title: Lodgement

abstract: A lodgement or lodgment is an enclave, taken and defended by force of arms against determined opposition, made by increasing the size of a bridgehead, beachhead, or airhead into a substantial defended area, at least the rear parts of which are out of direct line of fire. An example is Operation Overlord, the establishment of a large-scale lodgement in Normandy during World War II.

text:
# Lodgement

A **lodgement** or **lodgment** is an enclave, taken and defended by force of arms against determined opposition, made by increasing the size of a bridgehead, beachhead, or airhead into a substantial defended area, at least the rear parts of which are out of direct line of fire. An example is Operation Overlord, the establishment of a large-scale lodgement in Normandy during World War II.

1. Oxford English Dictionary lodgement, lodgment "3. The action of establishing oneself or making good a position on an enemy's ground, or obtaining a foothold; hence, a stable position gained, a foothold. Chiefly in phr. *to make or find a lodgement.*"
2. United States Department of the Navy -- Naval Historical Center 805 Kidder Breese SE -- Washington Navy Yard Washington DC 20374-5060 Chapter X: The build-up for the Battle of France; Part 1: The post-NEPTUNE naval task "The army still had a desperate battle before them before they would consolidate possession of their bridgehead in the lodgement area."
3. "GuidedTours". Archived from the original on 2013-06-29. Retrieved 2006-04-17.


title: 1971 Argentine Primera División

abstract: The 1971 Primera División season was the 80th season of top-flight football in Argentina. The Campeonato Metropolitano championship was modified, returning to a double round-robin format, and four relegations. Nevertheless, the AFA interventor, Raúl D'Onofrio, reduced the number of relegated teams to two. The entire season ran from 5 March to 29 December. As champion of 1970 Primera B, Ferro Carril Oeste promoted to Primera División. Independiente won the Metropolitano and Rosario Central won the Nacional championship. Moreover, both clubs qualified for the 1972 Copa Libertadores. Los Andes and Platense were relegated.

text:
# 1971 Argentine Primera División

The **1971 Primera División season** was the 80th season of top-flight football in Argentina. The Campeonato Metropolitano championship was modified, returning to a double round-robin format, and four relegations. Nevertheless, the AFA interventor, Raúl D'Onofrio (the 4th interventor since the military dictatorship led by Juan Carlos Onganía removed Valentín Suárez from the Association), reduced the number of relegated teams to two.

The entire season ran from 5 March to 29 December. As champion of 1970 Primera B, Ferro Carril Oeste promoted to Primera División. Independiente (10th title) won the Metropolitano and Rosario Central (coached by Ángel Labruna, not only won the 1st league title for the club but the first for a team outside Buenos Aires) won the Nacional championship. Moreover, both clubs qualified for the 1972 Copa Libertadores (in the case of Independiente, after winning the first "Liguilla pre-Libertadores" edition v San Lorenzo).

Los Andes and Platense were relegated.

## Metropolitano Championship

### Final standings

Metropolitano
| Independiente, Metropolitano champions | |
| --- | --- |
| Season | 1971 |
| Dates | 5 March – 3 October |
| Champions | Independiente (10th title) |
| Promoted | Ferro C. Oeste |
| Relegated | Los Andes
Platense |
| Top goalscorer | Carlos Bianchi (36) |
| Biggest home win | Newell's 6–0 Colón (16 Jun) |
| Biggest away win | Platense 1–11 Independiente (11 Mar) |
| 1970 1972 | |

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Independiente | 36 | 20 | 10 | 6 | 57 | 26 | +31 | 50 |
| 2 | Vélez Sársfield | 36 | 20 | 9 | 7 | 77 | 42 | +35 | 49 |
| 3 | Chacarita Juniors | 36 | 17 | 12 | 7 | 49 | 35 | +14 | 46 |
| 4 | Newell's Old Boys | 36 | 18 | 8 | 10 | 74 | 47 | +27 | 44 |
| 4 | San Lorenzo | 36 | 18 | 8 | 10 | 75 | 52 | +23 | 44 |
| 6 | River Plate | 36 | 14 | 11 | 11 | 60 | 52 | +8 | 39 |
| 7 | Ferro Carril Oeste | 36 | 15 | 8 | 13 | 49 | 49 | 0 | 38 |
| 8 | Boca Juniors | 36 | 16 | 4 | 16 | 59 | 52 | +7 | 36 |
| 9 | Huracán | 36 | 12 | 11 | 13 | 46 | 54 | 8 | 35 |
| 10 | Rosario Central | 36 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 48 | 51 | 3 | 34 |
| 10 | Racing | 36 | 10 | 14 | 12 | 56 | 64 | 8 | 34 |
| 10 | Gimnasia y Esgrima (LP) | 36 | 10 | 14 | 12 | 51 | 62 | 11 | 34 |
| 13 | Estudiantes (LP) | 36 | 11 | 10 | 15 | 41 | 55 | 14 | 32 |
| 14 | Colón | 36 | 10 | 11 | 15 | 58 | 73 | 15 | 31 |
| 15 | Atlanta | 36 | 11 | 8 | 17 | 45 | 57 | 12 | 30 |
| 16 | Argentinos Juniors | 36 | 9 | 11 | 16 | 43 | 56 | 13 | 29 |
| 16 | Banfield | 36 | 6 | 17 | 13 | 36 | 54 | 18 | 29 |
| 18 | Los Andes | 36 | 9 | 9 | 18 | 38 | 57 | 19 | 27 |
| 19 | Platense | 36 | 6 | 11 | 19 | 42 | 66 | 24 | 23 |

Source:

### Top scorers

| Rank. | Player | Team | Goals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Carlos Bianchi | Vélez Sarsfield | 36 |
| 2 | Alfredo Obberti | Newell's Old Boys | 28 |
| 3 | Rodolfo Fischer | San Lorenzo | 20 |
| 4 | Roberto Cabral | Platense | 18 |
| 5 | Oscar Más | River Plate | 16 |

## Nacional Championship

Nacional
| Rosario Central, Nacional champions | |
| --- | --- |
| Season | 1971 |
| Dates | 8 October – 29 December |
| Champions | Rosario Central (1st title) |
| 1972 Copa Libertadores | Rosario Central
Independiente |
| Top goalscorer | José Luñiz
Alfredo Oberti
(10 goals each) |
| Biggest home win | Newell's 9–0 Huracán (CR) (20 Oct) |
| Biggest away win | Huracán (BB) 0–5 Atlanta (21 Nov) |
| 1970 1972 | |

### Group A

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Independiente | 14 | 10 | 4 | 0 | 31 | 13 | +18 | 24 | Semifinals |
| 2 | Newell's Old Boys | 14 | 9 | 5 | 0 | 37 | 10 | +27 | | 23 |
| 3 | Belgrano | 14 | 9 | 3 | 2 | 28 | 13 | +15 | 21 |  |
| 4 | River Plate | 14 | 8 | 5 | 1 | 26 | 13 | +13 | | 21 |
| 5 | Argentinos Juniors | 14 | 7 | 1 | 6 | 22 | 22 | 0 | | 15 |
| 6 | Ferro Carril Oeste | 14 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 22 | 20 | +2 | | 14 |
| 7 | Banfield | 14 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 23 | 22 | +1 | | 13 |
| 8 | Kimberley | 14 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 22 | 21 | +1 | | 13 |
| 9 | San Martín (M) | 14 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 20 | 20 | 0 | | 12 |
| 10 | Gimnasia y Esgrima (LP) | 14 | 3 | 3 | 8 | 22 | 30 | 8 | | 9 |
| 11 | Huracán | 14 | 3 | 3 | 8 | 19 | 27 | 8 | | 9 |
| 12 | Juventud Antoniana | 14 | 3 | 2 | 9 | 23 | 30 | 7 | | 8 |
| 13 | Don Orione | 14 | 4 | 0 | 10 | 16 | 34 | 18 | | 8 |
| 14 | Huracán (CR) | 14 | 1 | 1 | 12 | 11 | 55 | 44 | | 3 |

Source:

### Group B

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Rosario Central | 14 | 9 | 3 | 2 | 27 | 13 | +14 | 21 | Semifinals |
| 2 | San Lorenzo | 14 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 37 | 19 | +18 | | 20 |
| 3 | Boca Juniors | 14 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 34 | 17 | +17 | 20 |  |
| 4 | Gimnasia y Esgrima (M) | 14 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 28 | 21 | +7 | | 19 |
| 5 | Atlanta | 14 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 25 | 17 | +8 | | 16 |
| 6 | Vélez Sársfield | 14 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 21 | 20 | +1 | | 16 |
| 7 | Estudiantes (LP) | 14 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 22 | 19 | +3 | | 12 |
| 8 | Racing | 14 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 20 | 21 | 1 | | 12 |
| 9 | Chacarita Juniors | 14 | 5 | 2 | 7 | 16 | 20 | 4 | | 12 |
| 10 | Colón | 14 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 21 | 26 | 5 | | 12 |
| 11 | San Martín (T) | 14 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 22 | 30 | 8 | | 12 |
| 12 | Guaraní Antonio Franco | 14 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 18 | 26 | 8 | | 10 |
| 13 | Central Córdoba (SdE) | 14 | 3 | 3 | 8 | 17 | 33 | 16 | | 9 |
| 14 | Huracán (IW) | 14 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 7 | 25 | 18 | | 8 |

