title: WVIR-TV

abstract: WVIR-TV is a television station in Charlottesville, Virginia, United States, affiliated with NBC and The CW Plus. Owned by Gray Television, the station has studios on East Market Street in downtown Charlottesville, and its primary transmitter is located on Carters Mountain south of the city. WVIR-TV began broadcasting as the first television station in Charlottesville on March 11, 1973. It took Charlottesville considerable time to develop a local TV station in part because half the city sits in the United States National Radio Quiet Zone, which constricted acceptable broadcast facilities in the region. In part as a result, it remained the only full-service commercial television station in Charlottesville for 31 years after being built and came to dominate the market. Waterman Broadcasting acquired the station in 1986 and would later lead the station through digitalization, the addition of the CW subchannel, and the introduction of high-definition local news in 2008, early for a market of Charlottesville's size. In 2019, Waterman sold WVIR-TV to Gray Television, which then sold the station's direct competition—WCAV and WVAW-LD—to make the purchase. WVIR-TV switched to the VHF band in 2020, causing technical issues. WVIR-CD operates in the Charlottesville area as a rebroadcaster on the UHF band.

text:
# WVIR-TV

**WVIR-TV** (channel 29) is a television station in Charlottesville, Virginia, United States, affiliated with NBC and The CW Plus. Owned by Gray Television, the station has studios on East Market Street (US 250 Business) in downtown Charlottesville, and its primary transmitter is located on Carters Mountain south of the city.

WVIR-TV began broadcasting as the first television station in Charlottesville on March 11, 1973. It took Charlottesville considerable time to develop a local TV station in part because half the city sits in the United States National Radio Quiet Zone, which constricted acceptable broadcast facilities in the region. In part as a result, it remained the only full-service commercial television station in Charlottesville for 31 years after being built and came to dominate the market. Waterman Broadcasting acquired the station in 1986 and would later lead the station through digitalization, the addition of the CW subchannel, and the introduction of high-definition local news in 2008, early for a market of Charlottesville's size.

In 2019, Waterman sold WVIR-TV to Gray Television, which then sold the station's direct competition—WCAV and WVAW-LD—to make the purchase. WVIR-TV switched to the VHF band in 2020, causing technical issues. WVIR-CD operates in the Charlottesville area as a rebroadcaster on the UHF band.

## Television in Charlottesville: A quiet zone

It took Charlottesville until 1973 to have a television station of its own. One factor was the assignment of exclusively ultra high frequency (UHF) television channels to the area at a time when the viability of UHF was questioned. Early UHF stations were largely futile undertakings against VHF competition, as most televisions could not receive them yet and those that did produced a poor quality picture; the *Daily Progress* compared the difference between VHF and UHF reception to that between local AM radio and shortwave. Another factor was the location of part of Charlottesville and the surrounding area in the United States National Radio Quiet Zone. The Quiet Zone boundary runs through the grounds of the University of Virginia, dividing the area in half; all pending television allocations in the Quiet Zone had been abolished by 1965.

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC)'s 1952 Sixth Report and Order, its first nationwide channel allocation table, gave Charlottesville only one channel: UHF channel 45, reserved for non-commercial use. The nearest commercial allocation was on channel 42 in Waynesboro. In the ensuing public comment period, the city of Charlottesville and Charles Barham, the owner of WCHV radio, jointly petitioned to have very high frequency (VHF) channel 8 reassigned from Petersburg to a planned mountaintop tower near Crozet. They argued the VHF allocation would give a large part of central and northern Virginia its first-ever television service. This was denied by the FCC, which reasoned that removing VHF service from the larger city of Petersburg was unwarranted, though it conceded that a UHF station in Waynesboro would be unviewable in Charlottesville and added channel 64 to compensate. Barham settled for channel 64 and received a construction permit on January 29, 1953. One week later, CBS affiliate WLVA-TV signed on from Lynchburg on VHF channel 13, and Charlottesville residents reported good reception. WCHV radio saw no economic path forward and returned the channel 64 construction permit in January 1954.

In 1961, the Charlottesville Broadcasting Corporation, owner of radio station WINA, applied to have VHF channel 11 assigned to the Waynesboro–Staunton area. However, even as the FCC took applications for channel 11, the plan faced stiff opposition from the United States Navy, which planned to build a radio telescope at Sugar Grove, West Virginia. In the meantime, Virginia Broadcasting Corporation, a company owned by stockbroker and bluegrass music artist William Marburg—better known as Bill Clifton—filed for Charlottesville's channel 64 allocation. The channel 64 station received a construction permit in June 1964; six months later, the WINA proposal for channel 11 was denied after the Navy insisted on continued protection for the Sugar Grove site. The channel 64 permit was never built, though it was transferred to another group in 1966.

Two parties then filed for new UHF stations, both originally specifying channel 25, in January 1965. Shenandoah Valley Broadcasting proposed a semi-satellite of WSVA-TV in Harrisonburg with local news and public affairs programming, while WINA soon filed a competing proposal, believing Charlottesville needed a station of its own. WINA won the construction permit, amended to specify channel 29. However, it was unable to secure a network affiliation despite general manager Donald Heyne telling the networks that nearby affiliates only provided "fair, at best" reception to Charlottesville. In 1969, WINA radio was sold, but neither the buyer nor the seller wanted to retain the channel 29 construction permit, which was returned to the FCC.

## History

### Early years

Another company known as the Virginia Broadcasting Corporation, a consortium of more than 30 local stockholders, filed with the FCC on October 19, 1971, for permission to build channel 29. The consortium was headed by Harold Wright and Robert Stroh, owners of WELK radio. The FCC granted the construction permit on March 1, 1972, and the company announced it would be operating within a year from a transmitter on Carters Mountain and studios on Main Street. In June, the station secured affiliation with NBC and announced plans for daily 6 and 11 p.m. newscasts; the company bought the equipment of a bankrupt TV station in Greensboro, North Carolina, which was dismantled, loaded into three rental trucks, and reassembled on Carters Mountain.

WVIR-TV began broadcasting on March 11, 1973. The station was three and a half hours late to its own sign-on due to a technical mishap. It took four years for channel 29 to turn a profit.

WVIR-TV was the first television station in Charlottesville and the only full-service outlet for more than 30 years; WHSV-TV opened a translator in Charlottesville in 1980, and Richmond public television station WCVE-TV built full-power repeater WHTJ in 1989. It also expanded its coverage area to include Staunton and the Harrisonburg–Rockingham County areas by way of two translators of its own.

The station originally operated from studios on Main Street, in a former shoe store, and later added more offices on East Market Street. In 1983, it bought a building on Market Street which was being used as a parking garage to renovate for its studios and offices.

### Waterman ownership

In 1986, Waterman Broadcasting Corporation, led by Winchester native Bernie Waterman, presented an offer to the Virginia Broadcasting Corporation to buy WVIR-TV. The 41 stockholders unanimously agreed to sell the station for $8.694 million. The station continued to dominate its local market with no competition. In one 1998 ad, the station touted its news programs as the highest-rated in Virginia; the 6 p.m. news attracted 71 percent of the audience at that hour.

In 2003, WVIR was the object of a major libel case in Virginia stemming from a 2001 news report that incorrectly stated a man's property had been searched and cocaine had been seized. The station had refused to retract the incorrect report. Jurors returned a $10 million verdict against the station, but a judge reduced the amount, calling it "undue".

Channel 29 gained its first full-power commercial competition when WCAV (channel 19) launched as a CBS affiliate on August 13, 2004. The station was built by Gray Television, owner of WHSV-TV, and was followed by the conversion of the former WHSV translator into WVAW-LP, a separately programmed ABC affiliate for the Charlottesville area, as well as the 2005 launch of WAHU-CA "Fox 27".

WVIR-TV started a subchannel to air The CW when the network began in September 2006. This included a 10 p.m. local newscast. The station began producing high-definition newscasts in April 2008, making Charlottesville the second-smallest market at the time with HD local news. By this time, WVIR continued to hold a commanding lead over its competition.

WVIR-TV ceased regular programming on its analog signal at 12:30 p.m. on February 17, 2009, the original date for the digital television transition under federal mandate (which was later pushed back to June 12, 2009). The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 32, using virtual channel 29; the decision to continue the February switchover saved the station $40,000. As part of the analog nightlight service, the station was required by the FCC to leave its analog signal on-air for two months after the end of digital transition at an estimated cost to the station of $20,000 to broadcast an endless loop of instructional video on digital converter box installation. This was interrupted daily to carry local newscasts.

The station entered the 2016–17 spectrum reallocation auction, electing to take $46,399,285 for its channel 32 allocation and move to the low-VHF band (channels 2 through 6). Chief engineer Bob Jenkins noted that the station was not particularly happy with moving to channel 2 but chose it over entering a channel-sharing agreement with another station.

### Gray Television ownership

Waterman announced a deal to sell WVIR-TV to Gray Television on March 4, 2019. To acquire WVIR-TV, Gray concurrently announced it would sell WCAV and WVAW-LD, as well as WAHU-CD's programming, to Lockwood Broadcast Group. Gray, however, retained the WAHU-CD license. The sale was approved on April 15. The transaction was completed on October 1. On December 1, Gray split off the NBC and CW services for the Harrisonburg and Staunton area as a separate station run from WHSV-TV, WSVW-LD "NBC 3 in the Valley".

Gray implemented the station's repack. The station was to move its signal from channel 32 to channel 2 by January 17, 2020. Equipment shipping and construction delays forced WVIR-TV to use WCAV's channel 19 facility temporarily before it completed the relocation to channel 2 on March 18. Despite the UHF relay, WVIR-TV received hundreds of reception complaints in the following month and applied to increase its effective radiated power on channel 2 from 10 kW to 34 kW. In addition to WVIR-CD, the former WAHU-CD which now broadcasts the same subchannels on the UHF band in the Charlottesville area, the station received a construction permit in 2022 to build a digital replacement translator on channel 30 at Madison, Virginia. This facility began operating in July 2023.

### Notable alumni

## Subchannels

The station's signal is multiplexed:

Subchannels of WVIR-TV
| Channel | Res. | Aspect | Short name | Programming |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 29.1 | 1080i | 16:9 | NBC | NBC |
| 29.2 | | 480i | Outlaw | Outlaw |
| 29.3 | | 720p | CW | The CW Plus |
| 29.4 | | 480i | Crime | True Crime Network |
| | | 29.5 | Grit | Grit |
| | | 29.6 | The365 | The365 |

## InfoBox

WVIR-TV
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Channels |  |
| Branding | * *29 News* * CW 29 *(DT3)* |
| Programming | |
| Affiliations |  |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |  |
| History | |
| First air date | March 11, 1973 (1973-03-11) |
| Former channel number(s) | * **Analog:** 29 (UHF, 1973–2009) * **Digital:** 32 (UHF, 2002–2019); 19 (UHF, 2019–2020) |
| Call sign meaning | Virginia |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 70309 |
| ERP | * 10 kW (licensed) * 34 kW (STA) |
| HAAT | 367.9 m (1,207 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 37°59′1″N 78°28′53″W / 37.98361°N 78.48139°W / 37.98361; -78.48139 |
| Translator(s) |  |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Website | www.29news.com |


title: Melinda Magsino

abstract: Melinda "Mei" Magsino,, a former Filipino investigative journalist for the Philippine Daily Inquirer, was known particularly for political and corruption exposés about Batangas City and Batangas province governments, Philippines. Her life had already been threatened once before in 2005. She also received threats before her murder in 2015.

text:
# Melinda Magsino

**Melinda "Mei" Magsino**, (January 8, 1975  13 April 2015), a former Filipino investigative journalist for the *Philippine Daily Inquirer*, was known particularly for political and corruption exposés about Batangas City and Batangas province governments, Philippines. Her life had already been threatened once before in 2005. She also received threats before her murder in 2015.

