title: Ugni molinae

abstract: Ugni molinae, commonly known as Chilean guava berry, or strawberry myrtle, is a shrub native to Chile and adjacent regions of southern Argentina. The local Spanish name is murta, and the Mapuche Native American name is "uñi". It is in the same botanical family as the guava, in Myrtaceae. The fruit is sometimes marketed as "Ugniberry", as "New Zealand cranberry" in New Zealand, and the name "Tazziberry" has been trademarked in Australia, but it is not a native plant to these countries.

text:
# Ugni molinae

***Ugni molinae***, commonly known as **Chilean guava berry**, or **strawberry myrtle**, is a shrub native to Chile and adjacent regions of southern Argentina. The local Spanish name is *murta*, and the Mapuche Native American name is *"uñi"*. It is in the same botanical family as the guava, in Myrtaceae.

The fruit is sometimes marketed as "Ugniberry", as "New Zealand cranberry" in New Zealand, and the name "Tazziberry" has been trademarked in Australia, but it is not a native plant to these countries.

## Description

*Ugni* is a shrub from 30 cm to 170 cm tall with evergreen foliage. In some exceptional cases, the shrub can grow up to 3 m in height. The leaves are opposite, oval, 1–2 cm long and 1-1.5 cm broad, entire, glossy dark green, with a spicy scent if crushed. The flowers are drooping, 1 cm diameter with four or five white or pale pink petals and numerous short stamens; the fruit is a small red, white or purple berry 1 cm diameter. In its natural habitat, the Valdivian temperate rain forests, the fruit matures in autumn from March to May.

## History

It was first described by Juan Ignacio Molina (hence its name) in 1782. It was introduced to England in 1844 by the botanist and plant collector William Lobb, where it became a favorite fruit of Queen Victoria. It is also grown as an ornamental plant.

Sometime prior to 1896 *Ugni molinae* was introduced to Robinson Crusoe Island where it became an invasive species colonizing open patches and forming dense brushes.

The fruit is cultivated to a small extent. The usage of the fruit in cuisine is limited to southern Chile where it grows natively as well as in small-scale commercial agriculture in New Zealand. It is used to make the traditional liqueur Murtado that is made of aguardiente and sugar flavoured by conserving *murtas* inside the bottle. It is also used to make jam and the murta con membrillo dessert and in Kuchen.

Considered an invasive species in the Juan Fernandez Islands, the Juan Fernandez Women's Group has led efforts to support local women to harvest to berries and create products to sell with them.

Media related to Ugni molinae at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| *Ugni molinae* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Ugni* |
| Species: | ***U. molinae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ugni molinae***<br>Turcz. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Eugenia ugni* Hook. & Arn. * *Myrtus molinae* Barnéoud ex Gay * *Myrtus ugni* Molina | |


abstract: Warner Bros. International Television Production (WBITVP) is the global television production arm of Warner Bros. Television Group. The division was formed in 2009 to produce original programming or local adaptations of Warner Bros. formats in non-U.S. territories. The company has also acquired numerous production companies including Shed Media in the United Kingdom and BlazHoffski Holding B.V. in the Netherlands and Belgium. In 2014, the company acquired Netherlands-based Eyeworks and its global subsidiaries outside North America in a US$270 million deal, giving Warner Bros. businesses in 15 new territories.

text:
# Warner Bros. International Television Production

**Warner Bros. International Television Production** (**WBITVP**) is the global television production arm of Warner Bros. Television Group.

The division was formed in 2009 to produce original programming or local adaptations of Warner Bros. formats in non-U.S. territories.

The company has also acquired numerous production companies including Shed Media in the United Kingdom and BlazHoffski Holding B.V. (including Dahl TV and BlazHoffski Levy Productions) in the Netherlands and Belgium. In 2014, the company acquired Netherlands-based Eyeworks and its global subsidiaries outside North America in a US$270 million deal, giving Warner Bros. businesses in 15 new territories.

## Warner Bros. International Television Distribution

Warner Bros. International Television Distribution was founded in 1989 after purchasing of Lorimar Telepictures by Warner Communications. It distributes Warner Bros., HBO and Turner content to the international television marketplace (broadcast, pay cable, basic cable, satellite, pay-per-view, subscription video-on-demand, digital platforms, etc.).

## Global divisions

### Australia

Warner Bros. International Television Production Australia (WBITPA) was founded in 2004 as Eyeworks Australia before being rebranded in 2014.

As Eyeworks Australia, shows produced include *Celebrity Splash*, *Being Lara Bingle*, *Gangs of Oz* and *Territory Cops*. Following the rebrand, WBITPA began producing *The Bachelor Australia* from its fourth season, spin-offs *The Bachelorette Australia* from its second season & *Bachelor in Paradise*, as well as *First Dates*, the eighth season of *Who Do You Think You Are?*, *Back in Time for Dinner*, the sixteenth season of *Dancing with the Stars* and *The Masked Singer Australia*.

### New Zealand

WBITVP New Zealand produces some of New Zealand’s most successful entertainment shows including *RuPaul's Drag Race Down Under*, *The Bachelor NZ*, *The Bachelorette NZ*, *The Block NZ*, *Celebrity Treasure Island*, *Glow Up*, *House of Drag* and *The Great Kiwi Bake Off*.

Factual and documentary productions include *Lost and Found*, *David Lomas Investigates*, *All or Nothing: New Zealand All Blacks* and *Heaven and Hell - The Centrepoint Story*.

For more details, see Eyeworks Touchdown.

### Spain

The Spanish subsidiary was acquired as part of the Eyeworks takeover in 2014. Eyeworks España was renamed Warner Bros. International Television Production España in December 2015.

Shows produced by WBITVP España include *Juego de juegos*, based on *Ellen's Game of Games*; *First Dates*, based on the British show of the same name; *Pesadilla en la Cocina*, based on *Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares; ¿Quién quiere ser millonario? (España),* based on the British *Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?*; and *Ven a cenar conmigo*, based on the British *Come Dine with Me*. Along with Mediaset España and Netflix, the company also co-produced *Brigada Costa del Sol*.

### United Kingdom

Established as Shed Productions in 1998, the company was acquired by Time Warner in 2010, before being rebranded as Warner Bros. Television Productions UK in June 2014 (which was later renamed as Warner Bros. Television Studios UK in 2020).

## InfoBox

Warner Bros. International Television Production
|
|  |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| Industry | Television production |
| Founded | 2009 (2009) |
| Headquarters | London, England |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Products | Television programs |
| Parent | Warner Bros. Television Group |
| Subsidiaries | Warner Bros. Television Studios UK
Warner Bros. Television Studios Spain
Warner Bros. Television Studios Australia
Warner Bros. Television Studios Netherlands
Warner Bros. Television Studios New Zealand
Warner Bros. International Television Distribution |
| Website | Official website
Warner Bros Television Division |


abstract:
Trinidad and Tobago Electricity Commission (T&TEC) is the sole retailer of electricity in Trinidad and Tobago. It is responsible for the design, construction, operation and maintenance of the country's electrical transmission and distribution network. The utility supplies electric power to customers on both islands via a single interconnected grid. Electrical energy is widely purchased, metered and fed into the national grid from independent power producers. These producers are the Power Generation Company of Trinidad and Tobago (PowerGen) giving a total of 1,344 MW, Trinidad Generation Unlimited (TGU) giving 720MW and Trinity Power Ltd. giving 225 MW. All power stations in Trinidad and Tobago are fueled by hydrocarbons. T&TEC was formed in 1946 after the merger of independent companies. It supplies over a million residential, municipal, commercial and industrial customers. PowerGen is the largest power generator in Trinidad and Tobago. In 2006, the United States-based Mirant Corporation, facing a severe financial situation, announced that part of Mirant's restructuring efforts includes the intent to sell off their part ownership of PowerGen. Following that announcement, the government of Trinidad and Tobago placed the overall structure of T&TEC and PowerGen under review for future possible amalgamation. At that time the companies T&TEC, Mirant and BP currently owned 51%, 39% and 10% of the PowerGen company respectively. Any possible termination of the Mirant stake was seen as an opportunity to simplify the structure and relationship between the T&TEC and PowerGen companies. Since then Mirant sold its position and the new minority shareholders are MaruEnergy Trinidad L.L.C. which has a 39% shareholding and parastatal NEL Power Holdings Limited which has a 10% ownership. Powergen operates three major power generation plants which are located at Point Lisas, Port of Spain and Penal. The largest generation plant is located at Point Lisas. The generation plants individual capacities are: Point Lisas : 838 Mega Watts
Port-of-Spain : 270 Mega Watts
Penal : 236 Mega Watts Trinidad Generation Unlimited (TGU) is an independently operated parastatal managing a single power plant but is the second largest producer in Trinidad and Tobago. The 720-megawatt (MW) TGU facility is the largest combined-cycle power generation plant in the Caribbean and currently supplies approximately 50% of Trinidad & Tobago's electrical energy. TGU is owned by the National Investment Fund Holding Company Limited (NIF), a parastatal company established by its only shareholder, the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago and is located at the Union Industrial Estate, La Brea, Trinidad and Tobago. Trinity Power Ltd. at Couva in the Point Lisas Industrial Estate is Trinidad's only totally privately owned wholesale power generator and has a capacity of 225 MW. An article in the May 2006 issue of Power Engineering magazine it was announced that G.E would be operating and maintaining the Trinity power plant.
The Trinidad Ministry of Energy and Energy Industries website stated as of November 2020. "Trinity Power Limited (TPL) is owned by US based Carib Power Management LLC, which is a small private independent power an infrastructure company with expertise in the development, acquisition and long term operation of power generation, natural gas exploration, and transportation and infrastructure projects." In December 2020 it was announced that Trinity Power Ltd. is being acquired by ContourGlobal a British International Investment company. Cove Power Station owned by T&TEC and on the smaller island of Tobago was put into operation in October 2009. This 64 MW Wärtsilä natural gas or diesel power plant will reduce transmission losses on electric power transmission underground marine cables between the islands, in addition to upgrading bulk power to Tobago previously provided by T&TEC's old 21 MW Scarborough Power Station which only used diesel fuel. Scarborough is still available for standby use at a capacity of 11 MW.

text:
# Trinidad and Tobago Electricity Commission

**Trinidad and Tobago Electricity Commission** (**T&TEC**) is the sole retailer of electricity in Trinidad and Tobago. It is responsible for the design, construction, operation and maintenance of the country's electrical transmission and distribution network. The utility supplies electric power to customers on both islands via a single interconnected grid. Electrical energy is widely purchased, metered and fed into the national grid from independent power producers. These producers are the Power Generation Company of Trinidad and Tobago (PowerGen) giving a total of 1,344 MW, Trinidad Generation Unlimited (TGU) giving 720MW and Trinity Power Ltd. giving 225 MW. All power stations in Trinidad and Tobago are fueled by hydrocarbons.

T&TEC was formed in 1946 after the merger of independent companies. It supplies over a million residential, municipal, commercial and industrial customers.

**PowerGen** is the largest power generator in Trinidad and Tobago. In 2006, the United States-based Mirant Corporation, facing a severe financial situation, announced that part of Mirant's restructuring efforts includes the intent to sell off their part ownership of PowerGen. Following that announcement, the government of Trinidad and Tobago placed the overall structure of T&TEC and PowerGen under review for future possible amalgamation. At that time the companies T&TEC, Mirant and BP currently owned 51%, 39% and 10% of the PowerGen company respectively. Any possible termination of the Mirant (now Genon) stake was seen as an opportunity to simplify the structure and relationship between the T&TEC and PowerGen companies. Since then Mirant sold its position and the new minority shareholders are MaruEnergy Trinidad L.L.C. (owned by the Japanese multinational - Marubeni) which has a 39% shareholding and parastatal NEL Power Holdings Limited which has a 10% ownership. Powergen operates three major power generation plants which are located at Point Lisas, Port of Spain and Penal. The largest generation plant is located at Point Lisas.

The generation plants individual capacities are:

Point Lisas : 838 Mega Watts Port-of-Spain : 270 Mega Watts Penal : 236 Mega Watts

**Trinidad Generation Unlimited (TGU)** is an independently operated parastatal managing a single power plant but is the second largest producer in Trinidad and Tobago. The 720-megawatt (MW) TGU facility is the largest combined-cycle power generation plant in the Caribbean and currently supplies approximately 50% of Trinidad & Tobago's electrical energy. TGU is owned by the National Investment Fund Holding Company Limited (NIF), a parastatal company established by its only shareholder, the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago and is located at the Union Industrial Estate, La Brea, Trinidad and Tobago.

**Trinity Power Ltd.** at Couva in the Point Lisas Industrial Estate is Trinidad's only totally privately owned wholesale power generator and has a capacity of 225 MW. An article in the May 2006 issue of Power Engineering magazine it was announced that G.E would be operating and maintaining the Trinity power plant. The Trinidad Ministry of Energy and Energy Industries website stated as of November 2020. "Trinity Power Limited (TPL) is owned by US based Carib Power Management LLC, which is a small private independent power an infrastructure company with expertise in the development, acquisition and long term operation of power generation, natural gas exploration, and transportation and infrastructure projects." In December 2020 it was announced that Trinity Power Ltd. is being acquired by ContourGlobal a British International Investment company.

**Cove Power Station** owned by T&TEC and on the smaller island of Tobago was put into operation in October 2009. This 64 MW Wärtsilä natural gas or diesel power plant will reduce transmission losses on electric power transmission underground marine cables between the islands, in addition to upgrading bulk power to Tobago previously provided by T&TEC's old 21 MW Scarborough Power Station which only used diesel fuel. Scarborough is still available for standby use at a capacity of 11 MW.

## InfoBox

Trinidad and Tobago Electricity Commission
| Company type | State-owned enterprise |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Electric utilities |
| Founded | 1946 |
| Headquarters | Port of Spain, Trinidad, Trinidad and Tobago |
| Area served | Republic of Trinidad and Tobago |
| Key people | Curvis Francois (General Manager, since July 2023) |
| Products | Electricity transmission and distribution |
| Website | www.ttec.co.tt |


title: WLXB

abstract: WLXB is a radio station airing a Contemporary Christian music format. Licensed to Bethel, North Carolina, United States, it serves the Greenville-New Bern area.

text:
# WLXB

**WLXB** (98.9 FM) is a radio station airing a Contemporary Christian music format. Licensed to Bethel, North Carolina, United States, it serves the Greenville-New Bern area.

## History

WLXB went on the air in 1989 as WDRP. On 1990-09-03, the station changed its call sign to WVSG, on 1990-10-01 to WDRP, on 2002-09-01 to WIAM-FM, on 2004-05-17 to WNBR-FM, and on 2015-04-27 to WLXB.

From 2004 to 2015, WNBR-FM played classic country as "The Bear", simulcasting WNBB.

## InfoBox

WLXB
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Greenville-New Bern |
| Frequency | 98.9 MHz |
| Branding | K-Love |
| Programming | |
| Format | Contemporary Christian |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Educational Media Foundation |
| History | |
| Former call signs | WDRP (1987–1990)
WVSG (9/1990-10/1990)
WDRP (1990–2002)
WIAM-FM (2002–2004)
WNBR-FM (2004–2015) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 53703 |
| Class | C3 |
| ERP | 11,200 watts |
| HAAT | 149 meters (489 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 35°47′29.00″N 77°22′54.00″W / 35.7913889°N 77.3816667°W / 35.7913889; -77.3816667 |
| Translator(s) | 102.1 W271BT (Rocky Mount) |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | klove.com |


# Pastoral and Environmental Network in the Horn of Africa

The Pastoral and Environmental Network in the Horn of Africa (PENHA) is an international NGO founded in 1989 by professionals from the Horn of Africa to address pastoral and agro-pastoral development from a regional perspective and promote global cross-learning. Headquartered in London, PENHA has offices in Ethiopia and Somaliland and partnerships in Eritrea, Sudan, and Uganda.

PENHA's founding director, Zeremariam Fre, a Global Reconciliation Desmond Tutu Fellow, serves on the Board of Trustees along with other Senior Advisers, including Mitiku Haile from Mekelle University, who won the 2021 World Agriculture Prize. Joanna Lumley, as PENHA's patron, has been a dedicated supporter

## Mission

In 2020, PENHA launched its five-year strategy, Building Sustainable Futures. It focuses on four key areas: (i) policy and advocacy; (ii) program creation; (iii) research; and (iv) consultancy and networking, operating at local, national, regional, and international levels in collaboration with partners. PENHA is also enhancing its efforts with young refugees and asylum seekers in the United Kingdom, examining the connections between migration, climate change, future aspirations, and social integration.

PENHA's primary goals are gender equality, peacebuilding, and community cohesion. According to Danida's appraisal of the 'Women in Africa' regional assistance effort, PENHA has supported women's organizations in Uganda, Sudan, and Somaliland through its Women Economic Empowerment Programme (WEEP)."

## Projects

### Ethiopia

PENHA opened a new office in Addis Ababa in 2020, having had a regional office at Addis Ababa University from 1994-98. PENHA currently works with its partner Tropenbos International on drylands restoration and strengthening livelihoods. Among other activities, in 2022, Ethiopia's first national dryland strategy was endorsed by the government as a result of this collaboration.

From 2018 to 2021, PENHA was part of a research consortium with the Development Planning Unit (DPU) at University College London (UCL), Adigrat University (ADU) in Ethiopia, and the Knowledge Platform on Inclusive Development Policies (INCLUDE), based in the Netherlands. The consortium carried out action research with pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in the Afar Region of Ethiopia as part of the Social Protection for Inclusive Development in Afar (SPIDA) research project, funded by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). The project evaluated existing social protection policies and practices, including the Ethiopian government’s Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP), and explored alternative policy options to help alleviate poverty among the Afar agro-pastoral and pastoral communities, to accelerate the process of livelihood improvement and design ways to achieve inclusive development through social protection measures. The findings were presented at a conference at Adigrat University on 26 November 2017 entitled *SPIDA Conference: Social Protection as a Pathway for Inclusive Development*. The research project has cumulated in a book published in August 2022 by Routledge entitled *Social Protection, Pastoralism and Resilience in Ethiopia: Lessons for Sub-Saharan Africa*.

In collaboration with Pastoralist Concern Association Ethiopia (PCAE), PENHA delivered the ‘Pastoralist Health Extension Project (PHEP)’ in Filtu district of Liban zone in Somali Regional State of eastern Ethiopia between 2001-2005, funded by the National Lottery Community Fund International Grants Programme. This focused mainly "on health system quality improvement and ethno veterinary study on commonly used herbal medicine".

### Somaliland

PENHA's regional office is located in Somaliland's capital, Hargeisa. PENHA is a member of the Somalia NGO Consortium. PENHA is currently working in Berbera with Seawater Greenhouse UK and Aston University on an innovative solar-powered desalination unit in a greenhouse which extracts irrigation water and sea salt and grows vegetables for the benefit of local communities. Its current project is a consortium with the Belmont Forum, funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) on mineral extraction from seawater desalination brine and seawater greenhouse farming (Salt-Mine).

PENHA also works with FAO on *Prosopis juliflora* control and use, with enterprise promotion, in particular on a project entitled “Supporting communities in Somaliland to ‘make *prosopis* make money’ through Cash-For-Work (CFW) and small business development" in Berbera, Odweyne and Burao districts.

PENHA continues to engage with the German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ) on livelihoods and resilience, with a focus on gender and youth. An action plan on *Prosopis juliflora* management, which grew out of GIZ’s regional “Dream Conference” in Ethiopia, provided guidance for policy based on control and use.

PENHA staff contributed a chapter on \`Utlisation of *Prosopis juliflora* in the Horn of Africa: Recent Developments' in a book entitled *Prosopis as a Heat Tolerant Nitrogen Fixing Desert Food Legume: Prospects for Economic Development in Arid Lands* in 2021.

PENHA works with the United Nations Democracy Fund (UNDEF) on "Strengthening Women’s Political Representation in Somaliland", which aims to strengthen the capacity of women’s organisations and leaders and address women’s political marginalisation. Women trained under the project became prominent in the build-up towards elections, with a strong push for a women’s quota in parliament and in local administrations. This follows on from a regional Women's Economic Empowerment programme that PENHA undertook in 2007, funded by the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA).

### Sudan

PENHA collaborates with the Pastoralist Environment Association in Kassala State (PEAKS), the Animal Production and Resource Centre (APRC) and the Khartoum- and Kassala-based universities. Since the early 2000s, PENHA has been working with APRC and PEAKS on the alternative use of *Prosopis juliflora* through conducting evidence-based research to improve the livestock productivity in Sudan and beyond.

With financial support from Global Reconciliation's Desmond Tutu Fellowship Award, PEAKS and PENHA organised a regional conference at the end of 2019 on ‘Enhancing cross-border cohesion and reconciliation among pastoral communities along the borders of Ethiopia, Eritrea and Eastern Sudan’ in Kassala, Eastern Sudan. This was an important opportunity to promote reconciliation efforts, given Kassala’s geographical location near the Eritrean border and engage with women’s cooperatives in eastern Sudan. PENHA is currently exploring collaboration with the Regional Centre for Training and Development of Civil Society to promote community cohesion and conflict prevention among pastoralists and farmers, particularly in border areas.

### Uganda

In Uganda, PENHA works through its Focal Point Person, Elizabeth Katushabe, who represents PENHA at national and international meetings, where PENHA is also a member of the Coalition for Pastoralist Civil Society Organization (COPASCO). In 2019, she was interviewed by a broadcast journalist from BBC World Service TV Smart Money on a story about the business built around the horns of the Ankole long horn cattle. Elizabeth is an Ankole cow conservationist, who advocates on the values of the Ankole cattle and their social, cultural and economic importance among their traditional keepers. Elizabeth has recently been involved in a high level dialogue on managing natural resources in the rangelands, hosted by the Uganda Food Rights Alliance (FRA).

### UK

PENHA collaborated on a global action project in 2014 on \`Food We Want - Sustainable, Local and Fair', funded by the European Union, to support the critical role of sustainable agriculture to ensure food security and environmental protection. The project was implemented by partners in Europe and Africa: Italy, Kenya, Mozambique, Poland, Portugal, Spain and Tanzania and the UK. In 2012, PENHA, in partnership with the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), organised the project launch in London. The official project announcement included a panel discussion on food security with a special focus on African small scale producers. The main aims of the project were to share ideas and solutions and raise public awareness on the future of food.

Currently, PENHA is working on the integration of young asylum seekers and migrants from the Horn of Africa in the county of Kent in the south-east of England, on a programme of work funded by the United Kingdom National Lottery Community Fund.


title: Thionia quinquata

abstract: Thionia quinquata is a species of issid planthopper in the family Issidae.

text:
# Thionia quinquata

***Thionia quinquata*** is a species of issid planthopper in the family Issidae.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Thionia quinquata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nymph stage | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Auchenorrhyncha |
| Infraorder: | Fulgoromorpha |
| Family: | Issidae |
| Tribe: | Thioniini |
| Subtribe: | Thioniina |
| Genus: | *Thionia* |
| Species: | ***T. quinquata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Thionia quinquata***<br>Metcalf, 1923 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Thionia quinata* Brimley, 1938 | |


title: Privileged (TV series)

abstract: Privileged is an American comedy-drama television series that premiered on The CW in the United States and City in Canada from September 9, 2008. The series stars JoAnna Garcia and is based on the 2008 Alloy Entertainment book How to Teach Filthy Rich Girls by Zoey Dean. The series was originally to share the same name as the book, but the name was announced at the upfronts as Surviving the Filthy Rich and later changed again to Privileged on June 24, 2008. It was produced by Alloy Entertainment in association with Warner Bros. Television with executive producers Rina Mimoun, Bob Levy and Leslie Morgenstein. Michael Engler directed the pilot. On May 19, 2009, The CW cancelled the series of Privileged after one season.

text:
# Privileged (TV series)

***Privileged*** is an American comedy-drama television series that premiered on The CW in the United States and City in Canada from September 9, 2008. The series stars JoAnna Garcia and is based on the 2008 Alloy Entertainment book *How to Teach Filthy Rich Girls* by Zoey Dean. The series was originally to share the same name as the book, but the name was announced at the upfronts as *Surviving the Filthy Rich* and later changed again to *Privileged* on June 24, 2008. It was produced by Alloy Entertainment in association with Warner Bros. Television with executive producers Rina Mimoun, Bob Levy and Leslie Morgenstein. Michael Engler directed the pilot.

On May 19, 2009, The CW cancelled the series of *Privileged* after one season.

## Plot

Twenty-three-year-old Megan Smith (JoAnna Garcia) has a Yale education, a relentlessly positive attitude, and a plan to conquer the world of journalism, despite the fact that she is slaving away at a tabloid rag. Megan's plan is thrown off course when, in one whirlwind day, she gets fired, meets cosmetics mogul Laurel Limoges (Anne Archer), and becomes the live-in tutor for Laurel's twin teen granddaughters in heady Palm Beach, Florida, a world of wealth and power. The girls, Rose (Lucy Hale) and Sage (Ashley Newbrough), are beautiful, rebellious, and less-than-thrilled with their new tutor, but Megan is determined to win them over as she enjoys the perks of her new job: breathtaking private suite, gorgeous convertible, and live-in chef Marco (Allan Louis). Even the neighbors are fabulous in Palm Beach and Megan quickly catches the eye of Will (Brian Hallisay), the wealthy and attractive dilettante who lives on the estate next door and just happens to be dating Megan's estranged sister, Lily (Kristina Apgar). Completing this romantic quadrangle is Megan's best friend Charlie (Michael Cassidy), who is secretly in love with her. Despite her own complicated romantic and family relationships, Megan is committed to making a difference in the lives of her two headstrong charges as she navigates the treacherous waters of high society in Palm Beach.

## Cast

## Episodes

The CW was pleased with the show's initial performance, and in November 2008, extended its original season on order by five episodes, bringing the episode total up to eighteen.

The show's original timeslot was Tuesdays at 9 p.m., where The CW aired the first ten episodes. The next two episodes of *Privileged* were tested in a new timeslot, on Mondays, December 1 and 8, 2008, at 9 p.m. However, those episodes were also rebroadcast the following night at 9 p.m./ET, in the show's usual time slot, and *Privileged* continued midseason in the same Tuesday timeslot beginning January 6, 2009. The first season ended with the caption "To be continued ..." However, on May 19, 2009, The CW announced that they would not be renewing *Privileged* for a second season.

| No. | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | U.S. viewers
(millions) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Pilot" | Michael Engler | Rina Mimoun | September 9, 2008 (2008-09-09) | 2.64 |
| After losing her apartment in a fire and getting sacked from her job at a tabloid paper for not following instructions, Megan Smith, a recent Yale graduate, learns from her editor (Debi Mazar) that mogul Laurel Limoges might be willing to offer her a job: tutoring her two snobby, stuck-up billionaire twin granddaughters so they can get into Duke. Megan accepts the offer, but soon realizes that her new students, Sage and Rose, have no interest in their education. Instead, she meets her neighbor, Will, and goes out on a date with him before Sage calls her asking for her signature on a waiver so she and Rose can be photographed in skimpy bikinis. Megan refuses, so Sage lies to her grandmother and gets her tutor fired. A furious Megan tears into them both: Laurel for neglecting her grandchildren and Sage for wasting her potential and not letting Rose achieve hers. Impressed, Laurel gives Megan a contract protecting her job for the next six months and invites her to a gala that evening. There, Megan runs into her estranged sister Lily, who Sage secretly invited as she feels jealous that Rose looks up to Megan as a big sister. | | | | | | |
| 2 | "All About Honesty" | Michael Engler | Rina Mimoun | September 16, 2008 (2008-09-16) | 2.43 |
| Megan is ecstatic to be attending a gala event where Laurel introduces her to several influential individuals. However, the event turns sour when Megan gets into a heated argument with Lily, which drives a wedge between her and Laurel as the latter is annoyed that Megan lied to her about having a sister. Rose spots her ex-boyfriend Max with another girl, so to help her, Sage gets Megan's friend Charlie to pose as Rose's new boyfriend. Unfortunately, the sisters crash their car while driving back, and since neither has a license, Megan gets a ticket for letting them drive unsupervised. Laurel is upset that Megan was too busy helping another student to keep an eye on the girls, so they come to an arrangement: Megan asks Laurel to give her a formal interview for the tutoring job, and to dismiss her if it goes poorly. Max gets back together with Rose, but when Megan realizes that Sage dislikes Max and only helped Rose to spite her, they argue and Sage tells Megan that she's a hypocrite for treating Lily like she's better than her. In response, Megan calls Lily to patch things up, only to see her and Will sharing a kiss on the beach. | | | | | | |
| 3 | "All About What You Really, Really Want" | Nick Marck | Anna Fricke | September 23, 2008 (2008-09-23) | 1.80 |
| After Rose is told that she must repeat her freshman year of high school due to poor grades, Megan visits the headmaster and tries to get her a second chance. However, a connection sparks between the headmaster and Megan and she later accepts a date with him—causing Charlie to feel jealous. | | | | | | |
| 4 | "All About the Power Position" | David Paymer | Rina Mimoun and Christopher Fife | September 30, 2008 (2008-09-30) | 1.87 |
| Megan is shocked when she finds an adult DVD in Rose's bookbag, but even more shocked when Rose reveals that she is not a virgin and is planning on having sex with her current boyfriend. Meanwhile, Sage invites Lily out to a restaurant to dig up dirt on Megan and the two end up drinking together, something that infuriates Megan. Finally, Megan is worried when she thinks that Jacob might be losing interest in her. | | | | | | |
| 5 | "All About Friends and Family" | Joanna Kerns | Michael Reisz | October 7, 2008 (2008-10-07) | 2.29 |
| Laurel gives Megan the task of chaperoning the twins' pool party, thus forcing her to cancel plans for a spa weekend with Jacob. Meanwhile, Charlie confesses to Marco that he is in love with Megan, and Megan is convinced by Rose to invite Lily to the pool party but when things start to go wrong when Rose's tennis bracelet gets stolen and Megan blames Lily. Lauren Conrad guest stars as herself. | | | | | | |
| 6 | "All About Appearances" | Janice Cooke-Leonard | Christopher Fife | October 21, 2008 (2008-10-21) | 1.45 |
| Megan's relationship issues with the opposite sex reach a new level when she realizes that Jacob is still interested in his ex-girlfriend and Charlie decides to put the brakes on their friendship. Meanwhile, Laurel is persuaded by Megan to include Sage and Rose in her marketing campaign. | | | | | | |
| 7 | "All About the Haves and the Have-Nots" | Liz Friedlander | David Babcock | October 28, 2008 (2008-10-28) | 1.91 |
| Megan finally decides to reunite with her father and invites him over for dinner at the mansion. Meanwhile, Lily is caught by Sage in a compromising position, and Charlie and Megan's friendship may be over after the two have a major confrontation. | | | | | | |
| 8 | "All About Defining Yourself" | Paul Lazarus | Jenny Lynn | November 4, 2008 (2008-11-04) | 1.85 |
| Megan discovers surprising information about Laurel's past. Meanwhile, Sage and Rose get a publicist to help them with their fame and popularity. | | | | | | |
| 9 | "All About Insecurities" | Michael Engler | Scott Weinger | November 11, 2008 (2008-11-11) | 1.85 |
| Sage and Rose's publicist gets them gigs at the opening of a hot nightclub, where Rose sings and Sage plays the guitar. Megan's friend from college, Caryn, comes to visit and suggests that she writes an exposé on life in Palm Beach, an idea which Megan rejects. Will invites Megan and Caryn to a tennis match he has been hired to photograph, but Megan accidentally tells his boss about Will's family's wealth, something he had been keeping hidden at work. | | | | | | |
| 10 | "All About Overcompensating" | Norman Buckley | Michael Reisz | November 18, 2008 (2008-11-18) | 1.54 |
| Megan and Will finally begin dating, but the relationship faces early challenges when Megan discovers that Will is dating other women at the same time. Meanwhile, Rose begins to go to extreme measures to maintain good grades after doing badly on an English exam. | | | | | | |
| 11 | "All About Love, Actually" | Michael Engler | Margaux Froley | December 1, 2008 (2008-12-01) | 2.20 |
| Megan decides to punish Rose for planning to cheat on her final by grounding her. Meanwhile, Laurel rekindles an old flame, Charlie has doubts about living with Mandy, and Marco gets a new partner in the kitchen. | | | | | | |
| 12 | "All About the Ripple Effect" | Ron Lagomarsino | David Babcock and Rina Mimoun | December 8, 2008 (2008-12-08) | 1.90 |
| Just as she's finally beginning to adjust to having a relationship with her father, Megan receives an unexpected visit from her mother. Meanwhile, Sage fights her feelings for Luis, and Will finds it difficult to comprehend Megan's family issues. | | | | | | |
| 13 | "All About What Lies Beneath" | Liz Friedlander | Anna Fricke | January 6, 2009 (2009-01-06) | 1.67 |
| Megan finally confronts her mother without any sugarcoating about how she really feels about being abandoned. Meanwhile, Sage and Rose plan a charity event for Cuban refugees as an excuse for Sage to spend more time with Luis. Also, Charlie goes back to school, but Mandy becomes jealous when she learns that he will be studying with Megan. Finally, Megan learns that Lily is being held in prison. | | | | | | |
| 14 | "All About Tough Love" | David Paymer | Rina Mimoun and Christopher Fife | January 13, 2009 (2009-01-13) | 1.12 |
| Upon learning that Lily is in prison, Megan rushes to her aid and discovers the reasoning behind her sister's imprisonment. Nonetheless, Will offers to bail Lily out, but Arthur refuses the help as a means to teach his daughter a lesson. Meanwhile, Rose aids Sage in picking out an expensive gift for Luis, but his reaction is nothing like what the twins had anticipated. | | | | | | |
| 15 | "All About the Big Picture" | Michael Schultz | Natasha Gaty | January 20, 2009 (2009-01-20) | 1.61 |
| Will encourages Megan to distance herself from her family's problems and introduces her to his parents. Meanwhile, Rose and Zachary encounter a bump in their relationship when he discovers a picture of her, Sage, Pete Wentz, and Max, Rose's ex, hanging out at a nightclub. | | | | | | |
| 16 | "All About Confessions" | David Paymer | Jenny Lynn | February 3, 2009 (2009-02-03) | 1.65 |
| Charlie tells Megan he's going to school in California and kisses her after revealing his feelings for her. Later, Will angrily confronts Charlie at his going-away party after learning what happened and the two come to blows. Elsewhere, Rose uncovers a family secret when she is approached by Miles' daughter, Elyse; and Sage fears Luis will be disappointed to learn she's a virgin, until she discovers he's deeply religious and thus does not believe in pre-marital sex. Luis also invites Sage to church, which causes her to relive her grief over her parents' death and leads to a startling confession. | | | | | | |
| 17 | "All About Betrayal" | Ron Lagomarsino | Scott Weinger and David Babcock | February 10, 2009 (2009-02-10) | 1.40 |
| Will's father starts a magazine based on Megan and Will's idea, but the pair finds the editor-in-chief difficult to please; Marco goes to drastic measures to win Keith back, but he learns that Keith is now dating a longtime friend; Rose discovers the truth about the identity of her real grandfather, and, along with Sage, they confront Laurel; and Sage confesses her own secret that affects her relationship with Rose dramatically. | | | | | | |
| 18 | "All About a Brand New You" | David Paymer | Rina Mimoun | February 24, 2009 (2009-02-24) | 1.52 |
| In the season finale, as Marco and Keith plan for their wedding, Rose and Sage's relationship takes a bad turn when Rose decides to ditch their annual plans for spring break and Sage becomes upset. Zachary too feels that Rose is changing rather quickly, and worries about the future of their relationship. Megan and Will break up after a fight, but Will soon recants. In the final scene, Megan wakes up the next day after Marco and Keith's wedding and discovers she had a one-night stand with a random guy just as Will arrives to meet with her.
Kathy Griffin guest stars as Marco and Keith's wedding planner. | | | | | | |

## Streaming

The series is available to stream on Tubi in the US.

## InfoBox

| *Privileged* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Comedy drama |
| Based on | *How to Teach Filthy Rich Girls*
by Zoey Dean |
| Developed by | Rina Mimoun |
| Starring |  |
| Composer | Joey Newman |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 18 |
| Production | |
| Executive producers |  |
| Producers | * Peter Burrell * Michael Reisz |
| Production location | Malibu, California |
| Running time | 42 minutes |
| Production companies |  |
| Original release | |
| Network | The CW |
| Release | September 9, 2008 (2008-09-09)
February 24, 2009 (2009-02-24) |


title: Ubaidullah Barzani

abstract: Ubaidullah Barzani was an Iraqi Kurdish politician, and the eldest son of the Kurdish leader Mustafa Barzani. He was born in 1927, and was his father's right-hand man. He was imprisoned in Basra from 1947 to 1955 after the failure of a rebellion led by his father against the Iraqi government. He was then detained in Baghdad for the period from 1955 to 1958. He was released after the, 14 July revolution in 1958. He defected from his father in 1973, and supported the Iraqi government's plan to declare an autonomous region in northern Iraq.

text:
# Ubaidullah Barzani

**Ubaidullah Barzani** was an Iraqi Kurdish politician, and the eldest son of the Kurdish leader Mustafa Barzani.

He was born in 1927, and was his father's right-hand man. He was imprisoned in Basra from 1947 to 1955 after the failure of a rebellion led by his father against the Iraqi government. He was then detained in Baghdad for the period from 1955 to 1958. He was released after the, 14 July revolution in 1958. He defected from his father in 1973, and supported the Iraqi government's plan to declare an autonomous region in northern Iraq.

## New Party

He joined the new Kurdistan Democratic Party, which was founded by Hashem Aqrawi and Aziz Aqrawi. He was appointed as Minister of State in the Iraqi government in 1974 during the rule of President Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, and continued in his position in the Iraqi government during Saddam Hussein's rule, but was executed in the early 1980s.

## InfoBox

| Ubaidullah Barzani | |
| --- | --- |
| عبيد الله مصطفى بارزاني | |
| Born | 1927<br>Barzan, Iraq |
| Died | 1980 |
| Cause of death | Execution |
| Citizenship | Iraqi |
| Employer | Minister of State (1974 - 1980) |
| Father | Mustafa Barzani |
| Family | Barzani Family |


# Water polo at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Men's team squads

The following is the list of squads that took part in the men's water polo tournament at the 1968 Summer Olympics.

## Brazil

The following players represented Brazil:

## Cuba

The following players represented Cuba:

## East Germany

The following players represented East Germany:

## Egypt

The following players represented Egypt:

## Greece

The following players represented Greece:

## Hungary

The following players represented Hungary:

## Italy

The following players represented Italy:

## Japan

The following players represented Japan:

## Mexico

The following players represented Mexico:

## Netherlands

The following players represented the Netherlands:

## Soviet Union

The following players represented the Soviet Union:

## Spain

The following players represented Spain:

## United States

The following players represented the United States:

## West Germany

The following players represented West Germany:

## Yugoslavia

The following players represented Yugoslavia:


title: Tritonoharpa ponderi

abstract: Tritonoharpa ponderi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cancellariidae, the nutmeg snails.

text:
# Tritonoharpa ponderi

***Tritonoharpa ponderi*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cancellariidae, the nutmeg snails.

## InfoBox

| *Tritonoharpa ponderi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Cancellariidae |
| Genus: | *Tritonoharpa* |
| Species: | ***T. ponderi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tritonoharpa ponderi***<br>Beu & Maxwell, 1987 | |
|


title: WLXC

abstract: WLXC is an urban adult contemporary radio station licensed to Columbia, South Carolina that serves the Columbia, South Carolina market. The Cumulus Media outlet is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to broadcast with an ERP of 6 kW. The station goes by the name Kiss 103.1 and its current slogan is "Columbia’s Best Variety of R&B."Its studios are located at the Tower building in Downtown Columbia, South Carolina and the transmitter is in Columbia northeast of downtown.

text:
# WLXC

**WLXC** (103.1 FM) is an urban adult contemporary radio station licensed to Columbia, South Carolina that serves the Columbia, South Carolina market. The Cumulus Media outlet is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to broadcast with an ERP of 6 kW. The station goes by the name **Kiss 103.1** and its current slogan is "Columbia’s Best Variety of R&B."Its studios are located at the Tower building in Downtown Columbia, South Carolina and the transmitter is in Columbia northeast of downtown.

## History

103.1 FM was allocated to Columbia beginning in 1976. The construction permit for the 3 kW. station was awarded in June of that year to MIDCOM Corporation, a group made up of Rev. I. DeQuincey Newman, J.E. Dickson, Bob Parnell, & Bob Cook. Construction for the station was held up for several years by appeals filed by Nuance Corp, the owners of crosstown AM Urban Contemporary outlet WOIC and one of the dismissed applicants for the proposed FM.

Eventually, the FCC sided with a lower court, approving the station to be licensed to MIDCOM in October 1981. Finally in 1982, the station hit the air as WDPN with an Urban Contemporary and Jazz music format with its studios and tower located in the Columbia suburb of Dentsville.

Ratings for the new outlet were at a 4.2 in its first Arbitron ratings period. However, the station was overshadowed not only by the well-established WOIC, but competition from Sumter-based FM Urban Contemporary outlet WWDM, which became the dominant Urban outlet in the market. By 1985, WDPN was acquired by WOIC's parent company, Nuance Corporation and WDPN's studios were moved into WOIC's facility at 910 Comanche Trail in West Columbia. Ratings for both stations began to decline.

In early 1986, both WPDN and WOIC were acquired by Alpha Communications. a group headed up by legendary air personality Chuck Dunaway (of WABC and KLIF fame). WOIC was left Urban, while WDPM changed to Top 40/Crossover as "C-103" under the new call letters of WMMC. Almost overnight, the station's ratings increased. By early 1987, the station had evolved more toward a mainstream CHR format.

By early 1988, what gains that C-103 had made were slowly being eroded by rival CHRs WNOK and new upstart WYYS (now WLTY). The station was sold to Price Broadcasting, which changed the station's call letters to WPRH and the handle to "Power 103" on May 2, but kept the previous Top 40 format. This move did not work as the station's ratings spiraled downward within a year's time.

On April 15, 1989, after a week where the station experimented with a brief Album Rock format, Magic 103.1 was born, taking the new call letters of WOMG. This was the market's first FM Oldies station since WWGO's (now WMFX) attempt 3 years prior (WODE, later known as WPCO), was doing Oldies on AM during this time, but would change formats by the end of the year). At the start, Magic 103.1 was more focused on music from 1956 through 1968, but as time moved on, music from the 1970s were added into the format as well.

In February 1991, after the station had experienced a significant dip in the ratings, the station reimaged itself as Oldies 103, focusing on the music from 1964 to 1973. The basic format has remained ever since, although in recent years, music from the late 70s was re-added into the format.

In 1997, after years of planning and delays, the station was finally able to increase its power from 3 kW. to 6 kW.. This move solidified its signal coverage in the Columbia metro area. However, even with its new wattage, and Gamecock Basketball and Baseball rights, the station's power makes it inaccessible to western Lexington County, into Calhoun and Orangeburg; WQKI-FM in Rowesville, South Carolina blocks its signals. Those complaints led to Citadel Broadcasting moving the WNKT tower from St. George to Eastover, changing its market, and flipping that station to a sports station in order to carry Gamecock sports to a more accessible area.

On April 1, 2008, Citadel Broadcasting moved the urban contemporary format from 98.5 FM to 103.1 FM. The Oldies format then heard on 103.1 FM moved to 98.5 FM, along with the WOMG calls. The WLXC calls were moved to 98.5 FM.

Citadel merged with Cumulus Media on September 16, 2011.

34°3′5″N 81°0′7″W / 34.05139°N 81.00194°W / 34.05139; -81.00194

## InfoBox

WLXC
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Columbia, South Carolina |
| Frequency | 103.1 MHz |
| Branding | *Kiss 103.1* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Urban adult contemporary |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |  |
| Sister stations | WISW, WOMG, WNKT, WTCB |
| History | |
| First air date | 1982 (as WPDN) |
| Former call signs | WPDN (1982–1986)
WMMC (1986–1988)
WPRH (1988–1989)
WOMG (1989–2008) |
| Call sign meaning | Lexington (98.5 FM's city of license) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 54794 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | 6,000 watts |
| HAAT | 94 meters (309 feet) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 34° 03' 05" N, 81° 00' 07" W |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen live |
| Website | kiss-1031.com |


title: Troubadour (horse)

abstract: Troubadour was an American Thoroughbred Champion racehorse. Bred in Kentucky by A. J. Alexander's Woodburn Stud, he was sired by Lisbon, a son of the imported British stallion Phaeton who in turn was a son of two-time Leading sire in Great Britain and Ireland, King Tom. His dam was Glenluine, a daughter of U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee Lexington who was the Leading sire in North America sixteen times and prepotent sire of the second half of the 19th century.

text:
# Troubadour (horse)

**Troubadour** (1882 – January 16, 1906) was an American Thoroughbred Champion racehorse. Bred in Kentucky by A. J. Alexander's Woodburn Stud, he was sired by Lisbon, a son of the imported British stallion Phaeton who in turn was a son of two-time Leading sire in Great Britain and Ireland, King Tom. His dam was Glenluine, a daughter of U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee Lexington who was the Leading sire in North America sixteen times and prepotent sire of the second half of the 19th century.

## Racing career

### 1884: two-year-old season

Troubadour was sold as a yearling to Daniel Swigert for $400 who raced him at age two but after winning once, Swigert sold him to Col. Milton Young of McGrathiana Stud for $7,500.

On May 17, 1884 Troubadour ran second in the Alexander Stakes at the Louisville Jockey Club track and a week later finished out of the money in the track's Tennessee Stakes. He won the June 6 Sensation Stakes at Latonia Race Track and the Criterion Stakes at the Chicago Driving Park on June 26. On July 1, Troubadour ran third in the Kenwood Stakes at Washington Park Race Track in Chicago and ran second in a race for two-year-olds at the Saratoga Race Course on August 22 then won there again five days later. Troubadour returned to Kentucky to compete at the Louisville Jockey Club track where he won on September 25 and scored two more wins in October at Latonia Race Track, taking the Kimball Stakes and the Barrett Stakes.

Although inconsistent throughout most of 1884, Troubadour ended the year having won seven of his fourteen starts.

### 1885: three-year-old season

Troubadour made twenty-one starts at age three. He won five times, including the St. Leger Stakes at St. Louis, Missouri by twenty lengths, On December 19, 1885, owner Milton Young sold off his entire racing stable at an auction in Lexington, Kentucky and Troubadour was sold to W. L. Cassidy of St. Louis. He was then soon sold to Samuel S. Brown, a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania coal mining magnate and the prominent owner/breeder of Senorita Stud Farm near Lexington, Kentucky.

### 1886: four-year-old season

Under his new owner, Troubadour's race conditioning was taken over by future Hall of Fame trainer, John W. Rogers. On June 1, 1886 Troubadour won a race at Latonia then was sent to Brooklyn, New York where on June 10 he won the most important race of his career at Sheepshead Bay Race Track, easily defeating a large and strong field in the Suburban Handicap. On June 29, in a special mile and a quarter race at Sheepshead Bay, he beat the great Miss Woodford by half a length. After injuring a leg, Troubadour did not race again that year. In spite of his limited number of races, his dominating performances led to Troubadour being retrospectively rated American Champion Older Male Horse honors for 1886.

### 1887: five-year-old season

Racing at age five in 1887, in the June 21 Coney Island Stakes at Sheepshead Bay Race Track, Troubadour finished second to A. J. Cassatt's outstanding runner, The Bard. In their ensuing two meetings at Monmouth Park Racetrack in Long Branch, New Jersey, Troubadour defeated The Bard in the 1⅛ miles Ocean Stakes on July 4 and then again on July 14 in the 1¾ miles Monmouth Cup. In the Freehold Stakes on August 4, Troubadour suffered a career-ending injury while finishing third to The Bard and runner-up, Barnum. On August 13, Capt. Brown announced the horse was being retired to stud at his Lexington, Kentucky farm.

## Stud record

As a stallion, Troubadour notably sired Lookout (b. 1890), winner of the 1893 Kentucky Derby. In addition, in 1890 he sired a homebred for Samuel Brown named Daily America who won the 1893 Lawrence Realization Stakes. Through his daughter, Ethel Pace, Troubadour was the damsire of Leonardo II, winner of the 1921 Withers Stakes.

Troubadour died at Senorita Stud Farm at age twenty-four on January 16, 1906.

## InfoBox

| Troubadour | |
| --- | --- |
| Sire | Lisbon |
| Grandsire | Phaeton |
| Dam | Glenluine |
| Damsire | Lexington |
| Sex | Stallion |
| Foaled | 1882 |
| Country | United States |
| Colour | Dark Bay |
| Breeder | Woodburn Stud |
| Owner | Daniel Swigert
Col. Milton Young
Samuel S. Brown |
| Trainer | John W. Rogers |
| Record | 40 starts-17 wins |
| Earnings | US$ |
| Major wins | |
| Suburban Handicap (1886)
Ocean Stakes (1887)
Monmouth Cup (1887) | |
| Awards | |
| American Champion Older Male Horse
(1886, 1887) | |


title: Five Crows

abstract: Five Crows, also known as Hezekiah, Achekaia, or Pahkatos, was a Cayuse Indian chief. His principal rival for the role of Head Chief of the Cayuse was Young Chief (Weatenatemany). Five Crows was the maternal half-brother of Tuekakas, Old Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce, and the brother-in-law of Peopeomoxmox. The richest of the Cayuse chiefs with over 1,000 horses, he was ruined financially by the Cayuse War that followed the 1847 Whitman Mission killings. Although he was not involved in the killings, he took one of the mission hostages, Lorinda Bewley, as his wife. After he was wounded in the Cayuse War the Nez Perce under Tuekakas nursed him back to health. Five Crows was popular with the Cayuse people and spoke often at the treaty council. Five Crows died in Pendleton, Oregon at age 70 and his body was found near Athena, Oregon.

text:
# Five Crows

**Five Crows**, also known as Hezekiah, Achekaia, or Pahkatos, was a Cayuse Indian chief. His principal rival for the role of Head Chief of the Cayuse was Young Chief (Weatenatemany).

> Five Crows was the maternal half-brother of Tuekakas, Old Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce, and the brother-in-law of Peopeomoxmox. The richest of the Cayuse chiefs with over 1,000 horses, he was ruined financially by the Cayuse War that followed the 1847 Whitman Mission killings. Although he was not involved in the killings, he took one of the mission hostages, Lorinda Bewley, as his wife. After he was wounded in the Cayuse War the Nez Perce under Tuekakas nursed him back to health. Five Crows was popular with the Cayuse people and spoke often at the treaty council.

Five Crows died in Pendleton, Oregon at age 70 and his body was found near Athena, Oregon.


title: This Is America (book)

abstract: This Is America is a 1942 book with text by First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt and photographs by Frances Cooke Macgregor published by G. P. Putnam's and Sons, New York. The title This Is America coincided with the 1942 series of wartime posters by the Sheldon-Claire company of Chicago, "This is America... Keep it Free".

text:
# This Is America (book)

***This Is America*** is a 1942 book with text by First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt and photographs by Frances Cooke Macgregor published by G. P. Putnam's and Sons, New York. The title *This Is America* coincided with the 1942 series of wartime posters by the Sheldon-Claire company of Chicago, "This is America... Keep it Free".

## InfoBox

This Is America
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Eleanor Roosevelt |
| Illustrator | Frances Cooke Macgregor |
| Publication date | 1942 |


title: Power of the Blues

abstract: Power of the Blues is the fourteenth solo album by Northern Irish blues guitarist and singer Gary Moore, released in 2004. All tracks from this album were re-released on the multi-disc compilation, "Blues and Beyond" in 2017.

text:
# Power of the Blues

***Power of the Blues*** is the fourteenth solo album by Northern Irish blues guitarist and singer Gary Moore, released in 2004. All tracks from this album were re-released on the multi-disc compilation, *"Blues and Beyond"* in 2017.

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

## Track listing

Power of the Blues
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Power of the Blues" | Moore, Daisley, Mooney | 2:30 |
| 2. | "There's a Hole" | Moore | 5:38 |
| 3. | "Tell Me Woman" | Moore | 2:53 |
| 4. | "I Can't Quit You Baby" | Dixon (Otis Rush cover) | 5:48 |
| 5. | "That's Why I Play the Blues" | Moore | 4:05 |
| 6. | "Evil" | Dixon (Howlin' Wolf cover) | 2:42 |
| 7. | "Getaway Blues" | Moore, Daisley, Mooney | 3:42 |
| 8. | "Memory Pain" | Mayfield (Percy Mayfield cover) | 4:52 |
| 9. | "Can't Find My Baby" | Moore | 3:34 |
| 10. | "Torn Inside" | Moore | 5:37 |

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Power of the Blues | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Gary Moore | |
| Released | 22 June 2004 |
| Genre | Blues rock, hard rock |
| Length | 41:21 |
| Label | Sanctuary |
| Producer | Chris Tsangarides, Gary Moore |
| Gary Moore chronology | |
| *Live at Monsters of Rock*
(2003) ***Power of the Blues***
(2004) *Old New Ballads Blues*
(2006) | |


title: Trifolium wormskioldii

abstract: Trifolium wormskioldii is a species of clover native to the western half of North America. Its common names include cows clover, coast clover, sand clover, seaside clover, springbank clover, and Wormskjold's clover.

text:
# Trifolium wormskioldii

***Trifolium wormskioldii*** is a species of clover native to the western half of North America. Its common names include **cows clover**, **coast clover**, **sand clover**, **seaside clover**, **springbank clover**, and **Wormskjold's clover**.

## Description

*Trifolium wormskioldii*, a legume, is a perennial herb sometimes taking a matlike form, with decumbent or upright stems. The leaves are made up of leaflets measuring 1 to 3 centimetres (12 to 1+14 inches) long. The lower stipules are tipped with bristles and the upper stipules may be toothed.

The rounded inflorescences are 2 to 3 cm (34 to 1+14 in) wide. The sepals are bristle-tipped. The corollas are pinkish purple or magenta with white tips.

## Etymology

The species was given its scientific name in honour of the Danish botanist Morten Wormskjold.

## Distribution and habitat

This plant is native to the western half of North America from Alaska, through California, to Mexico. It is a perennial herb that grows in many locales, from beaches to mountain ridges, below about 3,200 metres (10,500 ft) in elevation.

Habitats it grows in include chaparral, oak woodland, grassland, yellow pine forest, red fir forest, lodgepole forest, subalpine forest, and wetlandriparian.

## Uses

Many Native American groups of western North America use this clover for food. The herbage and flowers are eaten raw, sometimes salted. The roots are commonly steamed or boiled and eaten with fish, fish eggs, and fish grease.

This species is host to the caterpillar of the Western cloudywing butterfly (*Thorybes diversus*).

## InfoBox

| *Trifolium wormskioldii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Secure  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Faboideae |
| Genus: | *Trifolium* |
| Species: | ***T. wormskioldii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trifolium wormskioldii***
Lehm. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| List * + *Lupinaster wormskioldii*  C.Presl (1831)     + *Trifolium atropurpureum*  Nutt. ex Torr. & A.Gray (1838)     + *Trifolium calocephalum*  Nutt. ex Torr. & A.Gray (1838)     + *Trifolium fendleri*  Greene (1897)     + *Trifolium fimbriatum*  Lindl. (1827)     + *Trifolium fistulosum*  A.E.Vaughan (1939)     + *Trifolium heterodon*  Torr. & A.Gray (1838)     + *Trifolium involucratum var. fendleri*  (Greene) McDermott (1910)     + *Trifolium involucratum var. fimbriatum*  (Lindl.) McDermott (1910)     + *Trifolium involucratum var. heterodon*  (Torr. & A.Gray) S.Watson (1876)     + *Trifolium involucratum var. kennedianum*  McDermott (1910)     + *Trifolium kennedianum*  (McDermott) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr. (1916)     + *Trifolium ortegae*  Greene (1897)     + *Trifolium ortegae f. pumilum*  A.E.Vaughan (1939)     + *Trifolium spinulosum*  Douglas (1831)     + *Trifolium triste*  Nutt. (1838)     + *Trifolium willdenovii var. fimbriatum*  (Lindl.) Ewan (1943)     + *Trifolium willdenovii var. kennedianum*  (McDermott) Ewan (1943)     + *Trifolium wormskioldii var. fimbriatum*  (Lindl.) Jeps. (1936)     + *Trifolium wormskioldii var. kennedianum*  (McDermott) Jeps. (1936)     + *Trifolium wormskioldii var. ortegae*  (Greene) Barneby (1989) | |


title: Los Blázquez

abstract: Los Blázquez is a town in the province of Córdoba, Spain. As of 2009, it had a population of 738 inhabitants. During the Spanish Civil War in 1938, Los Blazquez placed a key role.

text:
# Los Blázquez

**Los Blázquez** is a town in the province of Córdoba, Spain. As of 2009, it had a population of 738 inhabitants. During the Spanish Civil War in 1938, Los Blazquez placed a key role.

* Los Blázquez \- Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía

## InfoBox

| Los Blázquez | |
| --- | --- |
| town | |
|  | |
| Los BlázquezLocation in Spain | |
| Coordinates: 38°24′N 5°26′W / 38.400°N 5.433°W / 38.400; -5.433 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Province | Córdoba |
| Comarca | Valle del Guadiato |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Francisco Ángel Martín Molina |
| Area | |
| Total | 102 km2 (39 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 508 m (1,667 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 681 |
| Density | 6.7/km2 (17/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Blazqueños |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Five Daughters Bakery

abstract: Five Daughters Bakery is a family-owned bakery with six locations owned by Isaac and Stephanie Meek. Founded in 2015, the bakery is known for making donuts. They are known for making the 100-layer doughnut which takes three days to make. The signature donut is a cross between a donut and a croissant: a cronut.

text:
# Five Daughters Bakery

**Five Daughters Bakery** is a family-owned bakery with six locations (Tennessee, Georgia and Florida) owned by Isaac and Stephanie Meek. Founded in 2015, the bakery is known for making donuts. They are known for making the 100-layer doughnut which takes three days to make. The signature donut is a cross between a donut and a croissant: a cronut.

## Company details

The bakery was started in the couple's Franklin Tennessee home and named after the Meek family's five daughters: Dylan, Lucy, Maggie, Evangeline, and Constance. The bakery uses organic ingredients and grape seed oil for frying. The company became nationally renowned for the three-inch thick 100 Layer Donut. Many celebrities have expressed their infatuation with the donut.

In 2018, the company opened a location in Atlanta, Georgia. In 2019, the company opened a second location in Georgia and several in Florida.

## InfoBox

Five Daughters Bakery
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Retail |
| Founded | 2015 (2015) in Franklin, Tennessee |
| Headquarters | Nashville, Tennessee, U.S. |
| Number of locations | 6 |
| Key people | Isaac and Stephanie Meek (Founders) |
| Products | Donuts |
| Website | Five Daughters Bakery |


title: Louis Émile Benassit

abstract: Louis Émile Benassit was a French artist and raconteur. He cut a colorful figure in the literary and artistic circles of Paris in the 1860s and 1870s, known equally for his satirical drawings and for his barbed wit. His updated versions of the fables of La Fontaine were widely reported in the French press. After his own military service in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, he frequently depicted soldiers, often enduring snow or inclement weather. Eventually, thanks in part to the influential art dealer Paul Durand-Ruel, his work began to fetch high prices; Benassit's depictions of courtiers and ladies of the 1700s became especially popular. But beginning in 1882, a progressive paralysis that started in his right arm cut short both his career and his appearances in café society, though by at least one account he learned to paint using his left hand. The last twelve years of his life were spent in relative seclusion away from Paris.

text:
# Louis Émile Benassit

**Louis Émile Benassit** (20 December 1833  9 August 1902) was a French artist and raconteur. He cut a colorful figure in the literary and artistic circles of Paris in the 1860s and 1870s, known equally for his satirical drawings and for his barbed wit. His updated versions of the fables of La Fontaine were widely reported in the French press. After his own military service in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, he frequently depicted soldiers, often enduring snow or inclement weather. Eventually, thanks in part to the influential art dealer Paul Durand-Ruel, his work began to fetch high prices; Benassit's depictions of courtiers and ladies of the 1700s became especially popular. But beginning in 1882, a progressive paralysis that started in his right arm cut short both his career and his appearances in café society, though by at least one account he learned to paint using his left hand. The last twelve years of his life were spent in relative seclusion away from Paris.

## Education, early career, café society in Paris

Benassit was born in Bordeaux to a French father and English mother, was taken at a young age to London, and returned to France to study painting in Paris under François-Édouard Picot. He made his debut at the Paris Salon of 1859 with a painting entitled *Clair de Lune*. From 1859 to 1888, he would exhibit thirteen works at the annual Salons.

In the 1860s, having spent his inheritance, Benassit turned to the publishing world to make ends meet and became a prolific caricaturist and illustrator for periodicals and books. He provided illustrations for Paul Arène's *Jean-des-Figues*, Alphonse Daudet's *Tartarin*, Alfred Delvau's *Du pont des Arts au pont de Kehl*, Alcide Dusolier's *Propos littéraires et pittoresques de Jean de La Martrille*, Louis Figuier's *Vies des savants illustres du dix-septieme siècle*, Félix Hément's *Menu Propos sur les Sciences* and *La Toilette d'Alice*, and Charles Monselet's *Les créanciers: oeuvre de vengeance*.

Jules-Antoine Castagnary gave high praise to Benassit's 25 illustrations (one for each hour of the day, plus a frontispiece) for Alfred Delvau's *Les heures parisiennes*, saying the artist, a "Parisian (not by birth, but by temperament and mentality)" displayed "all the finesse and all the crumpled grace that can be possessed by a pretty pencil-line subject to an expeditious hand. Fantasy and observation mingle in Bénassit's work, with that sort of shadowy elegance that adapts so well to the depiction of our diverse demi-mondes. No one knows better than he how to raise a skirt around two little trotting feet, nor to maliciously roll up a nose in the middle of a beggar's face. What charming pages to flip through!" Before it was published, censors tried (and failed) to ban the book.

Benassit produced several original watercolors for an extra-illustrated edition of Aloysius Bertrand's prose-poem collection *Gaspard de la Nuit*, published by Pincebourde in 1868, now in the collection of the Bibliothèque patrimoniale et d’étude de Dijon.

Benassit also produced a number of notable lithographs, including (for the first issue of Carjat's *Le Boulevard* in 1861) *Maître Courbet inaugurant l'atelier des peintres modernes*, and also the allegorical series *Le Vin*, *L’Eau-de-Vie*, and *L'Absinthe!*, "which Baudelaire and Murger declared pure masterpieces."

During this period Benassit moved in the Left Bank literary circles that included Paul Arène, Hippolyte Babou, Charles Bataille, Léon Cladel, Alphonse Daudet, Alfred Delvau, Georges Duval, Alphonse Duchesne, Albert Glatigny, Louis Lemercier de Neuville, Charles Monselet, Henri Murger, and Aurélien Scholl. Benassit induced the circle of photographer and poet Étienne Carjat to join his group at the Café de Madrid; and "according to legend, he sometimes met at the café in the Rue des Martyrs with Baudelaire."

Paul Arène vividly described the young Benassit and his ability to amuse and enthrall listeners:

> Small but strong, stocky and broad of face, high-spirited and strong-willed, with a pile of curly hair that gave him a Byronic air—when Bénassit entered, invariably followed by Sprinn, his faithful terrier, we gathered. And there were endless stories, anecdotes delivered by the basketful: his student days boarding with Pils, and the beautiful and abominable studio pranks his fellows played on him; and, from further back, the strange childhood of a little Frenchman brought up in London: the icy courtyard of his college, where gallophobic school children encircled him, leaping and shouting "Waterloo! Waterloo!"—and the little French boy, his national pride wounded, but not strong enough for revenge, going slyly every day for months to a hovel on the banks of the Thames, learning to box at the house of a boxer's widow, a toothless old witch, tall and stringy, who knelt to be at his height and pummeled his chest with clenched fists as yellow and hard as boxwood roots.

Étienne Carjat gives another description in his poem "Émile Benassit," dated 1869:

> Short in stature, a bit stocky,
> Square forehead, bushy hair,
> The half-closed eye of a well-sated cat,
> Wide chin and mouth that laughs...
> His incisive and cold mind
> suavely sharpens sarcasm...
> In the madcap supper-hour,
> He shows a strange tenderness...
> He becomes almost benevolent;
> We listen, admire, love him
> Until morning, when waking,
> He thinks only of himself.

The journalist Maxime Rude remembered the young Benassit as

> ...short, stocky and already quite plump. The brown eyes were lively and sharp; the forehead, which lighted up at times, betrayed an irascible nature; the smile sparkled with mischief; the lips, which twisted a bit at one corner when he spoke, were charged with irony or bitterness. And some of Bénassit's words did in fact spring from bitterness or irony; others were quite cheerful, delivering what studio slang calls "la blague" (a joke)...

## Spoofs and caricatures

Benassit became a master of the caricature—and was himself the object of spoofing and caricature in the freewheeling French press.

## The fables of Benassit

Benassit achieved particular notoriety for his retellings of the fables of La Fontaine, with sly topical references, word-play, and Gallic wit that defy translation. Though friends begged him to do so, Benassit never made a book of his fables, and so, quipped Paul Arène, like "the songs of the Homerides, they are passed on from mouth to mouth through the generations." Benassit's fables were recounted by numerous journalists, memoirists, and obituary writers. Arène cited Benassit's version of the dog that let go of its prey:

> A dog steals a steak. Passing over a bridge, he sees his reflection in the water: “What! Another dog with another steak! And his steak is bigger than mine! What if I take it from him? Ah, but this dog is also bigger than me. Let's eat our steak first; then we'll fight." The dog goes away to eat his steak, comes back, sees his image again in the water and cries: "Amazing! The other dog had the same idea as me!"

The puppeteer Louis Lemercier de Neuville, who recounts a number of these fables in his memoirs, recalls them as "the joy of the ateliers and the artistic and literary meetings. His way of telling them contributed greatly to their success; he said the funniest things, imparted with utmost seriousness, in a half-English, half-Gascon accent that doubled their hilarity." Georges Duval writes of Benassit's English sense of humor.

## Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871

In 1870, when the enemy laid siege to Paris during the Franco-Prussian War, Benassit put on uniform and served, along with many other writers and artists, in the 61st Battalion of the National Guard, based in Montmartre. Even under such circumstances, Benassit's prankish nature was irrepressible. His friend the writer Charles Monselet later admitted to having been a less than exemplary soldier, often missing the morning roll call. When Monselet's name was called out, and silence followed, Benassit would step forward, present his arms, and gravely intone: "Mort au champ d'honneur!" ("Death on the field of honor!") When Monselet later told this story on lecture tour, it never failed to get a laugh from the audience.

But the war, or more specifically its soldiers, clearly made a deep impression on Benassit. In the following decade he returned again and again to making watercolors and paintings of men in uniform, often on scouting missions or in retreat, and often in snow or rain. Benassit's often somber depictions are neither sentimental nor graphically violent; Charles Chincholle wrote that Benassit "shows us the ardor, the valor. He hides the price of glory under the frame."

## Success, then onset of paralysis in the 1880s

After the war, Benassit resumed his work as an illustrator. An 1875 edition of Laurence Sterne's *Voyage Sentimental* published by Librairie des Bibliophiles and acquired in 2011 by Princeton University is extra-illustrated with watercolors by Benassit especially commissioned for the volume. He also illustrated Eugène Chavette's *Les Petites comédies du vice* and Anatole France's first novel, *Le Crime de Sylvestre Bonnard*.

Benassit also began to be taken more seriously as a painter. In February 1880, he had a one-man exhibition and sale of 32 paintings and five watercolors at the Hôtel Drouot. The catalogue included an appreciation by Charles Monselet that indicates the exhibition consisted largely or entirely of Benassit's charming, gently comical period pieces:

> M. É. Benassit, in the vast kingdom of painting, has created a small world of Louis XVI and the Directory, where he is more or less master and lord. Here are the rides of gentlemen in red coats, stops in front of castle gates, returns from the hunt, village crossings. Luxury and good humor, such is his motto.…The collection that he delivers to the public today is like the summary of a period of natural elegance and coquetry that exists no longer, except in the realm of memories.

This period, and Benassit's particular approach to it, stuck a responsive chord with critics. A reviewer of the 1880 Paris Salon wrote that "M. Émile Benassit knows to his fingertips this era of voluptuous elegance called the eighteenth century."

It was at about this time that the highly influential art dealer Paul Durand-Ruel took an interest in his work. In his mid-forties, Benassit's career was in the ascent.

But beginning in 1882, the right-handed Benassit experienced the onset of a progressive paralysis that started in his right arm—crippling the "expeditious hand" praised by Castagnary. Benassit "bravely took up the brush, his weapon of combat," and attempted to learn to paint with his left hand. In 1883, his illness was further complicated by a fall that broke a leg. By the beginning of 1884, he was walking with difficulty and barely able to use his left hand (to write, and not to draw). A visitor noted, "In his little apartment on the third floor of Rue Lepic, the days seem long and sad to him. However, some friends come to shake his hand and bring him their consolations. The most faithful are Monselet, Count H. O’Héguerty and our friend Paul Arène."

"The sad part," one observer noted, "is that the paralysis came to freeze his hand at the moment when Durand-Ruel had succeeded in making his paintings reach high prices—which were, in short, only reasonable prices."

In 1883 the newly-formed Société des Artistes Français came to Benassit's assistance with an indemnity of 500 francs. In 1884, two fundraisers were mounted on his behalf, a raffle in January of works by more than 80 artists including Léon Bonnat, John Lewis Brown, Karl Daubigny, and Jean-Jacques Henner, and a second raffle in May.

In his memoirs published in 1889, Charles Chincholle says that Benassit successfully learned to paint left-handed:

> This charming artist who, at a time when he was finally about to draw glory and profit from his talent, had the terrible misfortune of being paralyzed in his right hand, this ruined man of art knew how to draw enough from himself, by sheer will-power, to play with the paralysis itself. His entire right side was almost extinct. What does it matter! He had the left side, the best one, that of the heart.…Bravely, he went to school again, on his own. He first learned to write, then to draw, finally to paint with the left hand. It was five years ago, and today he has the supreme happiness to note that what he did with the right hand never was worth what he does with the left. This can be explained. The greater effort naturally brought the better result.

A generation after Benassit's death, a newspaper would publish this anecdote:

> Struck with partial paralysis on his right side, he patiently practiced painting with his left hand. The disease, however, was increasing day by day. He believed for a while that he would no longer be able to speak, no longer be able to utter his biting words. But he did not lose his humor for an instant. When a visitor found him one day receiving a pedicure, he explained: "When I can no longer move my hands or speak, I will write with my feet. So I'm doing my nails!"

## Death and legacy

Benassit spent the last twelve years of his life away from Paris, living with his brother Ernest at Jouarre, where he died 9 August 1902. Chincolle in his memoirs mentions that Benassit had a wife, who was also ill in the 1880s, but no wife or children are mentioned as survivors in Benassit's obituaries.

Before his paralysis, he had created (and apparently had sold or given away) more than 400 paintings. After his paralysis, a subsequent sharp rise in the value of these works increased his prestige and profited the owners, but was of no commercial benefit to Benassit.

Jules Noriac claimed that Benassit's pranks and jokes detracted from his work as an artist: "Citizen Bénassit is a painter who would have infinite talent if he did not have so much wit. I would say it to his face."

Fernand Xau wrote in 1884, "Benassit has always preferred the society of men of letters to that of painters. Perhaps that is why he finds so much sympathy in the press and so much antipathy among the little-known daubers." But the press was not always his friend. One obituary, by the columnist Scaramouche in *L'Aurore*, delivered this unsparing assessment: "The painter Bénassit, who has died very much forgotten, acquired, in literary circles before 1870, a great reputation for his acerbic wit…Basically, Bénassit's character was the result of great timidity and a lack of self-confidence, which prevented him both from asserting his talent as a painter and from daring to become a man of letters. He would have succeeded in one genre or the other, if he had not let himself be reduced to the role of joker by the *camaros* who did not perceive what his fanciful mind was hiding in bitterness and regret."

Nonetheless, Benassit's reputation as a painter continued to crest after the turn of the century, thanks in part to the efforts of the art dealer Paul Durand-Ruel (legendary promoter of Impressionism), who displayed and sold Benassit's work alongside those of Manet, Monet, and Pissarro at his galleries in Paris and New York.

Benassit's wide reputation as a raconteur and wit in café society, his connections to both the artistic and the literary circles of the day, his considerable success as an artist, and the pathos of his affliction gave him a high profile in the Parisian press for three decades and led to many appearances, from passing mentions to long anecdotes, in memoirs of the era—a trove of information that has yet to be mined by modern scholars, art historians, and biographers.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Louis Émile Benassit | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 20 December 1833
Bordeaux, France |
| Died | 9 August 1902 (1902-08-10) (aged 68)
Jouarre, France |
| Other names | spelling variants: Louis-Émile, Bénassit, Bénàssit |
| Education | François-Édouard Picot |
| Occupation(s) | painter; illustrator; caricaturist. |
| Known for | caricature; illustration; paintings and water-colors depicting soldiers of the Franco-Prussian War |
| Works | *Absinthe!* (1862); *Les heures parisiennes* (1866) |
| Signature | |
|  | |


title: Protecteur-class auxiliary vessel

abstract: The Protecteur class of naval auxiliaries for the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) began as the Joint Support Ship Project, a Government of Canada procurement project for the RCN that is part of the National Shipbuilding Procurement Strategy. It will see the RCN acquire two multi-role vessels to replace the earlier Protecteur-class auxiliary oiler replenishment vessels. The project has suffered from considerable delays. Originally announced in 2004, a contract for the construction of these ships was planned to be signed in 2009, with the first vessel available for operational service in 2012. In 2010, the federal government incorporated the project into the National Shipbuilding Strategy. On 2 June 2013, ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems Canada's Berlin-class replenishment ship was selected. The Canadian vessels will be a variant of the Berlin class, built at Seaspan's yard in North Vancouver, British Columbia. Initial construction work began in 2018, but a formal contract for the construction of both ships was only signed in June 2020. In order to speed construction of the Protecteur-class naval auxiliaries, the delivery of the first of the new class of polar icebreakers, CCGS Arpatuuq, will be delayed until at least 2030.

text:
# Protecteur-class auxiliary vessel

The ***Protecteur* class** (formerly known as the *Queenston* class) of naval auxiliaries for the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) began as the **Joint Support Ship Project**, a Government of Canada procurement project for the RCN that is part of the National Shipbuilding Procurement Strategy. It will see the RCN acquire two multi-role vessels to replace the earlier *Protecteur*-class auxiliary oiler replenishment vessels.

The project has suffered from considerable delays. Originally announced in 2004, a contract for the construction of these ships was planned to be signed in 2009, with the first vessel available for operational service in 2012. In 2010, the federal government incorporated the project into the National Shipbuilding Strategy.

On 2 June 2013, ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems Canada's *Berlin*-class replenishment ship was selected. The Canadian vessels will be a variant of the *Berlin* class, built at Seaspan's yard in North Vancouver, British Columbia.

Initial construction work began in 2018, but a formal contract for the construction of both ships was only signed in June 2020.

In order to speed construction of the *Protecteur*-class naval auxiliaries, the delivery of the first of the new class of polar icebreakers, CCGS *Arpatuuq*, will be delayed until at least 2030.

## Class name

On 25 October 2013, the Minister of National Defence named the JSS the *Queenston* class with two ships named, HMCS *Queenston* and *Châteauguay*. Their namesakes were battles of the War of 1812, Queenston Heights and Châteauguay. A name was also chosen for a possible third ship in the class, HMCS *Crysler's Farm*, named after the Battle of Crysler's Farm. The option for the third vessel was dropped due to budget constraints.

On 12 September 2017, the Canadian government renamed the vessels, taking the names of the ships of the class that they are to replace. *Queenston* became *Protecteur* and *Châteauguay* became *Preserver*. According to Vice-Admiral Ron Lloyd, commander of the RCN, this was due to the ties both serving and former navy personnel had with the names.

## Purpose

The Joint Support Ship Project consists of two multi-role vessels that will replace the former underway replenishment capability of the earlier *Protecteur*-class auxiliary vessel, as well as provide basic sealift for the Canadian Army, support to forces ashore, and command facilities for a Canadian Forces "joint force" or "naval task group".

The Joint Support Ship Project should not be confused with the Amphibious Assault Ship Project, which was a proposed separate procurement project that never advanced beyond the concept stage.

## Proposed ship capabilities

As of 2010, the Joint Support Ship Project envisioned several multi-role vessels capable of supporting the Royal Canadian Navy's warships at sea, as well as providing strategic sealift and some airlift for naval task groups or army operations. The vessels were envisaged as having a multi-purpose covered deck with the ability to carry up to 10,000 tonnes of ship fuel, 1,300 tonnes of aviation fuel, 1,100 tonnes of ammunition as well as 1,000–1,500 lane metres of deck space for carrying vehicles and containerized cargo. The vessels were also to have hospital facilities as well as a large helicopter deck with two landing spots, hangar space for four helicopters, and a roll-on/roll-off deck for vehicles onto a dock. The actual capabilities have been listed as being able to carry 64 twenty-foot equivalent units of shipping containers, which can be used to store food, water, vehicles, and other specialized equipment to support land or sea-based operations, including humanitarian aid or disaster relief. Additionally, these containers can house special mission fit cargo, such as mobile hospitals and portable communication centers, which could be offloaded or airlifted ashore. Holds up to 6,875 tons of F76 marine fuel, 1,037 tons of F44 aviation fuel, an onboard hospital with surgical and dental facilities.

### Particulars of the *Berlin*-class design

The *Berlin*-class design ultimately selected incorporated somewhat modified components:

* Ability to transport 9,600 cubic metres (2,100,000 imp gal) of fuel, 550 cubic metres (120,000 imp gal) of water, 160 tonnes (160 long tons; 180 short tons) of ammunition, 280 tonnes (280 long tons; 310 short tons) of food, 100 tonnes (98 long tons; 110 short tons) of dry stores and 32 containers.
* Ship fitted with replenishment-at-sea (RAS) systems and accommodates up to two helicopters. The loading and offloading of cargo is carried out by two 24-ton cranes.
* The modular hospital of the *Berlin* class has 45 beds for general patients and four for intensive care (including hospital ward).

The Canadian variant of the *Berlin* class may incorporate additional modifications from the original design.

### Survivability

### Airlift

Vessels will be designed with double hulls for storage of petroleum products, unlike the former *Protecteur*-class single-hull vessels.

### Joint headquarters support

* Naval communications
* Land communications
* Air communications

## Project timeline

In 2004, the federal government started the Joint Support Ship Project. Four consortiums sought the contract, led by Irving Shipbuilding, BAE Systems, ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems Canada, and SNC-Lavalin ProFac. Two design finalists were selected in November 2006: ThyssenKrupp and SNC-Lavalin ProFac with the ships built in either Marystown, Newfoundland or North Vancouver, British Columbia, respectively. A contract for final design and construction was expected in 2008, with the first ship of the class entering service in 2012. In January 2007, Canadian media reported that defence planners were considering the retirement of the existing *Protecteur*-class ships by 2010, prior to the delivery of the first replacement vessels in 2012. This news was met with criticism as it would leave MARCOM without an underway replenishment capability for two years.

On 22 August 2008, the Minister of Public Works and Government Services, Christian Paradis terminated two procurement processes involving the shipbuilding industry. In December 2008, RCN officers and defence analysts hoped Budget 2009 would have up to $500 million in extra funding for the Joint Support Ship Project so that it could be completed. However, there was no extra money for the Joint Support Ship Project and the stimulus package did not address MARCOM's vessel procurement programs. Vice-Admiral Denis Rouleau, spoke to the Standing Committee on National Defence in the House of Commons and indicated that the Department of National Defence would know by summer 2009 how it would move ahead with the Joint Support Ship Project.

In June 2009, officials with the Joint Support Ship Project began re-evaluating the type of ship they wished to purchase since the original concept could not be funded. In September 2009, the Joint Support Ship Project received a new design. Vice-Admiral Dean McFadden, Chief of the Maritime Staff, said that he was ready to submit design and cost estimates to the government and to the Minister of National Defence.

In June 2010, the Government of Canada announced that the National Shipbuilding Procurement Strategy (NSPS) would spend CA$35 billion over the next 30 years to purchase 28 new large ships and 116 small vessels for Maritime Command and the Canadian Coast Guard. The NSPS was led by the Department of Public Works and Government Services, with support from Department of Industry, as well as the Department of National Defence and Department of Fisheries and Oceans. In July 2010, Defence Minister Peter MacKay announced an initial purchase of two joint support ships (at a cost of $2.6 billion) with options for a third. On 11 October 2010, the Government of Canada invited five shipbuilding companies "to participate in a request for proposals" for the NSPS.

On 19 October 2011, the Government of Canada announced the award of the $8 billion non-combat ship package, including the Joint Support Ship Project, to Seaspan Marine Corporation in Vancouver, British Columbia.

On 2 June 2013, the Government of Canada selected ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems Canada's *Berlin*-class AOR as the design for the joint support ship. On 11 October 2013, the NSPS Secretariat announced that Vancouver Shipyards would commence construction on the joint support ships, followed by the Polar Icebreaker. It was expected that construction would begin in 2016–17. On 25 October 2013, the Government of Canada named the two ships HMCS *Queenston* and HMCS *Châteauguay* in recognition of the significant battles of Queenston Heights and Châteauguay during the War of 1812. However, these names were changed to *Protecteur* and *Preserver* respectively on 12 September 2017.

In August 2015 Davie Shipyard signed a contract to convert the container ship MV *Asterix* for the replenishment role until the joint support ships were delivered. The contract is known as Project Resolve. The vessel was built in 2010 in Germany and was converted for use by the RCN. Construction of the first JSS had been scheduled to begin at the Seaspan Yard in late 2017, following the construction of two other classes of ships for the Canadian Coast Guard.

In 2020, project costs had escalated significantly with an estimated $4.1 billion being required to complete the project.

In 2022, delivery of the first ship was delayed until 2025, followed by the second ship in 2027. This updated delivery schedule was uncertain and the entire project budget was again under "review".

## Construction

The first of class, *Protecteur*, is scheduled for a 2025 delivery. *Preserver* is expected to follow in 2027, though the dates for the operational service entry of both ships remain "under review". Given delays and in an effort to try to speed up the process of building the ships, steel was cut for the ships in 2018 during a lull in the construction of two Canadian Coast Guard science vessels at the yard. On 5 February 2019, it was announced that the construction of the first vessel in the class would be advanced and the ship would be completed at the Seaspan yard ahead of the construction of the planned Offshore Oceanographic Science Vessel (OOSV) for the Canadian Coast Guard. The second vessel would be completed only after the OOSV entered service. The first ship, *Protecteur*, was formally laid down on 16 January 2020. The formal contract for the construction of both ships was awarded in June 2020.

In March 2021, Seaspan shipyard reported that over 90 percent of the ship blocks for *Protecteur* were in production. As of December 2021, the assembly of the ship was reported to be complete. Near the end of August 2022, construction was halted by a strike by Seaspan tugboat workers which ended in October, as the shipyard staff would not cross the picket lines that had been set up.

The second ship in the class began construction in 2022 with her keel being formally laid down in October 2023.

### Ships of class

| ***Protecteur* class** | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Name | Hull number | Builder | Laid down | Launch | Commissioned | Homeport | Status |
| *Protecteur* | (TBD) | Seaspan ULC | 16 January 2020 | Late 2024 | *Projected 2025* | (TBD) | Under construction |
| *Preserver* | (TBD) | | 27 October 2023 | (TBD) | *Projected 2027* | (TBD) | Under construction |
|

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Class overview | |
| Name | *Protecteur* class |
| Builders | Seaspan ULC, North Vancouver |
| Operators | Royal Canadian Navy |
| Preceded by | *Protecteur* class |
| Cost | CA$2.6 billion (2015 estimate);$4.1bn (2020 estimate) |
| Planned | 2 |
| Building | 2 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Joint support ship |
| Displacement | 20,240  (19,920 long tons) |
| Length | 173.7 m (569 ft 11 in) |
| Beam | 24 m (78 ft 9 in) |
| Height | 17.5 m (57 ft 5 in) |
| Draught | 7.4 m (24 ft 3 in) |
| Propulsion | * 2 × MAN 12V32/44CR propulsion engines + 2 × propulsion shafts  * 1 × bow thruster * 4 × MAN diesel generators |
| Speed | 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) |
| Range | 10,895 nmi (20,178 km; 12,538 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph) |
| Boats & landing
craft carried | 2 × Ship-to-Shore Connector pontoon systems |
| Complement | * 199 Core crew * 239 with 2 × Air detachments |
| Sensors and
processing systems | * Command & control + Lockheed Martin Canada CMS 330 Combat System + OSI Maritime Systems Integrated Navigation and Tactical System (INTS) + Rhode & Schwartz Communications Systems  * Surveillance & weapon sensors |
| Armament |  |
| Aircraft carried |  |
| Aviation facilities | Hangar and flight deck capable of holding Chinook size helicopters |