title: Fort Stanwix

abstract: Fort Stanwix was a colonial fort whose construction commenced on August 26, 1758, under the direction of British General John Stanwix, at the location of present-day Rome, New York, but was not completed until about 1762. The bastion fort was built to guard a portage known as the Oneida Carry during the French and Indian War. Fort Stanwix National Monument, a reconstructed structure built by the National Park Service, now occupies the site. Fort Stanwix is historically significant because of its successful defense by American troops during an August 1777 siege. The fort had been built by the British in 1758 at a strategic site along the water route from Lake Ontario to the Hudson River. After American forces captured and rebuilt the fort during the American Revolutionary War, they were besieged by a British army that invaded from Canada via Lake Ontario, hoping to reach the Hudson River. The British force abandoned the siege, a consequence that helped lead to the defeat of a larger British army during the Saratoga campaign. Fort Stanwix was also the site of the 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix between Britain and Native American tribes, as well as of the 1784 Treaty of Fort Stanwix between the tribes and the American government. Besides the fort reconstruction itself, the national monument includes three short trails that encircle it, one of which follows a portion of the Oneida Carry. The Marinus Willett Collections Management and Education Center preserves the monument's 485,000 artifacts and documents, displays exhibits about Fort Stanwix and the Mohawk Valley, and serves as a regional tourism center.

text:
# Fort Stanwix

**Fort Stanwix** was a colonial fort whose construction commenced on August 26, 1758, under the direction of British General John Stanwix, at the location of present-day Rome, New York, but was not completed until about 1762. The bastion fort was built to guard a portage known as the Oneida Carry during the French and Indian War. **Fort Stanwix National Monument**, a reconstructed structure built by the National Park Service, now occupies the site.

Fort Stanwix is historically significant because of its successful defense by American troops during an August 1777 siege. The fort had been built by the British in 1758 at a strategic site along the water route from Lake Ontario to the Hudson River. After American forces captured and rebuilt the fort during the American Revolutionary War, they were besieged by a British army that invaded from Canada via Lake Ontario, hoping to reach the Hudson River. The British force abandoned the siege, a consequence that helped lead to the defeat of a larger British army during the Saratoga campaign.

Fort Stanwix was also the site of the 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix between Britain and Native American tribes, as well as of the 1784 Treaty of Fort Stanwix between the tribes and the American government.

Besides the fort reconstruction itself, the national monument includes three short trails that encircle it, one of which follows a portion of the Oneida Carry. The Marinus Willett Collections Management and Education Center preserves the monument's 485,000 artifacts and documents, displays exhibits about Fort Stanwix and the Mohawk Valley, and serves as a regional tourism center.

## History

Fort Stanwix was constructed in 1758 to guard a portage, the Oneida Carry, between the main waterway southeastward to the Atlantic seacoast, down the Mohawk and Hudson rivers, and an important interior waterway northwestward to Lake Ontario, down Wood Creek and Oneida Lake to Oswego.

### Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768)

In 1768, Fort Stanwix was the site of an important treaty conference between the British and the Iroquois, arranged by William Johnson. By the time of this treaty, the fort had become dilapidated and inactive. The purpose of the conference was to renegotiate the boundary line between Native American lands and white settlements set forth in the Proclamation of 1763. The British government hoped a new boundary line might bring an end to the rampant frontier violence, which had become costly and troublesome. Native Americans hoped a new, permanent line might hold back white colonial expansion.

The final treaty was signed on November 5 and extended the earlier proclamation much further west. The Iroquois had effectively ceded Kentucky to the whites. However, the tribes who actually used the Kentucky lands, primarily Shawnee, Delaware, and Cherokee, had no role in the negotiations. Rather than secure peace, the Fort Stanwix treaty helped set the stage for the next round of hostilities.

Fort Stanwix was abandoned in 1768 and allowed to go to ruin.

### Fort Schuyler and the Battle of Oriskany

The fort was reoccupied by Colonial troops under the command of Colonel Elias Dayton on July 12, 1776. They began reconstruction and renamed it Fort Schuyler, although many continued to call it Fort Stanwix. Colonel Peter Gansevoort took over command of the fort on May 3, 1777.

On August 3, 1777, the fort was besieged by The King's 8th Regiment of Foot, Loyalists, and Native Americans, under the command of Brigadier General Barry St. Leger, as part of a three-pronged campaign to divide the American colonies. Gansevoort refused the terms of surrender offered by the British, and the siege commenced.

According to local folklore, when the Colonial troops raised the flag over the fort on August 3, 1777, it was the first time that the Flag of the United States was flown in battle. It is more likely that the flag flown at Fort Schuyler was one that consisted only of thirteen stripes, an early version of the Flag of New York, or the Grand Union Flag.

The Battle of Oriskany was fought a few miles away when an American relief column, led by General Nicholas Herkimer, was ambushed by Tories and their Native American allies. While many of the besiegers were attending to that battle, the defenders of the fort sallied forth and attacked the enemy camp, looting and destroying enemy stores. Demoralized and reduced in strength, the British withdrew when they heard reports of the approach of yet another relief column, led by General Benedict Arnold. The British forces withdrew through Canada and joined Burgoyne's campaign at Fort Ticonderoga.

The British failure to capture the fort and proceed down the Mohawk Valley was a severe setback and helped lead to the defeat of General John Burgoyne at the Battle of Saratoga.

In April 1779, an expedition from Fort Schuyler against the Onondaga people was begun by the Continental Army led by Col. Goose Van Schaick.

The fort burned to the ground on May 13, 1781, and was not rebuilt. It was abandoned and the garrison took up quarters at Fort Herkimer.

### Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784)

The second Treaty of Fort Stanwix was conducted at the fort between the Americans and the Native Americans in 1784. During the War of 1812 a blockhouse was built on the parade ground. Beginning in 1828 the fortifications were dismantled.

## National monument

View of the reconstructed Fort Stanwix around 1980Reconstructed drawbridge and curtain wall

President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed enabling legislation that created the national monument on August 21, 1935; at that time, the land that would ultimately be used for the monument was occupied by the businesses and residences of downtown Rome. During the 1960s, Rome city leaders lobbied for a fort reconstruction as part of an urban renewal program to help revitalize downtown Rome. Under political pressure from Senator Robert F. Kennedy (D-NY), who was seeking political support in upstate New York, the Park Service reluctantly agreed to build a reconstruction of the Revolutionary War-era fort.

The Park Service completed a master plan for Fort Stanwix in 1967, and in 1970, the NPS began a three-year archaeological investigation. Reconstruction of the fort began in 1974, and the partially completed structure was opened to the public in time for the United States Bicentennial celebration in 1976. The current reconstruction—an earth-and-timber-clad, reinforced concrete structure surrounding three freestanding buildings—was completed in 1978.

From 1976 until the mid-1990s, the national monument explained the significance of the national monument to visitors using first-person interpretation to portray the fort immediately after the siege (1777–78), emphasizing life during the American Revolution. More recently, third-person interpretation has extended visitor understanding to the French and Indian War as well as the role played by the fort during the negotiation of a series of treaties with Native Americans. A new visitor center was added in 2005. The monument is currently open year around, operated by the National Park Service.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Fort Stanwix | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. National Historic Landmark | |
| U.S. National Monument | |
|  | |
| Aerial view of the Fort Stanwix reconstruction | |
|  | |
| Location | 100 North James St., Rome, New York |
| Coordinates | 43°12′38″N 75°27′19″W / 43.21056°N 75.45528°W / 43.21056; -75.45528 |
| Area | 16 acres (6.5 ha) |
| Built | 1758 |
| Visitation | 84,933 (2002) |
| Website | Fort Stanwix National Monument |
| NRHP reference No. | 66000057 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | October 15, 1966 |
| Designated NHL | November 23, 1962 |
| Designated NMON | August 21, 1935 |


title: William Henry Drew (textile worker)

abstract: William Henry Drew was a British textile worker, early trade unionist and one of the founders of the Independent Labour Party.

text:
# William Henry Drew (textile worker)

**William Henry Drew** (1854 - 29 January 1933) was a British textile worker, early trade unionist and one of the founders of the Independent Labour Party.

## Early years

W. H. Drew was born in Exeter in 1854 and by the mid-1860s was working in agriculture. He began to be increasingly interested in politics at around the time that John Duke Coleridge QC was contesting Exeter for the Liberal Party.

Around 1862 Drew migrated to Jarrow then on to Shipley where he began work as a wool comber at Pricking Mill. Next he started work as a workhouse man at Airedale Mills and then as a worsted weaver. By 1887 he was an active organiser for the West Riding Power Looms Weavers' Association and was on the executive committee for the next twenty years.

## Trade unionist

Around this time Drew became a pioneer of independent labour politics and textile trade unionism. Along with Allen Gee and Ben Turner he was recruited by the *Yorkshire Factory Times* in 1889 as a correspondent. In December 1890, the workers at the Manningham Mills went on strike. Drew, Gee and Turner provided leadership for the strikers and the strike gave a new impetus to trade unionism and a reinvigorated hope for independent political action. The strike may have failed in its primary objectives but after it had finished, the Bradford Labour Union was established.

Throughout this time Drew was suffering from bronchitis and constant ill health. In 1891 he became president of the Bradford Labour Union and stood successfully for the Bradford School Board and in 1892 he gave evidence to the Royal Commission on Labour. By 1893, Drew's importance to the labour movement was very much recognised. At the inaugural conference of the Independent Labour Party in Bradford, Drew was selected to take the chair at the conference although, when it was taken to a vote, Keir Hardie was elected chairman. Drew was however, unanimously elected as vice chairman, and he was also elected to the party's first National Administrative Council.

By the mid-1890s Drew had helped found the Bradford Central Labour Club of which he became the President only to resign in 1895 due to a change of rules which allowed non-union members to hold office. In 1893 the Bradford Unemployed Emergency Committee was established, Drew being a leading member. This organisation united the Independent Labour Party, the Bradford Trades Council and the Social Reform Union. He encouraged this organisation to conduct its own survey of unemployment which firmly discredited the statements put out by the Bradford Board of Guardians.

Having been on the trades council since 1887, he became secretary in 1898, following the departure of James Bartley. Ben Turner stated on his work, *"He put the Trades Council on to its wider basis. He paved the way."*

On the Education Act 1902 he showed fierce opposition and in 1907 left for Canada, returning to Bradford and dying on 29 January 1933.

1. Keith Laybourn and John Saville, "Drew, William Henry (Harry)", *Dictionary of Labour Biography*, vol.IV, pp.7577
2. Howell, David (1983). *British Workers and the Independent Labour Party: 1888-1906*. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0719009200.

## InfoBox

| William Henry Drew | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1854 (1854)
Exeter |
| Died | 1933 (1934)
Bradford |
| Nationality | British |
| Political party | Independent Labour Party |
|  | |


abstract: Marie Louise Madeleine Victoire d'Argenton (1684-1749), was the royal mistress of Philippe II, Duke of Orléans from 1702 until 1710. She was the mother of Jean Philippe d'Orléans. Her parents were Daniel le Bel and Marie Anne Masparault. She was from a noble family and maid of honor to the mother of Philippe. When she and Philippe had a child, she lost her position as a courtier. However, she was provided with a house by Philippe, and their relationship became public. In 1706, she was given the title of Countess d’Argenton. In 1709, she acted as Philippe's hostess for the reception of the Duke of Bavaria. d'Argenton was the subject of several political speculations. When the relationship was discontinued in 1710, she asked to enter a convent, but was refused permission. Instead, she was given an allowance. She married Charles-Rodrigue Gonzague de Forbier, Chevalier d’Oppède in 1713, and was widowed in 1717.

text:
# Marie Louise Madeleine Victoire d'Argenton

**Marie Louise Madeleine Victoire d'Argenton** (1684-1749), was the royal mistress of Philippe II, Duke of Orléans from 1702 until 1710. She was the mother of Jean Philippe d'Orléans.

Her parents were Daniel le Bel and Marie Anne Masparault. She was from a noble family and maid of honor to the mother of Philippe.

When she and Philippe had a child, she lost her position as a courtier. However, she was provided with a house by Philippe, and their relationship became public.

In 1706, she was given the title of Countess d’Argenton. In 1709, she acted as Philippe's hostess for the reception of the Duke of Bavaria. d'Argenton was the subject of several political speculations.

When the relationship was discontinued in 1710, she asked to enter a convent, but was refused permission. Instead, she was given an allowance.

She married Charles-Rodrigue Gonzague de Forbier, Chevalier d’Oppède in 1713, and was widowed in 1717.

## Sources

* Argenton (Marie-Louise-Madeleine-Victoire Le Bel de La Boissière de Séry, comtesse d’). In: Louis-Gabriel Michaud (Hrsg.): Biographie universelle ancienne et moderne, 2. Auflage, Bd. 2 (1854), S. 189f. (online).


title: Licto volcanic field

abstract: Licto is a volcanic field in Ecuador, close to the town of Licto. The scoria cones named Licto, Loma Bellavista and Tulabug form the field. The cones are constructed by andesite and basaltic andesite and may be of Pleistocene-Holocene age.

text:
# Licto volcanic field

1°46′48″S 78°36′47″W / 1.78°S 78.613°W / -1.78; -78.613

**Licto** is a volcanic field in Ecuador, close to the town of Licto.

The scoria cones named Licto, Loma Bellavista (3,113 metres (10,213 ft), 01°47′17″S 78°35′46″W / 1.78806°S 78.59611°W / -1.78806; -78.59611) and Tulabug (3,336 metres (10,945 ft), 01°46′49″S 78°36′48″W / 1.78028°S 78.61333°W / -1.78028; -78.61333) form the field.

The cones are constructed by andesite and basaltic andesite and may be of Pleistocene-Holocene age.

* "Licto". *Global Volcanism Program*. Smithsonian Institution.


title: Miro Sipek

abstract: Miroslav "Miro" Šipek is an Australian rifle shooting coach. During his long and successful shooting career he was a champion of Yugoslavia 27 times in a range of disciplines. He won several medals at various international competitions and Balkans Championships, 4 silver medals at European Championships and a bronze at the 1970 World Championships in Phoenix Arizona. Miro represented Yugoslavia at the 1976 Summer Olympics in rifle shooting. In 1992, he led the first Bosnia-Herzegovina National Team from his war torn country to the 1992 Summer Olympics. Miro was the coach for Australia's shooters at 2000 Summer Olympics, 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Summer Olympics. He was the coach for Australia's Paralympic shooters at the Athens 2004, Beijing 2008, London 2012 and Rio 2016.

text:
# Miro Sipek

**Miroslav "Miro" Šipek** (born 6 April 1948) is an Australian rifle shooting coach. During his long and successful shooting career he was a champion of Yugoslavia 27 times in a range of disciplines (19 times as a senior and 8 as a junior National Team member). He won several medals at various international competitions and Balkans Championships, 4 silver medals at European Championships and a bronze at the 1970 World Championships in Phoenix Arizona.

Miro represented Yugoslavia at the 1976 Summer Olympics in rifle shooting. In 1992, he led the first Bosnia-Herzegovina National Team from his war torn country to the 1992 Summer Olympics. Miro was the coach for Australia's shooters at 2000 Summer Olympics, 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Summer Olympics. He was the coach for Australia's Paralympic shooters at the Athens 2004, Beijing 2008, London 2012 and Rio 2016.

## Personal

Born on 6 April 1948 in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (former Yugoslavia) where he attended Primary School, High School and University for Physical Education.

In 1973 he married Mirsada Čengić, club teammate and member of the Bosnian-Herzegovinian shooting team. Together they've had two children (Goran and Mirela) and four grandchildren (Denis, Dino, Aron and Liam).

He started playing sport at a young age and was a talented footballer and table tennis player. His shooting career started in 1965 when he joined ‘Mico Sokolovic’ Shooting Club in his home town of Sarajevo. Very next year, he became member of the most successful Yugoslav club 'Mile Vujocic Uco - Sarajevo'. He represented Yugoslavia as part of the Junior National Team 15 times, his first appearance being in Bucharest in 1965.

During his long and successful shooting career he was a champion of Yugoslavia 27 times in a range disciplines (19 times as a senior and 8 as a junior National Team member). He won number of medals at various international competitions and Balkans Championships, 4 silver medals at European Championships and a bronze at the World Championships in Phoenix Arizona. He represented Yugoslavia at the 1976 Summer Olympics.

In 1969, he was honoured as the Athlete of the Year of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He was a recipient of various regional and national honours and awards in ex-Yugoslavia, including the 'Silver Rays' *("Orden Zasluga Za Narod sa Srebrnim Zracima")* which is the highest civilian decoration awarded by the late Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito.

In 1985, after more than 250 appearances for Yugoslav Team in competitions and championships all over the world, he retired from competing and continued his shooting career as a Coach and National Selector. In 1986, Miro led Yugoslav Shooting Team to World Championships Title (prone women) in Suhl, Germany. He worked as a High Performance Manager at the Bosnian-Herzegovinian Institute of Sport. In 1992 he led the first Bosnian-Herzegovinian National Team from his war torn country to the 1992 Summer Olympics.

His career continues in Australia where he moved with his family in 1995. He worked with the National Olympic Shooting Team of Australia from 1997 and took the team to the Olympics in 2000 Summer Olympics, 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Summer Olympics, as well as the Commonwealth Games in Manchester 2002 and Melbourne 2006. In 2009 he started working with the Australian Paralympic Shooting Team, whom he has been coaching until his retirement in January 2019.

## Shooting

### Sporting achievements

### Coaching

Miro Sipek is a rifle shooting coach. He led Yugoslav Shooting Team to World Championships Title (prone women) in 1986, Suhl (Germany).

From 1997 Miro has been coaching Australian Shooting Team(s). Shooters he has coached include Warren Potent, Ashley Adams, Libby Kosmala, Jason Maroney, Tim Lowndes, Sue McCready, Belinda Imgrund (Muhlberg), Carrie Quigley, Sam and Rob Wieland, Nat Smith, Luke Cain, Anton Zappelli, Bradley Mark... He started coaching Ben Burge in 2003.

Miro was the coach for Australia's shooters at the Summer Olympic Games in:

He coached Australia's Paralympic shooters at the Paralympics in:

Miro was also shooting coach for Commonwealth Games in:

### Retirement

After a 54-year career in shooting, first as an athlete and then as a coach, Miro finally retired for the sport in January 2019.

## InfoBox

Miroslav Šipek
| 2012 team portrait of Miro Sipek | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Miroslav Šipek |
| Nickname | Miro |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Born | (1948-04-06) 6 April 1948<br>Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, former Yugoslavia |
| Height | 176 cm (69 in) (1976) |
| Weight | 67 kg (148 lb) (1976) |
| Sport | |
| Country | Australia |
| Sport | Shooting |
| Retired | 1985 |
| Now coaching | 1997-2009, Australian National Team; 2001-2019, Australian Paralympic National Team |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Olympic finals | 1976 Montreal |
| World finals | Bronze, 1970 Phoenix Arizona |
| Regional finals | 4 Silver medals at European Championships; Multiple medals at other International competitions including 16 Gold at Balkan Championships |
| National finals | 27 times Yugoslav Champion (19 senior and 8 as a Junior) |
| Medal record      Men's shooting  Representing  Yugoslavia  World Championships  1970 Phoenix Arizona (USA) 50m rifle prone  European Championships  1968 Wiesbaden (Germany)  50m prone  1968 Wiesbaden (Germany)  50m prone - team  1969 Plzen (Czechoslovakia)  3 position 3x20  1975 Bucharest (Romania)  kneeling 50m  Balkan Championships  16 x Gold  Rifle  Representing  Australia  Olympics, World Championships, World Cup, Commonwealth Games  13 x Gold  Coach  6 x Silver  Coach  11 x Bronze  Coach  Paralympics, IPC World Championships, IPC World Cup  26 x Gold  Coach  33 x Silver  Coach  24 x Bronze  Coach | |


title: Rahman Myratberdiýew

abstract: Rahman Myratberdiýew is a Turkmen professional footballer who plays as a striker for Altyn Asyr FK of the Ýokary Liga, and the Turkmenistan national team.

text:
# Rahman Myratberdiýew

**Rahman Myratberdiýew** (born 31 October 2001) is a Turkmen professional footballer who plays as a striker for Altyn Asyr FK of the Ýokary Liga, and the Turkmenistan national team.

## Club career

Myratberdiýew competed in the 2021 AFC Cup with Altyn Asyr FK, making appearances against FC Alay of Kyrgyzstan and FC Nasaf of Uzbekistan.

## International career

Myratberdiýew represented Turkmenistan in 2020 AFC U-19 Championship qualification. He scored two goals in the campaign, one against Qatar and another against Sri Lanka. The same year he competed in the 2019 CAFA Under-19 Championship, scoring one goal in three matches. His goal came in a 1–5 defeat to Tajikistan.

Myratberdiýew made his senior international debut on 5 June 2021 in a 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification match against South Korea.

## Career statistics

### Club

*As of 6 July 2021*

| Club | Season | League | | | Cup | | Continental | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Altyn Asyr | 2020 |  | 7 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 2 |
| | 2021 | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Total | | | 7 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 11 | 2 |
| Career total | | | 7 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 11 | 2 |
|

### International

*As of match played June 9, 2021.*

| National team | Year | Apps | Goals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Turkmenistan | 2021 | 2 | 0 |
| Total | | 2 | 0 |

## InfoBox

Rahman Myratberdiýew
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Rahman Orazmyrat ogly Myratberdiýew | | |
| Date of birth | (2001-10-31) 31 October 2001 | | |
| Place of birth | Gökdepe, Turkmenistan | | |
| Height | 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Striker | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Altyn Asyr | | |
| Number | 10 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 0000–2020 | Altyn Asyr | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2020– | Altyn Asyr | 9 | (3) |
| International career | | | |
| 2019 | Turkmenistan U21 | 6 | (3) |
| 2021– | Turkmenistan | 2 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 14:25, 6 July 2021 (UTC)<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 14:25, 6 July 2021 (UTC) | | | |


title: Raili Riuttala

abstract: Raili Anita Hillevi Laiho was a Finnish competitive swimmer. She represented Finland in the women's 100 metre freestyle and women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. Riuttala died in Pori on 9 March 2024, at the age of 90.

text:
# Raili Riuttala

**Raili Anita Hillevi Laiho** (née **Riuttala**, 23 October 1933 – 9 March 2024) was a Finnish competitive swimmer. She represented Finland in the women's 100 metre freestyle and women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. Riuttala died in Pori on 9 March 2024, at the age of 90.

## InfoBox

Raili Riuttala
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Raili Anita Hillevi Riuttala |
| Full name | Raili Anita Hillevi Laiho |
| Nickname | Pimu |
| National team | Finland |
| Born | (1933-10-23)23 October 1933
Ulvila, Finland |
| Died | 9 March 2024(2024-03-09) (aged 90)
Pori, Finland |
| Height | 160 cm (5 ft 3 in) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Swimming |
|  | |
| Strokes | Freestyle |
| Club | Porin Pyrintö |
|  | |


title: Machangba station

abstract: Machangba is a station on Line 4 of the Chengdu Metro in China.

text:
# Machangba station

**Machangba** (Chinese: 马厂坝) is a station on Line 4 of the Chengdu Metro in China.

## Station layout

| **G** | Entrances and Exits | Exits A, C, D |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **B1** | Concourse | Faregates, Station Agent |
| **B2** | Westbound | Line 4 towards Wansheng (Fenghuang Street) |
| | Island platform, doors open on the left | |
| | Easthbound | Line 4 towards Xihe (Intangible Cultural Heritage Park) |

## InfoBox

| Machangba
马厂坝 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan
China |
| Operated by | Chengdu Metro Limited |
| Line(s) | Line 4 |
| Platforms | 2 (1 island platform) |
| History | |
| Opened | 2 June 2017 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Chengdu Metro Following station  Fenghuang Streettowards Wansheng  Line 4  Intangible Cultural Heritage Parktowards Xihe | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: UEFA Euro 1976 quarter-finals

abstract: The UEFA Euro 1976 quarter-finals was the last round of qualifying competition for UEFA Euro 1976. It was contested by the eight group winners from the previous round of qualifying. The winners of each of four home-and-away ties qualified for the finals tournament in Yugoslavia. The matches were played on 24–25 April and 22 May 1976.

text:
# UEFA Euro 1976 quarter-finals

The **UEFA Euro 1976 quarter-finals** was the last round of qualifying competition for UEFA Euro 1976. It was contested by the eight group winners from the previous round of qualifying. The winners of each of four home-and-away ties qualified for the finals tournament in Yugoslavia. The matches were played on 24–25 April and 22 May 1976.

## Qualification

Each group winner progressed to the quarter-finals. The quarter-finals were played in two legs on a home-and-away basis. The winners of the quarter-finals would go through to the final tournament.

## Summary

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Yugoslavia** | 3–1 | Wales | 2–0 | 1–1 |
| **Czechoslovakia** | 4–2 | Soviet Union | 2–0 | 2–2 |
| Spain | 1–3 | **West Germany** | 1–1 | 0–2 |
| **Netherlands** | 7–1 | Belgium | 5–0 | 2–1 |

## Matches

The eight matches took place over two legs, the first being on 24 and 25 April 1976, and the second on 22 May 1976.

| Yugoslavia | 2–0 | Wales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Vukotić  1'
Popivoda  57' | Report |  |

Stadion Maksimir, ZagrebAttendance: 36,917Referee: Paul Schiller (Austria)

| Wales | 1–1 | Yugoslavia |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Evans  38' | Report | Katalinski  19' (pen.) |

Ninian Park, CardiffAttendance: 30,346Referee: Rudi Glöckner (East Germany)

*Yugoslavia won 3–1 on aggregate.*

---

| Czechoslovakia | 2–0 | Soviet Union |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Móder  34'
Panenka  47' | Report |  |

Tehelné Pole, BratislavaAttendance: 47,621Referee: Hilmi Ok (Turkey)

| Soviet Union | 2–2 | Czechoslovakia |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Buryak  53'
Blokhin  87' | Report | Móder  45', 82' |

NSK Olimpiyskyi, KievAttendance: 76,495Referee: Alistair McKenzie (Scotland)

*Czechoslovakia won 4–2 on aggregate.*

---

| Spain | 1–1 | West Germany |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Santillana  21' | Report | Beer  60' |

Estadio Vicente Calderón, MadridAttendance: 51,771Referee: Jack Taylor (England)

| West Germany | 2–0 | Spain |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Hoeneß  17'
Toppmöller  43' | Report |  |

Olympiastadion, MunichAttendance: 77,673Referee: Robert Wurtz (France)

*West Germany won 3–1 on aggregate.*

---

| Netherlands | 5–0 | Belgium |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Rijsbergen  17'
Rensenbrink  27', 58', 85'
Neeskens  79' (pen.) | Report |  |

Feijenoord Stadion, RotterdamAttendance: 48,706Referee: Jean Dubach (Switzerland)

| Belgium | 1–2 | Netherlands |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Van Gool  27' | Report | Rep  61'
Cruyff  77' |

Roi Baudouin, BrusselsAttendance: 19,050Referee: Alberto Michelotti (Italy)

*Netherlands won 7–1 on aggregate.*

## Goalscorers

There were 22 goals scored in 8 matches, for an average of 2.75 goals per match.

**3 goals**

**1 goal**

* "1976 UEFA European Championship". uefa.com. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
* "European Championship 1976". *RSSSF*. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
* Robinson, J. (1996). *The European Football Championships 1958–1996*. Soccer Book Publishing. ISBN 0-947808-69-8.


title: Fossarina

abstract: Fossarina is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Trochidae, the top shells. The genus Fossarina was moved from the family Fossariidae to the newly created subfamily Fossarininae within the family Trochidae by Williams et al. in 2010.

text:
# Fossarina

***Fossarina*** is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Trochidae, the top shells.

The genus *Fossarina* was moved from the family Fossariidae to the newly created subfamily Fossarininae within the family Trochidae by Williams et al. in 2010.

## Description

The shell is auriform, a little depressed and narrowly umbilicated. The spire is short. The oval aperture is oblique. The lips are rounded. The operculum is multispiral.

## Distribution

This marine genus occurs off Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand; in the East China Sea.

## Species

Species within the genus *Fossarina* include:

The Indo-Pacific Molluscan Database also mentions the following species:

Species brought into synonymy  * OBIS
* Suter, H., 1913. *Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca*. Government Printer, Wellington. xxii 1210 p.
* Cotton, B.C., 1959. *South Australian Mollusca. Archaeogastropoda*. South Australian Government Printer, Adelaide. 1-449
* Iredale, T. & McMichael, D.F., 1962 \[31/Dec/1962\]. *A reference list of the marine Mollusca of New South Wales*. Mem. Aust. Mus., 11:0-0.
* Ladd, H.S., 1966 \[31/Dec/1966\].*Chitons and gastropods (Haliotidae through Adeorbidae) from the western Pacific Islands*. United States Geological Survey, Professional Pape, 531:0-0.

## InfoBox

| *Fossarina* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Fossarina petterdi* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Order: | Trochida |
| Superfamily: | Trochoidea |
| Family: | Trochidae |
| Subfamily: | Fossarininae |
| Genus: | *Fossarina*
A. Adams & Angas, 1864 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Fossarina patula*
Adams, A. & G.F. Angas, 1863 | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Minos* Hutton, 1884 | |


title: William Henry Edwards

abstract: William Henry Edwards was an American businessman and entomologist. He was an industrial pioneer in the coalfields of West Virginia, opening some of the earliest mines in the southern part of the state. He was also a prominent naturalist specializing in the study of butterflies. He wrote The Butterflies of North America, a three-volume treatise that is highly regarded for its scholarship and the quality of its illustrations.

text:
# William Henry Edwards

**William Henry Edwards** (March 15, 1822 – April 2, 1909) was an American businessman and entomologist. He was an industrial pioneer in the coalfields of West Virginia, opening some of the earliest mines in the southern part of the state. He was also a prominent naturalist specializing in the study of butterflies. He wrote *The Butterflies of North America*, a three-volume treatise that is highly regarded for its scholarship and the quality of its illustrations.

## Biography

Edwards was born in Hunter, New York, a village that had been founded by his family just five years earlier and originally called Edwardsville. The son of William W. Edwards and Helen Ann (Mann) Edwards, he came from a prominent and successful American family. His father was a businessman involved in banking, insurance and European imports. His grandfather was Colonel William Edwards, founder of the family tannery business and inventor of several devices used in the manufacture of leather goods. His great-great-grandfather, Jonathan Edwards, was a distinguished theologian and revivalist preacher.

The Edwards family owned and managed a very large tannery in Hunter that relied on tanbark harvested from the hemlock forests of their country estate in the Catskill Mountains. Edwards grew up on the estate where he developed a lifelong appreciation of nature and an interest in natural history.

After attending the local village school in Hunter, Edwards went on to Williams College, Massachusetts in 1838. He disliked the strong religious tone at Williams, but greatly appreciated that the school was one of the first colleges in America to make natural history an important part of the curriculum. Edwards graduated in 1842 and then studied law in New York City with the expectation that he would join the family business. He was admitted to the New York bar in 1846, but did not pursue a career in law.

### Amazon River

In 1846 Edwards traveled to Brazil and journeyed up the Amazon River with his uncle, Armory Edwards. Armory had been the US consul in Buenos Aires and worked in Argentina for the family's leather business. It is possible that the original purpose of their trip was related to family business concerns but for Edwards the focus of this trip became the beauty and untrammeled wilderness he experienced as they explored the huge delta island of Marajo and went upriver from Belém to Manaus.

Edwards took careful note of his experiences and shortly afterwards wrote a book, *A Voyage Up the River Amazon*, published in 1847. It is credited with sparking an interest in the region among natural scientists; in particular, Henry Walter Bates and Alfred Russel Wallace read Edward's account and were inspired to make the Amazon the destination for their famous expedition. Eventually, Edwards' book was just the first of several works written by naturalists that recorded the growing interest in the scientific exploration of the Amazon.

### Coal business

Upon the death of his youngest brother in 1847, Edwards inherited 30,000 acres in Kanawha Valley, West Virginia (then still part of Virginia). His family had purchased the property sight-unseen from land speculators but Edwards soon determined that it was prime coal country, sitting atop some of the thickest coal seams in the world. He became one of the earliest entrants to the coal mining business in the region. In 1852 he opened the first coal mines on Paint Creek and developed the first cannel coal oil refinery in 1856. During the Civil War, Edwards organized the Kanawha and Ohio Coal Company and opened mines at Coalburg in 1863. Later, Edwards launched the mining industry's first coal towboat and used it to haul coal on the Ohio River to Cincinnati.

### Butterflies

Although Edwards had been interested in natural history since his childhood, he only became a serious collector and student of butterflies around 1856 at the age of 33. He probably picked up the basics of entomology from John Weidemeyer, a New York entomologist who wrote one of the first American books on butterflies and John Akhurst, a New York taxidermist who also collected insects. During the 1850s Edwards built a significant collection of butterflies and corresponded with many prominent entomologists and other naturalists including Spencer Fullerton Baird. Baird, the first curator at the Smithsonian Institution, was supportive of Edward's new passion and sent him numerous butterfly specimens from the museum collections. Other museums followed suit and sent butterflies from around the world for identification.

Edwards published his first scientific paper in 1861 describing several new butterfly species. During the course of his career he published some 250 scientific papers on Lepidoptera. In addition to numerous papers describing new species of butterflies, he made important contributions in the area of polymorphism (the occurrence of more than one form in the same population of a species). Entomologists began to see polymorphism in insects as a demonstration of natural selection and an opportunity to study evolutionary processes. Edwards discovered many examples of polymorphism among butterflies in North America and showed that temperature was one environmental factor that influenced polymorphic species.

By 1865 Edwards had begun work on the *Butterflies of North America*, a three-volume masterpiece that has been called "one of the most important entomological publications of the 19th century." Originally intended to be a descriptive catalog of North American species, the scope grew to include detailed life histories of many species and some of the best butterfly illustrations ever published. The illustrations were drawn by Mary Peart, a talented Pennsylvanian artist, and hand-colored by Lydia Brown. Edwards spent the rest of his career completing what was to become his most important legacy. The third and final volume was published in 1897. Edwards retired from entomology shortly thereafter.

### Personal life

Edward married Catherine Colt Tappan, the daughter of abolitionist Arthur Tappan, in 1851. They raised three children. Their son, William Seymour Edwards grew up to become prominent in West Virginia politics, industry and literature. Their daughter, Edith Edwards, married Theodore Luqueer Mead, a notable entomologist who had apprenticed for her father.

Edwards died at his home "Bellefleur" in Coalburg, West Virginia. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

## Works

Edwards published over 250 works including:

After 1897 Edwards retired from his work in entomology. He wrote a genealogy of the Edwards family and published a monograph disputing the authorship of Shakespeare's plays:

* Bethune, C. J. S. (1909). "William Henry Edwards". *The Canadian Entomologist*. **41** (8): 245–248. doi:10.4039/ent41245-8.
* Calhoun, John V. (2013). "The Extraordinary Story of an Artistic and Scientific Masterpiece: The Butterflies of North America by William Henry Edwards, 1868-1897" (PDF). *Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society*. **67** (2): 67–110. doi:10.18473/lepi.v67i2.a1. S2CID 162811351.
* Dorpfeld, David (March 19, 2014). "Colonel Edwards' tannery on Hunter mountain". *The Daily Mail*. Johnson Newspaper Corporation.
* Leach, William (2013). *Butterfly People: An American Encounter with the Beauty of the World*. Pantheon Books. ISBN 9780375422935.
* Mallis, Arnold (1971). *American Entomologists*. Rutgers University. pp. 288–292. ISBN 0-8135-0686-7.
* Pauley, Michael J. (1990). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: William H. & William S. Edwards House" (PDF). *West Virginia Division of Culture and History*. West Virginia.
* Planck, Jim (2013). "William H. Edwards & the Amazon" (PDF). *Greene County History*. **37** (2).
* Skinner, H. S. (1909). "William H. Edwards". *Entomological News*. **20** (5): 193–194.
* Sorenson, W. Conner (1995). *Brethren of the Net: American Entomologists, 1840-1880*. University of Alabama Press.
* Sullivan, Debra K. (2012). "William Henry Edwards". *e-WV: The West Virginia Encyclopedia*. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
* Weeks, Andrew Gray (1911). *Illustrations of diurnal Lepidoptera, with descriptions*. Cambridge, US: University Press.

## InfoBox

| William Henry Edwards | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1822-03-15)15 March 1822
Hunter, New York, U.S. |
| Died | 2 April 1909(1909-04-02) (aged 87)
Coalburg, West Virginia, U.S. |
| Known for | *A Voyage Up the River Amazon* |
| Spouse | Catherine Colt Tappan  (m. 1851) |
| Children | 3 |


title: Valdehuesa

abstract: Valdehuesa is a locality located in the municipality of Boñar, in León province, Castile and León, Spain. As of 2020, it has a population of 19.

text:
# Valdehuesa

**Valdehuesa** is a locality located in the municipality of Boñar, in León province, Castile and León, Spain. As of 2020, it has a population of 19.

## Geography

Valdehuesa is located 58km north-northeast of León, Spain.

## InfoBox

| Valdehuesa | |
| --- | --- |
| Locality | |
| ValdehuesaValdehuesaValdehuesa | |
| Coordinates: 42°56′10″N 5°19′41″W / 42.93611°N 5.32806°W / 42.93611; -5.32806 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile and León |
| Province | Province of León |
| Municipality | Boñar |
| Elevation | 1,134 m (3,720 ft) |
| Population | |
| Total | 19 |


title: Lim Kah Wai

abstract: Lim Kah Wai is a Malaysian film director based in Osaka, Japan. He is best known for his work on the films Magic and Loss, Fly Me to Minami and No Where, Now Here.

text:
# Lim Kah Wai

**Lim Kah Wai** (Chinese: 林家威 ; born 28 July 1973) is a Malaysian film director based in Osaka, Japan. He is best known for his work on the films *Magic and Loss*, *Fly Me to Minami* and *No Where, Now Here*.

## Career

Lim's debut feature film, *After All These Years*, is a suspense film, starring Wenchao He and Massa Dazhong. His second film, *Magic and Loss*, starring Kim Kkot-bi and Kiki Sugino, premiered at the Busan International Film Festival. His third film, *New World* (Shinsekai Story), starring Tomonaga Koumei and Shi Ka, premiered at the Hong Kong International Film Festival.

In 2013, Lim made his fourth film, *Fly Me to Minami*, starring Sherine Wong, Kenji Kohashi and Baek Seol Ah which screened at the Vancouver Asian Film Festival. The film was nominated for Grand Prix at the Osaka Asian Film Festival. His fifth directorial, *Love in Late Autumn*, starring Irene Wan, Patrick Tam and Charmaine Fong was released in 2016. His sixth film, *No Where, Now Here*, premiered at the Osaka Asian Film Festival in 2018. His most recent film, *Somewhen Somewhere*, premiered at the Osaka Asian Film Festival in 2019.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Writer | Director | Producer |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | *After All These Years* |  |  |  |
| 2010 | *Magic and Loss* |  |  |  |
| 2011 | *New World* |  |  |  |
| 2013 | *Fly Me to Minami* |  |  |  |
| 2016 | *Love in Late Autumn* |  |  |  |
| 2018 | *No Where, Now Here* |  |  |  |
| 2019 | *Somewhen, Somewhere* |  |  |  |
| 2020 | *Come and Go* |  |  |  |

## InfoBox

| Lim Kah Wai | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1973-07-28) 28 July 1973<br>Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |
| Occupation(s) | Director, Writer, Producer and Editor |
| Years active | 2010present |


title: Trechus wrzecionkoianus

abstract: Trechus wrzecionkoianus is a species in the beetle family Carabidae. It is found in China.

text:
# Trechus wrzecionkoianus

***Trechus wrzecionkoianus*** is a species in the beetle family Carabidae. It is found in China.

## InfoBox

| *Trechus wrzecionkoianus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Subfamily: | Trechinae |
| Genus: | *Trechus* |
| Species: | ***T. wrzecionkoianus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trechus wrzecionkoianus***<br>Deuve, 2005 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Trechus chaklaensis* J.Schmidt, 2009 * *Trechus wrcecionkoianus* | |


title: Miro Steržaj

abstract: Miro Steržaj was a Slovene 9 pin bowling player and politician.

text:
# Miro Steržaj

**Miro Steržaj** (full name **Miroslav Steržaj**, 28 February 1933 – 8 November 2020) was a Slovene 9 pin bowling player and politician.

## Biography

He was born in Rakek, Municipality of Cerknica, but moved to Ljutomer when he was 17 years old.

From 1950 to 1962 he played for KK Ljutomer, where he won his first individual Slovenian championship in 1960. In 1962 he moved to KK Branik in Maribor. In 1964 he became absolute European champion, winning in the individual, doubles and team events, while setting a new world record. In 1968 he became World champion with another world record in the individual category, adding to what would eventually become 4 World championship titles (3 with team in 1957, 1959 and 1976). He came second in doubles in 1968 (with Jože Turk), 1974 and 1976 (with Nikola Dragaš). He was part of the Yugoslav national team for 30 years, becoming their most capped player with 134 caps, which is a record for Slovenian players that stands until today. He won a record 7 individual national Yugoslavian titles (tied with Nikola Dragaš), a record 13 individual national Slovenian titles and a record 10 Slovenian national doubles titles, making him the statistically best Slovene nine-pin bowler of all time.

In 1955 he began to work at Mlekopromet, a cheese producing dairy in Ljutomer. He was sales manager for 12 years, after which he was appointed director. In 1993 he retired from his post. After his retirement he became secretary of the Economic association of milk production (GIZ mlekarstva). In 2003 he retired from the association and work completely. For his success in business, he received the award of Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Slovenia in 1981.

He served three terms as vice-mayor, and from 1988 to 1992 as mayor of Ljutomer. He served as a member of the 1st Slovenian National Council.

He was named honorary citizen of Ljutomer in 2003. He received the Bloudek award for his sport achievements in 1968. Despite never being named Slovenian Sportsman of the Year outright, he got honoured as Slovenian Sportsman of the decade 1968–1978, awarded for the decade following the first Sportsman of the Year award ceremony. In 2012 he was inducted into the Slovenian Athletes Hall of Fame.

He died in November 2020, aged 87, from COVID-19 and thrombosis during the COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia.

1. "Umrl je Miroslav Steržaj" \[Miroslav Steržaj has died\]. *24ur.com* (in Slovenian). 2020-11-09. Retrieved 2020-11-10.
2. "Umrl Miro Steržaj - Velikan slovenskega kegljanja". 8 November 2020.
*
*
*
* Slovenski veliki leksikon, Mladinska knjiga (2003)

## InfoBox

Miro Steržaj
| Miro Steržaj | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | Slovenian |
| Born | (1933-02-28)February 28, 1933
Rakek, Slovenia |
| Died | (2020-11-08)November 8, 2020
Murska Sobota, Slovenia |
| Height | 186 cm (6 ft 1 in) |
| Sport | |
| Country | Yugoslavia (134 caps)
SR Slovenia (34 caps) |
| Sport | 9-pins |
| Club | KK Ljutomer (1950-1962)
KK Branik (1962-1978)
KK Radenska (1978-2019) |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Personal bests |  |
| Medal record      Men's 9-pins  Representing  Yugoslavia   Event 1st 2nd 3rd  World Championships 4 3 5  European Championships 3 2 0  **Total** **7** **5** **5**   World Championships  1957 Vienna Team  1959 Bautzen Team  1968 Linz Individual  1976 Vienna Team  1968 Linz Doubles  1974 Eppelheim Doubles  1976 Vienna Doubles  1966 Bucharest Team  1972 Split Team  1974 Eppelheim Team  1980 Mangalia Team  1984 Ljubljana Team  European Championships  1964 Budapest Individual  1964 Budapest Doubles  1964 Budapest Team  1958 Munich Team  1960 Zagreb Team   Event 1st 2nd 3rd  Yugoslav Championships 13 7 5  Slovenian Championships 25 17 9  **Total National Championships** **38** **24** **14**   Yugoslav Championships  1964 Individual  1965 Individual  1965 Doubles  1966 Individual  1966 Doubles  1967 Doubles  1968 Individual  1968 Doubles  1971 Individual  1974 Doubles  1976 Individual  1978 Doubles  1981 Individual  1963 Individual  1967 Individual  1970 Individual  1972 Individual  1974 Individual  1975 Individual  1980 Individual  1961 Individual  1971 Doubles  1978 Individual  1979 Individual  1982 Doubles  Slovenian Championships  1960 Individual  1961 Individual  1962 Individual  1963 Individual  1964 Team  1965 Doubles  1966 Doubles  1968 Individual  1970 Individual  1970 Doubles  1971 Individual  1971 Doubles  1972 Individual  1973 Individual  1973 Doubles  1974 Individual  1974 Doubles  1978 Individual  1978 Doubles  1980 Individual  1980 Doubles  1981 Doubles  1982 Individual  1983 Team  1984 Doubles  1964 Individual  1965 Individual  1965 Team  1966 Individual  1967 Doubles  1967 Team  1968 Doubles  1969 Team  1970 Team  1975 Doubles  1977 Doubles  1979 Team  1982 Doubles  1982 Team  1983 Individual  1983 Doubles  1962 Team  1966 Team  1967 Individual  1968 Team  1972 Team  1973 Team  1976 Team  1979 Individual  1986 Team | |


title: Rahman Johnson

abstract: Rahman K. Johnson is a local television & radio personality and politician; he was elected to the Jacksonville city council in May 2023.

text:
# Rahman Johnson

**Rahman K. Johnson** (born May 26, 1976, in Orange Park, Florida) is a local television & radio personality and politician; he was elected to the Jacksonville city council in May 2023.

## Politics

With his election to the Duval County Soil and Water Conservation District in 1999, Johnson became the youngest elected official in Florida at the time. There was some controversy surrounding an unapproved cellular phone, which was billed through the city. After much debate, it was eventually settled with Johnson agreeing to pay the $800 bill. In August 2000 Johnson was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention. In January 2001 *Ebony* magazine named Johnson one of "30 Young \[Black\] Leaders under 30" nationally. In 2002 Johnson campaigned first for the Jacksonville City Council, then for state representative, but was defeated in the September 2002 Democratic primary.

In 2018 Johnson was serving on a Jacksonville task force on the city's civil rights history.

Johnson won election to the Jacksonville City Council in District 14 in May of 2023.

## Entertainment

Johnson has served as an on-air radio personality in Jacksonville for WJBT 92.7, WSOL V101.5, and WXQL 105.7. He also served as a host for several shows on the local cable station (*Teen Cultural Perspective*, *The Video Zone*). He appeared on an episode (#20) of the action/adventure series *Sheena* in 2001. In January 2003 he appeared in a regional theatre production of *Miss Evers' Boys* in Jacksonville. He was the host of *SPLAT*, a Nickelodeon show which aired in the summer and early fall of 2004.

Johnson is (as of late 2019) an assistant professor of communications at Edward Waters University in Jacksonville.

In 2020 Johnson self-published a ebook of poetry titled *Living, Loving, Letting Go . . .* The book was honored in the poetry category of the EBook Literary Awards of the Black Caucus of the American Library Association in May 2021.

1. Patterson, Steve. "City's civil rights story will be told first online". *The Florida Times-Union*. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
2. Pantazi, Andrew (2023-05-16). "Democrat Rahman Johnson beats former Republican John Draper in Jacksonville City Council District 14". *The Tributary*. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
3. https://www.ewc.edu/departments/communications/ Communications Department, Edward Waters College (click on "Assistant Professors" to see list)
4. Johnson, Rahman (2020-06-30). *Living, Loving, Letting Go . . . Poems on Life by Rahman Johnson* (in Arabic). eBook Partnership. ISBN 978-1-0878-8593-3.
5. "BCALA EBook Literary Awards". *Black Caucus American Library Association*. 2021-05-27. Retrieved 2023-10-19.


title: Railinc Corporation

abstract: Railinc Corporation provides rail data and messaging services to the North American freight railway industry. Railinc is a for-profit subsidiary of the Association of American Railroads.

text:
# Railinc Corporation

**Railinc Corporation** (pronounced "rail-link") provides rail data and messaging services to the North American freight railway industry. Railinc is a for-profit subsidiary of the Association of American Railroads.

## Corporate structure

Railinc was established as an information technology department within the Association of American Railroads (AAR), and later spun off as a wholly owned, for-profit subsidiary of the AAR in 1998. The nine-member corporate board of directors consists entirely of members of the railroad industry, including all of the Class I railroads in North America and the AAR.

Railinc headquarters is located in Cary, North Carolina. Railinc's headquarters was relocated from joint operations in Chicago, Illinois and Washington, D.C., in 1999. Locations also considered were Denver, Colorado, Tampa, Florida, and Austin, Texas.

Railinc employs nearly 300 full-time and contractor employees, approximately ten percent of whom are certified project managers.

## Products and services

Railinc processes and delivers rail data as a service (DaaS) and provides software as a service (SaaS) to the freight rail industry. Because many of the company's IT systems are required by formal railroad operating rules, the company’s applications and services can be found embedded in critical operations and financial systems throughout the industry.

Key Railinc services include:

* Umler \- The Umler system is the rail industry's official source for rail equipment information, including freight cars of all varieties, locomotives and end of train devices. This system replaced the legacy U.M.L.E.R. database, an acronym for Universal Machine Language Equipment Register. The name was changed in 2009 with the launch of the new Umler system in favor of the lower case spelling and trademarked name.
* RailSight \- Railsight provides tracking and tracing data, known as car location messages (CLMs). The messages provide car locations to rail equipment owners, shippers, and third-party logistics providers. The data is used for fleet management and to track and trace the movement of freight and freight cars throughout North America to ensure goods are delivered on-time or to track the progress of their movement. The RailSight engine delivers more than 7.5 million rail events each day from more than 530 Class I, Class II and Class III railroads and shops across the United States, Canada and Mexico.
* Damaged and Defective Car Tracking \- The Damaged and Defective Car Tracking (DDCT) system is used to identify and track damaged and defective rail cars to ensure their proper handling on the railways. This system, launched in 2011, replaced paper defect cards. Paper defect cards were used to aid in maintaining a record of the identified defects on each car, where the defects originated, and to determine the responsibility for each defect.
* Equipment Health Management System \- The Equipment Health Management System (EHMS) monitors equipment to identify possible mechanical problems in cars and various car components.
* Interline Settlement System \- Interline Settlement System (ISS) settles funds monthly between railroads to share revenue generated for car movement when two or more railroads are involved in the shipment route.
* Forward & Store \- Forward & Store is a system to exchange interline waybill information.
* Railinc Message Service \- Railinc Message Service (RMS) delivers messages over its electronic data interchange (EDI) network, including transportation waybills, advance train consists, trip plans and blocking requests and responses.
* Industry Reference Files \- Railinc also maintains the North American railroad industry's official code tables, also known as industry reference files (IRFs), which includes the active reporting marks for the rail industry. Those codes define car marks, commodities, locations and other rail information used in all intra- and inter-industry communication to assure railroad data is consistent between railroads.
* Steelroads \- The company also operates Steelroads, a legacy application which allows shippers to trace the movement of their rail freight shipments.

## Corporate memberships

The company is part of the Surface Transportation Board information sharing and analysis center (ST-ISAC).

## InfoBox

Railinc Corporation
|
|  |
| Industry | Software as a service<br>Rail data as a service |
| Founded | 1998 (1998) |
| Headquarters | Cary, North Carolina, United States |
| Area served | North America |
| Key people | E. Allen West, President and CEO |
| Products | Umler System, DDCT System, Embargoes System, RailSight Track & Trace, Interline Settlement System, EHMS, Car Hire |
| Number of employees | 265 (2012) |
| Parent | Association of American Railroads |
| Website | http://www.railinc.com |


title: Machangding

abstract: Kawabata-chō Machangding, established during Japanese rule in Taipei, Taiwan. It originally had training grounds and horse riding activities, hence the name. It was west of Kawabata-chō (川端町), near the region of today's Wanhua District, south shore, near the Xindian Creek and Youth Park. Since it is also close to Songshan Airport and was used for airport training, it was also known as "Taihoku South Airport". During the White Terror, the waterfront area became an execution ground. People executed in the area include Chen Yi. It is now designated the Machangding Memorial Park. In the past, Taihoku Railroad Corporation Xindian Line had a Babachō Station (馬場町乘降場), but after World War II was renamed to Hoping Station.

text:
# Machangding

**Machangding** (Chinese: 馬場; pinyin: *Măchăng dīng*; Wade–Giles: *Ma3-ch'ang3 ting1*; lit. 'riding grounds district'), established during Japanese rule in Taipei, Taiwan. It originally had training grounds and horse riding activities, hence the name.

It was west of *Kawabata-chō* (川端町), near the region of today's Wanhua District, south shore, near the Xindian Creek and Youth Park (青年公園, originally a training ground). Since it is also close to Songshan Airport and was used for airport training, it was also known as "Taihoku South Airport" (臺北南機場; closed in 1949).

During the White Terror (ca. 1947–1987), the waterfront area became an execution ground. People executed in the area include Chen Yi. It is now designated the Machangding Memorial Park. In the past, Taihoku Railroad Corporation Xindian Line had a Babachō Station (馬場町乘降場), but after World War II was renamed to Hoping Station.

## Persons executed here

* Chen Yi
* Song Feiru (宋斐如)
* Huang Wengong (黃溫恭)


title: Magdalen Hill Down

abstract: Magdalen Hill Down is a chalk downland hill, situated 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to the east of the centre of the city of Winchester in the English county of Hampshire. It is crossed by the B3404 road, the old main road from Winchester to London via New Alresford and Guildford. Most of the land to the south of the road is now a reserve run by the Butterfly Conservation, but part of it is used by the Magdalen Hill Cemetery, Winchester's principal cemetery. The land to the north of the road is largely farmed, but is also home to St Swithun's School and Leigh House Hospital. The down lies in the Winchester district, mostly within the parish of Chilcomb. At its highest point, the down reaches 124 metres (407 ft) above mean sea level.

text:
# Magdalen Hill Down

**Magdalen Hill Down** is a chalk downland hill, situated 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to the east of the centre of the city of Winchester in the English county of Hampshire. It is crossed by the B3404 road, the old main road from Winchester to London via New Alresford and Guildford. Most of the land to the south of the road is now a reserve run by the Butterfly Conservation, but part of it is used by the Magdalen Hill Cemetery, Winchester's principal cemetery. The land to the north of the road is largely farmed, but is also home to St Swithun's School and Leigh House Hospital.

The down lies in the Winchester district, mostly within the parish of Chilcomb. At its highest point, the down reaches 124 metres (407 ft) above mean sea level.

## History

The down contains a set of Bronze Age barrows, which are situated to the south of the road, and are designated as a scheduled monument. This includes a linear arrangement of five bowl barrows extending over a distance of approximately 85 metres (279 ft) with the ground sloping steeply below them to the south.

In the mediaeval period, Magdalen Hill Down was home to St Mary Magdalen's leprosarium, or leprosy hospital, which was situated to the north-eastern end of the site and was established in the 12th century. This was remodelled in the 14th century, but was largely demolished in the 16th century to make way for brick-built almshouses, although the medieval chapel survived. The almshouses were used as military accommodation during the English Civil War, and again to house prisoners of war from the Anglo-Dutch wars of the 1660s and 1670s. In the 1780s the buildings were demolished leaving no above ground remains in what is now farmland, although subsequent excavation has revealed their location.

In 1914, Magdalen Hill Cemetery opened on the down. Towards the end of the First World War, an extensive military camp, known as Morn Hill Camp and housing 50,000 to 70,000 troops, was created on the down. The camp was largely occupied by American Expeditionary Forces, who were in transit to the Western Front. It was linked to Winchester by a branch off the short-lived Avington railway line, specifically built to serve the camps in the area.

By 1989 much of the site had become heavily invaded by scrub, but because the fields had never been ploughed or had chemical fertilisers or pesticides used on them, they preserved a rich variety of wild flowers and the butterflies that feed on them. As a result and in that year, the Butterfly Conservation acquired a part of the down, since expanded twice, for use as a butterfly reserve.

## InfoBox

| Magdalen Hill Down | |
| --- | --- |
| Downland | |
|  | |
| Location in Hampshire | |
| Coordinates: 51°03′38″N 1°16′40″W / 51.06053°N 1.27774°W / 51.06053; -1.27774 | |
| Location | Hampshire |
| Elevation | 124 metres (407 ft) |


title: William Blackler

abstract: William Blackler was a horse breeder and sportsman in the early days of the British colony of South Australia.

text:
# William Blackler

**William Blackler** (1827 – 26 June 1896) was a horse breeder and sportsman in the early days of the British colony of South Australia.

## History

Blackler was born at Newton Downs, Devonshire, in 1827, a son of Richard Blackler (c. 1791 – 30 January 1876) and Elizabeth Blackler ( –1851) and arrived in South Australia with his parents, sisters Ellen and Amelia and brothers John and Richard aboard *Caroline* in December 1839. His father started farming at Unley.

Blackler was in March 1851 barman at the Old Spot Hotel in Gawler, and that same year joined the gold rush for Bendigo, where he was fortunate, returning to Adelaide a wealthy man. By June 1853 he was lessee of the Port Hotel, Port Adelaide. His brother John Blackler was not so fortunate, and died on 7 September 1853 age 30 at the Bendigo diggings. Blackler took the Britannia Hotel, Port Adelaide c. 1863, which he relinquished in 1869, and brother Richard took the Port Admiral Hotel in 1860.

As a young man, Blackler developed a love of steeplechase riding, taking great delight in tackling fences and water jumps. In 1868 he purchased an estate of 268 acres (108 ha), of which 202 acres (82 ha) was grassy paddocks suitable for agistment, on Henley Beach Road near The Reedbeds, where he later established a horse stud dubbed Fulham Park Estate (now part of the suburb Lockleys). C. B. Fisher had an adjacent property, "Lockleys", Section 145. In 1869 he imported the first pack of hounds into the Colony, purchased in England by his brother Richard, signalling the formation of the Adelaide Hunt Club. He acted as Master of the Hounds for several years, then in 1871 after a dispute withdrew his support and at the instigation of J. A. Ellery sold the pack to a club in Mount Gambier, donating the proceeds to the Mount Gambier Hospital.

He was a founder in December 1869, with Seth Ferry, Gabriel Bennett and his son Henry Bennett, George Church, and Dr. Peel, of the Adelaide Racing Club, formed to conduct events on the Old Adelaide Racecourse, which they leased from the Adelaide City Council. Blackler, Ferry, Bennett and Peel took out a 21-year lease from the council, and embarked on ambitious improvements, spending far more than was necessary, particularly on the grandstand, to comply with conditions of the lease. At some stage Bennett and Dr. Peel withdrew from the partnership. A totalizator was installed and bookmakers were charged 10 guineas to operate on the grounds. A Melbourne bookmaker, Joe "Leviathan" Thompson, refused to pay this charge, and sued the lessees for being refused admission. Thompson won the case, tried by Mr. Justice Boucaut. The Council had the right, by Act of Parliament, to specify in the lease under what conditions persons could be admitted, but had failed to do so, and this was the point that brought Blackler and Ferry undone. The Council promptly issued an amended lease contract.

In April 1874 Blackler left by the steamship *Nubia* for England, where he purchased the noted stallions Countryman, Winterlake, and Sir Edmund, and the brood mare Bridal Wreath, the foundation of his Fulham Stud. The horses were accompanied by Bill Sheppard, who served as their groom, and was to have a long and respected career as trainer in South Australia. He made another trip in 1876 and brought back a dozen fine brood mares, among them Instep, whose progeny won practically every major race in Australia. Countryman, sire of 1882 Melbourne Cup winner The Assyrian, died in September 1882 while still young, and Winterlake had to be destroyed after a serious accident, two serious blows to his ambitions. Sir Edmund, sire of many champion jumpers, was only a yearling when he was brought out. Blackler sold him as a two-year-old to Gabriel Bennett, who passed him on to Ferry, and later did stud duty for H. B. Hughes at Booyoolee Station, near Gladstone.

With the death of Countryman, Blackler looked around for a replacement and settled on Eli Jellett's Richmond, paying for the stallion 1,000 or 1,200 guineas, and the pick of his first batch of foals. This proved a good purchase, and reinforced Blackler's reputation as a judge of horseflesh, as Richmond's progeny included some 60 winners. In 1889 Blackler purchased Thunderbolt at auction for 230 guineas, which horse proved to be the sire of another batch of champions.

In August 1878 Blackler became licensee of the Globe Hotel, for years a popular meeting-place in Rundle Street for the racing fraternity. A year later, at his instigation, an Adelaide Tattersalls Club was formed, with H. Cohen appointed secretary, and he provided rooms at "The Globe" for their activities, open 7–11pm. In September 1879 he transferred his licence to the hotel to J. H. Aldridge.

His first yearling sale at the Henley Beach Road property, which he dubbed "Fulham Park", was in 1880, and was held annually for many years thereafter. He soon found he could get a better price for his thoroughbreds once they had been raced: before Richmond was raced he could not get £300 for him, but after his appearance on the turf he was sold for 500 guineas. He most notable success was when his Port Admiral won the 1894 Adelaide Cup.

In 1882 he instituted he "Fulham Stud Sires Produce Stakes" for two-year-old progeny of Winterlake and Countryman, and the "Fulham Park Plate" races, for which he subscribed prizes of 100 guineas, under the auspices of the A.R.C.

Blackler acted as Judge on the Old Course for many years, and was on the committee and a Steward of the Adelaide Racing Club. He also acted as Judge for the S. A. Tattersalls Club and for the Onkaparinga Racing Club, and was on the Tattersalls Club Committee for some years, and was re-elected shortly before his death.

Between 1880 and April 1882 three of the lessees dropped out for various reasons, leaving only Blackler and Ferry. Several committeemen dropped out, alarmed at the club's ballooning financial liability, leaving the committee short of the quorum necessary to appoint replacements, and the Club had to be re-booted.

In late 1882 Blackler, Ferry and William Gordon purchased "Evanston", the training ground of James Jenkins on the outskirts of Gawler, at a cost of £5,000, with the intention of making it into the Gawler Racecourse, and lost no time in agitating for a Racing Club to be formed along the lines of the A.R.C. They soon had a grandstand built. This venture could be seen as a way of circumventing the limit of three meetings per year at which the totalizator could be used at the Old Course, but stymied by the Totalizator Repeal Act of 1883.

In 1885 a consortium of businessmen led by W. Rounsevell, keen to improve the profitability of the Morphettville course, which included adding extra facilities like a steeplechase course and a plumpton (coursing track), and closing down the "Old Course", offered to purchase the lease from Ferry and Blackler. They could not however countenance Ferry's asking price of £5000. He had, for no obvious reasons apart from grandiosity and the desire to upstage the S.A.J.C., invested twice as much on improvements as the Council conditions had stipulated, notably on the grandstand, which was better appointed than that at Flemington.

Then South Australia entered a period of economic downturn, brought about by the drought of 1884–1886, and the racing industry suffered; the A.R.C. disproportionately so, and Blackler felt the time was ripe to cut their losses, and outlined a plan whereby the Council would resume the course and recompense the partners, as they were keen to extend Halifax Street and bisect the "Old Course". Ferry strongly disagreed, and there began the split between the two partners, which became quite bitter, at times to the point of farce. At the Globe Hotel one day, Blackler retaliated to something Ferry said by threatening to punch his face. Ferry turned to a nearby sportsman, and gave him specific instructions as to how White's Rooms should be secured for the prize fight: Blackler stormed off, fuming. What followed was a few years of low-key meetings run by Ferry — sufficient to satisfy the Council's requirements, but with modest stake money, consequently races with few starters dominated by Ferry's own stable, and poor attendance.

On 11 October 1888 a meeting of interested sportsmen held at the Globe Hotel resolved to re-form the Club once more. A steering committee consisting of Ebenezer Ward, M.P., J. MacDonald, and Samuel James Whitmore was formed. In November 1888 the Blacklers agreed to take over the lease and the Club's debts to Ferry, assessed as £2,500, and brought in a new co-lessee, John Pile. A provisional committee was formed to form a new Club: J. C. Bray, M.P., J. H. Gordon, M L.C.. Messrs. E. Ward, M.P., J. Pile, W. Blackler, J. McDonald, S. J. Whitmore. Gabriel Bennett, and Dr. O'Connell. In December 1888 the Licensed Victuallers' Racing Club (founded June 1888) joined with the rump of the A.R.C. to form a renewed Adelaide Racing Club with an additional 250 members, with the Victuallers' committee augmented by W. Robertson, John Pile, S. R. Wilson, and R. C. Cornish.

In June 1891 he attempted to sell the Fulham Park Stud and other freehold properties, valued at £65,000, on the art union principle. The lottery was however under-subscribed and had to be abandoned. Blackler died shortly after catching a cold, which developed into pneumonia. He was remembered as a man with a very straightforward nature, verging on rudeness, but was esteemed for his honesty. His remains were buried at the West Terrace Cemetery, attended by a great number of mourners and well-wishers from the racing fraternity, in stark contrast to that accorded his almost exact contemporary, Dr. Robert Peel.

## Publications

* *Catalogue of the Fulham thoroughbred colts & fillies by the imported sires Countryman and Winterlake by order of William Blackler, Esq., third annual sale at Formby & Boase's Bazaar, Currie Street, Adelaide, Friday, May 26, 1882, at two o'clock* Ferry, Moore, & Wilkinson, auctioneers, &c. (1882) Held by State Library of South Australia

## Family

Richard Blackler (c. 1791 – 30 January 1876) married to Elizabeth Blackler née Parker ( –1851). He married again, to Mary Ford ( – ) in 1853

* Ellen Blackler (c. 1819 – 7 February 1914) married Henry Carwithen Ford (c. 1819 – 12 April 1885) in 1851, ran the Royal Arms Hotel, Port Adelaide
* Amelia Blackler (c. 1823 – 24 May 1844)
* John Blackler (c. 1823 – 7 September 1853)
* **William Blackler** (15 February 1827 – 26 June 1896) married Mary Harriet Walker (31 August 1842 – 29 June 1877) on 19 May 1859. Blackler may have married again, but no further information. His children included:

* Harriet Amelia Blackler (1860 – 10 February 1897) married jockey Tom Hales (1847 – 26 October 1901) on 24 August 1887; they lived in Melbourne
* William Allen Blackler (1862 – 24 October 1932) married Helene Seamond ( – 1948) in 1897

* Clarence William Blackler (1898–1982) married Doreen Sobels (1902–1987) in 1930
* Edna Helene "Tish" Blackler (1900–1991) married Dudley Cotton Cox (1898–1956) in 1922
* Ellen Elizabeth Blackler (16 June 1869 – ) married Henry Crozier (c. 1868 – ) on 27 May 1896

* Harriet Marion Crozier (10 March 1897 – )
* Richard Blackler (c. 1829 – 7 February 1899) married Sarah Davies (1836 – 27 December 1885) in 1859. He ran the Port Admiral Hotel.


title: Valea Morii (Iza)

abstract: The Valea Morii is a left tributary of the river Iza in Romania. It discharges into the Iza near Bârsana. Its length is 13 km (8.1 mi) and its basin size is 30 km⁲ (12 sq mi).

text:
# Valea Morii (Iza)

The **Valea Morii** is a left tributary of the river Iza in Romania. It discharges into the Iza near Bârsana. Its length is 13 km (8.1 mi) and its basin size is 30 km2 (12 sq mi).

## InfoBox

| Valea Morii | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Romania |
| Counties | Maramureș County |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Țibleș Mountains |
|  | |
| Mouth | Iza |
| coordinates | 47°48′14″N 24°04′27″E / 47.8040°N 24.0743°E / 47.8040; 24.0743 |
| Length | 13 km (8.1 mi) |
| Basin size | 30 km2 (12 sq mi) |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | IzaTiszaDanubeBlack Sea |


title: Liberia Peace Council

abstract: The Liberia Peace Council (LPC) was a rebel group that participated in the Liberian Civil War under the leadership of George Boley. The LPC emerged in 1993, partly as a proxy force for the Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL). It made substantial gains against the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) in southeastern Liberia, vying for control of commercial operations in timber and rubber. A predominantly ethnic Krahn organization, it drew supporters from the United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy (ULIMO) and the AFL, but also from other ethnic groups who suffered under NPFL occupation. It had about 2,500 militants in its ranks. Like all groups that participated in the civil war, the LPC committed serious human rights abuses including murder, torture, and looting in an effort to terrorize and depopulate rural areas held by the NPFL.

text:
# Liberia Peace Council

The **Liberia Peace Council (LPC)** was a rebel group that participated in the Liberian Civil War under the leadership of George Boley.

The LPC emerged in 1993, partly as a proxy force for the Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL). It made substantial gains against the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) in southeastern Liberia, vying for control of commercial operations in timber and rubber.

A predominantly ethnic Krahn organization, it drew supporters from the United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy (ULIMO) and the AFL, but also from other ethnic groups who suffered under NPFL occupation.

It had about 2,500 militants in its ranks.

Like all groups that participated in the civil war, the LPC committed serious human rights abuses including murder, torture, and looting in an effort to terrorize and depopulate rural areas held by the NPFL.

## InfoBox

| Liberia Peace Council | |
| --- | --- |
| Leaders | George Boley |
| Dates of operation | 1993-1996 |
| Active regions | Throughout Liberia, especially in the southeast |
| Size | 2,500? |
| Opponents | NPFL
RUF
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Burkina Faso |
| Battles and wars | the Liberian Civil War |


title: Trend, Denmark

abstract: Trend is a town in North Jutland (Nordjylland), it is situated next to Bjørnsholm Bay and the closest city/town is Overlade. Trend have a caravan space and a minigolf course. The town is also defined a summer house city since the most of city's houses' primary use is as summer houses. Trend also have an inn, that have the name Trend inn. The name Trend comes from Trende mill that was built by Vitskøl monastery. The village have a camping place. The village is located 22 km west from Aars and it located around 60 km west south from Aalborg.

text:
# Trend, Denmark

**Trend** is a town in North Jutland (Nordjylland), it is situated next to Bjørnsholm Bay and the closest city/town is Overlade. Trend have a caravan space and a minigolf course. The town is also defined a summer house city since the most of city's houses' primary use is as summer houses. Trend also have an inn, that have the name Trend inn (Trend kro). The name Trend comes from Trende mill that was built by Vitskøl monastery. The village have a camping place. The village is located 22 km west from Aars and it located around 60 km west south from Aalborg.

## Beach

Beach near the cottage areas. From Vitskøl monastery to the south of Trend city you will find Trend beach. The many home residents by Trend use this beach, and it is especially very popular with the kids as they can wade far out into the water before it gets deep. Also surfers enjoy the beach as there is shallow on a several kilometers long stretch and far into the Limfjord.

## InfoBox

| Trend | |
| --- | --- |
| Summer house village | |
| TrendLocation in Denmark | |
| Coordinates: 56°50′55″N 9°13′15″E / 56.84861°N 9.22083°E / 56.84861; 9.22083 | |
| Country | Denmark |
| Region | Region Nordjylland |
| Municipality | Vesthimmerland |
| Population | |
| Total | ? |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+1 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 9670 |


title: Miro Stipić

abstract: Miro Stipić is a former Croatian football player. He played as a midfielder.

text:
# Miro Stipić

**Miro Stipić** (born 15 August 1962) is a former Croatian football player. He played as a midfielder.

## Career

Stipić between 1981 and 1991 played in the Yugoslav First League and Yugoslav Second League for clubs Dinamo Zagreb, NK Zagreb, Iskra Bugojno, and Rijeka. At the end of the 1990/91 season with Rijeka, Miro went to Australia and joined Australian National Soccer League side, Sydney United then known as Sydney Croatia. He was joined by fellow Rijeka teammate Fadil Muriqi. Miro spent one season with Sydney United before briefly joining Canberra Metro in the NSW Super League but a family crisis saw Miro quit the club after three weeks and head back to Europe. He ended up joining German club SK Viktoria Aschaffenburg, and later Kickers Offenbach.

## InfoBox

Miro Stipić
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Miroslav Stipić | | |
| Date of birth | (1962-08-15) 15 August 1962 | | |
| Position(s) | Midfield | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1981-1983 | Dinamo Zagreb |  |  |
| 1983-1984 | NK Zagreb |  |  |
| 1984-1988 | Iskra Bugojno |  |  |
| 1988-1991 | Rijeka | 68 | (4) |
| 1991-1992 | Sydney United | 26 | (1) |
| 1992 | Canberra Metro |  |  |
| 1992-1994 | SK Viktoria Aschaffenburg |  |  |
| 1994-1995 | Kickers Offenbach |  |  |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2012 | NK Croatia Sesvete | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 26 September 2023<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 21 September 2023 | | | |


title: Rajnarayan Basu

abstract: Rajnarayan Basu (1826–1899) was an Indian writer and intellectual of the Bengal Renaissance. He was born in Boral in 24 Parganas and studied at the Hare School and Hindu College, in Kolkata, Bengal. A monotheist at heart, Basu converted to the Brahmoism sect at the age of twenty. After retiring, he was given the honorary title of Rishi or sage. As a writer, he was one of the best known prose writers in Bengali in the nineteenth century, writing often for the Tattwabodhini Patrika, a premier Brahmo journal. Due to his defence of Brahmoism, he was given the title "Grandfather of Indian Nationalism".

text:
# Rajnarayan Basu

**Rajnarayan Basu** (1826–1899) was an Indian writer and intellectual of the Bengal Renaissance. He was born in Boral in 24 Parganas and studied at the Hare School and Hindu College, in Kolkata, Bengal. A monotheist at heart, Basu converted to the Brahmoism sect at the age of twenty. After retiring, he was given the honorary title of *Rishi* or sage. As a writer, he was one of the best known prose writers in Bengali in the nineteenth century, writing often for the *Tattwabodhini Patrika*, a premier Brahmo journal. Due to his defence of Brahmoism, he was given the title "Grandfather of Indian Nationalism".

## Birth and early life

Basu was born on 7 September 1826, in a Bengali Kayastha family of the present-day South 24 Parganas district in West Bengal. The ancestral seat of the Basu family was Garh Gobindopur, Kolkata. His father Nanda Kishore Basu was a disciple of a Raja Ram Mohan Roy and later one of his secretaries. A bright student since childhood, Rajnarayan was brought to Calcutta (now Kolkata) and was admitted to Hare School Society's School (later known as Hare School) and studied there till the age of 14.

He married Prasannamoyee Mitra in 1843. After the death of his first wife, he married Nistarini Dutta, daughter of Abhayacharan Dutta.

## Career

Rajnarayan Basu was a rival of Michael Madhusudan Dutta, a prominent poet of the time, and the introducer of free verse in Bengali. Both were responsible for introducing classical Western elements into Bengali literature. He briefly tutored Rabindranath Tagore and spent three years translating the Upanishads into English on the earnest request and co-operation of Devendranath Tagore. As a member of Young Bengal, Rajnarayan Basu believed in "nation-building" at the grassroots level. To do his part, after teaching at Vidyasagar's Sanskrit College as the second master of the English Department, he moved to Midnapore to teach in the *mofussil* district town. He served as the headmaster of Midnapore Zilla School (later known as Midnapore Collegiate School) which was also the forerunner of Midnapore College.

## Work life in Midnapore

He had joined the school on 21 February 1851 preceded by Mr. Sinclare, during whose time the school lost its glory and was in a deplorable condition. Rajnarayan's first goal was to reestablish the school in the firmament of education. The great teacher and educationist took some wonderful steps:

1. He had abolished corporal punishment and introduced a friendly and cooperative atmosphere among the teachers and students to make education more interesting to them.
2. He had immense hatred against the well-practiced procedure of *" committing to memory and vomiting to paper"*. He always followed the rule of teaching through interaction of both students and teachers. His eloquent speeches with humorous jokes gradually attracted even the heart of the most dull student in the class. He put stress on interrogative teaching, so that the fundamentals of the student becomes strong.
3. He understood that the students also need place for physical exercise and sports so that there mental and physical power can be properly manifested, so he made a Lawn Tennis Court and a Gymnasium in the school premises.
4. He wanted students to be educated in " Character Making Education", so he advised teachers to look after the moral development of the students, so that they can be *" Man in a true sense."*
5. He observed that students sitting in benches without back-support, cannot keep there back straight, so their attention span becomes shorter while studying. So he introduced sits with back-supports for the first time.
6. Being an active leader of Young Bengal, he was moved by the 'Academic Association' of Henry Louis Vivian Derozio. So he also introduced Debate Associations and Mutual Improvement Association in school level.

He also established the first arch of women education in Midnapore, the first girls school and a night school for educating the illiterates. He established a public library that is still in use, although now it is known as the *Rishi Rajnarayan Basu Smriti Pathagar* (Rishi Rajnaraya Basu Memorial Library) which is the oldest public library in West Bengal. He was the first person to suggest using Bengali at meetings of the Vangiya Sahitya Parishad (Bengali literature society). The Parishad was established to promote Bengali language literature yet ironically conducted meetings in English until Basu's request.

As an intellectual, he founded the Brahmo Samaj house and inaugurated Nabagopal Mitra's Hindu Mela, an organisation created to spread nationalist feelings among Indians. He was a member of the Indian Association and a member of a political group called the *Sanjibani Sabha*. He also lamented that there were no schools promoting the learning of Indian music among the middle-class and he himself started one in Midnapore. In 1868, he retired and moved to Deoghar where he spent the last years of his life. His grandson, eminent philosopher and freedom-fighter, Sri Aurobindo has inscribed his tribute to Rajnarayan in a beautiful sonnet.

My Grandfather—Rajnarayan Bose\[1826–1899\]
> Not in annihilation lost, nor given.
> To darkness art thou fled from us and light,
> O strong and sentient spirit; no more heaven
> of ancient joys, no silence eremite
> received thee; but the omnipresent thought
> of which thou was a part and earthly hour,
> took back its gift. Into that splendour caught
> thou hast no lost thy special brightness.Power
> remains with thee and old genial force
> unseen for blinding light; not darkly larks;
> as when a sacred river in its course
> dives into ocean, there its strength abides
> Not less because with because with vastness wed and works
> unnoticed in the grandeur of the tides.

Sri Aurobindo

## Select bibliography

### In Bengali

* *Brahmo Sadhon* (Serving Brahmoism)(1865)
* *Dharmatatvo Dipika* (The Light of Religious Theory) (1866–67)
* *Hindudhormer srestotto* (The superiority of Hinduism)(1873)
* *Sekal aar eikaal* (Then and now) (1873)
* *Hindu othoba Presidency College-er itibritto* (A history of the Hindu or Presidency College) (1876)
* *Bibidho probondho* (Various essays) (1882)
* *Rajnarayan Basur Attocharit* (Autobiography) (1909)

### In English

* *A defence of Brahmoism and the Brahmo Samaj* (1863)
* *Brahmic Advice, Caution, and Help* (1869)
* *The Adi Brahmo Samaj, its views and principles* (1870)
* *The Adi Brahmo Samaj as a Church* (1873)

## InfoBox

| Rajnarayan Basu | |
| --- | --- |
| Rajnarayan Basu, c.1899 | |
| Born | 7 September 1826
Boral, 24 Parganas, Bengal Presidency, British India (present-day South 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India) |
| Died | 18 September 1899
Midnapore, Bengal Presidency, British India (present-day West Bengal, India) |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Other names | Rishi Rajnarayan Basu Rajnaryan Bose |
| Education | Hare School |
| Occupation | Writer |
| Spouses | * Prasannamoyee Mitra * Nistarani Dutta |
| Children | 1 |
| Relatives | Sri Aurobindo (grandson) |


title: Rainbow Valley Conservation Reserve

abstract: Rainbow Valley Conservation Reserve is a protected area located south of Alice Springs, Northern Territory in Australia. The reserve was established in 1990 to protect the unique sandstone formations and the Aboriginal art, artifacts and sacred natural objects within an area of 24.83 km⁲ (9.59 sq mi) around a large sandstone bluff. The sandstone layers in the main formation resemble the coloured stripes of a rainbow, with the red-orange hues of sandstone that is rich with iron creating a strong contrast with the lighter shaded sandstone that turns pale yellow or gold in the late day sun as it shines on the northwest-facing cliffs. Rainbow Valley's main sandstone formation is known as Wurre by the local Aboriginals, the Twertentyeye group of Upper Southern Arrernte people, and is a significant part of their homeland which they call Imarnte. Since 2008, the area has been jointly managed by the Twertentyeye and the Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory (PWCNT) and is the first conservation reserve to have a joint management plan.

text:
# Rainbow Valley Conservation Reserve

**Rainbow Valley Conservation Reserve** is a protected area located south of Alice Springs, Northern Territory in Australia. The reserve was established in 1990 to protect the unique sandstone formations and the Aboriginal art, artifacts and sacred natural objects within an area of 24.83 km2 (9.59 sq mi) around a large sandstone bluff. The sandstone layers in the main formation resemble the coloured stripes of a rainbow, with the red-orange hues of sandstone that is rich with iron creating a strong contrast with the lighter shaded sandstone that turns pale yellow or gold in the late day sun as it shines on the northwest-facing cliffs.

Rainbow Valley's main sandstone formation is known as *Wurre* by the local Aboriginals, the Twertentyeye group of Upper Southern Arrernte people, and is a significant part of their homeland which they call *Imarnte*. Since 2008, the area has been jointly managed by the Twertentyeye and the Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory (PWCNT) and is the first conservation reserve to have a joint management plan.

## Geography

The Rainbow Valley access road is located 75 km (47 mi) south of Alice Springs as a branch off the Stuart Highway. The unsealed dirt access road heads east then southeast for 22 km (14 mi) to a parking lot situated on the west side of a claypan that extends northwest from the base of the main sandstone formation. Since there are some sandy sections along the access road, the official park site declares the road as "recommended for 4WD vehicles only." The joint management plan's official document, however, refers to the access road as "suitable for conventional vehicles driven with care" but still recommends 4WD for the final 1.4 km (0.87 mi) around the claypan. A plan to re-align and improve the final section was in place as of June 2008.

The reserve is located in the arid centre of the country where rain is irregular and droughts are common. The nearest place with official records, Alice Springs, has a median annual rainfall of 286 mm (11.3 in) and an evaporation rate of more than 3,000 mm (120 in) per year. No permanent water sources exist on the surface though there is an aquifer not far below the surface. A single rockhole does contain rainwater for long periods and was therefore an important source for the Aboriginal people after significant rainfall.

## Geology

The cliffs and rocky outcrops in Rainbow Valley are composed of 350 million year old *Hermannsburg Sandstone*. Below the surface there is a layer of *Mereenie Sandstone* which becomes exposed above ground level in the James Range, a mountain range to the south of the reserve. Various exposed sandstone joints, eroded honeycomb holes, iron-stained sandstone and fossils are found in the formations. Since these sandstones are very delicate they can be damaged by any human interaction. Climbing on or disturbing the formations is prohibited. The claypans are also delicate and visitors are advised to stay off them unless they are dry and a permit is obtained.

The coloured bands in the rock layers of Rainbow Valley were created during a much wetter time in the history of this very dry region. Heavy rains would cause the reddish, iron-rich sandstone to dissolve and the subsequent dry seasons would cement those dissolved minerals on the surface, staining them a deeper red. The dark red caprock contains the most iron and is more resistant to erosion than the lighter coloured sandstone layers, which delays the eventual collapse and disintegration of the formations.

A marked trail leads to another featured formation called *Mushroom Rock* where fairy martin nests are located high up on the rock wall.

## Flora and fauna

More than 400 plant species are found in Rainbow Valley including spinifex grasslands, acacia shrubs and coolibah trees in the western part of the reserve. Mulga trees grow close to the sandstone formations and even on top of them. Desert oaks are more common on the east side of the main formation.

The *eremophila Rainbow Valley* is a sandplain shrub listed as *vulnerable* under the *Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999* (EPBC). The species survives only in a very restricted range and is not protected in any other reserve. *Daviesia arthropoda* is another rare shrub that grows on sand dunes in the reserve.

The observed animal species are 110 birds, 20 mammals, 46 reptiles and three frogs. Emus, bats, dingoes and honeypot ants are significant animals in the local Aboriginal culture. Bat species include the Gould's wattled bat and the lesser long-eared bat.

Migratory black, brown and pied honeyeaters use the grevillea and eremophila shrubs as their breeding habitat, while the white-winged fairywren's habitat includes the zygochloa and spinifex grasslands. The grey falcon, redthroat and red-tailed black cockatoo are listed as *lower risk near threatened* under the *Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act* (TPWCA).

The euro is the most observed mammal, while the black-flanked rock-wallaby is listed as *vulnerable* by the EPBC and *near threatened* by the TPWCA - the only mammal with a conservation listing in the reserve. The thorny devil and the trilling frog also live in the reserve.

## Aboriginal significance

More than forty Aboriginal archaeological sites have been found and recorded. These sites include petroglyphs (engraved rock), pictographs (painted rock), grinding stones, stone tools, quarries and camp sites. All archaeological sites are in a restricted access area which requires permission and a guide to enter.

To the south of the main sandstone formation, a massif called *Ewerre* by the Twertentyeye is registered as a sacred site, as well as all the surrounding area within 50 m (160 ft) of that rock. The black rocks lying on the northern side of the main formation are also considered significant natural objects that are not to be moved from their current locations.

In consideration of both the Aboriginal culture and the ideals of conservation of the area, visitors may only explore in the designated viewing and camping areas on the southwest side of the claypan, and along the trail to Mushroom Rock or other officially marked trails. All other areas, including the claypan, are restricted access requiring a guide.

## Facilities

Visitors may camp in two designated areas. A camping fee is required and payable on site. There are gas barbecues, firepits, picnic tables and pit toilet facilities available.

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Rainbow Valley Conservation Reserve
Northern Territory | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category V (protected landscape/seascape) | |
| Sunset light on the bluff at a sharp angle | |
| Rainbow Valley Conservation Reserve | |
| Nearest town or city | Alice Springs |
| Coordinates | 24°20′00″S 133°39′00″E / 24.33333°S 133.65000°E / -24.33333; 133.65000 |
| Established | 1990 |
| Area | 24.83 km2 (9.6 sq mi) |
| Visitation | 6,800 (in 2014) |
| Managing authorities | the Twertentyeye group of Upper Southern Arrernte people and the Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory (PWCNT) |
| Website | Rainbow Valley Conservation Reserve |
| See also | Protected areas of the Northern Territory |


title: Machine (Higdon)

abstract: Machine is a single-movement orchestral encore piece by the American composer Jennifer Higdon. The work was commissioned in 2003 by the National Symphony Orchestra through a grant from the John and June Hechinger Commissioning Fund for New Orchestra Works. It was first performed by the National Symphony Orchestra under the conductor Giancarlo Guerrero on March 6, 2003.

text:
# Machine (Higdon)

***Machine*** is a single-movement orchestral encore piece by the American composer Jennifer Higdon. The work was commissioned in 2003 by the National Symphony Orchestra through a grant from the John and June Hechinger Commissioning Fund for New Orchestra Works. It was first performed by the National Symphony Orchestra under the conductor Giancarlo Guerrero on March 6, 2003.

## Composition

*Machine* has a duration of roughly 2 minutes and is composed in one short movement. Higdon described her inspiration for the piece in the score program notes, writing, "I wrote *Machine* as an encore tribute to composers like Mozart and Tchaikovsky, who seemed to be able to write so many notes and so much music that it seems like they were machines!"

### Instrumentation

The work is scored for an orchestra comprising piccolo, flute, two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, four horns, two trumpets, three trombones, tuba, timpani, and strings.

## Reception

Reviewing the world premiere, Ronald Broun of *The Washington Post* wrote, "It is one long, loud, freight-train crescendo with hellishly snapping winds and jumping-bean rhythms, and it sweeps relentlessly forward for just under three minutes, then stops on a dime. For sheer unpretentious fun it was just the ticket."