title: Solar Designer

abstract: Alexander Peslyak, better known as Solar Designer, is a security specialist from Russia. He is best known for his publications on exploitation techniques, including the return-to-libc attack and the first generic heap-based buffer overflow exploitation technique, as well as computer security protection techniques such as privilege separation for daemon processes. Peslyak is the author of the widely popular password cracking tool John the Ripper. His code has also been used in various third-party operating systems, such as OpenBSD and Debian.

text:
# Solar Designer

**Alexander Peslyak** (Александр Песляк) (born 1977), better known as **Solar Designer**, is a security specialist from Russia. He is best known for his publications on exploitation techniques, including the return-to-libc attack and the first generic heap-based buffer overflow exploitation technique, as well as computer security protection techniques such as privilege separation for daemon processes.

Peslyak is the author of the widely popular password cracking tool John the Ripper. His code has also been used in various third-party operating systems, such as OpenBSD and Debian.

## Work

Peslyak has been the founder and leader of the Openwall Project since 1999. He is the founder of Openwall, Inc. and has been the CTO since 2003. He served as an advisory board member at the Open Source Computer Emergency Response Team (oCERT) from 2008 until oCERT's conclusion in August 2017. He also co-founded oss-security.

He has spoken at many international conferences, including FOSDEM and CanSecWest. He wrote the foreword to Michał Zalewski's 2005 book *Silence on the Wire*.

Alexander received the 2009 "Lifetime Achievement Award" during the annual Pwnie Award at the Black Hat Security Conference. In 2015 Qualys acknowledged his help with the disclosure of a GNU C Library `gethostbyname` function buffer overflow (CVE-2015-0235).


title: Solar symbol

abstract:
A solar symbol is a symbol representing the Sun. Common solar symbols include circles, crosses, and spirals.
In religious iconography, personifications of the Sun or solar attributes are often indicated by means of a halo or a radiate crown. When the systematic study of comparative mythology first became popular in the 19th century, scholarly opinion tended to over-interpret historical myths and iconography in terms of "solar symbolism". This was especially the case with Max Müller and his followers beginning in the 1860s in the context of Indo-European studies. Many "solar symbols" claimed in the 19th century, such as the swastika, triskele, Sun cross, etc. have tended to be interpreted more conservatively in scholarship since the later 20th century.

text:
# Solar symbol

A **solar symbol** is a symbol representing the Sun. Common solar symbols include circles (with or without rays), crosses, and spirals. In religious iconography, personifications of the Sun or solar attributes are often indicated by means of a halo or a radiate crown.

When the systematic study of comparative mythology first became popular in the 19th century, scholarly opinion tended to over-interpret historical myths and iconography in terms of "solar symbolism". This was especially the case with Max Müller and his followers beginning in the 1860s in the context of Indo-European studies. Many "solar symbols" claimed in the 19th century, such as the swastika, triskele, Sun cross, etc. have tended to be interpreted more conservatively in scholarship since the later 20th century.

## Solar disk

The basic element of most solar symbols is the circular solar disk.

The disk can be modified in various ways, notably by adding rays (found in the Bronze Age in Egyptian depictions of Aten) or a cross. In the ancient Near East, the solar disk could also be modified by addition of the Uraeus (rearing cobra), and in ancient Mesopotamia it was shown with wings.

### Bronze Age writing

Egyptian hieroglyphs have a large inventory of solar symbolism because of the central position of solar deities (Ra, Horus, Aten etc.) in ancient Egyptian religion.

The main logogram for "Sun" was a representation of the solar disk,  (Gardiner N5), with or without a dot or circle in the center, with a variant including the Uraeus,  (N6).

The "Sun" logogram in early Chinese writing, beginning with the oracle bone script (c. 12th century BC) also shows the solar disk with a central dot (analogous to the Egyptian hieroglyph); under the influence of the writing brush, this character evolved into a square shape (modern ).

### Classical era

In the Greek and European world, until approximately the 16th century, the astrological symbol for the Sun was a disk with a single ray,  (U+1F71A 🜚 ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR GOLD). This is the form, for example, in Johannes Kamateros' 12th century *Compendium of Astrology*.

### Astronomical symbol

The modern astronomical symbol for the Sun, a circled dot (U+2609  SUN), was first used in the Renaissance.

## Rayed depictions

A circular disk with alternating triangular and wavy rays emanating from it is a frequent symbol or artistic depiction of the sun.

### Antiquity

The ancient Mesopotamian "star of Shamash" could be represented with either eight wavy rays, or with four wavy and four triangular rays.

The Vergina Sun (also known as the Star of Vergina, Macedonian Star, or Argead Star) is a rayed solar symbol appearing in ancient Greek art from the 6th to 2nd centuries BC. The Vergina Sun appears in art variously with sixteen, twelve, or eight triangular rays.

*Bianchini's planisphere*, produced in the 2nd century, has a circlet with rays radiating from it.

### Sun with face

Sun (ten rays) and Moon with faces in a manuscript miniature illustrating the fourth day of creation (12 C.)Sun with a face and eight (alternating triangular and wavy) rays (fresco in Larbey, France, dated c. 1610)Rayed depictions of the Sun with a human face are a Western iconographic tradition which became current in the Early Modern period.

The iconographic tradition of depicting the Sun with rays and with a human face developed in Western tradition in the high medieval period and became widespread in the Renaissance, harking back to the Sun god (Sol/Helios) wearing a radiate crown in classical antiquity.

### Sunburst

The sunburst was the badge of king Edward III of England, and has thus become the badge of office of Windsor Herald.

### Modern pictogram

The modern pictogram representing the Sun as a circle with rays, often eight in number (indicated by either straight lines or triangles; Unicode Miscellaneous Symbols  U+2600;  U+263C) indicates "clear weather" in weather forecasts, originally in television forecasts in the 1970s. The Unicode 6.0 Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs (October 2010) block introduced another set of weather pictograms, including "white sun" without rays 1F323 🌣, as well as "sun with face" U+1F31E 🌞.

Two pictograms resembling the Sun with rays are used to represent the settings of luminance in display devices. They have been encoded in Unicode since version 6.0 in the Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs block under U+1505 as "low brightness symbol" (🔅) and U+1F506 as "high brightness symbol" (🔆).

## Crosses

The "sun cross", "solar cross", or "wheel cross" (🜨) is often considered to represent the four seasons and the tropical year, and therefore the Sun (though as an astronomical symbol it represented the Earth). In the prehistoric religion of Bronze Age Europe, crosses in circles appear frequently on artifacts identified as cult items. An example from the Nordic Bronze Age is the "miniature standard" with amber inlay revealing a cross shape when held against the light (National Museum of Denmark). The Bronze Age symbol has also been connected with the spoked chariot wheel, which at the time was four-spoked (compare the Linear B ideogram 243 "wheel" 𐃏). In the context of a culture that celebrated the Sun chariot, the wheel may thus have had a solar connotation (c.f. the Trundholm sun chariot).

The *Arevakhach* ("solar cross") symbol often found in Armenian memorial stelae is claimed as an ancient Armenian solar symbol of eternity and light.

Some Sámi shaman drums have the Beaivi Sámi sun symbol that resembles a sun cross.

The swastika has been a long-standing symbol of good fortune in Eurasian cultures: its appropriation by the Nazi Party from 1920 to 1945 is a brief moment in its history. It may be derived from the sun cross, and is another solar symbol in some contexts. It is used among Buddhists (*manji*), Jains, and Hindus; and many other cultures, though not necessarily as a solar symbol.

The "Black Sun" (German: *Schwarze Sonne*) is a 'sun wheel' with twelve-fold rotational symmetry. The design was incorporated as a mosaic into a floor of Wewelsburg Castle during the Nazi era and may have been inspired by Alemannic Iron Age swastika-like designs in Migration-period *Zierscheiben*. It has been adopted by modern Satanist groups and neo-Nazis.

The "Kolovrat", or in Polish *Słoneczko*, represents the Sun in Slavic neopaganism.

## Modern flags and emblems

Official insignia which incorporate rayed solar symbols include the flag of Uruguay, the flag of Kiribati, some versions of the flag of Argentina, the Irish Defence Forces cap badge, and the 1959–1965 coat of arms of Iraq.

The depictions of the sun on the flags of the Republic of China (Taiwan), Kazakhstan, Kurdistan, the Brazilian state of Pernambuco, and Nepal have only straight (triangular) rays; that of Kyrgyzstan has only curvy rays; while that of the Philippines has short diverging rays grouped into threes.

Another rayed form of the sun has simple radial lines dividing the background into two colors, as in the military flags of Japan and the flag of North Macedonia, and in the top parts of the flags of Tibet and Arizona.

The flag of New Mexico is based on the Zia sun symbol which has four groups of four parallel rays emanating symmetrically from a central circle.

## Code points in Unicode

* U+2609  SUN
* U+2600  BLACK SUN WITH RAYS (A more accurate term might be "solid colour". The actual colour is an implementation choice, for example , .)
* U+263C  WHITE SUN WITH RAYS (A more accurate term might be "outlined". The actual colour is an implementation choice.)
* U+1F728 🜨 ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VERDIGRIS
* U+1F323 🌣 WHITE SUN (A more accurate term might be "outlined". The actual colour is an implementation choice.)
* U+1F31E 🌞 SUN WITH FACE
* U+1F506 🔆 HIGH BRIGHTNESS SYMBOL
* U+1F71A 🜚 ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR GOLD
* U+2F47  KANGXI RADICAL SUN
* U+131F4 𓇴 EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N006
* U+2299  CIRCLED DOT OPERATOR

1. C. Scott Littleton (1973). *The New Comparative Mythology: An Anthropological Assessment of the Theories of Georges Dumézil*. University of California Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-520-02404-5.. See also R. F. Littledale, "The Oxford Solar Myth, A Contribution to Comparative Mythology" in:  *Echoes from Kottabos*, London (1906), 279290 for a satire on this effect.
2. notably ciriticized by Richard Chase, *The Quest for Myth* (1951); see also *Astralkult* for the more general tendency of over-interpretation of mythology in terms of astral mythology.
3. Jones, Alexander (1999). *Astronomical papyri from Oxyrhynchus*. pp. 62–63. ISBN 0-87169-233-3.
4. Neugebauer, Otto; Van Hoesen, H. B. (1987). *Greek Horoscopes*. pp. , 159, 163. ISBN 9780871690487.
5. "Bianchini's planisphere". Florence, Italy: Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza (Institute and Museum of the History of Science). Retrieved 2010-03-17.
6. Maunder, A. S. D. (1934). "The origin of the symbols of the planets". *The Observatory*. **57**: 238–247. Bibcode:1934Obs....57..238M.
7. Michon, Solange (1987). "Un moine enlumineur du XIIe siècle : Frère Rufillus de Weissenau" \[Brother Rufillus de Weisenau: a monastic illuminator of the twelfth century\]. *Journal of Swiss Archaeology and Art History* (in French). doi:10.5169/seals-168847.
8. Daniel Engber, Who Made That Weather Icon?, *New York Times*, 23 May 2013.
9. "Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs" (PDF). Unicode Consortium. 2023.
10. entry Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine at the Nebra sky disk exhibition site (landesmuseum-fuer-vorgeschichte-halle.de)
11. Айк Демоян «Армянские национальные символы» = «Հայկական ազգային խորհրդանշաններ». — Ереван: «Пюник», 2013.
12. Koch, Rudolf (1955) \[1930\]. *The book of signs : which contains all manner of symbols used from the earliest times by primitive peoples and early Christians*. Translated by Vyvyan Holland. Dover. p. 18. ISBN 9780486153902. OCLC 1124412910.
13. Neubecker, Ottfried; Brooke-Little, J P (1976). *Heraldry: Sources, Symbols, and Meaning*. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 142. ISBN 9780070463080. OCLC 1089555543.
14. Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (2002). *Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity*. New York University Press. p. . ISBN 0-81-473124-4.


title: Solec, Wolsztyn County

abstract: Solec is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Przemęt, within Wolsztyn County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) west of Przemęt, 9 km (6 mi) south-east of Wolsztyn, and 65 km (40 mi) south-west of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Solec, Wolsztyn County

**Solec** \[ˈsɔlɛt͡s\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Przemęt, within Wolsztyn County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) west of Przemęt, 9 km (6 mi) south-east of Wolsztyn, and 65 km (40 mi) south-west of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Solec | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Solec | |
| Coordinates: 52°3′N 16°10′E / 52.050°N 16.167°E / 52.050; 16.167 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Wolsztyn |
| Gmina | Przemęt |
| Population | 645 |


title: Sobrecastell

abstract: Sobrecastell is a locality located in the municipality of Arén, in Huesca province, Aragon, Spain. As of 2020, it has a population of 27.

text:
# Sobrecastell

**Sobrecastell** is a locality located in the municipality of Arén, in Huesca province, Aragon, Spain. As of 2020, it has a population of 27.

## Geography

Sobrecastell is located 133km east of Huesca.

## InfoBox

| Sobrecastell | |
| --- | --- |
| Locality | |
| SobrecastellSobrecastell | |
| Coordinates: 42°16′5″N 0°43′10″E / 42.26806°N 0.71944°E / 42.26806; 0.71944 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Aragon |
| Province | Province of Huesca |
| Municipality | Arén |
| Elevation | 685 m (2,247 ft) |
| Population | |
| Total | 27 |


title: Sam Rydberg

abstract: Sam Hjalmar Rydberg was a Swedish composer.

text:
# Sam Rydberg

**Sam Hjalmar Rydberg** (27 October 1885 – 25 March 1956) was a Swedish composer.

## Biography

Sam Rydberg was born in Nyköping, Sweden, in 1885. He started as a military musician at age 13 as a drummer at the Södermanland Regiment. After that he became a part of the military band of the Svea Engineer Corps 1906-1935 and after 1928 as the head of the band. The instrument he played was soprano cornet.

He composed many types of music but is most known for his marches. He is also the composer that has most marches that is official marches of regiments in the Swedish Armed Forces and is sometimes referred as *the Swedish march king*.

## List of marches

* *Avanti*
* *Avanti per Patria*
* *Defiladmarsch*
* Den svenske underofficeren
* För fosterlandet
* Gardeskamrater
* I beredskap
* I fält
* I flaggskrud
* I täten
* Ikaros
* Italia
* Nordiska spelen
* På marsch
* På post för Sverige
* På vakt
* På vakt vid Östersjön
* Till fronten
* Tre kronor
* Under fredsfanan
* Vivu Esperanto

## Literature

* Stolt, Lars C. (1975). ”Sam Rydberg — Sveriges marschkung”. Marschnytt (34): sid. 5-9.


title: Marián Kočner

abstract: Marian Kočner is a Slovak businessman and convicted criminal. With business dealings mostly in the spheres of risk investment, financial development and property, his name appeared in leaked police documents known as the "mafia lists" in 2005, of a list of people suspected of involvement in organized crime and their vehicles, for use of police patrols. Since 10 December 2019 he has been included in the global Magnitsky sanctions list. On 27 February 2020, Kočner was sentenced to 19 years in prison for forging $75 million worth of promissory notes to siphon money from Markíza. He was acquitted by a first-degree court in a separate high-profile case related to the murder of investigative journalist Jan Kuciak and his fiancée Martina Kusnirova, a crime which triggered a significant political crisis in Slovakia.

text:
# Marián Kočner

**Marian Kočner** (born 17 May 1963) is a Slovak businessman and convicted criminal. With business dealings mostly in the spheres of risk investment, financial development and property, his name appeared in leaked police documents known as the "mafia lists" in 2005, of a list of people suspected of involvement in organized crime and their vehicles, for use of police patrols. Since 10 December 2019 he has been included in the global Magnitsky sanctions list.

On 27 February 2020, Kočner was sentenced to 19 years in prison for forging $75 million worth of promissory notes to siphon money from Markíza. He was acquitted by a first-degree court in a separate high-profile case related to the murder of investigative journalist Jan Kuciak and his fiancée Martina Kusnirova, a crime which triggered a significant political crisis in Slovakia.

## Gamatex and TV Markíza

Kočner first became known to the public through his attempt to take over TV Markíza in 1998.

TV Markíza, one of the first private television channels in Slovakia, was founded by Pavol Rusko and Sylvia Volzová in partnership with CME Media Enterprises B.V. in 1996. Initially the channel was not granted a broadcasting license, as the licensing board objected that Rusko did not disclose Volzová as a co-owner. Rusko entered into an agreement with Espé štúdio, a company owned by Siloš Pohanka, to pay 3 million DEM in exchange for help getting a broadcasting license for Markíza. When the membership of the licensing board later changed, Markíza secured a broadcasting license, and launched on 31 August 1996. However Rusko declared the agreement with Espé štúdio invalid, arguing that Markíza had acquired the license without Pohanka's help. After unsuccessful attempts at getting money from Rusko, Pohanka sold his claim to Gamatex, a company owned by Kočner, who persuaded Volzová to acknowledge the claim and began court proceedings to have the claim paid out.

In August 1998 Kočner appeared at the Markíza offices with a court order giving him control over the TV station. When negotiations with Rusko regarding the ownership dispute failed, Kočner occupied the TV station with hired private security and fired the TV channel's top managers. The move sparked public protests, coming only 10 days before parliamentary elections; at that time TV Markíza was the main news outlet opposing the government of Vladimír Mečiar, and the attempted takeover was seen as an attack on press freedom. Several thousand protesters gathered in front of Markíza's offices to oppose the takeover, and several opposition politicians spoke at the rally. After two days, Kočner and his associates left the building, and the ownership dispute continued in court. According to news reports, Kočner's involvement in TV Markíza seemed to end in 2000 when Rusko bought Gamatex through intermediaries.

In a 2006 interview with *aktualne.sk* (not to be confused with *aktuality.sk*) Kočner said the security firm involved in the takeover of Markíza belonged to Peter Čongrády, a local mafia boss. However, in later interviews he denied hiring Čongrády.

In June 2016 Kočner's company "Správa a inkaso zmeniek" initiated court proceedings against Rusko and Markíza to collect money owed to him under four promissory notes amounting to around €69 million. Kočner claimed that Rusko had issued the promissory notes in June 2000 with Markíza providing endorsement for the notes. At the time Rusko was the executive director of TV Markíza as well as one of its shareholders. Two of those notes amounted to €8.3 million each with a maturity date in 2015 and another two were signed as "blank cheques" in the amount of €26 million with a maturity date in 2016 added later. Rusko acknowledged Kočner's claim in court and declared that the promissory notes were intended to resolve the ownership dispute with Gamatex. Markíza's management was unaware of the existence of the promissory notes. They were not recorded in either company's accounting and were not discovered during the preparation of the due diligence report when CME became the sole shareholder in TV Markíza. In April 2018 a court declared Kočner's claim as valid. However, in retaliation TV Markíza filed a criminal complaint against Kočner and Rusko for forging the promissory notes. In addition, an investigation into possible tax evasion began as, by not disclosing possession of the promissory notes to tax authorities, Kočner's companies avoided paying tax on interest on the notes.

In June 2018, Kočner was detained by the Slovak authorities in the case of the promissory notes forgery together with Pavol Rusko, as well as for various tax-related crimes. On 27 February 2020, Kocner was sentenced to 19 years of jail for forging $75 million worth of promissory notes to siphon money from Markiza.

## Murder of Ján Kuciak

Kočner's business practices were a prominent topic of articles by Ján Kuciak, an investigative journalist from *Aktuality.sk*, who was murdered in February 2018 along with his fiancée, Martina Kušnírová. A couple of months prior to Kuciak's death, Kočner allegedly threatened in a phone call to "dig up dirt" on Kuciak, saying "I will focus especially on you, your mother, your father, on your siblings". Kuciak filed a criminal complaint but a subsequent police investigation concluded that Kočner's alleged statements did not constitute a criminal offence. After Kuciak's murder, general prosecutor Jaromír Čižnár ordered the case to be reopened. However police again closed the case concluding that Kočner's statements did not constitute a criminal offence. *Aktuality.sk* subsequently published a transcript of the phone call between Kuciak and Kočner.

On 4 October 2018, Kočner was named by entrepreneur Zoltán Andruskó as the person who ordered Kuciak's death. Andruskó had been taken into custody on 30 September for his part in the murder, and was co-operating with police. On 8 March 2019 Kočner was charged with having ordered Kuciak's murder.

The trial of Marián Kočner and three other defendants, including Alena Zsuzsová, the mother of his goddaughter, began on 13 January 2020. The 2016 murder of Peter Molnár, a businessman from Kolárovo, was included in the case. On the first day of the trial, co-defendant Miroslav Marček confessed to killing Kuciak and Kušnírová, and also admitted to killing Molnár during a violent burglary in 2016. On the second day of the trial, Andruskó testified against all four defendants. On 6 April 2020, Marček was sentenced to 23 years in prison. The prosecutor appealed against the sentence.

## InfoBox

| Marian Kočner | |
| --- | --- |
| Marian Kočner in April 2016 | |
| Born | (1963-05-17) 17 May 1963 |
| Occupation(s) | Businessman, convicted criminal |


title: Moose TV

abstract: Moose TV is a Canadian television sitcom, airing on Showcase in the 2007-2008 television season. The series stars Adam Beach as George Keeshig, a Cree from the fictional community of Moose in northern Quebec, who returns home after a decade living in Toronto to become manager of the local community television station. The cast also includes Gary Farmer, Jennifer Podemski, Nathaniel Arcand, Michelle Latimer, Diane Flacks, and Billy Merasty. The series' head writer is Paul Quarrington. The series was directed by Tim Southam. Produced by Rezolution Pictures for the Showcase network in Canada, the series received the Indie Award for Best Comedy Series from the Canadian Film and Television Producers Association in 2008.

text:
# Moose TV

***Moose TV*** is a Canadian television sitcom, airing on Showcase in the 2007-2008 television season.

The series stars Adam Beach as George Keeshig, a Cree from the fictional community of Moose in northern Quebec, who returns home after a decade living in Toronto to become manager of the local community television station. The cast also includes Gary Farmer, Jennifer Podemski, Nathaniel Arcand, Michelle Latimer, Diane Flacks, and Billy Merasty. The series' head writer is Paul Quarrington. The series was directed by Tim Southam.

