title: Non-adjacent form

abstract:
The non-adjacent form (NAF) of a number is a unique signed-digit representation, in which non-zero values cannot be adjacent. For example:
  - (0 1 1 1)2 = 4 + 2 + 1 = 7
  - (1 0 −1 1)2 = 8 − 2 + 1 = 7
  - (1 −1 1 1)2 = 8 − 4 + 2 + 1 = 7
  - (1 0 0 −1)2 = 8 − 1 = 7 All are valid signed-digit representations of 7, but only the final representation, (1 0 0 −1)2, is in non-adjacent form. The non-adjacent form is also known as "canonical signed digit" representation.

text:
# Non-adjacent form

The **non-adjacent form** (**NAF**) of a number is a unique signed-digit representation, in which non-zero values cannot be adjacent. For example:

(0 1 1 1)2 = 4 + 2 + 1 = 7 (1 0 −1 1)2 = 8 − 2 + 1 = 7 (1 −1 1 1)2 = 8 − 4 + 2 + 1 = 7 (1 0 0 −1)2 = 8 − 1 = 7

All are valid signed-digit representations of 7, but only the final representation, (1 0 0 −1)2, is in non-adjacent form.

The non-adjacent form is also known as "canonical signed digit" representation.

## Properties

NAF assures a unique representation of an integer, but the main benefit of it is that the Hamming weight of the value will be minimal. For regular binary representations of values, half of all bits will be non-zero, on average, but with NAF this drops to only one-third of all digits. This leads to efficient implementations of add/subtract networks (e.g. multiplication by a constant) in hardwired digital signal processing.

Obviously, at most half of the digits are non-zero, which was the reason it was introduced by G.W. Reitweisner for speeding up early multiplication algorithms, much like Booth encoding.

Because every non-zero digit has to be adjacent to two 0s, the NAF representation can be implemented such that it only takes a maximum of *m* +1 bits for a value that would normally be represented in binary with *m* bits.

The properties of NAF make it useful in various algorithms, especially some in cryptography; e.g., for reducing the number of multiplications needed for performing an exponentiation. In the algorithm, exponentiation by squaring, the number of multiplications depends on the number of non-zero bits. If the exponent here is given in NAF form, a digit value 1 implies a multiplication by the base, and a digit value −1 by its reciprocal.

Other ways of encoding integers that avoid consecutive 1s include Booth encoding and Fibonacci coding.

## Converting to NAF

There are several algorithms for obtaining the NAF representation of a value given in binary. One such is the following method using repeated division; it works by choosing non-zero coefficients such that the resulting quotient is divisible by 2 and hence the next coefficient a zero.

```
   **Input**     *E* = (*e*<sub>*m*−1</sub> *e*<sub>*m*−2</sub> ··· *e*<sub>1</sub> *e*<sub>0</sub>)<sub>2</sub>
   **Output**     *Z* = (*z*<sub>*m*</sub> *z*<sub>*m*−1</sub> ··· *z*<sub>1</sub> *z*<sub>0</sub>)<sub>NAF</sub>
   *i* ← 0
   while *E* > 0 do
       if *E* is odd then
           *z*<sub>*i*</sub> ← 2 − (*E* mod 4)
           *E**E**z*<sub>*i*</sub>
       else
           *z*<sub>*i*</sub> ← 0
       *E**E*/2
       *i**i* + 1
   return *z*
```

A faster way is given by Prodinger where *x* is the input, *np* the string of positive bits and *nm* the string of negative bits:

```
   **Input**   *x*
   **Output**  *np*, *nm*
   *xh* = *x* >> 1;
   *x3* = *x* + *xh*;
   *c* = *xh* ^ *x3*;
   *np* = *x3* & *c*;
   *nm* = *xh* & *c*;
```

which is used, for example, in A184616.

* Introduction to Canonical Signed Digit Representation
* Coleman, J.O.; Yurdakul, A. (March 21–23, 2001). *Fractions in the Canonical-Signed-Digit Number System*. Conference on Information Sciences and Systems. The Johns Hopkins University. OCLC 48052559.

1. Hewlitt, R.M. (2000). *Canonical signed digit representation for FIR digital filters*. Signal Processing Systems, 2000. SiPS 2000. 2000 IEEE Workshop on. pp. 416–426. doi:10.1109/SIPS.2000.886740. ISBN 978-0-7803-6488-2. S2CID 122082511.
2. Reitwiesner, George W. (1960). "Binary Arithmetic". *Advances in Computers*. **1**: 231–308. doi:10.1016/S0065-2458(08)60610-5. ISBN 9780120121014.
3. Hankerson, D.; Menezes, A.; Vanstone, S.A. (2004). *Guide to Elliptic Curve Cryptography*. Springer. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-387-21846-5.
4. Prodinger, Helmut. "On Binary Representations of Integers with Digits -1, 0, 1" (PDF). *Integers*. Retrieved 25 June 2021.


title: Tommy Wright (footballer, born 1966)

abstract: Thomas Elliott Wright is a Scottish football coach and former player. A winger, he made nearly 450 appearances in the English Football League and Premier League, and also had short spells in the Scottish League. He was most recently a First-Team Coach at Oldham Athletic.

text:
# Tommy Wright (footballer, born 1966)

**Thomas Elliott Wright** (born 10 January 1966) is a Scottish football coach and former player. A winger, he made nearly 450 appearances in the English Football League and Premier League, and also had short spells in the Scottish League. He was most recently a First-Team Coach at Oldham Athletic.

## Career

### Coaching

Having worked previously as his assistant manager at Oldham Athletic, Wright followed John Sheridan to League Two side Chesterfield to serve in the same capacity, in June 2009. He was made Caretaker Manager following the sacking of Sheridan on 27 August 2012, with Mark Crossley assisting.

Wright was appointed assistant head coach of Barnsley on 25 February 2015

On 21 June 2018, he linked up with John Sheridan once more when being appointed the new assistant manager of Carlisle United.

### Swindon Town

On 9 July 2019, he joined the coaching team at Swindon Town.

In November 2020, Swindon Town F.C. manager John Sheridan stressed that he had no plans to change the existing coaching team. He wanted Wright and Noel Hunt to stay at Swindon Town F.C. and was looking forward to working with them.

In the same month, it was reported that former Swindon Town F.C. manager Richie Wellens was planning to bring coach Wright to Salford City F.C. but Wright turned down his offer and continued to coach the Swindon Town F.C. team.

In February 2021, Wright admitted he wasn't sure whether he and manager Sheridan would keep their jobs if they won their Wigan Athletic F.C. game.

On 18 April 2021, following the resignation of first-team manager John Sheridan, Wright was placed in charge of the first-team with Swindon sitting bottom of the league, seven points off of safety with four games remaining.

### Oldham return

On 25 January 2022, following the return of Sheridan to Oldham Athletic, Wright returned to the club as a coach. He left the club on 26 September 2022 following the recent change in management.

## Corruption conviction

Wright was suspended by Barnsley on 28 September 2016 pending investigation into allegations that he had taken a £5,000 cash bribe to arrange player's transfers. His criminal trial was held in October 2019, at which he was convicted of soliciting and accepting bribes.

### Bribery incident

In August 2018, the City of London Police announced that the former assistant coach of Barnsley F.C., Wright, had been charged with bribery offenses. In December 2019, Swindon Town F.C.'s first-team coach decided not to sack Wright. Although Wright had been found guilty of taking a bribe for leaking commercial information about players to the public, he was allowed to keep his assistant job.

## Managerial Statistics

Managerial record by team and tenure
| Team | From | To | Record | | | | | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | P | W | D | L | Win % | |
| Swindon Town (caretaker) | 18 April 2021 | 26 May 2021 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 050.00 |  |
| Total | | | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 050.00 |  |

## InfoBox

Tommy Wright
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Thomas Elliott Wright | | |
| Date of birth | (1966-01-10) 10 January 1966 | | |
| Place of birth | Dunfermline, Scotland | | |
| Height | 5 ft 7 in (1.70 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Winger | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1982–1986 | Leeds United | 92 | (28) |
| 1986–1989 | Oldham Athletic | 112 | (23) |
| 1989–1992 | Leicester City | 129 | (22) |
| 1992–1995 | Middlesbrough | 53 | (5) |
| 1995–1997 | Bradford City | 45 | (5) |
| 1997 | Oldham Athletic | 12 | (2) |
| 1997–1998 | St Johnstone | 5 | (0) |
| 1998 | Livingston | 7 | (1) |
| 1998–2000 | Doncaster Rovers | 28 | (1) |
| Total |  | **455** | **(86)** |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2012 | Chesterfield (caretaker) | | |
| 2016 | Barnsley (caretaker) | | |
| 2019 | Carlisle United (joint caretaker) | | |
| 2021 | Swindon Town (caretaker) | | |
| 2022 | Oldham Athletic (caretaker) | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Valentin Ickelshamer

abstract: Valentin Ickelsamer or Valentinus Ickelschamer was a German grammarian. Ickelshamer was born at Rothenburg ob der Tauber, where he was schoolmaster. He encouraged all Bavarians to read the Bible for themselves, and published an appeal to Luther. He died at Augsburg.

text:
# Valentin Ickelshamer

**Valentin Ickelsamer** (also spelled *Ickelshamer, Ikelschamer, Ikelsheimer, Eckelsheimer, Ikkersamer, Becklersheimer, Zangsthamer*; c.1500  1547) or **Valentinus Ickelschamer** was a German grammarian.

Ickelshamer was born at Rothenburg ob der Tauber, where he was schoolmaster. He encouraged all Bavarians to read the Bible for themselves, and published an appeal to Luther. He died at Augsburg.

## Selected works

* *Die rechte Weis, auffs kürtzist lesen zu lernen*, vermutlich Erfurt 1527; 2., vermehrte Auflage Marburg 1534. In: Johannes Müller: *Quellenschriften und Geschichte des deutschsprachlichen Unterrichts bis zur Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts.* Thienemann's Hofbuchhandlung, Gotha 1882, S. 52-64. Reprint Olms, Hildesheim/New York 1969. Auch in: Heinrich Fechner (Hrsg.):  *Vier seltene Schriften des sechzehnten Jahrhunderts mit einer bisher ungedruckten Abhandlung über Valentinus Ickelsamer von Friedrich Ludwig Karl Weigand*. Wiegand und Grieben, Berlin 1882. Reprint Olms, Hildesheim/New York 1972.
* *Ein Teutsche Grammatica*, verschiedene Ausgaben, ohne Ort, ohne Jahr; datiert: Ausgabe Nürnberg 1537 (zur phonetischen Lautanalyse) In: Johannes Müller: *Quellenschriften und Geschichte des deutschsprachlichen Unterrichts bis zur Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts.* Thienemann's Hofbuchhandlung, Gotha 1882, S. 120-159. Reprint Olms, Hildesheim/New York 1969. (Das Reprint gibt eine der beiden undatierten Ausgaben wieder.)


title: Véronique Trinquet

abstract: Véronique Trinquet is a French fencer. She won a silver medal in the women's team foil event at the 1976 Summer Olympics. Her younger sister Pascale Trinquet is also a former fencer and Olympic medalist. Véronique and Pascale are the daughters of a Saint-Tropez retail pharmacist, and after their sporting career was over, they owned a pharmacy in Paris 16th arrondissement.

text:
# Véronique Trinquet

**Véronique Trinquet** (born 15 June 1956) is a French fencer. She won a silver medal in the women's team foil event at the 1976 Summer Olympics.

Her younger sister Pascale Trinquet is also a former fencer and Olympic medalist. Véronique and Pascale are the daughters of a Saint-Tropez retail pharmacist, and after their sporting career was over, they owned a pharmacy in Paris 16th arrondissement.

## InfoBox

Véronique Trinquet
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1956-06-15) 15 June 1956<br>Marseille, France |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Fencing |
| Medal record      Women's fencing  Representing  France  Olympic Games  1976 Montreal Foil, women's team | |


title: Tararo Jane Ariki

abstract: Tararo Jane Ariki II was a Cook Islands chiefess and politician. An ariki of Mauke island, she was also the first woman to become a member of the islands' Legislative Council.

text:
# Tararo Jane Ariki

**Tararo Jane Ariki II** (26 May 1910 – 23 December 1982) was a Cook Islands chiefess and politician. An ariki of Mauke island, she was also the first woman to become a member of the islands' Legislative Council.

## Biography

Tararo was born in 1910 in Mauke. She became the Tararo ariki of Mauke in 1934, succeeding her mother. She married George Cowan, and the couple had a daughter Hilda who was born in 1937 but died the following year. During the 1930s she formed a dance group consisting of family members and other people from Oiretumu village.

The first indirect elections were held for the Legislative Council in 1947, in which members were elected by island councils. A member of Mauke Island Council, Tararo was elected as the island's representative, becoming the only women in the Legislative Council. She served until the following year, and again in 1951. Following its creation, she became a member of the House of Ariki. She also served on the General Assembly of the Cook Islands Christian Church and worked as an adviser on Maori customs, choreographer and costume designer.

In 1977 she was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal and appointed Commissioner of the Cook Islands Judiciary. Construction work began on a palace for her in 1982, but was abandoned due to political disputes within the Tararo group.

## InfoBox

| Tararo Jane Ariki II | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Tararo Ariki of Mauke | |
| **In office**
1934–1982 | |
| Preceded by | Tararo Jane Ariki I |
| Succeeded by | Tararo Tapoki-Kiri I |
| Member of the Legislative Council | |
| **In office**
1947–1948, 1951 | |
| Constituency | Mauke |
| Member of the House of Ariki | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 26 May 1910
Mauke, Cook Islands |
| Died | 23 December 1982 |
|  | |


title: Thomas Carroll (cricketer)

abstract: Thomas Carroll was an Australian cricketer. He played eleven first-class matches for Tasmania between 1907 and 1922.

text:
# Thomas Carroll (cricketer)

**Thomas Carroll** (26 February 1884  3 June 1957) was an Australian cricketer. He played eleven first-class matches for Tasmania between 1907 and 1922.

## InfoBox

Thomas Carroll
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1884-02-26)26 February 1884
Hobart, Tasmania, Australia |
| Died | 3 June 1957(1957-06-03) (aged 73)
Hobart, Tasmania, Australia |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1907-1922 | Tasmania |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 19 January 2016 | |


title: Trygve Wettre

abstract: Trygve Wettre was a Norwegian businessperson. He was born in Kristiania as a son of Ole Wettre (1830–1898) and Christine Elisabet Johannesen (1833–1920). He was a younger brother of businessman Ragnar Wettre. He attended Kristiania Borger- og Realskole, and at the school's hundredth anniversary in 1912 he and two brothers donated 1000 kr to the school. After finishing Kristiania Commerce School in 1890, Wettre worked office jobs in Norway until 1907, except for the period 1893 to 1899 when he stayed abroad. In 1908 he became a co-owner of the company Peter Thr. Duborgh. From 1929, when William Duborgh died, Wettre was the company's sole owner, and when he died, the company was passed on to Ragnar Wettre. In 1916 he entered the first board of the Scandinavian American Assurance Corporation, together with L. S. Karlsen, Harald Hougen and B. Dreyer. He was the deputy chair of Kristiania Handelsstands Forening from 1916 to 1919, was a member of the 50-man committee of the Kristiania Chamber of Commerce and the Kristiania Stock Exchange arbitration court, and a board member of the Norwegian Branch of the International Law Association. He was a supervisory council member of Borregaard, De forenede Uldvarefabriker, Det Norske Luftfartrederi, the Schou Brewery, Den Norske Remfabrik, Lilleborg and De-No-Fa, and a board member of Norsk Aeroplanfabrik, Forsikringsselskapet Viking, Bergens Privatbank, Store Norske Spitsbergen Kulkompani and Vinmonopolet. During prohibition in Norway, Wettre was dispatched to conduct various negotiations with wine exporting countries: in Paris in 1923, Madrid in 1924 and Rome 1925. He was also decorated as a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour and Commander of the Order of the Crown of Italy. Wettre was however ousted from the board of Vinmonopolet after three seasoned wine importers, Carl, Sven and Roald Dysthe, unveiled and campaigned against nepotism between the board of directors and Mowinckel's Second Cabinet. Wettre and others ran a libel case against the Dysthe brothers, and was represented by barrister Per Strand Rygh, but lost the case. Before his death in 1936 he was the vice chairman of the France-Norway Chamber of Commerce. He was buried at Vår Frelsers gravlund.

text:
# Trygve Wettre

**Trygve Wettre** (13 January 1874 – 10 August 1936) was a Norwegian businessperson.

He was born in Kristiania as a son of Ole Wettre (1830–1898) and Christine Elisabet Johannesen (1833–1920). He was a younger brother of businessman Ragnar Wettre.

He attended *Kristiania Borger- og Realskole*, and at the school's hundredth anniversary in 1912 he and two brothers donated 1000 kr (more than 50,000 in modern currency) to the school. After finishing Kristiania Commerce School in 1890, Wettre worked office jobs in Norway until 1907, except for the period 1893 to 1899 when he stayed abroad. In 1908 he became a co-owner of the company Peter Thr. Duborgh. From 1929, when William Duborgh died, Wettre was the company's sole owner, and when he died, the company was passed on to Ragnar Wettre.

In 1916 he entered the first board of the Scandinavian American Assurance Corporation, together with L. S. Karlsen, Harald Hougen and B. Dreyer. He was the deputy chair of *Kristiania Handelsstands Forening* from 1916 to 1919, was a member of the 50-man committee of the Kristiania Chamber of Commerce and the Kristiania Stock Exchange arbitration court, and a board member of the Norwegian Branch of the International Law Association. He was a supervisory council member of Borregaard, De forenede Uldvarefabriker, Det Norske Luftfartrederi, the Schou Brewery, Den Norske Remfabrik, Lilleborg and De-No-Fa, and a board member of Norsk Aeroplanfabrik, Forsikringsselskapet Viking, Bergens Privatbank, Store Norske Spitsbergen Kulkompani and Vinmonopolet.

During prohibition in Norway (which was discontinued followed a 1926 referendum), Wettre was dispatched to conduct various negotiations with wine exporting countries: in Paris in 1923, Madrid in 1924 and Rome 1925. He was also decorated as a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour and Commander of the Order of the Crown of Italy. Wettre was however ousted from the board of Vinmonopolet after three seasoned wine importers, Carl, Sven and Roald Dysthe, unveiled and campaigned against nepotism between the board of directors and Mowinckel's Second Cabinet. Wettre and others ran a libel case against the Dysthe brothers, and was represented by barrister Per Strand Rygh, but lost the case.

Before his death in 1936 he was the vice chairman of the France-Norway Chamber of Commerce. He was buried at Vår Frelsers gravlund.


title: Non-abelian class field theory

abstract: In mathematics, non-abelian class field theory is a catchphrase, meaning the extension of the results of class field theory, the relatively complete and classical set of results on abelian extensions of any number field K, to the general Galois extension L/K. While class field theory was essentially known by 1930, the corresponding non-abelian theory has never been formulated in a definitive and accepted sense.

text:
# Non-abelian class field theory

In mathematics, **non-abelian class field theory** is a catchphrase, meaning the extension of the results of class field theory, the relatively complete and classical set of results on abelian extensions of any number field *K*, to the general Galois extension *L*/*K*. While class field theory was essentially known by 1930, the corresponding non-abelian theory has never been formulated in a definitive and accepted sense.

## History

A presentation of class field theory in terms of group cohomology was carried out by Claude Chevalley, Emil Artin and others, mainly in the 1940s. This resulted in a formulation of the central results by means of the group cohomology of the idele class group. The theorems of the cohomological approach are independent of whether or not the Galois group *G* of *L*/*K* is abelian. This theory has never been regarded as the sought-after *non-abelian* theory. The first reason that can be cited for that is that it did not provide fresh information on the splitting of prime ideals in a Galois extension; a common way to explain the objective of a non-abelian class field theory is that it should provide a more explicit way to express such patterns of splitting.

The cohomological approach therefore was of limited use in even formulating non-abelian class field theory. Behind the history was the wish of Chevalley to write proofs for class field theory without using Dirichlet series: in other words to eliminate L-functions. The first wave of proofs of the central theorems of class field theory was structured as consisting of two 'inequalities' (the same structure as in the proofs now given of the fundamental theorem of Galois theory, though much more complex). One of the two inequalities involved an argument with L-functions.

In a later reversal of this development, it was realised that to generalize Artin reciprocity to the non-abelian case, it was essential in fact to seek a new way of expressing Artin L-functions. The contemporary formulation of this ambition is by means of the Langlands program: in which grounds are given for believing Artin L-functions are also L-functions of automorphic representations. As of the early twenty-first century, this is the formulation of the notion of *non-abelian class field theory* that has widest expert acceptance.

1. *The problem of creating non-Abelian class field theory for normal extensions with non-Abelian Galois group remains.* From Kuz'min, L.V. (2001) \[1994\], "Class field theory", *Encyclopedia of Mathematics*, EMS Press.
2. On the statistical level, the classical result on primes in arithmetic progressions of Dirichlet generalises to Chebotaryov's density theorem; what is asked for is a generalisation, of the same scope of quadratic reciprocity.
3. In today's terminology, that is the *second* inequality. See class formation for a contemporary presentation.
4. James W. Cogdell, *Functoriality, Converse Theorems and Applications* (PDF) states that *Functoriality itself is a manifestation of Langlands' vision of a non-abelian class field theory*.
5. *The matter of reciprocity laws and symbols for non-Abelian field extensions more properly fits into non-Abelian class field theory and the Langlands program*: from Hazewinkel, M. (2001) \[1994\], "Hilbert problems", *Encyclopedia of Mathematics*, EMS Press


title: Tony Momoh

abstract: Prince Tony Momoh was a Nigerian journalist and a politician who was Nigerian Minister of Information and Culture (1986–1990) during the military regime of General Ibrahim Babangida.

text:
# Tony Momoh

Prince **Tony Momoh** (27 April 1939 – 1 February 2021) was a Nigerian journalist and a politician who was Nigerian Minister of Information and Culture (1986–1990) during the military regime of General Ibrahim Babangida.

