title: Willi Weitzel

abstract: Helmar Rudolf Willi Weitzel is a German television presenter, journalist and film producer. He moderated the television programs Willi wills wissen and Willis VIPs. In 2008 he made the movie Willi und die Wunder dieser Welt. Other TV shows he hosted were Willis Quiz Quark Club, Willi wills wissen – Gute Frage, nächste Frage!, Willi wills wissen von A–Z and Ein guter Grund zu feiern. Since 2013 he has been on the road in Germany with his live program Willis wilde Wege. Since January 2018 he has moderated the magazine Gut zu Wissen on BR Fernsehen.

text:
# Willi Weitzel

**Helmar Rudolf Willi Weitzel** (born December 13, 1972, in Marburg, Germany) is a German television presenter, journalist and film producer. He moderated the television programs *Willi wills wissen* and *Willis VIPs*. In 2008 he made the movie *Willi und die Wunder dieser Welt*. Other TV shows he hosted were *Willis Quiz Quark Club*, *Willi wills wissen – Gute Frage, nächste Frage!*, *Willi wills wissen von A–Z* and *Ein guter Grund zu feiern* (2011 to 2013). Since 2013 he has been on the road in Germany with his live program *Willis wilde Wege*. Since January 2018 he has moderated the magazine *Gut zu Wissen* on BR Fernsehen.

## Biography

Willi Weitzel was born in Stadtallendorf (Hesse, Germany), where his family ran a retail business for several generations. In 1992 he took his Abitur at the Stiftsschule St. Johann in Amöneburg and then did civilian service. He then studied theology for four semesters. He then completed an internship at Bayerischer Rundfunk.

At the same time he began a teaching degree for the Hauptschule in the subjects of Catholic religious studies, German, geography and sports, which he completed in 2000.

Weitzel has lived in Herrsching am Ammersee since 2013. He has been married since 2012 and has three daughters.

## Television

During his time as a reporter for the Children's radio he was discovered in 2001 as a reporter for the newly designed children's TV report format *Willi wills wissen*. 180 episodes have been produced since it started broadcasting in 2002. Since then, the formats *Willis VIPs* (since 2005 with 19 episodes), *Willis Quiz Quark Club* (since 2005 with 80 episodes), *Gute Frage, nächste Frage* (since 2007 with 50 episodes),  *Willi wills wissen A–Z Die bunte Buchstabenrevue* (since 2010 with 52 episodes), *Ein guter Grund zu feiern* (since 2011 with 9 episodes) and since 2018 *Gut zu wissen* (weekly broadcast) was added. Many series are produced by megaherz Film und Fernsehen on behalf of Bayerischer Rundfunk, broadcasting stations are Das Erste, KiKA, Bayerisches Fernsehen, WDR Fernsehen, hr-fernsehen, MDR Fernsehen, Arte and 3sat.

In December 2010, the ZDF announced the commitment of Weitzel as a moderator of a broadcaster about the Catholic holidays. The series *Ein guter Grund zu feiern* (since 2011 with 9 episodes) was produced as an order production of Weitzels company *Welterforscher Film und so weiter* for ZDF. The first issue of the series *Ein guter Grund zu feiern* was broadcast on Epiphany 2011 with Sven Hannawald, further episodes at Feast of Corpus Christi with minh-Khai Phan-Thi, to Assumption of Mary with Bettina Wulff and All Saints Day with Johanna Klum. In 2012, episodes were shown on Epiphany with Karlheinz Brandenburg, to Feast of Corpus Christi with Klaus Allofs, to Assumption of Mary with Jörg Pilawa and at All Saints Day with Thomas Huber. In 2013, the last episode of the series with Weitzel was sent to Epiphany. At Feast of Corpus Christi, the program was taken over by Jordana Schmidt, from All Saints she was moderated by Andreas Korn. To Feast of Corpus Christi 2018 took over Nikodemus Schnabel.

## Films

In 2008 Weitzel shot the film *Willi und die Wunder dieser Welt* in Australia, Algeria, Tokyo, the Canadian Arctic and in Germany. The adventure film was released on March 5, 2009, and was the most successful German documentary film of 2009 with around 450,000 admissions.

In 2011 Weitzel founded the company *Welterforscher Film und so weiter*, with which he produces his films and manages his own projects. He has been traveling around the globe for the carol singers since 2013, producing films for the annual promotions. Since then he has been in Tanzania (2013), Malawi (2014), Philippines (2015), Bolivia (2016), Kenya (2017) India (2018), Peru (2019), Lebanon (2020) and Ukraine (2021).

Filmmaker Max Kronawitter accompanied Weitzel with his camera on his humanitarian aid campaign with a truck full of donations to the Syrian border from the first planning, through collecting donations to the people in need. The result was the film *Willis Grenzerfahrung – Mit einem LKW voll Hoffnung an die syrische Grenze*.

As a guest reporter for the television program Checker Tobi, Weitzel reported for the special episode *Checker EXTRA – Warum so viele Menschen fliehen* in 2015 from Lebanon.

For the series *Willi macht Schule* he has been moderating films for schools on various curriculum topics since 2019. The format is produced by megaherzcampus.

## Awards

* 2003: Emil of the television magazine TV Spielfilm for *Willi wills wissen*
* 2003: Bayerischer Fernsehpreis
* 2003: Erich-Kästner-Fernsehpreis for the episode "Wie ist das mit dem Tod?"
* 2004: Robert-Geisendörfer-Preis of the Evangelical Church
* 2004: Comenius-Medaille of the Evangelische Medienzentrale Bayern
* 2004: Journalistenpreis from the Diakonie Baden und Württemberg
* 2006: *Das Silberne Pferd*, Media award from the deutscher Reiter- und Fahrerverband (DRFV)
* 2007: *HEUREKA Journalistenpreis* for *Willi wills wissen – Was geht im Rollstuhl*
* 2008: Emil of the television magazine TV Spielfilm for Willis VIPs
* 2010: Adolf-Grimme-Preis
* 2011: *OttoCar* for *Willi Weitzel hats geschnallt*
* 2013: Silbermedaille of the Gastronomische Akademie Deutschlands for "Willi kocht"
* 2015: AIB Award London (Association for International Broadcasting)
* 2016: Emil for *Checker-EXTRA – Warum so viele Menschen fliehen*

## Works (selection)

* *Willi und die Wunder dieser Welt* (in German), Alive-Vertrieb und Marketing, 2009
* Willi Weitzel, Florian Sailer (2010), *Gute Frage, nächste Frage: Willi gibt schlaue Antworten auf clevere Fragen* (in German), Berlin: Ullstein Verlag, ISBN 978-3-548-37351-5
* Willi Weitzel (2010), *Peter und der Wolf* (in German), München`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Willi Weitzel (2012), *Willi kocht. Kinderleichte Rezepte für Groß und Klein.* (in German), München: Südwest Verlag, ISBN 978-3-517-08785-6
* *Nils Holgersson* (in German), Hamburg: SAGA Egmont, 2015
* Willi Weitzel, Wiener Symphoniker (2016), *Saint-Saëns: Karneval der Tiere* (in German), Wiener Symphoniker (Edel)
* Willi Weitzel (2018), *Der Islam: Neugierige Fragen für alle, die's wissen wollen* (in German), Frankfurt am Main: edition chrismon, ISBN 978-3-96038-124-2
* Willi Weitzel, Eckart von Hirschhausen (2019), *Kommt noch ein Kind zum Arzt* (in German), München: Der Hörverlag, ISBN 978-3-8445-3447-4

## InfoBox

| Willi Weitzel | |
| --- | --- |
| Weitzel in 2020 | |
| Born | Helmar Rudolf Willi Weitzel
(1972-12-13) December 13, 1972
Marburg, Germany |
| Occupation(s) | Television presenter, journalist, film producer |
| Years active | 2001–present |
| Known for | Willi wills wissen |


title: Willem Mahue

abstract: Willem, or Guillaume Mahue, a Flemish painter, was a portrait painter of great repute in his time; but his pictures are rare, and we have no particulars of his life. Cornelis de Bie mentioned him in his Het Gulden Cabinet in 1668 as a prolific painter in his day, but no known works survive.

text:
# Willem Mahue

**Willem**, or **Guillaume Mahue** (1517 in Brussels – 1569 in Brussels), a Flemish painter, was a portrait painter of great repute in his time; but his pictures are rare, and we have no particulars of his life.

Cornelis de Bie mentioned him in his Het Gulden Cabinet in 1668 as a prolific painter in his day, but no known works survive.

**Attribution:**

* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1889). "Mahue, GUILLAUME". In Armstrong, Sir Walter; Graves, Robert Edmund (eds.). *Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (L–Z)*. Vol. II (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.


title: Willem Bloys van Treslong

abstract: Willem Bloys van Treslong was a nobleman from the Southern Netherlands and military leader during the Dutch war of Independence. He was best known as one of the leaders of the Sea Beggars who captured Den Briel on 1 April 1572.

text:
# Willem Bloys van Treslong

**Willem Bloys van Treslong** (1529 – 17 July 1594) was a nobleman from the Southern Netherlands and military leader during the Dutch war of Independence. He was best known as one of the leaders of the Sea Beggars who captured Den Briel on 1 April 1572.

## Biography

The Bloys van Treslong family owned land in Flanders, Hainaut and Holland. They were descended from John of Beaumont.

Bloys van Treslong left Spanish service in 1558. In 1567, he joined other high nobles of the Netherlands in refusing to pledge allegiance to Margaret of Parma, the governor of the Netherlands, and he was part of the Compromise of Nobles. He fought in the battle of Heiligerlee in 1568. In 1571, William the Silent provided him with letters of marque and equipped two ships to join the Sea Beggars.

In March 1572, Bloys van Treslong's ships were trapped by ice at Wieringen and were attacked by four Spanish companies of infantry. Bloys escaped from the Spaniards, but lost his sword which at present hangs in the Michaëlskerk church in Oosterland. In April 1572, the Sea Beggars, under the command of William van der Marck, Lord of Lumey and his captains Lenaert Jansz de Graeff and Bloys van Treslong, captured Briel, which became a rebel base. Later that year, the rebels captured Flushing.

Bloys van Treslong was appointed Admiral of Holland in 1573, followed by his appointment as Admiral of Zealand in 1576. After a dispute over the strategy for the relief of Antwerp in 1585, he fell out of favour and ended up in jail, believed to have been under the custody of Count Steijn. In his last years, he became bailiff of Voorne and grand-falconer of Holland and lived in relative peace.

Bloys van Treslong was married to Adriana van Egmond and Wilhelmina Kaarl. By Adriana van Egmond, he had a son, Jasper.

The Dutch warship HNLMS *Bloys van Treslong* was named after him.


title: William B. Seaman

abstract: William Bryson "Budget" Seaman was an American football and baseball player and coach. He served as the head football coach at Waynesburg College by—now known as Waynesburg University–in 1897, Washington & Jefferson College from 1900 to 1904, and Western Reserve University—now known as Case Western Reserve University—from 1906 to 1909. His Western Reserve team won two Ohio Athletic Conference titles, in 1907 and 1908, during his four-year tenure. Seaman played college football as a guard at Washington & Jefferson in 1895 and 1896. He began his coaching career in 1897 at Waynesburg. As a baseball manager of the Washington Senators in the Pennsylvania–Ohio–Maryland League for its only two seasons, he posted records of 57–44 in 1906—enough for league runner-up—and 45–75 in 1907. Seaman was to remain the Western Reserve football coach for the 1910 season. However, he caught pneumonia in April 1910 and died in his hometown of Washington, Pennsylvania.

text:
# William B. Seaman

**William Bryson "Budget" Seaman** (c. 1875 – April 18, 1910) was an American football and baseball player and coach. He served as the head football coach at Waynesburg College by—now known as Waynesburg University–in 1897, Washington & Jefferson College from 1900 to 1904, and Western Reserve University—now known as Case Western Reserve University—from 1906 to 1909. His Western Reserve team won two Ohio Athletic Conference titles, in 1907 and 1908, during his four-year tenure.

Seaman played college football as a guard at Washington & Jefferson in 1895 and 1896. He began his coaching career in 1897 at Waynesburg.

As a baseball manager of the Washington Senators in the Pennsylvania–Ohio–Maryland League for its only two seasons, he posted records of 57–44 in 1906—enough for league runner-up—and 45–75 in 1907.

Seaman was to remain the Western Reserve football coach for the 1910 season. However, he caught pneumonia in April 1910 and died in his hometown of Washington, Pennsylvania.

## Head coaching record

### Football

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Bowl/playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Waynesburg Yellow Jackets** *(Independent)* (1897) | | | | | | | | |
| 1897 | Waynesburg | 1–1 |  |  |  |
| **Washington & Jefferson Red and Black** *(Independent)* (1902–1904) | | | | | | | | |
| 1902 | Washington & Jefferson | 6–4 |  |  |  |
| 1903 | Washington & Jefferson | 8–2 |  |  |  |
| 1904 | Washington & Jefferson | 5–3–1 |  |  |  |
| **Washington & Jefferson:** | | 19–9–1 |  |  | | | | |
| **Western Reserve** *(Ohio Athletic Conference)* (1906–1909) | | | | | | | | |
| 1906 | Western Reserve | 4–2–3 | 1–2 | 3rd |  |
| 1907 | Western Reserve | 8–1 | 5–1 | 1st |  |
| 1908 | Western Reserve | 9–1 | 6–1 | 1st |  |
| 1909 | Western Reserve | 5–3–1 | 1–1–1 | 4th |  |
| **Western Reserve:** | | 26–7–4 | 13–5–1 |  | | | | |
| **Total:** | | 46–17–5 |  | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

William B. Seaman
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Biographical details | |
| Born | c. 1875 |
| Died | April 18, 1910(1910-04-18) (aged 34–35)
Washington, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Playing career | |
| Football | |
| 1895–1896 | Washington & Jefferson |
|  | |
| Position(s) | Guard |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| Football | |
| 1897 | Waynesburg |
| 1900 | Washington & Jefferson (assistant) |
| 1902–1904 | Washington & Jefferson |
| 1906–1909 | Western Reserve |
| Baseball | |
| 1906–1907 | Washington Senators |
|  | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 46–17–5 (football)
102–101 (baseball) |
| Accomplishments and honors | |
| Championships | |
| 2 OAC (1907–1908) | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: William A. Kay

abstract: William A. Kay was an American farmer and politician. Born in Martell, Wisconsin, Kay was a farmer and served in town government. He served in the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1909, 1911, 1915, and 1931 as a Republican. He died in Madison, Wisconsin while still in office.

text:
# William A. Kay

**William A. Kay** (February 22, 1864  November 27, 1931) was an American farmer and politician.

Born in Martell, Wisconsin, Kay was a farmer and served in town government. He served in the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1909, 1911, 1915, and 1931 as a Republican. He died in Madison, Wisconsin while still in office.

## InfoBox

| William A. Kay | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Wisconsin State Assembly | |
| Constituency | Pierce County |
| **In office**
1908–1912 | |
| **In office**
1914–1916 | |
| **In office**
1930  November 27, 1931 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1864-02-22)February 22, 1864
Martell, Wisconsin |
| Died | November 27, 1931(1931-11-27) (aged 67)
Madison, Wisconsin |
| Political party | Republican |
| Occupation | Farmer, politician |
|  | |


abstract: The William A. Leet and Frederick Hassler Farmstead District, also known as the Leet/Hassler Farmstead or Glenhaven, is a nationally recognized historic district located in Manning, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. At the time of its nomination it contained 12 resources, which included four contributing buildings, three contributing structures, four contributing objects, and one non-contributing building. William A. Leet owned this farm from 1915 to 1918. During that time the Bungalow/American Craftsman-style house, matching three-bay garage, and the gambrel-roofed frame barn were built. Both were constructed by local builders Hans Detlefsen and Fritz Thorns. They were meant to invoke the wealth of the owner, which may have been his undoing, as Leet squandered his money and lost his estate and his wife to divorce. He lost the farm to his farm manager Frederick H. Hassler. Hassler owned the farm from 1918 to 1936, when he lost it as a result of the Great Depression. The rest of the historic farm buildings, structures and objects were built during his ownership. The corn crib, built in 1943, is the non-contributing building because it was built after the period of significance. During the Leet-Hassler ownership, the farm was known for its Poland China hog operation. Known as the "Fashion Herd" by the 1920s, Hassler's hogs were sold to other operations around the country and were the basis for other famous herds. The farm is now a part of the Manning Hausbarn Heritage Park. The farmstead has been restored to the period of its historic significance.

text:
# William A. Leet and Frederick Hassler Farmstead District

The **William A. Leet and Frederick Hassler Farmstead District**, also known as the **Leet/Hassler Farmstead** or **Glenhaven**, is a nationally recognized historic district located in Manning, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. At the time of its nomination it contained 12 resources, which included four contributing buildings, three contributing structures, four contributing objects, and one non-contributing building.

William A. Leet owned this farm from 1915 to 1918. During that time the Bungalow/American Craftsman-style house, matching three-bay garage, and the gambrel-roofed frame barn were built. Both were constructed by local builders Hans Detlefsen and Fritz Thorns. They were meant to invoke the wealth of the owner, which may have been his undoing, as Leet squandered his money and lost his estate and his wife to divorce. He lost the farm to his farm manager Frederick H. Hassler. Hassler owned the farm from 1918 to 1936, when he lost it as a result of the Great Depression. The rest of the historic farm buildings, structures and objects were built during his ownership. The corn crib, built in 1943, is the non-contributing building because it was built after the period of significance.

During the Leet-Hassler ownership, the farm was known for its Poland China hog operation. Known as the "Fashion Herd" by the 1920s, Hassler's hogs were sold to other operations around the country and were the basis for other famous herds. The farm is now a part of the Manning Hausbarn Heritage Park. The farmstead has been restored to the period of its historic significance.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| William A. Leet and Frederick Hassler Farmstead District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 12196 311th St.
Manning, Iowa |
| Coordinates | 41°54′19″N 95°02′58″W / 41.90528°N 95.04944°W / 41.90528; -95.04944 |
| Area | 4.4 acres (1.8 ha) |
| Built | 1916-1917 |
| Built by | Hans Detlefsen
Fritz Thorns |
| Architectural style | Bungalow
American Craftsman |
| NRHP reference No. | 99000526 |
| Added to NRHP | May 5, 1999 |


title: Wilhelm Henneberg

abstract: Wilhelm Henneberg was a German chemist and student of Justus von Liebig.

text:
# Wilhelm Henneberg

**Wilhelm Henneberg** (10 September 1825 – 22 November 1890) was a German chemist and student of Justus von Liebig.

## Life

He attended the Collegium Carolinum in Brunswick and studied at the University of Giessen with Justus von Liebig and at the University of Jena where he received his Ph.D. in 1849. It was under the influence of Liebig that Henneberg decided to devote his career to agricultural chemistry.

In 1852 he became secretary of the *Königlich Hannoverschen Landwirtschaftsgesellschaft* (Royal Hanoverian Agricultural Society) in Celle, and in 1857 was named director of the newly established agricultural experiment station in Weende-Göttingen. In 1865 he became an associate professor, and in 1873, a full professor at the University of Göttingen.

At the Weende agricultural station, with Friedrich Stohmann, he developed a proximate system for routine analysis of animal feed that is now referred to as the "Weende analysis". With Stohmann, he was co-author of *Beiträge zur Begründung einer rationellen Fütterung der Wiederkäuer* (Contributions to the rational feeding of ruminants).

* Biography from a school in Weende
* Institute for Animal Nutrition and Animal Physiology in Goettingen
* Lenkeit, W. (1975). "Zum 150. Geburtstag von Wilhelm Henneberg am 10. 9.1975". *Zeitschrift für Tierphysiologie Tierernährung und Futtermittelkunde*. **36** (1–6): 1–5. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0396.1975.tb01110.x. ISSN 0044-3565.
* Lenkeit, W. (1957). "Zum Gedenken Wilhelm Hennebergs". *Zeitschrift für Tierernährung und Futtermittelkunde*. **12** (1–3): 315–328. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0396.1957.tb00284.x. ISSN 0373-0069.

