abstract: The men's 4 × 100 metres relay event at the 2015 Military World Games was held on 7 and 8 October at the KAFAC Sports Complex.

text:
# Track and field at the 2015 Military World Games – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay

The **men's 4 × 100 metres relay** event at the **2015 Military World Games** was held on 7 and 8 October at the KAFAC Sports Complex.

## Records

Prior to this competition, the existing world and CISM record were as follows:

| **World Record** | Jamaica
(Nesta Carter, Michael Frater, Yohan Blake, Usain Bolt) | **36.84** | London, Great Britain | 11 August 2012 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **CISM World Record** | Italy
(Alessandro Cavallaro, Simone Collio, Rosario La Mastra, Jacques Riparelli) | **39.28** | Hyderabad, India | October 2007 |

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Round |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 7 October 2015 | **17:50** | **Round 1** |
| 8 October 2015 | **16:55** | **Final** |

## Medalists

| Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Poland*
Robert Kubaczyk
Grzegorz Zimniewicz
Kamil Masztak
Dariusz Kuć | *Dominican Republic*
Mayobanex de Óleo
Yohandris Andújar
Stanley del Carmen
Yancarlos Martinez | *Sri Lanka*
Vinoj Suranjaya
Mohamed Abdul Ladeef
Mohamed Abdul Rasheed
Yupun Abeykoon |

## Results

### Round 1

Qualification: First 3 in each heat (Q) and next 2 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.

| Rank | Heat | Nation | Name | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 2 | Sri Lanka | Vinoj Suranjaya, Mohamed Abdul Ladeef, Mohamed Abdul Rasheed, Yupun Abeykoon | 39.67 | Q |
| 2 | 2 | Poland | Robert Kubaczyk, Grzegorz Zimniewicz, Kamil Masztak, Dariusz Kuć | 39.73 | Q |
| 3 | 1 | Dominican Republic | Stanly del Carmen, Yancarlos Martinez, Yohandris Andújar, Mayobanex de Óleo | 39.88 | Q |
| 4 | 2 | Oman | Fahad Al-Jabri, Barakat Al-Harthi, Mohamed Hindi, Khalid Al-Ghailani | 40.18 | Q |
| 5 | 1 | Brazil | Jonathan Mendes, Aldemir da Silva Júnior, Bruno de Barros, José Carlos Moreira | 40.24 | Q |
| 6 | 2 | Kenya | Alphas Kishoyian, Mike Mokamba Nyang'au, Vincent Mumo Kiilu, Tony Kipruto Chirchir | 40.27 | q |
| 7 | 1 | South Korea | Lee Ju-ho, Kim Min-kyun, Won Jong-jin, Lim Jae-youl | 40.54 | Q |
| 8 | 1 | Italy | Fabio Cerutti, Eseosa Desalu, Matteo Galvan, Delmas Obou | 40.60 | q |
| 9 | 1 | Indonesia | Farrel Octaviandi, Muhammad Patoniah, Fernando Lumain, Rio Maholtra | 41.15 |  |
| 10 | 2 | India | Manish Kumar, Vidya Sagar, Jyoti Debnath Shankar, Yesu Raj | 41.25 |  |
| 11 | 1 | Turkey | Emrah Altunkalem, Hakan Karacaoğlu, Okan Kamis, Yavuz Can | 41.28 |  |
| 12 | 2 | Switzerland | Steven Gugerli, Pascal Muller, Marquis Richards, Benjamin Gfohler | 41.57 |  |
|  | 2 | United States | Kyler Martin, Parnelle Shands, Oronde Vassell, Anton Graphenreed | DQ | R170.7 |
|  | 1 | Iran | Reza Ghasemi, Hassan Taftian, Mahdi Zamani, Sajjad Hashemiahangari | DQ | R142.4 |

### Final

| Rank | Lane | Nation | Name | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 6 | Poland | Robert Kubaczyk, Grzegorz Zimniewicz, Kamil Masztak, Dariusz Kuć | 39.35 |  |
|  | 3 | Dominican Republic | Mayobanex de Óleo, Yohandris Andújar, Stanly del Carmen, Yancarlos Martinez | 39.41 |  |
|  | 4 | Sri Lanka | Vinoj Suranjaya, Mohamed Abdul Ladeef, Mohamed Abdul Rasheed, Yupun Abeykoon | 39.43 |  |
| 4 | 2 | Italy | Fabio Cerutti, Eseosa Desalu, Matteo Galvan, Delmas Obou | 39.64 |  |
| 5 | 5 | Brazil | Jonathan Mendes, Aldemir da Silva Júnior, Bruno de Barros, José Carlos Moreira | 39.77 |  |
| 6 | 8 | Oman | Mohamed Hindi, Barakat Al-Harthi, Abdullah Al-Sooli, Khalid Al-Ghailani | 39.81 |  |
| 7 | 7 | South Korea | Lee Ju-ho, Kim Min-kyun, Won Jong-jin, Jang Chong-myung | 40.49 |  |
| 8 | 1 | Kenya | Tony Kipruto Chirchir, Mike Mokamba Nyang'au, Vincent Mumo Kiilu, Alphas Kishoyian | 40.58 |  |


title: Transaviabaltika

abstract: Transaviabaltika is a Lithuanian charter airline based at Kaunas Airport.

text:
# Transaviabaltika

**Transaviabaltika** is a Lithuanian charter airline based at Kaunas Airport.

## Operations

Transaviabaltika provides PSO services to the island of Hiiumaa in Estonia. Transaviabaltika also operates Savonlinna \- Helsinki \- Savonlinna PSO passenger routing on daily basis, as well as Helsinki \- Tallinn \- Helsinki passenger charter flights. The company terminated their Savonlinna - Helsinki - Savonlinna PSO contract in early December 2022, with last flights taking place on 16 December 2022.

The airline previously provided various charter cargo flights in Europe for UPS Airlines, TNT and DHL Aviation.

## Destinations

### Estonia

### Finland

## Fleet

The Transaviabaltika fleet consists of the following aircraft:

Media related to TransAviaBaltika at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

Transaviabaltika
| IATA ICAO Call sign  KTB TRANSBALTIKA | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1998 |
| Commenced operations | 1998 |
| Fleet size | 2 |
| Destinations | charter |
| Headquarters | Kaunas Airport |
| Website | transaviabaltika.lt |


abstract: Township 157-30 is a township in Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota, United States. The 2010 census population was one.

text:
# Township 157-30, Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota

48°23′40″N 94°31′20″W / 48.39444°N 94.52222°W / 48.39444; -94.52222 **Township 157-30** is a township in Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota, United States. The 2010 census population was one.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.0 square miles (93.1 km2), all land.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 4 people, 2 households, and 2 families residing in the township. The population density was 0.1 people per square mile (0.0/km2). There were 2 housing units at an average density of 0.1/sq mi (0.0/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 100% White.

There were 2 households which both had children under the age of 18 living with them, none were married couples living together, and none were non-families. No households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.00.

In the township the population was spread out, with 50.0% under the age of 18, 50.0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 100 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were no males.


title: Tracey Gaudry

abstract: Tracey Gaudry is an Australian sport administrator, former professional cyclist and current chief executive officer of Comm Unity Plus Services Ltd. Prior to her corporate executive roles, Gaudry represented Australia at two Summer Olympics and the 1998 Commonwealth Games. After finishing her career as an athlete, Gaudry served on numerous boards and committees, including her current appointments as member of the Track Commission of the Union Cycliste Internationale, member of Executive Board of the Oceania Cycling Confederation, member of the Board of the Deakin University Sport Business Network, and member of the Board of the Federation of Community Legal Centres. Gaudry is a 2017 Deakin University Alumni of the Year recipient.

text:
# Tracey Gaudry

**Tracey Gaudry** (née **Watson**; born 17 June 1969) is an Australian sport administrator, former professional cyclist and current chief executive officer of Comm Unity Plus Services Ltd.

Prior to her corporate executive roles, Gaudry represented Australia at two Summer Olympics (1996 and 2000) and the 1998 Commonwealth Games.

After finishing her career as an athlete, Gaudry served on numerous boards and committees, including her current appointments as member of the Track Commission of the Union Cycliste Internationale, member of Executive Board of the Oceania Cycling Confederation, member of the Board of the Deakin University Sport Business Network, and member of the Board of the Federation of Community Legal Centres.

Gaudry is a 2017 Deakin University Alumni of the Year recipient.

## Cycling career

Gaudry began riding seriously early in 1992 after recovering from a life-threatening illness, with support from the Victorian Institute of Sport's (VIS) cycling coach, Donna Rae-Szalenski from Geelong, and the Geelong West Cycling Club.

She first competed in the UCI World Road Cycling Championships in 1994.

From 1995 she was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder. She won the Australian National Time Trial Championships in 1995.

She competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics.

In 1997, Gaudry took a break from the sport to focus on her professional career development.

In 1998, Tracey joined the Australian Women's Road squad overseas, coached by James Victor and competed in the 1998 Commonwealth Games.

In 1999, she turned professional, riding for teams EBLY in France, and TIMEX in USA. In those years Gaudry won the Tour de Snowy, Tour of Bretagne, Trophée D'or, the Montreal World Cup, the Australian National Road Race Championships and multiple UCI one-day races and stages of UCI stage races.

In 2000, Gaudry won the Australian National Time Trial Championships, UCI one-day races and stages of UCI stage races predominantly in North America. Gaudry went on to compete in the 2000 Summer Olympics in her home country.

Gaudry was ranked third in the World on official UCI rankings at the height of her career.

## Personal life

In 1989, Gaudry was diagnosed with lymphatic leukemia when she was 20 years old. She took up cycling after two years in remission.

Gaudry was married to Tony Gaudry from 1997 to 2018. She is the mother of three children.

## Administrative career

As a senior executive and non-executive director, Gaudry has held leadership roles in community, for-purpose and sport organisations for more than 20 years, championing improved outcomes for local, state, national and global communities with a focus on inclusion, diversity and gender equality.

Gaudry is a former member of the Management Committee and past Vice President of the world governing body for the sport of cycling, the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) where she carried multiple portfolios including Chair of the Women's Commission, Chair of the Advocacy Commission and membership to the Commission of Continental Presidents and Track Cycling Commission. For more than a decade has been instrumental in driving global reform, particularly in governance, advocacy, participation and gender equity. Tracey is the immediate past President of the Oceania Cycling Confederation.

Her executive roles have included chief executive officer of the Amy Gillett Foundation – Australia's leading advocacy organisation for bicycle rider safety, and CEO of the Hawthorn Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL), replacing Stuart Fox. She was the first female CEO in league history. Just five months after her appointment, Gaudry resigned from her position as Hawthorn CEO. It turned out that her husband had a heart attack when she was only two days into the job.

In August 2018, the Victorian State Minister for the Prevention of Family Violence, The Hon. Natalie Hutchins MP announced that Gaudry would lead Victoria's first agency dedicated to the primary prevention of all forms of family violence and violence against women, Respect Victoria. Gaudry lead the establishment of the agency during its first three years.

Gaudry was appointed to the role of CEO Comm Unity Plus Services in June 2021.

