title: Phumelela Mbande

abstract: Phumelela Luphumlo Mbande is a South African field hockey player for the South African national team.

text:
# Phumelela Mbande

**Phumelela Luphumlo Mbande** (born 8 March 1993) is a South African field hockey player for the South African national team.

## International career

She participated at the 2018 Women's Hockey World Cup.

She captained the South African women's hockey team while she competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics. On 23 July 2021, Mbande shared the honour of serving as a flag bearer for South Africa, alongside swimmer player Chad le Clos, at the Parade of Nations during the opening ceremony of the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan.

## Personal life

She studied a Bcom Accounting sciences degree and a post graduate diploma in accounting at the university of Pretoria, graduating in 2016. She qualified as a chartered accountant (South Africa) in 2019 and is an external audit manager at PricewaterhouseCoopers.

In September 2022, she married Malusi Hlophe.

## InfoBox

Phumelela Hlophe (née Mbande)
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1993-03-08) 8 March 1993<br>Umtata, South Africa | | |
| Height | 1.63 m (5 ft 4 in) | | |
| Weight | 68 kg (150 lb) | | |
| Playing position | Goalkeeper | | |
| Senior career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | | |
| 2017-2019 | Northern Blues | | |
| 2021-present | KZN Coastals | | |
| 2017-2019 | Blyde River Bunters | | |
| National team | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2013 | South Africa U21 | 6 | (0) |
| 2013-present | South Africa | 57 | (0) |
| Medal record      Africa Cup of Nations  2013 Nairobi   2017 Ismailia   2022 Accra | | | |


title: Xun Shuang

abstract: Xun Shuang, courtesy name Ciming, was a Chinese essayist, politician, and writer who lived during the Eastern Han dynasty of China. Born in the influential Xun family of Yingchuan Commandery, Xun Shuang, for most of his life, distanced himself from politics because he perceived the political arena to be corrupt and dangerous. He repeatedly turned down offers to serve in the government, and spent his time producing numerous writings and giving lectures. However, in late 189, he was forced to join the civil service and became an official. Within a span of only 95 days, he rose through the ranks quickly from his initial status as a commoner to the highly prestigious office of Minister of Works (司空). Prior to that, within the 95 days, he had held the appointments of Chancellor of Pingyuan (平原相) and Minister of the Household (光祿勳). He died of illness in 190 while secretly making plans with Wang Yun, He Yong and others to eliminate the tyrannical warlord Dong Zhuo, who had hijacked and controlled the Han central government.

text:
# Xun Shuang

**Xun Shuang** (128 – c. July 190), courtesy name **Ciming**, was a Chinese essayist, politician, and writer who lived during the Eastern Han dynasty of China. Born in the influential Xun family of Yingchuan Commandery (around present-day Xuchang, Henan), Xun Shuang, for most of his life, distanced himself from politics because he perceived the political arena to be corrupt and dangerous. He repeatedly turned down offers to serve in the government, and spent his time producing numerous writings and giving lectures. However, in late 189, he was forced to join the civil service and became an official. Within a span of only 95 days, he rose through the ranks quickly from his initial status as a commoner to the highly prestigious office of Minister of Works (司空). Prior to that, within the 95 days, he had held the appointments of Chancellor of Pingyuan (平原相) and Minister of the Household (光祿勳). He died of illness in 190 while secretly making plans with Wang Yun, He Yong and others to eliminate the tyrannical warlord Dong Zhuo, who had hijacked and controlled the Han central government.

## Life

Xun Shuang's ancestral home was in Yingchuan Commandery (穎川郡; around present-day Xuchang, Henan). He was the sixth son of Xun Shu (荀淑), an official who served as the Prefect () of Langling County (朗陵縣) and as the Chancellor () to the Marquis of Langling County. Xun Shu had eight sons, who were nicknamed the "Eight Dragons of the Xun Family" (荀氏八龍).

Xun Shuang was fond of reading since childhood. He could fluently recite the *Analects* and *Spring and Autumn Annals* when he was just 11. The Grand Commandant (太尉), Du Qiao (杜喬), praised him and said he was worthy of becoming a teacher. As he was interested purely in scholarly pursuits, he distanced himself from politics by refusing to socialise with officials and turning down offers to serve in the government. The people in Yingchuan Commandery once said, "Among the Eight Dragons of the Xun Family, Ciming has no equal."

In 166, after Zhao Dian (趙典), the Minister of Ceremonies (太常), nominated him to join the civil service, Xun Shuang was appointed as a Gentleman (郎中; a low-level official). He wrote a long memorial to the imperial court, requesting that the government promote Confucianism, enforce Confucian rules of propriety more rigorously, lower taxes, and reduce an oversupply of maids in the imperial palace by freeing them and arranging for them to be married. He resigned after submitting his memorial.

Xun Shuang tried to persuade other officials to leave the political arena to avoid getting into trouble. In 167, Emperor Huan issued a general amnesty. Li Ying, an official who was imprisoned during the first Disaster of the Partisan Prohibitions in 166, was pardoned, released and reinstated as an official. Many officials wanted Li Ying to serve as Grand Commandant (太尉). However, Xun Shuang was worried that Li Ying would incur the jealousy of others due to his fame and popularity, so he wrote a letter to Li Ying to advise him to maintain a low profile to avoid trouble.

During the second Disaster of the Partisan Prohibitions in 169, in order to evade the political turmoil, Xun Shuang first fled to the coastal regions and then headed south to the area near the mouth of the Han River (around present-day Wuhan, Hubei). He spent over ten years in southern China, where he produced numerous writings and gave lectures and earned himself a reputation as a highly learned Confucian scholar.

In 184, after Emperor Ling lifted the restrictions on civil liberties and ended the second Disaster of the Partisan Prohibitions, Xun Shuang was again invited to serve in one of the top five offices in the government. Yuan Feng (袁逢), the Minister of Works, nominated Xun Shuang to join the civil service but Xun Shuang refused to become an official. When Yuan Feng died, Xun Shuang mourned him for three years and started a trend where officials would mourn the deaths of those who nominated them into office. Xun Shuang also criticised some popular practices which he deemed to be not in line with Confucian customs.

When the general He Jin came to power as regent in mid-189 after Emperor Ling's death, the imperial court sent a carriage to fetch Xun Shuang to the imperial capital, Luoyang, to serve as an official again. He Jin was worried that Xun Shuang would decline the offer, so he nominated Xun Shuang to be a Palace Attendant (侍中). However, the nomination became void very soon because He Jin was assassinated not long later by the eunuch faction in the imperial court.

Shortly after He Jin's death, the warlord Dong Zhuo hijacked and seized control of the central government. In late 189, he replaced Emperor Shao with Emperor Xian, who was actually a puppet ruler under his control. After Emperor Xian's enthronement, Dong Zhuo issued an order to Xun Shuang to serve in the government. Xun Shuang tried to escape but failed, so he had no choice but to follow the order and serve as the Chancellor () of Pingyuan State (平原國). While en route to Pingyuan State, he passed by Wanling County (宛陵縣), where he was appointed Minister of the Household (光祿勛). Three days after he assumed office, he was promoted to Minister of Works (司空). Within a span of only 95 days, he had risen through the ranks quickly from a commoner to one of the most prestigious offices in the Han government.

While in office as Minister of Works, Xun Shuang tried to balance relations between Dong Zhuo and other officials. In 190, a coalition of regional officials and warlords started a campaign against Dong Zhuo in the name of rescuing Emperor Xian from being held hostage by Dong Zhuo. As Dong Zhuo prepared to evacuate Luoyang and move the imperial capital to Chang'an in the west, two officials Yang Biao (楊彪) and Huang Wan (黃琬) strongly objected to his decision and had a heated argument with him in the imperial court. Xun Shuang was worried that Dong Zhuo would execute Yang Biao and Huang Wan for opposing him, so he pretended to openly chide Yang Biao and Huang Wan in front of everyone by saying, "You think the Chancellor of State (Dong Zhuo) feels happy about having to do this? The coalition from the east can't be defeated in just one day. That's why we should move the capital elsewhere and wait for an opportunity to strike back. The situation now is similar to that of Qin and Han." Dong Zhuo's anger subsided. Later, Xun Shuang privately told Yang Biao, "If you and the other excellencies continue to openly argue over such issues, you'll definitely get yourselves into trouble. That's why I choose to remain silent."

Although Xun Shuang followed Dong Zhuo to Chang'an and appeared to support him, he actually plotted to eliminate Dong Zhuo because he believed that Dong Zhuo's tyranny and cruelty would ruin the Han dynasty. He secretly contacted Wang Yun, He Yong and other officials to make plans to assassinate Dong Zhuo. However, he died of illness in 190 at the age of 62 before the plan materialised.

Around the late 190s, after Xun Shuang's nephew, Xun Yu, was appointed acting Prefect of the Masters of Writing (尚書令), he had his uncle's remains transferred from Chang'an back to the Xun family's ancestral home in Yingchuan Commandery (穎川郡; around present-day Xuchang, Henan) for burial. He also arranged for He Yong to be buried beside Xun Shuang.

### Citations

1. (爽字慈明，一名諝。) *Houhanshu* vol. 62.
2. 5th month of the 1st year of the *Chu'ping* era, per Emperor Xian's biography in *Book of the Later Han*. The month corresponds to 21 Jun to 19 Jul 190 in the Julian calendar.
3. (爽字慈明，幼好學，年十二，通春秋、論語，耽思經典，不應徵命，積十數年。董卓秉政，復徵爽，爽欲遁去，吏持之急。詔下郡，即拜平原相。行至苑陵，又追拜光祿勳。視事三日，策拜司空。爽起自布衣，九十五日而至三公。) *Han Ji* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
4. (祖父淑，字季和，朗陵令。當漢順、桓之間，知名當世。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
5. (續漢書曰：淑有高才，王暢、李膺皆以為師，為朗陵侯相，號稱神君。) *Xu Han Shu* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
6. (張璠漢紀曰：淑博學有高行，與李固、李膺同志友善，拔李昭於小吏，友黃叔度於幼童，以賢良方正徵，對策譏切梁氏，出補朗陵侯相，卒官。) *Han Ji* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
7. (有子八人，號曰八龍。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
8. (八子：儉、緄、靖、燾、詵、爽、肅、旉。\[音敷。\]) *Han Ji* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
9. (幼而好學，年十二，能通春秋、論語。太尉杜喬見而稱之，曰：「可為人師。」爽遂耽思經書，慶弔不行，徵命不應。潁川為之語曰：「荀氏八龍，慈明無雙。」) *Houhanshu* vol. 62.
10. (延熹九年，太常趙典舉爽至孝，拜郎中。) *Houhanshu* vol. 62.
11. (\[臣聞之於師曰：「漢為火德，火生於木，木盛於火，故其德為孝， ... 嚴督有司，必行其命。此則禁亂善俗足用之要。\]奏聞，即弃官去。) *Houhanshu* vol. 62.
12. (六月庚申，大赦天下，悉除黨錮，改元永康。\[時李膺等頗引宦者子弟，宦官多懼，請帝以天時當赦，帝許之，故除黨錮也。\]) *Houhanshu* vol. 7.
13. (及陳蕃免太尉，朝野屬意於膺，荀爽恐其名高致禍，欲令屈節以全亂世，為書貽曰：「乆廢過庭，不聞善誘， ... 任其飛沈，與時抑揚。」) *Houhanshu* vol. 67.
14. (後遭黨錮，隱於海上，又南遁漢濵，積十餘年，以著述為事，遂稱為碩儒。) *Houhanshu* vol. 62.
15. (黨禁解，五府並辟，司空袁逢舉有道，不應。及逢卒，爽制服三年，當世往往化以為俗。時人多不行妻服，雖在親憂猶有弔問喪疾者，又私謚其君父及諸名士，爽皆引據大義，正之經典，雖不悉變，亦頗有改。) *Houhanshu* vol. 62.
16. (後公車徵為大將軍何進從事中郎。進恐其不至，迎薦為侍中，及進敗而詔命中絕。) *Houhanshu* vol. 62.
17. (獻帝即立，董卓輔政，復徵之。爽欲遁命，吏持之急，不得去，因復就拜平原相。行至宛陵，復追為光祿勳。視事三日，進拜司空。爽自被徵命及登台司，九十五日。) *Houhanshu* vol. 62.
18. (明年，關東兵起，董卓懼，欲遷都以違其難。乃大會公卿議曰：「高祖都關中十有一世，光武宮洛陽，於今亦十世矣。案石包讖，宜徙都長安，以應天人之意。」百官無敢言者。彪曰：「移都改制，天下大事，故盤庚五遷，殷民胥怨。昔關中遭王莽變亂，宮室焚蕩，民庶塗炭，百不一在。光武受命，更都洛邑。今天下無虞，百姓樂安，明公建立聖主，光隆漢祚，無故捐宗廟，棄園陵，恐百姓驚動，必有糜沸之亂。石包室讖，妖邪之書，豈可信用？」卓曰：「關中肥饒，故秦得并吞六國。且隴右材木自出，致之甚易。又杜陵南山下有武帝故瓦陶竈數千所，并功營之，可使一朝而辨。百姓何足與議！若有前却，我以大兵驅之，可令詣滄海。」彪曰：「天下動之至易，安之甚難，惟明公慮焉。」卓作色曰：「公欲沮國計邪？」太尉黃琬曰：「此國之大事，楊公之言得無可思？」卓不荅。) *Houhanshu* vol. 54.
19. (司空荀爽見卓意壯，恐害彪等，因從容言曰：「相國豈樂此邪？山東兵起，非一日可禁，故當遷以圖之，此秦、漢之埶也。」卓意小解。爽私謂彪曰：「諸君堅爭不止，禍必有歸，故吾不為也。」) *Houhanshu* vol. 54.
20. (因從遷都長安。) *Houhanshu* vol. 62.
21. (爽見董卓忍暴滋甚，必危社稷，其所辟舉皆取才略之士，將共圖之，亦與司徒王允及卓長史何顒等為內謀。會病薨，年六十三。) *Houhanshu* vol. 62.
22. (及彧為尚書令，遣人西迎叔父爽，并致顒屍，而葬之爽之冢傍。) *Houhanshu* vol. 67.

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Xun Shuang | |
| --- | --- |
| 荀爽 | |
|  | |
| Minister of Works (司空) | |
| **In office**
189 (189)–190 (190) | |
| Monarch | Emperor Xian of Han |
| Chancellor | Dong Zhuo |
| Minister of the Household (光祿勛) | |
| **In office**
189 | |
| Monarch | Emperor Xian of Han |
| Chancellor | Dong Zhuo |
| Chancellor of Pingyuan (平原相) | |
| **In office**
189 | |
| Monarch | Emperor Xian of Han |
| Chancellor | Dong Zhuo |
| Gentleman (郎中) | |
| **In office**
166 | |
| Monarch | Emperor Huan of Han |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 128
Xuchang, Henan |
| Died | c.July 190 (aged 62)
Xi'an, Shaanxi |
| Resting place | Xuchang, Henan |
| Relations | *See Xun family of Yingchuan* |
| Children |  |
| Parent | * Xun Shu (father) |
| Occupation | Politician, writer |
| Courtesy name | Ciming (慈明) |
| Other name | Xun Xu (荀諝) |
|  | |


title: Thomas Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy of Chiche

abstract: Thomas Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy of Chiche KG was an English courtier during the reign of Edward VI. He served as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household and Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard between 1550 and 1551 before his appointment as Lord Chamberlain of the Household. He was placed under house arrest for his support of Lady Jane Grey as Edward's successor.

text:
# Thomas Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy of Chiche

**Thomas Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy of Chiche** KG (4 December 1506 – 28 June 1558) was an English courtier during the reign of Edward VI. He served as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household and Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard between 1550 and 1551 before his appointment as Lord Chamberlain of the Household. He was placed under house arrest for his support of Lady Jane Grey as Edward's successor.

## Early and family life

Thomas Darcy, born in 1506, was the only son and heir of Roger Darcy (d. 30 September 1508) by Elizabeth Wentworth, the daughter of Sir Henry Wentworth, and aunt of Queen Jane Seymour.

After the death of Roger Darcy, Elizabeth (née Wentworth) married secondly, as his second wife, Sir Thomas Wyndham (d. 1522) of Felbrigg, Norfolk, by whom she was the mother of Vice-Admiral Thomas Wyndham. She married thirdly, as his third wife, John Bourchier, 1st Earl of Bath.

Through his mother he was the first cousin not only of Henry VIII's Queen for a short time, and the mother of his heir, and her siblings, but of also Thomas Wentworth, 1st Baron Wentworth.

After his father's death, Thomas Darcy became the ward of Sir John Raynsford. He married Raynsford's daughter Audrey in 1521. She died childless in 1527 and he later married Elizabeth, daughter of John de Vere, 15th Earl of Oxford and Elizabeth Trussell. They had five or eight children, including John, who succeeded as 2nd Baron Darcy of Chiche. He married Frances, daughter of Richard Rich, 1st Baron Rich, and they had issue, including Thomas, 3rd Baron and 1st Earl Rivers.

## Political career

He was knighted in 1532, and sat in parliament for Essex in 1539, 1545 and 1547, and possibly in 1536.

Following the death of the Earl of Oxford in 1540, he held offices usually held by the de Veres: Steward of St. Osyth's, Keeper of Colchester Castle and Keeper of Tendring Hundred. His position in court was assisted though his relations with the de Veres and his cousin, Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset.

He was appointed a Carver of the King's Table in 1540, a Gentleman of the Privy Chamber by 1544, and a Principal Gentleman of the Privy Chamber in 1549. He was sworn of the Privy Council on 24 January 1550, and on 2 February he was appointed Vice-Chamberlain of the Household and Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard.

On 5 April 1551, he was created **Baron Darcy of Chiche** to serve as Lord Chamberlain of the Household, and in this role, he led a commission to reform the revenue courts. He was elected to the Order of the Garter on 6 October.

Following the attainder and execution for treason of Sir Nicholas Carew in 1539, Darcy was granted the principal Carew estate at Beddington, which he later sold back to Carew's heirs.

He was one of the signatories to the letters patent enabling Lady Jane Grey to succeed Edward VI, and this support led to his house arrest by Mary I. He was pardoned, but lost his offices and council membership.

He died on 28 June 1558 at Wivenhoe in Essex and was buried at St Osyth's Priory. He was succeeded by his eldest son John as 2nd Baron Darcy of Chiche.

* Cokayne, George Edward (1912). *The Complete Peerage, edited by Vicary Gibbs*. Vol. II. London: St Catherine Press. p. 16.
* Cokayne, George Edward (1916). *The Complete Peerage edited by Vicary Gibbs*. Vol. IV. London: St. Catherine Press. p. 78.
* Richardson, Douglas (2011). Everingham, Kimball G. (ed.). *Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families*. Vol. III (2nd ed.). Salt Lake City. pp. 237–8. ISBN 978-1449966393.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Richardson, Douglas (2011). Everingham, Kimball G. (ed.). *Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families*. Vol. IV (2nd ed.). Salt Lake City. p. 289. ISBN 978-1460992708.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

## InfoBox

| The Right HonourableThe Lord Darcy of ChicheKG | |
| --- | --- |
| Thomas Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy of Chiche | |
|  | |
| Lord Chamberlain | |
| **In office**
1551–1553 | |
| Monarch | Edward VI |
| Preceded by | The Lord Wentworth |
| Succeeded by | Sir John Gage |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 4 December 1506 |
| Died | 28 June 1558(1558-06-28) (aged 51)
Wivenhoe, Essex, England |
| Resting place | St Osyth, Essex, England |
| Spouse | Elizabeth de Vere |
| Children | John de Vere, 2nd Baron Darcy of Chiche |
| Occupation | Courtier |
|  | |


title: Underground Railroad (album)

abstract: Underground Railroad is a live album by saxophonist and composer Joe McPhee recorded in 1969 at the Holy Cross Monastery and originally released on the CjR label, then reissued by Atavistic in 2001 with a bonus concert from the same venue.

text:
# Underground Railroad (album)

***Underground Railroad*** is a live album by saxophonist and composer Joe McPhee recorded in 1969 at the Holy Cross Monastery and originally released on the CjR label, then reissued by Atavistic in 2001 with a bonus concert from the same venue.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* |  |

The Allmusic review by Thom Jurek stated "There are conical sound explorations between brass and reed and between reed and reed. Tonal variants are evoked in order to up the emotional content of the music, which is already so loaded it's a miracle it doesn't fall apart... This set is one of the most essential recordings of late-'60s free jazz, and anybody remotely interested in the period needs to hear it". On All About Jazz, Robert Spencer noted "this set shows conclusively that McPhee’s massive talent was at his disposal from the onset of his earliest efforts. Any fan of ecstatic free jazz shouldn’t pass this one up!".

## Track listing

*All compositions by Joe McPhee except as indicated*

***Disc One:***

1. "Underground Railroad" - 22:49
2. "Harriet" - 11:11
3. "Message From Denmark" - 9:55
4. "New Spiritual No. 1" - 14:23 Bonus track on CD reissue
5. "E=MC2" (Reggy Marks) - 9:52 Bonus track on CD reissue

***Disc Two:***

1. "Justice (Evidence)" (Thelonious Monk) - 8:19 Bonus track on CD reissue
2. "Windy City Head Stompin' Blues" - 12:29 Bonus track on CD reissue
3. "Birmingham Sunday/Morning Song/Lament/Hymn of the Dragon Kings" - 25:41 Bonus track on CD reissue
4. "Spain Adios" (Marks) - 12:57 Bonus track on CD reissue

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Underground Railroad | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Joe McPhee | |
| Released | 1969 |
| Recorded | October 13, 1968 and April 13, 1969 |
| Venue | Holy Cross Monastery, West Park, New York |
| Genre | Free jazz |
| Length | 43:55 (original release)
147:36 (2CD reissue) |
| Label | CjR CjR 1
Atavistic ALP226CD |
| Joe McPhee chronology | |
| ***Underground Railroad***
(1969) *Nation Time*
(1971) | |


title: Vintage Murder

abstract: Vintage Murder is a detective novel by Ngaio Marsh; it is the fifth novel to feature Roderick Alleyn, and was first published in 1937. Based in New Zealand, the plot centres on a travelling theatrical troupe and prominently features Doctor Rangi Te Pokiha, a Māori, and a "tiki" (hei-tiki) a Māori fertility pendant.

text:
# Vintage Murder

***Vintage Murder*** is a detective novel by Ngaio Marsh; it is the fifth novel to feature Roderick Alleyn, and was first published in 1937. Based in New Zealand, the plot centres on a travelling theatrical troupe and prominently features Doctor Rangi Te Pokiha, a Māori, and a "tiki" (hei-tiki) a Māori fertility pendant.

## Plot Summary

Chief Inspector Roderick Alleyn is traveling through New Zealand while he recovers from an operation. On a train with the famous Carolyn Dacres Comedy Company, on tour of New Zealand, Alleyn befriends members of the troupe. Among them are Susan Max, an actress he met previously, Carolyn Dacres and her husband Alfred Meyer, owner of Incorporated Playhouses. Alleyn's identity as a Scotland Yard officer is secret to most of the actors, but he reveals himself to Meyer and Dacres when Meyer insists he was nearly murdered when someone allegedly tried to push him off the train. A young actress named Valerie Gaynes reports stolen money, but Alleyn does not believe the incidents are related.

Once in Middleton, Alleyn joins up with the acting troupe for Carolyn's birthday celebration where he presents Carolyn with a Maori tiki, a symbol of fertility. Meyer plans an elaborate charade for his wife in which a jeroboam of champagne will fall down from the theater ceiling and land in a basket. Despite many successful practice runs, the bottle drops down, hits Meyer on the head and kills him. Foul play is suspected and when Alleyn investigates the contraption, he finds a small weight when a larger one should have been and was used previously. He also finds the tiki on the ground nearby.

Everyone has an alibi before and after the incident, so no one seems to have been able to remove the weight than put it back after the murder. The obvious suspect is George Mason, Meyer's partner who is set to inherit his estate, but he has the strongest alibi. Alleyn and local police's attention veers toward Valerie Gaynes' stolen money. A young actor named Courtney Broadhead seems the likeliest thief because he mysteriously was able to pay off gambling debts without explanation. However, another actor named Francis Liversidge is too keen to blame Broadhead and Alleyn begins to suspect him. Liversidge, in private, admits to taking Valerie's money for vague reasons of his own. Meyer was aware of this and confronted the actor.

Meanwhile, Alleyn falls smitten with Carolyn Dacres and works to clear her name. He confronts her about the tiki and she admits that she is the one who replaced the weight on the contraption. She knew about her husband's surprise for her birthday and after the murder, she placed the small weight on the device to make it look a simple accident when the weights were mixed up. She did so to protect Hailey Hambeldon, an actor who has thrice asked Carolyn to leave her husband and marry him. She insists Hailey is innocent but believes the police would suspect him. She accidentally dropped the tiki backstage and this is the vital clue Alleyn needs to solve the case since he now knows the murderer never had to go back up to the contraption after the murder.

The murderer is George Mason. Mason was heavily indebted due to a number of failed projects and he needed his inheritance from Meyer. Although several people claimed to see Mason the entire day before the murder, they are actually incorrect. Mason allegedly spent the afternoon in his office at the back of the theater. Several people saw him there but not the entire time. He escaped the theater through the back entrance, circled around and removed the weight from the device to set it off balance. He returned to the office the same way. Other characters claimed it was impossible for Mason to visit the contraption because they were in the area. However as Alleyn explains, Mason used a series of opened doors and large props to bounce around the area undetected.

## Characters

* Chief Inspector Roderick Alleyn of Scotland Yard
* Inspector Fox (via correspondence only)
* Inspector Wade of the New Zealand Police
* Sergeants Packer and Cass
* Carolyn Dacres - a leading actress of the stage
* Alfred Meyer - her husband, proprietor of Incorporated Playhouses
* Hailey Hambledon - an actor
* George Mason - Meyer's partner
* Dr. Rangi Te Pokiha - a local Maori doctor
* Ted Gascoigne - the stage manager
* Susan Max - a veteran stage actress who last appeared in *Enter a Murderer*
* St. John Ackroyd - a comedian
* Valerie Gaynes - a young, talentless actress
* Francis Liversidge - an actor
* Courtney Broadhead - a young stage actor
* Brandon Vernon - a character actor
* Bob Parsons - a dresser

## Reception

## Allusion to other novels in series

One of the cast members was a minor character in *Enter a Murderer*, and refers to that case early in the story.

## Allusion to real dance troupe

The inspiration for this novel's theater troupe, the Carolyn Dacres Comedy Company, comes from the real-life Allan Wilkie Company to which Marsh once belonged.

## Television adaptation

*Vintage Murder* was one of four Alleyn novels adapted for South Pacific Television in 1977. Alleyn was played by George Baker. The scene of the onstage killing was shot in the Theatre Royal, Christchurch, and featured Marsh herself "in a brief Hitchcockian cameo wildly applauding the cast".

## InfoBox

Vintage Murder
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Ngaio Marsh |
| Language | English |
| Series | Roderick Alleyn |
| Genre | Detective fiction, Theatre-fiction |
| Publisher | Geoffrey Bles |
| Publication date | 1937 |
| Media type | Print |
| Pages | 275 |
| Preceded by | *Death in Ecstasy* |
| Followed by | *Artists in Crime* |


title: Vincent Nguini

abstract: Vincent Nguini was a Cameroonian musician and guitarist. Nguini was best known for his work with American singer-songwriter Paul Simon, with whom he recorded and toured for 30 years.

text:
# Vincent Nguini

**Vincent Nguini** (July 1952 – December 8, 2017) was a Cameroonian musician and guitarist. Nguini was best known for his work with American singer-songwriter Paul Simon, with whom he recorded and toured for 30 years.

## Biography

Nguini was born in July 1952 in Obala, Cameroon. He grew up interested in music through African music as well as American rock and jazz artists. He relocated to Paris in 1978 and began working as a session musician. He became the musical director for Manu Dibango in the late 1970s and subsequently lived in Washington, D.C.

In 1987, he joined Paul Simon's band, first contributing to his 1990 album *The Rhythm of the Saints*. On that album, he received a co-writing credit for the song "The Coast". Throughout the next two decades, Nguini recorded with artists like Peter Gabriel and Jimmy Buffett, while releasing his own albums on his own label, Nguini Records. He continued working with Simon as well, contributing to his albums and touring with him into his final years.

## Death

Nguini died of liver cancer at age 65 on December 8, 2017, in Abadiânia, Brazil.

## InfoBox

| Vincent Nguini | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | July 1952
Obala, Cameroon |
| Died | December 8, 2017(2017-12-08) (aged 65)
Abadiânia, Brazil |
| Genres |  |
| Occupation | Musician |
| Instruments | Guitar |


title: Violeta Barba

abstract: Violeta Barba Borderías is a Spanish lawyer and former politician of the Podemos party. Formerly the leader of the youth sector of the United Left of Aragon, she joined Podemos and was elected to the Cortes of Aragon in the 2015 election, becoming president of the Cortes (speaker) the following year; she was the first woman and youngest person in the office. She ran for mayor in the 2019 Zaragoza City Council election but resigned days after only winning two seats, and returned to the legal profession.

text:
# Violeta Barba

**Violeta Barba Borderías** (born 1987) is a Spanish lawyer and former politician of the Podemos party. Formerly the leader of the youth sector of the United Left of Aragon, she joined Podemos and was elected to the Cortes of Aragon in the 2015 election, becoming president of the Cortes (speaker) the following year; she was the first woman and youngest person in the office. She ran for mayor in the 2019 Zaragoza City Council election but resigned days after only winning two seats, and returned to the legal profession.

## Biography

Born in Zaragoza, Aragon, Barba graduated with a law degree from the University of Zaragoza and became a labour lawyer. After taking part in the 15M movement, she led the youth sector of the United Left of Aragon, and left in late 2014. Endorsed by party leader Pablo Iglesias, she ran for leader of Podemos in her native region against Pablo Echenique, but later conceded and ran as number two on his list as he was elected with 100% of the votes.

In the 2015 Aragonese regional election, Podemos led by Echenique came third with 14 out of 67 seats. Antonio Cosculluela of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) was elected President of the Cortes of Aragon (speaker), with Barba as his deputy. When Cosculluela resigned in September 2016, Barba succeeded him, as the first woman in the office and the youngest person, aged 29. She was the second person from her party to preside over an autonomous legislature, after Ainhoa Aznárez in the Parliament of Navarre.

In the primaries in February, Barba took 68.37% of the votes to be Podemos's candidate for mayor in the 2019 Zaragoza City Council election on 26 May. Having come fifth and taken two of 16 seats, she resigned on 3 June, being replaced by Amparo Bella who was third on her list; she returned to her legal practice.

## InfoBox

| Violeta Barba | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| President of the Cortes of Aragon | |
| **In office**
September 2016  26 May 2019 | |
| Preceded by | Antonio Cosculluela |
| Succeeded by | Javier Sada |
| Member of the Cortes of Aragon | |
| **In office**
24 May 2015  26 May 2019 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1987
Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain |
| Political party | Podemos |
| Education | University of Zaragoza |
| Profession | Lawyer |
|  | |


title: Violated (EP)

abstract: Violated is a European-only EP by rap metal band Stuck Mojo, released on March 3, 1996, to promote the band for its tour in the continent, their first excursion overseas. The EP includes a cover of Black Sabbath's "Sweet Leaf", as well as two live songs.

text:
# Violated (EP)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Violated*** is a European-only EP by rap metal band Stuck Mojo, released on March 3, 1996, to promote the band for its tour in the continent, their first excursion overseas. The EP includes a cover of Black Sabbath's "Sweet Leaf", as well as two live songs.

## Track listing

1. Violated - 3:11
2. U.B.Otch - 4:42 (an early version of "Back in the Saddle")
3. Sweet Leaf - 3:54
4. Pizza Man - 2:15
5. F.O.D. \[live\] - 4:10
6. Monster \[live\] - 3:51

## InfoBox

| Violated | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Stuck Mojo | |
| Released | March 3, 1996 |
| Recorded | 360 Studios- Atlanta, Georgia |
| Genre | Rap metal |
| Length | 21:23 |
| Label | Century Media |
| Producer | Andy Sneap |
| Stuck Mojo chronology | |
| *Snappin' Necks*
(1995) ***Violated***
(1996) *Pigwalk*
(1996) | |


title: Violate This

abstract: Violate This is a compilation album by Stuck Mojo. Released in 2001, the album compiles previously unreleased demos, alternate takes, b-sides, and new recordings.

text:
# Violate This

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Rock Sound* |  |

***Violate This*** is a compilation album by Stuck Mojo. Released in 2001, the album compiles previously unreleased demos, alternate takes, b-sides, and new recordings.

## Track listing

1. Ten Years
2. Revolution
3. Not Promised Tomorrow '97
4. No Pride, No Respect (Demo)
5. Southern Pride (Demo)
6. Wrathchild
7. Shout at the Devil
8. Hate Must Be a Gift (Demo)
9. Despise (Demo)
10. Twisted (Demo)
11. Only the Strong Survive (Demo)
12. Pigwalk (Mojo 427 Version)
13. No Regrets (Mojo 427 Version)
14. Propaganda (Demo)
15. Love Has No Color (Demo)
16. Hotlanta (Demo)
17. Babylon (Demo)
18. Stuck Mojo Funk (Demo)

## InfoBox

| Violate This | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Stuck Mojo | |
| Released | August 21, 2001 |
| Genre | Rap metal |
| Label | Century Media |
| Stuck Mojo chronology | |
| *Declaration of a Headhunter*
(2000) ***Violate This***
(2001) *Southern Born Killers*
(2007) | |


title: Vinita Gupta

abstract: Vinita Gupta is an Indian-born American businesswoman. She is the founder and chairman of Digital Link Corporation. She is credited with being the first woman of Indian origin to take her company public in the United States.

text:
# Vinita Gupta

**Vinita Gupta** (born 1950) is an Indian-born American businesswoman. She is the founder and chairman of Digital Link Corporation (now Quick Eagle Networks). She is credited with being the first woman of Indian origin to take her company public in the United States.

## Early life

Gupta was born in 1950 in India and spent her early years in Delhi. In 1973 she earned a bachelor's degree in electronics and communications from the University of Roorkee (now Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee). In 1974 she came to the United States and earned an M.S. in electrical engineering from University of California Los Angeles.

## Career

In her early career, Gupta worked as an engineer for GTE Lenkurt and later held engineering management positions at Bell Northern Research (now part of Nortel Networks).

In May 1985 Gupta founded Digital Link Corporation, a company which engaged in the design, manufacture, marketing, and support of digital wide area network access products for global networks. The company went public in 1994 and was later renamed as Quick Eagle Networks. Gupta is still chairman, chief executive officer and president.

Gupta is chairman of Palo Alto Medical Foundation Research Institute. She is on the board of Indian School of Business (ISB), Hyderabad and Cancer Prevention Institute of California.

Gupta holds two US patents, one for a solid state relay issued in 1984 and another for a square root circuit issued in 1986.

## Honors

For two consecutive years, *Working Woman Magazine* has named Digital Link one of the top 500 women-owned businesses in the United States. She was 1999 honoree at Asian Pacific Fund.

## Personal life

Gupta was married to Narendra K. Gupta, vice chairman and interim president and CEO of Wind River Systems, and co-founder of Integrated Systems Inc. until his death on 25 December 2021. Gupta has two daughters.

## InfoBox

| Vinita Gupta | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1950 (age 7374)<br>Delhi, India |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, University of California Los Angeles |
| Occupation(s) | Founder and chairman of Quick Eagle Networks |
| Known for | First woman of Indian origin to take her company public in the US |
| Board member of | Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Indian School of Business and Cancer Prevention Institute of California |
| Spouse | Narendra K. Gupta |
| Children | 2 |
| Website | www.guptavinita.com |


title: Virginia Coalition

abstract:
Virginia Coalition is an American rock band from Alexandria, Virginia, whose five founding members met in the early 1990s at T. C. Williams High School. Often referred to as VACO by fans, the band self-released their first album, The Colors of The Sound, in 1998. The group toured between Boston and Virginia heavily in the late 1990s, supporting The Colors of the Sound and its 2000 follow-up, Townburg; the band's tour van logged more than 100,000 miles by May 2001. The band's 2003 album on Koch Records, Rock & Roll Party, peaked at #18 on the Billboard Top Internet Albums chart. This album marked their transition from a band that primarily played in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States to a nationwide touring act. The group's next full-length, OK to Go, was released in 2004 and was produced by Matt Wallace. In 2008 they followed up with the album Home This Year. The band's original lineup consisted of:
  - Andrew Poliakoff - lead vocals, guitar, percussion
  - Steve Dawson - lead vocals, guitar
  - Paul Ottinger - keyboards, percussion, vocals, bass guitar, guitar,
  - Jarrett Nicolay - bass guitar, banjo, guitar, vocals, Casio
  - John Patrick "JP" - drums, percussion, vocals Former songwriter and lead guitarist Steve Dawson left the band in late 2003. Dawson was a significant contributor to the band's first three albums, singing lead vocals on approximately half the band's released tracks. In February 2007, VACO announced the departure of another founding member, John Patrick. Steve Dawson re-joined the band for concerts in early 2011. In recent years the following musicians have joined the band live for occasional concerts:
  - Adam Dawson - drums
  - Eli Staples - keyboards
  - Jay Starling - lap steel guitar

text:
# Virginia Coalition

**Virginia Coalition** is an American rock band from Alexandria, Virginia, whose five founding members met in the early 1990s at T. C. Williams High School. Often referred to as VACO by fans (and the band), the band self-released their first album, *The Colors of The Sound*, in 1998. The group toured between Boston and Virginia heavily in the late 1990s, supporting *The Colors of the Sound* and its 2000 follow-up, *Townburg*; the band's tour van logged more than 100,000 miles by May 2001. The band's 2003 album on Koch Records, *Rock & Roll Party*, peaked at #18 on the Billboard Top Internet Albums chart. This album marked their transition from a band that primarily played in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States to a nationwide touring act. The group's next full-length, *OK to Go*, was released in 2004 and was produced by Matt Wallace. In 2008 they followed up with the album *Home This Year*.

The band's original lineup consisted of:

* Andrew Poliakoff - lead vocals, guitar, percussion
* Steve Dawson - lead vocals, guitar
* Paul Ottinger - keyboards, percussion, vocals, bass guitar, guitar,
* Jarrett Nicolay - bass guitar, banjo, guitar, vocals, Casio
* John Patrick "JP" - drums, percussion, vocals

Former songwriter and lead guitarist Steve Dawson left the band in late 2003. Dawson was a significant contributor to the band's first three albums, singing lead vocals on approximately half the band's released tracks. In February 2007, VACO announced the departure of another founding member, John Patrick. Steve Dawson re-joined the band for concerts in early 2011.

In recent years the following musicians have joined the band live for occasional concerts:

* Adam Dawson - drums
* Eli Staples - keyboards
* Jay Starling - lap steel guitar

## Discography

## InfoBox

| Virginia Coalition | |
| --- | --- |
| Andy Poliakoff, lead vocals, guitar for the band Virginia Coalition | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Alexandria, Virginia |
| Genres | Rock, Folk, Go-go |
| Years active | 1997present |
| Labels | Bluhammock (USA) |
|  | |
| Members | Andrew Poliakoff
Steve Dawson
Paul Ottinger
Jarrett Nicolay |
|  | |
| Past members | John Patrick |


title: Virtual sensing

abstract: Virtual sensing techniques, also called soft sensing, proxy sensing, inferential sensing, or surrogate sensing, are used to provide feasible and economical alternatives to costly or impractical physical measurement instrument. A virtual sensing system uses information available from other measurements and process parameters to calculate an estimate of the quantity of interest. In the field of gas sensors, an array of virtual sensors can substitute electronic noses. Virtual gas sensors can be obtained by using a single sensor working in dynamic mode, i.e., working in repeated cycles that include a customized range of temperature, voltage, or both, which is equivalent to an array of real sensors. The choice of the temperature or voltage range depends on the gas type and its concentration.

text:
# Virtual sensing

**Virtual sensing** techniques, also called **soft sensing**, **proxy sensing**, **inferential sensing**, or **surrogate sensing**, are used to provide feasible and economical alternatives to costly or impractical physical measurement instrument. A **virtual sensing** system uses information available from other measurements and process parameters to calculate an estimate of the quantity of interest.

In the field of **gas sensors**, an **array of virtual sensors** can substitute electronic noses. Virtual gas sensors can be obtained by using a single sensor working in dynamic mode, i.e., working in repeated cycles that include a customized range of temperature, voltage, or both, which is equivalent to an array of real sensors. The choice of the temperature or voltage range depends on the gas type and its concentration.


title: Virtual security switch

abstract: A virtual security switch is a software Ethernet switch with embedded security controls within it that runs within virtual environments such as VMware vSphere, Citrix XenDesktop, Microsoft Hyper-V and Virtual Iron. The primary purpose of a virtual security switch is to provide security measures such as isolation, control and content inspection between virtual machines. Virtual machines within enterprise server environments began to gain popularity in 2005 and quickly started to become a standard in the way companies deploy servers and applications. In order to deploy these servers within a virtual environment, a virtual network needed to be formed. As a result, companies such as VMware created a resource called a virtual switch. The purpose of the virtual switch was to provide network connectivity within the virtual environment so that virtual machines and applications could communicate within the virtual network as well as with the physical network. This concept of a virtual network introduced a number of problems, as it related to security within virtual environment, due to only having virtual switching technology within the environment and not security technologies. Unlike physical networks that have switches with access control lists (ACLs), firewalls, antivirus gateways, or intrusion prevention devices, the virtual network was wide open. The virtual security switch concept is one where switching and security have joined forces, so that security controls could be placed within the virtual switch and provide per-port inspection and isolation within the virtual environment. This concept allowed security to get as close as possible to the end points that it intends to protect, without having to reside on the end points themselves. By eliminating the need to deploy host-based security solutions on virtual machines, a significant performance improvement can be achieved when deploying security within the virtual environment. This is because virtual machines share computing resources while physical servers that have dedicated resources. One way of understanding this, is to picture 20 virtual machines running on a dual-CPU server and each virtual server having its own host-based firewall running on them. This would make up 20 firewalls using the same resources that the 20 virtual machines are using. This defeats the purpose of virtualization, which is to apply those resources to virtual servers not security applications. Deploying security centrally within the virtual environment is in a sense one firewall versus 20 firewalls.

text:
# Virtual security switch

A **virtual security switch** is a software Ethernet switch with embedded security controls within it that runs within virtual environments such as VMware vSphere, Citrix XenDesktop, Microsoft Hyper-V and Virtual Iron. The primary purpose of a virtual security switch is to provide security measures such as isolation, control and content inspection between virtual machines.

Virtual machines within enterprise server environments began to gain popularity in 2005 and quickly started to become a standard in the way companies deploy servers and applications. In order to deploy these servers within a virtual environment, a virtual network needed to be formed. As a result, companies such as VMware created a resource called a virtual switch. The purpose of the virtual switch was to provide network connectivity within the virtual environment so that virtual machines and applications could communicate within the virtual network as well as with the physical network.

This concept of a virtual network introduced a number of problems, as it related to security within virtual environment, due to only having virtual switching technology within the environment and not security technologies. Unlike physical networks that have switches with access control lists (ACLs), firewalls, antivirus gateways, or intrusion prevention devices, the virtual network was wide open. The virtual security switch concept is one where switching and security have joined forces, so that security controls could be placed within the virtual switch and provide per-port inspection and isolation within the virtual environment. This concept allowed security to get as close as possible to the end points that it intends to protect, without having to reside on the end points (host-based on virtual machines) themselves.

By eliminating the need to deploy host-based security solutions on virtual machines, a significant performance improvement can be achieved when deploying security within the virtual environment. This is because virtual machines share computing resources (e.g. CPU time, memory or disk space) while physical servers that have dedicated resources. One way of understanding this, is to picture 20 virtual machines running on a dual-CPU server and each virtual server having its own host-based firewall running on them. This would make up 20 firewalls using the same resources that the 20 virtual machines are using. This defeats the purpose of virtualization, which is to apply those resources to virtual servers not security applications. Deploying security centrally within the virtual environment is in a sense one firewall versus 20 firewalls.

## Limitations

Because switches are layer 2 devices that create a single broadcast domain, virtual security switches alone cannot fully replicate the network segmentation and isolation typically employed in a multi-tiered physical network. To address this limitation, a number of networking, security and virtualization vendors have begun to offer virtual firewalls, virtual routers and other network devices to allow virtual networks to offer more robust security and network organization solutions.

## Problem example

Because virtual machines are essentially operating systems and applications packaged into a single file (called disk images), they have now become more mobile. For the first time in history, servers can be moved around, exchanged and shared just like MP3 files shared on the peer-to-peer networks. Administrators can now download pre-installed virtual servers via the Internet to speed up the deployment time of new servers. No longer is it required for an administrator to go through the lengthy software installation process, because these virtual disk images have pre-installed operating systems and applications. They are virtual appliances.

This mobility of server images has now created the potential problem that entire servers can become infected and passed around in the wild. Imagine downloading the latest Fedora Linux Server from a web site like ThoughtPolice.co.uk, installing it and later learning that there was a Trojan horse on that server that later took down your virtual network. This could be catastrophic.

While there is the trust factor that now needs to be taken in account when downloading virtual server images,

The Virtual Security Switch concept is one that monitors your trust decision by providing isolation and security monitoring between virtual machines. A Virtual Security Switch can isolate VM’s from each other, restrict what types of communication is allowed between each other as well as monitor for the spread of malicious content or denial of service attacks.

## History

Reflex Security introduced the industry’s first 10 gigabit Network Security Switch which had a port density to support 80 physical servers connected to it. In 2008, Vyatta began to ship an open source network operating system designed to offer layer 3 services such as routing, firewall, network address translation (NAT), dynamic host configuration and virtual private network (VPN) within and between hypervisors. Since then, VMware, Cisco, Juniper and others have shipped virtual networking security products that incorporate layer 2 and layer 3 switching and routing.

## Further reading


title: Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Plant

abstract: Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Plant (VISL), a unit of Steel Authority of India Limited, is a plant involved in the production of alloy steels and pig iron. It is located in the city of Bhadravathi, India. It was started as the Mysore Iron Works on 18 January 1923 by Nalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar and his Diwan Sir M Visvesvaraya. It is now a steel plant under the jurisdiction of the Steel Authority of India Limited.

text:
# Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Plant

**Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Plant** (VISL), a unit of Steel Authority of India Limited, is a plant involved in the production of alloy steels and pig iron. It is located in the city of Bhadravathi, India. It was started as the *Mysore Iron Works* on 18 January 1923 by Nalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar and his Diwan Sir M Visvesvaraya. It is now a steel plant under the jurisdiction of the Steel Authority of India Limited.

## History

The Iron Works were started by Nalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar, the king of Mysore, under the guidance of his Diwan, Sir M Visvesvaraya. The main objective was to tap the rich iron ore deposits near Kemmanagundi in the Baba Budangiri hills and manufacture pig iron and other products. A preliminary investigation of setting up an iron and steel factory at Bhadravathi was done in 1915-1916. This investigation was done by a New York based firm who explored the possibility of manufacturing pig iron with the use of charcoal fuel. The years 1918-1922 were spent in setting up the factory. To start with, a wood distillation plant for manufacturing charcoal and blast furnace for smelting iron were set up in the factory. Agencies were established in Madras, Ahmedabad and Karachi and a sales office was opened in Bombay. A cast iron pipe plant, open hearth furnace, rolling mills and a cement plant were later added and the name of the factory was changed to *The Mysore Iron and Steel Works*. In 1939, the Shimoga-Talguppa railway line was laid, using wood from the Malnad forests were transported to this plant, to be used as a fuel in its furnaces. In 1952, two electric pig-iron surfaces were installed in the company, thereby making VISL the first iron and steel company in India to use electricity in the smelting of iron ore. In 1962, the name was changed to *The Mysore Iron and Steel Limited* and the factory was converted into a Government company jointly owned by the Government of India and the Government of Karnataka with an equity share ratio of 40:60 respectively. The year 1962 also saw the establishment of a new steel plant which could produce steel using the relatively new L D Process. In order to honour its founder, the company was renamed as *Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Limited* in 1975. In 1989, it was taken over by the Steel Authority of India as a subsidiary entity and in 1998, VISL was merged into SAIL.

## Financials

In the initial years, pig-iron was the main product manufactured here and its production was increased from 4,817 tonnes in 1923 to 20,321 tonnes in 1935. But the increased production could not be turned into a profit-making business and except for the years 1928 and 1929, the company encountered losses during this period. However, the company recovered in the coming years, making a turnover of Rs. 173.13 lakhs and a profit of Rs. 32.21 lakhs in the year 1951. In 1962, the company had a sales turnover of Rs. 638.09 lakhs, earning a profit of Rs. 48.3 lakhs. However, by the year 1970, the company had run into losses, only to recover in the year 1972 to make a profit of Rs. 24.13 lakhs. Mounting losses made SAIL to think of disinvesting VISL and there was also a proposal that it could be taken over by the Indian Defence Ministry since it needed alloy steel, of which VISL was a major producer. However, it remained under SAIL control and encountered a turn around in November 2004 when it started making profits and it has continued to be profitable and has been incurring losses . The losses are in crores for each year

## Raw materials

For the first two years (1923–24), the iron ore required by the company was supplied from the limonite deposits at Chattanahalli near Kumsi. From 1924 onwards, mining operations were started at Kemmanagundi and these yielded good quality of iron ore (58-60% iron content). Limestone, which is used as a flux in the steel making process and dolomite which is used as a refractory material were mined from Bhadigunda mines, near Bhadravathi. Quartz, used in the manufacture of ferrosilicon and pig iron was mined from Bilikalbetta mines, fire clay used in the manufacture of refractories was mined at Shankaragudda hills and black clay used in the manufacture of cement was mined from Umblebylu fields near Bhadravathi.

## Concerns

On 31 July 2003, ten workers in the factory died due to a blast which occurred when leaking water accidentally got mixed with hot molten steel. This questioned the safety measures employed in the plant. It is also alleged that despite employing pollution treatment plants, the effluents discharged from the company is polluting the Bhadra river.

## InfoBox

Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Plant(Part of Steel Authority of India)
| Industry | Iron and Steel |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 18 January 1923 (18 January 1923) |
| Founder | Krishnaraja Vadeyar |
| Headquarters | Bhadravati, Karnataka, India |
| Key people | Surajith Mishra (I/C Executive director) |
| Products | Alloy steels, Pig iron |
| Website | Official website |


title: Vincent Kaufmann

abstract: Vincent Kaufmann is a Swiss sociologist specialized in mobility studies and urban sociology. He is a professor of sociology at EPFL and the head of the Laboratory of Urban Sociology at the School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering.

text:
# Vincent Kaufmann

**Vincent Kaufmann** (born 1969 in Geneva) is a Swiss sociologist specialized in mobility studies and urban sociology. He is a professor of sociology at EPFL (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) and the head of the Laboratory of Urban Sociology at the School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering.

## Career

Kaufman studied sociology at the University of Geneva and received his Licence (Master's degree) in 1992. He joined Michel Bassand at EPFL as a doctoral student to work on urban sociology, in particular on rationalities underlying transport modal practices. He graduated with thesis on "Sociologie de la mobilité urbaine : la question du report modal" in 1998. He continued as a postdoctoral fellow at EPFL's Research Institute of the Built Environment (IREC). He then moved to Lancaster University as an invited lecturer in 2000. In 2001, he became an invited scholar at the Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées in the Laboratoire Techniques, Territoires et Société and continued to investigate perception and modal choice. In 2002, he was made associate professor at the Cergy-Pontoise University.

In 2003, he first became assistant professor at EPFL and was promoted to an associate professor position in 2010. Since 2003 he has been the head of the Laboratory of Urban Sociology at EPFL's School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering.

Since 2011 he is scientific director of the Forum Vies Mobiles in Paris. In 2020, he became associate dean for Education and Knowledge Transfer at EPFL's School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering. As invited lecturer he taught among others at Université du Québec (2008) Radboud University Nijmegen (2010), University of Toulouse-Jean Jaurès (2011), Polytechnic University of Milan (2016), Université catholique de Louvain (2004-2018), and Tongji University in Shanghai (2018).

## Research

Kaufmann's research focuses on motility, the relation of mobility and urban life styles, the links between social and spatial mobility, public policies of land planning and use, and transportation in general. In an interdisciplinary manner he draws both on engineering, architecture and sociology to study the social conditions that produce and shape cities or territories, mainly through the mobility capacities of its actors. His research topics are among others daily mobility, residential history, the dynamics of sub-urbanization and gentrification, public spaces, and network management.

## Selected works

### Journal papers

* Kaufmann, Vincent; Bergman, Manfred Max; Joye, Dominique (2004). "Motility: Mobility as capital". *International Journal of Urban and Regional Research*. **28** (4): 745–756. doi:10.1111/j.0309-1317.2004.00549.x.
* Kaufmann, Vincent (2005). "Mobilités et réversibilités : Vers des sociétés plus fluides ?". *Cahiers Internationaux de Sociologie*. **118**: 119. doi:10.3917/cis.118.0119.
* Flamm, Michael; Kaufmann, Vincent (2006). "Operationalising the Concept of Motility: A Qualitative Study". *Mobilities*. **1** (2): 167–189. doi:10.1080/17450100600726563. S2CID 143987388.
* Pflieger, Geraldine; Kaufmann, Vincent; Pattaroni, Luca; Jemelin, Christophe (2009). "How Does Urban Public Transport Change Cities? Correlations between Past and Present Transport and Urban Planning Policies". *Urban Studies*. **46** (7): 1421–1437. doi:10.1177/0042098009104572. S2CID 152677002.
* Kaufmann, Vincent (2010). "Mobile social science: Creating a dialogue among the sociologies". *The British Journal of Sociology*. **61**: 367–372. doi:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2009.01294.x. PMID 20092504. S2CID 9131697.
* Pattaroni, Luca; Kaufmann, Vincent; Thomas, Marie-Paule (2012). "The Dynamics of Multifaceted Gentrification: A Comparative Analysis of the Trajectories of Six Neighbourhoods in the Île-de-France Region". *International Journal of Urban and Regional Research*. **36** (6): 1223–1241. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427.2011.01042.x.
* Audikana, Ander; Kaufmann, Vincent; Messer, Marc Antoine (2015). "Governing the Geneva Tram Network: Making Decisions without Making Choices". *Journal of Urban Technology*. **22** (4): 103–124. doi:10.1080/10630732.2015.1073897. S2CID 113072686.
* Kaufmann, Vincent; Dubois, Yann; Ravalet, Emmanuel (2018). "Measuring and typifying mobility using motility". *Applied Mobilities*. **3** (2): 198–213. doi:10.1080/23800127.2017.1364540. S2CID 134334184.

### Books

* Kaufmann, Vincent (2000). *Mobilité quotidienne et dynamiques urbaines: La question du report modal*. ISBN 2-88074-432-6.
* Kaufmann, Vincent (2 March 2017). *Re-Thinking Mobility: Contemporary Sociology*. ISBN 9781351903646.
* Kaufmann, Vincent; Ander, Audikana (2017). *Mobilité et libre circulation en Europe - un regard suisse (DROIT)*. ISBN 978-2717869200.
* Kaufmann, Vincent (2011). *Rethinking the City: Urban Dynamics and Motility*. ISBN 9782940222476.
* Viry, Gil; Kaufmann, Vincent (11 August 2015). *High Mobility in Europe: Work and Personal Life*. ISBN 9781137447388.
* Kaufmann, Vincent (2011). *9782880747695*. ISBN 978-2717869200.
* Kaufmann, Vincent; Ravalet, Emmanuel (2019). *L'Urbanisme par les modes de vie: Outils d'analyse pour un aménagement durable*. ISBN 978-2-94-0563-50-0.

## InfoBox

| ProfessorVincent Kaufmann | |
| --- | --- |
| Vincent Kaufmann in 2017 | |
| Born | 1969 (age 5455)
Geneva |
| Citizenship | Swiss |
| Known for | La notion de motilité. L'analyse des modes de vie. L'ètude des mobilités |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Education | Sociology |
| Alma mater | University of Geneva
EPFL |
| Thesis | *Sociologie de la mobilité urbaine: la question du report modal* (1998) |
| Doctoral advisor | Michel Bassand |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Sociology |
| Sub-discipline | Urban sociology |
| Institutions | EPFL (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) |
| Main interests | Mobility
Urban sociology
Land development |
|  | |
| Website | https://www.epfl.ch/labs/lasur/ |


title: Vincent Kane

abstract: Vincent Kane is a Welsh broadcaster and writer, known primarily for his career with the BBC. He was chairman of the Wales Quality Centre, the International Festival of Musical Theatre and the Cardiff Initiative.

text:
# Vincent Kane

**Vincent Kane** OBE (born 1935) is a Welsh broadcaster and writer, known primarily for his career with the BBC. He was chairman of the Wales Quality Centre, the International Festival of Musical Theatre and the Cardiff Initiative.

## Biography

Kane was born in Cardiff in 1935. In 1960, speaking with Mary O'Neill, he won *The Observer* Mace, representing Cardiff University.

Kane is best known for his work as a BBC broadcaster, with whom he worked for almost 36 years. He presented television programmes such as *Wales Today* and *Week in Week Out* and was on radio in *Good Morning Wales* and *Meet For Lunch* (BBC Radio Wales). He has been called "the Jeremy Paxman of Wales" because of his searching interview techniques, though he was already a well-known figure in Wales before Paxman made his name on national television. Kane began as a reporter on *Wales Today* in 1962, and went on to become the first host of *Week in Week Out* in 1964, presenting the weekly current affairs programme. He returned to host *Wales Today* from 1986 to 1993, and eventually left BBC Wales in 1998.

In June 1988 Kane was honoured for services to broadcasting in Wales, becoming an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (OBE). After his retirement from broadcasting, in 1999 BAFTA Wales gave him a Lifetime achievement award for his outstanding contribution to broadcasting.

Kane founded the Wales Quality Centre and, almost 30 years later, retired from the role of chairman in December 2012.

In recent years he published a book on the romantic impulses of older people.

Now in later life, Vincent lives with his wife in Cyprus.


title: Vincent Kosuga

abstract: Vincent W. Kosuga was an American onion farmer and commodity trader best known for manipulating the onion futures market. Public outcry over his practices led to the passing of the Onion Futures Act, which banned the trading of futures contracts on onions.

text:
# Vincent Kosuga

**Vincent W. Kosuga** (January 17, 1915 – January 19, 2001) was an American onion farmer and commodity trader best known for manipulating the onion futures market. Public outcry over his practices led to the passing of the Onion Futures Act, which banned the trading of futures contracts on onions.

## Personal life

The son of a Russian Jew who converted to Catholicism, Kosuga was a devout Catholic. He donated a significant amount of his fortune to the church, and was rewarded with private audiences with three popes.

Kosuga carried a .38 caliber pistol and a billy club with him at all times. He drove stock cars in his spare time and was a licensed pilot. He once survived a plane crash near Oswego, New York when the plane he was flying ran out of fuel mid-flight. He was left in a body cast after the crash, but made a quick recovery.

## Farming

Born and raised in Pine Island, New York, Kosuga owned a 5,000-acre (2,000 ha) black dirt farm where he grew onions, celery, and lettuce. His customers included the U.S. Army and Campbell's soup. He also began trading wheat futures. After an unsuccessful stint trading in which he was brought to the brink of bankruptcy, Kosuga withdrew from commodity trading and at his wife's insistence focused on farming full-time.

## Commodity trading

Kosuga was unable to leave trading behind permanently, however, and returned to the commodity market where he began trading onion futures. At the time, onions futures contracts were the most traded product on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, accounting for 20% of its trades in 1955.

He soon began splitting his time between New York and Chicago, where he traded on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange several days a week. In Chicago, he was a very successful trader. He lavished expensive gifts upon his brokers, buying them each a new Buick one year. One of his brokers eventually rose to the position of Chairman of the exchange.

Kosuga sometimes used deceptive practices to manipulate the futures market. He once bribed a weather bureau to issue a frost warning in order to inflate the price of futures contracts that he owned. The weather bureau did issue the warning, though the temperature never fell below 50 °F (10 °C).

### Cornering the onion market

With his partner Sam Seigel, a fellow onion trader and owner of a local produce company, Kosuga embarked upon a scheme to corner the onion futures market. In the fall of 1955, Seigel and Kosuga bought enough onions and onion futures so that they controlled 98 percent of the available onions in Chicago. Millions of pounds of onions were shipped to Chicago to cover their purchases. By late 1955, they had stored 30,000,000 pounds (14,000,000 kg) of onions in Chicago. They soon changed course and convinced onion growers to begin purchasing their inventory by threatening to flood the market with onions if they did not. Seigel and Kosuga told the growers that they would hold the rest of their inventory in order to support the price of onions.

As the growers began buying onions, Seigel and Kosuga purchased short positions on a large amount of onion contracts. They also arranged to have their stores of onions reconditioned because they had begun to spoil. They shipped them outside of Chicago to have them cleaned and then repackaged and re-shipped back to Chicago. The new shipments of onions caused many futures traders to think that there was an excess of onions and further drove down onion prices in Chicago. By the end of the onion season in March 1956, Seigel and Kosuga had flooded the markets with their onions and driven the price of 50 pounds (23 kg) of onions down to 10 cents a bag. In August 1955, the same quantity of onions had been priced at $2.75 a bag. So many onions were shipped to Chicago in order to depress prices that there were onion shortages in other parts of the United States.

Seigel and Kosuga made millions of dollars on the transaction due to their short position on onion futures. At one point, 50 pounds (23 kg) of onions were selling in Chicago for less than the bags that held them. This drove many onion farmers into bankruptcy. A public outcry ensued among onion farmers who were left with large amounts of worthless inventory. Many of the farmers had to pay to dispose of the large amounts of onions that they had purchased and grown.

### Regulatory action

In the aftermath of the crash, many commentators characterized Kosuga's actions as unprincipled gambling. Kosuga was defiant, replying to his critics: "If it's against the law to make money... then I'm guilty". The abrupt change in prices gained the attention of the Commodity Exchange Authority. Soon they launched an investigation and the U.S. Senate Committee on Agriculture and House Committee on Agriculture held hearings on the matter.

Kosuga testified before Congress, and defended his practices under questioning from members of the committee. During the hearings, the Commodity Exchange Authority stated that it was the perishable nature of onions which made them vulnerable to price swings. Then-congressman Gerald Ford of Michigan sponsored a bill, known as the Onion Futures Act, which banned futures trading on onions. The bill was unpopular among traders, some of whom argued that onion shortages were not a crucial issue since they were used as a condiment rather than a staple food. The president of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, E. B. Harris, lobbied hard against the bill. Harris described it as "burning down the barn to find a suspected rat". The measure was passed, however, and President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the bill in August 1958.

After the ban was passed, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange filed a lawsuit in federal court alleging that the ban unfairly restricted trade. After a federal judge ruled against them, they declined to appeal to the Supreme Court and the ban stood.

## Later life

After the futures market was reformed, Kosuga returned to New York full-time and focused on his local business interests and philanthropy. Kosuga opened a restaurant next to his farm called The Jolly Onion Inn, where he served as a chef. The Jolly Onion Inn (later known as Ye Jolly Onion Inn) became one of the most popular restaurants in Orange County.

He became well respected for his philanthropy, and in 1987 was named Pine Island Citizen of the Year by the Pine Island Chamber of Commerce. The Pine Island Chamber of Commerce did not mention Kosuga's manipulation of the onion market in their announcement of his award, nor the other onion farmers his misadventures put out of business. The Pine Island Chamber of Commerce's mission is to increase profits for businesses in the community, as it is not a charity nor a philanthropic organization. After Kosuga died, his widow, Polly Kosuga (1915–2009), continued his philanthropy.

1. "Vincent Kosuga: Individual Record". *familysearch.org*. FamilySearch. December 1, 2010. Retrieved January 2, 2011.
2. Lambert 2010, p. 43
3. Lambert 2010, p. 41
4. Greising & Morse 1991, p. 80
5. Lambert 2010, p. 42
6. Greising & Morse 1991, p. 81
7. Time Staff (July 2, 1956). "COMMODITIES: Odorous Onions". *Time*. Archived from the original on June 16, 2007. Retrieved January 2, 2011.
8. Markham 2002, p. 324
9. Greising & Morse 1991, p. 82
10. Lambert 2010, p. 44
11. Dispatch Staff (October 14, 1987). "Vincent Kosuga name Pine Island Citizen of the Year" (PDF). *Warwick Valley Dispatch*. Warwick, New York. p. 5. Retrieved January 2, 2011.
12. Bedell, Barbara (May 11, 2006). "Kosuga Greenhouse is dedicated at Orange County Arboretum". *Times Herald-Record*. Middletown, New York. Retrieved January 2, 2011.

## Bibliography

* Markham, Jerry (2002), *From J.P. Morgan to the Institutional Investor (1900-1970)*, A Financial History of the United States, vol. 2, New York: M.E. Sharpe, p. 480, ISBN 978-0-7656-0730-0

## InfoBox

| Vincent Kosuga | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1915-01-17)January 17, 1915
Pine Island, New York, U.S. |
| Died | January 19, 2001(2001-01-19) (aged 86)
Goshen, New York, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Onion farmer and commodity trader |
| Known for | Manipulating the onion futures market |


title: Vitrina University

abstract: Vitrina University was a private university founded in 2004 in Tirana, Albania according to the Court Decision no: 32.237. Its licence was revoked by the Albanian government in August 2014. The university had seven faculties, offered 41 programs, and was a member of the Balkan Universities Network.

text:
# Vitrina University

**Vitrina University** was a private university founded in 2004 in Tirana, Albania according to the Court Decision no: 32.237. Its licence was revoked by the Albanian government in August 2014. The university had seven faculties, offered 41 programs, and was a member of the Balkan Universities Network.

## Faculties

* Architecture
* Economy and Tourism
* Educational Sciences
* Engineering
* Law
* Medicine
* Political Sciences

The languages of instruction at Vitrina University were Albanian, English and German. The study programs are compatible with the Bologna system. Thecampus, near the Tirana-Durrës highway, was 20.000 sq.m. It sheltered the Vitrina Formation and Professional Center with about 25 branches and the Vitrina High School with five branches of professional education and a full-time high school plus a part-time one.

## Bachelor programs

* Faculty of Law has a studying program of the first level, organized in three academic years with 180 credits. This studying program aims to provide students the basis professional knowledge in law. Civil Right/Trade Right/Penal Right/Administrative Right
* Faculty of Economy and Tourism aims to prepare skilled specialists in the field of Economy and Tourism. Finance-Banking / Business Management / Tourism Management / Public Administration
* Faculty of Political Sciences aims to graduate skilled specialists in the disciplines of Politics, to employ specialists in the public administration, political organs, in media, etj. Political Sciences / Journalism- Communication / International Relations
* Faculty of Medicine aims to provide full capabilities of reasoning and contemporary treatment of cases and problems, preparing students for a rewarding career in the field of Medicine. General Medicine / Nursing / Stomatology / Pharmacy
* Faculty of Engineering aims at providing qualified specialists in the field of Applied Electronic. Electronic Engineering / Informatics Engineering / Electrical Engineering / Engineering and Telecommunication/ Information and Communication Technology (ITC) / Mechatronics
* Faculty of Education aims at providing qualified specialists in Education. Psychology / Sociology / Pre-School Teacher Education / English Language / Arabic Language and Literature
* Faculty of Architecture aims to provide the future architects with the necessary knowledge related to the field of planning, projecting and maintenance of the construction and not only. Architecture / Building Engineering

## Master study programs

* Faculty of Economy: Master Science in Finance Banking and Professional Master in Managing and Marketing.
* Faculty of Political Sciences: Master Science in Political Communication and Professional Master in Local and Executive \*Administration.
* Faculty of Justice: Master Science in the Civil and Trade Right Professional Master in Penal Right.
* Faculty of Education Sciences: Master Science in Advising Psychology, Master Science in English Language Teaching, Professional Master in General Teaching, Professional Master in Managing the Education Institutions.

## Master Science study programs

* Faculty of Medicine: Master Science in Public Health and Clinic Managing Master Science in Pharmacy and Master Science in Medicine.
* Faculty of Engineering: Master Science in Electronic Engineering Professional Master in Informative Engineering Professional Master in Mechatronics
* Faculty of Architecture: Master Science in Architecture and Master Science in Building Engineering

## Cooperation agreements

Vitrina cooperates with more than 90 national and international partners on joint research, staff and student exchange, and training.

See the selected institutions with which the university cooperates:

41°19′18″N 19°49′08″E / 41.3217°N 19.8190°E / 41.3217; 19.8190

## InfoBox

Vitrina University
| Universiteti Vitrina | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Private |
| Active | May 6, 2009 (2009-05-06)–August 6, 2014 (2014-08-06) |
| Students | 8.000 |
| Location | Tirana, Albania |
| Campus | Suburban |


title: Vive (José José album)

abstract: Vive (Live) is the title of the studio album released by Mexican singer José José in 1974. The main hits of the album were: Vive, Déjame Conocerte and Tú Mi Delirio.

text:
# Vive (José José album)

***Vive*** (Live) is the title of the studio album released by Mexican singer José José in 1974. The main hits of the album were: *Vive, Déjame Conocerte* (Paul Anka's *"Let Me Get To Know You"*) and *Tú Mi Delirio*.

## Track listing

1. Cada Mañana
2. Y Nada Más
3. Es Que Te Quiero
4. Tú Eres Todo Para Mí (You Are The Sunshine Of My Life)
5. Alguien Que Te Extraña
6. Estábamos Juntos
7. Vive
8. Déjame Conocerte (Paul Anka's "Let Me Get To Know You")
9. Tú Mi Delirio
10. Y Háblame
11. Cuando El Amor Se Va De Casa (Cuando O Amor Cambia De Casa)

## InfoBox

| Vive | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by José José | |
| Released | 1974 (México) |
| Recorded | Mexico |
| Genre | Latin pop |
| Label | RCA |
| José José chronology | |
| *Hasta Que Vuelvas*
(1973) ***Vive***
(1974) *Tan Cerca...Tan Lejos*
(1975) | |


title: Virginia State Route 401

abstract: State Route 401 is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. Known as Van Dorn Street, the state highway runs 2.61 miles (4.20 km) from SR 613 at the south city limit of the independent city of Alexandria north to SR 420 within Alexandria.

text:
# Virginia State Route 401

**State Route 401** (**SR 401**) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. Known as **Van Dorn Street**, the state highway runs 2.61 miles (4.20 km) from SR 613 at the south city limit of the independent city of Alexandria north to SR 420 within Alexandria.

## Route description

SR 401 begins at the south city limit of Alexandria, which is located on the north side of the underpass of CSX's RF&P Subdivision. Van Dorn Street continues south as SR 613 into Fairfax County toward its interchange with Interstate 95 (I-95)/I-495 (Capital Beltway) and Franconia. SR 401, which heads north as a four-lane divided highway, has an intersection with Eisenhower Avenue, an eastwest arterial through the industrial southern edge of Alexandria, and has a trumpet interchange with a connector to Eisenhower Avenue and the Van Dorn Street station on the Washington Metro's Blue Line. There is no ramp from the connector to northbound SR 401. The state highway crosses over Norfolk Southern Railway's Washington District and Backlick Run and intersects Edsall Road.

SR 401 continues through a partial cloverleaf interchange with SR 236 (Duke Street) adjacent to now-demolished Landmark Mall. North of SR 236, the state highway becomes an undivided highway, crosses Holmes Run, and begins to closely parallel I-395 (Henry G. Shirley Memorial Highway). SR 401 continues northeast to a point within SR 420's (Seminary Road) overpass of the highway and the latter highway's three-level diamond interchange with I-395. Van Dorn Street continues northeast as an unnumbered street to its end at SR 7 on the boundary between Alexandria and Arlington. Access from Van Dorn Street to SR 420 is provided by a pair of intersections with Kenmore Avenue that lead to a pair of right-in/right-out intersections with the overpassing highway.

## History

SR 401 was assigned to its present location, previously unnumbered, in the early 1980s, but it only ran as far north as SR 236. In the mid-1980s, it was extended to its current terminus at SR 420. Its current route was once part of Fairfax County, and the portion of SR 401 from immediately south of Edsall Road to its southern terminus was part of SR 613 until it was annexed by Alexandria in the 1950s.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Alexandria.

| mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0.00 | 0.00 |

SR 613 south (Van Dorn Street) to I-95 / I-495 (Capital Beltway) Franconia | South city limit of Alexandria; southern terminus |
|  |  | To Eisenhower Avenue  Van Dorn Street Metro Station | Trumpet interchange; no ramp from crossroad to northbound SR 401 |
| 1.05 | 1.69 |
SR 236 (Duke Street) to I-395 | Partial cloverleaf interchange |
| 2.61 | 4.20 |

Van Dorn Street north / Kenmore Avenue to SR 420 (Seminary Road) / I-395 | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Virginia State Route 401KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Route 401 | |
| --- | --- |
| Van Dorn Street | |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by VDOT | |
| Length | 2.61 mi (4.20 km) |
| Existed | early 1980s–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | SR 613 at south city limit of Alexandria |
| Major intersections | SR 236 in Alexandria |
| North end | SR 420 in Alexandria |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Virginia |
| Counties | City of Alexandria |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| SR 400   SR 402 | |


title: Vitalis of Albano

abstract: Vitalis of Albano was a Cardinal and bishop of Albano.

text:
# Vitalis of Albano

**Vitalis of Albano** (died 1127) was a Cardinal and bishop of Albano.

## Life

Vitalis was already cardinal-priest of Santa Balbina at the beginning of 1111.

In February 1111, King Henry V came to Rome to demand his imperial coronation. On 12 February the ceremony took place at St. Peter's Basilica, and during the welcome at the door, Pope Paschal II read out a decree, in which he repudiated lay investiture, and ordered all bishops to surrender their imperial fiefs to the emperor immediately and permanently. The king and the indignant bishops retired to discuss the shocking demand, and, as evening approached, the pope refused the coronation. After Mass, he and the cardinals were taken into custody by Henry's armed troops, and on 16 February, after a battle with the Romans in the Borgo, Henry and his captive prelates departed the city. The pope and sixteen cardinals, including Cardinal Vitalis of S. Balbina, were held captive for sixty-one days, while Henry pressed the pope to agree to his solution to the investiture controversy. On 18 April, at Ponte Mammolo on the Anio River, Vitalis was one of the cardinals who were compelled to sign the papal promise to observe the agreement which Henry had drawn up.

Angry at concessions made to the emperor, several cardinals and bishops prevailed upon Pope Paschal to have a synod to rectify the situation. Vitalis was one of more than one hundred cardinals and bishops who participated in the Lateran council in the following year, on 18–23 March 1112. The "privilege", which granted the emperor the right to invest a newly elected bishop with the ring and the staff of office before he was consecrated by the appropriate church officials, was soundly condemned.

At the Quatuor Temporum of June, September, or December 1116, he was promoted cardinal bishop of the suburbicarian see of Albano. He first subscribes on 21 December 1116.

Pope Paschal II died on 21 January 1118 in the Castel S. Angelo. Because of the danger of factional street fighting, the cardinals took refuge at the Benedictine monastery compound of the Palladium (S. Maria in Pallara) on the Palatine Hill. On 24 January, the cardinals elected Cardinal Giovanni Gaetani, who took the name Gelasius II. Vitalis of Albano was one of his electors. His enthronement was interrupted by the Frangipani faction, who seized the pope and imprisoned him; he was quickly rescued by the Roman people, under the leadership of the Pierleoni faction. On 2 March 1118, as King Henry V entered Rome with his army, demanding his imperial coronation, the papal court fled the city for Gaeta, the pope's home town. Gelasius was consecrated a bishop on 10 March by Cardinals Lambertus of Ostia, Petrus of Porto, and Vitalis of Albano. Vitalis was one of the cardinals who did not follow Pope Gelasius into exile on 2 September, first to Pisa, then to Genoa, and finally to France. Instead, from March until July, he had to contend with the presence of the Emperor Henry V and his antipope Gregory VIII (Maurice Burdinus of Braga) in Rome. When news of the death of Gelasius II at Cluny on 29 January 1119, and the election of Archbishop Guy de Bourgogne of Vienne on 2 February, reached Rome, Vitalis was one of the cardinals at the assembly of cardinals, clergy, and laity that met and confirmed the election of Calixtus II.

Pope Calixtus finally reached Rome on 3 June 1120. Cardinal Bishop Vitalis attended the Roman synod of Pope Calixtus at the Lateran Basilica on 3 January 1121, in which the dissension between Pisa and Genoa over control of the church in Sardinia was debated. He subscribed to papal documents thereafter until 17 April. In mid-July, Calixtus began his tour of southern Italy. He visited the abbey of Montecassino on his way to Benevento, which he reached on 8 August; he then visited Capua, and was back in Rome by mid-December. Vitalis is nowhere mentioned in connection with the trip, nor does he subscribe any of the documents issued during the second half of 1121. He was probably not with the papal court.

On 8 July 1123, Cardinal Vitalis participated in the consecration of a chapel in the church of S. Crisogono in Trastevere.

In 1124, the Cardinal subscribed documents at the Lateran on 1 April and 4 June.

Pope Calixtus II died on 13 December 1124, the feast of S. Lucia. The papal election probably took place on 16 December 1124; the cardinals, probably including Vitalis of Albano, chose Cardinal Teobaldo Boccapecci, Cardinal-priest of S. Anastasia, who chose the name Celestine II. Under threat from the Frangipani faction, Celestine resigned almost immediately on the same day, and Cardinal Lamberto Scannabecchi was uncanonically proclaimed Honorius II.

In 1125, from March to May, Vitalis subscribed documents for Pope Honorius II at the Lateran. He was still subscribing papal documents at the Lateran Palace on 28 March 1126. He died within the next twelve months. His successor was already appointed by 9 March 1127.

## Notes and references

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Vitalis of Albano | |
| --- | --- |
| Cardinal-Bishop of Albano | |
| Church | Roman Catholic Church |
| Appointed | c. 1111 |
| Term ended | c. 1126 |
| Predecessor | Richardus |
| Successor | Matthew of Albano |
| Personal details | |
| Died | 1126 or 1127 |


title: Vlodrop-station

abstract: Vlodrop-station is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is located on the German border, about 5 km (3.1 mi) east of the village Vlodrop, in the municipality of Roerdalen. The hamlet is named after the railway station of Vlodrop, which was located on the Iron Rhine connection between Antwerp, Belgium, and locations in Germany. The location was chosen because the Belgian owners of the railway line could get free land there, and because of the proximity to the border meant that customs officers had extra powers. The station was bombed in 1944, and never rebuilt.

text:
# Vlodrop-station

**Vlodrop-station** (Limburgish and town dialect: **Vlórp-Statie**) is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is located on the German border, about 5 km (3.1 mi) east of the village Vlodrop, in the municipality of Roerdalen.

The hamlet is named after the railway station of Vlodrop, which was located on the Iron Rhine connection between Antwerp, Belgium, and locations in Germany. The location was chosen because the Belgian owners of the railway line could get free land there, and because of the proximity to the border meant that customs officers had extra powers. The station was bombed in 1944, and never rebuilt.

1. "Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021". *Central Bureau of Statistics*. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
2. Stationsweb, *station Vlodrop*, http://stationsweb.brinkster.net/station.asp?station=vlodrop
3. "station Vlodrop". *Stationweb* (in Dutch). Retrieved 25 April 2022.

## InfoBox

| Vlodrop-station | |
| --- | --- |
| Hamlet | |
| Former railway line | |
| Vlodrop-stationLocation in the NetherlandsVlodrop-stationLocation in the province of Limburg in the Netherlands | |
| Coordinates: 51°9′6″N 6°9′0″E / 51.15167°N 6.15000°E / 51.15167; 6.15000 | |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Province | Limburg |
| Municipality | Roerdalen |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.01 km2 (0.004 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 10 |
| Density | 1,000/km2 (2,600/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 6063 |
| Dialing code | 0475 |


title: Vitello (film)

abstract: Vitello is a 2018 animated comedy-drama film directed by Dorte Bengtson in her directorial debut, and co-written by Bengtson and Kim Fupz Aakeson. It is based on a series of children's books by the same name by Aakeson and Niels Bo Bojesen. The voice cast includes Samuel Søby Bang as the titular character and Sidse Babett Knudsen as his mother, along with Bodil Jørgensen, Nicolaj Kopernikus, and Birthe Neumann. Vitello was co-produced by SellOutPictures and Lars von Trier's production company Zentropa Entertainments. It was screened at the 72nd Edinburgh International Film Festival.

text:
# Vitello (film)

***Vitello*** is a 2018 animated comedy-drama film directed by Dorte Bengtson in her directorial debut, and co-written by Bengtson and Kim Fupz Aakeson. It is based on a series of children's books by the same name by Aakeson and Niels Bo Bojesen. The voice cast includes Samuel Søby Bang as the titular character and Sidse Babett Knudsen as his mother, along with Bodil Jørgensen, Nicolaj Kopernikus, and Birthe Neumann.

*Vitello* was co-produced by SellOutPictures and Lars von Trier's production company Zentropa Entertainments. It was screened at the 72nd Edinburgh International Film Festival.

## Voice cast

## Production

Production began in 2017. The animation is based on Aakeson's illustrations in 13 of his books about the boy Vitello.

## Reception

Amber Wilkinson at Eye For Film UK, who gave a positive review for its animation, saying: "Taking the hand-drawn style from the original books, the animation is spare and has an engaging childlike quality, with Vitello's hair and cheeks little more than cheeky scribbles. This is fitting for a film that takes the child's eye view of life, with reactions deliberately skewed to Vitello's perspective."

### Accolades

*Vitello* was nominated for three Robert Awards: Best Children/Youth Film, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Original Song.

## Television adaptation

Vitello was divided into a 13-episode television series released on July 1, 2018, with most of the cast reprise the roles, alongside Dorte Bengtson and Kim Fupz Aakeson also returns.

1. "Vitello | Edinburgh International Film Festival". *www.edfilmfest.org.uk*. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
2. "Vitello". *www.dfi.dk*. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
3. "Vitello (2018) Movie Review from Eye for Film". *www.eyeforfilm.co.uk*. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
4. *Vitello - IMDb*, retrieved 2022-11-11
5. "VITELLO (FEATURE AND TV SERIES)". *trustnordisk.com*. Retrieved 2022-11-11.

## InfoBox

| Vitello | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Dorte Bengtson |
| Written by | Dorte Bengtson
Kim Fupz Aakeson |
| Based on | *Vitello* by Kim Fupz Aakeson and Niels Bo Bojesen |
| Produced by | Anders Berthelsen
Bob Last |
| Edited by | Dorte Bengtson
Bobbie Esra Geelmuyden Pertan |
| Music by | Philippe Boix-Vives |
| Production
companies | Zentropa Entertainments
SellOutPictures |
| Distributed by | Angel Films |
| Release date | * February 1, 2018 (2018-02-01) |
| Running time | 72 minutes |
| Countries | Denmark
United Kingdom |
| Language | Danish |


title: Vocabulary OneSource

abstract: OneSource is an evolving data analysis tool used internally by the Air Combat Command (ACC) Vocabulary Services Team, and made available to general data management community. It is used by the greater US Department of Defense (DoD) and NATO community for controlled vocabulary management and exploration. It provides its users with a consistent view of syntactical, lexical, and semantic data vocabularies through a community-driven web environment. It was created with the intention of directly supporting the DoD Net-centric Data Strategy of visible, understandable, and accessible data assets. OneSource serves developers, integrators, managers, and community of interest (COI) participants as a focus point for searching, navigating, annotating, semantic matching, and mapping data terms extracted from military standards, COI vocabularies, programs of record, and other schemas and data sources. OneSource is based upon a United States Air Force researched and developed triplestore knowledge base architecture, which allows XML Schema, Web Ontology Language, relational database, spreadsheet, and even custom data models to be handled and presented in the same manner. Initial capability was released in 2006. Version 2 was released in 2008 with the previously disjoint matching and mapping capabilities fully integrated for use in a web browser. A brief newsfeed of recent changes in the Namespace dataset is available to the general public.

text:
# Vocabulary OneSource

**OneSource** is an evolving data analysis tool used internally by the Air Combat Command (ACC) Vocabulary Services Team, and made available to general data management community. It is used by the greater US Department of Defense (DoD) and NATO community for controlled vocabulary management and exploration. It provides its users with a consistent view of syntactical, lexical, and semantic data vocabularies through a community-driven web environment. It was created with the intention of directly supporting the DoD Net-centric Data Strategy of visible, understandable, and accessible data assets.

OneSource serves developers, integrators, managers, and community of interest (COI) participants as a focus point for searching, navigating, annotating, semantic matching, and mapping data terms extracted from military standards, COI vocabularies, programs of record, and other schemas and data sources.

OneSource is based upon a United States Air Force researched and developed triplestore knowledge base architecture, which allows XML Schema, Web Ontology Language, relational database, spreadsheet, and even custom data models to be handled and presented in the same manner. Initial capability was released in 2006. Version 2 was released in 2008 with the previously disjoint matching and mapping capabilities fully integrated for use in a web browser.

A brief newsfeed of recent changes in the Namespace dataset is available to the general public.


title: Viviparus contectus

abstract: Viviparus contectus, common name Lister's river snail, is a species of large, freshwater snail with an operculum and a gill, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Viviparidae, the river snails.

text:
# Viviparus contectus

***Viviparus contectus***, common name **Lister's river snail**, is a species of large, freshwater snail with an operculum and a gill, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Viviparidae, the river snails.

## Distribution

This is not a native of the UK. This species is palaearctic in distribution, specifically Europe and western Siberia, including:

## Habitat

This large snail lives in slow flowing rivers and canals which are unpolluted, and which have hard water with many water weeds.

## InfoBox

| *Viviparus contectus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Viviparus contectus* | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Architaenioglossa |
| Family: | Viviparidae |
| Genus: | *Viviparus* |
| Species: | ***V. contectus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Viviparus contectus***
(Millet, 1813) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Contectiana contecta* (Millet, 1813)
*Cyclostoma contectum* (Millet, 1813)
*Cyclostoma viviparum* Draparnaud, 1801
*Helix vivipara* Linnaeus, 1758
*Nerita vivipara* O. F. Müller, 1774
*Paludina contecta* Moquin-Tandon, 1855
*Paludina contecta* Millet, 1813
*Paludina fasciata* (Stein, 1850)
*Paludina listeri* Forbes et Hanley, 1853
*Paludina vivipara* Lamarck, 1835 | |