin was probably struck at Canterbury in the late 6th century, most likely between 578 and 589. Although it could have been used as a coin, it was more likely made as a medallion to proclaim the wearer's conversion to Christianity. The coin is the oldest surviving example of Anglo-Saxon coinage. The design of the figured side has some affinities with Merovingian and Visigothic coins, but the side with the cross has few known predecessors in coinage and is the first northern European depiction of a patriarchal cross in any medium.

text:
# Liudhard medalet

The **Liudhard medalet** is a gold Anglo-Saxon coin or small medal found sometime before 1844 near St Martin's Church in Canterbury, England. It was part of the Canterbury-St Martin's hoard of six items. The coin, along with other items found with it, now resides in the World Museum Liverpool. Although some scholarly debate exists on whether or not all the items in the hoard were from the same grave, most historians who have studied the object conclude that they were buried together as a necklace in a 6th-century woman's grave. The coin is set in a mount so that it could be worn as jewellery, and has an inscription on the obverse or front surrounding a robed figure. The inscription refers to Liudhard, a Frankish bishop who accompanied Bertha from Francia to England when she married Æthelberht the king of Kent. The reverse side of the coin has a double-barred cross, or patriarchal cross, with more lettering.

The coin was probably struck at Canterbury in the late 6th century, most likely between 578 and 589. Although it could have been used as a coin, it was more likely made as a medallion to proclaim the wearer's conversion to Christianity. The coin is the oldest surviving example of Anglo-Saxon coinage. The design of the figured side has some affinities with Merovingian and Visigothic coins, but the side with the cross has few known predecessors in coinage and is the first northern European depiction of a patriarchal cross in any medium.

## Discovery and ownership

The medalet was first revealed to the public on 25 April 1844 by Charles Roach Smith, who presented it, along with other coins found with it, to a meeting of the Numismatic Society. The medalet, along with two other similar items, had been acquired by W. H. Rolfe, who later acquired five other items from the same hoard, and all eight items were published in the Society's *Numismatic Chronicle* in 1845. About the origins and circumstances of the finding of the hoard, Smith only knew that they had been found "a few years since", and that all of the items had been found together. There may have been further items that were found but not preserved. All of the items were found in the churchyard of St Martin's in the east of Canterbury according to Rolfe, although the first published account stated that it was found next door at St Augustine's Abbey instead of St Martin's.

The whole collection, including the medalet, passed from Rolfe's collection to the collection of Joseph Mayer, and then passed to the Rolfe-Mayer collection in the City of Liverpool Public Museums. This now forms part of the World Museum Liverpool.

S. C. Hawkes argues that the eight items in the hoard were found in different graves, basing this on x-ray and fluorescent analysis of the coins. However, the historian Philip Grierson thought that the possibility of two graves from different time periods both containing coins of the same period was so small as to make the likelihood of the hoard coming from two graves slim.

The medalet is part of the only late-6th or early-7th-century find of gold jewellery in a grave in a churchyard. All of the coins in the hoard were probably part of a necklace that was buried in a woman's grave. The medalet itself is the earliest surviving Anglo-Saxon coin.

## Description

The medalet itself is a gold coin, set in a loop mount so that it could be worn as jewellery. On the obverse side is a bust of a man wearing a diadem and a robe, with a border of dots around the edge. Written on this side is the legend "LEV·DΛR·~VS·EPS". The inscription runs backwards from right to left. The letters are also inscribed backwards. Both the initial "L" and terminal "S" of "LEUDARDUS" (Latin for the name "Liudhard") are to some degree shifted sideways on their axes, perhaps to conveniently demarcate between words. The second grouping, "EPS" (also with identical sideways terminal "S") is a standard abbreviation for the ecclesiastical Latin word *EPiscopuS* which means bishop.

On the reverse side of the coin appears a patriarchal cross set on a base with two pendants descending from the upper arm of the cross. A circle and two half-circles intersect the cross. Above the cross, upside down, are the letters "AA". The cross is flanked by two inscriptions, each one reading "NINΛ". Under the cross are the letters "VΛV". The whole medalet weighs 1.57 grams (0.055 oz).

Smith felt that the legend on the obverse named a 6th-century bishop of Autun, but D. B. Haigh as well as C. H. V. Sutherland, Arthur Evans, and G. C. Brooke all felt that it referred to Liudhard, a Frankish bishop who accompanied the Frankish princess Bertha to the Kingdom of Kent in the late 6th century when the Christian Bertha married the then pagan King Æthelberht of Kent. Liudhard died probably in the late 590s.

## Origins and similarities to other coins

The coin that formed the base of the medalet was most likely minted in England, probably at Canterbury. Evans felt that it was produced by a Frankish member of Liudhard's household, but Grierson was less sure of it being produced by a Frank. Both, however, concluded that it was not really meant to be used as money, but was rather struck for use as a medallion showing conversion to Christianity. The historian Margaret Deanesly argued that it was made at Canterbury, by a native Jutish artisan. Given the dates of Æthelberht's reign, it appears likely that the coin was struck between 578 and 589. The loop for suspension is a feature of bracteates, pagan Germanic quasi-coins apparently made as amulets or jewellery, and often featuring a king. However, bracteates are only stamped on one side.

The obverse is similar to coins from Merovingian France, especially from the southern parts, as well as showing influences from Visigothic Spain. The reverse side, however, has no known predecessors in Merovingian or Visigothic coinage. Although by the late 6th century, Merovingian and Visigothic kings were putting their names on their coins, no surviving coins from either kingdom name a bishop. The design of the figure is derived from Byzantine imperial coins, and the cross itself is large and closely resembles an altar cross.

The patriarchal, or double-barred cross had become a common symbol for the True Cross by the time of the striking of the medalet. The historian Martin Werner argues that the form of the cross on the reverse, with the pendants, is set to resemble the crux gemmata, or jeweled cross, set up in the 4th or 5th century at what was believed to be the site of Golgotha inside the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. Werner further speculates that the base of the cross on the medalet is meant to symbolize the hill at Golgotha. The circle crossing over the cross on the reverse is an early form of a cross that later appears in conjunction with the *hetoimasia* or "empty throne" motif in Byzantine art.

The medalet is the first northern European artistic work to display a patriarchal cross, and it is also the first securely datable item to use the circle crossing a cross.

## Citations

1. Grierson "Canterbury Hoard" *Dark Age Numismatics* pp. 39–40
2. Blair *Church in Anglo-Saxon Society* p. 61 and footnote 200
3. Staff "British Antiquities" World Museum Liverpool
4. Grierson "Canterbury Hoard" *Dark Age Numismatics* Corregida p. 5
5. Gaimster "Scandinavian Gold Bracteates" *Medieval Archaeology* p. 7
6. Grierson "Canterbury Hoard" *Dark Age Numismatics* pp. 41–43
7. Werner "Liudhard Medalet" *Anglo-Saxon England 20* p. 28
8. Kelly "Æthelberht" *Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England* p. 13
9. Werner "Liudhard Medalet" *Anglo-Saxon England 20* p. 29
10. Werner "Liudhard Medalet" *Anglo-Saxon England 20* pp. 30–31
11. Werner "Liudhard Medalet" *Anglo-Saxon England 20* pp. 35–38
12. Werner "Origin of the Form" *Gesta* p. 101
* Blair, John P. (2005). *The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society*. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-921117-5.
* Gaimster, Märit (1992). "Scandinavian Gold Bracteates: Britain. Money and Media in the Dark Ages" (PDF). *Medieval Archaeology*. **36**: 1–28. doi:10.1080/00766097.1992.11735546. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
* Grierson, Philip (1979). "The Canterbury (St. Martin's) Hoard of Frankish and Anglo-Saxon Coin-Ornaments". *Dark Age Numismatics: Selected Studies*. London: Variorum Reprints. pp. 38–51, Corregida 5. ISBN 0-86078-041-4.
* Kelly, S. E. (2001). "Æthelberht". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). *The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England*. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-631-22492-1.
* Staff (2009). "British Antiquities". World Museum Liverpool. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
* Werner, Martin (1992). "The Liudhard Medalet". In Lapidge, Michael; Godden, Malcolm; Keynes, Simon (eds.). *Anglo-Saxon England 20*. Cambridge University Press. pp. 27–41. ISBN 0-521-41380-X.
* Werner, Martin (1990). "On the Origin of the Form of the Irish High Cross". *Gesta*. **29** (1): 98–110. doi:10.2307/767104. JSTOR 767104. S2CID 192024681.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Liudhard medalet | |
| --- | --- |
| Replica of the Liudhard medalet from the British Museum | |
| Material | Gold |
| Size | 1.57 grams (0.055 oz) |
| Writing | Latin inscription |
| Created | late 6th century AD |
| Discovered | 1840s |
| Present location | currently in the World Museum Liverpool |
| Identification | M7018 at the World Museum Liverpool |


title: Paul Lomami-Tshibamba

abstract: Paul Lomami-Tshibamba was a Congolese journalist and author, acclaimed as "the first giant of Congolese literature".

text:
# Paul Lomami-Tshibamba

**Paul Lomami-Tshibamba** (17 July 1914  1985) was a Congolese journalist and author, acclaimed as "the first giant of Congolese literature".

## Life and career

Paul Lomami-Tshibamba was born on 17 July 1914 in Brazzaville, French Congo to father from Kasaï-Occidental and a Ngbandi mother from Ubangi, Belgian Congo. In 1921 he moved to Léopoldville, Belgian Congo to join his father.

