title: Wisconsin Wilderness

abstract: The Wisconsin Wilderness were an American junior ice hockey team in the Superior International Junior Hockey League based in Spooner, Wisconsin.

text:
# Wisconsin Wilderness

The **Wisconsin Wilderness** were an American junior ice hockey team in the Superior International Junior Hockey League based in Spooner, Wisconsin.

## History

In the summer of 2012, Donnie Roberts sold the original Wisconsin Wilderness, two-time SIJHL Bill Salonen Cup champions, to parties who moved the team to Cloquet, Minnesota. Built from the success of the original Minnesota Wilderness, they won their third straight title and the Dudley Hewitt Cup as Central Canada Junior A champions. They became the second team in SIJHL history to play for the Royal Bank Cup and the first American team in Canadian Junior A history to make the final round of the national playdowns. During this time, the Wilderness announced that the team was leaving the SIJHL and joining the North American Hockey League. The Wilderness would lose their chance at the 2013 Royal Bank Cup in the semi-final, in overtime.

On July 11, 2013, USA Hockey granted Lars Geary a new team in the SIJHL. Geary chose to go back to the previous franchise's name, the "Wisconsin Wilderness".

On September 21, 2013, the Wilderness played their first franchise game. The Wilderness traveled to Dryden, Ontario, to play the Dryden Ice Dogs and lost the game, 4–1. Zach Kraft scored the first goal in Wilderness history 11:36 into the first period. Luke Thompson made 37 saves in the effort for the Wilderness. The next night was the second game of a weekend doubleheader with the Ice Dogs, as the Wilderness avenged their previous loss and picked up their first franchise win with a 6–3 triumph. Sawyer Jacobson picked up the eventual game-winning goal 5:19 into the third period, while Luke Thompson made 35 saves to pick up the historic victory. After their first season returning to the SIJHL, the Spooner Ice House closed its doors, leaving the Wisconsin Wilderness without an arena and therefore they folded.

| **Season** | **GP** | **W** | **L** | **T** | **OTL** | **GF** | **GA** | **P** | **Results** | **Playoffs** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013–14 | 56 | 5 | 51 |  | 0 | 146 | 327 | 10 | 6th SIJHL | Lost quarter-final 0-4 Minnesota Iron Rangers |
|

In 2019 the SIJHL welcomed Spooner back to junior hockey with the establishment of the Wisconsin Lumberjacks.

## InfoBox

| Wisconsin Lumberjacks | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| City | Spooner, Wisconsin |
| League | SIJHL |
| Founded | 2013 |
| Folded | 2014 |
| Home arena | Spooner Ice House |
| Colors |  |
| General manager | Douglas E. Lein II |
| Head coach | Douglas E. Lein II |


title: Thomas J. Davis Jr.

abstract: Thomas Jefferson Davis Jr. (1912–1989) was an American businessman and investor. He was an early Silicon Valley venture capitalist and founder of the Mayfield Fund.

text:
# Thomas J. Davis Jr.

**Thomas Jefferson Davis Jr.** (1912–1989) was an American businessman and investor. He was an early Silicon Valley venture capitalist and founder of the Mayfield Fund.

## Early life

He was born in 1912 in Cincinnati, Davis earned his A.B. and J.D. degrees from Harvard University and served in World War II on the War Production Board, the Lend-Lease Administration and in the Office of Strategic Services as an Army captain. He was often behind Japanese lines, as detailed in his 223-page privately published book *One Man's War*.

## Career

Davis was the Vice President of Kern County Land Company from 1957 to 1961. He managed its investment in four new companies including Watkins-Johnson Company, which investment of $900,000 was sold in 1968 and 1973 by Tenneco, successor to Kern, for over $80 million.

With Arthur Rock, he formed the Davis and Rock partnership in 1961, which made many hugely successful investments including Teledyne, Apple Computer and Intel. With Wally Davis and Stanford University, he formed in 1969 another partnership, Mayfield Fund, which also brought great returns not only to its limited partners, but also to Stanford. This fund helped start more than 125 companies in high-technology fields.

He died in 1989 before the book was compiled by Jeff McNish and published.

## Personal life

He lived in Woodside, California. He was married to the former Shirley Ross. Tommy had six daughters and 11 grandchildren. He also had a sister, Virginia Loomis of Oyster Bay and a brother, Laurence, of Homosassa, Florida.

## Awards

In 1987, Davis was an Award Recipient for the EY Entrepreneur of the Year Award in the Northern California Region.

## Further reading

* *Portraits of Success*, Carolyn Caddes, Tioga Publishing, Palo Alto, CA, 1986; ISBN 0-935382-56-9
* *One Man's War—A Boston Lawyer on the Jungle Trails of Burma*, Thomas J. Davis Jr., privately published, copyright 1989, ASIN/ISBN B0007C3GQQ, pages 96–97

## InfoBox

| Thomas Jefferson Davis Jr. | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1912<br>Cincinnati, Ohio |
| Died | 1989 |
| Alma mater | Harvard University |
| Occupation | Founder of Mayfield Fund |
| Spouse | Shirley Ross |
| Children | 6 |
| Awards | EY Entrepreneur of the Year Award in the Northern California Region (1987) |


abstract: William Craven, D.D. was a priest and academic in the second half of the 18th and the first decades of the 19th centuries. Craven was born at Gouthwaite Hall and educated at Sedbergh School. He graduated B.A. from St John's College, Cambridge in 1753, and M.A. in 1756. He was ordained in 1759; and was a Fellow of St John's from 1759 to 1789; and its Master from then until his death. He was also Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge from 1790 until 1791.

text:
# William Craven (Master of St John's College, Cambridge)

**William Craven**, D.D. (3 July 1730 – 28 January 1815) was a priest and academic in the second half of the 18th and the first decades of the 19th centuries.

Craven was born at Gouthwaite Hall and educated at Sedbergh School. He graduated B.A. from St John's College, Cambridge in 1753, and M.A. in 1756. He was ordained in 1759; and was a Fellow of St John's from 1759 to 1789; and its Master from then until his death. He was also Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge from 1790 until 1791.


title: Warren E. Sherburne House

abstract: The Warren E. Sherburne House is an historic house in Lexington, Massachusetts. This architecturally eclectic house was designed by Boston architect Samuel D. Kelley and built in 1894. The house as irregular massing reminiscent of Queen Anne styling, as well as other features, such as its porch treatment, that are indicators of the Colonial Revival then coming into style. The owner, Warren Sherburne, was owner of a glassmaking company. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

text:
# Warren E. Sherburne House

The **Warren E. Sherburne House** is an historic house in Lexington, Massachusetts. This architecturally eclectic house was designed by Boston architect Samuel D. Kelley and built in 1894. The house as irregular massing reminiscent of Queen Anne styling, as well as other features, such as its porch treatment, that are indicators of the Colonial Revival then coming into style. The owner, Warren Sherburne, was owner of a glassmaking company.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Warren E. Sherburne House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Warren E. Sherburne House | |
|  | |
| Location | 11 Percy Rd.,<br>Lexington, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 42°26′32″N 71°13′13″W / 42.44222°N 71.22028°W / 42.44222; -71.22028 |
| Built | 1894 |
| Architect | Samuel D. Kelley |
| NRHP reference No. | 77000178 |
| Added to NRHP | December 2, 1977 |


title: Stream bluet

abstract: The stream bluet is a species of American bluet damselflies in the family Coenagrionidae. Its length is 29–37 mm. Many bluet species prefer ponds and lakes; the stream bluet as its name implies is most at home along moving waters. It can be found along small to medium-sized rivers. It is occasionally found at lakes too. In many species of damselflies the males have a blue tip to the abdomen. Enallagma exsulans is one of those less common cases where the female, too, has a blue abdominal tip. Summertime is the best time to look for stream bluets.

text:
# Stream bluet

The **stream bluet** (*Enallagma exsulans*) is a species of American bluet damselflies in the family Coenagrionidae. Its length is 29–37 mm. Many bluet species prefer ponds and lakes; the stream bluet as its name implies is most at home along moving waters. It can be found along small to medium-sized rivers. It is occasionally found at lakes too. In many species of damselflies the males have a blue tip to the abdomen. *Enallagma exsulans* is one of those less common cases where the female, too, has a blue abdominal tip. Summertime is the best time to look for stream bluets.

## Distribution

## Similar species

Stream bluets look similar to turquoise bluets.

## InfoBox

| Stream bluet | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Odonata |
| Suborder: | Zygoptera |
| Family: | Coenagrionidae |
| Genus: | *Enallagma* |
| Species: | ***E. exsulans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Enallagma exsulans***
(Hagen, 1861) | |
|


title: Pierre Eyt

abstract: Pierre Étienne Louis Eyt S.T.D. was a French cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and Metropolitan Archbishop of Bordeaux and Bazas.

text:
# Pierre Eyt

| Styles of
**Pierre Eyt** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Reference style | His Eminence |
| Spoken style | Your Eminence |
| Informal style | Cardinal |
| See | Bordeaux |

**Pierre Étienne Louis Eyt** S.T.D. (4 June 1934 – 11 June 2001) was a French cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and Metropolitan Archbishop of Bordeaux and Bazas.

## Early life and priesthood

He was born in Laruns, France as the son of Jean Eyt and Josephine Gabastou. He was educated at the Institute of Juridical and Economic Studies in Pau, the Seminary of Pius XI, the Seminary of the Catholic Institute and at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome where he earned his doctorate in theology. He was ordained on 29 June 1961.

After his ordination he did pastoral work in the diocese of Bayonne from 1961 until 1963. He then worked as a faculty member and later vice-rector and then rector of the Catholic Institute of Toulouse and then rector of the Catholic Institute in Paris in 1981. He also served as a member of the International Theological Commission.

## Episcopate

Pope John Paul II appointed him coadjutor Archbishop of Bordeaux on 7 June 1986. He was consecrated on 28 September of that year by Marius Maziers who was assisted by Jean-Marie Lustiger then Archbishop of Paris, and by André Collini, archbishop of Toulouse. He succeeded to the Metropolitan see of Bordeaux on 31 May 1989.

## Cardinalate

He was created and proclaimed Cardinal-Priest of *SS. Trinità al Monte Pincio* in the consistory of 26 November 1994. He died on 11 June 2001 in Bordeaux and is buried at the cemetery of Laruns, where he was born.

## InfoBox

| His Eminence
Pierre Eyt | |
| --- | --- |
| Archbishop of Bordeaux | |
| Church | Roman Catholic Church |
| Archdiocese | Bordeaux |
| See | Bordeaux |
| Appointed | 31 May 1989 |
| Term ended | 11 June 2001 |
| Predecessor | Marius-Félix-Antoine Maziers |
| Successor | Jean-Pierre Ricard |
| Other post(s) | Cardinal-Priest of Santissima Trinità al Monte Pincio (1994-2001) |
| Previous post(s) | Coadjutor Archbishop of Bordeaux (1986-89) |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 29 June 1961
by Paul Joseph Marie Gouyon |
| Consecration | 28 September 1986
by Marius-Félix-Antoine Maziers |
| Created cardinal | 26 November 1994
by Pope John Paul II |
| Rank | Cardinal-Priest |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Pierre Étienne Louis Eyt
4 June 1934
Larnus, Bayonne, French Third Republic |
| Died | 11 June 2001(2001-06-11) (aged 67)
Bordeaux, France |
| Parents | Jean Eyt
Joséphine Gabastou |
| Alma mater | Pontifical Gregorian University |


title: Moimenta de Maceira Dão

abstract: Moimenta de Maceira Dão is a former civil parish in the municipality of Mangualde, Portugal. In 2013, the parish merged into the new parish Moimenta de Maceira Dão e Lobelhe do Mato.

text:
# Moimenta de Maceira Dão

**Moimenta de Maceira Dão** is a former civil parish in the municipality of Mangualde, Portugal. In 2013, the parish merged into the new parish Moimenta de Maceira Dão e Lobelhe do Mato.

## InfoBox

| Moimenta de Maceira Dão | |
| --- | --- |
| Civil parish | |
| Moimenta de Maceira DãoLocation in Portugal | |
| Coordinates: 40°34′48″N 7°48′59″W / 40.58000°N 7.81639°W / 40.58000; -7.81639 | |
| Country | Portugal |
| Region | Centro |
| Intermunic. comm. | Viseu Dão Lafões |
| District | Viseu |
| Municipality | Mangualde |
| Disbanded | 2013 |
| Area | |
| Total | 6.39 km2 (2.47 sq mi) |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 664 |
| Density | 100/km2 (270/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC±00:00 (WET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+01:00 (WEST) |


title: The Way the Crow Flies

abstract: The Way the Crow Flies is the second novel by the Canadian writer and author Ann-Marie MacDonald. It was first published by Knopf Canada in 2003. The story revolves around a fictionalized version of the death of Lynne Harper, and the subsequent murder trial of Steven Truscott. The novel is set in the early 1960s predominantly at the Royal Canadian Air Force Station Centralia located in a small town near London, Ontario. In the story, the character Ricky Froelich, a Métis foster child, is the fictionalized version of Steven Truscott.

text:
# The Way the Crow Flies

***The Way the Crow Flies*** is the second novel by the Canadian writer and author Ann-Marie MacDonald. It was first published by Knopf Canada in 2003. The story revolves around a fictionalized version of the death of Lynne Harper, and the subsequent murder trial of Steven Truscott. The novel is set in the early 1960s predominantly at the Royal Canadian Air Force Station Centralia located in a small town near London, Ontario. In the story, the character Ricky Froelich, a Métis foster child, is the fictionalized version of Steven Truscott.

## Reception

*The Way the Crow Flies* was nominated for the 2003 Scotiabank Giller Prize and for the 2004 Lambda Literary Awards. The Book of the Month club selected it for distribution.

Overall, the book received mostly positive reviews. In *The Guardian*, Aida Edemariam wrote that "the novel is a thriller, too, as tightly wrought and formal as a Hitchcock storyboard, all the way to the sudden vertiginous surprise at the end". However, Edemariam stated, "MacDonald can be heavy-handed with the historical context, especially in the clunky first chapter". Edemariam concluded that "*The Way the Crow Flies* is, in the end, moving and compulsively readable". Writing for the Canadian magazine *Quill & Quire*, Bronwyn Drainie stated that "for the most part, this is an engrossing and ingeniously plotted portrait of a 'perfect' 1960s Canadian family coming to terms with all its imperfections". Drainie wrote that, while "the first three-quarters of *The Way the Crow Flies* are solid and captivating, the final quarter \[is\] a somewhat disappointing and navel-gazing denouement".


title: UNIGIS

abstract: UNIGIS is a worldwide network of universities cooperating since 1992 in the design, development and delivery of distance learning in Geographical Information Science and Systems (GIS). Members of the UNIGIS network offer Postgraduate Certificate, Diploma and Masters courses in GIS by open and distance learning, following the mission of Educating GIS Professionals Worldwide. Members of the UNIGIS network also work together in research and curriculum development activities related to GIS education. Programmes and courses are under continuous development and are currently being offered in English, German, Hungarian, Portuguese, Spanish and Polish languages. UNIGIS each year enrolls more than 600 new students worldwide.

text:
# UNIGIS

**UNIGIS** is a worldwide network of universities cooperating since 1992 in the design, development and delivery of distance learning in *Geographical Information Science and Systems* (GIS). Members of the UNIGIS network offer Postgraduate Certificate, Diploma and Masters courses in GIS by open and distance learning, following the mission of *Educating GIS Professionals Worldwide*.

Members of the UNIGIS network also work together in research and curriculum development activities related to GIS education. Programmes and courses are under continuous development and are currently being offered in English, German, Hungarian, Portuguese, Spanish and Polish languages. UNIGIS each year enrolls more than 600 new students worldwide.

## UNIGIS courses

UNIGIS courses are modular and flexible study programmes. The content varies to meet local student needs. Optional courses give the opportunity to tailor the programme to meet individual student needs, and residential workshops are offered to support areas of the courses. Topics covered in the UNIGIS courses include:

Students use digital and printed study materials including specially developed study notes, guided readings, and practical exercises. Professional GIS software to support practical work is provided at no cost to students. Students are encouraged to use their work experience in the course, and to apply their new knowledge from their study to their work situations.

## Partner institutions

## Social media


title: Vilagrassa

abstract: Vilagrassa is a village in the province of Lleida and autonomous community of Catalonia, Spain.

text:
# Vilagrassa

**Vilagrassa** (Catalan pronunciation: \[ˌbilaˈɣɾasa\]) is a village in the province of Lleida and autonomous community of Catalonia, Spain.

## InfoBox

| Vilagrassa | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| St. Mary's church | |
|  | |
| VilagrassaLocation in Catalonia | |
| Coordinates: 41°39′1″N 1°6′24″E / 41.65028°N 1.10667°E / 41.65028; 1.10667 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Community | Catalonia |
| Province | Lleida |
| Comarca | Urgell |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Jordi Serés Aguilar (2015) |
| Area | |
| Total | 19.9 km2 (7.7 sq mi) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 510 |
| Density | 26/km2 (66/sq mi) |
| Climate | Cfa |
| Website | vilagrassa.cat |


title: Wisconsin Windigo

abstract: The Wisconsin Windigo are a Tier II junior ice hockey team in the North American Hockey League's Midwest Division. Based in Eagle River, Wisconsin, the Windigo play their home games at Eagle River Stadium, affectionately referred to as the "Dome".

text:
# Wisconsin Windigo

The **Wisconsin Windigo** are a Tier II junior ice hockey team in the North American Hockey League's Midwest Division. Based in Eagle River, Wisconsin, the Windigo play their home games at Eagle River Stadium, affectionately referred to as the "Dome".

## History

The franchise was previously known as the New Mexico Mustangs, a team which began in 2010 and played at the Santa Ana Star Center in Rio Rancho, New Mexico. After two seasons, both seeing them finishing in last place in the South Division, the Mustangs announced on May 23, 2012, that they had been granted inactive status and would not compete in the upcoming season.

On December 21, it was announced that the Mustangs' franchise had been acquired by the Minnesota Junior Hockey Group and would relocate to Richfield for the 2013–14 season. The Magicians' name, logo and colors were announced on January 21, 2013.

In March 2014, the team completed its inaugural season of play with 50 points, averaging nearly 700 fans per game. For the 2016–17 season, the league moved the Magicians back to the Midwest Division after one year in the Central.

The Magicians captured their first division championship in 2021 to earn a spot in the Robertson Cup semifinals. The team began their playoff run with a sweep of second place Fairbanks followed by a five-game series victory over Kenai River.

The team announced in March 2022 that it had been sold to Copper Island Hockey Club, LLC and would relocate to Eagle River, Wisconsin for the 2022–23 season. On May 3, the team was announced as the Wisconsin Windigo.

## Season-by-season records

| Season | GP | W | L | OTL | PTS | GF | GA | PIM | Finish | Playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *New Mexico Mustangs* | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2010–11 | 58 | 19 | 35 | 4 | 42 | 141 | 220 | 1268 | 6th of 6, South | Did not qualify |
| 2011–12 | 60 | 18 | 39 | 3 | 39 | 166 | 269 | 947 | 7th of 7, South | Did not qualify |
| *Minnesota Magicians* | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2013–14 | 60 | 21 | 31 | 8 | 50 | 143 | 193 | 1045 | 6th of 6, Midwest | Did not qualify |
| 2014–15 | 60 | 21 | 35 | 4 | 46 | 160 | 221 | 1062 | 4th of 5, Midwest | Lost first round, 0–3 vs Fairbanks Ice Dogs |
| 2015–16 | 60 | 24 | 28 | 8 | 56 | 164 | 198 | 936 | 5th of 6, Central | Did not qualify |
| 2016–17 | 60 | 31 | 22 | 7 | 69 | 180 | 169 | 691 | 3rd of 6, Midwest | Lost division semifinals, 0–3 vs Fairbanks Ice Dogs |
| 2017–18 | 60 | 28 | 24 | 8 | 64 | 164 | 183 | 789 | 4th of 6, Midwest | Lost division semifinals, 0–3 vs Fairbanks Ice Dogs |
| 2018–19 | 60 | 36 | 21 | 3 | 75 | 175 | 154 | 1347 | 2nd of 6, Midwest | Won division semifinals, 3–1 vs Springfield Jr. Blues
Lost division finals, 0–3 vs Fairbanks Ice Dogs |
| 2019–20 | 53 | 21 | 23 | 9 | 51 | 143 | 173 | 554 | 4th of 6, Midwest | Season cancelled due to COVID-19 |
| 2020–21 | 48 | 24 | 21 | 3 | 51 | 144 | 153 | 589 | 3rd of 5, Midwest | Won division semifinals, 3–0 vs Fairbanks Ice Dogs
**Won division finals, 3–2** vs Kenai River Brown Bears
Lost Robertson Cup semifinal, 0–2 vs Aberdeen Wings |
| 2021–22 | 60 | 25 | 26 | 9 | 59 | 197 | 231 | 1002 | 6th of 8, Midwest | Did not qualify |
| *Wisconsin Windigo* | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2022–23 | 60 | 39 | 18 | 3 | 81 | 210 | 147 | 829 | **1st of 8, Midwest**
4th of 29 NAHL | Won division semifinals, 3–0 vs Chippewa Steel
lost division finals 1-3 vs Minnesota Wilderness |
| 2023-24 | 60 | 39 | 15 | 6 | 84 | 224 | 146 | 929 | 2nd of 8, Midwest
6th of 32 NAHL | Won Div. Semi-Finals, 3-0 vs. Janesville Jets
Lost Div. Finals, 0-3 vs. Anchorage Wolverines |

## Coaches and staff

As of July 2024

* Head coach: John Mitchell
* GM: Chris Hedlund
* Assistant coaches: Bryce Reddick
* Owners: Copper Island Hockey Club, LLC - David Rowe – Co-owner and Managing Partner
* Vice President: Kevin Ingvalson
* Former owners: Ron Beran, Scott Krueger, Joe Pankratz
Scott Meyer (2013–2018), A.J. Bucchino (2018–2021)

## InfoBox

| Wisconsin Windigo | |
| --- | --- |
| City | Eagle River, Wisconsin |
| League | North American Hockey League |
| Division | Midwest |
| Founded | 2010 |
| Home arena | Eagle River Stadium |
| Colors | Blue, black, and grey
 |
| Owner(s) | Copper Island Hockey Club LLC |
| General manager | Chris Hedlund |
| Head coach | Blake Hietala
(Hired 2022) |
| Franchise history | |
| 2010–2012 | New Mexico Mustangs |
| 2013–2022 | Minnesota Magicians |
| 2022–present | **Wisconsin Windigo** |


title: Thomas J. D. Fuller

abstract: Thomas James Duncan Fuller was a United States representative from Maine.

text:
# Thomas J. D. Fuller

**Thomas James Duncan Fuller** (March 17, 1808 – February 13, 1876) was a United States representative from Maine.

## Early life

Fuller was born in Hardwick, Vermont, on March 17, 1808. He was the oldest of four children born to Martin Fuller (1780–1816) and Letitia (Duncan) Fuller (1780–1817), and following the deaths of his parents he was raised by relatives while attending the common schools of Caldeonia County.

