title: Florida Sheriffs Association

abstract: The Florida Sheriffs Association (FSA) is a non-profit professional association of Florida's 66 elected Sheriffs, along with approximately 3,500 business leaders and 70,000 citizens throughout the state. The FSA's mission is to enhance law enforcement through educational and charitable purposes within the state of Florida.

text:
# Florida Sheriffs Association

The **Florida Sheriffs Association** (**FSA**) is a non-profit professional association of Florida's 66 elected Sheriffs, along with approximately 3,500 business leaders and 70,000 citizens throughout the state. The FSA's mission is to enhance law enforcement through educational and charitable purposes within the state of Florida.

## History

In 1893, Duval County Sheriff Napoleon B. Broward, who later served as governor of Florida, helped organize the Florida Sheriffs’ Mutual Benefit. In 1910, the Florida Sheriffs' Mutual Benefit Association changed names to become the Florida Sheriffs Association. Since then, FSA’s development of law enforcement, educational and charitable activities within the state, and engagement with citizens has helped transform it into one of the largest state law enforcement agencies in the nation. FSA has founded and helped organize a multitude of programs, including the Florida Sheriffs Youth Ranches, Florida Law Enforcement Academy, Florida Sheriffs Task Force, Florida Corrections Accreditation Commission, Cold Case Advisory Commission, the Teen Driver Challenge, and several others. Through the implementation of these programs FSA aims to unify Florida sheriffs in purpose and voice for the protection of Florida’s citizens and visitors.

## Services

FSA provides services such as training, special task forces and legislative and legal services to help improve Florida Sheriffs' Offices and the law-enforcement community. These include:

* Fostering effective law enforcement within the state.
* Offering training, educational seminars and professional networking opportunities for law-enforcement officers.
* Working in partnership with state and local government to develop and implement public policies.
* Providing discount purchasing programs for state and local government agencies and affordable insurance programs for Sheriffs' Offices.
* Promoting public support of the Florida Sheriffs Youth Ranches, the Florida Sheriff's Explorer youth program and Teen Driver Challenge.
* Informing the public of new developments and trends in law enforcement, crime prevention and public safety.

## Leadership

FSA is managed by a 17-member elected board of directors, all of whom are Sheriffs. The corporation is managed by a board of five officers and 12 other members, all of whom are sheriffs. To ensure statewide representation, active member Sheriffs in each of four divided districts nominate three directors from each district to comprise the 12-member board. The five officers are nominated from any of the four districts. The FSA’s current appointed executive director is Steve Casey.

## Key programs

### Accreditation Assistance Program

Established in 2021, this program was created to support the Florida sheriffs’ offices in achieving and maintaining law enforcement accreditation from the Commission for Florida Law Enforcement Accreditation (CFA). FSA Accreditation Coordinators assist these agencies with policy development and review, facilities inspections, and training required to meet accreditation standards

### Cold Case Advisory Commission

Many of our sheriffs’ offices have unsolved homicide and missing person cases in an open status pending additional evidence or information. The Cold Case Advisory Commission was created in response to this, and meets quarterly to discuss strategies, hear cold case investigation case presentations, and offer resources and/or advice regarding legal strategy.

### Florida Jail Information System

FJIS provides a multi-jurisdictional database and search engine for criminal justice agencies. It was developed to bridge the information gap by giving these agencies a central location to post and search data in an easy and inexpensive manner. FJIS gives criminal justice professionals an instant, up-to-date database of booking records, incident reports and other data from thousands of agencies across the country.

### Scholarship Programs

The Florida Sheriffs Association is pleased to offer scholarships to children of sheriffs’ office full-time employees seeking degrees in the field of criminal justice or the STEM field. FSA will award ten scholarships valued at $2,000 per year for each category.

### Florida Sheriffs Youth Ranches

In 1957, the FSA founded the Florida Sheriffs Boys Ranch, built to prevent delinquency and help Florida's youth to become lawful, resilient and productive citizens. Although the project struggled to stay afloat in its first years of operation, it eventually became the Florida Sheriffs Youth Ranches (FSYR) and has expanded to over six different locations throughout the state. The FSYR has provided over 100,000 boys and girls with residential care, camp services and family services.

### Florida Sheriffs Explorers Association

The Law Enforcement Explorer Program was established in the 1960s in attempts to attract young, motivated individuals with an interest for a career in law enforcement. Through this program, young adults aging from 14 to 21 can be associated with a sheriff’s office, train and learn about the profession to determine if it’s the right career track for them.

### FSA Teen Driver Challenge

In 2006, the FSA developed the Teen Driver Challenge, a road traffic safety program to combat the high crash and fatality rate of teen drivers on Florida highways and state roads. The program is designed around both in-classroom activities and hands-on instructional driving by certified and highly trained law-enforcement officers. The course is currently offered in 35 of the 67 counties in Florida.

## Other accomplishments

* FSA established the Florida Sheriff’s Bureau in 1955, forerunner to what is known today as the Florida Department of Law Enforcement.
* FSA founded the Florida Law Enforcement Academy, the state's first statewide training academy, in 1963.
* FSA was fundamental in creating the Florida Criminal Justice Standards and Training Commission in 1967.
* FSA established the Florida Sheriffs Self-Insurance Fund in 1978, which has saved taxpayers millions of dollars on liability claims and annual premiums.
* FSA created the Florida Sheriffs Task Force Pool in 1989 to join resources between the 67 sheriffs’ offices and address specific areas of concern.
* In 2002, FSA dedicated the Florida Sheriffs Law Enforcement Memorial on the grounds of the FSA headquarters in Tallahassee. The names of every Florida deputy killed in the line of duty is inscribed on the large granite wall at the center of the memorial. Each spring, a service is held at the memorial to honor those who lost their lives in the previous year.
* FSA helped launch the Florida Deputy Sheriffs Association in 2008 as a means to provide insurance protection, legal benefits, and other services to Florida deputies.
* In 2011, the Perkins-Phillips Building was dedicated as the new headquarters of the Florida Sheriffs Association.
* In 2017, FSA added a bronze K-9 sculpture to the Florida Sheriffs Law Enforcement Memorial in order to recognize and honor all the brave K9’s killed in the line of duty.
* In 2018, FSA led a statewide educational campaign to educate citizens about the importance of elected sheriffs, resulting in the passage of Amendment 10.
* In 2019, The Florida Sheriffs Research Institute was established to conduct comprehensive research on a variety of topics that affect public safety and our communities.
* FSA launched an official podcast in 2020 named FSAcast. The platform shares conversations with Florida’s sheriffs, elected officials, law enforcement professionals, and national leaders.

## InfoBox

Florida Sheriffs Association
|
|  |
| Founded | 1893 |
| Type | Nonprofit |
| Location |  |
| Origins | Tallahassee, FL |
| Website | www.flsheriffs.org |


title: Turbonilla depressacostae

abstract: Turbonilla depressacostae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

text:
# Turbonilla depressacostae

***Turbonilla depressacostae*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## InfoBox

| *Turbonilla depressacostae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Family: | Pyramidellidae |
| Genus: | *Turbonilla* |
| Species: | ***T. depressacostae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Turbonilla depressacostae***<br>Peñas & Rolán, 2010 | |
|


title: Pseudodama

abstract: Pseudodama is an extinct genus of deer found in Europe during the Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene. It has been suggested by some authors to be ancestral to Dama, with some authors choosing to subsume its species into that genus.

text:
# Pseudodama

***Pseudodama*** is an extinct genus of deer found in Europe during the Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene. It has been suggested by some authors to be ancestral to *Dama**,* with some authors choosing to subsume its species into that genus.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudodama*
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Skull of *P. nestii* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Family: | Cervidae |
| Subfamily: | Cervinae |
| Tribe: | Cervini |
| Genus: | *Pseudodama*
Azzaroli,1992 |
|


title: Leitchville Gunbower Football Club

abstract: The Leitchville Gunbower Football Club, known as the Bombers, is an Australian Rules Football club which has competed in the HDFL since 2010. The Bombers won their first HDFL premiership in 2017, defeating North Bendigo, after losing the two preceding grand finals to the Bulldogs.

text:
# Leitchville Gunbower Football Club

The **Leitchville Gunbower Football Club**, known as the Bombers, is an Australian Rules Football club which has competed in the HDFL since 2010.

The Bombers won their first HDFL premiership in 2017, defeating North Bendigo, after losing the two preceding grand finals to the Bulldogs.

## History

In 1995 the Leitchville Maroons merged with the Gunbower Demons to form the Leitchville Gunbower Football Club. Both clubs had a long association in the Cohuna base Northern District Football League. In 1990 the Northern Districts FL merged with the Echuca FL to form the Northern and Echuca Football League. This league lasted for seven seasons before disbanding. In 1997 the club moved to the North Central Football League. After their five-year agreement was up they left for the geographically closer Central Murray Football League. Their time in the CMFL was not successful as they made the finals only once in 2007. The club searched for another competition that was a step down to what they had been competing in.

### Successful Years (2010 – present)

In 2010 the club joined the HDFL, success was not immediately having collected the Wooden Spoon in 2012 but then improvement occurred. Leitchville Gunbower competed in four consecutive grand finals in 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018, winning its first premiership in the 2017 season since joining the HDFL in 2010, beating North Bendigo. In 2018 the Bombers made it back-to-back premierships.

## Rivalries

Because of the small sized football league rivalries are few and far between and most teams aren't overly aggressive towards another team, however One of Leitchville Gunbower's biggest rivals has to be Lockington Bamawm United as they are the very close geographically to LG but also they have been in the league a short time as well. One of their other big rivals is North Bendigo.

## Honours

**Grand Finals**

| Year | Competition | Winner | Runner-up | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1995** | N&E FL | **Leitchville Gunbower** | Moama | **56** – 53 |
| 2015 | HDFL | North Bendigo | **Leitchville Gunbower** | 73 – **63** |
| 2016 | HDFL | North Bendigo | **Leitchville Gunbower** | 102 – **82** |
| **2017** | HDFL | **Leitchville Gunbower** | North Bendigo | **108** – 82 |
| **2018** | HDFL | **Leitchville Gunbower** | North Bendigo | **94** – 85 |

## Location

Leitchville Gunbowerclass=notpageimage|Leitchville Gunbower (Victoria) Leitchvilleclass=notpageimage|Shire of Gannawarra Gunbowerclass=notpageimage|Shire of Campaspe

## Books

* History of Football in the Bendigo District – John Stoward – ISBN 978-0-9805929-1-7

1. LGFNC

## InfoBox

| Leitchville Gunbower Football Club | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Full name | Leitchville Gunbower Football & Netball Club |
| Nickname(s) | **Bombers** |
| 2017 season | |
| After finals | 1st (Premiers) |
| Home-and-away season | 2nd |
| Club details | |
| Founded | 1995 (1995) |
| Colours | Red   Black |
| Competition | HDFL |
| Premierships | HDFL (2); **2017, 2018** |
| Ground(s) | Leitchville Recreation Reserve, Leitchville<br>Gunbower Recreation Reserve, Gunbower |
| Other information | |
| Official website | LGFNC |


title: Time Team series 18

abstract: This is a list of Time Team episodes from series 18. The series was released on DVD in 2012 as "Tottiford and Other Digs".

text:
# Time Team series 18

This is a list of *Time Team* episodes from series 18. The series was released on DVD (region 2) in 2012 as "Tottiford and Other Digs".

## Episode

### Series 18

Episode # refers to the air date order. The Time Team Specials are aired in between regular episodes, but are omitted from this list. Regular contributors on Time Team include: Tony Robinson (presenter); archaeologists Mick Aston, Phil Harding, Helen Geake, Neil Holbrook, Raksha Dave; Victor Ambrus (illustrator); Stewart Ainsworth (landscape investigator); John Gater (geophysicist); Henry Chapman (surveyor); Paul Blinkhorn (pottery expert).

| Episode # | Series # | Episode Title | Location | Coordinates | Original airdate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 225 | 1 | "Reservoir Rituals" | Tottiford Reservoir, Devon | 50°38′9.6″N 3°40′58.8″W / 50.636000°N 3.683000°W / 50.636000; -3.683000 | 6 February 2011 (2011-02-06) |
| The first stone henge to be discovered in Britain for a century would be cause enough for major celebration. But there's double bubbles as Tony Robinson and his hardy team of archaeologists celebrate their 200th dig. Jane Marchand from Dartmoor National Park Authority was alerted by a walker to standing stones peering out of an East Devon reservoir at low level. This is Francis Pryor's dream site, but Mick has also been interested in Dartmoor for some time. They have stone circles, stone rows and cairns apparently dating from 3000 to 1500 BC. There is a central mound which interests Francis, and which Phil thinks is Stone Age, thus pre-dating the other monuments. But the cairns may be recent, throwing into doubt the dating of the other features. This is cultivated farmland, atypical of Dartmoor's usual bleak landscapes. John is dubious about getting any meaningful geophysics results, but proposes nevertheless to wheel his trolley through the mud. Stewart and Henry create a 3D image of the prehistoric landscape. Phil teaches Matt his favourite activity, flint-knapping. | | | | | | |
| 226 | 2 | "Saxon Death, Saxon Gold" | West Langton, Leicestershire | 52°31′33″N 0°56′24″W / 52.52583°N 0.94000°W / 52.52583; -0.94000 | 13 February 2011 (2011-02-13) |
| The Team are intrigued by metal detecting finds and pottery scattered across some fields in Leicestershire, which suggest they're on the site of a high-status Anglo-Saxon burial ground. | | | | | | |
| 227 | 3 | "Romans on the Range" | High Ham, Somerset | 51°3′42″N 2°49′35″W / 51.06167°N 2.82639°W / 51.06167; -2.82639 | 20 February 2011 (2011-02-20) |
| Tony and the Team get a unique opportunity to dig at an army firing range at High Ham in Somerset and investigate a series of mosaics first discovered 150 years ago. Everything indicates a Roman villa, though perhaps not on such a grand scale. The inhabitants may have been Romanised Britons, living from the 2nd to the early 5th century. Matt volunteers as a slave for the day. When the cold east wind sets in, Phil and the other diggers temporarily "down tools". They are joined by Martin Brown from the Defence Estates and Roman finds specialist Philippa Walton. | | | | | | |
| 228 | 4 | "Hitler's Island Fortress" | Les Gellettes, Jersey | 49°12′35″N 2°9′36″W / 49.20972°N 2.16000°W / 49.20972; -2.16000 | 27 February 2011 (2011-02-27) |
| Tony Robinson doesn't usually get to decide where the Team should dig, but in this episode he chooses his first ever site for investigation: a German anti-aircraft battery on Jersey. The dig director was Dr. Ben Robinson. | | | | | | |
| 229 | 5 | "Furnace in the Forest" | Derwentcote, County Durham | 54°54′14″N 1°47′50″W / 54.90389°N 1.79722°W / 54.90389; -1.79722 | 6 March 2011 (2011-03-06) |
| Dense and tranquil woodland in the County Durham countryside provides an unlikely venue for Time Team's investigation into the earliest days of the Industrial Revolution. | | | | | | |
| 230 | 6 | "Under the Gravestones" | Castor, Cambridgeshire | 52°34′22″N 0°20′34″W / 52.57278°N 0.34278°W / 52.57278; -0.34278 | 13 March 2011 (2011-03-13) |
| The Team face one of their strangest challenges ever: digging through a church graveyard in search of what could be one of the largest Roman structures ever built in Britain. | | | | | | |
| 232 | 7 | "House of the White Queen" | Groby, Leicestershire | 52°39′50″N 1°13′37″W / 52.66389°N 1.22694°W / 52.66389; -1.22694 | 20 March 2011 (2011-03-20) |
| Tony and the Team discover evidence of a dynasty that arrived with William the Conqueror and went on to produce two queens of England: Elizabeth I and Lady Jane Grey. | | | | | | |
| 233 | 8 | "Cannons and Castles" | Mont Orgueil, Jersey | 49°11′58″N 2°1′10″W / 49.19944°N 2.01944°W / 49.19944; -2.01944 | 27 March 2011 (2011-03-27) |
| Tony Robinson heads to Jersey to investigate the origins of Mont Orgueil Castle. Today's castle is a Tudor structure built on earlier foundations, and it's that early castle, built by King John, that the Team are looking for. | | | | | | |
| 234 | 9 | "Mystery of the Manor Moat" | Llancaiach Fawr, South Wales | 51°39′41″N 3°16′53″W / 51.66139°N 3.28139°W / 51.66139; -3.28139 | 3 April 2011 (2011-04-03) |
| Investigating an archaeologist's dream. An ancient moat has been discovered and no one knows what it once protected. Was it an early Welsh chapel, a Roman fort, a fortified cattle enclosure, or even the ancestral home of one of Wales's most important families? | | | | | | |
| 235 | 10 | "Search for the Domesday Mill" | Buck Mill, Somerset | 51°3′3″N 2°21′49″W / 51.05083°N 2.36361°W / 51.05083; -2.36361 | 10 April 2011 (2011-04-10) |
| Horse owner Stephanie Fry believes an 11th-century flour mill once stood on her land, near Stoke Trister in Somerset, and asks the Team to dig. There is reference to a mill in the parish in Domesday, and standing remains of a building depicted in a 1782 parish map. Multiple leat earthworks in the area indicate multiple mills over the centuries. The remains of the standing mill include parts of the last mill wheel, a 19th-century overshot wheel. This was the second mill Time Team dug; the first was in Season 14, and the episodes are listed in Wikipedia as having the same name. | | | | | | |
| 237 | 11 | "Rooting For The Romans" | Bedford Purlieus Wood, Cambridgeshire | 52°35′13″N 00°27′35″W / 52.58694°N 0.45972°W / 52.58694; -0.45972 | 17 April 2011 (2011-04-17) |
| An eagle-eyed forest ranger spotted bits of Roman building poking out from the forest floor in Cambridgeshire's Bedford Purlieus Wood. | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| *Time Team* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 18 | |
| Release | |
| Original network | Channel 4 |
| Original release | 6 February (2011-02-06) <br>10 April 2011 (2011-04-10) |
| Series chronology | |
|


abstract: University Hall is a student hall of residence at the University of St Andrews in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. When it opened in 1896 it was the first residence for women students in Scotland. University Hall is now a mixed residence. Louisa Lumsden was the first warden of the new residence hall and remained in that position until 1900. The Hall consists of three buildings: Wardlaw, a listed building acquired in 1947, which continues to be open to lady students only; Old Wing, the original hall; and the modern Lumsden Wing in 1962, which contains the central dining room. The amenities include libraries and an oak panelled common room. University Hall underwent a major refurbishment, which was completed in 2009. Whitehorn Hall was opened in 2018 within the grounds of University Hall and was named after journalist Katharine Whitehorn. The design and architecture firm HLM won the 2019 Scottish Design Award in the 'Architecture: Residential' category for the design of the new hall. The building also won 'Best Building' in the Educational category at the St Andrews Preservation Trust’s Pride of Place Awards in 2022.

text:
# University Hall (University of St Andrews)

**University Hall** is a student hall of residence at the University of St Andrews in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. When it opened in 1896 it was the first residence for women students in Scotland. University Hall is now a mixed residence. Louisa Lumsden was the first warden of the new residence hall and remained in that position until 1900.

The Hall consists of three buildings: Wardlaw, a listed building acquired in 1947, which continues to be open to lady students only; Old Wing, the original hall; and the modern Lumsden Wing in 1962, which contains the central dining room. The amenities include libraries and an oak panelled common room.

University Hall underwent a major refurbishment, which was completed in 2009.

Whitehorn Hall was opened in 2018 within the grounds of University Hall and was named after journalist Katharine Whitehorn. The design and architecture firm HLM won the 2019 Scottish Design Award in the 'Architecture: Residential' category for the design of the new hall. The building also won 'Best Building' in the Educational category at the St Andrews Preservation Trust’s Pride of Place Awards in 2022.

## InfoBox

| University Hall | |
| --- | --- |
| University Hall as seen from Donaldson Gardens | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Architectural style | Scottish Baronial |
| Town or city | St Andrews, Fife |
| Country | Scotland |
| Coordinates | 56°20′19″N 2°48′31″W / 56.3387°N 2.8086°W / 56.3387; -2.8086 |
| Completed | 1896 |
| Client | University of St Andrews |
| Website | |
| University Hall | |


title: Pyrheliometer

abstract: A pyrheliometer is an instrument that can measure direct beam solar irradiance. Sunlight enters the instrument through a window and is directed onto a thermopile which converts heat to an electrical signal that can be recorded. The signal voltage is converted via a formula to measure watts per square metre.

text:
# Pyrheliometer

A **pyrheliometer** is an instrument that can measure direct beam solar irradiance. Sunlight enters the instrument through a window and is directed onto a thermopile which converts heat to an electrical signal that can be recorded. The signal voltage is converted via a formula to measure watts per square metre.

## Standards

Pyrheliometer measurement specifications are subject to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and World Meteorological Organization (WMO) standards. Comparisons between pyrheliometers for intercalibration are carried out regularly to measure the amount of solar energy received. The aim of the International Pyrheliometer Comparisons, which take place every 5 years at the World Radiation Centre in Davos, is to ensure the world-wide transfer of the World Radiometric Reference. During this event, all participants bring their instruments, solar-tracking and data acquisition systems to Davos to conduct simultaneous solar radiation measurements with the World Standard Group.

## Applications

Typical pyrheliometer measurement applications include scientific meteorological and climate observations, material testing research, and assessment of the efficiency of solar collectors and photovoltaic devices.

## Usage

Pyrheliometers are typically mounted on a solar tracker. As the pyrheliometer only 'sees' the solar disk, it needs to be placed on a device that follows the path of the sun.


title: Lusty Lady

abstract: The Lusty Lady is a pair of defunct peep show establishments, one in downtown Seattle and one in the North Beach district of San Francisco. The Lusty Lady was made famous by the labor activism of its San Francisco workers and the publication of several books about working there.

text:
# Lusty Lady

**The Lusty Lady** is a pair of defunct peep show establishments, one in downtown Seattle and one in the North Beach district of San Francisco. The Lusty Lady was made famous by the labor activism of its San Francisco workers and the publication of several books about working there.

## History

The Seattle Lusty Lady, known originally as the Amusement Center, was opened in the 1970s by two business associates, who soon after opened the other location in San Francisco. Originally, both Lusty Ladys showed 16mm peep show films only; in 1983 live nude dancers were added and became the main focus of the businesses. Until 2003 they were both owned by the same company; in that year the San Francisco franchise was bought by the strippers working there and began to be managed as a worker cooperative. The San Francisco branch had already entered the news in 1997 when it became the first (and as of 2009 only) successfully unionized sex business in the U.S. (The San Diego strip club *Pacer's* had seen a unionization effort in the early 1990s, but it was short-lived.)

The Seattle branch closed in June 2010. The San Francisco branch closed at 3 a.m. on September 2, 2013, on Labor Day.

## Operation

The Lusty Lady featured exotic dancers in a peep show setting on the main stage and in one-on-one booths.

The main stage featured several nude women dancing, separated by glass windows from the customers who each stood in their own booth, paying by the minute. The dancers were also available for more explicit private shows in the VIP and Private Pleasures booths. These were also glass-separated private booths where customers could give direction to the show and tipping was possible. Rates for shows varied by the dancer. The Private Pleasures booth also occasionally featured "Double Trouble" shows, with two dancers who might have performed a lesbian sex show. In addition, booths showing adult videos 24/7 were available.

Once a year, The Lusty Lady SF organized a "Play Day": the dancers came out from behind the glass, explained the operation of the club to customers, and allowed behind-the-scenes peeks.

Lusty Lady occasionally featured "art days", exhibiting erotic photographs and paintings in the hallways. In February 2002, both peep shows featured a video art exhibition called "Peepshow 28", with one channel in all video booths devoted to showing a sequence of 64 short videos exploring voyeurism, exhibitionism and sexuality.

Dancers were paid an hourly wage. (The top wage for dancers in Seattle in 2001 was $27 per hour, the top wage in San Francisco in 2003 was $26 per hour.)

## Seattle

47°36′24.8″N 122°20′18.5″W / 47.606889°N 122.338472°W / 47.606889; -122.338472

The Seattle Lusty Lady opened in the 1970s and moved to its final location at 1315 First Avenue in downtown Seattle near Pike Place Market in 1985. The club was well known for its frequently changing and often amusing marquee announcements. The Lusty Lady is immediately across the street from the Seattle Art Museum and the marquee often commented on current exhibits or the Hammering Man statue. Mimi Gates, stepmother of Bill Gates and director of the Seattle Art Museum, said "The Lusty Lady's marquee is a Seattle landmark." Nirvana’s logo was also inspired by the happy face logo there, which said, "Have An Erotic Day!"

In 2006, the building's owner, a Seattle family, refused a multimillion-dollar tear-down offer from developers of a new Four Seasons Hotel next door. The owners instead received $850,000 "for air rights to the views over their property". Employees celebrated by posting on their reader board: "We're Open, Not Clothed!"

In January 2010, police arrested a peeping tom in the Lusty Lady who had climbed up from a viewing booth into the ceiling crawl space overhead, then partly crashed through the glass ceiling above the stage.

On April 11, 2010, the Lusty Lady in Seattle announced that it would close its doors for business in June 2010. The economic climate and the rise of Internet pornography were cited as reasons for closing. On June 28, 2010, the Lusty Lady marquee was removed from the Seattle location. It was acquired by the Museum of History & Industry and is now on display at their museum in the South Lake Union neighborhood.

In the wake of the Lusty Lady announcing its shutdown, the NPR program All Things Considered did a story focusing on the peep show's history and relationship to the broader downtown Seattle community.

In March 2023, Andrew Conru, founder of Friend Finder Networks, bought the Lusty Lady's building for $3 million, calling the purchase "a gift to the city". He intended to redevelop it into a hotel, a strip club, a restaurant, a museum, a retail store, or some other concern, soliciting ideas from the public. In June 2023, Conru's architect submitted plans to the city to raze the building. "Unfortunately for safety reasons it is a teardown. We looked at a seismic retrofit. It's just not going to happen," said Conru, who said that costs motivated his decision.

### Books

The 1997 book *The Lusty Lady* by photographer Erika Langley documents the work in the Seattle branch of Lusty Lady. It includes photos by Langley (who had worked there as a dancer since 1992) as well as essays by a number of Lusty Lady dancers, who vary considerably in their attitudes toward their customers and toward their work. In 2000, some of the photos were exhibited in the Seattle Art Museum, across the street from the Lusty Lady.

Elisabeth Eaves, who had stripped at the Lusty Lady in 1997, completed graduate school and returned in 2000 to write a book about stripping in general and her experiences in particular, *Bare: On Women, Dancing, Sex, and Power*, published in 2002.

The Seattle Lusty Lady was featured in the 1992 film *American Heart*. The first murder in the 1996 pilot of the TV series *Millennium* takes place in a Seattle peep show modeled on the Lusty Lady. Episode 18 (first aired 1997) of HBO's *Real Sex* series featured a visit to the Seattle Lusty Lady.

The theater show *My Time With the Lady* is a first-person account about working at the Lusty Lady by a long-time janitor and bouncer. It opened in Seattle in August 2010.

## San Francisco

37°47′51″N 122°24′20″W / 37.79750°N 122.40556°W / 37.79750; -122.40556

The San Francisco Lusty Lady was located at 1033 Kearny Street, in the Broadway strip club district of North Beach. It was open 24 hours a day, though the live stage was closed between 3 and 11 am.

### Unionization

Several grievances led to the unionizing effort in 1997. African American feminist sociologist Siobhan Brooks while working at the club had noticed that African American dancers were discriminated against and filed a complaint. The precipitating event was the installation of one-way mirrors in a number of booths (which also exist in the Seattle branch), resulting in some customers taking photos and videos of the show.

Among the leaders of the organizing drive was the stripper Julia Query who documented the efforts on video, resulting in the documentary *Live Nude Girls Unite!*, written and directed by Vicky Funari and Julia Query.

After a vote of the employees, the business was organized by the Exotic Dancers Union, an affiliate of Service Employees International Union, then a member of AFL–CIO, Local 790. The Bay Area Sex Worker Advocacy Network (BAYSWAN) provided website support for the workers' unionization effort, which helped to garner public support for the workers as well as inquiries from other exotic dancers and sex workers throughout the country.

Former Lusty Lady employee Siobhan Brooks commented in a 1997 article that "In some cases the media misquoted us as being the first strip club to unionize. But the first strip club to unionize was Pacer's in San Diego. However, Pacer's union, Hotel Management, Employee Management, Local 30, negotiated an open clause in its contract. Open shop means there's no requirement that employees join the union, so the club recruited workers and discouraged them from joining the union and were able to decertify the union."

### Worker cooperative

After management cut hourly compensation at the San Francisco Lusty Lady in 2003, the workers struck and won, but the closure of the peep show was announced soon after. The subsequent efforts to turn the club into a worker cooperative were led by Donna Delinqua (stage name), a stripper and graduate student in English. Other cooperatives provided input, among them the worker-owned San Francisco sex-toy business Good Vibrations.

The workers bought the club for $400,000, with money borrowed from the old owners. In 1996, the club had had a revenue of almost $3 million; by 2003 this had fallen by 40%. The monthly rent was $13,442 in 2003 and had doubled over the preceding three years. The club had a revenue of about $27,000 per week in the first half of 2006.

After the change in ownership, the union was retained, but some changes in management were instituted. While dancers had been regularly evaluated by managers before, now a peer review process was established wherein dancers evaluate each other. The team leaders are elected from among the dancers for six-month terms.

A dispute began in the summer of 2006 when a male employee wrote a confidential email to the co-op board, reporting customer complaints about a show featuring heavy women. Another member of the board, a dancer, posted a printout of the message in the club dressing room, causing considerable consternation among dancers. Both board members were suspended. Two of the male employees have argued that the union should be abandoned as not useful in a worker-owned cooperative. On its website, the Lusty Lady describes a worker-owned business as "a rare and ideal situation" but "not without its challenges" and discusses how the workers address these challenges.

On Tuesday, August 20, 2013, the Lusty Lady in San Francisco announced that it would close its doors for business in just two weeks, on Monday at 3:00 am. September 2, 2013. The landlord, Roger Forbes (part of Deja Vu Consulting Inc. which by that time owned almost every strip club in San Francisco with the exception of Crazy Horse, Mitchell Brothers O’Farrell Theatre, and Nob Hill) refused to renew the lease after attempts to re-negotiate the rent failed.

### Books

Lily Burana, who stripped for a time at the San Francisco Lusty Lady, wrote about her experiences there and in other strip clubs in her 2001 book *Strip City: A Stripper's Farewell Journey Across America*. Carol Queen also wrote about her time dancing at the Lusty Lady, in her 2003 book *Real Live Nude Girl: Chronicles of a Sex-Positive Culture*. Bernadette Barton interviewed dancers at the Lusty Lady in her 2006 book *Stripped: Inside the Lives of Exotic Dancers.* Jennifer Worley worked at the Lusty Lady as a graduate student and participated in the unionization of the venue and its later transformation into a worker co-op later wrote about her experiences in her 2020 memoir *Neon Girls: A Stripper's Education in Protest and Power*.

## Sources

## Further reading

### Books

* Carol Queen, *Real Live Nude Girl: Chronicles of a Sex-Positive Culture.* San Francisco, CA: Cleis Press, 1997. ISBN 1-57344-166-X
* Elisabeth Eaves, *Bare: The Naked Truth About Stripping.* New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002. ISBN 0-375-41233-6
* Erika Langley, *The Lusty Lady.* Berlin: Scalo, 1997. ISBN 3-931141-59-4
* Lily Burana, *Strip City: A Stripper's Farewell Journey Across America.* New York: Miramax Books, 2001. ISBN 0-7868-6790-6

### Articles

* Rachel Aimee, "In Search of Stripper Solidarity," *In These Times,* vol. 36, no. 5 (May 2012), pp. 44, 42-43.


abstract: We'll Carry The Star Spangled Banner Thru The Trenches is a World War I song written by Daisy May Pratt Erd. The song was first published in 1917 by Lang & Mendelsohn in Boston MA. The sheet music cover depicts soldiers advancing over barbed wire with a flag waving. The sheet music can be found at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library.

text:
# We'll Carry The Star Spangled Banner Thru The Trenches

**We'll Carry The Star Spangled Banner Thru The Trenches** is a World War I song written by Daisy May Pratt Erd. The song was first published in 1917 by Lang & Mendelsohn in Boston MA. The sheet music cover depicts soldiers advancing over barbed wire with a flag waving.

The sheet music can be found at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library.

**Bibliography**

* Parker, Bernard S. *World War I Sheet Music 1.* Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc., 2007. ISBN 978-0-7864-2798-7. OCLC 71790113
* Paas, John Roger. 2014. *America sings of war: American sheet music from World War I*. ISBN 9783447102780. OCLC 892462420
* Vogel, Frederick G. *World War I Songs: A History and Dictionary of Popular American Patriotic Tunes, with Over 300 Complete Lyrics*. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc., 1995. ISBN 0-89950-952-5. OCLC 32241433

## InfoBox

| "We'll Carry The Star Spangled Banner Thru The Trenches" | |
| --- | --- |
| Song | |
| Language | English |
| Published | 1917 |
| Songwriter(s) | Daisy May Pratt Erd |


title: Lyciasalamandra atifi

abstract: Lyciasalamandra atifi, or Atif's salamander, is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae found only in Turkey. Its natural habitats are temperate forests and rocky areas. It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Lyciasalamandra atifi

***Lyciasalamandra atifi***, or **Atif's salamander**, is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae found only in Turkey. Its natural habitats are temperate forests and rocky areas. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Lyciasalamandra atifi* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Urodela |
| Family: | Salamandridae |
| Genus: | *Lyciasalamandra* |
| Species: | ***L. atifi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lyciasalamandra atifi***
(Basoglu, 1967) | |
|


title: Puna snipe

abstract: The puna snipe is a bird in tribe Scolopancinai and subfamily Scolopacinae of family Scolopacidae, the sandpipers and relatives. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru.

text:
# Puna snipe

The **puna snipe** (***Gallinago andina***) is a bird in tribe Scolopancinai and subfamily Scolopacinae of family Scolopacidae, the sandpipers and relatives. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru.

## Taxonomy and systematics

The taxonomic history of the New World snipes of genus *Gallinago* is complicated. What is now the puna snipe has in the past been treated as a subspecies of common snipe (*G. gallinago*) with what are now the Pantanal snipe (*G. paraguaiae*) and the Magellanic snipe (*G. magellanica*). After the puna snipe was recognized as a species, the Pantanal and Magellanic snipes were sometimes treated as subspecies of it. By about the year 2000 all three were beginning to be recognized as individual species by most taxonomic systems. The current (2022) puna snipe has two subspecies, the nominate *G. a. andina* (Taczanowski, 1875) and *G. a. innotata* (Hellmayr, 1932).

## Description

The puna snipe is 22.5 to 25 cm (8.9 to 9.8 in) long and weighs 65 to 105 g (2.3 to 3.7 oz). The sexes are alike. Their upperparts have a complex pattern of muted whitish, buffy, rufous, black, and brown. White trailing edges to their wings show when in flight. Their breast and flanks are buff with black markings and the rest of their underparts white. Their white face has a bold brown stripe through the eye.

## Distribution and habitat

The nominate subspecies of puna snipe is found in the Andes of Peru, northern Chile, Bolivia, and northwestern Argentina. Undocumented sight records in Ecuador lead the South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society to class it as hypothetical in that country. Subspecies *G. a. innotata* is found only in northern Chiles's Antofagasta Region.

The puna snipe inhabits the puna grassland zone of the Andes. It favors damp to wet landscapes, such as boggy rivers, cushion plant bogs, the reedy edges of ponds, lakes, and rivers, and sometimes open reed marshes. In elevation it ranges between 3,000 and 4,600 m (9,800 and 15,100 ft) in Peru, between 2,000 and 5,000 m (6,600 and 16,400 ft) in Chile, and between 2,000 and 4,000 m (6,600 and 13,100 ft) in Argentina.

## Behavior

### Movement

Some members of the Argentinian population of the puna snipe's nominate subspecies move east onto the pampas during the austral winter. Those in Chile and Peru appear to also move lower but not as dramatically. Movements of *G. a. innotata*, if any, are not known.

### Feeding

The puna snipe's feeding behavior and diet have not been studied. Both are assumed to be similar to those of other South American *Gallinago* snipes, which forage for insect larvae and earthworms by probing mud and wet soil.

### Breeding

The puna snipe's breeding season varies geographically. It is mostly between October and December in Peru and includes at least September in northern Chile. The male performs a winnowing display during courtship, flying high in circles and then taking shallow dives to produce a distinctive sound. Nothing else is known about its breeding biology.

### Vocal and non-vocal sounds

The puna snipe sings from the ground "a fast-paced but mellow-sounding 'tip-tip-tip-tip...', 'cut-cut-cut-cut...' or 'dyak dyak dyak .... dyuc dyuc dyuc...'". When taking flight it makes "a sharp, dry 'chep chep chep!', 'che’che’che' or 'dzeetch'". The species' non-vocal winnowing is made by air flowing over the outer tail feathers during flight. It is described as "a long, stuttering whoosh, rendered 'tch’ch’ch’ch’".

## Status

The IUCN has assessed the puna snipe as being of Least Concern. It has a fairly large range; although its population size is not known, it is believed to be stable. No immediate threats have been identified. It is considered fairly common in Peru and uncommon in Chile.

## InfoBox

| Puna snipe | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Charadriiformes |
| Family: | Scolopacidae |
| Genus: | *Gallinago* |
| Species: | ***G. andina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gallinago andina***
Taczanowski, 1875 | |
|
|  | |


title: Lene Byberg

abstract: Lene Byberg is a Norwegian cross-country mountain biker, and former road bicycle racer. She has participated in the Olympic Games in both road cycling and mountain biking.

text:
# Lene Byberg

**Lene Byberg** (born 25 November 1982) is a Norwegian cross-country mountain biker, and former road bicycle racer. She has participated in the Olympic Games in both road cycling and mountain biking.

## Olympic games

Byberg competed in road cycling at the 2004 Summer Olympic Games in Athens. She competed in mountain biking at the 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing, where she finished 13th in the cross country event.

## World championships

Byberg won the silver medal in the 2009 cross country world championships in Canberra, Australia.

## UCI World Cup

Lene Byberg came in second overall in the 2009 UCI cross-country World Cup.

## National championships

Byberg became national champion in road cycling in 2004. In mountain biking, she won the Norwegian championship in cross country in 2006 and again in 2007, and became national champion in marathon in 2005 and 2006.


title: Tirap Gaon, Ledo

abstract: Tirap Gaon, Ledo also known as Tirap Colliery, is a small village in Margherita Tehsil in Tinsukia District of north-eastern state Assam, India. It is located around 3 km away from nearest town Ledo, 11 km away from sub-divisional town Margherita and 60 km away from district headquarter Tinsukia. Tirap Gaon is connected to Makum by National Highway 38. The Indian census counts Tirap Gaon as two villages: No.1 and No.2. This place is known for opencast coal mining since 1983 under North Eastern Coalfields, a unit of Coal India Limited. In 2018–2019, an international team of researchers discovered fossil impressions of two previously unknown species of bamboo in the Tirap coalmine. These fossils date back to about 25 million years ago, falling in the late Oligocene period. This discovery strengthened the theory that bamboo came to Asia from India and not from Europe. It also challenged the previous hypothesis that Asian bamboo spread from the Yunnan region of China to India.

text:
# Tirap Gaon, Ledo

**Tirap Gaon**, Ledo also known as **Tirap Colliery**, is a small village in Margherita Tehsil in Tinsukia District of north-eastern state Assam, India. It is located around 3 km away from nearest town Ledo, 11 km away from sub-divisional town Margherita and 60 km away from district headquarter Tinsukia. Tirap Gaon is connected to Makum by National Highway 38 (old numbering).

The Indian census counts Tirap Gaon as two villages: No.1 and No.2.

This place is known for opencast coal mining since 1983 under North Eastern Coalfields, a unit of Coal India Limited. In 2018–2019, an international team of researchers discovered fossil impressions of two previously unknown species of bamboo (*Bambusiculmus tirapensis* and *Bambusiculmus makumensis*) in the Tirap coalmine. These fossils date back to about 25 million years ago, falling in the late Oligocene period. This discovery strengthened the theory that bamboo came to Asia from India and not from Europe. It also challenged the previous hypothesis that Asian bamboo spread from the Yunnan region of China to India.

## Nearest town and villages

## InfoBox

| Tirap Gaon Teerap | |
| --- | --- |
| Rural | |
| Tirap Colliery | |
| Nickname: Colliery | |
| Tirap GaonLocation in Assam, IndiaTirap GaonTirap Gaon (India) | |
| Coordinates: 27°19′0″N 95°49′0″E / 27.31667°N 95.81667°E / 27.31667; 95.81667 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Assam |
| District | Tinsukia |
| Named for | Coal Colliery namely Tirap Colliery under Ledo Coal Division |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayat Raj under State Government |
| Body | Gaon Panchayat |
| Elevation | 333 m (1,093 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 3,487 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Assamese |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 786182 |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-AS |
| Vehicle registration | AS |
| Coastline | 0 kilometres (0 mi) |


title: Marc C. Duff

abstract: Marc C. Duff is a former member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.

text:
# Marc C. Duff

**Marc C. Duff** (born July 4, 1961) is a former member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.

## Biography

Duff was born on July 4, 1961, in Port Washington, Wisconsin. He graduated from New Berlin Eisenhower Middle/High School in New Berlin, Wisconsin as well as the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater and the Robert M. La Follette Institute of Public Affairs at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Duff is married with two children.

## Career

Duff was first elected to the Assembly in 1988. He was also a member of the Waukesha County, Wisconsin Board from 1988 to 1989. Duff was elected as a Republican.

Duff was the CFO of Racine Unified School District in Racine, Wisconsin and retired in April, 2021. Duff remains active in school business management.

## InfoBox

| Marc C. Duff | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Wisconsin State Assembly | |
| **In office**
January 4, 1993  January 6, 2003 | |
| Preceded by | Peggy Rosenzweig |
| Succeeded by | Scott R. Jensen |
| Constituency | 98th district |
| **In office**
January 2, 1989  January 4, 1993 | |
| Preceded by | John C. Schober |
| Succeeded by | Mary Lazich |
| Constituency | 84th district |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1961-07-04) July 4, 1961
Port Washington, Wisconsin |
| Political party | Republican |
| Alma mater | University of Wisconsin-Whitewater
Robert M. La Follette Institute of Public Affairs |
|  | |


title: Middleton Island Air Force Station

abstract: Middleton Island Air Force Station is a closed United States Air Force General Surveillance Radar station. It was located on Middleton Island, in the Gulf of Alaska, 173 miles (278 km) south of Anchorage, Alaska. It operated for five years, from May 1958 to May 1963. Since the 1970s, it has been repurposed by the Middleton Island Marine Biological Station to study seabirds and other flora and fauna.

text:
# Middleton Island Air Force Station

**Middleton Island Air Force Station (AAC ID: F-22)** is a closed United States Air Force General Surveillance Radar station. It was located on Middleton Island, in the Gulf of Alaska, 173 miles (278 km) south of Anchorage, Alaska. It operated for five years, from May 1958 to May 1963. Since the 1970s, it has been repurposed by the Middleton Island Marine Biological Station to study seabirds and other flora and fauna.

## History

Middleton Island AFS was a continental defense radar station whose mission was to provide the United States Air Force early warning of an attack by the Soviet Union. It was located on Middleton Island, an isolated island about 3+12 miles long and 1/2 mile wide in the Gulf of Alaska.

Plans were made for a permanent radar site beginning in late 1956. In 1957, the island was transferred from the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Land Management to the Department of Defense for construction. A dock facility allowed Naval LSTs and barges to land equipment and material on the island. An airstrip was built allowing cargo transports and personnel to fly in and out. The Alaskan Air Command, after investigating various options, constructed a White Alice Communications System, operated by the Air Force Communications Service (AFCS). The base was activated in 1958.

The 720th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron was assigned to the station in May 1958 and operated AN/FPS-3, AN/FPS-6, AN/FPS-8, and AN/FPS-4 radars. As a surveillance station, its mission was to monitor the airspace for aircraft activity and provide information 24/7 to the air defense Direction Center at Fire Island AFS near Anchorage, where it was analyzed to determine range, direction, altitude, speed, and whether aircraft were friendly or hostile.

The normally frigid arctic cold of Alaska is moderated by the warmer Pacific Ocean. With the relative moderate climate on Middleton Island, the buildings were not all connected by hallways. The weather, however, was frequently heavy rain, snow and wind. As with all remote AC&W sites in Alaska, duty tours were limited to one year because of the psychological strain and physical hardships.

The station was expensive to maintain and was deactivated on 15 May 1963 due to budget reductions, and replaced by other AAC surveillance radar sites with more capable equipment. The base was sold to a consortium of private investors in 1966.

Today the site is privately owned; buildings, radar towers, and communications antennas are in deteriorated condition. Beginning in 1978, nine of the buildings have been repurposed by the Middleton Island Marine Biological Station to study cliff-dwelling seabirds, which roost in the buildings. In the 1990s, the station began building bird facilities in some of the towers, with glass windows allowing researchers inside to monitor nesting birds immediately outside, similar to pigeons nesting on a windowsill of a high-rise building, but purpose built with 100s of small windows all over the towers.

## Air Force units and assignments

**Units:**

* 720th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron, Activated 8 September 1955

Inactivated 1 October 1963

**Assignments:**

* 10th Air Division, 8 September 1955
* 5039th Aircraft Control and Warning Group, 1 June 1957
* 5040th Aircraft Control and Warning Group, 1 November 1959
* 5070th Air Defense Wing, 1 August 1960 – 1 October 1969

This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

## InfoBox

| Middleton Island Air Force Station | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Alaskan Air Command (AAC) | |
| Middleton Island Air Force Station | |
| Middleton Island AFSLocation of Middleton Island AFS, Alaska | |
| Coordinates | 59°27′12″N 146°19′07″W / 59.45333°N 146.31861°W / 59.45333; -146.31861 (Middleton Island AFS F-22) |
| Type | Air Force Station |
| Site information | |
| Controlled by | United States Air Force |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1958 |
| In use | 1958-1963 |
| Garrison information | |
| Garrison | 720th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron (1958-1963) |


title: Pyrianoreina

abstract:
Pyrianoreina is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae, containing the following species:
  - Pyrianoreina hovorei Martins & Galileo, 2008
  - Pyrianoreina piranga Martins & Galileo, 2008

text:
# Pyrianoreina

***Pyrianoreina*** is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae, containing the following species:

## InfoBox

| *Pyrianoreina* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Subfamily: | Lamiinae |
| Genus: | ***Pyrianoreina*** |
|


title: Luminosity

abstract: Luminosity is an absolute measure of radiated electromagnetic energy per unit time, and is synonymous with the radiant power emitted by a light-emitting object. In astronomy, luminosity is the total amount of electromagnetic energy emitted per unit of time by a star, galaxy, or other astronomical objects. In SI units, luminosity is measured in joules per second, or watts. In astronomy, values for luminosity are often given in the terms of the luminosity of the Sun, L⊙. Luminosity can also be given in terms of the astronomical magnitude system: the absolute bolometric magnitude (Mbol) of an object is a logarithmic measure of its total energy emission rate, while absolute magnitude is a logarithmic measure of the luminosity within some specific wavelength range or filter band. In contrast, the term brightness in astronomy is generally used to refer to an object's apparent brightness: that is, how bright an object appears to an observer. Apparent brightness depends on both the luminosity of the object and the distance between the object and observer, and also on any absorption of light along the path from object to observer. Apparent magnitude is a logarithmic measure of apparent brightness. The distance determined by luminosity measures can be somewhat ambiguous, and is thus sometimes called the luminosity distance.

text:
# Luminosity

**Luminosity** is an absolute measure of radiated electromagnetic energy per unit time, and is synonymous with the radiant power emitted by a light-emitting object. In astronomy, luminosity is the total amount of electromagnetic energy emitted per unit of time by a star, galaxy, or other astronomical objects.

In SI units, luminosity is measured in joules per second, or watts. In astronomy, values for luminosity are often given in the terms of the luminosity of the Sun, *L*. Luminosity can also be given in terms of the astronomical magnitude system: the absolute bolometric magnitude (*M*bol) of an object is a logarithmic measure of its total energy emission rate, while absolute magnitude is a logarithmic measure of the luminosity within some specific wavelength range or filter band.

In contrast, the term *brightness* in astronomy is generally used to refer to an object's apparent brightness: that is, how bright an object appears to an observer. Apparent brightness depends on both the luminosity of the object and the distance between the object and observer, and also on any absorption of light along the path from object to observer. Apparent magnitude is a logarithmic measure of apparent brightness. The distance determined by luminosity measures can be somewhat ambiguous, and is thus sometimes called the luminosity distance.

## Measurement

When not qualified, the term "luminosity" means bolometric luminosity, which is measured either in the SI units, watts, or in terms of solar luminosities (L). A bolometer is the instrument used to measure radiant energy over a wide band by absorption and measurement of heating. A star also radiates neutrinos, which carry off some energy (about 2% in the case of the Sun), contributing to the star's total luminosity. The IAU has defined a nominal solar luminosity of 3.828×1026 W to promote publication of consistent and comparable values in units of the solar luminosity.

While bolometers do exist, they cannot be used to measure even the apparent brightness of a star because they are insufficiently sensitive across the electromagnetic spectrum and because most wavelengths do not reach the surface of the Earth. In practice bolometric magnitudes are measured by taking measurements at certain wavelengths and constructing a model of the total spectrum that is most likely to match those measurements. In some cases, the process of estimation is extreme, with luminosities being calculated when less than 1% of the energy output is observed, for example with a hot Wolf-Rayet star observed only in the infrared. Bolometric luminosities can also be calculated using a bolometric correction to a luminosity in a particular passband.

The term luminosity is also used in relation to particular passbands such as a visual luminosity of K-band luminosity. These are not generally luminosities in the strict sense of an absolute measure of radiated power, but absolute magnitudes defined for a given filter in a photometric system. Several different photometric systems exist. Some such as the UBV or Johnson system are defined against photometric standard stars, while others such as the AB system are defined in terms of a spectral flux density.

## Stellar luminosity

A star's luminosity can be determined from two stellar characteristics: size and effective temperature. The former is typically represented in terms of solar radii, *R*, while the latter is represented in kelvins, but in most cases neither can be measured directly. To determine a star's radius, two other metrics are needed: the star's angular diameter and its distance from Earth. Both can be measured with great accuracy in certain cases, with cool supergiants often having large angular diameters, and some cool evolved stars having masers in their atmospheres that can be used to measure the parallax using VLBI. However, for most stars the angular diameter or parallax, or both, are far below our ability to measure with any certainty. Since the effective temperature is merely a number that represents the temperature of a black body that would reproduce the luminosity, it obviously cannot be measured directly, but it can be estimated from the spectrum.

An alternative way to measure stellar luminosity is to measure the star's apparent brightness and distance. A third component needed to derive the luminosity is the degree of interstellar extinction that is present, a condition that usually arises because of gas and dust present in the interstellar medium (ISM), the Earth's atmosphere, and circumstellar matter. Consequently, one of astronomy's central challenges in determining a star's luminosity is to derive accurate measurements for each of these components, without which an accurate luminosity figure remains elusive. Extinction can only be measured directly if the actual and observed luminosities are both known, but it can be estimated from the observed colour of a star, using models of the expected level of reddening from the interstellar medium.

In the current system of stellar classification, stars are grouped according to temperature, with the massive, very young and energetic Class O stars boasting temperatures in excess of 30,000  while the less massive, typically older Class M stars exhibit temperatures less than 3,500 K. Because luminosity is proportional to temperature to the fourth power, the large variation in stellar temperatures produces an even vaster variation in stellar luminosity. Because the luminosity depends on a high power of the stellar mass, high mass luminous stars have much shorter lifetimes. The most luminous stars are always young stars, no more than a few million years for the most extreme. In the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, the x-axis represents temperature or spectral type while the y-axis represents luminosity or magnitude. The vast majority of stars are found along the main sequence with blue Class O stars found at the top left of the chart while red Class M stars fall to the bottom right. Certain stars like Deneb and Betelgeuse are found above and to the right of the main sequence, more luminous or cooler than their equivalents on the main sequence. Increased luminosity at the same temperature, or alternatively cooler temperature at the same luminosity, indicates that these stars are larger than those on the main sequence and they are called giants or supergiants.

Blue and white supergiants are high luminosity stars somewhat cooler than the most luminous main sequence stars. A star like Deneb, for example, has a luminosity around 200,000 *L*, a spectral type of A2, and an effective temperature around 8,500 K, meaning it has a radius around 203 *R* (1.41×1011 ). For comparison, the red supergiant Betelgeuse has a luminosity around 100,000 *L*, a spectral type of M2, and a temperature around 3,500 K, meaning its radius is about 1,000 *R* (7.0×1011 ). Red supergiants are the largest type of star, but the most luminous are much smaller and hotter, with temperatures up to 50,000 K and more and luminosities of several million *L*, meaning their radii are just a few tens of *R*. For example, R136a1 has a temperature over 46,000 K and a luminosity of more than 6,100,000 *L* (mostly in the UV), it is only 39 *R* (2.7×1010 ).

## Radio luminosity

The luminosity of a radio source is measured in W Hz−1, to avoid having to specify a bandwidth over which it is measured. The observed strength, or flux density, of a radio source is measured in Jansky where 1 Jy = 10−26 W m−2 Hz−1.

For example, consider a 10 W transmitter at a distance of 1 million metres, radiating over a bandwidth of 1 MHz. By the time that power has reached the observer, the power is spread over the surface of a sphere with area 4*πr*2 or about 1.26×1013 m2, so its flux density is 10 / 106 / (1.26×1013) W m−2 Hz−1 = 8×107 Jy.

More generally, for sources at cosmological distances, a k-correction must be made for the spectral index α of the source, and a relativistic correction must be made for the fact that the frequency scale in the emitted rest frame is different from that in the observer's rest frame. So the full expression for radio luminosity, assuming isotropic emission, is $L\_{\nu }={\frac {S\_{\mathrm {obs} }4\pi {D\_{L}^{2}{(1+z)^{1+\alpha }}}}}$ where *L*ν is the luminosity in W Hz−1, *S*obs is the observed flux density in W m−2 Hz−1, *DL* is the luminosity distance in metres, *z* is the redshift, *α* is the spectral index (in the sense $I\propto {\nu }^{\alpha }$, and in radio astronomy, assuming thermal emission the spectral index is typically equal to 2.)

For example, consider a 1 Jy signal from a radio source at a redshift of 1, at a frequency of 1.4 GHz. Ned Wright's cosmology calculator calculates a luminosity distance for a redshift of 1 to be 6701 Mpc = 2×1026 m giving a radio luminosity of 10−26 × 4π(2×1026)2 / (1 + 1)(1 + 2) = 6×1026 W Hz−1.

To calculate the total radio power, this luminosity must be integrated over the bandwidth of the emission. A common assumption is to set the bandwidth to the observing frequency, which effectively assumes the power radiated has uniform intensity from zero frequency up to the observing frequency. In the case above, the total power is 4×1027 × 1.4×109 = 5.7×1036 W. This is sometimes expressed in terms of the total (i.e. integrated over all wavelengths) luminosity of the Sun which is 3.86×1026 W, giving a radio power of 1.5×1010 *L*.

## Luminosity formulae

The Stefan–Boltzmann equation applied to a black body gives the value for luminosity for a black body, an idealized object which is perfectly opaque and non-reflecting: $L=\sigma AT^{4},$ where *A* is the surface area, *T* is the temperature (in kelvins) and *σ* is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant, with a value of 5.670374419...×10−8 W⋅m−2⋅K−4.

Imagine a point source of light of luminosity $L$ that radiates equally in all directions. A hollow sphere centered on the point would have its entire interior surface illuminated. As the radius increases, the surface area will also increase, and the constant luminosity has more surface area to illuminate, leading to a decrease in observed brightness.

$F={\frac {L}{A},}$ where

* $A$ is the area of the illuminated surface.
* $F$ is the flux density of the illuminated surface.

The surface area of a sphere with radius *r* is $A=4\pi r^{2}$, so for stars and other point sources of light: $F={\frac {L}{4\pi r^{2}\\,,}}$ where $r$ is the distance from the observer to the light source.

For stars on the main sequence, luminosity is also related to mass approximately as below: $\frac {L}{L\_{\odot }\approx {\left({\frac {M}{M\_{\odot }\right)}^{3.5}.}}}$

## Relationship to magnitude

Luminosity is an intrinsic measurable property of a star independent of distance. The concept of magnitude, on the other hand, incorporates distance. The apparent magnitude is a measure of the diminishing flux of light as a result of distance according to the inverse-square law. The Pogson logarithmic scale is used to measure both apparent and absolute magnitudes, the latter corresponding to the brightness of a star or other celestial body as seen if it would be located at an interstellar distance of 10 parsecs (3.1×1017 metres). In addition to this brightness decrease from increased distance, there is an extra decrease of brightness due to extinction from intervening interstellar dust.

By measuring the width of certain absorption lines in the stellar spectrum, it is often possible to assign a certain luminosity class to a star without knowing its distance. Thus a fair measure of its absolute magnitude can be determined without knowing its distance nor the interstellar extinction.

In measuring star brightnesses, absolute magnitude, apparent magnitude, and distance are interrelated parameters—if two are known, the third can be determined. Since the Sun's luminosity is the standard, comparing these parameters with the Sun's apparent magnitude and distance is the easiest way to remember how to convert between them, although officially, zero point values are defined by the IAU.

The magnitude of a star, a unitless measure, is a logarithmic scale of observed visible brightness. The apparent magnitude is the observed visible brightness from Earth which depends on the distance of the object. The absolute magnitude is the apparent magnitude at a distance of 10 pc (3.1×1017 ), therefore the bolometric absolute magnitude is a logarithmic measure of the bolometric luminosity.

The difference in bolometric magnitude between two objects is related to their luminosity ratio according to: $M\_{\text{bol1}-M\_{\text{bol2}=-2.5\log \_{10}{\frac {L\_{\text{1}{L\_{\text{2}}}}}}}}$

where:

* $M\_{\text{bol1}}$ is the bolometric magnitude of the first object
* $M\_{\text{bol2}}$ is the bolometric magnitude of the second object.
* $L\_{\text{1}}$ is the first object's bolometric luminosity
* $L\_{\text{2}}$ is the second object's bolometric luminosity

The zero point of the absolute magnitude scale is actually defined as a fixed luminosity of 3.0128×1028 W. Therefore, the absolute magnitude can be calculated from a luminosity in watts: $M\_{\mathrm {bol} }=-2.5\log \_{10}{\frac {L\_{\*}{L\_{0}\approx -2.5\log \_{10}L\_{\*}+71.1974}}}$ where *L*0 is the zero point luminosity 3.0128×1028 W

and the luminosity in watts can be calculated from an absolute magnitude (although absolute magnitudes are often not measured relative to an absolute flux): $L\_{\*}=L\_{0}\times 10^{-0.4M\_{\mathrm {bol} }}$

## Further reading


title: Foerster clamp

abstract: A foerster clamp is a surgical clamp with a round eyelet. Also known as a sponge clamp, or sponge stick. Used for atraumatically grasping lung tissue in thoracic surgery. When grasping a surgical sponge in the jaws, Foerster clamps are commonly used for removing small amounts of fluids from the operative area and applying pressure to sites of bleeding. May also be used for tissue dissection. Invented by David William Foerster of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, who pioneered sex change operations in the United States.

text:
# Foerster clamp

A **foerster clamp** is a surgical clamp with a round eyelet. Also known as a sponge clamp, or sponge stick. Used for atraumatically grasping lung tissue in thoracic surgery. When grasping a surgical sponge in the jaws, Foerster clamps are commonly used for removing small amounts of fluids from the operative area and applying pressure to sites of bleeding. May also be used for tissue dissection. Invented by David William Foerster of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, who pioneered sex change operations in the United States.

## Non-medical uses

It is commonly used in body piercing, particularly for tongue piercings.


title: Weisner's method

abstract: In mathematics, Weisner's method is a method for finding generating functions for special functions using representation theory of Lie groups and Lie algebras, introduced by Weisner (1955). It includes Truesdell's method as a special case, and is essentially the same as Rainville's method.... Weisner's group-theoretic method... is a technique with uses the differential recurrence relations of a family of special functions to construct a Lie algebra of differential operators, under the action of which the family is invariant. The Lie derivatives can be exponentiated to obtain an action of the associated Lie group and this group action yields the generating functions. Miller (1974)

text:
# Weisner's method

In mathematics, **Weisner's method** is a method for finding generating functions for special functions using representation theory of Lie groups and Lie algebras, introduced by Weisner (1955). It includes Truesdell's method as a special case, and is essentially the same as Rainville's method.

> ... Weisner's group-theoretic method ... is a technique with uses the differential recurrence relations of a family of special functions to construct a Lie algebra of differential operators (Lie derivatives), under the action of which the family is invariant. The Lie derivatives can be exponentiated to obtain an action of the associated Lie group and this group action yields the generating functions. Miller (1974)

* McBride, Elna Browning (1971), *Obtaining generating functions*, Springer Tracts in Natural Philosophy, vol. 21, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-05255-7, MR 0279355
* Miller, Willard Jr. (1974), "Review of *Obtaining Generating Functions* by Elna B. McBride", *Canadian Mathematical Bulletin*, **17** (3): 447–448
* Weisner, Louis (1955), "Group-theoretic origin of certain generating functions", *Pacific Journal of Mathematics*, **5** (6): 1033–1039, doi:10.2140/pjm.1955.5.1033, ISSN 0030-8730, MR 0086905


title: Lybster F.C.

abstract: Lybster Football Club is a football club from Lybster in Caithness, Scotland.

text:
# Lybster F.C.

**Lybster Football Club** is a football club from Lybster in Caithness, Scotland.

## History

The club was founded in 1887 under the name **Portland**, often rendered as **Portland Lybster**, taking the name from the Duke of Portland, who owned an estate at Lybster, and who donated £1 to the club in 1891. Its first match was a defeat to local rivals Dunbeath in the Black Park March 1887. William Alexander Mackay, the founder of Recreativo F.C., was a native of Lybster.

The club joined the Scottish Football Association as a senior club in 1889. This entitled the club to enter the Scottish Cup, which caused immediate problems because of its geographical isolation; its first round opponents in the 1889–90 Scottish Cup, the original Aberdeen club, protested to the Scottish FA because of the distance it would have to travel. Portland instead scratched from the competition, allegedly in return for a "consideration".

The club entered the competition again in 1890–91 and was given a bye in the first round. The club was drawn to visit Inverness Caledonian in the second and again scratched, unable to afford the journey. Understandably, the club did not enter the competition again.

Despite the club's seniority, it was not allowed into the first Caithness County League in 1927 because the club's pitch was in too poor a state. It did however join the League after World War 2 and won the title in 1954–55, 1955–56, and 1957–58. It has been known simply as Lybster since at least 2009.

## Colours

The club's original colours were blue and white striped shirts with white knickers, which are its current colours. Its other colours over the years include white shirts, navy shorts, and black socks in the 1950s, and claret shirts with blue sleeves, claret shorts, and white socks in 1975.

## Ground

The club's original ground was at Back Park, until in 1925 it was developed into a golf course, and the club moved into Cow Park on the other side of Village Street.

## InfoBox

Lybster
| Full name | Lybster Football Club |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1887 |
| Ground | Cow Park |
| League | Caithness Amateur Football Association |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Puna teal

abstract: The Puna teal is a species of dabbling duck in the family Anatidae. It was at one time regarded as a subspecies of the silver teal. The Puna teal is resident in the Andes of Peru, western Bolivia, northern Chile, and extreme northwestern Argentina. It is found on the larger lakes and pools in the altiplano. The status of the Puna teal is Least Concern, as listed on the IUCN Red List.

text:
# Puna teal

The **Puna teal** (***Spatula puna***) is a species of dabbling duck in the family Anatidae. It was at one time regarded as a subspecies of the silver teal.

The Puna teal is resident in the Andes of Peru, western Bolivia, northern Chile, and extreme northwestern Argentina. It is found on the larger lakes and pools in the altiplano.

The status of the Puna teal is Least Concern, as listed on the IUCN Red List.

## Taxonomy

The first formal description of the Puna teal was by the Swiss naturalist Johann Jakob von Tschudi in 1844 under the binomial name *Anas puna*. It was at one time considered as a subspecies of the silver teal in the genus *Anas*. A molecular phylogentic study comparing mitochondrial DNA sequences published in 2009 found that the genus *Anas*, as then defined, was non-monophyletic. The genus was subsequently split into four monophyletic genera with ten species including the Puna teal moved into the resurrected genus *Spatula*. This genus had been originally proposed by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie in 1822. The name *Spatula* is the Latin for a "spoon" or "spatula". The specific epithet *puna* is from the Puna de Atacama, a plateau in the Andes.

## Description

The Puna teal is 19 inches (480 mm) long, similar in size to a wood duck. They have a black cap that extends to below the eyes. Their lower face and neck are creamy white. Their upper tail coverts are gray, and their rear flanks are dark brown with thin stripes. Back, chest and lower flanks are light coffee with dark brown spots. Their bill is large, light blue with a black line down the middle.

## Behaviour

In the wild they live in small groups of their own kind or with the closely related silver teal. Puna teal lay their eggs between April and June. Like swans and geese both parents rear the ducklings. They lay their eggs in long grass, not always close to the water. The eggs are a creamy pink colour of which there may be several. The relationship between the male and female may be long term.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Puna teal | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| A puna teal at Sylvan Heights Waterfowl Park in Scotland Neck, North Carolina. | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Anseriformes |
| Family: | Anatidae |
| Genus: | *Spatula* |
| Species: | ***S. puna*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Spatula puna***
(Tschudi, 1844) | |
|
|  | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Anas versicolor puna*
*Anas puna*
*Punanetta puna* | |


title: Leif Fredriksson

abstract: Leif Fredriksson a Swedish drummer and a member of the Swedish group TRIO.

text:
# Leif Fredriksson

**Leif Fredriksson** a Swedish drummer and a member of the Swedish group TRIO.

## Biography

## Discography

### TRIO

* From Nowhere to Eternity 2008, TRIO01

### therhythmisodd

* Subway 2010, TRIO02
* Raw Material 2011, TRIO03
* Fly By Time, 2014,
* Fly by Time (extravaganza), 2018

## Other

### Anders Karlen

* Way out 1981, MLR-20 (mistlur)

### Dag Mattsson

* Don't force the level 1997

### Egba

* Elektrobop 1985, DRLP80 (Dragon)
* Fuse 1983, MNW126P (MNW)
* Omen 1981, MNW115P (MNW)

### Greg FitzPatrick

* Det Persiska Äventyret 1977, MNW 80P (MNW)

### Monica Törnell

### Monica Zetterlund

* Monica Z 1989,

### Lulu Alke

* Lulu Alke 1994

### Ulf Adåker / Swedish Radio Jazz Group

* Chordeography 1986. PS36 (Phono Suecia)

### Gustavo Bergalli Quintet

* S/T 1986, DRLP 119 (DRAGON)

## InfoBox

| Leif Fredriksson | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Stockholm, Sweden |
| Genres | Prog, Fusion, Jazz, Free form, Psychedelic |
| Occupation | Musician |
| Instrument | Drums |
| Years active | 1972 - |


title: Todd Bjornethun

abstract: Todd Bjornethun is a retired American professional mixed martial artist. He competed for Shooto and Pancrase.

text:
# Todd Bjornethun

**Todd Bjornethun** is a retired American professional mixed martial artist. He competed for Shooto and Pancrase.

## Mixed martial arts record

Professional record breakdown
| **12 matches** | **7 wins** | **5 losses** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **By knockout** | 2 | 0 |
| **By submission** | 3 | 5 |
| **By decision** | 2 | 0 |

| Res. | Record | Opponent | Method | Event | Date | Round | Time | Location | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Win | 7–5 | Kazuhiro Kusayanagi | TKO (punches) | Shooto: Reconquista 4 | October 12, 1997 | 2 | 4:01 | Tokyo, Japan |  |
| Loss | 6–5 | Allan Goes | Submission (triangle choke) | EF 4: Extreme Fighting 4 | March 28, 1997 | 1 | 0:30 | Des Moines, Iowa, United States |  |
| Win | 6–4 | Rudyard Moncayo | Submission (heel hook) | EF 3: Extreme Fighting 3 | October 18, 1996 | 1 | 0:00 | Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States |  |
| Win | 5–4 | Eric Lavigne | KO (punches) | VTJ 1996: Vale Tudo Japan 1996 | July 7, 1996 | 1 | 6:53 | Urayasu, Chiba, Japan |  |
| Win | 4–4 | Akihiro Gono | Submission (armbar) | Shooto: Vale Tudo Junction 3 | May 7, 1996 | 3 | 1:12 | Tokyo, Japan |  |
| Loss | 3–4 | Erik Paulson | Submission (guillotine choke) | Shooto: Vale Tudo Junction 1 | January 20, 1996 | 2 | 0:26 | Tokyo, Japan | Middleweight debut. |
| Win | 3–3 | Orlando Wiet | Submission (triangle choke) | UFCF: United Full Contact Federation 1 | September 8, 1995 | 1 | 5:43 |  |  |
| Loss | 2–3 | Masakatsu Funaki | Submission (armbar) | King of Pancrase tournament opening round | December 16, 1994 | 1 | 2:20 | Tokyo, Japan |  |
| Win | 2–2 | Vernon White | Decision (lost points) | Pancrase: Road To The Championship 5 | October 15, 1994 | 1 | 15:00 | Tokyo, Japan |  |
| Loss | 1–2 | Minoru Suzuki | Submission (armbar) | Pancrase: Road To The Championship 4 | September 1, 1994 | 1 | 3:11 | Osaka, Osaka, Japan |  |
| Win | 1–1 | Gregory Smit | Decision (unanimous) | Pancrase: Road To The Championship 3 | July 26, 1994 | 1 | 15:00 | Tokyo, Japan |  |
| Loss | 0–1 | Ryushi Yanagisawa | Submission (heel hook) | Pancrase: Pancrash! 2 | March 12, 1994 | 1 | 7:12 | Nagoya, Aichi, Japan |  |

## InfoBox

| Todd Bjornethun | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | United States |
| Nationality | American |
| Height | 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) |
| Weight | 185 lb (84 kg; 13.2 st) |
| Division | Heavyweight<br>Middleweight |
| Fighting out of | Kirkland, Washington, United States |
| Years active | 1994 - 1997 |
|  | |
| Mixed martial arts record | |
| **Total** | 12 |
| **Wins** | 7 |
| By knockout | 2 |
| By submission | 3 |
| By decision | 2 |
| **Losses** | 5 |
| By submission | 5 |
|  | |
| Mixed martial arts record from Sherdog | |


title: Middleton Junction

abstract: Middleton Junction is an industrial and residential district lying on the common border of Middleton in the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale and Chadderton in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham, Greater Manchester. The area takes its name from the former Middleton Junction railway station and lies along the course of the Rochdale Canal. It is located 1.4 miles south east of Middleton town centre and 1.9 miles west of central Chadderton. It is contiguous with other areas of Chadderton and Middleton including Moorclose, Mills Hill, Greengate, Alkrington and Firwood Park. Semi rural Foxdenton lies to the east.

text:
# Middleton Junction

**Middleton Junction** is an industrial and residential district lying on the common border of Middleton in the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale and Chadderton in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham, Greater Manchester.

The area takes its name from the former Middleton Junction railway station and lies along the course of the Rochdale Canal. It is located 1.4 miles south east of Middleton town centre and 1.9 miles west of central Chadderton.

It is contiguous with other areas of Chadderton and Middleton including Moorclose, Mills Hill, Greengate, Alkrington and Firwood Park. Semi rural Foxdenton lies to the east.

## History

The area now known as Middleton Junction originally comprised a number of hamlets situated along Grimshaw Lane and Foxdenton Lane on the border of Chadderton and Tonge townships – Lane End and Hillock (described in the early 1800s as "a pleasant hamlet") in Chadderton, Bradshaw Fold and Jumbo in Tonge (Tonge was a former township which was incorporated into Middleton in the late 19th century).

The area around Jumbo was historically part of the estate of the medieval Bradshaw Hall which was demolished in 1910.

In the 16th century, the area consisted largely of undeveloped forest and meadow. The Hall was located on the south side of a valley overlooking the Wince Brook. The estate had a corn mill on the river and began to rent land to farmers.

In 1777, the silk weaving business was introduced to the area and for the next 50 years there was great demand for hand loom weavers' cottages. The estate rented out land north of the current Grimshaw Lane and the settlements of Jumbo and Bradshaw Fold rapidly grew. The estate was bounded on the south by Wince Brook, the west by Tonge and in the north by Chadderton. The only access to the estate road would have been the lane to Foxdenton Hall, later to become Grimshaw Lane.

Two settlements were formed firstly by the home weavers and later by the mill owners. Bradshaw Fold was the area on the north east of the estate, later to be replaced by the station name, Middleton Junction. In the 1861 census, Bradshaw Fold had over 70 weavers' cottages.

On the west, between the current Aspinall Street and Sandy Lane, was the village of Jumbo or Jumba.

In an 1823 slang dictionary, a *jumbo* is defined as a clumsy or unwieldy fellow. The origin of this expression is based on a well read travel book, *Travels in Africa*. It describes a tribal custom in Africa where a witch doctor would dress up and perform a noisy dancing ritual. He was known as Mumbo Jumbo. A letter to the *Manchester Guardian* in 1862 speculates as to the origins of the name.

“….The cottages in the vicinity of Bradshaw Hall are occupied by silk weavers, farm labourers and cotton spinners and commonly known by the singular name “Jumba” which significant title is supposed to be conferred there-on from the jumping gambols and athletic exercises of the residents on Saint Mondays and other holidays.”

In 1779, Thomas Chadderton sold the coal rights to the estate which were probably accessed from the Alkrington pit at Lancashire Fold. The Rochdale canal was built shortly after this (1804), greatly easing the transportation of both coal and cotton.

JW Lees brewery opened at Bradshaw Fold in 1828.

Middleton Junction railway station opened at Lane End on 31 March 1842 with a branch line to Oldham Werneth railway station. The railway line split the hamlet of Lane End in two. The station was originally called Oldham Junction but by August 1842 it was known as Middleton Station, changing its name to Middleton Junction some ten years later. The branch line to Middleton opened in 1857. The station closed in the mid-1960s.

The late 19th century gave rise to a substantial cotton spinning district around the area of the station and along the canal and saw terraced houses built along Grimshaw Lane and its environs. Mills included the Junction Mill, Laurel Mill among others. See List of mills in Chadderton

The name *Middleton Junction* was adopted as place-name for the area during this period.

## Bradshaw Hall and Estate

The estate was a key part of the post-medieval manorial system of North Manchester. It was occupied by descendants of the ancient Chadderton family from 1548 to 1820 and comprised a large part of the current Middleton Junction and Jumbo area.

The remains of the Hall lie beneath private land off Glenn Grove. Although demolished in 1910, it is of significant archaeological interest as the footprint of the hall has not been built upon and the site may contain evidence of earlier occupation.

History of the estate: The first recorded evidence to the Bradshaw area is a 1320 survey of the Barony of Manchester which records a ‘Bruyd-shaw' (Broad Wood) in the vicinity of ‘Alcryn-ton', ‘White Moss', ‘Black-ley' and ‘Nut-Hurst'. An 1839 map confirms the area as Broad Wood whilst later Ordnance Survey maps show both Bradshaw Hall and Bradshaw Fold in the same area.

There is a record of the ownership of the land in the will of Robert Chadderton a “Yeoman of Bradshaw Hall” in 1639. It refers to previous owners of the land as; – The Priory of St John of Jerusalem, Roger de Montbegon (d 1266) and the Earls of Derby.

Due to the close location to Chadderton Hall, it is likely that Bradshaw was originally part of the Manor of Chadderton which was passed to Gilbert de Notton in 1212 and to Richard de Trafford in 1232.

Richard's second son Geoffrey inherited the land and took the name Geoffrey de Chadderton and built Chadderton Hall in the mid 13th Century. The Chadderton manor was passed to the Radcliffe family by 1367 and subsequently to the Assheton family in 1454.

The Radcliffes were later to settle in Foxdenton, and the Chadderton family went on to establish both Nuthurst (Moston) and Bradshaw Halls.

The Chadderton family can be identified as having a presence in the area of Bradshaw as far back as Edward VI (1547) when Edmund Chadderton was a plaintiff in a civil court action against John Tonge and others for trespass on the common turbary of Tonge Moor. The eastern side of the Tonge manor is bounded by the Irk River and Wince Brook so Tonge Moor must have been the area between Tonge Hall and Bradshaw Hall.

Edmund had also begun a property dispute some years earlier in the reign of Henry VIII (1532). This concerned an area south of the Bradshaw Hall site and related to an area known as Theymore Waste (or Theale Moor). The dispute involved the borders of the Nuthurst Waste, Chadderton Waste, Oldham Waste, Moston Hamlet and Ashton Township. The dispute continued for over 70 years with Theymore borders being redefined and a common area left known as the ‘Equals'.(See also 'A Boundary Dispute').

Edmund Chadderton held the smaller of two Halls at Nuthurst which was 2 miles south of Bradshaw Hall. His eldest son was William Chadderton (1540–1608) who became the Bishop of Lincoln and Chester.

We find the first reference to Bradshaw Hall in the will of Robert Chadderton in 1639. The ancestry of Robert is unclear but we can assume he is related to the Nuthurst hall branch and Edmund Chadderton's line because of the closeness of the two estates. Roberts's first son was named Edmund and this provides further support to this assumption.

Although this is the first documentary evidence of the occupation of the site, the Chadderton family could have been here as early as 1367 following the transfer of Chadderton Hall to the Radcliffe's.

## Lowbands Farm, Jumbo

In 1860, an influential meeting here helped lay the foundations for the development of the Co-operative Wholesale Society. Lowbands Farm was a convenient meeting place for the co-operators from Rochdale, Oldham and Manchester. Six miles south from Rochdale, four west from Oldham and five north from Manchester, the farm was a useful stopping-off point for a country walk.

Jumbo is now part of Middleton, lying between Middleton and Middleton Junction. In 1860 it was a hamlet made up of a few farms and the cottages of handloom silk weavers, though the rural characteristics were beginning to disappear after the building of a railway through the area.

In 1851 a few cottage workers, manufacturers of velvet waistcoats, decided to get back to the land. They pooled their resources to rent six acres with a house at Jumbo. Previously called "Walmsley's", the farm was nicknamed "Lowbands" after a Feargus O'Connor land scheme estate in Worcestershire.

The farm made a loss. George Booth was put in charge to try and remedy matters. A Jumbo Co-operative Society was formed to lend a hand and the farm's loomhouse was converted into the new society's store room. Debts and high interest rates took their toll. The farm implements and other assets were sold in 1861, debts paid off, and the stock of the little store turned over to the Middleton Society for £13. 5s.

## Religion

St Gabriel, Middleton Junction is an Anglo-Catholic Church founded in 1885.

Jumbo Methodist Church was located on Grimshaw Lane. It was founded in 1868 and closed in 1967.

Grimshaw Lane, Wesleyan Methodist, was founded in 1874 and closed in 1966. In its early years the church was known as Lane End Church

## Middleton Junction County Primary School (1873–1968)

Meetings of Methodists in the area began in 1800, and in 1820 Lane End or Hillock Sunday School was built at the junction of Foxdenton and Grimshaw Lanes. With the development of Middleton Junction following the arrival of the railway a new school became necessary which was opened in 1874 as Middleton Junction Wesleyan School. The school was taken over by Chadderton School Board in 1894.

## Transport

Bee Network provides the following bus services in Middleton Junction -

112/113 - to Middleton and to Manchester City Centre via Moston and Collyhurst.

415 to Middleton via Alkrington and to Oldham via Nimble Nook and Cowhill.

The parish of Prestwich with Oldham: Tonge - http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=53005

Tonge Township Boundaries - http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/LAN/Tonge/ParishMap.shtml

JW Lees Brewery - http://www.jwlees.co.uk/

Parish of St Gabriel, Middleton Junction - https://web.archive.org/web/20141226111554/http://www.st-gabrielschurch.org.uk/

The Lowbands Farm Story - http://www.middletonia.co.uk/localhistory/lbandscwsray.html

Bradshaw Hall, Middleton - http://middletonas.com/our-investigations-published-works/bradshaw-hall-middleton/

## InfoBox

| Middleton Junction | |
| --- | --- |
| Middleton JunctionLocation within Greater Manchester | |
| OS grid reference | SD 88768 04870 |
| Metropolitan borough |  |
| Metropolitan county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | MANCHESTER |
| Postcode district | M24 |
| Dialling code | 0161 |
|  | |
| Police | Greater Manchester |
| Fire | Greater Manchester |
| Ambulance | North West |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Qoydan

abstract: Qoydan is a village and the least populous municipality in the Ismailli Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 70.

text:
# Qoydan

**Qoydan** (also, **Koydan**) is a village and the least populous municipality in the Ismailli Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 70.

## Weather

The weather of Qoydan, and much of Azerbaijan in general deeply ranges from hot arid summers and to mild winters. During the Summer months it averages near and around 30°C(86°F), but averages 0°C(32°f) during the winter months.

## InfoBox

| Qoydan | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Qoydan | |
| Coordinates: 40°53′N 48°26′E / 40.883°N 48.433°E / 40.883; 48.433 | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| Rayon | Ismailli |
| Population | |
| Total | 70 |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+5 (AZT) |


title: Luz, Minas Gerais

abstract: Luz is a Brazilian municipality located in the West part of the state of Minas Gerais. Luz is located between the city of Araxá and the capital city of the state of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte. The population is 18,257 in an area of 1172 km⁲. The city belongs to the Central Mineira region and to the micro-region of Bom Despacho. It became a municipality in 1923.

text:
# Luz, Minas Gerais

**Luz** is a Brazilian municipality located in the West (south of the west) part of the state of Minas Gerais. Luz is located between the city of Araxá and the capital city of the state of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte. The population is 18,257 (2020 est.) in an area of 1172 km2. The city belongs to the Central Mineira region and to the micro-region of Bom Despacho. It became a municipality in 1923.

## Origin of the name

In the region there was a spring with a dam that supplied water to the small settlement that had grown around a chapel dedicated to Our Lady of the Light, or Nossa Senhora da Luz. The first name of the town was Nossa Senhora da Luz do Aterrado, or Our Lady of the Light of the Dam.

## Geography

### Location

The city center of Luz is located at an elevation of 675 meters a short distance south of federal highway BR-262. The São Francisco River lies to the east. Neighboring municipalities are: Estrela do Indaiá and Dores do Indaiá (N), Bom Despacho (NE), Moema and Lagoa da Prata (E), Japaraíba (SE), Arcos and Iguatama (S), Bambuí and Córrego Danta (W). *

**Distances**

### Geographical data

*Elevation*

* Maximum: 956 m (Serra Deus me Livre)
* Minimum: 680 m (Foz do Ribeirão Jorge Grande)
* Center of the city: 674.96 m

*Temperature*

* Average annual: 22.1 °C
* Average annual maximum: 29.1 °C
* Average annual minimum: 16.7 °C

*Rainfall*

* Average annual rainfall: 1,415.7 mm

*Topography*

* Flat: 40%
* Hilly: 50%
* Mountainous: 10%

*Rivers*

* Ribeirão Jorge Pequeno
* Rio São Francisco
* River basin: Basin of the Rio São Francisco

## Economic activities

Services, small industries, and agriculture are the most important economic activities. Charcoal production from eucalyptus plantations is also important. In 2005 there were 78 transformation industries employing 540 workers and 342 retail units employing 926 workers. The GDP in 2005 was approximately R$158 million, with 11 million from taxes, 77 million reais from services, 17 million reais from industry, and 52 million reais from agriculture. There were 651 rural producers on 69,000 hectares of land. 183 farms had tractors (2006). Approximately 1700 persons were occupied in agriculture. The main crops are coffee, rice, beans, and corn. There were 96,000 head of cattle, of which 24,000 were milk cows (2006).

There were 5 banks (2007): Banco Bradesco (Banco Postal, Correios), Banco do Brasil, Banco Itaú, Caixa Econômica Federal, Crediluz (Cooperativa de Crédito dos Produtores Rurais de Luz). There were 3 hotels: Hotel Turista, Hotel Oeste, and Hotel Planalto.

In the vehicle fleet there were 2632 automobiles, 252 trucks, 326 pickup trucks, 19 buses, 43 micro-buses, and 857 motorcycles (2007).

## Health and education

In the health sector there were 8 public health clinics and 1 private hospital with 56 beds. (2005). Patients with more serious health conditions are transported to Belo Horizonte. Educational needs of 3800 students were met by 10 primary schools, 2 middle schools, and 4 pre-primary schools.

* Municipal Human Development Index: 0.801 (2000)
* State ranking: 35 out of 853 municipalities as of 2000
* National ranking: 537 out of 5,138 municipalities as of 2000
* Literacy rate: 90%
* Life expectancy: 71 (average of males and females)

In 2000 the per capita monthly income of R$369.00 was above the state average of R$276.00 and below the national average of R$297.00. Poços de Caldas had the highest per capita monthly income in 2000 with R$435.00. The lowest was Setubinha with R$73.00.

The highest ranking municipality in Minas Gerais in 2000 was Poços de Caldas with 0.841, while the lowest was Setubinha with 0.568. Nationally the highest was São Caetano do Sul in São Paulo with 0.919, while the lowest was Setubinha. In more recent statistics (considering 5,507 municipalities) Manari in the state of Pernambuco has the lowest rating in the country—0,467—putting it in last place.

## Notable people

1. IBGE 2020
2. IBGE Archived 2007-01-09 at the Wayback Machine
3. Prefeitura municipal de Luz
4. "Citybrazil". Archived from the original on 2008-05-01. Retrieved 2008-08-25.
5. DERMG
6. A onde fica
7. Frigoletto Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine

## InfoBox

| Luz | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location in Minas Gerais state | |
| LuzLocation in Brazil | |
| Coordinates: 19°48′3″S 45°41′9″W / 19.80083°S 45.68583°W / -19.80083; -45.68583 | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | Southeast |
| State | Minas Gerais |
| Mesoregion | Central Mineira |
| Microregion | Bom Despacho |
| Area | |
| Total | 1,172 km2 (453 sq mi) |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 18,257 |
| Density | 16/km2 (40/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |