title: Pleurotomariidae

abstract:
Pleurotomariidae, common name the "slit snails", is a family of large marine gastropods in the superfamily Pleurotomarioidea of the subclass Vetigastropoda. This family is a very ancient lineage; there were numerous species in the geological past. The
genus includes several hundred fossil forms, mostly Paleozoic. It is one of the oldest gastropod families, commencing in the Cambrian. The superfamily is currently represented by a group of species that live only in deep water. This family has no subfamilies. The first living specimens of a species in this family, Perotrochus quoyanus, were dredged in 1879 in deep water off the West Indies by the "Blake" expedition of William Healey Dall.

text:
# Pleurotomariidae

**Pleurotomariidae**, common name the "slit snails", is a family of large marine gastropods in the superfamily Pleurotomarioidea of the subclass Vetigastropoda. This family is a very ancient lineage; there were numerous species in the geological past. The genus includes several hundred fossil forms, mostly Paleozoic. It is one of the oldest gastropod families, commencing in the Cambrian.

The superfamily is currently represented by a group of species that live only in deep water. This family has no subfamilies.

The first living specimens of a species in this family, *Perotrochus quoyanus*, were dredged in 1879 in deep water off the West Indies by the "Blake" expedition of William Healey Dall.

## Description

The shell has a trochoidal shape. It is nacreous within. It is umbilicate or imperforate, having a deep slit or sinus in the outer superior margin of the peristome, which serves the purpose of an exhalant phase of respiration., and leaves on the corresponding part of the whorls a peculiarly sculptured band, the "anal fasciole" or the "slit fasciole." The slit is sealed up gradually behind the advancing aperture as the shells grows in size.

The animal has no frontal lobes or appendages. The eyes are situated at the outer bases of the tentacles. The muzzle is as in Trochidae. The tentacles are long, subcylindrical and bluntly pointed. The broad epipodium (the lateral grooves between foot and mantle) is thin, entire, and fringed with a row of small, short papillae. But it does bear cirri. It is closely applied to the shell. The long radula has a long, narrow rhachidian tooth. It is lanceolate with its tip narrowand recurved. There are 26 laterals with the outer 5 without cusps. The inner ones are larger, with wide cusps and narrower bases. The outside of the laterals consists of 2 rows of uncini (the numerous small teeth-like or hook-like structures). The inner series number 18 and are large, strongly curved, and with scythe-shaped 1-3 denticulate cusps. The outer uncini are very numerous (40-50), small, very oblique. In *Entemnotrochus adansonianus* (Crosse & P. Fischer, 1861) there are considerable differences in the teeth. Some of the uncini bear little tufts of bristles at their apices. The jaws are subobsolete.

## Fossil record

The Pleurotomariidae have a continuous fossil record from the Upper Cambrian onwards. After taking a considerable hit during the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, they have been restricted to deeper waters through the Cenozoic. In 2009, a new study in the *Journal of Paleontology* described the first occurrence of Mesozoic pleurotomariids from Antarctica.

## Ecology

Species in the family Pleurotomariidae live at depths of 150–300 m as benthos on the bottom in the mesopelagic zone. They are preyed upon by crustacea and fish, but are remarkably resistant to attack — they secrete a white fluid when endangered, thought to repel predators. They feed primarily on sponges, and supplement their diet with crinoids and octocorals in the wild; in aquaria, they also feed on fish and clam tissue.

## Genera

Genera within the Pleurotomariidae include:

## InfoBox

| Pleurotomariidae
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Apertural view of a shell of *Entemnotrochus rumphii* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Order: | Pleurotomariida |
| Superfamily: | Pleurotomarioidea |
| Family: | Pleurotomariidae
Swainson, 1840 |
|
| Genera | |
| See text | |


title: Portrait of Lady Colin Campbell

abstract: The Portrait of Lady Colin Campbell is an oil on canvas painting by the Italian painter Giovanni Boldini, created c. 1894. It is held in the National Portrait Gallery, in London.

text:
# Portrait of Lady Colin Campbell

The ***Portrait of Lady Colin Campbell*** is an oil on canvas painting by the Italian painter Giovanni Boldini, created *c.* 1894. It is held in the National Portrait Gallery, in London.

## History and description

Boldini portrays Gertrude Elizabeth Blood, otherwise known as Lady Colin Campbell, a famous Irish aristocrat, known for her beauty and intelligence, who was married to the Scottish nobleman, Lord Colin Campbell. Theirs however was a very unhappy marriage, sealed by the continuous infidelities of Colin, a usual visitor to London brothels. When Elizabeth suffered the shame of being contaminated with syphilis, contracted through sexual intercourse with her unfaithful husband, she accused him of adultery and immediately requested a divorce. The trial did not end well for the unfortunate lady, who had to wait for her husband's death to find solace. The abandonment of the marital home was a primary and decisive source of inspiration for Elizabeth, who that way was able to cultivate her literary and journalistic skills.

Boldini in this portrait uses an electrifying brushstroke that is able to convey the beauty and joie de vivre of the Irish lady. In the fascinating figure of Gertrude Elizabeth Blood, a woman who courageously denounced the hypocrisy and duplicity of the Victorian society, Boldini identified a prototype of female emancipation. In his work, the lady faces the observer with an uninhibited, determined, clear and disturbing gaze and smile. She presents herself as an interpreter of a rediscovered and exuberant femininity, no longer inhibited by bourgeois constraints but free to follow her most authentic self. The complexion of her skin is pale, milky, almost nacre, of a white that only an aristocrat like her most likely could have. Her wealth is also reiterated by the elegance of her sumptuous black satin dress, very swirling, adorned with a delicate bouquet of roses at the generous neckline. Her hair is also of a wavy black colour. She is presented seen from the front while sitting, with one hand resting on the back of the chaise longue that supports her head, while it seems to be gently touching her hair, and the other casually resting alongside her body.

As in most of Boldini's portraits, the painting gives the impression of an electrifying dynamism, also obtained with the use of an impalpable, vaporous, almost airy pictorial texture, where it can be noticed, the luministic fabric of the black dress, crossed by several reflections. Elizabeth's body, modeled by a rough and opulent light, seems almost transfigured into a timeless classical dimension. The color is instead deposited on the pictorial surface with rapid and vibrant brushstrokes, which in addition to outlining the woman's physiognomy (slightly off-center to the left), contribute to enhance it with a light and delicate background.

## InfoBox

| Portrait of Lady Colin Campbell | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | Giovanni Boldini |
| Year | c. 1894 |
| Medium | Oil on canvas |
| Dimensions | 184.3 cm × 120.2 cm (72.6 in × 47.3 in) |
| Location | National Portrait Gallery, London |


title: Memecylon lawsonii

abstract: Memecylon lawsonii is a species of plant in the family Melastomataceae. It is endemic to India.

text:
# Memecylon lawsonii

***Memecylon lawsonii*** is a species of plant in the family Melastomataceae. It is endemic to India.

## InfoBox

| *Memecylon lawsonii* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Melastomataceae |
| Genus: | *Memecylon* |
| Species: | ***M. lawsonii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Memecylon lawsonii***
Gamble | |
|


title: Vic Stout

abstract: R. Victor Stout was an American administrator who served as athletic director at Boston University from 1956 to 1965. Stout was a standout athlete at Newton High School and played baseball at Boston University. He graduated from BU in 1932. Stout spent nine years as a sports and news writer for the Boston Evening Traveller. In 1942, he joined the United States Army. He was the public relations and athletic officer at Fort Devens until 1945, when he was placed on active duty in the Pacific. In 1946 he became the director of athletics and physical education at Massachusetts State College–Fort Devens. In 1949, Stout returned to Boston University as sports information director. He was given the additional job of assistant athletic director in 1951. In 1956 he was promoted to athletic director after the resignation of Buff Donelli. He was the first BU alumnus to serve as the school's athletic director. In 1965, the school's athletic department was consolidated with the physical education and recreation department and Stout was reassigned to the position of graduate manager of athletics, which he held until his death on June 17, 1969.

text:
# Vic Stout

**R. Victor Stout** (August 18, 1908 – June 17, 1969) was an American administrator who served as athletic director at Boston University from 1956 to 1965.

Stout was a standout athlete at Newton High School and played baseball at Boston University. He graduated from BU in 1932.

Stout spent nine years as a sports and news writer for the *Boston Evening Traveller*. In 1942, he joined the United States Army. He was the public relations and athletic officer at Fort Devens until 1945, when he was placed on active duty in the Pacific. In 1946 he became the director of athletics and physical education at Massachusetts State College–Fort Devens.

In 1949, Stout returned to Boston University as sports information director. He was given the additional job of assistant athletic director in 1951. In 1956 he was promoted to athletic director after the resignation of Buff Donelli. He was the first BU alumnus to serve as the school's athletic director. In 1965, the school's athletic department was consolidated with the physical education and recreation department and Stout was reassigned to the position of graduate manager of athletics, which he held until his death on June 17, 1969.

## InfoBox

Vic Stout
| Biographical details | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1908-08-18)August 18, 1908 |
| Died | June 17, 1969(1969-06-17) (aged 60)<br>Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Playing career | |
| Baseball | |
| 1929–32 | Boston University |
|  | |
| Administrative career (AD unless noted) | |
| 1946–49 | Mass. State College–Fort Devens |
| 1949–51 | Boston University (Sports Info. Dir.) |
| 1951–56 | Boston University (Asst. AD) |
| 1956–65 | Boston University |
| 1965–69 | Boston University (Grad. Man. of Ath.) |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Lobachevskiy (crater)

abstract: Lobachevskiy is a lunar impact crater that is located on the far side of the Moon, beyond the eastern limb. It was named after Russian mathematician Nikolai Lobachevsky in 1961. This crater lies to the southeast of the larger crater Fleming. Less than a crater diameter to the east-northeast lies Guyot. This is a well-formed crater with features that have not been significantly eroded since Lobachevskiy was first formed. The rim and inner wall are nearly free of significant overlapping impacts, although the satellite crater Lobachevskiy M is attached to the southern outer rim. The inner walls display terrace features, along with some slumping along the upper edge. Near the midpoint of the interior floor is a pair of central peaks, with one to the southeast and the other to the northwest of the middle. To the east of these peaks is a relatively bright, high-albedo patch that is most likely the result of a recent small impact. Two dark ribbons of material apparently emanate from the base of a small crater in the western wall of Lobachevskiy, and this was observed on the Apollo 16 mission. Prior to 1961 this crater was known as Crater 205.

text:
# Lobachevskiy (crater)

**Lobachevskiy** is a lunar impact crater that is located on the far side of the Moon, beyond the eastern limb. It was named after Russian mathematician Nikolai Lobachevsky in 1961. This crater lies to the southeast of the larger crater Fleming. Less than a crater diameter to the east-northeast lies Guyot.

This is a well-formed crater with features that have not been significantly eroded since Lobachevskiy was first formed. The rim and inner wall are nearly free of significant overlapping impacts, although the satellite crater Lobachevskiy M is attached to the southern outer rim. The inner walls display terrace features, along with some slumping along the upper edge.

Near the midpoint of the interior floor is a pair of central peaks, with one to the southeast and the other to the northwest of the middle. To the east of these peaks is a relatively bright, high-albedo patch that is most likely the result of a recent small impact.

Two dark ribbons of material apparently emanate from the base of a small crater in the western wall of Lobachevskiy, and this was observed on the Apollo 16 mission.

Prior to 1961 this crater was known as *Crater 205*.

## Views

## Satellite craters

By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Lobachevskiy.

| Lobachevskiy | Latitude | Longitude | Diameter |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| M | 8.0° N | 112.8° E | 41 km |
| P | 7.7° N | 111.3° E | 26 km |

## InfoBox

Lobachevskiy
| Apollo 16 panoramic camera image (rotated so that north is at top) | |
| --- | --- |
| Coordinates | 9°54′N 112°36′E / 9.9°N 112.6°E / 9.9; 112.6 |
| Diameter | 84 km |
| Colongitude | 238° at sunrise |
| Eponym | Nikolai Lobachevsky |


title: Mae Schunk

abstract: Mae A. Schunk is an American politician and educator from Minnesota who served as the 45th lieutenant governor of Minnesota from 1999 to 2003. Elected on the same ticket as Jesse Ventura in the historic upset election of 1998 Minnesota gubernatorial election, she became the first Reform Party member elected as lieutenant governor of any state.

text:
# Mae Schunk

**Mae A. Schunk** (née **Gasparac**; born May 21, 1934) is an American politician and educator from Minnesota who served as the 45th lieutenant governor of Minnesota from 1999 to 2003. Elected on the same ticket as Jesse Ventura in the historic upset election of 1998 Minnesota gubernatorial election, she became the first Reform Party member elected as lieutenant governor of any state.

## Biography

Prior to her tenure as lieutenant governor, she was a teacher for 37 years. In his memoir, Ventura mentioned that he chose her to "balance out all the testosterone." During her term in office, she visited schools throughout the state and frequently read to students as part of her efforts to encourage literacy and appreciation for reading among young people.

In the 2000 presidential campaign, as polls showed Texas Governor George W. Bush and U.S. Vice President Al Gore tied in Minnesota within 2 weeks of Election Day, Schunk endorsed Gore at a rally held on Nicollet Avenue in downtown Minneapolis while Ventura committed himself to a third-party candidate, John Hagelin. Later, in an interview with CNN, Ventura commented that Schunk had asked him before making the endorsement and that he had consented to her decision.

Born to Croatian parents, Schunk lives with her husband, William Schunk in Inver Grove Heights, Minnesota; they have a son, Benjamin Schunk. Schunk was educated at the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire.

## Electoral history

## InfoBox

| Mae Schunk | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 45th Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota | |
| **In office**
January 4, 1999  January 6, 2003 | |
| Governor | Jesse Ventura |
| Preceded by | Joanne Benson |
| Succeeded by | Carol Molnau |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Mae A. Gasparac
(1934-05-21) May 21, 1934
Greenwood, Wisconsin, U.S. |
| Political party | Independence (from 2000) |
| Other political
affiliations | Reform (until 2000) |
| Spouse | William Schunk |
| Alma mater | University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire |
| Profession | Teacher |
|  | |


title: Panic of Girls Tour

abstract: Panic of Girls Tour was a 2011 concert tour by the American new wave band Blondie, made as part of the support of their album Panic of Girls.

text:
# Panic of Girls Tour

**Panic of Girls Tour** was a 2011 concert tour by the American new wave band Blondie, made as part of the support of their album *Panic of Girls*.

## Background

Like the band's previous concert tour, the **Endangered Species Tour 2010**, this tour also promoted *Panic of Girls*.

The tour kicked on July 6 at the Optimus Alive! Festival in Portugal and visited Spain, the Netherlands, Ireland, the United Kingdom during the first leg and the United States and Canada during the second.

## Set list

Average setlist (data from 20 shows) 1. "Union City Blue"
2. "Dreaming"
3. "Atomic"
4. "D-Day"
5. "Hanging on the Telephone"
6. "Call Me"
7. "Maria"
8. "Girlie Girlie"
9. "What I Heard"
10. "China Shoes"
11. "Wipe Off My Sweat"
12. "Mother"
13. "Horizontal Twist"
14. "Rapture" (with "(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (To Party!)") (Beastie Boys cover)
15. "One Way or Another" Encore
16. "Love Doesn't Frighten Me" (performed after "Call Me" during selected dates)
17. "Heart of Glass"

The average setlist does not represent all of the shows of the tour. "D-Day" and "Mother" also opened the show on several occasions. "Rapture" also closed the show a few times, and "Heart of Glass" closed the show during one concert without an encore. The festival sets were usually shorter than the average sets, missing out several songs. The band was performing songs from different periods of their career and some covers, but the main part of the show are songs from their new album. Songs featured in several shows of the tour but not in the average setlist include the following:

From *Blondie*

From *Parallel Lines*

Covers

## Tour dates

| Date | City | Country | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Europe | | | |
| July 6, 2011 | Oeiras | Portugal | Optimus Alive! |
| July 7, 2011 | Bilbao | Spain | BBK Live Festival |
| July 10, 2011 | Kinross | United Kingdom | T in the Park |
| July 11, 2011 | London | | Kew Gardens |
| July 13, 2011 | | | Somerset House |
| July 14, 2011 | Amsterdam | Netherlands | Paradiso |
| July 15, 2011 | Lichtenvoorde | | De Schans |
| July 17, 2011 | London | United Kingdom | Lovebox Festival |
| July 19, 2011 | Dublin | Ireland | Olympia Theatre |
| July 20, 2011 | Galway | | Festival Big Top |
| July 22, 2011 | York | United Kingdom | York Racecourse |
| July 23, 2011 | Abbots Ripton | | Secret Garden Party |
| July 24, 2011 | Nottingham | | Splendour Festival |
| July 26, 2011 | Douglas | Isle of Man | Gaiety Theatre |
| July 28, 2011 | Epsom | United Kingdom | Epsom Downs Racecourse |
| July 29, 2011 | Dorset | | Camp Bestival |
| July 31, 2011 | Hackthorpe | | Kendal Calling Festival |
| August 1, 2011 | Liverpool | | O2 Academy Liverpool |
| North America | | | |
|
| September 3, 2011 | Harris | United States | Island Resort and Casino |
| September 4, 2011 | Prior Lake | | Mystic Lake Casino Hotel |
| September 5, 2011 | Council Bluffs | | Harrah's Stir Cove |
| September 7, 2011 | Chicago | | House of Blues |
| September 9, 2011 | Windsor | Canada | The Colosseum at Caesars Windsor |
| September 10, 2011 | Orillia | | Casino Rama |
| September 12, 2011 | New York City | United States | Highline Ballroom |
| September 13, 2011 | | | |
| September 14, 2011 | Boston | | Wilbur Theatre |
| September 16, 2011 | Atlantic City | | The Borgata |
| September 17, 2011 | Clark | | UC Music Fest |
| September 18, 2011 | Westbury | | NYCB Theatre |
| September 20, 2011 | Silver Spring | | The Fillmore |
| September 21, 2011 | Durham | | Durham Performing Arts Center |
| September 23, 2011 | Alpharetta | | Verizon Wireless Amphitheatre |
| September 26, 2011 | Hollywood | | Hard Rock Live |
| September 28, 2011 | New Orleans | | Mahalia Jackson Theatre |
| September 29, 2011 | Austin | | Moody Theater |
| October 1, 2011 | Dallas | | Granada Theatre |
| October 2, 2011 | Mescalero | | Inn of the Mountain Gods Resort & Casino |
| October 5, 2011 | Los Angeles | | Club Nokia |
| October 7, 2011 | Saratoga | | Mountain Winery |
| October 8, 2011 | Las Vegas | | The Beach at Mandalay Bay Resort & Casino |
| October 9, 2011 | Palm Desert | | McCallum Theatre |

## Cancelled dates

| Date | City | Country | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 24, 2011 | Clearwater | United States | Ruth Eckerd Hall |
| October 4, 2011 | Phoenix | | The Foundry |

## Personnel

## InfoBox

Panic of Girls Tour
| Tour by Blondie | |
| --- | --- |
| Associated album | *Panic of Girls* |
| Start date | July 7, 2011 |
| End date | October 9, 2011 |
| Legs | 2 |
| No. of shows | * 18 in Europe * 24 in North America * 42 total |
| Blondie concert chronology | |


title: The Monroes (American band)

abstract: The Monroes are a pop/rock/country pop band from San Diego, California active throughout most of the 1980s, with a resurgence in the 2010s. They are best known for their single "What Do All the People Know." After a hiatus where the members branched out to different projects, they reformed in 2016 and released all new music including “Ball & Chain”, “Midnight in Hollywood”, and “It’s a Good Thing God Will Forgive You.” Their 2019 album “2.0” was published on CD with many songs having corresponding videos. They followed this album up with an EP, Open Your Ears, in 2021.

text:
# The Monroes (American band)

**The Monroes** are a pop/rock/country pop band from San Diego, California active throughout most of the 1980s, with a resurgence in the 2010s. They are best known for their single "What Do All the People Know." After a hiatus where the members branched out to different projects, (with members Bob Monroe and Dave Hart together performing Monroes songs and others throughout the 80’s, 90’s and up to around 2010) they reformed in 2016 and released all new music including “Ball & Chain”, “Midnight in Hollywood”, and “It’s a Good Thing God Will Forgive You.” Their 2019 album “2.0” was published on CD with many songs having corresponding videos (available on YouTube). They followed this album up with an EP, Open Your Ears, in 2021.

## Background

For keyboardist Eric Denton, forming the Monroes fulfilled his early fantasies of becoming a rock star. Born in Lansing, Michigan, Denton moved to Ventura, California with his family at a young age, at which point he began immersing himself in piano studies. By the late 1970s, Denton had already performed at several high school dances, when his family moved to San Diego. In addition to his musical talents, by this point, he had also become very savvy on the business and organizational aspects of the music world, an attribute that would serve him well during the Monroes years. Before long, he was playing in the band Peter Rabbitt. However, after touring with this band for a while, Denton returned to San Diego, where he bought a recording studio with the goal of creating a group that played all original material.

While working in the recording studio (Accusound), Denton had brushes with other budding musicians, one of whom was bassist Bob Davis (a.k.a. "Bob Monroe"), with whom he was especially impressed. Before long the two had joined together, forming the nucleus of what would become The Monroes. Another musician who regularly visited the studio was guitarist Rusty Jones, who had previously played with Davis in the Ken Dixon Band (an all-covers band), and he became the next to join this fledgling group. Denton's former Peter Rabbitt bandmate, drummer Jonnie Gilstrap came on board, and the search was then on for a lead singer. The band ultimately decided on Jesus "Tony" Ortiz (a.k.a. "Tony Monroe"), who Denton described as having the ability to "make any song, good or bad, sound great", to fill this capacity.

According to Ortiz, the band's name, "The Monroes" was derived from a band Bob Davis was originally in with the now well-known singer-songwriter Rick Elias called "Rick Elias and the Monroes". In this context, the "Monroes" part of the name was a direct reference to the fact that Elias was originally from Monroe, Louisiana. Once Elias left for a solo career, he allowed Davis to keep the name.

The band began recording demos of early tracks at Accusound, and they began shopping them around the Los Angeles area. They soon recruited John Deverian as their manager, who signed them to a small Japanese label, Alfa Records. Before long, the band was recording what would become their debut EP at Chateau Studios. One of their recent songs was called "What Do All the People Know" which was written by Bob Monroe.

"What Do All the People Know" generated a local buzz around the San Diego area, and it was selected as the first single released from the group's self-titled EP, completed in 1982. They then toured with the likes of Toto, Greg Kihn, and Rick Springfield while their single climbed the charts to #59. However, as the band was pondering ideas for their first music video, they found out that their Japan-based record label Alfa was abandoning its US market. Without the backing of a label, they were left with no North American promotion, and the band's single and mini-album quickly fell off the charts. Individual band members gradually quit the group over the next several years. The remaining members would continue until the band eventually broke up in 1988.

### Post-1980s

After the breakup, bassist Bob Davis joined the band Street Heart. Bob continued to produce, write and perform.

Denton owned Guitar Trader in San Diego, California, which closed, after being a long-time pillar of the San Diego music scene, in December 2014. Jones returned from a long musical hiatus in 2005, and began writing and performing again in the San Diego area. Gilstrap returned to San Diego in 2006 and studied tribal fusion and Middle Eastern drumming. In 2007, Denton had a son named Kyle.

Ortiz left the band in 1986 and, disillusioned with the music business, moved to Minneapolis shortly thereafter. He would remain there for the next twenty years. Then, in 2006, he returned to California, where he reconnected with Jones. By 2007, the two were performing live and did not rule out the possibility of a complete Monroes reunion. Ortiz later returned to Minnesota to be closer to his children and has continued performing on his own there.

Bob Monroe met keyboardist Dave Hart in the 1980’s and they began performing together with other local musicians. Hart studied at the SDSU Electronic Music Studio while attending college, and was a classically trained pianist before studying synthesis and sampling. He later became a lawyer in San Diego but continued his friendship and performances with Bob Monroe.

### 2013–present: New developments

In 2013, the band released a seven-song EP, *What Do All the People Know?*, featuring an alternate version of "What Do All the People Know?" (including a portion of the final verse extracted from the version featured on the original 1982 EP) as well as previously unreleased material from their early recording sessions.

In 2016, Bob, Dave, and Ronny Jones (brother of original Monroes Guitarist Rusty Jones) joined with former States guitarist Barry Scott to reform The Monroes. Later, legendary drummer Bob Sale joined with the band and they began writing and producing new music.

The Monroes first album of all new music was released in 2019 to positive reviews. The band began performing the new material. The song Ball & Chain became the band’s opener at most concerts, with its tongue in cheek lyrics and rhythmic country pop sound. Hart recalls “mostly I play organ and piano on the album to keep to our rock roots sound, but we definitely keep the 80’s pop feel!”

On August 28, 2020, a long-awaited "official" music video for "What Do All the People Know?" was released, interpolating the original vision for the video 38 years prior with modern scenes and vintage footage from past Monroes shows.

In 2021, the band released an EP, Open Your Ears, with the hit song Rosemary’s Daughter, penned by Barry Scott.

In 2022, former members Eric Denton, Rusty Jones and Tony Ortiz joined The Monroes on stage at the Belly-Up Tavern in Solana Beach, CA for a performance of some of the band's biggest hits, including Ortiz' rockin' vocals on "Somewhere in the Night."

In 2023 Scott and Hart both moved to Las Vegas, NV.

## Discography

### Albums

* *The Monroes* (Alfa Records AAE-15015) – 1982 (U.S. version has five tracks)

(The Japanese version of the album (Alfa Records ULR-18001) features "Yamarock", the b-side of the "What Do All the People Know" single as a sixth track and a different cover from the U.S. edition.)

* *What Do All the People Know?* (MusicPower.com) – 2013
* 2.0 - 2019
* Open Your Ears (EP) - 2021

### Singles

A-What Do All The People Know (3:23)

B-Yamarock (3:24)

### Compilations

Each of these albums include the song "What Do All the People Know"

* 1994 *Living in Oblivion (The 80's Greatest Hits – Volume 3)* (EMI E2-27674) U.S.
* 1994 *Just Can't Get Enough: New Wave Hits of the '80s, Vol. 4* (Rhino R2 71697 ) U.S.
* 2001 *Shake Some Action* Vol. 4 (Shake Some Action SSA 4) Europe

## Notes/References

1. "Jim McInnes: The Last DJ, Busted at Boomer's, plus the Monroes Story".
2. Ortiz, Jesus (Tony). "90 Minutes with Tony Ortiz from the Monroes (November 4, 2011)". *Crap from the Past* (host: Ron "Boogiemonster" Gerber). KFAI-FM: 90.3, Minneapolis; 106.7, St. Paul. November 4, 2011. Link to interview Retrieved August 4, 2012.
3. "The Monroes". Retrieved September 18, 2024.
4. Street Heart- "What Do All the People Know" @YouTube.com Retrieved August 4, 2012.
5. http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2014/dec/31/guitar-trader-closes-store Guitar Trader Closes Store
6. Article about Ortiz and Jones' recent activities Trageser, Jim. "Former Monroes singer back home, back singing". *North County Times*. September 26, 2007.
7. Announcement of new EP featuring an alternate version of "What Do All the People Know?" as well as previously unreleased material from their early recording sessions. *themonroes.com*
8. What Do All The People Know – (Complete) – Official Music Video From The Original 'The Monroes' @YouTube Retrieved October 3, 2020.
9. "Living in Oblivion (The 80's Greatest Hit - Volume 3)". *Discogs.com*. Retrieved February 1, 2021.

## InfoBox

| The Monroes | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Also known as | The Official Band from the 80’s! |
| Origin | San Diego, California, U.S. |
| Genres | New wave, power pop |
| Years active | 1982–1988, 2019-present |
| Labels | Alfa |
|  | |
| Members | Bob "Monroe" Davis
Dave Hart
Ronny Jones
Barry Scott
Bobby Sale |
|  | |
| Past members | Eric Denton
Jesus "Tony" Ortiz
Rusty Jones
Jonnie Gilstrap |


title: Liu Hui's π algorithm

abstract: Liu Hui's π algorithm was invented by Liu Hui, a mathematician of the state of Cao Wei. Before his time, the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter was often taken experimentally as three in China, while Zhang Heng (78–139) rendered it as 3.1724 or as π ≈ 10 ≈ 3.162. Liu Hui was not satisfied with this value. He commented that it was too large and overshot the mark. Another mathematician Wang Fan (219–257) provided π ≈ 142/45 ≈ 3.156. All these empirical π values were accurate to two digits. Liu Hui was the first Chinese mathematician to provide a rigorous algorithm for calculation of π to any accuracy. Liu Hui's own calculation with a 96-gon provided an accuracy of five digits ie π ≈ 3.1416. Liu Hui remarked in his commentary to The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art, that the ratio of the circumference of an inscribed hexagon to the diameter of the circle was three, hence π must be greater than three. He went on to provide a detailed step-by-step description of an iterative algorithm to calculate π to any required accuracy based on bisecting polygons; he calculated π to between 3.141024 and 3.142708 with a 96-gon; he suggested that 3.14 was a good enough approximation, and expressed π as 157/50; he admitted that this number was a bit small. Later he invented a quick method to improve on it, and obtained π ≈ 3.1416 with only a 96-gon, a level of accuracy comparable to that from a 1536-gon. His most important contribution in this area was his simple iterative π algorithm.

text:
# Liu Hui's π algorithm

**Liu Hui's π algorithm** was invented by Liu Hui (fl. 3rd century), a mathematician of the state of Cao Wei. Before his time, the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter was often taken experimentally as three in China, while Zhang Heng (78139) rendered it as 3.1724 (from the proportion of the celestial circle to the diameter of the earth, 92/29) or as $\pi \approx {\sqrt {10}\approx 3.162}$. Liu Hui was not satisfied with this value. He commented that it was too large and overshot the mark. Another mathematician Wang Fan (219257) provided π ≈ 142/45 ≈ 3.156. All these empirical π values were accurate to two digits (i.e. one decimal place). Liu Hui was the first Chinese mathematician to provide a rigorous algorithm for calculation of π to any accuracy. Liu Hui's own calculation with a 96-gon provided an accuracy of five digits ie π ≈ 3.1416.

Liu Hui remarked in his commentary to *The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art*, that the ratio of the circumference of an inscribed hexagon to the diameter of the circle was three, hence π must be greater than three. He went on to provide a detailed step-by-step description of an iterative algorithm to calculate π to any required accuracy based on bisecting polygons; he calculated π to between 3.141024 and 3.142708 with a 96-gon; he suggested that 3.14 was a good enough approximation, and expressed π as 157/50; he admitted that this number was a bit small. Later he invented a quick method to improve on it, and obtained π ≈ 3.1416 with only a 96-gon, a level of accuracy comparable to that from a 1536-gon. His most important contribution in this area was his simple iterative π algorithm.

## Area of a circle

Liu Hui argued:

"*Multiply one side of a hexagon by the radius (of its circumcircle), then multiply this by three, to yield the area of a dodecagon; if we cut a hexagon into a dodecagon, multiply its side by its radius, then again multiply by six, we get the area of a 24-gon; the finer we cut, the smaller the loss with respect to the area of circle, thus with further cut after cut, the area of the resulting polygon will coincide and become one with the circle; there will be no loss*".

Apparently Liu Hui had already mastered the concept of the limit

$$\lim \_{N\to \infty }{\text{area of }N{\text{-gon}={\text{area of circle}.\\,}}}$$

Further, Liu Hui proved that the area of a circle is half of its circumference multiplied by its radius. He said:

"*Between a polygon and a circle, there is excess radius. Multiply the excess radius by a side of the polygon. The resulting area exceeds the boundary of the circle*".

In the diagram *d* = excess radius. Multiplying *d* by one side results in oblong ABCD which exceeds the boundary of the circle. If a side of the polygon is small (i.e. there is a very large number of sides), then the excess radius will be small, hence excess area will be small.

As in the diagram, when *N* → ∞, *d* → 0, and ABCD → 0.

"*Multiply the side of a polygon by its radius, and the area doubles; hence multiply half the circumference by the radius to yield the area of circle*".

When *N* → ∞, half the circumference of the *N*-gon approaches a semicircle, thus half a circumference of a circle multiplied by its radius equals the area of the circle. Liu Hui did not explain in detail this deduction. However, it is self-evident by using Liu Hui's "in-out complement principle" which he provided elsewhere in *The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art*: Cut up a geometric shape into parts, rearrange the parts to form another shape, the area of the two shapes will be identical.

Thus rearranging the six green triangles, three blue triangles and three red triangles into a rectangle with width = 3*L*, and height *R* shows that the area of the dodecagon = 3*RL*.

In general, multiplying half of the circumference of a *N*-gon by its radius yields the area of a 2*N*-gon. Liu Hui used this result repetitively in his π algorithm.

## Liu Hui's π inequality

Liu Hui proved an inequality involving π by considering the area of inscribed polygons with *N* and 2*N* sides.

In the diagram, the yellow area represents the area of an *N*-gon, denoted by $A\_{N}$, and the yellow area plus the green area represents the area of a 2*N*-gon, denoted by $A\_{2N}$. Therefore, the green area represents the difference between the areas of the 2*N*-gon and the *N*-gon:

$$D\_{2N}=A\_{2N}-A\_{N}.$$

The red area is equal to the green area, and so is also $D\_{2N}$. So

Yellow area + green area + red area = $A\_{2N}+D\_{2N}.$

Let $A\_{C}$ represent the area of the circle. Then

$$A\_{2N}\<A\_{C}\<A\_{2N}+D\_{2N}.$$

If the radius of the circle is taken to be 1, then we have Liu Hui's π inequality:

$$A\_{2N}\<\pi \<A\_{2N}+D\_{2N}.$$

## Iterative algorithm

Liu Hui began with an inscribed hexagon. Let M be the length of one side AB of hexagon, *r* is the radius of circle.

Bisect AB with line OPC, AC becomes one side of dodecagon (12-gon), let its length be m. Let the length of PC be j and the length of OP be G.

APO, APC are two right angle triangles. Liu Hui used the Pythagorean theorem repetitively:

$$G^{2}=r^{2}-\left({\tfrac {M}{2}\right)^{2}}$$

$$G={\sqrt {r^{2}-{\tfrac {M^{2}{4}}}}}$$

$$j=r-G=r-{\sqrt {r^{2}-{\tfrac {M^{2}{4}}}}}$$

$$m^{2}=\left({\tfrac {M}{2}\right)^{2}+j^{2}}$$

$$m={\sqrt {\left({\tfrac {M}{2}\right)^{2}+j^{2}}}}$$

$$m={\sqrt {\left({\tfrac {M}{2}\right)^{2}+\left(r-G\right)^{2}}}}$$

$$m={\sqrt {\left({\tfrac {M}{2}\right)^{2}+\left(r-{\sqrt {r^{2}-{\tfrac {M^{2}{4}\right)^{2}}}}}}}}$$

From here, there is now a technique to determine m from M, which gives the side length for a polygon with twice the number of edges. Starting with a hexagon, Liu Hui could determine the side length of a dodecagon using this formula. Then continue repetitively to determine the side length of an icositetragon given the side length of a dodecagon. He could do this recursively as many times as necessary. Knowing how to determine the area of these polygons, Liu Hui could then approximate π.

With $r=10$ units, he obtained

area of 96-gon $A\_{96}=313{584 \over 625}$ area of 192-gon $A\_{192}=314{64 \over 625}$ Difference of 96-gon and 48-gon:

$$D\_{192}=314{\frac {64}{625}-313{\frac {584}{625}={\frac {105}{625}}}}$$

from Liu Hui's π inequality:

$$A\_{2N}\<A\_{C}\<A\_{2N}+D\_{2N}.$$

Since *r* = 10, $A\_{C}=100\times \pi $ therefore: $314{\frac {64}{625}\<100\times \pi \<314{\frac {64}{625}+{\frac {105}{625}}}}$

$$314{\frac {64}{625}\<100\times \pi \<314{\frac {169}{625}}}$$

$$3.141024\<\pi \<3.142704.$$

He never took π as the average of the lower limit 3.141024 and upper limit 3.142704. Instead he suggested that 3.14 was a good enough approximation for π, and expressed it as a fraction $\tfrac {157}{50}$; he pointed out this number is slightly less than the actual value of π.

Liu Hui carried out his calculation with rod calculus, and expressed his results with fractions. However, the iterative nature of Liu Hui's π algorithm is quite clear:

$$2-m^{2}={\sqrt {2+(2-M^{2})}\\,,}$$

in which *m* is the length of one side of the next–order polygon bisected from *M*. The same calculation is done repeatedly, each step requiring only one addition and one square root extraction.

## Quick method

Calculation of square roots of irrational numbers was not an easy task in the third century with counting rods. Liu Hui discovered a shortcut by comparing the area differentials of polygons, and found that the proportion of the difference in area of successive order polygons was approximately 1/4.

Let DN denote the difference in areas of N-gon and (N/2)-gon

$$D\_{N}=A\_{N}-A\_{N/2}\\,$$

He found:

$$D\_{96}\approx {\tfrac {1}{4}D\_{48}}$$

$D\_{192}\approx {\tfrac {1}{4}D\_{96}}$

Hence:

$$\begin{aligned}D\_{384}&{}\approx {\tfrac {1}{4}D\_{192}\\D\_{768}&{}\approx \left({\tfrac {1}{4}\right)^{2}D\_{192}\\D\_{1536}&{}\approx \left({\tfrac {1}{4}\right)^{3}D\_{192}\\D\_{3072}&{}\approx \left({\tfrac {1}{4}\right)^{4}D\_{192}\\\&{}\ \ \vdots \end{aligned}}}}}$$

Area of unit radius circle =

$$\pi =A\_{192}+D\_{384}+D\_{768}+D\_{1536}+D\_{3072}+\cdots \approx A\_{192}+F\cdot D\_{192}.\\,$$

In which

$$F={\tfrac {1}{4}+\left({\tfrac {1}{4}\right)^{2}+\left({\tfrac {1}{4}\right)^{3}+\left({\tfrac {1}{4}\right)^{4}+\cdots ={\frac {\frac {1}{4}{1-{\frac {1}{4}={\tfrac {1}{3}.}}}}}}}}}$$

That is all the subsequent excess areas add up amount to one third of the $D\_{192}$

area of unit circle $=\pi \approx A\_{192}+\left({\tfrac {1}{3}\right)D\_{192}\approx {3927 \over 1250}\approx 3.1416.\\,}$

Liu Hui was quite happy with this result because he had acquired the same result with the calculation for a 1536-gon, obtaining the area of a 3072-gon. This explains four questions:

1. Why he stopped short at *A*192 in his presentation of his algorithm. Because he discovered a quick method of improving the accuracy of π, achieving same result of 1536-gon with only 96-gon. After all calculation of square roots was not a simple task with rod calculus. With the quick method, he only needed to perform one more subtraction, one more division (by 3) and one more addition, instead of four more square root extractions.
2. Why he preferred to calculate π through calculation of areas instead of circumferences of successive polygons, because the quick method required information about the difference in **areas** of successive polygons.
3. Who was the true author of the paragraph containing calculation of $\pi ={3927 \over 1250}.$
4. That famous paragraph began with "A Han dynasty bronze container in the military warehouse of Jin dynasty....". Many scholars, among them Yoshio Mikami and Joseph Needham, believed that the "Han dynasty bronze container" paragraph was the work of Liu Hui and not Zu Chongzhi as other believed, because of the strong correlation of the two methods through area calculation, and because there was not a single word mentioning Zu's 3.1415926 \< π \< 3.1415927 result obtained through 12288-gon.

## Later developments

Liu Hui established a solid algorithm for calculation of π to any accuracy.

* Zu Chongzhi was familiar with Liu Hui's work, and obtained greater accuracy by applying his algorithm to a 12288-gon.

From Liu Hui's formula for 2N-gon:

$$A\_{2N}=m\_{N}\times r$$

For 12288-gon inscribed in a unit radius circle: $A\_{24576}=3.14159261864\<\pi $. From Liu Hui's π inequality:

$$A\_{24576}\<\pi \<A\_{24576}+D\_{24576}$$

In which $D\_{24576}=A\_{24576}-A\_{12288}=0.0000001021$ $A\_{24576}=3.14159261864\<\pi \<3.14159261864+0.0000001021$. Therefore

$$3.14159261864\<\pi \<3.141592706934$$

Truncated to eight significant digits:

$3.1415926\<\pi \<3.1415927$.

That was the famous Zu Chongzhi π inequality.

Zu Chongzhi then used the interpolation formula by He Chengtian (何承天, 370-447) and obtained an approximating fraction: $\pi \approx {355 \over 113}$.

However, this π value disappeared in Chinese history for a long period of time (e.g. Song dynasty mathematician Qin Jiushao used π= $22 \over 7$ and $\pi ={\sqrt {10})}$), until Yuan dynasty mathematician Zhao Yuqin worked on a variation of Liu Hui's π algorithm, by bisecting an inscribed square and obtained again $\pi \approx {355 \over 113}.$

## Significance of Liu Hui's algorithm

Liu Hui's π algorithm was one of his most important contributions to ancient Chinese mathematics. It was based on calculation of N-gon area, in contrast to the Archimedean algorithm based on polygon circumference. With this method Zu Chongzhi obtained the eight-digit result: 3.1415926 \< π \< 3.1415927, which held the world record for the most accurate value of π for centuries, until Madhava of Sangamagrama calculated 11 digits in the 14th century or Jamshid al-Kashi calculated 16 digits in 1424; the best approximations for π known in Europe were only accurate to 7 digits until Ludolph van Ceulen calculated 20 digits in 1596.

**^1**  Correct value: 0.2502009052 **^2**  Correct values:

$$A\_{192}=3.1410319509$$

$$D\_{192}=0.0016817478$$

$$\pi \approx A\_{192}+{\frac {1}{3}D\_{192}\approxeq 3.1410319509+0.0016817478/3}$$

$$\pi \approx 3.1410319509+0.0005605826$$

$$\pi \approx 3.1415925335.$$

Liu Hui's quick method was potentially able to deliver almost the same result of 12288-gon (3.141592516588) with only 96-gon.

## Further reading

* Needham, Joseph (1986). *Science and Civilization in China*: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
* Wu Wenjun ed, *History of Chinese Mathematics* Vol III (in Chinese) ISBN 7-303-04557-0


title: Playa Jeremi

abstract: Playa Jeremi is a beach on the Caribbean island of Curaçao, located close to the village of Lagun in the north-west of the island. The beach is made up partly of sand, partly of volcanic material. There are no facilities.

text:
# Playa Jeremi

**Playa Jeremi** is a beach on the Caribbean island of Curaçao, located close to the village of Lagun in the north-west of the island. The beach is made up partly of sand, partly of volcanic material. There are no facilities.

## InfoBox

| Playa Jeremi | |
| --- | --- |
| Beach | |
|  | |
| Location in Curaçao | |
| Coordinates: 12°19′44″N 69°09′01″W / 12.32889°N 69.15028°W / 12.32889; -69.15028 | |
| Location | Lagún, Curaçao |


title: Port operator

abstract: A port operator is a port authority or company that contracts with the port authority to move cargo through a port at a contracted minimum level of productivity. They may be state-owned or privately run. The work involves managing the movement of cargo containers between cargo ships, trucks and freight trains and optimizing the flow of goods through customs to minimize the amount of time a ship spends in port. Maintaining efficiency involves managing and upgrading gantry cranes, berths, waterways, roads, storage facilities, communication equipment, computer systems and dockworkers' union contracts. The port operator also manages paperwork, leases, safety and port security.

text:
# Port operator

A **port operator** is a port authority or company that contracts with the port authority to move cargo through a port at a contracted minimum level of productivity. They may be state-owned (particularly for port authorities) or privately run.

The work involves managing the movement of cargo containers between cargo ships, trucks and freight trains and optimizing the flow of goods through customs to minimize the amount of time a ship spends in port. Maintaining efficiency involves managing and upgrading gantry cranes, berths, waterways, roads, storage facilities, communication equipment, computer systems and dockworkers' union contracts. The port operator also manages paperwork, leases, safety and port security.

## Largest port operators

This is a list of the world's largest port operators.

| Port Operator | Revenue | Tonnage |
| --- | --- | --- |
| China Merchants Port Holdings Company Limited | 1.05 billion USD | - |
| Hutchison Port Holdings | 1.54 billion USD | - |
| Hamburger Hafen und Logistik Aktiengesellschaft | 1.66 billion USD | - |
| International Container Terminal Services | 2.2 billion USD | - |
| Adani Ports & SEZ (Gujarat, India) | 2.3 billion USD | - |
| PSA International (Singapore) | 3.48 billion USD | - |
| A.P. Møller – Mærsk A/S | 4.4 billion USD | - |
| Shanghai International Port Group | 4.35 billion USD | - |
| DP World (Dubai, United Arab Emirates) | 13.7 billion USD | - |
| Evergreen Marine Corporation | 22 billion USD | - |
| COSCO (Beijing, People's Republic of China) | 60 billion USD | - |
| PSA International (Singapore) | - | - |
| International Container Terminal Services (Manila, Philippines) | - | - |
| EUROGATE (Bremen, Germany) | - | - |
| APM Terminals (The Hague, Netherlands) | - | - |
|


title: Vesta Victoria

abstract: Vesta Victoria was an English music hall singer and comedian. She was famous for her performances of songs such as "Waiting at the Church" and "Daddy Wouldn't Buy Me a Bow Wow", both of which were written specially for her. Vesta's comic laments delivered in deadpan style were even more popular in the USA: she was, at the beginning of the twentieth century, one of the most successful British entertainers in America.

text:
# Vesta Victoria

**Vesta Victoria** (born **Victoria Lawrence**, 26 November 1873 – 7 April 1951) was an English music hall singer and comedian. She was famous for her performances of songs such as "Waiting at the Church" and "Daddy Wouldn't Buy Me a Bow Wow", both of which were written specially for her. Vesta's comic laments delivered in deadpan style were even more popular in the USA: she was, at the beginning of the twentieth century, one of the most successful British entertainers in America.

## Life and career

Vesta Victoria was born Victoria Lawrence at 8 Ebenezer Place in Holbeck, Leeds, on 26 November 1873. Her parents, Joe and Emma (née Thompson), were themselves entertainers, and she made her stage debut aged six weeks in one of her father's sketches.

Billed as "Baby Victoria" until nearly ten years of age, she was "Little Victoria" by her first London appearance in 1883.

The painter Walter Sickert (1860–1942) made a portrait of her performing – *Vesta Victoria at the Old Bedford* – in about 1890.

Though Yorkshire-born, Vesta assumed a Cockney stage persona. Her singing career escalated in 1892 when "Daddy Wouldn't Buy Me a Bow Wow" became a huge hit. She sang it first at South London Palace, a music hall in Lambeth, and to high success on her first trip to the United States in 1892, when she appeared for eight weeks at Tony Pastor's theatre in New York City.

Vesta married twice, both marriages producing a daughter. She was married to music hall manager Frederick Wallace McAvoy from 1894 to 1904. They had a daughter, Irene. The marriage ended in divorce, because McAvoy was a cruel, abusive and adulterous husband. In 1912, Vesta announced in New York that she was married to William Terry. In 1913, the couple had a daughter, Iris. But the 1912 "marriage" may have been invented, as English records show that Vesta and William Terry were married in Wandsworth in 1920. In any event, the marriage ended in 1926, when Vesta filed for divorce on the grounds of "Ill-usage and association with other women".

One of the most highly paid vaudeville stars, Vesta bought a considerable amount of property in America. By the 1920s, she is estimated to have been worth around £3.25 million – the equivalent in 2014 of around £975 million. She retired after World War I, but re-recorded many of her hits in 1931 in a series of Old-Time Medleys, and performed at the Royal Variety Show of 1932. She also appeared in a number of films in the 1930s. Unlike younger music hall contemporaries Charlie Chaplin and Stan Laurel, Victoria remained principally a live performer in England instead of becoming a full-time film performer in the USA; next to nothing remains of what film work she did.

Vesta died of breast cancer in Hampstead, north London, on 7 April 1951. She did not leave a will, and at probate her estate was valued at £15,631.17s. 5d. The large fortune she amassed by the 1920s is thought to have been lost in the interim partly to the scheming of handsome young men, and partly as a result of the news-making robbery of her famous jewellery collection.

She was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium, where a lilac tree (no longer in existence) was planted in her memory.

## Legacy

Dr Carol Morley argues that Vesta's characterisations of downtrodden women laughing off problems were, in their time, an influence on the development of the emerging musical form of the blues.

By 1906, Vesta's fame in America was then such that one of San Francisco's main roads was renamed *Vesta Victoria Avenue* in her honour; the city was grateful that she performed numerous benefit concerts for the relief of sufferers in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.

Actress Helen Fraser toured her one-woman show *Vesta*, based on Vesta Victoria's life and work, in the 1990s, playing over 90 performances in the UK and across America.

## InfoBox

| Vesta Victoria | |
| --- | --- |
| Victoria, c. 1908 | |
| Born | Victoria Lawrence
(1873-11-26)26 November 1873
Leeds, Yorkshire |
| Died | 7 April 1951(1951-04-07) (aged 77)
Hampstead, London |
| Occupation | Music hall singer & comedian |
| Years active | 1873–1938 |
| Known for | "Waiting at the Church"; "Daddy Wouldn't Buy Me a Bow Wow" |


title: Tōbu-Dōbutsu-Kōen Station

abstract: Tōbu-dōbutsu-kōen Station is a junction passenger railway station located in the town of Miyashiro, Saitama, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Tōbu Railway.

text:
# Tōbu-Dōbutsu-Kōen Station

**Tōbu-dōbutsu-kōen Station** (東武動物公園駅, *Tōbu-Dōbutsu-Kōen-eki*) is a junction passenger railway station located in the town of Miyashiro, Saitama, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Tōbu Railway.

## Lines

The station is served by the Tobu Skytree Line, and forms the starting point of the Tobu Skytree Line, Tobu Isesaki Line and the Tōbu Nikkō Line. It is 41.0 km from the line's Tokyo terminus at Asakusa.

## Station layout

The station has two island platforms serving four tracks, with an elevated station building located above the tracks and platforms. Track 1 does not exist, and platform numbering starts from Platform 2

### Platforms

| **2** | Tōbu Skytree Line | for Kasukabe, Kita-Senju, and Asakusa
Tokyo Metro Hibiya Line for Naka-Meguro
Tokyo Metro Hanzōmon Line for Shibuya and Chūō-Rinkan |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **3** | Tōbu Skytree Line | for Kasukabe, Kita-Senju and Asakusa
Tokyo Metro Hibiya Line for Naka-Meguro
Tokyo Metro Hanzōmon Line for Shibuya and Chūō-Rinkan |
| **4** | Tōbu Nikkō Line | for Satte, Minami-Kurihashi, Kurihashi, Tochigi, Shin-Tochigi, and Tōbu Nikkō |
| **5** | Tōbu Isesaki Line | for Kuki, Tatebayashi, Ōta, and Isesaki |

## History

The station opened on 27 August 1899 as **Sugito Station** (杉戸駅). It was renamed on 16 March 1981 after the Tobu zoo and amusement park complex run by Tōbu, which is a ten-minute walk from the station. From 17 March 2012, station numbering was introduced on all Tōbu lines, with Tōbu-dōbutsu-kōen Station becoming "TS-30".

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 31,354 passengers daily.

## Surrounding area

Media related to Tōbu-Dōbutsu-Kōen Station at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| TS30
Tōbu-dōbutsu-kōen Station
東武動物公園駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Tōbu-dōbutsu-kōen west entrance in May 2016 | |
| General information | |
| Location | 2-3-24 Monma, Miyashiro Town, Minami-Saitama District, Saitama Prefecture 345-0801
Japan |
| Coordinates | 36°1′29.5392″N 139°43′36.4152″E / 36.024872000°N 139.726782000°E / 36.024872000; 139.726782000 |
| Operated by | Tobu Railway |
| Line(s) |  |
| Distance | 41.0 km (25.5 mi) from Asakusa |
| Platforms | 2 island platforms |
| Tracks | 4 |
| Other information | |
| Station code | TS-30 |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | 27 August 1899 (27 August 1899) |
| Previous names | Sugito (until 1981) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2019 | 31,354 daily |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services   Preceding station  Tobu Railway Following station  Kita-SenjuTS09towards Asakusa  *Ryomo*  KukiTI02towards Kuzū, Akagi or Isesaki  KasukabeTS27towards Ebisu  *TH Liner*  KukiTI02Terminus  KasukabeTS27towards Oshiage  Skytree Line**Express**  *through to Isesaki and Nikkō lines*  KasukabeTS27towards Asakusa  Skytree Line**Section Express**   HimemiyaTS29towards Oshiage  Skytree Line**Semi Express**   HimemiyaTS29towards Asakusa  Skytree Line**Section Semi Express****Local**   *through to Skytree Line*  Isesaki Line**Express**  WadoTI01towards Kuki  Isesaki Line**Section Express**  WadoTI01towards Tatebayashi  Isesaki Line**Semi Express**  WadoTI01towards Kuki  Isesaki Line**Section Semi Express**  WadoTI01towards Tatebayashi  Isesaki Line**Local**  WadoTI01towards Isesaki  Nikkō Line**Express****Section Express****Semi Express****Section Semi Express**  Sugito-TakanodaiTN01towards Minami-Kurihashi  Nikkō Line**Local**  Sugito-TakanodaiTN01towards Tōbu–Nikkō | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Tōbu-dōbutsu-kōen StationLocation within Saitama PrefectureTōbu-dōbutsu-kōen StationTōbu-dōbutsu-kōen Station (Kanto Area)Tōbu-dōbutsu-kōen StationTōbu-dōbutsu-kōen Station (Japan) | |


title: Farkas Street Theatre

abstract: Farkas Street Theatre was a theatre in Kolozsvár in Hungary, founded in 1821 and closed in 1906. It is known as the first permanent theatre building in Hungary, and played a pioneering role in the development of the professional theatre in Hungary. It also played a pioneering role in Hungarian Opera, and was an opera house in 1887–1896. It was the first of three theatres built in Hungary before the National Theatre (Budapest) in 1837. While the first Hungarian language professional theatre had been founded in 1789, Hungarian theatre consisted of travelling theatre companies until the foundation of the Farkas Street Theatre in 1821.

text:
# Farkas Street Theatre

**Farkas Street Theatre** was a theatre in Kolozsvár in Hungary (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania), founded in 1821 and closed in 1906. It is known as the first permanent theatre building in Hungary, and played a pioneering role in the development of the professional theatre in Hungary. It also played a pioneering role in Hungarian Opera, and was an opera house in 1887–1896. It was the first of three theatres built in Hungary before the National Theatre (Budapest) in 1837. While the first Hungarian language professional theatre had been founded in 1789, Hungarian theatre consisted of travelling theatre companies until the foundation of the Farkas Street Theatre in 1821.

* Káli Nagy Lázár: Visszaemlékezései: Az erdélyi magyar színészet hőskora (1792–1821). Bevezetéssel ellátta dr. Jancsó Elemér. Kolozsvár: Minerva. 1939. = Erdélyi Ritkaságok, 1.

46°46′04″N 23°35′33″E / 46.76768972°N 23.59253479°E / 46.76768972; 23.59253479


title: The Mysterious Package Company

abstract: The Mysterious Package Company is an experiential service established in 2013 which provides stories, puzzles and mysteries purchased as gifts and sent through the mail.

text:
# The Mysterious Package Company

**The Mysterious Package Company** is an experiential service established in 2013 which provides stories, puzzles and mysteries purchased as gifts and sent through the mail.

## History

Colin Bolton, Misha Schneider and Tim Sullivan co-founded The Mysterious Package Company in 2013, as they wanted to create wondrous stories delivered through the postal service.

In 2014 Jason Kapalka, a Vancouver-based entrepreneur came on board as primary investor. Kapalka is co-founder of PopCap Games and owner of the Storm Crow "nerd bars" in Vancouver and Toronto.

## Kickstarter

### *The Century Beast*

In 2015 the company launched **The Century Beast** Kickstarter campaign. The campaign raised over $400K and was backed by 1,291 pledges.

