title: Strategy (game theory)

abstract: In game theory, a move, action, or play is any one of the options which a player can choose in a setting where the optimal outcome depends not only on their own actions but on the actions of others. The discipline mainly concerns the action of a player in a game affecting the behavior or actions of other players. Some examples of "games" include chess, bridge, poker, monopoly, diplomacy or battleship. The term strategy is typically used to mean a complete algorithm for playing a game, telling a player what to do for every possible situation. A player's strategy determines the action the player will take at any stage of the game. However, the idea of a strategy is often confused or conflated with that of a move or action, because of the correspondence between moves and pure strategies in most games: for any move X, "always play move X" is an example of a valid strategy, and as a result every move can also be considered to be a strategy. Other authors treat strategies as being a different type of thing from actions, and therefore distinct. It is helpful to think about a "strategy" as a list of directions, and a "move" as a single turn on the list of directions itself. This strategy is based on the payoff or outcome of each action. The goal of each agent is to consider their payoff based on a competitors action. For example, competitor A can assume competitor B enters the market. From there, Competitor A compares the payoffs they receive by entering and not entering. The next step is to assume Competitor B does not enter and then consider which payoff is better based on if Competitor A chooses to enter or not enter. This technique can identify dominant strategies where a player can identify an action that they can take no matter what the competitor does to try to maximize the payoff. A strategy profile is a set of strategies for all players which fully specifies all actions in a game. A strategy profile must include one and only one strategy for every player.

text:
# Strategy (game theory)

In game theory, a **move**, **action**, or **play** is any one of the options which a player can choose in a setting where the optimal outcome depends *not only* on their own actions *but* on the actions of others. The discipline mainly concerns the action of a player in a game affecting the behavior or actions of other players. Some examples of "games" include chess, bridge, poker, monopoly, diplomacy or battleship.

The term **strategy** is typically used to mean a complete algorithm for playing a game, telling a player what to do for every possible situation. A player's strategy determines the action the player will take at any stage of the game. However, the idea of a strategy is often confused or conflated with that of a move or action, because of the correspondence between moves and pure strategies in most games: for any move *X*, "always play move *X*" is an example of a valid strategy, and as a result every move can also be considered to be a strategy. Other authors treat strategies as being a different type of thing from actions, and therefore distinct.

It is helpful to think about a "strategy" as a list of directions, and a "move" as a single turn on the list of directions itself. This strategy is based on the payoff or outcome of each action. The goal of each agent is to consider their payoff based on a competitors action. For example, competitor A can assume competitor B enters the market. From there, Competitor A compares the payoffs they receive by entering and not entering. The next step is to assume Competitor B does not enter and then consider which payoff is better based on if Competitor A chooses to enter or not enter. This technique can identify dominant strategies where a player can identify an action that they can take no matter what the competitor does to try to maximize the payoff.

A **strategy profile** (sometimes called a **strategy combination**) is a set of strategies for all players which fully specifies all actions in a game. A strategy profile must include one and only one strategy for every player.

## Strategy set

A player's **strategy set** defines what strategies are available for them to play.

A player has a **finite** strategy set if they have a number of discrete strategies available to them. For instance, a game of rock paper scissors comprises a single move by each playerand each player's move is made without knowledge of the other's, not as a responseso each player has the finite strategy set {rock paper scissors}.

A strategy set is infinite otherwise. For instance the cake cutting game has a bounded continuum of strategies in the strategy set {Cut anywhere between zero percent and 100 percent of the cake}.

In a dynamic game, games that are played over a series of time, the strategy set consists of the possible rules a player could give to a robot or agent on how to play the game. For instance, in the ultimatum game, the strategy set for the second player would consist of every possible rule for which offers to accept and which to reject.

In a Bayesian game, or games in which players have incomplete information about one another, the strategy set is similar to that in a dynamic game. It consists of rules for what action to take for any possible private information.

### Choosing a strategy set

In applied game theory, the definition of the strategy sets is an important part of the art of making a game simultaneously solvable and meaningful. The game theorist can use knowledge of the overall problem, that is the friction between two or more players, to limit the strategy spaces, and ease the solution.

For instance, strictly speaking in the Ultimatum game a player can have strategies such as: *Reject offers of ($1, $3, $5, ..., $19), accept offers of ($0, $2, $4, ..., $20)*. Including all such strategies makes for a very large strategy space and a somewhat difficult problem. A game theorist might instead believe they can limit the strategy set to: {Reject any offer ≤ *x*, accept any offer \> *x*; for *x* in ($0, $1, $2, ..., $20)}.

## Pure and mixed strategies

A **pure strategy** provides a complete definition of how a player will play a game. Pure strategy can be thought about as a singular concrete plan subject to the observations they make during the course of the game of play. In particular, it determines the move a player will make for any situation they could face. A player's **strategy set** is the set of pure strategies available to that player.

A **mixed strategy** is an assignment of a probability to each pure strategy. When enlisting mixed strategy, it is often because the game does not allow for a rational description in specifying a pure strategy for the game. This allows for a player to randomly select a pure strategy. (See the following section for an illustration.) Since probabilities are continuous, there are infinitely many mixed strategies available to a player. Since probabilities are being assigned to strategies for a specific player when discussing the payoffs of certain scenarios the payoff must be referred to as "expected payoff".

Of course, one can regard a pure strategy as a degenerate case of a mixed strategy, in which that particular pure strategy is selected with probability *1* and every other strategy with probability *0*.

A **totally mixed strategy** is a mixed strategy in which the player assigns a strictly positive probability to every pure strategy. (Totally mixed strategies are important for equilibrium refinement such as trembling hand perfect equilibrium.)

## Mixed strategy

### Illustration

In a soccer penalty kick, the kicker must choose whether to kick to the right or left side of the goal, and simultaneously the goalie must decide which way to block it. Also, the kicker has a direction they are best at shooting, which is left if they are right-footed. The matrix for the soccer game illustrates this situation, a simplified form of the game studied by Chiappori, Levitt, and Groseclose (2002). It assumes that if the goalie guesses correctly, the kick is blocked, which is set to the base payoff of 0 for both players. If the goalie guesses wrong, the kick is more likely to go in if it is to the left (payoffs of +2 for the kicker and -2 for the goalie) than if it is to the right (the lower payoff of +1 to kicker and -1 to goalie).

|  | | Goalie | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Lean Left | Lean Right |
| Kicker | Kick Left | 0,  0 | +2, -2 |
| | Kick Right | +1, -1 | 0,  0 |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Payoff for the Soccer Game (Kicker, Goalie) | | | |
|

This game has no pure-strategy equilibrium, because one player or the other would deviate from any profile of strategies—for example, (Left, Left) is not an equilibrium because the Kicker would deviate to Right and increase his payoff from 0 to 1.

The kicker's mixed-strategy equilibrium is found from the fact that they will deviate from randomizing unless their payoffs from Left Kick and Right Kick are exactly equal. If the goalie leans left with probability g, the kicker's expected payoff from Kick Left is g(0) + (1-g)(2), and from Kick Right is g(1) + (1-g)(0). Equating these yields g= 2/3. Similarly, the goalie is willing to randomize only if the kicker chooses mixed strategy probability k such that Lean Left's payoff of k(0) + (1-k)(-1) equals Lean Right's payoff of k(-2) + (1-k)(0), so k = 1/3. Thus, the mixed-strategy equilibrium is (Prob(Kick Left) = 1/3, Prob(Lean Left) = 2/3).

In equilibrium, the kicker kicks to their best side only 1/3 of the time. That is because the goalie is guarding that side more. Also, in equilibrium, the kicker is indifferent which way they kick, but for it to be an equilibrium they must choose exactly 1/3 probability.

Chiappori, Levitt, and Groseclose try to measure how important it is for the kicker to kick to their favored side, add center kicks, etc., and look at how professional players actually behave. They find that they do randomize, and that kickers kick to their favored side 45% of the time and goalies lean to that side 57% of the time. Their article is well-known as an example of how people in real life use mixed strategies.

### Significance

In his famous paper, John Forbes Nash proved that there is an equilibrium for every finite game. One can divide Nash equilibria into two types. *Pure strategy Nash equilibria* are Nash equilibria where all players are playing pure strategies. *Mixed strategy Nash equilibria* are equilibria where at least one player is playing a mixed strategy. While Nash proved that every finite game has a Nash equilibrium, not all have pure strategy Nash equilibria. For an example of a game that does not have a Nash equilibrium in pure strategies, see Matching pennies. However, many games do have pure strategy Nash equilibria (e.g. the Coordination game, the Prisoner's dilemma, the Stag hunt). Further, games can have both pure strategy and mixed strategy equilibria. An easy example is the pure coordination game, where in addition to the pure strategies (A,A) and (B,B) a mixed equilibrium exists in which both players play either strategy with probability 1/2.

### Interpretations of mixed strategies

During the 1980s, the concept of mixed strategies came under heavy fire for being "intuitively problematic", since they are weak Nash equilibria, and a player is indifferent about whether to follow their equilibrium strategy probability or deviate to some other probability. Game theorist Ariel Rubinstein describes alternative ways of understanding the concept. The first, due to Harsanyi (1973), is called *purification*, and supposes that the mixed strategies interpretation merely reflects our lack of knowledge of the players' information and decision-making process. Apparently random choices are then seen as consequences of non-specified, payoff-irrelevant exogenous factors. A second interpretation imagines the game players standing for a large population of agents. Each of the agents chooses a pure strategy, and the payoff depends on the fraction of agents choosing each strategy. The mixed strategy hence represents the distribution of pure strategies chosen by each population. However, this does not provide any justification for the case when players are individual agents.

Later, Aumann and Brandenburger (1995), re-interpreted Nash equilibrium as an equilibrium in *beliefs*, rather than actions. For instance, in rock paper scissors an equilibrium in beliefs would have each player *believing* the other was equally likely to play each strategy. This interpretation weakens the descriptive power of Nash equilibrium, however, since it is possible in such an equilibrium for each player to *actually* play a pure strategy of Rock in each play of the game, even though over time the probabilities are those of the mixed strategy.

## Behavior strategy

While a mixed strategy assigns a probability distribution over pure strategies, a **behavior strategy** assigns at each information set a probability distribution over the set of possible actions. While the two concepts are very closely related in the context of normal form games, they have very different implications for extensive form games. Roughly, a mixed strategy randomly chooses a deterministic path through the game tree, while a behavior strategy can be seen as a stochastic path. The relationship between mixed and behavior strategies is the subject of Kuhn's theorem, a behavioral outlook on traditional game-theoretic hypotheses. The result establishes that in any finite extensive-form game with perfect recall, for any player and any mixed strategy, there exists a behavior strategy that, against all profiles of strategies (of other players), induces the same distribution over terminal nodes as the mixed strategy does. The converse is also true.

A famous example of why perfect recall is required for the equivalence is given by Piccione and Rubinstein (1997) with their *Absent-Minded Driver* game.

### Outcome equivalence

Outcome equivalence combines the mixed and behavioral strategy of Player i in relation to the pure strategy of Player i’s opponent. Outcome equivalence is defined as the situation in which, for any mixed and behavioral strategy that Player i takes, in response to any pure strategy that Player I’s opponent plays, the outcome distribution of the mixed and behavioral strategy must be equal. This equivalence can be described by the following formula: (Q^(U(i), S(-i)))(z) = (Q^(β(i), S(-i)))(z), where U(i) describes Player i's mixed strategy, β(i) describes Player i's behavioral strategy, and S(-i) is the opponent's strategy.

### Strategy with perfect recall

Perfect recall is defined as the ability of every player in game to remember and recall all past actions within the game. Perfect recall is required for equivalence as, in finite games with imperfect recall, there will be existing mixed strategies of Player I in which there is no equivalent behavior strategy. This is fully described in the *Absent-Minded Driver* game formulated by Piccione and Rubinstein. In short, this game is based on the decision-making of a driver with imperfect recall, who needs to take the second exit off the highway to reach home but does not remember which intersection they are at when they reach it. Figure \[2\] describes this game.

Without perfect information (i.e. imperfect information), players make a choice at each decision node without knowledge of the decisions that have preceded it. Therefore, a player’s mixed strategy can produce outcomes that their behavioral strategy cannot, and vice versa. This is demonstrated in the *Absent-minded Driver* game. With perfect recall and information, the driver has a single pure strategy, which is \[continue, exit\], as the driver is aware of what intersection (or decision node) they are at when they arrive to it. On the other hand, looking at the planning-optimal stage only, the maximum payoff is achieved by continuing at both intersections, maximized at p=2/3 (reference). This simple one player game demonstrates the importance of perfect recall for outcome equivalence, and its impact on normal and extended form games.


title: Stygnidae

abstract: The Stygnidae are a family of neotropical harvestmen within the suborder Laniatores.

text:
# Stygnidae

The **Stygnidae** are a family of neotropical harvestmen within the suborder Laniatores.

## Name

The name of the type genus is derived from Ancient Greek *stygnos* "diabolic being".

## Description

Body length ranges from about one to six millimeters. The color ranges from light brown to reddish. Some Heterostygninae have white patches, stripes or spots on the dorsal scutum.

## Distribution

The Heterostygninae are found in the Lesser Antilles, Nomoclastinae are endemic to Colombia, and the Stygninae live from north of the Tropic of Capricorn (central South America). Most species live in the Amazonian rainforest. However, half the species have only been collected once, so distribution of species is poorly known.

## Relationships

The Stygnidae are sister to Cosmetidae and Gonyleptidae, and belong to the same group inside Gonyleptoidea as these and Cranaidae and Manaosbiidae. The Stygnidae are monophyletic.

## Genera

See the List of Stygnidae species for a list of currently described species.

**Heterostygninae** Roewer, 1913

**Stygninae** Simon, 1879

*Incertae sedis*:

--- Else see Nomoclastinae Roewer, 1943 including *Nomoclastes* Sørensen, 1932 =\> Nomoclastidae

## Footnotes

* Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog: Stygnopsidae
* Pinto-da-Rocha, R., Machado, G. & Giribet, G. (eds.) (2007): Harvestmen - The Biology of Opiliones. *Harvard University Press* ISBN 0-674-02343-9

## InfoBox

| Stygnidae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Protimesius gracilis* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Opiliones |
| Suborder: | Laniatores |
| Infraorder: | Grassatores |
| Superfamily: | Gonyleptoidea |
| Family: | Stygnidae<br>Simon, 1879 |
|
| Diversity | |
| c. 30 genera, \> 70 species | |


title: Stuvenborn

abstract: Stuvenborn is a municipality in the district of Segeberg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.

text:
# Stuvenborn

**Stuvenborn** is a municipality in the district of Segeberg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.

## InfoBox

| Stuvenborn | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location of Stuvenborn within Segeberg district | |
| Stuvenborn Stuvenborn | |
| Coordinates: 53°51′N 10°8′E / 53.850°N 10.133°E / 53.850; 10.133 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Schleswig-Holstein |
| District | Segeberg |
| Municipal assoc. | Kisdorf |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Rainer Ahrens |
| Area | |
| Total | 7.97 km2 (3.08 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 29 m (95 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 866 |
| Density | 110/km2 (280/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 24641 |
| Dialling codes | 04194 |
| Vehicle registration | SE |
| Website | www.amt-kisdorf.de |


title: Stutz IV-Porte

abstract: The Stutz IV-Porte were sedans produced by the Stutz Motor Car of America company in the 1970s and 1980s. The Stutz Diplomatica and later Royale were limousines produced by the Stutz Motor Car of America company in the 1970s and 1980s. All these cars shared characteristic design features, such as a spare tire protruding through the trunklid and freestanding headlamps as well as a very luxurious interior, with the Stutz Blackhawk coupe designed by Virgil Exner.

text:
# Stutz IV-Porte

The **Stutz IV-Porte** (also called **Duplex** and **Victoria**) were sedans produced by the Stutz Motor Car of America company in the 1970s and 1980s. The **Stutz Diplomatica** and later **Royale** were limousines produced by the Stutz Motor Car of America company in the 1970s and 1980s. All these cars shared characteristic design features, such as a spare tire protruding through the trunklid and freestanding headlamps as well as a very luxurious interior, with the Stutz Blackhawk coupe designed by Virgil Exner.

## Stutz Duplex

The **Duplex** was a sedan version of the Blackhawk coupe. A four-door prototype was built in 1970 by Carrozzeria Padane in Modena, Italy. The sedan was offered in 1972 by the name *Limousine* and in 1973 by the name *Duplex* for US$32,500 (adjusted for inflation appr. US$170,000 in 2010 dollars). The Duplex was discontinued in 1974. Only one or two were built.