Source:

### Semifinals

Played in neutral venue:

| Date | Team 1 | Res. | Team 2 | Venue | City |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 18 Dec | Independiente | 2–2 (9–8, ) | San Lorenzo | River Plate | Buenos Aires |
| 19 Dec | Rosario Central | 1–0 | Newell's Old Boys | River Plate | Buenos Aires |

### Final

| Date | Team 1 | Res. | Team 2 | Venue | City |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 22 Dec | Rosario Central | 2–1 | San Lorenzo | Newell's O.B. | Rosario |

#### Match details

1971 Campeonato Nacional Final

| Rosario Central | 2–1 | San Lorenzo |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Gramajo  17'
Colman  23' | Report | Scotta  5' |

Newell's Old BoysAttendance: 31,915Referee: Oscar Veiró

### Liguilla pre-Libertadores

This qualifying method debuted in this season. It was contested by the Metropolitano champion and the Nacional runner-up.

| Date | Team 1 | Res. | Team 2 | Venue | City |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 29 Dec | Independiente | 1–0 | San Lorenzo | La Bombonera | Buenos Aires |

### Top scorers

| Rank. | Player | Team | Goals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | José Luñiz | Juventud Antoniana | 10 |
| | Alfredo Obberti | Newell's Old Boys | |
| 2 | Carlos Morete | River Plate | 9 |
| | Eduardo Quiroga | Belgrano (C) | |
| 3 | Héctor Scotta | San Lorenzo | 8 |
| 4 | Pablo Díaz | Central Córdoba (SdE) | 7 |

## InfoBox

Primera División
| Season | 1971 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Independiente (Metropolitano)
Rosario Central (Nacional) |
| 1972 Copa Libertadores | Rosario Central
Independiente |
| 1970 1972 | |


title: Popowice, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship

abstract: Popowice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Oksa, within Jędrzejów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Oksa, 15 km (9 mi) north-west of Jędrzejów, and 39 km (24 mi) south-west of the regional capital Kielce.

text:
# Popowice, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship

**Popowice** \[pɔpɔˈvit͡sɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Oksa, within Jędrzejów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Oksa, 15 km (9 mi) north-west of Jędrzejów, and 39 km (24 mi) south-west of the regional capital Kielce.

## InfoBox

| Popowice | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Popowice | |
| Coordinates: 50°42′24″N 20°8′18″E / 50.70667°N 20.13833°E / 50.70667; 20.13833 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Świętokrzyskie |
| County | Jędrzejów |
| Gmina | Oksa |


title: Princess Anne County, Virginia

abstract: County of Princess Anne is a former county in the British Colony of Virginia and the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States, first incorporated in 1691. The county was merged into the city of Virginia Beach on January 1, 1963, ceasing to exist.

text:
# Princess Anne County, Virginia

**County of Princess Anne** is a former county in the British Colony of Virginia and the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States, first incorporated in 1691. The county was merged into the city of Virginia Beach on January 1, 1963, ceasing to exist.

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1790 | 7,793 |  |  |
| 1800 | 8,859 |  | 13.7% |
| 1810 | 9,498 |  | 7.2% |
| 1820 | 8,768 |  | −7.7% |
| 1830 | 9,102 |  | 3.8% |
| 1840 | 7,285 |  | −20.0% |
| 1850 | 7,669 |  | 5.3% |
| 1860 | 7,714 |  | 0.6% |
| 1870 | 8,273 |  | 7.2% |
| 1880 | 9,394 |  | 13.6% |
| 1890 | 9,510 |  | 1.2% |
| 1900 | 11,192 |  | 17.7% |
| 1910 | 11,526 |  | 3.0% |
| 1920 | 13,626 |  | 18.2% |
| 1930 | 16,282 |  | 19.5% |
| 1940 | 19,984 |  | 22.7% |
| 1950 | 42,277 |  | 111.6% |
| 1960 | 77,127 |  | 82.4% |
| 1790-1960 Population as Princess Anne County | | | |

## Shires, Counties

When Admiral Christopher Newport and the colonists of the Virginia Company arrived in 1607, George Percy and his fellow Englishmen's "first landing" was at Cape Henry in what was to become Princess Anne County. They named the spot in honor of Henry Frederick Stuart, the elder of two surviving sons of King James I of England. A few days later, they travelled up the James River and established Jamestown. During the early 17th century, English settlers explored and began settling the areas adjacent to Hampton Roads. By 1610, the English colonists had established a permanent settlement in the Kecoughtan area of what was to become Elizabeth Cittie (sic) in 1619. Today a part of Hampton, it is the oldest known continuously occupied English settlement in North America.

Adam Thoroughgood was an early leader in the area which became Princess Anne County, settling along the Lynnhaven River. In 1634, the King of England directed the formation of eight shires (or counties) in the colony of Virginia. One of these was Elizabeth City Shire, which included land area on both sides of Hampton Roads.

New Norfolk County was formed in 1636 from Elizabeth City Shire. New Norfolk County included all the area in South Hampton Roads. Only a year later, New Norfolk was split roughly in half into Upper Norfolk County (most of which is now the present-day city of Suffolk) and Lower Norfolk County. In 1691, Lower Norfolk was split roughly in half. The western half became Norfolk County, while the eastern half became Princess Anne County. The latter was named for Anne Stuart prior to her accession to the throne in 1702.

The County of Princess Anne, Virginia was governed by a Board of Supervisors. Each Supervisor represented one of six Magisterial Districts.

## Loyalist insurrection during the Revolutionary War

After the American colonies declared their independence in 1776, Loyalist opposition in various forms with different motives was present for the duration of the war. In Princess Anne and Norfolk Counties, organized criminals took advantage of the sudden power vacuum created in part by the ineffectiveness of the newly formed local authorities. Josiah Philips, a native of Princess Anne County, led one such group. His group used intimidation, the county's rough, swampy terrain, and disaffected local sympathizers to rob, kill, and terrorize the area for several years. After Philips' capture and subsequent escape, a writ of attainder, perhaps drafted by Thomas Jefferson, was passed by the Virginia General Assembly naming Philips and his followers in an effort to end what it described as an "insurrection" in the counties. Philips was tried and executed in June 1778.

## Virginia Beach Resort (late 19th century – 1963)

Beginning in the late 19th century, the small resort area of Virginia Beach along the Atlantic Ocean at the north eastern portion of the county's vast expanse of shoreline grew, particularly after 1888 with the arrival of rail service and electricity. It was incorporated as a town in 1906 and became an independent city on January 1, 1963, but Princess Anne (Courthouse) remained the county seat.

However, in the mid 20th century, the western borders of Princess Anne County lost territory to annexation suits by Norfolk, Virginia which adjoined it after annexing all of the northern portion of Norfolk County. A merger with the tiny city of Virginia Beach became seen as a way to prevent the independent City of Norfolk from annexing more (or potentially all) of Princess Anne County.

The original western border of Princess Anne County started in East Beach (present day Norfolk, Virginia) where 1st Bay Street meets the Chesapeake Bay. The county line traveled south down the inlet to Bi-County Road and continued between Moose Avenue and Buffalo Avenue, across East Little Creek Road, between the trailer park and Higby Street to meet North Military Highway. Follow North Military Highway south to Azalea Garden Road and Miller Store Road intersect. Travel southeast on Miller Store Road, to the end of Pritchard Street and follow the river under Interstate 64, to Cornick Road. From here simply follow the Broad Creek south.

## Consolidation with City of Virginia Beach (1963)

United States presidential election results for Princess Anne County, Virginia
| Year | Republican | | Democratic | | Third party(ies) | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % |
| **1960** | 4,844 | 44.67% | 5,954 | **54.91%** | 45 | 0.42% |
| **1956** | 4,675 | **50.52%** | 4,342 | 46.93% | 236 | 2.55% |
| **1952** | 3,180 | **51.04%** | 3,037 | 48.75% | 13 | 0.21% |
| **1948** | 1,329 | 35.77% | 2,008 | **54.05%** | 378 | 10.17% |
| **1944** | 993 | 33.63% | 1,959 | **66.34%** | 1 | 0.03% |
| **1940** | 445 | 20.82% | 1,689 | **79.04%** | 3 | 0.14% |
| **1936** | 436 | 18.41% | 1,925 | **81.29%** | 7 | 0.30% |
| **1932** | 432 | 22.71% | 1,451 | **76.29%** | 19 | 1.00% |
| **1928** | 1,040 | **55.29%** | 841 | 44.71% | 0 | 0.00% |
| **1924** | 137 | 15.97% | 690 | **80.42%** | 31 | 3.61% |
| **1920** | 105 | 14.64% | 610 | **85.08%** | 2 | 0.28% |
| **1916** | 67 | 11.49% | 515 | **88.34%** | 1 | 0.17% |
| **1912** | 40 | 7.62% | 422 | **80.38%** | 63 | 12.00% |
| **1908** | 99 | 19.30% | 403 | **78.56%** | 11 | 2.14% |
| **1904** | 109 | 20.53% | 420 | **79.10%** | 2 | 0.38% |
| **1900** | 327 | 30.50% | 743 | **69.31%** | 2 | 0.19% |
| **1896** | 687 | 46.26% | 790 | **53.20%** | 8 | 0.54% |
| **1892** | 409 | 37.73% | 623 | **57.47%** | 52 | 4.80% |
| **1888** | 1,004 | **54.15%** | 844 | 45.52% | 6 | 0.32% |
| **1884** | 971 | 49.62% | 986 | **50.38%** | 0 | 0.00% |
| **1880** | 604 | 40.29% | 895 | **59.71%** | 0 | 0.00% |

In 1963, after a successful referendum in both Virginia Beach and Princess Anne County, and with the approval of the Virginia General Assembly, Virginia Beach and Princess Anne County merged to form the present-day independent city of Virginia Beach. About the same time, Norfolk County merged with the small independent City of South Norfolk. The independent city that resulted from that merger, Chesapeake, became Virginia Beach's new neighbor to the southwest.

Most of the area formerly in the County of Princess Anne when it was formed in 1691 is now located within the independent City of Virginia Beach. The only exceptions are some territory of the northwestern portion which became part of the City of Norfolk through annexation and a land swap agreement between the two cities in 1988.

## Administrative divisions and sub-divisions

Magisterial District of Bayside

Magisterial District of Black Water

Magisterial District of Kempsville

Magisterial District of Lynnhaven

Magisterial District of Pungo

Magisterial District of Seaboard

36°45′06″N 76°03′15″W / 36.751689°N 76.054028°W / 36.751689; -76.054028


title: War resistance in the United States

abstract: War resistance in the United States encompasses activities related to war resistance by American citizens and other who oppose military action on the part of the United States. This includes opposition to, and evasion of, military duty. Such resistance may originate from pacifism, antimilitarism or non-interventionism, generally, and may include registration as a conscientious objector to military service, draft dodging, or desertion. Alternativelty, it may be directed towards specific military actions, as with opposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, opposition to the Iraq War, and the post–September 11 anti-war movement.

text:
# War resistance in the United States

**War resistance in the United States** encompasses activities related to war resistance by American citizens and other who oppose military action on the part of the United States. This includes opposition to, and evasion of, military duty. Such resistance may originate from pacifism, antimilitarism or non-interventionism, generally, and may include registration as a conscientious objector to military service, draft dodging, or desertion. Alternativelty, it may be directed towards specific military actions, as with opposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, opposition to the Iraq War, and the post–September 11 anti-war movement.


title: Virginia Hawkins

abstract: Virginia Hawkins was an American actress, who remains best known for her role in the 1980s television series Dynasty as maid Jeanette Robbins. She also appeared regularly in the series Medical Center and made guest appearances on shows such as The Love Boat, Vega$, Trapper John M.D., and Murder She Wrote.

text:
# Virginia Hawkins

**Virginia Hawkins** (February 1, 1934 – March 27, 2020) was an American actress, who remains best known for her role in the 1980s television series *Dynasty* as maid Jeanette Robbins.

She also appeared regularly in the series *Medical Center* and made guest appearances on shows such as *The Love Boat*, *Vega$*, *Trapper John M.D.*, and *Murder She Wrote*.

## Career

### 1960s to 1970s

In 1969, she had a small part in the "Lucy And Carol Burnett" episode of *Here's Lucy*. She had a part in the 1970 biker exploitation film *Cycle Savages* that starred Bruce Dern, Chris Robinson, Melody Patterson, and Lee Chandler. In 1973, she appeared in *Hawkins: Death and the Maiden,* a TV movie that served as the pilot for the series *Hawkins* starring James Stewart.

### 1980s

She had a role in "The Victims" episode of *Strike Force* that aired on 27 November 1981. From 1981 to 1989, she recurred on *Dynasty* as Jeanette Robbins, and appeared in the 1991 reunion miniseries 'Dynasty: The Reunion*.*

Hawkins died on February 1, 2020 in El Cajon, California, at the age of 86.

## InfoBox

| Virginia Hawkins | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | February 1, 1934
U.S. |
| Died | March 27, 2020 (aged 86)
El Cajon, California, U.S. |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1969–2005 |


title: Long Range Shipbuilding Program

abstract:
The Long Range Shipbuilding program was implemented by the U.S. Maritime Commission shortly after its establishment in 1937 as part of the mandate of the Merchant Marine Act of 1936 which stated that:
United States shall have a merchant marine (a) sufficient to carry its domestic water-borne commerce and a substantial portion of the water-borne export and import foreign commerce of the United States and to provide shipping service on all routes essential for maintaining the flow of such domestic and foreign water-borne commerce at all times (b) capable of serving as a naval and military auxiliary in time of war or national emergency, (c) owned and operated under the United States flag by citizens of the United States insofar as may be practicable, and (d) composed of the best-equipped, safest, and most suitable types of vessels, constructed in the United States and manned with a trained and efficient citizen personnel. It is hereby declared to be the policy of the United States to foster the development and encourage the maintenance of such a merchant marine. Prior to the passage of the act, the U.S.'s merchant fleet was primarily made up of ships which had been built as part of the Emergency Fleet Program at the end of World War I. Because of technological advances in hull construction and propulsion machinery, these ships were rapidly becoming obsolete and non-competitive in the commercial market and of limited value to the Navy as auxiliary support vessels. Additionally, U.S. shipyards had been suffering atrophy from more than 15 years of little to no new construction with either Navy nor commercial orders and it was felt that rebuilding the commercial shipbuilding capacity in the U.S. was in the nation's strategic interest.

text:
# Long Range Shipbuilding Program

The **Long Range Shipbuilding program** was implemented by the U.S. Maritime Commission shortly after its establishment in 1937 as part of the mandate of the Merchant Marine Act of 1936 which stated that:

> *United States shall have a merchant marine*
>
> *(a) sufficient to carry its domestic water-borne commerce and a substantial portion of the water-borne export and import foreign commerce of the United States and to provide shipping service on all routes essential for maintaining the flow of such domestic and foreign water-borne commerce at all times*
>
> *(b) capable of serving as a naval and military auxiliary in time of war or national emergency,*
>
> *(c) owned and operated under the United States flag by citizens of the United States insofar as may be practicable, and*
>
> *(d) composed of the best-equipped, safest, and most suitable types of vessels, constructed in the United States and manned with a trained and efficient citizen personnel. It is hereby declared to be the policy of the United States to foster the development and encourage the maintenance of such a merchant marine.*

Prior to the passage of the act, the U.S.'s merchant fleet was primarily made up of ships which had been built as part of the Emergency Fleet Program at the end of World War I. Because of technological advances in hull construction and propulsion machinery, these ships were rapidly becoming obsolete and non-competitive in the commercial market and of limited value to the Navy as auxiliary support vessels. Additionally, U.S. shipyards had been suffering atrophy from more than 15 years of little to no new construction with either Navy nor commercial orders and it was felt that rebuilding the commercial shipbuilding capacity in the U.S. was in the nation's strategic interest.

## History

### Pre-WWII years

In order to remedy this situation and to facilitate the mission given to it by the act, the Maritime Commission devised a program to build 500 new design merchant freighters powered with either steam turbines or diesels. The 500 total ships were to be built over a 10-year period and contracts for their construction went to both established and new shipyards on the East, West and Gulf Coasts. The new ships would be broken into two groups. First were those constructed to contracts placed by the individual shipping companies to their own designs but where the construction differential between a US and foreign yards to be subsidized by the Maritime Commission. The second group were ships built to standard designs of the Commission and where the contract for the construction of the ships would be to Federal Government's account. It was this shipbuilding effort which became known as the Long Range Program. It was intended that this latter group of ships would be chartered to commercial operators who would use the ships in peacetime but that the ships would be available for use by the Navy in wartime. These included the type C1 ships, type C2 ships and type C3 ships.

