title: List of Hong Kong films of 1953

text:
# List of Hong Kong films of 1953

A list of films produced in Hong Kong in 1953:

## 1953

| Title | Director | Cast | Genre | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1953** | | | | | | |
| *A Battle in An Old City'* | Chang Mung-Wan | Lo Kai-Kwong, Chan Ho-Kau, Tsang Wan-Fei, Tin Kei-Fong |  | Hong Kong's first 3-D short film. |
| *A Mother's Tears* (aka Ci mu lei) | Chun Kim | Hung Sin-Nui, Cheung Ying, Ngai Man, Hui Ying-Ying, Lee Yuet-Ching, Tang Mei-Mei, Nam Hung, Yan Yan, Gam Lau | Drama |  |
| *A Song to Remember* (aka Han chan qu) |  |  |  |  |
| *Aren't the Kids Lovely?* (aka Er nu jing) |  |  |  |  |
| *Wu shan meng*
*Lover Eternal* |  |  |  |  |
| *Tie cuo men shen*
*At Odds with Each Other* |  |  |  |  |
| *Jia*
*Family* |  |  |  |  |
| *Nie hai qing tian*
*Heaven of Love, Sea of Sin* |  |  |  |  |
| *Sheng yu si*
*Life and Death* |  |  |  |  |
| *Hua shen yan ying*
*Beauty in Disguise* |  |  |  |  |
| *Ge nu Gong Lingyan*
*An Songstress Called Hong Lingyan* |  |  |  |  |
| *Li chao yan*
*The Flight of the Swallow* |  |  |  |  |
| *Nie hai hua*
*A Torn Lily* |  |  |  |  |
| *Xin xi xiang ji*
*New West Chamber* |  |  |  |  |
| *Xin Tang Bohu dian Qiuxiang*
*Scholar Tang Bohu and the Maid Qiuxiang* |  |  |  |  |
| *Zhang fu ri ji*
*Diary of a Husband* |  |  |  |  |
| *Gui fang le*
*Meal Time* |  |  |  |  |
| *Huang jin shi jie*
*World of Gold* |  |  |  |  |
| *Qiu yu can hua*
*Fallen Petals in the Autumn Rain* |  |  |  |  |
| *Men*
*Marriage Affair* |  |  |  |  |
| *Bai bao tu*
*Map of 100 Treasures* |  |  |  |  |
| *Tou ji feng mui*
*Stealing Chickens to Offer Mother* |  |  |  |  |
| *Ke chuan fu ren*
*The Temporary Wife* |  |  |  |  |
| *The Marriage of the Fool's Daughter* | Lam Chuen | Pak Suet-Sin, Leung Sing-Bo, Law Kim-Long, Kwun-Ling Chow | Comedy |  |
| *Meal Time* | Tu Kuang-Chi | Yan Jun, Chou Man-Hua, Lau Kei, Kau Ping, Wu Wei, Lee Wan | Comedy |  |
| *Notorious Woman* (aka The Activities of Miss Soo Lee, The Secret Life of Lady So Lee, Ming nu ren bie zhuan) | Evan Yang, Tang Huang | Helen Li Mei, Hsieh Chih, Lo Wei, Tung Chan, Chang Yang, Kang Jiang, Ng Wai, Karen Yeung Ga-Ling | Drama |  |
| *Playboy Emperor* |  | Law Yim-hing |  |  |
| *The Sisters' Tragic Love* (aka Qing jie zi mei hua) |  |  |  |  |
| *Fu gui hua kai bing di lian*
*Rich and Happy* |  |  |  |  |
| *Ku hai ming deng*
*The Guiding Light* |  |  |  |  |
| *Shuang xiong dou zhi*
*Two Heroic Rivals* |  |  |  |  |
| *Pipa xiang*
*Night and Every Night* |  |  |  |  |
| *Xin hun ji*
*The Newly-weds* |  |  |  |  |
| *Mo gui tian tang*
*Crooks' Heaven* |  |  |  |  |
| *You xin bu pa chi*
*Never Too Late* |  |  |  |  |
| *Yi jia qin*
*All in the Family* |  |  |  |  |
| *Yu nu qing chou*
*A Woman's Revenge* |  |  |  |  |
| *Bai ri meng*
*Day Dream* |  |  |  |  |
| *Cui cui*
*Singing Under the Moon* |  |  |  |  |
| *Huo shu yin hua xiang ying hong*
*Bright Night* |  |  |  |  |
| *Huang Feihong yu jiu Haichuang si shang ji*
*How Huang Fei-hong Redeemed Haitong Monastery Part 1* |  |  |  |  |
| *Huang Feihong yu jiu Haichuang si xia ji*
*How Huang Fei-hong Redeemed Haitong Monastery Part 2* |  |  |  |  |
| *Cun cao xin*
*Parents' Love* |  |  |  |  |
| *Xiao feng xian*
*General Chai and Lady Balsam* |  |  |  |  |
| *Diao chan*
*The Story of Diaochan* |  |  |  |  |
| *Qi zi mei*
*Seven Sisters* |  |  |  |  |
| *Zhong qiu yue*
*Festival Moon* |  |  |  |  |
| *Ri chu*
*Sunrise* |  |  |  |  |
| *Jue dai jia ren*
*The Peerless Beauty* |  |  |  |  |
| *Qiu Jin*
*Qiu Jin, the Revolutionary Heroine* |  |  |  |  |
| *Ming yue bing xin*
*Her Pure Heart* |  |  |  |  |
| *Tong zhe bu tong bing*
*Not All Umbrellas Have Similar Handles* |  |  |  |  |
| *Cai hong qu*
*Rainbow Rhythms* |  |  |  |  |
| *Can hua lei*
*The Crushed Flower* |  |  |  |  |
| *Yang zi dang zhi fu mu en*
*Honour Thy Father and Mother* |  |  |  |  |
| *Dang fu qing chi*
*A Woman of Throbbing Passions* |  |  |  |  |
| *The Humiliated Rickshaw-Puller* | Lung To | Sun-Ma Sze-Tsang, Leung Sing-Bo, Fung Wong-Nui, Ha Wa, Tai Hau-Ho, Ng Kung-Yin | Cantonese opera |  |
| *In the Face of Demolition* (aka Wei lou chun xiao) | Lee Tit | Ng Cho-Fan, Tsi Law-Lin, Bruce Lee Siu-Lung, Mui Yee, Lee Yuet-Ching, Helena Law Lan, Lai Cheuk-Cheuk, Wong Cho-San, Wong Man-Lei, Chow Nin-Wah, Yip Ping, Lam Mui-Mui, Mok Hung, Ho Siu-Hung, Ho Bik-Kin, Gam Lau, To Sam-Ku | Drama |  |
| *Keep Your Chin Up* (aka Shui hong ling) |  |  |  |  |
| *Spring* | Lee Sun-fung | Ng Cho-Fan, Yin Pak, Cheung Wood-Yau, Yuet-ching Lee | Historical Drama |  |
| *Sworn to Love* | Chiang Wai-Kwong | Yam Kim-fai, Leung Sing-Bo, Mok Wan-Ha, Lai Man, Tam Sin-hung, Chan Lap-Ban | Comedy |  |
| *The Valiant Dog* (aka The Heroic Dog) | Wong Toi | Lam Bik, Gam Lui, Kong Fan, Sheung-Kwun Kwan-Wai, Yu Mei-Wah, Ka Po, Cecelia Lee Fung-Sing | Drama |  |
| *Why Not Return?* (aka The Reunion of a Bitter Couple) | Chan Pei | Sun-Ma Sze-Tsang, Chow Kwun-Ling, Wong Chiu-Miu, Fung Wong-Nui | Drama |  |
| *Wife and Husband* (aka Fu fu zhi jian) |  |  |  |  |
|


title: Vennezey

abstract: Vennezey is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in north-eastern France.

text:
# Vennezey

**Vennezey** (French pronunciation: \[vɛnzɛ\]) is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in north-eastern France.

## InfoBox

| Vennezey | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Vennezey | |
|  | |
| Location of Vennezey | |
| VennezeyVennezey | |
| Coordinates: 48°26′43″N 6°28′09″E / 48.4453°N 6.4692°E / 48.4453; 6.4692 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Meurthe-et-Moselle |
| Arrondissement | Lunéville |
| Canton | Lunéville-2 |
| Intercommunality | Meurthe, Mortagne, Moselle |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20222026) | Nicolas Balland |
| Area**1** | 3.43 km2 (1.32 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 41 |
| Density | 12/km2 (31/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 54561 /54830 |
| Elevation | 267–303 m (876–994 ft)
(avg. 260 m or 850 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Wiljo Tuompo

abstract: Viljo (Wiljo) Einar Tuompo was a Finnish lieutenant general during World War II. He commanded the Finnish Border Guard from 1935 to 1939, and from 1940 to 1941. During the Winter War, he was commander of the North Finland Group. During the Continuation War, Tuompo was the Chief of the Command Staff at General Headquarters in Mikkeli. He retired in 1945. Tuompo then traveled to Sweden to be with his family. After returning to Finland in 1948, the Red Valpo detained him upon arrival. Tuompo was imprisoned for five days, and released when no reason for his arrest could be found. He returned to Finland in 1948, when Punainen Valpo arrested him as soon as he arrived in Finland. Valpo interrogated him for five days. After that, he was released when no reason for his arrest could be found.

text:
# Wiljo Tuompo

**Viljo (Wiljo) Einar Tuompo** (23 September 1893  27 February 1957) was a Finnish lieutenant general during World War II. He commanded the Finnish Border Guard from 1935 to 1939, and from 1940 to 1941. During the Winter War, he was commander of the North Finland Group. During the Continuation War, Tuompo was the Chief of the Command Staff at General Headquarters in Mikkeli. He retired in 1945. Tuompo then traveled to Sweden to be with his family. After returning to Finland in 1948, the Red Valpo detained him upon arrival. Tuompo was imprisoned for five days, and released when no reason for his arrest could be found.

He returned to Finland in 1948, when Punainen Valpo arrested him as soon as he arrived in Finland. Valpo interrogated him for five days. After that, he was released when no reason for his arrest could be found.

## InfoBox

| Wiljo Tuompo | |
| --- | --- |
| Wiljo Einar Tuompo | |
| Born | Wiljo Tuompo
(1893-09-23)23 September 1893
Pornainen, Grand Duchy of Finland |
| Died | 27 February 1957(1957-02-27) (aged 63)
Helsinki, Finland |


title: Redeeming Love (1916 film)

abstract: Redeeming Love is a 1916 American drama silent film directed by William Desmond Taylor and written by Gardner Hunting and L. V. Jefferson. The film stars Kathlyn Williams, Thomas Holding, Wyndham Standing, Herbert Standing, Jane Keckley and Helen Jerome Eddy. The film was released on December 28, 1916, by Paramount Pictures.

text:
# Redeeming Love (1916 film)

***Redeeming Love*** is a 1916 American drama silent film directed by William Desmond Taylor and written by Gardner Hunting and L. V. Jefferson. The film stars Kathlyn Williams, Thomas Holding, Wyndham Standing, Herbert Standing, Jane Keckley and Helen Jerome Eddy. The film was released on December 28, 1916, by Paramount Pictures.

## Plot

## Cast

## Preservation status

The film survives in the Library of Congress collection.

## InfoBox

| Redeeming Love | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | William Desmond Taylor |
| Screenplay by | Gardner Hunting
L. V. Jefferson |
| Produced by | Oliver Morosco |
| Starring | Kathlyn Williams
Thomas Holding
Wyndham Standing
Herbert Standing
Jane Keckley
Helen Jerome Eddy |
| Cinematography | Homer Scott |
| Production
company | Oliver Morosco Photoplay Company |
| Distributed by | Paramount Pictures |
| Release date | * December 28, 1916 (1916-12-28) |
| Running time | 50 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Mandai Orchid Gardens

abstract: The Mandai Orchid Gardens (MOG) was an orchid garden established in 1951 by John Laycock at Mandai Lake Road in Mandai, Singapore. Initially, MOG was used as an orchid farm where orchids were grown and harvested before being converted into an orchid garden for tourism. Before it was closed down in 2011, it was owned by Singapore Orchids Private Limited.

text:
# Mandai Orchid Gardens

The **Mandai Orchid Gardens** (**MOG**) was an orchid garden established in 1951 by John Laycock at Mandai Lake Road in Mandai, Singapore. Initially, MOG was used as an orchid farm where orchids were grown and harvested before being converted into an orchid garden for tourism. Before it was closed down in 2011, it was owned by Singapore Orchids Private Limited.

## History

The garden was first established in 1951 by John Laycock, a lawyer and a founding member of the Orchid Society of South East Asia. Laycock (who had an affinity for orchids) along with orchid merchant Lee Kim Hong established the garden to grow Laycock's expanding collection of orchids. Together, they brought 5 acres of land on Mandai Road, eventually leading to the creation of the MOG.

## InfoBox

| Mandai Orchid Gardens | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Orchid Garden |
| Location | Singapore |


title: Frank Jones (American football coach)

abstract: Benjamin Franklin Jones Jr. was an American football coach and college athletics administrator. He served as the head coach at Presbyterian College from 1957 to 1961 and at the University of Richmond from 1966 to 1973, compiling a career college football record of 68–60–3.

text:
# Frank Jones (American football coach)

**Benjamin Franklin Jones Jr.** (August 30, 1918 – July 25, 2009) was an American football coach and college athletics administrator. He served as the head coach at Presbyterian College from 1957 to 1961 and at the University of Richmond from 1966 to 1973, compiling a career college football record of 68–60–3.

## Death

Jones died in July 2009, at age 90 in Richmond, after suffering a stroke. A memorial service was held for him at the River Road Presbyterian church. He was survived by his wife Jean whom he was married to for 56 years, and his five children and 11 grandchildren.

## Head coaching record

### College

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Bowl/playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Presbyterian Blue Hose** *(South Carolina Little Three)* (1957–1961) | | | | | | | | |
| 1957 | Presbyterian | 0–8–1 | 0–2 | 3rd |  |
| 1958 | Presbyterian | 6–3–1 | 2–0 | 1st |  |
| 1959 | Presbyterian | 9–2 | 2–0 | 1st | **L** Tangerine |
| 1960 | Presbyterian | 6–3 | 2–0 | 1st |  |
| 1961 | Presbyterian | 3–6–1 | 0–1–1 | T–2nd |  |
| **Presbyterian:** | | 24–22–3 | 6–3–1 |  | | | | |
| **Richmond Spiders** *(Southern Conference)* (1966–1973) | | | | | | | | |
| 1966 | Richmond | 2–8 | 2–4 | 7th |  |
| 1967 | Richmond | 5–5 | 5–2 | 3rd |  |
| 1968 | Richmond | 8–3 | 6–0 | 1st | **W** Tangerine |
| 1969 | Richmond | 6–4 | 5–1 | T–1st |  |
| 1970 | Richmond | 4–6 | 3–3 | T–4th |  |
| 1971 | Richmond | 5–6 | 5–1 | 1st | **L** Tangerine |
| 1972 | Richmond | 6–4 | 5–1 | 2nd |  |
| 1973 | Richmond | 8–2 | 5–1 | 2nd |  |
| **Richmond:** | | 44–38 | 36–13 |  | | | | |
| **Total:** | | 68–60–3 |  | | | | | | |
| National championship         Conference title         Conference division title or championship game berth | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

Frank Jones
| Biographical details | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1918-08-30)August 30, 1918
Tifton, Georgia, U.S. |
| Died | July 25, 2009(2009-07-25) (aged 90)
Richmond, Virginia, U.S. |
| Playing career | |
| ? | Middle Georgia College |
|  | |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| c. 1950 | Cordele HS (GA) |
| 1951–1956 | Decatur HS (GA) |
| 1957–1961 | Presbyterian |
| 1962–1965 | Mississippi State (assistant) |
| 1966–1973 | Richmond |
|  | |
| Administrative career (AD unless noted) | |
| 1958–1961 | Presbyterian |
| 1967–1974 | Richmond |
|  | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 68–60–3 (college) |
| Bowls | 1–2 |
| Accomplishments and honors | |
| Championships | |
| 3 South Carolina Little Three (1958–1960)
3 SoCon (1968–1969, 1971) | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Woolsgrove

abstract: Woolsgrove is a village in Devon, England.

text:
# Woolsgrove

**Woolsgrove** is a village in Devon, England.

## InfoBox

| Woolsgrove | |
| --- | --- |
| Barns at Woolsgrove | |
| WoolsgroveLocation within Devon | |
| OS grid reference | SS7902 |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
|  | |
| Police | Devon and Cornwall |
| Fire | Devon and Somerset |
| Ambulance | South Western |
|  | |
|


title: List of Nazis (F–K)

abstract: A list of notable people who were at some point a member of the defunct Nazi Party (NSDAP). This is not meant to be a list of every person who was ever a member of the Nazi Party. This is a list of notable figures who were active within the party and did something significant within it that is of historical note or who were members of the Nazi Party according to multiple reliable publications. For a list of the main leaders and most important party figures see: List of Nazi Party leaders and officials. Overview A–E F–K L–R S–Z

text:
# List of Nazis (F–K)

A list of notable people who were at some point a member of the defunct Nazi Party (NSDAP). This is not meant to be a list of every person who was ever a member of the Nazi Party. This is a **list of notable figures** who were active within the party and did something significant within it that is of historical note or who were members of the Nazi Party according to multiple reliable publications. For a list of the main leaders and most important party figures see: List of Nazi Party leaders and officials.

Overview A–E **F–K** L–R S–Z

## F

## G

## H

## I

## J

## K

## Bibliography


title: Tumo Turbo

abstract: Tumo Turbo was an Ethiopian long-distance runner, who won the inaugural Prague Marathon in 1995 in 2:12:44 and the Eindhoven Marathon in 1996, clocking a time of 2:11:26. Only 3 weeks later, he came in second place in the 1996 New York Marathon in 2:10:09, finishing 15 seconds behind champion Giacomo Leone. Turbo represented his native country in the men's marathon at the 1996 Summer Olympics, alongside Abebe Mekonnen and Belayneh Dinsamo, but did not finish the race. He held the course record of 2:14:56 in the 1992 Tel Aviv Marathon until 2014. At just 38 years of age, he died on October 29, 2008, in a fatal bus accident which occurred on the Addis Ababa-Awassa road and killed another 18 people.

text:
# Tumo Turbo

**Tumo Turbo** (February 23, 1970 in Sidama province  October 29, 2008) was an Ethiopian long-distance runner, who won the inaugural Prague Marathon in 1995 in 2:12:44 and the Eindhoven Marathon in 1996, clocking a time of 2:11:26. Only 3 weeks later, he came in second place in the 1996 New York Marathon in 2:10:09, finishing 15 seconds behind champion Giacomo Leone.

Turbo represented his native country in the men's marathon at the 1996 Summer Olympics, alongside Abebe Mekonnen and Belayneh Dinsamo, but did not finish the race. He held the course record of 2:14:56 in the 1992 Tel Aviv Marathon until 2014.

At just 38 years of age, he died on October 29, 2008, in a fatal bus accident which occurred on the Addis Ababa-Awassa road and killed another 18 people.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Representing  Ethiopia | | | | | |
| 1995 | Prague Marathon | Prague, Czech Republic | 1st | Marathon | 2:12:44 |
| | World Championships | Gothenburg, Sweden | 29th | Marathon | 2:22:01 |
| 1996 | Houston Marathon | Houston, United States | 1st | Marathon | 2:10:34 |
| | Olympic Games | Atlanta, United States |  | Marathon | DNF |
| | Eindhoven Marathon | Eindhoven, Netherlands | 1st | Marathon | 2:11:26 |
| 1996 | New York Marathon | New York City, United States | 2nd | Marathon | 2:10:09 |
| 1997 | World Championships | Athens, Greece |  | Marathon | DNF |


title: Venneslafjorden

abstract: Venneslafjorden is a lake in the municipality of Vennesla in Agder county, Norway. The 1.56-square-kilometre (390-acre) lake is located along the river Otra. There are several islands and islets located in the northern part of the lake, the largest of which is Drivenesøya. The village of Vennesla is located along the southern end and there are also settlements that extend along the east side of the lake. The lake is dammed as a reservoir for the Hunsfos hydropower plants.

text:
# Venneslafjorden

**Venneslafjorden** is a lake in the municipality of Vennesla in Agder county, Norway. The 1.56-square-kilometre (390-acre) lake is located along the river Otra. There are several islands and islets located in the northern part of the lake, the largest of which is Drivenesøya. The village of Vennesla is located along the southern end and there are also settlements that extend along the east side of the lake. The lake is dammed as a reservoir for the Hunsfos hydropower plants.

## InfoBox

| Venneslafjorden | |
| --- | --- |
| VenneslafjordenVenneslafjorden | |
| Location | Vennesla, Agder |
| Coordinates | 58°16′52″N 07°57′51″E / 58.28111°N 7.96417°E / 58.28111; 7.96417 |
| Primary inflows | Otra river |
| Primary outflows | Otra river |
| Catchment area | 3,679 km2 (1,420 sq mi) |
| Basin countries | Norway |
|  | |
| Surface area | 1.56 km2 (0.60 sq mi) |
| Surface elevation | 41 metres (135 ft) |
|  | |
| References | NVE |


abstract: Widlice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Świecie nad Osą, within Grudziądz County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north of Świecie nad Osą, 23 km (14 mi) east of Grudziądz, and 61 km (38 mi) north-east of Toruń.

text:
# Widlice, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

**Widlice** \[vidˈlit͡sɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Świecie nad Osą, within Grudziądz County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north of Świecie nad Osą, 23 km (14 mi) east of Grudziądz, and 61 km (38 mi) north-east of Toruń.

## InfoBox

| Widlice | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Widlice | |
| Coordinates: 53°29′19″N 19°6′51″E / 53.48861°N 19.11417°E / 53.48861; 19.11417 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
| County | Grudziądz |
| Gmina | Świecie nad Osą |
| Population | 270 |


title: Reg Blakemore

abstract: Reginald "Reg" Edward Blakemore was a Welsh rugby union, and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for Wales, and at club level for Newport RFC, as a hooker, and club level rugby league for St Helens, as a hooker.

text:
# Reg Blakemore

**Reginald "Reg" Edward Blakemore** (1 September 1924 – 20 June 2006) was a Welsh rugby union, and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for Wales, and at club level for Newport RFC, as a hooker, and club level rugby league for St Helens, as a hooker.

