title: Focal adhesion

abstract: In cell biology, focal adhesions are large macromolecular assemblies through which mechanical force and regulatory signals are transmitted between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and an interacting cell. More precisely, focal adhesions are the sub-cellular structures that mediate the regulatory effects of a cell in response to ECM adhesion. Focal adhesions serve as the mechanical linkages to the ECM, and as a biochemical signaling hub to concentrate and direct numerous signaling proteins at sites of integrin binding and clustering.

text:
# Focal adhesion

In cell biology, **focal adhesions** (also **cell–matrix adhesions** or **FAs**) are large macromolecular assemblies through which mechanical force and regulatory signals are transmitted between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and an interacting cell. More precisely, focal adhesions are the sub-cellular structures that mediate the regulatory effects (i.e., signaling events) of a cell in response to ECM adhesion.

Focal adhesions serve as the mechanical linkages to the ECM, and as a biochemical signaling hub to concentrate and direct numerous signaling proteins at sites of integrin binding and clustering.

## Structure and function

Focal adhesions are integrin-containing, multi-protein structures that form mechanical links between intracellular actin bundles and the extracellular substrate in many cell types. Focal adhesions are large, dynamic protein complexes through which the cytoskeleton of a cell connects to the ECM. They are limited to clearly defined ranges of the cell, at which the plasma membrane closes to within 15 nm of the ECM substrate. Focal adhesions are in a state of constant flux: proteins associate and disassociate with it continually as signals are transmitted to other parts of the cell, relating to anything from cell motility to cell cycle. Focal adhesions can contain over 100 different proteins, which suggests a considerable functional diversity. More than anchoring the cell, they function as signal carriers (sensors), which inform the cell about the condition of the ECM and thus affect their behavior. In sessile cells, focal adhesions are quite stable under normal conditions, while in moving cells their stability is diminished: this is because in motile cells, focal adhesions are being constantly assembled and disassembled as the cell establishes new contacts at the leading edge, and breaks old contacts at the trailing edge of the cell. One example of their important role is in the immune system, in which white blood cells migrate along the connective endothelium following cellular signals to damaged biological tissue.

## Morphology

Connection between focal adhesions and proteins of the extracellular matrix generally involves integrins. Integrins bind to extra-cellular proteins via short amino acid sequences, such as the RGD motif (found in proteins such as fibronectin, laminin, or vitronectin), or the DGEA and GFOGER motifs found in collagen. Integrins are heterodimers which are formed from one beta and one alpha subunit. These subunits are present in different forms, their corresponding ligands classify these receptors into four groups: RGD receptors, laminin receptors, leukocyte-specific receptors and collagen receptors. Within the cell, the intracellular domain of integrin binds to the cytoskeleton via adapter proteins such as talin, α-actinin, filamin, vinculin and tensin. Many other intracellular signalling proteins, such as focal adhesion kinase, bind to and associate with this integrin-adapter protein–cytoskeleton complex, and this forms the basis of a focal adhesion.

## Adhesion dynamics with migrating cells

The dynamic assembly and disassembly of focal adhesions plays a central role in cell migration. During cell migration, both the composition and the morphology of the focal adhesion change. Initially, small (0.25μm2) focal adhesions called focal complexes (FXs) are formed at the leading edge of the cell in lamellipodia: they consist of integrin, and some of the adapter proteins, such as talin, paxillin and tensin. Many of these focal complexes fail to mature and are disassembled as the lamellipodia withdraw. However, some focal complexes mature into larger and stable focal adhesions, and recruit many more proteins such as zyxin. Recruitment of components to the focal adhesion occurs in an ordered, sequential manner. Once in place, a focal adhesion remains stationary with respect to the extracellular matrix, and the cell uses this as an anchor on which it can push or pull itself over the ECM. As the cell progresses along its chosen path, a given focal adhesion moves closer and closer to the trailing edge of the cell. At the trailing edge of the cell the focal adhesion must be dissolved. The mechanism of this is poorly understood and is probably instigated by a variety of different methods depending on the circumstances of the cell. One possibility is that the calcium-dependent protease calpain is involved: it has been shown that the inhibition of calpain leads to the inhibition of focal adhesion-ECM separation. Focal adhesion components are amongst the known calpain substrates, and it is possible that calpain degrades these components to aid in focal adhesion disassembly

### Actin retrograde flow

The assembly of nascent focal adhesions is highly dependent on the process of retrograde actin flow. This is the phenomenon in a migrating cell where actin filaments polymerize at the leading edge and flow back towards the cell body. This is the source of traction required for migration; the focal adhesion acts as a molecular clutch when it tethers to the ECM and impedes the retrograde movement of actin, thus generating the pulling (traction) force at the site of the adhesion that is necessary for the cell to move forward. This traction can be visualized with traction force microscopy. A common metaphor to explain actin retrograde flow is a large number of people being washed downriver, and as they do so, some of them hang on to rocks and branches along the bank to stop their downriver motion. Thus, a pulling force is generated onto the rock or branch that they are hanging on to. These forces are necessary for the successful assembly, growth, and maturation of focal adhesions.

### Natural biomechanical sensor

Extracellular mechanical forces, which are exerted through focal adhesions, can activate Src kinase and stimulate the growth of the adhesions. This indicates that focal adhesions may function as mechanical sensors, and suggests that force generated from myosin fibers could contribute to maturing the focal complexes. This gains further support from the fact that inhibition of myosin-generated forces leads to slow disassembly of focal adhesions, by changing the turnover kinetics of the focal adhesion proteins.

The relationship between forces on focal adhesions and their compositional maturation, however, remains unclear. For instance, preventing focal adhesion maturation by inhibiting myosin activity or stress fiber assembly does not prevent forces sustained by focal adhesions, nor does it prevent cells from migrating. Thus force propagation through focal adhesions may not be sensed directly by cells at all time and force scales.

Their role in mechanosensing is important for durotaxis.


title: Turnout (film)

abstract: Turnout is a British crime drama film written and directed by Lee Sales. The script was also co-written by cast members Francis Pope and George Russo. The film also stars Ophelia Lovibond, Neil Maskell and Ben Drew. The film was released on 16 September 2011, although filming took place in London during the Autumn of 2010.

text:
# Turnout (film)

***Turnout*** is a British crime drama film written and directed by Lee Sales. The script was also co-written by cast members Francis Pope and George Russo. The film also stars Ophelia Lovibond, Neil Maskell and Ben Drew. The film was released on 16 September 2011, although filming took place in London during the Autumn of 2010.

## Synopsis

The film is set in Hoxton, East London and follows a young couple, George and Sophie. The premise of the film involves the pair saving money to go on their first holiday together. The deposit is paid, and they have two weeks left to pay the outstanding balance of £2,000. Sophie has entrusted George with her holiday savings, and is keen to settle the debt with the travel agents. The only trouble is, unbeknown to Sophie, George is flat broke. In a vain attempt to raise cash, George uses Sophie's holiday money to fund an ill-judged drug deal, which goes horribly wrong, leaving the pair in ruins.

## Cast

## Reception

The film has a 30% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, receiving more 'Rotten' reviews than 'Fresh'. Many reviews claimed that the film's storyline let it down, rather than the quality of the acting.

## InfoBox

| Turnout | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Lee Sales |
| Written by | Lee Sales
Francis Pope
George Russo |
| Produced by | Danny Potts
Nick Barratt |
| Starring | George Russo
Ophelia Lovibond
Francis Pope
Neil Maskell
Zara Dawson
Sonny Muslim
Ricci Harnett
Tony Denham
Ben Drew
Peter Ferdinando
Lee Wallace |
| Cinematography | James Friend |
| Edited by | Kieron Hawkes |
| Production
companies | DP Films
Fulwell 73 |
| Distributed by | Revolver Entertainment |
| Release date | * 16 September 2011 (2011-09-16) (UK) |
| Running time | 93 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |
| Budget | £250,000 |
| Box office | £213 |


title: Wende Correctional Facility

abstract: Wende Correctional Facility is a maximum security prison located in the town of Alden in Erie County, New York, east of Buffalo. The prison is named for this region of Alden. The prison was formerly the site of an Erie County jail and was sold to the state to fulfill the need for a maximum security state prison. The Erie County Correctional Facility was built adjacent to Wende.

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# Wende Correctional Facility

**Wende Correctional Facility** is a maximum security prison located in the town of Alden in Erie County, New York, east of Buffalo. The prison is named for this region of Alden. The prison was formerly the site of an Erie County jail and was sold to the state to fulfill the need for a maximum security state prison. The Erie County Correctional Facility was built adjacent to Wende.

## History

The state of New York announced its $48 million purchase of the prison on March 24, 1983. At the time of the sale, the facility housed 592 prisoners.

## COVID-19

Like other prisons, Wende was a vector in the COVID-19 pandemic. As of November 6, 2020, 31 prisoners had tested positive for COVID-19; one of the first confirmed infections was that of recently sentenced movie executive Harvey Weinstein. According to a March 31, 2020, statement by the New York State Correctional Officers and Police Benevolent Association, 135 correctional officers at Wende were in quarantine, and 6 had tested positive for the virus.

## Controversies

David McClary, convicted of murdering police officer Edward Byrne, spent three years in solitary confinement while at Wende. In 1999, a federal jury granted him $660,000 in damages.

