title: The Mysterious Planet

abstract: The Mysterious Planet is the first serial of the larger narrative known as The Trial of a Time Lord which encompasses the whole of the 23rd season of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It was first broadcast in four weekly parts on BBC1 from 6 to 27 September 1986. The title The Mysterious Planet is not used on-screen and only appears in the serial's scripts with the four episodes that comprise the story being transmitted as The Trial of a Time Lord Parts One to Four. In the serial, the Sixth Doctor is put on trial by his own people, the Time Lords, accused of meddling in the affairs of Earth far in the future, when it has been renamed Ravolox and relocated light years from its original location. Much of the story consists of video testimony presented by the prosecutor the Valeyard of the Doctor attempting to stop the robot Drathro from causing an explosion that would threaten the entire universe.

text:
# The Mysterious Planet

***The Mysterious Planet*** is the first serial of the larger narrative known as *The Trial of a Time Lord* which encompasses the whole of the 23rd season of the British science fiction television series *Doctor Who*. It was first broadcast in four weekly parts on BBC1 from 6 to 27 September 1986. The title *The Mysterious Planet* is not used on-screen and only appears in the serial's scripts with the four episodes that comprise the story being transmitted as *The Trial of a Time Lord* Parts One to Four.

In the serial, the Sixth Doctor (Colin Baker) is put on trial by his own people, the Time Lords, accused of meddling in the affairs of Earth far in the future, when it has been renamed Ravolox and relocated light years from its original location. Much of the story consists of video testimony presented by the prosecutor the Valeyard (Michael Jayston) of the Doctor attempting to stop the robot Drathro from causing an explosion that would threaten the entire universe.

## Plot

Events of the serial are framed on an arcing plot that carries through the other three serials of the 23rd season. In this, the Sixth Doctor is forced to land the TARDIS aboard a Gallifreyan space station, where he is brought into a courtroom. The Inquisitor informs the Doctor he is on trial for conduct unbecoming a Time Lord; evidence will be presented by the Valeyard. The first evidence is shown through video footage, taken from the Matrix, of the Doctor's recent involvement in the planet Ravolox, where the Valeyard shows that the Doctor willingly became involved in the affairs of the planet. The Doctor denies these charges as the Valeyard brings them. After showing the video, the Valeyard affirms he has more evidence sufficient to call for the end of the Doctor's life.

As shown by the court evidence, the Doctor and Peri land on Ravolox, both noting a similarity to Earth. The Doctor is aware that Ravolox was devastated by a fireball, according to official records, but the presence of flourishing plant life makes him suspicious. As they walk, they are observed by Sabalom Glitz and Dibber, mercenaries on the planet attempting to destroy a "black light" generator in order to destroy the L3 robot deep underground that it powers. The Doctor and Peri find a tunnel and enter to find remains that appear to be that of the Marble Arch tube station on the London Underground Central line, piquing the Doctor's curiosity further. The Doctor wishes to proceed deeper, but Peri is worried and stays behind.

Peri is soon captured by a local human tribe, led by Katryca, and brought to their camp. Katryca informs Peri that she will need to take many husbands for the tribe, and locks her away with Glitz and Dibber; the two were captured after approaching the tribe to try to convince them to let them destroy the generator, which the tribe has taken as a totem. The three manage to overpower the guards and escape, but not before planting a bomb on the black light generator. They are pursued by the tribe.

The Doctor, in exploring the modern underground complex, is also captured by humans under watch by "the Immortal". He is brought before the Immortal, the L3 robot that Glitz is looking for. The robot calls itself Drathro, and is following its instructions to maintain the habitat of the underground system. Drathro orders the Doctor to make necessary repairs, but the Doctor manages to temporarily electrify the robot and make his escape. Drathro sends a service robot after the Doctor.

Peri, Glitz, and Dibber eventually meet up with the Doctor back at the ruins of Marble Arch, trapped between the tribe and the service robot. However, the tribesmen disable the service robot and recapture the group including the Doctor. The Doctor tries to explain the nature of the tribe's totem, but Katryca is unimpressed and places them in a cell again. While there, Glitz confirms that Ravolox is actually Earth. Drathro reactivates the service robot and sends it into the tribe's village to recapture the Doctor, but the tribe is able to disable it again; Katryca decides they should attack Drathro's "castle" to steal its technology for themselves. The Doctor and Peri use the opportunity to escape and re-enter the underground complex, aware that the black light generator is now damaged beyond repair, and if it should self-destruct, it could take the whole universe with it.

Katryca and the tribe are easily defeated by Drathro. When the Doctor arrives, he attempts to plead for Drathro to shut himself down in order to disable the black light system, but Drathro refuses. Glitz, Dibber and Peri arrive after being detained by Drathro, and Glitz offers to take the robot aboard his ship, which has a functioning black light system. Drathro agrees, and departs with the mercenaries. The Doctor finds the black light system is already beginning to self-destruct, and reconfigures the system so that its explosion would be limited to the underground complex. The Doctor, Peri, and the other humans living underground escape in time. The remains of the tribe offer to take in those humans that were living underground, and the Doctor and Peri say their goodbyes.

## Production

| Episode | Title | Run time | Original air date | UK viewers
(millions) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Part One" | 24:57 | 6 September 1986 (1986-09-06) | 4.9 |
| 2 | "Part Two" | 24:44 | 13 September 1986 (1986-09-13) | 4.9 |
| 3 | "Part Three" | 24:18 | 20 September 1986 (1986-09-20) | 3.9 |
| 4 | "Part Four" | 24:20 | 27 September 1986 (1986-09-27) | 3.7 |

### Preproduction

In February 1985, the BBC announced that the planned twenty-third season of *Doctor Who* had been cancelled. After vocal protests by the press and *Doctor Who* fans (including a charity single, "Doctor in Distress"), the BBC announced that the programme was merely on "hiatus", and would return in September 1986. Several stories which had been planned or commissioned for the original Season 23 were abandoned in favour of an overarching "trial" theme, reflecting the fact that the programme itself was on trial at the BBC.

This story was the last complete *Doctor Who* story written by Robert Holmes. Its plot is similar to Holmes' first contribution to *Doctor Who*, *The Krotons*. In both stories, an alien machine subjugates a humanoid civilisation and forces its brightest young people into its service.

### Production

The opening model shot of the Time Lord Space Station where the trial is held throughout the season was the most expensive model shot from the classic series run (costing more than £8,000). The sequence depicts the Time Lord Space Station orbiting in space then dragging the TARDIS inside via the use of a tractor beam.

From this serial until the end of the show in 1989, all location work would be recorded on Outside Broadcast (OB) tape instead of the usual 16mm film. The only footage shot on film for this episode was the opening special effects shot of the TARDIS. The BBC had been encouraging the replacement of film cameras with OB cameras since the early 1980s on the grounds that they were cheaper, and mixed with studio-shot material better. John Nathan-Turner had actually wanted to switch to OB shooting as early as Peter Davison's first season in 1982, but met with resistance from the directors working on the show at the time, so was overruled.

Roger Brierley, who voiced the role of Drathro, was originally supposed to wear the robot costume and physically play the role, but it was realised that the costume would not fit Brierley's 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) frame. Therefore, a special effects assistant, Paul McGuinness, who helped design the costume, was called in to physically play Drathro, while Brierley spoke his lines from off-camera.

### Post-production

Dominic Glynn was hired to score the incidental music for *The Mysterious Planet*, then John Nathan-Turner offered him the chance to rearrange the opening title music. His new score for the opening theme was the shortest-lived, lasting for this season alone (not counting the unused 1973 version by Delia Derbyshire and Paddy Kingsland).

### Cast notes

The actor playing Merdeen, Tom Chadbon, had previously appeared in the 1979 Fourth Doctor serial *City of Death*.

### Reception

The serial generally receives a poor response, similar to the other stories of this era. Patrick Mulkern of *Radio Times* was critical of the serial: "a dismal last gasp from ailing writer Robert Holmes. The travails of the Saxon-like Tribe of the Free and whey-faced tunnel-dwellers are totally unengaging. Lifeless characters, clumsy robots, flimsy cliffhangers, zero peril." AV Club's Christopher Bahn said: "'Mysterious Planet' never really takes off, laden down by the script, a lot of time wasted running around in the forest or down corridors, and some atrocious acting by some of the minor characters, particularly Joan Sims as Katryca, the Boadica-esque warrior queen who sounds like she's escaped from a community-theater Shakespeare in the Park production."

## Commercial releases

### In print

The Mysterious Planet
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Terrance Dicks |
| Cover artist | Tony Masero |
| Series | *Doctor Who* book:
Target novelisations |
| Release number | 127 |
| Publisher | Target Books |
| Publication date | 19 November 1987 (Hardback) 21 April 1988 (Paperback) |
| ISBN | 0-426-20319-4 |

A novelisation of this serial, written by Terrance Dicks, was published by Target Books in November 1987.

### Home media

In October 1993, this story was released on VHS as part of the three-tape *The Trial of a Time Lord* set. It was released on DVD on 29 September 2008, similarly boxed with the other three stories of this season. This serial was also released as part of the Doctor Who DVD Files in Issue 129 on 11 December 2013.

These four episodes, along with the remaining 10 episodes, were released on blu-ray on October 7 2019. Extended versions of these four episodes (along with extended versions of the remaining 10 episodes) were included as extras on Discs 5 & 6.

### Target novelisation

## InfoBox

| 143a  *The Trial of a Time Lord: The Mysterious Planet* | |
| --- | --- |
| *Doctor Who* serial | |
| Cast | |
| **Doctor** | |
| **Companion** | |
| **Others** | |
| Production | |
| Directed by | Nicholas Mallett |
| Written by | Robert Holmes |
| Script editor | Eric Saward |
| Produced by | John Nathan-Turner |
| Music by | Dominic Glynn |
| Production code | 7A |
| Series | Season 23 |
| Running time | 4 episodes, 25 minutes each |
| First broadcast | 6 September 1986 (1986-09-06) |
| Last broadcast | 27 September 1986 (1986-09-27) |
| Chronology | |
| **Preceded by**
*Revelation of the Daleks* **Followed by**
*The Trial of a Time Lord: Mindwarp* | |
|


title: Wezilo

abstract: Wezilo, died 1088, was Archbishop of Mainz from 1084 to 1088. He was a leading supporter of the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV in the Investiture Controversy, and of antipope Clement III. A priest in Halberstadt, Wezilo owed his promotion to the support of Henry IV. In 1085 he negotiated on behalf of the emperor with the papal legate, the future Pope Urban II, and in the same year he was convicted of simony and excommunicated by the pro-papal Synod of Quedlinburg. In May 1087 the forces of Clement III and "the imperialist prefect Wezilo" forced Pope Victor III to retreat from Rome. Wezilo was buried in Mainz Cathedral.

text:
# Wezilo

**Wezilo**, died 1088, was Archbishop of Mainz from 1084 to 1088. He was a leading supporter of the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV in the Investiture Controversy, and of antipope Clement III.

