# List of historic sites of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints holds a number of sites as historically significant. This list is intended as a quick reference for these sites. The sites may or may not be owned by the church.

In addition, independent historic registries have recognized a number of current or formerly church-associated properties, such as the L.D.S. Ward Building in Lava Hot Springs, Idaho, listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

## Northeast

### Palmyra

| Hill Cumorah Visitors' Center |  |
| --- | --- |
| Book of Mormon Historic Publication Site |  |
| Smith Family Farm |  |
| Sacred Grove |  |

### Kirtland

### Other Northeast

## Midwest

### Nauvoo

| Nauvoo Temple / Nauvoo Illinois Temple and Visitors' Center |  |
| --- | --- |
| Red Brick Store |  |
|

### Missouri

| Adam-ondi-Ahman |  |
| --- | --- |
| Far West Temple Site |  |
| Hawn's Mill |  |
| Independence Visitors' Center |  |
| Liberty Jail |  |
| Independence (Zion) Temple Lot |  |
|

### Other Midwest

| Carthage Jail |  |
| --- | --- |
| Mount Pisgah, Iowa |  |
| Kanesville Tabernacle (Council Bluffs, Iowa) |  |
| Winter Quarters, Nebraska |  |
| Mormon Trail Center (Omaha, Nebraska) |  |
|

## West

### Salt Lake City

### Other West

## Non-U.S.

* "Historic Sites", *churchofjesuschrist.org*, Locations and Schedules, LDS Church
* "Mormon Historic Sites Registry", *MormonHistoricSites.org*, Mormon Historic Sites Foundation
* Jackson, Richard H. (1992), "Historical Sites", in Ludlow, Daniel H (ed.), *Encyclopedia of Mormonism*, New York: Macmillan Publishing, pp. 592–595, ISBN 0-02-879602-0, OCLC 24502140


title: Tiera Guinn Fletcher

abstract: Tiera Guinn Fletcher is an American aerospace engineer. She is a designer and structural analyst for NASA's Space Launch System.

text:
# Tiera Guinn Fletcher

**Tiera Guinn Fletcher** is an American aerospace engineer. She is a designer and structural analyst for NASA's Space Launch System.

## Early life

Tiera Guinn Fletcher was born in the greater Atlanta area in Georgia. Her mother Sheila is an accountant and her father Emery Guinn, Jr, is a construction worker. Her parents encouraged her to calculate things and measure things in her daily life. These exercises, including coupon clipping, totaling up grocery receipts, and learning about the applications of architecture, challenged Fletcher and set her apart from other kids her age. At eleven years old, she zeroed in on her interest in Aerospace engineering while participating in an aerospace program put on by Lockheed Martin.

## Education

Fletcher attended Wheeler High School in Marietta, Georgia. During her senior year of high school, Fletcher received an internship at NASA in Langley, Virginia. She also landed a research internship at the Georgia Institute of Technology in 2014. The internship involved assisting in the research of landing performance in aircraft.

Tiera Fletcher attended Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and received her Bachelor of Science in Aerospace Engineering in June 2017, graduating with a GPA of 5.0 She participated in a mentorship program to help other students at MIT. After her first year, Fletcher participated in undergraduate research studying design optimization of aircraft at MIT. During her junior and senior years of college, Fletcher participated in internships at Boeing. From June 2015 to June 2016 Fletcher was a Systems Engineering Intern at Boeing where she helped design, test, and collaborate with other professionals on Boeing products. The following year from June 2016 to June 2017 Fletcher was a design engineer and stress analyst intern at Boeing, where she helped with the design process and analysis of the Space Launch System for NASA.

## Career

After graduating from MIT, Fletcher took up a position at Boeing as a Structural Analysis Engineer. She is one of the lead engineers and designers working on the Space Launch System for NASA which aims to put humans on Mars. The area that Fletcher works on is the exploratory upper stage of the spacecraft which helps the craft complete its ascent phase. She is part of the Engine Section Task Leading team responsible for this, of which she is the youngest member.

## Recognition and awards

Fletcher received the 2017 Good Housekeeping's Awesome Woman Award which recognizes women who are impacting the world for the better by overcoming social constraints and influencing the world around them.

Also in 2017, Fletcher received the Albert G. Hill Prize at MIT which recognizes students in their junior or senior year who have excelled academically and impacted the environment at MIT in a way that improves campus climate for other minorities.

In June 2018, Fletcher participated as a keynote speaker at Impact'18 in Krakow, where speakers discuss innovations and business models to share with the world what work they are doing.

On November 8, 2018, Fletcher won the Most Promising Engineer, Industry Award at the 2019 Black Engineer of the Year Awards.

## Personal life

Fletcher was married in July 2017 to Myron Fletcher, an aerospace engineer who also works at Boeing, being a pilot. Both she and her husband share an interest in influencing young people to join the world of STEM along with increasing the diversity of STEM fields.

## InfoBox

| Tiera Fletcher | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Atlanta, Georgia |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | MIT |
| Occupation | Structural analysis engineer |
| Notable work | Space Launch System (NASA) |


title: Oxford Society of Change Ringers

abstract:
The Oxford Society of Change Ringers, established in 1734, is a society dedicated to change ringing in Oxford, England. It should not be confused with the Oxford University Society of Change Ringers. The society is based at the Cathedral Church of Christ where its members ring for Sunday services as well as practising there twice a month. Weekly practices are held at Lincoln College, in the former All Saints Church, now the college library, which still has a peal of eight bells. Other towers at which the Oxford Society rings include:
  - Carfax Tower
  - Magdalen College
  - Merton College
  - New College
  - University Church of St Mary the Virgin
  - Tom Tower, Christ Church

text:
# Oxford Society of Change Ringers

The **Oxford Society of Change Ringers**, established in 1734, is a society dedicated to change ringing in Oxford, England. It should not be confused with the Oxford University Society of Change Ringers. The society is based at the Cathedral Church of Christ where its members ring for Sunday services as well as practising there twice a month. Weekly practices are held at Lincoln College, in the former All Saints Church, now the college library, which still has a peal of eight bells.

Other towers at which the Oxford Society rings include:

1. "The Society - The Oxford Society of Change Ringers". Retrieved 18 October 2016.
2. Herring, Naomi (11 September 2016). "City throws open its doors to the public". Oxford Mail. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
3. Morris, Jan (2001). *Oxford*. Oxford University Press. p. 115. ISBN 0192801368.
4. Clarke, John Erskine (1875). *Church Bells, v. 5*. p. 439.
5. "Beautiful Music". Oxford Times. 29 April 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2016.


title: Non-finite clause

abstract:
In linguistics, a non-finite clause is a dependent or embedded clause that represents a state or event in the same way no matter whether it takes place before, during, or after text production. In this sense, a non-finite dependent clause represents one process as a circumstance for another without specifying the time when it takes place as in the following examples:
  - Non-Finite Dependent Clauses
  - I'm going to Broadway to watch a play.
  - I went to Broadway to watch a play.
  - Finite Dependent Clauses
  - I'm going to Broadway so I can watch a play.
  - I went to Broadway so I could watch a play. Similarly, a non-finite embedded clause represents a qualification for something that is being represented as in the following examples:
  - Non-Finite Embedded Clauses
  - I'm on a street called Bellevue Avenue.
  - I was on a street called Bellevue Avenue.
  - Finite Embedded Clauses
  - I'm on a street that is called Bellevue Avenue.
  - I'm on a street that used to be called Bellevue Avenue.
  - I was on a street that is called Bellevue Avenue.
  - I was on a street that used to be called Bellevue Avenue. In meaning-independent descriptions of language, a non-finite clause is a clause whose verbal chain is non-finite; for example, using Priscian's categories for Latin verb forms, in many languages we find texts with non-finite clauses containing infinitives, participles and gerunds. In such accounts, a non-finite clause usually serves a grammatical role – commonly that of a noun, adjective, or adverb – in a greater clause that contains it.

text:
# Non-finite clause

In linguistics, a **non-finite clause** is a dependent or embedded clause that represents a state or event in the same way no matter whether it takes place before, during, or after text production. In this sense, a non-finite dependent clause represents one process as a circumstance for another without specifying the time when it takes place as in the following examples:

Non-Finite Dependent Clauses * *I'm going to Broadway **to watch a play***.
* *I went to Broadway **to watch a play***.

Finite Dependent Clauses * *I'm going to Broadway **so I can watch a play***.
* *I went to Broadway **so I could watch a play***.

Similarly, a non-finite embedded clause represents a qualification for something that is being represented as in the following examples:

Non-Finite Embedded Clauses * *I'm on a street **called Bellevue Avenue***.
* *I was on a street **called Bellevue Avenue***.

Finite Embedded Clauses * *I'm on a street **that is called Bellevue Avenue***.
* *I'm on a street **that used to be called Bellevue Avenue***.
* *I was on a street **that is called Bellevue Avenue***.
* *I was on a street **that used to be called Bellevue Avenue***.

