abstract: Virginia House of Delegates v. Bethune-Hill, 587 U.S. ___ (2019), was a case argued before the United States Supreme Court on March 18, 2019, in which the Virginia House of Delegates appealed against the decision in 2018 by the district court that 11 of Virginia's voting districts were racially gerrymandered, and thus unconstitutional. The Court held the "Virginia House of Delegates lacks standing to file this appeal, either representing the state's interests or in its own right." In other words, the court upheld the decision made by a federal district court ruling in June 2018 that 11 state legislative districts were an illegal racial gerrymander. This was following a previous (2017) case, Bethune-Hill v. Virginia State Bd. of Elections.

text:
# Virginia House of Delegates v. Bethune-Hill

***Virginia House of Delegates v. Bethune-Hill***, 587 U.S. \___ (2019), was a case argued before the United States Supreme Court on March 18, 2019, in which the Virginia House of Delegates appealed against the decision in 2018 by the district court that 11 of Virginia's voting districts were racially gerrymandered, and thus unconstitutional. The Court held the "Virginia House of Delegates lacks standing to file this appeal, either representing the state's interests or in its own right." In other words, the court upheld the decision made by a federal district court ruling in June 2018 that 11 state legislative districts were an illegal racial gerrymander. This was following a previous (2017) case, *Bethune-Hill v. Virginia State Bd. of Elections*.

## Background

In 2011, Virginia was subject to Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which prohibited the redistricting process from eliminating districts that were made largely of minority groups to discourage their preferred candidates from taking office. Delegate Steven Christopher Jones from the Virginia House of Delegates ensured there were 11 voting districts in which 55% of the voters were African American. By isolating the "African American vote," Jones' actions allowed for populations of the remaining state districts in Virginia to remain dominantly white, securing Republican seats in Virginia's House. Virginia has 100 seats in the House and 40 in the Senate.

On December 22, 2014, in Virginia, 12 voters filed suit in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia that the government participated in racial gerrymandering and thus violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. However, the district court rejected the argument, dismissing the case on October 22, 2015. The plaintiffs appealed the decision, which the Supreme Court accepted.

On March 1, 2017, the Supreme Court decided in a 5-4 majority opinion that the district court that held the case had "applied the wrong legal standards in evaluating the challengers' claims of racial gerrymandering." Therefore, the court upheld only one of the districts and dismissed the rest of the case for the district court, allowing the district court to reconsider the constitutionality of the remaining 11 districts.

Eventually, in June 2018, the lower court deemed the 11 districts unconstitutional, concluding that race was a substantial factor in determining the boundaries of the districts. The Virginia House of Delegates had attempted to place the exact same percentage of African-American voters in each of the districts, claiming that it was necessary to do so in order to comply with federal voting-rights laws. However, the lower court did not find the government's actions necessary, and thus declared the 11 districts unconstitutional. The district court gave the legislature until October 30, 2018 to redraw district lines. However, the redrawing of district lines was met with partisan conflicts, as Republicans feared that redrawing the lines would threaten their majority in the House while the Democrats supported an end to Virginia's racial gerrymandering.

Amongst the conflict, the Virginia House of Delegates appealed the decision to the Supreme Court, which agreed to review the case and whether the Virginia House of Delegates had standing to appeal. The Virginia House of Delegates had filed the appeal independently of Virginia's State Attorney General who claimed the State would not appeal the case.

## Standing of the plaintiff

The plaintiff took the standing that in order to pursue litigation, the party must be harmed by the resolution of the litigation. While the State as a primary defendant has standing to litigate, the Virginia House alone is not believed to have standing to litigate. Justices were divided on the issue in an apparent cross-ideological split.

## Questions facing the court

The Supreme Court faced this case with the following three questions in mind.

Did the district (lower) court have enough evidence to declare that the Virginia House of Delegates was in fact gerrymandering the 11 districts?

Did the district court make a mistake in holding that the Virginia House of Delegates "did not satisfy its burden to show that the legislature's use of race was narrowly tailored to achieve the compelling state interest of compliance with Section 5 of the VRA 52 U.S.C. § 10304?"

Does the Virginia House of Delegates have standing to file an appeal?

Whether the district court erred in relying on expert analysis it previously rejected as unreliable and irrelevant and expert analysis that lacked any objective or coherent methodology?

## Conclusion of the case

In a 5-4 majority in the Roberts Court, the Supreme Court held that "the Virginia House of Delegates lacks standing to file this appeal, either representing the state's interests or in its own right." Justices Thomas, Ginsburg, Sotomayor, Kagan, and Gorsuch all voted in favor of rejecting the appeal while Justices Roberts, Breyer, Alito, and Kavanaugh voted to support it. Ultimately, the Virginia House Republicans were not successful in their appeal which allowed Democrats to become the majority in the Virginia bicameral legislature in the 2019 elections for the first time since 1995.

## Opinion of the Court

In order to file for appeal, the litigant must have judicial standing. In other words, this means that the litigant must show a "concrete and particularized injury, that is fairly traceable to the challenged conduct and is likely to be redressed by a favorable decision." Because the Virginia House of Delegates served as an intervenor, it must file for appeal on its own standing. However, the court decided that the House of Delegates did not demonstrate standing on its own and thus cannot challenge the result of the case in court.

In order to determine whether the House of Delegates had standing, the court had to consider whether the House represented both the state's interests and its own. In Virginia, "the authority of representing the state's interests in civil litigation lies exclusively with the state attorney general." In this situation, Attorney General Mark R. Herring had stated that he did not want to appeal the case. Since the attorney general is not tied to the House of Delegates, the House therefore does not have standing to file an appeal on behalf of Virginia. The House also never indicated that it was representing the State in the District Court, thus the House was only representing its own interests. In reference to whether the House of Delegates has standing on its own, the Court again concluded that it does not, stating that a "judicial decision invalidating state law" did not inflict any injury to the House of Delegates.

In response to the majority opinion of the court, Justice Samuel Alito, backed by the other dissenting judges, stated that the House did in fact have standing because the new redistricting plan would injure the House by affecting who was elected to it. Alito was critical of the impermissible blurring of the standings of the congress and state legislatures. He believed separation of powers is not required for state legislative standings.

## Voting Rights Act of 1965

Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 states that "No voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure shall be imposed or applied by any State or political subdivision to deny or abridge the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color." In other words, Section 2 mandates that the drawing of electoral districts cannot "improperly dilute minorities' voting power." Along with the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment, Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act ensures that citizens are offered equal representation, specifically through the voting process.

## Redistricting

The redrawing of state district lines, also known as redistricting, has a tremendous effect in creating more competition amongst future candidates in the state legislature. Jennifer Clark, a political science professor at the University of Houston, commented on redistricting, stating that "The redistricting process has important consequences for voters. In some states, incumbent legislators work together to protect their own seats, which produces less competition in the political system. Voters may feel as though they do not have a meaningful alternative to the incumbent legislator. Legislators who lack competition in their districts have less incentive to adhere to their constituents' opinions."

In 2006, Emory University professor Alan Abramowitz and Ph.D. students Brad Alexander and Matthew Gunning also commented on redistricting, stating that "\[Some\] studies have concluded that redistricting has a neutral or positive effect on competition. ... \[It\] is often the case that partisan redistricting has the effect of reducing the safety of incumbents, thereby making elections more competitive."

## InfoBox

| Virginia House of Delegates v. Bethune-Hill | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued March 18, 2019
Decided June 17, 2019 | |
| Full case name | *Virginia House of Delegates v. Bethune-Hill* |
| Docket no. | 18-281 |
| Citations | 587 U.S. \___ (*more*)139 S. Ct. 1945; 204 L. Ed. 2d 305 |
| Case history | |
| Prior | *Bethune-Hill v. Va. State Bd. of Elections*, 326 F. Supp. 3d 128 (E.D. Va. 2018); probable jurisdiction noted, 136 S. Ct. 2406 (2016); affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded, *Bethune-Hill v. Virginia State Bd. of Elections*, No. 15-680, 580 U.S. \___, 137 S. Ct. 788 (2017); ruling in favor of plaintiffs on remand, 326 F. Supp. 3d 128 (E.D. Va. 2018). |
| Holding | |
| The Virginia House of Delegates lacks standing to file this appeal, either representing the state’s interests or in its own right. | |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice John Roberts  Associate Justices Clarence Thomas **·**  Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Stephen Breyer **·**  Samuel Alito
Sonia Sotomayor **·**  Elena Kagan
Neil Gorsuch **·**  Brett Kavanaugh | |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | Ginsburg, joined by Thomas, Sotomayor, Kagan, Gorsuch |
| Dissent | Alito, joined by Roberts, Breyer, Kavanaugh |


title: Sidney King

abstract: Sidney King (1885–1972) was an English cricketer. King's batting style is unknown. He was born at Rushden, Northamptonshire. King made his first-class debut for Northamptonshire against Gloucestershire in the 1907 County Championship. He made three further first-class appearances, the last of which came against Hampshire in the 1908 County Championship. In his four first-class matches, he scored 47 runs at an average of 9.40, with a high score of 23. He died at the town of his birth sometime in 1977.

text:
# Sidney King

**Sidney King** (1885–1972) was an English cricketer. King's batting style is unknown. He was born at Rushden, Northamptonshire.

King made his first-class debut for Northamptonshire against Gloucestershire in the 1907 County Championship. He made three further first-class appearances, the last of which came against Hampshire in the 1908 County Championship. In his four first-class matches, he scored 47 runs at an average of 9.40, with a high score of 23.

He died at the town of his birth sometime in 1977.

## InfoBox

Sidney King
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Sidney King |
| Born | 1885
Rushden, Northamptonshire, England |
| Died | 1972 (aged 8687)
Rushden, Northamptonshire, England |
| Batting | Unknown |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 19071908 | Northamptonshire |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 4  Runs scored 47  Batting average 9.40  100s/50s /  Top score 23  Balls bowled   Wickets   Bowling average   5 wickets in innings   10 wickets in match   Best bowling   Catches/stumpings 2/ | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 17 November 2011 | |


title: Sidney A. Alexander

abstract: Sidney Arthur Alexander was an English poet, author, and clergyman.

text:
# Sidney A. Alexander

**Sidney Arthur Alexander** (April 2, 1866 – February 4, 1948) was an English poet, author, and clergyman.

## Early life

The son of a bank clerk, Alexander was educated at St Paul's School and Trinity College, Oxford, where he received his B.A. in 1889 with a number of distinctions and prizes. He received praise for his poetry while attending St. Paul's (the beginning of a lifelong association with the Cathedral), notably "Caedmon," which won the Milton Prize poem in 1882. The promise of those early efforts was crowned by Alexander’s receiving the Newdigate prize at Oxford in 1887 for *Sakya-Muni: The Story of Buddha.* The poem was generally well received in the *Oxford Magazine* (“sustained melody and grace....certain higher touches of imagination and expression which give to the simple and quiet style an air of finish and distinction”). A modern literary historian sets the poem in the Victorian context of “a trend of swelling interest in the West in Buddhism.”

## Literary career

Alexander built on his academic success in verse by placing a number of poems in some of the leading Victorian periodicals, *Academy,* English Illustrated Magazine, Macmillan's, Cassell's and others; several of his poems were reprinted in America. But Alexander’s career became that of a clergyman, distinguished to some extent by his religious essays and books but more by his efforts to safeguard the fabric of St. Paul’s Cathedral, where he became a Canon in 1909 and where his responsibilities encompassed those of Treasurer. Alexander had been ordained to a curacy at St. Michael's Church, Oxford and was a lecturer and tutor at Keble College, Oxford until his appointment in 1893 as Reader of the Temple, followed by appointments as Canon of Gloucester and head of the Gloucester College of Mission Clergy in March 1902.

