title: Warhammer 40,000: Eternal Crusade

abstract: Warhammer 40,000: Eternal Crusade was a science fiction online third-person shooter video game based on the Warhammer 40,000 universe. The game was released on September 23, 2016 for Microsoft Windows. As of January 2016 it was planned to release the game for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on a later date, but the ports were later canceled.

text:
# Warhammer 40,000: Eternal Crusade

***Warhammer 40,000: Eternal Crusade*** was a science fiction online third-person shooter video game based on the Warhammer 40,000 universe. The game was released on September 23, 2016 for Microsoft Windows. As of January 2016 it was planned to release the game for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on a later date, but the ports were later canceled.

## Gameplay

The game is a player versus player online multiplayer action shooter, with gameplay taking place on the planet of Arkhona.

### Races and factions

The game features several races for players to choose from. Each race has its own variety of classes that are unique and recognizable to fans of the Warhammer 40,000 universe. In addition, all factions have "Elite-classes" that must be bought with in-game resources before being able to play them. The playable races include: Orks, Space Marines, Eldar, and Chaos Space Marines. The Tyranids are present in game as NPCs, being the primary enemies in the game's procedurally-created dungeons "Under worlds" and survival "Hives" game modes to provide a Player Versus Environment experience. As of Alpha, the plan was, according to the developers, to add various other races from the universe, such as the Tau and Dark Eldar, "over the game's lifetime".

## Development

### Founders program

Behaviour Interactive launched the founder program for *Eternal Crusade* on June 25, 2014. Similar to a pre-order program, people can buy packs before the game release, allowing them to get the full game key, and several bonuses, like in-game currency, unique items, etc.

### Closed Alpha

The development team released the closed Alpha on September 14, 2015 to its founders. The objective of the closed Alpha was to test the shooter part of the game, before releasing all the persistence and progression features.

### Release

During the closed Alpha period, the game was available on Microsoft Windows platforms. The game is no longer available via Steam. The game is available for free, however, in this version players can only play 18 out of the 22 basic classes and experience-points are earned at a lower rate. Paying players who purchase a copy of the full game will be able to play as all classes from all factions and earn experience-points at the full rate.

### End of the game

One June 10, 2021, the developers announced the upcoming permanent shutdown of the game servers, scheduled for September 10, 2021.

### Post Server Close

There are attempts at bringing the game back to life privately being made as several private projects but as of August 2023 the game remains mostly unplayable and the official servers are down.

## Reception

*Warhammer 40,000: Eternal Crusade* received "mixed or average" reviews according to review aggregator Metacritic.

## InfoBox

| Warhammer 40,000: Eternal Crusade | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Behaviour Interactive |
| Publisher(s) | Behaviour Interactive |
| Composer(s) | Maxime Goulet |
| Series | *Warhammer 40,000* |
| Engine | Unreal Engine 4 |
| Platform(s) | Microsoft Windows |
| Release | September 23, 2016 |
| Genre(s) | Third-person shooter |
| Mode(s) | Multiplayer |


abstract: The 1928 United States Olympic trials for track and field were held between July 3 and July 7, 1928 and decided the United States team for the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. For the first time, women's track and field was part of the Olympic program. The trials for men and women were held separately; men competed at Harvard Stadium in Cambridge, Massachusetts on July 6 and July 7, while women competed at City Field in Newark, New Jersey on July 4. Three of the men's events were contested in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania between July 3 and July 5. Both the men's and women's Olympic trials also served as the annual United States outdoor track and field championships. For the last time, the top four athletes in each event qualified for the Olympics; starting in 1932, every nation was limited to three entrants per event. Official world records were set in the men's meet by Morgan Taylor in the 400 m hurdles and by Ed Hamm in the long jump.

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# 1928 United States Olympic trials (track and field)

The **1928 United States Olympic trials for track and field** were held between July 3 and July 7, 1928 and decided the United States team for the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. For the first time, women's track and field was part of the Olympic program. The trials for men and women were held separately; men competed at Harvard Stadium in Cambridge, Massachusetts on July 6 and July 7, while women competed at City Field in Newark, New Jersey on July 4. Three of the men's events were contested in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania between July 3 and July 5.

Both the men's and women's Olympic trials also served as the annual United States outdoor track and field championships. For the last time, the top four athletes in each event qualified for the Olympics; starting in 1932, every nation was limited to three entrants per event.

Official world records were set in the men's meet by Morgan Taylor in the 400 m hurdles and by Ed Hamm in the long jump.

## Qualifying

Athletes qualified for the men's Olympic trials by competing in preliminary tryouts. There were 14 preliminary meetings in total, including regional tryouts and major collegiate meets (the NCAA championship and the IC4A championship both served as tryouts). So many athletes qualified for the final Olympic trials that three or more rounds were needed in all sprinting and hurdling events; for the next Olympic trials in 1932 a more restrictive qualifying system was adopted. Athletes who finished in the top four in their events at the final trials qualified for the Olympic team, with some exceptions. The marathon was not part of the main Olympic trials, and a different qualifying system based on multiple races was used for that event.

## Men

The men's Olympic trials were contested at Harvard Stadium in Cambridge, Massachusetts on July 6 and July 7, except for three events (400 meters, 400 meter hurdles and decathlon) which were scheduled to be held at the Philadelphia Municipal Stadium in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 3 and July 4. Due to poor weather conditions, the decathlon was interrupted on July 4 and continued on July 5 at Franklin Field, also in Philadelphia.

The meeting doubled as the annual AAU outdoor national championship; all defending champions from 1927 returned to defend their titles, with the exception of Ville Ritola who was Finnish. Two official world records were set at the men's trials, by Morgan Taylor in the 400 m hurdles and by Ed Hamm in the long jump; additionally, Lloyd Hahn broke the world record in the 800 m and both Ross Nichols and Steve Anderson equaled the world record in the 110 m hurdles, but their marks were not officially ratified.

### Philadelphia

| Event | First | | Second | | Third | | Fourth | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 400 m | Ray Barbuti | 51.6 | Euil Snider |  | Hermon Phillips |  | Joe Tierney |  |
| 400 m hurdles | Morgan Taylor | 52.0 **WR** | Frank Cuhel | 52.1 | Johnny Gibson | 52.5e | Robert Maxwell | 52.6e |
| Decathlon | Ken Doherty | 7600 | Jim Stewart | 7533 | Barney Berlinger | 7362 | Tom Churchill | 7203 |

The 400 meters final was run in a storm, accounting for the very slow winning time of 51.6 seconds; both Barbuti and Snider had won their semi-finals in 48.0. Emerson "Bud" Spencer, the one-eyed Stanford University runner who had set the world record (47.0) two months earlier, was surprisingly eliminated as he only placed fifth; Spencer and the sixth finalist, Fred Alderman, were named to the Olympic 4 × 400 meter relay team. The other two Olympic relay runners were decided by an extra race for those eliminated in the semi-finals, won by George Baird ahead of John Lewis; however, Lewis was replaced with Barbuti after the latter won an Olympic gold in the individual event.

The 400 meter hurdles final was run before the storm arrived; Morgan Taylor, the 1924 Olympic champion, set a new world record (52.0) but still only narrowly defeated Cuhel. Defending AAU champion Gibson, who held the world record in the 440 yard hurdles (52.6), placed third. The old, still listed world record for the metric hurdles (53.8 by Sten Pettersson) was broken in the heats, in the semi-finals, and by all seven men in the final.

In the decathlon the 1928 Penn Relays were originally advertised as an Olympic qualifying event; Tony Plansky, the 1924 AAU champion, won the Penn Relays decathlon ahead of Doherty and Churchill with 7142 points. In the end, though, decathlon selections were based solely on the Philadelphia meet; Plansky was unprepared for having to qualify a second time and only placed 11th. Defending AAU champion Fait Elkins, who entered the trials as a clear favorite, was also left out of the Olympic team; he injured himself in the first event (100 meters) and had to withdraw. An appeal by Elkins to be selected in spite of his injury was not upheld; he performed poorly in a test two weeks after the trials, and the selectors felt he had not recovered sufficiently.

The rain and wind that disturbed the 400 meters final interrupted the decathlon's eighth event, the pole vault; the last three events were moved to Franklin Field and contested the following day, with the pole vault restarted from scratch. Doherty, the Penn Relays runner-up, eventually won from Stewart and Berlinger; he went on to win bronze at the Olympics. Churchill received the fourth spot on the Olympic team after Elkins's appeal was rejected.

### Cambridge

#### Track

| Event | First | | Second | | Third | | Fourth | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 100 m | Frank Wykoff | 10.6 | Robert McAllister | 10.7e | Henry Russell | 10.7e | Claude Bracey | 10.7e |
| 200 m straight | Charles Borah | 21.4 | Charley Paddock | 21.5e | Jackson Scholz | 21.5e | Henry Cumming | 21.7e |
| 800 m | Lloyd Hahn | 1:51.4 **WR** | Earl Fuller | 1:51.9e | Ray Watson | 1:52.3e | John Sittig | 1:53.4e |
| 1500 m | Ray Conger | 3:55.0 **AR** | Sid Robinson | 3:55.6e | Nick Carter | 3:55.8e | Orval Martin | 3:55.9e |
| 5000 m | Leo Lermond | 14:52.8 | Macauley Smith | 14:56e | David Abbott | 14:56e | Charles Haworth | 15:03e |
| 10,000 m | Joie Ray | 31:28.4 **AR** | John Romig | 120 yds bh | Verne Booth | 10 yds bh2 | Johnny Zola | 90 yds bh3 |
| 3000 m SC | William Spencer | 9:35.8 | Jesse Montgomery | 10 yds bh | Melvin Dalton |  | Walter Gegan |  |
| 110 m hurdles | Steve Anderson | 14.8 =**WR** | John Collier | 14.8e | Leighton Dye | 14.9e | Carl Ring | 15.0e |

In the 100 meters four rounds  heats, quarterfinals, semi-finals and the final   were run in the space of one afternoon. Frank Wykoff, an 18-year-old high schooler, outlasted his opponents, winning all four of his races in 10.6. Defending AAU champion Charley Borah retained his title in the 200 meters; Paddock and Scholz, who placed behind him, had both been among the world's top sprinters for almost a decade and qualified for their third Olympic Games. Roland Locke, who held the world record for 220 yards (20.6), lost the fourth Olympic spot to Cumming by inches. The Americans entered the Olympic short sprints with high hopes, but did not win any medals in either the 100 meters or the 200 meters; in the 4 × 100 meter relay, the American team (Wykoff, Borah, Russell and Jimmy Quinn) won gold in 41.0.

1924 Olympian Lloyd Hahn, who had won the 1928 AAU indoor title in a world best 1:51.4 (880 yards), reached the same time outdoors in the 800-meter final; his time was an outdoor world record, breaking Otto Peltzer's previous mark of 1:51.6, but was never officially ratified. In the 1500 meters, defending champion Ray Conger finished fast to set an American record of 3:55.0, with Robinson and Carter following; Orval Martin, who had been in the lead for much of the way, stumbled at the very end and dropped to fourth place. As Hahn was named to the team in this event as well, Martin missed out on an Olympic spot. In the long-distance races the American teams, while not world-beaters, were stronger timewise than the 1924 squad; Joie Ray, also entered in the marathon, set an American record in winning the 10,000 meters.

There were two high-profile falls in the 110 m hurdles. Hugo "Swede" Leistner, winner of the Pacific Tryouts, fell while leading his heat; Ross Nichols, who led the semi-finals with 14.8, fell while leading the final. Nichols hit the ninth hurdle and lost his balance; as a result, he crashed into the tenth hurdle, losing his chances of making the team. There was controversy as to whether the ninth hurdle had been misplaced, causing Nichols to trip; a meeting official stated the hurdle had been correctly positioned, and was only knocked out of position when Nichols hit it, but Nichols's supporters did not accept this explanation. Steve Anderson won, equaling Nichols's semi-final time of 14.8; both times also equaled the official world record, but were never ratified.

#### Field

| Event | First | | Second | | Third | | Fourth | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| High jump | Bob King | 6 ft 5 in
(1.96 m) | Charles McGinnis | 6 ft 5 in
(1.96 m) | Harold Osborn | 6 ft 4 in
(1.93 m) | Ben Hedges | 6 ft 3 in
(1.90 m) |
| Pole vault | Lee Barnes | 13 ft 9 in
(4.19 m) | Bill Droegemueller | 13 ft 9 in
(4.19 m) | Sabin Carr | 13 ft 9 in
(4.19 m) | Charles McGinnis | 13 ft 6 in
(4.11 m) |
| Long jump | Ed Hamm | 25 ft 11+18 in
(7.90 m) **WR** | Al Bates | 24 ft 2+12 in
(7.38 m) | DeHart Hubbard | 23 ft 11+12 in
(7.30 m) | Ed Gordon | 23 ft 6+38 in
(7.17 m) |
| Triple jump | Levi Casey | 48 ft 10+18 in
(14.89 m) | Sidney Bowman | 48 ft 4+78 in
(14.76 m) | Bob Kelley | 47 ft 10+34 in
(14.60 m) | Lloyd Bourgeois | 47 ft 5+58 in
(14.47 m) |
| Shot put | Herman Brix | 50 ft 11+34 in
(15.54 m) | Harlow Rothert | 49 ft 8+14 in
(15.14 m) | John Kuck | 49 ft 4+34 in
(15.05 m) | Eric Krenz | 49 ft 2+34 in
(15.00 m) |
| Discus throw | Bud Houser | 153 ft 6+14 in
(46.79 m) | Fred Wiecker | 150 ft 3+34 in
(45.81 m) | James Corson | 147 ft 10+34 in
(45.08 m) | John Anderson | 145 ft 7 in
(44.40 m) |
| Hammer throw | Ed Black | 166 ft 4+14 in
(50.70 m) | Ken Caskey | 162 ft 9+34 in
(49.62 m) | Donald Gwinn | 161 ft 3+78 in
(49.17 m) | Frank Conner | 159 ft 6+78 in
(48.63 m) |
| Javelin throw | Creth Hines | 202 ft 1+34 in
(61.60 m) | Charles Harlow | 201 ft 3+78 in
(61.35 m) | Arthur Sager | 200 ft 3 in
(61.04 m) | Lee Bartlett | 198 ft 10+34 in
(60.62 m) |

In the high jump Bob King, who was both the defending AAU champion and the 1928 NCAA champion, defeated McGinnis in a jump-off to retain his AAU title; Osborn, who was the reigning Olympic champion and held the world record of 6 ft 8+14 in (2.03 m), placed third. King went on to win gold at the Olympics, with Hedges taking the silver.

McGinnis also qualified in the pole vault  a double that has never been repeated since  after defeating Jack Williams in a jump-off for the final Olympic spot. Reigning Olympic champion Barnes won from Droegemueller and Carr in a competition with a deep high-quality field; the United States was the world's leading pole vault power. Carr, Droegemueller and McGinnis swept the medals in Amsterdam.

NCAA champion Ed Hamm dominated the long jump, improving Hubbard's world record of 25 ft 10+78 in (7.89 m) by a fraction of an inch. In a rarity, three individual Olympic champions qualified for the American team in the same event; Hubbard had won Olympic gold in 1924, Hamm won in Amsterdam, and Gordon went on to win in 1932. In the triple jump Levi Casey won his third consecutive AAU title; he took silver in Amsterdam, the last American to medal in the triple jump until 1976.

In the shot put Herman Brix was the in-form man at the Olympic trials; defending AAU champion Kuck had unofficially broken the shot put world record earlier in 1928, but at the trials he only placed third. At the Olympics Kuck set an official world record, winning gold ahead of Brix. Bud Houser, the reigning Olympic champion in both the shot and the discus, concentrated on the latter event in 1928; he won at the trials and successfully defended his Olympic title in Amsterdam, with Corson taking the bronze. The failure of defending AAU champion Eric Krenz to qualify in the discus was a surprise; he made the Olympic team in the shot, but the discus was considered his better event. Some consideration was given by team selectors to adding Krenz in the discus team or moving Anderson to the shot with Krenz in the discus, but these ideas were rejected.

The hammer throw was one of the events in which the American team was not as strong as at the 1924 Games. Ed "Rip" Black, the eventual trials winner and Olympic bronze medalist, was only fifth after the qualifying rounds and the last man to make the final; in the final he improved by almost eight feet and won. Matt McGrath, the 1912 Olympic champion, nearly qualified for his fifth consecutive Olympics; he missed fourth place by less than a foot. In the javelin the top Americans were evenly matched; IC4A champion Hines also won at the trials, with defending AAU champion Harlow the runner-up ahead of Sager and Bartlett. None of the four made an impact in Amsterdam.

### Marathon

| Event/Location | Date | First | | Second | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Boston Marathon
Boston, Massachusetts | April 19 | Clarence DeMar | 2:37:07.8 | James Henigan | 2:41:01 |
| Long Beach Marathon
New York City | May 19 | Joie Ray | 2:34:13.4 | Albert Michelsen | 2:35:23 |
| Baltimore Marathon
Baltimore, Maryland | June 2 | William Agee | 2:57:04.4 | Harvey Frick | 3:00:11.4 |

In the marathon there was no clear qualifying system. Six entrants per country were allowed, and eight races had been named as Olympic tryouts; in the end, the top two from each of the three races with the highest quality were selected. Joie Ray, who also qualified in the 10,000 meters, was considered America's best Olympic hope in both events; in the Olympic marathon he was among the leaders for much of the way, but eventually dropped to fifth.

### Other AAU championship events

| Event | Champion | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 220 yd low hurdles | Frank Cuhel | 23.6 |
| 3 mile walk | Harry Hinkel | 21:49.2 |
| 56 pound weight throw | Pat McDonald | 33 ft 10+14 in
(10.31 m) |

These events were not part of the Olympic trials, but were contested at Harvard Stadium as part of the AAU national championships. Between 1911 and 1933 McDonald won the AAU weight throw championship ten times; Matt McGrath, who placed second, was a seven-time champion.

## Women

With the inclusion of women's track and field in the Olympic program, women competed at the Olympic trials for the first time in 1928. The women's trials were held at City Field in Newark, New Jersey on July 4, 1928. Like the men's meet, the women's trials also doubled as the national outdoor championships. Elta Cartwright of the Northern California Athletic Club was the leading star of the meet, winning the 50 yards, the 100 meters and the long jump; meeting rules prevented her from entering more events. National records were set by Maybelle Reichardt in the discus throw and Rayma Wilson in the 800 meters; in the shot put, Lillian Copeland equaled her own national record.

Of the twelve events in the AAU championship program, only four were part of the Olympic trials. The team championship was won by the Northern California Athletic Club with 52 points; Pasadena Athletic Club placed second.

### Trials

| Event | First | | Second | | Third | | Fourth | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 100 m | Elta Cartwright | 12.4 | Betty Robinson | 12.5e | Anne Vrana |  | Mary Washburn |  |
| 800 m | Rayma Wilson | 2:32.6 **NR** | Dee Boeckmann | 2:33.8 | Florence MacDonald | 2:36.0 | Ruth Martin |  |
| High jump | Mildred Wiley | 4 ft 11+34 in
(1.52 m) | Jean Shiley | 4 ft 11+34 in
(1.52 m) | Catherine Maguire | 4 ft 10+34 in
(1.49 m) | Marion Holley | 4 ft 10+34 in
(1.49 m) |
| Discus throw | Maybelle Reichardt | 116 ft 9+14 in
(35.58 m) **AR** | Lillian Copeland | 115 ft 1+12 in
(35.09 m) | Margaret Jenkins | 107 ft 6 in
(32.77 m) | Rena MacDonald | 102 ft 5+14 in
(31.22 m) |

The 100-meter dash was Cartwright's only trials event; she won from 16-year-old Betty Robinson, the eventual Olympic champion. Future star Stella Walsh was narrowly eliminated in the semi-finals. The 800 meters was run as a time trial with several heats; both Boeckmann in heat one and Wilson in heat three broke the previous national record. Women's middle distance races were a rarity in the United States, and the three Americans selected were not expected to make any impact in Amsterdam; MacDonald's sixth place in the Olympic final (2:22.6e) was a surprise. The high jump title was decided in a jump-off; Wiley, who went on to win bronze in Amsterdam, defeated newcomer Shiley by clearing 4 ft 11+34 in (1.52 m) a second time. Reichardt, the discus champion, had not competed since 1926 but made a comeback for the Olympics; the American record in this event was relatively easy to break, as in previous years American meets had used a heavier imperial discus.

### Other AAU championship events

| Event | Champion | | Event | Champion | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 50 yd dash | Elta Cartwright | 6.6 | Long jump | Elta Cartwright | 16 ft 10+34 in
(5.15 m) |
| 220 yd dash | Florence Wright | 27.4 | 8 lb shot put | Lillian Copeland | 40 ft 4+14 in
(12.30 m) =**AR** |
| 4 × 110 yd relay | Northern California AC | 52.2 | Javelin throw | Margaret Jenkins | 112 ft 5+58 in
(34.28 m) |
| 60 yd hurdles | Helen Filkey | 8.4 | Baseball throw | Vivian Hartwick | 228 ft 8+12 in
(69.71 m) |

Cartwright won two more national titles in the 50-yard dash and the long jump; she might have scored even more points, but meeting rules limited her to only three events. Northern California Athletic Club won the 4 × 110 yard relay without Cartwright, and also scored first places in the javelin and baseball throws; in the baseball throw the top three (Hartwick, Jenkins and Gloria Russell) were all Northern California athletes. Lillian Copeland of Pasadena Athletic Club, who won silver in the discus in Amsterdam, equaled her own American record for the eight-pound (3.63 kg) shot.

## Selections and appeals

The principle that the top four finishers in each event would be selected for the Olympics was not followed completely strictly. Lloyd Hahn, who only took part in the 800 meters at the trials, was selected for the Olympics in both that event and the 1500 meters; Orval Martin, who had placed fourth in the 1500 meters, was left out of the Olympic team. Although Hahn was seen as a potential Olympic champion in both the 800 and 1500 meters, the move was still criticized, and failed to pay off as he underperformed in Amsterdam; Avery Brundage, then president of the American Olympic Association, cited the Hahn case as a reason not to give star athletes any special treatment at the next Olympic trials. In the 10,000 meters Verne Booth and Johnny Zola, who placed third and fourth at the trials, were left out of the team as too weak; Zola traveled to Amsterdam at his own expense, hoping the selectors would change their mind. American officials did eventually enter him, but the deadline for entries had already passed, and he was not allowed to compete. In the end, the American team in the 10,000 meters consisted of the trials top two (Joie Ray and John Romig) and 5000-meter runner Macauley Smith, with no fourth entrant.

A number of athletes who had placed outside the top four at the trials and not been selected also attempted to appeal their non-selection. The New York Athletic Club sponsored the trips of decathlete Fait Elkins, sprinter Roland Locke, hurdler Weems Baskin and hammer thrower Matt McGrath to Europe. The appeal of Elkins, who was America's best decathlete but had injured himself at the trials, was taken seriously; it was only rejected after a test of form in mid-July indicated he had not recovered from his injury. Locke, who held the 220 yards world record, would have qualified in the 200 meters if Charley Paddock had not been cleared of accusations of professionalism; at the time, only amateur athletes were allowed to compete in the Olympics. Paddock's amateur status was challenged after the trials, and two committees voted to exclude him from the team, but he was reinstated before the final selections were made.

Hurdler Ross Nichols appealed on the grounds that he had hit a misplaced hurdle in the final; his appeal was turned down as meeting officials denied the hurdle had been misplaced, and footage of the race failed to support Nichols. Sprinter Frank Hussey and hurdlers Hugo Leistner and Clyde Blanchard travelled to Amsterdam as stowaways aboard the U.S. team's ship, the SS *President Roosevelt*; like the other rejected athletes, they were not allowed to run at the Olympics but could take part in other European meets.

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## InfoBox

| 1928 United States Olympic trials (track and field) | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | July 3–July 7 |
| Host city | Cambridge, Massachusetts (men)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (men, 3 events)
Newark, New Jersey (women) |
| Venue | Harvard Stadium (men) |
| Level | Senior |
| Type | Outdoor |
| 1924 1932 | |


title: Liometopum

abstract: Liometopum is a genus of ants that belongs to the subfamily Dolichoderinae, found in North America, Europe and Asia. Caterpillars of certain butterfly species have a symbiotic relationship with Liometopum ants. They produce secretions that the ants will feed on, similar to the behavior of the ant genus Iridomyrmex.

text:
# Liometopum

***Liometopum*** is a genus of ants that belongs to the subfamily Dolichoderinae, found in North America, Europe and Asia.

Caterpillars of certain butterfly species have a symbiotic relationship with *Liometopum* ants. They produce secretions that the ants will feed on, similar to the behavior of the ant genus *Iridomyrmex*.

## Species

* Escamoles, a Mexican dish made from *Liometopum* larvae and pupae

## InfoBox

| *Liometopum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Liometopum occidentale* worker | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Subfamily: | Dolichoderinae |
| Tribe: | Tapinomini |
| Genus: | *Liometopum*
Mayr, 1861 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Formica microcephala*
Panzer, 1798 | |
| Species | |
| See text | |
| Diversity | |
| 28 species | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Poneropsis* Heer, 1867 | |


abstract: Oak Glen is a census-designated place situated between the San Bernardino Mountains and the Little San Bernardino Mountains in San Bernardino County, California, United States. Oak Glen is located 15 miles east of San Bernardino, at an elevation of 4,734 feet (1,443 m). The population was 638 at the 2010 census. The original settlers, the Cahuilla and the Serrano, harvested acorns; many metates can still be found in the streambeds where the acorns were leached. According to Huell Howser's 2005 California's Gold profile, the potato was the original crop grown by the first Caucasians to settle in the area. The apple orchards produce many varieties of apples including antique varieties no longer widely commercially available such as Ben Davis, Gravenstein, and Pink Pearl. Although Oak Glen grew apples mainly for export, in the 1940s several farms began to sell apples, apple pies, apple cider and apple butter at roadside stands. The export trade has virtually disappeared, and growers now earn much of their revenue from visitors who are allowed to pick apples directly off the trees at some of the orchards.

text:
# Oak Glen, San Bernardino County, California

**Oak Glen** is a census-designated place situated between the San Bernardino Mountains and the Little San Bernardino Mountains in San Bernardino County, California, United States. Oak Glen is located 15 miles east of San Bernardino, at an elevation of 4,734 feet (1,443 m). The population was 638 at the 2010 census.

The original settlers, the Cahuilla and the Serrano, harvested acorns; many metates can still be found in the streambeds where the acorns were leached. According to Huell Howser's 2005 *California's Gold* profile, the potato was the original crop grown by the first Caucasians to settle in the area.

The apple orchards produce many varieties of apples including antique varieties no longer widely commercially available such as Ben Davis, Gravenstein, and Pink Pearl.

Although Oak Glen grew apples mainly for export, in the 1940s several farms began to sell apples, apple pies, apple cider and apple butter at roadside stands. The export trade has virtually disappeared, and growers now earn much of their revenue from visitors who are allowed to pick apples directly off the trees at some of the orchards.

## History

Enoch Parrish opened the first apple orchard in 1876, followed by the Wilshire family. The Rivers brothers and their families came to Oak Glen in 1906. Their orchard, Los Rios Rancho (Spanish for "The Rivers Ranch"), is still in operation, as are many of the other original orchards and ranches in the area. The Law family came into the area with its own apple orchard in the early 1930s and built the first roadside packinghouse, first restaurant and gift shop soon after.

In 1996, The Wildlands Conservancy acquired Los Rios Rancho to ensure that the rural feel was retained. The orchard is leased for apple growing. The conservancy opened Oak Glen Preserve to the public providing hiking trails and picnic areas. They acquired additional land in the area particularly peaks to ensure the scenic backdrop persists. A large number of families visit Oak Glen for festivities and events offered by Los Rios Rancho and The Wildlands Conservancy.

Los Rios Rancho a 103-year-old apple ranch draws more than 300,000 visitors yearly. Joseph E. Wilshire, who helped make the Oak Glen area famous for apple growing in the early 1900s had realized early on the suitability of The Glen for growing apples and began buying land where with his brothers.

The original settlers to Oak Glen were the Cahuilla and the Serrano. They harvested acorns for survival in Oak Glen. The unique climate and elevation was perfect for growing large black acorns, a favorite among the locals. The evidence can still be found along the streambeds where the acorns were leached over 100 years ago. Although the main crop of Oak Glen was apples since the 1940s, it hasn't always been Oak Glen's only crop. The potato along with many other crops, were grown in Oak Glen since the 1890s. After several farms began to sell apples individually to visitors, along with homemade apple pies, fresh apple cider and delicious apple butter from roadside stands Oak Glen became an apple boom town overnight. The export trade has since virtually disappeared, and growers now earn much of their revenue from visitors who are allowed to pick the apples directly from the trees to insure freshness and the best quality. Today many of the heirloom varieties still exist today even though many of them have been since lost in time. Such varieties, which are grown only in Oak Glen, as well as many heirloom varieties no longer commercially available or are hard to find, such as the Arkansas Black and the Glen Seedling favorites among many. According to the Los Angeles Times, the town in Tamara Thorne's horror novel *Moonfall* is based on Oak Glen.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of 15.1 square miles (39.2 km2), 99.97% of it land, and 0.03% of it water.

## Demographics

The 2010 United States Census reported that Oak Glen had a population of 638. The population density was 42.2 inhabitants per square mile (16.3/km2). The racial makeup of Oak Glen was 545 (85.4%) White (68.5% Non-Hispanic White), 50 (7.8%) African American, 13 (2.0%) Native American, 2 (0.3%) Asian, 1 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 14 (2.2%) from other races, and 13 (2.0%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 123 persons (19.3%).

The Census reported that 482 people (75.5% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 156 (24.5%) were institutionalized.

There were 190 households, out of which 42 (22.1%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 127 (66.8%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 8 (4.2%) had a female householder with no husband present, 9 (4.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 7 (3.7%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 2 (1.1%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 40 households (21.1%) were made up of individuals, and 16 (8.4%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54. There were 144 families (75.8% of all households); the average family size was 2.88.

The population was spread out, with 72 people (11.3%) under the age of 18, 76 people (11.9%) aged 18 to 24, 167 people (26.2%) aged 25 to 44, 236 people (37.0%) aged 45 to 64, and 87 people (13.6%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 171.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 180.2 males.

There were 214 housing units at an average density of 14.2 per square mile (5.5/km2), of which 142 (74.7%) were owner-occupied, and 48 (25.3%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3.4%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.0%. 348 people (54.5% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 134 people (21.0%) lived in rental housing units.

According to the 2010 United States Census, Oak Glen had a median household income of $70,189, with none of the population living below the federal poverty line.

## Education

Most of the CDP is in Yucaipa-Calimesa Joint Unified School District while some of it is in Beaumont Unified School District.

## Further reading

*Oak Glen and Los Rios Rancho* by J.R. Sanders

## InfoBox

| Oak Glen, California | |
| --- | --- |
| census-designated place | |
| Rustic storefronts in Oak Glen, California | |
| Location in San Bernardino County and the state of California | |
| Oak Glen, CaliforniaLocation within the state of CaliforniaOak Glen, CaliforniaOak Glen, California (California)Oak Glen, CaliforniaOak Glen, California (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 34°02′42″N 116°56′58″W / 34.04500°N 116.94944°W / 34.04500; -116.94944 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | California |
| County | San Bernardino |
| Area | |
| Total | 15.121 sq mi (39.164 km2) |
| Land | 15.117 sq mi (39.153 km2) |
| Water | 0.004 sq mi (0.011 km2)  0.03% |
| Elevation | 4,734 ft (1,443 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 602 |
| Density | 40/sq mi (15/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-8 (Pacific (PST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-7 (PDT) |
| ZIP codes | 92399 |
| Area code | 909 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2583099 |


title: 1938 Alabama Crimson Tide football team

abstract: The 1938 Alabama Crimson Tide football team represented the University of Alabama in the 1938 college football season. It was the Crimson Tide's 45th overall and 6th season as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The team was led by head coach Frank Thomas, in his eighth year, and played their home games at Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa and Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama. They finished the season with a record of seven wins, one loss and one tie. The Crimson Tide opened the season with a 19–7 victory in an intersectional contest against USC at Los Angeles. They then followed up the win with consecutive shutouts, home victories over non-conference opponents Howard and NC State on homecoming. However, Alabama then was shut out 13–0 by Tennessee, their first loss against the Volunteers since 1932. The Crimson Tide then rebounded with victories against Sewanee, Kentucky and Tulane. After a 14–14 tie against Georgia Tech, Alabama defeated Vanderbilt in their season finale. With a final record of 7–1–1, Alabama was ranked No. 13 in the final AP Poll of the season. Additionally, after the season the Associated Press recognized Alabama as having the best record (40–4–3) and highest winning percentage (.909) of any major college team for the five-year period between 1934 and 1938. Statistically, the defense was one of the most dominant in school history and still holds numerous defense records.

text:
# 1938 Alabama Crimson Tide football team

1938 Southeastern Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team |  | W |  | L |  |  |  |  | W |  | L |  |
| No. 2 Tennessee $ | 7 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  |  | 11 |  | 0 |  | 0 |
| No. 13 Alabama | 4 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |  | 7 |  | 1 |  | 1 |
| No. 19 Tulane | 4 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |  | 7 |  | 2 |  | 1 |
| Ole Miss | 3 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 9 |  | 2 |  | 0 |
| Georgia Tech | 2 |  | 1 |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |  | 4 |  | 3 |
| Vanderbilt | 4 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| Florida | 2 |  | 2 |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |  | 6 |  | 1 |
| Auburn | 3 |  | 3 |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |  | 5 |  | 1 |
| Georgia | 1 |  | 2 |  | 1 |  |  | 5 |  | 4 |  | 1 |
| LSU | 2 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Mississippi State | 1 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
| Kentucky | 0 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 2 |  | 7 |  | 0 |
| Sewanee | 0 |  | 6 |  | 0 |  |  | 1 |  | 8 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion Rankings from AP Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1938 Alabama Crimson Tide football team** (variously "Alabama", "UA" or "Bama") represented the University of Alabama in the 1938 college football season. It was the Crimson Tide's 45th overall and 6th season as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The team was led by head coach Frank Thomas, in his eighth year, and played their home games at Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa and Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama. They finished the season with a record of seven wins, one loss and one tie (7–1–1 overall, 4–1–1 in the SEC).

The Crimson Tide opened the season with a 19–7 victory in an intersectional contest against USC at Los Angeles. They then followed up the win with consecutive shutouts, home victories over non-conference opponents Howard and NC State on homecoming. However, Alabama then was shut out 13–0 by Tennessee, their first loss against the Volunteers since 1932. The Crimson Tide then rebounded with victories against Sewanee, Kentucky and Tulane. After a 14–14 tie against Georgia Tech, Alabama defeated Vanderbilt in their season finale.

With a final record of 7–1–1, Alabama was ranked No. 13 in the final AP Poll of the season. Additionally, after the season the Associated Press recognized Alabama as having the best record (40–4–3) and highest winning percentage (.909) of any major college team for the five-year period between 1934 and 1938. Statistically, the defense was one of the most dominant in school history and still holds numerous defense records.

## Schedule

On December 5, 1937, Frank Thomas announced the 1938 schedule. The intersectional game against USC was announced in August 1937 and was the first between the two football powers. The remaining schedule included road games at Kentucky and Georgia Tech with the remaining three games split evenly between Denny Stadium and Legion Field.

| Date | Opponent | Rank | Site | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 24 | at USC* |  |  | W 19–7 | 70,000 |  |
| October 1 | Howard (AL)* |  |  | W 34–0 | 8,000 |  |
| October 8 | NC State* |  | * Denny Stadium * Tuscaloosa, AL | W 14–0 | 10,000 |  |
| October 15 | Tennessee |  |  | L 0–13 | 25,000 |  |
| October 22 | Sewanee | No. 15 | * Denny Stadium * Tuscaloosa, AL | W 32–0 | 5,000 |  |
| October 29 | at Kentucky | No. 18 |  | W 26–6 | 15,000 |  |
| November 5 | Tulane | No. 15 | * Legion Field * Birmingham, AL | W 3–0 | 19,000 |  |
| November 12 | at Georgia Tech | No. 16 |  | T 14–14 | 35,000 |  |
| November 24 | Vanderbilt |  | * Legion Field * Birmingham, AL | W 7–0 | 25,000 |  |
| * \*Non-conference game * Homecoming * Rankings from AP Poll released prior to the game | | | | | | |

## Game summaries

### USC

| 1 2 3 4 Total  **Alabama** 0 13 0 6 19  USC 0 0 0 7 **7**   * **Date:** September 24 * **Location:** Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
Los Angeles, California * **Game attendance:** 70,000 |
| --- |

In August 1937, university officials announced Alabama would open the 1938 season in Los Angeles against the University of Southern California (USC). Looking for "revenge" after their January loss in the Rose Bowl, their first loss on the West Coast, the Crimson Tide defeated the Trojans 19–7 at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. After a scoreless first quarter, Alabama scored two touchdowns in the second quarter to take a 13–0 halftime lead. The scores came on a pair of Herschel Mosley touchdown passes, the first on a seven-yard pass to Billy Slemons and the second on an 18-yard pass to Gene Blackwell. The Trojans responded after the first Alabama touchdown with their deepest drive into Crimson Tide territory of the game. On the drive, Robert Peoples connected with Grenny Lansdell for a 36-yard gain to the Alabama 22. However, the Alabama defense held, and USC failed to score after they turned the ball over on downs at the Alabama 13-yard line.

After they held their 13–0 lead through the third quarter, Hal Hughes intercepted an Oliver Day pass and returned it 25-yards for an Alabama touchdown to make the score 19–0 after Vic Bradford missed his second extra point of the game. Later in the fourth, the Trojans scored their only points of the game. The one-yard Day touchdown run was set up after Al Krueger recovered Charley Boswell fumbled punt at the Alabama one-yard line. The victory was their first all-time against USC. Over 6,000 fans greeted the team at the Alabama Great Southern Railroad station in downtown Tuscaloosa upon their arrival the following Tuesday to celebrate their victory.

### Howard

| 1 2 3 4 Total  Howard 0 0 0 0 0  **Alabama** 7 13 7 7 **34**   * **Date:** October 1 * **Location:** Denny Stadium
Tuscaloosa, Alabama * **Game attendance:** 8,000 |
| --- |

A week after their intersectional victory over USC to open the season, Alabama hosted Howard (now Samford University) in their home opener. In the game, the Crimson Tide outgained the Bulldogs in rushing yards 354 to 8 in their 34–0 shutout at Denny Stadium. Alabama scored their first touchdown on a 15-yard Billy Slemons run to take a 7–0 first quarter lead. In the second quarter touchdowns were scored by, George Zivich on a 43-yard run and by Alvin Davis on a 56-yard run to extend the Alabama lead to 20–0 at halftime. The Crimson Tide then closed the game with a pair of second half touchdowns for the 34–0 victory. Davis scored in the third on a two-yard run and Charlie Holm scored in the fourth on a three-yard run. Davis starred for Alabama in the game with his 153 yards rushing on 15 attempts with a pair of touchdowns. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Howard to 16–0–1.

### NC State

| 1 2 3 4 Total  NC State 0 0 0 0 0  **Alabama** 0 14 0 0 **14**   * **Date:** October 8 * **Location:** Denny Stadium
Tuscaloosa, Alabama * **Game attendance:** 10,000 |
| --- |

In their third and final non-conference game of the season, Alabama hosted North Carolina State University (NC State) in their annual homecoming contest. In the game, the Crimson Tide's two second touchdowns were enough in their defeat of the Wolfpack in their 14–0 shutout at Denny Stadium. After they were held without a first down in the opening quarter, Alabama scored the only points of the game with their two second-quarter touchdowns. The first was on a 28-yard Herschel Mosley pass to Erin Warren and the second on a seven-yard Mosley touchdown run. The Alabama defense dominated the Wolfpack offense and allowed negative rushing yardage (minus four) and zero yards passing. On offense, Mosley starred for the Crimson Tide with his 123 rushing yards on 15 attempts and one passing and rushing touchdown. The victory was their first all-time against NC State.

### Tennessee

Third Saturday in October
| 1 2 3 4 Total  **Tennessee** 6 0 7 0 13  Alabama 0 0 0 0 **0**   * **Date:** October 15 * **Location:** Legion Field
Birmingham, Alabama * **Game attendance:** 25,000 |
| --- |

In Birmingham, Alabama was upset by rival Tennessee 13–0 at Legion Field. Leonard Coffman scored both of the Volunteers' touchdowns on one-yard runs in the first and third quarters. George Cafego also starred for Tennessee with his 120 rushing yards on 17 attempts that included separate runs of 48 and 33 yards. The loss was Alabama's first against Tennessee since the 1932 season, and brought Alabama's all-time record against Tennessee to 13–6–2.

### Sewanee

| 1 2 3 4 Total  Sewanee 0 0 0 0 0  #15 **Alabama** 0 7 6 19 **32**   * **Date:** October 22 * **Location:** Denny Stadium
Tuscaloosa, Alabama * **Game attendance:** 5,000 |
| --- |

A week after their loss to Tennessee, Alabama defeated the Sewanee Tigers 32–0 at Denny Stadium. After a scoreless first quarter, Alabama took a 7–0 lead in the second after Vic Bradford scored on a one-yard quarterback sneak. Later in the quarter, a 51-yard Alvin Davis touchdown run was called back due to a holding penalty, and he Crimson Tide led 7–0 at the half. After Dallas Wicke scored on a one-yard run in the third, Alabama scored 19 fourth quarter points for the 32–0 win. In the fourth, Charley Boswell had a pair of rushing touchdowns and threw a third to Erin Warren in the win. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Sewanee to 17–10–3, in what was their last all-time meeting as Sewanee withdrew from SEC following the 1940 season and de-emphasized athletics.

### Kentucky

| 1 2 3 4 Total  #18 **Alabama** 14 0 6 6 26  Kentucky 0 6 0 0 **6**   * **Date:** October 29 * **Location:** McLean Stadium
Lexington, Kentucky * **Game attendance:** 15,000 |
| --- |

As Alabama entered their contest against Kentucky, they entered the rankings at No. 18 in the weekly AP Poll. In the game, the Crimson Tide defeated the Wildcats 26–6 on homecoming at McLean Stadium. Alabama opened the game with a pair of touchdowns to take a 14–0 lead in the first quarter. Charlie Holm scored first on a one-yard run and Vic Bradford scored the second on a 31-yard touchdown reception from Herschel Mosley. Kentucky responded in the second with their only points on a 71-yard Dave Zoeller touchdown run to cut the Alabama lead to 14–6 at the half. The Crimson Tide then scored on a pair of Mosley touchdown passes in the second half. The first came on a six-yard pass to Bradford in the third and the second on a nine-yard pass to Erin Warren in the fourth. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Kentucky 17–1.

### Tulane

| 1 2 3 4 Total  Tulane 0 0 0 0 0  #15 **Alabama** 0 0 0 3 **3**   * **Date:** November 5 * **Location:** Legion Field
Birmingham, Alabama * **Game attendance:** 19,000 |
| --- |

After their victory over Kentucky, the Crimson Tide moved up three positions to the No. 15 spot in the weekly poll. In the game, the Crimson Tide defeated the Tulane Green Wave 3–0 after Vic Bradford converted a game-winning, 17-yard field goal late in the fourth quarter. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Tulane to 12–3–1.

### Georgia Tech

| 1 2 3 4 Total  #16 Alabama 0 0 7 7 14  Georgia Tech 14 0 0 0 **14**   * **Date:** November 12 * **Location:** Grant Field
Atlanta * **Game attendance:** 35,000 |
| --- |

After their close victory over Tulane, the Crimson Tide dropped one position to the No. 16 spot in the weekly poll. In their game against Georgia Tech Alabama fell behind 14–0 after the first quarter, but a pair of second half touchdowns gave the Crimson Tide a 14–14 tie against the Yellow Jackets at Grant Field. Georgia Tech took an early 14–0 lead after W. C. Gibson threw a 16-yard touchdown pass to George Smith and W. H. Ector scored on a two-yard run. Still down 14–0 as they entered the third quarter, Alabama scored their first points of the game on a three-yard Alvin Davis touchdown run to cap a 57-yard drive. The Crimson Tide then tied the game in the fourth when they executed a hook and lateral play, with Davis crossing the endzone line for a 66-yard touchdown. Alabama was then in position to attempt a game-winning field goal from the Jackets' 15; however, time expired before they could get a play off which resulted in the 14–14 tie. The tie brought Alabama's all-time record against Georgia Tech to 11–10–3.

### Vanderbilt

| 1 2 3 4 Total  Vanderbilt 0 0 0 0 0  **Alabama** 0 0 0 7 **7**   * **Date:** November 24 * **Location:** Legion Field
Birmingham, Alabama * **Game attendance:** 25,000 |
| --- |

In their season finale against the Vanderbilt Commodores, Alabama won 7–0 at Legion Field on Thanksgiving Day. The only scoring drive began in the third and ended early in the fourth with a two-yard Vic Bradford touchdown run. Bradford's extra point was then blocked, but George Zivich recovered it and took it in for the point to give Alabama the 7–0 lead. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Vanderbilt to 11–9.

## After the season

After all of the regular season games were completed, the final AP Poll was released in early December. In the final poll, Alabama held the No. 13 position. Alabama was also recognized by the Associated Press for having the best record (40–4–3) and highest winning percentage (.909) of any major, college team for the five-year period between 1934 and 1938.

Statistically, the 1938 defense was one of the best in school history. The 1938 squad still holds numerous defensive records that include:

* Fewest total yards allowed in a season with 701
* Fewest total yards allowed per game with an average of 77.9
* Fewest total yards allowed per play with an average of 1.2
* Fewest first downs allowed in a season with 26
* Fewest rushing yards allowed in a season with 305
* Fewest rushing yards allowed per game with an average of 33.9
* Fewest rushing yards allowed per play with an average of 0.95
* Fewest passing attempts allowed per game with an average of 9.8
* Fewest passing completions allowed per game with an average of 3.4
* Fewest passing yards allowed in a season with 291
* Fewest passing yards allowed per game with an average of 32.7

### NFL draft

Several players that were varsity lettermen from the 1938 squad were drafted into the National Football League (NFL) between the 1939 and 1941 drafts. These players included the following:

| Year | Round | Overall | Player name | Position | NFL team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1939 | 3 | 23 | Charlie Holm | Back | Washington Redskins |
| | 9 | 73 | Lew Bostick | Guard | Cleveland Rams |
| 1940 | 4 | 30 | Bobby Wood | Tackle | Cleveland Rams |
| | 5 | 34 | Walt Merrill | Tackle | Brooklyn Dodgers |
| | 11 | 93 | Cary Cox | Center | Pittsburgh Steelers |
| | 11 | 138 | Hayward Sanford | End | Washington Redskins |
| 1941 | 3 | 25 | Fred Davis | Tackle | Washington Redskins |
| | 7 | 58 | Hal Newman | End | Brooklyn Dodgers |
| | 10 | 90 | Ed Hickerson | Guard | Washington Redskins |

## Personnel

**General**

* "1938 Season Recap" (PDF). *RollTide.com*. University of Alabama Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 4, 2012. Retrieved April 12, 2012.

**Specific**

## InfoBox

| 1938 Alabama Crimson Tide football | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | Southeastern Conference |
| Ranking | |
| AP | No. 13 |
| Record | 7–1–1 (4–1–1 SEC) |
| Head coach |  |
| Captain | Lew Bostick |
| Home stadium | Denny Stadium
Legion Field |
|


title: The Rise and Fall of the Third Stream

abstract: The Rise and Fall of the Third Stream is the second studio album by Joe Zawinul, released in 1968. The title refers to the Third stream genre of music, melding classical and jazz.

text:
# The Rise and Fall of the Third Stream

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***The Rise and Fall of the Third Stream*** is the second studio album by Joe Zawinul, released in 1968. The title refers to the Third stream genre of music, melding classical and jazz.

## Track listing

1. "Baptismal" (William Fischer) – 7:37
2. "The Soul of a Village - Part I" (William Fischer) – 2:13
3. "The Soul of a Village - Part II" (William Fischer) – 4:12
4. "The Fifth Canto" (William Fischer) – 6:55
5. "From Vienna, With Love" (Friedrich Gulda) – 4:27
6. "Lord, Lord, Lord" (William Fischer) – 3:55
7. "A Concerto, Retitled" (William Fischer) – 5:30

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| The Rise and Fall of the Third Stream | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Joe Zawinul | |
| Released | 1968 |
| Recorded | October 16 & 21, 1967;
December 12, 1967 |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 30:37 |
| Label | Vortex Records |
| Producer | Joel Dorn |
| Joe Zawinul chronology | |
| *Money in the Pocket*
(1967) ***The Rise and Fall of the Third Stream***
(1968) *Zawinul*
(1971) | |


title: Okolište (Neolithic site)

abstract: Neolithic site Okolište is located in the municipality of Visoko, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was proclaimed a national monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the largest Butmir culture site. Excavations have identified at least nine phases in settlement history.

text:
# Okolište (Neolithic site)

Neolithic site **Okolište** is located in the municipality of Visoko, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was proclaimed a national monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the largest Butmir culture site. Excavations have identified at least nine phases in settlement history.

## Location

The Visoko Basin is situated 40 km northwest of Sarajevo. The basin is crossed by the river Bosna and is 400–410 m above sea level. The basin is encircled by Miocene mountains of up to 1000 m height. Within the Visoko Basin, about 15 Middle and Late Neolithic sites are known by surveys and earlier excavations.

## Research

Field work focused on the site of Okolište, located in the northern part of the Visoko basin, was carried out during several campaigns from 2002 to 2008. Due to its size of about 7 hectares, this settlement is categorized as a central place within the Visoko basin, which has several other Neolithic sites, such as those in Donje Moštre and Arnautovići.

The Neolithic settlement of Okolište is situated between the villages of Radinovići and Okolište, about 6 km northwest of Visoko. There are a total of 36 sites of Butmir culture in the river valleys of the Bosna and Neretva. The biggest settlement in the Sarajevo basin is located in Butmir, while the largest settlement in the Visoko basin is in Okolište, with an area of 7-5 hectares.

The Visoko basin, along with the neighboring Kakanj, was a core region of the Neolithic settlement of Central Bosnia. The area has seen a distinct increase in the number and total area of settlements dating back to around 5200 BC or earlier.

The research was carried out in cooperation with the Roman-German Commission of the German Archaeological Institute in Frankfurt and the University of Bamberg and Kiel and the City Museum in Visoko. Geomagnetic prospecting clearly shows a greater number of protective ditches and showed a clearly visible structure of 54 houses. Their length ranges between 12 and 13 m, while the width varies between 6 and 8 m. Detailed measurements within individual houses have identified, including walls, multi-room divisions, and two furnaces in each house, which largely coincides with objects known in Neolithic settlement of Obre II.

During excavations, a total of 7 houses were discovered. Within a few houses, there were remains of stoves, single fireplaces, a large number of workshops, ornaments and workshops for making stone tools, and a large number of different pits. The majority of the archaeological material found consists of ceramics. The ceramic pots with the contents of the ornaments and forms belong to the phase Butmir II and the lower phase of Butmir III (Hvar-Lisičići), which dates back to 4800 and 4700 BCE.

The results of the excavations and the geomagnetic survey allow the estimation of the number of houses and of the population size of Okolište. It is estimated that 200 houses existed at the same time in the earlier phase of the settlement. With the assumption that each household consisted of an estimated five individuals, the number of inhabitants can be estimated at approximately 1000. Visoko basin could be home to roughly 3500 individuals who lived here, which corresponds to a population density of 32 inhabitants per sq. km.

Food production in the Late Neolithic Visoko Basin and its surrounding area was based on a combination of agriculture and animal husbandry while hunting was of less importance. Cattle was of great importance to Neolithic population in Visoko basin. Agriculture in Okolište was based on grain cultivation dominated by emmer and einkorn, along with barley, millet and naked wheat.

Within 1 km is another archaeological site Donje Moštre, which apart from neolithic culture, has Chalcolithic artifacts, from a period of Vučedol culture.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Okolište
| Neolithic settlement Okolište | |
| --- | --- |
| OkolišteShown within Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Alternative name | Okolišće |
| Location | Visoko, Zenica-Doboj Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Region | Central Bosnia |
| Coordinates | 44°02′01″N 18°08′34″E / 44.0336°N 18.1429°E / 44.0336; 18.1429 |
| Type | Neolithic settlement |
| Area | 7 ha (17 acres) |
| History | |
| Founded | c. 5200 BC |
| Abandoned | Early Bronze Age |
| Periods | Neolithic Europe |
| Cultures | Butmir |
| Associated with | 1,500-3,500 occupants |
| Site notes | |
| Discovered | 2002 |
| Excavation dates | 2002-2008 |
| Archaeologists | * Robert Hofmann * Johannes Müller * Knut Rassmann * Zilka Vejzagić-Kujundžić |


title: St John the Baptist's Church, Burslem

abstract: St John the Baptist's Church is an Anglican church in Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England. It is a Grade II listed building.

text:
# St John the Baptist's Church, Burslem

**St John the Baptist's Church** is an Anglican church in Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England. It is a Grade II listed building.

## History

Burslem became a parish in 1809; before that it was a chapelry in the parish of Stoke-upon-Trent, but often regarded as a parish, having its own churchwardens from 1553.

The stone tower of St John's was built in 1536. It is late perpendicular; the low west door has a Tudor arch.

The body of the church is of brick, built in 1717, replacing an earlier timber-framed building destroyed in a fire. The sides have tall windows with round arches. The chancel was added in 1788; it has an apsidal east end with a Venetian window. It is thought that Enoch Wood, the churchwarden, instigated the building of the chancel.

## Churchyard

The churchyard was extended in 1804 and again in 1847; the older part has around it brick walls of the late 18th or early 19th century.

Among the graves in the churchyard are those of the potters William Adams (1746–1805) and Enoch Wood (1759–1840).

It also contains the grave of Margaret (or Mollie) Leigh (died 1748), who was reputed to be a witch. Her tomb has its axis set north–south. It is thought that it was re-orientated by the rector of St John's (who had earlier officiated at the funeral) in order to lay her ghost to rest, after a rumour that she had been seen after her death.

## InfoBox

| Church of St John the Baptist, Burslem | |
| --- | --- |
| Viewed from the west | |
|  | |
| 53°2′33″N 2°11′47″W / 53.04250°N 2.19639°W / 53.04250; -2.19639 | |
| OS grid reference | SJ 869 495 |
| Location | Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Denomination | Church of England |
| History | |
| Dedication | Saint John the Baptist |
| Architecture | |
| Heritage designation | Grade II |
| Designated | 2 October 1951 |
| Administration | |
| Diocese | Diocese of Lichfield |


title: Neonectria

abstract:
Neonectria is a genus of fungi in the family Nectriaceae. It is a cosmopolitan genus commonly distributed in tropical and temperate regions. The species occur as saprobes, pathogens and some species have been isolated as soil inhabitants. Neonectria was linked to the asexual genus Cylindrocarpon. Later phylogenetic analysis revealed that Neonectria and Cylindrocarpon are
phylogenetically congeneric and they are not monophyletic.
A taxonomic revision of Neonectria sensu lato was provided by Chaverri et al. in 2011, based on multi-locus phylogenetic analysis, morphological characters and ecological data. Their phylogenetic analysis showed five distinct highly supported clades that correspond to some extent with the informal Neonectria and Cylindrocarpon groups. Hence, three genera llyonectria, Rugonectria and Thelonectria were introduced to accommodate three Neonectria sensu lato informal groups. 'Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa' by Wijayawardene et al. lists up to 30 species, and around 25 records are listed by Species Fungorum, and GBIF.

text:
# Neonectria

***Neonectria*** is a genus of fungi in the family Nectriaceae.

It is a cosmopolitan genus commonly distributed in tropical and temperate regions. The species occur as saprobes (processing of decayed (dead or waste) organic matter), pathogens and some species have been isolated as soil inhabitants (Brayford 1993; Chaverri et al. 2011).

*Neonectria* was linked to the asexual genus *Cylindrocarpon*. Later phylogenetic analysis revealed that *Neonectria* and *Cylindrocarpon* are phylogenetically congeneric and they are not monophyletic (Mantiri et al. 2001; Brayford et al. 2004; Seifert et al. 2003). A taxonomic revision of *Neonectria* sensu lato was provided by Chaverri et al. in 2011, based on multi-locus phylogenetic analysis, morphological characters and ecological data. Their phylogenetic analysis showed five distinct highly supported clades that correspond to some extent with the informal *Neonectria* and *Cylindrocarpon* groups. Hence, three genera *llyonectria*, *Rugonectria* and *Thelonectria* were introduced to accommodate three *Neonectria* *sensu lato* informal groups.

'Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa' by Wijayawardene et al. lists up to 30 species (in 2020), and around 25 records are listed by Species Fungorum, and GBIF.

## Species

As accepted by Species Fungorum;

Former species;

## InfoBox

| *Neonectria* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Fruiting bodies of *Neonectria ditissima* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Order: | Hypocreales |
| Family: | Nectriaceae |
| Genus: | *Neonectria*<br>Wollenw. 1917 |
|
| Species | |
| See text | |


abstract: The Maid-Rite Sandwich Shop in Springfield, Illinois, is one of the few remaining early Maid-Rite franchises in the United States. This specific shop, built in 1921, claims to have the first drive-thru window in the U.S. The building, along historic U.S. Route 66, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

text:
# Maid-Rite Sandwich Shop (Springfield, Illinois)

The **Maid-Rite Sandwich Shop** in Springfield, Illinois, is one of the few remaining early Maid-Rite franchises in the United States. This specific shop, built in 1921, claims to have the first drive-thru window in the U.S. The building, along historic U.S. Route 66, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Maid-Rite Sandwich Shop | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 118 N. Pasfield St., Springfield, Illinois |
| Coordinates | 39°48′6″N 89°39′30″W / 39.80167°N 89.65833°W / 39.80167; -89.65833 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1921 |
| NRHP reference No. | 84001146 |
| Added to NRHP | August 16, 1984 |


title: Web (manufacturing)

abstract: A web is a long, thin, and flexible material. Common webs include foil, metal, paper, textile, plastic film, and wire. Common processes carried out on webs include coating, plating, and laminating. A web is generally processed by moving over rollers. Between processing stages, webs are stored and transported as rolls also known as coils, packages and doffs. The end result or use of web manufacturing is usually sheets. The primary motivation to work with webs instead of sheets is economics. Webs, being continuous, can be made at far higher speeds and do not have the start-stop issues of discrete sheet processing. The size of the web-handling industries is unknown.

text:
# Web (manufacturing)

A **web** is a long, thin, and flexible material. Common webs include foil, metal, paper, textile, plastic film, and wire. Common processes carried out on webs include coating, plating, and laminating.

A web is generally processed by moving over rollers. Between processing stages, webs are stored and transported as rolls also known as coils, packages and doffs. The end result or use of web manufacturing is usually sheets. The primary motivation to work with webs instead of sheets is economics. Webs, being continuous, can be made at far higher speeds and do not have the start-stop issues of discrete sheet processing. The size of the web-handling industries is unknown.

* Web processing

Web processing is found in a wide variety of other manufacturing including electronics such as circuit boards, construction materials such as roofing, and pharmaceuticals such as drug patches.

* Web handling

Web handling refers to the processing of a web through a machine with maximum productivity and minimum waste.


abstract: The 1928 United States presidential election in Alabama took place on November 6, 1928, as part of the 1928 United States presidential election, which was held throughout all contemporary forty-eight states. Voters chose twelve representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. This was the last election in which Alabama had twelve electoral votes: the Great Migration caused the state to lose congressional districts after the 1930 Census produced the first Congressional redistricting since 1911. Alabama voted narrowly for the Democratic nominee, Governor Alfred E. "Al" Smith of New York, over the Republican nominee, former Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover of California. Smith's running mate was Senator Joseph Taylor Robinson of Arkansas, while Hoover's running mate was Senate Majority Leader Charles Curtis of Kansas. The only other candidate on the ballot was Socialist Norman Thomas, who received a mere 460 votes. Since the 1890s, Alabama had become a one-party state ruled by the Democratic Party. Disenfranchisement of almost all African-Americans and a large proportion of poor whites via poll taxes, literacy tests and informal harassment had essentially eliminated opposition parties outside of presidential campaigns in a few northern hill counties. The only competitive statewide elections became Democratic Party primaries, and ever since 1900 the Democratic Party won over two-thirds of the limited number of votes cast even in presidential elections. Between 1900 and 1924, the southern bloc had been able to veto presidential nominations by extralimital branches of the Democratic Party. This changed before the 1928 election, as most Democrats decided to sit out the convention due to their belief the party had no chance of winning the November election. Consequently, Al Smith, a four-term Governor of New York, was able to win the nomination on the first ballot. Four characteristics of Smith made him anything but an ideal candidate for Southern Democrats: he was a devout Catholic, opposed to Prohibition, linked with New York City's Tammany Hall political machine, and the son of Irish and Italian immigrants. Whilst it is generally thought that the South would have accepted a man possessing one of those characteristics, the combination proved a bitter dose for many of Alabama's loyal Democrats. It was also thought by some, including those close to the revived Ku Klux Klan, that Smith was too friendly with blacks and some Alabama whites unsubtly called Smith "nigger, nigger, nigger." Nonetheless, these people did not think Hoover any safer on the race issue, although they did prefer Hoover's view on Prohibition. The conflict between disapproval of Smith's faith and policies on one hand and extreme traditional hostility towards the Republican Party in almost all of Alabama produced an exceptionally bitter campaign. Black Belt whites – who had controlled the state government since the disenfranchisement of blacks and poor whites – also felt Smith's social views obnoxious, especially his opposition to the Ku Klux Klan. Consequently, many of Alabama's voters swore to vote for Hoover without declaring themselves Republicans, instead calling themselves "Hoovercrats". Defections were particularly pronounced in North Alabama, where a contiguous block of counties from Birmingham northeastwards to the Tennessee border uniformly gave majorities for Hoover. Hoover also won a number of counties in the far southern coastal regions, whose soils had always proved unsuitable for cotton plantations. On the other hand, the whites of the black belt, who were like Al Smith "wet", did not bolt from the Democratic Party because of this alcohol issue and their strong view that the Democrats were the best safeguard for white supremacy.

text:
# 1928 United States presidential election in Alabama

The **1928 United States presidential election in Alabama** took place on November 6, 1928, as part of the 1928 United States presidential election, which was held throughout all contemporary forty-eight states. Voters chose twelve representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. This was the last election in which Alabama had twelve electoral votes: the Great Migration caused the state to lose congressional districts after the 1930 Census produced the first Congressional redistricting since 1911.

Alabama voted narrowly for the Democratic nominee, Governor Alfred E. "Al" Smith of New York, over the Republican nominee, former Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover of California. Smith's running mate was Senator Joseph Taylor Robinson of Arkansas, while Hoover's running mate was Senate Majority Leader Charles Curtis of Kansas. The only other candidate on the ballot was Socialist Norman Thomas, who received a mere 460 votes.

Since the 1890s, Alabama had become a one-party state ruled by the Democratic Party. Disenfranchisement of almost all African-Americans and a large proportion of poor whites via poll taxes, literacy tests and informal harassment had essentially eliminated opposition parties outside of presidential campaigns in a few northern hill counties. The only competitive statewide elections became Democratic Party primaries, and ever since 1900 the Democratic Party won over two-thirds of the limited number of votes cast even in presidential elections.

Between 1900 and 1924, the southern bloc had been able to veto presidential nominations by extralimital branches of the Democratic Party. This changed before the 1928 election, as most Democrats decided to sit out the convention due to their belief the party had no chance of winning the November election. Consequently, Al Smith, a four-term Governor of New York, was able to win the nomination on the first ballot.

Four characteristics of Smith made him anything but an ideal candidate for Southern Democrats: he was a devout Catholic, opposed to Prohibition, linked with New York City's Tammany Hall political machine, and the son of Irish and Italian immigrants. Whilst it is generally thought that the South would have accepted a man possessing *one* of those characteristics, the combination proved a bitter dose for many of Alabama's loyal Democrats. It was also thought by some, including those close to the revived Ku Klux Klan, that Smith was too friendly with blacks and some Alabama whites unsubtly called Smith "nigger, nigger, nigger." Nonetheless, these people did not think Hoover any safer on the race issue, although they did prefer Hoover's view on Prohibition.

The conflict between disapproval of Smith's faith and policies on one hand and extreme traditional hostility towards the Republican Party in almost all of Alabama (the only exceptions being the historically anti-secession counties of Winston and a few populist strongholds like Chilton) produced an exceptionally bitter campaign. Black Belt whites – who had controlled the state government since the disenfranchisement of blacks and poor whites – also felt Smith's social views obnoxious, especially his opposition to the Ku Klux Klan. Consequently, many of Alabama's voters swore to vote for Hoover without declaring themselves Republicans, instead calling themselves "Hoovercrats". Defections were particularly pronounced in North Alabama, where a contiguous block of counties from Birmingham northeastwards to the Tennessee border uniformly gave majorities for Hoover. Hoover also won a number of counties in the far southern coastal regions, whose soils had always proved unsuitable for cotton plantations. On the other hand, the whites of the black belt, who were like Al Smith "wet" (opposed to prohibition of alcohol), did not bolt from the Democratic Party because of this alcohol issue and their strong view that the Democrats were the best safeguard for white supremacy.

## Results

| 1928 United States presidential election in Alabama | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Electoral votes |
|  | **Democratic** | **Al Smith** | **127,797** | **51.33%** | **12** |
|  | Republican | Herbert Hoover | 120,753 | 48.50% | 0 |
|  | Socialist | Norman Thomas | 460 | 0.18% | 0 |
| **Voter turnout** (voting age) | | | **18.8%** | | |

### Results by county

| County | Al Smith
Democratic | | Herbert Hoover
Republican | | Norman Mattoon Thomas
Socialist | | Margin | | Total votes cast |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | |
| Autauga | 883 | 56.39% | 683 | 43.61% | 0 | 0.00% | 200 | 12.78% | 1,566 |
| Baldwin | 1,317 | 48.44% | 1,388 | 51.05% | 14 | 0.51% | -71 | -2.61% | 2,719 |
| Barbour | 1,507 | 63.48% | 845 | 35.59% | 23 | 0.97% | 662 | 27.89% | 2374 |
| Bibb | 1,188 | 54.02% | 1,003 | 45.61% | 8 | 0.36% | 185 | 8.41% | 2,199 |
| Blount | 1,607 | 47.94% | 1,745 | 52.06% | 0 | 0.00% | -138 | -4.12% | 3,352 |
| Bullock | 699 | 73.73% | 249 | 26.27% | 0 | 0.00% | 450 | 47.46% | 948 |
| Butler | 1,235 | 63.86% | 699 | 36.14% | 0 | 0.00% | 536 | 27.72% | 1,934 |
| Calhoun | 2,117 | 45.48% | 2,537 | 54.50% | 1 | 0.02% | -420 | -9.02% | 4,655 |
| Chambers | 999 | 36.58% | 1,732 | 63.42% | 0 | 0.00% | -733 | -26.84% | 2,731 |
| Cherokee | 894 | 37.05% | 1,515 | 62.78% | 4 | 0.17% | -621 | -25.73% | 2,413 |
| Chilton | 1,402 | 30.52% | 3,186 | 69.37% | 5 | 0.11% | -1,784 | -38.85% | 4,593 |
| Choctaw | 1,242 | 74.33% | 429 | 25.67% | 0 | 0.00% | 813 | 48.66% | 1671 |
| Clarke | 1,662 | 63.97% | 936 | 36.03% | 0 | 0.00% | 726 | 27.94% | 2,598 |
| Clay | 978 | 34.10% | 1,889 | 65.86% | 1 | 0.03% | -911 | -31.76% | 2,868 |
| Cleburne | 794 | 41.75% | 1,108 | 58.25% | 0 | 0.00% | -314 | -16.50% | 1,902 |
| Coffee | 1,609 | 60.83% | 1,036 | 39.17% | 0 | 0.00% | 573 | 21.66% | 2,645 |
| Colbert | 2,596 | 65.75% | 1,249 | 31.64% | 103 | 2.61% | 1,347 | 34.11% | 3,948 |
| Conecuh | 858 | 43.53% | 1,113 | 56.47% | 0 | 0.00% | -255 | -12.94% | 1,971 |
| Coosa | 699 | 39.31% | 1,078 | 60.63% | 1 | 0.06% | -379 | -21.32% | 1,778 |
| Covington | 2,000 | 54.26% | 1,681 | 45.60% | 5 | 0.14% | 319 | 8.66% | 3,686 |
| Crenshaw | 1,314 | 57.33% | 978 | 42.67% | 0 | 0.00% | 336 | 14.66% | 2,292 |
| Cullman | 1,574 | 34.72% | 2,959 | 65.28% | 0 | 0.00% | -1,385 | -30.56% | 4,533 |
| Dale | 1,233 | 55.19% | 1,000 | 44.76% | 1 | 0.04% | 233 | 10.43% | 2,234 |
| Dallas | 1,905 | 72.96% | 705 | 27.00% | 1 | 0.04% | 1,200 | 45.96% | 2,611 |
| DeKalb | 3,957 | 40.71% | 5,761 | 59.27% | 2 | 0.02% | -1,804 | -18.56% | 9,720 |
| Elmore | 1,309 | 42.49% | 1,770 | 57.45% | 2 | 0.06% | -461 | -14.96% | 3,081 |
| Escambia | 1,077 | 38.03% | 1,754 | 61.94% | 1 | 0.04% | -677 | -23.91% | 2,832 |
| Etowah | 2,484 | 43.70% | 3,162 | 55.63% | 38 | 0.67% | -678 | -11.93% | 5,684 |
| Fayette | 1,131 | 40.13% | 1,686 | 59.83% | 1 | 0.04% | -555 | -19.70% | 2818 |
| Franklin | 2,279 | 43.64% | 2,937 | 56.24% | 6 | 0.11% | -658 | -12.60% | 5,222 |
| Geneva | 1,485 | 49.20% | 1,533 | 50.80% | 0 | 0.00% | -48 | -1.60% | 3,018 |
| Greene | 601 | 93.91% | 39 | 6.09% | 0 | 0.00% | 562 | 87.82% | 640 |
| Hale | 1,048 | 72.23% | 403 | 27.77% | 0 | 0.00% | 645 | 44.46% | 1,451 |
| Henry | 815 | 50.53% | 796 | 49.35% | 2 | 0.12% | 19 | 1.18% | 1,613 |
| Houston | 2,290 | 53.81% | 1,963 | 46.12% | 3 | 0.07% | 327 | 7.69% | 4,256 |
| Jackson | 2,153 | 41.03% | 3,081 | 58.72% | 13 | 0.25% | -928 | -17.69% | 5,247 |
| Jefferson | 16,735 | 47.94% | 18,060 | 51.74% | 112 | 0.32% | -1,325 | -3.80% | 34,907 |
| Lamar | 1,412 | 63.72% | 804 | 36.28% | 0 | 0.00% | 608 | 27.44% | 2,216 |
| Lauderdale | 2,763 | 67.82% | 1,410 | 34.61% | 1 | 0.02% | 1,353 | 33.21% | 4,074 |
| Lawrence | 1,035 | 50.59% | 1,008 | 49.27% | 3 | 0.15% | 27 | 1.32% | 2,046 |
| Lee | 1,436 | 58.97% | 1,016 | 41.72% | 3 | 0.12% | 420 | 17.25% | 2,435 |
| Limestone | 1,689 | 80.58% | 407 | 19.42% | 0 | 0.00% | 1,282 | 61.16% | 2,096 |
| Lowndes | 703 | 79.61% | 180 | 20.39% | 0 | 0.00% | 523 | 59.22% | 883 |
| Macon | 526 | 59.98% | 348 | 39.68% | 3 | 0.34% | 178 | 20.30% | 877 |
| Madison | 2,681 | 49.85% | 2,695 | 50.11% | 2 | 0.04% | -14 | -0.26% | 5,378 |
| Marengo | 1,898 | 71.62% | 752 | 28.38% | 0 | 0.00% | 1,146 | 43.24% | 2,650 |
| Marion | 1,541 | 50.87% | 1,488 | 49.13% | 0 | 0.00% | 53 | 1.74% | 3,029 |
| Marshall | 2,322 | 47.94% | 2,511 | 51.84% | 11 | 0.23% | -189 | -3.90% | 4,844 |
| Mobile | 5,965 | 54.07% | 5,058 | 45.84% | 10 | 0.09% | 907 | 8.23% | 11,033 |
| Monroe | 1,343 | 57.22% | 1,074 | 45.76% | 0 | 0.00% | 269 | 11.46% | 2,347 |
| Montgomery | 6,347 | 67.06% | 3,114 | 32.90% | 3 | 0.03% | 3,233 | 34.16% | 9,464 |
| Morgan | 3,366 | 45.12% | 4,085 | 54.76% | 9 | 0.12% | -719 | -9.64% | 7,460 |
| Perry | 1,242 | 72.97% | 459 | 26.97% | 1 | 0.06% | 783 | 46.00% | 1,702 |
| Pickens | 1,028 | 61.85% | 634 | 38.15% | 0 | 0.00% | 394 | 23.70% | 1,662 |
| Pike | 1,819 | 76.59% | 552 | 23.24% | 4 | 0.17% | 1,267 | 53.35% | 2,375 |
| Randolph | 1,257 | 40.89% | 1,815 | 59.04% | 2 | 0.07% | -558 | -18.15% | 3,074 |
| Russell | 846 | 70.68% | 333 | 27.82% | 18 | 1.50% | 513 | 42.86% | 1,197 |
| St. Clair | 1,313 | 33.70% | 2,581 | 66.25% | 2 | 0.05% | -1,268 | -32.55% | 3,896 |
| Shelby | 1,679 | 39.95% | 2,502 | 59.53% | 22 | 0.52% | -823 | -19.58% | 4,203 |
| Sumter | 1,015 | 84.16% | 191 | 15.84% | 0 | 0.00% | 824 | 68.32% | 1,206 |
| Talladega | 1,693 | 51.18% | 1,602 | 48.43% | 13 | 0.39% | 91 | 2.75% | 3,308 |
| Tallapoosa | 1,849 | 59.51% | 1,257 | 40.46% | 1 | 0.03% | 592 | 19.05% | 3,107 |
| Tuscaloosa | 2,769 | 69.56% | 1,210 | 30.39% | 2 | 0.05% | 1,559 | 39.17% | 3,981 |
| Walker | 4,228 | 53.77% | 3,635 | 46.23% | 0 | 0.00% | 593 | 7.54% | 7,863 |
| Washington | 718 | 58.18% | 515 | 41.73% | 1 | 0.08% | 203 | 16.45% | 1,234 |
| Wilcox | 979 | 78.57% | 266 | 21.35% | 1 | 0.08% | 713 | 57.22% | 1,246 |
| Winston | 659 | 24.01% | 2,085 | 75.96% | 1 | 0.04% | -1,426 | -51.95% | 2,745 |
| Totals | 127,796 | 51.33% | 120,725 | 48.49% | 460 | 0.18% | 7,071 | 2.84% | 248,981 |

## Analysis

Overall, Smith held the state by just over seven thousand votes, although opponents of Smith believed that electoral fraud was widespread in the Black Belt. State judges Hugh Locke, Horace Wilkinson and Ira Champion argued that up to seventeen thousand ballots for Hoover had been rejected. No recount, however, was ever contemplated by authorities. This result constitutes the third-closest presidential election in Alabama’s history after that of 1980, another Republican landslide (this time affected by the personal vote in the South for Jimmy Carter), and that of 1848, when Democratic nominee Lewis Cass won the state by 1.12 percentage points.

A strong correlation was revealed between the percentage of blacks in the population and (white) voter loyalty to the Democratic Party (with the r-value equaling 0.7268): of the twenty-six counties won by Hoover, only five had a population over thirty percent Negro, and most of these were urban areas less attached to the traditions of black belt politics, while Chambers County was the home of Hoovercrat senator J. Thomas Heflin. At the other extreme, of the ten counties possessing populations under ten percent African American in 1930, only Marion County stayed loyal to Smith and only by a very narrow margin.

1. Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections; 1928 Presidential General Election Results – Alabama
2. Perman, Michael; *Struggle for Mastery: Disfranchisement in the South, 1888–1908*, Chapel Hill: North Carolina Press, 2001, Introduction.
3. Paulson, Arthur C.; *Electoral Realignment and the Outlook for American Democracy*; p. 61 ISBN 1555536670
4. Kennedy; David M. and Cohen, Lizabeth; *The American Pageant, Volume 2*, p. 739 ISBN 1111831432
5. Rappleye; Charles; *Herbert Hoover in the White House: The Ordeal of the Presidency*, p. 39 ISBN 1451648677
6. Feldman, Glenn; *Before Brown: Civil Rights and White Backlash in the Modern South*; p. 270 ISBN 0817351345
7. Feldman, Glenn; *Politics, Society, and the Klan in Alabama, 1915-1949*; p. 190 ISBN 0817309845
8. Feldman; *Politics, Society and the Klan in Alabama*; p. 168.
9. Key, V.O. junior; *Southern Politics in State and Nation*; p. 328 ISBN 087049435X
10. Key; *Southern Politics in State and Nation*; pp. 234, 319.
11. Gans, Curtis and Mulling, Matthew; *Voter Turnout in the United States, 1788-2009*, p. 383 ISBN 9781604265958
12. Scammon, Richard M. (compiler); *America at the Polls: A Handbook of Presidential Election Statistics 1920-1964*; pp. 27–28 ISBN 0405077114
13. Helm, William P. (junior); 'Smith Foes Want Alabama Recount: Assert Southern "Stronghold" Went for Hoover; To Ask Congressional Action – Fraud Evidence Claimed'; *The Washington Post*, December 12, 1928, p. 2.
14. Key; *Southern Politics in State and Nation*; p. 324.
15. Bunche, Ralph J.; *The Political Status of the Negro in the Age of FDR*, p. 65 ISBN 0226080285

## InfoBox

1928 United States presidential election in Alabama
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Al Smith** Herbert Hoover   Party Democratic Republican  Home state New York California  Running mate **Joseph T. Robinson** Charles Curtis  Electoral vote **12** 0  Popular vote **127,797** 120,753  Percentage **51.33%** 48.50% | |
| ---  County results | |
| ---  **President before election**
Calvin Coolidge
Republican **Elected President**
Herbert Hoover
Republican | |


title: Lipowo, Ostróda County

abstract: Lipowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ostróda, within Ostróda County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 15 kilometres (9 mi) south-west of Ostróda and 49 km (30 mi) south-west of the regional capital Olsztyn.

text:
# Lipowo, Ostróda County

**Lipowo** \[liˈpɔvɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ostróda, within Ostróda County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 15 kilometres (9 mi) south-west of Ostróda and 49 km (30 mi) south-west of the regional capital Olsztyn.

## InfoBox

| Lipowo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Lipowo | |
| Coordinates: 53°36′N 19°50′E / 53.600°N 19.833°E / 53.600; 19.833 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Warmian-Masurian |
| County | Ostróda |
| Gmina | Ostróda |


title: Oak Forest station

abstract: Oak Forest is a train station located in Oak Forest, Illinois on Metra's Rock Island District line, which runs between Joliet, Illinois and LaSalle Street Station in downtown Chicago, Illinois. It is in Zone 3 according to Metra fare schedules based on distance from downtown Chicago. As of 2018, Oak Forest is the 42nd busiest of Metra's 236 non-downtown stations, with an average of 1,091 weekday boardings. As of 2022, Oak Forest is served by 42 trains on weekdays, by 21 trains on Saturdays, and by 16 trains on Sundays and holidays. The station is located at 159th Street and Cicero Avenue. There are several parking lots adjacent to the station, though they are being removed and relocated further away from the train station as part of Oak Forest Mayor JoAnn Kelly's Gateway Project. In 2011, Oak Forest, then the second-busiest station on the Rock Island line with 1,500 daily commuters and 23 trains, received a $1.3 million grant from the United States Department of Transportation for modernization.

text:
# Oak Forest station

**Oak Forest** is a train station located in Oak Forest, Illinois on Metra's Rock Island District line, which runs between Joliet, Illinois and LaSalle Street Station in downtown Chicago, Illinois. It is in Zone 3 according to Metra fare schedules based on distance from downtown Chicago. As of 2018, Oak Forest is the 42nd busiest of Metra's 236 non-downtown stations, with an average of 1,091 weekday boardings.

As of 2022, Oak Forest is served by 42 trains (21 in each direction) on weekdays, by 21 trains (10 inbound, 11 outbound) on Saturdays, and by 16 trains (eight in each direction) on Sundays and holidays.

The station is located at 159th Street (U.S. Route 6) and Cicero Avenue (Illinois Route 50). There are several parking lots adjacent to the station, though they are being removed and relocated further away from the train station as part of Oak Forest Mayor JoAnn Kelly's Gateway Project.

In 2011, Oak Forest, then the second-busiest station on the Rock Island line with 1,500 daily commuters and 23 trains, received a $1.3 million grant from the United States Department of Transportation for modernization.

## Tracks

There are two tracks at Oak Forest. Trains from Chicago run on track 2 (the north track) and trains to Chicago run on track 1 (the south track.)

## Bus connections

**Pace**

* 354 Harvey/Oak Forest Loop
* 364 159th Street
* 383 South Cicero

## InfoBox

| Oak Forest | |
| --- | --- |
| Oak Forest station in May 2016 | |
| General information | |
| Location | 4850 West 159th Street<br>Oak Forest, Illinois |
| Coordinates | 41°36′15″N 87°44′19″W / 41.6043°N 87.7385°W / 41.6043; -87.7385 |
| Owned by | Metra |
| Line(s) | Joliet Subdistrict |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Connections | **Pace Bus** |
| Construction | |
| Parking | Yes |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Fare zone | 3 |
| History | |
| Opened | 1900 |
| Rebuilt | 1950, 2013 |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| 2018 | 1,091 (average weekday) 4% |
| Rank | 42 out of 236 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Metra Following station  Tinley Parktoward Joliet  Rock Island  Midlothiantoward LaSalle Street | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Former services   Preceding station Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad Following station  Tinley Parktoward Joliet  Suburban Service  Midlothiantoward Chicago | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | |


abstract: The 1931–32 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team represented the University of Illinois.

text:
# 1931–32 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team

1931–32 Big Ten Conference men's basketball standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | PCT |  |  | W |  | L |  | PCT |
| Purdue | 11 |  | 1 |  | .917 |  |  | 17 |  | 1 |  | .944 |
| Minnesota | 9 |  | 3 |  | .750 |  |  | 15 |  | 3 |  | .833 |
| Northwestern | 9 |  | 3 |  | .750 |  |  | 13 |  | 5 |  | .722 |
| Michigan | 8 |  | 4 |  | .667 |  |  | 11 |  | 6 |  | .647 |
| Illinois | 7 |  | 5 |  | .583 |  |  | 11 |  | 6 |  | .647 |
| Ohio State | 5 |  | 7 |  | .417 |  |  | 9 |  | 9 |  | .500 |
| Indiana | 4 |  | 8 |  | .333 |  |  | 8 |  | 10 |  | .444 |
| Wisconsin | 3 |  | 9 |  | .250 |  |  | 8 |  | 10 |  | .444 |
| Iowa | 3 |  | 9 |  | .250 |  |  | 5 |  | 12 |  | .294 |
| Chicago | 1 |  | 11 |  | .083 |  |  | 2 |  | 15 |  | .118 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1931–32 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team** represented the University of Illinois.

## Regular season

The 1931-32 season was head coach Craig Ruby's 10th at the University of Illinois. Ruby had 8 returning lettermen from a team that had finished in fourth place in the Big Ten the year before. The team went through a nearly perfect non-conference season, losing only 1 game, however, the Fighting Illini showed no improvement in conference play by finishing with a record of 7 wins and 5 losses. The team finished the season with an overall record of 11 wins 6 losses. The starting lineup included *captain* Elbert Kamp and Boyd Owen at guard, Robert Kamp and Robert Bartholomew as forwards and Caslon Bennett at center.

### Roster

| 1931–32 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| Pos. # Name Height Weight Year Hometown  4 Hudson Hellmich   So Webster Groves, Missouri  5 Elbert Kamp **(C)**   Sr Mt. Carmel, Illinois  6 Robert Kamp   Sr Mt. Carmel, Illinois  7 Coslon Bennett   Jr Marshall, Illinois  8 Boyd Owen   Jr South Bend, Indiana  9 Robert Y. Bartholomew   Sr Peoria, Illinois  10 Sidney Port   So Chicago, Illinois  12 Salway "Fibby" Fierberg   So Benton, Illinois  14 Vernon Moore   Jr Martinsville, Illinois  15 Norval Hodges   So Flora, Illinois  17 George S. Fencl   Sr Cicero, Illinois  18 Alfred J. Kamm   So Lakewood, Washington  19 Albert C. Kamm   So Lakewood, Washington  22 William Theobald   Jr Du Quoin, Illinois  23 Fred Fencl   So Cicero, Illinois  24 Paul Carson   So Fairbury, Illinois  26 John William Lehwald   So Chicago, Illinois  28 Thomas Myers Plunk   Jr Mansfield, Illinois | Head coach Assistant coach(es)* John Sabo (University of Illinois) (4th year) * Jerome J. Jordan (University of Illinois) (1st year)  ---  Legend* **(C)** Team captain * **(S)** Suspended * **(I)** Ineligible * **(W)** Walk-on  ---  Roster |

## Schedule

| Date
time, TV | Opponent | Result | Record | Site (attendance)
city, state |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Non-Conference regular season | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
| 12/12/1931*
no, no | St. Louis University | **W** 31–17 | 1-0
 | Huff Hall (5,000)
Champaign, IL |
| 12/18/1931*
no, no | at Miami (OH) | **W** 35–19 | 2-0
 | Withrow Court (3,500)
Oxford, Ohio |
| 12/20/1931*
no, no | Butler | **L** 17-22 | 2-1
 | Huff Hall (5,000)
Champaign, IL |
| 1/1/1932*
no, no | Cornell | **W** 44–23 | 3-1
 | Huff Hall (4,000)
Champaign, IL |
| Big Ten regular season | | | | | | | | |
| 1/4/1932
no, no | Ohio State | **L** 28–29 | 3-2
(0-1) | Huff Hall (6,500)
Champaign, IL |
| 1/9/1932
no, no | Purdue | **W** 28–21 | 4-2
(1-1) | Huff Hall (7,000)
Champaign, IL |
| 1/11/1932
no, no | at Indiana
*Rivalry* | **W** 30–22 | 5-2
(2-1) | IU Field House (5,000)
Bloomington, IN |
| 1/18/1932
no, no | at Michigan | **L** 16–28 | 5-3
(2-2) | Yost Field House (5,000)
Ann Arbor, MI |
| 1/23/1932
no, no | University of Chicago | **W** 30–20 | 6-3
(3-2) | Huff Hall (6,000)
Champaign, IL |
| 2/9/1932*
no, no | Bradley | **W** 28–17 | 7-3
(3-2) | Huff Hall (6,000)
Champaign, IL |
| 2/13/1932
no, no | at Ohio State | **L** 26–29 | 7-4
(3-3) | Ohio Expo Center Coliseum (5,000)
Columbus, OH |
| 2/15/1932
no, no | Minnesota | **W** 23–15 | 8-4
(4-3) | Huff Hall (6,000)
Champaign, IL |
| 2/20/1932
no, no | Michigan | **W** 29–23 | 9-4
(5-3) | Huff Hall (6,500)
Champaign, IL |
| 2/27/1932
no, no | at Minnesota | **L** 26–27 | 9-5
(5-4) | Williams Arena (5,000)
Minneapolis, MN |
| 2/29/1932
no, no | at Purdue | **L** 19–34 | 9-6
(5-5) | Memorial Gymnasium (-)
West Lafayette, IN |
| 3/5/1932
no, no | at University of Chicago | **W** 41–20 | 10-6
(6-5) | Henry Crown Field House (-)
Chicago, IL |
| 3/7/1932
no, no | Indiana
*Rivalry* | **W** 33–32 | 11-6
(7-5) | Huff Hall (5,000)
Champaign, IL |
| *Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses.
All times are in Central Time. | | | | | | | | | | | |

Source

## Awards and honors

## InfoBox

| 1931–32 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conference | Big Ten Conference |
| Record | 11–6 (7-5 Big Ten) |
| Head coach |  |
| Assistant coaches |  |
| Captain | Elbert Kamp |
| Home arena | Huff Hall |
|