title: List of Nigerien flags

abstract: This is a list of flags used in Niger.

text:
# List of Nigerien flags

This is a list of flags used in Niger.

## National Flag

| Flag | Date | Use | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1959 - Today | Flag of Niger | A horizontal triband of orange, white and green; charged with an orange circle in the centre. |

## Ethnic Flags

| Flag | Date | Use | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | ? - Today | Flag of the Hausa people | A white field with a *Dagin Arewa* in the center. Used unofficially to represent the Hausa people. |
|  | ? - Today | Flag of The Kanuri people | a horizontal triband of blue, yellow and green with a yellow star in the green band. |
|  | ? - Today | Flag of The Toubou people | a horizontal bicolor of yellow and blue with a black star in the center. |
|  | ? - Today | Flag of The Daza people | A horizontal bicolour of yellow and black divided with 2 lines of red and blue and a black star in the center of the yellow stripe. |

## Political Flags

| Flag | Date | Use | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 2015 - Today | Flag of The Patriotic Movement for the Republic | a vertical bicolor of Orange and White with an Orange sun in the White band |

## Military Flags

| Flag | Date | Use | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1961 - Today | Flag of the Niger Armed Forces (Obverse) | A horizontal triband of orange, white and green; charged with an orange circle in the centre, 4 suns with wheat, a golden border, the name of the country and the motto: “Fraternite, Progres, Travail”. |
|  | 1961 - Today | Flag of the Niger Armed Forces (Reverse) | A horizontal triband of orange, white and green; charged with an orange circle in the centre, 4 suns with wheat, a golden border and the name of the armed forces. |
|  | 1962 - Today | Flag of the Gendarmerie Nationale | a vertical bicolor of green and Orange with a White border, a White sun with wheat and the name of The National Gendarmerie. |
|  | 1999 - Today | Flag of the National Police | a diagonal triband of Orange, White and green with a Orange sun with yellow rays in the center, a goloden border and the name of The National Police. |

## Historical Flags

### Kanem–Bornu Empire

| Flag | Date | Use | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 700 - 1380 | Flag of the Kanem Empire | A White Field with a Green Palm Tree in the center. |
|  | 1380 - 1890 | Flag of the Bornu Empire | A Brown Field with a White Crescent Moon in the center. |

### French Rule

| Flag | Date | Use | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1890 - 1940<br>1944 - 1959 | Flag of France | A vertical tricolour of blue, white, and red (proportions 3:2). |
|  | 1940 - 1942 | Flag of Vichy France | A vertical tricolour of blue, white, and red with the axe and 7 golden stars. |
|  | 1943 - 1944 | Flag of Free France | A vertical tricolour of blue, white, and red with the red Cross of Lorraine. |

1. "Ethnic minorities". *eh.lenin.ru*. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
2. "Ethnic minorities". *eh.lenin.ru*. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
3. "The Kanuri People". *www.crwflags.com*. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
4. Issa, Abba. "Tchad : la culture Toubou célébrée au Ouaddaï". *Alwihda Info - Actualités TCHAD, Afrique, International* (in French). Retrieved 2024-05-13.
5. "Forces Armes Nigriennes, Niger". *www.fotw.info*. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
6. "Gendarmerie Nationale Nigerinnes, Niger". *www.crwflags.com*. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
7. "Police Nationale, Niger". *www.crwflags.com*. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
8. "Free French flag | Royal Museums Greenwich". *www.rmg.co.uk*. Retrieved 2024-05-13.


title: Take Three

abstract: Take Three is an Australian television series which aired from 1961 to 1962 on ABC TV. A live 30-minute variety series with music and comedy, it featured Sheila Bradley, Bill French, Bob Hornery, and Johnny Ladd and Frank Camm. The first episode aired 17 March 1961.

text:
# Take Three

***Take Three*** is an Australian television series which aired from 1961 to 1962 on ABC TV. A live 30-minute variety series with music and comedy, it featured Sheila Bradley, Bill French, Bob Hornery, and Johnny Ladd and Frank Camm. The first episode aired 17 March 1961.

## InfoBox

| *Take Three* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Variety |
| Starring | * Sheila Bradley * Bill French * Bob Hornery * Johnny Ladd * Frank Camm |
| Country of origin | Australia |
| Original language | English |
| Production | |
| Running time | 30 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | ABC Television |
| Release | 17 March 1961 (1961-03-17) <br>1962 (1962) |


title: Ethmia sibirica

abstract: Ethmia sibirica is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in the Russian Far East.

text:
# Ethmia sibirica

***Ethmia sibirica*** is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in the Russian Far East (East Sayan).

## InfoBox

| *Ethmia sibirica* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Depressariidae |
| Genus: | *Ethmia* |
| Species: | ***E. sibirica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ethmia sibirica***<br>Zagulajev, 1975 | |
|


title: Tsutsui Jōmyō Meishū

abstract:
Tsutsui no Jōmyō Meishū (筒井浄妙明秀) was a warrior monk (sōhei) from Mii-dera who fought alongside Minamoto no Yorimasa and his fellow monks at the Battle of Uji in 1180, defending the Byōdō-in and Prince Mochihito from the Taira clan. Later, in the same account, Gochi-in no Tajima is replaced on the bridge by his comrade, Tsutsui. Standing upon the broken bridge of Uji, Kyoto, Tsutsui fought off the Taira samurai with bow and arrow, naginata, sword, and dagger. According to The Tale of the Heike:
And loosing off his twenty-four arrows like lightning flashes he slew twelve of the Heike soldiers and wounded eleven more. One arrow yet remained in his quiver, but flinging away his bow he stripped off his quiver and threw that after it, cast off his footwear and springing barefoot on to the beams of the bridge he strode across. [...] With his naginata he mows down five of the enemy, but with the sixth the naginata snaps asunder in the midst, and flinging it away, he draws his tachi, wielding it in the zig-zag style, the interlacing, cross, reversed dragonfly, waterwheel and eight-sides-at-once styles of swordfighting, thus cutting down eight men; but as he brought down the ninth with an exceedingly mighty blow on the helmet the blade snapped at the hilt and fell with a splash into the water beneath. Then, seizing his tantō, which was the only weapon he had left, he plied it as one in a death fury. It is said that Tsutsui counted 63 arrows sticking out of his armor at the end of his stand, which is not unlikely considering the structure and material composition of samurai armor.

text:
# Tsutsui Jōmyō Meishū

**Tsutsui no Jōmyō Meishū** (筒井浄妙明秀) was a warrior monk (*sōhei*) from Mii-dera who fought alongside Minamoto no Yorimasa and his fellow monks at the Battle of Uji in 1180, defending the Byōdō-in and Prince Mochihito from the Taira clan.

Later, in the same account, Gochi-in no Tajima is replaced on the bridge by his comrade, Tsutsui. Standing upon the broken bridge of Uji, Kyoto, Tsutsui fought off the Taira samurai with bow and arrow, *naginata*, sword, and dagger.

According to *The Tale of the Heike*:

> And loosing off his twenty-four arrows like lightning flashes he slew twelve of the Heike soldiers and wounded eleven more. One arrow yet remained in his quiver, but flinging away his bow he stripped off his quiver and threw that after it, cast off his footwear and springing barefoot on to the beams of the bridge he strode across. \[...\] With his *naginata* he mows down five of the enemy, but with the sixth the *naginata* snaps asunder in the midst, and flinging it away, he draws his *tachi*, wielding it in the zig-zag style, the interlacing, cross, reversed dragonfly, waterwheel and eight-sides-at-once styles of swordfighting, thus cutting down eight men; but as he brought down the ninth with an exceedingly mighty blow on the helmet the blade snapped at the hilt and fell with a splash into the water beneath. Then, seizing his *tantō*, which was the only weapon he had left, he plied it as one in a death fury. It is said that Tsutsui counted 63 arrows sticking out of his armor at the end of his stand, which is not unlikely considering the structure and material composition of samurai armor.

* Turnbull, Stephen. *Japanese Warrior Monks AD 949–1603.* Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.


title: Paralyzed (album)

abstract: Paralyzed is the second studio album by American doom metal band Witch, founded by J Mascis of Dinosaur Jr. Like their debut, Black Sabbath influence is noted, along with Black Flag influence for this album. This album reflected a bit of a change in Witch's sound, with them drawing more on hardcore punk.

text:
# Paralyzed (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Alternative Press* |  |
| *Pitchfork* | 4.9/10 |
| *The Skinny* |  |

***Paralyzed*** is the second studio album by American doom metal band Witch, founded by J Mascis of Dinosaur Jr. Like their debut, Black Sabbath influence is noted, along with Black Flag influence for this album. This album reflected a bit of a change in Witch's sound, with them drawing more on hardcore punk.

## Track listing

1. "Eye" – 3:41
2. "Gone" – 4:40
3. "1000 MPH" – 3:21
4. "Spacegod" – 4:38
5. "Disappear" – 3:37
6. "Sweet Sue" – 4:53
7. "Psychotic Rock" – 4:44
8. "Mutated" – 2:12
9. "Old Trap Line" – 5:54

## Personnel

Credits adapted from the liner notes of *Paralyzed*.

**Witch**

**Additional Personnel**

* Kurt Weisman - guitar on "Eye", "Spacegod", "Psychotic Rock", and "Mutated"
* Courtney Brooke - photography

**Artwork**

**Production**

* Witch \- production
* Justin Pizzoferato - recording, mixing at Bisquiteen and Bank Row
* Paul Gold - mastering
* Henry Irons - tech support
* Sky Volz - tech support
* Robin Sweetapple - layout

## InfoBox

| Paralyzed | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Witch | |
| Released | March 18, 2008 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 37:40 |
| Label | Tee Pee |
| Producer | Witch |
| Witch chronology | |
| *Witch*
(2006) ***Paralyzed***
(2008) | |


title: You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)

abstract: "You Don't Love Me" is a song by Jamaican recording artist Dawn Penn, released in February 1994 by Big Beat as the first single from her first studio album, No, No, No (1994). The song's lyrics are credited to Penn, Bo Diddley and Willie Cobbs, and production was handled by Steely & Clevie. Penn had originally recorded a version of Cobbs' 1960 song "You Don't Love Me" in 1967, incorporating elements of its music and lyrics. It is claimed that the Cobbs song was, in turn, based on Diddley's 1955 song "She's Fine, She's Mine". Thus, both are credited as songwriters on Penn's recording. In 1994, after a 17-year break from the music industry, she re-recorded a dancehall version of the song retitled "You Don't Love Me". Penn's 1994 version of the song became a commercial success worldwide. In the United Kingdom, it peaked at number three on the UK Singles Chart. The song also reached the top 20 in Austria and Switzerland, and the top 40 in the Netherlands and New Zealand. In the United States, the single also charted at number 58 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and at number 42 on the Hot R&B Singles chart. Multiple recording artists have performed cover versions and sampled "You Don't Love Me" in their own works. Barbadian singer Rihanna remade the song for her debut studio album, Music of the Sun (2005), and American entertainer Beyoncé performed the song on her I Am... World Tour concert tour (2009–10). NME magazine ranked it at number 24 in their list of the 50 best songs of 1994. In 2023, Billboard ranked it among the "500 Best Pop Songs of All Time".

text:
# You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)

"**You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)**" is a song by Jamaican recording artist Dawn Penn, released in February 1994 by Big Beat as the first single from her first studio album, *No, No, No* (1994). The song's lyrics are credited to Penn, Bo Diddley and Willie Cobbs, and production was handled by Steely & Clevie.

Penn had originally recorded a version of Cobbs' 1960 song "You Don't Love Me" in 1967, incorporating elements of its music and lyrics. It is claimed that the Cobbs song was, in turn, based on Diddley's 1955 song "She's Fine, She's Mine". Thus, both are credited as songwriters on Penn's recording. In 1994, after a 17-year break from the music industry, she re-recorded a dancehall version of the song retitled "You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)".

Penn's 1994 version of the song became a commercial success worldwide. In the United Kingdom, it peaked at number three on the UK Singles Chart. The song also reached the top 20 in Austria and Switzerland, and the top 40 in the Netherlands and New Zealand. In the United States, the single also charted at number 58 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart and at number 42 on the Hot R&B Singles chart. Multiple recording artists have performed cover versions and sampled "You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)" in their own works. Barbadian singer Rihanna remade the song for her debut studio album, *Music of the Sun* (2005), and American entertainer Beyoncé performed the song on her I Am... World Tour concert tour (2009–10). *NME* magazine ranked it at number 24 in their list of the 50 best songs of 1994. In 2023, *Billboard* ranked it among the "500 Best Pop Songs of All Time".

## Background

In Jamaica in 1967, Penn recorded a version of American R&B singer Willie Cobbs's song "You Don't Love Me", which "she first sang for Studio One. At least one writer claims Cobb had based his song on R&B singer Bo Diddley's 1955 recording "She's Fine, She's Mine". Penn's cover of Cobb's song was recorded at Kingston's Studio One by influential producer Coxsone Dodd. Dodd, who had lived for a while in the United States, imported American rhythm and blues records to play for his sound system entertainment businesses. Penn's song used lyrical and melodic elements of Cobbs' song, but was performed in the emerging rocksteady style – a precursor to reggae. It starts out with a drum roll, "then a chugging bass line kicks in and Penn's dreamy voice wails":

> No no no, you don't love me and I know now (2×)
> 'Cause you left me baby, and I got no place to go now ...

Dawn Penn's "You Don't Love Me" was a major hit in Jamaica. Based on this success she recorded some other songs, such as "Blue Yes Blue" and a reggae cover version of Scottish singer Lulu's "To Sir with Love". Despite her initial success, Penn decided to take a break from singing, which lasted 17 years. In the late 1980s, after working for banks, accountant agencies, and airlines, she returned to Jamaica in the hopes of reviving her career. In the early 1990s, she re-recorded a version of "You Don't Love Me" with the new title "You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)". The noted Jamaican production team Steely & Clevie produced it and it featured an updated dancehall arrangement. Songwriting is credited to Penn, Cobbs, and Diddley.

## Chart performance

In the United States, "You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)" peaked at number 58 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart; it remained on the chart for 12 weeks. It also peaked at number 42 on the *Billboard* Hot R&B Singles chart, number 41 on the *Billboard* Hot R&B Airplay chart, and number 45 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 Airplay chart. In the Flanders region of Belgium, "You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)" debuted at number 44 on the chart week of 23 July 1994, and peaked at number eight in its eighth week; it remained on the chart for a total of 13 weeks. The song placed within the top 20 in Austria and Switzerland, peaking at numbers 13 and 17, respectively. "You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)" also reached number 25 in New Zealand and number 38 in the Netherlands, and peaked at number 41 in both France and Germany. In the United Kingdom, the song debuted at number nine on the UK Singles Chart during the week of 11 June 1994, later peaking at number three and remaining in the position for two consecutive weeks.

## Critical reception

AllMusic editor Alex Henderson remarked that Penn's voice "has held up well over the years, and she's in generally good form". J.D. Considine from *The Baltimore Sun* stated, "For all the roughneck aggression meted out by most dancehall stars, it's worth noting that Jamaican pop still has its sweet side, and few singers can put that point across as convincingly as Dawn Penn does on 'No, No, No'." He also noted the way her "languid, drawling delivery plays off the slow, hypnotic pulse" of the track. Larry Flick from *Billboard* felt that Penn's "sultry vocal presence on this sailing, instantly memorable dancehall jam belies the pensive nature of the song's story of lost love. An easy-paced groove chugs along with a hip-hop-ish vibe that could prove accessible to crossover and urban formats." Dave Sholin from the *Gavin Report* stated, "Sure, to catch listeners' attention is this unique production from this Jamaican singing sensation." In his weekly UK chart commentary, James Masterton described it as a "haunting reggae ballad". Neil Kulkarni from *Melody Maker* praised the track as "a fab summer pop single", writing, "This is as catchy as crabs, with a vocal that'll etch itself on yer mind all summer and a great early Seventies "Lighten Up Volume 4" feel that could make it the best female reggae hit since the Soul Sisters' 'Wreck a Buddy' \[from 1969\]." Pan-European magazine *Music & Media* commented, "Nutty dreadlocks where art thou? Is real reggae still being made, with all those pale-faced pretenders around? Yes here, with all the dub production gadgets and all."

Andy Beevers from *Music Week* gave the song four out of five, declaring it as "a reggae masterpiece." Another editor, Alan Jones, said, "This simple lovers rock tune initially fails to make an impression, but is a real grower." John Kilgo from *The Network Forty* commented, "It's hard to believe that a woman in her early 50's can spark such a rasta-rhythm tune. Boasting unique vocals with a grooving beat, 'You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)' is sexy and infectious." Angela Lewis from *NME* wrote, *No No No, you don't love me and I know now...*. With just one line, Dawn Penn hits the rawest nerve in pop music's angst-ridden heart. If it didn't break you up, check your pulse as you've probably snuffed it. Or you've been extremely lucky in never having experienced the sentiments therein." Paul Ablett from the *RM* Dance Update stated that "this Studio One classic from the golden age of reggae has been brilliantly re-recorded with the ragga production geniuses Steely & Clevie." He added, "Despite digital drum and bass, it recaptures the original magic and once that horn break kicks in, you'll play it forever – an essential buy if ever there was one." Another editor, James Hamilton, described it as a "gorgeous calmly moaned haunting simple old fashioned Studio One-style 81bm rock steady reggae swayer". Alex Kadis from *Smash Hits* named it a "slow, lilting melody". Charles Aaron from *Spin* said that producers "quirked-up remake of the 1967 reggae classic made my speakers rumble and swoon when a radio DJ finally wised up. Penn's mesmerizing voice plea is so precise and self-possessed that you figure she'll be fine whether her baby asks her to get down on her knees and pray or not. Inspiration for Luscious Jackson's masterfully strokin' 'Daughters of the Kaos'."

## Impact and legacy

Charles Aaron from *Spin* ranked "You Don't Love Me" number 11 in his list of the "Top 20 Singles of the Year" in December 1994. *NME* magazine ranked it at number 24 in their list of the "50 Best Songs of 1994". BBC Radio 1 disc jockey Chris Goldfinger named the song one of his favourites in 1996, adding, "This is the original version — she's been around a long time. I just love her vocals and the lyrics." In 2003, *Q Magazine* ranked the song number 477 in their list of the "1001 Best Songs Ever" and in 2004, the magazine featured it in their list of "The 1010 Songs You Must Own".

*Blender* listed it at 186th place on their "500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born" in 2005. They wrote: "...dancehall producers Steely & Clevie polished her signature tune into her global comeback hit, wrapping Penn's heartbroken desperation in the sound of a lazy summer's afternoon. Emotional masochism never sounded so sweet." In 2023, *Billboard* ranked it number 454 in their list of "500 Best Pop Songs of All Time", saying, "The apex of forlorn rocksteady balladry, Dawn Penn’s seminal “You Don’t Love Me” harnessed the ’90s Stateside dancehall boom and turned that energy into a cutting breakup anthem so sharp that even Beyoncé and Rihanna have delivered their own renditions over the years."

## Charts and certifications

## Covers and other versions

In 1994, French rapper and singer Melaaz released a cover version titled "Non, Non, Non" with French lyrics.

Reggae group Aswad sampled "You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)" for their song "You're No Good", taken from their album *Rise and Shine* (1994). "You're No Good" peaked at number 35 on the UK Singles Chart on 2 February 1995.

Female rapper Eve released a cover version with brothers Damian Marley and Stephen Marley on her 2001 album *Scorpion*. Maurice Bottomley for PopMatters reviewed the song, writing "Stephen Marley leads Eve through a note-for-note re-creation of the Dawn Penn (‘90s version) rocksteady classic 'No, No, No'. She sings it well enough, but it adds nothing to the original (literally)."

British music DJ's Hexstatic included a mix of the song on "Mr. Scruff's Ninja Tune Megamix" (Hexstatic Edit) by DJ Food on their 2002 DJ mix album *Listen & Learn*.

Bajan recording artist Rihanna recorded a cover version of the song as a duet with dancehall recording artist Vybz Kartel, for her debut studio album *Music of the Sun* (2005). It was produced by Evan Rogers, Carl Sturken and D. "Supa Dups" Chin-quee. Jason Birchmeier, writing for AllMusic, described Rihanna's cover as "catchy", while Chantal Jenoure, writing for *The Jamaica Observer*, labelled it as "hilarious".

English recording artist Lily Allen sampled the song for her "Shame for You", included on her debut studio album, *Alright, Still* (2006). Lucy Davies for the BBC reviewed the song, writing "Many of her reggae-fused songs stick in your head whilst you desperately suss out why they're familiar, but she rips off her influences with a comic acknowledgement, like 'Shame for You', which blatantly lifts the chorus hook from 'You Don't Love Me (No No No)' by Dawn Penn".

In 2007, American rapper Ghostface Killah covered the song on his compilation album, *Hidden Darts: Special Edition*, which consists of his rare album B-sides, unreleased songs and mixtape tracks.

American recording artist Beyoncé performed the song as part of a medley with her own hit "Baby Boy" on her I Am... World Tour concert tour (2009–10). After being lifted out of a 20-foot train by a harness and over the audience, she was lowered to the B-stage, where she finished "Baby Boy" and continued with Penn's "You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)". It was later included on the CD/DVD release of the tour. She performed a similar medley when she headlined at the 2018 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Music Festival, and during the first few European shows of her and her husband Jay-Z’s, OTR II Tour (2018), their second co-headlining, all-stadium tour together.

The song was sampled in the 2021 Mary J Blige single *Amazing* featuring DJ Khaled.

## InfoBox

| "You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Dawn Penn | |
| from the album  *No, No, No* | |
| Released | 17 February 1994 (1994-02-17) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 4:37 |
| Label | Big Beat |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Steely & Clevie |
|  | |
| Official video | |
| No, No No (Official Video) on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Peckoltia ephippiata

abstract: Peckoltia ephippiata is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is a freshwater fish native to South America, where it is known from the Leitão River, which is part of the Madeira River drainage in the state of Rôndonia in Brazil. The species reaches 10.2 cm SL. Its specific epithet, ephippiata, derives from the Latin word for "saddle" and refers to the saddle-like patterns exhibited by the species. It was described in 2015 by Jonathan W. Armbruster, David C. Werneke, and Milton Tan alongside two other "saddled" members of the genus Peckoltia: P. greedoi and P. lujani.

text:
# Peckoltia ephippiata

***Peckoltia ephippiata*** is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is a freshwater fish native to South America, where it is known from the Leitão River, which is part of the Madeira River drainage in the state of Rôndonia in Brazil. The species reaches 10.2 cm (4 inches) SL.

Its specific epithet, *ephippiata*, derives from the Latin word for "saddle" and refers to the saddle-like patterns exhibited by the species. It was described in 2015 by Jonathan W. Armbruster (of Auburn University), David C. Werneke, and Milton Tan alongside two other "saddled" members of the genus *Peckoltia*: *P. greedoi* and *P. lujani*.

## InfoBox

| *Peckoltia ephippiata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Siluriformes |
| Family: | Loricariidae |
| Genus: | *Peckoltia* |
| Species: | ***P. ephippiata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Peckoltia ephippiata***<br>Armbruster, Werneke & Tan, 2015 | |
|


title: London Mercury

abstract: The London Mercury was the name of several periodicals published in London from the 17th to the 20th centuries. The earliest was a newspaper that appeared during the Exclusion Bill crisis; it lasted only 56 issues (1682). Successor periodicals published as The London Mercury during the 18th and 19th centuries.

text:
# London Mercury

***The London Mercury*** was the name of several periodicals published in London from the 17th to the 20th centuries. The earliest was a newspaper that appeared during the Exclusion Bill crisis; it lasted only 56 issues (1682). (Earlier periodicals had employed similar names: *Mercurius Politicus,* 1659; *The Impartial Protestant Mercury,* 1681.) Successor periodicals published as *The London Mercury* during the 18th and 19th centuries.

## 20th century

In the 20th century, *The London Mercury* was the major monthly literary journal that published from 1919 to 1939. J. C. Squire served as editor from November 1919 to September 1934; Rolfe Arnold Scott-James succeeded Squire as editor from October 1934 to April 1939. *The Mercury* purchased the smaller title, *The Bookman* for £800 in 1935. By late 1938 the magazine was losing money heavily on a revenue of £4000 and efforts were being made to sell it, with approaches being made to the publishers Methuen, Rolls Publishing Company and Brendin Publishing Company, owners of the rival and more successful title *Life and Letters To-day*. Eventually a deal was agreed in March 1939 with Brendin, for £1000 clear, with the *London Mercury* and *The Bookman* being incorporated to *Life and Letters To-day*.

## Authors published

J. C. Squire published a wide variety of serious contemporary literature, including poetry by Robert Frost, Robert Graves, Richmond Lattimore, Siegfried Sassoon, Conrad Aiken, Hilaire Belloc, and William Butler Yeats, among many others.

*The London Mercury* also carried short fiction by several well-known authors, including Virginia Woolf, Katherine Mansfield, J. B. Priestley, John Betjeman, Margaret Irwin, Gerald Bullett, Henry Williamson and Karel Čapek, and published literary criticism by W. J. Turner, John Freeman and Edward Shanks. *The London Mercury* took a conservative political position.

In 2002 the *London Mercury* title was adopted by an online newspaper.

1. https://web.archive.org/web/20070102100321/http://rarenewspapers.com/viewissue.aspx?ID=120453. Archived from the original on 2 January 2007. Retrieved 13 April 2007. `{{cite web}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
2. *The Oxford critical and cultural history of modernist magazines*. Brooker, Peter,, Thacker, Andrew, 1962- (1st ed.). Oxford. 26 March 2009. ISBN 9780199211159. OCLC 428818638.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
3. Joy Grant, *Harold Monro and the Poetry Bookshop*. University of California Press, 1967 (pp. 132-133).
4. Robert Herring to Bryher, 3 March 1939, Yale University, Bryher Papers, GEN MSS 97, Series I, Box 19, Folder 731
5. Robert Herring to Bryher, 7 February 1939, Yale University, Bryher Papers, GEN MSS 97, Series I, Box 19, Folder 731; Robert Herring to Bryher, 10 March 1939, Yale University, Bryher Papers, GEN MSS 97, Series I, Box 19, Folder 731
6. Robert Herring to Bryher, 24 March 1939, Yale University, Bryher Papers, GEN MSS 97, Series I, Box 19, Folder 731
7. Richmond Lattimore, "Letter to Caesar." London Mercury 31:349-54
8. Sir Henry Newbolt, ed., *The Mercury Book of Verse,* London, Macmillan, 1931.
9. Woolf, Virginia (July 1920). "An Unwritten Novel". *The London Mercury*. and Woolf, Virginia (January 1924). "Lives of the Obscure". *The London Mercury*.
10. "Contents", in *The Second Mercury Story Book*. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1931.
11. "About London Mercury". London Mercury - Midwest Radio Network. Retrieved 10 March 2014.


title: List of OHSAA ice hockey champions

abstract: The Ohio High School Athletic Association (OHSAA) is the governing body of athletic programs for junior and senior high schools in the state of Ohio. It conducts state championship competitions in all the OHSAA-sanctioned sports.

text:
# List of OHSAA ice hockey champions

The **Ohio High School Athletic Association** (**OHSAA**) is the governing body of athletic programs for junior and senior high schools in the state of Ohio. It conducts state championship competitions in all the OHSAA-sanctioned sports.

## Champions

| Year | Champion |
| --- | --- |
| 2024 | Cleveland St. Ignatius |
| 2023 | Olentangy Liberty |
| 2022 | Gates Mills Gilmour Academy |
| 2021 | Toledo St. Francis de Sales |
| 2020 | Tournament canceled |
| 2019 | Cleveland St. Ignatius |
| 2018 | Cleveland St. Ignatius |
| 2017 | Cleveland St. Ignatius |
| 2016 | Cleveland St. Ignatius |
| 2015 | Toledo St. Francis de Sales |
| 2014 | Sylvania Northview & Cleveland St. Ignatius \** |
| 2013 | Shaker Heights |
| 2012 | Sylvania Northview |
| 2011 | Toledo St. Francis de Sales |
| 2010 | Cleveland St. Ignatius |
| 2009 | Hunting Valley University School |
| 2008 | Lakewood St. Edward |
| 2007 | Toledo St. John's Jesuit |
| 2006 | Parma Padua Franciscan |
| 2005 | Lakewood St. Edward |
| 2004 | Lakewood St. Edward |
| 2003 | Hunting Valley University School |
| 2002 | Lakewood St. Edward |
| 2001 | Shaker Heights |
| 2000 | Cleveland St. Ignatius |
| 1999 | Bowling Green * |
| 1998 | Bowling Green |
| 1997 | Bowling Green |
| 1996 | Lakewood St. Edward |
| 1995 | Lakewood St. Edward |
| 1994 | Lakewood St. Edward |
| 1993 | Shaker Heights |
| 1992 | Lakewood St. Edward |
| 1991 | Bowling Green |
| 1990 | Lakewood St. Edward |
| 1989 | Parma Padua Franciscan |
| 1988 | Parma Padua Franciscan |
| 1987 | Cleveland Heights |
| 1986 | Lakewood St. Edward |
| 1985 | Lakewood St. Edward |
| 1984 | Bowling Green |
| 1983 | Findlay |
| 1982 | Kent Roosevelt |
| 1981 | Shaker Heights |
| 1980 | Bowling Green |
| 1979 | Centerville |
| 1978 | Findlay |

* 1999 Title game was won by St. John's Jesuit High School, but later forfeited due to the use of an ineligible player. It was the first state championship game forfeiture in the history of the OHSAA. \** co-champions - Game called a 1-1 tie after 7 overtimes

## Schools with multiple titles

| School | Number of Titles | Years |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Lakewood St. Edward | 11 | 1985, 1986. 1990, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1996, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2008 |
| Cleveland St. Ignatius | 8 | 2000, 2010, 2014\*, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2024 |
| Bowling Green | 6 | 1980, 1984, 1991, 1997, 1998, 1999 |
| Shaker Heights | 4 | 1981, 1993, 2001, 2013 |
| Parma Padua Franciscan | 3 | 1988, 1989, 2006 |
| Toledo St. Francis de Sales | 3 | 2011, 2015, 2021 |
| Findlay | 2 | 1978, 1983 |
| Hunting Valley University School | 2 | 2003, 2009 |
| Sylvania Northview | 2 | 2012, 2014\* |

\*Shared title


title: Maryland Route 858

abstract: Maryland Route 858 is a collection of unsigned state highways in the U.S. state of Maryland. These four highways are old segments of MD 67 between Rohrersville and Boonsboro in southeastern Washington County. These highways were designated when MD 67 was relocated in the early 1960s. The longest segment is MD 858F, which runs exactly 1 mile (1.6 km) between a pair of intersections with MD 67 in Rohrersville. In addition to the four existing highways, there are several county-maintained segments of old MD 67 between Rohrersville and Boonsboro and at Gapland, Brownsville, and Weverton south of Rohrersville.

text:
# Maryland Route 858

**Maryland Route 858** (**MD 858**) is a collection of unsigned state highways in the U.S. state of Maryland. These four highways are old segments of MD 67 between Rohrersville and Boonsboro in southeastern Washington County. These highways were designated when MD 67 was relocated in the early 1960s. The longest segment is MD 858F, which runs exactly 1 mile (1.6 km) between a pair of intersections with MD 67 in Rohrersville. In addition to the four existing highways, there are several county-maintained segments of old MD 67 between Rohrersville and Boonsboro and at Gapland, Brownsville, and Weverton south of Rohrersville.

