title: Utania racemosa

abstract: Utania racemosa is a species of flowering plant in the family Gentianaceae. It occurs in Southeast Asia from Sumatera in Indonesia to the Andaman Islands in India. Its wood is used for timber and fuel.

text:
# Utania racemosa

***Utania racemosa*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Gentianaceae. It occurs in Southeast Asia from Sumatera in Indonesia to the Andaman Islands in India. Its wood is used for timber and fuel.

## Description

The tree is a shrub or small that grows usually 3-6m tall, but sometimes as tall as 15 m tall. The trunk measures up to 18 cm in diameter, with smooth to slightly flaky or fissured bark. The leaves are elliptic and ovate or lanceolate, they grow as small as 6 cm–30 cm long and 4–20 cm wide. Its surface is dark green, glossy and leathery.

The tree flowers from ends of crowded branched spikes 6–14 cm long growing under the leaves. Each flower has cream-white petals 2 cm wide. In northeastern Thailand's Bung Khong Long Non-Hunting Area (Bueng Khong Long District), flowers occur from April to June.

The fruit is oval and has a beaked apex 7–15 mm long and 8–11 mm in diameter, it almost similar to a coffee berry. It has a smooth skin. When mature, its size is

Features that distinguish this species from other *Utania* are: rachis in distal half of flower-bearing part of inflorescence and infructescence noticeably thicker than proximal rachis and peduncle; above basal 1–2 tiers, flowering and fruiting tiers usually close-spaced, without clearly visible rachis lengths between tiers; lobes of calyx clasp tightly corolla or fruit base in dried specimens.

## Distribution

The tree is found from Sumatera in Indonesia to Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar and the Andaman Islands.

## Habitat

The plant grows in seasonal forest and tropical evergreen lowland rainforest, including secondary forest. In Cambodia described as growing in dense forests on sandy or on clay soils at elevations of between 0-2000m. In the unusual evergreen freshwater swamp forests known as *choam* in Khmer, occurring in Stung Treng Province, northeast Cambodia, *Utania racemosa* occurs as a rare understorey tree in permanently and seasonally inundated areas.

## Vernacular names

In Khmer, the plant is known by a variety of names: *prôhu:t tük*; *tatraw tük*; and *häng tük*, and *changka trong*.

In Malay, it is known as *sepuleh* meaning "restorer". It is also called *kopi hutan* meaning "forest coffee" because of the shape of its fruits.

## Uses

The wood of the *Utania racemosa* is used for construction and as firewood in Cambodia. In Thailand the wood is also used for construction, but the trunk is also used to make chopping-blocks and the flowers are used to worship images of Buddha and offer to monks.

Malay people make a special drink from its leaves to treat fevers and rheumatism.

## History

M. Suguraman, botanist in Malaysia, transferred this species to *Utania* in the journal *Plant Ecology and Evolution* (147(2): 220) in 2014. Suguraman and K.M. Wong (botanist from Singapore) have worked extensively on Gentianaceae.

## Further reading

Additional information can be found in the following:

* Hassler, M. 2017. Utania racemosa. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World. In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2017. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life
* Middleton, J.D. (ed.) (2019). Flora of Singapore 13: 1–654. Singapore Botanic Gardens.
* Pandey, R.P. (2009). Floristic diversity of Ferrargunj forest area in South Andaman Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 33: 747-768.
* Sugumaran, M. & Wong, K.M. 2014. Studies in Malesian Gentianaceae, VI. A revision of Utania in the Malay Peninsula with two new species. Plant Ecology and Evolution 147(2): 213-223
* Toyama, H. & al. (2013). Inventory of the woody flora in Permanent plats of Kampong Thom and Kompong Chhnang provinces, Cambodia Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 64: 45–105.
* Tropicos.org 2017. Utania racemosa. Missouri Botanical Garden

## InfoBox

| *Utania racemosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Gentianaceae |
| Genus: | *Utania* |
| Species: | ***U. racemosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Utania racemosa***<br>(Jack) Sugumaran | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


abstract: The table below lists capitals serving as administrative divisions by country.

text:
# List of national capitals serving as administrative divisions

The table below lists **capitals serving as administrative divisions by country**.

## Countries where the capital is a first-level subdivision

| Country | Capital city | Divisional unit | | Typical term for first-level divisions | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Native term | Translation or equivalent | Native term | Translation or equivalent |
| Åland | Mariehamn | *kommun
kunta* | municipality | *kommun
kunta* | municipality |
| Algeria | Algiers | *wilayah* (ولاية) | province | *wilayah* (ولاية) | province |
| Andorra | Andorra la Vella | *parròquia* | parish | *parròquia* | parish |
| Anguilla | The Valley | district | | | |
| Argentina | Buenos Aires | *ciudad autónoma* | autonomous city | *provincia* | province |
| Armenia | Yerevan | *N/A* | | *marz* (մարզ) | province |
| Australia | Canberra | federal territory | | state | |
| Austria | Vienna | *bundesland* | state | *bundesland* | state |
| Azerbaijan | Baku | *şəhər* | city | *rayon* | district |
| Bahamas | Nassau | *N/A* | | district | |
| Bahrain | Manama | *muḥāfaẓat al-ʿāṣimah* (محافظة العاصمة) | capital governorate | *muḥāfaẓah* (محافظة) | governorate |
| Belarus | Minsk | *horad* (горад)
*gorod* (город) | city | *voblasć* (вобласць)
*oblast* (область) | region |
| Belgium | Brussels | *région capitale
hoofdstedelijk gewest* | capital region | *région
gewest* | region |
| Benin | Cotonou | *département* | department | *département* | department |
| Bermuda | Hamilton | city | | parish | |
| Botswana | Gaborone | city | | district | |
| Brazil | Brasília | *distrito federal* | federal district | *estado* | state |
| Bulgaria | Sofia | *grad oblast* (градска област) | city province | *oblast* (област) | province |
| Burma | Naypyidaw | *pyi taung hcu naalmyay* (ပြည်တောင်စုနယ်မြေ) | union territory | *tinedaysakyee* (တိုင်းဒေသကြီး) | region |
| Burundi | Bujumbura | *mairie province* | town hall province | province | |
| Cambodia | Phnom Penh | *krong* (ក្រុង) | city | *khaet* (ខេត្ត) | province |
| Cape Verde | Praia | *concelho* | municipality | *concelho* | municipality |
| Caribbean Netherlands | Kralendijk | *openbaar lichaam* | public body | *openbaar lichaam* | public body |
| | Oranjestad | | public body | | |
| | The Bottom | | public body | | |
| Cayman Islands | George Town | district | | | |
| Central African Republic | Bangui | *commune autonome
kôta-gbata* | autonomous commune | *préfecture
kodoro kômanda-kôta* | prefecture |
| Chad | N'Djamena | *minṭaqah* (منطقة)
*région* | region | *minṭaqah* (منطقة)
*région* | region |
| Chile | Santiago | *región metropolitana* | metropolitan region | *región* | region |
| China | Beijing | *zhíxiáshì* (直辖市) | direct-controlled municipality | *shěng* (省) | province |
| Colombia | Bogotá | *distrito capital* | capital district | *departamento* | department |
| Congo | Brazzaville | *département* | department | *département* | department |
| Croatia | Zagreb | *grad* | city | *županija* | county |
| Cuba | Havana | *provincia* | province | *provincia* | province |
| Czech Republic | Prague | *hlavní město* | capital city | *kraj* | region |
| DR Congo | Kinshasa | *ville-province* | city province | province | |
| Denmark | Copenhagen | *region hovedstaden* | capital region | region | |
| Djibouti | Djibouti | *ville* | city | *région* | region |
| Dominica | Roseau | parish | | parish | |
| Dominican Republic | Santo Domingo | *distrito nacional* | national district | *provincia* | province |
| Egypt | Cairo | *muḥāfaẓah* (محافظة) | governorate | *muḥāfaẓah* (محافظة) | governorate |
| Equatorial Guinea | Oyala | *ciudad administrativa* | administrative city | *provincia* | province |
| Ethiopia | Addis Ababa | *astedader* (አስተዳደር) | administration | *kilil* (ክልል) | region |
| Faroe Islands | Tórshavn | *kommunur* | municipality | *kommunur* | municipality |
| Gambia | Banjul | city | | region | |
| Georgia | Tbilisi | *k'alak'i* (ქალაქი) | city | *mkhare* (მხარე) | region |
| Germany | Berlin | *Stadtstaat* | city-state | *Land* | state |
| Ghana | Accra | region | | region | |
| Greenland | Nuuk | *kommune* | municipality | *kommune* | municipality |
| Grenada | St. George's | parish | | parish | |
| Guam | Hagåtña | village | | | |
| Guernsey | Saint Peter Port | parish | | parish | |
| Guinea | Conakry | *gouvernorat* | governorate | *région administrative* | administrative region |
| Guinea-Bissau | Bissau | *sector autónomo* | autonomous sector | *região* | region |
| Hungary | Budapest | *főváros* | capital city | *megye* | county |
| Iceland | Reykjavík | *Sveitarfélög* | municipality | *Sveitarfélög* | municipality |
| India | New Delhi | *rāṣṭrīya rājadhānī kṣetra* (राष्ट्रीय राजधानी क्षेत्र) | national capital territory | *rājya* (राज्य) | state |
| Indonesia | Jakarta | *daerah khusus ibu kota* | special capital region | *provinsi* | province |
| Iraq | Baghdad | *muḥāfaẓah* (محافظة) | governorate | *muḥāfaẓah* (محافظة) | governorate |
| Ireland | Dublin | *chathair* | city | *contae* | county |
| Isle of Man | Douglas | *balley* | town | *skeerey* | parish |
| Ivory Coast | Yamoussoukro | *district autonome* | autonomous district | district | |
| | Abidjan | | | |
| Japan | Tokyo | *to* (都) | metropolis | *ken* (県) | prefecture |
| Jersey | Saint Helier | parish | | parish | |
| | Saint Saviour | ||
| Jordan | Amman | *muḥāfaẓat al-ʿāṣimah* (محافظة العاصمة) | capital governorate | *muḥāfaẓah* (محافظة) | governorate |
| Kazakhstan | Astana | *qala* (қала)
*gorod* (город) | city | *oblıs* (облыс)
*oblast* (область) | province |
| Kenya | Nairobi | *kaunti* | county | *kaunti* | county |
| Kosovo | Pristina | *komunë
opština* (општина) | municipality | *komunë
opština* (општина) | municipality |
| Kuwait | Kuwait City | *muḥāfaẓat al-ʿāṣimah* (محافظة العاصمة) | capital governorate | muḥāfaẓah (محافظة) | governorate |
| Kyrgyzstan | Bishkek | *şaarı* (шаары)
*gorod* (город) | city | *oblastı* (областы)
*oblast* (область) | region |
| Laos | Vientiane | *nakhônlouang* (ນະຄອນຫຼວງ) | capital city | *khoeng* (ແຂວງ) | province |
| Latvia | Riga | *republikas pilsēta* | republican city | *pašvaldība* | municipality |
| Lebanon | Beirut | *muḥāfaẓah* (محافظة) | governorate | *muḥāfaẓah* (محافظة) | governorate |
| Libya | Tripoli | *šaʿbiyya* (شعبية) | district | *šaʿbiyya* (شعبية) | district |
| Liechtenstein | Vaduz | *gemeinde* | municipality | *gemeinde* | municipality |
| Malaysia | Kuala Lumpur | *wilayah persekutuan* | federal territory | *negeri* | state |
| | Putrajaya | | | | |
| Maldives | Malé | *šaharu* (ޝަހަރު) | city | *atholhu* (އަތޮޅު) | atoll |
| Mali | Bamako | district | | *région* | region |
| Malta | Valletta | *lokalità* | locality | *lokalità* | locality |
| Marshall Islands | Majuro | municipality | | municipality | |
| Mauritius | Port Louis | district | | district | |
| Mayotte | Mamoudzou | commune | | | |
| Mexico | Mexico City | *ciudad* | city | *estado* | state |
| Moldova | Chișinău | *municipiu* | municipality | *raion* | district |
| Mongolia | Ulaanbaatar | *khot* (хот) | municipality | *aimag* (аймаг) | province |
| Mozambique | Maputo | *cidade* | capital city | *província* | province |
| Niger | Niamey | *communauté urbaine* | capital district | *région* | region |
| Nigeria | Abuja | capital territory | | state | |
| North Korea | Pyongyang | chikhalsi (직할시) | direct-administered city | to (도) | province |
| North Macedonia | Skopje | *grad* (град) | city | *opština* (општина) | municipality |
| Norway | Oslo | *fylke* | county | *fylke* | county |
| Pakistan | Islamabad | *vafāqī dār-alhakūmat* (وفاقی دارالحکومت) | capital territory | province | |
| Papua New Guinea | Port Moresby | capital district | | province | |
| Paraguay | Asunción | *distrito capital* | capital district | *departamento* | department |
| Peru | Lima | *provincia* | province | *región* | region |
| Philippines | Manila | *rehiyon* | region | *rehiyon* | region |
| Romania | Bucharest | *municipiu* | municipality | *județ* | county |
| Russia | Moscow | *federalny gorod* (федеральный город) | federal city | *subyekt federatsii* (субъект федерации) | federal subject |
| Rwanda | Kigali | *mairie* | town council | *intara* | province |
| Serbia | Belgrade | *grad* | city | *okrug* | district |
| Solomon Islands | Honiara | capital district | | province | |
| Somalia | Mogadishu | *gobol* | region | *gobol* | region |
| South Korea | Seoul | *teukbyeolsi* (특별시) | special city | *to* (도) | province |
| | Sejong | *teukbyeol-jachisi* (특별자치시) | special self-governing city | | |
| Suriname | Paramaribo | district | | district | |
| Syria | Damascus | *muḥāfaẓah* (محافظة) | governorate | *muḥāfaẓah* (محافظة) | governorate |
| Taiwan (Republic of China) | Taipei | *zhíxiáshì* (直轄市) | special municipality | *shěng* (省) | province |
| Tajikistan | Dushanbe | *şahri mustaqil* (шаҳри мустақил) | independent city | *viloyat* (вилоят) | region |
| Tanzania | Dar es Salaam | *mkoa* | region | *mkoa* | region |
| Thailand | Bangkok | *maha nakhon* (มหานคร) | special administrative area | *changwat* (จังหวัด) | province |
| Transnistria | Tiraspol | *municipiu*
*munitsipalitet* (муниципалитет) | municipality | *raion*
*rayon* (район) | district |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Port of Spain | municipality | | region | |
| Turkmenistan | Aşgabat | *şäher* | independent city | *welayat* | region |
| Uganda | Kampala | town council | | district | |
| Ukraine | Kyiv | *misto* (місто) | city | *oblasti* (області) | oblast |
| United Kingdom | London | region | | county | |
| | Belfast | district | | district | |
| | Edinburgh | council area | | council area | |
| | Cardiff | *dinas* | city | *prif ardal* | principal area |
| United States | Washington, D.C. | federal district | | state | |
| Uzbekistan | Tashkent | *shahar* | independent city | *viloyat* | region |
| Venezuela | Caracas | *distrito capital* | capital district | *estado* | state |
| Vietnam | Hanoi | *thành phố trực thuộc trung ương* | municipality | *tỉnh* | province |
| Yemen | Sana'a | *amanah* (أمانة) | municipality | *muḥāfaẓah* (محافظة) | governorate |
| Zimbabwe | Harare | city | | province | |

## Countries where the capital is a second-level subdivision

| Country | Capital city | Divisional unit | | Typical term for second-level divisions | | First-level administration |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Native term | Translation or equivalent | Native term | Translation or equivalent | |
| Afghanistan | Kabul | *wuləswāləi* (ولسوالۍ)
*wuleswali* (شهرستان) | district | *wuləswāləi* (ولسوالۍ)
*wuleswali* (شهرستان) | district | Kabul Province |
| Albania | Tirana | *bashki* | municipality | *bashki* | municipality | Tirana County |
| Angola | Luanda | *município* | municipality | *município* | municipality | Luanda Province |
| Benin | Porto-Novo | commune | | | | Ouémé Department |
| Bhutan | Thimphu | *thromde* (ཁྲོམ་སྡེ) | urban municipality | *geok* (རྒེད་འོག) | village block | Thimphu District |
| Cameroon | Yaoundé | *département* | department | *département* | department | Centre Region |
| Canada | Ottawa | single-tier municipality | | county | | Ontario |
| Costa Rica | San José | *cantón* | canton | *cantón* | canton | San José Province |
| Cyprus | Nicosia | *dimos* (δήμος) | municipality | *koinótita* (κοινότητα) | community | Nicosia District |
| Ecuador | Quito | *distrito metropolitano* | metropolitan district | *cantón* | canton | Pichincha Province |
| El Salvador | San Salvador | *municipio* | municipality | *municipio* | municipality | San Salvador Department |
| Equatorial Guinea | Malabo | *municipio* | municipality | *municipio* | municipality | Bioko Norte |
| Estonia | Tallinn | *linn* | town | *vald* | parish | Harju County |
| France | Paris | *département* | department | *département* | department | Île-de-France |
| French Guiana | Cayenne | commune | | | | Arrondissement of Cayenne |
| French Polynesia | Papeete | commune | | | | Windward Islands |
| Micronesia | Palikir | municipality | | municipality | | Pohnpei State |
| | Kolonia | municipality | | ||
| Gabon | Libreville | *département* | department | *département* | department | Estuaire Province |
| Germany | Bonn | *kreisfreie städte* | urban district | *landkreis* | rural district | North Rhine-Westphalia |
| Guatemala | Guatemala City | *municipio* | municipality | *municipio* | municipality | Guatemala Department |
| Guadeloupe | Basse-Terre | commune | | | | Arrondissement of Basse-Terre |
| Guyana | Georgetown | municipality | | neighbourhood democratic council | | Demerara-Mahaica |
| Honduras | Tegucigalpa | *distrito central* | central district | *municipio* | municipality | Francisco Morazán Department |
| Italy | Rome | *città metropolitana* | metropolitan city | *provincia* | province | Lazio |
| Lesotho | Maseru | community council | | community council | | Maseru District |
| Liberia | Monrovia | district | | district | | Montserrado County |
| Lithuania | Vilnius | *miesto savivaldybė* | city municipality | *rajono savivaldybė* | district municipality | Vilnius County |
| Luxembourg | Luxembourg City | *gemeng
gemeinde* | commune | *gemeng
gemeinde* | commune | Luxembourg |
| Madagascar | Antananarivo | *distrika* | district | *distrika* | district | Analamanga |
| Martinique | Fort-de-France | commune | | | | Arrondissement of Fort-de-France |
| Poland | Warsaw | *miasto na prawach powiatu* | city/town county | *powiat* | county | Masovian Voivodeship |
| Spain | Madrid | *municipio* | municipality | *provincia* | province | Autonomous Community of Madrid |

## Countries where the capital is a third-level subdivision

| Country | Capital city | Divisional unit | | Typical term for third-level divisions | | Second-level administration | First-level administration |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Native term | Translation or equivalent | Native term | Translation or equivalent | | |
| Bolivia | Sucre | *municipio* | municipality | *municipio* | municipality | Oropeza Province | Chuquisaca Department |
| | La Paz | | municipality | | | Pedro Domingo Murillo Province | La Paz Department |
| Burkina Faso | Ouagadougou | *département* | department | *département* | department | Kadiogo Province | Centre Region |
| Chile | Valparaíso | *comuna* | commune | *comuna* | commune | Valparaíso Province | Valparaíso Region |
| Finland | Helsinki | *kaupunki* | municipality | *kunta* | municipality | Helsinki sub-region | Uusimaa Region |
| Greece | Athens | *dímoi* (δήμοι) | municipality | *dímoi* (δήμοι) | municipality | Central Athens Regional unit | Attica Region |
| Haiti | Port-au-Prince | *komin* | commune | *komin* | commune | Port-au-Prince Arrondissement | Ouest |
| Israel | Jerusalem | *iriya* (עיריה) | city | *mo'atza mekomit* (מועצה מקומית) | local council area | *none* | Jerusalem District |
| | Tel Aviv | | | | | | Tel Aviv District |
| Nepal | Kathmandu | *mahānagarpālikā* | metropolitan city | *nagarpālikā* | municipality | Kathmandu District | Bagmati Province |
| Saudi Arabia | Riyadh | *Amanah* | municipality | *Amanah* | municipality | Riyadh Governorate | Riyadh Province |

## Countries where the capital is a conglomeration of subdivisions

| Country | Capital city | Level of divisional units | Term for divisional units | | Number of divisional units | List of divisional units | Second-level administration | First-level administration |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Native term | Translation or equivalent | | | | |
| Antigua and Barbuda | St. John's | 2nd | major divisions/areas | | 16 | City Centre, Greenbay, Point, Cook's Hill, Gray's Farm, Nut Grove, Kentish, Desouza Road, Browns Avenue, Villa, Radio Range, Sutherlands Development, Upper Fort Road, Micheal's Mount, Princess Margaret, Upper Gamble's | *none* | Saint John |
| Bangladesh | Dhaka | 3rd | *siṭi karpōrēśana* (সিটি কর্পোরেশন) | city corporation | 2 | Dhaka North City Corporation,Dhaka South City Corporation | Dhaka District | Dhaka Division |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Sarajevo | 3rd | *opština
općina* (опћина) | municipality | 4 | Centar, Novi Grad, Novo Sarajevo, Stari Grad | Sarajevo Canton | Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Brunei | Bandar Seri Begawan | 2nd | *mukim* | ward | 9 | Kianggeh, Berakas A, Berakas B, Gadong A, Gadong B, Kilanas, Kota Batu, Lumapas, Sengkurong | *none* | Brunei-Muara District |
| Burma | Yangon | 3rd | *myahoetnaal* (မြို့နယ်) | township | 33 | Ahlon, Bahan, Dagon, Kyauktada, Kyimyindaing, Lanmadaw, Latha, Pabedan, Sanchaung, Seikkan, Botataung, Dagon Seikkan, East Dagon, North Dagon, North Okkalapa, Pazundaung, South Dagon, South Okkalapa, Thingangyun, Mingala Taungnyunt, Dala, Dawbon, Seikkyi Kanaungto, Tamwe, Thaketa, Yankin, Insein, Hlaing, Hlaingthaya, Kamayut, Mayangon, Mingaladon, Shwepyitha | West Yangon District | Yangon Region |
| Eritrea | Asmara | 2nd | *ni’usi zoba* (ንኡስ ዞባ)
*dun al'iiqlimia* (دون الإقليمية) | subregion | 4 | North Eastern, North Western, South Eastern, South Western | *none* | Central Region |
| Jamaica | Kingston | 1st | parish | | 2 | Kingston, Saint Andrew | *none* | |
| Mauritania | Nouakchott | 1st | *wilayah* (ولاية) | region | 3 | Nouakchott-Nord, Nouakchott-Ouest, Nouakchott-Sud | *none* | |
| Turkey | Ankara | 2nd | *ilçe* | district | 25 | Akyurt, Altındağ, Ayaş, Balâ, Beypazarı, Çamlıdere, Çankaya, Çubuk, Elmadağ, Etimesgut, Evren, Gölbaşı, Güdül, Haymana, Kahramankazan, Kalecik, Keçiören, Kızılcahamam, Mamak, Nallıhan, Polatlı, Pursaklar, Sincan, Şereflikoçhisar, Yenimahalle | *none* | Ankara Province |

## Countries where the capital is not a subdivision

| Country | Capital city | Third-level administration | Second-level administration | First-level administration |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| American Samoa | Pago Pago | *none* | Maoputasi County | Eastern District |
| Belize | Belmopan | *none* | | Cayo District |
| | Belize City | | Belize District |
| Comoros | Moroni | *none* | | Grande Comore |
| Fiji | Suva | *none* | Rewa Province | Central Division |
| Iran | Tehran | Central District | Tehran County | Tehran Province |
| Malawi | Lilongwe | *none* | | Lilongwe District |

## Countries that have no subdivision

| Country | Capital city |
| --- | --- |
| Akrotiri and Dhekelia | Episkopi Cantonment |
| Aruba | Oranjestad |
| British Virgin Islands | Road Town |
| Christmas Island | Flying Fish Cove |
| Cocos (Keeling) Islands | West Island |
| Cook Islands | Avarua |
| Curaçao | Willemstad |
| Falkland Islands | Stanley |
| Kiribati | Tarawa |

## Countries usually considered city-states

| Country |
| --- |
| Gibraltar |
| Hong Kong |
| Macau |
| Monaco |
| Singapore |
| Vatican City |

## Countries *de facto* unoccupied

| Country |
| --- |
| Antarctica |
| Bouvet Island |
| British Indian Ocean Territory |
| French Southern and Antarctic Lands |
| Heard Island and McDonald Islands |

## Footnotes


title: Tuyul & Mbak Yul Reborn

abstract: Tuyul & Mbak Yul Reborn is an Indonesian soap opera produced by Tripar Multivision Plus. It first aired on ANTV on September 25, 2016. The comedy film based on Tuyul & Mbak Yul: Reborn series originally planned in 2019 by Tripar Multivison Plus, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the Tuyul & Mbak Yul The Movie shooting had to be temporarily canceled.

text:
# Tuyul & Mbak Yul Reborn

***Tuyul & Mbak Yul Reborn*** is an Indonesian soap opera produced by Tripar Multivision Plus. It first aired on ANTV on September 25, 2016.

The comedy film based on *Tuyul & Mbak Yul: Reborn* series originally planned in 2019 by Tripar Multivison Plus, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the *Tuyul & Mbak Yul The Movie* shooting had to be temporarily canceled.

## Synopsis

Ucil (Megi Irawan) who chose to retire took the money man. In his flight from King Toyol, Ucil saved by Yuli alias Mbak Yul (Pamela Bowie). Ucil pursued two executioners, but have friends who protect her, Kentung (Rony Dozer). Rocky (Stuart Collin) were chatty and jealous.

## Cast

## Guest stars

## InfoBox

| *Tuyul & Mbak Yul Reborn* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Musical Comedy Drama |
| Created by | Raam Punjabi |
| Directed by | Taka Rich |
| Starring | Megi Irawan
Pamela Bowie
Bhavesh Balchandani
Harshita Ojha
Vaishali Thakkar
Ruhanika Dhawan
Faisal Khan
Mrunal Thakur
Shakti Arora
Shaheer Sheikh
Shah Rukh Khan
Kiesha Alvaro
Rony Dozer
Jessica Torsten |
| Theme music composer | Nathanael P Winarto |
| Opening theme | *Tuyul & Mbak Yul* |
| Ending theme | *Tuyul & Mbak Yul* |
| Country of origin | Indonesia |
| Original language | Indonesian |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 118 |
| Production | |
| Executive producers | Gobind Punjabi
Anita Whora |
| Producer | Raam Punjabi |
| Production locations | Jakarta, Indonesia |
| Running time | One hour (10:00-11:00am Indonesian Western Time) |
| Production company | Tripar Multivision Plus |
| Original release | |
| Network | antv |
| Release | September 25, 2016 (2016-09-25)
January 27, 2017 (2017-01-27) |


title: The Compassionate Friends

abstract: Compassionate Friends UK (TCF) is a peer support group operating in the United Kingdom. It is a registered charity formed by and for parents whose children have died, irrespective of the child's age at death and the cause of death, and is independent of any religious, philosophical or government body. It has a national helpline and area coordinators, holds local and national meetings, and operates information services including advice leaflets, a web site and a postal lending library. All TCF volunteers and most of the small permanent staff are themselves bereaved parents or siblings. TCF works to improve the treatment of bereaved parents in society by educating mental health professionals and informing the public through the publication of books, creation of news reports and dissemination of stories of individual experiences through local media.,. It also co-operates with many charities and other organisations that operate within the sphere of bereavement. Traditionally, TCF volunteers organise and facilitate local groups that hold regular, free, open meetings in neutral premises. Each group follows TCF's creed, which mandates that bereaved parents, grandparents and siblings attending these meetings need not speak but are free to express their feelings. More recently TCF has also developed numerous online resources including 11 moderated Facebook groups and many Zoom meetings, for constituencies such as fathers, siblings, and members bereaved by suicide. These remote services expanded greatly during the Covid-19 pandemic, and enable a much wider coverage that can reach isolated individuals wherever they are. Like all TCF's work, the online services are run by volunteers, with operational and administrative support from the office staff, and coordinate with in-person work in a hybrid support model.

text:
# The Compassionate Friends

**Compassionate Friends UK** (TCF) is a peer support group operating in the United Kingdom. It is a registered charity formed by and for parents whose children have died, irrespective of the child's age at death and the cause of death, and is independent of any religious, philosophical or government body.

It has a national helpline and area coordinators, holds local and national meetings (including residential retreats), and operates information services including advice leaflets, a web site and a postal lending library. All TCF volunteers and most of the small permanent staff are themselves bereaved parents or siblings. TCF works to improve the treatment of bereaved parents in society by educating mental health professionals and informing the public through the publication of books, creation of news reports and dissemination of stories of individual experiences through local media.,. It also co-operates with many charities and other organisations that operate within the sphere of bereavement.

Traditionally, TCF volunteers organise and facilitate local groups that hold regular, free, open meetings in neutral premises. Each group follows TCF's creed, which mandates that bereaved parents, grandparents and siblings attending these meetings need not speak but are free to express their feelings.

More recently TCF has also developed numerous online resources including 11 moderated Facebook groups and many Zoom meetings, for constituencies such as fathers, siblings, and members bereaved by suicide. These remote services expanded greatly during the Covid-19 pandemic, and enable a much wider coverage that can reach isolated individuals wherever they are. Like all TCF's work, the online services are run by volunteers, with operational and administrative support from the office staff, and coordinate with in-person work in a hybrid support model.

## History

TCF was founded in 1969 by the families of Billy Henderson and Kenneth Lawley, who both died in the Coventry and Warwickshire Hospital (now University Hospital Coventry) in May 1968. One grieving mother sent flowers to the other via the hospital chaplain, the Rev (later Canon) Simon Stephens, and the parents decided to meet to find ways to help each other survive their loss. After meeting informally they arranged a meeting with other bereaved parents in a room at the same hospital on 28 January 1969, at which the organisation was founded as *The Society of the Compassionate Friends*, with the help of Stephens who had by then become chaplain aboard HMS *Ark Royal*.

The organization expanded across the UK and abroad during the following years. The Compassionate Friends in the US developed following the publication of a story in Time Magazine in 1971 under the title "Therapeutic Friendship", describing the experience of a mother whose daughter had died from cancer. In 2012 there were about 600 chapters around the country.

Stephens was also instrumental in promoting the organisation abroad, and sister organisations were founded in Canada, Australia. and South Africa by 1990, and later on in European countries including France, Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands.

## InfoBox

The Compassionate Friends
| Founded | 28 January 1969 (1969-01-28) |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Support Group |
| Registration no. | England and Wales Charity number 1082335 |
| Focus | Supporting bereaved parents & their families after a child dies |
| Location | * Kilburn Grange, Priory Park Road, London NW6 7UJ |
| Area served | (National) 0345 123 2304
(NI) 0288 77 88 016 |
| Method | Voluntary mutual assistance |
| Key people | Co-founder: Revd Canon Dr Simon Stephens, OBE RN
President: The Countess Mountbatten of Burma |
| Revenue | £459,980 (2022). |
| Employees | 9 (2022) |
| Volunteers | ca 250 (2022) |
| Website | www.tcf.org.uk |


title: List of heads of state of Barbados

abstract: This is a list of the heads of state of Barbados, from the independence of Barbados under the Barbados Independence Act 1966 to the present day. From 30 November 1966 until 30 November 2021, the head of state was the Queen of Barbados, Elizabeth II, who was also the Monarch of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms, represented in Barbados by a Governor-General. Since 30 November 2021, the head of state is the President of Barbados.

text:
# List of heads of state of Barbados

This is a list of the **heads of state of Barbados**, from the independence of Barbados under the Barbados Independence Act 1966 to the present day.

From 30 November 1966 until 30 November 2021, the head of state was the Queen of Barbados, Elizabeth II, who was also the Monarch of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms, represented in Barbados by a Governor-General.

Since 30 November 2021, the head of state is the President of Barbados.

## Monarch (1966–2021)

The succession to the Barbadian throne was the same as the succession to the British throne.

| No. | Monarch
(Birth–Death) | Portrait | Reign | | | Royal House | Prime Minister |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Reign start | Reign end | Duration | | |
| 1 | Queen Elizabeth II
(1926–2022) |  | 30 November 1966 | 30 November 2021 | 55 years | Windsor | Barrow
Adams
St. John
Sandiford
Arthur
Thompson
Stuart
Mottley |

### Governor-General

Under the Constitution of Barbados, before its amendment in 2021, the governor-general was the representative of the monarch in Barbados and exercised most of the powers of the monarch. The governor-general was appointed for an indefinite term, serving at the pleasure of the monarch. Since Barbados was granted independence by the Barbados Independence Act 1966, rather than being first established as a semi-autonomous Dominion and later promoted to independence by the Statute of Westminster 1931, the governor-general had always been appointed solely on the advice of the Cabinet of Barbados, without the involvement of the British government, with the sole exception of John Montague Stow, the last colonial governor, who served as governor-general temporarily until he was replaced by Sir Arleigh Winston Scott. In the event of a vacancy the chief justice served as administrator of the government.

Status   Denotes Chief Justice acting as Officer Administering the Government

| No. | Portrait | Governor-General
(Birth–Death) | Term of office | | | Monarch | Prime Minister |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Took office | Left office | Time in office | | |
| 1 |  | Sir John Montague Stow
(1911–1997) | 30 November 1966 | 18 May 1967 | 169 days | Elizabeth II | Barrow |
| 2 |  | Sir Arleigh Winston Scott
(1900–1976) | 18 May 1967 | 9 August 1976
(*died in office.*) | | | 9 years, 83 days |
|  |  | Sir William Randolph Douglas
(1921–2003) | 9 August 1976 | 17 November 1976 | | 100 days | Barrow
Adams |
| 3 |  | Sir Deighton Lisle Ward
(1909–1984) | 17 November 1976 | 9 January 1984
(*died in office.*) | | 7 years, 53 days | Adams |
|  |  | Sir William Randolph Douglas
(1921–2003) | 9 January 1984 | 24 February 1984 | | 46 days |
| 4 |  | Sir Hugh Springer
(1913–1994) | 24 February 1984 | 6 June 1990 | | 6 years, 102 days | Adams
St. John
Barrow
Sandiford |
| 5 |  | Dame Nita Barrow
(1916–1995) | 6 June 1990 | 19 November 1995
(*died in office.*) | | 5 years, 166 days | Sandiford
Arthur |
|  |  | Sir Denys Williams
(1929–2014) | 19 December 1995 | 1 June 1996 | | 165 days | Arthur |
| 6 |  | Sir Clifford Husbands
(1926–2017) | 1 June 1996 | 31 October 2011 | | 15 years, 152 days | Arthur
Thompson
Stuart |
|  |  | Elliott Belgrave
(born 1931) | 31 October 2011 | 30 May 2012 | | 212 days | Stuart |
|  |  | Sandra Mason
(born 1949) | 30 May 2012 | 1 June 2012 | | | 2 days |
| 7 |  | Sir Elliott Belgrave
(born 1931) | 1 June 2012 | 30 June 2017 | | 5 years, 29 days | Stuart |
|  |  | Sir Philip Greaves
(born 1931) | 1 July 2017 | 8 January 2018 | | 191 days |
| 8 |  | Dame Sandra Mason
(born 1949) | 8 January 2018 | 30 November 2021 | | 3 years, 326 days | Stuart
Mottley |

## President (2021–present)

Under the Constitution of Barbados, as amended in 2021, the position of president of Barbados replaced the monarch as head of state. The position of president is elected by parliament for a four-year term. In the event of a vacancy, or for any reason the president is unable to perform the functions conferred upon them by the constitution, those functions are performed by an acting president appointed by the prime minister, after consultation with the leader of the opposition. However, while the president is suspended from office in case of ongoing impeachment proceedings, the president of the Senate of Barbados serves as acting president. The presidential line of succession is not defined beyond that.

Denotes Acting President

| No. | Portrait | President
(Birth–Death) | Elected | Term of office | | | Prime Minister |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | Took office | Left office | Time in office | |
| 1 |  | Sandra Mason
(born 1949) | 2021 | 30 November 2021 | *Incumbent* | 2 years, 311 days | Mottley |

## Standards

## Timeline

1. Judge of the Supreme Court
2. Judge of the Supreme Court
3. Former Deputy Prime Minister


abstract: The Men's individual normal hill competition at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2023 was held on 24 and 25 February 2023.

text:
# FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2023 – Men's individual normal hill

The **Men's individual normal hill** competition at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2023 was held on 24 and 25 February 2023.

## Qualification

The qualification was held on 24 February 2023.

| Rank | Bib | Name | Country | Distance (m) | Points | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 60 | Anže Lanišek | Slovenia | 98.0 | 141.6 | Q |
| 2 | 59 | Stefan Kraft | Austria | 97.5 | 137.4 | Q |
| 3 | 55 | Timi Zajc | Slovenia | 99.0 | 137.1 | Q |
| 4 | 54 | Karl Geiger | Germany | 98.0 | 136.5 | Q |
| 5 | 56 | Ryōyū Kobayashi | Japan | 101.0 | 135.7 | Q |
| 6 | 62 | Halvor Egner Granerud | Norway | 95.5 | 134.1 | Q |
| 7 | 53 | Daniel Tschofenig | Austria | 98.5 | 132.8 | Q |
| 8 | 61 | Dawid Kubacki | Poland | 95.0 | 131.7 | Q |
| 9 | 57 | Andreas Wellinger | Germany | 97.0 | 130.7 | Q |
| 10 | 58 | Piotr Żyła | Poland | 95.5 | 129.4 | Q |
| 11 | 50 | Kamil Stoch | Poland | 99.5 | 128.7 | Q |
| 12 | 44 | Constantin Schmid | Germany | 98.0 | 127.4 | Q |
| 13 | 30 | Simon Ammann | Switzerland | 99.5 | 126.6 | Q |
| 14 | 52 | Michael Hayböck | Austria | 97.0 | 126.2 | Q |
| 15 | 40 | Paweł Wąsek | Poland | 95.5 | 125.6 | Q |
| 16 | 51 | Jan Hörl | Austria | 96.0 | 124.3 | Q |
| 17 | 31 | Artti Aigro | Estonia | 97.0 | 124.2 | Q |
| 18 | 29 | Fatih Arda İpcioğlu | Turkey | 97.0 | 123.7 | Q |
| 19 | 36 | Vladimir Zografski | Bulgaria | 97.5 | 122.5 | Q |
| 20 | 35 | Niko Kytösaho | Finland | 97.5 | 122.2 | Q |
| 20 | 46 | Johann André Forfang | Norway | 94.0 | 122.2 | Q |
| 22 | 41 | Gregor Deschwanden | Switzerland | 96.0 | 121.8 | Q |
| 23 | 38 | Aleksander Zniszczoł | Poland | 95.0 | 121.7 | Q |
| 24 | 34 | Ren Nikaido | Japan | 95.0 | 121.0 | Q |
| 25 | 49 | Markus Eisenbichler | Germany | 95.0 | 120.8 | Q |
| 26 | 43 | Naoki Nakamura | Japan | 96.5 | 120.5 | Q |
| 27 | 37 | Antti Aalto | Finland | 96.0 | 120.3 | Q |
| 28 | 27 | Casey Larson | United States | 94.0 | 119.9 | Q |
| 29 | 32 | Mackenzie Boyd-Clowes | Canada | 95.5 | 119.4 | Q |
| 30 | 25 | Erik Belshaw | United States | 93.0 | 119.1 | Q |
| 31 | 21 | Killian Peier | Switzerland | 92.5 | 118.9 | Q |
| 32 | 39 | Kristoffer Eriksen Sundal | Norway | 92.5 | 118.8 | Q |
| 33 | 48 | Žiga Jelar | Slovenia | 96.0 | 118.5 | Q |
| 34 | 45 | Lovro Kos | Slovenia | 90.0 | 118.3 | Q |
| 35 | 19 | Daniel Cacina | Romania | 93.0 | 117.0 | Q |
| 36 | 10 | Francesco Cecon | Italy | 95.5 | 116.9 | Q |
| 37 | 47 | Marius Lindvik | Norway | 94.0 | 116.2 | Q |
| 38 | 28 | Junshiro Kobayashi | Japan | 93.0 | 116.1 | Q |
| 39 | 23 | Yevhen Marusiak | Ukraine | 92.0 | 114.9 | Q |
| 39 | 5 | Decker Dean | United States | 94.0 | 114.9 | Q |
| 41 | 24 | Roman Koudelka | Czech Republic | 92.0 | 114.1 | Q |
| 42 | 26 | Vilho Palosaari | Finland | 90.0 | 114.0 | Q |
| 43 | 4 | Mihnea Spulber | Romania | 93.5 | 112.4 | Q |
| 44 | 22 | Andrew Urlaub | United States | 90.0 | 112.2 | Q |
| 45 | 1 | Eetu Nousiainen | Finland | 91.0 | 111.8 | Q |
| 46 | 33 | Alex Insam | Italy | 93.0 | 111.5 | Q |
| 47 | 17 | Radek Rydl | Czech Republic | 91.0 | 111.4 | Q |
| 48 | 20 | Danil Vassilyev | Kazakhstan | 89.0 | 111.1 | Q |
| 49 | 42 | Giovanni Bresadola | Italy | 91.0 | 110.1 | Q |
| 50 | 16 | Remo Imhof | Switzerland | 90.0 | 107.9 | Q |
| 51 | 15 | Vitaliy Kalinichenko | Ukraine | 90.0 | 107.4 |  |
| 52 | 18 | Kevin Maltsev | Estonia | 90.0 | 106.5 |  |
| 53 | 3 | Sabirżan Muminow | Kazakhstan | 89.0 | 106.4 |  |
| 54 | 8 | Muhammed Ali Bedir | Turkey | 88.0 | 105.5 |  |
| 55 | 14 | Nicolae Mitrofan | Romania | 86.0 | 104.3 |  |
| 56 | 13 | Sergey Tkachenko | Kazakhstan | 86.0 | 101.7 |  |
| 57 | 2 | Zhen Weijie | China | 89.0 | 101.5 |  |
| 58 | 12 | Song Qiwu | China | 84.0 | 96.1 |  |
| 59 | 9 | Svyastoslav Nazarenko | Kazakhstan | 83.5 | 92.9 |  |
| 60 | 11 | Andrei Feldorean | Romania | 83.5 | 92.0 |  |
| 61 | 6 | Zhou Xiaoyang | China | 79.0 | 78.0 |  |
| 62 | 7 | Alan Gobozovi | Georgia | 67.0 | 58.7 |  |

## Final

The first round was held on 25 February 2023 at 17:00 and the final round at 18:22.

| Rank | Bib | Name | Country | Round 1 | | | Final round | | | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | Distance (m) | Points | Rank | Distance (m) | Points | Rank | Points |
|  | 46 | Piotr Żyła | Poland | 97.5 | 127.6 | 13 | 105.0 | 134.2 | 1 | 261.8 |
|  | 45 | Andreas Wellinger | Germany | 101.0 | 132.7 | 2 | 102.0 | 126.5 | 3 | 259.2 |
|  | 42 | Karl Geiger | Germany | 100.0 | 131.4 | 3 | 101.5 | 126.3 | 4 | 257.7 |
| 4 | 47 | Stefan Kraft | Austria | 102.5 | 133.5 | 1 | 99.0 | 123.8 | 8 | 257.3 |
| 5 | 49 | Dawid Kubacki | Poland | 97.0 | 131.1 | 4 | 102.0 | 125.8 | 5 | 256.9 |
| 6 | 38 | Kamil Stoch | Poland | 99.0 | 128.9 | 9 | 102.0 | 127.4 | 2 | 256.3 |
| 7 | 32 | Constantin Schmid | Germany | 97.5 | 129.2 | 5 | 101.0 | 124.6 | 7 | 253.8 |
| 8 | 39 | Jan Hörl | Austria | 96.0 | 127.7 | 12 | 101.0 | 125.6 | 6 | 253.3 |
| 9 | 48 | Anže Lanišek | Slovenia | 99.5 | 129.1 | 6 | 100.0 | 122.8 | 9 | 251.9 |
| 10 | 43 | Timi Zajc | Slovenia | 99.0 | 129.0 | 7 | 101.0 | 122.7 | 11 | 251.7 |
| 11 | 50 | Halvor Egner Granerud | Norway | 96.5 | 128.8 | 10 | 97.5 | 122.8 | 9 | 251.6 |
| 12 | 34 | Johann André Forfang | Norway | 97.5 | 126.3 | 16 | 97.5 | 118.0 | 15 | 244.3 |
| 13 | 37 | Markus Eisenbichler | Germany | 100.0 | 127.6 | 13 | 98.0 | 115.4 | 17 | 243.0 |
| 14 | 41 | Daniel Tschofenig | Austria | 99.0 | 127.9 | 11 | 92.0 | 114.8 | 18 | 242.7 |
| 15 | 40 | Michael Hayböck | Austria | 98.5 | 129.0 | 7 | 93.0 | 110.3 | 23 | 239.3 |
| 16 | 28 | Paweł Wąsek | Poland | 93.5 | 116.6 | 30 | 96.0 | 120.2 | 12 | 236.8 |
| 17 | 11 | Lovro Kos | Slovenia | 95.5 | 117.6 | 28 | 97.0 | 119.1 | 13 | 236.7 |
| | 33 | Yevhen Marusiak | Ukraine | 97.5 | 116.8 | 29 | 103.0 | 119.9 | 14 | 236.7 |
| 19 | 29 | Gregor Deschwanden | Switzerland | 97.5 | 122.1 | 19 | 93.5 | 113.6 | 19 | 235.7 |
| 20 | 26 | Aleksander Zniszczoł | Poland | 97.5 | 118.6 | 25 | 93.0 | 117.0 | 16 | 235.6 |
| 21 | 27 | Kristoffer Eriksen Sundal | Norway | 97.5 | 120.9 | 20 | 91.0 | 113.0 | 20 | 233.9 |
| 22 | 35 | Marius Lindvik | Norway | 97.0 | 122.3 | 18 | 93.0 | 111.2 | 22 | 233.5 |
| 23 | 36 | Ziga Jelar | Slovenia | 96.0 | 125.6 | 17 | 90.0 | 107.2 | 28 | 232.8 |
| 24 | 25 | Antti Aalto | Finland | 91.5 | 120.0 | 22 | 90.5 | 112.4 | 21 | 232.4 |
| 25 | 31 | Naoki Nakamura | Japan | 93.0 | 120.0 | 22 | 91.5 | 109.8 | 24 | 229.8 |
| 26 | 10 | Andrew Urlaub | United States | 98.0 | 118.6 | 25 | 91.5 | 108.5 | 26 | 227.1 |
| 27 | 23 | Niko Kytösaho | Finland | 96.5 | 117.9 | 27 | 91.0 | 108.7 | 25 | 226.6 |
| 28 | 18 | Simon Ammann | Switzerland | 97.5 | 119.0 | 24 | 87.0 | 107.5 | 27 | 226.5 |
| 29 | 17 | Fatih Arda İpcioğlu | Turkey | 93.0 | 120.1 | 21 | 87.0 | 100.7 | 29 | 220.8 |
| 30 | 44 | Ryōyū Kobayashi | Japan | 97.0 | 126.7 | 15 | Disqualified | | | |
| 31 | 19 | Artti Aigro | Estonia | 93.0 | 116.1 | 31 | Did not qualify | | | |
| 32 | 24 | Vladimir Zografski | Bulgaria | 99.5 | 115.6 | 32 | |
| 33 | 9 | Killian Peier | Switzerland | 93.5 | 114.2 | 33 | |
| 34 | 1 | Eetu Nousiainen | Finland | 91.0 | 113.5 | 34 | |
| 35 | 5 | Remo Imhof | Switzerland | 94.5 | 112.9 | 35 | |
| 36 | 7 | Daniel Cacina | Romania | 96.0 | 112.7 | 36 | |
| 37 | 14 | Vilho Palosaari | Finland | 94.0 | 112.4 | 37 | |
| 38 | 20 | Mackenzie Boyd-Clowes | Canada | 92.5 | 112.2 | 38 | |
| 39 | 15 | Casey Larson | United States | 92.5 | 108.7 | 39 | |
| 40 | 4 | Francesco Cecon | Italy | 94.5 | 107.8 | 40 | |
| 41 | 30 | Giovanni Bresadola | Italy | 87.5 | 107.7 | 41 | |
| 42 | 13 | Erik Belshaw | United States | 92.0 | 106.6 | 42 | |
| 43 | 22 | Ren Nikaido | Japan | 91.5 | 105.9 | 43 | |
| 44 | 21 | Alex Insam | Italy | 90.5 | 105.8 | 44 | |
| 45 | 3 | Decker Dean | United States | 90.0 | 105.0 | 45 | |
| 46 | 12 | Roman Koudelka | Czech Republic | 90.0 | 104.5 | 46 | |
| 47 | 16 | Junshiro Kobayashi | Japan | 89.0 | 104.4 | 47 | |
| 48 | 6 | Radek Rydl | Czech Republic | 91.0 | 102.9 | 48 | |
| 49 | 2 | Mihnea Spulber | Romania | 87.5 | 101.1 | 49 | |
| 50 | 8 | Danil Vassilyev | Kazakhstan | 89.5 | 96.1 | 50 | |
|

## InfoBox

| Men's individual normal hill
at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2023 | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Srednja skakalnica (HS102) |
| Location | Planica, Slovenia |
| Dates | 24 February (qualification)
25 February |
| Competitors | 50 from 18 nations |
| Winning points | 261.8 |
| Medalists | |
| Poland  Germany  Germany | |
|


title: 1897 New Hampshire football team

abstract: The 1897 New Hampshire football team was an American football team that represented New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts during the 1897 college football season—the school became the University of New Hampshire in 1923. The team played a seven-game schedule and finished with a record of 2–5.

text:
# 1897 New Hampshire football team

1897 Eastern college football independents records
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| Penn |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 15 |  | 0 |  | 0 |
| Princeton |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 |  | 1 |  | 0 |
| Washington & Jefferson |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 |  | 1 |  | 0 |
| Yale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 |  | 0 |  | 2 |
| Buffalo |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 |  | 1 |  | 0 |
| Harvard |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 |  | 1 |  | 1 |
| Army |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 1 |  | 1 |
| Vermont |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 0 |  | 2 |
| Lafayette |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 |  | 2 |  | 1 |
| Drexel |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 2 |  | 1 |
| Colgate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  | 2 |  | 1 |
| Dickinson |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 3 |  | 2 |
| Swarthmore |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 3 |  | 2 |
| Fordham |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 1 |  | 1 |
| Cornell |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  | 3 |  | 1 |
| Syracuse |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  | 3 |  | 1 |
| Brown |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Carlisle |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Boston College |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| Holy Cross |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  | 3 |  | 1 |
| Bucknell |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 3 |  | 1 |
| NYU |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| Temple |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| Trinity (CT) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  | 4 |  | 1 |
| Wesleyan |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
| Tufts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 7 |  | 0 |
| Geneva |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 4 |  | 1 |
| Pittsburgh College |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 5 |  | 2 |
| Villanova |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 5 |  | 1 |
| Penn State |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
| Amherst |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 6 |  | 2 |
| Frankin & Marshall |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 6 |  | 2 |
| Lehigh |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 7 |  | 0 |
| New Hampshire |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| Rutgers |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| Western Univ. Penn. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1897 New Hampshire football team** was an American football team that represented New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts during the 1897 college football season—the school became the University of New Hampshire in 1923. The team played a seven-game schedule and finished with a record of 2–5.

## Schedule

Scoring during this era awarded four points for a touchdown, two points for a conversion kick (extra point), and five points for a field goal. Teams played in the one-platoon system and the forward pass was not yet legal. Games were played in two halves rather than four quarters.

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 29 | at Exeter Academy | Exeter, NH | L 0–26 |  |
| October 2 | at Massachusetts | Amherst, MA (rivalry) | L 4–10 |  |
| October 9 | Tilton Seminary | Durham, NH | W 22–0 |  |
| October 16 | Dover High School | Durham, NH | W 34–0 |  |
| October 27 | Bowdoin | Durham, NH | L 0–64 |  |
| October 30 | Tufts |  | L 4–12 |  |
| November 3 | at Dover YMCA | * Central Park * Dover, NH | L 0–6 |  |
|  | | | | | | |

The team's original schedule included games against Holy Cross, Maine, and Boston College. New Hampshire would not play these teams until 1909, 1903, and 1899, respectively.

The October 2 game in Amherst was the first meeting in the New Hampshire–Massachusetts football rivalry.

The final game of the season was awarded to Dover by a score of 6–0, as the New Hampshire team left the field due to rough play. The score on the field had been 6–0 in favor of New Hampshire at the time the game was abandoned.

## Roster

| Name | Position | Team photo location |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Harry E. Barnard | right tackle | seated, third from left |
| Richard C. Butterfield | left guard | standing, third from right |
| Henry H. Calderwood | fullback | on floor, second from right |
| Guy M. Cleaveland | right halfback | on floor, leftmost |
| G. S. Demerritt | student manager | seated, center (in suit) |
| Dimick | right guard | standing, third from left |
| Harry G. Farwell | right end | seated, rightmost |
| Arthur Given | center | standing, center |
| Fred H. Grover | left guard (sub.) | seated, third from right |
| Hancock | right end | standing, leftmost |
| Fred F. Hayes (captain) | right halfback | on floor, center (with football) |
| J. Norton Hunt | left end | standing, rightmost |
| Rutherford B. Lewis | quarterback | on floor, second from left |
| Harry C. Mathes | left tackle | seated, second from right |
| Fred D. Sanborn | right guard | standing, second from left |
| Twombly | left halfback (sub.) | seated, second from left |
| John E. Wilson | left halfback | on floor, rightmost |
| Robert M. Wright | left tackle | standing, second from right |
| York | left end (sub.) | seated, leftmost |

Source:

1. "(photo)". *The New Hampshire College Monthly*. Vol. 5, no. 3. December 1897. p. 50. Retrieved March 1, 2020  via Wayback Machine.
2. "Wild E. and Gnarlz". *unhwildcats.com*. Retrieved February 14, 2020.
3. "P. E. A., 26; N. H. C., 0". *The New Hampshire College Monthly*. Vol. 5, no. 2. November 1897. pp. 43–44. Retrieved February 29, 2020  via Wayback Machine.
4. "Phillips Exeter 26, New Hampshire College 0". *Fall River Daily Evening News*. Fall River, Massachusetts. September 30, 1897. p. 5. Retrieved March 1, 2020  via newspapers.com.
5. "M. A. C., 10; N. H. C., 4". *The New Hampshire College Monthly*. Vol. 5, no. 2. November 1897. pp. 44–45. Retrieved February 29, 2020  via Wayback Machine.
6. "Football Season Opened". *The Berkshire Eagle*. Pittsfield, Massachusetts. October 4, 1897. p. 1. Retrieved March 1, 2020  via newspapers.com.
7. "N. H. C., 22; N. H. C. S., 0". *The New Hampshire College Monthly*. Vol. 5, no. 2. November 1897. p. 45. Retrieved February 29, 2020  via Wayback Machine.
8. "College Football Yesterday". *The Boston Globe*. October 10, 1897. p. 1. Retrieved March 1, 2020  via newspapers.com.
9. "N. H. C., 34; D. H. S., 0". *The New Hampshire College Monthly*. Vol. 5, no. 2. November 1897. pp. 45–46. Retrieved February 29, 2020  via Wayback Machine.
10. "Bowdoin, 64; N. H. C., 0". *The New Hampshire College Monthly*. Vol. 5, no. 3. December 1897. pp. 68–69. Retrieved February 29, 2020  via Wayback Machine.
11. "Yesterday's College Football". *The Boston Globe*. October 28, 1897. p. 9. Retrieved March 1, 2020  via newspapers.com.
12. "Tufts, 12; N. H. C., 4". *The New Hampshire College Monthly*. Vol. 5, no. 3. December 1897. pp. 69–70. Retrieved February 29, 2020  via Wayback Machine.
13. "Tufts 12, N H College 4". *The Boston Globe*. October 31, 1897. p. 4. Retrieved March 1, 2020  via newspapers.com.
14. "N. H. C., 6; Dover, 0". *The New Hampshire College Monthly*. Vol. 5, no. 3. December 1897. pp. 70–71. Retrieved February 29, 2020  via Wayback Machine.
15. "Game at Dover Ends in a Row". *The Boston Globe*. November 4, 1897. p. 3. Retrieved March 1, 2020  via newspapers.com.
16. "New Hampshire Game by Game Results". *College Football Data Warehouse*. Archived from the original on October 27, 2016. Retrieved February 29, 2020  via Wayback Machine.
17. "2017 New Hampshire Media Guide". University of New Hampshire. 2017. p. 66. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
18. "Foot-ball". *The New Hampshire College Monthly*. Vol. 5, no. 1. October 1897. p. 25. Retrieved February 29, 2020  via Wayback Machine.
19. "New Hampshire vs Holy Cross (MA)". *College Football Data Warehouse*. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved February 29, 2020  via Wayback Machine.
20. "New Hampshire vs Maine". *College Football Data Warehouse*. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved February 29, 2020  via Wayback Machine.
21. "New Hampshire vs Boston College (MA)". *College Football Data Warehouse*. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved February 29, 2020  via Wayback Machine.
22. "New Hampshire vs Massachusetts". *College Football Data Warehouse*. Archived from the original on September 15, 2015. Retrieved March 3, 2020  via Wayback Machine.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| 1897 New Hampshire football | |
| --- | --- |
| Team captain Hayes at front center, holding football | |
| Conference | Independent |
| Record | 2–5 |
| Head coach | * None |
| Captain | Fred F. Hayes |
| Home stadium | College grounds, Durham, NH<br>Central Park, Dover, NH |
|


title: Philadelphia Contemporary

abstract: Philadelphia Contemporary is an arts organization that commissions and presents contemporary visual art, performance art, and spoken word. It was founded in 2016 with the intention to build a new non-collecting museum in Philadelphia for contemporary art in all of its forms. Philadelphia Contemporary organizes exhibitions and events through partnerships and space-borrowing with institutions such as the Barnes Foundation, Delaware River Waterfront Corporation, the Brandywine River Museum of Art, and Philadelphia Parks & Recreation. In 2018, Philadelphia Contemporary announced that the architecture firm Johnston Marklee would design their new building.

text:
# Philadelphia Contemporary

**Philadelphia Contemporary** is an arts organization that commissions and presents contemporary visual art, performance art, and spoken word. It was founded in 2016 with the intention to build a new non-collecting museum in Philadelphia for contemporary art in all of its forms. Philadelphia Contemporary organizes exhibitions and events through partnerships and space-borrowing with institutions such as the Barnes Foundation, Delaware River Waterfront Corporation, the Brandywine River Museum of Art, and Philadelphia Parks & Recreation.

In 2018, Philadelphia Contemporary announced that the architecture firm Johnston Marklee would design their new building.

## InfoBox

Philadelphia Contemporary
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 2016 |
| Location | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Coordinates | 39°58′05″N 75°08′30″W / 39.96814°N 75.14153°W / 39.96814; -75.14153 |
| Founder | Harry Philbrick |
| Website | philadelphiacontemporary.org |


title: Pine oil

abstract: Pine oil is an essential oil obtained from a variety of species of pine, particularly Pinus sylvestris. Typically, parts of the trees that are not used for lumber — stumps, etc. — are ground and subjected to steam distillation. As of 1995, synthetic pine oil was the "biggest single turpentine derivative." Synthetic pine oils accounted for 90% of sales as of 2000.

text:
# Pine oil

**Pine oil** is an essential oil obtained from a variety of species of pine, particularly *Pinus sylvestris*. Typically, parts of the trees that are not used for lumber  stumps, etc.  are ground and subjected to steam distillation. As of 1995, synthetic pine oil was the "biggest single turpentine derivative." Synthetic pine oils accounted for 90% of sales as of 2000.

## Composition

Pine oil is a higher boiling fraction from turpentine. Both synthetic and natural pine oil consists mainly of α-terpineol, a C10 alcohol (b.p. 214–217 °C). The detailed composition of natural pine oil depends on many factors, such as the species of the host plant. Synthetic pine oil is obtained by treating pinene with water in the presence of a catalytic amount of sulfuric acid. This treatment results in hydration of the alkene and rearrangement of the pinene skeleton, yielding terpineols.

## Uses

Industrially, pine oil was once used in froth flotation for the separation of mineral from ores. For example, in copper extraction, pine oil is used to condition copper sulfide ores for froth flotation.

It is also used as a lubricant in small and expensive clockwork instruments.

In alternative medicine it is used in aromatherapy and as a scent in bath oils.

### Properties as a disinfectant

Pine oil is used as a cleaning product, disinfectant, sanitizer, microbicide (or microbistat), virucide or insecticide. It is an effective herbicide where its action is to modify the waxy cuticle of plants, resulting in desiccation. Pine oil is a disinfectant that is mildly antiseptic. It is effective against *Brevibacterium ammoniagenes*, the fungi *Candida albicans*, *Enterobacter aerogenes*, *Escherichia coli*, Gram-negative enteric bacteria, household germs, Gram-negative household germs such as those causing salmonellosis, herpes simplex types 1 and 2, influenza type A, influenza virus type A/Brazil, influenza virus type A2/Japan, intestinal bacteria, *Klebsiella pneumoniae*, odor-causing bacteria, mold, mildew, *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*, *Salmonella choleraesuis*, *Salmonella typhi*, *Salmonella typhosa*, *Serratia marcescens*, *Shigella sonnei*, *Staphylococcus aureus*, *Streptococcus faecalis*, *Streptococcus pyogenes*, and *Trichophyton mentagrophytes*.

## Safety

Pine oil has a relatively low human toxicity level, a low corrosion level and limited persistence; however, it irritates the skin and mucous membranes and has been known to cause breathing problems. Large doses may cause central nervous system depression.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Pine oil
|
Pine (*Pinus sylvestris*) essential oil in a clear glass vial | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Other names Essential oil of pine
Yarmor | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| Beilstein Reference | 8191505 |
| ChemSpider | * none |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.219.894 |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | Mixture |
| Appearance | Colorless to pale yellow liquid |
| Density | 0.875 g/cm3 at 25 °C (approximate) |
| Melting point | 5 °C (41 °F; 278 K) |
| Boiling point | 195 °C (383 °F; 468 K) |
| Solubility in water | Insoluble |
| log *P* | 1.7 |
| Vapor pressure | 4 mmHg |
| Hazards | |
| **NFPA 704** (fire diamond) |  |
| Flash point | 65 °C (149 °F; 338 K) |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Volvarina zatzae

abstract: Volvarina zatzae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

text:
# Volvarina zatzae

***Volvarina zatzae*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 5.96 mm, its diameter 2.52 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Guadeloupe in the Caribbean Sea.

## InfoBox

| *Volvarina zatzae* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Volvarina zatzae* (holotype in the MNHN, Paris) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Marginellidae |
| Subfamily: | Marginellinae |
| Genus: | *Volvarina* |
| Species: | ***V. zatzae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Volvarina zatzae***<br>Ortea, 2014 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Volvarina (Remivolva) zatzae* Ortea, 2014 · alternate representation | |


title: Vaarikkuzhiyile Kolapathakam

abstract: Vaarikkuzhiyile Kolapathakam is a 2019 Indian Malayalam-language mystery thriller film written, co-produced and directed by Rejishh Midhila. It stars Amith Chakalakkal and Dileesh Pothan, with Mejo Joseph, Amira Varma, Nedumudi Venu, Shammi Thilakan, Lena and Nandhu in supporting roles. Lal made a cameo appearance. It was released on 22 February 2019. The film is getting ready for a release in China. The film received positive reviews and was praised for Amith's performance. The film was a commercial success.

text:
# Vaarikkuzhiyile Kolapathakam

***Vaarikkuzhiyile Kolapathakam*** (transl.Murder in the ditch) is a 2019 Indian Malayalam-language mystery thriller film written, co-produced and directed by Rejishh Midhila. It stars Amith Chakalakkal and Dileesh Pothan, with Mejo Joseph, Amira Varma, Nedumudi Venu, Shammi Thilakan, Lena and Nandhu in supporting roles. Lal made a cameo appearance. It was released on 22 February 2019. The film is getting ready for a release in China. The film received positive reviews and was praised for Amith's performance. The film was a commercial success.

## Plot

Fr. Vincent Kombana is a roguish and a kindhearted priest of Kombana family, famous in his village. He was trained by his father Issac Kombana to become a police officer first. Vincent grew up to be a police officer, fulfilling his dream, but when things got really complicated, Vincent became a priest. All the people in the village are fond of Vincent and fear him very much. He gets information from his peon Kunjoyi regarding all sorts of legal and illegal businesses and once anyone gets caught, he receives a huge punishment. His other subordinates were Kurukkan Ponnappan and Member Rocky.

One midnight as Vincent was walking through field, he hears a cry of a person to find out that it was a murder done by Kattuthara Joy. He saw the whole incident where Joy asks his companion to put the body of the dead person into a ditch after digging it. Vincent as a witness to this murder decided to expose this in front of the society. However, he couldn't do it as Joy confessed about the murder to Vincent. But Joy did not tell him whom he killed. As a priest couldn't tell any confessions out, Joy utilized his opportunity to frame the murder onto someone else. Even though Vincent had hidden in behind the bushes, Joy saw him. Vincent understood that Joy hadn't actually confessed sincerely. It was his only way to trap Vincent in order to escape from the case. Vincent, day by day continued his strong prayers for a solution. Kunjoyi then comes and informs Vincent about the death of Lissy, Joy's beloved wife. The next day her funeral goes with further songs and sorrow. However before taking any decision, Vincent was eager to know who was murdered in the ditch. So as to get an idea, he went to the same place when the body was hidden. He began digging to find whose the body was. Vincent came across many burdens including the enquiry of Salamma for her brother who had been missing for many days after he went to Pollachi.

Vincent decides to give the land to Kunjoyi in order to get rid of digging the plot where the body had been dug. After all the agreements, people finds out the body and Kunjoyi informs about this to Vincent. He immediately reaches the spot. It is found whose the body was. It was Eldhose who was killed by Joy. The police informs Vincent that it was a murder as they found many spots of stabs. Vincent tells Joy that he will prove this case with the help of someone else. Joy shows Vincent a video. The video shows Vincent digging the ditch which was taken by Joy without the knowledge of Vincent. If Joy shows this publicly, then it is sure that Vincent will be blamed. Vincent requested Joy to delete the video. Joy said that if Vincent does the flag hoisting, then Joy will confront the clapping hands. Vincent then thinks of another way to imprison Joy and finally starts his prayer keeping all his secrets in mind. Meanwhile Santo, Joy's friend overheard his prayers and his plans to rescue Santo as he too would be killed by Joy. Vincent then asked the reason behind murder of Eldhose as Santo was present beside Joy and helped him bury Eldhose's body in the ditch.

Then a flashback shows, as Eldhose was returning from Pollachi he met Joy only to find him furious. Joy came to know from his wife Lissy that her daughter's actual father was Eldhose. As Eldhose stood disappointed Joy said, "My confidence is getting hindered by your existence." and stabs him multiple times to kill him. Back to the present, Vincent and his policemen managed to lock Santo as a witness to the murder committed by Joy. Later Vincent moves to Joy to enquire about Lissy's death and already knew that it was Joy who killed her by poisoning her.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Vaarikkuzhiyile Kolapathakam | |
| --- | --- |
| Poster | |
| Directed by | Rejishh Midhila |
| Written by | Rejishh Midhila |
| Produced by | Shibu Devadath
Sujeesh Kolothody
Rejishh Midhila |
| Starring | Amith Chakalakkal
Dileesh Pothan |
| Cinematography | Eldo Isaac |
| Edited by | R.Sreejith |
| Music by | Mejo Joseph |
| Production
company | Take One Entertainments |
| Release date | * 22 February 2019 (2019-02-22) |
| Running time | 125 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Malayalam |
| Budget | ₹ 2.5 cr |
| Box office | ₹ 6.5 - 7 cr |


title: List of power stations in Greece

text:
# List of power stations in Greece

## Hydroelectric

| Station | Site | Coordinates | Capacity (MW) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Kastraki Dam | Kastraki | 38°44′30.69″N 21°21′51.05″E / 38.7418583°N 21.3641806°E / 38.7418583; 21.3641806 (Kastraki Hydroelectric Dam) | 320 |
| Kremasta Dam | Kremasta Sykias | 38°53′02″N 21°29′38″E / 38.8839511°N 21.4937961°E / 38.8839511; 21.4937961 (Kremasta Hydroelectric Dam) | 437 |
| Ladon Dam | Arcadia | 37°45′28″N 21°58′18″E / 37.7577°N 21.9716°E / 37.7577; 21.9716 (Ladon Hydroelectric Dam) | 50 |
| Mesochora Dam | Mesochora | 39°27′51.86″N 21°18′15.08″E / 39.4644056°N 21.3041889°E / 39.4644056; 21.3041889 (Mesochora Dam) |  |
| Plastiras Dam | Karditsa | 39°14′08″N 21°44′47″E / 39.235556°N 21.746389°E / 39.235556; 21.746389 (Plastiras Hydroelectric Dam) | 130 |
| Stratos Dam | Stratos | 38°40′33″N 21°19′33″E / 38.6758027°N 21.3258898°E / 38.6758027; 21.3258898 (Stratos Hydroelectric Dam) | 150 |
| Sykia Dam | Karditsa/Arta | 39°18′47.98″N 21°24′46.67″E |  |
| Thisavros Dam | Drama | 41°21′16″N 24°22′01″E / 41.354444°N 24.366944°E / 41.354444; 24.366944 (Thisavros Hydroelectric Dam) | 384 |
|

## Thermal

| Name | Location | Coordinates | Fuel | Capacity, MWe | Operational | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Agios Dimitrios Power Station | Agios Dimitrios, Kozani | 40°23′38″N 21°55′30″E / 40.394°N 21.925°E / 40.394; 21.925 (Agios Dimitrios Power Station) | Lignite | 1500 |  |  |
| Agios Georgios Power Station | Keratsini | 37°57′15″N 23°36′37″E / 37.95429°N 23.61023°E / 37.95429; 23.61023 (Agios Georgios Power Station) | natural gas, oil | 360 |  |  |
| Aliveri Power Station | Aliveri | 38°23′22″N 24°03′06″E / 38.38953°N 24.05174°E / 38.38953; 24.05174 (Aliveri Power Station) | heavy oil | 300 |  |  |
| Amyntaio Power Station | Amyntaio | 40°37′10″N 21°40′58″E / 40.6193112°N 21.6829133°E / 40.6193112; 21.6829133 (Amyntaio Power Station) | Lignite | 600 | 1996 - 2020 |  |
| Atherinolakkos Power Station | Atherinolakkos | 35°00′14″N 26°08′21″E / 35.0039°N 26.13916°E / 35.0039; 26.13916 (Atherinolakkos Power Station) | heavy oil | 105 | 2004– |  |
| Chania Power Station | Chania | 35°29′18.3″N 24°2′19.4″E / 35.488417°N 24.038722°E / 35.488417; 24.038722 | natural gas | 120 | 1998- |  |
| Florina Power Station ( Melíti Power Station) | Melíti | 40°48′40″N 21°36′04″E / 40.811°N 21.601°E / 40.811; 21.601 (Florina Power Station) | Lignite | 330 | 2003– |  |
| Kardia Power Station | Kardia | 40°24′36″N 21°47′10″E / 40.41°N 21.786°E / 40.41; 21.786 (Kardia Power Station) | Lignite | 1200 | 1975–2021 |  |
| Komotini Power Station | Komotini | 41°03′50″N 25°29′24″E / 41.064°N 25.49°E / 41.064; 25.49 (Komotini Power Station) | Natural gas |  |  |  |
| Lavrio Power Station | Lavrio | 37°44′47″N 24°04′01″E / 37.74629°N 24.06688°E / 37.74629; 24.06688 (Komotini Power Station) | oil, natural gas | 450 | 1972- |  |
| Linopermata Power Station | Linopermata | 37°44′47″N 24°04′01″E / 37.74629°N 24.06688°E / 37.74629; 24.06688 (Linopermata Power Station) | distillate oil | 111 |  |  |
| Megalapolis Power Station A | Megalopolis | 37°25′05″N 22°06′32″E / 37.418°N 22.109°E / 37.418; 22.109 (Megalapolis A Power Station) | Lignite | 850 |  |  |
| Megalapolis Power Station B | Megalopolis | 37°24′58″N 22°04′01″E / 37.416°N 22.067°E / 37.416; 22.067 (Megalapolis B Power Station) | Lignite |  |  |  |
| Ptolemaida Power Station | Ptolemaida | 40°28′51″N 21°43′37″E / 40.4808629°N 21.7269015°E / 40.4808629; 21.7269015 (Ptolemaida Power Station) | Lignite | 495 |  |  |
| Soronis Power Station | Soronis | 36°22′42″N 28°01′06″E / 36.37842°N 28.0184°E / 36.37842; 28.0184 (Soronis Power Station) | Oil | 105 | 1976– |  |
| Thisvi Power station | Thisvi | 38°14′10″N 22°57′00″E / 38.236243°N 22.949866°E / 38.236243; 22.949866 (Thisvi Power station) | natural gas | 410 | 2010 |  |

## Photovoltaic

### Current

Greece's largest photovoltaic (PV) power plants
| Location | Capacity | Description | Constructed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Kozani | 204 MW | Park of Kozani | 2022 |
| Naoussa | 7+7 MW | Photovoltaic plants cluster | 2013 |
| Florina | 4.3 MW | Florina industrial zone | 2009 |
| Volos | 2 MW | Photovoltaic power plant Volos | 2009 |
| Thebes | 2 MW | Photovoltaic power plant Thebes | 2009 |
| Koutsopodi | 1.997 MW |  | 2009 |
| Tripoli | 1.99 MW |  | 2009 |
| Pournari | 1.25 MW |  | 2009 |
| Iliopenditiki | 1 MW |  | 2009 |
| Pontoiraklia | 944 kW |  | 2009 |
| Kythnos | 100 kW |  | 2009 |
| Sifnos | 60 kW |  | 1998 |
| Tavros, ILPAP Building | 20 kW |  | 2009 |
| Ethel Station | 20 kW |  | 2009 |
| Maroussi, Eirini metro station | 20 kW |  | 2009 |

### Future

Greece's largest photovoltaic (PV) power plants
| Location | Capacity | Description | Constructed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ptolemaida | 550MW | Lignite Centre of Western Macedonia | To commence operation in 2025 |
| Amyntaio | 450MW | Western Macedonia | To commence operation in 2025 |
| Thessaly | 390MW | Park of Argyromylos | - |
| Megalopoli | 50 MW | Park of Megalopoli | - |
| Crete | 0.48 MW | Park of Atherinolakos | - |


title: Lytta cribrata

abstract: Lytta cribrata is a species of blister beetle in the family Meloidae. It is found in Central America and North America.

text:
# Lytta cribrata

***Lytta cribrata*** is a species of blister beetle in the family Meloidae. It is found in Central America and North America.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Lytta cribrata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Meloidae |
| Genus: | *Lytta* |
| Species: | ***L. cribrata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lytta cribrata***<br>LeConte, 1853 | |
|


title: The Complete Book of Outer Space

abstract: The Complete Book of Outer Space is a 1953 collection of essays about space exploration edited by Jeffrey Logan. It first appeared as a magazine, published by Maco Magazine Corp. The first book publication was by Gnome Press in 1953 in an edition of 3,000 copies.

text:
# The Complete Book of Outer Space

***The Complete Book of Outer Space*** is a 1953 collection of essays about space exploration edited by Jeffrey Logan. It first appeared as a magazine, published by Maco Magazine Corp. The first book publication was by Gnome Press in 1953 in an edition of 3,000 copies.

## Contents

* Preface, by Kenneth MacLeish
* "A Preview of the Future: Introduction", by Jeffrey Logan
* "Development of the Space Ship", by Willy Ley
* "Station in Space", by Wernher von Braun
* "Space Medicine", by Heinz Haber
* "Space Suits", by Donald H. Menzel
* "The High Altitude Program", by Robert P. Haviland
* "History of the Rocket Engine", by James H. Wyld
* "Legal Aspects of Space Travel", by Oscar Schachter
* "Exploitation of the Moon", by Hugo Gernsback
* "Life Beyond the Earth", by Willy Ley
* "Interstellar Flight", by Leslie R. Shepard
* "The Spaceship in Science Fiction", by Jeffrey Logan
* "Plea for a Coordinated Space Program", by Wernher von Braun
* "The Flying Saucer Myth", by Jeffrey Logan
* "The Panel of Experts"
* "Chart of the Moon Voyage"
* "Chart of the Voyage to Mars"
* "Timetables and Weights"
* "A Space Travel Dictionary"

## Reception

Groff Conklin of *Galaxy Science Fiction* said in 1954 that *The Complete Book of Outer Space* was "a fascinating collection" of pictures and text "of varying value ... but generally an exciting one".

## Sources

* Chalker, Jack L.; Mark Owings (1998). *The Science-Fantasy Publishers: A Bibliographic History, 1923-1998*. Westminster, MD and Baltimore: Mirage Press, Ltd. p. 299.

## InfoBox

The Complete Book of Outer Space
| Dust-jacket from the first book publication | |
| --- | --- |
| Editor | Jeffrey Logan |
| Illustrator | Frank R. Paul et al. |
| Cover artist | Chesley Bonestell |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Space exploration |
| Publisher | Gnome Press |
| Publication date | 1953 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Hardback) |
| Pages | 144 |
| OCLC | 6824625 |


title: List of lieutenant governors of Ontario

abstract: The following is a list of lieutenant governors of Ontario and the lieutenant governors of the former colony of Upper Canada. The office of Lieutenant Governor of Ontario was created in 1867, when the Province of Ontario was created upon Confederation. The predecessor office, lieutenant governor of Upper Canada, was a British colonial officer, appointed by the British government to administer the government of the colony, from 1791 to 1841. In 1841, the two provinces of Upper Canada and Lower Canada were abolished and merged into the new Province of Canada, with a single Parliament and Governor General. Upper Canada was known as Canada West, but did not have a separate government or lieutenant governor. It was simply an administrative division of the Province of Canada. Prior to Confederation, the lieutenant governors of Upper Canada were either British colonial administrators or British Army officers. The first lieutenant governor of Ontario, General Sir Henry William Stisted, was the last British lieutenant governor. From 1868 onwards, only Canadians were appointed to the position.

text:
# List of lieutenant governors of Ontario

The following is a **list of lieutenant governors of Ontario** and the lieutenant governors of the former colony of Upper Canada. The office of Lieutenant Governor of Ontario was created in 1867, when the Province of Ontario was created upon Confederation. The predecessor office, lieutenant governor of Upper Canada, was a British colonial officer, appointed by the British government to administer the government of the colony, from 1791 to 1841. (Prior to 1791, the territory which is now Ontario was part of the old Province of Quebec, which was administered by the colonial governors of the Province of Quebec.)

In 1841, the two provinces of Upper Canada and Lower Canada were abolished and merged into the new Province of Canada, with a single Parliament and Governor General. Upper Canada was known as Canada West, but did not have a separate government or lieutenant governor. It was simply an administrative division of the Province of Canada.

Prior to Confederation, the lieutenant governors of Upper Canada were either British colonial administrators or British Army officers. The first lieutenant governor of Ontario, General Sir Henry William Stisted, was the last British lieutenant governor. From 1868 onwards, only Canadians were appointed to the position.

## Lieutenant governors of Upper Canada, 1791–1841

| No. | Portrait | Name
(Birth–Death) | Term of office | | Monarch
Reign |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Took office | Left office | |
| 1 |  | **John Graves Simcoe**
(1752–1806) | 1791 | 1798 | **George III**
(1760–1820) |
|  |  | ***Peter Russell**
(1733–1808)
Administrator of the Government* | *1796* | *1799* | |
| 2 |  | **Peter Hunter**
(1746–1805) | 1799 | 1805 | |
|  |  | ***Alexander Grant****
(1734–1813)
Administrator of the Government* | 1805 | 1806 | |
| 3 |  | **Francis Gore**
(1769–1852) | 1806 | 1817 | |
|  |  | *Sir **Isaac Brock**
KB
(1769–1812)
Acting* | *1811* | *1812* | |
|  |  | *Sir **Roger Hale Sheaffe**
1st Baronet
(1763–1851)
Acting* | *1812* | *1813* | |
|  |  | *Sir Francis de Rottenburg
**Baron of Rottenburg**
(1757–1832)
Acting* | *1813* | *1813* | |
|  |  | *Sir **Gordon Drummond**
(1772–1854)
Acting* | *1813* | *1814* | |
|  |  | *Sir **George Murray**
GCB, GCH
(1772–1846)
Acting* | *1815* | *1815* | |
|  |  | *Sir **Frederick Philipse Robinson**
KCB, GCH
(1763–1852)
Acting* | *1815* | *1815* | |
|  |  | ***Samuel Smith**
(1756–1826)
Administrator of the Government* | *1817* | *1818* | |
| 4 |  | Sir **Peregrine Maitland**
KCB, GCH
(1777–1854) | 1818 | 1828 | |
| | | | | | **George IV**
(1820–1830) |
| | 5 |  | Sir **John Colborne**
GCB, GCMG
(1778–1863) | 1828 | 1836 |
| | | | | | **William IV**
(1830–1837) |
| | 6 |  | Sir **Francis Bond Head**
KCH
(1778–1863) | 1836 | 1838 |
| | | | | | **Victoria**
(1837–1901) |
| | 7 |  | Sir **George Arthur**
KCH
(1778–1863) | 1838 | 1839 |
| | 8 |  | Charles Poulett Thomson
1st **Baron Sydenham**
PC
(1799–1841) | 1839 | 1841 |
|

## Lieutenant governors of Ontario, 1867–present

| No. | Portrait | Name
(Birth–Death) | Term of office | | Monarch
Reign | Premier
Tenure |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Took office | Left office | | |
| 1 |  | **Henry William Stisted**
CB
(1817–1875) | 1 July
1867 | 14 July
1868 | **Victoria**
(1837–1901) | **John Sandfield Macdonald**
(1867–1871) |
| 2 |  | **William Pearce Howland**
PC
(1811–1907) | 15 July
1868 | 11 November
1873 | | |
| | | | | | | **Edward Blake**
(1871–1872) |
| | | | | | | **Sir Oliver Mowat**
(1872–1896) |
| | 3 |  | **John Willoughby Crawford**
QC
(1817–1875) | 12 November
1873 | | 13 May
1875 |
| |  |  | *Sir **William Buell Richards**
PC
(1815–1889)
Administrator of the Government* | *13 May
1875* | | *18 May
1875* |
| | 4 |  | **Donald Alexander Macdonald**
PC
(1817–1896) | 18 May
1875 | | 30 June
1880 |
| | 5 |  | **John Beverley Robinson**
(1821–1896) | 1 July
1880 | | 31 May
1887 |
| | 6 |  | Sir **Alexander Campbell**
PC, KCMG, QC
(1822–1892) | 1 June
1887 | | 24 May
1892 |
| |  |  | ***John Hawkins Hagarty**
(1816–1900)
Administrator of the Government* | *24 May
1892* | | *30 May
1892* |
| | 7 |  | **George Airey Kirkpatrick**
PC, QC
(1841–1899) | 30 May
1892 | | 7 November
1896 |
| | | | | | | **Arthur Sturgis Hardy**
(1896–1899) |
| |  |  | *Sir **Casimir Gzowski****
KCMG
(1813–1898)
Administrator of the Government* | *{7 November
1896* | | *18 November
1897* |
| | 8 |  | Sir **Oliver Mowat**
PC, GCMG, QC
(1820–1903) | 18 November
1897 | | 19 April
1903 |
| | | | | | | **Sir George William Ross**
(1899–1905) |
| | | | | | **Edward VII**
(1901–1910) |
| |  |  | *Sir **Charles Moss**
(1840–1912)
Administrator of the Government* | *19 April
1903* | *21 April
1903* |
| | 9 |  | Sir **William Mortimer Clark**
KCMG, KC
(1836–1915) | 21 April
1903 | 21 September
1908 |
| | | | | | **Sir James Whitney**
(1905–1914) |
| | 10 |  | Sir **John Morison Gibson**
KCMG, KC
(1842–1929) | 21 September
1908 | 26 September
1914 |
| | | | | | **George V**
(1910–1936) |
| | 11 |  | Sir **John Strathearn Hendrie**
KCMG, CVO
(1857–1923) | 26 September
1914 | 20 November
1919 | **Sir William Howard Hearst**
(1914–1919) |
| | | | | | **Ernest Charles Drury**
(1919–1923) |
| | 12 |  | **Lionel Herbert Clarke**
(1859–1921) | 20 November
1919 | 29 August
1921 |
| |  |  | *Sir **William Ralph Meredith****
QC
(1840–1923)
Administrator of the Government* | *29 August
1921* | *10 September
1921* |
| | 13 |  | **Henry Cockshutt**
(1868–1944) | 10 September
1921 | 12 January
1927 |
| | | | | | **Howard Ferguson**
(1923–1930) |
| | 14 |  | **William Donald Ross**
(1869–1947) | 12 January
1927 | 25 October
1931 |
| | | | | | **George Stewart Henry**
(1930–1934) |
| |  |  | *Sir **William Mulock****
PC, KCMG
(1843–1944)
Administrator of the Government* | *25 October
1931* | *1 November
1932* |
| | 15 |  | **Herbert Alexander Bruce**
(1868–1963) | 1 November
1932 | 23 November
1937 |
| | | | | | **Mitchell Hepburn**
(1934–1942) |
| | | | | | **Edward VIII**
(1936) |
| | | | | | **George VI**
(1936–1952) |
| | 16 |  | **Albert Edward Matthews**
(1873–1949) | 23 November
1937 | 26 December
1946 |
| | | | | | **Gordon Daniel Conant**
(1942–1943) |
| | | | | | **Harry Nixon**
(1943) |
| | | | | | **George A. Drew**
(1943–1948) |
| | 17 |  | **Ray Lawson**
OBE
(1886–1980) | 26 December
1946 | 18 February
1952 |
| | | | | | **Thomas Laird Kennedy**
(1948–1949) |
| | | | | | **Leslie Frost**
(1949–1961) |
| | | | | | **Elizabeth II**
(1952–2022) |
| | 18 |  | **Louis Orville Breithaupt**
(1890–1960) | 18 February
1952 | 30 December
1957 |
| | 19 |  | **John Keiller MacKay**
OC, DSO, VD, QC
(1880–1970) | 30 December
1957 | 1 May
1963 |
| | | | | | **John Robarts**
(1961–1971) |
| | 20 |  | **William Earl Rowe**
PC
(1894–1984) | 1 May
1963 | 4 July
1968 |
| | 21 |  | **William Ross Macdonald**
PC, OC, CD, QC
(1891–1976) | 4 July
1968 | 10 April
1974 |
| | | | | | **Bill Davis**
(1971–1985) |
| | 22 |  | **Pauline Mills McGibbon**
OC
(1910–2001) | 10 April
1974 | 15 September
1980 |
| | 23 |  | **John Black Aird**
OC, QC
(1923–1995) | 15 September
1980 | 20 September
1985 |
| | | | | | **Frank Miller**
(1985) |
| | | | | | **David Peterson**
(1985–1990) |
| | 24 |  | **Lincoln Alexander**
PC, OOnt, CD, QC
(1922–2012) | 20 September
1985 | 10 December
1991 |
| | | | | | **Bob Rae**
(1990–1995) |
| | 25 |  | **Hal Jackman**
CM
(born 1932) | 11 December
1991 | 24 January
1997 |
| | | | | | **Mike Harris**
(1995–2002) |
| | 26 |  | **Hilary Weston**
OOnt
(born 1942) | 24 January
1997 | 7 March
2002 |
| | 27 |  | **James Bartleman**
OOnt
(1939–2023) | 7 March
2002 | 5 September
2007 |
| | | | | | **Ernie Eves**
(2002–2003) |
| | | | | | **Dalton McGuinty**
(2003–2013) |
| | 28 |  | **David Onley**
OOnt
(1950–2023) | 5 September
2007 | 23 September
2014 |
| | | | | | **Kathleen Wynne**
(2013–2018) |
| | 29 |  | **Elizabeth Dowdeswell**
OC, OOnt
(born 1944) | 23 September
2014 | 14 November
2023 |
| | | | | | **Doug Ford**
(since 2018) |
| | | | | | **Charles III**
(since 2022) |
| | 30 |  | **Edith Dumont**
OOnt
(born 1964) | 14 November
2023 |  |
| Source: | | | | | | |


title: PF-89

abstract: The PF-89 or Type 89 is a portable, disposable, unguided, shoulder-launched, anti-tank rocket-propelled rocket launcher. Developed by Norinco for the People's Liberation Army (PLA), the PF-89 was designed to replace the obsolete Type 69 RPG, providing a man-portable, single-use assault weapon system that could be used mainly by infantry squads to engage and defeat light armor and bunkers. Its design permits accurate delivery of a rocket-propelled 80mm high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) warhead, with negligible recoil. The PF-89 entered mass production in 1993, and generally replaced the Type 69 RPG in the PLA throughout the 1990s. Since 2010, the system is being used along with the more advanced Type 08 recoilless gun.

text:
# PF-89

The **PF-89** or **Type 89** is a portable, disposable, unguided, shoulder-launched, anti-tank rocket-propelled rocket launcher. Developed by Norinco for the People's Liberation Army (PLA), the PF-89 was designed to replace the obsolete Type 69 RPG, providing a man-portable, single-use assault weapon system that could be used mainly by infantry squads to engage and defeat light armor and bunkers.

Its design permits accurate delivery of a rocket-propelled 80mm high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) warhead, with negligible recoil. The PF-89 entered mass production in 1993, and generally replaced the Type 69 RPG in the PLA throughout the 1990s. Since 2010, the system is being used along with the more advanced Type 08 recoilless gun.

## Description

The PF-89 is a lightweight, self-contained, anti-armor weapon comparable to the Swedish AT4 (U.S. Designation M136). However, unlike the AT4, the PF-89 is a rocket-propelled weapon instead of a recoilless gun, which makes the PF-89 more similar to the M72 LAW and the RPG-26. The weapon consists of a free-flight, fin-stabilized, rocket-propelled cartridge packed in a one-piece, one-off, fiberglass-wrapped tube.

It is man-portable and is fired from the right shoulder only. The launcher is watertight for ease of transportation and storage. The PF-89 has a simple 2.5x, 12° field of view optical sight for aiming, with no night combat ability.

The user must be able to see and identify the target and estimate the range to it. The round of ammunition is self-contained in a disposable launch tube. The system weighs only eight pounds and can be used effectively with minimal training.

The problem of back blast became prominent after the PF-89's adoption. Collateral damage is especially concerning for the PLA, which uses motorized infantry fighting tactics. To address this, China developed the Type 08 multipurpose recoilless gun with a countermass balance mechanism to replace the PF-89, especially the multipurpose PF89A variant.

## Variants

The PF-89 has six variants with each variant corresponding to a specific type of ammunition. The earliest variant, simply called the PF-89, uses high-explosive double shaped charges (with 8701 explosives) to achieve 628mm of rolled homogeneous armour (RHA) penetration at 90° angle in static tests. In kinetic tests, the RHA penetration is more than 400mm at 0° angle or 180mm at 68° angle.

The second variant, the PF-89A, employs specialized multipurpose incendiary rounds. These multipurpose rounds can penetrate 300 mm of reinforced concrete, and release steel fragments and zirconium-based incendiary composition to kill targets and light up wood and fabric upon impact.

The third variant, known as the PF-89B or PF-89-1, uses tandem-charge HEAT warheads to improve penetration against reactive armour.

The WPF-89-1 is the thermobaric version of the PF-89. The WPF-89-1 is reusable, but did not see much use due to its complex reload process. As a result, China developed the improved single-use WPF-89-2 in 2003.

A training replica version is also available for operation practice.

PF-89 variants
| Designation | PF-89 | PF-89A | PF-89B | WPF-89-1 | WPF-89-2 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ammo type | High-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) | Multipurpose incendiary | HEAT tandem-charge | Thermobaric | HEAT/thermobaric tandem-charge |
| Cartridge diameter (mm) | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 |
| Cartridge weight (kg) | 1.84 | 2.35 | 2.5 | \>4 | \>4 |
| Launcher weight (kg) | 1.85 | 1.85 | 1.85 | 1.85 | 1.85 |
| Full mass (kg) | 3.7 | 4.2 | 4.7 | 6.5 | 6.5 |
| Length (mm) | 900 | 900 | 900 | 900 | 900 |
| Length w/o cover (mm) | 880 | 880 | 880 | 880 | 880 |
| Zeroing | 200 m (660 ft) | 180 m (590 ft) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Sight range | 400 m (1,300 ft) | 1,000 m (3,300 ft) | N/A | 850 m (2,790 ft) | 850 m (2,790 ft) |
| Penetration | 628 mm/90°
\>400 mm/0°
180 mm/65° | 20 mm/65° | Higher than PF-89 | N/A | N/A |
| Velocity | 147 m/s (480 ft/s) | 147 m/s (480 ft/s) | 140 m/s (460 ft/s) | 120 m/s (390 ft/s) | 120 m/s (390 ft/s) |

## Users

### Non-state actors

* PF-98   (China)
* DZJ-08   (China)
* M72 LAW   (United States)
* AT4   (Sweden)
* RPG-26   (Soviet Union)
* Kestrel   (Taiwan)

## InfoBox

| Type 89 Individual Anti-tank Rocket | |
| --- | --- |
| A dissected PF-89 rocket launcher (top) at the China People's Revolution Military Museum in Beijing. | |
| Type | Anti-tank, anti-bunker |
| Place of origin | China |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1993–present |
| Used by | See *Users* |
| Production history | |
| Designer | China North Industries Group Corporation |
| Designed | 1980s |
| Manufacturer | Norinco |
| Produced | 1989 |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | Total: 3.7 kg (8.2 lb) |
| Length | 900 mm (2 ft 11 in) |
| Crew | 1 (single-use, disposable) |
| --- | |
| Cartridge | 80×900 mm rocket-assist grenade |
| Cartridge weight | 1.84 kg (4.1 lb) |
| Caliber | 80 mm (3.1 in) |
| Action | Single-shot |
| Muzzle velocity | 147 m/s (480 ft/s) |
| Effective firing range | 100  (330 ft) to 250  (820 ft) |
| Maximum firing range | 400 m (1,300 ft) |
| Sights | Optical 1x/2.5x (day sight) |


title: 1914 Londonderry City by-election

abstract: The 1914 Londonderry City by-election was a Parliamentary by-election held on 30 November 1914. The constituency returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system. Liberal Sir James Brown Dougherty was elected unopposed. Dougherty was the last Liberal MP elected in Ireland.

text:
# 1914 Londonderry City by-election

The **1914 Londonderry City by-election** was a Parliamentary by-election held on 30 November 1914. The constituency returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.

Liberal Sir James Brown Dougherty was elected unopposed. Dougherty was the last Liberal MP elected in Ireland.

## Vacancy

James Hamilton, Marquis of Hamilton had been elected as a Unionist in the 1910 general election, facing Nationalist opposition. He then succeeded to the Dukedom of Abercorn, resulting in the 1913 Londonderry City by-election, where the Roman Catholic hierarchy supported the Liberal David Hogg, a 73-year-old local shirt manufacturer and a Protestant. Hogg died in August 1914 and the by-election was called for 30 November.

## Previous result

By-Election 30 January 1913: Londonderry City Electorate
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal** | **David Cleghorn Hogg** | **2,699** | **50.5** | ***New*** |
|  | Irish Unionist | Hercules Pakenham | 2,642 | 49.5 | −1.6 |
| Majority | | | 57 | 1.0 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 5,341 | 97.6 | +4.4 |
|  | Liberal **gain** from Irish Unionist | | Swing |  |  |

## Candidates

Dougherty was a Presbyterian minister, professor of Logic and English, and civil servant.

## Result

By-Election 30 November 1914: Londonderry City Electorate
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal** | **James Brown Dougherty** | ***Unopposed*** | ***N/A*** | ***N/A*** |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | | | |

## Aftermath

Dougherty did not stand in the 1918 United Kingdom general election, when the seat was won by Eoin MacNeill of Sinn Féin in a contested election against Unionist and Nationalist candidates.

* Craig, F. W. S. (1974). British parliamentary election results 1885-1918 (1 ed.). London: Macmillan.


title: Phil Ragazzo

abstract: Philip John Ragazzo was an American football lineman who played in the National Football League (NFL) for the Cleveland Rams, the Philadelphia Eagles, and the New York Giants. He played college football at Western Reserve University and was drafted in the eighth round of the 1938 NFL draft by the Green Bay Packers. A graduate of Niles High, he was a three-year letterman for the Red Dragons, graduating in 1934. He was an all- county and All-Ohio selection during a storied scholastic career, playing collegiately for Western Reserve from 1934 to 1937 where he earned All-American honors as a lineman. Considered one of the toughest at his position during his era, he played seven seasons in the National Football League, starting first with the Cleveland Rams (1938–1940) and then moving over to the Philadelphia Eagles (1940–1941) after being traded by the Rams. His play was interrupted by World War II, but he returned to the NFL as a member of the New York Giants where he played from 1945 to 1947. After football, he became a history teacher at Niles McKinley Hs where he taught until his retirement. He died in Niles, Ohio of natural causes, October 3, 1994, at age 79.

text:
# Phil Ragazzo

**Philip John Ragazzo** (June 24, 1915 – October 3, 1994) was an American football lineman who played in the National Football League (NFL) for the Cleveland Rams, the Philadelphia Eagles, and the New York Giants. He played college football at Western Reserve University (now known as Case Western Reserve University) and was drafted in the eighth round of the 1938 NFL draft by the Green Bay Packers. A graduate of Niles High, he was a three-year letterman for the Red Dragons, graduating in 1934. He was an all- county and All-Ohio selection during a storied scholastic career, playing collegiately for Western Reserve from 1934 to 1937 where he earned All-American honors as a lineman. Considered one of the toughest at his position during his era, he played seven seasons in the National Football League, starting first with the Cleveland Rams (1938–1940) and then moving over to the Philadelphia Eagles (1940–1941) after being traded by the Rams. His play was interrupted by World War II, but he returned to the NFL as a member of the New York Giants where he played from 1945 to 1947. After football, he became a history teacher at Niles McKinley Hs where he taught until his retirement. He died in Niles, Ohio of natural causes, October 3, 1994, at age 79.

## InfoBox

Phil Ragazzo
| Born: | (1915-06-24)June 24, 1915
Niles, Ohio, U.S. |
| --- | --- |
| Died: | October 3, 1994(1994-10-03) (aged 79)
Niles, Ohio, U.S. |
| Career information | |
| Position(s) | Tackle, guard |
| College | Western Reserve |
| NFL draft | 1938, round: 8, pick: 67
(By the Green Bay Packers) |
| Career history | |
| As player | |
| 1938–1940 | Cleveland Rams |
| 1940–1941 | Philadelphia Eagles |
| 1945–1947 | New York Giants |
|  | |
| Career stats | |
|  | |
|  | |