title: Wulfstan (died 1095)

abstract: Wulfstan was an English Benedictine monk who served as Bishop of Worcester from 1062 to 1095. He was the last surviving pre-Conquest bishop. Wulfstan is a saint in the Western Christian churches.

text:
# Wulfstan (died 1095)

**Wulfstan** (c.1008 – 20 January 1095) was an English Benedictine monk who served as Bishop of Worcester from 1062 to 1095. He was the last surviving pre-Conquest bishop. Wulfstan is a saint in the Western Christian churches.

## Denomination

His denomination as Wulfstan II is to indicate that he is the second Bishop Wulfstan of Worcester. This, however, does not prevent confusion, since the first Bishop Wulfstan  his maternal uncle  is also called Wulfstan II to denote that *he* was the second Archbishop of York called Wulfstan.

## Life

Wulfstan was born about 1008 at Long Itchington in the English county of Warwickshire. His family lost their lands around the time King Cnut of England came to the throne in 1016. He was probably named after his uncle, Wulfstan II, Archbishop of York. Through his uncle's influence, he studied at monasteries in Evesham and Peterborough, before becoming a clerk at Worcester. During this time, his superiors, noting his reputation for dedication and chastity, urged him to join the priesthood. In 1034 Wulfstan served as incumbent at St Mary's Church in Hawkesbury, Gloucestershire. It was here that he experienced an incident which changed his life. Whilst at his devotions he was distracted by the smell of a goose cooking in the kitchen nearby. Mortified, he resolved never to touch meat again and became a vegetarian. Wulfstan was ordained shortly thereafter, in 1038, and soon joined a monastery of Benedictines at Worcester.

Wulfstan served as treasurer and prior of Worcester, and from 1034 onwards served as the parish priest of Hawkesbury, Gloucestershire. When Ealdred, the bishop of Worcester as well as the Archbishop of York, was required to relinquish Worcester by Pope Nicholas, Ealdred decided to have Wulfstan appointed to Worcester. In addition, Ealdred continued to hold a number of the manors of the diocese. Wulfstan was consecrated Bishop of Worcester on 8 September 1062, by Ealdred. It would have been more proper for him to have been consecrated by the Archbishop of Canterbury, whose province Worcester was in. Wulfstan had deliberately avoided consecration by the current archbishop of Canterbury, Stigand, since Stigand's own consecration had been uncanonical. Wulfstan still acknowledged that the see of Worcester was a suffragan of Canterbury. He made no profession of obedience to Ealdred, instead offering a profession of obedience to Stigand's successor Lanfranc.

Wulfstan was a confidant of Harold Godwinson, who helped secure the bishopric for him.

A social reformer, Wulfstan struggled to bridge the gap between the old and new regimes, and to alleviate the suffering of the poor. He was a strong opponent of the slave trade, and together with Lanfranc, was mainly responsible for ending the trade from Bristol.

After the Norman conquest of England, Wulfstan was the only English-born bishop to retain his diocese for any significant time after the Conquest (all others had been replaced or succeeded by Normans by 1075). William of Malmesbury, whose early 12th century work *Vita Wulfstani* provides much of our knowledge of the bishop, noted that pastoral care of his diocese was Wulfstan's principal interest.

In 1072 Wulfstan signed the Accord of Winchester. In 1075, Wulfstan and the Worcestershire fyrd militia countered the Revolt of the Earls, when various magnates attempted a rebellion against William the Conqueror.

Wulfstan founded the Great Malvern Priory, and undertook much large-scale rebuilding work, including Worcester Cathedral, Hereford Cathedral, Tewkesbury Abbey, and many other churches in the Worcester, Hereford and Gloucester areas. He famously wept upon the destruction of the old Worcester Cathedral to make way for the new Romanesque building, decrying the loss of a building in which "so many holy and devout men have served God". After the Norman Conquest, he claimed that the Oswaldslow, a "triple hundred" administered by the bishops of Worcester, was free of interference by the local sheriff. This right to exclude the sheriff was recorded in the Domesday Book in 1086. Wulfstan also administered the diocese of Lichfield when it was vacant between 1071 and 1072.

As bishop, he often assisted the archbishops of York with consecrations, as they had few suffragan bishops. In 1073 Wulfstan helped Thomas of Bayeux consecrate Radulf as Bishop of Orkney, and in 1081 helped consecrate William de St-Calais as Bishop of Durham.

Wulfstan was responsible for the compilation by Hemming of the second cartulary of Worcester. He was close friends with Robert Losinga, the Bishop of Hereford, who was well known as a mathematician and astronomer.

Wulfstan, the last surviving pre-Conquest bishop, died 20 January 1095 after a protracted illness, whilst washing the feet of parishioners as was his custom. After his death, an altar was dedicated to him in Great Malvern Priory, next to those of Thomas Cantilupe and King Edward the Confessor.

## Legacy

At Easter of 1158, Henry II and his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine visited Worcester Cathedral and placed their crowns on the shrine of Wulfstan, vowing not to wear them again. Their son King John is buried at Worcester Cathedral.

Soon after Wulfstan's death, a hagiography, or saint's life, was written about him in English by his former chancellor Colman. It was translated into Latin by the medieval chronicler and historian William of Malmesbury. Wulfstan was canonized on 14 May 1203 by Pope Innocent III. He became the Patron Saint of Peasants and Vegetarians. One of the miracles attributed to Wulfstan was the curing of King Harold's daughter. The recently founded Victorine priory in Celbridge, Ireland (paid for by Adam de Hereford) was named St. Wolstan's Priory in his honour.

In 2008, the millennial anniversary of Wulfstan's birth, the Friends of the Church of St Mary the Virgin, Hawkesbury, where Wulfstan served from 1034, commissioned a stained glass window to his memory. The commission was carried out by a local artist, Caroline Pederick and it was dedicated in 2011 by Bishop Michael Pelham of Gloucester. In three roundels, it depicts features from Wulfstan's life; the broken chains of slavery, the goose, many vegetables and the bishop's crosier and mitre. In 2021, St. Mary's Church installed a ring of eight bells in their tower. The largest bell, weighing 600 kg, is named in honour of Wulfstan.

Wulfstan is remembered in the Church of England with a lesser festival, and on the Episcopal Church calendar on 19 January.

In 2023, a pastoral area of the Catholic Diocese of Clifton was named in honour of Wulfstan.

## Citations

1. Keynes, Simon (2014). "Appendix II: Archbishops and Bishops 597–1066". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). *The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England* (Second ed.). Chichester, UK: Blackwell Publishing. p. 563. ISBN 978-0-470-65632-7.
2. Walsh *A New Dictionary of Saints* p. 631
3. Fleming *Kings & Lords* p. 41
4. British History Online Bishops of Worcester accessed on 3 November 2007
5. "St Wulfstan Bell | St Mary's Church, Hawkesbury". *www.beaufortarms.com*. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
6. "St Wulfstan". *Friends of St Mary's Hawkesbury*. 5 August 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
7. Williams *English and the Norman Conquest* p. 150
8. Fryde, et al. *Handbook of British Chronology* p. 224
9. Flanagan "High-kings" p. 904
10. Fleming *Kings & Lords* p. 79
11. Mason "Wulfstan"
12. Barlow, Frank (1979). The English Church 1066–1154: A History of the Anglo-Norman Church. New York: Longman 1979 p57.
13. William of Malmesbury, Saints' lives: Lives of SS. Wulfstan, Dunstan, Patrick, Benignus and Indract pp 141–143.
14. of Malmesbury, William (2002). *Vita Wulfstani*. Oxford. pp. 121–3.
15. Williams *English and the Norman Conquest* p. 149
16. Williams *English and the Norman Conquest* p. 145
17. William of Malmesbury, *Saints' lives: Lives of SS. Wulfstan, Dunstan, Patrick, Benignus and Indract* pp 141–143
18. Coleman, Everard Home. *Notes and Queries, Volume 101*, Oxford University Press, 1900, p. 365.
19. Williams *English and the Norman Conquest* p. 170
20. Murray, James (21 July 2011). *Enforcing the English Reformation in Ireland: Clerical Resistance and ... – James Murray – Google Books*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521369947. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
21. "The Calendar". *The Church of England*. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
22. "Wulfstan of Worcester, Bishop, 1095". *The Episcopal Church*. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
23. "Parishes". *Clifton Diocese*. Retrieved 9 February 2024.

## InfoBox

| Saint
Wulfstan | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Worcester | |
| Stained glass depicting Wulfstan in the Church of St John in Bedwardine, St John's, Worcester | |
| Appointed | 1062 |
| Term ended | 20 January 1095 |
| Predecessor | Ealdred |
| Successor | Samson |
| Other post(s) | Prior of Worcester |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 8 September 1062
by Ealdred |
| Personal details | |
| Born | c.1008
Long Itchington, Warwickshire, Kingdom of England |
| Died | 20 January 1095 (1095-01-21) (aged around 86)
Worcester, Worcestershire, Kingdom of England |
| Denomination | Catholic |
| Sainthood | |
| Feast day | 19 January |
| Venerated in |  |
| Canonized | 14 May 1203
by Pope Innocent III |
| Attributes | Bishop |
| Patronage | Peasants, vegetarians and dieters |
| Shrines | Worcester Cathedral (destroyed) |


title: Xawery Dunikowski

abstract: Xawery Dunikowski was a Polish sculptor and artist, notable for surviving Auschwitz concentration camp, and best known for his Neo-Romantic sculptures and Auschwitz-inspired art.

text:
# Xawery Dunikowski

**Xawery Dunikowski** (Polish pronunciation: \[ksaˈvɛrɨ duɲiˈkɔfskʲi\]; 24 December 1875 – 26 January 1964) was a Polish sculptor and artist, notable for surviving Auschwitz concentration camp, and best known for his Neo-Romantic sculptures and Auschwitz-inspired art.

## Biography

Dunikowski was born in Kraków, a city he had an affinity for and would also use as the basis for a collection of art. When he was twelve his family moved to Warsaw, and after finishing his education in a technical school he studied sculpture under Boleslaw Syrewicz and Leon Wasilkowski. At twenty one, Dunikowski moved back to Kraków to study sculpture at the School of Fine Arts under Konstanty Laszczka, admirer of Auguste Rodin, and under Alfred Daun. He studied painting with Jan Stanisławski and after being enrolled for three years, he graduated with honors.

In 1902 Dunikowski began teaching sculpture at the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw, a professorship he would hold until 1909 when he was appointed the Chair of Sculpture Department at the Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków.

On January 18, 1905, amid a quarrel in a Warsaw restaurant, he shot and killed Wacław Pawliszak, a fellow artist and popular Warsaw society figure. As a result, he was arrested and then released on a 2,000 rubles bail, while being charged with manslaughter (crime of passion). However, he was never really tried by the Tsarist justice apparatus, which at that time was busy with the Revolution of 1905, as well as other problems. Being an Austrian subject, he was subsequently allowed to return to Kraków, and never actually did any jail time or paid any retribution for his crime to the victim's family.

