title: Love That Boy

abstract: Love That Boy is a 2003 Canadian film and romantic comedy directed by Andrea Dorfman and starring Nadia Litz and Adrien Dixon. It is about a woman in love with a younger teenage boy. In French the film is called J'aime ce garçon.

text:
# Love That Boy

***Love That Boy*** is a 2003 Canadian film and romantic comedy directed by Andrea Dorfman and starring Nadia Litz and Adrien Dixon. It is about a woman in love with a younger teenage boy. In French the film is called *J'aime ce garçon*.

## Plot

Phoebe (Nadia Litz) is a perky university student who has difficulty relating to her fellow students. Her only friend is her roommate Robin (Nikki Barnett) who she smothers with advice. Eventually, Robin cracks under the pressure of being Phoebe's only friend and leaves on a plane with a stranger she just met. She informs Phoebe that she is too uptight and immature, casually mentioning that she's never even had a boyfriend.

Embarrassed by her own immaturity, Phoebe tries to go on a date. After it goes sour, she ends up talking to Frazer, her 14-year-old neighbour who mows her lawn. As time passes, Phoebe grows close to Frazer, as he enjoys listening to her advice and looks up to and respects her while also teaching her to have fun and relax. However, their friendship begins to strain when Robin returns and notices that Phoebe is spending lots of time with Frazer and has crossed getting a boyfriend off her task list. Meanwhile, Suzanna (Elliot Page), Frazer's neighbour, grows jealous of all the time he is spending with Phoebe and tells him that Phoebe will want to have sex with him in an effort to scare him. Instead, Frazer buys condoms and later attempts to kiss Phoebe. Disturbed, Phoebe brushes him off and pushes him away.

On her way to graduation, Frazer approaches Phoebe to talk. She ends up kissing him in front of Robin and her friends, but the two realize the age difference between them is too large for anything romantic to happen. Instead, they go to Phoebe's graduation ceremony as friends.

## Production

*Love That Boy* was filmed in Halifax, Nova Scotia. One critic speculated the budget was low, but that that was used as an advantage, saying a "slightly cheesy look and sound of everything in Phoebe's life... justifies good old Canuck cheapness as a point of comedy."

Director Andrea Dorfman told the press that in her work, she tried to adapt reality with character-based style, and would "look at things from a different perspective." Dorfman co-wrote the screenplay, placing the character Phoebe in university because Dorfman saw herself as overconfident of her knowledge when she went to college. The point would then be to demonstrate that studying is not complete knowledge. Dorfman also claims that the low budget was because larger companies would want to change the story so that Frazer and Phoebe become lovers, while the actual points of the film were reaching maturity and friendship.

### Casting

Dorfman had previously made a film entitled *Parsley Days*. That film had impressed Litz, and Litz felt that anything else by Dorfman would be good. Thus, when Litz was informed by her agent that she could audition by videotape for a film by Dorfman, Litz opted instead to fly from Los Angeles, California, to audition in person. Dorfman also found Dixon to be "an old soul."

## Release

The film was first run at the Atlantic Film Festival on September 19, 2003. The film was re-released on November 7 of that year. On January 24, 2004, it played in Oxford Cinema in Halifax, which the press claimed marked the first time the film would be screened where it had been shot.

## Reception

Despite the similarity in the subject matter, one critic asserted that *Love That Boy* is not a "male version of *Lolita*," but rather just a statement of how love can be perplexing. This critic complimented Litz and Dixon's acting, and called *Love That Boy* "a little gem of a film." Katherine Monk of *The Ottawa Citizen* also addressed the subject matter, saying that the film is "a little bizarre – not to mention disconcerting... the film rides the edge of ickiness." However, Monk credited Dorfman and Litz with "charm" and "style" that eased these factors. Litz herself acknowledged that sex between the main characters "would be gross."

Monk also said that Litz "makes us believe in the near-cartoonish Phoebe by giving her moments of vulnerability and compassion." For this film, the Vancouver Film Critics Circle nominated Litz as Best Actress of the year in Canadian cinema, but she lost to Sarah Polley in *My Life Without Me*.

However, another critic wrote that "The whole thing is charming to look at, wise and funny – but, alas, slim. Slight." Columnist David Spaner disapproved of Dixon's acting, although he felt Litz and Barnett were good, and found the writing poor in places. He doubted the film's wisdom, and felt that lines like "I am too much and not enough at the same time" had been done before and were incomprehensible.

## InfoBox

| Love That Boy | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Andrea Dorfman |
| Written by | Jennifer Deyell <br>Andrea Dorfman |
| Produced by | Jan Nathanson |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Tom Harding |
| Edited by | Michael Vernon |
| Distributed by | Mongrel Media |
| Release date | * September 19, 2003 (2003-09-19) |
| Running time | 85 minutes |
| Country | Canada |
| Language | English |


title: Tee Jing Yi

abstract: Tee Jing Yi is a Malaysian badminton player. She competed at the 2012 London and 2016 Rio Summer Olympics in the women's singles event.

text:
# Tee Jing Yi

| Tee Jing Yi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 鄭清億 |
| Simplified Chinese | 郑清亿 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Zhèng Qīngyì  Yue: Cantonese  Jyutping Zeng6 Cing1 Jik1  Southern Min  Hokkien POJ Tēⁿ Chheng-ek | |
|  | |

**Tee Jing Yi** (born 8 February 1991 in George Town, Penang) is a Malaysian badminton player. She competed at the 2012 London and 2016 Rio Summer Olympics in the women's singles event.

## Achievements

### Asia Junior Championships

*Girls' doubles*

| Year | Venue | Partner | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2007 | Stadium Juara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia | Lydia Cheah | Puspita Richi Dili
Debby Susanto | 12–21, 21–15, 18–21 | **Silver** |

### BWF International Challenge/Series

*Women's singles*

| Year | Tournament | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| 2015 | TATA Open India International | Pornpawee Chochuwong | 21–16, 11–21, 15–21 | **Runner-up** |
|
| 2015 | Indonesia International | Gregoria Mariska Tunjung | 15–21, 21–15, 7–21 | **Runner-up** |
|
| 2014 | Iran Fajr International | Yang Li Lian | 21–10, 21–15 | **Winner** |
|
| 2011 | Vietnam International | Sapsiree Taerattanachai | 21–19, 21–15 | **Winner** |

*Women's doubles*

| Year | Tournament | Partner | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| 2018 | Malaysia International | Soong Fie Cho | Lim Chiew Sien
Tan Sueh Jeou | 21–13, 21–10 | **Winner** |
|
| 2017 | Malaysia International Series | Soong Fie Cho | Kittipak Dubthuk
Natcha Saengchote | 21–16, 21–17 | **Winner** |
|
| 2017 | Indonesia International | Soong Fie Cho | Dian Fitriani
Nadya Melati | 21–16, 16–21, 21–19 | **Winner** |
|
| 2017 | Vietnam International | Joyce Choong | Erina Honda
Nozomi Shimizu | 14–21, 21–19, 14–21 | **Runner-up** |

BWF International Challenge tournament   BWF International Series tournament

## InfoBox

| Tee Jing Yi
郑清忆 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Country | Malaysia |
| Born | (1991-02-08) 8 February 1991
George Town, Penang, Malaysia |
| Residence | Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |
| Height | 1.66 m (5 ft 5 in) |
| Weight | 50 kg (110 lb) |
| Years active | 2005–present |
| Handedness | Right |
| Women's singles & doubles | |
| Highest ranking | 28 (WS 5 January 2015)
41 (WD 12 April 2018) |
| Current ranking | 43 (WD 19 April 2018) |
| Medal record      Women's badminton  Representing  Malaysia  Commonwealth Games  2014 Glasgow  Mixed team  Southeast Asian Games  2015 Singapore  Women's team  2011 Jakarta  Women's team  World Junior Championships  2009 Alor Setar  Mixed team  2006 Incheon  Mixed team  2008 Pune  Mixed team  Asian Junior Championships  2009 Kuala Lumpur  Mixed team  2007 Kuala Lumpur  Mixed team  2007 Kuala Lumpur  Girls' doubles  2008 Kuala Lumpur  Mixed team | |
| BWF profile | |


title: Zwickern

abstract: Zwickern or Zwicker, is a German fishing card game for two to eight players played in Schleswig-Holstein in North Germany. It is an old game whose rules first appeared in 1930. It has been described as "a simpler and jollier version of Cassino", which is "exciting and entertaining" and easy to learn. German author, Hans Fallada, who learned it in while in gaol at Neumünster, called it "a rather cunning farmer's game from Holstein." The feature that makes it unique among fishing games is its use of up to 6 Jokers.

text:
# Zwickern

**Zwickern** or **Zwicker**, is a German fishing card game for two to eight players played in Schleswig-Holstein in North Germany. It is an old game whose rules first appeared in 1930. It has been described as "a simpler and jollier version of Cassino", which is "exciting and entertaining" and easy to learn. German author, Hans Fallada, who learned it in while in gaol at Neumünster, called it "a rather cunning farmer's game from Holstein." The feature that makes it unique among fishing games is its use of up to 6 Jokers.

## Names

**Zwickern** is the primary or only name given in most book sources and rule sets by playing card manufacturers, with only Mensing calling it **Zwickeln** and Grupp calling it **Zwicker**, while acknowledging *Zwickern* and *Zwickeln* as alternatives. Meanwhile, according to pagat.com, most players on the ground call the game **Zwicker** and the card packs produced for the game were also labelled *Zwicker* (see illustration). Another name is **Zwick**, named after the eponymous feat of sweeping the table, while **Zwickel** is also known. The names ending in "-n" are verbal nouns i.e. *zwickern* simply means "playing \[the game of\] Zwicker" and *zwickeln* means "playing \[the game of\] Zwickel." It should not be confused with the Austro-German gambling game of Zwicken.

## History

Zwicker's origins lie in the old English game of Cassino which is first recorded in a 1792 treatise, but spread rapidly to Germany and America. Cassino faded into obscurity in Europe in the late 19th century, but experienced a brief renaissance in America as new variants appeared. Zwicker probably emerged around the turn of the century, but is first recorded in Fritz Lau's 1918 work *Elsbe* where a character called Hans-Ohm loses 23 groschen playing "Zwickeln". Hans Fallada also recalls that, in 1928, he came across it as "a rather cunning farmer's game from Holstein played with 52 cards and a Joker". The earliest set of rules appeared in 1930 in Robert Hülsemann's *Das Buch der Spiele* where the game is much as described below in the variant without Jokers and looks very much like an elaboration of Royal Cassino. Originally, it was played with just a standard 52-card pack but now it is commonly played with 3, 4 or even 6 jokers. Bespoke 58-card packs have been in production since at least the 1950s, but they now appear to be discontinued, the last manufacturer, NSV, no longer offering them in its range.

In 1935, the 52-card game (presumably without Jokers) was described as popular in Schleswig-Holstein, especially in the Holsteinish regions of Krempermarsch, Wilstermarsch and Dithmarschen as well as the Schleswigian regions of North Frisia and the Eiderstedt peninsula. It was almost never played for money, but usually for a glass of beer or a *Grog*. Dithmarschen may be where the game originated, but it must have spread and become widely popular in the region in order for special packs to be made for it.

In recent times, it has been played in North Frisia – for example, in Neukirchen, Leck and on the island of Sylt – as well as further east in the county of Schleswig-Flensburg at Sieverstedt Sillerup, Großenwiehe and Schafflund. It is still recorded in Holstein at Tappendorf and Windbergen, near its place of origin in Dithmarschen.

The game is very similar to Swedish Byggkasino.

## Jokers

Jokers were not originally used in this game, but it is now one of few games that is played with up to six in a single pack. From the 1950s, special Zwicker packs were manufactured for this purpose, initially by ASS Altenburger and, later, also by NSV. The latter firm made them until around 2020. Today they are no longer available and two packs of standard cards each of 3 Jokers with the same back designs are needed to play the versions with 4 to 6 Jokers. Where Jokers used, they play a major role in the game and are usually the most valuable counting cards. Much of the literature follows Hülsemann in allowing no Jokers; in Grupp and Parlett they are optional; but in practice, all accounts by real players include the use of Jokers, albeit their values vary.

According to Grupp (1975), the normal rule is that, whether on the table or played from the hand, they are wild and represent any card chosen by the player. Optional rules to limit these powers include: if a Joker is the only card on the table, it may only be taken by another Joker; if a Joker is used in sweeping all cards from the table, it does not count as a *zwick*; or even that Jokers may never be picked up from the table, which effectively prevents any more *zwicks* being made. Parlett follows Grupp, but McLeod points out that no players in Schleswig-Holstein treat the Jokers as wild and believes that Grupp invented the wild Joker rule to explain the Jokers in the pack.

