title: 1965 San Diego Chargers season

abstract: The 1965 San Diego Chargers season was their sixth as a professional AFL franchise; the team improved on their 8–5–1 record in 1964. Head Coach Sid Gillman led the Chargers to their fifth AFL West title with a 9–2–3 record, before losing the AFL Championship Game to the Buffalo Bills for the second consecutive season. It would prove to be the Chargers' last post-season appearance until 1979. San Diego took the lead in the AFL Western division early in the season, as they won five of their first seven games and tied the other two. They maintained first place despite two midseason defeats and finished with three wins in a row, clinching their division with a game to spare. During the regular season, they led the league in several key statistical categories, ranking first for rushing and passing yardage on both offense and defense. They entered the AFL Championship game as 6+1⁄2 point favorites on their own home field, but were shut out by the Bills 23–0. Several individual Chargers had strong seasons, with the offense featuring the top passer, runner and receiver, ranked by yardage. Quarterback John Hadl, in his first season as the full time starter, threw for 2,798 yards, running back Paul Lowe set both team and league records with 1,121 yards while leading the league with 5 yards per carry, and flanker Lance Alworth's 1,602 receiving yards and 14 touchdowns are yet to be surpassed as Charger records. The defense featured strong performances by safety Bud Whitehead, cornerback Speedy Duncan, and defensive linemen Earl Faison and Ernie Ladd. The latter two players fell out with Gillman, and declared their intention to leave at the end of the season.

text:
# 1965 San Diego Chargers season

The **1965 San Diego Chargers season** was their sixth as a professional AFL franchise; the team improved on their 8–5–1 record in 1964. Head Coach Sid Gillman led the Chargers to their fifth AFL West title with a 9–2–3 record, before losing the AFL Championship Game to the Buffalo Bills for the second consecutive season. It would prove to be the Chargers' last post-season appearance until 1979.

San Diego took the lead in the AFL Western division early in the season, as they won five of their first seven games and tied the other two. They maintained first place despite two midseason defeats and finished with three wins in a row, clinching their division with a game to spare. During the regular season, they led the league in several key statistical categories, ranking first for rushing and passing yardage on both offense and defense. They entered the AFL Championship game as 6+12 point favorites on their own home field, but were shut out by the Bills 23–0.

Several individual Chargers had strong seasons, with the offense featuring the top passer, runner and receiver, ranked by yardage. Quarterback John Hadl, in his first season as the full time starter, threw for 2,798 yards, running back Paul Lowe set both team and league records with 1,121 yards while leading the league with 5 yards per carry, and flanker Lance Alworth's 1,602 receiving yards and 14 touchdowns are yet to be surpassed as Charger records. The defense featured strong performances by safety Bud Whitehead, cornerback Speedy Duncan (also the AFL's leading punt returner), and defensive linemen Earl Faison and Ernie Ladd. The latter two players fell out with Gillman, and declared their intention to leave at the end of the season.

## Offseason

### AFL draft

#### Regular draft

The 1965 AFL draft took place on November 28, 1964, late in the previous season. The rival National Football League (NFL) conducted its draft on the same day. Where the same player was drafted by both AFL and NFL franchises, the two would compete to sign him. The Chargers were able to sign their 1st-round pick, defensive lineman Steve DeLong, who had also been drafted by the Chicago Bears. DeLong stated that he preferred the city of San Diego, and that the Chargers had made him a better offer. While DeLong was used as a backup during his rookie season, he went on to start in 75 games during seven seasons in San Diego, making one AFL All-Star game. Other successful signings included linebacker Rick Redman, who started 81 games over nine years in San Diego and made one All-Star game, and running back Gene Foster, who scored twice in 1965 and gained over 2,500 yards during a six-year career with the Chargers.

Other Charger draftees opted to sign with NFL clubs, including 2nd-round pick Roy Jefferson, who joined the Pittsburgh Steelers. In total, five of the Chargers' selections chose the NFL, including four of their top eight picks, while five signed with San Diego.

**1965 San Diego Chargers draft**
| Round | Pick | Player | Position | College | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 6 | Steve DeLong * | Defensive end | Tennessee | 6th pick in NFL draft |
| 2 | 14 | Roy Jefferson * | Wide receiver | Utah | 18th pick in NFL draft; signed by Pittsburgh Steelers |
| 3 | 22 | Allen Brown | Tight end | Mississippi | 38th pick in NFL draft; signed by Green Bay Packers |
| 4 | 30 | Steve Tensi | Quarterback | Florida State | 224th pick in NFL draft |
| 5 | 38 | Rick Redman * | Linebacker | Washington | 132nd pick in NFL draft |
| 6 | 46 | Will Beasley | Fullback | North Carolina A&T | Signed by 1966 Brooklyn Dodgers (COFL) |
| 7 | 54 | Jack Snow * | Wide receiver | Notre Dame | 8th pick in NFL draft; signed by Los Angeles Rams |
| 8 | 62 | Clancy Williams | Defensive back | Washington State | 9th pick in NFL draft; signed by Los Angeles Rams |
| 9 | 70 | Jerry Whelchel | Quarterback | Massachusetts | Signed by Holyoke Bombers (ACFL) |
| 10 | 78 | Gene Foster | Running back | Arizona State | 201st pick in NFL draft |
| 11 | 86 | Veran Smith | Guard | Utah State | 232nd pick in NFL draft |
| 12 | 94 | Jim Allison | Running back | San Diego State |  |
| 13 | 102 | Bill Quigley | Linebacker | Villanova | 162nd pick in NFL draft |
| 14 | 110 | Don Floyd | End | Florida State | Signed by Norfolk Neptunes (COFL) |
| 15 | 118 | Mike Howell | Defensive back | Grambling State | 111th pick in NFL draft; signed by Cleveland Browns |
| 16 | 126 | John Godden | Linebacker | San Diego State | Signed by 1966 Hartford Charter Oaks (COFL) |
| 17 | 134 | Leon Hardy | Tackle | Texas Southern |  |
| 18 | 142 | Bob Evans | Defensive end | Texas A&M | Signed by Houston Oilers |
| 19 | 150 | Braden Beck | Kicker | Stanford | Signed by 1971 Houston Oilers |
| 20 | 158 | Jack Edwards | Center | Florida State | Signed by Norfolk Neptunes (COFL) |
| Made roster     *   Made at least one AFL All-Star game or NFL Pro Bowl during career         Played in the NFL in 1965 | | | | | |

#### Redshirt draft

As well as their regular collegiate draft, the AFL also held a separate redshirt draft. This covered players whose graduation had been delayed by taking a redshirt year, meaning that they still had a further year of college football eligibility. With their first pick in this draft, the Chargers chose San Diego State Aztecs wide receiver Gary Garrison. They eventually signed him on December 5, 1965, after outbidding the NFL's San Francisco 49ers. Garrison went on to spend eleven seasons with the Chargers, accumulating over 7,500 receiving yards while being nominated to one AFL All-Star game and three Pro Bowls. He was also inducted into the Chargers Hall of Fame in 1985.

Unless noted otherwise, these players began their professional careers in 1966.

**1965 San Diego Chargers redshirt draft**
| Round | Pick | Player | Position | College | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 6 | Gary Garrison * | Wide receiver | San Diego State | 77th pick in NFL draft |
| 2 | 14 | Larry Martin | Defensive tackle | San Diego State | 195th pick in NFL draft |
| 3 | 22 | Stan Dzura | Tackle | California | 106th pick in NFL draft |
| 4 | 30 | Doug Woodlief | Linebacker | Memphis | 65th pick in NFL draft; signed by 1965 Los Angeles Rams |
| 5 | 38 | Jim Weatherwax | Defensive tackle | Los Angeles State | 150th pick in NFL draft; signed by Green Bay Packers |
| 6 | 46 | Tom Good | Linebacker | Marshall | 211th pick in NFL draft |
| 7 | 54 | Wayne Waff | End | East Tennessee State |  |
| 8 | 62 | Roy Shivers | Running back | Utah State | 264th pick in NFL draft; signed by St. Louis Cardinals |
| 9 | 70 | Tony Carey | Halfback | Notre Dame | 73rd pick in NFL draft |
| 10 | 78 | Dave Plump | Defensive back | Fresno State | 156th pick in NFL draft |
| 11 | 86 | Jeff White | End | Texas Tech | 248th pick in NFL draft; signed by 1967 Orange County Ramblers (COFL) |
| 12 | 94 | Mike Ciccolella | Linebacker | Dayton | 239th pick in NFL draft; signed by New York Giants |
| Made roster     *   Made at least one AFL All-Star game or NFL Pro Bowl during career         Played in the NFL in 1966 | | | | | |

### Departures and arrivals

Quarterback Tobin Rote, who had started for the Chargers in the past two AFL championship games, retired after the 1964 season. John Hadl took over as the starter, having split time with Rote the previous year. There was also a change on the offensive line. Don Rogers had started every game at center over the past two seasons, and featured in all but two Charger games over the first five years of the franchise. He lost his starting job to Sam Gruneisen during the offseason, and did not play professionally again. Defensive lineman Hank Schmidt, who had featured in every game for San Diego over the previous four seasons, switched to the Buffalo Bills midseason and beat the Chargers with his new team in the AFL title game at season's end. New players included Dick Degen, an undrafted rookie who missed time through injury but still started seven games, specialist kicker Herb Travenio, who had briefly featured for the Chargers in 1964 before being dropped and working for the postal service, and safety Bob Zeman, back for a second stint with the team after starting 23 games from 1960 to 1961; he would start 7 more from 1965 to 1966.