In meaning-independent descriptions of language, a non-finite clause is a clause whose verbal chain is non-finite; for example, using Priscian's categories for Latin verb forms, in many languages we find texts with non-finite clauses containing infinitives, participles and gerunds. In such accounts, a non-finite clause usually serves a grammatical role – commonly that of a noun, adjective, or adverb – in a greater clause that contains it.

## Structure

A typical finite clause consists of a finite form of the verb together with its objects and other dependents (i.e. a verb phrase or predicate), along with its subject (although in certain cases the subject is not expressed). A non-finite clause is similar, except that the verb must be in a non-finite form (such as an infinitive, participle, gerund or gerundive), and it is consequently much more likely that there will be no subject expressed, i.e. that the clause will consist of a (non-finite) verb phrase on its own.

Some examples are given below.

Finite clauses Non-finite clauses * Kids like **to play on computers**. (an infinitival clause using the English *to*-infinitive)
* It's easy **for kids to play on computers**. (an infinitival clause containing periphrastic expression of the subject)
* **Playing on computers**, they whiled the day away. (a participial clause, using a present participle)
* With **the kids playing on their computers**, we were able to enjoy some time alone. (a participial clause with a subject)
* Having **played on computers** all day, they were pale and hungry. (a participial clause using a past participle)
* **Playing on computers** is fun. (a gerund-participial clause)
* … he be **playing on computers** all the time. (a gerund-participial subjunctive clause)

Some types of non-finite clause have zero in one of the object or complement positions; the gap is usually understood to be filled by a noun from the larger clause in which the non-zero clause appears (as is the subject "gap" in most non-finite clauses). These clauses are also called **hollow non-finite clauses**.

Some examples:

* He is the man **to beat**. (infinitival clause with zero object; *the man* is understood as the object)
* That car wants **looking at straight away**. (gerund-participial clause with zero preposition complement after *at*)
* The building was **given a new lease of life**. (past-participial clause with zero indirect object)

For more examples of such constructions in English, see English passive voice and Uses of English verb forms § Uses of non-finite verbs.

## Use

As a dependent clause, a non-finite clause plays some kind of grammatical role within a larger clause that contains it. What this role can be, and what the consequent meaning is, depends on the type of non-finite verb involved, the constructions allowed by the grammar of the language in question, and the meanings of those constructions in that language. Some examples are noted below:

* **To live** is **to suffer in silence**. (infinitival clauses used as subject and predicative expression)
* I decided **to bathe myself**. (infinitival clause used as object)
* We went there **to collect our computers**. (infinitival clause used as an adverbial of purpose)
* They were **sitting quietly**. (participial clause used as verb complement to express progressive aspect)
* The man **sitting quietly** is the man to watch. (participial clause used as noun modifier)
* **Well beaten**, we slumped back to the dressing room. (participial clause used as nominative absolute)
* I like **rescuing wasps**. (gerund-participial clause used as a noun phrase)
* *Carthago **delenda** est* ("Carthage must be destroyed"; Latin gerundive used as a predicative expression)

## Different traditions

According to Priscian, *delenda* is a participle because it agrees in number, case, and gender with a noun, namely *Carthago*, the subject. In Priscian's theory of POS, words are classified according to the inflectional paradigms that are created independent of the grammatical context the word is in. A misapplication of Priscian's verb categories for the modern notion of non-finite clause might thus result on the recognition of clauses where there are none.

In linguistics, both Generative Theory and Systemic Functional Theory of Language do not support analyses of *Carthago **delenda** est* in the way it is proposed above. For instance, the French active non-finite verbs *sorti(e)* and *entré(e)* as in *il est sorti/entré* and *elle est sortie/entrée* agree in number and gender with the subject in the same way as *delenda* does, but these words are not considered a non-finite sentence in Generative Theory nor a non-finite clause in Systemic Functional Theory on their own. In the example *Carthago delenda **est***/*Carthago **must be** destroyed*, the verb *est* is a modal voice auxiliary because it functions both as modal and as voice. A syntactic tree for the clause *Carthago must be destroyed* is shown below:

For more details of the use of such clauses in English, see Uses of English verb forms § Uses of non-finite verbs, and English passive voice.


title: Opisthopatus herbertorum

abstract: Opisthopatus herbertorum is a species of velvet worm in the Peripatopsidae family. The type locality is in South Africa. As originally described, this species is uniformly white with 17 pairs of legs. Subsequent phylogenetic results, however, cast doubt on this species delimitation based on morphology, indicating instead that O. herbertorum is a junior synonym of O. roseus.

text:
# Opisthopatus herbertorum

***Opisthopatus herbertorum*** is a species of velvet worm in the Peripatopsidae family. The type locality is in South Africa. As originally described, this species is uniformly white with 17 pairs of legs. Subsequent phylogenetic results, however, cast doubt on this species delimitation based on morphology, indicating instead that *O. herbertorum* is a junior synonym of *O. roseus*.

## InfoBox

| *Opisthopatus herbertorum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Onychophora |
| Family: | Peripatopsidae |
| Genus: | *Opisthopatus* |
| Species: | ***O. herbertorum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Opisthopatus herbertorum***<br>Ruhberg & Hamer, 2005 | |
|


title: Mardudunera people

abstract: The Mardudunera, more accurately, Martuthunira, are an Aboriginal Australian people in the Pilbara region of Western Australia.

text:
# Mardudunera people

The **Mardudunera**, more accurately, *Martuthunira*, are an Aboriginal Australian people in the Pilbara region of Western Australia.

## Name

The ethnonym "Martuthunira" reflects the word *Martuthuni* used to denote the lower reaches of the Fortescue River. The *ra* is a suffix indicating place of origin or provenience. Various theories have been advanced to analyse the word in terms of a root *martu* \- not available in the Martuthunira language itself - and the suffix -*thuni*, the latter recurring in a few toponyms. In Yindjibarndi *martu* means 'place, space, spot'. Carl Georg von Brandenstein proposed an etymology which would make the word mean 'flat-' or 'river-landers'.

## Language

An extensive knowledge of the Martuthunira language exists. A several hundred page outline was written by Alan Dench, a student of Peter Austin's, after one of the three remaining speakers, Algy Paterson, approached him asking Dench to preserve the language his own maternal grandmother had once spoken.

## Country

Alfred Radcliffe-Brown in 1913 gave an estimation that implied that the Mardudunera's traditional lands extended over 3,500 square miles (9,100 km2). For Norman Tindale, they covered somewhat less, and his estimate was that the tribal area covering roughly 2,100 square miles (5,400 km2) in the Pilbara, stretching over the land from the inland ranges to the coastal plain, north of Fortescue River. They included a number of islands they would visit in the Dampier Archipelago. Recently Alan Dench, an authority on the people, has endorsed Radcliffe-Brown's original determination. Their north-eastern boundary is marked by three hills, Mount Leopold, Moondle Hill and Mount McLeod, while Warluru Pool, marks their eastern limits. Dench adds that Tindale is incorrect in his island claims, for archaeology has failed to turn up pre-contact traces of their presence on Barrow Island, and modern Mardudunera do not believe it formed part of their world.

## History of contact with whites

It is believed that the first contact with white people occurred on 26 February 1818 during the explorer Phillip Parker King's first voyage in HMS *Mermaid*, which took him to the north-western coast of Australia. King describes the scene:

> As we advanced, three natives were seen in the water, apparently wading from an island in the centre of the strait towards Lewis Island: the course was immediately altered to intercept them, but as we approached, it was discovered that each native was seated on a log of wood, which he propelled through the water by paddling with his hands. Having hove to, close by them, they became much alarmed, and cried out in loud tones, which were increased when our boat was lowered and despatched after them; but it was not without the greatest difficulty that Mr. Bedwell succeeded in bringing one on board. On the boat's coming up with the nearest Indian, he left his log and, diving under the boat's bottom, swam astern; this he did whenever the boat approached him, and it was four or five minutes before he was caught, which was at last effected by seizing him by the hair, in the act of diving, and dragging him into the boat, against which he resisted stoutly, and, even when taken, it required two men to hold him to prevent his escape. During the interval of heaving to and bringing him on board, the cutter was anchored near the central island, where a tribe of natives were collected, consisting of about forty persons, of whom the greater number were women and children; the whole party appeared to be overcome with grief, particularly the women, who most loudly and vehemently expressed their sorrow by cries, and rolling on the ground, and covering their bodies with the sand.

Once on board, the captive, a six foot tall lad in his early twenties, scarified with horizontal strips from his chest to his navel, but with no nose-piercing or tooth evulsion, was treated to sugared water, and, turning to the shore, cried out: *coma negra*!. He was allowed to return to his camp on his log  called a "marine velocipede", whose construction from mangrove roots was described in detail  with various gifts, such as a red cap, biscuits and an axe. On beaching, he was interrogated by his terrified companions, who held him at spear point, and then physically examined. A further bundle of gifts was delivered towards dusk.