## Personal

Melinda Magsino was the daughter of a Philippine Army Colonel Danilo Magsino and Amelita, and came from a large family of six sisters and a brother. She attended high school at Sta. Teresa College in Batangas. At the time of her murder, she had been the partner of Benjamin "Benjie" Reyes for three years. She had resided in Batangas City, where she worked as a political journalist, and was buried April 19, 2015.

## Career

Melinda Magsino worked as a *Philippine Daily Inquirer* correspondent until 2005. She was forced to leave PDI after an internal committee looked into allegations against her, including questionable ties to businesses and sources and competitor recruiting.

During her six-year career with the *Philippine Daily Inquirer*, she exposed corruption within the Batangas City government, specifically that of late Batangas Governor Armando Sanchez. In 2005, Magsino exposed illegal gambling activities and called him a "jueteng lord" (gambling lord). In August 2005, Magsino resigned from the PDI and went into hiding after learning two convicted murderers had the intent of killing her.

She once provided a voice over for a documentary on TV5. After 2005, she wrote for Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism and after 2008, the Vera Files. In 2010, Magsino was the publisher, editor-in-chief, and reporter for the online news outlet *Southern Luzon Inquirer*.

After leaving journalism, Magsino emerged from hiding and posted on her Facebook that she had worked as the Search Engine Optimization specialist and also worked at her partner's chiropractic clinic. She still made political comments as administrator of the Facebook group "Taga Bauan, Batangas Ka Kung…".

## Death

ManilaBatangas Cityclass=notpageimage|Batangas City, Philippines is shown here relative to the capital city of Manila.

Before Magsino was killed, she posted on her Facebook that she received death threats and was harassed.

Magsino was shot by two gunmen riding a motorcycle on April 13, 2015, at age 40. The shooting occurred at noon right outside of the apartment Magsino shared with Benjamin Reyes in Barangay, Balagtas, Batangas. The two suspects allegedly waited outside of the apartment for Magsino, with men in a van serving as backup. Magsino was shot close up in the back of the neck with a .45 caliber with the bullet's exit out of her left eye, and she died immediately. Security video caught the killers in the act.

## Investigation

Motives remain unknown with several speculations. The family claims the motive for the murder was Magsino's controversial political exposé on the Batangas government. Partner Benjie Reyes told GMA News Online that Magsino was working on several possible stories before she died but did not disclose details. The topics of those stories remain unconfirmed. The mayor of Batangas denied involvement in Magsino's killing despite allegations. The NBI of Philippines, however, also were investigating a love triangle, but that motive was dismissed.

On April 18, Magsino's father said the NBI had a suspect, but the family wanted to leave it up to the officials to handle the case details.

As of May 8, 2015, the NBI was still looking for men in a maroon van at the crime scene. Two items of video evidence held by the NBI could aid in identifying both the gunmen and their accomplices in the van. The NBI also holds Magsino's computer and cell phone.

In a most recent twist in the pursuit to arrest her murderer, Edgardo Paredes Luib one of Batangas PNP Top 10 Most Wanted, was arrested on Tuesday, March 5, at the house of his live-in partner in Santo Tomas, Batangas. Albayalde said Luib, who has a standing arrest warrant for two counts of murder, was identified through the help of a tipster, who provided the police information on February 4. Albayalde said Luib also admitted his involvement in the killing of Sytin on the evening of November 28 outside the Lighthouse Resort and Hotel in Subic Zambales. Sytin's driver was injured during the incident.

On August 8 page A19 of the *Philippine Daily Inquirer*, former Bauan mayor Ryanh Dolor was named the sole suspect linked to the murder of Mei Magsino. The news came on the day that he was invited to Camp Crame when President Duterte identified him as a drug lord and to shed light in his involvement in the illicit drug trade in Batangas Province. As of this date he is the only public official in Batangas identified.

## Context

In the Philippines, out of 129 journalists that have been killed since 1992, 52 of those, including Magsino's, have unconfirmed motives. Under President Benigno Aquino III's administration, she was the 32nd journalist to have been killed and 173rd journalist since 1986.

After Magsino's death, five Batangas cops were removed from their positions due to their failure to prevent the murder.

## Impact

Magsino won an award within the PDI for the co-written story "Swiss government probes $2-M Nani account," which was co-written with Clarissa Batino. Magsino used unnamed officials' disclosure of the government's investigation of Justice Secretary Hernando Perez for money laundering.

## Reactions

Vice President Jejomar Binay said, "There are no words strong enough to convey my disgust with the continued killings of our journalists. The press is a key institution in a democratic society and the protection of all media practitioners is a responsibility of the State and one that should be given priority."

The National Union of Journalists of the Philippines said, "Mei's murder not only highlights the fact that leaving journalism is no guarantee of safety from the perils of the profession – especially not from those with long memories and deadly intent – it also underscores the depths to which the culture of impunity has become entrenched in our country and society, courtesy of a government that has shown only the most cursory regard for human rights."

Jane Worthington, Asia Pacific acting director International Federation of Journalists, said, "The IFJ offer its condolences to the family and colleagues of Melinda (Magsino) who was murdered in cold blood. This senseless murder highlights the challenges facing journalists across the Philippines."

Inquirer publisher Raul Pangalangan said, "It falls upon us to make sure that indeed (Magsino's) death doesn't become just another statistic."

Partner Benjie Reyes said, "We just wanna see justice done. We wanna get these people (the perpetrators) off the streets because if not, they will keep repeating what they do."

In an email to Rappler responding to Magsino's death, media ethicist Luis Teodoro wrote, "Any journalist killed diminishes the number of voices necessary in democratic discourse. The possibility of (journalism) being abused is part of the risks of free expression. The abuse of press freedom can and should be addressed through self regulation."

## InfoBox

| Melinda "Mei" Magsino | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1975-01-08)January 8, 1975 |
| Died | April 13, 2015(2015-04-13) (aged 40)<br>Batangas City, Providence of Batangas, Philippines |
| Cause of death | Shooting |
| Nationality | Filipino |
| Alma mater | Sta. Teresa College |
| Occupation(s) | Investigative journalist, editor and publisher |
| Employer | *Philippine Daily Inquirer* |
| Known for | Political exposés |
| Spouse | Arnold Lubis |
| Partner | Benjamin Reyes |


title: Melinda Ledbetter

abstract: Melinda Kae Ledbetter was an American talent manager who was the second wife and longtime manager of Brian Wilson of the Beach Boys. She was once also a model and car saleswoman. Ledbetter was credited with helping to initiate Wilson's court-ordered separation from his former psychologist, Eugene Landy, and leading Wilson to proper medical care. Her account of her early relationship with Wilson was dramatized for the 2014 biopic Love & Mercy, in which Ledbetter is portrayed by Elizabeth Banks.

text:
# Melinda Ledbetter

**Melinda Kae Ledbetter** (October 3, 1946 – January 30, 2024) was an American talent manager who was the second wife and longtime manager of Brian Wilson of the Beach Boys. She was once also a model and car saleswoman. Ledbetter was credited with helping to initiate Wilson's court-ordered separation from his former psychologist, Eugene Landy, and leading Wilson to proper medical care. Her account of her early relationship with Wilson was dramatized for the 2014 biopic *Love & Mercy*, in which Ledbetter is portrayed by Elizabeth Banks.

## Background

Melinda Kae Ledbetter was born in Pueblo, Colorado, on October 3, 1946, to Rosemary and Leonard Ledbetter, an Air Force pilot who had been stationed there. Melinda grew up in Whittier, California, and was of German and Irish descent. She had a 16-year career as a commercial model for designers including Bob Mackie and Anne Klein, after which she became a sales representative for a Cadillac dealership in Los Angeles.

In 1986, while working at the car dealership, Ledbetter met Brian Wilson. At the time, Wilson had been a patient under Eugene Landy's 24-hour therapy program. Six months after meeting Wilson, she had reported Landy to the state's attorney general for ethical violations, but they informed her that nothing could be done without the cooperation of Wilson's family. According to Ledbetter, Landy ordered Wilson to sever ties with her in 1989, "when we \[Brian and I\] started to get serious".

## Marriage to Brian Wilson

After Landy was struck with a 1991 court order which barred him from contacting Wilson, Wilson and Ledbetter reconnected and were married on February 6, 1995. Ledbetter went on to become Wilson's manager in 1999, a job which she said was "basically negotiating, and that's what I did every single day when I sold cars." According to Ledbetter, "I was in the right place at the right time to help him. It's like the concept that you can lead a horse to water but you can't get him to drink. ... What he's missed out on is an environment where he feels safe. He didn't have that before with his family, his old band, his doctor, his first wife. But he finally has that."

Ledbetter was credited with leading Wilson to proper medical care, to tour regularly, and to complete his unfinished album *Smile*. However, numerous reports surrounding Wilson's comeback alleged that his close associates, including Ledbetter, had been exploiting Wilson and applying undue pressure on him to maintain an active music career. In 1998, Wilson's daughter Carnie called her "Melandy", a reference to Landy and the control he formerly held over Wilson's affairs. In a 2007 interview, Wilson credited his relationship with Ledbetter for allowing him to resume his career as a musician. However, in the same interview, he remarked that he felt that he should have spent the early 2000s "in a mental institution under heavy sedation" due to his psychological issues. Whether Wilson truly consents to his semi-regular touring schedule since the 2000s remains a subject of debate among fans.

In the mid-1990s, Wilson collaborated with multi-instrumentalist Andy Paley on tracks earmarked for a potential Beach Boys comeback album. It was reported that Ledbetter influenced Wilson to scrap the project in favor of a new album with former wrestler Joe Thomas. In 1999, a suit was filed against Thomas, seeking damages and a declaration which freed Wilson to work on his next album without involvement from Thomas. Thomas reciprocated with a suit citing that Ledbetter "schemed against and manipulated" him and Wilson. The case was settled out of court.

According to Wilson's cousin and former bandmate Mike Love, the group's 50th anniversary reunion tour involving all original surviving members ended prematurely, partly due to interference from Ledbetter. He expressed disappointment that he was never allowed to collaborate with Wilson for the album *That's Why God Made the Radio*, as had been promised, and that during the performances, she attempted to install an autotune unit on each of the band members' microphones. This was the beginning of some backstage quarrels between Love and Ledbetter, which ended with his stipulating that she be banned from rehearsals until the tour was over.

In 2015, Wilson credited Ledbetter with assisting with some of the production of his album *No Pier Pressure*. Upon Ledbetter's death in 2024, Wilson wrote that "She was my savior. She gave me the emotional security I needed to have a career. She encouraged me to make the music that was closest to my heart. She was my anchor.”

## *Love & Mercy*

Half of the 2014 Brian Wilson biopic *Love & Mercy* is set from Ledbetter's point of view in the 1980s, with Elizabeth Banks playing Ledbetter. *Love & Mercy* screenwriter Oren Moverman stated that virtually every event in the film's 1980s portions was sourced from conversations he had with Ledbetter. She said after watching the film: "I remembered that what Landy did to Brian was even worse. You don't get a sense of it in the movie, but it happened on a daily basis, for years."

## Personal life and death

Ledbetter and Wilson adopted five children.

Ledbetter died at her home in Beverly Hills, California, on January 30, 2024, at the age of 77. Her death was announced by Wilson via his Twitter account.

## InfoBox

| Melinda Ledbetter | |
| --- | --- |
| Ledbetter in 1964 | |
| Born | Melinda Kae Ledbetter
(1946-10-03)October 3, 1946
Pueblo, Colorado, U.S. |
| Died | January 30, 2024(2024-01-30) (aged 77)
Beverly Hills, California, U.S. |
| Other names | Melinda Wilson |
| Occupation(s) | Manager and conservator of Brian Wilson |
| Years active | 1990s–2024 |
| Organization | BriMel Music |
| Spouse | Brian Wilson (m. 1995) |
| Children | 5 (adopted) |


title: Melbourne City Mission

abstract: Melbourne City Mission (MCM), known as the Community Welfare Foundation during the 1970s, is a charitable organisation in Melbourne, Australia.

text:
# Melbourne City Mission

**Melbourne City Mission** (**MCM**), known as the **Community Welfare Foundation** during the 1970s, is a charitable organisation in Melbourne, Australia.

## History

Melbourne City Mission is the city's oldest charity, having been founded in 1854. In 1850, there were only around 25,000 people in Melbourne, but this number grew rapidly to nearly 500,000, mostly men, by 1891. The rapid increase was due to the discovery of gold in the colony of Victoria, and camps and wooden shacks sprung up across Melbourne. Many people fell into poverty and succumbed to disease, and charities, which had Christian evangelism at their core, could not cope.

David Nasmith had started the City Mission movement in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1826, and by the time of his death in 1839, there were 45 such missions in Great Britain, and 36 in North America. Melbourne City Mission was the first of these, founded in 1854, and similar missions followed in Hobart, Sydney, Adelaide, Brisbane, and various regional cities. While each mission was run independently, several, including Melbourne and Sydney, adopted London City Mission as their parent body.

Philanthropists John Singleton (1808–1891), a medical doctor, and Hester Hornbrook, founder of the city's ragged schools movement, lobbied the protestant churches and organised a public meeting on 11 August 1854, which was attended by 650 people who voted in favour of the proposal to set up a mission in the city. Their vision was "a mission embracing all denominations and unsectarian in its character" to ameliorate the hardship caused in the wake of the gold rushes. After the first attempt at the mission, which employed five missionaries, ran out of funds in 1856, a second committee was established in August of that year, initially employing just one missionary full-time.

For some time, the mission was named the Ladies' Melbourne and Suburban City Mission, and run by a Gentleman's Committee and a Ladies' Committee. The mission did much to help support women and children. The home for prostitutes and the Benevolent Ladies' Society gave general assistance and the so-called ragged schools helped to education children who were too poor to attend school. Hornbrook founded nine schools over the four years before her death in 1862. After the death of Hornbrook in 1862, the men took over the running of the mission.

Compulsory universal education was introduced in 1872, so the ragged schools were no longer necessary.

### 20th century

By the end of the 1800s, the aims of the mission encompassed charitable or welfare work as well as administering residential care in institutions for those in poverty or distress.

Around 1900, the mission renewed itself, and work started to be done more from district halls. On 5 June 1902 the mission reverted to its original name. MCM worked from district halls in Brunswick, Collingwood, North Melbourne, Port Melbourne, Richmond, Fitzroy, and Carlton. Laymen became more prominent than clergy on the committees. Many of the missionaries were working-class women.

#### Institutions run by MCM

These included:

* 1900: Melbourne City Mission Maternity Home, in Albion Street
* c.1935: Toddlers' Home, on the same site
* Services to homeless men, led by the work of Sister Grace, at 169 Exhibition Street
* Home for "Friendless Girls" (aka Sister Grace's Auxiliary), a hostel for respectable young women looking for work
* Home for Aged Women, in Collingwood (in the former Home for Fallen and Friendless Women set up by Singleton)
* Pilgrim's Rest, in Fairfield

In 1926, the mission moved into a new building at 280 Exhibition Street, a former hotel. It included dormitory accommodation for up to 30 "friendless girls". The hostel was known by various names, including the Haven of Hope and Sister Grace's Home for Friendless Girls.

Happy Days was a seaside respite home for children "in delicate health", in Black Rock, run by MCM for about five years after its opening on 4 March 1933.

In 1943, MCM took over the management of the Elizabeth Fry Retreat (which had been opened by Sarah Swinborn in January 1885 for women leaving gaol, although its purpose had changed over time) in South Yarra from the Quakers, a home for "wayward girls"; renamed Swinborn Lodge in 1957 and under MCM until 1970.

In 1949, the mission described itself as "an interdenominational institution registered with the Charities Board of Victoria operating amongst the poor, outside the Churches, supported by voluntary contributions".

The Maternity and Toddlers' Homes in Brunswick merged to form Hartnett House in around 1955, which lasted until 1970.

From the 1960s a more professional social welfare approach was adopted, with a focus on structural and policy issues causing social problems, which led to a change of name in 1970 to the Community Welfare Foundation. However this was not successful and the name reverted in 1979. With more women going out to work from this time, the number of volunteers decreased, and were replaced by professional social workers. Those who were helped were termed clients, and had more agency in determining what type of help they received. Hartnett House was used less as a residence as single mothers were supported to stay in their own homes. The funding model changed too: by 1970, 30 per cent of MCM's funding came from government agencies, increasing to 80 per cent by 1988. Fundraising was carried out mainly by church women, and op shops also brought in some funds. The focus gradually changed to employment and housing for young people, and supporting people with a disability.

### 21st century

From the 1990s, the mission focused on a response to youth homelessness. In the early 2000s the spelling of the name changed from Melbourne City Mission to Melbourne Citymission, but sometime before March 2020 had reverted to the original spelling again.

MCM introduced the Step Ahead Program for people aged 16–25, whereby they could receive stable housing in fully furnished homes for up to three years, with ongoing support after they left the accommodation. This model proved so successful that the government took over funding it, with the program now known as Youth Foyers.

It also ran a program for people with an acquired brain injury called Compass, which provided a place to learn or re-learn skills and readjust to life, make friends and prepare for a return to work. However, despite its success the program was closed in 2020.

## Description and services

Unlike many other city missions in Australia, MCM is not part of Mission Australia.

MCM provides services to homeless people in Melbourne and throughout the state of Victoria, along with services in other areas, such as aged care, children, employment, and justice, and palliative care. Its community palliative care service was the first of its kind in Australia, set up in 1981. It aims to provide a holistic model of care, known as the Healing Oriented Framework, designed to "promote the physical, emotional, social, psychological and spiritual health and wellbeing; cultural inclusion and ongoing safety" of clients.

Its website includes an apology to the Forgotten Australians, children who were put into the care of MCM during the first half of the 20th century. Its statement says that it "deeply regrets any abuse, neglect, or lack of appropriate care and nurture of children in its care... We accept that some children did not receive the love, nurturing, and care to which they were so rightly entitled." The organisations encourages care leavers to make contact with MCM, and also offers a service to help retrieve historical records relating to children in its care.

## Notable clients

## Further reading


title: WWIII – Unklesounds vs. U.N.K.L.E

abstract: WWIII – Unklesounds vs. U.N.K.L.E is a 2004 compilation DJ remix album by U.N.K.L.E.

text:
# WWIII – Unklesounds vs. U.N.K.L.E

**WWIII – Unklesounds vs. U.N.K.L.E** is a 2004 compilation DJ remix album by U.N.K.L.E.

## Track listing

cd1 - Unkle vs. Unkle - Never Never Land Throw Down (43'14) 1.
2. "Intro" 0'20
3. Rare Earth \- "Get Ready" 2'07
4. Queens Of The Stone Age \- "No One Knows" (Unkle Reconstruction) 6'37
5. Unkle \- "Blackout" 3'15
6. Howie B. \- "Hey Jack" (Unkle Metamorphosis Mix) 7'51
7. DJ Shadow \- "GDMFSOB" (Unkle Uncensored Mix) 5'58
8. Unkle \- "Reign" 5'47
9. Dead Prez \- "Hip Hop" (Unkle Remix) 4'58
10. Ian Brown \- "F.E.A.R." (Unkle Reconstruction) 6'21

cd2 - James Lavelle vs. The Scratch Perverts – Psyence Fiction Turntable Reconstruction (52'56) 1.
2. "Intro" 0'20
3. Unkle \- "Unkle (Main Title Theme)" (Live) 2'23
4. Unkle \- "Lonely Soul" (Live) 4'29
5. Unkle \- "Guns Blazing (Drums Of Death Part 1)" / "The Knock (Drums Of Death Part 2)" (Live) 8'02
6. The Scratch Perverts \- "The March Of The General" 2'20
7. The Scratch Perverts \- "Scratch Interlude 1" 2'12
8. Unkle \- "Celestial Annihilation" (Live) 4'04
9. Unkle \- "Bloodstain" (Live) 2'55
10. Unkle \- "Nursery Rhyme" (Live) 3'16
11. The Scratch Perverts \- "Scratch Interlude 2" 2'21
12. Unkle \- "Be There" (Live Part 1) 1'13
13. Unkle \- "Unreal" (Scratch Perverts Reconstruction) 5'32
14. Unkle \- "Rabbit In Your Headlights" (Live) 5'52
15. The Scratch Perverts \- "Scratch Interlude 3" 2'28
16. Unkle \- "Be There" (Live Part 2) 5'17
17. "Outro" 0'14

## InfoBox

| WWIII – Unklesounds vs. U.N.K.L.E | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Remix album by U.N.K.L.E. | |
| Released | 2004 (2004) |
| U.N.K.L.E. chronology | |
| *Where the Wild Things Are*
(2004) ***WWIII – Unklesounds vs. U.N.K.L.E***
(2004) *Original Artform*
(2007) | |


title: Memecylon leucanthum

abstract: Memecylon leucanthum is a species of plant in the family Melastomataceae. It is endemic to Sri Lanka.

text:
# Memecylon leucanthum

***Memecylon leucanthum*** is a species of plant in the family Melastomataceae. It is endemic to Sri Lanka.

## InfoBox

| *Memecylon leucanthum* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Melastomataceae |
| Genus: | *Memecylon* |
| Species: | ***M. leucanthum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Memecylon leucanthum***
Thwaites | |
|


title: WTVE

abstract: WTVE is a television station licensed to Willow Grove, Pennsylvania, United States, serving the Philadelphia area and primarily airing paid programming from OnTV4U. It is owned by WRNN-TV Associates alongside Princeton, New Jersey–licensed ShopHQ affiliate WMCN-TV and Trenton, New Jersey–licensed Class A station WPHY-CD. WTVE and WPHY-CD share studios on East State Street in Trenton; through a channel sharing agreement, the two stations transmit using WPHY-CD's spectrum from an antenna in the Roxborough section of Philadelphia.

text:
# WTVE

**WTVE** (channel 51) is a television station licensed to Willow Grove, Pennsylvania, United States, serving the Philadelphia area and primarily airing paid programming from OnTV4U. It is owned by WRNN-TV Associates alongside Princeton, New Jersey–licensed ShopHQ affiliate WMCN-TV (channel 44) and Trenton, New Jersey–licensed Class A station WPHY-CD (channel 25). WTVE and WPHY-CD share studios on East State Street in Trenton; through a channel sharing agreement, the two stations transmit using WPHY-CD's spectrum from an antenna in the Roxborough section of Philadelphia.

## History

The station first signed on the air on May 4, 1980, as an independent station, originally licensed to Reading, Pennsylvania. When it launched, WTVE initially maintained a general entertainment format with a mix of off-network sitcoms from the 1960s and early 1970s, movies, drama series and talk shows, as well as a local newscast. However, the station did not carry many cartoons. While the station received sizeable viewership, it was not profitable.

Beginning in September 1981, WTVE began running the subscription television service SelecTV, which aired feature films just finished with their theatrical runs, each evening from 8 to 10 p.m. By January 1982, SelecTV programming expanded to 8 p.m. to midnight. That spring, the station began running SelecTV from 7 p.m. to 5 a.m. on weekdays and from 3 p.m. to 5 a.m. on weekends. In the fall of 1982, WTVE added Financial News Network programming each weekday from noon to 5 p.m., and began carrying religious programs on Saturday and Sunday mornings. WTVE switched to SelecTV programming after 6 p.m. weekdays and after noon on weekends.

By the fall of 1983, WTVE was running SelecTV full-time, with the exception of weekday broadcasts of *The 700 Club* and the *Independent Network News*, along with other religious and public affairs shows on Saturday and Sunday mornings. SelecTV was dropped in the late 1980s, and was replaced with home shopping programming from Shop at Home and infomercials. In 1998, WTVE affiliated with the Spanish-language Telemundo network, before switching back to an English-language format after a year.

WTVE's primary analog transmitter (prior to the digital transition) was located in Reading; the analog signal barely reached the Philadelphia suburbs and Lebanon, in the eastern part of the Harrisburg market. As a result, WTVE depended heavily on "must-carry" rules to reach viewers in the Philadelphia market on cable. WTVE at one point had a repeater in Philadelphia on channel 7; that station now operates independently as WWJT-LP.

WTVE had been in Chapter 11 bankruptcy, managed by trustee George Miller until its $13.5-million takeover by WRNN-TV Associates received FCC approval on May 15, 2008. WRNN-TV Associates subsequently sold the station to NRJ TV (a company unrelated to European broadcaster NRJ Radio) in 2011. On June 1, 2016, the station joined the SonLife Broadcasting Network.

On December 9, 2019, it was announced that WRNN-TV Associates, would repurchase WTVE, as well as WPHY-CD and six other full-power TV stations in other markets from NRJ. The sale was approved by the FCC on January 23, and was completed on February 4, 2020, making WTVE and WPHY-CD sister stations to WMCN-TV. Upon completion of the sale, all SonLife programming was dropped and the station now broadcasts infomercials most of the day, along with a simulcast of WRNN's nightly talk show *Richard French Live*.

## Programming

Prior to its switch to SonLife, WTVE's schedule consisted mostly of infomercials and paid religious programs; the station did carry some limited syndicated programming on weekday early evenings. Syndicated programming seen on WTVE included *Inside Edition*, *That '70s Show* and *Everybody Loves Raymond*.

### Newscasts

WTVE aired nightly newscasts from its on-air inception in 1980 until late 1983, when the station switched to a full-time schedule of SelecTV programming. The original news programs were called *TV51 Total News* and aired weeknights at 5:30 and 10 p.m. *Total News* was targeted primarily at viewers in Berks and Schuylkill counties in an effort to fill a void in local news coverage for viewers living on the far western edge of the Philadelphia television market. Original WTVE anchors included longtime WEEU radio newsman Bob Smith, Frank Mooney (longtime Reading radio and television personality and "voice" of Boscov's department stores) and sports anchor Ross MacCallum. Later local radio personality and newscaster Suzy Sands joined the station as anchor of the 10 p.m. newscast. Weekend newscasts were anchored by Mike Reinert and Karen Kaye.

At this same time, Jeffrey D. Miller (one-time "Night Mayor" on Reading radio) hosted a late night talk show called *NightBeat*. Miller also anchored and reported for the nightly news programs. WTVE was also one of the first to air *Independent Network News*, a nationally syndicated nightly news program produced by WPIX in New York City that was distributed to independent stations, each night at 10:30 p.m. during the 1980s.

Local news programming was re-established on the station in 2000, with the debut of *Philly TV News*. This program was an attempt to build up the station as a player in the Philadelphia television news arena, but the production failed to attract viewers and was eventually cancelled.

### Sports programming

In the 1980s, WTVE was known for airing high school football games featuring Berks and Schuylkill County schools via tape delay on Saturday evenings. Albright College basketball was also broadcast in a similar manner. The station aired various football games involving Pennsylvania teams. In 2007, WTVE broadcast four Albright College football games; in 2008, the station became an affiliate of the PA Sports Fever network.

## Technical information

### Subchannels

Subchannels of WPHY-CD and WTVE
| License | Channel | Res. | Aspect | Short name | Programming |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| WPHY-CD | 25.1 | 480i | 16:9 | WPHY DT | Infomercials |
| | | 25.2 | SBN | Sonlife |
| | | 25.3 | JTV | Jewelry TV |
| WTVE | | 51.1 | 720p | WTVE-DT | OnTV4U |
| | | 51.2 | 480i | WTVE D2 | Timeless TV / Infomercials |

WTVE formerly operated a third digital subchannel, which carried VIETV; as of January 18, 2016, only 51.1 and 51.2 are broadcast.

WTVE formerly operated Estrella TV on DT2, but in February 2020, that changed to Timeless TV (public domain shows and infomercials). This channel is seen on some RNN and HC2 Holdings stations. WTVE formerly operated SonLife on DT3; this was later moved to its sharing host WPHY-CD.

### Analog-to-digital conversion

WTVE received authorization by the Federal Communications Commission to terminate its analog signal "no earlier than September 30, 2008" after expressing severe concerns that the existing analog klystron tube transmitter was expected to fail. WTVE shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 51, on that date. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 25. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 51.

WTVE was one of the first stations in the U.S. to transmit using a distributed transmission system, having received special temporary authority from the FCC to operate WTVE-DT via eight (mostly low-powered) transmitters scattered across its coverage area rather than relying on a singular full-power signal.

The station formerly transmitted with on-channel boosters from sites in or near:

This pattern effectively created a tailored coverage area corresponding to one large main signal centered on Philadelphia, plus a series of boosters.

In late 2009, all eight boosters were upgraded to the ATSC-M/H format to be capable of mobile DTV broadcast. The station's Mobile DTV signal, which would be a simulcast of subchannel 51.1, was expected to sign on sometime in 2011; however it has not yet begun operations as of November 2013.

1. "RNN Reaches Agreement to Increase Permanent Distribution Platform to 28 Percent of the US With NRJ Purchase". *Globe Newswire*. December 9, 2019. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
2. "Application Search Details".
3. "Community of License Change Exhibit". Federal Communications Commission.
4. "Facility Technical Data for WTVE". *Licensing and Management System*. Federal Communications Commission.
5. "WTVE History". *wtve.com*. WTVE. 2005. Archived from the original on November 2, 2005. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
6. "FCC OKs SALE OF BANKRUPT PHILLY STATION". *tvnewsday.com*. NewsCheckMedia LLC. May 15, 2008. Archived from the original on September 21, 2012. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
7. "FCC allows French to take a ride in Reading". *rbr.com*. Radio Business Report, Inc. May 16, 2008. Archived from the original on May 14, 2010. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
8. "NRJ Holdings takes a ride on the Reading with WTVE". *Television Business Report*. September 29, 2011. Archived from the original on October 2, 2011. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
9. "Children's Television Programming Report" (PDF). *Public Inspection Files*. Federal Communications Commission. July 7, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
10. Jacobson, Adam (December 9, 2019). "RNN Ignites Deal-Making Market With NRJ Deal". Radio and Television Business Report. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
11. RabbitEars TV Query for WPHY-CD
12. "Digital TV Market Listing for WTVE". *rabbitears.info*. 2017. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
13. "Digital TV Market Listing for WPHY-CD". *rabbitears.info*. 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
14. "WTVE DTV status report Oct 10, 2008". Fjallfoss.fcc.gov. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
15. "NorthEast Radio Watch by Scott Fybush". Fybush.com. August 4, 2008. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
16. "DTV Tentative Channel Designations for the First and Second Rounds" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 29, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
17. "Re: Request for Special Temporary Authority to Operate a Distributed Transmission System on Channel 25 in Reading, Pennsylvania" (PDF). *fcc.gov*. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
18. "SFN: ARE MANY TRANSMITTERS BETTER THAN ONE?". *tvnewsday.com*. TV Newsday Inc. September 13, 2007. Archived from the original on November 18, 2008. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
19. Kurz, Phil. "WTVE-TV deploys ATSC-M/H mobile DTS trial". *broadcastengineering.com*. Penton Media, Inc. Archived from the original on February 5, 2010. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
20. "Mobile DTV Service List". *rabbitears.info*. 2017. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
21. "Mobile DTV Station Guide | www.omvcsignalmap.com". *mdtvsignalmap.com*. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved February 9, 2012.

## InfoBox

WTVE
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| City | Willow Grove, Pennsylvania |
| Channels |  |
| Branding | TV 51 |
| Programming | |
| Affiliations |  |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |  |
| Sister stations | WPHY-CD, WMCN-TV |
| History | |
| First air date | May 4, 1980 (1980-05-04) |
| Former channel number(s) | * **Analog:** 51 (UHF, 1980–2009) * **Digital:** 25 (UHF, until 2018) |
| Former affiliations |  |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 55305 |
| ERP | 15 kW |
| HAAT | 351.9 m (1,155 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 40°2′30.1″N 75°14′10.1″W / 40.041694°N 75.236139°W / 40.041694; -75.236139 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |


title: Melville, New South Wales

abstract: Melville is a locality in the City of Maitland in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia. Melville is a rural locality and covers an area of 5.6 square kilometres (2.2 sq mi). The Hunter River is located along the southern and western boundary rising to the Rosebrook Ridge at 182 metres (597 ft) located in the North. The traditional owners and custodians of the Maitland area are the Wonnarua people.

text:
# Melville, New South Wales

**Melville** is a locality in the City of Maitland in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia.

Melville is a rural locality and covers an area of 5.6 square kilometres (2.2 sq mi). The Hunter River is located along the southern and western boundary rising to the Rosebrook Ridge at 182 metres (597 ft) located in the North.

The traditional owners and custodians of the Maitland area are the Wonnarua people.

## InfoBox

| Melville
New South Wales | |
| --- | --- |
| Melville | |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 32°40′37.2″S 151°31′15.5″E / 32.677000°S 151.520972°E / -32.677000; 151.520972 |
| Population | 64 (2016 census) |
| • Density | 11.43/km2 (29.6/sq mi) |
| Postcode(s) | 2320 |
| Elevation | 10 to 182 m (33 to 597 ft) |
| Area | 5.6 km2 (2.2 sq mi) |
| Time zone | AEST (UTC+10) |
| • Summer (DST) | AEDT (UTC+11) |
| Location |  |
| LGA(s) | Maitland |
| Region | Hunter |
| County | Durham |
| Parish | Middlehope |
| State electorate(s) | Maitland |
| Federal division(s) | Lyne |
| **Suburbs around Melville:**  Rosebrook Rosebrook Rosebrook  Anambah Melville Maitland Vale  Anambah Aberglasslyn Aberglasslyn | |


title: Memphis Trust Building

abstract: The Memphis Trust Building is a historic building in Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.. It was built in 1904 for the Bank of Commerce and Trust. It was designed by Hanker & Cairns. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since November 25, 1980.

text:
# Memphis Trust Building

The **Memphis Trust Building** is a historic building in Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.. It was built in 1904 for the Bank of Commerce and Trust. It was designed by Hanker & Cairns. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since November 25, 1980.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Memphis Trust Building | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Memphis Trust Building in the 1900s | |
|  | |
| Location | 12 S. Main St., Memphis, Tennessee |
| Coordinates | 35°8′40″N 90°3′9″W / 35.14444°N 90.05250°W / 35.14444; -90.05250 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1904 (1904) |
| NRHP reference No. | 80003867 |
| Added to NRHP | November 25, 1980 |


title: WUKS

abstract: WUKS is a radio station broadcasting a classic hip hop format. Licensed to St. Pauls, North Carolina, United States, the station serves the Fayetteville area. The station is currently owned by Beasley Media Group, through licensee Beasley Media Group Licenses, LLC, and features programming from ABC Radio. Its studios are located east of downtown Fayetteville, and its transmitter is located west of Lumber Bridge, North Carolina.

text:
# WUKS

**WUKS** (107.7 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a classic hip hop format. Licensed to St. Pauls, North Carolina, United States, the station serves the Fayetteville area. The station is currently owned by Beasley Media Group, through licensee Beasley Media Group Licenses, LLC, and features programming from ABC Radio. Its studios are located east of downtown Fayetteville, and its transmitter is located west of Lumber Bridge, North Carolina.

## History

On October 14, 1994, Lumbee Regional Development Association, owner of gospel station WYRU in Red Springs, added a 6,500-watt FM station called **WLRD**. With 100,000-watt WZFX the only urban contemporary station in the Fayetteville market since 1990, "The Flava" would play the hottest new artists mixed with old school.

By the spring of 1997, WLRD ranked third, behind WZFX and WKML, in the Arbitron ratings. Later that year, Beasley Media Group purchased WYRU and WLRD from Lumbee Regional Development Association for about $1.2 million. The company had also purchased WZFX, and briefly aired that station's programming on WLRD.

On August 11, 1997, WLRD became Kiss 107.7, playing a more adult version of urban contemporary known as "The Touch," with artists such as Al Green, Whitney Houston, Patti LaBelle, and Earth, Wind and Fire. The station changed its call letters to **WUKS**, increased its power to 25,000 watts, and added Tom Joyner in the mornings. Later, Kiss added live DJs and, for a while, moved in an adult contemporary direction with George Michael, Dave Koz, The Temptations, Bobby Womack, The Chi-Lites, Babyface, and Kenny G.

In the spring of 2008, midday host Omega Jones, and afternoon host Jae McKrae, and Calvin P in the evening held their positions respectively. In the fall of 2008, WUKS was ranked #2 overall in the market with 8.5 percent of listeners. That was the first time since 1986 a station other than Foxy 99 or WKML hit the number 2 mark. That successful trio lasted about a year, until February 2009. The station slipped to fourth with 7.6 the next year. The March 2009 debut of similarly formatted WMGU likely played a role in the station's continuous decline to eighth, at 4.3, in the spring of 2010; WMGU was fourth.

By early 2010, Taylor Morgan and Calvin P were holding down midday and afternoon drive.

At 10:00 am on September 8, 2010, an announcement was made (from afternoon announcer Calvin P) in a variation of this: "As always we thank you, our loyal listeners, for listening to WUKS-FM, St. Pauls, Fayetteville over the years. But as you know, things must change. Now, we must kiss and say goodbye." The final song on 107.7 Kiss FM was The Manhattans' "Kiss and Say Goodbye". Following this track, another announcement was made stating the switch from Kiss FM to 107.7 Jackson FM. The station began playing music from the Jackson family, with the first song being "Thriller" by Michael Jackson.

The Jackson format was a stunt. On Friday, September 10, WUKS resumed under what reports called an "urban variety" format, using the name "107.7 Jamz... Everything that jamz." Beasley said the new sound "targets men and women, ages 25 to 54, with a blend of rhythm-and-blues, funk and early hip-hop from the 1970s to today's hits." Beasley market manager Mac Edwards said listeners indicated they wanted more energy and more of the songs they danced to when younger.

Kenny J was the Program Director and midday drive personality. The Big Teddy Bear has a live and local afternoon drive show. Kent Dunn is the current market manager.

On April 1, 2021, WUKS shifted their format to current-based urban adult contemporary, branded as "107.7 Jamz" with "Smooth R&B and Old School". Big Teddy Bear moved to nights and Kenny J took the afternoon shift. The "Deja Vu" show from ABC Audio airs middays, and Russ Parr in the morning.

On March 20, 2023 at Midnight, after playing "Boom Boom Pow" by The Black Eyed Peas, the station shifted to classic hip hop as "107.7 The Bounce", utilizing a branding made famous by cross-country sister station WMGC-FM in Detroit. The first song on The Bounce was "I Need Love" by LL Cool J. The previous format ranked fifth in the Fayetteville market with a 5.0 share in the Fall 2022 Nielsen Audio ratings, but trailing co-owned WZFX with its 13.7 share and Cumulus Media’s competing WMGU’s second ranked 10.3 share.

## InfoBox

WUKS
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Fayetteville, North Carolina |
| Frequency | 107.7 MHz |
| Branding | *107.7 The Bounce* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Classic hip hop |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |  |
| Sister stations | WAZZ, WFLB, WKML, WZFX |
| History | |
| First air date | 1997 |
| Former call signs | WLRD (1994–1997) |
| Call sign meaning | **W U** **K**i**S**s (previous branding) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 39239 |
| Class | C3 |
| ERP | 5,200 watts |
| HAAT | 200 meters (660 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 34°52′17″N 79°08′49″W / 34.87139°N 79.14694°W / 34.87139; -79.14694 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen live |
| Website | 1077thebounce.com |


title: Wallace's Monument, Ayrshire

abstract: Wallace's Monument, the Wallace Tower, or the Barnweil Monument is a category-A-listed building dedicated to the memory of William Wallace located on Barnweil Hill, a prominent location in the parish of Craigie, South Ayrshire, Scotland.

text:
# Wallace's Monument, Ayrshire

**Wallace's Monument,** the **Wallace Tower,** or the **Barnweil Monument** (NS 240655 629488) is a category-A-listed building dedicated to the memory of William Wallace located on Barnweil Hill (153 m or 503 ft), a prominent location in the parish of Craigie, South Ayrshire, Scotland.

## History

### Purpose and origins

The Wallace Monument is a picturesque Gothic structure and is in a prominent situation, built to commemorate William Wallace at the time of an upsurge in the Scottish desire for self-determination, predating the 1869 Wallace Monument at Stirling. The story is that the name derives from an occasion when Wallace, standing on this elevated site, remarked that the Barns of Ayr (containing English soldiers) \`burn weil' is an invention, the reason for the name actually being that it is situated close to the remains of the medieval parish church of Barnweil, a parish that suppressed in the 17th century. In 1841 a stone was still pointed out upon which Wallace stood to view the conflagration.

The Ayr Advertiser of 12 October 1854 carried an advertisement calling for designs for the monument to be submitted to W F Love of Beith by 1 January 1855. The Ayr Advertiser of 30 October 1856 stated that the monument was designed by William Dobie of Beith, and was built by Mr Snodgrass. The Dobies were a well-to-do professional family with antiquarian interests. No evidence has been found of any call for public subscription. Robert Snodgrass senior, son of William Snodgrass, mason of Beith, practised as an architect-builder in Beith. The land was donated by Brigadier-General James George Smith-Neil of Barnweil House in 1855.

William Patrick of Roughwood and Woodside near Beith is also said to have erected the monument. Dobie states that after repeated attempts to *arouse public sympathy in its favour* he built the tower at his own expense.

#### Etymology

The name, also used as Barnwell, Barnweill and Burnweill, first recorded as *Berenbouell* circa 1177-1204 and *Brenwyfle* in 1306, is one of a cluster of names in this area that contains the Cymric place-name element pren-, meaning 'tree'.

### Architecture

Robert Snodgrass senior in 1855–7, built a square plan Gothic tower from polished sandstone ashlar blocks, 3-stage, 12 ft (3.7 m) wide at the base, 60 ft (18 m) high, with a pinnacled parapet. Base course; string courses; corbelled, shouldered band course between 2nd and 3rd stages; machicolated, crenellated parapet with thistle-finialled, conical-capped circular angle pinnacles and ball-finialled, ogee-capped square-plan wallhead pinnacles. Diagonally-boarded timber door in Tudor-arched, roll-moulded doorway with hoodmould to the south-east elevation; similar inscription recesses at other elevations. Round-arched recesses at 2nd stage; paired round-arched recesses at 3rd stage.

The Wallace family coat of arms and their motto 'Pro Libertate Patriae' are located above the entrance, carved by John Logan, a local sculptor.

A spiral staircase leads up to the viewing platform and the arms of the Wallace family are blazoned in bas-relief above the entrance door.

## Inscriptions

### Tower base

On three sides are single bronze panels bearing rousing proclamations of Wallace's virtues and misfortunes :

**Side 1** \- *"Erected MCCCCLV., in honour of Scotland's greatest national hero, the renowned Sir William Wallace, born MCCLXX., who after performing numerous exploits of the most consummate bravery in defence of the independence of his country was basely betrayed into the hands of his enemies by whom, to their everlasting disgrace, he was unjustifiably put to death on the XXII. of August, MCCC. Centuries have not dimmed the lustre of his heroic achievements; and the memory of this most disinterested of patriots shall through all ages be honoured and revered by his countrymen."*

**Side 2** \- *"Sir William Wallace, Regent of Scotland, MCCXCVII. In resistance to treacherous invasion, and in defence of the laws and liberties of his country, he fought against fearful odds the desperate battles of Biggar, Stirling, Blackearnside, and Falkirk, and between these actions, in little more than a year, he stormed and took from the invaders very fortress, castle, and town which they had seized in the Kingdom. Though worsted at Falkirk by overwhelming numbers, aided by fatal dissensions in his own army, he continued warring with the oppressors of his native land until his foul betrayal, seven years after that disastrous battle, by the execrable Monteith."*

**Side 3** -

*"Ever honoured be the memory of the matchless Sir William wallace, the first of his countrymen who in an age of despair arose and*

*throw off the yoke of foreign oppression, and maintain the independence and nationality of Scotland; and who, by deeds of surpassing valour and stainless patriotism, has glorified this his native land, and imperishably associated his name with the defence of national rights and the liberties and immunities of freeborn men. From Greece arose Leonidas, from Scotland Wallace, and from America Washington - names which shall remain through all time the watchwords and beacons of liberty."*

### Tower summit

Cut into the stonework at the top of the tower are the words *"The Barns o' Ayr burn weel"*

## Environs and Warden's Lodge

Wallace's Monumentclass=notpageimage|Site of Wallace's Monument on Barnweil Hill

The tower stands in a circular enclosed area of ground with a group of trees surviving from the original extensive plantings.

