title: Liam Fennelly

abstract: Liam Fennelly is an Irish retired sportsperson. He played hurling with his local club Ballyhale Shamrocks and was a member of the Kilkenny senior inter-county team from 1981 until 1992.

text:
# Liam Fennelly

**Liam Fennelly** (born 1 January 1958 in Piltown, County Kilkenny, Ireland) is an Irish retired sportsperson. He played hurling with his local club Ballyhale Shamrocks and was a member of the Kilkenny senior inter-county team from 1981 until 1992.

## Biography

Liam Fennelly was born in Piltown, County Kilkenny in 1958. The fifth eldest son of Kevin Fennelly and the former Teresa Hoyne, he was born into a family that had a huge interest in the game of hurling. At the age of three the entire family moved to Ballyhale where they purchased a farm. Here Fennelly was educated at the local national school where his hurling skills were first noted and honed by the local teachers, Peadar O’Neill and Joe Dunphy. His skills were also honed on the family farm where he, along with his six brothers – Michael, Ger, Kevin, Brendan, Seán and Dermot – trained.

## Playing career

### Club

The Fennellys have a long association with their local Ballyhale Shamrocks club. It was a club which Kevin Fennelly Snr. was instrumental in helping to found in 1972. By 1978 the new club had reached the top of the local hurling world and Fennelly played a key role as Ballyhale captured their first senior county title. This victory allowed the Shamrocks club to represent Kilkenny in the provincial club championship. The final of that competition saw Fennelly’s side take on Dublin champions Crumlin. A 1-13 to 1-6 victory gave Fennelly his first Leinster club title. The subsequent All-Ireland club final saw Ballyhale Shamrocks take on Cork’s famous Blackrock club. A ten-goal thriller saw Blackrock take the title by 5-7 to 5-5.

Fennelly added two further county medals to his collection to make it three in-a-row in 1979 and 1980. This latter victory was later converted into a Leinster club title following a 3-10 to 1-8 victory over Coolderry of Offaly. Once again Ballyhale Shamrocks reached the All-Ireland final where the star-studded St. Finbarr’s club from Cork provided the opposition. On that occasion all seven Fennelly brothers lined out in an exciting contest. The sides were level on five occasions during the opening thirty minutes; however, the Shamrocks had the edge. At the full-time whistle Ballyhale were the winners by -15 to 1-11 and Fennelly collected his first All-Ireland club medal along with his six brothers.

Another brace of county championship victories followed for Fennelly in 1982 and 1983. Once again this latter victory was later converted into a Leinster club title following a six-point victory over Kinnitty of Offaly. Ballyhale later qualified for the All-Ireland final where Galway champions Gort were the opponents. That game ended in 1-10 apiece draw thanks to a last-minute equalizing point by Dermot Fennelly. The replay took place some time later with Ger Fennelly playing a starring role. His first-half goal was the deciding factor as Ballyhale won the day by 1-10 to 0-7. It was Fennelly’s second All-Ireland club medal.

The rest of the 1980s saw Fennelly bring his county championship tally up to eight with further wins in 1985, 1988 and 1989. The third of these victories was subsequently converted into fourth Leinster club title following a trouncing of the Cuala club from Dublin. Ballyhale later qualified for the All-Ireland final where Limerick and Munster representatives Ballybrown were the opponents. Ballybrown stormed into a six-point lead in the middle of the first-half before Fennelly scored a goal in the twenty-fourth minute. At half-time Ballybrown still led by four points, however, a surge by Ballyhale saw the Kilkenny side claim a 1-16 to 0-16 victory. It was Fennelly’s third All-Ireland medal.

Fennelly won his ninth and final county medal with Ballyhale in 1991.

### Minor & under-21

Fennelly first came to prominence on the inter-county scene in the mid-1970s as a member of the Kilkenny minor hurling team. He won a Leinster title in this grade in 1976 when Kilkenny recorded a respectable 2-14 to 1-8 victory over Wexford. The subsequent All-Ireland championship decider saw Kilkenny take on Tipperary. The game was a complete disaster from a Kilkenny viewpoint as Tipp were overwhelming winners by 2-20 to 1-7.

Fennelly later joined the Kilkenny under-21 panel where he won both Leinster and All-Ireland titles as a non-playing substitute.

### Senior

Fennelly made his debut on the Kilkenny senior team in 1981; however, Offaly had emerged as the new force in Leinster.

In 1982 Fennelly tasted his first major victory with the senior outfit when he captured a National Hurling League title. He later lined out in Croke Park in his very first Leinster final. Offaly, the reigning provincial and All-Ireland champions were the opponents on that occasion and an interesting game developed. After a close seventy minutes of hurling Kilkenny emerged victorious by just two points and Fennelly collected his first Leinster winners’ medal. He subsequently lined out in the All-Ireland championship decider against Cork. Christy Heffernan was the hero of the day as he scored two goals in a forty-second spell just before half-time. Fennelly’s brother, Ger, captured a third goal in the second half as Kilkenny completely trounced ‘the Rebels’ by 3-18 to 1-15. This victory gave Fennelly his first All-Ireland medal.

In 1983 Fennelly had the great honour of being appointed captain of the Kilkenny team. It also turned out to be one of his best seasons to date in the black and amber jersey. He began the year by capturing a second consecutive National League victory before lining out in the Leinster final against Offaly. It was their second consecutive meeting in the provincial decider, however, on this occasion the victory was more comprehensive on this occasion. A 1-17 to 0-13 win gave Fennelly his second Leinster medal. For the second year in-a-row ‘the Cats’ squared up to Cork in the All-Ireland final. Once again Kilkenny dominated the game, assisted by a strong wind in the first-half, and hung on in the face of a great fight-back by Cork. At the full-time whistle Kilkenny emerged victorious by 2-14 to 2-12. It was Fennelly’s second All-Ireland medal while he also had the honour of collecting the Liam MacCarthy Cup. He was later presented with his first All-Star award.

Kilkenny’s fortunes took a downturn following this victory as Offaly won the next two Leinster titles. In spite of this Fennelly was Kilkenny’s best player in 1985 and he was duly presented with a second All-Star. ‘The Cats’ bounced back in 1986 with Fennelly collecting a third National League medal before playing in the provincial decider against Offaly. A comprehensive 4-10 to 1-11 victory gave Fennelly his third Leinster winners’ medal. Following this win Kilkenny were firm favourites for the All-Ireland title, however, Galway got the better of them in the All-Ireland semi-final with a 4-12 to 0-13 victory.

In 1987 Kilkenny qualified for the provincial decider once again with Offaly providing the opposition. The game developed into a close affair; however, victory went to ‘the Cats’ by 2-14 to 0-17. It was Fennelly’s fourth Leinster title. This victory allowed Kilkenny to advance to play Antrim in the all Ireland semi final. After a close affair in Dundalk, Kilkenny progressed to the all Ireland final. Galway provided the opposition on that occasion, however, the game turned out to be a drab affair. A goal by substitute Noel Lane with seven minutes to give Galway the edge and they hung on to win by 1-12 to 0-9. Fennelly was later honoured with his third All-Star award.

Kilkenny went into decline following this defeat. After a defeat in the provincial decider of 1989 Fennelly won a fourth National League medal in 1990 before his side were back in the Leinster final again two years later. Dublin provided the opposition on that occasion; however, they proved to be no pushovers. With seconds left in the game ‘the Dubs’ were winning by a single point, however, a last-gasp goal sealed a 1-11 to 0-13 victory for ‘the Cats’. It was Fennelly’s fifth Leinster winners’ medal. Another nail-biting win over Antrim in similar circumstances set up an All-Ireland final meeting with Tipperary, their first championship encounter in twenty years. The opening thirty-five minutes saw both sides trade score-for-score, however, a controversial 2-metre free, miss-hit by Michael Cleary, landed in the net and gave Tipp a lead which they never surrendered. The final score of 1-16 to 0-15 resulted in a loss for Kilkenny.

In 1992 Fennelly was one of the veterans of the Kilkenny team; however, he was appointed captain of the team for the third time that year. That year’s Leinster final pitted Kilkenny against Wexford. The game was an easy one for ‘the Cats’ as Kilkenny’s side won easily by 3-16 to 2-9. It was Fennelly’s sixth Leinster medal and his second occasion lifting the Bob O’Keeffe Cup. The subsequent All-Ireland final saw Fennelly line out against Cork for the third time in his career. Prior to the game Kilkenny won the toss, however, Fennelly chose to play against the wind. At half-time his side were only two points in arrears thanks to a D.J. Carey goal four minutes before the interval. John Power and Michael Phelan added two second-half goals to give Fennelly a 3-10 to 1-12 win. It was Fennelly’s second time lifting the Liam MacCarthy Cup and his third All-Ireland title. He retired from inter-county hurling shortly afterwards.

In 2010, Liam Fennelly was selected as full forward on the Kilkenny 125yrs team - organised through the 'Kilkenny People' newspaper. This honour is a reflection of the excellence that this scion of a famous clan brought to his time in the black & amber.

## InfoBox

Liam Fennelly
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Irish name | *Liam Ó Fionnalaigh* | | |
| Sport | Hurling | | |
| Position | Forward | | |
| Born | (1958-01-01) 1 January 1958<br>Piltown, County Kilkenny, Ireland | | |
| Height | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) | | |
| Occupation | Sales representative | | |
| Club(s) | | | |
| Years | **Club** | | |
| 1970s-1990s | Ballyhale Shamrocks | | |
| Club titles | | | |
| Kilkenny titles | 9 | | |
| All-Ireland Titles | 2 | | |
| Inter-county(ies) | | | |
| Years | **County** | **Apps (scores)** |
| 1981-1992 | Kilkenny | 31 (21-21) |
| Inter-county titles | | | |
| Leinster titles | 6 | | |
| All-Irelands | 3 | | |
| All Stars | 4 | | |


title: Västra Kattarp

abstract: Västra Kattarp is a neighbourhood of Malmö, situated in the district of Öster, Malmö Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden.

text:
# Västra Kattarp

**Västra Kattarp** is a neighbourhood of Malmö, situated in the district of Öster, Malmö Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden.

## InfoBox

| Västra Kattarp | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 55°34′46″N 13°02′20″E / 55.57944°N 13.03889°E / 55.57944; 13.03889 | |
| Country | Sweden |
| Province | Skåne |
| County | Skåne County |
| Municipality | Malmö Municipality |
| Borough of Malmö | Rosengård |
| Population (1 January 2011) | |
| Total | 1,663 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: The Mysterious Origins of Man

abstract:
The Mysterious Origins of Man is a pseudoarchaeological television special that originally aired on NBC on February 25, 1996. Hosted by Charlton Heston, the program presents the fringe theory that mankind has lived on the Earth for tens of millions of years, and that mainstream scientists have suppressed the fossil evidence for this. Some material included was based on Forbidden Archeology, a 1993 book written by Hindu creationists Michael Cremo and Richard L. Thompson about anomalous archeological finds reported mainly in early scientific journals.
The film covers topics such as The Paluxy tracks, the Zuiyo-maru carcass, the Missing Link, the Java Man, Lucy, Tiwanaku, Stonehenge, the Giza pyramids, the Piri Reis map, Atlantis, and the Pole shift hypothesis.

text:
# The Mysterious Origins of Man

***The Mysterious Origins of Man*** is a pseudoarchaeological television special that originally aired on NBC on February 25, 1996. Hosted by Charlton Heston, the program presents the fringe theory that mankind has lived on the Earth for tens of millions of years, and that mainstream scientists have suppressed the fossil evidence for this. Some material included was based on *Forbidden Archeology*, a 1993 book written by Hindu creationists Michael Cremo and Richard L. Thompson about anomalous archeological finds reported mainly in early scientific journals. The film covers topics such as The Paluxy tracks, the Zuiyo-maru carcass, the Missing Link, the Java Man, Lucy, Tiwanaku, Stonehenge, the Giza pyramids, the Piri Reis map, Atlantis, and the Pole shift hypothesis.

## Interviewees

## Reception

The program was widely criticized by the scientific community. Donald Johanson said it was "absolutely shameful, and it sort of sets us back 100 years". Jim Foley of TalkOrigins called it a "pseudo-scientific mishmash of discredited claims and crackpot ideas". However, the criticism did not prevent NBC from re-broadcasting the special on June 8, 1996. In response, John Carman wrote in the *San Francisco Chronicle*, "You'd think the NBC brass would be a touch embarrassed by the program, and eager to let the little furor fritter away into oblivion. But then you really would be a simpleton. NBC, a subsidiary of the science giant General Electric, does not exist to sharpen minds. Science, schmience. If there was money to be made from it, NBC would tell you the Earth is flat because of repeated indentations from space aliens on pogo sticks."

Dave Thomas wrote in *Skeptical Briefs* that "quality science was nowhere to be found" in the program, as it had people of questionable credentials interviewed and failed to interview the leading researchers in their respective fields. Thomas further explained the show failed to challenge the extraordinary claims.

Creationist Ken Ham criticized the production in the February 1996 Answers in Genesis newsletter in a review titled "Hollywood's 'Moses' Undermines Genesis". Ham attacked fellow creationist Baugh's claims, saying, "According to leading creationist researchers, this evidence is open to much debate and needs much more intensive research. One wonders how much of the information in the program can really be trusted!"

## InfoBox

| *The Mysterious Origins of Man* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Documentary |
| Written by | John Cheshire
Bill Cote |
| Directed by | Bill Cote |
| Narrated by | Charlton Heston |
| Composer | Fritz Heede |
| Production | |
| Producers | John Cheshire
Bill Cote
Carol Cote |
| Cinematography | Bill Cote |
| Running time | 46 minutes |
| Production company | BC Video Inc. |
| Original release | |
| Network | NBC |
| Release | February 25, 1996 (1996-02-25) |


abstract: The 1901-02 Oregon Agricultural College men's basketball team was the first in the history of the school, known today as Oregon State University. The team sport was organized by W.O. "Dad" Trine, who was also the school's track coach. The nickname of OAC teams in this era was the "Aggies," with today's team name, the "Beavers" first adopted during the decade of the 1920s. The team was independent, scheduling games on an ad hoc basis rather than as part of a formal sports conference.

text:
# 1901–02 Oregon Agricultural Aggies men's basketball team

The **1901-02 Oregon Agricultural College men's basketball team** was the first in the history of the school, known today as Oregon State University. The team sport was organized by W.O. "Dad" Trine, who was also the school's track coach.

The nickname of OAC teams in this era was the "Aggies," with today's team name, the "Beavers" first adopted during the decade of the 1920s. The team was independent, scheduling games on an ad hoc basis rather than as part of a formal sports conference.

## Team history

### Background

Basketball was invented in December 1891 by physical education teacher James Naismith and rapidly achieved popularity as an indoor sport for the winter season. The sport came to Oregon rapidly, being declared "all the rage" as a training sport for football participants in January 1893, with the Salem YMCA forced to add additional classes to meet surging demand.

A women's basketball team was established at OAC during the academic year of 1897-98, with one game played in the spring of 1898 by the school squad in response to a challenge offered by the team of the Chemawa Indian Institute of Salem. The match, played April 29 in Salem at the Willamette University gym, was won by OAC by a score of 13 to 11. The OAC team included Inez Fuller, Fanny Getty, Dora Hodgin, Blanche Holden, Bessie Smith, and Leona "Nonie" Smith.

The OAC women's basketball team was more formally organized by the 1899-1900 academic year, with Bessie Smith elected team president as well selecting a full slate of officers, including a vice-president, secretary, and treasurer. Scheduling was handled by the team manager, Mr. J.H. Gallagher.

A news item in the *Corvallis Gazette* of January 8, 1901 mentions the name of former OAC student Fred W. Smith as "the father of basketball at that institution." It is unclear whether he was related to Bessie Smith of the OAC women's team. Smith (OAC Class of 1900) was tapped as the coach of the OAC women's team in October 1899.

### Formal organization

While the 1901-02 team was OAC's first school-sanctioned men's club, the sport was played competitively on campus with an admission fee charged during previous academic years. A game between students took place in the school's armory on January 26, 1901 following a baseball game between commissioned and non-commissioned military officers. Played before a substantial audience, the exhibition basketball game was won by a team calling itself the "White Roses" by a score of 4 to 0.

Collegiate football had come to Corvallis, Oregon in the fall of 1893, when the Oregon Agricultural College Aggies fielded their first squad. It was not until 1901-02, when track coach W.O. "Dad" Trine formally established the school's first men's basketball squad.

Trine would serve as the team's coach until he was replaced in 1908 by E.D. Angell.

The OAC basketball team was independent during the 1901-02 academic year, scheduling its games on an ad hoc basis rather than as part of a formal sports conference.

## Personnel

The 1901-02 OAC Aggies team included the following members:

* "Ham" Bilyeu
* Garrow
* Patterson
* Carl Rinehart
* "Rat" Rinehart
* Will Scott
* "Skeeter" Swann

## Game results (partial list)

* Feb. 7, 1902: @Willamette University 62, OAC 11
* March 3, 1902: @OAC 14, Willamette University 11

## Footnotes


title: North Wing Solairus

abstract: The North Wing Solairus is an American ultralight trike that was designed and produced by North Wing Design of Chelan, Washington, introduced about 2015. Now out of production, when it was available it was supplied complete and ready-to-fly. By February 2018, the aircraft was no longer offered for sale on the company website, although a trike wing with the same name was still in production.

text:
# North Wing Solairus

The **North Wing Solairus** is an American ultralight trike that was designed and produced by North Wing Design of Chelan, Washington, introduced about 2015. Now out of production, when it was available it was supplied complete and ready-to-fly.

By February 2018, the aircraft was no longer offered for sale on the company website, although a trike wing with the same name was still in production.

## Design and development

The Solairus was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules, including the category's maximum empty weight of 254 lb (115 kg). The aircraft has a standard empty weight of 254 lb (115 kg).

The aircraft design features a strut-braced topless hang glider-style high-wing, weight-shift controls, a single-seat open cockpit with a cockpit fairing, tricycle landing gear with wheel fairings and a single engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft wing is made from bolted-together aluminum tubing, with its double surface wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. The trike carriage is of composite materials and is an aerodynamically faired design. Its 34.68 ft (10.6 m) span wing is supported by a single tube-type kingpost and uses an "A" frame weight-shift control bar. The powerplant is a single-cylinder, air-cooled, two-stroke 21 hp (16 kW) Polini Thor 100, 29 hp (22 kW) Polini Thor 200 engine or the 22 hp (16 kW) Bailey 200 V4.

The aircraft has a carriage weight of 108 lb (49 kg) and an empty weight of 254 lb (115 kg).

## Specifications (Solairus)

*Data from* Tacke

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** one
* **Wingspan:** 34 ft 8 in (10.57 m)
* **Wing area:** 180 sq ft (17 m2)
* **Empty weight:** 254 lb (115 kg)
* **Powerplant:** 1 × Polini Thor 100 single cylinder, air-cooled, two stroke aircraft engine, 21 hp (16 kW)
* **Propellers:** 2-bladed fixed pitch

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 45 mph (73 km/h, 39 kn)
* **Cruise speed:** 25 mph (40 km/h, 22 kn)
* **Stall speed:** 21 mph (33 km/h, 18 kn)

## InfoBox

| Solairus | |
| --- | --- |
| Role | Ultralight trike |
| National origin | United States |
| Manufacturer | North Wing Design |
| Introduction | c.2015 |
| Status | Production completed |


title: Mac Críodáin

abstract: Mac Críodáin, Gaelic-Irish surname, anglicised as Creedon. This surname originated in medieval Munster, being found especially in Thomond, Ormond, and Desmond. Thady Credan, of Drangan, Tipperary, and William MacCruddan, were musicians pardoned in the fiants between 1565 and 1586. Bearers of the name include John Creedon, broadcaster with RTÉ Radio; John J. Creedon, CEO with Metropolitan Life Insurance Company; and Dave Creedon (1919–2007), an Irish sportsperson.

text:
# Mac Críodáin

**Mac Críodáin**, Gaelic-Irish surname, anglicised as Creedon.

This surname originated in medieval Munster, being found especially in Thomond, Ormond, and Desmond (now counties Clare and Limerick, County Tipperary, and counties Waterford and Cork).

Thady Credan, of Drangan, Tipperary, and William MacCruddan, were musicians pardoned in the fiants between 1565 and 1586.

Bearers of the name include John Creedon, broadcaster with RTÉ Radio; John J. Creedon, CEO with Metropolitan Life Insurance Company; and Dave Creedon (1919–2007), an Irish sportsperson.


title: 1707 in Great Britain

abstract: Events from the year 1707 in Great Britain, created on 1 May this year as a consequence of the 1706 Treaty of Union and its ratification by the 1707 Acts of Union.

text:
# 1707 in Great Britain

Events from the year **1707 in Great Britain**, created on 1 May this year as a consequence of the 1706 Treaty of Union and its ratification by the 1707 Acts of Union.

## Incumbents

## Events

### Undated

## Books

## Periodicals

* John Oldmixon, *The Muses Mercury; or, The Monthly Miscellany*, published monthly from January of this year to January 1708

## Poetry and songs

* Samuel Cobb, *Poems on Several Occasions*
* Nahum Tate, *The Triumph of Union*
* Isaac Watts, *Hymns and Spiritual Songs*, the first of many editions throughout the 18th century and afterward; includes "O God, Our Help in Ages Past"
* John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester, *The Miscellaneous Works of the Right Honourable the Late Earls of Rochester And Roscommon. With The Memoirs of the Life and Character of the late Earl of Rochester, in a Letter to the Dutchess of Mazarine. By Mons. St. Evremont*, London: Printed & sold by B. Bragge; second edition in the same year, London: Printed for Edmund Curll (third edition, 1709)

## Drama

## Births (from 1 May)

## Deaths (from 1 May)

## InfoBox


title: Octasulfur monoxide

abstract: Octasulfur monoxide is an inorganic compound with a chemical formula S8O, discovered in 1972. It is a type of sulfur oxide. A crystalline compound composed of cyclooctasulfur monoxide and antimony pentachloride in equimolar quantities can be made (S8O·SbCl5).

text:
# Octasulfur monoxide

**Octasulfur monoxide** is an inorganic compound with a chemical formula 8, discovered in 1972. It is a type of sulfur oxide.

A crystalline compound composed of cyclooctasulfur monoxide and antimony pentachloride in equimolar quantities can be made (S8O·SbCl5).

## InfoBox

Octasulfur monoxide
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Other names * Cyclooctasulfane oxide * Octathiocane oxide | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/OS8/c1-9-7-5-3-2-4-6-8-9Key: ZNJJQQGMZXVPNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
| SMILES * O=S1SSSSSSS1 | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | S8O |
| Molar mass | 272.48 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | Yellowish sharp crystal |
| Density | 2.13 g·cm−3 |
| Solubility | 0.8 gcarbon disulfide) |
| Structure | |
| Crystal structure | Orthorhombic |
| Space group | Pca21 |
| Lattice constant | *a* = 13.197, *b* = 7.973, *c* = 8.096 |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


title: Naoko

abstract: Naoko is a feminine Japanese given name which is occasionally spelled Nahoko.

text:
# Naoko

**Naoko** (なおこ, ナオコ) is a feminine Japanese given name which is occasionally spelled **Nahoko** (なほこ, ナホコ).

## Possible writings

Naoko can be written using different kanji characters and can mean:

* 直子, "obedient, child"
* 尚子, "esteem, child"
* 奈緒子, "Nara, cord, child"
* 菜緒子, "greens, cord, child"
* 奈央子, "Nara, center, child"
* 菜穂子, "greens, ear (of grain), child"
* 奈保子, "Nara, keep, child"
* 奈生子, "Nara, fresh, child"

The name can also be written in hiragana or katakana.

## People with the name

## Fictional characters

## InfoBox

Naoko
| Naoko Mori, a Japanese actress | |
| --- | --- |
| Gender | Female |
| Origin | |
| Word/name | Japanese |
| Meaning | many different meanings depending on the kanji used. |
| Other names | |
| Related names | Nao<br>Naomi |


title: Soy Festival

abstract: Soy Festival is a yearly music festival happening in the autumn in Nantes, France. The festival focuses on avant-garde rock, experimental rock, noise rock, and other experimental music genres. The concerts take place in different locations in Nantes

text:
# Soy Festival

**Soy Festival** is a yearly music festival happening in the autumn in Nantes, France. The festival focuses on avant-garde rock, experimental rock, noise rock, and other experimental music genres. The concerts take place in different locations in Nantes (Olympic, Lieu Unique, Pannonica, Barakason, Live, Bobard, Violon Dingue, Maison de quartier de Doulon, Rue'pture, le Blockhaus DY10, Planétarium, Ferrailleur)

## Pre Soy (2001)

Billy Mahonie, Purr, My Own, Pull

## Soy 1, 2003

Why?, Tepr, Matt Elliott, Many Fingers

## Soy 2, 2004

Old Time Relijun, Julie Doiron, Zu, Flotation Toy Warning, Minor Majority, Victory Hall, Thomas Belhom, Park Attack, Encre, My Name Is Nobody, Ichabod Crane, Bocage.

## Soy 3, 2005

Dirty Three, Josh Pearson, Animal Collective, Elysian Fields, Berg Sans Nipple, Piano Magic, Fruitkey, Tazio and Boy, Trumans Water, Friction, Room 204, Dirge

## Soy 4, 2006

Howe Gelb, Carla Bozulich, Hrsta, Grizzly Bear, Part Chimp, Jel, Charlottefield, Half Asleep, The Healthy Boy, Brian Straw, Soon, Lichens, Bird Show, Marissa Nadler, Kria Brekkan, Cyann and Ben

## Soy 5, 2007

Zita Swoon, Stanley Brinks (aka Herman Düne, Zëro (Ex Bastard), Rhys Chatham \+ guests (Guitar Trio project), Califone, SJ Esau (Anticon) and others

## Soy 6, 2008

Why?, Son Lux, Volcano, Acid Mother Temple, No Age, Neptune, The Oscillation, Dwayne Sodahberk, Stearica, Pillars and Tongues, Chris Corsano & Mick Flower, Daniel Higgs, NLF3, Eric Chenaux, Six Organs of Admittance, Thank You, Skyphone, The Sight Below, CJ Boyd, Chris Garneau.

## Soy 7, 2009

Animal Hospital, Fol Chen, Ichabod Crane, Banjo Or Freakout, Soap&Skin, Do Make Say Think, Part Chimp, Themselves, HEALTH, Clues, Thank You, Voice of the Seven Woods, Skeletons, Room 204, Benoit Pioulard, James Blackshaw, Matteah Baim, Pictureplane, Get Back Guinozzi, All in the Golden Afternoon, Mountains, The Happiness Project, Stars Like Flash, Our Brother the Native, Alexis Gideon, Action Beat and others.


title: Life Processes

abstract: Life Processes is the second album by ¡Forward, Russia!, and was released in the UK on 14 April 2008. It was produced by former Minus the Bear keyboardist Matt Bayles at Red Room Recordings in Seattle, Washington. The first single from the album is "Breaking Standing". This album marks the end of the numerical song titles which featured on the debut album, Give Me a Wall. "Spanish Triangles" was put up for streaming or downloading before the release of the album.

text:
# Life Processes

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 64/100 link |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | link |
| *Drowned in Sound* | link |
| *Pitchfork Media* | 6.4/10 link |
| *Rocklouder* | link |
| *SPIN* | link |

***Life Processes*** is the second album by ¡Forward, Russia!, and was released in the UK on 14 April 2008. It was produced by former Minus the Bear keyboardist Matt Bayles at Red Room Recordings in Seattle, Washington. The first single from the album is "Breaking Standing". This album marks the end of the numerical song titles which featured on the debut album, *Give Me a Wall*. "Spanish Triangles" was put up for streaming or downloading before the release of the album.

## Tracklisting

All tracks written by ¡Forward, Russia!

1. "Welcome to the Moment (The Rest of Your Life)" – 2:17
2. "We Are Grey Matter" – 4:55
3. "A Prospector Can Dream" – 3:21
4. "Spring Is a Condition" – 5:16
5. "Don't Say Reinvent What You Don't Understand" – 3:40
6. "Some Buildings" – 6:47
7. "Breaking Standing" – 4:16
8. "Gravity & Heat" – 6:03
9. "Fosbury in Discontent" – 3:48
10. "A Shadow Is a Shadow Is a Shadow" – 3:20
11. "Spanish Triangles" – 8:54

## InfoBox

| Life Processes | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by ¡Forward, Russia! | |
| Released | 14 April 2008 |
| Recorded | 2007 |
| Genre | Indie rock |
| Length | 52:05 |
| Label | Cooking Vinyl |
| ¡Forward, Russia! chronology | |
| *Give Me a Wall*
(2006) ***Life Processes***
(2008) | |


title: W. Alexander & Sons

abstract: W. Alexander & Sons Ltd was a bus operator and coachbuilder in Scotland. The company grew from small beginnings to become the largest bus operator in Scotland, and one of the largest in the U.K., by the time it was split up in 1961. Its coachbuilding activities, which were transferred to a separate company in 1947, still survive as part of Alexander Dennis.

text:
# W. Alexander & Sons

**W. Alexander & Sons Ltd** was a bus operator and coachbuilder in Scotland. The company grew from small beginnings to become the largest bus operator in Scotland, and one of the largest in the U.K., by the time it was split up in 1961. Its coachbuilding activities, which were transferred to a separate company in 1947, still survive as part of Alexander Dennis.

## History

### Early years

Alexanders' Motor Services began running 'omnibus' services in the Falkirk area from a base in Camelon in 1913, and by 1924 the company was registered as **W. Alexander & Sons Ltd.** It was run by father and son, Walter Alexander (1879–1959) and Walter Alexander (1902–1979).

From 1929 the company was controlled by the Scottish Motor Traction Company (SMT), which had itself come under control of the LMS and LNE Railway companies the previous year. Expansion was rapid, partly achieved by acquisition. An early gain was the Scottish General Omnibus Group, which, through a northern subsidiary, took the growing Alexanders empire as far away as Aberdeen and Inverness by 1930. The company acquired Bydand Motor Omnibus Company of Aberdeen in 1932. In 1934 another notable achievement was an agreement with Perth Corporation to run city bus services on their behalf. Some acquired companies were initially operated as subsidiaries rather than being immediately absorbed by Alexander, notably **General Motor Carrying Co. Ltd.** of Kirkcaldy (1930–37), **Simpson's and Forrester's Ltd.** of Dunfermline (1929–38), **Pitlochry Motor Services Ltd.** of Pitlochry (1929–42) and **David Lawson Ltd.** of Kirkintilloch (1936–61).

In addition to running services, Alexanders had also been building bus bodies since 1924, initially for their own use and then for their subsidiary operators and other members of the SMT group. However, when the bus and coach operations of the SMT group were about to be nationalised following the new Labour Government's Transport Act 1947, it became necessary to move the coachbuilding to a separate company, Walter Alexander & Co. (Coachbuilders) Ltd, in order to keep it in private hands.

### Post-nationalisation

Nationalisation of the railway companies in 1948 made the British Transport Commission majority owner of the SMT group, and complete nationalisation took place in 1949. Some minor restructuring of the companies then took place, with the SMT parent company's detached operations in the Dundee area being transferred to Alexander later that year. In 1952 Highland Omnibuses Ltd. was formed by the merger of the group's Inverness-based subsidiaries Highland Transport and MacRae & Dick, and Alexander's Inverness operations were also transferred to the new company.

#### Geographical split

The geographical extent of the company's services was huge, extending from Glasgow and Oban in the south west to Aberdeen and Forres in the north-east, so for management purposes there where three operating areas - Fife (within the county of Fife, which prior to the construction of the Forth and Tay road bridges had a relatively self-contained bus network), Southern (south and west of Perth) and Northern (Dundee and the north east). In 1961 the operating company was split into three smaller units corresponding with these areas, **W. Alexander & Sons (Fife) Ltd.** based in Kirkcaldy, **W. Alexander & Sons (Midland) Ltd.** based in Falkirk and **W. Alexander & Sons (Northern) Ltd.** based in Aberdeen. Alexander (Midland) also absorbed the David Lawson subsidiary at this time. The old company's buses had used a blue livery, apart from Perth City and Kirkcaldy Town buses and the David Lawson subsidiary, which fleets were usually painted dark red. Soon after the split, however, the Fife and Northern companies adopted bright red and yellow liveries respectively, while the Midland company retained the original shade of blue. The Alexander fleetname was not used on vehicles thereafter, although the bluebird logo used on Alexander's coach fleet continued to be used by all three successor companies.

#### 1978 rebranding

As part of a rebranding exercise within the Scottish Transport Group in 1978, fleet names Fife Scottish, Midland Scottish and Northern Scottish were adopted. In preparation for deregulation of bus services, a further reorganisation of the Scottish Bus Group occurred in 1985 in which boundaries were realigned again and the three companies became five: Fife Scottish Omnibuses Ltd., Kelvin Scottish Omnibuses Ltd., Midland Scottish Omnibuses Ltd., Northern Scottish Omnibuses Ltd. and Strathtay Scottish Omnibuses Ltd.

## Sources

* Brown, S.J. (1984), *Alexander's Buses*, Fleetline Books. ISBN 0946033013.
* Condie, A.T. (1996), *Alexanders Buses Remembered - Volume 1 1945-1961*, Allan T. Condie Publications. ISBN 1856380149.
* Condie, A.T. (1997), *Alexanders Buses Remembered - Volume 2 1961-1985*, Allan T. Condie Publications. ISBN 1856380173.
* Hibbs, J. (1968). *The History of British Bus Services*, David & Charles, Newton Abbott. ISBN 0715342215.
* McCallum, F. & Bloomfield, S.W. (1965), *British Bus Fleets No.22: Scottish Bus Group*, Ian Allan, London.
* P.S.V. Circle (1995), *W. Alexander & Sons Ltd; Part One 1914 to 1931 (fleet history PM14)*, P.S.V. Circle, Harrow.


title: The Moonlighter

abstract: The Moonlighter is a 1953 American 3D Western film directed by Roy Rowland and starring Barbara Stanwyck, Fred MacMurray and Ward Bond. Distributed by Warner Bros., it premiered alongside the 1953 Looney Tunes 3-D Bugs Bunny cartoon, Lumber Jack-Rabbit and the 3-D Lippert short, Bandit Island.

text:
# The Moonlighter

***The Moonlighter*** is a 1953 American 3D Western film directed by Roy Rowland and starring Barbara Stanwyck, Fred MacMurray and Ward Bond. Distributed by Warner Bros., it premiered alongside the 1953 Looney Tunes 3-D Bugs Bunny cartoon, *Lumber Jack-Rabbit* and the 3-D Lippert short, *Bandit Island*.

## Plot

Wes Anderson (MacMurray) has been "moonlighting," rustling cattle at night under the moon. A lynch mob led by rancher Alex Prince accidentally hangs the wrong man due to a mixup from a cell change during a jail cleaning. Wes escapes.

Rela (Stanwyck), his former sweetheart, after a 5-year absence by Wes, is now involved with his younger brother Tom, who works in a bank. Tom has always admired Wes. Wes seeks vengeance on the lynch party and begins killing some of Prince's hands who lynched the innocent man.

Tom is fired from the Rio Hondo bank by Mott, his boss. Cole Gardner, an outlaw, persuades Wes to rob the bank, and Tom decides to join them. Rela warns Wes that if any harm comes to Tom, she will hold him responsible.

During the robbery, Wes and Cole get away with the money, but his former boss shoots Tom. A posse is formed and Rela demands to be deputized and bring back Wes dead or alive. Cole double-crosses his partner, taking the money and leaving Wes tied up. Rela encounters Cole on the trail, outflanking and shooting Cole. She then finds Wes tied up, taking him prisoner.

On the way back to town, Rela slips in a waterfall and nearly drowns. Wes saves her life. Ashamed of his ways, Wes offers to ride back to town alongside Rela to turn himself in to the law and accept his fate of possibly 25 years to life imprisonment. Wes asks Rela to wait for him.

## Cast

## Production

The railroad scenes were filmed on the Sierra Railroad in Tuolumne County, California.

## Reception

On MysteryFile.com, Jonathan Lewis wrote:

> Although the plot may be fairly standard, *The Moonlighter* is nevertheless an odd film... because of two factors, none of which seem to make much sense. First of all, the film's running time is a mere 78 minutes, yet it has an intermission! Second, it was released in 3-D, but there's really nothing in the movie that makes it remotely worthy of that format.
>
> \[NOTE: This was standard for all 3-D films of the era, as both projectors were needed to project 3-D, and the maximum amount of footage that would fit on special reels was 40 minutes.\]
>
> The cast also makes it an odd film. Fred MacMurray and Barbara Stanwyck were undoubtedly far too talented for this uneven film. Admittedly, the reunited *Double Indemnity* (1944) actors do the best they can with the sometimes downright atrocious low-tech dialogue that plagues what could have, with some tweaking, been a much better film. Too much of the dialogue is on the nose, with characters telling each other how much they either love or hate one another. It's just cringeworthy to listen to these two actors who, it's clear, deserved a much better script than the one offered here.

## InfoBox

| The Moonlighter | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Roy Rowland |
| Screenplay by | Niven Busch |
| Produced by | Joseph Bernhard |
| Starring | Barbara Stanwyck
Fred MacMurray
Ward Bond |
| Cinematography | Bert Glennon |
| Edited by | Terry O. Morse |
| Music by | Heinz Roemheld |
| Color process | Black and white |
| Production
companies | Joseph Bernhard Productions
Abtcon Pictures |
| Distributed by | Warner Bros. |
| Release date | * September 19, 1953 (1953-09-19) |
| Running time | 78 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Box office | $1 million (US) |


title: North Kent Marshes

abstract: The North Kent Marshes are in the far north of the county of Kent spanning dry and wet south banks and inlets of the Thames Estuary in south-east England. The marshes are one of 22 Environmentally Sensitive Areas recognised by the UK's Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). They are in the Thames Gateway regional planning area. They include the 5,289-hectare (20.4 sq mi) South Thames Estuary and Marshes biological SSSI.

text:
# North Kent Marshes

The **North Kent Marshes** are in the far north of the county of Kent spanning dry and wet south banks and inlets of the Thames Estuary in south-east England. The marshes are one of 22 Environmentally Sensitive Areas recognised by the UK's Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). They are in the Thames Gateway regional planning area. They include the 5,289-hectare (20.4 sq mi) South Thames Estuary and Marshes biological SSSI.

## Governance

The marshes are nearly contiguous and span the districts of Dartford, Gravesham, Medway, Swale and Canterbury.

They are protected in the Kent and Medway Structure Plan. In successive Local Plans, required by UK Planning Law they have been included, regard being had to their environmental benefit. The marshes serve as emergency natural flood protection for London.

## Ecology

Most of the northern edge of Kent, west of the relatively modest Thanet peninsula, has been marshland for millennia. Steeper gravel beaches with hills behind and segments of low cliff in the east at Whitstable and Herne Bay form the most notable exceptions, along a stretch of about 4 miles (6.4 km). The almost 35 miles (56 km) of marshes, in many places reaching 1–2 miles (1.6–3.2 km) inland, stretch from the large town of Dartford in the west, to the west of Whitstable in the east. In the centre of the marshes are the semi-suburban grouping of the Medway Towns: Chatham, Gillingham and Rochester. Sittingbourne and Faversham are also located on the marshes. The Saxon Shore Way runs along the coast of the marshes, and onwards to Hastings on the south coast.

The marshes have been recognised as one of the most important natural wetlands in northern Europe, and they are monitored by local landowners and wildlife custodians. According to the RSPB, up to 300,000 migrant birds use the mudflats of the Thames marshes as a haven each year in their migratory journeys between the Arctic and Africa.

The RSPB have acquired considerable stretches of Cliffe marshes on the Hoo peninsula. They maintain reserves at Cliffe pools, Northward hill, High Halstow and Elmley Marshes, Sheppey. The Medway Council's riverside park at Gillingham is also managed, public-access marshland.

The North Kent Marshes' stable water level provides an important habitat for water vole. Shorne and Higham marshes, with parts of Cliffe and Cooling marsh, Allhallows and Grain marshes and Sheppey here are three of their thirteen main habitats in Britain.

## Cultural references

51°29′N 0°30′E / 51.483°N 0.500°E / 51.483; 0.500


title: 1872 in birding and ornithology

text:
# 1872 in birding and ornithology

Birds described in 1872 include the Chilean flamingo, snowy egret, black-tailed crake, Cyprus warbler, Baikal bullfinch, Persian shearwater, red-fronted antpecker, Tibetan serin, Newton's parakeet and the orange fruit dove.

## Events

* Allan Octavian Hume starts the quarterly journal *Stray Feathers* in 1872 supported by Ferdinand Stoliczka, who was an editor for the *Journal of the Asiatic Society*.
* Henry Baker Tristram studies Bible localities and birds in Palestine.
* Richard Bowdler Sharpe's main work was in classifying and cataloguing the collections of the British Museum but also played a major role in acquiring private collections by persuading wealthy collectors and travellers to contribute to the museum. In 1872 the museum had 35,000 bird specimens; the collection had grown to half a million by the time of his death.

## Publications

* Juan Ignacio Molina *Saggio sulla Storia Naturale del Chili*
* Alphonse Milne-Edwards *Resume des Recherches sur les Oiseaux Fossiles*. C. R. vol. lxxiv. p. 1030, and *Annales des Sciences Naturelles* xvi. art. 2. \[A resume of the principal discoveries made since 1856 in fossil birds, which the author' has embodied in his great work on this subject, now completed\]. Translation as Investigations on Fossil Birds. *Annals and Magazine of Natural History* ser. 4. x. pp.
* Walter Buller *A History of the Birds of New Zealand*. London: Van Voorst (completed 1873)
* Otto Finsch "Zur Ornithologie der Samoa-Inseln". *Journal für Ornithologie* 1872
* George Ernest Shelley *A Handbook to the Birds of Egypt* (1872)
* Carl Jakob Sundevall, 1872. *Methodi naturalis avium disponendarum tentamen. Försök till fogelklassens naturenliga uppställning*. Stockholm, Samson & Wallin online BHL

## Ongoing events

## InfoBox

| **Years in birding and ornithology:** | 1869 1870 1871 **1872** 1873 1874 1875 |
| --- | --- |
| **Centuries:** | 18th century · **19th century** · 20th century |
| **Decades:** | 1840s 1850s 1860s **1870s** 1880s 1890s 1900s |
| **Years:** | 1869 1870 1871 **1872** 1873 1874 1875 |


title: U.S. territorial sovereignty

abstract: In the United States, a territory is any extent of region under the sovereign jurisdiction of the federal government of the United States, including all waters. The United States asserts sovereign rights for exploring, exploiting, conserving, and managing its territory. This extent of territory is all the area belonging to, and under the dominion of, the United States federal government for administrative and other purposes. The United States total territory includes a subset of political divisions.

text:
# U.S. territorial sovereignty

In the United States, a territory is any extent of region under the sovereign jurisdiction of the federal government of the United States, including all waters (around islands or continental tracts). The United States asserts sovereign rights for exploring, exploiting, conserving, and managing its territory. This extent of territory is all the area belonging to, and under the dominion of, the United States federal government (which includes tracts lying at a distance from the country) for administrative and other purposes. The United States total territory includes a subset of political divisions.

## Territory of the United States

The United States' territory includes any geography under the control of the United States federal government. Various regions, districts, and divisions are under the supervision of the United States federal government. The United States' territory includes clearly defined geographical area and refers to an area of land, air, or sea under jurisdiction of United States federal governmental authority (but is not limited only to these areas). The extent of territory is all the area belonging to, and under the dominion of, the United States of America federal government (which includes tracts lying at a distance from the country) for administrative and other purposes.

### Constitution of the United States

Under Article IV of the U.S. Constitution, a territory is subject to and belongs to the United States (but not necessarily within the national boundaries or any individual state). This includes tracts of land or water not included within the limits of any State and not admitted as a State into the Union.

The Constitution of the United States states:

> The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State.
>
> Article IV, United States Constitution

### Congress of the United States

Congress possesses power to set territorial governments within the boundaries of the United States, under Article 4, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution. The first exercise of this power was the Northwest Ordinance of 1789. The power of Congress over such territory is exclusive and universal, including the creation of political divisions, except as delegated to a territory's government by act of Congress.

### Supreme Court of the United States

All territory under the control of the federal government is considered part of the "United States" for purposes of law. From 1901 to 1905, the U.S. Supreme Court in a series of opinions known as the Insular Cases held that the Constitution extended *ex proprio vigore* to the territories. However, the Court in these cases also established the doctrine of territorial incorporation. Under the same, the Constitution only applied fully in incorporated territories such as Alaska and Hawaii, whereas it only applied partially in the new unincorporated territories of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines. A Supreme Court ruling from 1945 stated that the term "United States" can have three different meanings, in different contexts:

> The term "United States" may be used in any one of several senses. It may be merely the name of a sovereign occupying the position analogous to that of other sovereigns in the family of nations. It may designate the territory over which the sovereignty of the United States extends, or it may be the collective name of the states which are united by and under the Constitution.
>
> *Hooven & Allison Co. v. Evatt*, 324 U.S. 652 (1945)

### United States Department of the Interior

The United States Department of the Interior is charged with managing federal affairs within U.S. territory. The Interior Department has a wide range of responsibilities (which include the regulation of territorial governments and the basic stewardship for public lands, et al.). The United States Department of the Interior is not responsible for local government or for civil administration except in the cases of Indian reservations, through the Bureau of Indian Affairs, as well as those territories administered through the Office of Insular Affairs. The exception is the "incorporated and unorganized" (see below) United States Territory of Palmyra Island, the legal remnant of the former United States Territory of Hawaii since 1959, in which the local government and civil administration were assigned by the Secretary of the Interior to the Fish and Wildlife Service in 2001.

## United States divisions

### States, territories, and their subdivisions

The contiguous United States, Hawaii, and Alaska are divided into smaller administrative regions. These are called counties in 48 of the 50 states, boroughs in Alaska and parishes in Louisiana. A county can include a number of cities and towns, or just a portion of either type. These counties have varying degrees of political and legal significance. A township in the United States refers to a small geographic area. The term is used in two ways: a survey township is simply a geographic reference used to define property location for deeds and grants; a civil township is a unit of local government, originally rural in application.

The District of Columbia and territories are under the direct authority of Congress, although each is allowed home rule. The United States government, rather than individual states or territories, conducts foreign relations under the U.S. Constitution.

Federal enclaves, such as domestic military bases and national parks, are administered directly by the federal government. To varying degrees, the federal government exercises concurrent jurisdiction with the states where federal land is part of the territory previously granted to a state.

### History of United States territory

At times, territories are organized with a separate legislature, under a territorial governor and officers, appointed by the President and approved by the Senate of the United States. A territory has been historically divided into organized territories and unorganized territories. An unorganized territory was generally either unpopulated or set aside for Native Americans and other indigenous peoples in the United States by the U.S. federal government, until such time as the growing and restless population encroached into the areas. In recent times, "unorganized" refers to the degree of self-governmental authority exercised by the territory.

As a result of several Supreme Court cases after the Spanish–American War, the United States had to determine how to deal with its newly acquired territories, such as the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, Wake Island, and other areas that were not part of the North American continent and which were not necessarily intended to become a part of the Union of States. As a consequence of the Supreme Court decisions, the United States has since made a distinction between incorporated and unincorporated territories. In essence, an incorporated territory is land that has been irrevocably incorporated within the sovereignty of the United States and to which the full corpus of the U.S. Constitution applies. An unincorporated territory is land held by the United States, and to which Congress of the United States applies selected parts of the constitution. At the present time, the only incorporated U.S. territory is the unorganized (and unpopulated) Palmyra Atoll.

### Insular areas

The United States currently claims 16 insular areas as territories:

The italicized islands are part of a territory dispute with Colombia and are not included in the ISO designation of the USMOI. The United States does not administer these two territories.

Palmyra Atoll is the only *incorporated territory* remaining, and having no government it is also *unorganized*. The remaining are unincorporated territories of the United States. Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands are styled as commonwealths.

### Dependent areas

Several islands in the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea are dependent territories of the United States.

The Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Guantanamo Bay, notionally under the sovereignty of Cuba, is administered by the United States under a perpetual lease, much as the Panama Canal Zone used to be before the signing of the Torrijos–Carter Treaties. Only mutual agreement or U.S. abandonment of the area can terminate the lease.

From July 8, 1947, until October 1, 1994, the United States administered the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, but the Trust ceased to exist when the last member state of Palau gained its independence to become the Republic of Palau. The Panama Canal, and the Canal Zone surrounding it, was territory administered by the United States until 1999, when control was relinquished to Panama.

The United States has made no territorial claim in Antarctica but has reserved the right to do so. American research stations in AntarcticaAmundsen–Scott South Pole Station, McMurdo Station, and Palmer Station—are under U.S. jurisdiction but are held without sovereignty per the Antarctic Treaty.

The three Freely Associated States of Federated States of Micronesia, Republic of the Marshall Islands, and the Republic of Palau are not under U.S. sovereignty, but each participates in federal programs under a Compact of Free Association.

## Maritime territory of the United States

The government of the United States of America has claims to the oceans in accord with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which delineates a zone of territory adjacent to territorial lands and seas. United States protects this marine environment, though not interfering with other lawful uses of this zone. The United States' jurisdiction has been established on vessels, ships, and artificial islands (along with other marine structures).

In 1983 President Ronald Reagan, through Proclamation No. 5030, claimed a 200-mile exclusive economic zone. In December 1988, President Reagan, through Proclamation No. 5928, extended U.S. territorial waters from three nautical miles to twelve nautical miles for national security purposes. However a legal opinion from the Justice Department questioned the President's constitutional authority to extend sovereignty as Congress has the power to make laws concerning the territory belonging to the United States under the U.S. Constitution. In any event, Congress needs to make laws defining if the extended waters, including oil and mineral rights, are under state or federal control.

The primary enforcer of maritime law is the U.S. Coast Guard. Federal and state governments share economic and regulatory jurisdiction over the waters owned by the country. (See tidelands.)

The exclusive economic zones of the United States

## International law

The United States is not restricted from making laws governing its own territory by international law. United States territory can include occupied territory, which is a geographic area that claims sovereignty, but is being forcibly subjugated to the authority of the United States of America. United States territory can also include disputed territory, which is a geographic area claimed by the United States of America and one (or more) rival governments.

Under the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, United States territory can include areas occupied by and controlled by the United States Armed Forces. When de facto military control is maintained and exercised, occupation (and thus possession) extends to that territory. Military personnel in control of the territory have a responsibility to provide for the basic needs of individuals under their control (which includes food, clothing, shelter, medical attention, law maintenance, and social order). To prevent systematic abuse of puppet governments by the occupation forces, they must enforce laws that were in place in the territory prior to the occupation.

## Customs territories

The fifty states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico form the main customs territory of the United States. Special rules apply to foreign trade zones in these areas. Separate customs territories are formed by American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

## Other areas

U.S. sovereignty includes the airspace over its land and territorial waters. No international agreement exists on the vertical limit that separates this from outer space, which is international.

Federal jurisdiction includes federal enclaves like national parks and domestic military bases, even though these are located in the territory of a state. Host states exercise concurrent jurisdiction to some degree.

The United States exercises extraterritoriality on military installations, American embassies and consulates located in foreign countries, and research centers and field camps in Antarctica. Despite exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction, these overseas locations remain under the sovereignty of the host countries (except Antarctica, where there is no host country). Because they are not part of any state, extraterritorial jurisdiction is federal, with Congress's plenary power under Article IV, Section 3, Clause 2 of the U.S. Constitution.

The federal government also exercises property ownership, but not sovereignty over land in various foreign countries. Examples include the *John F. Kennedy Memorial* built at Runnymede in England, and 32 acres (13 hectares) around Pointe du Hoc in Normandy, France.

## History of U.S. federal lands

The Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 provided for the survey and settlement of the lands that the original Thirteen Colonies ceded to the federal government after the American Revolution. As additional lands were acquired by the United States from Spain, France and other countries, the United States Congress directed that they be explored, surveyed, and made available for settlement. During the Revolutionary War, military bounty land was promised to soldiers who fought for the colonies. After the war, the Treaty of Paris of 1783, signed by the United States, the UK, France, and Spain, ceded territory to the United States. In the 1780s, other states relinquished their own claims to land in modern-day Ohio. By this time, the United States needed revenue to function. Land was sold so that the government would have money to survive. In order to sell the land, surveys needed to be conducted. The Land Ordinance of 1785 instructed a geographer to oversee this work as undertaken by a group of surveyors. The first years of surveying were completed by trial and error; once the territory of Ohio had been surveyed, a modern public land survey system had been developed. In 1812, Congress established the United States General Land Office as part of the Department of the Treasury to oversee the disposition of these federal lands. By the early 1800s, promised bounty land claims were finally fulfilled.

In the 19th century, other bounty land and homestead laws were enacted to dispose of federal land. Several different types of patents existed. These include cash entry, credit, homestead, Indian, military warrants, mineral certificates, private land claims, railroads, state selections, swamps, town sites, and town lots. A system of local land offices spread throughout the territories, patenting land that was surveyed via the corresponding Office of the Surveyor General of a particular territory. This pattern gradually spread across the entire United States. The laws that spurred this system with the exception of the General Mining Law of 1872 and the Desert Land Act of 1877 have since been repealed or superseded.

In the early 20th century, Congress took additional steps toward recognizing the value of the assets on public lands and directed the Executive Branch to manage activities on the remaining public lands. The Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 allowed leasing, exploration, and production of selected commodities, such as coal, oil, gas, and sodium to take place on public lands. The Taylor Grazing Act of 1934 established the United States Grazing Service to manage the public rangelands by establishment of advisory boards that set grazing fees. The Oregon and California Revested Lands Sustained Yield Management Act of 1937, commonly referred as the O&C Act, required sustained yield management of the timberlands in western Oregon.

Currently, federal lands are about 640 million acres, about 28% of the total U.S. land area of 2.27 billion acres.


title: Odagiri effect

abstract: The Odagiri effect is a television phenomenon in which a program attracts a larger than expected number of female viewers because the program stars attractive male actors or characters. It is named after the Japanese actor Joe Odagiri, who starred in the 2000 tokusatsu show Kamen Rider Kuuga. The effect is now deployed deliberately in some shows, and is most commonly used in sports-themed and idol-themed anime.

text:
# Odagiri effect

The **Odagiri effect** is a television phenomenon in which a program attracts a larger than expected number of female viewers because the program stars attractive male actors or characters. It is named after the Japanese actor Joe Odagiri, who starred in the 2000 *tokusatsu* show *Kamen Rider Kuuga*. The effect is now deployed deliberately in some shows, and is most commonly used in sports-themed and idol-themed anime.

## Origin

The term "Odagiri effect" originated in *Kamen Rider Kuuga*, a tokusatsu television series aimed at children and early teens. However, the producers discovered that the show attracted two large audience groups: children between the ages of 4 and 12, at whom the show was originally aimed; and women around the age of 30. The show drew large viewership numbers from the viewing children's mothers, who found lead actor Joe Odagiri attractive. Following this, Odagiri went on to a more high-profile career, while the follow-up series, *Kamen Rider Agito* attempted to re-create the effect by casting three attractive male actors in the lead. Again, the show attracted large numbers of female viewers, although long-term viewers, mostly men, disapproved.

## Use in anime

The Odagiri effect is widely used in sports-themed and idol anime series. Among the shows where the effect has been claimed to have been identified include *Kuroko's Basketball*, *Free!*, *Yowamushi Pedal*, *Days*, *The Prince of Tennis*, *Prince of Stride*, *All Out!!*, *Cheer Boys!!*, *Yuri on Ice*, *Hetalia: Axis Powers* and *Cute High Earth Defense Club Love!.* Many of these shows attract fujoshi, yaoi fans, and to a lesser extent gay men.

## Use in western media

Ian Wolf from *Anime UK News* has argued that the Odagiri effect is evident in TV shows and other media found in the west. Examples include the 2015 BBC production of *Poldark* which attracted large audiences due to depictions of lead actor Aidan Turner shirtless; the 2016 BBC production of *The Night Manager* which features a scene in which Tom Hiddleston's naked buttocks are on-screen; and the erotic novel *Fifty Shades of Grey*. He has also argued Benedict Cumberbatch starring in the TV series *Sherlock* has caused the Odagiri effect to occur in other series he has appeared in such as the radio series *Cabin Pressure*.

Paralleling the original example, the CBeebies show *Mr Bloom's Nursery*, a UK TV programme featuring Ben Faulks in the title role, became popular with a mature female audience.

## Positives and negatives of the effect

The effect is said to have both a positive and negative effect. While such shows attract wider audiences, some critics claim that they "play it safe" and that: "Negative arcs about injury or lack of sportsmanship are resolved quickly and neatly, and while friendship abounds, romantic subplots are nowhere in sight. There's no incentive to risk alienating any of the target audiences, so the show stays away from tackling complicated themes." Another positive effect of the Odagiri effect for anime producers is that female fans increase spending power, thus meaning they are more likely to buy merchandise relating to the series in question.

There are also claims that the effect shows that there is sexism in program making. Reasons given include that a similar observable effect in which men were attracted to TV shows featuring attractive female actresses and characters would be commented on differently. It is also argued that the effect shows that there is evidence that not enough programmes are being made that target women.


title: Natchitoches Times

abstract: The Natchitoches Times was first published on March 13, 1903, by Cunningham & Co. in Natchitoches, Louisiana. It was initially a daily newspaper starting January 27, 2004. The newspaper's first issue was the 50th anniversary edition, and it has been identified as "Independent."

text:
# Natchitoches Times

The ***Natchitoches Times*** was first published on March 13, 1903, by Cunningham & Co. in Natchitoches, Louisiana. It was initially a daily newspaper (except Sundays and Mondays) starting January 27, 2004. The newspaper's first issue was the 50th anniversary edition, and it has been identified as "Independent."

## History

The publication's roots can be traced back to 1859 when Ernest Le Gendre, a French political exile, began publishing a bilingual newspaper, the *Natchitoches Union*. Upon Le Gendre's death in 1862, Louis Dupleix took over and renamed it the *Natchitoches Times* in 1864. The newspaper was later sold to Charles J. C. Puckette in 1868 and continued as the Weekly *Natchitoches Time*s.

## InfoBox

Natchitoches Times
| Type | Newspaper |
| --- | --- |
| Editor | Nora Drenner |
| Founded | 1903 |
| Language | English |
| Headquarters | 904 South Drive Natchitoches, LA 71458 |
| Website | natchitochestimes.com |


abstract: In mathematics, the interplay between the Galois group G of a Galois extension L of a number field K, and the way the prime ideals P of the ring of integers OK factorise as products of prime ideals of OL, provides one of the richest parts of algebraic number theory. The splitting of prime ideals in Galois extensions is sometimes attributed to David Hilbert by calling it Hilbert theory. There is a geometric analogue, for ramified coverings of Riemann surfaces, which is simpler in that only one kind of subgroup of G need be considered, rather than two. This was certainly familiar before Hilbert.

text:
# Splitting of prime ideals in Galois extensions

In mathematics, the interplay between the Galois group *G* of a Galois extension *L* of a number field *K*, and the way the prime ideals *P* of the ring of integers *O**K* factorise as products of prime ideals of *O**L*, provides one of the richest parts of algebraic number theory. The **splitting of prime ideals in Galois extensions** is sometimes attributed to David Hilbert by calling it **Hilbert theory**. There is a geometric analogue, for ramified coverings of Riemann surfaces, which is simpler in that only one kind of subgroup of *G* need be considered, rather than two. This was certainly familiar before Hilbert.

## Definitions

Let *L*/*K* be a finite extension of number fields, and let *OK* and *OL* be the corresponding ring of integers of *K* and *L*, respectively, which are defined to be the integral closure of the integers **Z** in the field in question.

$$\begin{array}{ccc}O\_{K}&\hookrightarrow &O\_{L}\\\downarrow &&\downarrow \\K&\hookrightarrow &L\end{array}$$

Finally, let *p* be a non-zero prime ideal in *OK*, or equivalently, a maximal ideal, so that the residue *OK*/*p* is a field.

From the basic theory of one-dimensional rings follows the existence of a unique decomposition

$$pO\_{L}=\prod \_{j=1}^{g}P\_{j}^{e\_{j}}$$

of the ideal *pOL* generated in *OL* by *p* into a product of distinct maximal ideals *P**j*, with multiplicities *e**j*.

The field *F* = *OK*/*p* naturally embeds into *F**j* = *OL*/*P**j* for every *j*, the degree *f**j* = \[*OL*/*P**j* : *OK*/*p*\] of this **residue field extension** is called **inertia degree** of *P**j* over *p*.

The multiplicity *e**j* is called **ramification index** of *P**j* over *p*. If it is bigger than 1 for some *j*, the field extension *L*/*K* is called **ramified** at *p* (or we say that *p* ramifies in *L*, or that it is ramified in *L*). Otherwise, *L*/*K* is called **unramified** at *p*. If this is the case then by the Chinese remainder theorem the quotient *OL*/*pOL* is a product of fields *F**j*. The extension *L*/*K* is ramified in exactly those primes that divide the relative discriminant, hence the extension is unramified in all but finitely many prime ideals.

Multiplicativity of ideal norm implies

$$\[L:K\]=\sum \_{j=1}^{g}e\_{j}f\_{j}.$$

If *f**j* = *e**j* = 1 for every *j* (and thus *g* = \[*L* : *K*\]), we say that *p* **splits completely** in *L*. If *g* = 1 and *f**1* = 1 (and so *e**1* = \[*L* : *K*\]), we say that *p* **ramifies completely** in *L*. Finally, if *g* = 1 and *e**1* = 1 (and so *f**1* = \[*L* : *K*\]), we say that *p* is **inert** in *L*.

### The Galois situation

In the following, the extension *L*/*K* is assumed to be a Galois extension. Then the prime avoidance lemma can be used to show the Galois group $G=\operatorname {Gal} (L/K)$ acts transitively on the *P**j*. That is, the prime ideal factors of *p* in *L* form a single orbit under the automorphisms of *L* over *K*. From this and the unique factorisation theorem, it follows that *f* = *f**j* and *e* = *e**j* are independent of *j*; something that certainly need not be the case for extensions that are not Galois. The basic relations then read

$pO\_{L}=\left(\prod \_{j=1}^{g}P\_{j}\right)^{e}$.

and

$$\[L:K\]=efg.$$

The relation above shows that \[*L* : *K*\]/*ef* equals the number *g* of prime factors of *p* in *OL*. By the orbit-stabilizer formula this number is also equal to |*G*|/|*D**P**j*| for every *j*, where *D**P**j*, the **decomposition group** of *P**j*, is the subgroup of elements of *G* sending a given *P**j* to itself. Since the degree of *L*/*K* and the order of *G* are equal by basic Galois theory, it follows that the order of the decomposition group *D**P**j* is *ef* for every *j*.

This decomposition group contains a subgroup *I**P**j*, called **inertia group** of *P**j*, consisting of automorphisms of *L*/*K* that induce the identity automorphism on *F**j*. In other words, *I**P**j* is the kernel of reduction map $D\_{j}\to \operatorname {Gal} (F\_{j}/F)$. It can be shown that this map is surjective, and it follows that $\operatorname {Gal} (F\_{j}/F)$ is isomorphic to *D**P**j*/*I**P**j* and the order of the inertia group *I**P**j* is *e*.

The theory of the Frobenius element goes further, to identify an element of *D**P**j*/*I**P**j* for given *j* which corresponds to the Frobenius automorphism in the Galois group of the finite field extension *F**j* /*F*. In the unramified case the order of *D**P**j* is *f* and *I**P**j* is trivial, so the Frobenius element is in this case an element of *D**P**j*, and thus also an element of *G*. For varying *j*, the groups *D**P**j* are conjugate subgroups inside *G*: Recalling that *G* acts transitively on the *P**j*, one checks that if $\sigma $ maps *P**j* to *P**j'*, $\sigma D\_{j}\sigma ^{-1}=D\_{j'}$. Therefore, if *G* is an abelian group, the Frobenius element of an unramified prime *P* does not depend on which *P**j* we take. Furthermore, in the abelian case, associating an unramified prime of *K* to its Frobenius and extending multiplicatively defines a homomorphism from the group of unramified ideals of *K* into *G*. This map, known as the **Artin map**, is a crucial ingredient of class field theory, which studies the finite abelian extensions of a given number field *K*.

In the geometric analogue, for complex manifolds or algebraic geometry over an algebraically closed field, the concepts of *decomposition group* and *inertia group* coincide. There, given a Galois ramified cover, all but finitely many points have the same number of preimages.

The splitting of primes in extensions that are not Galois may be studied by using a splitting field initially, i.e. a Galois extension that is somewhat larger. For example, cubic fields usually are 'regulated' by a degree 6 field containing them.

## Example — the Gaussian integers

This section describes the splitting of prime ideals in the field extension **Q**(i)/**Q**. That is, we take *K* = **Q** and *L* = **Q**(i), so *O**K* is simply **Z**, and *O**L* = **Z**\[i\] is the ring of Gaussian integers. Although this case is far from representative — after all, **Z**\[i\] has unique factorisation, and there aren't many quadratic fields with unique factorization — it exhibits many of the features of the theory.

Writing *G* for the Galois group of **Q**(i)/**Q**, and σ for the complex conjugation automorphism in *G*, there are three cases to consider.

### The prime *p* = 2

The prime 2 of **Z** ramifies in **Z**\[i\]:

$$(2)=(1+i)^{2}$$

The ramification index here is therefore *e* = 2. The residue field is

$$O\_{L}/(1+i)O\_{L}$$

which is the finite field with two elements. The decomposition group must be equal to all of *G*, since there is only one prime of **Z**\[i\] above 2. The inertia group is also all of *G*, since

$$a+bi\equiv a-bi{\bmod {1}+i}$$

for any integers *a* and *b*, as $a+bi=2bi+a-bi=(1+i)\cdot (1-i)bi+a-bi\equiv a-bi{\bmod {1}+i}$ .

In fact, 2 is the *only* prime that ramifies in **Z**\[i\], since every prime that ramifies must divide the discriminant of **Z**\[i\], which is 4.

### Primes *p*  1 mod 4

Any prime *p* ≡ 1 mod 4 *splits* into two distinct prime ideals in **Z**\[i\]; this is a manifestation of Fermat's theorem on sums of two squares. For example:

$$13=(2+3i)(2-3i)$$

The decomposition groups in this case are both the trivial group {1}; indeed the automorphism σ *switches* the two primes (2 + 3i) and (2  3i), so it cannot be in the decomposition group of either prime. The inertia group, being a subgroup of the decomposition group, is also the trivial group. There are two residue fields, one for each prime,

$$O\_{L}/(2\pm 3i)O\_{L}\ ,$$

which are both isomorphic to the finite field with 13 elements. The Frobenius element is the trivial automorphism; this means that

$$(a+bi)^{13}\equiv a+bi{\bmod {2}\pm 3i}$$

for any integers *a* and *b*.

### Primes *p*  3 mod 4

Any prime *p* ≡ 3 mod 4 remains *inert* in **Z**\[ $i$\]; that is, it does *not* split. For example, (7) remains prime in **Z**\[ $i$\]. In this situation, the decomposition group is all of *G*, again because there is only one prime factor. However, this situation differs from the *p* = 2 case, because now σ does *not* act trivially on the residue field

$$O\_{L}/(7)O\_{L}\ ,$$

which is the finite field with 72 = 49 elements. For example, the difference between $1+i$ and $\sigma (1+i)=1-i$ is $2i$, which is certainly not divisible by 7. Therefore, the inertia group is the trivial group {1}. The Galois group of this residue field over the subfield **Z**/7**Z** has order 2, and is generated by the image of the Frobenius element. The Frobenius element is none other than σ; this means that

$$(a+bi)^{7}\equiv a-bi{\bmod {7}}$$

for any integers *a* and *b*.

### Summary

| Prime in **Z** | How it splits in **Z**\[i\] | Inertia group | Decomposition group |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2 | Ramifies with index 2 | *G* | *G* |
| p ≡ 1 mod 4 | Splits into two distinct factors | 1 | 1 |
| p ≡ 3 mod 4 | Remains inert | 1 | *G* |

## Computing the factorisation

Suppose that we wish to determine the factorisation of a prime ideal *P* of *O**K* into primes of *O**L*. The following procedure (Neukirch, p. 47) solves this problem in many cases. The strategy is to select an integer θ in *O**L* so that *L* is generated over *K* by θ (such a θ is guaranteed to exist by the primitive element theorem), and then to examine the minimal polynomial *H*(*X*) of θ over *K*; it is a monic polynomial with coefficients in *O**K*. Reducing the coefficients of *H*(*X*) modulo *P*, we obtain a monic polynomial *h*(*X*) with coefficients in *F*, the (finite) residue field *O**K*/*P*. Suppose that *h*(*X*) factorises in the polynomial ring *F*\[*X*\] as

$$h(X)=h\_{1}(X)^{e\_{1}\cdots h\_{n}(X)^{e\_{n},}}$$

where the *h**j* are distinct monic irreducible polynomials in *F*\[*X*\]. Then, as long as *P* is not one of finitely many exceptional primes (the precise condition is described below), the factorisation of *P* has the following form:

$$PO\_{L}=Q\_{1}^{e\_{1}\cdots Q\_{n}^{e\_{n},}}$$

where the *Q**j* are distinct prime ideals of *O**L*. Furthermore, the inertia degree of each *Q**j* is equal to the degree of the corresponding polynomial *h**j*, and there is an explicit formula for the *Q**j*:

$$Q\_{j}=PO\_{L}+h\_{j}(\theta )O\_{L},$$

where *h**j* denotes here a lifting of the polynomial *h**j* to *K*\[*X*\].

In the Galois case, the inertia degrees are all equal, and the ramification indices *e*1 = ... = *e**n* are all equal.

The exceptional primes, for which the above result does not necessarily hold, are the ones not relatively prime to the conductor of the ring *O**K*\[θ\]. The conductor is defined to be the ideal

$$\\{y\in O\_{L}:yO\_{L}\subseteq O\_{K}\[\theta \]\\};$$

it measures how far the order *O**K*\[θ\] is from being the whole ring of integers (maximal order) *O**L*.

A significant caveat is that there exist examples of *L*/*K* and *P* such that there is *no* available θ that satisfies the above hypotheses (see for example ). Therefore, the algorithm given above cannot be used to factor such *P*, and more sophisticated approaches must be used, such as that described in.

### An example

Consider again the case of the Gaussian integers. We take θ to be the imaginary unit $i$, with minimal polynomial *H*(*X*) = *X*2 \+ 1. Since **Z**\[ $i$\] is the whole ring of integers of **Q**( $i$), the conductor is the unit ideal, so there are no exceptional primes.

For *P* = (2), we need to work in the field **Z**/(2)**Z**, which amounts to factorising the polynomial *X*2 \+ 1 modulo 2:

$$X^{2}+1=(X+1)^{2}{\pmod {2}.}$$

Therefore, there is only one prime factor, with inertia degree 1 and ramification index 2, and it is given by

$$Q=(2)\mathbf {Z} \[i\]+(i+1)\mathbf {Z} \[i\]=(1+i)\mathbf {Z} \[i\].$$

The next case is for *P* = (*p*) for a prime *p* ≡ 3 mod 4. For concreteness we will take *P* = (7). The polynomial *X*2 \+ 1 is irreducible modulo 7. Therefore, there is only one prime factor, with inertia degree 2 and ramification index 1, and it is given by

$$Q=(7)\mathbf {Z} \[i\]+(i^{2}+1)\mathbf {Z} \[i\]=7\mathbf {Z} \[i\].$$

The last case is *P* = (*p*) for a prime *p* ≡ 1 mod 4; we will again take *P* = (13). This time we have the factorisation

$$X^{2}+1=(X+5)(X-5){\pmod {13}.}$$

Therefore, there are *two* prime factors, both with inertia degree and ramification index 1. They are given by

$$Q\_{1}=(13)\mathbf {Z} \[i\]+(i+5)\mathbf {Z} \[i\]=\cdots =(2+3i)\mathbf {Z} \[i\]$$

and

$$Q\_{2}=(13)\mathbf {Z} \[i\]+(i-5)\mathbf {Z} \[i\]=\cdots =(2-3i)\mathbf {Z} \[i\].$$


title: WGLB

abstract: WGLB is a commercial radio station licensed to Elm Grove, Wisconsin, and serving the Milwaukee metropolitan area. It airs an urban contemporary gospel radio format. The license is held by JJK Media, LLC. It is co-owned by the children of former owner Joel Kinlow, making WGLB one of only a few radio stations that is owned by an African-American family. The studios are on West Burleigh Street in Milwaukee. By day, WGLB is powered at 2,500 watts. To protect other stations from interference, WGLB reduces power at night to 250 watts. It uses a directional antenna with a four-tower array. During critical hours, the power is 700 watts. The transmitter is on South 98th Street near Interstate 41 in West Allis, Wisconsin. Programming is also heard on 99-watt FM translator W241CI at 96.1 MHz in Milwaukee.

text:
# WGLB

**WGLB** (1560 AM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Elm Grove, Wisconsin, and serving the Milwaukee metropolitan area. It airs an urban contemporary gospel radio format. The license is held by JJK Media, LLC. It is co-owned by the children of former owner Joel Kinlow, making WGLB one of only a few radio stations that is owned by an African-American family. The studios are on West Burleigh Street in Milwaukee.

By day, WGLB is powered at 2,500 watts. To protect other stations from interference (1560 AM is a clear channel frequency reserved for Class A station WFME in New York City), WGLB reduces power at night to 250 watts. It uses a directional antenna with a four-tower array. During critical hours, the power is 700 watts. The transmitter is on South 98th Street near Interstate 41 in West Allis, Wisconsin. Programming is also heard on 99-watt FM translator W241CI at 96.1 MHz in Milwaukee.

## History

WGLB signed on the air on December 6, 1953. Its original city of license was Port Washington, Wisconsin. It broadcast with 250 watts, as a daytime only station.

In 1969, a sister station, WGLB-FM, was launched on 100.1 MHz (now WSJP-FM). At first, they mostly simulcast their programming. In 1995, WGLB was purchased by Joel Kinlow, a Milwaukee area minister, out of bankruptcy for $311,900. Kinlow split the simulcast in 1996, replacing their soft adult contemporary and jazz programming with black gospel on AM 1560 and 1970s oldies on WGLB-FM. In 2003, the FM station was sold to Starboard Broadcasting, which flipped it to Catholic religious programming. Kinlow also once owned television station WJJA (channel 49) in Racine, which aired programming from the Home Shopping Network (HSN).

In August 2001, WGLB's city of license was changed to the Milwaukee suburb of Elm Grove, and the current transmitter site went into operation. The station also obtained authorization to begin nighttime broadcasting.

On April 20, 2015, WGLB was granted a Federal Communications Commission construction permit to increase day power to 2,500 watts and add critical hours service with 700 watts.

Kinlow died on June 7, 2016, but his children continue to own and operate WGLB.

## Translator

| Call sign | Frequency | City of license | FID | ERP () | Class | Transmitter coordinates | FCC info |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| W241CI | 96.1 FM | Milwaukee, Wisconsin | 144520 | 250 | D | 43°2′21.1″N 87°55′9.3″W / 43.039194°N 87.919250°W / 43.039194; -87.919250 (W241CI) | LMS |

## InfoBox

WGLB
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Milwaukee metropolitan area |
| Frequency | 1560 kHz |
| Programming | |
| Format | Urban contemporary gospel |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | JJK Media, LLC |
| History | |
| First air date | December 6, 1963 (1963-12-06) |
| Call sign meaning | "Where Gospel Lovers Belong" (originally Great Lakes Broadcasting, original owner) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 73050 |
| Class | B |
| Power |  |
| Transmitter coordinates | 43°0′32.05″N 88°2′6.32″W / 43.0089028°N 88.0350889°W / 43.0089028; -88.0350889 |
| Translator(s) | 96.1 W241CI (Milwaukee) |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen live |
| Website | wglbradio.com |


abstract: The Milwaukee Road: Its First Hundred Years is a 1948 non-fiction book on American railroad history by August Derleth. It is an account of the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad, which was founded in 1847 as the Milwaukee and Waukesha Rail Road, and was known as the "Milwaukee Road". The book covers the first hundred years of the railroad's history from a top-down perspective, with an emphasis on corporate history.

text:
# The Milwaukee Road: Its First Hundred Years

***The Milwaukee Road: Its First Hundred Years*** is a 1948 non-fiction book on American railroad history by August Derleth. It is an account of the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad, which was founded in 1847 as the Milwaukee and Waukesha Rail Road, and was known as the "Milwaukee Road". The book covers the first hundred years of the railroad's history from a top-down perspective, with an emphasis on corporate history.

## Synopsis

Derleth organized the book chronologically, save for the introduction where he reflects on his own connection to trains growing up in Sauk City, Wisconsin. This section includes several short poems. In the main text Derleth begins with the formative efforts to construct the first railroad in Wisconsin, culminating in the Milwaukee and Mississippi Rail Road, which began operations in 1851. The book narrates the history of the Milwaukee Road through its expansion in the nineteenth century, its several bankruptcies, involvement with Standard Oil, and the construction of its famed "Pacific Extension" in 1901–1909.

The book includes two appendices. Appendix A lists all subsidiary/predecessor companies and the manner of their inclusion into the Milwaukee Road, up through 1947, grouped by state. Appendix B lists all lines constructed by the Milwaukee Road in order of completion with endpoints, mileage, and date of completion. The companies cross-reference with their listings in Appendix A.

## Reception

Contemporary reviewers expressed mixed reactions to the book. Charles W. Paape of the Carnegie Institute of Technology criticized Derleth for writing an apologia for the Milwaukee Road and focusing too heavily on the company's administration. Irene Dorothy Neu at Cornell University echoed these criticisms, saying that Derleth's unfamiliarity with railroad history "handicapped" him and led him to rely on internal company sources, although she did praise the work as "absorbingly written." Writing in *Minnesota History* Rodney C. Loehr thought the book would "appeal to railroad fans" but criticized the relative lack of material concerning Minnesota. Loehr, like Paape and Neu, noted the "defensive" nature of the book but suggested that it might serve as a "needed antidote" to past attacks. The Milwaukee Road, for its part, published a favorable notice in the *Milwaukee Magazine*, its in-house publication.

Since publication Derleth's quotable prose and access to company records guaranteed the book a place in Milwaukee Road scholarship, and most works dealing with the railroad reference it. An annotated bibliography of Wisconsin history published in 1999 included the book and described it as "presented with a novelist's touch." Tom Murray's 2005 *The Milwaukee Road* quotes extensively from Derleth. Joseph P. Schwieterman's *When the Railroad Leaves Town: American Communities in the Age of Rail Line Abandonment* used Derleth as a principal reference for the entry on Harlowton, Montana, a former stop on the Milwaukee Road Pacific Extension. Craig Sanders incorporated it in his *Limiteds, Locals, and Expresses in Indiana, 1838–1971*. Matt Hiner, in a review for *Railroad History* on the occasion of University of Iowa Press' 2002 reprint, praised the book as "excellent, although now slightly dated" and stated that it was "neither apologist nor sycophantic."

## Publication

The Creative Age Press published the book as part of its "The Railroads of America" series. The Milwaukee Road did not sponsor the book for its centennial though it did cooperate with Derleth, providing "data" and "photographs." The University of Iowa Press reprinted the book in 2002 with a foreword by H. Roger Grant.

## InfoBox

The Milwaukee Road: Its First Hundred Years
| First edition cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | August Derleth |
| Language | English |
| Series | The Railroads of America |
| Published |  |
| Publication place | United States |
| Pages | 330 |
| OCLC | 1343197 |


title: 1900 in Afghanistan

abstract: The following lists events that happened during 1900 in Afghanistan. Rumours of contemplated aggression by Russia continue throughout the year, and are the source of much annoyance to the amir Abdur Rahman. He complains that the British government takes no interest in his distresses, and that whenever he has proposed some check upon Russian aggressions the government of India has made no response except the suggestion that Afghanistan might consent to the construction of railways and telegraphs within her territories. From the Afghan point of view he declares that such concession will be impossible and only a step to ruin. For several years the amir has given much attention to increasing the efficiency of his army, and his regulars, backed by the tribes on the frontier, would be formidable against any invader of his territory. The amir has never departed from a purely defensive attitude, and under his treaty with England if an unprovoked attack was made upon him he could claim British help. Trade with India is injured by the fiscal policy of the amir. Besides creating state monopolies with regard to several articles, he forbids the export of horses to India and the import of salt therefrom. Only sixty-two camel loads leave Peshawar in the year compared with 2,285 during the previous year.

text:
# 1900 in Afghanistan

The following lists events that happened during **1900 in Afghanistan**.

Rumours of contemplated aggression by Russia continue throughout the year, and are the source of much annoyance to the *amir* Abdur Rahman. He complains that the British government takes no interest in his distresses, and that whenever he has proposed some check upon Russian aggressions the government of India has made no response except the suggestion that Afghanistan might consent to the construction of railways and telegraphs within her territories. From the Afghan point of view he declares that such concession will be impossible and only a step to ruin. For several years the *amir* has given much attention to increasing the efficiency of his army, and his regulars, backed by the tribes on the frontier, would be formidable against any invader of his territory. The *amir* has never departed from a purely defensive attitude, and under his treaty with England if an unprovoked attack was made upon him he could claim British help.

Trade with India is injured by the fiscal policy of the *amir*. Besides creating state monopolies with regard to several articles, he forbids the export of horses to India and the import of salt therefrom. Only sixty-two camel loads leave Peshawar in the year compared with 2,285 during the previous year.

## Incumbents

## Events

### June 1900

A cholera epidemic breaks out at Jalalabad and at Kabul and continues to the beginning of August, causing in Kabul the death of nearly 5,000 people. After the departure of Sir Thomas Salter Pyne the government workshops go on with their regular work under Afghan management.

### September 1900

The Mahsud Waziris resume their petty raids on the frontier. On the night of October 23 a band of them attacks the military post of Nasran, killing two men and robbing the magazine. Lieutenant Hennessey starts in pursuit, but his force is not sufficient to capture them and they escape to the ravines. A wounded Mahsud lying prone fires at Lieutenant Hennessey at a distance of five yards with fatal effect. The raiders lose one killed and five wounded.

### October 1900

A successful operation is carried out against the Madda Khels in the Tochi Pass by a small column. Four Pathan towers are blown up by the troops, who meet with no opposition. This action was due to the refusal of the Khels to surrender certain ringleaders implicated in the Maizar outrage of 1897.

### November 1900

The *amir* Abdor Rahman publishes his autobiography, in which he complains that English policy in Afghan affairs has been inconstant and vacillating, and he urges the importance of direct diplomatic relations with Britain. He considers that England ought to give Afghanistan more of her confidence and more of her moral and material support, allowing him to annex all the territory of the independent Pathan tribes and to form a triple alliance with the neighbouring Muslim states, Persia and Turkey. Also that Afghanistan ought to secure an outlet to the ocean and have a port for her own steamers at which to load and unload. He thinks that the policy of Afghanistan towards her two strong neighbours - England and Russia - should be friendly towards the one least aggressive, and hostile to the power wishing to pass through her country or interfere with her independence.

### November 8, 1900

The commissioner of Derajat, W.R.H. Merk, meets some 500 Mahsud Waziris and announces to them the terms of the government. Payment of a fine of one 0.1 million is demanded, one half to be paid by November 25, otherwise the whole tribe would be blockaded from December 1. Dreading a blockade much more than a punitive expedition the Mahsuds agree to pay the fine and promise not to raid. The Mullah Powindah, their fanatical leader, is personally assisting in the collection of the fine in December.

## InfoBox

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| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | Other events of 1900<br>List of years in Afghanistan |


title: North Lakewood, Washington

abstract: North Lakewood is a neighborhood in Snohomish County, Washington, United States. It is located west of Arlington, east of Lake Goodwin, and north of the Tulalip Indian Reservation. North Lakewood is considered part of greater Smokey Point.

text:
# North Lakewood, Washington

**North Lakewood** is a neighborhood in Snohomish County, Washington, United States. It is located west of Arlington, east of Lake Goodwin, and north of the Tulalip Indian Reservation. North Lakewood is considered part of greater Smokey Point.

## History

Called "Lakewood" since the turn of the 20th century, the name was changed after the Pierce County community of the same name incorporated into the City of Lakewood in 1996. This soon created confusion with mail service, as there were now two communities sharing the name. To alleviate this problem, in 1998 the United States Postal Service granted the Pierce County community the rights to use "Lakewood, Washington", since it was now an incorporated city, and changed the Snohomish County community's name to "North Lakewood", which was unincorporated at the time. This allowed the Snohomish County community to keep its post office. Since 2005, the portion of North Lakewood located inside the urban growth boundary has been part of the City of Marysville.

## Education

The Lakewood School District serves the North Lakewood community. Schools include Lakewood High School, Lakewood Middle School, Lakewood Elementary, English Crossing Elementary, and Cougar Creek Elementary.

## Infrastructure

North Lakewood has one major road, Lakewood Road, which is also called 172nd Street and State Route 531. Interstate 5 is on the community's eastern boundary.

## InfoBox

| North Lakewood, Washington | |
| --- | --- |
| neighborhood | |
| Streets in North Lakewood | |
| North Lakewood, WashingtonLocation of North Lakewood, Washington | |
| Coordinates: 48°09′07″N 122°12′29″W / 48.151948°N 122.208087°W / 48.151948; -122.208087 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Washington |
| County | Snohomish |
| Time zone | UTC-8 (Pacific (PST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-7 (PDT) |
| ZIP codes | 98223, 98258, 98271 |
| Area code | 360 |
| FIPS code | 53-37287 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1867616 |


title: Madagasikaria

abstract: Madagasikaria is a genus in the Malpighiaceae, a family of about 75 genera of flowering plants in the order Malpighiales. Madagasikaria contains only one species of woody vine native to deciduous seasonally dry forest of Madagascar.

text:
# Madagasikaria

***Madagasikaria*** is a genus in the Malpighiaceae, a family of about 75 genera of flowering plants in the order Malpighiales. *Madagasikaria* contains only one species (***Madagasikaria andersonii***) of woody vine native to deciduous seasonally dry forest of Madagascar.

* Davis, C. 2002. *Madagasikaria* (Malpighiaceae): a new genus from Madagascar with implications for floral evolution in Malpighiaceae. American Journal of Botany 89: 699–706.

## InfoBox

| *Madagasikaria* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Malpighiaceae |
| Genus: | *Madagasikaria*
C.Davis |
| Species: | ***M. andersonii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Madagasikaria andersonii***
C.Davis | |
|


title: Obrenovac (Pirot)

abstract: Obrenovac is a village in the municipality of Pirot, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 143 people.

text:
# Obrenovac (Pirot)

**Obrenovac** is a village in the municipality of Pirot, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 143 people.

43°02′23″N 22°43′14″E / 43.03972°N 22.72056°E / 43.03972; 22.72056

## InfoBox

| Obrenovac Обреновац | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Obrenovac | |
| Coordinates: 43°02′23″N 22°43′14″E / 43.03972°N 22.72056°E / 43.03972; 22.72056 | |
| Country | Serbia |
| District | Pirot District |
| Municipality | Pirot |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 143 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |