# 1983 North American Soccer League season

Statistics of North American Soccer League in season 1983. This was the 16th and penultimate season of the NASL.

## Overview

There were 12 teams in the league. The Tulsa Roughnecks won the championship. Though Vancouver won two more games than any other club, for the fourth time in league history, the team with the most wins did not win the regular season due to the NASL's system of awarding points.

## Changes from the previous season

### New teams

* Team America

### Teams folding

* Edmonton Drillers
* Jacksonville Tea Men
* Portland Timbers

### Teams moving

* None

### Name changes

* San Jose to Golden Bay

## Map of clubs

**Sting****Manic****Cosmos****Blizzard****Strikers****Rowdies****Team America****Rough
necks****Earth
quakes****Sockers****Sounders****Whitecaps**    Eastern Division  Southern Division  Western Division

## Regular season

*W = Wins, L = Losses, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PT= point system*

6 points for a win in regulation and overtime, 4 point for a shootout win, 0 points for a loss, 1 bonus point for each regulation goal scored, up to three per game.

*-Premiers (most points).  -Best record.  -Other playoff teams.*

| Eastern Division | W | L | GF | GA | PT |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **New York Cosmos** (1) | 22 | 8 | 87 | 49 | **194** |
| **Chicago Sting** (5) | 15 | 15 | 66 | 73 | **147** |
| **Toronto Blizzard** (7) | 16 | 14 | 51 | 48 | **135** |
| **Montreal Manic** (8) | 12 | 18 | 58 | 71 | **124** |

| Southern Division | W | L | GF | GA | PT |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Tulsa Roughnecks** (3) | 17 | 13 | 56 | 49 | **145** |
| **Fort Lauderdale Strikers** (6) | 14 | 16 | 60 | 63 | **136** |
| **Tampa Bay Rowdies** | 7 | 23 | 48 | 87 | 83 |
| **Team America** | 10 | 20 | 33 | 54 | 79 |

| Western Division | W | L | GF | GA | PT |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Vancouver Whitecaps** (2) | 24 | 6 | 63 | 34 | **187** |
| **Golden Bay Earthquakes** (4) | 20 | 10 | 71 | 54 | **169** |
| **Seattle Sounders** | 12 | 18 | 62 | 61 | 119 |
| **San Diego Sockers** | 11 | 19 | 53 | 65 | 106 |

## NASL All-Stars

| First Team | Position | Second Team | Honorable Mention |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Jan van Beveren, Fort Lauderdale |  | Tino Lettieri, Vancouver | Hubert Birkenmeier, New York |
| David Watson, Vancouver |  | Ray Evans, Seattle | Gregg Thompson, Tampa Bay |
| Franz Beckenbauer, New York | D | Bruce Wilson, Toronto | Dave Huson, Chicago |
| Andranik Eskandarian, New York | D | Frantz Mathieu, Montreal | Mihalj Keri, Golden Bay |
| Barry Wallace, Tulsa | D | Cho Young-Jeung, Chicago | Bruce Miller, Fort Lauderdale |
| Vladislav Bogićević, New York |  | Karl-Heinz Granitza, Chicago | Fran O'Brien, Vancouver |
| Stan Terlecki, Golden Bay | M | Steve Daley, Seattle | Rick Davis, New York |
| Frans Thijssen, Vancouver | M | Kaz Deyna, San Diego | Ray Hudson, Fort Lauderdale |
| Roberto Cabañas, New York |  | Giorgio Chinaglia, New York | David Cross, Vancouver |
| Steve Zungul, Golden Bay | F | Ricardo Alonso, Chicago | Peter Ward, Seattle |
| Pato Margetic, Chicago | F | David Byrne, Toronto | Peter Beardsley, Vancouver |

## Playoffs

### Bracket

|  | **Quarterfinals**
*(Best-of-3)* | | | | |  |  | **Semifinals**
*(Best-of-3)* | | | | |  |  | **Soccer Bowl '83**
*(Single match)* | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 1 | New York Cosmos | 2 | 0(2) |  |  |  | | | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | ||
|  | 8 | **Montreal Manic** | **4** | **1**(**3**) |  |  | ||
|  | | | | | | |  | 8 | Montreal Manic | 1(8) | **1** | 0 |  | |
|  | | | | | | | |  | | | | |  | |
|  | |  |  | 3 | **Tulsa Roughnecks** | **2**(**9**) | 0 | **3** |  ||
|  | 3 | | | | | | | | **Tulsa Roughnecks** | **3** | **4** |  |  | |
|  | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |
|  | | 6 | Fort Lauderdale Strikers | 2 | 2 |  |  ||
|  | | | | | | |  | 3 | **Tulsa Roughnecks** | **2** |  |
|  | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | 7 | Toronto Blizzard | 0 |  |
|  | 4 | | | | | | **Golden Bay Earthquakes** | **6** | 0 | **5** |  |  | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | | 5 | Chicago Sting | 1 | **1** | 2 | |  |
|  | | | | | | |  | 4 | Golden Bay Earthquakes | 0(3) | 0 |  |  |
|  | | | | | | | |  | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | 7 | **Toronto Blizzard** | **1**(**5**) | **2** |  |  |
|  | | | | | | | | | 2 | Vancouver Whitecaps | **1** | 3 | 0 |  |
|  | | | | | | |  | | | | | | |
|  | | 7 | **Toronto Blizzard** | 0 | **4** | **1** |  |

### Quarterfinals

| Higher seed |  | Lower seed | Game 1 | Game 2 | Game 3 | *\*(higher seed hosts Games 1 and 3)* |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| New York Cosmos | - | **Montreal Manic** | 2–4 | 0–1 *(SO, 2–3)* | x | September 6 • Giants Stadium • 17,202
September 12 • Olympic Stadium • 20,726 |
| **Tulsa Roughnecks** | - | Fort Lauderdale Strikers | 3–2 *(OT)* | 4–2 | x | September 6 • Skelly Stadium • 7,826
September 10 • Lockhart Stadium • 8,873 |
| **Golden Bay Earthquakes** | - | Chicago Sting | 6–1 | 0–1 | 5–2 | September 7 • Spartan Stadium • 16,572
September 12 • Soldier Field • 5,852
September 14 • Spartan Stadium • 17,361 |
| Vancouver Whitecaps | - | **Toronto Blizzard** | 1–0 | 3–4 | 0–1 | September 8 • BC Place Stadium • 22,015
September 12 • Exhibition Stadium • 7,958
September 15 • BC Place Stadium • 24,545 |

### Semifinals

| Higher seed |  | Lower seed | Game 1 | Game 2 | Game 3 | *\*(higher seed hosts Games 1 and 3)* |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Tulsa Roughnecks** | - | Montreal Manic | 2–1 *(SO, 9–8)* | 0–1 | 3–0 | September 18 • Skelly Stadium • 10,625
September 26 • Olympic Stadium • 16,185
September 28 • Skelly Stadium • 18,090 |
| Golden Bay Earthquakes | - | **Toronto Blizzard** | 0–1 *(SO, 3–5)* | 0–2 | x | September 17 • Spartan Stadium • 19,027
September 22 • Exhibition Stadium • 15,556 |

### Soccer Bowl '83

| Tulsa Roughnecks | 2–0 | Toronto Blizzard |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Pesa  55:36' (Wallace, Danaeifard)
Futcher  61:37' (Wallace, Moore) | Report |  |

BC Place Stadium, VancouverAttendance: 53,326Referee: Ed Bellion (USA)

**1983 NASL Champions:** Tulsa Roughnecks

## Post season awards

## InfoBox

North American Soccer League 1983 season
| Season | 1983 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Tulsa Roughnecks |
| Premiers | New York Cosmos
(7th title) most total points
*Vancouver
best Won/Loss record |
| Matches played | 180 |
| Goals scored | 708 (3.93 per match) |
| Top goalscorer | Roberto Cabañas
(25 goals) |
| Highest attendance | 60,342
Seattle at Vancouver
(June 20) |
| Lowest attendance | 3,079
Toronto at San Diego
(May 25) |
| Average attendance | 13,258 |
| 1982 1984 | |


title: List of civil parishes in Hertfordshire

text:
# List of civil parishes in Hertfordshire

This is a list of civil parishes in the ceremonial county of Hertfordshire, England. There are 128 civil parishes.