## Cycling results

### World Championships

### Olympic Games

### Commonwealth Games

### National Championships

* 1995 Australian Women's Road Race, 1st
* 1999 Australian Women's Road Race, 1st
* 2000 Australian Women's Individual Time Trial, 1st
* 10 National Championship medals

### World rankings

* 1999 UCI Women's Road World Ranking Tracey Gaudry (Aus), 3rd

### World Cup rankings

## InfoBox

| Tracey Gaudry | |
| --- | --- |
| Gaudry in 2019 | |
| Born | Tracey Watson
(1969-06-17) 17 June 1969
Yallourn, Victoria |
| Spouse | Tony Gaudry (m. 19972018) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chief Executive Officer of Comm Unity Plus Services Ltd | |
| **In office**
2021– () | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| **Cycling career** | |
| Amateur team | |
| 1992–2000 | Geelong West Cycling Club, Canberra Cycling Club |
|  | |
| Professional teams | |
| 1999– | EBLY in France |
| 2000– | TIMEX in USA |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Treason (1918 film)

abstract: Treason is a 1918 American silent drama film directed by Burton L. King and starring Edna Goodrich. It was produced and distributed by Mutual Film Company and apparently was the last film released before the company ceased operations in 1918.

text:
# Treason (1918 film)

***Treason*** is a 1918 American silent drama film directed by Burton L. King and starring Edna Goodrich. It was produced and distributed by Mutual Film Company and apparently was the last film released before the company ceased operations in 1918.

## Cast

## Preservation

With no prints of *Treason* located in any film archives, it is a lost film.

## InfoBox

| Treason | |
| --- | --- |
| Advertisement | |
| Directed by | Burton L. King |
| Written by | J. Clarkson Miller |
| Story by | Harry R. Durant |
| Produced by | Mutual Film |
| Starring | Edna Goodrich |
| Cinematography | Sol Polito |
| Distributed by | Mutual Film |
| Release date | * September 29, 1918 (1918-09-29) |
| Running time | 5 reels |
| Country | United States |
| Language | Silent (English intertitles) |


title: Treaty of Amritsar (1809)

abstract: The Treaty of Amritsar of 1809 was an agreement between the British East India Company and Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Sikh leader who founded the Sikh empire. The EIC's intention of this treaty was to gain Singh’s support if the French invaded India and Singh’s intention was to further consolidate his territorial gains south of the Sutlej River after establishing the river as their respective border. Singh wanted to officially absorb the Malwa Sikhs in his kingdom, which resided between the Sutlej and Yamuna Rivers, thus unifying all Sikhs of Punjab within his kingdom.

text:
# Treaty of Amritsar (1809)

The **Treaty of Amritsar** of 1809 was an agreement between the British East India Company and Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Sikh leader who founded the Sikh empire. The EIC's intention of this treaty was to gain Singh’s support if the French invaded India and Singh’s intention was to further consolidate his territorial gains south of the Sutlej River after establishing the river as their respective border. Singh wanted to officially absorb the Malwa Sikhs in his kingdom, which resided between the Sutlej and Yamuna Rivers, thus unifying all Sikhs of Punjab within his kingdom.

## Background

Ranjit Singh (1780-1839) was a Sikh warrior who had been establishing a kingdom in then northern India. He had established a capital at Lahore in 1799, proclaimed himself maharajah of the Punjab in 1801 and expanded his territories to such an extent that by 1808 he had control of an area bounded by the Jhelum and Sutlej Rivers. The Sikh chiefs of the Malwa region appealed to the British for protection from Singh fearing he would soon absorb them into his kingdom. The EIC declined because of the pending rumored invasion from Napoleon and Russia after they had signed the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807. They needed Singh as an ally because his kingdom was between Russia and India, serving as an ideal buffer state from an attack.

Singh accepted the EIC’s invitation to meet EIC diplomat Charles Metcalfe to discuss the possible French Russian invasion. After months of negotiations, Singh invaded Malwa to prove to Metcalfe his hold over the region and establish the Yamuna River as his border. The EIC responded by sending their troops to the Sutlej River to declare this as their border and force Singh to agree to the treaty. However, Singh challenged them, sending his troops across the river facing the EIC troops.

At this time, Napoleon's forces attacked Spain and seemed very unlikely to attack India. Thus, the EIC changed their policy of aggression because they no longer needed Singh for an alliance. They submitted a new treaty allowing Singh to retain some his conquests south of the Sutlej in Malwa, but the Sutlej would remain their border. Unaware of the changed EIC outlook, Singh concluded it was best not to risk war realizing his relative military weakness and agreed to sign the updated treaty.

Although the terms of the treaty prevented Singh from any further territorial expansion south of the Sutlej, it permitted him complete freedom of action to the north of it. This enabled him to extend his rule over rival Sikh Misls and ultimately expand to areas such as Peshawar, Multan and Kashmir by defeating the Afghan Durrani Empire. The unification of these territories aided by his French generals Westernising his armies, formed the Sikh empire that lasted until British subjugation in 1849.

## InfoBox

Treaty of Amritsar (1809)
| Original document of the Treaty of Amritsar (1809) between the Sikh Empire and British East India Company | |
| --- | --- |
| Parties |  |


title: Trechus zarandicus

abstract: Trechus zarandicus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by P. Moravec in 1986.

text:
# Trechus zarandicus

***Trechus zarandicus*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by P. Moravec in 1986.

## InfoBox

| *Trechus zarandicus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Trechus* |
| Species: | ***T. zarandicus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trechus zarandicus***<br>P. Moravec, 1986 | |
|


title: Trencrom Hill

abstract: Trencrom Hill is a prominent hill fort, owned by the National Trust, near Lelant, Cornwall. It is crowned by an univallate Neolithic tor enclosure and was re-used as a hillfort in the Iron Age. Cairns or hut circles can be seen in the level area enclosed by the stone and earth banks. The hill overlooks the Hayle Estuary and river, and Mount's Bay and St Michael's Mount can be seen to the south. The hill was recorded as Torcrobm in 1758 which is derived from Cornish "torr crobm", i.e. 'hunched bulge'. Trink lies one kilometre to the north west.

text:
# Trencrom Hill

**Trencrom Hill** (or Trecrobben) is a prominent hill fort, owned by the National Trust, near Lelant, Cornwall. It is crowned by an univallate Neolithic tor enclosure and was re-used as a hillfort in the Iron Age. Cairns or hut circles can be seen in the level area enclosed by the stone and earth banks. The hill overlooks the Hayle Estuary and river, and Mount's Bay and St Michael's Mount can be seen to the south. The hill was recorded as Torcrobm in 1758 which is derived from Cornish "torr crobm", i.e. 'hunched bulge'.

Trink lies one kilometre to the north west.

## National Trust

Trencrom Hill was acquired by the National Trust as freehold on 8 August 1946 from Lieutenant Colonel G L Tyringham. The freehold was 25.568 hectares (63.18 acres). On ascending the hill from the north side there is a plaque in situ in the rock facing the path. It reads:

"This property was presented to the National Trust by Lt Col C L Tyringham, of Trevethoe in March 1946 & at his wish is to be regarded as a memorial to the men and women of Cornwall, who gave their lives in the service of their country during the two world wars. 1914 – 1918, 1939 – 1945"

The well on the west side of the ramparts of the hill fort is known as the Giant's Well. James Halliwell-Phillipps mentioned it in 1861 in *Rambles in Western Cornwall*, "Outside the vallum at Trecrobben, or, as it is called by the rustics, Trancrom, is the Giant's Well". The well low down on the eastern flank of the hill is not the Giant's Well and is a disused shaft of the Praed Consols (Wheal Cherry/New Trencrom) sett, which was used as a well after the mine had flooded.

## Mining

The sett (area) of Wheal Cherry (later known as New Trencrom Mine and Mount Lane Mine) included the summit of Trencrom Hill. Trencrom is within the granite and the sett also covered the metamorphosed killas to the east. Wheal Cherry seems to have been short-lived with £2,293 spent on the erection of a 24-inch pumping engine and 24 inch whim with stamps in 1857/58 and by September 1858 the sett and materials being offered for sale. The sale notice stated that Wheal Cherry was ″a valuable property″. There was another attempt at the start of the 20th century by the Gerry Brothers of Lelant and after five years they sold their interest in 1907. At this time a new shaft was being sunk on the eastern slope and at a depth of 7 fathoms (42 ft; 13 m) found a 2 feet (0.61 m) wide lode which yielded 60 pounds (27 kg) of black tin to the ton. Work was still continuing on Wheal Cherry in 1916. A further attempt in 1943 at the mine, now known as the Mount Lane Mine was unsuccessful.

A survey in January 1996 found small scale quarrying, mostly post-medieval using drills but in some cases using wedges which may be earlier. Large parts of the granite summit have been levelled and a paved track was probably used to transport stone from the quarry face on carts.

## Mythology

Trecobben, the giant of Trencrom, was supposed to have killed Cormelian (wife of Cormoran) by throwing a hammer across to St Michael's Mount.

50°10′25″N 5°28′39″W / 50.1736°N 5.4776°W / 50.1736; -5.4776

## InfoBox

Trencrom Hill
| Trecrobben | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shown within Cornwall | |
| Location | Cornwall |
| Type | Tor enclosure
Hill fort |
| History | |
| Periods | Neolithic
Iron Age |


title: Trechus marcilhacianus

abstract: Trechus marcilhacianus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by Deuve in 2004.

text:
# Trechus marcilhacianus

***Trechus marcilhacianus*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by Deuve in 2004.

## InfoBox

| *Trechus marcilhacianus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Trechus* |
| Species: | ***T. marcilhacianus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trechus marcilhacianus***<br>Deuve, 2004 | |
|


title: Trechus maqenicus

abstract: Trechus maqenicus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by Deuve in 2004.

text:
# Trechus maqenicus

***Trechus maqenicus*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by Deuve in 2004.

## InfoBox

| *Trechus maqenicus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Trechus* |
| Species: | ***T. maqenicus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trechus maqenicus***<br>Deuve, 2004 | |
|


title: Tournavaux

abstract: Tournavaux is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

text:
# Tournavaux

**Tournavaux** (French pronunciation: \[tuʁnavo\]) is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 121 |  |
| 1968 | 133 | +9.9% |
| 1975 | 120 | −9.8% |
| 1982 | 128 | +6.7% |
| 1990 | 120 | −6.2% |
| 1999 | 147 | +22.5% |
| 2008 | 166 | +12.9% |

## InfoBox

| Tournavaux | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Tournavaux | |
|  | |
| Location of Tournavaux | |
| TournavauxTournavaux | |
| Coordinates: 49°52′25″N 4°47′14″E / 49.8736°N 4.7872°E / 49.8736; 4.7872 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Ardennes |
| Arrondissement | Charleville-Mézières |
| Canton | Bogny-sur-Meuse |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Luc Lallouette |
| Area**1** | 1.55 km2 (0.60 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 230 |
| Density | 150/km2 (380/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 08456 /08800 |
| Elevation | 164 m (538 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Trench magazine

abstract: A trench magazine describes a type of publication made by and for soldiers during the First World War while living in the trenches. These magazines appear solely within the time frame of World War I (1914-1918), and within Europe, with most being British, French, or German. There were also some minor American, Canadian, and Australian magazines in this genre that existed as well.

text:
# Trench magazine

A **trench magazine** (also known as a **trench journal** or **trench periodical**) describes a type of publication made by and for soldiers during the First World War while living in the trenches. These magazines appear solely within the time frame of World War I (1914-1918), and within Europe, with most being British, French, or German. There were also some minor American, Canadian, and Australian magazines in this genre that existed as well.

## Content

Trench magazines contained multitudes of different media, including poetry, short stories, songs, and satirical advertisements and cartoons. They were largely informal and humorous, and contained many examples of "inside" vernacular and jokes.

### Humor

Humor and satire were a large part of the content of the trench journals. Most works of this type took the form of black humor, sometimes making light of subjects widely considered more serious. Short songs ("ditties") and poems often joked about terrible conditions, fear of death, and general cynicism on the perceived hopelessness and pointlessness of the war. The journal of the 55th West Lancashire Division, *Sub Rosa,* included this poem in 1917:

> Little Jack Wrench
> Sat down in a trench
> With a 'pork and beans' and some bread,
> When an Allemande shell
> On the parapet fell
> So he got 'iron rations' instead.

## Publication and distribution

Most journals were manufactured at or near the front lines of the trenches. However, there were many different methods of manufacture, copying, and distribution. For example, some journals were physically printed away from the trenches in England, while some used abandoned printing presses found in old printeries. In terms of duplication, materials such as carbon paper, typewriters, and stencils were used, contributing to the informal and handmade appearance of the magazines.

Before publication, trench journals — like any writing done by a soldier intended to be sent out — went through censorship. In the very first edition of *The Wipers Times*, an editorial in the beginning reads: "the shadow of censorship enveloping us causes us to refer to the war...in a cautious manner". It was for this reason, also, that the authors of the magazines were often given pseudonyms; their real names never disclosed.

While the journals were first and foremost written for other soldiers to read, some publications were distributed elsewhere. In his book *The Soldiers' Press*, Graham Seal states that "\[the soldiers\] conveyed beyond their primary readership ... a carefully constructed version of \[their\] experience to those back home."

## Notable publications

A very well-known trench magazine in the 20th century is the Wipers Times, the periodical of the British Sherwood Foresters. It was manufactured in the city of Ypres, Belgium (the name of which gave rise to the title of the magazine, since "Ypres" was often pronounced "Wipers" by the British soldiers). This particular magazine is representative of the overall cadence of trench literature, being cynical, yet satirical and lighthearted. In the fourth edition of the Wipers Times (also called The "New Church" Times), a satirical essay entitled "The Lecture" begins as follows:

> If at any time you happen to be at all depressed—though of course this is extremely unlikely out here where there is so much to interest and delight one—find out whether there is a lecture on anywhere, given by the G.S.O. first or second of a Division about to be relieved, to the officers of the relieving Division, and go to it at once. It will make you realise that war is worth while.

Although hundreds of trench journals existed, the Wipers Times is one of the most widely known and remembered. It has inspired multiple forms of media in the modern day, including the 2013 movie of the same name, the 2006 book by Ian Hislop, and the 2016 play by Hislop and Nick Newman.


title: Traffic (miniseries)

abstract: Traffic is a three-part miniseries that aired on the United States cable channel USA Network in 2004, featuring an ensemble cast portraying the complex world of drugs, their distribution, the associated violence, and the wide variety of people whose lives are touched by it all.

text:
# Traffic (miniseries)

***Traffic*** is a three-part miniseries that aired on the United States cable channel USA Network in 2004, featuring an ensemble cast portraying the complex world of drugs, their distribution, the associated violence, and the wide variety of people whose lives are touched by it all.

## Production

The miniseries was inspired by the 1989 Channel 4 television miniseries *Traffik* and the 2000 motion picture *Traffic* directed by Steven Soderbergh.

## Reception

The American version was nominated for three Emmy Awards.

| Year | Award | Category | Nominee | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2004 | Primetime Emmy Awards | Outstanding Miniseries | Ron Hutchinson (executive producer) Colin Cotter (executive producer) Graham King (executive producer) Stephen Hopkins (producer) Jay Benson (produced by) | Nominated |
| | Outstanding Casting for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special | Mary Jo Slater (casting by) Steve Brooksbank (casting by) Stuart Aikins (casting by) | |
| | Outstanding Single-Camera Sound Mixing for a Miniseries or a Movie | Kevin Patrick Burns (re-recording mixer) Marc Fishman (re-recording mixer)
Tony Lamberti (re-recording mixer)
Eric Batut (production sound mixer) | |
| | Casting Society of America | Best Casting for TV Miniseries | Mary Jo Slater (casting by) Steve Brooksbank (casting by) Stuart Aikins (casting by) | Won |
| | Gold Derby Awards | TV Miniseries |  | Nominated |
| | OFTA Television Award | Best Miniseries | |  |
| | Best Ensemble in a Motion Picture or Miniseries |  | |
| | Best Direction of a Motion Picture or Miniseries | Eric Bross Stephen Hopkins | |
| | Best Writing of a Motion Picture or Miniseries | Ron Hutchinson | |
| | Best Editing in a Motion Picture or Miniseries |  | |
| | Best Sound in a Motion Picture or Miniseries |  | |
| 2005 | Prism Award | TV Movie or Miniseries | |  |
| | Performance in a TV Movie or Miniseries | Mary McCormack | |
| | Golden Satellite Award | Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series, Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television | | Balthazar Getty |

## InfoBox

| *Traffic* | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Eric Bross
Stephen Hopkins |
| Starring |  |
| Country of origin | United States |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 3 |
| Production | |
| Executive producers |  |
| Producers |  |
| Original release | |
| Network | USA Network |
| Release | 2004 (2004)
2004 (2004) |


title: Trevor Roberts (footballer)

abstract: Trevor Roberts was a Welsh professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He made a total of 207 appearances in the Football League for Southend United and Cambridge United before dying of a brain tumour at the age of 30.

text:
# Trevor Roberts (footballer)

**Trevor Roberts** (25 February 1942 – June 1972) was a Welsh professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He made a total of 207 appearances in the Football League for Southend United and Cambridge United before dying of a brain tumour at the age of 30.

## Career

Roberts began his career as a youth player at Liverpool, combining his playing there with studying for a degree in geography at Liverpool University, He then played in the Football League for Southend United and Cambridge United between 1965 and 1972, making 207 appearances.

## Death

In 1968 Roberts recovered from lung cancer. In February 1972 he was admitted to hospital with a brain tumour and died in June 1972 in a nursing home, at the age of 30.

## InfoBox

Trevor Roberts
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1942-02-25)25 February 1942 | | |
| Place of birth | Caernarfon, Wales | | |
| Date of death | June 1972 (aged 30) | | |
| Place of death | Cambridge, England | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Liverpool University | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1963–1965 | Liverpool | 0 | (0) |
| 1965–1970 | Southend United | 171 | (0) |
| 1970–1972 | Cambridge United | 36 | (0) |
| Total |  | **207** | **(0)** |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Trams in Bangkok

abstract: The Bangkok tram system (รถรางกรุงเทพ) was a transport system in Bangkok, Thailand. Its first-generation tram network first operated as a horse tram system, and was eventually converted to electric trams in the late nineteenth century.

text:
# Trams in Bangkok

The **Bangkok tram** system (รถรางกรุงเทพ) was a transport system in Bangkok, Thailand. Its first-generation tram network first operated as a horse tram system, and was eventually converted to electric trams in the late nineteenth century.

## History

The first tram line in Bangkok was built on Charoen Krung Road (New Road as it was then known), Thailand's first road to be built by Western techniques. John Lofton, a British naval officer working with the Royal Thai Navy along with a Danish colleague, saw a profitable tram service on the line, considering travel times were significant in getting from one end of the road to another. They surveyed the area for three days before requesting to operate a tram service under a government concession. They received a fifty-year allowance to operate trams on seven routes in 1887 and thus opened the first horse-driven tram line, the Bang Kho Laem Line on Charoen Krung Road on 22 September 1888. It did not gain popularity due to high fares and high sympathy for the horses used. Four horses were used to haul one carriage on the line. Due to significant losses, Lofton sold the business to the Bangkok Tramways Co.Ltd. in 1889. Bangkok Tramways continued to operate at significant losses.

On 23 May 1892, a Danish company took over and electrified the line., with electricity provided by the Electricity Co. Ltd. Eventually, the company was merged into the Siam Electricity Company and thus it became the operator of the line. In 1901, a new tram line - the Samsen Line opened, taking trams to the north of Bangkok. In 1905, a competing company was given rights to operate trams in Bangkok, namely the Thai Tram Co. Ltd. (*Rot Rang Thai Co. Ltd.).* Thai Tram opened a line, the Dusit Line; a circular loop line surrounding Rattanakosin Island. It was opened on 1 October 1905 in the presence of King Chulalongkorn. Thai Tram's cars were painted red, while Electricity's cars were painted yellow, and thus locally the lines in which they operated were called by their colours, respective to their owners. In 1908, the operations of both companies were merged into the Siam Electricity Co. Ltd. and all trams painted into the same mix of yellow and red. In the 1920s, more lines gradually came into operation around Bangkok. In 1927, operations were transferred again to the Thai Electricity Corporation.

On January 1, 1950, the concession on tram operation ceased and operations were transferred to the government. In 1968, tram services were suspended following discussion that it took up road space, coupled with the significant increase in road traffic, as well as cheaper bus operation on the same line. Tram fares ranged from 10 to 50 satang (100 satang = 1 baht), depending on class.

## Lines

There were 11 tram lines operating on the Bangkok tramway network and are as follows:

1. **Bang Kho Laem Line** (สายบางคอแหลม) - 9.2 km (5.7 mi), City Pillar - Thanon Tok (1888–1968)
    1. Ran from Bangkok City Pillar Shrine, on Kanlayana Maitri Road, turned at Fueang Nakhon Road and into Charoen Krung Road at Si Kak Phraya Si Intersection, passing Wang Burapha, Wat Mangkon, Si Phraya, Bang Rak, into Bang Kho Laem and terminated at the end of Thanon Tok, where Bangkok Dock Company used to be.
2. **Samsen Line** (สายสามเสน) - 11.3 km (7.0 mi), Kheaw Khai Ka Pier - Sala Daeng (1901–1968)
    1. Ran from Kheaw Khai Ka Pier in front of the Royal Irrigation Department on Samsen Road, passing Thewet, Bang Lamphu. It entered Atsadang Road, turned into Phahurat Road and into Chinatown's Yaowarat Road, and continued onto Rama IV Road. It passed Bangkok railway station, Sam Yan and into Sala Daeng, terminating at the south side of Lumphini Park.
3. **Dusit Line** (สายดุสิต) - 11.5 km (7.1 mi), a loop line around Rattanakosin Island, with spur to Thewet (1905–1968)
    1. Ran on Phra Athit Road, Phra Sumen Road, passed Phan Fa Lilat Bridge, continued on Maha Chai Road, turned into Chak Phet Road and passing Pak Khlong Talat. It continued onto Maha Rat Road, behind Wat Pho and the Grand Palace before turning to run in front of Wat Mahathat and the National Museum and joins its origin back at Phra Athit Road. Also consisted of a spur which branched from Chak Phet Road, onto Worachak Road and Chakkraphatdiphong Road. It then turned at Nakhon Sawan Road and onto short sections on Luk Luang Road and Rama V Road, until it ran on Phitsanulok Road, terminating at Thewet.
4. **Kamphaeng Mueang Line** (สายกำแพงเมือง) - 7.0 km (4.3 mi), a loop line around Rattanakosin Island (around 1920s–1968)
    1. Same loop as Dusit line but operating only within the loop
5. **Bang Sue Line** (สายบางซื่อ) - 4 km (2.5 mi), Kheaw Khai Ka Pier - Bang Sue railway station (around 1920s–1968)
    1. Ran from Kheaw Khai Ka Pier in front of the Royal Irrigation Department on Samsen Road, turning at Kiak Kai Intersection on Thahan Road. It then turned onto Techawanit Road and terminated in front of Bang Sue railway station.
6. **Hua Lamphong Line** (สายหัวลำโพง) - 4.4 km (2.7 mi), Bang Lamphu - Hua Lamphong (around 1920s–1968)
    1. Ran from Bang Lamphu on Tanao Road, turning at Bamrung Mueang Road, passing in front of Bangkok City Hall and the Giant Swing, running the entire length of the road, before turning onto Krung Kasem Road. It then ran along Khlong Phadung Krung Kasem, before terminating at Hua Lamphong, adjacent to Bangkok railway station.
7. **Silom Line** (สายสีลม) - 4.5 km (2.8 mi), Bang Rak - Pratunam (around 1920s–1968)
    1. Ran from Bang Rak Intersection along Silom Road, passing Sala Daeng and onto Ratchadamri Road, passing Ratchaprasong Intersection and terminating at Pratunam Intersection.
8. **Pathum Wan Line** (สายปทุมวัน) - 4.5 km (2.8 mi), Yot Se - Pratunam (around 1920s–1968)
    1. Ran from Kasat Suek Bridge on Rama I Road, passing National Stadium, Siam Square and turning at Ratchaprasong Intersection and terminating at Pratunam Intersection.
9. **Sukhothai Line** (สายสุโขทัย) - 0.6 km (0.37 mi), Bang Krabue \- Sukhothai Palace (around 1920s–1968)
    1. Branched off Samsen Line. Ran on Sukhothai Road, next to Sukhothai Palace from the intersection with Samsen Road at Vajira Hospital and terminated at the river where the road ends.
10. **Atsadang Line** (สายอัษฏางค์) - 0.5 km (0.31 mi), Phra Phithak Alley - Atsadang Pier
    1. Branched off Atsadang Line. Ran entirely on Atsadang Road, from its intersection with Phahurat Road to the end of the road at Atsadang (now Rajini) Pier.
11. **Ratchawong Line** (สายราชวงศ์) - 0.5 km (0.31 mi), Suea Pa - Ratchawong Pier
    1. Branched off Bang Kho Laem Line. Ran entirely on Ratchawong Road from Suea Pa Intersection to Ratchawong Pier

## Operations

### Rolling Stock

There were two main types of tram, an open-plan wooden tram with cloth curtains and a closed-plan metal tram. All tram cars were separated into first class and second class. Some disused rolling stock were used on the Lopburi tramway system.

### Signage

Tram stop signs were indicated by a red metal triangle with a white star. A green metal triangle with a white star indicated a passing loop stop. The last tram stop sign to be removed from Bangkok streets was on 4 March 2019 on Yaowarat Road in Woeng Nakhon Khasem area by the Metropolitan Electricity Authority due to local engineering work.

## Remains

At present, the only tracks in Bangkok remaining are of the Bang Kho Laem Line on Lak Mueang Road between Bangkok City Pillar Shrine and Ministry of Defense. Before this, there were more track remains on Charoen Krung Road in front of the Vietnamese temple Wat U Phai Rat Bamrung in Talat Noi quarter. It has been covered with asphalt since 2015.

## InfoBox

| Bangkok tramway system | |
| --- | --- |
| รถรางกรุงเทพ | |
| Tram in Bangkok, 1912 | |
| Operation | |
| Locale | Bangkok, Thailand |
| Open | 22 September 1888 |
| Close | 11 October 1968 |
| Status | Closed |
| Lines | 11 |
| Infrastructure | |
| Track gauge | 1,000mm metre gauge (electric system), unknown (horse system) |
| Electrification | 600  DC overhead line |
| Statistics | |
| Route length | 53.5 km |
| Horse tram era: 1888–1892  Status Closed  Lines 1  Operator(s) John Lofton (1888-1889)
Bangkok Tramways Co. Ltd. (1889-1892)  Route length 9.2 km | |
| Electric tram era: 1892–1968  Status Closed  Lines 11  Operator(s) Unspecified Danish Company (1892-1894)
Electricity Co. Ltd. (1900-1908)
Thai Tram Co. Ltd. (1905-1908)
Siam Electricity Co. Ltd. (1908-1927)
Thai Electricity Corporation (1927-1950)
Bangkok Electrical Co. Ltd. (1950-1968)  Route length 53.5 km | |
|  | |


title: Trevor Rosen

abstract: Trevor Joseph Rosen is an American country music songwriter and musician. He is also a member of the American country music band Old Dominion, in which he plays guitar and keyboards.

text:
# Trevor Rosen

**Trevor Joseph Rosen** (born February 18, 1975) is an American country music songwriter and musician. He is also a member of the American country music band Old Dominion, in which he plays guitar and keyboards.

## Early life

Trevor Rosen grew up in Woodhaven, Michigan, a southern suburb of Detroit. He attended high school at Gabriel Richard Catholic High School. He learned piano at a young age before picking up the guitar at age 16 and forming the Detroit area rock trio Unfair Superpowers.

## Career

Rosen moved to Nashville in the fall of 2003 to pursue a career in songwriting. He met Matthew Ramsey soon after arriving and the two began collaborating, eventually becoming founding members of the hit supergroup, Old Dominion. Rosen signedwith SMACKtown Music and Wrensong/Reynsong Publishing in 2013. He is currently signed to a publishing deal with Twelve6 Entertainment..

The Nashville Association of Independent Publishers named Rosen and the other members of Old Dominion the 2016 Songwriter/Artist of the Year, the same year they were honored as the Music Row Best New Artist and the Academy of Country Music's Best New Duo/Group of the Year. He co-wrote 8 of the 11 songs on their debut album Meat and Candy, including the Number One hits: Break Up With Him, Snapback and Song For Another Time. In the year following, Rosen co-wrote 9 of the 12 songs for Old Dominion's second studio album, *Happy Endings*, including the Number One hits, "No Such Thing as a Broken Heart" and "Written in the Sand.". In 2019, Rosen and Matt Ramsey were once again named the Songwriter/Artists of the Year. Rosen wrote 10 of the 11 songs on Old Dominion's latest self-titled album, Old Dominion (album), two of which went on to become Number One hit songs, Make It Sweet and One Man Band (Old Dominion song). These along with Michael Ray's number one hit song, The One That Got Away, which Rosen also co-wrote, earned him the CMA Triple Play Award for having 3 number ones within a 12-month period .

Rosen's songwriting accolades expand well beyond Old Dominion’s success, as he has written multiple number one songs including Dierks Bentley’s"Say You Do", The Band Perry's Better Dig Two, Blake Shelton’s Sangria and the longest charting number one song in Country Aircheck history, William Michael Morgan’s I Met A Girl. He has also written songs recorded by Jake Owen, Scotty McCreery, Keith Urban, Craig Morgan, Dustin Lynch, Randy Houser, and Randy Rogers Band as well as songs performed on the ABC show *Nashville*.

## Songs written by Rosen

| Year | Artist | Album | Song | Co-writer(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2011 | Chris Young | *Neon* | "Neon" | Josh Osborne, Shane McAnally |
| 2012 | Sam Palladio and Clare Bowen | *The Music of Nashville: Season 1 Volume 2* | "Fade Into You" | Matt Jenkins, Shane McAnally |
| | Randy Rogers Band | *Trouble* | "Fuzzy" | Josh Osborne, Shane McAnally |
| | Uncle Kracker | *Midnight Special* | "In Between Disasters" | Uncle Kracker, Shane McAnally, J.T. Harding |
| 2013 | Due West | *Our Time* | "Taste of Your Love" | Matt Lopez, Josh Osborne |
| | Craig Morgan | *The Journey (Livin' Hits)* | "Wake Up Lovin' You" | Matthew Ramsey, Josh Osborne |
| | The Band Perry | *Pioneer* | "Better Dig Two" | Brandy Clark, Shane McAnally |
| | Jake Owen | *Days of Gold* | "Tipsy" | Matt Jenkins, Shane McAnally |
| | Keith Urban | *Fuse* | "Come Back to Me" | Brandy Clark, Shane McAnally |
| 2014 | Dierks Bentley | *Riser* | "Say You Do" | Matthew Ramsey, Shane McAnally |
| | Blake Shelton | *Bringing Back the Sunshine* | "Sangria" | Thomas Harding, Josh Osborne |
| 2015 | Luke Bryan | *Kill the Lights* | "Scarecrows" | Shane McAnally, Ashley Gorley |
| | William Michael Morgan | *Vinyl* | "I Met a Girl" | Shane McAnally, Sam Hunt |
| | Old Dominion | *Meat and Candy* | "Break Up with Him" | Matthew Ramsey, Whit Sellers, Geoff Spring, Brad Tursi |
| | | "Nowhere Fast" | Matt Jenkins, Matthew Ramsey |
| | | "Beer Can in a Truck Bed" | Matt Jenkins, Matthew Ramsey |
| | | "Wrong Turns" | Matt Jenkins, Matthew Ramsey |
| | | "Snapback" | Matthew Ramsey, Brad Tursi |
| | | "Half Empty" | Matt Jenkins, Matthew Ramsey |
| | | "Said Nobody" | Matthew Ramsey, Brad Tursi |
| | | "Song for Another Time" | Matthew Ramsey, Matt Jenkins, Brad Tursi |
| | Sam Hunt | *Between the Pines* | "Bottle It Up" | Sam Hunt, Matt Jenkins |
| 2016 | Joe Nichols | *Single* | "Undone" | Josh Osborne, Ross Copperman |
| | Randy Houser | *Fired Up* | "Whiskeysippi River" | Matt Jenkins, Josh Jenkins |
| | Mark Leach | *Homemade* | "If You're Down" | Matthew Ramsey, Matt Jenkins |
| | Robby Johnson | *Don't Look Back* | "She Moves" | Shane McAnally, Josh Osborne |
| 2017 | Trace Adkins | *Something's Going On* | "Watered Down" | Matt Jenkins, Shane McAnally |
| | Old Dominion | *Happy Endings* | "No Such Thing as a Broken Heart" | Matthew Ramsey, Brad Tursi, Jesse Frasure |
| | | "A Girl is a Gun" | Matthew Ramsey, Brad Tursi, Matt Jenkins |
| | | "New York at Night" | Brad Tursi, Jordan Schmidt |
| | | "Dancing Forever" | Matthew Ramsey, Shane McAnally, Ross Copperman |
| | | "Hotel Key" | Matthew Ramsey, Josh Osborne |
| | | "Not Everything's About You" | Matthew Ramsey, Brad Tursi, Andrew Dorff |
| | | "Stars in the City" | Matthew Ramsey, Josh Osborne, Brad Tursi |
| | | "Still Writing Songs About You" | Matthew Ramsey, Shane McAnally, Brad Tursi |
| | | "Written in the Sand" | Shane McAnally, Matthew Ramsey, Brad Tursi |
| | Kelsea Ballerini | *Unapologetically* | "I Hate Love Songs" | Kelsea Ballerini, Shane McAnally |
| 2018 | Michael Ray | *Amos* | "One That Got Away" | Matthew Ramsey, Josh Osborne, Jesse Frasure |
| 2019 | Teddy Robb | *Really Shouldn't Drink Around You* | "Really Shouldn't Drink Around You" | Shane McAnally, Josh Osborne |
| | Old Dominion | *Old Dominion* | "Make It Sweet" | Shane McAnally, Matthew Ramsey, Brad Tursi, Whit Sellers, Geoff Sprung |
| | | "Smooth Sailing" | Matthew Ramsey, Jesse Frasure, Brad Tursi |
| | | "One Man Band" | Matthew Ramsey, Josh Osborne, Brad Tursi |
| | | "Never Be Sorry" | Shane McAnally, Matthew Ramsey, Josh Osborne, Brad Tursi |
| | | "My Heart Is Bar" | Shane McAnally, Matthew Ramsey, Josh Osborne, Brad Tursi |
| | | "Midnight Mess Around" | Andrew Dorff, Matthew Ramsey, Brad Tursi |
| | | "Do It With Me" | Shane McAnally, Matthew Ramsey |
| | | "Hear You Now" | Shane McAnally, Matthew Ramsey, Brad Tursi, Whit Sellers, Geoff Sprung |
| | | "I'll Roll" | James T. Slater, Brad Tursi |
| | | "American Style" | Matthew Ramsey, Jesse Frasure, Brad Tursi |
| | | "Paint The Grass Green" | Matthew Ramsey, Josh Osborne, Brad Tursi, Ross Copperman |
| 2022 | Tenille Arts | TBA | "Jealous of Myself" | Emily Weisband, John Byron |
| 2023 | Brandy Clark | *Brandy Clark* | "Come Back to Me" | Brandy Clark, Shane McAnally |

## InfoBox

| Trevor Rosen | |
| --- | --- |
| Rosen in 2019. | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Trevor Joseph Rosen |
| Born | (1975-02-18) February 18, 1975<br>Woodhaven, Michigan, United States |
| Genres | Country |
| Occupation | Songwriter |
| Instruments | * Vocals * guitar * piano |
| Years active | 2003–present |
| Member of | Old Dominion |
| Formerly of | Unfair Superpowers |


title: Tribal policing in Oregon

abstract: As of 2022, of the nine reservations in Oregon, five have tribal police organizations. These five forces are the Burns Paiute Tribal Police Department, the Coquille Indian Tribal Police Department, the Confederated Tribes of Grande Ronde Tribal Police, the Umatilla Tribal Police Department, and the Warm Springs Tribal Police Department. The Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fisheries Commission also has an enforcement department. These units are restricted to working only on designated reservation property, and are often limited in number and available resources. Membership in Oregon tribal police forces ranges from four to 25 individuals, and as of 2022, all registered tribal police in Oregon are men. Most members work as full time police, but most reservation police forces also employ civilians who work other jobs, but can be called in under emergency circumstances. The number of civilian reserve members ranges from none in the Coquille Indian Tribal Police Department, to six in the Umatilla Tribal Police Department. Tribal police are in charge of many of the same things as federal police officers, but are confined to the specific boundaries of the reservations that they operate on. They generally work patrol based jobs, similarly to other government police forces, and are in charge of enforcing driving regulations, investigating crimes, security work, and they have full jurisdiction to arrest people violating the law on reservation land. Once a suspected criminal has left reservation boundaries, they are technically no longer under the jurisdiction of tribal police, and can now only be charged by the police units of other jurisdictions. This frequently means that tribal and state police forces must collaborate, but also has led to problems and disputes historically.

text:
# Tribal policing in Oregon

As of 2022, of the nine reservations in Oregon, five have tribal police organizations. These five forces are the Burns Paiute Tribal Police Department, the Coquille Indian Tribal Police Department, the Confederated Tribes of Grande Ronde Tribal Police, the Umatilla Tribal Police Department, and the Warm Springs Tribal Police Department. The Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fisheries Commission also has an enforcement department. These units are restricted to working only on designated reservation property, and are often limited in number and available resources. Membership in Oregon tribal police forces ranges from four (Burns Paiute Tribal Police Department) to 25 individuals (Umatilla Tribal Police Department), and as of 2022, all registered tribal police in Oregon are men. Most members work as full time police, but most reservation police forces also employ civilians who work other jobs, but can be called in under emergency circumstances. The number of civilian reserve members ranges from none in the Coquille Indian Tribal Police Department, to six in the Umatilla Tribal Police Department.

Tribal police are in charge of many of the same things as federal police officers, but are confined to the specific boundaries of the reservations that they operate on. They generally work patrol based jobs, similarly to other government police forces, and are in charge of enforcing driving regulations, investigating crimes, security work, and they have full jurisdiction to arrest people violating the law on reservation land. Once a suspected criminal has left reservation boundaries, they are technically no longer under the jurisdiction of tribal police, and can now only be charged by the police units of other jurisdictions. This frequently means that tribal and state police forces must collaborate, but also has led to problems and disputes historically.

## History of crime on Oregon reservations

Native American communities in Oregon have indicated there is a lack of trust with their communities and other governments, especially regarding police. This has also led to negative perceptions of the outcomes of criminal investigations.

Crime data is not always consistent in its sharing with tribal governments; local, state, and federal partners, and in some instances not occurring. This has caused many tribal departments to work independently, with limited access to reports and statistical reporting. In addition, because of the disconnect between tribal communities and tribal police, there are indications that the number of missing Native American women on tribal lands is potentially underreported. Despite this, according to a National Institute of Justice study, 84% of Native American women have experienced some form of violence in their lifetime, with more than 55% having suffered from physical or sexual violence.

A study done by The Work Group Examining Law Enforcement Data Systems (LEDS) in 2020 found that out of 1213 reported missing persons in Oregon, 13 were Native American, or Alaskan Native women. Of these 13 women, the average age was 20.8 years old, with 69% of the reported Native American or Alaskan Native women being under the age of 18.

In another study done by the Work Group, participants living off of Oregon reservations stated that when a crime or missing persons report was made, participants reported that they did not expect the police to act or expect to be believed or taken seriously.

The combined factors of limited data, limited data sharing, and Tribal members stating a general distrust of the government and police have allowed only a vague scope of the status of crime on Oregon reservations and their communities.

## Policy reforms affecting reservation police

A ruling by the Supreme Court in 1978 denied tribal police the authority to arrest or enforce laws against non-tribal members. This meant that not only could tribal police not follow suspects off of reservation land, but could now not even prosecute non-members on reservation land. In order to be granted this authority, they legally had to be deputized by a state sheriff, and this was an extremely rare occurrence at the time. This also took away many abilities of tribal police to coordinate with state police, and caused confusion in cases that fell onto or near reservation boundaries. Many criminals would take advantage of this complicated bureaucracy, and would frequently commit their crimes on or near the reservation boundary as it was notoriously difficult for the two police forces to organize and prosecute crime in those areas.

In July 28, 2011, Oregon Governor John Kitzhaber, passed a bill that changed the way in which tribal police forces would be granted authority. Under this new bill, tribal police would no longer need to be deputized in order to have full jurisdiction, but instead would simply need to have passed a certain level of training. The goal of this bill was to help tribal police better enforce the law on their reservations while also increasing their coordination and response times with state police. This bill would help eliminate some of the complicated bureaucracy that allowed criminals to more easily escape in certain reservation areas. Now, tribal police have the authority to arrest non-members on reservation property should they be caught or suspected of criminal activity. It also has increased the efficiency of both tribal police forces and adjacent state police forces.


title: Trichoplusia circumscripta

abstract: Trichoplusia circumscripta is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in the eastern part of the Mediterranean Basin and parts of the Near East and the Middle East. It has been recorded in all the Levant countries. The species is invasive in Egypt. Adults are on wing year round. There is probably one generation per year.

text:
# Trichoplusia circumscripta

***Trichoplusia circumscripta*** is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in the eastern part of the Mediterranean Basin and parts of the Near East and the Middle East. It has been recorded in all the Levant countries. The species is invasive in Egypt.

Adults are on wing year round. There is probably one generation per year.

## InfoBox

| *Trichoplusia circumscripta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Trichoplusia* |
| Species: | ***T. circumscripta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trichoplusia circumscripta***<br>(Freyer, 1831) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Thysanoplusia circumscripta* (Freyer, 1831) * *Plusia circumscripta* Freyer, 1831 | |


abstract: The Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Chile and Peru was a draft treaty aimed at strengthening relations between Chile and Peru and benefiting both countries' citizens.

text:
# Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Between Chile and Peru (1877)

The **Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Chile and Peru** was a draft treaty aimed at strengthening relations between Chile and Peru and benefiting both countries' citizens.

## Background

The project was signed on December 22, 1876, in Lima by representatives José Antonio García y García and Joaquín Godoy Cruz. The Congress of Peru approved the treaty, but in Chile it was not ratified by Congress.

## Bibliography


abstract: The Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Relations between Germany and the United States of America was an agreement for the improvement of relations between the U.S. and German governments, signed in Washington, D.C., on December 8, 1923. The U.S. Senate advised and consented to ratify on February 10, 1925. Ratifications were exchanged in Washington on October 14, 1925, and the treaty became effective on the same day. It was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on August 3, 1926.

text:
# Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Relations between Germany and the United States of America

The **Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Relations between Germany and the United States of America** was an agreement for the improvement of relations between the U.S. and German governments, signed in Washington, D.C., on December 8, 1923. The U.S. Senate advised and consented to ratify on February 10, 1925. Ratifications were exchanged in Washington on October 14, 1925, and the treaty became effective on the same day. It was registered in *League of Nations Treaty Series* on August 3, 1926.

## Background

Since the U.S. Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles following the First World War, the U.S. government found itself outside of the inter-Allied arrangements made with the German government. As a result, the U.S. government began its own process of rapprochement with Berlin. As part of that process, a separate U.S.-German peace treaty was concluded in 1921. Following the conclusion of the peace treaty, diplomatic relations between the two governments were reestablished, and on December 10, 1921, the new U.S. ambassador, Ellis Loring Dresel, presented his credentials in Berlin.

In late 1923, German economy collapsed under the burden of reparations, and the U.S. government viewed this as a new opportunity to improve relations in order to strengthen the German position. As a result, the friendship treaty was concluded.

