title: Vandal Stakes

abstract:
The Vandal Stakes was a Canadian Thoroughbred horse race run annually from 1956 through 2016 at Woodbine Racetrack in Toronto, Ontario. The race has been on hiatus since the 2016 edition. The sprint race was open to two-year-old horses bred in Ontario. In 2016, the distance was changed to 6+1⁄2 furlongs and the surface was changed to turf. It currently offers a purse of $150,000. The Vandal Stakes was hosted by Fort Erie Racetrack from 1970 through 1985. In 1961, it was run in two divisions. Since inception in 1956 the race has been run at various distances:
  - 5 furlongs : 2006
  - 5.5 furlongs : 1956-1957, 1959, 1967
  - 6 furlongs : 1958, 1960, 1968-1969 1986-2005, 2007–2015
  - 6.5 furlongs : 1962-1966, 1970-1985, 2016
  - 7 furlongs : 1961 Prior to 2016, the race was held on the main track, which was a Polytrack synthetic dirt surface from 2006 to 2015 and a natural dirt surface before then. As of 2016, the race is held on the turf.

text:
# Vandal Stakes

The **Vandal Stakes** was a Canadian Thoroughbred horse race run annually from 1956 through 2016 at Woodbine Racetrack in Toronto, Ontario. The race has been on hiatus since the 2016 edition. The sprint race was open to two-year-old horses bred in Ontario. In 2016, the distance was changed to 6+12 furlongs and the surface was changed to turf. It currently offers a purse of $150,000.

The Vandal Stakes was hosted by Fort Erie Racetrack from 1970 through 1985. In 1961, it was run in two divisions. Since inception in 1956 the race has been run at various distances:

* 5 furlongs : 2006
* 5.5 furlongs : 1956-1957, 1959, 1967
* 6 furlongs : 1958, 1960, 1968-1969 1986-2005, 2007–2015
* 6.5 furlongs : 1962-1966, 1970-1985, 2016
* 7 furlongs : 1961

Prior to 2016, the race was held on the main track, which was a Polytrack synthetic dirt surface from 2006 to 2015 and a natural dirt surface before then. As of 2016, the race is held on the turf.

## Historical race notes

The great Northern Dancer finished second in the 1963 running of the Vandal Stakes but went on to win the following years Kentucky Derby. 1967 winner Dancer's Image also went on to win the Derby.

## Records

**Speed record:** (At current distance of six furlongs)

* 1:09.64 - Ghost Fleet (2009)

**Most wins by a jockey:**

* 9 - David Clark (1982, 1987, 1991, 1996, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008)

**Most wins by a trainer:**

**Most wins by an owner:**

## Winners

| Year
 | Winner
 | Jockey
 | Trainer
 | Owner
 | Time
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | Channel Maker | Luis Contreras | Daniel Vella | Joey Gee Thoroughbreds | 1:17.50 |
| 2015 | Ruth Less Blue | Michelle Rainford | Scott Fairlie | Rijack Farm & Ace Racing Stable | 1:10.71 |
| 2014 | Imperial Dream | Patrick Husbands | Nicholas Gonzalez Jr. | Tucci Stables (Lou & Carlo Tucci) | 1:09.58 |
| 2013 | Go Greeley | Eurico Rosa Da Silva | John A. Ross | J.R. Racing Stable Inc. | 1:10.33 |
| 2012 | Uncaptured | Patrick Husbands | Mark Casse | John Oxley | 1:10.37 |
| 2011 | Buongiorno Johnny | Tyler Pizarro | Sid C. Attard | Norseman Racing Stable | 1:10.27 |
| 2010 | Sensational Slam | Patrick Husbands | Todd Pletcher | Bobby Flay | 1:11.21 |
| 2009 | Ghost Fleet | Todd Kabel | Sid C. Attard | Jim Dandy Stable | 1:09.64 |
| 2008 | Win and Reign | David Clark | Nicholas Gonzalez | Hillsbrook Farms | 1:10.88 |
| 2007 | Stuck In Traffic | David Clark | Nicholas Gonzalez | M.A.D. Racing Stables & Martha Gonzalez | 1:10.01 |
| 2006 | Leonnatus Anteas | Jono Jones | Kevin Attard | Knob Hill Stable | 0:59.86 |
| 2005 | Edenwold | David Clark | Josie Carroll | Jim & Alice Sapara | 1:10.29 |
| 2004 | Moonshine Justice | Todd Kabel | David Cotey | D. Cotey, D. Ball, H. Galbraith | 1:12.73 |
| 2003 | Twisted Wit | David Clark | Robert P. Tiller | Rolph Davis | 1:13.37 |
| 2002 | Wando | Richard Dos Ramos | Michael Keogh | Gus Shickedanz | 1:11.90 |
| 2001 | Rare Friends | David Clark | Robert P. Tiller | F. DiGiulio Jr. & R. P. Tiller | 1:11.66 |
| 2000 | San Mont Andreas | Tyrone Harding | Desmond Maynard | Ronald P. Christman | 1:12.12 |
| 1999 | Swampster | Robert Landry | Roger Attfield | Attfield & Libeau Jr. | 1:11.23 |
| 1998 | Catahoula Parish | Ray Sabourin | John A. Ross | Jam Jar Racing Stable | 1:11.60 |
| 1997 | Nite Dreamer | Emile Ramsammy | Bill Marko | Marcello Stables, J.B.S. Racing Stable, Frank Stronach | 1:10.60 |
| 1996 | Air Cool | David Clark | Thomas R. Bowden | Colebrook Farms (John Bmjas) | 1:11.20 |
| 1995 | Heavenly Valley | Todd Kabel | Daniel J. Vella | Frank Stronach | 1:12.60 |
| 1994 | Tethra | Dave Penna | Michael J. Doyle | Eaton Hall Farm | 1:11.20 |
| 1993 | Welbred Fred | Dave Penna | Glenn Magnusson | David B. Seyler | 1:11.80 |
| 1992 | Dancing Deputy | Don Seymour | Michael P. DePaulo | Peter DaCosta | 1:11.20 |
| 1991 | Marious | David Clark | Michael J. Doyle | Eaton Hall Farm | 1:12.40 |
| 1990 | Waheed | Larry Attard | Gil Rowntree | B. K. Y. Stable | 1:12.00 |
| 1989 | Ever Steady | Don Seymour | Roger Attfield | Kinghaven Farms | 1:10.20 |
| 1988 | Harry Laric | Robert King, Jr. | Daniel O'Callaghan | Hi-Lo Acres | 1:11.60 |
| 1987 | Highland Ruckus | David Clark | Tony Mattine | Linmac Farm | 1:11.40 |
| 1986 | Fozzie Bear | Larry Attard | Tino Attard | V. C. L. Farms/Spatafora | 1:11.60 |
| 1985 | Fred C. Dobbs | Jeffrey Fell | George Nemett | Whispering Hills / Green | 1:18.60 |
| 1984 | Pre Emptive Strike | Robin Platts | Arthur H. Warner | R. R. Kennedy & B. J. Cullen | 1:17.20 |
| 1983 | Archregent | Hugo Dittfach | Arthur H. Warner | Richard R. Kennedy | 1:17.80 |
| 1982 | Haliburton Huskie | David Clark | Glenn Magnusson | G. Vasey & Partner | 1:19.00 |
| 1981 | Son of Briartic | Larry Attard | Jerry G. Lavigne | Paddockhurst Stable | 1:20.20 |
| 1980 | Moteral | John Bell | Emile M. Allain | Langill/O’Connor/Willcocks | 1:18.60 |
| 1979 | Corvette Chris | Lloyd Duffy | Gerry Belanger | Edward B. Seedhouse | 1:18.40 |
| 1978 | Port Master | Robin Platts | Gil Rowntree | Stafford Farm | 1:19.60 |
| 1977 | Tikvah | Avelino Gomez | John Bakos | Mr. & Mrs. S. Shapiro | 1:19.20 |
| 1976 | Swain | Gary Stahlbaum | James C. Bentley | Windfields Farm | 1:20.00 |
| 1975 | Ambassador, B. | Robin Platts | Gil Rowntree | Stafford Farms | 1:19.00 |
| 1974 | Colonel's Clarion | Jeffrey Fell | Nester Danysh | Ernest Lieberman | 1:21.20 |
| 1973 | Trojan Bronze | Robin Platts | Glenn Magnusson | A. B. Roks | 1:17.80 |
| 1972 | Happy Chant | Robin Platts | Frank Merrill Jr. | Roxie & N. Gian | 1:19.80 |
| 1971 | Gentleman Conn | Sandy Hawley | Jerry C. Meyer | Willow Downs Farm (Saul Wagman) | 1:18.00 |
| 1970 | Hook It Up | Sandy Hawley | Douglas M. Davis Jr. | Wolkin & Cooperman | 1:16.80 |
| 1969 | Tudor Queen | Robin Platts | Gil Rowntree | Stafford Farms | 1:12.20 |
| 1968 | Viceregal | Richard Grubb | Gordon J. McCann | Windfields Farm | 1:10.60 |
| 1967 | Dancer's Image | Richard Grubb | Lou Cavalaris, Jr. | Peter D. Fuller | 1:05.40 |
| 1966 | Pine Point | Avelino Gomez | Jerry C. Meyer | Willow Downs Farm | 1:17.60 |
| 1965 | Stevie B. Good | Nick Shuk | B. Puccini | E. C. Pasquale | 1:18.80 |
| 1964 | Good Old Mort | Keith Robinson | Jerry C. Meyer | Edward B. Seedhouse | 1:19.40 |
| 1963 | Ramblin Road | Ron Turcotte | Gordon M. Huntley | Gordon F. Hall | 1:19.00 |
| 1962 | Sea Service | Harlon Dalton | Alfred I. Taylor | D. G. Ross | 1:18.80 |
| 1961 | Princess Davelle | Harlon Dalton | Douglas M. Davis Jr. | Mrs. G. Holtsinger | 1:29.60 |
| 1961 | Wilcock | Harlon Dalton | Douglas M. Davis Jr. | P. Shawn | 1:33.40 |
| 1960 | Jammed Lucky | Al Coy | Yonnie Starr | Conn Smythe | 1:12.40 |
| 1959 | Men at Play | Al Coy | Yonnie Starr | C. Smythe & L. Maloney | 1:05.80 |
| 1958 | Rapid Break | Eugene Rodriguez | Gordon M. Huntley | Gordon F. Hall | 1:13.20 |
| 1957 | Lady Yolande | Chris Rogers | Frank Seremba | Yolande Seremba | 1:06.20 |
| 1956 | Myanna | Vic Bovine | Richard Townrow | Shermanor Farm | 1:07.40 |
|

## InfoBox

Vandal Stakes
| Discontinued Stakes race | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Woodbine Racetrack
Toronto, Ontario |
| Inaugurated | 1956 |
| Race type | Thoroughbred \- Flat racing |
| Website | woodbineentertainment.com |
| Race information | |
| Distance | 6.5 furlongs |
| Surface | Turf |
| Track | Left-handed |
| Qualification | Two-Year-Olds, bred in Ontario |
| Weight | Allowances |
| Purse | CAN$150,000 |


title: Vandal Sardinia

abstract: Vandal Sardinia covers the history of Sardinia from the end of the long Roman domination in 456, when the island was conquered by the Vandals, a Germanic population settled in Africa Proconsularis and Mauretania Caesariensis, until its reconquest by the Byzantine Roman Emperor Justinian in 534.

text:
# Vandal Sardinia

**Vandal Sardinia** covers the history of Sardinia from the end of the long Roman domination in 456, when the island was conquered by the Vandals, a Germanic population settled in Africa Proconsularis and Mauretania Caesariensis, until its reconquest by the Byzantine Roman Emperor Justinian in 534.

## Conquest

The conquest of the former province of Corsica and Sardinia by the Vandals occurred between about 456 and 460 AD, the year of the agreement between Genseric, king of the Vandals, and the emperor Majorian. It was a partial, limited and short-lived occupation of some coastal cities. In 466, the Roman general Marcellinus, possibly encouraged by Pope Hilarius, succeeded in regaining control of the island. However, between 474 and 482, Sardinia fell again under the rule of the Vandals, perhaps led by Genseric or his son Huneric.

During these campaigns, Olbia, one of the most prosperous Sardinian cities, was violently attacked by sea and its port destroyed.

The possession of Sardinia guaranteed the Vandals secure maritime trade routes between North Africa and the rest of the Mediterranean. The island became the frontier of the Vandal Kingdom and assumed an important strategic role.

## Vandal administration

The Vandal administrative system did not differ much from that of the Roman period. Sardinia was overseen by a governor called a *praeses*, chosen from the trusted men of the royal family and resident in Caralis, who had both civil and military functions. He was assisted by a multitude of auxiliary officials including *procurators*, tax collectors, and *conductors* (real estate economists).

The island territory was subdivided into many parts that were assigned partially to the crown and partially to the Vandal warriors. According to historian Hermann Schreiber, strong Vandal contingents were present in Sardinia and Corsica with the aim of garrisoning the two islands. The Sardinian-Roman landowners managed to keep their lands in certain cases, in exchange for the payment of lump sums. Barbagia, the central-eastern mountain area of the island, remained a semi-independent duchy, as it had been in the Roman period and would remain in the first part of the Byzantine period.

At the end of the Vandal era, groups of Mauri, who were sent to the island by the Vandals, took refuge in the mountains of Barbagia or Gerrei. From here they made raids against the Forum Traiani (Fordongianus) during the Byzantine period. The Byzantine General Solomon organized a military expedition against them in the winter of 537.

### Godas rebellion

In 533, perhaps taking advantage of a remarkable autonomy, Godas, the Vandal governor of Goth origin, proclaimed himself king of the island, minting his own bronze coins.

Justinian, Roman Emperor in Constantinople, purportedly to help Godas, decided to intervene and sent an army commanded by General Belisarius and assisted by Duke Cirillus. The Byzantine force led by Belisarius was made up of 16,000 soldiers and 600 ships and headed to Africa while Duke Cyril with some 400 ships headed for Caralis.

Meanwhile, the King of Vandals, Gelimer, who was also facing a revolt in Tripoli, sent his brother Tzazo with a large contingent of 120 ships and 5,000 men to Sardinia to suppress Goda's uprising. Tzazo quickly took Caralis (where he left a small contingent), executed Godas and returned immediately to Carthage where the Byzantines had landed. Belisarius had defeated Gelimer on August 30, 533, and occupied Carthage. He was followed by Cirillus, who had failed to reach Sardinia. Tzazo and Gelimer, together with what remained of the army, marched against the Byzantines but were defeated at the Battle of Tricamarum, 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Carthage. Tzazo was killed, and Gelimer escaped capture, surrendered a few months later. Cirillus then went to Calaris, where he showed Tzazo's head impaled on a pike to the Vandals of the garrison, who immediately surrendered. Thus the Vandal era in Sardinia ended in 534 and the Byzantine period began.

## Religion

The Sardinian dioceses of the Roman period  Caralis, Forum Traiani, Sulci, Turris and Sanafer (and perhaps Cornus)  remained operative under the Vandals. The bishop of Caralis, probably already at the time of the Council of Carthage in 484, had Metropolitan authority over the remaining dioceses of Sardinia and the Balearic Islands.

The Sardinian church was not persecuted and was not forced into Arianism. African Chalcedonian bishops under the Vandals were persecuted and exiled to Sardinia during periods of the most severe oppression of Chalcedonians by Vandals. This had some positive consequences for Sardinia, because the exiles enriched the cultural and religious life during their presence, for example importing monasticism. Among the bishops deported to the island by the Vandals were the bishop of Carthage, Fulgentius of Ruspe, and Felicianis, bishop of Hippo, who carried with him the relics of Augustine of Hippo (now preserved in Pavia).

It was in this period that two Sardinians ascended to the papal throne: Pope Hilarius and Pope Symmachus.

## Culture

### Funeral architecture

Vandal funerary practices have been documented by the presence of some necropolis and single burials brought to light in several island locations. The most significant information comes from the Cornus-Columbaris necropolis, which consists of 22 tombs where numerous finds from a mixed German-African matrix have been made. The funeral area of Sant'Imbenia at Alghero, the burial in Spina Santa near Sassari, and the tomb discovered at Sant'Antioco, where a man was buried with his horse, also appear to belong to the Vandal age.

The historian Alberto Boscolo attributed to the Vandals the tombs with barrel vaults discovered in several island resorts, mainly in southern Sardinia. The scholar identified them as Germanic elite graves but according to other scholars they would instead be placed in the Byzantine period.

### Clothing

In the Vandal era, some innovations were introduced to the island with regard to clothing. These include *fibulae*, buckles, and jewellery such as polyhedron earrings originating in the Germanic area.

### Language

There is no evidence of a Vandal superstrate in the Sardinian language, however some influences of the African Romance could date back to this historical phase such as the *i* prothesis in words like *i-scola* (school, from the Latin *schola*).

#### Anthroponyms

The settlement of people of Germanic origin in Sardinia is testified by some anthroponyms such as *Othila*, owner of a latifundium near Fiume Santo, *Iesumundus*, a nine-year-old child buried in Cagliari at the beginning of the 6th century AD, *Patriga*, a young noblewoman buried in Cornus-Columbaris in a "capuchin tomb", and *Waldaric*, of whom we find news in a letter addressed to Pope Gregory the Great asking him to intercede with the Byzantine Dux so that he could return to the island to his wife.

In the Byzantine age the minority Germanic element appears fully integrated with the local substratum.

## Trade

During the rule of the Vandals, Sardinia traded with the other territories of the kingdom, with which cultural relationships were also established. In this phase there was a resumption of the importation, among other goods, of African red slip ware, found in various sites of the island.

The fall of the Vandal kingdom in Africa around 534 AD led to a progressive decline in exports of African products and important consequences at a political level.

1. Casula 1994, p. 125.
2. Casula 1994, p. 127.
3. "Scheda: Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Olbia con le Navi Romane". *beniculturalionline.it* (in Italian).
4. "Giovanni Pietra, *I Romani a Olbia: dalla conquista della città punica all'arrivo dei Vandali. L'arrivo dei Vandali*" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-11-27. Retrieved 2017-09-08.
5. Serra, Piras 2010, p. 517.
6. Casula 1994, p. 128.
7. Schreiber 1984, p. 171.
8. Casula 1994, p. 133.
9. Casula 1994, p. 135.
10. Metcalfe, Alex, Fernandez-aceves, Hervin, Muresu, Marco: *The Making of Medieval Sardinia*, 2021,p.79
11. A cura di Silvia Lusuardi Siena, *Fonti archeologiche e iconografiche per la storia e la cultura degli insediamenti nell'Altomedievo* (2003) pp. 306–310
12. Paolo Benito Serra, *Tombe a camera in muratura con volta a botte nei cimiteri altomedievali della Sardegna*(1987), p.140
13. "Il vandalico". *sardegnacultura.it* (in Italian). Retrieved 20 May 2023.
14. "Burial of Patriga". *virtualarchaeology.sardegnacultura.it*. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
15. AA. VV 2022, p. 14.
16. Annarita Pontis, *Ceramiche da mensa dall'Africa. La sigillata africana D* (in Italian), retrieved 29 December 2023

## Bibliography

* Giovanni Lilliu,  *Presenze barbariche in Sardegna dalla conquista dei Vandali* in AA.VV., *Magistra Barbaritas*, 1984.
* Hermann Schreiber, *I Vandali. Cavalieri nomadi alla conquista del Mediterraneo*, Rizzoli, 1984.
* Francesco Cesare Casula, *La Storia di Sardegna*, Sassari, 1994.
* Antonio Piras (a cura di), *Lingua et ingenium: Studi su Fulgenzio di Ruspe e il suo contesto*, Cagliari, Sandhi, 2010.
* Sergio Liccardi, *Tra Roma e i Vandali. Godas re di Sardegna*, 2012.
* AA.VV., *Il tempo dei Vandali e dei Bizantini. La Sardegna dal V al X secolo d.C.*, Nuoro, Ilisso Edizioni, 2022.

## InfoBox

| Vandal Sardinia | |
| --- | --- |
| 456–534 | |
| Vandal Kingdom in 476 | |
| Capital | Caralis |
| Common languages | Vulgar Latin |
| Religion | Christianity |
| Historical era | Early Middle Ages |
|  | |
| Established | 456 |
| Disestablished | 534 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Markham College of Commerce

abstract: Markham College of Commerce is located in the Hazaribag district in India. It was founded on February 10, 1974 by B. D. Jaiswal and named after the educationist Arthur Francis Markham who came to India with his goal to make higher education to the students of the area accessible. Most recently, it initiated teaching commerce up to the degree level in its North Chotanagpur headquarters. Markham was ordained with the Order of British Empire. He later became the Vice Chancellor of the Ranchi University. Even after his retirement, he remained engaged with the students. In 1974, the first session of Intermediate Arts and Commerce was started. Three years later, Ranchi awarded affiliation for the subjects Hindi, English, Sanskrit, History, Economics, Political Science, Philosophy and Commerce up to degree level. At the time of foundation, Dr. Maheshwar Tiwari, who as a founder Principal and in charge of the college took on a team consisting of Prof. Shashi Kishore Narayan, Prof. Heyat Ahmed, Prof. Sabita Banerjee, Prof. Aparna Banerjee, Prof. Nitay Nand Choudhary. The college as per decision of the Govt., converted into a constituent unit, on 31 October 1986 during the tenure of late Lambodar Pathak as the secretary. As of today, the college has a library with approximately 12000 titles, 42 lecture theaters, a teacher's common room, a multipurpose hall named ‘Swami Vivekanand Sabhagar’ that can accommodate some 2000 persons at a time. To cater to the vocational aspirations of the students, the college started the Bachelor course in Taxation Laws and Practices (TLP), Bachelor of Journalism & Mass Communication (BJMC), Medical Lab Technology (MLT) from 2009. Besides the above noted vocational courses, Nalanda Open University (NOU) has its full-fledged branch in this college campus. It is offering distance education to the students of the whole Chhotanagpur region.

text:
# Markham College of Commerce

**Markham College of Commerce** is located in the Hazaribag district in India. It was founded on February 10, 1974 by B. D. Jaiswal and named after the educationist Arthur Francis Markham who came to India with his goal to make higher education to the students of the area accessible. Most recently, it initiated teaching commerce up to the degree level in its North Chotanagpur headquarters.

Markham was ordained with the Order of British Empire. He later became the Vice Chancellor of the Ranchi University. Even after his retirement, he remained engaged with the students. In 1974, the first session of Intermediate Arts and Commerce was started. Three years later, Ranchi awarded affiliation for the subjects Hindi, English, Sanskrit, History, Economics, Political Science, Philosophy and Commerce up to degree level.

At the time of foundation, Dr. Maheshwar Tiwari, who as a founder Principal and in charge of the college took on a team consisting of Prof. Shashi Kishore Narayan ( Deptt. Of Pol. Sc), Prof. Heyat Ahmed (Deptt.Of History), Prof. Sabita Banerjee (Deptt.Of Philosophy), Prof. Aparna Banerjee (Deptt. of Sanskrit), Prof. Nitay Nand Choudhary (Deptt. of Commerce).

The college as per decision of the Govt., converted into a constituent unit, on 31 October 1986 during the tenure of late Lambodar Pathak as the secretary.

As of today, the college has a library with approximately 12000 titles, 42 lecture theaters, a teacher's common room, a multipurpose hall named ‘Swami Vivekanand Sabhagar’ that can accommodate some 2000 persons at a time.

To cater to the vocational aspirations of the students, the college started the Bachelor course in Taxation Laws and Practices (TLP), Bachelor of Journalism & Mass Communication (BJMC), Medical Lab Technology (MLT) from 2009. Besides the above noted vocational courses, Nalanda Open University (NOU) has its full-fledged branch in this college campus. It is offering distance education to the students of the whole Chhotanagpur region.

## History

The college was established in the late 1970s. It was founded by Shiv Dayal Singh and named after ex-principal Sir Markham Sahab. The college initially had 5 students and has now grown to a strength of 10,000 students soon after.

The college is part of the Vinoba Bhave University and is one of the oldest colleges of this university.

## InfoBox

Markham College of Commerce
| Type | Public college |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 1970 |
| Principal | Dr. Sandhya Prem |
| Location | Yashwant Nagar, Hazaribagh, Jharkhand, 825301, India<br>23°58′35″N 85°21′25″E / 23.9763148°N 85.3569831°E / 23.9763148; 85.3569831 |
| Campus | Urban |
| Affiliations | Vinoba Bhave University |
| Website | www.markhamcollege.ac.in/ |
| Location in JharkhandMarkham College of Commerce (India) | |


title: Mariya Povkh

abstract: Mariya Mykolayivna Povkh is a Ukrainian canoeist. She represented her country at the 2016 Summer Olympics. She also won medals at the European Championships.

text:
# Mariya Povkh

**Mariya Mykolayivna Povkh** (Марі́я Микола́ївна По́вх; born 8 January 1989) is a Ukrainian canoeist. She represented her country at the 2016 Summer Olympics. She also won medals at the European Championships.

## InfoBox

Mariya Povkh
| Mariya Povkh at the 2020 Summer Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | Ukrainian |
| Born | (1989-01-08) 8 January 1989 |
| Height | 1.66 m (5 ft 5 in) |
| Weight | 64 kg (141 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Country | Ukraine |
| Sport | Canoe |
| Medal record      Women's canoe sprint  Representing  Ukraine  European Games  2019 Minsk K-2 200 m  2015 Baku K-2 200 m  European Championships  2015 Račice K-4 500 m  2017 Plovdiv K-4 500 m  2021 Poznań K-1 500 m | |


title: Vanessa Lemm

abstract: Vanessa Lemm is provost and deputy vice-chancellor at the University of Greenwich, United Kingdom. She was appointed in 2024. Lemm was previously vice-president and executive dean of the College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences at Flinders University. She is chief editor of the journal Nietzsche Studien, and has published on the topics of Friedrich Nietzsche and Michel Foucault. She was the executive dean of the Faculty of Arts and Education at Deakin University (2021-2022).

text:
# Vanessa Lemm

| Vanessa Lemm | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Era | Contemporary philosophy |
| Region | Western philosophy |
| School | Continental |
| Main interests | Poststructuralism
Political Philosophy
Hermeneutics |
|  | |

**Vanessa Lemm** FRSN is provost and deputy vice-chancellor at the University of Greenwich, United Kingdom. She was appointed in 2024. Lemm was previously vice-president and executive dean of the College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences at Flinders University. She is chief editor of the journal *Nietzsche Studien*, and has published on the topics of Friedrich Nietzsche and Michel Foucault. She was the executive dean of the Faculty of Arts and Education at Deakin University (2021-2022).

## Career

Before moving to Australia, Lemm was Director of the Institute of Humanities at the Diego Portales University in Santiago de Chile and DAAD Visiting Professor at the Institute for Philosophy at the University of Potsdam, Germany.

At the University of New South Wales she was professor of philosophy and head of the School of Humanities and Languages for more than four years. During this time she was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of New South Wales (FRSN).

## Bibliography

* Lemm V; Ulrich A *Nietzsche's Natures* (De Gruyter 2024)
* Lemm V; Vatter M *The Viral Politics of Covid-19: Nature, Home and Planetary Health* (Palgrave Macmillan 2022)
* Lemm V; *Homo Natura: Nietzsche, Philosophical Anthropology and Biopolitics* (EUP, 2020)
* Lemm V; Vatter M, (eds.), 2014, *The Government of Life: Foucault, Biopolitics and Neoliberalism*, Fordham University Press, New York
* Lemm V, 2013, *Nietzsche y el pensamiento político contemporáneo*, Fondo de Cultura Económica, Santiago de Chile
* Lemm V, 2012, *Nietzsches Philosophie des Tieres*, Diaphanes Verlag, Berlin/Zürich
* Lemm V, (ed.), 2010, *Michel Foucault: neoliberalismo y biopolítica*, Ediciones Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago de Chile
* Lemm V; Ormeño J, (eds.), 2010, *Hegel, pensador de la actualidad*, Ediciones Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago de Chile
* Lemm V, 2009, *Nietzsche's Animal Philosophy: Culture, Politics and the Animality of the Human Being*, Fordham University Press, New York

## InfoBox

| Vanessa Lemm | |
| --- | --- |
| Professor Vanessa Lemm | |
| Personal details | |
| Citizenship | Germany and Australia |
| Nationality | German and Australia |
| Spouse | Professor Miguel Vatter |
|  | |


title: Vanderhoof Aquatic Centre

abstract: The Vanderhoof Aquatic Centre is an indoor aquatic centre in Vanderhoof, British Columbia. The building was designed by Carscadden Stokes McDonald Architects Inc., built at a cost of $12 million and opened in January 2019. The facility features a six-lane 25-meter lap pool, 1,500 sq ft leisure pool and 35 person hot tub. The facility is owned by the District of Vanderhoof and operated by the YMCA of Northern BC.

text:
# Vanderhoof Aquatic Centre

The **Vanderhoof Aquatic Centre** is an indoor aquatic centre in Vanderhoof, British Columbia. The building was designed by Carscadden Stokes McDonald Architects Inc., built at a cost of $12 million and opened in January 2019. The facility features a six-lane 25-meter lap pool, 1,500 sq ft leisure pool and 35 person hot tub. The facility is owned by the District of Vanderhoof and operated by the YMCA of Northern BC.

## Funding

The District of Vanderhoof applied for and successfully received $6 million from the federal government and $1.4 million from the federal gas tax fund. Vanderhoof additionally received a municipal loan of $3 million and also received a donation of $1 million from Vanderhoof Community Forest. Community crowdfunding and fundraisers raised an additional $300,000.

1. Stead, Darci. "Vanderhoof Aquatic Centre". *YMCA of Northern BC*. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
2. "Vanderhoof Aquatic Centre". *Carscadden*. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
3. Kelly, Cole. "Ribbon cut on long-awaited Vanderhoof Aquatic Centre". *My Prince George Now*. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
4. Parhar, Aman (19 January 2019). "Vanderhoof Aquatic Pool opening in a week". *Vanderhoof Omineca Express*. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
5. Fetinko, Matt. "Vanderhoof Aquatic Centre to be operated by YMCA of Northern BC". *My Prince George Now*.
6. "Vanderhoof Aquatic Centre to open". Prince George Citizen. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
7. CKPG News. "Vanderhoof Aquatic Centre Set To Open". *CKPG Today | Prince George, Northern BC | News, Sports, Weather, Obituaries, Real Estate*.

## InfoBox

| Vanderhoof Aquatic Centre | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 54°00′59″N 123°59′58″W / 54.016374°N 123.9995211°W / 54.016374; -123.9995211 | |
| Location | 390 Columbia Street East, Vanderhoof, BC, V0J 3A0 |
| Opened | January 26, 2019 |
| Operated by | YMCA of Northern BC |
| Owned by | Vanderhoof, British Columbia |
| Architect | Carscadden Stokes McDonald Architects Inc. |
| Cost | $12 million |
| Length | 50 metres (164 ft) |
| Width | 20 metres (66 ft) |
| Depth | 2.40 metres (8 ft) |
| Website | nbc.ymca.ca |
| Features | |
| Lap Pool, Leisure Pool with Lazy River, Hot Tub and Sauna | |


title: Mark Levinson Audio Systems

abstract: Mark Levinson is an American high-end audio equipment brand established in 1972 by eponymous founder Mark Levinson, and based in Stamford, Connecticut. It is owned by Harman International Industries, a subsidiary of Samsung Electronics.

text:
# Mark Levinson Audio Systems

**Mark Levinson** is an American high-end audio equipment brand established in 1972 by eponymous founder Mark Levinson, and based in Stamford, Connecticut. It is owned by Harman International Industries, a subsidiary of Samsung Electronics.

## History

Mark Levinson Audio Systems Ltd. (MLAS) was founded 1972 in Woodbridge, Connecticut (a suburb of New Haven) by Mark Levinson. Original MLAS products were designed by John Curl (Hence the JC abbreviation to many of the early products) under the supervision of Mark Levinson, with a team of associates. Audio pioneer Dick Burwen, Levinson’s first electronics mentor, helped Levinson start the company with the iconic LNP-2 Preamplifier. Chief engineer Tom Colangelo, who brought visionary audio circuitry to the company, died in a tragic car accident in 2007.

By 1980 MLAS was in serious financial trouble. Levinson then asked Sandy Berlin, a retired executive in the audio industry, to invest in MLAS and to aid in the management of the company, which Berlin did, personally investing $480,000 in the company and persuading several others to invest an additional $300,000. At Berlin's request, Levinson entered into an Employment Agreement with MLAS from December 1980, under which Levinson agreed to convey to MLAS the permanent and exclusive right, title and interest to the trade name "Mark Levinson". He also agreed that, should he leave MLAS' employ, he would not engage in the audio business "anywhere in the world".

In October 1984, three creditors forced MLAS into bankruptcy and Mark Levinson Audio Systems, Ltd. ceased to exist, with Madrigal Audio Labs acquiring "all of \[MLAS'\] equipment, inventory, parts, finished and semi-finished goods, office furniture, blueprints and trademark and tradename rights including those arising under agreement between Mark Levinson and MLAS.

Since 1990, the Mark Levinson brand and trade name have been property of Harman International Industries. Mark Levinson produces audio amplifiers and digital audio processors that have a characteristic black anodized chassis, a design associated with the brand since the beginning. Harman also makes Mark Levinson audio systems as an optional upgrade for Lexus luxury automobiles. Harman's Mark Levinson automotive audio systems are designed in collaboration with sound, electrical, and design engineers who produce Mark Levinson audio electronics.

Certain Lexus models have featured Mark Levinson sound systems as an option since 2001, with prices varying based on the vehicle and its specific components (~US$2,500 for the LS 460, ~US$1,600 for the ES 350, ~US$1,440 for the IS 350, etc.). The first Mark Levinson car 5.1 surround sound system appeared on the Toyota Crown Majesta in 2004. Current US Lexus models available with the Mark Levinson Audio System include: IS 300/350/500, ES300h/350, RC & RC F, NX 350/350h, LC500/500h, LS500/500h, RX350/350h/500h, GX460, and LX600.

## Equipment history

### Amplifiers

* ML-2, a Class A Mono Amplifier with 25 Watts output power at 8 Ohms, regulated power supply for output section and modular construction.
* ML-3, a Class AB Power Amplifier with 2 x 200 Watts output power at 8 Ohms in a dual mono construction.
* ML-9, a Class AB Power Amplifier with 2 x 100 Watts output power at 8 Ohms.
* ML-11, a Class AB Power Amplifier with 2 x 50 Watts output power at 8 Ohms.

### Preamplifiers

* LNP-1 Preamplifier, prototype
* LNP-2 Professional Preamplifier
* JC-1 Moving Coil Cartridge Preamplifier
* JC-1AC Moving Coil Cartridge Preamplifier with battery
* JC-2 Straightline Preamplifier
* ML-1 Preamplifier
* ML-6, ML-6A, ML-6B Preamplifier
* ML-7, ML-7A Preamplifier
* ML-8 Microphone Preamplifier
* ML-10, ML-10A Preamplifier
* ML-12, ML-12A Preamplifier

### Design credits

* LNP-1 and 2, Dick Burwen and Mark Levinson
* JC-1 and JC-2, John Curl
* ML-1 and ML-2, John Curl and Thomas Colangelo
* ML-3 through ML-12A, Thomas Colangelo

### Power Supplies

* PLS-150, for LNP-2 JC-2, ML-1 and LNC-2
* PLS-151, for LNP-2, ML-1, ML-6 and LNC-2
* PLS-153L (Japanese version of PLS 151)
* PLS-154, for, ML-6A and 6B, ML-7 and 7A
* PLS-124, for ML-12A (the ML-12 preamplifier was powered by two umbilical cables from the ML-11 power amplifier.)

### Crossovers

* LNC-2 Electronic Crossover

### Tape Machines

* ML-5 modified Studer A-80 professional tape recorder with custom electronics

### System

* Mark Levinson HQD System

This was Levinson’s tri-amped active replay system. Each of the two channels comprising a woofer using a 24” Hartley drive unit, a pair of stacked Quad electrostatic speakers for the midrange and between the two Quad speakers a Decca (Kelly) ribbon tweeter for the treble, the latter modified by having the horn removed. Each speaker was driven by a separate ML-2 amplifier fed by a LNC-2, this in turn being fed by an ML-1 preamp.

## InfoBox

Mark Levinson Audio Systems Ltd.
|
|  |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| Industry | High-end audio |
| Founded | 1972 |
| Founder | Mark Levinson |
| Headquarters | Stamford, Connecticut |
| Products | Audio equipment |
| Parent | Harman International Industries |
| Website | www.marklevinson.com |


title: Valeriy Avdysh

abstract: Valeriy Avdysh is an Assyrian Ukrainian football referee and former footballer who played for SC Tavriya Simferopol. After retiring as a player, Avdysh became a football referee. Avdysh was a linesman at the exhibition game between Russia and Poland that took place on 2 June 1996 in Moscow, Russia. Valeriy Avdysh is a younger brother of the late Ukrainian football manager Zaya Avdysh.

text:
# Valeriy Avdysh

Refereeing career
| Domestic | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Years | **League** | **Role** |
| 1989–1991 | Soviet Top League | Referee, linesman |
| 1999–present | Ukrainian Premier League | Referee |
| International | | | |
| Years | **League** | **Role** |
| 1996-? | FIFA listed | Linesman |

**Valeriy Avdysh** (11 November 1950) is an Assyrian Ukrainian football referee and former footballer who played for SC Tavriya Simferopol. After retiring as a player, Avdysh became a football referee.

Avdysh was a linesman at the exhibition game between Russia and Poland that took place on 2 June 1996 in Moscow, Russia.

Valeriy Avdysh is a younger brother of the late Ukrainian football manager Zaya Avdysh.

## InfoBox

Valeriy Avdysh
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Valeriy Zedovych Avdysh | | |
| Date of birth | (1950-11-11) 11 November 1950 | | |
| Place of birth | Soviet Union | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1970 | FC Avtomobilist Zhytomyr |  |  |
| 1970 | FC Horyn Rivne |  |  |
| 1971 | FC Vulkan Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky |  | (1) |
| 1975 | FC Avtomobilist Zhytomyr |  |  |
| 1976–1977 | FC Spartak Ivano-Frankivsk | 75 | (1) |
| 1978–1980 | SC Tavriya Simferopol | 65 | (0) |
| 1981–1982 | FC Prykarpattia Ivano-Frankivsk | 78 | (2) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Vasaknai Manor

abstract: Vasaknai Manor is a former residential manor. It is located 6 kilometres (4 mi) from Antalieptė and 7 kilometres (4 mi) from Dusetos, in the East coast of Vasaknai Lake. In 1505 the manor was bought by the Radvilos family, at that time one of the richest in Europe. Later, it was bought by the Pliateriai family. The family became actively involved in the uprising of 1831. This resulted in the confiscation of all their property, including the manor, by the czarist government. The manor was falling into decay until Count Jonas Mykolas Tiskevicius acquired it. The Tiskeviciai family were Lithuania's largest landowners in the 19th century. They owned the Manor until the beginning of the First World War. After Lithuania was occupied and integrated into the Soviet Union, the manor rotted away to its foundation. In 2003, the manor was acquired by its current owners, who, with financial support from the European Union Structural Funds, have brought it back to life. Today the manor property consists of a barn, servant house, stabling, the ruins of the original manor and a park, which has been declared a national heritage site. Today, the Manor of Vasaknos is a recreational site for weddings, anniversaries, conferences, and other events. The property consists of a hotel that sleeps up to 65 persons, a restaurant and a conference hall that sits up to 120 people, a cigar and poker room, a pool table, and an outdoor terrace. There is also a lakeside sauna and a brewery where Vasaknu beer is produced.

text:
# Vasaknai Manor

**Vasaknai Manor** is a former residential manor. It is located 6 kilometres (4 mi) from Antalieptė and 7 kilometres (4 mi) from Dusetos, in the East coast of Vasaknai Lake.

In 1505 the manor was bought by the Radvilos family, at that time one of the richest in Europe. Later, it was bought by the Pliateriai family. The family became actively involved in the uprising of 1831 (Lithuania had then been annexed by Russia). This resulted in the confiscation of all their property, including the manor, by the czarist government.

The manor was falling into decay until Count Jonas Mykolas Tiskevicius acquired it. The Tiskeviciai family were Lithuania's largest landowners in the 19th century. They owned the Manor until the beginning of the First World War. After Lithuania was occupied and integrated into the Soviet Union, the manor rotted away to its foundation.

In 2003, the manor was acquired by its current owners, who, with financial support from the European Union Structural Funds, have brought it back to life. Today the manor property consists of a barn (the building that has been rebuilt), servant house (a brewery today with additional rooms), stabling, the ruins of the original manor and a park, which has been declared a national heritage site.

Today, the Manor of Vasaknos is a recreational site for weddings, anniversaries, conferences, and other events. The property consists of a hotel that sleeps up to 65 persons, a restaurant and a conference hall that sits up to 120 people, a cigar and poker room, a pool table, and an outdoor terrace. There is also a lakeside sauna and a brewery where Vasaknu beer is produced.

55°41′9″N 25°47′29″E / 55.68583°N 25.79139°E / 55.68583; 25.79139


title: Vasakronan

abstract: Vasakronan is a Swedish real estate company. Formerly wholly government-owned, it is now owned in equal shares by the First, Second, Third and Fourth Swedish national pension funds. Vasakronan is one of the largest real estate companies in Sweden, and has operations in Stockholm, the Stockholm suburbs, Gothenburg, Malmö and Uppsala. In 2008, Vasakronan merged with AP Fastigheter. The company operates under the Vasakronan name today.

text:
# Vasakronan

**Vasakronan** is a Swedish real estate company. Formerly wholly government-owned, it is now owned in equal shares by the First, Second, Third and Fourth Swedish national pension funds.

Vasakronan is one of the largest real estate companies in Sweden, and has operations in Stockholm, the Stockholm suburbs, Gothenburg, Malmö and Uppsala.

In 2008, Vasakronan merged with AP Fastigheter. The company operates under the Vasakronan name today.

## Properties

## InfoBox

Vasakronan AB
|
|  |
| Formerly | AP Fastigheter AB (1998 - 2008), Vasakronan AB (1993 - 2008) |
| Company type | Aktiebolag |
| Industry | Property |
| Headquarters | Stockholm, Sweden |
| Key people | Johanna Skogestig, CEO |
| AUM | SEK 5274 million (2020) |
| Owner | First, Second, Third and Fourth Swedish national pension funds |
| Website | vasakronan.se/en |


title: Marlene Dumas

abstract: Marlene Dumas is a South African artist and painter currently based in the Netherlands.

text:
# Marlene Dumas

**Marlene Dumas** (born 3 August 1953) is a South African artist and painter currently based in the Netherlands.

## Life and work

Dumas was born in 1953 in Cape Town, South Africa and grew up in Kuils River in the Western Cape, where her father had a vineyard. Dumas witnessed the system of apartheid during her childhood. Dumas began painting in 1973 and showed her political concerns and reflections on her identity as a white woman of Afrikaans descent in South Africa. She studied art at the University of Cape Town from 1972 to 1975, and then at Ateliers '63 in Haarlem, which is now located in Amsterdam. She studied psychology at the University of Amsterdam in 1979 and 1980. She currently lives and works in the Netherlands and is one of the country's most prolific artists.

Dumas has also featured in some films, *Miss Interpreted* (1997), Alice Neel (2007), Kentridge and Dumas in Conversation (2009), *The Future is Now!* (2011), and *Screwed* (2017). Several books included illustrations by Dumas,- Marlene Dumas: Myths and Mortals, Venus and Adonis, David Zwirner: 25 Years, Marlene Dumas: Against the Wall, Marlene Dumas: Sweet Nothings, Marlene Dumas: The Image as Burden, Marlene Dumas: Measuring Your Own Grave, Experiments with Truth: Gandhi and Images of Violence.

Dumas often uses reference material of polaroid photographs of her friends and lovers, whilst she also references magazines and pornographic material. She also paints portraits of children and erotic scenes to impact the world of contemporary art. She has said that her works are better appreciated as originals since many of her smaller sexual works are very intimate. With many of her paintings she depicts her friends, models, and prominent political figures.

Dumas paintings are seen as portraits but they do not represent people but an emotional state that one could be in. Her art focuses on more serious issues and themes such as sexuality and race, guilt and innocence, violence and tenderness. Dumas style is more older Romanticism tradition. She uses loose brushstrokes to add distortion but also great detail to her art. Dumas likes to use a wet-on-wet technique, that combines thin layers of paint with thick ones. Her media of choice is oil on canvas and ink on paper. Her subjects range from new born babies, models, strippers, and many figures from popular culture.

The sale of Dumas's *Jule-die Vrou* (1985), positioned Dumas as one of three living female artists to trade for over $1 million. The sale of *The Schoolboys* (1986–87) reached $9 million at Art Basel Miami Beach 2023, replacing the high of $6.3 million for her work *The Visitor* (1995) in 2008.

Dumas taught at the Academie voor Beeldende Vorming (ABV) in Tilburg, Academie voor Kunst en Industrie (AKI) in Enschede, Rijksakademie Van Beeldende Kunsten in Amsterdam, and De Ateliers in Amsterdam (Tutorials and Coaching).

Dumas' work is in the collections of the Museum of Modern Art and Dordrechts Museum. Her work was included in the 2022 exhibition *Women Painting Women* at the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth.

## Education

Dumas was awarded an honorary degree from the University of Antwerp. She also holds degrees from the University of Cape Town, from Ateliers '63 in Haarlem, and the Institute of Psychology, University of Amsterdam.

## Further reading

* Selma Klein Essink, Marcel Vos and Jan Debbaut, *Miss Interpreted*, exhibition catalogue, Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, 1992
* Jonathan Hutchinson, *Chlorosis*, exhibition catalogue, The Dougles Hyde Gallery, Dublin, 1994
* Catherine Kinley, *Marlene Dumas*, exhibition broadsheet, Tate Gallery, London, 1996
* Gianni Romano, *Suspect*, Skira, Milan, 2003
* Cornelia Butler, *Marlene Dumas: painter as witness*, Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, 2008
* Ilaria Bonacossa, Dominic van den Boogerd, Barbara Bloom and Mariuccia Casadio, *Marlene Dumas*, Phaidon Press, London, 2009
* Neal Benezra and Olga M. Viso, *Distemper: Dissonant Themes in the Art of the 1990s*. Hirshhorn Museum, Washington, D.C. 1996

## InfoBox

| Marlene Dumas | |
| --- | --- |
| Dumas in 2018 | |
| Born | 3 August 1953<br>Cape Town, South Africa |
| Education |  |
| Known for | Painting |
| Awards | Rolf Schock Prize in Visual Arts (2011) |
| Website | marlenedumas.nl |


title: Vans Kennedy

abstract: Vans Kennedy (1784–1846) was a Scottish major-general of the British Army, an East India Company official, and a Sanskrit and Persian scholar.

text:
# Vans Kennedy

**Vans Kennedy** (1784–1846) was a Scottish major-general of the British Army, an East India Company official, and a Sanskrit and Persian scholar.

## Life

He was born at Pinmore in the parish of Ayr, Scotland. His father was Robert Kennedy of Pinmore, and his mother, Robina, was the daughter of John Vans of Barnbarroch, Wigtownshire, who, on marrying his cousin, assumed the name of Agnew. Robert Kennedy was ruined by the failure of the Ayr bank, and had to sell Pinmore and move to Edinburgh, where he died in 1790. Kennedy was the youngest son; one of his sisters was writer Grace Kennedy. He was educated at Edinburgh, Berkhamsted, and at Monmouth. He returned to Edinburgh at the age of 14, obtained a cadetship, and sailed for Bombay (Mumbai) in 1800.

Shortly after his arrival Kennedy was employed with his corps, the 1st battalion of the 2nd Grenadiers, in an attack against the Malabar district, where he received a wound in his neck from which he suffered all his life. In 1807, he became Persian interpreter to the Peshwa's subsidiary force at Sirur, then commanded by Colonel William Wallace (died 1809). While at Sirur, Kennedy knew Sir Barry Close and Sir James Mackintosh.

In 1817, Kennedy was appointed judge-advocate-general to the Bombay army. Mountstuart Elphinstone, who admired him as a scholar, gave him the appointment of Marāthā and Gujarāti translator of the regulations of government, but the post was abolished a few months after Elphinstone's retirement. He held the office of judge-advocate-general until 1835, when he was removed by Sir John Keane. After that, he was appointed oriental translator to the government, and he held this office for the rest of his life.

Kennedy died unmarried in Bombay on 29 December 1846, and was buried in the European cemetery at Back-Bay.

## Works

Kennedy was studious, collected manuscripts and employed *munshi* teachers. In 1817, he contributed a paper on Persian literature to the Literary Society of Bombay; he also contributed several papers to the Bombay branch of the Royal Asiatic Society and was President of the branch from 1831 to 1835.

In 1824, Kennedy published at Bombay a Maratha dictionary. In London, he published *Researches into the Origin and Affinity of the Principal Languages of Asia and Europe* (1828), and in 1831 he followed this up with *Researches into the Nature and Affinity of Ancient and Hindu Mythology*. In the first work, he remarked on the Arabic words in the *Shāhnāma*. Kennedy also wrote five letters on the Purānas, and engaged in controversy with Horace Hayman Wilson and Graves Champney Haughton. In 1832, he published a work on military law, of which a second edition appeared in 1847.

## Selected publications

Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lee, Sidney, ed. (1901). "Kennedy, Vans". *Dictionary of National Biography (1st supplement)*. London: Smith, Elder & Co.


title: Marne, Italy

abstract: Marne is a village in the province of Bergamo in Italy. It is a frazione of the comune of Filago.

text:
# Marne, Italy

**Marne** is a village in the province of Bergamo in Italy. It is a *frazione* of the *comune* of Filago.

## History

The village became part of Brembate di Sotto on the order of Napoleon. Filago decided to annex the village during the Fascist period; it did not, however, officially become part of Filago until after the formation of the Italian Republic in 1946.

## Main sights

## Notable people

45°37′31″N 9°33′23″E / 45.62528°N 9.55639°E / 45.62528; 9.55639


title: Valetudo (moon)

abstract: Valetudo, also known as Jupiter LXII and originally known as S/2016 J 2, is an irregular moon of Jupiter. It was discovered by Scott S. Sheppard and his team in data acquired by the 6.5-m Magellan-Baade telescope of the Las Campanas Observatory in 2016, but was not announced until 17 July 2018, via a Minor Planet Electronic Circular from the Minor Planet Center, which also reported the discovery of nine other of Jupiter's moons. Besides data from Las Campanas, the original announcement also referred to data acquired through the 8.1-m Gemini North telescope of the Mauna Kea Observatories as well as the 4.0-m reflector of the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory.

text:
# Valetudo (moon)

**Valetudo** /væləˈtjd/, also known as **Jupiter LXII** and originally known as **S/2016 J 2**, is an irregular moon of Jupiter. It was discovered by Scott S. Sheppard and his team in data acquired by the 6.5-m Magellan-Baade telescope of the Las Campanas Observatory in 2016, but was not announced until 17 July 2018, via a Minor Planet Electronic Circular from the Minor Planet Center, which also reported the discovery of nine other of Jupiter's moons. Besides data from Las Campanas, the original announcement also referred to data acquired through the 8.1-m Gemini North telescope of the Mauna Kea Observatories as well as the 4.0-m reflector of the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory.

## Characteristics

Valetudo has a diameter of about 1 km (0.6 mi) and orbits Jupiter at a distance of about 19 million kilometres (12 million miles). Its orbital inclination is 34 degrees, and its orbital eccentricity is 0.222. It has a prograde orbit which takes almost a year and a half to complete, but it crosses paths with several other moons that have retrograde orbits and may in the future collide with them.

## Name

The moon was provisionally designated as S/2016 J 2 until it received its name in 2018. Sheppard proposed the name Valetudo, after the Roman goddess of health and hygiene (a Latin translation of Greek Hygieia 'Health') and a great-granddaughter of the god Jupiter. The name also alluded to Sheppard's girlfriend, whom he joked about being cleanly. The name conforms with the naming conventions for Jupiter moons set out by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), according to which a name ending in **-o** indicates a high inclination. The name was approved by the IAU Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature on 3 October 2018.

## InfoBox

Valetudo
| Precovery images of Valetudo taken by the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope on 28 February 2003 | |
| --- | --- |
| Discovery | |
| Discovered by | Scott S. Sheppard et al. |
| Discovery site | Las Campanas Obs. |
| Discovery date | 9 March 2016 |
| Designations | |
| Designation | Jupiter LXII |
| Pronunciation | /væləˈtjd/ |
| Named after | Roman name for the Greek goddess, Hygieia |
| Alternative names | S/2016 J 2 |
| Adjectives | Valetudian |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Epoch 17 December 2020 (JD 2459200.5) | |
| Observation arc | 15.22 yr (5,558 ) |
| Earliest precovery date | 26 February 2003 |
| Semi-major axis | 0.1257974 AU (18,819,020 km) |
| Eccentricity | 0.2018315 |
| Orbital period (sidereal) | +1.44 yr (+527.41 d) |
| Mean anomaly | 201.41718 |
| Mean motion | 0° 40m 57.274s / day |
| Inclination | 32.03294° (to the ecliptic) |
| Longitude of ascending node | 235.45916° |
| Argument of perihelion | 122.37546° |
| Satellite of | Jupiter |
| Group | (own group) |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mean diameter | 1 km |
| Apparent magnitude | 24.0 |
| Absolute magnitude *(H)* | 17.0 |
|  | |


title: Marnix Smit

abstract: Marnix Smit is a Dutch former footballer who played as a centre back. He spent all of his professional career, which lasted ten years, with Heracles Almelo.

text:
# Marnix Smit

**Marnix Smit** (born 10 December 1975) is a Dutch former footballer who played as a centre back. He spent all of his professional career, which lasted ten years, with Heracles Almelo.

## Playing career

Smit was born in Almelo and played youth football for SV Rietvogels and FC Twente. In January 1999, while playing for the reserve team of FC Twente, he was approached by Eerste Divisie side Heracles Almelo, who were looking to give the club a more regional image with players who were from the area. Smit subsequently made his debut in professional football on 16 August 1999, in an away match against FC Eindhoven. During the 2004–05 season, he helped Heracles become Eerste Divisie champions. During the next season, they were able to stay in the Eredivisie comfortably (reaching 13th place), of which he said in 2014: "it felt like winning another championship". Smit subsequently played for three more seasons in the Eredivisie with Heracles, before leaving the club in the summer of 2009. He then moved to amateur side SVZW, where he played until 2012.

## Style of play

Smit was known as a player with good passing ability, and as a free kick specialist.

## Personal life

While playing professional football, Smit was a public administration student at the University of Twente. In 2010, he obtained a PhD degree in urban planning at the same university with a dissertation entitled "Safeguarding public interests in urban planning: A study on the impact of public-private partnerships on the public interest".

## Honours

**Heracles Almelo**

## InfoBox

Marnix Smit
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1975-12-10) 10 December 1975 | | |
| Place of birth | Almelo, Netherlands | | |
| Height | 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Centre back | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | SV Rietvogels | | |
|  | FC Twente | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1999–2009 | Heracles Almelo | 231 | (13) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Marnix Van Holsbeeck

abstract: Marnix van Holsbeeck is the director of musculoskeletal radiology in the Department of Radiology and director of radiology in the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at the Henry Ford Health System. He is an authority in the field of musculoskeletal radiology. Van Holsbeeck received his undergraduate degree in medical sciences, and post-graduate degree at the renowned Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium. He completed a residency in radiology, followed by a fellowship in musculoskeletal radiology at the University Hospitals in Gasthuisberg, Belgium. He left for the United States in 1989. Dr. Van Holsbeeck was a senior lecturer at the Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium and a visiting assistant professor of radiology at the University of Michigan. He serves as primary diagnostic consultant for numerous professional sports teams including the Detroit Tigers, Detroit Red Wings, and Detroit Lions. He has investigated the use of dynamic ultrasonography to detect sports hernia injuries and is the primary investigator for an ongoing, collaborative research project with the United States Olympic Committee and Henry Ford Hospital, which is evaluating the use of ultrasound to diagnose sports injuries in female hockey players. He is also a consultant and co-researcher for NASA and the National Space and Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI) in the Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity Project, which involves teaching ultrasound to the astronaut and cosmonaut crews of the International Space Station to use for medical emergencies. This work has been modified for use on the Earth where his team supports the on-site care of professional sports teams and United States Olympic Committee athletes, Summer and Winter Olympic Games, and the Wayne State University School of Medicine. Van Holsbeeck has been elected to numerous professional organizations and national positions including the Radiologic Society of North America, the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, International Skeletal Society, Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Society, and the Society of Skeletal Radiologists. Van Holsbeeck has received numerous teaching and professional awards including the President's Medal of the International Skeletal Society and the Belgian Radiologic Society. He serves as a senior reviewer for numerous medical journals and on the editorial board for Ultrasound Quarterly and the Journal of Clinical Ultrasound. He has written over 100 peer-reviewed articles, and is the first author for a leading radiology textbook, Musculoskeletal Ultrasound.

text:
# Marnix Van Holsbeeck

**Marnix van Holsbeeck** (born 1957) is the director of musculoskeletal radiology in the Department of Radiology and director of radiology in the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at the Henry Ford Health System. He is an authority in the field of musculoskeletal radiology.

Van Holsbeeck received his undergraduate degree in medical sciences, and post-graduate degree at the renowned Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium. He completed a residency in radiology, followed by a fellowship in musculoskeletal radiology at the University Hospitals in Gasthuisberg, Belgium. He left for the United States in 1989. Dr. Van Holsbeeck was a senior lecturer at the Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium and a visiting assistant professor of radiology at the University of Michigan. He serves as primary diagnostic consultant for numerous professional sports teams including the Detroit Tigers, Detroit Red Wings, and Detroit Lions. He has investigated the use of dynamic ultrasonography to detect sports hernia injuries and is the primary investigator for an ongoing, collaborative research project with the United States Olympic Committee and Henry Ford Hospital, which is evaluating the use of ultrasound to diagnose sports injuries in female hockey players. He is also a consultant and co-researcher for NASA and the National Space and Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI) in the Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity Project, which involves teaching ultrasound to the astronaut and cosmonaut crews of the International Space Station to use for medical emergencies. This work has been modified for use on the Earth where his team supports the on-site care of professional sports teams and United States Olympic Committee athletes, Summer and Winter Olympic Games, and the Wayne State University School of Medicine. Van Holsbeeck has been elected to numerous professional organizations and national positions including the Radiologic Society of North America, the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, International Skeletal Society, Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Society, and the Society of Skeletal Radiologists. Van Holsbeeck has received numerous teaching and professional awards including the President's Medal of the International Skeletal Society and the Belgian Radiologic Society. He serves as a senior reviewer for numerous medical journals and on the editorial board for *Ultrasound Quarterly* and the *Journal of Clinical Ultrasound*. He has written over 100 peer-reviewed articles, and is the first author for a leading radiology textbook, *Musculoskeletal Ultrasound*.

## InfoBox

| Marnix van Holsbeeck | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1957-01-17)January 17, 1957<br>Roeselare |
| Alma mater | Catholic University of Leuven |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | Henry Ford Hospital |
|  | |


title: Marks Barfield

abstract: Marks Barfield Architects is a London-based architectural firm founded by husband and wife David Marks and Julia Barfield. Their work has included the London Eye, the treetop walkway in Kew Gardens, the i360 observation tower in Brighton, England and Cambridge Central Mosque.

text:
# Marks Barfield

**Marks Barfield Architects** is a London-based architectural firm founded by husband and wife David Marks and Julia Barfield. Their work has included the London Eye, the treetop walkway in Kew Gardens, the i360 observation tower in Brighton, England and Cambridge Central Mosque.

## Works

Proposed project * Amazon Science Centre, including a six-mile rainforest canopy walkway (2012)

## InfoBox

Marks Barfield Ltd
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Architectural firm |
| Founded | 1989 (1989) |
| Founders |  |
| Headquarters | London, England |
| Owner | * Julia Barfield * Estate of David Marks |
| Website | marksbarfield.com |


title: Vasco M. Tanner

abstract: Vasco Myron Tanner was an American entomologist from Utah, professor of zoology, and chair of the zoology and entomology departmentat Brigham Young University (BYU). Tanner also taught at Dixie College while he did research. He published over 140 scientific articles, mostly focusing on insects, but also researching birds, mammals, reptiles and fishes. He also founded the journal The Great Basin Naturalist. Tanner was a part of numerous entomology recreational societies and worked to reduce flood risk as chair of the forestry and flood control committee with Provo's Chamber of Commerce. Tanner created and funded an award at Dixie College, which still exists today. He also donated money to create an entomological research fund at the college. He has numerous insect species named after him because of his research in the field.

text:
# Vasco M. Tanner

**Vasco Myron Tanner** (October 29, 1892 – April 25, 1989) was an American entomologist from Utah, professor of zoology, and chair of the zoology and entomology departmentat Brigham Young University (BYU). Tanner also taught at Dixie College while he did research. He published over 140 scientific articles, mostly focusing on insects, but also researching birds, mammals, reptiles and fishes. He also founded the journal *The Great Basin Naturalist*. Tanner was a part of numerous entomology recreational societies and worked to reduce flood risk as chair of the forestry and flood control committee with Provo's Chamber of Commerce. Tanner created and funded an award at Dixie College, which still exists today. He also donated money to create an entomological research fund at the college. He has numerous insect species named after him because of his research in the field.

## Early life

Vasco Myron Tanner was born to John Myron and Lois Ann Stevens Tanner on October 29, 1892, in Payson, Utah. He spent his childhood in farms in Indianola and Fairview, Utah. His younger brother Wilmer Webster Tanner became a noted herpetologist. In 1909, at age 17, he moved to Provo, living with extended family while he attended Brigham Young High School for two years. He finished high school at the newly established North Sanpete High School.

## College and teaching

In 1912, he attended college at Brigham Young University for three years, where he majored in biology. He received a scholarship which paid for two years of his tuition there. He graduated from Brigham Young University in 1915.

Tanner finished coursework for his master's degree in geology from the University of Utah in 1916. While he was writing his thesis on the deltas of Lake Bonneville, he taught at Dixie Junior College in St. George, Utah. Tanner helped Ernest M. Hall collect some of the first specimens in Dixie College's botany collection. Tanner officially graduated from the University of Utah in 1920.

Also in 1920, Tanner went back to Dixie College to teach after supervising agricultural projects in Moroni for two years and became a state crop pest inspector for Washington County, Kane County, and Iron County. He began work on his PhD at Stanford in the summers of 1921 and 1923, where David Starr Jordan, then president of Stanford, befriended him and convinced him to study entomology. He earned his PhD from Stanford in 1925 in zoology and entomology with G. F. Ferris as his dissertation adviser. Tanner's dissertation was on the morphology of the genitalia of female beetles. Later, in 1925, he accepted an appointment to be a professor of zoology and entomology at Brigham Young University and chairman of the same department.

## Brigham Young University and civic work

Tanner was the chair of the zoology and entomology department until 1958. He helped construct a lakeside biological laboratory where the Provo River empties into Utah Lake, where he and his students studied fish and birds. He founded, published, and edited *The Great Basin Naturalist* starting in 1939, through which he published many of his own papers. Tanner studied beetles, especially darkling beetles and weevils, as well as herpetology and natural history of the Great Basin. By 1970, he had described around 65 species and one genus of beetles, and was commemorated in the scientific names of five species. He directed the research of 48 graduate students, and published nearly 150 articles. The university's insect collection doubled from 300,000 insects to over 650,000 between 1951 and 1971 when he helped collect specimens for the university.

His students praised his dedication to encourage individual students and his passion for zoology. In 1972, he received the Karl G. Maeser award for teaching excellence. He was a fellow of the Royal Entomological Society and the Entomological Society of America. While Tanner stopped teaching at age 78 in 1970, he continued work as a curator of entomology until 1981.

Tanner served for 35 years as chairman of the forestry and flood control committee in Provo's Chamber of Commerce. As part of his work to reduce flood risk, he oversaw terracing, development of recreational facilities, and cessation of mountain grazing and planting of grasses in the Provo Canyon and surrounding areas. He was also chairman of the city utilities board for 20 years. There is an electrical substation named after him at the mouth of the Provo Canyon, which reduced blackouts in Provo. Tanner was a member of the Utah state parks and recreation commission for four years, and was president of the Sons of the Utah Pioneers for three years. He was secretary and editor for the Utah Academy of Arts and Sciences for 12 years. He was a Democratic state congressman candidate in 1964.

## Family life and legacy

Tanner met his wife, Annie Atkin, at Dixie College the first year he taught there. They were married on June 7, 1917. They had five children together. The Tanners also helped raise Ahmed Shayesteh from age ten, at the request of Ahmed's father, United States Minister from Iran, and BYU President Franklin S. Harris. On family camping trips, Vasco still prioritized specimen collection, enlisting his children to aid his search for new desert species. Annie wrote that "in the mind of a zoologist, the female of the species is only important for the part she plays in reproducing the species. This part I have played."

When Annie Atkin Tanner died in 1972, Vasco gave $2000 to create the Annie Atkin Tanner literary award at Dixie College. Most recently in 2015, Vasco's son Jordan Tanner gave an endowment to Dixie to continue the award, which members of the Tanner family judge. Also in 1972, Tanner donated $10,000 to establish a curatorial entomological research fund. Tanner is commemorated in the names of several insect species, including *Utabaenetes tanneri*, *Eschatomoxys tanneri*, *Cicindela repanda tanneri*, and the weevils *Bagous tanneri* and *Sitona tanneri*.

## InfoBox

| Vasco M. Tanner | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1892-10-29)October 29, 1892
Payson, Utah |
| Died | April 25, 1989(1989-04-25) (aged 96)
Provo, Utah |
| Alma mater |  |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Entomology |
| Institutions | Brigham Young University |
| Thesis | *A preliminary study of the genitalia of female Coleoptera* (1925) |
| Doctoral advisor | G. F. Ferris |
|  | |


title: Vasco Martins de Sousa

abstract: Vasco Martins de Sousa Chichorro (1320s–1387) was Lord of Mortágua, and Chancellor mor under King Peter I of Portugal.

text:
# Vasco Martins de Sousa

**Vasco Martins de Sousa Chichorro** (1320s–1387) was Lord of Mortágua, and Chancellor mor under King Peter I of Portugal.

## Biography

His parents were Martim Afonso Chichorro II and Aldonça Anes de Briteiros. Vasco Martins was married several times, one of his wives was Inês Dias Manuel, granddaughter of Manuel of Castile and descendant of Ferdinand III of Castile and Elisabeth of Swabia.

## InfoBox

| Vasco Martins de Sousa | |
| --- | --- |
| **Lord** | |
| Born | 1320s
Portugal |
| Died | 24 January 1387
Portugal |


title: Vehicle registration plates of Libya

abstract: Libya requires its residents to register their motor vehicles and display vehicle registration plates. Current plates are European standard 520 mm × 110 mm.

text:
# Vehicle registration plates of Libya

Libya requires its residents to register their motor vehicles and display **vehicle registration plates**. Current plates are European standard 520 mm × 110 mm.

| Image | First issued | Design | Design (Alternative) | Slogan | Serial format | Serials issued | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1960s | White on Black |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 1997 | 2004-2013 Black on White | 1997-2004 Black on Green | **الجماهيرية** (Al-Jamahiriya) |  |  |  |
|  | 2013 | Black on White |  | ليبيا (Libya) | Region code, 1-7 digits. | 1-7 digits. |  |
|

## Current Series

Libya's current series of license plates entered circulation in 2013, after Libyan Revolution and the overthrow of Gaddafi. Numbers on license plates are in Latin Alphabet, and all plates carry the Arabic text **ليبيا** meaning *Libya*, in Naskh Script, either on the right hand side or the right top corner.

### Private Vehicles

Private vehicle license plates are black on white and follow the format \[**#** \- 1 to 999999\]. The First number (**#**), a 1 or 2 digit number consists of a code corresponding to Municipality in Libya. This number is separated by a dash from the registration code, which can be 1 to 6 digits. In the city of Tripoli, due to its larger population, 7-digit registration codes are also issued.

| 520 mm × 110 mm | 270 mm x 150 mm |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |

### Foreigner-owned Private Vehicles

Foreigner-owned Private vehicle license plates are black on white and follow the format \[**NN** /**#** \- 1 to 9999\]. The plate consists of a 2 or 3 digit code in a blue square (**NN**), indicating the country of the owner of the vehicle. It also includes the municipality code, separated by dash from the registration code that is 1 to 4 digits long.

| 520 mm × 110 mm | 270 mm x 150 mm |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |

### Diplomatic and Consular Vehicles

Diplomatic and consular license plates are black on red, and follow the format \[1 to 99 - **NN** هيئة سياسية\]. This type of plate does not have "ليبيا" (Libya) written on it, but instead, **"هيئة سياسية"**, in Ruqʿah script. This means "Political Corps". The format of this license plate consists of a 1 or 2 digit number, separated by a dash from a 2 or 3 digit code indicating the country of the owner of the vehicle (**NN**). This code is identical to that used for Foreigner-owned private vehicles.

| 520 mm × 110 mm | 270 mm x 150 mm |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |

### Agricultural Vehicles

Agricultural vehicle license plates are black on yellow and follow the format \[ز**#** \- 1 to 999999\]. The plate starts with the Arabic letter ز (*Z*),followed by number (**#**) on the left hand side, a 1 or 2 digit number consists of a code corresponding to Municipality in Libya. This number is separated by a dash from the registration code, which can be 1 to 6 digits. On a two-line plate, the positioning of the Arabic letter-code is bottom left of the license plate.

| 520 mm × 110 mm | 270 mm x 150 mm |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |

### Commercial Vehicles

Commercial vehicle license plates are black on yellow and follow the format \[ن**#** \- 1 to 999999\]. Commercial vehicles consist of trucks, buses, vans, but not taxis, and not semi-trucks. The plate starts with the Arabic letter ن (*N*),followed by number (**#**), a 1 or 2 digit number consists of a code corresponding to Municipality in Libya. This number is separated by a dash from the registration code, which can be 1 to 6 digits. On a two-line plate, the positioning of the Arabic letter-code is bottom left of the license plate.

| 520 mm × 110 mm | 270 mm x 150 mm |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |

### Taxis

Taxi license plates are black on yellow and follow the format \[ر**#** \- 1 to 999999\]. The plate starts with the Arabic letter ر (*R*),followed by number (**#**), a 1 or 2 digit number consists of a code corresponding to Municipality in Libya. This number is separated by a dash from the registration code, which can be 1 to 6 digits. On a two-line plate, the positioning of the Arabic letter-code is bottom left of the license plate.

| 520 mm × 110 mm | 270 mm x 150 mm |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |

### Semi-trucks

Semi-truck (Trucks that carry Semi-trailers, collectively referred to as 18-wheeler) license plates are black on yellow and follow the format \[ج**#** \- 1 to 999999\]. Semi-trucks are allocated their own unique code from other trucks and commercial vehicles in Libya. The plate starts with the Arabic letter ج (*J*),followed by number (**#**), a 1 or 2 digit number consists of a code corresponding to Municipality in Libya. This number is separated by a dash from the registration code, which can be 1 to 6 digits. On a two-line plate, the positioning of the Arabic letter-code is bottom left of the license plate.

| 520 mm × 110 mm | 270 mm x 150 mm |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |

### Trailers

Trailers or Semi-trailers(Trailers carried by Semi-trucks, collectively referred to as 18-wheeler) license plates are black on yellow and follow the format \[م**#** \- 1 to 999999\]. The plate starts with the Arabic letter م (*M*),followed by number (**#**), a 1 or 2 digit number consists of a code corresponding to Municipality in Libya. This number is separated by a dash from the registration code, which can be 1 to 6 digits. On a two-line plate, the positioning of the Arabic letter-code is bottom left of the license plate.

| 520 mm × 110 mm | 270 mm x 150 mm |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |

## 1998 to 2012 Series

License plates in this era had an identical colour composition as the current series, black on white for private vehicles, black on red for diplomatic vehicles, and black on yellow for other types of vehicles. Instead of **ليبيا** (*Libya*), these license plates carried the term **الجماهيرية** (*Al-Jamahiriya*) either on the right hand side or the right top corner in Ruqʿah script. *Jamahiriya*is an Arabic term generally translated roughly to "peopledom" or "state of the masses". This term was used, as Libya's official name under Gaddafi was *Libyan Arab Jamahiriya* .

The license plates had a format \[**XX** \- **#** \- 1 to 99999\] or \[**XX** \- **##** \- 1 to 99999\]. The plate consisted of a 1 or 2 digit code corresponding to Municipality in Libya, similar to the current series. However, this number was preceded by another 1 or two digit code **XX**, which corresponded to the subdivisions within each municipality. For example, in Tripoli (Code **5**)

* **7 - 5** corresponded to *Ben Ashour* in Tripoli
* **28 - 5** corresponded to *Hay Al Andalus* in Tripoli
* **45 - 5** corresponded to *Center of City* in Tripoli

These codes have since been abolished. This was followed by a 1 to 5 digit registration code.

Below table demonstrates an example of private vehicle license plates. As stated previously, registration plates of other vehicles have the same letter code and colour configuration as the current series, but with the difference of including the sub-municipality code, as well as including the word **الجماهيرية** *Al-Jamahiriya* instead of **ليبيا** *Libya*.

| 520 mm × 110 mm | 270 mm x 150 mm |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |

## Municipality Codes

Below is the list of Municipality Vehicle registration codes in Libya.

| Code | Municipality | District | Historic Region | Code | Municipality | District | Historic Region | Code | Municipality | District | Historic Region |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **Sabha** | Sabha | Fezzan | 22 | Yafran | Jabal al Gharbi | Tripolitania | 48 | Kabaw | Nalut | Tripolitania |
| 2 | Bayda | Jabal al Akhdar | Cyrenaica | 24 | Ubari | Wadi al Hayaa | Fezzan | 49 | Al Qubbah | Derna | Cyrenaica |
| 3 | Misrata | Misrata | Tripolitania | 25 | Aziziya | Jafara | Tripolitania | 50 | Al Asbi'a | Jabal al Gharbi | Tripolitania |
| 4 | Zawiya | Zawiya | Tripolitania | 26 | Sabratha | Zawiya | Tripolitania | 51 | Ras Lanuf | Sirte | Tripolitania |
| 5 | **Tripoli** | Tripoli | Tripolitania | 27 | Tarhuna | Murqub | Tripolitania | 52 | Tocra | Marj | Cyrenaica |
| 6 | Al Khums | Murqub | Tripolitania | 28 | Bani Walid | Misrata | Tripolitania | 53 | Kikla | Jabal al Gharbi | Tripolitania |
| 7 | Sirte | Sirte | Tripolitania | 30 | Al Abyar | Marj | Cyrenaica | 54 | Al Rhibat | Jabal al Gharbi | Tripolitania |
| 8 | **Benghazi** | Benghazi | Cyrenaica | 32 | Ghat | Ghat | Fezzan | 55 | Al Shatii al Gharbi | Wadi al Shatii | Fezzan |
| 9 | Zuwarah | Nuqat al Khams | Tripolitania | 33 | Qasr bin Ghashir | Tripoli | Tripolitania | 56 | Al Rijban | Jabal al Gharbi | Tripolitania |
| 10 | Derna | Derna | Cyrenaica | 35 | Shahhat (Cyrene) | Jabal al Akhdar | Cyrenaica | 57 | Harraba | Nalut | Tripolitania |
| 11 | Al Shatii al Sharqi | Wadi al Shatii | Fezzan | 36 | Zliten | Murqub | Tripolitania | 58 | Southern Marj | Marj | Cyrenaica |
| 12 | Ajdabiya | Al Wahat | Cyrenaica | 37 | Baten Al Jabal | Nalut | Tripolitania | 59 | Al Shagiga | Jabal al Gharbi | Tripolitania |
| 13 | Hun | Jufra | Fezzan | 38 | Mizda | Jabal al Gharbi | Tripolitania | 60 | Ras al-Helal | Derna | Cyrenaica |
| 14 | Tobruk | Butnan | Cyrenaica | 40 | Jumayl | Nuqat al Khams | Tripolitania | 61 | Zaltan | Nuqat al Khams | Tripolitania |
| 15 | Murzuq | Murzuq | Fezzan | 41 | Al Ajaylat | Nuqat al Khams | Tripolitania | 62 | Qatrun | Murzuq | Fezzan |
| 16 | Jalu | Al Wahat | Cyrenaica | 42 | Zintan | Jabal al Gharbi | Tripolitania | 63 | Janzur | Tripoli | Tripolitania |
| 17 | Ghadames | Nalut | Tripolitania | 43 | Jadu | Jabal al Gharbi | Tripolitania | 64 | Al Shwayrif | Jabal al Gharbi | Tripolitania |
| 18 | Marj | Marj | Cyrenaica | 44 | Msallata | Murqub | Tripolitania | 65 | Al Riyayna | Jabal al Gharbi | Tripolitania |
| 19 | Nalut | Nalut | Tripolitania | 45 | Sahel El-Jebel | Jabal al Akhdar | Cyrenaica | 66 | Suluq
Qaminis | Benghazi | Cyrenaica |
| 20 | Kufra | Kufra | Cyrenaica | 46 | Castelverde | Tripoli | Tripolitania | 67 | Awjila
Jikharra | Al Wahat | Cyrenaica |
| 21 | Gharyan | Jabal al Gharbi | Tripolitania | 47 | Sorman | Zawiya | Tripolitania |

## Foreign Countries Codes

| Code | Country |
| --- | --- |
| **11** | Egypt |
| **12** | Germany |
| **13** | Tunisia |
| **14** | Lebanon |
| **15** | Italy |
| **16** | France |
| **17** | Turkey |
| **18** | Algeria |
| **19** | Serbia |
| **20** | United Kingdom |
| **21** | Saudi Arabia |
| **22** | Greece |
| **23** | Russia |
| **24** | Morocco |
| **25** | China |
| **26** | United States |
| **27** | Czech Republic |
| **28** | Spain |
| **30** | Iraq |
| **32** | Pakistan |
| **33** | Venezuela |
| **34** | Kuwait |
| **35** | Bulgaria |
| **38** | Poland |
| **39** | Hungary |
| **40** | Switzerland |
| **41** | Denmark |
| **42** | Finland |
| **43** | Sweden |
| **44** | Chad |
| **45** | Austria |
| **46** | Netherlands |
| **47** | Slovakia |
| **48** | India |
| **49** | Yemen |
| **50** | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| **51** | Mauritania |
| **52** | Niger |
| **53** | Nigeria |
| **54** | Romania |
| **55** | Japan |
| **56** | United Arab Emirates |
| **58** | Somalia |
| **59** | Brazil |
| **60** | Uganda |
| **61** | DR Congo |
| **62** | Rwanda |
| **63** | DPR Korea |
| **64** | Argentina |
| **65** | Bangladesh |
| **66** | Burundi |
| **67** | Guinea Conackry |
| **68** | Qatar |
| **69** | The Gambia |
| **70** | Cuba |
| **71** | Togo |
| **72** | Central African Republic |
| **73** | Afghanistan |
| **74** | Malaysia |
| **75** | Philippines |
| **76** | Ethiopia |
| **77** | Gabon |
| **78** | Vietnam |
| **79** | Jordan |
| **80** | Senegal |
| **81** | Australia |
| **82** | Panama |
| **83** | South Korea |
| **84** | Benin |
| **85** | Mali |
| **86** | Iran |
| **87** | Nicaragua |
| **88** | Ghana |
| **89** | Grenada |
| **90** | Burkina Faso |
| **91** | Cyprus |
| **92** | Bahrain |
| **93** | Oman |
| **94** | Djibouti |
| **95** | Comoros |
| **96** | South Africa |
| **97** | Cameroon |
| **99** | Eritrea |
| **106** | Zimbabwe |
| **108** | Liberia |
| **111** | Malawi |
| **119** | Indonesia |
| **120** | Ukraine |
| **125** | Canada |
| **130** | Norway |
| **157** | Ireland |
| **180** | Belarus |
| **190** | Holy See |
|

## Italian Africa (1913-1941)

The very first Italian registration plates, from 1913 to the end of the 1920s, were rectangular, with a white background and with the name or initials of the colony in red followed by the registration number, on a single line, but the documentation on this is fragmentary. For the Italian colonial troops, however, special military service plates were used with the initials SOM (Somalia) or T (Tripolitania) in front. Subsequently, until 1935, the Italian colonies used white plates on black with a colonial code on the first line, and up to 5 numbers on the second line. The numbers, in relief, were assigned serially and the plates were made of metal, with the fasces as a seal. The colonial codes were:

1. "License Plates of Libya".
2. https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story\_fbid=2283492881934077&id=1893434144273288&locale2=ja\_JP
3. "Escursioni esteri". 3 October 2022.

## InfoBox

Libya
| Libyan regular legal standard number plate. | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Libya |
| Country code | LAR |
| Current series | |
| Size | 520 mm × 110 mm
20.5 in × 4.3 in |
| Serial format | Region Code + 1 to 7 digits + ليبيا |
| Colour (front) | Black on white |
| Colour (rear) | Black on white |
|  | |


title: Marseilles-lès-Aubigny

abstract: Marseilles-lès-Aubigny is a commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France.

text:
# Marseilles-lès-Aubigny

**Marseilles-lès-Aubigny** (French pronunciation: \[maʁsɛj lɛ.z‿obiɲi\]) is a commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France.

## Geography

A forestry and farming area comprising the village and several hamlets situated by the banks of the rivers Aubois and Loire, some 25 miles (40 km) east of Bourges, at the junction of the D44 and the D81 roads. The commune has a small port on the Loire lateral canal. There is a canal boatyard with dry dock in the basin. The village grew up because of the canal traffic. The junction of the Canal Lateral a la Loire, a through route from the Channel to the Mediterranean, with the Canal de Berry. The canal de Berry was a small scale canal and goods needed transferring from the larger Freycinet size peniches used on the Canal de Berry to the smaller Berrichon peniches. It ran from this village to join the Loire at Tours.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 913 |  |
| 1968 | 963 | +5.5% |
| 1975 | 917 | −4.8% |
| 1982 | 876 | −4.5% |
| 1990 | 802 | −8.4% |
| 1999 | 691 | −13.8% |
| 2008 | 687 | −0.6% |

## Sights

* The church, dating from the twentieth century.
* A museum.
* The ruins of a feudal castle.

## InfoBox

| Marseilles-lès-Aubigny | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Loire lateral canal | |
| Location of Marseilles-lès-Aubigny | |
| Marseilles-lès-AubignyMarseilles-lès-Aubigny | |
| Coordinates: 47°04′06″N 3°00′50″E / 47.0683°N 3.0139°E / 47.0683; 3.0139 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Centre-Val de Loire |
| Department | Cher |
| Arrondissement | Bourges |
| Canton | Avord |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Sylvie Mouton |
| Area**1** | 9.88 km2 (3.81 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 649 |
| Density | 66/km2 (170/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 18139 /18320 |
| Elevation | 157–198 m (515–650 ft)
(avg. 180 m or 590 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Marseilles Bridge

abstract: The Marseilles Bridge is a bridge in Marseilles, Illinois.

text:
# Marseilles Bridge

The **Marseilles Bridge** is a bridge in Marseilles, Illinois.

## History

The bridge was completed in December 1997.

## InfoBox

| Marseilles Bridge | |
| --- | --- |
| Coordinates | 41°19′23″N 88°42′37″W / 41.32314°N 88.71036°W / 41.32314; -88.71036 |
| Carries | La Salle County Route 15 |
| Crosses | Illinois River |
| Locale | Marseilles, Illinois |
| Official name | Marseilles Bridge |
| Maintained by | Illinois Department of Transportation |
| ID number | 000050021931766 |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | Concrete deck |
| Total length | 1,661 feet |
| Width | 2 traffic lanes, 30ft (9.6 m) |
| History | |
| Construction end | December 1997 |
| Opened | December 1997 |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: Treasure Valuation Committee

abstract: The Treasure Valuation Committee (TVC) is an advisory non-departmental public body of the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) based in London, which offers expert advice to the government on items of declared treasure in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland that museums there may wish to acquire from the Crown. The terms of reference of the TVC are laid down in the Treasure Act 1996 Code of Practice, which also details the principle of reward payments to finders and landowner for finds of Treasure which are acquired by museums. The TVC recommends to the Secretary of State the value of treasure finds which come before it, and also makes recommendations on the allocation of rewards and abatements of rewards where circumstances require. Minutes of its meetings are published on the website of the Portable Antiquities Scheme, after all of the cases discussed therein are concluded. The TVC meets at the British Museum but is independent of the museum.

text:
# Treasure Valuation Committee

The **Treasure Valuation Committee** (TVC) is an advisory non-departmental public body of the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) based in London, which offers expert advice to the government on items of declared treasure in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland that museums there may wish to acquire from the Crown.

The terms of reference of the TVC are laid down in the Treasure Act 1996 Code of Practice, which also details the principle of reward payments to finders and landowner for finds of Treasure which are acquired by museums. The TVC recommends to the Secretary of State the value of treasure finds which come before it, and also makes recommendations on the allocation of rewards and abatements of rewards where circumstances require. Minutes of its meetings are published on the website of the Portable Antiquities Scheme, after all of the cases discussed therein are concluded. The TVC meets at the British Museum but is independent of the museum.

## Members

Members of the committee are appointed by ministers in the DCMS. Terms of service are currently five years in length, with the possibility of renewal for a total length of service of 10 years. Members are not paid for their service.

* Chair: Professor Roger Bland OBE – Former Keeper of the Department of Britain, Europe and Prehistory at the British Museum. President of the British Numismatic Society and vice-president of the Royal Numismatic Society.
* Harry Bain – Publisher and Editor of *The Searcher* magazine for metal detector users and amateur archaeologists.
* Gail Boyle – Senior Curator (Archaeology and World Cultures) for Bristol Culture
* Marian Campbell – Expert in medieval and post-medieval artefacts and former Senior Curator of Metalwork at the Victoria and Albert Museum
* Megan Gooch – Head of the Centre for Digital Scholarship and Digital Humanities Support, Oxford University. Expert in numismatics.
* Christopher Martin – Proprietor and managing director of CJ Martin Coins and Ancient Art Ltd, and St James's Ancient Art. He is also Chairman of the British Numismatic Trade Association (BNTA), and of the Antiquities Dealers Association.
* Lucinda Orr – Barrister with Enyo Law, with extensive knowledge of antiquities collections and particular expertise in Medieval coins and jewellery.
* Dr Leslie Webster \- Researcher and Emeritus Keeper of the Department of Prehistory and Europe at the British Museum. Expert in Early Medieval antiquities.

## History and former members

With the commencement of the Treasure Act on 24 September 1997, the Treasure Valuation Committee replaced the earlier Treasure Trove Reviewing Committee. Those who have served on the Treasure Valuation Committee include:

* Trevor Austin – General Secretary of the National Council of Metal Detecting
* Jim Brown – Specialist with Dix Noonan Webb auctioneers
* Professor Ian Carradice – Expert in ancient coinage and former professor of Art History and Director of University Museum Collections, University of St Andrews.
* John Casey – Expert in ancient numismatics
* John Cherry – Former Keeper of the Department of Medieval and Later Antiquities at the British Museum
* Peter A. Clayton – Archaeologist and Numismatist, former Head of Antiquities at Seaby's Ltd.
* Thomas Curtis – Expert in ancient numismatics and affiliated with AH Baldwin and Sons coin dealers
* Dr David Dykes – Expert in medieval coinage and former Director of the National Museum of Wales from 1986 to 1989.
* Patrick Finn – Expert in Medieval coinage and affiliated with Whyte's auctioneers and AH Baldwin and Sons coin dealers
* Hetty Gleave – Partner at Hunters Solicitors in Lincoln's Inn. Specialist in cultural property law.
* Dennis Jordan – President of the National Council of Metal Detecting
* Arthur MacGregor – Expert in Medieval artefacts. Director of the Society of Antiquaries and curator in the Department of Antiquaries, Ashmolean Museum.
* Jack Ogden – An archaeologist and historian focusing on the development of jewellery materials and techniques
* Professor Norman Palmer QC CBE – Expert in Art and Antiquity Law.
* Dr Tim Pestell – Senior Curator of Archaeology in the Norwich Castle Museum. Responsible for the post-Roman collections.
* Professor Lord Renfrew of Kaimsthorn – Senior Fellow of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
* May Sinclair – Expert in Medieval coinage, consultant numismatist at Spink and Son coin dealers
* Ian Stewart, The Rt Hon. the Lord Stewartby RD FBA – Archaeologist and numismatist

Well-known finds that have been valued by the TVC include the Ringlemere Cup, Vale of York Hoard and the Staffordshire Hoard.

## InfoBox

Treasure Valuation Committee
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| non-departmental public body overview | |
| Formed | 1997 (1997) |
| Jurisdiction | England and Wales |
| Headquarters | The British Museum, Great Russell Street, London |
| non-departmental public body executive |  |
| Parent department | Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport |
| Website | Official website |


title: W.R.C. Hall

abstract: The W.R.C. Hall is a historic building located in Iowa Falls, Iowa, United States. Built in 1898, the building has segmented arched windows and a bracketed metal cornice, which are features of the Italianate style. W.R.C. stands for the Woman's Relief Corps, which was created to serve the needs of American Civil War veterans, widows and orphans. The local group was organized as the Payne Post #48 in 1886. They organized such events as Easter programs, entertainment, oyster suppers, flower sales, and they cared for veteran's graves. As their numbers declined the W.R.C. deeded the building to the American Legion, who eventually deeded it to the city of Iowa Falls. They sold it to a local person and it has been used as a commercial building. It is now used as an apartment building. The building was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. It was included as a contributing property in the Washington Avenue Commercial Historic District in 2012.

text:
# W.R.C. Hall

The **W.R.C. Hall** is a historic building located in Iowa Falls, Iowa, United States. Built in 1898, the building has segmented arched windows and a bracketed metal cornice, which are features of the Italianate style.

W.R.C. stands for the Woman's Relief Corps, which was created to serve the needs of American Civil War veterans, widows and orphans. The local group was organized as the Payne Post #48 in 1886. They organized such events as Easter programs, entertainment, oyster suppers, flower sales, and they cared for veteran's graves. As their numbers declined the W.R.C. deeded the building to the American Legion, who eventually deeded it to the city of Iowa Falls. They sold it to a local person and it has been used as a commercial building. It is now used as an apartment building.

The building was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. It was included as a contributing property in the Washington Avenue Commercial Historic District in 2012.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| W.R.C. Hall | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district
Contributing property | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 710 Washington Ave.
Iowa Falls, Iowa |
| Coordinates | 42°31′11″N 93°15′57″W / 42.51972°N 93.26583°W / 42.51972; -93.26583 |
| Built | 1898 |
| Architectural style | Late Victorian |
| Part of | Washington Avenue Commercial Historic District (ID12000889) |
| MPS | Iowa Falls MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 93000963 |
| Added to NRHP | October 1, 1993 |


title: Temnoscelis waddeli

abstract: Temnoscelis waddeli is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Temnoscelis. It was described by Louis Alexandre Auguste Chevrolat in 1855.

text:
# Temnoscelis waddeli

***Temnoscelis waddeli*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus ***Temnoscelis***. It was described by Louis Alexandre Auguste Chevrolat in 1855.

## InfoBox

| *Temnoscelis waddeli* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Temnoscelis*** |
| Species: | ***T. waddeli*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Temnoscelis waddeli***<br>Chevrolat, 1855 | |
|


title: Nubble Peak

abstract:
Nubble Peak, also known as The Peak Above The Nubble, is a mountain located in Grafton County, New Hampshire. The mountain is part of the Twin Range of the White Mountains. A rock outcrop on its northwestern ridge is known as The Nubble, but topographic maps identify the formation as Haystack Mountain.
Nubble Peak is flanked to the south by North Twin Mountain. The mountain is officially trailless and is one of New England's hundred highest summits. Nubble Peak stands within the watershed of the Ammonoosuc River, which drains into the upper Connecticut River, and into Long Island Sound in Connecticut.
The east and southeast faces of Nubble Peak drain into the Little River, thence into the Ammonoosuc River. The northwest side of Nubble Peak drains into Haystack Brook, thence into the Ammonoosuc.
The southwest end of Nubble Peak drains to the North Branch of the Gale River, another tributary of the Ammonoosuc River.

text:
# Nubble Peak

**Nubble Peak**, also known as **The Peak Above The Nubble**, is a mountain located in Grafton County, New Hampshire. The mountain is part of the Twin Range of the White Mountains. A rock outcrop on its northwestern ridge is known as The Nubble, but topographic maps identify the formation as Haystack Mountain. Nubble Peak is flanked to the south by North Twin Mountain. The mountain is officially trailless and is one of New England's hundred highest summits.

Nubble Peak stands within the watershed of the Ammonoosuc River, which drains into the upper Connecticut River, and into Long Island Sound in Connecticut. The east and southeast faces of Nubble Peak drain into the Little River, thence into the Ammonoosuc River. The northwest side of Nubble Peak drains into Haystack Brook, thence into the Ammonoosuc. The southwest end of Nubble Peak drains to the North Branch of the Gale River, another tributary of the Ammonoosuc River.

## InfoBox

| Nubble Peak | |
| --- | --- |
| Nubble Peak (center) overlooking village of Twin Mountain | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 3,813 ft (1,162 m) |
| Prominence | 173 ft (53 m) |
| Listing | #88 New England 100 Highest |
| Coordinates | 44°13′22″N 71°33′42″W / 44.222888°N 71.561533°W / 44.222888; -71.561533 |
| Geography | |
|  | |
| Location | Grafton County, New Hampshire |
| Parent range | Twin Range |
| Topo map | USGS South Twin Mountain |