### San Diego stadium vote

The future of the Chargers franchise was uncertain entering the 1965 season, with owner Barron Hilton indicating that he would choose to move his team to another venue unless the city of San Diego approved a new stadium. Press speculation named Anaheim as a possible alternative for the team, as well as Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles. On November 2, over 130,000 citizens of San Diego voted by a majority of roughly 72% to 28% to allocated $27 million for the construction of a 50,000-seat stadium in Mission Valley. Hilton signed a 10-year lease, beginning in 1967. Jack Murphy, sports editor of the San Diego Union, was credited with getting the stadium project approved.

Initially known as San Diego Stadium, this would be the Chargers' home until their return to Los Angeles in 2017.

## Personnel

### Staff

**1965 San Diego Chargers staff**
|  | **Front office**
**Head coaches**
**Offensive coaches** |  |  | **Defensive coaches**

**Strength and conditioning**
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

### Roster

**1965 San Diego Chargers final roster**
|  | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Quarterbacks** **Running backs**
**Wide receivers**
**Tight ends** |  | **Offensive linemen** **Defensive linemen** |  | **Linebackers** **Defensive backs**
**Special teams** |  | **Practice squad** {{{Practice Squad}}}

*Rookies in italics*
 |

## Preseason

San Diego lost their exhibition opener despite outgaining the Raiders by 293 yards to 116. An interception thrown by Hadl was run back 42 yards for a touchdown, and rookie kicker Les Murdock made only one of three field goal attempts. Hadl improved in the second game, running for one touchdown against the Chiefs and throwing another to Jacque MacKinnon. Rookies Foster (with a run) and DeLong (on a fumble return) also scored. Three 3rd-quarter touchdowns were enough to beat Denver in the next game: running back Keith Lincoln threw a 62-yard touchdown pass to Lance Alworth on a trick play, and Hadl and Dave Kocourek combined for two more.

The last two Chargers exhibition games were played in neutral venues. They faced the Raiders again in Portland, Oregon, scoring 37 unanswered points after facing a 10–3 deficit in the first half. MacKinnon, Hadl and Alworth all scored again, and the defense contributed with a safety from Earl Faison and a fumble return touchdown for Jimmy Warren. Finally, they lost in Little Rock, Arkansas to a George Blanda field goal with 8 seconds to play. Rookie Jim Allison scored the lone San Diego touchdown on a 12-yard reception from Hadl.

| Week | Date | Opponent | Result | Record | Venue | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | August 7 | Oakland Raiders | **L** 3–10 | 0–1 | Balboa Stadium | 27,168 |
| 2 | August 15 | at Kansas City Chiefs | **W** 31–10 | 1–1 | Municipal Stadium | 13,132 |
| 3 | August 21 | at Denver Broncos | **W** 21–6 | 2–1 | Bears Stadium | 18,913 |
| 4 | August 28 | vs. Oakland Raiders | **W** 46–17 | 3–1 | Multnomah Stadium, (Portland) | 15,234 |
| 5 | September 4 | vs. Houston Oilers | **L** 10–13 | 3–2 | War Memorial Stadium, (Little Rock) | 17,000 |

## Regular season

### Summary

San Diego were unbeaten over the first half of the season, with five wins and two ties. This included an easy victory at Buffalo, who had beaten them in the previous season's AFL Championship Game. They lost two of their next three games, but maintained first place in the AFL West. After tying the return match with Buffalo, they won their final three games, clinching their division with a game to spare and setting up a rematch with the Bills.

The Chargers' offense led the league in points scored, total yards gained, passing yards, rushing yards and first downs gained. Hadl started every game, completing exactly half of his passes while accumulating 2,798 yards, with 20 touchdowns and 21 interceptions. His passer rating of 71.3 was down on the previous season, but still the second best in the AFL, behind only Len Dawson of the Kansas City Chiefs. He led the league in passing yardage, yards per attempt (8.0) and yards per completion (16.1); the latter two statistics would stand as career highs. His most prolific receiver was Alworth, who accounted for nearly half the team's receiving yards and over half the receiving touchdowns. He ranked second in the league with 69 receptions, joint first with 14 touchdown catches, and top with 1,602 receiving yards, 384 clear of any other player. As of 2023, Alworth still holds the franchise record for receiving yards in a season, despite playing in only a 14-game season; his touchdown tally was tied by Tony Martin in 1995, but has yet to be surpassed by any Charger. San Diego's second-ranked receiver Don Norton added 485 yards. With his fellow running back Lincoln struggling with injuries throughout the season, Paul Lowe had a career-high 222 carries. He gained a new AFL record 1,121 yards at 5.0 yards per carry, a league-high average; six of his eight touchdowns were runs, tied for most in the AFL. Like Alworth, Lowe set a franchise single-season yardage record, surpassing his own tally from 1963; this record was broken by Don Woods in 1974. He was supported by the rookie Foster, with 469 yards. Lincoln only played in ten games, but added 302 yards and 3 touchdowns rushing, plus 376 yards and 4 touchdowns receiving.

San Diego were also statistically dominant on defense, topping the league with the fewest total yards, passing yards, rushing yards and first downs conceded. They were also second in points against, a single points behind the Bills. Defensive end Bob Petrich unofficially led the team with 8+12 sacks, third most in the AFL. Faison and Ernie Ladd added 7+12 and 6 respectively, despite both men expressing dissatisfaction with head coach/general manager Sid Gillman's contract negotiations in August, and stating their intentions to leave at the end of the season. Safety Bud Whitehead led the team in interceptions with 7, tied for second most in the league.

Cornerback Speedy Duncan had 4 interceptions, and also served as the team's kickoff and punt returner. His average of 15.5 yards per punt return led the AFL, and included a league-high two touchdowns. Travenio converted 18 of his 30 field goal attempts, his 60% success rate ranking joint-third in the league. He also converted every one of his 40 extra point attempts, but missed every field goal try of over 40 yards. Four players attempted at least one punt during the season; Hadl and Redman split the bulk of the duties between them, but both posted a worse average than any of the seven regular punters in the league.

### Schedule

| Week | Date | Opponent | Result | Record | Venue | Attendance | Recap |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | September 11 | **Denver Broncos** | **W** 34–31 | 1–0 | Balboa Stadium | 27,022 | Recap |
| 2 | September 19 | at **Oakland Raiders** | **W** 17–6 | 2–0 | Frank Youell Field | 21,406 | Recap |
| 3 | September 26 | **Kansas City Chiefs** | **T** 10–10 | 2–0–1 | Balboa Stadium | 28,126 | Recap |
| 4 | October 3 | Houston Oilers | **W** 31–14 | 3–0–1 | Balboa Stadium | 28,190 | Recap |
| 5 | October 10 | at Buffalo Bills | **W** 34–3 | 4–0–1 | War Memorial Stadium | 45,260 | Recap |
| 6 | October 17 | at Boston Patriots | **T** 13–13 | 4–0–2 | Fenway Park | 20,924 | Recap |
| 7 | October 23 | at New York Jets | **W** 34–9 | 5–0–2 | Shea Stadium | 60,679 | Recap |
| 8 | October 31 | Boston Patriots | **L** 6–22 | 5–1–2 | Balboa Stadium | 33,366 | Recap |
| 9 | November 7 | at **Denver Broncos** | **W** 35–21 | 6–1–2 | Bears Stadium | 33,073 | Recap |
| 10 | November 14 | at **Kansas City Chiefs** | **L** 7–31 | 6–2–2 | Municipal Stadium | 21,968 | Recap |
| 11 | *Bye* | | | | | | |
| 12 | November 25 | Buffalo Bills | **T** 20–20 | 6–2–3 | Balboa Stadium | 27,473 | Recap |
| 13 | December 4 | New York Jets | **W** 38–7 | 7–2–3 | Balboa Stadium | 32,169 | Recap |
| 14 | December 12 | at Houston Oilers | **W** 37–26 | 8–2–3 | Rice University | 24,120 | Recap |
| 15 | December 19 | **Oakland Raiders** | **W** 24–14 | 9–2–3 | Balboa Stadium | 26,056 | Recap |
| **Note:** Intra-division opponents are in **bold** text. | | | | | | | |

### Game summaries

#### Week 1: vs. Denver Broncos

**Week One: Denver Broncos at San Diego Chargers – Game summary**

| Quarter | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Broncos | 14 | 3 | 0 | 14 | **31** |
| Chargers | 3 | 24 | 0 | 7 | **34** |

*at Balboa Stadium, San Diego, California*

* **Date**: September 11
* **Game weather**: 67 °F (19.4 °C), relative humidity 70%, wind 9 mph
* **Game attendance**: 27,022
* Box score

| Game information |
| --- |
|  |

San Diego overcame an early 11-point deficit to win their opener. Hadl's second pass of the game was intercepted and run back to the Chargers 4-yard line, setting up a Denver touchdown. Alworth's 48-yard catch on 3rd and 25 led to a Travenio field goal on the next drive, before the Broncos drove for a second touchdown and a 14–3 lead. San Diego responded with a run of 24 unanswered points, beginning with an 8-play, 78-yard touchdown drive – Foster converted a 3rd and 7 with a 23-yard catch, and eventually scored on a 2-yard run. Ladd recovered a Cookie Gilchrist fumble three plays later, setting up another Travenio field goal. The Broncos went three-and-out on their next possession, and a 22-yard punt started the Chargers at the Denver 41-yard line. Lowe followed a Walt Sweeney block to the right on the next play and broke clear for the go-ahead touchdown. Following a Trevenio miss and a Denver punt, Lowe took a pitch to the right before throwing downfield for Alworth, who was double covered but nonetheless made the catch for a 42-yard gain; Foster scored with a 17-yard run two plays later. Denver managed a field goal with a second to play in the half, but still trailed 27–17 at the break.

Denver missed two field goals in the 3rd quarter, but Lowe fumbled near midfield to set up a Gilchrist touchdown early in the final period. The Chargers responded quickly, with Foster's 36-yard kickoff return soon followed by Alworth's first scoring catch of the season; Hadl found him in stride in the end zone for a 38-yard touchdown. The Broncos needed only five plays to score again, pulling within 34–31 with ten minutes to play. After forcing a three-and-out, Denver reached a 2nd and 10 at the Charger 40, but Ladd forced another Gilchrist fumble, with Faison recovering. San Diego were soon faced with a 3rd and 19, which Hadl converted with a 45-yard pass to Alworth. Lowe converted another 3rd down, and the Chargers ran the clock out.

Alworth and Lowe accounted for 347 of the Chargers' 459 total yards between them.

#### Week 2: at Oakland Raiders

**Week Two: San Diego Chargers at Oakland Raiders – Game summary**

| Quarter | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chargers | 7 | 3 | 0 | 7 | **17** |
| Raiders | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | **6** |

*at Frank Youell Field, Oakland, California*

* **Date**: September 19
* **Game weather**: 62 °F (16.7 °C), relative humidity 66%, wind 9 mph
* **Game attendance**: 21,406
* Box score

| Game information |
| --- |
|  |

A strong defensive performance propelled San Diego to their second win. The Chargers took the opening kickoff and drove 72 yards in 10 plays without facing a 3rd down, going ahead to stay on Lowe's 4-yard run. Oakland missed a field goal on their next drive, but were soon given another scoring chance after Hadl's 25-yard punt, this time converting a field goal. The Raiders fumbled a punt return soon afterwards, setting up a 29-yard field goal by Travenio. Further field goal attempts followed, with a success for Oakland and a 22-yard try by Travenio blocked. Degen stopped a Raiders drive with an interception shortly before halftime, leaving San Diego 10–6 up.

There were few scoring threats for either team in the second half, with Oakland failing to cross midfield in six possessions, and San Diego punting on six out of seven possessions. Former Charger Dick Wood replaced Tom Flores as the Raiders' quarterback, but was intercepted by Duncan and Kenny Graham, with the latter running the ball back 29 yards to the Oakland 18-yard line. The offense moved back to a 3rd and 16 from the 24, from where Hadl found Alworth over the middle for a decisive touchdown with five minutes to play.

Wood completed 4 of 14 passes for 31 yards, with 2 interceptions. This gave him a passer rating of 0.0, the first such rating posted against the Chargers.

#### Week 3: vs. Kansas City Chiefs

**Week Three: Kansas City Chiefs at San Diego Chargers – Game summary**

| Quarter | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chiefs | 0 | 0 | 7 | 3 | **10** |
| Chargers | 0 | 3 | 0 | 7 | **10** |

*at Balboa Stadium, San Diego, California*

* **Date**: September 26
* **Game weather**: 67 °F (19.4 °C), relative humidity 67%, wind 8 mph
* **Game attendance**: 28,126
* Box score

| Game information |
| --- |
|  |

Two punt returns were key in a defensive tie. A missed 41-yard field goal attempt by Travenio was the closest either side came to scoring in the opening period. Hadl was intercepted on the first play of the 2nd quarter, but Whitehead intercepted Len Dawson on the ensuing drive. A 22-yard pass from Lowe to Foster then helped the Chargers move into field goal range, and Travenio opened the scoring from 19 yards out. The score remained 3–0 at halftime.

Hadl's first two passes of the second half were both intercepted, though neither turnover led to any points. Later in the quarter, though, a Hadl punt was run back 28 yards to the Chargers 25-yard line, and a penalty moved the ball to the 12-yard line. Dawson immediately threw a go-ahead touchdown pass. The next six drives ended in punts – Duncan fielded the last of these at his own 34 and angled diagonally left through blockers before breaking free for a 66-yard touchdown return. Duncan added an interception two plays later, but the Chargers were forced to punt. The Chiefs then faced a 4th and 7 from the San Diego 48-yard line, which they converted when Dawson scrambled for 40 yards. A penalty pushed Kansas City backwards, and they settled for a game-tying field goal with 49 seconds to play. San Diego reached the Chiefs 38 as time expired.

The Chargers' offense produced a season-low 186 yards. Hadl completed 11 of 27 pass attempts, for 82 yards and 3 interceptions.

#### Week 4: vs. Houston Oilers

**Week Four: Houston Oilers at San Diego Chargers – Game summary**

| Quarter | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Oilers | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | **14** |
| Chargers | 0 | 10 | 14 | 7 | **31** |

*at Balboa Stadium, San Diego, California*

* **Date**: October 3
* **Game weather**: 72 °F (22.2 °C), relative humidity 42%, wind 8 mph
* **Game attendance**: 28,190
* Box score

| Game information |
| --- |
|  |

San Diego dominated the bulk of the game, then held off a late Houston rally to win. The Chargers drove 79 yards in 13 plays to take the lead early in the 2nd quarter – Foster carried 6 times for 38 yards, Lowe carried 4 times for 32 yards, and Travenio kicked a 14-yard field goal. On their next possession, Hadl found Alworth in stride for a 69-yard touchdown pass, and San Diego led 10–0 at halftime.

On the first possession of the second half, Lowe carried 3 times for 10 yards, and Hadl threw a 15-yard touchdown to Kocourek on 3rd and 11. Late in the 3rd quarter backup quarterback Don Trull entered the game for Blanda. His first attempt was a swing pass intercepted by Faison and returned 24 yards for a touchdown. At this point Houston had failed to cross midfield in any of their nine possessions. They improved on their next two possessions with a pair of 5-play touchdown drives, Trull passing for one score and running for the other. With their lead cut to 24–14 midway through the final quarter, San Diego soon reached a 3rd and 11 at their own 43-yard line, whereupon Hadl and Alworth combined again, this time for a decisive 57-yard touchdown.

Hadl completed 14 of 26 passes for 242 yards, 3 touchdowns and no interceptions. Alworth caught 4 passes for 145 yards and 2 touchdowns. San Diego outrushed Houston by 271 yards to 47, with Lowe carrying 20 times for 157 yards and Foster carrying 10 times for 73 yards.

#### Week 5: at Buffalo Bills

**Week Five: San Diego Chargers at Buffalo Bills – Game summary**

| Quarter | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chargers | 0 | 14 | 17 | 3 | **34** |
| Bills | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **3** |

*at War Memorial Stadium, Buffalo, New York*

* **Date**: October 10
* **Game weather**: 48 °F (8.9 °C), relative humidity 92%, wind 9 mph
* **Game attendance**: 45,260
* Box score

| Game information |
| --- |
|  |

San Diego dealt the defending AFL champions their first defeat of the season with a one-sided win in Buffalo. The Bills scored their only points of the day with a field goal from the game's first drive. Travenio had a 22-yard field goal attempt blocked soon afterwards, but San Diego took the lead early in the 2nd quarter after a 5-play, 67-yard drive, with Lincoln's 31-yard pass to Norton the longest play. They finished the drive with Lowe improvising a lateral to Hadl on a planned running play, allowing the quarterback to find Alworth for a 14-yard touchdown. The Bills went three-and-out, and Duncan's 26-yard punt return started his offense off at the Buffalo 44-yard line. They needed only four plays to score from there, with Hadl completing a 35-yard pass to Alworth and an 8-yard touchdown to Lincoln. Buffalo later reached a 2nd and 10 at the Charger 15-yard line, but Duncan intercepted Jack Kemp in the end zone, leaving the score at 14–3 going into the interval.

The Chargers quickly pulled away in the second half, scoring a field goal on their first drive and a touchdown on their second (a 52-yard pass from Hadl to Alworth). On the next play from scrimmage, Whitehead intercepted Kemp and returned the ball 35 yards for a touchdown. Later, George Gross recovered a fumble and Travenio added another field goal to complete the scoring. Whitehead also intercepted a pair of passes by Buffalo backup Daryle Lamonica as the game wore on.

San Diego had two 100-yard receivers, as Alworth caught 8 passes for 168 yards and 2 touchdowns and Norton caught 6 for 107 yards. San Diego outgained Buffalo by over 300 yards (458–150).

#### Week 6: at Boston Patriots

**Week Six: San Diego Chargers at Boston Patriots – Game summary**

| Quarter | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chargers | 3 | 10 | 0 | 0 | **13** |
| Patriots | 0 | 7 | 3 | 3 | **13** |

*at Fenway Park, Boston, Massachusetts*

* **Date**: October 17
* **Game weather**: 46 °F (7.8 °C), relative humidity 68%, wind 11 mph
* **Game attendance**: 20,924
* Box score

| Game information |
| --- |
|  |

San Diego were unable to score in the second half as they tied the winless Patriots. In the 1st quarter, Warren stopped a Boston drive with an interception. Later, Lowe's 23-yard run set up a Travenio field goal. Babe Parilli responded with a 73-yard touchdown pass early in the 2nd quarter. The Patriots threatened to go further in front on their next drive, but Warren intercepted Parilli in the end zone. Later in the quarter, San Diego faced a 2nd and 15 from their own 15-yard line after Hadl was sacked. Hadl found Alworth in stride at the Boston 40 en route to an 85-yard touchdown. Travenio was short on a field goal attempt late in the half, but the Patriots went three-and-out, Whitehead blocked a punt and DeLong recovered at the Boston 2-yard line. Travenio came straight back in to convert a 10-yard kick with 5 seconds left in the half.