### *Filigree in Shadow*

In 2016, the company introduced a Victorian horror Experience, ***Filigree in Shadow***, as a Kickstarter campaign. **Filigree in Shadow** currently sits as the ninth-highest-funded art campaign on Kickstarter to date. It is also the second-most-funded mixed media campaign in the world. This campaign raised over $600K and was backed by 1,786 pledges.

## Experiences

Experiences are the Mysterious Package Company's primary product. They are stories or mysteries told over a series of mailings to the recipient. Each experience contains:

* Documents and other media
* An element of personalization or customization
* An artifact related to the details of the story, usually in a nailed-shut wooden crate
* A Reveal card identifying who sent the package(s), if they were a gift

Members purchase packages that they send to themselves or a recipient of their choice. The experiences feature genres such as mystery, horror, adventure, time-travel, and science-fiction, and range in duration from one to six mailings.

## Curios & Conundrums

Curios and Conundrums was a quarterly subscription box that ran from 2013 to 2018. Unlike the Experiences, it was not meant to be a realistic, coherent narrative, but a grab-bag or anthology of puzzles, stories, and interesting trinkets.

### Volume III

**Issue 1 - A new Era of Thought**

* Eight-page broadsheet newspaper, filled with stories and puzzles, a poster, several travel stickers, and the cover of a magazine that may have been.

**Issue 2 - The Child of the Cavern**

* Twelve-page broadsheet newspaper, several travel stickers, a copy of their first game, Motherland, and a variety of other tools and techniques.

**Issue 3 - From Death and Dark Oblivion**

* Twelve-page broadsheet newspaper, several travel stickers, additional cards for Motherland, and a gift of real gold.

**Issue 4 - At the Mountains of Madness**

* Twelve-page broadsheet newspaper, several additional stickers, a game of goats, and some *very* disagreeable paper-crafts.

### Volume IV

Issue 1 - Gods of Madness

Issue 2 - Brain Butchers

Issue 3 - Clockwork Mutineers

Issue 4 - Countdown to Oblivion


title: 1963 Dominican coup d'état

abstract: The 1963 Dominican coup d'état was a coup d'état that took place on 25 September 1963 against President Juan Bosch in the Dominican Republic. Juan Bosch had been the first democratically elected president after the assassination of the former dictator Rafael Trujillo, but he faced criticism due to his policies, which were seen as leftist. This led to a coup that replaced his government with a military junta; which itself would be replaced with a civilian junta.

text:
# 1963 Dominican coup d'état

The **1963 Dominican coup d'état** was a coup d'état that took place on 25 September 1963 against President Juan Bosch in the Dominican Republic. Juan Bosch had been the first democratically elected president after the assassination of the former dictator Rafael Trujillo, but he faced criticism due to his policies, which were seen as leftist. This led to a coup that replaced his government with a military junta; which itself would be replaced with a civilian junta.

## Background

The Dominican Republic had been *de facto* led by dictator Rafael Trujillo since 1932 but post-World War 2 his government came under scrutiny from foreign governments due to human rights violation and internal strife began to grow with one attempt to overthrow him by communist Dominican expatriates trained in Cuba on June 14, 1959. This attempted invasion led to mass arrests which were condemned by the catholic clergy within the country.

In 1956, Dr. Jesus Maria de Galindez, a Dominican expatriate and critic of the Trujillo regime, disappeared from New York. Galindez had been flown to the Dominican Republic by an American pilot and a Dominican pilot named Octavio de la Maza; The American pilot would die and Maza ended up accused of Galindez's murder and died from unknown causes (Evidence pointed to murder or suicide). His brother who was a part of Trujillo's inner circle would be complicit in Trujillo's assassination.

One of the fiercest critics of the regime was Venezuelan president Rómulo Betancourt, which led Trujillo to try and kill him in a failed assassination attempt. As a result of the assassination attempt multiple countries began suspending diplomatic ties including the United States of America which had planned to include the country in its Alliance For Progress, a financial program which would have allocated development funds for the Dominican Republic.

On May 31, 1961, a group of conspirators led by the brother of Octavio de la Maza, Antonio de la Maza, killed Trujillo while he was on route to his mistress. The assassination was successful but Trujillo's son Ramfis was able to seize power and proceeded to begin a reign of terror executing and arresting any possible enemies of the regime. Ramfis and the remaining Trujillo family would be forced to leave the country for Francoist Spain leaving the country under the control of the former vice president under the Trujillo regime, Joaquín Balaguer. However demonstrations against Balaguer led him to create a 7-man council that would run the country until new elections were held; Balaguer resigned on January 16 after riots against his rule happened on January 15. A coup by the army led to a 3-man military junta but a counter-coup by young air officers ousted the junta and elections were announced to held in December 1962, with Bosch winning.

### Opposition to Bosch

From the beginning of his campaign Bosch faced criticism that accused him of being a communist, specifically a Marxist–Leninist in the same vein as Castro with increasing criticism from the catholic clergy, business elites, and other conservative elements. The final nail in the coffin were disagreements with the military which led to the coup.

A general strike started on September 20, 1963, after a call to strike by right-wing parties.

## Coup

On September 25, after only seven months in power, Bosch was overthrown when he was placed under arrest. The bloodless coup was led by Elias Wessin y Wessin, General Antonio Imbert Barreras, and other military leaders who accused Bosch and his cabinet of being ''corrupt and pro-Communist" and replacing them with a three-man military junta. Bosch was initially deported to Guadeloupe by ship but flew to Puerto Rico on October 1, where he spent the remainder of his exile.

The junta declared a nationwide state of siege, put a curfew in place, dissolved the legislature and ignored the new constitution, which Bosch signed to deal with border clashes along the Haitian border,"nonexistent" reverting to the 1962 constitution. The leaders of six right-leaning parties were called to assist in the formation of a provisional government which would lead to the creation of 3-man civilian junta headed by Emilio de Los Santos, Manuel Enrique Tavares Espaillat, and Ramon Tapia Espinal.

### Domestic Resistance to Coup

Both juntas faced resistance from the Dominican public in the form of protests, political and armed resistance.

After the junta seized control both houses of the former legislature met in secret and held a unanimous vote to demand a return to constitutional rule. *Independent Front for Constitutional* *Rehabilitation*, an organization of lawyers, proposed Congress meet as a national assembly to appoint the Senate president as head of caretaker government and to hold elections in 6 months.100 congress members would later meet and make former Senate president Juan Casasnovas Garrido provisional head of state, however Garrido was arrested on November 1, 1963, and exiled to Puerto Rico.

The day after the junta was sworn in students who supported the socialist June 14 movement (Named after the invasion that happened on June 14, 1959) held a protest. By September 27, 700 people had been arrested. On October 7, 2000 university students protested the junta in Santo Domingo. On October 15, a 50 car motorcade in Santo Domingo had to be dispersed by the military. 20 people were injured and 800 arrested from a taxi/bus strike that happened on May 2, and anti-government protests on May 3. The strike would end on May 8, after it was declared illegal by the junta, who declared that strikers would face potential jail time.

On November 30, rebels attacked military personnel. On December 20, 17 rebels were killed, including the leader of the June 14 movement, Manuel Tavares Justo. Armed resistance including remnants of the June 14 movement were accused of blowing up ammo depots by the military. One ammo dump explosion that occurred across the Azuma river from Santo Domingo on June 11, 1964, left 10 dead and 110 injured, leading to the arrest of 14 persons including 4 army personnel.

## International Reactions

The United States condemned the coup, suspending aid to the country, refusing to recognize the military junta, and suspending diplomatic ties on the day of the coup along with Venezuela. Bolivia suspended their ties the next day. The embassies of Mexico, Bolivia, Costa Rica, and Venezuela provided refuge to members of the junta's opposition.

Spain, Portugal, Taiwan, and Honduras recognized the junta as the official Dominican government. By October 2, the United Kingdom recognized them, and by October 31, France, West Germany, and Italy recognized the junta as the official government.

After the civilian junta announced a plan for democratic reform and scheduled elections, the US extended diplomatic recognition on December 14.

## Aftermath

Brutal repression tactics would lead the original members of the junta to step down (De Los Santos on December 22, 1963, Ramon on April 8, 1964, and Espaillat on June 27, 1964) leading to Donald Joseph Reid Cabral becoming becoming the temporary minister of the armed forces and national police making him the *de facto* leader of the country. Austerity reforms and the firing of military personnel not loyal to Reid would lead to another military rebellion on April 24, 1965 that demanded Bosch's restoration.

The insurgents, commanded by Colonel Francisco Caamaño, removed the junta from power on April 28. The United States dispatched 22,000 troops to the island in *Operation Power Pack* during the ensuing civil war, occupying Santo Domingo for several months while a provisional government was formed and elections were organized.

An interim government was formed and elections were scheduled for 1 July 1966. Bosch returned to the country and ran as his party's presidential candidate. However, he ran a somewhat muted campaign, fearing for his safety and believing he would be thrown out of office by the military again if he won. He was defeated by Joaquín Balaguer, who garnered 57% of the vote. The last American troops left in September 1966.

## InfoBox

1963 Dominican Coup d'état
| Date | September 25, 1963 (1963-09-25) |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic |
| Participants |  |
| Outcome | * Juan Bosch is deposed and exiled * Democratic rule is overturned * Military junta assumes power |


title: Lithophane leautieri

abstract: Lithophane leautieri, the Blair's shoulder-knot, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Europe. It originated from the area surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, but gradually moved north.

text:
# Lithophane leautieri

***Lithophane leautieri***, the **Blair's shoulder-knot**, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Europe. It originated from the area surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, but gradually moved north.

## Technical description and variation

The wingspan is 39–44 mm. Forewing pale grey, dusted with olive grey; lines strongly dentate, but much obscured, marked by short oblique costal streaks; upper stigmata ill-defined, but united at their base by a long black line; the reniform with fulvous in lower half; claviform elongate, black-edged, united by a short black streak with outer line; a well-marked black streak from base on submedian fold; submarginal line indicated only by black dentate marks preceding it, of which the two on the folds are longest; fringe mottled dark and light grey; hindwing pale brownish grey, darker towards termen; ab. *sabinae* Geyer is rather smaller, blue-grey, more distinctly marked, especially the median shade and submarginal teeth; reniform stigma with hardly any fulvous in it; the two black lines on submedian fold hardly visible.

## Biology

The moth flies from September to mid-November.

The larva is dark green, dorsal and subdorsal lines white, segmentally swollen and partially interrupted; spiracular line yellowish white. The larvae feed on various cypress species.

1. *The flight season refers to Belgium and The Netherlands. This may vary in other parts of the range.*

## InfoBox

| Blair's shoulder-knot | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Lithophane* |
| Species: | ***L. leautieri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lithophane leautieri***<br>(Boisduval, 1829) | |
|


title: Post Office Tree

abstract: The Post Office Tree is a famous milkwood tree in Mossel Bay, South Africa that was used by early Portuguese explorers as a post office. It is located in the grounds of the Bartholomeu Dias Museum Complex in Market Street.

text:
# Post Office Tree

The **Post Office Tree** (Afrikaans: *Poskantoorboom*) is a famous milkwood tree (*Sideroxylon inerme*) in Mossel Bay, South Africa that was used by early Portuguese explorers as a post office. It is located in the grounds of the Bartholomeu Dias Museum Complex in Market Street.

## History

In 1501, Portuguese navigator Pêro de Ataíde sought shelter in Mossel Bay after losing much of his fleet in a storm. He left an account of the disaster hidden in an old shoe which he suspended from a milkwood tree (*Sideroxylon inerme*) near the spring from which explorer Bartolomeu Dias had drawn water. The report was found by the explorer to whom it was addressed, João da Nova, and the tree served as a kind of de facto post office for decades thereafter. João da Nova erected a small shrine near the Post Office Tree, and although no traces of it remain, it is considered the first place of Christian worship in South Africa.

More recently, a boot-shaped post box has been erected under the now famous tree, and letters posted there are franked with a commemorative stamp. This has ensured that the tree has remained one of the town’s biggest tourist attractions.

1. "The Post Office Tree". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 14 November 2019.

34°10′49″S 22°08′29″E / 34.180363°S 22.141382°E / -34.180363; 22.141382


title: WTVB

abstract: WTVB is a regional radio station located in Coldwater, Michigan. It carries largely classic hits and local news and sports, with Westwood One as its source for national news, and carries Westwood One's Classic Hits Total format. Midwest Communications owns WTVB. The call letters originally stood for Twin Valley Broadcasters and are in no way connected to any television station, although the station bills itself as "The Voice of Branch County. The "valleys" mentioned are apparently the short Coldwater River and the St. Joseph River in south-central Michigan. WNWN/98.5 "WIN 98-5," licensed to Coldwater and now a country music station primarily targeting the Battle Creek and Kalamazoo areas, was originally WTVB-FM at 98.3, the FM signal that duplicated WTVB when FM radio was new. WTVB was known as 16/TVB for many years. Even 20+ years after that campaign was stopped, and WTVB was officially known as AM 1590 WTVB, local community members have been known to still refer to the station as 16/TVB.

text:
# WTVB

**WTVB** (1590 AM) is a regional radio station located in Coldwater, Michigan. It carries largely classic hits and local news and sports, with Westwood One as its source for national news, and carries Westwood One's Classic Hits Total format. Midwest Communications owns WTVB.

The **call letters** originally stood for **T**win **V**alley **B**roadcasters and are in no way connected to any television station, although the station bills itself as "**T**he **V**oice of **B**ranch County. The "valleys" mentioned (ironically Coldwater is in one of the highest parts of southern Lower Michigan) are apparently the short Coldwater River and the St. Joseph River in south-central Michigan.

WNWN/98.5 "WIN 98-5," licensed to Coldwater and now a country music station primarily targeting the Battle Creek and Kalamazoo areas, was originally WTVB-FM at 98.3, the FM signal that duplicated WTVB when FM radio was new.

WTVB was known as 16/TVB for many years. Even 20+ years after that campaign was stopped, and WTVB was officially known as AM 1590 WTVB, local community members have been known to still refer to the station as 16/TVB.

## Translator

In 2011, Midwest Communications secured an FM translator from Christian broadcaster, Family Stations, Inc., and by January 13, 2012, WTVB was once again broadcasting on FM, at 95.5 MHz. With the addition of the translator, the station was able to provide programming to more areas of Branch County that were not able to receive a reliable signal from AM 1590 at night.

## Programming

Local programming on WTVB consists of a morning show, "Midday Journal" and "Evening Journal". The News Department covers Branch County with breaking news and updates. The Sports Department covers local high school sports with up-to-the-minute status updates, and live broadcasts. Traditionally, WTVB follows the Coldwater Cardinals, but will occasionally air sporting events from neighboring cities and villages in the county.

### Morning Show

"Delaney in the Morning", with Ken Delaney, is the station's weekday morning show, airing from 6-10AM. Previous show co-hosts have included Heather Daniels, Kevin Ireland, Jim Measel and Gary Hart. The morning show features local news and agriculture reports, horoscopes, a "birthday club" and a Wall Street stock report from various local financial institutions. WTVB is a community-oriented station, and the show also includes various live interviews from community figures.

### Midday Journal

The Midday Journal is an hour-long local production, starting at 12:00 noon each weekday. The program partly consists of local news and sports, stock reports and a look in the world of agri-business news, among others.

### Evening Journal

The Evening Journal, on-air from 5 to 5:30 each weekday, is designed to be programming to "send you home" after a long workday. The programming includes NASCAR Updates, a look at stocks, and a "Coaches Corner" high school sports segment (except in summer).

### Music

WTVB also features the "Greatest Classic Hits of the 60s, 70s, and 80s".

Prior to adopting the current classic hits format, WTVB was an affiliate of ABC's Classic Hits (formerly Oldies Radio) format. Earlier, WTVB was an adult contemporary station with programming fed from ABC's Hits and Favorites (formerly "StarStation") network.

## Sports

### NASCAR

WTVB carries the Performance Racing Network's "Garage Pass" program, as well as "The Final Lap" from United Stations.

### High school sports

High School sports usually dominate the school year at WTVB. The station broadcasts all Coldwater Cardinal football and boys' basketball contests, home and away, as well as baseball in the spring. They also air many girls' volleyball, basketball and softball games. WTVB is considered the definitive source for Branch County high school sports.

41°54′34″N 85°00′21″W / 41.90944°N 85.00583°W / 41.90944; -85.00583

## InfoBox

WTVB
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | (Daytime)
(Nighttime) |
| Frequency | 1590 kHz |
| Branding | The Voice of Branch County |
| Programming | |
| Format | Full service/Classic hits |
| Affiliations | Classic Hits Total (Westwood One) |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |  |
| History | |
| First air date | August 6, 1949 |
| Call sign meaning | **W**e're **T**he **V**oice of **B**ranch County
(formerly **T**win **V**alley **B**roadcasters) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 67757 |
| Class | B |
| Power | 5,000 watts (Daytime)
1,000 watts (Nighttime) |
| Translator(s) | 95.5 W238CD (Coldwater) |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Website | wtvbam.com |


title: Veriff

abstract: Veriff is a global identity verification service company founded and headquartered in Tallinn, Estonia. The company offers services for online businesses to mitigate fraud attempts and assisting regulatory compliance. Offering protection from identity fraud and identity theft, Veriff verifies a customer's identity automatically, using an AI that analyzes a multitude of technological and behavioural indicators, including facial recognition. The service is provided to companies as an API, which has been compared to Stripe.

text:
# Veriff

**Veriff** is a global identity verification service company founded and headquartered in Tallinn, Estonia. The company offers services for online businesses to mitigate fraud attempts and assisting regulatory compliance. Offering protection from identity fraud and identity theft, Veriff verifies a customer's identity automatically, using an AI that analyzes a multitude of technological and behavioural indicators, including facial recognition. The service is provided to companies as an API, which has been compared to Stripe.

## History

Veriff was created by Kaarel Kotkas who, while living on Hiiumaa, the second-largest island of Estonia, had experienced difficulties with identification-based transactions. As he helped run his family farm, he tried to buy supplies online and encountered difficulties setting up a PayPal account – he was rejected as he was a minor. Without thinking twice at the time, he tampered with the photo of his government issued ID card and changed the year of his birth from 1994 to 1984. His PayPal account was activated, but the thought of how easy it was to trick the system was unsettling for Kotkas. And so, he was set on the path of developing a better and more secure ID verification process. After a short spell of working on the verification operations at Wise (then TransferWise), Kotkas founded Veriff in 2015 as a startup that would combine different methods of distanced verification to provide a more reliable online service.

In Estonia, the service launched in June 2016 and by September 2016, the company employed 12 people. For a year, Veriff worked with the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of the Interior, the Estonian Data Protection Inspectorate, and Estonian e-residency program, to create procedures for using the national registries that would preserve the integrity of personal data. Among its first clients was Estonia's largest online retailer Hansapost.

The company started by offering verification services to the banking sector. After the initial investor, Estonian bank Inbank (formerly Cofi) from 2016, another Estonian bank LHV started offering bank account opening via video link only, without any physical visits, in 2017. Financial regulations in Estonia didn't allow opening accounts for enterprises or making transfers over 10,000 euros without physical identification. The possibility of distanced identification for banks became legally available in Estonia in June 2016.

In June 2018, Veriff graduated from American seed accelerator Y-Combinator. At the end of 2018, Estonian venture capitalists named Veriff the startup of the year.

In January 2019, Veriff acquired Estonian network intelligence company BrowserID. BrowserID was working on the collection and analysis of device-based data for fraud monitoring purposes. Primarily interested in Browser ID’s device-based data capabilities, the acquisition expanded Veriff’s fraud prevention benchmark beyond facial recognition and document verification.

In June 2019, Veriff signed an agreement with Berlin's public transportation company Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (BVG). BVG uses Veriff's service to identify the users of its mobility app Jelbi, covering Berlin's entire public transportation system from scooters and bikes to car-sharing and traditional taxis.

Veriff's agreement with Blockchain.com was announced in August 2019. Blockchain had started testing the verification service at the beginning of the year. Formerly focusing on big companies, Veriff came out with subscription-based services for small and medium businesses in September 2019. By June 2021, Veriff was also working with companies like Bolt, Opera, Mintos, Turo, Grow Mobility, Verify 365 and Wise.

In November 2019, Veriff opened its first foreign office in New York City. By that time, Veriff employed over 300 people in its Tallinn office and had raised 7.35 million euros in investments.

In March 2020, Kotkas was chosen the EY Estonian entrepreneur of the year. In the same month, the company stated that despite Brexit it was establishing customer-facing teams and account management in London. In the beginning of May, though, Veriff announced it would lay off 63 employees because the COVID-19 pandemic had increased the business volume in Europe and the U.S. where the company offered fully automatic services, while diminishing the need for online verification in countries where more human oversight had been necessary. In June, Veriff raised additional 13.8 million euros from investors. By that time, their number of employees had fallen to 230.

In 2022, Veriff raised $100 million in funding from investors, raising the company's value to $1.3 billion. With this, Veriff was classified as a unicorn.

## Verification process

The system cross-refers images of the customer taken by a local device with the identity information held in government databases comparing ratios between points on a person's face. Veriff next combines the results of face comparison and document validation with video analysis, device and network fingerprinting, and registry checks, providing real-time results. The combination of checks depends on the particular service's needs and risk appetite, as well as local laws and regulations - e.g., Estonia's regulations require a video interview with anyone wanting to open a bank account. In addition to analyzing the data acquired within a particular video session to ensure that the session is voluntary and not pre-recorded, Veriff crosslinks the data with other sessions to detect systematic fraud, complemented by PEP and sanctions checks.

If necessary, a manual verification by humans can be added to the automatic service. Different methods are used for different risk profiles while protecting personal and sensitive data. Verification flows are offered across platforms, having software development kits (SDKs) on the web as well as for Android and iOS.

In October 2019, Veriff released a near-field communication (NFC) verification tool to validate biometric documents. If a device has an integrated reader, the cross-platform tool reads data directly from the chip, detecting fraud attempts.

In March 2020, Veriff launched a new Assisted Image Capture (AIC) service as a separate solution. AIC gives customers real-time feedback to avoid the most common mistakes during the identification process, like blurriness, glare, facial occlusion or damaged ID documents.

## Investors

Veriff's initial investor was Estonian bank Inbank (formerly Cofi) in 2016 via its subsidiaries Inbank Technologies and investment company Mobi Solutions, headed by Linnar Viik. Veriff investors include Y Combinator, Mosaic Ventures, Nordic Ninja, Accel, IVP and others. Veriff has raised $92.8 million in funding to date since its founding. The company announced a $69 million series B round in 2021 led by investment firms IVP and Accel. Before this, the company accepted bridge-funding of €13,8 million, and raised a $7.7 million Series A round in 2018, the leading investor being Mosaic Ventures. Also in 2018, Veriff Inc., registered in the U.S., became the sole proprietor of the Estonian company Veriff OÜ. In Estonian state registry, the transfer was formalized on October 22, 2019. Veriff has been tipped to become Estonia’s 6th unicorn company by Digital Europe.

## InfoBox

veriff
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type of site | Private company |
| Available in | Multilingual |
| Founded | 2015 |
| Headquarters | Tallinn, Estonia |
| Area served | Global |
| Founder(s) | Kaarel Kotkas, Janer Gorohhov |
| Key people | Kaarel Kotkas (CEO) <br>Janer Gorohhov (COO) |
| Services | identity verification service |
| Employees | 248 (2021) |
| URL | veriff.com |
| Registration | Yes |
| Current status | Active |


title: The More Things Change...

abstract: The More Things Change... is the second studio album by American heavy metal band Machine Head, released on March 25, 1997, through Roadrunner Records. It is the band's last release to feature original guitarist Logan Mader, and the first to feature drummer Dave McClain. The album's title alludes to the first part of the phrase, "The more things change, the more they stay the same"; the same phrase is mentioned during the chorus of "Struck a Nerve". The More Things Change... reached #138 on the Billboard 200 chart in 1997. By July 1998, it had sold 400,000 copies worldwide, with 115,000 copies sold in the United States. In 2020, it was named one of the 20 best metal albums of 1997 by Metal Hammer magazine.

text:
# The More Things Change...

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Chronicles of Chaos* | 7/10 |
| *Collector's Guide to Heavy Metal* | 8/10 |
| *The Encyclopedia of Popular Music* |  |
| *In Music We Trust* |  |
| *Metal Hammer* |  |
| *NME* | 1/10 |
| *Rock Hard* | 9/10 |
| *Select* |  |
| *Vox* | 6/10 |

***The More Things Change...*** is the second studio album by American heavy metal band Machine Head, released on March 25, 1997, through Roadrunner Records. It is the band's last release to feature original guitarist Logan Mader, and the first to feature drummer Dave McClain. The album's title alludes to the first part of the phrase, "The more things change, the more they stay the same"; the same phrase is mentioned during the chorus of "Struck a Nerve". *The More Things Change...* reached #138 on the *Billboard* 200 chart in 1997. By July 1998, it had sold 400,000 copies worldwide, with 115,000 copies sold in the United States (as of 2002). In 2020, it was named one of the 20 best metal albums of 1997 by *Metal Hammer* magazine.

## Track listing

All lyrics are written by Robb Flynn; all music is composed by Machine Head, except where noted

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Ten Ton Hammer" | 4:14 |
| 2. | "Take My Scars" | 4:19 |
| 3. | "Struck a Nerve" | 3:33 |
| 4. | "Down to None" | 5:28 |
| 5. | "The Frontlines" | 5:51 |
| 6. | "Spine" | 6:37 |
| 7. | "Bay of Pigs" | 3:46 |
| 8. | "Violate" | 7:19 |
| 9. | "Blistering" | 4:58 |
| 10. | "Blood of the Zodiac" | 6:37 |
| Total length: | | 52:42 |

Japanese edition enhanced CD
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Ten Ton Hammer" (music video) | 4:28 |

Digipak edition bonus tracks
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 11. | "The Possibility of Life's Destruction" (Discharge cover) | 1:31 |
| 12. | "My Misery" | 4:42 |
| 13. | "Colors" (Ice-T cover) | 4:39 |

## Personnel

## Chart performance

| Chart (1997) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Albums Chart | 30 |
| Austrian Albums Chart | 24 |
| Belgian Albums Chart (Flanders) | 11 |
| Belgian Albums Chart (Wallonia) | 20 |
| Dutch Albums Chart | 22 |
| Finnish Albums Chart | 13 |
| French Albums Chart | 21 |
| German Albums Chart | 22 |
| Hungarian Albums Chart | 25 |
| New Zealand Albums Chart | 44 |
| Norwegian Albums Chart | 15 |
| Scottish Albums Chart | 23 |
| Swedish Albums Chart | 17 |
| UK Album Chart | 16 |
| *Billboard* 200 | 138 |

## InfoBox

| The More Things Change... | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Machine Head | |
| Released | March 25, 1997 (1997-03-25) |
| Studio |  |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 52:42 |
| Label | Roadrunner |
| Producer | Colin Richardson |
| Machine Head chronology | |
| *Burn My Eyes*
(1994) ***The More Things Change...***
(1997) *The Burning Red*
(1999) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *The More Things Change...* | |
| 1. "Ten Ton Hammer"
Released: 1997 2. "Take My Scars"
Released: November 24, 1997 | |
|  | |


title: 1963 Detroit Lions season

abstract: The 1963 Detroit Lions season was their thirtieth in Detroit and 34th overall. NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle indefinitely suspended Lions defensive tackle Alex Karras and Packers' halfback Paul Hornung for placing bets on NFL teams. Five other Lions players were fined $2,000 each for betting on games that they did not play in. The Lions franchise was fined $2,000 each on two counts for failure to report information promptly and for lack of sideline supervision. The gambling controversy proved to be a big distraction on the field as well, as the Lions could not build on the success of the previous season, finishing 5–8–1. On Thanksgiving Day in Detroit, the Lions met the Packers for the thirteenth consecutive season. The game ended in a tie, the first for the Packers in five years, and it was the end of the holiday series for Green Bay. Their visit to Tiger Stadium the following year was on a Monday night in late September, and the visiting opponent for Thanksgiving was rotated, starting with the Chicago Bears.

text:
# 1963 Detroit Lions season

The **1963 Detroit Lions season** was their thirtieth in Detroit and 34th overall. NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle indefinitely suspended Lions defensive tackle Alex Karras and Packers' halfback Paul Hornung for placing bets on NFL teams. Five other Lions players were fined $2,000 each for betting on games that they did not play in. The Lions franchise was fined $2,000 each on two counts for failure to report information promptly and for lack of sideline supervision. The gambling controversy proved to be a big distraction on the field as well, as the Lions could not build on the success of the previous season, finishing 5–8–1.

On Thanksgiving Day in Detroit, the Lions met the Packers for the thirteenth consecutive season. The game ended in a tie, the first for the Packers in five years, and it was the end of the holiday series for Green Bay. Their visit to Tiger Stadium the following year was on a Monday night in late September, and the visiting opponent for Thanksgiving was rotated, starting with the Chicago Bears.

## Offseason

### NFL Draft

| **Round** | **Pick** | **Player** | **Position** | **School** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 12 | Daryl Sanders | Offensive Tackle | Ohio State |
|

Source:

## Preseason

### Paper Lion

***Paper Lion***, published in 1966, is a non-fiction book by prominent American writer George Plimpton. Plimpton pitched to a lineup of baseball stars in an All-Star exhibition, presumably to answer the question, "How would the average man off of the street fare in an attempt to compete with the stars of professional sports?" He chronicled this experience in his book, *Out of My League*. In ***Paper Lion***, Plimpton joins the training camp of the 1963 Detroit Lions on the premise of trying out to be the team's third-string quarterback. (The coaches were aware of the deception; the players were not until it became apparent that Plimpton did not really know how to receive the snap from center.) Plimpton, then thirty-six, showed how unlikely it would be for an "average" person to succeed as a professional athlete. When finally inserted at quarterback for a series in a scrimmage conducted in Pontiac, Michigan, Plimpton managed to lose yardage on each play, convincing many in the crowd that he was a professional sports clown inserted for amusement purposes, not someone who was genuinely giving his best effort.

## Regular season

### Schedule

| Week | Date | Opponent | Result | Record | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | September 14 | at Los Angeles Rams | W 23–2 | 1–0 | 49,342 |
| 2 | September 22 | at Green Bay Packers | L 10–31 | 1–1 | 45,912 |
| 3 | September 29 | Chicago Bears | L 21–37 | 1–2 | 55,400 |
| 4 | October 6 | San Francisco 49ers | W 26–3 | 2–2 | 44,088 |
| 5 | October 13 | at Dallas Cowboys | L 14–17 | 2–3 | 27,264 |
| 6 | October 20 | Baltimore Colts | L 21–25 | 2–4 | 51,901 |
| 7 | October 27 | Minnesota Vikings | W 28–10 | 3–4 | 44,509 |
| 8 | November 3 | at San Francisco 49ers | W 45–7 | 4–4 | 33,511 |
| 9 | November 10 | at Baltimore Colts | L 21–24 | 4–5 | 59,758 |
| 10 | November 17 | Los Angeles Rams | L 21–28 | 4–6 | 44,951 |
| 11 | November 24 | at Minnesota Vikings | L 31–34 | 4–7 | 28,763 |
| 12 | November 28 | Green Bay Packers | T 13–13 | 4–7–1 | 54,016 |
| 13 | December 8 | Cleveland Browns | W 38–10 | 5–7–1 | 51,382 |
| 14 | December 15 | at Chicago Bears | L 14–24 | 5–8–1 | 45,317 |

### Game summaries

#### Week 1

| 1 2 3 4 Total  Lions 10 10 0 3 23  Rams 0 0 2 0 **2**   * **Date:** September 14 * **Location:** Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum * **Game start:** Night * **Game attendance:** 49,342 * **Game weather:** 70 °F (21 °C); wind 10 mph (16 km/h) |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

#### Week 3 vs Bears

**Week Three: Chicago Bears (2–0) at Detroit Lions (1–1)**

| Quarter | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Bears** | 7 | 28 | 0 | 2 | **37** |
| Lions | 0 | 0 | 14 | 7 | **21** |

*at Tiger Stadium, Detroit, Michigan*

* **Date**: September 29, 1963
* **Game weather**: 54 °F (12 °C)
* **Game attendance**: 55,400
* Box Score

| Game information |
| --- |
|  |

## Standings

| NFL Western Conference | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | W | L | T | PCT | CONF | PF | PA | STK |
| Chicago Bears | 11 | 1 | 2 | .917 | 10–1–1 | 301 | 144 | W2 |
| Green Bay Packers | 11 | 2 | 1 | .846 | 9–2–1 | 369 | 206 | W2 |
| Baltimore Colts | 8 | 6 | 0 | .571 | 7–5 | 316 | 285 | W3 |
| Detroit Lions | 5 | 8 | 1 | .385 | 4–7–1 | 326 | 265 | L1 |
| Minnesota Vikings | 5 | 8 | 1 | .385 | 4–7–1 | 309 | 390 | W1 |
| Los Angeles Rams | 5 | 9 | 0 | .357 | 5–7 | 210 | 350 | L2 |
| San Francisco 49ers | 2 | 12 | 0 | .143 | 1–11 | 198 | 391 | L5 |

**Note:** Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.

### Roster

| Detroit Lions roster | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Quarterbacks** **Running backs**
**Wide receivers**
**Tight ends** |  | **Offensive linemen** **Defensive linemen** |  | **Linebackers** **Defensive backs**
**Special teams** |  | **Reserve lists*** *currently vacant*  *rookies in italics*
 |
|

## Awards and honors

## Notes and references

## InfoBox

| 1963 Detroit Lions season | |
| --- | --- |
| Head coach | George Wilson |
| Home field | Tiger Stadium |
| Results | |
| Record | 5–8–1 |
| Division place | 4th (tied) NFL Western |
| Playoff finish | *Did not qualify* |
|