title: Timeshare

abstract: A timeshare is a property with a divided form of ownership or use rights. These properties are typically resort condominium units, in which multiple parties hold rights to use the property, and each owner of the same accommodation is allotted their period of time. Units may be sold as a partial ownership, lease, or "right to use", in which case the latter holds no claim to ownership of the property. The ownership of timeshare programs is varied, and has been changing over the decades.

text:
# Timeshare

A **timeshare** (sometimes called a **vacation ownership** or **vacation club**) is a property with a divided form of ownership or use rights. These properties are typically resort condominium units, in which multiple parties hold rights to use the property, and each owner of the same accommodation is allotted their period of time. Units may be sold as a partial ownership, lease, or "right to use", in which case the latter holds no claim to ownership of the property. The ownership of timeshare programs is varied, and has been changing over the decades.

## History

The term "timeshare" was coined in the United Kingdom in the early 1960s, expanding on a vacation system that became popular after World War II. Vacation home sharing, also known as holiday home sharing, involved four European families that would purchase a vacation cottage jointly, each having exclusive use of the property for one of the four seasons. They rotated seasons each year, so each family enjoyed the prime seasons equally. This concept was mostly used by related families because joint ownership requires trust and no property manager was involved. However, not many families vacation for an entire season at a time; so the vacation home sharing properties were often vacant for long periods.

British businesses decided to go one step further and divide a resort room into 1/50th ownership, have two weeks each year for repairs and upgrades, and charge a maintenance fee to each owner. It took almost a decade for timeshares in Europe to evolve into a smoothly run, successful business venture.

The first timeshare in the United States was started in 1974 by Caribbean International Corporation (CIC), based in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. It offered what it called a 25-year *vacation license* rather than ownership. The company owned two other resorts the *vacation license holder* could alternate their vacation weeks with: one in St. Croix and one in St. Thomas; both in the U.S. Virgin Islands. The Virgin Islands properties began their timeshare sales in 1973.

The contract was simple and straightforward: The company, CIC, promised to maintain and provide the specified accommodation type (a studio, one bedroom, or two bedroom unit) for use by the "license owner" for a period of 25 years (from 1974 to 1999, for example) in the specified season and number of weeks agreed upon, with only two extra charges: a $15.00 per diem (per night) rate, frozen at that cost for the life of the contract, and a $25.00 switching fee, should the licensee decide to use their time at one of the other resorts. The contract was based on the fact that the cost of the license, and the small per diem, compared with the projected increase in the cost of hotel rates over 25 years to over $100.00 per night, would save the license owner many vacation dollars over the span of the license agreement. Between 1974 and 1999, in the United States, inflation boosted the current cost of the per diem to $52.00, validating the cost savings assumption. The license owner was allowed to rent, or give their week away as a gift in any particular year. The only stipulation was that the $15.00 per diem must be paid every year whether the unit was occupied or not. This "must be paid yearly fee" would become the roots of what is known today as "maintenance fees", once the Florida Department of Real Estate became involved in regulating timeshares.

The timeshare concept in the United States caught the eye of many entrepreneurs due to the enormous profits to be made by selling the same room 52 times to 52 different owners at an average price in 1974–1976 of $3,500.00 per week. Shortly thereafter, the Florida Real Estate Commission stepped in, enacting legislation to regulate Florida timeshares, and make them fee simple ownership transactions. This meant that in addition to the price of the owner's vacation week, a maintenance fee and a homeowners association had to be initiated. This fee simple ownership also spawned timeshare location exchange companies, such as Interval International and RCI, so owners in any given area could exchange their week with owners in other areas.

Cancellations, or rescission, of the timeshare contract, remain the industry's biggest problems to date; the difficulty has been the subject of comedy in popular entertainment.

## Legislation

The industry is regulated in all countries where resorts are located. In Europe, it is regulated by European and by national legislation. In 1994, the European Communities adopted "The European Directive 94/47/EC of the European Parliament and Council on the protection of purchasers in respect of certain aspects of contracts relating to the purchase of the right to use immovable properties on a timeshare basis", which was subject to recent review, and resulted in the adoption on January 14, 2009, on European Directive 2008/122/EC.

### Established regulations in Mexico

On May 17, 2010, Mexico’s Ministry of Economy through the General Directorate of Standards established new regulations and requirements for developers of timeshare services. The new regulations are outlined in the Official Mexican Norm (NOM), which consists of a series of official standards and regulations applicable to diverse activities in Mexico. The following institutions were involved during the new standardization:

NOM is officially called: "NOM-029-SCFI-2010, Commercial Practices and Information Requirements for the Rendering of Timeshare Service". It established the following standards:

* Marketing companies are not allowed to offer gifts and solicit for prospective timeshare owners without clearly specifying the real purpose of the offer.
* The requirements to cancel a timeshare contract must be more practical and less burdensome.
* NOM recognizes the privacy rights of timeshare consumers. It is strictly prohibited for the timeshare provider to dispose of the consumer's personal information without written consent.
* Verbal promises must be written and established in the original timeshare contract.
* The timeshare provider must comply with all obligations written in the timeshare contract, as well as the internal rules of the timeshare resort.
* The charges that are intended to be made to the consumer must be plainly and clearly defined on the timeshare application forms, including the membership cost, and all extra fees (maintenance fees/exchange club fees).

To make the new regulations applicable to any person or entity that provides timeshares, the definition of a timeshare service provider was substantially extended and clarified. If the timeshare provider does not follow the rules decreed in NOM, the consequences may be substantial, and may include financial penalties that can range from $50 to $200,000.

## Methods of use

Owners can:

* Use their usage time
* Rent out their owned usage
* Give it as a gift
* Donate it to a charity (should the charity choose to accept the burden of the associated maintenance payments)
* Exchange internally within the same resort or resort group
* Exchange externally into thousands of other resorts
* Sell it either through traditional or online advertising, or by using a licensed broker. Timeshare contracts allow transfer through sale, but it is rarely accomplished. According to the EU Directive, Long-term holiday ownership products in the EU, which includes timeshare fixed weeks, points and fractional ownerships cannot be sold as resellable assets.

Recently, with most point systems, owners may elect to:

* Assign their usage time to the point system to be exchanged for airline tickets, hotels, travel packages, cruises, amusement park tickets
* Instead of renting all their actual usage time, rent part of their points without actually getting any usage time and use the rest of the points
* Rent more points from either the internal exchange entity or another owner to get a larger unit, more vacation time, or to a better location
* Save or move points from one year to another

Some developers, however, may limit which of these options are available at their respective properties.

Owners can elect to stay at their resort during the prescribed period, which varies depending on the nature of their ownership. In many resorts, they can rent out their week or give it as a gift to friends and family.

### Exchanging timeshares

Used as the basis for attracting mass appeal to purchasing a timeshare, is the idea of owners exchanging their week, either independently or through exchange agencies. The two largest—often mentioned in media—are RCI and Interval International (II), which combined, have over 7,000 resorts. They have resort affiliate programs, and members can only exchange with affiliated resorts. It is most common for a resort to be affiliated with only one of the larger exchange agencies, although resorts with dual affiliations are not uncommon. The timeshare resort one purchases determines which of the exchange companies can be used to make exchanges. RCI and II charge a yearly membership fee, and additional fees for when they find an exchange for a requesting member, and bar members from renting weeks for which they already have exchanged.

Owners can also exchange their weeks or points through independent exchange companies. Owners can exchange without needing the resort to have a formal affiliation agreement with the companies, if the resort of ownership agrees to such arrangements in the original contract.

Due to the promise of exchange, timeshares often sell regardless of the location of their deeded resort. What is not often disclosed is the difference in trading power depending on the location, and season of the ownership. If a resort is in a prime vacation region, it will exchange extremely well depending on the season and week that is assigned to the particular unit trying to make an exchange. However, timeshares in highly desirable locations and **high season** time slots are the most expensive in the world, subject to demand typical of any heavily trafficked vacation area. An individual who owns a timeshare in the American desert community of Palm Springs, California, in the middle of July or August will possess a much reduced ability to exchange time, because fewer come to a resort at a time when the temperatures are in excess of 110 °F (43 °C).

## Varieties

### Deeded versus right-to-use contracts

A major difference in types of vacation ownership is between deeded and right-to-use contracts.

With **deeded contracts** the use of the resort is usually divided into week-long increments and are sold as **real property** via fractional ownership. As with any other piece of real estate, the owner may do whatever is desired: use the week, rent it, give it away, leave it to heirs, or sell the week to another prospective buyer. The owner is also liable for an equal portion of the real estate taxes, which usually are collected with condominium maintenance fees. The owner can potentially deduct some property-related expenses, such as real estate taxes from taxable income.

**Deeded ownership** can be as complex as outright property ownership in that the structure of deeds vary according to local property laws. **Leasehold deeds** are common and offer ownership for a fixed period of time after which the ownership reverts to the freeholder. Occasionally, leasehold deeds are offered in perpetuity, however many deeds do not convey ownership of the land, but merely the apartment or unit (housing) of the accommodation.

With **right-to-use contracts**, a purchaser has the right to use the property in accordance with the contract, but at some point the contract ends and all rights revert to the property owner. Thus, a right-to-use contract grants the right to use the resort for a specific number of years. In many countries there are severe limits on foreign property ownership; thus, this is a common method for developing resorts in countries such as Mexico. Care should be taken with this form of ownership as the right to use often takes the form of a *club membership* or the right to use the reservation system, where the reservation system is owned by a company not in the control of the owners. *The right to use may be lost with the demise of the controlling company*, because a right to use purchaser's contract is *usually* only good with the current owner, and if that owner sells the property, the lease holder could be out of luck depending on the structure of the contract, and/or *current* laws in foreign venues.

### Fixed-week ownership

The formerly common unit of sale is a fixed week; the resort will have a calendar enumerating the weeks roughly starting with the first calendar week of the year. An owner may own a deed to use a unit for a single specified week; for example, week 51 typically includes Christmas. An individual who owns Week 26 at a resort can use only that week in each year.

### Floating-week ownership

Sometimes units are sold as floating weeks, in which a contract specifies the number of weeks held by each owner and from which weeks the owner may select for his stay. An example of this may be a floating summer week, in which the owner may choose any single week during the summer. In such a situation, there is likely to be greater competition during weeks featuring holidays, while lesser competition is likely when schools are still in session. Some floating contracts exclude major holidays so they may be sold as fixed weeks.

### Rotating or flex-week ownership

Some are sold as rotating weeks, commonly referred to as *flex* weeks. In an attempt to give all owners a chance for the best weeks, the weeks are rotated forward or backward through the calendar, so in year 1 the owner may have use of week 25, then week 26 in year 2, and then week 27 in year 3. This method gives each owner a fair opportunity for prime weeks, but unlike its name, it is **not** flexible.

### Points programs

A variant form of real estate-based timeshare that combines features of deeded timeshare with right-to-use offerings was developed by Disney Vacation Club (DVC) in 1991. Purchasers of DVC timeshare interests, whom DVC calls *members* receive a deed conveying an undivided real property interest in a timeshare unit. Each DVC member's property interest is accompanied by an annual allotment of *vacation points* in proportion to the size of the property interest. DVC's **vacation points system** is marketed as *highly flexible* and may be used in different increments for vacation stays at DVC resorts in a variety of accommodations from studios to three-bedroom villas. DVC's vacation points can be exchanged for vacations worldwide in non-Disney resorts, or may be *banked* into or *borrowed* from future years.

DVC's deeded/vacation point structure, which has been used at all of its timeshare resorts, has been adopted by other large timeshare developers including the Hilton Grand Vacations Company, the Marriott Vacation Club, the Holiday Inn Club Vacations, the Hyatt Residence Club and Accor in France.

Resort-based points programs are also sold as deeded and as right to use. Points programs annually give the owner a number of points equal to the level of ownership. The owner in a points program can then use these points to make travel arrangements within the resort group. Many points programs are affiliated with large resort groups offering a large selection of options for destination. Many resort point programs provide flexibility from the traditional week stay. Resort point program members, such as WorldMark by Wyndham and Diamond Resorts International, may request from the entire available inventory of the resort group.

A points program member may often request fractional weeks as well as full or multiple week stays. The number of points required to stay at the resort in question will vary based on a points chart. The points chart will allow for factors such as:

* Popularity of the resort
* Size of the accommodations
* Number of nights
* Desirability of the season

## Types and sizes of accommodations

Timeshare properties tend to be apartment style accommodations ranging in size from studio units (with room for two), to three and four bedroom units. These larger units can usually accommodate large families comfortably. Units normally include fully equipped kitchens with a dining area, dishwasher, televisions, DVD players, etc. It is not uncommon to have washers and dryers in the unit or accessible on the resort property. The kitchen area and amenities will reflect the size of the particular unit in question.

Units are usually listed by how many the unit will sleep and how many the unit will sleep privately. Traditionally, but not exclusively:

* Sleeps 2/2 would normally be a one bedroom or studio
* Sleeps 6/4 would normally be a two bedroom with a sleeper sofa

Timeshares are sold worldwide, and every venue has its own unique descriptions.

Sleep privately usually refers to the number of guests who will not have to walk through another guest's sleeping area to use a restroom. Timeshare resorts tend to be strict on the number of guests permitted per unit.

Unit size affects the cost and demand at any given resort. The same does not hold true comparing resorts in different locations. A one-bedroom unit in a desirable location may still be more expensive and in higher demand than a two-bedroom accommodation in a resort with less demand. An example of this may be a one-bedroom at a desirable beach resort compared to a two-bedroom unit at a resort located inland from the same beach.

## Sales incentives

Timeshare sales staffs often provide incentives, including free or deeply discounted hotel rooms, tickets, and gifts, for the prospective buyer to take a tour of the property.

### The tour

The prospective buyers (or "prospects") are seated in a hospitality room with many tables and chairs to accommodate families. The prospects are assigned a tour guide, who may be a licensed real estate agent. Procedures vary from venue to venue. After a warm-up period and some coffee or snack, a podium speaker welcomes the prospects to the resort, and shows a promotional video.

The prospects are then invited to take a tour of the property. Depending on the resort's available inventory, the tour will include an accommodation that the tour guide or agent feels will best fit the prospect's family's needs. After the tour, the group returns to the hospitality room for a verbal sales presentation. During the presentation, they are handed the resort exchange book from RCI, Interval International, or whatever exchange company is associated with that particular resort property. The prospects are asked about the places they would like to visit if they were timeshare owners. The rest of the presentation is designed around the responses the prospective buyers give to that question.

If the guide is licensed, the prospect is quoted the retail price of the particular unit that best seemed to fit the prospective buyer's needs. If the tour guide is not a licensed agent, a licensed agent steps in to present the price. If the prospect replies with "no", or "I would like to think about it", the prospect will then be given a new incentive to buy. This incentive will usually be a discounted price that is only "good today" (which is untrue). If again, the reply is "no", or "I would like to think about it", the sales agent asks the prospect to please talk to one of the managers before the prospect leaves.

A sales manager, assistant manager or project director may be called to the table for "T.O.", for "takeover", to find an incentive, usually in the form of a smaller, less expensive unit, or a traded in unit from another owner. A common T.O. tactic is to claim that a lower price is exclusive to a specific buyer. If one incentive doesn't move a prospect to purchase, another will follow shortly, until the prospect has either purchased, convinced the sales crew that they are uninterested, or has left on their own.

### Cancellation of a timeshare contract

Timeshare sales are often high pressure and fast moving. Some people sign a contract, then want to cancel it shortly thereafter.

U.S. Federal Trade Commission mandates a "cooling off period" that allows people to cancel some types of purchases without penalty within three days. Additionally, almost all U.S. states have laws that specifically govern cancellation of timeshare contracts. In Florida, a new timeshare owner can cancel the purchase within ten days. The law differs by jurisdiction as to whether out-of-state purchasers are subject to the rescission period of their state of residence, or the rescission period of the state where the timeshare purchase was made.

Another common practice is to have the prospective buyer sign a "cancellation waiver", using it as an excuse to lower the price of the timeshare in exchange for the buyer waiving cancellation rights (or paying a penalty, such as losing 10% of the purchase price, if the sale is cancelled). However, such a waiver is not legally enforceable anywhere in Mexico or the United States.

There are companies that specialize in timeshare cancellation, although some cancellation companies are suspected of fraud.

## Resale market

### Market value

A resale value of a timeshare unit varies between the timeshare systems and properties. While it's possible for certain units in certain timeshare systems to appreciate in value over time, this is a rather rare event. Most properties in most timeshare systems are worth a fraction of the original price after the purchase, and often carry no value at all.

Deeds with severe restrictions on resale are typically given out for free. For example, upon resale of most Holiday Inn Club Vacations properties, the new owner can no longer use the allotted point value to make reservations at any HICV resort. They are limited to their home resort only, and booking window is shorter.

Deeds with no resale restrictions may carry some resale value, depending on the location, season, unit size, or the allotted points value. For example, large units in mountain resorts during ski season and large penthouse units in popular destinations will have some resale value. Likewise, small units in destinations saturated by timeshares, or with expensive maintenance fees compared to the value of offered points in their respective system, will have no resale value at all.

#### List of timeshare systems with severe resale restrictions

* Holiday Inn Club Vacations (excluding Gatlinburg, Lake Geneva and Myrtle Beach)
* Westgate Resorts (including some HGV-managed deeds at Elara purchased from Westgate)

### Right of first refusal

Most timeshare companies retain the right of first refusal for most of their properties. If that is a case, each owner is required to submit their purchase agreement contract to the developer and ask for a waiver. The developer may decide to exercise ROFR to purchase the subject property, thus refusing the sale to the original buyer. A transaction is typically exempted from ROFR if the purchaser is a direct family member.

Even though resales come at a fraction of original costs, developers are often reluctant to exercise the ROFR. Many sought-after deeds change hands uninterrupted. When a developer exercises the ROFR, they become the owner and must pay the same maintenance fees and property taxes to the resort's HOA, so they must maintain a healthy balance between inventory ready for sale and maintenance costs.

#### List of timeshare systems with right of first refusal on resales

## Criticism

The United States Federal Trade Commission provides consumers with information regarding timeshare pricing and other related information. Also known as Universal Lease Programs (ULPs), timeshares are considered to be securities under the law.

Many timeshare owners complain about the annual maintenance fee (which includes property taxes) being too high.

Timeshare developers contend that pricing compared to staying at hotels in the long term is projected to be lower to the timeshare owner. However, a hotel guest does not have a monthly vacation mortgage payment, upfront cost, fixed schedule, maintenance fees, and preset vacation locations. Many owners also complain that the increasing cost of timeshares and accompanying maintenance and exchange fees are rising faster than hotel rates in the same areas.

The industry's reputation has been severely injured by the comparison of the timeshare salesman to the used car salesman, because of the sales pressure put on the prospective buyer to "buy today". "The discounted price I quoted you is only good if you buy today", is the industry standard's pitch to close the sale on the first visit to the resort. Many have left a timeshare tour complaining of being exhausted by the barrage of salespeople they had to deal with before they finally exited the tour. The term "TO", or "turn over" man, was coined in the land industry, and quickly evolved to the timeshare industry. Once the original tour guide or salesman gives the prospective buyer the pitch and price, the "TO" is sent in to drop the price and secure the down payment.

Exiting a timeshare without the cooperation of the developer is not easy, and often requires the assistance of a specialist. This specialist may be a broker who works both sides of the market, or an attorney who can litigate the contract. While some timeshare exit specialists are legitimate, the business is plagued by scammers who cold-call owners and solicit payment in advance for nonexistent services. The original buyer of a timeshare generally takes a substantial loss when a timeshare is successfully resold. In 2017, Spanish police arrested 35 people in connection with a fraudulent timeshare resale operation on the Costa del Sol that had taken an estimated £11m profit from 500 victims.


title: Timothy P. Kerner Sr.

abstract: Timothy P. Kerner is an American politician serving as a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from the 84th district. Elected in November 2019, he assumed office on January 13, 2020.

text:
# Timothy P. Kerner Sr.

**Timothy P. Kerner** is an American politician serving as a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from the 84th district. Elected in November 2019, he assumed office on January 13, 2020.

## Early life and education

Kerner was born in Jean Lafitte, Louisiana. He graduated from Fisher Middle-High School.

## Career

Tim Kerner Sr. began his career working in the shrimp industry in his home town of Jean Lafitte and later served in the Jefferson Parish Sheriff's Office. He then served 7 terms as mayor of Jean Lafitte from 1992 to 2020. During his tenure as mayor, Kerner led a number of important civic and infrastructure improvements, including: a visitor center, museum, 1,300-seat auditorium, library, civic center, baseball park, senior center, medical clinic, art gallery, and nature trail. A major accomplishment as mayor was the creation of the Lafitte Area Independent Levee District that eventually secured over $300 million in funds to build tidal protection levees and flood walls to protect the communities of Jean Lafitte, Lafitte, Crown Point and Barataria. Kerner was elected to the Louisiana House of Representatives in November 2019 and assumed office on January 13, 2020. His son, Timothy Kerner, Jr. was elected as mayor of the town in 2020.

## Personal life

Kerner and his wife, Darla, have three children. His son, Timothy Kerner Jr., is mayor of Jean Lafitte.

## InfoBox

| Timothy Kerner | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Louisiana House of Representatives
from the 84th district | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
January 13, 2020 | |
| Preceded by | Patrick Connick |
| Mayor of Jean Lafitte | |
| **In office**
1992–2020 | |
| Succeeded by | Timothy Kerner Jr. |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Republican |
| Children | 3 |
|  | |


title: Timothy P. Sheehan

abstract: Timothy Patrick Sheehan of Chicago was a U.S. Representative from Illinois from 1951 to 1959. He was a candidate for mayor of Chicago in 1959. Sheehan was well respected by a number of prominent Democrats of his era, including Senator Robert F. Kennedy. He was responsible for mentoring a number of the current members of the House of Representatives and the Senate. Despite losing a lop-sided election to Mayor Daley in 1959, Sheehan remained friendly with his Democrat counterpart for years to come. Mayor Daley once stated, out respect for the Illinois Congressman, "he should have been a Democrat." Sheehan voted in favor of the Civil Rights Act of 1957. During his tenure in the House of Representatives, Sheehan served with some the most famous Americans of the 20th Century, including John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon, and Gerald Ford. Sheehan made the statement that the United States should consider annexation of Canada during the start of the Cold War, which received notoriety in the USSR propaganda entitled "Yankees in Canada", which portrayed America as expansionist.

text:
# Timothy P. Sheehan

**Timothy Patrick Sheehan** (February 21, 1909 – October 8, 2000) of Chicago was a U.S. Representative from Illinois from 1951 to 1959. He was a candidate for mayor of Chicago in 1959.

Sheehan was well respected by a number of prominent Democrats of his era, including Senator Robert F. Kennedy. He was responsible for mentoring a number of the current members of the House of Representatives and the Senate. Despite losing a lop-sided election to Mayor Daley in 1959, Sheehan remained friendly with his Democrat counterpart for years to come. Mayor Daley once stated, out respect for the Illinois Congressman, "he should have been a Democrat." Sheehan voted in favor of the Civil Rights Act of 1957.

During his tenure in the House of Representatives, Sheehan served with some the most famous Americans of the 20th Century, including John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon, and Gerald Ford.

Sheehan made the statement that the United States should consider annexation of Canada during the start of the Cold War, which received notoriety in the USSR propaganda entitled "Yankees in Canada", which portrayed America as expansionist.

## InfoBox

| Timothy P. Sheehan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Illinois's 11th district | |
| **In office**
January 3, 1951  January 3, 1959 | |
| Preceded by | Chester A. Chesney |
| Succeeded by | Roman Pucinski |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1909-02-21)February 21, 1909
Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | October 8, 2000(2000-10-08) (aged 91)
Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
|  | |


title: Tisha (album)

abstract: Tisha is the debut and only studio album by American actress-singer Tisha Campbell, which was released in 1993 by Capitol/EMI Records. The album features the singles "Push" and "Love Me Down". Following its release, the album failed to chart on the Billboard 200 or Hot R&B Albums charts and peaked at number 37 on Billboard's Heatseekers.

text:
# Tisha (album)

***Tisha*** is the debut and only studio album by American actress-singer Tisha Campbell, which was released in 1993 by Capitol/EMI Records. The album features the singles "Push" and "Love Me Down". Following its release, the album failed to chart on the *Billboard* 200 or Hot R&B Albums charts and peaked at number 37 on *Billboard's* Heatseekers.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Love Me Down" | Vassal Benford, Alan "Byrd" Tatum | 4:38 |
| 2. | "Push" | Valarie Davis, Steve Harvey, Lloyd Avery II | 4:21 |
| 3. | "All Good Things (Come in Time)" | Derek Bramble | 5:27 |
| 4. | "Wrap Your Love" | Stacy Habeeb, David Bellochio, Derek Bramble | 4:22 |
| 5. | "Broken Hearted" | Tisha Campbell, David A. Williams, Mona Campbell | 5:08 |
| 6. | "Love's Got a Hold on Me" | Donald Robinson, Cathy Block | 5:51 |
| 7. | "Round 'n' Round" | Vassal Benford, Ronald Spearman | 4:57 |
| 8. | "The Feelin's Right" | Vassal Benford, Ronald Spearman | 5:15 |
| 9. | "Why Won't You Love Me?" | Tisha Campbell, Mona Campbell | 4:53 |
| 10. | "If This is Love" | Derek Bramble | 4:15 |
| 11. | "Love Me Down" (L.A. Jay Extended Remix) |  | 5:15 |

"Round 'n' Round" contains a sample from "N.E. Heartbreak" by New Edition.

## Charts

| Chart (1993) | Peak<br>position |
| --- | --- |
| U.S. *Billboard* Heatseekers | 37 |

**Singles**

* Push (1993)
* Love Me Down (1993)

## InfoBox

| Tisha | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Tisha Campbell | |
| Released | January 4, 1993 |
| Recorded | 1992 |
| Genre | R&B |
| Length | 54:22 |
| Label | Capitol/EMI Records |
| Producer | Vassal Benford, Derek Bramble, David A. Williams, Dennis Williams, Donald Robinson |


title: Time Bomb (1994 film)

abstract: Time Bomb is a 1994 Indian Kannada-language action thriller film directed by Joe Simon and written and produced by N. Utthamchand Jain. The film starred Vishnuvardhan, Tiger Prabhakar Devaraj, Shruthi and Sowmya Kulkarni in the leading roles. The film's music is scored by Hamsalekha whilst the cinematography is by Johny Lal.

text:
# Time Bomb (1994 film)

***Time Bomb*** is a 1994 Indian Kannada-language action thriller film directed by Joe Simon and written and produced by N. Utthamchand Jain. The film starred Vishnuvardhan, Tiger Prabhakar Devaraj, Shruthi and Sowmya Kulkarni in the leading roles. The film's music is scored by Hamsalekha whilst the cinematography is by Johny Lal.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

The music of the film was composed and lyrics written by Hamsalekha. After release, the soundtrack was well received. Audio was released on Manoranjan Music label.

Track listing
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Ee Bombat Bombe" | Hamsalekha |  |
| 2. | "Mutthina Butti Kattikondu" | Hamsalekha |  |
| 3. | "Alli Bombu Illi Bombu" | Hamsalekha |  |
| 4. | "Guyya Guyya" | Hamsalekha |  |
| 5. | "Jhumma Jhumma" | Hamsalekha |  |

## InfoBox

| Time Bomb | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Joe Simon |
| Written by | N. Utthamchand Jain |
| Produced by | N. Utthamchand Jain |
| Starring | Vishnuvardhan
Devaraj
Tiger Prabhakar
Shruthi |
| Cinematography | Johny Lal |
| Edited by | Suresh Urs |
| Music by | Hamsalekha |
| Release date | * 4 February 1994 (1994-02-04) |
| Running time | 146 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Kannada |


title: Time Bomb (Hinton novel)

abstract: Time Bomb is a novel by British author Nigel Hinton which was first published in 2005. It is set in 1949 and tells the story of four boys who found an un exploded bomb where they played.

text:
# Time Bomb (Hinton novel)

**Time Bomb** is a novel by British author Nigel Hinton which was first published in 2005. It is set in 1949 and tells the story of four boys who found an un exploded bomb where they played.

## Concept

The concept came to the author whilst he was waiting at traffic lights in his car. He thought of the phrase 'I've never told this story to anyone because when I was twelve I swore on an oath in blood that I would never tell it.' It is also based on his childhood in the post war years.

## Reception

Inis Magazine praised the narrative around the lives of the youngsters and the glimpses into their fears and their emotions.

## InfoBox

Time Bomb
| The cover of the first edition. | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Nigel Hinton |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Teenage fiction |
| Publisher | Puffin Books (original UK), Tricycle Press (original USA), CB Creative |
| Publication date | 6 January 2005 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Hardback, Paperback, E-book |
| ISBN | 978-0141318332 |


title: Time Team series 17

abstract: This is a list of Time Team episodes from series 17. The series was released on DVD in 2013.

text:
# Time Team series 17

This is a list of *Time Team* episodes from series 17. The series was released on DVD (region 2) in 2013.

## Episode

### Series 17

Episode # refers to the air date order. The Time Team Specials are aired in between regular episodes, but are omitted from this list. Regular contributors on *Time Team* include: Tony Robinson (presenter); archaeologists Mick Aston, Phil Harding, Helen Geake; Guy de la Bedoyere (historian); Victor Ambrus (illustrator); Stewart Ainsworth (landscape investigator); John Gater (geophysicist); Henry Chapman (surveyor).

| Episode # | Series # | Episode Title | Location | Coordinates | Original airdate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 210 | 1 | "Corridors Of Power" | Westminster Abbey, London | 51°29′58″N 0°07′39″W / 51.49944°N 0.12750°W / 51.49944; -0.12750 | 18 April 2010 (2010-04-18) |
| Surrounded by the sites and sounds of Parliament Square the archaeologists have three days to pin down the location of a lost sacristy and uncover the Anglo Saxon origins of the Abbey. | | | | | | |
| 211 | 2 | "A Saintly Site" | Isle of Mull, Inner Hebrides | 56°36′42″N 6°04′52″W / 56.61167°N 6.08111°W / 56.61167; -6.08111 | 25 April 2010 (2010-04-25) |
| *Time Team* descend on the Isle of Mull at the invitation of two local amateur archaeologists to investigate a mysterious set of earthworks in a forest near Tobermory. Could they be the remains of a chapel from the time of St Columba? | | | | | | |
| 212 | 3 | "Bridge Over The River Tees" | Piercebridge, County Durham | 54°32′7″N 1°40′28″W / 54.53528°N 1.67444°W / 54.53528; -1.67444 | 2 May 2010 (2010-05-02) |
| Tony Robinson and the Team get their feet wet as they examine a stretch of the River Tees where local divers have found over 2000 Roman finds. With part of the site beneath the water some of *Time Team'*s finest have to squeeze into wet suits and brave the fast flowing river. They are joined by English Heritage's Ben Robinson. | | | | | | |
| 213 | 4 | "In The Halls Of A Saxon King" | Sutton Courtenay, Oxfordshire
(actually Drayton, Oxfordshire) | 51°38′23″N 1°17′43″W / 51.63972°N 1.29528°W / 51.63972; -1.29528 | 9 May 2010 (2010-05-09) |
| The Team tries to locate one of the rarest of archaeological sites – an Anglo Saxon royal complex. Aerial photos suggest this empty Oxfordshire field could have been the home of royalty over a thousand years ago, but is it ever that simple? | | | | | | |
| 214 | 5 | "The Massacre In The Cellar" | Hopton Castle, Shropshire | 52°23′45″N 2°55′54″W / 52.39583°N 2.93167°W / 52.39583; -2.93167 | 16 May 2010 (2010-05-16) |
| The team visit the remains of Hopton Castle in Shropshire and attempt to put together a piece-by-piece reconstruction of the battle which took place there during the English Civil War. | | | | | | |
| 216 | 6 | "Potted History" | Mildenhall, Wiltshire | 51°25′23″N 1°41′27″W / 51.42306°N 1.69083°W / 51.42306; -1.69083 | 23 May 2010 (2010-05-23) |
| The team have been unearthing the remains of Cunetio, a Roman town in Mildenhall. It is the first proper excavation of the town in over fifty years. | | | | | | |
| 218 | 7 | "Death and Dominoes: The First POW Camp" | Norman Cross, Cambridgeshire | 52°30′20″N 00°17′25″W / 52.50556°N 0.29028°W / 52.50556; -0.29028 | 3 October 2010 (2010-10-03) |
| Tony, joined by English Heritage's Ben Robinson and others, explores the world's first built prisoner of war camp. | | | | | | |
| 219 | 8 | "Something For The Weekend" | Tregruk Castle, Llangybi, Monmouthshire | 51°40′17″N 2°55′15″W / 51.67139°N 2.92083°W / 51.67139; -2.92083 | 10 October 2010 (2010-10-10) |
| 221 | 9 | "Governor's Green" | Governor's Green, Portsmouth | 50°47′19″N 1°06′11″W / 50.78861°N 1.10306°W / 50.78861; -1.10306 | 24 October 2010 (2010-10-24) |
| The Team visit Portsmouth to try and uncover one of the city's oldest buildings - a medieval hospital. But after three days of bone-chilling weather and confusing archaeology can the Team work out what stood on Governor's Green over 500 years ago? | | | | | | |
| 222 | 10 | "Priory Engagement" | Burford, Oxfordshire | 51°48′28″N 1°38′13″W / 51.80778°N 1.63694°W / 51.80778; -1.63694 | 31 October 2010 (2010-10-31) |
| The Team descend upon the Oxfordshire town of Burford to respond to very special challenge - from *Time Team'*s own Professor Mick Aston. They have just three days to uncover a medieval hospital under the front lawn whilst searching for Anglo Saxons in the vegetable garden. | | | | | | |
| 223 | 11 | "There's A Villa Here Somewhere" | Litlington, Cambridgeshire | 52°03′57″N 0°05′14″W / 52.06583°N 0.08722°W / 52.06583; -0.08722 | 7 November 2010 (2010-11-07) |
| But has 18th-century quarrying destroyed all meaninful evidence? Ben Robinson supervises this dig in the absence of Mick Aston. The end results are shown to the appreciative villagers. | | | | | | |
| 224 | 12 | "Commanding Heights" | Dinmore Hill, Herefordshire | 52°09′39″N 2°42′04″W / 52.16083°N 2.70111°W / 52.16083; -2.70111 | 14 November 2010 (2010-11-14) |
| Tony and the Time Team climb a remote Herefordshire hill to investigate one of the biggest prehistoric sites ever featured. Was Dinmore Hill the site of a vast Iron Age hill fort? Needless to say Stewart doesn't think so. He is going with a much earlier cross-ridge dyke. To prove it one way or the other they need dateable finds. But the dig is hampered by torrential rain. Despite this they uncover a huge, magnificent ditch, which must have been dug by thousands of people during the Iron Age. The team are joined by historian Bettany Hughes, Hereford county archaeologist Keith Ray and environmental archaeologist Mike Allen. | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| *Time Team* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 17 | |
| Release | |
| Original network | Channel 4 |
| Original release | 18 April 2010 (2010-04-18)
17 April 2011 (2011-04-17) |
| Series chronology | |
|


title: Time Team series 13

abstract: This is a list of Time Team episodes from series 13.

text:
# Time Team series 13

This is a list of *Time Team* episodes from series 13.

## Episode

### Series 13

Episode # refers to the air date order. The Time Team Specials are aired in between regular episodes, but are omitted from this list. Regular contributors on Time Team include: Tony Robinson (presenter); archaeologists Mick Aston, Phil Harding, Helen Geake, Francis Pryor, Neil Holbrook, Brigid Gallagher, Raksha Dave, Matt Williams; Guy de la Bedoyere (Roman historian); Jackie McKinley (bones expert); Victor Ambrus (illustrator); Stewart Ainsworth (landscape investigator); John Gater (geophysicist); Henry Chapman (surveyor); Paul Blinkhorn (pottery expert); Mark Corney (Roman specialist); Faye Simpson (finds expert); Raysan Al-Kubaisi (computer graphics).

| Episode # | Series # | Episode Title | Location | Coordinates | Original airdate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 143 | 1 | "The Bodies in the Shed - Glendon's Lost Graveyard" | Glendon, Northamptonshire | 52°25′26″N 0°45′28″W / 52.423777°N 0.757779°W / 52.423777; -0.757779 | 22 January 2006 (2006-01-22) |
| The Team is visiting Glendon Hall to unravel the mystery of the human skeletons found under an outbuilding. The team are joined by Richard Morriss (historic building consultant) and Glenn Foard (landscape archaeologist). | | | | | | |
| 144 | 2 | "Villas out of Molehills" | Withington, Gloucestershire | 51°49′59″N 1°57′09″W / 51.832918°N 1.952569°W / 51.832918; -1.952569 | 29 January 2006 (2006-01-29) |
| When a colony of moles brings up pieces of mosaic floor in a Cotswold field, Tony Robinson and the team investigate whether the findings could be linked to a nearby Roman villa discovered almost 200 years ago. A local spring might give a clue to the true purpose of the building. The team are joined by local archaeologist Roger Box, and Roman specialists David Neal and Richard Reece. | | | | | | |
| 145 | 3 | "Rubble at the Mill" | Manchester, Greater Manchester | 53°29′14″N 2°14′11″W / 53.487311°N 2.236522°W / 53.487311; -2.236522 | 5 February 2006 (2006-02-05) |
| The team set to work uncovering Manchester's first cotton mill, built by one of the fathers of the Industrial Revolution, Richard Arkwright. Over three days the team uncover the remains of a complex factory and also signs of a revolutionary steam engine that was decades ahead of its time. The team are joined by Mike Nevell from Manchester University, and Jennifer Tann (technology historian). | | | | | | |
| 146 | 4 | "The First Tudor Palace?" | Esher, Surrey | 51°22′25″N 0°22′37″W / 51.373740°N 0.376815°W / 51.373740; -0.376815 | 12 February 2006 (2006-02-12) |
| The team visit Wayneflete Tower which is all that remains of a palace. Over three days they piece together the story of a site that evolved into one of the most stunning buildings of early Tudor times. They are joined by historic buildings expert Jonathan Foyle, John Guy (historian) and dendrochronologist Mick Worthington. | | | | | | |
| 147 | 5 | "The Boat on the Rhine - A Roman Boat in Utrecht" | Utrecht, Netherlands | 52°04′49″N 5°01′23″E / 52.080317°N 5.023004°E / 52.080317; 5.023004 | 19 February 2006 (2006-02-19) |
| The team is invited by Dutch archaeologists to help rescue crucial evidence from a 35-metre-long barge that once sailed the Rhine. The team has one chance to investigate the boat before the bulldozers move in.They are joined by city archaeologists Erik Graafstal and Herre Wynia, Fleur Kemmers (coin specialist) and Jaap Morel (ship archaeologist). Together with wood specialists Damian Goodburn and Esther Jansma, Phil looks at a similar barge which has been preserved and exhibited. | | | | | | |
| 148 | 6 | "Court of the Kentish King" | Eastry, Kent | 51°15′22″N 1°18′46″E / 51.256012°N 1.312794°E / 51.256012; 1.312794 | 26 February 2006 (2006-02-26) |
| The team descends on the orchards of Kent to search for the lost Anglo-Saxon palace of Eastry, and discover two likely contenders. Over three days, they dig the longest trench in Time Team history. | | | | | | |
| 149 | 7 | "The Monks' Manor" | Brimham, Harrogate, North Yorkshire | 54°03′46″N 1°39′46″W / 54.062747°N 1.662743°W / 54.062747; -1.662743 | 5 March 2006 (2006-03-05) |
| The team travels to the Yorkshire Dales to meet Chris and Barbara Bradley on their farm to uncover the remains of a monastic grange \- a medieval forerunner to the grand country house, with connections to nearby Fountains Abbey. Kerry Ely is the site supervisor, and the team are joined by Jonathan Clarke (buildings archaeologist) and Mark Newman from the National Trust. Matt is "volunteered" to lead the tough life of a medieval lay brother for 24 hours. | | | | | | |
| 150 | 8 | "Castle in the Round" | Queenborough, Kent | 51°24′58″N 0°44′55″E / 51.416134°N 0.748727°E / 51.416134; 0.748727 | 12 March 2006 (2006-03-12) |
| The team investigate the remains of Queenborough Castle on the Isle of Sheppey, built by Edward III for Queen Philippa during the Hundred Years' War. The Time Team excavate the castle mound, and opinion is divided whether this unique circular structure was built for defence or as a royal bolthole from the plague. They are joined by archaeologist Oliver Creighton, medieval historian Sam Newton and architectural historian Jonathan Foyle. | | | | | | |
| 151 | 9 | "Sussex Ups and Downs" | Blackpatch, West Sussex | 50°52′30″N 0°26′36″W / 50.874978°N 0.443323°W / 50.874978; -0.443323 | 19 March 2006 (2006-03-19) |
| The team travels to what could be a Neolithic settlement in the Sussex Downs. Initially discovered by John Pull in 1923, the site is littered with remains of 6000-year-old flint mines. But Pull claimed to have discovered a second site nearby, which has so far eluded other diggers. The team are joined by archaeologist Miles Russell, pottery expert Sue Hamilton and wood specialist Maisie Taylor. Neolithic lifestyle specialist Jacqui Wood makes some elderflower tea and threatens to make a new hat for Phil. Phil and Francis demonstrate the relative merits of mesolithic and neolithic axes. | | | | | | |
| 152 | 10 | "Birthplace of the Confessor" | Islip, Oxfordshire | 51°49′30″N 1°13′58″W / 51.825050°N 1.232742°W / 51.825050; -1.232742 | 26 March 2006 (2006-03-26) |
| The team descends upon the sleepy Oxfordshire village of Islip, the birthplace of Edward the Confessor, for one of the most challenging and intriguing excavations of the series. They are joined by architectural historians Sam Newton and Jonathan Foyle. Helen and Sam visit Westminster Abbey to view original documents relating Edward to Islip. | | | | | | |
| 153 | 11 | "Early Bath" | Ffrith, Flintshire | 53°05′25″N 3°04′11″W / 53.090283°N 3.069603°W / 53.090283; -3.069603 | 2 April 2006 (2006-04-02) |
| The team descend on the village of Ffrith in North Wales to discover if it is built on the remains of a Roman mining town. The main street runs along the route of Offa's Dyke. The dig involves excavating two gardens and the playing field, but the team are frustrated in their attempts to find a Roman bath house. The team are joined by archaeologist Chris Martin and historian David Mason. | | | | | | |
| 154 | 12 | "The Taxman's Tavern - A Roman Mansio" | Alfoldean, Horsham, West Sussex | 51°05′07″N 0°24′17″W / 51.0852°N 0.4046°W / 51.0852; -0.4046 | 9 April 2006 (2006-04-09) |
| Time Team travel to Alfoldean in West Sussex to uncover a Roman *mansio* or stopping-place, and hence the story of the whole settlement. The dig takes place in ploughed fields on both sides of the A29, or what the Romans knew as Stane Street. But atrocious weather and the sheer scale of the site push the team's resources to the limits. They are joined by Roman Sussex specialist Miles Russell and archaeologist Mike Luke. Phil gets a new hat. They are visited by pupils from the nearby Christ's Hospital School. Farrier Cliff Barnes uses the school forge to make hipposandals \- precursors of the modern horseshoe. | | | | | | |
| 155 | 13 | "Scotch Broch" | Applecross, Scottish Highlands | 57°25′54″N 5°48′50″W / 57.43176°N 5.81387°W / 57.43176; -5.81387 | 16 April 2006 (2006-04-16) |
| Tony and the team journey to Applecross in the north west of Scotland to excavate a broch, a monumental dry-stone tower that was one of the largest Iron Age structures in Britain. But they are hampered by stony soil and a massive overhead power line. They are joined by Scottish Iron Age specialists Ian Armit, Andy Heald, Cathy Dagg, Noel Fojut. | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| *Time Team* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 13 | |
| No. of episodes | 13 |
| Release | |
| Original network | Channel 4 |
| Original release | 22 January (2006-01-22) <br>16 April 2006 (2006-04-16) |
| Series chronology | |
|


title: Titus Seo Sang-Bum

abstract: Titus Seo Sang-Bum is a South Korean Roman Catholic prelate currently serving as Bishop of Military Ordinariate of South Korea.

text:
# Titus Seo Sang-Bum

**Titus Seo Sang-Bum** (Korean: 서상범 티토; born 6 February 1961) is a South Korean Roman Catholic prelate currently serving as Bishop of Military Ordinariate of South Korea.

## Biography

Titus was born on 6 February 1961 in Seoul, South Korea. He studied from The Catholic University of Korea.

Titus was ordained a priest on 12 February 1988.

On 2 February 2021, Pope Francis appointed Titus a bishop of Military Ordinariate of South Korea. He was ordained a bishop by Francis Xavier Yu Soo-il on 9 April 2021.

## InfoBox

| Most Reverend
Titus Seo Sang-Bum | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Military Ordinariate of Korea | |
| Native name | 서상범 티토 |
| Church |  |
| Diocese | Military Ordinariate of Korea |
| Appointed | 2 February 2021 |
| Predecessor | Francis Xavier Yu Soo-il |
| Successor | *Incumbent* |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 12 February 1988 |
| Consecration | 9 April 2021
by Francis Xavier Yu Soo-il |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1961-02-06) 6 February 1961
Seoul, South Korea |
| Nationality | South Korean |
| Alma mater | Catholic University of Korea |
| Motto | 주님은 나의 힘, 나의 방패 |
| Coat of arms |  |


title: Tizatlan

abstract: Tizatlan, in pre-Columbian Mexico, was one of the four independent altepemeh that constituted the confederation of Tlaxcallan. Today Tizatlan is a part of the modern city of Tlaxcala, and the Pre-Columbian city is visible as a small archaeological site in the San Esteban Tizatlán district of the city. The site is in the state of Tlaxcala in central Mexico. The name is Nahuatl and contains the elements tizatl (chalk) and tlan (place).

text:
# Tizatlan

**Tizatlan**, in pre-Columbian Mexico, was one of the four independent altepemeh (polities, sing. altepetl) that constituted the confederation of Tlaxcallan. Today Tizatlan is a part of the modern city of Tlaxcala, and the Pre-Columbian city is visible as a small archaeological site in the San Esteban Tizatlán district of the city. The site is in the state of Tlaxcala in central Mexico.

The name is Nahuatl and contains the elements *tizatl* (chalk) and *tlan* (place).

## History

Tizatlan was the third of the four altepemeh to be founded, but at the time of the Spanish conquest of Mexico it was, along with Ocotelolco, the most powerful of the four allied communities. Where Ocotelolco held the economical power, having the main market in the region, Tizatlan had the military power and commanded the Tlaxcallan armies.

When the Spanish arrived in Mexico Tizatlan was ruled by the aging Xicotencatl I "the Elder" aided by his son the military leader Xicotencatl II "the Younger". Through a series of political events Ocotelolco finally achieved dominance over Tizatlan at the end of the conquest.

19°20′16″N 98°13′5″W / 19.33778°N 98.21806°W / 19.33778; -98.21806


title: Tipsy cake

abstract: A tipsy cake is a sweet dessert cake, made originally of "fresh sponge cakes soaked in good sherry and good brandy". The dish as prepared in England would typically have several small cakes stacked together, with the cracks between bristling with almonds. As a variety of the English trifle, tipsy cake is popular in the American South, often served after dinner as a dessert or at Church socials and neighbourhood gatherings. It was a well known dessert by the mid 19th century and was included Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management in 1861. The tipsy cake originated in the mid-18th century. A recipe for cake or biscuits, alcohol, and custard combined in a trifle bowl came to the American colonies via the British, who settled in the coastal south. Its popularity remained with Southern planters who enjoyed sweet desserts. Tipsy cake was also humorously called Tipsy Parson, because it presumably lured many a Sunday-visiting preacher "off the wagon". The name refers to the amount of alcohol used in the dish's preparation. One variety of the cake combines stale pound and/or angel food cake, fruit jam, one ounce whiskey, five ounces sherry, and warm vanilla pie filling or custard. All the ingredients save the pie filling are mixed together; then the warm pie filling/custard is poured over the top and the dish chilled. Whipped cream is poured over the top of the dish just before serving.

text:
# Tipsy cake

A **tipsy cake** is a sweet dessert cake, made originally of "fresh sponge cakes soaked in good sherry and good brandy". The dish as prepared in England would typically have several small cakes stacked together, with the cracks between bristling with almonds. As a variety of the English trifle, tipsy cake is popular in the American South, often served after dinner as a dessert or at Church socials and neighbourhood gatherings. It was a well known dessert by the mid 19th century and was included *Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management* in 1861.

The tipsy cake originated in the mid-18th century. A recipe for cake or biscuits, alcohol, and custard combined in a trifle bowl came to the American colonies via the British, who settled in the coastal south. Its popularity remained with Southern planters who enjoyed sweet desserts. Tipsy cake was also humorously called Tipsy Parson, because it presumably lured many a Sunday-visiting preacher "off the wagon". The name refers to the amount of alcohol used in the dish's preparation.

One variety of the cake combines stale pound and/or angel food cake, fruit jam, one ounce whiskey, five ounces sherry, and warm vanilla pie filling or custard. All the ingredients save the pie filling are mixed together; then the warm pie filling/custard is poured over the top and the dish chilled. Whipped cream is poured over the top of the dish just before serving.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Tipsy cake
| A tipsy cake served at Dinner by Heston Blumenthal | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Cake |
| Place of origin | England |
| Main ingredients | Sponge cake, sherry, brandy, sometimes bourbon or Tennessee whiskey |


title: Tipsy night

abstract: Tipsy night is a Japanese rock band from Nara. The group consists of one MC and three members: Higashi (vocal), D-C, Tenno (bass) and Yokoyuki (drums). Tipsy night made their major label debut on October 21, 2001, with the release of their first single Sekaiichi (世界一). They are known for performing the new 18th opening of Gintama. They also contributed for the three games of Naruto: Gekitō Ninja Taisen! 4 (僕の愛してるだれもいない) by singing each of their main themes. Tipsy night commended Fukuda's more mature sound, noting a greater emphasis on vocal tracks than before.

text:
# Tipsy night

**Tipsy night** (チイプシ ナイト; *chiipushi naito*) is a Japanese rock band from Nara. The group consists of one MC and three members: Higashi (vocal), D-C (lead guitar), Tenno (bass) and Yokoyuki (drums). Tipsy night made their major label debut on October 21, 2001, with the release of their first single *Sekaiichi (世界一)*. They are known for performing the new 18th opening of Gintama. They also contributed for the three games of *Naruto: Gekitō Ninja Taisen! 4* (*僕の愛してるだれもいない*) by singing each of their main themes. Tipsy night commended Fukuda's more mature sound, noting a greater emphasis on vocal tracks than before.

## History

The origin of the name comes from young age of members. When searching on the internet for a backronym Higashi discovered Tipsy night and the connection to Radiohead, whose members are of the same generation. The team expresses in their songs approach to the world. They sing about the passage of years and the reluctance to grow up, as evidenced by the outrageous behavior at concerts.

On September 3, 2006, the band announced that they would make their official debut through Sony Music Japan's Epic Records, which was also the label of Higashi's solo project My Day. The band performed at the Japanese Animelo in Tokyo on July 7, 2007. Their debut peaked at no.2 on the Oricon charts. On July 16, 2008, Tipsy night released a live DVD from the concert they held in February 2009.

## Members

* Higashi – vocals
* D-C – lead guitar
* Yokoyuki – drums
* Tenno – bass

## Discography

**Studio albums**

* *Sekaiichi (世界一)*
* *Wasuremono (忘れ物)*
* *僕の愛してるだれもいない*


title: Todd Boatwright

abstract: Todd Boatwright is Spectrum News 1 Texas's weekend morning news anchor.

text:
# Todd Boatwright

**Todd Boatwright** (born September 5, 1965, in Dallas, Texas) is Spectrum News 1 Texas's weekend morning news anchor.

## Career

Boatwright graduated from the University of North Texas with a degree in radio, Television, and Film, and during his studies he was an intern at KDFW in Dallas. His first appearance on TV as an anchor and reporter was at KAVU in Victoria, Texas. After 15 months he moved to KETK-TV in Tyler, where he spent five years as the Longview bureau chief and reporter. In 2000, Boatwright reported on the Republican and Democratic Conventions.

## InfoBox

| Todd Boatwright | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1965-09-05) September 5, 1965<br>Dallas, Texas |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation(s) | television news anchor, journalist |


title: Titanium in zircon geothermometry

abstract: Titanium in zircon geothermometry is a form of a geothermometry technique by which the crystallization temperature of a zircon crystal can be estimated by the amount of titanium atoms which can only be found in the crystal lattice. In zircon crystals, titanium is commonly incorporated, replacing similarly charged zirconium and silicon atoms. This process is relatively unaffected by pressure and highly temperature dependent, with the amount of titanium incorporated rising exponentially with temperature, making this an accurate geothermometry method. This measurement of titanium in zircons can be used to estimate the cooling temperatures of the crystal and infer conditions during which it crystallized. Compositional changes in the crystals growth rings can be used to estimate the thermodynamic history of the entire crystal. This method is useful as it can be combined with radiometric dating techniques that are commonly used with zircon crystals, to correlate quantitative temperature measurements with specific absolute ages. This technique can be used to estimate early Earth conditions, determine metamorphic facies, or to determine the source of detrital zircons, among other uses.

text:
# Titanium in zircon geothermometry

**Titanium in zircon geothermometry** is a form of a geothermometry technique by which the crystallization temperature of a zircon crystal can be estimated by the amount of titanium atoms which can only be found in the crystal lattice. In zircon crystals, titanium is commonly incorporated, replacing similarly charged zirconium and silicon atoms. This process is relatively unaffected by pressure and highly temperature dependent, with the amount of titanium incorporated rising exponentially with temperature, making this an accurate geothermometry method. This measurement of titanium in zircons can be used to estimate the cooling temperatures of the crystal and infer conditions during which it crystallized. Compositional changes in the crystals growth rings can be used to estimate the thermodynamic history of the entire crystal. This method is useful as it can be combined with radiometric dating techniques that are commonly used with zircon crystals (see zircon geochronology), to correlate quantitative temperature measurements with specific absolute ages. This technique can be used to estimate early Earth conditions, determine metamorphic facies, or to determine the source of detrital zircons, among other uses.

## Zircon

Zircon ((Zr1–y, REEy)(SiO4)1–x(OH)4x–y)) is an orthosilicate mineral that is commonly found as an accessory mineral throughout Earth's crust. Due to its crystal structure and geochemistry, zircon is a commonly analyzed mineral because of its utility for geologists as a geochronometer and geothermometer.

Chemically, zircon is a particularly useful mineral because of its ability to incorporate many trace elements. Many of these elements can be used for radiometric dating to provide an age for the crystal. It is known to exchange uranium, thorium and rare earth elements (REE) such as yttrium, and lutetium. However, the chemical potential energies of these REE substitutions are not well understood, so they are not suitable for determining crystallization temperatures. Titanium is also incorporated into zircon, and its exchange rates has been studied in detail. Ti4+, a tetravalent ion, can replace Zr4+ or Si4+ in a temperature dependent mechanism. For zircons in the presence of TiO2, i.e. the mineral rutile, this substitution process is common and can be measured. Zircon is also useful because its incorporation of other elements like uranium, lutetium, samarium, and oxygen can be analyzed to provide further insight into the age and conditions the crystal grew under.

Thermally, zircon is resistant to temperature changes and extremes. It is stable up to 1690 °C at ambient pressure and has a low thermal expansion rate. Zircon crystals are also some of the most incompressible silicate minerals. The high durability of zircons also allows them to crystallize around other silicate minerals, creating pockets, or inclusions, of surrounding melts that are indicative of magma at specific pressures and temperatures. This essentially forms a time-capsule giving a glimpse of past conditions in which the crystal formed.

Zircons are known to be relatively retentive of their incorporated isotopes and thus very useful for microquantitative studies. Cations such as REE, U, Th, Hf, Pb, and Ti diffuse slowly out of zircons, and their measured quantities in the mineral are diagnostic of the melt conditions surrounding the crystal during growth. This slow rate of diffusion of many of the incorporated elements makes zircon crystals more likely to form compositional zoning, which may represent oscillatory zoning or sector zoning, as the melt composition or energy conditions change around the crystal over time. These zones show compositional differences between the core and rim of the crystal, providing observable evidence of changes in melt conditions. Slow diffusion rates also prevent contamination by leaking or loss of isotopes from the crystal, increasing the likelihood that chronologic and compositional measurements are accurate.

## Methods

This section will review the process of measuring the titanium content of zircons, beginning with sample collection, mineral separation, mounting for microprobe analysis, and ending with the microquantitative element analysis. Once a rock has been collected, zircons are extracted using a series of techniques such as using a sieve, heavy liquid, shaking table, and magnetic separation to separate minerals based on differing densities and properties. Zircon crystals are then mounted to an epoxy or metal disc-shaped slide, where they can be shaved to about half thickness to reveal their internal structure. From here, they can be imaged using cathodoluminescence to make any zonations in the mineral visible. If zonation is apparent, multiple measurements of Ti abundance can be taken from the center to the rim to give the temperature evolution of the crystal.

The final step involves measuring the abundance of titanium in a specific location on a zircon crystal with an ion microprobe. For this, the chemical composition of the zircons is measured using secondary ion mass spectrometry. The sample is bombarded with a beam of primary ions, and the charge and mass of the ejected secondary ions are measured to determine the chemical composition at the point of contact. The quantitative value for titanium content is then compared to a known relationship of titanium incorporation and temperature to determine the crystallization temperature of that zone of the zircon. The titanium-to-temperature relationship was calculated using in situ radiometrically dated zircons with known melt temperatures from the surrounding rock. This titanium-in-zircon measurement can be done several times in zoned zircons, which may record the temperature evolution that resulted from many geologic events.

## Uses

Using this technique, the crystallization temperatures of zircons can be estimated to estimate the cooling temperature of the crystal. Geothermometry techniques like this can provide evidence for changes in temperature in various environments, the thermodynamic evolution of rocks, the gradual change in the geothermal gradient over geologic time, and determine provenance of detrital sediments. Coupled with geochronology techniques that measure using radiometric decay to age date a rock, such as with U/Pb decay, these paleotemperature measurements can be paired with an absolute age in order to determine temperature changes over time.

Titanium in zircon geothermometry has so far been used in igneous rocks to estimate cooling temperatures of magma from zircon crystals dated to the Hadean age (\>4.0 Ga). Low crystallization temperatures from zircons of this age suggest the Hadean Earth contained liquid water, which reduced the cooling temperature of crustal materials. Potentially, titanium-in-zircon thermometry of Earth's oldest zircons can show the progressive heat loss from a magmatic Hadean Earth to the onset of plate tectonics as the planet's crust began to cool and underwent plastic deformation. This will provide previously unknown evidence for the conditions in early Earth and allow testing of ideas of how the planet evolved through the Hadean and Archean eons.

Titanium-in-zircon geothermometry can be used in zircons found in metamorphic rocks to estimate the pressure and temperatures conditions during metamorphism. This helps identify the metamorphic facies and thus the geologic setting of a rock formation. It can also be used in sedimentary rocks to help determine the source of detrital minerals. However, these crystals may sometimes be contaminated by external titanium seeping into fractures.

## Errors and limitations

Titanium-in-zircon geothermometry is considered to be a relatively reliable and accurate method of determining crystallization temperatures of zircons, with an error of only 10-16 degrees Celsius. However, there are several limitations and assumptions used in this technique that increase the margin of error.

The major constraint of this technique is that it is only usable in systems that contain titanium, or the mineral rutile (TiO2). In systems that have no or very little titanium, this method is pointless, as zircons will not incorporate titanium if it is not present in the magmatic melt. However, recent models have taken into account zircon's ability to replace either silicon or zirconium in the crystal with titanium by using independent activities of silicon and zircon. This has expanded the potential uses for zircons with unknown origins, due to the abundance of silicon in Earth's crust. In some zircon crystals, inclusions of the mineral quartz (SiO2) can be used as proof that silicon was present during crystallization, thus validating the use of this geothermometer.

Due to the abundance of radioactive elements that can be incorporated into zircons, they are also susceptible to damage from radioactive decay through the process of metamictization. As radioactive elements within the crystal lattice decay, they bombard the interior of the crystal with radioactive particles. This weakens the crystal and leave it fractured or destroyed. This increases the chance of isotopes leaking out of the crystal and affecting titanium, or other elements, measurements.

Another difficulty with this microanalysis is the contamination of titanium on external surfaces. Recent studies have expressed concern over the gold coating on the surface of the ion microprobe mounts, which contains small amounts of titanium (~1 ppm) that could provide an error during measurement. In detrital zircons found in sedimentary sources, a titanium-bearing oxide coating on the surface and in fractures of zircons can also contaminate the crystal with excess titanium.

More recent studies have also shown that there are additional unknown factors that contribute to Ti incorporation in zircons. The chemical activity of SiO2, pressure variance, disequilibrium crystallization from melts, late crystal growth in hydrous melts, or non-Henry's Law substitution in zircon crystals all may play a role in altering predicted crystallization temperatures.

This technique is also constrained by several assumptions that, while valid, may prove inconsistent in certain situations. Laboratory studies have used constant pressures when calculating cooling temperatures and have assumed that pressure does not play a major role in titanium incorporation. When estimating cooling temperatures, increased pressure is accounted for by increased temperature estimates and thus increases the uncertainty of the estimates.


title: Titanium isopropoxide

abstract: Titanium isopropoxide, also commonly referred to as titanium tetraisopropoxide or TTIP, is a chemical compound with the formula Ti{OCH(CH3)2}4. This alkoxide of titanium(IV) is used in organic synthesis and materials science. It is a diamagnetic tetrahedral molecule. Titanium isopropoxide is a component of the Sharpless epoxidation, a method for the synthesis of chiral epoxides. The structures of the titanium alkoxides are often complex. Crystalline titanium methoxide is tetrameric with the molecular formula Ti4(OCH3)16. Alkoxides derived from bulkier alcohols such as isopropyl alcohol aggregate less. Titanium isopropoxide is mainly a monomer in nonpolar solvents.

text:
# Titanium isopropoxide

**Titanium isopropoxide**, also commonly referred to as **titanium tetraisopropoxide** or **TTIP**, is a chemical compound with the formula Ti{OCH(CH3)2}4. This alkoxide of titanium(IV) is used in organic synthesis and materials science. It is a diamagnetic tetrahedral molecule. Titanium isopropoxide is a component of the Sharpless epoxidation, a method for the synthesis of chiral epoxides.

The structures of the titanium alkoxides are often complex. Crystalline titanium methoxide is tetrameric with the molecular formula Ti4(OCH3)16. Alkoxides derived from bulkier alcohols such as isopropyl alcohol aggregate less. Titanium isopropoxide is mainly a monomer in nonpolar solvents.

## Preparation

It is prepared by treating titanium tetrachloride with isopropanol in presence of ammonia. Hydrogen chloride is formed as a coproduct:

TiCl4 \+ 4 (CH3)2CHOH → Ti{OCH(CH3)2}4 \+ 4 HCl

## Properties

Titanium isopropoxide reacts with water to deposit titanium dioxide:

Ti{OCH(CH3)2}4 \+ 2 H2O → TiO2 \+ 4 (CH3)2CHOH

This reaction is employed in the sol-gel synthesis of TiO2-based materials in the form of powders or thin films. Typically water is added in excess to a solution of the alkoxide in an alcohol. The composition, crystallinity and morphology of the inorganic product are determined by the presence of additives (e.g. acetic acid), the amount of water (hydrolysis ratio), and reaction conditions.

The compound is also used as a catalyst in the preparation of certain cyclopropanes in the Kulinkovich reaction. Prochiral thioethers are oxidized enantioselectively using a catalyst derived from Ti(O-*i*-Pr)4.

## Naming

Titanium(IV) isopropoxide is a widely used item of commerce and has acquired many names in addition to those listed in the table. A sampling of the names include: titanium(IV) *i*-propoxide, isopropyl titanate, tetraisopropyl titanate, tetraisopropyl orthotitanate, titanium tetraisopropylate, orthotitanic acid tetraisopropyl ester, Isopropyl titanate(IV), titanic acid tetraisopropyl ester, isopropyltitanate, titanium(IV) isopropoxide, titanium tetraisopropoxide, *iso*-propyl titanate, titanium tetraisopropanolate, tetraisopropoxytitanium(IV), tetraisopropanolatotitanium, tetrakis(isopropoxy) titanium, tetrakis(isopropanolato) titanium, titanic acid isopropyl ester, titanic acid tetraisopropyl ester, titanium isopropoxide, titanium isopropylate, tetrakis(1-methylethoxy)titanium.

## Applications

TTIP can be used as a precursor for ambient conditions vapour phase deposition such as infiltration into polymer thin films.

1. Katsuki, T.; Sharpless, K. Barry (1980). "The first practical method for asymmetric epoxidation". *J. Am. Chem. Soc.* **102** (18): 5974. doi:10.1021/ja00538a077.
2. Hill, J. G.; Sharpless, K. B.; Exon, C. M.; Regenye, R. (1985). "Enantioselective Epoxidation Of Allylic Alcohols: (2s,3s)-3-propyloxiranemethanol". *Org. Synth.* **63**: 66. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.063.0066.
3. Wright, D. A.; Williams, D. A. (1968). "The Crystal and Molecular Structure of Titanium Tetramethoxide". *Acta Crystallographica B*. **24** (8): 1107–1114. Bibcode:1968AcCrB..24.1107W. doi:10.1107/S0567740868003766.
4. Bradley, Donald Charlton; Mehrotra, Ram C.; Rothwell, Ian P.; Singh, A. (2001). *Alkoxo and Aryloxo Derivatives of Metals*. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-048832-5.
5. Hanaor, Dorian A. H.; Chironi, Ilkay; Karatchevtseva, Inna; Triani, Gerry; Sorrell, Charles C. (2012). "Single and Mixed Phase TiO2 Powders Prepared by Excess Hydrolysis of Titanium Alkoxide". *Advances in Applied Ceramics*. **111** (3): 149–158. arXiv:1410.8255. Bibcode:2012AdApC.111..149H. doi:10.1179/1743676111Y.0000000059. S2CID 98265180.
6. Zhao, S. H.; Samuel, O.; Kagan, H. B. (1987). "Asymmetric Oxidation of Sulfides Mediated by Chiral Titanium Complexes: Mechanistic and Synthetic Aspects". *Tetrahedron*. **43** (21): 5135–5144. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)87689-4.
7. Zhao, S. H.; Samuel, O.; Kagan, H. B. (1990). "Enantioelective Oxidation of a Sulfide: (*S*)-(−)-Methyl *p*-Tolyl Sulfoxide". *Organic Syntheses*. **68**: 49. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.068.0049; *Collected Volumes*, vol. 8, p. 464.
8. Giraud, Elsa C.; Mokarian-Tabari, Parvaneh; Toolan, Daniel T. W.; Arnold, Thomas; Smith, Andrew J.; Howse, Jonathan R.; Topham, Paul D.; Morris, Michael A. (2018-07-27). "Highly Ordered Titanium Dioxide Nanostructures via a Simple One-Step Vapor-Inclusion Method in Block Copolymer Films" (PDF). *ACS Applied Nano Materials*. **1** (7): 3426–3434. doi:10.1021/acsanm.8b00632. hdl:10468/11768. S2CID 139474500.

## InfoBox

Titanium isopropoxide
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Names | |
| IUPAC name Titanium isopropoxide | |
| Other names Tetraisopropyl titanate
Titanium(IV) *i*-propoxide
Titanium tetraisopropoxide
Tetraisopropyl orthotitanate | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChEBI |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.008.100 |
| EC Number | * 208-909-6 |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| UN number | 1993 |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * Key: VXUYXOFXAQZZMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N * InChI=1S/4C3H7O.Ti/c4\*1-3(2)4;/h4\*3H,1-2H3;/q4\*-1;+4 | |
| SMILES * CC(C)O\[Ti\](OC(C)C)(OC(C)C)OC(C)C | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C12H28O4Ti |
| Molar mass | 284.219 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | colorless to light-yellow liquid |
| Density | 0.96 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 17 °C (63 °F; 290 K) approximation |
| Boiling point | 232 °C (450 °F; 505 K) |
| Solubility in water | Reacts to form TiO2 |
| Solubility | soluble in ethanol, ether, benzene, chloroform |
| Refractive index (*n*D) | 1.46 |
| Hazards | |
| **GHS** labelling: | |
| Pictograms |  |
| Signal word | **Danger** |
| Hazard statements | H226, H318, H319, H336 |
| Precautionary statements | P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P271, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P312, P337+P313, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, P501 |
| **Lethal dose** or concentration (LD, LC): | |
| LD50 (median dose) | 7600 mg/kg (rat, oral) |
| Related compounds | |
| Other anions | Titanium methoxide; Titanium ethoxide; Titanium butoxide |
| Other cations | Aluminium isopropoxide |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Titus cut

abstract: A Titus cut or coiffure à la Titus was a hairstyle for men and women popular at the end of the 18th century in France and England. The style consisted of a short layered cut, typically with curls. It was supposedly popularized in 1791 by the French actor François-Joseph Talma who played Titus in a Parisian production of Voltaire's Brutus. The Titus cut was considered a radical departure from the large elaborate hairstyles and wigs that were popular during the last quarter of the 18th century. As a simple "classical" style, free from aristocratic excess, it was associated with the French Revolution and popular among those who supported it. Although initially a men's style, it was soon adopted by women as well. The Journal de Paris reported in 1802 that "more than half of elegant women were wearing their hair or wig à la Titus." The style spread to England as well, where it was often called coiffure à la guillotine in reference to the beheadings of the French Revolution. Although the style remained popular into the 19th century, by the 1810s it had fallen out of fashion.

text:
# Titus cut

A **Titus cut** or ***coiffure à la Titus*** was a hairstyle for men and women popular at the end of the 18th century in France and England. The style consisted of a short layered cut, typically with curls. It was supposedly popularized in 1791 by the French actor François-Joseph Talma who played Titus in a Parisian production of Voltaire's *Brutus*.

The Titus cut was considered a radical departure from the large elaborate hairstyles and wigs that were popular during the last quarter of the 18th century. As a simple "classical" style, free from aristocratic excess, it was associated with the French Revolution and popular among those who supported it. Although initially a men's style, it was soon adopted by women as well. The *Journal de Paris* reported in 1802 that "more than half of elegant women were wearing their hair or wig *à la Titus*." The style spread to England as well, where it was often called ***coiffure à la guillotine*** in reference to the beheadings of the French Revolution. Although the style remained popular into the 19th century, by the 1810s it had fallen out of fashion.


title: Titus the Fox

abstract: Titus the Fox: To Marrakech and Back is a side-scrolling platform game developed by Titus France for the Amiga, Amstrad CPC, Atari ST, and MS-DOS. The game was originally released in 1991 under the name Lagaf': Les Aventures de Moktar — Vol 1: La Zoubida, featuring French comedian Lagaf' as a tie-in with his song "La Zoubida". For the international edition, Titus retooled the game to feature its mascot and released the game as Titus the Fox: To Marrakech and Back in 1992.

text:
# Titus the Fox

***Titus the Fox: To Marrakech and Back*** is a side-scrolling platform game developed by Titus France for the Amiga, Amstrad CPC, Atari ST, and MS-DOS. The game was originally released in 1991 under the name ***Lagaf': Les Aventures de Moktar — Vol 1: La Zoubida***, featuring French comedian Lagaf' as a tie-in with his song "La Zoubida". For the international edition, Titus retooled the game to feature its mascot and released the game as *Titus the Fox: To Marrakech and Back* in 1992.

## Gameplay

Titus's beloved Suzy has been kidnapped on the other side of the Sahara desert, and to get her back the player must advance through 14 levels. The goal is to avoid dogs, construction workers, giant bees, and other creatures. The player can fight back by throwing objects back at them or picking walking enemies up from behind and throwing them as projectiles at other obstacles. Stacking thrown objects is often required to get to the end of most levels. The game uses a code-based "saving" system, with the codes calculated uniquely for each machine.

## Ports

In the Game Boy Color version, the ability to stand on thrown objects as well as throw enemies was removed. Players could no longer enter through doorways in levels and a new gimmick was added that would cause walls and ladders to appear if the player walked on their invisible activation space. Also added were bonus stages where between levels which consisted of a linear path where the player picks up golden boxes which would increase their score.

## Reception

Power Unlimited gave the game boy version a review score of 80% and praised the game commenting: "Titus the Fox is an inventive little platform game full of surprises. The picture is clear, and you can even play it in pairs. Well suited for the Game Boy."

## InfoBox

| Titus the Fox | |
| --- | --- |
| Box art | |
| Developer(s) | Titus France |
| Publisher(s) | Titus France |
| Designer(s) | Florent Moreau |
| Programmer(s) | Eric Zmiro |
| Artist(s) | Francis Fournier
Stephan Beaufils |
| Platform(s) | Amiga, Amstrad CPC, Atari ST, MS-DOS, Game Boy, Game Boy Color |
| Release | 1991
 |
| Genre(s) | Platform |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Today (Thames Television series)

abstract: Today is Thames Television's first regional news magazine programme, shown in the London area from 1968 to 1977. It was hosted by Eamonn Andrews, Bill Grundy and others. For nine months, the programme featured Barbara Blake Hannah, the first Black reporter on British television, who was eventually driven off-air by racist complaints. John Lennon and Yoko Ono made an appearance on the show in 1969, sharing a bed with Eamonn Andrews. The show is now most commonly remembered for Bill Grundy's 1976 interview with the Sex Pistols, which caused public outrage at the time. Today was replaced in September 1977 by Thames at Six, a more conventional news magazine programme.

text:
# Today (Thames Television series)

***Today*** is Thames Television's first regional news magazine programme, shown in the London area from 1968 to 1977. It was hosted by Eamonn Andrews, Bill Grundy and others.

For nine months, the programme featured Barbara Blake Hannah, the first Black reporter on British television, who was eventually driven off-air by racist complaints.

John Lennon and Yoko Ono made an appearance on the show in 1969, sharing a bed with Eamonn Andrews.

The show is now most commonly remembered for Bill Grundy's 1976 interview with the Sex Pistols, which caused public outrage at the time. *Today* was replaced in September 1977 by *Thames at Six*, a more conventional news magazine programme.

## InfoBox

| *Today* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | News, London (regional) |
| Presented by |  |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Original language | English |
| Production | |
| Production company | Thames Television |
| Original release | |
| Network | Thames Television |
| Release | 1968 (1968) <br>1977 (1977) |
| Related | |
| *Thames at Six* | |


title: Tom Kessell

abstract: Tom Kessell is a professional rugby union player for the Cornish Pirates in the RFU Championship.

text:
# Tom Kessell

**Tom Kessell** (born 21 February 1990) is a professional rugby union player for the Cornish Pirates in the RFU Championship.

## Career

Playing at scrum-half, Kessell first began his rugby at the Cornish Pirates, as a youngster in 1995 before signing a professional contract in 2011. Named as the Championship Player of the Season for the 2014–15 season, Kessell then made the switch to Aviva Premiership rugby and joined Northampton Saints in 2015. The scrum-half became a regular in the second team, the Northampton Wanderers and helped them to lift the Aviva 'A' League trophy after defeating Gloucester United in the final at Franklin's Gardens in 2017. On 25 June 2018 Kessell left Northampton Saints to return to the Championship with Coventry from, the 2018–19 season.

He signed a one-year deal with Bristol Bears for the 2020–21 season. He had previously signed a short-term deal for the conclusion of the 2019–20 season.

On 1 June 2021, Kessell returns to his hometown club Cornish Pirates in the RFU Championship ahead of the 2021–22 season.

## InfoBox

Tom Kessell
| Date of birth | (1990-02-21) 21 February 1990 |
| --- | --- |
| Place of birth | Truro |
| Height | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) |
| Weight | 90 kg (14 st 2 lb; 200 lb) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Scrum-half  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2011–2015
2015–2018
2018–2020
2020–2021
2021– Cornish Pirates
Northampton Saints
Coventry
Bristol Bears
Cornish Pirates  54
22
41
2  (45)
(15)
(40)
(0)  Correct as of 10 June 2021 | |


title: To (kana)

abstract: と, in hiragana, or ト in katakana, is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. Both represent the sound, and when written with dakuten represent the sound. In the Ainu language, the katakana ト can be written with a handakuten (which can be entered in a computer as either one character or two combined characters to represent the sound, and is interchangeable with the katakana ツ゚.

text:
# To (kana)

, in hiragana, or  in katakana, is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. Both represent the sound \[to\], and when written with dakuten represent the sound \[do\]. In the Ainu language, the katakana ト can be written with a handakuten (which can be entered in a computer as either one character (ト゚) or two combined characters (ト゜) to represent the sound \[tu\], and is interchangeable with the katakana ツ゚.

| Form | Rōmaji | Hiragana | Katakana |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Normal *t-*
(た行 *ta-gyō*) | *to* |  |  |
| | *tou*
*too*
 | とう
とお, とぉ
とー | トウ
トオ, トォ
トー |
| Addition dakuten *d-*
(だ行 *da-gyō*) | *do* |  |  |
| | *dou*
*doo*
 | どう
どお, どぉ
どー | ドウ
ドオ, ドォ
ドー |

| Other additional forms | |
| --- | --- |
| **Form A (*tw-*)** Romaji Hiragana Katakana  *twa* とぁ, とゎ トァ, トヮ  *twi* とぃ トィ  *tu*, *twu* とぅ トゥ  *twe* とぇ トェ  *two* とぅぉ トゥォ | **Form B (*dw-*)** Romaji Hiragana Katakana  *dwa* どぁ, どゎ ドァ, ドヮ  *dwi* どぃ ドィ  *du*, *dwu* どぅ ドゥ  *dwe* どぇ ドェ  *dwo* どぅぉ ドゥォ |

## Stroke order

|  |  |
| --- | --- |

The Katakana ト is made from two strokes:

1. A vertical stroke on in the center;
2. A line pointing downwards towards the right.

## Other communicative representations

| Japanese radiotelephony alphabet | Wabun code |
| --- | --- |
| 東京のト
*Tōkyō no "To"* |  |

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Japanese Navy Signal Flag | Japanese semaphore | Japanese manual syllabary (fingerspelling) | Braille dots-2345
Japanese Braille |

* Full Braille representation

| と / ト in Japanese Braille | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| と / ト
**to** | ど / ド
**do** | とう / トー
/**tou** | どう / ドー
/**dou** | Other kana based on Braille | | | |
| | | | | ちょ / チョ
**cho** | ぢょ / ヂョ
**jo**/**dyo** | ちょう / チョー
**chō** | ぢょう / ヂョー
/**dyō** |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Character information
| Preview |  | |  | |  | |  | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Unicode name | HIRAGANA LETTER TO | | KATAKANA LETTER TO | | HALFWIDTH KATAKANA LETTER TO | | CIRCLED KATAKANA TO | |
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 12392 | U+3068 | 12488 | U+30C8 | 65412 | U+FF84 | 13027 | U+32E3 |
| UTF-8 | 227 129 168 | E3 81 A8 | 227 131 136 | E3 83 88 | 239 190 132 | EF BE 84 | 227 139 163 | E3 8B A3 |
| Numeric character reference | と | と | ト | ト | ﾄ | ﾄ | ㋣ | ㋣ |
| Shift JIS | 130 198 | 82 C6 | 131 103 | 83 67 | 196 | C4 |  |  |
| EUC-JP | 164 200 | A4 C8 | 165 200 | A5 C8 | 142 196 | 8E C4 |  |  |
| GB 18030 | 164 200 | A4 C8 | 165 200 | A5 C8 | 132 49 153 50 | 84 31 99 32 |  |  |
| EUC-KR / UHC | 170 200 | AA C8 | 171 200 | AB C8 |  |  |  |  |
| Big5 (non-ETEN kana) | 198 204 | C6 CC | 199 96 | C7 60 |  |  |  |  |
| Big5 (ETEN / HKSCS) | 199 79 | C7 4F | 199 196 | C7 C4 |  |  |  |  |

Character information
| Preview |  | |  | |  | |  | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Unicode name | KATAKANA LETTER SMALL TO | | HIRAGANA LETTER DO | | KATAKANA LETTER DO | | KATAKANA LETTER AINU TO | |
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 12787 | U+31F3 | 12393 | U+3069 | 12489 | U+30C9 | 12488 12442 | U+30C8+309A |
| UTF-8 | 227 135 179 | E3 87 B3 | 227 129 169 | E3 81 A9 | 227 131 137 | E3 83 89 | 227 131 136 227 130 154 | E3 83 88 E3 82 9A |
| Numeric character reference | ㇳ | ㇳ | ど | ど | ド | ド | ト゚ | ト゚ |
| Shift JIS (plain) |  |  | 130 199 | 82 C7 | 131 104 | 83 68 |  |  |
| Shift JIS-2004 | 131 239 | 83 EF | 130 199 | 82 C7 | 131 104 | 83 68 | 131 158 | 83 9E |
| EUC-JP (plain) |  |  | 164 201 | A4 C9 | 165 201 | A5 C9 |  |  |
| EUC-JIS-2004 | 166 241 | A6 F1 | 164 201 | A4 C9 | 165 201 | A5 C9 | 165 254 | A5 FE |
| GB 18030 | 129 57 188 55 | 81 39 BC 37 | 164 201 | A4 C9 | 165 201 | A5 C9 |  |  |
| EUC-KR / UHC |  |  | 170 201 | AA C9 | 171 201 | AB C9 |  |  |
| Big5 (non-ETEN kana) |  |  | 198 205 | C6 CD | 199 97 | C7 61 |  |  |
| Big5 (ETEN / HKSCS) |  |  | 199 80 | C7 50 | 199 197 | C7 C5 |  |  |

## InfoBox

| to | |
| --- | --- |
| **hiragana**
 **katakana**
 | |
| transliteration | *to* |
| translit. with dakuten | *do* |
| hiragana origin |  |
| katakana origin |  |
| Man'yōgana | 刀 土 斗 度 戸 利 速 止 等 登 澄 得 騰 十 鳥 常 跡 |
| Voiced Man'yōgana | 土 度 渡 奴 怒 特 藤 騰 等 耐 抒 杼 |
| spelling kana | 東京のト
(Tōkyō no "to") |
| unicode | *U+3068, U+30C8* |
| braille |  |
| Note: These Man'yōgana originally represented morae with one of two different vowel sounds, which merged in later pronunciation. | |


title: Togitsu, Nagasaki

abstract: Togitsu is a town located in Nishisonogi District, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. As of 30 June 2024, the town had an estimated population of 29,323 in 13601 households, and a population density of 1400 people per km⁲. The total area of the town is 20.94 km⁲ (8.08 sq mi).

text:
# Togitsu, Nagasaki

**Togitsu** (時津町, *Togitsu-chō*) is a town located in Nishisonogi District, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. As of 30 June 2024, the town had an estimated population of 29,323 in 13601 households, and a population density of 1400 people per km2. The total area of the town is 20.94 km2 (8.08 sq mi).

## Geography

Togitsu is located on the southwestern shore of Ōmura Bay, in the southeastern part of the Nishisonogi Peninsula. It faces Ōmura Bay to the north, and borders Nagasaki City to the south and west, and Nagayo Town, Nishisonogi County to the east. The western part of the town is a mountainous area which forms the border with Nagasaki City, but there is a plain area in the east containing the main urban center. Furthermore, the area around Togitsu Port is mostly reclaimed land and is mainly used for industrial purposes.

### Surrounding municipalities

Nagasaki Prefecture

### Climate

Togitsu has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen *Cfa*) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Togitsu is 16.9 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2128 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 27.8 °C, and lowest in January, at around 7.6 °C.

### Demographics

Per Japanese census data, the population of Togitsu is as shown below:

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1960 | 8,768 |  |
| 1970 | 11,406 | +30.1% |
| 1980 | 20,377 | +78.7% |
| 1990 | 25,226 | +23.8% |
| 2000 | 28,065 | +11.3% |
| 2010 | 30,110 | +7.3% |
| 2020 | 29,339 | −2.6% |

## History

The area of Togitsu was part of ancient Hizen Province. During the Edo Period, the area was under the control of Ōmura Domain, and its port was a shortcut on the route to the port of Nagasaki, and was thus used by many shogunate officials and *daimyo*. After the Meiji restoration, the village of Togitsu was established with the creation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. Togitsu was raised to town status on December 1, 1951.

## Government

Togitsu has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 16 members. Togitsu, collectively with the town of Nagayo, contributes two members to the Nagasaki Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of the Nagasaki 2nd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

## Economy

Togitsu is unusual in Nagasaki in that it is more active in industry and commerce than agriculture and fishing. It is home to Mitsubishi Electric's Nagasaki Works, which is the major employer. Due it its location, a large number of residents commute to Nagasaki for work.

## Education

Tokitsu has four public elementary schools and two public junior high schools by the town government. The town does not have a public high school but there are one private junior high school and one private high school.

## Transportation

### Railways

Togitsu does not have any passenger railway services. The nearest stations are JR Kyushu Nagasaki Main Line Michinoo Station (Hayama, Nagasaki City) and Nagayo Station (Nagayo Town).

### Highways

## InfoBox

| Togitsu 時津町 | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Togitsu Town Hall | |
|  | |
| Location of Togitsu in Nagasaki Prefecture | |
|  | |
| TogitsuLocation in Japan | |
| Coordinates: 32°49′44″N 129°50′55″E / 32.82889°N 129.84861°E / 32.82889; 129.84861 | |
| Country | Japan |
| Region | Kyushu |
| Prefecture | Nagasaki |
| District | Nishisonogi |
| Area | |
| Total | 20.94 km2 (8.08 sq mi) |
| Population (June 30, 2024) | |
| Total | 29,323 |
| Density | 1,400/km2 (3,600/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+09:00 (JST) |
| City hall address | 274-1 Urago, Togitsu-cho, Nishisonogi-gun, Nagasaki-ken 851-2198 |
| Website | Official website |
|  | |
| Symbols | |
|  | |
| Flower | Cosmos |
| Tree | *Camphora officinarum* |
|  | |