Trailing 13–7 entering the second half, Boston soon halved the deficit with a Gino Cappelletti field goal after Duncan fumbled on a punt return. The Patriots had a chance to score again later in the quarter after another special teams error, the long snap on a punt going over Redman's head and setting Boston up at the 6-yard line. A Patriots touchdown was negated by a penalty, and Duncan blocked another Cappelletti field goal attempt. Hadl was intercepted on the next play, but Boston again came away with no points after the Charger defense stuffed a run for no gain on 4th and goal from the 1. San Diego went three-and-out, Boston drove from the Charger 42-yard line to the 15 and Cappelletti tied the score with a 22-yard kick midway through the final quarter. San Diego then reached a 4th and 4 at the Boston 34-yard line, but another bad snap prevented Travenio from attempting a go-ahead field goal. From there, both sides punted once, and the game ended with the Patriots at their own 39.

Lowe rushed 21 times for 91 yards, and added 4 catches for 31 yards. San Diego outgained Boston by 284 yards to 178, with over a third of the game's total offensive yards coming on the two long touchdown passes.

#### Week 7: at New York Jets

**Week Seven: San Diego Chargers at New York Jets – Game summary**

| Quarter | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chargers | 0 | 10 | 14 | 10 | **34** |
| Jets | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 | **9** |

*at Shea Stadium, New York, New York*

* **Date**: October 23
* **Game weather**: 61 °F (16.1 °C), relative humidity 78%, wind 11 mph
* **Game attendance**: 60,679
* Box score

| Game information |
| --- |
|  |

San Diego pulled away in the second half to reach the midway point of the season unbeaten. In the opening quarter, New York made one field goal and had another scoring chance after Duncan fumbled the ensuing kickoff. However, Ladd blocked a second field goal attempt, and the Chargers drove 64 yards in 8 plays to take the lead on Lowe's 8-yard run around right end. A threatening Jets drive was halted when Zeman forced a fumble that Buncom recovered at his own 31-yard line, but Redman shanked a punt for only 11 yards soon afterwards, setting up another New York field goal. Alworth's 39-yard catch helped set up a 20-yard Travenio field goal, and the Chargers led 10–6 at halftime.

Gross recovered a fumble at the New York 11-yard line three plays into the second half, setting up a Hadl-to-Kocourek touchdown on 3rd and goal from the 2. Duncan's 51-yard punt return gave them another scoring chance soon afterwards, but Travenio missed a 41-yard kick. On the following Chargers drive, they moved from their own 19-yard line to their own 41-yard line, from where Lowe again went around right end, following blocks from Sweeney and Ron Mix en route to a 59-yard touchdown. The teams exchanged field goals in the final quarter, and Chargers backup quarterback Don Breaux completed the scoring with a 57-yard touchdown to Alworth.

Lowe and Alworth again accounted for the majority of San Diego's yards, with a combined 252 of 342. New York fumbled six times, with the Chargers recovering four of them.

#### Week 8: vs. Boston Patriots

**Week Eight: Boston Patriots at San Diego Chargers – Game summary**

| Quarter | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Patriots | 9 | 0 | 3 | 10 | **22** |
| Chargers | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | **6** |

*at Balboa Stadium, San Diego, California*

* **Date**: October 31
* **Game weather**: 62 °F (16.7 °C), relative humidity 88%, wind 9 mph
* **Game attendance**: 33,366
* Box score

| Game information |
| --- |
|  |

San Diego again struggled with the Patriots, sustaining their first defeat of the season while Boston got their first win. Gross (with a fumble recovery) and Whitehead (with an interception) both stopped drives in Chargers territory, but Hadl was intercepted on the ensuing possession both times. Boston took the lead when Duncan fielded a punt at his own 2-yard line and circling back into the end zone, where he was tackled for a safety. After a Chargers free kick, the Patriots drove 49 yards for a touchdown pass from Parilli to Cappelletti. Boston had further scoring chances in the first half, but Dick Harris intercepted a Parilli pass, and Cappelletti missed a field goal, leaving the score at 9–0.

The Chargers got into field goal range on their first drive of the 3rd quarter, but Travenio was short from 49 yards out. Three further errors (a Hadl interception, a blocked Travenio field goal and a Breaux interception) set up a further 13 points for Boston. Finally, Norton's 61-yard catch and run set up Lincoln's 1-yard touchdown run, preventing a shutout with seven minutes to play, but San Diego failed to cross midfield on their lone possession after that.

Hadl and Breaux threw no touchdowns and four interceptions between them. Norton caught 5 passes for 106 yards.

#### Week 9: at Denver Broncos

**Week Nine: San Diego Chargers at Denver Broncos – Game summary**

| Quarter | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chargers | 0 | 7 | 14 | 14 | **35** |
| Broncos | 0 | 7 | 14 | 0 | **21** |

*at Bears Stadium, Denver, Colorado*

* **Date**: November 7
* **Game weather**: 46 °F (7.8 °C), relative humidity 43%, wind 4 mph
* **Game attendance**: 33,073
* Box score

| Game information |
| --- |
|  |

Lincoln scored three touchdowns and passed for another, and San Diego pulled away from a tied game in the final quarter. Graham intercepted a pass late in a scoreless 1st quarter, and the Chargers reached a 3rd and 3 at the Denver 39-yard line. Then, on the first play of the 2nd quarter, Alworth bobbled a Hadl pass, which was intercepted and returned 65 yards for a touchdown. San Diego came back with an 8-play, 74-yard drive; Lowe broke off a 33-yard run and Hadl combined with Lincoln for a game-tying 7-yard touchdown. After three punts, the Chargers took over on their own 34 and scored on the next play, Hadl finding Lincoln wide open over the middle for a 66-yard score. Denver came back with a touchdown 22 seconds before halftime, tying the score at 14–14.

San Diego restored their lead early in the second half with a trick play, Lincoln passing to Alworth for a 34-yard touchdown, but Gilchrist tied the game later in the quarter. Early in the final period, Travenio had a 38-yard field goal blocked, and Denver missed one from 10 yards out. San Diego then moved from their own 20-yard line to the Denver 45, from where Lowe took a screen pass in for a touchdown. Redman intercepted a pass on the next play from scrimmage and returned the ball 11 yards to the Denver 15-yard line; four plays later, Lincoln ran it in from the 1. A late Graham interception clinched the win.

Lowe rushed 17 times for 112 yards and caught 4 passes for 57 yards and a touchdown. As well as his 34-yard touchdown pass, Lincoln rushed 8 times for 24 yards and a touchdown, and caught 2 passes for 73 yards and 2 touchdowns. He was the first Charger to score three touchdowns in a game. He also became the fifth player and first Charger to have at least one touchdown passing, running and receiving in the same game (LaDainian Tomlinson repeated the feat in 2005).

#### Week 10: at Kansas City Chiefs

**Week Ten: San Diego Chargers at Kansas City Chiefs – Game summary**

| Quarter | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chargers | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | **7** |
| Chiefs | 10 | 7 | 0 | 14 | **31** |

*at Municipal Stadium, Kansas City, Missouri*

* **Date**: November 14
* **Game weather**: 42 °F (5.6 °C), relative humidity 69%, wind 11 mph
* **Game attendance**: 21,968
* Box score

| Game information |
| --- |
|  |

San Diego turned the ball over seven times in their second defeat of the season. The Chiefs led through an early field goal before they recovered a Hadl fumble at the Charger 7-yard line, setting up a quick touchdown. The Chargers had to start their following drive at their own 1 after Foster had trouble fielding the kickoff. A 52-yard catch by Alworth moved the ball away from their own goal line, and they reached the Kansas City 4-yard line before Hadl was intercepted, ending a 95-yard drive with no points. Another Hadl interception set the Chiefs up in San Diego territory; they reached a 1st and 10 at the 14-yard line before being driven back by penalties and negative plays, eventually punting on 4th and 60. The Chargers then drove from their own 20 to a 4th and 1 from their own 49-yard line. They went for the first down, and Alworth took a pass in the flat before outrunning the defense up the right sideline for a touchdown. Graham intercepted Dawson two plays later, but Hadl was intercepted again on the next play, setting up a Dawson touchdown pass and a 17–7 Kansas City halftime lead.

Breaux came in at quarterback for the second half, but was intercepted on his first drive. Lowe's 33-yard run on the next Charger drive moved them into Kansas City territory, and they reached a 1st and 10 at the 15-yard line. Like the Chiefs in the first half, they were then knocked back out of scoring range by penalties and negative plays, and punted on 4th and 52. Dawson then had touchdown passes on consecutive possessions to put the game away.

Hadl completed 7 of 18 passes for 152 yards, with a touchdown and 4 interceptions; Breaux was intercepted twice. San Diego outgained the Chiefs 330–280, with Alworth's 181 yards accounting for more than half his team's total.

#### Week 12: vs. Buffalo Bills

**Week Twelve: Buffalo Bills at San Diego Chargers – Game summary**

| Quarter | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bills | 7 | 0 | 10 | 3 | **20** |
| Chargers | 0 | 10 | 0 | 10 | **20** |

*at Balboa Stadium, San Diego, California*

* **Date**: November 25
* **Game weather**: 59 °F (15.0 °C), relative humidity 89%, wind 10 mph
* **Game attendance**: 27,473
* Box score

| Game information |
| --- |
|  |

San Diego and Buffalo traded leads as a battle of division leaders ended in a tie. Foster lost a fumble on the fourth play of the game, and Kemp threw a touchdown five plays later. The next three Chargers drives ended with a missed 37-yard field goal attempt by Travenio and two Hadl interceptions, while Buffalo punted three times. San Diego then drove 80 yards in 10 plays without facing a 3rd down, tying the score on a 6-yard run by Lowe. On their next possession, they drove 79 yards to the Buffalo 1-yard line before Foster dropped a pass in the end zone; they settled for a 9-yard Travenio field goal, and a 10–7 half time lead.

