title: Twilight Bay

abstract: Twilight Bay is a small re-entrant of the ice shelf into the plateau on the west side of the Amery Ice Shelf. Photographed from ANARE aircraft in 1956. The position of the feature was fixed by ANARE survey party in February 1968. So named because the survey party was flown into the area after sunset, necessitating navigation and photo identification in twilight.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Twilight Bay". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

text:
# Twilight Bay

**Twilight Bay** (68°32′S 69°48′E / 68.533°S 69.800°E / -68.533; 69.800) is a small re-entrant of the ice shelf into the plateau on the west side of the Amery Ice Shelf. Photographed from ANARE (Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions) aircraft in 1956. The position of the feature was fixed by ANARE survey party in February 1968. So named because the survey party was flown into the area after sunset, necessitating navigation and photo identification in twilight.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Twilight Bay". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey.


title: School Days (video game)

abstract:
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"Confession" (告白, "Kokuhaku") ～boys & girls～"The Couple's Distance" (二人の距離, "Futari no Kyori") ～distance～"First Kiss" (ファーストキッス, "Fāsuto Kissu") ～step for skip～ "Another Good Luck Charm" (もうひとつのおまじない, "Mō Hitotsu no Omajinai") ～wish & pain～"And the Story Begins" (そして始まる物語, "Soshite Hajimaru Monogatari") ～decide～ 2 November 26, 2007978-4-04-713965-7
"Right and Left Hand" (右手と左手, "Migite to Hidarite") ～unbalance～"Warmth" (ぬくもり, "Nukumori") ～sign～"The Couple's Feelings" (二人の想い, "Futari no Omoi") ～ripple mind～"Mask" (仮面, "Kamen") ～innocent～ "Two People and One Person" (フタリとヒトリ, "Futari to Hitori") ～fall down～"Slanted Words" (歪むコトバ, "Hizumu Kotoba") ～period～"The Couple's World" (二人のセカイ, "Futari no Sekai") ～world's end～ School Days is a Japanese slice-of-life eroge visual novel game developed by 0verflow, released in April 2005, for Windows. It was later remade as a DVD game and ported to PlayStation 2 (PS2) and PlayStation Portable (PSP). The story follows Makoto Ito, a high school student who becomes the love interest of several girls during his second term. School Days has multiple endings depending on the player's choices. Some of these endings later became notorious for their graphic violence. 0verflow announced work on School Days in October 2004 and marketed it by showing off the game's innovative use of animated cutscenes and voice-acting. Following its success, 0verflow produced multiple sequels, including a spin-off of the original story called Summer Days, a parallel story called Cross Days. Klon developed the spin-off Island Days for the Nintendo 3DS. A School Days remaster, School Days HQ was released in October 2010, and localized in North America in June 2012. The original game became unavailable for purchase after April 2011. Following the game's release, School Days was adapted into different media. A manga adaptation was serialized in the Kadokawa Shoten magazine Comp Ace and it was later published into two volumes. Comic anthologies, light novels and art books were also published, as were audio dramas and several albums of music. An animated television series, two direct-to-video (OVA) single releases and a concert film were also produced, the first of which became a precursor for an internet meme when its finale was pulled from broadcast.

text:
# School Days (video game)

***School Days*** is a Japanese slice-of-life eroge visual novel game developed by 0verflow, released in April 2005, for Windows. It was later remade as a DVD game and ported to PlayStation 2 (PS2) and PlayStation Portable (PSP). The story follows Makoto Ito, a high school student who becomes the love interest of several girls during his second term. *School Days* has multiple endings depending on the player's choices. Some of these endings later became notorious for their graphic violence.

0verflow announced work on *School Days* in October 2004 and marketed it by showing off the game's innovative use of animated cutscenes and voice-acting. Following its success, 0verflow produced multiple sequels, including a spin-off of the original story called *Summer Days*, a parallel story called *Cross Days*. Klon developed the spin-off *Island Days* for the Nintendo 3DS. A *School Days* remaster, *School Days HQ* was released in October 2010, and localized in North America in June 2012. The original game became unavailable for purchase after April 2011.

Following the game's release, *School Days* was adapted into different media. A manga adaptation was serialized in the Kadokawa Shoten magazine *Comp Ace* and it was later published into two volumes. Comic anthologies, light novels and art books were also published, as were audio dramas and several albums of music. An animated television series, two direct-to-video (OVA) single releases and a concert film were also produced, the first of which became a precursor for an internet meme when its finale was pulled from broadcast.

## Gameplay

*School Days* follows the typical visual novel gameplay format of scenes interspersed with player choice. These choices determine plot and romantic outcomes, as the game keeps track of the protagonist's relationships with his love interests. The game has pornographic elements. While characters' genitalia are pixelated in the original Japanese releases, the Western release of *School Days HQ* does not contain censored scenes. The Playstation 2 and PSP ports do not contain these scenes.

Player choices can result in either 'good' or 'bad' endings. *School Days*'s bad ends, in which characters die, have become the most notorious part of the game. Many of these endings feature the character Kotonoha Katsura either dying or killing other characters The good endings, by contrast, show the characters having normal relationships, and frequently have erotic elements. Different endings portray the protagonist in relationships with different combinations of his love interests.

Unlike traditional visual novels that consist of static characters with subtitled dialogue, *School Days* was unusual for its time in that it incorporated animation and voice-acting. Cinematics naturally play on their own, and players are afforded the ability to pause, fast-forward, and even skip those they've seen before. Male and female voices can be muted, subtitles can be turned on or off and the game can be played from a window or fullscreen ratio. Progress can be saved at any time in up to 100 slots and loaded from either the main menu or during play.

## Plot

*School Days* focuses on the life of Makoto Itou, a first-year high school student living with his divorced mother in the fictional city of Haramihama. During his second term, he becomes infatuated with Kotonoha Katsura, a shy schoolmate who rides the train with him to and from school. When the classroom seating plan of his class is rearranged, he meets with Sekai Saionji, an upbeat girl who becomes invested in his relationship with Kotonoha. Sekai, however, becomes jealous of the new couple, having developed feelings for Makoto herself, to which he does not reciprocate at all.

## Development

*School Days* was 0verflow's tenth game. *School Days* was first announced on October 5, 2004, when 0verflow posted links on their official website to both the game's website and the game's dev log. 0verflow revealed in their blog that *School Days* had been in pre-production for roughly two years and would be a fully animated game. Updates on the development of the game were scheduled for Tuesdays and Fridays, and the company encouraged fans to attend Dream Party 2004, an upcoming anime convention at Tokyo Big Sight in Ariake, on October 11, where they made the first public showcase of the game A follow-up of the venue was made on October 15. On October 26, 0verflow posted that new information about *School Days* would be in the November issue of *Tech Gian*, an adult magazine published by Enterbrain.

In a November 6 development post, 0verflow announced that it was planning a public screening of new game material, but was experiencing difficulty acquiring space for it. The company had initially chosen to have the venue in Akihabara but was unable to find a retailer willing to host it, prompting a visit to Osaka the following week. News that the game would contain music by artists such as Minami Kuribayashi, Haruko Momoi, Yozuca\* and YURIA was posted on November 30, along with a release date change to February 25, 2005.

On December 28, 2004, 0verflow released a public trial of *School Days.* They attended Comiket 67 at Tokyo Big Sight from December 29 to 30, and handed out phonecards to the first 50 visitors to their booth. Two months later, on February 2, 2005, the company announced that the game had been postponed again to April 28. From April 5 to April 8, 0verflow concluded their development log with comments from Soyogi Tōno, Kaname Yuzuki, Tatsuya Hirai, Yuki Matsunaga, Hikaru Isshiki and Hana Yamamoto, the respective voices of Kotonoha, Sekai, Makoto, Otome, Hikari and Setsuna. To address bugs that were later found in the game, 0verflow released a patch to bring *School Days* to a stable build of 1.11. From June 26, 2007 to March 28, 2008, 0verflow and Lantis-net radio aired the internet radio drama *Radio School Days*. On April 21, 2011, 0verflow announced via their blog that support for *School Days* was being discontinued.

## Release

*School Days* was ported to three other platforms. It was first released by interactive movie developer AICherry on September 28, 2007, as a four disc DVD game. That same year, on August 31, Interchannel posted a link on their blog to the official website of *School Days L×H*, a PlayStation 2 (PS2) port in development by Guyzware, that would be edited of explicit sexual content and fanservice. The game was released on January 17, 2008 and assessed by the Computer Entertainment Rating Organization (CERO), Japan's primary video game content rating system, receiving a 15-years-or-older "C" rating for sexual themes and profanity. The third and final port was developed by PalaceGame for the PlayStation Portable (PSP). After postponing the game on May 11, it was released as four UMDs on June 30, 2010.

0verflow opened what would become the homepage for the remaster *School Days HQ* on May 21, 2010. The site was finished June 3, and on July 16, the game was postponed to September 24. A trial was publicly released for download on August 7, and from August 20 to September 28, 0verflow promoted the game. Customers who had purchased the original *School Days* would be given the opportunity to upgrade to *HQ* for a fee until October 11, by either mailing in their game disc or visiting stores in Akihabara, Osaka or Nagoya. Distributors offered collectable phonecards for reservations, and after a second date change on September 10, the game was released October 8.

On March 3, 2011, 0verflow acknowledged Sekai Project, an unofficial fan translation group, who had reportedly begun localizing *School Days* in April 2006. Partnering with American distributor JAST USA, *School Days HQ*, uncensored in English, was announced for a North American release on March 11, 2011. Development instead continued into 2012, and on May 18, JAST announced that the company had begun taking pre-orders for the Collector's Edition, a bundled release of the game packaged with a keychain and mousepad. The company announced weeks later on June 1 that *School Days HQ* had gone gold. Following news on June 26 that the company would exhibit the game at Anime Expo 2012, JAST made an update to the June 1 announcement that *School Days HQ* had begun shipping. The downloadable version of the game was later released on August 6.

### Sales

In a national sales ranking of bishōjo games in *PCNEWS*, a now-defunct Japanese online magazine, *School Days* premiered as the number one game sold for the second half of April 2005, the second and seventeenth for the first and second halves of May, the fifth and twenty-sixth for the first and second halves of June, and twenty-seventh for the first half of July. The *School Days* renewal edition, released a week after the previous ranking, continued to chart on behalf of the game; it ranked as the thirty-third most sold game for the second half of July, before ending as the thirty-fifth and forty-ninth for the first and second halves of August.

Getchu.com, a major distributor of visual novels and domestic anime products, recorded similar sales. *School Days* for Windows premiered as the number one game sold for the month of its release, and seventh most for May, ranking as the number one game sold for the first half of 2005 and ninth for the year. The following year, the *School Days* renewal edition charted as the twentieth most sold game for July 2007, dropping to thirtieth from August to October. *School Days HQ* ranked as the sixth most sold game for October 2010 but failed to chart thereafter.

According to *Gamasutra*, a video gaming news site, *School Days L×H* ranked as the number one PlayStation 2 game sold for January 2008.

## Media

0verflow developed several visual novels related to *School Days*, sharing the same universe. Prior to the development of *School Days*, 0verflow developed the *Radish Vacation* visual novel series. The first is *Snow Radish Vacation* released on December 28, 2001, followed by *Summer Radish Vacation* on April 1, 2003, and finally *Summer Radish Vacation 2* on August 13, 2004.

A prequel titled *Summer Days*, was released on June 23, 2006, retelling the original game during summer vacation and from the perspective of Setsuna Kiyoura. Unlike its predecessor, however, *Summer Days* was almost universally panned for its heavily bugged state, loads of patches, and recall. Another spin-off titled *Cross Days* was released on March 19, 2010. Set in the same continuity as *School Days*, *Cross Days* follows the life of another protagonist, Yuuki Ashikaga, a high school freshman who also finds himself caught between the affection of two girls, Roka Kitsuregawa and Kotonoha Katsura, during his second term at Sakakino Academy. The game also features yaoi scenarios, during which Yuuki cross-dresses as a maid. 0verflow released *Shiny Days* on February 2, 2012, which is a remastered version of *Summer Days* with a new heroine and higher quality animations. A spin-off, *Island Days*, was developed for the Nintendo 3DS and was released in Japan on July 3, 2014. The game, developed by Klon, focuses on Makoto and the girls becoming trapped on a remote island and includes tower defense elements.

### Manga

Based on the story of the original game, *School Days* was reimagined as a manga, illustrated by Homare Sakazuki and serialized in the Kadokawa Shoten magazine *Comp Ace* from May 26, 2006 to September 26, 2007. On July 12, 2007, 0verflow announced that the manga had been collected into its first volume, comprising five chapters set to be released on July 24. Later that year, the second and final volume, comprising the remaining seven chapters, was released on November 21.

| No. | Release date | ISBN |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | July 26, 2007 | 978-4-04-713946-6 |
| 1. "Confession" (告白, *"Kokuhaku"*) ～boys & girls～ 2. "The Couple's Distance" (二人の距離, *"Futari no Kyori"*) ～distance～ 3. "First Kiss" (ファーストキッス, *"Fāsuto Kissu"*) ～step for skip～ 4. "Another Good Luck Charm" (もうひとつのおまじない, *"Mō Hitotsu no Omajinai"*) ～wish & pain～ 5. "And the Story Begins" (そして始まる物語, *"Soshite Hajimaru Monogatari"*) ～decide～ | | |
| 2 | November 26, 2007 | 978-4-04-713965-7 |
| 6. "Right and Left Hand" (右手と左手, *"Migite to Hidarite"*) ～unbalance～ 7. "Warmth" (ぬくもり, *"Nukumori"*) ～sign～ 8. "The Couple's Feelings" (二人の想い, *"Futari no Omoi"*) ～ripple mind～ 9. "Mask" (仮面, *"Kamen"*) ～innocent～ 10. "Two People and One Person" (フタリとヒトリ, *"Futari to Hitori"*) ～fall down～ 11. "Slanted Words" (歪むコトバ, *"Hizumu Kotoba"*) ～period～ 12. "The Couple's World" (二人のセカイ, *"Futari no Sekai"*) ～world's end～ | | |

Various artists also produced short manga of *School Days* that were compiled into two comic anthologies. The "School Days Comic Anthology" was released by Ohzora Publishing on October 25, 2005, under their P-mate Comics imprint, containing nine short manga by individual artists. On February 25, 2008, Ichijinsha printed the "School Days Kotonoha Anthology" under their DNA Media Comics imprint, a collection of manga primarily featuring the character Kotonoha Katsura.

### Books and publications

In addition to the manga, *School Days* was adapted into other print media. The first of these was the "School Days Visual Guide Book" published by Jive on September 16, 2005, an artbook of character illustrations, model sheets, screenplay, storyboards and a visual hierarchy of the choices and corresponding scenes in the game. Separate editions for the anime television series and Playstation 2 game were also published, on December 1, 2007 and March 21, 2008, respectively. Collections of production work from the Windows game such as character and environment art, screenplay, artist commentaries and all manufactured promotional items were collected in the "School Days Official Visual Art Works" (School Days 公式ビジュアル・アートワークス, *School Days Koushiki Bijuaru Atowa Kusu*) on December 16, 2005 and also featured in the "SummerDays  \[*sic*\] & School Days Visual Collection" on August 31, 2006.

The first of four light novels, all illustrated by Junji Goto, was written by Ryuna Okada and printed by Harvest Publishing under their Harvest Novels imprint. Released on December 1, 2005, "School Days: Sekai Hen" (School Days 世界編) retells the original story from the perspective of Sekai. Okada would follow up the book with "School Days: Kotonoha Hen" (School Days 言葉編) on January 1, 2006, switching to the perspective of Kotonoha. Two light novels were also published by Jive, the first of which was written by Takuya Baba, "School Days: Kimi to Iru, Sora" (School Days 君といる、空) and printed on December 16, 2005, and a second by Hiro Akiduki, "School Days: Innocent Blue", released on April 28.

### Anime

*School Days* was adapted into a twelve-episode anime television series by TNK. Concrete news of this first appeared on June 1, 2007, when 0verflow announced via its blog that the show's official website had gone live. Stations participating in the broadcast included TV Kanagawa, Chiba TV, TV Aichi, TV Osaka, TV Saitama and AT-X, the premiere of which would air on TV Kanagawa on July 3. The anime was aired until September 27 and finished its broadcast on AT-X. From September 26, 2007, to February 27, 2008, the series was compiled into six limited and regular edition DVDs.

TNK also produced two direct-to-video (OVA) episodes of *School Days*. The first, titled "Valentine Days", was bundled with limited edition copies of *School Days L×H*, and features an unrelated comedic romp through Valentine's Day as Kotonoha, Sekai, and Otome try to give Makoto giri chocos. The second, "Magical Heart Kokoro-chan", jaunts the series into magical girl territory, portraying Kokoro Katsura as the superheroine Magical Heart; it was released on March 26, 2008.

Discotek Media acquired both the television series and the "Magical Heart Kokoro-chan" OVA, and released them on DVD on June 24, 2014, with English subtitles.

#### Delay of finale

On September 17, 2007, the day before the twelfth and final episode of the televised anime was to air on TV Kanagawa, a sixteen-year-old girl murdered her forty-five-year-old father in their Kyoto home with an axe. TV Kanagawa promptly cancelled the Tuesday airing of the finale for its similarly violent content, replacing it instead with a thirty-minute video compilation of scenery footage from Europe including Norway, played to August Wilhelmj's "Air on the G String". Newspapers such as *The Japan Times* and *Mainichi Shimbun* reported on the killing and episode preempt on September 19. According to *Mainichi Shimbun*, Chiba TV and TV Aichi had also cancelled their airings, with AT-X the only station remaining indecisive. 0verflow issued an apology through their blog the same day, asking viewers to stay tuned for updates. In the following week, 0verflow announced that it had arranged for two screenings of the edited finale at the Akihabara 3D Theater on September 27. Those wishing to attend would be required to register a seat by email, be at least 18 years old with photo ID, and bring a Windows copy of *School Days* or *Summer Days*. That same day AT-X announced that it had decided to air the unedited finale on September 27 and October 1.

In the wake of the broadcast change, a screen capture of the Norwegian ferry MS *Skagastøl*, at the time belonging to Fjord1 Fylkesbaatane, from the slideshow surfaced on 4chan alongside the caption "Nice boat.", a phrase which gained popularity in Japan. Google Trends recorded a spike in "Nice Boat" searches around the third quarter of 2007 while *Yomiuri Shimbun*, a Japanese newspaper, reported that "Nice boat" was the tenth most popular Yahoo! Japan search from September 17 to September 23.

*Nice Boat* had become so well known that it was used in other media. The meme appeared as an Easter egg in the first episode of *Ef: A Tale of Memories.*, and was parodied on February 13, 2009, when the Kadokawa Pictures YouTube channel uploaded a short montage of sailboats instead of the previously scheduled premiere of *The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya*. 0verflow capitalized on the popularity of the phrase, naming their booth at Comiket 73 "Nice boat." and selling meme-inspired merchandise. TNK also paid homage to the meme in "Magical Heart Kokoro-chan", a special direct-to-video episode of the animated series.

### Concert film

Besides the video releases of the *School Days* anime, a concert film, the *School Days Secret Live DVD*, was also produced by HOBiRECORDS. Released on June 26, 2006, in conjunction with *Summer Days*, the film contains footage of a concert held on June 15, 2005 featuring the performances of Miyuki Hashimoto, YURIA, rino, yozuca\* and Minami Kuribayashi.

### Audio CDs

From 2005 to 2010, Lantis published six albums of *School Days* music. The "School Days Vocal Album", a compilation featuring all nine of the game's closing themes, as performed by artists Kiriko, Yozuca\*, Miyuki Hashimoto, Yuria, Halko Momoi, Minami Kuribayashi, Rino, and Kanako Ito was the first to be distributed, sharing its April 28, 2005, date with the release of the game itself. The remaining twenty-eight background scores, composed by KIRIKO/HIKO Sound, were released on July 21, officially completing the game's soundtrack. Another compilation, the "School Days Vocal Complete Album \[*sic*\]" featuring songs from *Summer Days* and *Cross Days*, was released on October 8, 2010.

Three weeks after the premiere of the televised anime on July 25, 2007, Lantis published the single "Innocent Blue" by DeviceHigh, a four-track disc featuring the anime opening of the same name, a disco-inspired song called Dancin' Joker, and their instrumentals. Lantis followed with "School Days: Ending Theme+" on August 22, a sixteen-track disc containing all of the show's closing themes and background scores on September 26.

In addition to music albums, six audio dramas were also produced. "School Days Little Promise", a chronicle of Sekai and Setsuna's childhoods, was the first. Featuring music by Kiriko/Hiko Sound and Kanako Ito, Hobirecords published "Little Promise" as a two-disc set, which 0verflow scheduled for release January 27, 2006. Pre-releases were sold at Comiket 69 from December 29 to 30, 2005. Sometime afterward however, 0verflow announced that pre-released copies of Little Promise were defective, and asked customers to mail in their discs for replacements. The release was also postponed to February 24. Lantis released the remaining five dramas. "School Days Drama CD Vol. 1 Himitsu Hanazono" (ヒ・ミ・ツの花園), a merrymaking of the series six main girls, was released on August 8, 2007. A second, "School Days Drama CD Vol 2. Koi no Nou-hau" (恋のノ・ウ・ハ・ウ), was released October 24, 2007. Radio School Days was compiled into three separate albums: "Futakumidake no Taiikusai" (二組だけの体育祭) was released on November 21, 2007, "Futakumidake no Shakaika Kengaku" (二組だけの社会科見学) on February 6, 2008, and "Futakumi Ijou no Rakkasan Butai" (二組以上の落下傘部隊) on June 21.

### Merchandise

Considerable effort was made to market and promote *School Days* before and after its release, including the sale of brand merchandise and use of incentives. Through public venues and through the company's online store, 0verflow sold brand keystraps, mousepads, phonecards, book covers, mugs, t-shirts, dakimakura cases, PVC figures, lanyards, business card holders and cosplay material such as the girls' school uniforms and plastic dōzuki.

## Reception

The anime series won the Hisashi Maeda Award in the 2007 Japanese Otaku Awards.

*Anime News Network'*s Theron Martin enjoyed the anime series and gave it a B+, saying "Despite its efforts to analyze and reinterpret harem series, *School Days* probably would have sunk into anime obscurity if not for the nature of its final episode and the circumstances surrounding it not airing. However, those analytical efforts give it a value beyond its sensationalism. If viewers find Makoto unlikable, it is because he was meant to be an object lesson, not someone that they should want to relate to. That the actions of him and the others progressively push the series away from what's expected of harem series holds a fascination akin to watching a train wreck play out in very slow motion". *UK Anime Network*, a British online anime and manga magazine, gave the television series a 7 out of 10, summarizing it as "An utter subversion of the high school romance genre, which is disturbing and unsettling... yet oddly compelling in its own way." Takato of the French website *Manga News* gave the anime series 17 out of 20, and describes the series as "*School Days* is not a joyful romance but rather oppressive, destabilizing and unhealthy because of the behavior of the characters. We are certainly shocked, but this is precisely what makes the strength of this unique series. *School Days* is certainly a series to watch to be amazed, or to be amused by all these humiliations if you are sadistic." *THEM Anime Reviews*, a website devoted to the review of anime, gave the series a less favorable 1 out of 5 stars, citing "overblown, shallow, and flat" characters and that although "*School Days* looks fascinating when you see screenshots of it and read episode guides", the reviewer found it to be "annoying, stupid, mean-spirited, and full of some of the biggest idiots \[he had\] seen in an anime in a long time."

On June 12, 2015, the Chinese Ministry of Culture listed *School Days* among 38 anime and manga titles banned in China.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| School Days | |
| --- | --- |
| Second cover of *School Days* (DVD-ROM) | |
| Genre | Harem, romance, slice of life |
| Video game | |
| Developer | 0verflow (Windows)<br>AiCherry (DVD)<br>Guyzware, Regista (PS2)<br>Ixia (PSP) |
| Publisher | 0verflow (Windows)<br>AiCherry (DVD)<br>Interchannel (PS2)<br>PalaceGame (PSP) |
| Genre | Eroge (Windows)<br>Visual novel |
| Platform |  |
| Released | * JP: April 28, 2005 * JP: October 8, 2010 (*HQ*) * NA: June 27, 2012 (*HQ*) |
| Manga | |
| Written by | 0verflow |
| Illustrated by | Homare Sakazuki |
| Published by | Kadokawa Shoten |
| Magazine | *Comp Ace* |
| Demographic | *Seinen* |
| Original run | May 26, 2006September 26, 2007 |
| Volumes | 2 |
| Audio drama | |
| *Radio School Days* | |
| Studio | TNK |
| Station | Lantis Net Radio |
| Original run | June 26, 2007March 28, 2008 |
| Episodes | 39 |
| Anime television series | |
| Directed by | Keitaro Motonaga |
| Produced by | Katsumi Koike<br>Makoto Ito<br>Masanori Goto |
| Written by | Makoto Uezu |
| Music by | Kaoru Okubo |
| Studio | TNK |
| Licensed by |  |
| Original network | TV Kanagawa, Chiba TV, TV Aichi, TV Osaka, TV Saitama, AT-X |
| Original run | July 3, 2007  September 27, 2007 |
| Episodes | 12 |
| Original video animation | |
| *Valentine Days* | |
| Directed by | Keitaro Motonaga |
| Written by | Makoto Uezu |
| Music by | Kaoru Okubo |
| Studio | TNK |
| Released | January 17, 2008 |
| Runtime | 19 minutes |
| Original video animation | |
| *Magical Heart Kokoro-chan* | |
| Directed by | Keitaro Motonaga |
| Written by | Makoto Uezu |
| Music by | Kaoru Okubo |
| Studio | TNK |
| Licensed by |  |
| Released | March 26, 2008 |
| Runtime | 25 minutes |


title: Turrilatirus iris

abstract: Turrilatirus iris is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Fasciolariidae, the spindle snails, the tulip snails and their allies.

text:
# Turrilatirus iris

***Turrilatirus iris*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Fasciolariidae, the spindle snails, the tulip snails and their allies.

## Description

## Distribution

## InfoBox

| *Turrilatirus iris* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Fasciolariidae |
| Genus: | *Turrilatirus* |
| Species: | ***T. iris*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Turrilatirus iris***<br>(Lightfoot, 1786) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Buccinum iris* Lightfoot, 1786 * *Latirus iris* (Lightfoot, 1786) | |


title: Turrilatirus craticulatus

abstract: Turrilatirus craticulatus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Fasciolariidae, the spindle snails, the tulip snails and their allies.

text:
# Turrilatirus craticulatus

***Turrilatirus craticulatus*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Fasciolariidae, the spindle snails, the tulip snails and their allies.

## Description

## Distribution

## InfoBox

| *Turrilatirus craticulatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Turrilatirus craticulatus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Fasciolariidae |
| Genus: | *Turrilatirus* |
| Species: | ***T. craticulatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Turrilatirus craticulatus***<br>(Linnaeus, 1758) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Latirulus craticulatus* (Linnaeus, 1758) * *Latirus craticulatus* (Linnaeus, 1758) * *Murex craticulatus* Linnaeus, 1758 | |


title: Tylomelania hannelorae

abstract: Tylomelania hannelorae is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae. The specific name hannelorae is in honor of Hannelore Glaubrecht, who participated on the malacological research.

text:
# Tylomelania hannelorae

***Tylomelania hannelorae*** is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae.

The specific name *hannelorae* is in honor of Hannelore Glaubrecht, who participated on the malacological research.

## Distribution

This species occurs in Lake Mahalona, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Its type locality is Lake Mahalona.

## Ecology

The females of *Tylomelania hannelorae* usually have 1-2 embryos in their brood pouch. Newly hatched snails of *Tylomelania hannelorae* have a shell height of 2.4-3.1 mm.

## InfoBox

| *Tylomelania hannelorae* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| An apertural view of a shell of a holotype of *Tylomelania hannelorae*. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Family: | Pachychilidae |
| Genus: | *Tylomelania* |
| Species: | ***T. hannelorae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tylomelania hannelorae***<br>von Rintelen & Glaubrecht, 2008 | |
|


title: Tylomelania insulaesacrae

abstract: Tylomelania insulaesacrae is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae.

text:
# Tylomelania insulaesacrae

***Tylomelania insulaesacrae*** is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae.

## Distribution

This species occurs in Malili lakes, Sulawesi, Indonesia. It occur in the single lake and the type locality is the lake Towuti.

## Description

The width of the shell is 8 mm. The height of the shell is 16 mm. The width of the aperture is 4 mm. The height of the aperture is 7.5 mm.

* von Rintelen T. & Glaubrecht M. (2005). "Anatomy of an adaptive radiation: a unique reproductive strategy in the endemic freshwater gastropod *Tylomelania* (Cerithioidea: Pachychilidae) on Sulawesi, Indonesia and its biogeographical implications." *Biological Journal of the Linnean Society* **85**: 513–542. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00515.x.

## InfoBox

| *Tylomelania insulaesacrae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Family: | Pachychilidae |
| Genus: | *Tylomelania* |
| Species: | ***T. insulaesacrae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tylomelania insulaesacrae***<br>(Sarasin & Sarasin, 1897) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Melania insulae sacrae* Sarasin & Sarasin, 1897 | |


title: Twenty-fifth government of Israel

abstract: The twenty-fifth government of Israel was formed by Yitzhak Rabin of the Labor Party on 13 July 1992, after the party's victory in the June elections. The coalition also contained the new Meretz party and Shas, and held 62 of the 120 seats in the Knesset. The government was also supported, but not joined, by Hadash and the Arab Democratic Party, which held an additional five seats between them. Shas left the government on 14 September 1993, but the coalition was joined by the new Yiud faction on 9 January 1995. Rabin was assassinated on 4 November 1995, with Shimon Peres taking over as Interim Prime Minister until forming the twenty-sixth government on 22 November.

text:
# Twenty-fifth government of Israel

The **twenty-fifth government of Israel** was formed by Yitzhak Rabin of the Labor Party on 13 July 1992, after the party's victory in the June elections. The coalition also contained the new Meretz party (an alliance of Ratz, Mapam, and Shinui) and Shas, and held 62 of the 120 seats in the Knesset. The government was also supported, but not joined, by Hadash and the Arab Democratic Party, which held an additional five seats between them.

Shas left the government on 14 September 1993, but the coalition was joined by the new Yiud faction (a three-member breakaway from Tzomet) on 9 January 1995.

Rabin was assassinated on 4 November 1995, with Shimon Peres taking over as Interim Prime Minister until forming the twenty-sixth government on 22 November.

## Cabinet members

| Position | Person | Faction in Knesset (Party) | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Prime Minister | Yitzhak Rabin (until 4 November 1995) | Labor Party |  |
| | Shimon Peres (interim from 5 November) | Labor Party |  |
| Minister of Agriculture | Ya'akov Tzur | Not an MK (Labor Party) |  |
| Minister of Communications | Moshe Shahal (until 7 June 1993) | Labor Party |  |
| | Shulamit Aloni | Meretz (Ratz) |  |
| Minister of Defense | Yitzhak Rabin (until 4 November 1995) | Labor Party |  |
| | Shimon Peres (from 5 November) | Labor Party |  |
| Minister of Economics and Planning | Shimon Shetreet (until 18 July 1995) | Labor Party |  |
| | Yossi Beilin (from 18 July 1995) | Labor Party |  |
| Minister of Education and Culture 1 | Shulamit Aloni (until 11 May 1993) | Meretz (Ratz) |  |
| | Yitzhak Rabin (11 May 1993 - 7 June 1993) | Labor Party |  |
| | Amnon Rubinstein (from 30 May 1994) | Meretz (Shinui) |  |
| Minister of Energy and Infrastructure | Amnon Rubinstein (until 7 June 1993) | Meretz (Shinui) |  |
| | Moshe Shahal (7 June 1993 - 9 January 1995) | Labor Party |  |
| | Gonen Segev (from 9 January 1995) | Yiud |  |
| Minister of the Environment | Ora Namir (until 31 December 1992) | Labor Party |  |
| | Yossi Sarid (from 31 December 1992) | Meretz (Ratz) |  |
| Minister of Finance | Avraham Shochat | Labor Party |  |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | Shimon Peres | Labor Party |  |
| Minister of Health | Haim Ramon (until 8 February 1994) | Labor Party |  |
| | Yitzhak Rabin (8 February - 1 June 1994) | Labor Party |  |
| | Efraim Sneh (from 1 June 1994) | Labor Party |  |
| Minister of Housing and Construction | Binyamin Ben-Eliezer | Labor Party |  |
| Minister of Immigrant Absorption | Yair Tzaban | Meretz (Mapam) |  |
| Minister of Industry and Trade | Michael Harish | Labor Party |  |
| Minister of Internal Affairs | Aryeh Deri (until 11 May 1993) | Shas |  |
| | Aryeh Deri (7 June - 14 September 1993) | Shas |  |
| | Yitzhak Rabin (14 September 1993 - 27 February 1995) | Labor Party |  |
| | Uzi Baram (27 February - 7 June 1995) | Labor Party |  |
| | David Libai (19 June - 18 July 1995) | Labor Party |  |
| | Ehud Barak (from 18 July 1995) | Not an MK (Labor Party) |  |
| Minister of Jerusalem Affairs | Yitzhak Rabin (until 31 December 1992) | Labor Party |  |
| Minister of Justice | David Libai | Labor Party |  |
| Minister of Labour and Social Welfare | Yitzhak Rabin (until 31 December 1992) | Labor Party |  |
| | Ora Namir (from 31 December 1992) | Labor Party |  |
| Minister of Police | Moshe Shahal | Labor Party |  |
| Minister of Religious Affairs | Yitzhak Rabin (until 27 January 1995) | Labor Party |  |
| | Shimon Shetreet (from 27 January 1995) | Labor Party |  |
| Minister of Science and Technology | Amnon Rubinstein (until 31 December 1992) | Meretz (Shinui) |  |
| | Shimon Shetreet (31 December 1992 - 7 June 1993) | Labor Party |  |
| | Shulamit Aloni (from 7 June 1993) | Meretz (Ratz) |  |
| Minister of Tourism | Uzi Baram | Labor Party |  |
| Minister of Transportation | Yisrael Kessar | Labor Party |  |
| Minister without Portfolio | Shulamit Aloni (11 May - 7 June 1993) | Meretz (Ratz) |  |
| | Aryeh Deri (11 May - 7 June 1993) | Shas |  |
| Deputy Minister in the Prime Minister's Office | Eli Ben-Menachem (until 8 April 1993) | Labor Party |  |
| Deputy Minister of Agriculture | Walid Haj Yahia | Meretz (Mapam) |  |
| Deputy Minister of Defense | Mordechai Gur (until 16 July 1995)2 | Labor Party |  |
| Deputy Minister of Education and Culture | Moshe Maya (until 12 September 1993) | Shas |  |
| | Micha Goldman | Labor Party |  |
| Deputy Minister of Finance | Rafael Pinhasi (until 31 December 1992) | Shas |  |
| Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs | Yossi Beilin (until 17 July 1995) | Labor Party |  |
| | Eli Dayan (from 24 July 1995) | Labor Party |  |
| Deputy Minister of Health | Nawaf Massalha | Labor Party |  |
| Deputy Minister of Housing and Construction | Aryeh Gamliel (until 9 September 1993) | Shas |  |
| | Ran Cohen (until 31 December 1992) | Meretz (Ratz) |  |
| | Eli Ben-Menachem (from 8 April 1993) | Labor Party |  |
| | Alex Goldfarb (from 2 January 1995) | Yiud |  |
| Deputy Minister of Industry and Trade | Masha Lubelsky | Labor Party |  |
| Deputy Minister of Religious Affairs | Rafael Pinhasi (31 December 1992 - 14 September 1993) | Shas |  |

1 When Rubinstein was appointed to the post in 1994, it was renamed the Minister of Education, Culture and Sport.

2 Died in office.

## InfoBox

| Second Rabin Cabinet | |
| --- | --- |
|
25th Cabinet of Israel | |
|  | |
| Date formed | 13 July 1992 (1992-07-13) |
| Date dissolved | 22 November 1995 (1995-11-22) |
| People and organisations | |
| Head of state | Chaim Herzog (until 13 May 1993)
Ezer Weizman (after 13 May 1993) |
| Head of government | Yitzhak Rabin (until 4 November 1995)
Shimon Peres (interim after 4 November 1995) |
| Member parties | Labor
Meretz
Yiud (Since 1995)
Shas (Until 1993) |
| Status in legislature | Centre-left coalition |
| Opposition party | Likud |
| Opposition leader | Yitzhak Shamir (until 1993)
Benjamin Netanyahu (since 1993) |
| History | |
| Election | 1992 Israeli legislative election |
| Legislature term | 13th Knesset |
| Predecessor | 24th cabinet of Israel |
| Successor | 26th cabinet of Israel |


abstract: The Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution Act, 1967, amended the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution so as to include Sindhi as one of the languages, thereby raising the total number of languages listed in the schedule to fifteen. The Eighth Schedule lists languages that the Government of India has the responsibility to develop. The Eighth Schedule to the Constitution originally included 14 languages. The 71st Amendment, enacted in 1992, included three more languages, i.e. Konkani, Meitei (Manipuri) and Nepali. The 92nd Amendment, added Bodo, Dogri, Santhali and Maithali in 2003, raising the total number of languages to 22.

text:
# Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India

The **Twenty-first Amendment** of the Constitution of India, officially known as **The Constitution (Twenty-first Amendment) Act, 1967**, amended the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution so as to include Sindhi as one of the languages, thereby raising the total number of languages listed in the schedule to fifteen. The Eighth Schedule lists languages that the Government of India has the responsibility to develop.

The Eighth Schedule to the Constitution originally included 14 languages. The 71st Amendment, enacted in 1992, included three more languages, i.e. Konkani, Meitei (Manipuri) and Nepali. The 92nd Amendment, added Bodo, Dogri, Santhali and Maithali in 2003, raising the total number of languages to 22.

## Text

> BE it enacted by Parliament in the Eighteenth Year of the Republic of India as follows:—
>
> **1. *Short title*** This Act may be called the Constitution (Twenty-first Amendment) Act, 1967.
>
> **2. *Amendment of Eighth Schedule*** In the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution—
>
> (a) entries 12 to 14, shall be re-numbered as entries 13 to 15 respectively, and (b) before entry "13" as so re-numbered, the entry "12. Sindhi". shall be inserted.

## Proposal and enactment

The *Constitution (Twenty-first Amendment) Bill, 1967* (Bill No. 1 of 1967) was introduced in the Rajya Sabha on 20 March 1967. It was introduced by Yashwantrao Chavan, then Minister of Home Affairs, and sought to amend the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution to include Sindhi as one of the languages listed in the schedule. The full text of the Statement of Objects and Reasons appended to the bill is given below:

> There have been persistent demands from the Sindhi-speaking people for the inclusion of the Sindhi language in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution. Although at present Sindhi is not a regional language in a well-defined area, it used to be the language of a province of the undivided India and, but for partition, would have continued to be so. The Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities has also recommended the inclusion of Sindhi in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution. On 4th November, 1966, it was announced that Government had decided to include the Sindhi language in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution. The Bill seeks to give effect to this decision.
>
> Y.B. Chavan, "The Constitution (Twenty-second Amendment) Bill, 1966".

The Bill was considered by the Rajya Sabha on 4 April 1967 and passed in the original form on the same day. The Bill, as passed by the Rajya Sabha, was considered and passed by the Lok Sabha on 7 April 1967. The bill received assent from then President Zakir Husain on 10 April 1967. It was notified in *The Gazette of India* and came into force on the same date.

## InfoBox

| The Constitution (Twenty-first Amendment) Act, 1967 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Parliament of India | |
| **Long title** * An Act further to amend the Constitution of India. | |
| Citation | 21st Amendment |
| Territorial extent | India |
| Passed by | Rajya Sabha |
| Passed | 4 April 1967 |
| Passed by | Lok Sabha |
| Passed | 7 April 1967 |
| Assented to | 10 April 1967 |
| Commenced | 10 April 1967 |
| Legislative history | |
| First chamber: Rajya Sabha | |
| Bill title | Constitution (Twenty-first Amendment) Bill, 1967 |
| Introduced by | Yashwantrao Chavan |
| Introduced | 20 March 1967 |
| Related legislation | |
| 71st and 92nd Amendments | |
| Summary | |
| Included Sindhi as an official language by amending the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution | |
| **Status:** In force | |


title: Turquoise-throated puffleg

abstract: The turquoise-throated puffleg, also known as Godin's puffleg, is a species of hummingbird from Ecuador. It is mostly green with blue undertail coverts and white powder-puffs of downy feathers on the legs, and the male has a bluish-purple throat patch. It is only known from a few specimens taken in the nineteenth century and its taxonomic position is unclear. The type of habitat in which the type species was obtained has largely disappeared, and recent surveys trying to find this bird have failed. The International Union for Conservation of Nature believes it may be extinct, but there is a possibility that some individuals remain, so the bird has been rated as "critically endangered".

text:
# Turquoise-throated puffleg

The **turquoise-throated puffleg** (***Eriocnemis godini***), also known as **Godin's puffleg**, is a species of hummingbird from Ecuador. It is mostly green with blue undertail coverts and white powder-puffs of downy feathers on the legs, and the male has a bluish-purple throat patch. It is only known from a few specimens taken in the nineteenth century and its taxonomic position is unclear. The type of habitat in which the type species was obtained has largely disappeared, and recent surveys trying to find this bird have failed. The International Union for Conservation of Nature believes it may be extinct, but there is a possibility that some individuals remain, so the bird has been rated as "critically endangered".

## Description

Based on the few known specimens, it has a total length of 10-11 centimetres. The plumage of the male is predominantly green with a turquoise tinted throat. Both sexes have violet blue untertail-coverts and a straight black bill. The upperparts and the main part of the underparts are shimmering golden green in the males. Rump and uppertail-coverts are bluish green. The throat is pale violet blue and the forked tail is bluish black. The female lacks the throat patches, its plumage is less light and the belly more golden. Like all pufflegs it has striking leg-puffs of dense white downy feather tufts.

## Taxonomical debate

The turquoise-throated puffleg is a subject of a taxonomical debate, at least partially due to its status and the few known specimens. Graves (1996) assumed it could be a hybrid between *E. vestita* and an undetermined *Eriocnemis* species, while Ridgely (2001) suggested to see it as subspecies of the *E. vestita*.

## Distribution and status

This hummingbird is only known by six specimens which were collected in the 19th century. Only the type specimen from 1850 has a known locality, it being from the Chillo valley, Guayllabamba plains, Ecuador, at an altitude between 2,100 and 2,300 m asl. Two skins are simply labelled "Bogotá" - a common practice in the 19th century and not necessarily directly related to the actual locality where they were taken. It has been suggested that these two "Bogotá" specimens originated from Pasto in Nariño, Colombia.

Virtually all presumed habitat at the type locality has been destroyed. Only a few remnants are left in the steep-sided stream-cuts in the arid upper Guaillabamba drainage.

After an unconfirmed sighting in 1976, there was a survey in 1980, but this was unsuccessful.

1. BirdLife International (2020). "*Eriocnemis godini*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2020**: e.T22687922A182244989. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22687922A182244989.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
2. "Appendices | CITES". *cites.org*. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
3. SACC Classification of Birds Archived 2013-04-10 at the Wayback Machine
4. Graves, G.R. 1996. Diagnoses of hybrid hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae). 2. Hybrid origin of Eriocnemis soderstromi Butler. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 109:764-769.
5. RIDGELY, R. S. 2001. Journal für Ornithologie 142, 2001. Fig. 2. Distribution of Eriocnemis vestitus and E. nigrivestis, based on examined skins and literature data

## InfoBox

| Turquoise-throated puffleg | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Critically endangered, possibly extinct  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| CITES Appendix II (CITES) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| *Clade*: | Strisores |
| Order: | Apodiformes |
| Family: | Trochilidae |
| Genus: | *Eriocnemis* |
| Species: | ***E. godini*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eriocnemis godini***
(Bourcier, 1851) | |
|
|  | |


title: Turquino collared sphaero

abstract: The Turquino collared sphaero is a species of lizard in the family Sphaerodactylidae. The species is endemic to Cuba.

text:
# Turquino collared sphaero

The **Turquino collared sphaero** (***Sphaerodactylus cricoderus***) is a species of lizard in the family Sphaerodactylidae. The species is endemic to Cuba.

## InfoBox

| Turquino collared sphaero | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Sphaerodactylidae |
| Genus: | *Sphaerodactylus* |
| Species: | ***S. cricoderus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sphaerodactylus cricoderus***
Thomas, Hedges & Garrido, 1992 | |
|


title: Twist compression tester

abstract: The Twist Compression Tester ("TCT") is a hydraulically operated bench-top apparatus used to evaluate the level of friction and/or wear between two materials under lubricated or non-lubricated conditions. Under controlled conditions, a rotating annular specimen is brought into contact with a non-rotating flat specimen. Specimens can be prepared from die materials, sheet or plate materials, metals or plastics. The applied normal force and the torque are measured, and the coefficient of friction is calculated. Although the twist-compression test does not simulate an actual process, it has been demonstrated to correlate well with processes where boundary lubrication predominates and lubricant depletion occurs. The Twist Compression Tester is an invaluable diagnostic tool for: evaluating lubricants, materials and coatings; screening products for production; understanding the effect of additives in a lubricant; and many other value-added testing scenarios. The Twist Compression Tester was developed by Professor John Schey formerly of the University of Waterloo, and is manufactured, according to his design, under exclusive license by the Industrial Research + Development Institute. Tribsys is also manufacturing a twist compression machine and other approaches have been used with the Falex MCTT MultiContactTriboTester in thrust-washer configurations.

text:
# Twist compression tester

The **Twist Compression Tester** ("TCT") is a hydraulically operated bench-top apparatus used to evaluate the level of friction and/or wear between two materials under lubricated or non-lubricated conditions.

Under controlled conditions, a rotating annular specimen is brought into contact with a non-rotating flat specimen. Specimens can be prepared from die materials, sheet or plate materials, metals or plastics.

The applied normal force and the torque are measured, and the coefficient of friction is calculated.

Although the twist-compression test does not simulate an actual process, it has been demonstrated to correlate well with processes where boundary lubrication predominates and lubricant depletion occurs.

The Twist Compression Tester is an invaluable diagnostic tool for: evaluating lubricants, materials and coatings; screening products for production; understanding the effect of additives in a lubricant; and many other value-added testing scenarios.

The Twist Compression Tester was developed by Professor John Schey formerly of the University of Waterloo, and is manufactured, according to his design, under exclusive license by the Industrial Research + Development Institute (Midland, Ontario, Canada). Tribsys is also manufacturing a twist compression machine and other approaches have been used with the Falex MCTT MultiContactTriboTester in thrust-washer configurations.

1. Investigation of galling in forming galvanized advanced high strength steels (AHSSs) using the twist compression test (TCT) - ScienceDirect


title: Twist bread

abstract: Twist bread, Stockbrot, snobrød, or campfire bread is a type of bread in which the dough has been rolled into a long sausage shape, twisted over the end of a stick, and baked over an open fire. The dough is an ordinary bread dough, usually with yeast as a leavening agent but baking powder may also be used. The ideal stick is fairly straight and made of non-poisonous hardwood that will not impart a disagreeable taste; good choices include branches of birch, hazel or willow trees. The bark should be whittled away from the branch 15–20 cm in from the end, where the dough will be wrapped. The length depends on one's comfort and the fire's size. The thickness of the bread-holding end is around 1.5–2 cm. The thicker the stick, the heavier it is and thus the harder it is to hold. However, a branch that is too thin will bend under its own weight if it is freshly cut. The bonfire should be gradually burned so far down that there are only glowing pieces of wood left, with almost no flames. The most suitable types of firewood are from hardwood trees similar to beech and oak, but other hardwoods can be used, except for poplar and aspen, which create a sour smoke. Conifers, especially fir, are unsuitable because they do not create many glowing embers, and moreover pop and spark so that cooking over such a fire can become an unpleasant and messy affair. The fire must burn down a little, so that there are not many flames, and the embers can be spread out a little so that there is enough room for the twist breads. When the fire is ready, the dough is rolled out into a long sausage, just thick enough that the stick can bear the weight of the dough. The dough is twisted around the peeled end of the stick, starting from the outside. The ends are smushed closed so that the dough will not unravel. The dough is then baked over coals, not flames. The baker must keep a good distance of about 15–30 cm and turn the stick regularly so that the bread is baked evenly. Tired arms may result in the bread dipping down into the fire pit, so a log or the like can be used to keep the branch upright. When the bread sounds hollow over its whole body when tapped gently with a knife, it is done and can be gently pulled off the stick when it has cooled down enough. It can be eaten by itself or with butter, marmalade, cheese, and the like. If the dimensions of the stick are similar to a hot dog, one can squirt ketchup, mustard and other toppings into the hole of the twist bread and stick a boiled or roasted sausage inside. In this case it is most practical to be careful in the positioning of the dough, so that there are no cracks.

text:
# Twist bread

**Twist bread**, **Stockbrot**, **snobrød,** or **campfire bread** is a type of bread in which the dough has been rolled into a long sausage shape, twisted over the end of a stick, and baked over an open fire.

The dough is an ordinary bread dough, usually with yeast as a leavening agent but baking powder may also be used.

The ideal stick is fairly straight and made of non-poisonous hardwood that will not impart a disagreeable taste; good choices include branches of birch, hazel or willow trees. The bark should be whittled away from the branch 15–20 cm in from the end, where the dough will be wrapped. The length depends on one's comfort and the fire's size. The thickness of the bread-holding end is around 1.5–2 cm. The thicker the stick, the heavier it is and thus the harder it is to hold. However, a branch that is too thin will bend under its own weight if it is freshly cut.

The bonfire should be gradually burned so far down that there are only glowing pieces of wood left, with almost no flames. The most suitable types of firewood are from hardwood trees similar to beech and oak, but other hardwoods can be used, except for poplar and aspen, which create a sour smoke. Conifers, especially fir, are unsuitable because they do not create many glowing embers, and moreover pop and spark so that cooking over such a fire can become an unpleasant and messy affair. The fire must burn down a little, so that there are not many flames, and the embers can be spread out a little so that there is enough room for the twist breads.

When the fire is ready, the dough is rolled out into a long sausage, just thick enough that the stick can bear the weight of the dough. The dough is twisted around the peeled end of the stick, starting from the outside. The ends are smushed closed so that the dough will not unravel.

The dough is then baked over coals, not flames. The baker must keep a good distance of about 15–30 cm and turn the stick regularly so that the bread is baked evenly. Tired arms may result in the bread dipping down into the fire pit, so a log or the like can be used to keep the branch upright.

When the bread sounds hollow over its whole body when tapped gently with a knife, it is done and can be gently pulled off the stick when it has cooled down enough. It can be eaten by itself or with butter, marmalade, cheese, and the like. If the dimensions of the stick are similar to a hot dog, one can squirt ketchup, mustard and other toppings into the hole of the twist bread and stick a boiled or roasted sausage inside. In this case it is most practical to be careful in the positioning of the dough, so that there are no cracks.

## Traditions

Twist bread is often made and eaten to celebrate Sankt Hans Aften, also known as Midsummer's Eve. Sankt Hans Aften originally celebrated the summer solstice, but was later associated with the Christian feast day of St. John the Baptist. Now the holiday is more widely regarded as a time to gather with friends and family and celebrate a feeling of togetherness by lighting bonfires, drinking, and cooking food such as twist bread.

## InfoBox

Twist bread
| Baking twist bread over an open fire | |
| --- | --- |
| Alternative names | Stick bread, campfire bread |
| Type | Bread |
| Main ingredients | Dough with leavening agent (usually yeast) |
|  | |


title: Twinkle (comics)

abstract: Twinkle, "the picture paper specially for little girls," was a popular British comics magazine, published by D. C. Thomson & Co. Ltd from 27 January 1968 to 1999. It was aimed at young girls and came out weekly, supplemented each year with a Summer Special and a hardcover Annual. The comics were introduced by Twinkle herself and featured comic strips, dress-up dolls, a Twinkle Club letters page, and, often, puzzles. Among the most popular comic strips were Nurse Nancy, Jenny Wren, Witch Winkle, Polly's Magic Paintbox, Goldilocks and Her Three Bears, My Baby Brother, The Three Pennys, Patsy Panda, Patty Pickle, Sally Sweet, Molly and her Dollies, and Dandy Lion. Twinkle was given a makeover in the late 1970s and again in the late 1980s, but essentially the character of Twinkle, the comic strips and the essence of the comic remained the same throughout its life. On 19 March 2012, the Royal Mail launched a special stamp collection to celebrate Britain's rich comic book history. The collection featured The Beano, The Dandy, Eagle, The Topper, Roy of the Rovers, Bunty, Buster, Valiant, Twinkle and 2000 AD.

text:
# Twinkle (comics)

***Twinkle***, "the picture paper specially for little girls," was a popular British comics magazine, published by D. C. Thomson & Co. Ltd from 27 January 1968 to 1999 (1,612 issues). It was aimed at young girls and came out weekly, supplemented each year with a Summer Special and a hardcover Annual (the first annual was dated 1970).

The comics were introduced by Twinkle herself and featured comic strips, dress-up dolls, a Twinkle Club letters page, and, often, puzzles. Among the most popular comic strips were *Nurse Nancy* (illustrated by Sabine Price), *Jenny Wren*, *Witch Winkle*, *Polly's Magic Paintbox*, *Goldilocks and Her Three Bears*, *My Baby Brother*, *The Three Pennys*, *Patsy Panda*, *Patty Pickle*, *Sally Sweet*, *Molly and her Dollies*, and *Dandy Lion*.

*Twinkle* was given a makeover in the late 1970s and again in the late 1980s, but essentially the character of Twinkle, the comic strips and the essence of the comic remained the same throughout its life.

On 19 March 2012, the *Royal Mail* launched a special stamp collection to celebrate Britain's rich comic book history. The collection featured *The Beano*, *The Dandy*, *Eagle*, *The Topper*, *Roy of the Rovers*, *Bunty*, *Buster*, *Valiant*, *Twinkle* and *2000 AD*.

## List of strips

* *Caroline and her Magic Car* \- Caroline has a magic car that will take her anywhere.
* *Dandy Lion*
* *Goldilocks and her Three Bears*
* *Goody Gumdrops* \- Goody lives in Sweetie Town, where everyone is named after sweets.
* *Jean Genie* \- every time Gemma slaps the back pocket of her jeans a genie appears to grant her wish. The story is probably named after the song by David Bowie.
* *Jenny Wren* \- Jenny is a little girl who likes to dress up and make herself look pretty.
* *Jilly of Jingle Bell School*
* *Molly and her Dollies*
* *My Baby Brother* \- The adventures of a young girl and her baby brother.
* *Nurse Nancy* \- Nancy and her grandad have a toy hospital.
* *Patsy Panda*
* *Patty Pickle* \- similar to Silly Milly.
* *Polly's Magic Paintbox* \- Whatever Polly paints comes to life because of her magic paints.
* *Sally Sweet*
* *Silly Milly* \- She tries to do things right but always lands in a muddle.
* *The Three Pennys* \- The adventures of 3 girls, all named Penny.
* *Witch Winkle* \- Wendy Wilson has a very unusual friend - a witch called Winkle.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| *Twinkle* | |
| --- | --- |
| *Twinkle*, no. 399, 13 September 1975. | |
| Publication information | |
| Publisher | DC Thomson |
| Schedule | Weekly |
| Format | Ongoing series |
| Publication date | 27 January 1968 – 1999 |
| No. of issues | 1,612 |
| Main character(s) | Twinkle |


title: Twinkle, Twinkle Lucky Star

abstract: "Twinkle, Twinkle Lucky Star" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Merle Haggard backed by The Strangers. It was released in November 1987 as the first single from the album Chill Factor. The song was the last of Haggard's thirty-four number one singles as a solo artist. The single went to number one for one week and spent fifteen weeks on the country chart. Haggard wrote the song with Freddy Powers.

text:
# Twinkle, Twinkle Lucky Star

"**Twinkle, Twinkle Lucky Star**" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Merle Haggard backed by The Strangers. It was released in November 1987 as the first single from the album *Chill Factor*. The song was the last of Haggard's thirty-four number one singles as a solo artist. The single went to number one for one week and spent fifteen weeks on the country chart. Haggard wrote the song with Freddy Powers.

## Charts

### Weekly charts

| Chart (1987–1988) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 1 |
| Canadian *RPM* Country Tracks | 1 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (1988) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 42 |

## InfoBox

| "Twinkle, Twinkle Lucky Star" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Merle Haggard | |
| from the album  *Chill Factor* | |
| B-side | "I Don't Have Any Love Around" |
| Released | November 21, 1987 |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 3:22 |
| Label | Epic |
| Songwriter(s) | Merle Haggard, Freddy Powers |
| Producer(s) | Merle Haggard
Ken Suesov |
| Merle Haggard singles chronology | |
| "Almost Persuaded"
(1987) "**Twinkle, Twinkle Lucky Star**"
(1987) "Chill Factor"
(1988) | |


title: Tyloderma aquaticum

abstract: Tyloderma aquaticum is a species of hidden snout weevil in the beetle family Curculionidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Tyloderma aquaticum

***Tyloderma aquaticum*** is a species of hidden snout weevil in the beetle family Curculionidae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 7: Curculionoidea I*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-26093-1.
* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 8: Curculionoidea II*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-25916-4.

## InfoBox

| *Tyloderma aquaticum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Curculionidae |
| Genus: | *Tyloderma* |
| Species: | ***T. aquaticum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tyloderma aquaticum***<br>Wibmer, 1981 | |
|


title: Tylochromis aristoma

abstract: Tylochromis aristoma is a species of fish belonging to the Cichlidae family. The species is restricted to the Ruki River drainage in the middle of the Congo Basin in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The fish maximum length is 19.3 cm (7.6 in) long (SL).

text:
# Tylochromis aristoma

***Tylochromis aristoma*** is a species of fish belonging to the Cichlidae family. The species is restricted to the Ruki River drainage in the middle of the Congo Basin in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The fish maximum length is 19.3 cm (7.6 in) long (SL).

## InfoBox

| *Tylochromis aristoma* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cichliformes |
| Family: | Cichlidae |
| Genus: | *Tylochromis* |
| Species: | ***T. aristoma*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tylochromis aristoma***
Stiassny, 1989 | |
|


title: Vũ Ngọc Thịnh

abstract: Vũ Ngọc Thịnh is a Vietnamese footballer who plays as a centre-back for V.League 1 side Hải Phòng.

text:
# Vũ Ngọc Thịnh

**Vũ Ngọc Thịnh** (born 8 July 1992) is a Vietnamese footballer who plays as a centre-back for V.League 1 side Hải Phòng.

## Honours

### International

**Vietnam U23**

**Third place :** Southeast Asian Games: 2015

## InfoBox

Vũ Ngọc Thịnh
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Vũ Ngọc Thịnh | | |
| Date of birth | (1992-07-08) July 8, 1992 | | |
| Place of birth | Hải Phòng, Vietnam | | |
| Height | 1.81 m (5 ft 11 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Centre-back | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2003–2010 | Hải Phòng | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2011–2018 | Hải Phòng | 56 | (0) |
| 2012 | Hồ Chí Minh City (loan) | 17 | (0) |
| 2013 | Bình Định (loan) | 20 | (0) |
| 2018–2020 | Hồ Chí Minh City | 14 | (1) |
| 2021 | SHB Đà Nẵng | 1 | (0) |
| 2022 | Hải Phòng | 2 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2015–2016 | Vietnam U23 | 2 | (0) |
| 2016–2017 | Vietnam | 6 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


abstract: William of Saint Omer was a Crusader noble. He was the second oldest son of Walter of Saint Omer and Eschiva of Bures. After the death of his father in 1174, Eschiva remarried to Raymond III, Count of Tripoli, who thus succeeded Walter as Prince of Galilee. In 1187, the Battle of Hattin signalled the end of the Principality of Galilee, which was occupied by Saladin, and Raymond of Tripoli was killed soon after; William's older brother Hugh II of Saint Omer became titular Prince of Galilee. He supported Guy of Lusignan over Conrad of Montferrat for the Kingdom of Jerusalem and joined Guy in besieging Acre in April 1189. At the time of Hugh's death in 1204, William had already died, and the title passed to their younger brother Raoul of Saint Omer and his line. William was married to Marie, daughter of Renier, constable of Tripoli, widow of Baldwin of Ibelin. The couple had a daughter, Eschiva, who married Hugh Sans-Avoir, Lord of Le Puy.

text:
# William of Saint-Omer (son of Walter of Tiberias)

**William of Saint Omer** (died before 1204) was a Crusader noble.

He was the second oldest son of Walter of Saint Omer and Eschiva of Bures. After the death of his father in 1174, Eschiva remarried to Raymond III, Count of Tripoli, who thus succeeded Walter as Prince of Galilee. In 1187, the Battle of Hattin signalled the end of the Principality of Galilee, which was occupied by Saladin, and Raymond of Tripoli was killed soon after; William's older brother Hugh II of Saint Omer became titular Prince of Galilee. He supported Guy of Lusignan over Conrad of Montferrat for the Kingdom of Jerusalem and joined Guy in besieging Acre in April 1189. At the time of Hugh's death in 1204, William had already died, and the title passed to their younger brother Raoul of Saint Omer and his line.

William was married to Marie, daughter of Renier, constable of Tripoli, widow of Baldwin of Ibelin. The couple had a daughter, Eschiva, who married Hugh Sans-Avoir, Lord of Le Puy.

## Sources

* Riley-Smith, Jonathan. *The Feudal Nobility and the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 11741277*. Archon Books, 1973.


title: These Dangerous Years

abstract: These Dangerous Years is a 1957 British drama musical film directed by Herbert Wilcox and starring George Baker, Frankie Vaughan, Carole Lesley, Thora Hird, Kenneth Cope, David Lodge and John Le Mesurier. It was written by Jack Trevor Story,

text:
# These Dangerous Years

***These Dangerous Years*** (also known as ***Dangerous Youth***) is a 1957 British drama musical film directed by Herbert Wilcox and starring George Baker, Frankie Vaughan, Carole Lesley, Thora Hird, Kenneth Cope, David Lodge and John Le Mesurier. It was written by Jack Trevor Story,

## Plot

Tough gang leader and wannabe rock star Dave Wyman, from the slums of Liverpool, gets called up for National Service. He undergoes basic training, finds the discipline surprisingly suits him, and emerges stronger. When his best friend from training is killed by the camp bully, Dave takes revenge, and eventually ends up marrying his singing partner.

## Cast

## Production

It was the first solo producing effort from Anna Neagle. The film was known as *The Cast Iron Shore* and was to be the first of three films Neagle made with Diana Dors. However Dors was in Hollywood and declined to return to make the film .

The army sequences were filmed in the Inglis Barracks, Mill Hill, London NW7.

George Baker later said it "wasn’t a good film. Herbert was trying to break away, you see. They'd all gone for Frankie Vaughan and this was a Liverpool film with a message about how tough it is in the Dingle. It wasn’t attractive to a lot of people because it wasn’t well enough made. The script was by Jack Trevor Story and he and Herbert had no meeting-ground whatever."

## Reception

### Critical

*The Monthly Film Bulletin* wrote: "*These Dangerous Years* opens with promise; the Liverpool backgrounds are freshly observed, and the pace is brisk. What follows – the hero's entry into the army and the subsequent melodrama – is less appealing. The flat script invokes every old joke about Army life; and the outcome of the mawkish drama is always obvious. Frankie Vaughan, a popular singing star, makes a vigorous if not particularly likeable screen debut. Eddie Byrne's lively performance is the only bright spot in a dull supporting cast."

*Kine Weekly* wrote: "The picture borrows the best ideas, gags and situations from time honoured mixed-up kid melodrama and evergreen squarebashing comedy and vigorously shakes them against authentic backgrounds. Frankie Vaughan, lucky to escape an army crop, acts naturally, displays a strong sense of humour and sings pleasantly as Dave, Carole Lesley is a charming and talented Dinah and George Baker succeeds, despite the handicap of a few mushy lines, in doing a grand job as the padre. The supporting types are no less effective. Its dance hall sequences are gay and both the serious and comic sides of army life are adequately portrayed. The film's alchemy may not be subtle, but it's definitely box-office."

### Box office

According to *Kinematograph Weekly* the film was "in the money" at the British box office in 1957.

## InfoBox

| These Dangerous Years | |
| --- | --- |
| British quad poster | |
| Directed by | Herbert Wilcox |
| Written by | Jack Trevor Story |
| Produced by | Anna Neagle |
| Starring | George Baker
Frankie Vaughan
Carole Lesley
Thora Hird
Kenneth Cope
David Lodge
John Le Mesurier |
| Cinematography | Gordon Dines |
| Edited by | Basil Warren |
| Music by | Stanley Black |
| Color process | Black and white |
| Production
company | Everest Pictures Ltd. |
| Distributed by | Associated British-Pathé |
| Release dates | * 3 July 1957 (1957-07-03) (London)  * July 8, 1958 (1958-07-08) (USA) |
| Running time | 99 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: Mendon, Vermont

abstract: Mendon is a town in Rutland County, Vermont, United States. The population was 1,149 at the 2020 census.

text:
# Mendon, Vermont

**Mendon** is a town in Rutland County, Vermont, United States. The population was 1,149 at the 2020 census.

## History

In February 1781, the town chartered under the name "Medway." The town name changed "Parkerstown" after it annexed a tract of land in November 1804. Finally, the town was renamed to "Mendon" in November 1828.

Mendon was one of thirteen Vermont towns isolated by flooding caused by Hurricane Irene in 2011.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 38.1 square miles (99 km2), of which 0.03% is water.

Aitken State Forest is located in Mendon. The state land covers 918 acres (3.72 km2) and includes a hiking trail up Bald Mountain (2,090 ft), hunting, primitive camping, cross-country skiing and snowmobiling. The Appalachian Trail/Long Trail crosses the southeast corner of the town, passing near the summit of Killington Peak.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1790 | 34 |  |  |
| 1800 | 39 |  | 14.7% |
| 1810 | 111 |  | 184.6% |
| 1820 | 174 |  | 56.8% |
| 1830 | 432 |  | 148.3% |
| 1840 | 545 |  | 26.2% |
| 1850 | 504 |  | −7.5% |
| 1860 | 633 |  | 25.6% |
| 1870 | 612 |  | −3.3% |
| 1880 | 629 |  | 2.8% |
| 1890 | 570 |  | −9.4% |
| 1900 | 392 |  | −31.2% |
| 1910 | 321 |  | −18.1% |
| 1920 | 264 |  | −17.8% |
| 1930 | 251 |  | −4.9% |
| 1940 | 313 |  | 24.7% |
| 1950 | 334 |  | 6.7% |
| 1960 | 461 |  | 38.0% |
| 1970 | 743 |  | 61.2% |
| 1980 | 1,056 |  | 42.1% |
| 1990 | 1,049 |  | −0.7% |
| 2000 | 1,028 |  | −2.0% |
| 2010 | 1,059 |  | 3.0% |
| 2020 | 1,149 |  | 8.5% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,028 people, 410 households, and 296 families residing in the town. The population density was 27.0 people per square mile (10.4 people/km2). There were 616 housing units at an average density of 16.2 units per square mile (6.3 units/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.25% White, 0.78% Asian, and 0.97% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.19% of the population.

There were 410 households, out of which 31.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.2% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.6% were non-families. 19.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.83.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 23.2% under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 28.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 111.0 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $53,125, and the median income for a family was $61,250. Males had a median income of $39,375 versus $30,592 for females. The per capita income for the town was $26,206. About 2.3% of families and 4.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.6% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

## Notable people

Media related to Mendon, Vermont at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Mendon, Vermont | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
|  | |
| Mendon, Vermont | |
| Coordinates: 43°39′0″N 72°53′41″W / 43.65000°N 72.89472°W / 43.65000; -72.89472 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Vermont |
| County | Rutland |
| Area | |
| Total | 38.1 sq mi (98.7 km2) |
| Land | 38.1 sq mi (98.6 km2) |
| Water | 0.0 sq mi (0.0 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,873 ft (571 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 1,149 |
| Density | 30/sq mi (12/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 05701 |
| Area code | 802 |
| FIPS code | 50-44125 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1462145 |
| Website | mendonvt.gov |


title: Wilitty Younoussa

abstract: Wilitty Younoussa is a Cameroonian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for French Ligue 2 club Rodez.

text:
# Wilitty Younoussa

**Wilitty Younoussa** (born 9 September 2001) is a Cameroonian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for French  Ligue 2 club Rodez.

## Club career

On 13 March 2020, Younoussa signed his first professional contract with Dijon FCO. Younoussa made his professional debut with Dijon in a 2–0 Ligue 1 loss to Brest on 13 September 2020.

On 23 August 2022, Younoussa signed a two-year contract with Rodez.

## International career

Younoussa represented the Cameroon U17s at the 2017 Africa U-17 Cup of Nations.

## InfoBox

Wilitty Younoussa
| Younoussa in 2021 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (2001-09-09) 9 September 2001 | | |
| Place of birth | Tcholliré, Cameroon | | |
| Height | 1.74 m (5 ft 9 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Rodez | | |
| Number | 7 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2009–2020 | Tcholliré | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2020–2022 | Dijon | 23 | (0) |
| 2022– | Rodez | 62 | (4) |
| International career | | | |
| 2017 | Cameroon U17 | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 16 June 2024 | | | |


title: Starksia williamsi

abstract: Starksia williamsi, the Williams's blenny is a species of labrisomid blenny known only from the Saba Bank in the Netherlands Antilles where it occurs at depths of from 15 to 28 m. It was previously known as Starksia lepicoelia, and is also closely related to Starksia weigti and Starksia robertsoni. It was named after Jeffrey T. Williams, a scientist from Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History known for his work on Starksia. This species can reach a length of 2.1 cm (0.83 in). The specific name honours the ichthyologist Jeffrey T. Williams of the National Museum of Natural History who has worked extensively on the blenniiform fishes.

text:
# Starksia williamsi

***Starksia williamsi***, the **Williams's blenny** is a species of labrisomid blenny known only from the Saba Bank in the Netherlands Antilles where it occurs at depths of from 15 to 28 m (49 to 92 ft). It was previously known as *Starksia lepicoelia*, and is also closely related to *Starksia weigti* and *Starksia robertsoni*. It was named after Jeffrey T. Williams, a scientist from Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History known for his work on *Starksia*. This species can reach a length of 2.1 cm (0.83 in). The specific name honours the ichthyologist Jeffrey T. Williams of the National Museum of Natural History who has worked extensively on the blenniiform fishes.

## InfoBox

| *Starksia williamsi* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Male | |
|  | |
| Female | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Blenniiformes |
| Family: | Labrisomidae |
| Genus: | *Starksia* |
| Species: | ***S. williamsi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Starksia williamsi***
C. C. Baldwin & Castillo, 2011 | |
|
|  | |


title: The Philosophical Corps

abstract: The Philosophical Corps is science fiction novel by American writer Everett B. Cole. It was published in 1962 by Gnome Press in an edition of 4,000 copies. The novel is a fix-up of stories that originally appeared in the magazine Astounding SF.

text:
# The Philosophical Corps

***The Philosophical Corps*** is science fiction novel by American writer Everett B. Cole. It was published in 1962 by Gnome Press in an edition of 4,000 copies. The novel is a fix-up of stories that originally appeared in the magazine *Astounding SF*.

## Plot summary

The novel concerns the adventures of the philosopher Commander A-Riman who attempts to re-educate aliens from whom he brooks no nonsense.

## Contents

* "Fighting Philosopher"
* "Philosophical Corps"
* "The Players"

## Sources

* Chalker, Jack L.; Mark Owings (1998). *The Science-Fantasy Publishers: A Bibliographic History, 1923-1998*. Westminster, MD and Baltimore: Mirage Press, Ltd. p. 309.
* Clute, John; Peter Nicholls (1995). *The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction*. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. p. 242. ISBN 0-312-13486-X.
* Contento, William G. "Index to Science Fiction Anthologies and Collections". Retrieved 2008-03-05.
* Tuck, Donald H. (1974). *The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy*. Chicago: Advent. p. 107. ISBN 0-911682-20-1.

## InfoBox

The Philosophical Corps
| Dust-jacket from the first edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Everett B. Cole |
| Cover artist | W.I. Van der Poel |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Science fiction |
| Publisher | Gnome Press |
| Publication date | 1962 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Hardback) |
| Pages | 187 |
| OCLC | 5068218 |


title: Pena de Pavão de Krishna

abstract:
Pena de Pavão de Krishna is a carnival block in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. It was founded in 2013. The block parades in the Sunday of the carnival week playing Afoxê. The block's themes are inspired in the Indian culture. One of its characteristics is the intonation of the Om mantra before rehearsals and the parade. Another is the adoption of violins as one of the main musical instruments.
The block's name comes from lyrics of “Trilhos Urbanos”, a song from Caetano Veloso.

text:
# Pena de Pavão de Krishna

***Pena de Pavão de Krishna*** (Portuguese for 'Krishna's Peacock's feather') is a carnival block in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. It was founded in 2013. The block parades in the Sunday of the carnival week playing Afoxê.

The block's themes are inspired in the Indian culture. One of its characteristics is the intonation of the Om mantra before rehearsals and the parade. Another is the adoption of violins as one of the main musical instruments. The block's name comes from lyrics of “Trilhos Urbanos”, a song from Caetano Veloso.

## History

The first parade happened in 2013 in the Floresta neighbourhood.

In 2014, the block expanded, and gathered around two thousand paraders, this time at Jardim América neighbourhood.

In 2015, the block gathered around 4 thousand paraders at Praça 15, in the Lagoinha neighbourhood, following towards Pedreira Prado Lopes. The parade in that year was the first to have a giant doll of Sri Krishna, weighing 37 kilos. It was brought by Tiago Pindaíba, also known as palhaço Pindaíba.

## InfoBox

Pena de Pavão de Krishna
| Foundation | 2013 (2013) |
| --- | --- |
| Symbol | A peacock feather |
| Location | Belo Horizonte |


title: Vancouver British Columbia Temple

abstract: The Vancouver British Columbia Temple is a temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It is the seventh in Canada and the first in British Columbia.

text:
# Vancouver British Columbia Temple

The **Vancouver British Columbia Temple** is a temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It is the seventh in Canada and the first in British Columbia.

## History

Announced on May 25, 2006, the temple is located on a 10-acre (40,000 m2) site at 200 Street and 82 Avenue in the suburb of Langley. To signify the beginning of construction, Ronald A. Rasband presided at a groundbreaking ceremony on August 4, 2007. A public open house was held 9–24 April 2010 prior to the dedication of the temple on 2 May 2010, by church president Thomas S. Monson. Following dedication, only church members with a temple recommend are permitted to enter the temple.

In 2020, like all the church's other temples, the Vancouver British Columbia Temple was closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

## Additional reading

* Irwin, Al (2006-08-09). "Place of peace". *Langley Times*. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007.
* Bucholtz, Frank (2006-08-11). "Welcome addition". *Langley Times*. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007.
* "New Temple Will Be Built in Vancouver". *Newsroom* (Press release). LDS Church. June 10, 2006. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
* Moneo, Shannon (May 24, 2010), "Mormon temple project in British Columbia an exacting job", *Journal of Commerce*, Reed Construction Data, Reed Business Information, Reed Elsevier, archived from the original on May 8, 2013, retrieved October 15, 2012

## InfoBox

| Vancouver British Columbia Temple | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Number | 131 |
| Dedication | 2 May 2010, by Thomas S. Monson |
| Site | 11.6 acres (4.7 ha) |
| Floor area | 28,165 sq ft (2,616.6 m2) |
| Height | 140 ft (43 m) |
| Official website  News & images | |
| Church chronology | |
|
Oquirrh Mountain Utah Temple
**Vancouver British Columbia Temple**
Gila Valley Arizona Temple | |
| Additional information | |
| Announced | 25 May 2006, by Gordon B. Hinckley |
| Groundbreaking | 4 August 2007, by Ronald A. Rasband |
| Open house | 2–4 April 2010 |
| Current president | Terrance Grant Rempel |
| Designed by | Abbarch Architecture and GSBS |
| Location | Langley, British Columbia, Canada |
| Geographic coordinates | 49°9′2.433599″N 122°39′33.21000″W / 49.15067599972°N 122.6592250000°W / 49.15067599972; -122.6592250000 |
| Exterior finish | Branco Siena granite from Brazil |
| Baptistries | 1 |
| Ordinance rooms | 2 (two-stage progressive) |
| Sealing rooms | 2 |
| Notes | Open house was held in April and the dedication 2 May 2010. First temple in British Columbia and 6th in Canada. |
| () | |


title: Vance Albitz

abstract: Vance Philip Albitz is an American professional baseball player who was an infielder for the St. Louis Cardinals and Los Angeles Angels for five seasons. He played college baseball for the University of California, San Diego.

text:
# Vance Albitz

**Vance Philip Albitz** (born January 31, 1988) is an American professional baseball player who was an infielder for the St. Louis Cardinals and Los Angeles Angels for five seasons. He played college baseball for the University of California, San Diego.

## Amateur career

### High school

Albitz played baseball all four years at South High School in Torrance, California. He was a two-time all-state selection for baseball and a three-year letterman on the basketball team. Albitz was voted South High School's "Athlete of the Year" in 2005 and 2006.

### College

At the University of California, San Diego in La Jolla, California, Albitz was a walk-on player for coach Dan O'Brien's UC San Diego baseball team in the fall of 2006; he later earned an athletic scholarship. A standout in the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA), he was a first-team All-CCAA selection in 2007 and 2008, a first-team All-American in 2009 and 2010, a three-time Gold Glove winner at shortstop (2008-2010), and the first back-to-back two-time "National Defensive Player of the Year" in Triton baseball history. Albitz was a member of the 2009 Tritons squad that finished third in the Division II College World Series and the 2010 team that finished second.

## Professional career

### St. Louis Cardinals

Albitz's contract was sold by the Lincoln Saltdogs of the American Association of Professional Baseball to the St. Louis Cardinals on August 24, 2011. Albitz finished the final 13 games of the season in Batavia, NY for the Batavia Muckdogs where he hit .283 and committed just one error at shortstop. In 2012, Albitz began the year with the Palm Beach Cardinals of the Florida State League and progressed his way up to the AAA Memphis Redbirds, finishing the year as a member of the 2012 Texas League Champion Springfield Cardinals. In 2013, Albitz began and ended the year in AAA with the Memphis Redbirds. In 2014, Albitz was released by the Cardinals at the conclusion of Spring Training.

### Los Angeles Angels

Albitz signed a free agent contract with the Angels in 2014. In 206 at-bats, Albitz hit .325 for the AAA Salt Lake City Bees of the Pacific Coast League and finished with a .990 fielding percentage. Before the start of the 2015 season, Albitz was released by the Angels.

## Personal life

Albitz was born in Torrance, California to parents Phil and Velma, and brother Clete. Albitz made national news in 2012 when his charity, Gloves 4 Troops, was publicized by ESPN sports writer Rick Reilly. His foundation was given publicity on a number of different television programs, most notably Hot Stove on MLB Network and GameChangers on CBS. Since 2012, Albitz has sent over 3,124 baseball gloves to American soldiers stationed in more than 20 countries around the world. Albitz presently lives in Torrance, California with his wife and 3 children.

## InfoBox

| Vance Albitz | |
| --- | --- |
| Albitz with the Salt Lake Bees | |
| **Shortstop** | |
| **Born:**  (1988-01-31) January 31, 1988<br>Torrance, CA | |
| **Bats:** Right**Throws:** Right | |
|  | |


title: Vance-Tousey House

abstract: Vance-Tousey House is a historic home located at Lawrenceburg, Dearborn County, Indiana. It was built about 1818, and is a two-story, five-bay, Late Georgian / Federal style brick and sandstone dwelling with a low hipped roof. The main block is flanked by 1+1⁄2-story wings. Flanking the main entrance are fluted Doric order engaged columns above which is a Palladian window. It was built by Samuel C. Vance, founder of the town of Lawrenceburg. It houses the Dearborn County Historical Society. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.

text:
# Vance-Tousey House

**Vance-Tousey House** is a historic home located at Lawrenceburg, Dearborn County, Indiana. It was built about 1818, and is a two-story, five-bay, Late Georgian / Federal style brick and sandstone dwelling with a low hipped roof. The main block is flanked by 1+12-story wings. Flanking the main entrance are fluted Doric order engaged columns above which is a Palladian window. It was built by Samuel C. Vance, founder of the town of Lawrenceburg. It houses the Dearborn County Historical Society.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Vance-Tousey House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Vance-Tousey House, November 2012 | |
|  | |
| Location | 508 W. High St., Lawrenceburg, Indiana |
| Coordinates | 39°5′19″N 84°51′7″W / 39.08861°N 84.85194°W / 39.08861; -84.85194 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1818 (1818) |
| Architectural style | Georgian, Federal |
| NRHP reference No. | 00001547 |
| Added to NRHP | December 28, 2000 |


title: Variable electro-precipitator

abstract: A variable electro-precipitator (VEP) is a waste water remediation unit using electrocoagulation. The differences between a standard electrocoagulation (EC) unit and a variable Electro-precipitation unit are in the enhanced flow path and the unit electrode connections. The variable electro-precipitator's flow path has been designed to maximize retention time and to increase the turbulence of the water within the unit. This design aids in increasing the amount of effective treatment per gallon of water. A major design weakness of the electrocoagulation units is the method used in connecting the electrode to the power source. These designs cause overheating, resulting in premature failure of the electrocoagulation reaction chamber. VEP reaction chambers are designed to resolve these performance issues by changing all electrode connections from the standard wet connection to an external dry connection. The VEP is cooler-operating, and has a longer chamber life than an electrocoagulation unit.

text:
# Variable electro-precipitator

A **variable electro-precipitator** (VEP) is a waste water remediation unit using electrocoagulation. The differences between a standard electrocoagulation (EC) unit and a variable Electro-precipitation unit are in the enhanced flow path and the unit electrode connections. The variable electro-precipitator's flow path has been designed to maximize retention time and to increase the turbulence of the water within the unit. This design aids in increasing the amount of effective treatment per gallon of water.

A major design weakness of the electrocoagulation units is the method used in connecting the electrode to the power source. These designs cause overheating, resulting in premature failure of the electrocoagulation reaction chamber. VEP reaction chambers are designed to resolve these performance issues by changing all electrode connections from the standard wet connection (inside the chamber) to an external dry connection. The VEP is cooler-operating, and has a longer chamber life than an electrocoagulation unit.


title: Vanesa Arenas

abstract: Vanesa Arenas is a Spanish judoka. She competed in the women's extra-lightweight event at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Vanesa Arenas

**Vanesa Arenas** (born 17 November 1978) is a Spanish judoka. She competed in the women's extra-lightweight event at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Vanesa Arenas
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1978-11-17) 17 November 1978<br>Madrid, Spain |
| Occupation | Judoka |
| Sport | |
| Country | Spain |
| Sport | Judo |
| Weight class | –48 kg |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Olympic Games | 9th (2000) |
| World Champ. | 5th (1999) |
| European Champ. | (2007) |
| Medal record      Women's judo   Representing   Spain   European Championships   2007 Belgrade  –48 kg | |
|  | |
| Profile at external databases | |
| IJF | 30420 |
| JudoInside.com | 615 |
|  | |
| Updated on 16 November 2022 | |