## Background

Reg Blakemore was born in Newport, Wales, and he died aged 81 in Parr, St. Helens, Lancashire, England.

## Playing career

### Rugby union

Reg Blakemore won a cap for Wales (RU) while at Newport RFC in 1947 against England.

### Rugby league

Reg Blakemore played hooker in St Helens' 10–15 defeat by Huddersfield in the 1953 Challenge Cup Final during the 1952-53 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 25 April 1953.

Reg Blakemore played hooker in St Helens' 5–22 defeat by Leigh in the 1952 Lancashire Cup Final during the 1952–53 season at Station Road, Swinton on Saturday 29 November 1952, and in the 16-8 victory over Wigan in the 1953 Lancashire Cup Final during the 1953–54 season at Station Road, Swinton on Saturday 24 October 1953.

## InfoBox

Reg Blakemore
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Reginald Edward Blakemore |
| Born | 1 September 1924
Newport, Wales |
| Died | 20 June 2006 (aged 81)
Parr, St Helens, England |
| Playing information | |
| Weight | 12 st 0 lb (76 kg) |
| Rugby union | |
| Position | Hooker |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  ≤1947–47 Newport RFC       Representative  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1947 Wales 1 0 0 0 0 | |
| Rugby league | |
| Position | Hooker |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1947–54 St Helens 187 20 0 0 60 | |
| Source: | |


title: Mandai Wildlife Group

abstract: Mandai Wildlife Group is a self-funded organisation based in Singapore which manages the Mandai Wildlife Reserve at Mandai in Singapore, which includes the Singapore Zoo, Night Safari, River Wonders, Bird Paradise and Rainforest Wild. Founded as Wildlife Reserves Singapore in 2000, Wildlife Reserves Singapore was renamed to Mandai Wildlife Group as part of a corporate rebranding on 13 October 2021. In addition, the River Safari was renamed River Wonders, while the Jurong Bird Park was relocated and renamed to Bird Paradise. Mandai Wildlife Group and all of its member institutions are members of the South East Asian Zoos and Aquariums Association (SEAZA).

text:
# Mandai Wildlife Group

**Mandai Wildlife Group** is a self-funded organisation based in Singapore which manages the **Mandai Wildlife Reserve** at Mandai in Singapore, which includes the Singapore Zoo, Night Safari, River Wonders, Bird Paradise and Rainforest Wild.

Founded as **Wildlife Reserves Singapore** in 2000, Wildlife Reserves Singapore was renamed to Mandai Wildlife Group as part of a corporate rebranding on 13 October 2021. In addition, the River Safari was renamed River Wonders, while the Jurong Bird Park was relocated and renamed to Bird Paradise.

Mandai Wildlife Group and all of its member institutions are members of the South East Asian Zoos and Aquariums Association (SEAZA).

## InfoBox

Mandai Wildlife Group
|
|  |
| Formation | 1 August 2000 (2000-08-01) (as Wildlife Reserves Singapore)<br>13 October 2021 (2021-10-13) (as Mandai Wildlife Group) |
| Type | Non-profit organisation |
| Legal status | Active |
| Headquarters | 80 Mandai Lake Road, Singapore 729826 |
| Region served | Singapore |
| Chairman | Piyush Gupta |
| Parent organization | Temasek Holdings |
| Website | www.mandai.com |


title: Malcolm Perry (physicist)

abstract: Malcolm John Perry is a British theoretical physicist and emeritus professor of theoretical physics at University of Cambridge and professor of theoretical physics at Queen Mary University of London. His research mainly concerns quantum gravity, black holes, general relativity, and supergravity.

text:
# Malcolm Perry (physicist)

**Malcolm John Perry** (born 13 November 1951) is a British theoretical physicist and emeritus professor of theoretical physics at University of Cambridge and professor of theoretical physics at Queen Mary University of London. His research mainly concerns quantum gravity, black holes, general relativity, and supergravity.

## Biography

Perry attended King Edward's School, Birmingham, before reading physics at St John's College, Oxford. He was a graduate student at King's College, Cambridge, under the supervision of Stephen Hawking. He obtained his doctorate in 1978 with a thesis on the quantum mechanics of black holes. In these early years, he worked on several very influential papers on Euclidean quantum gravity and black hole radiation with Gary Gibbons and Hawking.

After his graduate studies, he worked in Princeton, New Jersey, from 1978 to 1986. With his student Rob Myers, he found the Myers–Perry metric, which describes the higher-dimensional generalization of the Kerr metric. He also started working on supergravity, string theory and Kaluza–Klein theory. In his final years in Princeton he worked with Curtis Callan, Emil Martinec and Daniel Friedan to calculate the low-energy effective action for string theory.

In 1986, he returned to Cambridge, being elected a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, where he has worked ever since. In 2010, his attention has focused on generalised geometry and the doubled formalism for string theory, extending these ideas to M-theory in collaboration with David Berman. In 2016, he returned to black hole physics with Hawking and Andrew Strominger and began a series of highly influential works attempting to solve long standing problems in black hole thermodynamics.

## InfoBox

| Malcolm John Perry | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1951-11-13) 13 November 1951
Birmingham, England |
| Nationality | British |
| Alma mater | St John's College, Oxford
King's College, Cambridge |
| Known for | Contributions to higher-dimensional gravity, quantum gravity, string theory, supergravity |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Theoretical physics |
| Institutions | DAMTP, University of Cambridge
Trinity College, Cambridge
Centre for Research in String Theory, Queen Mary University of London |
| Doctoral advisor | Stephen Hawking |
| Doctoral students | Robert Myers
Stephen Fletcher Hewson |
|  | |


title: Frank Jones (priest)

abstract: Frank Emlyn Jones was an English priest. He was the Archdeacon of Barnstaple in the Church of England from 1930 to 1935. Born in Surbiton, Jones was educated at Christ Church, Oxford and ordained in 1885 after covering theological studies at Ripon College Cuddesdon. After a curacy in Bromsgrove he held incumbencies in Bradford and Great Torrington before his years as an archdeacon.

text:
# Frank Jones (priest)

**Frank Emlyn Jones** (12 April 1861  26 June 1935) was an English priest. He was the Archdeacon of Barnstaple in the Church of England from 1930 to 1935.

Born in Surbiton, Jones was educated at Christ Church, Oxford and ordained in 1885 after covering theological studies at Ripon College Cuddesdon. After a curacy in Bromsgrove he held incumbencies in Bradford and Great Torrington before his years as an archdeacon.


title: Woodworth, Louisiana

abstract: Woodworth is a town in Rapides Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is part of the Alexandria, Louisiana Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,096 at the 2010 census. This town is growing rapidly with a number of residential subdivisions under development. Woodworth is emerging as a bedroom community for nearby Alexandria, to the northeast. Louisiana State Senator Joe McPherson resides in Woodworth, as did the late State Representative R. W. "Buzzy" Graham, who operated an insurance agency in Alexandria. According to a 2007 report, Woodworth was named one of the 10 worst speed traps in the state of Louisiana. Woodworth made 61.32% of its revenue, an average of roughly $706 per capita, from fines and forfeitures in the 2005 fiscal year.

text:
# Woodworth, Louisiana

**Woodworth** is a town in Rapides Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is part of the Alexandria, Louisiana Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,096 at the 2010 census.

This town is growing rapidly with a number of residential subdivisions under development. Woodworth is emerging as a bedroom community for nearby Alexandria, to the northeast. Louisiana State Senator Joe McPherson resides in Woodworth, as did the late State Representative R. W. "Buzzy" Graham, who operated an insurance agency in Alexandria.

According to a 2007 report, Woodworth was named one of the 10 worst speed traps in the state of Louisiana. Woodworth made 61.32% of its revenue, an average of roughly $706 per capita, from fines and forfeitures in the 2005 fiscal year.

## History

Woodworth was established in 1942 under the Lawrason Act.

The town began with a small population in the 1880s with the first significant resident being George Hendricks from Arkansas who allegedly built a rice farm in the village, but later found himself unsuccessful and left.

The town's growth did not yet stop, as a businessman named John McEnery came from New Orleans, LA and brought his railroad company (New Orleans Pacific Railroad) with him. McEnery did not have this land for long however as he later sold it, and on November 25, 1890, the 18,000 acres of land were sold to three people: C. E. Roberts, C. S. Woodworth, and Ed Rand all of whom were from neighboring state of Texas. The three men had yet to explore this land but established the Rapides Lumber Company in the village, constructing a sawmill. The name of this town originates from C. S. Woodworth’s name of whom the company decided the community should be named after.\`

Soon after the sawmill was constructed, a Missouri located company bought out positions of the lumber company being those held by C. S. Woodworth and C. E. Roberts, but Rand kept his position. Because of these transfers, the company was renamed to the Long-Bell Lumber Company of Woodworth. By the early 1900s, the town of Woodworth had reached a population of roughly 1,000, while continuous expansion of the town's businesses and services began, which oversaw the construction of churches and commercial businesses in the town. As this happened, the first Catholic Church was constructed in Woodworth after Bishop Van de Ven blessed a chapel in the town. The land where this chapel was had later been owned by Richard and Edward Butler, which then was passed over to Henry Butler on November 19, 1908. On June 15, 1911, the 2 acre land was finally inherited by Bishop Van de Ven. The Butler family is related to the current leading Woodworth political family, the Butlers. The Butler family is currently overseeing David Butler as mayor of the town.

As this church continued to grow, so did the population. The Catholic Church invited the large Catholic population of Rapides Parish towards Woodworth after the exponential growth of the sawmill. This also attracted a certain Catholic family, the Moore family, which was a family consisting of a former slave and the descendants of the freed slave. Alvah Joseph Moore moved to the town in the early 1900's, and was a prominent saw mill operator and musician who played in the Woodworth Band. Moore and his family wrote recollections of the era in Woodworth and their life in the town. During the period of Catholic migration to the town, the Ku Klux Klan also rose to prominence in the town, as conflicts between the two groups began arising in the town, which eventually was put to a stop after the sawmill company intervened.

After the conflicts between the Catholics and Ku Klux Klan ended, the sawmill eventually began seeing less and less production in the region and eventually moved out in 1926, leaving the land barren until restoration during the Civilian Conservation Corps program. The Catholic church was relocated to Reddell, Louisiana which signaled the loss of many Catholic residents of the town.

Following the closure of the sawmill, and the relocation of several Catholic residents, the town seemed to stop growing until the war era. As of now, Catholic residents were attending St. Martin's Church in Lecompte, Louisiana Following the closure of the church, Father Gerard J. Ducote, the second pastor of Cabrini, sent a letter to Bishop Charles P. Greco saying: "I understand from Mr. and Mrs. A.J. Moore that there have been no Catholic services in Woodworth since about 1927, the year in which they left the community to reside in Alexandria, and that the reason why so many of these people have not continued active affiliation with the Church was because of resentment that their Church had been dismantled and moved away - a measure of protest over the action." The Catholic Churches were then promised double attendance, which was reached but mainly as result of the heavy growth of Camp Claiborne inhabitants.

Camp Claiborne was also formed in Louisiana and rose to higher prominence during World War II, where over half a million men circulated through the camp. The camp oversaw the Louisiana Maneuvers training which was led by many prominent military and later political members including General Omar Bradley, General Ben Lear, and Walter Krueger, just to name a few. Eventually, this camp was then used for German military POWs. After the war, the camp was acquired by the United States Forest Service. The United States Army Corps of Engineers also has jurisdiction there regarding unexploded ordnance

## Geography

Woodworth is located at 31°9′23″N 92°29′41″W / 31.15639°N 92.49472°W / 31.15639; -92.49472 (31.156270, -92.494650).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 4.9 square miles (13 km2), of which 4.9 square miles (12.7 km2) is land and 0.20% is water.

### Major highways

### Climate

This climatic region is typified by relatively small seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and mild winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Woodworth has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

| Climate data for Woodworth, Louisiana | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 14
(58) | 17
(63) | 22
(71) | 26
(78) | 29
(84) | 32
(90) | 34
(93) | 34
(93) | 31
(88) | 26
(79) | 21
(69) | 16
(61) | 25
(77) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3
(37) | 4
(40) | 9
(48) | 12
(54) | 17
(62) | 21
(69) | 22
(71) | 21
(70) | 18
(65) | 12
(54) | 7
(45) | 3
(38) | 12
(54) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 150
(6.1) | 130
(5.1) | 130
(5.1) | 130
(5.1) | 130
(5.2) | 130
(5) | 130
(5.2) | 100
(4.1) | 100
(4.1) | 100
(4) | 160
(6.3) | 170
(6.5) | 1,570
(61.7) |
| Source: Weatherbase | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1950 | 392 |  |  |
| 1960 | 320 |  | −18.4% |
| 1970 | 409 |  | 27.8% |
| 1980 | 412 |  | 0.7% |
| 1990 | 754 |  | 83.0% |
| 2000 | 1,080 |  | 43.2% |
| 2010 | 1,096 |  | 1.5% |
| 2020 | 1,762 |  | 60.8% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2020 census

Woodworth racial composition
| Race | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- |
| White (non-Hispanic) | 1,474 | 83.65% |
| Black or African American (non-Hispanic) | 142 | 8.06% |
| Native American | 18 | 1.02% |
| Asian | 11 | 0.62% |
| Pacific Islander | 1 | 0.06% |
| Other/Mixed | 69 | 3.92% |
| Hispanic or Latino | 47 | 2.67% |

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 1,762 people, 628 households, and 435 families residing in the town.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,080 people, 385 households, and 299 families residing in the town. The population density was 219.5 inhabitants per square mile (84.7/km2). There were 408 housing units at an average density of 82.9 per square mile (32.0/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 87.96% White, 10.46% African American, 0.46% Native American, 0.28% from other races, and 0.83% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.13% of the population.

There were 385 households, out of which 45.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.1% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.1% were non-families. 18.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.81 and the average family size was 3.22.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 29.8% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 32.1% from 25 to 44, 19.6% from 45 to 64, and 7.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $37,262, and the median income for a family was $41,667. Males had a median income of $30,417 versus $23,587 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,200. About 6.8% of families and 9.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.7% of those under age 18 and 9.4% of those age 65 or over.

## Education

### Caroline Dormon Junior High

In August 2012, Caroline Dormon Junior High School was completed and ready for the new school year. Sitting on a 33-acre site off U.S. Route 165, the $6.5 million project is the first "green" school for the CenLa area as well as the first school within Woodworth city limits. The 50,000 sq ft building currently holds about 400 students. The school hold classes from kindergarten to 8th grade. In the 2022-2023 school year, the school district proposed a bond to expand the school due to its high over-enrollment. The school was built to house around 150 students, but in 2022, reached a peak of 400 students. Caroline Dormon Junior High was the top A traditional public school in Rapides Parish, Louisiana from 2012 to now, and is only being outperformed by Phoenix Magnet Elementary School in a non-traditional category, as Phoenix is a magnet school.

## Court

Woodworth is among 250 towns and villages in Louisiana with a Mayors court as provided by R.S. 33:44l and 442.

### History

A mayors court was authorized through Municipal charters, and an act of 1772, giving a mayor the jurisdiction of a justice of the peace as to petty causes. Louisiana and Ohio have this form of court system.

### Controversy

There has been controversy on the town being considered as a speed trap and the fact that the mayor has a conflict of interest also filling the Judiciary position. A suit was filed in one case ultimately resulting in the plaintiff being vindicated by a Louisiana appeals court.

1. "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
2. "Woodworth LA ZIP Code". zipdatamaps.com. 2023. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
3. "Muni Profile Public".
4. History of mary, mother of jesus church woodworth, Louisiana
5. "103rd Infantry (Cactus) Division in World War II".
6. "Camp Claiborne: The birthplace of the Army's first airborne divisions". June 7, 2019.
7. "THE VILLAGE OF WOODWORTH" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 29, 2021.
8. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
9. "Woodworth, Louisiana Koppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". *Weatherbase*.
10. "Weatherbase.com". Weatherbase. 2013. Retrieved on October 6, 2013.
11. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
12. "Explore Census Data". *data.census.gov*. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
13. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
14. "Woodworth School to Open". August 10, 2012. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
15. "Court Structure". April 8, 2019. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
16. "Mayor's Courts". April 8, 2019. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
17. "A Brief History of a Mayor's Court". April 8, 2019. p. 4. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
18. ""The Woman Who Spent Six Years Fighting a Traffic Stop"". August 10, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2019. *The Marshall Project*

## InfoBox

| Woodworth, Louisiana | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Motto(s): "License and registration, please." | |
| Location of Woodworth in Rapides Parish, Louisiana. | |
| Location of Louisiana in the United States | |
| Coordinates: 31°09′23″N 92°29′41″W / 31.15639°N 92.49472°W / 31.15639; -92.49472 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Louisiana |
| Parish | Rapides |
| Area | |
| Total | 8.89 sq mi (23.02 km2) |
| Land | 8.88 sq mi (23.01 km2) |
| Water | 0.01 sq mi (0.01 km2) |
| Elevation | 89 ft (27 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 1,762 |
| Density | 198.33/sq mi (76.58/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 71485 |
| Area code | 318 |
| FIPS code | 22-83125 |
| Website | http://www.townofwoodworth.com |


title: List of Neapolitan monarchs

abstract: The following is a list of rulers of the Kingdom of Naples, from its first separation from the Kingdom of Sicily to its merger with the same into the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

text:
# List of Neapolitan monarchs

The following is a list of **rulers of the Kingdom of Naples**, from its first separation from the Kingdom of Sicily to its merger with the same into the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

## Kingdom of Naples (1282–1501)

### House of Anjou

In 1382, the Kingdom of Naples was inherited by Charles of Durazzo, King of Hungary, great grandson of King Charles II of Naples. After this, the House of Anjou of Naples was renamed **House of Anjou-Durazzo**, when Charles married his first cousin Margaret of Durazzo, member of a prominent Neapolitan noble family.

| Portrait | Coat of Arms | Name | Reign | | Claim to the throne | Title |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Charles I
(Carlo I) | 30 March 1282 | 7 January 1285 | Conquered the Kingdom of Sicily from Manfred as a part of the war between the Hohenstaufen dynasty & the Papacy Following the Sicilian Vespers in 1282, the island of Sicily was lost to Peter III of Aragon | King of Sicily, Naples and Albania
(Re di Sicilia, Napoli e Albania) |
|  |  | Charles II, *the Lame*
(Carlo II, *lo Zoppo*) | 7 January 1285 | 5 May 1309 | Son of Charles I | King of Naples
(Re di Napoli) |
|  |  | Robert I, *the Wise*
(Roberto I, *il Saggio*) | 5 May 1309 | 20 January 1343 | Son of Charles II | King of Naples
(Re di Napoli) |
|  |  | Joanna I
(Giovanna I) | 20 January 1343 | 12 May 1382 | Granddaughter of Robert I | Queen of Naples
(Regina di Napoli) |
|  |  | Louis I
(Luigi I) | August 1348 | 26 May 1362 | Husband of Joanna I Grandson of Charles II; member of the House of Anjou-Taranto
Potential claimant to the throne through the male line if Joanna died childless, but he and his line also died out. | *Jure uxoris* King of Naples
(Re di Napoli) |
| After Joanna's death without legitimate issue, the heirs were her nieces, only one (Margaret) of whom left issue (with Charles, a member of the Durazzo branch of the House of Anjou). The next ones in line were the Durazzo branch itself (the Taranto branch, of which Louis I was part, had been extinguished), whose prominent figure, Charles, was Joanna's enemy. | | | | | | |
|  |  | Charles III, *the Short*
(Carlo III, *il Breve*) | 12 May 1382 | 24 February 1386 | Great-grandson of Charles II and second cousin of Joanna I of Naples Member of the House of Anjou-Durazzo | King of Naples
(Re di Napoli) |
|  |  | Ladislaus I, *the Magnanimous*
(Ladislao I, *il Magnanimo*) | 24 February 1386 | Early 1390 | Son of Charles III | King of Naples
(Re di Napoli) |

### House of Valois-Anjou (disputed)

Joanna of Naples had refused to name her enemy Charles of Durazzo as heir to the Neapolitan throne despite him ending up succeeding her anyway. If Charles' line was ignored, the subsequent heirs would be the descendants of Margaret, Countess of Anjou, a daughter of Charles II of Naples; the line pointed to the kings of France of the House of Valois. Joanna chose this line, though she named as heir, her second cousin once removed, Louis of Valois-Anjou, the second son of King John II of France, in order to avoid a personal union with France.

As Charles III had already seized the Neapolitan throne, initially the House of Valois-Anjou only had an empty claim. One of their members, Louis II, succeeded in ruling Naples for a time.

Time as claimant instead of actual rule will be shown in italic.

| Portrait | Coat of Arms | Name | Reign | | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Title |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Louis I of Anjou
(Luigi I) | *1382* | *1384* | Adopted son and heir of Joanna I
Great-great-grandson of Charles II through female line
Could not establish himself in Naples before his death | King of Naples
(Re di Napoli) |
|  |  | Louis II
(Luigi II) | *1384*
1389 | *1417*
1399 | Son of Louis I (adopted son of Joanna I)
Crowned in 1389
Actually ruled in Naples only from 1390 until 1399 | King of Naples
(Re di Napoli) |
|  |  | Louis III of Anjou
(Luigi III) | *1417* | *1434* | Son of Louis II
He was recognised as Joanna II's heir in 1423. | King of Naples
(Re di Napoli) |

### House of Anjou (restored)

| Portrait | Coat of Arms | Name | Reign | | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Title |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Ladislaus I, *the Magnanimous*
(Ladislao I, *il Magnanimo*) | Late 1399 | 6 August 1414 | Son of Charles III | King of Naples
(Re di Napoli) |
|  |  | Joanna II
(Giovanna II) | 6 August 1414 | 2 February 1435 | Daughter of Charles III | Queen of Naples
(Regina di Napoli) |

### House of Valois-Anjou (restored)

Joanna II recognised Louis III of Anjou as heir in 1423, however he died in 1434 before succeeding to the throne. His brother René of Anjou succeeded to the claim and became king upon Joanna's death in 1435.

| Portrait | Coat of Arms | Name | Reign | | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Title |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | René I, *the Good*
(Renato I, *il Buono*) | 2 February 1435 | 2 June 1442 | Son of Louis II | King of Naples
(Re di Napoli) |

### House of Trastámara

Before Louis of Anjou, Queen Joanna II's adopted heir had been Alfonso V of Aragon. His father, Ferdinand I of Aragon had inherited both Aragon & Sicily from his maternal uncle Martin I of Aragon. Martin, in turn had claimed the throne of Sicily following the extinction of the Sicillian branch of the House of Barcelona, thereby bringing Sicily under the Aragonese crown. Alfonso refused to be disinherited and conquered Naples from René of Anjou in 1442. Although both Sicily & Naples were once again under the rule of the single monarch since the Sicillian Vespers, Alfonso passed the Aragonese throne (including Sicily) to his brother John, while Naples went to his illegitimate son Ferdinand.

| Portrait | Coat of Arms | Name | Reign | | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Title |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Alfonso I, *the Magnanimous*
(Alfonso I, *il Magnanimo*) | 2 June 1442 | 27 June 1458 | Adopted son of Joanna II; conquered | King of Aragon, Sicily and Naples
(Re di Aragona, Sicilia e Napoli) |
|  |  | Ferdinand I
(Ferdinando I) | 27 June 1458 | 25 January 1494 | Illegitimate son of Alfonso I | King of Naples
(Re di Napoli) |
|  |  | Alfonso II
(Alfonso II) | 25 January 1494 | 23 January 1495 | Son of Ferdinand I | King of Naples
(Re di Napoli) |
|  |  | Ferdinand II
(Ferdinando II) | 23 January 1495 | 7 September 1496 | Son of Alfonso II | King of Naples
(Re di Napoli) |
|  |  | Frederick I
(Federico I) | 7 September 1496 | 1 August 1501 | Son of Ferdinand I | King of Naples
(Re di Napoli) |

## Union with France (1501–1504)

Upon his death in 1480, René of Anjou transferred his claim to his nephew, Charles IV, Duke of Anjou. Charles died in 1481 and willed his claim to Louis XI of France. His son Charles VIII attempted to take Naples by force, but failed and died childless in 1498.

Charles VIII was succeeded by his 2nd cousin once removed Louis XII. Louis had no claim to the Neapolitan throne, but as successor to Charles VIII in France he nevertheless wanted to succeed him in Naples as well.

Naples was conquered in 1501 and became part of a personal union with the Kingdom of France. The local government was ruled by a French viceroy.

### House of Valois-Orléans

| Portrait | Coat of Arms | Name | Reign | | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Title |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Louis XII of France
(Luigi XII) | 2 August 1501 | 31 January 1504 | Succeeded to Charles VIII on the French throne; conquered Naples |  |

## Union with Spain (1504–1647)

Ferdinand II of Aragon conquered Naples from the French in the Treaty of Granada. Naples, alongside Sicily entered in a personal union with the Kingdom of Aragon, which lasted for over 2 centuries. Over time, the Crown of Aragon and the Crown of Castile merged to form the Monarchy of Spain, known colloquially as the "Kingdom of Spain", though the constituent crowns (Castile, Aragon, Sicily, Naples) retained their own institutions, and were ruled officially as separate states in personal union rather than as a unified state. The local government was ruled by a Spanish viceroy. The royal houses were:

### House of Trastámara

| Portrait | Coat of Arms | Name | Reign | | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Title |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Ferdinand III
(Ferdinando III) | 31 January 1504 | 23 January 1516 | Conquered Naples from Louis XII |  |
|  |  | Joanna III
(Giovanna III) | 23 January 1516 | 12 April 1555 | Daughter of Ferdinand III |  |

Joanna III was kept confined under alleged insanity during her whole reign.

### House of Habsburg

| Portrait | Coat of Arms | Name | Reign | | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Title |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Charles IV
(Carlo IV) | 14 March 1516 | 25 July 1554 | Son of Joanna III |  |
|  |  | Philip I
 | 25 July 1554 | 13 September 1598 | Son of Charles IV |  |
|  |  | Philip II
 | 13 September 1598 | 31 March 1621 | Son of Philip I |  |
|  |  | Philip III
 | 31 March 1621 | 1647 | Son of Philip II |  |

## Neapolitan Republic (1647–1648)

### House of Guise

Officially a Republic, Naples was governed for a short time by the Duke of Guise, under the title of "**Doge of Naples**".

| Portrait | Coat of Arms | Name | Reign | | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Title |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Henry of Guise
(Enrico di Guisa) | 22 October 1647 | 5 April 1648 | Claimed a lineage with the House of Valois-Anjou | Doge of Naples
(Doge di Napoli) |

## Union with Spain (1648–1713)

Naples returned to its former status; in personal union with the Crown of Aragon and the Spanish monarchy.

### House of Habsburg

| Portrait | Coat of Arms | Name | Reign | | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Title |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Philip III
 | 1648 | 17 September 1665 | Son of Philip II |  |
|  |  | Charles V
 | 17 September 1665 | 1 November 1700 | Son of Philip III |  |

### House of Bourbon

| Portrait | Coat of Arms | Name | Reign | | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Title |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Philip IV | 1 November 1700 | 11 April 1713 | Great-nephew of Charles V |  |

## Kingdom of Naples (1713–1799)

Under the terms of the Peace of Utrecht the crown of Naples passed to the Austrian Habsburgs.

### House of Habsburg

| Portrait | Coat of Arms | Name | Reign | | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Title |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Charles VI | 11 April 1713 | 1734/1735 | Great-grandson of Philip I |  |

### House of Bourbon

In 1734 Spanish troops conquered the Kingdom of Naples, which was surrendered to Charles of Bourbon under the Treaty of Vienna (1738).

| Portrait | Coat of Arms | Name | Reign | | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Title |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Charles VII
(Carlo VII) | 2 June 1734 | 6 October 1759 | Son of Philip IV;
confirmed King with a treaty (1738). Abdicated, 1759 to assume the throne of Spain. | King of Spain, Naples and Sicily
(Re di Spagna, Napoli e Sicilia) |
|  |  | Ferdinand IV
(Ferdinando IV) | 6 October 1759 | 23 January 1799 | Son of Charles VII | King of Naples and Sicily
(Re di Napoli e Sicilia) |

## Parthenopean Republic (1799)

### Dictators

|  | Portrait | Name
(Birth–Death) | Term of Office | | Political Party | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  | **Jean Étienne Championnet**
(1762–1800) | 21 January 1799 | 24 February 1799 | Military |  |
| | | Championnet was appointed to defend the Roman Republic, but despite the French Directory's directives, he also conquered Naples and created the Parthenopean Republic. After a short dictatorship, he was deposed and imprisoned by France itself. | | | |
| 2 |  | **Jacques MacDonald**
(1765–1840) | 24 February 1799 | 3 June 1799 | Military |  |
| | | After Championnet's deposition, MacDonald ruled Naples for some months, before moving his forces in Northern Italy. Naples was then reconquered by the Bourbons' loyalists. | | | |

## Kingdom of Naples (1799–1816)

### House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

| Portrait | Coat of Arms | Name | Reign | | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Title |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Ferdinand IV
(Ferdinando IV) | 13 June 1799 | 30 March 1806 | Son of Charles VII | King of Naples and Sicily
(Re di Napoli e Sicilia) |

### House of Bonaparte

| Portrait | Coat of Arms | Name | Reign | | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Title |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Joseph I
(Giuseppe I) | 30 March 1806 | 8 July 1808 | Appointed by Napoleon Bonaparte, abdicated 1808 to assume the throne of Spain. | King of Naples
(Re di Napoli) |

### House of Murat

| Portrait | Coat of Arms | Name | Reign | | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Title |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Joachim-Napoleon
(Gioacchino Napoleone) | 1 August 1808 | 22 May 1815 | Brother-in-law of Joseph I | King of Naples
(Re di Napoli) |

### House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

| Portrait | Coat of Arms | Name | Reign | | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Title |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Ferdinand IV
(Ferdinando IV) | 22 May 1815 | 8 December 1816 | Son of Charles VII | King of Naples and Sicily
(Re di Napoli e Sicilia) |

Naples was merged with Sicily to form Kingdom of Two Sicilies.


title: Tunbridge & Tunbridge

abstract: Tunbridge & Tunbridge is an architectural partnership in Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It consisted of Walter Howard Tunbridge and his brother Oliver Tunbridge. A number of their works are now heritage-listed.

text:
# Tunbridge & Tunbridge

**Tunbridge & Tunbridge** is an architectural partnership in Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It consisted of Walter Howard Tunbridge and his brother Oliver Tunbridge. A number of their works are now heritage-listed.

## History

Walter Howard Tunbridge was born and trained in England as an architect. In 1884 he migrated to Australia and worked for Rooney Brothers in Townsville. He left to establish his own practice in 1886 and invited his younger brother, Oliver, to join him in 1887. This partnership subsequently became an important architectural and civil engineering firm in North Queensland.

## Significant works

### Attribution

This Wikipedia article incorporates text from *"The Queensland heritage register"* published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 7 July 2014, archived on 8 October 2014).


title: Martinique amazon

abstract: The Martinique amazon is a hypothetical extinct species of Caribbean parrot in the family Psittacidae. It is not known from any material remains, but was said to be similar to the red-necked amazon from Dominica, the next major island to the north of Martinique. Natives are known to have traded extensively in parrots between the Antilles, and it seems that the Martinique population was in some way related to or even descended from A. arausiaca.

text:
# Martinique amazon

The **Martinique amazon** (***Amazona martinicana***) is a hypothetical extinct species of Caribbean parrot in the family Psittacidae. It is not known from any material remains, but was said to be similar to the red-necked amazon (*A. arausiaca*) from Dominica, the next major island to the north of Martinique. Natives are known to have traded extensively in parrots between the Antilles, and it seems that the Martinique population was in some way related to or even descended from *A. arausiaca*.

## Description

Jean-Baptiste Labat described them as follows in 1742:

> Those of Dominica have some red feathers on the wings, under the throat, and in the tail; all the rest is green (*Amazona bouqueti*, w.r.). Those of Martinique have the same plumage as the last mentioned, but the top of the head is slate colour with a small amount of red.

Assuming it was a genuine and distinct taxon, it was endemic to Martinique and became extinct due to habitat loss as Martinique was cleared for agriculture. It has not been recorded since 1722.

The Guadeloupe amazon (*"A. violacea"*), a similarly speculative "species", was said to inhabit the island of Guadeloupe. It is sometimes considered to be the same as *"A. martinicana"*. However, it is more widely held to be related or identical to the imperial amazon (*A. imperialis*), the second *Amazona* species of Dominica.

Media related to Amazona martinicana at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Martinique amazon | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Somewhat speculative restoration | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Extinct (1779)  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification
(disputed) | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Psittaciformes |
| Family: | Psittacidae |
| Genus: | *Amazona* |
| Species: | ***A. martinicana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Amazona martinicana***
A.H. Clark, 1905 | |
|
|  | |
| Location of Martinique | |


title: Willi Bierofka

abstract: Willi Bierofka is a retired German football defender and later manager.

text:
# Willi Bierofka

**Willi Bierofka** (born 21 January 1953) is a retired German football defender and later manager.

## InfoBox

Willi Bierofka
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1953-01-21) 21 January 1953 | | |
| Place of birth | Munich, West Germany | | |
| Height | 1.74 m (5 ft 9 in) | | |
| Position(s) | defender | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| –1971 | Bayern Munich | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1971–1973 | SC Fürstenfeldbruck |  |  |
| 1973–1979 | TSV 1860 Munich |  |  |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 1988–1990 | TSV 1860 Munich | | |
| 1999–2003 | FC Ismaning | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Reckless Hearts

abstract: Reckless Hearts were a Tasmanian rock band. They relocated to Melbourne and were signed to Glenn Wheatley's label, Emerald City Records. Their extended play, Rain in Spain, featuring the track "This Town" reached the top 100 on the ARIA singles chart. By 2005 they had disbanded with Bruce Holloway and Colin Street forming a country rock duo, Holloway Street. That duo relocated to the United States in the following year. Bruce Holloway died in a traffic accident on 17 April 2009, aged 49.

text:
# Reckless Hearts

**Reckless Hearts** were a Tasmanian rock band. They relocated to Melbourne and were signed to Glenn Wheatley's label, Emerald City Records. Their extended play, *Rain in Spain*, featuring the track "This Town" reached the top 100 on the ARIA singles chart. By 2005 they had disbanded with Bruce Holloway and Colin Street forming a country rock duo, Holloway Street. That duo relocated to the United States in the following year. Bruce Holloway died in a traffic accident on 17 April 2009, aged 49.

## Members

* Bruce Holloway – guitar
* Grant Oakford – guitar
* Gavin Miles – keyboards
* Patrick Cranny – vocals
* Colin Street – bass
* Peter Manaena – drums (aka ma9na)

(Paul Hiscutt was the original drummer involved in the major touring and studio recordings)

## Discography

### Extended plays

List of EPs, with selected chart positions
| Title | Details | Peak chart positions |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | AUS<br> |
| *Rain in Spain* | * Released: 1993 * Label: Emerald City, Polydor * Format: CD | 89 |


title: Reed receiver

abstract: A reed receiver or tuned reed receiver (US) was a form of multi-channel signal decoder used for early radio control systems. It uses a simple electromechanical device or 'resonant reed' to demodulate the signal, in effect a receive-only modem. The encoding used is a simple form of frequency-shift keying. These decoders appeared in the 1950s and were used into the early 1970s. Early transistor systems were in use in parallel to them, but they were finally displaced by the appearance of affordable digital proportional systems, based on early integrated circuits. These had the advantage of proportional control.

text:
# Reed receiver

A **reed receiver** or **tuned reed receiver** (US) was a form of multi-channel signal decoder used for early radio control systems. It uses a simple electromechanical device or  *'resonant reed'*  to demodulate the signal, in effect a receive-only modem. The encoding used is a simple form of frequency-shift keying.

These decoders appeared in the 1950s and were used into the early 1970s. Early transistor systems were in use in parallel to them, but they were finally displaced by the appearance of affordable digital proportional systems, based on early integrated circuits. These had the advantage of proportional control.

## Operation

The decoder of the reed receiver is based on the 'resonant reed' unit. This comprises a number of vibrating metal reeds, each one having a tuned vibration frequency like a tuning fork. These reeds are manufactured from a single tapered sheet of iron or steel, giving a comb of reeds of varying length. This resembles the comb used to sound musical notes in a music box. Like a music box, the length of each reed affects its resonant frequency. The reeds are powered magnetically, by a single solenoid coil and an iron core wrapped between the ends of the reeds.

A reed's resonant frequency is a mid-range audible frequency of perhaps 300 Hz. The solenoid is driven by the output of the radio control receiver, which is an audio tone or tones. If the receiver output contains the appropriate tone for the resonant frequency of a reed, that reed would be made to vibrate. As the reed vibrates, it touches a contact screw above its free end. These contacts form the output of the decoder. Decoder outputs are generally fed to small relays. These allow a high current load to be controlled, such as the model's propulsion motor. Using a relay also adds a damping time constant to the output, so that the intermittent contact with the reed contact (which is vibrating at the transmitter audible tone frequency) becomes a continuous output signal.

Each reed forms an independent channel and they may be activated individually or in combination, depending on the signal from the transmitter.

Reed system channels are an on/off output, not a proportional (i.e. analogue) signal. These could be used to drive an escapement, or rapidly switching a channel on and off could be used as pulse-width modulation to provide a proportional signal to drive a servo.

## Number of channels

To avoid potential problems with harmonic frequencies simultaneously activating multiple reeds, the reed frequencies were kept within an octave of each other. The number of distinct frequencies usable within this range depends on the selectivity or Q factor of each reed. Typical radio control reed units used six reeds, sometimes four or eight on simpler or more sophisticated systems.

The sensitivity of each reed is controlled by mechanically adjusting the contact screw above each reed. This adjustment is critical and temperamental, so a system where reed resonance is pronounced and separate from the other reeds is easiest to adjust. If adjacent reeds also vibrate (at a lesser amplitude) for the same tone, the contact adjustment must not be too sensitive, or else it could be false-triggered by an adjacent channel. This problem becomes worse, the more closely the channels are spaced.

Twelve reed systems were known, but were only required for large ship models, typically warships, with many channels for triggering "working features" such as turrets and cannon firing. In practice these were unreliable and so these models used a sequential drum sequencer instead. One channel, probably from a reed, would be used to step the sequencer through each step of a pre-planned demonstration sequence.

### Hedy Lamarr

It is sometimes incorrectly claimed that the origin of the resonant reed decoder was in the wartime torpedo-control patent granted to the actress Hedy Lamarr. This patent did precede spread spectrum radio technology, but the frequency-hopping it describes is primarily applied to the radio carrier wave, not the signal coding. A minor aspect of the radio control system described does use a similar frequency-keying mechanism to select left and right rudder, also this is done by separate filters, presumably electronic rather than reed, of 50 & 100 Hz. As these two frequencies are exactly an octave apart, they could also suffer from the harmonic interference problem described above.

## Transmitters

A suitable transmitter need only generate a number of audio tones. Most had a single oscillator, that generated different tones as control buttons were pressed one-by-one. As the control actuators on the model were usually escapements at this time, this limitation was relatively minor. To keep the channels fully independent and *simultaneously* triggerable, would have required a separate oscillator for each channel, not merely a single tunable oscillator. In the valve era before transistors, that would have been unusually expensive. Many period transmitters merely used a number of push-button switches on their case, although some combined these into joystick or wheel controls.

## Similar devices

### Aircraft navigation

Resonant reeds, used as mechanical filters in a radio tone decoder, appear in the early 1930s as part of radio navigation systems. Multiple courses were signalled by use of radio beam transmitters. Tones of 65 Hz, 86.7 Hz, and 108.3 Hz were modulated onto these beam transmissions, the position of the beam and its audio modulation being space modulated onto the ideal position of the course and the guard beam areas to either side of it. By visually monitoring the vibrating reeds, the pilot could determine their position within the radio beams, and thus over the ground.

### Radio paging

Early radio paging systems such as the Bell Telephone BELLBOY system used a shared carrier frequency and audio tone coding to identify the correct recipient of a message. These selectors used a tuning fork resonator rather than a simple single reed. This gives a more selective mechanical filter, allowing more frequencies to be spaced closely together. Even more importantly, the false-triggering harmonic for a tuning fork is more than six times its natural frequency, rather than merely twice its frequency, as for a reed. This means that the useful frequency range is over two octaves, rather than less than one octave. Multiple reeds could also be used together, either to identify separate frequencies to give multiple indications, or logically ANDed together to require more subscriber selections with a 2-code identifier rather than a single code.

### Frequency measurement

Vibrating reed indicators have been used for a low-cost display of frequency. This was typically used for a small generator set, where maintaining an output frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz was needed. A comb of reeds centered on this frequency would be mounted edge-on to the control panel and the vibrations of the reed with the greatest amplitude could be seen directly. The reeds used in such an indicator have their ends bent perpendicular to the rest of the reed to give a larger area to view, instead of the small cross-section of the thin metal they are made of.

1. Philip Connolly; Vic Smeed (1970). *Radio Control Model Boats*. Model and Allied Publications. pp. 15–17.
2. US 2292387, Markey, Hedy Kiesler & Antheil, George, "Secret communication system", published 1942-08-11
3. Smeed & Connolly (1970), p. 9.
4. Dunmore, F.W. (June 1930). "A Tuned-Reed Course Indicator for the Four- and Twelve-Course Aircraft Radio Range". *Proc. Inst. Radio Eng.* **18** (6): 963–982. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1930.222094. S2CID 51632233.
5. Bostwick, L.G. (March 1962). "A Miniature Tuned Reed Selector of High Sensitivity and Stability". *Bell System Technical Journal*. **41** (2): 411–424. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1962.tb02416.x. S2CID 51645379.


title: Mani (letter)

abstract: Mani is the 13th letter of the three Georgian scripts. In the system of Georgian numerals it has a value of 40. Mani commonly represents the bilabial nasal consonant, like the pronunciation of ⟨m⟩ in "mine".

text:
# Mani (letter)

**Mani** (asomtavruli , nuskhuri , mkhedruli მ, mtavruli Მ) is the 13th letter of the three Georgian scripts.

In the system of Georgian numerals it has a value of 40.

Mani commonly represents the bilabial nasal consonant /m/, like the pronunciation of m in "**m**ine".

## Letter

| asomtavruli | nuskhuri | mkhedruli |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

### Stroke order

asomtavruli  nuskhuri  mkhedruli

## Computer encodings

| asomtavruli | nuskhuri | mkhedruli |
| --- | --- | --- |
| U+10AB | U+2D0B | U+10DB |

## Braille

| mkhedruli |
| --- |
|  |

mani

## Bibliography

* Mchedlidze, T. (1) The restored Georgian alphabet, Fulda, Germany, 2013
* Mchedlidze, T. (2) The Georgian script; Dictionary and guide, Fulda, Germany, 2013
* Machavariani, E. Georgian manuscripts, Tbilisi, 2011
* The Unicode Standard, Version 6.3, (1) Georgian, 1991-2013
* The Unicode Standard, Version 6.3, (2) Georgian Supplement, 1991-2013


title: Malcolm Perry (physician)

abstract: Malcolm Oliver Perry II was an American physician and surgeon. He was one of the doctors who attended to President John F. Kennedy at Parkland Memorial Hospital in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963 after Kennedy was shot. Two days later, he attended to Kennedy's assassin Lee Harvey Oswald after he was shot.

text:
# Malcolm Perry (physician)

**Malcolm Oliver Perry II** (September 3, 1929  December 5, 2009) was an American physician and surgeon. He was one of the doctors who attended to President John F. Kennedy at Parkland Memorial Hospital in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963 after Kennedy was shot. Two days later, he attended to Kennedy's assassin Lee Harvey Oswald after he was shot.

## Biography

Perry was born in Allen, Texas, on September 3, 1929. He was raised by his grandfather, Malcolm Oliver Perry I. Perry graduated from Plano High School in 1947 and went on to the University of Texas at Austin. Following his school life in 1951 with a Bachelor of Arts, Perry went to Southwestern Medical School, becoming a medical doctor in 1955. Perry did his internship at Letterman Hospital in San Francisco, California, for a year, before joining the United States Air Force for two years. Perry was stationed at Geiger Field in Spokane, Washington.

Following his military duties, Perry worked at Parkland Memorial Hospital in Dallas, Texas, for four years as a general surgical resident, although from September 1962 to September 1963, he traveled to the University of California at San Francisco to study vascular surgery. During that time, he became board certified by the American Board of Surgery.

When President Kennedy was shot on November 22, 1963, he was taken to Parkland Hospital. Perry was one of the doctors who attended to Kennedy, performing a tracheotomy over the small wound in Kennedy's throat. Perry also rendered aid to Texas Governor John Connally, who was travelling in the car with Kennedy and was also shot.

Perry stated three times at a press conference later that day that Kennedy's neck wound appeared to be an entrance wound. Although his statement appeared to be definitive, he had not intended it to be. When interviewed by the Warren Commission, Perry said that he then believed that a "full jacketed bullet without deformation passing through the skin would leave a similar wound for an exit and entrance wound and with the facts which you have made available and with these assumptions, I believe that it was an exit wound."

Reporter Jimmy Breslin spoke to Perry at length about his thoughts and feelings while operating on Kennedy during a November 23 press conference. Breslin wrote a story the following day that focused on Perry; Rev. Oscar Huber, who administered Kennedy's last rites; and Vernon O'Neal, who supplied a casket for Kennedy's burial. The piece, published in the *New York Herald Tribune* on Nov. 24, 1963, became an acclaimed classic. Perry complained that the story got the chronology and some of the medical details wrong, but he said later, "the major focus is correct" and said he was touched by Breslin's "concern and kindness" during their interview.

Following the shooting of Lee Harvey Oswald by Jack Ruby on November 24, Perry was one of the doctors to tend to Oswald. Following Oswald's death, Perry made an effort to leave the Dallas area to avoid the many press conferences and press questions. Perry left for McAllen in Hidalgo County in South Texas, the home of his mother-in-law, but he was followed there by a reporter from United Press International.

Perry rarely spoke about the events of November 22, saying that it was simply a terrible day and one he chose not to talk about again.

Perry later became chief of vascular surgery at Weill Cornell Medical Center in Manhattan from 1978 to 1988. He served as a professor in the Department of Surgery at Texas Tech University in Lubbock, Texas, in the early 1990s. He was professor emeritus at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center until his death.

## Later life

Perry lived in Jacksonville, Texas. He died from lung cancer in Tyler, Texas on December 5, 2009.

## Portrayals in film

In the 2013 film *Parkland*, Perry is portrayed by Colin Hanks.

## InfoBox

| Malcolm Perry | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Malcolm Oliver Perry II
September 3, 1929
Allen, Texas, US |
| Died | December 5, 2009(2009-12-05) (aged 80)
Tyler, Texas, US |
| Education | University of Texas (1951)
Southwestern Medical School (1955) |
| Occupation | Physician / surgeon |
| Known for | Attending to John F. Kennedy at Parkland Memorial Hospital on November 22, 1963 |


abstract: Francis Hastings, 10th Earl of Huntingdon PC was a British peer and politician.

text:
# Francis Hastings, 10th Earl of Huntingdon

**Francis Hastings, 10th Earl of Huntingdon** PC (13 March 1729  2 October 1789) was a British peer and politician.

## Life

He was the eldest of seven children of the 9th Earl of Huntingdon and his wife, Lady Selina, a leader of the Methodist evangelical revival. Hastings was eighteen when he succeeded as Earl of Huntingdon and Baron Botreaux on his father's demise in 1746. The earl never married but did father an illegitimate son, Charles, by a Parisian girl named Mademoiselle Lany, a dancer at the Opera whilst on his Grand Tour with his friend David Murray, 7th Viscount Stormont in 1747 (which was sponsored by the 4th Earl of Chesterfield). In August 1752, Huntingdon left Paris for Spain, where his self-importance irritated the British minister, Sir Benjamin Keene. He visited Gibraltar (April 1753) and Lisbon (May 1753) before returning to England in early July 1753. The following July, he left England for a second, two-year tour of the continent. In Italy, he studied antiquities with the antiquarian Antonio Cocchi (a friend of his late father), as well as Joseph Wilton and the Abbé Venuti.

On his return from the continent, Hastings did well at the Royal Court, as a descendant of George, Duke of Clarence, brother of King Edward IV, seemed to assure him and he was appointed Master of the Horse in 1760. He was a Bearer of the Sword of State at George III's coronation in 1761, though the Sword of State itself was mislaid and he instead had to carry the Lord Mayor of London's Pearl Sword. He became Groom of the Stole, also in 1761. In particular, the Earl of Chesterfield, oversaw each step in the social and intellectual education of young Huntingdon, whom he praised as "the bright exemplar of the union of a scholar with the man of the world." In 1762, he incorrectly announced to the King that his first-born child (Prince George) by the Queen was a girl. The error was doubly unfortunate at the time, as the King had hoped for a male heir and he also promised £1,000 to the bearer of the news that he had a son and £500 that he had a girl (Huntingdon did not receive either). In 1766, he launched a claim to the royal Dukedom of Clarence that preoccupied him for the rest of his life. He died suddenly on 2 October 1789, at the London house of his nephew, Francis Rawdon. On his death in 1789, the earldom became dormant. He was succeeded in the baronies of Hastings, Hungerford, de Moleyns and Botreaux by his sister Lady Elizabeth, wife of John Rawdon, 1st Earl of Moira. Huntingdon was a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1758 and of the Society of Antiquaries in 1768.

## Citations

## InfoBox

| Francis Hastings<br>PC | |
| --- | --- |
| Earl of Huntingdon | |
| Portrait by Sir Joshua Reynolds, 1754 | |
| Born | (1729-03-13)13 March 1729 |
| Died | 2 October 1789(1789-10-02) (aged 60) |
| Issue | Sir Charles Hastings, 1st Baronet |
| Father | 9th Earl of Huntingdon |
| Mother | Lady Selina Shirley |


title: Woodworth, North Dakota

abstract: Woodworth is a city in Stutsman County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 44 at the 2020 census.

text:
# Woodworth, North Dakota

**Woodworth** is a city in Stutsman County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 44 at the 2020 census.

## History

Woodworth was founded in 1911. It was named for J.G. Woodworth, a railroad official.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.22 square miles (0.57 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1920 | 297 |  |  |
| 1930 | 261 |  | −12.1% |
| 1940 | 203 |  | −22.2% |
| 1950 | 238 |  | 17.2% |
| 1960 | 218 |  | −8.4% |
| 1970 | 139 |  | −36.2% |
| 1980 | 137 |  | −1.4% |
| 1990 | 102 |  | −25.5% |
| 2000 | 80 |  | −21.6% |
| 2010 | 50 |  | −37.5% |
| 2020 | 44 |  | −12.0% |
| 2022 (est.) | 44 |  | 0.0% |
| U.S. Decennial Census
2020 Census | | | |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 50 people, 33 households, and 11 families residing in the city. The population density was 227.3 inhabitants per square mile (87.8/km2). There were 52 housing units at an average density of 236.4 per square mile (91.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 92.0% White and 8.0% Native American.

There were 33 households, of which 18.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 24.2% were married couples living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 66.7% were non-families. 66.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.52 and the average family size was 2.45.

The median age in the city was 56.5 years. 16% of residents were under the age of 18; 2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20% were from 25 to 44; 40% were from 45 to 64; and 22% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 56.0% male and 44.0% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 80 people, 37 households, and 24 families residing in the city. The population density was 368.4 inhabitants per square mile (142.2/km2). There were 56 housing units at an average density of 257.9 per square mile (99.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 100.00% White.

There were 37 households, out of which 21.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.5% were married couples living together, 2.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.1% were non-families. 35.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.79.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.3% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 20.0% from 25 to 44, 27.5% from 45 to 64, and 22.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 116.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $36,250, and the median income for a family was $65,357. Males had a median income of $32,917 versus $17,188 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,695. There were 4.2% of families and 11.3% of the population living below the poverty line, including 20.0% of under eighteens and 8.7% of those over 64.

## Climate

This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Woodworth has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

## InfoBox

| Woodworth | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Woodworth Grocery | |
| Location of Woodworth, North Dakota | |
| Coordinates: 47°08′32″N 99°18′15″W / 47.14222°N 99.30417°W / 47.14222; -99.30417 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | North Dakota |
| County | Stutsman |
| Founded | 1911 |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.22 sq mi (0.56 km2) |
| Land | 0.21 sq mi (0.55 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.01 km2) |
| Elevation | 2,031 ft (619 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 44 |
| Estimate (2022) | 44 |
| Density | 206.57/sq mi (79.75/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC–6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC–5 (CDT) |
| ZIP Code | 58496 |
| Area code | 701 |
| FIPS code | 38-87580 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1036342 |


title: List of OHSAA gymnastics champions

abstract: The Ohio High School Athletic Association (OHSAA) is the governing body of athletic programs for junior and senior high schools in the state of Ohio. It conducts state championship competitions in all the OHSAA-sanctioned sports.

text:
# List of OHSAA gymnastics champions

The **Ohio High School Athletic Association** (**OHSAA**) is the governing body of athletic programs for junior and senior high schools in the state of Ohio. It conducts state championship competitions in all the OHSAA-sanctioned sports.

## Champions

| Year | Boys (discontinued) | Girls |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2024 |  | Brecksville-Broadview Heights |
| 2023 |  | Brecksville-Broadview Heights |
| 2022 |  | Brecksville-Broadview Heights |
| 2021 |  | Brecksville-Broadview Heights |
| 2020 |  | Brecksville-Broadview Heights |
| 2019 |  | Brecksville-Broadview Heights |
| 2018 |  | Brecksville-Broadview Heights |
| 2017 |  | Brecksville-Broadview Heights |
| 2016 |  | Brecksville-Broadview Heights |
| 2015 |  | Brecksville-Broadview Heights |
| 2014 |  | Brecksville-Broadview Heights |
| 2013 |  | Brecksville-Broadview Heights |
| 2012 |  | Brecksville-Broadview Heights |
| 2011 |  | Brecksville-Broadview Heights |
| 2010 |  | Brecksville-Broadview Heights |
| 2009 |  | Brecksville-Broadview Heights |
| 2008 |  | Brecksville-Broadview Heights |
| 2007 |  | Brecksville-Broadview Heights |
| 2006 |  | Brecksville-Broadview Heights |
| 2005 |  | Brecksville-Broadview Heights |
| 2004 |  | Brecksville-Broadview Heights |
| 2003 |  | Rocky River Magnificat |
| 2002 |  | Rocky River Magnificat |
| 2001 |  | Brecksville-Broadview Heights |
| 2000 |  | Brecksville-Broadview Heights |
| 1999 |  | Rocky River Magnificat |
| 1998 |  | Rocky River Magnificat |
| 1997 |  | Rocky River Magnificat |
| 1996 |  | Rocky River Magnificat |
| 1995 |  | Upper Arlington |
| 1994 |  | Brecksville-Broadview Heights |
| 1993 | Columbus St. Francis DeSales | Rocky River Magnificat |
| 1992 | Columbus St. Francis DeSales | Rocky River Magnificat |
| 1991 | Columbus St. Francis DeSales | Rocky River Magnificat |
| 1990 | Columbus St. Francis DeSales | Rocky River Magnificat |
| 1989 | Franklin | Thomas Worthington |
| 1988 | Franklin | Thomas Worthington |
| 1987 | Thomas Worthington | Thomas Worthington |
| 1986 | Franklin | Thomas Worthington |
| 1985 | Franklin | Thomas Worthington |
| 1984 | Miamisburg | Dublin |
| 1983 | Miamisburg | Berea |
| 1982 | Franklin | Dublin |
| 1981 | Miamisburg | Kettering Fairmont West |
| 1980 | Centerville | Dublin |
| 1979 | Franklin | Lakewood |
| 1978 | Franklin | Bay Village Bay |
| 1977 | Franklin | Centerville |
| 1976 | Huber Heights Wayne |  |
| 1975 | Huber Heights Wayne |  |
| 1974 | Franklin |  |
| 1973 | Huber Heights Wayne |  |
| 1972 | Miamisburg |  |
| 1971 | Kettering Fairmont East |  |
| 1970 | Miamisburg |  |
| 1969 | Kettering Fairmont East |  |
| 1968 | Kettering Fairmont East |  |
| 1967 | Dayton Belmont |  |
| 1966 | Cuyahoga Falls |  |
| 1965 | Kettering Fairmont East |  |
| 1938-1964 | no team championships |  |
| 1937 | Cleveland East Tech |  |
| 1936 | Cleveland East Tech |  |
| 1935 | Cleveland East Tech |  |
| 1934 | Cleveland East Tech |  |
| 1933 | Cleveland East Tech |  |
| 1932 | Columbus North |  |
| 1931 | Columbus East |  |
| 1930 | Columbus Central |  |
| 1929 | Columbus Central |  |
| 1928 | Columbus East |  |
| 1927 | Columbus North |  |
| 1926 | Columbus North |  |


title: Twice the Love

abstract: Twice the Love is a 1988 studio album by American guitarist and singer George Benson that was recorded with six production teams. The two main singles off the record were the title track "Twice the Love" and the Curtis Mayfield song "Let's Do It Again" which was a No. 1 hit for The Staple Singers in 1975.

text:
# Twice the Love

***Twice the Love*** is a 1988 studio album by American guitarist and singer George Benson that was recorded with six production teams. The two main singles off the record were the title track "Twice the Love" and the Curtis Mayfield song "Let's Do It Again" which was a No. 1 hit for The Staple Singers in 1975.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

Like some of Benson's other pop albums, *Twice the Love* was criticized for the lack of his guitar playing and creative jazz influence, generally labeled as an "attempt to chase the charts".

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Twice The Love" | Preston Glass, Alan Glass, C.A. Nolen | Preston Glass | 4:30 |
| 2. | "Starting All Over" | Bill Champlin, Dennis Matkosky, Jason Scheff | Jay Graydon | 4:27 |
| 3. | "Good Habit" | Franne Golde, Dave Lambert | Dennis Lambert | 5:43 |
| 4. | "Everybody Does It" | Alan Gorrie, Pam Reswick, Steve Werfel | Dennis Lambert | 4:29 |
| 5. | "Living On Borrowed Love" | Jeff Pescetto, Allan Rich | George Benson, David Lewis, Wayne Lewis, Jonathan Lewis | 3:54 |
| 6. | "Let's Do It Again" | Curtis Mayfield | David Lewis, Wayne Lewis, Jonathan Lewis | 4:53 |
| 7. | "Stephanie" | Wayne Brathwaite, Barry Eastmond, J. Scott Skinner | Wayne Brathwaite, Barry Eastmond | 3:46 |
| 8. | "Tender Love" | Jerry Butler, J. Scott Skinner | Wayne Brathwaite, Barry Eastmond | 4:21 |
| 9. | "You're Still My Baby" | Marcus Miller | Tommy LiPuma | 5:40 |
| 10. | "Until You Believe" | Jerry Butler, Barry Eastmond, J. Scott Skinner | Wayne Brathwaite, Barry Eastmond | 4:08 |
| 11. | "Let Go" | Cinda Firestone, Stephen Fox | George Benson | 3:34 |

## Personnel

**Musicians:**

* George Benson – lead vocals, guitar (1, 3–6, 9, 11), lead guitar (8)
* Preston Glass – keyboards (1), bass sequencing (1), drum programming (1), arrangements (1)
* Jay Graydonsynthesizers (2), drums (2), arrangements (2)
* Randy Kerber – synthesizers (2)
* Claude Gaudette – keyboards (3, 4), arrangements (3, 4)
* Wayne Lewis – keyboards (5, 6), drum programming (6)
* Rich Aronson – additional keyboards (5), programming (6), synthesizer sweetening (6)
* Kevin Deane – additional keyboards (5)
* Jonathan Lewis – additional programming (5), programming (6)
* Barry Eastmond – keyboards (7, 8, 10), string arrangements and conductor (7, 8, 10), rhythm track arrangements (7, 8, 10)
* Eric Rehl – synthesizers (7, 8, 10)
* Jason Miles – synthesizer programming (9)
* David Garfield – keyboards (11)
* Bob Baldwin – synthesizer programming (11), drum programming (11), arrangements (11)
* Stephen Fox – synthesizer programming (11), drum programming (11), arrangements (11)
* Michael Urbaniak – synthesizer programming (11), drum programming (11), arrangements (11)
* Dean Parks – guitars (2)
* Paul Jackson, Jr. – guitars (3, 4), additional guitars (5)
* Andy Bloch – guitars (6)
* Ira Siegel – guitars (7, 8, 10)
* Abraham Laboriel – bass (2)
* Neil Stubenhaus – bass (3, 4)
* Marcus Miller – bass (6), all other instruments than guitar (9)
* Wayne Brathwaite – bass (7, 8, 10), rhythm track arrangements (7, 8, 10), drum machine programming (8)
* Bill Champlin – drums (2), backing vocals (2), arrangements (2)
* Dennis Matkosky – drums (2), arrangements (2)
* Mike Baird – drums (3, 4)
* David Lewis – drum programming (5, 6), additional keyboards (6), additional guitars (6), synthesizer bass (6)
* Terry Silverlight – drums (7, 10)
* Lenny Castro – percussion (3, 4)
* Bashiri Johnson – percussion (7, 8, 10)
* Bobby Caldwell – arrangements (2)
* Gene Page – synthesizer sweetening arrangements (6)
* Richard Henrickson – concertmaster for strings (7, 8)
* Frankie Blue – backing vocals (1)
* Alex Brown – backing vocals (1)
* Cliff Dawson – backing vocals (1)
* Angel Rogers – backing vocals (1)
* Jason Scheff – backing vocals (2)
* Siedah Garrett – backing vocals (3, 4)
* Franne Golde – backing vocals (3)
* Niki Haris – backing vocals (3, 4)
* Dennis Lambert – backing vocals (3)
* Phil Perry – backing vocals (3, 4)
* Yolanda Lee – backing vocals (5)
* Cindy Mizelle – backing vocals (5)
* Vaneese Thomas – backing vocals (5–8, 10)
* Genobia Jeter – backing vocals (6)
* Audrey Wheeler – backing vocals (6)
* Phillip Ballou – backing vocals (7, 10)
* Ethel Beatty – backing vocals (7, 8, 10)
* Thomas Flammia – backing vocals (7, 10)
* Curtis King – backing vocals (7)
* Diane Garisto – backing vocals (8)

## Production

* Maureen Droney – engineer and mixing (1)
* Jay Graydon – engineer and mixing (2)
* Mick Guzauski – mixing (2)
* David Bianco – recording and mixing (3, 4)
* Bino Espinoza – recording (3, 4)
* Jim Boyer – engineer (5, 9, 11) mixing (9, 11)
* Earl Cohen – mixing (5, 6), engineer (6)
* Carl Beatty – engineer and mixing (7, 8, 10)
* Les Cooper – assistant engineer (1)
* Mark Cretella – assistant engineer (1, 3, 4, 5–11)
* Jeff Lorenzen – assistant engineer (1)
* Mitch Zelezny – assistant engineer (1)
* Jamie Chaleff – assistant engineer (3, 4)
* Jeff Poe – assistant engineer (3, 4)
* Tim Leitner – assistant engineer (5, 9, 11)
* Erik Zobler – additional engineer (5)
* Iris Cohen – assistant engineer (6, 7, 8, 10)
* Mike Russo – assistant engineer (6)
* John Wise – assistant engineer (6)
* Fernando Kral – assistant engineer (7, 8, 10)
* George Pappadapoulous – assistant engineer (7, 8, 10)
* Mark Pattis – assistant engineer (7, 8, 10)
* Bruce Robbins – technical assistant (7, 8, 10)
* Doug Sax – mastering at The Mastering Lab (Los Angeles, CA).

**Additional credits:**

* George Benson – executive producer
* Tommy LiPuma – album sequencing
* Valerie Hobel – production assistant (2)
* Marrianne Pellicci – production coordinator (3, 4)
* Lu Snead – project administrator
* Pamela Byers – album package coordinator
* Mary Ann Dibs – art direction and design
* Robert Hakalski – photography
* Terry Robertson – illustration
* Ken Fritz Management, LA – direction

## Charts

|
|  |
**Album charts (weekly)**
| Chart (1988) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Dutch Album Top 100 | 12 |
| German Top 100 Albums | 35 |
| Swiss Albums Top 100 | 29 |
| UK Albums Chart | 16 |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 76 |
| US R&B Albums | 17 |
| US Top Contemporary Jazz Albums | 10 |

|
|  |
**Song charts**
| Year | Title | Chart peak positions | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks
 | Dance Music/Club Play Singles
 | UK |
| 1988 | "Twice the Love" | 23 | - | 91 |
| 1988 | "Let's Do It Again" | 8 | - | 56 |
| 1988 | "Good Habit" | - | - | - |
| 1989 | "Twice the Love" | - | 32 | - |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Silver | 60,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

1. Richard S. Ginell. "Twice the Love - George Benson | Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved 2014-04-08.
2. "George Benson - Twice The Love at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2014-04-08.
3. as on album cover
4. Steffen Hung. "George Benson - Twice The Love". swisscharts.com. Retrieved 2014-04-08.
5. "George Benson | Artist". Official Charts. Retrieved 2014-04-08.
6. "Twice the Love - George Benson | Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved 2014-04-08.
7. Roberts, David (2006). *British Hit Singles & Albums* (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 54. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
8. "British album certifications – George Benson – Twice the Love". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 12 December 2021.

## InfoBox

| Twice the Love | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by George Benson | |
| Released | 28 June 1988 (1988-06-28) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 49:56 |
| Label | Warner Bros. |
| Producer |  |
| George Benson chronology | |
| *Collaboration*
(1987) ***Twice the Love***
(1988) *Tenderly*
(1989) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Twice the Love* | |
| 1. "Twice The Love"
Released: 1988 2. "Good Habit"
Released: 1988 3. "Let's Do It Again"
Released: 1988 | |
|  | |


title: Martinique Rugby Committee

abstract: The Martinique Rugby Committee is a committee under the umbrella of the French Rugby Federation which is the governing body for rugby union within Martinique. It is affiliated with NACRA, which is the regional governing body for North America and the Caribbean, but it is not affiliated with the World Rugby in its own right.

text:
# Martinique Rugby Committee

The **Martinique Rugby Committee** (French: *Comité de Rugby de la Martinique*, —or officially: *Comité Territorial de Rugby de la Martinique*) is a committee under the umbrella of the French Rugby Federation which is the governing body for rugby union within Martinique.

It is affiliated with NACRA, which is the regional governing body for North America and the Caribbean, but it is not affiliated with the World Rugby in its own right.

## National teams

As an overseas department of France, Martinique can participate in international competition, but not for the Rugby World Cup. Martinique has thus far played in the NACRA Caribbean Championship.

## Reference list

## InfoBox

Martinique Rugby Committee
| *Comité Territorial de Rugby de la Martinique* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Sport | Rugby union |
| Founded | () |
| Website | ctrm.clubeo.com |