## Alternative names

* *Mardudjungara*
* *Mardudhunera, Mardudhunira, Mardudhoonera*
* *Mardutunira Mardatunera*
* *Marduduna*
* *Mardathoni*
* *Mardatuna*
* *Maratunia*
* *Jawunmala* (the Indjibandi exonym)

### Citations

1. Dench 1995, p. 2.
2. Dench 1995, p. iii.
3. Tindale 1974, p. 248.
4. King 1827, pp. 38–39.
5. King 1827, pp. 41–429.

## Sources


abstract: The 1986 North Dakota State football team represented North Dakota State University during the 1986 NCAA Division II football season, and completed the 90th season of Bison football. The Bison played their home games at Dacotah Field in Fargo, North Dakota. The 1986 team came off an 11–2–1 record from the previous season. The 1986 team was led by coach Earle Solomonson. The team finished the regular season with an undefeated 10–0 record and made the NCAA Division II playoffs. The Bison defeated theSouth Dakota, 27–7, in the National Championship Game en route to the program's second consecutive, and third NCAA Division II Football Championship. Senior quarterback Jeff Bentrim was awarded the inaugural Harlon Hill Trophy, which honors the best football player in Division II, at the end of the season. Bentrim ended the season with 64 career touchdowns scored, breaking Walter Payton's Division II record of 63.

text:
# 1986 North Dakota State Bison football team

1986 North Central Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| No. 1 North Dakota State $^ | 9 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  |  | 13 |  | 0 |  | 0 |
| No. 6 South Dakota ^ | 8 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 11 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| Mankato State | 6 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 4 |  | 1 |
| South Dakota State | 5 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| Nebraska–Omaha | 4 |  | 5 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
| St. Cloud State | 4 |  | 5 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 7 |  | 0 |
| Augustana (SD) | 3 |  | 6 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
| Northern Colorado | 3 |  | 6 |  | 0 |  |  | 3 |  | 8 |  | 0 |
| North Dakota | 2 |  | 7 |  | 0 |  |  | 2 |  | 9 |  | 0 |
| Morningside | 1 |  | 8 |  | 0 |  |  | 1 |  | 10 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion * ^  NCAA Division II playoff participant Rankings from NCAA Division II Football Committee poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1986 North Dakota State football team** represented North Dakota State University during the 1986 NCAA Division II football season, and completed the 90th season of Bison football. The Bison played their home games at Dacotah Field in Fargo, North Dakota. The 1986 team came off an 11–2–1 record from the previous season. The 1986 team was led by coach Earle Solomonson. The team finished the regular season with an undefeated 10–0 record and made the NCAA Division II playoffs. The Bison defeated theSouth Dakota, 27–7, in the National Championship Game en route to the program's second consecutive, and third NCAA Division II Football Championship.

Senior quarterback Jeff Bentrim was awarded the inaugural Harlon Hill Trophy, which honors the best football player in Division II, at the end of the season. Bentrim ended the season with 64 career touchdowns scored, breaking Walter Payton's Division II record of 63.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 6 | Northern Michigan* |  | W 52–7 | 15,800 |  |
| September 20 | at Mankato State |  | W 48–7 | 4,677 |  |
| September 27 | South Dakota | * Dacotah Field * Fargo, ND | W 21–12 | 16,200 |  |
| October 4 | at Northern Colorado |  | W 33–12 | 2,510 |  |
| October 11 | at South Dakota State |  | W 49–7 | 10,734 |  |
| October 18 | St. Cloud State | * Dacotah Field * Fargo, ND | W 49–7 | 16,000 |  |
| October 25 | at Morningside |  | W 63–0 | 520 |  |
| November 1 | Nebraska–Omaha | * Dacotah Field * Fargo, ND | W 25–3 | 10,500 |  |
| November 8 | Augustana (SD) | * Dacotah Field * Fargo, ND | W 25–0 | 2,800 |  |
| November 15 | at North Dakota |  | W 62–13 | 6,000 |  |
| November 29 | Ashland* |  | W 50–0 | 12,090 |  |
| December 6 | Central State (OH)* | * Dacotah Field * Fargo, ND (NCAA Division II Semifinal) | W 35–12 | 12,380 |  |
| December 13 | vs. South Dakota |  | W 27–7 | 11,506 |  |
| * \*Non-conference game * Homecoming | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| 1986 North Dakota State Bison football | |
| --- | --- |
| NCAA Division II champion<br>NCC champion | |
| NCAA Division II Championship Game, W 27–7 vs. South Dakota | |
| Conference | North Central Conference |
| Record | 13–0 (9–0 NCC) |
| Head coach |  |
| Home stadium | Dacotah Field |
|


title: Sue Hendra

abstract: Suzanne Francis Hendra is a British writer and illustrator of over 100 books for children, many co-written with Paul Linnet, including Barry the Fish with Fingers. Her books Wanda and the Alien and Supertato have been adapted for television.

text:
# Sue Hendra

**Suzanne Francis Hendra** (born 15 August 1973) is a British writer and illustrator of over 100 books for children, many co-written with Paul Linnet, including *Barry the Fish with Fingers*. Her books *Wanda and the Alien* and *Supertato* have been adapted for television.

## Biography

Hendra graduated from the University of Brighton in 1994 where she received a bachelor's degree in technology for graphic design. She currently lives in Brighton where she works in a shared artists' studio. Hendra has worked as an illustrator for Bloomsbury, Walker Books, Oxford University Press, Macmillan and others. Hendra has one daughter named Wanda.

## Work

Hendra had been working as an illustrator for several years before she changed her style due to the persuasion of Vicki Willden-Lebrecht of Bright Agency.

Hendra and Paul Linnet's book, *Barry the Fish with Fingers* was considered colourful and cheerful by *Publishers Weekly*. Hendra used gouache paint and deliberately created bright, flat compositions for the book, which *Kirkus Reviews* says introduced an "impossibly endearing little fish." *The New York Times* wrote that "Hendra's bright and cheerful undersea characters make the ocean seem like a great place to be." *No-Bot, the Robot With No Bottom* won the Picture Book Award in the 2014 Oxfordshire Book Awards.

The television adaptation of *Wanda and the Alien* was produced for the United Kingdom's Channel 5 Milkshake programming by Random House Enterprises and Komixx Entertainment. "Wanda and the Alien" also appeared on Nickelodeon and Nick Jr. channels in most countries. "Wanda and the Alien" was shortlisted for the 17th Big Chip Award in 2015.

Along with Linnet, Hendra wrote a book for 2016's World Book Day titled *Supertato: Hap-Pea Ever After* for pre-school children.


title: William Mostyn Owen

abstract: William Mostyn Owen, born William Mostyn, was a British land-owner and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1774 to 1795.

text:
# William Mostyn Owen

**William Mostyn Owen** (c. 1742–11 March 1795), born **William Mostyn**, was a British land-owner and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1774 to 1795.

## Early life

William Mostyn was born c. 1742, the eldest son of William Mostyn of Bryngwyn, and his wife Grace Wynn, daughter of Robert Wynn of Plas Newydd.

He was educated at Oriel College, Oxford, where he matriculated in 1761, and studied law at the Middle Temple, where he was admitted in 1759. He later succeeded to the estate in Woodhouse, Shropshire, of his cousin, John Lloyd Owen, and thereafter took the name Owen.

## Career

Until the early 1770s, the two main families in Montgomeryshire were the Wynns of Wynnstay and the Herberts of Powis Castle. Up to 1772, the families were allied in their agreement over whom to return as the county's single Member of Parliament; Edward Kynaston was their choice, but he died in 1772, followed by Henry Herbert, 1st Earl of Powis. The Wynns appointed one of their kin, Watkin Williams, after Kynaston's death, but at the 1774 election, the Dowager Lady Powis nominated Owen as the Herbert candidate, in opposition to Williams. A long contest followed, and Owen received the support of the smaller land-owners, whilst Williams gained the backing of the most substantial ones; in the end the Herberts contributed the most money and Owen won the election.

In Parliament, despite initially voting with Frederick North, Lord North, he switched to the opposition for the rest of his premiership. This upset Lord Powis, who supported the government, but at the 1780 election, the Wynns, who were opposition supporters, backed Owen and he was re-elected unopposed; the same was true for 1784. During the 1780s, he again voted with the opposition for the most part and opposed William Pitt the Younger throughout his premiership. He was considered a Portland Whig by 1792, but his ill health caused his attendance to decline, and he died on 11 March 1795. He was never recorded speaking in the house.

## Personal life

He married Rebecca Dod, daughter of Thomas Dod of Edge, Cheshire (c. 1688–1759). With her, he had the following issue:

* William Mostyn Owen (died 1849), who succeeded to his father's estates, and who married Harriet Elizabeth Cumming, eldest daughter of Major T. Cumming of Bath and had issue.
* *The Reverend* Edward Henry Owen (died 1839), a Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, and rector of Cound, Shropshire (from 1816), who married Elizabeth Sophia Hinchliffe, second daughter of the *Rev.* Edward Hinchliffe of Barthomley, Cheshire, and had issue.
* Rebecca Owen, who married John Humffreys of Llywn, Montgomeryshire.
* Frances Maria Owen (died 1840), who married Richard Noel-Hill, 4th Baron Berwick (1774–1848), and had issue.
* Harriet Owen, who married John Mytton of Halston, Shropshire (1768–1798)
* Sobieski Owen (died 1858), who married Richard Betenson Dean (1772–1850), chairman of the board of Customs.
* Eloisa Owen (died 1872), who married the *Rev.* Henry Cotton, Rector of Hinstock, Vicar of Great Ness, Shropshire, and had issue.
* Laura (Mostyn) Owen (died 1864).

He died on 11 March 1795 and was succeeded in his estate by his eldest son, William Mostyn Owen.

### Descendants

Through his eldest son, his granddaughter was, Frances Mostyn Owen, who was married to MP Robert Myddelton Biddulph (1805–1872), the brother of Thomas Myddelton Biddulph (1809–1878), an officer in the British Army and courtier, both of them sons of MP Robert Myddelton Biddulph (1761–1814).

Through his daughter, Frances Maria Owen, he was grandfather to Richard Noel Noel-Hill, 5th Baron Berwick (1800–1861). Through another daughter, Harriet Owen, he was the grandfather of John Mytton (1796–1834), an eccentric Member of Parliament for Shrewsbury from 1819 to 1820.

Notes Sources * J. Burke (1837). *A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry*, volume ii.
* J. Burke (1838). *A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry*, volume iii.
* B. Burke (1871). *A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry*, volume ii.
* G. E. Cokayne and V. Gibbs (1912). *The Complete Peerage*, 2nd edition, volume ii
* J. Foster (1881). *The Peerage and Orders of Knighthood*
* J. Foster (1887). *Alumni Oxonienses: 1715–1886*, volume iii
* P. D. G. Thomas (1964a). "Montgomeryshire", *The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1754–1790*, ed. L. Namier, J. Brooke., 1964
* P. D. G. Thomas (1964b). "Owen, William (?1742–95), of Woodhouse, Salop and Bryngwyn, Mont.", *The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1754–1790*, ed. L. Namier, J. Brooke.
* R. G. Thorne (1986a). "Mytton, John (1796–1834), of Halston, Salop.", *The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1790–1820*, ed. R. Thorne
* R. G. Thorne (1986b). "Owen, William (?1742–95), of Woodhouse, Salop and Bryngwyn, Llanfechain, Mont.", *The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1790–1820*, ed. R. Thorne, 1986

## Further reading

* T. M. Humphreys, "Bryngwyn: a Study of the Impact of Family Settlements, Extravagance and Debt on a Welsh Estate", *The Montgomeryshire Collections*, vol. 75, 1987, pp. 70–93


# List of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1988

This is a list of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1988.

## Fellows

1. Janis Antonovics
2. Athelstan Laurence Johnson Beckwith (1930–2010)
3. Sidney van den Bergh
4. Derek Bradley
5. Nam-Hai Chua
6. Alan Cowey (1935–2012)
7. Alan Herbert Cowley
8. Keith Gordon Cox (1933–1998)
9. Lionel Vivian Crawford
10. David Olaf Edwards
11. Charles Thomas Elliott
12. Trevor Evans (1927–2010)
13. James T. Fitzsimons
14. Margaret Mary Gowing (1921–1998) (statute 12)
15. John Edwin (Jack) Harris
16. Alan Kenneth Head (1925–2010)
17. Sir Brian Hoskins
18. Noel Hush
19. Jacob Israelachvili
20. George Kalmus
21. Henricus Gerardus Jacobus Maria Kuypers (1925–1989)
22. Tomas Lindahl
23. Alan Lindsay Mackay
24. Robin Milner(1934–2010)
25. Ashesh Prosad Mitra (1927–2007)
26. Salvador Moncada
27. John Gareth Morris
28. Howard Redfern Morris
29. John Graham Nicholls
30. John Joseph Thomas Owen
31. Barbara Pearse
32. Hugh Pelham
33. William Geraint Price
34. Philip Geoffrey Saffman (1931–2008)
35. Conjeeveram Srirangachari Seshadri
36. Eric Manvers Shooter
37. David Smith
38. Robert Stephen John Sparks
39. John Wickham Steeds
40. Robert Henry Symons(1934–2006)
41. Jeffrey Clifton Watkins

## Foreign members

1. Vladimir Igorevich Arnold (1937–2010)
2. Christian de Duve (1917–2013)
3. Jacques Friedel (1921–2014)
4. Ernst Mayr (1904–2005)
5. Henry Taube (1915–2005)
6. Howard Martin Temin (1934–1994)


abstract: Oxford South was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1935. It was located in the province of Ontario. It was created by the British North America Act of 1867. In 1882, the South Riding of the county of Oxford consisted of the town of Ingersoll, the village of Norwich, and the townships of Oxford East, Oxford West, Oxford North, Norwich North, Norwich South, Burford and Oakland. In 1903, the riding was redefined to include the township of Dereham and the town of Tilsonburg, and to exclude the townships of Burford and Oakland. In 1924, Oxford South was defined to consist of the part of the county of Oxford lying south of and including the townships of Oxford North and Oxford West, south of and excluding the city of Woodstock, and south of and including the township of Oxford East. The electoral district was abolished in 1933 when it was merged into Oxford riding.

text:
# Oxford South (federal electoral district)

**Oxford South** was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1935. It was located in the province of Ontario. It was created by the British North America Act of 1867.

In 1882, the South Riding of the county of Oxford consisted of the town of Ingersoll, the village of Norwich, and the townships of Oxford East, Oxford West, Oxford North, Norwich North, Norwich South, Burford and Oakland.

In 1903, the riding was redefined to include the township of Dereham and the town of Tilsonburg, and to exclude the townships of Burford and Oakland.

In 1924, **Oxford South** was defined to consist of the part of the county of Oxford lying south of and including the townships of Oxford North and Oxford West, south of and excluding the city of Woodstock, and south of and including the township of Oxford East.

The electoral district was abolished in 1933 when it was merged into Oxford riding.

## Members of Parliament

This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

| Parliament | Years | Member | | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1st | 1867–1872 |  | Ebenezer Vining Bodwell | Liberal |
| 2nd | 1872–1874 | | | |
| 3rd | 1874–1874 | | | |
| | 1874–1878 | | James Atchison Skinner | |
| 4th | | | 1878–1882 | |
| 5th | 1882–1887 | | Archibald Harley | |
| 6th | 1887–1891 | | Richard John Cartwright | |
| 7th | 1891–1896 | ||
| 8th | 1896–1896 | ||
| | 1896–1900 | ||
| 9th | 1900–1904 | ||
| 10th | 1904–1908 | | Malcolm Smith Schell | |
| 11th | 1908–1911 | ||
| 12th | 1911–1917 |  | Donald Sutherland | Conservative |
| 13th | 1917–1921 |  | | Government (Unionist) |
| 14th | 1921–1925 |  | | Conservative |
| 15th | 1925–1926 | | |
| 16th | 1926–1930 |  | Thomas Merritt Cayley | Liberal |
| 17th | 1930–1934† | | | |
| | 1934–1935 | | Almon Rennie | |
| ***Riding dissolved into* Oxford** | | | | |

## Election history

| 1867 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | Ebenezer Bodwell | acclaimed |
| Source: Canadian Elections Database | | | | | | |

| 1872 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal–Conservative | Ebenezer Vining Bodwell | acclaimed |
| Source: Canadian Elections Database | | | | | | |

| 1874 Canadian federal election: South Riding of Oxford | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | Ebenezer V. Bodwell | 981 |
|  | Unknown | Dr. Thrall | 223 |

| 1878 Canadian federal election: South Riding of Oxford | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | James A. Skinner | 1,915 |
|  | Unknown | Joseph Gibson | 1,554 |

| 1882 Canadian federal election: South Riding of Oxford | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | Archibald Harley | 1,831 |
|  | Liberal | James A. Skinner | 1,054 |

| 1887 Canadian federal election: South Riding of Oxford | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | Sir R. J. Cartwright | 2,099 |
|  | Conservative | John J. Hawkins | 977 |

| 1891 Canadian federal election: South Riding of Oxford | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | Sir R. J. Cartwright | 2,021 |
|  | Conservative | Michael Walsh | 1,287 |

| 1896 Canadian federal election: South Riding of Oxford | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | Sir R. J. Cartwright | 2,347 |
|  | Conservative | Thomas R. Mayberry | 1,597 |

| 1900 Canadian federal election: South Riding of Oxford | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | Sir R. J. Cartwright | 2,042 |
|  | Conservative | Stephen King | 1,226 |

| 1904 Canadian federal election: South Riding of Oxford | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | Malcolm S. Schell | 2,565 |
|  | Conservative | J. C. Henderson | 2,070 |

| 1908 Canadian federal election: South Riding of Oxford | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | Malcolm Smith Schell | 2,712 |
|  | Conservative | Donald Sutherland | 2,619 |

| 1911 Canadian federal election: South Riding of Oxford | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Conservative | Donald Sutherland | 2,503 |
|  | Liberal | Malcolm Smith Schell | 2,479 |

| 1917 Canadian federal election: South Riding of Oxford | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Government | Donald Sutherland | 4,124 |
|  | Opposition | Malcolm Smith Schell | 2,812 |

| 1921 Canadian federal election: South Riding of Oxford | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Conservative | Donald Sutherland | 4,476 |
|  | Progressive | Martin Lee Haley | 3,597 |
|  | Liberal | Matthew Dean | 3,135 |

| 1925 Canadian federal election: Oxford South | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Conservative | Donald Sutherland | 5,400 |
|  | Liberal | James William Innes | 5,200 |

| 1926 Canadian federal election: Oxford South | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | Thomas Merritt Cayley | 6,064 |
|  | Conservative | Hon. Donald Sutherland | 5,364 |

| 1930 Canadian federal election: Oxford South | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | Thomas Merritt Cayley | 5,711 |
|  | Conservative | Hon. Donald Sutherland | 5,656 |

| By-election: On Mr. Cayley's death, 16 April 1934: Oxford South | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | Almon Secord Rennie | 6,692 |
|  | Conservative | Hon. Donald Sutherland | 5,199 |

1. Sayers, Anthony M. "1867 Federal Election". *Canadian Elections Database*. Archived from the original on 22 January 2024.
2. Sayers, Anthony M. "1872 Federal Election". *Canadian Elections Database*. Archived from the original on 3 February 2024.

## InfoBox

Oxford South
| Ontario electoral district | |
| --- | --- |
| Defunct federal electoral district | |
| Legislature | House of Commons |
| District created | 1867 |
| District abolished | 1933 |
| First contested | 1867 |
| Last contested | 1934 by-election |


title: Opisthopatus natalensis

abstract: Opisthopatus natalensis is a species of velvet worm in the Peripatopsidae family. This species has 16 pairs of legs. The type locality is in South Africa. The validity of this species is uncertain: Although some authorities have deemed O. natalensis to be a subspecies of O. cinctipes, a similar species also found in South Africa, and others regard O. natalensis as invalid even as a subspecies, still other authorities recognize O. natalensis as a separate species, citing the significant distance between the type localities of these two species.

text:
# Opisthopatus natalensis

***Opisthopatus natalensis*** is a species of velvet worm in the Peripatopsidae family. This species has 16 pairs of legs. The type locality is in South Africa. The validity of this species is uncertain: Although some authorities have deemed *O. natalensis* to be a subspecies of *O. cinctipes*, a similar species also found in South Africa, and others regard *O. natalensis* as invalid even as a subspecies, still other authorities recognize *O. natalensis* as a separate species, citing the significant distance (656 km) between the type localities of these two species.

## InfoBox

| *Opisthopatus natalensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Onychophora |
| Family: | Peripatopsidae |
| Genus: | *Opisthopatus* |
| Species: | ***O. natalensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Opisthopatus natalensis***<br>Bouvier, 1900 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Unity Burial Ground

abstract: The Unity Burial Ground is a small graveyard located on the southeast end of White Plain in the Nichols section of Trumbull, Connecticut. It is located a few rods north of the site of the first meeting house that was built in the parish of Unity, off of White Plains Road. The cemetery was laid out in 1730 and the first burial was that of 7 year old Samuel Bennitt on June 21, 1731. There are over 110 gravestones, 90 unmarked field stones and 241 known grave sites, and most of the original stones face east. This is unusual, as it runs contrary to the common practice of placing stones so that they face the road. The latest known burial was for Charles E Booth Jr. on August 17, 1935.

text:
# Unity Burial Ground

The **Unity Burial Ground** is a small graveyard located on the southeast end of White Plain in the Nichols section of Trumbull, Connecticut. It is located a few rods north of the site of the first meeting house that was built in the parish of Unity, off of White Plains Road. The cemetery was laid out in 1730 and the first burial was that of 7 year old Samuel Bennitt on June 21, 1731. There are over 110 gravestones, 90 unmarked field stones and 241 known grave sites, and most of the original stones face east. This is unusual, as it runs contrary to the common practice of placing stones so that they face the road. The latest known burial was for Charles E Booth Jr. on August 17, 1935.

## Pulpit Rock

In February 1694, Thomas Lake purchased land on the east side of the natural grassy flood plains of the Pequonnock River near an area called *The Falls*. By 1705 Route 110, White Plains Road, was laid out northerly past Lake's house to a natural rock outcropping called *Pulpit Rock*. Pulpit Rock is located north of the present day intersection of White Plains Road and Unity Road. The first meetings of the Trumbull Congregational Church, established in 1730 as the Parish of Unity and later renamed Trumbull Congregational Church, were held at Pulpit Rock on White Plains Road. This church also served as a town meeting house until 1747 when a new church was built under the leadership of Reverend James Beebe.

41°14′11″N 73°10′32″W / 41.2363°N 73.1756°W / 41.2363; -73.1756


abstract: The 1986 North Carolina Tar Heels football team represented the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill during the 1986 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Tar Heels were led by ninth-year head coach Dick Crum and played their home games at Kenan Memorial Stadium in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. They competed as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference, finishing tied for second. North Carolina was invited to the 1986 Aloha Bowl, where they lost to Arizona.

text:
# 1986 North Carolina Tar Heels football team

1986 Atlantic Coast Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| No. 17 Clemson $ | 5 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |  | 8 |  | 2 |  | 2 |
| NC State | 5 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 8 |  | 3 |  | 1 |
| North Carolina | 5 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 7 |  | 4 |  | 1 |
| Georgia Tech | 3 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 5 |  | 1 |
| Maryland | 2 |  | 3 |  | 1 |  |  | 5 |  | 5 |  | 1 |
| Wake Forest | 2 |  | 5 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
| Duke | 2 |  | 5 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 7 |  | 0 |
| Virginia | 2 |  | 5 |  | 0 |  |  | 3 |  | 8 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion Rankings from AP Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1986 North Carolina Tar Heels football team** represented the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill during the 1986 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Tar Heels were led by ninth-year head coach Dick Crum and played their home games at Kenan Memorial Stadium in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. They competed as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference, finishing tied for second. North Carolina was invited to the 1986 Aloha Bowl, where they lost to Arizona.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Rank | Site | TV | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 6 | 12:15 p.m. | The Citadel* |  |  |  | W 45–14 | 48,250 |  |
| September 13 | 2:30 p.m. | at Kansas* |  |  |  | W 20–0 | 40,200 |  |
| September 20 | 12:20 p.m. | at No. 15 Florida State* |  |  | WTBS | T 10–10 | 57,611 |  |
| October 4 | 12:15 p.m. | Georgia Tech |  | * Kenan Memorial Stadium * Chapel Hill, NC |  | W 21–20 | 50,000 |  |
| October 11 | 1:00 p.m. | at Wake Forest |  |  |  | W 40–30 | 31,150 |  |
| October 18 | 12:15 p.m. | NC State | No. 18 | * Kenan Memorial Stadium * Chapel Hill, NC (rivalry) |  | L 34–35 | 51,550 |  |
| October 25 | 8:00 p.m. | at No. 12 LSU* |  |  | TigerVision | L 3–30 | 78,301 |  |
| November 1 | 12:15 p.m. | Maryland |  | * Kenan Memorial Stadium * Chapel Hill, NC |  | W 32–30 | 46,000 |  |
| November 8 | 1:00 p.m. | at No. 20 Clemson |  |  | CBS | L 10–38 | 79,210 |  |
| November 15 | 12:15 p.m. | Virginia |  |  | JPT | W 27–7 | 28,000 |  |
| November 22 | 1:30 p.m. | at Duke |  |  |  | W 42–35 | 33,500 |  |
| December 27 | 3:45 p.m. | vs. No. 16 Arizona* |  |  | ABC | L 21–30 | 26,743 |  |
| * \*Non-conference game * Rankings from AP Poll released prior to the game * All times are in Eastern time | | | | | | | | |

## Personnel

| 1986 North Carolina Tar Heels football team roster | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Players | | | Coaches |
| **Offense**  Pos. # Name Class  OL  Harris Barton  OL  Pat Crowley  RB  Torin Dorn  RB  Derrick Fenner So  OL  Jeff Garnica  DL  Tim Goad  QB  Jonathan Hall  OL  Darrell Hamilton  RB  William Humes  OL  Creighton Incorminias  TE  John Keller  WR  Eric Lewis  RB  Brad Lopp  WR  Randy Marriott  QB  Mark Maye  TE  Daryl Parham  OL  Ralph Phifer  WR  Quinton Smith  RB  Eric Starr  OL  Steve Steinbacher  WR  Eric Streater  RB  James Thompson  TE  Dave Truitt | **Defense**  Pos. # Name Class  DL  Carlton Bailey  DB  Walter Bailey  DB  Skeet Baldwin  DB  Danny Burmeister  DL  Ron Burton  DB  Norris Davis  DL  Reuben Davis  LB  Leonard Dempsey  DB  Derrick Donald  DB  Howard Feggins  DB  Jim Jauch  DL  Kubi Kalombo  DL  Noel McEachern  LB  Brett Rudolph  DB  Dan Vooletich  LB  Mitch Wike | **Special teams**  Pos. # Name Class  Lee Gliarmis  ,   Danny Miller | Head coach Coordinators/assistant coaches  ---  Legend* **(C)** Team captain * **(S)** Suspended * **(I)** Ineligible * Injured * Redshirt |

## InfoBox

| 1986 North Carolina Tar Heels football | |
| --- | --- |
| Aloha Bowl, L 21–30 vs. Arizona | |
| Conference | Atlantic Coast Conference |
| Record | 7–4–1 (5–2 ACC) |
| Head coach |  |
| Captain | Walter Bailey |
| Home stadium | Kenan Memorial Stadium |
|


title: Sultana (gastropod)

abstract: Sultana is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Orthalicidae.

text:
# Sultana (gastropod)

***Sultana*** is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Orthalicidae.

## Species

Species in the genus *Sultana* include:

* Pilsbry, H.A. (1899). Bulimulidae. In: Tryon, G.W. Manual of Conchology, (2) 12: 1–258, pls. 1-64. Philadelphia

## InfoBox

| *Sultana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Sultana deburghiae* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Order: | Stylommatophora |
| Suborder: | Helicina |
| Superfamily: | Orthalicoidea |
| Family: | Orthalicidae |
| Genus: | *Sultana*
Shuttleworth, 1856 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Helix sultana* Dillwyn, 1817
 | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Orthalicus (Sultana)* Shuttleworth, 1856 * *Orthalicus (Trachyorthalicus)* Strebel, 1909 * *Sultana (Metorthalicus)* Pilsbry, 1899 * *Sultana (Sultana)* Shuttleworth, 1856 * *Sultana (Trachyorthalicus)* Strebel, 1909 | |


title: William Marten

abstract: William George Marten was an English professional cricketer who played in 45 first-class cricket matches between 1865 and 1872. Marten was born at Tunbridge Wells in Kent in 1845. He made his first-class debut for Kent County Cricket Club in 1865 before going on to play 15 times for the county between then and 1871. In 1871 he joined Surrey, playing 24 times for the team until 1872. Marten was a professional bowler on the MCC ground staff at Lord's. He played for MCC sides between 1867 ad 1871, including making three first-class appearances for the club, and played non-first-class cricket for a wide variety of teams, including for Essex sides before the county had first-class status. One of Marten's matches for Surrey in 1872 saw the match completed in one day after the opponents, MCC, were bowled out for 16 runs in their first innings. Marten took six wickets for 11 runs in the MCC first innings, his career best bowling figures, but failed to take a wicket in his 21 four-ball overs in the second innings. Marten stood as an umpire in one first-class match in 1882. He died at Stoke Newington in London in November 1907 aged 62.

text:
# William Marten

**William George Marten** (5 September 1845 – 25 November 1907) was an English professional cricketer who played in 45 first-class cricket matches between 1865 and 1872.

Marten was born at Tunbridge Wells in Kent in 1845. He made his first-class debut for Kent County Cricket Club in 1865 before going on to play 15 times for the county between then and 1871. In 1871 he joined Surrey, playing 24 times for the team until 1872. Marten was a professional bowler on the MCC ground staff at Lord's. He played for MCC sides between 1867 ad 1871, including making three first-class appearances for the club, and played non-first-class cricket for a wide variety of teams, including for Essex sides before the county had first-class status.

One of Marten's matches for Surrey in 1872 saw the match completed in one day after the opponents, MCC, were bowled out for 16 runs in their first innings. Marten took six wickets for 11 runs in the MCC first innings, his career best bowling figures, but failed to take a wicket in his 21 four-ball overs in the second innings.

Marten stood as an umpire in one first-class match in 1882. He died at Stoke Newington in London in November 1907 aged 62.

William Marten at ESPNcricinfo

## InfoBox

William Marten
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | William George Marten |
| Born | (1845-09-05)5 September 1845
Tunbridge Wells, Kent |
| Died | 25 November 1907(1907-11-25) (aged 62)
Stoke Newington, London |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm fast |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1865–1871 | Kent |
| 1871–1872 | Surrey |
|  | |
| FC debut | 6 July 1865 Kent v Surrey |
| Last FC | 22 August 1872 Surrey v Kent |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 45  Runs scored 312  Batting average 5.47  100s/50s 0/0  Top score 27  Balls bowled 6,401  Wickets 114  Bowling average 22.30  5 wickets in innings 4  10 wickets in match 2  Best bowling 6/11  Catches/stumpings 27/– | |
|  | |
| Source: CricInfo, 17 December 2018 | |


title: List of invasive species in Ukraine

abstract: The list of species in Ukraine consists of invasive species. Invasive species in Ukraine are a significant threat to many native habitats and species and a significant cost to agriculture, forestry, and recreation. The term "invasive species" can refer to introduced/naturalized species, feral species, or introduced diseases. Some introduced species do not cause significant economic or ecologic damage and are not widely considered as invasive.

text:
# List of invasive species in Ukraine

The **list of species in Ukraine** consists of invasive species. **Invasive species in Ukraine** are a significant threat to many native habitats and species and a significant cost to agriculture, forestry, and recreation. The term "invasive species" can refer to introduced/naturalized species, feral species, or introduced diseases. Some introduced species do not cause significant economic or ecologic damage and are not widely considered as invasive.

## Invasive insect species in Ukraine

## Invasive fish species in Ukraine

## Invasive plant species in Ukraine

## Other invasive animal species in Ukraine


title: 1978 in France

abstract: Events from the year 1978 in France.

text:
# 1978 in France

Events from the year **1978 in France**.

## Incumbents

## Events

## Births

### January to March

### April to June

### July to September

### October to December

### Full date unknown

## Deaths

### January to April

### May to December

### Full date unknown

Media related to 1978 in France at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | Other events in 1978
History of France **·** Timeline **·**
Years |


title: Tigre River

abstract: The Tigre River is a Peruvian tributary of the Marañón River west of the Nanay River. It is navigable for 125 mi (201 km) from its confluence with the Marañón. It forms from the confluence of the Ecuadorian rivers Cunambo and Pintoyacu at the Peruvian border. Like the Nanay, it flows entirely in the plains. Its mouth is 42 mi (68 km) west of the junction of the Ucayali River with the Marañón. Continuing west from the Tigre along the Marañón River are the Parinari, Chambira, and Nucuray, all short lowland streams, resembling the Nanay in character. Tigre is Spanish for "tiger", the vernacular name in the region for the Jaguar.

text:
# Tigre River

The **Tigre River** (Spanish pronunciation: \[ˈtiɣɾe\]) is a Peruvian tributary of the Marañón River west of the Nanay River. It is navigable for 125 mi (201 km) from its confluence with the Marañón. It forms from the confluence of the Ecuadorian rivers Cunambo and Pintoyacu at the Peruvian border. Like the Nanay, it flows entirely in the plains. Its mouth is 42 mi (68 km) west of the junction of the Ucayali River with the Marañón. Continuing west from the Tigre along the Marañón River are the Parinari, Chambira, and Nucuray, all short lowland streams, resembling the Nanay in character. *Tigre* is Spanish for "tiger", the vernacular name in the region for the Jaguar .

## InfoBox

| Tigre River | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Amazon Basin with Tigre River in the far west | |
| Location | |
| Country | Ecuador, Peru |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | confluence of Cunambo and Pintoyacu rivers |
| elevation | 510 m (1,670 ft) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Marañón River |
| coordinates | 4°29′7″S 74°3′59″W / 4.48528°S 74.06639°W / -4.48528; -74.06639 |
| elevation | 95 m (312 ft) |
| Length | 920.23 km (571.80 mi) 760 km (470 mi) |
| Basin size | 43,604.3 km2 (16,835.7 sq mi) 45,073 km2 (17,403 sq mi) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| location | Confluence of Marañón (near mouth) |
| average | (Period: 1965–2013)3,046.77 m3/s (107,596 cu ft/s) 3,279 m3/s (115,800 cu ft/s) |
|  | |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | MarañónAmazonAtlantic Ocean |
| River system | Amazon |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | Corrientes |
| right | Tangarana |


title: Outside Looking Out

abstract: Outside Looking Out is the debut album by The Late Bronze Age, a collaboration between musicians Bruce Hampton and Billy McPherson. It was recorded in the summer and fall of 1980, and was released on LP later that year by Landslide Records as the first entry in their catalogue. In 2002, the album was reissued on CD by Terminus Records. On the album, Hampton appears as "Hampton B. Coles (Ret.)," and McPherson is listed as "Ben 'Pops' Thornton." The cover photo features Hampton made up to look like a much older man, while McPherson is seen wearing a marching band jacket. The duo are joined by a number of guest musicians, and the credits also list bogus players supposedly performing on imaginary instruments such as "oozic" and "potarth."

text:
# Outside Looking Out

***Outside Looking Out*** is the debut album by The Late Bronze Age, a collaboration between musicians Bruce Hampton and Billy McPherson. It was recorded in the summer and fall of 1980, and was released on LP later that year by Landslide Records as the first entry in their catalogue. In 2002, the album was reissued on CD by Terminus Records.

On the album, Hampton appears as "Hampton B. Coles (Ret.)," and McPherson is listed as "Ben 'Pops' Thornton." The cover photo features Hampton made up to look like a much older man, while McPherson is seen wearing a marching band jacket. The duo are joined by a number of guest musicians, and the credits also list bogus players supposedly performing on imaginary instruments such as "oozic" and "potarth."

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

In a review for AllMusic, Ann Wickstrom wrote: "Though Hampton's entire body of work can be considered a bit bizarre by any standard, this one just might take the cake." She described the music as "all over the map," but acknowledged that "the highly varied instrumentation and way-beyond-peculiar lyrics" set the album apart. She concluded: "You have to love a guy who did as he pleased with the wacky clutter that was rambling around in his head."

Robert Palmer, writing for *The New York Times*, called the album "a refreshing antidote to both predictable radio fare and the more self-conscious experimentation of much of the current rock vanguard." He noted that "the songs are cleverly put together and amiably sung, the musicianship is first-rate, and some of the lyrics do make some sort of sense," while the musicians "never take themselves too seriously."

Hal Horowitz of *Creative Loafing* noted that Hampton's "atonal, throaty ranting, non-sequitur-heavy lyrics, outrageous song titles... and jolting tempo changes" are "an acquired taste," but called the album a powerful example of "Hampton's... warped genius."

## Track listing

1. "NCO Housing" – 2:59
2. "King Greed" – 3:25
3. "A Stained Soul Cringes at the Small Details in the Mirror of Embarrassment" – 3:42
4. "Fat Brooms Brush the Number Bush" – 3:53
5. "Farmers Earn Livings" – 4:35
6. "The Late Bronze Age" – 3:05
7. "Pen Pals Diminished" – 4:00
8. "When in Doubt Go Completely Out... Or Do Something Familiar" – 2:00
9. "Merged Moons" – 5:59
10. "Rehearsals for Fainting (Been False Accused)" – 4:02
11. "Seven Men in a Bazooka" – 9:02 (CD reissue bonus track)

## Personnel

* Hampton B. Coles (Ret.) (Bruce Hampton) – vocals, slide guitar, chazoid
* Ben "Pops" Thornton (Billy McPherson) – vocals, guitar, electric bass, synthesizer, keyboards, tenor saxophone, clarinet, bass clarinet, flute
* Paul McCandless – oboe
* Father Eal Sagwag – trombone, electric piano
* Tim Miller – violin
* Adan Abbott – cello, alto saxophone
* Mark Vigorito – cello, alto saxophone
* Robert Cheatham – cello, alto saxophone
* Mason – vibraphone, bass
* Yazam Parvanta – tabla
* R. Albert Nicholson – drums
* David Earle Johnson – percussion
* Tom Fatterusso – oozic
* Col. Crawford Boyd – potarth, bawa

## InfoBox

| Outside Looking Out | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by The Late Bronze Age | |
| Released | 1980 |
| Recorded | 1980 |
| Studio | Channel One Studios, Atlanta, Georgia; Signal Sound Studios, Atlanta, Georgia |
| Genre | Experimental rock |
| Length | 47:44 |
| Label | Landslide Records
LD-1001 |
| Producer | Hampton B. Coles (Ret.) (Bruce Hampton) and Ben "Pops" Thornton (Billy McPherson) |
| The Late Bronze Age chronology | |
| ***Outside Looking Out***
(1980) *Isles of Langerhan*
(1982) | |
|  | |
| Bruce Hampton chronology | |
| *One Ruined Life of a Bronze Tourist*
(1978) ***Outside Looking Out***
(1980) *Isles of Langerhan*
(1982) | |
|  | |


title: Norman Foster (bass)

abstract: Norman Foster was an American operatic bass-baritone, a film and television actor and a television producer.

text:
# Norman Foster (bass)

**Norman Foster** (born Boston, Massachusetts) was an American operatic bass-baritone, a film and television actor and a television producer.

## Recordings

## Films

## Notes and references

## InfoBox

| Norman Foster | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | January 8, 1924
Boston, Massachusetts, United States |
| Died | March 08, 2000
Hamburg, Germany |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, Actor, Writer |
| Spouse | Sibylle Nabel-Foster |


title: Orihi

abstract: Orihi is a village in Istria, Croatia.

text:
# Orihi

**Orihi** (Italian: **Orichi**) is a village in Istria, Croatia.

## Demographics

According to the 2021 census, its population was 101.

## InfoBox

| Orihi Orichi | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Orihi | |
| Coordinates: 45°03′41″N 13°55′16″E / 45.0614315°N 13.9212128°E / 45.0614315; 13.9212128 | |
| Country | Croatia |
| County | Istria |
| Municipality | Barban |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.3 sq mi (5.9 km2) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 101 |
| Density | 44/sq mi (17/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 52207 Barban |
| Area code | 052 |


title: Marcia Barrett

abstract: Marcia Barrett is a Jamaican-British singer and one of the original singers with the vocal group Boney M.

text:
# Marcia Barrett

**Marcia Barrett** (born 14 October 1948) is a Jamaican-British singer and one of the original singers with the vocal group Boney M.

## Early years

Barrett was born in Saint Catherine Parish, British Jamaica; her parents brought her to Croydon, England in 1963. In the late 1960s she moved to Germany, where she joined a band and toured with Karel Gott and Rex Gildo. In 1971 she signed to Metronome Records and made her first record, "Could Be Love", written by Drafi Deutscher. At the same time she kept touring with such songs as "Son of a Preacher Man", "Oh Happy Day" and "Big Spender".

## Boney M. era

In 1975 she joined Boney M., a group of models and dancers, to make discothèque and television performances of "Baby Do You Wanna Bump", a song recorded by record producer Frank Farian. The single was sold in the Benelux countries. When singer Claudja Barry left in early 1976, Barrett suggested a fellow Jamaican, Liz Mitchell, as replacement. Mitchell was a singer, and Farian engaged her and Barrett to make a follow-up recording, "Daddy Cool". They recorded Boney M.'s first album, *Take the Heat Off Me*, in 1976. After an appearance on the German television programme *Musikladen* in September, the group was in the charts all over Europe, and a series of hit singles and albums followed over the next decade. Boney M. counted four official members, but only Barrett and Mitchell were in the recording studio when Boney M.'s records were recorded. Frank Farian (and, from 1982–85, Reggie Tsiboe) provided male vocals that dancer and live on tour singer Bobby Farrell mimed on tv.

While Mitchell was regarded as the lead singer, owing to her larger number of songs on which she performed lead vocals, Barrett contributed harmony on many the group's well-known songs and shared the lead with Mitchell on hits such as "Daddy Cool", "Ma Baker", "Rasputin" and "Gotta Go Home". She also led on a couple of tracks on each of the group's studio albums up to *Christmas Album* (1981), including the title of the first album *Take the Heat off Me* and "Lovin' or Leavin'". These were released as a Barrett solo single in 1977. She sang lead vocal on "Belfast", a song she had performed live in her solo years, which became the second single from the second album *Love for Sale*; it was a German no. 1 and a European Top 10 hit. On that album she also performed "Silent Lover"

On *Nightflight to Venus*, Barrett sang "Nightflight To Venus" and a cover of "King of the Road" as well as the original "Never Change Lovers in the Middle of the Night" which became a standard during the group's performances. She sang the a capella intros of Boney M.'s 1978 Christmas hit, "Mary's Boy Child/Oh My Lord", and "Ribbons of Blue", was lead singer of "No Time to Lose" on the group's 1979 album *Oceans of Fantasy* and had a solo on the opening track "Let It All Be Music"

After an unsuccessful solo single "You" in the late 1980s, written by Kelvin James, she abandoned her solo project. Farian took one of the songs written by James for her, "Breakaway", and used it on Boney M.'s next album *Boonoonoonoos*—with his own vocals on verses. Barrett, however, sang lead on the single "We Kill the World (Don't Kill the World)" in 1981. Although only a modest hit in the UK (#39), it topped the charts in Spain and South Africa. The group became less popular from 1982 onwards, when Bobby Farrell was replaced by Reggie Tsiboe.

In 1983, Barrett was introduced to Eddy Grant who produced demos with her for CBS. Farian reminded her she was still contractually committed to Boney M. On their seventh album *Ten Thousand Lightyears* she is only occasionally heard on backing vocals. On their final album *Eye Dance*, she can barely be heard, and on the group's reunion remix album, *Greatest Hits of All Times - Remix '88*, her vocals were toned down on most tracks. After Liz Mitchell's departure during the 1989 tour, Madeleine Davis joined the group. When Farian announced he would not be making any new recordings, the group went to France to record "Everybody Wants to Dance Like Josephine Baker" with producer Barry Blue. She did all lead and backing vocals on the A-side, but Farian withdrew the single, angry that the group used the name Boney M. After a court case in 1990, the group members went their separate ways. Barrett was never involved in any of the Boney M. projects and recordings throughout the following decades.

## Life after Boney M.

"Life after Boney M. – my dear, I've been through hell and back", Barrett said in a radio interview in November 2001. After the group split in 1990, Barrett was recording rock tracks in Munich when she was diagnosed with ovarian cancer. She had a recurrence of her disease and was unable to work.

By 1997, she began working with producer Scott Christina on dance tracks. The resulting album, *Survival*, appeared in November 1999. Two new tracks, a solo of Boney M.'s No. 1 hit "Rivers of Babylon" and a new track called "Seasons" were played on a small Dutch radio show, but neither track was released. In 2003, a benefit EP *No War! Peace and Love* was released as a protest against the US military intervention in Iraq, and generated $295 for the War Child charity.

## Present day

Barrett made her second album, *Come into My Life*, in 2005. It included a cover of "Hey Joe", a new version of "Belfast", as well as original recordings written by her and her husband Marcus. In addition, a cover of Fleetwood Mac's instrumental "Albatross", for which Barrett had been allowed to add her own lyrics by its composer Peter Green, and the song "Rip It Up" were also part of the track listing.

She also toured with her own version of Boney M. She attended with Liz Mitchell and Frank Farian at the London and Berlin premières of the *Daddy Cool* musical. In October 2007, she turned down a song for the album *Disco 2008*, a project by UK music producer Ian Levine. In October, she and her Boney M. were invited by President Mikhail Saakashvili to perform in South Ossetia.

In 2009, she started Xoah Records. The first release on the label was a remix of her *Survival* track, "Seeing Is Believing", released on 6 March 2009, followed by "I Don't Know Why". While her third solo album *Strange Rumours* had been announced to follow, the album was put on hold when she was hit by another bout of cancer.

Barrett is currently living in Berlin with her husband Marcus James (married in 1984) who was a guitarist in the band of Eddy Grant. Barrett has a son who was born in the UK when she was aged 16.

June 2018 saw Barrett's biography *Forward - My Life With and Without Boney M.* being published. A German edition of her biography was also published with the title *Immer weiter: Mein Leben mit und ohne Boney M.*

## InfoBox

| Marcia Barrett | |
| --- | --- |
| Barrett in 2014 | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1948-10-14) 14 October 1948<br>Saint Catherine Parish, British Jamaica |
| Origin | England |
| Genres | R&B, eurodisco, reggae |
| Occupation | Singer |
| Instrument | Vocals |
| Years active | 1970–present |
| Labels | Hansa Records, Sony-BMG, BSC Music |
|  | |
| Website | Official Web page |


title: 1987 WCT Scottsdale Open

abstract: The 1987 WCT Scottsdale Open was a men's WCT and Nabisco Grand Prix tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Scottsdale, Arizona in the United States. It was the second edition of the tournament and was held from October 5 through October 12, 1986. Third-seeded Brad Gilbert won the singles title.

text:
# 1987 WCT Scottsdale Open

The **1987 WCT Scottsdale Open** was a men's WCT and Nabisco Grand Prix tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Scottsdale, Arizona in the United States. It was the second edition of the tournament and was held from October 5 through October 12, 1986. Third-seeded Brad Gilbert won the singles title.

## Finals

### Singles

Brad Gilbert defeated  Eliot Teltscher 6–2, 6–2

* It was Gilbert's only singles title of the year and the 11th of his career.

### Doubles

Rick Leach /  Jim Pugh defeated  Dan Goldie /  Mel Purcell 6–3, 6–2

* It was Leach's 2nd title of the year and the 2nd of his career. It was Pugh's 2nd title of the year and the 2nd of his career.

## InfoBox

| 1987 WCT Scottsdale Open | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | October 5–12 |
| Edition | 2nd |
| Category | Grand Prix (WCT) |
| Draw | 32S / 16D |
| Prize money | $232,000 |
| Surface | Hard / outdoor |
| Location | Scottsdale, Arizona, U.S. |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Brad Gilbert | |
| Doubles | |
| Rick Leach /  Jim Pugh | |
|  | |


title: William Kingsford

abstract: William Kingsford was an English-born Canadian historian and civil engineer. He is best known for his History of Canada in 10 volumes (1887–1898), which was widely read by both the upper middle class and Anglophone teachers. Born in London, England, Kingsford traveled to Canada, where he served in the army before engaging in surveying work. He was a self-taught historian, and one of the first to use the archives being gathered in Ottawa. He was also a civil engineer, working across North America to install railways such as the Hudson River Railroad. His work led him to Panama, where he assisted in construction of the Panama Canal Railway. Kingsford served a brief term as the chief engineer of Toronto, Canada. Kingsford believed that the Conquest of New France guaranteed victory for British constitutional liberty and that it ensured material progress. He assumed the assimilation of French Canadians into a superior British culture was inevitable and desirable, for he envisioned Canada as one nation with one anglophone population.

text:
# William Kingsford

**William Kingsford** (23 December 1819 – 29 September 1898) was an English-born Canadian historian and civil engineer. He is best known for his *History of Canada* in 10 volumes (1887–1898), which was widely read by both the upper middle class and Anglophone teachers.

Born in London, England, Kingsford traveled to Canada, where he served in the army before engaging in surveying work. He was a self-taught historian, and one of the first to use the archives being gathered in Ottawa. He was also a civil engineer, working across North America to install railways such as the Hudson River Railroad. His work led him to Panama, where he assisted in construction of the Panama Canal Railway. Kingsford served a brief term as the chief engineer of Toronto, Canada.

Kingsford believed that the Conquest of New France guaranteed victory for British constitutional liberty and that it ensured material progress. He assumed the assimilation of French Canadians into a superior British culture was inevitable and desirable, for he envisioned Canada as one nation with one anglophone population.

## Early life

Born on 23 December 1819 in the parish of St. Lawrence Jewry, London, he was the son of William and Elizabeth Kingsford of Lad Lane. Educated at Nicholas Wanostrocht's school in Camberwell, he was articled at an early age to an architect. He then enlisted in the 1st Dragoon Guards, aged 16. He went with his regiment to Canada in 1837, became sergeant, and in 1840, through the influence of his friends at home, obtained his discharge, despite an offer by Sir George Cathcart, colonel of the regiment, to procure a commission for him.

## Civil engineer

Entering the office of the city surveyor of Montreal in 1841, Kingford qualified in due course as civil engineer, and obtained the position of deputy city surveyor, a post which he held for three years. He resigned to begin the publication of the *Montreal Times*, in company with Murdo McIver. Two years later he entered the public works department, and among other undertakings made a new survey of the Lachine Canal.

In 1849 Kingsford was engaged in the construction of the Hudson River Railroad in the state of New York. In he 1851 went to Panama as assistant engineer to J. J. Campbell, who was then building the Panama Canal Railway. Returning to Canada in 1853, he surveyed for the Grand Trunk Railway railroad tracks running from Montreal to Vaudreuil, from Montreal to Cornwall, Ontario, from Brockville to Rideau, and, under A. M. Ross, laid down the lines of the Victoria Bridge.

Kingsford was chief engineer of the city of Toronto for a few months during 1855, but resigned to re-enter the service of the Grand Trunk, in whose employment he remained till 1864. He acted at first as superintendent of the line east from Toronto, and afterwards as contractor to maintain the section that runs from that city westward to Stratford. He came to England in 1865, where he made one or two general surveys on the continent for English firms. He reported to Thomas Brassey on the railway possibilities of the island of Sardinia.

In 1867, the building of the Intercolonial Railway took Kingsford to Canada once more to Canada, where he remained for the rest of his life. He worked on the enlargement of the Grenville Canal and the draining of Russell, Ontario, moving to Ottawa. When the Mackenzie government came into power in 1872 Kingsford was appointed dominion engineer in charge of the harbours of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River. He continued in this post till 31 December 1879, when he was dismissed by Sir Hector Langevin, minister of public works.

## Later life

At the age of 60, Kingsford then turned to Canadian history. Queen's University and Dalhousie University recognised Kingsford's historical works by conferring on him the degree of LL.D.; and McGill University gave his name to a recently endowed chair of history. He survived the completion of his *History* by a few months only, and died on 28 September 1898.

## Works

Kingsford began writing for the press, and published some pamphlets:

* *The History, Structure, and Statistics of Plank-roads*, 1852
* *Impressions of the West and South*, 1858
* *The Canadian Canals: their History and Cost*, 1865

and a monograph on Canadian history entitled *A Political Coin*.

Kingsford studied of the archives of Canada, collected at Ottawa, from 1880. He published *Canadian Archæology* in 1886, soon followed by the *Early Bibliography of Ontario*. He published the first volume of the *History of Canada* in 1887. The tenth and last volume went up to the union of Upper and Lower Canada (1841), and was printed in 1898, with a preface dated 24 May.

Kingsford was a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, to which he contributed several papers, and a member of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers. He published correspondence and proceedings related to his sacking in a pamphlet *Mr. Kingsford and Sir Hector Langevin* (1882).

## Family

In 1848 Kingsford married Maria Margaret, daughter of William Burns Lindsay, clerk of the legislative assembly of the province of Canada. Queen Victoria gave her his widow's civil list pension after his death.

## Further reading

**Attribution**

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Cousin, John William (1910). "Kingsford, William". *A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature*. London: J. M. Dent & Sons  via Wikisource.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Browning, Thomas Blair (1901). "Kingsford, William". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). *Dictionary of National Biography (1st supplement)*. Vol. III. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 65–67.