## Stutz IV-Porte

The **IV-Porte** was produced from 1979 through 1981 on the GM B platform Pontiac Bonneville/Oldsmobile 88 Royale/Buick LeSabre platform. About 50 cars were built. The 1981 IV-Porte sedan was priced US$84,500 (adjusted for inflation appr. US$203,000 in 2010 dollars). Singer Kenny Rogers owned a white 1980 Stutz IV-Porte. In the movie *Night Shift* Bill "Blaze" Blazejowski (played by Michael Keaton) appears to be driving a 1981 IV-Porte sedan. Barry White owned a 1979 IV-Porte, the car was located by and restored for his widow on the History channel television show *Counting Cars*.

## Stutz Victoria

In 1981 the IV-Porte was discontinued and replaced by the **Victoria**. This sedan was 10 inches (250 mm) longer, offering more legroom and folding tables in the back, and was positioned as a limousine, complete with Stutz-provided driver service. It kept design features as the protruding spare on the trunklid and the freestanding headlamps but lacked the sidepipes. About 20 cars were built.

Many of these Victorias, all of them white, were sold to the House of Saud, the royal family of Saudi Arabia. But within 2 to 3 years all of them were retired due to various malfunctions.

The 1985 Victoria was priced US$99,500 (adjusted for inflation appr. US$202,000 in 2010 dollars). A well maintained 1985 Stutz Victoria (black with red leather interior) was auctioned off at Fort Lauderdale, USA, on March 6, 2011, for US$39,050.

## Stutz Diplomatica

The **Diplomatica**, introduced in 1981 and produced through 1985, was a standard-wheelbase limousine based on the Cadillac DeVille. It had many design-similarities with the larger Stutz Royale. Of the seven Diplomaticas produced, all but one were purchased for use in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The 1981 armored version was priced US$225,000 (adjusted for inflation appr. US$540,000 in 2010 dollars).

## Stutz Royale

Three extended-wheelbase limousines designed by Paolo Martin were also produced, the latter two using the **Royale** name in homage to the Bugatti Royale. The first two were purchased by King Fahd of Saudi Arabia, while the third went to Omar Bongo, the President of Gabon.

These 25-foot (7.5 m) state limousines had a throne in the back that could be raised above a sliding roof and rotate 360 degrees. This allowed the occupant to be in full view during a ceremonial parade. The throne could be dropped instantly and the roof closed automatically.

The 1981 armored version of the Royale was in the Stutz pricelist for US$285,000 (adjusted for inflation appr. US$684,000 in 2010 dollars). Stutz used armor on their Chevrolet Suburban-based armored SUVs Defender/Gazelle/Bear.


title: Submental triangle

abstract: The submental triangle is a division of the anterior triangle of the neck.

text:
# Submental triangle

The **submental triangle** (or **suprahyoid triangle**) is a division of the anterior triangle of the neck.

## Boundaries

It is limited to:

## Contents

It contains one or two lymph glands, the submental lymph nodes (three or four in number) and Submental veins and commencement of anterior jugular veins.

(The contents of the triangle actually lie in the superficial fascia over the roof of submental triangle)

## Additional images

*This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 565 of the 20th edition of* Gray's Anatomy *(1918)* , Page 88 of Textbook of Anatomy; head, neck and brain by Vishram Singh

* lesson5 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (*necktriangle*)
* lesson6 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University)
* Anatomy figure: 25:01-03 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center \- "Identification of the subdivsions of the anterior triangle and corresponding borders."
* Anatomy photo:25:19-0101 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center \- "Anterior Triangle of the Neck: The Submental Triangle"

## InfoBox

| Submental triangle | |
| --- | --- |
| Submental triangle | |
| Side of neck, showing chief surface markings (nerves are yellow, arteries are red) | |
| Details | |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | *trigonum submentale* |
| TA98 | A01.2.02.006 |
| TA2 | 233 |
| FMA | 61604 |
| Anatomical terminology | |


title: Stronger (Sanna Nielsen album)

abstract: Stronger is an album by Swedish singer Sanna Nielsen, released on April 16, 2008, and her first in English. It featured her single “Empty Room” which came 2nd at the Melodifestivalen 2008. The album debuted at number one on the Swedish Albums Chart.

text:
# Stronger (Sanna Nielsen album)

***Stronger*** is an album by Swedish singer Sanna Nielsen, released on April 16, 2008, and her first in English. It featured her single “Empty Room” which came 2nd at the Melodifestivalen 2008. The album debuted at number one on the Swedish Albums Chart.

## Track listing

The album was released in April 2008 with 14 tracks, and bonus video clip of her single “Empty Room”. It includes a cover of Olivia Newton-John's "Magic"

Standard edition
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Strong" | Bobby Ljunggren, Marcos Ubeda | 3:41 |
| 2. | "Empty Room" | Aleena Gibson, Bobby Ljunggren | 3:03 |
| 3. | "Nobody Without You" | Henrik Wikström, Kristian Lagerström, Torbjörn Fall | 3:04 |
| 4. | "I Believe It's You" | Aleena Gibson, Bobby Ljunggren, Oscar Holter | 3:49 |
| 5. | "Heart Of Me" | Randy Goodrum, Bobby Ljunggren, Niklas Edberger | 4:06 |
| 6. | "Tomorrow Ends Today" | Bobby Ljunggren, Marcos Ubeda | 4:01 |
| 7. | "Impatiently Waiting For You" | Lotta Häggström, Bobby Ljunggren | 3:50 |
| 8. | "Those Were The Days And The Nights Of Loving You" | Aleena Gibson, Peter Kvint | 4:22 |
| 9. | "Out Of Reach" | Aleena Gibson, Emanuel Olsson | 4:25 |
| 10. | "But I Know What I Want" | Charlie Mason, Johan Sjöberg, Kristian Lagerström | 3:34 |
| 11. | "Broken In Two" | Bobby Ljunggren, Niklas Edberger, Randy Goodrum | 4:07 |
| 12. | "Magic" | John Farrar | 4:01 |
| 13. | "I Can Catch The Moon" | Bobby Ljunggren, Jörgen Ingeström, Aleena Gibson | 3:00 |
| 14. | "This Is My Thanks" | Sanna Nielsen | 9:44 |
| 15. | "Empty Room (Video)  (bonus track) " | Aleena Gibson, Bobby Ljunggren | 3:03 |

* Note: Track 14 ends at 2:58 followed by silence until 6:45 and a hidden track “Paradise“ which is ended abruptly at 9:26 by Sanna saying, among other things (in Swedish): "Can't we take this for the next album instead?" – almost 3 years later it was included in its entirety on her album “I'm In Love”.

## Review

AllMusic critic John Lucas reviewed the album positively, saying this is “Nielsen's first album in English, it is also clearly aimed at a younger market” and "There's no reason why several songs on this album couldn't take flight well beyond the confines of the Swedish pop scene given the right push. A veteran at just 23 years of age, Nielsen has finally emerged as a star with significant potential."

## Charts

### Weekly charts

| Chart (2008) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) | 1 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (2008) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) | 33 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Sweden (GLF) | Gold | 20,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| Stronger | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Sanna Nielsen | |
| Released | 16 April 2008 (2008-04-16) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 51.27 |
| Label | Lionheart International, Universal Music Group |
| Sanna Nielsen chronology | |
| *Sanna 11–22*
(2007) ***Stronger***
(2008) *I’m in Love*
(2011) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Stronger* | |
| 1. "Empty Room"
Released: March 13, 2008 2. "Nobody Without You"
Released: July 3, 2008 3. "I Can Catch The Moon"
Released: 2009 | |
|  | |


title: Submission (2004 film)

abstract: Submission is a 2004 English-language Dutch short drama film produced and directed by Theo van Gogh, and written by Ayaan Hirsi Ali; it was shown on NPO 3, a Dutch public broadcasting network, on 29 August 2004. The film's title is one of the possible translations of the Arabic word "Islam". An Islamist reacted to the film by assassinating Van Gogh.

text:
# Submission (2004 film)

***Submission*** is a 2004 English-language Dutch short drama film produced and directed by Theo van Gogh, and written by Ayaan Hirsi Ali (a former member of the Dutch House of Representatives for the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy); it was shown on NPO 3, a Dutch public broadcasting network, on 29 August 2004. The film's title is one of the possible translations of the Arabic word "Islam". An Islamist reacted to the film by assassinating Van Gogh.

## Content

The film tells the story of four fictional characters played by a single actress wearing a veil, but clad in a see-through Hijab, her naked body painted with verses from the Quran. The characters are Muslim women who have been abused in various ways. The film contains monologues of these women and dramatically highlights three verses of the Quran (4:34, 2:222 and 24:2), by showing them painted on women’s bodies.

## Motivation

Writer Hirsi Ali has said "it is written in the Quran a woman may be slapped if she is disobedient. This is one of the evils I wish to point out in the film". In an answer to a question about whether the film would offend Muslims, Hirsi Ali said that "if you're a Muslim woman and you read the Quran, and you read in there that you should be raped if you say 'no' to your husband, that is offensive. And that is insulting."

Director Theo Van Gogh, who was known as a controversial and provocative personality, called the film a "political pamphlet."

## Reception

The film drew praise for portraying the ways in which women are abused in accordance with fundamentalist Islamic law, as well as anger for criticising Islamic canon itself. It drew the following comment from movie critic Phill Hall, "*Submission* was bold in openly questioning misogyny and a culture of violence against women because of Koranic interpretations. The questions raised in the film deserve to be asked: is it divine will to assault or kill women? Is there holiness in holding women at substandard levels, denying them the right to free will and independent thought? And ultimately, how can such a mindframe exist in the 21st century?" Film critic Dennis Lim, on the other hand, stated that, "It's depressing to think that this morsel of glib effrontery could pass as a serious critique of conservative Islam." Another (unnamed) critic referred to the stories told in the film as "simplistic, even caricatures".

After the film's broadcast on Dutch television, newspaper *De Volkskrant* reported claims of plagiarism against Hirsi Ali and Van Gogh, made by Internet journalist Francisco van Jole. Van Jole said the duo had "aped" the ideas of Iranian-American video artist Shirin Neshat. Neshat's work, which made abundant use of Persian calligraphy projected onto bodies, had been shown in the Netherlands in 1997 and 2000.

## Murder of Theo van Gogh

On 2 November 2004, Van Gogh was assassinated in public by Mohammed Bouyeri, a Dutch-Moroccan Muslim with a Dutch passport. A letter, stabbed through and affixed to the body by a dagger, linked the murder to Van Gogh's film and his views regarding Islam. It was addressed to Ayaan Hirsi Ali and called for a *jihad* against *kafir* (unbelievers or infidels), against America, Europe, the Netherlands, and Hirsi Ali herself. Following the murder of Van Gogh, tens of thousands gathered in the center of Amsterdam to mourn Van Gogh's death. Besides Bouyeri, eleven other Muslim men were arrested and charged with conspiracy to assassinate Hirsi Ali. Bouyeri was jailed for life, for which in the Netherlands there is no possibility of parole, and pardons are rarely granted. Some of the others were convicted of other offences in relation to their involvement in the so-called Hofstad Network, but not for a direct connection with the Van Gogh murder.

Women in Muslim societies Other controversies

## InfoBox

| Submission | |
| --- | --- |
| Titlecard, with Dutch subtitles | |
| Directed by | Theo van Gogh |
| Written by | Ayaan Hirsi Ali |
| Produced by | Theo van Gogh<br>Gijs van de Westelaken |
| Cinematography | Theo van Gogh |
| Edited by | Theo van Gogh |
| Music by | Theo van Gogh |
| Release date | * 29 August 2004 (2004-08-29) |
| Running time | 10 minutes |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Language | English |
| Budget | 18,000 |


title: Styphelia conostephioides

abstract: Styphelia conostephioides is a flowering plant in the family Ericaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an erect, straggling shrub with lance-shaped leaves with a sharp point on the tip, and white flowers arranged in pairs in leaf axils.

text:
# Styphelia conostephioides

***Styphelia conostephioides*** is a flowering plant in the family Ericaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an erect, straggling shrub with lance-shaped leaves with a sharp point on the tip, and white flowers arranged in pairs in leaf axils.

## Description

*Styphelia conostephioides* is an erect, straggling shrub that typically grows up to about 30 cm (12 in) high and wide, its young branchlets sometimes softly-hairy. The leaves are directed upwards or spreading, lance-shaped, 6–13 mm (0.24–0.51 in) long, tapering to a sharp, rigid point on the tip and finely striated. The flowers are arranged in singly, in pairs or groups of three in leaf axils, on a short, spreading or down-turned peduncle. There are minute bracts and bracteoles about one-third as long as the sepals at the base. The sepals are dry and smooth, 3.2 mm (0.13 in) long and the petals white and 6.5 mm (0.26 in) long with lobes the same length as the tube.

## Taxonomy

This species was first described in 1839 by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle who gave it the name *Leucopogon conostephioides* in his *Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis* from specimens collected by James Drummond near the Swan River Colony. In 1867 Ferdinand von Mueller transferred it to the genus *Styphelia* as *S. conostephioides* in his *Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae*.

## Distribution

*Styphelia conostephioides* is found from near Lesueur National Park to Dunsborough and inland to Boyup Brook in the Geraldton Sandplains, Jarrah Forest, Mallee and Swan Coastal Plain bioregions of south-western Western Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Styphelia conostephioides* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Ericales |
| Family: | Ericaceae |
| Genus: | *Styphelia* |
| Species: | ***S. conostephioides*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Styphelia conostephioides***<br>(DC.) F.Muell. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Leucopogon conostephioides* DC. | |


title: Stéphane Okou

abstract: Stephane Okou is an Ivorian footballer who plays as a defender. He made his debut for Ivory Coast against Guinea in 2012.

text:
# Stéphane Okou

**Stephane Okou** is an Ivorian footballer who plays as a defender. He made his debut for Ivory Coast against Guinea in 2012.

## InfoBox

Stephane Okou
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Stephane Okou | | |
| Date of birth | (1991-01-01) January 1, 1991 | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Africa Sports |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2012– | Ivory Coast | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 29 January 2013 | | | |


title: Suicide Club (film)

abstract: Suicide Circle Suicide Club, known in Japan as Suicide Circle, is a 2001 Japanese independent horror film written and directed by Sion Sono. The film explores a wave of seemingly unconnected suicides that strikes Japan and the efforts of the police to determine the reasons behind the strange behavior. Suicide Club was shown at numerous film festivals around the world and won the Jury Prize for "Most Ground-Breaking Film" at the 2003 Fantasia Film Festival. It developed a significant cult following over the years.

text:
# Suicide Club (film)

***Suicide Club***, known in Japan as ***Suicide Circle*** (自殺サークル, *Jisatsu Sākuru*), is a 2001 Japanese independent horror film written and directed by Sion Sono. The film explores a wave of seemingly unconnected suicides that strikes Japan and the efforts of the police to determine the reasons behind the strange behavior.

*Suicide Club* was shown at numerous film festivals around the world and won the Jury Prize for "Most Ground-Breaking Film" at the 2003 Fantasia Film Festival. It developed a significant cult following over the years.

## Plot

The film takes place over six days, with footage from a fictional pop group "Dessert" opening and closing the film. The story begins with a concert held by Dessert, in which they perform a J-Pop song titled "Mail Me".

On May 27, 54 teenage schoolgirls die by mass suicide in Tokyo by throwing themselves in front of an oncoming train. Shortly after, at a hospital, two nurses die by suicide by jumping out of a window. At both locations, rolls of skin are found, with the skin in the rolls matching that removed from the bodies of the dead. Three detectivesKuroda (Ryō Ishibashi), Shibusawa (Masatoshi Nagase), and Murata (Akaji Maro)are notified by a hacker named Kiyoko (Yoko Kamon) of a link between the suicides and a website that shows the number of suicides as red and white circles.

On May 28, at a high school, a group of students jump off the roof during lunch, sending the city in search of a "Suicide Club". By May 29, the suicide boom has spread all over Japan. Mitsuko is on her way home when she gets hit by her boyfriend, Masa, who has thrown himself off a roof. Mitsuko is taken to the police station for questioning, where the police strip-search her and discover that she has a butterfly tattoo.

On May 30, the police receive a call from a boy who warns that on that evening at 7:30, another mass suicide will take place at the same platform. The detectives organize a stake-out to prevent the event but there is no suicide. Meanwhile, individual and smaller-scale group suicides continue all over Japan, claiming many lives, including Kuroda's entire family. Kuroda receives a call from the boy who had warned about the 7:30 suicide, and Kuroda shoots himself after.

Kiyoko is captured by a group led by a man named Genesis, whose hideout is a small subterranean bowling alley, where he resides with four glam-rock cohorts. During her capture, Genesis performs a song while a girl in a white sack is brutally raped and killed right in front of them. Kiyoko e-mails the authorities with information about Genesis. On May 31, the police arrest Genesis, and it is assumed the leader of the "Suicide Club" has been caught.

