title: Times-Standard

abstract: The Times-Standard is the only major local daily newspaper covering the far North Coast of California. Headquartered in Eureka, the paper provides coverage of international, national, state and local news in addition to entertainment, sports, and classified listings. On the local level, the paper extensively covers all of Humboldt County while providing partial coverage of neighboring Del Norte, Mendocino, and Trinity counties. The newspaper is one of the oldest continuously published papers in all of California, with several papers predating it by three years or less. The Times-Standard is owned by Digital First Media which is controlled by Alden Global Capital.

text:
# Times-Standard

The ***Times-Standard*** is the only major local daily newspaper covering the far North Coast of California. Headquartered in Eureka, the paper provides coverage of international, national, state and local news in addition to entertainment, sports, and classified listings. On the local level, the paper extensively covers all of Humboldt County while providing partial coverage of neighboring Del Norte, Mendocino, and Trinity counties. The newspaper is one of the oldest continuously published papers in all of California, with several papers predating it by three years or less.

The Times-Standard is owned by Digital First Media which is controlled by Alden Global Capital.

## History

Established by E.D. Coleman in 1854, the *Humboldt Times* began publishing in what is known today as Old Town Eureka. The first issue of the *Humboldt Times* was printed on September 2, 1854. Another daily newspaper, the *Humboldt Standard*, began publishing in 1875. After a lengthy period of spirited competition and then a period of joint ownership with separate operations, the two papers merged in 1967 to form what is now the *Times-Standard*. According to an older version of the newspaper's "about us" section of its web page, moving day came on December 7, 1968. Staff writer Andrew Genzoli later recalled, "There hadn't been so much excitement in the newsroom since Pearl Harbor".

Throughout its history Humboldt County has been the site of several county-wide or regional newspapers. They include the *Humboldt Bay Journal* (1865–1867), *National Index* (1867–1868), *Humboldt Bay Democrat* (1868), *Northern Independent* (1869–1872) and finally the *West Coast Signal* which began in 1871 and lasted until 1880. The advent of the telegraph in the 1870s encouraged the development of even more newspapers, some dailies and some weeklies. They included the *Evening Star* (1876–1878), *Evening Herald* (1879), *Eureka News/News/Semi-Weekly News* (1881) and finally *Western Watchman* (1884–1898) and *Humboldt Mail* (1887–1890). But the *Times-Standard* has been the only major daily newspaper of record for all Humboldt County for much of the county's history. In 1967, it passed out of local, family ownership into a newspaper chain, Brush-Moore Newspapers, which was acquired by Thomson Newspapers the same year. Thomson owned the *Times-Standard* until 1996 when it was bought by MediaNews Group, who sold it to Digital First Media in June 2016. Digital First Media is owned by Alden Global Capital.

However, from 2003 to 2008, the *Times-Standard* was the subject of vigorous competition through the establishment of another daily newspaper, *The Eureka Reporter*. But, Humboldt County and other areas of the North Coast (reached by local papers), though quite large in geographical terms, is a small population area to feature two daily newspapers. As a result, in late 2008 (after a brief period of reduced publication), *The Eureka Reporter* announced that it would cease operations.

In early 2012, *The Times-Standard* ceased printing a Monday edition, publishing Monday news exclusively online.

Following a long history of publishing its print editions in Eureka, the newspaper decommissioned its in-house printing press in 2020 and began delivering copies to Humboldt County from Chico, California.

## Awards

## InfoBox

Times-Standard
| Type | Daily newspaper |
| --- | --- |
| Format | Broadsheet |
| Owner(s) | Digital First Media |
| Publisher | John Richmond |
| Editor | Ruth Schneider |
| Founded | 1854 |
| Headquarters | 930 6th Street<br>Eureka, California 95501  United States |
| Circulation | 13,556 (as of 2016) |
| Website | times-standard.com |


title: Times-News (Burlington, North Carolina)

abstract: The Times-News is an American, English language daily newspaper based in Burlington, North Carolina formed in 1931 by the merger of the Burlington Daily Times and The Burlington News.

text:
# Times-News (Burlington, North Carolina)

***The Times-News*** is an American, English language daily newspaper based in Burlington, North Carolina formed in 1931 by the merger of the *Burlington Daily Times* and *The Burlington News*.

## History

*The Times-News* was founded in 1887. It joined Freedom Communications Inc. in 1978, and was sold to Halifax Media Group in 2012. In 2015, Halifax was acquired by New Media Investment Group, which became Gannett in a 2019 merger.

The lineage of *The Times-News* is as follows:

* *The Times-News* (1989present), publisher: Times-News Pub. Co.
* *The Daily Times-News* (19321989), publisher: Times-News Pub. Co.
* *Burlington Daily Times-News* (19311932), publisher: Burlington News Co.
* *Burlington Daily Times* (1923–1931), publisher: Burlington News Co. (January 18, 1923)
* *The Burlington News* (1887–1931), publisher: J.R. Ireland & Co.

In November of 2022 Paxton Media Group acquired The Burlington News-Times and five other North Carolina newspapers from Gannett Co., Inc.

## Special features

The paper includes a weekly *Here & Now* page that is written by local high school students. The newspaper also uses guest columnist, including as many as 20 local columnists per month. The Times-News has an internet website and Facebook page for interacting with customers.

## Awards

In addition to annual state press association awards, *The Times-News* was a Best of Freedom winner in 2006. In 2006, the North Carolina Press Association recognized *The Times-News* with awards in sports feature writing, photography, and more. Jay Ashley received first place in Sports Writing for his article, Players Memory Lives On. Additionally, Sam Roberts received third place in Photography, Linda Bowden received second place in Illustration, Lee Barnes received second place in Serious Columns, Tom Dillon received first place in Criticism, and Isaac Groves received third place in News Enterprise Reporting. *The* *Times-News* received similar awards from the North Carolina Press Association in 2005 and 2004. It has also won awards in the NNA's Better Newspaper Contest for general excellence, best sports section, photography and writing.

## InfoBox

The Times-News
| The June 27, 2017, front page of<br>*The Times-News* | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Daily newspaper |
| Owner(s) | Paxton Media Group |
| Publisher | Paul Mauney |
| Editor | Donnie Fetter |
| Founded | 1887 |
| Language | American English |
| Headquarters | Burlington, North Carolina, United States |
| Circulation | 9,387 (as of 2018) |
| OCLC number | 35154691 |
| Website | thetimesnews.com |


title: Timeline of online advertising

abstract: This page is a timeline of online advertising. Major launches, milestones and other major events are included.

text:
# Timeline of online advertising

This page is a **timeline of online advertising**. Major launches, milestones and other major events are included.

## Overview

| Decade | Description |
| --- | --- |
| Late 1970s– 1980s | Much of online advertising during this time period is done through Email, in the form of spamming. Such activities have continued to this day, but became much more common after the ban against the commercial use of the internet was lifted in 1991. |
| 1990s– 2000s | With people now having their own websites, banner ads are used as a source of income to pay for these websites and as side money. Companies like Prodigy, Global Network Navigator (GNN), and HotWired are pioneers in the business of online advertising. |
| 2000s– 2010s | As more companies capable of providing advertising services emerge, several major successful companies such as Google, Facebook, Yahoo!, Microsoft, and AOL begin to dominate the market. |

## Timeline

| Year | Month and date | Event type | Advertisement type | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1978 | May 3 | Milestone | Email marketing | The first instance of email spam is sent, the purpose of which is advertising. |
| 1980 |  | Launch | N/A | Usenet, a popular discussion forum, launches, and is occasionally overwhelmed with advertising spam posts. |
| 1984 |  | Launch | Banner advertising | Prodigy launches, offering one of the first online advertising services; although these ads are always in the same spot on the screen, and are non-clickable. |
| 1991 | March | Milestone | N/A | The ban on commercial use on the NSFNET is lifted by the National Science Foundation (NSF). |
| 1992 | July | Milestone | Sponsorship | The online newsletter TidBITS launches a sponsorship program in which companies paid to provide information via an email auto-responder to pre-Web users. |
| 1993 |  | Launch | Banner advertising | GNN, one of the first web publication and web advertising services, is launched by O'Reilly Media. |
| 1994 |  | Milestone | Banner advertising | The first ever clickable advertisement is sold to a Silicon Valley law firm by GNN. |
| 1994 |  | Launch | N/A | HotWired, the first commercial web magazine, launches. |
| 1994 | October 27 | Milestone | Banner advertising | The first ever banner is sold to AT&T, and is visible on the first issue of HotWired. |
| 1995 | May | Acquisition | Banner advertising | GNN is acquired by AOL for $11 million. |
| 1996 |  | Launch | Ad serving | DoubleClick, an online advertising company, launches. |
| 1996 | July | Launch, Milestone | Search advertising | Yahoo! launches the very first search ads in their search engine. |
| 1997 |  | Invention | Pop-up ads | Pop-up ads are invented by Ethan Zuckerman, and considered to be a more aggressive and disliked advertising strategy. |
| 1998 | September 4 | Launch | N/A | Google, an online search engine, launches. |
| 1998 |  | Invention, Launch, Milestone | Ad exchange | OpenX, one of the first ad exchanges, launches as an open source project. |
| 1998 |  | Launch | Search advertising | GoTo (now Yahoo! Search Marketing), a search engine which offers search advertising, launches. |
| 1999 |  | Defunction | N/A | HotWired is shut down after its domain is re-purposed by Lycos. |
| 2000 | October 23 | Launch | Search advertising | Google launches the AdWords service, which allows for advertising based on a user's browsing habits and their search keywords. |
| 2002 |  | Invention, milestone | Pop-up ads | With the annoyance brought about by pop-up ads, many web browsers such as Firefox, Netscape, and Opera begin to roll out features to block these ads. |
| 2003 | October 7 | Acquisition | Search advertising | Overture (formerly GoTo) is acquired by Yahoo! to enrich their search engine. |
| 2004 | February | Launch | Social media advertising | Facebook, the most popular social media network, launches. |
| 2005 | February 14 | Launch | Banner advertising | YouTube, a popular video sharing website, launches. |
| 2005 |  | Launch | Demand-side platform | Criteo, one of the first demand-side platforms, launches. |
| 2006 | October | Acquisition | N/A | YouTube is acquired by Google for $1.65 billion. |
| 2006 |  | Invention, launch, milestone | Ad blocking | Adblock, an ad-blocking add-on for web browsers, is released. |
| 2006 |  | Launch | Content discovery platform | Outbrain, an advertising company that powers external recirculation widgets, launches. |
| 2006 | August | Launch | Native advertising | YouTube launches its video advertising platform, which has a giant reach today. |
| 2007 |  | Launch | Content discovery platform | Taboola, an advertising company that powers external recirculation widgets, launches. |
| 2007 |  | Launch | Behavioral targeting, social media advertising | Facebook launches Beacon, an intricate advertising platform that tracks Facebook users' activities on websites outside of Facebook. |
| 2007 | April 14 | Acquisition | Ad serving | Google acquires DoubleClick, an advertising platform, for $3.1 billion. |
| 2007 | May 18 | Acquisition | Ad serving | Microsoft acquires AQuantive, an advertising platform, for $6.5 billion. |
| 2007 |  | Launch | Demand-side platform | MediaMath, a demand-side platform, launches. |
| 2008 | March | Launch | Demand-side platform | Rocket Fuel Inc., a demand-side platform, launches. |
| 2008 | December | Invention/patent | Viewable impression | RealVu Inc.invents viewable impression | 2008 | Launch | Ad blocking | Rick Petnel creates Easylist, one of the most popular filter lists available for ad-blocking web browser add-ons. The filter list Easylist Privacy is also available, and focuses on the blocking of web elements that may invade a user's privacy. |
| 2009 | September 18 | Launch | Ad exchange | Google launches its own ad exchange platform with DoubleClick. |  | 2009 |
| Launch | MRC viewable impression accreditation | RealVu introduces the viewable impression invention to the MRC |  | 2010 | February 22 | Launch | Ad serving | Google launches DoubleClick for Publishers (DFP), an advertising software as a service. |
| 2010 | April 12 | Launch | Social media advertising | Twitter launches Promoted Tweets, which allows advertisers to pay for tweets to be shown in a user's feed. |
| 2013 | April 26 | Acquisition | Ad serving | Facebook acquires Atlas Solutions from Microsoft for $100 million, in order to enrich its already bustling advertising platform. |
| 2013 | October | Launch | Social media advertising | Instagram, a popular image sharing platform, releases its feature of having sponsored posts appear on user's feeds. |
| 2014 | March 24 | Launch | Social media advertising | Pinterest, a creative image sharing platform, launches its Promoted Pins service which allows for additional advertising in a user's feed. |
| 2014 | June 23 | Launch | Ad blocking | UBlock Origin, an ad-blocking extension for web browsers, launches. |
| 2014 | November 14 | Launch\* | Ad serving | Facebook re-launches Atlas. |
| 2016 | June 14 | Launch | Social media advertising | Snapchat, a popular messaging app, begins to include advertisements between user's "stories". |
| 2016 | August | Major event | Ad blocking | Facebook states that they will start blocking the use of ad blocking extensions, specifically Adblock Plus and Adblock. In response to this, these ad-blockers begin to block Facebook's blocking in a back-and-forth "war". |

(\*) Such launches are not initial launches, but rather re-launches.


title: Timothy Briglin

abstract: Timothy Charles Briglin is an American politician who has served in the Vermont House of Representatives since 2014. He retired at the 2022 Vermont House of Representatives election.

text:
# Timothy Briglin

**Timothy Charles Briglin** (born April 7, 1966) is an American politician who has served in the Vermont House of Representatives since 2014.

He retired at the 2022 Vermont House of Representatives election.

## InfoBox

| Timothy Briglin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Vermont House of Representatives
from the 2nd Windsor-Orange district | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
January 7, 2015 | |
| Preceded by | Kathy Hoyt |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Timothy Charles Briglin
(1966-04-07) April 7, 1966
Greenwich, New York, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Laurel Mackin |
| Children | 2 |
| Residence(s) | Thetford Center, Vermont, U.S. |
| Education | Cornell University (BA)
Stanford University (MBA) |
|  | |


title: Tiradito

abstract: Tiradito is a Peruvian dish of raw fish, cut in the shape of sashimi, and of aspect similar to crudo, and carpaccio, in a spicy sauce. It reflects the influence of Japanese immigrants on Peruvian cuisine. Tiradito differs from ceviche in two ways: tiradito is sliced, while ceviche is cubed; and tiradito is sauced immediately before service, hence raw, while ceviche is marinated beforehand, hence "cooked". Some authors also state that tiradito does not contain onions, but this is not universal. Common garnishes include sweet potato and boiled corn. Stylized variants may include such ingredients as scallops, and a small amount of searing.

text:
# Tiradito

**Tiradito** is a Peruvian dish of raw fish, cut in the shape of sashimi, and of aspect similar to crudo, and carpaccio, in a spicy sauce. It reflects the influence of Japanese immigrants on Peruvian cuisine. Tiradito differs from ceviche in two ways: tiradito is sliced, while ceviche is cubed; and tiradito is sauced immediately before service, hence raw, while ceviche is marinated beforehand, hence "cooked". Some authors also state that tiradito does not contain onions, but this is not universal.

Common garnishes include sweet potato and boiled corn. Stylized variants may include such ingredients as scallops, and a small amount of searing.

Tiradito recipe


title: Time Team series 20

abstract: This is a list of Time Team episodes from series 20. The series was released on DVD in 2014.

text:
# Time Team series 20

This is a list of *Time Team* episodes from series 20. The series was released on DVD (region 2) in 2014.

## Episode

### Series 20

Episode # refers to the air date order. The Time Team Specials are aired in between regular episodes, but are omitted from this list. Regular contributors on Time Team include: Tony Robinson (presenter); archaeologists Phil Harding, Helen Geake, Neil Holbrook, Raksha Dave, Matt Williams, Tracy Smith, Naomi Sewpaul; Victor Ambrus (illustrator); Francis Pryor (historian); Stewart Ainsworth (landscape investigator); John Gater, Jimmy Adcock (geophysics); Paul Blinkhorn (pottery expert); Jackie McKinley (bone expert); Danni Wootton (small finds).

| Episode # | Series # | Episode Title | Location | Coordinates | Original airdate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 259 | 1 | "The Forgotten Gunners of WWI" | Grantham, Lincolnshire | 52°55′53″N 0°36′50″W / 52.93139°N 0.61389°W / 52.93139; -0.61389 (Belton Park, Lincolnshire) | 11 November 2012 (2012-11-11) |
| The 20th series begins with an examination of what life was like for the First World War Machine Gun Corps, revealing the lost secrets of Belton House, the stately home where they were trained. | | | | | | |
| 260 | 2 | "Brancaster" | Brancaster, Norfolk | 52°57′50″N 0°39′07″E / 52.96389°N 0.65194°E / 52.96389; 0.65194 (Brancaster Roman fort (Branodunum)) | 6 January 2013 (2013-01-06) |
| The National Trust Roman fort of Branodunum has produced some impressive aerial photographs of cropmarks, promising substantial buildings and multiple finds from the second to the fourth centuries AD. Some outstanding geophysics results are also hugely encouraging. If anything it was larger than the current Brancaster. The close proximity of the sea would have been vital to travel and commerce, and there was certainly much marine traffic. Among over 2000 finds are an extremely rare pewter dish, a belt ornament, Roman scale armour, and cockerel spurs indicating cockfighting. They are joined by County Archaeologist David Gurney, Philippa Walton from the British Museum, and Roman finds expert Mark Corney. | | | | | | |
| 261 | 3 | "A Capital Hill" | Ely, Cardiff | 51°28′02″N 3°14′55″W / 51.46722°N 3.24861°W / 51.46722; -3.24861 (Caerau Hill, Wales) | 13 January 2013 (2013-01-13) |
| Time Team investigate Caerau Hillfort, a huge hill near Cardiff that may be immensely significant; is it the long-lost Iron Age capital of South Wales? Geophysics shows multiple circular marks, indicating several roundhouses. However Francis is initially having trouble locating these structures in the ground. But there are finds a-plenty including a rare early Iron Age cup. They are joined by Iron Age specialist Niall Sharples, who explains that a hill fort's function is primarily domestic and social, rather than military. Kids from Ely are drafted in to help with the dig, and historian Ray Howell shows two of the kids some iron age artefacts in the National Museum Wales. Meanwhile metalworker David Chapman makes a bronze handle for a drinking cup. | | | | | | |
| 262 | 4 | "Henham's Lost Mansions" | Henham Park, Suffolk | 52°20′30″N 1°36′4″E / 52.34167°N 1.60111°E / 52.34167; 1.60111 (Henham Park) | 20 January 2013 (2013-01-20) |
| Tony and the Team help Hektor Rous, the son of 'Aussie Earl' Keith Rous, piece together the mysterious history of the family's Tudor country home in Suffolk. They are joined by Tudor historian Suzie Lipscomb and buildings expert Richard K. Morriss. | | | | | | |
| 263 | 5 | "Warriors" | Figheldean, Wiltshire | 51°13′16″N 1°45′51″W / 51.22111°N 1.76417°W / 51.22111; -1.76417 (Barrow Clump, Wiltshire) | 27 January 2013 (2013-01-27) |
| Tony and the team work with volunteers from Operation Nightingale, an initiative to help injured veterans of the war in Afghanistan. They are investigating the ancient Barrow Clump on Salisbury Plain, where they discover burials from 2000BC and rare Saxon finds. The team are joined by Richard Osgood, an archaeologist from the Ministry of Defence. | | | | | | |
| 264 | 6 | "Lost Mines of Lakeland" | Coniston, Cumbria | 54°22′52″N 3°6′11″W / 54.38111°N 3.10306°W / 54.38111; -3.10306 (Coniston Fells) | 3 February 2013 (2013-02-03) |
| Tony and the team make their way to the Lake District on an expedition that takes them both higher and deeper than they've ever been before. They are looking for a forgotten piece of the nation's industrial heritage - the Lake District used to be a major source of valuable copper. | | | | | | |
| 265 | 7 | "Horseshoe Hall" | Oakham Castle, Rutland | 52°40′15″N 0°43′39″W / 52.67083°N 0.72750°W / 52.67083; -0.72750 (Oakham Castle) | 10 February 2013 (2013-02-10) |
| Time Team investigate Oakham Castle in the tiny county of Rutland. It's Britain's best preserved 12th-century building but its grounds are full of mysterious lumps and bumps crying out to be investigated. The team are joined by site director Neil Holbrook, historian Marc Morris, architectural historian Richard K. Morriss, Tim Allen from English Heritage, and ceramicist Jane Young. Danni Wootton looks at some small finds. | | | | | | |
| 266 | 8 | "Mystery of the Thames-side Villa" | Dropshort, Oxfordshire | 51°38′30″N 1°17′14″W / 51.64167°N 1.28722°W / 51.64167; -1.28722 (Dropshort Roman Villa) | 17 February 2013 (2013-02-17) |
| Roman remains have been turning up in an Oxfordshire field for decades, where a student in the 1960s believed he had uncovered a Roman mosaic. Is this the site of a lost grand Roman villa? Neil Holbrook takes charge, with contributions from Louise Revell (Roman archaeologist) and Mark Corney (Roman finds expert). Finds include a rare piece of Roman glass, a cheese press and a huge rustic pot from the 4th century. Stewart believes the River Thames used to run much closer to this site during Roman times. | | | | | | |
| 267 | 9 | "The Lost Castle of Dundrum" | Dundrum Castle, County Down | 54°15′43″N 5°50′41″W / 54.26194°N 5.84472°W / 54.26194; -5.84472 (Dundrum Castle) | 24 February 2013 (2013-02-24) |
| The team are working with Colm Donnelly, Finbar McCormick and others from Queen's University, Dublin. Their brief is to investigate an impressive ruin in County Down, Northern Ireland. It is associated with John de Courcy and his renegade Norman knights. But when was it built, and what did it look like? As it's a protected monument, their dig is strictly limited. Francis takes charge. Colm thinks the site shows remains of a much earlier structure, a cashel or defended stone enclosure from the Dark Ages. He shows Tony the nearby Drumena Cashel. Matt demonstrates the inferiority of primitive Irish armour against the full might of a mail-clad Norman knight with his huge charger, sword and bow. | | | | | | |
| 268 | 10 | "Wolsey's Lost Palace" | The More, Moor Park, Hertfordshire | 51°38′02″N 0°26′14″W / 51.63389°N 0.43722°W / 51.63389; -0.43722 (Northwood Prep School) | 3 March 2013 (2013-03-03) |
| Tony and the team try to piece together the complete picture of the Manor of the More, a once impressive palace masterminded by Henry VIII's right-hand man, Cardinal Wolsey. In its heyday it was supposedly even more opulent than Wolsey's other masterpiece, Hampton Court. Built in 1520, it's now the site of Northwood Prep School; and *Time Team* are proposing to dig up their playing fields. Jackie McKinley takes charge. To survey the site from the air, instead of a helicopter they use a drone \- a first for the programme. Danni Wootton enthuses over some gorgeous stained glass fragments. Phil's trench reveals signs of a grand gatehouse and a great turret. They are joined by archaeologist Martin Biddle, Tudor historian Suzannah Lipscomb and historic buildings expert Kent Rawlinson. | | | | | | |
| 269 | 11 | "An Englishman's Castle" | Upton Castle, Cosheston, Pembrokeshire | 51°42′25″N 4°52′07″W / 51.70694°N 4.86861°W / 51.70694; -4.86861 (Upton Castle) | 10 March 2013 (2013-03-10) |
| On the invitation of the owners, Steve and Pru Barlow, *Time Team* try to discover if Upton Castle in Pembrokeshire was one of the Anglo-Norman castles built to defend 'Little England beyond Wales' from the locals. Unfortunately the castle was subject to much cosmetic alteration down the years. So some of the efforts centre around the chapel, which appears to be the earliest building on site, and may actually pre-date the castle. It contains a 14th century stone effigy, apparently of Sir William Malefant. Also the churchyard may yield some clues. Neil Holbrook supervises. The team are joined by historians Suzannah Lipscomb and Richard K. Morriss. | | | | | | |
| 270 | 12 | "The Time Team Guide to Experimental Archaeology" | N/A | N/A | 17 March 2013 (2013-03-17) |
| Tony Robinson reports on the more than 150 practical experiments and re-creations that he and the Team have conducted over 20 years in order to unlock the mysteries exposed by their digs. including 24 hours of solitary confinement, building a thatched roundhouse, potting, a Roman water wheel, a wicker man, smelting, forging weapons, building a wood henge. | | | | | | |
| 271 | 13 | "Twenty Years of Time Team" | N/A | N/A | 24 March 2013 (2013-03-24) |
| In this special celebration of the show, Tony Robinson relives the best bits from two decades and 230 episodes. | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| *Time Team* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 20 | |
| Release | |
| Original network | Channel 4 |
| Original release | 11 November 2012 (2012-11-11) <br>24 March 2013 (2013-03-24) |
| Series chronology | |
|