Heading to Paris shortly before the beginning of World War I, Dunikowski remained in France from 1914 to 1920 (he served 5 years in the French Foreign Legion) until he returned to Kraków in 1921 to take the position of Head of Faculty of Sculpture at the Academy of Fine Arts there. While working at the academy, he educated many Polish sculptors including: Jerzy Bandura, Zygmunt Gawlik, Józef Gosławski, Maria Jarema, Ludwik Konarzewski (junior), Jacek Puget and Henryk Wiciński, and Polish-American woodcarver Adam Dabrowski. Dunikowski did not leave Kraków until 1940 when he was arrested by the Gestapo.

## War years

Dunikowski was arrested by the Germans on 15 May 1940 and deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp on 26 June 1940. In Auschwitz, he was assigned the number 774. The detainment has interrupted his work on a series of sculptures entitled *Heads from the Kraków Palace*, based on busts found up on the ceilings of Renaissance castles. Auschwitz had demoralized the artist up to a point where he said that he had died there and refused all requests, mainly by Schutzstaffel (SS) guards, who urged him to make a model of the camp. Being already of an advanced age, in 1942 Dunikowski fell sick and readily was selected to be killed, until his name was crossed out by a fellow Pole  of the list of prisoners doomed to be gassed. Narrowly escaping death, he once again nearly met his fate when in September 1943 he was accused of belonging to a resistance movement within the camp, and was therefore sentenced to be shot . However, due to further illness, he was sent back to the infirmary and had his sentence reduced . By 1944, still hospitalized, he began to draw portraits of fellow prisoners. Each drawing had to be smuggled out, and the ones that have made it were sent back to Kraków. Dunikowski had still not fully recovered by 27 January 1945, when the Soviet Red Army liberated Auschwitz, but by 1946 he has returned to his position at the Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków. He has also resumed his work on the *Heads from the Kraków Palace* series of sculptures.

## Postwar period

By the time he had returned to his normal life and recovered from his illness, Dunikowski was already seventy years old, and had started to create larger art to coincide with many of his Auschwitz-themed drawings and sculptures. His postwar interests started to drift toward architecture and tying it further to sculpture, as well as public monuments, most notably the *Monument of the Liberation of the Region of Warmia and Mazury* and the *Revolutionary Effort*, located in Olsztyn and at Góra Świętej Anny. Dunikowski had lived to see his works on display both in his hometown of Kraków, as well as exhibited in Warsaw, and at other venues, which by the early- to mid-1950s have included Moscow and Venice.

In 1955, Dunikowski was the subject of a film documentary themed around his workshop, titled *Idę do słońca* (I am Going toward the Sun), but he took little interest in the film itself nor in its director, Andrzej Wajda. Featured in the documentary was another famous series of sculptures by Dunikowski titled *Kobiety brzemienne* (Pregnant Women).

In the same year Dunikowski became the professor of the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw, thus leaving Kraków for good. He also held professorship at the State Higher School of Visual Arts in Wrocław.

In 1964, at the age of eighty-eight, Xawery Dunikowski died, leaving behind a legacy of art including some of his more famous sculptures, *Macierzyństwo* (Motherhood, 1900), *Skupienie* (Concentration), *Fatum* (Fate, 1904), *Dante*, sculpture series including *the Women of Nieborów* and *the Jesuits' Circle*, along with many illustrations, portraits, and other works. Considered to be the best 20th century Polish sculptor, Dunikowski is buried in the Alley of the Meritorious in Powązki Military Cemetery, Warsaw; his tomb sculpture was created by a former pupil, Barbara Zbrożyna.

## Museum

The former Warsaw palace of Królikarnia houses a museum dedicated to Dunikowski. Many of his famous works are on display in the park that surrounds it, among which is the sculpture in sandstone known as *The Soul Escaping the Body* (1918).

Media related to Xawery Dunikowski at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Xawery Dunikowski | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1875-11-24)24 November 1875
Kraków, Austria–Hungary |
| Died | 26 January 1964(1964-01-26) (aged 88)
Warsaw, Poland |
| Nationality | Polish |


title: Xerochrysum bicolor

abstract: Xerochrysum bicolor is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to Tasmania, where it is found in wetter habitats near the coast. It was originally described by Lindley in 1835 as Helichrysum bicolor, before gaining its current name in 2001. It is a compact annual or perennial, which normally grows to about 40 cm in height and 50 cm wide, and is usually simple or few-branched. The leaves are lanceolate and range from 2.5 to 10 cm long by 0.3 to 1.4 cm wide. The flowerheads are on stalks and have a diameter of 3 to 4 cm. The inflorescence bracts are papery, the outer ones orange-brown in colour, and the inner ones yellow. It is distinguished from Xerochrysum bracteatum by its narrower leaves. The species may be sunk into X. bracteatum in a future revision.

text:
# Xerochrysum bicolor

***Xerochrysum bicolor*** is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to Tasmania, where it is found in wetter habitats near the coast. It was originally described by Lindley in 1835 as *Helichrysum bicolor*, before gaining its current name in 2001.

It is a compact annual or perennial, which normally grows to about 40 cm in height and 50 cm wide, and is usually simple or few-branched. The leaves are lanceolate and range from 2.5 to 10 cm long by 0.3 to 1.4 cm wide. The flowerheads are on stalks and have a diameter of 3 to 4 cm. The inflorescence bracts are papery, the outer ones orange-brown in colour, and the inner ones yellow. It is distinguished from *Xerochrysum bracteatum* by its narrower leaves.

The species may be sunk into *X. bracteatum* in a future revision.

## InfoBox

| *Xerochrysum bicolor* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | *Xerochrysum* |
| Species: | ***X. bicolor*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xerochrysum bicolor***<br>(Lindl.) R.J.Bayer | |
|


title: Xinjiang–Tibet railway

abstract: The Xinzang railway, Xinjiang–Xizang railway, or Xinjiang–Tibet railway, is a proposed railway that connects Hotan, Xinjiang and Xigazê, Tibet. It is one of three planned railways to Tibet in the Mid-to-Long Term Railway Network Plan, the other two are Chuanzang railway (Sichuan–Tibet) and Yunnan-Tibet railway (Yunnan–Tibet). In February 2023, the government of Tibet Autonomous Region announced the first section, Shigatse to Pakhuktso, is scheduled to open in 2025. The second section will connect Pakhuktso to Hotan in Xinjiang by 2035. The railway is also planned to connect Nepal and India.

text:
# Xinjiang–Tibet railway

The **Xinzang railway**, **Xinjiang–Xizang railway**, or **Xinjiang–Tibet railway** (simplified Chinese: 新藏铁路; traditional Chinese: 新藏鐵路; pinyin: *Xīnzàng Tiělù*), is a proposed railway that connects Hotan, Xinjiang and Xigazê, Tibet. It is one of three planned railways to Tibet in the *Mid-to-Long Term Railway Network Plan (revised in 2008)*, the other two are Chuanzang railway (Sichuan–Tibet) and Yunnan-Tibet railway (Yunnan–Tibet).

In February 2023, the government of Tibet Autonomous Region announced the first section, Shigatse to Pakhuktso, is scheduled to open in 2025. The second section will connect Pakhuktso to Hotan in Xinjiang by 2035. The railway is also planned to connect Nepal and India.


title: Xylocopa valga

abstract: Xylocopa valga is a species of carpenter bee common to: western, central and southern Europe, except for far northern latitudes; the Caucasus; Middle East; Central Asia; and Mongolia. The species has become extinct in Latvia and Lithuania.

text:
# Xylocopa valga

***Xylocopa valga*** is a species of carpenter bee common to: western, central and southern Europe, except for far northern latitudes; the Caucasus; Middle East; Central Asia; and Mongolia. The species has become extinct in Latvia and Lithuania.

## Description

This solitary bee has a black and blue coloured body, 20–27 mm in length, and densely covered with purple hairs. The small wings also have a purple tint. The bee creates cavity nests by gnawing the wood in the trunks of dead trees and in old wooden structures. It inhabits both forests and urban areas.

## InfoBox

| *Xylocopa valga* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Carpenter-bee (*Xylocopa valga*) foraging Chinese wisteria (*Wisteria sinensis*) flowers. | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Apidae |
| Genus: | *Xylocopa* |
| Species: | ***X. valga*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xylocopa valga***
Gerstaecker, 1872 | |
|


title: Xikou Suspension Bridge

abstract: The Xikou Suspension Bridge is a suspension bridge in Fuxing District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan. It crosses the Dahan River.

text:
# Xikou Suspension Bridge

The **Xikou Suspension Bridge** (traditional Chinese: 溪口吊橋; simplified Chinese: 溪口吊桥; pinyin: *Xīkǒu Diàoqiáo*) is a suspension bridge in Fuxing District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan. It crosses the Dahan River.

## History

The bridge was inaugurated in January 2018 to replace the old bridge constructed at the same site.

## Technical specifications

The bridge spans over a length of 330 meters.

## InfoBox

| Xikou Suspension Bridge<br>溪口吊橋 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 24°48′35.2″N 121°20′51.8″E / 24.809778°N 121.347722°E / 24.809778; 121.347722 |
| Crosses | Dahan River |
| Locale | Fuxing, Taoyuan City, Taiwan |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | suspension bridge |
| Total length | 330 meters |
| History | |
| Inaugurated | January 2018 |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: Xinxian, Hebei

abstract: Xinxian is a township-level division situated in Mengcun Hui Autonomous County, Cangzhou, Hebei, China.

text:
# Xinxian, Hebei

**Xinxian** (Chinese: 新县镇; pinyin: *Xīnxiàn Zhèn*) is a township-level division situated in Mengcun Hui Autonomous County, Cangzhou, Hebei, China.

37°58′11″N 117°06′47″E / 37.96972°N 117.11306°E / 37.96972; 117.11306

## InfoBox

| Xinxian | |
| --- | --- |
| Subdistrict | |
| Chinese transcription(s) | |
| Chinese | 新县镇 |
| Pinyin | Xīnxiàn Zhèn |
| Country | China |
| Province | Hebei |
| Prefecture | Cangzhou |
| Autonomous County | Mengcun Hui |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard Time) |


title: YFD-2

abstract: YFD-2 was an auxiliary floating drydock built for the United States Navy in 1901. The first parts were laid down in early 1901 at Maryland Steel Co. of Sparrows Point, Maryland. YFD-2 was the first of its kind, steel movable auxiliary floating drydock, used to raise large ships out the water for repair below the ship's waterline. YFD-2 had a 18,000 tons lifting capacity.

text:
# YFD-2

**YFD-2** (Yard Floating Dock-2, USS *YFD-2*) was an auxiliary floating drydock built for the United States Navy in 1901. The first parts were laid down in early 1901 at Maryland Steel Co. of Sparrows Point, Maryland. YFD-2 was the first of its kind, steel movable auxiliary floating drydock, used to raise large ships out the water for repair below the ship's waterline. YFD-2 had a 18,000 tons lifting capacity.

## New Orleans Navy Yard

YFD-2 was towed to her station in the Navy Yard near New Orleans at Algiers, New Orleans, Louisiana on 6 November 1901. It took four steam tugboats: the *Orion*, *Taurus*, *Peerless*, and *Volunteer* to tow YFD-2 from Maryland to New Orleans. YFD-2 was a new state of the art machine for its time. USS *Stranger* with the Louisiana governor, William Wright Heard and the New Orleans mayor, Paul Capdevielle where there to greet the arrival. A New Orleans parade was held to celebrate the arrival. The first United States Navy ship repaired was the 11,565-ton battleship USS *Illinois*, a pre-dreadnought battleship in January 1902. Next YFD-2 repaired the 300-foot (91 m) long transfer boat *Carrier*. In 1903 she repaired the Norwegian cargo ship *Telefon*. YFD-2 remained in New Orleans until towed to Pearl Harbor, Territory of Hawaii. The dock arrived in Pearl Harbor on 23 August 1940, before World War II. She departed New Orleans on 19 March 1940 after modification to make her sea worthy for the 6,000-mile (9,700 km) travel. To go through the Panama Canal she was taken apart at Cristóbal, Colón, the Canal was only 100 feet (30 m) wide at that time and the 128-foot (39 m) wide drydock would not pass. The sections were towed through the Canal and reassembled at Balboa, Panama.

## Attack on Pearl Harbor

YFD-2 was repairing the destroyer USS *Shaw* on 7 December 1941 during the attack on the harbor. YFD-2 and *Shaw* were hit and damaged in the attack by Japanese dive bombers. *Shaw* also damaged YFD-2 with the explosion of her forward ammunition magazines stores. Both ships were repaired and put back in service. On 9 January 1942 YFD-2 had the water pumped out of her pontoon tanks and was raised for repair. When the repairs were completed she was put back in service in May 1942. The Pacific Bridge Company was give charge for the repairs of YFD-2. Divers had to repair more than 200 holes in YFD-2 to float her again. Repaired, the YFD-2 raised the USS *Shaw* for 10 days of repairs to install a new temporary bow so *Shaw* could return to the naval shipyard at Mare Island at Vallejo, California for final repairs. YFD-2 was used for salvaging and repairing many of ships damaged on 7 December 1941, as she could raise any ship here, other than the large new battleships.

She continued repair work throughout World War II at Pearl Harbor. After the war YFD-2 was struck from the Naval Register on 28 January 1947. She was sold on 30 March 1948 for private use.

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| YFD-2 arriving Pearl Harbor Oct 1940 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS YFD-2 (nickname: *Old New Orleans*) |
| Namesake | *New Orleans* |
| Builder | Maryland Steel Co. |
| Laid down | early 1901 |
| Launched | 1901 |
| Commissioned | 6 November 1901 |
| Honors and<br>awards | Combat Action Ribbon, American Defense Service Medal, American Campaign Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, World War II Victory Medal |
| Fate | unknown - Struck from the Naval Register, 28 January 1947 |
| General characteristics | |
| Displacement | 16,000 tons |
| Length | About 375 ft (114 m) |
| Beam | 128 ft (39 m) |
| Armament | none |
| Notes | First Yard Floating Dock, 18,000 tons lifting capacity. |


title: Warren Easton Charter High School

abstract: Warren Easton Charter High School is a secondary school in New Orleans, Louisiana. The Warren Easton Charter Foundation governs the school, which is chartered by Orleans Parish School Board.

text:
# Warren Easton Charter High School

**Warren Easton Charter High School** is a secondary school in New Orleans, Louisiana. The Warren Easton Charter Foundation governs the school, which is chartered by Orleans Parish School Board.

## History

The school was founded in 1843 as **Boys High School**. It was the first high school in the State of Louisiana and as a public school was formed to educate the working-class population of the city of New Orleans. By 1855 the school had expanded to four locations. After the Civil War in 1867, the four Boys High Schools were merged into **Consolidated Boys High School**.

In 1911, the Orleans Parish School Board bought a property for a new high school and construction began during that year. The school received its name in 1911, **Warren Easton High School**. It was named after Warren Easton, the first Supervisor of Education of the State of Louisiana and the City of New Orleans. The principal administrator and the faculty moved into 3019 Canal Street in 1913. The school was originally an all-boys school and in 1952 the school became coeducational. In 1967, Easton was racially integrated and in 1977 the school became a fundamental magnet school.

Prior to 2005, the school was directly under the authority of the Orleans Parish School Board. In 2005, as Hurricane Katrina was about to hit, the New Orleans Regional Transit Authority (RTA) designated Easton as a place where people could receive transportation to the Louisiana Superdome, a shelter of last resort. After Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans, the school was closed for one year.

In 2006, the school re-opened as a charter school and became **Warren Easton Charter High School**. In 2007, actress Sandra Bullock adopted the school. Bullock contributed thousands of dollars to the school and also helped to build an on-campus health clinic.

## Curriculum

In the 1930s the school hosted German language classes for adults. Chinese and Spanish are offered to students as a foreign language as of 2015.

## Athletics

Warren Easton Charter athletics competes in the LHSAA.

### Championships

**Football championships**

* (9) State Championships: 1912, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1920, 1921, 1942

**Track and Field championship - Girls**

* (1) State Championships - Outdoor: 2024,

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| Warren Easton Charter High School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 3019 Canal St
New Orleans, Louisiana 70119
United States | |
| Coordinates | 29°58′07″N 90°05′26″W / 29.968537°N 90.090506°W / 29.968537; -90.090506 |
| Information | |
| School type | Public Charter |
| Established | 1843, Reestablished 2006 |
| Principal | Mervin Jackson |
| Teaching staff | 69.00 (FTE) |
| Grades | 9-12 |
| Gender | Co-ed |
| Enrollment | 1,112 (2022–23) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 16.12 |
| Campus type | Inner-city |
| Color(s) | Purple and old gold |
| Athletics | LHSAA |
| Team name | Fighting Eagles |
| Website | warreneastoncharterhigh.org |


title: Studentlocalism

abstract: Studentlocalism is a pro-independence student organization in Hong Kong that was founded in April 2016. Its Hong Kong headquarters terminated its operations on 30 June 2020 hours before the Hong Kong national security law was passed in Beijing and came in force on the same day, while its overseas branches in Taiwan, Australia, and the United States continued their operations, advocating for Hong Kong independence.

text:
# Studentlocalism

**Studentlocalism** is a pro-independence student organization in Hong Kong that was founded in April 2016. Its Hong Kong headquarters terminated its operations on 30 June 2020 hours before the Hong Kong national security law was passed in Beijing and came in force on the same day, while its overseas branches in Taiwan, Australia, and the United States continued their operations, advocating for Hong Kong independence.

## Arrests

On 29 July 2020, founder and convenor Tony Chung became the first political figure to be arrested on suspicion of violating the national security law. Chung was arrested again on 29 October 2020, with additional charges of money laundering and publishing seditious articles. He was denied bail. On 9 November, former member Tim Luk was arrested by the newly established national security unit of the Hong Kong police force, for "assisting fugitives".

## InfoBox

| Studentlocalism 學生動源 | |
| --- | --- |
| Convener | Tony Chung (former) |
| Founded | April 2016 (2016-04) |
| Dissolved | 30 June 2020 (2020-06-30) (Hong Kong headquarters) |
| Ideology | Hong Kong nationalism<br>Hong Kong independence |
| Colors | Deep sky blue |


title: Photonectes achirus

abstract: Photonectes achirus is a species of deep-sea fish in the genus Photonectes. The species is distributed across the Atlantic Ocean.

text:
# Photonectes achirus

***Photonectes achirus*** is a species of deep-sea fish in the genus *Photonectes*. The species is distributed across the Atlantic Ocean.

## InfoBox

| *Photonectes achirus* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Stomiiformes |
| Family: | Stomiidae |
| Genus: | *Photonectes* |
| Species: | ***P. achirus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Photonectes achirus***
Regan & Trewavas, 1930 | |
|


title: Monica (rocket)

abstract: Monica is the designation of a small French sounding rocket. It was intended as a cheaper counterpart to the relatively expensive Veronique rockets. Monica was a 3-stage rocket, with all stages burning solid fuel: the Melanie for the first stage and Theodore and Oreste for the second and third stages. The first stage delivered 450 daN (decanewtons) for 3 seconds and the two upper stages deliver 50 daN for 15 and 5.5 seconds, respectively. It was built in several versions, which were between 3.05 and 6.27 m long and had a takeoff weight between 62 and 154 kg. It was launched several times between 1955 and 1962 at the CIEES launch site in Hammaguir, French Algeria, and the Ile du Levant site in France. The Monica design process encountered a number of difficulties, leading to many failed tests and the early cancellation of the program in 1962. However, elements of its design were later incorporated into more successful ONERA test vehicles.

text:
# Monica (rocket)

**Monica** is the designation of a small French sounding rocket. It was intended as a cheaper counterpart to the relatively expensive Veronique rockets.

Monica was a 3-stage rocket, with all stages burning solid fuel: the *Melanie* (burning Plastolite) for the first stage and *Theodore* and *Oreste* (burning Epictete) for the second and third stages. The first stage delivered 450 daN (decanewtons) for 3 seconds and the two upper stages deliver 50 daN for 15 and 5.5 seconds, respectively.

It was built in several versions (**Meteo**, **Monica I** to **V**, **MD-01, Grannos**), which were between 3.05 and 6.27 m long and had a takeoff weight between 62 and 154 kg.

It was launched several times between 1955 and 1962 at the CIEES launch site in Hammaguir, French Algeria, and the Ile du Levant site in France.

The Monica design process encountered a number of difficulties, leading to many failed tests and the early cancellation of the program in 1962. However, elements of its design were later incorporated into more successful ONERA test vehicles.

## Versions

Monica vehicles used different solid fuel rocket engines:

**Monica rocket engine characteristics**
| Stage / Engine | Length (mm) | Diameter (mm) | Propellant mass (kg) | Total impulse (daNs) | Burning time (s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Melanie** | 1065 | 160 | 15 | 3100 | 5 |
| ***"2Melanie"*** | 2170 | 160 | 30 | 6200 | 5 |
| **Prosper** | 1180 | 160 | 23.5 | 4700 | 10 |
| **Theodore** | 815 | 130 | 9.4 | 1800 | 10 |
| **Oreste** | 490 | 130 | 3.6 | 680 | 8 |

Monica vehicles had several versions, according to the rocket stages used:

**Monica version characteristics**
| Type | Stages | Length (mm) | Total weight (kg) | Payload weight (kg) | Peak altitude (km) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Monica I** | Melanie-Theodore-Oreste | 3050 | 62 | 15 | 53 |
| **Monica II** | Melanie-Theodore-Theodore | 3375 | 71 | 15 | 103 |
| **Monica III** | *"2Melanie"*-Prosper-Theodore | 4845 | 118 | 15 | 145 |
| **Monica IVA** | Melanie-Prosper-Prosper | 5115 | 123 | 15 | 94 |
| **Monica IVB** | *"2Melanie"*-Melanie-Prosper | 5115 | 123 | 15 | 94 |
| **Monica V** | *"2Melanie"-*Prosper-Prosper | 6270 | 154 | 15 | 160 |

## InfoBox

Monica
| Monica rocket family | |
| --- | --- |
| Country of origin | France |
| Size | |
| Height | 3.05 to 6.27m |
| Diameter | 1.3 to 1.6 m |
| Mass | 62 to 154 kg |
| Stages | 3 |
| Capacity | |
| Launch history | |
| Status | Succeeded by the ONERA test vehicles |
| Launch sites | CIEES, CERES Ile du Levant |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: The True Creator

abstract: The True Creator is the debut studio album of D!v!s!on #9, released on July 23, 1996, by Full Contact Records. The track "Dub Altar" was contributed to the 1996 various artists compilation Echo, released by the same label.

text:
# The True Creator

***The True Creator*** is the debut studio album of D!v!s!on #9, released on July 23, 1996, by Full Contact Records. The track "Dub Altar" was contributed to the 1996 various artists compilation *Echo*, released by the same label.

## Reception

In reviewing *The True Creator*, Aiding & Abetting said "this stuff doesn't get dull" and "Division #9 has done a fine job of traversing the wide expanses of the electronic music universe to craft these pieces." A critic at babysue called the album "minimal, rhythmic electronic heaven" and "the result is a very sensual, sexy batch of tunes that can either be listened to or played as background music."

A lukewarm response came from Sonic Boom, who commended the musical diversity in the compositions but claimed "it is nothing altogether new or innovative, but it something that Mick has never been able to do in the past and as a result his musical growth has more than shown through."

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Mick Hale

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "The True Creator" | 6:03 |
| 2. | "Fall Down" | 5:21 |
| 3. | "One Five Fore!" | 4:52 |
| 4. | "Need Love (Everybody)" | 11:41 |
| 5. | "See the Light" | 5:54 |
| 6. | "Time Behind" | 5:19 |
| 7. | "Allah Wait 4 Jah" | 7:49 |
| 8. | "Dub Altar" | 10:20 |
| 9. | "Number Nine" | 9:03 |

## Personnel

Adapted from the liner notes of *The True Creator*.

**D!v!s!on #9**

**Production and design**

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United States | 1996 | Full Contact | CD | 9868–63227 |

## InfoBox

| The True Creator | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by D!v!s!on #9 | |
| Released | July 23, 1996 (1996-07-23) |
| Studio | DAMn! Studios |
| Genre | Electronic |
| Length | 66:22 |
| Label | Full Contact |
| Producer | Mick Hale |
| D!v!s!on #9 chronology | |
| ***The True Creator***
(1996) *Dub N Bass: Omen II*
(1997) | |


title: USS LST-393

abstract: USS LST 393 is an LST-1-class tank landing ship built for the United States Navy during World War II. She is one of only two LSTs to survive in original configuration; 1,051 were built. She is now a museum ship in Muskegon, Michigan.

text:
# USS LST-393

**USS *LST 393*** is an *LST-1*-class tank landing ship built for the United States Navy during World War II. She is one of only two LSTs to survive in original configuration; 1,051 were built. She is now a museum ship in Muskegon, Michigan.

## World War II

LST 393 was laid down on 27 July 1942 at the Newport News Shipbuilding & Drydock Company and launched on 11 November 1942. She was commissioned on 11 December 1942.

During World War II, LST-393 was assigned to the European Theater and participated in the following operations: the Sicilian occupation (July 1943); the Salerno landings (September 1943); and the Invasion of Normandy (June 1944). She won three battles stars for those missions.

LST 393 arrived in the Omaha Beach zone on the night of 6 June 1944. After off-loading Sherman tanks as well as other war material, the ship spent two days high and dry, trapped by Normandy's fickle tides. She made 30 round trips to Omaha Beach, bringing varied equipment and supplies to France and returning with wounded soldiers as well as thousands of German prisoners.

LST 393 was one of a few LSTs to be equipped with an airplane deployed and recovered via the Brodie landing system. A wire was rigged from bow to stern off the port side and a L-4 Grasshopper was able to take off and land using a snare pole.

After service in the invasion of France, LST 393 was assigned to return to the U.S. east coast for a refit. At that time, she was tasked to be included in the planned Invasion of Japan; she was then painted in tropical camouflage. She was on her way to the Panama Canal for a transit to the Pacific Ocean when the war ended in September 1945.

U.S. military records show the ship made 75 voyages to foreign shores and covered some 51,817 nautical miles in her first three years of service; her anchor touched bottom in 38 parts of North Africa, Sicily, Italy, England, Wales, Ireland, France and the Canal Zone. LST 393 is credited with carrying 9,135 soldiers – more than one-half of an Army division – and 3,248 vehicles ranging from Long Tom howitzers to Jeeps. Records show she also carried 5,373 prisoners of war and 817 casualties.

## Post-war ferry service

Following the War, LST 393 returned to the United States, was decommissioned on 1 March 1946, and struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 14 March 1947. On 28 March 1948, the tank landing ship was sold to the Sand Products Corporation of Detroit, Michigan, for conversion to merchant service and renamed ***Highway 16***. She would be a waterborne extension of the former U.S. Highway 16. That roadway—later replaced by Interstate 96—ran from Detroit to Muskegon in Michigan. The converted LST, with its distinctive bow doors welded shut and the tank deck adapted to carry new cars, served to span Lake Michigan to Milwaukee where US 16 began again.

## Museum ship

Two groups have attempted to restore LST 393 to its former glory. A Muskegon museum group went to work in 2000 and made some headway, along with some help from the Michigan LST Association. But that effort faltered after about two years.

In 2005, a group headed by Muskegon residents Dan Weikel and Bob Wygant asked for permission from owner Sand Products Corp. to pick up where the other group left off. Years of cleaning and painting resulted in a ship that could be toured. In 2007, extraordinary efforts led to the opening of the bow doors, which hadn't moved since they were welded shut in the late 1940s.

Development of the veterans museum has continued with the addition of thousands of artifacts as well as restoration of most areas of the ship. The effort led to the USS LST 393 Veterans Museum.

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*.*

* "*LST-393*". *Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. Retrieved 29 June 2007.
* "LST-393". *Amphibious Photo Archive*. Retrieved 29 June 2007.

43°14′05″N 86°15′32″W / 43.23461°N 86.25893°W / 43.23461; -86.25893

## InfoBox

| LST 393 seen in full camouflage paint in 1945. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *LST 393* |
| Builder | Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, Newport News, Virginia |
| Laid down | 27 July 1942 |
| Launched | 11 November 1942 |
| Commissioned | 11 December 1942 |
| Decommissioned | 1 March 1946 |
| Stricken | 14 March 1947 |
| Identification | IMO number: 5150331 |
| Honours and
awards | 3 battle stars (WWII) |
| Status | Museum ship in Muskegon, MI. |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *LST-1*-class tank landing ship |
| Displacement | * 1,780 long tons (1,809 t) light * 3,880 long tons (3,942 t) full |
| Length | 328 ft (100 m) |
| Beam | 50 ft (15 m) |
| Draft | * *Unloaded*: * Bow: 2 ft 4 in (0.71 m) * Stern: 7 ft 6 in (2.29 m) * *Loaded* : * Bow: 8 ft 2 in (2.49 m) * Stern: 14 ft 1 in (4.29 m) |
| Depth | * 8 ft (2.4 m) forward * 14 ft 4 in (4.37 m) aft (full load) |
| Propulsion | 2 General Motors 12-567 diesel engines, two shafts, twin rudders |
| Speed | 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph) |
| Boats & landing
craft carried | Two or six LCVPs |
| Troops | approx. 140 officers and enlisted |
| Complement | 8-10 officers, 100-115 enlisted |
| Armament |  |


title: Villa Luganese

abstract: Villa Luganese is a quarter of the city of Lugano, Switzerland. Villa Luganese was formerly a municipality of its own, having been incorporated into Lugano in 2008.

text:
# Villa Luganese

**Villa Luganese** is a quarter of the city of Lugano, Switzerland.

Villa Luganese was formerly a municipality of its own, having been incorporated into Lugano in 2008.

## InfoBox

| Villa Luganese | |
| --- | --- |
| Quarter | |
|  | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | Ticino |
| District | Lugano |
| City | Lugano |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.21 km2 (0.85 sq mi) |
| Population (2012-12-31) | |
| Total | 581 |
| Density | 260/km2 (680/sq mi) |


title: Warthin's tumor

abstract: Warthin's tumor, also known as papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum, is a benign cystic tumor of the salivary glands containing abundant lymphocytes and germinal centers. It is named for pathologist Aldred Scott Warthin, who described two cases in 1929.

text:
# Warthin's tumor

**Warthin's tumor**, also known as **papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum**, is a benign cystic tumor of the salivary glands containing abundant lymphocytes and germinal centers (lymph node-like stroma). It is named for pathologist Aldred Scott Warthin, who described two cases in 1929.

## Signs and symptoms

Warthin's tumor primarily affects older individuals (age 6070 years). There is a slight male predilection according to recent studies. The tumor is slow growing, painless, and usually appears in the tail of the parotid gland near the angle of the mandible. In 514% of cases, Warthin's tumor is bilateral, but the two masses usually are at different times. Warthin's tumor is highly unlikely to become malignant.

### Locations

The gland most likely affected is the parotid gland. In fact, it is the only tumor virtually restricted to the parotid gland. Warthin's tumor is the second most common benign parotid tumor after pleomorphic adenoma, but its prevalence is steadily increasing.

## Cause

Its cause is unknown, but there is a strong association with cigarette smoking. Smokers are at 8 times greater risk of developing Warthin's tumor than the general population.

## Diagnosis

The appearance of this tumor under the microscope is unique. There are cystic spaces surrounded by two uniform rows of oncocytes, which are epithelial cells with abundant, granular, eosinophilic cytoplasm. The cystic spaces have epithelium referred to as papillary infoldings that protrude into them. Additionally, the epithelium has lymphoid stroma with germinal center formation.

The differential diagnosis includes sebaceous lymphadenoma and oncocytoma.

## Treatment

Most of these tumors are treated with surgical removal called parotidectomy. Contrary to pleomorphic adenoma, it is non recurrent.

## Additional sources

* Kahn, Michael A. Basic Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. Volume 1. 2001.

## InfoBox

| Warthin's tumor | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | Warthin tumour, monomorphic adenoma, adenolymphoma |
|  | |
| Cytopathology of Warthin's tumor, with typical cellular features (and a relatively uncommon binucleated cell). Pap stain. | |
| Specialty | Oncology |


title: Wanjiru Kihoro

abstract: Wanjiru Kihoro was an economist, writer and feminist activist from Kenya. She was one of the founders of the pan-African women's organisation Akina Mama wa Afrika (AMwA) and the [for the Release of Political Prisoners in Kenya] (CRPPK), to protest the incarceration of Kenyans during Daniel arap Moi's regime.

text:
# Wanjiru Kihoro

**Wanjiru Kihoro** (9 September 1953 – 12 October 2006) was an economist, writer and feminist activist from Kenya. She was one of the founders of the pan-African women's organisation Akina Mama wa Afrika (AMwA) and the \[for the Release of Political Prisoners in Kenya\] (CRPPK), to protest the incarceration of Kenyans during Daniel arap Moi's regime.

## Education and career

Kihoro graduated in economics from Columbia University, New York. She went on to complete an MA in development studies and a PhD at Leeds University during her working life in the late 1980s.

In 1982, Kihoro and her husband settled in London on exile from Kenya, at a time when Moi's arrests of dissidents had intensified, particularly of lawyers and academics. This is when she helped found the Committee for the Release of Political Prisoners in Kenya (CRPPK). With other activists, Kihoro produced and wrote for *Kenya News*, which was then investigated by Moi's government. She began work for The Africa Centre, London in 1984. Other work involved the All African Conference of Churches, the National Christian Council of Kenya and the United Church Board for World Ministries.

In 1985, she co-founded Akina Mama wa Afrika as a community-based organisation for African women. In 1992, she helped found ABANTU for Development to train African women for positions of leadership. ABANTU was set up in Nairobi, Kenya, with subsequent offices set up in Nigeria and Ghana.

She returned to Kenya with her family when the new Kibaki government came to power in 2002.

## Death

She died in 2006 after four years spent in a coma after a plane crash. During these four years, Kihoro's situation was contrasted with that of Terri Schiavo, with Kihoro's husband Wanyiri Kihoro and the rest of her family unanimous in believing she should continue to be on life support at Nairobi's Kenyatta National Hospital. At the time of her death, she was survived by her husband, and four children: Wangui, Pambana, Amandla and Wairimu.

On her death, *The Guardian* commented that there were "few African women as well known as Wanjiru Kihoro". Wangui wa Goro wrote in *Pambazuka News*: "\[S\]he was a leader, activist for democracy, freedom, human rights, equality and justice and always stood on the side of the oppressed, particularly women and the poor. She worked tirelessly and with courage, using her razor-sharp intellect to focus thousands, of the task at hand in creative ways which brought her knowledge and everyday life together in very practical ways."


title: Warawara Lake (Oruro)

abstract: Warawara is a lake in Bolivia. It is situated in the Oruro Department, Sebastián Pagador Province, which is identical to the Santiago de Huari Municipality. The river Jach'uyu originates at the lake. It flows to the north-east.

text:
# Warawara Lake (Oruro)

**Warawara** (Aymara *warawara* star, also spelled *Wara Wara*) is a lake in Bolivia. It is situated in the Oruro Department, Sebastián Pagador Province, which is identical to the Santiago de Huari Municipality. The river Jach'uyu (Aymara for "big corral", Jachuyo) originates at the lake. It flows to the north-east.

## InfoBox

| Warawara | |
| --- | --- |
| Warawara Lake (Oruro)Warawara Lake (Oruro) | |
| Location | Bolivia <br>Oruro Department |
| Coordinates | 19°24′35″S 66°22′06″W / 19.40972°S 66.36833°W / -19.40972; -66.36833 |
|  | |


title: Waltièra

abstract: Waltièra is a village in the Tiankoura Department of Bougouriba Province in south-western Burkina Faso. The village has a population of 155.

text:
# Waltièra

**Waltièra** is a village in the Tiankoura Department of Bougouriba Province in south-western Burkina Faso. The village has a population of 155.

## InfoBox

| Waltièra | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Burkina Faso |
| Region | Sud-Ouest Region |
| Province | Bougouriba Province |
| Department | Tiankoura Department |
| Population (2005 est.) | |
| Total | 155 |


title: Wartberg (Niedenstein)

abstract: Wartberg is a mountain of Schwalm-Eder-Kreis, Hesse, Germany.

text:
# Wartberg (Niedenstein)

**Wartberg**  is a mountain of Schwalm-Eder-Kreis, Hesse, Germany.

51°11′32″N 9°18′15″E / 51.19222°N 9.30417°E / 51.19222; 9.30417

## InfoBox

| Wartberg | |
| --- | --- |
| Wartberg, with valley of the Ems in the foreground (from the south). | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 306 m (1,004 ft) |
| Geography | |
|  | |
| Location | Schwalm-Eder-Kreis, Hesse, Germany |


title: Wasawasa

abstract: Wasawasa is a popular dish, eaten in Dagbon and other parts of Northern Ghana. It is also eaten in some West African countries, such as Burkina Faso, Benin, Nigeria etc. It is made from dried yam peelings called jaling, which have been grounded into flour and steamed. Wasawasa is mostly eaten with spicy sauces and sometimes garnished with vegetables, accompanied with shea butter or raw groundnut oil and fried fish. Wasawasa is sometimes served with beans, pasta, and salad.

text:
# Wasawasa

**Wasawasa** is a popular dish, eaten in Dagbon and other parts of Northern Ghana. It is also eaten in some West African countries, such as Burkina Faso, Benin, Nigeria etc. It is made from dried yam peelings called jaling, which have been grounded into flour and steamed. Wasawasa is mostly eaten with spicy sauces and sometimes garnished with vegetables, accompanied with shea butter or raw groundnut oil and fried fish. Wasawasa is sometimes served with beans, pasta, and salad.

## Ingredients for Wasawasa

There are a variety of ingredients that can be used to prepare Wasawasa dish though these ingredients may be dependent on the choices of the beneficiaries but the most common or primary ingredients include; yam flour, salt, freshly ground pepper, water for steaming, onions, groundnut or shea butter oil. It's cooked with a chamber pot and steamed until it's ready. It usually turns black after cooking.

## Nutrition

It provides carbohydrates and proteins to the body.


title: Wasawings

abstract: Oy Wasawings Ab was an airline based in Finland which was operational from 1981 to 1988.

text:
# Wasawings

**Oy Wasawings Ab** was an airline based in Finland which was operational from 1981 to 1988.

## History

The airline got its permission to fly in November 1981 from the Civil Aviation Administration of Finland. After that this permission was extended to also include taxi and charter flights by 1982 to 1983. In December 1983 Wasawings started regular light route traffic between Ilmajoki and Helsinki-Vantaa. It flew from Helsinki to Ylivieska in 1985. After that many complaints of the company operation were received from customers and staff. The company had a poor security culture and airline captains were forced to shift numbers in flight logs. The company's main owners were the chairman Veikko Tuutti and certain companies from Ostrobothnia. Also it had numerous small-part investors. Wasa Wings had 13,000 passengers in 1987 and 14,600 passengers in 1988.

## Accidents and incidents

* On August 31, 1986 its Cessna 404 Titan (OH-CIG) crashed into a power line which ran along the edge of the Ylivieska airport. The plane cut trees over 150 meters and then caught fire.
* The company lost its flying licence when an Embraer 110 EMB-P1 Bandeirante (OH-EBA, built in 1979 and leased from Kar-Air) crashed near Ilmajoki on a flight from Helsinki.

## Fleet

In addition to Embraer and Cessna 404, the company had two Beech 99 aircraft.

## InfoBox

Wasawings
| Commenced operations | 1981 |
| --- | --- |
| Ceased operations | 1988 |


title: Warr Acres, Oklahoma

abstract: Warr Acres is a city in Oklahoma County, Oklahoma, United States, and a part of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area. It was established after World War II by C.B. Warr, a dynamic businessman, builder, and commercial developer. The population was 10,452 at the 2020 census, a 4.1% increase from 2010. The city lies within the Putnam City School District.

text:
# Warr Acres, Oklahoma

**Warr Acres** is a city in Oklahoma County, Oklahoma, United States, and a part of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area. It was established after World War II by C.B. Warr, a dynamic businessman, builder, and commercial developer. The population was 10,452 at the 2020 census, a 4.1% increase from 2010.

The city lies within the Putnam City School District.

## History

The Warr Acres housing addition and Warr Acres Second Addition was developed in 1937 by Clyde B. Warr. An addition that would later form part of the city of Warr Acres, Putnam City was developed by state lawmaker Israel Putnam in 1909.

The city formed when the residents of 11 additions, including Putnam City, petitioned to incorporate in February 1948. The city of Bethany filed suit, but lost in an Oklahoma Supreme Court decision.

Warr Acres was a racially segregated community that used restrictive covenants and extra-legal means to prevent African-Americans from owning properties from its founding through the 1960's.

Shopping districts appeared along MacArthur Avenue in the 1960s and 1970s. By 1979, the town had grown to three square miles after annexing several residential developments.

## Geography

Warr Acres is a northwest suburb of Oklahoma City. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.8 square miles (7.3 km2) centered along N MacArthur Boulevard, of which 2.8 square miles (7.3 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) (1.06%) is water. The city lies in the Sandstone Hills region of Oklahoma, known for hills of 250 to 400 feet (120 m) and forests of blackjack oak and post oak.

### Climate

Warr Acres has a humid subtropical climate, with variations in weather daily and seasonally, except during summer, which is consistently hot and humid. Central Oklahoma is subject to droughts and heavy rainfall leading to flash flooding and flooding. Consistent winds help cool the summers and can lead to winter ice storms. Warr Acres is in the center of Tornado Alley and is prone to frequent and severe tornadoes. The Oklahoma City metropolitan area is one of the most tornado-prone major cities in the world. More than 150 tornadoes have struck within the city limits since 1890, including eight rated F4/EF4 and one rated F5.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1950 | 2,378 |  |  |
| 1960 | 7,135 |  | 200.0% |
| 1970 | 9,887 |  | 38.6% |
| 1980 | 9,940 |  | 0.5% |
| 1990 | 9,288 |  | −6.6% |
| 2000 | 9,735 |  | 4.8% |
| 2010 | 10,043 |  | 3.2% |
| 2020 | 10,452 |  | 4.1% |
| Sources: | | | |

According to the 2020 U.S. Census, the racial composition of Warr Acres was as follows:

As of the 2010 census, there were 10,043 people, 3,945 households, and 2,600 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,586.8 people per square mile. The population was relatively unchanged since the 2000 census recorded 9,735 people, 3,978 households, and 2,681 families. Households with children under the age of 18 make up 34.5% of the 3,945 households and 43.5% were occupied by married couples living together. Non-family households make up 33.9% of the total households and 16.4% were occupied by a female householder with no husband present. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.07.

The median income for a household in the city was $40,941, and the median income for a family was $50,533. The per capita income for the city was $29,966. About 13.8% of families, 75.2% of employees and 16.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.2% of those under age 18 and 3.3% of those age 65 or over.

## City government

The city provides residents with a fire department, police department, animal control, and sewer and sanitation services. The Warr Acres fire department consists of 20 paid employees that respond to more than 1,800 calls per year. The police department consists of 26 paid employees divided up into patrol, investigative, communications, and administrative divisions. The Patrol Division is the primary contact for citizens.

## Education

As a northwest suburb of Oklahoma City, Warr Acres is close to Oklahoma City University, the Southern Nazarene University, Southwestern Christian University and Oklahoma Christian University.

The city is serviced by the Putnam City School District. Schools in Warr Acres include:

The Putnam City Enrollment Center is also in Warr Acres.

A portion of Warr Acres is zoned to Putnam City West High School in Oklahoma City.

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Oklahoma City operates St. Charles Borromeo Catholic K-8 School.

1. "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
2. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Warr Acres, Oklahoma
3. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
4. Everett, Dianna, "Warr Acres," *Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture* (accessed March 5, 2015).
5. Search of Warr Acres city, Oklahoma at U.S. Census website, United States Census. (accessed June 30, 2019)
6. Williams, Payton "A forgotten Oklahoma story gets retold" *The Lawton Constitution* (Aug. 16, 2022) (accessed May 22, 2024)
7. Janda, Sara Eppler *The list is Herland: Gendered activism in Oklahoma from the 1870s to the 2010s)* (Vol. 1)(2021)
8. Coleman *Spoke: A mother, a son, civil rights, Vietnam* (2022)
9. Oklahoma Geography, NetState.com. (accessed August 2, 2013)
10. "Tornadoes Which Have Occurred in the Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Area Since 1890". National Weather Service Norman Oklahoma. 2013. Retrieved August 2, 2013.
11. "Population-Oklahoma" (PDF). *U.S. Census 1910*. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
12. "Population-Oklahoma" (PDF). *15th Census of the United States*. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
13. "Number of Inhabitants: Oklahoma" (PDF). *18th Census of the United States*. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
14. "Oklahoma: Population and Housing Unit Counts" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
15. "Explore Census Data".
16. City of Warr Acres
17. City of Warr Acres: Fire Department (accessed August 3, 2013)
18. City of Warr Acres: Police Department (accessed August 3, 2013)
19. "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Oklahoma County, OK" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
20. "How do I enroll my child in school?". City of Warr Acres. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
21. "Putnam City West High School Boundaries". Putnam City Public Schools. Retrieved January 28, 2024. \- Linked from here, compare to Warr Acres boundaries.

## InfoBox

| Warr Acres, Oklahoma | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Location in Oklahoma County and the state of Oklahoma. | |
| Warr Acres, OklahomaLocation in the United States | |
| Coordinates: 35°31′42″N 97°37′06″W / 35.52833°N 97.61833°W / 35.52833; -97.61833 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Oklahoma |
| County | Oklahoma |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.84 sq mi (7.35 km2) |
| Land | 2.80 sq mi (7.26 km2) |
| Water | 0.03 sq mi (0.09 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,319 ft (402 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 10,452 |
| Density | 3,728.86/sq mi (1,439.86/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP codes | 73122, 73123, 73132 |
| Area code | 405 |
| FIPS code | 40-78500 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2412182 |
| Website | www.warracres-ok.gov |


title: Waves (Juno)

abstract: Waves is an experiment on the Juno spacecraft for studying radio and plasma waves. It is part of a collection of various types of instruments and experiments on the spacecraft; Waves is oriented towards understanding fields and particles in the Jupiter's magnetosphere. Waves is on board the uncrewed Juno spacecraft, which was launched in 2011 and arrived at Jupiter in the summer of 2016. The major focus of study for Waves is Jupiter's magnetosphere, which if could be seen from Earth would be about twice the size of a full moon. The magnetosphere has a tear drop shape, and that tail extends away from the Sun by at least 5 AU. The Waves instrument is designed to help understand the interaction between Jupiter's atmosphere, its magnetic field, its magnetosphere, and to understand Jupiter's auroras. It is designed to detect radio frequencies from 50 Hz up to 40,000,000 Hz (40 MHz), and magnetic fields from 50 Hz to 20,000 Hz (20 kHz). It has two main sensors: a dipole antenna and a magnetic search coil. The dipole antenna has two whip antennas that extend 2.8 meters and are attached to the main body of the spacecraft. This sensor has been compared to a rabbit-ear TV antenna. The search coil is overall a Mu-metal rod 15 cm (6 in) in length with a fine copper wire wound 10,000 times around it. There are also two frequency receivers that each cover certain bands. Data handling is done by two radiation-hardened systems on a chip. The data handling units are located inside the Juno Radiation Vault. Waves is allocated 410 Mbits of data per science orbit. On June 24, 2016, the Waves instrument recorded Juno passing across Jupiter's magnetic field's bow shock. It took about two hours for the uncrewed spacecraft to cross this region of space. On June 25, 2016, it encountered the magnetopause. Juno would go on to enter Jupiter's orbit in July 2016. The magnetosphere blocks the charged particles of the solar wind, with the number of solar wind particles Juno encountered dropping 100-fold when it entered the Jovian magnetosphere. Before Juno entered it, it was encountering about 16 solar wind particles per cubic inch of space. There are various other antennas on Juno, including the communications antennas and the antenna for the Microwave Radiometer. Two other instruments help understand the magnetosphere of Jupiter, Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment (JIRAM) and Magnetometer (MAG). The JEDI instrument measures higher energy ions and electrons and JADE lower energy ones; they are complementary. Another object of study is plasma generated by volcanism on the moon Io and Waves should help understand that phenomenon. A primary objective of the Juno mission is to explore the polar magnetosphere of Jupiter. While Ulysses briefly attained latitudes of ~48 degrees, this was at relatively large distances from Jupiter. Hence, the polar magnetosphere of Jupiter is largely uncharted territory and, in particular, the auroral acceleration region has never been visited.... One issue that came up in 2002 was when the Chandra X-ray Observatory determined with its high angular resolution that X-rays were coming from Jupiter's poles. The Einstein Observatory and Germany's ROSAT previously observed X-rays from Jupiter. The new results by Chandra, which took the observations during December 2000, showed X-rays coming from the magnetic north pole, but not the aurorae. Roughly every 45 minutes Jupiter sends out a multi-gigawatt X-ray pulse, and this is synchronized with an emission in radio at 1 to 200 kHz. The Galileo Jupiter orbiter and Ulysses solar orbiter picked up the radio emissions every 45 minutes. The radio emissions were discovered before the X-rays, and there is even a citizen astronomy project organized by NASA called Radio Jove for anyone to listen to Jupiter's radio signals. Kilometric radio radiation was not detected until the Voyager flybys of Jupiter in the late 1970s. Two candidates for the source of the X-rays are particles of solar wind and particles from Io. Waves was developed at the University of Iowa, and the experiment is led by a research scientist there.

text:
# Waves (Juno)

**Waves** is an experiment on the *Juno* spacecraft for studying radio and plasma waves. It is part of a collection of various types of instruments and experiments on the spacecraft; Waves is oriented towards understanding fields and particles in the Jupiter's magnetosphere. Waves is on board the uncrewed *Juno* spacecraft, which was launched in 2011 and arrived at Jupiter in the summer of 2016. The major focus of study for Waves is Jupiter's magnetosphere, which if could be seen from Earth would be about twice the size of a full moon. The magnetosphere has a tear drop shape, and that tail extends away from the Sun by at least 5 AU (Earth-Sun distances). The Waves instrument is designed to help understand the interaction between Jupiter's atmosphere, its magnetic field, its magnetosphere, and to understand Jupiter's auroras. It is designed to detect radio frequencies from 50 Hz up to 40,000,000 Hz (40 MHz), and magnetic fields from 50 Hz to 20,000 Hz (20 kHz). It has two main sensors: a dipole antenna and a magnetic search coil. The dipole antenna has two whip antennas that extend 2.8 meters (110 inches/ 9.1 feet) and are attached to the main body of the spacecraft. This sensor has been compared to a rabbit-ear TV antenna. The search coil is overall a Mu-metal rod 15 cm (6 in) in length with a fine copper wire wound 10,000 times around it. There are also two frequency receivers that each cover certain bands. Data handling is done by two radiation-hardened systems on a chip. The data handling units are located inside the Juno Radiation Vault. Waves is allocated 410 Mbits of data per science orbit.

On June 24, 2016, the Waves instrument recorded *Juno* passing across Jupiter's magnetic field's bow shock. It took about two hours for the uncrewed spacecraft to cross this region of space. On June 25, 2016, it encountered the magnetopause. *Juno* would go on to enter Jupiter's orbit in July 2016. The magnetosphere blocks the charged particles of the solar wind, with the number of solar wind particles *Juno* encountered dropping 100-fold when it entered the Jovian magnetosphere. Before *Juno* entered it, it was encountering about 16 solar wind particles per cubic inch of space.

There are various other antennas on *Juno*, including the communications antennas and the antenna for the Microwave Radiometer.

Two other instruments help understand the magnetosphere of Jupiter, Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment (JIRAM) and Magnetometer (MAG). The JEDI instrument measures higher energy ions and electrons and JADE lower energy ones; they are complementary. Another object of study is plasma generated by volcanism on the moon Io and Waves should help understand that phenomenon.

> A primary objective of the *Juno* mission is to explore the polar magnetosphere of Jupiter. While *Ulysses* briefly attained latitudes of ~48 degrees, this was at relatively large distances from Jupiter (~8.6 RJ). Hence, the polar magnetosphere of Jupiter is largely uncharted territory and, in particular, the auroral acceleration region has never been visited. ...
>
> *A Wave Investigation for the Juno Mission to Jupiter*

One issue that came up in 2002 was when the Chandra X-ray Observatory determined with its high angular resolution that X-rays were coming from Jupiter's poles. The Einstein Observatory and Germany's ROSAT previously observed X-rays from Jupiter. The new results by Chandra, which took the observations during December 2000, showed X-rays coming from the magnetic north pole, but not the aurorae. Roughly every 45 minutes Jupiter sends out a multi-gigawatt X-ray pulse, and this is synchronized with an emission in radio at 1 to 200 kHz. The *Galileo* Jupiter orbiter and *Ulysses* solar orbiter picked up the radio emissions every 45 minutes. The radio emissions were discovered before the X-rays (they have been detected since the 1950s), and there is even a citizen astronomy project organized by NASA called **Radio Jove** for anyone to listen to Jupiter's radio signals. Kilometric radio radiation was not detected until the Voyager flybys of Jupiter in the late 1970s. Two candidates for the source of the X-rays are particles of solar wind and particles from Io.

Waves was developed at the University of Iowa, and the experiment is led by a research scientist there.

## Sensors

There are two main sensors for Waves, and these field signals to the frequency receivers. Both sensors are attached to the main spacecraft body.

The MSC is made of a rod of Mu-metal (a ferromagnetic alloy of nickel and iron) wrapped in fine copper wire.

## Frequency receiver

There are two frequency receivers that each cover certain bands, a high band and a low band, which in turn has different receiving sections. The receivers are housed in the Juno Radiation Vault along with other electronics.

Breakdown:

All outputs are sent to the Data Processing Unit (DPU)

## Data Processing Unit (DPU)

The output from the frequency receivers is in turn processed by the *Juno* DPU. The DPU has two microprocessors that use field programmable gate arrays are they are both system on chip designs. The two chips:

The DPU sends data to the main *Juno* computer for communication with Earth. The electronics are in the Juno Radiation Vault along with the receivers.

## Multimedia

Waves has detected radio emissions from the Jupiter auroras, the most powerful known in the Solar System to date.


title: Warwickshire 3

abstract: Warwickshire 3 was a tier 10 English Rugby Union league with teams from Warwickshire taking part. Promoted teams moved up to Warwickshire 2 and there was no relegation. Following restructuring of the Warwickshire leagues at the end of 1991–92 season, Warwickshire 3 was cancelled and the teams transferred into the newly introduced Staffordshire/Warwickshire 3 or Staffordshire/Warwickshire 4.

text:
# Warwickshire 3

**Warwickshire 3** was a tier 10 English Rugby Union league with teams from Warwickshire taking part. Promoted teams moved up to Warwickshire 2 and there was no relegation. Following restructuring of the Warwickshire leagues at the end of 1991–92 season, Warwickshire 3 was cancelled and the teams transferred into the newly introduced Staffordshire/Warwickshire 3 or Staffordshire/Warwickshire 4.

## Original teams

When league rugby began in 1987 this division contained the following teams:

## Warwickshire 3 honours

Warwickshire 3 was a tier 10 league with promotion up to Warwickshire 2 and there was no relegation. At the end of the 1991–92 season the merging of all Staffordshire and Warwickshire leagues meant that Warwickshire 3 was discontinued.

| **Warwickshire 3** | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | No of teams | Champions | Runners–up | Relegated teams | Reference |
| 1987–88 | 10 | **Coventrians** | Old Warwickians | No relegation |  |
| 1988–89 | 10 | **Lanchester Polytechnic** | Berkswell & Balsall | No relegation |  |
| 1989–90 | 10 | **Rugby Welsh** | Claverdon | No relegation |  |
| 1990–91 | 10 | **Pinley** | Shipston-on-Stour | No relegation |  |
| 1991–92 | 9 | **Alcester** | Warwick | No relegation |  |
| Green backgrounds are promotion places. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Number of league titles

1. "Do you have any stories or photos of Lockheed Rugby Club in Leamington? Former player makes appeal for help". The Courier (Leamington Spa). 4 August 2020.
2. "Golden date for rugger old boys". Coventry Telegraph. 21 February 2006.
3. "Warwickian Rugby Club to mark 80th birthday". Coventry Telegraph. 16 July 2009.
4. Jones, Stephen; Griffiths, John (1988). *Rothmans Rugby Union Yearbook 1988-89*. Queen Anne Press. pp. 130–134. ISBN 0-356-15884-5.
5. Jones, Stephen; Griffiths, John (1989). *Rothmans Rugby Union Yearbook 1989-90*. Queen Anne Press. pp. 136–139. ISBN 0-356-17862-5.
6. Jones, Stephen; Griffiths, John (1990). *Rothmans Rugby Union Yearbook 1990-91*. Queen Anne Press. pp. 140–143. ISBN 0-356-19162-1.
7. Jones, Stephen; Griffiths, John (1991). *Rothmans Rugby Union Yearbook 1991-92*. Queen Anne Press. pp. 161–164. ISBN 0-356-20249-6.
8. Jones, Stephen; Griffiths, John (1992). *Rothmans Rugby Union Yearbook 1992-93*. Headline. pp. 183–185. ISBN 0-7472-7907-1.

## InfoBox

Warwickshire 3
| **Current season or competition:**
***1991–92 Warwickshire 3*** | |
| --- | --- |
| Sport | Rugby union |
| Instituted | 1987 (1987) |
| Ceased | 1992 (1992) |
| Country | England |
| Holders | Alcester (1st title)  (1991–92)
(transferred to Staffordshire/Warwickshire 3) |
| Most titles | Multiple teams (1 title) |


title: Warwickshire Company of Comedians

abstract: The Warwickshire Company of Comedians, also known as Mr Ward's Company of Comedians and after 1767 as Mr Kemble's Company of Comedians, was a theatre company established by John Ward in Birmingham, England in the 1740s, touring throughout the West Midlands region and surrounding counties over subsequent decades. Unusual in the 18th century as a provincial company producing performances to London tastes and standards, it is particularly notable as the origin of the Kemble family theatrical dynasty, which was to dominate the English stage in the late-18th and early 19th centuries. Sarah Siddons and John Philip Kemble in particular, who were Ward's grandchildren and whose careers began in the company, were the leading actress and actor of their time, and are still considered among the greatest performers in English theatrical history.

text:
# Warwickshire Company of Comedians

The **Warwickshire Company of Comedians**, also known as **Mr Ward's Company of Comedians** and after 1767 as **Mr Kemble's Company of Comedians**, was a theatre company established by John Ward in Birmingham, England in the 1740s, touring throughout the West Midlands region and surrounding counties over subsequent decades. Unusual in the 18th century as a provincial company producing performances to London tastes and standards, it is particularly notable as the origin of the Kemble family theatrical dynasty, which was to dominate the English stage in the late-18th and early 19th centuries. Sarah Siddons and John Philip Kemble in particular, who were Ward's grandchildren and whose careers began in the company, were the leading actress and actor of their time, and are still considered among the greatest performers in English theatrical history.

## History

### Foundation

The Warwickshire Company of Comedians was founded by John Ward at Birmingham's Moor Street Theatre, which opened in 1740 and which Ward is recorded as managing in the early 1740s. Although the precise date of its foundation is unknown, the company was definitely in existence by 1744, when they are recorded as visiting Stratford-upon-Avon. Their burgeoning reputation was apparent by the time of their next visit in May 1746, when a surviving letter from a local schoolmaster described them as "a Company of Strolling-Players ... much ye best Set I have seen out of London, & in which opinion I am far from being singular". The company returned to Stratford again later that year, when their performance of *Othello* on 9 September – raising money to restore the memorial bust of Shakespeare in Holy Trinity Church – was the earliest recorded performance of a play by Shakespeare in the playwright's home town.

Over the following decades the company toured widely, performing in town halls, barns, schoolhouses and guildhalls throughout the English Midlands and Wales. Their reputation was such that they were able to play long seasons at each venue – 23 weeks at Ludlow in 1758 and seventeen weeks at Brecon in 1764 – and their repertoire was wide: as well as Shakespeare it included works by Congreve, Dryden, Rowe, Lee, Steele and Vanbrugh, and extended to pantomime, music and dance. Their performances also had a keen sense of spectacle: in Hereford in 1753 they presented *Romeo and Juliet* with the "Grand Funeral Procession and Solemn Dirge set to Music by Signor Pasqualli", and at Gloucester in 1747 they performed *Henry VIII* "with the whole ceremony of the coronation of Queen Anne Bullen and the military ceremony of the Champion (on horse-back) in Westminster Hall. The Robes, Armour, Canopy and Bishops' and Judges' dresses and all the decorations of the play entirely new".

### Kemble

The major turning point in the company's existence took place in 1751 when Richard Yates' company from London's Theatre Royal, Drury Lane opened the purpose-built King Street Theatre in Birmingham to compete with the smaller venue in Moor Street. Ward's reaction to this invasion of his long-held territory was ill-tempered – the contemporary actor Charles Lee Lewes records him describing the newcomers as "drawling, face-making puppies" and promising to "work the dogs a penn'orth for daring to cross my circuit" – and Ward responded by advertising in the London newspapers for "capital performers" to join him in Birmingham. This was pivotal moment in theatrical history, as it was this advertisement that brought Roger Kemble to Birmingham to join the company, and the following June in Cirencester Kemble married the Wards' daughter Sarah. Of the couple's twelve children each that survived into adulthood went onto the stage, all except one married performers, and all were to start their careers performing with the Warwickshire Company of Comedians: this marked the origin of the Kemble family, who were to dominate the English stage over the following decades.

Several sources relate the Wards' anger at their daughter Sarah's elopement: she was not yet 16 and although a "main prop" of her father's in the "comic province", they felt that "an actor's existence was the last into which they wished her to drift". The Kembles were readmitted into the company, however, with Ward justifying his "sullen forgiveness" in the light of his low opinion of his new son-in-law's talents, telling his daughter "I forbade you to marry an actor. You have not disobeyed me since the man you have married neither is nor ever can be an actor". Although the Kembles left the company and toured independently between 1761 and 1763, the Wards retired to Leominster in 1766 and Roger Kemble took over its management on 24 May of that year. By the time the company appeared at Worcester in 1767 they were described as "Mr Kemble's Company of Comedians", with the cast featuring the Kembles' 14-year-old daughter Sarah – the future Sarah Siddons – and their 12-year-old son John Philip Kemble.

Kemble retired in 1781 and the company's stock and goodwill was split between two of the company's members: John Boles Watson, who formed the "Cheltenham Company of Comedians" and established it as the resident company at his newly built Cheltenham Playhouse, and Henry Masterman.

## Reputation and legacy

The growth of the reputation of the Warwickshire Company of Comedians marked the birth of Birmingham's theatrical tradition, which was well established by 1750, and further extended this influence to the surrounding counties – they "made the temporary theatre in barn, hall or inn the centre of polite provincial life and brought London tastes and diversions to the country towns".

Under Ward the company's performances were of a much higher standard than that typical of strolling players, being more comparable to those of the major London companies, with whom Ward and several of his company had considerable experience and with whose development they maintained a lively interest. The high regard in which the company was held was recorded by the contemporary actor Charles Lee Lewes, whose memoirs describe the "Great Ward" and his "very great company at Birmingham: many of them are no less than Londoners". Thomas Holcroft, who acted with the company in the 1770s, recalled that in Kemble's time too it was "more respectable than many other companies of strolling players".

The principle importance of the company, however, lies in its role in the genesis of the Kemble family, who were generally thought to have received their beauty and talent from the Wards and whose emergence saw actors with provincial origins for the first time leading rather than following the London stage. Annotations from Ward's surviving prompt books show that he was familiar with early texts of Shakespeare's works and was restoring Shakespeare's original text at an earlier date and more comprehensively even than David Garrick, and also suggest that changes to the staging of *Hamlet* introduced to London as innovations by John Phillip Kemble had been practiced by Ward's company as early as 1740. While tradition has it that Sarah Siddons "learnt her trade" between her initial unsuccessful appearance at Drury Lane in 1775 and her triumphant return in 1782, it is equally possible that it was popular taste in London that had caught up in the meantime with her style, which was more suited to the emerging romanticism than the existing fashionable neoclassicism.

## Bibliography


title: Wassermann test

abstract: The Wassermann test or Wassermann reaction (WR) is an antibody test for syphilis, named after the bacteriologist August Paul von Wassermann, based on complement fixation. It was the first blood test for syphilis and the first in the nontreponemal test (NTT) category. Newer NTTs, such as the RPR and VDRL tests, have mostly replaced it. During the mid-20th century, in many jurisdictions, including most US states, applicants for a marriage license were required by law to undergo a Wassermann test.

text:
# Wassermann test

The **Wassermann test** or **Wassermann reaction** (**WR**) is an antibody test for syphilis, named after the bacteriologist August Paul von Wassermann, based on complement fixation. It was the first blood test for syphilis and the first in the nontreponemal test (NTT) category. Newer NTTs, such as the RPR and VDRL tests, have mostly replaced it. During the mid-20th century, in many jurisdictions, including most US states, applicants for a marriage license were required by law to undergo a Wassermann test.

## Method

A sample of blood or cerebrospinal fluid is taken and introduced to the antigen – cardiolipin extracted from bovine muscle or heart. Syphilis non-specific antibodies (reagin, see RPR) react with the lipid – the Wassermann reaction of antiphospholipid antibodies (APAs). The intensity of the reaction (classed 1, 2, 3, or 4) indicates the severity of the condition.

## Uncertainty

The reaction is not specific to syphilis and will produce a positive reaction to other diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, malaria, and tuberculosis. It is possible for an infected individual to produce no reaction and for a successfully treated individual to continue to produce a reaction (known as being "Wassermann fast" or "fixed").

The Wassermann test is ineffective at identifying primary syphilis as sufficient reagin has not yet been produced from tissue destruction at this stage. Therefore, more effective methods have been a common research topic.

## Development and refinement

The antibody test was developed by Wassermann, Julius Citron, and Albert Neisser at the Robert Koch Institute for Infectious Diseases in 1906. The test was a growth from the work of Bordet and Gengou on complementing-fixation reaction, published in 1901, and the positive reaction is sometimes called the Bordet-Gengou-Wassermann reaction or Bordet-Wassermann reaction.

The Wassermann test has been refined with the Kahn test and the Kolmer test, and it is rarely used today. Replacement tests such as the VDRL test and the RPR test, initially based on flocculation techniques (Hinton), have been shown to produce far fewer false positive results. Indeed, the "biologic false positives" of modern tests usually indicate a serious alternate condition, often an autoimmune disease.

* Citron, Dr. Julius, "Immunity" (English translation) 1914 163–64

## InfoBox

| Wassermann test | |
| --- | --- |
| The test was sufficiently familiar to American movie audiences that the 1934 exploitation film *The Road to Ruin* simply showed a card with a positive Wassermann test (misspelled in the film) without any further explanation to indicate a character had contracted syphilis. | |
| Synonyms | Wassermann reaction |
| Purpose | antibody test for syphilis |


title: Wasserschloss Wilkinghege

abstract: The Wasserschloss Wilkinghege is a country estate in Kinderhaus, part of the Westphalian city of Münster, Germany. It is built in Renaissance style. Since 1955 it has been used as a hotel with a golf course.

text:
# Wasserschloss Wilkinghege

The **Wasserschloss Wilkinghege** is a country estate in Kinderhaus, part of the Westphalian city of Münster, Germany. It is built in Renaissance style. Since 1955 it has been used as a hotel with a golf course.

## History

In the year 1311 a moated castle (German *Wasserburg*) Wilkinghege appears for the first time in an official document. It was a castle that served defensive purposes and was held as a fief by the Rhemen zu Barenfeld family; in the 14th century it was transferred to the Lords von Kleihorst.

Beginning in 1550 the old castle was replaced by the country estate, now a *Wasserschloss* in German, indicating that although it still had a moat, this was now an element of style; the castle was no longer military in function. The owners were the Steveninck zu Broich family. In 1719 it was rebuilt by Gottfried Laurenz Pictorius in the Mannerist style for Herr von Harde and his wife Katharina von Keppel. In the following years the castle's ownership changed several times, but in 1779 it was again in the possession of the Rhemen zu Barenfeld family.

After that family died out, the new owners became the Winnecken family, who still own the estate, together with the surrounding lands.

In 1958 the building caught fire. It was rebuilt largely true to the original, so that it still has the spirit of a castle.

## Famous guests

In the course of the centuries, many well known people have visited the fortress and the castle, including:

51°59′16″N 7°35′06″E / 51.98778°N 7.58500°E / 51.98778; 7.58500


title: Watchtower (2001 film)

abstract: Watchtower is a 2001 Canadian thriller film directed by George Mihalka and starring Tom Berenger, Rachel Hayward and Tygh Runyan.

text:
# Watchtower (2001 film)

***Watchtower*** (also known as ***Cruel and Unusual***) is a 2001 Canadian thriller film directed by George Mihalka and starring Tom Berenger, Rachel Hayward and Tygh Runyan.

## Premise

A brother and sister move to a sleepy Oregon town and are befriended by a stranger with a magnetic personality on a summer sabbatical.

## Cast

## Reception

*Moria.co* gave the film a good review. Watchtower got three stars and the reviewer stated: "Watchtower/Cruel and Unusual offers Mihalka the best budget he has ever had to date and he does wonders with it. There is some particularly beautiful and impressive location scenery – despite being set in Seattle, the film is in actuality shot a little further up the coast in the somberly beautiful area of Vancouver Island, where Mihalka does a fine job of capturing the verisimilitude of a small fishing town."

Reviewer M. Lion of the website chickflickingreviews.com called it a "well made movie" and noted that the twists were "quite fun".

## InfoBox

| Watchtower | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | George Mihalka |
| Written by | Rod Browning
Robert Geoffrion
Dan Witt |
| Produced by | John A. Curtis
Richard O. Lowry
Evan Taylor
Evan Tylor |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Peter Benison |
| Edited by | Glenn Berman |
| Music by | Michel Cusson |
| Production
companies | Alliance Atlantis Communications
Frontline Entertainment
GFT Entertainment
H30 Filmed Entertainment Inc.
Le Monde Entertainment |
| Distributed by | Alliance Atlantis Communications |
| Release date | * December 19, 2001 (2001-12-19) |
| Running time | 100 minutes |
| Country | Canada |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $CAD5,100,000 (estimated) |


# Water polo at the 2023 World Aquatics Championships – Men's team rosters

This article shows the roster of all participating teams at the men's water polo tournament at the 2023 World Aquatics Championships.

## Group A

### Australia

The following is the Australian roster.

Head coach: Timothy Hamill

### Greece

The following is the Greek roster.

Head coach: Theodoros Vlachos

### Kazakhstan

The following is the Kazakh roster.

Head coach: Nebojša Obradović

### United States

The following is the American roster.

Head coach: Dejan Udovičić

## Group B

### Canada

The following is the Canadian roster.

Head coach: Patrick Oaten

### China

The following is the Chinese roster.

Head coach: Petar Porobić

### France

The following is the French roster.

Head coach: Florian Bruzzo

### Italy

The following is the Italian roster.

Head coach: Sandro Campagna

## Group C

### Argentina

The following is the Argentine roster.

Head coach: Juan Pablo Giri

### Croatia

The following is the Croatian roster.

Head coach: Ivica Tucak

### Hungary

The following is the Hungarian roster.

Head coach: Zsolt Varga

### Japan

The following is the Japanese roster.

Head coach: Yoshinori Shiota

## Group D

### Montenegro

The following is the Montenegrin roster.

Head coach: Vladimir Gojković

### Serbia

The following is the Serbian roster.

Head coach: Uroš Stevanović

### South Africa

The following is the South African roster.

Head coach: Vaughn Marlow

### Spain

The following is the Spanish roster.

Head coach: David Martín


title: Watching You (Rogue Traders song)

abstract: "Watching You" is a song by Australian electronic rock band Rogue Traders, released on 30 January 2006 as the third single from their second album, Here Come the Drums (2005). The song was released in the United Kingdom in October 2006. "Watching You" replays the guitar riff from the Knack's song "My Sharona".

text:
# Watching You (Rogue Traders song)

"**Watching You**" is a song by Australian electronic rock band Rogue Traders, released on 30 January 2006 as the third single from their second album, *Here Come the Drums* (2005). The song was released in the United Kingdom in October 2006. "Watching You" replays the guitar riff from the Knack's song "My Sharona".

## Chart performance

"Watching You" was Rogue Traders' fourth top ten-10 in Australia and their second top-40 hit in the UK. It debuted on the Australian Singles Chart on 6 February 2006 at number seven. During its second week on the chart, it ascended to its peak position of number five and stayed there for two weeks. It remained in the top 10 for six weeks and the top 50 for 20 weeks, earning a gold certification from the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). In the United Kingdom, the song entered the charts on 28 October 2006 at number 33, spending two weeks in the top 100.

## Track listings

## Charts

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | Gold | 35,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label(s) | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Australia | 30 January 2006 | CD |  |  |
| United Kingdom | | 16 October 2006 |  |  |

## InfoBox

| "Watching You" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Rogue Traders | |
| from the album  *Here Come the Drums* | |
| Released | 30 January 2006 (2006-01-30) |
| Length | 3:28 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) | * Doug Fieger * Berton Averre * James Ash * Melinda Appleby |
| Producer(s) | James Ash |
| Rogue Traders singles chronology | |
| "Way to Go!"
(2005) "**Watching You**"
(2006) "We're Coming Home"
(2006) | |


title: Watching TV with the Red Chinese

abstract: Watching TV with the Red Chinese is a 2012 American comedy-drama film directed by Shimon Dotan, based on the 1992 novel of the same name by Luke Whisnant. The film follows a trio of Chinese exchange students who arrive in New York City in 1980, eager for what America has to offer. They make friends including a literature teacher named Dexter and his girlfriend Suzanne. As they try to adjust to the New York city atmosphere, they become disillusioned with America, eventually buying a firearm for self-defense.

text:
# Watching TV with the Red Chinese

***Watching TV with the Red Chinese*** is a 2012 American comedy-drama film directed by Shimon Dotan, based on the 1992 novel of the same name by Luke Whisnant. The film follows a trio of Chinese exchange students who arrive in New York City in 1980, eager for what America has to offer. They make friends including a literature teacher named Dexter and his girlfriend Suzanne. As they try to adjust to the New York city atmosphere, they become disillusioned with America, eventually buying a firearm for self-defense.

## Cast

## Reception

The film received positive reviews, with critics mostly praising the leads' performances and including minor critiques of the script. *Variety*, for example, called the acting "solid, particularly by O'Nan, Nam and Jacobs. But the conversations feel artificial, overly concerned with re-creating period detail." Daniel Gold of *The New York Times* adds that the film "nicely captures the grad-student vibe: beer-fueled bull sessions ... fragile, self-absorbed egos preening even as confidence wavers." *Paste* Magazine states that "overall, the film rises above the usual trappings of low-budget productions and succeeds with a smart script and able performances from the cast of (mostly) unknowns, whether you're looking for sociopolitical commentary or just a small tale well told."

## InfoBox

| Watching TV with the Red Chinese | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Shimon Dotan |
| Screenplay by | * Netaya Anbar * Shimon Dotan |
| Based on | *Watching TV with the Red Chinese*
by Luke Whisnant |
| Produced by | * Shimon Dotan * Netaya Anbar * Sameer Butt |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Mike Rossetti |
| Edited by | Netaya Anbar |
| Music by | Nat Osborn |
| Production
company | Moonstone Entertainment |
| Distributed by | Roam Films |
| Release dates | * January 20, 2012 (2012-01-20) (United States; limited) |
| Running time | 105 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Languages | * English * Chinese |


title: Wellesley Gol Talab

abstract: Wellesley Gol Talab,, is a park located in Taltala neighbourhood in Central Kolkata, in the Indian state of West Bengal. The pond is known to exist since at least early 19th century due to the fact that famous Urdu poet, Ghalib wanted to settle in the locality.

text:
# Wellesley Gol Talab

**Wellesley Gol Talab**, (also known as **Gol Talab)**, is a park located in Taltala neighbourhood in Central Kolkata, in the Indian state of West Bengal.

The pond is known to exist since at least early 19th century due to the fact that famous Urdu poet, Ghalib wanted to settle in the locality.

## Etymology

The name derives from the pond that is situated in the middle of the park, as "Gol" means "round", and "Talab" means pond in Hindi. The shape of the pond is square.

## Location

The park is surrounded on all sides by roads. On the western side is Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Road, southern side is Alimuddin Street, northern side is Deedar Buksh Lane and the fourth side is fenced by Haji Mohammad Mohsin Sq. road. The fourth side also has building that falls under addresses of Deedar Buksh Lane, Alimuddin Street, Waliullah Lane, and Taltalla Lane.

## InfoBox

| Wellesley Gol Talab | |
| --- | --- |
| Wellesley Gol Talab from Western End | |
|  | |
| Type | A lake and/or park |
| Location | Kolkata, State of West Bengal, India |
| Coordinates | 22°33′26″N 88°21′30″E / 22.557208°N 88.358226°E / 22.557208; 88.358226 |
| Created | 18th Century |
| Operated by | Kolkata Municipal Corporation |