A priest in Halberstadt, Wezilo owed his promotion to the support of Henry IV. In 1085 he negotiated on behalf of the emperor with the papal legate, the future Pope Urban II, and in the same year he was convicted of simony and excommunicated by the pro-papal Synod of Quedlinburg.

In May 1087 the forces of Clement III and "the imperialist prefect Wezilo" forced Pope Victor III to retreat from Rome.

Wezilo was buried in Mainz Cathedral.

## InfoBox

| Wezilo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Archbishop of Mainz | |
| **In office**
1084–1088 | |
| Preceded by | Siegfried I |
| Succeeded by | Ruthard of Mainz |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Died | 1088 |
| Resting place | Mainz Cathedral
49°59′56″N 8°16′26″E / 49.99889°N 8.27389°E / 49.99889; 8.27389 |
| Known for | Imperial support in the Investiture Controversy |
|  | |


title: USA-71

abstract: USA-71, also known as GPS IIA-2, GPS II-11 and GPS SVN-24, is an American navigation satellite which forms part of the Global Positioning System. It was the second of nineteen Block IIA GPS satellites to be launched.

text:
# USA-71

**USA-71**, also known as **GPS IIA-2**, **GPS II-11** and **GPS SVN-24**, is an American navigation satellite which forms part of the Global Positioning System. It was the second of nineteen Block IIA GPS satellites to be launched.

## Background

Global Positioning System (GPS) was developed by the U.S. Department of Defense to provide all-weather round-the-clock navigation capabilities for military ground, sea, and air forces. Since its implementation, GPS has also become an integral asset in numerous civilian applications and industries around the globe, including recreational used (e.g., boating, aircraft, hiking), corporate vehicle fleet tracking, and surveying. GPS employs 24 spacecraft in 20,200 km circular orbits inclined at 55.0°. These vehicles are placed in 6 orbit planes with four operational satellites in each plane.

GPS Block 2 was the operational system, following the demonstration system composed of Block 1 (Navstar 1 - 11) spacecraft. These spacecraft were 3-axis stabilized, nadir pointing using reaction wheels. Dual solar arrays supplied 710 watts of power. They used S-band (SGLS) communications for control and telemetry and Ultra high frequency (UHF) cross-link between spacecraft. The payload consisted of two L-band navigation signals at 1575.42 MHz (L1) and 1227.60 MHz (L2). Each spacecraft carried 2 rubidium and 2 Cesium clocks and nuclear detonation detection sensors. Built by Rockwell Space Systems for the U.S. Air force, the spacecraft measured 5.3 m across with solar panels deployed and had a design life of 7.5 years.

## Launch

USA-71 was launched at 02:32:00 UTC on 4 July 1991, atop a Delta II launch vehicle, flight number D206, flying in the 7925-9.5 configuration. The rocket launched from Launch Complex 17A (LC-17A) at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS), and placed USA-71 into a transfer orbit. The satellite raised itself into medium Earth orbit using a Star-37XFP apogee motor.

## Mission

On 14 August 1991, USA-71 was in an orbit with a perigee of 19,451 km (12,086 mi), an apogee of 20,250 km (12,580 mi), a period of 704.60 minutes, and 55.30° of inclination to the equator. It had PRN 24, and operated in slot 1 of plane D of the GPS constellation, until it was removed from service on 30 September 2011. It was replaced by USA-232 launched in July 2011. The satellite has a mass of 840 kg (1,850 lb), and a design life of 7.5 years.

## InfoBox

USA-71
| Names | Navstar 2A-02
GPS IIA-2
GPS II-11
GPS SVN-24 |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mission type | Navigation |
| Operator | U.S. Air Force |
| COSPAR ID | 1991-047A |
| SATCAT no. | 21552 |
| Mission duration | 7.5 years (planned)
20 years (achieved) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft | GPS-IIA |
| Spacecraft type | GPS Block IIA |
| Manufacturer | Rockwell International |
| Launch mass | 840 kg (1,850 lb) |
| Dimensions | 5.3 m (17 ft) of long |
| Power | 710 watts |
|  | |
|  | |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | 4 July 1991, 02:32:00 UTC |
| Rocket | Delta II 7925-9.5
(Delta D206) |
| Launch site | Cape Canaveral, LC-17A |
| Contractor | McDonnell Douglas |
| Entered service | 14 August 1991 |
|  | |
|  | |
| End of mission | |
| Disposal | Graveyard orbit |
| Deactivated | 30 September 2011 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric orbit |
| Regime | Medium Earth orbit
(Semi-synchronous) |
| Slot | D1 (slot 1 plane D) |
| Perigee altitude | 19,451 km (12,086 mi) |
| Apogee altitude | 20,250 km (12,580 mi) |
| Inclination | 55.30° |
| Period | 704.60 minutes |
|  | |
| Global Positioning System | |


title: The Sixth Battalion

abstract: The Sixth Battalion is a 1998 documentary film that examines the history of Jewish soldiers who fought for the Slovak Republic, a puppet state created by Nazi Germany, during World War II. The documentary combines interviews with archival footage and photographs of the Slovak Republic in order to provide a brief history of the state, exploring the rise of antisemitism and how it affected these Jewish soldiers.

text:
# The Sixth Battalion

***The Sixth Battalion*** is a 1998 documentary film that examines the history of Jewish soldiers who fought for the Slovak Republic, a puppet state created by Nazi Germany, during World War II. The documentary combines interviews with archival footage and photographs of the Slovak Republic in order to provide a brief history of the state, exploring the rise of antisemitism and how it affected these Jewish soldiers.

## Summary

“Everywhere there were fleas and bugs. We slept in barns,” remembers one former soldier, “the work was very hard—I worked with a pick ax and shovel. The foreman threatened that we would be sent away to Poland if we didn't achieve the quota.” Forced to take on grueling construction projects for the army, these Jews were treated as a lower class of soldiers who constantly faced the possibility of being deported to Nazi concentration camps.

In 1939, Adolf Hitler suggested that the Slovak Republic split from Czechoslovakia or be occupied by German forces. After a unanimous vote in their parliament, the Slovak Republic was formed. But the new nation, small and impressionable, became a puppet for Nazi Germany.

The first Prime Minister, Jozef Tiso, spouted anti-Semitic statements that echoed Hitler. “Is it not humane if the Slovak people want to get rid of their perpetual enemy—the Jew? Is it not Christian?” Answering his own question, he continued “The precept of love to thy self is God given, and this command for love for myself commands me to get rid of everything that is harmful to me—everything that threatens my life... We act according to God's will. Slovak! Get rid of thy pest!”

Strong antisemitic propaganda was also spread in newspapers and magazines, paving the way for deportations and the systematic extermination of Eastern European Jewry during the Holocaust.

Then, young, able bodied Jewish men were forced to serve in the army. They were discriminated against and most of their service was spent building infrastructure for the state. “We took the pick axes and shovels we had cleaned the day before and went to dig the canal,” remembers one soldier, “it was a hard and exhausting job.” Many of the bridges and streets they built are still in use.

The documentary shares their private stories. Often, instead of being applauded for good deeds, the soldiers were simply subject to more antisemitism. While off duty, one young soldier leaped into a river to save a girl from drowning. Once she was safe and on shore, a crowd formed around the two of them. When the mob began to whisper that he was a Jew, and grew suspicious of his association with the girl, the soldier became fearful for his own life, refused to disclose his name, and ran away.

The Jewish soldiers of the Sixth Battalion witnessed the atrocities of war from many angles. In addition to facing the grueling hardships of military life, they experienced prejudice themselves and watched helplessly as their friends and family members were deported. Their ability to work and remain useful to the state saved their own lives, but experiencing incredible inhumanity filled them with rage and sorrow.

Other documentaries about Jews during World War II:

"The Sixth Battalion". Media Rights. Retrieved 14 August 2007.

## InfoBox

| The Sixth Battalion | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Mirek Pazdera / Howard E. Green |
| Produced by | Dušan Šimko / Mirek Pazdera |
| Cinematography | Mirek Pazdera |
| Release date | * 1998 (1998) |
| Running time | 56 min. |
| Language | German (Original) / English |


title: William Amos (agriculturist)

abstract: William Amos was a farmer, bailiff and estate steward who contributed through his inventions and published writings to the British Agricultural Revolution. He designed a number of improved agricultural machines and implements, and actively promoted more efficient farming techniques. His experiments and publications were widely discussed during his lifetime and continued to attract attention in the years following his death.

text:
# William Amos (agriculturist)

**William Amos** (*c.* 1745–1825) was a farmer, bailiff and estate steward who contributed through his inventions and published writings to the British Agricultural Revolution. He designed a number of improved agricultural machines and implements, and actively promoted more efficient farming techniques. His experiments and publications were widely discussed during his lifetime and continued to attract attention in the years following his death.

## Biography

Amos was born around 1745 though his geographical origins are unknown. One nineteenth-century source claimed that he was Scottish by birth but no confirmation of this has been found. According to his own brief remarks, he was raised in the countryside and was 'strongly attached to rural pursuits' from an early age. The earliest record of him is of his marriage in Grove, Nottinghamshire on 25 February 1781 to Sarah Freeman, the daughter of a Nottinghamshire farmer. He was employed at this time as estate steward to Anthony Eyre, owner of several estates in the English Midlands. Over the years that followed Amos and Sarah were to have five sons and three daughters, many of whom died at an early age: only his second son (Thomas Amos, who became a farmer in the Spalding area of Lincolnshire) is known to have had issue.

Amos's interest in new agricultural practices led him to undertake a series of crop trials from 1783 onwards, and these convinced him of the superiority of seed-drilling over the traditional broadcast method of sowing. As early as 1787 he was developing his own version of a drill-plough and he announced plans in that year for a book describing it; but his employer's death in 1788 and his subsequent move to Brothertoft in Lincolnshire as bailiff to Major John Cartwright (political reformer) delayed this project.

While acting as bailiff and later as estate steward to Cartwright, Amos conducted further trials on his own farm as well as Cartwright's. Cartwright combined an active political career with a keen interest in agricultural improvement, and the collaboration between the two men over a period of fifteen years or so proved beneficial to both. It also brought Amos into contact with their close neighbour Sir Joseph Banks, who later described Amos as 'an honest man and an ingenious one', and with the agriculturist Arthur Young, who visited Cartwright's farm, saw some of Amos's inventions and remained in correspondence with him, obtaining a number of submissions from Amos for publication in his *Annals of Agriculture*. It was during this period of his life that Amos published his two books, *The Theory and Practice of the Drill Husbandry* and *Minutes in Agriculture*.

When Cartwright sold his estate in the mid-1800s Amos moved to take up a tenancy of his own on the recently drained Lincolnshire West Fen, residing first in Stickney and subsequently in the newly established township of Carrington, where he ran a predominantly arable farm. A series of family bereavements (including in late 1816 his wife Sarah) combined with the agricultural recession that followed the end of the Napoleonic Wars brought about a marked decline in his fortunes. He appears never to have tried to patent any of his inventions and it seems unlikely that he earned much if anything from his published works. There is some indication from his final work (see below) that he may also have lost money when several Boston banks collapsed during 1814 and 1815. His final published work was something of a departure from his usual topics: a polemical pamphlet that appeared in 1816 (*A Dissertation on the Real Cause and Effectual Cure of the Present National Distress*) in which he strongly criticised the political establishment of his day and set out his proposals for reforms to the public finances and the banking system. The *Dissertation* is, however, above all a plea for proper recognition of working farmers, the ‘miserable drudges of agriculture’ who (Amos asserts) are ‘the very basis of national prosperity’, in contrast to what he saw as the vested interest of the landowning class. In 1821, at the age of 75 and close to retirement, Amos married a 22-year-old widow (Elizabeth Scargal née Dowse). They had a son and a daughter, both of whom died as children. Amos died at his home in Boston on 8 April 1825 and was buried at Stickney Parish Church in Lincolnshire.

## Work

Amos's best-known work, *The Theory and Practice of the Drill Husbandry*, was first published in August 1794 and was reissued in March 1802. The book begins by providing evidence from his own crop trials in favour of the seed drill, claiming yield increases of up to 20% over the traditional method of broadcast sowing. The book then gives detailed instructions, accompanied by illustrations, for the construction of Amos's own drill machines (in two versions), a drill plough and two other devices (an expanding horse-hoe and scuffle). He had previously (in 1788) sought and failed to obtain a commendation for his drill from the Society for the Encouragement of the Arts, and in a much-disputed claim accused one of the Society's members, James Cooke, of having stolen his design. It is known from Arthur Young's comments that not only Major Cartwright but at least one other Lincolnshire farmer used Amos's design, but it is unclear how many others adopted it. The expanding horse-hoe had moveable shares that, unlike its main rivals, could be adjusted to suit the differing distances at which seed had been drilled. Amos's cheap and practicable drill plough was adopted by Arthur Young who in turn commended it to the Board of Agriculture and several others.

Amos's second book, *Minutes in Agriculture*, appeared in August 1804 (with a reissue in June 1810). His stated intention was to settle the issue of which varieties of grass were most suitable for graziers to use, and his book contained advice on this accompanied by illustrations and dried grass specimens. The more theoretical botanical sections of the work were derivative and on publication attracted largely hostile comment (though later commentators recognised the usefulness of the practical recommendations). But Amos also added details in his book about the construction and use of a variety of farming implements. These included his own designs for a horse-drawn thistle cutter, sward-dresser and compound roller, and (less well-received because of doubts about its practicality) his own version of a tree transplanter. Moreover, he added his voice to those of fellow improvers by calling for the removal of 'obstacles that oppose the promoting, improving and extending' of agriculture, and he castigates 'gentlemen of landed property' for ignoring the proper management of their land. Amos's other published writings span the years 1798–1816 and chiefly take the form of essays and letters in agricultural journals, covering a variety of topics from potato cultivation to his plans to design a workable reaping machine (in which endeavour, however, he later acknowledged he had been unsuccessful). He won a gold medal from the Board of Agriculture for two of these essays. Of broader appeal, and attracting more interest, were his "Essays on Agricultural Machines" as published in the Board of Agriculture's *Communications* of 1810. These covered: a new design for a dynanometer (his spelling of dynamometer) for measuring the relative resistances of ploughs or the weight needed to draw them forward; the construction of a new roller and set of harrows; the breaking of horses and oxen; and the construction of carriage wheels 'upon a new principle'. The most important of these essays, however, was "On the Mathematical Construction of a Plough" in which he offered an original and practical solution to the problem of efficient plough design with special reference to the mouldboard. It was in the course of this essay that he challenged Thomas Jefferson's claim to have discovered the mathematical principles for constructing a mould-board of least resistance. This prompted one of Jefferson's nineteenth-century admirers to vilify Amos posthumously, though less partisan American critics subsequently declared Jefferson's design to be badly flawed. Amos's approach to plough construction, though it built on the work of others, particularly of John Bailey (1750–1819), earned him a place in the history of plough design.

## Impact

The readership for Amos's books during his lifetime was probably only a few hundred, though his articles in Young's *Annals of Agriculture* and the Board of Agriculture's *Communications* would certainly have reached a greater number, and reviews and cyclopedia entries would have extended knowledge of his ideas still further. Unlike many of the best-known pioneers of the Agricultural Revolution, men such as Thomas Coke, 1st Earl of Leicester, Jethro Tull and Sir John Sinclair, Amos had neither the wealth nor the social standing to promote his ideas, but his publications establish him as an important contributor to the development of improved and evidence-based agricultural practice in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.

## Key publications

* *The Theory and Practice of the Drill Husbandry Founded Upon Philosophical Principles and Confirmed by Experience*, 1st edition 1794, second edition 1802.
* *Minutes in Agriculture*, 1st edition 1804, 2nd edition 1810.
* "Essays on Agricultural Machines", *Communications to the Board of Agriculture*, volume vi, part i, (London, 1810), pp. 437–468.

## Further reading

Amos's name and work appear repeatedly in nineteenth-century works on agriculture. Twentieth-century writers have tended to overlook Amos's contributions, but the following offer limited reference:

* Beastall, T W (1978). *The Agricultural Revolution in Lincolnshire*, p. 190 (illustration of Amos's seed drill). History of Lincolnshire Committee, Lincoln.
* Fussell, G E (1981). *The Farmer's Tools: The History of British Farm Implements, Tools and Machinery AD 1500–1900*, pp. 45, 50, 68, 104–106. Orbis Publishing, London. (Originally published by Andrew Melrose Publishing, London, 1952).
* Keen, Bernard A (1931). *The Physical Properties of the Soil*, pp. 15–18. Longmans, Green & Co.


title: WWF Wrestling Challenge

abstract: WWF Wrestling Challenge is a professional wrestling television show that was produced by the World Wrestling Federation. It was syndicated weekly and aired from 1986 to 1995. The show became simply known as WWF Challenge in 1995. The show featured matches, pre-match interviews, and occasionally, summarized weekly events in WWF programming. Matches primarily saw top-tier and mid-level talent vs. Jobbers. At times, there was a "feature" match between main WWF talent. As with other syndicated WWF programming, the show promoted WWF event dates and house shows in local media markets. It was the 'B' show of WWF syndication, meaning it generally only aired in markets where WWF had two weekly slots, with the other taken up by WWF Superstars of Wrestling. Select episodes of Wrestling Challenge are available for streaming on the WWE Network. As of May 17, 2021, there were 23 episodes of Wrestling Challenge available for streaming on WWE Network, dating from its premiere to February 8, 1987.

text:
# WWF Wrestling Challenge

***WWF Wrestling Challenge*** is a professional wrestling television show that was produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now known as WWE). It was syndicated weekly and aired from 1986 to 1995. The show became simply known as ***WWF Challenge*** in 1995. The show featured matches, pre-match interviews, and occasionally, summarized weekly events in WWF programming. Matches primarily saw top-tier and mid-level talent vs. Jobbers. At times, there was a "feature" match between main WWF talent. As with other syndicated WWF programming, the show promoted WWF event dates and house shows in local media markets. It was the 'B' show of WWF syndication, meaning it generally only aired in markets where WWF had two weekly slots, with the other taken up by *WWF Superstars of Wrestling.* Select episodes of *Wrestling Challenge* are available for streaming on the WWE Network. As of May 17, 2021, there were 23 episodes of *Wrestling Challenge* available for streaming on WWE Network, dating from its premiere to February 8, 1987.

## History

*Wrestling Challenge* premiered on September 6, 1986, replacing *All-Star Wrestling*.

Following the show's debut, *The Snake Pit*, hosted by Jake "The Snake" Roberts, debuted as a feature of the show. *The Snake Pit* was an in-ring interview segment modeled after Roddy Piper's *Piper's Pit*, which aired on *WWF Superstars of Wrestling*. *Wrestling Challenge* also featured the similarly formatted *The Brother Love Show*. This segment, which debuted in 1988, was later moved to *Superstars of Wrestling*. After this, the main feature was a podium interview featuring Gene Okerlund and a random WWF superstar until 1991. Starting in 1991, *The Barber Shop* debuted with host Brutus "The Barber" Beefcake, while *The King's Court*, hosted by Jerry Lawler debuted in 1993.

### Title changes

While *WWF Superstars of Wrestling* held most title changes on national television, *Wrestling Challenge* only had one title change on November 1, 1992 (taped October 13, 1992), as Money Inc. defeated The Natural Disasters to win the WWF World Tag Team Championship, with interference from The Headshrinkers. This title change was also aired on the October 31, 1992 *Superstars of Wrestling* with *Wrestling Challenge* commentators Gorilla Monsoon and Bobby "The Brain" Heenan calling the action. The WWF treated the match as a simulcast on both programs.

### Commentators

The hosts for the first three episodes were Gorilla Monsoon, Ernie Ladd, and Luscious Johnny V. After that, Ladd was replaced by Bobby "The Brain" Heenan while Johnny V continued to do commentary solely for matches where Heenan was managing, until Valiant would leave the WWF in late 1987.

Other hosts included:

* Gorilla Monsoon and Lord Alfred Hayes, UK Challenge (1987-1988)
* Vince McMahon and Bobby Heenan (February 7, 1988)
* Gorilla Monsoon, Tony Schiavone, and Bobby Heenan (June 25, 1989)
* Gorilla Monsoon and Tony Schiavone (July 2, 1989 - November 12, 1989, December 10, 1989 - April 1, 1990)
* Vince McMahon and Gorilla Monsoon (November 19, 26, December 3, 1989)
* Gorilla Monsoon, Bobby Heenan, and Jim "The Anvil" Neidhart (March 31, 1991 - August 25, 1991)
* Gorilla Monsoon and Bobby Heenan (September 28, 1986 - June 18, 1989, April 22, 1990 - March 24, 1991, September 1, 1991 - April 4, 1993)
* Jim Ross and Bobby Heenan (April 11, 1993 - December 5, 1993)
* Jim Ross and Gorilla Monsoon (December 12, 1993 - February 13, 1994)
* Gorilla Monsoon and Stan Lane (February 13, 1994 - March 20, 1994)
* Stan Lane and Ted DiBiase (March 27, 1994 - July 3, 1994, July 10, 1994 - August 7, 1994, February 26, 1995)
* Jim Ross and Ted DiBiase (August 14, 1994 - August 28, 1994)
* Gorilla Monsoon and Ted DiBiase (July 10, 1994, September 4, 1994 - February 19, 1995, March 5, 1995 - April 23, 1995)
* Jim Ross and Gorilla Monsoon (April 30, 1995 - June 11, 1995, June 25, 1995 - July 30, 1995)
* Stan Lane and Gorilla Monsoon (June 18, 1995)
* Jim Ross and Dok Hendrix (August 6, 1995 - August 27, 1995)

## International transmission

In some parts of Canada, *Wrestling Challenge* was repackaged as *WWF Cavalcade*, with the only difference apart from the title being Canadian-produced interview segments. This repackaging allowed the program to count as Canadian content.

In the United Kingdom, the show aired on Sky 1 and a repackaged version was aired occasionally from 1987 until 1988 on ITV as a part of the final two years of ITV's Saturday lunchtime Wrestling coverage. Certain ITV areas also screened a batch of 10 months' worth of episodes (covering the period August 1987-June 1988) in an early morning graveyard timeslot, erroneously announced in TV listings as *Superstars Of Wrestling*. The late night ITV slot would be replaced in 1990 by tapes of WCW. The Sky transmission continued to air in the UK until 1997, when it was repackaged as *WWF Shotgun Challenge*.

## InfoBox

| *WWF Wrestling Challenge* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Professional wrestling |
| Created by | Vince McMahon |
| Starring | World Wrestling Federation |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Production | |
| Running time | 60 minutes (inc. commercials) |
| Original release | |
| Network | Syndicated |
| Release | September 6, 1986 (1986-09-06) <br>August 27, 1995 (1995-08-27) |
| Related | |
| * *All-Star Wrestling* (1971–1986) | |


title: Paris–Roubaix Espoirs

abstract: Paris–Roubaix Espoirs is a one-day road cycling race held annually in France. In 2005 the race was integrated into the UCI Europe Tour as a category 1.2U race. Held since 1967, it is the under-23 version of the Monument classic Paris–Roubaix and finishes at the Roubaix Velodrome. Winners who went on to become famous professionals include Yaroslav Popovych, Thor Hushovd, Stephen Roche, Frédéric Moncassin and Tom Pidcock.

text:
# Paris–Roubaix Espoirs

**Paris–Roubaix Espoirs** is a one-day road cycling race held annually in France. In 2005 the race was integrated into the UCI Europe Tour as a category 1.2U race.

Held since 1967, it is the under-23 version of the Monument classic Paris–Roubaix and finishes at the Roubaix Velodrome. Winners who went on to become famous professionals include Yaroslav Popovych, Thor Hushovd, Stephen Roche, Frédéric Moncassin and Tom Pidcock.

## Winners

| Year | Country | Rider | Team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1967 | Belgium | Georges Pintens |  |
| 1968 | France | Alain Vasseur |  |
| 1969 | France | Roger Desmaret |  |
| 1970 | France | Enzo Mattioda |  |
| 1971 | Belgium | Louis Verreydt |  |
| 1972 | Belgium | Yvan Benaets |  |
| 1973 | France | Patrick Béon |  |
| 1974 | Belgium | Marc Steels |  |
| 1975 | Belgium | Pol Verschuere |  |
| 1976 | France | Gérard Simonnot |  |
| 1977 | France | Michel Lloret |  |
| 1978 | Belgium | Alfons De Wolf |  |
| 1979 | France | Marc Madiot |  |
| 1980 | Ireland | Stephen Roche |  |
| 1981 | Belgium | Kenny De Maerteleire |  |
| 1982 | Belgium | Rudy Rogiers |  |
| 1983 | Belgium | Frank Verleyen |  |
| 1984 | France | Thierry Marie |  |
| 1985 | France | Christian Chaubet |  |
| 1986 | France | Vincent Thorey |  |
| 1987 | France | Franck Boucanville |  |
| 1988 | France | Laurent Bezault |  |
| 1989 | France | Frédéric Moncassin |  |
| 1990 | France | Thierry Gouvenou |  |
| 1991 | France | Eric Larue |  |
| 1992 | France | Pascal Chanteur |  |
| 1993 | Poland | Marek Leśniewski |  |
| 1994 | Belgium | Kurt Dhont |  |
| 1995 | France | Damien Nazon |  |
| 1996 | Belgium | Dany Baeyens |  |
| 1997 | Belgium | Marc Chanoine |  |
| 1998 | Norway | Thor Hushovd |  |
| 1999 | France | Sébastien Joly |  |
| 2000 | Germany | Eric Baumann | Germany (national team) |
| 2001 | Ukraine | Yaroslav Popovych | Zoccorinese-Vellutex |
| 2002 | Russia | Mikhail Timochine | Zoccorinese-Vellutex |
| 2003 | Uzbekistan | Sergey Lagutin | Uzbekistan (national team) |
| 2004 | Netherlands | Koen de Kort | Rabobank GS3 |
| 2005 | Russia | Dmitry Kozonchuk | Rabobank Continental Team |
| 2006 | Netherlands | Tom Veelers | Rabobank Continental Team |
| 2007 | France | Damien Gaudin | Vendée U |
| 2008 | Netherlands | Coen Vermeltfoort | Rabobank Continental Team |
| 2009 | United States | Taylor Phinney | Trek–Livestrong |
| 2010 | United States | Taylor Phinney | Trek–Livestrong |
| 2011 | Netherlands | Ramon Sinkeldam | Rabobank Continental Team |
| 2012 | Luxembourg | Bob Jungels | Leopard–Trek Continental Team |
| 2013 | **No race** | | | |
| 2014 | Netherlands | Mike Teunissen | Rabobank Development Team |
| 2015 | Switzerland | Lukas Spengler | BMC Development Team |
| 2016 | Italy | Filippo Ganna | Team Colpack |
| 2017 | Netherlands | Nils Eekhoff | Development Team Sunweb |
| 2018 | Belgium | Stan Dewulf | Lotto–Soudal U23 |
| 2019 | Great Britain | Tom Pidcock | Team Wiggins Le Col |
| 2020–<br>2021 | **No race** due to the COVID-19 pandemic in France | | | |
| 2022 | **No race** due to organisational reasons | | | |
| 2023 | Belgium | Tijl De Decker | Lotto–Dstny Development Team |
| 2024 | Germany | Tim Torn Teutenberg | Lidl–Trek Future Racing |

## InfoBox

Paris–Roubaix Espoirs
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | May |
| Region | France |
| English name | Paris–Roubaix U23 |
| Discipline | Road |
| Competition | UCI Europe Tour |
| Type | One-day race |
| Web site | www.veloclubroubaix.fr |
| History | |
| First edition | 1967 (1967) |
| Editions | 54 (as of 2024) |
| First winner | Georges Pintens (BEL) |
| Most wins | Taylor Phinney (USA) *(2 wins)* |
| Most recent | Tim Torn Teutenberg (GER) |


title: USS SC-498

abstract: USS SC-498 was a SC-497 class submarine chaser that served in the United States Navy, and later the Free French Navy, during World War II. She was laid down as PC-498 on 12 March 1941 by the Westergard Boat Works in Rockport, Texas, and launched on 21 July 1941. She was commissioned as USS PC-498 on 29 April 1942. She was later reclassified a SC-497 class submarine chaser and renamed SC-498. She was transferred to the Free French Navy as part of the Lend-Lease program on 18 March 1944 as CH-142, and was later reclassified as P-696. Her exact fate is unknown.

text:
# USS SC-498

**USS *SC-498*** was a *SC-497* class submarine chaser that served in the United States Navy, and later the Free French Navy, during World War II.

She was laid down as *PC-498* on 12 March 1941 by the Westergard Boat Works in Rockport, Texas, and launched on 21 July 1941. She was commissioned as USS *PC-498* on 29 April 1942. She was later reclassified a *SC-497* class submarine chaser and renamed *SC-498*.

She was transferred to the Free French Navy as part of the Lend-Lease program on 18 March 1944 as *CH-142*, and was later reclassified as *P-696*. Her exact fate is unknown.

## InfoBox

| USS *PC-498* before her conversion into USS *SC-498*. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *SC-498* |
| Operator | United States Navy |
| Builder | Westergard Boat Works, Inc. |
| Laid down | 12 March 1941 |
| Launched | 21 July 1941 |
| Commissioned | 29 April 1942 |
| Fate | Transferred to France on 18 October 1944 |
| France | |
| Name | *CH-142*, and later *P-696* |
| Operator |  |
| Acquired | 18 October 1944 |
| Fate | Unknown. |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *SC-497* class submarine chaser |
| Type | submarine chaser |
| Displacement | 148 tons |
| Length | 110 ft 10 in (34 m) |
| Beam | 17 ft (5 m) |
| Draft | 6 ft 6 in (2 m) |
| Propulsion | * 2 × 880bhp General Motors 8-268A diesel engines, Snow and Knobstedt single reduction gear * 2 × shafts |
| Speed | 15.6 knots |
| Complement | 28 |
| Armament |  |


title: USS SC-44

abstract: USS SC-44, until July 1920 known as USS Submarine Chaser No. 44 or USS S.C. 44, was an SC-1-class submarine chaser built for the United States Navy during World War I. SC-44 was a wooden-hulled 110-foot submarine chaser built at the New York Navy Yard at Brooklyn, New York. She was commissioned on 3 April 1918 as USS Submarine Chaser No. 44, abbreviated at the time as USS S.C. 44. When the U.S. Navy adopted its modern hull number system on 17 July 1920, Submarine Chaser No. 44 was classified as SC-44 and her name was shortened to USS SC-44. On 24 June 1921, the Navy sold SC-44 to Joseph G. Hitner of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

text:
# USS SC-44

**USS *SC-44***, until July 1920 known as **USS *Submarine Chaser No. 44*** or **USS *S.C. 44***, was an *SC-1*-class submarine chaser built for the United States Navy during World War I.

*SC-44* was a wooden-hulled 110-foot (34 m) submarine chaser built at the New York Navy Yard at Brooklyn, New York. She was commissioned on 3 April 1918 as USS *Submarine Chaser No. 44*, abbreviated at the time as USS *S.C. 44*.

When the U.S. Navy adopted its modern hull number system on 17 July 1920, *Submarine Chaser No. 44* was classified as SC-44 and her name was shortened to USS *SC-44*.

On 24 June 1921, the Navy sold *SC-44* to Joseph G. Hitner of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

* *This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*
* NavSource Online: Submarine Chaser Photo Archive: SC-44
* The Subchaser Archives: The History of U.S. Submarine Chasers in the Great War Hull number: SC-44
* Woofenden, Todd A. *Hunters of the Steel Sharks: The Submarine Chasers of World War I*. Bowdoinham, Maine: Signal Light Books, 2006. ISBN 978-0-9789192-0-7.

## InfoBox

| Submarine chasers *S.C. 44* (left), *S.C. 40* (center), and *S.C. 164*, probably at Base 18, Inverness, Scotland. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | * USS *Submarine Chaser No. 44* (1918-1920) * USS *SC-44* (1920-1921) |
| Builder | New York Navy Yard, Brooklyn, New York |
| Commissioned | 3 April 1918 |
| Reclassified | SC-44 on 17 July 1920 |
| Fate | Sold 24 June 1921 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *SC-1*-class submarine chaser |
| Displacement | * 77 tons normal * 85 tons full load |
| Length |  |
| Beam | 14 ft 9 in (4.50 m) |
| Draft | * 5 ft 7 in (1.70 m) normal * 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) full load |
| Propulsion | Three 220 bhp (160 kW) Standard Motor Construction Company six-cylinder gasoline engines, three shafts, 2,400 US gallons (9,100 L) of gasoline; one Standard Motor Construction Company two-cylinder gasoline-powered auxiliary engine |
| Speed | 18 knots (33 km/h) |
| Range | 1,000 nautical miles (1,900 km) at 10 knots (19 km/h) |
| Complement | 27 (2 officers, 25 enlisted men) |
| Sensors and <br>processing systems | One Submarine Signal Company S.C. C Tube, M.B. Tube, or K Tube hydrophone |
| Armament |  |


abstract: St. John Lutheran Church is a historic Lutheran congregation in Pomaria, South Carolina affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. It traces its origins to 1754, when Reformed minister Rev. John Glasser of Thurgau moved to the area to minister to nearby German-speaking settlements. It was the first Reformed church in the Dutch Fork. After worshipping in log cabins, the congregation moved into the "Old White Church", a painted wood-frame structure, in 1809. The historic church served as its house of worship for 141 years, until the modern brick structure was opened in 1950. The Old White Church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

text:
# St. John's Lutheran Church (Pomaria, South Carolina)

**St. John Lutheran Church** is a historic Lutheran congregation in Pomaria, South Carolina affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

It traces its origins to 1754, when Reformed minister Rev. John Glasser of Thurgau moved to the area to minister to nearby German-speaking settlements. It was the first Reformed church in the Dutch Fork.

After worshipping in log cabins, the congregation moved into the "**Old White Church**", a painted wood-frame structure, in 1809. The historic church served as its house of worship for 141 years, until the modern brick structure was opened in 1950. The Old White Church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| St. John Lutheran Church | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 622 Hope Station Road, Pomaria, South Carolina |
| Coordinates | 34°15′11″N 81°22′18″W / 34.25306°N 81.37167°W / 34.25306; -81.37167 |
| Area | 12.9 acres (5.2 ha) |
| Built | 1809 |
| NRHP reference No. | 78002527 |
| Added to NRHP | December 8, 1978 |


title: The Morbegs

abstract: The Morbegs is a children's television programme which was transmitted every weekday in Ireland. The show originally started on 30 September 1996 and ended on 15 May 1998 but continued in reruns until 5 November 2008.

text:
# The Morbegs

***The Morbegs*** is a children's television programme which was transmitted every weekday (and occasionally aired on *The Den*) in Ireland. The show originally started on 30 September 1996 and ended on 15 May 1998 but continued in reruns until 5 November 2008.

## Overview

*The Morbegs* starred two larger than life-size creatures called Molly and Rossa, who came from a mythical place called Morbeg Land. They lived in a castle somewhere in Ireland, and were looked after by various magical, wise wizards. Rossa was played by Cindy Cummings and voiced by Diarmuid de Faoite and Dominic Moore. Molly was played by Anna Galligan and voiced by Majella Horan and Tara Flynn. The two Morbegs appeared alongside various human actors, including Carrie Crowley. Often, parts of the show were in simple Irish. The target age range was 3–6 years.

## Etymology

The word *morbeg* is derived from the Irish words *mór*, meaning 'big' or 'large' and *beag*, meaning 'small' or 'little'. The name was inspired by an Irish folk tune, 'Sí Beag, Sí Mor' \[little fairy, big fairy\] and was devised by Frances Kay, the script editor. The names Molly and Rossa were used by Frances Kay in some pilot scripts she wrote for the series, and were selected from a shortlist by the production team. The show ceased to be transmitted in early 2008.


title: Willard J. Peterson

abstract: Willard J. Peterson is an American historian and sinologist. He is Gordon Wu '58 Professor of Chinese Studies, Emeritus, and Professor of East Asian Studies and History, Emeritus at Princeton University. His research specialties include early Chinese philosophy and Chinese intellectual history and history of science during the Ming and Qing dynasties.

text:
# Willard J. Peterson

**Willard J. Peterson** is an American historian and sinologist. He is Gordon Wu '58 Professor of Chinese Studies, Emeritus, and Professor of East Asian Studies and History, Emeritus at Princeton University. His research specialties include early Chinese philosophy and Chinese intellectual history and history of science during the Ming and Qing dynasties.

## Academic career

Peterson received his training as a sinologist from D. C. Lau and A. C. Graham in London in the 1960s. He went on to earn his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1970 and began teaching at Princeton University.

Peterson's early works focus on prominent Chinese intellectual figures in the seventeenth century such as Gu Yanwu and Fang Yizhi by placing their writings in the context of new trends of Neo-Confucian philosophy after Wang Yangming as well as the Ming-Qing transition. In the 1980s, he published some of his most influential works in the Sinology circle, including his original annotation on the classical Chinese text The Book of Change, and a series of seminal papers on the Jesuit missionaries and their role in facilitating interactions of scientific knowledges between the East and West in early modern global history. Later, he became an important contributor and editor of the renowned The Cambridge History of China. He was the head editor of its two-part volume 9 on history of the first half of the Qing dynasty, published in 2002 and 2016, respectively.

At Princeton University, Peterson taught a wide range of classes on Chinese philosophy and Chinese history before his retirement in 2020.

## Notable publications

* Peterson, Willard J. (1968). "The Life of Ku Yen-wu (1613-1682)." *Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies* 28: 114-156.
* —— (1973). "Western Natural Philosophy Published in Late Ming China." *Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society*, 117 (4): 295-322.
* —— (1979). *Bitter Gourd: Fang I-chih and the Impetus for Intellectual Change*. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300022085
* —— (1979). "The Grounds of Mencius' Argument." *Philosophy East and West* 29 (3): 307-321.
* —— (1980). "'Chinese Scientific Philosophy' and Some Chinese Attitudes towards Knowledge about the Realm of Heaven-and-Earth." *Past & Present* 87: 20-30.
* —— (1982). "Making Connections: The Commentary on the Attached Verbalizations in the *Book of Change*." *Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies* 42 (1): 67-116.
* —— (1986). "Calendar Reform Prior to the Arrival of Missionaries at the Ming Court." *Ming Studies*, 1986: 45-61.
* —— (1988). "Squares and Circles: Mapping the History of Chinese Thought." *Journal of the History of Ideas* 49: 47-60.
* —— (1988). "Why Did They Become Christians? Yang T'ing-yün, Li Chih-tsao and Hsü Kuang-ch'i." *East Meets West: The Jesuits in China, 1592-1773*. Chicago: Loyola University Press. ISBN 0829405720
* —— (1994). "What to Wear? Observation and Participation by Jesuit Missionaries in Late Ming Society." *Implicit Understandings: Observing, Reporting and Reflecting on the Encounters Between Europeans and Other Peoples in the Early Modern Era*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521458803
* —— (1994). "Ssu-ma Ch'ien as Cultural Historian." *The Power of Culture: Studies in Chinese Cultural History*. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. ISBN 9622015964
* —— (1998). "Confucian Learning in Late Ming Thought." *The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty, Part 2: 1368–1644*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139054768
* —— (1998). "Learning from Heaven: The Introduction of Christianity and Other Western ideas into Late Ming China." *The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty, Part 2: 1368–1644*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139054768
* Yu, Pauline, Peter Bol, Stephen Owen and Willard Peterson, eds. (2000). *Ways with Words: Writing about Reading Texts from Early China*. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520216051
* Peterson, Willard J., ed. (2002). *The Cambridge History of China: Volume 9, The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Part 1*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780511467462
* —— (2016). *The Cambridge History of China: Volume 9, The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Part 2*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781316445044

## Notable students

* Peter Bol (Charles H. Carswell Professor of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, Harvard University, USA)
* David M. Robinson (Robert H. N. Ho Professor in Asian Studies and Professor of History, Colgate University, USA)

## InfoBox

| Willard J. Peterson | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation(s) | University professor and historian |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | University of Rochester (B.A.) School of Oriental and African Studies, London University (M.A.)<br>Harvard University (Ph.D.) |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | World history and Sinology |
|  | |


abstract: The Rose Has Teeth in the Mouth of a Beast is the sixth studio album by Matmos. Each of the album's songs is dedicated to a notable gay or lesbian person who has influenced the duo, and this influence is reflected in the songs themselves. For examples, "Rag for William S. Burroughs" features the clatter of a type writer and a gunshot, representing the William Tell incident, and "Tract for Valerie Solanas" contains excerpts from the SCUM Manifesto. As with earlier releases, the duo make use of field recordings in the music, recordings that range from ordinary things to more absurd sounds, such as a recording of a bovine uterus. The album's title is taken from a line in Ludwig Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations.

text:
# The Rose Has Teeth in the Mouth of a Beast

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 81/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The A.V. Club* | A |
| *Drowned in Sound* | 8/10 |
| *Pitchfork* | 8.0/10 |
| *PopMatters* | 7/10 |
| *Slant Magazine* |  |
| *Stylus Magazine* | B+ |

***The Rose Has Teeth in the Mouth of a Beast*** is the sixth studio album by Matmos. Each of the album's songs is dedicated to a notable gay or lesbian person who has influenced the duo, and this influence is reflected in the songs themselves. For examples, "Rag for William S. Burroughs" features the clatter of a type writer and a gunshot, representing the William Tell incident, and "Tract for Valerie Solanas" contains excerpts from the *SCUM Manifesto*.

As with earlier releases, the duo make use of field recordings in the music, recordings that range from ordinary things to more absurd sounds, such as a recording of a bovine uterus. The album's title is taken from a line in Ludwig Wittgenstein's *Philosophical Investigations.*

## Critical reception

*The Rose Has Teeth in the Mouth of a Beast* received positive reviews from music critics. Review aggregator website Metacritic gives it a score of 81 out of 100 based on 22 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Brandon Stosuy, writing for *Pitchfork*, wrote in a positive review that "there are a few moments when the concept's cooler than the result, but in general *The Rose Has Teeth'*s experiments result in frenetic dance tracks doubling as reading lists."

Jonathan Keefe, writing for *Slant Magazine*, called the album "endlessly fascinating" but concluded that "even armed with a cheat sheet from Wikipedia and a desire to figure out the significance of every last hair clipper and gunshot, the album never engages as anything more than an academic exercise."

*Pitchfork* placed it at number 47 on the "Top 50 Albums of 2006" list.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Notes | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Roses and Teeth for Ludwig Wittgenstein" | Credits: | 3:24 |
| 2. | "Steam and Sequins for Larry Levan" | Credits: * + Drums – Steve Goodfriend     + Guitar \[electric guitar\], Horns \[peck horn\], Trumpet – Mark Lightcap     + Performer \[electronics\] – John Talaga     + Performer \[steam, sewing machine, sequins, Arp 2600, sampling, sequencing, digital editing\] – Drew Daniel     + Performer \[V-synth, tambourine, shaker, saucepan\], Mixed By – M.C. Schmidt     + Synthesizer \[Arp 2600\] – Matthew Curry     + Voice – Kalonica McQuesten | 5:20 |
| 3. | "Tract for Valerie Solanas" | Credits: * + Performer \[cow uterus, reproductive tract, vagina, vacuum cleaner, plastic gloves\], Mixed By – M.C. Schmidt     + Performer \[sampling, sequencing, digital editing, machete, scissors, knives, paper, Personal alarms (rape alarms)\] – Drew Daniel     + Voice \[excerpts from Valerie Solanas' *The SCUM Manifesto* read by\] – Barbara Golden, Yalie Kumara | 5:07 |
| 4. | "Public Sex for Boyd McDonald" | Credits: * + Drums – Steve Goodfriend     + Guitar \[electric guitar\], Trumpet – Mark Lightcap     + Performer \[pen, paper, typewriter, videotape, sampling, sequencing, digital editing, Arp 2600\] – Drew Daniel     + Saxophone – Stephen Thrower     + Synthesizer \[Arp 2600, Sh 101, V-synth, Juno 6\], Performer \[Videotape\], Mixed By – M.C. Schmidt | 5:52 |
| 5. | "Semen Song for James Bidgood" | Credits: * + Arranged By \[String Arrangement\] – Jefferson Friedman     + Cello – Clarice Jensen     + Harp – Zeena Parkins     + Keyboards \[V-synth, piano\], Performer \[sampling, sequencing\], Mixed By – M.C. Schmidt     + Performer \[file transfers, effects\] – Jon Leidecker     + Performer \[sampling, sequencing, digital editing, toilet paper roll panflute, paper, semen\] – Drew Daniel     + Piano – Matthew Fuerst     + Strings – American Contemporary Music Ensemble     + Viola – Bridget Fitzgerald     + Violin – Erik Carlson, Miranda Cuckson     + Voice – Anohni Hegarty | 5:02 |
| 6. | "Snails and Lasers for Patricia Highsmith" | Credits: * + Double bass – Brian O'Reilly     + Drums – Steve Goodfriend     + French horn – Amy Vaillancourt     + Performer \[sampling, sequencing, digital editing\] – Drew Daniel     + Performer \[sequencing, V-synth, Ms2000, books, brushes, live garden snails, glass cylinder, Light-sensitive theremin\], Mixed By – M.C. Schmidt | 5:52 |
| 7. | "Germs Burn for Darby Crash" | Credits: * + Performer \[Arp 2600, Wahl hair clipper, hair\] – M.C. Schmidt     + Performer \[lighter, cigarette\] – Don Bolles     + Performer \[sampling, sequencing, digital editing, burnt flesh, cry of pain\] – Drew Daniel | 4:10 |
| 8. | "Solo Buttons for Joe Meek" | Credits: | 3:33 |
| 9. | "Rag for William S. Burroughs" | Credits: * + Goblet Drum \[darbuka\] – Darcy Bartoletti     + Performer \[amateur piano, sampling, V-synth, sequencing, tape recorder, typewriter, vacuum cleaner tube, horn\] – M.C. Schmidt     + Performer \[Burroughs adding machines, film projectors\] – Michael Brown     + Performer \[electronics\] – Jay Lesser     + Performer \[Heidelberg windmill, Chandler And Price printing presses\] – Leif Fairfield     + Performer \[sampling, sequencing, digital editing, bombard, tape recorder, shortwave radio, marbles, keys, Efx\] – Drew Daniel     + Trumpet – Mark Lightcap     + Violin – Blevin Blectum | 13:52 |
| 10. | "Banquet for King Ludwig II of Bavaria" | Credits: * + Drums, Percussion \[sleighbells\] – Steve Goodfriend     + French horn – Amy Vaillancourt     + Performer \[glassware, dishes, coconuts, sampling, sequencing, V-synth\] – M.C. Schmidt     + Performer \[glassware, dishes, sampling, sequencing, digital editing\] – Drew Daniel     + Tuba, Horns \[peck horn\], Performer \[plastic tube\] – Mark Lightcap     + Voice – Maja S. K. Ratkje | 3:23 |

Japanese edition bonus track
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 11. | "Kendo for Yukio Mishima" | 5:54 |

## Charts

| Chart | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Top Dance/Electronic Albums (*Billboard*) | 21 |
|

## InfoBox

| The Rose Has Teeth in the Mouth of a Beast | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Matmos | |
| Released | May 9, 2006 (2006-05-09) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 61:28 |
| Label | Matador Records |
| Producer | Drew Daniel, Martin Schmidt |
| Matmos chronology | |
| *The Civil War*
(2003) ***The Rose Has Teeth in the Mouth of a Beast***
(2006) *Supreme Balloon*
(2008) | |


title: Paratilapia toddi

abstract: Paratilapia toddi is a small species of fish in the family Cichlidae. It is only known from the type locality of Lusambo, Kasai River. It can reach a length of 15 centimeters (5.9 in).

text:
# Paratilapia toddi

***Paratilapia toddi*** is a small species of fish in the family Cichlidae. It is only known from the type locality of Lusambo, Kasai River. It can reach a length of 15 centimeters (5.9 in).

## InfoBox

| *Paratilapia toddi* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cichliformes |
| Family: | Cichlidae |
| Genus: | *Paratilapia* |
| Species: | ***P. toddi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Paratilapia toddi***
Boulenger, 1905 | |
|


title: Vayrac station

abstract: Vayrac station is a French closed train station on the ligne de Souillac à Viescamp-sous-Jallès, close to town in the Commune of Vayrac, in the departement of Lot, in the region of Occitanie. It was in service from 1891, for the Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris à Orléans (PO). It took passengers from the Société nationale des chemins de fer français (SNCF), served until 2017 by trains of the TER Occitanie network.

text:
# Vayrac station

**Vayrac station** (French: *Gare de Vayrac*) is a French closed train station on the ligne de Souillac à Viescamp-sous-Jallès, close to town in the Commune of Vayrac, in the departement of Lot, in the region of Occitanie.

It was in service from 1891, for the Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris à Orléans (PO).

It took passengers from the Société nationale des chemins de fer français (SNCF), served until 2017 by trains of the TER Occitanie network.

## Railway

Built at 122 metres (400 ft) above sea level, the Gare de Vayrac is located at kilometric point (PK) 641,483 of the ligne de Souillac à Viescamp-sous-Jallès, between the open station of Saint-Denis-près-Martel and the closed station at Bétaille.

## History

The Gare de Vayrac was opened on 11 May 1891 by the Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris à Orléans (PO), used as a stop between the Saint-Denis-près-Martel and Viescamp-sous-Jallès.

The station has a passenger building, with a central body with three openings, with a floor under a roof with two sides, framed by two small wings to an opening on the ground floor under a roof with two sides.

In 1896, the Compagnie du PO indicated that receipts for the station for the year totalled 134,184 francs.

Having once been used as a stop by the SNCF, the passenger building is now closed.

Since July 2017, no trains have stopped at the station.

## Railway history

The former passenger buildings are still present at the site.

## Notes and references

### Linked articles

## InfoBox

| Vayrac | |
| --- | --- |
| Former passenger building | |
| General information | |
| Location | Avenue de la Gare
46110 Vayrac
Lot
France |
| Coordinates | 44°57′01″N 1°42′23″E / 44.950155°N 1.706398°E / 44.950155; 1.706398 |
| Owned by | SNCF |
| Operated by | *closed* |
| Line(s) | Souillac à Viescamp-sous-Jallès |
| Platforms | 1 |
| Tracks | 1 |
| Other information | |
| Station code | 87594739 |
| History | |
| Opened | 11 May 1891 (1891-05-11) |
| Closed | 2017 (2017) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Vasa nervorum

abstract: Vasa nervorum are small arteries that provide blood supply to peripheral nerves, specifically to the interior parts of nerves, and their coverings.

text:
# Vasa nervorum

**Vasa nervorum** are small arteries that provide blood supply to peripheral nerves, specifically to the interior parts of nerves, and their coverings.

## Associated pathologic conditions

Small vessels like vasa vasorum and vasa nervorum are particularly susceptible to external mechanical compression. A decrease in blood flow through the vasa nervorum has been implicated in the development of diabetic neuropathy. Arteritis of the vasa nervorum leads to mononeuritis multiplex or polyneuropathy. Occlusion of vasa nervorum at the level of the epineurial arterioles leads to ischemia of nerves, leading to vasculitic neuropathy. and has been implicated as the cause in a few cases of facial nerve paralysis. During invasive diagnostic or therapeutic procedures, injecting a vasoconstrictor close to a nerve can reduce perfusion to its supplying vessel, risking ischemic nerve injury.


title: Vasa Sacra

abstract: Vasa Sacra is a term from the field of silversmithing. It includes the equipment used during Christian liturgy. Vasa sacra are mainly made of noble metals or other noble materials such as ivory. Sacral equipment is used especially in the administration of the sacraments in the Roman Catholic, Anglican, Old Catholic, Protestant and Eastern Orthodox churches.

text:
# Vasa Sacra

**Vasa Sacra** (Latin for "sacred vessels"; singular: *vasum sacrum*) is a term from the field of silversmithing. It includes the equipment used during Christian liturgy. Vasa sacra are mainly made of noble metals or other noble materials such as ivory. Sacral equipment is used especially in the administration of the sacraments in the Roman Catholic, Anglican, Old Catholic, Protestant and Eastern Orthodox churches.

## Protection

The vasa sacra are often valuable objects. Because of their proximity to the acts of worship, and sometimes also because of their origin and history, they are also of particular idealistic value to the faithful. In Germany the legal system takes this into account. For example, § 243 of the German Criminal Code (StGB) deals with rules about church theft, a particularly serious variety of theft. The state also provides increased protection for the so-called *res sacrae* (Latin for "sacred things"). These are sometimes public property, because religious communities can dedicate them as public property by an administrative act of the church.

## Examples

## Further reading

* Beker, Sigmund (1972). *Liturgische Geräte, Kreuze und Reliquiare der christlichen Kirchen / Objets liturgiques, croix et reliquaires des eglises chretiennes. Systematisches Fachwörterbuch*. Glossarium Artis. Vol. 2. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-150153-1.
* Adolf Reinle: *Die Ausstattung deutscher Kirchen im Mittelalter.* Darmstadt 1988, ISBN 3-534-08803-4.
* Christhard Mahrenholz: *Die liturgischen Gegenstände und Geräte des Kirchenraums* (= *Liturgische Richtlinien für die Ev.-luth. Landeskirche Hannovers.* Vol. 3). Hannover 1949.


title: Sandra Arlinghaus

abstract: Sandra Lach Arlinghaus is an American Geographer who is adjunct professor in the School for Environment and Sustainability at the University of Michigan. Her research concerns mathematical geography much of which is archived in the persistent archive, Deep Blue, at The University of Michigan. She is the Founder of the Institute of Mathematical Geography (IMaGe) and of Solstice: An Electronic Journal of Geography and Mathematics; full archives of both are also archived in Deep Blue. She is noted as a 'mathematician' in the online Mathematical Genealogy Project of the North Dakota State University/American Mathematical Society that is housed online. She has served on various boards of directors, including: Project My Heart / Your Heart, Chene Street History Study, and Meridian Architectural Trust.

text:
# Sandra Arlinghaus

**Sandra Lach Arlinghaus** is an American Geographer who is adjunct professor in the School for Environment and Sustainability (formerly School of Natural Resources and Environment) at the University of Michigan. Her research concerns mathematical geography much of which is archived in the persistent archive, Deep Blue, at The University of Michigan. She is the Founder of the Institute of Mathematical Geography (IMaGe) and of Solstice: An Electronic Journal of Geography and Mathematics; full archives of both are also archived in Deep Blue. She is noted as a 'mathematician' in the online Mathematical Genealogy Project of the North Dakota State University/American Mathematical Society that is housed online. She has served on various boards of directors (in addition to IMaGe), including (but not limited to): Project My Heart / Your Heart, Chene Street History Study, and Meridian Architectural Trust.

## Education

Arlinghaus has an A.B. in Mathematics from Vassar College, an MA in geography from Wayne State University, and a PhD in Theoretical Geography from the University of Michigan.

## Books

Arlinghaus is the author or co-author of several books on mathematical geography, including but not limited to:

* Teaching Mathematics Using Interactive Mapping, with Joseph Kerski and William C. Arlinghaus (CRC Press/Routledge, 2023)
* Spatial Thinking in Environmental Contexts: Maps, Archives, and Timelines, with Joseph Kerski, Ann E. Larimore, and Matthew Naud (CRC Press, 2019).
* *Spatial Mathematics: Theory and Practice through Mapping*, with Joseph Kerski (CRC Press, 2013)
* *Graph Theory and Geography: An Interactive View*, eBook, with William C. Arlinghaus and Frank Harary (Wiley, 2002)
* *Practical Handbook of Spatial Statistics*, with Daniel A. Griffith (CRC Press, 1995)
* *Practical Handbook of Digital Mapping: Terms and Concepts,* with Robert F. Austin (CRC Press, 1994)
* *Practical Handbook of Curve Fitting* (CRC Press, 1994)


title: Veerapatty

abstract: Veerapatty is a village in the Annavasalrevenue block of Pudukkottai district, Tamil Nadu, India.

text:
# Veerapatty

**Veerapatty**  is a village in the Annavasalrevenue block of Pudukkottai district, Tamil Nadu, India.

## Demographics

As per the 2001 census, Veerapatty had a total population of 5982 with 2851 males and 3131 females. Out of the total population 3799 people were literate.

## InfoBox

| Veerapatty | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| District | Pudukkottai |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 5,982 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Tamil |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


title: Veerapandiyan

abstract: Veerapandiyan is a 1987 Indian Tamil-language masala film, directed by Karthik Raghunath and produced by Durai. The film stars Sivaji Ganesan, Vijayakanth, Radhika and Jaishankar. It was released on 14 April 1987.

text:
# Veerapandiyan

***Veerapandiyan*** (transl.Brave warrior) is a 1987 Indian Tamil-language masala film, directed by Karthik Raghunath and produced by Durai. The film stars Sivaji Ganesan, Vijayakanth, Radhika and Jaishankar. It was released on 14 April 1987.

## Plot

Ranjith (Ranjeet) plots to steal the temple jewels in the town of Manimangalam with the help of the temple's dharmagatha (V. K. Ramasamy) and townsman Nanjappa (Radha Ravi). Their initial attempt is foiled by Manimaaran (Vijayakanth), the son of the periya pannaiyar, Dharmalingam (V. S. Raghavan) and Nanjappa's nephew. The trio are forced to wait until the next year when the temple festival takes place again to attempt to steal the jewels. Pandiyan (Sivaji Ganesan) is the village president and lives in Manimangalam with his sister Meenatchi (Radhika). He was engaged to marry Gowri (Sumithra) but he called off the wedding when he learned his horoscope dictates his wife would die prematurely. Gowri has refused to marry anyone else and remains a major part of Pandian and Meena's lives. Pandian also has a long-standing feud with Dharmalingam that started when he won the post of village president. Manimaaran and Pandian both inadvertently continually foil the plans of the trio to further their plans to learn more about the temple. The police also become interested and send police officer Shankar (Jaishankar) undercover to the town. He secretly works to protect Pandian and Manimaaran from falling victim to the trio. More problems arise when Meena and Manimaaran fall in love however. Pandian is willing to give his blessings if Dharmalingam will agree to the marriage but the latter refuses. Manimaaran and Meena marry regardless and Nanjappa uses the conflict to his advantage. As the temple festival nears, he kills Dharmalingam and frames Pandian to sow discord between the two in hopes of keeping both distracted. Pandian and Manimaaran must deal with the fallout from Nanjappa's plan and prevent the theft of the temple jewels.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

The soundtrack was composed by Shankar–Ganesh.

Track listing
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Singer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Chittu Kuruvi" | Vairamuthu | Malaysia Vasudevan, K. S. Chithra |  |
| 2. | "Muthumani" | Vaali | Vani Jairam, K. S. Chithra |  |
| 3. | "Andayila" | Vaali | Vani Jairam |  |
| 4. | "Thavum Kiliye" | Vairamuthu | Malaysia Vasudevan, S. P. Sailaja |  |
| 5. | "Malaiya" | Gangai Amaran | K. S. Chithra |  |

## Reception

On 5 May 1987, *The Indian Express* wrote "*Veerapandiyan* despite being a potpourri of elements sacred and mandatory to the masala genre is within its rather constructed ambit, a fair sample of all that is good, bad, and mediocre in commercial Tamil cinema."

## InfoBox

| Veerapandiyan | |
| --- | --- |
| Poster | |
| Directed by | Karthik Raghunath |
| Written by | Durai |
| Produced by | Durai |
| Starring | Sivaji Ganesan
Vijayakanth
Radhika
Jaishankar |
| Cinematography | Ashok Choudhri |
| Edited by | S. A. Murugesh |
| Music by | Shankar–Ganesh |
| Production
company | Prakash Pictures |
| Release date | * 14 April 1987 (1987-04-14) |
| Running time | 138 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |


title: Veljunski Ponorac

abstract: Veljunski Ponorac is a village in Croatia, under the Slunj township, in Karlovac County.

text:
# Veljunski Ponorac

**Veljunski Ponorac** is a village in Croatia, under the Slunj township, in Karlovac County.

## InfoBox

| Veljunski Ponorac | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Veljunski Ponorac | |
| Coordinates: 45°15′N 15°35′E / 45.250°N 15.583°E / 45.250; 15.583 | |
| Country | Croatia |
| County | Karlovac County |
| City | Slunj |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.1 km2 (0.8 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 11 |
| Density | 5.2/km2 (14/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 47240 |
| Area code | +385 047 |


title: Vennola II Cabinet

abstract: Juho Vennola's second cabinet was the sixth Government of Republic of Finland. Cabinet's time period was April 9, 1921 – June 2, 1922. It was a minority government. Minister of the Interior Heikki Ritavuori was assassinated in Helsinki February 14, 1922 in front of his home door. This was the only assassination in the history of independent Finland.

text:
# Vennola II Cabinet

**Juho Vennola's second cabinet** was the sixth Government of Republic of Finland. Cabinet's time period was April 9, 1921 – June 2, 1922. It was a minority government. Minister of the Interior Heikki Ritavuori was assassinated in Helsinki February 14, 1922 in front of his home door. This was the only assassination in the history of independent Finland. ("Finnish Governments and Ministers since 1917". *Finnish Government*.)

**Assembly**
| Minister | Period of office | Party |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Prime Minister**
Juho Vennola | April 9, 1921 – June 2, 1922 | National Progressive Party |
| **Minister for Foreign Affairs**
Rudolf Holsti | April 9, 1921 – June 2, 1922 | National Progressive Party |
| **Minister of Justice**
Heimo Helminen
Albert von Hellens | April 9, 1921 – June 2, 1922
July 28, 1920 – April 9, 1921 | National Progressive Party
National Progressive Party |
| **Minister of War**
Onni Hämäläinen
Bruno Jalander | April 9, 1921 – June 2, 1922
October 3, 1921 – June 2, 1922 | Public servant
Public servant |
| **Minister of the Interior**
Heikki Ritavuori | April 9, 1921 – June 2, 1922
February 24, 1922 – June 2, 1922 | National Progressive Party
National Progressive Party |
| **Minister of Finance**
Risto Ryti | April 9, 1921 – June 2, 1922 | National Progressive Party |
| **Minister of Education and Ecclesiastical Affairs**
Niilo Liakka | April 9, 1921 – June 2, 1922 | Agrarian League |
| **Minister of Agriculture**
Kyösti Kallio | April 9, 1921 – June 2, 1922 | Agrarian League |
| **Deputy Minister of Agriculture**
Juho Niukkanen | April 9, 1921 – June 2, 1922 | Agrarian League |
| **Minister of Transport and Public Works**
Erkki Pullinen | April 9, 1921 – June 2, 1922 | National Progressive Party |
| **Minister of Trade and Industry**
Erkki Makkonen | April 9, 1921 – June 2, 1922 | National Progressive Party |
| **Minister of Social Affairs**
Vilkku Joukahainen | April 9, 1921 – June 2, 1922 | Agrarian League |


title: Vennture Brew Company

abstract: Vennture Brew Company is a microbrewery and coffee shop in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States, that opened in 2018. Vennture was created by three photographers who turned their hobby projects in coffee and beer into a successful business; in 2022, Yelp listed them as the best brewery in the state of Wisconsin. Headquartered in a former hardware store, they are known for their "The Heights" saison. It is one of a small minority of US breweries that is partly or wholly Black-owned.

text:
# Vennture Brew Company

**Vennture Brew Company** is a microbrewery and coffee shop in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States, that opened in 2018. Vennture was created by three photographers who turned their hobby projects in coffee and beer into a successful business; in 2022, Yelp listed them as the best brewery in the state of Wisconsin. Headquartered in a former hardware store, they are known for their "The Heights" saison. It is one of a small minority of US breweries that is partly or wholly Black-owned.

## History

### Founding

Vennture Brew Company was founded by Simon McConico, Robert Gustafson, and Jake Rohde, all photographers linked by a preexisting friendship. Their inspiration for a combined specialty coffee shop and brewery came while on trips to the US states of Colorado, Minnesota, Illinois, Michigan, and elsewhere in Wisconsin. They learned that the two beverages share similar clientele despite being primarily consumed at different times of the day.

McConico, Gustafson, and Rohde's experiences flowed into the unusual spelling of "venture", with two n's, and the company's Venn diagram-esque logo. The three wanted their work to exist at the intersection of "coffee, beer, and community".

To create the business, the three owners brought their experience in hobby projects: Rohde had become consumed with the intricacies of roasting coffee, while McConico and Gustafson had been homebrewing for years. Transitioning to a commercial scale required a lengthy business plan, and to learn the fine details of running a hospitality business McConico took a job at a nearby taproom.

As of 2022, Vennture is part of the less-than one percent of US breweries to be wholly or partly Black-owned. McConico told *Milwaukee Business Journal* in 2018:

> Traditionally, beer and coffee are both very white; beer specifically, very white and male. \[Vennture\] tears down some of the boundaries and the preconceived ideas of what these drinks are. Hopefully, it provides space and opportunity for people who are not the same to gather. There's not a lot of places in this area specifically where people can just go and hang out.

Rohde left Vennture in late 2022 or early 2023.

### Operations

Vennture opened in July 2018, supported by $22,000 of funding raised in a Kickstarter campaign. They were the first company in the area to offer both coffee and beer options.

In 2022, Yelp named it as the top brewery in the state of Wisconsin. By then, it had become part of a slew of breweries located along a North Avenue corridor in Milwaukee and nearby Wauwatosa.

The company began selling food sourced from Cranky Al's, a nearby restaurant, in 2023. As of the same year, the company's overall sales were divided roughly evenly between coffee and beer. However, while they could continue to increase their coffee roasting, their brewing system was operating at maximum capacity. They addressed this dilemma by purchasing Biloba Brewing in 2024.

## Locations

### Milwaukee

Vennture's first location is in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, at 5519 North Avenue. The location straddles the city's Uptown Crossing and Washington Heights neighborhoods; news sources have placed it in both. As of 2018, the owners McConico, Gustafson, and Rohde all lived within seven blocks of the building.

McConico, Gustafson, and Rohde leased the space in February 2017 and converted it to its present use over 18 months. Their modifications included adding a five-barrel brewing system into the store's basement. The location was previously divided into two storefronts that contained various businesses over time, including a hardware store.

The primary colors used inside are blue and white, and the bar is constructed from upcycled hardwood floors. *Milwaukee Magazine* has described the place as "a bright, welcoming spot ... with a friendly, and family friendly, neighborhood vibe." It can hold about 50 people.

### Brookfield

Vennture Brew opened their second location in Brookfield, Wisconsin, on March 16, 2024. The building, situated at 2970 North Brookfield Road, was previously the home of Biloba Brewing. It is about 1,500 square feet (140 m2) large with the ability to hold up to 150 people. In early 2023, Vennture's ownership told the *Milwaukee Business Journal* that they were open to expanding, as they had no additional brewing capacity. An existing friendship with Biloba's retiring owners provided Vennture with what they called the "right opportunity" at the "right time" to build upon what Biloba had already accomplished.

## Beer

Vennture's flagship beer is called "The Heights," a table saison named after the neighborhood in which the brewery resides. It has been brewed since the shop opened. On Vennture Brew's opening day, six beers were available on tap, along with coffee- and espresso-based drinks as well as tea sourced from a company in Madison, Wisconsin.

43°03′38″N 87°58′57″W / 43.0605°N 87.9826°W / 43.0605; -87.9826

## InfoBox

| External media | |
| --- | --- |
| Images | |
| Owners Rob Gustafson, Simon McConico and Jake Rohde, c. 2018, via OnMilwaukee | |
| Video | |
| Vennture Brew owners discuss their motivation for starting the business, February 9, 2017 via YouTube | |


title: Vegas Girl

abstract: "Vegas Girl" is a song by British singer Conor Maynard from his debut studio album, Contrast. It was released as the album's second single as a digital download on 22 July 2012. The song was written and produced by The Invisible Men with additional production from Parker & James and was also written by Conor Maynard, Dion Wardle and Scott Thomas. It was also viewed on MTV Push.

text:
# Vegas Girl

"**Vegas Girl**" is a song by British singer Conor Maynard from his debut studio album, *Contrast*. It was released as the album's second single as a digital download on 22 July 2012. The song was written and produced by The Invisible Men with additional production from Parker & James and was also written by Conor Maynard, Dion Wardle and Scott Thomas. It was also viewed on MTV Push.

## Music video

A music video to accompany the release of "Vegas Girl" was first released onto YouTube on 24 June 2012 at a total length of three minutes and forty seconds. Filmed in New York, the video was directed by Travis Kopach.

It begins with Maynard meeting a girl who is wearing a T-shirt that reads "Vegas Girl" he takes a picture of her and tweets it asking his followers if they have seen her throughout the videos various females wearing the same T-shirt are shown.

The song also features a sampling of A.R. Rahman’s track ‘Urvasi Urvasi’ from the 1994 hit Tamil movie ‘Kadhalan’.

## Critical reception

Robert Copsey of *Digital Spy* gave the song a positive review stating:

> "I'll knock you down like you're Keri/ Forget your name like Rihanna," he insists over slick urban-light beats with a voice that will undoubtedly draw comparisons to Justin Timberlake. The obvious clichés are all present and correct ("Roll the dice, I've got your number/ Hit the jackpot underneath the cover"), but he gets away with it, if only for his homage halfway through to Tequila, Tequila Tequila... .

## Track listing

Digital download
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Vegas Girl" | 2:51 |
| 2. | "Vegas Girl" (Wideboys Edit) | 3:54 |
| 3. | "Vegas Girl" (Tortuga Remix) | 4:07 |
| 4. | "Marvins Room" | 3:32 |

## Chart performance

### Weekly charts

| Chart (2012-13) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | 75 |
| Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders) | 7 |
| Germany (Official German Charts) | 63 |
| Ireland (IRMA) | 22 |
| Japan (*Billboard* Japan Hot 100) | 17 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 55 |
| Scotland (OCC) | 5 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 4 |
| US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (*Billboard*) | 1 |
| US Pop Airplay (*Billboard*) | 27 |
|

### Year-end charts

| Chart (2012) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 199 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom | 22 July 2012 | Digital Download | Parlophone |

## InfoBox

| "Vegas Girl" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Conor Maynard | |
| from the album  *Contrast* | |
| Released | 22 July 2012 |
| Recorded | 2011 |
| Genre | Synthpop |
| Length | 2:49 |
| Label | Parlophone |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Conor Maynard singles chronology | |
| "Can't Say No"
(2012) "**Vegas Girl**"
(2012) "Turn Around"
(2012) | |


title: Veigas (Somiedo)

abstract: Veigas is one of fifteen parishes in Somiedo, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain. It is 20.3 km⁲ (7.8 sq mi) in size, with a population of 68. The postal code is 33840.

text:
# Veigas (Somiedo)

**Veigas** is one of fifteen parishes (administrative divisions) in Somiedo, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

It is 20.3 km2 (7.8 sq mi) in size, with a population of 68 (INE 2006). The postal code is 33840.

## Villages

* Escobio (L'Escobiu)
* La Falguera
* La Llamera
* Veigas
* Villarín

43°06′N 6°12′W / 43.1°N 6.2°W / 43.1; -6.2


title: Veigaḷḷagar

abstract: Veigaḷḷagar is one of 54 parish councils in Cangas del Narcea, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

text:
# Veigaḷḷagar

**Veigaḷḷagar** is one of 54 parish councils in Cangas del Narcea, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

## InfoBox

| Veigaḷḷagar | |
| --- | --- |
| Parish | |
| Veigaḷḷagar | |
| Coordinates: 43°06′37″N 6°39′39″W / 43.11015°N 6.66072°W / 43.11015; -6.66072 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Asturias |
| Province | Asturias |
| Municipality | Cangas del Narcea |


title: Verbal memory

abstract: Verbal memory is a term used in cognitive psychology which refers to memory of words and other abstractions involving language. A variety of tests is used to test verbal memory, including learning lists or pairs of words, or recalling a story after it has been told. Verbal memory deals with memory of spoken information.

text:
# Verbal memory

**Verbal memory** is a term used in cognitive psychology which refers to memory of words and other abstractions involving language. A variety of tests is used to test verbal memory, including learning lists or pairs of words, or recalling a story after it has been told. Verbal memory deals with memory of spoken information.

## Verbal encoding

Verbal encoding refers to the interpretation of verbal stimuli. Verbal encoding appears to be strongly left-lateralized in the medial temporal lobe of the human brain; however, its functional neuroanatomy can vary between individuals.

## Verbal recall

Verbal recall refers to the recollection of verbal information. Although left-lateralization is typically associated with language, studies suggest that symmetrical bi-lateralization of language in the brain is advantageous to verbal recall.