title: Time in Ethiopia

abstract: The time zone in Ethiopia is East Africa Time (EAT) (UTC+03:00). The IANA time zone database identifier is Africa/Addis_Ababa. Ethiopia does not observe daylight saving time.

text:
# Time in Ethiopia

The time zone in Ethiopia is East Africa Time (EAT) (UTC+03:00). The IANA time zone database identifier is Africa/Addis\_Ababa.

Ethiopia does not observe daylight saving time.

## Date and time notation

Almost all Ethiopians use a modified 12-hour clock system. The daytime cycle begins at dawn 12:00 (6:00:00 AM EAT) and ends at dusk 11:59:59 (5:59:59 PM EAT). The nighttime cycle begins at dusk 12:00 (6:00:00 PM EAT) and ends at dawn at 11:59:59 (5:59:59 AM EAT). The convention is that the day begins at 1:00 o'clock in the morning according to the 12-hour cycle (7:00 AM EAT) rather than midnight (12:00 AM EAT). Therefore, the local population could be said to effectively observe UTC-03:00 rather than UTC+03:00 in terms of the numbering of hours and their association with 24-hour days, with the exception of the hour from 6:00 AM EAT to 6:59 AM EAT.

As of 2015, the modified 12-hour system remained common, despite pressure to follow international norms.

1. "Ethiopia Time Zone - Ethiopia Current Time". *www.timetemperature.com*.
2. ISO 3166-2:ET#Current codes
3. "Daylight Saving Time Changes 2020 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia". *www.timeanddate.com*.
4. "Travel Tips".
5. "Green Land Tours and Travel, services with utmost satisfaction in Ethiopia". *www.greenlandethiopia.com*. Archived from the original on 2007-11-14.
6. "If you have a meeting in Ethiopia, you'd better double-check the time". *The World (radio program)*. 2015-01-30. Archived from the original on 2015-02-01.


title: Titus Romilius Rocus Vaticanus

abstract: Titus Romilius Rocus Vaticanus was a Roman politician in the 5th century BC, consul in 455 BC, and decemvir in 451 BC.

text:
# Titus Romilius Rocus Vaticanus

**Titus Romilius Rocus Vaticanus** was a Roman politician in the 5th century BC, consul in 455 BC, and decemvir in 451 BC.

## Family

He was the only member of the patrician family to become consul. The *gens Romilia* disappears after him in the ancient accounts. He was the grandson of a Titus Romilius and the son of a Titus Romilius, his complete name being *Titus Romilius T.f. T.n. Rocus Vaticanus*. The *cognomen* *Vaticanus* which he carried shows that the term was used at least as far back as the 5th century BC. He might be the founder of the *tribus Romilia* which included several immigrant districts.

## Biography

### Consulship

In 455 BC, he was elected consul with Gaius Veturius Cicurinus. They issued orders during a period of high tension between the patricians and the plebeians. The tribunes of the plebs, representatives of the people, demanded in vain for many years that the power of the consuls be limited in written law. The *Lex Terentilia*, first drafted in 462 BC, was deferred each year by the tribunes who tirelessly proposed numerous identical drafts of the law.

The Latin city of Tusculum needed Roman aid against the Aequi who had pillaged their lands. The two consuls levied an army, consisted primarily of patricians, but also of some plebeian volunteers, to defend the Tusculan allies. Among the plebeians was Lucius Siccius Dentatus, who openly supported the legal drafts contested by the patricians. In response, Titus Romilius chose Lucius Siccius for a perilous mission. When Siccius protested regarding the risks of the mission, the consul interrupted and imposed silence. This anecdote, delivered by Dionysius of Halicarnassus but ignored by Livy, allowed Dionysius to illustrate by example the tense relationship between the patricians and the plebeians, the superiority in social status, and the authority of the former over the later. Lucius Siccius Dentatus survived and was elected tribune of the plebs in 454 BC. The Aequi were defeated near Mount Algidus. The public treasury was then exhausted, and so the consuls decided to sell the abundant spoils (*praeda*), which would otherwise be rewarded to the soldiery. Essentially, this limited the gains of the plebeians who had volunteered.

### Proceedings

In the wake of their decision, Gaius Veturius and Titus Romilius were taken to court by the plebeian aedile Lucius Alienus and by the tribune of the plebs, Gaius Calvus Cicero, in early 454 BC. The testimony of Lucius Siccius Dentatus implicated Titus Romilius, but Siccius retracted his testimony when the old consul offered to send an ambassador to the Greek cities as a sign of appeasement during political tensions. Nevertheless, Titus Romilius was found guilty and ordered to pay a considerable indemnity of 10,000 asses. This proved impracticable, and so a law was passed allowing the indemnity to be satisfied by an equivalent value in cattle and bronze.

### Decemvirate

In 451 BC, Titus Romilius was part of the First Decemvirate which wrote the first written laws of Rome and whose government lasted one year and acted in moderation.

## Bibliography

### Ancient bibliography

### Modern bibliography

* Broughton, T. Robert S. (1951), "The Magistrates of the Roman Republic", *Philological Monographs, number XV, volume I*, vol. I, 509 B.C. - 100 B.C., New York: The American Philological Association
* Briquel, Dominique (2000), "La nuit du Ve siècle", *Roman History. Tome I, Des origines à Auguste* (in French), pp. 163–202, ISBN 978-2-213-03194-1
* Cels-Saint-Hilaire, Janine (1995), *La République des tribus: Du droit de vote et de ses enjeux aux débuts de la République romaine (495-300 av. J.-C.* (in French), Presses universitaires du Mirail, ISBN 2-85816-262-X
* Liverani, Paolo (1999), *Topografia antica del Vaticano* (in Italian), Monumenti, Musei e Gallerie Pontificie
* Lynewood Smith, Daniel (2012), *The Rhetoric of Interruption: Speech-Making, Turn-Taking, and Rule-Breaking in Luke-Acts and Ancient Greek Narrative*, Walter de Gruyter
* Alföldi, Andreas (1965), *Early Rome and the Latins*, University of Michigan Press
* Gagé, Jean (1978), "La Lex Aternia: L'estimation des amendes (multae) et le fonctionnement de la commission décemvirale de 451-449 av. J.-C.", *L'antiquité classique* (in French), vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 70–95, doi:10.3406/antiq.1978.1883

## InfoBox

| Titus Romilius Rocus Vaticanus | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Consul of the Roman Republic | |
| **In office**
1 August 455 BC  31 July 454Serving with Gaius Veturius Cicurinus | |
| Preceded by | Marcus Valerius Maximus Lactuca, Spurius Verginius Tricostus Caeliomontanus |
| Succeeded by | Spurius Tarpeius Montanus Capitolinus, Aulus Aternius Varus |
| First College of Decemvirs | |
| **In office**
451 BC  450 BCServing with
Appius Claudius Crassus
Titus Genucius Augurinus
Servius Sulpicius Camerinus Cornutus (consul 461 BC)
Publius Curiatius Fistus Trigeminus
Publius Sestius Capitolinus Vaticanus
Titus Veturius Geminus Cicurinus (consul 462 BC)
Gaius Julius Iulus
Spurius Postumius Albus Regillensis | |
| Preceded by | Appius Claudius Crassus, Titus Genucius Augurinus |
| Succeeded by | Second College of Decemvirs |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Unknown
Ancient Rome |
| Died | Unknown
Ancient Rome |
|  | |


title: Tirapata District

abstract: Tirapata District is one of fifteen districts of the province Azángaro in Peru.

text:
# Tirapata District

**Tirapata District** is one of fifteen districts of the province Azángaro in Peru.

## Ethnic groups

The people in the district are mainly indigenous citizens of Quechua descent. Quechua is the language which the majority of the population (83.23%) learnt to speak in childhood, 14.13% of the residents started speaking using the Spanish language (2007 Peru Census).

14°57′22″S 70°24′15″W / 14.95611°S 70.40417°W / -14.95611; -70.40417

## InfoBox

| Tirapata | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
|  | |
| Country | Peru |
| Region | Puno |
| Province | Azángaro |
| Founded | November 10, 1943 |
| Capital | Tirapata |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Marino Pumaleque Mango |
| Area | |
| Total | 198.73 km2 (76.73 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 3,880 m (12,730 ft) |
| Population (2005 census) | |
| Total | 3,077 |
| Density | 15/km2 (40/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (PET) |
| UBIGEO | 210215 |


title: VOX (Norwegian TV channel)

abstract: VOX is a Norwegian television channel owned by Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA. The channel was launched in January 2012 and targets adults over 30.

text:
# VOX (Norwegian TV channel)

**VOX** is a Norwegian television channel owned by Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA.

The channel was launched in January 2012 and targets adults over 30.

## Logos

## Programs

## InfoBox

VOX
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Norway |
| Programming | |
| Picture format | 576i (16:9 SDTV)
1080i (HDTV) |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA
(Warner Bros. Discovery) |
| Sister channels | TVNorge
FEM
REX
Discovery Channel Norge
Eurosport Norge
TLC Norway |
| History | |
| Launched | 23 January 2012 (2012-01-23) |
| Replaced | The Voice TV |
| Links | |
| Website | Official website |


title: Songs of Glory

abstract: Songs of Glory is a studio album by bluegrass artists Flatt and Scruggs with the Foggy Mountain Boys. It was released in 1960 by Columbia Records, catalog numbers CL 1424 (mono) and CS 8221 (stereo). The album was released before Billboard magazine began maintaining its Top Country Albums chart in 1964. It was part of Louise Scruggs' plan to give the group a facelift by adding older folk songs to their repertoire.

text:
# Songs of Glory

***Songs of Glory*** is a studio album by bluegrass artists Flatt and Scruggs with the Foggy Mountain Boys. It was released in 1960 by Columbia Records, catalog numbers CL 1424 (mono) and CS 8221 (stereo).

The album was released before *Billboard* magazine began maintaining its Top Country Albums chart in 1964. It was part of Louise Scruggs' plan to give the group a facelift by adding older folk songs to their repertoire.

## Track listing

**Side A**

1. "When the Angels Carry Me Home" (Charlie Monroe) \[2:19\]
2. "Heaven" (B. & H. McSpadden) \[2:31\]
3. "Get on That Road to Glory" (Louise Certain, Gladys Stacey, Benny Martin) \[2:12\]
4. "Bubbling in My Soul" (Jerry Organ, T.D. James) \[2:13\]
5. "I'm on My Way to Canaan's Land" (A.P. Carter) \[2:20\]
6. "Give Mother My Crown" (Walter Bailes) \[2:47\]

**Side B**

1. "Angel Band" (P. Jones) \[2:31\]
2. "You Can Feel It in Your Soul" (Stacey) \[2:23\]
3. "I'll Never Be Lonesome Again" (G.T. Dixon) \[2:21\]
4. "Take Me in the Lifeboat" (Frank Southern) \[2:37\]
5. "Joy Bells" (Organ, Certain, Stacey) \[2:21\]
6. "Give Me Flowers While I'm Living" (E. Bigger, Certain, Stacey) \[2:31\]

## InfoBox

| Songs of Glory | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Flatt and Scruggs | |
| Released | 1960 |
| Genre | Country |
| Label | Columbia |


title: Mills (crater)

abstract: Mills is a small crater that lies on the far side of the Moon. It is located to the northeast of Henderson and to the south of Kohlschütter. This is an undistinguished impact crater that is roughly circular in form, with a slight outward bulge to the northwest. This bulge may be due to the merger of a smaller impact with the rim. The rim edge is somewhat worn, with indistinct features and a few tiny craterlets along the edge. The interior floor has a ridge of material protruding inwards from the southern inner wall, but is otherwise marked only by a number of tiny craters.

text:
# Mills (crater)

**Mills** is a small crater that lies on the far side of the Moon. It is located to the northeast of Henderson and to the south of Kohlschütter.

This is an undistinguished impact crater that is roughly circular in form, with a slight outward bulge to the northwest. This bulge may be due to the merger of a smaller impact with the rim. The rim edge is somewhat worn, with indistinct features and a few tiny craterlets along the edge. The interior floor has a ridge of material protruding inwards from the southern inner wall, but is otherwise marked only by a number of tiny craters.

## Satellite craters

By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Mills.

| Mills | Latitude | Longitude | Diameter |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| B | 10.7° N | 156.9° E | 24 km |
| C | 9.8° N | 157.3° E | 14 km |
| K | 6.8° N | 157.0° E | 26 km |
| R | 8.1° N | 154.8° E | 19 km |
| W | 10.0° N | 154.2° E | 18 km |

* Andersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A. (1982). *NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature*. NASA RP-1097.
* Blue, Jennifer (July 25, 2007). "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature". USGS. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
* Bussey, B.; Spudis, P. (2004). *The Clementine Atlas of the Moon*. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81528-4.
* Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). *Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature*. Tudor Publishers. ISBN 978-0-936389-27-1.
* McDowell, Jonathan (July 15, 2007). "Lunar Nomenclature". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 2007-10-24.
* Menzel, D. H.; Minnaert, M.; Levin, B.; Dollfus, A.; Bell, B. (1971). "Report on Lunar Nomenclature by the Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU". *Space Science Reviews*. **12** (2): 136–186. Bibcode:1971SSRv...12..136M. doi:10.1007/BF00171763. S2CID 122125855.
* Moore, Patrick (2001). *On the Moon*. Sterling Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-304-35469-6.
* Price, Fred W. (1988). *The Moon Observer's Handbook*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33500-3.
* Rükl, Antonín (1990). *Atlas of the Moon*. Kalmbach Books. ISBN 978-0-913135-17-4.
* Webb, Rev. T. W. (1962). *Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes* (6th revised ed.). Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-20917-3.
* Whitaker, Ewen A. (1999). *Mapping and Naming the Moon*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62248-6.
* Wlasuk, Peter T. (2000). *Observing the Moon*. Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-193-1.

## InfoBox

Mills
| Apollo 16 image | |
| --- | --- |
| Coordinates | 8°36′N 156°00′E / 8.6°N 156.0°E / 8.6; 156.0 |
| Diameter | 32 km |
| Colongitude | 204° at sunrise |
| Eponym | Mark M. Mills |


title: The Flying Deer (ship)

abstract: The Flying Deer was a 17th-century Dutch ship. She was lost at sea with all hands during a hurricane off St. Kitts in 1638.

text:
# The Flying Deer (ship)

***The*** ***Flying Deer*** (Dutch: ***Het fliegende hert***) was a 17th-century Dutch ship. She was lost at sea with all hands during a hurricane off St. Kitts in 1638.

## History

***The Flying Deer*** was an early 17th-century sloop in Dutch service. She was recorded as participating in the lucrative trans-Atlantic tobacco trade. In August 1638, the sloop was anchored off island of St. Kitts when the Swedish-flagged *Kalmar Nyckel* (which was returning from its first voyage to establish the colony of New Sweden) also dropped anchor off the island. The captain of *The* *Flying Deer* was a friend of Peter Minuit, a prominent explorer aboard the Swedish ship, and so Minuit and Captain Jan Hindricksen van der Water of *Kalmar Nyckel* were invited aboard *The Flying Deer*. During the visit, a powerful storm (possibly a hurricane) swept up on the island, battering the ships at anchor. *Kalmar Nyckel* rode out the storm at sea, but *The Flying Deer* was never seen again and presumed to be lost with all hands.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Dutch Republic | |
| Name | ***The Flying Deer*** |
| Fate | Lost with all hands in August 1638 |


title: Palazzo San Giuliano, Catania

abstract: The Palazzo San Giuliano is a monumental palace located in Piazza Universitaria, in the center of the city of Catania, Sicily, southern Italy. Once a private home of the San Giuliano branch of the House of Paternò, it has also served as hospital, bank, theater, and hotel. Presently it houses the administrative offices of the University of Catania, and stands across the piazza from the Palazzo dell'Università, which has the rector's offices, a library, and a small museum.

text:
# Palazzo San Giuliano, Catania

The **Palazzo San Giuliano** is a monumental palace located in Piazza Universitaria, in the center of the city of Catania, Sicily, southern Italy. Once a private home of the San Giuliano branch of the House of Paternò, it has also served as hospital, bank, theater, and hotel. Presently it houses the administrative offices of the University of Catania, and stands across the piazza from the Palazzo dell'Università, which has the rector's offices, a library, and a small museum.

## History and description

After the 1693 Sicily earthquake raze the prior structure at the site, a palace was commissioned by the Marquise of San Giuliano, a member of the aristocratic Paternò family. The work was completed in 1738 under the designs of Giovanni Battista Vaccarini. The interiors have undergone much modification. The roof balustrade was added in the 1930s. The palace has only belonged to the university since the 1980s.

The portal has two coat of arms, one on the left from the Paternò Castello family, and on the right from the Asmundos, later aristocratic owners of the palace. Inside the courtyard is a typical double flight of stairs to the piano nobile.

37°30′14″N 15°05′16″E / 37.50376°N 15.08784°E / 37.50376; 15.08784


title: The DNA Will Have Its Say

abstract: The DNA Will Have Its Say is an EP by Some Girls. Karen O also appears on some songs.

text:
# The DNA Will Have Its Say

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Pitchfork Media | (5.9/10) |

**The DNA Will Have Its Say** is an EP by Some Girls. Karen O also appears on some songs.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "I Need Drugs" | 1:02 |
| 2. | "A Sick Cult" | 0:56 |
| 3. | "Me & My Blasphemy" | 0:45 |
| 4. | "The DNA Will Have Its Say" | 1:03 |
| 5. | "Don't Hate Me Just 'Cause I Hate You" | 1:03 |
| 6. | "Nazi Rodeo" | 0:41 |
| 7. | "Hot Air Balloons" | 0:46 |

## InfoBox

| The DNA Will Have Its Say | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Some Girls | |
| Released | April 26, 2005 (2005-04-26) |
| Recorded | August–October 2004 |
| Genre | Mathcore, hardcore punk |
| Length | 6:17 |
| Label | Three One G Records |
| Some Girls chronology | |
| *All My Friends Are Going Death*
(2003) ***The DNA Will Have Its Say***
(2005) *Heaven's Pregnant Teens*
(2005) | |


title: Wall, Pennsylvania

abstract: Wall is a borough in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 519 at the 2020 census.

text:
# Wall, Pennsylvania

**Wall** is a borough in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 519 at the 2020 census.

## History

Wall is located at the site of a farm purchased by James Walls in 1829. The property, on the south bank of Turtle Creek, was passed to James' sons Henry and John Walls, who lived in a log cabin near the heart of present-day Wall. A station on the Pennsylvania Railroad opened in the early 1840s, which was named "Walls' Station" in honor of the Walls family. Eventually, the name of the station and the town that grew up around it was shortened to "Wall Station". Henry and John Walls sold their property to their cousin Frank Wall, an engineer on riverboats who developed the property around the station. Wall got its name after this Frank Wall, whose said property development led to him being the owner of the first two houses erected in the region.

The town around Wall Station was incorporated in 1904 as Wall Borough. The borough grew rapidly during the first half of the twentieth century because a freight depot of the Pennsylvania Railroad was located at Wall. The population and economic vitality of the borough declined during the second half of the twentieth century as the railroad industry was eclipsed by the airline and trucking industries.

Channel 40, WPCB-TV, broadcasts from Wall.

Wall, along with East Mckeesport, is served by United Volunteer Fire/Rescue, formerly Wall VFD and East Mckeesport VFC #2.

## Geography

Wall is located at 40°23′36″N 79°47′16″W / 40.39333°N 79.78778°W / 40.39333; -79.78778 (40.393468, −79.787692).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 0.4 square miles (1.0 km2), all land.

## Surrounding neighborhoods

Wall is almost entirely surrounded by North Versailles Township. The only other border is with Wilmerding to the west.