He studied at the Minor Seminary of Mbata-Kiela, in the Mayumbe in Bas-Congo. Although the school was run by Belgian missionaries who encouraged their pupils to join the priesthood, he did not become a priest. Five years after leaving school he was struck by deafness, an illness from which he never fully recovered despite the good medical care that he received.

Lomami-Tshibamba found employment in the Belgian administration. He helped to establish the Congolese monthly *La Voix du Congolaise*. He first garnered public attention in 1945 when he published an article in the March/April edition of the paper (its second) entitled, "Quelle sera notre place dans le monde de demain?" It discussed controversial issues surrounding the social status of *évolués* and press freedoms in the Congo. Comparing the Belgian Congo to the French Congo and other African colonies, he argued that the colonial administration was not adequately preparing to grant the Congo independence while similar efforts were underway in the other territories. The Belgian district commissioner was convinced that Lomami-Tshibamba had written the article with the help of a European accomplice, and had him interrogated and whipped by the police over a three-week period. This stopped after Lomami-Tshibamba informed his superiors in the administration and the governor general intervened on his behalf. He later sought refuge in the French Congo to avoid criminal prosecution.

In 1948 Lomami-Tshibamba was awarded in Brussels the first prize at the "Foire coloniale" (Colonial Fair) for his novella *Ngando* (Crocodile). The work, which in many ways marks the beginning of Congolese national literature in French, depicts traditional beliefs during the colonial period in a story set on the banks of the Congo River. Its themes of alienation and cultural conflict are further developed in his subsequent works. Lomami-Tshibamba returned to Congo-Zaire after independence and held several government posts. In 1962 he started a newspaper, *Le Progrès* (Progress), later known as *Salongo*.

He published further stories and novellas.

## Bibliography

* *Ngando* (1948)
* *La Récompense de la cruauté* (1972)
* ‘Faire médicament’ (1974)
* ‘Légende de Londema, suzeraine de Mitsoué-ba-Ngomi’ (1974)
* *Ngemena* (1981)

## Citations

## InfoBox

| Paul Lomami-Tshibamba | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1914-07-17)17 July 1914
Brazzaville, French Equatorial Africa |
| Died | 12 August 1985(1985-08-12) (aged 71)
Brussels, Belgium |
| Occupation | Journalist, novelist |
| Language | French |
| Nationality | Congolese |
| Notable works | *Ngando* |


abstract: The Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration, signed on 31 October 1958, ensures that in member countries, appellations of origin receive protection when are protected in their country of origin. It lays down provisions for what qualifies as an appellation of origin, protection measures and establishes an International Register of Appellations of Origin, run by the World Intellectual Property Organization. The agreement came into force in 1966, and was revised at Stockholm (1967) and amended in 1979 and 2015. As of July 2022, 39 states are party to the convention and 1000 appellations of origin has been registered. The agreements establish a Special Union under Article 19 of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (1883). Some aspects of the agreement have been superseded by the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights.

text:
# Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration

The **Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration**, signed on 31 October 1958, ensures that in member countries, appellations of origin receive protection when are protected in their country of origin. It lays down provisions for what qualifies as an appellation of origin, protection measures and establishes an International Register of Appellations of Origin, run by the World Intellectual Property Organization. The agreement came into force in 1966, and was revised at Stockholm (1967) and amended in 1979 and 2015. As of July 2022, 39 states are party to the convention and 1000 appellations of origin has been registered.

The agreements establish a Special Union under Article 19 of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (1883). Some aspects of the agreement have been superseded by the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights.

## Geneva Act

In May 2015, the Geneva Act to the Agreement was adopted, formally extending protection to Geographical Indication and changing the name: *Geneva Act of the Lisbon Agreement on Appellations of Origin and Geographical Indications*. The act furthermore allows intergovernmental organisations to become parties. On 21 May 2015, the Act was signed by 13 states: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Congo, France, Gabon, Hungary, Mali, Nicaragua, Peru, Romania and Togo. It entered into force in 2020 following ratifications/accessions by 5 parties: Albania, Cambodia, European Union, North Korea and Samoa. As of 18 January 2024, the number of parties is 21.

## Parties

The treaty applies mutually between the parties of the 1958 Lisbon Agreement and the 1967 Stockholm Act, but not between a party solely to the 1958 Agreement and another party solely to the 1967 Stockholm act. The Geneva Act entered into force in 2020, and only applies between the Geneva act parties. If a state is a party to multiple Lisbon instruments, then a registered appellation of origin registered under any of the instruments applies also to parties of the other instruments the state is a party to.

| State | Lisbon Agreement | Stockholm Act | Geneva Act | Registered AOs and GIs | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| African Intellectual Property Organization (OAPI) |  |  | 15 March 2023 | 0 | Only application to Geneva Act possible |
| Albania | 8 May 2019 | 8 May 2019 | 26 February 2020 | 0 |  |
| Algeria | 5 July 1972 | 31 October 1973 |  | 7 |  |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 4 July 2013 | 4 July 2013 | Signed | 4 |  |
| Bulgaria | 12 August 1975 | 12 August 1975 |  | 33 | Also covered by Geneva act through EU accession |
| Burkina Faso | 2 September 1975 | 2 September 1975 | Signed | 0 | Also covered by Geneva act through OAPI accession |
| Cabo Verde |  |  | 6 July 2022 | 0 |  |
| Cambodia |  |  | 26 February 2020 | 1 |  |
| Congo | 16 November 1977 | 16 November 1977 | Signed | 0 |  |
| Costa Rica | 30 July 1997 | 30 July 1997 | Signed | 2 |  |
| Cuba | 25 September 1966 | 8 April 1975 |  | 20 |  |
| Czech Republic | 1 January 1993 | 1 January 1993 | 2 September 2022 | 40 | Also covered by Geneva act through EU accession |
| Djibouti |  |  | 13 May 2024 | 0 |  |
| Dominican Republic | 17 January 2020 | 17 January 2020 |  | 0 |  |
| *Czechoslovakia* | *25 September 1966*-
*1 January 1993* | *31 October 1973*-
*1 January 1993* |  |  | Continued application by Czech Republic and Slovakia |
| European Union |  |  | 26 February 2020 | 167 | Only application to Geneva Act possible |
| France | 25 September 1966 | 12 August 1975 | 21 April 2021 | 425 | Also covered by Geneva act through EU accession |
| Gabon | 10 June 1975 | 10 June 1975 | Signed | 0 |  |
| Georgia | 23 September 2004 | 28 September 2004 |  | 28 |  |
| Ghana |  |  | 3 February 2022 | 0 |  |
| Greece | Signed |  |  |  | Covered by Geneva act through EU accession |
| Haiti | 25 September 1966 |  |  | 0 |  |
| Hungary | 23 March 1967 | 31 October 1973 | 10 September 2021 | 23 | Also covered by Geneva act through EU accession |
| Iran | 9 March 2006 | 9 March 2006 |  | 72 |  |
| Israel | 25 September 1966 | 31 October 1973 |  | 1 |  |
| Italy | 29 December 1968 | 24 April 1977 | Signed | 166 | Also covered by Geneva act through EU accession |
| Ivory Coast |  |  | 15 March 2023 | 0 | Also covered by Geneva act through OAPI accession |
| Laos |  |  | 20 February 2021 | 0 |  |
| Mali |  |  | Signed | 0 |  |
| Mexico | 25 September 1966 | 26 January 2001 |  | 17 |  |
| Moldova |  | 5 April 2001 | Signed | 1 |  |
| Montenegro | 3 June 2006 | 3 June 2006 |  | 2 |  |
| Morocco | Signed |  |  |  |  |
| Nicaragua | 15 June 2006 | 15 June 2006 | Signed | 0 |  |
| North Korea | 4 January 2005 | 4 January 2005 | 26 February 2020 | 6 |  |
| North Macedonia | 6 October 2010 | 6 October 2010 |  | 5 |  |
| Oman |  |  | 30 June 2021 | 0 |  |
| Peru | 16 May 2005 | 16 May 2005 | 18 October 2022 | 10 |  |
| Portugal | 25 September 1966 | 17 April 1991 | 18 January 2024 | 7 | Also covered by Geneva act through EU accession |
| Russia |  |  | 11 August 2023 | 0 |  |
| Romania | Signed |  | Signed |  | Covered by Geneva act through EU accession |
| Samoa |  |  | 26 February 2020 | 0 |  |
| São Tomé and Príncipe |  |  | 2 November 2023 | 0 |  |
| Senegal |  |  | 5 December 2023 | 0 | Also covered by Geneva act through OAPI accession |
| Serbia | 1 June 1999 | 1 June 1999 |  | 5 |  |
| Slovakia | 1 January 1993 | 1 January 1993 | 9 October 2024 | 7 | Also covered by Geneva act through EU accession |
| Spain | Signed |  |  |  | Covered by Geneva act through EU accession |
| Switzerland |  |  | 31 August 2021 | 3 |  |
| Togo | 30 April 1975 | 30 April 1975 | Signed | 0 | Also covered by Geneva act through OAPI accession |
| Tunisia | 31 October 1973 | 31 October 1973 | 6 July 2023 | 9 |  |
| Turkey | Signed |  |  |  |  |

## InfoBox

Lisbon Agreement
| Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration of October 31, 1958, as revised at Stockholm on July 14, 1967, and as amended on September 28, 1979 | |
| --- | --- |
| Lisbon Agreement and Geneva act   Geneva act, but not Lisbon agreement   Lisbon agreement, but not Geneva act   covered by OAPI/EU's accession (Geneva act) and to Lisbon agreement   covered by OAPI/EU's accession (Geneva act) and party to Lisbon and/or Geneva act   covered by OAPI/EU's accession (Geneva act) | |
| Signed | 31 October 1958 (Lisbon)
14 July 1967 (Stockholm)
21 May 2015 (Geneva) |
| Location | Lisbon, Stockholm, Geneva |
| Effective | 25 September 1966 (Lisbon)
31 October 1973 (Stockholm)
26 February 2020 (Geneva) |
| Signatories | 11 (Lisbon)
5 (Stockholm)
11 (Geneva) |
| Parties | 10 (Lisbon)
30 (Stockholm)
23 (Geneva) |
| Depositary | Switzerland (Lisbon), Sweden (Stockholm), WIPO (Geneva) |
| Language | French (Lisbon, Stockholm) |
| Languages | Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish (Geneva) |


title: Yamamotozephyrus

abstract:
Yamamotozephyrus is a butterfly genus in the family Lycaenidae. It is monotypic, containing only the species Yamamotozephyrus kwangtungensis.
There are three subspecies
  - Yamamotozephyrus kwangtungensis China (Kwangtung)
  - Y. k. hainana Hainan
  - Y. k. mayhkaensis Watanabe, 2000 Myanmar

text:
# Yamamotozephyrus

***Yamamotozephyrus*** is a butterfly genus in the family Lycaenidae. It is monotypic, containing only the species ***Yamamotozephyrus kwangtungensis***. There are three subspecies

* *Yamamotozephyrus kwangtungensis* (Forster, 1942) China (Kwangtung)
* *Y. k. hainana* (Koiwaya, 1993) Hainan
* *Y. k. mayhkaensis* Watanabe, 2000 Myanmar

## InfoBox

| *Yamamotozephyrus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lycaenidae |
| Tribe: | Theclini |
| Genus: | *Yamamotozephyrus*
Saigusa, 1983 |
| Species: | ***Y. kwangtungensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Yamamotozephyrus kwangtungensis***
(Forster, 1942) | |
|


title: TRB Two

abstract: TRB Two – also known as TRB2 – is the second studio album by Tom Robinson Band. It was recorded days after the original drummer, Dolphin Taylor, left the band. The TRB disbanded four months after its release. Steve Ridgeway designed the cover.

text:
# TRB Two

***TRB Two*** – also known as ***TRB2*** – is the second studio album by Tom Robinson Band. It was recorded days after the original drummer, Dolphin Taylor, left the band. The TRB disbanded four months after its release. Steve Ridgeway designed the cover.

## Songs

The album was dedicated to Mrs. Mary Towers, the mother of Liddle Towers. Liddle Towers was an amateur boxer who had died in police custody in 1976 - his case was the subject of "Blue Murder".

"Black Angel" was originally recorded as "Sweet Black Angel" by Robinson's first band, Café Society, on their self-titled debut album in 1975. "Law and Order" was co-written by Nick Plytas who joined the TRB as a temporary keyboard player from April to July 1978.

Robinson and Danny Kustow believe "Bully for You" inspired "Another Brick in the Wall Part 2" by Pink Floyd, with whom the band shared a manager and label. "There's no question \[the song's repeated\] 'We don't need no aggravation' was in the air around \[Floyd lyricist\] Roger Waters", said the former. "The truth of it is that I had a really good idea for a chorus and we didn't make the most of it. If 'Bully for You' had started with, 'We don't need no aggravation,' how much better would it have been? Roger's skills as a writer were far more developed than my own. He put a great idea to better use, so fair play to him."

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Christgau's Record Guide* | A− |
| *Smash Hits* | 8/10 |

*Smash Hits* said, "This is far superior to the last album and the TRB are developing into a very fine rock band. This album captures more of their live power, but the increasing sophistication of the songs means less immediate impact." *The Globe and Mail* determined that "Robinson succeeds in sounding like a parody of himself as he sings in a Monty Python-esque voice and clutters the album with Gospel singers and synthesizers."