Alexander’s books include "Christ and Scepticism" (1894), *The Christianity of St. Paul* (1899) and *Progressive Revelation* (1910), works which have been described as the product of "a mind well versed in philosophy and theology.” In these, as well as in his sermons and elsewhere, he was someone “who knew his own mind". He had a special sympathy for the unfortunates of society and served on the Central (Unemployed) Body for London and, during World War I, on the Mansion House War Relief Committee. Most of his poetry, however, remained unpublished, but was carefully preserved in a  manuscript notebook.

Alexander’s work, especially his fundraising, on behalf of St. Paul’s was noteworthy. He agitated from early in his canonical career for the structural and financial needs of the cathedral, articulating and responding to environmental threats to the very fabric of the building, built on shallow foundations above treacherous sand ("We must have wet sand!" cried Canon Alexander fervently \[in 1930\]. "We must have wet sand!"). His dedication to the central role of the cathedral in the faith of England is clear in his lectures and publications about St. Paul’s, including *The Safety of St. Paul’s* (1927), and about its architect, Christopher Wren. Alexander’s strengthening and protecting the structure of the Cathedral helped it survive the German bombings of World War II, as was recognized by the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1944. Even before the war he had been awarded several honors.

Alexander married in 1891 Lily Redfern, who died at their home, 2, Amen Court, on December 17, 1937.

Sources: "The Oxford Magazine," May 25, 1887; J. Jeffery Franklin, “The Life of the Buddha in Victorian England,” "English Literary History," 72 (2005), 941; TIME, April 28, 1930; "The Times," February 5, 1948, p. 6 (obituary); "The New York Times," February 5, 1948, p. 23 (obituary); "Who’s Who 1906"; "The Times," January 27, 1944, p. 2.

## InfoBox

| Sydney A. Alexander | |
| --- | --- |
| Alexander in c1916. | |
| Born | (1866-04-02)April 2, 1866 |
| Died | February 4, 1948(1948-02-04) (aged 81)<br>London |
| Nationality | English |
| Occupation(s) | poet, author, clergyman |


title: Show County Quality

abstract: The Show County Quality is an Australian Turf Club Group 3 Thoroughbred horse race for three-year-olds and older, run as a quality handicap over a distance of 1200 metres at Randwick Racecourse, Sydney, Australia in August. Total prize money for the race is A$250,000.

text:
# Show County Quality

The **Show County Quality** is an Australian Turf Club Group 3 Thoroughbred horse race for three-year-olds and older, run as a quality handicap over a distance of 1200 metres at Randwick Racecourse, Sydney, Australia in August. Total prize money for the race is A$250,000.

## History

The race is named in honour of the versatile sprinter Show County, who was predominant as a two-year-old and three year old winning in 1988 and 1989 the following races: Breeders' Plate, Silver Slipper Stakes, Maribyrnong Plate, Skyline Stakes, Stan Fox Stakes, San Domenico Stakes, Roman Consul Stakes.

### Grade

* 19932012 - Listed race
* 2013 onwards - Group 3

### Venue

## Winners

* 2023 - Buenos Noches
* 2022 - Showmanship
* 2021 - Private Eye
* 2020 - Roheryn
* 2019 - Deprive
* 2018 - Le Romain
* 2017 - Deploy
* 2016 - Tycoon Tara
* 2015 - Decision Time
* 2014 - Terravista
* 2013 - Rebel Dane
* 2012 - Moment of Change
* 2011 - Skytrain
* 2010 - Kenny's World
* 2009 - Swift Alliance
* 2008 - Bank Robber
* 2007 - †*race not held*
* 2006 - Primus
* 2005 - Lotteria
* 2004 - Athelnoth
* 2003 - Sportsman
* 2002 - Presently
* 2001 - Kingsgate
* 2000 - Stanzaic
* 1999 - Upright
* 1998 - Siddinghausen
* 1997 - Might And Power
* 1996 - Winning Hand
* 1995 - Identikit
* 1994 - Remouche
* 1993 - Big Dreams

† Not held because of outbreak of equine influenza

## InfoBox

Show County Quality
| Group 3 race | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Randwick Racecourse, Sydney, Australia |
| Inaugurated | 1993 |
| Race type | Thoroughbred |
| Sponsor | Mostyn Copper (2022) |
| Race information | |
| Distance | 1,200 metres |
| Surface | Turf |
| Track | Right-handed |
| Qualification | Horses three years old and older |
| Weight | Quality
Minimum weight  53 kg
Maximum weight  61 kg |
| Purse | 250,000 (2022) |


title: Sidney S. Liufau

abstract: Sidney S. Liufau is an American actor best known for the role of Lt. Manuele Atoa in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "You Are Cordially Invited". Liufau also appeared in Hawaii Five-O, Street Warrior, Blade, Faster, Planet of the Apes and You, Me and Dupree.

text:
# Sidney S. Liufau

**Sidney S. Liufau** (born 22 November 1963) is an American actor best known for the role of Lt. Manuele Atoa in the *Star Trek: Deep Space Nine* episode "You Are Cordially Invited". Liufau also appeared in *Hawaii Five-O*, *Street Warrior*, *Blade*, *Faster*, *Planet of the Apes* and *You, Me and Dupree*.

## Career

Liufau made his acting debut in the 1995 film *Batman Forever*, which also featured co-star René Auberjonois. The same year, he appeared in the *Baywatch* movie *Forbidden Paradise*. Liufau went on to have small roles in the films *A Very Brady Sequel* (1996), *Bloodsport III* (1997, starring John Rhys-Davies), Marvel Comics' *Blade* (1998, with Judson Scott, Andray Johnson), *Dirt Merchant* (1999, with Lee Arenberg) and *Code of the Dragon* (2001, with Brad Dourif and Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa). More recently, he had a supporting role in the 2006 comedy *You, Me and Dupree*, which also featured *Star Trek: Enterprise* guest star Todd Stashwick.

In addition to his film work, Liufau also had a role in an unsold TV pilot called *Red Skies* (as did Leonard Kelly-Young), TV Pilot *Honolulu CRU* starring Russell Wong, Michael Rooker and Lori Petty, also guest-starred on an episode of *The District*, starring Roger Aaron Brown and Ernest Borgnine. He most recently had a recurring role on the short-lived CBS action series *Smith*, working with series regular Virginia Madsen and fellow guest actors Ray Liotta and Simon Baker. He also appeared in Alex Kurtzman's and Roberto Orci's remake of *Hawaii Five-O* in the episode "Malama Ka Aina" as Daniel Dae Kim's character's cousin.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1985 | *Sword of Heaven* | Martial arts fighter |  |
| 1990 | *Joe Versus the Volcano* | Waponi | Uncredited |
| 1995 | *Batman Forever* | Harvey's Thug |  |
| 1995 | *Baywatch: Forbidden Paradise* | Mako | Direct-to-video |
| 1996 | *A Very Brady Sequel* | Security Guard |  |
| 1996 | *Bloodsport III* | Kimo Lima Lama |  |
| 1997 | *Fire Down Below* | Bodyguard | Uncredited |
| 1998 | *Deadly Ransom* | Bruno |  |
| 1998 | *Blade* | Japanese Doorman |  |
| 1999 | *Dirt Merchant* | El Nino |  |
| 2000 | *The Testaments: Of One Fold and One Shepherd* | Judge hunter 1 |  |
| 2001 | *The Ghost* | Wu's Thug No.1 |  |
| 2006 | *You, Me and Dupree* | Paco |  |
| 2010 | *Faster* | Kenny |  |
| 2012 | *The Girl from the Naked Eye* | Moses |  |
| 2012 | *Lose Yourself* | Ray-Ray | Direct-to-video |
| 2013 | *The Lost Medallion: The Adventures of Billy Stone* | Short Thug / Short Tracker |  |
| 2014 | *My Trip Back to the Dark Side* | Ray-Ray |  |
| 2015 | *To Topple an Empire* | Jeffrey |  |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1996 | *Baywatch* | Mako | Episode: "Forbidden Paradise: Part 2" |
| 1997 | *The New Adventures of Robin Hood* | Master Ika | Episode: "The Prey" |
| 1997 | *Star Trek: Deep Space Nine* | Lt. Manuele Atoa | Episode: "You Are Cordially Invited" |
| 1998 | *Honolulu CRU* | Det. Kamakawewaole | Episode: "Pilot" |
| 2001 | *Black Scorpion* | Thief | Episode: "Kiss of Death" |
| 2002 | *Red Skies* | Kay | Television film |
| 2003 | *The District* | Sammy Harimoto | Episode: "Last Waltz" |
| 2003 | *Baywatch: Hawaiian Wedding* | Victor | Television film |
| 2006–2007 | *Smith* | Kala Tafattafua | 3 episodes |
| 2008 | *Street Warrior* | Isaiah Griffin | Television film |
| 2010 | *Hawaii Five-0* | Sid | Episode: "Malama Ka Aina" |

## InfoBox

| Sidney Liufau | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1963-11-22) November 22, 1963<br>Kahuku, Hawaii, United States |
| Occupation | Director/Actor/Stuntman |


title: Siege of Sardis (498 BC)

abstract: The siege of Sardis was the first major engagement of the Ionian Revolt. An allied Greek army launched an attack on the Persian satrapal capital of Sardis but were ultimately repelled by Persian forces, however most of the city was set alight during the siege.

text:
# Siege of Sardis (498 BC)

The **siege of Sardis** was the first major engagement of the Ionian Revolt. An allied Greek army launched an attack on the Persian satrapal capital of Sardis but were ultimately repelled by Persian forces, however most of the city was set alight during the siege.

## Background

The Ionian Revolt was triggered by the dissatisfaction of the Greek cities of Asia Minor with the tyrants appointed by Persia to rule them. In 499 BC, the then-tyrant of Miletus, Aristagoras, launched a joint expedition with the Persian satrap Artaphernes to conquer Naxos, in an attempt to bolster his position in Miletus. The mission was a debacle, and sensing his imminent removal as tyrant, Aristagoras chose to incite the whole of Ionia into rebellion against the Persian king Darius the Great. He also secured alliances with the mainland Greek cities of Athens and Eretria, convincing them the Persians would be easy to defeat.

## Battle

In the spring of 498 BC, an Athenian force of twenty triremes, accompanied by five from Eretria, set sail for Ionia. They joined up with the main Ionian force near Ephesus. Declining to personally lead the force, Aristagoras appointed his brother Charopinus and another Milesian, Hermophantus, as generals.

This force was then guided by the Ephesians through the mountains to Sardis, Artaphernes's satrapal capital. The Greeks caught the Persians unaware, and were able to capture the lower city. However, Artaphernes still held the citadel with a significant force of men. The lower city then caught on fire, Herodotus suggests accidentally, which quickly spread. The Persians in the citadel, being surrounded by a burning city, emerged into the market-place of Sardis, where they fought with the Greeks, forcing them back. The Greeks, demoralised, then retreated from the city, and began to make their way back to Ephesus.

Herodotus reports that when Darius heard of the burning of Sardis, he swore vengeance upon the Athenians (after asking who they indeed were), and tasked a servant with reminding him three times each day of his vow: "Master, remember the Athenians".