To the left of the gate as you enter the plot once stood a neat lodge where the tower's warden or guide lived. In Archibald Adamson's time (1875) a *Visitors' book* existed that shows over 2000 visitors between 1857 and 1858. A number of interesting portraits were displayed, including a fine lithograph of Wallace was amongst and amongst the others were portraits of Robert Burns, King Robert the Bruce, General Neill and a full-length portrait of the Earl of Eglinton.

The OS Maps indicate that the lodge stood until the 1970s, however no remains are now extant. It has also been suggested that it was demolished between 1945 and 1947, the contents being taken to Ayr Town Hall.

The view from the tower battlements is of the town of Ayr, the site of Coilsfield House, Rosemount, Tarbolton, Arran, Kilmarnock, and the Carrick Hills.

## Ownership and access

The tower was not provided with an endowment by its builders and became the responsibility of the Ayr Town Council and its successor, South Ayrshire Council. At first, as stated, a guide was employed to show visitors around, later the key was available from nearby Barnweil Hill Farm, then the monument could be accessed by arrangement with South Ayrshire Council. At present the tower is closed, although a 'Tourist' road sign exists to direct visitors to view the site. No car park exists.

## Flying the Saltire

For many years the flag on the tower was flown at half mast on 25 September, the day on which General Neil of Barnweil was killed. Bryden records that 'the flag' was displayed on 15 May, 12 June, 12 July and 11 September, as these were the dates of the burning of the Barns of Ayr, and the battles of Biggar, Black Earnside, and Stirling in the years 1297 and 1298. Additionally the flag was raised on 24 June to commemorate Bannockburn and on the birthday of Robert Burns, every 25 January.

Notes Sources  1. Allan, Shiela et al. (2003). *Historic Prestwick and its surroundings*. Ayr: AANHS. ISBN 0-9542253-1-7.
2. Adamson, Archibald R. (1875). *Rambles Round Kilmarnock*. Kilmarnock : T. Stevenson.
3. Bryden, Robert (1915). *Ayrshire Monuments Etched by Robert Bryden*. Ayr : Stephen & Pollock.
4. Campbell, Thorbjørn (2003). *Ayrshire. A Historical Guide*. Edinburgh : Birlinn. ISBN 1-84158-267-0
5. Close, Robert (1992). *Ayrshire and Arran: An Illustrated Architectural Guide*. Pub. Roy Inc Arch Scot. ISBN 1-873190-06-9.
6. Cuthbertson, D. C. *Autumn in Kyle and the Charm of Cunninghame.* London : Herbert Jenkins.
7. Dobie, James D. (ed Dobie, J.S.) (1876). *Cunninghame, Topographized by Timothy Pont 1604–1608, with continuations and illustrative notices*. Glasgow: John Tweed.
8. Loudoun, Craufurd C. (1999). *In Pursuit of Sir William Wallace*. Darvel : Craufurd C. Loudoun. ISBN 0-907526-75-6.
9. Love, Dane (2003). *Ayrshire : Discovering a County*. Ayr : Fort Publishing. ISBN 0-9544461-1-9.
10. McCormick & Gemmell (1841). *Guide to the Glasgow and Ayrshire Railway.' Glasgow : McCormick and Gemmell.*
11. Nimmo, John W. (2003). *Symington Village, Church and People*. Darvel : Alloway Publishing. ISBN 0-907526-82-9.

* Aerial view - Barnweill Tower.
* Geograph.
* The Wallace trail'
* Flickr Photographs'
* Barnweill Church, Castle and the Wallace Monument.
* Annotated video of Wallace's Monument.

## InfoBox

| Wallace's Monument | |
| --- | --- |
| Wallace's Monument from the entrance gate | |
|  | |
| 55°31′58.9″N 4°31′34.9″W / 55.533028°N 4.526361°W / 55.533028; -4.526361 | |
| Location | Craigie, South Ayrshire |
| Country | Scotland |
| History | |
| Former name(s) | Barnweil Tower |
| Architecture | |
| Functional status | Closed to the public |
| Heritage designation | Category A listed |
| Architect(s) | Robert Snodgrass from William Dobie's design |
| Architectural type | Tower |
| Style | Gothic |
| Completed | 1857 |
| Specifications | |
| Width | 12 ft (3.7 m) |
| Height | 60 ft (18 m) |
| Materials | Polished sandstone ashlar |
| Administration | |
| Parish | Craigie |


# Members of the Dewan Negara, 4th Malaysian Parliament

This is a list of the members of the Dewan Negara (Senate) of the Fourth Parliament of Malaysia.

## Elected by the State Legislative Assembly

| Senator | Party | State | Term start | Term end |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Abdul Aziz Tapa | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Malacca | 22 July 1975 | 21 July 1978 |
| Abdul Rahim Abdul Manan | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Negri Sembilan | 6 March 1967 | 5 March 1970 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 20 December 1971 | 19 December 1974 |
| | | |  |  |
| Abu Bakar Hamzah | **BN** (**PAS**) | Kelantan | 20 December 1971 | 19 December 1974 |
| | | |  |  |
| Ahmad Arshad | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Johore | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| Ali Ahmad | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Perlis | 3 August 1977 | 2 August 1980 |
| Chan Kwong Hon | **BN** (**MCA**) | Selangor |  |  |
| | | | 18 December 1965 | 17 December 1968 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | |  | 29 May 1978 |
| Chong Foo Khin | **BN** (**MCA**) | Negri Sembilan | 22 October 1968 | 21 October 1971 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| Chua Ching Cheng | **BN** (**MCA**) | Malacca | 2 August 1971 | 1 August 1974 |
| | | | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| Chua Song Lim | **BN** (**MCA**) | Johore | 17 April 1978 | 16 April 1981 |
| Ibrahim Abdullah | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Perak | 9 November 1977 | 8 November 1980 |
| Ismail Hashim | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Malacca |  |  |
| Ismail Sheikh Ibrahim | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Perlis |  |  |
| Joseph Unting Umang |  | Sarawak | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| Lee Loy Seng | **BN** (**MCA**) | Appointed |  |  |
| | | Appointed | 20 December 1971 | 19 December 1974 |
| | | Perak |  |  |
| Lim Ah Sitt | **BN** (**MCA**) | Johore | 2 August 1971 | 1 August 1974 |
| | | | 20 December 1971 | 19 December 1974 |
| | | |  |  |
| Lim Ching Wah |  | Sabah | 14 April 1975 | 13 April 1978 |
| Mahimon Harun | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Pahang | 9 November 1977 | 8 November 1980 |
| Mahmoud Salim Mohamad | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Trengganu | 9 November 1977 | 8 November 1980 |
| Mansor Mohamad | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Trengganu | 20 December 1971 | 19 December 1974 |
| | | |  |  |
| Mohamed Nasir | **BN** (**BERJASA**) | Kelantan | 17 April 1978 | 16 April 1981 |
| Mohd Amin Yaakub | **BN** (**PAS**) | Kelantan | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| Ngau Ken Lock | **BN** (**MCA**) | Pahang | 22 October 1968 | 21 October 1971 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| Nordin Pesah | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Negri Sembilan |  |  |
| Oh Siew Aun | **BN** (**Gerakan**) | Penang | 20 December 1971 | 19 December 1974 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 9 November 1977 | 8 November 1980 |
| Ooi Eng Hong | **BN** (**MCA**) | Kedah |  |  |
| | | |  |  |
| Othman Abdullah | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Perak | 12 August 1973 | 11 August 1976 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 9 November 1977 | 8 November 1980 |
| Raja Nong Chik Raja Ishak | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Selangor | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| Stephen Robert Evans |  | Sabah | 15 December 1977 | 20 June 1978 |
| Syed Hassan Aidid | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Penang | 22 October 1968 | 21 October 1971 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| Syed Kechik Syed Mohamed | **BN-Sabah Alliance** (**USNO**) | Sabah |  |  |
| | | |  |  |
| Syed Omar Syed Hussain | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Perlis | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| Ting Ming Hia @ Ting Ming Hoi |  | Sarawak | 2 August 1971 | 1 August 1974 |
| | | | 20 December 1971 | 19 December 1974 |
| | | |  |  |
| Tom Saudah Othman | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Kedah | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| V. S. M. Vellayappa | **BN** (**MIC**) | Kedah | 9 August 1976 | 8 August 1979 |
| | | | 9 November 1977 | 8 November 1980 |
| Wan Ibrahim Wan Tanjong | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Pahang |  |  |
| | | | 18 October 1965 | 17 October 1968 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | |  |  |
| Yap Pian Tau (叶炳) | **BN** (**MCA**) | Selangor | 18 January 1978 | 17 January 1981 |
| Yeh Pao Tzu (叶保滋) | **SCA** | Sabah | 9 November 1977 | 8 November 1980 |
| Zawiah Abdullah | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Trengganu | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |

## Nominated by the Prime Minister and appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong

| Senator | Party |  | Term start | Term end |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| A. Arunasalam | **BN** (**MIC**) | Appointed | 11 September 1964 | 10 September 1967 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 20 February 1971 | 19 February 1974 |
| | | |  |  |
| Abdul Hamid Bidin | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 9 August 1976 | 8 August 1979 |
| Abdul Razak Hussin | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 10 May 1972 | 9 May 1975 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 9 November 1977 | 8 November 1980 |
| Abdul Samad Osman | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 18 May 1964 | 17 May 1967 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 20 February 1971 | 19 February 1974 |
| | | |  |  |
| Abu Bakar Titingan Damsani | **Sabah Alliance** (**USNO**) | | 22 January 1976 | 21 January 1979 |
| | **BN** (**USNO**) | | |
| Ahmad Azizuddin Zainal Abidin | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 10 August 1976 | 9 August 1979 |
| Athi Nahappan | **BN** (**MIC**) | |  | 1968 |
| | | | 22 October 1968 | 21 October 1971 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 6 January 1975 | 9 May 1976 |
| C. Sinnadurai | **BN** (**MIC**) | | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| C. D. Ismail | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 11 September 1964 | 10 September 1967 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 20 February 1971 | 19 February 1974 |
| | | |  |  |
| Choo Ching Hwa | **BN** (**MCA**) | | 9 November 1977 | 8 November 1980 |
| Dasimah Dasir | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 20 February 1971 | 19 February 1974 |
| | | |  |  |
| Dzulkifli Abdul Hamid | **BN** (**UMNO**) | |  |  |
| | | |  |  |
| Fatimah Salim | **BN** (**UMNO**) | |  |  |
| Gan Teck Yeow | **BN** (**MCA**) | | 19 October 1964 | 18 October 1967 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 20 February 1971 | 19 February 1974 |
| | | |  |  |
| Hussein Mohd. Nordin | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 9 August 1976 | 8 August 1979 |
| Ibrahim Yaacob | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 27 January 1969 | 26 January 1972 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| J. E. S. Crawford |  | |  | 1965 |
| | | | 18 October 1965 | 17 October 1968 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 20 December 1971 | 19 December 1974 |
| | | |  |  |
| Kam Woon Wah | **BN** (**MCA**) | | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| | | | 9 November 1977 | 8 November 1980 |
| Kamarul Ariffin Mohd Yassin | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 20 February 1971 | 19 February 1974 |
| | | | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| Khalid Abdullah | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 5 January 1976 | 4 January 1979 |
| Law Hieng Ding | **BN** (**MCA**) | |  |  |
| | | |  |  |
| | | |  |  |
| Lee Boon Chim |  | |  |  |
| Lim Keng Yaik | **BN** (**Gerakan**) | |  |  |
| | | |  |  |
| M. Mahalingam | **BN** (**MIC**) | | 9 August 1976 | 8 August 1979 |
| Michael Wong Kuan Lee | **BN** (**MCA**) | | 9 November 1977 | 8 November 1980 |
| Mohamed Ghazali Jawi | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 9 November 1977 | 8 November 1980 |
| Mohamed Said Abu Bakar | **Sabah Alliance** (**USNO**) | | 11 September 1964 | 10 September 1967 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 20 February 1971 | 19 February 1974 |
| | **BN** (**USNO**) | |  | 16 April 1978 |
| Mohammad Tahir Tan Tong Hye | **BN** (**MCA**) | |  |  |
| | | | 18 October 1965 | 17 October 1968 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 20 December 1971 | 19 December 1974 |
| | | |  |  |
| Mohd Tahir Abdul Majid | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| Nik Hassan Nik Yahya | **BN** (**UMNO**) | |  | 1965 |
| | | | 18 October 1965 | 17 October 1968 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 20 December 1971 | 19 December 1974 |
| | | |  |  |
| Omar Ong Yoke Lin (President) | **BN** (**MCA**) | | 18 May 1964 | 17 May 1967 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| Pandak Hamid Puteh Jali | **BN** (**UMNO**) | |  | 1965 |
| | | | 18 October 1965 | 17 October 1968 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 20 December 1971 | 19 December 1974 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 9 November 1977 | 8 November 1980 |
| Rafidah Aziz | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| | | | 9 November 1977 | 8 November 1980 |
| S. O. K. Ubaidulla (Deputy President) | **BN** (**MIC**) | |  | 1968 |
| | | | 22 October 1968 | 21 October 1971 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| S. P. Seenivasagam | **BN** (**PPP**) | | 14 April 1975 | 4 July 1975 |
| Salleh Jafaruddin |  | | 18 April 1977 | 17 April 1980 |
| Salmah Sheikh Hussein | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| | | | 9 August 1976 | 8 August 1979 |
| Seah Teng Ngiab | **BN** (**MCA**) | | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| Siti Fatimah Sheikh Hussein | **BN** (**UMNO**) | |  |  |
| T. S. Gabriel | **BN** (**MIC**) | | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| V. V. Aboo | **BN** (**MIC**) | | 9 August 1976 | 8 August 1979 |
| V. Ponnusamy Pillai | **BN** (**MIC**) | |  |  |
| | | |  |  |
| Wan Sulaiman Wan Tam | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 28 March 1966 | 27 March 1969 |
| | | | 20 February 1971 | 19 February 1974 |
| | | |  |  |
| Wee Khoon Hock | **BN** (**MCA**) | | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| Wong Kee Nai | **BN** (**MCA**) | | 18 April 1977 | 17 April 1980 |
| | | | 9 November 1977 | 8 November 1980 |

## Death in office

* S. P. Seenivasagam (d. 4 July 1975)
* Athi Nahappan (d. 9 May 1976)
* Ngau Ken Lock (d. 8 March 1978)
* Mohamed Said Abu Bakar (d. 16 April 1978)
* Chan Kwong Hon (d. 29 May 1978)

## Footnotes

1. "Senate Archive List of Senators". Parliament of Malaysia. Retrieved 2018-08-04.
2. "Hansard Majlis Mengangkat Sumpah". Parliament of Malaysia. Retrieved 2018-08-04.
3. 《马来西亚华裔人物辞典》 pg 15

## InfoBox

| 4th Parliament of Malaysia | |
| --- | --- |
| 3rd Parliament 5th Parliament | |
| Overview | |
| Legislative body | Parliament of Malaysia |
| Jurisdiction | Malaysia |
| Meeting place | Malaysian Houses of Parliament |
| Term | 4 November 1974 – 12 June 1978 |
| Election | Indirect election and appointments |
| Website | www.parlimen.gov.my |
| Dewan Negara | |
| Members | 58 |
| President | Omar Yoke Lin Ong |
| Deputy President | S. O. K. Ubaidulla |
| Secretary | Lim Joo Keng |
| Party control | Barisan Nasional |
| Sovereign | |
| Yang di-Pertuan Agong | Tuanku Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah (until 20 September 1975)<br>Tuanku Yahya Petra |
| Sessions | |
| 1st 5 November 1974 – 29 January 1976  2nd 30 March 1976 – 27 January 1977  3rd 21 March 1977 – 20 January 1978  4th 20 March 1978 – 28 April 1978 | |


title: Wailpi

abstract: The Wailpi are an indigenous people of South Australia They are also known as the Adnyamathanha, which also refers to a larger group, though they speak a dialect of the Adnyamathanha language.

text:
# Wailpi

The **Wailpi** are an indigenous people of South Australia They are also known as the Adnyamathanha, which also refers to a larger group, though they speak a dialect of the Adnyamathanha language.

## Country

The Wailpi had, according to Norman Tindale's figures, about 3,000 square miles (7,800 km2) of territory around Umberatana and Mount Serie, south as far as Parachilna Gorge only in the Flinders Ranges. Their eastern extension ran above Wooltana. An early report by a police trooper in the area, Henry Quincy Smith, placed these 'hill people' at Mount Freeiing, Umberatana, Angipena, Ameandana. Lollabollana, Illawortina, the Daly and Stanley Mine (Poondinna).

## Social organization and customs

The Wailpi practised both circumcision and subincision.

## Mythology

According to Henry Quincy Smith:-

> They believe that two old women called *Yammutu* live towards the east a long way (*paldrupa*), and that when rain comes they lie down on their backs with their legs open, and the water runs into their person and causes them to bear a lot of young blacks called *Muree*; who, as they grow up, start westward, always throwing a small waddy, called *weetchu*, before them, till one of them meets a blackfellow with his lubra. The Muree, being invisible, then walks in the blackfellow' s tracks to make him or her look like the blackfellow, and then throws the small waddy under the thumb-nail or great toe-nail, and so enters into the woman's body. She is soon pregnant, and in due time gives birth to an ordinary child.'

## Alternative names

* *Anjamutina, Andyamatana*
* *Anjimatana* (Kuyani exonym = 'hill people.')
* *Anyamatana, Adnjamatana, Adnjamadana, Adjnjamatana, Adyamatana*
* *Archualda*
* *Atjualda*. (mishearing of preceding)
* *Benbakanjamata*. (Kuyani exonym meaning "Pine Hills people")
* *Binbarnja*. (Wadikali exonym from *binba* = Callitris)
* *Gadjnjamadja*
* *Kanjamata, Kanjimata*. (Wongkanguru exonym))
* *Keidnamutha*
* *Keydnjamarda*
* *Kudnamietha*. (eastern tribal exonym, *kudna* = feces, i.e. shit-eaters).
* *Kutchnamootha*
* *Mardala*. (Diyari exonym from Wailpi *ma:dəla*, meaning 'no'.)
* *Mardula*
* *Ngatjuwalda*. ("our speech," language name),
* *Nimalda*
* *Nimbalda, Nimbaldi*. (misprint).
* *Nuralda*
* *Umbertana*. (error for Umberatana, a toponym)
* *Unyamatana, Unyamootha*
* *Wadla*. ("Scrub wallabies," Diyari pejorative exonym)
* *Wailbi*. (in Barngarla, this word means 'south west')
* *Wajalpi*
* *Wipie*

### Citations

1. Tindale 1974, p. 218.
2. Smith & Taplin 1879, p. 87.
3. Smith & Taplin 1879, p. 88.
4. Tindale 1974, p. 219.

## Sources

* "Aboriginal South Australia". Government of South Australia.
* "AIATSIS map of Indigenous Australia". AIATSIS.
* Mountford, C. P.; Harvey, Alison (December 1941). "Women of the Adnjamatana Tribe of the Northern Flinders Ranges, South Australia". *Oceania*. **12** (2): 155–162. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1941.tb00352.x. JSTOR 40327941.
* Schebeck, B. (1973). "The Atynymatana personal pronoun and the Wailpi kinship system". *Papers in Australian Linguistics* (6).
* Smith, Henry Quincy; Taplin, George (1879). *Folklore, manners, customs and languages of the South Australian aborigines* (PDF). Adelaide: E Spiller, Acting Government Printer. pp. 87–89.
* Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). "Wailpi (SA)". *Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names*. Australian National University Press. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6.


title: Melia, Nebraska

abstract: Melia is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sarpy County, Nebraska, United States. Melia was named in honor of an early settler, John J. Melia. It was a station on the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad.

text:
# Melia, Nebraska

**Melia** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sarpy County, Nebraska, United States.

Melia was named in honor of an early settler, John J. Melia. It was a station on the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 98 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

Media related to Melia, Nebraska at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Melia | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| West on Melia Road overlooking the
Platte River, May 2017 | |
| MeliaLocation within the state of NebraskaMeliaLocation within the United States | |
| Coordinates: 41°05′46″N 96°16′32″W / 41.09611°N 96.27556°W / 41.09611; -96.27556 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Nebraska |
| County | Sarpy |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.44 sq mi (3.73 km2) |
| Land | 1.44 sq mi (3.73 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,132 ft (345 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 98 |
| Density | 68.06/sq mi (26.27/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP codes | 68028 |
| FIPS code | 31-31605 |
| GNIS feature ID | 835379 |


title: Meli Rokoua

abstract:
Meli Rokoua is a Fijian rugby union player for South African side Eastern Province Elephants in the Currie Cup and in the Rugby Challenge. He is a utility player that can play as a centre, wing or loose forward. He can play rugby sevens and was named in an extended Fiji national team in 2016.
He was included in VVA Saracens in 2019, who play in the Russian rugby premier league.

text:
# Meli Rokoua

**Meli Rokoua** (born 24 July 1994) is a Fijian rugby union player for South African side Eastern Province Elephants in the Currie Cup and in the Rugby Challenge. He is a utility player that can play as a centre, wing or loose forward.

He can play rugby sevens and was named in an extended Fiji national team in 2016. He was included in VVA Saracens in 2019, who play in the Russian rugby premier league.