## Track listing

All tracks composed by Tom Robinson; except where indicated

1. "All Right All Night" (Robinson, Danny Kustow, Dolphin Taylor, Ian Parker) – 2:59
2. "Why Should I Mind" (Robinson, Danny Kustow) – 3:01
3. "Black Angel" – 4:02
4. "Let My People Be" – 4:07
5. "Blue Murder" – 5:02
6. "Bully for You" (music: Peter Gabriel; lyrics: Robinson) – 3:20
7. "Crossing over the Road" (Robinson, Danny Kustow, Ian Parker) – 3:39
8. "Sorry Mr. Harris" – 2:43
9. "Law and Order" (music: Robinson, Nick Plytas, Taylor; lyrics: Robinson, Dolphin Taylor) – 2:35
10. "Days of Rage" (Robinson, Dolphin Taylor) – 3:33
11. "Hold Out" – 4:10

## Charts

| Chart (1979) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| United Kingdom (Official Charts Company) | 18 |
| United States (Billboard 200) | 163 |

## Personnel

Tom Robinson Band

with:

Technical * Bill Price – preparation
* Paul Libsom, Tom Edmonds – engineer
* Julie Harris, Steve Ridgeway – cover design

## InfoBox

| TRB Two | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Tom Robinson Band | |
| Released | March 1979 |
| Recorded | 13–19 December 1978 |
| Studio | Pye Studios, London |
| Genre | Punk rock, hard rock, new wave |
| Label | Razor & Tie
EMI |
| Producer | Todd Rundgren |
| Tom Robinson Band chronology | |
| *Power in the Darkness*
(1978) ***TRB Two***
(1979) *Tom Robinson Band*
(1981) | |


title: Vermont dairy industry

text:
# Vermont dairy industry

Dairy is a primary source of agricultural output in the state of Vermont. As of December 2021, the state had 568 dairy farms milking cattle, sheep, and/or goats which produced 2.5 billion pounds of milk annually. Vermont ranks 15th in the United States for raw milk production.

Dairy farming in Vermont, like in much of the US, is increasingly scaling upwards due to market and governmental pressures. Each year, Vermont loses dairy farms. In 2021, the number of dairy farms shrunk by 6.9%, a decline of 68 farms from the previous year.

Family farms with small herds of dairy cows historically defined Vermont agriculture and the cultural landscape of the state. A 2019 survey found that Vermont's dairy industry is considered very important to 72% of Vermonters.

Vermont produces cheese, butter, and yogurt that are consumed across the United States. There are over 140 firms in the state that process milk into dairy products. Some of its better known producers are Vermont Creamery, Cabot Creamery, Ehrmann Commonwealth Dairy, Jasper Hill Farm, and the Grafton Village Cheese Company. The Crowley Cheese Factory in Healdville, Vermont is believed to be the oldest indigenous manufacturer of cheese in the United States.

The dairy industry is celebrated in various parades and festivals throughout the year, the two most notable being the Vermont Dairy Festival in Enosburg Falls and the Strolling of the Heifers parade in Brattleboro. Each year, the Vermont Cheese Council runs the Vermont Cheesemakers Festival.

## History

Dairy farming is the primary source of agricultural income in Vermont. In the second half of the 20th century, developers had plans to build condos and houses on what was relatively inexpensive, open land. Vermont's government responded with a series of laws controlling development and with some pioneering initiatives to prevent the loss of Vermont's dairy industry. Still, the number of Vermont dairy farms has declined more than 85% from the 11,206 dairy farms operating in 1947. In 2003 there were fewer than 1,500 dairy farms in the state; in 2006 there were 1,138; in 2019 there were 658. The number of dairy farms has been diminishing by 10% annually. 80% of open land is controlled by dairy farms.

The number of cattle in Vermont had declined by 40%; however, milk production doubled in the same period due to tripling of production per cow. While milk production rose, Vermont's market share declined. Within a group of states supplying the Boston and New York City markets (called "Federal order Class I"), Vermont was third in market share, with 10.6%; New York has 44.9% and Pennsylvania has 32.9%. In 2007 dairy farmers received a record $23.60 for 100 pounds (45 kg) (11.63 gallons at $2.03/gallon) of milk. This dropped in 2008 to $17 ($1.46/gallon). The average dairy farm produced 1.3 million pounds of milk annually in 2008.

The dairy barn remains an iconic image of Vermont, but the 87% decrease in active dairy farms between 1947 and 2003 means that preservation of the dairy barns has increasingly become dependent upon a commitment to maintaining a legacy rather than basic need in the agricultural economy. The Vermont Barn Census, organized by a collaboration of educational and nonprofit state and local historic preservation programs, has developed educational and administrative systems for recording the number, condition, and features of barns throughout Vermont.

In 2009, there were 543 organic farms. Twenty percent of the dairy farms were organic and 23% (128) vegetable farms were organic. Organic farming increased in 2006–07, but leveled off in 2008–09.

A significant amount of milk is shipped into the Boston market. Therefore, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts certifies that Vermont farms meet Massachusetts sanitary standards. Without this certification, a farmer may not sell milk for distribution into the bulk market. In 2019, two-thirds of all milk in New England was produced by Vermont dairies.

The COVID-19 pandemic led to the dumping of milk. Vermont dairy farms donated milk to schools during the pandemic.

## Further reading


title: Palicourea herrerae

abstract: Palicourea herrerae is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is endemic to Peru.

text:
# Palicourea herrerae

***Palicourea herrerae*** is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is endemic to Peru.

## InfoBox

| *Palicourea herrerae* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Rubiaceae |
| Genus: | *Palicourea* |
| Species: | ***P. herrerae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Palicourea herrerae***
Standl. | |
|


title: OpenBLAS

abstract:
OpenBLAS is an open-source implementation of the BLAS and LAPACK APIs with many hand-crafted optimizations for specific processor types. It is developed at the Lab of Parallel Software and Computational Science, ISCAS. OpenBLAS adds optimized implementations of linear algebra kernels for several processor architectures, including Intel Sandy Bridge
and Loongson. It claims to achieve performance comparable to the Intel MKL. On machines that support the AVX2 instruction set, OpenBLAS can achieve similar performance to MKL, but there are currently almost no open source libraries comparable to MKL on CPUs with the AVX512 instruction set. OpenBLAS is a fork of GotoBLAS2, which was created by Kazushige Goto at the Texas Advanced Computing Center.

text:
# OpenBLAS

**OpenBLAS** is an open-source implementation of the BLAS (Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms) and LAPACK APIs with many hand-crafted optimizations for specific processor types. It is developed at the Lab of Parallel Software and Computational Science, ISCAS.

OpenBLAS adds optimized implementations of linear algebra kernels for several processor architectures, including Intel Sandy Bridge and Loongson. It claims to achieve performance comparable to the Intel MKL. On machines that support the AVX2 instruction set, OpenBLAS can achieve similar performance to MKL, but there are currently almost no open source libraries comparable to MKL on CPUs with the AVX512 instruction set.

OpenBLAS is a fork of GotoBLAS2, which was created by Kazushige Goto at the Texas Advanced Computing Center.

## History and present

OpenBLAS was developed by the parallel software group led by Professor Yunquan Zhang from the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

OpenBLAS was initially only for the Loongson CPU platform. Dr. Xianyi Zhang contributed a lot of work. Since GotoBLAS was abandoned, the successor OpenBLAS is now developed as an open source BLAS library for multiple platforms, including x86, ARMv8, MIPS, and RISC-V platforms, and is respected for its excellent portability.

The parallel software group is modernizing OpenBLAS to meet current computing needs. For example, OpenBLAS's level-3 computations were primarily optimized for large and square matrices (often considered as regular-shaped matrices). And now irregular-shaped matrix multiplication are also supported, such as tall and skinny matrix multiplication (TSMM), which supports faster deep learning calculations on the CPU. TSMM is one of the core calculations in deep learning operations. Besides this, the compact function and small GEMM will also be supported by OpenBLAS.

## InfoBox

OpenBLAS
| Original author(s) | Kazushige Goto |
| --- | --- |
| Developer(s) | Zhang Xianyi, Wang Qian, Werner Saar |
| Initial release | 22 March 2011 (2011-03-22) |
|  | |
| Stable release | 0.3.28 / 8 August 2024 (8 August 2024) |
|  | |
| Repository |  |
| Written in | C, modern Fortran |
| Operating system |  |
| Platform |  |
| Type | Linear algebra library; implementation of BLAS |
| License | BSD License |
| Website | www.openblas.net |


title: Leymus arenarius

abstract: Leymus arenarius is a psammophilic (sand-loving) species of grass in the family Poaceae, native to the coasts of Atlantic and Northern Europe. Leymus arenarius is commonly known as sand ryegrass, sea lyme grass, or simply lyme grass.

text:
# Leymus arenarius

***Leymus arenarius*** is a psammophilic (sand-loving) species of grass in the family Poaceae, native to the coasts of Atlantic and Northern Europe. *Leymus arenarius* is commonly known as **sand ryegrass**, **sea lyme grass**, or simply **lyme grass**.

## Taxonomy

*Leymus arenarius* originated from the hybridization of *L. racemosus* and another unknown species in central Eurasia or from a polyploidization event. DNA analysis shows that inland and coastal plants are statistically not different from each other. *L. arenarius* is a recent cultivar, and has had little time to accumulate genetic differences. *Leymus arenarius* is much younger than its North American relative *L. mollis*, which has been around since the ice age. Icelandic *L. arenarius* is molecularly uniform. Polish *L. arenarius* is also reported to be molecularly uniform.

## Distribution

*Leymus arenarius* is native to the coasts of northern and western Europe. A closely related species *Leymus mollis* (previously *Elymus arenarius* ssp. *mollis*) is native to the northern coasts of North America.