## Birth and education

Momoh was born on 27 April 1939 in Auchi, Edo state, of Edo origin. He was the 165th child of King Momoh I of Auchi.

He attended Government School Auchi (1949–1954) and Anglican School Okpe (1954). Momoh was Teacher at the Anglican School, Auchi (January–December 1955) and Headmaster at the Anglican School, Ubuneke, Ivbiaro, Owan Local Government (January 1958 – December 1959).

He went to the Provincial Teachers Training College, Abudu, Edo State and Government Teachers College, Abraka in Western Region (1960–1961).

Later, while working at the *Daily Times* on sabbatical, he attended the University of Nigeria, Nsukka (September 1964 – October 1966) where he earned a degree in Mass communication, and then the University of Lagos, where he studied law.

He attended the Nigerian Law School, Lagos (October 1974 – May 1975), and was called to the bar in June 1975.

## Journalism

Momoh started his journalism career as a sub-editor at the Daily Times in October 1962, rising steadily through the ranks to become Editor and deputy general manager (June 1976 – May 1980).

In June 1979, during the lead-up to the transition from military to civilian rule at the start of the Second Nigerian Republic, Momoh said of the five presidential candidates: "They are all the same ... It's going to turn into a personality contest".

In 1981, the Senate of Nigeria led by Joseph Wayas summoned Momoh for contempt. This caused a major legal battle in which Momoh successfully argued that as a journalist he was empowered by the Constitution of Nigeria to hold government accountable at all times.

In *Tony Momoh v. Speaker, House of Representatives* (1982) it was held that a person had the right to refuse to disclose their source of information.

However, in *Senate v. Tony Momoh* (1983) the Court of Appeal held that the press is not a fourth arm of government. A newspaper publisher has no special immunity and the press can be ordered to disclose its sources in some cases.

## Minister of Information and Culture

Momoh was appointed Minister of Information and Culture by General Ibrahim Babangida, holding this position from September 1986 until 1990.

He was Chairman of the African Conference of Information Ministers from 1988 to 1990.

In 1983 the editor of *Newswatch*, Dele Giwa, was detained for a week by police for publishing what they called "classified material". On 17 October 1986, Giwa was accused by Colonel A.K. Togun of the State Security Services (SSS) of anti-government activities including attempting to import arms to foment insurrection. On 19 October 1986, Giwa was killed by a parcel bomb. At first, Momoh pledged that there would be a government probe of the incident. He soon backed down, saying "a special probe would serve no useful purpose".

Speaking at a seminar in Lagos in 1987, Momoh said that radio, television and newspapers should be seen as tools "for the promotion of national unity and integration".

In 1988 Momoh announced that the government was trying to find radio sets that could only receive approved broadcasts from the federal and state radio stations. This was "as a means of ensuring that information about the country was adequately disseminated".

In a February 1990 interview published in *Ebony* magazine, Momoh talked about the rich and diverse Nigerian culture. He stated that British-style parliamentary democracy and the American-style presidential system had both failed in Nigeria because they were not compatible with these local cultures. He said that Nigeria was now establishing a system of grass-roots democracy in a two-party system.

In May 1990 party elections were held for local ward positions using an "open ballot", where voters showed their preference by standing in front of a photograph of the candidate. Party elections were then scheduled for the state and national elections. Momoh said the government would not interfere in the inner workings of parties. Soon after, all the National Republican Convention candidates for national offices were disqualified on the grounds that there were irregularities in their application forms.

Babangida followed a policy of donating money, vehicles, offices and so on to local governments, political parties and others on the basis that this would keep them free of influence by the rich and powerful. As Minister for Information Momoh justified the practice, saying of democracy that it "is not as expensive as people are thinking in relation to the alternative. The alternative is allowing one man to dictate to the whole Nigeria because you don't want it to be expensive. If money is not spent on democracy and a one-man dictatorship emerges ... it is the same Nigerians who are talking of expensiveness now that will shout that one man is a dictator".

Babangida was tough on the press at times, but tried to avoid open conflict. When the press began calling for Momoh's dismissal he was slow to respond, since Momoh was intelligent and reflective, and had experience from his own days as a newspaper editor. However, he finally dismissed Momoh and replaced him by Alex Akinyele, who had previously been in the customs services and had been a director at *Newswatch*.

## Later career

Momoh was Chairman of the board of directors of Nigerian Airways from 1991 to 1993. He was appointed a Member of the Edo State Economic Advisory Committee in 1991, and a member of the Nigerian Press Council in December 1992. As of 1996 Momoh was one of the directors of the Newswatch magazine, said to have a circulation of 150,000 copies in Africa, Europe and North America.

Momoh was Director of the Alex Ekwueme Presidential Campaign Organization in 1999. He chaired the screening and conduct of Gubernatorial and State House of Assembly primaries in Kano Chapter of the P.D.P. for the 1999 General Elections together with Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila and Senator Bala Tafidan Yauri amongst others. He was chairman, Media and Publicity of the All Nigeria People's Party (ANPP) Campaign Organisation in the 2003 and 2007 elections. He was also Chairman of the Political Committee of the Muhammadu Buhari Organisation.

In January 2011, Momoh was appointed chairman of the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) in the lead-up to the April 2011 national elections, while Buba Galadima was appointed the National Secretary.

Soon after being appointed, Momoh said the CPC would bar any of its aspirants if they engaged in corrupt practices or thuggery during the primaries.

Following disappointing results in the April 2011 elections, Momoh asserted that massive rigging had taken place. However, he described the CPC as a mass movement that was bound to grow and achieve the high goals of its founders.

Momoh died on 1 February 2021, after a brief illness.

## Bibliography

* Tony Momoh (1983). *News of the forgotten army*. EFMA Publications.
* Tony Momoh (1985). *Revolt of the new breed and other stories*. Fourth Dimension Publishers. ISBN 978-156-230-7.
* Tony Momoh (1993). *Reflections on letters to my countrymen*. EFUA Media Associates. ISBN 978-2209-01-5.
* Tony Momoh (1984). *Simple strokes*. Daily Times of Nigeria. ISBN 978-144-001-5.
* Tony Momoh (1993). *Experiment with disintegration*. EFUA Media Assoc., ltd. ISBN 978-2209-01-5.
* Tony Momoh (1995). *Each man, his time: the biography of an era*. Efua Media Associates. ISBN 978-2209-02-3.
* Tony Momoh (1996). *The Edo culture group in the Nigerian polity: in search of sanity*. Efua Media Associates.
* M. Buhari, Tony Momoh (2003). *Many questions & Buhari's answers*. Distributed by Crescent Business Centre. ISBN 978-2209-17-1.
* Tony Momoh (2005). *In search of a viable Nigeria*. Efua Media Associates. ISBN 978-2209-43-0.

## InfoBox

| Prince Tony Momoh | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Minister of Information and Culture | |
| **In office**
1986–1990 | |
| Succeeded by | Alex Akinyele |
| Chairman, Congress for Progressive Change | |
| **In office**
January 2011  1 February 2021 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1939-04-27)27 April 1939
Auchi, Colonial Nigeria |
| Died | 1 February 2021(2021-02-01) (aged 81) |
| Website | http://www.tonymomoh.com |
|  | |


title: Mark Cameron (cricketer)

abstract: Mark Alan Cameron is an Australian former cricketer who played Australian domestic cricket for New South Wales. Cameron was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm fast bowler. He was drafted into the squad for the Australia A tour of India in September 2008. He later left New South Wales to play for Western Australia and the Perth Scorchers, but retired without playing a game for either team due to injury.

text:
# Mark Cameron (cricketer)

**Mark Alan Cameron** (born 31 January 1981) is an Australian former cricketer who played Australian domestic cricket for New South Wales.

Cameron was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm fast bowler. He was drafted into the squad for the Australia A tour of India in September 2008. He later left New South Wales to play for Western Australia and the Perth Scorchers, but retired without playing a game for either team due to injury.

## InfoBox

Mark Cameron
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Mark Alan Cameron |
| Born | (1981-01-31) 31 January 1981<br>Waratah, New South Wales, Australia |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm fast |
| Role | Bowler |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 2002/03–2010/11 | New South Wales *(squad no. 30)* |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition FC LA T20  Matches 16 12 6  Runs scored 83 16 15  Batting average 7.54 8.00   100s/50s 0/0 0/0 0/0  Top score 18 6 14  Balls bowled 3.070 600 144  Wickets 68 15 5  Bowling average 24.63 34.86 38.00  5 wickets in innings 5 0 0  10 wickets in match 2 0 0  Best bowling 6/22 3/25 2/45  Catches/stumpings 4/– 1/– 2/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 23 April 2023 | |


title: Seowon station

abstract: Seowon Station is a station on the Sillim Line. It is located in Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul.

text:
# Seowon station

**Seowon Station** is a station on the Sillim Line. It is located in Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul.

| Preceding station | Seoul Metropolitan Subway | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sillimtowards Saetgang |  | Sillim Line |  | Seoul National University Venture Towntowards Gwanaksan |

## InfoBox

| S409
Seowon | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 서원역 |
| Hanja |  |
| Revised Romanization | *Seowon-yeok* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Sŏwŏn-yŏk* |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | 808-407 Sillim-dong,
Gwanak-gu, Seoul |
| Coordinates | 37°28′42″N 126°55′59″E / 37.4782°N 126.9330°E / 37.4782; 126.9330 |
| Operated by | South Seoul LRT Co., Ltd. |
| Line(s) | Sillim Line |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Underground |
| History | |
| Opened | May 28, 2022 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Seowon stationLocation within South Korea | |


title: Mechanical Animals Tour

abstract: Mechanical Animals was a worldwide tour by the band Marilyn Manson in support of their third LP record Mechanical Animals, released on September 15, 1998. The tour extended from late 1998 to early 1999 and was recorded in 1998 for the VHS-format God is in the TV which was released on November 2, 1999. The Mechanical Animals European Festival Tour was supposed to be the first leg of the tour. This particular leg of the tour consisted of six dates to be played at various European festivals planned as the debut of follow-up material to Antichrist Superstar two months before the release of Mechanical Animals. This leg of the tour spanned from June 25, 1998, until July 12, 1999. Reportedly, drummer Ginger Fish became ill with mononucleosis. This led the band to cancel the entire summer European leg and postpone the beginning of the tour to October 25, 1998. Beginning on October 25, 1998, and lasting until January 31, 1999, the "Mechanical Animals Tour" included two legs spanning a Fall to Winter World Tour in Europe, Japan, and North America and a 6 show headlining stint at the Big Day Out Music Festival in Australia.

text:
# Mechanical Animals Tour

**Mechanical Animals** was a worldwide tour by the band Marilyn Manson in support of their third LP record *Mechanical Animals*, released on September 15, 1998. The tour extended from late 1998 to early 1999 and was recorded in 1998 for the VHS-format *God is in the TV* which was released on November 2, 1999.

The Mechanical Animals European Festival Tour was supposed to be the first leg of the tour. This particular leg of the tour consisted of six dates to be played at various European festivals planned as the debut of follow-up material to Antichrist Superstar two months before the release of Mechanical Animals. This leg of the tour spanned from June 25, 1998, until July 12, 1999.

Reportedly, drummer Ginger Fish became ill with mononucleosis. This led the band to cancel the entire summer European leg and postpone the beginning of the tour to October 25, 1998.

Beginning on October 25, 1998, and lasting until January 31, 1999, the "Mechanical Animals Tour" included two legs spanning a Fall to Winter World Tour in Europe, Japan, and North America and a 6 show headlining stint at the Big Day Out Music Festival in Australia.

## Background

After declining a headlining slot at the failing Lollapalooza summer music festival (along with numerous other bands) in early 1998 due to delays in *Mechanical Animals*' release, the band launched the first of their own headlining tours in support of the album. The tour was originally intended to begin on June 25, 1998, with a series of 6 festival dates in Europe lasting until July 12, 1998. However, drummer Ginger Fish became ill with mononucleosis, leading to the cancellation of the entire summer European leg and the postponement of the beginning of the tour to October 25, 1998, in Lawrence, Kansas.

## Performance and show themes

With this being the first leg of the tour, the stage show was minimal compared to later legs of the tour

## Incidents

As with the band's preceding 1997 world tour, *Dead to the World*, the Mechanical Animals Tour met with heavy resistance from civic and religious leaders. The first of these protests occurred on October 19, 1998. A month before a planned performance at the Landmark Theatre in Syracuse, New York, local activists began calling for a cancellation of the engagement. According to Associated Press, then-Syracuse Mayor Roy Bernardi attempted to block the venue's permit, citing a "moral obligation to the people of Syracuse", without specifying any reason for his objections. Onondaga County officials also attempted to extort the Landmark into halting the event by threatening to withhold $30,000 in county funds earmarked for the venue, prompting the venue's bookers to consider dropping the show altogether. Despite this, representatives for the Landmark started selling tickets on the day it was planned and the performance took place on the arranged date and venue.

## Set list

## Broadcasts and recordings

Various shows were recorded on the tour but there was no specific information about which dates. A 40-minute short film was released on VHS entitled *God Is in the T.V.* following the tour, however it only contained short live clips from various shows. Widely heralded as the band's best tour, their 2012 comeback sparked interest in the release of an uninterrupted live DVD of this tour. It is not known if the full recordings exist of the performances shown in *God Is in the T.V.*. The only full live recordings available are bootleg from their January 23, 1999 concert in Sydney, Australia during their headlining stint at the Big Day Out Music Festival. The video is of mediocre quality. A rare partial recording of the band's concert on November 16, 1998, in Detroit, Michigan, and unedited aftershow promotional interview also exist.

## Tour dates

List of concerts, showing date, city, country, and venue
| Date | City | Country | Venue | Opening Act(s) | Attendance | Revenue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| North America | | | | | | |
| October 25, 1998 | Lawrence | United States | Granada | n/a |  |  |
| October 26, 1998 | Kansas City | | Memorial Hall | |  |  |
| October 27, 1998 | St. Louis | | Fox Theater | |  |  |
| October 29, 1998 | Milwaukee | | Riverside Theater | |  |  |
| October 30, 1998 | Chicago | | Aragon Ballroom | |  |  |
| October 31, 1998 | Saint Paul | | Roy Wilkins Auditorium | |  |  |
| November 3, 1998 | Tulsa | | Brady Theatre | |  |  |
| November 4, 1998 | Houston | | Aerial Theatre | |  |  |
| November 5, 1998 | Dallas | | Bronco Bowl | |  |  |
| November 7, 1998 | New Orleans | | State Theatre | |  |  |
| November 9, 1998 | Atlanta | | Tabernacle | |  |  |
| November 10, 1998 | Charlotte | | Ovens Auditorium | |  |  |
| November 11, 1998 | Richmond | | Landmark Theater | |  |  |
| November 13, 1998 | Camden | | Sony Blockbuster Pavilion | |  |  |
| November 14, 1998 | Cleveland | | Cleveland Music Hall | |  |  |
| November 16, 1998 | Detroit | | State Theatre | |  |  |
| November 18, 1998 | Mississauga | Canada | Arrow Hall | |  |  |
| November 19, 1998 | Syracuse | United States | Landmark Theatre | |  |  |
| November 21, 1998 | Poughkeepsie | | Mid-Hudson Civic Center | |  |  |
| November 22, 1998 | Lowell | | Tsongas Arena | |  |  |
| November 23, 1998 | New York City | | Hammerstein Ballroom | |  |  |
| Europe | | | | | | |
| November 27, 1998 | Barcelona | Spain | Pavello de la D'Hebron | n/a |  |  |
| November 28, 1998 | Bilbao | | Pabellon de la Castilla | |  |  |
| November 30, 1998 | Lisbon | Portugal | Pavilhão Atlântico | |  |  |
| December 1, 1998 | Madrid | Spain | Palacio de la Commidad | |  |  |
| December 4, 1998 | Milan | Italy | Palavobis | |  |  |
| December 9, 1998 | Copenhagen | Denmark | K.B. Hallen | |  |  |
| December 10, 1998 | Oslo | Norway | Rockefeller Music Hall | |  |  |
| December 11, 1998 | Stockholm | Sweden | Stockholm Arena | |  |  |
| December 13, 1998 | Hamburg | Germany | Grosse Freiheit 36 | |  |  |
| December 14, 1998 | Tilburg | Netherlands | 013 | |  |  |
| December 16, 1998 | Cologne | Germany | E-Werk | |  |  |
| December 17, 1998 | London | England | Brixton Academy | |  |  |
| December 18, 1998 | Deinze | Belgium | Breilpoort | |  |  |
| December 19, 1998 | Paris | France | Zénith de Paris | |  |  |
| North America | | | | | | |
| December 31, 1998 | Las Vegas | United States | The Joint | n/a |  |  |
| Asia | | | | | | |
| January 8, 1999 | Tokyo | Japan | NK Hall | n/a |  |  |
| January 9, 1999 | | | | |  |  |
| January 11, 1999 | Osaka | | Zepp | |  |  |
| January 12, 1999 | | |  | |  |
| Big Day Out | | | | | | |
| January 15, 1999 | Auckland | New Zealand | Ericcson Stadium | n/a |  |  |
| January 17, 1999 | Gold Coast | Australia | Gold Coast Parklands | |  |  |
| January 23, 1999 | Sydney | | Sydney Showgrounds | |  |  |
| January 26, 1999 | Melbourne | | Melbourne Showgrounds | |  |  |
| January 29, 1999 | Adelaide | | Adelaide Showgrounds | |  |  |
| January 31, 1999 | Perth | | Bassendean Oval | |  |  |

### Cancelled or rescheduled shows

List of cancelled concerts, showing date, city, country, venue and reason for cancellation
| Date | City | Country | Venue | Reason |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Leg 1: European Festival Tour 1998 | | | | |
| June 25, 1998 | Roskilde | Denmark | Roskilde Festival | Ginger Fish contracted mononucleosis. |
| June 27, 1998 | Burgh | Netherlands | Waldrock Festival | |
| June 28, 1998 | Dessel | Belgium | Graspop Metal Meeting | |
| June 30, 1998 | Kristiansand | Norway | Odderøya Amfi | |
| July 9, 1998 | Frauenfeld | Germany | Out in the Green Festival | |
| July 12, 1998 | Zwickau | | Full Force Open Air | |
|

## Lineup

Marilyn Manson

## Reception

### Critical reception

Music critic Tim Finn of *The Kansas City Star* commented that, overall, the show was "far less a spectacle than the Antichrist Superstar tour."

## InfoBox

Mechanical Animals
| Tour by Marilyn Manson | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional poster for the November 16 performance of the Mechanical Animals Tour | |
| Associated album | *Mechanical Animals* |
| Start date | October 25, 1998 |
| End date | January 31, 1999 |
| No. of shows | 52 (planned)<br>46 (completed) |
| Marilyn Manson concert chronology | |


title: Thomas Carr Howe Middle School

abstract: Thomas Carr Howe IB World Middle School is an Indianapolis Public Schools middle school in Indianapolis will serve grades 6–8 starting in the fall of 2024. The school previously served as a community high school under several different iterations since its founding in the 1930s.

text:
# Thomas Carr Howe Middle School

**Thomas Carr Howe IB World Middle School** is an Indianapolis Public Schools middle school in Indianapolis will serve grades 6–8 starting in the fall of 2024. The school previously served as a community high school under several different iterations since its founding in the 1930s.

## History

Thomas Carr Howe High School (Indianapolis public school #420) broke ground in 1937. It was originally known as Irvington High School and was meant to serve the Irvington neighborhood and surrounding areas on the eastside of Indianapolis. The first classes were in 1938. After opening, the school was renamed for Thomas Carr Howe, a Butler University president.

The school closed down in 1995. Howe reopened in 2000 as a community high school serving grades 7-12 school under the name Thomas Carr Howe Community High School. Howe was eventually re-closed again in 2020.

### 2024 reopening

In the fall of 2024, Howe will reopen as an International Baccalaureate IB World middle school for grades 6–8 in the 2024-25 school year as part of IPS's Rebuilding Stronger plan.

## InfoBox

| Thomas Carr Howe Middle School, an IB World School | |
| --- | --- |
| Howe High School aerial view. | |
| Location | |
|  | |
| 4900 Julian Avenue
Indianapolis, Marion County, Indiana 46201
United States | |
| Coordinates | 39°46′06″N 86°05′08″W / 39.768203°N 86.085486°W / 39.768203; -86.085486 |
| Information | |
| Type | Public |
| Established | 1937 |
| School district | Indianapolis Public Schools |
| Superintendent | Aleesia Johnson |
| Principal | Frances Rivera |
| Faculty | 44 |
| Grades | 6-8 |
| Enrollment | 643 |
| Color(s) |  |
| Athletics conference | Indianapolis Public School Conference |
| Team name | Hornets |
| Website | https://myips.org/thomascarrhowe/ |


title: Team Volcano

abstract:
Team Volcano, also known as Team Volcano International or TVI, was a multi-sport team prominent in the mid to late 1990s. The team, founded by Chris Eversfield and Iain Parsons in 1995, was the first non-geographic Triathlon team to be fully affiliated to the sport's governing body, the British Triathlon Association. The team pioneered the use of digital communication and the emerging Internet to communicate with its network of athletes. Team Volcano attracted many international athletes during its most active years including many guest-event athletes. Notable athletes who have raced for or represented Team Volcano during its time include:
  - Julian Goater
  - Anthony Stirrat
  - James Parker
  - Jim Thorne
  - David Stubbs
  - Ian Gummery Many athletes were long course or Ironman focused although the team has success in Spring and Middle Distance events. The team was founded in Lanzarote and named after the famous Volcano Triathlon. Team Volcano ceased to exist formally in 2001 although certain members of the team continued racing unofficially under the TVI banner for a number of seasons afterwards.

text:
# Team Volcano

**Team Volcano**, also known as Team Volcano International or TVI, was a multi-sport team prominent in the mid to late 1990s.

The team, founded by Chris Eversfield and Iain Parsons in 1995, was the first non-geographic Triathlon team (other than from the British Military and Emergency services) to be fully affiliated to the sport's governing body, the British Triathlon Association. The team pioneered the use of digital communication and the emerging Internet to communicate with its network of athletes.

Team Volcano attracted many international athletes during its most active years including many guest-event athletes.

Notable athletes who have raced for or represented Team Volcano during its time include:

* Julian Goater (World Champion Triathlete, Commonwealth Medalist and Top 10 GB 10k)
* Anthony Stirrat (Team GB, Barcelona 92)
* James Parker (National Junior Champion and Professional long course triathlete)
* Jim Thorne (Amateur Winner, Longest Day long course)
* David Stubbs (Team GB long course)
* Ian Gummery (Elite Coach)

Many athletes were long course or Ironman focused although the team has success in Spring and Middle Distance events.

The team was founded in Lanzarote and named after the famous Volcano Triathlon.

Team Volcano ceased to exist formally in 2001 although certain members of the team continued racing unofficially under the TVI banner for a number of seasons afterwards.


title: Trønder-Avisa

abstract: Trønder-Avisa is a regional newspaper in Norway. It is printed in the town of Steinkjer in Nord-Trøndelag. The newspaper was founded as a union of Nord-Trøndelag and Inntrøndelagen after both newspapers' headquarters were bombed during the Second World War. These two papers were originally connected to the Norwegian Centre Party and the Liberal Party (Inntrøndelagen). This connection still exists to some extent by ownership. The newspaper is published by a company with the same name, Trønder-Avisa Group. The company also owns the local papers Inderøyningen, Steinkjer-Avisa, Lokalavisa Verran-Namdalseid, Ytringen and Snåsningen.

text:
# Trønder-Avisa

***Trønder-Avisa*** is a regional newspaper in Norway. It is printed in the town of Steinkjer in Nord-Trøndelag. The newspaper was founded as a union of *Nord-Trøndelag* (founded 1919) and *Inntrøndelagen* (founded 1897) after both newspapers' headquarters were bombed during the Second World War. These two papers were originally connected to the Norwegian Centre Party and the Liberal Party (Inntrøndelagen). This connection still exists to some extent by ownership. The newspaper is published by a company with the same name, Trønder-Avisa Group. The company also owns the local papers *Inderøyningen*, *Steinkjer-Avisa*, *Lokalavisa Verran-Namdalseid*, *Ytringen* and *Snåsningen*.


title: Steve Bays

abstract: Steve Bays is a Canadian musician, audio engineer, and producer. He is a member of Canadian bands Left Field Messiah, Fur Trade, and Mounties. Bays was also the frontman and one of the founding members of Hot Hot Heat.

text:
# Steve Bays

**Steve Bays** is a Canadian musician, audio engineer, and producer. He is a member of Canadian bands Left Field Messiah, Fur Trade, and Mounties. Bays was also the frontman and one of the founding members of Hot Hot Heat.

## Career

Bays has worked with a number of artists, either writing, recording, or producing, including The Zolas, Dear Rouge, We Are The City, The Killers, Diplo/Steve Aoki, Fitz and the Tantrums, Mounties, Born Ruffians, Mother Mother, Gay Nineties and Hawksley Workman.

## Selected discography

| Year | Artist | Title | Label | Role |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | **Fur Trade** | ***Don't Get Heavy**** Released: July 22, 2013 | Last Gang Records | Producer
Engineer
Mixer
 |
| 2014 | **Mounties** | ***Thrash Rock Legacy**** Released: March 4, 2014 | Light Organ Records | Producer
Engineer
Mixer
 |
| 2014 | **Steve Aoki, Diplo, Deorro** | ***22 Jump Street (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)*** ("Freak") * Released: June 10, 2014 | Republic Records | Co-writer
Vocals
 |
| 2014 | **JPNSGRLS** | ***Circulation**** Released: July 15, 2014 | Light Organ Records | Producer
Mixer
 |
| 2015 | **Hawksley Workman** | ***Old Cheetah**** Released: June 2, 2015 | Six Shooter Records | Producer
Co-writer
Mixer
 |
| 2015 | **We Are the City** | ***Above Club*** ("Kiss Me Honey", "Cheque Room", "Heavy as a Brick", "Take Your Picture With Me While You Still Can") * Released: November 13, 2015 | Tooth & Nail Records | Mixer
 |
| 2016 | **The Zolas** | ***Swooner*** ("Swooner", "CV Dazzle", "Molotov Girls", "Fell In Love With New York", "Invisible", "Why Do I Wait") * Released: March 4, 2016 | Light Organ Records | Mixer
 |
| 2017 | **Fake Shark** | ***Faux Real*** ("Heart 2 Heart", “NOFOMO”, “Cheap Thrills" and “Something Special") * Released: May 26, 2017 | Light Organ Records | Producer
Co-writer
Engineer
Mixer
 |
| 2017 | **Yukon Blonde** | ***Crazy*** (single) * Released: July 28, 2017 | Dine Alone Records | Producer
Engineer
Mixer
 |
| 2018 | **Dear Rouge** | ***Phases*** ("Motion", "Flashes") * Released: March 9, 2018 | Universal Music Canada | Producer
Engineer
Mixer
 |
|

## InfoBox

| Steve Bays | |
| --- | --- |
| Bays performing with Hot Hot Heat in 2011 | |
| Background information | |
| Genres | Indie rock, alternative, art punk |
| Occupation(s) | Musician, record producer, audio engineer |
| Instrument(s) | Keyboards, vocals |
| Years active | 1999–present |
| Labels | Dangerbird, Dine Alone, Sire, Warner Bros. Records |


title: North Carolina's 20th Senate district

abstract: North Carolina's 20th Senate district is one of 50 districts in the North Carolina Senate. It has been represented by Democrat Natalie Murdock since 2020.

text:
# North Carolina's 20th Senate district

**North Carolina's 20th Senate district** is one of 50 districts in the North Carolina Senate. It has been represented by Democrat Natalie Murdock since 2020.

## Geography

Since 2023, the district has included all of Chatham County, as well as part of Durham County. The district overlaps with the 29th, 31st, and 54th house districts.

## District officeholders

### Multi-member district

| Senator | Party | Dates | Notes | Senator | Party | Dates | Notes | Counties |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Hamilton Horton Jr.** | Republican | January 1, 1995 –
January 1, 2003 | Redistricted to the 31st district. | **James Mark McDaniel** | Republican | January 1, 1995 –
January 1, 1999 | Lost re-election. | **1995–2003**
Part of Forsyth County. |
| | | | | **Linda Garrou** | Democratic | January 1, 1999 –
January 1, 2003 | Redistricted to the 32nd district. | |

### Single-member district

| Senator | Party | Dates | Notes | Counties |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Jeanne Hopkins Lucas** | Democratic | January 1, 2003 –
March 9, 2007 | Redistricted from the 13th district.
Died. | **2003–2013**
Part of Durham County. |
| *Vacant* | | March 9, 2007 –
April 18, 2007 |  | |
| **Floyd McKissick Jr.** | Democratic | April 18, 2007 –
January 7, 2020 | Appointed to finish Lucas's term.
Resigned. | |
| | | | | **2013–2019**
All of Granville County.
Part of Durham County. |
| | | | | **2019–2023**
Part of Durham County. |
| | *Vacant* | | January 7, 2020 –
January 14, 2020 |  |
| | **Mickey Michaux** | Democratic | January 14, 2020 –
March 31, 2020 | Appointed to continue McKissick's term.
Resigned. |
| | *Vacant* | | March 31, 2020 –
April 29, 2020 |  |
| | **Natalie Murdock** | Democratic | April 29, 2020 –
Present | Appointed to finish McKissick's term. |
| | | | | **2023–Present**
All of Chatham County.
Part of Durham County. |

## Election results

### 2022

North Carolina Senate 20th district general election, 2022
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Natalie Murdock (incumbent)** | **64,550** | **72.83%** |
|  | Republican | Alvin Reed | 24,085 | 27.17% |
| Total votes | | | **88,635** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2020

North Carolina Senate 20th district Democratic primary election, 2020
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Natalie Murdock** | **24,508** | **45.23%** |
|  | Democratic | Pierce Freelon | 20,054 | 37.01% |
|  | Democratic | Gray Ellis | 9,629 | 17.77% |
| Total votes | | | **54,191** | **100%** |

North Carolina Senate 20th district general election, 2020
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Natalie Murdock (incumbent)** | **102,732** | **83.61%** |
|  | Republican | John Tarantino | 20,143 | 16.39% |
| Total votes | | | **122,875** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2018

North Carolina Senate 20th district general election, 2018
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Floyd McKissick Jr. (incumbent)** | **74,205** | **83.52%** |
|  | Republican | Tom Stark | 12,309 | 13.85% |
|  | Libertarian | Jared Erickson | 2,331 | 2.62% |
| Total votes | | | **88,845** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2016

North Carolina Senate 20th district general election, 2016
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Floyd McKissick Jr. (incumbent)** | **71,865** | **81.60%** |
|  | Libertarian | Barbara Howe | 16,202 | 18.40% |
| Total votes | | | **88,067** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2014

North Carolina Senate 20th district general election, 2014
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Floyd McKissick Jr. (incumbent)** | **46,482** | **100%** |
| Total votes | | | **46,482** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2012

North Carolina Senate 20th district Democratic primary election, 2012
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Floyd McKissick Jr. (incumbent)** | **24,208** | **82.25%** |
|  | Democratic | Ralph Madison McKinney Jr. | 5,225 | 17.75% |
| Total votes | | | **29,433** | **100%** |

North Carolina Senate 20th district general election, 2012
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Floyd McKissick Jr. (incumbent)** | **75,673** | **100%** |
| Total votes | | | **75,673** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2010

North Carolina Senate 20th district general election, 2010
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Floyd McKissick Jr. (incumbent)** | **38,309** | **73.11%** |
|  | Republican | John Tarantino | 14,092 | 26.89% |
| Total votes | | | **52,401** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2008

North Carolina Senate 20th district Democratic primary election, 2008
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Floyd McKissick Jr. (incumbent)** | **32,313** | **77.20%** |
|  | Democratic | Ryan O'Neal Echoles | 9,542 | 22.80% |
| Total votes | | | **41,855** | **100%** |

North Carolina Senate 20th district general election, 2008
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Floyd McKissick Jr. (incumbent)** | **64,178** | **74.58%** |
|  | Republican | Ken Chandler | 19,666 | 22.55% |
|  | Libertarian | David C. Rollins | 3,377 | 3.87% |
| Total votes | | | **87,221** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2006

North Carolina Senate 20th district general election, 2006
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Jeanne Hopkins Lucas (incumbent)** | **26,760** | **100%** |
| Total votes | | | **26,760** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2004

North Carolina Senate 20th district general election, 2004
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Jeanne Hopkins Lucas (incumbent)** | **55,050** | **90.24%** |
|  | Libertarian | Ray Ubinger | 5,953 | 9.76% |
| Total votes | | | **61,003** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2002

North Carolina Senate District 20th district general election, 2002
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Jeanne Hopkins Lucas (incumbent)** | **30,216** | **89.31%** |
|  | Libertarian | Jonathan Guze | 3,617 | 10.69% |
| Total votes | | | **33,833** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2000

North Carolina Senate 20th district general election, 2000
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Linda Garrou (incumbent)** | **60,149** | **35.65%** |
|  | **Republican** | **Hamilton Horton Jr. (incumbent)** | **59,929** | **35.52%** |
|  | Republican | Jeannie A. Metcalf | 48,666 | 28.84% |
| Total votes | | | **168,744** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | |

## InfoBox

| North Carolina's 20th
State Senate district | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
| Senator | Natalie Murdock
Durham |
| Demographics | 39% White
37% Black
14% Hispanic
6% Asian |
| Population (2020) | 222,206 |


title: Tomopterus quadratipennis

abstract: Tomopterus quadratipennis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Henry Walter Bates in 1873.

text:
# Tomopterus quadratipennis

***Tomopterus quadratipennis***  is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Henry Walter Bates in 1873.

## InfoBox

| *Tomopterus quadratipennis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Tomopterus*** |
| Species: | ***T. quadratipennis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tomopterus quadratipennis***<br>Bates, 1873 | |
|


title: Valencia Negra

abstract: The Festival de Género Negro de Valencia, known as Valencia Negra or VLC Negra, is an annual literary festival in Valencia, Spain. It is one of several festivals in the first week of May, which are known as "Semana Negra," or "black weeks," due to their celebration of thematically "dark" genres like crime fiction and detective stories. This festival was founded in 2013 by Valencian writers Jordi Llobregat, Marina López Martínez, Santiago Álvarez, and Bernardo Carrión. The festival was initially conceived as an event open to all and hosts a wide range of activities and competitions, including award shows, artist meetings, musical performances, and film viewings. Since its inception, Valencia Negra has gone international by agreeing to collaborate with the French festival Toulouse Polard du Sud.

text:
# Valencia Negra

The **Festival de Género Negro de Valencia**, known as **Valencia Negra** or **VLC Negra**, is an annual literary festival in Valencia, Spain. It is one of several festivals in the first week of May, which are known as "Semana Negra," or "black weeks," due to their celebration of thematically "dark" genres like crime fiction and detective stories.

This festival was founded in 2013 by Valencian writers Jordi Llobregat, Marina López Martínez (Marina Lomar), Santiago Álvarez, and Bernardo Carrión.

The festival was initially conceived as an event open to all and hosts a wide range of activities and competitions, including award shows, artist meetings, musical performances, and film viewings. Since its inception, Valencia Negra has gone international by agreeing to collaborate with the French festival *Toulouse Polard du Sud*.

## Awards

Several literary award competitions are held during the festival.

* Francisco Gonzalez Ledesma Literary Career Award - VLC Negra
* Best VLC Negra Novel (Three Award categories: Millor novel la, Mejor Novela, and Best Novel)
* #60en Negro - Certamen de MiniClips
* #140tirs. Microrelatos Competition

## Participants (selected)

Over the years there has been a wide range of participants in the festival.

1. "Santiago Alvarez – Toulouse Polars du Sud" (in French). Retrieved 2024-04-29.
2. "MEJOR NOVELA VLCN 2014". *Valencianegra.com*. Archived from the original on 2014-05-02. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
3. "¿Cuáles son las REGLAS?". *Valencianegra.com*. Archived from the original on 2014-05-02. Retrieved 2014-04-29.
4. "Autores" \[Authors\]. *Valencianegra.com*. Archived from the original on 2014-07-05. Retrieved 2014-04-29.


title: Tararua (spider)

abstract: Tararua is a genus of South Pacific funnel weavers first described by Raymond Robert Forster & C. L. Wilton in 1973.

text:
# Tararua (spider)

***Tararua*** is a genus of South Pacific funnel weavers first described by Raymond Robert Forster & C. L. Wilton in 1973.

## Species

As of April 2019 it contains seven species:

## InfoBox

| *Tararua* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Agelenidae |
| Genus: | *Tararua*
Forster & Wilton, 1973 |
|
| Type species | |
| *T. celeripes* (Urquhart, 1891)
 | |
| Species | |
| 7, see text | |


title: Thomas Attewell

abstract: Thomas Attewell was an English first-class cricketer. Attewell was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Keyworth, Nottinghamshire. Attewell made his first-class debut for Nottinghamshire against the Marylebone Cricket Club in 1891. That same season he made his County Championship debut against Gloucestershire. From 1891 to 1894, he represented the county in 7 first-class matches, the last of which came against Gloucestershire. In his 7 first-class matches, he scored 53 runs at a batting average of 7.57, with a high score of 23*. In the field he took 2 catches. Later, Attewell also stood as an umpire in first-class and Minor Counties Championship matches, including many major matches at Lords Cricket Ground in London. He died at Nottingham on 6 July 1937.

text:
# Thomas Attewell

**Thomas Attewell** (7 November 1869 – 6 July 1937) was an English first-class cricketer. Attewell was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Keyworth, Nottinghamshire.

Attewell made his first-class debut for Nottinghamshire against the Marylebone Cricket Club in 1891. That same season he made his County Championship debut against Gloucestershire. From 1891 to 1894, he represented the county in 7 first-class matches, the last of which came against Gloucestershire. In his 7 first-class matches, he scored 53 runs at a batting average of 7.57, with a high score of 23. In the field he took 2 catches.

Later, Attewell also stood as an umpire in first-class and Minor Counties Championship matches, including many major matches at Lords Cricket Ground in London.

He died at Nottingham on 6 July 1937.

## Family

His brother William played first-class cricket for Nottinghamshire and the Marylebone Cricket Club, as well as Test cricket for England. His cousin Walter Attewell played first-class cricket for Nottinghamshire. He was married to Mary Attewell (nee Pike) and had three daughters, Sylvia 'Molly' Mary Entwistle (nee Attewell), Rosamund Attewell and Audrey Grace Attewell.

## InfoBox

Thomas Attewell
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Thomas Attewell |
| Born | (1869-11-07)7 November 1869
Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, England |
| Died | 6 July 1937(1937-07-06) (aged 67)
Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm medium |
| Relations | William Attewell (brother)
Walter Attewell (cousin) |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1891–1894 | Nottinghamshire |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 7  Runs scored 53  Batting average 7.57  100s/50s –/–  Top score 23  Balls bowled 20  Wickets   Bowling average   5 wickets in innings   10 wickets in match   Best bowling   Catches/stumpings 2/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 3 October 2010 | |


title: Tarrafal de São Nicolau (municipality)

abstract: Tarrafal de São Nicolau is a concelho (municipality) of Cape Verde. Situated in the western part of the island of São Nicolau, it covers 35% of the island area (119.8 km²) and is home to 41% of its population. Its seat is the town Tarrafal de São Nicolau.

text:
# Tarrafal de São Nicolau (municipality)

**Tarrafal de São Nicolau** is a *concelho* (municipality) of Cape Verde. Situated in the western part of the island of São Nicolau, it covers 35% of the island area (119.8 km²) and is home to 41% of its population (5,237 at the 2010 census). Its seat is the town Tarrafal de São Nicolau.

## Subdivisions

The municipality consists of one *freguesia* (civil parish), **São Francisco de Assis**. The *freguesia* is subdivided into the following settlements (population at the 2010 census):

## History

The municipality was created in 2005, when the older municipality of São Nicolau was split in two, the western part becoming the Municipality of Tarrafal de São Nicolau and the eastern part becoming the Municipality of Ribeira Brava.

## Demography

Population of Tarrafal de São Nicolau (1980—2010)
| Year | Population |
| --- | --- |
| 1980 | 2,107 |
| 1990 | 2,109 |
| 2000 | 1,853 |
| 2010 | 5,237 |

## Politics

Since 2012, the Movement for Democracy (MpD) is the ruling party of the municipality. The results of the latest elections, in 2016:

| Party | Municipal Council | | Municipal Assembly | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes% | Seats | Votes% | Seats |
| MpD | 55.90 | 5 | 55.78 | 8 |
| PAICV | 40.63 | 0 | 40.30 | 5 |

## Twin town

Tarrafal de São Nicolau is twinned with:

## InfoBox

| Tarrafal de São Nicolau | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 16°36′N 24°21′W / 16.60°N 24.35°W / 16.60; -24.35 | |
| Country | Cape Verde |
| Island | São Nicolau |
| Area | |
| Total | 119.8 km2 (46.3 sq mi) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 5,237 |
| Density | 44/km2 (110/sq mi) |
| ID | 32 |


title: Tsuga chinensis

abstract: Tsuga chinensis, commonly referred to as the Taiwan or Chinese hemlock, is a coniferous tree species native to China, Taiwan, and Vietnam. The tree is quite variable and has many recognised varieties, though some are also maintained to be separate species by certain authorities. The tree was recently discovered in the mountains of northern Vietnam, making that the southernmost extension of its range.

text:
# Tsuga chinensis

***Tsuga chinensis***, commonly referred to as the **Taiwan** or **Chinese hemlock**, is a coniferous tree species native to China, Taiwan, and Vietnam. The tree is quite variable and has many recognised varieties, though some are also maintained to be separate species by certain authorities. The tree was recently discovered in the mountains of northern Vietnam, making that the southernmost extension of its range.

## Description

*Tsuga chinensis* is a large tree with bark that is a blackish brown in colour. The scaly bark has irregular longitudinal breaks, and lenticels that are very inconspicuous. The outer bark is about 6 mm thick with alternating tiered layers of pale yellowish brown corky bark, and brown lignified fibrous bark. The newly formed periderm is a purplish red. The inner bark is about 4 to 5 mm (0.16 to 0.20 inches) thick and pale reddish brown in colour. It is fibrous in texture with minute, almost inconspicuous sclereid, or stone cell groups. The cambium as well as the newly formed phloem are nearly inconspicuous. Freshly cut wood is a pale yellowish white with inconspicuous wood rays.

The branchlets that have leaf-cushions. The leaves are arranged spirally in a manner more or less 2-ranked. They are linear and flat in shape and olive green in colour. The upper side of the leaf is grooved and keeled, while the underside has 2 white stomatic bands. The apex of the leaves are emerginate and they measure 16 to 20 mm (0.63 to 0.79 inches) long. The petioles are crooked. The foliage is very similar to that of *T. heterophylla*, but *T. chinensis* has nodding shoots and the stomatic bands are paler and more sparse. Also the colour above is a paler yellowish-green. The stamenate flowers appear singly on one-year-old shoots, or in groups of 1 to 5 on two-year-old shoots. They are a dull purple in colour and measure about 8 mm (0.31 inches). The pistillate flowers are terminal on a very short shoot. They nod, are rosy-purple and are about 6 mm (0.24 inches) in length. The mature cones are green, later turning to red-brown, long-ovoid in shape and measure 2 to 2.5 mm (0.079 to 0.098 inches) long by about 1 cm (0.39 inches) wide. They are pendulous and the cone scales are large and suborbicular with longitudinal streaks. The bracts are small and 2 lobed at the apex. The seeds are winged and measure about 7 mm (0.28 inches) long with the wing included.

## Range and habitat

*T. chinensis* is found in Taiwan, China (from Tibet to southern Shanxi province and Guangdong province), and northern Ha Giang province in Vietnam. In the very south of their range they are only found high in the mountains. For example, in Vietnam the tree is only found in mountains 1,300 to 1,700 m (4,300 to 5,600 feet) above sea level. In China it is present at altitudes of 1,000 to 3,500 m (3,300 to 11,500 feet) in the following provinces: Anhui, Fujian, southern Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, northern Guizhou, western Henan, western Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, southern Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, and Zhejiang. This comprises the southern half of the country with a few population farther north. It is found primarily in mixed forests near river basins and in mountains and valleys. In Taiwan it is found mainly in Nantou County and Taoyuan City at heights of 1,700 to 3,500 m (5,600 to 11,500 feet) in mixed broadleaf forests. It can be found in Taiwans's Yushan National Park and Lalashan Preserve, as well as in China's Hailuogou Glacier Park in Sichuan province.

## Taxonomy

There are a number of varieties of *T. chinensis*, though there is much dispute over which are valid and whether some constitute distinct species or not. All in all there are six varieties, though not all are accepted universally. These are:

* *T. c.* var. *chinensis* is the type variety and occurs across most of the range in mainland China and Tibet. Its seed scales are pentagonal-ovate, subsquare, or suborbicular, while its branchlets are 1 mm (0.039 inches) in diameter and grey to yellow-grey in colour. The cones are ovoid and 1.5 to 2.5 cm (0.59 to 0.98 inches) tall by 1.2 to 1.6 cm (0.47 to 0.63 inches) wide.
* *T. c.* var. *formosana* is the variety that occurs exclusively in Taiwan. Aljos Farjon, a conifer expert from the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, considers this variety identical with the type, but according to Raven and Wu it differs from the type by having seed scales which are compressed orbicular to nearly semiorbicular. Otherwise, however, it is like the type.
* *T. c.* var. *patens* is found only in western Hubei province on Changyang Xian. It differs in having brownish yellow to brown branchlets, which are between to 0.5 to 1 mm (0.020 to 0.039 inches) longer in diameter than the type. The seed cones also differ in being slightly larger, ovoid-globose in shape, and with seed scales that are smooth, shiny and almost square. This variety is recognized by Raven and Wu.
* *T. c.* var. *forrestii* is treated as a separate species, namely *Tsuga forrestii*, by some authorities. The cones are larger, more slender and narrow-ovoid to ovoid-cylindric. The branchlets are slightly thicker, while the seed scales are narrowly ovate or oblong with the exposed part striate and glabrous with a thickened margin. Regardless of its taxonomic status, it is considered threatened by the IUCN. It occurs only in northeast Guizhou, southwest Sichuan and northwest Yunnan.
* *T. c.* var. *robusta* is probably the most universally recognised of the varieties. It is present in western Hubei and western Sichuan. It again exhibits the thicker branchlets and larger cones, but the cones are stout and shortly cylindric. Also, the seed scales are square-orbicular with the exposed part being pubescent and the margin not thickened. In addition, the bracts are cuspidate at the apex.
* *T. c.* var. *oblongisquamata* is considered a separate species by Raven and Wu, namely *T. oblongisquamata*, but as a variety by Farjon. It occurs in the northern part of the range, namely in southern Gansu, western Hubei and northwest Sichuan. It differs most sharply in lacking visible stomatic bands beneath the leaves. Otherwise the seed scales are more loosely arranged and loosely elliptic in shape, being nearly twice as long as they are wide.

## Uses

The timber obtained from *T. chinensis* is used in construction, furniture making, and as a support in mines. The bark is high in tannins, which is often extracted and used as a dye. The trunk is used as a source of resin. In addition, the roots, trunk, and branches are all used in the production of aromatic oils due to their pleasing scent.

## InfoBox

| Chinese hemlock | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Gymnospermae |
| Division: | Pinophyta |
| Class: | Pinopsida |
| Order: | Pinales |
| Family: | Pinaceae |
| Genus: | *Tsuga* |
| Species: | ***T. chinensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tsuga chinensis***
(Franch.) Pritzel ex Diels. | |
|


title: Stojan Bošković

abstract: Stojan Bošković was a Serbian educator, politician, and historian. He was one of several historians in his day, along with Stojan Novaković, the leader of the Progressive Party; Čedomilj Mijatović, minister of foreign affairs and finance; and Ljubomir Jovanović, minister of education. The early 1850s marked an appearance of the first generation of Serbs born in Serbia who was well-educated on state bursaries in order to train a local bureaucratic and intellectual elite to substitute the imported one from Habsburg or Serbian Vojvodina. It is from this group that the first self-defined liberals came -- Jevrem Grujić, Aleksa Janković, Vladimir Jovanović, and Stojan Bošković. As a member of this group of intellectuals, Bošković aspired to improve the government different from absolutism, modern in its principles and organization. He wrote, "We must learn from England -- the mother of liberty and constitutionalism in the whole world." Bošković advocated the introduction of state examinations for all civil servants and the improvement of the material status of professors by making their salaries equal to the salaries of other state officials. His son, Matija Bošković was a diplomat.

text:
# Stojan Bošković

**Stojan Bošković** (Svilajnac, Principality of Serbia, 1833 – Belgrade, Kingdom of Serbia, 21 February 1908) was a Serbian educator, politician, and historian. He was one of several historians in his day, along with Stojan Novaković, the leader of the Progressive Party; Čedomilj Mijatović, minister of foreign affairs and finance; and Ljubomir Jovanović, minister of education.

The early 1850s marked an appearance of the first generation of Serbs born in Serbia who was well-educated on state bursaries in order to train a local bureaucratic and intellectual elite to substitute the imported one from Habsburg or Serbian Vojvodina. It is from this group that the first self-defined liberals came -- Jevrem Grujić, Aleksa Janković, Vladimir Jovanović, and Stojan Bošković. As a member of this group of intellectuals, Bošković aspired to improve the government different from absolutism, modern in its principles and organization.

He wrote, "We must learn from England -- the mother of liberty and constitutionalism in the whole world."

Bošković advocated the introduction of state examinations for all civil servants and the improvement of the material status of professors by making their salaries equal to the salaries of other state officials.

His son, Matija Bošković (Mathias Boshkovitch) was a diplomat.

## Biography

He attended the Belgrade Gymnasium and then studied law and philosophy at the Belgrade Lyceum. He began his career as a young professor and translator in 1853. He was the first to translate Eugène Sue's *Le Juif errant* (The Wandering Jew; 1845) which appeared in six consecutive segments (No. 12-17) in the weekly magazine *Sedmica* (Weekend) in Novi Sad in 1853. He worked at the Šabac Gymnasium, where he became its principal in 1857. One of his pupils was Stojan Novaković whom he encouraged to pursue his studies in Belgrade. From Šabac Bošković moved to Belgrade where he first worked as a high school professor and then in 1859 and 1860 he was the editor of the official Serbian newspaper called *Novine srbske*, published by Dimitrije Davidović. Bošković was inclined towards liberalism and adhered to liberal political understandings and as a result, suffered persecution during the reign of Prince Mihailo Obrenović. He was transferred from the capital, was arrested and forced into exile for a while. From 1868 to 1903, when he finally retired, he performed a number of significant political duties. He was Minister of Education in the cabinets of Ljubomir Kaljević (1875) and Jovan Ristić (1879) and a member of the State Council in 1890. He also served in the diplomatic service. He taught General History at the Belgrade Velika skola in 1874 and 1877-1879 as professor and then in 1883-1887 as an honorary professor. Although state affairs often distracted him from his work at the *Velika škola*, his teaching and work as Minister of Education greatly raised the quality of teaching. Bošković was a member of the Serbian Learned Society or the Serbian Royal Academy.

## Work

Bošković wrote mainly textbooks and broad-based syntheses from general history but also did research work too. He published works in various fields of creative writing — journalism, fiction, political literature, and history. He published two volumes, 1866 and 1883, of the popularly read *Istorije sveta za narod i skolu* (History of the World for the People and the School) and *Istorija sveta zaviše razrede srednjih škola sa slikama* (History of the World for grades in the Middle Schools with illustrations). Of similar quality are the general history textbooks for upper secondary schools (1883), *Slike iz vremena refomacije* (Reformation paintings; 1877 and 1886), and *Antikrist ili car neron* (Antichrist or Emperor Nero; 1882), a detailed study of social and political circumstances in ancient Rome during the 1st century A.D. His shorter works, published in various periodicals, were often historically motivated. These writings were mostly published in scholastic work *Za prosvetu i slobodu* (For Education and Freedom; 1882). The only Serbian work in history was a study of Emperor Stefan Dušan written in French and published in Florence in 1866. Another book, *La Mission du Peuple Serbe dans la question d'Orient considerations sur le passé et l'avenir des pays Balkaniques*, also written in French by Bošković, was published in Brussels in 1886. Bošković often tried not to include his political ideas into his journalistic and historical works, so they are both a testimony to his time and a significant historiographical contribution as well.


title: North Carolina's 23rd Senate district

abstract: North Carolina's 23rd Senate district is one of 50 districts in the North Carolina Senate. It has been represented by Democrat Graig Meyer since 2023.

text:
# North Carolina's 23rd Senate district

**North Carolina's 23rd Senate district** is one of 50 districts in the North Carolina Senate. It has been represented by Democrat Graig Meyer since 2023.

## Geography

Since 2023, the district has included all of Orange, Caswell, and Person counties. The district overlaps with the 2nd, 50th, and 56th state house districts.

## District officeholders

| Senator | Party | Dates | Notes | Counties |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Jim Phillips Sr.** | Democratic | January 1, 1997 –
January 1, 2001 | Retired. | **1995–2003**
Parts of Iredell, Rowan, and Davidson counties. |
| **Cal Cunningham** | Democratic | January 1, 2001 –
January 1, 2003 | Redistricted to the 33rd district and retired. | |
| **Eleanor Kinnaird** | Democratic | January 1, 2003 –
August 19, 2013 | Redistricted from the 16th district.
Resigned. | **2003–2005**
All of Orange and Chatham counties. |
| | | | | **2005-2013**
All of Orange and Person counties. |
| | | | | **2013–2023**
All of Orange and Chatham counties. |
| | *Vacant* | | August 19, 2013 –
September 13, 2013 |  |
| | **Valerie Foushee** | Democratic | September 13, 2013 –
January 1, 2023 | Appointed to finish Kinnaird's term.
Retired to run for Congress. |
| **Graig Meyer** | Democratic | January 1, 2023 –
Present |  | **2023–Present**
All of Orange, Caswell, and Person counties. |

## Election results

### 2022

North Carolina Senate 23rd district Democratic primary election, 2022
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Graig Meyer** | **23,717** | **82.38%** |
|  | Democratic | Jamie DeMent Holcomb | 5,072 | 17.62% |
| Total votes | | | **28,789** | **100%** |

North Carolina Senate 23rd district Republican primary election, 2022
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Landon Woods** | **5,798** | **58.29%** |
|  | Republican | Bill Cooke | 4,149 | 41.71% |
| Total votes | | | **9,947** | **100%** |

North Carolina Senate 23rd district general election, 2022
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Graig Meyer** | **59,973** | **67.30%** |
|  | Republican | Landon Woods | 29,140 | 32.70% |
| Total votes | | | **89,113** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2020

North Carolina Senate 23rd district general election, 2020
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Valerie Foushee (incumbent)** | **88,429** | **68.31%** |
|  | Republican | Tom Glendinning | 41,016 | 31.69% |
| Total votes | | | **129,445** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2018

North Carolina Senate 23rd district general election, 2018
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Valerie Foushee (incumbent)** | **73,332** | **71.29%** |
|  | Republican | Tom Glendinning | 29,530 | 28.71% |
| Total votes | | | **102,862** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2016

North Carolina Senate 23rd district general election, 2016
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Valerie Foushee (incumbent)** | **79,520** | **68.06%** |
|  | Republican | Mary Lopez Carter | 37,322 | 31.94% |
| Total votes | | | **116,842** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2014

North Carolina Senate 23rd district general election, 2014
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Valerie Foushee (incumbent)** | **53,652** | **68.20%** |
|  | Republican | Mary Lopez-Carter | 25,021 | 31.80% |
| Total votes | | | **78,673** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2012

North Carolina Senate 23rd district general election, 2012
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Eleanor Kinnaird (incumbent)** | **71,919** | **66.97%** |
|  | Republican | Dave Carter | 35,467 | 33.03% |
| Total votes | | | **107,386** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2010

North Carolina Senate 23rd district Republican primary election, 2010
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Ryan A. Hilliard** | **2,249** | **76.39%** |
|  | Republican | Jon Greg Bass | 695 | 23.61% |
| Total votes | | | **2,944** | **100%** |

North Carolina Senate 23rd district general election, 2010
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Eleanor Kinnaird (incumbent)** | **36,611** | **64.87%** |
|  | Republican | Ryan A. Hilliard | 19,828 | 35.13% |
| Total votes | | | **56,439** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2008

North Carolina Senate 23rd district Democratic primary election, 2008
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Eleanor Kinnaird (incumbent)** | **27,172** | **64.28%** |
|  | Democratic | Moses Carey Jr. | 15,099 | 35.72% |
| Total votes | | | **42,271** | **100%** |

North Carolina Senate 23rd district general election, 2008
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Eleanor Kinnaird (incumbent)** | **62,192** | **70.90%** |
|  | Republican | Greg Bass | 25,527 | 29.10% |
| Total votes | | | **62,192** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2006

North Carolina Senate 23rd district general election, 2006
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Eleanor Kinnaird (incumbent)** | **31,947** | **73.70%** |
|  | Republican | E. B. Alston | 11,400 | 26.30% |
| Total votes | | | **43,347** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2004

North Carolina Senate 23rd district general election, 2004
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Eleanor Kinnaird (incumbent)** | **49,730** | **65.40%** |
|  | Republican | Robert E. "Whit" Whitfield | 26,307 | 34.60% |
| Total votes | | | **76,037** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2002

North Carolina Senate 23rd district Democratic primary election, 2002
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Eleanor Kinnaird (incumbent)** | **12,488** | **50.24%** |
|  | Democratic | Howard Lee (incumbent) | 12,369 | 49.76% |
| Total votes | | | **24,857** | **100%** |

North Carolina Senate 23rd district general election, 2002
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Eleanor Kinnaird (incumbent)** | **37,481** | **65.74%** |
|  | Republican | Peter Morcombe | 17,686 | 31.02% |
|  | Libertarian | Christopher Todd Goss | 1,847 | 3.24% |
| Total votes | | | **57,014** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2000

North Carolina Senate 23rd district Republican primary election, 2000
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **John "Scott" Keadle** | **3,007** | **49.99%** |
|  | Republican | Patricia P. "Peaches" Rickard | 1,810 | 30.09% |
|  | Republican | Sharon Hege Everhart | 1,198 | 19.92% |
| Total votes | | | **6,015** | **100%** |

North Carolina Senate 23rd district general election, 2000
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Cal Cunningham** | **27,726** | **53.37%** |
|  | Republican | John "Scott" Keadle | 23,095 | 44.45% |
|  | Libertarian | Lawrence James Clark | 1,131 | 2.18% |
| Total votes | | | **51,952** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

## InfoBox

| North Carolina's 23rd
State Senate district | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
| Senator | Graig Meyer
Hillsborough |
| Demographics | 70% White
11% Black
10% Hispanic
6% Asian |
| Population (2020) | 219,199 |


title: Tomas del Rosario College

abstract:
Tomas del Rosario College is a private college in Balanga, Bataan, Philippines.
It was formerly known as Tomas del Rosario Academy. It became a college in 1994. Students from this school are called "del Rosarians". Tomas del Rosario College is the only PACU-COA level II accredited private school in Bataan. It currently offers courses in the field of nursing, accounting, management, marketing, banking, education, and computer science.

text:
# Tomas del Rosario College

**Tomas del Rosario College** is a private college in Balanga, Bataan, Philippines. It was formerly known as **Tomas del Rosario Academy**. It became a college in 1994. Students from this school are called "del Rosarians".

Tomas del Rosario College is the only PACU-COA level II accredited private school in Bataan. It currently offers courses in the field of nursing, accounting, management, marketing, banking, education, and computer science.

## Location

The college is located along Capitol Drive in Barangay San Jose, Balanga, Bataan.

## Courses offered

**Basic Education Department**

* K to 12

**College Department**

* Bachelor of Science in Accountancy
* Bachelor of Science in Business Administration major in Marketing Management
* Bachelor of Science in Business Administration major in Operations Management
* Bachelor in Elementary Education major in General Education
* Bachelor in Elementary Education major in Pre-Elementary Education
* Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
* Bachelor of Science in Nursing
* Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management

**Graduate School (Trimestral Calendar)**

* Master of Arts in Education major in Educational Management

## Teaching methods

College Department:

Junior High School: Philippine Science Classes Curriculum oriented

* For Regular Students, EC (Enhanced Curriculum) is offered. An extra subject is Added per grade level.
* Grade 7 (Extra subject) - Environmental science
* Grade 8 (Extra subject) - Speech (Oral Communication)
* Grade 9 (Extra subject) - Journalism (Creative Writing)
* Grade 10 (Extra subject) - Calculus for High School

Senior High School: Academic track/s

* Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics
* Accountancy, Business, and Management
* Humanities and Social Sciences

Elementary and Pre-School: The Teaching Pedagogy implemented in this school for both levels starting S.Y. 2012-2013 comprises a reformed Montessorian method of education, with the principle that we uphold the holistic development and freedom of the student to explore his or her strengths.

## Notable alumni

* Romi Garduce, Mountaineer, TV Personality/Host
* Darwin Saribay - 3rd Place in the CPA Board Examination — May 2011
* Teri Onor- Politician / TV Personality
* Joseph De Leon Yumul- Gold medalist in the Philippine National Skills competition — March 2012, Philippine representative in the 9th ASEAN Skills Competition

## Buildings, facilities and landmarks

* Don Tomas del Rosario Landmark
* KKK (Kamalig Kalinangang Kabataan)
* Munting Gubat
* Speech Laboratory
* Computer labs

1. BSN lab

* "Board of Directors". Trc.edu.ph. Retrieved 2012-06-08.
* "College Academic Programs". Trc.edu.ph. Retrieved 2012-06-08.
* "Gallery". Trc.edu.ph. Retrieved 2012-06-08.

## InfoBox

Tomas del Rosario College
| *Dalubhasaang Tomas del Rosario* (Filipino) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type | Private
Nonsectarian |
| Established | 1950 |
| Location | Balanga, Bataan, Philippines
14°40′41″N 120°32′14″E / 14.67801°N 120.53730°E / 14.67801; 120.53730 |
| Campus | San Jose Drive, Balanga, Bataan |
| Colors | Green   Gold   White |
| Nickname | T.del or TRC |
| Website | www.trc.edu.ph |
| Location in LuzonLocation in the Philippines | |


title: Valley Station, Louisville

abstract: Valley Station, Kentucky is a former census-designated place in southwestern Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 22,946 at the 2000 census. When the government of Jefferson County merged with the city of Louisville, Kentucky in 2003, residents of Valley Station also became citizens of Louisville Metro. As a result, Valley Station is said to be a neighborhood within the city limits of Louisville by local media. It was named for its location in the valley between Muldraugh Hill and the Knobs. The area was first settled in the mid-nineteenth century. The Salt River Turnpike, today's Dixie Highway, ran through the area. Large-scale suburban development occurred in the 1950s and 1960s, similar to nearby Pleasure Ridge Park. Valley High School is located in the area. Valley Station is home to Riverside, The Farnsley-Moremen Landing and the Levee Trail.

text:
# Valley Station, Louisville

**Valley Station, Kentucky** is a former census-designated place in southwestern Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 22,946 at the 2000 census. When the government of Jefferson County merged with the city of Louisville, Kentucky in 2003, residents of Valley Station also became citizens of *Louisville Metro*. As a result, Valley Station is said to be a neighborhood within the city limits of Louisville by local media. It was named for its location in the valley between Muldraugh Hill and the Knobs.

The area was first settled in the mid-nineteenth century. The Salt River Turnpike, today's Dixie Highway, ran through the area. Large-scale suburban development occurred in the 1950s and 1960s, similar to nearby Pleasure Ridge Park. Valley High School is located in the area.

Valley Station is home to Riverside, The Farnsley-Moremen Landing and the Levee Trail.

## Geography

Valley Station is located at 38°06′40″N 85°52′13″W / 38.1112°N 85.8702°W / 38.1112; -85.8702.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 20.2 km2 (7.8 sq mi), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1960 | 10,553 |  |  |
| 1970 | 24,471 |  | 131.9% |
| 1980 | 24,474 |  | 0.0% |
| 1990 | 22,840 |  | −6.7% |
| 2000 | 23,055 |  | 0.9% |
| 2010 | 23,489 |  | 1.9% |
| source: | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 22,946 people, 8,723 households, and 6,568 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,134.4 people/km2 (2,938 people/sq mi). There were 8,948 housing units at an average density of 442.4 units/km2 (1,146 units/sq mi). The racial makeup of the CDP was 95.66% White, 2.14% African American, 0.24% Native American, 0.40% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.38% from other races, and 1.15% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.89% of the population.

There were 8,723 households, out of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.9% were married couples living together, 13.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.7% were non-families. 21.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.02.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 25.3% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 29.2% from 25 to 44, 21.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.6 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $42,290, and the median income for a family was $47,650. Males had a median income of $34,763 versus $23,731 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $18,759. About 4.0% of families and 6.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.1% of those under age 18 and 5.4% of those age 65 or over. 9.6% have a bachelor's degree or higher, 22.6% don't have a high school degree.


title: Víctor Azúcar

abstract: Víctor Manuel Azúcar Urrutia was a Salvadoran footballer. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1968 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Víctor Azúcar

**Víctor Manuel Azúcar Urrutia** (20 September 1946  20 January 1979) was a Salvadoran footballer. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1968 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Víctor Azúcar
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Víctor Manuel Azúcar Urrutia | | |
| Date of birth | (1946-09-20)20 September 1946 | | |
| Place of birth | San Salvador, El Salvador | | |
| Date of death | 20 January 1979(1979-01-20) (aged 32) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| International career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | El Salvador |  |  |