In practice, players use at least 1 and up to 6 Jokers with various matching and scoring values – see below.

## Classic Zwicker

Zwicker was originally played without Jokers and this classic version is still widely published albeit rarely played. The following rules are based on the game as originally described by Hülsemann (1930), but it has changed little since. Variations introduced by later authors are also indicated.

### Card values

The matching values of the cards during play are as follows: King – 14, Queen – 13, Jack – 12, Ace – 11 and pip cards – face value.

### Aim

The aim is to capture Aces and Honours (*Honneurs* i.e. 7, 7, 10) and to make 'sweeps' usually known as *zwicks* but occasionally as *zwickers*. The 10 is sometimes called the 'cardinal' (*Cardinale* or *Kardinalblatt*).

### Playing

There may be from two to twelve players, each playing alone. If more than four play, two packs are used. Players cut the pack and the player with the lowest card deals first. Deal and play are clockwise. The dealer shuffles and deals four cards to each player, one by one and beginning with forehand to the left and then four face up to the layout or tableau (*Bild*) on the table. The rest form the stock which is placed face down on the table to one side.

In turn each player plays a hand card and may use it to capture cards from the table. A player may capture table cards either by 'matching', where the value of a hand card is equal to one or more on the table, or by 'summing' if the value of a hand card equals that of two or more cards on the table. For example, a King (card value 14) may capture a 9 and a 5 (together worth 14). A played card may make as many captures as possible. So a Queen can be used to take two Queens from the table and, if the two remaining cards together add up to 13 (the value of a Queen), they may also be collected. If a player clears all the cards on the table, as in the last example, it is a *Zwick* which scores bonus points when it comes to scoring. The captured trick always includes the hand card played and is placed in a face down trick pile in front of the player. For each *Zwick*, one card of that trick is turned face up as a record. When all the players have used up their hand cards, the dealer deals four new cards to each player. A player who cannot capture a card or cards from the table, must 'trail', by adding a hand card to the table, or 'build', by placing it partly over an existing table card to increase its value. For example, a 4 may be built on a 7 to increase its value to 11 i.e. the build pile effectively becomes an Ace. Builds may be further added to, but the value of the pile must not exceed 14. Cards placed one on top of the other can only be taken using their combined value.

### Scoring

Once all the cards have been used up, the round ends. If there are any cards left over on the table, they are taken by the player who took the last trick, but this does not count as a *Zwick*. The winner is the player who has the most points. Points are awarded for taking the most cards, for the capture of certain cards and for taking *Zwicks*. Scoring is as follows:

| **Classic Zwicker** | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Card captured | Scoring value | Feat | Scoring value |
| 10 | 10 points | Each *Zwick* taken | 3 points |
| 7 | 1 point | Most cards taken | 1 point |
| 7 | 1 point |  |  |
| Each Ace | 2 points |  |  |

Excluding *Zwicks* there are thus 21 points in single pack or 41 in a double pack.

### Variations

The rules for classic Zwicker have remained remarkably stable with only minor variations. The most detailed later rules are by Grupp. He states that Zwicker was originally played without Jokers but now (1976/86) was mostly played with six. His variations include: players draw cards for first dealer and the highest card wins. A *Zwick* may be marked either by turning one card over or by placing it at right angles to the rest. Players may set a target score and whoever reaches it first wins; or when they take a break, the player with the lowest score buys a round of beer.

Dietze (1990) introduces two problematic rules. First, builds are not fixed at their new value, but the cards making up the build may be captured individually. However, this negates the point of the build, since it is effectively no different from trailing a card to the table. Second, the tableau must be maintained at a minimum of 4 cards. For example, after a *Zwick* the next player must lay all 4 hand cards down as the new tableau; if that player has fewer than 4, the following player(s) must lay cards down to bring the tableau back up to 4 or, failing that, cards are taken from stock. However, this appears to be contradicted by the rule that a *Zwick* is achieved when a player sweeps the entire tableau "whether it consists of one or more cards".

Other deviations from the normal rule that, after a *Zwick* the next player trails a card, include: the *Zwick* player trails a card or that all players lay a card each to start a new tableau.

## Zwicker with Jokers

Accounts of people actually playing Zwicker, as opposed to rule books, invariably involve Jokers. This feature is recorded as early as 1928 and distinguishes Zwicker from all other games of the fishing family. Zwicker with Jokers is more complex and challenging than its classic predecessor. The following two versions are recorded by John McLeod and are known to have been actually played. In both cases cards may be built up or down e.g. a player may play a 3 onto a 7 and say "4" or "10". Otherwise the 2 variants have the following differences in matching values and scoring:

### Dithmarschen Zwicker

In this variant for four players in 2 teams of two, 6 Jokers are used with three different matching and scoring levels. Which pattern of Joker represents which level (large, medium or small) must be pre-agreed. The value of the 10 is scaled down. Aces and court cards may have either of two matching values chosen by the player when a card is used in a build or capture.

Matching values * King – 4 or 14, Queen – 3 or 13, Jack – 2 or 12, Ace – 1 or 11, pip cards – face value.
* Jokers: small Jokers – 15, middle Jokers – 20, large Jokers – 25.

Deal and play

The game is played clockwise. The first dealer, after being selected at random, shuffles and offers to the right for cutting, before dealing four cards each and three to the table, face up. Forehand (left of dealer) opens by playing a card to the table, using it to build, capture or trail. Once all hand cards are exhausted the dealer deals four more cards each and the round continues in this way except that the last deal comprises five cards each.

As in classic Zwicker, players may build, capture or trail. Multiple captures may be made, but there is no obligation to capture anything nor to make all possible captures. By agreement partners may point out possible captures. In capturing multiple cards, values may only be added. So a 9 and 3 may be captured by a Jack (9 + 3), but not a 6 (9 – 3). Clearing the table of cards is a *zwick*; the cards captured are placed face up as a single trick to record it. If there are cards left on the table after the last card is played, they are taken by the team that made the last capture. This does not count as a *zwick* unless the last play validly captures all the table cards.

Players may build up or down on existing table cards, announcing the total e.g. a 3 may be played on a 9 and the player may announce "6" or "12" as desired. However, the player must hold a card of that value or, the partner must already have declared a build at that value. A single card build may be announced e.g. a Queen may be played and announced as "3" if the player has a Queen or 3 in hand. Builds need not be captured straight away and may be further built on as long as a card is held matching the new total. Separate table cards or piles may not be combined to make a build. A card of the same value as the table card or pile may be built on it without changing its value e.g. a 10 may be built on a 6+4 and announced as "10". Builds may be captured as if they were a single card.

Scoring

At the end of play, each team scores points as follows:

| **Dithmarschen Zwicker (3 Jokers)** | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Card or feat | Scoring value | Card or feat | Scoring value |
| Large Joker | 7 points | 10 | 1 point |
| Middle Joker | 6 points | 2 | 1 point |
| Small Joker | 5 points | Ace | 1 point |
| 10 | 3 points | Each *Zwick* taken | 1 point |
| Taking most cards | 3 points |  |  |

Teams may agree a target score or decide the winner based on the higher number of points scored over a number of hands. There is a total of 30 points per game excluding *Zwicks*.

### Grossenwiehe Zwicker

In this variant, which is known in Sillerup and Großenwiehe, the dealer gives 2 cards to each player, then 5 face up to the table; then 2 more to each player and finally 5 more to the table, so that the game starts with ten cards on the table. All 6 Jokers are used, each with a different matching and scoring value. Again, the value of the 10 is reduced.

Matching values * King – 4 or 14, Queen – 3 or 13, Jack – 2 or 12, Ace – 1 or 11.
* Six Jokers with individual values: 30, 25, 22, 20, 17, 15.

Scoring

| **Grossenwiehe Zwicker (6 Jokers)** | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Card or feat | Scoring value | Card or feat | Scoring value |
| 30-Joker | 20 points | Taking most cards | 3 points |
| 25-Joker | 15 points | 10 | 1 point |
| 22-Joker | 12 points | 10 | 1 point |
| 20-Joker | 10 points | 10 | 1 point |
| 17-Joker | 7 points | 2 (the *Pingel*) | 1 point |
| 15-Joker | 5 points | Ace | 1 point |
| 10 | 3 points | Each *Zwick* taken | 1 point |

The player with the most points over several deals wins. There is a total of 83 points per deal, excluding *Zwicks*. In the event of a tie for most cards, the card points are not awarded and the total is 80 points.

## Footnotes

1. *Zwickern* at ludorium.at. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
2. Hülsemann 1930, pp. 280–283.
3. Parlett 2008, pp. 405–406.
4. Danyliuk 2017, pp. 159–161.
5. Crepon (1998), p. 169.
6. Fallada (2013), p. 9.
7. Mensing 1935, p. 763.
8. Grupp (1976/86), pp. 147–151.
9. McLeod, John. Zwickern at pagat.com. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
10. *Das Kartenspiel Zwick* at schmidt-fdb.de. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
11. Lau (1918), pp. 69 & 174.
12. Zwicker at NSV. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
13. Zwickern at NSV. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
14. "Playing Cards Currently in Popular Use in Germany". *Chicago Playing Card Collectors, Inc*. **7** (Christmas Special): 11. 1960.
15. *NSV Online Shop – playing card range* at spiele-offensive.de. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
16. *Gemeinsamer Lebensweg war schnell beschlossen* at shz.de. Retrieved 9 Feb 2020.
17. *Die wollen doch nur spielen* at shz.de. Retrieved 9 Feb 2020
18. *Am Sonntag gab es frische Wäsche* at shz.de. Retrieved 9 Feb 2020.
19. "Gelungener Auftakt für SpieleNachmittag in der ATS" in *Treenespiegel*, Oct 2008, p. 26. Retrieved 9 Feb 2020.
20. *Spielen in geselliger Runde* at shz.de. Retrieved 9 Feb 2020.
21. *Zwickern mit dem Mädels* at maschinenring.de. Retrieved 23 Feb 2020.
22. *LandFrauen Verein "Am Klev"* at lfv-am-klev.de. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
23. "Zwicker" in *1x1 der Kartenspiele* by Rita Danyliuk. Retrieved 11 Jun 2018.
24. Dietze 1990, pp. 105–106.

## Literature

* Crepon, Tom (1998). *Kurzes Leben – Langes Sterben: Hans Fallada in Mecklenburg* (in German). Hinstorff. ISBN 978-3-3560-0797-8.
* Danyliuk, Rita (2017). *1x1 der Kartenspiele* (in German) (19th ed.). Hanover: Humboldt. ISBN 978-3-86910-367-9.
* Dietze, Rudolf (1990). *Das neue Spielbuch* (in German) (3rd ed.). Berline: Tribüne. ISBN 3-7303-0504-2.
* Eaton, Paul (2023). "Playing the Game: Zwicker – a North Sea fishing game". *The Playing-Card*. **52** (1): 15–28. ISSN 1752-671X.
* Fallada, Hans (2013) \[First published 1943\]. *Heute bei uns zu Haus* (3rd ed.). Aufbau Taschenbuch. ISBN 978-3-7466-2863-9.
* Grupp, Claus D. (1976/86). *Schafkopf Doppelkopf* (in German) Niedernhausern/Ts: Falken. ISBN 3-8068-2015-5
* Hülsemann, Robert (1930). *Das Buch der Spiele für Familie und Gesellschaft* (in German) (2nd expanded and improved ed.). Leipzig: Hesse & Becker.
* McLeod, John (1999). "Playing the Game: Zwickern" in *The Playing Card*, Vol. 27, No. 4, ed. Michael Cooper, Jan–Feb 1999. pp. 128-131.
* Mensing, Prof Otto (1935). *Schleswig-Hosteinisches Wörterbuch* (in German). Vol. 5, T–Z. Neumünster: Wachholtz.
* Parlett, David (2008). *The Penguin Book of Card Games* (3rd ed.). London: Penguin Books. pp. 405–406. ISBN 978-0-141-03787-5.

* *Zwickern*. Rules in English at pagat.com.
* *Zwicker*. Rules in German by the Nuremberg Playing Card Company (NSV).
* *Zwickern*. Rules in German at allekartenspiele.de.

## InfoBox

Zwicker
| *"A simpler and jollier version of Cassino"* | |
| --- | --- |
| A pack of Zwicker cards had 6 Jokers | |
| Origin | Holstein, Germany |
| Alternative names | Zwickern, Zwickeln |
| Type | Fishing game |
| Players | 2-8, 4 best |
| Age range | 10+ |
| Cards | 58 |
| Deck | French + 6 Jokers, Zwicker pack |
| Rank (high→low) | K, Q, J, A, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 |
| Play | Clockwise |
| Playing time | 10–12 min/hand; 30–40 min/round |
| Related games | |
| Cassino  Scopa  Skwitz  Escoba | |
| Feature: employs up to 6 Jokers | |


title: Eulechria subpunctella

abstract: Eulechria subpunctella is a moth of the family Oecophoridae. It is found in Australia.

text:
# Eulechria subpunctella

***Eulechria subpunctella*** is a moth of the family Oecophoridae. It is found in Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Eulechria subpunctella* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Oecophoridae |
| Genus: | *Eulechria* |
| Species: | ***E. subpunctella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eulechria subpunctella***<br>Walker, 1864 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Oecophora subpunctella* | |


title: Paul M. McDonald

abstract: Paul M. McDonald is a Guamanian politician who has served as mayor of Agana Heights since 1993, making him the territory's longest-serving elected official.

text:
# Paul M. McDonald

**Paul M. McDonald** (born 1955 or 1956) is a Guamanian politician who has served as mayor of Agana Heights since 1993, making him the territory's longest-serving elected official.

## InfoBox

| Paul M. McDonald | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mayor of Agana Heights | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
January 4, 1993 | |
| Preceded by | Frank M. Portusach |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1955 or 1956 (age 68–69)
Agana Heights, Guam |
| Political party | Republican |
|  | |


abstract: The UK Independent Singles Breakers Chart and the UK Independent Album Breakers Chart are music charts based on UK sales of singles and albums released on independent record labels by musical artists who have never made the UK top 40. It is compiled weekly by the Official Charts Company (OCC), and is first published on their official website on Friday evenings. The chart was first launched on 29 June 2009, and, according to Martin Talbot, managing director of the OCC, would have benefited acts such as Friendly Fires and Grizzly Bear.

text:
# UK Independent Singles and Album Breakers Charts

The **UK Independent Singles Breakers Chart** and the **UK Independent Album Breakers Chart** are music charts based on UK sales of singles and albums released on independent record labels by musical artists who have never made the UK top 40. It is compiled weekly by the Official Charts Company (OCC), and is first published on their official website on Friday evenings. The chart was first launched on 29 June 2009, and, according to Martin Talbot, managing director of the OCC, would have benefited acts such as Friendly Fires and Grizzly Bear.

## History

The UK Indie Breakers Chart runs alongside the similar UK Indie Chart. The UK Indie Chart was created in 1978 by Cherry Red Records founder Iain McNay, and, like the breakers chart, lists only albums and singles released by independent record labels in the UK. Until June 2009, a single was classed as "indie" if it was shipped by a distribution service that was independent of the four major record companies: EMI, Sony Music Entertainment, Warner Music Group and Universal Music Group. Following discussion at the 2008 annual general meeting of the British Phonographic Industry, this definition was altered to include only releases from labels that were at least fifty per cent owned by a record company that was not one of the main four. This prevented major record companies from qualifying for the chart by outsourcing the shipping of their singles and albums to smaller distribution services. At the same time, the UK Indie Breakers Chart was also unveiled, with the objective that it would allow acts signed to independent labels to "reach the broader public". Any single or album released by an independent label can quality for the breakers charts, provided that the artist has never previously had a Top 20 hit in the mainstream charts.

The new indie charts went live on 29 June 2009; at the time, sales from independent labels contributed towards approximately a fifth of sales of albums and singles in the UK. The new charts were received positively by McNay, who remarked that they would, once again, "be genuinely independent charts which can help measure the success of, and promote independent records". Stewart Green, commercial director of the independent record company Beggars Group also praised the new charts. He stated: "This will provide a fascinating snapshot of those slow-burners that do not achieve instant success but sell consistently well over a period of time." Allison Schnackenberg of Southern Records was more critical, remarking that the "fifty per cent or more" rule was "blurring the lines to the point that the word 'independent' will be meaningless to the general public".