title: Stylidium aquaticum

abstract: Stylidium aquaticum is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the genus Stylidium. The specific epithet aquaticum refers to this species' typical habitat. It is an annual plant that grows from 18 to 30 cm tall. Linear leaves, about 20-100 per plant, are scattered along the elongate, glabrous stem. The leaves are generally 1.7–11 mm long and 0.1-0.3 mm wide. Petioles and scapes are absent. Inflorescences are 3–8 cm long. Flowers are pink or white. S. aquaticum is only known from its type location in northwestern Northern Territory of Australia. Its habitat is recorded as being a Melaleuca viridiflora swamp, growing in shallow water at a depth of around 7 cm. It flowers in the southern hemisphere in May. S. aquaticum is most closely related to S. fissilobum but differs mostly in the leaf shape. Its conservation status has been assessed as data deficient.

text:
# Stylidium aquaticum

***Stylidium aquaticum*** is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the genus *Stylidium* (family Stylidiaceae). The specific epithet *aquaticum* refers to this species' typical habitat. It is an annual plant that grows from 18 to 30 cm tall. Linear leaves, about 20-100 per plant, are scattered along the elongate, glabrous stem. The leaves are generally 1.7–11 mm long and 0.1-0.3 mm wide. Petioles and scapes are absent. Inflorescences are 3–8 cm long. Flowers are pink or white. *S. aquaticum* is only known from its type location in northwestern Northern Territory of Australia. Its habitat is recorded as being a *Melaleuca viridiflora* swamp, growing in shallow water at a depth of around 7 cm. It flowers in the southern hemisphere in May. *S. aquaticum* is most closely related to *S. fissilobum* but differs mostly in the leaf shape. Its conservation status has been assessed as data deficient.

## InfoBox

| *Stylidium aquaticum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Stylidiaceae |
| Genus: | *Stylidium* |
| Subgenus: | *Stylidium subg. Andersonia* |
| Section: | *Stylidium sect. Tenella* |
| Species: | ***S. aquaticum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Stylidium aquaticum***<br>A.R.Bean | |
|


abstract: William Louis of Nassau-Saarbrücken, was a Count of Saarbrücken.

text:
# William Louis, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken

**William Louis of Nassau-Saarbrücken** (18 December 1590, Ottweiler  22 August 1640, Metz), was a Count of Saarbrücken.

## Life

His parents were Louis II of Nassau-Weilburg (died: 8 November 1627 in Saarbrücken) and Landgravine Anna Maria of Hesse-Kassel (1567–1626). His father had in 1605 re-united all the possessions of the Walram line of the House of Nassau.

After his education at Metz from 1609 to 1614 he made a Grand Tour of France, the Netherlands and England.

In 1616 William Louis became co-regent with his father. His father died in 1627 and he became guardian of his two youngest brothers, Otto and Ernest Casimir. On 29 January 1629 in Ottweiler, the inheritance was split and William Louis received the County of Saarbrücken, the *herrschaft* of Ottweiler, the Bailiwick of Herbitzheim, and the Community of Saarwellingen. His brother John received Idstein, Wiesbaden and Sonnenberg. William Louis remained Regent of Wehen and the district of Burgschwalbach, the territories of his two youngest brothers, as they were still minors.

Shortly thereafter, on 2 March 1629, Emperor Ferdinand II issued the Edict of Restitution, by which church property that had been confiscated after 1552 under the Peace of Passau, was returned to its previous owner. Based on this Edict, the Prince Bishops of Mainz and Trier claimed substantial parts of the possessions of the Nassau brothers. The Court of Appeal ruled on 7 July 1629 in a dispute between Lorraine and Nassau, that the city and county of Saarwerden and Bockenheim and Wieberstweiler were fiefs of Metz and should therefore be returned to Lorraine, and the Nassau family could keep the rest of their county. The Duke of Lorraine, however, took possession of the whole of the County of Saarwerden and the Lordship of Herbitzheim. William Louis appealed, and his appeal was acknowledged on 27 July 1630 by Superintendent Abraham Staymle at Strasbourg. William Louis took the case to the Imperial Council of Princes in Regensburg and demanded the imperial investiture on 23 July 1631 (although he had refused to join the Catholic League, or to provide troops). Late in 1631, King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and his army arrived at the Rhine. William Louis and his brothers joined him, thereby declaring war on the Emperor. William Louis himself served as a lieutenant colonel in the cavalry regiment of Rhinegrave Otto Louis of Salm-Kyrburg-Mörchingen and fought with them in the Upper Rhine Valley.

King Gustavus Adolphus was killed on 16 November 1632 (6 November according to the Julian Calendar which was still used in Sweden at the time). The Protestant estates then met in Heilbronn. At this meeting, the three Nassau brothers joined the Swedish side, which was led by chancellor Axel Oxenstierna. The youngest brother, Count Otto, died on 26 November 1632 and on 11 December Count Ernest Casimir came of age. The Nassau territories were divide anew. Ernest Casimir chose the districts of Weilburg, Gleiberg, Mehrenberg and the districts of Kirchheim and Stauf, that had previously belonged to Otto. The district of Usingen and the Lordship of Stockheim were divided.

In August 1633, the Swedish army attacked form the Alsace into the County of Saarwerden, which was still occupied by Lorraine. The county was conquered, but not given back to the Nassaus. On 5 September 1633, their representative Count John of Nassau-Idstein, signed an alliance with France against the Emperor.

In March 1634 William Louis was at the meeting in Frankfurt, where Oxenstierna tried to win over the Electors of Saxony and Brandenburg to join the Heilbronn League. Here, the Nassau brothers also reached a compromise with the Lords of Geroldseck about the ownership rights to Lahr. On 7 June William Louis sealed the alliance with France. The negotiations in Frankfurt came to an abrupt end when Emperor Ferdinand II won the Battle of Nördlingen on 6 September 1634. As the imperial army of the Middle Rhine approached, the counts brought their archives to a secure place in Frankfurt and then proceeded to Kirchheim. They had to give up their possessions of the right bank of the Rhine.

After the death of Rhinegrave Otto Louis, William Louis entered the service of Duke Bernard of Saxe-Weimar. They launched a campaign to Wetterau and attacked a division of the Imperial General Count von Mansfeld at Michelstadt on the 24 December 1634

In 1635, he returned to Frankfurt to attend a meeting of the Protestant states and their allies. At this meeting, it was decided that Sweden would return Saarwerden to the Nassaus. On 23 April 1635 the family fled to Bockenheim, where the counties of Nassau-Saarbrücken and Saarwerden should have been handed over. However, on 30 May 1635 a number of imperial estates, including the Electorates of Brandenburg and Saxony, had concluded the Peace of Prague and the Nassau Counts were expressly excluded from this agreement. They then went to Saarbrücken, which was defended by Bernard of Saxe-Weimar. Bernard was defeated in August 1635 during an attack on Frankfurt and had to retreat to Metz. William Louis and Ernest joined him; John chose to go into exile in Strasbourg. However, a panic broke out in Saarbrücken as the Imperial troops under Matthias Gallas approached and a large number of people tried to flee. The count's family decided that under the circumstance, Strasbourg was too far and could not be reached. So they followed the advice of King Louis XIII of France and fled to the free imperial city of Metz on 16 June 1635.

In November 1635 the imperial commissioner Bertram von Sturm appeared in the Nassau lands of and declared the three brothers and had forfeited their counties and all their possessions. The Emperor gave the Duke of Lorraine the counties of Saarbrücken and Saarland and the bailiwick of Herbitzheim and the fortress of Homburg on the Blies as a reward for services rendered.

In 1636, the brothers attempted to petition the Emperor for an imperial pardon; the Elector of Saxony mediated. This attempt failed, but it wasn't until 1637 that the counts were told the reasons for this imperial wrath. Only in 1639 did William Louis and Ernest receive a pass that enabled them to represent their cause in Vienna in person.

William Louis died on 22 August 1640 in Metz and was buried in a pauper's grave. His widow returned with the children to Saarbrücken in 1643. His three sons participated in a new division of the Nassau territories on 31 March 1659.

Registrar Andreae completed William Louis's genealogy books, a project his father Louis II had begun. Some works of the painter Henrich Dors from Altweilnau were commissioned by William Louis.

## Marriage and issue

On 25 November 1615 he married Countess Anna Amalia of Baden-Durlach (1595–1651), daughter of the Margrave George Frederick of Baden-Durlach.

## References and sources

* Richard Kolb (1898), "Wilhelm Ludwig (Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken)", *Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie* (in German), vol. 43, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 131–133
* "William Louis, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken", *Neue Deutsche Biographie* (in German), vol. 7, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1966, p. 334 (added entry)
* "William Louis, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken", *Neue Deutsche Biographie* (in German), vol. 15, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1987, p. 404 (added entry)
* Joe Conrad. "William Louis, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken". *Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)* (in German).

## InfoBox

| William Louis, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken | |
| --- | --- |
| Coat of arms of William Louis shows the arms of counties of Nassau, Moers, Will Saar, Saarbrücken and in the heart the shield of Lahr-Mahlberg | |
| Born | (1590-12-18)18 December 1590
Ottweiler |
| Died | 22 August 1640(1640-08-22) (aged 49)
Metz |
| Noble family | Nassau |
| Spouse(s) | Countess Anna Amalia of Baden-Durlach |
| Father | Louis II, Count of Nassau-Weilburg |
| Mother | Anna Maria of Hesse-Kassel |


title: List of governors of Halland County

abstract:
This is a list of governors for Halland County of Sweden, from 1658 to present.
  - Bengt Christoffersson Lilliehöök (1658–1665)
  - Johan Hård af Segerstad (1665–1676)
  - Göran Sperling (1676–1678)
  - Sven Ranck (1678–1684)
  - Gustaf Tungel (1684–1694)
  - Hans von Dellingshausen (1698–1705)
  - Reinhold Johan von Fersen (1695–1710)
  - Axel von Faltzburg (1710–1728)
  - Wilhelm Bennet (1728–1737)
  - Claes Rålamb (1737–1745)
  - Carl Mårten Fleetwood (1745–1750)
  - Nils Bonde (1750)
  - Hans Hummelhielm (1750–1761)
  - Arvid Silfvershiöld (1761–1771)
  - Olof von Nackreij (1771–1776)
  - Salomon von Otter (1776–1781)
  - Georg Gustaf Wrangel (1781–1793)
  - Axel Eric Gyllenstierna (1793–1810)
  - Gustaf Wilhelm Conradi (1810–1812)
  - Josua Sylvander (1812–1818)
  - Lars Arnell (1818–1823)
  - Claes Virgin (1824–1844)
  - Patrick Adolph Lewenhaupt (1844–1860)
  - Carl Jonas Oscar Alströmer (1860–1876)
  - F W Leijonancker (1876–1883)
  - Carl Nordenfalk (1883–1902)
  - Axel Asker (1902–1916)
  - Carl Fredrik Hederstierna (1916–1920)
  - Axel Mörner (1920–1935)
  - Hilding Kjellman (1935–1943)
  - Reimer Johansson (1943–1959)
  - Ingvar Lindell (1959–1971)
  - Yngve Holmberg (1972–1977)
  - Carl Persson (1978–1979)
  - Johannes Antonsson (1979–1986)
  - Björn Molin (1986–1997)
  - Karin Starrin (1997–2004)
  - Lars-Erik Lövdén (2005–2014)
  - Lena Sommestad (2014–2020)
  - Jörgen Peters
  - Brittis Benzler (2020–2023)
  - Anders Thornberg (2023-present)

text:
# List of governors of Halland County

This is a list of governors for Halland County of Sweden, from 1658 to present.

1. Bengt Christoffersson Lilliehöök (1658–1665)
2. Johan Hård af Segerstad (1665–1676)
3. Göran Sperling (1676–1678)
4. Sven Ranck (1678–1684)
5. Gustaf Tungel (1684–1694)
6. Hans von Dellingshausen (1698–1705)
7. Reinhold Johan von Fersen (1695–1710)
8. Axel von Faltzburg (1710–1728)
9. Wilhelm Bennet (1728–1737)
10. Claes Rålamb (1737–1745)
11. Carl Mårten Fleetwood (1745–1750)
12. Nils Bonde (1750)
13. Hans Hummelhielm (1750–1761)
14. Arvid Silfvershiöld (1761–1771)
15. Olof von Nackreij (1771–1776)
16. Salomon von Otter (1776–1781)
17. Georg Gustaf Wrangel (1781–1793)
18. Axel Eric Gyllenstierna (1793–1810)
19. Gustaf Wilhelm Conradi (1810–1812)
20. Josua Sylvander (1812–1818)
21. Lars Arnell (1818–1823)
22. Claes Virgin (1824–1844)
23. Patrick Adolph Lewenhaupt (1844–1860)
24. Carl Jonas Oscar Alströmer (1860–1876)
25. F W Leijonancker (1876–1883)
26. Carl Nordenfalk (1883–1902)
27. Axel Asker (1902–1916)
28. Carl Fredrik Hederstierna (1916–1920)
29. Axel Mörner (1920–1935)
30. Hilding Kjellman (1935–1943)
31. Reimer Johansson (1943–1959)
32. Ingvar Lindell (1959–1971)
33. Yngve Holmberg (1972–1977)
34. Carl Persson (1978–1979)
35. Johannes Antonsson (1979–1986)
36. Björn Molin (1986–1997)
37. Karin Starrin (1997–2004)
38. Lars-Erik Lövdén (2005–2014)
39. Lena Sommestad (2014–2020)
40. Jörgen Peters (acting; 2020–2020)
41. Brittis Benzler (2020–2023)
42. Anders Thornberg (2023-present)

## Footnotes

1. The governor is often appointed for a six-year mandate. It can be extended if the person has not reached retirement age.

## InfoBox

| Governor of Halland County | |
| --- | --- |
| *Landshövding i Hallands län* | |
| Coat of arms of Halland County. | |
| Incumbent
Anders Thornberg
since 1 December 2023 | |
| Halland County Administrative Board | |
| Residence | Halmstad Castle, Halmstad |
| Appointer | Government of Sweden |
| Term length | Six years |
| Formation | 1658 |
| First holder | Bengt Christoffersson Lilliehöök |
| Deputy | County Director (*Länsrådet*) |
| Salary | SEK 97,800/month (2017) |
| Website | Governor Lena Sommestad |


title: Ticona, Illinois

abstract: Ticona is an unincorporated community in Eden Township, LaSalle County, Illinois, United States. Ticona is located at the junction of East 550th Road and North 2101st Road, approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) northeast of Tonica. Ticona shares a ZIP code with Tonica. Ticona was a stop on the Burlington Railroad's Illinois Valley and Northern line between LaSalle and Streator. The railroad constructed a depot, stock yards, water tank, and small grain elevator. The Columbia Hotel of Streator built a small dancing pavilion and beer garden called Columbia Park in the woods near the depot. During a large party, a violent storm hit with lightning killing a man and destroying the park. Also noted for an amateur hypnotist accidentally sending a family to sleep in 1902.

text:
# Ticona, Illinois

**Ticona** is an unincorporated community in Eden Township, LaSalle County, Illinois, United States. Ticona is located at the junction of East 550th Road and North 2101st Road, approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) northeast of Tonica. Ticona shares a ZIP code with Tonica. Ticona was a stop on the Burlington Railroad's Illinois Valley and Northern line between LaSalle and Streator. The railroad constructed a depot, stock yards, water tank, and small grain elevator. The Columbia Hotel of Streator built a small dancing pavilion and beer garden called Columbia Park in the woods near the depot. During a large party, a violent storm hit with lightning killing a man and destroying the park. Also noted for an amateur hypnotist accidentally sending a family to sleep in 1902.

## InfoBox

| Ticona, Illinois | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| TiconaTicona | |
| Coordinates: 41°13′27″N 89°03′09″W / 41.22417°N 89.05250°W / 41.22417; -89.05250 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Illinois |
| County | LaSalle |
| Township | Eden |
| Elevation | 646 ft (197 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 61370 |
| Area code(s) | 815 & 779 |
| GNIS feature ID | 423241 |


title: Oxley, New South Wales

abstract: Oxley is a community on the lower Lachlan River in the Riverina district of New South Wales, Australia near the junction of the Lachlan and Murrumbidgee Rivers. The township which developed in the mid-1860s was named after the noted Australian explorer, John Oxley. At the 2006 census, Oxley had a population of 159 people.

text:
# Oxley, New South Wales

**Oxley** is a community on the lower Lachlan River in the Riverina district of New South Wales, Australia near the junction of the Lachlan and Murrumbidgee Rivers. The township which developed in the mid-1860s was named after the noted Australian explorer, John Oxley. At the 2006 census, Oxley had a population of 159 people.

## History

### Aboriginal History

Oxley is part of the traditional lands of the Muthi Muthi Aboriginal tribe. In 1836 explorer Major Mitchell took Muthi Muthi woman Tourandury and her 4-year-old daughter Ballandella from Oxley as guides through the land. Tourandury was also part of a group of Aborigines who met with explorer Charles Sturt and helped him when his whale boat capsized on the nearby Murrumbidgee river. Ballandella was removed from her mother and taken to Sydney to be educated by Mitchell and his friend Dr Nicholson. Queen Caroline of Oxley and her sister Judy are apical ancestors of many surviving Muthi Muthi people today.

### "Oxley" and "Tupra" stations

In about the mid-1840s Phelps and Chadwick took up a run on the lower Lachlan which they called "Thelangerin West".  In 1848 the lease was purchased by Thomas D'Archy who renamed the run "Oxley", and called the station homestead "Oxley House".

Opposite the "Oxley" run on the north bank of the Lachlan River was the "Tupra" run, held by the Tyson brothers since the 1840s.  By the 1860s it was held solely by James Tyson.

### Oxley township

In the mid-1860s the squatter James Tyson saw a business opportunity and built a hotel at a new township which was developing at a crossing-place over the river on his "Tupra" run.  A report in the *Pastoral Times* newspaper in November 1866 stated that "Mr. Tyson has built a brick hotel" which was to be opened shortly at the "new township of Oxley".  The report added: "There is not much traffic past the house, and very few men in the neighborhood, so the prospects of doing a good trade are not very encouraging".

In December 1866 it was reported that a petition was to be sent to Government "to place a sum of money on the estimates to build a bridge at a point of the Lachlan River, about eight miles above the government township of Oxley, which is opposite Mr. D'Archy's station".  The report added that "there is a boat there at present, which is a great convenience to persons travelling".

A Government land-sale, which included lots at Oxley township, was held at Hay on 9 March 1868.

Tyson's brick hotel was called the Oxley Hotel; during 1869 Thomas Donahee was recorded as the licensee.  In April 1870 at the Hay Police Court Daniel Murphy, "formerly of Maude", applied for a licence for the Oxley Hotel (which was subsequently granted).  In December 1870 George Carter was successful in his application for a licence for a second public-house at Oxley, called the Stockman's Hotel.

George Carter remained publican of the Stockman's Hotel at Oxley until 1872 when he apparently closed his establishment to carry on the nearby Paika Creek Hotel at Paika Creek.  The Oxley Hotel was once again the sole public-house at the township; Daniel Murphy remained publican until 1874.

In June 1874 the publican's licence for the Oxley Hotel was transferred from Daniel Murphy to John Murphy.  The ownership of the Oxley Hotel apparently remained in the hands of James Tyson (with the various publicans leasing the hotel).  In January 1875 advertisements were placed in the *Riverine Grazier* newspaper by Tyson's nephew, James Tyson Jnr., seeking a "respectable tenant" for the Oxley Hotel.  A month later it was reported that John Murphy's licence for the Oxley Hotel was to be transferred to Mr. Robert Jackson.  Jackson was the publican of the Oxley Hotel during 1875 to 1877.

In 1878 Michael Joseph Delandre took over the licence.  Delandre had previously been a policeman, stationed at Maude.  A traveller to Oxley in early 1879 reported that "Mr. Delandre… runs a hotel business with a little storekeeping combined".  The Oxley Hotel was described as "one of the most comfortable and cleanly roadside houses I have met with; the building is substantial and commodious".  The writer reported that Delandre "with an eye to business, is constructing a pontoon bridge, which he intends laying across the river in front of his house".  He added: "In his undertaking \[Delandre\] deserves support and success, for the bridge will be a great boon to travelling stock, and also to the passengers from Hay to Balranald, as Messrs. Cobb and Co. will run coaches between those towns as soon as the bridge is completed, whereas at present the mails are carried on horseback".

Just two years later another traveller who arrived at Oxley on the mail-coach described Delandre's pontoon-bridge as "a wretched apology for a bridge, in the shape of a pontoon, the condition of which seems to be verging upon the last stages of dissolution".

In 1881 Oxley township once again had two hotels when the Royal Hotel was opened with John Westhead as the publican.  In 1882 there was a re-shuffle of publicans as Delandre left the Oxley Hotel to be replaced by William Westhead, and Daniel Murphy took over the licence of the Royal.

Oxley Post Office opened on 1 November 1884 and closed in 1969.

In about 1888 the Royal Hotel had ceased trading at Oxley.  In 1889 a licence was granted to Thompson S. Page for a new public-house at the township, the Commercial Hotel (possibly a name-change of the old Royal Hotel premises).  In 1889 the publican of the Oxley Hotel was John Parr.

In 1890 "Oxley" station was purchased by the A.M.L.&F. Company.  R. P. McFarland purchased "Oxley" station in 1912.

Media related to Oxley, New South Wales at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Oxley<br>New South Wales | |
| --- | --- |
| Entry sign | |
| Oxley | |
| Coordinates | 34°10′S 144°06′E / 34.167°S 144.100°E / -34.167; 144.100 |
| Population | 159 (2006 census) |
| Postcode(s) | 2711 |
| LGA(s) | Balranald Shire |
| County | Waljeers |
| State electorate(s) | Murray |
| Federal division(s) | Farrer |


title: Nor Kokhp

abstract: Nor Kokhp is a town in the Yerevan region of Armenia.

text:
# Nor Kokhp

40°09′52″N 44°27′29″E / 40.16444°N 44.45806°E / 40.16444; 44.45806

**Nor Kokhp** (also, **Nor-Kokhb**) is a town in the Yerevan region of Armenia.

## InfoBox

| Nor Kokhp | |
| --- | --- |
| Nor Kokhp | |
| Coordinates: 40°09′52″N 44°27′29″E / 40.16444°N 44.45806°E / 40.16444; 44.45806 | |
| Country | Armenia |
| Marz (Province) | Yerevan |
| Time zone | UTC+4 ( ) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+5 ( ) |


title: Origo hf.

abstract: Origo hf. is an Icelandic company that provides information technology services.

text:
# Origo hf.

**Origo hf.** is an Icelandic company that provides information technology services.

## Profile

Origo has holdings in numerous subsidiaries: Applicon in Sweden, Denmark, UK and Iceland, ParX Business Consulting ehf., Dansupport in Denmark, Klak ehf., SimDex ehf. and Linkur ehf. It currently has approximately 750 employees.

## History

Origo claims it has predecessor companies stretching back to 1899. In 1946 the company **Skrifstofuvélar hf.** was founded by Ottó A. Michelsen, and in 1949 it had acquired a private licence to sell IBM products in Iceland. In 1967, IBM Iceland was founded. Later in 1987, the company **Gísli J. Johnsen-Skrifstofubúnaður hf.** bought Skrifstofuvélar hf. and merged under the name **Skrifstofuvélar-Sund hf.**

Origo was formed in 1992 as **Nýherji**, through the merger of **IBM Iceland hf.** and Skrifstofuvélar-Sund hf. Shares in Nýherji were listed on the Iceland Stock Exchange from 1997.

In January 2018, Nýherji and its subsidiaries **Applicon** and **TM Software** merged under the name Origo.

In May 2019 it was announced that Origo had purchased all the shares in the IT company Strikamerki hf.

## InfoBox

Origo hf.
|
|  |
| Company type | Hlutafélag |
| Traded as | Nasdaq Iceland: ORIGO |
| Industry | information technology |
| Founded | 1946 |
| Headquarters | Reykjavík, Iceland |
| Key people | Jón Björnsson
(CEO)
Hjalti Þórarinsson
(Chairman) |
| Number of employees | 500 |
| Website | www.origo.is |


title: United States v. Riverside Bayview

abstract: United States v. Riverside Bayview, 474 U.S. 121 (1985), was a United States Supreme Court case challenging the scope of federal regulatory powers over waterways as pertaining to the definition of "waters of the United States" as written in the Clean Water Act of 1972. The Court ruled unanimously that the government does have the power to control intrastate wetlands as waters of the United States. This ruling was effectively revised in Rapanos v. United States (2006), in which the Court adopted a very narrow interpretation of "navigable waters."

text:
# United States v. Riverside Bayview

***United States v. Riverside Bayview***, 474 U.S. 121 (1985), was a United States Supreme Court case challenging the scope of federal regulatory powers over waterways as pertaining to the definition of "waters of the United States" as written in the Clean Water Act of 1972. The Court ruled unanimously that the government does have the power to control intrastate wetlands as waters of the United States. This ruling was effectively revised in *Rapanos v. United States* (2006), in which the Court adopted a very narrow interpretation of "navigable waters."

## Prior history

The case involves developer Riverside Bayview Homes Inc., which began placing fill materials on its property near the shores of Lake St. Clair, Michigan. The Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) filed suit in Federal District Court to prevent Riverside Bayview from filling its property without dredge and fill exception from the Corps as required under Clean Water Act §404.

The Eastern Michigan District Court held that the property was freshwater wetlands under the Corps's regulatory definition, which reads, "those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions", and as such is subject to the Corps's permit authority because the lands were characterized by those conditions, and the property was adjacent to a body of navigable water. The Court of Appeals reversed, arguing that the Corps overstepped the definition of "waters of the United States", and took the view that the Corps's authority under the Clean Water Act and its implementing regulations must be narrowly construed to avoid a taking without just compensation in violation of the Fifth Amendment, and therefore Riverside Bayview was free to fill its property without obtaining a permit.

## Decision

Writing the opinion for a unanimous Court, Justice Byron White ruled that neither the imposition of the permit requirement itself nor the denial of a permit would constitute taking, and that other legislation such as the Tucker Act exist to provide compensation for takings that may result. The Court ruled that the District Court did not err in its finding that the property falls within the Corps's regulatory definition of wetlands. White added that the Clean Water Act's language, policies, and history compel a holding that the Corps acted reasonably in its interpretation of its authorities over discharge material in wetlands.

## InfoBox

| United States v. Riverside Bayview | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued October 16, 1985
Decided December 4, 1985 | |
| Full case name | *United States v. Riverside Bayview Homes Inc.* |
| Docket no. | 84-701 |
| Citations | 474 U.S. 121 (*more*)106 S. Ct. 455; 88 L. Ed. 2d 419; 1985 U.S. LEXIS 145 |
| Case history | |
| Prior | 729 F.2d 391 (6th Cir. 1984); cert. granted, 469 U.S. 1206 (1985). |
| Holding | |
| The District Court's findings are not clearly erroneous, and plainly bring respondent's property within the category of wetlands, as the language, policies, and history of the Clean Water Act compel a finding that the Corps has acted reasonably in interpreting the Act to require permits for the discharge of material into wetlands adjacent to other "waters of the United States." | |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice Warren E. Burger  Associate Justices William J. Brennan Jr. **·**  Byron White
Thurgood Marshall **·**  Harry Blackmun
Lewis F. Powell Jr. **·**  William Rehnquist
John P. Stevens **·**  Sandra Day O'Connor | |
| Case opinion | |
| Majority | White, joined by *unanimous* |
| Laws applied | |
| Clean Water Act | |


title: Sue Mosteller

abstract: Sue Mosteller is a writer and teacher who lives in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

text:
# Sue Mosteller

**Sue Mosteller** CSJ, OC (born 1933) is a writer and teacher who lives in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

## Biography

Mosteller is a Sister of St. Joseph of Toronto. She first traveled from Ohio to board with the community and later entered the order after thriving under their supervision. She holds a degree in English from the University of Toronto and taught in schools in British Columbia and Ontario for 15 years.

Since 1971, Mosteller has been a member of the L'Arche Daybreak Community which is part of an international network of faith-based communities, founded by Jean Vanier, for those with developmental difficulties. She asked to be assigned to live and work with the community after hearing Vanier speak at the University of St. Michael's College and participating in a pilgrimage to Lourdes. She described the way he spoke about people with disabilities as a "turning point in my life". In 1976 Mosteller became L'Arche Daybreak's second Community Leader (Executive Director) and in 1985, she established Dayspring, a centre for spiritual growth, with Henri Nouwen. She lived with the L'Arche Daybreak community for 40 years, leaving in 2011 to live with a small group of sisters.

Beyond living as a member of the Daybreak community, Mosteller also held a leadership role within the wider L'Arche organization. She was the first person elected to hold the role of International Coordinator after Jean Vanier. Holding the position for nine years, Mosteller traveled extensively, assisting with the birth of new L'Arche communities in multiple countries. During her time in the position the L'Arche network expanded from 30 to 65 global communities.

Mosteller was a colleague and close friend of Father Henri Nouwen when he lived at L'Arche Daybreak (1986 - 1996). Nouwen credited her with being instrumental in fostering a maturity in his spirituality. As he states in his book *The Return of the Prodigal Son*, Mosteller "opened up the third phase of my spiritual journey. \[…\] Her words struck me like a thunderbolt." When Nouwen died in 1996, he entrusted Mosteller with his estate, making her the literary executrix of his works. She went on to oversee the founding of the Henri J.M. Archives and Research Collection at the John M. Kelly Library, University of St. Michael's College in Toronto.

Mosteller works as Trustee for the Henri Nouwen Legacy and continues to be a member of L'Arche Daybreak. Additionally, Mosteller lectures and gives retreats around the world. She currently lives in Toronto.

On November 5, 2011, Mosteller received an Honorary Doctorate from Tyndale University College and Seminary in Toronto in recognition of her "lifelong commitment to sharing the love of God with many of society's marginalized people and her significant contributions to Christian life and learning over several decades".

On December 27, 2019 she was honoured in the New Year's appointments to the Order of Canada as an Officer of the Order.

## Books

Mosteller has written three books. Her first book, *My Brother, My Sister*, is about Jean Vanier and Mother Teresa. Her second book, *Body Broken, Body Blessed*, is a collection of stories from L'Arche. Her third book, *Light Through the Crack*, is her own story and the stories of people she has accompanied over the years.

* Mosteller, Sue (2006). *Light Through the Crack: Life After Loss*. Doubleday. pp. xii, 156 p., 21 cm. ISBN 978-0-385-51667-9.
* Mosteller, Sue (1998). *A place to hold my shaky heart : reflections from life in community*. Body broken, body blessed. New York: Crossroad Pub. Co. pp. 127 p. : ill., 19 cm. ISBN 0-8245-1763-6.
* Mosteller, Sue (1972). *My brother, my sister*. Toronto: Griffin House. pp. 117 p. ill. 26 cm. ISBN 0-88760-035-2.

## InfoBox

| Sister Sue MostellerCSJ | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Personal | |
| Born | 1933 |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
| Alma mater | University of Toronto |


title: William Kerns

abstract: William Kerns was an Ontario businessman and political figure. He represented Halton in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1883 to 1898 as a Conservative member. He was born in Nelson Township, Halton County, Upper Canada in 1840, the son of Nicholas Kerns, who came to Upper Canada from Germany. After Kerns completed his schooling, he entered business as a merchant, first partnering with John Waldie and later becoming sole owner of the business. He was also vice president of the Federal Life Insurance Company of Hamilton. In 1868, he married Ellen Morrison. Kerns served on the school board for ten years, as reeve for Burlington from 1879 to 1882 and from 1899 to 1905 and as chairman of the finance committee of Halton County. He was a lieutenant-colonel in the local militia and also was a member of the local Masonic lodge and a county master in the Orange Order. He died in 1913.

text:
# William Kerns

**William Kerns** (September 6, 1840  March 6, 1913) was an Ontario businessman and political figure. He represented Halton in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1883 to 1898 as a Conservative member.

He was born in Nelson Township, Halton County, Upper Canada in 1840, the son of Nicholas Kerns, who came to Upper Canada from Germany. After Kerns completed his schooling, he entered business as a merchant, first partnering with John Waldie and later becoming sole owner of the business. He was also vice president of the Federal Life Insurance Company of Hamilton. In 1868, he married Ellen Morrison. Kerns served on the school board for ten years, as reeve for Burlington from 1879 to 1882 and from 1899 to 1905 and as chairman of the finance committee of Halton County. He was a lieutenant-colonel in the local militia and also was a member of the local Masonic lodge and a county master in the Orange Order. He died in 1913.