## Growth and development

### Nitrogen

*Leymus arenarius* can grow exponentially in terms of height and root growth in the presence of nitrogen. *L. arenarius* is known to take up nitrogen into its root system. Raising nitrogen concentrations can aid in growth as over time plant mass above to surface will not change, but will accumulate in the root system. The roots themselves also retain nitrogen as they come in contact with it and in the surrounding un-vegetated areas. This assists in primary succession with surrounding flora and fauna, and a decrease in soil erosion. After volcanic events *L. arenarius* causes dunes and their soil depth to grow exponentially over time. Nitrogen increases seed production, raising the yield of seeds as much as 70% in Icelandic *L. arenarius*. The seed density also increased with the addition of nitrogen, in comparison to phosphorus and potassium which only produce marginal increases for both seed yield and density. Leaf size and density are also influenced by nutrient additions. Removing nitrogen, phosphorus, or potassium resulted in a reduction of leaf mass up to 20%. Nitrogen usage is a cost-effective tool to use to increase abundance and effectiveness of *L.arenarius*.

### Fungi

*Leymus arenarius* benefits from the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The presence of the fungi increases the ability of *L. arenarius* to have an extensive root system and to bind soil particles. When adding fungi in its natural habitat, more seeds survived and grew than without the fungi present.

### Adaptability

*Leymus arenarius* can adapt easily to a highly salinized area. When comparing the salt tolerances of the Icelandic populations and the inland populations, the Icelandic populations expressed a higher salt tolerance than the inland populations. The trait for salt tolerance is heritable. The seeds of Icelandic populations germinated more in the presence of a high salt concentration than seeds of the inland population. In Finland the same salinity tolerance is also observed near roadsides where salt is distributed every season during snowfall. The pH near roadsides is closer to the pH present near saltwater beaches.

## Pathogene resistance

*Leymus arenarius* has a high immunity to pathogens. In total there are 160 transcripts for antimicrobial peptides present in seedlings. There are 30 transcripts encoding for unique antimicrobial peptides. These are not present in other plant species, and add to the immune system of the plant itself, making it immune to more pathogens than any of its relatives.

## Uses

In Europe, the plant's stems are used for roof thatching and can be woven into a coarse fabric. Seeds have provided food in the past. Beginning as early as the 18th century, the plant's extensive network of roots was used in stabilizing sands on northern coastal beaches. In Iceland, the grass was harvested as a wild grain as early as the 12th century.

## Law

During the 17th century reign of William III, the Scottish Parliament passed a law protecting *Leymus arenarius*. Under the 18th century reign of George I, the British Parliament expanded the law to protect the plant on English coasts. This law went as far as declaring the cutting or possession of the grass to be a penal offense.

## InfoBox

| *Leymus arenarius* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Pooideae |
| Genus: | *Leymus* |
| Species: | ***L. arenarius*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Leymus arenarius***<br>(L.) Hochst. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Elymus arenarius* L. | |


title: Trochus flammulatus

abstract: Trochus flammulatus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

text:
# Trochus flammulatus

***Trochus flammulatus*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

## Description

The height of the shell attains 40 mm, its diameter 38 mm. The general form of this species is similar to *Trochus maculatus*. It is thick, solid, and heavy. The upper surface is longitudinally flammulated with dark red, the stripes distinct and broad, about as wide as the intervening whitish spaces. The stripes of the body whorl are continued over the obtuse periphery upon the base, where they become narrower, often bifurcate, and are zigzag. The sculpture above is like that of *Trochus maculatus*, the rows of granules about five or six on each whorl and the lower ones compressed and narrow. There is, besides, a fine, superficial, secondary sculpture of slightly oblique longitudinal minute wrinkles, which are continued over the periphery upon the base, forming there a finely shagreened pattern by the intersection of fine incremental stride. The base of the shell is rather more convex than in the typical *Trochus maculatus*, and its outer portion is nearly free from spiral line. These number about six. They are finely, closely crenulated by the wrinkles of the surface. The outer lip of the aperture is not crenulated, the other characters of the aperture and columella are precisely as in *Trochus incrassatus*.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Indian Ocean off the Mascarenes, Aldabra and Chagos.

* Drivas, J.; Jay, M. (1987). *Coquillages de La Réunion et de l'Île Maurice*. Collection Les Beautés de la Nature. Delachaux et Niestlé: Neuchâtel. ISBN 2-603-00654-1. 159 pp.

## InfoBox

| *Trochus flammulatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Drawing with an aoertural view of a shell of *Trochus flammulatus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Order: | Trochida |
| Superfamily: | Trochoidea |
| Family: | Trochidae |
| Genus: | *Trochus* |
| Species: | ***T. flammulatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trochus flammulatus***<br>Lamarck, 1822 | |
|