title: Old Newton Cup

abstract: The Old Newton Cup is a flat Handicap horse race in Great Britain open to horses of four-year-old and up. It is run at Haydock over a distance of 1 mile 3 furlongs and 175 yards, and it is scheduled to take place each year in July. The race has been won by several top-class horses including Collier Hill, Alkaased, Dangerous Midge and Dylan Mouth.

text:
# Old Newton Cup

Old Newton Cup
| 2023 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |
| Wootton'sun | Scampi | Cumulonimbus |

| Previous years | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2022 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Get Shirty | Enfranchise | Gaassee |
| 2021 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Alounak | Win O'Clock | My Frankel |

| 2020-2011 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Deja | Laafy | The Trader |
| 2019 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Kelly's Dino | Lucius Tiberius | Epaulement |
| 2018 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Rainbow Rebel | Crowned Eagle | Atty Persse |
| 2017 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Dylan Mouth | Soldier In Action | Shraaoh |
| 2016 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Tawdeea | Gold Prince | Desert Encounter |
| 2015 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Notarised | Watersmeet | Farquhar |
| 2014 | | |
|  |  |  |
| De Rigueur | Pallasator | Magic Hurricane |
| 2013 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Star Lahib | Tepmokea | Fennell Bay |
| 2012 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Number Theory | Quiz Mistress | Tepmokea |
| 2011 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Halicarnassus | Bourne | Bowdler's Magic |

| 2010-2001 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Dangerous Midge | Demolition | Fiery Lad |
| 2009 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Red Merlin | Munsef | Mezzanisi |
| 2008 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Mad Rush | Young Mick | Camps Bay |
| 2007 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Dansili Dancer | Futun | Misty Dancer |
| 2006 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Consular | Ouninpohja | Star of Light |
| 2005 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Zeitgeist | Red Lancer | Resonate |
| 2004 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Alkaased | Crow Wood | Grampian |
| 2003 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Collier Hill | Waverley | Counsel's Opinion |
| 2002 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Sun Bird | Barathea Blazer | Court Shareef |
| 2001 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Hannibal Lad | Steel Band | Cracow |

| 2000-1991 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Rada's Daughter | Alva Glen | Arabian Moon |
| 1999 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Celestial Welcome | Hill Farm Blues | She's Our Mare |
| 1998 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Perfect Paradigm | Bay Of Islands | Fantail |
| 1997 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Zaralaska | My Learned Friend | Raffles Rooster |
| 1996 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Key To My Heart | Royal Scimitar | Nabhaan |
| 1995 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Lombardic | Diaghilef | Shadow Leader |
| 1994 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Glide Path | Tree Of Life | Boloardo |
| 1993 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Glide Path | Highflying | Turgenev |
| 1992 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Matador | Quick Ransom | Secret Society |
| 1991 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Libk | Hawait Al Barr | Lift And Load |

| 1990-1988 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1990 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Hateel | Cambo | Afkar |
| 1989 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Nickle Plated | Cheerful Times | Stratford Ponds |
| 1988 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Roushayd | Ile De Chypre | Vouchsafe |
|  | | |

The **Old Newton Cup** is a flat Handicap horse race in Great Britain open to horses of four-year-old and up. It is run at Haydock over a distance of 1 mile 3 furlongs and 175 yards (2,373 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in July.

The race has been won by several top-class horses including Collier Hill, Alkaased, Dangerous Midge and Dylan Mouth.

## Winners since 1966

| **Year** | **Winner** | **Age** | **Weight** | **Jockey** | **Trainer** | **Time** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1966 | Ballywit | 4 | 07-04 | D W Morris | Arthur Budgett | 2:30.60 |
| 1967 | French Vine | 3 | 07-07 | D Cullen | Bill Elsey | 2:31.40 |
| 1968 | Tiber | 4 | 08-09 | Jimmy Lindley | Jeremy Tree | 2:33.24 |
| 1969 | Pharaoh Hophra | 5 | 07-11 | Ernie Johnson | Frank Cundell | 2:30.20 |
| 1970 | New Member | 5 | 08-02 | Willie Carson | Fred Armstrong | 2:26.50 |
| 1971 | Wabash | 4 | 08-02 | Willie McCaskill | Denys Smith | 2:29.76 |
| 1972 | Private Walk | 5 | 07-09 | Alan Cousins | Herbert Blagrave | 2:36.50 |
| 1973 | Private Walk | 6 | 07-10 | Brian Jago | Herbert Blagrave | 2:32.95 |
| 1974 | Belper | 5 | 08-05 | Richard Hutchinson | John Dunlop | 2:34.63 |
| 1975 | Fool's Mate | 4 | 09-02 | Alan Bond | Henry Cecil | 2:32.46 |
| 1976 | Peaceful | 5 | 09-00 | Steve Raymont | Jeremy Tree | 2:34.06 |
| 1977 | Mint | 3 | 07-07 | John Lowe | Bill Elsey | 2:35.46 |
| 1978 | Move Off | 5 | 09-04 | Kevin Darley | Jack Calvert | 2:40.04 |
| 1979 | St Briavels | 5 | 09-03 | John Reid | Gavin Pritchard Gordon | 2:32.36 |
| 1980 | Shady Nook | 5 | 09-05 | Steve Raymont | Herbert Blagrave | 2:38.24 |
| 1981 | Dogberry | 3 | 07-05 | Bryn Crossley | Harry Wragg | 2:28.94 |
| 1982 | Valentinian | 4 | 10-03 | Willie Carson | Dick Hern | 2:36.90 |
| 1983 | Regal Steel | 5 | 08-02 | Paul Eddery | Reg Hollinshead | 2:31.37 |
| 1984 | Bishop Ring | 3 | 08-06 | Walter Swinburn | Michael Stoute | 2:30.30 |
| 1985 | Clanrallier | 5 | 08-03 | Brent Thomson | Bill Watts | 2:33.05 |
| 1986 | Rakaposhi King | 4 | 09-07 | Steve Cauthen | Henry Cecil | 2:27.07 |
| 1987 | Pipsted | 3 | 08-10 | Gary Carter | Geoff Wragg | 2:26.14 |
| 1988 | Roushayd | 4 | 09-10 | Billy Newnes | Fulke Johnson Houghton | 2:30.44 |
| 1989 | Nickle Plated | 4 | 09-07 | Gary Carter | Geoff Wragg | 2:34.03 |
| 1990 | Hateel | 4 | 09-06 | Frankie Dettori | Peter Walwyn | 2:38.29 |
| 1991 | Libk | 3 | 08-11 | Richard Hills | Harry Thomson Jones | 2:29.30 |
| 1992 | Matador | 5 | 09-02 | Pat Eddery | Roger Charlton | 2:34.18 |
| 1993 | Glide Path | 4 | 08-02 | Richard Hills | John Hills | 2:32.73 |
| 1994 | Glide Path | 5 | 08-02 | Michael Hills | Charles Hills | 2:28.84 |
| 1995 | Lombardic | 4 | 08-04 | John Reid | Julie Cecil | 2:29.48 |
| 1996 | Key To My Heart | 6 | 10-00 | Richard Hughes | Sally Hall | 2:31.98 |
| 1997 | Zaralaska | 6 | 09-08 | Pat Eddery | Luca Cumani | 2:31.38 |
| 1998 | Perfect Paradigm | 4 | 09-02 | Gary Hind | John Gosden | 2:28.06 |
| 1999 | Celestial Welcome | 4 | 08-10 | Carl Lowther | Mary Reveley | 2:35.71 |
| 2000 | Rada's Daughter | 4 | 08-11 | Kevin Darley | Ian Balding | 2:31.24 |
| 2001 | Hannibal Lad | 5 | 08-08 | Basil Marcus | Mark Brisbourne | 2:35.35 |
| 2002 | Sun Bird | 4 | 07-12 | John McAuley | Dick Allan | 2:32.62 |
| 2003 | Collier Hill | 5 | 08-10 | Pat Eddery | Alan Swinbank | 2:30.46 |
| 2004 | Alkaased | 4 | 09-01 | Jimmy Fortune | Luca Cumani | 2:32.30 |
| 2005 | Zeitgeist | 4 | 08-10 | Nicky Mackay | Luca Cumani | 2:29.30 |
| 2006 | Consular | 4 | 08-08 | Neil Callan | Michael Jarvis | 2:28.83 |
| 2007 | Dansili Dancer | 5 | 09-03 | Paul Mulrennan | Clive Cox | 2:30.99 |
| 2008 | Mad Rush | 4 | 09-07 | Seb Sanders | Luca Cumani | 2:33.81 |
| 2009 | Red Merlin | 4 | 08-10 | Philip Robinson | Clive Cox | 2:29.75 |
| 2010 | Dangerous Midge | 4 | 08-10 | Martin Dwyer | Brian Meehan | 2:28.66 |
| 2011 | Halicarnassus | 7 | 08-13 | Hugh Bowman | Mick Channon | 2:32.08 |
| 2012 | Number Theory | 4 | 08-05 | Russ Kennemore | John Holt | 2:33.39 |
| 2013 | Star Lahib | 4 | 08-08 | Franny Norton | Mark Johnston | 2:30.49 |
| 2014 | De Rigueur | 6 | 09-04 | Andrea Atzeni | Marco Botti | 2:32.25 |
| 2015 | Notarised | 4 | 08-13 | Silvestre de Sousa | Mark Johnston | 2:31.70 |
| 2016 | Tawdeea | 4 | 09-03 | Danny Tudhope | David O'Meara | 2:35.25 |
| 2017 | Dylan Mouth | 6 | 09-10 | Harry Bentley | Marco Botti | 2:29.39 |
| 2018 | Rainbow Rebel | 5 | 08-11 | Joe Fanning | Mark Johnston | 2:27.36 |
| 2019 | Kelly's Dino | 6 | 08–12 | Ben Curtis | Karl Burke | 2:30.20 |
| 2020 | Deja | 5 | 09–10 | Harry Bentley | Peter Chapple-Hyam | 2:36.49 |
| 2021 | Alounak | 6 | 09-06 | Silvestre de Sousa | Andrew Balding | 2:35.32 |
| 2022 | Get Shirty | 6 | 09-08 | Daniel Tudhope | David O'Meara | 2:34.33 |
| 2023 | Wootton'Sun | 4 | 08-06 | Joe Fanning | Richard Fahey | 2:34.52 |
|  | *no race 2024* |  |  |  |  |

1. "Haydock abandon mid-card after ground concerns". *At The Races*. 6 July 2024. Retrieved 14 July 2024.

## InfoBox

Old Newton Cup
| Handicap race | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Haydock Park
Haydock, England |
| Race type | Flat / Thoroughbred |
| Sponsor | Bet365 |
| Website | Haydock Park |
| Race information | |
| Distance | 1m 3f 175y (2,373 m) |
| Surface | Turf |
| Track | Left-handed |
| Qualification | Four-years-old and up |
| Weight | Handicap |
| Purse | 60,000 *(2020)*
**1st:** £37,350 |


title: Steel grades

abstract: Steel grades to classify various steels by their composition and physical properties have been developed by a number of standards organizations.

text:
# Steel grades

**Steel grades** to classify various steels by their composition and physical properties have been developed by a number of standards organizations.

## Steel grades standards by country

Note that an increasing number of national European standards (DIN, AFNOR, UNE, UNI, etc.) and UK standards are being withdrawn and replaced by European Standards (EN). This task is carried out by the Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN) (European Committee for Standardization).

## European standard steel grades

European standard steel grade names fall into two categories:

1. Steel specified by purpose of use and mechanical properties.
2. Steel specified by chemical composition.

The inclusion of a letter 'G' before the code indicates the steel is specified in the form of a casting.

### Category 1 : steel specified by purpose of use and mechanical properties

Basic grade designations for category 1 steels consist of a single letter (designating application) then a number signifying the mechanical property (often yield strength) dictated in the standard for that application designation. For some application designations another letter is included before the property value, this number is used to indicate any special requirements or conditions. These additional letters and values depend entirely on the application of the steel and are specified in the standard and far too numerous to mention here.

The next set of 3 digits gives the steel's minimum yield strength. So S355 has a minimum yield strength of 355 MPa for the smallest thickness range covered by the relevant standard – i.e. EN10025.

Below is a table indicating the most common application codes.

| Application symbol | Meaning | Mechanical Property | Details |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| S | Structural steel | Minimum Yield Strength |  |
| P | Steel for pressure lines and vessels | Minimum Yield Strength |  |
| L | Steel for pipe and tube | Minimum Yield Strength |  |
| E | Engineering steels | Minimum Yield Strength |  |
| B | Steel for reinforced concrete | Characteristic Yield Case |  |
| R | Steel for rail use | Minimum Yield Case |  |
| H | High Tensile Strength Flat products | Minimum Yield Case | If followed by T then the given mechanical property is minimum tensile strength |
| D | Flat Products for Cold Forming |  | Followed by C, D or X and two numbers characterising steel |
| T | Tinmill Products | Nominal Yield Case |  |
| M | Electrical Steel |  | Number = 100 × specific loss in W/kg Number = 100 × nom thick in mm
Letter for type of product (A, K, P or S) |

#### Additional symbols

In addition to the above category codes there are symbols that can be added to the grade code to identify any additional compositional requirements, delivery conditions, mechanical properties, &c. These values depend solely on the type/application code given in the first part of the code and are so numerous as to be impossible to indicate here. Additional symbols are separated from the main code by the plus sign (+).

The most common additional symbols are the impact and temperature codes for structural steels, category 1 - Sxxx.

| Impact Resistance | | Temperature | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Impact
code | Testing
strength | Temperature
code | Testing
temperature |
| J | 27 J | R | Room temperature |
| K | 40 J | 0 | 0 °C |
| L | 60 J | 2 | -20 °C |
|  | | 3 | -30 °C |
| | 4 | -40 °C |
| | 5 | -50 °C |
| | 6 | -60 °C |

Example : S355J2

Delivery condition codes are also relatively common, the most common being:

| Code | Condition |
| --- | --- |
| A | Annealed |
| QT | Quenched and tempered |
| N | Normalised |
| SR | Stress relieved |
| C | Cold worked |
| U | Untreated |
| G | Deoxidated |

Example : S355J2+N

#### Electrical steel

Electrical steel type of product letters (bold are most recent version 2016):

| Code | Maximum specific loss expressed for magnetic induction | Type of product |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **A** | 1.5 T @50 Hz | non oriented |
| D (formerly B) | " | non-alloy semi-finished (not finally annealed) |
| E | " | alloy semi-finished (not finally annealed) |
| **K** (=D+E) | " | non-alloy and alloy electrical steel sheet/strip in the semi-processed state |
| N | " | for normal grain oriented products |
| **P** | 1.7 T @50 Hz | high permeability grain oriented |
| **S** | " | conventional grain oriented |

#### Standard per steel name

According to EN 10027-1

| Application | Mechanical property | additional symbol | Standard |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| S | 235 | JR | EN 10025-2 |
| | 355 | JR | EN 10025-2 |
| | J0 | EN 10025-2 |
| | J2 | EN 10025-2 |
| | K2 | EN 10025-2 |
| | N | EN 10025-3 |
| | NL | EN 10025-3 |
| | 450 | J0 | EN 10025-2 |
| P | 265 | GH | EN 10028-2 |
| | | NB | EN 10120 |
| | 355 | NH | EN 10028-3 |
| | M | EN 10028-5 |
| | ML1 | EN 10028-5 |
| | Q | EN 10028-6 |

### Category 2 : Steel specified by chemical composition

In addition to the descriptive steel grade naming system indicated above, within EN 10027-2 is defined a system for creating unique steel grade numbers. While less descriptive and intuitive than the grand names they are easier to tabulate and use in data processing applications.

The number is in the following format: x.yyzz(zz)
Where x is the material type (only 1 is specified so far), yy is the steel group number (specified in EN10027-2) and zz(zz) is a sequential number designated by the certifying body, the number in brackets being unused but reserved for later use.

The steel groups are indicated below:

| Code | Type |
| --- | --- |
| **Non-alloy steels** | |
| 00 & 90 | Basic steels |
| 0x & 9x | Quality steels |
| 1x | Special steels |
| **Alloy steels** | |
| 2x | Tool steels |
| 3x | Miscellaneous steels |
| 4x | Stainless and heat resistant steels |
| 5x – 8x | Structural, pressure vessel and engineering steels |
| 08 & 98 | Special physical properties |
| 09 & 99 | Other purpose steels |

The current certification body is the VDEh in Düsseldorf, Germany.

## Comparisons

Below is a table comparing steel grades from different grading systems.

Comparison of steel grades by chemistry
| EN steel number
(Europe) | EN steel name
(Europe) | ASTM grade
(USA) | AISI/SAE grade
(USA) | UNS
(USA) | DIN
(Germany) | BS
(UK) | UNI
(Italy) | JIS
(Japan) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Carbon steels | | | | | | | | |
| 1.1141
1.0401
1.0453 | C15D
C18D |  | 1010
1018 |  | CK15
C15
C16.8 | 040A15
080M15
080A15
EN3B | C15
C16
1C15 | S12C
S15
S15CK
S15C |
| 1.0503
1.1191
1.1193
1.1194 | C45 |  | 1045 |  | C45
CK45
CF45
CQ45 | 060A47
080A46
080M46 | C45
1C45
C46
C43 | S45C
S48C |
| 1.0726
1.0727 | 35S20
45S20 |  | 1140/1146 |  | 35S20
45S20 | 212M40
En8M |  |  |
| 1.0715
1.0736 | 11SMn37 |  | 1215 |  | 9SMn28
9SMn36 | 230M07
En1A | CF9SMn28
CF9SMn36 | SUM 25
SUM 22 |
| 1.0718
1.0737 | 11SMnPb30
11SMnPb37 |  | 12L14 |  | 9SMnPb28
9SMnPb36 | 230M07 Leaded
En1B Leaded | CF9SMnPb29
CF9SMnPb36 | SUM 22
SUM 23
SUM 24 |
| 1.1555 | C120U |  |  |  | C125W | BW1C | C120KU | SK2 |
| Alloy steels | | | | | | | | |
| 1.7218 |  |  | 4130 |  | 25CrMo4
GS-25CrMo4 | 708A30
CDS110 | 25CrMo4 (KB)
30CrMo4 | SCM 420
SCM 430
SCCrM1 |
| 1.7223
1.7225
1.7227
1.3563 | 42CrMo4 |  | 4140/4142 |  | 41CrMo4
42CrMo4
42CrMoS4
43CrMo4 | 708M40
708A42
709M40
En19
En19C | 41CrMo4
38CrMo4 (KB)
G40 CrMo4
42CrMo4 | SCM 440
SCM 440H
SNB 7
SCM 4M
SCM 4 |
| 1.6582
1.6562 | 34CrNiMo6 |  | 4340 |  | 34CrNiMo6
40NiCrMo8-4 | 817M40
En24 | 35NiCrMo6 (KB)
40NiCrMo7 (KB) | SNCM 447
SNB24-1-5 |
| 1.6543
1.6523 | 20NiCrMo2-2 |  | 8620 |  | 21NiCrMo22
21NiCrMo2 | 805A20
805M20 | 20NiCrMo2 | SNCM 200 (H) |
| 1.5415 | 16Mo3 | A204 A/B/C |  | K12822
K12320
K12020
K11820 | 15Mo3 | 1503-243B
240
243 | 15Mo3
16Mo3 | STBA12 |
| Stainless steels | | | | | | | | |
| 1.4310 | X10CrNi18-8 |  | 301 | S30100 |  |  |  |  |
| 1.4318 | X2CrNiN18-7 |  | 301LN |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1.4305 | X8CrNiS18-9 |  | 303 | S30300 | X10CrNiS18-9 | 303S 31
En58M | X10CrNiS18-09 | SUS 303 |
| 1.4301 | X2CrNi19-11
X2CrNi18-10 |  | 304 | S30400 | X5CrNi18-9
X5CrNi18-10
XCrNi19-9 | 304S 15
304S 16
304S 18
304S 25
En58E | X5CrNi18-10 | SUS 304
SUS 304-CSP |
| 1.4306 | X2CrNi19-11 |  | 304L | S30403 |  | 304S 11 |  | SUS304L |
| 1.4311 | X2CrNiN18-10 |  | 304LN | S30453 |  |  |  |  |
| 1.4948 | X6CrNi18-11 |  | 304H | S30409 |  |  |  |  |
| 1.4303 | X5CrNi18-12 |  | 305 | S30500 |  |  |  |  |
| 1.4401
1.4436 | X5CrNiMo17-12-2
X5CrNiMo18-14-3 |  | 316 | S31600 | X5CrNiMo17 12 2
X5CrNiMo17 13 3
X5CrNiMo 19 11
X5CrNiMo 18 11 | 316S 29
316S 31
316S 33
En58J | X5CrNiMo17 12
X5CrNiMo17 13
X8CrNiMo17 13 | SUS 316
SUS316TP |
| 1.4404 | X2CrNiMo17-12-2 |  | 316L | S31603 |  | 316S 11 |  | SUS316L |
| 1.4406
1.4429 | X2CrNiMoN17-12-2
X2CrNiMoN17-13-3 |  | 316LN | S31653 |  |  |  |  |
| 1.4571 |  |  | 316Ti | S31635 | X6CrNiMoTi17-12 | 320S 33 |  |  |
| 1.4438 | X2CrNiMo18-15-4 |  | 317L | S31703 |  |  |  |  |
| 1.4541 |  |  | 321 | S32100 | X6CrNiTi18-10 | 321S 31 |  | SUS321 |
| 1.4848 | GX40CrNiSi25-20 | A351 HK40 |  | J94204 | SEW 595 GX40CrNiSi25-20 | 310C40 |  | SCH22 |
| 1.4859 | GX10NiCrSiNb32-20 |  |  | N08151 | GX10NiCrSiNb32-20 |  |  |  |
| 1.4878 | X12CrNiTi18-9
X8CrNiTi18-10 |  | 321H | S32109 |  |  |  |  |
| 1.4906 | X7CrNiNb18-10 |  | 347H | S34709 |  |  |  |  |
| 1.4512 | X6CrTi12 |  | 409 | S40900 |  |  |  | SUH409 |
|  |  |  | 410 | S41000 |  |  |  |  |
| 1.4016 |  |  | 430 | S43000 | X6Cr17 | 430S 17 |  | SUS430 |
|  |  |  | 440A | S44002 |  |  |  |  |
| 1.4112 |  |  | 440B | S44003 |  |  |  |  |
| 1.4125 |  |  | 440C | S44004 | X105CrMo17 |  |  | SUS440C |
| 1.4104 |  |  | 430F | S44020 | X14CrMoS17 |  |  | SUS430F |
| 1.4057 | X17CrNi16-2 |  | 431 X | S43100 | X16CrNi16 | 431S 29 |  | SUS431 |
| 1.5423 | 16Mo5 | A335 P1 | 4520
4419H
4419 | K11522 | 16Mo5 |  |  | STPA12 |
| 1.7715 | 14MoV6-3 | A335 P2 |  | K11547 | 14MoV6-3 | 660 |  | STPA20 |
| 1.7335
1.7338 | 13CrMo4-5
10CrMo5-5 | A335 P11 |  | K11597 |  |  |  | STPA23 |
| 1.7375
1.7380
1.7383 | 10CrMo9-10
11CrMo9-10
12CrMo9-10 | A335 P22 |  | K21590 | 17175 10CrMo910 |  |  | STPA24 |
| 1.7362
1.7366 | X11CrMo5
X12CrMo5
12CrMo19-5 | A335 P5 | 501
502 | K41545
S50100
S50200 |  |  |  | STPA25 |
| 1.7386 | X11CrMo9-1
X12CrMo9-1 | A335 P9 | 503 | S50400
S50488
K90941 |  |  |  | STPA26 |
| 1.4903 | X10CrMoVNbN9-1 | A335 P91 |  | K91560 | X10CrMoVNbN9-1 |  |  |  |
| 1.4905
1.4906 | X11CrMoWVNb9-1-1
X12CrMoWVNbN10-1-1 | A335 P92 |  | K92460 | X11CrMoWVNb9-1-1
X12CrMoWVNbN10-1-1 |  |  |  |
|
| 1.4539 | X1NiCrMoCu25-20-5 |  | 904L | N08904 |  |  |  |  |
| 1.4547 | X1CrNiMoCuN20-18-7 |  |  | S31254 |  |  |  |  |
| 1.4565 |  |  | NIT50 | S20910 |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  | NIT60 | S21800 |  |  |  |  |
| Tool steels | | | | | | | | |
| 1.2363 | X100CrMoV5 |  | A-2 | T30102 | X100CrMoV51 | BA 2 | X100CrMoV5-1 KU | SKD 12 |
|  |  |  | A-3 | T30103 |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  | A-4 | T30104 |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  | A-6 | T30106 |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  | A-7 | T30107 |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  | A-8 | T30108 |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  | A-9 | T30109 |  |  |  |  |
| 1.2365 | X32CrMoV3-3
32CrMoV12-28 |  | H10 | T20810 | X32CrMoV3-3
32CrMoV12-28 |  |  | SKD 7 |
| 1.2379 | X153CrMoV12 |  | D-2 |  | X153CrMoV12-1 | BD 2 | X155CrVMo12-1 | SKD 11 |
| 1.2510 |  |  | O-1 |  | 100MnCrW4 | Bo 1 | 95MnWCr-5 KU |  |

## American Petroleum Institute (API) steel grades

### Color coding

In order to clearly distinguish the steel grade, tubing, casing and its coupling should be painted with color codes respectively. Color bands should be painted on tubing and casing body longer than 600mm to either end. The whole outer-body of the coupling needs to be painted color and then color codes

|  | Steel Grade | Coupling | Tubular Body |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **API Tubing and Casing** | H40 | None | None or black band at the manufacturer's option |
| | J55 | all green. | one green band |
| | K55 | all green | two green bands |
| | N80-1 | all red | one red band |
| | N80-Q | all red + one green band | one red band + one green band |
| | L80-1 | all red + one brown band | one red band + one brown band |
| | L80-9Cr | colorless + two yellow bands | one red band + one brown band + two yellow bands |
| | L80-13Cr | colorless + one yellow band | one red band + one brown band + one yellow band |
| | C90-1 | all purple | one purple band |
| | T95-1 | all silver | one silver band |
| | C110 | all white + two brown bands | one white band + two brown bands |
| | P110 | all white | one white band |
| | Q125 | all orange | one orange band |

API 5B and 5CT provide various steel grades and color codes of each grade, offering detailed and overall information of casing and tubing, which help you clearly pick out the most suitable products for different well application.

### Notes

### Bibliography

* Oberg, E.; et al. (1996), *Machinery's Handbook* (25th ed.), Industrial Press Inc, ISBN 3540311874


# 1956 French legislative election in French Somaliland

Elections to the French National Assembly were held in French Somaliland on 2 January 1956 as part of the wider French parliamentary elections. Harbi Farah Mahamoud was elected as the territory's MP.

## Results

| Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Harbi Farah Mahamoud | 2,119 | 51.15 |
| Michel Habib-Deloncle | 952 | 22.98 |
| Jean-Carles Martine | 377 | 9.10 |
| André Griveau | 257 | 6.20 |
| Robert Le Guyon | 180 | 4.34 |
| Nour Djama | 168 | 4.06 |
| Boualé Roblé | 60 | 1.45 |
| Félix Zouain | 30 | 0.72 |
| Total | 4,143 | 100.00 |
|  | | |
| Valid votes | 4,143 | 98.81 |
| Invalid/blank votes | 50 | 1.19 |
| Total votes | 4,193 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | 6,003 | 69.85 |
| Source: Sternberger et al. | | |


title: Manawhenua Rugby Union

abstract: Manawhenua was a New Zealand rugby union team which briefly existed as an amalgamation of the Manawatu and Horowhenua unions. The merger lasted from 1925 until 1933. The team played wearing red with blue and white hoops.

text:
# Manawhenua Rugby Union

**Manawhenua** was a New Zealand rugby union team which briefly existed as an amalgamation of the Manawatu and Horowhenua unions. The merger lasted from 1925 until 1933.

The team played wearing red with blue and white hoops.

## Ranfurly Shield

In Manawhenua's short existence it managed to take part in six Ranfurly Shield matches between 1927 and 1929. Manawhenua had three successful matches in 1927 when it took the Shield off Wairarapa and defended it twice before losing to Canterbury.

1927

6-8-27, Carterton, Manawhenua 18 vs Wairarapa 16
31-8-27, Palmerston North, Manawhenua 9 vs Taranaki 3
3-9-27, Palmerston North, Manawhenua 25 vs Wanganui 6
7-9-27, Palmerston North, Canterbury 17 vs Manawhenua 6

1928

15-9-28, Carterton, Wairarapa 31 vs Manawhenua 10

1929

17-8-29, Masterton, Wairarapa 37 vs Manawhenua 16

## InfoBox

Manawhenua
| Club information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | *Manawhenua Rugby Union* |
| Colours | Red, white and blue |
| Founded | 1925 |


title: West Marion Historic District

abstract: The West Marion Historic District is a historic district in the city of Marion, Alabama. The historic district is bounded by West Lafayette, Washington, College, Margin streets, and Murfree Avenue. It features examples of Colonial Revival, Craftsman, Greek Revival, and regional vernacular architecture. It spans 200 acres (81 ha) and contains 108 contributing properties. One contributing building of special significance is Reverie. The district was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 22, 1993.

text:
# West Marion Historic District

The **West Marion Historic District** is a historic district in the city of Marion, Alabama. The historic district is bounded by West Lafayette, Washington, College, Margin streets, and Murfree Avenue. It features examples of Colonial Revival, Craftsman, Greek Revival, and regional vernacular architecture. It spans 200 acres (81 ha) and contains 108 contributing properties. One contributing building of special significance is Reverie. The district was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 22, 1993.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| West Marion Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| Reverie, one of the contributing buildings | |
|  | |
| Location | Roughly bounded by W. Lafayette St., Washington St., Murfree Ave., College St. and Margin St., Marion, Alabama |
| Coordinates | 32°37′34″N 87°19′20″W / 32.62611°N 87.32222°W / 32.62611; -87.32222 |
| Area | 200 acres (81 ha) |
| Architectural style | Colonial Revival, Bungalow/Craftsman, Greek Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 92001844 |
| Added to NRHP | April 22, 1993 |


title: Theudechild

abstract: Theudechild was a Frankish queen consort by marriage to king Charibert I. She is believed to have been the daughter of a cowherd or a shepherd. She married Charibert in 566. She was his fourth wife, but the second to be recognized as legitimate by the church. The marriage has been the inspiration of artists. Together, they had one son who died in infancy. She was not Charibert's most powerful partner but she was able to maintain his favour and accumulate wealth for herself. After Charibert's death, she aimed to marry King Guntram. Initially, Guntram was welcoming and led Theudechild to believe that she would be able to have a respected position in his kingdom. She arrived to his court with all her luxurious possessions. However, Guntram seized Theudechild's wealth for himself and sent her to a nunnery. While at the nunnery, she attempted to escape to Spain with a travelling Visigoth but was caught by the abbess. According to Gregory of Tours: "The abbess, who had caught her red-handed, had her beaten mercilessly and locked her up in her cell. There she remained until her dying day, suffering awful anguish”.

text:
# Theudechild

**Theudechild** (c.540 – c.570) was a Frankish queen consort by marriage to king Charibert I.

She is believed to have been the daughter of a cowherd or a shepherd.

She married Charibert in 566. She was his fourth wife, but the second to be recognized as legitimate by the church. The marriage has been the inspiration of artists. Together, they had one son who died in infancy.

She was not Charibert's most powerful partner but she was able to maintain his favour and accumulate wealth for herself. After Charibert's death, she aimed to marry King Guntram. Initially, Guntram was welcoming and led Theudechild to believe that she would be able to have a respected position in his kingdom. She arrived to his court with all her luxurious possessions. However, Guntram seized Theudechild's wealth for himself and sent her to a nunnery.

While at the nunnery, she attempted to escape to Spain with a travelling Visigoth but was caught by the abbess. According to Gregory of Tours: "The abbess, who had caught her red-handed, had her beaten mercilessly and locked her up in her cell. There she remained until her dying day, suffering awful anguish”.

## InfoBox

| Theudechild | |
| --- | --- |
| Chartibert I, King of France, offering the royal ring to Theudechild (J D Lascours, d'après Jean-Antoine Laurent) | |
| Queen Consort of the Franks | |
|  | |
| Born | c. 540 |
| Died | c. 570 |
| Spouse | Charibert I (m. 566; died 567) |
| Dynasty | Merovingian (by Marriage) |


title: Onychostoma uniforme

abstract: Onychostoma uniforme is a species of cyprinid in the genus Onychostoma. It inhabits Vietnam and is not considered harmful to humans.

text:
# Onychostoma uniforme

***Onychostoma uniforme*** is a species of cyprinid in the genus *Onychostoma*. It inhabits Vietnam and is not considered harmful to humans.

## InfoBox

| *Onychostoma uniforme* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Cyprinidae |
| Genus: | *Onychostoma* |
| Species: | ***O. uniforme*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Onychostoma uniforme***<br>(Mai, 1978) | |
|


abstract: The Miami Marlins are a Major League Baseball (MLB) franchise based in Miami, Florida. They play in the National League East division. The first game of the new baseball season for a team is played on Opening Day, and being named the Opening Day starter is an honor, which is often given to the player who is expected to lead the pitching staff that season, though there are various strategic reasons why a team's best pitcher might not start on Opening Day. The Marlins have used 17 different Opening Day starting pitchers in their 27 seasons. Since the Marlins' first season in 1993, the 17 starters have a combined Opening Day record of 12 wins and 14 losses with two no-decisions. Notably, no Marlins Opening Day starter received a no-decision until the team's 24th season in 2016. No-decisions are only awarded to the starting pitcher if the game is won or lost after the starting pitcher has left the game. Nine Marlins pitchers have started on two or more Opening Days. Those nine are Charlie Hough, Kevin Brown, Alex Fernandez, Ryan Dempster, Josh Beckett, Dontrelle Willis, Josh Johnson, Ricky Nolasco, and José Ureña. Beckett and Johnson hold the record for most Opening Day starts as a Marlin, with three appearances each, from 2003 to 2005 for Beckett and 2010 to 2012 for Johnson. When playing at their original home field, the venue now known as Hard Rock Stadium, the Marlins had a record of nine wins and five losses (9–5). At their current home of Marlins Park, Opening Day pitchers have a record of 1–5 with one no-decision. In the franchise's history, the Marlins have only played Opening Day games at another team's home stadium eight times. As the away team, Marlins' starting pitchers have an Opening Day record of 1–6 with one no-decision. The longest ever Opening Day winning streak for Marlins starting pitchers is four years, when Florida won from 1997 to 2000 under starting pitchers Kevin Brown (1997), Liván Hernández (1998), and Alex Fernandez. This streak was sandwiched by the Marlins' two longest Opening Day losing streaks for starting pitchers, each at three losses. The first was in 1994, 1995, and 1996 under starting pitchers Charlie Hough (1994), John Burkett (1995), and Kevin Brown (1996); the second was in 2001, 2002, and 2003 under Ryan Dempster and Josh Beckett (2003) The Marlins have won the World Series twice, in 1997 and 2003, and in those seasons, their starting pitchers had one win and one loss on Opening Day.

text:
# List of Miami Marlins Opening Day starting pitchers

The Miami Marlins are a Major League Baseball (MLB) franchise based in Miami, Florida. They play in the National League East division. The first game of the new baseball season for a team is played on Opening Day, and being named the Opening Day starter is an honor, which is often given to the player who is expected to lead the pitching staff that season, though there are various strategic reasons why a team's best pitcher might not start on Opening Day. The Marlins have used 17 different Opening Day starting pitchers in their 27 seasons. Since the Marlins' first season in 1993, the 17 starters have a combined Opening Day record of 12 wins and 14 losses with two no-decisions. Notably, no Marlins Opening Day starter received a no-decision until the team's 24th season in 2016. No-decisions are only awarded to the starting pitcher if the game is won or lost after the starting pitcher has left the game.

Nine Marlins pitchers have started on two or more Opening Days. Those nine are Charlie Hough, Kevin Brown, Alex Fernandez, Ryan Dempster, Josh Beckett, Dontrelle Willis, Josh Johnson, Ricky Nolasco, and José Ureña. Beckett and Johnson hold the record for most Opening Day starts as a Marlin, with three appearances each, from 2003 to 2005 for Beckett and 2010 to 2012 for Johnson. When playing at their original home field, the venue now known as Hard Rock Stadium, the Marlins had a record of nine wins and five losses (95). At their current home of Marlins Park, Opening Day pitchers have a record of 1–5 with one no-decision. In the franchise's history, the Marlins have only played Opening Day games at another team's home stadium eight times. As the away team, Marlins' starting pitchers have an Opening Day record of 1–6 with one no-decision.

The longest ever Opening Day winning streak for Marlins starting pitchers is four years, when Florida won from 1997 to 2000 under starting pitchers Kevin Brown (1997), Liván Hernández (1998), and Alex Fernandez (1999 and 2000). This streak was sandwiched by the Marlins' two longest Opening Day losing streaks for starting pitchers, each at three losses. The first was in 1994, 1995, and 1996 under starting pitchers Charlie Hough (1994), John Burkett (1995), and Kevin Brown (1996); the second was in 2001, 2002, and 2003 under Ryan Dempster (2001 and 2002) and Josh Beckett (2003) The Marlins have won the World Series twice, in 1997 and 2003, and in those seasons, their starting pitchers had one win and one loss on Opening Day.

## Key

| Season | Each year is linked to an article about that particular Marlins season. |
| --- | --- |
| W | Win |
| L | Loss |
| ND (W) | No decision by starting pitcher; Marlins won game |
| ND (L) | No decision by starting pitcher; Marlins lost game |
| Pitcher (#) | Number of appearances as Opening Day starter with the Marlins |
| * | Advanced to the post-season |
|  | World Series Champions |
|

## Pitchers

| Season | Pitcher | Decision | Opponent | Location | Ref(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1993 | Charlie Hough | W | Los Angeles Dodgers | *Joe Robbie Stadium* |  |
| 1994 | Charlie Hough (2) | L | | Dodger Stadium |  |
| 1995 | John Burkett | | | *Joe Robbie Stadium* |  |
| 1996 | Kevin Brown | | Pittsburgh Pirates |  |
| 1997 | Kevin Brown (2) | W | Chicago Cubs | *Pro Player Stadium* |  |
| 1998 | Liván Hernández | W | Chicago Cubs | *Pro Player Stadium* |  |
| 1999 | Alex Fernandez | | New York Mets | |  |
| 2000 | Alex Fernandez (2) | | San Francisco Giants | |  |
| 2001 | Ryan Dempster | L | Philadelphia Phillies | |  |
| 2002 | Ryan Dempster (2) | | Montreal Expos | Olympic Stadium |  |
| 2003 | Josh Beckett | L | Philadelphia Phillies | *Pro Player Stadium* |  |
| 2004 | Josh Beckett (2) | W | Montreal Expos | *Pro Player Stadium* |  |
| 2005 | Josh Beckett (3) | | Atlanta Braves | *Dolphins Stadium* |  |
| 2006 | Dontrelle Willis | L | Houston Astros | Minute Maid Park |  |
| 2007 | Dontrelle Willis (2) | W | Washington Nationals | Robert F. Kennedy Stadium |  |
| 2008 | Mark Hendrickson | L | New York Mets | *Dolphin Stadium* |  |
| 2009 | Ricky Nolasco | W | Washington Nationals | |  |
| 2010 | Josh Johnson | L | New York Mets | Citi Field |  |
| 2011 | Josh Johnson (2) | W | | *Sun Life Stadium* |  |
| 2012 | Josh Johnson (3) | L | St. Louis Cardinals | *Marlins Park* |  |
| 2013 | Ricky Nolasco (2) | | Washington Nationals | Nationals Park |  |
| 2014 | José Fernández | W | Colorado Rockies | *Marlins Park* |  |
| 2015 | Henderson Álvarez | L | Atlanta Braves | |  |
| 2016 | Wei-Yin Chen | ND (L) | Detroit Tigers | |  |
| 2017 | Edinson Vólquez | | Washington Nationals | Nationals Park |  |
| 2018 | José Ureña | L | Chicago Cubs | *Marlins Park* |  |
| 2019 | José Ureña (2) | | Colorado Rockies | |  |
| 2020* | Sandy Alcántara | W | Philadelphia Phillies | Citizens Bank Park |  |
| 2021 | Sandy Alcántara (2) | ND (L) | Tampa Bay Rays | *LoanDepot Park* |  |
| 2022 | Sandy Alcántara (3) | | San Francisco Giants | Oracle Park |  |
| 2023* | Sandy Alcántara (4) | ND (L) | New York Mets | *LoanDepot Park* |  |
| 2024 | Jesús Luzardo | ND (L) | Pittsburgh Pirates | *LoanDepot Park* |  |


title: New England Woman's Press Association

abstract: The New England Woman's Press Association (NEWPA) was founded by six Boston newspaper women in 1885 and incorporated in 1890. By the turn of the century it had over 150 members. NEWPA sought not only to bring female colleagues together and further their careers in a male-dominated field, but to use the power of the press for the good of society. The group raised funds for charity and supported women's suffrage and other political causes. NEWPA was a charter member of both the General Federation of Women's Clubs and the National Federation of Press Women, among other organizations. Notable members included Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Howe, and Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin. Its last meeting was held in 1982.

text:
# New England Woman's Press Association

The **New England Woman's Press Association** (**NEWPA**) was founded by six Boston newspaper women in 1885 and incorporated in 1890. By the turn of the century it had over 150 members. NEWPA sought not only to bring female colleagues together and further their careers in a male-dominated field, but to use the power of the press for the good of society. The group raised funds for charity and supported women's suffrage and other political causes.

NEWPA was a charter member of both the General Federation of Women's Clubs and the National Federation of Press Women, among other organizations. Notable members included Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Howe, and Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin. Its last meeting was held in 1982.

## History

### Founding

In November 1885, Marion A. McBride of the *Boston Post* sent out a call to other Boston newspaper women to establish a press association. McBride had already been involved in the founding of the Illinois Woman's Press Association and the National Woman's Press Association. Boston was a logical choice for another such group. With 9 daily newspapers and 19 weeklies, it was one of the busiest media centers in the country, but few of its newspapers hired women full time. Most women in the field worked as part-time correspondents and contributors. Their professional opportunities were limited, and they were often treated disrespectfully by their male colleagues.

On November 17, six women met at the office of *Boston Herald* reporter Sallie Joy White and formed the New England Woman's Press Association (NEWPA). Besides McBride and White, the other women were Helen M. Winslow of the *Boston Daily Advertiser*, Grace W. Soper of the *Boston Daily Journal*, Estelle M. Hatch (later Estelle M. H. Merrill) of the *Boston Globe*, and freelance journalist Cora Stuart Wheeler. White was chosen to be the first president and Hatch the first secretary.

The group met at the headquarters of the *Woman's Journal* until it outgrew that space and moved to the Parker House Hotel.

### Mission and membership

Over the next year, Hatch recruited a dozen more women to the organization. Alice Stone Blackwell of the *Woman's Journal* headed a committee that drew up a constitution and bylaws. To make clear that NEWPA was a professional association and not a social club, membership was limited to women living in New England who were "regularly and professionally connected with the press of New England, either as writers, editors, business managers, or correspondentsall, in short, for whom work on the press is a vocation, and not an avocation, a breadwinning occupation, and not an amusement." The group was incorporated on September 15, 1890. Starting in 1891, associate members were admitted, but not allowed to vote.

Most of NEWPA's members were from the Boston area; others hailed from Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Nova Scotia. They included proprietors of local newspapers such as the *Winthrop Visitor*, editors of household, fashion, society, art, and literature departments, and freelance journalists who contributed to many different newspapers and magazines. Lillian A. Lewis, the first African-American woman reporter in Boston, made national headlines when she was admitted to the association in 1889. In the 1920s, NEWPA began accepting radio script writers, public relations writers, playwrights, and other "kindred women writers." The association maintained an average of more than 120 members until the mid-1940s.

NEWPA's constitution served as a model for many other women's press organizations over the next twenty years; for example, the Pacific Coast Woman's Press Association, founded in 1890, modeled its constitution after NEWPA's, and went on to become a leader of the women's movement in California. NEWPA's object was "to promote acquaintance and good-fellowship among newspaper women" and to use the power of the press to promote "good objects in social, philanthropic, and reformatory lines." In other words, it was a professional association, but one that aimed to make a positive difference in the community. As such, it was part of the women's club movement. It became a charter member of the General Federation of Women's Clubs in 1890; the International Federation of Women's Press Clubs in 1891; the Massachusetts Federation of Women's Clubs in 1895; and the National Federation of Press Women in 1938.

### Social and professional activities

For the first few years, NEWPA held literary and business meetings twice a month, elections each November, and an outing each spring. They invited prominent authors and newspaper women such as Jane Cunningham Croly, Amelia Edwards, and Frances H. Burnett to speak about their work. Each February, male friends and relatives of members were invited to a "Gentlemen's Night" at the Hotel Vendome, featuring guest speakers such as Mayor Josiah Quincy. One member wrote in 1901, "However busy a newspaper woman may be the rest of the year, on gentlemen's night she lays aside all care, puts on her most becoming gown, and consigns to oblivion assignments, hurry calls for copy, and all the rest of the daily routine." They also hosted special events, such as authors' readings, teas, and receptions. During World War I the association began holding fewer social events, but continued holding monthly business and literary meetings.

NEWPA established the Woman's Press Bureau in 1888 to help members find work. On February 11, 1894, they called attention to the work of women journalists by publishing a special "women's edition" of the *Boston Post*, "written, edited, and put out entirely by women." In the 1930s and 40s, NEWPA regularly broadcast shows on WEEI and WORL. Starting in the 1930s they also published a monthly bulletin. Annual workshops offered expertise on such topics as "Writing a Feature Column" and "Editing Winter Sports."

In 1946 NEWPA established an annual awards competition, with several categories such as news story, feature story, and "article or column of special interest to women." The New England Newspaper Woman of the Year award was added in 1951; recipients included Catherine Coyne of the *Boston Herald*, Mary Crewmen of the *Boston Globe*, and Mary Handy of the *Christian Science Monitor*.

### Charitable and reform efforts

In its early years, NEWPA was active in community affairs and politics. On January 18, 1887, the same day its constitution and bylaws were adopted, the group was addressed by "Mme. Charpiot," superintendent of the Home for Intemperate Women, who spoke of the need for matrons at Boston's police stations. Marion McBride had first spoken to Ms. Charpiot about this issue in 1886. She recalled later:

> I told her I had determined to take it up and not lay it down until we had police matrons, not only for the city, but for the State as well. I went to police headquarters and got from the books the numbers of women arrested in 1885 and other facts and figures which I sent out at once to the leading papers in the State and to papers in Chicago, St. Louis, San Francisco and New Orleans.

In February, the "lady newspaper men" of NEWPA voted to show their support for the movement by signing a petition to the state legislature. A few days later, a short article in the *Boston Globe* reminded readers of the need for police matrons, and encouraged activists to keep the pressure on city and state officials. NEWPA's reporters and editors continued to call the public's attention to the issue over the next few months. By early May the legislature had passed a bill to appoint police matrons in Massachusetts cities and establish a house of detention for women in Boston. McBride attributed the success of the movement to the "kindness and courage" of the Boston press.

The association campaigned for international copyright laws in 1889, and for "clean journalism" at the turn of the century. During the Panic of 1893 it formed a benevolent society, "Samaritania," which raised money for the poor and established a fund for journalists in need. They organized authors' readings, auctions, and other fundraising events, and sponsored a hospital bed for women writers at Lynn Hospital. In 1914, NEWPA marched in the Boston suffrage parade, and in 1919 Dr. Grace E. Cross represented NEWPA at the National Woman's Party demonstration in Washington, D.C.

NEWPA was far less politically active during the "women's liberation" movement of the 1960s and 70s. The association took no formal position on the Equal Rights Amendment, for example, issued no petitions, and sent no representatives to demonstrations. One former president, Muriel Knight, said members were too busy to devote much time to activism, while another, Evelena Hudson, attributed the change to conservative leadership.

### Later years

Membership declined over the years due to competition from other groups such as the Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ), American Women in Radio & Television (AWRT), and Women in Communications, Inc. (WICI). In an attempt to attract new members, NEWPA began admitting men in the early 1970s. Attendance continued to decline, and fewer meetings were held. The association held its last annual meeting in 1982.

## Presidents

## Notable members

### Citations

1. Burt (2000), pp. 153-154.
2. NEWPA (1895), p. 21.
3. NEWPA (1895), p. 22.
4. Burt (2000), p. 163.
5. Burt (2000), p. 155.
6. *Pittsburgh Post* (November 30, 1889).
7. Burt (2000), p. 158.
8. Gullett (2000), pp. 51-52.
9. NEWPA (1895), p. 5.
10. Burt (2000), p. 157.
11. Burt (2000), pp. 156, 163.
12. Burt (2000), p. 156.
13. Lord (1932), p. 39.
14. *Boston Post* (February 11, 1894).
15. Lord (1932), p. 110.
16. Lord (1932), p. 140.
17. Burt (2000), p. 159.
18. *Boston Globe* (January 19, 1887).
19. *Boston Globe* (May 4, 1887).
20. *Boston Globe* (February 2, 1887).
21. *Boston Globe* (February 5, 1887).
22. Burt (2000), pp. 156, 162.
23. Burt (2000), p. 157.
24. Lord (1932), p. 49.
25. Lord (1932), pp. 60, 63.
26. Lord (1932), pp. 68, 76.
27. Lord (1932), p. 104.
28. Lord (1932), p. 116.
29. Lord (1932), p. 123.
30. Lord (1932), pp. 139, 148.
31. Lord (1932), p. 210.
32. Lord (1932), p. 211
33. Lord (1932), pp. 200, 204.
34. Lord (1932), p. 208.
35. Lord (1932), p. 208, 229.
36. Lord (1932), pp. 234, 241.
37. Lord (1932), pp. 246, 253, 260.
38. Lord (1932), p. 267.
39. Lord (1932), pp. 284, 289.
40. Lord (1932), pp. 293, 297.
41. Lord (1932), pp. 300, 316.
42. Lord (1932), pp. 321, 324.
43. Lord (1932), pp. 328, 331.
44. Lord (1932), pp. 336.
45. Lord (1932), p. 373.
46. Lord (1932), p. 375.
47. Blake & Gould 1911, p. 16.
48. NEWPA (1895), p. 11.
49. *Good Housekeeping* (December 21, 1889), p. 93.
50. Willard (1897), p. 72.
51. NEWPA (1895), p. 12.
52. "Sarah E. Fuller Had Worked in Behalf of Civil War Veterans and Was Interested in Many Activities". *Boston Evening Transcript*. 17 December 1913. p. 3. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
53. "GOODWIN, Lavinia Stella". *Who's who in Pennsylvania: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporaries*. Vol. 1 (Public domain ed.). Chicago: A. N. Marquis & Company. 1909. p. 419. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
54. "A Practical Woman". *The Woman's Column*. **7**. 1894.
55. *Good Housekeeping* (December 21, 1889), p. 94.
56. NEWPA (1895), p. 14.
57. NEWPA (1895), p. 18.
58. Howe, Julia Ward; Graves, Mary Hannah (1904). "EUNICE DRAPER KINNEY, M.D.". *Sketches of Representative Women of New England*. New England Historical Publishing Company. pp. 268–70. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
59. Lord (1932), p. 161.
60. NEWPA (1895), p. 15.
61. Marquis, A.N. (1909). *Who's who in New England* (Public domain ed.). A.N. Marquis. pp. 834–.
62. "Pioneer Women's Suffragist Dead. Mrs Harriette Shattuck, Also a Writer, Was 86". *The Boston Globe*. 23 March 1937. p. 19. Retrieved 8 November 2021  via Newspapers.com.
63. NEWPA (1895), p. 16.
64. Metcalf (1895), p. 239.
65. NEWPA (1895), p. 17.
66. Lord (1932), p. 197.
67. Lord (1932), p. 59.
68. NEWPA (1895), pp. 2, 17.

### Bibliography

## Further reading


title: Okahola, Mississippi

abstract: Okahola is an unincorporated community in Lamar County, in the U.S. state of Mississippi.

text:
# Okahola, Mississippi

**Okahola** is an unincorporated community in Lamar County, in the U.S. state of Mississippi.

## History

*Ofahoma* is a name derived from the Choctaw language, purported to mean either (sources vary) "scarce water" or "sounding water".

The community is located on the Norfolk Southern Railway. Okahola is served by a community center that also doubles as a voting precinct.

## InfoBox

| Okahola, Mississippi | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Okahola Community Center | |
| Okahola, MississippiOkahola, Mississippi | |
| Coordinates: 31°12′25″N 89°23′11″W / 31.20694°N 89.38639°W / 31.20694; -89.38639 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Mississippi |
| County | Lamar |
| Elevation | 240 ft (70 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code | 601 |
| GNIS feature ID | 692123 |


title: Stella (United States coin)

abstract: The United States four dollar coin, also officially called a Stella, is a unit of currency equivalent to four United States dollars. It was originally minted as a coin tied to Latin Monetary Union standards, in preparation for possible U.S. entry to the Union. Two varieties of the Stella were made: Liberty with flowing hair, designed by Charles E. Barber, and with coiled hair, designed by George T. Morgan. The flowing hair variety is the most commonly seen variety. Even though the coin was designed as a pattern coin, similar to the Gobrecht dollar, many catalogs list the coin as a regular-issue item.

text:
# Stella (United States coin)

The **United States four dollar coin**, also officially called a **Stella**, is a unit of currency equivalent to four United States dollars.

It was originally minted as a coin tied to Latin Monetary Union standards, in preparation for possible U.S. entry to the Union. Two varieties of the Stella were made: Liberty with flowing hair, designed by Charles E. Barber, and with coiled hair, designed by George T. Morgan. The flowing hair variety is the most commonly seen variety. Even though the coin was designed as a pattern coin, similar to the Gobrecht dollar, many catalogs list the coin as a regular-issue item.

## History

The Stella was a pattern coin produced to explore the possibility of joining the Latin Monetary Union (LMU); these patterns were produced in 1879 and 1880 at the urging of John A. Kasson, a former chairman of the United States House Committee on Coinage, Weights, and Measures. The Stella was meant to contain a quantity of precious metal similar to that of the standard LMU gold piece, the twenty-franc Napoleon minted in France, Switzerland, and other LMU countries. However, the composition and weight of the Stella was not a precise match to the LMU standard: the total weight was 7 grams (rather than 6.45 grams), the gold content was 6 grams of fine gold (rather than 5.81 grams), and the coins were only .857 fine (rather than .900).

Two different designs obverse were produced: one with flowing hair; in the other the hair is coiled. Both bear the same inscription: "★6★★.3★★.7★★7★★" (the five-pointed glyph variant of the "" is used) to indicate the metallic content of the coin, and the date. The reverse star had the inscriptions *ONE STELLA* and *400 CENTS*, while the reverse rim had the legends *UNITED STATES OF AMERICA* and *FOUR DOL.*, and circling the star but between its points were the legends *E PLURIBUS UNUM* ("Out of many, one") and *DEO EST GLORIA* ("To God is the glory").

The coin and the prospect of joining the Latin Monetary Union were rejected by Congress, but not before several hundred restrikes of the Barber flowing hair design had been produced and sold to Congressmen at the cost of production. These later became a source of scandal when it was noted that a number of them ended up as jewelry pieces adorning the necks of madams operating some of Washington's most infamous bordellos.

Five examples of a pattern quintuple stella denominated at 20 dollars were produced in 1879 as well. These coins used a modified version of the then-current Liberty Head (Coronet) design of the double eagle, replacing the stars on the obverse with "★30★G★1.5★S★3.5★C★35★G★R★A★M★S★", and the motto *IN GOD WE TRUST* on the reverse with the same *DEO EST GLORIA* found on the reverse of the stella.

Only 425 examples of the Stella were made. All 1880 coins are rare; 25 examples are known.

## InfoBox

Stella
| United States | |
| --- | --- |
| Value | 4 United States dollars |
| Diameter | 22 mm |
| Edge | reeded |
| Composition | 85.7% gold, 4.3% silver, 10% copper |
| Years of minting | 1879–1880 |
| Mint marks | None, all were struck at the Philadelphia Mint. |
| Obverse | |
|  | |
| Design | Liberty with flowing hair |
| Designer | Charles E. Barber |
| Design date | 1879 |
|  | |
| Design | Liberty with coiled hair |
| Designer | George T. Morgan |
| Design date | 1879 |
| Reverse | |
|  | |
| Design | Star |
| Designer | Charles E. Barber |
| Design date | 1879 |


title: 1955–56 Istanbul Football League

abstract: The 1955–56 İstanbul Football League season was the 46th season of the league. Galatasaray SK won the league for the 14th time, and qualified for the 1956–57 European Cup.

text:
# 1955–56 Istanbul Football League

The **1955–56 İstanbul Football League** season was the 46th season of the league. Galatasaray SK won the league for the 14th time, and qualified for the 1956–57 European Cup.

## Season

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Galatasaray SK | 18 | 12 | 5 | 1 | 52 | 19 | +33 | 29 |
| 2 | Beşiktaş JK | 18 | 10 | 6 | 2 | 45 | 22 | +23 | 26 |
| 3 | Fenerbahçe SK | 18 | 10 | 6 | 2 | 30 | 14 | +16 | 26 |
| 4 | İstanbulspor | 18 | 6 | 8 | 4 | 32 | 25 | +7 | 20 |
| 5 | Adalet SK | 18 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 31 | 26 | +5 | 18 |
| 6 | Beykoz 1908 S.K.D. | 18 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 24 | 21 | +3 | 18 |
| 7 | Vefa SK | 18 | 4 | 5 | 9 | 20 | 28 | 8 | 13 |
| 8 | Kasımpaşa SK | 18 | 5 | 3 | 10 | 20 | 38 | 18 | 13 |
| 9 | Beyoğlu SK | 18 | 3 | 4 | 11 | 18 | 40 | 22 | 10 |
| 10 | Emniyet SK | 18 | 2 | 3 | 13 | 12 | 51 | 39 | 7 |

Source:

## InfoBox

Istanbul Football League
| Season | 1955–56 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Galatasaray SK (14th title) |
| European Cup | Galatasaray SK |
| 1954–55 1956–57 | |


title: Uncle Wiggly (band)

abstract: Uncle Wiggly was a band formed in New York City circa 1988.

text:
# Uncle Wiggly (band)

**Uncle Wiggly** was a band formed in New York City circa 1988.

## Members

The band was formed by WFMU radio personality Wm. Berger with two members of the New York band Fly Ashtray, James Kavoussi and Michael Anzalone.

Wm. Berger and James Kavoussi alternated as guitarist and drummer while Anzalone remained on bass. All three members sang and composed.

Their sound was a complex filter of their favorite music, including early Pink Floyd, the Krautrock movement and early SST Records artists like Meat Puppets and The Minutemen.

## Releases

Their first release was on the Nur Scheiss record label (Austria) and was titled *He Went There So Why Don’t We Go?* They were later signed to Shimmy Disc and released *Across the Room and Into Your Lap* in 1991, with Shimmy guru Mark Kramer creating the final mix from the band's master tapes.

During their tour of Europe in 1991, an equipment driver coined the bizarre phrase “There Was an Elk!”. This became the title of their self-produced third album, released on Shimmy Disc in 1992.

1994 saw the release of some rare live and unreleased tracks on cassette label D.U. Records called *I Got Your Uncle Wiggly Right Here* featuring tracks from 1988-93.

In 1995 came the vinyl-only 12" e.p. *Non-Stuff* on UK-based Hemiola Records. Many consider this to be their finest work, deftly combining their art-rock influences with some killer pop tunes; this record has never been issued on CD.

They then released the *Jump Back, Baby* album on TeenBeat Records in 1996, their hook-laden bid for a wider audience and hopefully the commercial rewards that went with it. Their final release was on the Dark Beloved Cloud label, the 1999 all-instrumental disc called *Farfetchedness*.

Uncle Wiggly have featured on many compilation albums, including *Rutles Highway Revisited*, a tribute to The Rutles, *Soluble Fish* and *We're All Normal And We Want Our Freedom*, a tribute to Arthur Lee and Love.

The band has not played together since an impromptu performance at Rubulad in Brooklyn in 2000, though there were rumours of a reunion, an unreleased album and, other unreleased material.

Kavoussi stills plays in Fly Ashtray and the band Gimme 5, as well as recording solo under the name pHoaming Edison. Wm. Berger recorded solo under the names World (of Dreams) and Sinistre!

Wm. Berger died on September 12, 2017, following a brief illness.

## Discography

### Studio albums

* 1990 - *He Went There So Why Don't We Go* \- LP/Cassette (Nur Sch./Water Tapes)
* 1991 - *Across the Room and Into Your Lap* \- CD/LP/Cassette (Shimmy Disc)
* 1992 - *There Was an Elk* \- CD/LP/Cassette (Shimmy Disc)
* 1996 - *Jump Back, Baby* \- CD/LP (Teenbeat/100 Guitar Mania)
* 1999 - *Farfetchedness* \- CD (Dark Beloved Cloud)

### Singles & EP

* 1990 - *Litmus Nephew / Favorite Movie Theme* \- 7" (See Eye)
* 1995 - *Non-Stuff* \- 12" (Hemiola)
* 1995 - *Make You Crawl / Nice* \- 7" (Dark Beloved Cloud)

### Compilation & Live

* 1992 - *Live im Wuk 11.91* \- Cassette (Nur Sch.)
* 1994 - *I Got Your Uncle Wiggly Right Here: Rare & Unreleased '88-'93* \- Cassette (D.U.)

## InfoBox

| Uncle Wiggly | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | New York City, New York, United States |
| Genres | Indie rock, power pop, psychedelic rock, college rock, experimental rock |
| Years active | 1988–1998 |
| Labels | Nur Sch., See Eye, D.U., Shimmy Disc, Hemiola, TeenBeat, Dark Beloved Cloud |
|  | |
| Members | Wm. Berger
James Kavoussi
Mike Anzalone |
|  | |
| Past members | Jenna McGrath |


title: West Marine Ltd. (Peel Engineering)

abstract: West Marine Ltd. was a wholly owned subsidiary of the Peel Engineering Company, which was founded by designer, inventor and engineer Cyril Cannell in the early 1950s to make Microcars and GRP boats and other fibreglass products. West Marine was located in the boat yard by the side of the River Neb at the top of Peel harbour, in the Isle of Man. Their products included an 18-foot Inshoreman boat nicknamed the 'Peel Pig'. This was a simple small fishing boat with an outboard engine and a small cuddy forward. They were made at a factory in Jurby at the North of the Isle of Man. They also produced a 25-foot Midshoreman designed by Dr. E. C. B. Corlett, which was especially suited to the Irish Sea, they were fitted with an inboard diesel engine and Z outdrive. These craft had a forward 2-berth cabin, a 2-berth mid-cabin which doubled up as a galley/saloon, and a separate head. The wheelhouse was open to the rear straight onto the deck. There were only supposed to be three of these ever made, to qualify for an Isle of Man Government business grant, which was never received. Additionally a 33- or 35-foot Offshoreman was produced, which was a motor sailer, with possibly only one or two built. West Marine Ltd also produced a small rowboat/tender with possible sailing capabilities; this is believed to be a GRP copy of an old boat that was lying around the yard at the time. The company West Marine Ltd was finally dissolved in 1997.

text:
# West Marine Ltd. (Peel Engineering)

**West Marine Ltd.** was a wholly owned subsidiary of the Peel Engineering Company, which was founded by designer, inventor and engineer Cyril Cannell in the early 1950s to make Microcars and GRP boats and other fibreglass products.

West Marine was located in the boat yard by the side of the River Neb at the top of Peel harbour, in the Isle of Man.

Their products included an 18-foot *Inshoreman* boat nicknamed the 'Peel Pig'. This was a simple small fishing boat with an outboard engine and a small cuddy forward. They were made at a factory in Jurby at the North of the Isle of Man.

They also produced a 25-foot *Midshoreman* designed by Dr. E. C. B. Corlett, which was especially suited to the Irish Sea, they were fitted with an inboard diesel engine and Z outdrive. These craft had a forward 2-berth cabin, a 2-berth mid-cabin which doubled up as a galley/saloon, and a separate head. The wheelhouse was open to the rear straight onto the deck. There were only supposed to be three of these ever made, to qualify for an Isle of Man Government business grant, which was never received.

Additionally a 33- or 35-foot *Offshoreman* was produced, which was a motor sailer, with possibly only one or two built. West Marine Ltd also produced a small rowboat/tender with possible sailing capabilities; this is believed to be a GRP copy of an old boat that was lying around the yard at the time.

The company West Marine Ltd was finally dissolved in 1997.


title: Theuderic II

abstract: Theuderic II (587–613), king of Burgundy (595–613) and Austrasia (612–613), was the second son of Childebert II. At his father's death in 595, he received Guntram's kingdom of Burgundy, with its capital at Orléans, while his elder brother, Theudebert II, received their father's kingdom of Austrasia, with its capital at Metz. He also received the lordship of the cities (civitates) of Toulouse, Agen, Nantes, Angers, Saintes, Angoulême, Périgueux, Blois, Chartres, and Le Mans. During his minority, and later, he reigned under the guidance of his grandmother Brunhilda, evicted from Austrasia by his brother Theudebert II. In 596, Clotaire II, king of Neustria, and Fredegund, Clotaire's mother, took Paris, which was supposed to be held in common. Fredegund, then her son's regent, sent a force to Laffaux and the armies of Theudebert and Theuderic were defeated. In 599, Brunhilda was forced out of Austrasia by Theudebert and she was found wandering near Arcis in Champagne by a peasant, who brought her to Theuderic. The peasant was supposedly rewarded with the bishopric of Auxerre. Theuderic welcomed her and readily fell under her influence, which was inclined to vengeful war with Theudebert at the time. Soon, Theuderic and his brother were at war. He defeated Theudebert at Sens, but their cousin Clotaire's restless warmaking prompted them to ally against him. They resumed the fight against Neustria and, in 600, defeated Clotaire at Dormelles on the Orvanne. The land between the Seine and the Oise was divided between Theuderic and Theudebert, with Theuderic receiving the territory between the Seine and the Loire including the Breton frontier. They also campaigned together in Gascony, where they subjugated the local population and instated Genialis as duke. At this point, however, the two brothers took up arms against each other resulting in Theuderic's defeat of Theudebert at Étampes. Theuderic's kingdom was invaded by Clotaire in 604, and was also confronted by Clotaire's son Merovech and his mayor Landric. Theuderic met them at Étampes on the Louet, but Theudebert refused him aid. Theuderic won the day, but his mayor of the palace, Berthoald was killed. The next mayor, Protadius, a partisan of Brunhilda, encouraged war with Austrasia, but the nobles assassinated him and battle was never met, a pact being enforced by Theuderic's men. In 610, he lost Alsace, the Saintois, the Thurgau, and Champagne to his brother and his men east of the Jura were soundly defeated by the Alemanni. However, he routed Theudebert at Toul (c.611) and later at Tolbiac in 612. He captured the fleeing Theudebert in the latter battle and gave him over—after taking his royal paraphernalia—to his grandmother Brunhilda, who had him put up in a monastery. Bishop Ludegast is said to have beseeched him in a fable to spare Theudeberts life. Brunhilda probably had Theudebert murdered to allow Theuderic to succeed to both thrones unhindered. Theuderic died of dysentery in his Austrasian capital of Metz in late 613 while preparing a campaign against his longtime enemy, Clotaire, who had, based on a treaty with Theuderic during the last fraternal war, retaken the duchy of Dentelin.

text:
# Theuderic II

**Theuderic II** (also spelled **Theuderich**, **Theoderic** or **Theodoric**; in French, *Thierry*) (587–613), king of Burgundy (595–613) and Austrasia (612–613), was the second son of Childebert II. At his father's death in 595, he received Guntram's kingdom of Burgundy, with its capital at Orléans, while his elder brother, Theudebert II, received their father's kingdom of Austrasia, with its capital at Metz. He also received the lordship of the cities (*civitates*) of Toulouse, Agen, Nantes, Angers, Saintes, Angoulême, Périgueux, Blois, Chartres, and Le Mans. During his minority, and later, he reigned under the guidance of his grandmother Brunhilda, evicted from Austrasia by his brother Theudebert II.

In 596, Clotaire II, king of Neustria, and Fredegund, Clotaire's mother, took Paris, which was supposed to be held in common. Fredegund, then her son's regent, sent a force to Laffaux and the armies of Theudebert and Theuderic were defeated.

In 599, Brunhilda was forced out of Austrasia by Theudebert and she was found wandering near Arcis in Champagne by a peasant, who brought her to Theuderic. The peasant was supposedly rewarded with the bishopric of Auxerre. Theuderic welcomed her and readily fell under her influence, which was inclined to vengeful war with Theudebert at the time. Soon, Theuderic and his brother were at war. He defeated Theudebert at Sens, but their cousin Clotaire's restless warmaking prompted them to ally against him. They resumed the fight against Neustria and, in 600, defeated Clotaire at Dormelles (near Montereau) on the Orvanne. The land between the Seine and the Oise was divided between Theuderic and Theudebert, with Theuderic receiving the territory between the Seine and the Loire including the Breton frontier. They also campaigned together in Gascony, where they subjugated the local population and instated Genialis as duke.

At this point, however, the two brothers took up arms against each other resulting in Theuderic's defeat of Theudebert at Étampes. Theuderic's kingdom was invaded by Clotaire in 604, and was also confronted by Clotaire's son Merovech and his mayor Landric. Theuderic met them at Étampes on the Louet, but Theudebert refused him aid. Theuderic won the day, but his mayor of the palace, Berthoald was killed. The next mayor, Protadius, a partisan of Brunhilda, encouraged war with Austrasia, but the nobles assassinated him and battle was never met, a pact being enforced by Theuderic's men. In 610, he lost Alsace, the Saintois, the Thurgau, and Champagne to his brother and his men east of the Jura were soundly defeated by the Alemanni. However, he routed Theudebert at Toul (c.611) and later at Tolbiac in 612. He captured the fleeing Theudebert in the latter battle and gave him overafter taking his royal paraphernaliato his grandmother Brunhilda, who had him put up in a monastery. Bishop Ludegast is said to have beseeched him in a fable to spare Theudeberts life. Brunhilda probably had Theudebert murdered (along with his son Merovech) to allow Theuderic to succeed to both thrones unhindered. Theuderic died of dysentery in his Austrasian capital of Metz in late 613 while preparing a campaign against his longtime enemy, Clotaire, who had, based on a treaty with Theuderic during the last fraternal war, retaken the duchy of Dentelin.

## Family

Theuderic married Ermenberga, the daughter of the Visigothic king of Spain, Witteric, at Chalon in 606, However, the next year (607), he sent her home in disgrace and a quadruple alliance of Clotaire, Theudebert, Witteric, and the Lombard king Agilulf connived against him, but it all came to naught. Thus depriving himself of the opportunity of having legitimate offspring, he was succeeded by his son Sigbert II under the regency of Brunhilda.

Theuderic had four sons by unnamed mistresses:

* Sigebert II (601–613), who succeeded him in both his realms
* Childebert (born 602, date of death unknown)
* Corbus (603–613)
* Merovech (born 604, date of death unknown), godson of Clotaire II

## Sources

* Wood, Ian (1994). *The Merovingian Kingdoms, 450-751*. Longman.
* Wallace-Hadrill, J.M., translator. *The Fourth Book of the Chronicle of Fredegar with its Continuations* Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1960.


title: OpenFormula

abstract: OpenFormula is an open standard for exchanging recalculated formulae in spreadsheets. OpenFormula is included in version 1.2 of the OpenDocument standard. OpenFormula was initially proposed and drafted by David A. Wheeler.

text:
# OpenFormula

**OpenFormula** is an open standard for exchanging recalculated formulae in spreadsheets. OpenFormula is included in version 1.2 of the OpenDocument standard. OpenFormula was initially proposed and drafted by David A. Wheeler.

## History

### Discussion of need

OpenDocument 1.0 is a specification for the exchange of office documents, and is capable of describing mathematical formulas that are displayed on the screen (through its reuse of the MathML standard). It's also capable of exchanging spreadsheet data, formats, pivot tables, and other information typically included in a spreadsheet. OpenDocument can exchange spreadsheet formulae (formulae that are recalculated in the spreadsheet); formulae are exchanged as values of the attribute table: formula.

Open Formula resulted from the belief by some users that the syntax and semantics of table formulas were not defined in sufficient detail. Version 1.0 of the specification defined spreadsheet formulae using a set of simple examples which show, for example, how to specify ranges and the SUM() function.

Some critics argued that a more detailed, precise specification for spreadsheet functions, including syntax and semantics, was needed. The OpenDocument committee argued that this was outside their scope at that time. Others have argued that, while the specification is less specific than one might like, the intent is fairly clear (especially since formulae tend to follow decades-long traditions), and also because the vast majority of spreadsheets only use a small set of functions (such as SUM) which are universally supported by all spreadsheet implementations.

### OpenFormula Project

One of the external commentators on OpenDocument, David A. Wheeler, released a first draft of a specification for formulae in February 2005. This began a process of discussion with various spreadsheet implementors and developers.

In October 2005, Wheeler publicly began an informal project, backed by the OpenDocument Fellowship, to create a draft formula specification based on the initial draft and on discussions since that time with various implementors. By January 2006, the group had developed a lengthy specification, and implementors had begun changing their implementations to meet the draft specification.

### OASIS Formula subcommittee

In February 2006, OASIS formally created the formula subcommittee, naming Wheeler as the subcommittee chair. After discussion, the subcommittee agreed to use the OpenFormula project's document as their base document. Thus, by February 2006, OASIS had a draft formula specification with a detailed framework and over 100 defined functions.

### Microsoft response

In 2005, Microsoft's Brian Jones noted that OpenDocument did not define spreadsheet formulae in detail. However, at the time, Microsoft's competing proprietary XML format also did not include this kind of detailed specification for formulae.

Microsoft continued to protest that OpenDocument could not be used because it did not define a format for spreadsheet formulae, while its own specification continued to omit any specification about formulae until April 2006. In May 2006, Microsoft also began defining formulae in its XML format, 15 months after the first version of OpenFormula and three months after OASIS posted its first official draft of its specification.

The Office Open XML spreadsheet formula language is now part of the international standard ISO/IEC IS 29500:2008.

Microsoft Office 2007 SP2 uses the formula language defined in ISO/IEC IS 29500:2008 for OpenDocument spreadsheets. Microsoft stated that they are considering adding support for an official ODF formula language (OpenFormula) once a future version of the OpenDocument (ISO/IEC 26300) standard specification includes one.

### Completion of the effort

In June 2007, it was announced that four tasks remained before submission to the quality assurance review. Further delays were incurred, but many implementors implemented the specification while it was being written, modifying their applications where necessary to comply with the draft standard.

Finally, the OpenFormula specification was issued on 29 September 2011 as Part 2 of Version 1.2 of the Open Document Format (http://docs.oasis-open.org/office/v1.2/OpenDocument-v1.2-part2.html).

## OpenFormula attributes

Key attributes of the OpenFormula specification and development process are:

* **Fully open standard:**The specification meets all widely accepted definitions of being an "open standard," including those by Bruce Perens and the European Union. For example, (1) both open-source software and proprietary software can implement it, and (2) the work is based on consensus, not domination by any single supplier.
* **Developed by many different implementors:** OpenFormula was developed by representatives from many different implementors, working together, including OpenOffice.org and Sun StarOffice (Eike Rathke), KDE Calligra Suite (formerly KOffice) (David Faure and Tomas Mecir), Gnumeric (Dr. Andreas J. Guelzow and Jody Goldberg), IBM/Lotus 1-2-3 (Rob Weir), and wikiCalc (Dan Bricklin, co-creator of the spreadsheet).
* **Developed with experienced users:** Many experienced users (such as Tom Metcalf, a scientist specializing in the astrophysics of the Sun) took part. The group includes several mathematicians, both as users and developers.
* **Focused development:** A subcommittee is a large group focused specifically on spreadsheet formulae and nothing else.
* **Not rushed:** OpenFormula is based on specification work that was first released on 2005-02-26, as well as a large body of research into different applications.
* **Future-proofed format:** The syntax has been carefully designed to work indefinitely into the future. For example, it allows an arbitrary number of columns while also allowing arbitrary names of values.
* **Embedded test cases:** OpenFormula includes a large number of test cases, ones that test and demonstrate the specification, including edge cases that people often forget. More importantly, they are specially formatted so they can be automatically extracted and placed in a test spreadsheet to test applications.
* **Rigorous definitions:** The test cases (noted previously) help it be far more rigorous. In addition, OpenFormula defines the types for each function (as prototypes of each function). Function definitions are examined deeply, e.g., YEARFRAC() has subtle behavior in the leap years, which were carefully examined and defined.
* **Doesn't mandate mistakes:** The specification is carefully written to *not* require certain bugs, just because someone has a bug. For example, Excel incorrectly believes that 1900 was a leap year, and at least draft version 1.3 of the Excel specification claims that compatible applications *must* make the same mistake, and requires that applications cannot be more capable than Excel by supporting dates before 1900. By comparing many different independent implementations, the OpenFormula group can often detect when an application makes a mistake, and ensure that applications are not overly restricted.
* **Innovations from many sources:** OpenFormula covers the functions of Excel and OpenOffice.org, plus important functions not found in either one but instead found in other spreadsheet applications, such as Gnumeric and KSpread. For example, the specification includes the functions DECIMAL and BASE, which are much better ways to handle different bases than the old BIN2DEC (etc.) functions. It also includes bit operations like BITAND. These sources include Excel, OpenOffice.org Calc, Sun StarOffice Calc, KDE Calligra Sheets, GNOME Gnumeric, IBM/Lotus 1-2-3, Corel Word Perfect Suite Quattro Pro, wikiCalc, and DocumentToGo's SheetToGo. The subcommittee argues that by including innovations from around the world of many different independent applications, they produce a better result that is far more inclusive.
* **Room for innovation by anyone**: Application-specific "namespaces" are defined for functions. This allows spreadsheet applications to add new functions, without interfering with current standard functions, future standard functions, or functions defined by other applications. As a result, different applications can add new functions without interfering with others; once a consensus arises about the new function, it can be standardized. The namespace is based on the Internet's naming service (reversed domain names), so ORG.OPENOFFICE.STYLE would be an OpenOffice.org-unique function.
* **Internationalization:** The specification does not assume that everyone uses "." as the decimal point, and indeed does not constrain user interfaces at all. Named expressions can have names in local character sets.
* **Subset support:** Applications can implement a subset or superset. To prevent user confusion, various "groups" are defined so that users can request specific sets of capabilities.

## OpenFormula groups

One important aspect of OpenFormula is that it provides a predefined set of "groups"; the most important of these groups are small, medium, and large:

* The small group includes a little over 100 functions, including functions for trigonometry, database, finance, and statistics. The vast majority of spreadsheet documents are ably handled by applications that implement the "small" group. At least one PDA application (SheetToGo) has this level of capability, and wikiCalc added the functions in the small group specifically to meet the set defined by OpenFormula.
* The medium group includes all the capabilities of the small group, and adds about 100 more functions.
* The large group includes all the capabilities of the medium group, adding around 130 more functions, as well as capabilities such as complex numbers.

It is expected that users will often request implementations that meet a particular group, based on their needs.


abstract: The Miami Marlins are a Major League Baseball (MLB) franchise based in Miami, Florida. They play in the National League East division. Since the franchise was established in 1993 as the Florida Marlins, the Marlins have selected 35 players in the first round. Officially known as the "First-Year Player Draft", the Rule 4 Draft is MLB's primary mechanism for assigning players from high schools, colleges, and other amateur clubs to its franchises. The draft order is determined based on the previous season's standings, with the team possessing the worst record receiving the first pick. In addition, teams which lost free agents in the previous off-season may be awarded compensatory or supplementary picks. The First-Year Player Draft is unrelated to the 1992 expansion draft in which the Marlins filled their roster. Of the 35 players picked in the first round by the Marlins, 20 have been pitchers, the most of any position; 11 of these were right-handed, while nine were left-handed. Six outfielders were selected and three players each were taken at first base, third base, and catcher. The Marlins have also drafted one shortstop in the first round, though they have never taken a second baseman. Seven of the players came from high schools or universities in the state of California; Florida and Texas schools each produced four players; and Louisiana schools produced three. Two of the Marlins' first-round picks have won championships with the franchise. Charles Johnson (1992) won a World Series title on the 1997 championship team and Josh Beckett (1999) won with the 2003 team. Beckett also went on to be a part of the Boston Red Sox 2007 World Series championship team. Chris Coghlan (2006) is the only first-round pick of the Marlins to win the Rookie of the Year Award, taking the honor in 2009. None of their first-round picks have been elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame or won the Most Valuable Player or Cy Young Award. The Marlins have made three selections in the supplemental round of the draft and have made the first overall selection once (2000). They have also had five compensatory picks since their first draft in 1992. These additional picks are provided when a team loses a particularly valuable free agent in the previous off-season,[V] or, more recently, if a team fails to sign a draft pick from the previous year. The Marlins have never failed to sign a first-round pick.

text:
# List of Miami Marlins first-round draft picks

The Miami Marlins are a Major League Baseball (MLB) franchise based in Miami, Florida. They play in the National League East division. Since the franchise was established in 1993 as the Florida Marlins, the Marlins have selected 35 players in the first round. Officially known as the "First-Year Player Draft", the Rule 4 Draft is MLB's primary mechanism for assigning players from high schools, colleges, and other amateur clubs to its franchises. The draft order is determined based on the previous season's standings, with the team possessing the worst record receiving the first pick. In addition, teams which lost free agents in the previous off-season may be awarded compensatory or supplementary picks. The First-Year Player Draft is unrelated to the 1992 expansion draft in which the Marlins filled their roster.

Of the 35 players picked in the first round by the Marlins, 20 have been pitchers, the most of any position; 11 of these were right-handed, while nine were left-handed. Six outfielders were selected and three players each were taken at first base, third base, and catcher. The Marlins have also drafted one shortstop in the first round, though they have never taken a second baseman. Seven of the players came from high schools or universities in the state of California; Florida and Texas schools each produced four players; and Louisiana schools produced three.

Two of the Marlins' first-round picks have won championships with the franchise. Charles Johnson (1992) won a World Series title on the 1997 championship team and Josh Beckett (1999) won with the 2003 team. Beckett also went on to be a part of the Boston Red Sox 2007 World Series championship team. Chris Coghlan (2006) is the only first-round pick of the Marlins to win the Rookie of the Year Award, taking the honor in 2009. None of their first-round picks have been elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame or won the Most Valuable Player or Cy Young Award. The Marlins have made three selections in the supplemental round of the draft and have made the first overall selection once (2000). They have also had five compensatory picks since their first draft in 1992. These additional picks are provided when a team loses a particularly valuable free agent in the previous off-season,\[V\] or, more recently, if a team fails to sign a draft pick from the previous year. The Marlins have never failed to sign a first-round pick.

## Key

| **Year** | Each year links to an article about that year's Major League Baseball Draft. |
| --- | --- |
| **Position** | Indicates the secondary/collegiate position at which the player was drafted, rather than the professional position the player may have gone on to play |
| **Pick** | Indicates the number of the pick |
| § | Indicates a supplemental pick |
| '97 | Player was a member of the Marlins' 1997 championship team |
| '03 | Player was a member of the Marlins' 2003 championship team |

## Picks

| Year | Name | Position | School (location) | Pick | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1992 | Charles Johnson'97 | Catcher | University of Miami
(Coral Gables, Florida) | 28 |  |
| 1993 | Marc Valdes | Right-handed pitcher | University of Florida
(Gainesville, Florida) | 27 |  |
| 1994 | Josh Booty | Shortstop | Evangel Christian High School
(Shreveport, Louisiana) | 5 |  |
| 1995 | Jaime Jones | Outfielder | Rancho Bernardo High School
(San Diego, California) | 6 |  |
| 1996 | Mark Kotsay | Outfielder | California State University, Fullerton
(Fullerton, California) | 9 |  |
| 1997 | Aaron Akin | Right-handed pitcher | Cowley County CC
(Arkansas City, Kansas) | 12 |  |
| 1998 | Chip Ambres | Outfielder | West Brook High School
(Beaumont, Texas) | 27 |  |
| 1999 | Josh Beckett'03 | Right-handed pitcher | Spring High School
(Spring, Texas) | 2 |  |
| 2000 | Adrián González | First baseman | Eastlake High School
(Chula Vista, California) | 1 |  |
| 2001 | *no first-round pick*\[a\] | | | |  |
| 2002 | Jeremy Hermida | Outfielder | Wheeler High School
(Marietta, Georgia) | 11 |  |
| 2003 | Jeffrey Allison | Right-handed pitcher | Peabody Veterans Memorial High School
(Peabody, Massachusetts) | 16 |  |
| 2004 | Taylor Tankersley | Left-handed pitcher | University of Alabama
(Tuscaloosa, Alabama) | 27 |  |
| 2005 | Chris Volstad | Right-handed pitcher | Palm Beach Gardens High School
(Palm Beach, Florida) | 16 |  |
| 2005 | Aaron Thompson | Left-handed pitcher | Second Baptist School
(Houston, Texas) | 22\[b\] |  |
| 2005 | Jacob Marceaux | Right-handed pitcher | McNeese State University
(Lake Charles, Louisiana) | 29\[c\] |  |
| 2005 | Ryan Tucker | Right-handed pitcher | Temple City High School
(Temple City, California) | 34§\[d\] |  |
| 2005 | Sean West | Left-handed pitcher | Captain Shreve High School
(Shreveport, Louisiana) | 44§\[e\] |  |
| 2006 | Brett Sinkbeil | Right-handed pitcher | Missouri State University
(Springfield, Missouri) | 19 |  |
| 2006 | Chris Coghlan | Third baseman | University of Mississippi
(Oxford, Mississippi) | 36§\[f\] |  |
| 2007 | Matt Dominguez | Third baseman | Chatsworth High School
(Chatsworth, California) | 12 |  |
| 2008 | Kyle Skipworth | Catcher | Patriot High School
(Rubidoux, California) | 6 |  |
| 2009 | Chad James | Left-handed pitcher | Yukon High School
(Yukon, Oklahoma) | 18 |  |
| 2010 | Christian Yelich | First baseman | Westlake High School
(Westlake Village, California) | 23 |  |
| 2011 | José Fernández | Right-handed pitcher | Braulio Alonso High School
(Tampa, Florida) | 14 |  |
| 2012 | Andrew Heaney | Left-handed pitcher | Oklahoma State University–Stillwater
(Stillwater, Oklahoma) | 9 |  |
| 2013 | Colin Moran | Third baseman | University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
(Chapel Hill, North Carolina) | 6 |  |
| 2013 | Matt Krook | Left-handed pitcher | University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
(Chapel Hill, North Carolina) | 35§\[g\] |  |
| 2014 | Tyler Kolek | Right-handed pitcher | Shepherd High School
(Shepherd, Texas) | 2 |  |
| 2014 | Blake Anderson | Catcher | West Lauderdale High School
(Collinsville, Mississippi) | 36§ |  |
| 2015 | Josh Naylor | First baseman | St. Joan of Arc Catholic Secondary School
(Mississauga, Ontario) | 12 |  |
| 2016 | Braxton Garrett | Left-handed pitcher | Florence High School
(Florence, Alabama) | 7 |  |
| 2017 | Trevor Rogers | Left-handed pitcher | Carlsbad High School
(Carlsbad, New Mexico) | 13 |  |
| 2018 | Connor Scott | Outfielder | Henry B. Plant High School
(Tampa, Florida) | 13 |  |
| 2019 | J. J. Bleday | Outfielder | Vanderbilt University
(Nashville, Tennessee) | 4 |  |
| 2020 | Max Meyer | Right-handed pitcher | University of Minnesota
(Minneapolis, Minnesota) | 3 |  |
| 2021 | Kahlil Watson | Shortstop | Wake Forest High School
(Wake Forest, North Carolina) | 16 |  |
| 2021 | Joe Mack | Catcher | Williamsville East High School
(East Amherst, New York) | 31§ |  |
| 2022 | Jacob Berry | Outfielder | LSU
(Baton Rouge, Louisiana) | 6 |  |
| 2023 | Noble Meyer | Right-Handed pitcher | Jesuit High School
(Portland, Oregon) | 10 |  |
| 2023 | Thomas White | Left-Handed pitcher | Phillips Academy
(Andover, Massachusetts) | 35§ |  |
| 2024 | PJ Morlando | Outfielder | Summerville High School
(Summerville, South Carolina) | 16 |  |

## Footnotes

* **V** Through the 2012 draft, free agents were evaluated by the Elias Sports Bureau and rated "Type A", "Type B", or not compensation-eligible. If a team offered arbitration to a player but that player refused and subsequently signed with another team, the original team was able to receive additional draft picks. If a "Type A" free agent left in this way, his previous team received a supplemental pick and a compensatory pick from the team with which he signed. If a "Type B" free agent left in this way, his previous team received only a supplemental pick. Since the 2013 draft, free agents are no longer classified by type; instead, compensatory picks are only awarded if the team offered its free agent a contract worth at least the average of the 125 current richest MLB contracts. However, if the free agent's last team acquired the player in a trade during the last year of his contract, it is ineligible to receive compensatory picks for that player.
* **a** The Marlins lost their first-round pick in 2001 to the Chicago White Sox as compensation for signing free agent Charles Johnson.
* **b** The Marlins gained a compensatory first-round pick in 2005 from the San Francisco Giants as compensation for losing free agent Armando Benítez.
* **c** The Marlins gained a compensatory first-round pick in 2005 from the New York Yankees as compensation for losing free agent Carl Pavano.
* **d** The Marlins gained a supplemental first-round pick in 2005 for losing free agent Armando Benítez.
* **e** The Marlins gained a supplemental first-round pick in 2005 for losing free agent Carl Pavano.
* **f** The Marlins gained a supplemental first-round pick in 2006 for losing free agent A. J. Burnett.
* **g** The Marlins received a supplemental first-round pick from the Pittsburgh Pirates, along with outfielder Gorkys Hernández, on July 31, 2012, in exchange for Gaby Sánchez and minor league pitcher Kyle Kaminska. The Pirates received the pick as a result of the 2012 Competitive Balance Lottery.

General references * "MLB First Round Draft Picks". *ESPN.com*. Archived from the original on June 11, 2010. Retrieved July 24, 2010.
* "Florida Marlins 1st Round Picks in the MLB June Amateur Draft". *Baseball-Reference.com*. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011. Retrieved July 24, 2010.

In-text citations


title: New England Wind

abstract: New England Wind, formerly called Park City Wind and Commonwealth Wind, is a proposed offshore wind farm to be located about 23 miles (37 km) off the coast of Martha's Vineyard (MA) on Outer Continental Shelf in U.S. territorial waters of the East Coast of the United States. Avangrid is the developer. The project takes its original name from the nickname of Bridgeport, Connecticut, where a offshore wind port is being developed to support the project at Bridgeport Harbor. Electric transmission cables from the project would make an underground landfall at Craigville Beach in Barnstable, Massachusetts. As of 2022 a draft environmental impact statement (DEIS) and a construction and operations plan (COP) had been submitted to BOEM. It was projected to be commissioned in 2027. In October 2023, Avangrid canceled its contract with Connecticut due to higher development costs. It intends to rebid the project for a higher price. BOEM issued approval of the project's construction and operations plan in July 2024. Avangrid has divided the project into two sections for bidding in the joint Connecticut–Rhode Island–Massachusetts offshore wind procurement, one with 791 MW and one with 1,080 MW. The project was awarded a contract with Massachsetts for 791 MW in September 2024. This section is expected to begin construction in 2025 with commercial operation by 2030.

text:
# New England Wind

**New England Wind**, formerly called **Park City Wind** and **Commonwealth Wind**, is a proposed offshore wind farm to be located about 23 miles (37 km) off the coast of Martha's Vineyard (MA) on Outer Continental Shelf in U.S. territorial waters of the East Coast of the United States. Avangrid is the developer.

The project takes its original name from the nickname of Bridgeport, Connecticut, where a offshore wind port is being developed to support the project at Bridgeport Harbor. Electric transmission cables from the project would make an underground landfall at Craigville Beach in Barnstable, Massachusetts.

As of 2022 a draft environmental impact statement (DEIS) and a construction and operations plan (COP) had been submitted to BOEM. It was projected to be commissioned in 2027.

In October 2023, Avangrid canceled its contract with Connecticut due to higher development costs. It intends to rebid the project for a higher price.

BOEM issued approval of the project's construction and operations plan in July 2024.

Avangrid has divided the project into two sections for bidding in the joint Connecticut–Rhode Island–Massachusetts offshore wind procurement, one with 791 MW (formerly Park City Wind) and one with 1,080 MW (formerly Commonwealth Wind). The project was awarded a contract with Massachsetts for 791 MW in September 2024. This section is expected to begin construction in 2025 with commercial operation by 2030.

| Wind farm | Offshore BOEM wind energy lease area | | | Receiving state | Capacity
(MW) | Projected completion | Turbines | Developer/Utility | Regulatory agency |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| New England Wind | Offshore Massachusetts OCS-A 0501 | 23 miles off the coast of Martha's Vineyard (MA) | 40°51′40″N 70°42′40″W / 40.86111°N 70.71111°W / 40.86111; -70.71111 |  | 1,871 | 2030 | Up to 129 | Avangrid
Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners |  |
|

## InfoBox

| New England Wind | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | OCS-A 0501 Lease Area
Outer Continental Shelf
Offshore Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 40°51′40″N 70°42′40″W / 40.86111°N 70.71111°W / 40.86111; -70.71111 |
| Wind farm | |
| Distance from shore | 23 miles (37 km) |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |