title: Town of Hughenden

abstract: The Town of Hughenden is a former local government area in North Queensland, Australia.

text:
# Town of Hughenden

The **Town of Hughenden** is a former local government area in North Queensland, Australia.

## History

The Hughenden Division was established on 22 April 1882 under the *Divisional Boards Act 1879*. On 20 April 1887, the Borough of Hughenden was separated from it and constituted separately as a municipality for the emerging town of Hughenden.

With the passage of the *Local Authorities Act 1902*, the Borough of Hughenden became the Town of Hughenden on 31 March 1903.

On 15 March 1958, the Town of Hughenden was abolished and absorbed into the Shire of Flinders.

## Mayors

20°50′24″S 144°11′49″E / 20.840°S 144.197°E / -20.840; 144.197


title: Train slot

abstract: In rail transport, a train slot is a license that allows its holder, usually a railway company, to run a train on a specific section of track at a specific time, similar to an airport slot in civil aviation. Rail infrastructure companies such as Network Rail in Great Britain and DB Netze in Germany own the tracks and stations in their area of responsibility and make money by selling train slots to companies which operate freight and passenger services.

text:
# Train slot

In rail transport, a **train slot** is a license that allows its holder, usually a railway company, to run a train on a specific section of track at a specific time, similar to an airport slot in civil aviation. Rail infrastructure companies such as Network Rail in Great Britain and DB Netze in Germany own the tracks and stations in their area of responsibility and make money by selling train slots to companies which operate freight and passenger services.


title: Totonacapan

abstract: Totonacapan refers to the historical extension where the Totonac people of Mexico dominated, as well as to a region in the modern states of Veracruz and Puebla. The historical territory was much larger than the currently named region, extending from the Cazones River in the north to the Papaloapan River in the south and then west from the Gulf of Mexico into what is now the Sierra Norte de Puebla region and into parts of Hidalgo. When the Spanish arrived, the Totonac ethnicity dominated this large region, although they themselves were dominated by the Aztec Empire. For this reason, they allied with Hernán Cortés against Tenochtitlán. However, over the colonial period, the Totonac population and territory shrank, especially after 1750 when mestizos began infiltrating Totonacapan, taking political and economic power. This continued into the 19th and 20th centuries, prompting the division of most of historical Totonacpan between the states of Puebla and Veracruz. Today, the term refers only to a region in the north of Veracruz where Totonac culture is still important. This region is home to the El Tajín and Cempoala archeological sites as well as Papantla, which is noted for its performance of the Danza de los Voladores.

text:
# Totonacapan

**Totonacapan** refers to the historical extension where the Totonac people of Mexico dominated, as well as to a region in the modern states of Veracruz and Puebla. The historical territory was much larger than the currently named region, extending from the Cazones River in the north to the Papaloapan River in the south and then west from the Gulf of Mexico into what is now the Sierra Norte de Puebla region and into parts of Hidalgo. When the Spanish arrived, the Totonac ethnicity dominated this large region, although they themselves were dominated by the Aztec Empire. For this reason, they allied with Hernán Cortés against Tenochtitlán. However, over the colonial period, the Totonac population and territory shrank, especially after 1750 when mestizos began infiltrating Totonacapan, taking political and economic power. This continued into the 19th and 20th centuries, prompting the division of most of historical Totonacpan between the states of Puebla and Veracruz. Today, the term refers only to a region in the north of Veracruz where Totonac culture is still important. This region is home to the El Tajín and Cempoala archeological sites as well as Papantla, which is noted for its performance of the Danza de los Voladores.

## History

The earliest human settlements in the area date back to about 2000 BCE with agriculture practiced early with those communities on the coast having seafood prominent in the diet, especially mollusks. The area thrived with many small villages and ceremonial center because of abundant agricultural production. The beginning of the Classic period around 300BCE brought great changes to the region as it became part of an important trade route between Teotihuacan and the Maya. Evidence of Teotihuacan influence become evident including religion and architecture.

The name "Totonacapan" is from the Totonac people (+ "pan" meaning "place"), who probably arrived to the area between the 8th and 9th centuries. It was populated by other cultures before this, which have since been lost. It is not known how the Totonacs came to occupy and dominate the region, and there are several theories, some of which point to links with Teotihuacan and/or a migration from the interior towards the Gulf coast. Their main archeological sites include El Tajín, Cempoala and Yohualichan (in the Sierra Norte de Puebla). El Tajín is considered crucial to Totonac identity. The territory originally extended from the Papaloapan River in the south to the Cazones River in the north, the Gulf of Mexico on the east and into the Sierra Madre Oriental mountains to the west into what is now the Sierra Norte de Puebla and perhaps even as far as Tulancingo. However, these western areas had become ethnically mixed due to influxes of Nahuas and Otomis long before the Spanish arrived. They were also heavily influenced by the olmec.

When the Spanish arrived in the 16th century, the region was dominated by the Totonacs, who were then in turn dominated by the Aztec Empire. Because of this, the Totonacs allied with the Spanish against the Aztecs to conquer Tenochtitlán . However, war, disease and forced labor brought the Totonac population down drastically. The Totonac population in Cempoala is estimated to have been about 80,000 when the Spanish arrived in 1519 but with only eighty left in 1550. The Spanish also took their lands for cattle raising until the ethnicity occupied only about half of what it used to. In many areas, the Totonac population was replaced by Spanish, mestizo and African peoples. Until the 17th century, the Spanish mostly respected Totonac leadership as their help against the Aztec made them non-threatening militarily. Evangelization was likewise slow, with only sixteen parishes in all of Totonacapan by 1750.

This means that until 1750, the political and social situation in Totonacapan was relatively stable. However, from this time to the present various political, social and economic developments have served to weaken and split Totonac control over its historical territory. Mestizos began to take indigenous land and felt sufficiently powerful enough to begin taking political and military power. From 1750 to 1820, there were a series of Totonac revolts against these incursions, especially in the Papantla and Orizaba regions. This rebellion caused the Totonacs to ally with the cause for independence early, led by Serafín Olarte, but they were crushed by royalist forces.

The struggle continued after Independence with a new insurrection led by Olarte's son, Mariano Olarte with the flash point being the prohibition of Totonac Holy Week rites, which the Puebla diocese deemed “too pagan.” The first president of Mexico, Guadalupe Victoria, who had fought with Serafín Olarte, mediated the dispute but was unable to get the diocese to relent. The rebellions by the Totonac spurred mestizo and Spanish authorities into a series of moves that resulted in the splitting of historical Totonacapan mostly between the modern states of Veracruz and Puebla, with some small areas now part of Hidalgo over the course of the 19th century. Borders fluctuated over this time but were set by the beginning of Mexican Revolution.

The mestizos, meanwhile, were privatizing communally held land, confiscating religious property and prohibiting public worship to weaken the power of indigenous authorities. The Totonacs had some luck in turning the tide during the Mexican Revolution but these gains were lost in the 1930s. The process of dividing Totonacapan into various smaller entities politically and economically continued through the 20th century. One development was the construction of the Mexico City-Tuxpan highway and the development of petroleum extraction in the Poza Rica area. The Teziutlán-Tlatlauquitepec highway to Tenampulco reinforced a Veracruz/Puebla border.

While there is still a very large population of Totonacs in both states, as Mexico's tenth largest indigenous group, today, what is called Totonacapan is only a fraction of former Totonac lands. It refers to a region in Veracruz, which is made up of fifteen municipalities: Cazones de Herrera, Coahuitlán, Coatzintla, Coyutla, Chumatlan, Espinal, Filomeno Mata, Gutiérrez Zamora, Mecatlán, Papantla, Poza Rica de Hidalgo, Tecolutla, Tihuatlán, and Zozocolco de Hidalgo. The Totonac population continues to decline in both states, especially since the 1980s with many migrating out due to the poor economy of the region. History has put pressure on the Totonac language, with speakers switching over to Spanish and in some cases, to Nahuatl even though those who change language still consider themselves Totonac.

## Archeological sites

The most important archeological site in the region is El Tajín, located near Papantla, and is one of the largest and most important cities of the Classic era of Mesoamerica. A part of the Classic Veracruz culture, El Tajín flourished from 600 to 1200 C.E. and during this time numerous temples, palaces, ballcourts, and pyramids were built.

El Tajín was named a World Heritage Site in 1992, due to its cultural importance, especially to the Totonac people and its architecture. This architecture includes the use of decorative niches and cement in forms unknown in the rest of Mesoamerica. Its best-known monument is the Pyramid of the Niches, but other important monuments include the Arroyo Group, the North and South Ballcourts and the palaces of Tajín Chico. Since the 1970s, El Tajin has been the most important archeological site in Veracruz for tourists, attracting over 650,000 visitors a year.

The next most important site is Cempoala which during the height of the Totonacs, was the most important city. It was still important when the Spanish arrived, but it became mostly abandoned afterwards.

The area contains some of the earliest known archeological sites in Veracruz such as Trapiche, Chalahuite el Viejón, Limoncito and Tlalixcoyan. One of the earliest sites dates to around 1500 BCE is Remojadas which is considered the center of a pre Totonac culture called by the same name.

## Geography and environment

Most of the modern Totonacapan of Veracruz state extends from the coast to the edges of the Sierra Madre Oriental, with altitudes of between zero and 800 meters above sea level. Most of it has a hot and humid climate with extreme lows reaching 5C in the highest elevations and high temperatures reaching 38C between March and June. The average annual temperature ranges from 15 to 20C. Annual rainfall averages between 1,500 and 1,800mm per year with most falling between July and November.

The most important rivers include Cazones, Tecolutla and Necaxa, which is a tributary of the Tecolutla. There are also numerous streams the largest of which include the Zozocolco, the Tecacán and the Chumatlán. The wild vegetation is tropical rainforest, rich in hardwoods with include species such as cedar, mahogany (*Swietenia humilis* and *S. macrophylla*), kapok fibre trees (*Ceiba pentandra*), Mexican laurel, *Salix* (willow) and fig species. However, their range is limited to less than 4,000 hectares (9,900 acres) in about seven municipalities. Wildlife includes squirrels, rabbits, armadillos, opossums, fresh and saltwater shrimp, trout, and various bird species.

## Economy

Totonacapan is one of Mexico poorest regions, despite the fact that there is oil production in and around Poza Rica. The reason is that much of the region is still isolated and rural. For example, Mecatlan is one of the sixty poorest municipalities in the country, with half of home without running water and seventy percent with dirt floors. Illiteracy is four times the national level. Infrastructure such as roadways and housing is in poor condition especially in the mountain areas. The construction of bridges is considered to be important to the regions development, especially to connect the coastline with the interior cities of Mexico.

The principal economic activities are agriculture, the raising of cattle and in some areas, fishing. The coastal areas mostly produce corn with two harvests per year along with beans, chili peppers, oranges, limes, grapefruit, mandarin oranges, sugar cane, bananas, vanilla, sesame seed and more. The mountain areas principally grow coffee, black pepper, sapote and red mamey. Much of the citrus fruit is exported. Aside from cattle there is some other livestock such as pigs, sheep, horses and domestic fowl as well as bees.

The mountain areas of the region are home to the vanilla plant, which is a kind of orchid which produces the bean from which the flavoring comes. The bean was highly valued long before the arrival of the Spanish, used for religious rituals, perfumes and healing potions as well as a flavoring. When the Aztecs conquered Totonacapan, part of the tribute was in vanilla beans, mostly used to flavor chocolate drinks in Tenochtitlán. In the recent past, vanilla was a major trade in the region, with a number of vanilla “barons” in the first half of the 20th century making fortunes as middlemen and exporters. However, it began to be grown more cheaply elsewhere and the creation of synthetic vanilla collapsed the market for authentic Mexican vanilla. Despite the quality due to ideal growing conditions, Mexico produces only fifteen percent of the world's vanilla. However, a number of entrepreneurs are working to bring the crop back experimenting with production rates and promoting the quality of Totonacapan-grown vanilla. The best vanilla still comes from here.

The Tecolutla, Nautla and Vega de la Torre zones are fishing centers were cooperatives catch catfish, crayfish and other species although crayfish species are endangered.

The main industry is related to oil and gas production although this is limited to the very north of the region. There are also some small industries dedicated to the production of bricks, piloncillo, furniture and handcrafts.

One nascent economic initiative is ecotourism, with nature parks such as Parque Xanath just outside Papantla and the Totonac culture, especially the Voladores and the growing of vanilla. Papantla is the modern capital of Totonac culture, with a Volador pole in the atrium of the main church. Zozocolca has various waterfalls surrounded by large and leafy trees and slabs of rock which guide the water. Parque Takilhsukut is a nature park which is also dedicated to the preservation of Totonac culture with workshops, concerts, and more for both visitors and the local population. Its school for Voladores has children as young as nine. It is one of the sites of the Cumbre Tajín annual festival.

## Demographics and culture

Although the Totonac people are no longer the dominant population in Totonacapan, their culture remains an important part of the Veracruz region still named for them. The various municipalities have formal, generally mestizo-dominated, governments but there are also councils of elders in many indigenous communities which have various relationships with the various municipal authorities.

Totonac languages are principally spoken in Veracruz, the north of Puebla and some areas of Hidalgo. Both of the main branches of the language are spoken in Totonacapan in Veracruz where about half of all Totonac speakers live. The percentage of ethnic Totonacs which speak the language is declining as parents stop teaching it to their children. This phenomenon is more pronounced in the lowland areas where it has all but disappeared in some places. The largest concentration of speakers is in Papantla with large concentrations on the Veracruz/Puebla border.

Traditional dances play an important part in Totonac identity. There are four basic categories: Voladores, those depicting aspects of the Spanish conquest, Afro-European and those which were imposed by Catholic clergy such as those performed during Las Posadas. The best known of these dances is the Ritual Ceremony of the Voladores of Papantla, which has been recognized as an Intangible Cultural Heritage by UNESCO. However, these dances are also waning and survive mostly in marginalized communities. In very poor communities, dances are dying out because the people do not have the time or money to make or maintain the elaborate costumes. As older instructors die, there are no younger ones to take their place.

Most of the population is Catholic although these are split into those who practice the traditional mix of indigenous and Catholic beliefs and reform Catholics who put less emphasis on the political and social aspects of traditional religious practice. In the 1950s, Protestantism was introduced to the area by the Instituto Lingüístico de Verano which now includes evangelists, Baptists and Pentecostals.

Much of the region's cuisine is based on corn, along with wild and cultivated plants and fruits. Much of traditional cuisine survives because of the area's relative remoteness and traditional women still cook over wood fires, grinding corn and other foods on metates. Dishes include soups made from squash, sweet corn and beans. Beans are flavored with sesame seed. Small dishes include tlacoyos with beans, chili peppers with sesame seed, tamales with salted fish, turkey and other fillings, enchiladas zampadas. Vegetable dishes include a green called quelite with beans or with herbs and eggs, chayote with squash seeds, enchiladas with mamey and nopal cactus with eggs. Seafood dishes include shrimp in various preparations including with sesame seed and sweet potato and grilled fish. Meats include various domestic fowl, pork, beef and rabbit, often smoked. Most ingredients are indigenous with a few exceptions such as sesame seed and almonds. Another common dish is zacahuil, which is a kind of corn pudding.

Another distinct ethnicity in the region is the Tepehua, whose language is similar to Totonac. Tepehua communities include Chicontepec and Huayacocotla.

The Cumbre Tajín is considered to be one of Mexico's five largest festivals and one of the 100 most important in the world. Centered on three sites over five days, the aim of the event is to promote Totonacapan's culture, identity and economy. The event had an economic impact of between 180 and 200 million pesos with over 400,000 visitors, temporarily employing 8,000 workers. The event attracts over 5,000 artists from Veracruz, Mexico and the world with about the same number of activities.

20°27′28″N 97°21′19″W / 20.45778°N 97.35528°W / 20.45778; -97.35528

## InfoBox

| People | Totonac |
| --- | --- |
| Language | Totonac |
| Country | Totonacapan |


title: Track Marshall

abstract: Track Marshall was a crawler tractor, that had its origins in the merger of the Fowler and Marshall companies shortly after WW2.

text:
# Track Marshall

**Track Marshall** was a crawler tractor, that had its origins in the merger of the Fowler and Marshall companies shortly after WW2.

## Origins

The Track Marshall came about due to the takeover of John Fowler and Company (Leeds) Ltd by Marshall, Sons & Co. in 1947 - Marshall was itself owned by Thomas W. Ward Ltd (since 1935). Marshall had been making single-cylinder diesel wheeled tractors since 1930. Fowler on the other hand had been engaged in making tracked vehicles, especially during WW2. When the two companies' activities were merged it was decided that the Fowler company would manufacture a tracked version of the Field Marshall wheeled tractor. The new Fowler product was announced in early 1948 as the 'Fowler Marshall Diesel Crawler Tractor Mark V.F.'. Fowler and Marshall further developed the tracked crawler and in 1951 introduced the Fowler Challenger Mk 1 with a Marshall ED5 twin cylinder 2-stroke diesel engine. Then in 1956 they started selling their new model, the Track-Marshall, which was a crawler fitted with a Perkins L4 four cylinder diesel of 48hp. Also new was the Fowler Challenger Mk 2 with a Leyland six-cylinder 60hp diesel engine.

## Models

Demonstrated in 1955, and for sale in 1956 the first Track Marshall tracked tractor model was fitted with a Perkins L4 four cylinder diesel of 48hp. Fowler also produced the Challenger range of tracked tractors at the same time.

Track Marshall models were produced with increasing power over the years, and then when the business was sold to British Leyland in 1972, the models were continued branded as Aveling-Marshall.


title: Townsview

abstract: Townsview is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in Region F of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality.

text:
# Townsview

**Townsview** is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in Region F of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality.

## InfoBox

| Townsview | |
| --- | --- |
| TownsviewTownsview | |
| Coordinates: 26°15′32″S 28°03′04″E / 26.259°S 28.051°E / -26.259; 28.051 | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Province | Gauteng |
| Municipality | City of Johannesburg |
| Main Place | Johannesburg |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.37 km2 (0.14 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,096 |
| Density | 3,000/km2 (7,700/sq mi) |
| Racial makeup (2011) | |
| Black African | 51.8% |
| Coloured | 12.6% |
| Indian/Asian | 0.9% |
| White | 34.7% |
| First languages (2011) | |
| English | 48.7% |
| Afrikaans | 14.8% |
| Zulu | 10.5% |
| Xhosa | 5.6% |
| Other | 20.5% |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (SAST) |
| Postal code (street) | 2190 |


title: Total Wreck, Arizona

abstract: Total Wreck is a ghost town in Pima County, Arizona. The town was built 7 miles (11 km) from Pantano, Arizona, whence "an excellent road" led from the Southern Pacific Railroad line and on to the Empire Ranch. It lay on the mail route to and from Harshaw.

text:
# Total Wreck, Arizona

**Total Wreck** is a ghost town in Pima County, Arizona. The town was built 7 miles (11 km) from Pantano, Arizona, whence "an excellent road" led from the Southern Pacific Railroad line and on to the Empire Ranch. It lay on the mail route to and from Harshaw.

## Mining

Silver was discovered in the Richmond lode of the Empire mining district in the eastern Empire Mountains in 1879. By 1884 mines of the area had produced some $5,000,000 in silver bullion. Mining declined through the 1890s and early 1900s.

## Naming

There are two stories about the naming of the town.

* John L. Dillon, the owner of the claims, named the townsite Total Wreck because he thought that the mine was on a ledge that looked like "a Total Wreck" because it was below a quartzite ledge with large boulders of quartzite strewn all over.
* The *Los Angeles Times* reported in 1882 that the "strange appellation" of *Total Wreck* came about when "After a laborious search for minerals in the vicinity of the mine, one day previous to its discovery, Mr. Dillon replied to a friend's inquiry of 'What luck?' by saying: 'Oh, it's a *total wreck!' "*

## Business and population

A post office was established on August 12, 1881, and was discontinued on November 1, 1890. The population was 200 or 300 residents in 1883, at which time its structures included five saloons, three general stores, a butcher shop, a shoemaker shop and a half dozen Chinese laundries.

A *Los Angeles Times* reporter wrote in 1882:

> The town of Total Wreck has no appearance of a wreck. It is a thrifty, neat-looking village, the streets laid out at right angles. The main street is named Dillon street in honor of the discoverer of the mine, and the first to discover minerals in this district.... The town has two stores, two hotels, a restaurant, five saloons, a carpenter, blacksmith, butcher and shoe-shop; also a dressmaker's store, a brewery and about thirty-five houses.... It has a residential magistrate and a deputy sheriff, and I was informed that in case of trouble with the Indians or roughs ninety men could be mustered within sixty minutes.

Business owners in that year were "N.R. Vail, Salsig & Ballou, Chas. Altschul, A.J.Bobo, Snyder & Co., Nelson & George, P.J. Delahanty, John Vaughn, Alex. Chisholm, S.S. Danner, McClellan & Williams and Mr. Ballou."

## Legends

A popular legend of Total Wreck was the story of E. B. Salsig who was involved in a shootout. He was struck in the chest by a bullet from the other assailant, but he didn't die because he was saved by a large pack of love letters he had in his vest pocket. The letters supposedly absorbed the bullet, saving the man's life. Legend says he married the woman who had written the letters.

## InfoBox

| Total Wreck, Arizona | |
| --- | --- |
| Ghost town | |
| Total Wreck, c.1885. | |
| Total Wreck, ArizonaLocation in the state of ArizonaTotal Wreck, ArizonaTotal Wreck, Arizona (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 31°53′44″N 110°35′34″W / 31.89556°N 110.59278°W / 31.89556; -110.59278 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Arizona |
| County | Pima |
| Founded | 1879 |
| Abandoned | 1890 |
| Elevation | 4,629 ft (1,411 m) |
| Population (2009) | |
| Total | 0 |
| Time zone | UTC-7 (MST (no DST)) |
| Post Office opened | August 12, 1881 |
| Post Office closed | November 1, 1890 |


title: Total absorption costing

abstract: Total absorption costing (TAC) is a method of Accounting cost which entails the full cost of manufacturing or providing a service. TAC includes not just the costs of materials and labour, but also of all manufacturing overheads. The cost of each cost center can be direct or indirect. The direct cost can be easily identified with individual cost centers. Whereas indirect cost cannot be easily identified with the cost center. The distribution of overhead among the departments is called apportionment.

text:
# Total absorption costing

**Total absorption costing** (TAC) is a method of Accounting cost which entails the full cost of manufacturing or providing a service. TAC includes not just the costs of materials and labour, but also of all manufacturing overheads (whether ‘fixed’ or ‘variable’). The cost of each cost center can be direct or indirect. The direct cost can be easily identified with individual cost centers. Whereas indirect cost cannot be easily identified with the cost center. The distribution of overhead among the departments is called apportionment.

## Primary apportionment or distribution of overheads

The selection of the base on which overheads are or should be apportioned depends on the following principles:

* Service or use basis: If the benefit obtained by various departments from the overheads can be measured, overheads can be apportioned on that basis.
* Survey basis: If amount of overhead can't be measured survey basis can be applied. For example, if it can be noted that a supervisor is giving 60% of their time to one department and 40% to another, their wage can be apportioned on that basis.
* Ability to pay basis: In this case the apportionment may depend on the factors like total sale/profitability. This may not be a fair case always as some departments may have to take most of the burden.

## Secondary Apportionment

With the process of primary apportionment or distribution, the loading of overheads for all the departments i.e. production as well as service departments can be obtained. The next step is to transfer the overheads of non-production departments to the production departments, as the various cost centers move through the production departments only.

### Absorption

Each job while moving through the production department should get its share of overhead. This process of distribution of overheads is called absorption. There can be a number of methods of absorption of overheads, consideration should be given to the type of industry, manufacturing process, nature of industry etc. The various methods of absorption are

* Direct material cost percentage rate
* Direct labour cost percentage rate
* Prime cost percentage rate
* Labour hour rate
* Machine hour rate

### Direct material cost percentage rate

In this method overhead is calculated as a percentage of the material cost. This is used where the material cost is high and of prime importance. Here other costs are negligible or are dependent on the material cost. This is calculated as (Amount of overhead/Material cost)x 100 If the production overhead is 3,000 and the material cost is 10,000 then the absorption rate will be

(3000/10000)x 100 = 30%

Now for a product if the material cost is 1000 then the overhead cost is 300. so the total cost would be 1300. The classic example of and industry using this type of absorption are gold jewelers the typical absorption rate varies from 2-5% of the cost of the gold. If the cost of the material fluctuates this method cannot be used. For this type of absorption the material cost should be stable. If in the same industry material of different cost is used the calculation becomes unjustified, especially when the cost of the material differ too much.

### Direct labour cost percentage rate

In this method cost is absorbed as a percent of the labour cost or the wages. (Overhead cost/Labour cost)x 100 If the Labour cost is 5000 and the overhead cost is 1000 then the absorption cost is 20%. If the labour cost of one job is 500 it will have to absorb 20% i.e. 100 as the overhead cost making the total cost to be 600. This method can be used in service industry where the major input is the skilled or unskilled labour. For the proper calculation labour rates need to be constant and the skill and efficiency of the labourer need to be identical.

### Prime cost percentage rate

In this method both material cost as well as labour cost is the base for calculating the overhead absorption. It is calculated as (Overhead Cost/Prime cost)x 100. Prime cost is nothing but the sum of direct material cost and direct labour cost.

### Labour Hour rate

This method is mostly used if the industry is labour-intensive and the labour is mostly unskilled or semiskilled. It is calculated as (overhead cost/ Labour hours required for production) if the labour hour required is 1000 and the overhead to be absorbed is 250 then the rate is .25 per labour hour. if 20 labour hours are required to complete a job then the overhead will be 5.

### Machine hour rate

If the industry considered has a high degree of automation and mechanization then this method can be used. Here the major chunk of the cost comes from the utilization of the machines. it is calculated as (overhead cost/ number of machine hours) This is very useful if the running cost of the machines including rent are the dominant part of the cost of the product.

One of the main reasons for absorbing overheads into the cost of is for inventory valuation purposes. Absorption costing is permissible under GAAP.

Traditional TAC was developed in the age of manufacturing and mostly used to arrive at the full manufacturing cost of producing goods; an alternative method of arriving at full cost known as activity-based costing (ABC) is often thought to be more appropriate for services. Absorption costing is a means of incorporating a fair share of indirect cost or overheads into the cost of a unit of product or service provided.

## Absorption costing

A costing method that includes all manufacturing costs—direct materials, direct labour, and both overhead—in unit product costs. According to the ICMA London "Absorption costing is a principle whereby fixed as well as variable costs are allocated to cost unit the term may be applied where production costs only or costs of all function are so allocated".


abstract: The men's discus throw event at the 2015 Military World Games was held on 8 October at the KAFAC Sports Complex.

text:
# Track and field at the 2015 Military World Games – Men's discus throw

The **men's discus throw** event at the **2015 Military World Games** was held on 8 October at the KAFAC Sports Complex.

## Records

Prior to this competition, the existing world and CISM record were as follows:

| **World Record** | Jürgen Schult (GDR) | **74.08** | Neubrandenburg, East Germany | 6 June 1986 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **CISM World Record** | Robert Harting (GER) | **67.89** | Warendorf, Germany | 15 September 2013 |

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Round |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 8 October 2015 | **13:25** | **Final** |

## Medalists

| **Gold** | **Silver** | **Bronze** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Zoltán Kővágó
*Hungary* | Piotr Małachowski
*Poland* | Mahmoud Samimi
*Iran* |

## Results

### Final

| Rank | Athlete | Nationality | #1 | #2 | #3 | #4 | #5 | #6 | Mark | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Zoltán Kővágó | Hungary | 61.54 | **66.01** | x | x | 65.47 | x | **66.01** |  |
|  | Piotr Małachowski | Poland | 59.39 | 57.24 | 59.09 | x | x | **62.12** | **62.12** |  |
|  | Mahmoud Samimi | Iran | 58.01 | 57.30 | 60.10 | x | x | **60.97** | **60.97** |  |
| 4 | Martin Kupper | Estonia | 59.76 | 59.49 | **60.92** | x | 59.04 | **60.78** | **60.92** |  |
| 5 | David Wrobel | Germany | 55.14 | 57.49 | **60.02** | x | 58.36 | x | **60.02** |  |
| 6 | Markus Münch | Germany | 57.76 | **59.55** | 59.27 | 58.57 | 59.24 | 57.95 | **59.55** |  |
| 7 | Eligijus Ruskys | Lithuania | **58.14** | 56.68 | 56.35 | x | 55.52 | x | **58.14** |  |
| 8 | Sultan Al-Dawoodi | Saudi Arabia | 56.84 | 57.77 | x | **57.92** | x | 56.26 | **57.92** |  |
| 9 | Ronald Julião | Brazil | 56.33 | 56.55 | **56.88** |  |  |  | **56.88** |  |
| 10 | Przemysław Czajkowski | Poland | 54.46 | **54.74** | x |  |  |  | **54.74** |  |
| 11 | Musab Momani | Jordan | 52.34 | **53.97** | x |  |  |  | **53.97** |  |
| 12 | Lee Hoon | South Korea | x | **52.37** | x |  |  |  | **52.37** |  |
| 13 | Khaled Mohammed Al-Moughanni | Qatar | **49.14** | x | x |  |  |  | **49.14** |  |
| 14 | Abdurahman Al-Hashem | Kuwait | 44.94 | 46.11 | **46.39** |  |  |  | **46.39** |  |


abstract: The men's hammer throw event at the 2015 Military World Games was held on 6 October at the KAFAC Sports Complex.

text:
# Track and field at the 2015 Military World Games – Men's hammer throw

The **men's hammer throw** event at the **2015 Military World Games** was held on 6 October at the KAFAC Sports Complex.

## Records

Prior to this competition, the existing world and CISM record were as follows:

| **World Record** | Yuriy Sedykh (URS) | **86.74** | Stuttgart, Germany | 30 August 1986 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **CISM World Record** | Andriy Skvaruk (UKR) | **79.76** | Zagreb, Croatia | August 1999 |

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Round |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 6 October 2015 | **14:35** | **Final** |

## Medalists

| **Gold** | **Silver** | **Bronze** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Kirill Ikonnikov
*Russia* | Yevhen Vynohradov
*Ukraine* | Guo Kun
*China* |

## Results

### Final

| Rank | Athlete | Nationality | #1 | #2 | #3 | #4 | #5 | #6 | Mark | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Kirill Ikonnikov | Russia | 73.61 | x | 70.07 | 75.11 | **75.88** | x | **75.88** |  |
|  | Yevhen Vynohradov | Ukraine | 72.11 | x | **74.77** | x | 73.30 | 72.86 | **74.77** |  |
|  | Guo Kun | China | 64.70 | 62.40 | 63.73 | **66.98** | x | 66.82 | **66.98** |  |
| 4 | Dong Won Jang | South Korea | 60.64 | 63.12 | 63.66 | 64.84 | 63.76 | **65.55** | **65.55** |  |
| 5 | Markus Kokkonen | Finland | **64.45** | x | x | x | 62.51 | 64.27 | **64.45** |  |
| 6 | Shakeel Ahmed | Pakistan | 60.41 | x | **62.88** | 60.48 | x | 60.56 | **62.88** |  |
|  | Emmanuel Chimdzeka | Malawi |  |  |  |  |  |  | DNS |  |
|  | Pethias Barclays Gondwe Mdoka | Malawi |  |  |  |  |  |  | DNS |  |


title: Muhammadu Bangana

abstract: Mallam Muhammadu Bangana was a prominent historical figure in the 19th century in what is now modern-day Nigeria. He hailed from the Fulani community in Kebbi, located in the Northern Nigeria.

text:
# Muhammadu Bangana

Mallam **Muhammadu Bangana** (also known as **Mallam Dendo** or **Manko**) was a prominent historical figure in the 19th century in what is now modern-day Nigeria. He hailed from the Fulani community in Kebbi, located in the Northern Nigeria.

## Biography

During the 19th century, when the Central Sudan region was undergoing significant changes due to the conquests led by Uthman dan Fodio, Mallam Dendo migrated to Nupe country. This period marked the Nupe People's subjugation by the Emir of Gwandu.

Mallam Dendo participated in the transformation of the Nupe Kingdom. He is credited with establishing the Bida Emirate, a new political entity that lasted for almost 200 years, and introducing reforms that modernized Nupe society.

Mallam Dendo was interested in studying Islam and became a leader in his community. His biography, from learning about Islam to founding the Bida Emirate in Nupe Kingdom, reflects his role in Nupe history.

Mallam Dendo's legacy is still relevant today. He is regarded as a significant figure in Nupe history and culture.

## InfoBox

| MallamMuhammadu Bangana | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 18th-century
Kingdom of Kebbi |
| Died | 1832
Rabba, Kingdom of Nupe |
| Other names | Mallam Dendo, Manko |
| Occupation | * preacher |
| Known for | Founding the Bida Emirate in Nupe Kingdom |
| Children | 7 sons and 2 daughters, including:
 |


title: Sandler Center for the Performing Arts

abstract: The Sandler Center for the Performing Arts is a $47.5 million performing arts theater with 1,308 seats located in Virginia Beach, Virginia, United States in Town Center. Commonly known as the Sandler Center, the building opened on November 3, 2007. It has been operated by Spectra Venue Management since its opening. Named after Hampton Roads businessmen, philanthropists, and brothers Steve and Art Sandler. In addition to hosting concerts, comedians, forums, military events and other events, local resident companies call the Sandler Center home: Ballet Virginia, Virginia Symphony Orchestra, Virginia Musical Theatre, Virginia Arts Festival, Virginia Beach Forum, Virginia Beach Chorale, Tidewater Winds, and Symphonicity. In addition to the 1,308 seat performance hall, the Sandler Center has various rooms throughout the building. The Miller Studio Theatre is a 2,200-square-foot room that can fit 200 to 125 people (seated). This theatre is equipped with ballet bars, sprung floor, and its own lighting. The Bill and Anne Wood Founders Room is a 900-square-foot room that has a private terrace overlooking Virginia Beach Town Center. This room can fit 60 to 50 people (seated). The Sandler Center also has two carpeted classrooms on the second floor equipped with movable tables, chairs, and podiums. Each floor has its own lobby looking out on to the Sandler Center plaza. The grand lobby is 5,200-square-feet. The Sandler Center is also home to the Sandler Center Foundation. The Foundation is involved in education, community outreach programs and performance underwriting. The Sandler Center Foundation partners with Virginia Arts Festival to underwrite performers such as Renee Fleming, Bernstein on Broadway, and Tony Bennett. Proceeds from Ynot Wednesdays, an outdoor summer concert series, benefits the Sandler Center Foundation. From 2008-2018, $289,000 was donated to the Sandler Center Foundation.

text:
# Sandler Center for the Performing Arts

**The Sandler Center for the Performing Arts** is a $47.5 million performing arts theater with 1,308 seats located in Virginia Beach, Virginia, United States in Town Center. Commonly known as the Sandler Center, the building opened on November 3, 2007. It has been operated by Spectra Venue Management since its opening. Named after Hampton Roads businessmen, philanthropists, and brothers Steve and Art Sandler. In addition to hosting concerts, comedians, forums, military events and other events, local resident companies call the Sandler Center home: Ballet Virginia, Virginia Symphony Orchestra, Virginia Musical Theatre, Virginia Arts Festival, Virginia Beach Forum, Virginia Beach Chorale, Tidewater Winds, and Symphonicity.

In addition to the 1,308 seat performance hall, the Sandler Center has various rooms throughout the building. The Miller Studio Theatre is a 2,200-square-foot room that can fit 200 (standing room only) to 125 people (seated). This theatre is equipped with ballet bars, sprung floor, and its own lighting. The Bill and Anne Wood Founders Room is a 900-square-foot room that has a private terrace overlooking Virginia Beach Town Center. This room can fit 60 (standing room only) to 50 people (seated). The Sandler Center also has two carpeted classrooms on the second floor equipped with movable tables, chairs, and podiums. Each floor has its own lobby looking out on to the Sandler Center plaza. The grand lobby is 5,200-square-feet.

The Sandler Center is also home to the Sandler Center Foundation. The Foundation is involved in education, community outreach programs and performance underwriting. The Sandler Center Foundation partners with Virginia Arts Festival to underwrite performers such as Renee Fleming, Bernstein on Broadway, and Tony Bennett. Proceeds from Ynot Wednesdays, an outdoor summer concert series, benefits the Sandler Center Foundation. From 2008-2018, $289,000 was donated to the Sandler Center Foundation.

## History

In 2001, the Virginia Beach City Council began plans to build its own cultural center. The Council began plans to replace the 1000-seat Pavilion Theatre. More than 300 workers and 35 subcontractors had a hand in the construction.

The Sandler Center for the Performing Arts was dedicated in November 2007. Itzhak Perlman was the first artist to perform at the Sandler Center on November 3, 2007.

### Volunteers

Over 200 volunteers work at the Sandler Center. The estimated national value of each volunteer hour is $25.43, as of 2018. This allows the City of Virginia Beach to save on average 500,000 dollars each year.

## Noteworthy performers

* Itzhak Perlman
* Renee Fleming
* Chris Botti
* Disney Frozen Jr.
* Family Feud Live Celebrity Edition
* Melissa Etheridge
* Tony Bennett
* BB King
* Willie Nelson
* Gladys Knight
* Wynton Marsalis
* Savion Glover

## InfoBox

The Sandler Center for the Performing Arts
| Sandler Center | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| The Sandler Center for the Performing ArtsLocation within Virginia | |
| Address | 201 Market St |
| Location | Virginia Beach, Virginia |
| Coordinates | 36°50′32″N 76°08′16″W / 36.8422042°N 76.13773°W / 36.8422042; -76.13773 |
| Owner | City of Virginia Beach Office of Cultural Affairs |
| Operator | Spectra Venue Management |
| Type | Music venue |
| Seating type | Reserved seating |
| Capacity | 1,308 |
| Opened | November 3, 2007 |
| Website | |
| www.sandlercenter.org | |


title: Minaret Manor

abstract: Minaret Manor is a historic mansion house at 844 West Semmes Avenue in Osceola, Arkansas. Set on a landscape 5-acre (2.0 ha) parcel, it is a large 2+1⁄2-story brick Tudor Revival building. The lower portions of the house are finished in brick laid in stretcher bond, while gabled upper areas exhibit half-timbering with brick laid in a diagonal basket weave pattern. At the right front side of the main facade is a three-story turret with conical roof. The house was built in 1948 for Andrew J. Florida, the principal owner of a real estate empire that extend across eastern Arkansas and western Tennessee. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017.

text:
# Minaret Manor

**Minaret Manor** is a historic mansion house at 844 West Semmes Avenue in Osceola, Arkansas. Set on a landscape 5-acre (2.0 ha) parcel (reduced by subdivision from the original 15), it is a large 2+12-story brick Tudor Revival building. The lower portions of the house are finished in brick laid in stretcher bond, while gabled upper areas exhibit half-timbering with brick laid in a diagonal basket weave pattern. At the right front side of the main facade is a three-story turret with conical roof. The house was built in 1948 for Andrew J. Florida, the principal owner of a real estate empire that extend across eastern Arkansas and western Tennessee.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Minaret Manor | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location in ArkansasLocation in United States | |
| Location | 844 W. Semmes Ave., Burdette, Arkansas |
| Coordinates | 35°42′23″N 89°58′51″W / 35.70639°N 89.98083°W / 35.70639; -89.98083 |
| Area | 5 acres (2.0 ha) |
| Built | 1948 (1948) |
| Architect | Hanker & Heyer |
| Architectural style | Tudor Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 01001176 |
| Added to NRHP | January 24, 2017 |


title: Wengernalp railway station

abstract: Wengernalp is a request stop railway station in the municipality of Lauterbrunnen in the Swiss canton of Bern. The station is on the Wengernalpbahn (WAB), whose trains operate from Lauterbrunnen to Kleine Scheidegg via Wengen. It takes its name from the alpine meadow of Wengernalp on which it is situated. The station is served by the following passenger trains:

text:
# Wengernalp railway station

**Wengernalp** is a request stop railway station in the municipality of Lauterbrunnen in the Swiss canton of Bern. The station is on the Wengernalpbahn (WAB), whose trains operate from Lauterbrunnen to Kleine Scheidegg via Wengen. It takes its name from the alpine meadow of Wengernalp on which it is situated.

The station is served by the following passenger trains:

| Operator | Train Type | Route | Typical Frequency | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Wengernalpbahn |  | Lauterbrunnen \- Wengwald \- Wengen \- Allmend \- Wengernalp - Kleine Scheidegg | 2 per hour |  |

## InfoBox

| Wengernalp | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Wengernalp
Lauterbrunnen, Bern
Switzerland |
| Coordinates | 46°34′34″N 07°56′12″E / 46.57611°N 7.93667°E / 46.57611; 7.93667 |
| Elevation | 1,874 m (6,148 ft) |
| Line(s) | Wengernalpbahn |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Jungfraubahn AG Following station  Allmendtowards Lauterbrunnen  Wengernalp Railway  Kleine ScheideggTerminus | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  WengernalpLocation in Switzerland | |


title: Weak interpretability

abstract: In mathematical logic, weak interpretability is a notion of translation of logical theories, introduced together with interpretability by Alfred Tarski in 1953. Let T and S be formal theories. Slightly simplified, T is said to be weakly interpretable in S if, and only if, the language of T can be translated into the language of S in such a way that the translation of every theorem of T is consistent with S. Of course, there are some natural conditions on admissible translations here, such as the necessity for a translation to preserve the logical structure of formulas. A generalization of weak interpretability, tolerance, was introduced by Giorgi Japaridze in 1992.

text:
# Weak interpretability

In mathematical logic, **weak interpretability** is a notion of translation of logical theories, introduced together with interpretability by Alfred Tarski in 1953.

Let *T* and *S* be formal theories. Slightly simplified, *T* is said to be **weakly interpretable** in *S* if, and only if, the language of *T* can be translated into the language of *S* in such a way that the translation of every theorem of *T* is consistent with *S*. Of course, there are some natural conditions on admissible translations here, such as the necessity for a translation to preserve the logical structure of formulas.

A generalization of weak interpretability, tolerance, was introduced by Giorgi Japaridze in 1992.

* Tarski, Alfred (1953), *Undecidable theories*, Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics, Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, MR 0058532. Written in collaboration with Andrzej Mostowski and Raphael M. Robinson.
* Dzhaparidze, Giorgie (1993), "A generalized notion of weak interpretability and the corresponding modal logic", *Annals of Pure and Applied Logic*, **61** (1–2): 113–160, doi:10.1016/0168-0072(93)90201-N, MR 1218658.
* Dzhaparidze, Giorgie (1992), "The logic of linear tolerance", *Studia Logica*, **51** (2): 249–277, doi:10.1007/BF00370116, MR 1185914
* Japaridze, Giorgi; de Jongh, Dick (1998), "The logic of provability", in Buss, Samuel R. (ed.), *Handbook of Proof Theory*, Stud. Logic Found. Math., vol. 137, Amsterdam: North-Holland, pp. 475–546, doi:10.1016/S0049-237X(98)80022-0, MR 1640331


title: Weak inflection

abstract: In grammar, the term weak is used in opposition to the term strong (stark) to designate a conjugation or declension when a language has two parallel systems. The only constant feature in all the grammatical usages of the word "weak" is that it forms a polarity with "strong"; there is not necessarily any objective "weakness" about the forms so designated.

text:
# Weak inflection

In grammar, the term ***weak*** (originally coined in German: *schwach*) is used in opposition to the term *strong* (*stark*) to designate a conjugation or declension when a language has two parallel systems. The only constant feature in all the grammatical usages of the word "weak" is that it forms a polarity with "strong"; there is not necessarily any objective "weakness" about the forms so designated.

## Germanic grammar

### Verbs

This terminology seems to have been used first in relation to Germanic verbs. In this context, "strong" indicates those verbs that form their past tenses by ablaut (the vocalic conjugations), "weak" those that need the addition of a dental suffix (the consonantal conjugations). It is only in this context that the term would be applied to modern English.

### Nouns

By extension, the terminology was also applied to Germanic nouns. Here too, the weak noun was the consonantal declension, such as the German nouns that form their genitive in *-n*. Examples:

standard noun: *der Mann, des Mannes* 'man' weak noun (or n-declension): *der Junge, des Jungen* 'boy'

Although the term "weak noun" is very useful in German grammar to describe this very small and distinctive group, the term "strong noun" is less commonly heard, since it would have to include many other noun types that should not necessarily be grouped together. Some of these have umlaut plurals (*die Männer*), but most do not.

### Adjectives

There are also strong and weak declensions of German adjectives. This differs from the situation in nouns and verbs in that every adjective can be declined using either the strong or the weak declension. As with the nouns, weak in this case means the declension in *-n*. In this context, the terms "strong" and "weak" seem particularly appropriate, since the strong declension carries more information about case and gender, while the weak declension is used in situations where the definite article already provides this information. Examples:

strong: *gut**er** Wein* (nom) *gut**en** Wein* (acc) *gut**em** Wein* (dat) \- adjectives signal case with unambiguous inflections. weak: *der gut**e** Wein* (nom) *den gut**en** Wein* (acc) *dem gut**en** Wein* (dat) \- articles signal case, so adjectives need less inflectional specificity.

## Other languages

In other languages the strong-weak polarity is used to express distinctions that may or may not be analogous. In Hebrew, most verbs have three consonants known as radicals. These can be strong (able to carry a full syllable) or weak (likely to collapse under the weight of a prefix or suffix). Verbs with a weak radical are termed weak verbs, and form partially regular exceptions to the normal conjugation rule. The consonants *he*, *waw*, and *nun* are among those likely to make a verb weak.

## Regularity

The terms "weak" and "strong" rarely overlap with the idea of "regular" and "irregular"; some descriptions of English verbs contrast "weak" with "irregular", but this is misleading. It is true that most English or German weak verbs are regular, whereas Germanic strong verbs, despite the regularity of the system, are normally taught as irregular verbs; but there are also irregular weak verbs in English and German, and in Hebrew the weak verbs are the most irregular ones. In the case of the German noun, the strong noun is the norm, while the weak noun is usually taught as the anomalous form, though in fact it has its own regularity. In the German adjective, both systems are equally regular and equally common.


title: Werner Heilig

abstract: Werner Heilig was a German footballer. He played for Eintracht Frankfurt from 1939 to 1957.

text:
# Werner Heilig

**Werner Heilig** (20 October 1921 – 29 January 1987) was a German footballer.

He played for Eintracht Frankfurt from 1939 to 1957.

## Honours

## InfoBox

Werner Heilig
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Werner Heilig | | |
| Date of birth | (1921-10-20)20 October 1921 | | |
| Date of death | 29 January 1987(1987-01-29) (aged 65) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1933–1939 | Eintracht Frankfurt | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1939–1957 | Eintracht Frankfurt | 355 | (53) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Werner Hegemann

abstract: Werner Hegemann was a city planner, architecture critic, and political writer in Germany's Weimar Republic. His published criticism of Hitler and the Nazi party required him to leave Germany with his family in 1933. He died prematurely in New York City in 1936.

text:
# Werner Hegemann

**Werner Hegemann** (June 15, 1881 – April 12, 1936) was a city planner, architecture critic, and political writer in Germany's Weimar Republic. His published criticism of Hitler and the Nazi party required him to leave Germany with his family in 1933. He died prematurely in New York City in 1936.

## Biography

Hegemann was the son of Ottmar Hegemann (1839–1900), a manufacturer in Mannheim, and Elise Caroline Friedrich Vorster (1846–1911), daughter of Julius Vorster, a founder of Chemische Fabrik Kalk in Cologne. After graduating from Gymnasium Schloss Plön in 1901, he began college studies in Berlin; studied art history and economics in Paris; economics at the University of Pennsylvania (1904–05) and in Strasbourg, and in 1908 completed his doctorate in economics at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. In 1905 he married Alice Hesse (1882–1976) in Berlin. The couple had one child, Ellis, in 1906. After obtaining his Ph.D in 1908, Hegemann returned to the United States (with his wife and child) and worked as a Philadelphia housing inspector. In 1909 he was in Boston, working with the Boston-1915 Movement, a five-year plan to develop and improve the Boston area.

Back in Berlin in 1910 Hegemann was General Secretary of the Universal City Planning Exhibition held in Berlin in May and June of that year. The exhibition aroused great interest and was reprised in refocused form in Düsseldorf; Hegemann wrote an article about it for a general audience and a two-volume official book. These city planning exhibitions were the first of their kind: Hegemann was in the right place at the right time to play a formative role in the early development of city planning as a profession.

In 1912 Hegemann accepted an invitation from Frederic C. Howe, Director of the People's Institute in New York, to give lectures on city planning in over 20 American cities. In 1916, while in the U.S., he was divorced from Alice Hesse.

As World War I ended Hegemann lived in Milwaukee, where he was deeply involved in work and writing another book. He had established "Hegemann & Peets," a firm specializing in city and suburban planning, with landscape architect Elbert Peets. The firm designed the Washington Highlands Historic District, and Wyomissing Park, a "Modern Garden Suburb" in Reading, Pennsylvania. In late 1918, visiting his friend Fiske Kimball at the University of Michigan, Hegemann met Ida Belle Guthe, daughter of Karl Eugen Guthe. In 1920 the couple married at the bride's home in Ann Arbor, Michigan. In 1921 Hegemann completed work on *The American Vitruvius: An Architects' Handbook of Civic Art* with Elbert Peets, a "thesaurus" of civic art for architects, commenting on about 1200 examples of the discipline (published in 1922).

In 1931 he made a lecture tour through South America, visiting Argentina, where he attended a local convention on urban planning at Mar del Plata. Hegemann gave a lecture criticising European aesthetics, patterns and planning of this resort city.

In February 1933, a few weeks after Hitler took power and contemporaneously with the Reichstag Fire, Hegemann published *Entlarvte Geschichte* ("Unmasked History"), a book critically and sarcastically questioning the origins of and role models for the Nazi Party. He left Germany on the evening before publication. With characteristic irony Hegemann dedicated the book to Adolf Hitler, leading Nazi bookstores to promote it for three weeks before discovering the ruse and banning the book. In the May 1933 Nazi book burnings he was denounced as an "Historical Forger," with his books burned with the Nazi "Fire Oath," "*Against* the falsification of our history and disparagement of its great figures! *For* reverence for our past!" After several months in Geneva and France, Hegemann was invited by Alvin Johnson to teach urban planning at The New School for Social Research in New York City beginning in November 1933. That October Hegemann left Europe for the United States with his wife and four young children. He was one of many intellectuals essentially exiled from Germany due to Nazi hostility and persecution. Upon arriving in New York City on November 4, 1933, Hegemann opined that the German people would not tolerate Hitler for more than two more years. He began lecturing at the New School and organizing assistance for intellectuals and scholars detained by the Nazis in Germany, such as Carl von Ossietzky, another German critic of Hitler, who was arrested and imprisoned by the Nazi's in the same month that Hegemann left Germany. He also wrote in support of Roosevelt's New Deal. In 1935 Hegemann began teaching at Columbia University. In 1934 the Nazis seized Hegemann's house in Nikolassee, and in 1938 revoked his doctorate.

Hegemann's early years in the United States, along with his strong education and broad interests, made him an intermediary between city planners and architects throughout Europe and on both sides of the Atlantic. In particular, his *The American Vitruvius* refers extensively to European design, taking many examples from his book on the Berlin 1910 exhibition, while in *Amerikanische Architektur und Stadtbaukunst* he informs German architects of American solutions. However, his emphasis on urban planning rather than purely formal considerations and possibly his having not been present during the development in Europe of the Modern Movement in architecture put him at odds with modernists. For example, in 1929 he was forced to retract an accusation that Martin Wagner's primary activity as chief of city planning for Berlin was funneling architectural commissions to extremist friends, and he labeled Le Corbusier's Ville Contemporaine project for transforming Paris "only *vieux jeu*" (old hat), sarcastically predicting that it was likely to be realized,

> \[not\] because \[the skyscrapers\] are desirable, healthy, beautiful, and reasonable from the perspective of urban planning but because they are theatrical, romantic, unreasonable, and generally harmful, and because it is part of the money-making activities of a metropolis, in what is literally the world's most international city, Paris, to serve the need for sensation and the vices of native and imported fools.

## Writing

Hegemann authored the book *Der Gerettete Christus* (Translated as *Christ Rescued*) in 1928. The book discusses a variant of the swoon hypothesis that Jesus did not die on the cross. When the book was published, blasphemy proceedings were filed by Berlin authorities against Hegemann for asserting that Jesus was not crucified.

During the late 1920s Hegemann published two historical books debunking German heroes: *Fredericus* (published in Germany in 1926 with an English translation in 1929), and *Napoleon, or Prostration Before the Hero* (published in Germany in 1927 with an English translation in 1931). In 1931 he made a lecture tour through South America, visiting Argentina, where he attended a local convention on urban planning at Mar del Plata. Hegemann gave a lecture criticising European aesthetics, patterns and planning of this resort city. Back to Germany, he devoted himself increasingly to warnings against the National Socialists in a series of political articles.

## Death

In New York in early 1936, Hegemann became ill, first diagnosed with sciatica and then hospitalized with apparent pneumonia. His illness developed during a time of great stress, as he worked to support his family after having to leave all his assets behind in Germany. While bed-ridden at Doctors Hospital he worked on his last book, the three-volume *City Planning, Housing*, intended to supplement and update *The American Vitruvius*. Eventually completed by two co-editors, the last volume appeared in 1938. Hegemann died on April 12, 1936, at age 54. The treating doctor opined that the cause of death was tuberculous meningitis.

## Selected works

* *Der Städtebau nach den Ergebnissen der Allgemeinen Städtebau-Ausstellung in Berlin, nebst einem anhang: Die Internationale Städtebau-Ausstellung in Düsseldorf*; 600 wiedergaben des Bilder- und Planmaterials der beiden Ausstellungen, mit Förderung durch die königlichen preussischen Ministerien des Inneren, des Handels und der öffentlichen Arbeiten, sowie durch die Städte Berlin, Charlottenburg, Rixdorf, Schöneberg, Wilmersdorf, Potsdam, Spandau, Lichtenberg und Düsseldorf. Herausgegeben im Auftrage der Arbeitsausschüsse von Dr. Werner Hegemann, Generalsekretär der Städtebau-Ausstellungen in Berlin und Düsseldorf. 2 vols. Berlin: Wasmuth, 1911, 1913. (in German)
* *The American Vitruvius: An Architects' Handbook of Civic Art,* with Elbert Peets, New York: Architectural Book Publishing, 1922.
* *Fridericus; oder Das Königsopfer*, J. Hegner, Germany 1924
* *Napoleon: oder Kniefall vor dem Heros,* J. Hegner, Germany 1927
* *Amerikanische Architektur und Stadtbaukunst: ein Überblick über den heutigen Stand der amerikanischen Baukunst in ihrer Beziehung zum Städtebau*. Berlin: Wasmuth, 1925. (in German)
* *Das Steinerne Berlin: Geschichte der grössten Mietkasernenstadt der Welt*. Berlin: Kiepenhauer, 1930. (in German)
* *Der Gerettete Christus*, 1928 (Translated from the German by Gerald Griffin as *Christ Rescued*, 1933).
* *Mar del Plata: El Balneario y El Urbanismo Moderno.* Mar del Plata, 1931. (in Spanish)
* *Entlarvte Geschichte. Aus Nacht zum Licht. Von Arminius bis Hitler*. Leipzig: Hegner, 1933. (in German)
* *City planning, Housing*. 3 vols. Vols. 2 and 3 with William W. Forster and Robert C. Weinberg. New York: Architectural Book Publishing, 1936–38. OCLC 837328

## Sources

* Caroline Flick, *Werner Hegemann (1881–1936): Stadtplanung, Architektur, Politik: ein Arbeitsleben in Europa und den USA*. Munich: Saur, 2005 (in German)
* Christiane Crasemann Collins, *Werner Hegemann and the Search for Universal Urbanism*, New York: Norton, 2005.

## InfoBox

| Werner Hegemann | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1881-06-15)June 15, 1881
Mannheim, Germany |
| Died | April 12, 1936(1936-04-12) (aged 54)
New York City, US |
| Alma mater | Humboldt University of Berlin, University of Pennsylvania, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich |
| Occupation(s) | City planner, architecture critic |
| Spouse | Alice Hesse |
| Children | 1 |
| Relatives | Julius Vorster (maternal grandfather) |


title: Miminiska Airport

abstract: Miminiska Airport is a registered aerodrome located on Lake Miminska, near Miminiska Ontario, Canada.

text:
# Miminiska Airport

**Miminiska Airport** (TC LID: **CPS5**) is a registered aerodrome located on Lake Miminska, near Miminiska Ontario, Canada.

## InfoBox

| Miminiska Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Private |
| Operator | Wilderness North Air |
| Location | Miminiska, Ontario |
| Time zone | EST (UTC−05:00) |
| Elevation AMSL | 1,000 ft / 305 m |
| Coordinates | 51°36′16″N 088°34′56″W / 51.60444°N 88.58222°W / 51.60444; -88.58222 |
| Map | |
| CPS5Location in OntarioCPS5CPS5 (Canada) | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  09/27 2,400 732 Turf | |
| Source: Canada Flight Supplement | |


title: Mineral Hill, Nevada

abstract: Mineral Hill is a ghost town in Eureka County, Nevada, US. Silver, lead and copper were discovered there in June 1869. In the early 1870s, there were almost 450 residents. Initially, the Reese River process was used to process the ore, which includes roasting the ore with salt before using the Washoe process. A fifteen stamp mill was built in 1871 using the Reese River process with excellent results, though it was later found that good results would occur with just the Washoe process. Peak production of US$701,000 occurred in 1871. In 1872, the company that built the mill failed because the it was not able to supply sufficient ore. Lien holders operated the mill for a few years, by 1872 production was estimated at US$25,000. Between 1913 and 1938, production was estimated to be only US$25,000. A Post Office was in operation from May 1871 to July 1888, then from February 1889 to July 1890 and finally from February 1902 to Apr 1914.

text:
# Mineral Hill, Nevada

**Mineral Hill** is a ghost town in Eureka County, Nevada, US.

Silver, lead and copper were discovered there in June 1869. In the early 1870s, there were almost 450 residents.

Initially, the Reese River process was used to process the ore, which includes roasting the ore with salt before using the Washoe process. A fifteen stamp mill was built in 1871 using the Reese River process with excellent results, though it was later found that good results would occur with just the Washoe process. Peak production of US$701,000 (equivalent to $17,829,000 in 2023) occurred in 1871. In 1872, the company that built the mill failed because the it was not able to supply sufficient ore. Lien holders operated the mill for a few years, by 1872 production was estimated at US$25,000 (equivalent to $636,000 in 2023). Between 1913 and 1938, production was estimated to be only US$25,000 (equivalent to $541,000 in 2023).

A Post Office was in operation from May 1871 to July 1888, then from February 1889 to July 1890 and finally from February 1902 to Apr 1914.

## Hot Springs

Hot Springs is smaller ghost town, located four miles north of Mineral Hill.

The water of the spring is very rich in minerals and was to help people with several diseases. An early owner, Dr. Davenport, built a large bathhouse at the springs and renamed it White Sulphur Springs. That springs was mainly used by miners from Mineral Hill. When Mineral Hill began to weaken, the business decelerated. The owner of the springs closed up shop in the mid-1870s.

## InfoBox

| Mineral Hill, Nevada | |
| --- | --- |
| Ghost town | |
| Mineral HillMineral Hill | |
| Coordinates: 40°09′36″N 116°05′49″W / 40.16000°N 116.09694°W / 40.16000; -116.09694 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Nevada |
| County | Eureka |
| Elevation | 6,368 ft (1,941 m) |


title: Wehnde

abstract: Wehnde is a municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany.

text:
# Wehnde

**Wehnde** is a municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany.

## InfoBox

| Wehnde | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location of Wehnde within Eichsfeld district | |
| Wehnde Wehnde | |
| Coordinates: 51°28′53″N 10°18′47″E / 51.48139°N 10.31306°E / 51.48139; 10.31306 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Thuringia |
| District | Eichsfeld |
| Municipal assoc. | Lindenberg/Eichsfeld |
| Government | |
| Mayor (202228) | Monique Haushälter |
| Area | |
| Total | 9.71 km2 (3.75 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 280 m (920 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 384 |
| Density | 40/km2 (100/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 37339 |
| Dialling codes | 036071 |
| Vehicle registration | EIC |
| Website | www.lindenberg-eichsfeld.de |


title: Miller Auditorium

abstract: James W. Miller Auditorium is a performance venue at Western Michigan University in Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States. It opened on January 12, 1968, with a ceremony that included WMU's third president, James W. Miller, for whom the auditorium was later renamed. With a seating capacity of 3,497, Miller Auditorium is the fifth-largest auditorium in Michigan, after the Fox Theatre, Masonic Temple, Hill Auditorium and MSU Concert Auditorium. Miller Auditorium has three separate seating sections, the Orchestra level, the Grand Tier level and the Balcony level. Each seating level is divided into two seating areas: left and right. Miller Auditorium employs students from the University, some as part of Work Study. The performances are also staffed in large part by volunteers from the community known as the Usher Corps. Miller Auditorium is host to several kinds of performances. A Western Michigan University student organization known as the Campus Activities Board (CAB) brings in several performances each year, usually offering a discounted price for students. The CAB events run the gamut from Miller Movies to comedians and other speakers. The Kalamazoo Symphony Orchestra routinely plays shows throughout the year at Miller. Several Broadway shows come through Miller's doors every year, the likes of which have included: The Phantom of the Opera, Chicago, My Fair Lady, Wicked and Beauty and the Beast. Miller has also hosted Bob Dylan, Bruce Springsteen, Jeff Corwin, Dave Chappelle, Colin Mochrie and Brad Sherwood. Every year, Miller Auditorium is also host to the three Western Michigan University commencement ceremonies, in addition to hosting ceremonies for the local community college and various secondary schools in the area. The auditorium is available for rent by community groups.

text:
# Miller Auditorium

**James W. Miller Auditorium** is a performance venue at Western Michigan University in Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States. It opened on January 12, 1968, with a ceremony that included WMU's third president, James W. Miller, for whom the auditorium was later renamed.

With a seating capacity of 3,497, Miller Auditorium is the fifth-largest auditorium in Michigan, after the Fox Theatre, Masonic Temple, Hill Auditorium and MSU Concert Auditorium.

Miller Auditorium has three separate seating sections, the Orchestra level, the Grand Tier level and the Balcony level. Each seating level is divided into two seating areas: left and right. Miller Auditorium employs students from the University, some as part of Work Study. The performances are also staffed in large part by volunteers from the community known as the Usher Corps.

Miller Auditorium is host to several kinds of performances. A Western Michigan University student organization known as the Campus Activities Board (CAB) brings in several performances each year, usually offering a discounted price for students. The CAB events run the gamut from Miller Movies (newer movies, generally costing $1 with student ID) to comedians and other speakers. The Kalamazoo Symphony Orchestra routinely plays shows throughout the year at Miller. Several Broadway shows come through Miller's doors every year, the likes of which have included: *The Phantom of the Opera*, *Chicago*, *My Fair Lady*, *Wicked* and *Beauty and the Beast*. Miller has also hosted Bob Dylan, Bruce Springsteen, Jeff Corwin, Dave Chappelle, Colin Mochrie and Brad Sherwood.

Every year, Miller Auditorium is also host to the three Western Michigan University commencement ceremonies, in addition to hosting ceremonies for the local community college and various secondary schools in the area. The auditorium is available for rent by community groups.

## InfoBox

Miller Auditorium
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | James W. Miller Auditorium |
| Address | 1341 Theatre Dr. |
| Location | Kalamazoo, Michigan |
| Coordinates | 42°16′46″N 85°36′56″W / 42.279422°N 85.615519°W / 42.279422; -85.615519 |
| Owner | Western Michigan University |
| Type | Auditorium |
| Capacity | 3,497 |
| Opened | 12 January 1968 (1968-01-12) |
| Tenants | |
| Kalamazoo Symphony Orchestra | |
| Website | |
| www.millerauditorium.com | |


title: West African Union of Tax Institutes

abstract:
The West African Union of Tax Institutes (WAUTI) is an association formed by the Chartered Institute of Taxation of Nigeria (CITN) and the Chartered Institute of Taxation of Ghana (CITG) with the objective of developing and promoting the taxation profession in West Africa.
A nationally recognized taxation institute or organization in a West African country is eligible for full membership.

text:
# West African Union of Tax Institutes

The **West African Union of Tax Institutes** (WAUTI) is an association formed by the Chartered Institute of Taxation of Nigeria (CITN) and the Chartered Institute of Taxation of Ghana (CITG) with the objective of developing and promoting the taxation profession in West Africa. A nationally recognized taxation institute or organization in a West African country is eligible for full membership.

## Inauguration

The union was inaugurated on 11 May 2011 by James Victor Gbeho, President of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The ceremony was held during the 13th Annual Tax Conference organized by the CITN. The first president of the union is Prince Rasaq 'Kunle Quadri, former president of the CITN. Speaking at the inauguration, Quadri stated that the WAUTI, which was being funded by the CITN and CITG, needed about $136,776 for the first year of operation. This would cover capital requirements, wages and other operational expenses. Speaking to reporters, Quadri said "it is a matter of concern that the level of tax awareness in the sub-region is abysmally low when viewed against the backdrop of the benefits that would accrue from a focused and conscious efforts at developing the sector".

## Executives

As of September 2013 the president of the union was Mike Kofi Afflu who also doubles as the President of the Chartered Institute of Taxation, Ghana. The Vice President was Mark Antony Chidolue Dike, who was also the president of the Chartered Institute of Taxation of Nigeria. The Honorary Treasurer of the Union was Adesina Adedayo, who had been the pioneer treasurer from inauguration. The Honorary Secretary was Oumar Traore from Cote D'ivoire.

## Membership

In April 2011 Quadri noted that in addition to Ghana, CITN had been promoting tax institutes in other West African countries. He said that Liberia, Gambia and Benin were close to launching their individual tax institutes. Soon after formation of the WAUTI, in June 2011 a stakeholders meeting kicked of the process for forming the Association of African Tax Institutes (AATI). The AATI will be formally inaugurated in South Africa in October 2011 during the Annual Tax Conference of the South Africa Institute of Taxation.

## Policy

At the conference where WAUTI was launched, Quadri called on the Nigerian Federal Government to overhaul the tax laws to bring them into line with global best practices and to remove unrealistic provisions. Gbeho said he wanted the WAUTI to be a platform of developing and harmonizing tax policies in West Africa. Gbeho noted that the ECOWAS countries had agreed on a minimum 20% ratio of revenue to gross domestic product (GDP), which was required if ECOWAS was to established a monetary union, as had been discussed. However, only Cape Verde and Ghana had met this criterion. The other 13 countries fell below the 20% target.

## InfoBox

West African Union of Tax Institutes
|
|  |
| Formation | 11 May 2011 |
| Type | Professional association |
| Headquarters | Abuja, FCT, Nigeria |
| Region served | West Africa |
| Official language | English, French |
| President | Mr. Mike Kofi Afflu |
| Website | http://www.wauti.org/ |


abstract: Johann Sebastian Bach composed the church cantata Wer sich selbst erhöhet, der soll erniedriget werden, BWV 47, in Leipzig for the 17th Sunday after Trinity and first performed it on 13 October 1726.

text:
# Wer sich selbst erhöhet, der soll erniedriget werden, BWV 47

Johann Sebastian Bach composed the church cantata ***Wer sich selbst erhöhet, der soll erniedriget werden*** (Whoever exalts himself, will be abased / KJV: For whosoever exalteth himself shall be abased), **BWV 47**, in Leipzig for the 17th Sunday after Trinity and first performed it on 13 October 1726.

## History and words

Bach wrote the cantata in his fourth year in Leipzig for the 17th Sunday after Trinity. It is regarded as part of his third annual cycle of cantatas. The prescribed readings for the Sunday were from the Epistle to the Ephesians, the admonition to keep the unity of the Spirit (Ephesians 4:1–6), and from the Gospel of Luke, healing a man with dropsy on the Sabbath (Luke 14:1–11). The poet Johann Friedrich Helbig (1680–1722) was a court poet at the ducal court of Saxe-Eisenach from 1718. He published an annual cycle of cantatas in 1720, *Aufmunterung der Andacht* (Encouragement of Devotion), which included this cantata. It is the only cantata text of Helbig which Bach composed. It is not known whether he knew the publishing or rather a composition of Georg Philipp Telemann, who composed several of Helbig's texts in Eisenach. The poet takes the final line from the Gospel as a starting point in the first movement and then concentrates on the warning of pride, leading to a prayer for humility. The closing chorale is the eleventh and final stanza of the hymn "Warum betrübst du dich, mein Herz", which Bach had used in 1723 in his cantata *Warum betrübst du dich, mein Herz*, BWV 138.

Bach first performed the cantata on 13 October 1726.

## Scoring and structure

The cantata in five movements is scored for two vocal soloists (soprano and bass), a four-part choir, and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of two oboes, two violins, viola, organ obbligato and basso continuo.

Movements of *Wer sich selbst erhöhet, der soll erniedriget werden*, BWV 47
| No. | Title | Type | Vocal | Winds | Strings | Organ | Key | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | *Wer sich selbst erhöhet, der soll erniedriget werden* | Chorus | SATB | 2Ob | 2Vl, Va, Bc |  | G minor |  |
|  | *Wer ein wahrer Christ will heißen* | Aria | Soprano |  | Bc | Org *(obbligato)* | D minor | 6/8 |
|  | *Der Mensch ist Kot, Stank, Asch und Erde* | Recitative | Bass |  | 2Vl, Va, Bc |  |  |  |
|  | *Jesu, beuge doch mein Herze* | Aria | Bass | 1Ob | 1Vl, Bc |  | Eb major |  |
|  | *Der zeitlichen Ehrn will ich gern entbehrn* | Chorale | SATB | 2Ob (col Soprano) | 1Vl (col Soprano),
1Vl (coll'Alto),
Va (col Tenore),
Bc |  | C minor |  |

## Music

The opening chorus is the most elaborate of the five movements. Bach used for the long ritornello music from his organ prelude in C minor, BWV 546, transposed to G minor. The oboes play a motif, rising in sequences, which becomes a vocal theme of a fugue, illustrating the haughty self-exaltation in the first half of the Gospel text. A countersubject moves in the opposite direction to illustrate the self-humiliation. The fugue is concluded by a homophonic "summary". The sequence of fugue and summary is repeated. Finally, the complete ritornello is repeated like a da capo, but with the voices additionally embedded, stating the complete text once more in homophony.

The soprano aria was originally accompanied by an obbligato organ, as was, three weeks later, the aria *Ich geh und suche mit Verlangen*, BWV 49. In a later performance of the cantata, Bach assigned the obbligato part to a violin. The da capo aria depicts humility in the first section, pride in the middle section, in rough rhythm both in the voice as in the obbligato, whereas the continuo plays the theme from the first section to unify the movement. John Eliot Gardiner describes the "harsh, stubborn broken chords" as illustrating arrogance. The only recitative, accompanied by the strings, is the central movement. Gardiner observes that Bach's "autograph score shows, for example, how he sharpened the rhythm of the word "*Teufelsbrut*" (devil's brood) to make its impact more abrupt and brutal." The second aria is in three parts, but without a vocal da capo. Oboe and violin are equal partners to the bass voice in a prayer for humility. The closing chorale is set for four parts in utmost humility.

## Recordings

## Sources

## InfoBox

| *Wer sich selbst erhöhet, der soll erniedriget werden* | |
| --- | --- |
| BWV 47 | |
| Church cantata by J. S. Bach | |
| Thomaskirche, Leipzig | |
| Occasion | 17th Sunday after Trinity |
| Cantata text | Johann Friedrich Helbig |
| Bible text | Ephesians 4 |
| Chorale | Warum betrübst du dich, mein Herz |
| Performed | 13 October 1726 (1726-10-13):  Leipzig |
| Movements | five |
| Vocal |  |
| Instrumental | * 2 oboes * 2 violins * viola * organ * continuo |


abstract: Wer mich liebet, der wird mein Wort halten, BWV 74, is a church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach. He composed it in Leipzig for Pentecost and first performed it on 20 May 1725.

text:
# Wer mich liebet, der wird mein Wort halten, BWV 74

***Wer mich liebet, der wird mein Wort halten*** ("If a man love me, he will keep my words", more literally: "He who loves me will obey my commands"), **BWV 74**, is a church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach. He composed it in Leipzig for Pentecost and first performed it on 20 May 1725.

## History and text

Bach composed this cantata in his second year in Leipzig for the first day of Pentecost (Whit Sunday). The prescribed readings for the feast day were from the Acts of the Apostles (Acts 2:1–13) and the Gospel of John, part of the Farewell Discourse (John 14:23–31).

The librettist for this work was Christiana Mariana von Ziegler. She collaborated with Bach on nine cantatas after Easter 1724, beginning with *Ihr werdet weinen und heulen*, BWV 103. In several of these works, she began with a quotation of Jesus from the Gospel. For this cantata, she quoted the Bible three times, taking a quotation from the Gospel as a starting point in movement 1 (verse 23), another one in movement 4 (verse 28), and a quotation from an epistle by Paul in movement 6 (Romans 8:1). She concluded the text with the second stanza from Paul Gerhardt's hymn "Gott Vater, sende deinen Geist". Much of her text was based on the "metaphysical" readings of the Gospel of John.

Bach first performed the cantata on 20 May 1725.

## Scoring and structure

This piece is scored for four solo voices (soprano, alto, tenor, and bass), a four-part choir, three trumpets, timpani, two oboes, an oboe da caccia, two violins, viola, and basso continuo.

The cantata has eight movements:

1. Chorus: Wer mich liebet, der wird mein Wort halten
2. Aria (soprano): Komm, komm, mein Herze steht dir offen
3. Recitative (alto): Die Wohnung ist bereit
4. Aria (bass): Ich gehe hin und komme wieder zu euch
5. Aria (tenor): Kommt, eilet, stimmet Sait und Lieder
6. Recitative (bass): Es ist nichts Verdammliches an denen
7. Aria (alto): Nichts kann mich erretten
8. Chorale: Kein Menschenkind hier auf der Erd

## Music

The opening chorus of this cantata is shorter than average and is a substantial reworking of the opening chorus from *Wer mich liebet, der wird mein Wort halten*, BWV 59, composed two years earlier and performed again the previous year. It employs a ritornello theme followed by a fanfare-like choral entry. The original movement was a two-part vocal entry; the expansion relies on imitative pairings, reflecting the earlier texture. Craig Smith suggests that this is one of Bach's most successful arrangements of his own work because it remakes the "patchy" and "hollow" duet into "something richly varied and exquisitely delicate". The movement is in C major and common time.

The second movement is a soprano aria with oboe da caccia, a transposition of the bass and violin pairing of BWV 59. The new arrangement lends a "childlike openness" to the movement. It is in F major and common time.

The third movement is a short alto recitative of only seven measures. It is characterized by the diminished chord which concludes the vocal line before the final cadence.

The bass aria uses "sequences of 'treading' quavers in the continuo line" to suggest a stepping motion. The movement concludes with a long vocal melisma. The movement is in E minor.

The piece then moves into a technically demanding tenor aria dominated by swirling string lines. The movement is in a combined ternary and ritornello form, adopting a heavy emphasis on the words *komm* and *eilet* ("come" and "hasten"), and concludes with a modulation to a minor key and darker harmonies.

The bass recitative, like the earlier alto, is rather short and simple in comparison to the arias. It employs an unusual accompaniment of three oboes. The recitative modulates from E minor to C major.

The seventh movement, an alto aria, has unusually dense texture and rich scoring. It opens with a fanfare-like ritornello followed by long melismatic passages with repeated notes in the instrumental parts. The short middle section moves to a less dense accompaniment and a minor key, with a "manic chortling" of triplets on the word *lache* ("laugh").

The closing chorale is a four-part setting of the melody of "*Kommt her zu mir, spricht Gottes Sohn*". It is in a minor key, creating a sombre mood.

## Recordings

1. "Cantata BWV 74". bach-cantatas. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
2. Crouch, Simon. "Cantata 74". Classical Net. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
3. "BWV 74" (in German). bach.de. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
4. Smith, Craig. "Bach Cantata Notes: BWV 74". Emmanuel Music. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
5. "BWV 74". University of Alberta. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
6. Mincham, Julian. "Chapter 48 BWV 74". jsbachcantatas. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
7. Traupman-Carr, Carol (2003). "Cantata BWV 74". Bach Choir of Bethlehem. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
8. "Chorale Melodies used in Bach's Vocal Works / Kommt her zu mir, spricht Gottes Sohn". bach-cantatas. 2006. Retrieved 31 May 2013.

## InfoBox

| *Wer mich liebet, der wird mein Wort halten* | |
| --- | --- |
| BWV 74 | |
| Church cantata by J. S. Bach | |
| Christiana Mariana von Ziegler, author of the cantata text | |
| Occasion | Pentecost |
| Chorale | "Gott Vater, sende deinen Geist" |
| Performed | 20 May 1725 (1725-05-20)?:  Leipzig |
| Movements | 8 |
| Vocal | SATB choir and solo |
| Instrumental | * 3 trumpets * timpani * 2 oboes * oboe da caccia * 2 violins * viola * continuo |


abstract: The Minister of State for National Security in the President’s Office was a non-cabinet ministerial position in the government of Zimbabwe. Notable ministers have included Didymus Mutasa, Nicholas Goche, and Emmerson Mnangagwa. The minister oversaw the Central Intelligence Organisation (CIO). But literally it is the CIO that controls the ministry since they say the Minister is a political appointee. The ministry was merged with the Ministry of Defence on 30 November 2017 to become the Ministry of Defence, Security and War Veterans.

text:
# Minister of State for National Security in the President's Office (Zimbabwe)

The **Minister of State for National Security in the President’s Office** was a non-cabinet ministerial position in the government of Zimbabwe. Notable ministers have included Didymus Mutasa, Nicholas Goche, and Emmerson Mnangagwa. The minister oversaw the Central Intelligence Organisation (CIO). But literally it is the CIO that controls the ministry since they say the Minister is a political appointee.

The ministry was merged with the Ministry of Defence on 30 November 2017 to become the Ministry of Defence, Security and War Veterans.

## List of ministers

* Emmerson Mnangagwa (1980–88) as Minister of State for National Security in the President's Office
* *unknown*
* Nicholas Goche (2000–05) as Minister of State for National Security
* Didymus Mutasa (2005–09) as Minister of State for National Security, Lands, Land Reform and Resettlement in the President's Office
* Sydney Sekeramayi (2009–13) as Minister of State for National Security in the President's Office
* Kembo Mohadi (2015–17) as Minister of State for National Security in the President's Office
* Owen Ncube (2018–22)


title: Mimela

abstract: Mimela is a genus of shining leaf chafer belonging to the family Scarabaeidae subfamily Rutelinae.

text:
# Mimela

***Mimela*** is a genus of shining leaf chafer belonging to the family Scarabaeidae subfamily Rutelinae.

## Species

Species within this genus include:

## InfoBox

| *Mimela* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Mimela junii* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Scarabaeidae |
| Subfamily: | Rutelinae |
| Tribe: | Anomalini |
| Genus: | *Mimela*<br>Kirby, 1823 |
|


abstract: The Minister of Telecommunications and Postal Services was a Minister in the Cabinet of South Africa, established in 2014 by President Jacob Zuma, and combined into the Minister of Communications and Telecommunications in 2018 under President Cyril Ramaphosa.

text:
# Minister of Telecommunications and Postal Services (South Africa)

The **Minister of Telecommunications and Postal Services** was a Minister in the Cabinet of South Africa, established in 2014 by President Jacob Zuma, and combined into the Minister of Communications and Telecommunications in 2018 under President Cyril Ramaphosa.

## InfoBox

| South Africa
Minister of Telecommunications
and Postal Services | |
| --- | --- |
| Flag of South Africa | |
| Incumbent
None
 | |
| Department of Telecommunications
and Postal Services | |
| Style | The Honourable |
| Inaugural holder | Piet Welgemoed |
| Formation | 1991 |
| Website | Department of Telecommunications and Postal Services |


title: Wes Patten

abstract: Wes Patten is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s. He played for the Balmain Tigers, Gold Coast Chargers, South Sydney Rabbitohs and the St. George Illawarra Dragons. Patten primarily played at half-back.

text:
# Wes Patten

**Wes Patten** (born 17 February 1974) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s. He played for the Balmain Tigers, Gold Coast Chargers, South Sydney Rabbitohs and the St. George Illawarra Dragons. Patten primarily played at half-back.

## Playing career

Patten made his first-grade debut for Balmain in Round 22 of the 1993 NSWRL season against Parramatta. In 1995, Balmain changed their name to the "Sydney Tigers" at the start of the Super League war and moved their home games to Parramatta Stadium. Patten became a regular starter for the team in 1996, before departing at the end of the season to join the Gold Coast Chargers.

In his first year at the Gold Coast, Patten played 24 matches as the club reached its first-ever finals series. Patten played in both finals games, a 25–14 victory over Illawarra and a 32–10 loss against the Sydney City Roosters.

The following year, Patten played in the Chargers' final ever game as a club, a 20–18 loss against Cronulla-Sutherland. In 1999, Patten joined South Sydney and played in the club's final season in the league before they were controversially excluded from the competition. In 2000, Patten joined St George-Illawarra and played one season with them before retiring at the end of the season at the age of 26.

## Other activities

Patten guest-starred in Australian soap opera *Home and Away* in 1993 as student Kevin Baker, and also acted in the 1994 Australian television show *Heartland*.

Patten worked as a reporter and sideline host for *The Barefoot Rugby League Show* on National Indigenous Television (NITV).

## Personal life

Patten is the cousin of Anthony Mundine.

## Sources

* Whiticker, Alan and Hudson, Glen; ***The Encyclopedia of Rugby League Players***; published 2005 by BAS publishing, f16/171 Collins St, Melbourne, Vic., 3000

## InfoBox

Wes Patten
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Wesley Patten |
| Born | (1974-02-17) 17 February 1974<br>Taree, Australia |
| Playing information | |
| Position | Halfback |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1993–96 Balmain 27 7 0 0 28  1997–98 Gold Coast 43 16 0 1 65  1999 South Sydney 11 3 0 0 12  2000 St. George Illawarra 10 2 0 0 8  Total 91 28 0 1 113 | |
| Source: As of 28 January 2019 | |


abstract: The Ministry of Education, Heritage and Arts is the ministry of Fiji responsible for overseeing Fiji's education system. The current Minister for Education is Viliame Gavoka, who was appointed to the position in January 23rd 2024

text:
# Ministry of Education, Heritage and Arts (Fiji)

The **Ministry of Education, Heritage and Arts** is the ministry of Fiji responsible for overseeing Fiji's education system. The current Minister for Education is Viliame Gavoka, who was appointed to the position in January 23rd 2024

## Responsibilities

The Ministry is tasked to conduct and deliver education services to all Fijian students. The Ministry has numerous responsibilities - advising the government, providing administrative and management support, enacting policies and acts, and providing learning resources such as text books. The Ministry is also tasked to make and distribute external exams to schools all over the country.

Besides the government providing free education to primary and secondary school students, they also provide free text books and free bus fare initiatives.

## Ministers

| Minister | Title |
| --- | --- |
| Hon. Premila Kumar | Minister for Education, Heritage and Arts |
| Hon. Joseph Nitya Nand | Assistant Minister for Education, Heritage and Arts |
| Angeela Jokhan | Permanent Secretary for Ministry of Education, Heritage and Arts |

## InfoBox

Ministry of Education, Heritage and Arts
| Coat of arms of Fiji | |
| --- | --- |
| Agency overview | |
| Jurisdiction | Republic of Fiji |
| Headquarters | Gordon street, Suva |
| Annual budget | $450.6m FJD (2020–2021) |
| Ministers responsible |  |
| Website | education.gov.fj |


title: Ministry of Defence (Libya)

abstract: The Ministry of Defense is the ministry of the Government of National Unity of Libya responsible for the Libyan Armed Forces and manages the country's internal security and defense affairs.

text:
# Ministry of Defence (Libya)

The **Ministry of Defense** is the ministry of the Government of National Unity of Libya responsible for the Libyan Armed Forces and manages the country's internal security and defense affairs.

## History

### Gaddafi era

On 14 October 1990, the General People's Committee for Defence was created by order Resolution No. 22 of the Supreme Commander of the Libyan military, Colonel Muammar Gaddafi. In 1991, the Defence Ministry ceased to exist, with Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr continuing as Secretary of the Libyan General Committee for Defence and Commander-in-Chief of the Libyan Army.

## Modern ministry

### Agencies and entities

* Military Judicial Authority
* Military Industry Authority
* Military Medical Authority
* Applied Studies and Development Authority
* Military Inspection Authority
* Services and Maintenance Center
* LMAC

### Think Tanks

* "Al-Salam" Center for Strategic Studies

* “Libya” Center for Strategic Studies
* Libyan Center for Advanced Industries

### Administrations And Offices

* Minister’s Office
* Legal Affairs Office
* Intel Office
* Internal Auditing Office
* International Cooperation Office
* Human Rights Office
* Media Office
* Monitoring Office
* Delegates Offices
* Administration of Strategic Planning
* Administration of Military Intel
* Administration of Military Affairs
* Administration of Administrative Affairs
* Administration of Human Resource
* Administration of Military Protocol
* Administration of Military Medical Services
* Administration of Financial Affairs
* Administration of Military Accounts
* Administration of Military Procurement
* Administration of Production

## List of ministers

## InfoBox

Ministry of Defense
| وزارة الدفاع | |
| --- | --- |
| Coat of arms of Libya | |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | 24 December 1951 (1951-12-24) |
| Jurisdiction | Government of National Unity |
| Headquarters | Tripoli |
| Annual budget | 3.5 billion LYD (2013) |
| Minister responsible |  |
| Website | https://csc.gov.ly/en/portfolio/ministry-of-defense/ |