Buffalo took the second half kickoff and drove 79 yards in 9 plays to take the lead; Lamonica scored from a yard out while Kemp was temporarily out injured. Three plays later, Alworth broke away for a 65-yard reception, but fumbled while being tackled at the 3-yard line, and Buffalo recovered. On their next possession, San Diego were set to punt from their own 48-yard line, but a wild snap sailed over Hadl's head, setting the Bills up at the San Diego 6-yard line. The Charger defense kept Buffalo out of the end zone, and Pete Gogolak kicked a field goal for a seven-point lead. Gogolak missed a further field goal in the final quarter, and Lincoln took a swing pass 66 yards to the Bills 10-yard line, setting up a successful Travenio kick. Three plays later, Westmoreland intercepted Kemp at the Buffalo 43-yard line and returned the ball 28 yards. On 3rd and 6, Hadl ran the ball as far as the 2 before fumbling into the end zone. This time Lowe recovered the loose ball for a 20–17 lead. The next two Bills drives ended with a fumble and a punt, but they had one more chance, starting at their own 25-yard line. Kemp had completions of 35 and 16 yards, as well as a 9-yard run that positioned Gogolak for a game-tying 22-yard field goal with 6 seconds to play.

The teams combined to fumble eight times, with five of those recovered by the opposition. San Diego committed five of the game's eight total turnovers.

#### Week 13: vs. New York Jets

**Week Thirteen: New York Jets at San Diego Chargers – Game summary**

| Quarter | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Jets | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | **7** |
| Chargers | 0 | 17 | 14 | 7 | **38** |

*at Balboa Stadium, San Diego, California*

* **Date**: December 4
* **Game weather**: 62 °F (16.7 °C), relative humidity 38%, wind 7 mph
* **Game attendance**: 32,169
* Box score

| Game information |
| --- |
|  |

San Diego forced four turnovers by Jets quarterback Joe Namath in an easy victory. The Chargers' first two drives ended with interceptions thrown by Hadl and Lincoln, but the Jets could only answer with two field goal tries, one missed and one blocked. After the latter of these, San Diego drove 61 yards in 10 plays to take the lead on Lincoln's 1-yard run. Graham intercepted Namath on the Chargers 42-yard line on the following possession, and San Diego drove to another Lincoln touchdown, this time a tackle-breaking 25-yard catch and run on 3rd and 7. Petrich and Gross sacked Namath on the next play from scrimmage, forcing a sack that Faison recovered at the New York 15-yard line. That led to a Travenio field goal and, after a Degen interception, a 17–0 halftime lead.

On the first play of the second half, Graham intercepted a Namath pass near the right sideline, and returned it 51 yards for a touchdown. Namath was able to get the Jets on the scoreboard with a touchdown pass on their next drive, but San Diego restored their 24-point advantage only four plays later, with Hadl finding Alworth open at the 5 for a 46-yard touchdown. After stopping the Jets on downs, the Chargers ended the scoring early in the final quarter with another long Hadl-to-Alworth connection, this time of 36 yards.

Lincoln rushed 13 times for 57 yards and a touchdown, while catching 2 passes for 46 yards and another touchdown. Alworth caught 7 passes for 147 yards and two touchdowns. The result left San Diego at 7–2–3, leading the Raiders (7–4–1) and Chiefs (6–4–2), and able to clinch the AFL West title with a win the following week.

#### Week 14: at Houston Oilers

**Week Fourteen: San Diego Chargers at Houston Oilers – Game summary**

| Quarter | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chargers | 7 | 7 | 3 | 20 | **37** |
| Oilers | 2 | 10 | 7 | 7 | **26** |

*at Rice Stadium, Houston, Texas*

* **Date**: December 12
* **Game weather**: 72 °F (22.2 °C), relative humidity 75%, wind 8 mph
* **Game attendance**: 24,120
* Box score

| Game information |
| --- |
|  |

The Chargers clinched their division after scoring the game's final 17 points. Duncan opened the scoring in the 1st quarter, taking a punt and eluding several tacklers on a 63-yard touchdown return. On their next possession, the Chargers faced a 3rd and 22 from their own 8-yard line, and Hadl was brought down by three Oilers in the end zone for a safety. After forcing a punt, San Diego extended their lead with an 11-play, 85-yard drive: Lowe had a 23-yard run, Norton converted a 3rd and 10 with a 27-yard catch, and Alworth scored on a 5-yard touchdown reception. The Chargers soon had another scoring chance, but Hadl was intercepted in Houston territory, and the Oilers fought back with a field goal and a Blanda touchdown pass, trainling only 14–12 at halftime.

Houston's momentum continued into the second half as they recovered a Norton fumble and drove to another Blanda touchdown pass. The Chargers responded with field goals on consecutive drives, the first set up by a 41-yard Lincoln catch and the second by three consecutive runs that covered 16, 14 and 17 yards (the first by Lincoln, the next two by Lowe). Blanda threw his third touchdown only three plays later, putting Houston up 26–20 with 11 minutes to play. Hadl made several key plays on an answering touchdown drive, converting a 3rd and 10 with a 22-yard pass to Lincoln and having runs of 9, 23 and 14 yards. Finally, he scored on 4th and goal with a 1-yard quarterback sneak. Warren intercepted Blanda three plays later, leading to a third Travenio field goal. The Oilers then turned the ball over on downs at their own 15-yard line, and Lowe went around right end for a touchdown on the next play. Duncan added a late interception near his own goal line.

Both Charger running backs gained over 100 yards of offense. Lowe rushed 19 times for 99 yards and a touchdown, while adding a single catch for 6 yards; Lincoln rushed 11 times for 62 yards and caught 5 passes for 87 yards.

#### Week 15: vs. Oakland Raiders

**Week Fifteen: Oakland Raiders at San Diego Chargers – Game summary**

| Quarter | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Raiders | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | **14** |
| Chargers | 0 | 7 | 7 | 10 | **24** |

*at Balboa Stadium, San Diego, California*

* **Date**: December 19
* **Game weather**: 49 °F (9.4 °C), relative humidity 55%, wind 8 mph
* **Game attendance**: 26,056
* Box score

| Game information |
| --- |
|  |

San Diego recovered from a 14–0 deficit to close out their regular season with a win. The Chargers had an early scoring chance, but Hadl was intercepted in the end zone. Oakland then drove 65 yards in 11 plays for a touchdown, maintaining possession with a fake field goal. San Diego were soon threatening to score again, reaching a 4th and goal from the 1-yard line, but MacKinnon came down with Hadl's pass narrowly out of bounds; the Raiders then drove 80 yards in 11 plays to double their lead. Hadl responded with a 37-yard completion to Allison, soon followed by a 22-yard touchdown to Norton, pulling the score back to 14–7 at halftime.

Travenio was short on a 50-yard kick in the 3rd quarter, before Petrich blocked a Raiders field goal try. The Chargers then tied the game with a 5-play, 71-yard drive; Alworth had a 44-yard reception and Norton caught a 10-yard touchdown pass despite being in tight coverage. Breaux came in to replace Hadl and soon lost a fumble, but Allen intercepted Flores two plays later. San Diego then reached a 3rd and 15 at their own 34-yard line, from where Breaux found Alworth on a slant route at the Oakland 45-yard line, and he outran the Raider defense for the go-ahead touchdown. Whitehead intercepted Flores twice in the final ten minutes; Hadl was himself intercepted at the goal line after the first of these, but the second led to a Travenio field goal with a minute to play.

As well as Hadl, Lowe also left the game early – he carried 3 times for 32 yards, enough to break the AFL's single-season rushing yardage record.

### Standings

| AFL Western Division | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | W | L | T | PCT | DIV | PF | PA | STK |
| San Diego Chargers | 9 | 2 | 3 | .818 | 4–1–1 | 340 | 227 | W3 |
| Oakland Raiders | 8 | 5 | 1 | .615 | 3–3 | 298 | 239 | L1 |
| Kansas City Chiefs | 7 | 5 | 2 | .583 | 4–1–1 | 322 | 285 | W1 |
| Denver Broncos | 4 | 10 | 0 | .286 | 0–6 | 303 | 392 | L4 |

**Note:** Tie games were not officially counted in the standings in the AFL.

## Playoffs

| Round | Date | Opponent | Result | Venue | Attendance | Recap |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Championship | December 26 | Buffalo Bills | **L** 0–23 | Balboa Stadium | 30,361 | Recap |

### Game summary

#### AFL championship game: vs. Buffalo Bills

**AFL championship game: Buffalo Bills at San Diego Chargers – Game summary**

| Quarter | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Bills** | 0 | 14 | 6 | 3 | **23** |
| Chargers | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **0** |

*at Balboa Stadium, San Diego*

| Game information |
| --- |
|  |

San Diego faced the Eastern division champion Bills (10–3–1) in a rematch of the previous AFL championship game. Having achieved a win and tie against Buffalo during the regular season, having Alworth fit for the game (he had been injured the previous year), and having dominated the league in several major statistical categories, the Chargers were expected to improve on their 20–7 defeat in 1964. Oddsmakers had them as 6+12-point favorites before the game.

In the event, Buffalo won the 1965 game more easily, though San Diego had early chances to take the lead. Warren intercepted Kemp at the Chargers 33-yard line early in the game, and Alworth's 20-yard catch moved the ball across midfield, but San Diego were forced to punt. After a Bills punt pinned the Chargers at their own 9-yard line, Lowe went around right end for 47 yards on the next play, but they were pushed back when Hadl was sacked and had to punt again. After another Bills punt, Norton's 35-yard catch helped the Chargers drive from their own 11-yard line to the Buffalo 28 early in the 2nd quarter, but Travenio's 35-yard field goal attempt was short after being partially blocked. The Bills scored two touchdowns in quick succession later in the quarter, via a Kemp touchdown pass and a 74-yard punt return from Butch Byrd. Hadl was intercepted on the next play, but Duncan partially blocked a Gogolak field goal attempt. The Chargers then drove from their own 20-yard line to the Buffalo 24, with Hadl completing a 22-yard pass to Alworth and scrambling for 13 yards on consecutive plays. It was their best field position of the entire game, but led to no points as Travenio missed a 31-yard kick, leaving the halftime score at 14–0.

San Diego went three-and-out on the first possession of the second half, and Buffalo soon added a Gogolak field goal. Duncan returned the ensuing kickoff 49 yards, and the Chargers reached a 4th and 1 at the Buffalo 29-yard line. Hadl was then stopped for a loss of 5 yards. Further Gogolak field goals were set up by a Hadl interception and another failed 4th down conversion attempt.

Hadl completed 11 of 23 passes for 140 yards, while throwing 2 interceptions and being sacked 3 times for losses of 30 yards. Lowe carried 12 times for 57 yards, although 47 of those came on a single carry. Buffalo narrowly outgained the Chargers (260 yards to 223), but had a larger advantage in first downs (23 to 12).

## Awards

Twelve Chargers were in the squad who faced the Bills in the AFL All-Star game, including five who were named to the Associated Press All-AFL 1st team; there were also six Chargers in the 2nd team. In addition, Alworth received eight votes as the AP AFL player of the year, while Lowe received four; for the equivalent UPI award, they received four votes each. Gillman received two votes for coach of the year from both AP and UPI.

| Player | Position | All-Star | AP 1st-team All-Pro | AP 2nd-team All-Pro |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Lance Alworth | Flanker |  |  |  |
| Frank Buncom | Linebacker |  |  |  |
| Speedy Duncan | Cornerback |  |  |  |
| Earl Faison | Defensive end |  |  |  |
| Kenny Graham | Safety |  |  |  |
| John Hadl | Quarterback |  |  |  |
| Dave Kocourek | Tight end |  |  |  |
| Ernie Ladd | Defensive tackle |  |  |  |
| Keith Lincoln | Running back |  |  |  |
| Paul Lowe | Running back |  |  |  |
| Ron Mix | Tackle |  |  |  |
| Walt Sweeney | Guard |  |  |  |
| Ernie Wright | Tackle |  |  |  |

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63. "Kansas City Chiefs at San Diego Chargers - September 26th, 1965". *pro-football-reference.com*. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
64. "Hadl to Alworth bombs spark Chargers, 31–14". *Los Angeles Times*. UPI. October 4, 1965. p. III-4  via Newspapers.com.
65. *1965 week 4 gamebook, Oilers at Chargers*. October 3, 1965.
66. "Houston Oilers at San Diego Chargers - October 3rd, 1965". *pro-football-reference.com*. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
67. "Chargers crush Buffalo, 34–3, to remain unbeaten in AFL". *San Bernardino County Sun*. AP. October 11, 1965. p. B-5  via Newspapers.com.
68. *1965 week 5 gamebook, Chargers at Bills*. October 10, 1965.
69. "San Diego Chargers at Buffalo Bills - October 10th, 1965". *pro-football-reference.com*. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
70. "Chargers tie, 13–13". *Long Beach Independent*. UPI. October 18, 1965. p. C-2  via Newspapers.com.
71. *1965 week 6 gamebook, Chargers at Patriots*. October 17, 1965.
72. "San Diego Chargers at Boston Patriots - October 17th, 1965". *pro-football-reference.com*. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
73. "Chargers clobber jittery Jets, 34–9". *Fort Myers News-Press*. AP. October 24, 1965. p. 2-D  via Newspapers.com.
74. *1965 week 7 gamebook, Chargers at Jets*. October 23, 1965.
75. "San Diego Chargers at New York Jets - October 23rd, 1965". *pro-football-reference.com*. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
76. "Chargers dealt 1st loss, 22–6, by previously winless Patriots". *Allentown Morning Call*. AP. November 1, 1965. p. 27  via Newspapers.com.
77. *1965 week 8 gamebook, Patriots at Chargers*. October 31, 1965.
78. "Boston Patriots at San Diego Chargers - October 31st, 1965". *pro-football-reference.com*. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
79. "Lincoln's three TDs propel Chargers, 35-21". *Los Angeles Times*. UPI. November 8, 1965. p. III-5  via Newspapers.com.
80. *1965 week 9 gamebook, Chargers at Broncos*. November 7, 1965.
81. "San Diego Chargers at Denver Broncos - November 7th, 1965". *pro-football-reference.com*. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
82. "Chargers scoring 3+ touchdowns in a game". *stathead.com*. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
83. "Players with a rushing touchdown, a receiving touchdown and a passing touchdown in the same game". *statmuse.com*. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
84.
85. *1965 week 10 gamebook, Chargers at Chiefs*. November 14, 1965.
86. "San Diego Chargers at Kansas City Chiefs - November 14th, 1965". *pro-football-reference.com*. Retrieved July 5, 2022.
87. "Bill comeback ties Chargers, 20 to 20". *San Bernardino County Sun*. AP. November 26, 1965. pp. A15, A16  via Newspapers.com.
88. *1965 week 12 gamebook, Bills at Chargers*. November 25, 1965.
89. "Buffalo Bills at San Diego Chargers - November 25th, 1965". *pro-football-reference.com*. Retrieved July 6, 2022.
90. Zimmerman, Paul (December 5, 1965). "Chargers toss Namath for a loss". *Los Angeles Times*. pp. D1, D2.
91. *1965 week 13 gamebook, Jets at Chargers*. December 4, 1965.
92. "New York Jets at San Diego Chargers - December 4th, 1965". *pro-football-reference.com*. Retrieved July 7, 2022.
93. "Chargers seek 3rd in row". *San Bernardino County Sun*. AP. December 12, 1965. p. D-4  via Newspapers.com.
94. "Chargers fly high---and Lowe, 37–26". *Los Angeles Times*. UPI. December 13, 1965. p. III-8  via Newspapers.com.
95. *1965 week 14 gamebook, Chargers at Oilers*. December 12, 1965.
96. "San Diego Chargers at Houston Oilers - December 12th, 1965". *pro-football-reference.com*. Retrieved July 7, 2022.
97. Valli, Bob (December 20, 1965). "Raiders lose by 24-14". *Oakland Tribune*. pp. 47, 49.
98. *1965 week 15 gamebook, Raiders at Chargers*. December 19, 1965.
99. "Oakland Raiders at San Diego Chargers - December 19th, 1965". *pro-football-reference.com*. Retrieved July 8, 2022.
100. "Chargers, Bills battle for crown". *Macon Telegraph*. UPI. December 26, 1965. p. 13  via Newspapers.com.
"Buffalo not letting odds discourage them". *Bellingham Herald*. AP. December 26, 1965. p. 17  via Newspapers.com.
101. "Bills repeat as champs". *Fort Worth Star-Telegram*. AP. December 27, 1965. p. III-1, III-2  via Newspapers.com.
102. *1965 AFL Championship Game gamebook, Bills at Chargers*. December 26, 1965.
103. "Championship - Buffalo Bills at San Diego Chargers - December 26th, 1965". *pro-football-reference.com*. Retrieved July 9, 2022.
104. "1965 AFL All-Pros". *Pro-Football-Reference*. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
105. "1965 AFL All-Stars". *Pro-Football-Reference*. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
106. "1965 awards voting". *pro-football-reference.com*. Retrieved June 29, 2022.

## InfoBox

| 1965 San Diego Chargers season | |
| --- | --- |
| Owner | Barron Hilton |
| General manager | Sid Gillman |
| Head coach | Sid Gillman |
| Home field | Balboa Stadium |
| Results | |
| Record | 9–2–3 |
| Division place | 1st Western Division |
| Playoff finish | Lost AFL Championship
(vs. Bills) 0–23 |
| All-AFL | 11 |
| AFL All-Stars | 12 |
|


title: Pogroda

abstract: Pogroda is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Przeworno, within Strzelin County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

text:
# Pogroda

**Pogroda** \[pɔˈɡrɔda\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Przeworno, within Strzelin County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

## InfoBox

| Pogroda | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Pogroda | |
| Coordinates: 50°41′28″N 17°05′48″E / 50.69111°N 17.09667°E / 50.69111; 17.09667 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lower Silesian |
| County | Strzelin |
| Gmina | Przeworno |


title: Presumption of innocence

abstract: The presumption of innocence is a legal principle that every person accused of any crime is considered innocent until proven guilty. Under the presumption of innocence, the legal burden of proof is thus on the prosecution, which must present compelling evidence to the trier of fact. If the prosecution does not prove the charges true, then the person is acquitted of the charges. The prosecution must in most cases prove that the accused is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. If reasonable doubt remains, the accused must be acquitted. The opposite system is a presumption of guilt. In many countries and under many legal systems, including common law and civil law systems, the presumption of innocence is a legal right of the accused in a criminal trial. It is also an international human right under the UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 11.

text:
# Presumption of innocence

The **presumption of innocence** is a legal principle that every person accused of any crime is considered **innocent until proven guilty**. Under the presumption of innocence, the legal burden of proof is thus on the prosecution, which must present compelling evidence to the trier of fact (a judge or a jury). If the prosecution does not prove the charges true, then the person is acquitted of the charges. The prosecution must in most cases prove that the accused is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. If reasonable doubt remains, the accused must be acquitted. The opposite system is a presumption of guilt.

In many countries and under many legal systems, including common law and civil law systems (not to be confused with the other kind of civil law, which deals with non-criminal legal issues), the presumption of innocence is a legal right of the accused in a criminal trial. It is also an international human right under the UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 11.