**Specific**

## InfoBox

| Wilhelm Henneberg | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1825-09-10)10 September 1825
Wasserleben near Wernigerode |
| Died | 22 November 1890(1890-11-22) (aged 65)
Greene near Kreiensen, German Empire |
| Alma mater | University of Jena |
| Known for | Weende analysis |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | University of Göttingen |
| Doctoral advisor | Justus von Liebig |
|  | |


title: Wilhelm Henschel

abstract: Wilhelm Henschel was a German-Jewish artist especially known for his drawings, and as a member of the artistic team the Brothers Henschel, together with his three brothers, Friedrich (1781-1837), August (1782-1828) und Moritz (1785-1862). Active in Berlin and in their hometown, Breslau (Wrocław), the brothers were known for drawings, pastels, engravings, miniature paintings, and lithographs.

text:
# Wilhelm Henschel

**Wilhelm Henschel** (March 15, 1785 – June 27, 1865) was a German-Jewish artist especially known for his drawings, and as a member of the artistic team the Brothers Henschel (Gebrüder Henschel), together with his three brothers, Friedrich (1781-1837), August (1782-1828) und Moritz (1785-1862). Active in Berlin and in their hometown, Breslau (Wrocław), the brothers were known for drawings, pastels, engravings, miniature paintings, and lithographs.

## Biography

Wilhelm and his brothers were born of a Jewish family, in Trachenberg (Żmigród), and grew up in Breslau, then in Prussian Silesia. Their father, Hirsch Henschel, was a merchant; their uncle (Hirsch's older brother) Elias Henschel (1755-1839) was a prominent physician. In Breslau the brothers attended the new Jewish secular school (the Wilhelmschule, founded 1791), where, among other subjects, they learned drawing.

The brothers moved to Berlin around 1804 to pursue their art; in that year Wilhelm Henschel exhibited for the first time at the Prussian Academy of Arts. In 1806 all four brothers had individual entries in the Academy exhibition; and in 1810 they collectively participated with some ten works, including pastels and engravings.

The Henschel brothers' oeuvre focused on portraits (including memorial portraiture), theater and ballet performances, and cityscapes. Besides producing engravings, they were among the first in Berlin to experiment with the new printing technique of lithography.

Between 1809 and 1818 they published a series of engravings depicting the popular German actor August Wilhelm Iffland, in scenes from plays, under the title *Ifflands mimische Darstellungen für Schauspieler und Zeichner*, in 20 issues, of six plates each. The drawings on which the works were based were mainly by Wilhelm Henschel, while August Henschel was responsible for the engravings. The drawings were made from life during performances Iffland gave at Prussia's royal national theater (Königliches Nationaltheater) between 1808 and 1811, in roles such as King Lear, Shylock, and Wilhelm Tell (in the play by Schiller); each depicted a particular scene and was captioned with lines from the play.

In an age in which the theater held a central place in German culture, the Henschel brothers conceived of these works as an aid to actors, artists, and the educated public for grasping the art of expression; and believed that the best means of engaging the intellect was through a combination of text and image. The eminent Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who was familiar with the Henschels' work, took note of the Iffland publication in his periodical *Über Kunst und Altertum*, remarking favorably on the skill with which they captured Iffland's expressions and gestures.

In 1812 the Prussian Academy of Arts bestowed upon Wilhelm Henschel and his brother August the title “Akademische Künstler” (academic artist), although, as Jews, they were never members of the academy.

In 1819, in honor of Goethe's 70th birthday, the Henschel brothers began work on a series of pictures depicting scenes from the poet's life, based on episodes he recounts in the first volume of his autobiography (*Aus meinem Leben: Dichtung und Wahrheit*). They dedicated the work to the Prussian king, Friedrich Wilhelm III, and sent the king a first printing of an initial set, in May 1819; the series was finally completed and published in its entirety as *Scenen aus Goethe's Leben* (Scenes from Goethe's life) in 1821.

The Henschel brothers produced portraits of many personalities of Berlin of their times, including Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Wilhelm von Humboldt, August von Kotzebue, and Julius von Voss. They produced numerous portraits for the king and his family, including memorial portraits following the death of Queen Luise, in 1810.

When August Henschel died in 1828, Wilhelm returned to his home city of Breslau; his two other brothers, Friedrich and Moritz, had already done so at an earlier point, even as they had all continued to work as an artistic team.

## Selected Works by the Brothers Henschel

* *Ifflands mimische Darstellungen für Schauspieler und Zeichner: Während der Vorstellung gezeichnet zu Berlin in den Jahren 1808 bis 1811*. Berlin, 1811-1818
* *Begebenheiten aus dem heiligen Kriege*. Berlin, circa 1813. A series of portraits related to the German campaign against Napoleon (War of Liberation)
* *Scenen aus Goethe's Leben: bildlich dargestellt; zum ersten Bande 'Aus meinem Leben: Dichtung und Wahrheit'; ein Geschenk für die deutsche Jugend*. Berlin/Breslau, 1821


title: Ángela San Juan

abstract: Ángela San Juan Cisneros is a Spanish swimmer who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Ángela San Juan

**Ángela San Juan Cisneros** (born 23 November 1983 in Madrid) is a Spanish swimmer who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics.

1. Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Ángela San Juan". *Olympics at Sports-Reference.com*. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 3 December 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2012. Full name: Ángela San Juan Cisneros

## InfoBox

Ángela San Juan
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Ángela San Juan Cisneros |
| Nationality | Spanish |
| Born | 23 November 1983 (1983-11-23) (age 40)<br>Madrid, Spain |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Swimming |


title: Secrets of the Hidden Temple

abstract: Secrets of the Hidden Temple is the debut studio album by American hip hop group Blac Monks, which consisted of Houston-based rappers Mr. 3-2, D.A. and Awol. It was released on September 13, 1994, through Rap-A-Lot Records. Production on the album was done by John Bido, Troy Clark and DJ Ready Red. The album peaked at number 65 on the US Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.

text:
# Secrets of the Hidden Temple

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Secrets of the Hidden Temple*** is the debut studio album by American hip hop group Blac Monks, which consisted of Houston-based rappers Mr. 3-2, D.A. and Awol. It was released on September 13, 1994, through Rap-A-Lot Records. Production on the album was done by John Bido, Troy Clark and DJ Ready Red. The album peaked at number 65 on the US *Billboard* Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Blac Monk Intro" | 3:19 |
| 2. | "Aggravated Monkeys" | 3:27 |
| 3. | "Zillion Ways to Die" | 4:23 |
| 4. | "Death Before Dishonor" | 5:41 |
| 5. | "Secrets of the Hidden Temple" | 5:15 |
| 6. | "Rumble in the Jungle" | 4:47 |
| 7. | "Buddah Nature" | 5:16 |
| 8. | "Getos in the Mind" | 4:21 |
| 9. | "Doin It Jungle Style" | 4:21 |
| 10. | "Who Will Bell the Cat" | 5:24 |
| 11. | "Monks in the Jungle" | 3:48 |
| 12. | "Straight Madness" | 4:27 |
| 13. | "Outro" | 4:21 |
| 14. | "1995" | 1:06 |
| Total length: | | 59:56 |

## Charts

| Chart (1994) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (*Billboard*) | 65 |

## InfoBox

| Secrets of the Hidden Temple | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Blac Monks | |
| Released | September 13, 1994 (1994-09-13) |
| Recorded | 1993 |
| Studio |  |
| Genre | Southern hip hop |
| Length | 59:56 |
| Label | Rap-A-Lot Records |
| Producer |  |
| Blac Monks chronology | |
| ***Secrets of the Hidden Temple***
(1994) *No Mercy*
(1998) | |


title: Music of Rhode Island

text:
# Music of Rhode Island

Rhode Island, a state of the United States in the New England region, is known for a diverse and thriving music scene.

## History

In 1733, the first organ said to be designed for church use, was installed at Trinity Church in Newport.

In the late 1990s, the state's music scene, which is centered around the capital city of Providence, became nationally known for the noise rock scene that revolved around the Fort Thunder artists' collective.

The state is home to a wide range of artists performing of a number of genres, most notably folk rock, jazz, hardcore punk, hip hop, and Cape Verdean music.

The state is known for the famous Newport Jazz and Newport Folk festivals.

## State song

In 1996, Rhode Island declared "Rhode Island, It's for Me" as the official state song. The lyrics were written by Charlie Hall, the music was written by Maria Day, and the piece was arranged by Kathryn Chester. "Rhode Island, It's for Me" replaced "Rhode Island", which was subsequently named the official state march.

## Other state-affiliated songs

### "Rhode Island"

#### About

“Rhode Island", written by T. Clarke Browne, was the official state song for over 50 years, when it was replaced by "Rhode Island, It’s For Me". It has since been renamed the official state march.

#### Lyrics

The following are the lyrics for the song "Rhode Island":

> Here's to you, belov'd RHODE ISLAND,
> With your Hills and Ocean Shore.
> We are proud to hail you RHODY
> And your patriots of yore.
> First to claim your independence,
> Great your heritage and fame.
> The smallest State in all the Union,
> We will glorify your name!

### "Rhode Island Is Famous for You"

#### About

“Rhode Island Is Famous for You" was originally written by Howard Dietz and Arthur Schwartz in 1948, for *Inside U.S.A.*, a 1940s Broadway show about the U.S. States. The number was performed by Estelle Loring, who was awarded a Theater World Award for the piece, and Jack Haley.

“Rhode Island Is Famous for You" also served as the theme song for Buddy Cianci's Radio Show, and was performed by Robert Goulet and Cianci himself at his 1995 mayoral inauguration.

The song has been covered by Blossom Dearie, Michael Feinstein, Nancy LaMott, Mandy Patinkin, John Pizzarelli, and Erin McKeown.

The song has recently been featured on the podcast *Crimetown*.

### Providence

Providence, the state's capital, has a very strong local independent music scene, known especially for its contributions to the genre of noise rock, most notably the groups Lightning Bolt, Daughters, Black Dice, and Arab on Radar. Rap artists such as Sage Francis and John Phelps, formerly known as Lunchbagg, are among the notable figures combining DIY philosophy with Hip Hop. Other rap artists such as Dee Gomes, Jae Lynx, King OSF, J Duce, and Vick Mucka have grown prominent fan bases by representing the city's harsher neighborhoods and have gone on to sign with major record labels.

Other indie rock and alternative artists from the city include Les Savy Fav, Dicky Barrett (vocalist for ska group Mighty Mighty Bosstones), ZOX, The Low Anthem, Downtown Boys, and Deer Tick. Noise/Punk 5 piece, Hairspray Queen are also from varying neighborhoods in the City.

Singer-songwriter, musician, and lyricist Jeffrey Osborne was born and raised in Providence. Osborne spent over a decade as the drummer and lead vocalist for the American R&B/funk band L.T.D. Among his biggest hits with the group were "(Every Time I Turn Around) Back in Love Again" (1977), "Concentrate on You", "Love Ballad" (1976), and "Holding On (When Love Is Gone)" (1978). Osborne subsequently launched a successful solo career in 1982, charting with hit songs including "On the Wings of Love", "I Really Don't Need No Light" (No. 29 and No. 39, respectively, on the pop chart), "Don't You Get So Mad" (No. 25), "Stay with Me Tonight" (No. 30), "Plane Love" (No. 10 R&B, No. 6 dance), and "We're Going All the Way" (No. 48).

Based in Providence, the Rhode Island Philharmonic Orchestra is one of the most influential music institutions in the state.

#### College Hill

Rhode Island School of Design has been the *alma mater* of many popular musicians. Three members of Talking Heads met at the college, but did not form the band until they moved to New York City.

Notable musicians who attended Providence's Brown University include Wendy Carlos, Lisa Loeb, Mary Chapin Carpenter, OK Go singer Damian Kulash, Duncan Sheik, ZOX, Lawrence, and Will Oldham, who dropped out after one semester.

### Newport

Newport has a much smaller scene, with Throwing Muses being its most successful rock band. The group formed in 1981 and recorded and toured until their hiatus in 2003. The band's lead guitarist and secondary songwriter, Tanya Donnelly also formed Belly, best known for their hit "Feed the Tree", which went to No. 1 on the Billboard Modern Rock chart in 1994. Donnelly was also briefly guitarist for The Breeders.

The singing family The Cowsills, who had Top 40 hits from 1967 to 1969 also are from Newport. They were the inspiration for the fictional Partridge Family.

Since 2000, Newport has cultivated a small ska punk scene, headed by the Sublime cover group Badfish and the punk band Big World.

Rockabilly singer Jody Gibson (née Joseph Paul Katzberg), who had a Gold Record with *Good Morning Captain*, spent much of his later life in Newport.

### Rest of the state

Other well known Rhode Island musical artists from elsewhere in the state include John Cafferty, Blu Cantrell (who had a No. 2 Hot 100 hit with "Hit 'Em Up Style (Oops!)" in 2001), Combustible Edison, Sage Francis, Monty Are I, Draco and the Malfoys, and Billy Gillman. The pop music producer and songwriter Dr. Luke was born in Westerly.

## Other music

### Indigenous music

### Portuguese music

Due to the large population of Portuguese immigrants in Southern New England, Portuguese traditional music is played in small communities. Usually Roman Catholic churches are the center of the communities activities, where music is played.

Fado, which has been compared with the Spanish flamenco, is a form of music characterized by mournful tunes and lyrics, often about the sea or the life of the poor, and infused with a characteristic sentiment of resignation, fatefulness, and melancholia (loosely captured by the word saudade, or "longing"). Fado performers play at local venues throughout Rhode Island and Southern Massachusetts.

The Azores is the major heritage of many Portuguese-Americans. In Rhode Island, most Portuguese traditional music is played by Azorean people. Azoreans maintain some distinct musical traditions, such as the traditionally fiddle-driven chamarrita dance. This dance and music is played mainly at weddings and Church festivals.

Azorean-Portuguese sensation Jorge Ferreira is a popular musician throughout New England, singing at many festivals and events.

### Cape Verdean music

Of special importance is the music of the large Cape Verdean population. Although Cape Verdean music is largely unknown outside of the expatriate community, Rhode Island is the acknowledged center for Cape Verdean morna and other styles in the United States.

## Music festivals

### Newport Jazz Festival

The Newport Jazz Festival began in 1954 by George Wein and has been documented on recordings by Miles Davis and Thelonious Monk, Duke Ellington, Muddy Waters, Nina Simone, Ray Charles, John Coltrane and Ella Fitzgerald and Billie Holiday. The 1958 festival was documented in the 1960 film *Jazz on a Summer's Day*. The festival moved to New York City in 1971. In 1985, the festival was revived in Newport as a JVC Jazz Festival.

### Newport Folk Festival

The Newport Folk Festival began in 1959, co-founded by Jazz Festival founder George Wein. The festival is best known for the July 25, 1965 performance of Bob Dylan, where he performed for the first time with electric instruments. Like the Jazz Festival, the folk festival moved to New York City in 1971, but returned in 1986. Notable performers at the festivals included: Joan Baez, Phil Ochs, Bob Dylan, Buffalo Springfield, Pete Seeger, Arlo Guthrie, Richie Havens, Bonnie Raitt, Alison Krauss, Ry Cooder, Little Feat, Janis Ian, Suzanne Vega, Violent Femmes, The String Cheese Incident, Indigo Girls, and The Pixies.

### Newport Music Festival

The Newport Music Festival is a classical music festival that began in 1969 as a summer season of the Metropolitan Opera. The outdoor venue was not conducive to classical music performance, and instead the grand rooms of the stately Newport mansions were put to use for chamber music concerts. The early concerts used many members of the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra. Mark P. Malkovich, III has been the general director for 31 of the 37 seasons. It has become known for giving young international artists, such as Inessa Galante, a venue for their American debut.

### Sunset Music Festival

The Sunset Music Festival began in 1997 in Newport and has included performances by acts as varied as Saves the Day, Jason Mraz, Paula Cole, moe., Little Feat, Jack's Mannequin, Peter Frampton, Bo Bice, Bruce Hornsby, Guster, Something Corporate, Ben Folds (who has played at several festivals), Better Than Ezra, Cheap Trick, Gin Blossoms and Anna Nalick and also local artists like Becky Chace, Zox, and Monty Are I.

## Bibliography

* Byron, Janet (1996). *Country Music Lover's Guide to the U.S.A.* (1st ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 178. ISBN 0-312-14300-1.
* Máximo, Susana & David Peterson (2000). "Music of Sweet Sorrow". In Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; McConnachie, James & Duane, Orla (eds.). *World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East*. London: Rough Guides. pp. 448–457. ISBN 1-85828-636-0.


title: Tonight's Music

abstract: "Tonight's Music" is a song by Swedish heavy metal band Katatonia, released in 2001 as the only single from their fifth studio album Last Fair Deal Gone Down.

text:
# Tonight's Music

"**Tonight's Music**" is a song by Swedish heavy metal band Katatonia, released in 2001 as the only single from their fifth studio album *Last Fair Deal Gone Down*.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Note | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Tonight's Music" | Jonas Renkse | Anders Nyström |  | 4:20 |
| 2. | "Help Me Disappear" | Renkse | Nyström |  | 5:13 |
| 3. | "O How I Enjoy the Light" | Oldham | Will Oldham | Note 1 | 2:44 |

## Note

1. "O How I Enjoy The Light" is cover version of Will Oldham.

## Personnel

**Katatonia**

* Jonas Renkse – vocals
* Anders Nyström – guitar, keyboards
* Fredrik Norrman – guitar
* Mattias Norrman – bass guitar
* Daniel Liljekvist – drums, percussion

**Production**

## InfoBox

| "Tonight's Music" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Katatonia | |
| from the album  *Last Fair Deal Gone Down* | |
| Released | 26 November 2001 |
| Recorded | April – November 2000 |
| Studio | Sunlight Studio |
| Genre | Gothic rock, alternative metal |
| Length | 4:20 |
| Label | Peaceville Records / Snapper Music |
| Producer(s) | Katatonia |
| Katatonia singles chronology | |
| "**Tonight's Music**"
(2001) "My Twin"
(2006) | |


title: Steve Samuelson

abstract: Steven Samuelson is a Democratic member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. He was elected to his 13th term in November 2022 and is the chair of the Finance Committee.

text:
# Steve Samuelson

**Steven Samuelson** (born September 21, 1960) is a Democratic member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. He was elected to his 13th term in November 2022 and is the chair of the Finance Committee.

## Early life

Samuelson is from Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. He attended Liberty High School as part of its class of 1978 and received a B.A. in Government from Lehigh University as part of their class of 1986. Samuelson served as legislative aide and clerk for the Lehigh County Commissioners board from 1989 to 1998. He also was a legislative aid to representatives Paul McHale and Karen Ritter.

## Pennsylvania House of Representatives

Samuelson was elected to the Pennsylvania House district 135 in 1998, taking office at the opening of the next legislative session in 1999. During his 23 years in office he has sponsored 578 bills. Some of his more notable bills include House Bill 1260 which he co-authored that increased the income limits for the PACENET program by $6,000 to increase access to prescription medicine for senior citizens. It is estimated that due to this expansion 20,000 more Pennsylvanians have access to the PACENET program. Additionally he authored House Bill 2560 which utilized a portion of left over COVID-19 relief money to increase rent rebate payments for an estimated 477,000 Pennsylvanians, mostly above the age of 65. Additionally Samuelson has been pivotal in securing funding for renovation projects in Bethlehem including a $500,000 grant to the National Museum of Industrial History, $30,000,000 to renovate the ruins of the Bethlehem Steel plant in the South Side, and $9,100,000 to renovate the Goodman Building.

## InfoBox

| Steve Samuelson | |
| --- | --- |
| Samuelson in 2021 | |
|  | |
| Member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
from the 135th district | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
January 5, 1999 | |
| Preceded by | Lisa Boscola |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1960-09-21) September 21, 1960 |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Website | Steve Samuelson |
|  | |


title: Wealden Group

abstract: The Wealden Group, occasionally also referred to as the Wealden Supergroup, is a group in the lithostratigraphy of southern England. The Wealden group consists of paralic to continental (freshwater) facies sedimentary rocks of Berriasian to Aptian age and thus forms part of the English Lower Cretaceous. It is composed of alternating sands and clays. The sandy units were deposited in a flood plain of braided rivers, the clays mostly in a lagoonal coastal plain. The Wealden Group can be found in almost all Early Cretaceous basins of England: its outcrops curve from the Wessex Basin in the south to the Cleveland Basin in the northeast. It is not found in northwest England and Wales, areas which were at the time tectonic highs where no deposition took place. The same is true for the London Platform around London and Essex. Offshore, the Wealden Group can reach a thickness of 700 metres. The terms Wealden and Wealden facies are also used as generic terms referring to Early Cretaceous non-marine sequences elsewhere in Europe.

text:
# Wealden Group

The **Wealden Group,** occasionally also referred to as the **Wealden Supergroup**, is a group (a sequence of rock strata) in the lithostratigraphy of southern England. The Wealden group consists of paralic to continental (freshwater) facies sedimentary rocks of Berriasian to Aptian age and thus forms part of the English Lower Cretaceous. It is composed of alternating sands and clays. The sandy units were deposited in a flood plain of braided rivers, the clays mostly in a lagoonal coastal plain.

The Wealden Group can be found in almost all Early Cretaceous basins of England: its outcrops curve from the Wessex Basin in the south to the Cleveland Basin in the northeast. It is not found in northwest England and Wales, areas which were at the time tectonic highs where no deposition took place. The same is true for the London Platform around London and Essex. Offshore, the Wealden Group can reach a thickness of 700 metres. The terms *Wealden* and *Wealden facies* are also used as generic terms referring to Early Cretaceous non-marine sequences elsewhere in Europe.

## Stratigraphy

The Wealden Group lies stratigraphically on top of the Purbeck Group, which spans the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary. Within the Wessex Basin, the Wealden Group consists of two formations: the Wessex Formation and overlying Vectis Formation. In the Weald Basin, the Wealden Group consists of four formations: the Ashdown Formation, the Wadhurst Clay Formation, the Tunbridge Wells Sand Formation and the Weald Clay Formation. The lower three formations are sometimes collectively referred to as the **Hastings Beds**. In Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire and Wiltshire, the Wealden Group is only found as an outlier on top of hills and only consists of a single formation, the Whitchurch Sand Formation. In Yorkshire, the equivalently aged Speeton Clay Formation, a marine unit, is present.

On top of the Wealden Group is the Lower Greensand Group. The difference between these two groups has been formed by a major eustatic (global) transgression of the sea. The Greensand (Aptian/Albian in age) consists of marine deposits.

The sequence in the Weald Basin has also been described as a supergroup, containing the Weald Clay Group and Hastings Group.

## Palaeontology

The Wealden Group forms outcrops covering a large part of south and south-eastern England including the Isle of Wight. It takes its name from the Weald region of Kent, Sussex, Surrey and Hampshire. It has yielded many fossils, including dinosaurs like *Iguanodon* and *Hypsilophodon*. Apart from fossils, it shows many other signs of being deposited in a continental environment, such as mudcracks and -in some rare cases- dinosaur footprints. Taxa included in the table below have an uncertain provenance and cannot be placed into one of the constituent formations, thus they are placed here.

### Pterosaurs

| **Pterosaurs reported from the Wealden Group** | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| *Coloborhynchus* | *C. clavirostris* | * St.-Leonards-on-Sea | Hastings Beds | "Anterior portion of rostrum" | An ornithocheirid pterosaur. |  |

### Dinosaurs

| **Dinosaurs reported from the Wealden Group** | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| *Thecospondylus* | *T. horneri* |  | Hastings Beds | "Internal mold of sacrum." | Dubious genus that has been variously classified as either a saurischian or ornithischian. It is currently only tentatively regarded as dinosaurian. |  |
| *Therosaurus* | *T. anglicus* |  |  |  |  |  |
| *Altispinax* | *A. dunkeri* |  | Hastings Beds | "Dorsal vertebrae." |  |  |
| *Haestasaurus* | *H. becklesii* |  | Hastings Beds | Forelimb | A ?basal macronarian |  |
| *Pleurocoelus* | *P. valdensis* |  |  |  | A dubious basal titanosauriform |  |
| Turiasauria | Indeterminate |  | Hasting beds? | Vertebra |  |  |
| Theropoda | Indeterminate | * West Sussex, East Sussex, Kent |  |  |  |  |
|
|

## Wealden elsewhere in Europe

The term "Wealden" and "Wealden facies" has been applied to other Lower Cretaceous sequences in Europe, including the "German Wealden", comprising the Berriasian aged Bückeberg Formation of the Lower Saxony Basin and in Belgium, where "Wealden facies" has been used as a term to refer to the Barremian-Aptian aged sequences of the Mons Basin, including the Sainte-Barbe Clays Formation where large numbers of *Iguanodon* were found in the 19th century.

## Further reading

* Jackson AA (2008). *Bedrock geology UK south. An explanation of the bedrock geology map of England and Wales - 1:625,000 edition*. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey. ISBN 978-0-85272-586-3.
* Weishampel DB, Barrett PM, Coria RA, Le Loeuff J, Xu X, Zhao X, Sahni A, Gomani EM, Noto CR (2004). "Dinosaur distribution". In Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmólska H (eds.). *The Dinosauria*. University of California Press, Berkeley. pp. 517–606.

## InfoBox

| Wealden Group | |
| --- | --- |
| Stratigraphic range: <br>Late Berriasian-Aptian, | |
| Coastal exposure of the Wealden Group near Bexhill-on-Sea | |
| Type | Group |
| Sub-units |  |
| Underlies | Lower Greensand Group |
| Overlies | Purbeck Group |
| Thickness | Up to 850 m in Weald Basin, c. 500 m in Wessex basin, few m in marginal areas |
| Location | |
| Region | England |
| Country | UK |
| Type section | |
| Named for | Weald |


title: Word Attack!

abstract: Word Attack! is a 1984 educational video game from Davidson & Associates for the Apple II and Atari 8-bit computers. An updated version was released as Word Attack! Plus.

text:
# Word Attack!

***Word Attack!*** is a 1984 educational video game from Davidson & Associates for the Apple II and Atari 8-bit computers. An updated version was released as *Word Attack! Plus.*

## Gameplay

The game consists of a series of language-based drill-and-practice minigames and exercises. In one, the arrow keys tare used to fire at correct answer "targets". The nine programs are aimed at grades 4-12.

## Reception

By October 13, 1984, the game had sustained an 11-week streak on the Billboard Charts for Top Educational Computer Software. It re-entered the charts on November 3, 1984 at #9, and again on November 24, 1984 at #7. By June 15, 1985, the game had stayed on the list for a total of 44 weeks, and was currently at #8.

*The Computer in Reading and Language Arts* criticised the gameplay mechanic of shooting the correct multiple choice answers, finding the graphics out of place for an educational title. *InfoWorld* deemed it well-organised and flexible, adding that it is an effective teaching tool.

## InfoBox

| Word Attack! | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Davidson & Associates |
| Publisher(s) | Davidson & Associates |
| Platform(s) | Apple II, Atari 8-bit, Commodore 64, MS-DOS |
| Release | 1984 |


title: Word Biblical Commentary

abstract: The Word Biblical Commentary (WBC) is a series of commentaries in English on the text of the Bible both Old and New Testament. It is currently published by the Zondervan Publishing Company. Initially published under the "Word Books" imprint, the series spent some time as part of the Thomas Nelson list. When this publisher was acquired by HarperCollins the series was assigned to another of the group's publishers, Zondervan.

text:
# Word Biblical Commentary

The **Word Biblical Commentary** (**WBC**) is a series of commentaries in English on the text of the Bible both Old and New Testament. It is currently published by the Zondervan Publishing Company. Initially published under the "Word Books" imprint, the series spent some time as part of the Thomas Nelson list. When this publisher was acquired by HarperCollins the series was assigned to another of the group's publishers, Zondervan.

## Old Testament

## New Testament

## Reception

A 1996 *Christianity Today* magazine article included the commentary in a list of the more significant publications and achievements of evangelicalism in the latter half of the 20th century. A 2010 *CT* article listed the WBC as among various recommended commentaries for use.


title: Wu Jinglüe

abstract: Wu Jinglüe (吳景略) is considered one of the most important guqin players of the 20th century and was also an active researcher and teacher. He was born in the town of Xitang, Changshu County, near Suzhou in Jiangsu, China, and died in Beijing. Wu served as a professor at the Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing, and played a prominent role in raising the guqin to professional standards as a concert instrument. His boldly passionate but also lyrically refined style was widely syncretic and incorporated influences from various qin schools as well as folk and Western music. The two most distinguished players to transmit his style and repertoire are Li Xiangting and Wu Wenguang (吳文光), currently the leading guqin figures in Beijing's conservatories; Wu's broader influence extends much more widely. Wu styled himself an inheritor of the Yushan school of qin play influential during the Ming dynasty, but this association draws from his place of birth and his artistic aspirations rather than any unbroken lineage or firm stylistic affinity. His contemporary tradition is sometimes called Wu school, Yushan school, or Yushan Wu school.

text:
# Wu Jinglüe

| Wu Jinglüe | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chinese |  |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Wú Jǐnglüè | |
|  | |

**Wu Jinglüe** (吳景略) (February 5, 1907 – August 16, 1987) is considered one of the most important guqin players of the 20th century and was also an active researcher and teacher. He was born in the town of Xitang, Changshu County, near Suzhou in Jiangsu, China, and died in Beijing.

Wu served as a professor at the Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing, and played a prominent role in raising the guqin to professional standards as a concert instrument. His boldly passionate but also lyrically refined style was widely syncretic and incorporated influences from various qin schools as well as folk and Western music. The two most distinguished players to transmit his style and repertoire are Li Xiangting and Wu Wenguang (吳文光), currently the leading guqin figures in Beijing's conservatories; Wu's broader influence extends much more widely.

Wu styled himself an inheritor of the Yushan school of qin play influential during the Ming dynasty, but this association draws from his place of birth and his artistic aspirations rather than any unbroken lineage or firm stylistic affinity. His contemporary tradition is sometimes called Wu school, Yushan school, or Yushan Wu school.

## InfoBox

| Wu Jinglue吳景略 | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1907-02-05)February 5, 1907
Changshu, Jiangsu Province, Qing |
| Died | August 16, 1987(1987-08-16) (aged 87)
Beijing, PRC |
| Genres | Traditional Chinese music |
| Occupation | Guqin player |
| Instrument | Guqin |


title: Wu Ziniu

abstract: Wu Ziniu, is a Chinese film director and a member of the "Fifth Generation" film movement, a movement of filmmakers who graduated from the Beijing Film Academy in the early 1980s. Unlike his better-known contemporaries, Zhang Yimou and Chen Kaige, who made their names with historical dramas, Wu Ziniu is best known for his early war films. His 1985 film on the Sino-Vietnamese War, Dove Tree, was the first film by a Fifth Generation director to be banned by the Chinese government.

text:
# Wu Ziniu

**Wu Ziniu** (born 31 October 1952), is a Chinese film director and a member of the "Fifth Generation" film movement, a movement of filmmakers who graduated from the Beijing Film Academy in the early 1980s. Unlike his better-known contemporaries, Zhang Yimou and Chen Kaige, who made their names with historical dramas, Wu Ziniu is best known for his early war films. His 1985 film on the Sino-Vietnamese War, *Dove Tree*, was the first film by a Fifth Generation director to be banned by the Chinese government.

## Directorial career

A member of the 1982 graduating class of the Beijing Film Academy, Wu was assigned to the Xiaoxing Film Studio. There he directed four films, including the children's film, *The Candidate*, the war films *Secret Decree* and *Dove Tree*, and the drama, *The Last Day of Winter*. After *The Last Day of Winter*, Wu expanded to other studios, working with the August First Film Studio to produce the war film, *Evening Bell*, which, despite the heavy hand of censorship, managed to win several international awards, including the Silver Bear - Special Jury Prize at the 39th Berlin International Film Festival.

Throughout the late 1980s, Wu would continue to direct films, often highlighting the brutality of war and the effect on civilians, as in 1988's *Joyous Heroes* and its sequel *Between Life and Death*. With the 1990s, Wu would draw on foreign capital, primarily from Hong Kong to help produce his historical films *Sparkling Fox* and *The Big Mill*.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1983 | *The Candidate*
候补队员 | Directorial debut; co-directed with Chen Lu; also known as *A Probation Member* |
| 1984 | *Secret Decree*
喋血黑谷 | Co-directed with Li Jingmin |
| 1985 | *Dove Tree*
鸽子树 |  |
| 1986 | *The Last Day of Winter*
最后一个冬日 |  |
| 1988 | *Evening Bell*
晚钟 |  |
| 1988 | *Joyous Heroes*
欢乐英雄 | Also known as *To Die Like a Man* |
| 1988 | *Between Life and Death*
阴阳界 |  |
| 1990 | *The Big Mill*
大磨坊 |  |
| 1992 | *Mountains of the Sun*
太阳山 |  |
| 1993 | *Sparkling Fox*
火狐 | Won an Honourable Mention at the 44th Berlin International Film Festival |
| 1995 | *Don't Cry, Nanking*
南京1937 | Also known as *Nanking 1937* |
| 1999 | *The National Anthem*
国歌 |  |
| 2000 | *The Sino-Dutch War 1661*
英雄郑成功 | Also known as *Hero Zheng Chenggong* |
|

### Television

| Year | Title | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | *Carol of Zhenguan*
贞观长歌 | Also known as *The Story of Zhen Guan* |
| 2007 | *Ming Dynasty*
天下 |  |
| 2017 | *Yu Chenglong*
于成龙 |  |
|

1. Zhang, Yingjin & Xiao, Zhiwei (1998). *Encyclopedia of Chinese Film*. Taylor & Francis, p. 372. ISBN 0-415-15168-6.
2. "Berlinale: 1989 Prize Winners". *berlinale.de*. Retrieved 2011-03-13.
3. "Berlinale: 1994 Prize Winners". *berlinale.de*. Retrieved 2011-06-15.

## InfoBox

| Wu Ziniu | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1952-10-31) 31 October 1952
Leshan, Sichuan, China |
| Occupation(s) | Film director, screenwriter |
| Years active | 1980s–present |
| Awards | **Silver Bear-Jury Grand Prix**
1988 *Evening Bell*Golden Rooster Awards**Best Director**
1989 *Evening Bell*

 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Traditional Chinese | 吳子牛 |
| Simplified Chinese | 吴子牛 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Wú Zìniú | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Wu Zhou

abstract: Zhou, known in historiography as the Wu Zhou, was a short-lived Chinese imperial dynasty that existed between 690 and 705. The dynasty consisted of the reign of one empress regnant, Wu Zhao, who usurped the throne of her son, the Emperor Ruizong of Tang, in 690. The dynasty lasted until another one of Wu Zhao's sons, the Emperor Zhongzong of Tang, was restored to the throne in the Shenlong Coup in 705, marking the restoration of the Tang dynasty. Historians generally regard the Wu Zhou as an interregnum of the Tang dynasty. Wu named her dynasty after the ancient Zhou dynasty, from whom she believed herself to be descended.

text:
# Wu Zhou

**Zhou**, known in historiography as the **Wu Zhou** (Chinese: 武周), was a short-lived Chinese imperial dynasty that existed between 690 and 705. The dynasty consisted of the reign of one empress regnant, Wu Zhao (Wu Zetian), who usurped the throne of her son, the Emperor Ruizong of Tang, in 690. The dynasty lasted until another one of Wu Zhao's sons, the Emperor Zhongzong of Tang, was restored to the throne in the Shenlong Coup in 705, marking the restoration of the Tang dynasty. Historians generally regard the Wu Zhou as an interregnum of the Tang dynasty.

Wu named her dynasty after the ancient Zhou dynasty, from whom she believed herself to be descended.

## Background

Before her coronation, Wu Zhao (as she was then known), was often acting as *de facto* regent for her husband, Emperor Gaozong, or her sons, giving her a head-start in accomplishing her aims, which she then consolidated as *huangdi* of Zhou once she became ruler in name also. Beginning in 655, Wu began to preside over court meetings in the name of the emperor, and she co-ruled with Emperor Gaozong until his death. After Gaozong's death, she ruled in name of her sons, who reigned officially as puppet emperors, and power was completely and solely in her hands. In 690, she deposed her son, Emperor Ruizong, and declared herself Huangdi (emperor) of her Zhou Dynasty.

## History

The dynasty's capital was Shendu (神都 "Divine Capital", present-day Luoyang). Despite Wu's infamous rise to power, there is evidence that suggests women were granted more privileges during her reign, and China was in a state of great prosperity during her rule.

The dynasty's state religions were Buddhism and Daoism, both of which Wu Zetian exploited for self-promoting propaganda. The monk Xue Huaiyi claimed to have found a document predicting the reign of a woman of great merit who would become universal ruler In support of her imperial ambitions, Wu Zetian also proclaimed herself "Sage Mother", having statues of Laozi's mother as "Sage Mother" placed in Daoist temples

Wu Zetian became a very active supporter of Buddhism. Furthermore, she claimed to be an incarnation of Maitreya, writing a document called the *Great Cloud Sutra*, which prophesied that a female emperor would eradicate illness, worry and disaster from the world. She sought the support of the Buddhist clergy to this end. In 673 Wu provided 20,000 cash for a gigantic statue of Maitreya at Longmen Grottoes. Unlike her predecessor's dynasty, Wu Zetian selected people in her government based on their skills, and not on their status. The Buddhist clergy created a document called *Commentary on the Meaning of the Prophecy about Shenhuang*, which predicted a female Chakravartin who would rule the Jambudvipa as the reincarnation of Vimalaprabha. This document was presented to Wu Zetian two months before the proclamation of the Zhou Dynasty.

Various other documents were also written such as *The Great Spell of Unsullied Pure Light*, also predicting the rise of a female monarch, of which Wu Zetian ordered 100,000 copies be printed and distributed.

Traditionalist Chinese historiography considers the dynasty as a period of the Tang dynasty, as Wu was also the former empress consort of a Tang emperor and was buried in Qianling Mausoleum, a Tang royal mausoleum. Furthermore, Wu Zetian was the only emperor of Zhou China, which does not fit the concept of a dynasty. There were, however, other dynasties of a similar length, such as the Xin dynasty, or much shorter in length, such as the Shun dynasty. Wu Zetian's rule was long also seen as a period of great tyranny, though in more recent decades this seems to have lessened or reversed, as the appearance of Wu Zetian in countless Chinese works of fiction seems to depict her as a wise ruler.

Nevertheless, historically (rather than according to novels) her reign began and continued with extensive violence, combined with the use of secret police and a network of informers. The debate about Wu's use of violence and coercion is more as to how some of it may have been exaggerated and how much of it was necessary for her own survival, particularly given the animosity of the clans of old nobility of the northern China plain that adamantly opposed her, together with a social and political system which found a woman of her accomplishments to be anathema solely on the basis of gender.

## Achievements

The Wu Zhou dynasty had many achievements both in a broader historical sense as well as in contrast to the reigns of Emperors Zhongzong and Ruizong whose reigns bracketed hers, and in contrast to her weak and sickly husband Emperor Gaozong of Tang. Wu's reign resulted in a greater level of Chinese imperial power both externally and internally. This was accomplished along with diminishing the power of the old official class, drawn from the traditionally powerful clans, thus greatly changing the dynamics of power in China. Wu Zetian greatly enhanced the prestige and effectiveness of the civil service recruitment tests, filling government positions by skills demonstrated in written examinations, and opening them up to men of all classes. She followed this with popular promotions and increased salaries. Wu issued Acts of Grace and other decrees of relief for the commons, and funded religious activities. However, toward the end of her reign she lost popular support due to the influence of the two young Zhang brothers she took as lovers and the resulting corruption in government. When her court officials intervened, they killed the Zhang brothers, Wu Zetian abdicated the next day, and the so-called Zhou dynasty fizzled to an end with the restoration of the Tang. Nevertheless, some of Wu Zetian's achievements have left their mark on history, such as the emphasis in subsequent Chinese history on merit-based examinations, as well as extant monuments, including huge parts of Longmen Grottoes. Wu Zetian was personally an author and poet, with many surviving works, including sixty-one essays under her name recorded in the *Quan Tangwen* "Collected Tang Essays" and forty-six poems collected in the *Complete Tang Poems* anthology of Tang poetry. Wu Zetian and her court left a remarkable legacy of poetry and literature from the end of Gaozu's reign and even more so during her Zhou dynasty period, during which the Zhuying ji poetry anthology was published, the poets of which were very influential to the subsequent flourishing of Tang poetry. Thus, though the Zhou dynasty failed to take root as an actual dynasty, it was one of the more important eras in Chinese history, and of influence on modern global culture.

## Bibliography

* Barrett, T. H. 2008. *The Woman Who Discovered Printing*. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12728-7
* Paludan, Ann (1998). *Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China*. New York, New York: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05090-2

## InfoBox

| Zhou | |
| --- | --- |
| 690–705 | |
| Wu Zhou, c.700 | |
| Status | Empire |
| Capital | Shendu (Luoyang) |
| Common languages | Chinese |
| Religion | Buddhism (state religion), Taoism, Confucianism, Chinese folk religion |
| Government | Absolute hereditary monarchy |
| Emperor of China |  |
|  | |
| 690–705 | Wu Zetian |
|  | |
| History |  |
|  | |
| Established by Wu Zetian | 17 October 690 |
| Emperor Wu Zetian deposed | 21 February 705 |
|  | |
| Currency | Chinese coin, Chinese cash |
|  | |


title: Wu Sheng (academic)

abstract: Wu Sheng was a Chinese nuclear material and process specialist and academic, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

text:
# Wu Sheng (academic)

**Wu Sheng** (Chinese: 武胜; 23 September 1934 – 4 January 2023) was a Chinese nuclear material and process specialist and academic, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

## Biography

Wu was born into a family of farming background in Acheng County, Binjiang Province (now Acheng District of Harbin, Heilongjiang), on 23 September 1934. In 1948 he attended Songjiang Provincial Xingzhi Normal School (松江省立行知师范学校). In 1950, he joined the China New Democratic Youth League and took part in the Korean War. He returned to Acheng No. 1 High School in June 1952, and was admitted to the Preparation Department of Beijing Institute of Foreign Languages (now Beijing Foreign Study University) in September 1954. He became a member of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in August 1953. In September 1955, he arrived in the Soviet Union to begin his education at Podrovski Iron and Steel Institute in Dnieper, and a year later transferred to the State University of Non-Ferrous Metals and Gold.

Wu returned to China in October 1960 and worked as an atomic bomb researcher in Beijing No. 9 Research Institute. In March 1964, he went to northwest China's Qinghai province and continued to develop the core components of the atomic bomb. In October, he transferred to the research work of thermonuclear component forming technology. Under the leadership of Song Jiashu, the technical director, Wu, as the leader of the technical team, undertook the research task of lithium hydrogen (deuteride) component forming technology, which is very important in hydrogen bombs. In January 1972, he became a workshop director in the 2nd Institute of the 9th Research Institute of the 2nd Mechanical Industry Ministry, serving in the post for exactly ten years. In March 1982, he was deputy factory director and than chief engineer of the 903 Factory, and served until December 1988. In January 1989, he was appointed chief engineer of the 7th Institute of China Academy of Engineering Physics, and held that office until August 1998.

On 4 January 2023, Wu died at the age of 88.

## Honours and awards

* 1987 State Technological Invention Award (Third Class) for the XX LiD parts hot pressing process
* 1989 State Science and Technology Progress Award (Special) for the major breakthrough in nuclear weapons
* 1999 Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE)

## InfoBox

| Wu Sheng | |
| --- | --- |
| 武胜 | |
| Born | (1934-09-23)23 September 1934
Acheng County, Binjiang Province, Manchukuo |
| Died | 4 January 2023(2023-01-04) (aged 88)
China |
| Alma mater | State University of Non-Ferrous Metals and Gold |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Nuclear material and process |
| Institutions | China Academy of Engineering Physics |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Simplified Chinese |  |
| Traditional Chinese |  |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Wǔ Shèng | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Wygoda, Hajnówka County

abstract: Wygoda is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Hajnówka, within Hajnówka County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) north-west of Hajnówka and 48 km (30 mi) south-east of the regional capital Białystok.

text:
# Wygoda, Hajnówka County

**Wygoda** \[vɨˈɡɔda\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Hajnówka, within Hajnówka County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) north-west of Hajnówka and 48 km (30 mi) south-east of the regional capital Białystok.

## InfoBox

| Wygoda | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Wygoda | |
| Coordinates: 52°45′10″N 23°32′34″E / 52.75278°N 23.54278°E / 52.75278; 23.54278 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Podlaskie |
| County | Hajnówka |
| Gmina | Hajnówka |


title: Xavier Brewer

abstract: Xavier Brewer is an American football coach and former cornerback who is currently a defensive analyst at the University of Oklahoma. He was previously a graduate assistant at Clemson University, and cornerbacks coach at the University of Louisiana at Monroe. He also played college football at Clemson before going on to sign with the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL) as a undrafted free agent in 2013. He also spent time with the Jacksonville Sharks of the Arena Football League (AFL).

text:
# Xavier Brewer

**Xavier Brewer** (born January 25, 1990) is an American football coach and former cornerback who is currently a defensive analyst at the University of Oklahoma. He was previously a graduate assistant at Clemson University, and cornerbacks coach at the University of Louisiana at Monroe. He also played college football at Clemson before going on to sign with the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL) as a undrafted free agent in 2013. He also spent time with the Jacksonville Sharks of the Arena Football League (AFL).

## College career

Initially interested in schools like Florida, Miami (FL), and Georgia, Brewer committed to play college football at Clemson after being convinced to visit the campus by then-recruiting coordinator Dabo Swinney and liking it.

After redshirting his true freshman season, Brewer spent his redshirt freshman season as a reserve cornerback and special teams player. In his sophomore year, he was named the starting nickelback when the defense was in nickel defense. By the conclusion of his playing career, he was a team co-captain and compiled 193 tackles throughout his career.

## Professional career

After going undrafted in the 2013 NFL draft, Brewer signed with the Dallas Cowboys and played throughout the preseason before being released as the final part of roster cuts.

Brewer signed with the Jacksonville Sharks of the Arena Football League in 2014. He was placed on recallable assignment in 2015.

## Coaching career

At the conclusion of his playing career, Brewer went on to work as a personal trainer before going into coaching. He also spent time as the head coach at Landrum Middle School in the St. Johns County School District.

Brewer joined the coaching staff at his alma mater Clemson in 2019 as a graduate assistant. He was named the cornerbacks coach at Louisiana–Monroe in 2021.

## Personal life

Brewer's father Chris was a member of the Denver Broncos and was part of the Denver Dynamite ArenaBowl I championship team. His brother C. J. was also a member of the San Francisco 49ers practice squad.

## InfoBox

Xavier Brewer
| Oklahoma Sooners | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Senior defensive analyst |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1990-01-25) January 25, 1990<br>Jacksonville, Florida |
| Height: | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) |
| Weight: | 190 lb (86 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Bartram Trail (FL) |
| College: | Clemson |
| Undrafted: | 2013 |
| Career history | |
| As a player: | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
| As a coach: | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career Arena statistics | |
| Total tackles: 94  Interceptions: 3  Receptions: 1  Receiving yards: 7  Return yards: 13 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **ArenaFan.com** | |
|  | |


title: Xavier Briggs

abstract: Xavier de Souza Briggs is an American educator, social scientist, and policy expert, known for his work on economic opportunity, social capital, democratic governance, and leading social change. He has influenced housing and urban policy in the United States, contributing to the concept of the "geography of opportunity," which examines the consequences of housing segregation, by race or economic status, for the well-being and life prospects of children and families. He is a former member of the Harvard and MIT faculties, currently a senior fellow of the Brookings Institution. He is an elected fellow of the National Academy of Public Administration. From 2005 to 2014, he was a professor in the Department of Urban Studies and Planning at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He returned to the MIT faculty in 2011. In January 2014, he went on leave anew, to join the Ford Foundation as Vice President of Inclusive Economies and Markets — leading the foundation's economic opportunity work worldwide—and later, following a reorganization, its U.S. Programs. At the end of 2019, he left the foundation to begin a visiting appointment at New York University (NYU).

text:
# Xavier Briggs

**Xavier de Souza Briggs** (born 1968) is an American educator, social scientist, and policy expert, known for his work on economic opportunity, social capital, democratic governance, and leading social change. He has influenced housing and urban policy in the United States, contributing to the concept of the "geography of opportunity," which examines the consequences of housing segregation, by race or economic status, for the well-being and life prospects of children and families (see also residential segregation in the United States). He is a former member of the Harvard and MIT faculties, currently a senior fellow of the Brookings Institution. He is an elected fellow of the National Academy of Public Administration.

From 2005 to 2014, he was a professor in the Department of Urban Studies and Planning at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He returned to the MIT faculty in 2011. In January 2014, he went on leave anew, to join the Ford Foundation as Vice President of Inclusive Economies and Markets — leading the foundation's economic opportunity work worldwide—and later, following a reorganization, its U.S. Programs. At the end of 2019, he left the foundation to begin a visiting appointment at New York University (NYU).

## Professional life

In New York City, Briggs helped develop the widely emulated "quality-of-life" planning approach to neighborhood revitalization, and in 1996 his work with the Comprehensive Community Revitalization Program in the South Bronx won the President's Award of the American Planning Association. He began his teaching career at Harvard in 1996, took a leave to work in the Clinton Administration from 1998 to 2000, returned to Harvard and, in 2005, moved to MIT. He was also a faculty affiliate of The Urban Institute, a leading nonpartisan policy research organization in Washington, DC.

Briggs' research centers on economic opportunity, racial and ethnic diversity, and democratic problem-solving in cities worldwide. His teaching has included negotiation and collaborative problem solving; policy analysis; strategy and management, housing and economic development; the politics, history and ethics of planning and social change; and the uses of research in public policy making.

His earliest research, focused on the social networks of poor young people, examined the controversial desegregation of public housing following a landmark civil rights lawsuit in Yonkers, New York — later the subject of an HBO miniseries, Show Me a Hero. The widely cited study distinguished the role of social support and social leverage as distinct resources for economic mobility and status attainment — in plain terms, for "getting by" as opposed to "getting ahead."

In 2002, he was a Martin Luther King Jr. Visiting Scholar at MIT. His edited book, *The Geography of Opportunity* (Brookings, 2005), analyzed the singular role of segregation as America has become more racially and ethnically diverse and at the same time more economically unequal. The book argued that significant responses to segregation remain rare and suspect in American politics and culture, also that these responses consist of either "curing" segregation (by changing housing patterns, i.e. changing where people live) or mitigating its substantial economic and social costs (by changing the links between place of residence and exposure to risks and resources, rather than changing housing patterns themselves). The edited volume also included the leading research on racial attitudes toward integration, racial discrimination in housing markets, links between smart growth in land use policy and housing affordability and segregation, and other key topics. The book won the top book award in planning in 2007 (the Paul Davidoff Award).

A second book, "Democracy as Problem Solving: Civic Capacity in Communities across the Globe" (MIT Press, 2009) offers an account of transformative change and the politics of reform in the U.S., Brazil, India and South Africa. The book, which was a finalist for the C. Wright Mills Prize, also offers an alternative theory of the functions and forms of democracy, focusing on local governance and grounded in core concepts of learning and bargaining, accountability, and stakeholder participation. Influenced by American educator and political philosopher John Dewey, this work argues that learning and bargaining are the twin capacities essential to collective problem-solving and shows the conditions under which it is possible to cultivate and advance both.

Briggs is the founder of two online tools for self-directed learning in the field of civic leadership and local problem-solving: The Community Problem-Solving Project @ MIT, sponsored by the Annie E. Casey Foundation, and Working Smarter in Community Development, sponsored by the MacArthur Foundation.

In 2010, he and co-authors Susan Popkin and John Goering published "Moving to Opportunity: The Story of An American Experiment to Fight Ghetto Poverty" (Oxford University Press). The culmination of more than a decade of work on housing opportunity and the effects of high-risk neighborhoods on poor children and their families, and focused on "surprising" results of one of America's most ambitious housing experiments — a randomized control trial — the book won the Louis Brownlow award from the National Academy of Public Administration. "MTO" underscores the alarming impacts of a "quiet crisis" of unaffordable housing, particularly in America's most economically successful urban regions, where increases in housing prices, especially rents, substantially outstrip increases in wages, especially for low-wage workers and their families. The book also dispels myths about access to social capital, offering an argument about "the weakness of strong ties" — the cost of durable ties to risky relatives, in particular — echoing and extending sociologist Mark Granovetter's influential 1973 thesis on "the strength of weak ties." The book also questions dominant assumptions about individual choice and choice-driven social policy, directly responding to claims of behavioral economics, such as those in the book, Nudge, by renowned legal scholar Cass Sunstein and Nobel economist Richard Thaler.

This mixed-method research, with ethnographic, survey and administrative data on families and regions in the controversial MTO social experiment, complements the influential research of economists Raj Chetty, Lawrence Katz and others examining the decline and the drivers of economic mobility in America. As these and other scholars have shown conclusively, segregation and neighborhood effects play an important role.

Briggs has been an adviser to the Rockefeller Foundation and the World Bank, and was a member of the Aspen Institute's Roundtable on Community Change. He served as an expert witness for the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund in civil rights litigation. He serves on the boards of the Global Impact Investing Network, Just Capital, Demos, and the Center for Advanced Studies in Behavioral Sciences, and is a former trustee of Restaurant Opportunity Centers United (ROc-United), Citizens Housing and Planning Association, and The Community Builders (a nonprofit housing developer and manager).

His views and research have appeared in the New York Times, Boston Globe, Salon.com, National Public Radio, and other major media. He has appeared on CNN and other broadcast news networks, explaining public policy and budget issues in both English and Spanish.

In November 2020, Briggs was named a member of the Joe Biden presidential transition Agency Review Team to support transition efforts related to the Small Business Administration and the United States Postal Service.

## Personal life

Briggs is Bahamian-American and has identified himself as a mixed-race person of color. Born in Miami, Florida, Briggs spent the early part of his life in Nassau, Bahamas, where his family - with roots in the Black Seminole nation, Brazil, and Europe \- has lived since the early 19th century. His mother, Angela (1933–2015), was the daughter of Bill Aranha, Nassau's crown lands officer during the 1940s, and his father, Nevin Briggs (1932–1978), was an out island doctor, born and raised in Nova Scotia, Canada.

Raised by his mother, Briggs moved back to the U.S. in 1976, several years after The Bahamas secured independence from Britain. In Miami he attended Belen Jesuit Preparatory School, a Catholic high school with strong ties to Cuba and the Cuban-American community. He later received a BS in engineering from Stanford University, worked with the innovative planning firm of Moore Iacofano Goltsman in Berkeley, CA, and won a Rotary Scholarship to study education and community development in Brazil, living in Salvador, Bahia. In 1993 he earned a Master in Public Administration (MPA) from Harvard University. In 1996 he earned a PhD in sociology and education from Columbia University, where he studied under Robert Crain, Herbert Gans, Charles Kadushin, and other scholars. While a student at Stanford, Briggs designed and taught the second version of the Unseen America course, an approach in democratic experiential education, and joined with David Lempert and others to publish a book on this alternative approach to education.

## Key publications

* Lempert, David; Briggs, Xavier de Souza (1995). *Escape from the Ivory Tower: Student Adventures in Democratic Experiential Education*. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers/Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7879-0136-9.
* Briggs, Xavier de Souza; Miller, Anita; Shapiro, John (Winter 2006). "Planning for Community Building: CCRP in the South Bronx". *Planners' Casebook, American Institute of Certified Planners*.
* Briggs, Xavier de Souza; Mueller, Elizabeth J.; Sullivan, M. (1997). *From Neighborhood to Community: Evidence on the Social Effects of Community Development*. New York: Community Development Research Center, New School for Social Research.
* Briggs, Xavier de Souza (April 1998). "Brown Kids in White Suburbs: Housing Mobility and the Multiple Faces of Social Capital". *Fannie Mae Foundation Housing Policy Debate*. **9** (1).
* Briggs, Xavier de Souza; Darden, Joe T.; Aidala, Angela (March 1999). "In the Wake of Desegregation Early Impacts of Scattered-Site Public Housing on Neighborhoods in Yonkers, New York" (PDF). *Journal of the American Planning Association*. **65** (1): 27–49. doi:10.1080/01944369908976032.
* Briggs, Xavier de Souza (2003). "Community Building". In Christensen, Karen; Levinson, David (eds.). *Encyclopedia of Community: From the Village to the Virtual World*. SAGE. ISBN 0-7619-2598-8.
* Briggs, Xavier de Souza (December 2004). "Civilization in Color: The Multicultural City in Three Millennia". *City & Community*. **3** (4): 311–342. doi:10.1111/j.1535-6841.2004.00091.x. S2CID 227069996.
* Briggs, Xavier de Souza (2005). *The Geography of Opportunity Race and Housing Choice in Metropolitan America*. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0-8157-0873-4.
* Briggs, Xavier de Souza (November 2007). "Some of My Best Friends Are: Interracial Friendship, Class, and Segregation in America". *City & Community*. **6** (4): 263–290. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6040.2007.00228.x. S2CID 227257216. Archived from the original on January 5, 2013.
* Briggs, Xavier de Souza; Turner, Margery Austin (March 2005). "Fairness in new New Orleans". *The Three-City Study of Moving to Opportunity, Policy Briefs*. Archived from the original on May 1, 2008.
* Briggs, Xavier de Souza (2008). *Democracy as Problem Solving*. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-02641-3.

## InfoBox

| Xavier de Souza Briggs | |
| --- | --- |
| Briggs in 2014 | |
| Born | 1968
Miami, Florida |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Stanford University
Harvard University
Columbia University |
| Spouse | Cynthia |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| Doctoral advisor | Robert Crain |
| Other academic advisors | Herbert Gans |
|  | |


title: Włodzimierz Źróbik

abstract: Włodzimierz Źróbik was a Polish bobsledder. He competed in the four-man event at the 1956 Winter Olympics.

text:
# Włodzimierz Źróbik

**Włodzimierz Źróbik** (1 July 1926  12 August 1994) was a Polish bobsledder. He competed in the four-man event at the 1956 Winter Olympics.

## InfoBox

Włodzimierz Źróbik
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Polish |
| Born | (1926-07-01)1 July 1926
Wiśniew, Poland |
| Died | 12 August 1994(1994-08-12) (aged 68)
Warsaw, Poland |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Bobsleigh |


title: Włodzimierzów, Gmina Aleksandrów

abstract: Włodzimierzów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Aleksandrów, within Piotrków County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) north of Aleksandrów, 22 km (14 mi) east of Piotrków Trybunalski, and 62 km (39 mi) south-east of the regional capital Łódź.

text:
# Włodzimierzów, Gmina Aleksandrów

**Włodzimierzów** \[vwɔd͡ʑiˈmjɛʐuf\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Aleksandrów, within Piotrków County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) north of Aleksandrów, 22 km (14 mi) east of Piotrków Trybunalski, and 62 km (39 mi) south-east of the regional capital Łódź.

## InfoBox

| Włodzimierzów | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Włodzimierzów | |
| Coordinates: 51°19′41″N 19°58′2″E / 51.32806°N 19.96722°E / 51.32806; 19.96722 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Piotrków |
| Gmina | Aleksandrów |
| Population | 100 |