title: Mary Beth's Bean Bag World

abstract: Mary Beth's Bean Bag World, originally Mary Beth's Beanie World, was an American monthly magazine dedicated to Beanie Babies and competing plush toys. The magazine's founder, Mary Beth Sobolewski, developed the magazine into a top seller, known for featuring articles and a secondary market price list for Beanie Babies and similar products during the height of their popularity. The headquarters was in Bannockburn, Illinois. The first issue of Mary Beth's Bean Bag World went on sale in October 1997 and had a circulation of 177,000. It was originally planned as a one-time publication, but based on its success, the publisher decided to produce it quarterly. The second issue sold 444,045 copies. By the time it was one of the top sellers at newsstands, the magazine was being released monthly. The magazine's publisher, H & S Media, eventually filed for bankruptcy. The final issue was published in August 2001.

text:
# Mary Beth's Bean Bag World

***Mary Beth's Bean Bag World***, originally *Mary Beth's Beanie World*, was an American monthly magazine dedicated to Beanie Babies and competing plush toys.

The magazine's founder, Mary Beth Sobolewski, developed the magazine into a top seller, known for featuring articles and a secondary market price list for Beanie Babies and similar products during the height of their popularity. The headquarters was in Bannockburn, Illinois.

The first issue of *Mary Beth's Bean Bag World* went on sale in October 1997 and had a circulation of 177,000. It was originally planned as a one-time publication, but based on its success, the publisher decided to produce it quarterly. The second issue sold 444,045 copies. By the time it was one of the top sellers at newsstands, the magazine was being released monthly. The magazine's publisher, H & S Media, eventually filed for bankruptcy. The final issue was published in August 2001.

## InfoBox

*Mary Beth's Bean Bag World*
| November 1998 issue | |
| --- | --- |
| First issue | October 1997 |
| Final issue | August 2001 |
| Company | H & S Media |
| Country | United States |
| Based in | Bannockburn, Illinois |
| Language | English |
| ISSN | 1525-5085 |


title: Marian Baban

abstract: Marian Baban is a Romanian sprint canoer who competed in the early to mid-2000s. He won three silver medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with one in the K-4 200 m (2003) and two in the K-4 500 m. Baban, who was born in Turnu Măgurele, Teleorman County, also competed in two Summer Olympics, earning his best finish of seventh in the K-4 1000 m event at Athens in 2004.

text:
# Marian Baban

**Marian Baban** (born 8 January 1976) is a Romanian sprint canoer who competed in the early to mid-2000s. He won three silver medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with one in the K-4 200 m (2003) and two in the K-4 500 m (2001, 2003).

Baban, who was born in Turnu Măgurele, Teleorman County, also competed in two Summer Olympics, earning his best finish of seventh in the K-4 1000 m event at Athens in 2004.

## European Championship medals

* Silver K4 500m 2006 Račice, Czech Republic 1:20.616
* Silver K4 1000m 2005 Poznan, Poland 2:51.015
* Bronze K4 500m 2005 Poznan, Poland 1:22.353
* Bronze K4 200m 2001 Milan, Italy 0:31.301

## InfoBox

Marian Baban
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Men's canoe sprint | | |
| World Championships | | |
|  | 2001 Poznań | K-4 500 m |
|  | 2003 Gainesville | K-4 200 m |
|  | 2003 Gainesville | K-4 500 m |


title: William Walrond (politician)

abstract:
The Honourable William Lionel Charles Walrond was a British Conservative politician.
Did not die from wounds, but from illness while on sick leave in the UK.

text:
# William Walrond (politician)

The Honourable **William Lionel Charles Walrond** (22 May 1876 – 2 November 1915) was a British Conservative politician. Did not die from wounds, but from illness while on sick leave in the UK.

## Life

Walrond was the second but eldest surviving son of William Walrond, 1st Baron Waleran, by Elizabeth Katharine Pitman, daughter of James Samuel Pitman, of Dunchideock House, Devon, High Sheriff of Devon in 1856.

In August 1902 he was appointed First secretary to Sir Alexander Acland-Hood, Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury. He succeeded his father as Member of Parliament (MP) for Tiverton in 1906, as seat he held until his death in 1915. He served as Secretary to the First Lord of the Treasury.

Walrond married Charlotte Margaret Lothian Coats, daughter of George Coats, later Baron Glentanar, in 1904. They had two sons, one of whom William Walrond eventually succeeded in the barony of Waleran.

He died, aged 39, of wounds received in action on 2 November 1915 while serving as a lieutenant with the Royal Army Service Corps during the First World War. He is buried in the churchyard at All Saints' Chapel, Bradfield, the chapel to Bradfield House, at the time the seat of the Walrond family. Walrond is commemorated on Panel 8 of the Parliamentary War Memorial in Westminster Hall, one of 22 MPs that died during World War I to be named on that memorial. Walrond is one of 19 MPs who fell in the war who are commemorated by heraldic shields in the Commons Chamber. A further act of commemoration came with the unveiling in 1932 of a manuscript-style illuminated book of remembrance for the House of Commons, which includes a short biographical account of the life and death of Walrond.


title: Uroplatus phantasticus

abstract: Uroplatus phantasticus, the satanic leaf-tailed gecko, eyelash leaf-tailed gecko or the phantastic leaf-tailed gecko, is a species of gecko indigenous to the island of Madagascar. First described in 1888 by George Albert Boulenger, U. phantasticus is the smallest in body of the Uroplatus geckos, though there is an ongoing debate as to whether one of its cousins, U. ebenaui, is smaller because of its shorter tail.

text:
# Uroplatus phantasticus

***Uroplatus phantasticus***, the **satanic leaf-tailed gecko**, **eyelash leaf-tailed gecko** or the **phantastic leaf-tailed gecko**, is a species of gecko indigenous to the island of Madagascar. First described in 1888 by George Albert Boulenger, *U. phantasticus* is the smallest in body of the *Uroplatus* geckos, though there is an ongoing debate as to whether one of its cousins, *U. ebenaui*, is smaller because of its shorter tail.

## Etymology

The generic name, *Uroplatus*, is a Latinization of two Greek words: "ourá" (οὐρά) meaning "tail" and "platys" (πλατύς) meaning "flat". Its specific name *phantasticus* is the Latin word for "imaginary", based upon the gecko's unique appearance, which led Belgian naturalist George Albert Boulenger to describe it as “mythical” in 1888.

## Distribution and habitat

The species is endemic to Madagascar, meaning it is found nowhere else. It is an arboreal animal that relies on its natural camouflage in the northern and central tropical forests of Madagascar.

## Description

Its adult size is up to 90mm in total length, including the tail. As with all *Uroplatus* geckos the tail is flattened, but the leaf-like appearance is only seen in the *ebenaui* complex (*U. phantasticus*, *U. ebenaui*, and *U. malama*; although the tail size is much reduced in *U. ebenaui*). It has often been debated whether *U. phantasticus* is in fact the same species as *U. ebenaui* (the Nosy Bé flat-tailed gecko). However *U. phantasticus* possesses more, and longer, spines on the head, body and trunk. Other members of the genus *Uroplatus* have flattened tails that serve more to diminish the profile of the gecko while it is inactive. Some *U. phantasticus* geckos even have notches in their tails to further mimic a decaying leaf. This is also thought to be a form of sexual dimorphism, as the trait seems more common in the males of the species. In addition, *U. phantasticus* has an eyelash-like projection above each eye. During daylight hours, these adaptations help the gecko blend into its surroundings. At night it helps the gecko hunt for prey by providing camouflage.

Geckos possess no eyelids, just a transparent covering over their eyes, and so they use their long, mobile tongues to wipe away any dust or debris that gets into the eye.

The gecko occurs in a variety of colors, including hues of purple, orange, tan and yellow, but is often mottled brown, with small black dots on the underside that help to distinguish it from similar species.

## Behavior

A nocturnal reptile, with suitably large eyes, the leaf-tailed gecko moves about its rainforest habitat at night feeding on insects. The adhesive scales under their fingers and toes and their strong curved claws enable them to move adeptly through the trees. The leaf-tailed gecko is somewhat of an expert at avoiding predators, not only through their incredible mimicry but through a number of behaviours. They can flatten their body against the substrate to reduce the body's shadow, open their jaws wide to show a frightening, bright red mouth, and voluntarily shed their tail in order to trick a predator.

Like many reptiles, the leaf-tailed gecko is oviparous, or egg-laying. Reproduction starts at the beginning of the rainy season when it lays clutches of two spherical eggs onto the ground under leaf litter or in the dead leaves of plants.

## Captivity

*Uroplatus phantasticus* is common in captivity and often kept in breeding pairs or trios. Males can be housed together as intraspecific aggression tends to be low when captive conditions are sufficient. However, even in good circumstances, there is occasional male-male aggression. Keepers of this species often simply refer to them as *Phants*.

The gecko eats a variety of appropriately sized insects including crickets and moths. If breeding is successful in captivity, eggs will be laid at intervals of approximately 30 days and take 90 to 120 days to hatch.

There are seven zoos in the United States that have this gecko, two of which breed it, including the San Diego Zoo.

## Conservation

Habitat destruction, deforestation, and collection for the pet trade all threaten the existence of this species. Studies suggest that leaf-tailed geckos can only inhabit a very specific environment and are not tolerant of any degradation of their natural habitat. This makes them vulnerable to the impacts of habitat degradation and harvesting, a common problem due to it being popular pets. The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) lists all of the *Uroplatus* species on their "Top ten most wanted species list" of animals threatened by illegal wildlife trade, because of it "being captured and sold at alarming rates for the international pet trade". It is a CITES Appendix 2 protected animal.

Protected areas are therefore essential, and at present, the satanic leaf-tailed gecko is known to occur in at least three: Tsaratanana Strict Nature Reserve, Marojejy National Park, and Anjanaharibe Special Reserve. However, illegal harvesting of leaf-tailed geckos is known to occur even within protected areas, and efforts to control this threatening activity are required if this extraordinary and unique reptile is to endure. This gecko is not a prey of birds, as commonly thought.

This article incorporates text from the ARKive fact-file "Uroplatus phantasticus" under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License and the GFDL.

## InfoBox

| *Uroplatus phantasticus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Gekkonidae |
| Genus: | *Uroplatus* |
| Species: | ***U. phantasticus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Uroplatus phantasticus***
Boulenger, 1888 | |
|
|  | |


# List of listed buildings in Grange, Moray

This is a list of listed buildings in the parish of Grange in Moray, Scotland.

## List

## Key

The scheme for classifying buildings in Scotland is:

* **Category A**: "buildings of national or international importance, either architectural or historic; or fine, little-altered examples of some particular period, style or building type."
* **Category B**: "buildings of regional or more than local importance; or major examples of some particular period, style or building type, which may have been altered."
* **Category C**: "buildings of local importance; lesser examples of any period, style, or building type, as originally constructed or moderately altered; and simple traditional buildings which group well with other listed buildings."

In March 2016 there were 47,288 listed buildings in Scotland. Of these, 8% were Category A, and 50% were Category B, with the remaining 42% being Category C.

1. "What is Listing?". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
2. *Scotland's Historic Environment Audit 2016* (PDF). Historic Environment Scotland and the Built Environment Forum Scotland. pp. 15–16. Retrieved 29 May 2018.


title: Maughan Library

abstract: The Maughan Library is the main university research library of King's College London, forming part of the Strand Campus. A 19th-century neo-Gothic building located on Chancery Lane in the City of London, it was formerly the home to the headquarters of the Public Record Office, known as the "strong-box of the Empire", and was acquired by the university in 2001. Following a £35m renovation designed by Gaunt Francis Architects, the Maughan is the largest new university library in the United Kingdom since World War II. Designed by Sir James Pennethorne and constructed in 1851, with further extensions made between 1868 and 1900, it is a Grade II* listed building. Inside the library is a dodecagonal reading room, inspired by that of the British Museum, and a former medieval chapel, now an exhibition space showcasing the special collections of the library. The library was named in honour of Sir Deryck Maughan, an alumnus of the university.

text:
# Maughan Library

The **Maughan Library** (/mɔːn/) is the main university research library of King's College London, forming part of the Strand Campus. A 19th-century neo-Gothic building located on Chancery Lane in the City of London, it was formerly the home to the headquarters of the Public Record Office, known as the "strong-box of the Empire", and was acquired by the university in 2001. Following a £35m renovation designed by Gaunt Francis Architects, the Maughan is the largest new university library in the United Kingdom since World War II.

Designed by Sir James Pennethorne and constructed in 1851, with further extensions made between 1868 and 1900, it is a Grade II\* listed building. Inside the library is a dodecagonal reading room, inspired by that of the British Museum, and a former medieval chapel, now an exhibition space showcasing the special collections of the library. The library was named in honour of Sir Deryck Maughan, an alumnus of the university.

## History

### Early history

The library building seen today was built in 1851, however, its roots date back to the 13th century.

#### Rolls Chapel

The Maughan occupies the site of the *Domus Conversorum* (House of the Converts or *Le Converse Inn* in Norman French), later known as the *Chapel of the Master of the Rolls* because the Master of the Rolls was warden of the Domus Conversorum. The House of the Converts was established by Henry III in 1232 to provide a residence and chapel for Jews who had converted to Christianity, and the chapel attached to it began the following year.

In 1278, in a letter given to the king by John the Convert, the Converts referred to themselves as *Pauperes Cœlicolæ Christi*. During the reign of Richard II, certain Converts received, for life, a two-pence wage; and in the reign of Henry IV, by special patent, a rabbi's daughter was given a penny for life by the keepers of the House.

Following the expulsion of Jews from England by Edward I through the Edict of Expulsion in 1290, the Master of the Rolls became warden and the chapel became known as the Chapel of the Master of the Rolls, or Rolls Chapel. In 1377, Edward III broke up the Jewish almshouse, consequently annexing the House as well as the chapel to the newly instituted office of *Custos Rotulorum*, or Keeper of the Rolls. The office is used to store the rolls and records of the Court of Chancery.

The chapel was rebuilt in 1617 by Inigo Jones at a cost of £2,000, and the poet and priest John Donne preached during the consecration. It was rebuilt again in 1734, and altered in 1784. The records were moved in 1856 and the chapel was demolished in 1895. The only remains are an arch mounted on the garden elevation of the Chancery lane wing, some tomb monuments, stained glass panels and a mosaic floor.

There are three principal tomb monuments. The first commemorates John Yonge (d.1516), Master of the Rolls in the early part of the reign of Henry VIII. The work of Pietro Torrigiano (who also made the tomb of Henry VII in Westminster Abbey), it features a recumbent effigy with hands crossed, wearing a red gown and square cap. The second, attributed to the Cure workshop, commemorates Richard Allington (d.1561) and his wife: it includes kneeling figures of the couple facing one another across a prayer-desk, on the front of which are depicted in relief their three daughters, also kneeling. The third monument, attributed to Maximilian Colt, is that of Edward Bruce, 1st Lord Kinloss (d.1611), whose semi-recumbent effigy wears a long-furred robe: below him are four kneeling figures, including a man in armour, perhaps his son, Edward.

#### Rolls House

Rolls House was the official residence of the Master of the Rolls and remained in the possession of the office until 1837, when it was surrendered to the Crown.

### Public Record Office

In 1838 the *Public Record Office Act* was passed to "keep safely the public records". Construction of the earliest part of the building seen today, the central wing, began in 1851. As a repository, it is claimed to be the first purpose-built fireproof building in England. To minimise the risk of fire the storerooms were designed as compartmentalised closed cells and the building had no heating. One of the cells which stored documents remains in its original condition, including its bookcases and fire proof slate shelves. Two search rooms were added in 1863 and a clock tower was built in 1865. In 1869–71 the building was extended along Fetter Lane, and in the 1890s two more wings designed by Sir John Taylor were added. At this time the medieval walls of the chapel were found to be unsound and had to be rebuilt. In 1902 the chapel became a museum of the Public Record Office. By 1997 all records were transferred to a new site in Kew or the Family Records Centre in Islington.

### University library

In 2001 King's College London acquired the building from the Crown Estate and appointed a design team led by Gaunt Francis Architects to oversee the renovation. The renovation took two-years, at a cost of £35m. During the works, two rare painted zinc ceilings from the 1860s (one forms part of the ceiling of the round reading room and another is located above the lobby entrance) and a fine 1901 tessellated floor were discovered. Former president of RIBA, Maxwell Hutchinson commented on the project, "I have to say that this is one of the best marriages between an important redundant building and a new use I've come across in a very long time." The library was opened by Queen Elizabeth II in November 2002, and the project received the 2003 City Heritage Award. The library was named after Sir Deryck Maughan, an alumnus of King's, who together with Lady Maughan made a £4m donation towards the new university library. It is the largest new university library in Britain since World War II.

The surviving part of the chapel is called the Weston Room, following a donation from the Garfield Weston Foundation, and is used to as an exhibition space for the Foyle Special Collections Library. The Weston Room incorporates many features from the former Rolls Chapel, including stained glass windows, a mosaic floor, and three 16th and 17th century funerary monuments. One is a Renaissance terracotta figure by Pietro Torrigiano of John Yonge (d. 1516), Master of the Rolls and Dean of York, described as the "earliest Renaissance monument in England". The Tudor roses and a lunette of angels found on the back of the sarcophagus resemble those on Henry VII's monument, also by Torrigiano, located in Westminster Abbey. Another is of Richard Allington (d. 1561), and is probably the work of one of the Curl family, Flemish master masons to the Crown. A third is of Lord Bruce of Kinloss (d. 1616), Master of the Rolls. It depicts him with his daughter, who was married in the Rolls Chapel to the future Earl of Devonshire and his son, who would be created Earl of Elgin. The stained glass windows display the arms of former Master of the Rolls, including those of Henry Prince of Wales, Sir Thomas Egerton, Sir Robert Cecil and Sir Edward Phelips, and date from 1611. Stained glass panels of the coat of arms of George IV dated 1823 were originally placed in the east window of the chapel and were rediscovered during the restoration works in 2002. Their restoration was funded by The Crown Estate to mark the opening of the library.

The building has 1,250 networked reader places in a variety of environments including individual study carrels and group study rooms.

## Holdings

The Maughan holds more than 750,000 items including books, journals, CDs, records, DVDs, theses and exam papers. These items cover four of the college's academic schools of study: Arts and Humanities, Law, Natural & Mathematical Sciences and Social Science & Public Policy. This includes the pre-2020 Chartered Institute of Taxation's Tony Arnold Library and the post-1850 collection of Sion College. The library also holds more than 150,000 78rpm records donated by the BBC in 2001 which span a wide range of genres. In addition to the main catalogue the library holds special collections, and archives which contain around 5 million documents in total.

### Foyle Special Collections Library

The library is also home to the Foyle Special Collections Library, named in recognition of a grant from the Foyle Foundation, which houses approximately 170,000 printed works, as well as maps, slides, sound recordings and manuscript material. Included among the manuscript material is the Carnegie Collection of British Music, a collection of original signed manuscripts, many of them by notable composers, whose publication was funded by the philanthropist Andrew Carnegie via the Carnegie UK Trust. The collection also contains several volumes of incunabula (works printed before 1501). The collections range in date from the fifteenth century to the present day. In 2007 the library acquired the historical collections of the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office, which includes Britain's 1812 declaration of war on the US, and contains over 60,000 items. The collections include:

### Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives

Established in 1964, the Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives (LHCMA) is a leading repository for research into modern defence policy in the United Kingdom. The collections are of national and international importance and were awarded Designated Status by the Museums, Libraries and Archives Council in 2005. The core of the collection comprises the private papers of over 700 senior British military personnel who held office since 1900. Other highlights include the former private library of Captain Sir Basil Liddell Hart, after whom the centre is named.