See also: Type C1 ship#C1-B-early-years

### During the early years of WWII

Since war appeared to be drawing closer by the year, the Long Range Program grew in importance and in 1940 was accelerated to deliver more of the 500 planned ships sooner than originally scheduled. The fall of France in May 1940 was a watershed for the Commission and the Long Range Program for when Germany was able to move its U-Boat bases to the Brittany coast of France, the Battle of the Atlantic turned drastically against Great Britain's attempts to keep her supply lines open. With losses of merchant vessels far exceeding the ability to replace then in UK shipyards, the British Merchant Shipping Mission arrived in North America with the intention of ordering replacement cargo vessels in the U.S. and Canada. Permission to do so in the U.S. was sought and granted by the Maritime Commission for the U.K. to fund the construction of two new shipyards in South Portland, Maine and Richmond, California and for each to build 30 vessels to UK design. This was the genesis of the Emergency Shipbuilding program which would soon eclipse the Long Range Program in both scope and scale.

Although it was clear that the Emergency Program would be much larger than the Long Range Program, the Commissioners led by Admiral Emory S. Land fought to ensure that the smaller program not be allowed to whither to nothing. All five members of the Maritime Commission realized that the war would come to an end someday and the Liberty ships would not be capable of fulfilling what would be required of the postwar U.S. Merchant fleet. Although by mid-1941 ships were no longer being ordered by commercial operators, ships of the standard designs continued to be ordered by the Commission. As shipbuilding accelerated in 1941 with more ships being ordered for both the Long Range and Emergency Programs, by March 1942 the oversight of shipbuilding was decentralized by the Maritime Commission into four regional offices, one on each of the three seacoasts and the last for the Great Lakes region. With this move the Long Range Program was combined with the Emergency Program for the duration as both programs were supervised as one by the individual Regional offices.

### As part of entire Maritime Commission wartime effort

With the combining of the Long Range Program with the Emergency Program, the specific type of ships which had been the foundation of the Long Range program continued to be built at the same yards which had been contracted for their construction and in only a few cases did yards built for the Emergency Program undertake building the standard types of the Long Range Program nor did the yards which had previously built vessels for the Long Range program get switched to Emergency vessel building. One instance where this was not the followed was when North Carolina Shipbuilding when it was switched from building Liberty ships to C2 type ships which it began to do in the summer of 1943. This decision came from an increase in propulsion turbines along with a high demand for the C2's from the Navy for use as auxiliary ships.

### Post-WWII

One fundamental difference between the yards building for the Long Range Program as opposed to its larger brother, was that the yards of the Emergency Program were principally built with Federal funds only and that title to the yards resided with the Maritime Commission. Long Range Program yards had been from the beginning privately owned and although most received capital from the government during the course of the war to expand their shipbuilding capacity, the title to those yards remained in the hands of the corporations which owned them. Many of the yards which built for the Long Range Program continued to operate in the post war years. Not one of the Emergency yards continued to build or even to repair ships after the end of the war and most had been fully dismantled by the mid-1950s.

Since so many vessels had been built during the war years, in the postwar there was a great surplus of vessels available to both U.S. as well as foreign owners. There was subsequently, a drastic cut back in new merchant vessel construction after 1945 although a few ships were built under direct commercial contract. There was however plenty of work for shipyards to reconvert ships which had been originally built as cargo vessels but had served throughout the war as Naval auxiliary ships. Not until the 1950s was there a new Long Range style shipbuilding program undertaken by the Maritime Commission's successor agency, the U.S. Maritime Administration. That was for the construction of a number of C4 type cargo vessels which also were known as the "Mariner class". Those ships like their predecessors in the prewar Long Range Program were built to government contract and then chartered to commercial shipping firms or transferred to the Navy for use as auxiliaries.

* Ships for Victory: A History of Shipbuilding under the U.S. Maritime Commission in World War II, by Frederic C. Lane. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8018-6752-5
* The Shipbuilding Business in the United States of America,By Frederick Gardiner Fassett. Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, 1948, ISBN (not available)


abstract: The Parrots Regulations, 1930 was created to prevent the importation of parrots into the UK following consideration by the permanent Committee of the Office international d'hygiène publique, after the appearance of psittacosis in the worldwide 1929–1930 psittacosis pandemic. It added further duties for port medical officers of health. Parrots for research were exempt, but not parrots brought home by serviceman.

text:
# Parrots (Prohibition of Import) Regulations, 1930

The **Parrots (Prohibition of Import) Regulations, 1930** was created to prevent the importation of parrots into the UK following consideration by the permanent Committee of the Office international d'hygiène publique, after the appearance of psittacosis in the worldwide 1929–1930 psittacosis pandemic. It added further duties for port medical officers of health. Parrots for research were exempt, but not parrots brought home by serviceman.

## InfoBox

Parrots (Prohibition of Import) Regulations, 1930
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | |
| Commencement | 1930 |
| Text of the Parrots (Prohibition of Import) Regulations, 1930 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk. | |


title: The Sandman (book)

abstract: The Sandman is a children's book written by Ralph Fletcher and illustrated by Richard Cowdrey. It was first published in 2008 by Henry Holt and Company.

text:
# The Sandman (book)

***The Sandman*** is a children's book written by Ralph Fletcher and illustrated by Richard Cowdrey. It was first published in 2008 by Henry Holt and Company.

## Plot summary

Tor is an inches tall man who can not fall asleep no matter what he tries. He discovers a dragon scale while walking in the woods. He learns that the powder made by grinding the scale induces sleep. He then travels sprinkling the sand into the eyes of sleepless children.

## Reception

Ian Chipman in his review for Booklist said "Fletcher’s spin on the classic character responsible for suddenly leaden lids is helped along by Cowdry’s quaint, deeply hued artwork." He described the book as "charming and comforting bedtime tale." Kirkus Reviews said "Fletcher's fantasy narrative fleshes out the familiar trope by combining worlds of fairy-tale-forest settings with average household bedtime environments. Cowdrey's deeply colored acrylics of flora, fauna, one frightfully greenish and nostril-smoking dragon, workshop scenes and angelically dozing children alternate with black-and-white images of a cherubic dimple-chinned bald and white mustachioed tiny gentleman hard at work." Lauralyn Persson in her review for School Library Journal said "Fletcher's smoothly written story flows in a thoroughly plausible way and is beautifully served by Cowdrey's vibrant acrylic paintings. All in all, this is a compelling story with pictures that add drama, charm, and atmosphere."

## InfoBox

The Sandman
| Cover of hardcover first edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Ralph Fletcher |
| Illustrator | Richard Cowdrey |
| Genre | Children's |
| Publisher | Henry Holt and Company |
| Publication date | 2008-05-27 |
| Media type | Print (Hardcover) |
| Pages | 32 |
| ISBN | 978-0-8050-7726-1 |
| OCLC | 85017990 |
| Dewey Decimal | \[E\] 22 |
| LC Class | PZ7.F634 San 2008 |


title: Lodhikheda

abstract: Lodhikheda is a town and a nagar parishad in Pandhurna district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It is famous for its oranges. More than 90 per cent of farmers produce oranges. Cotton is grown in large quantities in the local area.

text:
# Lodhikheda

**Lodhikheda** is a town and a nagar parishad in Pandhurna district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It is famous for its oranges. More than 90 per cent of farmers produce oranges. Cotton is grown in large quantities in the local area.

## Geography

Lodhikheda is located at 21°35′N 78°50′E / 21.58°N 78.83°E / 21.58; 78.83. It has an average elevation of 410 metres (1345 feet).

## Demographics

As of 2011 India census, Lodhikheda had a population of 9950. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Lodhikheda has an average literacy rate of 69%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 77%, and female literacy is 61%. In Lodhikheda, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.

## Education

With the arrival of industries in the area, the population of the region has gradually been increasing, creating the need for quality education, and hence a number of schools and colleges are born in the last two decades apart from the government schools and one government colleges for science and arts commerce respectively. Raymond textiles mills had started their own CBSE pattern school for the children of their employees and general public as well as Kailashpath Singhania High School similar to Bhansali Public School started by the Bhansali Engineering Polymers Ltd. Since then a number of schools have been started by renowned residents and education professionals. At present the town is one of the best places in the nearby districts of the state, with more than 5 schools with modern education.

### Colleges

Govt college of Art and Commerce, Lodhikheda, Satpura College of Information & Bio Technology, Sausar, Revnath Choure College of Information & Technology, Sausar, Little Step College of Science & Technology, Borgaon.

### Schools

Lala Kailashpat Singhania High School, Kanhan Higher Secondary School, Govt. Girls Higher Secondary School, Govt. Middle School, Sarswati Shishu Mandir Higher Secondary School, New Sai Sharda School, Chatrapati Shiwaji Primary School, Govt Urdhu School. little step english medium school lodhikheda, saraswati shishu mandir higher secondary school, G.S.D.M. Gurukul higher secondary school, Bhaskaram public school, sunflower school.

## Climate

Lodhikheda has tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen climate classification) with dry conditions prevailing for most of the year. It receives an annual rainfall of 1,205 mm (47.44 inches) from monsoon rains during June to September. The highest recorded daily rainfall was 304 mm on 14 July 1994. Summers are extremely hot, lasting from March to June, with May being the hottest month. Winter lasts from November to January, during which temperatures drop below 10 °C (50 °F). The highest recorded temperature in the city was 48 °C on 19 May 2015, while the lowest was 3.9 °C.

| Climate data for Lodhikheda (1971–1990) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 36.6
(97.9) | 39.2
(102.6) | 45.0
(113.0) | 46.1
(115.0) | 47.8
(118.0) | 47.7
(117.9) | 40.6
(105.1) | 37.8
(100.0) | 38.9
(102.0) | 39.5
(103.1) | 35.6
(96.1) | 39.7
(103.5) | 47.8
(118.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 28.7
(83.7) | 31.2
(88.2) | 36.2
(97.2) | 40.7
(105.3) | 42.4
(108.3) | 37.5
(99.5) | 31.6
(88.9) | 30.5
(86.9) | 32.3
(90.1) | 32.7
(90.9) | 30.4
(86.7) | 28.1
(82.6) | 33.5
(92.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 20.8
(69.4) | 23.2
(73.8) | 27.7
(81.9) | 32.5
(90.5) | 35.1
(95.2) | 31.9
(89.4) | 27.9
(82.2) | 27.1
(80.8) | 27.7
(81.9) | 26.4
(79.5) | 23.0
(73.4) | 20.4
(68.7) | 27.0
(80.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 12.9
(55.2) | 15.1
(59.2) | 19.2
(66.6) | 24.3
(75.7) | 27.8
(82.0) | 26.3
(79.3) | 24.1
(75.4) | 23.6
(74.5) | 23.1
(73.6) | 20.0
(68.0) | 15.5
(59.9) | 12.6
(54.7) | 20.4
(68.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 3.9
(39.0) | 5.0
(41.0) | 8.3
(46.9) | 13.9
(57.0) | 19.4
(66.9) | 20.0
(68.0) | 19.4
(66.9) | 18.3
(64.9) | 16.6
(61.9) | 11.6
(52.9) | 6.7
(44.1) | 5.5
(41.9) | 3.9
(39.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 16
(0.6) | 22
(0.9) | 15
(0.6) | 8
(0.3) | 18
(0.7) | 168
(6.6) | 290
(11.4) | 291
(11.5) | 157
(6.2) | 73
(2.9) | 17
(0.7) | 19
(0.7) | 1,094
(43.1) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 1.8 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 2.9 | 11.4 | 17.5 | 16.5 | 10.4 | 4.0 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 72.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 54 | 43 | 30 | 24 | 27 | 55 | 77 | 80 | 74 | 61 | 55 | 56 | 53 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 272.0 | 268.3 | 287.6 | 290.8 | 293.8 | 186.6 | 115.4 | 116.7 | 182.5 | 260.4 | 264.1 | 268.8 | 2,807 |
| Source 1: NOAA | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Source 2: India Meteorological Department (record high and low up to 2010) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Culture

Pola (Festival of Bullocks) and Holi are the main festivals of this area. Famous Marathi writers include Ram Ganesh Gadkari. Most of the people of Lodhikheda are Maratha/ Kunbi (farmers), Teli (oil merchants) and Koshtis (cotton weavers), and some of the red dye is still produced, for which the town was at one time noted. In addition, all the main Indian festivals are celebrated here.

## Religious places and festivals

The most famous temple in Lodhikheda is Sangeet Dham Mandir, and is said to be one of the Swayambhu ("self-manifested") temples in the city. There are many sites in the city that testify the importance of the religion Mahakali Temple, Mata Mandir, Vitthal Mandir, Maa Sharda Mandir, Maa Tarini Mandir, Durga Temple, Shree Ram Mandir, Shiv Mandir, Shree Hanuman Mandir, Shri Shani Temple, Satyanarayan Temple, Jain Temple, Kabir Temple, Sunni Jama Masjid and Choti Masjid, Shri Taaran Taran Digamber Jain Temple, 1008 shri parasnath digamber temple, Mother Mary Church and Gurdwara Sri Guru Nanak Darbar

Religious events are observed in the city throughout the year. Ram Navami is celebrated in Nagpur with *shobha yatra* with a procession of floats depicting events from the Ramayana. Processions are also held on important festivals of other religions such as Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din, Vijayadashami, Eid E Milad, Guru Nanak Jayanti, Mahavir Jayanti, Durga puja, Ganesh Chaturthi and Moharram. Like the rest of India, Nagpurkars celebrate major Hindu festivals like Diwali, Holi and Dussera with enthusiasm. Celebrations lasting for several days are held on Ganesh Chaturthi and Durga Puja festivals in virtually every small locality in the city.

## Industrial area

Lodhikheda is a Handloom Cluster & **Raymond Group**The Raymond Chhindwara plant, set up in 1991, is a state-of-the-art integrated manufacturing facility located 65 km away from Chhindwara. Built on 100 acres (0.40 km2) of land, the plant produces premium pure wool, wool blended and polyester viscose suiting. This plant has achieved a record production capacity of 14.65 million meters, giving it the distinction of being the single largest integrated worsted suiting unit in the world.

1. Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Lodhikheda
2. "Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 16 June 2004. Retrieved 1 November 2008.
3. "Geographical Information (on Lodhikheda city)". National Informatics Centre, Nagpur. Archived from the original on 17 February 2005. Retrieved 30 June 2006.
4. "Flooding, power cuts after Nagpur rains". dnaindia.com. Retrieved 18 July 2006.
5. "Nagpur/Sonegaon Climate Normals 1971–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
6. "Ever recorded Maximum and minimum temperatures up to 2010" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
7. "About Shobha Yatra". Sri Poddareshwar Ram Mandir Website.

## InfoBox

| Lodhikheda | |
| --- | --- |
| city | |
| LodhikhedaLocation in Madhya Pradesh, IndiaLodhikhedaLodhikheda (India) | |
| Coordinates: 21°35′N 78°50′E / 21.58°N 78.83°E / 21.58; 78.83 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Madhya Pradesh |
| District | Chhindwara |
| Government | |
| President | Droupadi Murmu |
| Vice president | Jagdeep Dhankhar |
| Prime minister | Narendra Modi |
| Chief minister | Mohan Yadav |
| Elevation | 410 m (1,350 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 9,950 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Telephone code | 07165 |
| Vehicle registration | MP-28 |
| Nearest city | Nagpur |
| Literacy | 87% |
| Vidhan Sabha constituency | Sausar |
| Climate | Healthy (Köppen) |
| Website | nplodhikheda.com |


title: 1971–72 Chelsea F.C. season

abstract: The 1971–72 season was Chelsea Football Club's fifty-eighth competitive season.

text:
# 1971–72 Chelsea F.C. season

The **1971–72 season** was **Chelsea Football Club'**s fifty-eighth competitive season.

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GAv | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5 | Arsenal | 42 | 22 | 8 | 12 | 58 | 40 | 1.450 | 52 |  |
| 6 | Tottenham Hotspur | 42 | 19 | 13 | 10 | 63 | 42 | 1.500 | 51 | Qualification for the UEFA Cup first round |
| 7 | Chelsea | 42 | 18 | 12 | 12 | 58 | 49 | 1.184 | 48 |  |
| 8 | Manchester United | 42 | 19 | 10 | 13 | 69 | 61 | 1.131 | | 48 |
| 9 | Wolverhampton Wanderers | 42 | 18 | 11 | 13 | 65 | 57 | 1.140 | 47 | Qualification for the Watney Cup |

Source: World Football
Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal average; 3) Goals scored
Notes:  * Glanvill, Rick (2006). *Chelsea FC: The Official Biography – The Definitive Story of the First 100 Years*. Headline Book Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7553-1466-2.
* Hockings, Ron. *100 Years of The Blues – A Statistical History of Chelsea FC 1905–2006*.

## InfoBox

Chelsea
| 1971–72 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Chairman | Brian Mears |
| Manager | Dave Sexton |
| Stadium | Stamford Bridge |
| First Division | 7th |
| FA Cup | Fifth round |
| League Cup | Runners-up |
| Top goalscorer | League: Peter Osgood (18)
All: Peter Osgood (31) |
| Highest home attendance | 52,581 vs Tottenham Hotspur
(27 November 1971) |
| Lowest home attendance | 23,011 vs Plymouth Argyle
(8 September 1971) |
| Average home league attendance | 38,788 |
| Biggest win | 6–0 v Bolton Wanderers
(8 November 1971) |
| Biggest defeat | 0–4 v West Bromwich Albion
(27 April 1972) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Ponte Molino (Padua)

abstract: The Ponte Molino is a Roman bridge across the Bacchiglione in Padua, Italy. The span-to-rise ratio of the Late Republican bridge varies between 3.5–4.5 and 1, the ratio of clear span and pier thickness between 4–6.5 and 1. Apart from the Ponte Molino, there are other extant Roman bridges in Padua: Ponte San Lorenzo, Ponte Altinate and Ponte Corbo, all three also featuring segmented arches, as well as Ponte S. Matteo.

text:
# Ponte Molino (Padua)

The **Ponte Molino** is a Roman bridge across the Bacchiglione in Padua, Italy. The span-to-rise ratio of the Late Republican bridge varies between 3.5–4.5 and 1, the ratio of clear span and pier thickness between 4–6.5 and 1.

Apart from the Ponte Molino, there are other extant Roman bridges in Padua: Ponte San Lorenzo, Ponte Altinate and Ponte Corbo, all three also featuring segmented arches, as well as Ponte S. Matteo.

## Sources

* Galliazzo, Vittorio (1995), *I ponti romani*, vol. 1, Treviso: Edizioni Canova, p. 432, ISBN 88-85066-66-6
* Galliazzo, Vittorio (1994), *I ponti romani. Catalogo generale*, vol. 2, Treviso: Edizioni Canova, pp. 207–208 (No. 435), ISBN 88-85066-66-6

Media related to Ponte Molino (Padua) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Ponte Molino | |
| --- | --- |
| Side view. To the left begins the old town which is entered by the *Porta e Ponte Molino*. | |
| Coordinates | 45°24′42″N 11°52′26″E / 45.411745°N 11.873753°E / 45.411745; 11.873753 |
| Carries | Via Dante |
| Crosses | Bacchiglione |
| Locale | Padua, Italy |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | Segmental arch bridge |
| Total length | 50.54 m |
| Width | 9.21 m |
| Longest span | 11.47 m |
| No. of spans | 5 |
| History | |
| Construction end | 1st century BC |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: Princess Anne County Training School

abstract: Princess Anne County Training School was the first and only high school for black students in Princess Anne County, Virginia.

text:
# Princess Anne County Training School

**Princess Anne County Training School** was the first and only high school for black students in Princess Anne County, Virginia.

## History

Prior to 1938, there was no high school in Princess Anne County that would accept black students. Black children who wanted an education past 7th grade had to travel outside the county, to Booker T. Washington in Norfolk, and pay tuition of $50 per semester. In 1925, the black community mobilized to build a high school for their children. They raised $1200 for land, and in 1934 turned the land plus an additional $2000 over to the Princess Anne County School Board. In 1936 Federal grants completed the funding, and in 1937 the cornerstone for the new school was laid. In 1938, **Princess Anne County Training School** opened in a new building on Witchduck Road in Virginia Beach utilizing an industrial education curriculum. The term Training School was used, as it was presumed that blacks could not be educated, merely trained as laborers. Over time, the black community repudiated the term training school, and changed the name to **Union Kempsville High School** in 1961. When the public schools were integrated in 1969, Union Kempsville was closed.

## InfoBox

| Union Kempsville High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| Witchduck Road
Virginia Beach, Virginia
U.S. | |
| Coordinates | 36°50′37″N 76°09′39″W / 36.8434857°N 76.160741°W / 36.8434857; -76.160741 |
| Information | |
| Former name | Princess Anne County Training School |
| Type | Public |
| Established | 1938 |
| Closed | 1969 |
| Grades | K-12 |


title: Virginia Headwaters Council

abstract: The Virginia Headwaters Council (VAHC) is the local council of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) that serves Scouts in areas of the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia and West Virginia and areas of central Virginia.

text:
# Virginia Headwaters Council

The **Virginia Headwaters Council** (VAHC) is the local council of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) that serves Scouts in areas of the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia and West Virginia and areas of central Virginia.

## History

The first council in the area was the Staunton Council, formed in 1920 and failed in 1924. The Stonewall Jackson Area Council was chartered in Staunton, Virginia in January 1927. The adjacent Lewis & Clark Council was formed in Charlottesville, Virginia in February 1927, and it dissolved and was absorbed into the Stonewall Jackson Council in mid-1931. The first Scout executive of the Stonewall Jackson Area Council was J.W. Fix who served from 1927 to 1950.

The council was renamed in 2019 to the Virginia Headwaters Council. The name refers to the area being the source of the James River, York River, Rappahannock River, and the Potomac River.

## Organization

The council is part of Council Service Territory 12 of the BSA. The council service center is in Staunton, Virginia and employs three paid professional Scouters and office staff. VAHC is divided into two districts:

## Camp Shenandoah

| Camp Shenandoah | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Swoope, Virginia |
| Coordinates | 38°08′03″N 79°13′39″W / 38.13417°N 79.22750°W / 38.13417; -79.22750 |
| Founded | 1950 |
| Founder | J. W. Fix |
|  | |
| **Website**
www.campshenandoah.org | |

Camp Shenandoah was first established in 1930 near McGaheysville, Virginia and moved to its present site near Swoope, Virginia in 1950. With expansions in 1999, the camp property is now 454 acres (1.84 km2) located on the eastern slope of Little North Mountain. The west side of the camp borders on the George Washington National Forest and north, east and south sides bordering on agricultural areas of Swoope. A hunter access road runs through the camp. Three creeks run through the camp, supplying the small man-made Hope Lake. A portion of the new property on the north side has been placed into the Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program and is being restored from an agricultural to a natural state. The camp suffered major damage during the June 2012 North American derecho, resulting in the temporary closure of the camp. Due to the fortunate circumstance of the entirety of the camp's staffers and attendees already being gathered in the dining hall, no one was injured.

The camp is primarily used by units within the council, but is available to other Scouting units and youth groups and is used year-round.

Camp Shenandoah is recognized as a nationally accredited summer camp by BSA National Camp Accreditation Program.

### Facilities

The camp ranger has a house just outside the camp entrance. The camp office includes the health lodge where emergency health care is provided during summer camp. The dining hall seats up to 300 people and includes the kitchen and food storage facilities, a staff lounge and restrooms for visitors. The trading post is a camp store that sells snacks, souvenirs, craft materials, and other items during summer camp; attached is a storage room. The maintenance area includes the workshop, quartermaster storage, a shed for tractor and equipment storage, and equipment for the welding merit badge. The parade field provides an area where campers assemble for flag ceremonies and other activities. The Lockridge Chapel is open-air with benches for seating. The shower house has facilities for male and female, youth and adult campers. Water is provided from a well-fed water tower and sewage is processed on-site. There is a campfire ring by the lake that provides uncovered seating for the Sunday and Friday night campfires. There is also a campfire ring solely used for Order of the Arrow activities and ceremonies.

The camp has 14 tent campsites, each with running water and a latrine and most with a small pavilion. Unimproved areas are available for outpost camping. The 14th campsite, Ridgway, is considered "primitive" and guests must bring their own tents.

The Colonel Morris T. Warner, Jr. Rifle Range, the shotgun range and the archery range are located on OA Ridge; a separate black powder range can be set up as needed. As of 2015 handguns have been integrated, and concealed carry certification is offered to adults attending camp. The climbing area has a climbing tower and has high and low ropes courses, which are no longer in use due to old equipment. The waterfront has a swim area, canoes, and rowboats.

### Summer Camp

The summer camp program provides opportunities for a range of merit badges in the areas of Scoutcraft, Handicraft, aquatics, nature, STEM, Timber Mountain, Trail-to-Eagle, and Shooting Sports. Other programs include hikes to Elliott Knob and a high adventure program. Scout leaders can take supplemental training in aquatics and boating safety and CPR. New Scouts can participate in Timber Mountain, which is designed to help work towards First Class Scout.

### Activities

The camp has been used as a base for the Grindstone 100 Miler ultramarathon since 2008.

### 2009 fire

In the early morning of August 7, 2009, a fire destroyed the wooden trading post, killing one adult. Since then, a new metal trading post has been built and no staff sleep in the building.

## Shenandoah Lodge

| Shenandoah Lodge | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Lodge Chief | Harlow Thompson |
| Lodge Adviser | Jeff Nelson |
| Staff Adviser | Robert Clemmer |
|  | |
| **Website**
shenandoahlodge.org | |

The Order of the Arrow is represented by the Shenandoah Lodge. It supports the Scouting programs of the Virginia Headwaters Council through leadership, camping, and service. Currently, the lodge does not have chapters serving the council's districts.

## InfoBox

| Virginia Headwaters Council (#763) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Owner | Boy Scouts of America |
| Headquarters | Waynesboro, Virginia |
| Location | Virginia, West Virginia |
| Country | United States |
| Founded | 1927 |
| Council President | Steve Hammond |
| Council Commissioner | Matt Phillippi |
| Scout Executive | Susan Hart |
|  | |
| **Website**
www.vahcbsa.org | |
|


title: Long Range Reconnaissance Imager

abstract: Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) is a telescope aboard the New Horizons spacecraft for imaging. LORRI has been used to image Jupiter, its moons, Pluto and its moons, and Arrokoth since its launch in 2006. LORRI is a reflecting telescope of Ritchey-Chrétien design, and it has a main mirror diameter of 208 mm across. LORRI has a narrow field of view, less than a third of a degree. Images are taken with a CCD capturing data with 1024 × 1024 pixels. LORRI is a telescopic panchromatic camera integrated with the New Horizons spacecraft, and it is one of seven major science instruments on the probe. LORRI does not have any moving parts and is pointed by moving the entire New Horizons spacecraft.

text:
# Long Range Reconnaissance Imager

**Long Range Reconnaissance Imager** (**LORRI**) is a telescope aboard the *New Horizons* spacecraft for imaging. LORRI has been used to image Jupiter, its moons, Pluto and its moons, and Arrokoth since its launch in 2006. LORRI is a reflecting telescope of Ritchey-Chrétien design, and it has a main mirror diameter of 208 mm (8.2 inches) across. LORRI has a narrow field of view, less than a third of a degree. Images are taken with a CCD capturing data with 1024 × 1024 pixels. LORRI is a telescopic panchromatic camera integrated with the *New Horizons* spacecraft, and it is one of seven major science instruments on the probe. LORRI does not have any moving parts and is pointed by moving the entire *New Horizons* spacecraft.

## Operations

LORRI was used to calculate albedos for Pluto and Charon. LORRI is also used for navigation, especially to more precisely determine the location of a flyby target. In 2018, *New Horizons* spacecraft used navigation data from LORRI for its planned flyby of Arrokoth in a couple months.

During the cruise to Jupiter, LORRI data was also used to determine a value for the cosmic optical background as an alternative to other methods. At Jupiter, LORRI was used for an extensive observation campaign of Jupiter's atmosphere, rings, and moons.

On August 29, 2006, the cover on LORRI was opened and it took an image in space of Messier 7 (aka Ptolemy’s Cluster) for its first light image. The following year, in 2007 when it flew by Jupiter for its gravity assist, it was used to image Jupiter and its moons. LORRI also imaged the Jovian system in 2010 as part of an annual checkout confirming the operation of LORRI, taking pictures from a distance of about 16 AU.

In 2015, LORRI was used to image Pluto before and during the flyby. In December 2017, LORRI took an image at a greater distance from Earth than *Pale Blue Dot* by *Voyager 1*, in this case of the Wishing Well Cluster. This cluster was also the first light image for the Wide Field and Planetary Camera of the Hubble Space Telescope, taken in May 1990.

In August 2018, LORRI was able to detect Arrokoth at distance of around 161 million kilometres (100 million miles).

A large stack of images of Arrokoth from August to December 2018 was used to confirm a closer flyby, rather than more distant by ruling out moons and rings systems to a certain level of detection.

On the night of December 24, 2018 LORRI was used to take images of Arrokoth at a distance of 10 million kilometres (6.2 million miles). Three images were taken each with a half second long exposure, at a 1024x1024 pixel resolution.

## Specifications

LORRI is a reflective telescope integrated with the *New Horizons* spacecraft. It can take greyscale images of astronomical targets.

Specifications:

* Telescope style: Ritchey-Chrétien
* Aperture: 208 mm (8.2 inches)
* Mass: 8.8 kilograms (19.4 pounds)
* Average electrical power use: 5.8 watts
* Field of View: 0.29 degrees
* Resolution: 4.95 μrad pixels
* Bandpass: from about 350 nm to 850 nm
* Operating temperature: 148K to 313K
* Sensor: E2V Technologies CCD47-20 and Analog Devices AD9807 ADC
    + Frame-Transfer Back-Illuminated CCD
    + Size: 13.3×13.3 mm
    + Pixel size: 13×13 μm native size with 4×4 pixel on-chip binning possible
    + 1024×1024 active pixels
    + 12 bits ADC

The mirror is made of silicon carbide which helped support meeting the thermal requirements of the design.

The instrument is a thinned backside-illuminated charge-coupled device, and captures images at a resolution of 1024 by 1024 pixels, with a variety of exposure settings. LORRI can take one picture per second and store the picture digitally as a 12-bit image, with either lossless or lossy compression. (See also Data compression)

LORRI incorporates a field-flattening lens with three elements.

The design can take images at very low light levels required for the mission, including light levels 1/900 those of Earth when it is at Pluto. For the Arrokoth encounter the longest exposure time (up to ten seconds for the Pluto flyby) was increased. This was accomplished after the Pluto flyby by the team, to support taking images in even lower light levels.

After the Pluto flyby, exposure times of at least 30 seconds were made possible, which was also useful for taking reconnaissance images and enabling imaging down to a magnitude of 21.

LORRI is pointed by moving the entire spacecraft, which limits the exposure time. The spacecraft does not have reaction wheels and is stabilized by thrusters.

| **Examples** | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Name | Wavelength Bandpass | Aperture(s) |
| Human eye | 400–700 nm (approx.) | 6 mm |
| LORRI | 350 – 850 nm | 208 mm |
| Alice | 70-205 nm | (two; 40 x 40 mm2
1 mm |
|

## Jovian system

While passing by Jupiter in February 2007, the Jovian system was observed using LORRI and other instruments.

LORRI views of the Galilean moons:

Jovian moons imaged by *New Horizons*Io imaged on February 28, 2007. The feature near the north pole of the moon is a 290 km (180 mi) high plume from the volcano Tvashtar.Europa imaged on February 27 from a distance of 3.1 million km (1.9 million mi). Image scale is 15 km per pixel (9.3 mi/px).Ganymede imaged on February 27, 2007, from a distance of 3.5 million km (2.2 million mi). Image scale is 17 km per pixel (11 mi/px).Callisto imaged on February 27 from a distance of 4.7 million km (2.9 million mi). Media related to Photos of Jupiter system by *New Horizons* at Wikimedia Commons

## Pluto

Due to its telescope power, LORRI was able to capture images of Pluto and its moons, offering the closer views as the spacecraft flew by the dwarf planet.

## Charon

## 15810 Arawn

In 2016 *New Horizons* observed the Kuiper belt object, 15810 Arawn. It is the object that is pointed with an arrow.

## 486958 Arrokoth

### Long-distance views

### Approach views

## Closest views of Pluto flyby

Since LORRI had the highest magnification of the instruments, it captured the closest views of Pluto's terrain during the flyby. Its smaller field of view was panned across Pluto, capturing a stripe of the dwarf planet's terrain.


title: USS Manitowoc (PF-61)

abstract: USS Manitowoc (PF-61), a Tacoma-class frigate in commission from 1944 to, was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for Manitowoc, Wisconsin. After commissioned service in the U.S. Navy from 1944 to 1946. After her Navy service, she served in the United States Coast Guard for a few months in 1946. Sold to France in 1947, she commissioned into service in the French Navy as Le Brix (F715) in 1948 and operated as a weather ship until scrapped in 1958.

text:
# USS Manitowoc (PF-61)

**USS *Manitowoc* (PF-61)**, a *Tacoma*-class frigate in commission from 1944 to, was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for Manitowoc, Wisconsin. After commissioned service in the U.S. Navy from 1944 to 1946. After her Navy service, she served in the United States Coast Guard for a few months in 1946. Sold to France in 1947, she commissioned into service in the French Navy as ***Le Brix* (F715)** in 1948 and operated as a weather ship until scrapped in 1958.

## Construction and commissioning

Originally designated as a patrol gunboat, **PG-169**, *Manitowoc* was reclassified as a patrol frigate, **PF-61**, on 15 April 1943, and laid down under a Maritime Commission contract by the Globe Shipbuilding Company in Superior, Wisconsin, on 26 August 1943; launched on 30 November 1943, sponsored by Mrs. Martin Georgenson; and delivered to the Maritime Commission on 27 September 1944. She was then ferried to New Orleans, Louisiana via the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal and the Mississippi River for acquisition by the US Navy. She was commissioned on 24 October 1944.

## Service history

### United States Navy service, 19441945

#### World War II, 19441945

Between 29 October and 5 November 1944, *Manitowoc* steamed to Boston, Massachusetts, where she was placed out of service on 8 November and converted by the Boston Navy Yard for use as a weather patrol ship. She was then recommissioned at Boston on 5 December, with Lieutenant Commander J. A. Martin USCG commanding and underwent shakedown off Bermuda during late December 1944 and early January 1945. After returning to Boston on 20 January 1945, she joined Escort Division 34 for duty as a weather ship in the North Atlantic.

Departing Boston on 2 February, she reached NS Argentia, Newfoundland on 5 February and the following day undertook her first weather patrol. She relieved the *Woonsocket* (PF-32) on 8 February and began patrolling her assigned station. Equipped with specialized radio transmitters and meteorological equipment, she spent two weeks transmitting valuable weather data as the Allies began their final push to defeat Nazi Germany. She was relieved on 24 February, returning to Argentia by 26 February.

Before the end of the war in Europe, the *Manitowoc* made two further weather patrols in the North Atlantic, carrying her from Newfoundland as far east as Iceland. She also helped deter the remnants of the Kriegsmarine submarine fleet from action by patrolling the sea lanes in her area.

#### Post-war operations, 19451946

After the end of the war in Europe, *Manitowoc* continued to patrol the North Atlantic, serving primarily as an air-sea rescue ship. Between 29 May 1945 and 10 February 1946 she completed seven such patrols. During a patrol in late July, she provided medical aid for the Panamanian merchantman SS *Yemasee* and on 2 August her medical officer performed an emergency appendectomy on a crewman from the Swedish merchant ship SS *San Francisco*.

*Manitowoc* returned from her final patrol on 10 February 1946 and was decommissioned at Boston on 14 March 1946.

### United States Coast Guard service, 1946

*Manitowoc* was loaned to and immediately recommissioned by the United States Coast Guard on the day of her Navy decommissioning with Lieutenant Wesly L. Saunders, USCG, commanding. She then served as a Coast Guard vessel for the next five months, based at Norfolk, Virginia, and New Orleans. The Coast Guard decommissioned her on 3 September 1946.

### French Navy service. 19471958

*Manitowoc* was sold to France on 25 March 1947. After delivery to a representative of the French government, she was commissioned in the French Navy as *Le Brix* (F715) and served under the French flag as a weather ship until scrapped in 1958.

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *Manitowoc* |
| Namesake | City of Manitowoc, Wisconsin |
| Reclassified | PF-61, 15 April 1943 |
| Builder | Globe Shipbuilding Company, Superior, Wisconsin |
| Laid down | 26 August 1943 |
| Launched | 30 November 1943 |
| Sponsored by | Mrs. Martin Georgenson |
| Commissioned | 5 December 1944 |
| Decommissioned | 14 March 1946 |
| Fate | Transferred to US Coast Guard, 14 March 1946 |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *Manitowoc* |
| Commissioned | 14 March 1946 |
| Decommissioned | 3 September 1946 |
| Fate | Sold to France, 25 March 1947 |
| History | |
| France | |
| Name | *Le Brix* |
| Namesake | Joseph Le Brix |
| Acquired | 25 March 1947 |
| Reclassified | F715, c. 1952 |
| Fate | Scrapped, 1958 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Tacoma*-class frigate |
| Displacement | 1,264 long tons (1,284 t) |
| Length | 303 ft 11 in (92.63 m) |
| Beam | 37 ft 6 in (11.43 m) |
| Draft | 13 ft 8 in (4.17 m) |
| Propulsion | * 2 × 5,500 shp (4,101 kW) turbines * 3 boilers * 2 shafts |
| Speed | 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) |
| Complement | 190 |
| Armament |  |


title: Paris, Kentucky

abstract: Paris is a home rule-class city in Bourbon County, Kentucky, and the county seat. It lies 18 miles (29 km) northeast of Lexington on the Stoner Fork of the Licking River. It is part of the Lexington–Fayette Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of 2020, it had a population of 10,171.

text:
# Paris, Kentucky

**Paris** is a home rule-class city in Bourbon County, Kentucky, and the county seat. It lies 18 miles (29 km) northeast of Lexington on the Stoner Fork of the Licking River. It is part of the Lexington–Fayette Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of 2020, it had a population of 10,171.

## History

Joseph Houston settled a station in the area in 1776, but was forced to relocate due to prior land grants. In 1786, Lawrence Protzman purchased the area of present-day Paris from its owners, platted 250 acres (100 ha) for a town, and offered land for public buildings in exchange for the Virginia legislature making the settlement the seat of the newly formed Bourbon County. In 1789, the town was formally established as **Hopewell** after Hopewell, New Jersey, his hometown. The next year, it was renamed Paris after the French capital to match its county and honor the French assistance during the American Revolution.

Among the early settlers in the late 18th and early 19th centuries were French refugees who had fled the excesses of their own revolution. One Frenchman was noted in a 19th-century state history as having come from Calcutta, via Bengal, and settled here as a schoolteacher.

The post office was briefly known as **Bourbontown** or **Bourbonton** in the early 19th century, but there is no evidence that this name was ever formally applied to the town itself. It was incorporated as Paris in 1839 and again in 1890.

African American students attended Paris Colored High School. Paris is the "sister city" of Lamotte-Beuvron in France.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 6.0 square miles (15.5 km2), of which 5.9 square miles (15.4 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km2), or 0.52%, is water.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1800 | 377 |  |  |
| 1810 | 838 |  | 122.3% |
| 1830 | 1,219 |  |  |
| 1840 | 1,197 |  | −1.8% |
| 1850 | 1,384 |  | 15.6% |
| 1860 | 1,440 |  | 4.0% |
| 1870 | 2,655 |  | 84.4% |
| 1880 | 3,204 |  | 20.7% |
| 1890 | 4,218 |  | 31.6% |
| 1900 | 4,603 |  | 9.1% |
| 1910 | 5,859 |  | 27.3% |
| 1920 | 6,310 |  | 7.7% |
| 1930 | 6,204 |  | −1.7% |
| 1940 | 6,697 |  | 7.9% |
| 1950 | 6,912 |  | 3.2% |
| 1960 | 7,791 |  | 12.7% |
| 1970 | 7,823 |  | 0.4% |
| 1980 | 7,935 |  | 1.4% |
| 1990 | 8,730 |  | 10.0% |
| 2000 | 9,183 |  | 5.2% |
| 2010 | 8,553 |  | −6.9% |
| 2020 | 10,171 |  | 18.9% |
| 2022 (est.) | 10,075 |  | −0.9% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 9,183 people, 3,857 households, and 2,487 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,351.2 people per square mile (521.7 people/km2). There were 4,222 housing units at an average density of 621.2 units per square mile (239.8 units/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 84.23% White, 12.71% African American, 0.16% Native American, 0.16% Asian, 1.35% from other races, and 1.38% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.62% of the population.

There were 3,857 households, out of which 31.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.8% were married couples living together, 16.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.5% were non-families. 31.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.90.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.3% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, and 15.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $30,872, and the median income for a family was $37,358. Males had a median income of $29,275 versus $21,285 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,645. About 17.5% of families and 17.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.2% of those under age 18 and 15.9% of those age 65 or over.

## Arts and culture

Between 2006 and 2008, fifteen buildings were renovated in the downtown.

Artistic and cultural sites and events include:

* Downtown Paris ARTWALK, an artistic event.
* Nannine Clay Wallis Arboretum, a 4-acre (16,000 m2) arboretum where many trees were planted in the 1850s when the house was built.
* The Hopewell Museum, a Beaux Arts structure built in 1909 which served as the area's first post office.
* Duncan Tavern, a stone structure built in 1788, which houses a genealogical collection.
* The Vardens Building, a Victorian architecture building which contained a surgeon and dental office, and a ballroom, and is now a retail space.
* The Shinner Building, built in 1891, listed by Ripley's Believe It or Not! as the world's tallest three-story structure.

Paris has a public library, the Paris-Bourbon County Library.

## Education

Local schools in includes, Paris High School (in the Paris Independent Schools district), and Bourbon County High School (in the Bourbon County Schools district).

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Paris, Kentucky | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Downtown Paris | |
| Motto: "Thoroughbred Capital of the World" | |
| Location of Paris in Bourbon County, Kentucky. | |
| Coordinates: 38°12′23″N 84°15′28″W / 38.20639°N 84.25778°W / 38.20639; -84.25778 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kentucky |
| County | Bourbon |
| Established | 1789 |
| Incorporated | 1839 |
| Reincorporated | 1890 |
| Named for | Paris, France |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Johnny Plummer |
| Area | |
| Total | 8.00 sq mi (20.72 km2) |
| Land | 7.95 sq mi (20.58 km2) |
| Water | 0.05 sq mi (0.13 km2) |
| Elevation | 843 ft (257 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 10,171 |
| Estimate (2022) | 10,075 |
| Density | 1,279.85/sq mi (494.18/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP codes | 40361-40362 |
| Area code | 859 |
| FIPS code | 21-59196 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2404473 |
| Website | paris.ky.gov |