## Aftermath

A Persian force pursued the Greeks back to Ephesus, defeating them in battle there. The Athenians now ended their alliance with the Ionians, since the Persians had proved to be anything but the easy prey that Aristagoras had described. However, the Ionians remained committed to their rebellion and the Persians did not seem to follow up their victory. Presumably these *ad hoc* forces were not equipped to lay siege to any of the cities. Despite the Greek defeat in the first campaign, the revolt actually spread further. The Ionians sent men to the Hellespont and Propontis and captured Byzantium and the other nearby cities. They also persuaded the Carians to join the rebellion. Furthermore, seeing the spread of the rebellion, the kingdoms of Cyprus also revolted against Persian rule without any outside persuasion.

## InfoBox

| Siege of Sardis | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Ionian Revolt | |
|  | |
| Date 498 BC  Location Sardis
(modern-day Sart, Manisa, Turkey)  Result  Greek retreat, city burned | |
| Belligerents | |
| Ionia
Athens
Eretria | Persian Empire |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Charopinus
Hermophantus | Artaphernes |
| Strength | |
| Unknown | Unknown |
| Casualties and losses | |
| Unknown | Unknown |


title: Siege of Schleswig

abstract: The siege of Schleswig took place from 1131–1132 during the Danish Civil Wars. It saw forces under the Eric II of Denmark, Holy Roman Emperor Lothair III, and Adolf of Holstein face off against Niels I of Denmark and his son Magnus the Strong of Götaland. Eric failed to break the siege, as he was deserted by Lothair III after he came to an agreement with Magnus and Niels. Only Adolf of Holstein remained with Eric, but his forces were destroyed trying to cross the Eider.

text:
# Siege of Schleswig

The **siege of Schleswig** took place from 1131–1132 during the Danish Civil Wars. It saw forces under the Eric II of Denmark, Holy Roman Emperor Lothair III, and Adolf of Holstein face off against Niels I of Denmark and his son Magnus the Strong of Götaland. Eric failed to break the siege, as he was deserted by Lothair III after he came to an agreement with Magnus and Niels. Only Adolf of Holstein remained with Eric, but his forces were destroyed trying to cross the Eider.

## Background

Since the Carolingian Empire, the security of Southern Jutland had been of great importance to the security of Denmark as a whole. Therefore, around 800 the border would be transformed into a range of dikes and fortresses known as the Danevirke. Additionally, Denmark had tried to keep good relations with its southern neighbor, Holy Roman Empire, to add further security. Canute Lavard, the Duke of Schleswig, was on very good terms with the Holy Roman Empire, and after his campaign against the Obotrites, Lothair III granted him the title of the Duke of Holstein. Because of this, when Magnus the Strong murdered Canute Lavard it was taken as an attack on the Holy Roman Empire. Niels and Magnus aimed to take control of Jutland to secure the southern border and the Danevirke, and to this end they defeated Eric at Jellinge Heathe. After the battle, Niels gathered more forces in the northern parts of Jutland while his son Magnus marched south with a large force. Eric, quickly recuperating from his earlier defeat, gathered his navy and sailed for his half-brothers capital of Schleswig, which commanded the crossing of the Danevirke.

## The siege

It seems all forces were racing for Slesvig, as all armies arrived shortly within the time of the others. Magnus the Strong came first, he quickly manned the Dannevirke, had the dikes expanded, ordered wooden palisades built, together with other defensive works, Eric, who arrived shortly after, only had naval superiority and so had no real way of dislodging his foes. The forces of Niels reinforced his son, which halted the attack of Lothair III, who had recently crossed the Eider river with 6000 men, among them a large Holsatian force commandeered by Adolf II. With near parity in number and the rumblings of rebellion to the south, Lothair judged it wisest to treat with Niels and Magnus. Magnus and Niels gave in to many demands from the Emperor, making them vassals, and paying a heavy fine. The treaty was soon ratified, however a secret part of the treaty would resubjugate the Danish church to that of Bremen. An enraged Eric sailed for Lothair's camp, where he insulted and shamed the Emperor. Lothair promised future aid, however, and Eric managed to convince Adolf II of Holstein to stay, likely committing to a joint attack. When forces of Adolf crossed the Eider, they were quickly pinned down by Magnus and many of his soldiers were killed or drowned. Eric's had attempted breakthrough also failed miserably, and with his forces completely defeated, he decided to hunker down for the winter, with any hope of holding onto Schleswig lost. What few ships he had left were hemmed in by the winter, as the Fjords froze completely. At the beginning of spring, Eric and a few of his retainers managed to escape, but Niels and Magnus soon after finished the siege, completing their conquest of Jutland.

## Aftermath

The siege was a heavy defeat for Eric, as Niels gained complete control of Jutland and Funen. He had also secured the southern border through his agreement with the Holy Roman Emperor, letting him focus his forces on the east. Niels now needed only to consolidate his position and cross the Danish Straits. Although the siege was a victory, it was also in many ways a political blunder. Asser Thorkilsson, the Archbishop of Lund, later learned of the secret provision of the treaty subjugating his Archdiocese to Bremen, and as a result would switch sides and play a pivotal role in Eric's eventual victory.

## Sources

1. "Vikingetiden, ca. 800–1050". *danmarkshistorien.dk* (in Danish). Retrieved 2022-08-21.
2. "Knud Lavard, 1096–1131, hertug". *graenseforeningen.dk* (in Danish). Retrieved 2022-08-21.
3. "Niels – heimskringla.no". *heimskringla.no*. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
4. "Nybyggerne 1100". 2007-09-29. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
5. Bricka, Carl Frederik. "540 (Dansk biografisk Lexikon / IV. Bind. Clemens – Eynden)". *runeberg.org* (in Danish). Retrieved 2022-08-21.
6. Bricka, Carl Frederik. "369 (Dansk biografisk Lexikon / I. Bind. Aaberg – Beaumelle)". *runeberg.org* (in Danish). Retrieved 2022-08-21.

## InfoBox

| The siege of Schleswig | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of The Danish Civil War | |
|
The Dannevirke and Slesvig | |
| Date Autumn 1131–Spring 1132  Location Jelling, Denmark  Result  Party of Niels-Magnus victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| The Eric Ericson party
County of Holstein | The Niels-Magnus party |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Eric II of Denmark
Adolf II of Holstein | Niels I of Denmark
Magnus the Strong |
| Strength | |
| 2000–3000 Holsatians
~30 Danish ships
~1000 Danes | ~4000 |
| Casualties and losses | |
| Very Heavy | minor losses |


title: Siegfried von Kardorff

abstract: Siegfried Alfred Rudolf Friedrich von Kardorff was a German politician.

text:
# Siegfried von Kardorff

**Siegfried Alfred Rudolf Friedrich von Kardorff** (4 February 1873 in Berlin − 12 October 1945 in Berlin) was a German politician.

## Life

He was born the son of Wilhelm von Kardorff and followed him in adopting a career in politics. Describing himself as a "left-wing Free Conservative", Kardoff was from 1910 to 1918 member of Prussian House of Representatives. Kardorff helped found the German National People's Party. At one of its first public meetings in December 1918, Kardorff was the main speaker. He declared: "Our new party, in which friendly right-wing parties have united, has no past and rejects any responsibility for the past. We have a present and, if God will, a good future". Kardorff said that the party would uphold the monarchy, agriculture, the middle class and the church: "But we are not a party of Lutheran orthodoxy, rather we find recognition wherever living Christianity is found".

Kardorff later joined the German People's Party and was a member of its "industrial right-wing" according to the historian Stephen G. Fritz. From 1920 to 1932 he was member of German Reichstag.

He also composed political biographies of Otto von Bismarck and his father; the latter was praised by G. P. Gooch, Carlton J. H. Hayes and Sidney B. Fay.


abstract: The Sigma 150mm f/2.8 APO Macro EX DG HSM is a telephoto macro prime lenses made by Sigma Corporation. The lens was produced for the SA mount, Canon EF mount, Four Thirds System, and the Nikon F-mount; all have the same optical formula.

text:
# Sigma 150mm f/2.8 APO Macro EX DG HSM lens

The **Sigma 150mm f/2.8 APO Macro EX DG HSM** is a telephoto macro prime lenses made by Sigma Corporation.

The lens was produced for the SA mount, Canon EF mount, Four Thirds System, and the Nikon F-mount; all have the same optical formula.

## Technical information

The **Sigma 150mm f/2.8 APO Macro EX DG HSM** is a consumer-level macro lens. It is constructed with a plastic body and a metal mount. This lens features a distance window with magnification scale. A nine-blade, maximum aperture of f/2.8 gives this lens the ability to create very shallow depth of field effects. The optical construction of this lens is made up of 16 lens elements, including two SLD (Special Low Dispersion) elements. This lens uses an inner focusing system, powered by a ring type HSM motor. Auto focus speed of this lens is slow in absolute terms, being a macro lens it is not as fast as most ring HSM lenses. The front of the lens does not rotate nor extend when focusing. This lens is compatible with Sigma teleconverter lenses.

## Sample images

## InfoBox

150mm f/2.8 APO Macro EX DG HSM
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Maker | Sigma Corporation |
| Technical data | |
| Focus drive | Ultrasonic motor |
| Focal length | 150mm |
| Aperture (max/min) | f/2.8 – f/22 |
| Close focus distance | 38 cm / 15.0 in. |
| Max. magnification | 1:1 |
| Diaphragm blades | 9 |
| Construction | 16 elements in 12 groups |
| Features | |
| Short back focus | No |
| Lens-based stabilization | Yes |
| Macro capable | Yes |
| Application | Macro / Telephoto |
| Physical | |
| Max. length | 137 mm / 5.4 in. |
| Diameter | 79.6 mm / 3.1 in. |
| Weight | 895 g / 31.6 oz. |
| Filter diameter | 72 mm |
| Accessories | |
| Lens hood | Barrel |
| Angle of view | |
| Diagonal | 16.4º |
| History | |
| Introduction | January 2006 |
| Retail info | |
| MSRP | $880.00USD |


title: Sigma 18-50mm f/2.8-4.5 DC OS HSM lens

abstract: The 18-50mm f/2.8-4.5 DC OS HSM is a wide-angle zoom lens produced by Sigma Corporation. The lens has four different variates, fitting on the Canon EF mount, Pentax K mount, Minolta A-mount, and the Nikon F-mount. It features internal focusing and internal zooming, as well as two SLD elements and three aspherical lenses.

text:
# Sigma 18-50mm f/2.8-4.5 DC OS HSM lens

The **18-50mm f/2.8-4.5 DC OS HSM** is a wide-angle zoom lens produced by Sigma Corporation. The lens has four different variates, fitting on the Canon EF mount, Pentax K mount, Minolta A-mount, and the Nikon F-mount. It features internal focusing and internal zooming, as well as two SLD elements and three aspherical lenses.

## InfoBox

18-50mm f/2.8-4.5 DC OS HSM lens
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Maker | Sigma Corporation |
| Technical data | |
| Focal length | 18-50mm |
| Aperture (max/min) | f/2.8 - f/22 |
| Close focus distance | 30cm |
| Max. magnification | 1:4.1 |
| Diaphragm blades | 7 |
| Construction | 16 elements in 12 groups |
| Features | |
| Short back focus | No |
| Ultrasonic motor | Yes |
| Lens-based stabilization | Yes |
| Macro capable | No |
| Application | Wide-angle |
| Physical | |
| Max. length | 88.6mm |
| Diameter | 74mm |
| Weight | 395 g |
| Filter diameter | 67 mm |
| Accessories | |
| Lens hood | Petal |
| Angle of view | |
| Diagonal | 69.3° - 27.9° |
| Retail info | |
| MSRP | $420.00 USDUSD |


title: Sigiswanger Horn

abstract: The Sigiswanger Horn is part of the Hörner group in the Allgäu Alps. It reaches a height of 1,527 m and rises between Bolsterlang and Ofterschwang. Like its neighbour, the Rangiswanger Horn, it belongs geologically to the flysch mountains of the Anterior Hörner group, with their numerous boggy meadows and species-rich forested ravines.

text:
# Sigiswanger Horn

The **Sigiswanger Horn** (also **Sigiswangerhorn**) is part of the Hörner group in the Allgäu Alps. It reaches a height of 1,527 m and rises between Bolsterlang and Ofterschwang. Like its neighbour, the Rangiswanger Horn, it belongs geologically to the flysch mountains of the Anterior Hörner group (*Vordere Hörnergruppe*), with their numerous boggy meadows and species-rich forested ravines.

## Description

The Sigiswanger Horn is *"a rarely visited summit, covered in forest"*. The summit of this "Horn" may be climbed in a few minutes from the Panorama Way on the so-called *Allgäu Hörner Tour*, which runs between the Ofterschwanger Horn and the Weiherkopf. Only a mossy cairn adorns the summit of the Sigiswanger Horn. When approaching from the north this peak is the second of four on the Hörner tour. The Hörner tour is a route that used both in summer as well as in winter (e.g. with snowshoes). In winter the route is neither waymarked nor signed, however.

North of the Sigiswanger Horn is the *Fahnengehrenalpe* (1,329 m), to the east the *Schwingundalpe* (1,078 m) and the *Kahlrückenalpe* (1,189 m) and, to the south, the *Sigiswangerhornalpe* (1,407 m).

The *Sigiswanger Horn* is named after the village of *Sigiswang*, which lies at the eastern foot of the mountain. Sigiswang is part of the municipality of Ofterschwang. According to Thaddäus Steiner the first half of the place name of Sigiswang goes back to the Old German personal name, *Sigi*. In early 19th century maps it was still written *Siegeswanger Horn*.

360° panorama of the summit region of the Ofterschwanger Horn in the Allgäu Alps. Left, on the horizon, beyond the Iller valley is the Grünten; behind the summit cross is the Daumen Group; centre: the wooded summit of the Sigiswanger Horn; almost exactly below it is the Fahnengehren Hut. Right: the summit of the Ofterschwanger Horn

## Literature and maps

### Walking guides

* *Sigiswangerhorn*, in: Dieter Seibert, *Allgäuer Alpen alpin*, Alpine Club Guide, Munich, 2004, 16th edn., p. 145, ISBN 3763311262

### Maps

## InfoBox

| Sigiswanger Horn | |
| --- | --- |
| The Sigiswanger Horn (r) is a tree-covered peak. Immediately behind is the *Grünten*, and to the left of the Sigiswanger Horn is the 121 m lower *Ofterschwanger Horn* (centre). | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,527 m above sea level (NHN) (5,010 ft) |
| Coordinates | 47°29′05″N 10°12′34″E / 47.48463°N 10.20958°E / 47.48463; 10.20958 |
| Geography | |
| Sigiswanger HornBavaria, Germany | |
| Parent range | Prealps west of the Iller, Allgäu Alps |
| Geology | |
| Mountain type | Allgäu lookout mountain in the Hörner group |
| Type of rock | flysch |
| Climbing | |
| First ascent | by locals |


title: Shykat Ali

abstract: Shykat Ali is a Bangladeshi cricketer. He was born in Manikganj District, Bangladesh. He was selected to play for Dhaka Dynamites in the Bangladesh Premier League in 2015.

text:
# Shykat Ali

**Shykat Ali** (born 20 December 1993) is a Bangladeshi cricketer. He was born in Manikganj District, Bangladesh. He was selected to play for Dhaka Dynamites in the Bangladesh Premier League in 2015.

## InfoBox

Shykat Ali
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Mohammad Shykat Ali |
| Born | (1993-12-20) 20 December 1993<br>Manikganj, Bangladesh |
| Batting | Right-hand bat |
| Bowling | Right-arm medium |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition FC LA  Matches 45 49  Runs scored 1,981 1458  Batting average 24.15 33.13  100s/50s 1/11 1/11  Top score 111 103\*  Balls bowled 1878 378  Wickets 31 10  Bowling average 32.35 28.30  5 wickets in innings 2 -  10 wickets in match - -  Best bowling 5/31 3/17  Catches/stumpings 37/- 23/- | |
|  | |
| Source: ESPN Cricinfo, 25 October 2015 | |


title: Sigunga

abstract: Sigunga is an administrative ward in Uvinza District of Kigoma Region in Tanzania. The ward covers an area of 770.7 km⁲ (297.6 sq mi), and has an average elevation of 1,156 m (3,793 ft). In 2016 the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics report there were 12,335 people in the ward, from 20,455 in 2012. Prior to 2014 the Herembe village was a part of Siguna Ward before it split off to form the Herembe Ward.

text:
# Sigunga

**Sigunga** is an administrative ward in Uvinza District of Kigoma Region in Tanzania. The ward covers an area of 770.7 km2 (297.6 sq mi), and has an average elevation of 1,156 m (3,793 ft). In 2016 the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics report there were 12,335 people in the ward, from 20,455 in 2012. Prior to 2014 the Herembe village was a part of Siguna Ward before it split off to form the Herembe Ward.

## Villages / neighborhoods

The ward has 2 villages and 16 hamlets.

* Kaparamsenga
    + Itiga Mashariki
    + Itigi/Kapara Kaskazini
    + Itigi/Kapara Magharibi
    + Itigi/Kapara Magharibi
    + Kaparamsenga Kusini
    + Kaparamsenga Mashariki
    + Lusambo
    + Pungu
* Sigunga
    + Kagwena
    + Kahama
    + Kahwibili
    + Katale
    + Kiboko
    + Kichangani
    + Mgangasima
    + Sigoma

## InfoBox

| Sigunga *Kata ya Sigunga* (Swahili) | |
| --- | --- |
| Ward | |
| Kata ya Sigunga, Wilaya ya Uvinza | |
| SigungaLocation of Sigunga | |
| Coordinates: 5°36′44.28″S 29°53′17.88″E / 5.6123000°S 29.8883000°E / -5.6123000; 29.8883000 | |
| Country | Tanzania |
| Region | Kigoma Region |
| District | Uvinza District |
| Area | |
| Total | 770.7 km2 (297.6 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,156 m (3,793 ft) |
| Population (2016) | |
| Total | 12,335 |
| Density | 16/km2 (41/sq mi) |
| Tanzanian Postal Code | 47604 |


title: Signe Søes

abstract: Signe Søes is a Danish orienteering competitor. She won a silver medal in the short distance at the 2003 Junior World Orienteering Championships in Põlva. She placed fourth in the sprint, 10th in the middle and 12th in the long distance at the 2009 World Orienteering Championships in Miskolc. At the 2008 and 2010 World Cups, she placed 2nd. At the European Championships 2014 at Palmela, Portugal, Søes became European Champion in the middle distance winning a gold medal.

text:
# Signe Søes

**Signe Søes** (born 1983) is a Danish orienteering competitor. She won a silver medal in the short distance at the 2003 Junior World Orienteering Championships in Põlva. She placed fourth in the sprint, 10th in the middle and 12th in the long distance at the 2009 World Orienteering Championships in Miskolc. At the 2008 and 2010 World Cups, she placed 2nd. At the European Championships 2014 at Palmela, Portugal, Søes became European Champion in the middle distance winning a gold medal.

## InfoBox

Signe Søes
| <br>EOC-2010 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Medal record | | |
| Women's orienteering | | |
| Representing  Denmark | | |
| European Championships | | |
|  | 2014 Palmela | Middle |
|  | 2010 Primorsko | Middle |
| Junior World Championships | | |
|  | 2003 Põlva | Short |


title: Silent Scream (2005 film)

abstract: Silent Scream is a 2005 American independent slasher film directed by Matt Cantu and Lance Kawas and starring Scott Vickaryous, Melissa Schuman and Shanti Lowry. It premiered at the Chicago Horror Film Festival on 28 October 2005 and was released on DVD on 5 December 2006.

text:
# Silent Scream (2005 film)

***Silent Scream*** (originally known as ***The Retreat***) is a 2005 American independent slasher film directed by Matt Cantu and Lance Kawas and starring Scott Vickaryous, Melissa Schuman and Shanti Lowry. It premiered at the Chicago Horror Film Festival on 28 October 2005 and was released on DVD on 5 December 2006.

## Synopsis

A group of college students head out to a cottage in the woods for a long weekend vacation. Not long after arriving, several of the teens wander off into the woods and disappear. More students arrive the next day. They find the mutilated remains of their friends buried in the snow. It seems someone in the woods is out to get them. The remaining teens try to escape, but one by one, the mysterious "figure" hunts them down. The Figure is a slasher-type character who is stalking the group of teens before they even arrive at the cottage. The Figure is a strong fighter and extremely resilient. He seems to be stronger than all of the teens. He also seems impossible to kill. Throughout the movie, he is shot, stabbed, beaten with a stick and hit by a truck but keeps coming back in perfect health. In addition, he is very resourceful. He sets up traps in the woods and uses guns, axes, knives, tools, chains and even wire hangers to butcher the teens. Once they arrive at the cottage, the Figure begins hunting down the teens in the most gruesome and brutal ways. For a short time, the teens suspect that one of them may be the Figure.

## Cast

| Actor | Role |
| --- | --- |
| Melissa Schuman | Nicole |
| Scott Vickaryous | Mark |
| Shanti Lowry | Chloe |
| Michael McKiddy | Brad |
| Walter Harris | Steve |
| Carey Shawn | Amy |
| Roger Bergeron | Derrick |
| Mike Kinney | Richard |
| Cheryl Campbell | Marla |
| Ed Kelly | Sheriff Bruce |
| Peter Carey | Professor Barren |
|

## InfoBox

| Silent Scream | |
| --- | --- |
| DVD box cover | |
| Directed by | Matt Cantu
Lance Kawas |
| Written by | Bob Brown
Matt Cantu
Lance Kawas |
| Produced by | Bob Brown |
| Starring | Melissa Schuman
Scott Vickaryous
Shanti Lowry
Tobiasz Daszkiewicz
Thomas Zellen
Michael McKiddy
Walter Harris |
| Cinematography | Anthony 'Spike' Simms |
| Edited by | Jim O'Donnell |
| Music by | Drew Fezzey
Scott Santos |
| Release date | * October 28, 2005 (2005-10-28) (Chicago Horror Film Festival) |
| Running time | 90 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


abstract: Silver Lake is a 640-acre (2.6 km⁲) lake in Pembroke, Kingston, and Plympton, Massachusetts, south of Route 27 and east of Route 36. The Pembroke/Plympton town line is entirely within the lake, and a portion of the western shoreline of the lake is the town line with Halifax. It used to be called the Jones River Pond, but its name was changed to Silver Lake in the 1800s in a marketing effort to sell more ice from it. The lake is the principal water supply for the City of Brockton, whose water treatment plant is on Route 36 in Halifax. The inflow of the pond is Tubbs Meadow Brook, and the pond is the headwaters of the Jones River. Occasionally water is diverted into Silver Lake from Monponsett Pond in Halifax and Furnace Pond in Pembroke whenever there is a water shortage. Although the lake is a reservoir, which prevents recreational activities to keep the drinking water clean, the water from the diversions are not and can pump in contaminated water. Monponsett Pond in particular has reoccurring toxic algae growths which get transferred into the lake. It is supposed to be the main source of the Jones River by contributing about twenty percent of the river's flow, but the Forge Pond Dam near its base lets out minimal, some years no, water to the river. This also prevents migratory aquatic animals from reaching the lake. Brockton prefers to keep the dam to have more accessible water. Access to the pond is through Silver Lake Sanctuary, a 92-acre (370,000 m⁲) property where one can walk, hike and fish, which is located at the end of Barses Lane, off Route 27 in Kingston.

text:
# Silver Lake (Plymouth County, Massachusetts)

**Silver Lake** is a 640-acre (2.6 km2) lake in Pembroke, Kingston, and Plympton, Massachusetts, south of Route 27 and east of Route 36. The Pembroke/Plympton town line is entirely within the lake, and a portion of the western shoreline of the lake is the town line with Halifax. It used to be called the Jones River Pond, but its name was changed to Silver Lake in the 1800s in a marketing effort to sell more ice from it. The lake is the principal water supply for the City of Brockton, whose water treatment plant is on Route 36 in Halifax. The inflow of the pond is Tubbs Meadow Brook, and the pond is the headwaters of the Jones River. Occasionally water is diverted into Silver Lake from Monponsett Pond in Halifax and Furnace Pond in Pembroke (through Tubbs Meadow Brook) whenever there is a water shortage. Although the lake is a reservoir, which prevents recreational activities to keep the drinking water clean, the water from the diversions are not and can pump in contaminated water. Monponsett Pond in particular has reoccurring toxic algae growths which get transferred into the lake. It is supposed to be the main source of the Jones River by contributing about twenty percent of the river's flow, but the Forge Pond Dam near its base lets out minimal, some years no, water to the river. This also prevents migratory aquatic animals from reaching the lake. Brockton prefers to keep the dam to have more accessible water. Access to the pond is through Silver Lake Sanctuary, a 92-acre (370,000 m2) property where one can walk, hike and fish, which is located at the end of Barses Lane, off Route 27 in Kingston.

## Silver Lake village

*Silver Lake* is also the name of a village southeast of the lake in Kingston at the intersection of Grove Street and Lake Street, near the Kingston/Plympton town line 42°00′15″N 70°47′37″W / 42.00417°N 70.79361°W / 42.00417; -70.79361. Silver Lake Regional High School is located north of the village on Route 27.

The name has also been incorporated into numerous businesses and organizations in the area.

## InfoBox

| Silver Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Silver LakeSilver Lake | |
| Location | Pembroke, Kingston, and Plympton, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 42°00′48″N 70°47′18″W / 42.01333°N 70.78833°W / 42.01333; -70.78833 |
| Type | reservoir |
| Primary inflows | Tubbs Meadow Brook |
| Primary outflows | Jones River |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Surface area | 640 acres (2.6 km2) |
| Surface elevation | 46 ft (14 m) |
|  | |
| Settlements | Silver Lake |


title: Silver Lake (Stone County, Missouri)

abstract: Silver Lake is a lake in the U.S. state of Missouri. Silver Lake was named on account of its pure water.

text:
# Silver Lake (Stone County, Missouri)

**Silver Lake** is a lake in the U.S. state of Missouri.

Silver Lake was named on account of its pure water.

## InfoBox

| Silver Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Silver Lake | |
| Location | Stone County, Missouri |
| Coordinates | 36°57′50″N 93°24′48″W / 36.96389°N 93.41333°W / 36.96389; -93.41333 |
| Type | lake |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Surface elevation | 1,099 ft (335 m) |


title: Silverline Helicopters

abstract: Silverline Helicopters Inc. is a Canadian helicopter operator based in Holland Landing, at the Holland Landing Airpark (CLA4), Ontario Canada. Silverline Helicopters provides charter flights within areas including tourism, sightseeing, utility work, patrol, aerial firefighting and helicopter training. Silverline was established in 1999 to provide flight training with a Schweitzer 300B. It later expanded to provide helicopter charters.

text:
# Silverline Helicopters

**Silverline Helicopters Inc.** is a Canadian helicopter operator based in Holland Landing, at the Holland Landing Airpark (CLA4), Ontario Canada. Silverline Helicopters provides charter flights within areas including tourism, sightseeing, utility work, patrol, aerial firefighting and helicopter training.

Silverline was established in 1999 to provide flight training with a Schweitzer 300B. It later expanded to provide helicopter charters.

## Fleet

As of September 2019, the following were registered with Transport Canada:

**Silverline Helicopters fleet**
| Aircraft | No. of aircraft | Variants | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bell 206 | 1 | LongRanger |  |
| MD Helicopters MD 500 | 1 | MD 500D (369D) |
| Robinson R44 | 1 | R44 II |  |

## InfoBox

Silverline Helicopters
| IATA ICAO Call sign  - - - | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1999 |
| AOC # | n/a |
| Operating bases | Holland Landing Airpark |
| Fleet size | See 3 |
| Headquarters | Holland Landing, Ontario, Canada |
| Website | www.silverlinehelicopters.com |


title: Silver on the Sage

abstract: Silver on the Sage is a 1939 American Western film directed by Lesley Selander and written by Maurice Geraghty. Starring William Boyd, George "Gabby" Hayes, Russell Hayden, Ruth Rogers, Stanley Ridges, Frederick Burton and Jack Rockwell, it was released on March 31, 1939, by Paramount Pictures. Silver on the Sage was Hopalong Cassidy series entry number 25.

text:
# Silver on the Sage

***Silver on the Sage*** is a 1939 American Western film directed by Lesley Selander and written by Maurice Geraghty. Starring William Boyd, George "Gabby" Hayes, Russell Hayden, Ruth Rogers, Stanley Ridges, Frederick Burton and Jack Rockwell, it was released on March 31, 1939, by Paramount Pictures. Silver on the Sage was Hopalong Cassidy series entry number 25.

## Plot

Windy (George "Gabby" Hayes) makes the mistake of accusing the buyer, Lazy-J owner Tom Hamilton (Frederick Burton), of the theft, but Lucky (Russell Hayden) suspects the foreman Dave Talbot (Stanley Ridges). Hamilton is murdered, however, and Talbot has the perfect alibi: He was playing cards at the Mirage Bar where Hoppy (William Boyd) had gotten himself a job under the guise of being the noted gambler Bill Thompson. With Talbot not able to be in two places at the same time, the marshal (Jack Rockwell) has no choice but to arrest Lucky for murder.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Silver on the Sage | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Lesley Selander |
| Screenplay by | Maurice Geraghty |
| Based on | Characters created
by Clarence E. Mulford |
| Produced by | Harry Sherman |
| Starring | William Boyd
George "Gabby" Hayes
Russell Hayden
Ruth Rogers
Stanley Ridges
Frederick Burton
Jack Rockwell |
| Cinematography | Russell Harlan |
| Edited by | Robert B. Warwick Jr. |
| Music by | John Leipold
Stephan Pasternacki |
| Production
company | Harry Sherman Productions |
| Distributed by | Paramount Pictures |
| Release date | * March 31, 1939 (1939-03-31) |
| Running time | 68 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Silvia Arrom

abstract: Silvia Marina Arrom is an American historian of Mexico. She is the Jane's Professor Emerita of Latin American Studies at Brandeis University. Arrom has published on groups and issues that have largely been ignored in traditional accounts, including women, gender, the family, social welfare, popular politics, and the poor, with particular attention to the nineteenth century. She is known for her 1985 book, The Women of Mexico City, 1790–1857.

text:
# Silvia Arrom

**Silvia Marina Arrom** (born 26 August 1949) is an American historian of Mexico. She is the Jane's Professor Emerita of Latin American Studies at Brandeis University.

Arrom has published on groups and issues that have largely been ignored in traditional accounts, including women, gender, the family, social welfare, popular politics, and the poor, with particular attention to the nineteenth century. She is known for her 1985 book, *The Women of Mexico City, 1790–1857*.

## Personal life

Arrom was born in 1949 to Cuban parents; Silvia (Ravelo) Arrom and José Juan Arrom, a distinguished professor of Latin American literature at Yale University. She grew up in New Haven, CT. In 1972, she married computer scientist David R. Oran. The couple has two children.

## Education

Arrom received her Bachelor's degree in Political Science from Bryn Mawr College in 1971. She then enrolled at Stanford University and earned her Master's and Doctoral degree in History in 1973 and 1978, respectively.

## Career

Arrom taught at Yale University and Indiana University before joining the faculty of Brandeis University in 1991 as the Jane's Professor of Latin American Studies. In addition to teaching in the History Department, she directed the program in Latin American and Latino Studies and was a member of the program in Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies. After becoming Professor Emerita in 2013, she continued lecturing, writing books, and collaborating with Mexican colleagues on research projects.

Arrom has received numerous fellowships to support her research and was a fellow at the Bunting Institute of Radcliffe College in 1991. She has served on editorial boards of scholarly journals, including the *Latin American Research Review*, *Hispanic American Historical Review*, *Signs*, *Secuencia*, and *Estudios de Historia Moderna y Contemporánea de México*. She served as president of the New England Council of Latin American Studies from 1996 to 1997, was the director of the Boston Area Consortium on Latin America from 1992 to 2010, and has been on the advisory board of the Asociación Latinoamericana e Ibérica de Historia Social (ALIHS) since 2019.

## Research

Arrom has published four monographs, three edited volumes, and numerous scholarly articles on Latin American social and legal history, especially of Mexico from 1770–1910.

Arrom's 1985 book *The Women of Mexico City*, examines women's legal status and the diversity of women's experiences by class, race, and marital status, and questions such stereotypes as the perpetual legal minority of women and their confinement to the domestic sphere. Her co-edited volume *Riots in the Cities* questions the view of urban politics as an exclusively elite affair before the 20th century.

*Containing the Poor*, which focuses on the inner workings of the Mexico City Poor House during the first century of its existence, demonstrates the failure of elite attempts to control the capital city's beggars. It also calls into question the utility of standard political markers and contrasting views of Liberals and Conservatives for institutional and social history. Arrom's 2017 book *Volunteering for a Cause* complicates the notion of the feminization of charity by exploring its gendered dimensions. By showing the resurgence of Catholic lay organizations and the limitations of public social welfare institutions, it also contradicts the dominant narrative of the decline of religion and the construction of a strong State during the Porfirian period. Her book *La Güera Rodríguez* focuses more squarely on the creation and persistence of historical fictions. Providing the first biography of an iconic Mexican woman, it also traces her subsequent journey from history to myth in the 20th and 21st centuries, thus highlighting the gap between history and popular memory.

In her interview with Hubonor Ayala Flores, Arrom described the stereotypes she challenges as "zombie theories" that are so ingrained that they refuse to die even in the face of contradictory evidence.

She was elected honorary president of the XVI Reunión Internacional de Historiadores de México (XVI International Reunion of Historians of Mexico), only the third woman to be so honored since the organization's founding in 1949.

## Awards/honors

* 1986 - Honorable Mention, Bolton Prize for best book in Latin American History, for *Women of Mexico City*
* 2001 - Honorable Mention, New England Council of LAS, Best Book in Latin American Studies for *Containing the Poor*
* 2022 - Honorary President, XVI Reunión Internacional de Historiadores de México
* 2023 - Howard L. Cline Memorial Prize for the best book in Mexican History for *La Guera Rodriguez: The Life and Legends of a Mexican Independence Heroine*, Latin American Studies Association

## Publications

### Books

* *La mujer mexicana ante el divorcio eclesiástico, (1800–1857)*. Mexico City: SepSetentas, 1976.
* *The Women of Mexico City*, *1790–1857*. Stanford CA.: Stanford University Press, 1985. Spanish edition: *Las mujeres de la ciudad de México, 1790–1857*. Mexico City: Siglo XXI Editores.
* *Containing the Poor*: *The Mexico City Poor House, 1774–1871*. Durham NC: Duke University Press, 2000. Spanish edition: *Para contener al pueblo: El Hospicio de Pobres de la ciudad de México, 1774–1871*. Mexico City: CIESAS, 2011.
* *Riots in the Cities*: *Popular Politics and the Urban Poor in Latin America, 1765–1910,* co-edited with Servando Ortoll. Wilmington DE: Scholarly Resources, 1996. Spanish edition: *Revuelta en las ciudades: políticas populares en América Latina*. Mexico City: UAM-Iztapalapa/El Colegio de Sonora/Porrúa, 2004.
* *De donde crecen las palmas*, co-authored with José Juan Arrom and Judith A. Weiss. Havana: Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de la Cultura Cubana Juan Marinello, 2005.
* *Volunteering for a Cause: Gender, Faith, and Charity in Mexico from the Reform to the Revolution*. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2016. Spanish edition: *Voluntarios por una causa: Género, fe y caridad en México desde la Reforma hasta la Revolución*. Mexico City: CIESAS, 2017.
* *La Güera Rodriguez: The Life and Legends of a Mexican Independence Heroine*. Oakland: University of California Press, 2021. Spanish edition: *La Güera Rodríguez: Mito y mujer*. Mexico City: Editorial Turner de México, 2020.

### Selected articles

* "Marriage Patterns in Mexico City, 1811," *Journal of Family History* 3, 4 (Winter 1978): 376-91.
* "Changes in Mexican Family Law in the Nineteenth Century: The Civil Codes of 1870 and 1884," *Journal of Family History,* 10, 3 (Fall 1985): 305-317.
* "Popular Politics in Mexico City: The Parián Riot, 1828," *Hispanic American Historical Review,* 68, 2 (May 1988): 245-268.
* "Historia de la mujer y de la familia latinoamericanas," *Historia Mexicana* 42, 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1992): 379-418.
* "Catholic Philanthropy and Civil Society: The Lay Volunteers of St. Vincent de Paul in Nineteenth-Century Mexico," 31-62 in *Philanthropy and Social Change in Latin America*, ed. Cynthia Sanborn and Felipe Portocarrero. Cambridge, MA: David Rockefeller Center Series on Latin American Studies, Harvard University, 2005.
* "Mexican Women Spearhead a Catholic Revival: The Ladies of Charity, 1863-1910," 50-77 In M. A. Nesvig, ed., *Religious Culture in Modern Mexico* (2007). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
* "La movilización de las mujeres católicas en Jalisco: Las Señoras de la Caridad, 1864-1913," 67-92 in *Género en la encrucijada de la historia social y cultural de México*, eds. Susie S. Porter and María Teresa Fernández Aceves. Zamora, Michoacán: Colegio de Michoacán/ CIESAS, 2015).
* "La Güera Rodríguez: la construcción de una leyenda," *Historia Mexicana*, no. 274 (Oct.-Dec. 2019): 471-510.
* "El papel de la mujer en el Virreinato, siglos XVI-XVIII," in *México, 1521-1821*. *Se forja una nación*. vol. 1, 513-529. Mexico City: Banamex, 2022.

## InfoBox

| Silvia Marina Arrom | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1949-08-26) August 26, 1949
New Haven |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation(s) | Historian and Professor |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | Bryn Mawr College
Stanford University |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Latin American social and legal history |
| Institutions | Brandeis University |
|  | |


title: SimCity Creator (Nintendo DS)

abstract: SimCity DS 2: Kodai kara Mirai e Tsuduku Machi SimCity Creator is a city-building game for the Nintendo DS video game console. It was released in the Western world in September 2008, alongside its Wii counterpart. In Japan it was released several months ahead on March 19, 2008, as a sequel to SimCity DS under the name SimCity DS 2: Kodai kara Mirai e Tsuduku Machi.

text:
# SimCity Creator (Nintendo DS)

***SimCity Creator*** is a city-building game for the Nintendo DS video game console. It was released in the Western world in September 2008, alongside its Wii counterpart. In Japan it was released several months ahead on March 19, 2008, as a sequel to *SimCity DS* under the name ***SimCity DS 2: Kodai kara Mirai e Tsuduku Machi*** (シムシティDS2 〜古代から未来へ続くまち〜, *ShimuShiti DS 2 〜Kodai kara Mirai e Tsuduku Machi〜*, lit. "SimCity 2: Antiquity from the Future to the Leading City").

## Gameplay

Building on the traditional *SimCity* formula, *SimCity DS 2* offers a new Challenge Mode that sees players guide their city through different historical periods, always starting at the Dawn of Civilization stage, before the player can choose to deviate along a European Oriental city, a Feudal Japanese city, or American style city. Because of this, it is now possible to create cities with a historical theme. For instance, the player can create a Renaissance themed city, a pre-historic themed city or a futuristic city, and unlock famous landmarks as they progress through time that can be built in the open-ended free play mode.

Players are also able to take pictures of their city and share them with friends through Local Wireless.

## Eras

The game consists of eight different time periods, most of which are options amongst other eras in their own respective sub-categories.

### Ancient

The ancient era consists of one time period; the Dawn of Civilization, and depicts the very beginning of civilization.

**Dawn of Civilization**  \- The first time period the player can access. The player is introduced to a pre-200 population town and 500 logs (Logs in this era have the same role as currency does in other eras and SimCity titles), in which food sources take the role of electricity. The town is placed next to animal hunting grounds which are required for growth until farms are unlocked. Only residential areas and animal paths (With the latter representing roads) can be built at the very beginning, however commercial zones, public squares, Farms and several different landmarks are unlocked throughout the progression of the period. Halfway through the period, a foundation is placed somewhere on the map which is chosen by the player, and as the population increases a large building gradually develops on the foundation. The player must achieve a population of 5,000 to advance to the next era. When the population is met, the Tower of Babel is built on the foundation.

### Medieval

The Medieval era consists of two time periods, most likely depicting the dark ages. The player must select one of the two. Once one has been selected, the player can only select the other one by starting another save file and going through the Ancient era again. In this era, the player unlocks Police and Fire Stations, Schools and Hospitals which are required to effectively grow the city, and Landscaping is enabled as well as the ability to build bridges. Landfills, Prisons, Post offices, Seaports and Industrial zones are unlocked in this era, as well as exclusive castles. Money also replaces wood in this era. Both time periods are completed by raising the population by 20,000.

**European Renaissance**  \- Takes place in an unknown country of Europe in the 1400s (1480~1520). Many of the buildings here are gothic, while others are simple stone structures. Farms also appear as orchards in this particular time period. The city is also built on grass rather than the sand of the previous time period. In this time period, the university can be unlocked, which can't be unlocked in Open Asia. The symbol of the age is the Notre Dame Cathedral.

**Open Asia**  \- Takes place in an unknown country of Asia; most likely China or Japan, in the 1800s (1830~1870). The buildings are of a very Chinese and Japanese architecture, and generally the citizens highly regard peace. The sims on the sims sheet wear kimono as headwear, which is not seen in any other time period. The symbol of the age is the Five Storied Pagoda.

### Modern

The Modern era consists of three time periods. In this era, Food is not required for city expansion and is replaced with the need for electricity. Immediately after the era is started, the player must build coal power plants (Oil power is later unlocked in 2 of the three time periods) and link them to all the zones using power lines. Unpowered zones become abandoned after a certain period of time and unpowered buildings don't operate. The player unlocks water towers, mid-density zones, railroads, parks and universities (If it hasn't yet been unlocked in the previous era). In this era, the player encounters three quizzes that can help the progression in the time period. To complete this era, the population must be raised by about 40,000, though the progression is represented as "the approval rate". The higher the quality of life, the less the population must be raised to complete the era.

**European Industrial**  \- Similar to European Renaissance, but taller, better buildings can be used. Takes place in the industrial revolution (1850~1900) in some country of Europe, most likely France. Much of European Renaissance's architecture is preserved in this time period. The symbol of the age of this time period is the "Luminous Tower" (Eiffel Tower).

**Asia Development**  \- Contains architecture that varies between eastern and western styles. Takes place in post-war Japan in the 1950s (1950~1989), where the population is recovering from World War II. In this time period, the player can unlock the airport, which cannot be unlocked in the other 2 time periods. The symbol of the age is the Oriental Pearl Tower.

**American Prosperity**  \- Features wild west architecture, with many wood houses and shacks, while the larger buildings are made of stone. Takes place during the big immigration in the late 19th century (1870~1930). In this time period the player can pay to have sims immigrate to the city, thus increasing development. This is the only time period in this era where the player cannot unlock the Oil Power Plant. The symbol of the age is the Empire State Building.

### Present

The present era features the largest number of unlockable buildings. The player has immediate access to buildings that were not unlocked in the previous era, as well as bus terminals, high-density zones, oil plants, incinerators, airports, a courthouse, and others. Through progression, the player unlocks pump plants, marinas, and recycling centers. Special buildings that can be unlocked through progression include a theatre of the arts, a casino and a munitions factory. The player has the ability to invest in research funding to unlock advanced buildings and facilities, including wind, nuclear, and geothermal power plants, water treatment plants, energy incinerators, and research labs. If the player has a tree growing in the city, it can be turned into an oil refinery to increase industrial demand and the output of power plants. There are three time periods in this era all taking place in 1997 up to the year 2069 (after 2069 the year will be 20XX or 2070), though the only differences are the symbols of the ages and the soundtracks. To complete the era, the player must increase the population by 500,000.

**Global Warming Asia**  \- This time period can only be accessed once Asia Development has been completed. The soundtrack is a mix of punk and jazz. the symbol of the age is the Twin Towers.

**Global Warming Europe**  \- This time period can only be accessed once European Industrial has been completed. The soundtrack is heavy metal. The symbol of the age is the Messe Tower.

**Global Warming America**  \- This time period can only be accessed once American Prosperity has been completed. The soundtrack is jazz. The symbol of the age is the Gateway Arch.

### Future

This era can be accessed if the player fully pollutes the city, deprives it of all greenery, and keeps the population up until year 2070. In this era, the city is entirely replaced with an ocean, and most buildings can only be built on the ocean rather than the land. The only buildings that are accessible at the beginning are zones, wind power plants, ancient trees and energy lines which serve as roads for aircraft, which replace cars. There is no traffic congestion in this era. The player unlocks general management buildings (police and firefighters in one building), general life buildings (hospitals and schools in one building), ozone power plants, water pumps, and garbage incinerators. The zones in this era are placed in 3X3 panel areas. There is one time period in this era.

**Post Global Warming**  \- The buildings are colorful and dynamic in appearance, and have many trees planted on their structure. Takes place in 2080 to 2200 (after 2200, the time will be 21XX) after enough glaciers have melted to flood the player's city. The symbol of the age is the Tree of Life, a giant 4X4 panel tree.

## Characters

2 characters which appear in the predecessor of the game (SimCity DS) return in SimCity Creator DS. The main Characters are as follows:

* **Maxis** \- The main character of the game who introduces you to the mayor's office and tells the events of each era in the game, as well as notifying the player of unlocked content. He serves as the player's advisor.

* **Professor Sim** \- Does not appear until the player reaches the modern age and develops high education levels and provides adequate research funding. Professor Sim notifies the player of buildings unlocked via said methods. Many of these buildings are overpowered, such as the Environmental Protection center which permanently exterminates pollution around a large radius. In the Post-Global warming age (The future era), Professor Sim takes over for Maxis as the player's advisor.

## Zones

There are three types of zone featured in the game, and Density type (Low, Medium and High) determines the types of buildings that appear within a zone.

* **Residential** \- These zones allow Sims to construct different types of houses, from simple dwellings and huts at the Dawn of Civilization stage to sky-scraping high-rises in the future. The three densities each allow large family homes, multistory apartment buildings or large skyscrapers to be built at best land value.
* **Commercial** \- These zones allow trade centers to be built for Sims or large commercial centers where they can spend Simoleons. The three densities each allow large stores, supermarkets or gigantic shopping malls to be built at best land value.
* **Agri-Industrial** \- These zones allow orchards, rice paddies and pastures to be built to sustain the city's Sim populace. Once the civilization has gone beyond farming, industrial zones are where windmills and small and large factories are constructed. Unlike the other zones, land value is not required for high density buildings.

## Reception

The DS version received "average" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, *Famitsu* gave it a score of 33 out of 40.

1. The name is commonly known as ***SimCity DS 2***

## InfoBox

| **SimCity Creator** | |
| --- | --- |
| North American box art | |
| Developer(s) | AKI Corporation |
| Publisher(s) | Electronic Arts |
| Series | *SimCity* |
| Platform(s) | Nintendo DS |
| Release | * JP: March 19, 2008 * EU: September 19, 2008 * NA: September 22, 2008 * AU: September 25, 2008 |
| Genre(s) | City-building |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: SimCity 64

abstract: SimCity 64 is a city-building video game developed by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64DD. The game and its peripheral were released only in Japan.

text:
# SimCity 64

***SimCity 64*** (シムシティー64, *shimushitī-rokuyon*) is a city-building video game developed by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64DD. The game and its peripheral were released only in Japan.

## Gameplay

*SimCity 64* may have been intended as a sequel to Nintendo's Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) release of the original 1991 *SimCity*, given several elements from the SNES version are found in *SimCity 64*, including Dr. Wright (named after Will Wright), the city's advisor. Although general gameplay in *SimCity 64* is much like *SimCity 2000*, the game's graphical textures and building tilesets are considerably different and also, the game eliminates the water buildings and pipes only leaving the power plants and power lines. However, the game sports several advanced features that were not seen in *SimCity 2000* or even *SimCity 3000*: The ability to view the city at night (now also available in *SimCity 4*), pedestrian level free-roaming of a city, and individual road vehicles and pedestrians (which could only be seen while in the free-roaming mode). Cities in the game are also presented in 3D hybrid graphics. The 64DD incarnation of the game *SimCopter*, which was first planned as a stand-alone title, was later integrated into *SimCity 64*.

## Development

*SimCity 64* was developed by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo. Word that it was being developed leaked to the press in mid-1997. Producer Shigeru Miyamoto was involved in editing the game. *SimCity 64* was originally intended to be released as a launch game for the peripheral. After numerous delays of the 64DD, *SimCity 64* was made playable at Nintendo Space World in 1999. The game is considerably obscure, given its Japan-only release and designation to run on the ill-fated 64DD platform.

## Reception

The four reviewers of the Japanese magazine *Famitsu* awarded *SimCity 64* scores of 8, 8, 8 and 7 for a total of 31 out of 40 points. IGN gave the game a 6 out of 10.

## InfoBox

| SimCity 64 | |
| --- | --- |
| Box art | |
| Developer(s) | HAL Laboratory |
| Publisher(s) | Nintendo |
| Series | *SimCity* |
| Platform(s) | Nintendo 64DD |
| Release |  |
| Genre(s) | City-building simulation |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Simon Kukes

abstract: Simon Gregory Kukes is a Russian-born American chemist and retired oil industry businessman. He immigrated to the US to work in the oil industry in the late 1970s, and returned to Russia with Amoco in 1995. He became vice president at Yukos, president of TNK-BP from 1998 until 2003, and returned to head Yukos, replacing Mikhail Khodorkovsky. Officially retired he is still consulting in the oil businesses. Holding various positions over the years, Kukes has served as the principal of his personal investment company, SK Energy, since April 2013. He is the CEO and Director of PEDEVCO Corp. His commitment to the oil and gas industry has inspired Dr. Simon Kukes to publish more than 60 scientific papers and two books on the oil and gas industry of Russia and the United States. He is also the holder of more than 130 patents, primarily in Oil and Petrochemical Processing.

text:
# Simon Kukes

**Simon Gregory Kukes** (Russian: Семен Григорьевич Кукес; born 5 December 1946) is a Russian-born American chemist and retired oil industry businessman. He immigrated to the US to work in the oil industry in the late 1970s, and returned to Russia with Amoco in 1995. He became vice president at Yukos, president of TNK-BP from 1998 until 2003, and returned to head Yukos, replacing Mikhail Khodorkovsky. Officially retired he is still consulting in the oil businesses.

Holding various positions over the years, Kukes has served as the principal of his personal investment company, SK Energy, since April 2013. He is the CEO and Director of PEDEVCO Corp.

His commitment to the oil and gas industry has inspired Dr. Simon Kukes to publish more than 60 scientific papers and two books on the oil and gas industry of Russia and the United States. He is also the holder of more than 130 patents, primarily in Oil and Petrochemical Processing.

## Early life and education

Simon Kukes was born in Moscow to Jewish parents. He studied at Mendeleev Moscow Chemical & Technological Institute and at Nesmeyanov Institute of Hetero-Organic Compounds for his postgraduate studies.

Kukes attended several prestigious universities all over the globe, receiving his Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering from the D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, where he graduated with Honors.

From there, he pursued his PhD in Physical Chemistry at the Russian Academy of Sciences, where he would later be a Research Associate for Nuclear and Electronic Resonance.

Kukes then attended Rice University in Houston, Texas where he was a Postdoctoral Fellow.

## Career

Kukes immigrated to the US in the late seventies, and became an American citizen, giving up his Russian passport. He briefly taught at Rice University, in Houston, Texas. From 1979 to 1987, he was the Technical Director of oil-refining and petro-chemistry for Phillips Petroleum and in 1987 became Vice-President over marketing and business development for Amoco. In 1995, he became vice president of its Moscow Office. From 1996 to 1998, he was vice president at Yukos. He was also the President and Chief Executive of Tyumen Oil Company (TNK) from 1998 until it combined with British Petroleum in 2003 to create TNK-BP.

In 1999, the Wall Street Journal voted Kukes as one of the Top 10 Central European Executives. He is also the recipient of the Medal of the Ministry for Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, as well as the American Society of Competition Development Award for Leadership. In 2003, he was named by The Financial Times and PricewaterhouseCoopers as one of the 64 most respected business leaders in the world.

In November 2003, he was elected to replace Mikhail Khodorkovsky as the head of Yukos.

In June 2004, he became co-owner of the Russian oil company ZAO Samara-Nafta, a subsidiary of Lukoil. As of 2005, Kukes owned 8 percent in Amarin Corporation, then a neurology drug developer. He also was a partner at Hess Corporation, a New York-based oil and gas company.

As of 2016, he is a consultant for oil businesses in the US and Russia, as well as Leverate, a FinTech company for foreign exchange brokers.

From January 2005 to April 2013, Kukes was the CEO at Samara-Nafta, a Russian oil company that partnered with US-based international oil company, Hess Corporation.

Following his time at TNK, Kukes joined Yukos Oil Company in Moscow presiding as the CEO and Chairman.

In 2019, Kukes invested in an Israeli company, GLAMZ, a platform connecting customers to local beauty service providers.

## Mueller report

In September 2017, Kukes was reportedly being investigated by the Mueller special counsel investigation for alleged ties to Viktor Vekselberg.

## Personal life

In 2000, Kukes bought a four-room condominium in Trump Parc in Manhattan.

## InfoBox

| Simon Kukes | |
| --- | --- |
| Kukes shaking hands with Putin in 2000 | |
| Born | 1946 (age 7778) |
| Occupation(s) | oil business manager, consultant |
| Title | Chief Executive |


title: Simon Collins (footballer)

abstract: Simon Jonathan Collins is an English former professional footballer, born in Pontefract, Yorkshire, who made 200 appearances in the Football League playing as a defender for Huddersfield Town, Plymouth Argyle, Macclesfield Town and Shrewsbury Town. He was manager of Bradford Park Avenue, having previously been in charge at Ossett Town and Stocksbridge Park Steels.

text:
# Simon Collins (footballer)

**Simon Jonathan Collins** (born 16 December 1973) is an English former professional footballer, born in Pontefract, Yorkshire, who made 200 appearances in the Football League playing as a defender for Huddersfield Town, Plymouth Argyle, Macclesfield Town and Shrewsbury Town. He was manager of Bradford Park Avenue, having previously been in charge at Ossett Town and Stocksbridge Park Steels.

## Career

Collins started his career as a trainee at Huddersfield Town, spending time on loan to Halifax Town before joining Plymouth Argyle in 1997. He appeared in the famous Jimmy Glass game, in which Carlisle United's goalkeeper scored in the 94th minute to save his club from relegation from the Football League. After leaving Argyle in 1999 he played for Macclesfield Town and Shrewsbury Town in the league, and then for non-league clubs Frickley Athletic, Belper Town, Bradford Park Avenue, Grantham Town, Ossett Town, and Stocksbridge Park Steels.

He then went into coaching, and managed Ossett Town from 2007 to 2009 before taking over as manager of Stocksbridge Park Steels in September 2009. Collins left Stocksbridge in March 2010, just six months after joining, before being appointed new Bradford Park Avenue manager in May 2010, following the end of the 2009–10 season.

His younger brother Sam also became a professional footballer; the brothers played alongside each other for Huddersfield Town.

## InfoBox

Simon Collins
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Simon Jonathan Collins | | |
| Date of birth | (1973-12-16) 16 December 1973 | | |
| Place of birth | Pontefract, England | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Huddersfield Town | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1992–1997 | Huddersfield Town | 52 | (3) |
| 1993–1994 | Happy Valley AA (loan) | ? | (?) |
| 1994 | Halifax Town (loan) | 3 | (0) |
| 1997–1999 | Plymouth Argyle | 84 | (5) |
| 1999–2001 | Macclesfield Town | 56 | (4) |
| 2001 | Shrewsbury Town (loan) | 12 | (0) |
| 2001–2002 | Frickley Athletic | 47 | (13) |
| 2002 | Belper Town |  |  |
| 2002–2003 | Bradford Park Avenue |  |  |
| 2003–2004 | Belper Town |  |  |
| 2004–2007 | Frickley Athletic |  |  |
| 2007 | Grantham Town | 2 | (0) |
| 2007 | Ossett Town |  |  |
| 2007 | Stocksbridge Park Steels |  |  |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2007–2009 | Ossett Town | | |
| 2009–2010 | Stocksbridge Park Steels | | |
| 2010 | Bradford Park Avenue | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Siipiweikot

abstract: Siipiweikot is a Finnish restaurant chain founded in 1993 specialising in hot chicken wings, spicy sauces, french fries and beer. The Siipiweikot chain has two restaurants in Tampere. Also the Prisma store in Pirkkala has a smaller bar-style establishment where wings can be bought as take-away. Siipiweikot has become famous for furthering the hot wings culture in Finland, and its home city of Tampere has often been called "the wings capital of Finland". The restaurant menu also offers vegetarian options based on seitan. The Siipiweikot sauces are also sold for consumers in grocery stores. The business of the restaurant chain is handled by the limited company Hot Wings Oy. In 2020 the company's revenue was 4.8 million euro, and the annual profit was 472 thousand euro. The current CEO of the company is Laura Yli-Houhala, who is the daughter of the company founder Pekka Yli-Houhala.

text:
# Siipiweikot

**Siipiweikot** is a Finnish restaurant chain founded in 1993 specialising in hot chicken wings, spicy sauces, french fries and beer. The Siipiweikot chain has two restaurants in Tampere. Also the Prisma store in Pirkkala has a smaller bar-style establishment where wings can be bought as take-away.

Siipiweikot has become famous for furthering the hot wings culture in Finland, and its home city of Tampere has often been called "the wings capital of Finland". The restaurant menu also offers vegetarian options based on seitan. The Siipiweikot sauces are also sold for consumers in grocery stores.

The business of the restaurant chain is handled by the limited company Hot Wings Oy. In 2020 the company's revenue was 4.8 million euro, and the annual profit was 472 thousand euro. The current CEO of the company is Laura Yli-Houhala, who is the daughter of the company founder Pekka Yli-Houhala.

1. Ravintola Siipiweikot - Yritystiedot, *Finder*. Accessed on 4 March 2021.
2. siipiweikot.fi, *Siipiweikot*. Accessed on 4 March 2021.
3. Mistä saa siipipääkaupungin parhaat siivet? – Tässä on Paras Tamperelainen Siipipaikka -äänestyksen kärki juuri nyt!, *Tamperelainen*. Accessed on 4 March 2021.
4. Siipiweikot teki Tampereesta Suomen siipipääkaupungin, *Atria*. Accessed on 4 March 2021.
5. Tässä on parhaat wingsit – maistoimme kanansiipiä viidestä helsinkiläisravintolasta, selkeä voittaja ja häviäjä löytyivät, *Helsingin Sanomat*. Accessed on 4 March 2021.
6. Saammeko esitellä, tässä tulee Siiwege – Tampereella suunnitellut vegaaniset wingsit Siipiweikkojen myyntiin, *City*. Accessed on 4 March 2021.
7. Reseptit, *Siipiweikot*. Accessed on 4 March 2021.
8. Nyt avataan siipien noutoravintola – Take away -annosten kysyntä on kasvanut niin lujaa, että Tampereelle tulee uusi Siipiweikot, *Aamulehti*. Accessed on 4 March 2021.

## InfoBox

Siipiweikot
|
|  |
| Trade name | Hot Wings Oy |
| Industry | Restaurant chain |
| Founded | 1993 (1993) |
| Founder | Pekka Yli-Houhala |
| Headquarters | Tampere, Finland |
| Number of locations | 2 |
| Key people | Laura Yli-Houhala (CEO) |
| Products | Chicken wings |
| Revenue | EUR 4,800,000 (2020) |
| Operating income | EUR 472,000 |
| Website | www.siipiweikot.fi |


title: Simon Eisner

abstract: Simon Eisner was chief city planner for Los Angeles, California, between 1943 and 1949 and was designated a National Planning Pioneer by the American Planning Association in 1991. Eisner was born in Bayonne, New Jersey, and in 1920 moved to California, where he attended Lincoln High School and UCLA. He graduated with a degree in architecture from the University of California, Berkeley. Between 1937 and 1943, Eisner worked for the Los Angeles County Regional Planning Commission, then was chief city planning architect for the City of Los Angeles between 1943 and 1949. He co-authored the 1943 Los Angeles Plan for Freeways. He began his own consulting firm in 1950 and completed plans for cities throughout California, including Beverly Hills, Burbank, San Luis Obispo, and Santa Barbara, and cities in the San Gabriel Valley and Riverside and San Bernardino counties. From 1946 to 1964, Eisner taught at the University of Southern California and then was director of the Urban Innovations Group at UCLA. He was the author of a textbook, The Urban Pattern, with Arthur B. Gallion. Eisner had a Distinguished Service Award from the American Institute of Certified Planners, for which he had been nominated as a Fellow. He died on October 28, 1999, at the age of 92, and was survived by his wife, Isabel, and two sons, Stan and Richard.

text:
# Simon Eisner

**Simon Eisner** (ca. 1907–1999) was chief city planner for Los Angeles, California, between 1943 and 1949 and was designated a National Planning Pioneer by the American Planning Association in 1991.

Eisner was born in Bayonne, New Jersey, and in 1920 moved to California, where he attended Lincoln High School (Los Angeles) and UCLA. He graduated with a degree in architecture from the University of California, Berkeley.

Between 1937 and 1943, Eisner worked for the Los Angeles County Regional Planning Commission, then was chief city planning architect for the City of Los Angeles between 1943 and 1949. He co-authored the 1943 Los Angeles Plan for Freeways.

He began his own consulting firm in 1950 and completed plans for cities throughout California, including Beverly Hills, Burbank, San Luis Obispo, and Santa Barbara, and cities in the San Gabriel Valley and Riverside and San Bernardino counties.

From 1946 to 1964, Eisner taught at the University of Southern California and then was director of the Urban Innovations Group at UCLA.

He was the author of a textbook, *The Urban Pattern,* with Arthur B. Gallion.

Eisner had a Distinguished Service Award from the American Institute of Certified Planners, for which he had been nominated as a Fellow.

He died on October 28, 1999, at the age of 92, and was survived by his wife, Isabel, and two sons, Stan and Richard.


title: Singe (Tanzanian ward)

abstract: Singe is an administrative ward in the Babati Urban District of the Manyara Region of Tanzania. According to the 2012 census, the ward has a population of 6,620.

text:
# Singe (Tanzanian ward)

**Singe** is an administrative ward in the Babati Urban District of the Manyara Region of Tanzania. According to the 2012 census, the ward has a population of 6,620.

## InfoBox

| Singe | |
| --- | --- |
| Ward | |
| SingeSinge ward | |
| Coordinates: 04°12′36″S 35°44′57″E / 4.21000°S 35.74917°E / -4.21000; 35.74917 | |
| Country | Tanzania |
| Region | Manyara |
| District | Babati Urban District |
| Population (2012) | |
| Total | 6,620 |
| Time zone | UTC+03 (EAT) |


title: Sinister Street (film)

abstract: Sinister Street is a 1922 British silent drama film directed by George Beranger and starring John Stuart, Amy Verity and Maudie Dunham. It was adapted from the 1913–14 novel Sinister Street by Compton MacKenzie.

text:
# Sinister Street (film)

***Sinister Street*** is a 1922 British silent drama film directed by George Beranger and starring John Stuart, Amy Verity and Maudie Dunham. It was adapted from the 1913–14 novel *Sinister Street* by Compton MacKenzie.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Sinister Street | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | George Beranger |
| Written by | Arthur Q. Walton |
| Based on | *Sinister Street*
by Compton Mackenzie |
| Starring | John Stuart
Amy Verity
Maudie Dunham
Charles Tilson-Chowne |
| Production
company | Ideal Films |
| Distributed by | Ideal Films |
| Release date | * 1922 (1922) |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: Simnia

abstract: Simnia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Ovulidae.

text:
# Simnia

***Simnia*** is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Ovulidae.

## Taxonomy

Dolin & Ledon (2002) considered that the lectotype of *Simnia nicaeensis* Risso, 1826, type species of *Simnia*, is a juvenile specimen of *Simnia spelta* (Linnaeus, 1758) type species of *Neosimnia* Fischer, 1884. This makes *Simnia* an objective synonym of *Neosimnia*. Accordingly, all the species treated in Lorenz & Fehse (2009) under *Neosimnia* should thereby be accepted under *Simnia*. Likewise, all the species treated by Lorenz & Fehse (2009) under *Simnia* should thereby be accepted under *Xandarovula* Cate, 1973. The assumptions of Dolin (Dolin & Ledon, 2002) are based on interpretations but not on the examination of the type material. Fehse (2016) has confirmed the vaility of the genus Neosimnia because the lectotype of *Simnia nicaeensis* Risso, 1826, type species of *Simnia*, is never a juvenile specimen of *Simnia spelta* (Linnaeus, 1758) type species of *Neosimnia* Fischer, 1884.

## Species

The valid assignment of the taxa are found in Lorenz & Fehse, 2009. The assumption of Dolin prepared the following chaos: Species within the genus *Simnia* include:

Species brought into synonymy

## InfoBox

| *Simnia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| a live *Simnia spelta* on soft coral *Leptogorgia sarmentosa* | |
|  | |
| Shell of † *Simnia fusulina* (holotype at MNHN, Paris) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Ovulidae |
| Subfamily: | Simniinae |
| Genus: | *Simnia*
Risso, 1826 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Simnia nicaeensis*
Risso, 1826 | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Amphiperas (Neosimnia)* P. Fischer, 1884 * *Amphiperas(Simnia)* Risso, 1826 * *Neosimnia* P. Fischer, 1884 * *Ovula (Neosimnia)* P. Fischer, 1884 (original rank) * *Ovula (Simnia)* Risso, 1826 * *Simia* \[sic\] (misspelling) * *Simnia (Neosimnia)* P. Fischer, 1884 * *Spiculata* Cate, 1973 * *Subsimnia* C. N. Cate, 1973 | |


title: Simnia bartschi

abstract: Simnia bartschi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Ovulidae, the ovulids, cowry allies or false cowries.

text:
# Simnia bartschi

***Simnia bartschi*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Ovulidae, the ovulids, cowry allies or false cowries.

## Description

## Distribution

## InfoBox

| *Simnia bartschi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Ovulidae |
| Genus: | *Simnia* |
| Species: | ***S. bartschi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Simnia bartschi***<br>(Cate, 1973) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Neosimnia bartschi* (Cate, 1973) | |


title: Sinna Nasseri

abstract: Sinna Nasseri is an Iranian-American photographer. His work focuses on documentary photography and portraiture, and it appears frequently in the New York Times and Vogue.

text:
# Sinna Nasseri

**Sinna Nasseri** (born in Los Angeles, CA) is an Iranian-American photographer. His work focuses on documentary photography and portraiture, and it appears frequently in the New York Times and Vogue.

## Early life and education

Nasseri attended Fordham University School of Law. Until 2017, Nasseri was a lawyer for Latham & Watkins.

## Work

In 2020, eight of Nasseri’s photo essays were published by Vogue documenting the ways Americans responded to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Black Lives Matter movement, and the 2020 presidential election. In 2021, Nasseri’s photographs of a Stop the Steal rally in Arizona were used in the second Impeachment trial of Donald J. Trump. In 2022, Nasseri was commissioned by Vogue to photograph the Met Gala, themed “In America: An Anthology of Fashion.” In 2023, New York Times published Nasseri’s “Plane Spotters” photo series.

The New York Times’s article “2023 in Retrospect: 59 Photographs That Defined the Year in Arts” included six photographs by Nasseri. Images included portraits of Michelle Williams, Henry Diltz, and John Stamos, documentation of the Oscar Nominees Luncheon, and the “Plane Spotters” photo series.

The Guardian’s article “The photographs that defined 2023 – and the stories behind them” included Nasseri’s documentation of Burning Man.