## Garden

The garden opposite the library was originally owned by Clifford's Inn, and part of the garden was acquired by the Public Record Office in 1912. Following the acquisition of the site by King's a new garden was commissioned. The garden was designed by George Carter and won the Metropolitan Public Gardens Association's London Spade Award in 2003. The design is based on three 'green rooms' designed to complement the original storeroom cells of the building. There is an emphasis on shades of green rather than colour planting, with the use of hornbeam, lime and yew. The garden has two sculptures and a small water feature. One of the sculptures is by Dorothy Brook, and a bronze statue of Confucius, located in the centre 'room', was donated by The Confucian Academy in 2010 to mark the official launch of the Lau China Institute. A series of relief plaques of the continents by Walter Crane are installed on a small brick building now used for storing bicycles. These were formerly on St Dunstan's House situated on Fetter Lane, which was demolished in 1976, and the grounds where the house was situated paved the way for new luxury residential apartments to be built.

## In fiction

The dodecagonal reading room is one of the locations consulted by Robert Langdon and Sophie Neveu in chapters 92 and 95 of the Dan Brown novel, *The Da Vinci Code*. The library was also used as a filming location for exterior shots of the Tower of London in the 2003 film, *Johnny English*. Part of the music video of the song *Twilight's Chapter Seven* from the album *Still Fantasy* by Taiwanese musician Jay Chou was filmed at the Maughan. The use of the round reading room as a filming location for Dumbledore's Office in the *Harry Potter* films has been the source of considerable talk and rumour, however, a feature in an edition of the King's Library Newsletter confirms that this is in fact a myth, though the library receives several requests to film each month. The exterior of the building appears in the 2020 film *Enola Holmes*.

## Residence

The top floor of the Chancery Lane wing of the library building is used as a residence for the Principal of King's College London during their term.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Maughan Library,
King's College London | |
| --- | --- |
| The Maughan Library with the Clock Tower | |
|  | |
| 51°30′55″N 0°06′38″W / 51.5153°N 0.1106°W / 51.5153; -0.1106 | |
| Location | Chancery Lane
London, WC2, United Kingdom |
| Type | Academic library |
| Established | **1232** *Domus Conversorum*
**1377** Chapel/House of Master of the Rolls
**1851** Public Record Office
**2001** Maughan Library |
| Branch of | King's College London Library Services |
| Branches | 8 |
| Collection | |
| Items collected | Books, journals, newspapers, magazines, sound and music recordings, maps, prints, drawings and manuscripts |
| Size | 750k items (approx.) |
| Access and use | |
| Access requirements | Students and staff of King's College London and other University of London colleges, some SCONUL Access Card holders and members of the public with legitimate research needs |
| Other information | |
| Budget | £5,087,981 (Expenditure on print and electronic resources across all branches 2011–12) |
| Director | Lis Hannon |
| Website | kcl.ac.uk/library |


title: Marcedusa

abstract: Marcedusa is an Arbëreshë comune and town in the province of Catanzaro in the Calabria region of Italy.

text:
# Marcedusa

**Marcedusa** (Arbëreshë Albanian: *Marçëdhuza*) is an Arbëreshë *comune* and town in the province of Catanzaro in the Calabria region of Italy.

## Notes and references

## InfoBox

| Marcedusa
Marçëdhuza | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Marcedusa | |
| Location of Marcedusa
Marçëdhuza | |
| Marcedusa
MarçëdhuzaLocation of Marcedusa
Marçëdhuza in ItalyMarcedusa
MarçëdhuzaMarcedusa
Marçëdhuza (Calabria) | |
| Coordinates: 39°1′35″N 16°50′10″E / 39.02639°N 16.83611°E / 39.02639; 16.83611 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Calabria |
| Province | Catanzaro (CZ) |
| Area | |
| Total | 15 km2 (6 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 288 m (945 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2013) | |
| Total | 448 |
| Density | 30/km2 (77/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 88050 |
| Dialing code | 0961 |


title: Virgin of the Burning Bush (Damaskinos)

abstract: The Virgin of the Burning Bush was a painting made of egg tempera and gold leaf on a wood panel. The portable icon was signed by Greek painter Michael Damaskinos. Damaskinos has over 100 known works. He was a distinguished member of the Cretan school of painting. He was from Crete. His contemporaries included Georgios Klontzas and El Greco. Damaskinos spent over twenty years traveling all over Italy. He spent a significant time in Venice. He adopted Italian artistic mannerisms which he applied to his paintings. Moses was a biblical figure who received Tablets of Stone inscribed with the Ten Commandments in Mount Sinai, Egypt as written in the Book of Exodus. In the biblical narrative, Moses was also appointed by Yahweh to lead the Israelites out of Egypt and into Canaan at the Burning Bush. Both themes are an integral part of Damaskinos's work. His painting is a rare depiction of the Virgin and Child with Moses. The painting served as an inspiration to Ieremias Palladas's painting of Saint Catherine. Palladas features some of Damaskinos's work in the background of his painting of the Egyptian martyr. Both works are a tribute to Catherine of Alexandria and Mount Sinai, Egypt. The Virgin of the Burning Bush is now in the Monastery of Agia Aikaterini in Heraklion, Crete.

text:
# Virgin of the Burning Bush (Damaskinos)

**The Virgin of the Burning Bush** was a painting made of egg tempera and gold leaf on a wood panel. The portable icon was signed by Greek painter Michael Damaskinos. Damaskinos has over 100 known works. He was a distinguished member of the Cretan school of painting. He was from Crete. His contemporaries included Georgios Klontzas and El Greco. Damaskinos spent over twenty years traveling all over Italy. He spent a significant time in Venice. He adopted Italian artistic mannerisms which he applied to his paintings.

Moses was a biblical figure who received Tablets of Stone inscribed with the Ten Commandments in Mount Sinai, Egypt as written in the Book of Exodus. In the biblical narrative, Moses was also appointed by Yahweh to lead the Israelites out of Egypt and into Canaan at the Burning Bush. Both themes are an integral part of Damaskinos's work. His painting is a rare depiction of the Virgin and Child with Moses. The painting served as an inspiration to Ieremias Palladas's painting of *Saint Catherine.* Palladas features some of Damaskinos's work in the background of his painting of the Egyptian martyr. Both works are a tribute to Catherine of Alexandria and Mount Sinai, Egypt. The *Virgin of the Burning Bush* is now in the Monastery of Agia Aikaterini in Heraklion, Crete.

## Description

The painting was created in the second half of the 16th century. The height of the painting is 43.7 in. (110.9 cm) and the width is 34 in. (86.4 cm). The material was tempera painting and gold leaf on wood panel. The icon is roughly the same size as Damaskinos's *Adoration of the Kings*. The painting stylistically resembles the *Adoration of the Kings*. The central figure in both paintings is against a mountain. The artist also crowds his figures in both works. The  *Virgin of the Burning Bush* is a rare depiction of the Virgin and Child with Moses. Byzantine theologian John of Damascus wrote about the Burning Bush. He said the bush was an image of God's Mother, and as Moses was about to approach, God Said: Put off the shoes from thy feet, for the place whereon thou standest is holy ground.

The painting creates a visual story of Moses's encounters with the divine on Mount Sinai incorporating the writings of John of Damascus. To our left, Moses stands before the Burning Bush. An angel appears out of the flames, below is another image of Moses removing his sandals. In the center of the image, the Virgin and Child appear enthroned within the Burning Bush (Θεοτόκος ή Βάτις). In the lower right-hand corner John of Damascus holds a scroll. In the background, two scenes from Moses's life from the *Book of Exodus* are present. To the left of the mountain, Moses strikes the rock with his holy staff and a spring appears for the Israelites to drink. To the right of the mountain, the scene of the Golden calf is depicted. At the top of the image, God and angles are passing the tablets to Moses. The final scene is of angels bringing Saint Catherine's body to Jebel Katrina, one of the three peaks of Mount Sinai.

The painting follows the typical Damaskinos technique. His painting features the Italian renaissance cangiante. The Virgin is enthroned in the Burning Bush following the traditional hodegetria stance. The Burning Bush is depicted as receding into space. The figures in the foreground of Moses and John of Damascus promote three-dimensionality namely in the drapery folds. Moses is at the peak of the middle mountain above the Virgin Mary. Moses and the faces of the figures around him are facing the Virgin Mary. There are also two other mountains. All three mountains form a triangle They are painted in the traditional Cretan style. The artist clearly creates a visual distinction of spatial depth.

1. Hatzidakis, Manolis (1987). *Έλληνες Ζωγράφοι μετά την Άλωση (1450-1830). Τόμος 1: Αβέρκιος - Ιωσήφ* \[*Greek Painters after the Fall of Constantinople (1450-1830). Volume 1: Averkios - Iosif*\]. Athens: Center for Modern Greek Studies, National Research Foundation. pp. 241–254. hdl:10442/14844. ISBN 960-7916-01-8.
2. Staff Writers (December 2, 2021). "Byzantine Icons". Museum of St. Catherine in Heraklion. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
3. Hatzidakis, 1987, pp. 241-254
4. Kofou, Anna (1992). *Crete All the Museums and Archaeological Sites*. Athens, GR: Ekdotike Athenon. pp. 118–121. ISBN 9789602130568.
5. Schwartz, Ellen C. (2021). *The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Art and Architecture*. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 266. ISBN 9780190277352.
6. Collins, Kristen M. (2006). *Holy Image, Hallowed Ground: Icons from Sinai*. Los Angeles: California: J. Paul Getty Museum. pp. 274–275. ISBN 9780892368563.
7. Collins, 2006, pp. 274-275
8. Collins, 2006, pp. 274-275

## InfoBox

| Virgin of the Burning Bush | |
| --- | --- |
| Greek: *Η Καιόμενη Βάτος*, <br>Italian: *Madonna Roveto Ardente* | |
|  | |
| Artist | Michael Damaskinos |
| Year | c. 1586-1591 |
| Medium | tempera on wood |
| Subject | Moses, Virgin Mary, Child Jesus, John of Damascus, and Saint Catherine with the Burning Bush. |
| Dimensions | 111 cm × 89 cm (43.7 in × 34.4 in) |
| Location | Monastery of Agia Aikaterini, Heraklion, Crete |
| Owner | Collection of Saint Catherine's Monastery Mount Sinai, Egypt |
| Website | Official Website |


title: Mariampol, Greater Poland Voivodeship

abstract: Mariampol is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kościelec, within Koło County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.

text:
# Mariampol, Greater Poland Voivodeship

**Mariampol** \[maˈrjampɔl\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kościelec, within Koło County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.

## InfoBox

| Mariampol | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Street of Mariampol, Greater Poland Voivodeship | |
| Mariampol | |
| Coordinates: 52°10′45″N 18°35′02″E / 52.17917°N 18.58389°E / 52.17917; 18.58389 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Koło |
| Gmina | Kościelec |


title: Phanera yunnanensis

abstract: Phanera yunnanensis is a plant with the common names Chinese orchid tree, Yunnan orchid or orchid vine, native to China and W. Indochina. It is a perennial dicot described as a shrub or vine. It is in the Fabaceae family, has orchid-like flowers and has been introduced to Florida, in the USA.

text:
# Phanera yunnanensis

***Phanera yunnanensis*** (taxonomic synonym *Bauhinia yunnanensis*) is a plant with the common names **Chinese orchid tree**, **Yunnan orchid** or **orchid vine**, native to China (Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou) and W. Indochina. It is a perennial dicot described as a shrub or vine. It is in the Fabaceae family, has orchid-like flowers and has been introduced to Florida, in the USA.

## InfoBox

| *Phanera yunnanensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Genus: | *Phanera* |
| Species: | ***P. yunnanensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phanera yunnanensis***<br>(Franch.) Wunderlin | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Bauhinia yunnanensis* Franch. * *Bauhinia altefissa* H.Lev. * *Bauhinia altifissa* H.Lev., p.p.A * *Bauhinia collettii* Prain * *Bauhinia diptera* Collett & Hemsl. * *Bauhinia mirabilis* Merr. * *Bracteolanthus dipterus* (Miq.) de Wit * *Lasiobema yunnanense* (Franch.) A.Schmitz * *Phanera collettii* (Prain) Thoth. * *Phanera diptera* (Miq.) Miq. | |


title: Morten Rostrup

abstract: Morten Rostrup is a Norwegian physician. He took the cand.med. degree in 1983 and the dr.med. degree in 1994, and acquired specializations in internal medicine and emergency medicine. He became a physician at Oslo University Hospital and professor of behavioral medicine at the University of Oslo. In 1996 Rostrup was a co-founder of the Norwegian branch of Doctors Without Borders, serving as president from 1996 to 2002. In 1998 he became vice president of Doctors Without Borders' international council, serving as president from 2000 to 2004. He is an uncle of Espen Rostrup Nakstad.

text:
# Morten Rostrup

**Morten Rostrup** (born 7 March 1958) is a Norwegian physician.

He took the cand.med. degree in 1983 and the dr.med. degree in 1994, and acquired specializations in internal medicine and emergency medicine. He became a physician at Oslo University Hospital and professor of behavioral medicine at the University of Oslo.

In 1996 Rostrup was a co-founder of the Norwegian branch of Doctors Without Borders, serving as president from 1996 to 2002. In 1998 he became vice president of Doctors Without Borders' international council, serving as president from 2000 to 2004.

He is an uncle of Espen Rostrup Nakstad.


title: Urmenetea

abstract:
Urmenetea is a genus of South American plants in the family Asteraceae.
  - Species The only known species is Urmenetea atacamensis, native to northern Chile and northern Argentina.
  - Uses According to "Enzyklopädie der Psychoaktiven Pflanzen", natives of the atacama desert use the plant for its psychoactive properties. When chewing the leaves, Dr.phil Christian Rätsch reported a sensation of local anestesia and a general feeling of euphoria and stimulation, akin to the effects of chewing coca leaves. Smoked injestion may result in both narcotic and stimulant effects. "Enzyklopädie der Psychoactiven Pflanzen" lists 0.3g of dried leaves as a sufficient dosage. Nothing is known about the chemical properties of the active ingredient and its dangers.

text:
# Urmenetea

***Urmenetea*** is a genus of South American plants in the family Asteraceae.

Species

The only known species is ***Urmenetea atacamensis***, native to northern Chile (Antofagasta, Atacama) and northern Argentina (Catamarca, Jujuy, Salta).

Uses

According to "Enzyklopädie der Psychoaktiven Pflanzen", natives of the atacama desert use the plant for its psychoactive properties. When chewing the leaves, Dr.phil Christian Rätsch reported a sensation of local anestesia and a general feeling of euphoria and stimulation, akin to the effects of chewing coca leaves. Smoked injestion may result in both narcotic and stimulant effects. "Enzyklopädie der Psychoactiven Pflanzen" lists 0.3g of dried leaves as a sufficient dosage. Nothing is known about the chemical properties of the active ingredient and its dangers.

## InfoBox

| *Urmenetea* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Subfamily: | Mutisioideae |
| Tribe: | Onoserideae |
| Genus: | *Urmenetea*
Phil. |
| Species: | ***U. atacamensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Urmenetea atacamensis***
Phil. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Onoseris atacamensis* (Phil.) Hoffmann | |


abstract: The following table lists the individuals who served as mayor of Wallingford, Connecticut, their political party affiliations, and their dates in office, as well as other information.

text:
# List of mayors of Wallingford, Connecticut

The following table lists the individuals who served as **mayor** of Wallingford, Connecticut, their political party affiliations, and their dates in office, as well as other information.

## History

The city of Wallingford switched from a council–manager government to a mayor–council government in 1962. The longest-serving mayor of Wallingford was William F. Dickinson, who was elected for 20 two-year terms, serving from 1983 and 2023.

On election day of November 7, 2023, former Town Council member Vincent "Vinny" Cervoni, a Republican, defeated Democrat Riley O'Connell. Cervoni took office on January 1, 2024, becoming the fifth mayor of Wallingford. As of 2024, the job pays $96,000 per year.

## List of mayors

The following table lists the individuals who served as mayor of Wallingford, Connecticut.

| # | Name | Party | Served | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | William DeForest Bertini | Republican | 1962 – 1969 |  |
| 2 | Joseph C. Carini | Democratic | 1969 – 1974 | Died in office |
| 3 | Rocco J. Vumbaco | Democratic | 1974 - 1983 |  |
| 4 | William F. Dickinson | Republican | 1983 – 2024 |  |
| 5 | Vincent Cervoni | Republican | 2024 – |  |

## InfoBox

| Mayor of Wallingford, Connecticut | |
| --- | --- |
| Incumbent
Vincent Cervoni
since January 1, 2024 | |
| Type | Mayor |
| Formation | 1962 |
| First holder | William DeForest Bertini |


title: Maulévrier-Sainte-Gertrude

abstract: Maulévrier-Sainte-Gertrude is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France.

text:
# Maulévrier-Sainte-Gertrude

**Maulévrier-Sainte-Gertrude** (French pronunciation: \[molevʁije sɛ̃t ʒɛʁtʁyd\]) is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France.

## Geography

A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, it is located some 24 miles (39 km) northwest of Rouen at the junction of the D40 and D281 and also the D131 and D490 roads.

## Heraldry

|  | The arms of Maulévrier-Sainte-Gertrude are blazoned :
*Quarterly 1: Argent, a tower sable open and pierced of the field; 2: Azure, a greyhound argent, collared gules; 3: Azure, a fess wavy argent, overall a crozier Or palewise; 4: Argent 3 millrinds gules.*

 |
| --- | --- |

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 621 |  |
| 1975 | 685 | +1.41% |
| 1982 | 905 | +4.06% |
| 1990 | 922 | +0.23% |
| 1999 | 905 | −0.21% |
| 2007 | 912 | +0.10% |
| 2012 | 985 | +1.55% |
| 2017 | 987 | +0.04% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## Places of interest

* The church of St. Gertrude, dating from the sixteenth century.
* The church of St.Léonard, dating from the eleventh century.
* The thirteenth century donjon.
* Traces of another feudal castle.

## InfoBox

| Maulévrier-Sainte-Gertrude | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Maulévrier-Sainte-Gertrude | |
|  | |
| Location of Maulévrier-Sainte-Gertrude | |
| Maulévrier-Sainte-GertrudeMaulévrier-Sainte-Gertrude | |
| Coordinates: 49°33′20″N 0°43′18″E / 49.5556°N 0.7217°E / 49.5556; 0.7217 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Normandy |
| Department | Seine-Maritime |
| Arrondissement | Rouen |
| Canton | Port-Jérôme-sur-Seine |
| Intercommunality | Caux Seine Agglo |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | David Malandain |
| Area**1** | 14.16 km2 (5.47 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 1,035 |
| Density | 73/km2 (190/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 76418 /76490 |
| Elevation | 7–144 m (23–472 ft)
(avg. 120 m or 390 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: United States v. Robinson

abstract: United States v. Robinson, 414 U.S. 218 (1973), was a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that "in the case of a lawful custodial arrest a full search of the person is not only an exception to the warrant requirement of the Fourth Amendment, but is also a reasonable search under that Amendment."

text:
# United States v. Robinson

***United States v. Robinson***, 414 U.S. 218 (1973), was a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that "in the case of a lawful custodial arrest a full search of the person is not only an exception to the warrant requirement of the Fourth Amendment, but is also a reasonable search under that Amendment."

## Facts

A Washington D.C. Metropolitan police officer stopped a 1965 Cadillac based on reliable information that the driver's operating license had been revoked. All three occupants exited the car, and the officer arrested the driver, Robinson. (For purposes of the Court's opinion, it was assumed that Robinson's full-custody arrest was valid.) The officer proceeded to search Robinson, and felt a package whose contents the officer could not immediately identify. Upon removing the package—a crumpled cigarette packet—and opening it, the officer discovered "14 gelatin capsules of white powder" that turned out to be heroin.

## Issue

Did the officer's search of the defendant violate the Fourth Amendment?

## Holding

According to the Court "in the case of a lawful custodial arrest a full search of the person is not only an exception to the warrant requirement of the 4th Amendment, but is also a reasonable search under that Amendment."

## Further reading

* Aaronson, David E.; Wallace, Rangeley (1976). "A Reconsideration of the Fourth Amendment's Doctrine of Search Incident to Arrest". *Georgetown Law Journal*. **64**: 53.
* Bradley, Craig M. (1993). "The Court's 'Two Model' Approach to the Fourth Amendment: Carpe Diem!". *Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology*. **84** (3): 429–461. doi:10.2307/1143960. JSTOR 1143960.
* LaFave, Wayne R. (1974). "'Case-by-Case Adjudication' versus 'Standardized Procedures': The *Robinson* Dilemma". *The Supreme Court Review*. **1974**: 127–163. doi:10.1086/scr.1974.3108707. JSTOR 3108707.
* Nolasco, Claire (2010). "*United States v. Robinson*". In Del Carmen, Rolando V.; Hemmens, Craig (eds.). *Criminal Procedure and the Supreme Court*. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 104–116. ISBN 9781442201569.

## InfoBox

| United States v. Robinson | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued October 9, 1973
Decided December 11, 1973 | |
| Full case name | *United States v. Willie Robinson, Jr.* |
| Citations | 414 U.S. 218 (*more*)94 S. Ct. 467; 38 L. Ed. 2d 427 |
| Case history | |
| Prior | 471 F.2d 1082 (D.C. Cir. 1973) |
| Holding | |
| In the case of a lawful custodial arrest, a full search of the person is not only an exception to the warrant requirement of the Fourth Amendment, but is also a "reasonable" search under that Amendment. | |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice Warren E. Burger  Associate Justices William O. Douglas **·**  William J. Brennan Jr.
Potter Stewart **·**  Byron White
Thurgood Marshall **·**  Harry Blackmun
Lewis F. Powell Jr. **·**  William Rehnquist | |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | Rehnquist, joined by Burger, Stewart, White, Blackmun, Powell |
| Concurrence | Powell |
| Dissent | Marshall, joined by Douglas, Brennan |


title: Yrjö Neuvo

abstract: Yrjö Aunus Olavi Neuvo is a Finnish engineer and professor emeritus. In 1976 Neuvo was appointed professor of electronics (1976–1992) at Tampere University of Technology. Under his leadership, postgraduate education from digital signal processing (DSP) began immediately at Tampere University of Technology. Graduate studies in digital signal processing continued for two years until 1978.

text:
# Yrjö Neuvo

**Yrjö Aunus Olavi Neuvo** (born 21 July 1943) is a Finnish engineer and professor emeritus.

In 1976 Neuvo was appointed professor of electronics (1976–1992) at Tampere University of Technology. Under his leadership, postgraduate education from digital signal processing (DSP) began immediately at Tampere University of Technology. Graduate studies in digital signal processing continued for two years until 1978.

## Publications

### Monographs

* *The Application of Digital Techniques to a VOR Signal Generator*. Doctoral thesis, Cornell University, 1974.
* Neuvo, Yrjö: *Rekisteröintilaitteiston suunnittelu radiotieteellistä mittausjärjestelmää varten* (Design of recording equipment for a radio science measurement system). TKK 1968.
* Neuvo, Yrjö: *Digitaalinen VOR-pientaajuusgeneraattori* (Digital VOR low frequency generator). TKK 1971.
* Neuvo, Yrjö; Ojala, L.; Reimavuo, J.: *The optimal generation of sine waveforms using first-order hold reconstruction techniques*. TKK 1971.
* Neuvo, Yrjö: *Digital VOR audio generator*, 19 pages, TKK 1972.
* Neuvo, Yrjö: *Analysis and digital realization of Pseudo Random Gaussian and impulsive noise source*. TKK 1973. ISBN 951-750-096-3.
* Neuvo, Yrjö: *The application of digital signal prosessing in the design of a digital noise source*. TKK 1974. ISBN 951-750-281-8.

### Articles

* Neuvo, Yrjö: *The Application of Digital Techniques to a VOR Signal Generator*. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol. AES-9, no. 1, pp. 38–42, 1973. doi:10.1109/TAES.1973.309698.
* Neuvo, Yrjö; Ku, Walter: *Analysis and Digital Realization of a Pseudorandom Gaussian and Impulsive Noise Source*. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 1975: 23:9:849–858. doi:10.1109/TCOM.1975.1092912.

## Awards and honors

* IEEE Fellow 1989 for contribution to digital-signal processing algorithms and engineering education, Life Fellow 2009

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Yrjö Neuvo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1943-07-21) 21 July 1943
Turku, Finland |
| Nationality | Finnish |
| Alma mater | Helsinki University of Technology
Cornell University |
| Known for | *Microprogrammable Digital Filter* |
| Awards | IEEE Life Fellows |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Digital signal processing (DSP) |
| Institutions | Helsinki University of Technology, Tampere University of Technology (TUT) |
| Thesis | *The Application of Digital Techniques to a VOR Signal Generator*  (1973) |
|  | |


title: Virgin of the Secret Service

abstract: Virgin of the Secret Service is a British television series which ran for one season in 1968, produced by the ITV franchise, Associated Television. The series was created by Ted Willis. The show was a tongue-in-cheek adventure series set in the early 1900s, and followed the adventures of Captain Robert Virgin, a gentleman officer working for the British Secret Service. Each episode would see him dispatched to different parts of the world by Colonel Shaw-Camberley to do battle with enemies of the British Empire. He was aided by his escapologist batman Sergeant Doublett and Mrs. Cortez, an emancipated female photographer and part-time secret agent. Virgin's principal adversary was always Karl Von Brauner – a German spy who would always be dreaming up "a plan of the utmost simplicity" with which to take down the Empire and the Secret Service. The series was released on DVD by Network on 1 April 2013.

text:
# Virgin of the Secret Service

***Virgin of the Secret Service*** is a British television series which ran for one season in 1968, produced by the ITV franchise, Associated Television. The series was created by Ted Willis.

The show was a tongue-in-cheek adventure series set in the early 1900s, and followed the adventures of Captain Robert Virgin (Clinton Greyn), a gentleman officer working for the British Secret Service. Each episode would see him dispatched to different parts of the world by Colonel Shaw-Camberley (Noel Coleman) to do battle with enemies of the British Empire. He was aided by his escapologist batman Sergeant Doublett (John Cater) and Mrs. Cortez (Veronica Strong), an emancipated female photographer and part-time secret agent. Virgin's principal adversary was always Karl Von Brauner (Alexander Doré) – a German spy who would always be dreaming up "a plan of the utmost simplicity" with which to take down the Empire and the Secret Service.

The series was released on DVD by Network on 1 April 2013.

## Recurring cast

## Episode list

| Episode no. | Title | First transmission (UK) | Director | Writer |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Dark Deeds on the Northwest Frontier" | 28 March 1968 | Paul Bernard | Nicholas Palmer |
| 2 | "Russian Roundabout" | 4 April 1968 | John Sichel | Basil Dawson |
| 3 | "Entente Cordiale" | 11 April 1968 | Paul Bernard | Betty Lambda |
| 4 | "The Great Ring of Akba" | 18 April 1968 | Paul Bernard | Ted Willis |
| 5 | "The Amazons" | 25 April 1968 | Robert D. Cardona | Basil Dawson |
| 6 | "The Rajah and the Suffragette" | 2 May 1968 | John Sichel | Anthony Steven & Vincent Tilsley |
| 7 | "Persuasion of a Million Drops" | 9 May 1968 | Robert D. Cardona | Ted Willis |
| 8 | "Pride of Assassins" | 16 May 1968 | Paul Bernard | Anthony Steven |
| 9 | "Across the Silver Pass of Gusri Song" | 23 May 1968 | Josephine Douglas | Ted Willis |
| 10 | "The Pyramid Plot" | 30 May 1968 | Robert D. Cardona | Basil Dawson |
| 11 | "A Fate Worse Than Death" | 6 June 1968 | Heinrich Hirsch | Stuart Douglas |
| 12 | "The Professor Goes West" | 13 June 1968 | Robert D. Cardona | Nicholas Palmer |
| 13 | "Wings Over Glencraig" | 20 June 1968 | Robert D. Cardona | John Roberts |
|

## InfoBox

| *Virgin of the Secret Service* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Created by | Ted Willis |
| Starring | Clinton Greyn
Veronica Strong
John Cater
Alexander Doré
Noel Coleman |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| No. of series | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 13 |
| Production | |
| Producer | ATV |
| Running time | 50 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | ITV |
| Release | 28 March (1968-03-28)
20 June 1968 (1968-06-20) |


title: María Abella

abstract: María Abella de Ramírez was an Uruguayan feminist, noted for her role in establishing Uruguayan and Argentine women's groups in the early 1900s. Abella published a journal, We Women (Nosotras), and was a contributor to the National Feminist League journal The New Woman.

text:
# María Abella

**María Abella de Ramírez** (28 September 1863 – 5 August 1926) was an Uruguayan feminist, noted for her role in establishing Uruguayan and Argentine women's groups in the early 1900s.

Abella published a journal, *We Women (Nosotras)*, and was a contributor to the National Feminist League journal *The New Woman*.

## Life

Involved in the Argentine freethinking movement, in 1903 Abella supported the creation of a feminist center to facilitate discussions, later explaining her “minimum plan of female vindications” at the 1906 Freethinker Congress, arguing for equal opportunities and pay for women. She also campaigned for female divorce rights while facing opposition from the Roman Catholic Church. Even pro-divorce groups left out the female voice and body; in 1905, for instance, Oneto y Viana's proposed bill legalized divorce, but confirmed the reason as female adultery in all cases. Abella also argued that the state had no right to regulate the sex trade, which she announced in a conference in 1906: *“Que la prostitución sea tolerada pero no reglamentada. La mujer soltera y mayor de edad es dueña de si misma: su cuerpo es lo que más legítimamente le corresponde: puede hacer de él lo que quiera, como el hombre, sin pagar impuestos ni sufrir vejámenes policiales."* \[Prostitution should be tolerated but not regulated. A single adult woman is her own master; her body is what most legitimately belongs to her; she can do whatever she wants with it, just like a man, without paying taxes or being bothered by the police\]. In 1907, Abella's campaign for women's rights, particularly her argument that marriage is a union of *separate bodies*, helped pass new divorce laws in Uruguay and set a new legal precedent throughout early 20th-century Latin America.

In 1909, Abella founded the National League of Women Freethinkers with Dr. Julieta Lanteri, and in 1910 Abella founded the National Women's League in La Plata, Argentina. This organisation supported women's suffrage, and was aligned with the International Woman Suffrage Alliance.

## Sources


title: Friedrich Martersteig

abstract: Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Martersteig was a German history and genre painter. After 1874, he spelled his name Mardersteig.

text:
# Friedrich Martersteig

**Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Martersteig** (11 March 1814, Weimar \- 6 September 1899, Weimar) was a German history and genre painter. After 1874, he spelled his name **Mardersteig**.

## Life and work

He began his studies in 1822 at the Weimar Princely Free Drawing School. In 1829, a grant from Grand Duke Charles Frederick enabled him to attend the Dresden Academy of Fine Arts, where he studied with Ludwig Richter and made copies of the Old Masters.

Upon graduating in 1834, thanks to another grant, he was able to continue at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, where he studied with Karl Ferdinand Sohn, Theodor Hildebrandt and Friedrich Wilhelm von Schadow.

From 1838 to 1848, he lived in Paris; working at the studios of Paul Delaroche and Ary Scheffer. This was followed by exhibitions at the Salon and the Prussian Academy of Arts (1844–1850).

In 1848, he returned to Weimar and received a commission from Grand Duke Charles Frederick to create a decorative painting for Wartburg Castle. The following year, he was elected a member of the Prussian Academy. Shortly after, the Grand Duke named him a Professor.

From 1853 to 1884, he was a drawing teacher at the "Sophienstift"; a girls' school established by Princess Sophie of the Netherlands. In 1862, he was appointed President of the Allgemeine Deutsche Kunstgenossenschaft (General German Art Cooperative).

## Further reading

* Lisa Hackmann: "Martersteig, Friedrich Wilhelm (Mardersteig, Friedrich Wilhelm \[Heinrich\])". In: Bénédicte Savoy, France Nerlich (Eds.): *Pariser Lehrjahre. Ein Lexikon zur Ausbildung deutscher Maler in der französischen Hauptstadt.* Vol.1: *1793–1843.* De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston 2013, pp.194–197 ISBN 978-3-11-029064-6
* "Martersteig, Friedrich Wilhelm". In: Hermann Alexander Müller: *Biographisches Künstler-Lexikon.* Verlag des Bibliographischen Instituts, Leipzig 1882, pg.355 (Online).

Media related to Friedrich Martersteig at Wikimedia Commons


title: William Vassall

abstract: English colonist William Vassall (1592–1656) is remembered both for promoting religious freedom in New England and commencing his family's ownership of slave plantations in the Caribbean. A patentee of the Massachusetts Bay Company, Vassall was among the merchants who petitioned Puritan courts for greater civil liberties and religious tolerance. In 1647, he and John Child published New-England’s Jonas cast up in London, a tract describing the efforts of colonial petitioners. By early 1648, Vassall moved to Barbados to establish a slave-labor sugar plantation. He and his descendants were among the Caribbean's leading planters, enslaving more than 3,865 people before Britain abolished slavery in 1833.

text:
# William Vassall

English colonist **William Vassall** (1592–1656) is remembered both for promoting religious freedom in New England and commencing his family's ownership of slave plantations in the Caribbean. A patentee of the Massachusetts Bay Company, Vassall was among the merchants who petitioned Puritan courts for greater civil liberties and religious tolerance. In 1647, he and John Child published *New-England’s Jonas cast up in London*, a tract describing the efforts of colonial petitioners. By early 1648, Vassall moved to Barbados to establish a slave-labor sugar plantation. He and his descendants were among the Caribbean's leading planters, enslaving more than 3,865 people before Britain abolished slavery in 1833.

## Family

William Vassall’s paternal grandfather, Huguenot Jean Vassall, sent his son John to England from the family’s native Normandy when religious dissension arose. A man of “great wealth,” John Vassall (1548–1625) fitted out and commanded two ships against the Spanish Armada, assistance rewarded by Queen Elizabeth I with a grant of arms. In 1618, he purchased two shares of stock in the Virginia Company at a cost of £25.10, beginning a centuries-long family tradition of investment in colonial enterprises. William was the son of John Vassall and his second wife, Anna Russell. He was baptized in Stepney, Middlesex, on 27 August 1592. On 9 June 1613, he obtained a license to marry Anna King in Cold Norton, Essex. The couple had ten children; five daughters (Judith, Frances, Anna, Margaret, Mary) and one son (John) survived to adulthood.

## Massachusetts: 1628–1630

In March 1628, brothers William and Samuel Vassall were among the original patentees of the Massachusetts Bay Company. Both were named Assistants in 1629. Initially, William Vassall took an active role in company leadership. In 1629, he was appointed to the committee to consider the division of lands and to the committee to resolve orders. On 26 August 1629, he was among the twelve men who signed the Cambridge Agreement and pledged to be ready “to embark for the said plantation” by 1 March 1630.

In summer 1629, the Company sent “some fifty persons from Salem to begin the settlement of Charlestown.” Two settlers were forced back to England when they attempted to establish an Episcopal church. John and Samuel Brown asked William and Samuel Vassall to represent them in the dispute. Attorney John Winthrop spoke on the Company’s behalf, defending the Browns’ removal. This was Vassall’s first confrontation with Winthrop on the issue of religious tolerance. Winthrop always won. The Company confiscated the Browns’ private letters, and the “principle was virtually laid down that the Episcopal form of worship would not be tolerated in the colony.”

At a 20 October 1629 meeting of the Massachusetts Bay Company, Winthrop was elected Governor, and Vassall was reelected as an Assistant. On 23 March 1630, they were among the eight men who attended the last Court of Assistants held in England, aboard the flagship *Arbella* at port in Southampton. Within months, Vassall would sail to New England in the same fleet that carried Winthrop and the other Assistants, perhaps aboard the *Lyon*. In total, fifteen ships transported about 1,500 people to Massachusetts in 1630. Their emigration initiated an event known as the Puritan Great Migration when as many as 21,000 people emigrated to New England between 1630 and 1640.

According to Deputy Governor Thomas Dudley, “Mr. *Vassal*, one of the Assistants, and his Family” returned with the *Lyon* when it was sent back to England for provisions in July, a month after its arrival. The Vassalls—including four children aged one through eleven—were not alone on the return voyage. Dudley notes that some fled the colony “out of fear of famine” and others “out of dislike of our Government.” When the family returned to an economically stable New England in five years, they chose to make their home not in Massachusetts Bay, but in its more tolerant neighbor to the south, Plymouth Colony.

## Scituate, Plymouth: 1635–1645

The Vassalls’ third transatlantic crossing was aboard the *Blessing* in summer 1635. The family stayed with Rev. John Eliot in Roxbury, while Vassall claimed an extensive tract of “very advantageously situated land” in the new Plymouth settlement of Scituate. In 1636, he built one of the first homes in the village, naming it “Belle House,” and on 27 November, he joined the village church.

Vassall’s estate was “by far the largest tract allotted to any one settler,” and Scituate’s minister, Rev. John Lothrop, was among the fifteen freemen who asked the court to reduce its size, arguing that their allotments were too small for sustenance. On 1 January 1637, the court decided in favor of the freemen and reduced Vassall’s lot by 200-300 acres. The decision required the freemen to maintain a ferry. They apparently failed to do so, for on 2 April 1638, the court granted Vassall 200 acres “to keep a ferry over the north river” and set its rates. Vassall’s efforts to enlarge his land continued, and on 3 December 1638, he was granted an additional 150 acres “provided he take the oath of fidelity.” He took the oath on 1 February 1639, and on 3 June, the court settled “his differences with his neighbors at the harbor” and made final the 150-acre addition. On 3 December 1639, Vassall received permission to make an oyster bank in the North River near his estate, West Newland. Use of the bank by others required his license.

While in Scituate, Vassall served on a council of war formed in September 1642 when settlers feared Narragansett reprisal, and in 1643, he appeared on the list of men able to bear arms. Because he owned one of the few surveying instruments in the colony, Vassall was sometimes called upon to set bounds between disputing landowners. But Vassall was best known for causing, not resolving, controversy, and he became a leader in the dispute that permanently split the Scituate Church in two.

The issue of baptism had long made the Scituate Church “inharmonious,” and when Rev. Lothrop moved to Barnstable in October 1639, more than half the congregation moved with him. The seven male members who remained—Vassall among them—were themselves divided. Four of the seven called Charles Chauncy to be their minister. Vassall led the opposition against Chauncy, which ostensibly centered on the issues of baptism and communion. Chauncy believed baptism required full immersion, even for infants, and held “sprinkling” to be “unlawful.” Vassall agreed with colony leadership and most New England ministers that “immersion or dipping was lawful—but in this cold country, not so convenient.”

Unlike Chauncy and most of his peers, Vassall believed New England’s churches should open communion and baptism to all members of the Church of England, not simply those who completed the often-arduous task of joining a colonial congregation. Chauncy accused Vassall of being “inclined to the Bishops”—the Anglican hierarchy—and directed those Scituate members who opposed his call “to refrain from appearing at communion,” thereby depriving them of the “rights and privileges of membership.” The excluded members met on 2 February 1642, probably in Vassall’s home, to sign a church covenant, founding a new “upriver” parish. Chauncy cried foul, and rancor between the men continued unabated for years, as evidenced by the volume of correspondence they produced. Vassall’s letters frequently focused on a “division of lands and commons” to ensure that Scituate’s second parish was “at least equal” in land to its first. The plan would have increased his extensive property. The church is now known as First Parish, Norwell.

In early 1642, Vassall wrote to Maine Gov. Thomas Gorges, warning him against hiring Rev. Joseph Hull, who had been displaced when Lothrop moved to Barnstable. When Hull took a job at a neighboring church without Lothrop’s permission, he was excommunicated and a warrant was issued for his arrest. He fled to Maine. In his 17 May reply to Vassall, Gorges said he was “shocked” by Vassall’s letter and stood by Hull, explaining, “As for … neighbors here I shall not press their consciences but leave them to their own liberty. Vassall would later petition Plymouth and Massachusetts for the very religious freedom he had hoped to deny Rev. Hull.