## List of civil parishes and unparished areas

| Image | Name | Status | District | Pre-1974 district | Ref(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Cheshunt | Unparished area | Broxbourne | Cheshunt Urban District |  |
|  | Hoddesdon | Unparished area | Broxbourne | Hoddesdon Urban District |  |
|  | Hemel Hempstead | Unparished area | Dacorum | Hemel Hempstead Municipal Borough |  |
|  | Aldbury | Civil parish | Dacorum | Berkhamsted Rural District |  |
|  | Berkhamsted | Town | Dacorum | Berkhamsted Urban District |  |
|  | Bovingdon | Civil parish | Dacorum | Hemel Hempstead Rural District |  |
|  | Chipperfield | Civil parish | Dacorum | Hemel Hempstead Rural District |  |
|  | Flamstead | Civil parish | Dacorum | Hemel Hempstead Rural District |  |
|  | Flaunden | Civil parish | Dacorum | Hemel Hempstead Rural District |  |
|  | Great Gaddesden | Civil parish | Dacorum | Hemel Hempstead Rural District |  |
|  | Kings Langley | Civil parish | Dacorum | Hemel Hempstead Rural District |  |
|  | Little Gaddesden | Civil parish | Dacorum | Berkhamsted Rural District |  |
|  | Markyate | Civil parish | Dacorum | Hemel Hempstead Rural District |  |
|  | Nash Mills | Civil parish | Dacorum | Watford Rural District |  |
|  | Nettleden with Potten End | Civil parish | Dacorum | Berkhamsted Rural District |  |
|  | Northchurch | Civil parish | Dacorum | Berkhamsted Rural District |  |
|  | Tring | Town | Dacorum | Tring Urban District |  |
|  | Tring Rural | Civil parish | Dacorum | Berkhamsted Rural District |  |
|  | Wigginton | Civil parish | Dacorum | Berkhamsted Rural District |  |
|  | Albury | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Braughing Rural District |  |
|  | Anstey | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Braughing Rural District |  |
|  | Ardeley | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Braughing Rural District |  |
|  | Aspenden | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Braughing Rural District |  |
|  | Aston | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Hertford Rural District |  |
|  | Bayford | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Hertford Rural District |  |
|  | Bengeo Rural | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Hertford Rural District |  |
|  | Benington | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Hertford Rural District |  |
|  | Bishop's Stortford | Town | East Hertfordshire | Bishop's Stortford Urban District |  |
|  | Bramfield | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Hertford Rural District |  |
|  | Braughing | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Braughing Rural District |  |
|  | Brent Pelham | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Braughing Rural District |  |
|  | Brickendon Liberty | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Hertford Rural District |  |
|  | Buckland | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Braughing Rural District |  |
|  | Buntingford | Town | East Hertfordshire | Braughing Rural District |  |
|  | Cottered | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Braughing Rural District |  |
|  | Datchworth | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Hertford Rural District |  |
|  | Eastwick | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Ware Rural District |  |
|  | Furneux Pelham | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Braughing Rural District |  |
|  | Gilston | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Ware Rural District |  |
|  | Great Amwell | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Ware Rural District |  |
|  | Great Munden | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Ware Rural District |  |
|  | Hertford | Town | East Hertfordshire | Hertford Municipal Borough |  |
|  | Hertford Heath | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Hertford Rural District |  |
|  | Hertingfordbury | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Hertford Rural District |  |
|  | High Wych | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Braughing Rural District |  |
|  | Hormead | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Braughing Rural District |  |
|  | Hunsdon | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Ware Rural District |  |
|  | Little Berkhamsted | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Hertford Rural District |  |
|  | Little Hadham | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Braughing Rural District |  |
|  | Little Munden | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Ware Rural District |  |
|  | Meesden | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Braughing Rural District |  |
|  | Much Hadham | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Braughing Rural District |  |
|  | Sacombe | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Hertford Rural District |  |
|  | Sawbridgeworth | Town | East Hertfordshire | Sawbridgeworth Urban District |  |
|  | Standon | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Ware Rural District |  |
|  | Stanstead Abbots | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Ware Rural District |  |
|  | Stanstead St Margarets | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Ware Rural District |  |
|  | Stapleford | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Hertford Rural District |  |
|  | Stocking Pelham | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Braughing Rural District |  |
|  | Tewin | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Hertford Rural District |  |
|  | Thorley | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Braughing Rural District |  |
|  | Thundridge | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Ware Rural District |  |
|  | Walkern | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Hertford Rural District |  |
|  | Ware | Town | East Hertfordshire | Ware Urban District |  |
|  | Wareside | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Ware Rural District |  |
|  | Watton at Stone | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Hertford Rural District |  |
|  | Westmill | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Braughing Rural District |  |
|  | Widford | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Ware Rural District |  |
|  | Wyddial | Civil parish | East Hertfordshire | Braughing Rural District |  |
|  | Aldenham | Civil parish | Hertsmere | Watford Rural District |  |
|  | Bushey | Unparished area | Hertsmere | Bushey Urban District |  |
|  | Elstree and Borehamwood | Town | Hertsmere | Elstree Rural District |  |
|  | Potters Bar | Unparished area | Hertsmere | Potters Bar Urban District |  |
|  | Hertsmere Meriden | Civil parish | Hertsmere | Watford Rural District |  |
|  | Shenley | Civil parish | Hertsmere | Elstree Rural District |  |
|  | South Mimms and Ridge | Civil parish | Hertsmere | Potters Bar Urban District and Elstree Rural District |  |
|  | Ashwell | Civil parish | North Hertfordshire | Hitchin Rural District |  |
|  | Baldock | Unparished area | North Hertfordshire | Baldock Urban District |  |
|  | Barkway | Civil parish | North Hertfordshire | Hitchin Rural District |  |
|  | Barley | Civil parish | North Hertfordshire | Hitchin Rural District |  |
|  | Bygrave | Civil parish | North Hertfordshire | Hitchin Rural District |  |
|  | Caldecote | Civil parish | North Hertfordshire | Hitchin Rural District |  |
|  | Clothall | Civil parish | North Hertfordshire | Hitchin Rural District |  |
|  | Codicote | Civil parish | North Hertfordshire | Hitchin Rural District |  |
|  | Graveley | Civil parish | North Hertfordshire | Hitchin Rural District |  |
|  | Great Ashby | Civil parish | North Hertfordshire | Hitchin Rural District |  |
|  | Hexton | Civil parish | North Hertfordshire | Hitchin Rural District |  |
|  | Hinxworth | Civil parish | North Hertfordshire | Hitchin Rural District |  |
|  | Hitchin | Unparished area | North Hertfordshire | Hitchin Urban District |  |
|  | Holwell | Civil parish | North Hertfordshire | Hitchin Rural District |  |
|  | Ickleford | Civil parish | North Hertfordshire | Hitchin Rural District |  |
|  | Kelshall | Civil parish | North Hertfordshire | Hitchin Rural District |  |
|  | Kimpton | Civil parish | North Hertfordshire | Hitchin Rural District |  |
|  | King's Walden | Civil parish | North Hertfordshire | Hitchin Rural District |  |
|  | Knebworth | Civil parish | North Hertfordshire | Hitchin Rural District |  |
|  | Langley | Civil parish | North Hertfordshire | Hitchin Rural District |  |
|  | Letchworth Garden City | Unparished area | North Hertfordshire | Letchworth Urban District |  |
|  | Lilley | Civil parish | North Hertfordshire | Hitchin Rural District |  |
|  | Newnham | Civil parish | North Hertfordshire | Hitchin Rural District |  |
|  | Nuthampstead | Civil parish | North Hertfordshire | Hitchin Rural District |  |
|  | Offley | Civil parish | North Hertfordshire | Hitchin Rural District |  |
|  | Pirton | Civil parish | North Hertfordshire | Hitchin Rural District |  |
|  | Preston | Civil parish | North Hertfordshire | Hitchin Rural District |  |
|  | Radwell | Civil parish | North Hertfordshire | Hitchin Rural District |  |
|  | Reed | Civil parish | North Hertfordshire | Hitchin Rural District |  |
|  | Royston | Town | North Hertfordshire | Royston Urban District |  |
|  | Rushden | Civil parish | North Hertfordshire | Hitchin Rural District |  |
|  | Sandon | Civil parish | North Hertfordshire | Hitchin Rural District |  |
|  | St Ippolyts | Civil parish | North Hertfordshire | Hitchin Rural District |  |
|  | St Paul's Walden | Civil parish | North Hertfordshire | Hitchin Rural District |  |
|  | Therfield | Civil parish | North Hertfordshire | Hitchin Rural District |  |
|  | Wallington | Civil parish | North Hertfordshire | Hitchin Rural District |  |
|  | Weston | Civil parish | North Hertfordshire | Hitchin Rural District |  |
|  | Wymondley | Civil parish | North Hertfordshire | Hitchin Rural District |  |
|  | St Albans | Unparished area | St Albans | St Albans Municipal Borough |  |
|  | Colney Heath | Civil parish | St Albans | St Albans Rural District |  |
|  | Harpenden Town | Town | St Albans | Harpenden Urban District |  |
|  | Harpenden Rural | Civil parish | St Albans | St Albans Rural District |  |
|  | London Colney | Civil parish | St Albans | St Albans Rural District |  |
|  | Redbourn | Civil parish | St Albans | St Albans Rural District |  |
|  | Sandridge | Civil parish | St Albans | St Albans Rural District |  |
|  | St Michael | Civil parish | St Albans | St Albans Rural District |  |
|  | St Stephen | Civil parish | St Albans | St Albans Rural District |  |
|  | Wheathampstead | Civil parish | St Albans | St Albans Rural District |  |
|  | Stevenage | Unparished area | Stevenage | Stevenage Urban District |  |
|  | Abbots Langley | Civil parish | Three Rivers | Watford Rural District |  |
|  | Batchworth | Civil parish | Three Rivers | Rickmansworth Urban District |  |
|  | Rickmansworth (part) | Unparished area | Three Rivers | Rickmansworth Urban District |  |
|  | Chorleywood | Civil parish | Three Rivers | Chorleywood Urban District |  |
|  | Croxley Green | Civil parish | Three Rivers | Rickmansworth Urban District |  |
|  | Sarratt | Civil parish | Three Rivers | Watford Rural District |  |
|  | Watford Rural | Civil parish | Three Rivers | Watford Rural District |  |
|  | Watford | Unparished area | Watford | Watford Municipal Borough |  |
|  | Welwyn Garden City | Unparished area | Welwyn Hatfield | Welwyn Garden City Urban District |  |
|  | Ayot St Lawrence | Civil parish | Welwyn Hatfield | Welwyn Rural District |  |
|  | Ayot St Peter | Civil parish | Welwyn Hatfield | Welwyn Rural District |  |
|  | Essendon | Civil parish | Welwyn Hatfield | Hatfield Rural District |  |
|  | Hatfield | Town | Welwyn Hatfield | Hatfield Rural District |  |
|  | North Mymms | Civil parish | Welwyn Hatfield | Hatfield Rural District |  |
|  | Northaw and Cuffley | Civil parish | Welwyn Hatfield | Hatfield Rural District |  |
|  | Welwyn | Civil parish | Welwyn Hatfield | Welwyn Rural District |  |
|  | Woolmer Green | Civil parish | Welwyn Hatfield | Welwyn Rural District |  |


abstract: Stretching Out is an album by the Zoot Sims-Bob Brookmeyer Octet recorded in 1958 for the United Artists label.

text:
# Stretching Out (Zoot Sims and Bob Brookmeyer album)

***Stretching Out*** is an album by the Zoot Sims-Bob Brookmeyer Octet recorded in 1958 for the United Artists label.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

The Allmusic review by Ken Dryden stated: "Aside from a few innocuous reed squeaks, the music is essentially flawless and has stood the test of time very well. ...fans of cool jazz will want to locate a copy of this session".

## Track listing

1. "Stretching Out" (Bob Brookmeyer) - 6:07
2. "Now Will You Be Good?" (Harry Pease, Arthur Terker, Harry Jentes) - 5:27
3. "Pennies from Heaven" (Arthur Johnston, Johnny Burke) - 6:14
4. "King Porter Stomp" (Jelly Roll Morton) - 4:37
5. "Ain't Misbehavin'" (Harry Brooks, Fats Waller, Andy Razaf) - 6:52
6. "Bee Kay" (Bill Potts) - 6:38

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Stretching Out | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Zoot Sims-Bob Brookmeyer Octet | |
| Released | 1959 |
| Recorded | December 27, 1958 |
| Studio | Nola Penthouse Studio, New York City |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 35:55 |
| Label | United Artists
UAL 4023/UAS 5023 |
| Producer | Jack Lewis |
| Bob Brookmeyer chronology | |
| *Kansas City Revisited*
(1958) ***Stretching Out***
(1959) *The Ivory Hunters*
(1959) | |
|  | |
| Zoot Sims chronology | |
| *Locking Horns*
(1957) ***Stretching Out***
(1958) *Jazz Alive! A Night at the Half Note*
(1959) | |
|  | |


title: William Courtenay, 9th Earl of Devon

abstract: William "Kitty" Courtenay, 9th Earl of Devon, was the only son of William Courtenay, de jure 8th Earl of Devon, 2nd Viscount Courtenay, and his wife Frances Clack. He attracted infamy for a homosexual affair with art collector William Beckford from boyhood when it was discovered and publicised by his uncle. From October 1788 until 1831, his official title was The Rt. Hon. The Viscount Courtenay of Powderham.

text:
# William Courtenay, 9th Earl of Devon

**William "Kitty" Courtenay, 9th Earl of Devon** (c. 1768 – 26 May 1835), was the only son of William Courtenay, *de jure* 8th Earl of Devon, 2nd Viscount Courtenay, and his wife Frances Clack. He attracted infamy for a homosexual affair with art collector William Beckford from boyhood when it was discovered and publicised by his uncle. From October 1788 until 1831, his official title was The Rt. Hon. The **Viscount Courtenay of Powderham**.

## Family

Courtenay was baptized on 30 August 1768, the fourth of 14 children (his siblings all being girls) and was known as "**Kitty**" to family and friends. On his father's death, he became the 3rd Viscount Courtenay of Powderham. With his new title and wealth, the young Lord Courtenay led an excessively flamboyant lifestyle. He was responsible for the addition of a new Music Room at Powderham Castle, designed by James Wyatt, which included a carpet made by the newly formed Axminster Carpet Company.

## Homosexuality

Courtenay was in his time considered a notorious homosexual. His near neighbour and contemporary Rev. John Swete (17521821) of Oxton House, Kenton in Devon, wrote of him in veiled terms as follows in connection with a discussion of the Parsonage House of the parish of Powderham:

"Unconnected with the Lord of the Castle, to me its contiguity would be considered as a drawback of no little weight; I speak as a clergyman who would be solicitous for the welfare of his flock, and who is fully satisfied that his most earnest exhortations to the poor dependants, to be zealous after God and to attend their church, would have but a momentary effect when he who should set them an example was *parcus deorum cultor et infrequens*" ("Heaven's niggard and unfrequent worshipper") (Horace, Odes, Book I, Ode 34, line 1).

Courtenay was described as follows by the genealogist Thomas Christopher Banks (1765–1854) in a letter to Lord Chancellor Brougham (1778-1868), who was an active force behind the decision of the House of Lords to revive the Earldom in his favour:

"One who ought to think himself happy that his titles and estates have not been forfeited, or himself paid the debt to the law like the Lord Hungerford of Heytesbury" (beheaded in 1541 for offences against the Buggery Act 1533), "one against whom a bill being found 'never ventured to put the question of guilt to a trial' but remained skulking abroad, afraid to venture on taking his seat in Parliament, his motto *Ubi Lapsus, Quid Feci*" (i.e. ancient motto of the Courtenay family, "Where did I slip, what have I done?") "putting a question which its owner avoids to leave to a tribunal of his country to answer".

### Relationship with William Beckford

As a youth, 'Kitty' Courtenay was sometimes named by contemporaries as the most beautiful boy in England. Courtenay was homosexual and became infamous for his affair with William Beckford; they had met when Courtenay was eleven. Beckford, 8 years his senior, was a wealthy art collector and sugar plantation owner.

In the autumn of 1784, a houseguest overheard an argument between the then 16-year-old Hon. (his title at that time) William Courtenay and the then 24-year-old Beckford over a note of Courtenay's. There is no record of what the note said, but the houseguest said that Beckford's response on reading it was that he entered Courtenay's room and "horsewhipped him, which created a noise, and the door being opened, Courtenay was discovered in his shirt, and Beckford in some posture or other — Strange story." Beckford was subsequently hounded out of polite British society when his letters to Courtenay were intercepted by Courtenay's uncle, Lord Loughborough, who then publicised the affair in the newspapers.

## Later life

Courtenay was forced to live abroad, and lived in the United States where he owned a property on the Hudson River in New York. This was *Claremont*, the 100-acre estate of shipowner Michael Hogan at what is now Riverside Park. Courtenay took up residence in 1807, and from there watched the trial run of Robert Fulton's North River Steamboat. According to publisher Frank Leslie, Courtenay's land included the site of the Amiable Child Monument, the only single-person private grave on city-owned land in New York City. Around 1813, Courtenay moved to France, in Paris and in Draveil where he owned a castle.

In 1831, as The 3rd Viscount Courtenay, he successfully petitioned to revive the title of Earl of Devon for the head of the Courtenay family, that title having been dormant since 1556, and so became the 9th Earl.

He died on 26 May 1835 at age 66 in Paris due to natural causes. He was loved by his tenants, who insisted that he be buried in a stately fashion. He was buried on 12 June 1835 in Powderham. He died unmarried, and fathered no known children.

## InfoBox

| Sir William Courtenay, 2nd Baronet | |
| --- | --- |
| William Courtenay, 3rd Viscount Courtenay (c. 1768–1835), later 9th Earl of Devon, painted in 1793 aged 25. Miniature by Richard Cosway | |
| Born | c. 1768 (1768) |
| Died | 26 May 1835 (aged 6667) |
| Partner | William Beckford |
| Father | William Courtenay |
| Relatives | William Courtenay (grandfather)<br>Alexander Wedderburn (uncle) |


title: Three Mysteries

abstract: Three Mysteries is a collection of mystery stories by author Donald Wandrei. It was released in 2000 by F & B Mystery in an edition of 125 copies of which 100 were released in a slipcase with the limited edition of Wandrei's Frost.

text:
# Three Mysteries

***Three Mysteries*** is a collection of mystery stories by author Donald Wandrei. It was released in 2000 by F & B Mystery in an edition of 125 copies of which 100 were released in a slipcase with the limited edition of Wandrei's *Frost*.

## Contents

* "The Siege of Mr. Martin"
* "Dramatic Touch"
* "Game of Legs"

* Chalker, Jack L.; Mark Owings (2001). *The Science-Fantasy Publishers: A Bibliographic History, Supplement 9, 2000–2001*. Westminster, MD and Baltimore: Mirage Press, Ltd. p. 29.

## InfoBox

Three Mysteries
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Donald Wandrei |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Detective fiction |
| Publisher | F & B Mystery |
| Publication date | 2000 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (paperback) |
| Pages | 38 pp |
| OCLC | 51309341 |


title: Our Lady of Providence

abstract: Our Lady of Providence or Our Lady of Divine Providence is a title of Mary. Her feast day is celebrated on 19 November.

text:
# Our Lady of Providence

**Our Lady of Providence** or **Our Lady of Divine Providence** is a title of Mary. Her feast day is celebrated on 19 November.

## History

The title of *Mary, Mother of Divine Providence* is often attributed due to her intervention at the wedding at Cana.

Devotion to Our Lady of Divine Providence originated in Italy, and spread to France and Spain. The devotion was brought to Puerto Rico in the early 1850s by the Servite Order. According to tradition, Philip Benizi (1233 – 1285) prayed to Mary for help in providing food for his friars, and subsequently found several baskets of provisions left at the door of the convent. Our Lady of Providence was declared the patroness of Puerto Rico by Pope Paul VI on November 19, 1969. Her feast day is celebrated in many Puerto Rican communities.

Around 1580, the Italian painter Scipione Pulzone created a work titled "*Divinae Providentiae*, which depicted the Virgin Mary cradling the Infant Jesus. Devotion to Mary, Mother of Divine Providence in the first house of the Congregation of the Clerics Regular of St. Paul (Barnabites) in Rome at San Carlo ai Catinari church began around year 1611, when one of the clerics traveled to Loreto to pray for assistance in finding the financial resources to complete the Church of San Carlo. Upon his return, they received the necessary assistance, and the Barnabites began to promote devotion to Our Lady of Providence.

Pulzone's painting was given to the Barnabites in 1663. It was placed on the altar of a chapel on the first floor of the Saint Charles rectory behind the main altar. In 1732, a copy of the painting was placed in a location adjacent to the main altar of the church of San Carlo ai Catinari in Rome, where it drew many faithful visitors.

In 1774, Pope Benedict XIV authorized the Confraternity of Our Lady of Providence, a lay organization created for the purpose of promoting special works of Christian charity or piety. Pope Gregory XVI elevated it to an Archconfraternity in 1839. In 1888, Pope Leo XIII ordered the solemn crowning of the "Miraculous Lady" and approved the Mass and Office of Mary, Mother of Divine Providence. On August 5, 1896, Superior General of the Barnabites Father Benedict Nisser decreed that every Barnabite have a copy of the painting in their home.

## Patronage

Our Lady of Providence is the patroness of Indiana and the Roman Catholic Diocese of Providence, Rhode Island. The chapel of Saint Vincent Hospital in Worcester, Massachusetts is dedicated to Our Lady of Providence.

Our Lady of Divine Providence is the patroness of St. Benedict's Abbey in Atchison, Kansas. Our Lady of Divine Providence is also the patroness of the Our Lady of Divine Providence House of Prayer, Inc., a 501(c)3 organization and ministry in Clearwater, Florida. The organization is dedicated to fostering spiritual growth among clergy and laity alike.

Our Lady of Divine Providence is the patroness of the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico, where a parish is dedicated to her.

Santa Maria Madre della Provvidenza a Monte Verde is a church in Rome, built in 1937 and a titular church since 1969.

## U.S. National Shrine of Our Lady of Providence

Devotion to Our Lady of Providence came to the United States after a chaplain of the Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana, Monsignor A.J. Rawlinson, saw a reproduction of "Mater Divinae Providentiae" at Catholic University of America. During a trip to Rome in 1925, Rawlinson gathered historical information on the devotion to Our Lady of Providence and then brought back prints of the painting to Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana.

On May 1, 1925, the National Shrine of Our Lady of Providence was canonically erected at Saint Mary-of-the-Woods with the purpose of encouraging families to make Mary the queen of their homes. A confraternity of Our Lady of Providence was erected, and later a certificate of affiliation of the American confraternity was established with the archconfraternity in Rome.

The hymn *Our Lady of Providence''* by Sr. Cecilia Clare Bocard, is sung by the sisters at various special celebrations.

## Puerto Rico National Sanctuary of Our Lady of Providence

The National Sanctuary of Our Lady of Providence *(Santuario Nacional de Nuestra Señora Madre de la Divina Providencia)* is a pilgrimage center in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The center aims to empower and educate members of the Roman Catholic faith. The site regularly hosts religious and cultural events for groups and families.

On the first Saturday of every month, the center hosts an early risers *(madrugadores)* event in which the rosary is prayed and the sacraments of confession and eucharist are administered. Two weeks before Holy Week, the center prepares for its Lenten mission, which attracts around 10,000 pilgrims a year. Occasionally, a Night With Mary Under The Stars (Con María Bajo Las Estrellas) event is held.


title: Nine stages of decay

abstract:
kusōzu The contemplation of the nine stages of a decaying corpse is a Buddhist meditational practice in which the practitioner imagines or observes the gradual decomposition of a dead body. Along with paṭikūlamanasikāra, this type of meditation is one of the two meditations on "the foul" or "unattractive" (aśubha). The nine stages later became a popular subject of Buddhist art and poetry. In Japan, images of the stages are called kusōzu and became related to aesthetic ideas of impermanence. Early instances of the nine stages of decay can be found in the Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta, the "Sutra on the Samādhi Contemplation of the Oceanlike Buddha," and the "Discourse on the Great Wisdom" (Mahaprajnaparamitita-sastra) by Nagarjuna. The stages listed in the Mahaprajnaparamitita-sastra spread to Japan, probably through Chinese Tiantai writings including the Mohe Zhiguan of Zhiyi, and influenced medieval Japanese art and literature. The setting for the nine stages is outdoors, where a corpse would be left exposed to decay in a field, graveyard, or charnel ground. The exact stages included vary between sources. The Mahaprajnaparamitita-sastra refers to the stages as the nine aśubhasaṃjñā अशुभसंज्ञा lit. 'nine horrible notions,' and lists them as follows:
  - distension (vyādhmātakasaṃjñā)
  - rupture (vidhūtakasaṃjñā)
  - exudation of blood (vilohitakasaṃjñā)
  - putrefaction (vipūyakasaṃjñā)
  - discolouration and desiccation (vinīlakasaṃjñā)
  - consumption by animals and birds (vikhāditakasaṃjñā)
  - dismemberment (vikṣiptaka)
  - reduction to bones (asthisaṃjñā)
  - parching to dust (vidagdhakasaṃjñā)

text:
# Nine stages of decay

The **contemplation of the nine stages of a decaying corpse** is a Buddhist meditational practice in which the practitioner imagines or observes the gradual decomposition of a dead body. Along with *paṭikūlamanasikāra*, this type of meditation is one of the two meditations on "the foul" or "unattractive" (*aśubha*). The nine stages later became a popular subject of Buddhist art and poetry. In Japan, images of the stages are called ***kusōzu*** (九相図, lit.'nine-phase pictures') and became related to aesthetic ideas of impermanence.

Early instances of the nine stages of decay can be found in the *Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta*, (–20 BC) the "Sutra on the *Samādhi* Contemplation of the Oceanlike Buddha," and the "Discourse on the Great Wisdom" (*Mahaprajnaparamitita-sastra*) by Nagarjuna (c. 150–250 AD). The stages listed in the *Mahaprajnaparamitita-sastra* spread to Japan, probably through Chinese Tiantai writings including the *Mohe Zhiguan* of Zhiyi (438–497 AD), and influenced medieval Japanese art and literature.

The setting for the nine stages is outdoors, where a corpse would be left exposed to decay in a field, graveyard, or charnel ground. The exact stages included vary between sources. The *Mahaprajnaparamitita-sastra* refers to the stages as the nine *aśubhasaṃjñā* अशुभसंज्ञा lit.'nine horrible notions,' and lists them as follows:

1. distension (*vyādhmātakasaṃjñā*)
2. rupture (*vidhūtakasaṃjñā*)
3. exudation of blood (*vilohitakasaṃjñā*)
4. putrefaction (*vipūyakasaṃjñā*)
5. discolouration and desiccation (*vinīlakasaṃjñā*)
6. consumption by animals and birds (*vikhāditakasaṃjñā*)
7. dismemberment (*vikṣiptaka*)
8. reduction to bones (*asthisaṃjñā*)
9. parching to dust (*vidagdhakasaṃjñā*)

## History

Various techniques of meditation on the process of bodily decay date back to early Buddhism, originating in India. A related meditation involves ten stages of decay. Early lists of nine stages of decay can be found in the "Sutra on the *Samādhi* Contemplation of the Oceanlike Buddha," and the "Discourse on the Great Wisdom" (*Mahaprajnaparamitita-sastra*) Different purposes have been assigned to the contemplation of the nine stages of a decaying corpse, and the details of the practice transformed over time.

Buddhist monks used the contemplation of a decaying corpse as a monastic practice to reduce sensual desire. In one Japanese tale, a monk called Genpin who has fallen in love with a chief councillor's wife overcomes this desire by imagining the woman's body decaying, and thus attains enlightenment by understanding the nature of the body. In as much as the practice served to the reduce sexual desire of a male practitioner, the corpse in question tended to be female. However, the nine stages were also used to reduce one's attachment to one's own body, and women themselves were encouraged to participate in the contemplation of their bodily impurity. According to some Theravāda sources such as the *Visuddhimagga*, the practitioner must seek a corpse of their own sex to contemplate, as doing otherwise would be unchaste. The *Mahaprajnaparamitita-sastra* emphasises that the differences between men and women are obscured even by the first stage of decay. The corpses in *kusōzu* are explicitly female.

In some texts, the contemplation of different phases is recommended for the elimination of different aspects of lust for the body. For example, the *Mahaprajnaparamitita-sastra* recommends phases 8 and 9 to eliminate the "lust for touch," but phases 3, 4, and 5 for the "lust for colours." As well as eliminating *rāga* (lust), the *sastra* claims the practice may reduce *dveṣa* (hatred) and *moha* (delusion), the other two of the three poisons in Buddhism.

Buddhist sources also suggest that real corpses were originally observed as part of the practice, without the practitioner relying on pure imagination. This was possible in cultural contexts where corpses were left exposed in graveyards and fields. With training, the image could be retained and summoned at will, as in the tale of Genpin above. Later, pictorial aids developed in China, leading to the development of *kusōzu* as an art form in Japan. *kusōzu* gained aesthetic significance in addition to their meditative function as impermanence (無常 *mujou*) was already a major feature of Japanese art and literature.

## Pictorial representations

There is literary evidence of pictorial representations of the nine stages of decay from China during the Tang dynasty, including Baoji's poem *Contemplation on the Mural of the Nine Stages of a Decaying Corpse* (c. 618-907 AD). Japanese images of the nine stages, called *kusōzu*, date from the 13th century. There are a large number of *kusōzu* still being used in religion in Japan, and Japanese artists such as Fuyuko Matsui have continued the theme of the nine stages into the 21st century.

*Kusōzu* vary in the presentation of their subjects. Some *kusōzu* such as the *Jindou fujou souzu* (人道不浄相図) present the decay of the female corpse in the context of the nature, "amidst a world of seasonal trees, flowers, and other flora." Others, including one very early example in the *Komatsu* collection, depict the stages against a blank background with high precision, "diagrammatic in \[their\] presentation."

*Kusōzu* were probably shown to laypeople for the purpose of teaching the doctrine of impermanence in e-toki sessions, and displayed during the Obon festival.

### Paintings of Ono no Komachi

Although the subjects of *kusōzu* are typically anonymous noblewomen, there are many that are explicitly intended to depict the Heian *Waka* poet Ono no Komachi (小野小町). These depictions of Komachi are related to a tradition of literature that emphasises the contrast between her physical beauty during her youth, and her ageing and poverty at the end of her life. Such tales of Komachi's life, called *Komachi densetsu* (小町伝説) are a common subject of Noh plays including *Kayoi Komachi* (通小町), *Sekidera Komachi* (関寺小町), and *Sotoba Komachi* (卒塔婆小町).

### In contemporary art

The *kusōzu* of Kinbaku painter Seiu Itou (1882–1961) have been linked to the modern erotic grotesque style (エログロ). Fuyuko Matsui's recent "New kusōzu" series was inspired by the traditional painting genre, but also founded honestly on the reality of being a human being and a woman in the world today, intending to transcend a mere adaptation of a classical theme and truly realise a contemporary kusōzu sequence.

## In poetry

The nine stages of decay have featured as the subject of several Chinese and Japanese poems. In Japan there are two main poems, attributed to Kuukai (774 – 835), founder of Shingon Buddhism, and Su Tongpo (1037 – 1101), a Song dynasty politician.

The Su Tongpo poem links the impermanence of the human form to changing natural and seasonal imagery. For example, the second verse, distension, describes the deceased's hair becoming entangled with grass roots:

## In Literature

Genshin, a Buddhist affiliated with Pure Land school, wrote the work *Ōjōyōshū* in which he put the *kusōzu* in a doctrinal and fuctional context for the purpose of contemplating the nine stages of decay in connection to the six paths that a being can reincarnate into. With his work he wanted to highlight the horrifying aspects of the existence within these realms. The *kusōzu* were chosen to represent the impure aspect of human existence as the impurity can be understood through the decay of a corpse. He states: "it is odorous and defiled \[...\]. But, if it is seen, all desires \[for the body\] cease."

## Misogyny

The nine stages of decay, and *kusōzu* in particular, have been described as a manifestation of the misogyny inherent to some schools of Buddhism, in which women are situated as mere objects of contemplation, reinforcing the belief that women have a lesser ability to achieve Buddhahood than men. During the edo period, such ideas of the spiritual inferiority of women were used to indoctrinate the three obediences into women and girls. This analysis has been criticised with reference to *hongaku* teachings that posit that women have Buddha nature precisely because of their impurity. The tales of Empress Danrin and Empress Koumyou provide examples of women who willingly planned to expose their decaying bodies to the public as an act of Buddhist devotion, in the hope that "sentient beings in the Latter Days of the Buddhist Law should be awakened through exposure to the impure human condition."

## Paintings from *The death of a noble lady and the decay of her body*

*The death of a noble lady and the decay of her body* is a series of *kusōzu* paintings in watercolor, produced in Japan around the 18th century. The subject of the paintings is thought to be Ono no Komachi.

There are nine paintings, including a pre-death portrait, and a final painting of a memorial structure:

1. Kanda, Fusae (2005). "Behind the Sensationalism: images of a Decaying Corpse in Japanese Buddhist art". *The Art Bulletin*. **87**: 24–49. doi:10.1080/00043079.2005.10786227. S2CID 191524902. (Preview with different page numbers)
2. Chin, Gail (1998). "The Gender of Buddhist Truth: The Female Corpse in a Group of Japanese Paintings" (PDF). *Japanese Journal of Religious Studies*. doi:10.18874/jjrs.25.3-4.1998.277-317.
3. Nyanatiloka (1980). *Buddhist Dictionary: Manual of Buddhist Terms and Doctrines.* Fourth Revised Edition edited by Nyanaponika. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society. (accessed: Monday December 17, 2023)
4. "敦煌寫本「九想觀」詩歌新探" (PDF). *普門學報社* (in Chinese).
5. "Ashubhasamjna, Aśubhasaṃjñā, Ashubha-samjna: 1 definition". *Wisdom Library*.
6. "Results of the Nine Notions". *Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra*.
7. Wilson, Liz (1996). *Charming Cadavers: Horrific Figurations of the Feminine in Indian Buddhist Hagiographic Literature*.
8. "How to meditate on the nine notions". *Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra*.
9. "What Is Wabi-Sabi?". Archived from the original on 2007-05-02. Retrieved 2007-04-01.
10. Tinsley, Elizabeth. "The Kusōzu Images of Matsui Fuyuko and Itō Seiu and Buddhism in Erotic Grotesque Modernity" (PDF). *Journal of Asian Humanities at Kyushu University*.
11. "国宝 九相図 完全復元版". *平凡の友* (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2022-12-04. includes an image of the painting.
12. Keene, Donald (1970). *Twenty Plays of the Nō Theater*. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-03454-7.
13. Matsui, Fuyuko (2011). *The catalog of Yokohama Museum: "Fuyuko Matsui--Becoming Friends with All the Children in the World--" (世界中の子と友達になれる)*. Tokyo: Edition Treville. p. 151.
14. 九相詩十首
15. Kanda (2005): 29.
16. Kanda (2005): 30—31.
17. Ōjōyōshū, in Takakusu and Watanabe, Daizokyo, vol. 84, 33a-41b.
18. "Kusōzu: the death of a noble lady and the decay of her body. Watercolours". *wellcome collection*. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
19. Stolze, Dolly. "The beauty of decomposition in Japanese watercolor". *Strange Remains*. Retrieved 20 November 2022.


title: OpenFX (API)

abstract: OpenFX (OFX), a.k.a. The OFX Image Effect Plug-in API, is an open standard for 2D visual effects or compositing plug-ins. It allows plug-ins written to the standard to work on any application that supports the standard. The OpenFX standard is owned by The Open Effects Association, and it is released under a 'BSD' open source license. OpenFX was originally designed by Bruno Nicoletti at The Foundry Visionmongers. Plug-ins are written as dynamic shared objects, and the API specifies a few entry points that must be implemented by the plug-in. The OpenFX host exposes sets of entry points to the plug-in, called suites. The Property Suite is used to manage attribute-value pairs attached to objects defined by all other suites of the API, the Image Effect Suite is used to fetch film frames from the inputs or the output of the effect, and there are other suites to display informative messages or ask questions to the user, handle multithreading, use OpenGL for processing, etc. Each plugin is described by a list of parameters and supported inputs and output. The host may execute various actions, for example to signal that a parameter value has changed or that a portion of a film frame has to be rendered. Optionally, the plug-in may also display graphical information over the current frame using OpenGL, and propose interactions using mouse and keyboard. An OpenFX host is an application capable of loading and executing OpenFX plugins.

text:
# OpenFX (API)

**OpenFX** (OFX), a.k.a. The OFX Image Effect Plug-in API, is an open standard for 2D visual effects or compositing plug-ins. It allows plug-ins written to the standard to work on any application that supports the standard. The OpenFX standard is owned by The Open Effects Association, and it is released under a 'BSD' open source license. OpenFX was originally designed by Bruno Nicoletti at The Foundry Visionmongers.

Plug-ins are written as dynamic shared objects, and the API specifies a few entry points that must be implemented by the plug-in.

The OpenFX host exposes sets of entry points to the plug-in, called *suites*. The *Property Suite* is used to manage attribute-value pairs attached to objects defined by all other suites of the API, the *Image Effect Suite* is used to fetch film frames from the inputs or the output of the effect, and there are other suites to display informative messages or ask questions to the user, handle multithreading, use OpenGL for processing, etc.

Each plugin is described by a list of parameters and supported inputs and output. The host may execute various *actions*, for example to signal that a parameter value has changed or that a portion of a film frame has to be rendered.

Optionally, the plug-in may also display graphical information over the current frame using OpenGL, and propose interactions using mouse and keyboard (this is called *interacts* in the OFX specification).

An OpenFX *host* is an application capable of loading and executing OpenFX plugins.

## History

* UPDATE: Current version is 1.4 as of June 2017

OpenFX was first announced on Feb 10, 2004 The Foundry Visionmongers.

The OpenFX specification was written so that a plugin supporting the latest version of the API may be implemented to be compatible with a host implementing an earlier version.

1. OpenFX 1.0 was released in 2006.
2. OpenFX 1.1 was released in 2007.
3. OpenFX 1.2 was released in 2010.
4. OpenFX 1.3 was released in 2012.
5. OpenFX 1.4 was released in 2015.

## Hosts

### Free and open source hosts

* ButtleOFX (for Linux, open source, LGPL license, alpha status, unmaintained)
* Kaliscope (scanner controller/batch conversion tool based on OpenFX host and plugins, open source, GPL 3 license)
* Natron for macOS, Linux, FreeBSD and Windows (open source, GPL license)
* Ramen compositor (CDDL 1.0 license, never officially released, but source code is available)
* ShuttleOFX (online OpenFX platform, open source, LGPL license)
* TuttleOFX (command-line OpenFX host and plugins, open source, LGPL license)

### Commercial hosts

Discontinued:

## OpenFX plug-ins

### Free and open source plugins

* The official OpenFX SDK (BSD license) contain sample plugins, programmed using the standard C API, or a C++ wrapper.
* openfx-arena is a set of visual effects plugins, mainly based on ImageMagick.
* openfx-io is a set of plugins for reading or writing image and video files (using OpenImageIO and FFmpeg), and for color management (using OpenColorIO).
* openfx-misc is a collection of essential plugins, which provide many basic compositing tools, such as filters, geometric transforms, and color transforms. Commercial OpenFX hosts usually provide their own versions of these plugins.
* TuttleOFX provides many plug-ins, especially for color grading, usable in most OpenFX hosts.
* INK green/blue screen keyer and ChannelMath by casanico.com
* TalentTracker by Mut1ny.com

### Commercial plug-ins

## Extensions

OpenFX' *suite*-based design enables one to easily introduce new sets of entry points, in order to cover other applications while still relying on the same core dynamic plug-in mechanism. A notable example is OpenMfx, an API based on OpenFX but meant to define procedural effects on 3D meshes rather than 2D images. An host that supports the Image Effects API does not necessarily support the Mesh Effect API, and vice versa, but both support the same core plug-in mechanism and basic suites like the *Property Suite* or the *Parameter Suite*. OpenMfx is an initiative independent from The Open Effects Association, led by Élie Michel since 2019.

## Documentation


title: Marcella Lowery

abstract: Marcella Lowery is an American actress. She is known for her roles as Geoffrey Owens' mother, Francine Tibideaux, on The Cosby Show, Jamal Jenkins' grandmother on Ghostwriter from 1992 to 1995, Anna Eldridge in the 1996 film, The Preacher's Wife and as Principal Karen Noble on the NBC sitcom City Guys. Lowery was born in Queens, New York City. She had a recurring role on The Cosby Show as Francine Tibideaux, the mother of Elvin Tibideaux and mother-in-law of Sondra Huxtable, as well as a brief role in What About Bob?. She was also in The Preacher's Wife and guest-starred in four episodes of Law & Order. She is most recently known for portraying Donovan McNabb's mother in Campbell's Chunky Soup commercials. Lowery has also appeared on the commercials for Colonial Penn. She also played Maybelle in the Off-Broadway premiere of Before It Hits Home.

text:
# Marcella Lowery

**Marcella Lowery** is an American actress. She is known for her roles as Geoffrey Owens' mother, Francine Tibideaux, on *The Cosby Show*, Jamal Jenkins' grandmother on *Ghostwriter* from 1992 to 1995, Anna Eldridge in the 1996 film, *The Preacher's Wife* and as Principal Karen Noble on the NBC sitcom *City Guys*.

Lowery was born in Queens, New York City. She had a recurring role on *The Cosby Show* as Francine Tibideaux, the mother of Elvin Tibideaux and mother-in-law of Sondra Huxtable, as well as a brief role in *What About Bob?*. She was also in *The Preacher's Wife* and guest-starred in four episodes of *Law & Order*. She is most recently known for portraying Donovan McNabb's mother in Campbell's Chunky Soup commercials. Lowery has also appeared on the commercials for Colonial Penn.

She also played Maybelle in the Off-Broadway premiere of *Before It Hits Home*.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1981 | *Arthur* | Harriet |
| 1983 | *Without a Trace* | Sgt. Rocco |
| 1989 | *Lean on Me* | Mrs. Richards |
| 1989 | *Fletch Lives* | Selma |
| 1991 | *New Jack City* | Woman in hallway |
| 1991 | *What About Bob?* | Betty |
| 1996 | *Vibrations* | Nurse |
| 1996 | *The Preacher's Wife* | Anna Eldridge |
| 1996 | *Rescuing Desire* | Jane |
| 2004 | *Second Best* | Nurse |
| 2005 | *12 and Holding* | Nurse |
| 2006 | *Waltzing Anna* | Nurse Hardaway |
| 2006 | *School for Scoundrels* | Mrs. Washington |
| 2008 | *Uncertainty* | Duty officer #1 |
| 2016 | *Wiener-Dog* | Yvette |
| 2018 | *Can You Ever Forgive Me?* | Guest at party |
| 2021 | *Thunder Force* | Grandma Norma |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1975 | *How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying* | Smitty | Television film |
| 1979 | *3 by Cheever* | Ruby | Miniseries; episode: "The Sorrows of Gin" |
| 1988–1989 | *The Cosby Show* | Francine Tibideaux | 4 episodes |
| 1988 | *Monsters* | Mom | Episode: "My Zombie Lover" |
| 1989 | *A Man Called Hawk* | Prof. Lowery | Episode: "Life After Death" |
| 1991 | *Law & Order* | Nurse (Miss Johnson) | Episode: "Sonata for Solo Organ" |
| 1992–1995 | *Ghostwriter* | CeCe Jenkins | Main role |
| 1993 | *Strapped* | Fast food customer | Television film |
| 1994 | *ABC Afterschool Special* | Ms. Rose | Episode: "Just Chill" |
| 1994 | *Law & Order* | Sheridan | Episode: "Breeder" |
| 1994 | *Law & Order* | Van Buren's attorney | Episode: "Competence" |
| 1995 | *New York Undercover* | Postal worker | Episode: "Mama Said Knock You Out" |
| 1995 | *The Cosby Mysteries* | Miss Crilley | Episode: "Big Brother Is Watching" |
| 1995 | *Guiding Light* | Judge Gordon | Episode dated August 18, 1995 |
| 1997–2001 | *City Guys* | Principal Karen Noble | Main role |
| 2003 | *Law & Order* | Lois Barker | Episode: "Sheltered" |
| 2007 | *Gossip Girl* | Ostroff nurse | Episode: "Dare Devil" |
| 2008 | *Life on Mars* | Nurse Winnie Ellwood | Episode: "Tuesday's Dead" |
| 2009 | *The Unusuals* | Sheila Trunk | 2 episodes |
| 2009 | *Sherri* | Taller church lady | Episode: "There's No "I" in Church" |
| 2010 | *The Good Wife* | Nurse | Episode: "Painkiller" |
| 2010 | *30 Rock* | Postal employee | Episode: "Don Geiss, America and Hope" |
| 2010 | *Gravity* | Selma Jones | Episode: "Namaste MF" |
| 2010 | *Running Wilde* | Carol | Episode: "Oil & Water" |
| 2010 | *Law & Order: Special Victims Unit* | Margaret Holmes | Episode: "Branded" |
| 2011 | *Suits* | Dr. Shrager | Episode: "Pilot" |
| 2012 | *Blue Bloods* | Mrs. Greer | Episode: "Family Business" |
| 2013 | *The Carrie Diaries* | DMV employee | Episode: "Dangerous Territory" |
| 2014 | *Girls* | Lise | Episode: "Dead Inside" |
| 2015 | *The Jim Gaffigan Show* | Receptionist | Episode: "Pilot" |
| 2016 | *Royal Pains* | Dee | Episode: "Home Sick" |
| 2017 | *Elementary* | Diner patron #1 | Episode: "Over a Barrel" |
| 2017 | *The Detour* | Elderly woman | Episode: "The City" |
| 2017 | *Broad City* | Betty | Episode: "Witches" |
| 2019 | *Mindhunter* | Lakewood woman | Season 2, episode 6 |
| 2019 | *First Wives Club* | Odessa | 2 episodes |

## InfoBox

| Marcella Lowery | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | New York City, United States |
| Occupation | actress |
| Years active | 1972–present |


title: 1983 CARIFTA Games

abstract: The 12th CARIFTA Games was held in Fort-de-France, Martinique on April 2–4, 1983.

text:
# 1983 CARIFTA Games

The 12th **CARIFTA Games** was held in Fort-de-France, Martinique on April 2–4, 1983.

## Participation (unofficial)

For the 1983 CARIFTA Games only the medalists can be found on the "World Junior Athletics History" website. An unofficial count yields the number of about 108 medalists (63 junior (under-20) and 45 youth (under-17)) from about 13 countries: Antigua and Barbuda (3), Bahamas (26), Barbados (9), Bermuda (5), Cayman Islands (1), Grenada (4), Guadeloupe (10), Jamaica (25), Martinique (11), Saint Kitts and Nevis (1), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2), Trinidad and Tobago (10), US Virgin Islands (1).

## Austin Sealy Award

The Austin Sealy Trophy for the most outstanding athlete of the games was awarded for the second time in the role to Laverne Eve from the Bahamas. As in 1982, she won 3 gold medals (shot put, discus throw, and javelin throw) in the junior (U-20) category.

## Medal summary

Medal winners are published by category: Boys under 20 (Junior), Girls under 20 (Junior), Boys under 17 (Youth), and Girls under 17 (Youth). The medalists can also be found on the "World Junior Athletics History" website.

### Boys under 20 (Junior)

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 100 metres
(2.8 m/s) | Max Morinière (MTQ) | 10.36w | Ray Stewart (JAM) | 10.40w | Richemont Faro (GLP) | 10.64w |
| 200 metres | Ray Stewart (JAM) | 21.13 | Joey Wells (BAH) | 21.27 | Steve Morgan (JAM) | 21.31 |
| 400 metres | Carlyle Bernard (TRI) | 47.66 | Richard Louis (BAR) | 47.73 | John Bernard (TRI) | 49.54 |
| 800 metres | Dennis Hines (JAM) | 1:54.89 | Dale Jones (ATG) | 1:55.74 | Everett Simpson (JAM) | 1:55.78 |
| 1500 metres | Kevin Pearson (BER) | 3:57.56 | Dale Jones (ATG) | 4:01.34 | Everett Simpson (JAM) | 4:01.35 |
| 5000 metres | Kevin Pearson (BER) | 15:09.22 | Paul Bryan (JAM) | 15:27.03 | Michael Jules (BAR) | 16:07.29 |
| 110 metres hurdles | Andrew Parker (JAM) | 14.4 | Lennox Graham (JAM) | 14.8 | Sean Fox (BAH) | 15.0 |
| 400 metres hurdles | Everett Barham (JAM) | 54.06 | Lennox Graham (JAM) | 54.60 | Sean Fox (BAH) | 56.14 |
| High jump | Philippe Dogué (MTQ) | 2.17 | Dennis Richards (BAH) | 2.11 | Troy Glasgow (BER) | 2.05 |
| Pole vault | Brent Vanderpool (BAH) | 3.90 | Richard Parker (BAH) | 3.81 | Brooke Onley (BER) | 3.05 |
| Long jump | Joey Wells (BAH) | 7.80 | Lyndon Sands (BAH) | 7.42 | Eugene Licorish (GRN) | 7.15 |
| Triple jump | Lyndon Sands (BAH) | 16.02 | Teddy Roland (GLP) | 15.38 | Keith Carey (BAH) | 15.02 |
| Shot put | Georges Robin (GLP) | 15.39 | Sammy Brennan (BAH) | 12.81 | Eros Watts (JAM) | 12.67 |
| Discus throw | Egbert Mullings (BAH) | 44.96 | Steve Coy (TRI) | 42.56 | Joe Woodside (BAH) | 41.84 |
| Javelin throw | Joseph Antoine (TRI) | 64.96 | Philippe Dogué (MTQ) | 62.92 | Brooke Onley (BER) | 62.18 |
| 4 × 100 metres relay | Martinique | 41.11 | Bahamas | 41.18 | Jamaica | 41.28 |
| 4 × 400 metres relay | Trinidad and Tobago | 3:14.72 | Jamaica | 3:15.38 | Barbados | 3:15.74 |

### Girls under 20 (Junior)

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 100 metres
(-2.5 m/s) | Marie-France Loval (GLP) | 11.68 | Pauline Davis (BAH) | 11.69 | Claudette Rano (MTQ) | 11.85 |
| 200 metres | Pauline Davis (BAH) | 23.57 | Christine Carda (MTQ) | 24.02 | Ethlyn Tate (JAM) | 24.15 |
| 400 metres | Veronica Williams (JAM) | 55.45 | Jocelyn Joseph (ATG) | 56.49 | Dawn Douglas (TRI) | 57.84 |
| 800 metres | Marie-Anna Filomin (GLP) | 2:10.65 | Sharon Powell (JAM) | 2:13.97 | Jocelyn Joseph (ATG) | 2:16.93 |
| 1500 metres | Marie-Anna Filomin (GLP) | 4:43.26 | Sharon Powell (JAM) | 4:46.48 | Daphne Fearon (JAM) | 4:47.42 |
| 3000 metres | Ellie Edwards (JAM) | 10:18.18 | Laverne Bryan (ATG) | 10:22.50 | Daphne Fearon (JAM) | 10:22.54 |
| 100 metres hurdles | Monique Millar (BAH) | 14.85 | Kay McConney (BAR) | 15.23 | Verna Hibbert (JAM) | 15.27 |
| High jump | Guy-Félixienne Marin (GLP) | 1.68 | Mina Adele (MTQ) | 1.68 | Donna Smith (BAH) | 1.65 |
| Long jump | Jacinta Bartholomew (GRN) | 5.88 | Euphemia Huggins (TRI) | 5.86 | Janine Tabar (GLP) | 5.48 |
| Shot put | Laverne Eve (BAH) | 14.39 | Jan Antoine (BAH) | 11.78 | Marie Lostra (MTQ) | 11.26 |
| Discus throw | Laverne Eve (BAH) | 42.90 | Jan Antoine (BAH) | 36.40 | Mary Francis (JAM) | 34.84 |
| Javelin throw | Laverne Eve (BAH) | 47.32 | Portia Wallace (BAH) | 40.20 | Rennet Celestine (TRI) | 39.66 |
| 4 × 100 metres relay | Jamaica | 46.00 | Bahamas | 46.31 | Martinique | 47.03 |
| 4 × 400 metres relay | Jamaica | 3:47.8 | Antigua and Barbuda | 3:54.8 | Bahamas | 4:01.3 |

### Boys under 17 (Youth)

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 100 metres | Michael Newbold (BAH) | 11.07 | David Velázquez (MTQ) | 11.14 | Mark Johnson (BAH) | 11.15 |
| 200 metres | Mark Johnson (BAH) | 21.93 | Michael Newbold (BAH) | 21.93 | Michael Worrell (BAR) | 22.39 |
| 400 metres | Michael Worrell (BAR) | 49.17 | Leslie Walker (JAM) | 49.80 | Bruce Nolan (SKN) | 51.00 |
| 800 metres | Kevin Smith (BER) | 1:59.80 | Otis Hoyte (BAR) | 2:01.16 | Paul Edwards (JAM) | 2:01.79 |
| 1500 metres | Kevin Smith (BER) | 4:07.91 | Paul Edwards (JAM) | 4:16.61 | Fulbert Théophile (GLP) | 4:17.11 |
| High jump | Rohan Phillips-Saunders (VIN) | 1.86 | Troy Kemp (BAH) | 1.86 | Daryl Walwyn (BER) | 1.80 |
| Long jump | Mark Johnson (BAH) | 6.82 | Delano Archer (BAH) | 6.78 | Pascal Maran (MTQ) | 6.34 |
| Triple jump | Lawrence Wendell (BAH) | 14.21 | Dudson Higgins (BAH) | 14.12 | Dwight Mitchell (JAM) | 13.99 |
| Shot put | Eddy Duguet (GLP) | 13.22 | Johnny Page (MTQ) | 12.92 | Adam Llewelyn (CAY) | 12.88 |
| Discus throw | Adam Llewelyn (CAY) | 39.30 | Zethroy Campbell (JAM) | 34.92 | Eddy Duguet (GLP) | 34.80 |
| Javelin throw | Kenwyn Williams (GRN) | 45.30\* | Troy Kemp (BAH) | 44.64\* | Johnny Page (MTQ) | 44.38\* |

* One source states: Javelin only 600g rather than 700g.

### Girls under 17 (Youth)

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 100 metres | Gillian Forde (TRI) | 11.8 | Laurel Johnson (JAM) | 12.2 | Yolande Straughn (BAR) | 12.2 |
| 200 metres
(3.9 m/s) | Gillian Forde (TRI) | 24.26w | Keva Mackey (BAH) | 24.57w | Laurel Johnson (JAM) | 24.65w |
| 400 metres | Donna Pryce (JAM) | 56.49 | Iyiechia Petrus (ISV) | 57.32 | Yolande Straughn (BAR) | 57.46 |
| 800 metres | Bernardette John (TRI) | 2:13.89 | Iyiechia Petrus (ISV) | 2:15.12 | Andrea Henderson (JAM) | 2:20.24? |
| 1500 metres | Marcia Smith (JAM) | 4:50.13 | Sheraldine Dalrymple (BAR) | 4:50.17 | Charmaine Hood (GRN) | 4:50.88 |
| High jump | Dolores Daquin (MTQ) | 1.71 | Mazel Thomas (JAM) | 1.68 | Jean-Marie Martine (MTQ) | 1.68 |
| Long jump | Mazel Thomas (JAM) | 5.50 | Catherine Richards (BAR) | 5.42 | Cheryl Munroe (BAH) | 5.39 |
| Shot put | France-Aimée Coquin (GLP) | 11.63 | Millicent McCartney (BAH) | 10.37 | Helena Harry (VIN) | 10.17 |
| Discus throw | Millicent McCartney (BAH) | 34.66 | France-Aimée Coquin (GLP) | 31.60 | Juliana King (BAR) | 26.28 |
| Javelin throw | Allison Bernard (TRI) | 29.86 | Eurise Farquharson (BAH) | 28.18 | Millicent McCartney (BAH) | 19.54 |

## Medal table (unofficial)

*   Host nation (Martinique)

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Bahamas (BAH) | 14 | 19 | 9 | 42 |
| 2 | Jamaica (JAM) | 11 | 12 | 14 | 37 |
| 3 | Guadeloupe (GLP) | 7 | 2 | 4 | 13 |
| 4 | Trinidad and Tobago (TTO) | 7 | 2 | 3 | 12 |
| 5 | Martinique (MTQ)* | 4 | 5 | 6 | 15 |
| 6 | Bermuda (BER) | 4 | 0 | 4 | 8 |
| 7 | Grenada (GRN) | 2 | 0 | 2 | 4 |
| 8 | Barbados (BAR) | 1 | 5 | 6 | 12 |
| 9 | Cayman Islands (CAY) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (VIN) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 11 | Antigua and Barbuda (ATG) | 0 | 5 | 1 | 6 |
| 12 | U.S. Virgin Islands (VIR) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 13 | Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla (SCN) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (13 entries) | | 52 | 52 | 52 | 156 |

## InfoBox

| XII CARIFTA Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | April 2–4 |
| Host city | Fort-de-France, Martinique |
| Level | Junior and Youth |
| Events | 52 |
| Participation | more than 108 athletes from
at least 13 nations |
| 1982 Kingston 1984 Nassau | |


title: Subligaculum

abstract: A subligaculum was a kind of underwear worn by ancient Romans. It could come either in the form of a pair of shorts, or in the form of a simple loincloth wrapped around the lower body. It could be worn both by men and women. In particular, it was part of the dress of gladiators, athletes, and actors on the stage. Leather subligacula have been found in excavations of 1st century Roman London. The longer-form subligaculum that forms a loin cloth is tied as follows: First, the strings are tied around the waist with the long part hanging down back, covering the buttocks. Next, the long part is brought down between the legs and pulled up behind the knot tied in front. Then it is draped over the ties so it forms a loincloth.

text:
# Subligaculum

A ***subligaculum*** was a kind of underwear worn by ancient Romans. It could come either in the form of a pair of shorts, or in the form of a simple loincloth wrapped around the lower body. It could be worn both by men and women. In particular, it was part of the dress of gladiators, athletes, and actors on the stage. Leather *subligacula* have been found in excavations of 1st century Roman London.

The longer-form *subligaculum* that forms a loin cloth is tied as follows: First, the strings are tied around the waist with the long part hanging down back, covering the buttocks. Next, the long part is brought down between the legs and pulled up behind the knot tied in front. Then it is draped over the ties so it forms a loincloth.

## InfoBox

Subligaculum
| Female athletes wearing a bikini-like combination of a *subligaculum* and a *strophium* (breast-cloth)<br>(Sicily, c. 300 AD) | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Undergarment |


title: William Courtenay (actor)

abstract: William Courtenay was a noted Broadway star and later film actor. He was born William Hancock Kelly. At age 19 in 1894, before his Broadway career took off, Courtenay appeared in Alexander Black's slide show Miss Jerry. This was a sort of alternative entertainment to a new device by Thomas Edison called a Kinetoscope à la moving pictures.

text:
# William Courtenay (actor)

**William Courtenay** (June 19, 1875 – April 20, 1933) was a noted Broadway star and later film actor. He was born **William Hancock Kelly**. At age 19 in 1894, before his Broadway career took off, Courtenay appeared in Alexander Black's slide show *Miss Jerry*. This was a sort of alternative entertainment to a new device by Thomas Edison called a Kinetoscope à la *moving pictures*.

## Broadway

A tall, handsome leading man Courtenay appeared in plays with Richard Mansfield, e.g., a revival of *Beau Brummel* and the American premiere of *Cyrano de Bergerac* as well as productions produced by Charles Frohman. An early important Frohman production from 1902 was Oscar Wilde's *The Importance of Being Earnest* his costars being Charles Richman, Margaret Anglin and Margaret Dale. For three years after 1902 he appeared as leading man in plays starring Virginia Harned the ex-wife of E. H. Sothern and seven years Courtenay's senior. They married around 1905 and Courtenay continued being a popular leading man on Broadway. Virginia Harned largely retired from acting after one or two more plays to be Mrs. William Courtenay. They had no children. In 1913 he was chosen for the lead in *Romance* by Edward Sheldon and starring Doris Keane in the role of a lifetime. The lead role in this soon to be famous and very long running play made Courtenay more famous. Sheldon had originally offered the part to his friend actor John Barrymore who declined and later regretted it. Keane and Courtenay performed the play over a thousand performances.

## Motion pictures

In 1915 and some twenty years after *Miss Jerry*, Courtenay began appearing in silent films. Still handsome and quite famous as an actor he worked for such studios as William A. Brady's World Pictures, Vitagraph and most of all Pathe. For the next fifteen years he appeared alternatively in plays and motion pictures. His first of five sound films, *Evidence* for Warner Brothers, is lost. His penultimate sound film *Three Faces East* with Constance Bennett is restored and on Warner on-demand DVD.

## Death

William Courtenay died at Rye, New York on April 20, 1933. His widow Virginia died in 1946.

## Filmography

## InfoBox

| William Courtenay | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | William Hancock Kelly
(1875-06-19)June 19, 1875
Worcester, Massachusetts |
| Died | April 20, 1933(1933-04-20) (aged 57)
Rye, New York |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1894-1930 |
| Spouse | Virginia Harned |


title: 1974 Special Honours

abstract: As part of the British honours system, Special Honours are issued at the Monarch's pleasure at any given time. The Special Honours refer to the awards made within royal prerogative, operational honours and other honours awarded outside the New Years Honours and Birthday Honours.

text:
# 1974 Special Honours

As part of the British honours system, **Special Honours** are issued at the Monarch's pleasure at any given time. The Special Honours refer to the awards made within royal prerogative, operational honours and other honours awarded outside the New Years Honours and Birthday Honours.

## Most Excellent Order of the British Empire

### Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)

Military Division Army

### Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)

Military Division Army * Lieutenant-Colonel Michael Vincent Hayward, M.B.E. (415786), The Queen's Regiment.
* Lieutenant-Colonel Warren Herbert Sillitoe (400065), The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers.
* Lieutenant-Colonel John Charles Wakerley (458786), Army Legal Department
* Lieutenant-Colonel Guy Hansard Watkins (430472), Royal Regiment of Artillery.

### Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)

Military Division Army * Major Michael John Campbell-Lamerton (425196), The Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding).
* 22792358 Warrant Officer Class 1 Dennis Connell, Royal Corps of Signals.
* Major Brian Goring (443455), The Queen's Regiment.
* Captain Michael John Menage (470114), The Royal Anglian Regiment.
* Captain Kevin Francis Robbin (476091), The Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire.
* Captain Richard Hugh Whittington (489936), Corps of Royal Engineers.
* 23749087 Warrant Officer Class 2 John Alexander Wraith, Royal Corps of Signals.
* Major Antony Peter Wright (459339), The Worcestershire and Sherwood Foresters Regiment (29th/45th Foot)

## George Medal (GM)

* 3856214 Staff Sergeant Allan George Griffin, Royal Army Ordnance Corps.
* Major John Albert Jackson, M.B.E. (455036), Royal Army Ordnance Corps.
* 23503123 Warrant Officer Class 2 David Oldham, Royal Army Ordnance Corps.

## British Empire Medal for Gallantry (BEM)

* 24026532 Sergeant Frank Haley, Royal Army Ordnance Corps.
* 4011617 Bombardier Peter Lyons, Royal Regiment of Artillery.
* 23876271 Staff Sergeant Ian James Frazer Munro, Royal Army Ordnance Corps.
* 23882230 Corporal (Acting Sergeant)Robert William Nicholls, The Royal Anglian Regiment.
* 23971052 Corporal Michael Henry Smith, Royal Pioneer Corps.
* 23950646 Lance Corporal (Acting Corporal) Paul Keith Sumner, The Royal Green Jackets.
* 24236713 Trooper Derek Graham Woolley, Royal Tank Regiment.

## British Empire Medal (BEM)

* 23891379 Staff Sergeant Charles Seth Apcar, Intelligence Corps.
* 23483170 Staff Sergeant Matthew Lever Hall, The Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding).

## Military Medal (MM)

* 24068579 Lance Corporal (Acting Corporal) Richard John Tyson, The Royal Green Jackets.

## Mentioned in Despatches

* Lieutenant Commander Roger Ernest Arnold-Shrubb.

### Army

* Lieutenant Nigel Stephen Alderman (491400), The Royal Hampshire Regiment.
* Major William Anthony Allen (451181), Royal Tank Regiment.
* 23733711 Staff Sergeant Leslie Lawrence Winston Bowen, Royal Army Ordnance Corps.
* 24070412 Lance Corporal Raymond George Brooks, Royal Army Ordnance Corps.
* Lieutenant Colonel Peter Henry Brumham (420790), Royal Regiment of Artillery.
* 23673607 Sergeant Neville Roger Cox, Royal Corps of Signals.
* 23515756 Staff Sergeant Dicker, The Royal Hampshire Regiment.
* 24031643 Staff Sergeant Stuart Roy Dicker, Intelligence Corps.
* 23870011 Sergeant Brian John Michael Draper, 14th/ 20th Kings Hussars.
* Lieutenant Colonel John Robin Garnet Nial Evelegh (439734), The Royal Green Jackets.
* Lieutenant Maurice Walter Ewence (491147), Royal Regiment of Artillery.
* 23928952 Corporal (Acting Sergeant) William Foxton, The Royal Green Jackets.
* 22807132 Warrant Officer Class 1 Geoffrey Garrick, Royal Army Ordnance Corps.
* 23893862 Sergeant (Acting Staff Sergeant) Charles Frederick Heyman, The Royal Green Jackets.
* Major Kenneth Hurrell Hedges (472088), Royal Army Medical Corps.
* 24139886 Lance Corporal (Acting Corporal) Stanley Louis Holman, The Royal Green Jackets.
* 24141783 Lance Corporal (Acting Corporal) Jeffrey Robert Knight, Grenadier Guards.
* 24123917 Bombardier Graham Lewis, Royal Regiment of Artillery.
* Lieutenant Colonel Leslie John Philip Morrish (437126), The Royal Hampshire Regiment.
* Lieutenant Colonel Robert Alan Pascoe, M.B.E. (424428), The Royal Green Jackets.
* 22053015 Warrant Officer Class 1 Reginald Phillips, Royal Army Ordnance Corps.
* 22801083 Warrant Officer Class 1 George James Pinchin, The Duke of Edinburgh's Royal Regiment (Berkshire and Wiltshire).
* Major Thomas Michael Plewman (444859), Corps of Royal Military Police.
* Major Malcolm James Spencer Reed (449041), Royal Regiment of Artillery.
* 24221855 Lance Corporal David John Rimmer, The Royal Green Jackets,
* Captain (acting Major) Richard John Rimmer (479330), The Royal Green Jackets.
* Captain Anthony John Shipley (482834), Royal Corps of Transport.
* Major Henry Martin Lockhart Smith (455097), Grenadier Guards.
* 24161648 Private Philip Alan Smith, The Queen's Regiment.
* Major John Gerald Thomas Southwood (453557), The Royal Hampshire Regiment.
* Captain William Boyd Squires (487857), Royal Army Ordnance Corps.
* 24281183 Lance Corporal Ronald William St. John, The Royal Hampshire Regiment.
* W//441777 Private Kathleen Taylor, Women's Royal Army Corps.
* Captain (Acting Major) Alan Elliott Thompson, M.B.E., M.C. (471365), The Royal Anglian Regiment.
* Major Peter Loftus Troughton (459134), Royal Regiment of Artillery.
* 22776550 Staff Sergeant Robin John Wherry, Royal Corps of Signals.
* Captain John Albert Wilkins (493390), Royal Corps of Signals.
* 23751021 Staff Sergeant Paul Wilkinson, Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding).
* Captain Robert George Woodfield (490320), Grenadier Guards.

### Air Force

* Acting Warrant Officer William Elvin (K4020755).
* X4270624 Corporal Alfred Francis Wood, Royal Air Force Regiment.


title: Three levels of leadership model

abstract: The Three Levels of Leadership is a leadership model formulated in 2011 by James Scouller. Designed as a practical tool for developing a person's leadership presence, knowhow and skill. It aims to summarize what leaders have to do, not only to bring leadership to their group or organization, but also to develop themselves technically and psychologically as leaders. It has been classified as an "integrated psychological" theory of leadership. It is sometimes known as the 3P model of leadership. The Three Levels of Leadership model attempts to combine the strengths of older leadership theories while addressing their limitations and, at the same time, offering a foundation for leaders wanting to apply the philosophies of servant leadership and "authentic leadership".

text:
# Three levels of leadership model

**The Three Levels of Leadership** is a leadership model formulated in 2011 by James Scouller. Designed as a practical tool for developing a person's leadership presence, knowhow and skill. It aims to summarize what leaders have to do, not only to bring leadership to their group or organization, but also to develop themselves technically and psychologically as leaders. It has been classified as an "integrated psychological" theory of leadership. It is sometimes known as the 3P model of leadership (the three Ps standing for Public, Private and Personal leadership).

The Three Levels of Leadership model attempts to combine the strengths of older leadership theories (i.e. traits, behavioral/styles, situational, functional) while addressing their limitations and, at the same time, offering a foundation for leaders wanting to apply the philosophies of servant leadership and "authentic leadership".

## Limitations of older leadership theories

In reviewing the older leadership theories, Scouller highlighted certain limitations in relation to the development of a leader's skill and effectiveness:

* **Trait theory:** As Stogdill (1948) and Buchanan & Huczynski (1997) had previously pointed out, this approach has failed to develop a universally agreed list of leadership qualities and "successful leaders seem to defy classification from the traits perspective". Moreover, because traits theory gave rise to the idea that leaders are born not made, Scouller (2011) argued that its approach is better suited to selecting leaders than developing them.
* **Behavioral styles theory:** Blake and Mouton, in their managerial grid model, proposed five leadership styles based on two axes – concern for the task versus concern for people. They suggested that the ideal is the "team style", which balances concern for the task with concern for people. Scouller (2011) argued that this ideal approach may not suit all circumstances; for example, emergencies or turnarounds.
* **Situational/contingency theories:** Most of these (e.g. Hersey & Blanchard's situational leadership theory, House's path–goal theory, Tannenbaum & Schmidt's leadership continuum) assume that leaders can change their behavior at will to meet differing circumstances, when in practice many find it hard to do so even after training because of unconscious fixed beliefs, fears or ingrained habits. For this reason, leaders need to work on their underlying psychology if they are to attain the flexibility to apply these theories (Scouller, 2011).
* **Functional theories:** Widely used approaches like Kouzes & Posner's Five Leadership Practices model and Adair's Action-Centered Leadership theory assume that once the leader understands – and has been trained in – the required leadership behaviors, he or she will apply them as needed, regardless of their personality. However, as with the situational theories, Scouller noted that many cannot do so because of hidden beliefs and old habits so again he argued that most leaders may need to master their inner psychology if they are to adopt unfamiliar behaviors at will.
* **Leadership presence:** The best leaders usually have something beyond their behavior – something distinctive that commands attention, wins people's trust and enables them to lead successfully, which is often called "leadership presence" (Scouller, 2011). This is possibly why the traits approach became researchers' original line of investigation into the sources of a leader's effectiveness. However, that "something" – that presence – varies from person to person and research has shown it is hard to define in terms of common personality characteristics, so the traits approach failed to capture the elusive phenomenon of presence. The other leading leadership theories do not address the nature and development of presence.

### How the three levels model addresses older theories' limitations

The section at the start of this page discussed the older theories' potential limitations. The table below explains how the Three Levels of Leadership model tries to address them.

| **Theory** | **Limitations** | **How three levels model addresses them** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Traits* | * Researchers do not agree on a common list of traits, which undermines the idea that a leader's effectiveness can be traced back to specific character qualities. * Even if they could agree, this theory does not help to develop leaders (although it would help in selecting them). | * The model accepts the premise that the best leaders have something about them ("leadership presence") that causes followers to see them as credible, inspirational and trustworthy. However, it presupposes that "presence" is unique to each person and cannot be pinned down to a shortlist of common character traits (which seems to fit the evidence from research). * The Three Levels model's solution to a means of developing one's unique leadership presence is the practice of "personal leadership", especially self-mastery. |
| *Behavioral/styles* | * Proposes one ideal style that may not be best in all circumstances. * Ignores leadership presence. | * The model does not disagree with Blake & Mouton's ideal of balancing concern for task with concern for people, but it also allows for changing the emphasis if the situation requires it. * Leadership presence is an integral part of the Three Levels model. |
| *Situational/contingency* | * Assumes everyone can change their behavior at will to suit different situations or followers, but many cannot. * Ignores people's controlling psychology. * Ignores leadership presence. | * The model supports the idea of behavioral flexibility as circumstances demand, but rests on the idea that the key to achieving it is to go beyond behavioral training and also work on one's inner psychology (that is, one's limiting beliefs and emotions) as this controls our tendency to cling to rigid, defensive behaviors. * Leadership presence is a central feature of the Three Levels model. |
| *Functional* | * Assumes that all leaders can adopt the required behaviors after behavioral training, but many cannot. * Ignores people's controlling psychology. * Ignores leadership presence. | * In some respects, the model is like the older functional models in that it concentrates on what leaders have to do in their role in order to provide leadership. However, it does not focus solely on interpersonal behavior; it also addresses what leaders can do to develop themselves technically and psychologically. The idea behind this is to help them translate functional theory into practice by freeing themselves from old, rigid, fear-based mindsets, enabling them to flex and extend their behavioral range at will. * Leadership presence is a central feature of the Three Levels model. |

## Levels

The three levels referred to in the model's name are Public, Private and Personal leadership. The model is usually presented in diagram form as three concentric circles and four outwardly directed arrows, with personal leadership in the center.

* The first two levels – **public and private leadership** – are "outer" or "behavioral" levels. Scouller distinguished between the behaviors involved in influencing two or more people simultaneously (what he called "public leadership") from the behavior needed to select and influence individuals one to one (which he called private leadership). He listed 34 distinct "public leadership" behaviors and a further 14 "private leadership" behaviors.
* The third level – **personal leadership** – is an "inner" level and concerns a person's leadership presence, knowhow, skills, beliefs, emotions and unconscious habits. *"At its heart is the leader's self-awareness, his progress toward self-mastery and technical competence, and his sense of connection with those around him. It's the inner core, the source, of a leader's outer leadership effectiveness."* (Scouller, 2011).

The idea is that if leaders want to be effective they must work on all three levels in parallel.

The two outer levels – public and private leadership – are what the leader must do behaviorally with individuals or groups to address the "four dimensions of leadership" (Scouller 2011). These are:

1. A shared, motivating group purpose or vision.
2. Action, progress and results.
3. Collective unity or team spirit.
4. Individual selection and motivation.

The inner level – personal leadership – refers to what leaders should do to grow their leadership presence, knowhow and skill. It has three aspects:

1. Developing one's technical knowhow and skill.
2. Cultivating the right attitude toward other people.
3. Working on psychological self-mastery.

Scouller argued that self-mastery is the key to growing one's leadership presence, building trusting relationships with followers and enabling behavioral flexibility as circumstances change, while staying connected to one's core values (that is, while remaining authentic). To support leaders' development, he introduced a new model of the human psyche and outlined the principles and techniques of self-mastery (Scouller 2011).

The assumption in this model is that personal leadership is the most powerful of the three levels. Scouller likened its effect to dropping a pebble in a pond and seeing the ripples spreading out from the center – hence the four arrows pointing outward in the diagram. *"The pebble represents inner, personal leadership and the ripples the two outer levels. Helpful inner change and growth will affect outer leadership positively. Negative inner change will cause the opposite."* (Scouller, 2011).

### Public leadership

Public leadership refers to the actions or behaviors that leaders take to influence two or more people simultaneously – perhaps in a meeting or when addressing a large group. Public leadership is directed towards (1) setting and agreeing a motivating vision or future for the group or organization to ensure unity of purpose; (2) creating positive peer pressure towards shared, high performance standards and an atmosphere of trust and team spirit; and (3) driving successful collective action and results. Public leadership therefore serves the first three dimensions of leadership mentioned in the overview section.

There are 34 distinct public leadership behaviors (Scouller, 2011), which break out as follows:

* *Setting the vision, staying focused:'briefing, challenging, navigating, and prioritising'* 4 behaviors.
* *Organizing, planning, giving power to others:'assigning and organising'* 2 behaviors.
* *Ideation, problem-solving, decision-making:* 10 behaviors.
* *Executing:'educating, energising, doing, measuring, following up, and tolerating'* 6 behaviors.
* *Group building and maintenance:* 12 behaviors.

Leaders need to balance their time between the 22 vision/planning/thinking/execution behaviors and the 12 group building/maintenance behaviors.

According to the Three Levels of Leadership model, the key to widening one's repertoire of public leadership behaviors (and the skill with which they are performed) is attention to personal leadership.

### Private leadership

Private leadership concerns the leader's one-to-one handling of individuals (which is the fourth of Scouller's four dimensions of leadership). Although leadership involves creating a sense of group unity, groups are composed of individuals and they vary in their ambitions, confidence, experience and psychological make-up. Therefore, they have to be treated as individuals – hence the importance of private leadership. There are 14 private leadership behaviors (Scouller, 2011):

* *Individual purpose and task* (e.g. appraising, selecting, disciplining): 5 behaviors.
* *Individual building and maintenance* (e.g. recognizing rising talent): 9 behaviors.

Some people experience the powerful conversations demanded by private leadership (e.g. performance appraisals) as uncomfortable. Consequently, leaders may avoid some of the private leadership behaviors (Scouller, 2011), which reduces their leadership effectiveness. Scouller argued that the intimacy of private leadership leads to avoidance behavior either because of a lack of skill or because of negative self-image beliefs that give rise to powerful fears of what may happen in such encounters. This is why personal leadership is so important in improving a leader's one-to-one skill and reducing his or her interpersonal fears.

### Personal leadership

Personal leadership addresses the leader's technical, psychological and moral development and its impact on his or her leadership presence, skill and behavior. It is, essentially, the key to making the theory of the two outer behavioral levels practical. Scouller went further in suggesting (in the preface of his book, *The Three Levels of Leadership*), that personal leadership is the answer to what Jim Collins called "the inner development of a person to level 5 leadership" in the book *Good to Great* – something that Collins admitted he was unable to explain.

Personal leadership has three elements: (1) technical knowhow and skill; (2) the right attitude towards other people; and (3) psychological self-mastery.

The first element, *Technical Knowhow and Skill*, is about knowing one's technical weaknesses and taking action to update one's knowledge and skills. Scouller (2011) suggested that there are three areas of knowhow that all leaders should learn: time management, individual psychology and group psychology. He also described the six sets of skills that underlie the public and private leadership behaviors: (1) group problem-solving and planning; (2) group decision-making; (3) interpersonal ability, which has a strong overlap with emotional intelligence (4) managing group process; (5) assertiveness; (6) goal-setting.

The second element, *Attitude Toward Others*, is about developing the right attitude toward colleagues in order to maintain the leader's relationships throughout the group's journey to its shared vision or goal. The right attitude is to believe that other people are as important as oneself and see leadership as an act of service (Scouller, 2011). Although there is a moral aspect to this, there is also a practical side – for a leader's attitude and behavior toward others will largely influence how much they respect and trust that person and want to work with him or her. Scouller outlined the five parts of the right attitude toward others: (1) interdependence (2) appreciation (3) caring (4) service (5) balance. The two keys, he suggested, to developing these five aspects are to ensure that:

* There is a demanding, distinctive, shared vision that everyone in the group cares about and wants to achieve.
* The leader works on self-mastery to reduce self-esteem issues that make it hard to connect with, appreciate and adopt an attitude of service towards colleagues.

The third element of personal leadership is *Self-Mastery*. It emphasizes self-awareness and flexible command of one's mind, which allows the leader to let go of previously unconscious limiting beliefs and their associated defensive habits (like avoiding powerful conversations, e.g. appraisal discussions). It also enables leaders to connect more strongly with their values, let their leadership presence flow and act authentically in serving those they lead.

Because self-mastery is a psychological process, Scouller proposed a new model of the human psyche to support its practice. In addition, he outlined the principles of – and obstacles to – personal change and proposed six self-mastery techniques, which include mindfulness meditation.

## Leadership presence

The importance and development of leadership presence is a central feature of the Three Levels of Leadership model. Scouller suggested that it takes more than the right knowhow, skills and behaviors to lead well – that it also demands "presence". Presence has been summed up in this way:

*"What is presence? At its root, it is wholeness – the rare but attainable inner alignment of self-identity, purpose and feelings that eventually leads to freedom from fear. It reveals itself as the magnetic, radiating effect you have on others when you're being the authentic you, giving them your full respect and attention, speaking honestly and letting your unique character traits flow. As leaders, we must be technically competent to gain others' respect, but it's our unique genuine presence that inspires people and prompts them to trust us – in short, to want us as their leader."* (Scouller, 2011.)

In the Three Levels of Leadership model, "presence" is not the same as "charisma". Scouller argued that leaders can be charismatic by relying on a job title, fame, skillful acting or by the projection of an aura of "specialness" by followers – whereas presence is something deeper, more authentic, more fundamental and more powerful and does not depend on social status. He contrasted the mental and moral resilience of a person with real presence with the susceptibility to pressure and immoral actions of someone whose charisma rests only on acting skills (and the power their followers give them), not their true inner qualities.

Scouller also suggested that each person's authentic presence is unique and outlined seven qualities of presence: (1) personal power – command over one's thoughts, feelings and actions; (2) high, real self-esteem; (3) the drive to be more, to learn, to grow; (4) a balance of an energetic sense of purpose with a concern for the service of others and respect for their free will; (5) intuition; (6) being in the now; (7) inner peace of mind and a sense of fulfillment.

Presence, according to this model, is developed by practicing personal leadership.

True leadership presence is, as Scouller defines it, synonymous with authenticity (being genuine and expressing one's highest values) and an attitude of service towards those being led. So in proposing self-mastery and cultivation of the right attitude toward others as a method of developing leadership presence, his model offers a "how to" counterpart to the ideas of "authentic leadership" and servant leadership.

## Shared leadership

Most traditional theories of leadership explicitly or implicitly promote the idea of the leader as the admired hero – the person with all the answers that people want to follow. The Three Levels of Leadership model shifts away from this view. It does not reject the possibility of an impressive heroic leader, but it promotes the idea that this is only one way of leading (and, indeed, following) and that shared leadership is more realistic.

This view stems from Scouller's position that leadership is a process, *"a series of choices and actions around defining and achieving a goal"*. Therefore, in his view, *"leadership is a practical challenge that's bigger than the leader."* He pointed out the danger of confusing "leadership" with the role of "leader". As other authors such as John Adair have pointed out, leadership does not have to rely on one person because anyone in a group can exert leadership. Scouller went further to suggest that *"not only can others exert leadership; they must exert it at times if a group is to be successful."* In other words, he believed that shared rather than solo leadership is not an idealistic aspiration; it is a matter of practicality. He suggested three reasons for this:

1. The sheer number of different behaviors required of leaders means they are unlikely to be equally proficient at all of them, so it is sensible for them to draw on their colleagues' strengths (that is, to allow them to lead at times).
2. It is foolish to make one person responsible for all of the many leadership behaviors as it is likely to overburden them and frustrate any colleagues who are willing and able to lead – indeed, more able to lead – in certain circumstances.
3. Shared leadership means that more people are involved in the group's big decisions and this promotes joint accountability which, as Katzenbach & Smith found in their research, is a distinct feature of high-performance teams.

Now, potentially, this leaves the leader's role unclear – after all, if anyone in a group can lead, what is the distinct purpose of the leader? Scouller said this of the leader's role: *"The purpose of a leader is to make sure there is leadership … to ensure that all four dimensions of leadership are \[being addressed\]."* The four dimensions being: (1) a shared, motivating group purpose or vision (2) action, progress and results (3) collective unity or team spirit (4) attention to individuals. For example, the leader has to ensure that there is a motivating vision or goal, but that does not mean he or she has to supply the vision on their own. That is certainly one way of leading, but it is not the only way; another way is to co-create the vision with one's colleagues.

This means that the leader can delegate, or share, part of the responsibility for leadership. However, the final responsibility for making sure that all four dimensions are covered still rests with the leader. So although leaders can let someone else lead in a particular situation, they cannot let go of responsibility to make sure there is leadership; so when the situation changes the leader must decide whether to take charge personally or pass situational responsibility to someone else.

## Criticism

One criticism of the Three Levels of Leadership model has been that it may be difficult for some leaders to use it as a guide to self-development without the assistance of a professional coach or psychotherapist at some point as many of its ideas around self-mastery are deeply psychological.


title: Oswald Lewis (bishop)

abstract: Oswald Lewis is an Indian prelate of the Catholic Church who served as the first bishop of the Diocese of Jaipur from 2005 to 2023.

text:
# Oswald Lewis (bishop)

**Oswald Lewis** (born 30 July 1944) is an Indian prelate of the Catholic Church who served as the first bishop of the Diocese of Jaipur from 2005 to 2023.

## Biography

He was born in Kemmannu village of Udupi district of Karnataka state, India, on 30 July 1944.

He was ordained a priest for the Diocese of Lucknow on 30 December 1972.

On 21 November 1997, Pope John Paul II appointed him bishop coadjutor of the Diocese of Meerut. He received his episcopal consecration on 16 April 1998. He was transferred to Jaipur before he was called on to become bishop of Meerut.

Pope Benedict XVI named him the first bishop of the newly created Diocese of Jaipur on 20 July 2005.

He was installed there on 28 August 2005.

Pope Francis accepted his resignation on 22 April 2023.

## InfoBox

| Most Reverend
Oswald Lewis | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop Emeritus of Jaipur | |
| Diocese | Jaipur |
| Appointed | 20 July 2005 |
| Installed | 28 August 2005 |
| Term ended | 22 April 2023 |
| Successor | Joseph Kallarackal |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 30 December 1972 |
| Consecration | 16 April 1998
by Cecil DeSa |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1944-07-30) 30 July 1944
Kemmannu, Madras Presidency, British India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Denomination | Roman Catholic |
| Motto | TO SERVE IN HUMILITY |