# List of Mexico–United States border crossings

There are 50 places where people can cross the Mexico–United States border. Several large border cities have multiple crossings, often including one or more that bypass the center of the city and are designated for truck traffic. For planned crossings, see the Proposed crossings section below. For former border crossings, see the Closed crossings section below. Details on each of the US ports of entry are provided using the links in the table.

On the U.S. side, each crossing has a three-letter Port of Entry code. This code is also seen on passport entry stamp or parole stamp. The list of codes is administered by the Department of State. Note that one code may correspond to multiple crossings.

## Vehicle and pedestrian crossings

| United States
Port of Entry | Code | United States
Road/Highway | City and State | Mexican
Port of Entry | Mexican
Road/Highway | City and State | Structure or
Notable Feature | Opened |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| California–Baja California | | | | | | | |
| PedWest | SYS | Virginia Avenue | San Ysidro, California | Puerta Oeste | Plaza Viva Tijuana | Tijuana, Baja California | Pedestrian only; southbound in to MX has limited hours. | 2016 |
| San Ysidro | SYS | I-5 (John J. Montgomery Freeway) | San Ysidro, California | El Chaparral | Fed. 1 | Tijuana, Baja California | No Trucks | 1906 |
| San Ysidro Pedestrian | SYS | San Ysidro Boulevard | San Ysidro, California | Puerta Este | Rampa Xicoténcatl | Tijuana, Baja California | Pedestrian only | 1906 |
| Cross-border Terminal, Tijuana International Airport | OTM | Otay Pacific Drive | Otay Mesa, California | Tijuana International Airport | Carretera Aeropuerto S/N, colonia Nueva Tijuana | Tijuana, Baja California | Pedestrian only, ticketed passengers only | 2015 |
| Otay Mesa | OTM | SR 905 (Otay Mesa Freeway) | Otay Mesa, California | Mesa de Otay | Boulevard Garita de Otay | Tijuana, Baja California |  | 1983 |
| Tecate | TEC | SR 188 | Tecate, California | Tecate | Avenida Presidente Lázaro Cárdenas | Tecate, Baja California |  | 1919 |
| Calexico West | CAL | Cesar Chavez Boulevard | Calexico, California | Mexicali | Calzada de los Presidentes | Mexicali, Baja California | No Trucks | 1902 |
| Calexico West Pedestrian | CAL | East First Street | Calexico, California | Mexicali | Calle Agustín Melgar | Mexicali, Baja California | Pedestrian only | 1902 |
| Calexico East | IVP | SR 7 | Calexico, California | Mexicali | Boulevard Abelardo L. Rodríguez | Mexicali, Baja California |  | 1996 |
| Andrade | AND | SR 186 | Andrade, California | Los Algodones | Ave. Mariano Lee y calle 2a. | Los Algodones, Baja California |  | 1927 |
| Arizona–Sonora | | | | | | | |
| San Luis | SLU | US 95 (Main Street) | San Luis, Arizona | San Luis Río Colorado | Calle 1 | San Luis Río Colorado, Sonora | No Trucks | 1930 |
| San Luis II | SLU | SR 195 | San Luis, Arizona | San Luis Río Colorado 2 | Fed. 2 | San Luis Río Colorado, Sonora |  | 2010 |
| Lukeville | LUK | SR 85 | Lukeville, Arizona | Sonoyta | Fed. 8 (Benemérito de las Americas) | Sonoyta, Sonora |  | 1949 |
| Sasabe | SAS | SR 286 | Sasabe, Arizona | Sasabe | Calle Sásabe | El Sásabe, Sonora |  | 1916 |
| Nogales–Mariposa | NOG | SR 189 (North Mariposa Road) | Nogales, Arizona | Mariposa | Fed. 15D | Nogales, Sonora |  | 1973 |
| Nogales-Grand Avenue | NOG | BL 19 (Grand Avenue) | Nogales, Arizona | Nogales | Fed. 15 | Nogales, Sonora | No Trucks | 1903 |
| Nogales-Morley Gate | NOG | Morley Avenue | Nogales, Arizona | Nogales | Plutarco Elias Calles | Nogales, Sonora | Pedestrians only | 1913 |
| Naco | NAC | D Street | Naco, Arizona | Naco | Avenida Francisco I Madera | Naco, Sonora |  | 1900 |
| Douglas | DOU |
US 191 Bus. (Pan American Avenue) | Douglas, Arizona | Agua Prieta | Calzada Panamericana | Agua Prieta, Sonora |  | 1914 |
| New Mexico–Chihuahua | | | | | | | |
| Antelope Wells | ANP | NM 81 | Antelope Wells, New Mexico | El Berrendo | Carretera El Berrendo-Janos | El Berrendo, Chihuahua |  | 1928 |
| Columbus | COL | NM 11 (Ike Smalley Memorial Highway) | Columbus, New Mexico | Palomas | Fed. 2 spur | Puerto Palomas, Chihuahua |  | 1902 |
| Santa Teresa | STR | NM 136 (Pete Domenici Boulevard) | Santa Teresa, New Mexico | San Jeronimo | Carretera Samalayuca el Oasis | San Jerónimo, Chihuahua |  | 1992 |
| Santa Teresa Livestock export-import facility | STR | NM 136 (Binational Avenue) | Santa Teresa, New Mexico | San Jeronimo | Carretera Anapra-San Jeronimo | San Jerónimo, Chihuahua | Livestock only (no trucks, no cars, no pedestrians) | ? |
| Texas–Chihuahua | | | | | | | |
| El Paso-PDN | PDN | El Paso Street | El Paso, Texas | Santa Fe | Vial Juan Gabriel | Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua | One-way northbound only; no trucks; two-way for pedestrians; Paso del Norte International Bridge | 1898 |
| El Paso-Stanton | ELP | US 85 (Stanton Street) | El Paso, Texas | Lerdo | Calle Lerdo | Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua | Northbound SENTRI-only and Southbound; Stanton Street Bridge | 1898 |
| El Paso–BOTA | BOA | I-110 | El Paso, Texas | Cordova | Fed. 45 (Avd. Abraham Lincoln) | Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua | Bridge of the Americas | 1967 |
| El Paso–Ysleta | YSL | Zaragoza Road | El Paso, Texas | Zaragoza | Avenida Zaragoza | Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua | Ysleta–Zaragoza International Bridge | 1938 |
| Tornillo | FAB | FM 3380 | Tornillo, Texas | Guadalupe | Fed. 2 | Guadalupe, Chihuahua | Tornillo-Guadalupe Bridge | 2014 |
| Fort Hancock | FHK | FM 1088 | Fort Hancock, Texas | El Porvenir | Praxedis Guerrero | El Porvenir, Chihuahua | Fort Hancock – El Porvenir International Bridge; no trucks | 1936 |
| Presidio | PRE | US 67 | Presidio, Texas | Ojinaga | Fed. 16 | Ojinaga, Chihuahua | Presidio–Ojinaga International Bridge | 1917 |
| Texas–Coahuila | | | | | | | |
| Boquillas |  | Big Bend National Park | Big Bend, Texas | Boquillas del Carmen |  | Boquillas del Carmen, Coahuila | Crossing re-opened in April, 2013. Transit of the Rio Grande can be accomplished by foot, burro or rowboat. Motor vehicles are not permitted. Border crossing is staffed by NPS rangers. People entering the US must report for inspection using video kiosks. There are also border services on the Mexico side. | 2013 |
| Amistad Dam | ADT | Spur 349 | Del Rio, Texas | La Amistad | Fed. 2 | Ciudad Acuña, Coahuila | Amistad Dam; no trucks | 1969 |
| Del Rio | DLR | Spur 239 | Del Rio, Texas | Acuña | Francisco Javier Mina | Ciudad Acuña, Coahuila | Del Río – Ciudad Acuña International Bridge | 1919 |
| Eagle Pass | EGP | US 57 | Eagle Pass, Texas | Piedras Negras | Fed. 57 | Piedras Negras, Coahuila | Eagle Pass – Piedras Negras International Bridge; no trucks | 1896 |
| Eagle Pass II | FDE | South Adams | Eagle Pass, Texas | Piedras Negras 2 | Libramiento Sur | Piedras Negras, Coahuila | Camino Real International Bridge | 1999 |
| Texas–Nuevo León | | | | | | | |
| Laredo–Colombia Solidarity | LCB | SH 255 (Camino Columbia Road) | Laredo, Texas | Colombia | Nuevo Leon State Highway Spur 1 | Colombia, Nuevo León | Laredo Bridge 3
(Colombia – Solidarity International Bridge) | 1991 |
| Texas–Tamaulipas | | | | | | | |
| Laredo-World Trade | LWT | I-69W
US 59
Loop 20
(Bob Bullock Loop) | Laredo, Texas | Nuevo Laredo | Fed. 85D | Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas | Laredo Bridge 4; no cars or pedestrians - commercial vehicles only | 2000 |
| Laredo Bridge 1 | LAR | Convent Avenue | Laredo, Texas | Nuevo Laredo | Avenida Guerrero | Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas | Laredo Bridge 1; no trucks | 1898 |
| Laredo-Juarez/Lincoln | LLB | I-35 BL (San Dario Avenue) | Laredo, Texas | Nuevo Laredo | Fed. 85 (Boulevard Leandro Valle) | Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas | Laredo Bridge 2
(Juárez–Lincoln International Bridge); no trucks | 1976 |
| Falcon Dam | FAL | FM 2098 Spur | Falcon Heights, Texas | Guerrero | Blas de la Garza Falcon | Nueva Ciudad Guerrero, Tamaulipas | Falcon Dam; no trucks | 1954 |
| Roma | ROM | Estrella Street | Roma, Texas | Miguel Aleman | Avenida Venustiano Carranza | Ciudad Miguel Alemán, Tamaulipas | Roma – Ciudad Miguel Alemán International Bridge | 1928 |
| Rio Grande City | RIO | Pete Díaz Avenue | Rio Grande City, Texas | Camargo | Boulevard Ensenada | Ciudad Camargo, Tamaulipas | Rio Grande City – Camargo International Bridge | 1905 |
| Los Ebanos | LSE | Flores Street | Los Ebanos, Texas | Diaz Ordaz | Avenida Adolfo Lopez Mateo | Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Tamaulipas | hand-pulled ferry crossing; no trucks | 1950 |
| Anzalduas | ANZ | Bryan Road | Mission, Texas | Anzalduas | Reynosa-Monterrey Highway | Reynosa, Tamaulipas | Anzalduas International Bridge; no trucks until 2015 | 2009 |
| Hidalgo | HID | South International Boulevard | Hidalgo, Texas | Reynosa | Luis Echeverria Alvarez | Reynosa, Tamaulipas | McAllen–Hidalgo–Reynosa International Bridge | 1905 |
| Pharr | PHR | Spur 600 (South Cage Boulevard) | Pharr, Texas | Reynosa | Av Puente Pharr | Reynosa, Tamaulipas | Pharr–Reynosa International Bridge | 1994 |
| Donna | DNA | FM 493 | Donna, Texas | Río Bravo | Carretera Reynosa-Matamoros | Río Bravo, Tamaulipas | Donna – Río Bravo International Bridge
(Alliance International Bridge); no trucks | 2010 |
| Progreso | PGR | FM 1015 | Progreso, Texas | Nuevo Progreso | Benito Juarez | Nuevo Progreso, Río Bravo, Tamaulipas | Progreso – Nuevo Progreso International Bridge | 1952 |
| Los Indios | IND | FM 509 (Cantu Road) | Los Indios, Texas | Lucio Blanco | Carretera Reynosa-Matamoros | Matamoros, Tamaulipas | Free Trade International Bridge | 1992 |
| Brownsville - B&M | BBM | Mexico Street | Brownsville, Texas | Matamoros | Las Americas | Matamoros, Tamaulipas | Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge; no trucks | 1909 |
| Brownsville - Gateway | GTW | SH 4 (International Boulevard) | Brownsville, Texas | Matamoros | Alvaro Obregon | Matamoros, Tamaulipas | Gateway International Bridge; no trucks | 1926 |
| Brownsville - Veterans | BRO | I-69E
US 77
US 83 | Brownsville, Texas | Matamoros | Avenida 5 de Mayo | Matamoros, Tamaulipas | Veterans International Bridge at Los Tomates | 1999 |

## Proposed crossings

This section lists crossings of the US-Mexico Border that are in the planning or construction phases.

| United States
Port of Entry | United States
Road/Highway | City and State | Mexican
Port of Entry | Mexican
Road/Highway | City and State | Status |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Otay Mesa East |
SR 11 Toll | East Otay Mesa, California | Mesa de Otay II |  | Tijuana, Baja California | This is expected to be the first toll-based border crossing on the US-Mexico border. It is planned to open in 2024. |

## Closed crossings

This table includes only those roads where the governments of either the US or Mexico once had Customs or Immigration services.

Also included are places where certain legitimate vehicular or vessel traffic has been permitted to cross the border in recent years.

| United States
port of entry | City, State | Mexico
port of entry | City, State | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| San Ysidro - Virginia Avenue | San Ysidro, California | El Chaparral | Tijuana, Baja California | For many years, all trucks entering the U.S. from Tijuana were inspected at this border crossing just west of the Interstate 5 crossing. It closed in 1984 when the Otay Mesa Port of Entry was completed, and where all truck traffic from Tijuana is now inspected. |
| Campo | Campo, California | Encinal | Encinal, Baja California | Once a popular crossing for tourists in the early 1900s, this crossing was permanently closed during World War II |
| San Miguel Gate | Sells, Arizona | El Bajío | El Bajío, Sonora | This crossing, also known also as "the Gate" has never been a legal border crossing for most people. Nomadic Native Americans are permitted use this gate to traverse their land on both sides of the border. |
| Lochiel | Lochiel, Arizona | Santa Cruz | Santa Cruz de Noria, Sonora | Station of Nogales which closed in 1983 due to lack of traffic. Both border inspection buildings remain. |
| Anapra | Sunland Park, New Mexico | Anapra | Anapra, Chihuahua | Located just 2.4 miles west of the New Mexico-Texas-Mexico tripoint, this crossing was constructed in 1971 with funds from the New Mexico and Juárez governments, with the vision of creating economic development by luring traffic from the busy El Paso crossings. However, with pressure by politicians from Texas who stood to lose liquor tax revenue, the US government refused to staff it. It is unclear if the port ever officially opened. The Mexican federal inspection canopy still stands today. |
| Cordova | El Paso, Texas | Córdova | Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua | When the waters of an 1897 Rio Grande flood receded, the river was found to have changed course, resulting in 386 acres of Mexican territory called "Córdova Island" situated north of the river. Boundary markers and a fence were eventually deployed. In 1959, a border crossing opened on the East side of the island. In 1963, Presidents Kennedy and Ordaz signed a treaty that settled the Chamizal dispute which redistributed land in the area between the US and Mexico. The location where the Córdova crossing was situated (which used to be the only Texas-Mexico border crossing not at the Rio Grande) now lies on Mexican land, on the campus of the Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez. The crossing closed in 1967 when the new Bridge of the Americas crossing opened, where the new Rio Grande channel and new boundary was established. |
| Fabens | Fabens, Texas | Caseta | Caseta, Chihuahua | Fabens was a small border crossing ten miles east of El Paso, Texas. It opened in 1938, and closed on November 17, 2014, when the new Tornillo Port of Entry opened nearby. The Fabens-Caseta International Bridge was too small to handle commercial traffic, and local business interests pressed for an alternate route from the busy commercial crossings in El Paso. |
| Heath Canyon | Heath Canyon, Texas | La Linda | La Linda, Coahuila | The La Linda International Bridge crossing opened in 1964, primarily to serve the Dow Chemical facility on the Mexican side. It was closed to legal traffic in 1989, but was prone to smuggling. The bridge was barricaded in 1997, and it remains in this condition today. Mexico had a border inspection station at this crossing, but the US did not. |
| San Ygnacio | San Ygnacio, Texas | San Ignacio | San Ignacio, Tamaulipas | A motor boat served as a passenger ferry during the 1950s and 1960s. The US Customs Service operated a border inspection station during those years. |
| Zapata | Zapata, Texas | Guerrero | Guerrero, Tamaulipas | Suspension toll bridge was opened in 1931. In 1954, Falcon Dam was completed, and the rising waters left the old town of Zapata, along with the US Customs station and the bridge itself at the bottom of the Falcon International Reservoir. A new town center was constructed on higher ground outside town. |
| Mercedes | Mercedes, Texas | Río Rico | Río Rico, Tamaulipas | The Thayer Bridge (also called the Río Rico Bridge) was built in 1928 and opened up the Mexican border town of Río Rico as a tourist destination during prohibition with bars and even a casino. The crossing was located about two miles (3.2 km) downstream from where the Progreso bridge would later be built. The bridge was destroyed by a flood in 1941. After its destruction, temporary access was provided by ferry and pontoon bridge, but all service had ended by 1946. In 1967, it was discovered that Rio Rico had actually been located on US soil all along, and in 1970, the land was officially ceded to Mexico. Approximately 1000 people who provided evidence they were born in Río Rico over the years were given US citizenship. |

## Rail crossings

**Baja California–California**
| Mexico
rail company | Mexico
nearest community | United States
rail company | United States
nearest community | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| BJRR | Tijuana | SDIY | San Ysidro | Operated along the San Diego and Arizona Eastern Railway's Main Line. |
| FXE | Mexicali | UP | Calexico | Rail tracks lie within the median of the road crossing from Fed. 5 to SR 111. |

**Sonora–Arizona**
| Mexico
rail company | Mexico
nearest community | United States
rail company | United States
nearest community | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| FXE | Nogales | UP | Nogales | Rail tracks lie within the median of the road crossing. |

**Chihuahua–Texas**
| Structure | Mexico
rail company | Mexico
nearest community | United States
rail company | United States
nearest community | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| EP&SW bridge | FXE | Ciudad Juárez | UP / BNSF | El Paso | There are two railroad bridges over the Rio Grande that lie to the west and east of Paso del Norte International Bridge. |
| Presidio–Ojinaga International Rail Bridge | FXE | Ojinaga | TXPF | Presidio | Bridge is temporarily closed due to a fire. |

**Coahuila–Texas**
| Structure | Mexico
rail company | Mexico
nearest community | United States
rail company | United States
nearest community | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Union Pacific International Railroad Bridge | FXE | Piedras Negras | UP | Eagle Pass |  |

**Tamaulipas–Texas**
| Structure | Mexico
rail company | Mexico
nearest community | United States
rail company | United States
nearest community | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Texas Mexican Railway International Bridge | KCSM | Nuevo Laredo | KCS | Laredo |  |
| Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge | KCSM | Matamoros | UP | Brownsville | The road and rail bridges are adjacent, go by the same name, and are partially owned by the Union Pacific Railroad. |

## Closed rail crossings

**Baja California–California**
| Mexico
rail company | Mexico
nearest community | United States
rail company | United States
nearest community | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| BJRR | Lindero | PIRR | Division | The railroad line runs through Tunnel 4 across the border and the former Tunnel 3 to the south. Rail service over the border including Pacific Southwest Railway Museum's *Ticket to Tecate* passenger train was suspended in 2009 due to a fire in Tunnel 3. This section of the line is undergoing reconstruction, which includes the daylighting of Tunnel 3 and rebuilding Tunnel 4's west portal. This crossing lies along the San Diego and Arizona Eastern Railway's Desert Line. |
| Inter-Cal | Algodones | SP | Andrade | Southern Pacific owned Inter-California Railroad ran thru until the late 1950s when the line between Algodones Mexico and Araz Jct. connecting to the "Sunset Route" was shut down. |

**Sonora–Arizona**
| Mexico
rail company | Mexico
nearest community | United States
rail company | United States
nearest community | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| FXE | Naco | EPSW | Naco | The *Ferrocarril Naco-Cananea* was built around 1900 as a mining railroad. The rail line used to lie between South Pratt Avenue and South Friend Drive in Arizona. |
| FXE | Agua Prieta | EPSW | Douglas | Rail tracks lie just to the west of *Avenida Ferrocarril* (Railway Avenue) in Agua Prieta and to the west of Pan American Avenue (US 191) in Douglas. The line was used by the Phelps Dodge Corporation for mineral transport. Jesús García died along this line in 1907. |

**Chihuahua–Texas**
| Structure | Mexico
rail company | Mexico
nearest community | United States
rail company | United States
nearest community | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Paso del Norte Bridge, Stanton Street Bridge |  | Ciudad Juárez | National City Lines | El Paso | Trolley line ran through city streets including the border crossing until the late 1960s. |
| Presidio–Ojinaga International Rail Bridge | FXE | Ojinaga | TXPF | Presidio | Bridge is temporarily closed due to a fire and is expected to reopen. |

## Ferry crossings

**Tamaulipas–Texas**
| Waterway | Ferry company | Mexico
ferry terminal | United States
ferry terminal | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Rio Grande | Los Ebanos Ferry | Gustavo Díaz Ordaz | Los Ebanos | This is a hand-operated cable ferry. |

**Veracruz–Alabama**
| Waterway | Ferry company | Mexico
ferry terminal | United States
ferry terminal | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gulf of Mexico | CG Railway Ferrosur | Port of Coatzacoalcos in Coatzacoalcos | Terminal Railway Alabama State Docks in Mobile | MV *Bali Sea* and MV *Banda Sea* are train ferries that ply the 1,400-kilometre (870 mi) route carrying freight railcars. |


title: List of Muisca museum collections

abstract: This is a list of museum collections pertaining to the Muisca. Most of the Muisca artefacts are housed in the Gold Museum, Bogotá, the museum with the most golden objects in the world. Other findings are in the Archaeology Museum in Sogamoso and in the Archaeology Museum of Pasca. Few artefacts are on display outside Colombia. Most of the objects outside Colombia are tunjos; small offer pieces part of the Muisca religion.

text:
# List of Muisca museum collections

This is a **list** of **museum collections** pertaining to the **Muisca**. Most of the Muisca artefacts are housed in the Gold Museum, Bogotá, the museum with the most golden objects in the world. Other findings are in the Archaeology Museum in Sogamoso and in the Archaeology Museum of Pasca. Few artefacts are on display outside Colombia. Most of the objects outside Colombia are *tunjos*; small offer pieces part of the Muisca religion.

## Muisca museum collections

| Museum | City | Country | Number of objects | Type of objects | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gold Museum | Bogotá | Colombia | 1000s | a.o. Muisca raft |  |
| Archaeology Museum | Sogamoso, Boyacá | Colombia | 3000 | a.o. replica of Sun Temple |  |
| Archaeology Museum | Pasca, Cundinamarca | Colombia | a.o. replica of Muisca raft, mummies | |  |
| Metropolitan Museum of Art | New York City | United States | 22 | *tunjos*, pendants, mask, mold, handle, diadem |  |
| Museum of Fine Arts | Houston, Texas | United States | 21 | *tunjos*, pendants, noserings, earrings, beads |  |
| Cleveland Museum of Art | Cleveland, Ohio | United States | 13 | 9 *tunjos*, 2 beads, 2 pendants |  |
| Art Institute of Chicago | Chicago, Illinois | United States | 4 | *tunjos* |  |
| Baltimore Museum of Art | Baltimore, Maryland | United States | 2 | *tunjos* |  |
| Brooklyn Museum | New York City | United States | 2 | *tunjo* & yopo tray |  |
| Dallas Museum of Art | Dallas, Texas | United States | 2 | *tunjos* |  |
| National Museum of the American Indian | Washington D.C. | United States | 2 | *tunjo* & ceramic head |  |
| Yale University Art Gallery | New Haven, Connecticut | United States | 1 | pendant |  |
| Princeton University Art Museum | Princeton, New Jersey | United States | 1 | *tunjo* |  |
| Denver Art Museum | Denver, Colorado | United States | 1 | ceramic jar |  |
| American Museum of Natural History | New York City | United States | 1 | *tunjo* |  |
| Hunt Museum | Limerick | Ireland | 1 | *tunjo* |  |
| The Israel Museum | Jerusalem | Israel | 1 | pectoral |  |
| British Museum | London | United Kingdom | 2 | *tunjo* & mummy |  |
|


title: List of Muisca toponyms

abstract: This list contains the toponyms in Muisca, the language of the Muisca who inhabited the Colombian Altiplano Cundiboyacense before the Spanish conquest of the Muisca in the 1530s. The name of the language of the Muisca is called Chibcha, Muisca or, in its own language, Muysccubun. Muisca means "man", "person" or "people". Most names of the Muisca have been kept by the Spanish colonists, though some are slightly altered through time. A number of names refer to the farmfields (tá) or other geographical features of the region. The name of the department of Cundinamarca is an exception, it is inferred the name comes not from Chibcha, yet from Quechua, meaning condor's nest. Chibcha language toponyms outside the Muisca Confederation territories, such as the Guane, Lache, U'wa or Sutagao and Spanish language toponyms within the Muisca Confederation are not included.

text:
# List of Muisca toponyms

This **list** contains the **toponyms** (place names) in **Muisca**, the language of the Muisca who inhabited the Colombian Altiplano Cundiboyacense before the Spanish conquest of the Muisca in the 1530s. The name of the language of the Muisca is called Chibcha, Muisca or, in its own language, Muysccubun. Muisca means "man", "person" or "people".

Most names of the Muisca have been kept by the Spanish colonists, though some are slightly altered through time. A number of names refer to the farmfields () or other geographical features of the region. The name of the department of Cundinamarca is an exception, it is inferred the name comes not from Chibcha, yet from Quechua, meaning *condor's nest*.

Chibcha language toponyms outside the Muisca Confederation territories, such as the Guane, Lache, U'wa or Sutagao and Spanish language toponyms within the Muisca Confederation are not included.

## Muisca toponyms

| (Modern) name
bold is capital | Department
bold is capital | Ruler(s)
bold is seat | Meaning(s) in Muysccubun
bold is personal name | Notes | Map |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bogotá
Bogotá Formation
Bogotá River
Bogotá savanna
**Bacatá**
Muequetá | **Cundinamarca**, Capital District | ***zipa*** | *(Enclosure) outside the farm fields* |  |  |
| Tunja
**Hunza** | **Boyacá** | ***zaque*** | *Proud lord* |  |  |
| Duitama
**Tundama**
Tundama Province | Boyacá | ***Tundama*** | Named after *cacique **Tundama*** |  |  |
| Sogamoso
**Suamox**
Sugamuxi Province | Boyacá | ***iraca*** | *Dwelling of the Sun* (Sué) |  |  |
| Arcabuco
Arcabuco Formation | Boyacá | *cacique* | *Place of the intricate scrublands*
*Place enclosed by the hills* |  |  |
| Betéitiva | Boyacá | *cacique* | *Chief of the mouth*
Named after *cacique **Betacín*** |  |  |
| Boavita | Boyacá | *cacique* | *Point on the hill worshipping the Sun*
*Gate of the Sun* |  |  |
| Boyacá
Boyacá Department | Boyacá | *zaque* | *Region of the blankets*
*Enclosure of the cacique* |  |  |
| Busbanzá | Boyacá | *iraca* | Named after *cacique **Boazá*** |  |  |
| Cerinza | Boyacá | *Tundama* | *My throat*
Named after *cacique **Cerinza*** |  |  |
| Chinavita | Boyacá | *zaque* | *Our point* or *illuminated hill top* |  |  |
| Chiquinquirá
Chiquinquirá Sandstone
Chiquinquirá Valley | Boyacá | *cacique* | *Place of swamps covered with fog*
Also: *Holy people*, because of the
Fúquene Lake ceremonies |  |  |
| Chíquiza | Boyacá | *zaque* | *Only* or *alone*, *Chiqui* means priest
*Hairy field* |  |  |
| Chitagoto
part of Paz de Río | Boyacá | *Tundama* | From *cacique **Chitagoto*** |  |  |
| Chitaraque | Boyacá | *zaque* | *Our vigorous farmfields from before* |  |  |
| Chivatá | Boyacá | *zaque* | *Our outside farmfields* |  |  |
| Chivor
Chivor Mine | Boyacá | *cacique* | *Our farmfields - our mother*
*Green and rich land* |  |  |
| Ciénega | Boyacá | *zaque* | *Place of water* |  |  |
| Cómbita | Boyacá | *cacique* | *Force of the summit*
*Hand of the jaguar and wheel of life* |  |  |
| Covarachía | Boyacá | *cacique* | *Land of the Sun and the Moon*
*Cave of the Moon* |  |  |
| Cucaita | Boyacá | *zaque* | *Seminary enclosure*
*Shade of the farming fields* |  |  |
| Cuítiva | Boyacá | *iraca* | *Similarity to the chief* |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Firavitoba | Boyacá | *iraca* | Air of clouds |  |  |
| Gachantivá | Boyacá | *zaque* | *Chief of the **Gacha*** |  |  |
| Gámeza | Boyacá | *iraca* | *Serf of the Sun* |  |  |
| Garagoa | Boyacá | *zaque* | *Behind the hill*
*On the other side of the hill* |  |  |
| Guateque
Guatoc | Boyacá | *cacique* | *Stream of the ravine*
*Lord of the winds* |  |  |
| Guayatá | Boyacá | *cacique* | *Domain of the female cacique*
From ***Guaya*** (creek in Tenza) and "tá" (*farmfields* or *land over there*) |  |  |
| Iza
Iza—Paipa volcanic complex | Boyacá | *iraca* | *Place of healing* |  |  |
| Lengupá Province
Lengupá River | Boyacá | *zaque* | "Len": *site*; "Gua": *of the river*; "Paba": *father* or *chief* |  |  |
| Macanal
Macanal Formation | Boyacá | *zaque* | From: *Macana*: *palm tree* or *garrote* |  |  |
| Mongua | Boyacá | *iraca* | *Bath on the hill*
*Sunrise* |  |  |
| Moniquirá
Moniquirá River | Boyacá | *cacique* | *Place of bath* |  |  |
| Motavita | Boyacá | *zaque* | *Washing place to prepare for growing crops* |  |  |
| Nobsa | Boyacá | *Tundama* | *Decent bath of today* |  |  |
| Oicatá | Boyacá | *zaque* | *Domain of the priests*
*Hailstoned farmlands* |  |  |
| Pachavita | Boyacá | *zaque* | *Peak of the man*
*Proud chief* |  |  |
| Paipa
Iza—Paipa volcanic complex | Boyacá | *Tundama* | Named after the *cacique* of the ***Paipa*** people |  |  |
| Paya | Boyacá | *cacique* | *People of hope* |  |  |
| Pesca | Boyacá | *iraca* | *Strong enclosure*
*Domain of the fortress* |  |  |
| Pisba
PNN Pisba | Boyacá | *cacique* | *Honourable domain from before* |  |  |
| Ramiriquí
Ramaraquí | Boyacá | *zaque* | *White earth*
*Ca-Mi-Quiqui* |  |  |
| Ráquira | Boyacá | *cacique* | *Village of the pans* |  |  |
| Saboyá | Boyacá | *cacique* | *Taste for the blankets*
Named after *cacique **Saboyá*** |  |  |
| Sáchica | Boyacá | *zaque* | *our present domain*
*fortress* or *mansion of the sovereign* |  |  |
| San Miguel de Sema | Boyacá | *zaque* | Named after the **Sema** tribe, part of the Muisca |  |  |
| Sativanorte | Boyacá | *Tundama* | Named after the *cacique* **Sátiva** |  |  |
| Sativasur | Boyacá | *Tundama* | Named after the *cacique* **Sátiva** |  |  |
| Siachoque | Boyacá | *zaque* | *Land of the vigorous taste*
*Place of good smells and strong and vigorous cultures* |  |  |
| Soatá
Soatá Formation | Boyacá | *Tundama* | *Farmfields of the Sun* |  |  |
| Socotá
Socotá Formation | Boyacá | *iraca*
*Tundama* | *Good harvest*
*Land of the Sun and farmfields* |  |  |
| Somondoco | Boyacá | *zaque* | *So* = stone, *Mon* = bath, *Co* = support
Named after *cacique **Somendoco*** or ***Sumindoco*** |  |  |
| Sora | Boyacá | *zaque* | *Devil worshipper* |  |  |
| Soracá | Boyacá | *zaque* | *Ruling mansion of the sovereign* |  |  |
| Sotaquirá | Boyacá | *zaque* | *Town of the sovereign* |  |  |
| Susacón | Boyacá | *Tundama* | *Ally of the cacique **Susa*** |  |  |
| Sutamarchán | Boyacá | *zaque* | Merchant of the sovereign ***Suta***
*Marchán* refers to 18th century encomendero Pedro Merchan de Velasco |  |  |
| Sutatenza | Boyacá | *zaque* | *Cloud behind the mouth*
*Descending to the house of the cacique* |  |  |
| Tenza
Tenza Valley
Tanazuca | Boyacá | *cacique* | *Behind the mouth*
*Going down at night* |  |  |
| Tibaná | Boyacá | *zaque* | Named after ***Tibanaes***
"Tiba" means *chief* |  |  |
| Tibasosa
Tibasosa Formation | Boyacá | *Tundama*
*iraca* | *Chief of the domain* |  |  |
| Tinjacá | Boyacá | *zaque* | *Enclosure of the powerful lord* |  |  |
| Tipacoque | Boyacá | *zaque* | Name of the hacienda of the Augustines
*Dependency of the zaque* |  |  |
| Toca | Boyacá | *iraca* | *Domain of the river* |  |  |
| Togüí | Boyacá | *zaque* | *River of the wife* or *house of the dog* |  |  |
| Tópaga | Boyacá | *cacique* | *Behind father river* |  |  |
| Tota
Lake Tota | Boyacá | *iraca* | *Farmfields of the river* |  |  |
| Turmequé | Boyacá | *zaque* | *Vigorous chief* |  |  |
| Tuta | Boyacá | *zaque* | *Borrowed farmlands* or *Property of the Sun*
Named after the ***Tuta*** tribe |  |  |
| Tutazá | Boyacá | *cacique* | Named after *cacique **Tutazúa**; son of the Sun* |  |  |
| Úmbita | Boyacá | *cacique* | *Your point, your summit, summit of the farmlands* |  |  |
| Viracachá | Boyacá | *zaque* | *Air of the lake* or *lord of the enclosure of the wind* |  |  |
| Zetaquira | Boyacá | *zaque* | *Land of the snake* or *City of the snake* |  |  |
| Bojacá
Bojacá River | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | *Purple enclosure* |  |  |
| Cajicá | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | From *ca* and *jica*; "stone fortress"
From the *cacique **Cajic*** |
 |  |
| Cáqueza
Cáqueza Group | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | *Region* or *enclosure without forest* |  |  |
| Chía
Chía Formation | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | Named after ***Chía***, Moon goddess |  |  |
| Chipaque
Chipaque Formation | Cundinamarca | *cacique* | Derived from *Chipapabacue*; *Forest of our ancestors* |  |  |
| Choachí | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | Derived from *Chi-gua-chí*; *our mountain of the Moon* |  |  |
| Chocontá | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | *Farmlands of the good ally* |  |  |
| Cogua | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | *Support of the hill* |  |  |
| Cota | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | From personal name ***Gota*** or *cota*; "curl" |  |  |
| Cucunubá | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | *Similarity to a face* |  |  |
| Facatativá | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | *Strong enclosure at the end of the plains* |  |  |
| Fómeque
Fómeque Formation | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | *Your forest of the foxes* |  |  |
| Funza
Funza River | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | *Powerful lord* |  |  |
| Fúquene
Lake Fúquene | Cundinamarca | *zipa*
*zaque* | From  and *quyny*; *bed of the fox*
Named after the god ***Fu***; *bed of Fu* |  |  |
| Gachancipá | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | *Pottery of the zipa* |  |  |
| Gachalá | Cundinamarca | *cacique* | *Clay vessel* or *defeat of the night* |  |  |
| Gachetá
Gachetá Formation | Cundinamarca | *cacique* | *Behind our farmfields* |  |  |
| Gama | Cundinamarca | *cacique* | *Our back* |  |  |
| Guachetá | Cundinamarca | *cacique* | *Farmlands of the hill* |  |  |
| Guasca | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | From *guâ* and *shucâ*; *skirt of the mountain range* |  |  |
| Guatavita
Lake Guatavita | Cundinamarca | *cacique* | *End of the farmlands* |  |  |
| Lenguazaque | Cundinamarca | *zaque* | *End of the reign of the zaque* |  |  |
| Machetá | Cundinamarca | *zaque* | *Your honourable farmfields* |  |  |
| Manta | Cundinamarca | *cacique* | *Your farmfields* |  |  |
| Nemocón | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | From *Enemocón*; *sadness of the warrior*
Named after **Nemequene** |  |  |
| Pacho
*Guataque* or *Gotaque* | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | *Good father*
"Gua" = *mountain*, "tha"; *strong* and "que"; *elevated*; *strong elevated mountain* |  |  |
| Pasca | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | *Father's enclosure* |  |  |
| Quetame
Quetame Group | Cundinamarca | *cacique* | *Our farmfields of the mountain* |  |  |
| Sesquilé | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | *Hot water* |  |  |
| Sibaté | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | *Leak of the lake* |  |  |
| Simijaca
Simijaca Formation | Cundinamarca | *zaque* (\<1490)
*zipa* (1490–1537) | *Blue circle* or *nose of the white owl* |  |  |
| Soacha
Soacha Province
Soacha River | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | *Súa*; Sun god **Sué** and *chá*; *Man of the Sun* |  |  |
| Sopó | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | *Rock* or *strong hill* |  |  |
| Subachoque
Subachoque River
Subachoque Formation | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | *Work of the Sun*
*Farmfields of the front* |  |  |
| Suesca
Lake Suesca | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | *Rock of the birds* or *Tail of the macaw* |  |  |
| Susa | Cundinamarca | *zaque* (\<1490)
*zipa* (1490–1537) | *White reed* or *soft reed* |  |  |
| Sutatausa | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | *Small tribute* |  |  |
| Tabio | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | *Mouth \[of the river\]* |  |  |
| Tausa | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | *Tribute* |  |  |
| Tena
Zuca | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | *Place of rest for the zipa* |  |  |
| Tenjo | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | *In the mouth* |  |  |
| Tequendama
Tequendama Falls
Tequendama Province | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | *He who precipitates downward* |  |  |
| Tibacuy | Cundinamarca | *zipa*
Panche | *Official chief* |  |  |
| Tibiritá | Cundinamarca | *zaque* |  |  |  |
| Tocancipá | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | *Valley of the joys of the zipa* |  |  |
| Ubalá | Cundinamarca | *cacique* | *Place on the hillside* or *At the foot of the hillside* |  |  |
| Ubaque | Cundinamarca | *cacique* | From *Ybaque*; blooding Eucalyptus tree or from *Ebaque* |  |  |
| Ubaté
Ubaté Province
Ubaté River
Ubaté Valley | Cundinamarca | *zaque* (\<1490)
*zipa* (1490–1537) | *Sower of the mouth* or *blooded land* |  |  |
| Une
Une Formation | Cundinamarca | *cacique* | *Drop it* or *mud* |  |  |
| Zipacón | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | *Crying of the zipa* |  |  |
| Zipaquirá | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | *City of our father* |  |  |
| Charalá | Santander | *cacique* | Named after the Guane *cacique **Chalala*** |  |  |
| Chipatá | Santander | *cacique* | "chi" = *our*, "pa" = *father*, "tá" = *farmland*
Named after *cacique **Chipatá*** |  |  |
| Onzaga | Santander | *Tundama* | From *cacique **Hunzaá*** |  |  |
| Bosa | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | *Enclosure of the one who guards and defends the cornfields* |  |  |
| Engativá | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | From ***Ingativá***; *Cacique of the land of the Sun*
*Engue-tivá*; *captain of the delicious \[people\]* |  |  |
| Fontibón | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | *Powerful chief* |  |  |
| Suba
Suba Hills | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | From "sua"; *Sun* and "sie"; *water*
From "uba"; *fruit* or *flower* and "sua"; *Sun*; *Flower of the Sun* |  |  |
| Teusaquillo | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | From *Teusacá*; *borrowed enclosure* |  |  |
| Tunjuelito
Tunjuelo Formation
Tunjuelo River | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | Diminutive form of *tunjo*; anthropomorph made of gold |  |  |
| Usaquén | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | From *cacique* ***Usaque***; *Usaque* means "under the pole" |  |  |
| Usme
Usme Fault
Usme Formation | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | *Nest of love* |  |  |
| El Chicó | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | *Chicó* comes from *chicú*; "our ally" |  |  |
| Techo
Techo wetland | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | From *cacique **Techitina*** |  |  |
| Chingaza | Cundinamarca | *zipa*
Guayupe | *Middle of the width* |  |  |
| Siecha Lakes | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | *House of the Lord* |  |  |
| Tibabuyes | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | *Land of the farmers* |  |  |
| Maiporé | Cundinamarca | *zipa* | *Welcome* |  |  |
|

### Bibliography

* Espejo Olaya, Maria Bernarda (1999), *Notas sobre toponimia en algunas coplas colombianas* \[*Notes about toponomy of some Colombian ballads - Thesaurus*\] (PDF) (in Spanish), vol. Tomo LIV, Núm. 3., pp. 1102–1157, retrieved 2016-07-08
* Ocampo López, Javier (2001), *El imaginario en Boyacá: la identidad del pueblo boyacense y su proyección en la simbología regional (Volume 2: El imaginario colectivo en los pensadores boyacenses)*, Bogotá, Colombia: Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, pp. 1–157, ISBN 978-958-9160-90-9
* Román, Ángel Luís (2008), *Necesidades fundacionales e historia indígena imaginada de Cajicá: una revisión de esta mirada a través de fuentes primarias (1593-1638) - Foundational needs and imagined indigenous history of Cajicá: a review of this look using primary sources (1593-1638)* (PDF) (in Spanish), Bogotá, Colombia: Universidad de los Andes, pp. 276–313, retrieved 2016-07-08


abstract: The Padma Bhushan is the third-highest civilian award of the Republic of India. Instituted on 2 January 1954, the award is given for "distinguished service of a high order", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex. The recipients receive a Sanad, a certificate signed by the President of India and a circular-shaped medallion with no monetary association. The recipients are announced every year on Republic Day (26 January) and registered in The Gazette of India—a publication used for official government notices and released weekly by the Department of Publication, under the Ministry of Urban Development. The conferral of the award is not considered official without its publication in the Gazette. The name of recipient, whose award have been revoked or restored, both of which require the authority of the President, is archived and they are required to surrender their medal when their name is struck from the register; none of the conferments of Padma Bhushan during 1970–1979 have been revoked or restored. The recommendations are received from all the state and the union territory governments, as well as from Ministries of the Government of India, the Bharat Ratna and the Padma Vibhushan awardees, the Institutes of Excellence, the Ministers, the Chief Ministers and the Governors of State, and the Members of Parliament including private individuals. When instituted in 1954, the Padma Bhushan was classified as "Dusra Varg" under the three-tier Padma Vibhushan awards, which were preceded by the Bharat Ratna in hierarchy. On 15 January 1955, the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards as the Padma Vibhushan, the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Shri. The criteria included "distinguished service of a high order in any field including service rendered by Government servants", but excluded those working with the public sector undertakings with the exception of doctors and scientists. The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards; this was subsequently modified in the January 1955 statute. The design was also changed to the form that is currently in use; it portrays a circular-shaped toned bronze medallion 1+3⁄4 inches (44 mm) in diameter and 1⁄8 inch (3.2 mm) thick. The centrally placed pattern made of outer lines of a square of 1+3⁄16-inch (30 mm) side is embossed with a knob carved within each of the outer angles of the pattern. A raised circular space of diameter 1+1⁄16 inches (27 mm) is placed at the centre of the decoration. A centrally located lotus flower is embossed on the obverse side of the medal and the text "Padma" is placed above and the text "Bhushan" is placed below the lotus written in Devanagari script. The State Emblem of India is displayed in the centre of the reverse side, together with the national motto of India, "Satyameva Jayate" in Devanagari script, which is inscribed on the lower edge. The rim, the edges and all embossing on either side is of standard gold with the text "Padma Bhushan" of gold gilt. The medal is suspended by a pink riband 1+1⁄4 inches (32 mm) in width with a broad white stripe in the middle. It is ranked fifth in the order of precedence of wearing of medals and decorations of the Indian civilian and military awards. As the result of the 6th general election held in March 1977, Morarji Desai was sworn in as the Prime Minister of India on 24 March 1977 replacing the Indira Gandhi led government of the Indian National Congress. On 31 July, the newly formed government retracted all the civilian awards including the Padma Bhushan deeming them "worthless and politicized". After the 7th general election of 1980 Gandhi was again sworn in as the Prime Minister and all civilian awards were reinstated on 25 January 1980. Consequently, this award was not presented in 1978 and 1979. A total of 205 awards were presented in the 1970s – twenty-eight in 1970, followed by forty-one in 1971, fifty in 1972, seventeen in 1973, twenty-one in 1974, fifteen in 1975, sixteen in 1976 and seventeen in 1977. The Padma Bhushan in the 1970s was also conferred upon eight foreign recipients – four from the United States, two from Italy, and one each from Belgium and the United Kingdom. Individuals from nine different fields were awarded, which includes forty-eight from literature and education, forty-three from civil services, thirty-four artists, twenty-six from science and engineering, twenty-one from social work, seventeen from medicine, twelve from trade and industry, three from public affairs, and one sportsperson. Novelist Khushwant Singh, who accepted the award in 1974 in the field of literature and education, returned it in 1984 as a notion of protest against the Operation Blue Star.

text:
# List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1970–1979)

The Padma Bhushan is the third-highest civilian award of the Republic of India. Instituted on 2 January 1954, the award is given for "distinguished service of a high order", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex. The recipients receive a *Sanad*, a certificate signed by the President of India and a circular-shaped medallion with no monetary association. The recipients are announced every year on Republic Day (26 January) and registered in *The Gazette of India*a publication used for official government notices and released weekly by the Department of Publication, under the Ministry of Urban Development. The conferral of the award is not considered official without its publication in the *Gazette*. The name of recipient, whose award have been revoked or restored, both of which require the authority of the President, is archived and they are required to surrender their medal when their name is struck from the register; none of the conferments of Padma Bhushan during 1970–1979 have been revoked or restored. The recommendations are received from all the state and the union territory governments, as well as from Ministries of the Government of India, the Bharat Ratna and the Padma Vibhushan awardees, the Institutes of Excellence, the Ministers, the Chief Ministers and the Governors of State, and the Members of Parliament including private individuals.

When instituted in 1954, the Padma Bhushan was classified as "Dusra Varg" (Class II) under the three-tier Padma Vibhushan awards, which were preceded by the Bharat Ratna in hierarchy. On 15 January 1955, the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards as the Padma Vibhushan, the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Shri. The criteria included "distinguished service of a high order in any field including service rendered by Government servants", but excluded those working with the public sector undertakings with the exception of doctors and scientists. The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards; this was subsequently modified in the January 1955 statute. The design was also changed to the form that is currently in use; it portrays a circular-shaped toned bronze medallion 1+34 inches (44 mm) in diameter and 18 inch (3.2 mm) thick. The centrally placed pattern made of outer lines of a square of 1+316-inch (30 mm) side is embossed with a knob carved within each of the outer angles of the pattern. A raised circular space of diameter 1+116 inches (27 mm) is placed at the centre of the decoration. A centrally located lotus flower is embossed on the obverse side of the medal and the text "Padma" is placed above and the text "Bhushan" is placed below the lotus written in Devanagari script. The State Emblem of India is displayed in the centre of the reverse side, together with the national motto of India, "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari script, which is inscribed on the lower edge. The rim, the edges and all embossing on either side is of standard gold with the text "Padma Bhushan" of gold gilt. The medal is suspended by a pink riband 1+14 inches (32 mm) in width with a broad white stripe in the middle. It is ranked fifth in the order of precedence of wearing of medals and decorations of the Indian civilian and military awards.

As the result of the 6th general election held in March 1977, Morarji Desai was sworn in as the Prime Minister of India on 24 March 1977 replacing the Indira Gandhi led government of the Indian National Congress. On 31 July, the newly formed government retracted all the civilian awards including the Padma Bhushan deeming them "worthless and politicized". After the 7th general election of 1980 Gandhi was again sworn in as the Prime Minister and all civilian awards were reinstated on 25 January 1980. Consequently, this award was not presented in 1978 and 1979.

A total of 205 awards were presented in the 1970s   twenty-eight in 1970, followed by forty-one in 1971, fifty in 1972, seventeen in 1973, twenty-one in 1974, fifteen in 1975, sixteen in 1976 and seventeen in 1977. The Padma Bhushan in the 1970s was also conferred upon eight foreign recipients   four from the United States, two from Italy, and one each from Belgium and the United Kingdom. Individuals from nine different fields were awarded, which includes forty-eight from literature and education, forty-three from civil services, thirty-four artists, twenty-six from science and engineering, twenty-one from social work, seventeen from medicine, twelve from trade and industry, three from public affairs, and one sportsperson. Novelist Khushwant Singh, who accepted the award in 1974 in the field of literature and education, returned it in 1984 as a notion of protest against the Operation Blue Star.

## Recipients

| Award recipients by year Year Number of recipients  1970 28  1971 41  1972 50  1973 17  1974 21  1975 15  1976 16  1977 17  1978 0  1979 0 | Award recipients by field Field Number of recipients  Arts 34  Civil Service 43  Literature & Education 48  Medicine 17  Public Affairs 3  Science & Engineering 26  Social Work 21  Sports 1  Trade & Industry 12 |
| --- | --- |

Key
| \# Indicates a posthumous honour |
| --- |

List of Padma Bhushan award recipients, showing the year, field, and state/country
| Year | Recipient | Field | State |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1970 | Ramkinkar Baij | Arts | West Bengal |
| 1970 | Hirabai Barodekar | Arts | Maharashtra |
| 1970 | Buddhadeb Bose | Literature & Education | West Bengal |
| 1970 | M. R. Brahmam | Civil Service | Andhra Pradesh |
| 1970 | Amiya Chakravarty | Literature & Education | West Bengal |
| 1970 | T. S. Avinashilingam Chettiar | Literature & Education | Tamil Nadu |
| 1970 | Birendra Nath Ganguli | Literature & Education | Delhi |
| 1970 | Lala Hansraj Gupta | Public Affairs | Haryana |
| 1970 | Ratan Lal Joshi | Literature & Education | Delhi |
| 1970 | Gurram Jashuva | Literature & Education | Andhra Pradesh |
| 1970 | Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar | Social Work | Maharashtra |
| 1970 | Kumari Kamala | Arts | Tamil Nadu |
| 1970 | Purushottam Kashinath Kelkar | Literature & Education | Maharashtra |
| 1970 | M. S. Krishnan | Science & Engineering | Tamil Nadu |
| 1970 | Syed Abdul Latif | Literature & Education | Andhra Pradesh |
| 1970 | Bhagwantrao Mandloi | Public Affairs | Madhya Pradesh |
| 1970 | Mahesh Prasad Mehray | Medicine | Uttar Pradesh |
| 1970 | Sombhu Mitra | Arts | West Bengal |
| 1970 | Vivekananda Mukhopadhyaya | Literature & Education | West Bengal |
| 1970 | Krishnaswami Ramiah | Science & Engineering | Tamil Nadu |
| 1970 | Gainedi A. Narasimha Rao | Civil Service | Andhra Pradesh |
| 1970 | Anant alias Annasaheb Sahasrabuddhe | Social Work | Maharashtra |
| 1970 | Surrendar Saini | Social Work | Delhi |
| 1970 | Viswanatha Satyanarayana | Literature & Education | Andhra Pradesh |
| 1970 | Ahmed Jan Thirakwa | Arts | Uttar Pradesh |
| 1970 | N. M. Wagle | Civil Service | Maharashtra |
| 1970 | Prem Nath Wahi | Civil Service | Delhi |
| 1970 | Yashpal | Literature & Education | Punjab |
| 1971 | N. Ramaswami Ayyar | Social Work | Tamil Nadu |
| 1971 | Suraj Bhan | Literature & Education | Chandigarh |
| 1971 | Gokulbhai Bhatt | Social Work | Rajasthan |
| 1971 | Jaishankar Bhojak | Arts | Gujarat |
| 1971 | Monindra Nath Chakravarti | Civil Service | West Bengal |
| 1971 | Kandathil Mammen Cherian | Literature & Education | Kerala |
| 1971 | Jogesh Chandra De | Trade & Industry | West Bengal |
| 1971 | Ramrao Deshmukh | Trade & Industry | Maharashtra |
| 1971 | Satish Dhawan | Science & Engineering | Karnataka |
| 1971 | Bhalchandra Digambar Garware | Trade & Industry | Maharashtra |
| 1971 | Gangubai Hangal | Arts | Karnataka |
| 1971 | Musiri Subramania Iyer | Arts | Tamil Nadu |
| 1971 | P Tiruvillvamalai Seshan M. Iyer | Arts | Tamil Nadu |
| 1971 | Jainendra Kumar Jain | Literature & Education | Delhi |
| 1971 | Mungtu Ram Jaipuria | Social Work | Delhi |
| 1971 | Veni Shankar Jha | Literature & Education | Madhya Pradesh |
| 1971 | Raj Kapoor | Arts | Punjab |
| 1971 | A. Vithal alias Dhananjay Keer | Literature & Education | Maharashtra |
| 1971 | Amir Khan | Arts | Maharashtra |
| 1971 | Nissar Hussain Khan | Arts | Uttar Pradesh |
| 1971 | P. Kalathil Kunju Kurup | Arts | Kerala |
| 1971 | R. K. Laxman | Arts | Maharashtra |
| 1971 | Shantilal Jamnadas Mehta | Medicine | Maharashtra |
| 1971 | Ved Rattan Mohan | Trade & Industry | Uttar Pradesh |
| 1971 | Kedar Nath Mookerjee | Trade & Industry | West Bengal |
| 1971 | Santosh Kumar Mukerji | Medicine | Madhya Pradesh |
| 1971 | Bishnupada Mukhopadhyaya | Medicine | Bihar |
| 1971 | Kalindi Charan Panigrahi | Literature & Education | Odisha |
| 1971 | Manibhai J. Patel | Trade & Industry | Madhya Pradesh |
| 1971 | D. K. Pattammal | Arts | Tamil Nadu |
| 1971 | Krishnarao Phulambrikar | Arts | Maharashtra |
| 1971 | Venkatarama Ramalingam Pillai | Literature & Education | Tamil Nadu |
| 1971 | Vulimiri Ramalingaswami | Medicine | Tamil Nadu |
| 1971 | Suresh Chandra Roy | Trade & Industry | West Bengal |
| 1971 | Pandurang Vasudeo Sukhatme | Science & Engineering |  |
| 1971 | Pichu Sambamoorthi | Arts | Tamil Nadu |
| 1971 | Devchand Chhaganlal Shah | Social Work | Maharashtra |
| 1971 | Madan Mohan Singh | Medicine | Delhi |
| 1971 | Bhagwati Charan Verma | Literature & Education | Uttar Pradesh |
| 1971 | Parmeshwari Lal Verma | Civil Service | Chandigarh |
| 1971 | Kasturi Lal Vij | Civil Service | Delhi |
| 1972 | Jagjit Singh Aurora | Civil Service | Delhi |
| 1972 | Madhavrao Bagal | Social Work | Maharashtra |
| 1972 | Surinder Singh Bedi | Civil Service | Delhi |
| 1972 | Gopal Gurunath Bewoor | Civil Service | Karnataka |
| 1972 | Gulestan Rustom Billimoria | Social Work | Maharashtra |
| 1972 | Kunhiraman Palat Candeth | Civil Service | Delhi |
| 1972 | Ram Narayan Chakravarti | Science & Engineering | West Bengal |
| 1972 | Pran Nath Chhutani | Literature & Education | Chandigarh |
| 1972 | Yashodhara Dasappa | Social Work | Karnataka |
| 1972 | Maheshwar Dayal | Social Work | Delhi |
| 1972 | Hari Chand Dewan | Civil Service | Punjab |
| 1972 | Minoo Merwan Engineer | Civil Service | Gujarat |
| 1972 | Benoy Bhushan Ghosh | Civil Service | West Bengal |
| 1972 | Inderjit Singh Gill | Civil Service | Maharashtra |
| 1972 | Mohd. Hayath | Civil Service | Karnataka |
| 1972 | Lakhumal Hiranand Hiranandani | Medicine | Maharashtra |
| 1972 | L. A. Krishna Iyer | Science & Engineering | Kerala |
| 1972 | Sourendra Nath Kohli | Civil Service | Punjab |
| 1972 | Jai Krishna | Civil Service | Uttar Pradesh |
| 1972 | Nilakanta Krishnan | Civil Service | Tamil Nadu |
| 1972 | Ashwini Kumar | Civil Service | Punjab |
| 1972 | Pran Nath Luthra | Civil Service | Punjab |
| 1972 | Amrut V. Mody | Civil Service | Maharashtra |
| 1972 | N. G. Krishna Murti | Civil Service | Delhi |
| 1972 | T. A. Pai | Civil Service | Karnataka |
| 1972 | Vinayakrao Patwardhan | Arts | Maharashtra |
| 1972 | Dattatraya Yeshwant Phadke | Science & Engineering | Maharashtra |
| 1972 | Kayalath Pothen Philip | Literature & Education | Maharashtra |
| 1972 | Bhalchandra Nilkanth Purandare | Medicine | Maharashtra |
| 1972 | Tapishwar Narain Raina | Civil Service | Jammu & Kashmir |
| 1972 | Bharat Ram | Trade & Industry | Delhi |
| 1972 | Mohinder Singh Randhawa | Science & Engineering | Punjab |
| 1972 | Adya Rangacharya | Literature & Education | Karnataka |
| 1972 | M. B. Ramachandra Rao | Science & Engineering | Delhi |
| 1972 | Ayyagari Sambasiva Rao | Science & Engineering | Andhra Pradesh |
| 1972 | Sujoy B. Roy | Medicine | West Bengal |
| 1972 | Khusro Faramurz Rustamji | Civil Service | Madhya Pradesh |
| 1972 | Sirtaj Singh Sahi | Civil Service | Chandigarh |
| 1972 | Shantilal C. Sheth | Medicine | Maharashtra |
| 1972 | Baldev Singh | Medicine | Delhi |
| 1972 | Khem Karan Singh | Civil Service | Punjab |
| 1972 | Sartaj Singh | Civil Service | Punjab |
| 1972 | Sagat Singh | Civil Service | Punjab |
| 1972 | Birendranath Sircar | Arts | Bihar |
| 1972 | Papanasam Sivan | Arts | Tamil Nadu |
| 1972 | Chandrika Prasad Srivastava | Civil Service |  |
| 1972 | M. S. Swaminathan | Science & Engineering | Tamil Nadu |
| 1972 | Krishnaswami Swaminathan | Literature & Education | Delhi |
| 1972 | Bal Dattatreya Tilak | Science & Engineering | Maharashtra |
| 1972 | Syed Husain Zaheer | Trade & Industry | Andhra Pradesh |
| 1973 | Om P. Bahl | Science & Engineering |  |
| 1973 | C. Vaidyanatha Bhagavathar | Arts | Kerala |
| 1973 | Gosasp Maneckji Sorabji Captain | Social Work | Maharashtra |
| 1973 | Harindranath Chattopadhyay | Literature & Education | Andhra Pradesh |
| 1973 | Banarsidas Chaturvedi | Literature & Education | Uttar Pradesh |
| 1973 | M. A. Muthiah Chettiar | Trade & Industry | Tamil Nadu |
| 1973 | M. F. Husain | Arts | Delhi |
| 1973 | Pothan Joseph# | Literature & Education | Kerala |
| 1973 | N. R. Malkani | Social Work | Rajasthan |
| 1973 | Vinoo Mankad | Sports | Gujarat |
| 1973 | Sudhir Krishna Mukherjee | Civil Service | West Bengal |
| 1973 | Ramakant Maheshwar Muzumdar | Civil Service | Karnataka |
| 1973 | Krishnarao Shankar Pandit | Arts | Madhya Pradesh |
| 1973 | Pitambar Pant | Civil Service | Uttar Pradesh |
| 1973 | Vennelakanti Raghavaiah | Social Work | Andhra Pradesh |
| 1973 | Raja Ramanna | Science & Engineering | Tamil Nadu |
| 1973 | K. Sukumaran | Literature & Education | Kerala |
| 1974 | Alice Boner | Arts |  |
| 1974 | Camille Bulcke | Literature & Education |  |
| 1974 | Ram Kumar Caroli | Medicine | Uttar Pradesh |
| 1974 | Moti Chandra | Science & Engineering | Maharashtra |
| 1974 | Dhirendra Nath Ganguly | Arts | West Bengal |
| 1974 | D. V. Gundappa | Literature & Education | Karnataka |
| 1974 | Vasant Shankar Huzurbazar | Literature & Education | Maharashtra |
| 1974 | Chintamoni Kar | Arts | West Bengal |
| 1974 | Mogubai Kurdikar | Arts | Maharashtra |
| 1974 | Jayant Pandurang Naik | Literature & Education | Maharashtra |
| 1974 | Habib Rahman | Science & Engineering | Delhi |
| 1974 | B. N. Reddy | Arts | Andhra Pradesh |
| 1974 | John Richardson | Social Work | Andaman & Nicobar Islands |
| 1974 | Toppur Seethapathy Sadasivan | Science & Engineering | Tamil Nadu |
| 1974 | Sukhlal Sanghvi | Literature & Education | Gujarat |
| 1974 | Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia | Civil Service | Maharashtra |
| 1974 | Bhupati Mohan Sen | Literature & Education | West Bengal |
| 1974 | Thakur Jaideva Singh | Science & Engineering | Uttar Pradesh |
| 1974 | Khushwant Singh | Literature & Education | Punjab |
| 1974 | Arunachala Sreenivasan | Science & Engineering | Karnataka |
| 1974 | Raman Viswanathan | Medicine | Tamil Nadu |
| 1975 | Begum Akhtar# | Arts | Uttar Pradesh |
| 1975 | Dilbagh Singh Athwal | Science & Engineering |  |
| 1975 | Asima Chatterjee | Science & Engineering | West Bengal |
| 1975 | Madhav Sadashiv Gore | Science & Engineering | Maharashtra |
| 1975 | Pratul Chandra Gupta | Literature & Education | West Bengal |
| 1975 | P. Krishnagopala Iyengar | Science & Engineering | Maharashtra |
| 1975 | Darab Jehangir Jussawala | Medicine | Maharashtra |
| 1975 | Raj Kumar Khanna | Civil Service | Delhi |
| 1975 | Pancheti Koteswaram | Civil Service | Tamil Nadu |
| 1975 | Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi | Literature & Education | Maharashtra |
| 1975 | Balai Chand Mukhopadhyay | Literature & Education | Bihar |
| 1975 | Kirpal Singh Narang | Literature & Education | Punjab |
| 1975 | P. Ardeshir Narielwala | Trade & Industry | Maharashtra |
| 1975 | Ronald Carlton Vivian Piadade Noronha | Civil Service | Madhya Pradesh |
| 1975 | Ratan Shastri | Social Work | Rajasthan |
| 1976 | Malcolm Adiseshiah | Civil Service | Tamil Nadu |
| 1976 | Harivansh Rai Bachchan | Literature & Education | Maharashtra |
| 1976 | Nabakanta Barua | Literature & Education | Assam |
| 1976 | Naoroji Pirojsha Godrej | Trade & Industry | Maharashtra |
| 1976 | Laxmanshastri Balaji Joshi | Literature & Education | Maharashtra |
| 1976 | Zehra Ali Yavar Jung | Social Work | Andhra Pradesh |
| 1976 | Mallikarjun Mansur | Arts | Karnataka |
| 1976 | Shri Ram Mehta | Civil Service | Delhi |
| 1976 | Yash Pal | Science & Engineering | Punjab |
| 1976 | Bhogilal Pandya | Social Work | Rajasthan |
| 1976 | Udupi Ramachandra Rao | Science & Engineering | Karnataka |
| 1976 | Krishnaswami Srinivas Sanjivi | Medicine | Tamil Nadu |
| 1976 | Devulapalli Krishnasastri | Literature & Education | Andhra Pradesh |
| 1976 | Devendra Sen | Civil Service | West Bengal |
| 1976 | Calambur Sivaramamurti | Civil Service | Delhi |
| 1976 | E. C. George Sudarshan | Literature & Education |  |
| 1977 | Gopinath Aman | Literature & Education | Delhi |
| 1977 | Prithvi Singh Azad | Public Affairs | Chandigarh |
| 1977 | Harish Chandra | Literature & Education |  |
| 1977 | Kumar Gandharva | Arts | Madhya Pradesh |
| 1977 | Phulrenu Guha | Social Work | West Bengal |
| 1977 | Jagmohan | Civil Service | Delhi |
| 1977 | Kailas Nath Kaul | Literature & Education | Uttar Pradesh |
| 1977 | Yousuf Hussain Khan | Literature & Education | Delhi |
| 1977 | Chackachanveedu Krishnan Nair | Social Work | Delhi |
| 1977 | K. S. Narayanaswamy | Arts | Maharashtra |
| 1977 | Paramsukh J. Pandya | Arts | Maharashtra |
| 1977 | Balasubramaniam Ramamurthi | Medicine | Tamil Nadu |
| 1977 | Perugu Siva Reddy | Medicine | Andhra Pradesh |
| 1977 | Annapurna Ravi Shankar | Arts | Uttar Pradesh |
| 1977 | Yudhvir Singh | Social Work | Delhi |
| 1977 | Mysore Narasimhachar Srinivas | Science & Engineering | Karnataka |
| 1977 | T. P. Meenakshisundaram | Literature & Education | Tamil Nadu |

## Explanatory notes

Non-citizen recipients  1. Indicates a citizen of Italy
2. Indicates a citizen of the United Kingdom
3. Indicates a citizen of the United States
4. Indicates a citizen of Belgium
Posthumous recipients  1. Pothan Joseph died on 2 November 1972, at the age of 80.
2. Begum Akhtar died on 30 October 1974, at the age of 60.
1. "PV Sindhu recommended for Padma Bhushan, India's third highest civilian award, by sports ministry". *Firstpost*. 25 September 2017. Archived from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
2. Lal, Shavax A. (1954). "The Gazette of India—Extraordinary—Part I" (PDF). *The Gazette of India*. The President's Secretariat (published 2 January 1954): 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2018. The President is pleased to institute an award to be designated 'Padma Vibhushan' in three classes, namely: 'Pahela Varg', 'Dusra Varg' and 'Tisra Varg'
3. "Padma Awards Scheme" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs (India). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
4. Ayyar, N. M. (1955). "The Gazette of India—Extraordinary—Part I" (PDF). *The Gazette of India*. The President's Secretariat (published 15 January 1955): 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2018. All persons upon whom the decoration of 'Padma Vibhushan' ('Dusra Varg') was conferred under the Regulations issued with Notification No. 2-Pres./54, dated the 2nd January, 1954, shall, for all purposes of these regulations, be deemed to be persons on whom the decoration of Padma Bhushan has been conferred by the President.
5. "Wearing of Medals: Precedence Of Medals". Indian Army. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
6. Mukul, Akshaya (20 January 2008). "The great Bharat Ratna race". *The Times of India*. Archived from the original on 26 August 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
7. Bhattacherje, S. B. (2009). *Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates*. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. A248, A253. ISBN 978-81-207-4074-7. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014.
8. "Those who said no to top awards". *The Times of India*. 20 January 2008. Archived from the original on 29 March 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
9. S., Muthiah (2011). *Madras Miscellany*. Westland. p. 121. ISBN 978-93-80032-84-9.
10. Bassett, Ross (2016). *The Technological Indian*. Harvard University Press. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-674-50471-4.
11. Rajan, Anjana (26 July 2009). "Her legacy will live on". *The Hindu*. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
12. Ganesh, Deepa (22 July 2009). "The matriarch of the Kirana Gharana". *The Hindu*. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
13. Krishna, TM (2013). *A Southern Music*. HarperCollins Publishers India. p. 209. ISBN 978-93-5029-822-0.
14. Mathai, Kamini (17 July 2009). "The end of the trinity". *The Times of India*. Archived from the original on 16 September 2015. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
15. Datta, Amaresh (1987). *Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature*. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 978-81-260-1803-1.
16. "Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellow". New Delhi: Sangeet Natak Akademi. Archived from the original on 1 January 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
17. "Yash Pal: Awarded the Marconi Prize in 1980". Marconi Society. Archived from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
18. "Former Chairmen: Prof. Udupi Ramachandra Rao (1984–1994)". Indian Space Research Organisation. Archived from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
19. Zhou, Lulu (6 December 2005). "Scientists Question Nobel". The Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
20. "Padma Awards Directory (1954–2014)" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs (India). 21 May 2014. pp. 37–72. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
21. "Google doodle celebrates 103rd birth anniversary of renowned singer Begum Akhtar". India Today. 7 October 2017. Archived from the original on 26 March 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018.

## InfoBox

| Padma Bhushan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type | National Civilian |
| Country | India |
| Presented by | <br><br>Government of India |
| Ribbon |  |
| Obverse | A centrally located lotus flower is embossed and the text "Padma" written in Devanagari script is placed above and the text "Bhushan" is placed below the lotus. |
| Reverse | A platinum State Emblem of India placed in the centre with the national motto of India, "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari Script |
| Established | 1954 |
| First awarded | 1954 |
| Total | 205 |
| Website | http://www.padmaawards.gov.in/ |
| Precedence | |
| Next (higher) | Padma Vibhushan |
| Next (lower) | Padma Shri |
|


title: List of Samurai Pizza Cats characters

abstract: Yattarō This is the list of characters appearing in the anime series Samurai Pizza Cats and its original Japanese counterpart Kyatto Ninden Teyandee.

text:
# List of Samurai Pizza Cats characters

This is the list of characters appearing in the anime series ***Samurai Pizza Cats*** and its original Japanese counterpart ***Kyatto Ninden Teyandee***.

## Samurai Pizza Cats

Yattarō (ヤッ太郎) / Speedy Cerviche Voiced by: Kappei Yamaguchi (Japanese), Rick Jones (English) Speedy is the leader of the Pizza Cats. As his name implies, he is nimble and fast on his toes, a trait which comes in handy both when delivering pizzas and when fighting crime. He wields the magical Ginzu sword (*Masamasa*), whose power is unleashed in almost every episode as Speedy's special attack, the Cat's Eye Slash. Speedy is very self-confident and loves to pose for the camera after each victory. He has a witty and sharp sense of humor but remains very committed to his duties. He has green eyes and wears white armor. Speedy has a crush on Lucille and later, Polly, towards the final episodes. There has been controversy over the spelling of his English name. Initially, it was thought that Speedy's surname was spelled "Service" ("service" pronounced with Italian phonics sounds like "ser-vee-chay," making the name "Speedy Service" a tidy pun) which came from the *Saban Powerhouse* stories published by Acclaim Comics. However, most official packaging (such as the VHS box for the movie) spells his name "Cerviche," making it the de facto spelling. Ceviche (also spelled as "cebiche" or "seviche") is actually a seafood dish prepared not by cooking but by using citrus to treat the meat. Pururun (プルルン) / Polly Esther Voiced by: Ai Orikasa (Japanese), Sonja Ball (English) Polly is the only female on the team. Although Speedy is the leader, Polly does her fair share of bossing her teammates around. She has a dynamic, independent personality, but a dangerously short and violent temper. Polly battles evil with the power of love: she plays a flute when going into battle, her projectile weapons are heart-shaped, she has a sword with hearts on the handle (*Kirakira*) with *Heart Breaker* as the hidden power of it, additionally by raising her forearms and making a beckoning gesture with her hands, she can generate a gravity field that pulls her opponents into the range of her razor-sharp claws. She has blue eyes and wears red and pink armor. While Guido and Speedy never remove most of their armor even at work, Polly removes her armor on two occasions, during which she is shown with short red hair and a hairband upon which her ears sit. Polly has romantic feelings for Speedy, previously seen as a love/hate relationship earlier in the show, which appeared during the final episodes. Her English name is a play on the word polyester. Sukashī (スカシー) / Guido Anchovy Voiced by: Juurouta Kosugi (Japanese), Terrence Scammell (English) Guido is the resident cool dude and most relaxed member of the group. Tall, dark-furred, and a smooth talker, he is often seen chasing after girls, although he has little success in romance. Guido's weapon of choice is the Samurai Sunspot Umbrella, which can fire rings, fire a heat beam, be spun to hypnotize enemies, and be used as a club (when closed) or a shield (when open). Its handle conceals Guido's sword (*Pikapika*) whose power is *Ichimonji´s Fire*. He has red eyes and wears blue armor. His English name is a reference to the anchovy fish, and Guido is a common Italian given name, and is also used as a slang term for a young, male Italian-American in New York. Older promotional materials spelled Guido's last name as Anchovi. However, Anchovy has since become the official spelling such as Madman Entertainment's DVD release. His last name was also spelled as Anchovie in the *Saban Powerhouse* comics.

## Allies

Otama (おタマ) / Francine Voiced by: Satomi Koorogi (Japanese), Pauline Little (English) Francine is the feline owner of the Pizza Cat Restaurant and the team's operator. She does not actively participate in missions, but still plays a vital role. Wherever the team are needed, either to deliver a pizza or to battle evil, she operates the launching cannon (in a parody of the live-action Japanese film *Cyber Ninja*) which blasts the heroes in the air toward their destination. She also handles communications and finances. Francine is known in the English language version for speaking in rhyme. Various sources (including the IMDb) often list Francine's surname as being Manx, but her last name is never actually given in the show. Manx — referring to a breed of cat — was improvised by a fan, and has since been widely adopted as fanon. Narrator Voiced by: Kenyuu Horiuchi (Japanese), Terrence Scammell (English) Always unseen in the English version and only seen once in the Japanese version, the Narrator provides voiceover for the episodes and interacts with the characters. He often makes witty or sarcastic comments, many of which spoof plot holes and clichés, and even reads the wrong narration in one episode of the US version. Occasionally, in the US version, some of his lines are changed, and a different, more "politically correct" Narrator takes over. For instance, the original Narrator's line, broadcast in Canada, was: "And so, thanks to the tireless efforts of the Samurai Pizza Cats, movie-goers around the world can thrill to *yet another* pointless display of senseless violence and meaningless destruction!" while the US version used the PC Narrator's voice and was changed to: "movie-goers around the world can thrill to yet another heroic display of untamed bravery and never-ending action!" Otasuke Ninja (お助けメンバー, *Otasuke menbā*) / The Rescue Team *Rikinoshin/General Catton Voiced By:* Kiyoyuki Yanada (Japanese), Michael Rudder (English) *Mietoru/Bat Cat Voiced By:* Tsutomu Kashiwakura (Japanese), Richard Dumont (English) *Gotton/Meowzma Voiced By:* Wataru Takagi (Japanese), Mark Hellman (English) *Nekkii/Spritz Voiced By:* Takehito Koyasu (Japanese), Arthur Holden (English) Whenever the Cats are in serious trouble, they ring the bell on their collars, alerting Otama to call part or all of the Otasuke Ninja Team into action. Ironically, one lone member of the Otasuke Ninja is usually able to accomplish what the three front-line heroes could not. The Otasuke Ninja Team comprises four more cats, each with a different ability based on one of the four elements: **Rikinoshin** (リキノシン) / General Catton: Catton has a pair of flamethrowing cannons on his back. He is the leader of the Rescue Team. He generally speaks in clichés ("I have not yet begun to fight! You ain't seen nothin' yet!") and he is a play on real life's General Patton. **Mietoru** (ミエトル) / Bat Cat: Bat Cat uses a wing and propeller device to become airborne. His English name is most likely a play on Batman, though he does not resemble the character. **Gotton** (ゴットン, *Gotton*) / Meowzma O' Tool: Meowzma is another member of the Rescue Team who uses drills on his gloves, helmet, and tail that allow him to burrow under the earth. **Nekkii** (ネッキ, *Nekkī*) / Spritz T. Cat: Unlike most cats, Spritz loves the water. He is bravest of the group. He uses high pressure water jets. The "T." in his English name stands for "the". His name is a play on Fritz the Cat, a comic book character created by Robert Crumb. The Rescue Team demonstrates some Super Sentai-like abilities: the members can combine their powers by joining their backpacks into unlikely weapons. Spritz and Catton create an acid-shooting machine gun, and Bat Cat and Meowzma create what was referred to once in the English series as the "singing robot wrecking rotor," which fires an electrified vortex. Finally, all four members can combine their equipment into a larger energy cannon (the "Super-Duper Wonder Weapon") that must be supported by the whole team and fires a blast nearly equivalent to that of the Ginzu sword. At one point, after being summoned over and over to pull them out of jams, the Rescue Team lost their respect for the Pizza Cats, demanding to replace them as the primary team. They were successful, although when summoned to their first battle, they failed miserably, and were soon rescued by the original team. Humbled, the Rescue Team surrendered their positions back to the Pizza Cats and promise not to interfere with the original team again. Omitsu (おミツ) / Lucille Voiced by: Yuko Mizutani (Japanese), Susan Glover (English) Omitsu (or Omi-chan (おみっちゃん)) is a sheep animaloid and owner of a tea house, Lucille is the main object of both Speedy and Guido's affections, and a primary cause of conflict between them. Her hairstyle and shoulder pads conceal a number of homing missiles, which are launched in *Itano Circus* fashion whenever she gets overly-emotional. She has an older brother named Wally, who works as a sushi chef. Her Japanese name, Omitsu, may be a reference to the character Omitsu from *Ganbare Goemon*, with whom she shares many similarities, such as her occupation and relationship to the main characters. Despite being female, she possesses ram-like horns. In KNT, she is ignorantly selfish, rarely paying attention to whatever fails to hold her attention, while in SPC she is more dim-witted instead. Inuyama Wankō-no-Kami (犬山ワンコー守) / Big Al Dente Voiced by: Kōzō Shioya (Japanese), A.J. Henderson (English) Big Al Dente is the chief of the Palace Guard and also the boss of the Pizza Cats, who assigns their missions. His English name is a reference to the *al dente* pasta cooking method. Being a dog, he sometimes falls to his feral side, breaking out in furious barking, especially when frustrated by the Pizza Cats. While his dog breed is not known in "KNT"; he is stated to be a St. Bernard according to a press release. Tokugawa Iei Iei (徳川イエッイエッ) / Emperor Fred Voiced by: Kenyuu Horiuchi (Japanese), Mark Hellman (English) The ruler of Little Tokyo, Fred does not hold any real power because he is insane and tends to act like a scat singer (according to one of the other characters, he lost his sanity after having his wisdom teeth removed). His usual utterance is simply his name ("Fuh-*RED*!"), and on some occasions he takes to scat singing. However, he does speak coherently in at least four episodes. He is married, but his wife only appears in the episode "Princess Vi's Hippy Dippy Mom" when she comes home from traveling the world; she also has a cameo in the last episode "The Big Comet Caper". Tokugawa Usako (徳川ウサコ) / Princess "Vi" Violet Voiced by: Maria Kawamura (Japanese), Liz MacRae (English) Princess Vi is the young rabbit daughter of Fred, and unofficial ruler of Little Tokyo. She is rather spoiled, selfish, petty, and temperamental. She has a tendency to banish all who displease her to Prisoner Island (which unknown to her is actually a tropical paradise) or, later, Extras Island when the former is overcrowded. Vi is devoted to her absent mother, and they have a very unusual family dynamic—they try to beat each other up when they first re-unite. She also seems to have a crush on Bad Bird and wants to marry him instantly, however Bad Bird has his own reasons by running away from her. In the series, she fails to marry him three times (Field of Screwballs, All You Need Is Love, and Princess Vi's Happy Dippy Mom). Her English name is a reference to Princess Di, whilst her Japanese name is likely a contraction of "Usagi-ko", or "bunny child", combined with a reference to the Tokugawa Shogunate, who ruled Japan from 1603 to 1867. Nekomata Reikainosuke (猫股霊界之介) / Guru Lou Voiced by: Kenichi Ogata (Japanese), Walter Massey (English) Guru Lou (sometimes called Daisensei (大先生)) is an old cat who lives alone in the mountains outside Little Tokyo. Whenever the Pizza Cats are in great trouble, they seek his advice, however reluctant he may be to give it. Although he is a certified genius, nothing he invents is truly useful, and he is not above taking credit for other's accomplishments. Through his own ineptitude, he helped then unlock the power of the Supreme Catatonic. In KNT, Nekomata is highly lecherous, and will take every opportunity to fondle the nearest female he can find, which typically results in him receiving a harsh beating, as well as a heavy drinker. Okara (おカラ) / Carla Voiced by: Chieko Honda (Japanese), Eramelinda Boquer (English) Carla is a crow and Bad Bird's childhood sweetheart; she loved him as a child, and still has feelings for him. She has orange hair and wears red ribbons in it. She works as a clown in the local circus. In KNT, Okara speaks in a heavy country accent. Itsumono Oya (伊津茂乃母) / Mother / Momma Mutt Itsumono Ko (伊津茂乃子) / Junior *Itsumono Oya Voiced By:* Yuko Mizutani (Japanese), Jane Woods (English) *Itsumono Ko Voiced By:* Ai Orikasa (Satomi Koorogi in first episode) (Japanese), Bronwen Mantel (English) A small but constant part of the show, this canine mother and her son appear to make a silly comment every time the Cats blast off on a mission. They can be surprisingly sharp-tongued, making social criticism toward both their own world and the real world. In *KNT*, they are tanuki instead of dogs. When the group traveled to the past, Junior's grandmother was shown to be very similar to him. Himitsu Ninjatai Yankii (秘密忍者隊ヤンキー) / The New York Pizza Cats *Michael Voiced By:* Ryo Horikawa (Japanese), Pier Paquette (credited as Pier Kohl) (English) *Madonna Voiced By:* Hiromi Tsuru (Japanese), Jane Woods (English) *Prince Voiced By:* Sho Hayami (Japanese), Michael Rudder (English) Little Tokyo is not the only city under the protection of a Pizza Cat team. Episode 38, "A Mission in Manhattan", involved the Samurai Pizza Cats traveling to New York City and meeting their American counterparts: **Michael** (マイケル, *Maikeru*) / **The Sundance Kid**: The shortest of the New York Cats, he uses twin six-shooters called *Nyan Nyan Magnum* against his adversaries with pinpoint accuracy. **Madonna** (マドンナ, *Madon'na*) / **Deedee**: A tall and curvaceous she-cat who uses a whip to punish the bad guys. **Prince** (プリンス, *Purinsu*) / **Cosmo**: Like Deedee, he is taller than the Samurai Pizza Cats, and is suave and agile. He uses a rapier in combat.

## Antagonists

Kitsunezuka Ko'on-no-Kami (狐塚コーン守) / Seymour "The Big" Cheese Voiced by: Ikuya Sawaki (Japanese), Dean Hagopian (English) Seymour "The Big" Cheese is the prime minister of Little Tokyo. He is the prime antagonist of Little Tokyo, and the Supreme Commander of the Ninja Crow Clan. He tries to seize control of the city, but is invariably thwarted by the heroes or his own incompetence. He has the bad habit of literally exploding with anger every time he is disappointed at his failure, which usually happens near the end of every episode. He has a large extended family of many nationalities all over the world, all who are involved in crime and mayhem, and also have his quirk of exploding when angered. Big Cheese is also a flamboyant and openly gay showoff, prone to overacting, crossdressing (usually a cheerleader outfit), and flirting with male subordinates, much to their disgust. In the Japanese version he is a fox, but in the English version he identifies himself as a rat, a modification to reinforce his position as an enemy to the cats. His physical appearance is also quite ratlike. His villainy is openly recognized in the English version, whereas he takes great effort to conceal his plots in KNT. Like the singer of the English opening, his voice is strongly reminiscent of comedian Paul Lynde and his English name is a pun on "See more cheese". Karasu Gennarisai (カラス幻ナリ斉) / Jerry Atric Voiced by: Naoki Tatsuta (Japanese), Mark Camacho (English) Jerry Atric is a bald, elderly crow and Big Cheese's trusted advisor and boss of the Ninja Crows. His voice of reason counterbalances the Big Cheese's impulsive nature. He is second in command of the Ninja Crows. Older promotional materials and VHS release spelled Jerry's last name as Atrick. However, Atric has since become the official spelling such as Madman Entertainment's DVD release. His English name is a play on the word geriatric, which refers to the elderly or the branch of medicine dealing with treating the elderly. Karamaru (カラ丸) / Bad Bird Voiced by: Koichi Yamadera (Japanese), Michael O'Reilly (English) Bad Bird is the youngest leader and the first among Big Cheese's army of ninja crows. He could be in his twenties (20s) or thirties (30s) years old. He is the arch-nemesis of the Pizza Cats and rival of Speedy. He executes most of the Big Cheese's plans. Bad Bird and his henchmen follow the age-old archetype of raven ninja, or Tengu. Bad Bird usually wears a Japanese monk outfit (an outfit with a giant conical straw hat) when he's going out. Bad Bird takes his rivalry with the Pizza Cats, especially Speedy, a great deal more seriously than the other crows, thus driving him to train hard to defeat them. As time goes on and his defeats continue, he becomes more and more disillusioned with the battle against them, until he ends up aiding them in the finale. Being from the country, in the Japanese version, Bad Bird's natural voice has a deep country accent, which he only speaks in when meeting with his childhood friend and love interest Okara (*Carla*). Karasu Ninja (カラス忍者) / The Ninja Crows Voiced by: Arthur Holden and Mark Hellman (English) Jerry Atric and Big Cheese's personal army of henchmen, these crows are led by Bad Bird. There are both males and females in the group. They are often the first to face the Pizza Cats in battle, and, with a few exceptions, are defeated easily because of their lack of training. When they are not doing any evil schemes for Seymour, they serve as his bodyguards, chauffeurs, deliverymen, machine builders, laundromats, housekeepers, maids, baby sitters, errand boys/girls, and other odd jobs. Choinaa Nana Gou / Yard Bird Voiced by: Mizutani Yuuko (Japanese), Arthur Holden (English) Yard Bird is a hyperactive and very fast flightless bird that appeared in only a few episodes, mainly as Big Cheese's delivery person. They have a design defect that causes them to explode if they stop moving for more than two seconds. In *KNT*, the character was modeled after Jackie Joyner-Kersee (Japanese reading *Jakkii Joinaa-Kaashii*, *Choinaa* rhymes with *Joinaa*), the Olympic gold medalist, while their English name is derived from the famous 1960s English rock band The Yardbirds (which is itself derived from the nickname of jazz legend Charlie Parker). Yami no Yon Nin Shu / The Rude Noise *Zankaa / Bad Max Voiced By:* Yasunori Matsumoto (Japanese), Arthur Grosser (English) *Bonkaa / Cannonball Battery Voiced By:* Kōzō Shioya (Japanese), Richard Dumont (English) *Rekkaa / Mojo Rojo Voiced By:* Hiroyuki ShibamotoKenyuu Horiuchi (Japanese), Gary Jewell (English) *Wokkaa / Ronnie Geissmuller Voiced By:* Kenyuu HoriuchiMasami Kikuchi (Japanese), Michael Rudder (English) An elite group of four Ninja Crows called into service after Bad Bird's numerous failures to achieve results against the Pizza Cats. In the English version, they are a heavy metal band that is sometimes hired by Big Cheese. The Rude Noise are the villains' equivalent of the Rescue Team, composed of: **Bad Max**, a.k.a. Crow Magnon (*Zankaa* ザンカア): Leader of the Rude Noise. His name is a play on Mad Max, a character from a movie by the same name, played by Mel Gibson; his alias is a play on the prehistoric man of the Cro-magnon caves. His outfit has axes, an eye patch. **Cannonball Battery** (ボンカア *Bonkaa*): His name is a play on famous jazz saxophonist Julian "Cannonball" Adderley. He has a high-pitched voice, which is diametric to his rather large size. He also tends to make strange comments, such as wondering if hair coloring works on feathers. Big blue armor crow. **Mojo Rojo** (レッカア *Rekkaa*): wears red armor. **Ronnie Geissmuller** (ウォッカア *Wokkaa*): His name is a play on Johnny Weissmuller. His armor is green. The Rude Noise also have a Sentai-like ability that has been demonstrated in at least two versions. Both of these group attacks are preceded by some sort of formation flight of the crows which is followed by an emission of thick, black smoke. The first group technique conjures a giant indestructible robot. The other technique was called "Operation: Smogberry, Smoke 'Em If You Got 'Em" (in the English version), where the Rude Noise becomes a giant crow made of a murderous miasma of smoke that makes dive bombing attacks. In the Japanese version, despite their prominence among the crows, they are frequently forgotten by most of the cast, even their own allies.

## Mecha

Each episode features at least one Mecha, usually as part of the villains' plot to take over Little Tokyo. However, the Samurai Pizza Cats also have some technology at their disposal.

Nyagō-King (ニャゴーキング, *Nyagō-kingu*) / The Supreme Catatonic The Supreme Catatonic is a giant robot that aids the Pizza Cats whenever they get into a tight spot. The robot is summoned by a signal sent out by Speedy's Ginzu sword. It has two forms: Sphinx mode, which is the form it assumes when not being used, and a giant robot form for battling. The Supreme Catatonic is also what launches the Goonie Birds. The robot is armed with fish-themed weapons, such as a fish spear and fish blaster. Polly and Guido normally operate the robot in battle. When not being used, the Supreme Catatonic is stored in a statue in Mt. Kuchi. The English name is a reference to the catatonic state. Toritsukkun (トリツックン) / Ginzu Goonie Birds The Goonie Birds are Pterodactyl-like robot suits. They are ejected from the Sphinx's mouth before it changes into its robot form. They usually dock with the Pizza Cats to gain flight abilities, sometimes called "Extra Topping Pizza Cats mode" in English. Villain of the day Nearly every episode presented a unique villain mecha central to the plot. Mecha used by the villains included a "double-decker" robot based on the father and son from "Lone Wolf and Cub" named The Monster Masher (based on the classic song), a giant hot-tub robot (used to scare people into joining health spas), Long Tall Sally (a play on the song lyric of the same name), the Samurai Sun-Spot 16 Robot (an orbital fan-dancing robot that blocked the sun from Little Tokyo, preventing the Pizza Cats from recharging their solar powers), and others.