## Route description

MD 858F begins at an intersection with MD 67 (Rohrersville Road) on the southern edge of the village of Rohrersville. The highway heads north as two-lane undivided Main Street. MD 858F intersects Rohrersville School Road in the center of the village and Hog Maw Road at the north end. From the latter road, the highway turns east and crosses Little Antietam Creek. MD 858F curves north again and intersects Millbrook Road and unnamed MD 67A, which continues north to a dead end along Main Street's direction, then curves east and reaches its northern terminus at MD 67.

There are three other extant segments of MD 858:

* MD 858A is the designation for the unnamed 0.02-mile (0.032 km) access road from U.S. Route 40 Alternate (US 40 Alternate) to the Maryland State Highway Administration's Boonsboro shop and salt dome. This piece of highway lies just east of MD 67's present northern terminus.
* MD 858E is the designation for the 0.29-mile (0.47 km) portion of Woodstock Lane from Park Hall Road north to road end paralleling the northbound side of MD 67 north of Rohrersville. Woodstock Lane continues south from Park Hall Road to a dead end south of Locust Grove Road.
* MD 858G is the designation for an unnamed 0.07-mile (0.11 km) section of old alignment of MD 67 south of Rohrersville. MD 858G once continued south 0.22 miles (0.35 km) to an intersection with Trego Road.

## History

MD 858 comprises several segments of the old alignment of MD 67. That highway was constructed as a macadam road on Main Street through Rohrersville by 1921. The macadam road was extended north to Boonsboro in 1925 and 1926. Construction began on MD 67 from Rohrersville to Gapland in 1926 and was completed as a macadam road in 1928. The highway was extended through Brownsville to north of Weverton as a concrete road in 1929 and 1930. The southern end of pavement remained north of Weverton until the modern road was extended south as a macadam road through Weverton to US 340 in 1934 and 1935. Extensive relocation and reconstruction work on MD 67 from Boonsboro to Gapland was underway by 1959. The work was finished in 1963, resulting in eight bypassed stretches of old road. In addition to the four existing segments of MD 858, bypassed from north to south were Appletown Road on the southbound and then northbound side of MD 67 near Boonsboro, Mount Carmel Church Road on the southbound side of the state highway north of Rohrersville, and Gapland Road on the southbound side of MD 67 at Gapland. MD 67 was relocated at its southern end concurrent with the construction of its trumpet interchange with US 340 in 1969. This work left behind Weverton Road east of MD 67 through Weverton. The final segment of old MD 67 to be bypassed was Boteler Road on the east side of the state highway through Brownsville, which MD 67 bypassed by 1978.

## Junction list

This junction list is for MD 858F, which is entirely in Rohrersville, Washington County.

| mi
 | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0.00 | 0.00 | MD 67 (Rohrersville Road) Weverton | Southern terminus |
| 1.00 | 1.61 | MD 67 (Rohrersville Road) Boonsboro | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Maryland Route 858KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Maryland Route 858 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by MDSHA | |
| Length | 1.00 mi (1.61 km) |
| Existed | 1963–present |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | MD 67 in Rohrersville |
| East end | MD 67 near Rohrersville |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Maryland |
| Counties | Washington |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| MD 856   MD 863 | |


title: Take This Ring

abstract: "Take This Ring" is a song by American singer Toni Braxton. It was written and produced by Rich Harrison for Braxton's sixth studio album, Libra (2005). A subdued go go track, it features an uncredited sample from the song "Here Comes the Meter Man" (1969) by The Meters. Lyrically, it has Braxton singing about her plans to be free from a night of matrimonial responsibilities. "Take This Ring was released as the album's third and final stateside single but failed to enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, though it peaked at number 12 on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. No music video was made for the song.

text:
# Take This Ring

"**Take This Ring**" is a song by American singer Toni Braxton. It was written and produced by Rich Harrison for Braxton's sixth studio album, *Libra* (2005). A subdued go go track, it features an uncredited sample from the song "Here Comes the Meter Man" (1969) by The Meters. Lyrically, it has Braxton singing about her plans to be free from a night of matrimonial responsibilities. "Take This Ring was released as the album's third and final stateside single but failed to enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, though it peaked at number 12 on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. No music video was made for the song.

## Critical reception

Critics compared "Take This Ring" to singer Amerie's "1 Thing" (2005). *Miami New Times* critic Rich Juzwiak found that "Harrison gives Toni Braxton exactly what she needs to get her groove back on "Take This Ring," which counts as her best track since 2000's "He Wasn't Man Enough." Against subdued go-go that would befuddle Amerie, Brax takes off her wedding ring and approaches her inner hoochie with finesse." Doug Rule from *Metro Weekly* called the song "a party band jam, featuring festive live percussion. But it earns distinction as the album’s wildest track even more because of its lyrics."

## Chart performance

Similarly to Braxton's two previous singles from *Libra*, "Take This Ring" was shadowed by lack of promotion from her record company, Blackground Records, causing the single to miss the US *Billboard* Hot 100. It debuted at number 23 on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart in November 2005 based on radio airplay only, peaking at number 12 three months later.

## Personnel

Credits adapted from liner notes of *Libra*.

## Charts

Chart performance for "Take This Ring"
| Chart (2006) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (*Billboard*) | 12 |

## InfoBox

| "Take This Ring" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Toni Braxton | |
| from the album  *Libra* | |
| Released | December 2005 |
| Studio | Encore (Burbank, California) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 4:35 |
| Label | Blackground |
| Songwriter(s) | Rich Harrison |
| Producer(s) | Rich Harrison |
| Toni Braxton singles chronology | |
| "Trippin' (That's the Way Love Works)"
(2005) "**Take This Ring**"
(2005) "Suddenly"
(2006) | |


title: Orinoquía natural region

abstract: The Orinoquía region is one of the six natural regions of Colombia that belongs to the Orinoco River watershed. It's also known colloquially as the Eastern Plains from the Spanish Llanos Orientales. The region covers most of the area of the departments of Arauca, Casanare, Meta, and Vichada.

text:
# Orinoquía natural region

The **Orinoquía region** is one of the six natural regions of Colombia that belongs to the Orinoco River watershed. It's also known colloquially as the **Eastern Plains** from the Spanish **Llanos Orientales**. The region covers most of the area of the departments of Arauca, Casanare, Meta, and Vichada.

## Biogeographical subregion

The Orinoquía region has the following subregions:

## Biodiversity

The ecosystems of the region are tropical savanna with gallery forests and wetlands along the rivers.

## Protected areas

## InfoBox

| Orinoquía region | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Ecology | |
| Realm | Neotropic |
| Biome | Savanna, Wetlands |
| Geography | |
| Country | Colombia |
| Rivers | Guaviare, Meta, Arauca |
| Climate type | Tropical |


title: Tsutsuishi Station

abstract: Tsutsuishi Station is a railway station in Itoigawa, Niigata, Japan, operated by Echigo Tokimeki Railway.

text:
# Tsutsuishi Station

**Tsutsuishi Station** (筒石駅, *Tsutsuishi-eki*) is a railway station in Itoigawa, Niigata, Japan, operated by Echigo Tokimeki Railway.

## Lines

Tsutsuishi Station is served by the Nihonkai Hisui Line, and is 40.9 kilometers from the starting point of the line at Ichiburi and 335.4 kilometers from Maibara Station.

## Station layout

The station consists of two opposed side platforms located inside the 11,353 meters (37,247 ft) long Kubiki Tunnel, 40 meters (130 ft) below ground, connected to the entrance gate by 290 steps. There is only a stairway, with no elevator or escalator. Due to the air pressure generated by passing trains, access to the platform is limited and a protected waiting room with heavy metal doors keep passengers safe from typhoon-like wind. Average daily ridership at this station is approximately 60, mostly students.

### Platforms

| **west** | Nihonkai Hisui Line | for Naoetsu |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **east** | Nihonkai Hisui Line | for Itoigawa |

## History

The station opened on December 16, 1912, as part of the Japanese Government Railways (JGR, JNR after 1949). On October 1, 1969, a new Tsutsuishi Station was opened. On April 1, 1987, with the privatization of JNR, JR West took over control of this station.

From 14 March 2015, with the opening of the Hokuriku Shinkansen extension from Nagano to Kanazawa, local passenger operations over sections of the Shinetsu Main Line and Hokuriku Main Line running roughly parallel to the new Shinkansen line were reassigned to third-sector railway operating companies. From this date, Tsutsuishi Station was transferred to the ownership of the third-sector operating company Echigo Tokimeki Railway.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2017, the station was used by an average of 23 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

## Surrounding area

* Tsutsuishi fishing port
* Tsutsuishi Post Office
* Isobe Elementary School

## InfoBox

| Tsutsuishi Station
筒石駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Tsutsuishi Station in March 2010 | |
| General information | |
| Location | 928 Otani, Senno, Itoigawa City, Niigata Prefecture 949-1302
Japan |
| Coordinates | 37°07′39″N 138°03′38″E / 37.1276°N 138.0606°E / 37.1276; 138.0606 |
| Operated by | Echigo TOKImeki |
| Line(s) | Nihonkai Hisui Line |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Underground |
| Other information | |
| Status | Unstaffed |
| History | |
| Opened | 16 December 1912 (1912-12-16) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2021 | 17 daily |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Echigo TOKImeki Following station  towards Ichiburi  Nihonkai Hisui Line  Nadachitowards Naoetsu | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Tsutsuishi StationLocation within Niigata PrefectureTsutsuishi StationTsutsuishi Station (Central Japan)Tsutsuishi StationTsutsuishi Station (Japan) | |


title: Paralbara spicula

abstract: Paralbara spicula is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by Watson in 1968. It is found in Guangdong, China. The length of the forewings is 14.5–17 mm. Adults are similar to Paralbara perhamata, but can be distinguished by the male and female genitalia.

text:
# Paralbara spicula

***Paralbara spicula*** is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by Watson in 1968. It is found in Guangdong, China.

The length of the forewings is 14.5–17 mm. Adults are similar to *Paralbara perhamata*, but can be distinguished by the male and female genitalia.

## InfoBox

| *Paralbara spicula* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Drepanidae |
| Genus: | *Paralbara* |
| Species: | ***P. spicula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Paralbara spicula***<br>Watson, 1968 | |
|


title: Young, New South Wales

abstract: Young is a town in the South Western Slopes region of New South Wales, Australia, and the largest town in the Hilltops Region. The "Lambing Flat" Post Office opened on 1 March 1861 and was renamed "Young" in 1863. Young is marketed as the Cherry Capital of Australia and every year hosts the National Cherry Festival. Young is situated on the Olympic Highway and is approximately two hours' drive from the Canberra area. It is in a valley, with surrounding hills. The town is named after Sir John Young, the governor of NSW from 1861 to 1867.

text:
# Young, New South Wales

**Young** is a town in the South Western Slopes region of New South Wales, Australia, and the largest town in the Hilltops Region. The "Lambing Flat" Post Office opened on 1 March 1861 and was renamed "Young" in 1863.

Young is marketed as the Cherry Capital of Australia and every year hosts the National Cherry Festival. Young is situated on the Olympic Highway and is approximately two hours' drive from the Canberra area. It is in a valley, with surrounding hills. The town is named after Sir John Young, the governor of NSW from 1861 to 1867.

## History

Before European settlers arrived in Young, members of the Burrowmunditory tribe, a family group of the indigenous Wiradjuri Nation, lived in the region. Descendants of the Burrowmunditory clan still live in Young.

James White was the first European settler in the district and established 'Burrangong' station in 1826 with a squatting claim of 260 square kilometres (100 sq mi). His story is told in the novel *Brothers in Exile*.

In late June 1860 Michael Sheedy from Binalong, and a group of other stockmen, were on James White's 'Burrangong' pastoral run looking for horses. The sheltered area known as 'Lambing Flat' lay along a creek between heavily timbered hills. Stock yards had been built there and used to enclose strayed and wild horses from the surrounding country. The cook for the party, an American, "who was familiar with the appearance of many other goldfields, was struck with the appearance of the place". The cook washed several spadefuls of earth "and succeeded in getting a good prospect of gold". After procuring the horses the men returned to Binalong, 32 miles to the south-east, and after a few days Sheedy and six men returned with tools and provisions, "determined to test the auriferous quality of the place". The second dishful washed by the men produced a nugget of seven pennyweight. By late July 1860 word had spread and there were about fifty persons at Lambing Flat who had joined the search for gold.

From November 1860 through to June 1861, anti-Chinese miners attacked Chinese gold miners in the area, now known as the infamous Lambing Flat riots. As gold became scarce, European miners began to resent what they saw as the greater success of the more industrious Chinese, and hence many Chinese miners were attacked, robbed and killed. The anti-Chinese rebels rallied in numbers of up to 3,000. Eventually the rioters were controlled, Chinese miners had their claims restored to them, but the New South Wales Parliament passed the Chinese Immigration Bill which restricted the number of Chinese that could be brought into New South Wales on any ship and imposed a tax per head on entry.

The town of Young was gazetted in 1861. The goldfields produced 15,000 kilograms (470,000 ozt) of gold sent by escort from the fields. Up to 20,000 miners worked the fields including about 2,000 Chinese miners.

Later in the 1860s, some Chinese, who remained in the district, ran intensive and successful market gardens, supplying Young and other towns, even as far away as Wagga.

The town was incorporated in 1882, with miller, Peter Cram, the first mayor.

In 1889 Young was the first town in Australia to install electricity into the streets and homes of the township; Tamworth NSW had installed electricity to the streets only the previous year.

The former Young Shire was acknowledged as the first Local Government Area to institute a rural school bus system in New South Wales.

## Heritage listings

Young has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

## Climate

Owing to Young's far western location, it features hot, dry summers and cool, damp winters making for a particularly wide seasonal range characteristic of the South West Slopes region. Snow falls occasionally, notwithstanding its low elevation of just 400 metres (1,300 ft) as it lay far west enough to bear the brunt of the cold westerly airmasses.

Climate data are sourced from Young Airport, at an elevation of 380 metres (1,250 ft) and operating since 1988.

| Climate data for Young Airport (1988–2022); 380 m AMSL; 34.25° S, 148.25° E | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 44.9
(112.8) | 43.6
(110.5) | 38.6
(101.5) | 33.9
(93.0) | 27.1
(80.8) | 21.9
(71.4) | 20.1
(68.2) | 23.6
(74.5) | 30.8
(87.4) | 35.0
(95.0) | 42.1
(107.8) | 44.1
(111.4) | 44.9
(112.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 32.0
(89.6) | 30.4
(86.7) | 27.2
(81.0) | 22.8
(73.0) | 17.7
(63.9) | 13.9
(57.0) | 13.0
(55.4) | 14.5
(58.1) | 18.0
(64.4) | 22.1
(71.8) | 26.0
(78.8) | 29.3
(84.7) | 22.2
(72.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 14.9
(58.8) | 14.5
(58.1) | 11.4
(52.5) | 6.8
(44.2) | 3.4
(38.1) | 2.3
(36.1) | 1.0
(33.8) | 1.3
(34.3) | 3.0
(37.4) | 5.6
(42.1) | 9.5
(49.1) | 12.0
(53.6) | 7.1
(44.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 1.4
(34.5) | 2.3
(36.1) | 0.4
(32.7) | −4.1
(24.6) | −5.8
(21.6) | −6.1
(21.0) | −7.0
(19.4) | −6.5
(20.3) | −5.5
(22.1) | −4.7
(23.5) | −2.5
(27.5) | −0.2
(31.6) | −7.0
(19.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 45.6
(1.80) | 51.1
(2.01) | 49.7
(1.96) | 33.4
(1.31) | 42.2
(1.66) | 61.1
(2.41) | 58.8
(2.31) | 52.7
(2.07) | 51.8
(2.04) | 50.0
(1.97) | 71.2
(2.80) | 55.0
(2.17) | 626.2
(24.65) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 7.5 | 6.9 | 7.0 | 5.6 | 10.4 | 15.1 | 17.8 | 15.6 | 11.3 | 9.5 | 9.2 | 7.0 | 122.9 |
| Average afternoon relative humidity (%) | 31 | 34 | 35 | 40 | 51 | 63 | 63 | 55 | 51 | 44 | 38 | 31 | 45 |
| Source: Australian Bureau of Meteorology | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Demographics

At the 2021 census, the population of Young was 10,610, up from 10,295 people at the 2016 census.

The breakdown of population in 2016 in the township included 367 people (5.1%) (197 males and 172 females) who identified as being of Indigenous origin. The median age of people was 40 years.

The number of people born overseas in the 2016 census was 1023 (13.9%) compared with 650 (5.8%) in the 2001 census, 589 (5.3%) in the 1996 census and 549 (5.1%) in the 1991 census. Of those born overseas, the three main countries of birth in the 2016 census were:

In the 2016 census, the three most common ancestries identified with were:

English was stated as the only language spoken at home by 6,413 people (89.6%) in the 2016 census. The three most common languages spoken at home other than English in the 2016 census were:

* Arabic (including Lebanese): 88 (1.2%)
* Tagalog: 22 (0.3%) and;
* Mandarin: 22 (0.3%).

In the week preceding the 2016 census, 1894 households (67.8%) had accessed the internet at home. 501 (8.9%) people held a bachelor's degree or above. 212 people were unemployed, representing 7.6% of the labour force. The median weekly individual income for people aged 15 years and over in the 2016 census was $505. In the 2016 census, there were 2,324 separate houses (83.2%), 202 semi-detached, row or terrace houses and townhouses (7.2%), 257 flats, units or apartments (9.2%) and 3 other dwellings (0.1%). In the 2016 census, there were 594 couple families with children (which comprised 34.4% of all families in occupied private dwellings), 675 couple families without children (39.1%), 431 one parent families (24.9%) and 28 other families (1.6%).

At the 2011 census, Young had a population of 6,960.

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1921 | 3,283 |  |
| 1933 | 4,011 | +22.2% |
| 1947 | 4,656 | +16.1% |
| 1954 | 5,503 | +18.2% |
| 1961 | 5,448 | −1.0% |
| 1966 | 5,754 | +5.6% |
| 1971 | 6,064 | +5.4% |
| 1976 | 6,459 | +6.5% |
| 1981 | 6,906 | +6.9% |
| 1986 | 6,797 | −1.6% |
| 1991 | 6,666 | −1.9% |
| 1996 | 6,798 | +2.0% |
| 2001 | 6,821 | +0.3% |
| 2006 | 7,141 | +4.7% |
| 2011 | 6,960 | −2.5% |
| 2016 | 7,170 | +3.0% |
| 2021 | 7,712 | +7.6% |
| Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics data. | | |

## The Lambing Flat Chinese Tribute Gardens

Young Shire Council established the Lambing Flat Chinese Tribute Gardens adjacent to the site of Chinamans Dam, an old railway dam approximately 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) south of Young. The gardens are intended to create an ambience similar to the Japanese Gardens at Cowra. Chinamans Dam, with an initial capacity of over 9,100 cubic metres (2×10~~^~~6 imp gal) when it was in railway use, is situated at a hamlet called Pitstone on Sawpit Gully. The dam was built in the 1860s by German brothers (from Hannover), Herman and John Tiedemann, to provide water for the sluicing of their Victoria Hill gold claims. At some time in the 1870s, the brothers sold the area, including the dam, to a Chinese group who worked the site.

The dam was used as a railway facility from 1882 when the NSW Railway Commissioners gave notice of the intention to build the first part of the Blayney-Demondrille railway. To provide water for its steam locomotives, the Commissioners decided to provide a dam and pump water from it to a facility, known as Young Tank, at the 396-kilometre (246 mi) post. It is not known whether the railways enhanced the existing dam or built a new facility.

From 1885 to 1901, locomotives stopped at Young Tank to replenish their water. In 1901, watering facilities were built at Young Station. The supply of water was obtained from Chinamans Dam. The capacity of the dam was enlarged in 1911. The dam was a popular spot for swimming and, whilst officially frowned upon, was tolerated.

Following the connection to the South West Tablelands Water Supply Scheme, which provided water from Burrinjuck Dam, the railways ceased to draw water from Chinamans Dam after 1936. The site was returned to the Crown in 1962 and in the following year, a 15-hectare (36-acre) reserve was established and the Shire Council were appointed as trustees. The dam has since been enlarged.

## Education

Young has six schools:

* St Mary's Primary School
* New Madinah College
* Young North Primary School
* Young Public School
* Hennessy Catholic College
* Young High School

## Sport

Rugby football is traditionally popular in Young, with a strong Maher Cup rugby league team competing between 1920 and 1971.

The following sports teams operate out of Young:

* Young Cherrypickers are a rugby league team playing in the Group 9 competition
* Burrangong Bears are a rugby league team playing in the George Tooke Shield competition
* Young Yabbies is a rugby union team playing in the Southern Inland Rugby Union competition.
* Young Lions is a soccer club fielding teams that play in the Bathurst District Soccer Senior Men's and Senior Women's competition.

Australian rules football was also at times popular in Young, with the Young Saints experiencing success in the Central West AFL in the 1980s, however despite attempts to revive it as a junior club, folded in 2018.

## Media

### Newspapers

* *Burrangong Argus* 1864–1914 (incorporated in The Young Witness)
* *Burrangong Chronicle* 1873–1902 (became the Young Chronicle)
* *Burrangong Courier* 1962 (ceased publication)
* *The Lambing Flat Miner* 1862–1961 (ceased publication)
* *Young Chronicle* 1902–1947 (incorporated in The Young Witness)
* *The Young Witness* 1909–

### Radio stations

## Churches

* Kingdom Hall of Jehovah's Witnesses, Wombat Street
* New Life Community Church – McDonnels Road
* St John's Anglican Church – cnr Cloete and Zouch Streets
* St Mary's Roman Catholic Church – Ripon Street
* St Paul's Presbyterian Church – cnr Lynch and Lovell Streets
* Young Baptist Church – Nasmyth Street
* Young Mosque (Lebanese Muslim Association) – Moppity Road
* Young Seventh-Day Adventist Church – Wombat Street
* Young Uniting Church – cnr Lynch and Cloete Streets

## Notable people

Media related to Young, New South Wales at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Young
New South Wales | |
| --- | --- |
| Young courthouse built in 1884 but transferred to the Department of Education in 1925 and used as the main hall of Young High School | |
| Young | |
| Coordinates | 34°18′0″S 148°18′0″E / 34.30000°S 148.30000°E / -34.30000; 148.30000 |
| Population | 7,712 (UCL 2021) |
| Established | 1826 |
| Postcode(s) | 2594 |
| Elevation | 440 m (1,444 ft) |
| Location |  |
| LGA(s) | Hilltops Council |
| County | Monteagle |
| State electorate(s) | Cootamundra |
| Federal division(s) | Riverina |
| **Mean max temp** **Mean min temp** **Annual rainfall**  22.2 °C
72 °F 7.1 °C
45 °F 626.2 mm
24.7 in | |


title: Lincoln Highway in Greene County, Iowa

abstract: The Lincoln Highway in Greene County, Iowa is a multiple property submission to the National Register of Historic Places, which was approved on March 29, 1993. It includes five individual listings and five historic districts located in Greene County, Iowa, United States. They encompass abandoned sections of dirt roads, paved sections that are now part of other highways, and various sites, objects, structures and pieces of infrastructure that were a part of the Lincoln Highway. The years of historical significance are 1912 to 1928.

text:
# Lincoln Highway in Greene County, Iowa

The **Lincoln Highway in Greene County, Iowa** is a multiple property submission to the National Register of Historic Places, which was approved on March 29, 1993. It includes five individual listings and five historic districts located in Greene County, Iowa, United States. They encompass abandoned sections of dirt roads, paved sections that are now part of other highways, and various sites, objects, structures and pieces of infrastructure that were a part of the Lincoln Highway. The years of historical significance are 1912 to 1928.

## The Lincoln Highway in Iowa

Carl Fisher was an American automotive and real estate entrepreneur who conceived the Lincoln Highway in 1912, and helped to develop it. Connecting New York City to San Francisco, it was the first highway to cross the United States. The intention to develop the highway was announced in 1913, and Iowans raised over $5 million for the construction of the road. There were no particularly good options to cross Iowa, but the Lincoln Highway Association wanted a direct route between Chicago and Omaha. The route through Iowa was announced on September 14, 1913. They chose what was known as the "Iowa Official Trans-Continental Route," which was already being used by transcontinental motorists through the state. It covered 358 miles (576 km) of dirt and gravel roads that began in Clinton and traveled west to Council Bluffs. Rural roads in Iowa were notorious for their poor condition, and when it rained the mud made them even worse. The chosen route paralleled the Chicago Northwestern Railroad tracks as they followed the driest and least hilly terrain in the state.

In Iowa the Lincoln Highway was also known as State Primary Road No. 6 from 1920 to 1926. Its designation changed when the federal highway system was created and it became known as U.S. 30 in 1926. The Lincoln Highway Association operated until 1927, however, the following year it put up memorial markers along the route. The old Lincoln Highway remained a major transportation artery in Iowa into the 1950s when the state constructed a new US Highway 30.

## Lincoln Highway in Greene County

Greene County had a history of providing good roads early in the 20th century, so much so that it was the first Iowa county to receive Rural Free Delivery (RFD) mail service. There were 20 reinforced bridges in the county in 1907, and by 1909 it had 175 miles (282 km) of gravel roads. The year the Lincoln Highway route was announced, the Greene County Board of Supervisors established an official county road system that connected all the towns in the county. The citizens of the county worked to raise funds to promote and improve the Lincoln Highway through their territory. The Board of Supervisors spent $15,000 to improve the roadway in 1914, and the citizens raised another $5,000. A statue of Abraham Lincoln, a gift from E.B. and Minnie Wilson, was placed on the courthouse square in 1918 to commemorate the highway. The county was the first to accept Federal funds for paving roads in 1919. While the “seedling mile” outside of Marion was the first section of the Lincoln Highway that was paved in the state, Greene County was the first county to pave their portion of the highway. The first paved portion was a 6.5-mile (10.5 km) section equidistant from the center of Jefferson. All 30 miles (48 km) in the county were paved by 1924. The route through Greene County was changed several times between 1913 and 1924. This was done as highway design and engineering standards evolved so that curves were straightened, hills were graded, and rail crossings were avoided.

## Individual listings

### Lincoln Highway Markers

The Lincoln Highway Markers are 48.5-inch (1.23 m) high concrete structures. They are composed of a 28-inch (71 cm) octagon shaped post and a rectangular top that are cast in one piece. A nearly 4-inch (10 cm) medallion of Abraham Lincoln is embedded in the front side of the rectangular top. It is inscribed with: "This highway dedicated to Abraham Lincoln." Below the medallion an "L" and a direction arrow are stamped into the concrete. The markers were the last official signs used to designate the highway right of way. About 3,000 of them were cast. They were placed in designated spots about 1 mile (1.6 km) apart by local Boy Scout troops in 1928.

Six markers are known to exist in Greene County. Five are located along the highway and one is broken and is located in the Greene County Museum. Two of the markers are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Lincoln Highway Marker (2) is located near the Lincoln Statue on the grounds of the Greene County Courthouse in Jefferson. Given its location along the highway and next to the Lincoln statue it is possible that this marker was installed here in 1928, but that cannot be determined definitively. In 2011 this marker was included as a contributing property in the Jefferson Square Commercial Historic District. Lincoln Highway Marker (1) is also in Jefferson in an address restricted location.

### Buttrick's Creek Abandoned Segment

This 600-by-66-foot (183 by 20 m) section of abandoned roadway was part of the original Lincoln Highway route. It was abandoned when a curve was straightened in 1920. This section was a part of the roadway that went past the farmstead of Capt. Albert Head, an early promoter of the highway who made significant monetary contributions to its development. Head also contributed toward the construction of a nearby bridge, no longer extant. While the bridge's construction in 1914 straightened part of the roadway, motorists still had to negotiate a tight curve immediately south of the bridge. The realignment removed this curve, but kept the roadway close to the farmsteads.

The abandoned section lays perpendicular to the west from County Road E53. It is located on a grass incline, and the old grade and cut banks are clearly visible. The old roadway is no longer used for any purpose, and the grade and cut banks are covered with mowed grass. A partially buried concrete headwall of a driveway culvert is located at the top of the incline. Its design and materials are consistent with other culverts along the old highway.

### Little Beaver Creek Bridge

The bridge over Little Beaver Creek is a reinforced concrete deck structure with concrete baluster guardrails built in 1915. It carries the traffic of a gravel rural road over the creek. The road served as part of the Lincoln Highway between 1914 and 1922. Originally, the highway was designated to be a mile south along the Chicago Northwestern tracks, but the Greene and Boone County segments would not align. Greene County moved its route to the north so the two segments would meet at the county line. In 1920 a sizable contingent of residents from Grand Junction petitioned to have the route shifted back to the south. Both county Boards of Supervisors agreed to route the highway south of the railroad tracks, which necessitated a new stretch of highway to be built. It was completed in 1922, and the Greene County Board of Supervisors returned this bridge and the road it serves to the township road system on October 23.

### Lincoln Statue

This statue of Abraham Lincoln is a replica of W. Granville Hastings’ statue in Cincinnati, Ohio. It was a gift of E.B. and Minnie Wilson. Dedicated on September 22, 1918, it was the first statue of Lincoln built beside, and dedicated to, the Lincoln Highway.

## Historic districts

### Buttrick's Creek to Grand Junction Segment

This is an original section of the old Lincoln Highway from 1913, and it is now part of County Road E53. It runs across 2.4 miles (3.9 km) of relatively level farm land from a curve east of Buttrick's Creek to Iowa Highway 144 just south of Grand Junction. At one time the junction with Iowa 144 was a Y-intersection that has subsequently been converted into a T intersection. The Lincoln Highway through Iowa had many Y-intersections, and they have likewise been converted. A jog in the road was straightened in 1920, and this whole stretch of highway was paved with concrete in 1924 by Empire Construction Company of Des Moines. There are six contributing resources to this historic district, all structures: the roadway itself, the road drainage system, and four culverts. Construction plans from 1923 show that the culverts and half of the drainage system were in place when the highway was paved. The roadway is 18 feet (5.5 m) across, and within a 66-foot (20 m) right-of-way. The drainage system includes two lines of 6-inch (150 mm) drainage tiles and 12 intakes. Each intake is a conical-shaped cast iron grate that covers a subsurface concrete cylinder. The four culverts include one concrete driveway culvert and three concrete box culverts, all of different sizes.

### Grand Junction Segment

Most of this 1.75-mile (2.82 km) section of the Lincoln Highway was not on the original route from 1913, but was part of the negotiations with Boone County to re-route the highway south of the Chicago Northwestern tracks in 1920. The new alignment required a new roadway to be built, and it eliminated all railroad crossings on this part of the highway. It was completed in 1922. The western section of the roadway is in the town of Grand Junction, and it was paved in 1923. The rural section on the east side was paved the following year. Empire Construction completed both projects. Like the segment in the historic district above, it is now a part of County Road E53. The town section passes through the central business district on the west and a residential area on the east. The rural section passes along the railroad tracks and under the US 30 overpass before it connects with the newer highway. There are six contributing resources to this historic district, five structures and one object. The structures are the 0.75-mile (1.21 km) section of urban roadway, the 1 mile (1.6 km) section of rural roadway, the West Beaver Creek Bridge, one culvert and the road drainage system. The object is a Lincoln Highway Marker that stands in front of the Grand Junction city hall. The West Beaver Creek Bridge is a 24-by-24-foot (7.3 by 7.3 m) concrete slab bridge with closed guardrails. It is located outside of town on the rural section of roadway. Christenson Construction Company built the structure for $3,440.

### Raccoon River Rural Segment

This is another original section of the old Lincoln Highway from 1913 that is now part of County Road E53. It runs through 3.6 miles (5.8 km) of rolling farmland, and through the Raccoon River Valley. There are 11 contributing resources to this historic district, 10 structures and one site. The roadway is one structure broken into three segments. The first segment is a 1.4-mile (2.3 km) section on the west side of the district. It was paved in 1924 by Empire Construction. The second segment is a 1.3-mile (2.1 km) section on the east and west sides of the Eureka Bridge. It includes Danger Hill where the grade was reduced considerably in 1920 and a jog in the highway was replaced with a curve. The C.C. Barnes Company completed the work. Empire Construction also paved this section in 1924. The third segment is a 0.9-mile (1.4 km) section on the east side of the district. It was one of the first sections of the Lincoln Highway paved in Greene County in 1920. The work was completed by F.E. Marsh Company of Jefferson, Iowa. The Eureka Bridge is a five-span reinforced concrete arch bridge. Each span is 77 feet (23 m) wide with an overall length of 422 feet (129 m). It replaced an earlier span that was partially washed out by a flood in 1912. Marsh Engineering Company of Des Moines constructed the bridge that was designed by the Iowa Highway Commission. It is one of the earliest arch bridges still standing in Iowa, and one of the first designed by the state highway commission. Because of increased traffic on the span it had to be widened in 1924. Other historic structures include the road drainage system, six culverts, and one cattle pass. The site is 600 feet (180 m) of abandoned roadway at the top of Danger Hill. This section of roadway appears not to have been paved, and it includes one of the culverts.

### West Beaver Creek Abandoned Segment

This abandoned section of roadway was part of the original Lincoln Highway from 1913. It lies to the north of the Chicago Northwestern tracks which are immediately to the north of the Grand Junction Segment (see above). The Lincoln Highway route was moved north in eastern Greene County in 1914 so the Greene and Boone County segments of the highway would connect. The realignment also removed a couple of dangerous railroad crossings at the same time. This section of roadway survived that realignment, and remained part of the highway until 1922 when the right-of-way was shifted south of the railroad tracks and a new roadway was built. This realignment removed another railroad crossing at Grand Junction. There are three contributing resources to this historic district, two structures and one site. One of the structures is a 18-by-24-foot (5.5 by 7.3 m) concrete bridge that features concrete balustered guardrails. It was built by the Iowa Bridge Company in 1915 for $1,339. It replaced an older wooden span. A partially buried concrete driveway culvert is the other structure, and a 0.1-mile (0.16 km) section of the abandoned dirt roadway is the site. The roadway was never paved. The historic district is located on a farm and the former roadway and bridge are still used to move farm machinery.

### West Greene County Rural Segment

This is yet another original section of the old Lincoln Highway from 1913. The east–west section of roadway is now part of County Road E39, and the north–south section of the roadway is part of Iowa Highway 25. The highways are located on relatively level farmland. There are 13 contributing resources to this historic district, 11 structures and two objects. The structures include the 4.35 miles (7.00 km) of roadway, the road drainage system, eight culverts, and a skew I-beam bridge. Empire Construction paved this section of the Lincoln Highway in 1924. Part of the paving project included the construction of a new bridge. The I-beam structure was completed by C.J. Kramme of Fort Dodge, Iowa for $5,413. It replaced an earlier wooden span. The objects are two property markers located on private property where the road turns south from County Road E39 onto Iowa 25. They were placed here by James E. Moss, who farmed the land and was an ardent supporter of the Lincoln Highway. Moss was a Civil War veteran who lost a foot at Missionary Ridge. He had these identical markers erected in 1926 as memorials to Abraham Lincoln, whom he considered "one of our greatest citizens." They are concrete structures created by Harold Carlisle of Jefferson, and are capped by a concrete bust of Abraham Lincoln. The original busts were broken off and have been replaced. An "L" is stamped on the shoulder of the base, and "J.E. Moss" stamped on front. Similar markers were to be erected at several other points in Greene County, but there is no evidence that they ever were.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| The Lincoln Highway in<br>Greene County, Iowa | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The Lincoln statue in Jefferson. | |
|  | |
| Location | Greene County, Iowa |
| Coordinates | 42°0′55″N 94°22′29″W / 42.01528°N 94.37472°W / 42.01528; -94.37472 |
| MPS | The Lincoln Highway in Greene County, Iowa MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 64500168 |
| Added to NRHP | March 29, 1993 |


title: Peckoltia capitulata

abstract: Peckoltia capitulata is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Approuague River in French Guiana. It was initially collected from an area of the river with a swift, strong current that was noted to be unusually turbid at the time of collection due to illegal gold mining in the area. The species reaches 7.6 cm SL. Its specific epithet, capitulata, is derived from Latin and reportedly refers to the characteristically small head of the species.

text:
# Peckoltia capitulata

***Peckoltia capitulata*** is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Approuague River in French Guiana. It was initially collected from an area of the river with a swift, strong current that was noted to be unusually turbid at the time of collection due to illegal gold mining in the area. The species reaches 7.6 cm (3 inches) SL. Its specific epithet, *capitulata*, is derived from Latin and reportedly refers to the characteristically small head of the species.

## InfoBox

| *Peckoltia capitulata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Siluriformes |
| Family: | Loricariidae |
| Genus: | *Peckoltia* |
| Species: | ***P. capitulata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Peckoltia capitulata***<br>Fisch-Muller & Covain, 2012 | |
|


abstract: The London Midland Region (LMR) was one of the six regions created on the formation of the nationalised British Railways (BR), and initially consisted of ex-London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) lines in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The region was managed first from buildings adjacent to Euston station, and later from Stanier House in Birmingham. It existed from the creation of BR in 1948, ceased to be an operating unit in its own right in the 1980s, and was wound up at the end of 1992.

text:
# London Midland Region of British Railways

The **London Midland Region** (LMR) was one of the six regions created on the formation of the nationalised British Railways (BR), and initially consisted of ex-London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) lines in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The region was managed first from buildings adjacent to Euston station, and later from Stanier House in Birmingham. It existed from the creation of BR in 1948, ceased to be an operating unit in its own right in the 1980s, and was wound up at the end of 1992.

## Territory

At its inception, the LMR's territory consisted of ex-LMS lines in England and Wales. The Mersey Railway, which had avoided being "Grouped" with the LMS in 1923, also joined the LMR. The LMR's territory principally consisted of the West Coast Main Line (WCML), the Midland Main Line (MML) south of Carlisle, and the ex-Midland Cross Country route from Bristol to Leeds.

During the LMR's existence there were a number of transfers of territory to and from other regions. The major changes were:

## Locomotives and rolling stock

The LMR inherited ex-LMS types of steam locomotive. For a few months in early 1948, an M prefix was added to existing LMS locomotive numbers. From mid-1948, 40000 was added, giving numbers of ex-LMS types in the 4XXXX and 5XXXX series. Some elderly locomotive classes were renumbered in the 58XXX series to make way for new production of LMS designs.

The LMR initially continued building ex-LMS stock, particularly Black Fives, Ivatt 2MT, two Duchesses, and rebuilds of Royal Scots and Patriots. Stanier "Period III" carriages continued to be built and were developed into a new style known as "Porthole" stock. Freight stock on order at Nationalisation was completed: some LMS designs were accepted as BR standard designs and continued to be built for the whole network through the 1950s and early 1960s.

The LMR had some experimental diesel locomotives, such as the Class D16/1 and "Fell locomotive" 10100.

In August 1968 it was the last region of BR to eliminate steam traction under the 1955 Modernisation Plan.

## West Coast Main Line electrification

In the 1960s, the West Coast Main Line was electrified between London Euston and Crewe, Liverpool, Manchester and Birmingham. This was extended via Carlisle to Glasgow in the 1970s.

* Ball, MG. *British Railways Atlas* Ian Allan Publishing 2004

## InfoBox

London Midland Region of British Railways
| Region logo from 1965 to 1992. | |
| --- | --- |
| Franchise(s) | Not subject to franchising (1 January 1948 – 31 December 1992) |
| Main Region(s) | London, North West of England, West Midlands |
| Parent company | British Rail |


title: Twechar

abstract: Twechar is a small former mining village historically in Dunbartonshire and administered by the council area of East Dunbartonshire, Scotland close to the boundary with North Lanarkshire. It lies between the larger towns of Cumbernauld, Kilsyth and Kirkintilloch. The Forth and Clyde Canal runs close to the village to the north, and closely follows the line of the Antonine Wall. There are visible remains of the wall on Bar Hill and the Roman Fort is a local tourist attraction.

text:
# Twechar

**Twechar** is a small former mining village historically in Dunbartonshire and administered by the council area of East Dunbartonshire, Scotland close to the boundary with North Lanarkshire. It lies between the larger towns of Cumbernauld, Kilsyth and Kirkintilloch. The Forth and Clyde Canal runs close to the village to the north, and closely follows the line of the Antonine Wall. There are visible remains of the wall on Bar Hill and the Roman Fort is a local tourist attraction.

## History

The etymology of the name is probably ‘causeway or pavement’. Several old documents show Twechar with various spellings including maps by Charles Ross, and William Roy. There is a long history of mining activity in the Twechar locality but it was not until the coming of William Baird & Co. to the area, about 1860, that a close-knit mining community was created. Before that time Shirva was described as having the best farm land in the parish. Several tombstones from a possible Roman Cemetery were found at Shirva House. A legionary slab was also discovered. In 2020 a replica of the Eastermains stone was installed in Twechar. It was found on near the discovery site of the 20th Legion's slab: on Eastermains Farm (which adjoins Whitehill), west of Inchbelly Bridge, east of Kirkintilloch and is often associated with Auchendavy. It has been scanned and a video produced. It is similar to two other distance slabs of the Sixth Legion.

## Mining

Pits were sunk at Twechar and Gartshore and a row of workers' houses was built on the south bank of the Forth and Clyde canal, just east of Twechar Bridge.

The coal mining industry begun by the Bairds in the 1860s lasted for just over a century. Twechar No.1 Pit, on the north bank of the canal to the east of Twechar Bridge, closed in 1964, while Gartshore 9/11, the very last colliery in the area, was shut down in 1968. Thereafter some Twechar men travelled each day to collieries such as Bedlay and Cardowan in Lanarkshire, until they too were closed, during the early 1980s.

Baird & Co. provided rail connections to their local pits at an early date but for many years much of their coal was transported to market by canal boat. During the 1860s the canal company permitted Baird & Co. to place a railway swing bridge over the canal, a short distance to the west of Twechar road bridge, for the purpose of forming a connection between collieries on either side of the canal. As part of the deal the coal company agreed to transport a proportion of its coal by canal although this requirement lapsed early in the twentieth century. However, the swing bridge continued in use until the mid-1960s, its hand-winding apparatus having been made redundant on 1 January 1963, when the canal closed.

## Housing

The original housing provided by William Baird & Co soon proved inadequate and around 1880 the Barrhill Rows were constructed at right angles to Main Street, on its western side.

At first there were four rows, supplemented by two more about 1900, by which date the total number of dwellings in the rows was 160. The row nearest the canal included a Gartsherrie Co-operative shop and accordingly was known as the 'Store Row'.

Initially the houses had no sanitation and were lit by paraffin lamps. Communal wash houses were provided at intervals along each row. Most of the houses were of the two-apartment (room & kitchen) variety.

A great improvement was made in 1925, when Baird & Co. (in response to considerable pressure from the miners themselves, over the years) provided good quality modern housing for their mine workers at Burnbrae, Annieston, Sunnyhill and adjacent streets. There were 200 dwellings in all, some two-apartment and some three-apartment, built in two-story blocks of four. They were provided with bathrooms and electric lighting. When these houses were built the old row on the south bank of the canal was demolished. The Barrhill Rows, however, lasted until 1957. The Baird houses of 1925 are currently being demolished and little remains of Burnbrae, Whitelaw Terrace, Shirva lea and Merryflats ( Nov 09 ). Later housing was provided by Dunbartonshire County Council at MacDonald Crescent (1939), Alexander Avenue (1948) and Kelvin View (about 1955).

In the 2001 census, the population was recorded as 1,363, a drop of over 9% from the previous census in 1991.

## Schools

The village also had its own secondary education in Twechar School (now Twechar Primary School) until secondary schools in Cumbernauld and Kirkintilloch opened and secondary age pupils were sent by bus to these schools.

Pupils from Twechar Primary now go on to further education at the new state of the art Kirkintilloch High School. The Roman Catholic children are taught in Kirkintilloch for their primary and at the new St Ninian's High School, Kirkintilloch for their secondary education. the primary school has an estimate of 70-90 pupils ( 2010 .

## Transport

Twechar railway station on the Kelvin Valley Railway served the village and area from 1878 to 1951. It was named Gavell from 1878 until 1924.

## Redevelopment

The reopening of the Forth & Clyde Canal, in May 2001, brought with it great opportunities for the development of Twechar, which lies close to the canal's half-way point.

Currently the village is undergoing a regeneration, EDC and private enterprise have put forward proposals to build approximately 200+ new houses, older housing stock in the "National Coal Board" scheme will be demolished from late 2007 onwards if the plan goes ahead.

Newer small business units have also been built in the small enterprise park opposite the war memorial, and an application for new housing has been raised with the council for new housing next to Kelvin View (November 2009). As of February 2012, residents have been moving into their new homes at the new Kelvin View housing site near the top end of Davison Crescent, the tenants seem very happy with their new homes.

Various new walkways have also been made, in and around the village and the glen.

The local leisure centre has undergone an expensive renovation and has been re-titled " The Twechar healthy living and enterprise centre." There is also a pharmacy run by M & D Green Dispensing Chemists Ltd. Negotiations to obtain a GP have been ongoing for some time.

An area to the rear of the former Masonic Hall (Lodge Barrhill Twechar 1444) has already been developed for boating purposes on the canal, a slipway and floating pontoon are already in-situ, hopefully there will be a community canal boat in place in the near future.

## Churches

There is a Church of Scotland congregation, Twechar Parish Church, which shares a minister with Banton. The Roman Catholic villagers are served by St. John of the Cross Chapel in Twechar. There is also a Church of the Nazarene.

## Roman Tombstones

Several Roman tombstones have been found at Shirva. Several of them have been scanned and videos have been produced. They are sometimes connected with Auchendavy since Wester Shirva Farm is about halfway between there and Bar Hill. Archaeological excavations at Bar Hill have in turn revealed a formerly unknown early Roman 'marching' camp to the south of the Fort, and an artesian well in the Commandant's courtyard which has produced numerous finds, presumably hastily tossed in by the Romans as they abandoned the Fort and wall. Twechar has in fact *3* Roman camps – both aforementioned sites at Bar Hill and another in the farmer's field adjacent to St John of the Cross.

RS 37. A sepulchral banquet. Video.RS 38. Another sepulchral banquet. Video.RIB 2181. Tombstone for Flavius Lucianus. Video. RIB 2182. Tombstone for Salmanes Video.RIB 2183. Tombstone for Verecunda. Video.Fragment of tombstone from Shirva, Twechar. Video.Stone fragment possibly from Shirva, TwecharTwechar tombstones.

## InfoBox

| Twechar | |
| --- | --- |
| Twechar and Bar Hill | |
| TwecharLocation within East Dunbartonshire | |
| Population | 1,340 (2022) |
| OS grid reference | NS698754 |
| Council area |  |
| Lieutenancy area |  |
| Country | Scotland |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | GLASGOW |
| Postcode district | G65 |
| Dialling code | 01236 |
|  | |
| Police | Scotland |
| Fire | Scottish |
| Ambulance | Scottish |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
| Scottish Parliament |  |
|


title: Turn Hole Tunnel

abstract: The Turn Hole Tunnel is an abandoned railroad tunnel near Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania. Built by the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, it carried part of the Lehigh and Susquehanna RR main line until 1912, and was used as part of a passing siding for several decades thereafter. It is now an attraction in Lehigh Gorge State Park.

text:
# Turn Hole Tunnel

The **Turn Hole Tunnel** is an abandoned railroad tunnel near Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania. Built by the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, it carried part of the Lehigh and Susquehanna RR main line until 1912, and was used as part of a passing siding for several decades thereafter. It is now an attraction in Lehigh Gorge State Park.

## History

The tunnel takes its name from the "Turn Hole" in the Lehigh River, a deep eddy where the river makes a turn at the base of a high cliff, known as Moyer's Rock. When the Lehigh and Susquehanna Railroad (a subsidiary of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company) extended its line from White Haven to Mauch Chunk (now Jim Thorpe) in 1866, it crossed the Lehigh River at the Turn Hole and tunneled 496 feet (151 m) through the face of the cliff, proceeding southward through the gorge. The parallel line of the Lehigh Valley Railroad crossed the river just to the west, but swung around the point of Moyer's Rock instead of tunneling. The Lehigh and Susquehanna was leased to the Central Railroad of New Jersey in 1871.

The tunnel carried two tracks of the CNJ main line until about 1910, when it was condemned. The railroad began contracting to bypass it in 1911, grading a new alignment parallel with the Lehigh Valley. The new alignment was opened in 1912, but the two tracks in the tunnel and over the old bridge were kept intact as a passing siding until 1956, when they were abandoned.

The CNJ main line through Lehigh Gorge was abandoned in late 1965. While most of it has become the Lehigh Gorge Trail, the new alignment around Turn Hole Tunnel was paved as an access road to the Glen Onoko trail head of Lehigh Gorge State Park. The tunnel remains largely intact, with ties from the double track remaining *in situ*, occasionally covered by rockfall. At the north portal, overlooking the river, a safety railing has been built across the tunnel. The piers of the old bridge still stand in the river.

## InfoBox

Turnhole Tunnel
| Looking back through the tunnel from the edge of the Lehigh River. Ties from both tracks can be seen, strewn with rockfall from the ceiling. | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Line | Main Line |
| Location | Carbon County, Pennsylvania, USA |
| Coordinates | 40°52′57.9″N 75°45′40.3″W / 40.882750°N 75.761194°W / 40.882750; -75.761194 |
| Status | rails removed; accessible to hikers |
| System | Central Railroad of New Jersey |
| Operation | |
| Opened | 1866 |
| Closed | 1956 |
| Owner | Lehigh Gorge State Park |
| Technical | |
| Track length | 496 feet (151 m) |
| No. of tracks | Double |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) |