## InfoBox

| William Kerns | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Ontario MPP | |
| **In office**
1883–1898 | |
| Preceded by | David Robertson |
| Succeeded by | John Roaf Barber |
| Constituency | Halton |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1840-09-06)September 6, 1840
Nelson Township, Halton County, Upper Canada |
| Died | March 6, 1913(1913-03-06) (aged 72)
Burlington, Ontario |
| Political party | Conservative |
| Occupation | Businessman |
|  | |


title: Tiempo Pa' Matar

abstract: Tiempo Pa' Matar is the fourth studio album by American singer and trombonist Willie Colón. It was released on May 23, 1983 by Fania Records. The album has 8 tracks and was the most successful album Colón made for Fania Records, surpassing his previous albums Solo and Fantasmas. The lead single "Tiempo Pa' Matar" was a protest song by Colón against the Vietnam War.

text:
# Tiempo Pa' Matar

***Tiempo Pa' Matar*** (transl.*Time To Kill*) is the fourth studio album by American singer and trombonist Willie Colón. It was released on May 23, 1983 by Fania Records. The album has 8 tracks and was the most successful album Colón made for Fania Records, surpassing his previous albums *Solo* and *Fantasmas*. The lead single "Tiempo Pa' Matar" was a protest song by Colón against the Vietnam War.

## Context

*Tiempo Pa' Matar* moved away from the rhythmic sound of Colón's previous albums *Fantasmas* and *Corazón Guerrero*. Stylistically *Tiempo Pa' Matar* fuses the genres of salsa and plena with a flute sound.

## Songs

Tiempo Pa' Matar track listing
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Voló" | * Rafael Hernández * Willie Colón | Willie Colón | 5:29 |
| 2. | "Falta de Consideración" | * Bill Seidman * Colón | Colón | 5:21 |
| 3. | "Gitana" | José Ortega | * Colón * Milton Cardona | 6:55 |
| 4. | "Serenata" | Colón | Colón | 4:46 |
| 5. | "El Diablo" | Colón | Colón | 6:38 |
| 6. | "Tiempo Pa' Matar" | Colón | Colón | 5:00 |
| 7. | "Noche de Los Enmascarados" | Chico Buarque | Colón | 4:03 |
| 8. | "Callejón Sin Salida" | Colón | * Graciela Carriquí * Colón * Cardona | 7:26 |
| Total length: | | | | 45:31 |

## InfoBox

| Tiempo Pa' Matar | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Willie Colón | |
| Released | 1983 |
| Studio | La Tierra Sound Studios, A&R Studios (Nueva York) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 45:31 |
| Language | Spanish |
| Label | Fania |
| Producer |  |
| Willie Colón chronology | |
| *Corazón Guerrero*
(1982) ***Tiempo Pa' Matar***
(1983) *Criollo*
(1984) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Tiempo Pa' Matar* | |
| 1. "Gitana"
Released: May 16, 1984 (1984-05-16) 2. "Tiempo Pa' Matar"
Released: July 8, 1984 (1984-07-08) 3. "Falta de Consideración"
Released: September 28, 1984 (1984-09-28) | |
|  | |


abstract: Executive oversight of United States covert operations has been carried out by a series of sub-committees of the National Security Council (NSC).

text:
# Oversight of United States covert operations

Executive **oversight of United States covert operations** has been carried out by a series of sub-committees of the National Security Council (NSC).

## Birth of covert operations in the Cold War

At the beginning of the Cold War, it was not inevitable that covert operations would become the dominion of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The National Security Act of 1947 did not explicitly authorize the CIA to conduct covert operations, although Section 102(d)(5) was sufficiently vague to permit abuse. At the very first meetings of the NSC in late 1947, the perceived necessity to "stem the flow of communism" in Western Europe—particularly Italy—by overt and covert "psychological warfare" forced the issue. The actual responsibility for these operations was a hot potato, and when it was decided that the State Department would be in charge, Secretary of State George Marshall sharply opposed it, fearing it would tarnish the international credibility of his department. The upshot was that responsibility for covert operations was passed on to the CIA; this was codified in a NSC policy paper called NSC 4-A, approved in December 1947. NSC 4-A provided the authorization for the intervention of the CIA in the Italian elections of April 1948.

### Proposed NSC 4-A Panel

A draft of NSC 4-A envisioned the creation of a NSC-designated "panel" to approve operations. The executive secretary of the NSC, Sidney Souers, recommended that the panel be composed of representatives from the departments of State, Army, Navy and Air Force, as well an "observer" representative from the Joint Chiefs of Staff. This provision was dropped in the final version, which simply stated that the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) "is charged with ensuring that \[covert\] psychological operations are consistent with U.S. foreign policy and overt foreign information activities, and that appropriate agencies of the U.S. Government, ..., are kept informed of such operations which will directly affect them."

## From NSC 10/2 to NSC 5412 (June 1948 – March 1955)

According to the Church Committee, throughout the period June 1948 to March 1955, "NSC directives provided for consultation with representatives of State and Defense". But "these representatives had no approval function. There was no formal procedure or committee to consider and approve projects."

### NSC 10/2 Panel

The arrangement in NSC 4-A did not please the influential director of the State Department's Policy Planning Staff (S/P), George F. Kennan. Under his leadership, a S/P paper titled "The inauguration of organized political warfare" was circulated in the NSC in early May 1948, which said that "there are two major types of political warfare—one overt and the other covert. Both, from their basic nature, should be directed and coordinated by the Department of State." Yet Kennan wanted to have his cake and eat it too: the paper made it clear that the State Department should not be formally associated with the conduct of covert operations. Then the Joint Chiefs of Staff entered the fray by guarding its prerogatives, particularly in wartime, especially in theatres of war. As a result of the controversy spurred by Kennan, NSC 4-A was replaced by NSC 10/2, approved by President Harry Truman on 18 June 1948, creating the Office of Policy Coordination (OPC). Kennan was still not satisfied and continued to press for State control, hoping that his choice for OPC director, Frank Wisner, would be loyal to the State Department—he was not.

NSC 10/2 was the first presidential document which specified a mechanism to approve and manage covert operations, and also the first in which the term "covert operations" was defined. NSC 10/2 charged the DCI with "Ensuring, through designated representatives of the Secretary of State and of the Secretary of Defense, that covert operations are planned and conducted in a manner consistent with US foreign and military policies and with overt activities." The representatives to this "10/2 Panel", also known as the "OPC Consultants", were Kennan for State (1948–1950) and Joseph McNarney for Defense (1948–1949). The panel, which met about once a week, was supplanted from January 1950 on by the regular attendance of a representative from the Joint Chiefs of Staff. According to Anne Karalekas, a Church Committee staffer, it did not constrain the OPC:

> \[The 10/2 Panel was\] not an approval body, and there was no formal mechanism whereby individual projects had to be brought before \[it\] for discussion. Because it was assumed that covert action would be exceptional, strict provisions for specific project authorization were not considered necessary. With minimal supervision from State and Defense and with a shared agreement on the nature of the OPC mission, individuals in OPC could take the initiative in conceiving and implementing projects.

In the first half of its existence, OPC was not really under CIA's control. In the words of Edward P. Lilly, DCI Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter, "although authorized by NSC-10/2 to supervise OPC, had allowed OPC to go its own way." OPC was brought under CIA control in October 1950, when Walter Bedell Smith became DCI. OPC was merged on 1 August 1952 with the CIA branch responsible for espionage, the Office of Special Operations (OSO), to form the Directorate of Plans (DDP).

### NSC 10/5 Panel

Truman swelled the bureaucracy on 4 April 1951 when he established the Psychological Strategy Board (PSB). DCI Smith, seeking more high-level policy guidance, wanted the PSB "to replace the 10/2 Panel as approval body"; this proposal was adopted by the NSC. NSC 10/5 tried to specify the purpose of the PSB. The 10/2 Panel, which continued to function, was replaced in February 1952 by an enlarged 10/5 Panel, which also included PSB staff. According to an internal CIA review from 1967, the 10/5 Panel "functioned much as the 10/2 Panel had, but the resulting procedures proved cumbersome and potentially insecure."

According to John Prados, the CIA cut the PSB out of the loop, establishing instead an internal mechanism for approval of operations. In 1953, DCI Smith said that the PSB was "incompetent and its work irrelevant".

"As the Truman administration ended", writes the Office of the Historian,

> CIA was near the peak of its independence and authority in the field of covert action. Although CIA continued to seek and receive advice on specific projects from the NSC, the PSB, and the departmental representatives originally delegated to advise OPC, no group or officer outside of the DCI and the President himself had authority to order, approve, manage, or curtail operations.

### Enter Eisenhower

The Eisenhower administration took office on 20 January 1953. When Eisenhower replaced the PSB with the Operations Coordinating Board (OCB) on 2 September 1953, he also did away with the 10/5 Panel, reverting to "a smaller group identical to the former 10/2 Panel, without OCB staff participation." On 15 March 1954, Eisenhower approved NSC 5412, which required CIA to consult with OCB. Although Eisenhower would later congratulate the CIA with its success in deposing Guatemala's democratically elected President, Jacobo Árbenz, he was privately irked by CIA's unauthorized bombing of SS *Springfjord*. According to Prados, that incident "convinced Eisenhower of the need for more rigorous control over covert action".

## Planning Coordination Group (March 1955 – December 1955)

The arrangement in NSC 5412 suffered the same problem as the 10/5 Panel; OCB "included more officials than ought to be concerned with secret war." So on 12 March 1955, Eisenhower approved NSC 5412/1, creating a more senior Planning Coordination Group (PCG) within OCB. Significantly, the directive explicitly charged PCG with *approving* covert operations. The PCG proved to be a failure; its chairman, Nelson Rockefeller, recommended the abolishment of PCG before year's end. According to Prados, the problem was that CIA had not been forthcoming with details, latching on to a mention of "need-to-know" in NSC 5412/1. The next directive would solve this by creating a committee "so high-powered there could be no question" of its need to know.

## Special Group/303 Committee (December 1955 – February 1970)

NSC 5412/2 was approved by Eisenhower on 28 December 1955, a directive which remained in force for 15 years. Paragraph 7 specified the new oversight mechanism:

> Except as the President otherwise directs, designated representatives of the Secretary of State and of the Secretary of Defense of the rank of Assistant Secretary or above, and a representative of the President designated for this purpose, shall hereafter be advised in advance of major covert programs initiated by CIA under this policy or as otherwise directed, and shall be the normal channel for giving policy approval for such programs as well as for securing coordination of support therefor among the Departments of State and Defense and the CIA.

The resulting body became known as the **5412 Committee** or, from 1957, the **Special Group**. It was the first time a "designated representative" of the President was included in the process; Eisenhower used his National Security Advisors for this purpose. The DCI was an *ex officio* member. In 1957, Eisenhower made the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff a member as well. In practice the membership of the Special Group varied on an *ad hoc* basis.

In late 1956, the newly formed PBCFIA, which had turned a candid eye towards covert operations, took issue with the "very informal" procedures of the Special Group. Consequently, an annex to NSC 5412/2 was approved by Eisenhower on 26 March 1957, clarifying project approvals, and for the first time requiring the CIA to circulate "proposal papers" in advance of approval. The board continued to press for more prominence to the Special Group to keep the CIA from freewheeling. Eisenhower himself saw the proper functioning of the Special Group as crucial to fend off initiatives for meaningful congressional oversight of covert operations. On 26 December 1958 Eisenhower asked the Special Group to institute weekly meetings, with the result that "criteria for submission of projects to the Group were, in practice, considerably broadened."

### Kennedy administration

The Special Group fell by the wayside when new administration of John F. Kennedy took office on 20 January 1961; although it remained "in theory intact", in practice it "took a backseat to meetings at which JFK personally presided". After the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Special Group returned to prominence, and new procedures were set out in July 1961. In the wake of the scandal, DDP Richard M. Bissell Jr. suggested the name and workings of the Special Group be made public to demonstrate to the American people that the CIA was under effective executive oversight; that did not happen.

A second **Special Group (Augmented)** existed from November 1961 to the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962. The only difference was that it was specifically dedicated to managing the Cuban Project which sought to overthrow Fidel Castro's regime, and was headed by Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy. After the Missile Crisis brought the world to the brink of destruction, management of the war against Castro was transferred to discussions in the EXCOMM and NSC proper, before being handed over to an "obscure NSC appendage" known as the **Standing Group** chaired by National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy.

### Johnson administration

The Special Group was renamed to the **303 Committee** on 2 June 1964, in response to the publication of the book *The Invisible Government* by David Wise and Thomas B. Ross, which made the old name public. A NSC staffer had recommended the new name be "something utterly drab and innocuous" to deflect away attention. The number refers to the national security directive which effected the change, NSAM 303. Alternatively, the *Encyclopedia of the Central Intelligence Agency* by W. Thomas Smith Jr. claims the name derives from “a room number in the executive office complex in Washington D.C.”

In 1988, the LBJ Presidential Library declassified and released a document from the *Liberty* archive with the “Top Secret—Eyes Only” security caveat (Document #12C sanitized and released 21DEC88 under review case 86–199). This “Memorandum for the Record” dated April 10, 1967 reported a briefing of the “303 Committee” by General Ralph D. Steakley. According to the memo, General Steakley “briefed the committee on a sensitive DOD project known as FRONTLET 615,” which is identified in a handwritten note on the original memorandum as “submarine within U.A.R. waters.” Further Freedom of Information Act requests returned no information on any project called “FRONTLET 615.” It is alleged by some survivors of the 1967 Israeli attack on the USS *Liberty* and their supporters that “FRONTLET 615” was the codename for either a false flag operation or U.S. naval surveillance of Egypt. The submarines are believed to have been either the USS *Amberjack* or the USS *Andrew Jackson*, both of which were either assigned or deployed to the Mediterranean Sea during the time of the attack.

## 40 Committee

On 17 February 1970, President Richard Nixon approved NSDM 40, superseding and revoking NSC 5412/2, and replacing the 303 Committee with the 40 Committee. Among the few substantive changes introduced by Nixon was the inclusion of Attorney General John N. Mitchell and a requirement to review covert programs annually. Like earlier, public exposure was the motive for changing the name; National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger explained to Nixon that "In view of recent mention of the 303 Committee in the public media, the directive changes the committee name to coincide with the number assigned to the NSDM itself, which is 40."

Nixon and Kissinger, who was charged with overseeing all covert operations on Nixon's behalf, kept the 40 Committee out of the loop on almost all the major and sensitive decisions, and the 40 Committee stopped having meetings; in 1972 it only met once.

## Operations Advisory Group

On February 18, 1976, 40 committee was replaced by the **Operations Advisory Group**, in accordance with Executive Order 11905 issued by Gerald Ford. The new group was composed of the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs, the Secretaries of State and Defense, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Director of Central Intelligence.

## NSC Special Coordination Committee

The following year, on May 13, 1977, President Jimmy Carter issued Executive Order 11985 which updated the previous order, and renamed the Operations Advisory Group to the **NSC Special Coordination Committee** (SCC).

## National Security Planning Group

Under the Reagan administration, the Special Coordination Committee was replaced by the **National Security Planning Group** (NSPG) which included the Vice-President, the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of State, the Assistant for National Security Affairs, and the Director of the CIA. One level below the NSPG was the Policy Coordination Group (PCG), first known as the Crisis Pre-Planning Group (CPPG); one source describes the PCG as the actual successor to the Special Coordination Committee.

## Special Intelligence Office

In 2002–2003, during the Bush Administration, Under Secretary of Defense for Policy Douglas Feith created a special-purpose group encompassing and focusing on all military and intelligence efforts involving Iraq, Afghanistan, and other Near East countries, as well as all activities falling under the rubric of the Global War on Terror. This group has been said to have been responsible for stovepiping selective raw intelligence data, bypassing analysis processes as well as bypassing customary cooperation and coordination with NSA, Mossad, and other intelligence entities in order to shape decisions as to the war with Iraq. Its functions were morphed in the Office of Special Plans, which was subsequently investigated for manipulations of intelligence, unlawful activities, and espionage.

1. Corke 2006, pp. 102–104.
2. Prados 2006, p. 35.
3. Houston, Lawrence R. (25 September 1947). Office of the Historian (ed.). "CIA Authority to Perform Propaganda and Commando Type Functions". *history.state.gov*.
4. FRUS. "NSC 4-A – National Security Council Directive to Director of Central Intelligence Hillenkoetter". *history.state.gov*.
5. Mitrovich, Gregory (2000). *Undermining the Kremlin: America's Strategy to Subvert the Soviet Bloc, 1947–1956*. Cornell University Press. p. 17. ISBN 0801437113.
6. FRUS. "NSC 4-A – Draft Directive to Director of Central Intelligence Hillenkoetter". *history.state.gov*.
7. FRUS (16 December 1947). "Memorandum From the Executive Secretary (Souers) to the National Security Council". *history.state.gov*.
8. Church Committee (26 April 1976). "Final Report, Book I". p. 49.
9. Corke 2006, pp. 108–109.
10. "The inauguration of organized political warfare". *history.state.gov*. 4 May 1948.
11. Lilly 1951, pp. 45–47.
12. FRUS. "NSC 10/2 – National Security Council Directive on Office of Special Projects". *history.state.gov*.
13. Corke 2006, pp. 111–112.
14. Prados 2006, pp. 40–41.
15. Gustafson 2012, p. 149.
16. Karalekas 1976, pp. 34–35.
17. Lilly 1951, p. 89.
18. Lilly 1951, p. 90.
19. Prados 2006, p. 81.
20. FRUS. "NSC 10/5 – SCOPE AND PACE OF COVERT OPERATIONS". *history.state.gov*.
21. Allen, Raymond B. (20 February 1952). "Procedure for Handling 10/5 Matters in PSB". *history.state.gov*.
22. Barnes, C. Tracy (7 May 1952). "BRIEFING TO THE PSYCHOLOGICAL STRATEGY BOARD ON SOME 10/5 PROBLEMS". *history.state.gov*.
23. CIA (23 February 1967). "Secret appendix C to the Katzenbach Committee's report – COORDINATION AND POLICY APPROVAL OF COVERT OPERATIONS".
24. Prados 2006, pp. 80–82.
25. Gustafson 2012, p. 155.
26. "Note on U.S. Covert Actions". *history.state.gov*.
27. FRUS. "NSC 5412 – NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL DIRECTIVE ON COVERT OPERATIONS". *history.state.gov*.
28. Prados 2006, pp. 148, 121 (quoted).
29. Prados 2006, p. 150.
30. FRUS. "NSC 5412/1 – Covert Operations". *history.state.gov*.
31. Church Committee (26 April 1976). "Final Report, Book I". pp. 50–51.
32. Rockefeller, Nelson (14 December 1955). "Report of the Planning Coordination Group". *Planning Coordinating Group*.
33. FRUS. "NSC 5412/2 – Covert Operations". *history.state.gov*.
34. Jackson 1973, p. 162.
35. Jackson 1973, p. 78.
36. Daugherty, William (2004). *Executive Secrets: Covert Action and the Presidency*. University Press of Kentucky. p. 136. ISBN 0813123348.
37. Prados 2006, p. 182.
38. Karalekas 1976, p. 51.
39. Edwards, Philip K. (Summer 1969). "The President's Board: 1956–1960, Overseeing the intelligence community". *Studies in Intelligence*. Central Intelligence Agency. p. 126. Archived from the original on January 23, 2017.
40. Prados 2006, pp. 160–161.
41. For the text of the annex: Coyne, J. Patrick (9 May 1961). "Covert Operations". *President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board*. pp. 14–15.
42. Prados 2006, pp. 180–182. For Eisenhower's views on congressional oversight, see pp. 182, 151–152.
43. Church Committee (26 April 1976). "Final Report, Book I". p. 52.
44. Prados 2006, p. 241.
45. Daugherty, William (2004). *Executive Secrets: Covert Action and the Presidency*. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 151ff. ISBN 0813123348.
46. Friedman, Rebecca R. (17 March 2011). "Crisis Management at the Dead Center: The 1960-1961 Presidential Transition and the Bay of Pigs Fiasco". *Presidential Studies Quarterly*. **41** (2): 324. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2011.03856.x. ISSN 0360-4918.
47. Jackson 1973, p. 81.
48. Prados 2006, p. 375.
49. Prados 2006, p. 286.
50. Prados 2006, p. 313.
51. Church Committee (26 April 1976). "Final Report, Book I". p. 53n19.
52. Jessup, Peter (19 May 1964). "Proposed Name Change for Special Group (5412)". *National Security Council*.
53. "NSAM 303". *discoverlbj.org*. 2 June 1964.
54. Smith, Jr., W. Thomas. "40 Committee". *Encyclopedia of the Central Intelligence Agency*. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 2003. (p. 104) ISBN 9781438130187.
55. https://www.wrmea.org/1997-june-july/anniversary-of-a-30-year-investigation-uss-liberty-periscope-photography-may-finally-reveal-truth.html
56. https://www.wrmea.org/1997-june-july/anniversary-of-a-30-year-investigation-uss-liberty-periscope-photography-may-finally-reveal-truth.html
57. "DOD says truth on Niger more important than USS Liberty". 28 October 2017.
58. "Survivors of Uss Liberty Attack Have Uncovered a New Twist to Know What is Right and Not do It is the Worst Cowardice, According to Confucius". 5 June 1997.
59. "Top-Tier Treason and the USS Liberty – American Free Press".
60. "National Security Decision Memoranda 40" (PDF). *fas.org*.
61. Prados 2006, pp. 385–387.
62. Henry Kissinger (16 February 1970). "Responsibility for the Conduct, Supervision and Coordination of Covert Action Operations" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 23, 2017.
63. Prados 2006, p. 382.
64. "Proposals for Intelligence Reorganization, 1949–2004" (PDF). United States Department of State.
65. "Executive Order 11985". Federation of American Scientists. May 13, 1977.
66. Loch K. Johnson (March 1989). "Covert Action and Accountability: Decision-Making for America's Secret Foreign Policy". *International Studies Quarterly*. **33** (1): 81–109. doi:10.2307/2600495. JSTOR 2600495.
67. Prados 2006, p. 496.
68. Julian Borger in Washington, Richard Norton-Taylor and Michael Howard (30 January 2003). "Al-Qaida and Iraq: how strong is the evidence?". *The Guardian*.

## Sources

**Articles**


title: Noorderzon

abstract: The Noorderzon Festival is an annual festival in the Dutch city of Groningen taking place in the urban public park the Noorderplantsoen, usually for a period of eleven days beginning in the third week of August. The festival typically draws between 130,000 and 150,000 visitors. The festival started out as a small music festival and a subsidiary of De Parade but has expanded to a festival where art, music, dance and theatre go together. Performances are shown in tents, on the street and in cultural venues in Groningen's inner city. There is a strong emphasis on international work, and on the cross-fertilization between theatre and other performing arts. The 2020 edition takes place from 13 till 23 August.

text:
# Noorderzon

The **Noorderzon Festival** is an annual festival in the Dutch city of Groningen taking place in the urban public park the Noorderplantsoen, usually for a period of eleven days beginning in the third week of August. The festival typically draws between 130,000 and 150,000 visitors.

The festival started out as a small music festival and a subsidiary of De Parade but has expanded to a festival where art, music, dance and theatre go together. Performances are shown in tents, on the street and in cultural venues in Groningen's inner city. There is a strong emphasis on international work, and on the cross-fertilization between theatre and other performing arts.

The 2020 edition takes place from 13 till 23 August.


title: Origyn Web Browser

abstract: Origyn Web Browser (OWB) is a discontinued web browser that was synchronized with WebKit and sponsored by the technology company Pleyo. OWB provides a meta-port to an abstract platform with the aim of making porting to embedded or lightweight systems faster and easier. This port is used for embedded devices such as set-top boxes, and other consumer electronics. OWB has also found popularity on the AmigaOS-like operating systems. Current versions include AmigaOS, AROS and MorphOS official ports. When Sand-labs disappeared, MorphOS developer Fabien Coeurjoly took over and eventually renamed project to Odyssey Web Browser when it did not have any original Sand-labs code left.

text:
# Origyn Web Browser

**Origyn Web Browser** (**OWB**) is a discontinued web browser that was synchronized with WebKit and sponsored by the technology company Pleyo. OWB provides a meta-port to an abstract platform with the aim of making porting to embedded or lightweight systems faster and easier. This port is used for embedded devices such as set-top boxes, and other consumer electronics.

OWB has also found popularity on the AmigaOS-like operating systems. Current versions include AmigaOS, AROS and MorphOS official ports.

When Sand-labs disappeared, MorphOS developer Fabien Coeurjoly took over and eventually renamed project to **Odyssey Web Browser** when it did not have any original Sand-labs code left.

## History

OWB was created by Pleyo, a French software firm located in Montpellier, France in 2006.

## Versions

Milestone versions of Origyn Web Browser:

* Robespierre – November 22, 2007
* Blastoise – July 1, 2008
* DoDuo – July 1, 2008
* Galekid – December 19, 2008
* Galegon – February 11, 2009
* Galeking – June 4, 2009
* Pukapuka – October 8, 2009

Announced:

* Pukarua – unreleased

## Features

OWB is a web browser optimized for consumer electronics (CE) devices and embedded system, such as mobile phones, portable media players, set-top boxes (STB) and TV decoders, and various other consumer electronic products such as GPS, home-gateways, Web-radios, digital video recorder (PVR), DVD recorders, wireless devices, etc.

OWB is based on Webkit by Apple, and its ease of porting is based upon a *browser abstraction layer* called OWBAL. The existence of this abstraction layer architecture dramatically eases the task of integrating OWB in CE devices, resulting in fast and easy implementation on target platforms. The aim of the abstraction layer is to allow CE software producers to leverage extant libraries, instead of needing to port the browser and its full set of dependencies.

OWBAL abstraction is based on interfaces, which are described through abstract classes, and these classes contain only pure virtual methods. No default implementation is allowed.

### General characteristics

OWB supports full Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) 2.1, CSS3 support, styleable form controls, enhanced rich text editing, XML technologies, XPath (GTK port), SVG (partial SVG 1.1 full) (GTK port, Qt port and Amiga port), XSLT processor, JavaScript API for XSLT, MathML, notifications, SquirrelFish Extreme (SFX) on x86, HTML5.

OWB features Netscape-style (NPAPI) plug-ins (GTK and MorphOS ports) including support for mplayer, Adobe Flash Player and DiamondX.

The browser can pass Acid2 test with a 100% evaluation on all ports and Acid3 test with a 99% evaluation on SDL port and a 100% evaluation on ports for GTK, Qt, Amiga, and MorphOS.

It features also accessibility support and support for cross document messaging, databases, datagrid, dom storage, filtera, geolocation, icon database, offline web application, server-sent events, sharedWorker video/audio, WebSockets, Worker and 3D support.

Platform graphics engines include GTK, Qt, SDL, Cairo with Magic User Interface and Win32 (not yet public).

The font engine used is Freetype.

OWB is also POSIX compliant.

Origyn can handle threads (with Pthreads) and supports GTK, Qt and uClibc.

## Odyssey Web Browser

Odyssey Web Browser is probably the most mature of the Amiga and Amigalike-OS ports, as it has a download manager and much of the other UI features of a modern browser already separately added by its developer. Version 1.6 (December 2009) sports Adobe Flash SWF player plug-in based on Swfdec, version 1.6.1 has been integrated with web profiling and debugging tool called Webinspector. Since version 1.7 (March 2010), Odyssey supports also HTML5 tags and media content through FFmpeg.

MorphOS release of OWB is also distributed in a *Lite* version for the minimal computer motherboard Efika.

## Screenshots

The following are several screenshots showing the various features of OWB.

### Other web browsers for MorphOS/AmigaOS

## InfoBox

Origyn Web Browser
|
|  |
| Developer(s) | Sand-labs, Fabien Coeurjoly |
|  | |
| Stable release | 1.25 (AROS only)
1.23r4 (AmigaOS 4 only)
1.24 (15 April 2014 (2014-04-15)) \[±\] |
|  | |
| Written in | C++ |
| Operating system | AmigaOS, AROS, MorphOS |
| Available in | 12 |
| Type | Web browser |
| License | BSD-3-Clause |
| Website | http://fabportnawak.free.fr/owb/ |


title: Marcus Spriggs (defensive tackle)

abstract: Marcus Spriggs is a former American football defensive tackle. He played college football at Troy State. He was selected in the 6th round of the 1999 NFL draft by the Cleveland Browns.

text:
# Marcus Spriggs (defensive tackle)

**Marcus Spriggs** (born July 26, 1976) is a former American football defensive tackle. He played college football at Troy State. He was selected in the 6th round (174th overall) of the 1999 NFL draft by the Cleveland Browns.

## College career

Spriggs originally attended Ohio State as a freshman in 1995. As a freshman, he recorded two tackles on the season. He then transferred to Troy for the remainder of his college career.

## Professional career

Spriggs was selected in the sixth round (174th overall) of the 1999 NFL draft by the Cleveland Browns, in the inaugural draft class for the returning franchise.

As a rookie, after appearing in 10 games and recording nine total tackles, Spriggs was placed on injured reserve with a shoulder injury.

In 2000, after appearing in the first eight games of the season and recording 11 tackles and two sacks, both sacks came against the Philadelphia Eagles, he was placed on injured reserve again, this time with an arm injury. On May 1, 2002, he was re-signed by the Browns to a one-year contract. He was later released on August 27, 2002 during training camp. On January 14, 2003, he was signed by the Houston Texans. He was released six months later.

## InfoBox

Marcus Spriggs
| No. 91 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Defensive tackle |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1976-07-26) July 26, 1976
Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) |
| Weight: | 314 lb (142 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | H.D. Woodson
(Washington, D.C.) |
| College: | Troy State |
| NFL draft: | 1999 / round: 6 / pick: 174 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| GP / GS: 18 / 0  Tackles: 20  Sacks: 2  F / FR: 1 / 2 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Stéphan Raheriharimanana

abstract: Stéphan "Dada" Raheriharimanana is a Malagasy footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder in the French leagues and previously capped for Madagascar.

text:
# Stéphan Raheriharimanana

**Stéphan "Dada" Raheriharimanana** (born 16 August 1993) is a Malagasy footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder in the French leagues and previously capped for Madagascar.

## Club career

On 27 July 2016, out-of-contract Raheriharimanana joined Red Star on a three-year contract and was given the number 20 shirt. In January 2019, Raheriharimanana left the club.

## International career

Raheriharimanana was called up to the Madagascar national team in 2016 and made his international debut in an AFCON qualification tie against Angola which ended 1–1 in September 2016.

## InfoBox

Stéphan Raheriharimanana
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1993-08-16) 16 August 1993 | | |
| Place of birth | Toamasina, Madagascar | | |
| Height | 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defensive midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | JS Saint-Pierroise |  |  |
| 2012–2016 | Nice B | 77 | (2) |
| 2012–2016 | Nice | 4 | (0) |
| 2016–2019 | Red Star | 9 | (0) |
| 2020–2021 | Châteaubriant | 0 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2016 | Madagascar | 4 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 18 April 2021<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 9 June 2017 | | | |


title: William Kermode

abstract: William A. Kermode MC (1895–1959) was an Australian artist. He illustrated Henry Williamson's The Patriot's Progress, published in 1930. The illustrations were linocuts, an unusual medium. William Kermode was born in Hobart, Tasmania in 1895. During the First World War he served on the Western Front with the British Army, being awarded the Military Cross. Post-war he maintained a studio in Pimlico, London. He died in 1959, aged 64.

text:
# William Kermode

**William A. Kermode** MC (1895–1959) was an Australian artist. He illustrated Henry Williamson's *The Patriot's Progress*, published in 1930. The illustrations were linocuts, an unusual medium.

William Kermode was born in Hobart, Tasmania in 1895. During the First World War he served on the Western Front with the British Army, being awarded the Military Cross. Post-war he maintained a studio in Pimlico, London. He died in 1959, aged 64.

## Biography

William A. Kermode was born in Hobart, Tasmania, where his family were among the early landowners. He probably came to England in 1911.

He fought in the British Army, during the First World War 1914–18 and was awarded the Military Cross for Gallantry.

In the Second World War he served as Observer Corps Liaison Officer at Fighter Command Headquarters, Uxbridge.

He died aged 64 in Ashford Hospital, Kent.

## Education and career

Kermode studied at Iain Macnab's Grosvenor School of Modern Art, probably between 1925 and 1928, and exhibited linocuts at the first British exhibition of the medium at the Redfern Gallery, London, in 1929. He designed posters for the London Underground in 1924 including "Leave this and Move to Edgware" printed by the Westminster Press. In 1928 Kermode was introduced to Henry Williamson by the well-known literary critic Sir John (Jack) Squire. Kermode had made linocuts from his war experiences and wanted someone to write short caption-like paragraphs. The result was the highly acclaimed *Patriot’s Progress*, today considered as an important contribution to the literature of World War I. Kermode also provided a cover design for a cheap edition of *Tarka the Otter*, published in 1929. He is also known to have illustrated *The Specialist* by Charles Sale and *Moscow Has a Plan* by M. Ilin (Jonathan Cape, 1931).

Kermode wrote on the subject of colour linocuts applied to advertising and made a number of independent linocuts in monochrome from about 1920, in small editions. He published *Drawing on Scraperboard for Beginners* in 1938. A fact of Kermode's work, as yet undocumented and largely ignored, is the variety of birding covers and dust wrappers which he designed, some from linocut and many bearing the simple initial "K". Sybil Andrews attended a lecture and demonstration by William Kermode on wood-block printing at Heatherley's School of Art, London in the 20s. A short obituary following his death and written by Owen Rowley appeared on page 12 of *The Times* on Thursday 5 February 1959.

### *The Life Saver*

*The Life Saver* is a limited edition (of 25) original linocut measuring 16"x12" signed in pencil by William Kermode. It is recorded in the National Gallery of Australia, alongside some of his other work, although no copy of it exists there. It is also recorded at being exhibited at the 7th International Print Makers Exhibition 2 March- 4 April at the Los Angeles Museum in 1926. A copy is known to be owned privately.

1. Williamson, Henry, *The Patriot's Progress*, London: Macdonald and Jane's, 1968 pp. 196–197, ISBN 9780356024554; quoting *The Times*, obituary 6 February 1959
2. The Times Digital Archive
3. National Art Library Reading Room (Victoria & Albert Museum)
4. "Artist: William A Kermode – Poster and poster artwork collection, London Transport Museum". *Ltmcollection.org*. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
5. Henry Williamson Society
6. Norfolk Library & Information Service
7. British Library Catalogue
8. *Cutting Edge of Modernity*, Gordon Samuel, Lund Humphries Publishers, 2002, ISBN 978-0853318668
9. National Gallery of Australia

## InfoBox

| William Kermode | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1895
Hobart, Tasmania, Australia |
| Died | 1959
Ashford, Kent, England |


abstract: The Tierra del Sol Resort & Golf is a resort complex on the Caribbean island of Aruba. The resort comprises villas, a spa and fitness center, and an 18-hole golf course.

text:
# Tierra del Sol Resort, Spa & Country Club

The **Tierra del Sol Resort & Golf** is a resort complex on the Caribbean island of Aruba. The resort comprises villas, a spa and fitness center, and an 18-hole golf course.

## Golf

The golf course opened on January 28, 1995. It was designed by Robert Trent Jones Jr., and plays between 6811 and 5002 yards. It is the only 18 hole golf course on Aruba. It contains the Tierra del Sol Salina Important Bird Area.

### Tournaments held

### Awards

* *Golf Digest* magazine 4½ Star Award (2000, 2001, 2002)
* *Links* magazine Top 100 Award (1997)
* *Travel + Leisure Golf* magazine Top Ten Golf Courses in the Caribbean (2001)
* World Travel Awards – Aruba's leading golf resort (2006)

12°36′17″N 70°02′23″W / 12.60472°N 70.03972°W / 12.60472; -70.03972


title: Oyun Musa

abstract: Oyun Musa, found 20 km south of the Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel in South Sinai, are a collection of fresh water springs said to be those in the area referred to as Elim in Exodus 15:27. This would be where Moses went with the Israelites during the Israelite Exodus after he was directed by Yahweh to throw a tree branch, possibly a barberry, into the bitter springs of Marah, making them sweet enough to drink. The springs are located on the main Suez to Sharm el Sheikh road behind a Bedouin village settlement of the same name.

text:
# Oyun Musa

**Oyun Musa** ("Moses Springs", عيون موسى), found 20 km south of the Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel in South Sinai, are a collection of fresh water springs said to be those in the area referred to as Elim in Exodus 15:27. This would be where Moses went with the Israelites during the Israelite Exodus after he was directed by Yahweh to throw a tree branch, possibly a barberry, into the bitter springs of Marah, making them sweet enough to drink (Exodus 15:25).

The springs are located on the main Suez to Sharm el Sheikh road behind a Bedouin village settlement of the same name.

29°52′37″N 32°39′30″E / 29.87694°N 32.65833°E / 29.87694; 32.65833


title: No Nukes (film)

abstract: No Nukes is a 1980 documentary and concert film that contained selections from the September 1979 Madison Square Garden concerts by the Musicians United for Safe Energy collective, with Jackson Browne, Graham Nash, Bonnie Raitt, and John Hall being the key organizers of the event and guiding forces behind the film. Also included were scenes of the organizers getting the event together, expounding upon the dangers of nuclear power, and staging an anti-nuclear rally at Battery Park in New York City.

text:
# No Nukes (film)

***No Nukes*** is a 1980 documentary and concert film that contained selections from the September 1979 Madison Square Garden concerts by the Musicians United for Safe Energy collective, with Jackson Browne, Graham Nash, Bonnie Raitt, and John Hall being the key organizers of the event and guiding forces behind the film. Also included were scenes of the organizers getting the event together, expounding upon the dangers of nuclear power, and staging an anti-nuclear rally at Battery Park in New York City.

## History

This was the first official appearance of Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band's live act on film, and many critics hailed their performances as the best in the documentary. Additionally, the future Springsteen classic "The River" was debuted at these shows and on the film, as well as Chaka Khan's consternation at being "Broooced" (Raitt deadpanned backstage, "Too bad his name wasn't Melvin"). The other generally acclaimed highlight of the film was Carly Simon and then-husband James Taylor's physically dynamic duet on "Mockingbird". On the other hand, Graham Nash's earnest spoken part about having seen "giant sponges" as a side effect of nuclear waste dumps earned itself a Spinal Tap-like reputation for rock star verbal blundering.

*No Nukes* was released for home consumption on VHS, Betamax and LaserDisc along the way, but as of 2023 not on DVD. Two of Springsteen's three numbers are available on his 2001 *The Complete Video Anthology / 1978-2000* DVD, however.

The *No Nukes* live album was also released in May 1980 from this event, although it contained varying musical contents from the film (generally, the artists' biggest hits make it into the film but not the album, while some artists are on the album but not in the film).

## Performers and songs

Those who performed in the film in order of appearance,

at Madison Square Garden:

at Battery Park:

Other famous personalities and celebrities are seen during the film, including Jane Fonda, Chaka Khan, Maggie Kuhn of the Gray Panthers, Ray Parker Jr., Ralph Nader, Steven Tyler of Aerosmith, Nicolette Larson, Phoebe Snow, and ubiquitous backup singer Rosemary Butler.

## InfoBox

| No Nukes | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Daniel Goldberg
Anthony Potenza
Julian Schlossberg |
| Produced by | Daniel Goldberg
Julian Schlossberg
Barbara Kopple (Uncredited) |
| Starring | Jackson Browne
Graham Nash
Bonnie Raitt
John Hall
James Taylor
Carly Simon
The Doobie Brothers
Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band |
| Cinematography | Haskell Wexler |
| Edited by | Neil L. Kaufman |
| Distributed by | Warner Bros. |
| Release date | * July 1980 (1980-07) |
| Running time | 103 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


# Opinion polling for the 2002 New Zealand general election

Opinion polling was commissioned throughout the duration of the 46th New Zealand Parliament in the lead up to the 2002 election by various organisations.

## Party vote

Polls are listed in the table below in chronological order. Refusals are generally excluded from the party vote percentages, while question wording and the treatment of "don't know" responses and those not intending to vote may vary between survey firms.

### Graphical summary

Local regression of polls conducted Local regression of polls conducted, zoomed into smaller parties

### Individual polls

| Poll | Date | Labour | National | Alliance | ACT | Green | NZ First | United
Future | Prog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|
| **1999 election result** | 27 Nov 1999 | **38.74** | 30.50 | 7.74 | 7.04 | 5.16 | 4.26 | N/A | |
| TV3/CM Research poll | 28 Feb 2000 | **51** | 30 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 |  |  |
| One News Colmar Brunton | 28 Feb 2000 | **50** | 31 | 4.3 | 5 | 4.3 | 2.1 |  |  |
| TV3/CM Research poll | 18 Apr 2000 | **53** | 28 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 1 |  |  |
| TV3/CM Research poll | 26 Jun 2000 | **46** | 34 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 2 |  |  |
| Herald-DigiPoll | 30 Jun 2000 | **43** | 32 | 8 | 10 | 3 | 6 |  |  |
| June 2000 – Dover Samuels resigns from Cabinet pending an investigation into alleged sex crimes committed before he entered politics. | | | | | | | | | |
| TV3/CM Research poll | 22 Aug 2000 | **47** | 36 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 2 |  |  |
| NBR-Compaq | 7–10 Sep 2000 | 36 | **41** | 6 | 4 | 7 |  |  |  |
| TV3/CM Research poll | 31 Oct 2000 | **44** | 39 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 2 |  |  |
| TV3/CM Research poll | 20 Feb 2001 | **49** | 34 | 4.5 | 3.6 | 4.7 | 1.5 |  |  |
| TV3-NFO | 9 Apr 2001 | **50** | 32 | 3.7 | 4.2 | 5 | 2 | 0.5 |  |
| NBR-Compaq | 5 May 2001 | **43** | 32 | 5 | 6 | 6.5 |  |  |  |
| One News Colmar Brunton | 14 May 2001 | **44** | 41 | 2 |  | 6 |  |  |  |
| TV3-NFO | 11 Jun 2001 | **49** | 31 | 3.5 | 2 | 7 | 3.3 |  |  |
| 8 October 2001 – Bill English is elected leader of the National Party. | | | | | | | | | |
| One News Colmar Brunton | 9–12 Oct 2001 | **46** | 39 | 2 | 3.1 | 5 | 3.5 |  |  |
| NBR-Compaq | 19 Oct 2001 | **43** | 33 | 3.8 | 5.2 | 8 | 3.6 |  |  |
| One News Colmar Brunton | 12 Nov 2001 | **44** | 40 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 2 |  |  |
| TV3/CM Research poll | 17 Dec 2001 | **45** | 35 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 3 |  |  |
| TV3/CM Research poll | 27 Feb 2002 | **54** | 30 | 2.2 | 3 | 6 | 2.2 |  |  |
| April 2002 – Jim Anderton leaves the Alliance and Laila Harré replaces him as leader. | | | | | | | | | |
| NBR HP-Invent | 7 Jun 2002 | **53** | 29 | 0.5 | 4.5 | 7.2 | 3.3 |  | 1.3 |
| TV3-NFO | 10 Jun 2002 | **56** | 24 | 1.2 | 3.9 | 9 | 3.1 | \<0.5 | \<0.5 |
| Herald-DigiPoll | 10 Jun 2002 | **49.9** | 31.2 | 0.1 | 4.7 | 7.7 | 2.5 | 0.1 | 0.7 |
| One News Colmar Brunton | 17 Jun 2002 | **53** | 27 | 0.5 | 4 | 9 | 3 |  | 2 |
| Herald-DigiPoll | 26 Jun 2002 | **52.1** | 25.7 | 0.5 | 4.4 | 8.3 | 3.8 |  | 2 |
| Herald-DigiPoll | 3 Jul 2002 | **51.2** | 24.6 | 0.4 | 5.7 | 9.6 | 4.4 | 0.1 | 1.4 |
| TV3-NFO | 5 Jul 2002 | **51** | 24 | 1.1 | 5 | 10.8 | 5.7 |  | 1.1 |
| Herald-DigiPoll | 11 Jul 2002 | **48** | 24.5 | 0.4 | 5.8 | 10.1 | 6.4 | 0.7 | 1.5 |
| TV3-NFO | 11 Jul 2002 | **48** | 24 | 1.2 | 6.3 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 0.9 | 0.8 |
| One News Colmar Brunton | 15 Jul 2002 | **46** | 27 | 1 | 8 | 9 | 6 |  | 1 |
| Herald-DigiPoll | 17 Jul 2002 | **46.7** | 23.1 | 0.4 | 5.5 | 11.3 | 8.3 | 1.1 | 1.3 |
| TV3-NFO | 18 Jul 2002 | **46** | 25 | 1.4 | 6 | 9 | 8 | 0.7 | 0.7 |
| Herald-DigiPoll | 22 Jul 2002 | **40.8** | 23.6 | 0.4 | 8.1 | 6.9 | 10.2 | 6.6 | 1.3 |
| One News Colmar Brunton | 25 Jul 2002 | **44** | 21 | 1 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 4 | 0.5 |
| TV3-NFO | 25 Jul 2002 | **43** | 21 | 1.4 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 3.9 | 1.2 |
| Herald-DigiPoll | 26 Jul 2002 | **38.8** | 23.2 | 1.3 | 8.9 | 9 | 9.6 | 5.4 | 1.4 |
|
| **2002 election result** | 27 Jul 2002 | **41.26** | 20.93 | 1.27 | 7.14 | 7.00 | 10.38 | 6.69 | 1.70 |
|

## Preferred prime minister

### Individual polls

| Poll | Date | Helen Clark | Jenny Shipley | Winston Peters | Jim Anderton |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | |  |  |  |  |
| TV3/CM Research poll | 28 Feb 2000 | **36** | 13 | - | - |
| One News Colmar Brunton | 28 Feb 2000 | **43** | 16 | - | - |
| TV3/CM Research poll | 18 Apr 2000 | **42** | 13 | - | - |
| TV3/CM Research poll | 22 Aug 2000 | **31** | 16 | - | - |
| TV3/CM Research poll | 18 Apr 2000 | **28** | 14 | - | - |
| TV3/CM Research poll | 20 Feb 2001 | **35** | 16 | - | - |
| TV3/CM Research poll | 20 Feb 2001 | **30** | 13 | - | - |
| TV3-NFO | 9 Apr 2001 | **36** | 11 |  |  |
| One News Colmar Brunton | 14 May 2001 | **37** | 17 |  | 3 |
| Poll | Date | Helen Clark | Bill English | Winston Peters | Jim Anderton |
| | |  |  |  |  |
| One News Colmar Brunton | 9–12 Oct 2001 | **41** | 21 |  |  |
| One News Colmar Brunton | 12 Nov 2001 | **40** | 19 |  |  |
| TV3/CM Research poll | 17 Dec 2001 | **41** | 17 | - | - |
| TV3/CM Research poll | 27 Feb 2002 | **41** | 10 | 5 | 3 |
| One News Colmar Brunton | 17 Jun 2002 | **52** | 17 | 4 | 2 |
| One News Colmar Brunton | 15 Jul 2002 | **48** | 19 | 7 | 2 |
|

## Electorate polling

### Wellington Central

### Candidate vote

| Poll | Date | Marian Hobbs | Hekia Parata | Robert Reid |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | |  |  |  |
| Dominion Post BRC | 2-4 Jul 2002 | **32** | 15 | 1 |
|

### Wigram

### Candidate vote

| Poll | Date | Jim Anderton | Mike Mora | Alec Neill | Sean Gourley |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | |  |  |  |  |
| UMR Research | 22 Jul 2002 | **40.6** | 26.4 | 19 | 2 |
|

### Waitakere

### Candidate vote

| Poll | Date | Lynne Pillay | Laila Harré | Marie Hasler |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | |  |  |  |
| Consumer Link | 24 Jul 2002 | **33** | 25 | 24 |
|

### Coromandel

### Candidate vote

| Poll | Date | Sandra Goudie | Max Purnell | Jeanette Fitzsimons |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | |  |  |  |
| Consumer Link | 24 Jul 2002 | **33** | 27 | 24 |
|

### Te Tai Tokerau

### Candidate vote

| Poll | Date | Dover Samuels | Mere
Mangu |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | |  | |
| Marae DigiPoll | 6–17 Jul 2002 | **44** | 9 |
|

1. "1999 GENERAL ELECTION - Summary of Overall Results". Wellington: Electoral Commission. 27 November 1999. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
2. "Labour rockets up the polls with Clark top choice". *Waikato Times*. 29 February 2000. p. 2.
3. "PM, Labour honeymoon continues". *The Press*. 18 April 2000. p. 7.
4. "Labour support falls - poll". *The Evening Post*. 27 June 2000. p. 2.
5. "Labour retains lead". *The Press*. 22 August 2000. p. 2.
6. "Labour dips but still ahead - poll". *The Evening Post*. 31 October 2000. p. 2.
7. "Labour further ahead despite controversy". *Waikato Times*. 20 February 2001. p. 11.
8. "Latest poll sees Labour maintain lead". *Waikato Times*. 17 December 2001. p. 2.
9. "Poll news birthday lift for PM". *The Press*. 27 February 2002. p. 6.
10. "Official Count Results -- Overall Status". Wellington: Electoral Commission. 10 August 2002. Retrieved 15 December 2017.


title: March 75A

abstract: The March 75A was an open-wheel formula racing car, designed, developed and built by British manufacturer and constructor, March Engineering, for Formula 5000 racing, in 1975. It was based on the March 761 Formula One car. Unlike most other F5000 cars of the time, which used 5.0 L (310 cu in) V8 engines, the 75A used a smaller 3.4 L (210 cu in) Ford-Cosworth GAA V6 engine, which produced between 420–470 hp (310–350 kW) @ 9,000 rpm, depending on tuning and spec. Engines up to 5,000 cc (310 cu in) could be used, so this was still perfectly in line with the regulations.

text:
# March 75A

The **March 75A** was an open-wheel formula racing car, designed, developed and built by British manufacturer and constructor, March Engineering, for Formula 5000 racing, in 1975. It was based on the March 761 Formula One car. Unlike most other F5000 cars of the time, which used 5.0 L (310 cu in) V8 engines, the 75A used a smaller 3.4 L (210 cu in) Ford-Cosworth GAA V6 engine (which was still allowed; and permitted with F5000 regulations), which produced between 420–470 hp (310–350 kW) @ 9,000 rpm, depending on tuning and spec. Engines up to 5,000 cc (310 cu in) could be used, so this was still perfectly in line with the regulations.

## InfoBox

March 75A
| Category | Formula 5000 |
| --- | --- |
| Constructor | March |
| Successor | March 76A |
| Technical specifications | |
| Chassis | Aluminium monocoque with load-bearing engine-transmission assembly, fiberglass and aluminum body |
| Suspension (front) | Independent, wishbones and inclined coil spring/shock absorber units |
| Suspension (rear) | Independent, single top link, twin tower links and coil spring/shock absorber units |
| Engine | Mid-engine, longitudinally mounted, 3.4 L (207.5 cu in), Ford-Cosworth GAA, 90° V6, NA |
| Transmission | Hewland 5-speed manual |
| Weight | 1,500 lb (680 kg) |
| Competition history | |
| Notable drivers | Alan Jones |
| Debut | 1975 |


abstract: The New Brunswick New Democratic Party, a social democratic political party in the Canadian province of New Brunswick, held a leadership election in 1988, following the resignation of previous leader George Little after the party had been unable to win any seats in the 1987 provincial election. Robert Arthur Hall served as interim leader following Little's resignation.

text:
# 1988 New Brunswick New Democratic Party leadership election

The **New Brunswick New Democratic Party**, a social democratic political party in the Canadian province of New Brunswick, held a **leadership election** in 1988, following the resignation of previous leader George Little after the party had been unable to win any seats in the 1987 provincial election. Robert Arthur Hall served as interim leader following Little's resignation.

## Candidates

## Convention

Weir had entered the convention as the sole candidate and was strongly associated with the party establishment. It was assumed heading into the convention that she was to be acclaimed. However, a rebellion over control of the party erupted with the labour movement demanding a greater say in the party. Beaulieu was put forward from the convention floor by labour delegates as a challenger to Weir and came within 5 votes of beating her.

## Results

| Candidate | Votes | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | # | % |
| Elizabeth Weir | 50 | 52.6 |
| Mona Beaulieu | 45 | 47.4 |
| Total | 95 | 100 |

## InfoBox

1988 New Brunswick New Democratic Party leadership election
| Date | June 18, 1988 |
| --- | --- |
| Convention | Fredericton |
| Resigning leader | George Little |
| Won by | Elizabeth Weir |
| Ballots | 1 |
| Candidates | 2 |
|


title: Stéphan Nabab

abstract: Jean Stéphan Nabab is a Mauritian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Mauritian Premier League club Savanne and the Mauritius national team.

text:
# Stéphan Nabab

**Jean Stéphan Nabab** (born 29 February 1992) is a Mauritian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Mauritian Premier League club Savanne and the Mauritius national team.

## Club career

Nabab has played club football for CTN François Blaquart, Savanne, Cercle de Joachim, Curepipe Starlight, and Port-Louis 2000.

## International career

Nabab made his international debut for Mauritius in 2011.

### International goals

*Scores and results list Mauritius' goal tally first.*

| No. | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | 9 October 2017 | Estadio de Bata, Bata, Equatorial Guinea | Equatorial Guinea | **1**–1 | 1–3 | Friendly |

## InfoBox

Stéphan Nabab
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Jean Stéphan Nabab | | |
| Date of birth | (1992-02-29) 29 February 1992 | | |
| Place of birth | Surinam, Mauritius | | |
| Height | 1.84 m (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Savanne | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2010 | CTN François Blaquart |  |  |
| 2011–2012 | Savanne |  |  |
| 2012–2013 | Cercle de Joachim |  |  |
| 2013–2015 | Curepipe Starlight |  |  |
| 2015–2017 | Savanne |  |  |
| 2017–2018 | Port-Louis 2000 |  |  |
| 2018– | Savanne |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2011– | Mauritius | 15 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 01:55, 21 November 2021 (UTC)<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 01:55, 21 November 2021 (UTC) | | | |


title: List of equestrian statues in Russia

text:
# List of equestrian statues in Russia

This is a list of equestrian statues in Russia.

## Moscow

## Alagir

## Baltiysk

## Belgorod

## Biysk

## Cheboksary

## Chernyakhovsk

## Dmitrov

* Monument to the Saints Boris and Gleb by Alexander Rukovishnikov, 2006.

## Elista

## Oryol

## Kaliningrad

## Kolomna

## Krasnodar

* Еquestrian monument to Kuban Cossacks by Alexander Apollonov, erected in 2005.

## Kushchyovskaya

## Makhachkala

* Еquestrian monument to Magomed-Ali Dakhadayev (Makhach) in front of railway station by Khaz-Bulat Askar-Sarydzha, 1971 Photo
* Еquestrian monument to the Defenders of Motherland in Stepnoy settlement by Sherif Shakhmardanov, 2006 Photo

## Novocherkassk

## Pskov

## Pugachyov

## Rostov-on-Don

## Ryazan

## Saint Petersburg

## Salavat

## Samara

## Tolyatti

## Tver

## Ulan-Ude

## Ufa

## Veshenskaya

## Vladimir

## Yekaterinburg

## Yelabuga

## Yoshkar-Ola