## Start of career

Fuller studied law with Isaac Fletcher at the same time as Thomas Bartlett Jr. He was admitted to the bar in 1833 and moved to Calais, Maine, to enter into a law partnership with George M. Chase, who had also studied under Fletcher before moving to Maine. Fuller had been active in the Democratic-Republican Party (then called Republican, later called Democratic) while living in Vermont, and continued that affiliation in Maine. After moving to Maine, Fuller was also active in the state militia, and served as judge advocate of the militia's 7th Division.

## Congressman

He was elected as a Democrat to the 31st Congress. He was reelected three times, and served from March 4, 1849, to March 3, 1857. He was chairman of the Committee on Commerce in the 33rd Congress. His opponent James A. Milliken contested Fuller's 1854 reelection, but the House ruled that Fuller was entitled to the seat.

In Congress, Fuller aligned himself with northern Democrats who supported concessions on the slavery question as a way to keep the southern states from seceding. He voted in favor of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. He offered an amendment to the Kansas–Nebraska Act which would have left to the territorial legislatures rather than the federal government the decision on whether to allow slavery, in effect allowing slavery north of the Mason–Dixon line. The amendment failed to pass, and Fuller voted against passage of the final bill.

At the same time he advocated for concessions on slavery, Fuller also made contributions to the American Colonization Society, believing that repatriation of slaves to Africa could also be a way to prevent secession. As Maine turned increasingly against slavery and the newly-formed Republican Party gained influence, Fuller was increasingly out of step with his constituents. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1856.

## Later life

He was appointed by President James Buchanan as Second Auditor of the Treasury and served from April 15, 1857, to August 3, 1861. He then engaged in the practice of law before the United States Supreme Court and the Court of Claims in Washington, D.C. During the American Civil War, Fuller supported the Union, and was active in the Maine Soldiers' Relief Association.

## Death and burial

He died near Upperville, Virginia, on February 13, 1876, after having become ill while visiting his son. His was buried at Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington, D.C.

## Family

In 1836, Fuller married Elizabeth Titcomb, who died in 1864. In 1869, he married Jane (Jennie) Elizabeth Doolittle (1840–1923). With his first wife, he was the father of son William (1837–1886), a graduate of the United States Military Academy who served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. His son with his second wife, Thomas J. D. Fuller Jr. (1870–1940), a prominent Washington, DC architect.

## InfoBox

| Thomas J. D. Fuller | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Maine's 6th district | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1853  March 3, 1857 | |
| Preceded by | Israel Washburn Jr. |
| Succeeded by | Stephen Clark Foster |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Maine's 7th district | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1849  March 3, 1853 | |
| Preceded by | Hezekiah Williams |
| Succeeded by | *District abolished* |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1808-03-17)March 17, 1808
Hardwick, Vermont |
| Died | February 13, 1876(1876-02-13) (aged 67)
Upperville, Virginia |
| Resting place | Oak Hill Cemetery, Washington, D.C. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse(s) | Elizabeth Titcomb (m. 1836-1840, her death)
Jane (Jennie) Elizabeth Doolittle (m. 1869-1876, his death) |
| Children | 2 |
| Profession | Attorney |
|  | |


title: Aasta O'Connor

abstract: Aasta O'Connor is a retired Australian rules footballer who played as a ruck for Western Bulldogs and for Geelong in the AFL Women's competition. She is also a member of the Darebin Falcons' VFL Women's team.

text:
# Aasta O'Connor

**Aasta O'Connor** (born 21 June 1987) is a retired Australian rules footballer who played as a ruck for Western Bulldogs and for Geelong in the AFL Women's competition. She is also a member of the Darebin Falcons' VFL Women's team.

## Early life

O'Connor was born in Brisbane and raised on the Sunshine Coast, Queensland. She attended Immanuel Lutheran College throughout her upbringing and began playing football for the Northshore Jets under 10s mixed team in the local Sunshine Coast junior league. At the age of 18, O'Connor moved to Brisbane and began playing top level QAFLW football for the Logan Cobras. Her stint with Logan included four premierships, five Queensland state representative appearances and three All-Australian honours. In 2010, she decided to relocate to Victoria and began playing for the Darebin Falcons in the VFLW. Her time with Darebin included a further four premierships and state representative honours for Victoria.

## Achievements

O'Connor is a four time premiership player with the Darebin Falcons, four time premiership player with Logan Cobras FC (QLD), Lisa Hardman medallist, 2 time Cath Wotton medallist, Vic rep at the first female AFL AIS squad in 2011. She was also the twelfth draft pick for the AFLW, but was limited to four games in the 2017 season due to a knee injury.

The Western Bulldogs signed O'Connor for the 2018 season during the trade period in May 2017.

In May 2018, O'Connor accepted an offer from expansion club Geelong to play with the club in the 2019 AFL Women's season. In March 2021, O'Connor announced her retirement.

## Personal life

Off the field, O'Connor is manager and coach at the AFL Women's Academy and lives in Abbotsford, Victoria with her partner, fellow AFLW player Kate Tyndall.

## Statistics

*Statistics are correct to the end of the 2018 season*

**Legend**
| G | Goals | K | Kicks | D | Disposals | T | Tackles |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| B | Behinds | H | Handballs | M | Marks | H/O | Hit-outs |

| Season | Team | No. | Games | Totals | | | | | | | | Averages (per game) | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | G | B | K | H | D | M | T | H/O | G | B | K | H | D | M | T | H/O |
| 2017 | Western Bulldogs | 4 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 9 | 14 | 23 | 4 | 6 | 24 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 3.5 | 5.8 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 6.0 |
| 2018 | Western Bulldogs | 4 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 40 | 23 | 63 | 21 | 16 | 82 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 5.0 | 2.9 | 7.9 | 2.6 | 2.0 | 10.3 |
| Career | | | 12 | 3 | 0 | 49 | 37 | 86 | 25 | 22 | 106 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 4.1 | 3.1 | 7.2 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 8.8 |

## InfoBox

| Aasta O'Connor | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| O'Connor with Geelong in February 2020 | | | |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1987-06-21) 21 June 1987 | | |
| Place of birth | Brisbane | | |
| Original team(s) | Darebin Falcons (VWFL) | | |
| Draft | No. 12, 2016 AFL Women's draft | | |
| Debut | Round 1, 2017, Western Bulldogs vs. Fremantle, at VU Whitten Oval | | |
| Height | 182 cm (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Ruck | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 2017–2018 | Western Bulldogs | 12 (3) |
| 2019–2021 | Geelong | 20 (1) |
| Total |  | **32 (4)** |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of the 2021 season. | | | |
| Source: AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Thomas Young (scientist)

abstract: Thomas Young FRS was a British polymath who made notable contributions to the fields of vision, light, solid mechanics, energy, physiology, language, musical harmony, and Egyptology. He was instrumental in the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs, specifically the Rosetta Stone. Young has been described as "The Last Man Who Knew Everything". His work influenced that of William Herschel, Hermann von Helmholtz, James Clerk Maxwell, and Albert Einstein. Young is credited with establishing Christiaan Huygens' wave theory of light, in contrast to the corpuscular theory of Isaac Newton. Young's work was subsequently supported by the work of Augustin-Jean Fresnel.

text:
# Thomas Young (scientist)

**Thomas Young** FRS (13 June 1773  10 May 1829) was a British polymath who made notable contributions to the fields of vision, light, solid mechanics, energy, physiology, language, musical harmony, and Egyptology. He was instrumental in the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs, specifically the Rosetta Stone.

Young has been described as "The Last Man Who Knew Everything". His work influenced that of William Herschel, Hermann von Helmholtz, James Clerk Maxwell, and Albert Einstein. Young is credited with establishing Christiaan Huygens' wave theory of light, in contrast to the corpuscular theory of Isaac Newton. Young's work was subsequently supported by the work of Augustin-Jean Fresnel.

## Personal life

Young belonged to a Quaker family of Milverton, Somerset, where he was born in 1773, the eldest of ten children. By the age of fourteen, Young had learned Greek, Latin, French, Italian, Syriac, Samaritan Hebrew, Arabic, Biblical Aramaic, Persian, Turkish, and Ge'ez.

Young began to study medicine in London at St Bartholomew's Hospital in 1792, moved to the University of Edinburgh Medical School in 1794, and a year later went to Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany, where he obtained the degree of doctor of medicine in 1796 from the University of Göttingen. In 1797 he entered Emmanuel College, Cambridge. In the same year he inherited the estate of his grand-uncle, Richard Brocklesby, which made him financially independent, and in 1799 he established himself as a physician at 48 Welbeck Street, London (now recorded with a blue plaque). Young published many of his first academic articles anonymously to protect his reputation as a physician.

In 1801, Young was appointed professor of natural philosophy (mainly physics) at the Royal Institution. In two years, he delivered 91 lectures. In 1802, he was appointed foreign secretary of the Royal Society, of which he had been elected a fellow in 1794. He resigned his professorship in 1803, fearing that its duties would interfere with his medical practice. His lectures were published in 1807 in the *Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy* and contain a number of anticipations of later theories.

In 1811, Young became physician to St George's Hospital, and in 1814 he served on a committee appointed to consider the dangers involved in the general introduction of gas for lighting into London. In 1816 he was secretary of a commission charged with ascertaining the precise length of the seconds pendulum (the length of a pendulum whose period is exactly 2 seconds), and in 1818 he became secretary to the Board of Longitude and superintendent of the HM Nautical Almanac Office.

Young was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1822. A few years before his death he became interested in life insurance, and in 1827 he was chosen as one of the eight foreign associates of the French Academy of Sciences. In the same year he became a first class corresponding member, living abroad, of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands. In 1828, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

In 1804, Young married Eliza Maxwell. They had no children.