In 2003, Wende officers ordered that Muslim prisoner Darryl Holland produce a urine sample in a three-hour window for a drug test. Holland, who was fasting for Ramadan, refused to drink water for the sample and was placed in solitary confinement for 77 days. While Judge Michael Anthony Telesca of the U.S. District Court for the Western District of New York granted the prison summary judgement in 2013, a panel of judges from the Second Circuit ruled that Holland could still sue on First Amendment grounds.

## Notable inmates

## InfoBox

Wende Correctional Facility
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | 3040 Wende Road
Alden, New York |
| Coordinates | 42°55′49″N 78°32′32″W / 42.93036°N 78.54221°W / 42.93036; -78.54221 |
| Status | Operational |
| Security class | Maximum/Supermax |
| Capacity | 961 |
| Opened | 1923 (as county jail)
1983 (as state prison) |
| Managed by | New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision |


title: Uppland Runic Inscription 705

abstract: This runestone, designated as U 705 in the Rundata catalog, is located at Mobacka in Uppland, Sweden.

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# Uppland Runic Inscription 705

This runestone, designated as **U 705** in the Rundata catalog, is located at Mobacka in Uppland, Sweden.

## Description

This runestone was depicted by Johan Hadorph during the 17th century. The stone later disappeared, but was recovered in 1926 when it was discovered that it had been used as a miller's stone. Many runestones were used as building materials for buildings, roads, bridges, and other uses before their historic significance was understood.

The runestone is signed by the runemaster Balle, who was active in Sweden in the second half of the 11th century. It is classified as being carved in runestone style Pr3, also known as the Urnes style. This runestone style is characterized by slim and stylized animals that are interwoven into tight patterns. The animal heads are typically seen in profile with slender almond-shaped eyes and upwardly curled appendages on the noses and the necks.

## Inscription

A transliteration of the runic inscription into roman letters is:

**\[\* ulaifr * tuk hiulmfastr * au... ...u- auk\] * (e)(n)\[ibrantr\] * þair * litu * \[raisa * s\](t)ain * \[þ... ...ui-... bali * ri...\]**

59°32′27″N 17°21′15″E / 59.5409°N 17.3543°E / 59.5409; 17.3543

## InfoBox

| Uppland Runic Inscription 705 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Created | 11th Century |
| Discovered | Mobacka, Uppland, Sweden |
| Rundata ID | U 705 |
| Runemaster | Balle |
| Text – Native | |
| Old Norse : Olæifʀ ok Holmfastr/Hialmfastr o\[k\] ... ok Ænnibrantr þæiʀ letu ræisa stæin ... ... Balli ri\[sti\]. | |
| Translation | |
| Óleifr and Holmfastr/Hjalmfastr and ... and Ennibrattr, they had the stone raised ... ... Balli carved. | |


title: Leonard Cheshire Disability

abstract: Leonard Cheshire is a major health and welfare charity working in the United Kingdom and running development projects around the world. It was founded in 1948 by Royal Air Force officer Group Captain Leonard Cheshire VC. Leonard Cheshire's aims are to support disabled people to live, learn and work as independently as they choose - whatever their ability. The charity supports disabled people through local care services including residential homes, supported living, domiciliary support, day services, activity centres, respite care, transition services, and employment and skills support. It also runs political campaigns on issues affecting disabled people. In 2013–14 it had income of over £162 million, placing it in the top 40 of UK charities. Around 90% of this income came from government grants, and around £18 million in donations (2013/14).

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# Leonard Cheshire Disability

**Leonard Cheshire** is a major health and welfare charity working in the United Kingdom and running development projects around the world. It was founded in 1948 by Royal Air Force officer Group Captain Leonard Cheshire VC.

Leonard Cheshire's aims are to support disabled people to live, learn and work as independently as they choose - whatever their ability. The charity supports disabled people through local care services including residential homes, supported living, domiciliary support, day services, activity centres, respite care, transition services, and employment and skills support. It also runs political campaigns on issues affecting disabled people.

In 2013–14 it had income of over £162 million, placing it in the top 40 of UK charities. Around 90% of this income came from government grants, and around £18 million in donations (2013/14).

## History

The charity was originally known as **The Cheshire Foundation Homes for the Sick**, and in 1976 became the **Leonard Cheshire Foundation**. In 2007 it rebranded to **Leonard Cheshire Disability** and in 2018 its brand and logotype were simplified to **Leonard Cheshire**.

Group Captain Leonard Cheshire started the charity in 1948 when he took a dying man, who had nowhere else to go, into his own home: a country house called Le Court, near Liss in Hampshire. By the summer of 1949, Le Court had 24 residents with complex needs, illnesses and impairments, living under the 'self-help' philosophy encouraged by Cheshire. As awareness of Leonard's work spread he started to receive referrals from the NHS, and local communities rallied to his cause, building homes for disabled people living in their own local area. By 1955 there were six Cheshire homes in Britain. The first overseas Cheshire Home was established in Mumbai, India the same year.

During the 1960s, this pattern expanded rapidly across the UK. People were inspired by Group Captain Cheshire's example; The Duke of Edinburgh described the work 'as one of the greatest acts of humanity in our time'. Each of these "Cheshire Homes", as they came to be called, were similarly set up: local communities came forward, assembled a group of volunteers, found whatever suitable accommodation they could set up administrative committees and began raising funds for development. This gave each Cheshire Home a local structure closely knit to the community they were serving while being affiliated with an international organization. The founder and his small secretariat in London helped the committees with their endeavours, including arranging well-publicised openings, all the more attractive to the public for Group Captain Cheshire's attendance.

In the 1960s, attitudes towards disabled people were openly discriminatory. Thousands of people with disabilities, often young, were consigned to geriatric hospital wards and employment prospects were non-existent. The charity's aim was to tackle these barriers to disabled people participating fully in society. Residents at Le Court benefited from a greater degree of 'self-help' but the home was still run locally along medical lines by the Warden and Matron. Matters came to a head in 1962 when a group of residents protested against rules curtailing their activities introduced by the Matron. Led by activists (and Le Court residents) Paul Hunt and Peter Wade, supported by the founder and sympathetic staff and trustees, the residents eventually prevailed. This led to changes in the philosophy of the management committee at Le Court and other Cheshire Homes, and eventually to the formation of the Union of the Physically Impaired Against Segregation as Hunt, Wade and others started to explore and campaign for life beyond residential care.

By 1969 there were 50 Leonard Cheshire services in the UK, 15 in India, and Homes in 20 other countries including Portugal, Morocco, Chile, Israel, Nigeria and Sierra Leone. The 1960s produced much new thinking on disability and resulted in better training for residential care workers, personal counselling within the homes and the involvement of residents in management. The first-day centre was established near Nottingham, bungalows for married residents were started in West Sussex and supported living flats were built in Tulse Hill in partnership with the Greater London Council.

Change continued in the 1970s under the foundation's first International Director, Ronald Travers. He established the Leonard Cheshire Foundation International in 1978 and fostered support for the idea of Cheshire homes in America, China and Russia. He led modernisation of attitudes in the UK homes and the transition from expatriate to local community management of the international homes, which became independent charities in their own right, affiliated under a Global Alliance.

By 1992 there were 270 homes in 49 countries, and the transition was made from local management committees to a centralised structure under a Director of Operations, fuelled by changes in social services, legislation and the expectations of service users. The employment in 1999 of the foundation's first Head of Policy, disability campaigner John Knight, saw the charity start to become a campaigning organisation, a significant change in direction. Leonard Cheshire was also one of the first UK charities to introduce a professional volunteer support team. In 1997, disability activist Clare Evans became Leonard Cheshire's first head of Service User Support and established the Service Users Networking Association in 1998.

In 2010, Leonard Cheshire launched their Young Voices website and programme that supported disabled children around the world to campaign for access and their human rights. The children from the programme started a Tumblr blog detailing their work. Members of Young Voices have gone on to run as candidates in their country's elections and have received Queen's Young Leaders Awards from Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II in 2015.

From 2009 to 2011 it ran the Ability International Media Awards, recognising disabled people in the media.

Leonard Cheshire launched the 'Make Care Fair' campaign in 2013, calling on councils to stop 15-minute care visits, as advised by the Care Act 2014 and NICE Guidelines. In 2016 it reported that 52 out of 152 councils in England ended 15-minute care visits, but that 33,305 people in England still received them. In 2017, Leonard Cheshire's research revealed that 50,677 people across England, Scotland and Wales still received 15-minute care visits.

In 2016, it was announced that 18 care homes owned by Leonard Cheshire would be put up for sale, including homes in Leeds, Sheffield, Calderdale, and York, Wolverhampton, Derbyshire, Oxford and Lincolnshire. In a statement, they said 'A small minority of our properties are not in the right places with easy access to community amenities and with scope to grow. Other providers are better placed to make long-term investments.' All of the services were purchased by Valorum Care, which are based in Leeds, in 2019.

In the financial year 2017/2018, Leonard Cheshire's income grew by over £14m, from £10.9m the year before to £25.1m. Sally Davis, the charity's chair, said that the charity 'continued to face a challenging financial environment' but its income nevertheless grew 'thanks mainly to a significant donation.' This was thought to be a legacy.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, they, as part of The Disability Benefits Consortium (DBC), wrote an open letter to Thérèse Coffey, Secretary of State for Work and Pensions to call for urgent changes to the benefits system to protect disabled and seriously unwell people from further physical and financial harm during the COVID-19 emergency.

In August 2020, whilst Leonard Cheshire was carrying out a redundancy programme, it was reported to the i newspaper that Leonard Cheshire and Scope were planning a merger. A spokesperson for Leonard Cheshire denied that they were discussing a merger at that time.

In March 2022 due to financial pressures, the charity began a redundancy process for job roles outside of its front line care and supported living services. The charity made 300 redundancies but reported it still struggled to recruit front line staff.

## International work (1953-2023)

As well as supporting the Leonard Cheshire Global Alliance, the charity has run programmes in countries outside the UK since its inception. On 4 July 1969, the first international Cheshire conference officially adopted 'The Singapore Declaration', the first attempt to define the nature of Cheshire organisations across the world. The first international project was a Self Reliance programme, which covered various costs including grants for vehicles, building costs and the further development of new organisations.

From 1988, the international secretariat ran an International Training and Development programme which supported Cheshire organisations through training initiatives for care staff and managers.

As thinking around disability started to change, the adoption of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) at the United Nations in 2006 led to different funding availability and a new approach. In response, the international directorate moved from being a secretariat for a network of organisations to a provider of programmes for disabled people globally.

In 2018, a database of disability statistics called the Disability Data Portal was launched for people with disabilities to use to monitor and demand changes within their country of residence.

As part of a call for new trustees in late 2022, Leonard Cheshire announced plans for a significant scaling back and a review of the make-up and direction of its social care services. International work was not mentioned as part of their new 'smaller' organisation. In 2023 it was confirmed in their annual report that they had stopped all international work and the department was closed.

The Ryder-Cheshire Mission was set up by Leonard Cheshire and his wife Sue Ryder at the time of their marriage in 1959 and later became the Ryder-Cheshire Foundation which operated until 2010. Other related former charities include Target Tuberculosis, operating in India and certain countries of Africa (2003–2016).

The rehabilitation of disabled people was supported through Ryder-Cheshire Volunteers, founded in 1986, which is now the Enrych charity.

The Leonard Cheshire Disability & Inclusive Development Centre is a joint project by Leonard Cheshire Disability and University College London (originally set up in 1997 as the Leonard Cheshire Centre of Conflict Recovery). The centre is dedicated to generating applied research on disability in development, with particular emphasis on poverty and economic development in terms of livelihoods, inclusive education and public health. Centre staff also work closely on policy issues at a global level, serving in an advisory capacity to a number of UN agencies (including UNDESA, UNICEF, ILO, World Bank) and bilateral organisations (including DFID, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)). The centre is based in the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London.

Cheshire founded the Raphael Pilgrimage to support sick and disabled people to travel to Lourdes.

Sue Ryder Care, a charity founded in 1953 by Sue Ryder, before she met Leonard Cheshire, was one of the 50 largest charities in the UK in 2008.

In 2001, Paul Darke resigned from the role of national advocacy officer and from the public affairs committee and bought the domain name www.leonard-cheshire.com to highlight the charity's role in institutionalising those with disabilities and neglecting those in their care.

He stated that 'the main reason you cease to be a Leonard Cheshire service user is death' and that charity donations would pay for 'private medical insurance of senior directors and management get-togethers costing £10,000 a weekend'. After a heated debate on BBC Radio 4, as well as 50,000 hits on the website, Leonard Cheshire submitted a complaint to the World Intellectual Property Organization. WIPO ruled that Darke has no right or legitimate interest in the domain name; and that it has been registered and used by him in bad faith.

The charity rebranded to Leonard Cheshire Disability in 2007, and the domain name is unused as of September 2020. The case has been cited in a law textbook.

## Notable people

* Group Captain Lord Leonard Cheshire, WWII RAF Group Captain, humanitarian and founder of Leonard Cheshire
* Lord Justice Alfred Denning, lawyer and judge, first chairman of Leonard Cheshire 1952–1961
* Geoffrey Chevalier Cheshire, barrister, law academic and father of Group Captain Cheshire, second chairman 1961–1964
* Edmund Davies, judge and Law Lord, third chairman 1964–1974
* Ronald Travers, BBC producer and volunteer at Le Court (1956) became Group Captain Cheshire's personal assistant in 1969, setting up the Counselling Service, an early form of Quality Assurance and Safeguarding (before the CQC inspection of social care services began in 2003) and the first International Director in 1979 until his retirement in 1998
* Air Chief Marshal Sir Christopher Foxley-Norris, WWII fighter pilot and senior RAF commander, fourth Chairman 1974–1982
* Arthur Bennett, an RAF pilot, was disabled after a flying accident that resulted in severe burns, first chief executive officer (CEO) from 1979 until his retirement in 1991
* General Sir Geoffrey Howlett, former Commander in Chief of Allied Forces Northern Europe, sixth chairman 1990–1995
* Diplomat Sir David Goodall, seventh chairman 1995–2000
* Banker Charles Morland, eighth chairman 2000–2005 and the first disabled chairman of the charity
* Diplomat Sir Nigel Broomfield, ninth chairman 2005–2009
* Technologist Ilyas Khan, tenth chairman 2009–2015
* Bryan Dutton, Director-General 1998–2008
* John Knight, disability rights campaigner and public policy analyst, Leonard Cheshire's first Head of Policy in 1999
* Clare Evans, disability campaigner and Leonard Cheshire's first national Head of Service User Support 1997–2010
* Neil Heslop, founder of Blind in Business, the second disabled CEO of Leonard Cheshire from 2017 to 2020
* Ruth Owen OBE, a third disabled and second female CEO of Leonard Cheshire, previous CEO of children's disability charity Whizz-Kids, was appointed in 2021
* David Grayson CBE, twelfth chairman (and second chairman to have a disability), appointed 2021–2023; former chair of the National Disability Council

## Further reading

* Morris, Richard. *Cheshire: The Biography of Leonard Cheshire, VC, OM*. London: Viking Press, 2000. ISBN 0-670-86735-7.
* Mantle, Jonathan. *The Story of Leonard Cheshire Disability.* London: James & James, 2008. ISBN 1-903942-95-0
* Cheshire, Leonard. *The Hidden World.* London: William Collins Sons & Co Ltd. 1981. ISBN 0-00-626479-4.
* Russell, Wilfrid. *New lives for old: The story of the Cheshire Homes.* London: Victor Gollancz. 1963, 1969, 1980. ISBN 0-575-02807-6


title: Tom Merritt (politician)

abstract: Tom Merritt was an American businessman and politician. Merritt was born in Rossville, Illinois. He graduated from Onarga Military School. Merritt also went to DePauw University and Purdue University. Merriitt lived in Hoopeston, Illinois with his wife and family. He was involved with the insurance, real estate, and farm loan business. He served as the Hoopeston City Treasurer from 1937 to 1941 and on the Vermillion County, Illinois Board of Supervisors from 1947 to 1964. Merritt was a Republican. Merritt served in the Illinois Senate from 1965 to 1976. Merritt was a member of the Illinois Bicentennial Commission. He opted not to run for reelection in the 1976 general election. That year, Republican State Representative Max Coffey defeated Democratic candidate and Vermilion County State's Attorney Richard J. Doyle of Hoopeston to succeed Merritt. He also served as chairman of the Port of Chicago Commission and as chairman of the Illinois Economic Development Commission. Merritt died at the Hoopeston Community Hospital in Hoopeston, Illinois.

text:
# Tom Merritt (politician)

**Tom Merritt** (October 20, 1911  December 21, 1991) was an American businessman and politician.

Merritt was born in Rossville, Illinois. He graduated from Onarga Military School. Merritt also went to DePauw University and Purdue University. Merriitt lived in Hoopeston, Illinois with his wife and family. He was involved with the insurance, real estate, and farm loan business. He served as the Hoopeston City Treasurer from 1937 to 1941 and on the Vermillion County, Illinois Board of Supervisors from 1947 to 1964. Merritt was a Republican. Merritt served in the Illinois Senate from 1965 to 1976. Merritt was a member of the Illinois Bicentennial Commission. He opted not to run for reelection in the 1976 general election. That year, Republican State Representative Max Coffey defeated Democratic candidate and Vermilion County State's Attorney Richard J. Doyle of Hoopeston to succeed Merritt. He also served as chairman of the Port of Chicago Commission and as chairman of the Illinois Economic Development Commission. Merritt died at the Hoopeston Community Hospital in Hoopeston, Illinois.


title: Qutañani

abstract: Qutañani is a mountain in the eastern extensions of the Apolobamba mountain range in Bolivia, about 4,900 metres (16,076 ft) high. It is situated in the La Paz Department, Bautista Saavedra Province, Curva Municipality. Qutañani lies southwest of K'usilluni.

text:
# Qutañani

**Qutañani** (Aymara *qutaña* dam, *-ni* a suffix to indicate ownership, "the one with a dam", also spelled *Cotanani*) is a mountain in the eastern extensions of the Apolobamba mountain range in Bolivia, about 4,900 metres (16,076 ft) high. It is situated in the La Paz Department, Bautista Saavedra Province, Curva Municipality. Qutañani lies southwest of K'usilluni.

## InfoBox

| Qutañani | |
| --- | --- |
| QutañaniLocation in Bolivia | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 4,900 m (16,100 ft) |
| Coordinates | 14°59′11″S 68°56′44″W / 14.98639°S 68.94556°W / -14.98639; -68.94556 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Bolivia, <br>La Paz Department |
| Parent range | Andes, Apolobamba |


title: Punjab Police (Pakistan)

abstract: The Punjab Police is a law enforcement agency of Punjab, Pakistan. Under the command of its Inspector General (IG), it administers all criminal cases under the Police Acts of 1861 and 2002. The force was introduced in its modern form under British rule, and a colonial influence continues. On 23 January 2023, Dr. Usman Anwar was appointed as the Inspector General of Punjab Police.

text:
# Punjab Police (Pakistan)

The **Punjab Police** (Punjabi, Urdu: پنجاب پولیس) is a law enforcement agency of Punjab, Pakistan. Under the command of its Inspector General (IG), it administers all criminal cases under the Police Acts of 1861 and 2002. The force was introduced in its modern form under British rule, and a colonial influence continues. On 23 January 2023, Dr. Usman Anwar was appointed as the Inspector General of Punjab Police.

## History

### Mughal Empire

Under the Mughal Empire, policing was organized on the basis of land tenure. Zamindars were responsible for apprehending disturbers of the public peace and performing other policing duties. At the village level, these functions were performed by the village headman. In large towns, functionaries known as kotwals combined law enforcement, municipal administration and revenue collection. Watchmen were on patrol and violent, organized crime was usually handled by the military.

### British Raj

The modern system of policing was introduced during British rule. The British administration relieved the zamindars of responsibility for police service, and introduced magistrates with daroghas and other subordinate officers. The Punjab Police was organized in two branches: the Military Preventive Police and the Civil Detective Police. This arrangement proved unsatisfactory, however, and the government of British India urged the government of Punjab to investigate the province's system of policing in 1860. Due to the importance of the issue, the central government appointed a commission to investigate policing in British India. The Calcutta Police Commission of 1860 recommended abolition of the police's military arm, the appointment of an Inspector General of Police in the province and the supervision of police in a district by a District Superintendent. The commission recommended that only the district magistrate should conduct law-enforcement functions. Based on the commission's recommendations, the government of India submitted a bill which was enacted as Act V of 1861; the Police Act of 1861 was adopted. The organizational structure of the act still survives.

The Punjab Police Rules of 1933 documented the police practices of the time, and introduced measures for improving administration and operational effectiveness. The rules indicate that the Punjab Police was a professional police organization by 1934, had considerable knowledge of the province's crime and criminals, and developed effective procedures and practices for dealing with various kinds of criminal activity. The force's administrative and disciplinary functions were also described. They have been the model for similar rules in other provinces of Pakistan, and are still in force.

### After independence

| **Service colour** | Dark blue and red
 |
| --- | --- |
| **Uniform colour** | Olive green
 |

The Punjab Police played a significant role in handling the refugee crisis of 1947–48. It continued as a separate organization until 1955, when it was merged with the police of other provinces to create the West Pakistan Police. The West Pakistan Deputy Inspector General was Inayat Ali Shah. The East and West Pakistan DIGs reported to an IG who, during the 1950s, was Qurban Ali Khan. Several unsuccessful attempts were made to review and reform police organization and performance during the 1950s and 1960s. The Pakistan police's legal framework underwent a major change as a consequence of the Devolution of Power Plan, which was implemented between 2001 and 2006. The plan devolved much provincial-governmental authority and functions to the districts, and introduced public accountability of the police.

A system of district governments was introduced with the Punjab Local Government Ordinance 2001. As a part of the plan, the Police Order replaced the Police Act 1861 in 2002 and brought sweeping changes to the police. The new law introduced public accountability in the form of Public Safety Commissions at the district, provincial and national level. The Police Order 2002 also provided for an independent Police Complaints Authority, increased autonomy of the Inspector General of Police and separated investigation from other police functions. The Punjab Police are engaged in counterterrorism operations in the province.

## Organization

The Punjab Police is constituted by the Police Order 2002 and operates under the Police Rules of 1934. The Central Police Office (CPO) in Lahore which has a number of branches, including the Legal Affairs Division (Legal Branch), Finance and Welfare, Operations, Training, and Research and Development. The branches report to the Inspector General of Police through their Additional Inspectors General of Police. The Regional Police Officers report to the Inspector General of Police, and are not part of the Punjab CPO. The Inspector General of Police is the *ex officio* secretary of the government of Punjab. The Punjab Police is staffed by its officers and those of the Police Service of Pakistan.

Units:

Main formations:

* Central Police Office, Punjab
* Police Regions
* Investigation Branch
* Special Branch
* Telecommunication Branch
* Operations Branch

### Equipment

### Vehicles

Officers are allotted cars by rank. Bulletproof vehicles are provided to officers at sensitive posts.

## Ranks and Insignia

| Rank group | General/flag officers | | | Senior officers | | | Junior officers | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Punjab Police |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| | Inspector General of Police (IGP) | Additional Inspector General of Police (Add-IG) | Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG) | Assistant Inspector General of Police / Senior Superintendent of Police (AIG/SSP) | Superintendent of Police (SP With 8 Year Service) | Superintendent of Police (SP) | Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP) | Assistant Superintendent of Police (Probationary Rank: 3 years of service) | Assistant Superintendent of Police (Probationary Rank: 1 year of service) |

| Rank group | Junior commissioned officers | | | Non commissioned officer | | Enlisted |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Punjab Police |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| | Inspectorانسپکٹر | Sub Inspectorسب انسپکٹر | Assistant Sub Inspectorاسسٹنٹ سب انسپکٹر | Head Constable ہیڈ کانسٹیبل | Police Naik پولیس نائک | Constable سپاہی |

## Controversies

The Anti-Corruption Establishment Punjab called Punjab Police the most corrupt public department in the province in a 2010 report. Members of the force have been involved in a number of criminal activities. In November 2017, a man was killed in a setup in Faisalabad. Initially identified as a robber, he was an unarmed civilian who had had an affair with a relative of the Gujranwala District deputy superintendent of police and left the country. During a visit to Pakistan, plainclothes police officer shot and killed him. Sexual assault, harassment, and mistreatment of women have also occurred. Express News reported on 20 November 2017 that two Punjab Police officers tore a woman's clothes, made a video, tried to blackmail her and shared the video on social media. Both officers were fired, but it is unknown if they faced criminal charges. Faisalabad police gang-raped the wife of a fellow police officer.

In November 2017, a video on social media depicted Punjab Police officers torturing an elderly couple; the entire police station was suspended. A seven-year-old child was arrested for kidnapping by Punjab Police in 2015. A 12-year-old was arrested by Punjab Police in Bahawalpur District after they failed to arrest his father, a farmer named in an FIR for disputing the price of sugar cane at a sugar mill. The boy brought his schoolbooks to jail.

## Uniform change

In 2017, the Punjab Police changed its standard uniform constituting black shirts and khaki pants, which was designed by GM Chowdri & Sons(government contractors since 1916) under the order of Khan Qurban Ali Khan, to all olive-green. The change had a mixed reaction; the government said that it had consulted professional designers, but the new uniform has been criticized as dull and less attractive. Media reports have circulated that the Punjab Police will revive their previous uniform again.

Leadership
| # | Name | From | To |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Khan Qurban Ali Khan | August 1947 | August 1952 |
| 2 | Mian Anwar Ali | August 1952 | October 1952 |
| 3 | Khan Qurban Ali Khan | October 1952 | February 1953 |
| 4 | Mian Anwar Ali | February 1953 | June 1953 |
| 5 | S. N. Alam | June 1953 | May 1955 |
| 6 | Mian Anwar Ali | May 1955 | May 1956 |
| 7 | A. B. Awan | May 1956 | May 1958 |
| 8 | Muhammad Sharif Khan | May 1958 | August 1962 |
| 9 | S. N. Alam | August 1962 | July 1963 |
| 10 | S. D. Qureshi | July 1963 | July 1968 |
| 11 | Mian Bashir Ahmad | July 1968 | April 1970 |
| 12 | Muhammad Anwar Afridi | April 1970 | October 1972 |
| 13 | Sahibzada Raoof Ali | October 1972 | August 1974 |
| 14 | Rao Abdur Rasheed | August 1974 | April 1976 |
| 15 | Atta Hussain | April 1976 | March 1977 |
| 16 | Fazal-e-Haq | March 1977 | July 1977 |
| 17 | M. A. R. Arif | July 1977 | September 1977 |
| 18 | Khawaja Masrur Hussain | September 1977 | February 1978 |
| 19 | Habib Ur Rehman Khan | February 1978 | July 1979 |
| 20 | Muhammad Azam Qazi | July 1979 | November 1980 |
| 21 | Obaid-Ur-Rehman Khan | November 1980 | June 1981 |
| 22 | Laeeq Ahmad Khan | June 1981 | September 1985 |
| 23 | Hafiz S. D. Jamy | September 1985 | 18 August 1987 |
| 24 | Nisar Ahmad Cheema | 18 August 1987 | 6 March 1989 |
| 25 | Manzoor Ahmad | 8 March 1989 | 20 June 1991 |
| 26 | Sardar Muhammad Chaudhry | 21 June 1991 | 30 May 1993 |
| 27 | G. Asghar Malik | 1 June 1993 | 21 July 1993 |
| 28 | Muhammad Abbas Khan | 26 July 1993 | 8 August 1996 |
| 29 | Zulfiqar Ali Qureshi | 8 August 1996 | 26 November 1996 |
| 30 | Muhammad Amin | 27 November 1996 | 17 March 1997 |
| 31 | Jehan Zaib Burki | 18 March 1997 | 26 October 1999 |
| 32 | Muhammad Rafique Haider | 26 October 1999 | 12 June 2000 |
| 33 | Malik Asif Hayat | 12 June 2000 | 11 December 2002 |
| 34 | Syed Masud Shah | 12 December 2002 | 31 March 2004 |
| 35 | Saadat Ullah Khan | 1 April 2004 | 9 June 2005 |
| 36 | Zia-ul-Hassan Khan | 10 June 2005 | 29 December 2006 |
| 37 | Ahmad Nasim | 29 December 2006 | 27 February 2008 |
| 38 | Azhar Hassan Nadeem | 29 February 2008 | 16 April 2008 |
| 39 | Shaukat Javed | 17 April 2008 | 25 February 2009 |
| 40 | Kh. Khalid Farooq | 25 February 2009 | 1 April 2009 |
| 41 | Shaukat Javed | 1 April 2009 | 22 April 2009 |
| 42 | Tariq Saleem | 27 April 2009 | 31 December 2010 |
| 43 | Javed Iqbal | 7 January 2011 | 17 February 2012 |
| 44 | Haji Mohammad Habib ur Rehman | 17 February 2012 | 1 January 2013 |
| 45 | Aftab Sultan | 1 April 2013 | 25 May 2013 |
| 46 | Khan Baig | 25 May 2013 | 15 June 2014 |
| 47 | Mushtaq Ahmad Sukhera | 17 June 2014 | 10 April 2017 |
| 48 | Muhammad Usman | 10 April 2017 | 25 July 2017 |
| 49 | Arif Nawaz Khan | 25 July 2017 | 13 June 2018 |
| 50 | Kaleem Imam | 13 June 2018 | 11 September 2018 |
| 51 | Muhammad Tahir | 11 September 2018 | 15 October 2018 |
| 52 | Amjad Javed Saleemi | 15 October 2018 | 17 April 2019 |
| 53 | Arif Nawaz Khan | 17 April 2019 | 28 November 2019 |
| 54 | Shoaib Dastgir | 28 November 2019 | 9 September 2020 |
| 55 | Inam Ghani | 9 September 2020 | 8 September 2021 |
| 56 | Rao Sardar Ali Khan | 8 September 2021 | 23 July 2022 |
| 57 | Faisal Shahkar | 23 July 2022 | 21 December 2022 |
| 58 | Aamir Zulfiqar Khan | 22 December 2022 | 23 January 2023 |
| 59 | Dr Usman Anwar | 23 January 2023 | Present |

## Notable officers

## InfoBox

| Punjab Police
پنجاب پولیس | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Flag of Punjab Police | |
| Abbreviation | PP |
| Motto | *To Serve and Protect Our Punjab*
*Always Stand With People* |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | 22 March 1861
 |
| Employees | 350,000 |
| Annual budget | Classified |
| Jurisdictional structure | |
| Operations jurisdiction | Punjab, Pakistan |
|  | |
| Map of Punjab Police's jurisdiction | |
| Size | 205,344 square kilometres (79,284 sq mi) |
| Population | 128,000,000 |
| Legal jurisdiction | Punjab |
| Governing body | Government of Punjab |
| Constituting instrument | * Police Rules & Police Order 2002 |
| General nature |  |
| Operational structure | |
| Headquarters | Central Police Office, Lahore |
| Agency executive |  |
| Parent agency | Police Service of Pakistan |
| Website | |
| punjabpolice.gov.pk | |


title: Turtle Lake (Saskatchewan)

abstract: Turtle Lake is a lake in the west-central part of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It is fairly long while also narrow. The closest town is Livelong and the closest cities are North Battleford, Meadow Lake, and Lloydminster. Turtle Lake is a heavily utilized recreational lake with campgrounds and small resort villages along its shores. Access to the lake and its amenities is from Highways 697 and 795. Turtle Lake's primary outlet is the Turtlelake River, which flows south into the North Saskatchewan River near the Michaud Islands, across the river from Delmas. Warner River and Mikinak Lake are the primary inflows. The lake is situated at the southern slopes of the Meadow Lake Escarpment. Locals tell stories of a monster of some sort in its waters. The Turtle Lake Monster stories go back many years.

text:
# Turtle Lake (Saskatchewan)

**Turtle Lake** is a lake in the west-central part of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It is fairly long (about 21 km (13 mi)) while also narrow (about 5 km (3.1 mi) across). The closest town is Livelong and the closest cities are North Battleford, Meadow Lake, and Lloydminster. Turtle Lake is a heavily utilized recreational lake with campgrounds and small resort villages along its shores. Access to the lake and its amenities is from Highways 697 and 795.

Turtle Lake's primary outlet is the Turtlelake River, which flows south into the North Saskatchewan River near the Michaud Islands, across the river from Delmas. Warner River and Mikinak Lake are the primary inflows. The lake is situated at the southern slopes of the Meadow Lake Escarpment.

Locals tell stories of a monster of some sort in its waters. The Turtle Lake Monster stories go back many years.

## Communities

With over 1,500 cabins, Turtle Lake is dotted with several lakeside communities of cabin owners, including (clockwise from the north-east) Turtle View (which is an amalgamation of Turtle Lake Lodge and Indian Point – Golden Sands), Sunset View Beach, Evergreen Acres, Turtle Lake South Bay, Kopp's Kove, Aspen Cove, Parkland Beach, Powm Beach, Kivimaa-Moonlight Bay, and Horseshoe Bay. The Thunderchild 115C Indian reserve is on the north-western shore adjacent to Horseshoe Bay. Prior to 2010, Turtle Lake Lodge had a store and rental cabins with some facilities, since converted to residential lots. Prior to 2018, Moonlight Bay also had a small store with fuel sales available. Since those closures, South Bay is the only beach on the lake with store / gas / restaurant & lounge operations, open seasonally during summer.

## Recreation

Along Turtle Lake's shores are campgrounds, parks, golf courses, resorts, beaches, boat launches, and other amenities geared towards recreation.

Turtle Lake Recreation Site (53°36′57″N 108°34′57″W / 53.6157°N 108.5826°W / 53.6157; -108.5826) is a 266-acre park on the north-eastern shore. It has a small campground, beach, and a boat launch. At the southern end of the lake is the 10-acre Turtle River Campground. It is in the community of Turtle Lake South Bay and adjacent to Turtlelake River. It has cabin rentals and a campground.

On the lake's eastern shore, between Indian Point – Golden Sands and Turtle Lake Lodge, is the 112-acre Turtle Lake Nature Sanctuary. The sanctuary has trails for wildlife viewing, hiking, cycling, and cross-country skiing.

Near Powm Beach is the 18-hole Blueberry Hill Golf Course and in Kivimaa-Moonlight Bay is the Kivimaa-Moonlight Bay mini golf.

## Fish species

Turtle Lake has several species of fish, including northern pike, walleye, perch, and whitefish.

### Fish stocking

The fish stocking program at Turtle Lake started in 1950, and has been ongoing with some regularity over the past 80 years. Two species have been the focus of the stocking program in an effort to bolster their populations: walleye and lake whitefish.

Whitefish stocking started in 1927 and was discontinued in 1984. During this period, tens of millions of whitefish fry (newly hatched) were stocked. From 1932 to 1962, over 14 million walleye fry were stocked in the lake. The fisheries survey of 1964–65 indicated poor stocking success, so the stocking program was terminated. But due to high angler demand for walleye in the late 1960s, the walleye stocking program was re-introduced. From 1969 to 2004, another 22 million walleye fry as well as 461,300 walleye fingerlings (about 5 cm long) were stocked.

## InfoBox

| Turtle Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Turtle Lake at sunset | |
| Turtle LakeLocation in SaskatchewanTurtle LakeTurtle Lake (Canada) | |
| Location | RM of Parkdale No. 498 and RM of Mervin No. 499, Saskatchewan |
| Coordinates | 53°34′N 108°39′W / 53.567°N 108.650°W / 53.567; -108.650 |
| Primary inflows | Warner River |
| River sources | Meadow Lake Escarpment |
| Primary outflows | Turtlelake River |
| Catchment area | North Saskatchewan River |
| Basin countries | Canada |
|  | |
| Max. length | 21 km (13 mi) |
| Max. width | 5 km (3.1 mi) |
| Surface area | 6,772.1 ha (16,734 acres) |
| Max. depth | 19.2 m (63 ft) |
| Shore length1 | 58 km (36 mi) |
| Surface elevation | 649 m (2,129 ft) |
|  | |
| Islands | Eyinatik Island |
| Settlements | Turtle View |
| 1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. | |


title: West End F.C. (Glasgow)

abstract: West End Football Club was a Scottish association football club based in Cowlairs, Glasgow.

text:
# West End F.C. (Glasgow)

**West End Football Club** was a Scottish association football club based in Cowlairs, Glasgow.

## History

The club was founded in August 1873 out of a cricket club. The club's name was often given as **West-end** or **West-End**, although for its first couple of matches the name was given as **West-End Wanderers**, and the side said to be made up of footballers and cricketers.

The club competed in the Scottish Cup for four seasons between 1874 and 1878, winning its first tie against Star of Leven at home with three unanswered second-half goals, but being unlucky enough in its first season to be drawn against Queen's Park; West End lost 7–0 in a "rough" game, "West End considering that charging was the play".

The club's best run came in 1876–77. The club beat Govan in the second round in a confusing game; the result was reported as both 1–0 and 1–1, presumably because of a disputed Govan goal, and Govan issued a protest to the Scottish Football Association, which was dismissed. In the third round (last 21), West End drew at home to the Edinburgh Swifts; after the match the teams dined together at the Athole Arms Hotel. The replay however did not take place. West End was disqualified for "not playing Swifts in accordance with the rules", and the Swifts were placed in the fourth round.

The club's last recorded fixture was against South Western in March 1878.

## Colours

The club's colours were originally given as white and blue. By 1874 the colours had changed to amber & black; from 1876 they were given as orange and black, but may have been the same kit.

## Ground

The cricket club moved into Burnbank Park in 1873, just before forming the football section; Blythswood F.C. also played cricket there, and adopted football in August 1873, which may have been an influence on West End doing so the same month. One early difficulty the club had was that it had leased its cricket pitch to the Glasgow Academicals for rugby before taking up football, so could not use it during its first season. It was however able to use it from the 1874–85 season.

From the 1876–77 season, the club moved to Avenue Park in Cowlairs.

## InfoBox

West End
| Full name | West End Football Club |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1873 |
| Dissolved | 1878 |
| Ground | Avenue Park |
| Secretary | Hugh McColl, Robert Clark |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Urosalpinx devriesi

abstract: Urosalpinx devriesi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

text:
# Urosalpinx devriesi

***Urosalpinx devriesi*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Description

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Chile

## InfoBox

| *Urosalpinx devriesi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Subfamily: | Ocenebrinae |
| Genus: | *Urosalpinx* |
| Species: | ***U. devriesi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Urosalpinx devriesi***<br>Houart & Sellanes, 2017 | |
|


title: Leonard Christian

abstract: Leonard Glenn Christian is an American politician and businessman. Christian serves as a member of the Washington House of Representatives, representing the 4th district, having been elected in 2022. He was appointed to the state House in 2014 to fill out the remainder of the term of Representative Larry Crouse.

text:
# Leonard Christian

**Leonard Glenn Christian** (born September 22, 1965) is an American politician and businessman. Christian serves as a member of the Washington House of Representatives, representing the 4th district, having been elected in 2022. He was appointed to the state House in 2014 to fill out the remainder of the term of Representative Larry Crouse.

## Early life and education

Christian was born in Los Angeles and raised in Spokane, Washington, where he graduated from Joel E. Ferris High School. Christian earned an Associate degree from the Community College of the Air Force, Bachelor of Science from Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University, and MBA from Webster University. Christian served in the United States Air Force and retired as a Master sergeant.

## Career

Christian has worked as a real estate broker in Spokane Valley, Washington since 2007.

In 2010, he fell 12.5 points short of unseating the incumbent Spokane County Auditor, Vicky Dalton.

Christian was appointed to the state legislature on January 8, 2014, by the Spokane County Board of Commissioners, despite being the second choice of the Republican Precinct Committee Officers from the district. Christian filled the vacancy left after Larry Crouse resigned from his seat in the legislature on December 31, 2013, because of health problems.

In 2018, Christian narrowly lost an election for Spokane County Assessor.

Christian announced that he was running to challenge Rep. Matt Shea in the 2020 Republican primary after Rep. Shea was expelled from the House Republican caucus for alleged involvement in domestic terrorism.

## Awards

* 2014 Guardians of Small Business award. Presented by NFIB.

## InfoBox

| Leonard Christian | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Washington House of Representatives
from the 4th district | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
January 9, 2023Serving with Suzanne Schmidt | |
| Preceded by | Rob Chase |
| **In office**
January 8, 2014  November 25, 2014 | |
| Preceded by | Larry Crouse |
| Succeeded by | Bob McCaslin Jr. |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Leonard Glenn Christian
(1965-09-22) September 22, 1965
Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Rima Marie (Ashbrook) Christian |
| Residence(s) | Spokane Valley, Washington, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Community College of the Air Force (AA)
Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University (BS)
Webster University (MBA) |
| Profession | Real estate broker
Lender |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch/service | United States Air Force |
| Years of service | 1984  2004 (20 years) |
| Rank | Master sergeant |
|  | |


title: Millendreath railway station

abstract: Millendreath railway station was a proposed railway station in Millendreath, Cornwall which would have formed one of four stations on the St Germans & Looe Railway. The railway was proposed in 1935 and authorised by the Great Western Railway Act 1936, and work commenced in 1937. By the time that war began in 1939 only a small amount of work had been completed, and it was abandoned. Millendreath station itself was unbuilt, although the adjacent golf course was constructed but subsequently abandoned.

text:
# Millendreath railway station

**Millendreath railway station** was a proposed railway station in Millendreath, Cornwall which would have formed one of four stations on the St Germans & Looe Railway. The railway was proposed in 1935 and authorised by the Great Western Railway (Additional Powers) Act 1936 (c. ci), and work commenced in 1937. By the time that war began in 1939 only a small amount of work had been completed, and it was abandoned. Millendreath station itself was unbuilt, although the adjacent golf course was constructed but subsequently abandoned.


title: Tokyo RPG Factory

abstract: Tokyo RPG Factory Co., Ltd. Tokyo RPG Factory Co., Ltd. was a Japanese video game developer and subsidiary of Square Enix, a company known for its work in the role-playing genre. The company was founded in August 2014 under the name "Tokyo Dream Factory" by Yosuke Matsuda, who became president of Square Enix in 2013. During its lifetime, three titles were developed to varying degrees of critical and commercial success: I am Setsuna (2016), Lost Sphear (2017) and Oninaki (2019), each themed after a component of the Japanese concept of setsugekka. Tokyo RPG Factory was founded to develop games inspired by titles from the "golden age" of RPGs. Its structure, which brings in freelancers and staff volunteering from other departments within Square Enix, is modelled on Western film and game studios. Recurring staff members for their projects are director Atsushi Hashimoto and scenario writer Hirotaka Inaba. Noted Square Enix staff member Takashi Tokita provided input on the first two titles before taking on a creative role in Oninaki. The studio was merged into Square Enix in January 2024.

text:
# Tokyo RPG Factory

**Tokyo RPG Factory Co., Ltd.** (Japanese: 株式会社Tokyo RPG Factory) was a Japanese video game developer and subsidiary of Square Enix, a company known for its work in the role-playing genre. The company was founded in August 2014 under the name "Tokyo Dream Factory" by Yosuke Matsuda, who became president of Square Enix in 2013. During its lifetime, three titles were developed to varying degrees of critical and commercial success: *I am Setsuna* (2016), *Lost Sphear* (2017) and *Oninaki* (2019), each themed after a component of the Japanese concept of *setsugekka* ("snow, moon and flowers").

Tokyo RPG Factory was founded to develop games inspired by titles from the "golden age" of RPGs. Its structure, which brings in freelancers and staff volunteering from other departments within Square Enix, is modelled on Western film and game studios. Recurring staff members for their projects are director Atsushi Hashimoto and scenario writer Hirotaka Inaba. Noted Square Enix staff member Takashi Tokita provided input on the first two titles before taking on a creative role in *Oninaki*. The studio was merged into Square Enix in January 2024.

## History

### Origin and staff

Beginning in March 2013, Square Enix—known for its work in the role-playing video game (RPG) genre—underwent structural and policy changes when Yoichi Wada stepped down as president and was replaced by Yosuke Matsuda. Matsuda wanted to steer the company towards a more "individual" identity for products amid rising production costs and changing consumer demands. During this time, discussions were held internally about setting up a group within the company focused on creating new games inspired by the themes, art and game design of RPGs produced during the genre's golden age in the 1990s, such as *Chrono Trigger* and entries in the *Final Fantasy* series. This move was partially made in response to the success of foreign homages to golden age titles. Matsuda spearheaded this initiative. Taking inspiration from the corporate structure of outsourcing and freelancing staff common with Western movies and video game development, Matsuda "bypassed" Square Enix's corporate structure to create a small-scale subsidiary studio which would feature freelance guest developers working alongside company staff.

Matsuda invited a number of people from across Square Enix and from the freelance community to participate, and the studio was created around them. The developer was founded in August 2014 under the name "Tokyo Dream Factory". Their aim was to create original titles within small budgets, and they were given high creative freedom within their design goals. The following year, the studio changed to its current title, representing its chosen genre and development goals, with the name being created collaboratively by the staff. As part of his goals for the studio, Matsuda put in a policy of allowing staff members from other departments to volunteer rather than being assigned there.

Acting as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Square Enix, the developer was based in Tokyo, Japan. In 2017, the developer had ten regular employees, with others joining in if they wished. A recurring staff member was Atsushi Hashimoto, who acted as the three games' director. Scenario writer Hirotaka Inaba also worked on all their games, collaborating on their first two with Makoto Goya. Takashi Tokita, known for his work on *Chrono Trigger*, provided input for the battle systems of the first two games, then took a deeper creative role in the third.

### Game development

For their three games, Tokyo RPG Factory drew thematic and visual inspiration from the Japanese concept of *setsugekka* ("snow, moon and flowers"), an artistic theme in which each component serves as a metonym for its associated season. Work began on their first title, originally announced under the codename *Project Setsuna*, in 2014. Matsuno had a plan for multiple related titles related to Tokyo RPG Factory's IP, though this first game was created as a standalone project without plans for direct sequels. The game, eventually titled *I am Setsuna*, drew mechanical inspiration for its Active Time Battle system from *Chrono Trigger*. The story was created around themes of sadness and sacrifice. It used the visual theme of "snow". Released worldwide in 2016, *I am Setsuna* saw positive responses from fans, and despite initial losses turned a major profit for the company by the end of 2017.

Following *I am Setsuna*, the team began work on another similar project, carrying over some terminology and elements from their first game but otherwise creating a standalone experience. This second project was *Lost Sphear*, which used the story and gameplay theme of "memory" in its design. This game used the visual theme of "moon". Released in 2017 in Japan and 2018 in the West, *Lost Sphear* was again profitable though earnings fell compared to 2017.

During the later development of *Lost Sphear*, the studio's third game was being planned out, with Tokita taking on the role of creative producer and having input on the narrative. This game used the visual theme of "flower". At Tokita's urging, Inaba wrote a more mature narrative than previous titles from the developer, focusing on death-related themes and examining the concept of reincarnation. While it saw strong positive responses from players, Tokyo RPG Factory suffered a financial loss during that period due to low sales. Following the release of *Oninaki*, the studio staff began discussion concepts for a fourth game. During its final three years, Tokyo RPG Factory showed consistent sales profits. The studio was merged back into Square Enix in January 2024.

## Titles

| Year | Title | Platform(s) | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | *I am Setsuna* | PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Nintendo Switch, Microsoft Windows |  |
| 2017 | *Lost Sphear* | PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, Microsoft Windows |  |
| 2019 | | *Oninaki* |  |

### Notes

1. Known as *Ikenie to Yuki no Setsuna* (いけにえと雪のセツナ, lit. "Setsuna of Sacrifice and Snow") in Japan
2. Known as *Oni no Naku Kuni* (鬼ノ哭ク邦, lit. "Country Where the Ogre Cries", translated in-game as "The Wailing Land") in Japan

## InfoBox

Tokyo RPG Factory Co., Ltd.
|
|  |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| Industry | Video games |
| Founded | 2014 (2014) |
| Founders | Yosuke Matsuda |
| Defunct | January 2024 (January 2024) |
| Fate | Merged with Square Enix |
| Headquarters | 6-27-30 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo |
| Key people | Yosuke Matsuda
Atsushi Hashimoto
Takashi Tokita |
| Products | *I am Setsuna*
*Lost Sphear*
*Oninaki* |
| Net income | 56 million (2022) |
| Number of employees | 10 (2017) |
| Parent | Square Enix |
| Website | www.tokyorpgfactory.com |
| **Footnotes / references**
 | |


title: Qutb Shahi architecture

abstract: Qutb Shahi architecture is the distinct style of Indo-Islamic architecture developed during the reign of the Qutb Shahi dynasty, also known as the Golconda Sultanate. Qutb Shahi buildings are seen in the city of Hyderabad and its surroundings. The Golconda Fort, which predates the founding of the city is the earliest example. The style reached its zenith during the reign of Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, who founded the city of Hyderabad and constructed the Charminar as its centerpiece. The style is similar to that of the Bahmani Sultanate and other Deccan Sultanates, whose monuments can be seen in Gulbarga, Bijapur, and Bidar. It is heavily influenced by Persian architecture. Several buildings in the style were put by UNESCO on its "tentative list" to become a World Heritage Site in 2014, with others in the region, under the name Monuments and Forts of the Deccan Sultanate.

text:
# Qutb Shahi architecture

**Qutb Shahi architecture** is the distinct style of Indo-Islamic architecture developed during the reign of the Qutb Shahi dynasty, also known as the Golconda Sultanate.

Qutb Shahi buildings are seen in the city of Hyderabad and its surroundings. The Golconda Fort, which predates the founding of the city is the earliest example. The style reached its zenith during the reign of Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, who founded the city of Hyderabad and constructed the Charminar as its centerpiece.

The style is similar to that of the Bahmani Sultanate and other Deccan Sultanates, whose monuments can be seen in Gulbarga, Bijapur, and Bidar. It is heavily influenced by Persian architecture.

Several buildings in the style were put by UNESCO on its "tentative list" to become a World Heritage Site in 2014, with others in the region, under the name Monuments and Forts of the Deccan Sultanate (despite there being a number of different sultanates).

## Features

The Qutb Shahi buildings consist of:

* Expansive mosques and palaces built out of granite
* Inscriptions including Persian poetry and verses from the Quran
* Heavy stucco ornamental work and jali latticed screens

### Mosques

Mosque at the Qutb Shahi tombsToli MasjidMecca MasjidThe Qutb Shahi mosque would have five arched entranceways. The facade would be flanked with two galleried minarets. Elaborate stucco work would be used to embellish the facade

The Qutb Shahis were a Shia dynasty. The number five represented the Panjatan. The Qutb Shahi mosques would have five arched entrances on the facade.

The mosques would be set within caravanserais or shops nearby would be endowed to the mosque in order to ensure funding.

## History

### Golconda Fort

The Golconda Fort is the earliest example of the style.

### Later architecture

#### Qutb Shahi tombs

The Qutb Shahi tombs are the necropolis of the Qutb Shahi rulers, set in a vast garden on the outskirts of the Golconda Fort. The tombs share a common features: an onion dome atop a cube surrounded by an arcade with rich ornamental details, with small minarets featuring floral motifs.

#### Charminar

The Charminar is one of the most recognizable examples of Qutb Shahi architecture. It was built by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah in 1591 as a centerpiece for the newly built capital city of Hyderabad. The Charminar is a large building, square in plan, having an arch in each of its faces and a lofty decagonal minaret at each of its angles. To the south of the Charminar is the Mecca Masjid, which is one of the largest mosques of India.

To the north of the Charminar is the Gulzar Houz fountain, which is surrounded by four arches called the Char Kaman. The arches are simple and do not have many embellishments. There used to be other Qutb Shahi palaces, as well as a rose garden in the vicinity, but they were probably destroyed during the Siege of Golconda.

#### Other monuments

Another early structure was the Purana Pul, built in 1578 across the Musi River. The Tomb of Abdul Qadir Amin Khan at Patancheru is also from this period.

The Qutb Shahi rulers built elaborate caravanserais, or resthouses, including the Shaikpet Sarai and Taramati Baradari. The former had had 30 rooms, stables for horses and camels, a mosque and a tomb of an unknown sufi saint.

Other mosques built during this time include the Khairtabad Mosque, Hayat Bakshi Mosque, Musheerabad Masjid, and Kulsum Begum Mosque.

The Qutb Shahi rulers also made considerable additions to the Gandikota Fort.

## Revival

Later structures built by the Asaf Jahi rulers, such as the Afzal Gunj Masjid, were built in a revival Qutb Shahi style.

### Bibliography


title: Purnell, North Carolina

abstract: Purnell is an unincorporated community in Wake County, North Carolina, United States, located 4 mi (6.4 km) northwest of Wake Forest. Purnell and Bud Smith Roads are at the center of the community. Nearby neighborhoods are Kensington Manor, Crenshaw Manor, Galloway, and Hillcrest Farms.

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# Purnell, North Carolina

**Purnell** is an unincorporated community in Wake County, North Carolina, United States, located 4 mi (6.4 km) northwest of Wake Forest.

Purnell and Bud Smith Roads are at the center of the community.

Nearby neighborhoods are Kensington Manor, Crenshaw Manor, Galloway, and Hillcrest Farms.

1. "Purnell". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved November 3, 2013.

## InfoBox

| Purnell | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Coordinates: 36°00′44″N 78°33′12″W / 36.01222°N 78.55333°W / 36.01222; -78.55333 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | North Carolina |
| Counties | Wake |
| Elevation | 469 ft (143 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP codes | 27587 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1024240 |


title: Luther L. Bernard

abstract: Luther Lee Bernard was an American sociologist and psychologist. He was the 22nd President of the American Sociological Association. He has been described as "among the best known U.S. sociologist in the country... between the 1920 and the 1940,". Bernard studied at the University of Missouri and at the University of Chicago, where he received his Ph.D. received his doctorate. He then taught sociology and social psychology at various North American universities and was finally a professor of sociology at Pennsylvania State University. According to Lewis Coser  Bernard's social psychological theory can be described as "modified behaviorism". He adopted basic principles of behaviorism, but emphasized the influence of the environment on character formation. Thanks to him, American social psychology turned away from an exclusively biological orientation.

text:
# Luther L. Bernard

**Luther Lee Bernard** (October 29, 1881 – January 23, 1951) was an American sociologist and psychologist. He was the 22nd President of the American Sociological Association (for the year 1932). He has been described as "among the best known U.S. sociologist in the country... between the 1920 and the 1940,".

Bernard studied at the University of Missouri and at the University of Chicago, where he received his Ph.D. received his doctorate. He then taught sociology and social psychology at various North American universities and was finally a professor of sociology at Pennsylvania State University.

According to Lewis Coser Bernard's social psychological theory can be described as *"modified behaviorism"*. He adopted basic principles of behaviorism, but emphasized the influence of the environment on character formation. Thanks to him, American social psychology turned away from an exclusively biological orientation.

## Works

* *Instincts* (1924)
* *An Introduction to Social Psychology* (1926)
* *The Development of Methods in Sociology* (1928)
* *Sociology and the Study of International Relations* (1934)
* *Social Control* (1939)
* *War at its Causes* (1944)
* *Origins of American Sociology* (1943 - with Jessie Bernard).


title: Peaceful Peters

abstract: Peaceful Peters is a lost 1922 American silent Western film directed by Louis King. The film was distributed by Arrow Film Corporation.

text:
# Peaceful Peters

***Peaceful Peters*** is a lost 1922 American silent Western film directed by Louis King. The film was distributed by Arrow Film Corporation.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Peaceful Peters | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Louis King |
| Starring | William Fairbanks
Harry Lamont
W.L. Lynch
Evelyn Nelson |
| Cinematography | Jack Fuqua |
| Edited by | Earl Turner |
| Production
company | Ben Wilson Productions |
| Distributed by | Arrow Film Corporation |
| Release date | * October 15, 1922 (1922-10-15) |
| Running time | 5 reels |
| Country | United States |
| Languages | Silent
English intertitles |


title: Lustdriven

abstract: Lustdriven is the fourth studio album by Finnish heavy metal band Kiuas. It was released 31 March 2010 by Spinefarm Records.

text:
# Lustdriven

***Lustdriven*** is the fourth studio album by Finnish heavy metal band Kiuas. It was released 31 March 2010 by Spinefarm Records.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Kiuassault" | 4:37 |
| 2. | "Cry Little Angel" | 3:59 |
| 3. | "Of Love, Lust and Human Nature" | 4:05 |
| 4. | "Aftermath" | 5:23 |
| 5. | "Lights Are Many" | 4:52 |
| 6. | "The Visionary" | 6:34 |
| 7. | "Heart and Will" | 4:32 |
| 8. | "The Quickening" | 4:00 |
| 9. | "Summer's End" | 5:03 |
| 10. | "Winter's Sting" | 5:43 |
| Total length: | | 48:48 |

## Personnel

* Ilja Jalkanen – vocals
* Mikko Salovaara – guitars, vocals
* Markku Näreneva – drums
* Atte Tanskanen – keyboard
* Teemu Tuominen – bass guitar

## InfoBox

| Lustdriven | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Kiuas | |
| Released | 31 March 2010 |
| Recorded | 2010 |
| Genre | Power metal |
| Length | 48:48 |
| Label | Spinefarm |
| Producer | Janne Joutsenniemi |
| Kiuas chronology | |
| *The New Dark Age*
(2008) ***Lustdriven***
(2010) | |


title: Wentworth, Texas

abstract: Wentworth is an unincorporated community in Van Zandt County, Texas, United States. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 32 in 2000. It is located within the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex.

text:
# Wentworth, Texas

**Wentworth** is an unincorporated community in Van Zandt County, Texas, United States. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 32 in 2000. It is located within the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex.

## History

Wentworth was named for Wentworth Manning, who moved here in 1859 with his relative, William Manning, and surveyed the land. He was also a newspaper editor. Its population was 30 during the 1930s, and in 1936, there was a church, a business, and scattered houses. The population went up by two people from 1974 through 2000 and only a church remained in Wentworth in 1987. It also served as a retail center for farmers.

## Geography

Wentworth is located at the intersection of Farm to Market Roads 1255 and Interstate 20, 2 mi (3.2 km) northeast of Canton in central Van Zandt County.

## Education

Since 1949, the community has been served by the Canton Independent School District.

## InfoBox

| Wentworth, Texas | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| WentworthWentworth | |
| Coordinates: 32°34′23″N 95°48′21″W / 32.57306°N 95.80583°W / 32.57306; -95.80583 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Texas |
| County | Van Zandt |
| Elevation | 489 ft (149 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code(s) | 903 & 430 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1379252 |


title: Urosalpinx ecuadorensis

abstract: Urosalpinx ecuadorensis is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

text:
# Urosalpinx ecuadorensis

***Urosalpinx ecuadorensis*** is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Description

## Distribution

Fossils were found in Pliocene and Pleistocene strata of Ecuador.

## InfoBox

| *Urosalpinx ecuadorensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Subfamily: | Ocenebrinae |
| Genus: | *Urosalpinx* |
| Species: | ***U. ecuadorensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Urosalpinx ecuadorensis***<br>H.A. Pilsbry & A.A. Olsson, 1941 | |
|


title: Millhaven, Georgia

abstract: Millhaven is an unincorporated community in Screven County, in the U.S. state of Georgia. In 2007 the population was estimated to be around 434 people.

text:
# Millhaven, Georgia

**Millhaven** is an unincorporated community in Screven County, in the U.S. state of Georgia. In 2007 the population was estimated to be around 434 people.

## History

The community was named for a mill which stood on the banks of Brier Creek. The name is sometimes spelled out as "Mill Haven". A post office called Mill Haven was established in 1825, and remained in operation until 1967.

32°56′02″N 81°38′58″W / 32.93389°N 81.64944°W / 32.93389; -81.64944


title: Qutañani (Peru)

abstract: Qutañani is a mountain in the Andes of Peru which reaches a height of approximately 4,200 m (13,800 ft). It is located in the Tacna Region, Tacna Province, Pachia District, and in the Tarata Province, Estique District.

text:
# Qutañani (Peru)

**Qutañani** (Aymara *qutaña* dam, *-ni* a suffix to indicate ownership, "the one with a dam", also spelled *Cotañane*) is a mountain in the Andes of Peru which reaches a height of approximately 4,200 m (13,800 ft). It is located in the Tacna Region, Tacna Province, Pachia District, and in the Tarata Province, Estique District.

## InfoBox

| Qutañani | |
| --- | --- |
| QutañaniLocation within Peru | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 4,200 m (13,800 ft) |
| Coordinates | 17°35′44″S 69°58′21″W / 17.59556°S 69.97250°W / -17.59556; -69.97250 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Peru, Tacna Region, Tacna Province, Tarata Province |
| Parent range | Andes |


title: Pyropteron kautzi

abstract: Pyropteron kautzi is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It is found in Spain. The larvae possibly feed on Thymus, Sideritis and/or Arenaria species.

text:
# Pyropteron kautzi

***Pyropteron kautzi*** is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It is found in Spain.

The larvae possibly feed on *Thymus*, *Sideritis* and/or *Arenaria* species.

## InfoBox

| *Pyropteron kautzi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Sesiidae |
| Genus: | *Pyropteron* |
| Subgenus: | *Synansphecia* |
| Species: | ***P. kautzi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyropteron kautzi***<br>(Reisser, 1930) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Chamaesphecia kautzi* Reisser, 1930 * *Synansphecia kautzi* | |


title: Twin Cinema

abstract: Twin Cinema is the third studio album by Canadian indie rock group The New Pornographers. It was released on August 23, 2005. The album was shortlisted for the 2006 Polaris Music Prize. As of 2010 it has sold 138,000 copies in US and 20,000 copies in Canada.

text:
# Twin Cinema

***Twin Cinema*** is the third studio album by Canadian indie rock group The New Pornographers. It was released on August 23, 2005. The album was shortlisted for the 2006 Polaris Music Prize. As of 2010 it has sold 138,000 copies in US and 20,000 copies in Canada.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 85/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Blender* |  |
| *Entertainment Weekly* | A |
| *The Irish Times* |  |
| *Los Angeles Times* |  |
| *NME* | 5/10 |
| *Pitchfork* | 9.0/10 |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |
| *Spin* | A− |
| *Uncut* |  |

Initial critical response to *Twin Cinema* was very positive. At Metacritic, which assigns to reviews from mainstream critics a normalized rating out of 100, the album has received a score of 85, based on 32 reviews. Online music magazine *PopMatters* ranked the album at #1 on their Best Music of 2005 list. *Pitchfork* placed *Twin Cinema* at number 150 on their list of Top 200 Albums of the 2000s, as well as at number 18 on their list of The 50 Best Indie Rock Albums of the Pacific Northwest.

## Track listing

All songs written and sung by A. C. Newman, except where noted.

| No. | Title | Vocals | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Twin Cinema" |  | 2:59 |
| 2. | "The Bones of an Idol" | Neko Case | 2:51 |
| 3. | "Use It" |  | 3:26 |
| 4. | "The Bleeding Heart Show" | Newman, Case | 4:27 |
| 5. | "Jackie, Dressed in Cobras" (Dan Bejar) | Bejar | 3:06 |
| 6. | "The Jessica Numbers" (Newman, John Collins) |  | 3:06 |
| 7. | "These Are the Fables" | Case | 3:29 |
| 8. | "Sing Me Spanish Techno" |  | 4:16 |
| 9. | "Falling Through Your Clothes" |  | 2:53 |
| 10. | "Broken Breads" (Bejar) | Bejar | 3:00 |
| 11. | "Three or Four" | Newman, Case | 3:07 |
| 12. | "Star Bodies" | Newman, Case | 4:07 |
| 13. | "Streets of Fire" (Bejar) | Bejar, Case | 2:41 |
| 14. | "Stacked Crooked" |  | 4:18 |
| Total length: | | | 47:46 |

Bonus track on Japanese release and iTunes version
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 15. | "High Art, Local News" | 3:02 |

## Personnel

The New Pornographers Additional personnel

## InfoBox

| Twin Cinema | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by The New Pornographers | |
| Released | August 23, 2005 |
| Recorded | November 2004–April 2005 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 47:46 |
| Label | Mint/Matador/P-Vine |
| Producer | John Collins, David Carswell, A.C. Newman, Kurt Dahle |
| The New Pornographers chronology | |
| *Electric Version*
(2003) ***Twin Cinema***
(2005) *Challengers*
(2007) | |