title: 1903 Jamaica hurricane

abstract: The 1903 Jamaica hurricane devastated Martinique, Jamaica, and the Cayman Islands in August 1903. The second tropical cyclone of the season, the storm was first observed well east of the Windward Islands on August 6. The system moved generally west-northwestward and strengthened into a hurricane on August 7. It struck Martinique early on August 9, shortly before reaching the Caribbean. Later that day, the storm became a major hurricane. Early on August 11, it made landfall near Morant Point, Jamaica, with winds of 120 mph (195 km/h), with what would be the hurricane's maximum sustained wind speed. Early on the following day, the storm brushed Grand Cayman at the same intensity. The system weakened before landfall near Playa del Carmen, Quintana Roo, early on August 13, with winds of 100 mph (160 km/h). The system emerging into the Gulf of Mexico early on August 14 after weakening while crossing the Yucatán Peninsula, but failed to re-strengthen. Around 00:00 UTC on August 16, the cyclone made landfall north of Tampico, Tamaulipas, with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h). The hurricane soon weakened to a tropical storm and dissipated over San Luis Potosí late on August 16. In Martinique, hundreds of homes were deroofed in Fort-de-France, while about 5,000 people were left homeless in the villages of Fond, Fourniols, La Haye, Recluce, and Tivoli, all of which were established after the eruption of Mount Pelée in 1902. The hurricane also left extensive damage to crops and eight fatalities. In Jamaica, several communities were completely or nearly destroyed, including Manchioneal, Port Antonio, and Port Maria. Thousands of homes also suffered damage in the capital city of Kingston. Banana crops were devastated so severely that many growers were forced into bankruptcy. Numerous ships were wrecked, particularly on the north coast of the island. There were at least 65 deaths and about $10 million (1903 USD) in damage. In the Cayman Islands, more than 200 houses and seven of eight churches on Grand Cayman were destroyed or heavily damaged. Of the 23 ships in the harbor, only the Governor Blake survived. Most of the crews on board those ships were reported killed, but loss of life onshore was minimal. The storm also caused heavy damage on the Yucatán Peninsula. Many ships were wrecked and communications were cut off in several places. In the Tampico area, there was considerable damage to the port and many ships were sunk or driven ashore. Much of the land between Tampico and Cárdenas in San Luis Potosí was submerged due to flooding. In all, the storm is believed to have killed at least 149 people.

text:
# 1903 Jamaica hurricane

The **1903 Jamaica hurricane** devastated Martinique, Jamaica, and the Cayman Islands in August 1903. The second tropical cyclone of the season, the storm was first observed well east of the Windward Islands on August 6. The system moved generally west-northwestward and strengthened into a hurricane on August 7. It struck Martinique early on August 9, shortly before reaching the Caribbean. Later that day, the storm became a major hurricane. Early on August 11, it made landfall near Morant Point, Jamaica, with winds of 120 mph (195 km/h), with what would be the hurricane's maximum sustained wind speed. Early on the following day, the storm brushed Grand Cayman at the same intensity. The system weakened before landfall near Playa del Carmen, Quintana Roo, early on August 13, with winds of 100 mph (160 km/h). The system emerging into the Gulf of Mexico early on August 14 after weakening while crossing the Yucatán Peninsula, but failed to re-strengthen. Around 00:00 UTC on August 16, the cyclone made landfall north of Tampico, Tamaulipas, with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h). The hurricane soon weakened to a tropical storm and dissipated over San Luis Potosí late on August 16.

In Martinique, hundreds of homes were deroofed in Fort-de-France, while about 5,000 people were left homeless in the villages of Fond, Fourniols, La Haye, Recluce, and Tivoli, all of which were established after the eruption of Mount Pelée in 1902. The hurricane also left extensive damage to crops and eight fatalities. In Jamaica, several communities were completely or nearly destroyed, including Manchioneal, Port Antonio, and Port Maria. Thousands of homes also suffered damage in the capital city of Kingston. Banana crops were devastated so severely that many growers were forced into bankruptcy. Numerous ships were wrecked, particularly on the north coast of the island. There were at least 65 deaths and about $10 million (1903 USD) in damage. In the Cayman Islands, more than 200 houses and seven of eight churches on Grand Cayman were destroyed or heavily damaged. Of the 23 ships in the harbor, only the *Governor Blake* survived. Most of the crews on board those ships were reported killed, but loss of life onshore was minimal. The storm also caused heavy damage on the Yucatán Peninsula. Many ships were wrecked and communications were cut off in several places. In the Tampico area, there was considerable damage to the port and many ships were sunk or driven ashore. Much of the land between Tampico and Cárdenas in San Luis Potosí was submerged due to flooding. In all, the storm is believed to have killed at least 149 people.

## Meteorological history

A tropical storm was first observed by a ship about 835 mi (1,345 km) northeast of Cayenne, French Guiana, early on August 6, according to historic weather maps. However, the scarcity of observations means that its genesis may have occurred earlier than this time and been undetected operationally. With initial winds of 60 mph (95 km/h), the system moved generally west-northwestward and strengthened into Category 1 hurricane on the modern day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale about 24 hours later. The first indication of the storm to the east of Barbados was on August 8 via telegraph reports. Early on August 9, the cyclone struck Martinique as either a strong Category 1 or a weak Category 2 hurricane. The storm entered the Caribbean shortly thereafter. Around 12:00 UTC, the cyclone intensified into a Category 3 hurricane, becoming the first major hurricane in the Atlantic basin since the second storm of 1900 and the first in the Caribbean since the 1899 San Ciriaco hurricane.

After 06:00 UTC on August 11, the cyclone struck Jamaica near Morant Point with winds of 120 mph (195 km/h). At 06:00 UTC on August 12, while brushing Grand Cayman, the hurricane peaked with maximum sustained winds of the same intensity and a minimum barometric pressure of 958 mbar (28.3 inHg), observed by the *Governor Blake*. The system weakened to a Category 2 around the time of landfall near Playa del Carmen, Quintana Roo, early on August 13, with winds of 100 mph (160 km/h). By 12:00 UTC, the storm further weakened to a Category 1, based on the Empirical Inland Wind Decay Model. After crossing the Yucatán Peninsula and emerging into the Gulf of Mexico early on August 14, the hurricane failed to re-strengthen. Around 00:00 UTC on August 16, it made landfall north of Tampico, Tamaulipas, with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h). The hurricane soon weakened to a tropical storm and dissipated over San Luis Potosí late on August 16.

## Impact

Telegraph reports of "a disturbance probably of dangerous strength" approaching Barbados from the east were sent to stations throughout the Lesser Antilles on August 8. Shipping interests in the Gulf of Mexico and in parts of the western Atlantic were alerted daily of the progress of the hurricane until August 14. Additionally, hurricane warnings were issued by the Weather Bureau for Florida and the Gulf Coast of the United States as the storm approached the western Caribbean, due to the possibility of the storm curving northward.

In the Windward Islands, Martinique suffered the worst damage. At Fort-de-France, hundreds of homes were unroofed. Streets were covered in roof tiles and impassible due to uprooted trees, which tore up the roads. Several vessels were severely damaged. Additionally, the towns of La Trinité, Le Carbet, Le François, Saint-Joseph, and Sainte-Marie "suffered considerably". About 5,000 people were left homeless in the destroyed villages of Fond, Fourniols, La Haye, Recluce, and Tivoli, all established after the eruption of Mount Pelée in 1902. Throughout the island, there was extensive damage to crops. Eight deaths were reported, with one in Fort-de-France and seven in La Trinité.

The storms severely damaged crops on Dominica, particularly cocoa. After several years of increasing amounts of exported cocoa, there was a decrease of approximately 1.86% in pounds between 1902–03 and 1903–04. In Puerto Rico, there was high winds and heavy rainfall along the north coast of the island.

The northern shore of Jamaica was devastated, with many ships being washed ashore. There was a storm surge about 20 ft (6.1 m) in height at Falmouth. This implies that the storm surge along Jamaica's northern coast may have reached that height. Numerous ships were also wrecked along the coast. Only six homes remained standing at Port Antonio. The hotel, offices, plantations, and wharves owned by the United Fruit Company were nearly destroyed. Additionally, the company's five vessels were beached, including the *Alfred Dumois*, *Brighton*, and *Simon Dumois*. In Port Maria, which was almost obliterated, "it was impossible to find where streets had been after the storm." Homes were destroyed in such a way that "how anyone escaped alive is a mystery." At Manchioneal, all but a few dwellings suffered destruction from the wind or were swept out to sea. The Norwegian steamship *Salvatore di Giorgio* was swept ashore at Annotto Bay. In the eastern portions of the island, entire villages were demolished, leaving thousands of peasants without shelter or food.

Thousands of homes were damaged in Kingston, while the electrical works building was deroofed, disabling the machinery. Local railroad traffic and streets cars stopped. Waves damaged wharves and capsized several vessels in the harbor. Some areas on the south side of the island were left completely devoid of crops. Although the western areas of Jamaica were not as devastated as other portions of the island, some banana plantations there were partially destroyed and there was a loss to orange and coffee crops. Throughout Jamaica, devastation to the banana crop was "complete", forcing many growers into bankruptcy. It was estimated that the fruit trade would be paralyzed for as much as a year. Damage reached $10 million and there were at least 65 deaths, while other reports indicate as many as 90 fatalities.

At the Cayman Islands, wind gusts reached as high as 110–120 mph (180–190 km/h). More than 200 houses and seven of eight churches on Grand Cayman were destroyed or heavily damaged. In George Town, a number of dwellings were destroyed. Of the 23 ships in the harbor, only the *Governor Blake* survived. Most of the crews on board those ships were reported killed but loss of life on shore was minimal. Throughout the islands, all trees and crops were destroyed. In Cuba, the hurricane knocked out telegraphic communications in the eastern portions of the island, but the connection to Santiago de Cuba was quickly restored. A number of dwellings were damaged there, some were deroofed, while other homes were reduced to fragments. Pieces of sheet iron also became airborne. East of the city, all small ports received impact from the storm. Cienfuegos was "ravaged by the storm", while extensive damage occurred in Cárdenas and Matanzas. In the outskirts of Havana, thatch houses were blown away. Farther west in Pinar del Río Province, some crops and small buildings were demolished.

In the Gulf of Mexico, the British steamship *Rosina* encountered the hurricane. The storm damaged the pipes and smokestacks, ripped out the ventilator, and washed 30,000 oranges into the sea. Additionally, a Greek sailor was swept overboard and presumably drowned. The storm sunk or drove many ships ashore along the Yucatán Peninsula. Communications were disrupted in many areas after telegraph lines fell, while a number of roads were left impassible after trees toppled. In the Tampico area, there was considerable damage to the port and many ships being sunk or driven ashore. All of the bridges along Monterey and Mexican Gulf Railroad were destroyed. The roof at the general market was almost completely torn off. Many of the businesses suffered serious losses after rain subsequently poured in the building, with damage reaching at least $4,200 (10,000 pesos). The chamber of commerce building collapsed with people inside, though no injuries or deaths occurred. Much of the land between Tampico and Cárdenas in San Luis Potosí was submerged due to flooding. In Barra, a city in Tamaulipas, the hospital was nearly destroyed, as was the marketplace. In San Luis Potosí, the casino and restaurant in Tamasopo were demolished. Twenty bridges were destroyed in San Luis Potosí. Railroad traffic between San Luis Potosí and Monterrey, the capital of Nuevo León, was completely disrupted.

Overall, the storm is believed to have killed between 149 and 188 people.

## Aftermath

After the storm, thousands in Jamaica were left destitute, without food or shelter. Committees were formed in each parish affected to assess the damage, with Governor Augustus Hemming later visiting the areas of destruction. On September 17, the Parliament of Jamaica passed the Hurricane Loans Law, which provided low interest loans to planters impacted by the storm. The Secretary of State of Jamaica authorized just over $241,000 (50,000 ) to be used for the loans. A total of 2,983 people applied for a loan, 1,477 of whom were granted. During a meeting in Port Antonio, the citizens issued an appeal to Americans for aid, after receiving approval from Governor Hemming. Relief efforts originated both locally and from other British possessions via the West India Committee. The *Daily Gleaner* newspaper was credited for its efforts in obtaining considerable amounts of food and building materials. Trinidad, then a colony of the United Kingdom, donated almost $5,000 (£1,000).

## InfoBox

Hurricane Two
1903 Jamaica hurricane
| Surface weather analysis of the hurricane near peak strength on August 12 | |
| --- | --- |
| Meteorological history | |
| Formed | August 6, 1903 (1903-08-06) |
| Dissipated | August 16, 1903 (1903-08-17) |
| Category 3 major hurricane | |
| *1-minute sustained* (SSHWS/NWS) | |
| Highest winds | 120 mph (195 km/h) |
| Lowest pressure | 958 mbar (hPa); 28.29 inHg |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | 149188 |
| Damage | $10 million (1903 USD) |
| Areas affected | Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, Mexico |
| IBTrACS | |
| ---  Part of the **1903 Atlantic hurricane season** | |


title: Lincoln Brower

abstract: Lincoln Pierson Brower was an American entomologist and ecologist, known for his work on monarch butterflies, chemical ecology and conservation.

text:
# Lincoln Brower

**Lincoln Pierson Brower** (September 10, 1931 – July 17, 2018) was an American entomologist and ecologist, known for his work on monarch butterflies, chemical ecology and conservation.

## Life

Brower was born to Bailey and Helen Pierson Brower in Madison, New Jersey, in 1931. He was raised in Chatham Township, New Jersey, where he showed interest in butterflies. In an oral history, he recalled being punished at school, being made to sit all day for skipping a class to go out and collect a species of moth; asked whether it was worth it, he stated "Absolutely".

He met Jane Van Zandt while a student at Chatham High School. He was educated at Princeton University where he gained a BA in biology in 1953. He and Jane married and earned their PhDs in zoology together at Yale University in 1957, his on speciation in the *Papilio glaucus* group of butterflies, hers doing the first ever controlled experiments on Batesian mimicry in butterflies. They spent two years at Oxford University, the first as Fulbright scholars, in E. B. Ford's ecological genetics laboratory. He then lectured at Amherst College from 1958, rising to the endowed Stone Professorship in 1976. In 1980 he moved to the zoology department at the University of Florida. On retiring in 1997, he moved to Sweet Briar College as a research professor.

A butterfly and moth collector from an early age, he began studying the biology of the monarch butterfly while a postgraduate at Yale in 1954, and became a world expert on the species over six decades. He contributed to over 200 papers and 8 films, combining research, public education and conservation work. Unlike some popular sources, Brower did not suppose the monarch to be in danger of extinction, though he agreed that its migration across America was threatened.

He led a team of researchers studying the ecology of the overwintering grounds of the monarch in the mountains of Michoacan, Mexico, starting in the winter of 1977, incorporating aspects of thermal biology, predator-prey interactions, and chemical ecology. In the 1980s, he assisted conservation groups in Mexico and the Mexican government to protect fir forests used by the species from logging. In the last decades of his life, he recorded the sharp decline in the monarch population of North America, down by some 80% in the 20 years to 2018, attributed to herbicides, logging, and weather events. He was the only scientist to sign a 2014 petition to the US government to give the monarch legal protection.

He advised the novelist Barbara Kingsolver on butterfly migration for her 2012 book *Flight Behavior*.

## Family

He divorced Jane Van Zandt in 1974. He then married Christine Marie Moffitt; they divorced in 1980. He married his third wife, Linda S. Fink, in 1990. He had a son, Andrew Van Zandt Brower, who is also a biologist, and a daughter, Tamsin Brower Barrett.

He died on July 17, 2018, in Nelson County, Virginia.

## Honors and awards

* Honorary Life Member of the Lepidopterists' Society, 1990
* The Linnean Medal for zoology, the Linnean Society of London, 1993
* Distinguished Animal Behaviorist award, the Animal Behavior Society, 1995
* Wilbur Lucius Cross Medal, Yale University, 2005
* Marsh Award for Insect Conservation, the Royal Entomological Society, 2007
* Conservation Action Prize, Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center, 2014
* The E. O. Wilson Award of the Center for Biological Diversity, 2016
* Fellow of the Entomological Society of America, 2017
* Research associate of the Smithsonian Institution
* Research associate of the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera at the University of Florida
* Henry Bates Award of the Association for Tropical Lepidoptera
* Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society
* Fellow of the Explorers Club
* Reconocimiento a la Conservacion de la Naturaleza from the Mexican federal government

## InfoBox

| Lincoln Brower | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1931-09-10)10 September 1931
Madison, New Jersey |
| Died | 17 July 2018(2018-07-17) (aged 86)
Roseland, Virginia |
| Alma mater | Princeton University BA in Biology
Yale University Ph.D. |
| Known for | Work on monarch butterfly |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields |  |
| Institutions | Amherst College
University of Florida
Sweet Briar College |
|  | |


# 1928 United Party (New Zealand) leadership election

An election for the leadership of the United Party, which had replaced the New Zealand Liberal Party, was held at a conference on 17 September 1928 to choose the inaugural leader of the party. The election was won by Invercargill MP and former Liberal Prime Minister Sir Joseph Ward.

## Background

The Liberal Party was in decline after a humbling defeat at the 1925 election. Two factions were emerging coalescing around the Liberal leader George Forbes (known as the "Nationals") and Liberal MP Bill Veitch who was advocating for a rejuvenation of the party. The party was caught between the right-leaning Reform Party government and the left-leaning Labour Party (which had superseded the Liberals as the official opposition) and was struggling for relevance. At the same time there was internal dissension among the Reform Party organisation over direction and policy. Reform's campaign manager, Albert Davy, had begun working with Auckland businessman John William Shaw McArthur to finance the creation of a new party. In August 1927 Davy founded the United New Zealand Political Organisation (UNZPO). He was joined in November by the National faction of the Liberal Party under Forbes and in April 1928 by Veitch and revived Liberal Party faction. By September, financed and supported by various groups disaffected from Reform, the UNZPO held its first conference in Wellington. The first two days of the conference, chaired by former Liberal MP Robert Masters, delegates debated and decided on party policy and the name of the party with the UNZPO being shortened to simply the United Party.

With these matters settled, the leadership was then the last matter to be determined. Without consulting other party members, Davy had earlier invited former Liberal Prime Minister Sir Joseph Ward (who was abroad visiting Canada) to stand for the leadership. While Ward was visiting Winnipeg, he was contacted by a journalist hired by Davy to track him down who asked him about his availability to lead the new party. At the same time Davy (without Ward's knowledge) had told the press in New Zealand that Ward was potentially available for the leadership (having become certain he was the only credible leader to win an election for the party). On 9 September Ward returned to New Zealand and went straight to Wellington to attend parliament (deflecting questions from reporters over whether he would stand for the leadership) and then attend the United conference.

## Candidates

George Forbes

Forbes had been the MP for Hurunui since 1908 and was Senior Whip of the Liberal Party from 1912 to 1923. In 1925 Forbes had been elected leader of the Liberal Party after Thomas Wilford's resignation. He then led the party to a disastrous result at the 1925 general election, losing eleven seats while Reform totaled fifty-five. He even lost his status as Leader of the Opposition afterwards. He had remained the leader of the party in parliament whilst working with Davy on relaunching it.

Alfred Ransom

Alfred Ransom was a former Mayor of Dannevirke who had been MP for Pahiatua since 1922. In 1926 he had become the party's senior whip.

Bill Veitch

Veitch had been the MP for Wanganui since 1911. Previously aligned with Labour he had become an independent before joining the Liberal Party at the 1922 election. As Liberal leader Forbes was not well known outside the South Island the Liberal campaign in the North Island had been run by Veitch. In March 1927 he had begun a campaign to revive the Liberal Party. He led a group of Liberals who wanted to rejuvenate the party and had recently toured the country giving speeches to attract more members and candidates for the party.

Sir Joseph Ward

Ward was a seasoned political figure in New Zealand, though was aging and frail at 72 years old. First elected to parliament in 1887 he had been a minister for 26 years and prime minister from 1906 to 1912 he had the experience and name recognition Davy wanted in a leader of a new party. Thinking that neither Forbes nor Veitch would be suitable Davy engineered for Ward to be a compromise candidate. Policy wise he was a somewhat awkward fit for the new party as Ward was still an adherent to traditional Liberalism whilst the many of adherents to the new party were right-wing free-marketeers formerly linked with Reform.

## Result

For the leadership four nominees were voted for in an exhaustive ballot by 51 United MPs and candidates. Veitch was eliminated in the first ballot and Forbes in the second. The next ballot was inconclusive. One account is that it resulted in a tie, while another that Ransom narrowly won by one vote, but two more votes were cast than there were eligible delegates. In either case it was voided and another ballot was then held where several delegates, after being pressured by Davy, switched allegiance which resulted in Ward winning a majority. Two co-deputy leaders were appointed, Forbes for the South Island and Ransom for the North Island. Veitch was then made president of the party.

## Aftermath

Ward was ecstatic to have won the leadership after nine years in the political wilderness since he stood down as Liberal leader in 1919. He was not happy with the name United for the party, still preferring the Liberal name, but as the name had been decided before he became its leader he was unable to change it. He led the United Party at the 1928 election which resulted in United being able to form a government with support, albeit reluctant, from the Labour Party. Ward remained United leader and Prime Minister until May 1930 when he resigned due to ill health.

## InfoBox

1928 United Party leadership election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Candidate Sir Joseph Ward Alfred Ransom  Final Ballot ≥26 \<26  Second Ballot *Advanced* *Advanced*  First Ballot *Advanced* *Advanced*   ---  Candidate George Forbes Bill Veitch  Second Ballot *Eliminated* *Eliminated*  First Ballot *Advanced* *Eliminated* | |
| ---  **Leader before election**
George Forbes
 **Leader after election**
Sir Joseph Ward
 | |


title: The Pack (1977 film)

abstract: The Pack is a 1977 American horror film directed by Robert Clouse about a pack of abandoned dogs who turn against humans by killing them for food at Seal Island.

text:
# The Pack (1977 film)

***The Pack*** is a 1977 American horror film directed by Robert Clouse about a pack of abandoned dogs who turn against humans by killing them for food at Seal Island.

## Plot

The movie opens with a horse grazing in a small clearing in the middle of the forest. He is alerted by an unknown and unseen presence stalking him, which causes him to gallop for the protection of the trees. He is followed by some unknown enemies who are chasing him, before they surround him and prepare to attack.

Meanwhile, a boy and his parents, the last of the summer tourists, leave their dog behind, believing that to be better than taking him to the dog pound. Later that day, he is found by a pack of feral dogs, most of whom were abandoned pets also belonging to summer tourists. Their leader, a massive golden-haired mongrel, immediately accepts the dog into the pack.

Jerry has moved to Seal Island with his new wife, Millie, and their two sons. They also brought along their family dog, a German Shepherd named Riley. While dropping off some garbage at the island junkyard, Jerry's dog chases after a rabbit into the trees, but is attacked by an unknown creature and is injured. When Jerry goes back to see what it was that attacked Riley, he discovered that it was a feral dog, who had apparently also stole the rabbit that his dog was chasing. He immediately sent word to the other residents on the island, including the old hermit Mr. McMinnimee, to keep a watchful eye out for the dog and kill it if they ever see it again.

McMinnimee, who lives in a cabin alone with his German Shepherd Zsa Zsa, soon learns of the wild dog and returns to his home. When a storm hit the island one evening, Zsa Zsa starts up a riot and tries to break out. Armed with his rifle, the old man opens the door to his cabin and tries to find out who is intruding onto his property. Zsa Zsa bolts out into the front yard, but is suddenly attacked by the golden-haired mongrel and several other feral dogs. McMinnimee is too late to save his dog from the pack, though he manages to shoot and kill a collie, one of the pack members, but the dogs won't stop until they get their meal. As he tries to secure the door and windows to his house, the dogs break through one of the windows and begins eating the old man alive.

The following morning, while relaxing in her new house that Jerry had built for her, Millie notices that something is scaring their poultry. She goes outside and discovers the same mongrel that Jerry saw the other day lurking near the poultry yard. She tries to drive it off, but the dog growls at her and attacks, forcing Millie to seek refuge in her Volkswagen car. As the rest of the pack surround the car and try to break in, Jerry arrives and drives the dogs off, killing a Labrador Retriever with his shotgun. He takes Millie to town, drops her off at one of the abandoned houses, and warns his neighbor Hardiman of the pack. While Hardiman leaves to warn the other islanders of the dogs, Jerry picks up his sons and takes them back to the house.

Meanwhile, Jim Dodge moves to the island with his son, Tommy, a cook, Lois, and his wife, Marge. The day after their arrival, Dodge urges Tommy to go for a walk and Lois goes along with him. During their walk through the forest, Tommy hears the pack of dogs howling nearby and starts running for his life. Lois chases after Tommy, but quickly loses him and is forced to seek refuge in an abandoned barn where the dogs sleep. Tommy runs through the forest, the pack in close pursuit, but soon trapped at the edge of a cliff towering above the ocean. With the savage dogs closing in, he jumps off the cliff and falls to his death.

Lois seeks refuge in the abandoned barn just as a storm hits the island. She lays down in one of the stalls and falls asleep, but when she wakes up, she discovers that the dogs have returned. The dogs growl menacingly before they attack Lois and eat her.

Meanwhile, Jerry and Hardiman manage to warn Walker, Dodge and Marge about the dogs roaming the island and bring them back to the house. But when Jerry arrives at McMinnimee's cabin to warn him, he believes something is wrong when the old man does not respond. He then discovers the dead bodies of Zsa Zsa and the collie. After searching the side of the cabin, he finds inside what's left of the old man's lifeless body, having already been mauled and devoured by the pack. Jerry then leaves McMinnimee's cabin, just managing to avoid the pack who had been stalking him. He returns to the house and tells the others of what had happened. He even states that most of the dogs were once tourists' pets, but were abandoned to survive on the island a few weeks earlier. Concerned and outraged that his son Tommy is still out lost on the island, Dodge persuades Jerry to find him. Jerry, accompanied by Dodge and Hardiman, head out to the abandoned barn and find the dogs running away. Dodge, armed with a rifle, shoots and kills a Dalmatian as the pack runs off. Inside the barn, the men find Lois' mangled body lying in a corner, but do not find Tommy.

Believing that his son is dead, Dodge steals Jerry's Jeep and drives off in pursuit of the dogs, with Jerry and Hardiman following him in Hardiman's truck. Dodge soon encounters the pack near one of the abandoned houses, but before he can even shoot at them, the leader of the pack bites and tears off his hands holding his gun, ensuring he can’t fight back. The pack attacks him, tearing him to shreds, and begins to eat him. Jerry and Hardiman soon find Dodge and drive off the dogs with their truck, but Dodge succumbs to his injuries and dies the next day. After failing to send a signal out to the Coast Guard on the radio, Jerry orders Millie, Walker and Hardiman to find whatever weapons they can use against the pack, but the only weapons they can find are Jerry's shotgun and a handful of cartridges, a couple of sticks, an umbrella and a few knives.

Later that same day, Jerry, his family, and the few remaining inhabitants find themselves under siege by the pack. Later that afternoon, the mongrel and four other dogs from the pack launch an attack on the house, trying to break in through the windows. Jerry, Millie, their sons, and Hardiman struggle to hold them off. Two of the dogs, a Doberman Pinscher and an Irish Setter, manage to break inside the house, but Jerry kills the Setter with his shotgun and Walker and Jerry's dog Riley drive the Doberman out of the house. The rest of the dogs flee after failing to break through the windows.

Realizing that the dogs will return for another assault, Jerry tells his family, Marge, Hardiman and Walker to board up the windows and doors of the house. Later that night, the group carries Dodge's body down to the docks and place him in a boat, pushing it out to sea to prevent the pack from trying to get to it. Knowing that the dogs will be back, they quickly return to the house and lock themselves inside.

The following morning, Walker wakes up and hears the sound of a motorboat near the docks. He grabs Jerry's shotgun and runs down to the docks to find a small group of people in a motorboat several yards out at sea. He fires a shot in the air, trying to signal them to land at the docks, but the people believe he is messing around and they laugh and drive away. Walker turns around, only to find the dogs standing in his way. He fights them off with the gun, but the mongrel and two other dogs quickly overpower him and knock him off the deck into the water.

Meanwhile, Jerry, having heard the sound of the shotgun being fired and realizing that Walker has headed down to the docks, takes his Jeep and drives down there, only to find him surrounded by the pack. As Jerry drives his vehicle onto the dock, the dogs turn their attention towards Jerry and charge him. The moving Jeep runs over the majority of the pack, killing a gray terrier mongrel and forcing the rest of the dogs to retreat into the forest. Jerry pulls Walker out of the water and drives him back to the house.

Tired of waiting for help, Jerry orders Millie to take Marge, Riley, Walker and their sons out to the docks, while he and Hardiman will try to finish off the pack. While Hardiman waits quietly in Jerry's Jeep, Jerry lures the mongrel and the remainder of his pack into the house. As soon as the dogs are all inside, Hardiman closes the door behind them, pours several bucketloads of gasoline on the walls and sets the house on fire with a torch. Jerry then climbs up the ladder to the attic and tries to raise it to prevent the dogs from following him, but the mongrel leaps on top of the ladder and manages to reach the top. Jerry holds him off for a short while, but as the flames reach the floor of the attic, he pushes the dog back and jumps through a window, sliding off the roof and landing on the grass below. The mongrel leaps out of the same window and springs at Jerry, but he misses and is impaled on the sharpened end of a broken pipe.

Millie and the others return to the house and watch as the burning building explodes and collapses, killing all of the dogs inside. They soon discover that one of the dogs, the same dog that was abandoned and had joined the pack a few days earlier, apparently did not join the fate of his comrades because the rope he was tied to had been caught and tangled in a heavy branch. Realizing that the dog was apparently afraid and not as savage and aggressive as the other dogs, Jerry decides to try to tame it. Using some crackers, he feeds them one by one to the dog. The film ends as the dog starts licking Jerry's hand, apparently winning the trust of the man and becoming a pet again.

## Cast

## Release

The film was released theatrically in the United States by Warner Bros. in November 1977.

The film was released on VHS by Warner Home Video in 1983. As of 2012, the film is available on MOD (Manufacture on Demand) DVD. Scream Factory released the film on Blu-ray on September 12, 2023.

## Reception

Critical reception for *The Pack* has been mixed to negative. *TV Guide* awarded the film 2 out of 4 stars, calling it "A cut above the usual exploitative revenge-of-nature films", but criticizing the cataclysmic climax. *Variety* gave the film a positive review, writing "*The Pack* is a well-made and discreetly violent story of a pack of wild dogs menacing residents of a remote island." Leonard Maltin awarded the film 2 1/2 out of a possible 4 stars, calling it "predictable" but noted that the film was well made.

## InfoBox

| The Pack | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical poster | |
| Directed by | Robert Clouse |
| Screenplay by | Robert Clouse |
| Based on | *The Pack*
by David Fisher |
| Produced by | Fred Weintraub |
| Starring | Joe Don Baker
Hope Alexander-Willis
Richard B. Shull
R. G. Armstrong
Ned Wertimer
Richard O'Brien
Bibi Besch
Delos V. Smith Jr.
Sherry Miles
Paul Willson |
| Cinematography | Ralph Woolsey |
| Edited by | Peter E. Berger |
| Music by | Lee Holdridge |
| Production
company | Sequoia Pictures |
| Distributed by | Warner Bros. |
| Release date | * November 18, 1977 (1977-11-18) |
| Running time | 95 min. |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $2 million |
| Box office | $2.4 million |


title: Ofuku Station

abstract: Ofuku Station Ofuku Station is a passenger railway station located in the city of Mine, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the West Japan Railway Company.

text:
# Ofuku Station

**Ofuku Station** (於福駅, *Ofuku-eki*) is a passenger railway station located in the city of Mine, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the West Japan Railway Company (JR West).

## Lines

Ofuku Station is served by the JR West Mine Line, and is located 27.2 kilometers from the junction of the San'yō Main Line at Asa.

## Station layout

The station consists of two opposed ground-level unnumbered side platforms, connected by a footbridge. The station is unattended.

## Platforms

| **station side** | Mine Line | for Nagatoshi |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **opposite side** | Mine Line | for Mine and Asa |

## History

Ofuku Station was opened on 30 October 1920. With the privatization of the Japan National Railway (JNR) on 1 April 1987, the station came under the aegis of the West Japan railway Company (JR West).

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2020, the station was used by an average of 30 passengers daily.

## Surrounding area

The station building is located on the west side of the original village, but because Japan National Route 316 passes through the east side of the station and a roadside station is built nearby, with an overpass that serves as a free passage.

* Ofuku Junior High School
* Mine Municipal Ofuku Elementary School
* Road Station Ofuku

Media related to Ofuku Station at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Ofuku Station
於福駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Ofuku Station in July 2008 | |
| General information | |
| Location | 2863 Norita, Ofuku-cho, Mine-shi, Yamaguchi-ken 759-2301
Japan |
| Coordinates | 34°14′10.9″N 131°12′28.8″E / 34.236361°N 131.208000°E / 34.236361; 131.208000 |
| Owned by | West Japan Railway Company |
| Operated by | West Japan Railway Company |
| Line(s) | Mine Line |
| Distance | 27.2 km (16.9 mi) from Asa |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Connections | Bus stop |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | At grade |
| Other information | |
| Status | Unstaffed |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | 30 October 1920 (1920-10-30) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2020 | 30 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  JR West Following station  Shigeyasutowards Asa  Mine Line  Shibukitowards Nagatoshi | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Ofuku StationLocation within Yamaguchi PrefectureOfuku StationOfuku Station (Japan) | |


title: St. David's Church, Manayunk

abstract: St. David's Episcopal Church is a parish of the Episcopal Diocese of Pennsylvania in the Manayunk neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is part of the Wissahickon Deanery of the Diocese of Pennsylvania. In 1960, the parish reported 621 members; it reported 23 members in 2022. English-born mill-workers were heavily represented in its early population, while mill owners were successive wardens, vestrymen, and treasurers. The first church building designed by architect John Notman was completed in 1835 and destroyed by fire on December 23, 1879. The first rector was the Rev. Frederick Freeman, who served from 1835 to 1839. The current brownstone building was consecrated on December 26, 1881 by Bishop William Bacon Stevens after the laying of its cornerstone by the same bishop on May 15, 1880. It was inscribed on the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places on March 8, 2019. The sanctuary is designed for ad orientem liturgical celebration, which has been practiced occasionally since the 1970s. The high altar was designed by the studio of English Gothic revival architect George Frederick Bodley and completed by the firm of Cram and Ferguson Architects. It was dedicated and blessed on October 31, 1919 by Bishop Philip M. Rhinelander in memory of Orlando Crease, warden of the parish for 56 years and Sunday school superintendent from 1853 to 1913. In 1886, the church installed a four-face tower clock by the E. Howard Watch and Clock Company with six-foot diameter faces striking on an E-flat bell and weighing 2,500 pounds. The clock-face is a popular Manayunk landmark and was the object of a 2007 restoration campaign. The parish had a separate chapel on Terrace Street in Manayunk until 1886. By 1889, St. David's had a surpliced male choir, indicating a somewhat High Church worship orientation. In 1919, the church abandoned pew-rents. St. David's was instrumental in the founding of at least three local daughter parishes through its Sunday schools: Church of St. Alban, Roxborough, St. Timothy's Episcopal Church, Roxborough, and the former St. Stephen's, Wissahickon.

text:
# St. David's Church, Manayunk

**St. David's Episcopal Church** is a parish of the Episcopal Diocese of Pennsylvania in the Manayunk neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is part of the Wissahickon Deanery of the Diocese of Pennsylvania. In 1960, the parish reported 621 members; it reported 23 members in 2022. English-born mill-workers were heavily represented in its early population, while mill owners were successive wardens, vestrymen, and treasurers.

The first church building designed by architect John Notman was completed in 1835 and destroyed by fire on December 23, 1879. The first rector was the Rev. Frederick Freeman, who served from 1835 to 1839. The current brownstone building was consecrated on December 26, 1881 by Bishop William Bacon Stevens after the laying of its cornerstone by the same bishop on May 15, 1880. It was inscribed on the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places on March 8, 2019.

The sanctuary is designed for ad orientem liturgical celebration, which has been practiced occasionally since the 1970s. The high altar was designed by the studio of English Gothic revival architect George Frederick Bodley and completed by the firm of Cram and Ferguson Architects. It was dedicated and blessed on October 31, 1919 by Bishop Philip M. Rhinelander in memory of Orlando Crease, warden of the parish for 56 years and Sunday school superintendent from 1853 to 1913.

In 1886, the church installed a four-face tower clock by the E. Howard Watch and Clock Company with six-foot diameter faces striking on an E-flat bell and weighing 2,500 pounds. The clock-face is a popular Manayunk landmark and was the object of a 2007 restoration campaign.

The parish had a separate chapel on Terrace Street in Manayunk until 1886. By 1889, St. David's had a surpliced male choir, indicating a somewhat High Church worship orientation. In 1919, the church abandoned pew-rents.

St. David's was instrumental in the founding of at least three local daughter parishes through its Sunday schools: Church of St. Alban, Roxborough, St. Timothy's Episcopal Church, Roxborough, and the former St. Stephen's, Wissahickon (demolished 1975).

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| St. David's Church | |
| --- | --- |
| St. David's Episcopal Church | |
| St. David's ChurchSt. David's Church | |
| 40°01′45″N 75°13′36″W / 40.02906126494426°N 75.22667666018597°W / 40.02906126494426; -75.22667666018597 | |
| Location | 150 Dupont Street<br>Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19127 |
| Country | United States |
| Denomination | Episcopal |
| Website | www.stdavidsmanayunk.org |
| History | |
| Founded | December 8, 1831 (December 8, 1831) |
| Dedication | Saint David of Wales |
| Consecrated | December 26, 1881 |
| Architecture | |
| Architect(s) | James Stafford |
| Years built | 1880-1881 |


title: National Development Party (Kenya)

abstract: The National Development Party (NDP) was a political party in Kenya which was of national importance between 1994 and 2001. It was founded by Stephen Wilfred Omondi Oludhe.

text:
# National Development Party (Kenya)

The **National Development Party** (NDP) was a political party in Kenya which was of national importance between 1994 and 2001. It was founded by Stephen Wilfred Omondi Oludhe.

## Becoming Odinga's party

Being a minor political party, until 1994, NDP gained national prominence when Raila Odinga joined it after he left Ford-Kenya following his loss in the battle for leadership of that party to Michael Wamalwa. Odinga pulled Ford members of parliament from Nyanza Province with him. This spike in membership, which included Ford-K's Nyanza MPs, put NDP in the position of a major opposition party in the Kenyan parliament. The party managed to retain its strong position in Nyanza region mainly among the Luo population during the 1997 elections when it returned 21 members to parliament.

## Co-operation and coalition with KANU

In 2000 NDP started to cooperate with the KANU-government of president Daniel arap Moi. From June 2001 three MPs of NDP joined the cabinet, thus inaugurating the first coalition cabinet in Kenya's history.

## 2002 merger and split

In spring 2002 NDP merged with KANU. NDP leader Odinga became the Secretary-General of the united Party. This union was to be short-lived, as from summer 2002 it became obvious that arap Moi was determined to have Uhuru Kenyatta as his successor, which was confirmed by a KANU congress in October 2002. Odinga, who had been aware of manipulated lists of delegates, pulled out from the congress together with his followers from the former NDP and was joined by a number of KANU politicians who protested against Moi's manipulation of the party meeting in favour of his chosen candidate. Together, the group, which called itself the Rainbow Coalition, quit the ruling party and then joined the then-minor Liberal Democratic Party, which was to be one of the founding members of the National Rainbow Coalition which went on to win the 2002 presidential and parliamentary elections.

## InfoBox

| National Development Party | |
| --- | --- |
| Leader | Raila Odinga |
| Founder | Stephen Omondi Oludhe |
| Founded | 1991 |
| Dissolved | 2002 |
|  | |


title: Warriors (Lisa Mitchell album)

abstract: Warriors is the third studio album by Australian singer-songwriter Lisa Mitchell. It was released in Australia and New Zealand on 14 October 2016. The album was produced by Eric Dubowsky. The album was announced on 2 August 2016, with Mitchell stating: "This album is personal. There's a lot of thinking about my own kind of mythology – of myself, my life, why things are the way they are. And a lot of it is to do with childhood." Additionally, Mitchell told auspOp the album will be "sonically different" and dance had infiltrated her writing, adding "We really got rid of a lot of guitar and piano in this album." The album's lead single "The Boys" was released on 5 August 2016, with the video premiering on YouTube on 1 August. The album's second single "Warhol" was released on 14 October 2016, with a live video premiering on 6 October 2016.

text:
# Warriors (Lisa Mitchell album)

***Warriors*** is the third studio album by Australian singer-songwriter Lisa Mitchell. It was released in Australia and New Zealand on 14 October 2016. The album was produced by Eric Dubowsky. The album was announced on 2 August 2016, with Mitchell stating: "This album is personal. There's a lot of thinking about my own kind of mythology – of myself, my life, why things are the way they are. And a lot of it is to do with childhood." Additionally, Mitchell told auspOp the album will be "sonically different" and dance had infiltrated her writing, adding "We really got rid of a lot of guitar and piano in this album."

The album's lead single "The Boys" was released on 5 August 2016, with the video premiering on YouTube on 1 August.

The album's second single "Warhol" was released on 14 October 2016, with a live video premiering on 6 October 2016.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Beat Magazine* |  |
| *Herald Sun* |  |
| *Rolling Stone Australia* |  |

Cameron Adams from *Herald Sun* gave the album three-and-a-half stars out of five, saying: "Even on her most pop album, Lisa Mitchell is thankfully still a square peg. Fuelled by synths and beats more than her beloved acoustic guitars it's a modern sound that suits her trademark tender vocals. The autobiographical title track gives a shout out to Daniel Johns, "Unravelling" and "Josephine" bottle the Kate Bush-style mystery that, at age 26, she's already built a career on." Adams said the stand out was the 'dark cloud with tribal percussion' track, "So Wild".

Angela Christian-Wilkes from *Beat Magazine* said: "*Warriors* has a firm sense of direction and purpose." adding "While the album has deviated onto the path of pop stylings, there are plenty of returning motifs. The production works well with her signature vocals, melding beautifully with the underlying airy atmosphere. The storytelling is strong, Mitchell bringing in seemingly mundane details to etch out feelings and situations, and her songwriting style continues to shine through with the new sound. This being said, the stripped acoustic goodness of "What is Love" is a welcome return to her roots".

Gareth Hipwell from *Rolling Stone Australia* said: "*Warriors* finds Mitchell ditching much of the guitar and piano that has defined her sound." adding "With its understated electro groove and chiming synths, opener "The Boys" is quicksilver pop bliss veined with whimsy and surrender. Vocally, Mitchell is diaphanous and delicate as ever, while at the same time less fussy, less determinedly off-beat. The acoustic "What is Love" reminds that young love is perennially tedious, while the earnest "Where You Are" is a plaintive piano ballad per *Bless This Mess*. The dragging regression erodes gains won by the winning electro-pop feeling of preceding passages."

## Track listing

1. "The Boys" – 4:25
2. "Warriors" – 3:27
3. "Warhol" – 3:40
4. "Unravelling" – 3:20
5. "So Wild" – 3:59
6. "I Remember Love" – 3:50
7. "What Is Love" – 5:11
8. "Where You Are" – 3:38
9. "Josephine" – 4:00
10. "Love, Death X" – 4:45

## Charts

Chart performance for *Warriors*
| Chart (2016) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Albums (ARIA) | 9 |

## InfoBox

| Warriors | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Lisa Mitchell | |
| Released | 14 October 2016 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 40:15 |
| Label | Warner Music Australia, PIAS |
| Producer | Eric J Dubowsky |
| Lisa Mitchell chronology | |
| *Bless This Mess*
(2012) ***Warriors***
(2016) *When They Play That Song*
(2017) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Warriors* | |
| 1. "The Boys"
Released: 5 August 2016 2. "Warhol"
Released: 14 October 2016 | |
|  | |


abstract: The 1908 United States presidential election in Maine took place on November 3, 1908, as part of the 1908 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. Maine voted for the Republican nominees, Secretary of War William Howard Taft of Ohio and his running mate James S. Sherman of New York. They defeated the Democratic nominees, former U.S. Representative William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska and his running mate John W. Kern of Indiana.. Taft won the state by a margin of 29.71%. With 63% of the popular vote, Maine would be Taft's second strongest victory in terms of percentage in the popular vote after nearby Vermont. Bryan had previously lost Maine to William McKinley in both 1896 and 1900.

text:
# 1908 United States presidential election in Maine

The **1908 United States presidential election in Maine** took place on November 3, 1908, as part of the 1908 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Maine voted for the Republican nominees, Secretary of War William Howard Taft of Ohio and his running mate James S. Sherman of New York. They defeated the Democratic nominees, former U.S. Representative William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska and his running mate John W. Kern of Indiana.. Taft won the state by a margin of 29.71%.

With 63% of the popular vote, Maine would be Taft's second strongest victory in terms of percentage in the popular vote after nearby Vermont.

Bryan had previously lost Maine to William McKinley in both 1896 and 1900.

## Results

| 1908 United States presidential election in Maine | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Running mate | Popular vote | | Electoral vote | |
| | Count | | | % | Count | % |
|  | Republican | **William Howard Taft** of Ohio | **James Schoolcraft Sherman** of New York | **66,987** | **63.00%** | **6** | **100.00%** |
|  | Democratic | William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska | John Worth Kern of Indiana | 35,403 | 33.29% | 0 | 0.00% |
|  | Socialist | Eugene Victor Debs of Indiana | Benjamin Hanford of New York | 1,758 | 1.65% | 0 | 0.00% |
|  | Prohibition | Eugene Wilder Chafin of Illinois | Aaron Sherman Watkins of Ohio | 1,487 | 1.25% | 0 | 0.00% |
|  | Independence | Thomas Louis Hisgen of Massachusetts | John Temple Graves of Georgia | 700 | 0.66% | 0 | 0.00% |
|  | N/A | *Others* | *Others* | 1 | 0.01% | 0 | 0.00% |
| **Total** | | | | **106,336** | **100.00%** | **6** | **100.00%** |

### Results by county

| County | William Howard Taft
Republican | | William Jennings Bryan
Democratic | | Eugene Victor Debs
Socialist | | Eugene Wilder Chafin
Prohibition | | Thomas Louis Hisgen
Independence | | Margin | | Total votes cast |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | |
| Androscoggin | 4,381 | 56.06% | 3,095 | 39.60% | 183 | 2.34% | 96 | 1.23% | 60 | 0.77% | 1,286 | 16.46% | 7,815 |
| Aroostook | 4,783 | 77.56% | 1,157 | 18.76% | 53 | 0.86% | 145 | 2.35% | 29 | 0.47% | 3,626 | 58.80% | 6,167 |
| Cumberland | 10,593 | 61.81% | 5,735 | 33.46% | 372 | 2.17% | 270 | 1.58% | 168 | 0.98% | 4,858 | 28.35% | 17,138 |
| Franklin | 2,173 | 68.46% | 930 | 29.30% | 15 | 0.47% | 51 | 1.61% | 8 | 0.25% | 1,243 | 39.12% | 3,174 |
| Hancock | 3,169 | 61.50% | 1,846 | 35.82% | 77 | 1.49% | 36 | 0.70% | 25 | 0.49% | 1,323 | 25.67% | 5,153 |
| Kennebec | 6,133 | 65.99% | 2,871 | 30.89% | 99 | 1.07% | 132 | 1.42% | 59 | 0.63% | 3,262 | 35.10% | 9,294 |
| Knox | 2,228 | 50.04% | 1,932 | 43.40% | 230 | 5.17% | 40 | 0.90% | 22 | 0.49% | 296 | 6.65% | 4,452 |
| Lincoln | 1,693 | 56.43% | 1,196 | 39.87% | 51 | 1.70% | 50 | 1.67% | 10 | 0.33% | 497 | 16.57% | 3,000 |
| Oxford | 4,179 | 64.53% | 2,093 | 32.32% | 63 | 0.97% | 66 | 1.02% | 75 | 1.16% | 2,086 | 32.21% | 6,476 |
| Penobscot | 7,336 | 66.03% | 3,525 | 31.73% | 102 | 0.92% | 117 | 1.05% | 30 | 0.27% | 3,811 | 34.30% | 11,110 |
| Piscataquis | 2,157 | 70.49% | 828 | 27.06% | 7 | 0.23% | 63 | 2.06% | 5 | 0.16% | 1,329 | 43.43% | 3,060 |
| Sagadahoc | 1,776 | 64.00% | 838 | 30.20% | 65 | 2.34% | 65 | 2.34% | 31 | 1.12% | 938 | 33.80% | 2,775 |
| Somerset | 3,688 | 65.30% | 1,676 | 29.67% | 198 | 3.51% | 62 | 1.10% | 24 | 0.42% | 2,012 | 35.62% | 5,648 |
| Waldo | 2,491 | 63.22% | 1,335 | 33.88% | 68 | 1.73% | 32 | 0.81% | 14 | 0.36% | 1,156 | 29.34% | 3,940 |
| Washington | 3,507 | 59.49% | 2,256 | 38.27% | 60 | 1.02% | 47 | 0.80% | 25 | 0.42% | 1,251 | 21.22% | 5,895 |
| York | 6,700 | 59.64% | 4,090 | 36.40% | 115 | 1.02% | 215 | 1.91% | 115 | 1.02% | 2,610 | 23.23% | 11,235 |
| Totals | 66,987 | 63.00% | 35,403 | 33.29% | 1,758 | 1.65% | 1,487 | 1.40% | 700 | 0.66% | 31,584 | 29.70% | 106,332 |

## InfoBox

1908 United States presidential election in Maine
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **William Howard Taft** William Jennings Bryan   Party Republican Democratic  Home state Ohio Nebraska  Running mate **James S. Sherman** John W. Kern  Electoral vote **6** 0  Popular vote **66,987** 35,403  Percentage **63.00%** 33.29% | |
| ---  County Results  **Taft**  50-60%  60-70%  70-80% | |
| ---  **President before election**
Theodore Roosevelt
Republican **Elected President**
William Howard Taft
Republican | |


title: Lincolnton Commercial Historic District

abstract: Lincolnton Commercial Historic District is a national historic district located at Lincolnton, Lincoln County, North Carolina. It encompasses 62 contributing buildings and 2 contributing objects in the central business district of Lincolnton. It includes a variety of commercial, institutional, and industrial buildings dating between about 1900 and 1955. Located in the district are the separately listed Classical Revival style Lincoln County Courthouse and First United Methodist Church. Other notable buildings include the Frank Beal House, Karl L. Lawing House, Reinhardt Building, Carolina First National Bank, Central Candy and Cigar Company, Jonas Building, Wampum Department Stores, Rhodes and Corriher Company building, and Coca-Cola Bottling Company building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.

text:
# Lincolnton Commercial Historic District

**Lincolnton Commercial Historic District** is a national historic district located at Lincolnton, Lincoln County, North Carolina. It encompasses 62 contributing buildings and 2 contributing objects in the central business district of Lincolnton. It includes a variety of commercial, institutional, and industrial buildings dating between about 1900 and 1955. Located in the district are the separately listed Classical Revival style Lincoln County Courthouse and First United Methodist Church. Other notable buildings include the Frank Beal House (c. 1910), Karl L. Lawing House (c. 1905), Reinhardt Building, Carolina First National Bank, Central Candy and Cigar Company, Jonas Building (c. 1950), Wampum Department Stores (c. 1905), Rhodes and Corriher Company building, and Coca-Cola Bottling Company building.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Lincolnton Commercial Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| Lincolnton Commercial Historic District, September 2014 | |
|  | |
| Location | Roughly bounded by Pine St., Poplar St., Church St. and W. Court Square, Lincolnton, North Carolina |
| Coordinates | 35°28′20″N 81°15′22″W / 35.47222°N 81.25611°W / 35.47222; -81.25611 |
| Area | 22 acres (8.9 ha) |
| Built | 1923 (1923) |
| Architect | Salter, James A; et al. |
| Architectural style | Classical Revival, Early Commercial, et al. |
| NRHP reference No. | 05001419 |
| Added to NRHP | December 16, 2005 |


title: Norumbega

abstract: Norumbega, or Nurembega, is a legendary settlement in northeastern North America which was featured on many early maps from the 16th century until European colonization of the region. It was alleged that the houses had pillars of gold and the inhabitants carried quarts of pearls on their heads. The word "Norumbega" was originally spelled Oranbega in Giovanni da Verrazzano's 1529 map of America, and the word is believed to derive from one of the Algonquian languages spoken in New England. It may mean "quiet place between the rapids" or "quiet stretch of water". In 1542, Jean Allefonsce reported that he had coasted south from Newfoundland and had discovered a great river. It often appeared on subsequent European maps of North America, lying south of Acadia in what is now New England. The town of Bangor, Maine, commemorated the legend during the nineteenth century, naming their municipal hall "Norumbega Hall". In 1886, inventor Joseph Barker Stearns built a mansion named "Norumbega Castle", which still stands on US Route 1 in Camden, Maine, overlooking Penobscot Bay. During the late 19th century, Eben Norton Horsford associated the name and legend of Norumbega with supposed Norse settlements on the Charles River, and built the Norumbega Tower at the confluence of Stony Brook and the Charles River in Weston, Massachusetts, where he claimed Fort Norumbega was located. In honor of Horsford's generous donations to Wellesley College, a building named Norumbega Hall was dedicated in 1886 and celebrated in a poem by John Greenleaf Whittier. Presently, the myth is commemorated by such place names as Norumbega Mountain in Acadia National Park.

text:
# Norumbega

**Norumbega**, or **Nurembega**, is a legendary settlement in northeastern North America which was featured on many early maps from the 16th century until European colonization of the region. It was alleged that the houses had pillars of gold and the inhabitants carried quarts of pearls on their heads.

The word "Norumbega" was originally spelled *Oranbega* in Giovanni da Verrazzano's 1529 map of America, and the word is believed to derive from one of the Algonquian languages spoken in New England. It may mean "quiet place between the rapids" or "quiet stretch of water". In 1542, Jean Allefonsce reported that he had coasted south from Newfoundland and had discovered a great river. It often appeared on subsequent European maps of North America, lying south of Acadia in what is now New England.

The town of Bangor, Maine, commemorated the legend during the nineteenth century, naming their municipal hall "Norumbega Hall". In 1886, inventor Joseph Barker Stearns built a mansion named "Norumbega Castle", which still stands on US Route 1 in Camden, Maine, overlooking Penobscot Bay. During the late 19th century, Eben Norton Horsford associated the name and legend of Norumbega with supposed Norse settlements on the Charles River, and built the Norumbega Tower at the confluence of Stony Brook and the Charles River in Weston, Massachusetts, where he claimed Fort Norumbega was located. In honor of Horsford's generous donations to Wellesley College, a building named Norumbega Hall was dedicated in 1886 and celebrated in a poem by John Greenleaf Whittier. Presently, the myth is commemorated by such place names as Norumbega Mountain (formerly Brown Mountain) in Acadia National Park.

## Further reading

* Baker, Emerson W., Churchill, Edwin A., D'Abate, Richard S., Jones, Kristine L., Konrad, Victor A. and Prins, Harald E.L., editors, 1994. *American beginnings: Exploration, culture, and cartography in the land of Norumbega* (University of Nebraska Press)
* DeCosta, B.F. 1890. *Ancient Norumbega, or the voyages of Simon Ferdinando and John Walker to the Penobscot River, 1579-1580.* Joel Munsell's Sons, Albany, NY
* Ramsay, R. H., 1972. *No Longer on the Map*, Viking Books
* Reider T, Sherwin  *The Viking and The Red Man*
* Seaver, Kirsten A. (1998). "Norumbega and "Harmonia Mundi" in Sixteenth-Century Cartography". *Imago Mundi*. **50**: 34–58. doi:10.1080/03085699808592878. ISSN 0308-5694. JSTOR 1151390.


abstract: The 1924 United States Senate election in Virginia was held on November 4, 1924. Incumbent Democratic Senator Carter Glass defeated Republican W. N. Doak and was elected to his second term in office.

text:
# 1924 United States Senate election in Virginia

The **1924 United States Senate election in Virginia** was held on November 4, 1924. Incumbent Democratic Senator Carter Glass defeated Republican W. N. Doak and was elected to his second term in office.

## Results

United States Senate election in Virginia, 1924
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Carter Glass (inc.)** | **151,498** | **73.12%** | **−18.19%** |
|  | Republican | William N. Doak | 50,092 | 24.18% | +15.49% |
|  | Progressive | Carroll L. Riker | 5,594 | 2.70% | +2.70% |
| Majority | | | 101,406 | 48.94% | −33.68% |
| Turnout | | | 207,184 |  |  |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

## InfoBox

1924 United States Senate election in Virginia
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Carter Glass** William N. Doak   Party Democratic Republican  Popular vote **151,498** 50,092  Percentage **73.12%** 24.18% | |
| ---  **U.S. senator before election**
Carter Glass
Democratic **Elected U.S. Senator**
Carter Glass
Democratic | |