On June 1, Mitsuko goes to her boyfriend's home to return his helmet, where she notices pop group Dessert's posters on the wall and recognizes a pattern on the fingers of the group that corresponds to the letters on a telephone keypad spelling out the word "suicide". The boy from earlier calls to tell her there is no "Suicide Club" and invites her to a secret concert.

On June 2, Mitsuko sneaks into the backstage area and sees a group of children in the audience, who ask her questions. Mitsuko impresses the children so they take her to a room where a strip from her skin is shaved off; it is the spot where the butterfly tattoo was.

A new roll of skin ends up with the police, and detective Shibusawa recognizes the strip as the one with Mitsuko's tattoo. That evening, he sees Mitsuko at the train station and grabs her hand but she pulls away. She stares at Shibusawa as the train pulls into the station, and again after boarding the train. As the train pulls out, the ending credits begin, in which Dessert announces their disbandment and offers appreciation for their fans' support, before performing their final song, "Live as You Please".

## Cast

* Ryō Ishibashi as Detective Kuroda
* Masatoshi Nagase as Detective Shibusawa
* Akaji Maro as Detective Murata
* Saya Hagiwara as Mitsuko
* Yoko Kamon as Kiyoko/Kōmori-The Bat
* Rolly as Muneo "Genesis" Suzuki
* Hideo Sako as Detective Hagitani
* Kimiko Yo as Kiyomi Kuroda
* Mika Kikuchi as Sakura Kuroda
* So Matsumoto as Toru Kuroda
* Takashi Nomura as Security Guard Jiro Suzuki
* Tamao Satō as Nurse Yoko Kawaguchi
* Mai Hōshō as Nurse Atsuko Sawada

## Themes and interpretation

The film touches one of the most pressing problems of contemporary Japanese society: child and youth suicide rates that rise constantly since 1998. Japan culture has a very specific history with suicide and has a wide range of its concepts, starting with highly romanticized Seppuku and Shinjū. Social pressure is extremely high in modern Japan, failure, misfortunes, mental issues are highly stigmatized and condemned. Normally, a train company will charge the family of a person who jumps under the train, and banks encourage debtors to take out life insurance policies on themselves. The film explores the results of this attitude: loneliness, isolation, epidemic of low self-esteem and the trivialization of life, and the psychoses of 21st Century society. Sono blames media and how it results in snowballing peer pressure, he calls communication through the Internet ‘suicidal’.

## Release and reception

*Suicide Club* gained considerable notoriety in film festivals around the world for its controversial, transgressive subject matter and overall gruesome presentation. It developed a significant cult following over the years, and won the Jury Prize for "Most Ground-Breaking Film" at the 2003 Fantasia Film Festival.

Virginie Sélavy of *Electric Sheep Magazine* wrote that "*Suicide Club* has been described as 'muddled' and Sono criticised for not making his satire of pop culture and denunciation of the media clear enough. But the ambiguity of the film is precisely what makes it interesting". Andrew Borntrager from ‘Cinephiles without borders’ calls the movie ‘a surreal cult classic full of existential dread and poignant social commentary’.

According to Jenn Coulter from the Visual Cult Magazine, ‘it’s a visual smorgasbord of disturbing imagery’. He mentions that it is almost impossible to explain the plot, determine the genre of the film or even name the main characters, but overall it adds up to a disturbing yet important cinematic experience. On a contrary, Justine Peres Smith explains that *Suicide Club* has ‘thinly veiled leads’, but in ‘a world where characters want to cease their existence’ sticking to their individuality would be counterintuitive. According to Smith, Sono channels a direct opposite of almost all Western movies — instead of individualism, dictated by capitalism, he shows the desire to be consumed by the void.

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 63% of 8 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 5.8/10.

## Prequel

As of early 2006, the film has one prequel and a proposed follow-up. *Noriko's Dinner Table* (*Noriko no Shokutaku*) depicts events from before and after the happenings of *Suicide Club* and gives more insight on its predecessor. In 2006, Sono said, "I always wanted to make a trilogy but in reality it is very difficult."

### Novel

*Jisatsu Saakuru: Kanzenban* (自殺サークル 完全版, translated as *Suicide Circle: The Complete Edition*) was written by Sion Sono in April 2002. The book deals with the themes of *Suicide Club* and *Noriko's Dinner Table*, bringing the two plots closer. So far no plans for an English edition have appeared.

### Manga

A manga of the same title and written by Usamaru Furuya appeared at the same time as the movie's Japanese DVD release. Although Furuya's intention was to faithfully reproduce the film's plot, Sono asked him to write his own story. As a result, the *Suicide Club* manga is much more straightforward and easier to understand than the film, and features much more solid character development. It deals with the same opening scene, but there is a twist: out of the 54 suicidal girls, a survivor is reported: Saya Kota. Her best friend, Kyoko, must now unveil the secret of the Suicide Club and save Saya from falling deeper into it.

## Literature

## InfoBox

| Suicide Club | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional release poster | |
| Directed by | Sion Sono |
| Written by | Sion Sono |
| Produced by | * Seiya Kawamata * Junichi Tanaka * Toshiie Tomida * Seiji Yoshida |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Kazuto Sato |
| Edited by | Akihiro Oonaga |
| Music by | Tomoki Hasegawa |
| Production
company | Omega Project |
| Distributed by |  |
| Release dates | * October 29, 2001 (2001-10-29) (Tokyo International
Fantastic Film Festival) * March 9, 2002 (2002-03-09) (Japan) |
| Running time | 99 minutes |
| Country | Japan |
| Language | Japanese |
| Budget | $250,000 |


title: Sucharita Tyagi

abstract: Sucharita Tyagi is an Indian film critic and former radio jockey. Born and brought up in New Delhi, India, she moved to Mumbai, transitioned into web content in 2015, and records weekly review videos for Film Companion.

text:
# Sucharita Tyagi

**Sucharita Tyagi** is an Indian film critic and former radio jockey. Born and brought up in New Delhi, India, she moved to Mumbai, transitioned into web content in 2015, and records weekly review videos for *Film Companion*.

## Early life

Sucharita Tyagi was born in New Delhi, India. She attended Modern School, Barakhamba Road and graduated with a major in science.

## Career

### Radio jockey (2007–14)

After graduating with a degree in Communications Studies and Journalism from the Indraprastha University, Tyagi began working as a voice over artist in New Delhi. At 19, she successfully auditioned for a job as a radio jockey at a Delhi-based FM channel. She worked at the Delhi stations of such channels as Red FM and Big FM, before moving to Mumbai, Maharashtra in 2010 to pursue post graduate education and further her career as a radio station host.

> I studied medicine till high school \[but\] shifted my talents to communications studies for a Bachelor’s Degree, and that is when I fell in love with broadcast media. I \[...\] started Radio two years after that, in 2007. Since then, it’s been a tumultuous way forward. I’ve worked with some of the top most Radio brands in India, and have loved every bit of it. - Tyagi, on choosing a career as kn radio.

Tyagi enrolled in a filmmaking course at the St. Xavier's College, Mumbai and simultaneously began working as programme host for the Mumbai-based FM station Radio City. She hosted the programme *Freedom Live*, which was aimed at promoting Indian independent music. The show was noted for its emphasis on lesser known artists and music.

She received attention for a starting a fundraiser to help Nikita Shuklaa visually impaired law student; the story was picked up by several media outlets. The campaign was widely shared and received attention from films actors and politicians based in Mumbai.

### YouTube (2015–present)

Tyagi continued to work with Radio City until 2017, hosting *Mumbai Masala*; she interviewed various Bollywood and regional artists, then joined film review website *Film Companion*.

> When I mailed the first ever review to production, in the subject I wrote, "Not a Movie Review", and so we decided to call it that! \[In my reviews\], I simply say what a movie makes me feel, because that is how cinema should be appreciated." - Tyagi, on the title of her series and her style of writing film reviews.

Tyagi's first review video was released on *Film Companion*'s YouTube channel in September 2015 under the title of "Not a Movie Review".

Tyagi was appointed a member of the Film Critics Guild, one of India's first film critics association as she continued to record weekly reviews for the "Not a Movie Review" series. Some reviews received good amount of criticism, and sparked controversies and debates among artists and critics.

Tyagi made her film acting debut with a supporting role in the 2019 short film *Lutf*, co-starring Mona Singh and Vinay Pathak. A select few of episodes of "Not a Movie Review" were later compiled and released as a web series on Disney+ Hotstar under the same title in March 2020. Later that year, Tyagi played herself in Vikramaditya Motwane's black comedy, *AK vs AK*; also starring Anurag Kashyap and Anil Kapoor as fictionalised versions of themselves, the production utilises a film-within-a-film narrative. *AK vs AK* was released on Netflix on 20 December to positive response from critics.

In 2020, Tyagi launched her own clothing line in partnership with online retailer KadakMerch and started her own YouTube channel, posting weekly film reviews under the title "Ghar Se Movie Review". She also writes for other online media portals and publications.

## Filmography

Film
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | *AK vs AK* | Herself |  |

Television
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | *Not a Movie Review* | Herself | Web series; 63 episodes |

## InfoBox

| Sucharita Tyagi | |
| --- | --- |
| Tyagi in 2019 | |
| Born | (1988-07-20) 20 July 1988<br>New Delhi, India |
| Education | St. Xavier's College, Mumbai |
| Occupations | * Film critic * video content creator |


title: Sue Moroney

abstract: Suzanne Mary Moroney, generally known as Sue Moroney, is a New Zealand politician. She is a member of the New Zealand Labour Party and was a Member of Parliament from 2005 general election until her retirement in 2017.

text:
# Sue Moroney

**Suzanne Mary Moroney** (born 8 May 1964), generally known as **Sue Moroney**, is a New Zealand politician. She is a member of the New Zealand Labour Party and was a Member of Parliament from 2005 general election until her retirement in 2017.

## Early life

Sue Moroney was raised in the Waikato. Her parents farmed 66 acres of land to provide an income for their family of seven. She grew up in Walton and attended Walton Primary School and also spent time in Matamata.

Her family are keenly involved in horse racing. During her maiden speech Moroney quipped: "our family never had Michael Joseph Savage on our wall, but we did have a very tasteful mural of a horse race over our fireplace."

Moroney previously worked as a trainer of health and safety personnel, and held a number of positions in the union movement.

## Politics

Moroney has been endorsed as a candidate by the Labour Party on a number of occasions. In the first MMP election of 1996 she contested the seat of Karapiro and was 31st on the Labour list. In the 2002 election she again contested Piako but chose not to stand for the list.

In the 2005 election Moroney again contested Piako and, while unsuccessful in the electorate, was ranked 42nd on the Party List and was elected to Parliament as a list MP.

In the 2008 general election she was the Labour candidate in the seat of Hamilton East and was returned to parliament due to her list placing of 22.

### Member of Parliament

New Zealand Parliament
| Years | Term | Electorate | List | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 20052008 | 48th | List | 42 |  | Labour |
| 20082011 | 49th | List | 22 |  | Labour |
| 20112014 | 50th | List | 10 |  | Labour |
| 20142017 | 51st | List | 10 |  | Labour |

Sue Moroney was, with Shane Jones, one of two newly elected members of parliament to move and second the Address in Reply to the Governor General's speech from the throne at the opening of the 48th Parliament.

On 31 October 2007 Moroney was announced as the new Junior Government Whip, replacing Darren Hughes who became a Minister outside Cabinet.

Sue Moroney drafted a private members bill that entitled workers to their meal and rest breaks which, along with another private members bill in the name of Labour colleague Steve Chadwick, was the basis for the 'Breaks and Infant Feeding Act' which passed in August 2008.

The Labour Party entered Opposition after the 2008 General Election and Moroney became the Opposition Spokesperson for the portfolios of Women's Affairs and Early Childhood Education.

Moroney is a member of the Transport and Industrial Relations select committee.

Moroney had a private members bill in the ballot to extend Paid Parental Leave to six months from fourteen weeks. It was defeated after the 2015 election by a 60–60 vote with the National Party government and ACT voting against the bill. She also sponsored a petition signed by 15,808 others calling on the government to reinstate pay equity reviews for school support staff and social workers, and develop a plan to end the 12% gender pay gap in New Zealand.

Moroney presented the "Waikato Trains Now!" petition signed by 11,500 people to the House of Representatives on 1 April 2010, on behalf of the Campaign for Better Transport group. The petition called for a passenger rail service from Hamilton to Auckland.

In early 2011 Labour Leader Phil Goff announced a reshuffle of his caucus. Moroney was moved to a higher rank in the party caucus and gained the responsibility for Aged Care. Women's Affairs was passed on to first term MP Carol Beaumont.

Following the resignation from parliament of Darren Hughes, Moroney was further promoted to the front bench taking on the senior portfolio of Education and passed Aged Care onto Steve Chadwick.

Following the resignation of David Shearer in 2013 and the election of David Cunliffe as party leader, Moroney was elected as Chief Whip.

Only five months after its defeat, Moroney had another private members bill drawn from the ballot to extend Paid Parental Leave to six months from 18 weeks. The bill also allocates 'work contact hours' for parents wanting to keep in contact with their workplace during their leave, to no detriment to their parental leave entitlements. the bill passed its first reading in Parliament on 16 September 2015 by 61 votes to 60, with support coming from New Zealand First, the Greens, the Maori Party and United Future. The bill is currently at committee stage.

In the November 2015 Labour Party caucus reshuffle, Moroney was promoted to the Labour Party shadow cabinet by leader Andrew Little. In her promotion, Moroney picked up the Transport portfolio and associate spokesperson on Industrial Relations and Safety.

On 30 April she announced she would not be standing in the 2017 election, saying, ""I made my decision after being notified last night that I had lost support from the party's ruling council for an electable position on the Labour Party list".

## Personal life

Her family is prominent in racehorse owning and training. Her brother Paul Moroney who is a prominent horse trainer/owner was involved in the controversy surrounding Owen Glenn contributing to the New Zealand First party, by giving an affidavit supporting Mr Glenn's version of events.

Moroney is married with two sons.

## InfoBox

| Sue Moroney | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the New Zealand Parliament
for Labour Party list | |
| **In office**
17 September 2005  23 September 2017 | |
| Junior Government Whip | |
| **In office**
5 November 2007  11 November 2008 | |
| Preceded by | Darren Hughes |
| Succeeded by | Chris Tremain |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1964 (age 5960) |
| Nationality | New Zealand |
| Political party | Labour |
| Website | Labour website |
|  | |


title: List of mayors of Petersham

text:
# List of mayors of Petersham

People who served as the mayor of the Municipality of Petersham are:

| Mayors | Party | | Term start | Term end | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| William Pigott | *n/a* | | 14 February 1872 | 10 February 1880 |  |
| Michael McMahon | | 10 February 1880 | 10 February 1881 |  |
| William Henry Paling | | 10 February 1881 | 15 February 1882 |  |
| John Gelding | | 15 February 1882 | 15 February 1884 |  |
| Henry Hughes | | 15 February 1884 | 11 February 1885 |  |
| William Davis | | 11 February 1885 | 10 February 1886 |  |
| John Wheeler | | 10 February 1886 | 11 February 1891 |  |
| Llewellyn Jones | | 11 February 1891 | 13 February 1894 |  |
| Alfred Rofe | | 13 February 1894 | 12 February 1897 |  |
| Percy Hordern | | 12 February 1897 | 10 February 1899 |  |
| Joseph Wetherill Cockbaine | | 10 February 1899 | 15 February 1901 |  |
| Henry Davis | | 15 February 1901 | 9 February 1903 |  |
| Percy Hordern | | 9 February 1903 | 16 February 1905 |  |
| Frederick Lawrence Langdon | | 16 February 1905 | February 1908 |  |
| Percy Hordern | | February 1908 | February 1910 |  |
| Tom Hoskins | | February 1910 | February 1912 |  |
| Richard Barry | | February 1912 | 17 September 1912 |  |
| John Wheeler | | 20 September 1912 | 31 January 1914 |  |
| Charles Henry Crammond | | 3 February 1914 | 2 February 1915 |  |
| Tom Hoskins | | 2 February 1915 | February 1916 |  |
| John Henry Albert Weekley | | February 1916 | 11 February 1918 |  |
| Richard Gendle | | 11 February 1918 | February 1920 |  |
| Abraham Cropper | | February 1920 | December 1920 |  |
| John Allworth Clark | | December 1920 | December 1921 |  |
| William John Bastion | | December 1921 | 7 December 1922 |  |
| David Robert Cooper | | 7 December 1922 | December 1923 |  |
| Joseph Johnson | | December 1923 | December 1924 |  |
| Walter Lawrence Maundrell | | December 1924 | December 1925 |  |
| John Henry Albert Weekley | | December 1925 | December 1926 |  |
| Gilbert Barry | | December 1926 | December 1927 |  |
| Arthur Whiteley | | December 1927 | December 1928 |  |
| Thomas Casserley | | December 1928 | December 1929 |  |
| James Bain | | December 1929 | December 1930 |  |
| Ernest Albert McKinley | | December 1930 | January 1932 |  |
| Arthur Whiteley | | January 1932 | December 1932 |  |
| Joseph Johnson | | December 1932 | December 1933 |  |
| Jacob Lauder Raith | | December 1933 | December 1934 |  |
| Walter Lawrence Maundrell | | December 1934 | December 1935 |  |
| John Alexander Stewart | | December 1935 | December 1936 |  |
| Robert John Hoskins | | December 1936 | December 1937 |  |
| Joseph Johnson | | December 1937 | December 1938 |  |
| Walter Lawrence Maundrell | | December 1938 | December 1939 |  |
| Fred Cahill |  | Labor | December 1939 | December 1940 |  |
| Sydney Hastie Bain | | | December 1940 | December 1941 |  |
| John Friel Laxton |  |  | December 1941 | December 1943 |  |
| Hilton Gregory Clifford |  |  | December 1943 | December 1944 |  |
| John Friel Laxton |  |  | December 1944 | 31 December 1948 |  |


title: William L. Hargrave

abstract: William Loftin Hargrave was suffragan bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of South Florida, serving from 1961 to 1969. He served subsequently as first bishop of the new Episcopal Diocese of Southwest Florida from 1969 to 1975.

text:
# William L. Hargrave

**William Loftin Hargrave** (November 10, 1903 - October 15, 1975) was suffragan bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of South Florida, serving from 1961 to 1969. He served subsequently as first bishop of the new Episcopal Diocese of Southwest Florida from 1969 to 1975.

## Early life, education and law career

Hargrave was born on November 10, 1903, in Wilson, North Carolina, the son of Benjamin Worthington Hargrave and Frances Lenox Daniel. He studied at the Atlanta Law School from where he earned his Bachelor of Laws in 1924. He was admitted to State Bar of Georgia in 1925 and served as assistant trust officer at the Miami Bank & Trust Co. (Fla.) between 1924 and 1926. He then was an associate at the firm Shuns & Bowen in Miami between 1926 and 1927. He left the law profession and studied at the Virginia Theological Seminary and graduated with a Bachelor of Divinity in 1932. In 1955 he also earned his Master of Sacred Theology from the University of the South. He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Divinity by the Virginia Seminary and the University of the South, respectively, in 1962.

## Ordained ministry

Hargrave was ordained deacon in June 1931 and priest in June 1932 by Bishop John Durham Wing of South Florida. His first post was as rector of St Mark's Church in Cocoa, Florida, and priest-in-charge of St Luke's Church in Courtenay, Florida and of St Philip's Mission in Merritt Island, Florida. He retained these posts till 1943. During that time, on February 13, 1939, he married Minnie Frances Whittington, and together had four children. In 1943, he became rector of St Andrew's Church in Fort Pierce, Florida, while in 1945, became rector of the Church of the Holy Comforter. Between 1948 and 1953, he served as chaplain and president of Porter Military Academy in Charleston, South Carolina 1948-1953. He then became Canon to the Ordinary and Actuary and Executive Secretary of the Diocese of South Florida on September 1, 1953, a post he retained till 1961.

## Bishop

On October 20, 1961, Hargrave was elected Suffragan bishop of South Florida on the third ballot, during a special convention held in St Luke's Cathedral, Orlando, Florida. He was consecrated on December 21, 1961 by Presiding Bishop Arthur C. Lichtenberger, in St Luke's Cathedral. As Suffragan bishop, he was assigned to minister in the west coast of the diocese by the diocesan bishop Henry I. Louttit Sr. After the Diocese of South Florida was divided in three separate dioceses in 1969, Hargrave became the first bishop of Southwest Florida. He retired on July 31, 1975 and died on October 15 that same year of a heart attack at his home in Cocoa, Florida.

## InfoBox

| The Right Reverend
William Loftin Hargrave | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Southwest Florida | |
| Church | Episcopal Church |
| Diocese | Southwest Florida |
| Elected | 1969 |
| In office | 1969–1975 |
| Successor | E. Paul Haynes |
| Previous post(s) | Suffragan Bishop of South Florida *(1961-1969)* |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | June 29, 1932
by John Durham Wing |
| Consecration | December 21, 1961
by Arthur C. Lichtenberger |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1903-11-10)November 10, 1903
Wilson, North Carolina, United States |
| Died | October 15, 1975(1975-10-15) (aged 71)
Cocoa, Florida, United States |
| Buried | St. Luke's Episcopal Church and Cemetery (Courtenay, Florida) |
| Denomination | Anglican |
| Parents | Benjamin Worthington Hargrave & Frances Lenox Daniel |
| Spouse | Minnie Frances Whittington |
| Children | 4 |


title: Zygocarpum

abstract: Zygocarpum is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It includes six species of shrubs and small trees native to Somalia and Socotra, and to Yemen and Oman on the southwestern Arabian Peninsula. Three species are endemic to Somalia, two to the Arabian Peninsula, and one to Socotra. Typical habitats include seasonally-dry tropical woodland, thicket, and bushland, often on limestone and less often on granite-derived or sandy soils, up to 2000 meters elevation. The genus was recently assigned to the informal monophyletic Dalbergia clade of the Dalbergieae. A dichotomous key of the species of Zygocarpum has been published.

text:
# Zygocarpum

***Zygocarpum*** is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It includes six species of shrubs and small trees native to Somalia and Socotra, and to Yemen and Oman on the southwestern Arabian Peninsula. Three species are endemic to Somalia, two to the Arabian Peninsula, and one to Socotra. Typical habitats include seasonally-dry tropical woodland, thicket, and bushland, often on limestone and less often on granite-derived or sandy soils, up to 2000 meters elevation.

The genus was recently assigned to the informal monophyletic *Dalbergia* clade of the Dalbergieae. A dichotomous key of the species of *Zygocarpum* has been published.

## InfoBox

| *Zygocarpum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Faboideae |
| Tribe: | Dalbergieae |
| Genus: | *Zygocarpum*<br>Thulin & Lavin (2001) |
|
| Species | |
|  | |
|  | |
| *Zygocarpum caeruleum* (red arrow pointing to island of Socotra)   *Zygocarpum dhofarense*   *Zygocarpum yemenense*   *Zygocarpum somalense*   *Zygocarpum gillettii*   *Zygocarpum rectangulare* | |


title: Septimus Tustin

abstract: Septimus Tustin was a Presbyterian clergyman who served as Chaplain of the United States House of Representatives in 1837 and as Chaplain of the United States Senate 1841–1846.

text:
# Septimus Tustin

**Septimus Tustin** (c.1796 – October 28, 1871) was a Presbyterian clergyman who served as Chaplain of the United States House of Representatives in 1837 and as Chaplain of the United States Senate 1841–1846.

## Early life

Tustin was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of Septimus and Elizabeth Paul Tustin. His father died when he was quite young, and having been raised by his mother, he was greatly influenced by her piety and her involvement in the First Presbyterian Church in the Northern Liberties of Philadelphia.

He was educated at the University of Pennsylvania and the Seminary of the Associate Reformed Church.

Following service as a licensed preacher, in Washington, D.C., and in Philadelphia, Tustin was ordained on October 7, 1824, in First Presbyterian Church, Washington, D.C. This was the first ordination performed by the newly constituted Presbytery of the District of Columbia.

## Ordained ministry

Following his ordination, Tustin was called to be pastor of the Leesburg, Virginia, Presbyterian Church in 1825-1826. According to church historians at the Leesburg Presbyterian Church, Reverend Septimus Tustin was described by one church historian as "a promising young man" but "during his ministration (on account of some internal dissensions) the church lost several of its most valuable members and did not recover from the evil effects for several years."

Following Leesburg, Tustin was called to be pastor of the Presbyterian Church in Charlestown, Virginia (now West Virginia). Then, he served as Chaplain of the University of Virginia, in Charlottesville, after which he served as pastor of First Presbyterian Church Warrenton, Virginia."

## Chaplain of the House – Chaplain of the Senate

While at Warrenton, he was elected to serve as chaplain of the United States House of Representatives. This necessitated his taking a year’s leave of absence from his congregation, and when invited to serve a second years’ term by the House, his congregation declined to permit his continuing leave.

As a result of a vacancy in the post of Chaplain of the Senate, Tustin was invited to serve; a post he then held from 1841 to 1846. In order to accept, he also became associate pastor of the F Street Presbyterian Church, Washington, D.C., an anticendent of the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church, during the pastorate of James Laurie (pastor 1803-1853). The two pastors alternated preaching responsibilities at the church; on the Sundays he was not at F Street, Tustin preached at the Senate. Tustin was one of fourteen Presbyterian ministers to serve as Chaplain of the Senate, to date.

## Additional service

Following his time in Washington, Tustin served the Presbyterian Church in Hagerstown, Maryland and First Presbyterian Church of Germantown, Pennsylvania, near Philadelphia (October, 1850, to June, 1852). He thereafter was pastor at Havre de Grace, Maryland, following which he served the Presbyterian church in Aberdeen, Mississippi, a position he resigned upon the secession of Mississippi from the Union at the outbreak of the American Civil War. Thereafter he served in an appointed government position in Washington, D.C., until the time of his death, as well as stated supply pastor of the Fifteenth Street Colored Presbyterian Church.

Tustin served as a trustee of Lafayette College. He also worked hard to effect a reunion of the Presbyterian denominations.

## Personal life

Tustin was married to Eliza Maria Balch (born 1802), daughter of Rev. Stephen Bloomer Balch, in her father’s church in Georgetown, during his pastorate in Leesburg. They were the parents of James P. Tustin who became a lawyer in Washington, D.C. Some of Rev. Tustin’s letters may be found among the papers of President John Tyler. The Rev. Dr. Tustin died on October 28, 1871.


title: Tovomita microcarpa

abstract: Tovomita microcarpa is a species of flowering plant in the family Clusiaceae. It is found only in Peru.

text:
# Tovomita microcarpa

***Tovomita microcarpa*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Clusiaceae. It is found only in Peru.

## InfoBox

| *Tovomita microcarpa* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Clusiaceae |
| Genus: | *Tovomita* |
| Species: | ***T. microcarpa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tovomita microcarpa***
(Poeppig) Walpers | |
|


title: Nadimpalle

abstract: Nadimpalle is a village in Guntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is the located in Cherukupalle mandal of Tenali revenue division.

text:
# Nadimpalle

**Nadimpalle** is a village in Guntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is the located in Cherukupalle mandal of Tenali revenue division.

## Etymology

According Nadimpalli village *kaifiyat* (available in Village Kaifiyats of Guntur Vol-5) the name seems to have come from location of village lying in between Gudavalli and Ponnapalli. Naduma in Telugu means middle/ in between. Since the village lies in between the above villages it got the name Nadimpalli

## History

As per village kaifiyat, this village existed as far back as 1141 AD. The same fact was supported by village kaifiyats of Gudavalli, panchalavaram as well.

As per village kaifiyat during 12th century the village was given as Mirasi (karanikam/inam) to certain Brahmins by Goparaju Ramanna the then prime minister to King Ganapati of Gajapathi dynasty

The kaifiyat also states there were some dilapidated shiva temple in the village and the pond east of it was called Kanchara Gutta as it was excavated by certain person named Kanchara

Mahasivaratri used to be celebrated in Saileswaraswamy temple for one day on Magha Bahula Chaturdasi (Jan-Feb)

## Geography

Nadimpalle is situated to the northwest of the mandal headquarters, Arumbaka, at 16°04′00″N 80°42′49″E / 16.0667872°N 80.7137338°E / 16.0667872; 80.7137338. It is spread over an area of 520 ha (1,300 acres).

## Demographics

The village is home to 2,653 people with 808 households. The population consists of 12% schedule castes and 0% schedule tribes. It has healthy sex ratio of 1058 females per 1000 male in the village. The population of this village increased by 2.6% between 2001-11.

## Government and politics

Nadimpalle gram panchayat is the local self-government of the village. It is divided into wards and each ward is represented by a ward member.

## Education

As per the school information report for the academic year 2018–19, the village has a total of 3 Mandal Parishad schools.

## InfoBox

| Nadimpalle | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Dynamic map | |
| NadimpalleLocation in Andhra Pradesh, India | |
| Coordinates: 16°04′00″N 80°42′49″E / 16.0667872°N 80.7137338°E / 16.0667872; 80.7137338 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Andhra Pradesh |
| District | Guntur |
| Mandal | Cherukupalle |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayati raj |
| Body | Nadimpalle gram panchayat |
| Area | |
| Total | 520 ha (1,280 acres) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 2,653 |
| Density | 510/km2 (1,300/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 522259 |
| Area code | +91–8644 |
| Vehicle registration | AP |


title: Nagin (1954 film)

abstract: Nagin is a 1954 Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film, directed by Nandlal Jaswantlal, and written by Rajendra Krishan, Hameed Butt and Bijon Bhattacharya. It stars Vyjayanthimala and Pradeep Kumar, and has a hit musical score by Hemant Kumar. This film was partly produced in Technicolor. The film was a blockbuster and highest-grossing film of 1954. Moreover, it established the career of Vyjayanthimala in Hindi film industry.

text:
# Nagin (1954 film)

***Nagin*** is a 1954 Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film, directed by Nandlal Jaswantlal, and written by Rajendra Krishan, Hameed Butt and Bijon Bhattacharya. It stars Vyjayanthimala and Pradeep Kumar, and has a hit musical score by Hemant Kumar. This film was partly produced in Technicolor.

The film was a blockbuster and highest-grossing film of 1954. Moreover, it established the career of Vyjayanthimala in Hindi film industry.

## Synopsis

Two Adivasi tribes (Nagi & Ragi) are in conflict for the local economic rights. The daughter of the Nagi tribe's chief, Mala (Vyjayanthimala), vows to kill the son of the Ragi tribe's chief, Sanatan (Pradeep Kumar), as revenge. Trespassing in the enemy territory, she is mesmerized by the music of a flute (played by the musician Kalyanji Virji Shah). Coming closer, she finds out that the player is Sanatan. They fall in love, but find it difficult to appease the enmity between the two tribes and to resist the attempts of the villain Prabir (Jeevan) to marry Mala.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

The film's soundtrack was composed by Hemant Kumar. It included thirteen tracks, including the hit "Man Dole Mera Tan Dole", whose "Been music" was performed by Kalyanji on the clavioline and by Ravi on the harmonium (both once worked under Hemant Kumar's direction and later became independent music directors). It was released under E.P. and L.P. gramophone records by The Gramophone Company of India, now known as Saregama. The lyrics were written by Rajendra Krishan.

| No. | Title | Artist(s) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Been Music" | Kalyanji, Ravi |
| 2 | "Man Dole Mera Tan Dole" | Lata Mangeshkar |
| 3 | "Tere Dwar Khada Ek Jogi" | Hemant Kumar |
| 4 | "Sun Rasiya Man Bhasiya" | Lata Mangeshkar |
| 5 | "Yaad Rakhna Pyar Ki Nishani" | Hemant Kumar, Asha Bhosle, Chorus |
| 6 | "Sun Ri Sakhi" | Lata Mangeshkar, Chorus |
| 7 | "Mera Dil Ye Pukare Aaja" | Lata Mangeshkar |
| 8 | "Jadugar Saiyan" | Lata Mangeshkar |
| 9 | "Ari Chhod De Patang" | Lata Mangeshkar, Hemant Kumar |
| 10 | "Mera Badli Mein Chhup Gaya Chand" | Lata Mangeshkar |
| 11 | "O Zindagi Ke Denewale" | Hemant Kumar, Chorus |
| 12 | "Teri Yaad Mein Jalkar Dekh Liya" | Lata Mangeshkar |
| 13 | "Oonchi Oonchi Duniya Ki Deewarein" | Lata Mangeshkar |

## InfoBox

| Nagin | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Nandlal Jaswantlal |
| Written by | Rajendra Krishan |
| Screenplay by | Hameed Butt |
| Story by | Bijon Bhattacharya |
| Produced by | S. Mukherjee |
| Starring | Vyjayanthimala
Pradeep Kumar
Jeevan |
| Cinematography | Fali Mistry |
| Edited by | Babu Lavande |
| Music by | Hemant Kumar |
| Production
company | Filmistan Ltd. |
| Distributed by | Filmistan Ltd. |
| Release date | * 5 March 1954 (1954-03-05) |
| Running time | 139 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Hindi |