## New England Petitions: 1645–1646

By the early 1640s, “the New England economy was turning downward.” Plymouth Colony, harder hit economically than Massachusetts Bay, was “rapidly and irretrievably declining.” Migration “stopped” in 1640 with England’s establishment of the Long Parliament, as Puritans no longer feared persecution in their homeland. That year, the number of people returning to England outpaced the number of new arrivals. In 1642, following the outbreak of Civil War, an estimated “seven to ten percent of colonists, including nearly one-third of clergymen, returned to England to assist in the war effort.”

In 1644, the Bay Colony enacted a ban against Anabaptists and other non-Puritan Protestants, and in summer 1645, Massachusetts magistrates attempted to extend the law to other colonies in the New England Confederation, including Plymouth. In response to both the economic decline and the continuing codification of intolerance, merchants and entrepreneurs like Vassall and his associate Robert Child led efforts to make the colonies more tolerant and thus more welcoming to new residents and investors.

In autumn 1645, the order suppressing Anabaptists and other non-Puritans was debated at a sitting of Plymouth’s Court of Elections where Vassall served as Scituate’s deputy. He “singly objected” to the matter being heard in a Court of Elections, but despite “a whole day's agitation,” the order was allowed. Vassall was again present when the General Court sat a week later. Several Assistants, absent in the previous session, called for the order to be “defaced and crossed.” Gov. William Bradford, who supported the law, agreed to “leave it to the next court, where it might be repealed if the Country saw fit.” Vassall was “not content with having stopped the order’s progress” and proposed that Plymouth “allow and maintain full and free tolerance of religion to all men that would preserve the civil peace, and submit unto Government; and there was no limitation or exception against Turk, Jew, Papist, … or any other.”

A “majority of the General Court of Plymouth” were in favor of Vassall’s measure, which would have passed had Gov. Bradford not blocked a vote, claiming religious liberty “would eat out the power of godliness.” Bradford’s “arbitrary action” gave the court’s conservative minority “time to maneuver effectively” against the proposal. Leadership so opposed the Vassall’s plan that it omitted any mention of it in official documents. Ironically, a Plymouth leader who “utterly abhorred” the petition, Edward Winslow, ensured its preservation in a detailed 25 November 1645 letter to Winthrop.

In a 6 May 1646 *Journal* entry, Winthrop characterizes Vassall as “a man of a busy and factious spirit, and always opposed to the civil governments of this country and the way of our Churches.” According to Winthrop, Vassall petitioned both Plymouth and the Bay, complaining settlers were denied access to the sacraments and “deprived of all power … in civil affairs” unless they “submitted to a church covenant,” and he called for the colonies to end “arbitrary government and extrajudicial proceedings” and be “wholly governed by the laws of England.” Vassall threatened to petition Parliament if he failed in the colonies.

Winthrop reports that Vassall’s petition was followed by one “to the same effect, much enlarged.” Presented to the General Court at Boston on 19 May, the Remonstrance of 1646 was signed by six merchants and entrepreneurs led by Dr. Robert Child. Like Vassall, the men were neither religious apologists nor "liberals." They petitioned the Court "because the Bay Colony's religious and political climate...threatened to undermine the success" of their endeavors. The petitioners “focused on the social and economic implications of Massachusetts authorities’ intolerance, political exclusivity, and departures from English custom” and intended their “reforms to reverse Massachusetts’ decline.”

Massachusetts magistrates were “most enraged” by the petitioners’ claim that they could challenge colonial jurisdiction by appealing decisions to Parliament. This was not an empty threat. Vassall and Child were a “very formidable and dangerous opposition” largely because both were wealthy enough to travel to London—the Childs were “well-to-do,” and Vassall was one of the richest men in New England—and both men had brothers serving in Parliament. MP John Child was then in the majority. In 1646, MP Samuel Vassall sat on the Commission for Foreign Plantations and signed two documents favorable to colonist Samuel Gorton in his successful dispute with Massachusetts in May of that year.

William Vassall did not sign the Remonstrance, though his residence in Plymouth did not preclude him from doing so. Two men who signed the document—Robert Child and John Smith—were “strangers” in Massachusetts, and Vassall had previously petitioned both colonies. Because his name was not on the document, Vassall escaped the harsh punishment that befell the Remonstrants. In a lengthy *Journal* entry of 4 November 1646, Winthrop reports the General Court charged the seven petitioners with sedition for the “false and scandalous passages” in their petition, not the act of petitioning itself. Among the twelve charges, the men were accused of defaming the government, weakening the authority and esteem of laws, slandering the churches, and kindling discontent. Because they refused to “acknowledge their miscarriage,” the petitioners were fined in sums from £10 to £50 each.

Vassall and Remonstrants Robert Child and Thomas Fowle prepared to sail to England to carry their petitions to the Commissioners for Plantations, but on the evening of their planned departure, Child and fellow petitioner John Dand were arrested and searched. Various “seditious” documents were found with Dand in Child’s hand, and both men were imprisoned. Vassall and Fowle sailed to England aboard the *Supply* on 9 November 1646.

## *New-England’s Jonas cast up at London:* 1647

Shortly before the *Supply* sailed in early November 1646, Boston’s Rev. John Cotton delivered a sermon, declaring that “the Remonstrance would be as a Jonas to the ship carrying it and exhorted the ship's master to throw it overboard should a storm arise so that the ship might be saved.” When the ship found itself in stormy seas (as expected in a winter crossing), several passengers remembered his words. To calm one “distracted” passenger, Fowle gave the woman a spare copy of a Boston petition, which she tossed into the sea. But, as a “gentleman” eyewitness—almost certainly Vassall himself—writes in a 1647 pamphlet, “the storm did not leave us upon the throwing of the Paper,” and the ship encountered “many great storms” before they arrived in Bristol on 19 December. Cotton’s sermon became widely known, and the pamphlet’s title, *New-England’s Jonas cast up at London*, reminded the “public of how the story of Jonah ultimately played out: namely that Jonah survived in the belly of the great beast” to be “vomited up on shore” to “fulfill his obligation to preach.”

Published in London on or before 15 April 1647, *New-England’s Jonas* appeared as a small 24-page tract of four interrelated sections, three of which reprint Bay Colony documents. The title page identifies English MP Major John Child as the pamphlet’s sole author, but Edward Winslow claimed it was primarily William Vassall’s work. Scholarship since the colonial period has credited both men, and the U.S. Library of Congress lists both Child and Vassall as the authors of *New-England’s Jonas.*

The tract begins with a brief preface by Major John Child, whose brother Robert was under house arrest in Massachusetts under the security of an £800 bond at the time of writing. Section one of *Jonas* is devoted to three documents related to the 1645 magistrates’ decision to overturn a vote for militia leader in Hingham, a controversy which led to an attempted impeachment of Deputy Gov. John Winthrop.”

Section two of *New-England’s Jonas* begins with the complete text of the 1646 Remonstrance. For nine full pages—some 2,900 words—the Remonstrants used the rhetoric of Puritan preachers against the colony itself. In dramatic terms, they describe how God’s hand had turned against the colony, “blasting all our designs,” bringing many good estates “to the brinks of extreme poverty,” and “striking” others with “malignant sicknesses” and “shameful diseases.” They offer the Remonstrance as a correction and call for (1) the establishment of English common law in Massachusetts; (2) the extension of the vote to all well-behaving freeborn Englishmen; and (3) access to sacraments for all Church of England members or the liberty to form churches of their own.

Vassall and John Child follow the Remonstrance with a brief summation of the petition’s “effects,” including “large and defamatory declarations” against the petitioners in sermons. More ominously, one magistrate claimed in open court that the petition subverted “the very foundations of both Church and Commonwealth,” echoing the language of a Massachusetts law that called for the death of any man who attempted “the alteration and subversion of our frame of Polity or Government fundamentally.” Robert Child and John Dand were thus “in danger of their lives.”

Section three of *New-England’s Jonas* reprints the Capital Laws of Massachusetts, 1641-1642, providing Parliament and the public with evidence that Massachusetts laws were not based on English Common Law, but the Puritan’s reading of scripture, as each capital law is followed by a Biblical citation. *Jonas* also includes the full text of the Freeman’s Oath. “Its importance lay in the fact that it afforded printed evidence that nowhere in it is any reference made to the King's Majesty, or of allegiance to any power on earth save that of their own Government.”

Section four of *New-England’s Jonas* is the eyewitness account intended “to refute the widespread belief that Vassal and his party narrowly escaped a prognosticated catastrophe while crossing the Atlantic by casting their petition into the sea.” The tract’s postscript attacks Edward Winslow, sent by the Bay General Court to make their case against the right of colonists to petition Parliament. *Jonas* describes Winslow as “a principal opposer of the laws of England, in New-England.” Vassall and Winslow were well acquainted; in 1640, Winslow became father-in-law to Vassall’s daughter Judith, and in 1645, he penned the letter warning Winthrop of Vassall’s attempt to establish freedom of religion in Plymouth.

Taken together, the documents gathered in *New-England’s Jonas* show Massachusetts considered itself “entirely independent of the British Parliament in all matters of government” and believed it exercised “absolute power” over its affairs, including the power “to rule, punish, pardon, etc.” Vassall was among those who “denied this contention of the leaders.” He was a signatory to the 1629 Bay Company Charter, which guaranteed “all liberties and immunities of free and natural subjects” to residents of Massachusetts as if they “were born within the realm of England.” Vassall thus believed “any colonist had a right of appeal to England. Winthrop refused definitively to recognize this right.” On this fundamental point, Vassall’s petitions of 1646 and the Remonstrance “brought forward the whole relation of the Colony to England.”

Six weeks after *Jonas* was printed, in a letter dated 25 May 1648, the Commission advised the colony that it would not “encourage any appeals from your justice,” but “leave you with all that freedom and latitude that may, in any respect, be duly claimed by you.” “With that, the Commission refused to interfere in the decisions of the colonial government,” defeating Vassall and his fellow petitioners.

On 29 May 1647, Winslow published his own tract: *NEW-ENGLAND’S SALAMANDER, DISCOVERED By an irreligious and scornful Pamphlet, called New England’s cast up at London, &c. Owned by Major John Childe, but not probable to be written by him.* Winslow begins *Salamander* by addressing Child, noting that if he were “well acquainted” with those who “came lately from New-England,” he would not “father” their “falsehoods and irreligious jeers and scoffs.” He adds, “no man is or ever was better acquainted with the phrase or writings of another, than I am with your chief animator to this undertaking, whom I call *New-England’s Salamander*, because of his constant and many years exercise, and delight in opposition to whatsoever hath been judged most wholesome and safe” for the “country (from whence he last came) either in politics or ecclesiastics.”

In his *Journal*, Winthrop identifies Winslow’s Salamander as “Mr. Vassall, a man never at rest except in the fire of contention.” On 10 May 1648, Winthrop reported news received from England: Vassall, “who went from Scituate to petition against the country,” had moved to Barbados.

## Slave Plantation, Barbados: 1648–1656

Brothers William and Samuel Vassall invested in “nearly all aspects of English Atlantic colonization during the first half of the seventeenth century,” and “slavery formed an integral part of the Vassall’s colonial operation.” Samuel Vassall financed ships running the Middle Passage and was the major shareholder of the Guinea Company, founded to supply enslaved labor to the colonies. By early 1648, William Vassall moved to Barbados to take advantage of the global "sugar boom and the reality of rapid and immense fortunes to be accrued." He purchased land in St. Michael and people to work it. "From that point, the family built its wealth by running slave-labor plantations in the Caribbean." Vassall also represented “the interests of several New England merchants on the island.” He served as commissioner of the highways in 1652, and in 1655, “he was appointed a commissioner for implementing the Navigation Acts.”

The Vassalls’ “family life in St. Michael was one of lavish magnificence," although the people they enslaved were subjected to the "crudest" of conditions. English visitors to their home reported being "shocked" that the slaves “who waited on tables loaded in silver plate” wore “the scantiest of clothing, and that often in tatters." Sugar slavery was “hugely profitable,” despite being “one of the most deadly forms of slavery ever invented.” “Returns from the commodities produced by enslaved people were so great that it was profitable to work African men, women and children to death.” On average, workers died within seven years of enslavement. Because the English knew slavery to be brutal, they made it illegal to enslave Christians, and they "policed the line between slave and free by restricting access to baptism." When courts began emancipating slaves who converted to Christianity, "slave owners adapted: they introduced a new language of exclusion based on 'whiteness' rather than Christian status."

Vassall made his will in Barbados on 13 July 1655. One-third of his estates in Barbados, New England, and elsewhere went to his only son, John; the remaining two-thirds was divided evenly between his daughters. Vassall’s wife Anna King is unnamed in the document. Vassall chose son John as his sole executor and directed son-in-law Nicholas Ware, husband of Anna, to remain on the plantation, acting as manager until John’s order or arrival. Vassall did not sign the document, but “made his mark” in the presence of witnesses, suggesting he suffered injury or infirmity.

William Vassall’s date of death and place of burial are unknown, though the year is widely given as 1656 when he was 64. He likely died between 13 July 1655, when he wrote his will, and 8 May 1656, when Ware arranged for the sale of Vassall’s Scituate estate. His will was proved on 12 June 1657.

## Legacy

Like their father, Vassall children John and Anna were “early to take advantage of the opportunity of settling in the West Indies and North America, … amassing great fortunes from slavery.” One 2004 history of Virginia slavery cites the siblings, noting that by the mid-1700s, slave purchases “commonly took place in counties that attracted intercolonial immigrants," and they "often involved individuals, like Anna Vassal Ware," who moved from Barbados to Virginia, and her brother John, who lived in Jamaica. “These migrations and the economic and familial ties they cemented lay at the core of Virginia’s slave trade."

In 1669, John Vassall was granted 1,000 acres near the mouth of the Black River in St. Elizabeth, Jamaica, where he bought an additional 4,000 acres in 1672. The Vassalls continued to expand their ownership of people and land in Jamaica. Records held by the Center for the Study of the Legacy of British Slavery show that between 1714 and 1827, 27 Vassall descendants owned eighteen slave-labor plantations spread across parishes in western Jamaica. Vassalls owned ten plantations in St. Elizabeth: Content, Lower Works Pen, Luana, Middle Quarter, Middlesex Pen, New Savannah, Pond Pen, Top Hill Pen, Vineyard Pen, and Y.S; three plantations in Hanover: Abingdon, Green Island River, and Newfound River; two plantations in Westmoreland: Friendship and Greenwich, and Sweet River Pen; and one plantation in St. James: Seven Rivers.

Wills probated between 1714 and 1827 identified 3,282 individuals enslaved by the Vassalls. Following the 1833 passage of the Slavery Abolition Act and the subsequent Slave Compensation Act of 1837, Vassall descendants claimed full compensation for six properties and 583 enslaved people. That data does not include those enslaved during the Vassalls first 66 years as planters, nor does it fully account for those enslaved by the family in Jamaica or in their homes overseas. Thus, in addition to the documented 3,865 men, women, and children enslaved by William Vassall and his descendants, hundreds more remain uncounted and unknown.

Plantation wealth made William Vassall's descendants prominent in the colony he had helped found.

Grandson Leonard Vassall (1678–1737) commissioned the building of a mansion in Quincy, Massachusetts. Presidents John Adams and John Quincy Adams later made Peacefield their home. He “ostentatiously” paid his son Lewis's Harvard tuition with a cask of sugar produced by slave labor “worth more than the entirety of many of his classmates’ dues,” and in 1728, he posted the bond for the purchase of land to build Trinity Church, Boston. Leonard Vassall's slave ownership at probate was 131 people, including 51 children; 73% of his total wealth was the value of the people he enslaved.

Great-grandson Henry Vassall (1721-1769) bought a Cambridge mansion from his older brother John and married Penelope Royall. The enslaved workers on the Royall's Antiguan plantation “created wealth that made possible the founding of Harvard Law School.” Vassall and Royall enslaved at least 7 on their "Tory Row" property, an unusually high number for a single New England home, though the "names of nearly a score" enslaved people appear in household records. Henry Vassall “squandered much of his inheritance on this opulent property and accompanying lavish lifestyle.” He died insolvent in 1769. The Henry and Penelope Vassall house at 94 Brattle Street, Cambridge, is now one of the Commonwealth’s historic homes.

Great-grandson William Vassall (1715-1800) differed from his siblings in expressing doubts about the “Christian morality” of keeping a “‘great number of slaves on his West Indian plantations.’” He wrote to Bishop Joseph Butler for advice and accepted his assurance that slavery was Biblically justified. William Vassall invested the wealth gleaned from his Jamaican plantations throughout New England, including Kennebec County, Maine, where the town of Vassalboro bears his name. William Vassall fled to England during the Revolution, where he died, having spent many years arguing for "compensation for what he deemed the illegal confiscation of his properties in Massachusetts and Rhode Island."

Great-grandson Col. John Vassall (1713-1747) was Cambridge’s representative to the Massachusetts legislature in 1740 and 1747. Col. Vassall owned Jamaica’s Lower Works Pen and Newfound plantations. At the time of his death, he enslaved 1,167 people, including 270 children.

Great-great grandson John Vassall II (1738-1797) was nine when he inherited his father’s vast holdings in people and property. At 21, the younger John Vassall commissioned what would become Cambridge’s “largest and most elegant estate," a grand home on 90 acres where he lived in “princely style” with his wife, Elizabeth Oliver, daughter of Antiguan plantation owners. The couple enslaved 7 people in their home, reflecting both “the enormous wealth of the white Vassalls” and their “commitment” to the institution of slavery. After the loyalist Vassalls fled their mansion in 1774, Gen. George Washington used it as his Cambridge headquarters, and the poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow later made it his home. The U.S. National Park Service now owns the Georgian-style home at 105 Brattle Street. William Vassall’s descendants owned the Newfound River plantation until Great Britain abolished slavery. Each year, they enslaved an average of 177 people.

Great-great granddaughter Elizabeth Vassall (b. 1739) also married into the wealthy Oliver family. Her husband Thomas Oliver was the last Lieutenant Governor of colonial Massachusetts and the son of Antiguan planters. The couple enslaved 11 on their Cambridge estate, Elmwood, which now serves as the home of Harvard’s president. Loyalists, they fled the country and later petitioned the British government for £480 in compensation for the “valuable slaves” they left behind.

Anthony (“Tony”) Vassall (1713?-1811), his wife Cuba, and their children were enslaved by Henry Vassall and wife Penelope Royall. When Henry Vassall’s widow and John Vassall II fled the colony with other Loyalists in 1774, Tony and his family lived in a building on John II's estate, farming about 1.5 acres for sustenance. When the sale of confiscated loyalist properties was completed in 1780, Tony Vassall, then about 67, petitioned the legislature to have his squatter’s rights confirmed by title. The petition was denied, but Vassall gained success with a second petition in 1781. The legislature ordered that “out of the proceeds of the John Vassall sales Tony should be paid the sum of £12, and the same amount annually thereafter from the public funds.” His was the “first petition for slavery compensation granted after American independence.” His success “inspired other suits," which contributed to the abolition of slavery in Massachusetts.

Darby Vassall (c. 1769-1861), son of Tony and Cuba, became a renowned activist in greater Boston’s Black community. He and his brother Cyrus were "among the founders of the African Society, a mutual aid society started in 1796. Darby signed a local petition against \[the\] Fugitive Slave Act in 1861", and both brothers "added their names to a petition created by Primus Hall to build a Black school in Beacon Hill in 1812." On 23 August 1825, Darby Vassall was "second Vice President of a banquet to celebrate the anniversary of Haitian independence, and offered this toast: "Freedom—May the freedom of Haiti be a glorious harbinger of the time when the color of a man shall no longer be a pretext for depriving him of his liberty." His 15 October 1861 funeral was widely covered. A Philadelphia paper reported that the 92-year-old was "well known. He was born in the house in Cambridge distinguished as WASHINGTON’S Head-quarters. He was the oldest member of the Church in Brattle square, (Boston), and was universally respected for his general intelligence and excellent character."

In their 1778 claim to the British government, loyalist Vassalls valued Darby Vassall at £200. "Listed at comparable monetary value were the Vassalls’ livestock," including two yoke oxen and a bay mare.

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