title: 157th Infantry Brigade (United States)

abstract: The 157th Infantry Brigade is an active/reserve component (AC/RC) unit based at Camp Atterbury, Indiana. The unit is responsible for training selected United States Army Reserve and National Guard units. The unit was activated using the assets of the 5th Brigade, 87th Division. The brigade is a subordinate unit of First Army Division East.

text:
# 157th Infantry Brigade (United States)

The **157th Infantry Brigade** is an active/reserve component (AC/RC) unit based at Camp Atterbury, Indiana. The unit is responsible for training selected United States Army Reserve and National Guard units. The unit was activated using the assets of the 5th Brigade, 87th Division. The brigade is a subordinate unit of First Army Division East.

## Activation

The 79th Division "Liberty" Division, also known as the "Lorraine" Division, was a National Army division established 5 August 1917 by the War Department to be formed at Camp Meade, Maryland. The division was commanded by Maj. Gen. Joseph E. Kuhn. Draftees were from Pennsylvania and Maryland. Movement overseas commenced on 6 July 1918 and was completed by 3 August 1918. The 157th Infantry Brigade was commanded by Brig. Gen. William Jones Nicholson.

The Brigade consisted of:

* Headquarters and Headquarters Company
* 313th Infantry Regiment
* 314th Infantry Regiment
* 311th Machine Gun Battalion

Shrouded in secrecy, the brigade left from Hoboken, New Jersey in July 1918 on the SS Leviathan, a speedy ex-German liner that arrived at Brest, France the morning of 15 July 1918. They trained for two months at Champ Little behind the French lines. On 26 September 1918 they "went over the top" in the Meuse-Argonne offensive. In a period of heartbreaking losses, the men struggled through nine kilometers of barbed wire and pot-marked earth. They destroyed German defenses that were said to be impregnable. That night they were on the outskirts of Montfaucon, headquarters of the enemy command. The 313th fought until the end, 11 November 1918. Gen. John J. Pershing commended the men of the 79th Division, and especially the 313th Infantry Regiment whose forces penetrated deeper into enemy territory than any other outfit.

## Organization from 1963 to 1995

The 157th Infantry Brigade (Mechanized) was reactivated on 3 January 1963 in Upper Darby, Pennsylvania using assets from the inactivating 79th Infantry Division. It moved to Horsham on 31 January 1968, where it remained until its inactivation on 1 September 1995 during the post-Cold War drawdown. In 1966 this Brigade consisted of 3 Infantry Battalions: the 1–313th IN co-located Indiantown Gap Military Reservation (IGMR), since redesignated Fort Indiantown Gap (FIG), Annville, PA; and at Lock Haven, PA; the 1–314th IN (Mechanized) co-located at Bristol and Warrington, PA; the 1–315th IN located at 5200 Wissahickon Ave, Philadelphia, PA. It had 2 Armor Battalions at that time: namely, the 4–77th AR (location uncertain) and the 6–68th AR co-located at Bethlehem, PA and IGMR, PA. After the Arab-Israeli War of 1967, the 4–77th was disbanded, its armored vehicles sent to Israel to replace Israeli losses, and its personnel merged into the 6–68th AR. That same year, the Brigade's 1–314th IN (Mechanized) lost its armored vehicles- primarily M578s, M113s, M59s and M577s all of which were also sent to Israel to replace their war losses. It was not until the summer of 1971 that the 1–314th IN was re-designated a Mechanized unit. By the summer of 1973 the 1–313th IN was disbanded with its personnel and company units redesignated as part of the 1–314th IN.

The unit consisted of:

* Headquarters and Headquarters Company – Horsham, Pennsylvania
* Troop C, 9th Cavalry – Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania
* 1st Battalion, 313th Infantry (Mechanized)- Fort Indiantown Gap, Pennsylvania (disbanded 1973)
* 1st Battalion, 314th Infantry (Mechanized) – Lock Haven, Pennsylvania
* 1st Battalion, 315th Infantry (Mechanized) – Germantown, Pennsylvania
* 6th Battalion, 68th Armor – Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
* 4th Battalion, 77th Armor – Reading, Pennsylvania (disbanded 1967)
* 3rd Battalion, 42nd Field Artillery – Bristol, Pennsylvania (replaced by the 4th Battalion, 8th Field Artillery Regiment in 1976)
* 157th Support Battalion – Edgemont, Pennsylvania
* 420th Engineer Company – Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

## Organization

In 2006, as part of the Army's Transformation Plan, the 5th Brigade, 87th Division was reflagged as the 157th Infantry Brigade. As part of Operation Bold Shift, the battalion changed their missions to better train Army Reserve and National Guard units. The unit is currently composed of:

* Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment – Camp Atterbury, Indiana
* 2nd Battalion, 289th Regiment (Maneuver)
* 1st Battalion, 290th Regiment (Brigade Support Battalion)
* 2nd Battalion, 307th Regiment (Field Artillery)
* 1st Battalion, 335th Regiment (Maneuver)
* 3rd Battalion, 335th Regiment (Training Support Battalion)
* 1st Battalion, 345th Regiment (Brigade Engineer Battalion)
* 1st Battalion, 362nd Regiment (Air Defense Artillery)
* 2nd Battalion, 337th Regiment (Training Support Battalion)
* 2nd Battalion, 338th Regiment (Training Support Battalion)
* 3rd Battalion, 338th Regiment (Training Support Battalion)
* 3rd Battalion, 411th Regiment (Logistics Support Battalion),

For further information see *The Brigade, A History* by John J. McGrath from the Combat Studies Institute Press, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.

## Lineage

Constituted 5 August 1917 in the National Army as Headquarters, 158th Infantry Brigade, and assigned to the 79th Division

Organized 25 August 1917 at Camp Meade, Maryland

Demobilized 7 June 1919 at Camp Dix, New Jersey

Reconstituted 24 June 1921 in the Organized Reserves as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 157th Infantry Brigade, and assigned to the 79th Division

Organized in November 1921 at Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania

Redesignated 23 March 1925 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 157th Brigade

Redesignated 24 August 1936 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 157th Infantry Brigade

Converted and redesignated 12 February 1942 as the 79th Reconnaissance Troop (less 3d Platoon), 79th Division (Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 158th Infantry Brigade, concurrently converted and redesignated as the 3d Platoon, 79th Reconnaissance Troop, 79th Division)

Troop ordered into active military service 15 June 1942 and reorganized at Camp Pickett, Virginia, as the 79th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop, an element of the 79th Division (later redesignated as the 79th Infantry Division)

Reorganized and redesignated 2 August 1943 as the 79th Reconnaissance Troop, Mechanized

Inactivated 11 December 1945 at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey

Activated 28 January 1947 at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as the 79th Mechanized Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop

(Organized Reserves redesignated 25 March 1948 as the Organized Reserve Corps; redesignated 9 July 1952 as the Army Reserve)

Reorganized and redesignated 15 July 1949 as the 79th Reconnaissance Company

Inactivated 20 April 1959 at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Converted and redesignated (less 3d Platoon) 5 November 1962 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 157th Infantry Brigade, and relieved from assignment to the 79th Infantry Division (3d Platoon, 79th Reconnaissance Company, concurrently redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 158th Infantry Brigade – hereafter separate lineage)

Brigade activated 7 January 1963 at Upper Darby, Pennsylvania

Location changed 31 January 1968 to Horsham, Pennsylvania

Inactivated 1 September 1995 at Horsham, Pennsylvania

Withdrawn 24 October 1997 from the Army Reserve and allotted to the Regular Army; Headquarters concurrently activated at Fort Jackson, South Carolina

Inactivated 16 October 1999 at Fort Jackson, South Carolina

Activated 1 December 2006 at Fort Jackson, South Carolina

## Campaign Credit

| Conflict | Streamer | Year(s) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| World War I
 | Meuse-Argonne | 1918 |
| | Lorraine 1918 | 1918 |
| World War II

 | Normandy | 1944 |
| | Northern France | 1944 |
| | Rhineland | 1945 |
| | Ardennes-Alsace | 1944–1945 |
| | Central Europe | 1945 |
|

## Decorations

| Ribbon | Award | Year | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
|  | Army Meritorious Unit Commendation | Afghanistan Retrograde 2021-2022 |  |
|  | Army Superior Unit Award | 2008–2011 |  |
|  | French Croix de Guerre, with Palm |  | PARROY FOREST |
|  | French Croix de Guerre, with Palm |  | NORMANDY TO PARIS |
|  | French Croix de guerre,
Fourragere |  | World War II |
|

This article incorporates public domain material from *Lineage & Honors for 157th Infantry Brigade*. United States Army Center of Military History.

## InfoBox

| 157th Infantry Brigade | |
| --- | --- |
| Shoulder sleeve insignia | |
| Active | 1917–1919
1963–1995
2006 – present |
| Country | United States |
| Branch | U.S. Army |
| Type | Infantry |
| Role | Training |
| Size | Brigade |
| Garrison/HQ | Camp Atterbury |
| Decorations | Army Superior Unit Award |
| Battle honours | World War I: Meuse-Argonne |
| Commanders | |
| Current
commander | Colonel Troy A. Mills |
| Notable
commanders | Brigadier General Harry J. Mier
Brigadier General Edwin D. Miller
Colonel Richard B. Smith
Brigadier General Dean W. Meyerson
Brigadier General Talmadge J. Jacobs
Brigadier General Joseph M. Cannon
Brigadier General John L. Kotcho
Brigadier General William J. Collins Jr.
Brigadier General Eddi Z. Zyko
Brigadier General William J. Nicholson |
| Insignia | |
| Distinctive unit insignia |  |
| Designated shoulder sleeve insignia; worn before assignment to First Army |  |


title: Two of Us (Azu album)

abstract: Two of Us is the second studio album by Azu, released on 17 March 2010. "Happily Ever After" was used as the ending theme song for the TV program Ousama no Brunch. The album reached #13 on the Oricon weekly charts and charted for nine weeks.

text:
# Two of Us (Azu album)

***Two of Us*** is the second studio album by Azu, released on 17 March 2010. "Happily Ever After" was used as the ending theme song for the TV program *Ousama no Brunch*. The album reached #13 on the Oricon weekly charts and charted for nine weeks.

## Catalog number

BVCL-83/4 (limited edition) BVCL-85 (regular edition)

## Track listing

**CD**

1. Intro from Radio 13
2. Hot like Fire
3. Happily Ever After
4. Ima Sugu ni... (いますぐに…; *Right Now...*)
5. Anata ni Aitakute featuring Spontania (あなたに愛たくて; *I Want to Meet You*)
6. For You
7. Beautiful Dreamer
8. Oh Baby featuring Kusakawa Shun
9. I Will
10. You & I featuring LOVE LOVE LOVE
11. Love Groovin' featuring KURO (from HOME MADE Kazoku)
12. Onegai! (おねがい!; *Please!*) (AZU-ko Sensei featuring SEAMO-kun)
13. What Girls Want
14. Letter... ~Taisetsu na Hito e~ (letter... ~大切なひとへ~)

**DVD**

1. "As One" music videos
    1. Cherish
    2. Jewel Sky
    3. Koiiro (コイイロ; *Color of Love*)
    4. Jikan yo Tomare featuring SEAMO (時間よ止まれ; *Stop Time*)
    5. Rainbow
2. Mobile Music DOR@MO "I Will" (alternative ending)
3. AZU TV (making and offshoot)

## Charts

| Chart | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Oricon Daily Chart | 9 |
| Oricon Weekly Chart | 13 |

**Total reported sales:** 22,427

## InfoBox

| Two of Us | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Azu | |
| Released | 17 March 2010 (2010-03-17) |
| Azu chronology | |
| *As One*
(2008) ***Two of Us***
(2010) *AZyoU*
(2011) | |


title: Nucleariida

abstract: Nucleariida is a group of amoebae with filose pseudopods, known mostly from soils and freshwater. They are distinguished from the superficially similar vampyrellids mainly by having mitochondria with discoid cristae, in the absence of superficial granules, and in the way they consume food.

text:
# Nucleariida

**Nucleariida** is a group of amoebae with filose pseudopods, known mostly from soils and freshwater. They are distinguished from the superficially similar vampyrellids mainly by having mitochondria with discoid cristae, in the absence of superficial granules, and in the way they consume food.

## Classification

Molecular studies indicate that nucleariids are closely related to fungi. and more distantly to the lineage that gave rise to choanoflagellates and metazoa opisthokonts, the group which includes animals, fungi. Some use a broad definition of Opisthokonta to include all of these organisms with flattened mitochondrial cristae.

The genera *Rabdiophrys*, *Pinaciophora*, and *Pompholyxophrys*, freshwater forms with hollow siliceous scales or spines, were included in Nucleariida by some. This was disputed by Smith and Chao who placed them in the Rhizaria. Their affinity with the nucleariids has been confirmed. Historically, nucleariids were included among the heliozoa as the Rotosphaerida because both they and heliozoa had rounded bodies and radiating pseudopodia.

According to a 2009 paper, *Fonticula*, a cellular slime mold, is an opisthokont and more closely related to *Nuclearia* than to fungi.

## Characteristics

Nucleariids (*Nuclearia*) are usually small, up to about 50 μm in size.

## InfoBox

| Nucleariida | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Nuclearia thermophila* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| *Clade*: | Obazoa |
| (unranked): | Opisthokonta |
| *Clade*: | Holomycota |
| Class: | Cristidiscoidea |
| Order: | Nucleariida
Cavalier-Smith 1993 |
| Family: | Nucleariidae
Cann & Page 1979 |
|
| Genus | |
|  | |


title: Vizəzəmin

abstract: Vizəzəmin is a village and municipality in the Lerik Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 426.

text:
# Vizəzəmin

**Vizəzəmin** is a village and municipality in the Lerik Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 426.

## InfoBox

| Vizəzəmin | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Vizəzəmin | |
| Coordinates: 38°46′24″N 48°31′37″E / 38.77333°N 48.52694°E / 38.77333; 48.52694 | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| Rayon | Lerik |
| Population | |
| Total | 426 |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+5 (AZT) |


title: Nancy-Lou Patterson

abstract: Nancy-Lou Patterson D.Litt. was a Canadian artist, writer and curator. Known for her writing and artistic work related to topics ranging from folklore and fantasy to liturgical design and Indigenous art, she was responsible for the founding of the Department of Fine Arts at the University of Waterloo.

text:
# Nancy-Lou Patterson

**Nancy-Lou Patterson** D.Litt. (September 5, 1929 – October 15, 2018) was a Canadian artist, writer and curator. Known for her writing and artistic work related to topics ranging from folklore and fantasy to liturgical design and Indigenous art, she was responsible for the founding of the Department of Fine Arts at the University of Waterloo.

## Early life and education

Patterson was born September 5, 1929, in Worcester, Massachusetts. Her parents, originally from Seattle, Washington, were academics and the family lived in various parts of the northern United States, with Patterson spending much of her childhood in Illinois. The family returned to Seattle at the start of World War II where she attended high school and graduated from the University of Washington with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in 1951.

## Career

Following graduation from the University of Washington, Patterson spent two years teaching at the University of Kansas and as a scientific illustrative for the Smithsonian before returning to Seattle to work as a lecturer at the Seattle University.

In 1962 Patterson moved to Waterloo, Ontario, with her husband E Palmer Patterson II, of New Orleans, where he had accepted a position at the University of Waterloo. Following the move, Patterson began teaching fine art and art history courses at Renison College prior to accepting a position as Director of Art and Curator at the University of Waterloo Art Gallery in 1964. Her involvement in art initiatives on campus led to the founding of the Fine Arts Group in 1968. The group evolved into the Department of Fine Arts, for which she served as Department Chair twice (1968–1974, 1979–1982). Initially offering general and honour degrees in studio art, art history and film studies, the department grew to introduce a Master of Fine Arts program in 1993.

Patterson retired from the University of Waterloo in 1992. Within a year she was named Distinguished Professor Emerita and received an honorary doctor of letters from Wilfrid Laurier University. An active supporter of local art initiatives Patterson served as folk artist-in-residence at Schneider Haus in 1999.

## Artistic themes and writing

During the 1950s, prior to arriving in Waterloo, Patterson found inspiration in liturgical themes situating her artistic practice within a belief that the worship of God is both a physical and spiritual endeavor. Over the course of her career she produced a number of notable works informed by an understanding of art as a vehicle for aiding spiritual worship. In addition to a mural created for an Anglican Church in Kansas, Patterson was commissioned to produce a number of liturgical pieces. She designed a series of stained glass windows at a variety of institutions within the Region of Waterloo including those at University of Waterloo's Conrad Grebel Chapel (1964), the Beth Jacob Synagogue and the Pioneer Park branch of the Kitchener Public Library. She also created 27-foot wall hanging for use by Kitchener's St. Peter's Lutheran Church. Beyond her commissions, Patterson created and later donated a wealth of decorative art ranging from quilted banners to metalwork for use at the Church of St. Columba in Waterloo, where she herself worshiped.

Patterson developed an interest in folk art shortly after the family relocated to Waterloo due to what she characterized as "a rich heritage of Pennsylvania Dutch and Mennonite handicrafts in the area." On the weekends the family would frequent community auctions where she acquired quilts, embroidered samplers and stoneware. She was equally interested in mythopoeic art and literature writing extensively about of authors representative of the genre including C.S. Lewis, J.R.R. Tolkien, George MacDonald and Dorothy L. Sayers. She was an active *Mythlore* contributor, reviewing more than 200 books for the publication, in addition to serving as review editor from 1981-1998, and sitting on the journal's editorial board between 1989-1998.

Another of Patterson's areas of interest was Indigenous art, which she both published and taught about over the course of her career. Former student and art educator Linda Carson remembered Patterson's courses as the first to highlight Indigenous artists, using and referring to First Nations communities by name, rather than strictly focusing on European artists.

In addition to a number of scholarly publications, Patterson authored several young adult novels including a series of books focused on the Salisbury family.

## Death and legacy

Patterson died in Kitchener on October 15, 2018. The final years of her life were spent in a long-term care facility following a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease in the early 2000s. Her impact on the local art community was widely recognized through a variety of honours and awards. She was named Oktoberfest's first Woman of the Year in 1985, was given a K-W Arts Lifetime Achievement Award in 1998 and was inducted into the Waterloo Region Hall of Fame in 2004.

## Select bibliography

* *Canadian native art; arts and crafts of Canadian Indians and Eskimos*. Collier-Macmillan Canada. 1973. ISBN 0029756103.
* *Apple staff and silver crown : a fairy tale*. Porcupine's Quill. 1985. ISBN 9780889840751.
* *Iroquoians of the eastern woodlands*. Grolier. 1985. ISBN 9780717218592. (with E Palmer Patterson)
* *The painted hallway*. Porcupine's Quill. 1992. p. 205. ISBN 9780889841420.
* *Barricade summer*. Brucedale Press. 1996. ISBN 9780969871675.

## InfoBox

| Nancy-Lou Patterson | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1929-09-05)September 5, 1929
Worcester, Massachusetts |
| Died | October 15, 2018(2018-10-15) (aged 89)
Kitchener, Ontario |
| Education | University of Washington |
| Partner | E Palmer Patterson II |


title: Lewis W. Barton Arboretum

abstract: The Barton Arboretum & Nature Preserve is a 168-acre (0.68 km⁲) arboretum and nature preserve located in Medford Township. The arboretum is situated on the grounds of Medford Leas, a not-for-profit, Quaker-related community for adults age 55 and older. The arboretum is on the edge of the Pine Barrens and includes landscaped grounds, courtyard gardens, wildflower meadows, natural woodlands, and wetlands, as well as tree collections. It was created with the assistance of the Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania. The Morris Arboretum continues to provide technical support. Attractions include the Pinetum an international collection of exotic pines, a conifer collection, a 0.5-acre (2,000 m⁲) rhododendron woodland, holly, viburnum, and crabapple collections, and an experimental planting of chestnut trees being grown in cooperation with The American Chestnut Foundation. The arboretum also once had the New Jersey State Champion Carya cordiformis tree, but it was struck by lightning in the fall of 1997 destroying it. The fallen tree and stump still remains in place however. The Arboretum is a member of Greater Philadelphia Gardens as well as the American Association of Public Gardens and is open to the public seven days a week from dawn till dusk, free of charge.

text:
# Lewis W. Barton Arboretum

The **Barton Arboretum & Nature Preserve** is a 168-acre (0.68 km2) arboretum and nature preserve located in Medford Township. The arboretum is situated on the grounds of Medford Leas , a not-for-profit, Quaker-related community for adults age 55 and older.

The arboretum is on the edge of the Pine Barrens and includes landscaped grounds, courtyard gardens, wildflower meadows, natural woodlands, and wetlands, as well as tree collections. It was created with the assistance of the Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania. The Morris Arboretum continues to provide technical support.

Attractions include the Pinetum an international collection of exotic pines, a conifer collection, a 0.5-acre (2,000 m2) rhododendron woodland, holly, viburnum, and crabapple collections, and an experimental planting of chestnut trees being grown in cooperation with The American Chestnut Foundation. The arboretum also once had the New Jersey State Champion Carya cordiformis tree, but it was struck by lightning in the fall of 1997 destroying it. The fallen tree and stump still remains in place however.

The Arboretum is a member of Greater Philadelphia Gardens as well as the American Association of Public Gardens and is open to the public seven days a week from dawn till dusk, free of charge.

## InfoBox

| Barton Arboretum & Nature Preserve | |
| --- | --- |
| Barton Arboretum & Nature Preserve | |
| Type | Arboretum
Nature preserve |
| Location | Medford Leas |
| Nearest town | Medford, New Jersey |
| Coordinates | 39°54′19″N 74°48′58″W / 39.9052°N 74.8161°W / 39.9052; -74.8161 |
| Area | 168 acres (68 ha) |
| Created | 1981 (1981) |
| Owned by | The Estaugh |
| Status | Open all year |
| Habitats | Woodlands |
| Collections | Pinetum, conifer, holly, rhododendron woodland, viburnum, and crabapple collections |
| Accreditation | Arbnet Arboretum Accreditation Program |
| Website | Official website |


title: Sour (band)

abstract: SöuR was an industrial metal band from Los Angeles formed in 1996. The lineup consisted of Sativa Novak on vocals and keyboards, Clint Yeager on bass, DD Ehrlich on guitars, and Tom Curry on drums. They have remained inactive since releasing their album, EXACTLY what You ThiNk It Is.

text:
# Sour (band)

**SöuR** was an industrial metal band from Los Angeles formed in 1996. The lineup consisted of Sativa Novak on vocals and keyboards, Clint Yeager on bass, DD Ehrlich on guitars, and Tom Curry on drums. They have remained inactive since releasing their album, *EXACTLY what You ThiNk It Is*.

## Career

In 1996, ex-DaisyFace members Sativa Novak and Dev Gilmore joined forces with ex-Wicked Jester guitarist Daniel "DD" Ehrlich to form SöuR. Ex-Wicked Jester drummer Rob Wood was on loan and recorded a 3-song EP, including "Amber Glo" and "Me", co-produced by Ken Van Druten and Robert Long, recorded and mixed by Mike Plotnikoff at A&M, Ocean and One on One Studios. Rob Wood was replaced by Brett Kerr for shows and then by Wade Murff. Dev Gilmore was replaced by Clint Yeager (DaisyFace, SuperFiends, Nova Cycle) on bass and the band went on to record "Am I Evil" at Rockline Radio, for Cleopatra Record's *A Punk Tribute to Metallica* in 2000. After one final lineup change, replacing Wade Murff with Tom Curry on drums and playing local shows with bands like Duff McKagen's Loaded, Otep, Pauley Parette's Lo-Ball, Ima Robot and Taime Downe's Newlydeads, SöuR went back into the studio to record Exactly What You Think It Is in 2002, produced and mixed by Greg Fidelman at Grand Master Recorders, Cello and Sound City.

In 2003 the band self-released their record and garnered a few reviews, chart positions and TV placements but failed to pickup tour support. One reviewer from AllMusic stated that "the group showed great potential", but claimed that "the group would be unstoppable if they were more extreme."

Stranded in Los Angeles, the band disbanded.

## Discography

* *EXACTLY what You ThiNk It Is* (2003) – Grey Goo Transmissions

## Members

Past members * Sativa Novak – Vocals, guitars, keyboards (1996–2007)
* DD Ehrlich – Guitars, programming (1996–2007)
* Dev Gilmore – Bass (1996–2000)
* Clint Yeager – Bass (2000–2007, died 2023)
* Rob Wood – Drums (1996–1998)
* Brett Kerr – Drums (1998–2000)
* Wade Murff – Drums (2000–2001)
* Tom Curry – Drums (2001–2007)

## InfoBox

| SöuR | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Genres | Industrial metal, synth-metal |
| Years active | 1996–2007 |
| Labels | Grey Goo Transmissions |
|  | |
| Past members | Sativa Novak
Clint Yeager
DD Ehrlich
Tom Curry
Dev Gilmore
Rob Wood
Brett Kerr
Wade Murff |


abstract: The Investiture of the Gods is a Chinese shenmo television series directed by Wang Weiting and Yang Jianwu. The television series are based on the classical 16th-century novel Fengshen Yanyi written by Xu Zhonglin and Lu Xixing. The success of the series have led to an upcoming sequel Investiture of The Gods II which will air in 2015.

text:
# The Investiture of the Gods (2014 TV series)

| The Investiture of the Gods | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 封神英雄榜 |
| Simplified Chinese | 封神英雄榜 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Fēngshén Yīngxióngbǎng | |
|  | |

***The Investiture of the Gods*** is a Chinese shenmo television series directed by Wang Weiting and Yang Jianwu. The television series are based on the classical 16th-century novel *Fengshen Yanyi* (also known as *Investiture of the Gods* or *Creation of the Gods*) written by Xu Zhonglin and Lu Xixing.

The success of the series have led to an upcoming sequel **Investiture of The Gods II** which will air in 2015.

## Cast

## Critical reception

It's a hot TV series recently in Shandong, Guizhou, Hubei three major Television.

## InfoBox

| *The Investiture of the Gods* | |
| --- | --- |
| Also known as | The First Myth |
| Genre | Epic fantasy, Chinese mythology, Gods and demons fiction |
| Based on | *Fengshen Yanyi* |
| Written by | Jerry Chien |
| Directed by | Wang Weiting, Yang Jianwu |
| Starring | Sammul Chan
Viann Zhang
Vular Jiang
Johnny Zhang |
| Opening theme | Zhang zhuowen *Shenxian Dao* (《神仙道》) |
| Ending theme | Jin Lin *Rain Fall down in Chang'an*  (《雨落长安》) |
| Country of origin | China |
| Original language | Mandarin |
| No. of episodes | 50(TV)/75(DVD) |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Jerry Chien |
| Production location | Hengdian World Studios |
| Production companies | Huace Film and Television Company |
| Original release | |
| Network | Shandong Television, Guizhou Television, Hubei Television |
| Release | January 31 (2014-01-31)
February 18, 2014 (2014-02-18) |
| Related | |
| The Investiture of the Gods 2 | |


title: 1894 United Kingdom local elections

abstract: The 1894 United Kingdom local elections took place in late 1894. The elections were the first following the Local Government Act 1894, which had created Urban and Rural Districts in England and Wales, and saw the election of members to these various new districts. Party politics in local municipal government was undeveloped at this point, with many candidates making no reference to their party affiliations, and instead running on local or personal platforms. The election did however see increasing numbers of both Independent Labour, and also Socialist, candidates. In most instance these candidates appeared to win votes at the expense of Liberals, allowing Conservative candidates to capture Liberal seats. Prominent examples of this took place in Northampton, Salford, and Portsmouth. By 2 November the Conservatives had gained 69 seats in England, the Liberals 29, Labour 15, Liberal Unionists 8, Independents 6, and Socialists 2.

text:
# 1894 United Kingdom local elections

The **1894 United Kingdom local elections** took place in late 1894. The elections were the first following the Local Government Act 1894 (56 & 57 Vict. c. 73), which had created Urban and Rural Districts in England and Wales, and saw the election of members to these various new districts.

Party politics in local municipal government was undeveloped at this point, with many candidates making no reference to their party affiliations, and instead running on local or personal platforms. The election did however see increasing numbers of both Independent Labour, and also Socialist, candidates. In most instance these candidates appeared to win votes at the expense of Liberals, allowing Conservative candidates to capture Liberal seats. Prominent examples of this took place in Northampton, Salford, and Portsmouth.

By 2 November the Conservatives had gained 69 seats in England, the Liberals 29, Labour 15, Liberal Unionists 8, Independents 6, and Socialists 2.


title: Nobuo Kojima

abstract: Nobuo Kojima was a Japanese writer prominent in the postwar era. He is most readily associated with other writers of his generation, such as Shōtarō Yasuoka, who describe the effects of Japan's defeat in World War II on the country's psyche. From an early age, Kojima read a wide variety of literature, both Japanese and Western, and such writers as Nikolai Gogol, Franz Kafka, and Fyodor Dostoevsky had a strong influence on his work. In addition to his fiction, he had a long career as a professor of English literature at Meiji University in Tokyo, publishing criticism and making translations of many major American writers, including Dorothy Parker, Irwin Shaw, and Bernard Malamud.

text:
# Nobuo Kojima

**Nobuo Kojima** (小島 信夫, *Kojima Nobuo*, February 28, 1915 – October 26, 2006) was a Japanese writer prominent in the postwar era. He is most readily associated with other writers of his generation, such as Shōtarō Yasuoka, who describe the effects of Japan's defeat in World War II on the country's psyche.

From an early age, Kojima read a wide variety of literature, both Japanese and Western, and such writers as Nikolai Gogol, Franz Kafka, and Fyodor Dostoevsky had a strong influence on his work. In addition to his fiction, he had a long career as a professor of English literature at Meiji University in Tokyo, publishing criticism and making translations of many major American writers, including Dorothy Parker, Irwin Shaw, and Bernard Malamud.

## Selected works

| Year | Japanese Title | English Title |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1948 | 汽車の中
*Kisha no Naka* | *In a Train* |
| 1952 | 小銃
*Shoujuu* | *The Rifle* |
| 1954 | アメリカン・スクール
*Amerikan Sukuuru* | *The American School* |
| 1965 | 抱擁家族
*Houyou Kazoku* | *Embracing Family* |
|

## Awards

## Further reading

"The Rifle," translated by Lawrence Rogers in *The Oxford Book of Japanese Short Stories*, Theodore W. Gossen, (ed.), Oxford, 1997. ISBN 0-19-283304-9


title: M. P. Parameswaran

abstract: M. P. Parameswaran is an Indian nuclear engineer and educationist, who played an important role in the Indian nuclear programme. In 2022, he was honoured with Kerala Sree Award, third highest civilian award given by the Government of Kerala.

text:
# M. P. Parameswaran

**M. P. Parameswaran** is an Indian nuclear engineer and educationist, who played an important role in the Indian nuclear programme. In 2022, he was honoured with Kerala Sree Award, third highest civilian award given by the Government of Kerala.

## Education

He was born on 18 January 1935 in Kerala. In 1956, he received a Bachelor's degree in Engineering from the College of Engineering, Trivandrum, Kerala. He then joined Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) in Bombay and continued there till 1975. From 1969 to 1973 he worked as the Assistant Director of the State Institute of Languages in Kerala, on a deputation from BARC. He got a PhD in Nuclear Engineering from the Moscow Power Engineering Institute in 1965.

## Indian science movement

During the 1970s, a people's science movement called Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad (KSSP) was formed in Kerala and created a new movement among science teachers and science communicators in the state. He resigned from his job in 1975 to take part in the movement. Since then he has been a full-time activist of the Kerala Sasthra Sahitya Parishad (KSSP). Under his leadership, the KSSP grew into a massive people’s movement and influenced science communicators all over the country.

## Kerala Sasthra Sahitya Parishad

After KSSP became a success in Kerala, M. P. Parameswaran took steps to enlarge the canvas at the national level. In 1987, as Convener of the National Organising Committee of the Bharat Jan Vigyan Jatha, a unique communication event for India - he significantly contributed to the conceptualisation, organisation and conduct of this massive communication experiment. He had also been instrumental in the setting up of the All India People's Science Network (AIPSN), a common platform of people science movements in India.

In 1990, he was instrumental in the organisation of the Bharat Gyan Vigyan Jatha in support of the National Literacy Mission Programme, which was organised from 2 October 1990 to 14 November 1990. This led to the formation of Bharat Gyan Vigyan Samiti (BGVS), which was responsible for the massive literacy campaign initiated in India.

## Contribution in science and technology

MP is a prolific writer, having written 29 popular science books in Malayalam and two in English. His books give a panoramic view of science. Radioactivity, atomic science, astronomy, mathematics, political science, social science, ecology \- these are some of the varied subjects he has dealt with in his books. A vision of "A New World - A New India" guides his thoughts and actions. He was the recipient of two national awards, one for science popularisation and another for literacy. He has written more than 300 articles in various periodicals. He has received Government of India awards for "Books for Neoliterates" (1962) and "Basic and Cultural Literature" (1964). He also received an Award for Children's Literature in 1982.

He was an active member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) for 33 years, before being expelled for writing an ideological book 'Fourth World' which envisions a world based on decentralised democracy and an economic production that is detached from consumerism. The party viewed it as a rejection of Marxist principles.

As Assistant Director of Kerala Institute of Languages, he was instrumental in designing the layout for Malayalam keyboard for typewriters, which was later adopted in the inscript layout for computers.

In 2007, he acted in a Malayalam movie named *AKG* about the Communist leader A K Gopalan in which M. P. Parameswaran donned the role of Kerala's first Chief Minister E. M. S. Namboodiripad.

He had published the book *Janakeeya Sasthra Prasthanam* in 2008. The third edition of the book was recently published.

## InfoBox

| M. P. Parameswaran | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1935-01-18) 18 January 1935
Kerala, India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Alma mater | College of Engineering, Trivandrum
Moscow Power Engineering Institute |
| Known for | Indian Nuclear Programme
Operation Smiling Buddha |
| Awards | Books for Neoliterates Award (1962)
Basic and Cultural Literature Award (1964)
Children's Literature Award (1984) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Nuclear Engineering |
| Institutions | Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Department of Atomic Energy |
|  | |


title: 1854 in Norway

abstract: Events in the year 1854 in Norway.

text:
# 1854 in Norway

Events in the year **1854 in Norway**.

## Incumbents

## Events

* 26 August – A new conscription law was sanctioned, under which all Norwegian men regardless of condition and position had an obligation to serve in the armed forces.
* 1 September – The first Norwegian railway, Hovedbanen between Oslo and Eidsvoll, is opened. This also constitutes the establishment of the now state owned Norwegian State Railways.

## Arts and literature

## Births

### Full date unknown

## Deaths

### Full date unknown

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Centuries: |  |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | 1854 in Sweden<br>List of years in Norway |


title: O2 Academy Bristol

abstract: The O2 Academy Bristol is a music venue located on Frogmore Street in Bristol, England. It is run by the Academy Music Group. On 1 January 2009 sponsorship was taken over from Carling by telecommunications company O2 and the venue's name changed from the Carling Academy to the O2 Academy. The academy which hosts club nights and gigs was opened in 2001, and was the third Academy venue in the UK.

text:
# O2 Academy Bristol

The **O2 Academy Bristol** (originally known as the **Locarno** and then **Carling Academy Bristol**) is a music venue located on Frogmore Street in Bristol, England. It is run by the Academy Music Group. On 1 January 2009 sponsorship was taken over from Carling by telecommunications company O2 and the venue's name changed from the Carling Academy to the O2 Academy. The academy which hosts club nights and gigs was opened in 2001, and was the third Academy venue in the UK.

## History

The venue was originally part of Mecca Leisure Group's New Entertainments Centre and was an ABC Cinema. Opening in 1966, it included: a dozen licensed bars, an ice rink, bowling lanes, the Craywood Club casino, a night club, a grand cinema and the ballroom with an illuminated ceiling. Only the ice-rink and the cinema survived, the rest being demolished in 1998 and subsequently the site given over to student accommodation. The cinema closed in 1996 and was converted into a nightclub in 2000, originally called "Rock". Soon after, it became the "Carling Academy".

51°27′15″N 2°36′01″W / 51.4542°N 2.6004°W / 51.4542; -2.6004

## InfoBox

O2 Academy Bristol
| Exterior view of venue under former signage (c.2007) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Former names | Locarno (1966-97)
Rock (1999-2001)
Carling Academy (2001-08) |
| Address | 1-2 Frogmore St
Bristol BS1 5NA England |
| Owner | Academy Music Group |
| Capacity | 1,650 (Academy 1)
350 (Academy 2) |
| Opened | 17 November 1966 |
| Closed | 1997–99 |
| Website | |
| Venue Website | |


title: Vivian Chow Yung

abstract: Vivian Yung Chow was a Chinese-Australian journalist, who has been called "one of the key newspaper editors in China in the 1930s." Chow co-founded the United China Magazine, and wrote extensively on the Chinese Masonic network, and on contemporary Chinese revolutionaries, such as Loong Hung Pung and Sun Yat-sen.

text:
# Vivian Chow Yung

**Vivian Yung Chow** (Chinese: 周成貴; pinyin: *Zhou Chenggui*; 1906–1941) was a Chinese-Australian journalist, who has been called "one of the key newspaper editors in China in the 1930s."

Chow co-founded the *United China Magazine,* and wrote extensively on the Chinese Masonic network, and on contemporary Chinese revolutionaries, such as Loong Hung Pung and Sun Yat-sen.

## Early life and career

Chow was born and raised in Lismore, New South Wales, Australia. His parents were Jessie Mary King and Chow Toong Yung (sometimes spelt Foon or Foong Yung), and his maternal grandparents were the Grafton storekeeper King Jung Sao (also known as Stephen King), and Annie Lavinia Lavett (a great-granddaughter of James Squire). He enjoyed close family connections with the Hung League: he would later claim his grandfather, Stephen King was the Grand Master of a Chinese revolutionary lodge in Australia. King was reputedly the leader of the Tung Meng Whui, “familiarly known to Australians as the Chinese Masonic Society”, as well as “the best Chinese detective ever connected with Scotland Yard”, who worked on cases in New York and the British Raj. Vivian's father, who was influenced by King in the towns of Grafton and Casino, was a native of Chin Mei village in Doong Goong County. Although surnamed Chow (Zhou), he and his descendants were entered on official records under the surname of Yung.

Chow attended Lismore High School. In 1923, he was told by an Irish-Australian schoolteacher there, “You are Australian now. Why worry so much about China? What does China mean to you?", Chow responded, “Sir, you were born in Australia, so was I. Your father came to this country as a pioneer, likewise my father. May I give the retort, courteous sir, and say to you: ‘why are you so proud of being Irish? Why is it that you storm and agitate about home rule in Ireland, and what does Ireland mean to you anyway?’”

At age 15, Chow became a cartoonist for the *Richmond River Free Press*. His older brother Luther worked as a journalist for the *Northern Star*. After graduating from high school Chow moved to Sydney, Australia. Then, in September 1925 the two brothers sailed for China, where Luther went to work as a proofreader with the *North China Daily News* in Shanghai. Vivian Chow travelled through China, Japan and revolutionary Russia, before finally settling in Shanghai.

By 1932, Chow had held positions such as foreign affairs editor for the Shanghai evening newspaper *Sin Wan Pao (Xinwenbao)* and co-editor of *United China Magazine* During his term as editor, *United China c*ame to be known for its anti-Japanese editorials and stubborn opposition to the Chinese Nationalist government. He also toured New South Wales, claiming the title, "‘Official historian of the Chinese Masonic Lodge and Revolutionary and Independence Association of Australian Chinese". He argued that Sun Yat-sen was "really a mild diversion in the great record of the Chinese revolution," that Tse Tsan-tai was "more a truly the father of modern Chinese republicanism than Sun could ever be" and that the 1911 Chinese Revolution was a result of the philosophy originated by his grandfather's "Revolutionary and Independence Party of the Australian Chinese" back in 1850.

Chow was unafraid to voice his political opinions, and was often outspoken. In 1932, he remarked, “Send a Chinese to America and he tries to become a monopolist because of the ambitious example set before him. Send him to British Singapore and he strives to become a contractor with designs on knighthood... Send a Chinese to Australia, he becomes a labor leader and a booster 'for the working man's paradise'”.

Also in 1932 Vivian Chow edited a collection of short stories with the title of his contribution, What Happened to Riley, in which a confrontation between a British spy and a Chinese army intelligence officer is actually between two Australian-born men. The Chinese Australian denounces the racism of Australia and kills the British descended Australian in a duel. The main character also declares: “The world wants only one sort of Chinese. A humble, meek, ignorant fellow, soaked with opium and mad upon gambling. A clean-minded, clean-bodied, active-brained Chinese spells the doom of a white world dominion. And that, the white men have been clever enough to realise."

Chow continued to promote the legend of Loong Hung Pung, the Chinese-Australian revolutionary, throughout his life. In the words of historian John Fitzgerald, "he wanted Australians to embrace the story of Loong Hung Pung as an Australian legend, not a remote and exotic Chinese one." Chow believed that nationalist spies were tailing him in Sydney, on his travels north to Grafton and to his home town of Lismore, and that senior officers in the Sydney consulate were hounding him during his time in Sydney. In 1932, China's consul-general unsuccessfully petitioned the Commonwealth government to have Chow arrested and deported. Chow was deeply offended: "Even if I were a Communist practical and theoretical," he reflected, "the Commonwealth of Australia has no power to deport from the country a native born son." Later, in 1935 when he returned to Australia again after briefly travelling to Shanghai, he wrote an article claiming the Chinese government had sentenced to death two journalists in Shanghai who had criticized it, provoking the consul-general to complain to the Australian Prime Minister Lyons that Chow was "sheltering behind his Australian domicile in attacking my Government", and ask "his advice as to what redress I have against an offender who makes such false and damaging statements against the highest official of my Government – Marshal Chiang Kai Shek." It is unknown if Lyons replied, and once again Chow was saved from prosecution in Australia and possibly execution in China by his Australian heritage.

Chow left a controversial legacy. Historian and biographer John Fitzgerald, who wrote on Chow, condemned many of his claims as "self-serving and tendentious", but acknowledged that "Vivian Chow’s reflections reveal a young man proud of his... heritage and with an acute interest in what it meant to be counted Australian in the era of White Australia. Even though, for the most part, his Australian identity was a source of pride, still, he was painfully conscious of the limitations that White Australia placed upon his freedom of expression – not freedom of political expression in this case, but freedom to express his sense of pride in being an Australian of Chinese heritage."

Chow died of natural causes in 1941, at the age 35.


title: Nancy (1774 EIC ship)

abstract: Nancy was a schooner or ship launched at Bombay. In 1778 the British East India Company (EIC) government at Bengal acquired her to use as a warship at Calcutta. The EIC Board of Governors in London vetoed the idea and Nancy became an express packet ship. She made two voyages from Bengal to Ireland between 1782 and 1784, and was wrecked on the second of these.

text:
# Nancy (1774 EIC ship)

***Nancy*** was a schooner or ship launched at Bombay. In 1778 the British East India Company (EIC) government at Bengal acquired her to use as a warship at Calcutta. The EIC Board of Governors in London vetoed the idea and *Nancy* became an express packet ship. She made two voyages from Bengal to Ireland between 1782 and 1784, and was wrecked on the second of these.

## Career

Warren Hastings, Governor-General of Bengal wanted to create a small navy at Calcutta like the EIC's Bombay Marine, in order to combat pirates and French privateers. He acquired four vessels, the smallest of which was *Nancy*. Captain Heffernan was appointed her captain. Reportedly, Heffernan retired and sailed to Cork in 1781.

When the Board of Governors of the EIC in London vetoed the project the EIC decided to use *Nancy* as an express packet. She sailed from Bengal on 1 March 1782 under the command of Captain George Hifferman, and arrived at Cork on 15 July 1782. Records in the British Library state that Captain John Haldane left India on 1 April 1782, and left Cork on 19 January 1783. Hardy's information agrees that *Nancy* left Cork on 19 January 1783 bound for Bengal and under the command of Captain Haldane.

## Loss

*Nancy* was lost off the Isles of Scilly on 9 February 1784, or 24 February.

*Nancy* struck the Gilstone in the Western Rocks and sank in deeper water near Rosevear Ledges. When she sank, she was carrying actress Ann Cargill and her young child; Cargill was Haldane's lover or wife. Some of the crew and passengers took to a small boat that was dashed on Rosevear killing all aboard. In total 36 crew, 12 passengers, and 1 prisoner drowned.

## Post-script

In 2008 the Islands Maritime Archaeological Group (IMAG) fortuitously found what they believe is the wreck site, east of the Rosevear Ledges.

## Citations

1. Wadia (1986), p. 332.
2. Hackman (2001), p. 239.
3. Hickey (1782), pp. 166–171.
4. Hardy (1811), p. 219.
5. British Library: *Nancy* (1).
6. de Bruxelles, Simon (18 September 2008). "Divers close in on lost fortune of Ann Cargill, a scandalous star". *The Times*. London. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2008.
7. McFarland (1927).
8. "Diving on Scilly". Carmen Stevens. Retrieved 12 June 2012.

## InfoBox

| The *Nancy* wrecking off Rosvear Island. Ann Cargill and some of the crew coming to grief. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United Kingdom | |
| Name | *Nancy* |
| Owner | British East India Company |
| Builder | Bombay Dockyard |
| Launched | 21 September 1774 |
| Acquired | 1778 |
| Fate | Wrecked February 1784 |
| General characteristics | |
| Tons burthen | 150, or 240 (bm) |
| Sail plan | Possibly schooner, or ship |
| Complement | 36 (at loss) |


title: Leroy Dixon

abstract: Leroy Dixon is an American sprinter who specializes in the 100 metres. He won the gold medal in 4 x 100 metres relay at the 2007 World Championships, together with Darvis Patton, Wallace Spearmon and Tyson Gay. Individually, he competed in 60 metres at the 2008 World Indoor Championships without reaching the final. His personal best time over 100 metres is 10.02 seconds, achieved in June 2008 in Eugene. His personal best time over 60 metres is 6.56 seconds, achieved in February 2008 in Boston. In the 200 metres, he has run 20.44 seconds, achieved in June 2006 in Indianapolis. Dixon lettered in football, basketball, and track & field throughout high school at the former LaSalle High School, South Bend, Indiana. His notoriety as a student-athlete was furthered at the University of South Carolina, where he majored in Criminal Justice. There, he earned an All-American honors and was an NCAA finalist. In 2007, he signed with Hudson-Smith International (HSI) Agency through talent agent, Emmanuel Hudson. He trained under the roof of the UCLA field with John Smith, a sports guru and coaching legend who holds the record for coaching the most Olympic gold medalists in track & field, such as Maurice Greene, Quincy Watts, and Ato Boldon. In 2007, Dixon won the gold medal in 4x100 relay in Osaka, Japan. He was ranked 4th in the U.S. and 6th in the world in the 100 meters. In 2008, he was a U.S. Indoor runner-up and qualified for the Indoor World Championships. He also qualified for the Beijing Olympics, despite being in a cast just 4 weeks before the Olympic trials due to a stress fracture in his fibula. He was ranked 8th in the world and 4th in the U.S. in the 100 meters. In 2009, he made the outdoor world championship team but could not participate due to injuries. He ranked 6th in the U.S. in the 100 meters. In 2010, he was ranked 5th in the U.S. and 10th in the world in the 100 meters. Dixon was awarded a street name and the keys to his hometown of South Bend, Indiana. He has traveled to over 40 countries and enjoys mentoring up-and-coming athletes around the world. Currently, he serves as the face and spokesperson for the Blink Campaign, a national awareness campaign for HIV & Aids. He is also a strong advocate for safety and prevention of diseases, especially cancer, as his Mother was diagnosed with breast cancer in 2008. In 2011 Dixon signed with Icon Management under Kimberly Holland, who is best recognized for managing the most gold medalists in the 2008 Olympics. He also trains under a new coach, Bob Kersee, whose expertise produced talents such as Florence Griffith Joyner, Gail Devers, and Jackie Joyner-Kersee.

text:
# Leroy Dixon

**Leroy Dixon** (born June 20, 1983) is an American sprinter who specializes in the 100 metres.

He won the gold medal in 4 x 100 metres relay at the 2007 World Championships, together with Darvis Patton, Wallace Spearmon and Tyson Gay. Individually, he competed in 60 metres at the 2008 World Indoor Championships without reaching the final.

His personal best time over 100 metres is 10.02 seconds, achieved in June 2008 in Eugene. His personal best time over 60 metres is 6.56 seconds, achieved in February 2008 in Boston. In the 200 metres, he has run 20.44 seconds, achieved in June 2006 in Indianapolis.

Dixon lettered in football, basketball, and track & field throughout high school at the former LaSalle High School, South Bend, Indiana. His notoriety as a student-athlete was furthered at the University of South Carolina, where he majored in Criminal Justice. There, he earned an All-American honors and was an NCAA finalist.

In 2007, he signed with Hudson-Smith International (HSI) Agency through talent agent, Emmanuel Hudson. He trained under the roof of the UCLA field with John Smith, a sports guru and coaching legend who holds the record for coaching the most Olympic gold medalists in track & field, such as Maurice Greene, Quincy Watts, and Ato Boldon.

In 2007, Dixon won the gold medal in 4x100 relay in Osaka, Japan. He was ranked 4th in the U.S. and 6th in the world in the 100 meters.

In 2008, he was a U.S. Indoor runner-up and qualified for the Indoor World Championships. He also qualified for the Beijing Olympics, despite being in a cast just 4 weeks before the Olympic trials due to a stress fracture in his fibula. He was ranked 8th in the world and 4th in the U.S. in the 100 meters.

In 2009, he made the outdoor world championship team but could not participate due to injuries. He ranked 6th in the U.S. in the 100 meters.

In 2010, he was ranked 5th in the U.S. and 10th in the world in the 100 meters.

Dixon was awarded a street name and the keys to his hometown of South Bend, Indiana. He has traveled to over 40 countries and enjoys mentoring up-and-coming athletes around the world.

Currently, he serves as the face and spokesperson for the Blink Campaign, a national awareness campaign for HIV & Aids. He is also a strong advocate for safety and prevention of diseases, especially cancer, as his Mother was diagnosed with breast cancer in 2008.

In 2011 Dixon signed with Icon Management under Kimberly Holland, who is best recognized for managing the most gold medalists in the 2008 Olympics. He also trains under a new coach, Bob Kersee, whose expertise produced talents such as Florence Griffith Joyner, Gail Devers, and Jackie Joyner-Kersee.

## InfoBox

Leroy Dixon
| Dixon (far left) after his 2007 World 4×100 m relay gold | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | American |
| Born | (1983-06-20) June 20, 1983
South Bend, Indiana, U.S. |
| Height | 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) |
| Weight | 158 lb (72 kg) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Running |
| College team | University of South Carolina |
| Club | Nike |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Personal best(s) | **100m**: 10.02
**200m**: 20.44 |
| Medal record      Men's athletics (track and field)  Representing  United States  World Championships  2007 Osaka  4×100 m relay | |


title: Sour Candy (Carly Rae Jepsen song)

abstract: "Sour Candy" is a song by Canadian singer/songwriter Carly Rae Jepsen, released on October 30, 2009 as the fourth and final single from her debut studio album, Tug of War. The song was written by Jepsen and Marianas Trench lead vocalist Josh Ramsay, who also produced the song and is featured as a vocalist on the single version. It failed to chart on the Canadian Hot 100, but did enter the Canada Hot AC airplay chart monitored by Nielsen BDS Radio.

text:
# Sour Candy (Carly Rae Jepsen song)

"**Sour Candy**" is a song by Canadian singer/songwriter Carly Rae Jepsen, released on October 30, 2009 as the fourth and final single from her debut studio album, *Tug of War*. The song was written by Jepsen and Marianas Trench lead vocalist Josh Ramsay, who also produced the song and is featured as a vocalist on the single version. It failed to chart on the Canadian Hot 100, but did enter the Canada Hot AC airplay chart monitored by *Nielsen* BDS Radio.

## Content

This song discusses the loss of a relationship, which Jepsen refers to as a "sour candy ending." The main instrument used is acoustic guitar.

## Music video

The music video for "Sour Candy" was shot in Vancouver, BC and directed by Ben Knechtel. It premiered December 16, 2009 and was uploaded to Jepsen's Vevo channel on July 5, 2011. It tells the story of two estranged lovers (played by Jepsen and Ramsay) in couple's therapy.

## Chart performance

| Chart (2009) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada Hot AC (*Billboard*) | 36 |
|

## InfoBox

| "Sour Candy" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Carly Rae Jepsen featuring Josh Ramsay | |
| from the album  *Tug of War* | |
| Released | October 30, 2009 |
| Recorded | 2007–08 |
| Length | 3:01 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Josh Ramsay |
| Carly Rae Jepsen singles chronology | |
| "Bucket"
(2009) "**Sour Candy**"
(2009) "Call Me Maybe"
(2012) | |
|  | |
| Josh Ramsay singles chronology | |
| "**Sour Candy**"
(2009) "Hush"
(2011) | |
|  | |


title: 1894 Tweed colonial by-election

text:
# 1894 Tweed colonial by-election

A by-election for the seat of Tweed in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly was held on 6 December 1894 because the Elections and Qualifications Committee declared that the election of John Willard (Labour) was void as he did not meet the residency qualification, having spent much of that 12 months in Queensland.

## Dates

| Date | Event |
| --- | --- |
| 15 November 1894 | Elections and Qualifications Committee held that John Willard was not qualified. |
| 19 November 1894 | Writ of election issued by the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. |
| 29 November 1894 | Day of nomination |
| 6 December 1894 | Polling day |
| 20 December 1894 | Return of writ |

## Results

1894 The Tweed by-election
Thursday 6 December
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Protectionist | Joseph Kelly | 526 | 50.1 | +23.4 |
|  | Protectionist | James Garvan | 418 | 39.8 |  |
|  | Labour | James Murphy | 105 | 10.0 |  |
|  | Independent | William Baker | 1 | 0.1 |  |
| Total formal votes | | | 1,050 | 99.2 | +2.1 |
| Informal votes | | | 8 | 0.8 | −2.1 |
| Turnout | | | 1,058 | 59.1 | −24.4 |
|  | Protectionist **gain** from Labour | | **Swing** |  |  |

1. Green, Antony. "1894 The Tweed by-election". *New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007*. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
2. "Legislative Assembly: Elections and Qualifications Committee". *The Sydney Morning Herald*. 16 November 1894. p. 3. Retrieved 24 November 2019  via Trove.
3. "Writ of election: Tweed". *New South Wales Government Gazette*. No. 778. 19 November 1894. p. 7379. Retrieved 24 November 2019  via Trove.
4. Green, Antony. "1894 Tweed". *New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007*. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 22 November 2019.


title: Nobuo Kubota

abstract: Nobuo Kubota is a Canadian multimedia artist.

text:
# Nobuo Kubota

**Nobuo Kubota** RCA (born 1932) is a Canadian multimedia artist.

## Life

Kubota grew up with a strong Japanese focus in his home and with an early interest in the writings by Jack Kerouac and D. T. Suzuki. These two factors partially explain his later attraction to Zen Buddhism. During World War II, he was incarcerated with his family in an internment camp for Japanese Canadians.

Kubota has a degree in architecture from the University of Toronto and practiced architecture for ten years. As an architect, his interest in Zen Buddhism was reinforced by an attraction to Japanese architecture, which was to have an influence on him later as a sculptor. He became a sculptor in 1969, showed regularly with the Isaacs Gallery group in Toronto, and is said to have deliberately adopted a Japanese 'look' in his work whereby he alludes to Japanese aesthetics and art.

When Nobuo Kubota was awarded a Canada Council grant in 1970 he was able to spend a year in Japan. He went ostensibly to study Japanese art but found his way to Kyoto where he was invited to live with a Zen master, Nanrei Sohatsu Kobori, in his temple in the famous Daitokuji complex.

## Work

His work often combines sound, music, installation and film, a practice that he labels 'intermedia'. A member of the Artists Jazz Band from the late 1960s on (he played alto sax) and the CCMC (Canadian Creative Music Collective) (1974-1991), and as one of the founding members of the Music Gallery, he is known for his extended vocal techniques and sound poetry which can be watched and listened to on You Tube. In 1999, the Kelowna At Gallery held a retrospective of his work titled *Nobuo Kubota: The Exploration of Possibility*. A second exhibition titled *Nobuo Kubota: Hokusai Revisited* was held at Kelowna in 2010. His current interest involves the development of a calligraphic style of notation for the depiction of sound which he calls 'Sonic Calligraphy'. He has published two books, *Phonic Slices* and *Deep Text* (both 2001) with Coach House Books.

His work is held in numerous collections including the National Gallery of Canada. He was made a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts.

He received the Allied Arts Award from the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada. In 2000, he received the Victor Lynch Stanton Award from the Canada Council. He received the Governor General's award for the arts in 2009. He also received a Doctor of Fine Arts Honoris Causa from the Ontario College of Art and Design (2011).

From 1970 to 1998, he taught at OCAD University.

## InfoBox

| Nobuo Kubota | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1932 (age 9192)<br>Vancouver, B.C. |
| Education | University of Toronto |
| Known for | multimedia artist |


title: Tye Perdido

abstract: Tye Perdido is a former soccer player who played as a striker. Born in Maui, Perdido played collegiate soccer at Gonzaga University where he would have a trial with Seattle Sounders. He played in the Premier Development League with Kitsap Pumas before retiring due to a knee injury. Years later, Perdido joined the Guam national football team for a series of friendly matches.

text:
# Tye Perdido

**Tye Perdido** (born November 28, 1988) is a former soccer player who played as a striker.

Born in Maui, Perdido played collegiate soccer at Gonzaga University where he would have a trial with Seattle Sounders. He played in the Premier Development League with Kitsap Pumas before retiring due to a knee injury.

Years later, Perdido joined the Guam national football team for a series of friendly matches.

## InfoBox

Tye Perdido
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1988-11-28) November 28, 1988 | | |
| Height | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Striker | | |
| College career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2006–2009 | Gonzaga Bulldogs |  |  |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2010–2011 | Kitsap Pumas |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2016 | Guam | 2 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 12:44, 16 October 2018 (UTC)<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 12:44, 16 October 2018 (UTC) | | | |


title: Null House

abstract: Null House is a historic home located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is a 2+1⁄2-story, three-bay wide dwelling of wood-frame construction that was built between 1782 and 1784. It is a rare specimen of the early wooden clapboard building. The façade features a one-story wooden Italianate storefront of later construction with large store windows and two entrances. Originally located at 1010 Hillen Street, to save the building from demolition, it was moved on September 28, 1980, to the present site, 300 feet northeast of its original location on the opposite side of Hillen Street. Null House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 27, 1983.

text:
# Null House

**Null House** is a historic home located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is a 2+12-story, three-bay wide dwelling of wood-frame construction that was built between 1782 and 1784. It is a rare specimen of the early wooden clapboard building. The façade features a one-story wooden Italianate storefront of later construction with large store windows and two entrances. Originally located at 1010 Hillen Street, to save the building from demolition, it was moved on September 28, 1980, to the present site, 300 feet northeast of its original location on the opposite side of Hillen Street.

Null House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 27, 1983.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Null House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Null House, Baltimore | |
|  | |
| Location | 1037 Hillen St., Baltimore, Maryland |
| Coordinates | 39°17′46″N 76°36′22″W / 39.29611°N 76.60611°W / 39.29611; -76.60611 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1782 (1782) |
| Architectural style | Italianate |
| NRHP reference No. | 83002936 |
| Added to NRHP | January 27, 1983 |


title: Vokesimurex dentifer

abstract:
Vokesimurex dentifer is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.
  - Subspecies
  -
  - Vokesimurex dentifer coriolis
  - Vokesimurex dentifer dentifer

text:
# Vokesimurex dentifer

***Vokesimurex dentifer*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

Subspecies * *Vokesimurex dentifer coriolis* (Houart, 1990) (occurs off the Loyalty Islands and New Caledonia)
* *Vokesimurex dentifer dentifer* (R. B. Watson, 1883)

## Description

The length of the shell varies between 30 mm and 127.5 mm.

(Original description) This is a massive full-grown (?) shell, which in my list I have called *Murex dentifer*, as a new species, but which is in too bad condition for detailed description.

This species is not unlike in shape to the immature shell of *Murex imperialis* Swainson, 1831 (synonym of *Phyllonotus margaritensis* (Abbott, 1958) ), from California; but its siphonal canal seems to have been long and was certainly narrow. It has 3, not 5 varices (which are rounded, high, narrow, and continuous from whorl to whorl), with 4 (or on the last segment 6) biggish rounded ribs between the varices. The old edges of the aperture on the front of the varices are not like saw-teeth, but smooth and continuous. The aperture is small, oval, not large. The outer lip is not internally thickened. And the surface is marked with regular strong spiral threads and with fine regular lines of growth, and is not squamously fine-grained. The outer lip is scored with long, sharpish, but fine teeth. The inner lip is closely set with teeth, which are short and strong on the columella, feeble and a little longer on the body, with a round tubercle at the very top. There is a broad glaze on the body, which separates and stands out as a strong lamina on the columella, with a deep umbilical cleft behind.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off the Philippines and in the East China Sea; also off Fiji, Vanuatu and Papua New Guinea.

## InfoBox

| *Vokesimurex dentifer* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Vokesimurex dentifer* (specimen at MNHN, Paris) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Subfamily: | Muricinae |
| Genus: | *Vokesimurex* |
| Species: | ***V. dentifer*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Vokesimurex dentifer***<br>(Watson, 1883) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Murex dentifer* R. B. Watson, 1883 | |


title: Nanmawke

abstract: Nanmawke is a village in Kalewa Township, Kale District, in the Sagaing Region of western Burma.

text:
# Nanmawke

**Nanmawke** is a village in Kalewa Township, Kale District, in the Sagaing Region of western Burma.

## InfoBox

| Nanmawke | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| NanmawkeLocation in Burma | |
| Coordinates: 23°23′N 94°19′E / 23.383°N 94.317°E / 23.383; 94.317 | |
| Country | Burma |
| Region | Sagaing Region |
| District | Kale District |
| Township | Kalewa Township |
| Time zone | UTC+6.30 (MST) |


title: Leroy Daniels

abstract: Leroy Daniels was a shoeshine man who sang and danced as he worked, and whose act led to an appearance with Fred Astaire in the 1953 musical The Band Wagon. It was the only time that Astaire danced on-screen with a black dancer. Daniels' act also served as inspiration for the choreography of the scene in the film. His performances became the inspiration for the song, Chattanooga Shoeshine Boy, which in 1950 became a #1 hit for Country music singer Red Foley. Daniels subsequently made other screen appearances, including Handle With Care (1964), Petey Wheatstraw (1977), Disco Godfather (1979), and Avenging Angel (1985). He also appeared in the TV series Sanford and Son. He was part of the comedy duo Leroy & Skillet with Ernest Mayhand, who appeared with him on Sanford and Son. The duo recorded several albums such as The Okra Eaters for Laff Records in the 1970s, notable for their explicit, raunchy comedy.

text:
# Leroy Daniels

**Leroy Daniels** was a shoeshine man who sang and danced as he worked, and whose act led to an appearance with Fred Astaire in the 1953 musical *The Band Wagon*. It was the only time that Astaire danced on-screen with a black dancer.

Daniels' act also served as inspiration for the choreography of the scene in the film.

His performances became the inspiration for the song, *Chattanooga Shoeshine Boy*, which in 1950 became a #1 hit for Country music singer Red Foley.

Daniels subsequently made other screen appearances, including *Handle With Care* (1964), *Petey Wheatstraw* (1977), *Disco Godfather* (1979), and *Avenging Angel* (1985). He also appeared in the TV series *Sanford and Son*.

He was part of the comedy duo Leroy & Skillet with Ernest Mayhand, who appeared with him on *Sanford and Son*. The duo recorded several albums such as *The Okra Eaters* for Laff Records in the 1970s, notable for their explicit, raunchy comedy.


abstract: The South Midland (Warwickshire) Royal Garrison Artillery was a volunteer artillery unit of Britain's Territorial Force formed in 1908. It served in Home Defence and provided heavy artillery support to the armies on the Western Front and Italian Front in World War I. In the interwar years it became 204 (Warwickshire) Battery serving in various regiments and formations before being expanded into a full regiment. In World War II it served in the heavy anti-aircraft (HAA) role defending its home area of the West Midlands against German air attack, and then defended Calcutta against Japanese attacks. It continued in the postwar Territorial Army until 1955.

text:
# South Midland (Warwickshire) Royal Garrison Artillery

The **South Midland (Warwickshire) Royal Garrison Artillery** was a volunteer artillery unit of Britain's Territorial Force formed in 1908. It served in Home Defence and provided heavy artillery support to the armies on the Western Front and Italian Front in World War I. In the interwar years it became **204 (Warwickshire) Battery** serving in various regiments and formations before being expanded into a full regiment. In World War II it served in the heavy anti-aircraft (HAA) role defending its home area of the West Midlands against German air attack (particularly in the notorious Coventry Blitz), and then defended Calcutta against Japanese attacks. It continued in the postwar Territorial Army until 1955.

## Origins

When the Territorial Force (TF) was created in 1908 as part of the Haldane Reforms, each of its infantry divisions included a heavy artillery battery in its establishment. For the South Midland Division a new battery was raised in Birmingham, under the title of **South Midland (Warwickshire) Royal Garrison Artillery** (RGA). The battery was equipped with four Boer War-era 4.7-inch guns. It was based at the Metropolitan Cammell Carriage and Wagon Company works at Saltley, and was organised as follows:

* HQ at Metropolitan Works, Saltley
* Heavy Battery at Saltley
* Ammunition Column at Wednesbury

## World War I

### Mobilisation

The South Midland Division mobilised on the outbreak of World War I and took up its war stations around Chelmsford in Essex as part of Central Force. Shortly afterwards, TF units were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service, and the War Office issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. On 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. Hence the South Midland RGA formed 1/1st South Midland (Warwickshire) Heavy Battery) for overseas service (usually referred to as **1/1st Warwickshire Heavy Battery** in army documents) and the 2/1st South Midland (Warwickshire) Heavy Battery for Home Defence and to provide drafts to the 1st Line.

### 1/1st Warwickshire Heavy Battery

#### Western Front

The South Midland Division was ordered to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in France on 13 March 1915, and the artillery embarked at Southampton for Le Havre, the 1/1st Battery disembarking on 31 March. By 4 April the division had taken over a section of the front line near Cassel.

However, artillery policy in the BEF was to withdraw heavy batteries from the divisions and group them into dedicated heavy artillery brigades, so on 16 April the battery left the South Midland Division to join Second Army Artillery in time for the Second Battle of Ypres. At this time the practice was to move batteries between heavy brigades (later heavy artillery groups or HAGs) as required, so the 1/1st Warwickshire Bty moved to XVI Brigade RGA on 10 June, to VIII Brigade RGA on 3 July, to III Corps Artillery with First Army on 21 August, and IV Heavy Bde on 10 November.

In early 1916 the battery was moved again, to 12th HAG with Second Army (10 April), to 'Loring's Group' with I ANZAC Corps (19 May), then to 44th (South African) HAG (5 August), and on to 34th HAG (27 August), which joined Fourth Army on the Somme in September. After the Somme fighting died down, the battery moved within Fourth Army to 7th HAG (30 November) and back to 44th (SA) HAG (23 December).

By the end of 1916 the obsolete 4.7-inch gun had been largely superseded on the Western Front by the modern 60-pounder. On 28 February 1917 the battery was made up to a strength of six guns when it was joined by a section from the newly arrived 199th Heavy Bty. It then moved north on 13 March to join 15th HAG with First Army, arriving on 21 March. Soon afterwards (15 April) it was switched south again to Fifth Army where it joined 9th HAG on 20 April. Through the early summer the battery continued to be switched rapidly from one HAG to another: 42nd (arriving 19 May), 16th with Third Army (5 July), 52nd with Second Army (9 July), 99th (12 July), then back to 52nd (6 August), and finally 11th (7 September).

By now, Second Army was involved in the Third Ypres Offensive, taking the lead at the Battles of the Menin Road Ridge, Polygon Wood and Broodseinde, which were notable artillery victories. The 60-pounders were used for counter-battery (CB) fire before the attack, and then as part of the creeping barrage that led the infantry onto their objectives. However, the subsequent attacks (the Battles of Poelcappelle, First Passchendaele and Second Passchendaele) were failures. The British batteries were clearly observable from the Passchendaele Ridge and suffered badly from counter-battery fire, while their own guns sank into the mud and became difficult to aim and fire.

While the Ypres offensive was still continuing, the German and Austrian victory at Caporetto on the Italian Front led to British forces being rushed from Flanders to shore up the Italian Army. Even before their defeat the Italians had asked for the loan of heavy artillery, and now a number of units were hurriedly sent by rail, including 1/1st Warwickshire Battery, which went on 14 November.

#### Italian Front

On arrival, 1/1st Warwickshire Bty joined 24th HAG (renamed 24th Bde RGA in February 1918), with which it remained for the rest of the war. The battery was the only 60-pounder unit in the brigade, the rest being the 105th, 172nd, 229th and 247th Siege Btys. By 6 December its guns went into action on the Montello Hill, supporting the Italian army, which had been critically short of heavy artillery. The situation was stabilised by the end of the year, but 24th HAG remained in Italy.

Apart from some CB shoots, there was little activity through the winter months. At the end of March 1918, 1/1st Warwickshire Hvy Bty moved to a position south of the Asiago plateau supporting VIII Italian Corps. The gunsites were in wooded mountainous terrain and the guns had to be manhandled into position. They carried out trench bombardment while awaiting the next Austrian offensive (the Second Battle of the Piave River). This finally came on 15 June. Despite some initial Austrian gains, 48th (South Midland) Division held its main positions. The British heavy batteries systematically destroyed the Austrian guns on the Asiago, notwithstanding poor visibility early on (Royal Air Force observation aircraft were able to direct the fire later) and the Austrian offensive failed all along the front.

Preparations then began for the final battle on the Italian Front, the stunning success of the Battle of Vittorio Veneto. The British were relieved in the Asiago sector and moved to join the British-commanded Tenth Italian Army near Treviso. 24th HAG supported a number of British and French raids during September and October, then on 23 October the preliminary attacks began, supported by 24th HAG's guns. The main British assault crossed the River Piave on 27 October, with the heavy guns engaging all known Austrian gun positions and providing a protective barrage on either flank. A bridge was ready by 29 October and the heavy guns crossed the river. By 1 November the Austrian army had collapsed and the pursuing British troops had left their heavy guns far in the rear. Austrian signed the Armistice of Villa Giusti on 3 November, ending the war in Italy.

After the Armistice, 24th HAG was involved in securing prisoners and captured enemy guns. Demobilisation of the batteries in Italy began at Christmas 1918 and by March they were down to cadre strength. 1/1st Warwickshire Heavy Bty passed into suspended animation in 1919.

### 2/1st South Midland (Warwickshire) Heavy Battery

The 2/1st Battery served in 61st (2nd South Midland) Division, first at Northampton in First Army, Central Force, then at Chelmsford when it replaced the 1st South Midland Division in coastal defence. In February 1916 the battery left the division and took over the old 4.7-inch guns of 117th Heavy Battery RGA, which was preparing to move to France. For the rest of the war 2/1st Battery served in Home Defence, from September 1916 to August 1917 with 67th (2nd Home Counties) Division at Ramsgate and Sandwich in Kent, and from January 1918 until the Armistice with the Cyclist Division at Ramsgate.

## Interwar

### 204 (Warwickshire) Medium Battery

The battery was reformed on 7 February 1920 at Saltley as **204 (Warwickshire) Medium Battery**, forming part of 7th (Cornwall and Warwickshire) Medium Brigade, Royal Garrison Artillery, which became 51st (Cornwall and Warwickshire) Medium Brigade, RGA when the TF was reorganised as the Territorial Army (TA) in 1921. This was an awkward arrangement, Saltley being many miles from the brigade HQ at Truro and the other batteries at Padstow, Par and Penzance.

On 1 October 1932 the brigade was broken up: the Cornish elements were separated to form a new 56th (Cornwall) Anti-Aircraft (AA) brigade, while a new 51st (Midland) Medium Brigade was formed in which 204 (Warwickshire) Bty was brigaded with geographically closer batteries from Staffordshire and Shropshire.

### 204 (Warwickshire) Anti-Aircraft Battery

During the 1930s the increasing need for anti-aircraft (AA) defence for Britain's cities was addressed by converting a number of existing TA units into AA units. On 1 October 1937, 204 (Warwickshire) Bty was converted and transferred to a new 73rd Anti-Aircraft Brigade based at Wolverhampton.

### 95th (Birmingham) AA Regiment

On 1 April 1939 the battery was transferred yet again, this time to provide the experienced cadre for a newly formed **95th (Birmingham) AA Regiment** (RA 'brigades' became 'regiments' on 1 January 1939):

* RHQ at Washwood Heath, Birmingham
* 204 (Warwickshire) AA Bty at Saltley
* 293 AA Bty at Washwood Heath

## World War II

### Mobilisation

The TA's AA units were mobilised on 23 September 1938 during the Munich Crisis, with units manning their emergency positions within 24 hours, even though many did not yet have their full complement of men or equipment. The emergency lasted three weeks, and they were stood down on 13 October. In February 1939 the existing AA defences came under the control of a new Anti-Aircraft Command. In June, as the international situation worsened, a partial mobilisation of the TA was begun in a process known as 'couverture', whereby each AA unit did a month's tour of duty in rotation to man selected AA gun and searchlight positions. On 24 August, AA Command was fully mobilised at its war stations ahead of the declaration of war.

95th AA Regiment formed part of 34th (South Midland) AA Brigade, based at Coventry and responsible for the air defence of Birmingham and Coventry in 4 AA Division.

At that time the three heavy AA (HAA) regiments in 34 AA Bde had only 24 guns (four of them out of action) at Birmingham and 12 at Coventry. By the start of the Battle of Britain this had risen to 64 guns at Birmingham and 44 at Coventry.

From 1 June 1940, AA gun regiments manning 3-inch, 3.7-inch or 4.5-inch guns were officially designated as HAA to distinguish them from the newer light AA or LAA units that were being formed.

### Battle of Britain

Although most of the *Luftwaffe* air raids during the Battle of Britain and the early part of the night Blitz concentrated on London and the South and East Coasts, the West Midlands also suffered badly, with Birmingham and Coventry experiencing heavy raids in August and October.

A new 340 HAA Bty was formed on 1 August 1940 and regimented with 95th HAA Rgt on 25 September 1940. The regiment sent a cadre to 210th Training Regiment at Oswestry to provide the basis for a new 401 Bty; this was formed on 12 December 1940 and later joined 122nd HAA Rgt. With the continued expansion of AA Command, 34 AA Bde came under the command of a new 11 AA Division, which took over responsibility for the West Midlands on 1 November 1940.

### Coventry Blitz

The new division was still being formed when the *Luftwaffe* launched a series of devastating raids, beginning with the notorious Coventry Blitz on 14/15 November. The Coventry raid was preceded by a dozen pathfinder aircraft of *Kampfgeschwader 100* riding an *X-Gerät* beam to drop flares and incendiary bombs on the target. The huge fires that broke out in the congested city centre then attracted successive 40-strong waves of bombers flying at heights between 12,000 and 20,000 feet to saturate the defences. The AA Defence Commander (AADC) of 95th HAA Rgt had prepared a series of concentrations to be fired using sound-locators and GL Mk. I gun-laying radar, and 128 concentrations were fired before the bombing severed all lines of communication and the noise drowned out sound-location. The HAA batteries fought on in isolation. Some gun positions were able to fire at searchlight beam intersections, glimpsed through the smoke and guessing the range. Although the Coventry guns fired 10 rounds a minute for the whole 10-hour raid, only three aircraft were shot down over the UK that night, and the city centre was gutted. The Coventry raid was followed by three consecutive nights (19–22 November) of attacks on Birmingham and other Black Country industrial towns including West Bromwich, Dudley and Tipton.

The change in enemy tactics led to additional HAA guns being moved from London to the West Midlands. By March 1941, a new 67 AA Bde had been created in 11 AA Division by splitting 34 AA Bde: 95th HAA Rgt transferred to the new formation.

### Birmingham Blitz

Birmingham was bombed again during December (3, 4, 11) and on 11 March 1941, but the full Birmingham Blitz came in April 1941, with heavy raids on the nights of 9/10 and 10/11 of the month, causing extensive damage and casualties.

The Blitz is generally held to have ended on 16 May 1941 with another attack on Birmingham. By now the HAA sites had the advantage of GL Mk I\* radar with an elevation finding (E/F or 'Effie') attachment, and several attackers were turned away by accurate fire and their bombs scattered widely, some on nearby Nuneaton. The city was attacked again in July, but the *Luftwaffe* bombing offensive was effectively over. The West Midlands had been the hardest hit area of the UK after London and Merseyside.

Another newly raised battery, 405 HAA Bty, joined the regiment on 5 March 1941; this had been formed on 16 January 1941 at 205th HAA Training Rgt at Arborfield from a cadre supplied by 98th HAA Rgt. 95th HAA Regiment sent a further cadre to 211th HAA Training Rgt at Oswestry to form 449 HAA Bty on 12 June 1941; this joined 130th HAA Rgt

405 HAA Battery left on 2 August 1941 and joined 3rd HAA Rgt of the West African Artillery (WAA) in the Gold Coast. The battery later served in the Burma Campaign. 198 HAA Battery joined on 7 October 1941 from 122nd HAA Rgt, but its stay was short as the regiment was converted to the three-battery establishment of units deploying overseas and it transferred to 136th HAA Rgt on 4 November 1941. That month 95th HAA Rgt left AA Command and joined the War Office Reserve. Before the end of the year the regiment had embarked for overseas service with 204, 293 and 340 HAA Btys.

### India

The regiment was among reinforcements sent to India following the Japanese invasion of Malaya. It arrived at Bombay on 11 April 1942 and moved to Barrackpore outside Calcutta where it came under the command of 1 Indian AA Bde. It spent the whole of 1943 in the Calcutta area.

Calcutta was just within range of bombers operating from Burma and the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service began raiding the city during December 1942, in an attempt to disrupt the operation of the docks and to create panic among the population. Attacks resumed in November 1943.

The air threat to Calcutta declined in 1944 and on 1 April 95th HAA Rgt the regiment with 204, 293 and 340 HAA Btys was 'placed in suspended animation' on 14 March 1944 and their personnel dispersed to other assignments for the rest of the war.

## Postwar

When the TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947, the regiment reformed at Sheldon as **495th (Birmingham) (Mixed) HAA Rgt, RA** ('Mixed' indicating that some of its personnel were drawn from the Women's Royal Army Corps). It formed part of 80 AA Bde at Sutton Coldfield, but that formation was disbanded in September the following year.

(A new 95th HAA Regiment was formed in the Regular Army on 1 April 1947 by the redesignation of the war-formed 135th HAA Rgt.)

In 1954, 495th HAA Rgt absorbed 320th (South Midland) HAA Rgt at Washwood Heath, Birmingham.

When AA Command was disbanded on 10 March 1955, a wholesale reduction of AA units in the TA followed. 495th HAA Regiment amalgamated with 623rd (Warwick) LAA Rgt to form **443rd (Warwickshire) LAA Rgt**, with Q and R Btys derived from 495th HAA Rgt. In 1961 there was another round of reductions, with Q Bty joining 268th (Warwickshire) Field Rgt and R Bty joining with part of 442nd LAA Rgt to reform 7th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment and the batteries' individual identities were lost.

## Footnotes

1. Dunlop, Chapter 14.
2. Spiers, Chapter 10.
3. Conrad, *British Army 1914*.
4. Frederick, pp. 696–701.
5. Litchfield, pp. 237–41.
6. South Midlands (Warwickshire) RGA at Regiments.org
7. *Army List*.
8. Saltley at Drill Hall Project.
9. Becke, Pt 2a, pp. 77–83.
10. Becke, Pt 2b, p. 6.
11. 'Allocation of Heavy Batteries RGA', The National Archives (TNA), Kew, file WO 95/5494/2.
12. Farndale, *Western Front*, Annex E.
13. 'Headquarters Heavy Artillery Groups', TNA file WO 95/5494/1.
14. Farndale, *Western Front*, pp. 205–11.
15. Wolff, pp. 191–5, 199, 207–8.
16. Farndale, *Western Front*, pp. 211–13.
17. Wolff, pp. 223–35, 249–51.
18. Campbell, pp. 91–104.
19. Falls, pp. 73–5, 89–91.
20. John Turner, 'Lloyd George, the War Cabinet and High Politics', in Liddle (ed), p. 21.
21. Wolff, pp. 252–3, 274.
22. Falls, pp. 89–92, 131–2, 143.
23. Farndale, *Forgotten Fronts*, pp. 176–7.
24. Shepard's summary, in Campbell, pp. 122–5.
25. Thompson, pp. 328–30.
26. Farndale *Forgotten Fronts*, p. 183.
27. Falls, pp. 157–67.
28. Farndale, *Forgotten Fronts*, pp. 184–8.
29. Thompson, pp. 344–7.
30. Kurt Peball, 'The Piave: Austria's last Throw', *Purnell's History of the First World War*, Vol 7, No 6, pp. 2833–8.
31. Falls, pp. 169-77.
32. Farndale, *Forgotten Fronts*, pp. 189–92.
33. Thompson, pp. 356–64.
34. Franco Velsecchi, 'Vittorio Veneto', *Purnell's History of the First World War*, Vol 7, No 14, pp. 3064–71.
35. Campbell, pp. 106–19.
36. Becke Pt 2b, pp. 33–39.
37. Becke, Pt 2b, pp. 35, 77, 82.
38. Farndale, *Home Base*, Annex 7.
39. Frederick, pp. 723, 733.
40. *Titles & Designations*, 1927.
41. Litchfield, p. 34.
42. Frederick, pp. 755–9, 774, 778.
43. 95 HAA Rgt at Regiments.org.
44. 4 AA Division 1939 at British Military History Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine
45. Routledge, pp. 62–3.
46. Routledge, pp. 65–6, 371.
47. AA Command 3 September 1939 at Patriot Files.
48. Routledge, Table LX, p. 378.
49. Routledge, Table LIX, p 377.
50. Collier, Appendix IX.
51. Collier, Chapter 13.
52. Collier, Chapter 16.
53. Pile's despatch.
54. Farndale, *Years of Defeat*, Annex D.
55. Routledge, Table LXV, p. 396.
56. 95 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45
57. 11 AA Division 1940 at British Military History
58. Collier, Chapter 17.
59. Routledge, p. 391.
60. Walker, pp. 72–3.
61. Walker, pp. 73–81.
62. Walker, pp. 86–8.
63. Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 12 May 1941, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/79.
64. Collier, Appendix XXX.
65. Walker, p. 90.
66. Walker, pp. 77, 92–3.
67. Routledge, pp. 98–9, 393.
68. Collier, Chapter 19.
69. Collier, Appendix XXXI.
70. Frederick, p. 991.
71. Farndale, *Far East*, Annex P.
72. Joslen, p. 490.
73. Order of Battle of the Field Force in the United Kingdom, Part 3: Royal Artillery (Non-Divisional units), 22 October 1941, with amendments, TNA files WO 212/6 and WO 33/1883.
74. Joslen, p. 521.
75. Farndale, *Far East*, Annex K.
76. Woodburn Kirby, Vol II, pp. 259–60.
77. Woodburn Kirby, Vol III, pp. 120–1.
78. Routledge, p. 237.
79. 'Bombs on Calcutta' at Calcutta 1940s
80. 'In the skies of Calcutta'
81. Frederick, p. 1018.
82. 474–519 Rgts RA at British Army 1945 on
83. AA Bdes 67–106 at British Army 1945 on
84. Litchfield, Appendix 5.
85. Watson, *TA 1947*.
86. Frederick, p. 960.
87. 320 HAA Rgt at Regiments.org.
88. Frederick, p. 1005.
89. 414–443 Rgts RA at British Army 1945 on
90. Frederick, pp. 1014, 1026.
* Maj A.F. Becke,*History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2a: The Territorial Force Mounted Divisions and the 1st-Line Territorial Force Divisions (42–56)*, London: HM Stationery Office, 1935/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-39-8.
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* James Campbell, *Shepard's War: E.H. Shepard, The Man who Drew Winnie-the-Pooh*, London: LOM Art, 2015, ISBN 978-1-910552-10-0.
* Basil Collier, *History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Defence of the United Kingdom*, London: HM Stationery Office, 1957.
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* Cyril Falls, *Caporetto 1917*, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966.
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* Leon Wolff, *In Flanders Fields: The 1917 Campaign*, London: Longmans, 1959/Corgi, 1966.
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* Maj-Gen S. Woodburn Kirby, *History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The War Against Japan* Vol III, *The Decisive Battles*, London: HM Stationery Office, 1961/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004, ISBN 1-845740-62-9.

## External sources

## InfoBox

| South Midland (Warwickshire) RGA<br>204 (Warwickshire) Battery<br>95th (Birmingham) HAA Regiment<br>495th (Birmingham) HAA Regiment | |
| --- | --- |
| Cap Badge of the Royal Regiment of Artillery | |
| Active | 1908–1955 |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Branch | Territorial Army |
| Role | Heavy artillery<br>Medium artillery<br>Heavy anti-aircraft artillery |
| Size | Battery, Regiment |
| Part of | South Midland Division<br>34 (South Midland) AA Brigade<br>1 Indian AA Brigade |
| Garrison/HQ | Saltley<br>Sheldon |
| Engagements | World War I: World War II: |