## Education

Wall is served by the East Allegheny School District.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1910 | 1,962 |  |  |
| 1920 | 2,426 |  | 23.6% |
| 1930 | 2,236 |  | −7.8% |
| 1940 | 2,098 |  | −6.2% |
| 1950 | 1,850 |  | −11.8% |
| 1960 | 1,493 |  | −19.3% |
| 1970 | 1,265 |  | −15.3% |
| 1980 | 989 |  | −21.8% |
| 1990 | 853 |  | −13.8% |
| 2000 | 727 |  | −14.8% |
| 2010 | 580 |  | −20.2% |
| 2020 | 519 |  | −10.5% |
| 2019 (est.) | 557 |  | −4.0% |
| Sources: | | | |

As of the 2000 census, there were 727 people, 324 households, and 197 families residing in the borough. The population density was 1,641.0 inhabitants per square mile (633.6/km2). There were 363 housing units at an average density of 819.4 per square mile (316.4/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 97.25% White, 2.06% African American, 0.14% Asian, and 0.55% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.28% of the population.

There were 324 households, out of which 22.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.7% were married couples living together, 13.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.9% were non-families. 35.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.84.

In the borough the population was spread out, with 19.7% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 31.8% from 25 to 44, 21.2% from 45 to 64, and 19.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 90.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.6 males.

The median income for a household in the borough was $26,595, and the median income for a family was $32,500. Males had a median income of $25,500 versus $23,333 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $14,720. About 10.7% of families and 16.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 40.0% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over.

## Government and politics

Presidential election results
| Year | Republican | Democratic | Third parties |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **2020** | *50%* *107* | *47%* *100* | *1%* *3* |
| **2016** | *55%* *94* | *43%* *74* | *2%* *3* |
| **2012** | *36%* *66* | *60%* *111* | *4%* *7* |

## InfoBox

| Wall, Pennsylvania | |
| --- | --- |
| Borough | |
| Main Street | |
| Location in Allegheny County and the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. | |
| Coordinates: 40°23′36″N 79°47′16″W / 40.39333°N 79.78778°W / 40.39333; -79.78778 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Allegheny |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.44 sq mi (1.13 km2) |
| Land | 0.44 sq mi (1.13 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 519 |
| Estimate (2019) | 557 |
| Density | 1,271.69/sq mi (491.40/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| FIPS code | 42-80600 |
| Website | www.wallborough.com |


title: Walter Altherr

abstract: Walter Altherr is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and former member of the German Bundestag.

text:
# Walter Altherr

**Walter Altherr** (born 11 July 1946) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and former member of the German Bundestag.

## Life

Altherr joined the Junge Union in 1961 and the CDU in 1965. In 1986 he became a member of the district executive of Kaiserslautern-Land. 1978 he took over the office of the local mayor of the municipality Mittelbrunn. In 1989 he moved into the district council of Kaiserslautern. In the 1990 Bundestag elections he was elected to the German Bundestag via the Rhineland-Palatinate state list, of which he was a member until 1994. Altherr was a member of the Rhineland-Palatinate state parliament from 1996 to 2006.

## Literature

Herbst, Ludolf; Jahn, Bruno (2002). Vierhaus, Rudolf (ed.). *Biographisches Handbuch der Mitglieder des Deutschen Bundestages. 1949–2002* \[*Biographical Handbook of the Members of the German Bundestag. 1949–2002*\] (in German). München: De Gruyter - De Gruyter Saur. p. 1715. ISBN 978-3-11-184511-1.

## InfoBox

| Walter Altherr | |
| --- | --- |
| Altherr on a Bundestag election poster (1994) | |
|  | |
| Member of the Bundestag | |
| **In office**
20 December 1990  10 November 1994 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1946-07-11) 11 July 1946
Kaiserslautern |
| Political party | CDU |
| Occupation | Surgeon |
|  | |


title: Walter Gray House

abstract: The Walter Gray House is a historic house in rural southeastern Stone County, Arkansas. It is located on the Melrose Loop, about 0.5 miles (0.80 km) south of Arkansas Highway 14 between Locust Grove and Marcella. It is a single-story dogtrot house with an addition to its rear. It is a wood-frame structure with weatherboard siding, with a hip-roof porch extending across its front facade, supported by chamfered posts. At its west end is a chimney built out of square pieces of sawn stone, laid to present a veneer-like facade. An L-shaped porch wraps around the rear addition. The house was built in 1910 by Walter Gray, a local farmer, and represents the continued use of this traditional form of architecture into the 20th century. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

text:
# Walter Gray House

The **Walter Gray House** is a historic house in rural southeastern Stone County, Arkansas. It is located on the Melrose Loop, about 0.5 miles (0.80 km) south of Arkansas Highway 14 between Locust Grove and Marcella. It is a single-story dogtrot house with an addition to its rear. It is a wood-frame structure with weatherboard siding, with a hip-roof porch extending across its front facade, supported by chamfered posts. At its west end is a chimney built out of square pieces of sawn stone, laid to present a veneer-like facade. An L-shaped porch wraps around the rear addition. The house was built in 1910 by Walter Gray, a local farmer, and represents the continued use of this traditional form of architecture into the 20th century.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Walter Gray House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location in ArkansasLocation in United States | |
| Location | Off AR 14, Melrose, Arkansas |
| Coordinates | 35°44′20″N 91°51′4″W / 35.73889°N 91.85111°W / 35.73889; -91.85111 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1910 (1910) |
| Architectural style | Dogtrot |
| MPS | Stone County MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 85002212 |
| Added to NRHP | September 17, 1985 |


title: Wairuna, Queensland

abstract: Wairuna is a rural locality in the Tablelands Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Wairuna had "no people or a very low population".

text:
# Wairuna, Queensland

**Wairuna** is a rural locality in the Tablelands Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Wairuna had "no people or a very low population".

## Geography

The entire locality is a protected area. Most of it is within the Girringun National Park, except for the western corner of the locality which is in the Girringun Conservation Park and two small areas in the west and north-west of the locality which are in the Girringun Resources Reserve.

## Demographics

In the 2016 census Wairuna had "no people or a very low population".

In the 2021 census, Wairuna had "no people or a very low population".

## Heritage listings

Wairuna has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

## InfoBox

| Wairuna
Queensland | |
| --- | --- |
| Wairuna | |
| Coordinates | 18°23′23″S 145°30′49″E / 18.3897°S 145.5136°E / -18.3897; 145.5136 (Wairuna (centre of locality)) |
| Population | 0 (2021 census) |
| • Density | 0.0000/km2 (0.0000/sq mi) |
| Postcode(s) | 4872 |
| Area | 1,337.6 km2 (516.5 sq mi) |
| Time zone | AEST (UTC+10:00) |
| LGA(s) | Tablelands Region |
| State electorate(s) | Dalrymple |
| Federal division(s) | Kennedy |
| **Suburbs around Wairuna:**  Minnamoolka Kirrama Lumholtz  Minnamoolka Wairuna Abergowrie  Valley of Lagoons Valley of Lagoons Garrawalt | |


title: Waisa

abstract: Waisa is a village in the Chhachh Valley in Pakistan, a geographical region in the northern section of Attock District, to the east of Peshawar, and west of Islamabad. Waisa was the first village to get an ambulance service in Pakistan. This service was executed through extreme support from Radio Broadcaster 'Waheed Gull'. Also, Waisa is the first village to have a recyling plant being built within it. This recycling plant is a project of the group 'Anmol Welfare Society'.

text:
# Waisa

**Waisa** is a village in the Chhachh Valley in Pakistan, a geographical region in the northern section of Attock District, to the east of Peshawar, and west of Islamabad.

**Waisa** was the first village to get an ambulance service in Pakistan. This service was executed through extreme support from Radio Broadcaster **'Waheed Gull'.**

Also, **Waisa** is the first village to have a recyling plant being built within it. This recycling plant is a project of the group '**Anmol Welfare Society'.**

## Geography

The village was geographically situated in the Attock District within one mile of the south side of the Indus River. Waisa neighbours the villages of Kamalpur Moosa in the east, Tajak on the southern side, Shadi Khan in the west, and Sirka Village towards the north west. The capital city of Pakistan, Islamabad, is located 60 miles east of Waisa.

## InfoBox

| Waisa | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Waisa | |
| Coordinates: 33°56′N 72°23′E / 33.933°N 72.383°E / 33.933; 72.383 | |
| Country | Pakistan |
| Province | Punjab |
| District | Attock |
| Tehsil | Hazro |
| Region | Chhachh |
| Time zone | UTC+5 (PST) |


title: Wally Millies

abstract: Walter Louis Millies was an American professional baseball player, scout and manager whose career began in 1927 and extended into the 1970s. Born in Chicago, he was a catcher during his playing days who threw and batted right-handed and was listed as 5 feet 10 inches (1.78 m) tall and 170 pounds (77 kg). During World War II, he served in the United States Navy. Millies appeared in 246 games in Major League Baseball over all or parts of six seasons for the Brooklyn Dodgers, Washington Senators and Philadelphia Phillies. He compiled a.243 career batting average with 158 hits, including 20 doubles and three triples, with 65 runs batted in. His finest season came in 1936 with Washington, as he set personal bests in plate appearances (229), runs scored (26), hits (67), and batting average (.312). He started 58 games as the Senators' backup catcher, playing behind left-handed-hitting Cliff Bolton. Millies had a long career as a minor league manager following his big-league playing career, including a stint as the skipper of the Kinston Eagles of the Coastal Plain League. Then he was a scout for the New York Mets, Houston Astros and Montreal Expos, based in Oak Lawn, Illinois. He died in Oak Lawn at the age of 88.

text:
# Wally Millies

**Walter Louis Millies** (October 18, 1906 – February 28, 1995) was an American professional baseball player, scout and manager whose career began in 1927 and extended into the 1970s. Born in Chicago, he was a catcher during his playing days who threw and batted right-handed and was listed as 5 feet 10 inches (1.78 m) tall and 170 pounds (77 kg). During World War II, he served in the United States Navy.

Millies appeared in 246 games in Major League Baseball over all or parts of six seasons (1934; 1936–1937; 1939–1941) for the Brooklyn Dodgers, Washington Senators and Philadelphia Phillies. He compiled a .243 career batting average with 158 hits, including 20 doubles and three triples, with 65 runs batted in. His finest season came in 1936 with Washington, as he set personal bests in plate appearances (229), runs scored (26), hits (67), and batting average (.312). He started 58 games as the Senators' backup catcher, playing behind left-handed-hitting Cliff Bolton.

Millies had a long career as a minor league manager following his big-league playing career, including a stint as the skipper of the Kinston Eagles of the Coastal Plain League. Then he was a scout for the New York Mets, Houston Astros and Montreal Expos, based in Oak Lawn, Illinois.

He died in Oak Lawn at the age of 88.

* Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
* Gaunt, Robert (1997). *We Would Have Played Forever: The Story of the Coastal Plain Baseball League*. Baseball America, Inc. ISBN 0-945164-02-5.

## InfoBox

| Wally Millies | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Catcher** | |
| **Born:** (1906-10-18)October 18, 1906
Chicago, Illinois, U.S. | |
| **Died:** February 28, 1995(1995-02-28) (aged 88)
Oak Lawn, Illinois, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| September 23, 1934, for the Brooklyn Dodgers | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| May 21, 1941, for the Philadelphia Phillies | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .243 |
| Home runs | 0 |
| Runs batted in | 65 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Walnut Creek (Tarrant County)

abstract: Walnut Creek is a creek in North Texas. The creek rises to the northeast of Keene in Johnson County, flowing to the Tarrant County near Mansfield. A number of smaller branches flow into the creek, including Watson Branch, and The creek runs to the northeast, forming the border between Dallas and Grand Prairie. The mouth of the creek is west of Duncanville where it meets Mountain Creek.

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# Walnut Creek (Tarrant County)

**Walnut Creek** is a creek in North Texas. The creek rises to the northeast of Keene in Johnson County, flowing to the Tarrant County near Mansfield. A number of smaller branches flow into the creek, including Watson Branch, and The creek runs to the northeast, forming the border between Dallas and Grand Prairie. The mouth of the creek is west of Duncanville where it meets Mountain Creek.

## Walnut Creek Linear Park

**Walnut Creek Linear Park** is a public walking trail in Mansfield. The trail follows the course of the creek, and forms a linear connection with various public parks in the city, including Town Park, Katherine Rose Memorial Park and James McKnight Park. A further extension is planned, which will connect the park to the western shores of Joe Pool Lake.

32°34′14″N 97°07′51″W / 32.5705°N 97.1307°W / 32.5705; -97.1307


title: Walter Butler of Roscrea

abstract: Walter Butler of Ballinakill Castle, Roscrea was a military officer, who served as a colonel (Oberst) in the Imperial Army under Albrecht von Wallenstein and was involved in Wallenstein's assassination in 1634.

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# Walter Butler of Roscrea

**Walter Butler of Ballinakill Castle, Roscrea** (c. 1600 – 25 December 1634) was a military officer, who served as a colonel (*Oberst*) in the Imperial Army under Albrecht von Wallenstein and was involved in Wallenstein's assassination in 1634.

## Ancestry

Walter Butler was a descendant of the Butler family – the Earls of Ormond. He was the son of Peter Butler of Roscrea. The "Roscrea" cadet branch of the family is in turn descended from the "Polestown" cadet branch.

* Edmond Butler of Polestown, son of Walter.

## Ballinakill Castle

Ballinakill Castle lies between Roscrea and Dunkerrin. The ruins can now be seen on the main Dublin-Limerick road (N7) about six kilometers on the Nenagh side of Roscrea. It is more of a fortified house than a true castle, similar to Cloncourse Castle. The exact date of the fortification is uncertain but is no earlier than 1580 when Pierce Butler of Paulstown bought land there. The three-story fortified house has long been gutted and only the shell remains of this large building. What is most impressive about the site however, is not the house but the impressive bawn around it. A bawn is very similar to the curtain walls of a castle. The bawn at Ballinakill is still one of the finest in the country. The castle was acquired by Sir Richard Stephens, who sold it in 1680 to a former Cromwellian soldier, Col. Charles Minchin. His descendants, two of whom were High Sheriffs of Tipperary, added a house at the southern end. Humphrey Minchin moved to England in 1760.

## Career

When his family estates in Roscrea, County Tipperary were confiscated in 1616, Walter became a soldier of fortune. He entered the armed forces of the Habsburg emperor Ferdinand II and served with distinction as a colonel in the Thirty Years' War. In 1631 he and his Irish officers fought under General Tilly against MacKay's Swedish regiment laying siege to Frankfurt-an-der-Oder. Injured and captured by the Swedish, he was accused of being responsible for the loss of the Oder fortress. Butler made King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden certify his bravery and after his release appeared at the Imperial headquarters before Field Marshal Rudolf von Tiefenbach, where his opponents had to withdraw their accusations.

In 1632 he joined the armed forces under Wallenstein, who, in view of the Swedish progress, had been again appointed Imperial commander-in-chief by Emperor Ferdinand II. Butler quickly gained the trust of the *Generalissimo* and was appointed Colonel of a dragoon regiment. While the Imperial army fought against the Swedish at Zirndorf and Lützen, Wallenstein's envoys were in secret discussions with the opponents, which led to accusations of making peace with the King of Sweden without the consent of the Emperor. When Wallenstein's treachery was discovered in 1632, it was Butler who saved the Empire and arranged his assassination in 1634. He together with the officers John Gordon and Walter Leslie had the plot executed on 25 February, after the murder of Wallenstein's confidants Christian von Ilow, Adam Erdmann Trčka von Lípa and Vilém Kinský.

Emperor Ferdinand II created him a Count (*Graf*) of the Empire, bestowed on him the domain of Friedberg and presented him with the Imperial Gold Chain. Walter Butler remained in the emperor's service and died while fighting at Schorndorf on 25 December 1634.

1. *Lodge, John: The Peerage of Ireland or, A Genealogical History Of The Present Nobility Of That Kingdom*, 1789, Vol IV, pg18.
2. Roscrea History Section
3. *Roger Burrow Manning*, An apprenticeship in arms: the origins of the British Army 1585-1702, page 89.
4. *Thomas Bartlett and Keith Jeffery (editors)*, A Military History of Ireland, 1996, page 301.


title: Walter Robinson (baseball)

abstract: Walter Kenneth Robinson, nicknamed "Skin Down", was an American Negro league infielder who played between 1937 and 1944. A native of Fernandina Beach, Florida, Robinson made his Negro leagues debut in 1937 with the Jacksonville Red Caps. He played with the club through 1942, as it moved to Cleveland and back to Jacksonville. Robinson played for the Atlanta Black Crackers and New York Black Yankees in 1943, and returned to finish his career in Jacksonville in 1944.

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# Walter Robinson (baseball)

**Walter Kenneth Robinson** (born March 5, 1908 - date of death unknown), nicknamed "**Skin Down**", was an American Negro league infielder who played between 1937 and 1944.

A native of Fernandina Beach, Florida, Robinson made his Negro leagues debut in 1937 with the Jacksonville Red Caps. He played with the club through 1942, as it moved to Cleveland and back to Jacksonville. Robinson played for the Atlanta Black Crackers and New York Black Yankees in 1943, and returned to finish his career in Jacksonville in 1944.

## InfoBox

| Walter Robinson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Infielder** | |
| **Born:** (1908-03-05)March 5, 1908<br>Fernandina Beach, Florida | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| Negro league baseball debut | |
| 1937, for the Jacksonville Red Caps | |
| Last appearance | |
| 1944, for the Baltimore Elite Giants | |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Wang Haibin

abstract: Wang Haibin is Chairman of the China Fencing Association and Head Coach of the China National Fencing Team. In November 2021 in Lausanne, he was elected to a 3-year term on the executive committee of the International Fencing Federation (FIE). Earlier in his career, he was an internationally ranked Chinese foil fencer. He competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics, 1996 Summer Olympics, 2000 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Olympics. He first competed at the Olympics in 1992, where he was eliminated in the second round of the Olympic foil tournament and finished tenth with the Chinese foil team in the team event. In 1996, he was eliminated in the round of 16 of the Olympic foil tournament and finished ninth with the Chinese foil team in the team event. Four years later in Sydney, he won the silver medal as part of the Chinese foil team. In the 2000 Olympic foil tournament he was eliminated in the round of 16 again. In 2004 in Athens, he won the silver medal again as a member of the Chinese foil team. In the individual Olympic foil tournament he was eliminated in the first round again. From 2005 to 2016, Wang served as the head men's foil coach for China's National Fencing Team, during which time he helped Lei Sheng win a gold medal at the 2012 London Olympics. From 2016 to 2021, Wang coached in the United States in New Haven, CT, where he helped lead a resurgence of the Yale University Men's and Women's Fencing Teams.

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# Wang Haibin

**Wang Haibin** (Chinese: 王海滨; pinyin: *Wáng Hǎibīn*; born 27 December 1973 in Nanjing, Jiangsu) is Chairman of the China Fencing Association and Head Coach of the China National Fencing Team. In November 2021 in Lausanne, he was elected to a 3-year term on the executive committee of the International Fencing Federation (FIE). Earlier in his career, he was an internationally ranked Chinese foil fencer. He competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics, 1996 Summer Olympics, 2000 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Olympics.

He first competed at the Olympics in 1992, where he was eliminated in the second round of the Olympic foil tournament and finished tenth with the Chinese foil team in the team event.

In 1996, he was eliminated in the round of 16 of the Olympic foil tournament and finished ninth with the Chinese foil team in the team event.

Four years later in Sydney, he won the silver medal as part of the Chinese foil team. In the 2000 Olympic foil tournament he was eliminated in the round of 16 again.

In 2004 in Athens, he won the silver medal again as a member of the Chinese foil team. In the individual Olympic foil tournament he was eliminated in the first round again.

From 2005 to 2016, Wang served as the head men's foil coach for China's National Fencing Team, during which time he helped Lei Sheng win a gold medal at the 2012 London Olympics. From 2016 to 2021, Wang coached in the United States in New Haven, CT, where he helped lead a resurgence of the Yale University Men's and Women's Fencing Teams.

## InfoBox

Wang Haibin
| Wang in 2019 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1973-12-27) 27 December 1973<br>Nanjing, Jiangsu, China |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Fencing |
| Medal record      Men's fencing  Representing  China  Olympic Games  2000 Sydney  team foil  2004 Athens  team foil | |


title: Wang Hai

abstract: Wang Hai was a Chinese fighter pilot and general. A flying ace of the Korean War, he served as commander of the People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) from 1985 to 1992. He was awarded the rank of general in 1988.

text:
# Wang Hai

**Wang Hai** (Chinese: 王海; 19 January 1926 – 2 August 2020) was a Chinese fighter pilot and general. A flying ace of the Korean War, he served as commander of the People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) from 1985 to 1992. He was awarded the rank of general (*shang jiang*) in 1988.

## Biography

Wang Hai was born on January 19, 1926, in Yantai, Shandong Province. He joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in September 1945 when he was a student at Weihai High School, and studied at Linyi People's Revolutionary University in Shandong. In June 1946 he entered Mudanjiang Aviator School, the first aviator training school of the CCP. In May 1950, he graduated from the training program to become a fighter pilot.

During the Korean War (1950–53), Wang was a pilot of the 3rd Fighter Aviation Division. He shot down or damaged nine American aircraft. The MiG fighter he flew is exhibited in the Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution in Beijing.

After the war, he was promoted to command an air force division, and later commander of the Guangzhou Military Region Air Force. In 1985, he was appointed commander of the People's Liberation Army Air Force. When the PLA re-instituted military ranks, he was awarded the rank of general (*shang jiang*) in September 1988. He retired in 1992. Starting with him all PLAAF commanders have been career aviators.

Wang Hai was a member of the 13th and 14th Central Committees of the Chinese Communist Party.

Wang died on 2 August 2020, aged 94.

## InfoBox

| Wang Hai | |
| --- | --- |
| 王海 | |
| Wang Hai in the Korean War | |
|  | |
| 5th Commander of the PLA Air Force | |
| **In office**
July 1985  November 1992 | |
| Deputy | Li Yongtai, Lin Hu, Liu Zhitian |
| Preceded by | Zhang Tingfa |
| Succeeded by | Cao Shuangming |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1926-01-19)19 January 1926
Yantai, Shandong, Republic of China |
| Died | 2 August 2020(2020-08-02) (aged 94)
Beijing, China |
| Political party | Chinese Communist Party |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | China |
| Branch/service | People's Liberation Army Air Force |
| Years of service | 1944–1992 |
| Rank | General |
| Battles/wars | Korean War |
|  | |


title: Warendorf (district)

abstract: Warendorf is a Kreis (district) in the northern part of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Neighboring districts are Steinfurt, Osnabrück (district), Gütersloh, Soest, district-free city Hamm, Coesfeld and the district-free city Münster.

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# Warendorf (district)

**Warendorf** (German pronunciation: \[ˈvaːʁəndɔʁf\]) is a *Kreis* (district) in the northern part of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Neighboring districts are Steinfurt, Osnabrück (district), Gütersloh, Soest, district-free city Hamm, Coesfeld and the district-free city Münster.

## History

In medieval times the region was part of the Prince-Bishopric of Münster. When it became part of the Prussian Province of Westphalia, the new government in 1816 created the districts of Warendorf and Beckum. In 1975 these two districts were merged to form today's district.

## Geography

The district is located east of the city of Münster. The Ems river runs through the district from east to west. The Lippe River forms part of the southern border of the district.

## Coat of arms

The coat of arms is a combination of the two coats of the precursor districts Warendorf and Beckum. The two sun roses are taken from the Warendorf coat of arms, which took it from the family coat of arms of the Vogt family in Warendorpe. The wavy line comes from the Beckum coat of arms, and symbolized the richness of water in the area, especially the Werse river. The coat of arms was granted in 1976.

## Towns and municipalities

| Towns | Municipalities |
| --- | --- |
| 1. Ahlen 2. Beckum 3. Drensteinfurt 4. Ennigerloh 5. Oelde 6. Sassenberg 7. Sendenhorst 8. Telgte 9. Warendorf | 1. Beelen 2. Everswinkel 3. Ostbevern 4. Wadersloh |

Media related to Kreis Warendorf at Wikimedia Commons

51°55′N 7°55′E / 51.92°N 7.92°E / 51.92; 7.92

## InfoBox

| Warendorf | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | North Rhine-Westphalia |
| Adm. region | Münster |
| Capital | Warendorf |
| Government | |
| District admin. | Olaf Gericke (CDU) |
| Area | |
| Total | 1,317.017 km2 (508.503 sq mi) |
| Population (31 December 2023) | |
| Total | 283,295 |
| Density | 220/km2 (560/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Vehicle registration | WAF, BE |
| Website | www.kreis-warendorf.de |


title: Wang Zhong (Three Kingdoms)

abstract: Wang Zhong was a military general of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He previously served under the warlord Cao Cao in the late Eastern Han dynasty.

text:
# Wang Zhong (Three Kingdoms)

**Wang Zhong** (died 242) was a military general of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He previously served under the warlord Cao Cao in the late Eastern Han dynasty.

## Life

Wang Zhong was from Fufeng Commandery (扶風郡), which is around present-day Xingping, Shaanxi. He served as a Canton Chief (亭長) in his early career. When a famine broke out in the Guanzhong region, Wang Zhong fled south to Jing Province, where he encountered Lou Gui, who tried to persuade him to join Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province. Wang Zhong refused, attacked Lou Gui and induced his followers to defect to his side, and brought them along to join Cao Cao, the warlord who controlled the Han central government and the figurehead Emperor Xian.

Cao Cao appointed Wang Zhong as a General of the Household (中郎將). Around 200 CE, Cao Cao ordered him and Liu Dai (劉岱) to lead troops to attack Liu Bei in Xu Province but they were defeated and driven back. Wang Zhong was later promoted to General Who Spreads Martial Might (揚武將軍) and awarded the title of a Marquis of a Chief Village (都亭侯). In 213, Wang Zhong, along with Xiahou Dun, Liu Xun, Liu Ruo (劉若) and others, urged Emperor Xian to enfeoff Cao Cao as the Duke of Wei (魏公). Cao Cao's son and heir apparent, Cao Pi, heard that Wang Zhong had resorted to cannibalism before during the famine in the Guanzhong region, so he played a prank on Wang Zhong by attaching a skeleton to the saddle of Wang Zhong's horse.

In 220, following Cao Cao's death, Cao Pi inherited his father's vassal king title, "King of Wei" (魏王), and remained a nominal subject of Emperor Xian. He then appointed Wang Zhong as General of Light Chariots (輕車將軍). Later that year, Wang Zhong, along with Cao Ren, Liu Ruo (劉若), Xianyu Fu (鮮于輔) and others, urged Cao Pi to usurp the throne from Emperor Xian and declare himself emperor. Cao Pi did so, ended the Eastern Han dynasty and established the state of Cao Wei to replace it. This event marked the beginning of the Three Kingdoms period in China.

Wang Zhong continued serving in the Cao Wei state. In 224, when the general Cao Zhen returned from a campaign, Cao Pi ordered Wu Zhi to host a banquet in his residence in Cao Zhen's honour. During the banquet, Wu Zhi instructed actors to put up a skit to make fun of Cao Zhen and Zhu Shuo (朱鑠), who were fat and thin respectively. Cao Zhen was enraged and he shouted at Wu Zhi, "Are you and your men seeking a fight with me and my men?" Cao Hong and Wang Zhong egged Wu Zhi on by saying, "If you want to make the General (Cao Zhen) admit that he is fat, you have to show that you're thin." Cao Zhen drew his sword, glared at them and said, "I'll kill whoever dares to mock me."

In 242, Wang Zhong died.

## In *Romance of the Three Kingdoms*

Wang Zhong appears as a minor character in the 14th-century historical novel *Romance of the Three Kingdoms*. His only appearance in the novel is when Cao Cao orders him and Liu Dai to lead troops to attack Liu Bei in Xu Province. Liu Bei's general Guan Yu defeats and captures Wang Zhong, but releases him later. When Wang Zhong returns to Cao Cao after his failure, Cao Cao wants to execute him, but spares him after Kong Rong pleads for leniency.

1. (質別傳曰： ... 質黃初五年朝京師，詔上將軍及特進以下皆會質所，大官給供具。酒酣，質欲盡歡。時上將軍曹真性肥，中領軍朱鑠性瘦，質召優，使說肥瘦。真負貴，恥見戲，怒謂質曰：「卿欲以部曲將遇我邪？」驃騎將軍曹洪、輕車將軍王忠言：「將軍必欲使上將軍服肥，即自宜為瘦。」真愈恚，拔刀瞋目，言：「俳敢輕脫，吾斬爾。」遂罵坐。) *Wu Zhi Biezhuan* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 21.
2. Gautama Siddha: 《Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era》 vol.13

## InfoBox

| Wang Zhong | |
| --- | --- |
| 王忠 | |
|  | |
| General of Light Chariots
(輕車將軍) | |
| **In office**
220 (220)–242 (242) | |
| Monarch | Cao Pi / Cao Rui / Cao Fang |
| General Who Spreads Martial Might
(揚武將軍) | |
| **In office**
? (?)–220 (220) | |
| Monarch | Emperor Xian of Han |
| Chancellor | Cao Cao |
| General of the Household (中郎將) | |
| **In office**
? (?)–? (?) | |
| Monarch | Emperor Xian of Han |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Unknown
Xingping, Shaanxi |
| Died | 3 October 242 |
| Occupation | General |
| Peerage | Marquis of a Chief Village
(都亭侯) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Chinese | 王忠 |
|
| Hanyu Pinyin | Wáng Zhōng |
| Wade–Giles | Wang2
Chung1
 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Warriors 4 Christ Wrestling

abstract: Warriors 4 Christ Wrestling (W4CW) is an independent professional wrestling promotion based in San Antonio, Texas. W4CW is a non-profit organization operated by Warriors 4 Christ INC.

text:
# Warriors 4 Christ Wrestling

**Warriors 4 Christ Wrestling** (W4CW) is an independent professional wrestling promotion based in San Antonio, Texas. W4CW is a non-profit organization operated by Warriors 4 Christ INC.

## History

The company's founder and President, Curtis Stone A.K.A. "Nightmare", Cheyene, George Carey, The Rolling Stone (Part of the Tag-Team Rolling Stones),Mark McFadden, formerly competed as a professional wrestler and has operated the organization since 1999. Stone previously worked as an enforcer for drug dealers, collecting money from debtors, before he became a Christian. The promotion was originally called Southern Heat Championship Wrestling. The name was considered too suggestive by some churches, however, so the organization was renamed in late summer of 2006. W4CW promotes wrestling events at schools and churches, and proceeds are donated to local charities, such as orphanages, woman's shelters, and churches. W4CW events also features Christian musical acts, and some include sermons. Although W4CW includes a religious aspect, matches are conducted the same way as in other promotions. Foreign objects, such as chairs, are used as weapons during matches. All wrestlers are trained, and many are pursuing long-term careers in professional wrestling. Because of the nature of a Christian wrestling promotion, however, W4CW has met with resistance from some fans and churches, both of whom are suspicious of an organization that combines professional wrestling with religion.

W4CW's headquarters is in San Antonio and operates over 40 shows each year, which take place both in the United States and Mexico. Many of the shows are free, and events are usually attended by several hundred people. It was named Promotion of the Year in 2008 by the *San Antonio Independent Wrestling Scene*. The promotion's top championship is the W4CW Heavyweight Championship, which is currently held by The Great Ryu, and Intercontinental Champion Tony Vega and Middle Weight Champion is Weazy Woo, Tag Team Champions are "Double Trouble" (Chris James and Tony Vega).

## Champions

| Championship | Current champion(s) | Date won | Previous Champion |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| W4CW Heavyweight Championship\* | The Great Ryu | March 11, 2008 | Vacant |
| W4CW Intercontinental Championship | Tony Vega | November 16, 2008 | Vacant |
| W4CW Cruiserweight Championship | Weazy Woo | November 16, 2008 | Joey Nitro |
| W4CW Tag Team Championship | Double Trouble | January 7, 2009 | The Great Ryu and Dragon X<br>(Cobra and Chino Reyes) |

## Roster

1. Farrow, Johnston. "Tough Love". *San Antonio Current*. Retrieved 2009-04-09.
2. "Current Events". *Warriors 4 Christ Wrestling*. Archived from the original on December 13, 2008. Retrieved 2009-04-09.
3. "The Scene's 2008 End of Year Awards". *San Antonio Independent Wrestling Scene*. 2008-12-18. Retrieved 2009-04-09.
4. "Championships & Awards". *Warriors 4 Christ Wrestling*. Retrieved 2009-04-08.

## InfoBox

Warriors 4 Christ Wrestling
|
|  |
| Acronym | W4CW |
| Founded | 1999 |
| Style | Professional Wrestling |
| Headquarters | San Antonio, Texas |
| Founder(s) | Curtis Stone |
| Parent | Warrior 4 Christ INC. |


title: War against the potato beetle

abstract: The war against the potato beetle was a campaign launched in Warsaw Pact countries during the Cold War to eradicate the Colorado potato beetle. It was also a propaganda operation that alleged it was introduced into East Germany, the People's Republic of Poland and Communist Czechoslovakia by the United States as a form of entomological warfare. Communist propaganda of the time claimed that the insect was being dropped from parachutes and balloons, with the intent of immiserating the populations of these countries, causing famines, and facilitating an economic crisis.

text:
# War against the potato beetle

The **war against the potato beetle** was a campaign launched in Warsaw Pact countries during the Cold War to eradicate the Colorado potato beetle (*Leptinotarsa decemlineata*). It was also a propaganda operation that alleged it was introduced into East Germany, the People's Republic of Poland and Communist Czechoslovakia by the United States as a form of entomological warfare. Communist propaganda of the time claimed that the insect was being dropped from parachutes and balloons, with the intent of immiserating the populations of these countries, causing famines, and facilitating an economic crisis.

## The beetle

The Colorado potato beetle, also known as the "*ten striped spearman*", is a common pest of potato crops. It is most likely native to the area between Colorado and northern Mexico, and was discovered in 1824 by Thomas Say in the Rocky Mountains. Since the mid-nineteenth century, it has been one of the most destructive pests of the cultivated potato. The insect made its way to Germany in the 1870s but was successfully eradicated. However, it made a second appearance after World War I in the Bordeaux area in France, where it probably arrived with American troops and equipment. It reached the French border with Germany by 1936 and continued spreading eastward. It was probably transferred to Czechoslovakia with the German occupation after the Munich agreement and to Poland after the Nazi invasion in 1939.

The most common method of dealing with the pest is through the use of pesticides. DDT was effectively used until the bug developed resistance by the 1950s. Subsequently, other insecticides were employed but these eventually ran into a similar problem.

## Before the Cold War

While later Cold War-era allegations were propaganda, the idea of using the beetle for purposes of warfare had factual origins. During World War I, the French did actually draft plans for using the potato beetle against the Germans and in turn, during World War II, Germany worked on developing an insect army of its own, while simultaneously alleging that such a program was being carried out by the United States and the British.

## During the Cold War

### Soviet Union

The Colorado beetle crossed the borders of the Soviet Union in 1949, but Soviet authorities were able to quickly eradicate it, and strict quarantine restrictions managed to prevent its spread, but only until 1958. After that, the beetle spread widely across the USSR, greatly affecting potato crops on the collective farms and small individual plots. The latter were affected especially severely, since in the USSR the private small farmers and gardeners lacked access to officially distributed effective pesticides, so the beetle, their eggs, and larvae had to be collected by hand - often a chore assigned to children.

### German Democratic Republic

After World War II, nearly half of all potato fields in the Soviet-occupied zone were infested by the beetle by 1950. In East Germany in the 1950s, the insect came to be known as *"Amikäfer"*, a neologism for *"Amerikanischer Käfer"* (the "American beetle"). Propaganda posters were issued that depicted the beetle marching across Germany, with its yellow and black stripes replaced by red and white ones with white stars on a blue background on the thorax. Other posters showed the beetle being dropped from American planes with the caption *"Kampf für den Frieden"* ("The battle for peace"). A letter was issued to "the people of the world", stating that "the beetles are smaller than the atomic bomb... but they are also a weapon of the US imperialists in the fight against the peace-loving workers and peasants of East Germany." Children's books on the beetle were also published and *"Sondersuchtage"* ("Special Search Days") were organized in which everyone from young children to the elderly was expected to come out and gather them for destruction.

### People's Republic of Poland

In Poland, the war against the potato beetle (*stonka*) began in the second half of the 1940s. Articles on the plague appeared in major newspapers and farmers' magazines such as *Przysposobienie Rolnicze i Wojskowe* ("Agricultural and Military Almanac"). The official organ of the ruling communist Polish United Workers' Party *Trybuna Ludu* ("People's Tribune") reported that after being dropped on the Baltic Sea by American planes, the beetle emerged onto land and began to wage "sabotage and diversionary actions aimed at socialist Poland". As a result, the communist government declared a "merciless war against the beetle". A *Naczelny Nadzwyczajny Komisarz* ("General Special Commissar") was appointed to oversee the assault on the beetles, the country was divided into strategic sectors, and battle maps indicating enemy positions were drawn up. Simultaneously, instructions were issued to farmers describing simple and effective ways of eradicating the pest if pesticides were not available; for instance drowning specimens in water with a small admixture of kerosene. Even Poland's socialist poets joined the struggle, exemplified by Maria Kownacka's poem *Alarm*, which instructs farmers to "protect the potatoes!!!" and tells either the beetle or the imperialists that "we will not allow ourselves to be starved!!!" (exclamation marks in original).

A Polish newsreel from 1950, *"Walka z stonką"* ("The struggle against the beetle"), claimed that "the progressive opinion of the world has rightfully condemned the crimes of the American pilots who dropped tremendous amounts of the potato beetle on the fields of the German Democratic Republic... from where the beetle invaded Polish territory". The news report went on to describe the campaign launched by the Polish Ministry of Agriculture to eradicate the pest through the use of DDT (*Azotox* in its Soviet bloc version), vigilance on Poland's Baltic coast, engagement of the Polish Air Force, and the general mobilization of society, particularly the youth. The newsreel concluded that "the American pest will be unsuccessful both in Poland and Germany. The warmongers' provocation will crash and burn. Everyone to war against the beetle!"

In a 1951 book published by the Polish Ministry of Defense, Zofia Kowalska wrote that American planes dropped beetles, "violating sovereign airspace", on the night of 24 May in East Germany, in the Zwickauer Land of Saxony.

In Poland, the propaganda campaign associated with the beetle ended by the beginning of the 1960s.

### Western response

In response to the allegations issued by the Soviet bloc countries' governments, the US issued tepid denials. In August 1950, at the suggestion of the CIA, the West German authorities printed postcard-sized cardboard replicas of the potato beetle and stamped these with political slogans and the letter "F" for *"Freiheit"* ("Freedom"). A number of these were sent to all the municipal governments in East Germany and the rest dropped from a balloon over East German territory as a joke.

## Modern era

In the European Union, the beetle remains a regulated (quarantine) pest for the Republic of Ireland, the Balearic Islands, Cyprus, Malta and southern parts of Sweden and Finland, along with the non-EU member states of the United Kingdom and Norway. It is not endemic in any of these countries, although occasional infestations occur, as in Finland in the summer of 2011, when strong winds blew from Russia.


title: Watergate cake

abstract: Watergate cake is a pistachio cake popular in the U.S. which shares its name with the Watergate scandal of the 1970s, although the name's origin is not clear. The cake pre-dates Watergate salad, a dessert made with similar ingredients including pistachio pudding.

text:
# Watergate cake

**Watergate cake** is a pistachio cake popular in the U.S. which shares its name with the Watergate scandal of the 1970s, although the name's origin is not clear. The cake pre-dates Watergate salad, a dessert made with similar ingredients including pistachio pudding.

## Ingredients and preparation

Watergate cake mix can contain pistachio-flavor pudding, marshmallows, nuts, crushed pineapple, whipped cream, and green food coloring. The cake is then covered in icing symbolizing a "cover-up", in reference to the Watergate scandal, during which the Nixon administration attempted to conceal its involvement in the 1972 break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex.

*Vintage Cakes* (2012) by baker Julie Richardson describes a Watergate cake made from "a pistachio layer cake with mascarpone mousse frosting." Richardson's recipe calls for a pistachio cake, pudding, and an "impeachment" pistachio frosting of mascarpone, topped with caramelized pistachios.

A family recipe from *Washington Post* critic Tom Sietsema calls for a base made from white cake mix, instant pistachio pudding, 7 Up soda, eggs, vegetable oil, and walnuts, which is baked, covered with icing made from instant pudding mix and Cool Whip, and topped with maraschino cherries. In some variations, the base contains another type nut rather than walnut, club soda or ginger ale instead of 7 Up, and coconut, and it can be baked as a Bundt cake, cupcake, or layer cake. In the southern U.S., pecans are often used in the cake due to their prevalence in the region.

## History

### Origin

The Jell-O company started selling its pistachio pudding mix in 1976, amidst a trend in American cuisine whereby people created salad dishes containing ingredients such as Cool Whip, nuts, pineapple, and pudding. General Foods, then owner of the Jell-O brand, published a recipe for "Pistachio Pineapple Delight" that would later become Watergate salad. Two Watergate-related cookbooks were published in 1973: *The Watergate Cook (Or, Who's in the Soup?)* by The Committee to Write the Cookbook and *The Watergate Cookbook*. The latter book featured "unimpeachable recipes" all containing pistachio gelatin, such as a "Watergate Cake with Cover-Up Icing", which became popular after being disseminated by media outlets.

According to WAMU reporter Gabe Bullard, the name may be satirical wordplay: an early recipe published by the *Hagerstown Daily Mail* of Maryland in September 1974 (a month after the resignation of Richard Nixon) credits Christine Hatcher, who gave the cake its name "because of all the nuts that are in it." Author Joseph Rodota, who has written on the Watergate Hotel, said "It could've been a Democratic partisan who wanted to make sure the Watergate name lived on, because the Republicans were very intent on turning the page." Susan Benjamin, a West Virginian historian of candy, claims the name "came out of the mouths of the people who ate it," a jab at the Nixon administration following the Watergate scandal. Leslie Cole for *Oregon Live* writes that the Watergate Cake was a "vehicle" for people to purchase pudding and cake mixes, like many 1960s and 1970s recipes.

It is not known whether the Watergate Hotel ever sold Watergate cake or salad. According to Joseph Rodota, "the lack of answer is fitting" regarding the origin of the cake's name: "The bakery, like the hotel, was quite upscale. A cake made with cheap ingredients was off-brand for a hotel known for luxury and privacy." However, the cake originated in a time of what Rodota describes as "Watergate consumerism", and one shop in the Watergate complex was known to have sold "ties with plastic bugs on them". The Watergate Pastry Shop also reportedly denied knowledge of the cake despite its popularity in stores, and none of its dessert products contained pistachios.

### Popularity

A shortage of one brand of pistachio pudding in Washington, D.C. occurred in 1975, starting around Thanksgiving and becoming especially worse in Christmas, partly due to poor pistachio crops. A spokesperson for the Giant Food grocery stores claimed the shortage was exacerbated by the large numbers of home cooks baking Watergate cakes.

### Citations

### Sources

* Beaudette, Sally (February 16, 2022). "The Cake (Maybe) Named After a Presidential Scandal". *The Saturday Evening Post*. Retrieved February 22, 2023.
* Bullard, Gabe (August 3, 2019). "Watergate Salad: A Fluffy Green Bite Of Washington, D.C.'s Past". *The Salt*. NPR. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
* Cole, Leslie (May 17, 2011). "Baker and author Julie Richardson gives vintage cakes an update". *Oregon Live*. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
* Deutsch, Jonathan (2018). *We Eat What? A Cultural Encyclopedia of Unusual Foods in the United States*. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781440841125. ProQuest 2133410518.
* Fouriezos, Nick (September 6, 2019). "Watergate Salad: We Have Nixon to Thank for This Creamy Green Creation". Ozy Media. Archived from the original on November 3, 2019. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
* Grimes, William (November 30, 2012). "'Bouchon Bakery,' 'Salt Sugar Smoke,' and More". *The New York Times*. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
* "A taste of Watergate". *Hagerstown Daily Mail*. September 5, 1974. p. 21. Retrieved July 7, 2023  via Newspapers.com.
* Liberman, Sherri, ed. (2011). *American Food by the Decades*. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313376993.
* Roberts, Roxanne (May 18, 2018). "At the Watergate, scandals, stars and leaky windows". *The Washington Post*. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
* Rodota, Joseph (2018). *The Watergate: Inside America's Most Infamous Address* (First ed.). New York: William Morrow. ISBN 9780062476623.
* Sietsema, Tom (June 8, 2022). "No tapes: Watergate cake's secrets are on a recipe card". *The Washington Post*. p. E.1. ProQuest 2673722784.

## InfoBox

Watergate cake
| Type | Dessert |
| --- | --- |
| Place of origin | United States |
| Main ingredients | Pistachio pudding |