## InfoBox

Meli Rokoua
| Date of birth | (1994-07-24) 24 July 1994 |
| --- | --- |
| Place of birth | Nadi, Fiji |
| School | Ratu Navula College |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Utility player  **Current team** Eastern Province Elephants  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2016–2018 Agronomia   ()  2018–2019 Southern Kings  11  (0)  2019–present Eastern Province Elephants  11  (15)  Correct as of 25 August 2019 | |


title: Melvin Chee

abstract: Melvin Chee is a Singaporean designer, artist and painter. He is one of the founding partners of contemporary art and design collective PHUNK.

text:
# Melvin Chee

**Melvin Chee** (born 1974) is a Singaporean designer, artist and painter. He is one of the founding partners of contemporary art and design collective PHUNK.

## Education

Chee graduated in 1994 with a Diploma in Visual Communications (Graphic Design) from LASALLE College of the Arts.

## Career

Chee met the founding members of PHUNK while they were studying at LASALLE College of the Arts. Upon their graduation in 1994, they decided to form the art and design collective together. They have since presented and collaborated with brands and organisations around the world, such as Nike, MTV, HBO and The Rolling Stones. In 2007, they were conferred the Designer of the Year Award at the President’s Design Award in Singapore.

As a self-taught painter, Chee works primarily in the medium of oil on canvas. He is represented by Saatchi Art, and describes his work as being a process of “putting \[his\] observations on canvas.”

1. "PHUNK | LASALLE College of the Arts". *www.lasalle.edu.sg*. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
2. ":phunk". *Creative Bloq*. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
3. "President's Design Award 2007 | Designer of the Year | Jackson Tan, Alvin Tan, Melvin Chee and William Chan". *DesignSingapore Council*. Archived from the original on 2019-06-03. Retrieved 2019-06-03.
4. "Melvin Chee". *Saatchi Art*. Retrieved 2019-05-29.

## InfoBox

| Melvin Chee | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nationality | Singaporean |
| Education | LASALLE College of the Arts |
| Occupation(s) | Artist, painter |


title: Mentuhotep

abstract: Mentuhotep is an ancient Egyptian name meaning "Montu is satisfied" and may refer to:

text:
# Mentuhotep

**Mentuhotep** (also **Montuhotep**) is an ancient Egyptian name meaning "*Montu is satisfied*" and may refer to:

## Kings

* Mentuhotep I, nomarch at Thebes during the First Intermediate Period and first king of the 11th Dynasty
* Mentuhotep II, reunified Egypt at the end of the first intermediate period, thereby starting the Middle Kingdom of Egypt
* Mentuhotep III, successor of Mentuhotep II
* Mentuhotep IV, successor of Mentuhotep III, possibly overthrown by Amenemhat I, founder of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt
* Mentuhotep V, a ruler of the late 13th Dynasty during the Second Intermediate Period
* Mentuhotepi, ruler of the 16th Dynasty in Upper Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period
* Mentuhotep VI, a ruler of the late 16th Dynasty.

## Others


title: Mentuherkhepeshef (son of Ramesses IX)

abstract: Mentuherkhepeshef was an ancient Egyptian prince of the 20th Dynasty, a son of pharaoh Ramesses IX. His name also occurs as Ramesses-Montuherkhepeshef. He is likely to have been the brother of pharaoh Ramesses X and prince Nebmaatre. He was buried in his tomb KV19 in the Valley of the Kings, which was probably originally made for Ramesses VIII. His titles were: First King's Son of his Body; Eldest King's Son of his Body; Generalissimo; and Executive at the Head of the Two Lands.

text:
# Mentuherkhepeshef (son of Ramesses IX)

|  |
| --- |
| Mentuherkhepeshef
in hieroglyphs |
| Era: New Kingdom
(1550–1069 BC) |
|  |
|  |

**Mentuherkhepeshef** was an ancient Egyptian prince of the 20th Dynasty, a son of pharaoh Ramesses IX.

His name also occurs as *Ramesses-Montuherkhepeshef.* He is likely to have been the brother of pharaoh Ramesses X and prince Nebmaatre. He was buried in his tomb KV19 in the Valley of the Kings, which was probably originally made for Ramesses VIII. His titles were: *First King's Son of his Body; Eldest King's Son of his Body; Generalissimo*; and *Executive at the Head of the Two Lands.*

## Sources


title: Mentre tutto cambia

abstract: Mentre tutto cambia is the second solo studio album of the Italian singer-songwriter Annalisa, published on 27 March 2012 by Warner Music Italy.

text:
# Mentre tutto cambia

***Mentre tutto cambia*** is the second solo studio album of the Italian singer-songwriter Annalisa, published on 27 March 2012 by Warner Music Italy.

## Background

The album was preceded by the single, *Senza riserva*, published on 16 March 2012 and certified by the fimi gold for more than 15,000 digital sales. The single has won the "Premio Donne" at "Premio videoclip italiano" 2012.

*Tra due minuti è primavera* and *Per una notte o per sempre* were subsequently released as singles.

In 2012, the album received the award *Lunezia*, for *Menzione Speciale per il valore Musical-Letterario* (literally as a Special Mention for the value Literary-Musical).

The track *Tutto sommato* is the soundtrack of the film Dutch, *Toscaanse Bruiloft* and is also present in its official trailer. In January 2014, the song, in conjunction with the publication of album in the Netherlands by Warner Music Netherlands, is extracted as a single in the Netherlands.

The Dutch iTunes store includes two bonus tracks, the song *Non so ballare* (from the album *Non so ballare*) and unreleased bonus track exclusively for the Netherlands, *Capirai*. The two bonus tracks are also part of the soundtrack of the Dutch movie.

## Commercial success

The album debuted at ninth place in the ranking FIMI Albums chart, the highest position achieved by this album, even after.

In FIMI year-end, the album ranked as the 72nd best-selling album in Italy in 2012.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Senza riserva" | Roberto Casalino | Roberto Casalino | 03:00 |
| 2. | "Non cambiare mai" | Giulia Anania | Dario Faini | 03:41 |
| 3. | "Lucciole" | Dario Faini and Andrea Amati | Roberto Casalino | 03:26 |
| 4. | "Per una notte o per sempre" | Giulia Anania and Marta Venturini | Giulia Anania and Marta Venturini | 03:24 |
| 5. | "Tutto sommato" | Roberto Casalino | Roberto Casalino and Niccolò Verrienti | 02:58 |
| 6. | "Bolle" | Federica Camba and Daniele Coro | Federica Camba and Daniele Coro | 03:32 |
| 7. | "Ottovolante" | Antonio Galbiati and Dario Faini | Antonio Galbiati and Dario Faini | 03:30 |
| 8. | "Ancora un'altra volta" | Dario Faini and Roberto Casalino | Dario Faini and Roberto Casalino | 03:16 |
| 9. | "Tra due minuti è primavera" | Roberto Kunstler | Dario Faini | 03:32 |
| 10. | "Per te" | Dario Faini and Roberto Casalino | Dario Faini and Roberto Casalino | 03:05 |
| 11. | "Non ho che questo amore" | Roberto Casalino | Roberto Casalino and Niccolò Verrienti | 02:58 |
| 12. | "Prato di orchidee" | Roberto Casalino | Roberto Casalino and Dario Faini | 03:49 |
| Total length: | | | | 40:11 |

Bonus track (iTunes Netherlands)

| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13. | "Non so ballare" | Ermal Meta | Ermal Meta | 03:31 |
| 14. | "Capirai" | Ronald Schilperoort | Giancarlo Romita | 03:51 |
| Total length: | | | | 07:22 |

## Charts

| Chart (2012) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Italy | 9 |

### Year-end rankings

| Chart (2012) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| Italy | 72 |

## Mentre tutto cambia Tour

Mentre tutto cambia Tour
| Tour by Annalisa | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Italy |
| Associated album | *Nali* and *Mentre tutto cambia* |
| Start date | 29 July 2012 |
| End date | 17 November 2012 |
| No. of shows | 14 |
| Annalisa concert chronology | |

From 27 July 2012 Annalisa makes its first solo tour, the **Mentre tutto cambia Tour**. The tour is divided into two parts, the first called pretour summer, starting with the zero date of the same date 27 July in Bellaria in *Sala Congressi* and comprising 12 stages, took place mainly in squares and ended on 30 September following a Sturno in *Piazza Auferio*; the second, which began on 27 October and called *theatrical fall tour*, including the presence of stages and sets the 60s', sees the first two dates Rome and Milan, promoted by the publication of the third single Per una notte o per sempre, the preview of the second version. Both versions are organized by F&P Group and sponsored by Radio Italia. Below are the stages divided into the two parts mentioned.

### Date

| Date | City | States | Place |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
|
|
|
| **First Part**  (Pretour summer) | | | |
| 27 luglio 2012 | Bellaria (RN) | Italia | *Sala Congressi* (Date zero) |
| 29 luglio 2012 | Casalbordino (CH) | | *Piazza Umberto I* |
| 1 agosto 2012 | Avellino (AV) | | *Piazza San Tommaso* |
| 4 agosto 2012 | Zungri (VV) | | *Piazza Umberto I* |
| 9 agosto 2012 | Campofelice di Roccella (PA) | | *Piazza Garibaldi* |
| 10 agosto 2012 | San Cataldo (CL) | | *Centro Commerciale Il Casale* |
| 14 agosto 2012 | Ariano Irpino (AV) | | *Piazza Plebiscito* |
| 16 agosto 2012 | Melicucco (RC) | | *Piazza Senatrice* |
| 18 agosto 2012 | Sant'Agata di Puglia (FG) | | *Piazza Perillo* |
| 9 settembre 2012 | Grazzanise (CE) | | *Piazza Montevergine* |
| 16 settembre 2012 | San Giovanni di Gerace (RC) | | *Piazza Municipio* |
| 30 settembre 2012 | Sturno (AV) | | *Piazza Auferio* |
|
| **Second Part** (Theater tour) | | | |
| 27 ottobre 2012 | Rome (RM) | Italia | *Auditorium Conciliazione* |
| 30 ottobre 2012 | Milano (MI) | | *Teatro Dal Verme* |
| 17 novembre 2012 | Castrofilippo (AG) | | *Centro Commerciale Le Vigne* |
|

### Setlist

1. Per una notte o per sempre
2. Inverno
3. Giorno per giorno
4. Ottovolante
5. Bolle
6. Cado giù
7. Questo bellissimo gioco
8. Non cambiare mai
9. Tra due minuti è primavera
10. Diamante lei e luce lui
11. Senza riserva

### Band

| Musicista | Strumento |
| --- | --- |
| Emiliano Fantuzzi | Electric guitars and acoustic guitars |
| Tiziano Borghi | Keyboard |
| Alessandro Guerzoni | Drums |
| Marco Dirani | Electric bass |
|

## InfoBox

| Mentre tutto cambia | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Annalisa | |
| Released | 27 March 2012
24 January 2014 |
| Recorded | 2012 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 40:11 |
| Language | Italian |
| Label | Warner Music Italy
Warner Music Netherlands |
| Producer | Dado Parisini |
| Annalisa chronology | |
| *Nali*
(2011) ***Mentre tutto cambia***
(2012) *Non so ballare*
(2013) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Mentre tutto cambia* | |
| 1. "Senza riserva"
Released: 16 March 2012 2. "Tra due minuti è primavera"
Released: 15 June 2012 3. "Per una notte o per sempre"
Released: 14 September 2012 4. "Tutto sommato (only )"
Released: 24 January 2014 | |
|  | |