Young died in his 56th year in London on 10 May 1829, having suffered recurrent attacks of "asthma". His autopsy revealed atherosclerosis of the aorta. His body was buried in the graveyard of St. Giles Church at Farnborough, in the county of Kent. Westminster Abbey houses a white marble tablet in memory of Young, bearing an epitaph by Hudson Gurney:

> Sacred to the memory of Thomas Young, M.D., Fellow and Foreign Secretary of the Royal Society Member of the National Institute of France; a man alike eminent in almost every department of human learning. Patient of unintermitted labour, endowed with the faculty of intuitive perception, who, bringing an equal mastery to the most abstruse investigations of letters and of science, first established the undulatory theory of light, and first penetrated the obscurity which had veiled for ages the hieroglyphs of Egypt. Endeared to his friends by his domestic virtues, honoured by the World for his unrivalled acquirements, he died in the hopes of the Resurrection of the just. —Born at Milverton, in Somersetshire, 13 June 1773. Died in Park Square, London, 10 May 1829, in the 56th year of his age.

Young was highly regarded by his friends and colleagues. He was said never to impose his knowledge, but if asked was able to answer even the most difficult scientific question with ease. Although very learned he had a reputation for sometimes having difficulty in communicating his knowledge. It was said by one of his contemporaries that, "His words were not those in familiar use, and the arrangement of his ideas seldom the same as those he conversed with. He was therefore worse calculated than any man I ever knew for the communication of knowledge."

### Religious views

Though he sometimes dealt with religious topics of history in Egypt and wrote about the history of Christianity in Nubia, not much is known about Young's personal religious views. On George Peacock's account, Young never spoke to him about morals, metaphysics or religion, though according to Young's wife, his attitudes showed that "his Quaker upbringing had strongly influenced his religious practices." Authoritative sources have described Young in terms of a cultural Christian Quaker.

Hudson Gurney informed that before his marriage, Young had to join the Church of England, and was baptized later. Gurney stated that Young "retained a good deal of his old creed, and carried to his scriptural studies his habit of inquisition of languages and manners," rather than the habit of proselytism. Yet, the day before his death, Young participated in religious sacraments; as reported in David Brewster's *Edinburgh Journal of Science*: "After some information concerning his affairs, and some instructions concerning the hierographical papers in his hands, he said that, perfectly aware of his situation, he had taken the sacraments of the church on the day preceding. His religious sentiments were by himself stated to be liberal, though orthodox. He had extensively studied the Scriptures, of which the precepts were deeply impressed upon his mind from his earliest years; and he evidenced the faith which he professed; in an unbending course of usefulness and rectitude."

## Research

### Wave theory of light

In Young's own judgment, of his many achievements the most important was to establish the wave theory of light set out by Christiaan Huygens in his *Treatise on Light* (1690). To do so, he had to overcome the century-old view, expressed in the venerable Newton's *Opticks*, that light is a particle. Nevertheless, in the early 19th century Young put forth a number of theoretical reasons supporting the wave theory of light, and he developed two enduring demonstrations to support this viewpoint. With the ripple tank he demonstrated the idea of interference in the context of water waves. With Young's interference experiment, the predecessor of the double-slit experiment, he demonstrated interference in the context of light as a wave.

Young, speaking on 24 November 1803, to the Royal Society of London, began his now-classic description of the historic experiment:

> The experiments I am about to relate ... may be repeated with great ease, whenever the sun shines, and without any other apparatus than is at hand to every one.

In his subsequent paper, titled *Experiments and Calculations Relative to Physical Optics* (1804), Young describes an experiment in which he placed a card measuring approximately 0.85 millimetres (0.033 in) in a beam of light from a single opening in a window and observed the fringes of colour in the shadow and to the sides of the card. He observed that placing another card in front or behind the narrow strip so as to prevent the light beam from striking one of its edges caused the fringes to disappear. This supported the contention that light is composed of waves.

Young performed and analysed a number of experiments, including interference of light from reflection off nearby pairs of micrometre grooves, from reflection off thin films of soap and oil, and from Newton's rings. He also performed two important diffraction experiments using fibres and long narrow strips. In his *Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts* (1807) he gives Grimaldi credit for first observing the fringes in the shadow of an object placed in a beam of light. Within ten years, much of Young's work was reproduced and then extended by Augustin-Jean Fresnel.

### Young's modulus

Young described the characterization of elasticity that came to be known as Young's modulus, denoted as *E*, in 1807, and further described it in his *Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts*. However, the first use of the concept of Young's modulus in experiments was by Giordano Riccati in 1782—predating Young by 25 years. Furthermore, the idea can be traced to a paper by Leonhard Euler published in 1727, some 80 years before Thomas Young's 1807 paper.

The Young's modulus relates the stress (pressure) in a body to its associated strain (change in length as a ratio of the original length); that is, stress = *E* × strain, for a uniaxially loaded specimen. Young's modulus is independent of the component under investigation; that is, it is an inherent material property (the term modulus refers to an inherent material property). Young's Modulus allowed, for the first time, prediction of the strain in a component subject to a known stress (and vice versa). Prior to Young's contribution, engineers were required to apply Hooke's F = kx relationship to identify the deformation (x) of a body subject to a known load (F), where the constant (k) is a function of both the geometry and material under consideration. Finding k required physical testing for any new component, as the F = kx relationship is a function of both geometry and material. Young's Modulus depends only on the material, not its geometry, thus allowing a revolution in engineering strategies.

Young's problems in sometimes not expressing himself clearly were shown by his own definition of the modulus: "The modulus of the elasticity of any substance is a column of the same substance, capable of producing a pressure on its base which is to the weight causing a certain degree of compression as the length of the substance is to the diminution of its length." When this explanation was put to the Lords of the Admiralty, their clerk wrote to Young saying "Though science is much respected by their Lordships and your paper is much esteemed, it is too learned ... in short it is not understood."

### Vision and colour theory

Young has also been called the founder of physiological optics. In 1793 he explained the mode in which the eye accommodates itself to vision at different distances as depending on change of the curvature of the crystalline lens; in 1801 he was the first to describe astigmatism; and in his lectures he presented the hypothesis, afterwards developed by Hermann von Helmholtz, (the Young–Helmholtz theory), that colour perception depends on the presence in the retina of three kinds of nerve fibres. This foreshadowed the modern understanding of colour vision, in particular the finding that the eye does indeed have three colour receptors which are sensitive to different wavelength ranges.

### Young–Laplace equation

In 1804, Young developed the theory of capillary phenomena on the principle of surface tension. He also observed the constancy of the angle of contact of a liquid surface with a solid, and showed how from these two principles to deduce the phenomena of capillary action. In 1805, Pierre-Simon Laplace, the French philosopher, discovered the significance of meniscus radii with respect to capillary action.

In 1830, Carl Friedrich Gauss, the German mathematician, unified the work of these two scientists to derive the Young–Laplace equation, the formula that describes the capillary pressure difference sustained across the interface between two static fluids.

Young was the first to define the term "energy" in the modern sense. He also did work on the theory of tides paralleling that of Laplace and anticipating more well-known work by Airy.

### Young's equation and Young–Dupré equation

Young's equation describes the contact angle of a liquid drop on a plane solid surface as a function of the surface free energy, the interfacial free energy and the surface tension of the liquid. Young's equation was developed further some 60 years later by Dupré to account for thermodynamic effects, and this is known as the Young–Dupré equation.

### Medicine

In physiology Young made an important contribution to haemodynamics in the Croonian lecture for 1808 on the "Functions of the Heart and Arteries," where he derived a formula for the wave speed of the pulse and his medical writings included *An Introduction to Medical Literature*, including a *System of Practical Nosology* (1813) and *A Practical and Historical Treatise on Consumptive Diseases* (1815).

Young devised a rule of thumb for determining a child's drug dosage. Young's Rule states that the child dosage is equal to the adult dosage multiplied by the child's age in years, divided by the sum of 12 plus the child's age.

### Languages

In an appendix to his 1796 Göttingen dissertation *De corporis hvmani viribvs conservatricibvs* there are four pages added proposing a universal phonetic alphabet (so as 'not to leave these pages blank'; lit.: "Ne vacuae starent hae paginae, libuit e praelectione ante disputationem habenda tabellam literarum vniuersalem raptim describere"). It includes 16 "pure" vowel symbols, nasal vowels, various consonants, and examples of these, drawn primarily from French and English.

In his *Encyclopædia Britannica* article "Languages", Young compared the grammar and vocabulary of 400 languages. In a separate work in 1813, he introduced the term Indo-European languages, 165 years after the Dutch linguist and scholar Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn proposed the grouping to which this term refers in 1647.

### Egyptian hieroglyphs

Young made significant contributions to the decipherment of ancient Egyptian writing systems. He started his Egyptology work rather late, in 1813, when the work was already in progress among other researchers.

He began by using an Egyptian demotic alphabet of 29 letters built up by Johan David Åkerblad in 1802 (14 turned out to be incorrect). Åkerblad was correct in stressing the importance of the demotic text in trying to read the inscriptions, but he wrongly believed that demotic was entirely alphabetic.

By 1814 Young had completely translated the "enchorial" text of the Rosetta Stone (using a list with 86 demotic words), and then studied the hieroglyphic alphabet but initially failed to recognise that the demotic and hieroglyphic texts were paraphrases and not simple translations.

There was considerable rivalry between Young and Jean-François Champollion while both were working on hieroglyphic decipherment. At first they briefly cooperated in their work, but later, from around 1815, a chill arose between them. For many years they kept details of their work away from each other.

Some of Young's conclusions appeared in the famous article "Egypt" he wrote for the 1818 edition of the *Encyclopædia Britannica*.

When Champollion finally published a translation of the hieroglyphs and the key to the grammatical system in 1822, Young (and many others) praised his work. Nevertheless, a year later Young published an *Account of the Recent Discoveries in Hieroglyphic Literature and Egyptian Antiquities*, with the aim of having his own work recognised as the basis for Champollion's system.

Young had correctly found the sound value of six hieroglyphic signs, but had not deduced the grammar of the language. Young himself acknowledged that he was somewhat at a disadvantage because Champollion's knowledge of the relevant languages, such as Coptic, was much greater.

Several scholars have suggested that Young's true contribution to Egyptology was his decipherment of the demotic script. He made the first major advances in this area; he also correctly identified demotic as being composed by both ideographic and phonetic signs.

Subsequently, Young felt that Champollion was unwilling to share the credit for the decipherment. In the ensuing controversy, strongly motivated by the political tensions of that time, the British tended to champion Young, while the French mostly championed Champollion. Champollion did acknowledge some of Young's contribution, but rather sparingly. However, after 1826, when Champollion was a curator in the Louvre, he did offer Young access to demotic manuscripts.

In England, while Sir George Lewis still doubted Champollion's achievement as late as 1862, others were more accepting. For example, Reginald Poole, and Sir Peter Le Page Renouf both defended Champollion.

### Music

Young developed Young temperament, a method of tuning musical instruments.

## Legacy

Later scholars and scientists have praised Young's work although they may know him only through achievements he made in their fields. His contemporary Sir John Herschel called him a "truly original genius". Albert Einstein praised him in the 1931 foreword to an edition of Isaac Newton's *Opticks*. Other admirers include physicist Lord Rayleigh and Nobel Physics laureate Philip Anderson.

Thomas Young's name has been adopted as the name of the London-based Thomas Young Centre, an alliance of academic research groups engaged in the theory and simulation of materials.

Young Sound in eastern Greenland was named in his honour by William Scoresby (1789–1857).

## Selected writings

**Works cited**

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Thomas YoungFRS | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait by Henry Perronet Briggs, 1822 | |
| Born | (1773-06-13)13 June 1773
Milverton, Somerset, England |
| Died | 10 May 1829(1829-05-10) (aged 55)
London, England |
| Alma mater | University of Edinburgh Medical School
University of Göttingen
Emmanuel College, Cambridge |
| Known for | Wave theory of light
Double-slit experiment
Astigmatism
Young–Dupré equation
Young–Helmholtz theory
Young–Laplace equation
Young temperament
Young's modulus
Young's rule |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Physics
Physiology
Egyptology |
|  | |
| Signature | |
|  | |


title: Thomas Young (entrepreneur)

abstract: Thomas Young was a British entrepreneur from Sunderland, England, who founded the Young Electric Sign Company.

text:
# Thomas Young (entrepreneur)

**Thomas Young** (May 26, 1895  September 11, 1971) was a British entrepreneur from Sunderland, England, who founded the Young Electric Sign Company.

## Biography

He was born on May 26, 1895, in Sunderland, England.

Young's family converted to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in his infancy. At age 15, Young and his family sailed from Liverpool, England, to Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and continued on to Ogden, Utah, United States, by train.

Young founded the Thomas Young Sign Company on March 20, 1920, in Ogden, Utah. Soon thereafter, Young changed the company name to Young Electric Sign Company. In 1931 he realized that with the start of the construction of Boulder Dam there would be enough electricity for Las Vegas, where gambling was now legal.

Young and his company specialized in neon signs built for businesses throughout the intermountain west and Las Vegas. He and his company created many of the famous signs in Las Vegas, Nevada, such as the Circus Circus clown sign and the Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign (created by Western Neon later acquired by YESCO.

He died on September 11, 1971, in Salt Lake City, Utah.

## InfoBox

| Thomas Young | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1895-05-26)May 26, 1895
Sunderland, England, United Kingdom |
| Died | September 11, 1971(1971-09-11) (aged 76)
Salt Lake City, Utah, United States |
| Nationality | English |
| Occupation | Founder of the Young Electric Sign Company |
| Years active | 1920–1971 |
| Spouse | Elmina Carlisle |
| Parent(s) | George W. Young
Emily Tate Young |
| Website | YESCO.com |


title: Thomas P. Bernstein

abstract: Thomas Paul Bernstein is an American political scientist and specialist in the Chinese political economy and communist systems. He is an emeritus professor at Columbia University.

text:
# Thomas P. Bernstein

**Thomas Paul Bernstein** (born April 11, 1937) is an American political scientist and specialist in the Chinese political economy and communist systems. He is an emeritus professor at Columbia University.

## Biography

Bernstein earned his Ph.D. from Columbia University and joined the Columbia faculty in 1975. Bernstein has written about the collectivization of agriculture in the Soviet Union and China, state-peasant relations, economic growth during China's reform and opening period, and Sino-Soviet relations. He served as two-time chairman of Columbia's department of political science and retired from teaching in 2007.

Bernstein received a 1981 Guggenheim Fellowship.

## InfoBox

| Thomas P. Bernstein | |
| --- | --- |
| Awards | Guggenheim Fellowship (1981) |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Education |  |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Comparative politics |
| Institutions |  |
|  | |


title: Thomas Wing (politician)

abstract: Thomas Edward Wing was a Liberal Party politician in the United Kingdom. He was elected at the January 1910 general election as Member of Parliament (MP) for Grimsby, but lost that seat at the general election in December 1910. He was returned to Parliament as MP for Houghton-le-Spring in County Durham at a by-election in 1913 following the death of the Liberal MP Robert Cameron. He was defeated again at the 1918 general election, this time by the Labour candidate Robert Richardson. After his defeat, he unsuccessfully contested the Dartford by-election in 1920. He also stood in Spennymoor at the 1922 election, Grimsby for the 1924 general election and in Houghton-le-Spring for the 1929 election but never returned to the House of Commons.

text:
# Thomas Wing (politician)

**Thomas Edward Wing** (12 August 1853 – 12 May 1935) was a Liberal Party politician in the United Kingdom.

He was elected at the January 1910 general election as Member of Parliament (MP) for Grimsby, but lost that seat at the general election in December 1910.

He was returned to Parliament as MP for Houghton-le-Spring in County Durham at a by-election in 1913 following the death of the Liberal MP Robert Cameron. He was defeated again at the 1918 general election, this time by the Labour candidate Robert Richardson.

After his defeat, he unsuccessfully contested the Dartford by-election in 1920. He also stood in Spennymoor at the 1922 election, Grimsby for the 1924 general election and in Houghton-le-Spring for the 1929 election but never returned to the House of Commons.

* Craig, F. W. S. (1983) \[1969\]. *British parliamentary election results 1918-1949* (3rd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. ISBN 0-900178-06-X.
* Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs


title: Thomas Bishop (MP)

abstract: Thomas Bishop was an English politician who was a Member of the Parliament (MP) for Gatton in 1542. Nothing is known of Bishop before 1527, by which time he was a clerk to Sir William Shelley, recorder of London. Admitted to the Inner Temple, by 1528 he was prothonotary to the sheriff's court in London. In 1533 he was granted the lease of the rectory of Henfield, Sussex by Robert Sherborne, bishop of Chichester for whom he acted as lawyer. He was elected to parliament in 1542 for Gatton, Surrey through the patronage of Sir William's daughter Elizabeth, who had married Robert Copley of Gatton. He married Elizabeth, illegitimate daughter and co-heiress of Sir Edward Belknap, Shelley's brother-in-law, and widow of Walter Scott of Stapleford Tawney and Woolston, Essex. by whom she had issue. He was the father of Sir Thomas Bishopp, 1st Baronet. There is a memorial to him in Henfield church.

text:
# Thomas Bishop (MP)

**Thomas Bishop** (by 15061560) was an English politician who was a Member of the Parliament (MP) for Gatton in 1542.

Nothing is known of Bishop before 1527, by which time he was a clerk to Sir William Shelley, recorder of London. Admitted to the Inner Temple, by 1528 he was prothonotary to the sheriff's court in London. In 1533 he was granted the lease of the rectory of Henfield, Sussex by Robert Sherborne, bishop of Chichester for whom he acted as lawyer. He was elected to parliament in 1542 for Gatton, Surrey through the patronage of Sir William's daughter Elizabeth, who had married Robert Copley of Gatton.

He married Elizabeth, illegitimate daughter and co-heiress of Sir Edward Belknap (d. 1521), Shelley's brother-in-law, and widow of Walter Scott (d. 1550) of Stapleford Tawney and Woolston, Essex. by whom she had issue. He was the father of Sir Thomas Bishopp, 1st Baronet.

There is a memorial to him in Henfield church.


title: Thongsuk Sampahungsith

abstract: Thongsuk Sampahungsith is a Thai football coach.

text:
# Thongsuk Sampahungsith

**Thongsuk Sampahungsith** is a Thai football coach.

## Honours

*International*

*Bangkok F.C.*

*

## InfoBox

Thongsuk Sampahungsith
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Thongsuk Sampahungsith | | |
| Date of birth | (1953-04-03) 3 April 1953 | | |
| Place of birth | Bangkok, Thailand | | |
| Managerial career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | | |
| 1993–2000 | Thai Farmer Bank (assistant) | | |
| 2007 | Thailand U-23 | | |
| 2009 | PEA | | |
| 2010–2012 | Bangkok | | |
| 2014 | Krabi | | |
| 2016 | Super Power Samut Prakan (assistant) | | |
| 2017– | Police Tero (technical director) | | |
| Medal record      Thailand under-23  Sea Games  Sea Games 2007 Football | | | |
| ‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of September 15, 2012 | | | |


title: Thomas Cundy III

abstract: Thomas Cundy III was a British architect. He joined his father's practice in the 1840s and was also surveyor of the Grosvenor Estate, London. He retired from that post in 1890, and was succeeded by Eustace Balfour. He and his father were jointly responsible for a number of Gothic churches, including St Barnabas, Pimlico. On his own account he designed London terraces outside of the Grosvenor estate in an Italianate style, including Cornwall Gardens and parts of Queen's Gate, both in Kensington. He designed 6-16 Grosvenor Place,(41 Chapel Street) in the French renaissance style, for Grosvenor in 1868. Cundy also designed the three arched entrances of Kynance Mews. He is buried in Brompton Cemetery, London.

text:
# Thomas Cundy III

**Thomas Cundy III** ( Thomas de Candie, 17 October 1821  4 November 1895) was a British architect. He joined his father's practice in the 1840s and was also surveyor of the Grosvenor Estate, London. He retired from that post in 1890, and was succeeded by Eustace Balfour.

He and his father were jointly responsible for a number of Gothic churches, including St Barnabas, Pimlico. On his own account he designed London terraces outside of the Grosvenor estate in an Italianate style, including Cornwall Gardens and parts of Queen's Gate, both in Kensington. He designed 6-16 Grosvenor Place,(41 Chapel Street) in the French renaissance style, for Grosvenor in 1868. Cundy also designed the three arched entrances of Kynance Mews.

He is buried in Brompton Cemetery, London.


title: Thor III

abstract: The THOR III is man-portable, counter-radio-controlled improvised explosive device (IED) jammer built by Sierra Nevada Corp, designed to counter specifically Radio Controlled Improvised Explosive Devices (RCIED). It was employed by the U.S. Army, U.S. Marine Corps, and partnered Afghan National Army soldiers in Afghanistan. Sierra Nevada received the initial contract in December 2007. This system uses three transceivers mounted on backpacks to jam radio-controlled IEDs; each of the three different transceivers jams a different frequency bandwidth. Power requirements: Low-band, 2.5amps; Mid-band, 4.0amps; High-band, 5.0amps.

text:
# Thor III

The **THOR III** is man-portable, counter-radio-controlled improvised explosive device (IED) jammer built by Sierra Nevada Corp, designed to counter specifically Radio Controlled Improvised Explosive Devices (RCIED). It was employed by the U.S. Army, U.S. Marine Corps, and partnered Afghan National Army soldiers in Afghanistan. Sierra Nevada received the initial contract in December 2007. This system uses three transceivers mounted on backpacks to jam radio-controlled IEDs; each of the three different transceivers jams a different frequency bandwidth (Low, Mid, and High). Power requirements: Low-band, 2.5amps; Mid-band, 4.0amps; High-band, 5.0amps.

## InfoBox

| THOR III | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type | Counter radio-controlled IED jamming device |
| Place of origin | United States |
| Service history | |
| Used by | US Armed Forces |
| Wars | War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) |
| Production history | |
| Manufacturer | Sierra Nevada Corporation |
| Produced | 2009 |
| Specifications | |
| Crew | Carried by 1 soldier |


title: Thomas Somerset (MP for Oxford)

abstract: Thomas Somerset or Pophull was an English politician and draper.

text:
# Thomas Somerset (MP for Oxford)

**Thomas Somerset** or **Pophull** (fl. 1379–1393, died between 1396 and 1399) was an English politician and draper.

## Family

Somerset lived in St. Martin's parish, near Carfax, Oxford, with his wife, Helen, and their one son. Helen died in 1399. Somerset was last recorded in 1396. There is no record of their son after their deaths.

## Career

He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Oxford in 1379 and February 1388. He was Mayor of Oxford in 1392–93.


title: Thomas Toth

abstract: Thomas Toth is a Canadian long-distance runner from Lakefield, Ontario who now lives in Plaistow, New Hampshire.

text:
# Thomas Toth

**Thomas Toth** is a Canadian long-distance runner from Lakefield, Ontario who now lives in Plaistow, New Hampshire.

## College career

He competed for Cameron University where he earned All-Conference, All Region, All-American honors, along with winning the LSC Conference Championship.

## International career

He competed at the 2017 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, finishing in 105th place in Kampala, Uganda.

Toth debuted at a half marathon in Houston, Texas in January 2016. In his debut Toth managed a 64:26 to qualify for the world half marathon championships to take place in Cardiff, Wales, the 9th fastest in Canadian history.

Toth holds a qualifying time for the 2017 World Championships in Athletics.

He went on to place 54th at the world championships in England and placed as the top Canadian.

Toth won his first national title at the half marathon distance in only his second attempt at 21.1 km.


title: Thomas Tooke

abstract: Thomas Tooke was an English economist known for writing on money and economic statistics. After Tooke's death the Statistical Society endowed the Tooke Chair of economics at King's College London, and a Tooke Prize. In business, he served several terms between 1840 and 1852 as governor of the Royal Exchange Corporation. Likewise, he served for several terms as chairman of the St Katharine's Docks company. He was also an early director of the London and Birmingham Railway.

text:
# Thomas Tooke

**Thomas Tooke** (/tʊk/; 28 February 1774  26 February 1858) was an English economist known for writing on money and economic statistics. After Tooke's death the Statistical Society endowed the Tooke Chair of economics at King's College London, and a Tooke Prize.

In business, he served several terms between 1840 and 1852 as governor of the Royal Exchange Corporation. Likewise, he served for several terms as chairman of the St Katharine's Docks company. He was also an early director of the London and Birmingham Railway.

## Life

Born at Kronstadt on 29 February 1774, he was the eldest son of William Tooke, at that time chaplain to the British factory there. Thomas began his professional life at the age of fifteen in a house of business at St Petersburg, and subsequently became a partner in the London firms of Stephen Thornton & Co., and Astell, Tooke, & Thornton.

He took no serious part in discussion of economic questions until 1819, when he gave evidence before committees of both Houses of Parliament on the resumption of cash payments by the Bank of England. Tooke was one of the earliest supporters of the free trade movement which assumed the form in the petition of the merchants of the City of London presented to the House of Commons by Alexander Baring, on 8 May 1820. This document was drawn up by Tooke; and the circumstances which led to its preparation are described in the sixth volume of his *A History of Prices*. Lord Liverpool's government, especially through William Huskisson after 1828, moved in the direction sought.

It was to support the principles of the merchants' petition that Tooke, with David Ricardo, Robert Malthus, James Mill, and others, founded the Political Economy Club in April 1821. From the beginning Tooke took part in its discussions, and continued to attend its meetings to the end of his life.

Out of controversy over paper money emerged the Bank Charter Act 1844, the main object of which was to prevent the over-issue of notes. Tooke was opposed to the provisions of the act. He thought that by some changes in the management of the Bank of England, coupled with the compulsory maintenance of a much larger reserve of bullion, more satisfactory results would be achieved.

Besides giving evidence on economic questions before several parliamentary committees, such as those of 1821 on agricultural depression and on foreign trade, of 1832, 1840, and 1848 on the Bank Acts, Tooke was a member of the factories inquiry commission of 1833. He retired from active business on his own account in 1836, but was governor of the Royal Exchange Assurance Corporation from 1840 to 1852, and was also chairman of the St. Katharine's Dock Company. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in March 1821, and *membre correspondant de l'Institut de France* (Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques) in February 1853. He resided in London at 12 Russell Square, then later in Richmond Terrace, and at 31 Spring Gardens, where he died on 26 February 1858. He is buried at Kensal Green Cemetery.

In the year after Tooke's death the Tooke professorship of economic science and statistics at King's College, London, was founded in his memory, the endowment being raised by public subscription. There was a watercolour sketch of Tooke in the office of the Royal Exchange Assurance Corporation, and a portrait was painted by Sir Martin Archer Shee.

## Works

As a follower of Ricardo, Francis Horner, and Huskisson, Tooke was a supporter of the principles embodied in the report of the bullion committee of 1810. The three years which followed the Resumption of Cash Payments Act 1819 were marked by a fall in the prices of nearly all commodities. An opinion gained ground that the fall was due to a contraction of the currency which was assumed to result from the return to cash payments. To combat this view was the task to which Tooke applied himself in his earliest work, *Thoughts and Details on the High and Low Prices of the last Thirty Years* (1823), and the same line of argument is pursued in his *Considerations on the State of the Currency* (1826), and in a *Letter to Lord Grenville* (1829). He entered on a detailed examination of the causes which might affect prices, and claimed to establish the conclusion that the variations, both during the period of restriction and after the resumption, were due to circumstances directly connected with the commodities themselves, and not to alterations in the quantity of money.

### The *History of Prices*

Tooke is best known for his *A History of Prices and of the State of the Circulation during the Years 1793–1856* (6 vols., 1838–1857). In the first four volumes he treats (a) of the prices of corn, and the circumstances affecting prices; (b) the prices of produce other than corn; and (c) the state of the circulation. The two final volumes, written with William Newmarch, deal with railways, free trade, banking in Europe and the effects of new discoveries of gold.

The first two volumes dealt with the period from 1793 to 1837, and were published in 1838. His conclusions were that the high prices which, speaking generally, ruled between 1793 and 1814 were due to a relatively large number of unfavourable seasons, coupled with the obstructions to trade which were created by the Napoleonic Wars; while the lower range of prices in the subsequent years was attributable to a series of more prolific seasons, the removal of the state of war, and improvement in the processes of manufacture and industry.

*A History of Prices* was completed in six volumes; the third, dealing with the years 1838–9, was published in 1840, the fourth in 1848, and the fifth and sixth in 1857, the year before Tooke's death. The whole work comprises an analysis of the financial and commercial history of the period which it covers. The later volumes record of the steps by which Tooke gradually severed himself from the supporters of the currency theory, the direct heirs of the bullionists of 1810 and 1819. This summary of Tooke's views represents his opinions as they took shape between 1840 and 1844, and were defined in his *Enquiry into the Currency Principle* (1844). But in his earlier writings there are many passages inconsistent with his later opinions.

The supporters of the 'currency theory,' whose principles were adopted by Robert Peel and embodied in the Act of 1844, were represented by Samuel Jones Loyd, Robert Torrens, and George Warde Norman. They contended that banks of issue, by the arbitrary extension of their circulation, could produce a direct effect on prices, and thus stimulate financial speculation; that convertibility on demand was not a sufficient safeguard; and that the only adequate remedy was to separate the business of issue from that of banking in such a way that the former should regulate itself automatically, and that the discretion of the directors should be confined to the latter.

Tooke, on the other hand, reinforced later on by John Fullarton and James Wilson, maintained that a paper currency which was readily convertible on demand must necessarily conform to the value of a purely metallic currency; that for this purpose no other regulation was required beyond ready convertibility; that under these conditions banks had no power of arbitrarily increasing their issues; and that the level of prices was not directly affected by such issues. Before the committee of 1832 Tooke stated that, according to his experience, a rise or fall of prices had invariably preceded, and could not therefore be caused by, an enlargement or contraction of the circulation. This view, while inconsistent with the quantity theory of money, is consistent with the real bills doctrine. On this view, a fall in the value of the assets of a money-issuing bank would cause the value of the bank's notes to fall. The public would then require more notes to conduct business, and the bank would willingly issue those notes to customers who offered assets of adequate value in exchange. Thus the quantity of notes would increase after the price level had risen.

## Family

He married, in 1802, Priscilla Combe, by whom he had three sons.

## Bibliography

*A History of Prices* in six volumes:

* Thomas Tooke (1838). *A History of Prices and of the State of Circulation*. Vol. 1. Longman. ISBN 9780384609471.
* Thomas Tooke (1838). *A History of Prices and of the State of Circulation*. Vol. 2. Longman. ISBN 9780384609471.
* Thomas Tooke (1840). *A History of Prices and of the State of Circulation*. Vol. 3. Longman.
* Thomas Tooke (1848). *A History of Prices and of the State of Circulation*. Vol. 4. Longman.
* Thomas Tooke; William Newmarch (1857). *A History of Prices, and of the State of the Circulation*. Vol. 5. Longman, Brown, Green, and Roberts.
* Thomas Tooke (1857). *A History of Prices and of the State of Circulation*. Vol. 6. Longman.

### Sources

### Obituaries

There is information on the Tooke chair and the distinguished economists who have held it in

## InfoBox

| Thomas Tooke | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1774-02-28)28 February 1774
Kronstadt, Russian Empire |
| Died | 26 February 1858(1858-02-26) (aged 83)
London, England |
| Nationality | English |
|  | |
| Academic career | |
| Field | Econometrics |
| School or
tradition | Classical economics |
|  | |


title: Through the Embers of Chaos

abstract: Through the Embers of Chaos: Balkan Journeys is a nonfiction book by Irish author Dervla Murphy, detailing her travels through the Balkans. It was first published by John Murray in 2002.

text:
# Through the Embers of Chaos

***Through the Embers of Chaos: Balkan Journeys*** is a nonfiction book by Irish author Dervla Murphy, detailing her travels through the Balkans. It was first published by John Murray in 2002.

## Critical reception

Steve Crawshaw of *The Independent* panned the book, particularly Murphy's repeated "reluctance to address context". *The Guardian*'s Matthew Collin noted that Murphy's likability makes it easier for readers to get through the book's "relentless barrage of facts, acronyms and grim vignettes". In a review for the *Library Journal*, Melinda Stivers Leach praised the book as "both highly educational and deeply inspiring". *The Irish Times*' Owen Dawson also gave the book a positive review, concluding: "This is Murphy at her best  entertaining, observant, informed and, above all else, thoroughly human."