## Terms of the Treaty

Article 1 permitted the free travel and economic and cultural activities by U.S. nationals in Germany and German nationals in the United States. Article 2 allowed nationals of each party in the other country to sue for damages caused. Article 3 guaranteed from illegal search business facilities in each of the two countries owned by nationals from the other. Article 4 guaranteed the right of inheritance for nationals of each countries of property located in the other. Article 5 guaranteed freedom of religion for national of each country residing in the other. Article 6 permitted each of the parties to draft to its army nationals of the other country in times of war. Article 7 guaranteed favourable trade conditions for nationals of each of the parties in the other country. Article 8 provided for equality in taxation for nationals of the other party. Articles 9–11 provided for equal treatment for ships of the other party. Articles 12-15 dealt with trade provisions. Article 16 provided for the right of transit for nationals of each of the parties in the territories of the other party. Articles 17-28 regulated the work of Consuls. Article 29 included the Panama Canal within U.S. territories open to German citizens. Article 30 stipulated that nothing in the treaty can contradict the provisions of the US-German peace treaty concluded in 1921. Article 31 provided the treaty shall remain in force for ten years and will be prolonged for another year each time, unless denounced by either of the parties. Article 32 provided for ratification of the treaty and its entry into effect upon exchange of ratifications.

## Aftermath

The treaty was in operation between the U.S. and the German governments until after Hitler's rise to power. On July 11, 1928, the U.S. government served a note of continuation regarding the treaty to the Secretariat of the League of Nations. Following Hitler's rise to power, relations were worsening, and on June 3, 1935, a new agreement was signed between the U.S. and German governments, which limited the operation of article 7 of the treaty, dealing with freedom of commercial activities by national of both countries.

On December 11, 1941, Hitler declared war on the United States, and all treaties between the two countries became inoperative.

The validity of the treaty in view of the surrender of the German government in 1945 was questioned in the U.S. Supreme Court in Clark v. Allen. The case was about a woman named Alvina Wagner, who died in California in 1942 and bequeathed her estate to her relatives who were German nationals at the time. The property was seized by the Custodian of Enemy Property, but some of her relatives in California petitioned to the court on grounds that they were the rightful heirs, claiming that the outbreak of war nullified the stipulations in the agreement regarding the right of inheritance between nationals of the two countries contained in article 4. The Supreme Court, in a ruling delivered in 1947, eventually granted the petitioners part of the property, while leaving part of it to the Custodian. In its final ruling, the court stated: "the outbreak of war does not necessarily suspend or abrogate treaty provisions. (- - -) We do not think that the national policy expressed in the Trading with the Enemy Act, as amended, is incompatible with the right of inheritance granted German aliens under Article IV of the treaty". However, the Court demonstrated some caution by stating: "It is not for them (the courts in the US) to denounce treaties generally, en bloc. Their part it is, as one provision or another is involved in some actual controversy before them, to determine whether, alone, or by force of connection with an inseparable scheme, the provision is inconsistent with the policy or safety of the nation in the emergency of war, and hence presumably intended to be limited to times of peace". It also recognized in part the powers of the Custodian of Enemy Property to represent the interest of the heirs and thus dispose of the estate. On this issue the court stated: "For the power to vest (i.e. confiscate enemy property) is discretionary, not mandatory". Eventually, the court refused to rule generally whether the treaty's validity survived the outbreak of war, and stated: "We have no reliable evidence of the intention of the high contracting parties outside the words of the present treaty. The attitude and conduct under earlier treaties, reflecting as they did numerous contingencies and conditions, leave no sure guide to the construction of the present treaty. Where the relevant historical source and the instrument itself give no plain indication that it is to become inoperative in whole or in part on the outbreak of war, we are left to determine, as *Techt v. Hughes*, supra, indicates, whether the provision under which rights are asserted is incompatible with national policy in time of war. So far as the right of inheritance of realty under Article IV of the present treaty is concerned, we find no incompatibility with national policy, for reasons already given". The court also referred to the question whether the surrender of the Third Reich in 1945 and the partition of Germany into occupation zones nullified the operation of the treaty, by stating: "We find no evidence that the political departments have considered the collapse and surrender of Germany as putting an end to such provisions of the treaty as survived the outbreak of the war or the obligation of either party in respect to them. The Allied Control Council has, indeed, assumed control of Germany's foreign affairs and treaty obligations - a policy and course of conduct by the political departments wholly consistent with the maintenance and enforcement, rather than the repudiation, of pre-existing treaties".

On October 29, 1954, a new Treaty of Friendship was signed between the U.S. and West German governments. Article XXVIII of the new treaty stated as follows: "The present Treaty shall replace and terminate provisions in force in Articles I through V, VII through XVI, and XXIX through XXXII, of the treaty of friendship, commerce and consular rights between the United States of America and Germany, signed Washington December 8, 1923".


title: Tridecagon

abstract: In geometry, a tridecagon or triskaidecagon or 13-gon is a thirteen-sided polygon.

text:
# Tridecagon

In geometry, a **tridecagon** or **triskaidecagon** or 13-gon is a thirteen-sided polygon.

## Regular tridecagon

A *regular tridecagon* is represented by Schläfli symbol {13}.

The measure of each internal angle of a regular tridecagon is approximately 152.308 degrees, and the area with side length *a* is given by

$$A={\frac {13}{4}a^{2}\cot {\frac {\pi }{13}\simeq 13.1858\\,a^{2}.}}$$

## Construction

As 13 is a Pierpont prime but not a Fermat prime, the regular tridecagon cannot be constructed using a compass and straightedge. However, it is constructible using neusis, or an angle trisector.

The following is an animation from a *neusis construction* of a regular tridecagon with radius of circumcircle $\overline {OA}=12,$ according to Andrew M. Gleason, based on the angle trisection by means of the Tomahawk (light blue).

An approximate construction of a regular tridecagon using straightedge and compass is shown here.

Another possible animation of an approximate construction, also possible with using straightedge and compass.

### Based on the unit circle r = 1 \[unit of length\]

* Constructed side length in GeoGebra $a=0.478631328575115\\;\[{\text{unit of length}\]}$
* Side length of the tridecagon $a\_{\text{target}=r\cdot 2\cdot \sin \left({\frac {180^{\circ }{13}\right)=0.478631328575115\ldots \\;\[{\text{unit of length}\]}}}}$
* Absolute error of the constructed side length:

Up to the maximum precision of 15 decimal places, the absolute error is $F\_{a}=a-a\_{\text{target}=0.0\\;\[{\text{unit of length}\]}}$ * Constructed central angle of the tridecagon in GeoGebra (display significant 13 decimal places, rounded) $\mu =27.6923076923077^{\circ }$
* Central angle of tridecagon $\mu \_{\text{target}=\left({\frac {360^{\circ }{13}\right)=27.{\overline {692307}^{\circ }}}}}$
* Absolute angular error of the constructed central angle:

Up to 13 decimal places, the absolute error is $F\_{\mu }=\mu -\mu \_{\text{target}=0.0^{\circ }}$

### Example to illustrate the error

At a circumscribed circle of radius **r = 1 billion km** (a distance which would take light approximately 55 minutes to travel), the absolute error on the side length constructed would be **less than 1 mm.**

## Symmetry

The *regular tridecagon* has Dih13 symmetry, order 26. Since 13 is a prime number there is one subgroup with dihedral symmetry: Dih1, and 2 cyclic group symmetries: Z13, and Z1.

These 4 symmetries can be seen in 4 distinct symmetries on the tridecagon. John Conway labels these by a letter and group order. Full symmetry of the regular form is **r26** and no symmetry is labeled **a1**. The dihedral symmetries are divided depending on whether they pass through vertices (**d** for diagonal) or edges (**p** for perpendiculars), and **i** when reflection lines path through both edges and vertices. Cyclic symmetries in the middle column are labeled as **g** for their central gyration orders.

Each subgroup symmetry allows one or more degrees of freedom for irregular forms. Only the **g13** subgroup has no degrees of freedom but can be seen as directed edges.

## Numismatic use

The regular tridecagon is used as the shape of the Czech 20 korun coin.

A **tridecagram** is a 13-sided star polygon. There are 5 regular forms given by Schläfli symbols: {13/2}, {13/3}, {13/4}, {13/5}, and {13/6}. Since 13 is prime, none of the tridecagrams are compound figures.

### Petrie polygons

The regular tridecagon is the Petrie polygon 12-simplex:

| A12 |
| --- |
|
12-simplex |

## InfoBox

| Regular tridecagon | |
| --- | --- |
| A regular tridecagon | |
| Type | Regular polygon |
| Edges and vertices | 13 |
| Schläfli symbol | {13} |
| Coxeter–Dynkin diagrams |  |
| Symmetry group | Dihedral (D13), order 2×13 |
| Internal angle (degrees) | ≈152.308° |
| Properties | Convex, cyclic, equilateral, isogonal, isotoxal |
| Dual polygon | Self |


title: Trichosia

abstract: - The plant genus Trichosia is nowadays considered a synonym of Eria. Trichosia is a genus of fungus gnats that feed on decaying organic matter and fungi.

text:
# Trichosia

*The plant genus* Trichosia *is nowadays considered a synonym of Eria.*

***Trichosia*** is a genus of fungus gnats that feed on decaying organic matter and fungi.

## Systematics and selected species

Subgenus *Baeosciara* Tuomikoski, 1966

Subgenus *Mouffetina* Frey, 1942

Subgenus *Trichosia* Winnertz, 1867

## InfoBox

| *Trichosia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *T. morio* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Sciaridae |
| Genus: | ***Trichosia***<br>Meigen, 1803 |
|
| Subgenera | |
|  | |


title: Trichosirius octocarinatus

abstract: Trichosirius octocarinatus is a species of small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Capulidae, the cap snails.

text:
# Trichosirius octocarinatus

***Trichosirius octocarinatus*** is a species of small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Capulidae, the cap snails.

* Powell A. W. B., William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland 1979 ISBN 0-00-216906-1

## InfoBox

| *Trichosirius octocarinatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusc |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| (unranked): | clade Caenogastropoda
clade Hypsogastropoda
clade Littorinimorpha |
| Superfamily: | Capuloidea |
| Family: | Capulidae |
| Genus: | *Trichosirius* |
| Species: | ***T. octocarinatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trichosirius octocarinatus***
Powell, 1931 | |
|


title: Trichromia eximius

abstract: Trichromia eximius is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Walter Rothschild in 1910. It is found in Peru.

text:
# Trichromia eximius

***Trichromia eximius*** is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Walter Rothschild in 1910. It is found in Peru.

## InfoBox

| *Trichromia eximius* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Trichromia* |
| Species: | ***T. eximius*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trichromia eximius***<br>(Rothschild, 1910) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Neritos eximius* Rothschild, 1910 | |


title: Trichromia cucufas

abstract: Trichromia cucufas is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by William Schaus in 1924. It is found in French Guiana, Guyana and Bolivia.

text:
# Trichromia cucufas

***Trichromia cucufas*** is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by William Schaus in 1924. It is found in French Guiana, Guyana and Bolivia.

## InfoBox

| *Trichromia cucufas* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Trichromia* |
| Species: | ***T. cucufas*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trichromia cucufas***<br>(Schaus, 1924) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Neritos cucufas* Schaus, 1924 | |


title: Trent's Own Case

abstract: Trent's Own Case is a 1936 British detective novel written by E. C. Bentley as a sequel to his best-known novel Trent's Last Case (1913).

text:
# Trent's Own Case

***Trent's Own Case*** is a 1936 British detective novel written by E. C. Bentley (in collaboration with H. Warner Allen) as a sequel to his best-known novel *Trent's Last Case* (1913).

## Plot

The artist and amateur criminologist, Philip Trent, investigates the murder of a sadistic philanthropist whose portrait he had painted. But there are many false paths and blind alleys in the case, and it is not until he has crossed to France and back again and searched England for the champagne *Felix Poubelle 1884*, not before two others have died and an actress has disappeared, that Trent finally emerges triumphant to discover the murderer.

## References to previous works

In *Trent's Last Case*, Philip Trent had fallen in love with one of the chief suspects, the victim's beautiful young widow, Mabel. In *Trent's Own Case*, they are happily married and have a six-year-old son. The reader gets a glimpse of their marriage in Chapter XV.

Herbert Warner Allen was best known as the author of several books on wine, such as the frequently reprinted *The Romance of Wine* (1932). However, he also wrote detective fiction featuring wine merchant and expert William Clerihew (apparently named in tribute to Edmund Clerihew Bentley): the short story "Tokay of the Comet Year" (1930) and the novel *Mr. Clerihew, Wine Merchant* (1933). William Clerihew makes a cameo appearance in Chapter XIII of *Trent's Own Case*, where, in his capacity as wine expert, he provides Trent with information that proves crucial to the solving of the case.

## Sequel

*Trent's Own Case* was followed by a collection of short stories, *Trent Intervenes*, published in 1938.

1. *Trent's Own Case* at Fantastic Fiction
2. Bentley p.155-56
3. *Trent's Last Case*. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1937, p. 223
4. Mike Grost on H Warner Allen at Golden Age of Detection Wiki

## Bibliography

* E.C. Bentley. *The Complete Clerihews*. House of Status, 2008.

## InfoBox

Trent's Own Case
| 1st edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | E.C. Bentley; H. Warner Allen |
| Language | English |
| Series | Philip Trent |
| Genre | Detective fiction |
| Publisher | Constable & Co. |
| Publication date | 1936 |
| Publication place | U.K. |
| Media type | Print |
| Pages | 314 |
| Preceded by | *Trent's Last Case* |
| Followed by | *Trent Intervenes* |


title: Trichura coarctata

abstract: Trichura coarctata is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Dru Drury in 1773. It is found in Brazil.

text:
# Trichura coarctata

***Trichura coarctata*** is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Dru Drury in 1773. It is found in Brazil (Para, Pernambuco).

## Description

Upperside: Antennae pectinated, and thickest in the middle. Head black, with a blue spot in front. Neck blue. Thorax black, with an orange spot on each shoulder. Abdomen black; smallest next the thorax, with a row of golden-blue spots on each side, and another at the top; at the extremity is placed a hairy bristle, about a quarter the length of the abdomen. Wings yellowish and transparent. The anterior having a black narrow border running round all their edges, except the anterior ones; and in the middle of each is an oblong black spot, joining to the anterior edge, which reaches almost halfway across the wing. Posterior wings with a black border along the abdominal edges and the upper corners; the anterior and external edges having none. The extremity of the body of the male is furnished with a villose tail, as long as the body.

Underside: Palpi externally white but internally black. Tongue curled up. Breast black, the sides being blue. Legs black. Thighs white within, and blue without. Abdomen, next the thorax, white; the remainder being black, with four white spots on each side; that next the anus being the smallest. Wings as on the upperside; except the anterior, which have a yellowish border running along the posterior edges. Wingspan 1+34 inches (45 mm).

## InfoBox

| *Trichura coarctata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Female | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Trichura* |
| Species: | ***T. coarctata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trichura coarctata***<br>(Drury, 1773) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Sphinx coarctata* Drury, 1773 | |


title: Trichura dixanthia

abstract: Trichura dixanthia is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by George Hampson in 1898. It is found in Minas Gerais, Brazil.

text:
# Trichura dixanthia

***Trichura dixanthia*** is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by George Hampson in 1898. It is found in Minas Gerais, Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Trichura dixanthia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Trichura* |
| Species: | ***T. dixanthia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trichura dixanthia***<br>Hampson, 1898 | |
|


title: Tanja Miletić Oručević

abstract: Tanja Miletić Oručević is a Bosnian theatre director, academic lecturer, and translator.

text:
# Tanja Miletić Oručević

**Tanja Miletić Oručević** (born 6 February 1970) is a Bosnian theatre director, academic lecturer, and translator.

## Life and career

She was born in 1970 in Sarajevo and has graduated in 1999 from the drama directing department of the Ludwig Solski State Theatre School in Cracow. She has directed more than 30 professional theatre performances in theatres of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Poland, Italy and the Czech Republic. She was the co-founder of the Independent Theatre Studio Laznia in Cracow. Some of her first projects were performances produced at Laznia: Jean Genet's “Maids” and Slobodan Šnajder's “Snaks's Skin”. Tanja has been a Mostar Youth Theatre director since the summer of 2012.

Tanja is one of the co-founders of the Acting Department at the Dzemal Bijedic University's Faculty of Humanities in Mostar. She has been lecturing and teaching drama (acting, dramaturgy) in Bosnia and Herzegovina since 2000. Starting in 2007, as a Ph.D. student at JAMU in Brno, she has been working on international drama teaching programs (Erasmus and others).

Besides her native language, she speaks English, Polish, and Czech and has translated drama works from these languages. In 2017, she signed the Declaration on the Common Language of the Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins. She has also published an anthology of contemporary Polish drama called "Mortal kombajn" in Sarajevo.

## Noted works

* Jean Genet's "Maids", Laznia Krakow
* Slobodan Šnajder "Snake's Skin" Laznia Krakow
* Mark Ravenhill "Shopping & F\***ing", MESS Sarajevo
* Sarah Kane "Cleansed" MESS Sarajevo
* Feral Tribune Cabaret, Putujući teatar Hasije Borić, Sarajevo
* Damir Šodan" Night of..." Mostar Youth Theatre Mostar
* Maksim Gorkij "Lower depths" Bosnian National Theatre Zenica
* Irfan Horozović "Garden with fountain", Festival Dionysia Rome
* Almir Bašović "Re: Pinocchio", CTC Skopje
* Glassraum (The Glass Horizon), JAMU Brno and PQ+ Prague Quadrienalle international project

## InfoBox

| Tanja Miletić Oručević | |
| --- | --- |
| Tanja Miletić Oručević (2021) | |
| Born | (1970-02-06) 6 February 1970<br>Sarajevo, SR Bosnia, SFR Yugoslavia (present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina) |
| Citizenship | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Alma mater | Ludwig Solski State Theatre School in Cracow |
| Occupation(s) | theatre director, academic lecturer, translator |
| Years active | 1990–present |


title: Muhammadu Attahiru I

abstract: Muhammadu Attahiru I was the twelfth Sultan of the Sokoto Caliphate from October 1902 until March 15, 1903. He was the last independent Sultan of Sokoto before the Caliphate was taken over by the British.

text:
# Muhammadu Attahiru I

**Muhammadu Attahiru I** (died 1903) was the twelfth Sultan of the Sokoto Caliphate from October 1902 until March 15, 1903. He was the last independent Sultan of Sokoto before the Caliphate was taken over by the British.

## Reign as Sultan

Attahiru came to the throne upon the death of Abderrahman dan Abi Bakar in October 1902 while the British forces had already taken over parts of the Sokoto Caliphate. During the last year of Abderrahman's reign, British General Frederick Lugard had been able to use rivalries between the emirs in the south with the Sokoto Caliphate to prevent a coherent defense against British troops. A British led force was quickly approaching the city of Sokoto with clear intentions to take it over. Attahiru I organized a quick defense of the city and decided to fight the advancing British army outside of the city of Sokoto. This battle ended quickly in favor of the British with superior firepower causing high casualties on the side of Attahiru I.

Attahiru I and many followers fled the city of Sokoto on what Attahiru I described as a *hijra* to prepare for the coming of the Mahdi. The British moved into the largely depopulated Sokoto and appointed Muhammadu Attahiru II the new Caliph. Lugard essentially abolished the Caliph and retained the title *Sultan* as a symbolic position in the newly organized Northern Nigeria Protectorate.

Attahiru I begun traveling through the rural regions of the Sokoto Caliphate pursued by the British gathering supporters for his movement. The British and emirs working with the British were shocked at the large number of people who joined Attahiru and his force grew to thousands. Marching through Zamfara and Kano, the British became increasingly concerned with the force. The British attacked the rebels in the Mbormi Battle Ground, near present-day Gombe, in 1903 and Attahiru I was amongst those killed. The British then proceeded to decapitate Attahiru, took photographs of the beheaded sultan, and then displayed the photographs throughout Northern Nigeria to *"convince the diehards of the futility of fighting"*. His son, Muhammad Bello bin Attahiru or Mai Wurno continued to lead the remaining members of the movement and eventually settled in Sudan, where many of the descendants still live today.

## InfoBox

| Muhammadu Attahiru I | |
| --- | --- |
| *Sultan of Sokoto* | |
| Reign | October 13, 1902 – March 15, 1903 |
| Predecessor | Abderrahman dan Abi Bakar |
| Successor | Muhammadu Attahiru II |
| Born | Sokoto |
| Died | August 1903 (1903-09)<br>Burmi, 5km East of Bajoga in Funakaye local government area in present gombe state Nigeria. |
| House | Atiku Clan |
| Father | Ahmadu Atiku |


title: Sandlin Bug

abstract: The Sandlin Bug is an American biplane, cable-braced, single-seat, ultralight glider that was designed by Mike Sandlin and is provided in the form of technical drawings for amateur construction.

text:
# Sandlin Bug

The **Sandlin Bug** (*Basic Ultralight Glider*) is an American biplane, cable-braced, single-seat, ultralight glider that was designed by Mike Sandlin and is provided in the form of technical drawings for amateur construction.

## Design and development

The Bug first flew in February 1999. The aircraft was designed to be an inexpensive and easy to fly three axis controlled aircraft similar to a primary glider, although the designer terms it an *airchair*. The Bug has an empty weight of under 155 lb (70 kg) and so qualifies to be operated under the United States FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles regulations. The aircraft is made available as technical drawings, not plans, to allow potential builders to study them. Sandlin makes his computer assisted design drawings available free of charge as downloads in .dxf, .dwf and .gif formats and has explicitly released them to the public domain. The Bug 4 drawings comprise 66 sheets. The designer considers his aviation activities a hobby only.

The aircraft is made from bolted together aluminium tube, braced with steel cables and covered with heat shrunk Dacron fabric. Its 32 ft (9.8 m) span wing uses V-shaped interplane struts. Controls are conventional three axis, with the ailerons and elevator controlled by a center stick and rudder controlled by pedals. The landing gear is a fixed monowheel gear. The pilot sits on an open cockpit seat without a windshield and is secured with a four-point harness. The aircraft is designed to be car-top transportable and can be assembled by one person.

The Bug is designed to be launched by aerotow behind an ultralight aircraft, auto-tow, winch-launch or by rolling it down a slope. It is flown for soaring and is not recommended for aerobatics.

## Variants

Bug 2 Initial version, drawings no longer available. Bug 4 Improved version, drawings still available.

## Specifications (Bug 4)

*Data from* Bertrand and Sandlin

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** one
* **Length:** 17.08 ft (5.21 m)
* **Wingspan:** 32 ft (9.8 m)
* **Wing area:** 172 sq ft (16.0 m2)
* **Empty weight:** 120 lb (54 kg) including airframe parachute
* **Gross weight:** 300 lb (136 kg)

**Performance**

* **Stall speed:** 22 mph (35 km/h, 19 kn)
* **Never exceed speed:** 45 mph (72 km/h, 39 kn)
* **Wing loading:** 1.7 lb/sq ft (8.3 kg/m2)

**Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era**

**Related lists**

## InfoBox

| Bug | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Sandlin Bug 4 | |
| Role | Glider |
| National origin | United States |
| Designer | Mike Sandlin |
| First flight | February 1999 |
| Introduction | 1999 |
| Status | Technical drawings available |
| Variants | Sandlin Goat |


title: Townend, Dumbarton

abstract: Townend is a moderate to large housing suburb (area) in Dumbarton, Scotland. It stretches from Dumbarton Central Station to Barloan Toll, and to Round Riding Rd to the east. The area has a mix of residential houses, private and council lets. In the area is the set of River City, a BBC Television soap opera. Dumbarton Common is in Townend, next to the Broadmeadow Industrial Estate and The Meadow Centre, which has the town's swimming bath, sauna, and fitness suite.

text:
# Townend, Dumbarton

**Townend** is a moderate to large housing suburb (area) in Dumbarton, Scotland. It stretches from Dumbarton Central Station to Barloan Toll, and to Round Riding Rd to the east.

The area has a mix of residential houses, private and council lets. In the area is the set of *River City*, a BBC Television soap opera. Dumbarton Common is in Townend, next to the Broadmeadow Industrial Estate and The Meadow Centre, which has the town's swimming bath, sauna, and fitness suite.

55°56′57″N 4°33′37″W / 55.94917°N 4.56028°W / 55.94917; -4.56028


title: Police Nurse

abstract: Police Nurse is a 1963 American drama film directed by Maury Dexter and written by Harry Spalding. The film stars Ken Scott, Merry Anders, Oscar Beregi (Jr.), Barbara Mansell, John Holland and Byron Morrow. The film was released in May 1963, by 20th Century Fox.

text:
# Police Nurse

***Police Nurse*** is a 1963 American drama film directed by Maury Dexter and written by Harry Spalding. The film stars Ken Scott, Merry Anders, Oscar Beregi (Jr.), Barbara Mansell, John Holland and Byron Morrow. The film was released in May 1963, by 20th Century Fox.

## Plot

## Cast

## Production

Dexter says the film's title was an idea of Robert L. Lippert who asked Spalding to write a story to suit it. Dexter later wrote "the only problem was... there never was a capacity for a nurse in the police department. We shot the film anyway."

Filming took place in January 1963.

## InfoBox

| Police Nurse | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Maury Dexter |
| Screenplay by | Harry Spalding |
| Produced by | Maury Dexter |
| Starring | Ken Scott
Merry Anders
Oscar Beregi (Jr.)
Barbara Mansell
John Holland
Byron Morrow |
| Cinematography | John M. Nickolaus, Jr. |
| Edited by | Richard Einfeld |
| Music by | Richard LaSalle |
| Production
company | Associated Producers Inc |
| Distributed by | 20th Century Fox |
| Release date | * May 1963 (1963-05) |
| Running time | 64 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Zhang Hui (speed skater)

abstract: Zhang Hui is a short track speed skater who competes for China. As part of the 3000m relay team, Zhang won the gold medal. She was accidentally injured in the face by making contact with the blade of her teammate Wang Meng during the celebration.

text:
# Zhang Hui (speed skater)

**Zhang Hui** (simplified Chinese: 张会; traditional Chinese: 張會; pinyin: *Zhāng Huì*; born 8 March 1988 in Harbin, Heilongjiang) is a short track speed skater who competes for China. As part of the 3000m relay team, Zhang won the gold medal. She was accidentally injured in the face by making contact with the blade of her teammate Wang Meng during the celebration.

## InfoBox

Zhang Hui
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Women's short track speed skating | | |
| Representing  China | | |
| Olympic Games | | |
|  | 2010 Vancouver | 3000 m relay |
| World Championships | | |
|  | 2011 Sheffield | 3000 m Relay |
| Asian Games | | |
|  | 2011 Astana-Almaty | 3000 m relay |


title: Virginia State Route 198

abstract: State Route 198 (SR 198) is a primary state highway in the Middle Peninsula region of the U.S. state of Virginia. It runs from the U.S. Route 17 and State Route 33 split at Glenns east via Cobbs Creek and Mathews to State Routes 642 and 653 near Moon.

text:
# Virginia State Route 198

**State Route 198** (**SR 198**) is a primary state highway in the Middle Peninsula region of the U.S. state of Virginia. It runs from the U.S. Route 17 and State Route 33 split at Glenns east via Cobbs Creek and Mathews to State Routes 642 and 653 near Moon.

## Route description

State Route 198 begins at the intersection of U.S. Route 17 (US 17) and SR 33 at Glenns in Gloucester County. US 17 is a northsouth highway while SR 33 comes from the west and joins US 17 heading to the north. From the intersection, SR 198 heads to the southeast along Glenns Road, a narrow two-lane undivided road lined with trees and dotted with houses. Four miles (6.4 km) to the east, SR 198 turns east onto Dutton Road. Turning west takes traffic back to US 17 along Pampa Road, which is designated SR 601.

Heading east along Dutton Road, SR 198 continues through an area of farmland before turning south to cross a slough which connects to the adjacent Piankatank River. It turns to the southeast and intersects Harcum Road, which is designated SR 606. East of Harcum Road, the route enters Mathews County.

One half-mile (0.4 km) into Mathews County, SR 198 intersects Windsor Road, which carries SR 3 from the south. The two routes head east together for 1+12 miles (2.4 km), passing through the town of Dutton, before SR 3 splits off to the north to cross the Piankatank River. From SR 3, SR 198 travels in a semi-circular route through the communities of Cobbs Creek and Blakes. East of Blakes, the highway turns to the southeast towards Hudgins, where SR 198 meets the western end of SR 223.

One mile (1.6 km) south of Hudgins, SR 14 joins SR 198 from the west. The two routes head south for 1+23 miles (2.7 km) until Mathews, where SR 14 splits away to the south. SR 198 heads east out of Mathews along Buckley Hill Road. One mile east of Mathews, at an intersection with SR 653, the SR 198 designation ends. SR 642 begins at this point and continues along Buckley Hill Road towards Moon.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gloucester | Glenns | 0.00 | 0.00 | US 17 / SR 33 (George Washington Memorial Highway / Lewis Puller Highway) West Point, Gloucester, Saluda, Middle Peninsula Regional Airport | Western terminus |
| | Cash | 4.45 | 7.16 |

SR 601 (Pampa Road) to US 17 south | former SR 198 west |
| | Harcum | 7.37 | 11.86 | SR 606 (Harcum Road) |  |
| Mathews | Soles | 11.91 | 19.17 |
SR 3 east (Windsor Road) Gloucester | West end of SR 3 overlap |
| | Dixie | 13.46 | 21.66 |
SR 3 west (Twiggs Ferry Road) Saluda, Kilmarnock, Irvington | East end of SR 3 overlap |
| | Hudgins | 19.70 | 31.70 |
SR 223 north (Cricket Hill Road) Gwynn's Island, U.S. Coast Guard Station |  |
| |  | 20.63 | 33.20 |
SR 14 west (John Clayton Memorial Highway) Gloucester | West end of SR 14 overlap |
| | Mathews | 22.32 | 35.92 |
SR 14 east (Main Street) | East end of SR 14 overlap |
| |  | 23.33 | 37.55 | SR 642 (Buckley Hall Road) / SR 653 (Holly Point Road) Diggs, Haven Beach | Eastern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Virginia State Route 198KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Route 198 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by VDOT | |
| Length | 23.33 mi (37.55 km) |
| Existed | 1933–present |
| Tourist
routes | Virginia Byway |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | US 17 / SR 33 at Glenns |
| East end | SR 642 / SR 653 near Moon |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Virginia |
| Counties | Gloucester, Mathews |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| SR 197   SR 199 | |


title: West Point, Morrow County, Ohio

abstract: West Point is an unincorporated community in Morrow County, in the U.S. state of Ohio.

text:
# West Point, Morrow County, Ohio

**West Point** is an unincorporated community in Morrow County, in the U.S. state of Ohio.

## History

West Point was laid out around 1848. The post office at West Point had the name Whetstone. A post office called Whetstone was established in 1827, and remained in operation until 1964. Besides the post office, West Point had a church and country store.

40°38′21″N 82°47′06″W / 40.63917°N 82.78500°W / 40.63917; -82.78500


title: Trichura esmeralda

abstract: Trichura esmeralda is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1854. It is found in Honduras, Guatemala and Colombia.

text:
# Trichura esmeralda

***Trichura esmeralda*** is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1854. It is found in Honduras, Guatemala and Colombia.

## InfoBox

| *Trichura esmeralda* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Trichura* |
| Species: | ***T. esmeralda*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trichura esmeralda***<br>(Walker, 1854) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Glaucopis esmeralda* Walker, 1854 | |


title: Town of Hindmarsh

abstract: The Town of Hindmarsh was a local government area in South Australia from 1874 to 1993, encompassing on the inner north west Adelaide suburbs of Hindmarsh, Bowden and Brompton.

text:
# Town of Hindmarsh

The **Town of Hindmarsh** was a local government area in South Australia from 1874 to 1993, encompassing on the inner north west Adelaide suburbs of Hindmarsh, Bowden and Brompton.

## History

The **Corporation of the Town of Hindmarsh** was proclaimed on 1 October 1874 by the severance of the "townships of Hindmarsh, Bowden and Brompton" from the District Council of Hindmarsh. Benjamin Taylor was proclaimed the inaugural mayor, with the councillors of Hindmarsh, Bowden and Brompton wards being proclaimed, respectively, as Carl Ferdinand Trapmann and Josiah Mitton, Ephraim Gould and Richard Hayley, and Henry Betteridge and William Shearing.

Apart from Hindmarsh, Bowden and Brompton, the town boundaries also included the townships of Croydon and Ridleyton and the land occupied by the modern suburbs of West Hindmarsh, Renown Park, and the portion of modern Ovingham west of the Gawler railway line.

In 1875, the remainder of the older District Council of Hindmarsh moved its seat from Hindmarsh to Woodville and changed its name to District Council of Woodville, distinguishing it from the Corporate Town of Hindmarsh for more than a century until the two bodies were merged again as the City of Hindmarsh and Woodville in 1993.

## Neighbouring local government

The following adjacent local government bodies co-existed with the Hindmarsh town council:

## InfoBox

| Town of Hindmarsh
South Australia | |
| --- | --- |
| Hindmarsh Town Hall in 2012 | |
| Town of Hindmarsh | |
| Coordinates | 34°54′25″S 138°34′12″E / 34.9070°S 138.5699°E / -34.9070; 138.5699 |
| Established | 1874 |
| Abolished | 1993 |
| Council seat | Hindmarsh |
| **LGAs around Town of Hindmarsh:**  Woodville Woodville Yatala South/Enfield  Woodville Town of Hindmarsh Yatala South/Enfield
Prospect  West Torrens
Thebarton West Torrens
Thebarton Adelaide | |