Produced by Rezolution Pictures for the Showcase network in Canada, the series received the Indie Award for Best Comedy Series from the Canadian Film and Television Producers Association in 2008.


title: 1987 WAFU Club Championship

abstract: The 1987 WAFU Club Championship was the ninth football club tournament season that took place for the runners-up of each West African country's domestic league, the West African Club Championship. It was won again by Africa Sports after defeating Asante Kotoko from Ghana 6-5 in penalty shootouts as both clubs had two goals each in its two matches. A total of 45 goals were scored, a second consecutive one. Originally a 24 match season, as Sport Bissau e Benfica withdrew, Africa Sports automatically qualify in the quarterfinals. Imraguens de Nouadhibou started from the semis and lost to Africa Sports there in two matches. Not a single club from the Gambia and Niger participated.

text:
# 1987 WAFU Club Championship

The **1987 WAFU Club Championship** was the ninth football club tournament season that took place for the runners-up of each West African country's domestic league, the West African Club Championship. It was won again by Africa Sports after defeating Asante Kotoko from Ghana 6-5 in penalty shootouts as both clubs had two goals each in its two matches. A total of 45 goals were scored, a second consecutive one. Originally a 24 match season, as Sport Bissau e Benfica withdrew, Africa Sports automatically qualify in the quarterfinals. Imraguens de Nouadhibou started from the semis and lost to Africa Sports there in two matches.

Not a single club from the Gambia and Niger participated.

## Preliminary round

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Stella Club d'Adjamé** | 1 (a)–1 | ASFAG Conakry | 0–0 | 1–1 |
| Invincible Eleven | 4–4 (a) | Buffles du Borgou | 4–1 | 3–0 |
| ASC Diaraf | 3–3 (0–3 ) | **Iwuanyanwu Nationale** | 3–0 | 3–0 |
| **Hafia FC** | 2–1 | ASRAN Ouagadougou | 1–0 | 1–1 |
| **Kumasi Cornerstone** | 4–2 | OC Agaza | 3–0 | 2–1 |
| **Djoliba AC** | 2–1 | Sierra Fisheries | 1–0 | 1–1 |
| **Africa Sports** |  | Benfica Bissau (*w/o*) |  |  |

## Quarterfinals

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Djoliba AC | 1–3 | **Stella Club d'Adjamé** | 0–2 | 1–1 |
| Buffles de Borgou | 0–3 | **Kumasi Cornerstone** | 0–0 | 0–3 |
| Iwuanyanwu Nationale | 1–1 (1–4 p) | **Africa Sports** | 1–0 | 1–0 |

## Semifinals

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Africa Sports | 0–0 (5–6 p) | **Kumasi Cornerstone** | 0–0 | 0–0 |
| **Stella Club d'Adjamé** | 4–3 | Imraguens de Nouadhibou | 2–2 | 1–2 |

## Finals

The matches took place on September 27 and October 11

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Stella Club d'Adjamé | 2–2 (2–4 p) | Kumasi Cornerstone | 1–1 | 1–1 |

## Winners

| 1987 WAFU Club Championship |
| --- |
|
Kumasi Cornerstone
First title |

## InfoBox

1987 WAFU Club Championship
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Teams | 13 (from 1 confederation) |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Cornerstones FC (1st title) |
| Runners-up | Stella Club d'Adjamé |
| Tournament statistics | |
| Matches played | 22 |
| Goals scored | 45 (2.05 per match) |
|


title: Westferry Circus

abstract: Westferry Circus is a road interchange and public space within the Westferry Complex and is part of the Canary Wharf in London, and contains a two-level road interchange. There are two roundabouts, one above the other. It was designed by Laurie Olin. In this context, a circus, from the Latin word meaning "circle", is a round open space at a street junction. Notable buildings on the street include 11 Westferry Circus and 15 Westferry Circus. Tower Hamlets Council pays for the lighting in the lower roundabout, which is on all the time. This costs £34,800 per annum.

text:
# Westferry Circus

**Westferry Circus** is a road interchange and public space within the Westferry Complex and is part of the Canary Wharf in London, and contains a two-level road interchange. There are two roundabouts, one above the other. It was designed by Laurie Olin. In this context, a circus, from the Latin word meaning "circle", is a round open space at a street junction.

Notable buildings on the street include 11 Westferry Circus and 15 Westferry Circus.

Tower Hamlets Council pays for the lighting in the lower roundabout, which is on all the time. This costs £34,800 per annum.

51°30′20.61″N 0°1′36.73″W / 51.5057250°N 0.0268694°W / 51.5057250; -0.0268694


title: Zaouli

abstract: Zaouli is a traditional dance of the Guro people of central Ivory Coast. The Zaouli mask, used in the dance, was created in the 1950s, reportedly inspired by a girl named "Djela Lou Zaouli". However, stories on the origins of the characteristic mask are varied, and each mask may have its own symbolic history. It was inscribed in 2017 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO. Each Guro village has a local Zaouli dancer, performing during funerals and celebrations. The dance is believed to increase the productivity of the village that it is performed in and is seen as a tool of unity for the Guro community, and by extension the whole country.

text:
# Zaouli

| Zaouli, popular music and dance of the Guro communities in Côte d’Ivoire | |
| --- | --- |
| **UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage** | |
| Country | Ivory Coast |
| Reference | 01255 |
| Region | Africa |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 2017 (12th session) |
| List | Representative |

**Zaouli** is a traditional dance of the Guro people (who speak the Guro language) of central Ivory Coast. The Zaouli mask, used in the dance, was created in the 1950s, reportedly inspired by a girl named "Djela Lou Zaouli" (meaning "Zaouli, daughter of Djela"). However, stories on the origins of the characteristic mask are varied, and each mask may have its own symbolic history. It was inscribed in 2017 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.

Each Guro village has a local Zaouli dancer (always male), performing during funerals and celebrations. The dance is believed to increase the productivity of the village that it is performed in and is seen as a tool of unity for the Guro community, and by extension the whole country.

The British-Sri Lankan rapper M.I.A. included a clip of a Zaouli dancer in her music video for the song "Warriors", released as part of the video Matahdatah Scroll 01: Broader Than A Border in 2015.

A popular video that includes the song "Bungee Jump" by electronic music artists Captain Hook & Astrix utilizes footage of Zaouli dancers.

In 2022, the K-pop girl group Nature released a music video for their single "Rica Rica", featuring choreography which is heavily inspired by Zaouli dance. Some internet users have criticised this use as inappropriate.

Short videos of traditional Zaouli dances are also circulating on the Internet, the soundtrack of which has been replaced by fast, seemingly appropriate rhythms of psytrance music.

## InfoBox

Zaouli
| A Zaouli dancer | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Traditional dance |
| Origin | Guro people, Ivory Coast |


title: The Broker

abstract: The Broker is a suspense novel written by American author John Grisham and published in the United States on January 11, 2005. The novel follows the story of Joel Backman, a newly pardoned prisoner who had tried to broker a deal to sell the world's most powerful satellite surveillance system to the highest bidder.

text:
# The Broker

***The Broker*** is a suspense novel written by American author John Grisham and published in the United States on January 11, 2005. The novel follows the story of Joel Backman, a newly pardoned prisoner who had tried to broker a deal to sell the world's most powerful satellite surveillance system to the highest bidder.

## Plot

Joel Backman is "the Broker", one of the most powerful lobbyists in Washington, D.C. However, Backman's life falls apart when a deal collapses involving a hacked spy satellite that nobody knows about, resulting in his imprisonment. Six years later, the political wheels have turned and other power-hungry men are eager for Backman's blood. Bargains are made, and after an outgoing disgraced President grants him a full pardon at the behest of the CIA, Backman finds himself spirited out of the prison in the middle of the night, bundled onto a military plane, and flown to Italy to begin a new life. He has a new name and mysterious new "friends" who teach him to speak Italian and to blend in with the people in Bologna.

However, Backman soon realizes that something is not quite kosher in this new setup, in that he is under constant surveillance. In reality, the CIA is setting him up for professional assassins from China, Israel, Russia, Saudi Arabia and other countries. They intend to sit back and wait to see who kills him in an effort to solve the biggest mystery to hit the U.S. government in decades: the question of who built this seemingly impenetrable and most advanced satellite ever. It turns out to be China; despite having low satellite technology, they stole the information from the U.S.

Backman barely survives several assassination attempts and manages to establish communication with his son, Neal. He escapes surveillance and returns to his home to contract a new deal with the federal government. The CIA is told about the satellite, along with the taking of the satellite's program. In return, they agree to do what they can to get the countries targeting him to back off, though they caution him that some of them will not listen. Backman then covers his escape by pretending that he is resuming his old life, then quietly disappears and presumably returns to Italy.

## Literary significance and criticism

*The Broker* made number one on the *New York Times* bestseller list. The book has been hailed by some critics as a return to form for Grisham, while others lament it as a superficial "trip to Italy" put into fiction form. A *New York Times* book review claimed that the description of an outgoing president who was "an idiot... but a clean one" seemed to be referring to President Bush, or perhaps to Bill Clinton's infamous last-minute presidential pardons in 2001.

The description of the town of Bologna, Italy, in the novel is quite accurate; however, it contains a few mistakes. For instance:

* The church dedicated to Saint Petronius is called "cathedral", but although it is the largest church in town, it has never been the Cathedral of Bologna, as the author himself states elsewhere in the same book.
* It is explained that Bologna is nicknamed "the Red city" because it is the most deeply communist town in Italy. Actually, Bologna was nicknamed "la Rossa" ("the Red one") centuries before Marx was born, the word "communism" was invented, or the colour red was even associated with a political ideology. This nickname is because most old buildings in the town centre are red, since the earth of the local hills, when baked to make bricks, acquires this colour.
* One of the Italian teachers of the main character states that only two medieval towers are still standing in Bologna and that all the others were demolished by order of the local authorities in the nineteenth century. In reality, numerous medieval towers are still standing in Bologna. Some of them are clearly visible from the places the main character visits, like Piazza Maggiore or the top of the Asinelli Tower. After the municipality had three towers demolished in 1917 to build new palaces, the decision was harshly criticised by some famous people of that time.
* Another error lies in the orbital mechanics of the secret satellite system. The satellites are described as having an over-ground speed of 120 miles per hour, but are only 300 miles above the Earth's surface; this is physically impossible for low-orbit satellites, which need an over-ground speed of over 16,000 miles per hour (and an orbital speed of about 17,000 miles per hour) to maintain orbit.

Additional errors include a scene where a character suggests that he be sent any medical bills for an injury sustained; in Italy there is a comprehensive state healthcare system and so this would not be relevant. In a later scene, a CIA agent travels on an Alitalia flight to Washington in economy class and has to pay for drinks; Alitalia long haul services include all drinks. Furthermore, as Backman travels per train from Italy to Switzerland and the train stops in Chiasso, is mentioned the train will make a few more stops in Italy before entering Switzerland, but Chiasso is already in Switzerland.

## InfoBox

The Broker (novel)
| First edition cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | John Grisham |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Thriller |
| Publisher | Doubleday |
| Publication date | January 11, 2005 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (hardback & paperback) |
| Pages | 368 pp (hardcover edition) |
| ISBN | 0-385-51045-4 |
| OCLC | 57236073 |
| Dewey Decimal | 813/.54 22 |
| LC Class | PS3557.R5355 B76 2005b |


title: Samira Abbassy

abstract: Samira Abbassy is an Iranian-born British painter and draftsperson, of Arab heritage. Her work address issues of mythology, female deities, psyche, memory, and the diaspora. Abbassy lives in New York City, and previously lived in London.

text:
# Samira Abbassy

**Samira Abbassy** (born 1965) is an Iranian-born British painter and draftsperson, of Arab heritage. Her work address issues of mythology, female deities, psyche, memory, and the diaspora. Abbassy lives in New York City, and previously lived in London.

## Early life and education

Samira Abbasy was born in 1965 to an Arab family, in the city of Ahvaz in Khuzestan Province, Imperial State of Persia (now Iran). Her family moved to London when she was two years old, and she was raised in Kent.

She studied drawing at Birmingham Polytechnic (now Birmingham City University) and then Canterbury College of Art (now Kent Institute of Art & Design), where she obtained a BFA degree in painting in 1987.

## Career

Abbasy began making art in the 1980s. After graduating, she exhibited her work in London for ten years, and then moved to New York City in 1998. Abbasy's work is a marriage between Western art and Eastern art traditions, including referencing Christian iconography, as well as Persian and Indian miniature painting, Chinese painting, and Qajar court painting.

She was awarded a fellowship by New York Foundation for the Arts (NYFA) in 2007. She was affiliated with the South Asian Women’s Creative Collective. The Elizabeth Foundation for the Arts (EFA) awarded her a lifetime membership, in recognition of her work in developing the EFA Studio Program.

Abbasy's artworks are in public museum collections, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the British Museum, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and the Grey Art Museum collection at New York University.

## InfoBox

| Samira Abbassy | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1965 (age 5859)
Ahvaz, Imperial State of Persia (now Iran) |
| Other names | Samira al-Abbasi,
Samira Abbasi |
| Education | Birmingham Polytechnic,
Canterbury College of Art (BFA) |
| Occupation | Visual artist |
| Known for | Painting, drawing |
| Website | www.samiraabbassy.com |


title: Solidago azorica

abstract: Solidago azorica is a species of goldenrod in the family Asteraceae, endemic to the Azores, Portugal. It is closely related to Solidago sempervirens, native to eastern North America, but in addition to the morphological differences there is a clear genetic separation between the two species. This species is thought to have evolved from its American relative from a natural introduction made well before human occupation on the islands.

text:
# Solidago azorica

***Solidago azorica*** is a species of goldenrod in the family Asteraceae, endemic to the Azores, Portugal. It is closely related to *Solidago sempervirens*, native to eastern North America, but in addition to the morphological differences there is a clear genetic separation between the two species. This species is thought to have evolved from its American relative from a natural introduction made well before human occupation on the islands.

## Description

Stems are up to 60 cm (24 in) long; it has numerous leaves, which are apicular and slightly thick; it produces a large number of small yellow flowers.

## Distribution

It is found in coastal cliffs, lava flows and sand or stone deposits in rough terrain. It occurs dispersed in coastal meadows dominated by *Festuca petraea*, as well as in heavily exposed habitats, along paths and along stone walls. Up to about 500 m (1,600 ft) altitude (900 m (3,000 ft) in Flores). It is present in all of the nine Azorean islands.

## InfoBox

| *Solidago azorica* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Fajã dos Cubres on São Jorge Island | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | *Solidago* |
| Species: | ***S. azorica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Solidago azorica***<br>Hochst | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Solidago sempervirens* subsp. *azorica* (Hochst.) H. St. John | |


title: Solidarność (video game)

abstract: Solidarność is a 1991 Polish strategy computer game developed by P.Z.Karen Co. under the direction of Przemysław Rokita and published by California Dreams. It was created by Polish programmers specifically for an American audience in order to support a Hollywood film about the life of Lech Wałęsa, which was never actualised. The game never gained popularity and remains virtually unknown to this day.

text:
# Solidarność (video game)

***Solidarność*** is a 1991 Polish strategy computer game developed by P.Z.Karen Co. under the direction of Przemysław Rokita and published by California Dreams. It was created by Polish programmers specifically for an American audience in order to support a Hollywood film about the life of Lech Wałęsa, which was never actualised. The game never gained popularity and remains virtually unknown to this day.

## Development

In 1989, Przemysław Rokita left the Warsaw University of Technology and two years later he became a full-time employee of PZ Karen in the "export software" department. Located in a rented studio in Warsaw's Żoliborz, the PZKaren Co. Development Group was in charge of software development for the American and Western European market. In 1990, the *Solidarność* project came along, and he became the manager, main programmer, and game logic concept author.

## Gameplay and plot

Set in Poland in the 1980s, the player takes the role of the leader of an illegal union, and aims to gain more support in 7 regions than the Communists. The player achieves this through speeches, printing leaflets, organizing demonstrations and strikes. The 7 regions that Poland is divided into are called: Pomerania, Northeastern, Greater Poland, Mazovia, Lower Silesia, Upper Silesia, and Lesser Poland.

## Critical reception

Gry Online felt the game had a "thought-out visual frame" and represented the transition in gaming production between the 1980s and 1990s. Eurogamer thought that even by 2015 the game was absorbing, and that players soon forgot about the "archaic layout". Komputer Świat said that while the title is not commonly known and remembered, it is a very important topic within Polish video gaming history.

The game is unrelated to the educational title *Solidarność: Menedżer Konspiracji*.

## InfoBox

| Solidarność | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | P.Z.Karen Co. |
| Publisher(s) | California Dreams |
| Release | 1991 |


title: Solanum prinophyllum

abstract: Solanum prinophyllum, known as the forest nightshade or Grin Whiskers, is a accepted species of small plant native to the east coast of East Victoria to Southeast Queensland, Australia. S. prinophyllum is a short lived herb, annual or perennial. Forest nightshade grows up to 50 cm high. Its leaves are 5 to 8 cm long and 3 to 5 cm wide. They are spiky and often tinged with purple. The stems are also spiky. Five petalled flowers occur at any time of the year and are blue or lilac in colour. Petals are fused at the base. The fruit is around 15 to 20 mm in diameter and the stem is 10 to 20 mm long. The fruit is a berry, which stays green or turns purple. The habitat is moist areas, in sclerophyll forest, or disturbed areas in rainforest.

text:
# Solanum prinophyllum

***Solanum prinophyllum***, known as the **forest nightshade** or **Grin Whiskers**, is a accepted species of small plant native to the east coast of East Victoria to Southeast Queensland, Australia. **S. prinophyllum** is a short lived herb, annual or perennial. Forest nightshade grows up to 50 cm high. Its leaves are 5 to 8 cm long and 3 to 5 cm wide. They are spiky and often tinged with purple. The stems are also spiky. Five petalled flowers occur at any time of the year and are blue or lilac in colour. Petals are fused at the base. The fruit is around 15 to 20 mm in diameter and the stem is 10 to 20 mm long. The fruit is a berry, which stays green or turns purple. The habitat is moist areas, in sclerophyll forest, or disturbed areas in rainforest.

## InfoBox

| Forest nightshade | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Forest Nightshade at Eastwood, Australia | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Solanales |
| Family: | Solanaceae |
| Genus: | *Solanum* |
| Species: | ***S. prinophyllum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Solanum prinophyllum***<br>Dunal | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Solo 4: Gato

abstract: Solo 4: Gato is a solo piano album by Franco D'Andrea. It was recorded in 2001 and released by Philology Records.

text:
# Solo 4: Gato

***Solo 4: Gato*** is a solo piano album by Franco D'Andrea. It was recorded in 2001 and released by Philology Records.

## Recording and music

Material for this and seven other solo piano CDs was recorded over the period of three mornings and two afternoons in April 2001. The compositions are mainly by saxophonist Gato Barbieri. He and D'Andrea had recorded together in 1964–65.

## Release and reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz* |  |

*Solo 3* was released by Philology Records. The AllMusic reviewer preferred the first three *Solo* albums, but noted that "D'Andrea's infectious playing also makes *Solo 4* well worth acquiring".

## Track listing

1. "La Vuelta / Last Tango in Paris"
2. "Merceditas / Ninos / It's Over"
3. "Jeanne"
4. "El Parana / Un Lago Adios / Bolivia"
5. "Para Mi Negra"
6. "Abstraction for Gato"

## Personnel

* Franco D'Andrea – piano

## InfoBox

| Solo 4: Gato | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Franco D'Andrea | |
| Recorded | April 2001 |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Label | Philology |


title: Marie Friberg

abstract: Marie (Maria) Friberg was a Swedish opera singer (alto) of the Royal Swedish Opera. She is known for her relationship to King Oscar II of Sweden, with whom she allegedly had two sons.

text:
# Marie Friberg

**Marie (Maria) Friberg** (5 January 1852 - 16 September 1934) was a Swedish opera singer (alto) of the Royal Swedish Opera. She is known for her relationship to King Oscar II of Sweden, with whom she allegedly had two sons.

## Biography

Maria Vilhelmina Friberg was born in the St. Nikolai parish of Stockholm, Sweden. In 1883, Friberg aroused attention in the press when she performed as the bride in "Lycko-Pers resa" by August Strindberg with the personal monogram of Oscar II in the bridal crown at Nya teatern in Stockholm. The paper *Dagens Nyheter* reported that Friberg was housed as the king's mistress with their two sons in a house owned by the monarch.

In 1891, she married the French noble Pascal d'Aubebard vicomte de Ferussac, who adopted her two sons. In 1893, she married Edvard Leman (1841–1922).

## Sources

* Elgklou, Lars (1978). Bernadotte: historien - och historier - om en familj. Stockholm: Askild & Kärnekull. Libris 7589807. ISBN 91-7008-882-9
* Lagerqvist, Lars O. (1979). Bernadotternas drottningar. Stockholm: Bonnier. Libris 7145664. ISBN 91-0-042916-3


title: Mordellistena fuscorufocephala

abstract: Mordellistena fuscorufocephala is a beetle in the genus Mordellistena of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1967 by Ermisch.

text:
# Mordellistena fuscorufocephala

***Mordellistena fuscorufocephala*** is a beetle in the genus *Mordellistena* of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1967 by Ermisch.

## InfoBox

| *Mordellistena fuscorufocephala* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Mordellidae |
| Genus: | *Mordellistena* |
| Species: | ***M. fuscorufocephala*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mordellistena fuscorufocephala***<br>Ermisch, 1967 | |
|


title: Watu Gunung

abstract: Watu Gunung is a figure in the foundation mythology of the Indonesian island of Java. He is a descendant of the gods, the son of King Palindriya of Gilingwesi and Dewi Sinta. One day, when he is very young, his mother scolds him for troubling her. This upsets him, and he runs away to live in another kingdom. After he grows up, he overthrows the king of that kingdom and takes the throne, but not before the king has cursed him. Not knowing his own parentage, he invades Gilingwesi in order to marry the reputedly beautiful wives of king Palindriya. He then marries his mother, Dewi Sinta, and his aunt/stepmother, Dewi Landep, and has 27 sons by them. The true identity of the incestuous parties is eventually uncovered. Watu Gunung, who is already virtually indestructible because of his godly nature, becomes more and more arrogant, and builds an iron city to live in. The other gods, resenting his pride, go to war with him. In some versions of the myth, he is betrayed by his kinfolk, who tell the enemy about his single vulnerability. Ultimately, peace is secured and Watu Gunung, his wives and children all ascend to heaven. Lessa describes the story as containing elements of Oedipal type.

text:
# Watu Gunung

**Watu Gunung** is a figure in the foundation mythology of the Indonesian island of Java. He is a descendant of the gods, the son of King Palindriya of Gilingwesi and Dewi Sinta. One day, when he is very young, his mother scolds him for troubling her. This upsets him, and he runs away to live in another kingdom. After he grows up, he overthrows the king of that kingdom and takes the throne, but not before the king has cursed him. Not knowing his own parentage, he invades Gilingwesi in order to marry the reputedly beautiful wives of king Palindriya. He then marries his mother, Dewi Sinta, and his aunt/stepmother, Dewi Landep, and has 27 sons by them. The true identity of the incestuous parties is eventually uncovered. Watu Gunung, who is already virtually indestructible because of his godly nature, becomes more and more arrogant, and builds an iron city to live in. The other gods, resenting his pride, go to war with him. In some versions of the myth, he is betrayed by his kinfolk, who tell the enemy about his single vulnerability. Ultimately, peace is secured and Watu Gunung, his wives and children all ascend to heaven. Lessa describes the story as containing elements of Oedipal type.


title: 1988 Virginia ballot measures

abstract: The 1988 Virginia State Elections took place on Election Day, November 8, 1988, the same day as the U.S. Senate and U.S. House elections in the state. The only statewide election on the ballot was one referendum. Because Virginia state elections are held on off-years, no statewide officers or state legislative elections were held. The referendum was referred to the voters by the Virginia General Assembly.

text:
# 1988 Virginia ballot measures

The **1988 Virginia State Elections** took place on Election Day, November 8, 1988, the same day as the U.S. Senate and U.S. House elections in the state. The only statewide election on the ballot was one referendum. Because Virginia state elections are held on off-years, no statewide officers or state legislative elections were held. The referendum was referred to the voters by the Virginia General Assembly.

## Question 1

This referendum asked voters to approve legislation that would legalize and regulate parimutuel betting on horse racing. Voters had previously rejected the measure in 1978. Greyhound racing was already legal but was outlawed in 1995, although it remains legal in West Virginia.

Question 1
| Choice | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Yes** | **1,086,996** | **55.86** |
| No | 858,850 | 44.14 |
|
|
| **Total votes** | **1,945,846** | **100.00** |
|
|
| Source: \- Official Results | | |


title: What Is America?

abstract: What Is America? A Short History of the New World Order (ISBN 9781921351501) is a 2008 non-fiction book by Ronald Wright that continues the thread begun in A Short History of Progress by examining what he calls "the Columbian Age" and consequently the nature and historical origins of modern American imperium.

text:
# What Is America?

***What Is America? A Short History of the New World Order*** (ISBN 9781921351501) is a 2008 non-fiction book by Ronald Wright that continues the thread begun in *A Short History of Progress* by examining what he calls "the Columbian Age" and consequently the nature and historical origins of modern American imperium.

1. Pevere, Geoff (2008-08-24). "That frontier mythology now threatens the world". *thestar.com*. Retrieved 2022-09-07.

## InfoBox

What Is America?
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Ronald Wright |
| Subject | United States history |
| Publisher | Da Capo Press |
| Publication date | 2008 |
| ISBN | 9781921351501 |
| Dewey Decimal | 973 |
| LC Class | E178 |
| Preceded by | *A Short History of Progress* |


title: Nataliya Bohasheva

abstract: Nataliya Vladyslavivna Bohasheva is a Ukrainian politician.

text:
# Nataliya Bohasheva

**Nataliya Vladyslavivna Bohasheva** (born 17 December 1960) is a Ukrainian politician.

## Early life and education

In 1984, Nataliya Bohasheva graduated from Kyiv Polytechnic Institute as a system engineer of electronic computing machines. In 2000, she graduated from legal studies at the Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University as a lawyer.

## Career

In 1978–1979, Nataliya Bohasheva worked as an accountant for Central Pharmacy No. 7 of the Shevchenkiv district of Kyiv. Between 1979 and 1981, she was a technician-electrician and technician-designer at the Kyiv Automation Plant. From 1981 to 1993, Bohasheva worked as an engineer and electrical engineer at Kyiv Special Design and Technology Bureau "Dnipro".

In 1993–1994, Bohasheva worked as a bailiff of the Zhovtne District Court of the Department of Justice of the Kyiv City State Administration. Between February and June 1994, she was the Ukrainian-Canadian joint venture "Teolta-K" executive director in Kyiv. From 1994 to 1999, Bohasheva was a referent, an acting head of the organizational department, and a head of the organizational department of the People's Movement of Ukraine Secretariat.

From 1999 to 2006, Bohasheva was an assistant consultant to the People's Deputy of Ukraine. In 2007–2008, she was an adviser to the President of Ukraine. Between 2007 and 2010, she was a Deputy Minister of Justice of Ukraine.

From April 2006 to June 2007, Bohasheva was a People's Deputy of Ukraine of the 5th convocation from the Block "Our Ukraine" as No. 76 in the list. At the time of the elections, she was an assistant consultant of the People's Deputy of Ukraine and a member of the People's Union "Our Ukraine" party. Bohasheva was a Head of the Subcommittee on Election Legislation and Citizens' Unification of the Committee on State Building, Regional Policy, and Local Self-Government (since July 2006), a member of the Our Ukraine Block faction (since April 2006). She signed her parliamentary credentials on 15.06.2007.

Bohasheva is a civil servant of the 5th rank (since 12.2007), and 4th rank (since 01.2009). She is one of the developers of the Electoral Code of Ukraine project.


title: The Broken Wings

abstract: The Broken Wings is a 1962 film adaptation of the 1912 novel by Khalil Gibran. The film, directed by Youssef Maalouf, faithfully follows its source material in the bittersweet story of a young man's doomed love for a beautiful girl, who is forced by her parents to wed another man. The Broken Wings was the first film produced in Lebanon to receive an international commercial release. Prints of the film were believed to have been destroyed when Beirut was caught up in the destructive chaos of the Lebanese civil war. However, a print was located after the war in an abandoned church outside of Beirut, and the film can still be seen in film festivals and on DVD.

text:
# The Broken Wings

***The Broken Wings*** is a 1962 film adaptation of the 1912 novel by Khalil Gibran. The film, directed by Youssef Maalouf, faithfully follows its source material in the bittersweet story of a young man's doomed love for a beautiful girl, who is forced by her parents to wed another man.

*The Broken Wings* was the first film produced in Lebanon to receive an international commercial release. Prints of the film were believed to have been destroyed when Beirut was caught up in the destructive chaos of the Lebanese civil war. However, a print was located after the war in an abandoned church outside of Beirut, and the film can still be seen in film festivals and on DVD.


title: Samalapuram

abstract: Samalapuram is a suburb of Tirupur in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Samalapuram is located near the twin townships of Somanur, Karumathampatti between Avinashi road and Trichy Road. It comes under the Palladam Taluk and Tiruppur district. The place is very famous for Vaazhaithottathu Ayyan Kovil.

text:
# Samalapuram

**Samalapuram** is a suburb of Tirupur in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Samalapuram is located near the twin townships of Somanur, Karumathampatti between Avinashi road and Trichy Road. It comes under the Palladam Taluk and Tiruppur district. The place is very famous for Vaazhaithottathu Ayyan Kovil.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Samalapuram had a population of 14,816. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Samalapuram has an average literacy rate of 65%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 67%, and female literacy is 62%. In Samalapuram, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.

## InfoBox

| Samalapuram | |
| --- | --- |
| suburb | |
| SamalapuramLocation in Tamil Nadu, India | |
| Coordinates: 11°05′07″N 77°12′21″E / 11.08528°N 77.20583°E / 11.08528; 77.20583 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| Region | Kongu Nadu |
| District | Tirupur district |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 14,816 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Tamil |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | TN 37, TN 42 |


title: Samson of Brechin

abstract: Samson of Brechin is the first known Bishop of Brechin. He appears as a witness in a charter granted by King David I of Scotland to the community of Deer, recorded in the notitiae in the margins of the Book of Deer. The charter dates to some point between the years 1140 and 1153, although it can probably be pinned down to the year 1150. There certainly was a bishopric of Brechin in 1150, as there exists another charter of King David's, this time granted to the bishop (unnamed) and Céli Dé of Brechin. It is known that Samson was still bishop in the reign of King Máel Coluim IV (1153–1165), appearing as a witness as late as 1165 in a charter of Richard, Bishop of St. Andrews. Samson was a native cleric of Brechin. He was very likely the son of Léot, an earlier Abbot of Brechin, and father of Domnall, a later Abbot of Brechin. This family story probably explains the origins of the Brechin bishopric, that is, the Bishopric of Brechin, like other Scottish bishoprics, had its origins in the older Gaelic Céli Dé monastic community, and perhaps a hereditary ruling family.

text:
# Samson of Brechin

**Samson of Brechin** is the first known Bishop of Brechin. He appears as a witness in a charter granted by King David I of Scotland to the community of Deer, recorded in the *notitiae* in the margins of the *Book of Deer*. The charter dates to some point between the years 1140 and 1153, although it can probably be pinned down to the year 1150. There certainly was a bishopric of Brechin in 1150, as there exists another charter of King David's, this time granted to the bishop (unnamed) and *Céli Dé* of Brechin. It is known that Samson was still bishop in the reign of King Máel Coluim IV (1153–1165), appearing as a witness as late as 1165 in a charter of Richard, Bishop of St. Andrews.

Samson was a native cleric of Brechin. He was very likely the son of Léot, an earlier Abbot of Brechin, and father of Domnall, a later Abbot of Brechin. This family story probably explains the origins of the Brechin bishopric, that is, the Bishopric of Brechin, like other Scottish bishoprics, had its origins in the older Gaelic *Céli Dé* monastic community, and perhaps a hereditary ruling family.

* Dowden, John, *The Bishops of Scotland*, ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912)
* Jackson, Kenneth H. (ed), *The Gaelic Notes in the Book of Deer: The Osborn Bergin Memorial Lecture 1970*, (Cambridge, 1972)
* Lawrie, Sir Archibald, *Early Scottish Charters Prior to A.D. 1153*, (Glasgow, 1905)


title: Samson of Chinon

abstract: Samson ben Isaac of Chinon was a French Talmudist who lived at Chinon. In Talmudic literature he is generally called after his native place, Chinon, and sometimes by the abbreviation MaHaRShaḲ. He was a contemporary of Peretz Kohen Gerondi, who declared Samson to be the greatest rabbinical authority of his time. The name of his brother was Matatia.

text:
# Samson of Chinon

**Samson ben Isaac of Chinon** (c. 1260  c. 1330) (Hebrew: **שמשון מקינון**) was a French Talmudist who lived at Chinon. In Talmudic literature he is generally called after his native place, Chinon (Hebr. קינון), and sometimes by the abbreviation MaHaRShaḲ. He was a contemporary of Peretz Kohen Gerondi, who declared Samson to be the greatest rabbinical authority of his time. The name of his brother was Matatia.

## Works

Samson was the author of the following works:

* *Sefer Keritut* (Constantinople, 1515), a methodology of the Talmud divided into five parts:
    + *Bet Middot,* treating of the thirteen rules of R. Ishmael
    + *Bet ha-Miḳdash,* on the rules for deductions by analogy and conclusions a fortiori
    + *Netibot 'Olam,* containing explanations of the 32 rules of R. Eliezer ben Jose ha-Gelili
    + *Yemot 'Olam,* giving the names and the chronology of the Tannaim and Amoraim, and setting forth a method for deciding between the contrary opinions of two Rabbis
    + *Leshon Limmudim,* explanations of certain halakic decisions.

The "Sefer Keritut," owing to its easy style and its author's great authority, became a classic.

* *Ḳonṭres,* a commentary on the Talmudic treatises Erubin and Abodah Zarah; mentioned in the *Sefer Keritut.*
* *Bi'ur ha-Geṭ* (Vienna MS. No. 48), on the laws concerning divorce.

Samson wrote also responsa, several of which are quoted by Joseph Colon and Solomon ben Adret. According to Heinrich Gross, Samson was the author of the supercommentary on Ibn Ezra's commentary on the Pentateuch found by Judah Mosconi at Perpignan between 1363 and 1375 (Halberstam MS.). As regards the word (ממרשילאה = "of Marseilles"), which appears in the manuscript after the name Samson of Chinon, Gross believes that Samson settled at Marseilles after the banishment of the Jews from France.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wilhelm Bacher; Isaac Broydé (1901–1906). "Samson of Chinon". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). *The Jewish Encyclopedia*. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.


title: Samuel Dicker

abstract: Samuel Dicker, was an English politician who represented Plymouth in the British House of Commons in the eighteenth century, and was also responsible for the building of the first Walton Bridge in Surrey. Dicker owned plantations in Jamaica and 1738 was appointed a Councilor of Jamaica. He was also a landowner of Walton on the Thames and created an estate at Mount Felix. In 1750 he built the first bridge across the River Thames at Walton at his own expense, obtaining an Act of Parliament to enable him to do so and levy tolls. The bridge was painted in 1755 by Canaletto who referred to Il Signiore Cavaliere Dicker. In 1754, Dicker was elected Member of Parliament for Plymouth, the port and major Royal Navy base in Devon. He held the seat until he died in 1760. He was unmarried and Mount Felix was sold, falling into the possession of the Earls of Tankerville.

text:
# Samuel Dicker

**Samuel Dicker** (died 1760), was an English politician who represented Plymouth in the British House of Commons in the eighteenth century, and was also responsible for the building of the first Walton Bridge in Surrey.

Dicker owned plantations in Jamaica and 1738 was appointed a Councilor of Jamaica. He was also a landowner of Walton on the Thames and created an estate at Mount Felix. In 1750 he built the first bridge across the River Thames at Walton at his own expense, obtaining an Act of Parliament to enable him to do so and levy tolls. The bridge was painted in 1755 by Canaletto who referred to Il Signiore Cavaliere Dicker.

In 1754, Dicker was elected Member of Parliament for Plymouth, the port and major Royal Navy base in Devon. He held the seat until he died in 1760. He was unmarried and Mount Felix was sold, falling into the possession of the Earls of Tankerville.


title: Samuel D. Babcock

abstract: Samuel Denison Babcock was an American banker.

text:
# Samuel D. Babcock

**Samuel Denison Babcock** (May 16, 1822 – September 14, 1902) was an American banker.

## Early life

Babock was born on May 16, 1822, in Stonington, Connecticut. He was the son of Benjamin Franklin Babcock Sr. and Maria (née Eells) Babcock.

His ancestors were natives of Essex, among the staunchest of Puritan families, who went to Leiden, Holland, before landing at Plymouth Rock in 1623 with one of the first parties of colonists following the *Mayflower*. The family grew wealthy and rose to prominence, holding high civil and military positions during the American Revolutionary War.

## Career

At age fourteen, Babcock moved to New York City and began working as a bank messenger. He later served as president of the International Bell Telephone Company and of the Central, Manhattan, Colonial, and New York Real Estate Associations and the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York; vice president of the Providence and Stonington Steamship Company and the City and Suburban Homes Association; treasurer of the Improved Dwellings Association; a director of the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad, the New York and Harlem Railroad Company, the National Bank of Commerce in New York, the American Exchange National Bank, the Continental Insurance Company, the Guarantee Trust Company, the Metropolitan Opera and Real Estate Company, the United States Mortgage and Trust Company; a trustee of the Central Trust Company, the Fifth Avenue Trust Company, and of the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York. He was also a member of the Advisory Committee of the United States Lloyds.

His business partners in property development ventures included William W. Woodworth and Henry L. Atherton.

In 1889, he served as president of the Finance Committee for the proposed World's Fair in New York in 1892.

## Personal life

On December 2, 1846, Babcock married Elizabeth Crary Franklin (1828–1881), a daughter of Richard L. Franklin and Evelina (née Crary) Franklin. Elizabeth's younger sister, Cornelia Fulton Franklin, was married to Samuel's younger brother, Charles Henry Phelps Babcock. Together, they were the parents of:

* Henry Denison Babcock (1847–1918), who married Anna Mary Woodward (1849–1923), a daughter of Robert Thomas Woodward.
* Evelena Franklin Babcock (1849–1908), who married lawyer William Palmer Dixon (1847–1926) in 1871.
* Emily Franklin Babcock (1855–1925), who married banker Fordyce Dwight Barker (1847–1893), a son of Benjamin Fordyce Barker.
* Elizabeth Babcock (b. 1857)
* Frances Morris "Fanny" Babcock (1858–1940), who married Henry Alexander Murray, a grandson of Lt.-Col. Hon. Alexander Murray (son of John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore, a governor of the Province of New York).
* Maria Babcock (b. 1860)
* Parthenia Babcock (1863–1865), who died young.
* Kate Spaulding Babcock (1868–1923), who died unmarried.

His New York City residence was at 636 Fifth Avenue, and he had a country residence, Hillside, in Riverdale-on-Hudson, New York.

His wife died at their Riverdale residence, Hillside, on May 28, 1881. Babcock died on September 14, 1902, at the Livingstone Cottage, his long-time summer home in Lenox, Massachusetts. He was buried at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn.

### Descendants

Through his son Henry, he was a grandfather of Alice Woodward Babcock (1877–1941), who married banker Henry Rogers Winthrop Jr. (1876–1958), son of Buchanan Winthrop, in 1905.

Through his daughter Evelena, he was the grandfather of Evelena Babcock Dixon (1873–1935), who married Eben Stevens, an 1892 Yale graduate who was the son of banker Alexander Henry Stevens.

Through his daughter Fanny, he was a grandfather of Virginia Murray (1890–1980) (who married U.S. Representative Robert L. Bacon, son of Secretary of State Robert Bacon), Henry Murray (1893–1988), the Harvard psychologist who developed a theory of personality called personology, and Dr. Cecil Dunmore Murray (1897–1935).

Notes Sources  1. Munch,Janet Butler (1993). "Villas on the Hudson: An Architectural and Biographical Examination". Lehman College, CUNY. pp. 96–97.
2. Babcock, Stephen (1903). *Babcock Genealogy*. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
3. Times, Special to The New York (15 September 1902). "SAMUEL D. BABCOCK DEAD; Stricken Suddenly with Heart Disease at Lenox". *The New York Times*. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
4. "CHAMBER OF COMMERCE PLAN; ITS RAPID-TBANSIT BILL TO BE TAKEN TO ALBANY TO-DAY. Provides for a Commission to Consist of the Mayor, the Controller, the President of the Chamber, Samuel D. Babcock, Seth Low, John Claflin, and Alexander E. Orr -- Roads to be Built at City's Expense if Private Capital Be Not Forthcoming". *The New York Times*. 16 March 1894. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
5. "THE FINANCE COMMITTEE; MEN OF MILLIONS ORGANIZE FOR THE GREAT FAIR. SAMUEL D. BABCOCK CHAIRMAN--A NOTABLE ASSEMBLAGE AT CITY HALL--MR. SELIGMAN SUBMITS A PLAN. (Published 1889)". *The New York Times*. August 21, 1889. p. 1. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
6. Babcock, A. Emerson (1903). *Isaiah Babcock, Sr. and His Descendants*. Eaton & Mains. p. 391. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
7. "HENRY D. BABCOCK DEAD.; Retired Stock Broker Was Treasurer of St. Luke's Hospital". *The New York Times*. 2 June 1918. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
8. Times, Special to The New York (3 May 1908). "Mrs. EVELENA FRANKLIN DIXON". *The New York Times*. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
9. *OBITUARY RECORD OF YALE GRADUATES: 1925-1926* (PDF) (TWENTY-SECOND SERIES | NUMBER TWENTY-TWO ed.). NEW HAVEN: BULLETIN OF YALE UNIVERSITY. August 1, 1926. p. 38. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
10. "Mrs. Priscilla Barclay". *The New York Times*. 18 May 1924. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
11. "Died". *The New York Times*. 15 October 1923. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
12. Munch,Janet Butler (1993). "Villas on the Hudson: An Architectural and Biographical Examination". Lehman College, CUNY. pp. 96–97.
13. "Obituary 1 -- No Title" (PDF). *The New York Times*. November 15, 1958. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
14. *Who's Who in Finance, Banking, and Insurance*. Who's Who in Finance, Incorporated (N.Y.). 1911. p. 724. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
15. "HENRY R. WINTHROP TO WED.; Will Marry Miss Alice Woodward Babcock Next Autumn" (PDF). *The New York Times*. August 8, 1905. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
16. "MISS BABCOCK WED TO HENRY R. WINTHROP; Guests at Ceremony Include the Duchess of Marlborough. MERRY RIDE IN OLD COACHES Dr. Stires Marries the Equitable's Financial Manager and the Daughter of Henry D. Babcock" (PDF). *The New York Times*. October 4, 1905. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
17. Stevens, Eugene Rolaz; Bacon, William Plumb (1914). *Erasmus Stevens and his descendants*. Tobias A. Wright. pp. 16, 60–62. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
18. "Robert L. Bacon To Wed. Ex-Ambassador's Eldest Son to Marry Miss Virginia Murray" (PDF). *New York Times*. February 21, 1913. Retrieved 2014-01-21.
19. Taylor, Eugene (1999). "Murray, Henry Alexander, Jr.". *American National Biography* (online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1400869. (subscription required)

## InfoBox

| Samuel D. Babcock | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| President of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York | |
| **In office**
1875–1882 | |
| Preceded by | William E. Dodge |
| Succeeded by | George W. Lane |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Samuel Denison Babcock
(1822-05-16)May 16, 1822
Stonington, Connecticut |
| Died | September 14, 1902(1902-09-14) (aged 80)
Lenox, Massachusetts |
| Spouse | Elizabeth Crary Franklin
(m. 1846; died 1881) |
| Relations | Henry Murray (grandson) |
| Children | 8 |
|  | |


title: Samuel Oshoffa

abstract: Samuel Bilewu Joseph Oshoffa was the founder of the Celestial Church of Christ after reportedly resurrecting people from the dead. He founded the church in 1947 after being lost for three months near Porto-Novo in Benin. The church now has its main offices in Bénin and Nigeria. Five percent, or 400,000, of the 8 million people of Benin are Celestial Christians. This church was founded by him, claiming a "divine order" was given to him by an angel of God, investing his belief of the need for Evangelism to the world. This visitation is noted by followed as marking the birth of said church.

text:
# Samuel Oshoffa

**Samuel Bilewu Joseph Oshoffa** (October 11, 1909 – September 10, 1985) was the founder of the Celestial Church of Christ after reportedly resurrecting people from the dead. He founded the church in 1947 after being lost for three months near Porto-Novo in Benin. The church now has its main offices in Bénin and Nigeria. Five percent, or 400,000, of the 8 million people of Benin are Celestial Christians. This church was founded by him, claiming a "divine order" was given to him by an angel of God, investing his belief of the need for Evangelism to the world. This visitation is noted by followed as marking the birth of said church.

## Biography

Samuel Bilewu Joseph Oshoffa (Ojú kìí ṣe ọfà) was born on October 11, 1909, in Porto Novo, capital of the French colony of Dahomey (now the Republic of Benin) into a Yoruba family of mixed religion. His father, Joseph Oshoffa, was a former Muslim who became a Methodist, whilst his mother, Alake Iyafo, from the town of Imeko, followed traditional religions, objecting to Christianity. His family was a member of the Cherubim and Seraphim Church and not Samuel Bilewu Joseph Oshoffa himself.

His mother left him when he was only three months old to return to Imeko, Nigeria, where her husband lived. His father was a carpenter (a fact which was later thought important to a person who later reported receiving visits from Jesus Christ). He married his first wife, Felicia Yaman and she was involved with the launch of the new church. She was said to be able to prophesy conflict and was invited to many of Oshoffa's meetings.

## Revelation

Oshoffa was working in the ebony trade in 1947 when he was instructed to found the new church. He reported that he had been searching in the forests to find the correct type of tree. He said he lost his way and had to live off the land for three months. When he emerged he was empowered with the gifts of healing and prophecy.

His first act of healing was reportedly the resurrection of his nephew. As a result, his elder sister, Elizabeth, was the first convert. The nephew was to become recognised as the first prophet of the new church. Over the next few years, several other people were reportedly brought back from the dead by Oshoffa. Between 1947 and 1951, the church grew in the country of Benin. In 1976, it was relocated to Nigeria because Oshoffa was in a minor conflict with the government of Benin. This was timely as he was just about to be arrested. Very soon after arriving in Nigeria, Oshoffa cured a mad woman, although many people doubted this account. Oshoffa held a public meeting in Yaba, Lagos, where those gathered reported his ability to prophecy. In the same year he again claimed a resurrection.

The new church grew rapidly, and it gained followers across West Africa and the world. The church was estimated to have several million followers in 1998. In Nigeria, Oshoffa was sold a large piece of land after the owner was assisted by a "holy man's" intervention in a dream with a legal dispute. The new church continued to receive resistance from the Nigerian authorities, but it was officially recognised in 1958. He took on two partners for the church, Reverends Alexander Abiodun Bada and Samuel Ajanlekoko.

## Death

Oshoffa died on 10 September 1985 after being involved in a car accident where everyone in the car died. He was buried at Celestial City, Imeko.

Oshoffa was the sole source of authority for the church and because of this, his death caused some problems of succession. After some confusion, Alexander Abiodun Adebayo Bada was appointed his successor by the church trustees. Nigeria is considered a diocese of the worldwide church, with supreme headquarters at Porto-Novo. Therefore, Benoit Agbaosi would be appointed by the supreme headquarters leaders to lead the church.

In the beginning, those who became leaders of Celestial Church of Christ parishes were appointed by the Pastor Founder Reverend S.B.J. Oshoffa. A church is called a parish and the spiritual leader of the parish is called a shepherd. To be a shepherd of a parish, one must be called through spiritual revelation. After the revelation was confirmed, the would-be shepherd was required to serve as an apprentice under established shepherds. As the church grew, it became necessary to establish some form of training system for the clergy. A seminary to train shepherds was established for male clergy a year after Oshoffa's death.

Porto-Novo, the supreme headquarters, chose Benoit D. AGBAOSSI (1931-2010) to succeed the Founder. The church celebrated the 100-year anniversary of its founder's birth with a music festival and had awarded prizes in memory of him in Benin. Five percent of the 8,000,000 population of Oshoffa's home country of Benin were Celestial Christians in 2009.

## InfoBox

| Samuel Bilewu Oshoffa | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1909-10-11)11 October 1909
Porto-Novo, French Dahomey |
| Died | 10 September 1985(1985-09-10) (aged 75)
Lagos, Nigeria |
| Resting place | Imeko, Ogun State, Nigeria
7°29′00″N 2°53′00″E |
| Nationality | Nigerian |
| Occupation | carpenter |
| Known for | Founder of the Celestial Church of Christ |
| Spouse(s) | Felicia Yaman and 13 |


title: Samira Bellil

abstract: Samira Bellil was a French feminist activist and a campaigner for the rights of girls and women. Bellil became famous in France with the publication of her autobiographical book Dans l'enfer des tournantes ('In the hell of the "tournantes" in 2002. The book discusses the violence she and other young women endured in the predominantly North African and Arab immigrant outskirts of Paris, where she was repeatedly gang-raped as a teenager by gangs led by people she knew, and then abandoned by her family and friends. The book is available in English as To Hell and Back: The Life of Samira Bellil.

text:
# Samira Bellil

**Samira Bellil** (24 November 1972 – 4 September 2004) was a French feminist activist and a campaigner for the rights of girls and women.

Bellil became famous in France with the publication of her autobiographical book *Dans l'enfer des tournantes* ('In the hell of the "tournantes" (gang-rapes) in 2002. The book discusses the violence she and other young women endured in the predominantly North African and Arab immigrant outskirts of Paris, where she was repeatedly gang-raped as a teenager by gangs led by people she knew, and then abandoned by her family and friends.

The book is available in English (translated by Lucy R. McNair) as *To Hell and Back: The Life of Samira Bellil*.

## Life

Bellil was born to Algerian parents in Algiers. Her family migrated to France and settled in the Parisian suburb of Val-d'Oise. Her father was jailed almost immediately for murder and she was fostered by a family in Belgium for five years, before being called back to her parents.

As a teenager Bellil rebelled against the traditional constraints of her community and wanted to live freely as a young French woman.

Samira was gang-raped when she was 14 by a gang led by someone she knew. They beat her and raped her all night. A month later, one of the most violent attackers dragged her off a train by her hair while other passengers looked the other way. She was brutally raped by him again.

She did not report her rapes until two friends told her the same gang had sexually assaulted them too. Samira appealed to the French legal system to prosecute her attackers. The ring leader was sentenced to eight years in prison.

Bellil's parents, who believed themselves shamed by her presence, expelled her from her house as she did not practice 'modesty' and chose not to veil herself with a hijab. "People outside the community don't know," Bellil wrote, "and everyone in the community knows, but they won't say anything."

Eventually, she found a psychologist who helped her. She had years of therapy, and describes how she decided to write her book to show other young women gang-rape victims that there was a way out. "It's long and it's difficult, but it's possible," she wrote in the dedication - to "my sisters in trouble". She used her real name and put her photo on the cover. She dedicated the book to her "girlfriends, so that they realize that one can overcome the traumatic" and to Boris Cyrulnik, her therapist. Her experience shocked France and forced the government to look into the issue.

She became a youth worker. She died aged 31 on 4 September 2004 of stomach cancer.

## *Ni Putes Ni Soumises*

Bellil helped found a young women's activist group called Ni Putes Ni Soumises ("Neither whores nor submissives") which has publicly addressed the issue of violence against young women in France. The group drew the attention of the French and European press as they organized marches and press conferences to bring attention to the tragic events happening to young women in the banlieue of France. She denounced the gang-rapes (known as *tournantes*, or "pass-arounds") and described how she overcame both her traumatic experiences and the need for revenge.

## Legacy

She was chosen as one of the new Mariannes, the new faces of France. Her portrait hangs outside the French National Assembly.

In 2005 a French school in l’Île-Saint-Denis was named in her honor: Ecole Samira Bellil.

### Studies on the Phenomena of Tournantes


title: Solo 4 C.I.T.A.

abstract: Solo 4 C.I.T.A. is the fourth studio album by Dutch-English pop group Caught in the Act. It was released by ZYX Music on 23 November 1998 in German-speaking Europe. The album peaked at number 54 on the German Albums Chart.

text:
# Solo 4 C.I.T.A.

***Solo 4 C.I.T.A.*** is the fourth studio album by Dutch-English pop group Caught in the Act. It was released by ZYX Music on 23 November 1998 in German-speaking Europe. The album peaked at number 54 on the German Albums Chart.

## Track listing

Adapted from album booklet.

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "I Wanna Stay with You Forever" | 3:43 |
| 2. | "Straight From the Heart" (featuring Bastiaan) | 3:49 |
| 3. | "I Just Know" (featuring Lee) | 4:01 |
| 4. | "Shine On" (featuring Benjamin) | 3:06 |
| 5. | "You Give Me Love" (featuring Eloy) | 4:08 |
| 6. | "Still Think of You" (featuring Bastiaan) | 3:51 |
| 7. | "Wake with a Smile" (featuring Lee) | 3:50 |
| 8. | "Back Where You Belong" (featuring Eloy) | 4:31 |
| 9. | "Move It Around" (featuring Benjamin) | 3:23 |
| 10. | "You Are" (featuring Lee) | 3:14 |
| 11. | "Tonight" (featuring Eloy) | 3:38 |
| 12. | "Angel Eyes" (featuring Benjamin) | 3:19 |
| 13. | "For a While" (featuring Bastiaan) | 3:42 |

## Charts

| Chart (1998) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) | 54 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label | Ref(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Various | 23 November 1998 | CD | ZYX Music |  |

## InfoBox

| Solo 4 C.I.T.A. | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Caught in the Act | |
| Released | 23 November 1998 |
| Label | ZYX |
| Caught in the Act chronology | |
| *We Belong Together: 6 Years of Success*
(1998) ***Solo 4 C.I.T.A.***
(1998) *Back for Love*
(2016) | |


title: Marie Frugone

abstract: Marie Frugone, later Marie Frugone Scileppi, was an American journalist and community leader, who wrote for the Brooklyn Daily Eagle and the Brooklyn Times-Union in the 1930s. She worked with the Red Cross in France and Italy during World War I.

text:
# Marie Frugone

**Marie Frugone** (1889 – June 16, 1953), later **Marie Frugone Scileppi**, was an American journalist and community leader, who wrote for the *Brooklyn Daily Eagle* and the *Brooklyn Times-Union* in the 1930s. She worked with the Red Cross in France and Italy during World War I.

## Early life

Marie Frugone was born in Brooklyn, the daughter of Frank L. Frugone and Rosa Varni Frugone. Her father, who was born in Italy, was publisher of the *Bolletino Della Sera*, an Italian-language newspaper in New York.

## Career

Frugone was secretary to the Sheriff of Kings County. She advocated for Italian-American culture and residents of Brooklyn. She worked with the Red Cross in France and Italy during World War I, using her Italian language skills as "interpreter, entertainer, and nurse" in tuberculosis hospitals. She was decorated by the Italian Red Cross and the American Red Cross for her wartime service. After the war, she was active in the Italian World War Veterans' Committee.

In 1920, Frugone campaigned for Warren G. Harding, and was a member of the Naturalization Committee of the Overseas Girls, women volunteering to do clerical work to help clear paperwork overloads and speed the legal processes for immigrants. One report said that she helped over a thousand people a year become United States citizens.

Frugone started her journalism career at her father's newspaper before World War I. She wrote about women and politics for the *Times Union* and *Brooklyn Daily Eagle* newspapers in the 1920s and 1930s, in a column titled "With the Women Voters". In 1937, her column was renamed "With the Women's Clubs".

Frugone was director of the Little Italy Neighborhood House and the Richmond Hill Settlement House in Queens. She chaired the Brooklyn branch of the Italian Welfare League, the Women's Auxiliary of the United Italian Social Service Foundation, and the Women's Auxiliary of the Boys Club of the Navy Yard district.

## Personal life

Marie Frugone married Francis Paul Scileppi in 1924. They had a daughter, Francine Scileppi Petruzzi, born a few months after Francis died in 1926. Marie Frugone Scileppi died in 1953, aged 64 years, in Brooklyn.

## InfoBox

| Marie Frugone | |
| --- | --- |
| Marie Frugone, from a 1918 publication. | |
| Born | 1889
New York City, US |
| Died | June 16, 1953
New York City, US |
| Occupation(s) | Journalist, community leader |


title: Mordellistena fuscula

abstract: Mordellistena fuscula is a beetle in the genus Mordellistena of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1917 by Lea.

text:
# Mordellistena fuscula

***Mordellistena fuscula*** is a beetle in the genus *Mordellistena* of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1917 by Lea.

## InfoBox

| *Mordellistena fuscula* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Mordellidae |
| Genus: | *Mordellistena* |
| Species: | ***M. fuscula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mordellistena fuscula***<br>Lea, 1917 | |
|


title: Watasenia-luciferin 2-monooxygenase

abstract:
In enzymology, a Watasenia-luciferin 2-monooxygenase (EC 1.13.12.8) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
  - Watasenia luciferin + O2 ⇌ oxidized Watasenia luciferin + CO2 + hnu Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are Watasenia luciferin and O2, whereas its 3 products are oxidized Watasenia luciferin, CO2, and hn. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically, those acting on single donors with O2 as oxidant and incorporation of two atoms of oxygen into the substrate (oxygenases). The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O with the incorporation of one atom of oxygen (internal monooxygenases o internal mixed-function oxidases). The systematic name of this enzyme class is Watasenia-luciferin:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating). This enzyme is also called Watasenia-type luciferase.

text:
# Watasenia-luciferin 2-monooxygenase

In enzymology, a **Watasenia-luciferin 2-monooxygenase** (EC 1.13.12.8) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

Watasenia luciferin + O2 $\rightleftharpoons $ oxidized Watasenia luciferin + CO2 \+ hnu

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are Watasenia luciferin and O2, whereas its 3 products are oxidized Watasenia luciferin, CO2, and .

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically, those acting on single donors with O2 as oxidant and incorporation of two atoms of oxygen into the substrate (oxygenases). The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O with the incorporation of one atom of oxygen (internal monooxygenases o internal mixed-function oxidases). The systematic name of this enzyme class is **Watasenia-luciferin:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)**. This enzyme is also called **Watasenia-type luciferase**.

* Inoue S, Kakoi H, Goto, T (1976). "Squid bioluminescence. III. Isolation and structure of Watasenia luciferin". *Tetrahedron Lett*. **17**: 2971–2974. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(01)85503-9.

## InfoBox

| Watasenia-luciferin 2-monooxygenase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 1.13.12.8 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: 1988 Volta a Catalunya

abstract: The 1988 Volta a Catalunya was the 68th edition of the Volta a Catalunya cycle race and was held from 2 September to 7 September 1988. The race started in Salou and finished in Lleida. The race was won by Miguel Induráin of the Reynolds team.

text:
# 1988 Volta a Catalunya

The **1988 Volta a Catalunya** was the 68th edition of the Volta a Catalunya cycle race and was held from 2 September to 7 September 1988. The race started in Salou and finished in Lleida. The race was won by Miguel Induráin of the Reynolds team.

## General classification

| **Final general classification**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Miguel Induráin (ESP) Reynolds 25h 29' 14"  2  Laudelino Cubino (ESP) BH \+ 8"  3  Marino Lejarreta (ESP) Caja Rural–Orbea \+ 44"  4  Álvaro Pino (ESP) BH \+ 51"  5  Pello Ruiz Cabestany (ESP) Chateau d'Ax \+ 2' 18"  6  Eric Van Lancker (BEL) Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu \+ 2' 48"  7  Enrique Aja (ESP) Teka \+ 2' 51"  8  Robert Millar (GBR) Fagor–MBK \+ 3' 10"  9  Luca Rota (ITA) Del Tongo \+ 3' 18"  10  Edgar Corredor (COL) Café de Colombia \+ 3' 29" |
| --- |

## InfoBox

1988 Volta a Catalunya
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 2–7 September 1988 |
| Stages | 6 |
| Distance | 989.4 km (614.8 mi) |
| Winning time | 25h 29' 14" |
| Results | |
| Winner  Miguel Induráin (ESP)  (Reynolds)  Second  Laudelino Cubino (ESP)  (BH)  Third  Marino Lejarreta (ESP)  (Caja Rural–Orbea)   ---  Points  Alfonso Gutiérrez (ESP)  (Teka)  Mountains  Arsenio González (ESP)  (Teka)  Sprints  Louis de Koning (NED)  (Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu)  Team Reynolds | |
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title: What Is Beat?

abstract: What Is Beat? – The Best of The Beat is a greatest hits album by the ska band the Beat released in 1983. The original vinyl release included an additional "free album" of extended remixes entitled Frebe. Several songs had previously only been released as singles and B-sides. These include "Too Nice to Talk To", "March of the Swivelheads" and "Psychedelic Rockers". In the UK these also include the A-side "Tears of a Clown" and "Ranking Full Stop". "March of the Swivelheads" later appeared in the film Ferris Bueller's Day Off. The song accompanies the film's climax. The question of the album's title was answered on the back of the original sleeve, "This is Beat!!"

text:
# What Is Beat?

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| Robert Christgau | B+ |
| *The Encyclopedia of Popular Music* |  |
| *Omaha World-Herald* |  |

***What Is Beat? – The Best of The Beat*** is a greatest hits album by the ska band the Beat released in 1983. The original vinyl release included an additional "free album" of extended remixes entitled ***Frebe***. Several songs had previously only been released as singles and B-sides. These include "Too Nice to Talk To", "March of the Swivelheads" and "Psychedelic Rockers". In the UK these also include the A-side "Tears of a Clown" and "Ranking Full Stop". "March of the Swivelheads" later appeared in the film *Ferris Bueller's Day Off*. The song accompanies the film's climax. The question of the album's title was answered on the back of the original sleeve, "This is Beat!!"

## Track listing

**Side 1**

1. "Tears of a Clown" - 2:38 from *I Just Can't Stop It*
2. "Hands Off...She's Mine" - 2:58 from *I Just Can't Stop It*
3. "Mirror in the Bathroom" - 3:07 from *I Just Can't Stop It*
4. "Stand Down Margaret" - 3:31 from *I Just Can't Stop It*
5. "Doors of Your Heart" - 2:59 from *Wha'ppen?*
6. "Twist and Crawl" - 2:33 from *I Just Can't Stop It*
7. "Save It for Later" - 3:35 from *Special Beat Service*

**Side 2**

1. "Too Nice to Talk To" - 3:05 (non-album single)
2. "I Confess" - 3:33 from *Special Beat Service*
3. "Best Friend" - 3:04 from *I Just Can't Stop It*
4. "Drowning" - 3:33 from *Wha'ppen?*
5. "Ackee 1-2-3" - 3:07 Previously unreleased
6. "Can't Get Used to Losing You" - 3:23 from *I Just Can't Stop It* (1983 remix)
7. "Ranking Full Stop" 2:46 from *I Just Can't Stop It*

**Frebe Side 1**

1. "Twist and Crawl" - 4:58
2. "Too Nice to Talk To" - 4:56
3. "Psychedelic Rockers" - 5:30
4. "March of the Swivelheads" - 5:12

**Frebe Side 2**

1. "Save It for Later" - 4:54
2. "Doors of Your Heart" - 5:52
3. "Drowning" 5:14
4. "I Confess" 5:50

**U.S. CD**

1. "Mirror in the Bathroom" - 3:07
2. "Twist and Crawl" - 2:33
3. "Tears of a Clown" - 2:39
4. "Can't Get Used To Losing You" (Remix) - 3:23
5. "Doors of Your Heart" - 2:59
6. "What's Your Best Thing" (UK single) - 3:47
7. "Hit It" (UK single) - 3:00
8. "Save It for Later" (12" version) 4:54
9. "Best Friend" - 3:02
10. "I Confess" (12" remix) - 5:45
11. "Too Nice to Talk To" (UK single) - 3:05
12. "Get a Job/Stand Down Margaret" (recorded live in Boston, 19 November 1982) - 6:40

## InfoBox

| What Is Beat? – The Best of The Beat | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Greatest hits album by the Beat | |
| Released | June 1983 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 44:54 |
| Label |  |
| Producer | Bob Sargeant |
| The Beat chronology | |
| *Special Beat Service*
(1982) ***What Is Beat? – The Best of The Beat***
(1983) *B.P.M.: The Very Best of the Beat*
(1996) | |
|  | |
| CD cover | |
|  | |
| US CD cover | |
|  | |
|  | |