## History

### Roman law

The sixth-century *Digest* of Justinian (22.3.2) provides, as a general rule of evidence: *Ei incumbit probatio qui dicit, non qui negat*"Proof lies on him who asserts, not on him who denies". It is there attributed to the second and third century jurist Julius Paulus. It was introduced in Roman criminal law by emperor Antoninus Pius.

A civil law system is a modern legal system derived from the ancient Roman legal system (as opposed to the English common law system). The maxim and its equivalents have been adopted by many countries that use a civil law system, including Brazil, China, France, Italy, Philippines, Poland, Romania and Spain.

### Talmudical law

According to Talmud, "every man is innocent until proved guilty. Hence, the infliction of unusual rigours on the accused must be delayed until his innocence has been successfully challenged. Thus, in the early stages of the trial, arguments in his defence are as elaborate as with any other man on trial. Only when his guilt has become apparent were the solicitous provisions that had been made to protect defendants waived".

### Islamic law

The presumption of innocence is fundamental to Islamic law where the principle that the onus of proof is on the accuser or claimant is strongly held, based on a hadith documented by Imam Nawawi. "Suspicion" is also highly condemned, this also from a hadith documented by Imam Nawawi as well as Imam Bukhari and Imam Muslim.

After the time of Muhammad, the fourth Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib has also been cited to say, "Avert the prescribed punishment by rejecting doubtful evidence."

### Medieval European law

After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, the West began to practice feudal law, which was a synthesis of aspects of Roman law as well as some Germanic customs according to the new elite, including presumed guilt. For instance, the accused could prove his innocence by having twelve people swear that he could not have done what he was accused of. In practice, this tended to favor the nobility over the lower classes, whose witnesses risked being seen as less credible.

Trials by ordeal were common from the 6th century until the early 13th century, and were known to continue into the 17th century in the form of witch-hunts. Whilst common in early Germanic law, compurgation was formally adopted in Rome by Pope Innocent III in 1215 at the Fourth Lateran Council and trials by fire and water specifically were forbidden. This was during the period of development of the *jus commune*, the canon law of the Catholic Church influenced the common law during the medieval period

In the early 13th century, Louis IX of France banned all trials by ordeal and introduced the presumption of innocence to criminal procedures. This did not last for long and the institutional use of torture, called "question préalable" and subdivided into "question ordinaire" (light torture) and "question extraordinaire" (severe torture), applied at the judge's discretion against individuals suspected of a crime, was to last up to the eve of the French Revolution.

## Meaning

"Presumption of innocence" serves to emphasize that the prosecution has the obligation to prove each element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt (or some other level of proof depending on the criminal justice system) and that the accused bears no burden of proof. This is often expressed in the phrase "presumed innocent until proven guilty", coined by the British barrister Sir William Garrow (1760–1840) during a 1791 trial at the Old Bailey. Garrow insisted that accusers be robustly tested in court. An objective observer in the position of the juror must reasonably conclude that the defendant almost certainly committed the crime. In 1935, in its judgment of *Woolmington v Director of Public Prosecutions*, the English Court of Appeal would later describe this concept as being 'the golden thread' running through the web of English criminal law. Garrow's statement was the first formal articulation of this.

The presumption of innocence was originally expressed by the French cardinal and canonical jurist Jean Lemoine in the phrase "*item quilbet presumitur innocens nisi probetur nocens* (a person is presumed innocent until proven guilty)", based on the legal inference that most people are not criminals. This referred not merely to the fact that the burden of proof rests on the prosecution in a criminal case, but the protections which a defendant should be given: prior notice of the accusation being made against them, the right of confrontation, right to counsel, etc. It is literally considered favorable evidence for the accused that automatically attaches at trial. It requires that the trier of fact, be it a juror or judge, begin with the presumption that the state is unable to support its assertion. To ensure this legal protection is maintained, a set of three related rules govern the procedure of criminal trials. The presumption means:

1. With respect to the critical facts of the case—whether the crime charged was committed and whether the defendant was the person who committed the crime—the state has the entire burden of proof.
2. With respect to the critical facts of the case, the defendant does not have any burden of proof whatsoever. The defendant does not have to testify, call witnesses or present any other evidence, and if the defendant elects not to testify or present evidence, this decision cannot be used against them.
3. The jury or judge is not to draw any negative inferences from the fact the defendant has been charged with a crime and is present in court and represented by an attorney. They must decide the case solely on evidence presented during the trial.

Blackstone's ratio as expressed by the English jurist William Blackstone in his seminal work, *Commentaries on the Laws of England*, published in the 1760s, said that:

> It is better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer.

The idea subsequently became a staple of legal thinking in Anglo-Saxon jurisdictions and continues to be a topic of debate.

This duty on the prosecution was famously referred to as the "golden thread" in the criminal law by Lord Sankey LC in *Woolmington v DPP*:

> Throughout the web of the English criminal law one golden thread is always to be seen—that it is the duty of the prosecution to prove the prisoner's guilt subject to what I have already said as to the defence of insanity and subject also to any statutory exception...

## Fundamental right

This right is considered important enough in modern democracies, constitutional monarchies and republics that many have explicitly included it in their legal codes and constitutions:

* The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, article 11, states: "Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defense."
* The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 14, paragraph 2 states that "Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall have the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law." The presumption of innocence is also expressly regulated in Art. 66 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, according to which "Everyone shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty before the Court in accordance with the applicable law."
* The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of the Council of Europe says (art. 6.2): "Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law." This convention has been adopted by treaty and is binding on all Council of Europe members. Currently (and in any foreseeable expansion of the EU) every country member of the European Union is also member to the Council of Europe, so this stands for EU members as a matter of course. Nevertheless, this assertion is iterated *verbatim* in Article 48 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.
* In the UK, the presumption of innocence is provided for by section 6 of the Human Rights Act 1998, which aims to incorporate the rights contained in the aforementioned European Convention on Human Rights.
* Articles 8 (1) and 8 (2) (right to a fair trial), in conjunction with Article 1 (1) (obligation to respect and ensure rights without discrimination), of the American Convention on Human Rights make the Inter-American Court to stress that "the presumption of innocence is a guiding principle in criminal trials and a foundational standard for the assessment of the evidence. Such assessment must be rational, objective, and impartial in order to disprove the presumption of innocence and generate certainty about criminal responsibility. ... The Court reiterated that, in criminal proceedings, the State bears the burden of proof. The accused is not obligated to affirmatively prove his innocence or to provide exculpatory evidence. To provide counterevidence or exculpatory evidence is a right that the defence may exercise in order to rebut the charges, which in turn the accusing party bears the burden of disproving".
* In Brazil, article 5th, item LVII of the Constitution states: "no one will be considered guilty until the final criminal sentence is reached".
* In Canada, section 11(d) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms states: "Any person charged with an offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to law in a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal".
* In the Colombian constitution, Title II, Chapter 1, Article 29 states that "Every person is presumed innocent until proven guilty according to the law".
* In France, article 9 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789, which has force as constitutional law, begins: "Any man being presumed innocent until he has been declared guilty ..." The Code of Criminal Procedure states in its preliminary article that "any person suspected or prosecuted is presumed innocent for as long as their guilt has not been established" and the jurors' oath repeats this assertion (article 304; note that only the most serious crimes are tried by jury in France). A popular misconception is that, under French law, the accused is presumed guilty until proven innocent.
* In Iran, Article 37 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran states: "Innocence is to be presumed, and no one is to be held guilty of a charge unless his or her guilt has been established by a competent court".
* In Italy, the second paragraph of Article 27 of the Constitution states: "A defendant shall be considered not guilty until a final sentence has been passed."
* In Romania, article 23 of the Constitution states that "any person shall be presumed innocent until found guilty by a final decision of the court".
* The Constitution of Russia, in article 49, states that "Everyone charged with a crime shall be considered not guilty until his or her guilt has been proven in conformity with the federal law and has been established by the valid sentence of a court of law". It also states that "The defendant shall not be obliged to prove his or her innocence" and "Any reasonable doubt shall be interpreted in favor of the defendant".
* In the South African Constitution, section 35(3)*(h)* of the Bill of Rights states: "Every accused person has a right to a fair trial, which includes the right to be presumed innocent, to remain silent, and not to testify during the proceedings."
* Although the Constitution of the United States does not cite it explicitly, presumption of innocence is widely held to follow from the Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments. The case of *Coffin v. United States* (1895) established the presumption of innocence of persons accused of crimes. See also *In re Winship.*
* In New Zealand, the New Zealand Bill of Rights 1990 provides at section 25 (c) "Everyone who is charged with an offence has, in relation to the determination of the charge, the following minimum rights: (c) the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law".
* In the European Union, in addition to the Charter of Fundamental Rights, presumption of innocence is also protected through Directive (EU) 2016/343 of the European Parliament and of the Council of the 9th March 2016 on the strengthening of certain aspects of the presumption of innocence and of the right to bepresent at the trial in criminal proceedings (Directive). Article 3 states that: Member States shall ensure that suspects and accused persons are presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law. The goal of the directive is stated in article 1. The scope is to lay down common minimum rules concerning:(a) certain aspects of the presumption of innocence in criminal proceedings;(b) the right to be present at the trial in criminal proceedings.

## Modern practices

### United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom changes have been made affecting this principle. Defendants' previous convictions may in certain circumstances be revealed to juries. Although the suspect is not compelled to answer questions after formal arrest, failure to give information may now be prejudicial at trial. Statute law also exists which provides for criminal penalties for failing to decrypt data on request from the police. If the suspect is unwilling to do so, it is an offence. Citizens can therefore be convicted and imprisoned without any evidence that the encrypted material was unlawful. Furthermore, in sexual offence cases such as rape, where the sexual act has already been proved beyond reasonable doubt, there are a limited number of circumstances where the defendant has an obligation to adduce evidence that the complainant consented to the sexual act, or that the defendant reasonably believed that the complainant was consenting. These circumstances include, for example, where the complainant was unconscious, unlawfully detained, or subjected to violence.

### Canada

In Canadian law, the presumption of innocence has been reinforced in certain instances. The *Criminal Code* previously contained numerous provisions according to which defences to certain offences were subject to a reverse onus: that is, if an accused wishes to make that defence, they had to prove the facts of the defence to a balance of probabilities, rather than the Crown having to disprove the defence beyond a reasonable doubt. This meant that an accused in some circumstances might be convicted even if a reasonable doubt existed about their guilt. In several cases, various reverse onus provisions were found to violate the presumption of innocence provision of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. They were replaced with procedures in which the accused merely had to demonstrate an "air of reality" to the proposed defence, following which the burden shifted to the Crown to disprove the defence.

Bill C-51, *An Act to amend the Criminal Code and the Department of Justice Act and to make consequential amendments to another Act*, received Royal Assent in December 2018. Among other things, it eliminated several reverse onus provisions from the *Criminal Code*, some of which had previously been found unconstitutional, and others pre-emptively in order to avoid further *Charter* challenges.

### Citations

### Sources

* "Judicial and Statutory Definitions of Words and Phrases". St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co. 1914. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
* Singh, Rahul, *Reverse onus Clauses: A Comparative Law Perspective*, Student Advocate, Vol. 13, pp. 148–172.
* Bury, J. B. (1893). A History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the Death of Marcus Aurelius.


title: Wangchuck Centennial National Park

abstract: Wangchuck Centennial National Park in northern Bhutan is the kingdom's largest national park, spanning 4,914 square kilometres (1,897 sq mi) over five districts, occupying significant portions of northern Bumthang, Lhuntse, and Wangdue Phodrang Districts. It borders Tibet to the north and is bound by tributaries of the Wong Chhu (Raidāk) basin to the west. Wangchuck Centennial directly abuts Jigme Dorji National Park, Bumdeling Wildlife Sanctuary, and Phrumsengla National Park in northern Bhutan, and is further connected to Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park in central Bhutan via biological corridors. Thus, most of northern Bhutan is part of these protected areas. Wangchuck Centennial was established on December 12, 2008 in honor of the Wangchuck dynasty, founded in 1907. It contains headwaters of four major river systems: Punatsang Chhu/Sankosh River, Mangde Chhu, Chamkhar Chhu, and Kuri Chhu. Wangchuck Centennial also contains the various middle-Himalayan ecological biomes, ranging from blue pine forests to alpine meadows, at altitudes from 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) to 5,100 metres (16,700 ft).

text:
# Wangchuck Centennial National Park

27°48′43″N 90°39′28″E / 27.81194°N 90.65778°E / 27.81194; 90.65778

**Wangchuck Centennial National Park** in northern Bhutan is the kingdom's largest national park, spanning 4,914 square kilometres (1,897 sq mi) over five districts, occupying significant portions of northern Bumthang, Lhuntse, and Wangdue Phodrang Districts. It borders Tibet to the north and is bound by tributaries of the Wong Chhu (Raidāk) basin to the west. Wangchuck Centennial directly abuts Jigme Dorji National Park, Bumdeling Wildlife Sanctuary, and Phrumsengla National Park in northern Bhutan, and is further connected to Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park in central Bhutan via biological corridors. Thus, most of northern Bhutan is part of these protected areas.

Wangchuck Centennial was established on December 12, 2008 in honor of the Wangchuck dynasty, founded in 1907. It contains headwaters of four major river systems: Punatsang Chhu/Sankosh River, Mangde Chhu, Chamkhar Chhu, and Kuri Chhu. Wangchuck Centennial also contains the various middle-Himalayan ecological biomes, ranging from blue pine forests to alpine meadows, at altitudes from 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) to 5,100 metres (16,700 ft).

## Administration

### Head office

The National Park Head Office is located at Nasiphel in the upper Chamkhar Chu basin in Bumthang District. It can be reachable by a 22km farmroad from Chamkhar town in Bumthang.

### Field Offices

To cater to the large area the park covers, three range offices and two guard posts are established.

## Flora and fauna

### Flora

During a survey in October 2008, a total of 693 species of vascular plants were recorded from the National Park.

### Fauna

#### Mammals

The park is known to be home to a total of 43 species of mammals and of which 8 are totally protected in Bhutan. This includes the Royal Bengal Tiger, Snow Leopard, Leopard, Himalayan Black Bear, Leopard Cat, Himalayan Musk Deer, Himalayan Serow and the Bhutan Takin. The Tibetan Wolf is seen only in this park in Bhutan.

#### Birds

The survey in 2008 recorded a total of 250 bird species in the park.

#### Butterflies

42 species of butterflies have been recorded from within the National Park and from the nearby buffer zones.

## Tourist Attraction

### Nomads Festival

This is a two days event organized by the National Park in collaboration with various stakeholders where the nomadic highlander from various parts of Bhutan gather to celebrate their unique culture and tradition

### Bumthang Cultural Trek

This is an easy 3 days trek where numerous Buddhist temples are on the way and a pass called Phebila.

### Drapham Dzong Ruins

Drapham Dzong in the upper Chokhor valley is an important archaeological site in Bhutan. It was built by Chokhor Deb in the second half of the 16th century.

### Dhur Tshachu

The Dhur Tshachu or the Dhur hotspring is located on the popular Snow Man Trek II which takes 25 days. The trek starts from Paro in western Bhutan and ends in Dhur village in Bumthang.

This hotspring is visited by people for its therapeutic values. There are seven different hotsprings within the area. The hotspring lies on the bank of the upper Mangdechu. Though this hotspring is part of a major trekking route, it can be reached from two places without taking the 25 days snowman trek route. One route starts from Sephu in Wangdue Phodrang and another starts from Dhur Village in Bumthang.

## InfoBox

| Wangchuck Centennial National Park | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category II (national park) | |
| Location of Wangchuck Centennial National Park in pink | |
| Location | Bumthang, Gasa, Lhuntse, Trongsa,
Wangdue Phodrang, Bhutan |
| Nearest city | Jakar |
| Area | 4,914 km2 (1,897 sq mi) |
| Min. elevation | 2500 |
| Authorized | 10-06-2008 |
| Named for | House of Wangchuck |
| Governing body | Department of Forests and Park Services of Bhutan |
| Website | Wangchuck Centennial National Park |


title: Violette Cornelius

abstract: Violette Cornelius was a Dutch photographer and resistance fighter during World War II. During the war, she joined an artist's resistance group and contributed to clandestine magazines. After the war, she specialized in architectural photography. She collaborated on many business photo books, including one about Hoogovens IJmuiden with Cas Oorthuys and others. In 1957 she made a book about the city of Weesp together with the author Jan Elburg. She then went, often with colleague Sean Wellesley Miller, capturing the migration to urban areas in developing countries. Later, she published reportages about Iraq, India, Peru, Yemen, and some countries in Africa. She worked with Ata Kandó in 1956 to document the situation of Hungarian refugees travelling to Austria.

text:
# Violette Cornelius

**Violette Cornelius** (17 March 1919, Batavia, Dutch East Indies – 23 January 1998, Saint-Maximin, France) was a Dutch photographer and resistance fighter during World War II. During the war, she joined an artist's resistance group and contributed to clandestine magazines.

After the war, she specialized in architectural photography. She collaborated on many business photo books, including one about Hoogovens IJmuiden with Cas Oorthuys and others. In 1957 she made a book about the city of Weesp together with the author Jan Elburg. She then went, often with colleague Sean Wellesley Miller, capturing the migration to urban areas in developing countries. Later, she published reportages about Iraq, India, Peru, Yemen, and some countries in Africa. She worked with Ata Kandó in 1956 to document the situation of Hungarian refugees travelling to Austria.


title: Lophomyrtus bullata

abstract: Lophomyrtus bullata, also known by its Māori name of ramarama, is a species of evergreen myrtle shrub in the genus Lophomyrtus, family Myrtaceae. It is endemic to New Zealand. Lophomyrtus bullata grows to a height of 8 metres, producing many branches closely packed together. The leaves are oval shaped, thick, shiny and bubbled, varying in colour from dark green to yellow green. They can also appear spotted with red, maroon, or blackish marks. Ramarama flowers between November and March, and subsequently fruits from January through to June. As of 2020, ramarama has become severely threatened by myrtle rust, a pathogenic fungus that arrived in New Zealand in 2017.

text:
# Lophomyrtus bullata

***Lophomyrtus bullata***, also known by its Māori name of **ramarama**, is a species of evergreen myrtle shrub in the genus *Lophomyrtus*, family Myrtaceae. It is endemic to New Zealand.

*Lophomyrtus bullata* grows to a height of 8 metres, producing many branches closely packed together. The leaves are oval shaped, thick, shiny and bubbled, varying in colour from dark green to yellow green. They can also appear spotted with red, maroon, or blackish marks.

Ramarama flowers between November and March, and subsequently fruits from January through to June.

As of 2020, ramarama has become severely threatened by myrtle rust (*Austropuccinia psidii*), a pathogenic fungus that arrived in New Zealand in 2017.

## InfoBox

| *Lophomyrtus bullata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 1854 illustration by Walter Hood Fitch | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Lophomyrtus* |
| Species: | ***L. bullata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lophomyrtus bullata***<br>Burret | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Myrtus bullata* Sol. ex A.Cunn. non Salis. nom. illegit. * *Myrtus aotearoana* (E.C.Nelson) E.C.Nelson nom. illegit. * *Lophomyrtus aotearoana* E.C.Nelson nom. illegit. | |