## InfoBox

Through the Embers of Chaos: Balkan Journeys
| Cover of John Murray first edition (2002) | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Dervla Murphy |
| Publisher | John Murray |
| Publication date | 2002 |
| Pages | 388 *(first edition)* |
| ISBN | 0719562325 |
| Preceded by | *One Foot in Laos* |
| Followed by | *Through Siberia by Accident* |


title: Thomas Winniffe

abstract: Thomas Winniffe (1576–1654) was an English churchman, the Bishop of Lincoln from 1642 to 1646.

text:
# Thomas Winniffe

**Thomas Winniffe** (1576–1654) was an English churchman, the Bishop of Lincoln from 1642 to 1646.

## Early life

He was born and baptised at Sherborne, Dorset, in 1576, the son of John Winniffe (1540?-1630), who was buried on 28 September 1630 in Lambourne church, Essex. He was educated at Sherborne and matriculated from Exeter College, Oxford, on 22 Feb. 1594, and elected fellow in 1595; he graduated B.A. on 12 July 1598, M.A. on 17 May 1601, B.D. on 27 March 1610, and D.D. on 5 July 1610. In August 1605 he was one of those who disputed in moral philosophy before James I, his queen Anne of Denmark, and Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales on the occasion of their visit to Oxford.

## Ministry

On 5 May 1608 he was admitted to the rectory of Willingale Doe, Essex, and on 15 June following to that of Lambourne in the same county, and on 30 June 1609 he resigned his fellowship at Exeter, having livings above the statutable value.

After Prince Henry's death Winniffe became chaplain to Prince Charles. However, on 7 April 1622, when the Spaniards were overrunning the Electorate of the Palatinate, Winniffe preached a sermon denouncing Gondomar, and comparing Spinola with the devil. Sent to the Tower of London, Winniffe repented and appealed to the Spanish and imperial ambassadors, whose intercession caused his release a few days later. On 17 September 1624 he was nominated dean of Gloucester, and was installed on 10 November. He remained chaplain to Charles after his accession, and on 8 April 1631 was nominated dean of St Paul's in succession to John Donne, who bequeathed him a picture; he was also one of the three to whom Donne is said to have left his religious manuscripts. The canons elected Winniffe dean of St Paul's on 18 April; on 15 March 1634 he took the oath as an ecclesiastical commissioner.

## Episcopate

When Bishop John Williams was promoted from Bishop of Lincoln to Archbishop of York on 4 December 1641, Winniffe was selected to succeed him. Although the King supposedly thereby intended to gratify parliament (on the ground of Winniffe's supposed Puritan tendencies), on 30 December Francis Rous moved in the House of Commons for the postponement of Winniffe's consecration. A mob also destroyed Winniffe's house in Westminster, although its leader, Sir Richard Wiseman, was killed. Nonetheless, Winniffe was elected on 5 January 1642, and consecrated on 6 February; he retained the deanery of St Paul's, but resigned his livings in Essex.

The outbreak of the First English Civil War disturbed his possession of his see, though according to his own account he was always at Buckden Palace and submitted to parliamentary ordinances. He was deprived of his see by Parliament on 9 October 1646, as episcopacy was abolished for the duration of the Commonwealth and the Protectorate. In November 1646, all bishops' lands were vested in trustees for the benefit of the commonwealth, and Winniffe retired to Lambourne. Early in 1654, on his petition to Oliver Cromwell, his arrears were paid up to November 1646. During his retirement, Winniffe assisted Brian Walton in the preparation of the 'Polyglot Bible.'

## Death and legacy

Winniffe died at Lambourne on 29 September 1654, and was buried within the altar-rails of the church. He was unmarried, and gave the advowson of Lambourne, which he had purchased, to his nephew, Peter Mews. His episcopate at Lincoln remained vacant for six years, until the election of Robert Sanderson in 1660.

### Attribution


title: Thorius papaloae

abstract:
Thorius papaloae, commonly known as the Papalo minute salamander, is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to Mexico and only known from one locality near the village of Concepción Pápalo in Sierra Juárez, Oaxaca. Its natural habitats are pine forests and cloud forests, where it is living under logs and stones, and in leaf-litter. Despite its small range, it is not particularly rare.
However, its habitat is under threat from habitat loss caused by logging, human settlement, and cultivation of crops.

text:
# Thorius papaloae

***Thorius papaloae***, commonly known as the **Papalo minute salamander**, is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to Mexico and only known from one locality near the village of Concepción Pápalo in Sierra Juárez, Oaxaca.

Its natural habitats are pine forests and cloud forests, where it is living under logs and stones, and in leaf-litter. Despite its small range, it is not particularly rare. However, its habitat is under threat from habitat loss caused by logging, human settlement, and cultivation of crops.

## InfoBox

| *Thorius papaloae* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Urodela |
| Family: | Plethodontidae |
| Genus: | *Thorius* |
| Species: | ***T. papaloae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Thorius papaloae***
Hanken & Wake, 2001 | |
|


title: Thorsten Walther

abstract: Thorsten Walther is a German former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

text:
# Thorsten Walther

**Thorsten Walther** (born 20 September 1972) is a German former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

## Career

Walther started his career with SC Geislingen. Before the second half of 1996–97, he signed for Fortuna Düsseldorf in the German Bundesliga, where he made 49 appearances and suffered relegation to the German second tier. On 14 February 1997, he debuted for Fortuna Düsseldorf in a 2–0 loss to 1. FC Köln. In 1999, Walther signed for French second tier club Toulouse.

## InfoBox

Thorsten Walther
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1972-09-20) 20 September 1972 | | |
| Place of birth | Germany | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 0000–1994 | SC Geislingen |  |  |
| 1994–1995 | FC Augsburg |  |  |
| 1996 | VfB Stuttgart | 0 | (0) |
| 1997–1999 | Fortuna Düsseldorf | 47 | (0) |
| 1999–2000 | Toulouse | 6 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


# Three-cushion billiards at the 2013 World Games – men's singles

The men's singles three-cushion billiards competition at the 2013 World Games took place from 26 to 30 July 2013 at the Unidad Deportiva Alberto Galindo in Cali, Colombia.

## Last 16

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Marco Zanetti** | **40**–21 | Ma Minh Cam |
| **Roland Forthomme** | 40–**40**\[a\] | **Christian Rudolph** |
| **Murat Naci Coklu** | **40**–33 | Merlin Romero |
| **Kim Kyung-roul** | **40**–26 | Henry Diaz Parada |
| **Dick Jaspers** | **40**–17 | Javier Teran |
| O Takeshima | 16–**40** | **Glenn Hofman** |
| **Sameh Sidhom** | **40**–18 | Carlos Campino |
| **Eddy Merckx** | **40**–4 | Francisco Taylor |

## Last 8

* **a**  Won match through two penalty-shootouts: 2–2, 1–**2**.

## InfoBox

| Three-cushion billiards men's singles
at the 2013 World Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Unidad Deportiva Alberto Galindo, Cali, Colombia |
| Dates | 26–30 July 2013 |
| Competitors | 16 from 13 nations |
| Medalists | |
|  | |
|


# Three-cushion billiards at the 2022 World Games – Men's 3-cushion carom

The men's singles three-cushion billiards competition at the 2022 World Games took place from 13 to 17 July 2022 at the Birmingham Jefferson Convention Complex in Birmingham, United States.

## Competition format

A total of 16 players entered the competition. They competed in knock-out system.

## Bracket

## InfoBox

| Three-cushion billiards men's singles <br>at the 2022 World Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Birmingham Jefferson Convention Complex, Birmingham, United States |
| Dates | 13–17 July 2022 |
| Competitors | 16 from 15 nations |
| Medalists | |
|  | |
|


title: Three Czech Dances (Martinů)

abstract: Three Czech Dances is a set of three solo piano pieces written by the Czech composer Bohuslav Martinů, written in 1926, premiered in 1927, and published in 1929. Out of the three pieces in the set, two were given the names of traditional Czech dances, Obkročák, and Dupák, while the third was named Polka. The total duration is approximately ten minutes. All three pieces have dedications, the first to John Herman, the second to Molié Denyse, and the third to Jeane Mortier. Mortier premiered the entire work, although in segments. The second and third pieces were premiered on 7 March 1927, while the third was premiered on 17 March 1927. Both premier performances took place in Paris. The manuscript is currently in storage at the Bibliotheque Nationale de France in the Max Eschig depository. Eschig was the publisher of the first edition, in Paris, with copyright attributes to Max Eschig, Paris. This edition is still the only one in print. An earlier autograph can also be found in the Martinu Centre located in Polička.

text:
# Three Czech Dances (Martinů)

**Three Czech Dances** (H. 154) is a set of three solo piano pieces written by the Czech composer Bohuslav Martinů, written in 1926, premiered in 1927, and published in 1929.

Out of the three pieces in the set, two were given the names of traditional Czech dances, *Obkročák* ("Stepping Round"), and *Dupák* ("Stomp Dance"), while the third was named *Polka*. The total duration is approximately ten minutes.

All three pieces have dedications, the first to John Herman, the second to Molié Denyse, and the third to Jeane Mortier. Mortier premiered the entire work, although in segments. The second and third pieces were premiered on 7 March 1927, while the third was premiered on 17 March 1927. Both premier performances took place in Paris.

The manuscript is currently in storage at the Bibliotheque Nationale de France in the Max Eschig depository. Eschig was the publisher of the first edition, in Paris, with copyright attributes to Max Eschig, Paris. This edition is still the only one in print.

An earlier autograph can also be found in the Martinu Centre located in Polička.


title: Three Forks, Wyoming

abstract: Three Forks is an unincorporated community in Carbon County, Wyoming, United States. Three forks, locally known as Three Forks Muddy Gap, was named from its location at a fork in the road. First settled in 1935 when Highway 287 was built. Local Rancher, Robert L. Tully built a small filling station. Then in his sixties, Tully decided to retire from ranching, selling off much of his original homestead to pay for the construction of the station.

text:
# Three Forks, Wyoming

**Three Forks** is an unincorporated community in Carbon County, Wyoming, United States.

Three forks, locally known as Three Forks Muddy Gap, was named from its location at a fork in the road. First settled in 1935 when Highway 287 was built. Local Rancher, Robert L. Tully built a small filling station. Then in his sixties, Tully decided to retire from ranching, selling off much of his original homestead to pay for the construction of the station.

## InfoBox

| Three Forks, Wyoming | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Three ForksLocation within WyomingThree ForksLocation within the contenental United States | |
| Coordinates: 42°21′45″N 107°26′41″W / 42.36250°N 107.44472°W / 42.36250; -107.44472 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Wyoming |
| County | Carbon |
| Elevation | 6,277 ft (1,913 m) |
| Time zone | UTC−7 (MST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−6 (MDT) |


title: Thunder (Prince song)

abstract: "Thunder" is a song by American musician Prince and the New Power Generation, from their 1991 album Diamonds and Pearls. It was issued as a limited, individually numbered 12-inch single picture disc in the UK and Ireland only, and the edited version was available only on the promotional single.

text:
# Thunder (Prince song)

"**Thunder**" is a song by American musician Prince and the New Power Generation, from their 1991 album *Diamonds and Pearls*. It was issued as a limited, individually numbered 12-inch single picture disc in the UK and Ireland only, and the edited version was available only on the promotional single.

## Background

The lyrics can be interpreted as referring to the night Prince decided to withdraw *The Black Album*, when he was rumored to have suffered a bad ecstasy trip. This is the first single cover to feature Mayte, sitting at the lower left. The B-sides were previously released on the "Gett Off" maxi-single: "Violet the Organ Grinder" and "Gett Off" (Thrust Dub).

## Critical reception

In a retrospective review, Patrick Corcoran from Albumism wrote that the song "rumbles into earshot on a wave of multilayered vocals and typically sterling guitar and sitar work." He added, "As some would have it, this was his account of the night he shelved the *Black Album* at the last moment—a battle for his very soul no less." Mike Diver for the BBC said in his 2010 review, that it is an "anthemic opener" that "apparently refers, in its lyrics, to withdrawn 1987 LP *The Black Album*". Gavin Martin from *NME* described the song as "hysterical pop operatics". Jeff Weiss from *Pitchfork* commented that it "stitches evangelic lyrics to sub-continental sitars, slashing guitars, and chord progressions that Max Martin has swiped for the last two decades. It's basically a proto-Backstreet Boys anthem for born-agains." A reviewer from *People Magazine* noted the "pretentious bluster" of the song. Tom Doyle from *Smash Hits* described it as "quirky rock".

## Chart performance

The song was another top 30 hit for Prince, peaking at number 28 in the UK, and continuing the moderate success of *Diamonds and Pearls* singles there. In Ireland, "Thunder" reached number three and charted for 12 weeks.

## Personnel

Personnel are adapted from Benoît Clerc and Guitarcloud

## Charts

Chart performance for "Thunder"
| Chart (1992) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) | 86 |
| Ireland (IRMA) | 3 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 28 |
| UK Dance (*Music Week*) | 6 |

* Uptown: *The Vault – The Definitive Guide to the Musical World of Prince*: Nilsen Publishing 2004, ISBN 91-631-5482-X

## InfoBox

| "Thunder" | |
| --- | --- |
| UK 12-inch picture disc | |
| Single by Prince and the New Power Generation | |
| from the album  *Diamonds and Pearls* | |
| B-side | * "Violet the Organ Grinder" * "Gett Off" (Thrust Dub) |
| Released | June 15, 1992 (1992-06-15) |
| Studio | Paisley Park (Chanhassen, Minnesota) |
| Length | * 5:45 (album version) * 3:20 (radio edit) |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) | Prince |
| Producer(s) | Prince |
| Prince and the New Power Generation singles chronology | |
| "Money Don't Matter 2 Night"
(1992) "**Thunder**"
(1992) "Sexy MF"
(1992) | |


title: Three New England Sketches

abstract: Three New England Sketches by Walter Piston is a symphonic suite dating from 1959.

text:
# Three New England Sketches

***Three New England Sketches*** by Walter Piston is a symphonic suite dating from 1959.

## History

The *Sketches* were commissioned by the Worcester County Musical Association for its 100th Annual Music Festival, and the cycle is dedicated to the conductor Paul Paray. They were composed in the summer of 1959 when Piston, as had become his habit, retreated to the Green Mountains in Vermont to work from a hilltop with a magnificent view spread out before him. While the composer did not consider it a symphony he stated that each of the three movements did conform to symphonic development and indicated that each movement represented his impressions of that aspect of the New England region. It was first performed on October 23, 1959, by the Detroit Symphony Orchestra under Paul Paray.

## Analysis

The work is in three movements:

* Seaside (Adagio)
* Summer Evening (Delicato)
* Mountains (Maestoso; Risoluto)

A typical performance will last around 17 minutes.

While Piston disowned any specific programmatic intentions, he did not object if others made their own associations. The movement titles, he said,

> were the subjects that prompted me to compose. I did not intend to openly suggest the subject matter, but a man came up to me, following the premiere, and said, "I hope you don't mind my saying that I smelled clams during the first movement." I said, "No, that is quite all right. They are *your* clams." Each individual is free to interpret as he wishes.

The first two movements (both of which are loose binary forms) are especially evocative with, for example, "amazingly life-like" bird and insect chirps and buzzes in "Summer Evening". The last movement, "Mountains", is—appropriate to its title—in an arched *ABCBA* form in which the sections are differentiated by tempo and expressive character: *A* is "Maestoso" and monumental, *B* is "Risoluto" and lively, and *C* is "Meno mosso" and atmospheric.


title: Thyspunt, Eastern Cape

abstract: Thyspunt is a rocky stretch of coast approximately 12 km WNW of Cape Saint Francis in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. It is just west of the beach Thysbaai and south-east of Oyster Bay. The point is near the popular surfing beach of Jeffreys Bay as well as the holiday town of St Francis Bay. It lies about 18 km SSW of the town of Humansdorp. The site has been identified as a possible location for a nuclear reactor to be built by South African electricity utility Eskom. Analysis of impact studies has identified Thyspunt as the preferred site for South Africa's next nuclear power station. The environmental impact assessments of 2009 have been revised and updated and five public participation meetings held in the area at Oyster Bay Hall, Oyster Bay on 19 October 2015, St Francis Links Golf Club, St. Francis Bay on 20 October 2015, Sea Vista Community Hall, Sea Vista, St. Francis Bay on 21 October 2015, Newton Hall, Jeffrey's Bay on 22 October 2015 and Humansdorp Golf Club, Humansdorp on 23 October 2015.

text:
# Thyspunt, Eastern Cape

ThyspuntDuynefonteinSchulpfonteinBrazilBantamsklipclass=notpageimage|Thyspunt in red with the other potential nuclear sites in blue

**Thyspunt** is a rocky stretch of coast approximately 12 km WNW of Cape Saint Francis in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. It is just west of the beach Thysbaai and south-east of Oyster Bay. The point is near the popular surfing beach of Jeffreys Bay as well as the holiday town of St Francis Bay. It lies about 18 km SSW of the town of Humansdorp.

The site has been identified as a possible location for a nuclear reactor to be built by South African electricity utility Eskom. Analysis of impact studies has identified Thyspunt as the preferred site for South Africa's next nuclear power station.

The environmental impact assessments of 2009 have been revised and updated and five public participation meetings held in the area at Oyster Bay Hall, Oyster Bay on 19 October 2015, St Francis Links Golf Club, St. Francis Bay on 20 October 2015, Sea Vista Community Hall, Sea Vista, St. Francis Bay on 21 October 2015, Newton Hall, Jeffrey's Bay on 22 October 2015 and Humansdorp Golf Club, Humansdorp on 23 October 2015.

1. *New Build News - January 2008*, archived from the original on 9 April 2008, retrieved 17 November 2013
2. "Thyspunt". Retrieved 3 June 2015.
3. "Nuclear 1 - Transmission - Thyspunt". Retrieved 3 June 2015.
4. "There goes the neighbourhood...and here comes nuclear". Retrieved 3 June 2015.
5. "First nuclear site may be approved by April - Moneyweb". Retrieved 24 August 2015.
6. "One step closer for nuclear at Thyspunt". *Moneyweb*. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
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34°11′29″S 24°42′50″E / 34.191433°S 24.713953°E / -34.191433; 24.713953


title: Thế Miếu

abstract: Thế Miếu, also called Thế Tổ Miếu, is a Confucian royal ancestral shrine to Vietnam's emperors in the Imperial City, Huế.

text:
# Thế Miếu

| Thế Miếu | |
| --- | --- |
| Vietnamese alphabet | Thế Miếu
Thế Tổ Miếu |
| Chữ Hán | 世廟
世祖廟 |

**Thế Miếu** (chữ Hán: 世廟), also called **Thế Tổ Miếu** (chữ Hán: 世祖廟), is a Confucian royal ancestral shrine to Vietnam's emperors in the Imperial City, Huế.

## History

It was constructed at the orders of emperor Minh Mạng in 1822-1823 for the purposes of ancestor worship of the past emperors of the Nguyễn dynasty. Nine dynastic urns (*cửu đỉnh* 九鼎) opposite of the Thế Miếu were also cast in 1822 and dedicated to the first nine Nguyen emperors. These urns are similar to the legendary Nine Tripod Cauldrons (Chinese *jiǔdǐng* 九鼎) of China's Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties.

Another temple nearby is the Triệu Tổ miếu.

16°28′02″N 107°34′36″E / 16.4672°N 107.5768°E / 16.4672; 107.5768

## InfoBox

| Thế Miếu | |
| --- | --- |
| *Native name*
Vietnamese: *Thế Miếu
世廟* | |
| Thế Miếu Temple in the Imperial City, Huế | |
| Type | Confucian royal ancestral shrine |
| Location | Huế, Thừa Thiên Huế, Vietnam |
| Built | 1821 |
| Owner | Government of Vietnam |
|  | |
| Location of Thế Miếu in Vietnam | |


title: Théâtre de la Madeleine

abstract: The Théâtre de la Madeleine is a theater in Paris built in the English style in 1924 on the site of a carousel. The first major success of the theatre came with the presentation of part one of The Merchants of Glory by Marcel Pagnol. The Théâtre de la Madeleine was closely associated with the French stage actor, film actor, director, screenwriter, and prolific playwright Sacha Guitry who composed 24 of his plays here between 1932 and 1940. Simone Valere and Jean Desailly were directors of the theater from 1980 until 2002. In 2003 the director's job was taken over by Frederick Frank and Stéphane Lissner. Since 2012, Jean-Claude Camus has been director.

text:
# Théâtre de la Madeleine

The **Théâtre de la Madeleine** is a theater in Paris built in the English style in 1924 on the site of a carousel. The first major success of the theatre came with the presentation of part one of *The Merchants of Glory* by Marcel Pagnol.

The Théâtre de la Madeleine was closely associated with the French stage actor, film actor, director, screenwriter, and prolific playwright Sacha Guitry who composed 24 of his plays here between 1932 and 1940.

Simone Valere and Jean Desailly were directors of the theater from 1980 until 2002. In 2003 the director's job was taken over by Frederick Frank (until 2012) and Stéphane Lissner (until 2005). Since 2012, Jean-Claude Camus has been director.

## InfoBox

Théâtre de la Madeleine
| Exterior of the Théâtre de la Madeleine in 2010 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | 19 rue de Surène
8th. Paris
Paris |
| Coordinates | 48°52′16″N 2°19′14″E / 48.8710°N 2.3205°E / 48.8710; 2.3205 |
| Capacity | 709 |
| Construction | |
| Opened | 1924 |
| Architect | Charles Imandt |
| Website | |
| www.theatremadeleine.com | |


title: Tiabaya District

abstract: Tiabaya District is one of the twenty-nine districts of the Arequipa Province in Peru.

text:
# Tiabaya District

**Tiabaya District** is one of the twenty-nine districts of the Arequipa Province in Peru.

16°25′32″S 71°33′46″W / 16.42556°S 71.56278°W / -16.42556; -71.56278

## InfoBox

| Tiabaya Tiyawaya | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| Tiabaya District | |
|  | |
| Country | Peru |
| Region | Arequipa |
| Province | Arequipa |
| Capital | Tiabaya |
| Subdivisions | 10 populated centers |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Miguel Angel Cuadros Paredes |
| Area | |
| Total | 31.62 km2 (12.21 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 2,178 m (7,146 ft) |
| Population (2005 census) | |
| Total | 15,043 |
| Density | 480/km2 (1,200/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (PET) |
| UBIGEO | 040123 |
| Website | munitiabaya.gob.pe |