title: Tasmanian Liberal League

abstract: The Tasmanian Liberal League was a political party in the Australian state of Tasmania. It was founded in 1909 and merged into the Nationalist Party in 1917. During its existence it formed a two-party system in the Parliament of Tasmania with the Australian Labor Party (ALP). Although the league was created in the same year as the federal Liberal Party, there were no formal ties between the two.

text:
# Tasmanian Liberal League

The **Tasmanian Liberal League** was a political party in the Australian state of Tasmania. It was founded in 1909 and merged into the Nationalist Party in 1917. During its existence it formed a two-party system in the Parliament of Tasmania with the Australian Labor Party (ALP). Although the league was created in the same year as the federal Liberal Party, there were no formal ties between the two.

## Background

Tasmania was the last Australian state to develop formal political parties, both in terms of parliamentary parties and extra-parliamentary organisations. The first statewide political party was the Reform League, founded in 1902. It was soon followed by the Workers' Political League, the forerunner of the current Labor Party. The Reform League was succeeded by the National Association in 1904, which in turn became the Southern Tasmanian Progressive League in 1907. With the exception of the Labor Party, which grew rapidly, the parties were mostly inactive outside of election years. There was little cooperation or central control even during election campaigns, and there was no preselection, only endorsement of existing candidates. Within parliament, there was virtually no party discipline outside of the Labor Party, and the main factions continued to be those supporting the government (known as "ministerialists") and those opposed (the Opposition).

## Formation

In March 1908, a Farmers' and Stockowners' Association (FSA) was founded with three members of the Legislative Council on its executive committee. In a letter to *The Mercury* in May 1909, its president Andrew Mansell argued that the National Association and Progressive League had failed due to their lack of support in country areas, and called for the formation of a new anti-Labor organisation. The FSA received support from the local branch of the Australian Women's National League, as well as what remained of the Progressive League. A public meeting chaired by William Burgess was held in Launceston on 20 July 1909, where it was resolved to form a statewide anti-socialist organisation. The meeting adopted the name "Tasmanian Liberal League", and subsequently put forward a seven-point platform and a draft constitution. A second meeting was held in Hobart on 4 August, which elected a provisional state council that included three members of the House of Assembly.

## Organisational aspects

The new organisation received a boost when Premier Elliott Lewis accepted its presidency, effectively tying together the extra-parliamentary organisation with the anti-Labor parliamentary party. The Liberal League formally absorbed the Progressive League in September 1909. It appointed three professional organisers to tour the state, and by June 1910 was claiming the establishment of 103 branches. The first state conference in June 1911 was attended by delegates from 42 branches, while a second conference in May 1912 was attended by 119 delegates from 86 of the party's 132 branches. Each branch elected delegates to a divisional council, one for each of the five electorates in Tasmania. Each of the divisional councils then nominated four members of the state council, which functioned as the party's executive. Prospective candidates were required to adhere only to the general principles of the party, rather than the entire platform. The party's constitution forbade branches, divisional councils, and state council from putting forward an order of preferences for endorsed candidates. (Under the Hare–Clark system, there were multiple vacancies in each seat, requiring parties to endorse multiple candidates).

## Political and electoral aspects

The party faced its first electoral challenges in 1911, winning two by-elections and helping defeat the federal Labor government's proposed constitutional amendments. At the 1912 state election, the Liberals endorsed 35 candidates across the five electorates, winning 15 out of 30 seats. The party was able to remain in government with the vote of an independent, Norman Cameron. However, Lewis was deposed as leader by Albert Solomon, following a challenge initiated by Norman Ewing. Cameron's support proved to be fickle, forcing the Liberals to adopt an unprecedented level of party discipline; the only major split was on the temperance issue. Due to the parliament's instability, Solomon called an early election for January 1913. The Liberals won back Cameron's seat, finishing with 16 seats out of 30. However, Joshua Whitsitt soon defected from the party and supported a no-confidence motion. Labor under John Earle then formed a minority government.

Ewing succeeded Solomon as leader of the Liberal League in October 1914, but was replaced by Walter Lee in September 1915. Lee was able to form a government after the 1916 state election. At federal level, there was no formal connection between the Liberal League and the Liberal Party established by Alfred Deakin in 1909, but "in practice the federal leaders and their subalterns maintained a variety of personal links with one another". The state party did endorse candidates for federal elections, whose members joined the federal parliamentary Liberals if elected. In 1917, the party was merged into the National Federation, the new organisation formed by Prime Minister Billy Hughes from a merger of his National Labor Party with the federal parliamentary Liberal Party. The Liberal League has been cited as a predecessor of the modern Tasmanian Liberals. It was the first enduring anti-Labor party in Tasmania.

### Election results

Note: the changes in seats and votes in 1912 are in comparison with the government vote at the 1909 election.

| Year | Seats won | ± | Total votes | % | ±% | Position | Leader |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1912 | 15 / 30 | 3 | 40,252 | 54.48% | 3.87% | Minority government | Elliott Lewis |
| 1913 | 16 / 30 | 1 | 36,157 | 52.58% | 1.90% | Majority government | Albert Solomon |
| 1916 | 15 / 30 | 1 | 35,939 | 48.23% | 4.35% | Minority government | Walter Lee |

## InfoBox

| Tasmanian Liberal League | |
| --- | --- |
| Leader | Elliott Lewis (1909–1912)
Albert Solomon (1912–1914)
Norman Ewing (1914–1915)
Walter Lee (1915–1917) |
| Founded | 1909 |
| Dissolved | 1917 |
| Preceded by | Southern Tasmanian Progressive League |
| Succeeded by | Nationalist Party |
| Ideology | Liberalism
Anti-socialism |
|  | |


title: Tasmanian Main Line Company

abstract: The Tasmanian Main Line Company (T.M.L.) was a privately owned railway company that existed in Tasmania from 1872 to 1890. The company were the first operators of rail services between Hobart and Launceston, where it connected with the Launceston and Western Railway (L.W.R.).

text:
# Tasmanian Main Line Company

The **Tasmanian Main Line Company** (T.M.L.) was a privately owned railway company that existed in Tasmania from 1872 to 1890. The company were the first operators of rail services between Hobart and Launceston, where it connected with the Launceston and Western Railway (L.W.R.).

## Initial proposals

The idea of a railway linking Hobart with Launceston went back at least as far as 1855 when a move was put forward by a member of the State Upper House to put $2,000 aside in the estimates for a survey, which in turn led in 1856 to the Surveyor-General being asked to make a preliminary survey. Actual beginnings towards constructing a railway occurred in 1863, when Parliament allocated $10,000 for surveys of the route to the north. One proposed route by Messrs. Doyne, Major and Willett of the Launceston & Western Railway, was similar to the future line built by T.M.L. but had an easier grade, was twenty kilometres longer and would enter Hobart via Park Street instead of along the Derwent foreshore. Other routes suggested going through Green Ponds and Oatlands as more desirable, and another deviated to Antill Ponds, proceeded along the Macquarie and Isis Valleys to Longford thereby joining the L.W.R. to Launceston.

Until the construction of the L.W.R. in the north, Hobartians had been indifferent to the idea of a railway. Henceforth, they pressured the government to build their own railway line, some suggesting to Devonport, with a branch going to Launceston.

In 1868, a Royal Commission was set up to enquire into the cost of constructing a railway from the capital to Launceston. In respect of gauge, the Commission concluded that "*the requisite conditions of comfort, speed, construction and cost have been found to combine most perfectly in the 4 feet 8½ inches gauge*".

Once the report of the Royal Commission was printed in the Hobart newspaper, The Mercury, no time was lost before money was voted by Parliament for a proper survey to be made. Through the winter of 1869, the Railway and Progressive Association called public meetings and lobbied politicians. During August, The Mercury almost daily called for Government action.

On 11 September 1869, the Government announced that it proposed to ignore certain of the recommendations of the Royal Commission and parts of the Survey Engineers' Report. The Government was ready to subsidise any company to the extent of £300,000. The Attorney-General introduced a Bill into Parliament to give effect to this proposition. After some hesitations, the Bill passed all stages. It was now a question of negotiating with some company or firm of railway promoters. The necessary capital and professional skill was to be found in England. It was emphasised that the gauge was to be 5 feet 3 inches (1,600 millimetres) and that the railway was to be completed by the last day of 1874.

In May 1870, the Government was advised that there was an English firm prepared to form a company which could operate with a capital of £1,000,000. What it required was a stronger guarantee from the Government and suggested 6% on £850,000 for 30 years.

## Company formed

A considerable amount of offers and counter-offers ensued, and the promoters of the Tasmanian Main Line Railway Company initially perceived having a 5-foot-3-inch (1,600 mm) gauge such as that of the L.W.R., however the outcome being an acceptance between the T.M.L.R. and the Government to construct a railway of 3 feet 6 inches (1,070 mm) from Hobart to Evandale. British-born engineer John C. Climie was appointed engineer, having previously been engaged to assess the site of the Table Cape lighthouse, as well as the Emu Bay Railway in 1878, and designed several bridges in Victoria.

The railway was intended to run right into Launceston, but the Launceston and Western Railway had already built a broad gauge line along that route. It was agreed that a third rail would be laid within the broad gauge tracks. The Government guaranteed a return of 5 percent on 650,000 for 30 years.

## Construction

There was an inauspicious start. Excessive rains during August and September 1872, held up surveying. Then it was found that the route originally proposed was "impracticable". Mr J.W Reeve, engineer and managing partner in Tasmania for the London contractors Clarke, Punchard & Reeve, arrived in Hobart in June 1872. Reeve and his engineering staff believed they could complete the railway, telegraph and all works by late 1874. In mid-1872, two 0-6-0T engines built by Fox and Walker of Bristol, arrived in Launceston on the barque Westbury. They were used by the contractors as construction engines.

On 3 January 1873, blasting had begun to create a cutting in the Hobart Domain. During the same month, the barques *Fugitive* and *Araunah*, operated by the T.B. Walker line, arrived in Launceston with a cargo of 610 tonnes of deep web rail. This type matched that of the L.W.R. These rails were stockpiled alongside the L.W.R. line ready for construction of a third rail between Launceston and Western Junction.

Inadequate passenger services from England saw the T.M.L.R. charter a ship from John Patton & Co of Liverpool. The *Northfleet* was a 955-ton ship and had been in service for twenty years. With 350 navvies on board, including some of their families, a total of 412 people, as well as 417 tonnes of railway equipment and rail, set sail from London. On 21 January 1873, the ship was anchored off of Dover, waiting for favourable winds. In clear conditions, a steam ship later identified as the *Murillo*, rammed the *Northfleet* and shattered the timbers of the hull. In the panic caused, the captain of the *Northfleet* fired his handgun, and some of the men on board forced their way into lifeboats ahead of women and children. The *Murillo* did not stop, and 300 perished as the *Northfleet* sank. Despite this, the contractors office in London was besieged daily by men anxious to leave and work in Tasmania.

By February 1873, 225 labourers had arrived in nine ships from England. Eventually 1,000 men would venture across to the island, not including local and interstate labourers. Local workers were paid 50c per hour, but many men from England deserted as the promise of 70c per hour did not materialise.

Construction proceeded until the link was made with the broad gauge Launceston and Western Railway at Evandale in March 1876.

Connecting broad gauge trains operated into Launceston until the third rail was completed on 1 November 1876, enabling the Main Line Company's trains to run through. This arrangement was not without its difficulties as the Government, who now owned the Launceston and Western railway line, wanted to charge tolls and other rates for the use of its facilities. To clear the impasse, the Main Line Company built its own sheds at Launceston and laid the extra rail at its expense. The question of tolls remained unresolved for years, as did interpretations of the Act in regard to the obligations for other payments.

## Government purchase

Finally, on 1 October 1890, the Tasmanian Government bought the Tasmanian Main Line Company. Thus a long story of misunderstandings and mistrust was brought to an end. Neither side was blameless. The whole railway question had become entwined with the domestic strife of the Colony.

1. Chamberlain, Brian (1991). *Too many loose rails*. \[Launceston, Tas.\]: B. Chamberlain. ISBN 0646032062.
2. Cooley, Thomas C. (1962), *Railroading in Tasmania 1830-1962*, Government Printer, Tasmania
3. *The Mercury* Hobart, Tasmania, Saturday 28 June 1873
4. Lighthouses of Tasmania Archived 16 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine
5. Park, M. A. (November 1939). "The Locomotives of the Tasmanian Main Line Railway". *Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin*. Australian Railway History Society: 48–51.

## InfoBox

Tasmanian Main Line Railway Company
| Map showing TMLR route | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Headquarters | Hobart, Tasmania |
| Reporting mark | TMLR |
| Locale | Tasmania, Australia |
| Dates of operation | 18721890 |
| Predecessor | N/A |
| Successor | Tasmanian Government Railways |
| Technical | |
| Track gauge | 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) |


title: Tasmanian Magpies

abstract: Tasmanian Magpies are an Australian netball team that represents Tasmania in the Australian Netball League. They were ANL champions in 2018. The team was formed in 2017 as a partnership between Netball Tasmania, the Tasmanian Government and Collingwood Magpies. Tasmanian Magpies are effectively the reserve team of Collingwood Magpies.

text:
# Tasmanian Magpies

**Tasmanian Magpies** are an Australian netball team that represents Tasmania in the Australian Netball League. They were ANL champions in 2018. The team was formed in 2017 as a partnership between Netball Tasmania, the Tasmanian Government and Collingwood Magpies. Tasmanian Magpies are effectively the reserve team of Collingwood Magpies.

## History

### Tasmanian Spirit

Netball Tasmania previously operated a team in the Australian Netball League between 2008 and 2015. It initially simply played as Tasmania but subsequently played as Tasmanian Spirit or Tassie Spirit.

### Tasmanian Magpies

In 2017 Netball Tasmania, the Tasmanian Government and Collingwood Magpies formed a three-year partnership to enter a new team in the Australian Netball League. In February 2020 the partnership was renewed for a further two years.

### Tasmanian Wild

## ANL Grand finals

In 2018 with a team that included Melissa Bragg, Gabrielle Sinclair, Cody Lange and Kelsie Rainbow, Tasmanian Magpies reached and won their first ANL grand final in just their second season.

| Season | Winners | Score | Runners-up | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2018 | **Tasmanian Magpies** | 54–53 | Canberra Giants | AIS Arena |
|

**Source**:

## Home venues

Tasmanian Magpies play the majority of their home matches at various venues in Melbourne. During the 2017 season they played their home games at Hisense Arena. On 18 February 2017 they made their Australian Netball League debut with a 51–44 home win against Victorian Fury. The game was part of a double header which also featured the 2017 Suncorp Super Netball Round 1 match between Collingwood Magpies and Melbourne Vixens. During the 2018 season they played home matches at the State Netball and Hockey Centre and the Margaret Court Arena. They also played two matches in Tasmania. In June 2018 they defeated Queensland Fusion in two matches played at the Silverdome in Launceston. During the 2019 season they played home matches at the Hobart Netball and Sports Centre and Bendigo Stadium.

## Notable players

### 2020 squad

| **Tasmanian Magpies – 2020 Australian Netball League roster** | |
| --- | --- |
| **Players** | **Coaches** |
| Name Pos DOB Height Club Nat Caps  Brooke Allan GK, GD   (Note 1)    Nyah Allen GS, GA   (Note 1)    Zoe Claridge    Cavaliers    Samantha Gooden GA, GS  (1996-09-19) September 19, 1996 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)     Rebecca Hyland GD, GK  1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) Kingston Blues    Zanna Jodlowska    Karana Flames    Sharni Lambden C, WD   (Note 1)    Shelby Miller    Cavaliers    Ashleigh Probert-Hill WA, C   Cripps Waratah    Kelsie Rainbow C, WA  (1996-09-26) September 26, 1996 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) Melbourne University Lightning    Emma Ryde GS, GA  1.97 m (6 ft 6 in) (Note 1)    Alex Vinen WD, GK, GD   Cripps Waratah | Head coach* Jon Fletcher

---  Notes* **(c)**  Captain * **(cc)**  Co-captain * **(vc)**  Vice-captain * Injury / maternity leave * **(TRP)**  Temporary Replacement Player |
| **Player profiles**: Team website | **Last updated**: 25 July 2020 |

Notes * **^1**  Brooke Allan, Nyah Allen, Sharni Lambden and Emma Ryde are Collingwood Magpies training partners.

**Source**:

### Collingwood Magpies

## Head coaches

| Coach | Years |
| --- | --- |
| Jon Fletcher | 2017 |
| Kate Upton | 2018 |
| Elissa Kent | 2018–2019 |
| Jon Fletcher | 2019– |
|

## Premierships

## InfoBox

Tasmanian Magpies
| Founded | 2017 |
| --- | --- |
| Based in | Melbourne, Hobart and Launceston |
| Regions | Tasmania
Victoria |
| Head coach | Jon Fletcher |
| Premierships | 1 (2018) |
| League | Australian Netball League |
| Website | tas.netball.com.au |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Tapan Bandyopadhyay

abstract: Tapan Bandopadhyay is an eminent Bengali novelist. He won the Sahitya Akademi Award in 2022 for his novel Birbal.

text:
# Tapan Bandyopadhyay

**Tapan Bandopadhyay** (born 7 June 1947) is an eminent Bengali novelist. He won the Sahitya Akademi Award in 2022 for his novel *Birbal*.

## Early life

Tapan Bandyopadhyay was born in 1947 in Satkhira District. His family migrated from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in 1947 and settled in Baduria near Basirhat. Bandyopadhyay passed School final examination from Baduria London Missionary Society High School. He joined in Asutosh College in Kolkata and passed Mathematics Hon's with first class. Bandyopadhyay joined in WBCS service in 1972 and retired as Secretary of Shishu Kishore Akademy under the Government of West Bengal.

## Literary career

Initially Bandyopadhyay started his literary career as poet, latter he was known as a novelist and short story writer. Almost three hundred short stories of Bandopadhyay were published in various magazine and books. In 2010 he delegated Beijing 17th International Book fair, as an Indian author. He created a lady Bengali detective character *Goenda Gargi*. In 2019, Bandopadhyay received Sahitya Akademi translation award for translating Sitakanta Mahapatra’s Odia poem collection *Bharatbarsha*.

## Notable awards


title: Tapan Bagchi

abstract: Tapan Bagchi is a Bangladeshi poet, rhyme composer, researcher, and journalist. He is a major poet of his times in the Bengali language. He won Bangla Academy Literary Award 2023 for his contribution in the folklore.

text:
# Tapan Bagchi

**Tapan Bagchi** (born 23 October 1968) is a Bangladeshi poet, rhyme composer, researcher, and journalist. He is a major poet of his times in the Bengali language. He won Bangla Academy Literary Award 2023 for his contribution in the folklore.

## InfoBox

| Tapan Bagchi | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1968-10-23) 23 October 1968<br>Madaripur, East Pakistan, Present day Bangladesh |
| Nationality | Bangladeshi |
| Alma mater |  |
| Occupation(s) | Writer, fictionist, columnist. |
| Awards | Bangla Academy Literary Award 2023 |


title: Tasso J. Kaper

abstract:
Tasso Joost Kaper is an American mathematician at Boston University, where he chairs the Department of Mathematics and Statistics. His research concerns dynamical systems and applied mathematics. Kaper's father is Hans G. Kaper, a Dutch-born retired mathematician at Argonne National Laboratory.
Tasso Kaper did his undergraduate studies at the University of Chicago, graduating in 1986. He earned a Ph.D. in 1992 from the California Institute of Technology, under the supervision of Stephen Wiggins. On finishing his doctorate, he joined the faculty at Boston University, where he has remained. He was editor-in-chief of SIAM Journal on Applied Dynamical Systems from 2005 to 2011, when he became department chair. In 2009, both Tasso and Hans Kaper were simultaneously honored as fellows of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. In 2012, Kaper became one of the inaugural fellows of the American Mathematical Society.

text:
# Tasso J. Kaper

**Tasso Joost Kaper** (born June 25, 1964) is an American mathematician at Boston University, where he chairs the Department of Mathematics and Statistics. His research concerns dynamical systems and applied mathematics.

Kaper's father is Hans G. Kaper, a Dutch-born retired mathematician at Argonne National Laboratory. Tasso Kaper did his undergraduate studies at the University of Chicago, graduating in 1986. He earned a Ph.D. in 1992 from the California Institute of Technology, under the supervision of Stephen Wiggins. On finishing his doctorate, he joined the faculty at Boston University, where he has remained. He was editor-in-chief of *SIAM Journal on Applied Dynamical Systems* from 2005 to 2011, when he became department chair.

In 2009, both Tasso and Hans Kaper were simultaneously honored as fellows of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. In 2012, Kaper became one of the inaugural fellows of the American Mathematical Society.


title: Yan Chau

abstract: Yan Chau (印洲) is an islet in the North District in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is located within Double Haven.

text:
# Yan Chau

**Yan Chau** (印洲) is an islet in the North District in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is located within Double Haven.

## Conservation

Yan Chau is part of the Double Haven Special Area (印洲塘特別地區) that covers 0.8 hectares (2.0 acres) and was designated in 2011. The special area includes the islets Pak Ka Chau, Yan Chau (both within Double Haven) as well as the islet of Ap Lo Chun and a part of Ap Chau (both within Crooked Harbour). The geology of the area is characterised by sedimentary rocks of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.

22°31′35″N 114°17′16″E / 22.52631°N 114.28786°E / 22.52631; 114.28786


abstract: In the United States, the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing, commonly known as the Triple Crown, is a series of horse races for three-year-old Thoroughbreds, consisting of the Kentucky Derby, Preakness Stakes, and Belmont Stakes. The three races were inaugurated in different years, the last being the Kentucky Derby in 1875. The Triple Crown Trophy, commissioned in 1950 but awarded to all previous winners as well as those after 1950, is awarded to a horse who wins all three races and is thereafter designated as a Triple Crown winner. The races are traditionally run in May and early June of each year, although global events have resulted in schedule adjustments, such as in 1945 and 2020. The first winner of all three Triple Crown races was Sir Barton in 1919. Some journalists began using the term Triple Crown to refer to the three races as early as 1923, but it was not until Gallant Fox won the three events in 1930 that Charles Hatton of the Daily Racing Form put the term to common use. Only 13 horses have ever won the Triple Crown: Sir Barton (1919), Gallant Fox (1930), Omaha (1935), War Admiral (1937), Whirlaway (1941), Count Fleet (1943), Assault (1946), Citation (1948), Secretariat (1973), Seattle Slew (1977), Affirmed (1978), American Pharoah (2015), and Justify (2018). As of 2024, American Pharoah and Justify are the only living Triple Crown winners. James E. "Sunny Jim" Fitzsimmons was the first trainer to win the Triple Crown more than once; he trained both Gallant Fox and Omaha for the Belair Stud. Gallant Fox and Omaha are also the only father-son pair to each win the Triple Crown. Bob Baffert became the second trainer to win the Triple Crown more than once, training American Pharoah and Justify. Belair Stud and Calumet Farm are tied as owners with the most Triple Crown victories with two apiece; Calumet's winners were Whirlaway and Citation. Eddie Arcaro rode both of Calumet's Triple Crown champions and is the only jockey to win more than one Triple Crown. Willie Simms is the only African-American jockey to win all three races that would compose the triple crown. During the 1898 Preakness Stakes he rode a different horse, Sly Fox and won the race. Secretariat holds the stakes record time for each of the three races. His time of 2:24 for 1+1⁄2 miles in the 1973 Belmont Stakes also set a world record that still stands.

text:
# Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States)

In the United States, the **Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing**, commonly known as the **Triple Crown**, is a series of horse races for three-year-old Thoroughbreds, consisting of the Kentucky Derby, Preakness Stakes, and Belmont Stakes. The three races were inaugurated in different years, the last being the Kentucky Derby in 1875. The Triple Crown Trophy, commissioned in 1950 but awarded to all previous winners as well as those after 1950, is awarded to a horse who wins all three races and is thereafter designated as a Triple Crown winner. The races are traditionally run in May and early June of each year, although global events have resulted in schedule adjustments, such as in 1945 and 2020.

The first winner of all three Triple Crown races was Sir Barton in 1919. Some journalists began using the term *Triple Crown* to refer to the three races as early as 1923, but it was not until Gallant Fox won the three events in 1930 that Charles Hatton of the *Daily Racing Form* put the term to common use.

Only 13 horses have ever won the Triple Crown: Sir Barton (1919), Gallant Fox (1930), Omaha (1935), War Admiral (1937), Whirlaway (1941), Count Fleet (1943), Assault (1946), Citation (1948), Secretariat (1973), Seattle Slew (1977), Affirmed (1978), American Pharoah (2015), and Justify (2018). As of 2024, American Pharoah and Justify are the only living Triple Crown winners.

James E. "Sunny Jim" Fitzsimmons was the first trainer to win the Triple Crown more than once; he trained both Gallant Fox and Omaha for the Belair Stud. Gallant Fox and Omaha are also the only father-son pair to each win the Triple Crown. Bob Baffert became the second trainer to win the Triple Crown more than once, training American Pharoah and Justify. Belair Stud and Calumet Farm are tied as owners with the most Triple Crown victories with two apiece; Calumet's winners were Whirlaway and Citation. Eddie Arcaro rode both of Calumet's Triple Crown champions and is the only jockey to win more than one Triple Crown. Willie Simms is the only African-American jockey to win all three races that would compose the triple crown. During the 1898 Preakness Stakes he rode a different horse, Sly Fox and won the race.

Secretariat holds the stakes record time for each of the three races. His time of 2:24 for 1+12 miles in the 1973 Belmont Stakes also set a world record that still stands.

## Development

The three Triple Crown races had existed long before the series received its name: the Belmont Stakes was first run in 1867, the Preakness in 1873, and the Kentucky Derby in 1875.

On December 31, 1912, Johnson N. Camden Jr. proposed a Triple Crown of Kentucky races to be held at Lexington, Louisville, and Latonia, then later a "Quadruple Stake" to include the Douglas Park racetrack. Neither of these appear to have materialized.

The term "triple crown" in reference to the current three races was in use at least by 1923, although *Daily Racing Form* writer Charles Hatton is commonly credited with originating the term in 1930.

The order in which the races are run has varied. From 1932 through 2019, the Kentucky Derby was run first, followed by the Preakness, and then the Belmont. Running the three races in a five-week span was instituted in 1969. The Preakness was run before the Kentucky Derby 11 times, most recently in 1931. Two times— May 12, 1917, and May 13, 1922 — the Kentucky Derby and Preakness were run on the same day.

Scheduling has occasionally been affected by global events. During World War II, the 1945 Kentucky Derby was moved from May 5 to June 9, with the Preakness and Belmont following on June 16 and 23, respectively. In 2020, the Triple Crown was altered from its usual sequence due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The adjusted schedule started with the Belmont Stakes on June 20, at the shortened distance of 1+18 miles (9 furlongs). The Kentucky Derby ran on September 5, and finally the Preakness on October 3. 2020 also marked the first time for the Belmont Stakes to be run as the opening leg of the Triple Crown.

Each Triple Crown race is open to both colts and fillies. Although fillies have won each of the individual Triple Crown races, none has won the Triple Crown itself. Despite attempts to develop a "Filly Triple Crown" or a "Triple Tiara" for fillies only, no set series of three races has consistently remained in the public eye, and at least four different types of races have been used. Two fillies won the series of the Kentucky Oaks, the Pimlico Oaks (now the Black-Eyed Susan Stakes), and the Coaching Club American Oaks, in 1949 and 1952, but the racing press did not designate either accomplishment as a "Triple Crown". In 1961, the New York Racing Association created a filly Triple Crown of in-state races only, but the races changed over the years. Eight fillies won the NYRA Triple Tiara between 1968 and 1993.

Gelded colts may run in any of the three races today, but they were prohibited from entering the Belmont between 1919 and 1957. Geldings have won each of the individual races, but like fillies, no gelding has ever won the Triple Crown. The closest was Funny Cide, who won the Derby and the Preakness in 2003.

Each of the races is held on a dirt track, rather than the turf surfaces commonly used for important races elsewhere in the world.

### 2024–2026 changes

In 2024, the Belmont Stakes will be run at Saratoga Race Course at the shorter distance of 1+14 miles due to the construction of a new grandstand and racing surface at Belmont Park. The final leg of the Triple Crown is also expected to be moved to Saratoga in 2025. Meanwhile, the 2026 Preakness Stakes is expected to be run at Maryland's Laurel Park while Pimlico Race Course undergoes planned renovations.

Triple Crown races
|  | Kentucky Derby
"The Run for the Roses" | Preakness Stakes
"The Run for the Black-Eyed Susans" | Belmont Stakes
"The Test of the Champion" |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date | First Saturday in May | Third Saturday in May | Third Saturday following the Preakness
(first or second Saturday in June) |
| Current Track | Churchill Downs | Pimlico Race Course | Belmont Park |
| Location | Louisville, Kentucky | Baltimore, Maryland | Elmont, New York |
| Distance | 1+14 miles (10 furlongs; 2,000 m) | 1+316 miles (9.5 furlongs; 1,900 m) | 1+12 miles (12 furlongs; 2,400 m) |
| Background | Inaugurated in 1875, the race was originally 1+12 miles (2,400 m) until 1897 when it was shortened to its current distance. It is the only one of the three races to have run continuously from its inception. Colts and geldings carry 126 pounds (57 kg) and fillies 121 pounds (55 kg). The field has been limited to 20 horses since 1975. | Started in 1873 and continuously run since 1894, it is the shortest of the three races. Pimlico was the home of the race from 1873 to 1889 and again from 1908 until the present. The Preakness was not run from 1891 to 1893. Weights are the same as for the Derby. Field is limited to 14 horses. | Begun in 1867, it is the oldest of the three races, though not held in 1911 and 1912 due to anti-gambling legislation in New York. The race was held at various New York tracks until 1905 when Belmont Park became the permanent location. Distance varied from 1+58 to 1+18 miles (2,600 to 1,800 m) until set at 1+12 miles (2,400 m) in 1926, making it the longest of the three. Weight assignments are the same as the other two races. Field is limited to 16 horses. |
| Trophy |
The Kentucky Derby Trophy |
The Woodlawn Vase |
The August Belmont Trophy |

## Winners

Triple Crown winners
| Year | Winner | Jockey | Trainer | Owner | Breeder | Colors |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1919 | Sir Barton | Johnny Loftus | H. Guy Bedwell | J. K. L. Ross | John E. Madden |  |
| 1930 | Gallant Fox | Earl Sande | Jim Fitzsimmons | Belair Stud | Belair Stud |  |
| 1935 | Omaha | Willie "Smokey" Saunders | Jim Fitzsimmons | Belair Stud | Belair Stud |  |
| 1937 | War Admiral | Charles Kurtsinger | George Conway | Samuel D. Riddle | Samuel D. Riddle |  |
| 1941 | Whirlaway | Eddie Arcaro | Ben A. Jones | Calumet Farm | Calumet Farm |  |
| 1943 | Count Fleet | Johnny Longden | Don Cameron | Fannie Hertz | Fannie Hertz |  |
| 1946 | Assault | Warren Mehrtens | Max Hirsch | King Ranch | King Ranch |  |
| 1948 | Citation | Eddie Arcaro | Horace A. "Jimmy" Jones | Calumet Farm | Calumet Farm |  |
|
| 1973 | Secretariat | Ron Turcotte | Lucien Laurin | Meadow Stable | Meadow Stable |  |
| 1977 | Seattle Slew | Jean Cruguet | William H. Turner Jr. | Mickey and Karen L. Taylor,
Tayhill Stable/Jim Hill, et al. | Ben S. Castleman |  |
| 1978 | Affirmed | Steve Cauthen | Laz Barrera | Harbor View Farm | Harbor View Farm |  |
| 2015 | American Pharoah | Victor Espinoza | Bob Baffert | Ahmed Zayat | Ahmed Zayat |  |
| 2018 | Justify | Mike Smith | Bob Baffert | China Horse Club;
Head of Plains Partners;
Starlight Racing;
WinStar Farm | John D. Gunther | and |
| *During his 2018 bid for the Triple Crown, Justify used the colors of WinStar Farms (white, green and black star) for the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes. The colors of China Horse Club (red, yellow stars and sleeves) were used in the Belmont Stakes.* | | | | | | |
|

At completion of the 2016 season, the three Triple Crown races have attracted 4,224 entrants. Of these, 292 horses have won a single leg of the Triple Crown, 52 horses have won two of the races (23 the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes, 18 the Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes, and 11 the Kentucky Derby and Belmont Stakes), and 13 horses have won all three races. Pillory won both the Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes in 1922, a year when it was impossible to win the Triple Crown because the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes were run on the same day.

10 of the 13 winners have been "homebreds", owned at the time of their win by their breeders.

Jim Fitzsimmons and Bob Baffert are the only two trainers to have two horses win the Triple Crown, with Fitzsimmons training the sire/son combination of 1930 winner Gallant Fox and 1935 winner Omaha and Baffert training 2015 winner American Pharoah and 2018 winner Justify. The wins by Fitzsimmons were also the first time that an owner and the first time that a breeder, Belair Stud holding both duties, had a repeat win of the Triple Crown. Calumet Farm is the only other owner with two Triple Crown horses, 1941 winner Whirlaway and 1948 winner Citation. Eddie Arcaro is the only jockey to ride two horses to the Triple Crown, both for Calumet: Whirlaway and Citation. Those two horses' trainers, Ben Jones and Jimmy Jones, were father and son.

All 13 horses were foaled in the United States. Most owners, trainers, and jockeys were American-born, though there were a number of exceptions: jockey Johnny Longden was born in England and raised in Canada; Ron Turcotte was Canadian. French-born jockey Jean Cruguet; and jockey Victor Espinoza, from Mexico. Jockey Willie Saunders is considered a Canadian jockey because he spent part of his childhood there, but was born in Montana. Laz Barrera, trainer of Affirmed, was from Cuba; Secretariat's trainer, Lucien Laurin was Canadian. Owner Fannie Hertz was married to John D. Hertz, who was born in Slovakia; owner Ahmed Zayat was born in Egypt. The horse Sir Barton was foaled in the United States but had a Canadian owner, J. K. L. Ross, at the time of his Triple Crown win. Justify's large ownership group included individuals from both the United States and China.

### Records

Secretariat holds the stakes record for each of the Triple Crown races, the Kentucky Derby (1:59 2/5 ) the Preakness Stakes (1:53), and the Belmont Stakes (2:24).

At 18, Steve Cauthen became the youngest jockey to win the Triple Crown, riding Affirmed in 1978. At 52, Mike Smith became the oldest jockey to win the Triple Crown, riding Justify in 2018.

### Other notable achievements

Only one horse, Alydar, placed (finished second) in all three races. He was defeated each time by Affirmed in 1978 by a combined margin of two lengths. His trainer John Veitch is the only trainer to have done this with one horse. In 1995, D. Wayne Lukas became the first and only major figure (owner, jockey, or trainer) to win all three Triple Crown races with different horses, Thunder Gulch in the Derby and Belmont, Timber Country in the Preakness. Lukas also is the only trainer to have won six consecutive Triple Crown races, adding his 1995 wins, having won the 1994 Preakness and Belmont with Tabasco Cat and the 1996 Derby with Grindstone.

Like Veitch, only with two different horses, Bob Baffert also had second-place finishes in all three legs of the Triple Crown, both owned by Ahmed Zayat: in 2012, Bodemeister finished second in the Kentucky Derby and Preakness stakes to I'll Have Another, then Paynter was entered and finished second to Union Rags. Baffert and Zayat teamed up again for the 2015 Triple Crown victory of American Pharoah.

Gallant Fox is the only Triple Crown winner to sire another U.S. Triple Crown winner, Omaha. Affirmed sired Peteski, winner of the 1993 Canadian Triple Crown.

Jockey Julie Krone became the first (and currently only) woman to win a Triple Crown race when she won the 1993 Belmont Stakes aboard Colonial Affair.

Whirlaway, in addition to winning the 1941 Triple Crown, also won the Travers Stakes that year, the first and only horse to date to accomplish that feat. American Pharoah, in addition to winning the 2015 Triple Crown, also won the Breeders' Cup Classic that year. As the Breeders' Cup was not established until 1984, American Pharoah was the first (and currently only) horse to sweep those four races, a feat now known as the Grand Slam.

Arcangelo won the 2023 Belmont Stakes, making Jena Antonucci the first female trainer to win a Triple Crown race.

## Gaps between wins

After the first Triple Crown winner, Sir Barton, in 1919, there was not another winner until Gallant Fox in 1930, a gap of 11 years. Between 1930 and 1948, seven horses won the Triple Crown, with five years being the longest gap between winners. However, following the 1948 win of Citation, there was a considerable gap of 25 years before Secretariat ended the drought of Triple Crown champions in 1973. Between 1973 and 1978, there were three Triple Crown winners.

After Affirmed's Triple Crown in 1978, the longest drought in Triple Crown history began in 1979 with Spectacular Bid's failed Triple Crown attempt when he finished third in the Belmont. It lasted until American Pharoah won in 2015, a gap of 37 years.

Between 1979 and 2014, thirteen horses won both the Derby and Preakness, but not the Belmont. Of those, Real Quiet came the closest, losing the Belmont Stakes by a nose in 1998. Another dramatic near-miss was Charismatic, who led the Belmont Stakes in the final furlong in 1999, but fractured his left front leg in the final stretch and fell back to third. Five other horses lost the Kentucky Derby but won the Preakness and the Belmont, and three won the Derby and the Belmont, but not the Preakness.

The 37-year gap between the Triple Crown wins of Affirmed and American Pharoah drew criticism of the system. As far back as 1986, reporters noted that horses who were fresh for the Belmont had an advantage. In 2003, Gary Stevens stated in an interview with Charlie Rose that he did not believe there would be another Triple Crown winner because of the tendency for owners to put fresh horses in the Preakness and Belmont Stakes. California Chrome co-owner Steve Coburn was particularly critical of the Triple Crown system in post-Belmont remarks in 2014; he considered the system to be unfair, arguing that there would never be another Triple Crown winner in his lifetime unless only horses that competed in the Kentucky Derby and Preakness competed at the Belmont. By 2014, six of the previous eight Belmont winners had not competed in either of the first two legs of the Triple Crown. Additionally, from 2006 to 2014, the Belmont winner was a horse who had not competed in the Preakness.

## Unsuccessful bids

Since all three events were inaugurated, as of 2023, 23 horses have won the Derby and Preakness but not the Belmont (ten of which placed):

Another 30 horses have won the Belmont after winning only one of the first two legs.

## Sponsorship and broadcasting

The first live national television broadcast of a Triple Crown race occurred with the 1947 Belmont Stakes on CBS. The following year, the Preakness Stakes was broadcast live and the Kentucky Derby was filmed to be broadcast the following day.

Originally, the three races largely organized their own nominations procedure, marketing and television broadcast rights. In 1985, Triple Crown Productions was created when the owner of Spend a Buck chose not to run in the other two Triple Crown races because of a financial incentive offered to any Kentucky Derby winner who could win a set of competing races in New Jersey. The organizers of the three races realized that they needed to work together.

Efforts to unify the sponsorship and marketing of all three Triple Crown races began in 1987 when ABC Sports negotiated a deal with Chrysler to pay $5 million to any horse that swept all three races, and $1 million each year there was no Triple Crown sweep to the horse with the highest combined Triple Crown finish. This sponsorship lasted until 1993. The end of the $1 million participation bonus was linked to the breakdown of Prairie Bayou at the Belmont Stakes that year and the uncomfortable situation that arose when the Kentucky Derby winner, Sea Hero, was given the bonus following a seventh-place finish.

In 1995, Visa took over the sponsorship with a 10-year contract, naming the series the *Visa Triple Crown* and offering only the $5 million bonus to a horse that could sweep the Triple Crown. Along with sponsorship by Visa, NBC Sports paid $51.5 million for broadcast rights to all three races, with the revenue split giving 50% of the total to Churchill Downs and 25% each to Pimlico and to the New York Racing Association (NYRA).

The Visa deal—and the cooperative effort—ended after 2005. The NYRA felt that they did not get a fair share of the revenue, particularly when the Belmont had the highest ratings of all three races in the years where a Triple Crown was on the line. From 2001 through 2013, average viewership for the Belmont was 7 million when the Triple Crown was not at stake, whereas viewership averaged 13 million when it was. With the contract term ending, the NYRA went to ESPN on ABC for the 2006 Belmont, while the broadcasts of the Derby and Preakness remained with NBC. Visa chose to remain as a sponsor of only Kentucky Derby for the next five years. As a result of the divided broadcast, Triple Crown Productions was unable to obtain a new sponsor.

Today Triple Crown Productions LLC, based at Churchill Downs, is responsible for collecting nominations to the annual Triple Crown races.

| Years | Sponsor | Bonuses |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1987–1993 | Chrysler Corporation | $1 million (best overall record)
$5 million (three wins) |
| 1995–2005 | Visa | $5 million (three wins) |

In February 2011, ABC/ESPN dropped out of the negotiations to renew broadcast rights to the Belmont Stakes. NBC obtained the contract through 2015, once again uniting all three races on the same network. In 2014, NBC extended their contract for the Kentucky Derby through 2025. NBC then renewed its rights to the Preakness and Belmont through 2022. In January 2022, Fox Sports acquired the broadcast rights to the Belmont Stakes for eight years beginning in 2023.

## Individual race winners

Key for full list of race winners
|  | Denotes winners of the Triple Crown |
| --- | --- |
| * | Denotes winners of the Derby and Preakness but not the Belmont |
| # | Denotes winners of the other two combinations of 2 out of the 3 Triple Crown races |

Full list of race winners
| Year | Kentucky Derby | Preakness Stakes | Belmont Stakes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1867 |  |  | Ruthless\[Fy\] |
| 1868 |  |  | General Duke |
| 1869 |  |  | Fenian |
| 1870 |  |  | Kingfisher |
| 1871 |  |  | Harry Bassett |
| 1872 |  |  | Joe Daniels |
| 1873 |  | Survivor | Springbok |
| 1874 |  | Culpepper | Saxon |
| 1875 | Aristides | Tom Ochiltree | Calvin |
| 1876 | Vagrant | Shirley | Algerine |
| 1877 | Baden-Baden | \# Cloverbrook | \# Cloverbrook |
| 1878 | Day Star | \# Duke of Magenta | \# Duke of Magenta |
| 1879 | Lord Murphy | Harold | Spendthrift |
| 1880 | Fonso | \# Grenada | \# Grenada |
| 1881 | Hindoo | \# Saunterer | \# Saunterer |
| 1882 | Apollo | Vanguard | Forester |
| 1883 | Leonatus | Jacobus | George Kinney |
| 1884 | Buchanan | Knight of Ellerslie | Panique |
| 1885 | Joe Cotton | Tecumseh | Tyrant |
| 1886 | Ben Ali | The Bard | Inspector B |
| 1887 | Montrose | Dunboyne | Hanover |
| 1888 | Macbeth II | Refund | Sir Dixon |
| 1889 | Spokane | Buddhist | Eric |
| 1890 | Riley | Montague | Burlington |
| 1891 | Kingman | RNR | Foxford |
| 1892 | Azra | RNR | Patron |
| 1893 | Lookout | RNR | Commanche |
| 1894 | Chant | Assignee | Henry of Navarre |
| 1895 | Halma | \# Belmar | \# Belmar |
| 1896 | Ben Brush | Margrave | Hastings |
| 1897 | Typhoon II | Paul Kauvar | Scottish Chieftain |
| 1898 | Plaudit | Sly Fox | Bowling Brook |
| 1899 | Manuel | Half Time | Jean Bereaud |
| 1900 | Lieut. Gibson | Hindus | Ildrim |
| 1901 | His Eminence | The Parader | Commando |
| 1902 | Alan-a-Dale | Old England | Masterman |
| 1903 | Judge Himes | Flocarline\[Fy\] | Africander |
| 1904 | Elwood | Bryn Mawr | Delhi |
| 1905 | Agile | Cairngorm | Tanya\[Fy\] |
| 1906 | Sir Huon | Whimsical\[Fy\] | Burgomaster |
| 1907 | Pink Star | Don Enrique | Peter Pan I |
| 1908 | Stone Street | Royal Tourist | Colin |
| 1909 | Wintergreen | Effendi | Joe Madden |
| 1910 | Donau | Layminster | Sweep |
| 1911 | Meridian | Watervale | RNR |
| 1912 | Worth | Colonel Holloway | RNR |
| 1913 | Donerail | Buskin | Prince Eugene |
| 1914 | Old Rosebud | Holiday | Luke McLuke |
| 1915 | Regret\[Fy\] | Rhine Maiden\[Fy\] | The Finn |
| 1916 | George Smith | Damrosch | Friar Rock |
| 1917 | Omar Khayyam | Kalitan | Hourless |
| 1918 | Exterminator | War Cloud
Jack Hare Jr. | Johren |
| 1919 | Sir Barton | Sir Barton | Sir Barton |
| 1920 | Paul Jones | \# Man o' War | \# Man o' War |
| 1921 | Behave Yourself | Broomspun | Grey Lag |
| 1922 | Morvich | \# Pillory | \# Pillory |
| 1923 | \# Zev | Vigil | \# Zev |
| 1924 | Black Gold | Nellie Morse\[Fy\] | Mad Play |
| 1925 | Flying Ebony | Coventry | American Flag |
| 1926 | Bubbling Over | Display | Crusader |
| 1927 | Whiskery | Bostonian | Chance Shot |
| 1928 | Reigh Count | Victorian | Vito |
| 1929 | Clyde Van Dusen | Dr. Freeland | Blue Larkspur |
| 1930 | Gallant Fox | Gallant Fox | Gallant Fox |
| 1931 | \# Twenty Grand | Mate | \# Twenty Grand |
| 1932 | * Burgoo King | * Burgoo King | Faireno |
| 1933 | Brokers Tip | Head Play | Hurryoff |
| 1934 | Cavalcade | High Quest | Peace Chance |
| 1935 | Omaha | Omaha | Omaha |
| 1936 | * Bold Venture | * Bold Venture | Granville |
| 1937 | War Admiral | War Admiral | War Admiral |
| 1938 | Lawrin | Dauber | Pasteurized |
| 1939 | \# Johnstown | Challedon | \# Johnstown |
| 1940 | Gallahadion | \# Bimelech | \# Bimelech |
| 1941 | Whirlaway | Whirlaway | Whirlaway |
| 1942 | \# Shut Out | Alsab | \# Shut Out |
| 1943 | Count Fleet | Count Fleet | Count Fleet |
| 1944 | * Pensive | * Pensive | Bounding Home |
| 1945 | Hoop Jr. | Polynesian | Pavot |
| 1946 | Assault | Assault | Assault |
| 1947 | Jet Pilot | Faultless | Phalanx |
| 1948 | Citation | Citation | Citation |
| 1949 | Ponder | \# Capot | \# Capot |
| 1950 | \# Middleground | Hill Prince | \# Middleground |
| 1951 | Count Turf | Bold | Counterpoint |
| 1952 | Hill Gail | Blue Man | One Count |
| 1953 | Dark Star | \# Native Dancer | \# Native Dancer |
| 1954 | Determine | Hasty Road | High Gun |
| 1955 | Swaps | \# Nashua | \# Nashua |
| 1956 | \# Needles | Fabius | \# Needles |
| 1957 | Iron Liege | Bold Ruler | Gallant Man |
| 1958 | * Tim Tam | * Tim Tam | Cavan |
| 1959 | Tomy Lee | Royal Orbit | Sword Dancer |
| 1960 | Venetian Way | Bally Ache | Celtic Ash |
| 1961 | * Carry Back | * Carry Back | Sherluck |
| 1962 | Decidedly | Greek Money | Jaipur |
| 1963 | \# Chateaugay | Candy Spots | \# Chateaugay |
| 1964 | * Northern Dancer | * Northern Dancer | Quadrangle |
| 1965 | Lucky Debonair | Tom Rolfe | Hail To All |
| 1966 | * Kauai King | * Kauai King | Amberoid |
| 1967 | Proud Clarion | \# Damascus | \# Damascus |
| 1968 | * Forward Pass | * Forward Pass | Stage Door Johnny |
| 1969 | * Majestic Prince | * Majestic Prince | Arts and Letters |
| 1970 | Dust Commander | Personality | High Echelon |
| 1971 | * Canonero II | * Canonero II | Pass Catcher |
| 1972 | \# Riva Ridge | Bee Bee Bee | \# Riva Ridge |
| 1973 | Secretariat | Secretariat | Secretariat |
| 1974 | Cannonade | \# Little Current | \# Little Current |
| 1975 | Foolish Pleasure | Master Derby | Avatar |
| 1976 | \# Bold Forbes | Elocutionist | \# Bold Forbes |
| 1977 | Seattle Slew | Seattle Slew | Seattle Slew |
| 1978 | Affirmed | Affirmed | Affirmed |
| 1979 | * Spectacular Bid | * Spectacular Bid | Coastal |
| 1980 | Genuine Risk\[Fy\] | Codex | Temperence Hill |
| 1981 | * Pleasant Colony | * Pleasant Colony | Summing |
| 1982 | Gato Del Sol | Aloma's Ruler | Conquistador Cielo |
| 1983 | Sunny's Halo | Deputed Testamony | Caveat |
| 1984 | \# Swale | Gate Dancer | \# Swale |
| 1985 | Spend A Buck | Tank's Prospect | Creme Fraiche |
| 1986 | Ferdinand | Snow Chief | Danzig Connection |
| 1987 | * Alysheba | * Alysheba | Bet Twice |
| 1988 | Winning Colors\[Fy\] | \# Risen Star | \# Risen Star |
| 1989 | * Sunday Silence | * Sunday Silence | Easy Goer |
| 1990 | Unbridled | Summer Squall | Go And Go |
| 1991 | Strike the Gold | \# Hansel | \# Hansel |
| 1992 | Lil E. Tee | Pine Bluff | A.P. Indy |
| 1993 | Sea Hero | Prairie Bayou | Colonial Affair |
| 1994 | Go for Gin | \# Tabasco Cat | \# Tabasco Cat |
| 1995 | \# Thunder Gulch | Timber Country | \# Thunder Gulch |
| 1996 | Grindstone | Louis Quatorze | Editor's Note |
| 1997 | * Silver Charm | * Silver Charm | Touch Gold |
| 1998 | * Real Quiet | * Real Quiet | Victory Gallop |
| 1999 | * Charismatic | * Charismatic | Lemon Drop Kid |
| 2000 | Fusaichi Pegasus | Red Bullet | Commendable |
| 2001 | Monarchos | \# Point Given | \# Point Given |
| 2002 | * War Emblem | * War Emblem | Sarava |
| 2003 | * Funny Cide | * Funny Cide | Empire Maker |
| 2004 | * Smarty Jones | * Smarty Jones | Birdstone |
| 2005 | Giacomo | \# Afleet Alex | \# Afleet Alex |
| 2006 | Barbaro | Bernardini | Jazil |
| 2007 | Street Sense | Curlin | Rags to Riches\[Fy\] |
| 2008 | * Big Brown | * Big Brown | Da' Tara |
| 2009 | Mine That Bird | Rachel Alexandra\[Fy\] | Summer Bird |
| 2010 | Super Saver | Lookin at Lucky | Drosselmeyer |
| 2011 | Animal Kingdom | Shackleford | Ruler on Ice |
| 2012 | * I'll Have Another | * I'll Have Another | Union Rags |
| 2013 | Orb | Oxbow | Palace Malice |
| 2014 | * California Chrome | * California Chrome | Tonalist |
| 2015 | American Pharoah | American Pharoah | American Pharoah |
| 2016 | Nyquist | Exaggerator | Creator |
| 2017 | Always Dreaming | Cloud Computing | Tapwrit |
| 2018 | Justify | Justify | Justify |
| 2019 | Country House | War of Will | Sir Winston |
| 2020 | Authentic | Swiss Skydiver\[Fy\] | Tiz the Law |
| 2021 | Mandaloun | Rombauer | Essential Quality |
| 2022 | Rich Strike | Early Voting | Mo Donegal |
| 2023 | Mage | National Treasure | Arcangelo |
| 2024 | Mystik Dan | Seize the Grey | Dornoch |
|

Notes * \[Fy\] Denotes a filly. Fillies won the Kentucky Derby in 1915, 1980, and 1988, Preakness Stakes in 1903, 1906, 1915, 1924, 2009, and 2020, and Belmont Stakes in 1867, 1905, and 2007.
* RNR Race not run. The Belmont was not run in 1911 and 1912 due to anti-betting legislation passed in New York State. The Preakness did not run 1891–1893.

1. "Secretariat remains No. 1 name in racing". *ESPN*. Archived from the original on May 25, 2015. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
2. Christine, Bill (June 4, 1989). "The Spoilers: Last Jewel of Triple Crown Has Been Stolen 11 Times—Will Sunday Silence Be Next Victim of an Upset?". *Los Angeles Times*. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
3. "Trio of Thoroughbred Events to be called "Triple Crown" is proposed by Camden". *The Cincinnati Enquirer*. Cincinnati, Ohio. January 1, 1913. Archived from the original on January 7, 2024. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
4. "Camden Suggests Qudruple Stake". *Lexington Herald-Leader*. Lexington, Kentucky. January 20, 1913. Archived from the original on January 7, 2024. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
5. Liebman, Bennett (April 24, 2008). "The Rail: The Race for the Triple Crown – Origins of Triple Crown". *The New York Times*. New York, NY. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
6. Whyno, Stephen (May 19, 2020). "Belmont set for June 20 without fans, leads off Triple Crown". *apnews.com*. Associated Press. Archived from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
7. Janack, Phil (2020). "Delayed Preakness Poised to Make History". *pimlico.com*. Archived from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
8. Steadman, John (May 18, 1994). "Spreading out Triple Crown will help set it apart". *The Baltimore Sun*. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
9. Wade, Jake (May 9, 1931). "It's the Preakness Today; And Derby is One Week Off". *The Charlotte Observer*. p. 18. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved June 20, 2020  via newspapers.com.
10. Hanson, Vance (March 19, 2020). "1945 – When the Kentucky Derby moved from May to June". *twinspires.com*. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
11. Darcy, Kieran (June 18, 2020). "What to know ahead of an unusual Belmont Stakes". *ESPN.com*. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
12. Beyer, Andrew (June 12, 2007). "Where Are the Fillies?". *Washington Post*. Archived from the original on June 29, 2020. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
13. Genaro, Teresa (June 7, 2011). "The Triple Tiara". *Hello Race Fans*. Archived from the original on June 8, 2023. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
14. Drape, Joe (June 1, 2003). "Where No Gelding Has Gone Before". *New York Times*. Archived from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
15. "History: Horses". *Belmont Stakes*. Archived from the original on December 2, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
16. Kane, Mike (June 6, 2014). "10 things to know about the Triple Crown". *Courier-Journal*. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
17. Mather, Victor (December 6, 2023). "Belmont Stakes Will Move to Saratoga for 2024". *The New York Times*. Archived from the original on April 9, 2024. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
18. "NYRA seeks to hold 2025 Belmont Stakes at Saratoga Race Course". Spectrum News Albany/Capital Region. March 20, 2024. Archived from the original on April 9, 2024. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
19. Witte, Brian (April 8, 2024). "Maryland lawmakers OK plan to rebuild Pimlico Race Course, home of the Preakness". Associated Press. Archived from the original on April 9, 2024. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
20. "Triple Crown Winners". The New York Racing Association. June 8, 2015. Archived from the original on June 8, 2015. Retrieved June 10, 2018.
21. Angst, Frank (June 10, 2015). "The Figs: American Pharoah's Triple Crown". *Blood-Horse*. Archived from the original on June 11, 2015. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
22. "Sham: In the Shadow of a Superhorse". California Thoroughbred. Archived from the original on May 7, 2012. Retrieved May 24, 2012.
23. Hegarty, Matt (June 19, 2012). "Secretariat awarded Preakness record at 1:53 after review". Daily Racing Form. Archived from the original on March 24, 2016. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
24. Christine, Bill (December 29, 2011). "10 most unbreakable records (10–6)". *Daily Racing Form*. Archived from the original on June 13, 2015. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
25. "2012 Kentucky Derby – I'll Have Another rallies to win at Churchill Downs – ESPN". *ESPN.com*. May 5, 2012. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
26. "Canadian Triple Crown Winner Peteski Dies from Colic". *BloodHorse.com*. April 8, 2001. Archived from the original on May 22, 2012. Retrieved August 11, 2010.
27. \[von Hippel, Paul T.; Rutherford, Caroline G.; Keyes, Katherine M. (2017). "Gender and Weight among Thoroughbred Jockeys: Underrepresented Women and Underweight Men". Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World. 3: 237802311771259. doi:10.1177/2378023117712599\]
28. Ehalt, Bob (June 7, 2015). "Pharoah ushers in Grand Slam era". *ESPN.com*. Archived from the original on June 11, 2015. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
29. "American Pharoah". *breederscup.com*. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
30. Drape, Joe (June 10, 2023). "Arcangelo's Belmont Victory Makes Trainer First Woman to Win a Triple Crown Race". *The New York Times*. Archived from the original on June 11, 2023. Retrieved June 10, 2023.
31. "The Courier – Google News Archive Search". Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
32. Charlie Rose (July 21, 2003). "A rebroadcast of a discussion about the film Seabiscuit". Charlie Rose. Archived from the original on September 13, 2012.
33. "Brennan: Cherry-pick races and Triple Crown extinct". *USA Today*. Archived from the original on June 8, 2014. Retrieved June 8, 2014.
34. "Betting against California Chrome? Fresh horses typically win Belmont Stakes". *Newsday*. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
35. ESPN News Service (June 6, 2015). "American Pharoah claims first Triple Crown since 1978". *ESPN*. Archived from the original on March 27, 2016. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
36. Drape, Joe (2008). *To the swift : classic Triple Crown horses and their race for glory* (1st ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 9780312357955.
37. Drager, Marvin. "Majestic Prince". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. Archived from the original on June 3, 2015. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
38. Glauber, Bill (May 19, 1991). "Canonero II came close to Triple Crowning glory". *Baltimore Sun*. Archived from the original on June 7, 2015. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
39. Staff (June 1, 2015). "American Pharoah Eyes Triple Crown Sweep". *The New York Times*. Archived from the original on June 4, 2015. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
40. Oakford, Glenye Cain (September 17, 2011). "Spectacular Bid, 27, dead". *Daily Racing Form*. Archived from the original on August 25, 2015. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
41. Hovdey, Jay (May 31, 2012). "Triple Crown near-misses: Pleasant Colony, 1981". *Daily Racing Form*. Archived from the original on October 4, 2015. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
42. Finn, Robin (June 7, 1987). "BELMONT STAKES; On Bumpy Road to Crown, Alysheba Is Left Behind". *The New York Times*. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
43. Durso, Joseph (June 8, 1997). "Touch Gold Sneaks In to Steal Silver Charm's Crown". *The New York Times*. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
44. Durso, Joseph (June 7, 1998). "THE 130TH BELMONT STAKES; Victory Gallop's Charge Keeps Real Quiet Short of Posterity". *The New York Times*. Archived from the original on November 22, 2018. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
45. Durso, Joseph (June 6, 1999). "HORSE RACING; Charismatic's Bid Ends in Injury and Defeat". *The New York Times*. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
46. Drape, Joe (June 9, 2002). "Early Stumble Dooms War Emblem's Triple Crown Bid". *The New York Times*. Archived from the original on June 8, 2015. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
47. Drape, Joe (June 8, 2003). "Empire Maker Ends Funny Cide's Triple Crown Bid". *The New York Times*. Archived from the original on April 27, 2024. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
48. Drape, Joe (June 6, 2004). "At Smarty Jones's Coronation, Birdstone Makes Off With the Crown". *The New York Times*. Archived from the original on May 28, 2015. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
49. Beyer, Andrew (June 11, 2008). "The Story Behind Big Brown's Bad Belmont May Never Be Known". *Washington Post*. Archived from the original on June 7, 2015. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
50. Claire Novak (June 8, 2014). "'Chrome' Co-Owner Has No Regrets for Comments". *BloodHorse.com*. Archived from the original on October 8, 2014. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
51. "Television Programs Saturday". *Newsday*. Melville, New York. May 31, 1947. Archived from the original on January 7, 2024. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
52. "Derby, Preakness, Belmont Stakes To Be Televised". Camden, New Jersey. February 6, 1948. p. 23. Archived from the original on January 7, 2024. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
53. Paulick, Ray (November 17, 2010). "Selling Triple Crown As A Package Deal". *Paulick Report*. Archived from the original on June 16, 2015. Retrieved June 13, 2015.
54. "Chrysler to Sponsor Triple Crown Challenge". *Ocala Star-Banner*. Associated Press. September 24, 1987. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
55. Staff (May 2, 2005). "VIsa to End Triple Crown Challenge Sponsorship". *Blood-Horse*. Archived from the original on May 29, 2015. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
56. Sandomir, Richard (May 19, 2014). "Looking for a Sure Thing in the Belmont Stakes? Bet on NBC". *New York Times*. Archived from the original on May 23, 2015. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
57. "Early Nominations for 2021 Triple Crown Due Jan. 23" (Press release). Louisville, KY: Churchill Downs Incorporated. January 20, 2021. Archived from the original on January 16, 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2022.
58. "NBC reaches deal to keep Kentucky Derby rights through 2015". *Daily Hampshire Gazette - GazetteNet.com*. Associated Press. October 8, 2010. Archived from the original on June 12, 2012. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
59. Sharrow, Ryan (February 22, 2011). "NBC re-ups deal to carry Preakness through 2015". Archived from the original on November 19, 2011. Retrieved October 26, 2011.
60. "NBC Signs Five Year Deal To Televise Belmont Stakes". Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
61. "New Pact Keeps Kentucky Derby in NBC Stable Through 2025" (Press Release). February 26, 2014. Archived from the original on May 21, 2015. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
62. Walker, Childs (August 10, 2015). "Preakness will remain on NBC under 7-year deal". Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on January 6, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
63. "Belmont Stakes moving from NBC to Fox Sports in 8-year deal starting in 2023". *espn.com*. Associated Press. January 5, 2022. Archived from the original on January 6, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
64. "Preakness Stakes – History". *preakness-stakes.info*. Archived from the original on April 13, 2015. Retrieved May 18, 2015.


title: Polycera fujitai

abstract: Polycera fujitai is a species of sea slug, a nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusc in the family Polyceridae.

text:
# Polycera fujitai

***Polycera fujitai*** is a species of sea slug, a nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusc in the family Polyceridae.

## Distribution

This species was described from Japan. It also occurs in Hong Kong, in the South China Sea and has been reported from New Zealand.

* "*Polycera fujitai*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 16 January 2019.

## InfoBox

| *Polycera fujitai* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| The nudibranch *Polycera fujitai*, Mirs Bay, Hong Kong. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Order: | Nudibranchia |
| Superfamily: | Polyceroidea |
| Family: | Polyceridae |
| Genus: | *Polycera* |
| Species: | ***P. fujitai*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Polycera fujitai***<br>Baba, 1937 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Palio fujitai* (Baba, 1937) | |


title: Popowlany

abstract: Popowlany is a village located in the administrative district of Gmina Tykocin, within Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north-east of Tykocin and 26 km (16 mi) northwest of the regional capital Białystok.

text:
# Popowlany

**Popowlany** \[pɔpɔˈvlanɨ\] is a village located in the administrative district of Gmina Tykocin, within Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north-east of Tykocin and 26 km (16 mi) northwest of the regional capital Białystok.

## InfoBox

| Popowlany | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Popowlany | |
| Coordinates: 53°13′N 22°49′E / 53.217°N 22.817°E / 53.217; 22.817 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Podlaskie |
| County | Białystok |
| Gmina | Tykocin |


title: Popowice, Lubusz Voivodeship

abstract: Popowice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowogród Bobrzański, within Zielona Góra County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland.

text:
# Popowice, Lubusz Voivodeship

**Popowice** \[pɔpɔˈvit͡sɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowogród Bobrzański, within Zielona Góra County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland.

## History

The territory became a part of the emerging Polish state in the 10th century. In 1217, Duke Henry the Bearded granted Popowice to the Augustianian canons abbey in nearby Nowogród Bobrzański. The donation was later confirmed by bishop of Wrocław Tomasz I in 1263, and Silesian dukes in 1410.

## InfoBox

| Popowice | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Popowice | |
| Coordinates: 51°45′28″N 15°15′45″E / 51.75778°N 15.26250°E / 51.75778; 15.26250 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lubusz |
| County | Zielona Góra |
| Gmina | Nowogród Bobrzański |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Vehicle registration | FZI |
| Voivodeship roads |  |


title: Ponderia elephantina

abstract: Ponderia elephantina is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

text:
# Ponderia elephantina

***Ponderia elephantina*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Description

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off New Caledonia.

* Houart, R., 1990. Four new species of Muricidae from New Caledonia. Venus 49(3): 205-214
* Merle D., Garrigues B. & Pointier J.-P. (2011) Fossil and Recent Muricidae of the world. Part Muricinae. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 648 pp.

## InfoBox

| *Ponderia elephantina* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Ponderia elephantina* (paratype at MNHN, Paris) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Genus: | *Ponderia* |
| Species: | ***P. elephantina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ponderia elephantina***<br>Houart, 1990 | |
|


title: Visapur Dam

abstract: Visapur Dam, is an earthfill dam on Hanga river near Srigonda, Ahmednagar district in the state of Maharashtra in India.

text:
# Visapur Dam

**Visapur Dam**, is an earthfill dam on Hanga river near Srigonda, Ahmednagar district in the state of Maharashtra in India.

## Specifications

The height of the dam above its lowest foundation is 26 m (85 ft) while the length is 2,692 m (8,832 ft). The volume content is 130 km3 (31 cu mi) and gross storage capacity is 33,320.00 km3 (7,993.89 cu mi).

## Purpose

* Irrigation

## InfoBox

| Visapur Dam | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Visapur Dam in Maharashtra | |
| Official name | Visapur Dam D01010 |
| Location | Srigonda |
| Coordinates | 18°48′13″N 74°34′58″E / 18.8035565°N 74.5827484°E / 18.8035565; 74.5827484 |
| Opening date | 1936 |
| Owner(s) | Government of Maharashtra, India |
| Dam and spillways | |
| Type of dam | Earthfill |
| Impounds | Hanga river |
| Height | 26 m (85 ft) |
| Length | 2,692 m (8,832 ft) |
| Dam volume | 130 km3 (31 cu mi) |
| Reservoir | |
| Total capacity | 33,320 km3 (7,990 cu mi) |
| Surface area | 0 km2 (0 sq mi) |


title: Scorpion (solitaire)

abstract: Scorpion is a patience or solitaire card game using a deck of 52 playing cards. Although somewhat related to Spider, the method of game play is akin to Yukon. The object of this game is to form four columns of suit sequence cards from king down to ace.

text:
# Scorpion (solitaire)

**Scorpion** is a patience or solitaire card game using a deck of 52 playing cards. Although somewhat related to Spider, the method of game play is akin to Yukon. The object of this game is to form four columns of suit sequence cards from king down to ace.

## Gameplay

The game starts with 49 cards dealt into seven columns of seven cards each on the tableau. The first four columns each have three face-down cards with four face-up cards placed over them. The cards in the remaining three columns are all faced up. The three leftover cards are set aside for later.

Cards in the tableau are built down by suit and every face up card is available for play, no matter where in the column it is. That means that any card can be placed on top of a card that is a rank higher. Once a card from the bottom or middle of a column is moved, all cards on top of it are moved as well, as one unit. Nothing can be placed on an ace and gaps on the tableau can only be taken by kings or sequences with Kings as their top cards. Once a face-down card is exposed, it is turned face up.

When no more moves are possible, the three leftover cards are dealt onto the first three columns and put into play.

As earlier mentioned, the object of the game is to build four columns of suit sequences from king down to ace. So when one such column is built successfully, it is a general rule to leave this column alone, unless it covers a face-down card.

The game is won when the object is fulfilled.

## Variants

**Scorpion II** is an alternate version of the game in which the number of columns containing three face-down cards and the number of columns in which all cards are faced up are the reverse of the prevalent version, i.e. the first *three* columns each have three face-down cards with four face-up cards placed over them while the cards in the remaining *four* columns are all faced up. Despite the reversal, the game remains the same but making it easier than regular "Scorpion".

**Wasp** is almost identical to Scorpion, except that when a space is formed in the tableau, any card or sequence can be placed in it. This gives the player more chances of winning than in Scorpion.

**Three Blind Mice** is another Scorpion variation with a starting tableau of 10 columns of five cards. The three rightmost columns should each have three bottom cards faced down and two top cards face up. The three cards in each of those columns gave the game its name after the nursery rhyme. The five cards in each of the rest of the columns are all face up. The two leftover cards are set aside face up to be used any time in the game whenever necessary. Game play is the same as in Scorpion.

**Curds and Whey** is another spider type game in the style of Scorpion, and was created by David Parlett.

## InfoBox

Scorpion
| A Patience game | |
| --- | --- |
| Initial setup | |
| Named variants | Scorpion II, Three Blind Mice, Wasp |
| Family | Spider |
| Deck | Single 52-card |
| See also Glossary of solitaire | |


title: Westphalia, Maryland

abstract: Westphalia is a census-designated place in southern Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. The population of the CDP was 11,770 at the 2020 census.

text:
# Westphalia, Maryland

**Westphalia** is a census-designated place in southern Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. The population of the CDP was 11,770 at the 2020 census.

## History

The U.S. Census Bureau first defined the Westphalia census-designated place for the 2010 U.S. Census. In the 2020 U.S. Census, portions of Westphalia were given to the new Brown Station CDP.

## Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Westphalia has a total area of 13.3 square miles (34.4 km2), of which 0.03 square miles (0.07 km2), or 0.20%, is water. The CDP is bordered to the west by the Capital Beltway (I-495/95) and to the south by Maryland Route 4. The CDP of Largo borders Westphalia to the north, Brock Hall is to the northeast, Marlboro Village is to the east, Queensland, Rosaryville and Melwood are to the south, Andrews Air Force Base is to the southwest, and Forestville is to the west.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | 7,266 |  |  |
| 2020 | 11,770 |  | 62.0% |
| U.S. Decennial Census
2010 2020 | | | |

Westphalia first appeared as a census designated place in the 2010 U.S. Census.

### 2020 census

**Westphalia CDP, Maryland – Racial and ethnic composition**
*Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.*
| Race / Ethnicity (*NH = Non-Hispanic*) | Pop 2010 | Pop 2020 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| White alone (NH) | 713 | 568 | 9.81% | 4.83% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 6,011 | 9,265 | 82.73% | 78.72% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 23 | 26 | 0.32% | 0.22% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 72 | 198 | 0.99% | 1.68% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 0 | 3 | 0.00% | 0.03% |
| Some Other Race alone (NH) | 14 | 71 | 0.19% | 0.60% |
| Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH) | 172 | 452 | 2.37% | 3.84% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 261 | 1,187 | 3.59% | 10.08% |
| **Total** | **7,266** | **11,770** | **100.00%** | **100.00%** |

## Planning issues

On February 6, 2007, the Prince George's County Council approved the Westphalia Sector Plan and Sectional Map Amendment. This document established a planning concept for the Westphalia area and rezoned specified properties. This concept is envisions a "high-density, transit- and pedestrian-oriented urban town center" surrounded by three village centers and multiple residential modules. Buildout is proposed to include 14,000 - 15,300 new residential units, 4.5 million square feet of commercial space, and 750,000 square feet of retail space. A 150-acre Central Park is proposed immediately north of the Town Center, approximately at the center of the Westphalia area.

## Education

Prince George's County Public Schools operates public schools serving the census-designated place.

School zoning as of 2024 (with the 2020 Census map being used, and compare with the 2010 Census map):

Elementary schools:

* Arrowhead Elementary School - Within the Westphalia CDP as of the 2020 U.S. Census
* Barack Obama Elementary School - Obama Elementary opened on August 23, 2010.
* Melwood Elementary School

Middle schools:

* Kettering Middle School
* James Madison Middle School

High schools:

Obama, and Wise, in the 2010 U.S. Census, were in the Westphalia CDP. However, in the 2020 Census, they were moved to the Brown Station CDP.

## InfoBox

| Westphalia, Maryland | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| Westphalia, MarylandLocation within the state of MarylandWestphalia, MarylandWestphalia, Maryland (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 38°50′24″N 76°49′26″W / 38.84000°N 76.82389°W / 38.84000; -76.82389 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Maryland |
| County | Prince George's |
| Area | |
| Total | 9.91 sq mi (25.68 km2) |
| Land | 9.91 sq mi (25.66 km2) |
| Water | 0.01 sq mi (0.02 km2) |
| Elevation | 180 ft (50 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 11,770 |
| Density | 1,188.05/sq mi (458.71/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| Area code(s) | 301, 240 |
| FIPS code | 24-83290 |


title: Westwood High School (Quebec)

abstract: Westwood High School is an English-language high school located in St. Lazare and Hudson in Quebec, roughly 24 km west of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The school is administered by the Lester B. Pearson School Board and is divided into a junior campus in Saint-Lazare for secondary I and II and a senior campus in Hudson for secondary III, IV, and V.

text:
# Westwood High School (Quebec)

**Westwood High School** is an English-language high school located in St. Lazare and Hudson in Quebec, roughly 24 km west of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The school is administered by the Lester B. Pearson School Board and is divided into a junior campus in Saint-Lazare for secondary I and II and a senior campus in Hudson for secondary III, IV, and V.

## History

Immigrant families from Cumberland, England first began to settle on this land in the early 1800s. Attracted by the rolling hills, fertile lands for farming, and proximity to the Ottawa River, families put down their roots along the Lake of Two Mountains. Beginning construction in 1919 and officially opening in February 1920, Westwood Senior High School, previously Hudson High School, is a school with a long history.

Renovations first began when it became necessary to erect a fence in order to prevent cattle from wandering onto the yard during lunch. Since then, the population of Hudson and surrounding towns has continued to grow, leading to major renovations and additions in 1939, 1948–49, 1961–62, and in 1987-88.

On July 1, 2003, Hudson High School and Vaudreuil County High School were divided into Westwood High School Senior Campus located in Hudson, Quebec which offers secondary III, IV, and V education, and Westwood High School Junior Campus located in St. Lazare, offering secondary I & II education. These two campuses serve the Hudson and St. Lazare areas, as well as 24 other surrounding communities, up to the Ontario border.

The land where the junior campus is today was known as lot #P603, which the town of St. Lazare purchased from Mrs. Shirley Hunt and her brother David Hunt. The land had been in the Hunt family for several generations. A referendum was also held, as some residents did not want the school to be built. It was what the local newspapers called "A ongoing saga" but in the March 29, 2000 edition of the Hudson Gazette, the front page reported "New school on schedule"

The junior campus, formerly known as Vaudreuil County High School was poised to open its doors in August 2000, but due to delays was not ready for over a month after the school year began. The first principal of Vaudreuil County was David Hatfield.

Only a year after its opening, the Lester B. Pearson School board decided to merge Hudson High School and Vaudreuil County High School, putting the junior grades at Hudson High and senior grades at Vaudreuil (opposite of today). This decision was met with anger, and a court battle from the community . The quarrel took until the end of the 2002-2003 school year to resolve.

## Location

The junior Campus is located in St. Lazare, roughly 24 kilometres west of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The senior campus is located in the town of Hudson, Quebec of the Montérégie administrative region within the Greater Montreal metropolitan area of Quebec – roughly 24 km west of Montreal Island.

## Programs and activities

The senior campus offers a variety of co-curricular programs which includes athletics, drama, music, art, cultural activities, debating, student government, community service, tutoring, and more.

Clubs available to students include Journalism, Library Club, Art Club, Drama Club, Outdoors Club, Model UN, Sisterhood (a club that aims to bring together and empower girls through a safe community on campus), Brotherhood (a club that aims to improve the image that high school boys have acquired by engaging in positive school activities), Ceramics, Corporate Pitch (a club responsible for raising funds towards Bridge to Burundi), and Yearbook.

Sport activities are available to students during the fall season: soccer, cross country running, volleyball, and softball; the winter season: basketball, curling, cross-country skiing, and wrestling; and the spring season: rugby, girls' touch football, lacrosse, and outdoor track and field.

A Word-Study Program is offered which allows students to work outside of school one day per week in order to practice a skill or trade which may interest them as a future career. This course counts for four credits, and students are expected to continue to take a full course load.

Secondary V students have the opportunity to participate in the International Development Project which consists of a 2-3 week cultural exchange in a Central or South American country. The aim of this project is to expose students to global issues and encourage community involvement as well as fostering respect, responsibility, cooperation, and accountability.

### Bridge to Burundi

The **Bridge to Burundi** project was started in October 2009 by students who were touched by a presentation given by one of the teachers, native Burundian Jean-Claude Manirakiza, about the state of education in his home country following the Burundian genocides. The students set out on the process of building an elementary school in Rwoga, Burundi and after 8 months opened the school to 60 1st graders. The project has continued to grow and now offers free education and supplies to more than 400 students, a medical center, a convenience store, a flour mill, solar panels, and drinkable water to the village.

Funds for the project have been raised through bake sales, talent shows, dances, corporate sponsors, and in 2015 the students of Westwood Senior High School published their first children's book "Bakuru and the School on the Hill"

The project has been officially endorsed by Lt.-General Roméo Dallaire, a former UN Commander; the Burundi government; Greg Mortensen (internationally-bestselling author of Three Cups of Tea); Primus Online, Aeroplan, and Facebook Canada. The project also won an award at the 2010 Quebec Entrepreneurship Contest.

## Alumni

## InfoBox

| Westwood High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
| Junior:
2800 du Bordelais, Saint-Lazare, Quebec
Senior:
69 Côte St. Charles, Hudson, Quebec
Canada | |
| Information | |
| School type | High school |
| Founded | 2003 |
| School board | Lester B. Pearson School Board |
| Principal | Anna Haller |
| Language | English, French |
| Colour(s) | Maroon |
| Team name | Wildcats |
| Website | westwood.lbpsb.qc.ca |


title: Trillia Newbell

abstract: Trillia Newbell is the Director of Community Outreach for the Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission of the Southern Baptist Convention.

text:
# Trillia Newbell

**Trillia Newbell** is the Director of Community Outreach for the Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission of the Southern Baptist Convention.

## Publications and career

She is the author of *United: Captured by God’s Vision for Diversity (2014)*, *Fear and Faith: Finding the Peace Your Heart Craves (2015)*, *Enjoy: Finding the Freedom to Delight Daily in God’s Good Gifts (2016)* and *God's Very Good Idea: The True Story About God's Delightfully Different Family (2017)*.

In addition to her writing and the Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission, Newbell gives speeches at churches, universities, conventions, and conferences. She has written for newspapers, magazines, and online publications, including the *Knoxville News Sentinel*, *The Gospel Coalition*, *Ligonier Ministries*, *Desiring God*, *Christianity Today*, and the online blog of the Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission. Newbell is the founder and former managing editor of the *Women of God Magazine*, a defunct online publication.

## Personal life

She lives in Nashville, Tennessee with her husband and two children.


title: Tryptophan 7-halogenase

abstract:
Tryptophan 7-halogenase is an enzyme with systematic name L-tryptophan:FADH2 oxidoreductase (7-halogenating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction:
  - tryptophan + FADH2 + Cl− + O2 + H+ ⇌ 7-chloro-L-tryptophan + FAD + 2 H2O The enzyme can use bromide ions (Br−) in place of chloride (Cl−).

text:
# Tryptophan 7-halogenase

**Tryptophan 7-halogenase** (EC 1.14.19.9, *PrnA*, *RebH*) is an enzyme with systematic name *L-tryptophan:FADH2 oxidoreductase (7-halogenating)*. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction:

tryptophan \+ FADH2 \+ Cl \+ O2 \+ H+ $\rightleftharpoons $ 7-chloro-L-tryptophan + FAD + 2 H2O

The enzyme can use bromide ions (Br) in place of chloride (Cl).

## Background

Tryptophan 7-halogenase is a member of a class of enzymes known as flavin-dependent halogenases. Prior to tryptophan 7-halogenase's discovery, it was thought that all halogen atoms in metabolites were incorporated by the action of haloperoxidases, another class of halogenases dependent on metal centers such as vanadium or heme, or perhydrolases, a class of halogenases that generates peracids that in turn oxidize halide ions to hypohalous acids, which act as halogenating agents. These enzymes halogenate without substrate specificity and regioselectivity. The first tryptophan 7-halogenase was isolated in 1995 by Dairi et al. after a comparison in amino acid sequence revealed no similarity with previously known haloperoxidases. In contrast with haloperoxidases, flavin-dependent halogenases are much narrower in substrate scope and significantly more regioselective. Other flavin-dependent tryptophan halogenases include tryptophan 5-halogenase and tryptophan 6-halogenase.

## Structure

Tryptophan 7-halogenase is a 538-residue, 61-kDa protein. In solution, a number of homologues exist as homodimers.

The enzyme has two main binding sites: one for FAD and one for tryptophan. Note that the FAD is supplied by a separate flavin reductase which may be a general enzyme recruited from metabolism or a specific enzyme encoded in the relevant biosynthetic gene cluster. The former site is also the site of reaction for the oxidation of FAD by O2. Connecting these two sites is a tunnel-like structure approximately 10 Å in length. The FAD binding site also binds a single chloride ion. A chlorinating agent is generated at the FAD-binding site, then channeled through this tunnel where it reacts with the substrate tryptophan. Tryptophan is bound by a number of interactions: other aromatic amino acid residues such as tryptophan, phenylalanine, and histidine seemingly "sandwich" the substrate, the N-H group of tryptophan forms hydrogen bonding interactions with the peptide backbone of the enzyme, and the amino acid moiety of tryptophan interacts with nearby tyrosine and glutamate residues. It is thought that the regioselectivity of the enzyme is a consequence of the spatial orientation of the tryptophan, with C7 placed close to the end of the tunnel where the chlorinating agent exits. Multiple halogenations are prevented as the addition of a halogen atom to the substrate greatly increases its steric bulk, causing it to dissociate from the enzyme.

## Mechanism

Tryptophan 7-halogenases are FADH2-dependent, meaning they require an FADH2 cofactor in order to carry out their reaction. Flavin reductases are responsible for the conversion of FAD to FADH2. For sustained activity in an *in vitro* setting, tryptophan 7-halogenases thus require either excess FADH2 or the presence of a flavin reductase. Since flavin reductase is itself NAD(P)H-dependent, a recent work studying RebH used a cofactor regeneration system wherein glucose dehydrogenase reduces NAD(P)+ to NAD(P)H, which RebF (RebH's native flavin reductase partner) uses to reduce FAD to FADH2 for subsequent use in RebH’s active site. Mechanistically, the flavin-dependent halogenases are similar to flavin-containing monooxygenases. In the first step, FADH2 is oxidized by molecular oxygen, generating a high-energy flavin hydroperoxide.

At this point, there are two proposed mechanisms to achieve halogenation.

In the first, flavin hydroperoxide attacks the C6-C7 double bond of tryptophan, generating an epoxide. This epoxide is then opened by regioselective nucleophilic attack of halide anion at C7. The resultant halohydrin is dehydrated to form 7-chlorotryptophan. This mechanism is dubious due to the long channel separating the flavin cofactor from the tryptophan substrate.

Another proposed mechanism involves the interception of flavin hydroperoxide by a halide anion, generating an equivalent of hypohalous acid. It is unlikely that this species is the final halogenating agent, as experiments have suggested that there is no free hypohalous acid generated by the enzyme. Rather, it is proposed that the 10Å tunnel within the active site directs HOCl toward a lysine residue to form a relatively long lived chloramine intermediate (half-life ~26 hours). Notably, this lysine residue (Lys79) is conserved in all flavin-dependent halogenases. Chloramine, though a weaker halogenating agent, is far more selective.

Studies also indicate that a neighboring glutamate residue is necessary for activity - it is likely that the glutamate residue works in tandem with the lysine residue to generate a more appropriate halogenating agent than a hypohalous acid. This glutamate residue is conserved in all flavin-dependent tryptophan halogenases as well. Proposed roles for this glutamate include a weak interaction with the proton of hypohalous acid to increase the electrophilicity of the chlorine atom or a polarization of the chlorine atom (whether the true chlorine species is hypohalous acid or chloramine) through glutamate's negatively charged carboxylate group.

Spectroscopic and kinetic studies tend to support this mechanism. Flavin redox chemistry was shown to be complete before chlorination; in addition, it can occur without tryptophan present, lending credence to the idea that chloride oxidation and substrate chlorination are decoupled processes. Radiolabeling with 36Cl shows that the chlorine atom goes through three states in this halogenation: free ion, protein-bound, and substrate-bound. This data is in agreement with the proposed mechanism in which lysine forms a covalent adduct with the chlorine species.

In either case, the flavin hydroperoxide transfers one oxygen to the reactants. With elimination of water, FAD is restored.

## Biological relevance

Numerous medicinally relevant compounds depend upon tryptophan 7-halogenase in their biosynthesis. One notable example is the biosynthesis of the antifungal antibiotic pyrrolnitrin in *Pseudomonas fluorescens* \- it was in this context that tryptophan 7-halogenase was first isolated. Also, in *Lechevalieria aerocolonigenes,* the enzyme catalyses the initial step in the biosynthesis of antitumor agent rebeccamycin.

## Industrial relevance

In numerous industries such as agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals, halogenated chemicals abound. Aryl halides are also important intermediates in the syntheses of other compounds due to their versatility in reactions such as nucleophilic aromatic substitution and coupling reactions. Traditionally, in chemical synthesis, arenes are halogenated by electrophilic aromatic substitution, a process that often suffers from poor regioselectivity and makes use of toxic reagents and catalysts under harsh reaction conditions. Tryptophan 7-halogenase circumvents these issues, halogenating its substrate regioselectively and using halide salts and molecular oxygen as reagents at room temperature and fairly neutral pH. Consequently, much research has been dedicated to modifying characteristics of tryptophan 7-halogenase to change properties such as substrate scope, optimal operating temperature, thermal stability, regioselectivity, and more.

Directed evolution is a particularly popular methodology to achieve desirable properties. As of yet, tryptophan 7-halogenase has not been isolated from any thermophilic organism, so augmenting the thermal properties of the enzyme through unnatural means was necessary. As elevated temperatures allow for greater reaction rates, it is desirable to raise an enzyme's optimal operating temperature, but the thermal stability of the enzyme must accordingly be improved to prevent thermal unfolding. Through directed evolution, advances were achieved such as an increase in Topt from 30-35 °C to 40 °C and an increase in Tm from 52.4 °C to 70.0 °C. In combination with directed evolution, substrate walking generated a number of enzymes with greater substrate scope. Enzyme activity was evolved with a known substrate that bears structural similarity to the target substrate, then variants with high activity with respect to the target substrate are starting points for further evolution. Substrates significantly larger than tryptophan were able to be halogenated through this approach. Carvedilol, an indole derivative with a molar mass of over 400 g mol−1 (compared to tryptophan's ~200 g mol−1), was able to be halogenated by an evolved enzyme with high selectivity and yield and low enzyme loading. These results suggest that for larger substrates, perhaps the entirety of the substrate molecule is not enclosed in the active site.

Site-directed mutagenesis has also been employed for expanding substrate scope. Tryptophan substrate interacts with numerous other aromatic amino acid residues near the binding site, poising it for regioselective halogenation. Modification of these residues in turn can allow tryptophan to adopt different spatial orientations that would offer alternative regioselectivities.

Naturally occurring tryptophan 7-halogenase isolated from *Lechevalieria aerocolonigenes* was shown to be able to halogenate naphthalene derivatives, albeit only at activated positions, revealing that certain strains of tryptophan 7-halogenase are fairly wide in substrate scope.

Following design of a suitable enzyme, a cross-linked enzyme aggregate is used for larger-scale reaction. The enzyme by itself faces stability issues, but immobilization through CLEA circumvents this problem. As tryptophan 7-halogenase requires a number of partner enzymes, a combiCLEA was created, where the halogenase is linked with auxiliary enzymes such as flavin reductase and alcohol dehydrogenase, which are responsible for production of FADH2 and NADH, respectively. The three enzymes were precipitated with ammonium sulfate, then cross-linked with the dialdehyde glutaraldehyde. Low concentrations of glutaraldehyde showed the greatest activity, suggesting the importance of the lysine residue covered in the mechanism discussion, though it is also known that high concentrations of glutaraldehyde in general disrupt enzyme activity, as shown when a separate study was preparing a chloroperoxidase-based CLEA. This combiCLEA allowed for gram-scale halogenation, and the aggregate also offered improved properties over the natural enzyme such as recyclability, long-term storage capability, and ease of purification.

## InfoBox

| Tryptophan 7-Halogenase | |
| --- | --- |
| Structure of Trp 7-halogenase PrnA from PDB 2AQJ | |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 1.14.19.9 |
| CAS no. | 198575-11-0 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |