title: Sulfurimonas paralvinellae

abstract: Sulfurimonas paralvinellae is a hydrogen- and sulfur-oxidizing bacterium. It is a mesophilic chemolithoautotroph.

text:
# Sulfurimonas paralvinellae

***Sulfurimonas paralvinellae*** is a hydrogen- and sulfur-oxidizing bacterium. It is a mesophilic chemolithoautotroph.

## Further reading

* Voordeckers, James Walter. Physiology and Molecular Ecology of Chemolithoautotrophic Nitrate Reducing Bacteria at Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vents. ProQuest, 2007.

## InfoBox

| *Sulfurimonas paralvinellae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Campylobacterota |
| Class: | "Campylobacteria" |
| Order: | Campylobacterales |
| Genus: | *Sulfurimonas* |
| Species: | **S. paralvinellae** |
| Binomial name | |
| *****Sulfurimonas paralvinellae*****<br>corrig. Takai et al. 2006 | |
|


title: Sulfurisphaera tokodaii

abstract: Sulfurisphaera tokodaii is a thermophilic archaeon of the Thermoproteota phylum. This species lives can grow as a chemoheterotroph and a lithoautotroph

text:
# Sulfurisphaera tokodaii

***Sulfurisphaera tokodaii*** is a thermophilic archaeon of the Thermoproteota phylum. This species lives can grow as a chemoheterotroph and a lithoautotroph

## Morphology

*Sulfurisphaera tokodaii* presents as an irregular cocci of approximately 2 μm in diameter. It is able to grow within a ph range of 2-3 and a temperature range of 75-80 °C. This species has flagellar motility.

## Metabolism

*S. tokodaii* is chemoheterotrophic under oxygenic conditions, using sulfur to reduce small organic compounds for energy and as a carbon source. However, under anoxygenic conditions, can also grow lithoautotrophically by using sulfur oxidation to fix carbon dioxide. This species is also capable of oxidizing hydrogen sulfide to sulfate intracellularly.

## Genome

The type strain of *S. tokodaii* is referred to as strain 7, and was originally isolated from the Beppu hotsprings, on Kyushu Island, Japan. Strain 7 has a genome size of 2.7 Mbp, as well as a GC content of 32.8%. It has approximately 2,826 identified genes. The GenBank accession number for this strain is NC\_003106.

## Environment

This species inhabits thermophilic and acidophilic conditions. Normally, the species exists within hot springs, but it can also exist within mud pots, pools of boiling mud around active volcanoes. These both have high sulfur content, although mud pots have lower water activity than hot springs.

## Technological applications

Industrial process can produce more sulfur than the environment naturally cycles. Because this industrially produced sulfur can come in the form of hydrogen sulfide, this microbe can potentially be used to clean up acidification of natural bodies of water due to its ability to fix hydrogen sulfide into a non toxic, non water-soluble elemental form that can be cleaned up later without risk to health.

## InfoBox

| *Sulfurisphaera tokodaii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Archaea |
| Kingdom: | Proteoarchaeota |
| Superphylum: | TACK group |
| Phylum: | Thermoproteota |
| Class: | Thermoprotei |
| Order: | Sulfolobales |
| Family: | Sulfolobaceae |
| Genus: | *Sulfurisphaera* |
| Species: | ***S. tokodaii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sulfurisphaera tokodaii***<br>(Suzuki et al. 2002) Tsuboi et al. 2018 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Sulfolobus tokodaii* Suzuki et al. 2002 | |


title: Sunkist Fun Fruits

abstract: Sunkist Fun Fruits were a licensed snack food from Leaf Confections Limited which were manufactured with fruit from Sunkist Growers, Incorporated. and packaged by Thomas J. Lipton. These bite-sized fruit snacks, which were introduced in 1987, were small, soft and pellet shaped, rather like jellybeans. Initially, the confection was available in four flavors: cherry, grape, orange and strawberry. Later that same year, it was available in assorted shapes such as dinosaurs and rock 'n' roll shapes in order to appeal to children. With the dismantling of Leaf Confections, Sunkist has currently licensed the production of fruit snacks to the Ben Myerson Candy Company for Sunkist Fruit Gems and General Mills, Inc. for Sunkist Fruit Snacks. In Canada, an additional brand, Sunkist First Fruit Snacks is manufactured by Ganong Bros. Limited.

text:
# Sunkist Fun Fruits

**Sunkist Fun Fruits** were a licensed snack food from Leaf Confections Limited which were manufactured with fruit from Sunkist Growers, Incorporated. and packaged by Thomas J. Lipton. These bite-sized fruit snacks, which were introduced in 1987, were small, soft and pellet shaped, rather like jellybeans. Initially, the confection was available in four flavors: cherry, grape, orange and strawberry. Later that same year, it was available in assorted shapes such as dinosaurs and rock 'n' roll shapes in order to appeal to children.

With the dismantling of Leaf Confections, Sunkist has currently licensed the production of fruit snacks to the Ben Myerson Candy Company for **Sunkist Fruit Gems** and General Mills, Inc. for **Sunkist Fruit Snacks**. In Canada, an additional brand, **Sunkist First Fruit Snacks** is manufactured by Ganong Bros. Limited.

## Advertising

Advertising on television and comic books for Fun Fruits usually featured characters named "Tickle Trees" who would cause those who approached them to laugh uncontrollably. These trees, according to the advertising, produced fruits good enough to be used for Fun Fruits. Advertising for the dinosaur shapes featured the "Fruitasaurus," a friendly Brontosaurus who stockpiled dinosaur shaped Fun Fruits.


title: Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town

abstract: Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town is a sequence of stories by Stephen Leacock, first published in 1912. It is generally considered to be one of the most enduring classics of Canadian humorous literature. The fictional setting for these stories is Mariposa, a small town on the shore of Lake Wissanotti. Although drawn from his experiences in Orillia, Ontario, Leacock notes: "Mariposa is not a real town. On the contrary, it is about seventy or eighty of them. You may find them all the way from Lake Superior to the sea, with the same square streets and the same maple trees and the same churches and hotels." This work has remained popular for its universal appeal. Many of the characters, though modelled on townspeople of Orillia, are small town archetypes. Their shortcomings and weaknesses are presented in a humorous but affectionate way. Often, the narrator exaggerates the importance of the events in Mariposa compared to the rest of the world. For example, when there is a country-wide election, "the town of Mariposa, was, of course, the storm centre and focus point of the whole turmoil." The story of the steamboat Mariposa Belle sinking in Lake Wissanotti is one of the best-loved in the set. The apparent magnitude of this accident is lessened somewhat when it is revealed that the depth of the water is less than six feet. Men from the town come to the rescue in an un-seaworthy lifeboat which sinks beneath them just as they are pulled onto the steamer, and the narrator earnestly remarks that this was "one of the smartest pieces of rescue work ever seen on the lake."

text:
# Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town

***Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town*** is a sequence of stories by Stephen Leacock, first published in 1912. It is generally considered to be one of the most enduring classics of Canadian humorous literature. The fictional setting for these stories is Mariposa, a small town on the shore of Lake Wissanotti. Although drawn from his experiences in Orillia, Ontario, Leacock notes: "Mariposa is not a real town. On the contrary, it is about seventy or eighty of them. You may find them all the way from Lake Superior to the sea, with the same square streets and the same maple trees and the same churches and hotels."

This work has remained popular for its universal appeal. Many of the characters, though modelled on townspeople of Orillia, are small town archetypes. Their shortcomings and weaknesses are presented in a humorous but affectionate way. Often, the narrator exaggerates the importance of the events in Mariposa compared to the rest of the world. For example, when there is a country-wide election, "the town of Mariposa, was, of course, the storm centre and focus point of the whole turmoil."

The story of the steamboat *Mariposa Belle* sinking in Lake Wissanotti is one of the best-loved in the set. The apparent magnitude of this accident is lessened somewhat when it is revealed that the depth of the water is less than six feet. Men from the town come to the rescue in an un-seaworthy lifeboat which sinks beneath them just as they are pulled onto the steamer, and the narrator earnestly remarks that this was "one of the smartest pieces of rescue work ever seen on the lake."

## Selected list of characters

The following characters are interwoven through the set of twelve stories of *Sunshine Sketches*:

* **Josh Smith**, proprietor of Smith's Hotel, one of the leading citizens of the town.
* **Jefferson Thorpe**, owner of the barber shop, who engages in mining speculations.
* **Golgotha Gingham**, the undertaker, to whom people are less interesting when still alive.
* **Dean Rupert Drone**, reverend of the "Church of England Church", who has to deal with the debt from building a new church.
* **Peter Pupkin**, a bank teller who loves the Judge's daughter.
* **Zena Pepperleigh**, Judge Pepperleigh's daughter. She likes to read romantic stories.
* **Dr. Gallagher**, collector of Indian relics and student of Canadian history.
* **Mr Hussell**, journalist for the *Mariposa Newspacket*.
* **Christie Johnson**, captain of the *Mariposa Belle*.
* **Henry Mullins**, manager of the Mariposa Exchange Bank.
* **Narrator**, an unreliable narrator, whose descriptions of the town are biased or absurd.

Many characters are based on real-life people from Orillia, Ontario. Their names were only thinly-veiled in the original sketches that appeared as a serial in the *Montreal Star*. Out of an abundance of caution, Leacock changed many characters' names before the sketches were published together in book form.

## Publication

The stories in the book were initially published as a sequence of short literary pieces serialized in the *Montreal Daily Star* from February 17 to June 22, 1912. Leacock reworked the series – by the means of additions, combinations, and divisions (but no deletions) – and assembled it as the book's manuscript. The book was first published on August 9, 1912. Leacock corrected proof pages of the first edition of *Sunshine Sketches* while in Paris.

In 1923, George Locke commented in the *New York Evening Post* that library students had chosen the book as one of a dozen "\[...\] books of prose fiction would best represent the works of Canadian authors to readers who wish to know something of Canadian life".

The book was used in tourist promotions for Orillia as proof of its civic pride for decades following publication.

## Television adaptations

### 1952 TV series

In 1952, the book was adapted into a television series, *Sunshine Sketches*, by CBC Television, the network's first foray into Canadian-produced drama. The cast of the series included John Drainie as the Narrator, Paul Kligman as John Smith, Timothy Findley as Peter Pupkin, Eric House as Dean Drone, Peg Dixon as Liliane Drone and Robert Christie as Golgotha Gingham.

### 2012 TV movie

A second television adaptation premiered on CBC in 2012, and stars Gordon Pinsent and Jill Hennessy. This made-for-TV movie features two stories from the book, "The Marine Excursions of the Knights of Pythias" and "The Hostelry of Mr. Smith", and was created to coincide with the book's 100th anniversary. The stories are a mix of fact and fiction; drawing on details of Leacock's own life and that of his literary creation.

## Learning resources

At least two learning resources on *Sunshine Sketches* have been created for teachers. In 1960, McClelland and Stewart created an educational edition for teachers, with an introduction and questions by D. H. Carr. In 2017, the Public Legal Education Association of Saskatchewan created a comprehensive learning guide for the book alongside an abridged newsletter that reconsiders the book.

Digital editions Curriculum resources Television series

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Stephen Leacock |
| Illustrator | Cyrus Cuneo |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Humour |
| Set in | Mariposa |
| Publication date | 1912 |
| Publication place | Canada |
| ISBN | 9781414244785 |


title: Sunset Harbor, North Carolina

abstract: Sunset Harbor is an unincorporated community on the banks of the Lockwood Folly River and the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway in Brunswick County, North Carolina, United States. It is bordered by the city limits of Oak Island and is situated across the river from Varnamtown. By road, the community can only be accessed by Sunset Harbor Road, which feeds into North Carolina Highway 211.

text:
# Sunset Harbor, North Carolina

**Sunset Harbor** is an unincorporated community on the banks of the Lockwood Folly River and the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway in Brunswick County, North Carolina, United States. It is bordered by the city limits of Oak Island and is situated across the river from Varnamtown. By road, the community can only be accessed by Sunset Harbor Road, which feeds into North Carolina Highway 211.

33°55′35″N 78°12′13″W / 33.9264°N 78.2037°W / 33.9264; -78.2037


title: Sunza Station

abstract: Sunza Station is a railway station in Hamana-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, operated by the third sector Tenryū Hamanako Railroad.

text:
# Sunza Station

**Sunza Station** (寸座駅, *Sunza-eki*) is a railway station in Hamana-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, operated by the third sector Tenryū Hamanako Railroad.

## Lines

Nishi-Kiga Station is served by the Tenryū Hamanako Line, and is located 49.4 kilometers from the starting point of the line at Kakegawa Station.

## Station layout

The station has a single side platform and no station building. A small rain shelter for passengers is located directly on the platform, and faces towards nearby Lake Hamana. The station is unattended.

## Adjacent stations

| « | | Service | » | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Tenryū Hamanako Railroad | | | | |
| Tenryū Hamanako Line | | | | |
| Nishi-Kiga | | - | Hamanako-Sakume | |

## Station history

Sunza Station was established on May 6, 1955 as a station of the Japan National Railways Futamata Line. On March 15, 1987, the station came under the control of the Tenryū Hamanako Line.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2016, the station was used by an average of 18 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

## Surrounding area

Media related to Sunza Station at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Sunza Station
寸座駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Sunza Station in May 2009 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Horie-cho, Kiga, Hamana-ku, Hamamatsu-shi, Shizuoka-ken
Japan |
| Coordinates | 34°47′24″N 137°36′45″E / 34.79000°N 137.61250°E / 34.79000; 137.61250 |
| Operated by | Tenryū Hamanako Railroad |
| Line(s) | Tenryū Hamanako Line |
| Distance | 49.4 kilometers from Kakegawa |
| Platforms | 1 side platform |
| Other information | |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | May 6, 1955 |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2016 | 18 daily |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Sunza StationLocation within Shizuoka PrefectureSunza StationSunza Station (Japan) | |


title: Super sporting

abstract: Super sporting or super sporting clays is a shotgun shooting sport that is a form of clay pigeon shooting. It is similar to sporting clays, FITASC, trap, and skeet. There are typically 3 traps at each station. The targets are usually attempted as 3 singles, and then a report of the a/b, b/c, a/c targets or true pairs or combinations of those. There is a menu card at each shooting station which lists the targets to be shot in the order they should be shot in. Some courses are set up to have 2 shooting stations for each set of 3 traps which can be near each other but far enough apart such that the shooting experience is different for the same set of targets, while other courses are set up with one hoop for each set of 3 traps. Typically this is only done for large events where a greater number of shooters need to get through the course. If the two hoop-method is used, a course does not need as many traps as it would if it were set up as a typical report/true pair sporting clays course of the same number of targets. Typical targets are rabbits, chandelles, overheads, crossings, traps (outgoing), teals, and incoming birds. Targets can be of the following sizes/styles: standard 108 mm domed, midi 90 mm, mini 60 mm, rabbit 108 mm, or battue 108 mm.

text:
# Super sporting

**Super sporting** or **super sporting clays** is a shotgun shooting sport that is a form of clay pigeon shooting. It is similar to sporting clays, FITASC, trap, and skeet. There are typically 3 traps (target throwers) at each station. The targets are usually attempted as 3 singles, and then a report of the a/b, b/c, a/c targets or true pairs or combinations of those. There is a menu card at each shooting station which lists the targets to be shot in the order they should be shot in.

Some courses are set up to have 2 shooting stations for each set of 3 traps which can be near each other but far enough apart such that the shooting experience is different for the same set of targets, while other courses are set up with one hoop for each set of 3 traps. Typically this is only done for large events where a greater number of shooters need to get through the course. If the two hoop-method is used, a course does not need as many traps as it would if it were set up as a typical report/true pair sporting clays course of the same number of targets.

Typical targets are rabbits, chandelles, overheads, crossings, traps (outgoing), teals (launched straight up into the air), and incoming birds.

Targets can be of the following sizes/styles: standard 108 mm domed (orange, black or orange/black), midi 90 mm (orange or black), mini 60 mm (orange or black), rabbit 108 mm (orange or black), or battue 108 mm (orange or black).


title: Super Match Soccer

abstract: Super Match Soccer is an association football video game published by Acclaim Entertainment and developed in 1998 by Jon Ritman. The game was released for PC and PlayStation and it is the last game in the Match Day series.

text:
# Super Match Soccer

***Super Match Soccer*** is an association football video game published by Acclaim Entertainment and developed in 1998 by Jon Ritman. The game was released for PC and PlayStation and it is the last game in the Match Day series.

## Gameplay

*Super Match Soccer* is a 3D video game with five camera angles to see the simulation, each one with four zoom factors. It includes 24 national teams with different skill levels. The player can choose footballers playing in their team and tactic. Names and attributes of each footballer can be edited.

The game can be played against a computer A.I., or other human players. Three or more players are supported using a network connection on PC or a PlayStation Multitap for PlayStation. It also supports analogue controllers for both PC and PlayStation.

## Development and release

It was developed as a sequel to *Match Day* several years after the popular *Match Day II*. It was presented in a PlayStation preview in Spain as *Matchday 3* but due to legal problems it was ultimately released as *Super Match Soccer*.

The game was exhibited at the September 1997 European Computer Trade Show. At this time, Ocean Software, the owner of the *Match Day* series, was slated to publish the game.

## InfoBox

| Super Match Soccer | |
| --- | --- |
| Developer(s) | Cranberry Source |
| Publisher(s) | Acclaim Entertainment |
| Designer(s) | Jon Ritman and others |
| Platform(s) | PC, PlayStation |
| Release | August 1998 |
| Genre(s) | Sports |
| Mode(s) | Single player, multiplayer |


title: Superconducting tunnel junction

abstract: The superconducting tunnel junction (STJ) – also known as a superconductor–insulator–superconductor tunnel junction (SIS) – is an electronic device consisting of two superconductors separated by a very thin layer of insulating material. Current passes through the junction via the process of quantum tunneling. The STJ is a type of Josephson junction, though not all the properties of the STJ are described by the Josephson effect. These devices have a wide range of applications, including high-sensitivity detectors of electromagnetic radiation, magnetometers, high speed digital circuit elements, and quantum computing circuits.

text:
# Superconducting tunnel junction

The **superconducting tunnel junction** (**STJ**) – also known as a **superconductor–insulator–superconductor tunnel junction** (**SIS**) – is an electronic device consisting of two superconductors separated by a very thin layer of insulating material. Current passes through the junction via the process of quantum tunneling. The STJ is a type of Josephson junction, though not all the properties of the STJ are described by the Josephson effect.

These devices have a wide range of applications, including high-sensitivity detectors of electromagnetic radiation, magnetometers, high speed digital circuit elements, and quantum computing circuits.

## Quantum tunneling

All currents flowing through the STJ pass through the insulating layer via the process of quantum tunneling. There are two components to the tunneling current. The first is from the tunneling of Cooper pairs. This supercurrent is described by the ac and dc Josephson relations, first predicted by Brian David Josephson in 1962. For this prediction, Josephson received the Nobel prize in physics in 1973. The second is the quasiparticle current, which, in the limit of zero temperature, arises when the energy from the bias voltage $eV$ exceeds twice the value of superconducting energy gap Δ. At finite temperature, a small quasiparticle tunneling current – called the subgap current – is present even for voltages less than twice the energy gap due to the thermal promotion of quasiparticles above the gap.

If the STJ is irradiated with photons of frequency $f$, the dc current-voltage curve will exhibit both Shapiro steps and steps due to photon-assisted tunneling. Shapiro steps arise from the response of the supercurrent and occur at voltages equal to $nhf/(2e)$, where $h$ is the Planck constant, $e$ is the electron charge, and $n$ is an integer. Photon-assisted tunneling arises from the response of the quasiparticles and gives rise to steps displaced in voltage by $nhf/e$ relative to the gap voltage.

## Device fabrication

The device is typically fabricated by first depositing a thin film of a superconducting metal such as aluminum on an insulating substrate such as silicon. The deposition is performed inside a vacuum chamber. Oxygen gas is then introduced into the chamber, resulting in the formation of an insulating layer of aluminum oxide (Al $\_{2}$O $\_{3}$) with a typical thickness of several nanometres. After the vacuum is restored, an overlapping layer of superconducting metal is deposited, completing the STJ. To create a well-defined overlap region, a procedure known as the Niemeyer-Dolan technique is commonly used. This technique uses a suspended bridge of resist with a double-angle deposition to define the junction.

Aluminum is widely used for making superconducting tunnel junctions because of its unique ability to form a very thin (2–3 nm) insulating oxide layer with no defects that short-circuit the insulating layer. The superconducting critical temperature of aluminum is approximately 1.2 . For many applications, it is convenient to have a device that is superconducting at a higher temperature, in particular at a temperature above the boiling point of liquid helium, which is 4.2 K at atmospheric pressure. One approach to achieving this is to use niobium, which has a superconducting critical temperature in bulk form of 9.3 K. Niobium, however, does not form an oxide that is suitable for making tunnel junctions. To form an insulating oxide, the first layer of niobium can be coated with a very thin layer (approximately 5 nm) of aluminum, which is then oxidized to form a high quality aluminum oxide tunnel barrier before the final layer of niobium is deposited. The thin aluminum layer is proximitized by the thicker niobium, and the resulting device has a superconducting critical temperature above 4.2 K. Early work used lead-lead oxide-lead tunnel junctions. Lead has a superconducting critical temperature of 7.2 K in bulk form, but lead oxide tends to develop defects (sometimes called pinhole defects) that short-circuit the tunnel barrier when the device is thermally cycled between cryogenic temperatures and room temperature, so lead is no longer widely used to make STJs.

## Applications

### Radio astronomy

STJs are the most sensitive heterodyne receivers in the 100 GHz to 1000 GHz frequency range, and hence are used for radio astronomy at these frequencies. In this application, the STJ is dc biased at a voltage just below the gap voltage ( $|V|=2\Delta /e$). A high frequency signal from an astronomical object of interest is focused onto the STJ, along with a local oscillator source. Photons absorbed by the STJ allow quasiparticles to tunnel via the process of photon-assisted tunneling. This photon-assisted tunneling changes the current-voltage curve, creating a nonlinearity that produces an output at the difference frequency of the astronomical signal and the local oscillator. This output is a frequency down-converted version of the astronomical signal. These receivers are so sensitive that an accurate description of the device performance must take into account the effects of quantum noise.

### Single-photon detection

In addition to heterodyne detection, STJs can also be used as direct detectors. In this application, the STJ is biased with a dc voltage less than the gap voltage. A photon absorbed in the superconductor breaks Cooper pairs and creates quasiparticles. The quasiparticles tunnel across the junction in the direction of the applied voltage, and the resulting tunneling current is proportional to the photon energy. STJ devices have been employed as single-photon detectors for photon frequencies ranging from X-rays to the infrared.

### SQUIDs

The superconducting quantum interference device or SQUID is based on a superconducting loop containing Josephson junctions. SQUIDs are the world's most sensitive magnetometers, capable of measuring a single magnetic flux quantum.

### Quantum computing

Superconducting quantum computing utilizes STJ-based circuits, including charge qubits, flux qubits and phase qubits.

### RSFQ

The STJ is the primary active element in rapid single flux quantum or RSFQ fast logic circuits.

### Josephson voltage standard

When a high frequency current is applied to a Josephson junction, the ac Josephson current will synchronize with the applied frequency giving rise to regions of constant voltage in the I–V curve of the device (Shapiro steps). For the purpose of voltage standards, these steps occur at the voltages $nf/K\_{\text{J}}$ where $n$ is an integer, $f$ is the applied frequency and the Josephson constant $K\_{\text{J}}$ = 483597.8484...×109 Hz⋅V−1 is a constant that is equal to $2e/h$. These steps provide an exact conversion from frequency to voltage. Because frequency can be measured with very high precision, this effect is used as the basis of the Josephson voltage standard, which implements the SI definition of the volt.

### Josephson diode

In the case that the STJ shows asymmetric Josephson tunneling, the junction can become a Josephson diode.


title: Surdul

abstract: Surdul is a village in the municipality of Vranje, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 44 people.

text:
# Surdul

**Surdul** is a village in the municipality of Vranje, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 44 people.

42°27′16″N 21°59′32″E / 42.45444°N 21.99222°E / 42.45444; 21.99222

## InfoBox

| Surdul Сурдул (Serbian) | |
| --- | --- |
| Village (Selo) | |
| Surdul | |
| Coordinates: 42°27′16″N 21°59′32″E / 42.45444°N 21.99222°E / 42.45444; 21.99222 | |
| Country | Serbia |
| District | Pčinja District |
| Municipality | Vranje |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 44 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: William S. McKinnon

abstract: William Stranchon McKinnon was a Republican politician in the U.S. state of Ohio who was Speaker of the Ohio House and Ohio State Treasurer from 1904 to 1908.

text:
# William S. McKinnon

**William Stranchon McKinnon** (December 19, 1852 – November 17, 1908) was a Republican politician in the U.S. state of Ohio who was Speaker of the Ohio House and Ohio State Treasurer from 1904 to 1908.

## Biography

William S. McKinnon was born at Owen Sound, Canada West. He was moved to Cleveland, where he grew up, and became a machinist.

McKinnon relocated to Ashtabula, where he owned machine shops, was a member of the Board of Education and city council and was Mayor of Ashtabula. He married Octavia J. Porter on April 2, 1878, and had four sons and one daughter. In 1880, he was the founder and head of the McKinnon Iron Works Company at Ashtabula Harbor.

McKinnon was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives in 1897 and served in the 73rd, 74th, and 75th General Assemblies, 1898–1903. In the 75th General Assembly (1902–1903), he was chosen Speaker of the House.

In May 1900, McKinnon was appointed an Ohio Commissioner of the Pan-American Exposition

In 1903, the Republicans nominated McKinnon for Ohio State Treasurer, and he won the election that year, and again in 1905. Elections were moved to even-numbered years, and McKinnon chose not to run in 1908. His term would have ended in January 1909, but he died at his Ashtabula home on November 17, 1908.

## InfoBox

| William Stranchon McKinnon | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 24th Ohio State Treasurer | |
| **In office**
January 11, 1904  November 17, 1908 | |
| Governor | Myron T. Herrick
John M. Pattison
Andrew L. Harris |
| Preceded by | Isaac B. Cameron |
| Succeeded by | Charles C. Green |
| Member of the Ohio House of Representatives
from the Ashtabula County district | |
| **In office**
January 3, 1898  January 3, 1904 | |
| Preceded by | William S. Harris |
| Succeeded by | B. W. Baldwin |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1852-12-19)December 19, 1852
Owen Sound, Ontario |
| Died | November 17, 1908(1908-11-17) (aged 55)
Ashtabula, Ohio |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Octavia J. Porter |
| Children | five |
| Signature |  |
|  | |


title: Worst Friends (2014 film)

abstract: Worst Friends is an American comedy film, written, produced and directed by Ralph Arend and starring Richard Tanne, Noah Barrow, Kristen Connolly, and Cody Horn, with Larry Fessenden, Geoffrey Arend, and Kathryn Erbe. It was released on November 4, 2014.

text:
# Worst Friends (2014 film)

***Worst Friends*** is an American comedy film, written, produced and directed by Ralph Arend and starring Richard Tanne, Noah Barrow, Kristen Connolly, and Cody Horn, with Larry Fessenden, Geoffrey Arend, and Kathryn Erbe. It was released on November 4, 2014.

## Plot

*Worst Friends* has been described as a dark Indie comedy. The film is set in an unnamed New Jersey suburb and focuses around a number of key characters. The film opens explaining the close but troubled friendship of two young boys.

It explores the role of friendships when a traumatic incident takes place and how there can be a fine line between help and dependence. Jake (Richard Tanne) is a young man suffering traumatic injuries after he is hit by a car. He turns to his childhood friend Sam (Noah Barrow) for support and to help him recover.

A physical therapist (Cody Horn) is enlisted and begins to help Sam with Jake's recovery. Sam and Jake's friendship takes a turn for the worse when Sam's childhood sweetheart, Zoe (Kristen Connolly), returns to town. Her presence becomes a true test of Sam and Jake's friendship.

## Cast

## Production

The concept of the plot was taken from Richard Tanne's own experiences in 2010. While recovering from an injury in his home state of New Jersey, Tanne reconnected with filmmakers Ralph Arend and Noah Barrow and the idea generated traction over the coming weeks.

On July 28, 2010, the producers launched a Kickstarter campaign aiming to make $11,000 to fund the film. By August 11, 2010, the campaign had raised over $17,000.

Following the online premiere of the trailer, it was announced by *Deadline* that Level 33 Entertainment would be distributing the film across North America.

The film was then released on November 4, 2014 through video on-demand and DVD.

## Reception

The film received mainly positive reviews following its launch in 2014.

In its review, *Yes! Weekly* described the film as a “loose, likeable comedy” with a “fun cast.” Actor Larry Fessenden was singled out for “amusingly channeling Jack Nicholson.”

Videoviews.org awarded the film 3 1/2 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Worst Friends is a simple story but the acting and well-written dialogue take it up a notch."

Spectrum Culture reviewed the film in 2014, stating the film covered the harsh realities of some friendships and praised the film’s opening for its effective storytelling, but ultimately only awarded the film 2 out of 5 stars.

## InfoBox

| Worst Friends | |
| --- | --- |
| DVD cover | |
| Directed by | Ralph Arend |
| Screenplay by | Ralph Arend |
| Produced by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Vincent Peone |
| Edited by | Joe Lindquist |
| Music by | Mike Fiore |
| Distributed by | Level 33 Entertainment |
| Release date | * November 4, 2014 (2014-11-04) |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Nelson W. Aldrich Jr.

abstract: Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich Jr. was an American editor and author. He was noted for writing Old Money: The Mythology of Wealth in America, Tommy Hitchcock: An American Hero, as well as George, Being George, the story of author and socialite George Plimpton.

text:
# Nelson W. Aldrich Jr.

**Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich Jr.** (April 11, 1935 – March 8, 2022) was an American editor and author. He was noted for writing *Old Money: The Mythology of Wealth in America* (Alfred A. Knopf, 1988; Allworth Press, 1996), *Tommy Hitchcock: An American Hero* (Fleet Street Corporation, 1985), as well as *George, Being George* (Random House, 2008), the story of author and socialite George Plimpton.

## Early life

Aldrich was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on April 11, 1935. His father, Nelson Aldrich III, worked as an architect and was chairman of the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston; his mother was Eleanor (Tweed). They divorced when Aldrich was three years old. His great-grandfather, Nelson W. Aldrich, was a leader of the Republican Party in the Senate and fundamental in the founding of the Federal Reserve banking system in the United States. Aldrich initially attended the Fay School, before going to St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire. He then studied American history and literature at Harvard College, where he was a member of the Porcellian Club and edited *i.e., the Cambridge Review*. He graduated in 1957, and went on to attend Sciences Po in Paris in the fall of that same year.

## Career

After relocating to Paris, Aldrich was asked by Robert B. Silvers to succeed him at *The Paris Review*. Silvers―whom Aldrich complimented for having the "patience of Job when it came to explaining anything"—consequently mentored Aldrich, who eventually became the magazine's Paris editor. Upon returning to the US, he taught at a public school in Harlem. He also worked as a reporter for the *Boston Globe* and was a frequent contributor to publications such as *Vogue* and *Harper's*. He subsequently became the senior editor of the latter publication and editor-in-chief of *Civilization*, the Library of Congress magazine. He taught at Long Island University and City College of New York, produced a television program, and was employed as a lobbyist.

Aldrich wrote the cover story to a January 1979 issue of the *Atlantic*, titled "Preppies: The Last Upper Class?" A decade later, he authored the book *Old Money: The Mythology of Wealth in America*. Fellow author Adam Hochschild characterized the work in the *Los Angeles Times*, calling it "as thoughtful a psychological portrait of America’s aristocracy as we have." Moreover, Jane O’Reilly in the *New York Times Book Review* described it as a "self-help book for those who have too much." Aldrich's daughter later recounted how he was spurred to write on the subject "by a need to understand, uncover, and explain to others the class he was born into."

Aldrich also penned a biography on Tommy Hitchcock Jr. that was published in 1985. He was awarded the Guggenheim Fellowship in 1989, in the field of study of general nonfiction. He later edited the book *George, Being George* (2008), an oral biography about his fellow literary journalist George Plimpton. The narrative was told via first-hand accounts, with Aldrich and seven other contributors interviewing 374 individuals connected to Plimpton.

## Personal life

Aldrich's first marriage was to Anna Lou Humes. Together, they had one child (Liberty). He also adopted one of her four daughters from her previous marriage (Alexandra). They separated in 1981 and eventually divorced. He nonetheless dedicated *Old Money* to her, crediting her with having "always propped up my morale". He later married Denise Lovatt, with whom he had one child, Arabella. They remained married until his death. He also had another child (Alexander) from his relationship with Gillian Pretty Goldsmith, whom he met during his sojourn in Paris.

Aldrich died on March 8, 2022, at his home in North Stonington, Connecticut, a month before his 87th birthday. He suffered from Parkinson's disease prior to his death.

## InfoBox

| Nelson W. Aldrich Jr. | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich Jr.
(1935-04-11)April 11, 1935
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Died | March 8, 2022(2022-03-08) (aged 86)
North Stonington, Connecticut, U.S. |
| Education | Fay School
St Paul's School
Harvard College |


title: Seth Darst

abstract: Seth A. Darst is a Jack Fishman Professor of molecular biophysics at the Rockefeller University. He was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 2008.

text:
# Seth Darst

**Seth A. Darst** is a Jack Fishman Professor of molecular biophysics at the Rockefeller University. He was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 2008.

## Life and career

Darst earned his B.S. in chemical engineering from the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1982. He continued his education with advisor Channing Robertson at Stanford University, where he earned both M.S. (1984) and Ph.D. (1987) degrees in chemical engineering. Darst completed postdoctoral training, also at Stanford, as an American Cancer Society Postdoctoral Fellow and a Lucille P. Markley Postdoctoral Scholar in the laboratory of Roger D. Kornberg. He joined the faculty at the Rockefeller University in 1992. Darst's research centers on the structural basis of transcription by exploring the enzymes involved in the process.

## Honors and awards

## InfoBox

| Seth A. Darst | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | University of Colorado at Boulder |
| Known for | Enzymes of transcription |
| Awards | Pew Scholar |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Biochemistry |
| Institutions | Rockefeller University |
| Doctoral advisor | Channing Robertson |
| Doctoral students | Joseph Osmundson |
|  | |


title: Middle Township High School

abstract: Middle Township High School is a four-year public high school that serves students in ninth through twelfth grades from Middle Township in Cape May County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, operating as part of the Middle Township Public Schools. In addition to students from Middle Township, students from Avalon, Dennis Township, Stone Harbor and Woodbine attend the high school as part of sending/receiving relationships with their respective school districts. The school is in the Cape May Court House census-designated place. As of the 2022–23 school year, the school had an enrollment of 790 students and 65.0 classroom teachers, for a student–teacher ratio of 12.2:1. There were 221 students eligible for free lunch and 64 eligible for reduced-cost lunch.

text:
# Middle Township High School

**Middle Township High School** is a four-year public high school that serves students in ninth through twelfth grades from Middle Township in Cape May County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, operating as part of the Middle Township Public Schools. In addition to students from Middle Township, students from Avalon, Dennis Township, Stone Harbor and Woodbine attend the high school as part of sending/receiving relationships with their respective school districts.

The school is in the Cape May Court House census-designated place.

As of the 2022–23 school year, the school had an enrollment of 790 students and 65.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.2:1. There were 221 students (28.0% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 64 (8.1% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.

## History

By 2013, the high school's enrollment had hit 900 and was declining, as Avalon, Dennis Township, and Stone Harbor were sending fewer students. In 2013, the Woodbine School District changed its receiving high school district from Millville School District to Middle Township district. The first group of 15 ninth graders from Woodbine to be sent to Middle Township High School began attending in fall 2013. Lynda Anderson-Towns, superintendent of the Woodbine district, cited the closer proximity and smaller size of Middle Township High. Millville is 20 miles (32 km) away from Woodbine while Middle Township High School is 12 miles (19 km) away.

## Awards, recognition and rankings

The school was the 224th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in *New Jersey Monthly* magazine's September 2014 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", using a new ranking methodology. The school had been ranked 194th in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 263rd in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine ranked the school 232nd in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was ranked 223rd in the magazine's September 2006 issue, which surveyed 316 schools across the state.

## Athletics

The Middle Township High School Panthers compete in the National Division of the Cape-Atlantic League, an athletic conference comprised of parochial and public high schools located in Atlantic, Cape May, Cumberland and Gloucester counties, that operates under the aegis of the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA). With 588 students in grades 10–12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2022–24 school years as Group II South for most athletic competition purposes. The football team competes in the Patriot Division of the 94-team West Jersey Football League superconference and was classified by the NJSIAA as Group II South for football for 2024–2026, which included schools with 514 to 685 students.

Interscholastic sports offered at Middle Township High School include:

* **Fall sports:** Football (M), Cross Country, Field Hockey (W), Soccer, Volleyball, Tennis and Cheerleading
* **Winter sports:** Wrestling, Indoor Track, Basketball, Swim and Cheerleading
* **Spring sports:** Baseball, Softball, Lacrosse, Tennis, Track & Field, and Golf.

All sports compete at the Varsity and Junior Varsity level. Some sports may offer a freshman team.

The boys basketball team won the Group II state championship in 1993 (defeating runner-up Hillside High School in the finals of the tournament), 1994 (vs. Hillside) and 2002 (vs. Abraham Clark High School). LaMarr Greer had a triple-double to lead the 1993 team to the Group II title with an 81–59 victory against Hillside in the championship game played at the Rutgers Athletic Center. The 1993 team advanced to the Tournament of Champions (ToC) as the third seed, winning the quarterfinals against number-six Perth Amboy Technical High School by a score of 54-39 and taking the semifinals 66–55 over second-seed Irvington High School before falling in the finals to top-seed St. Anthony High School by an 84-59 margin. Greer's 32 points led the 1994 team to its second straight Group II title against Hillside, with a 54–46 victory in the finals. In the 1994 ToC, the team was seeded fifth and fell in the quarterfinals against fourth-seed Piscataway High School by a score of 69–54.

The girls basketball team won the Group II state championship in 1994 (defeating Summit High School in the tournament final) and won the Group III title in 1995 (vs. Sparta High School). The 1994 team won the Group II title with a 59–50 win against Summit in the championship game. In 1995, the team won the Group II state title with a 52–35 win against a Sparta team that came into the championship game undefeated and advanced to the Tournament of Champions as the number three seed and won the quarterfinal round by a score of 46–37 against number-six seed Keyport High School before losing in the semifinals to number-two seed West Milford High School by a score of 63–54, to finish the season with a record of 30–1.

The girls tennis team won the Group III state championship in 1996, defeating Ramapo High School 3–2 in the tournament final.

The field hockey team won the South Jersey Group I state sectional championship in 2016.

## Campus

The school includes a labyrinth adjacent to the athletic area. Karen Biederman, an art teacher, established the project in 2018 with the Artists in Education (AIE) Residency Program contributing $10,000 in grant money. Work began in 2019, continued through the COVID-19 pandemic in New Jersey of 2020–2021, and was scheduled to open in 2021. Biederman stated that she decided to advocate for creating a labyrinth after the death of a Rio Grande pupil as she saw the need for an element of peace to comfort grieving students, though she wished to create a labyrinth before that event occurred.

## Marching band

The school's marching band was Tournament of Bands Chapter One Champions in 1978 (Group 1), 1980–1982, 1984-1987 (Group 2), 1988-1994 (Group 3) and 1995-2004 (Group 2), having won championships 25 times in a span of 27 years, including a span of 21 consecutive championships. The marching band has been recognized as Atlantic Coast Champion in Group 2 on eleven occasions (1986, 1995, 1997–2003, 2006–2007) and has won the Atlantic Coast Championship in Group 3 four times (1988–1990 and 1992), totaling 15 Atlantic Coast Championships. In the years 2006 through 2008 the marching bands drum line won high percussion at Atlantic coast championships and by doing this retired the drum trophy. The school's indoor color guard was Tournament Indoor Association Scholastic A champions in 1993 and 1998, and Independent A champions in 2000 and 2001.

The school's indoor drumline was Tournament Indoor Association Scholastic A champions in 1998, Scholastic Open champions in 1999 and 2003, and Scholastic World champions from 1985 to 1987.

## Mock trial team

Middle Township High School's mock trial team has won state championships in 2007 and in 2011. The team finished 2nd in the first annual American Mock Trial Invitational in 2006, losing by a 5–4 score in the final round. Middle Township continues to participate in the Vincent J. Appruzesse New Jersey High School Mock Trial Competition.

## Administration

The principal is Sharon Rementer. The administration team includes three assistant principals.

## Notable alumni

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Middle Township High School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 300 East Atlantic Avenue
Middle Township, Cape May County, New Jersey 08210
United States | |
| Coordinates | 39°04′32″N 74°49′16″W / 39.075435°N 74.82098°W / 39.075435; -74.82098 |
| Information | |
| Type | Public high school |
| School district | Middle Township Public Schools |
| NCES School ID | 341002001732 |
| Principal | Sharon Rementer |
| Faculty | 65.0 FTEs |
| Grades | -12 |
| Enrollment | 790 (as of 2022–23) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 12.2:1 |
| Color(s) | Orange and
Black |
| Athletics conference | Cape-Atlantic League (general)
West Jersey Football League (football) |
| Team name | Panthers |
| Website | highschool.middletownshippublicschools.org |


title: Yverdon-les-Bains Castle

abstract: Yverdon-les-Bains Castle is a castle in the municipality of Yverdon-les-Bains of the Canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is a Swiss heritage site of national significance.

text:
# Yverdon-les-Bains Castle

**Yverdon-les-Bains Castle** is a castle in the municipality of Yverdon-les-Bains of the Canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is a Swiss heritage site of national significance.

## History

In 1260 Peter II, Count of Savoy acquired the rights to what became the site of the town and castle of Yverdon. Peter had previously been responsible for the building of walls and towers at Pevensey Castle in Sussex, England and wasted no time in building a new castle at Yverdon. He appointed a Master John and his son Master James to build the castle that remains to this day.

The imposing main walls and their four towers follow the geometric characteristics used for lowland castles. It was planned out by the young mason and architect James of St. George as apprentice to his father Master John. He would later travel to England where he would become the master castle builder for King Edward I. James would be responsible for building a series of castles (known as the "Iron Ring") in North Wales following its conquest by the English Crown. As such the castle is the first known work of the architect later responsible for what historian Marc Morris called “the most magnificent chain of castles ever created.”

Yverdon's castle used to be the residence of the castellans of the Savoy dynasty, until 1536, followed by the bailiffs of Bern state. In 1798, the *Département du Léman* became the castle's owner. The *Département* had been set up by the short-lived Helvetic Republic (1798–1803), imposed by Napoleon I.

A few years later, Yverdon acquired the castle, to entrust it to Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi and his institute. After 1838, the castle housed a public school. New classrooms were created, especially on the second floor: dividing walls were erected, additional windows changed the severe look of the castle's façade. After 1950, these classrooms were gradually abandoned; the last classes left in 1974. The original medieval structure was then restored. The castle is today a multi-purpose cultural centre, housing a regional museum, a theatre, various conference rooms and the oldest public library of French-speaking Switzerland, founded already in 1763. The library is now part of the castle museum, existing since 1830.

## InfoBox

| Yverdon-les-Bains Castle | |
| --- | --- |
| *Château d'Yverdon* | |
| Yverdon-les-Bains in Switzerland | |
| Château d'Yverdon | |
| Yverdon-les-Bains CastleYverdon-les-Bains Castle | |
| Coordinates | 46°46′42″N 6°38′30″E / 46.778228°N 6.64153°E / 46.778228; 6.64153 |
| Type | Castle |
| Site information | |
| Owner | Commune d'Yverdon-les-Bains |
| Condition | Museum |
| Site history | |
| Built | 13th century |
| Built by | Jacques de Saint-Georges |
| Garrison information | |
| Occupants | Yverdon regional museum |
|  | |
| Swiss Cultural Property of National Significance | |
|  | |


title: Yvernaumont

abstract: Yvernaumont is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

text:
# Yvernaumont

**Yvernaumont** (French pronunciation: \[ivɛʁnomɔ̃\]) is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 110 |  |
| 1975 | 110 | +0.00% |
| 1982 | 118 | +1.01% |
| 1990 | 117 | −0.11% |
| 1999 | 140 | +2.01% |
| 2007 | 143 | +0.27% |
| 2012 | 141 | −0.28% |
| 2017 | 139 | −0.29% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Yvernaumont | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The road into Yvernaumont | |
| Location of Yvernaumont | |
| YvernaumontYvernaumont | |
| Coordinates: 49°40′45″N 4°39′33″E / 49.6792°N 4.6592°E / 49.6792; 4.6592 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Ardennes |
| Arrondissement | Charleville-Mézières |
| Canton | Nouvion-sur-Meuse |
| Intercommunality | Crêtes Préardennaises |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Josette Peltier |
| Area**1** | 2.82 km2 (1.09 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 118 |
| Density | 42/km2 (110/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 08503 /08430 |
| Elevation | 162–302 m (531–991 ft)
(avg. 167 m or 548 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Nasmyth Bridge

abstract: The Nasmyth Bridge is a Category A Listed historic bridge and local landmark in East Calder, Scotland. Located within the Almondell and Calderwood Country Park, it was designed by Scottish painter, architect, and landscape designer Alexander Nasmyth.

text:
# Nasmyth Bridge

The **Nasmyth Bridge** (also known as the **Almondell Bridge**) is a Category A Listed historic bridge and local landmark in East Calder, Scotland.

Located within the Almondell and Calderwood Country Park, it was designed by Scottish painter, architect, and landscape designer Alexander Nasmyth.

## History

The bridge was commissioned by Scottish Whig lawyer Henry Erskine to provide a southern approach to his country residence **Almondell House**, spanning over the River Almond, from the old Edinburgh-Glasgow route as this enters East Calder.

Alexander Nasmyth was commissioned to design the bridge sometime between 1806 and 1810, most likely following the success of a bridge he had designed in 1808 for the Earl of Selkirk on the River Dee, at Tongueland near Kirkcudbright. The Almondell Bridge was completed by 1811, as attested by an oil on canvas painting of the Almondell Bridge by Nasmyth himself, dated from that year, which is its earliest known representation.

Erskine's mansion was built in the 1790s, but fell into disrepair in the 1960s and was finally demolished in 1969; its site is now occupied by the disabled car park adjacent to the Almondell Country Park Visitor Centre.

Nasmyth Bridge was Category A listed in 1971.

Sections of the bridge collapsed into the river in 1973, but the entire structure was restored in 1997 by Ted Ruddock for West Lothian Council, at a cost of £218,000 funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund.

## Architecture

The Bridge was built to Nasmyth's own design. Its construction is from local sandstone ashlar, in a style that can be described as ‘romantic Italianate', to match the mansion.

The design comprises two arches of differing spans, one wide segmental arch with a smaller one to the North. This is topped by a castellated parapet, and a central balustrade, and includes ‘merlons’ (stone seats), coursers, rock-faced voussoirs, and slab coping on square piers in centre.

## InfoBox

| Nasmyth Bridge | |
| --- | --- |
| View facing East, from the left bank of the River Almond (photo by Rosser1954) | |
| Coordinates | 55°54′13″N 3°27′35″W / 55.903611°N 3.459722°W / 55.903611; -3.459722 |
| Carries | Cycle Route 75 |
| Crosses | River Almond |
| Locale | East Calder, West Lothian, Scotland |
| History | |
| Construction start | Likely between 1808-10 |
| Construction end | Before 1811 |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: Narotam Sekhsaria

abstract: Narrotam Satyanarayan Sekhsaria is an Indian industrialist and philanthropist.

text:
# Narotam Sekhsaria

**Narrotam Satyanarayan Sekhsaria** is an Indian industrialist and philanthropist.

## Early life

Born in Chirawa, Rajasthan, India in the Seksaria Marwari trading family in 1950, he was brought up in Bombay and was educated as a chemical engineer from the city's prestigious University Department of Chemical Technology (UDCT), now known as Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai.

## Career

He started his career at his family business, predominantly trading cotton. He subsequently switched career in the early 1980s, giving up trading to set up Ambuja Cements. Over the next decade, Mr Seksharia built Ambuja Cements into one of the world's most efficient, profitable, and greenest cement companies. It was among the earliest companies in India to develop its own captive sea-ports and use sea transportation to ship cement across the country and abroad. Ambuja Cements went on to acquire a stake in ACC Limited, then India's best known and geographically speaking, the largest cement company. In 2005, Mr Sekhsaria, then still in his 50s, did something unthinkable among family-controlled businesses in India. He divested his interest in Ambuja Cements and ACC Ltd. and ceded control to Holcim Group, the Swiss multinational cement giant. Mr Sekhsaria continues to be the non-executive chairman of Ambuja Cements and ACC Limited.

Mr Sekhsaria is the chairman of Ambuja Cement Foundation, which he set up as part of Ambuja in the early 1990s and has since grown to become one of India's most extensive corporate CSR programs. It does work in the areas of rural development through agriculture, health, education,skill-building and women's empowerment initiatives.

He is also the Chairman of the Narotam Sekhsaria Foundation, the philanthropic arm of his family office, which funds and supports individuals and organisations working in health, education, livelihoods, governance, art and culture.

Publication: The Ambuja Story
Publisher: HarperCollins

## InfoBox

| Narrotam Satyanarayan Sekhsaria | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Rajasthan, India |
| Alma mater | Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai |
| Occupation(s) | Industrialist
Entrepreneur
Philanthropist |
| Known for | Ambuja Cements
ACC Limited
Ambuja Cement Foundation
Narotam Sekhsaria Foundation |
| Spouse | Nalini Sekhsaria |
| Children | Pulkit Sekhsaria
Padmini Sekhsaria |
| Family | Seksaria |


title: Narost

abstract: Narost is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chojna, within Gryfino County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland, close to the German border. It lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) south-east of Chojna, 41 km (25 mi) south of Gryfino, and 59 km (37 mi) south of the regional capital Szczecin. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

text:
# Narost

**Narost** \[ˈnarɔst\] (formerly German *Nordhausen*) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chojna, within Gryfino County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland, close to the German border. It lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) south-east of Chojna, 41 km (25 mi) south of Gryfino, and 59 km (37 mi) south of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

## InfoBox

| Narost | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Narost | |
| Coordinates: 52°53′17″N 14°31′34″E / 52.88806°N 14.52611°E / 52.88806; 14.52611 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | West Pomeranian |
| County | Gryfino |
| Gmina | Chojna |


title: Natalya Gorelova

abstract: Natalya Gorelova, née Zaytseva is a Russian middle-distance runner who specialized in the 1500 metres.

text:
# Natalya Gorelova

**Natalya Gorelova**, née **Zaytseva** (born 18 April 1973 in Moscow) is a Russian middle-distance runner who specialized in the 1500 metres.

## International competitions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Representing the  Commonwealth of Independent States | | | | | |
| 1992 | World Junior Championships | Seoul, South Korea | 4th | 800m | 2:04.76 |
| | | | 7th (h) | 4 × 400 m relay | 3:39.01 |
| Representing  Russia | | | | | |
| 1999 | World Championships | Seville, Spain | 6th | 800 m | 1:57.90 PB |
| 2001 | World Indoor Championships | Lisbon, Portugal | 3rd | 1500 m | 4:11.74 |
| | World Championships | Edmonton, Canada | 3rd | 1500 m | 4:02.40 |
| 2003 | World Indoor Championships | Birmingham, United Kingdom | 4th | 1500 m | 4:06.18 |
| | World Athletics Final | Monte Carlo, Monaco | 12th | 1500 m | 4:04.31 |

## Personal bests


title: Zambia at the FIFA Women's World Cup

text:
# Zambia at the FIFA Women's World Cup

Zambia has qualified for the FIFA Women's World Cup on one occasion, the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup which was also the country's debut, making the country the first landlocked nation in Africa to qualify for a senior World Cup in either gender. Previously, Zambia has come close to qualifying for the FIFA Women's World Cup, but fell short in two occasions, which occurred in 2014 and 2018.

## FIFA Women's World Cup

| FIFA Women's World Cup record | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Result | Matches | Wins | Draws | Losses | GF | GA |
| 1991 | *Did not enter* | | | | | | | |
| 1995 | *Did not qualify* | | | | | | | |
| 1999 | *Did not enter* | | | | | | | |
| 2003 | *Did not qualify* | | | | | | | |
| 2007 | |
| 2011 | *Did not enter* | | | | | | | |
| 2015 | *Did not qualify* | | | | | | | |
| 2019 | |
| 2023 | Group stage | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 11 |
| 2027 | *To be determined* | | | | | | | |
| **Total** | **1/10** | **3** | **1** | **0** | **2** | **3** | **11** |

| FIFA Women's World Cup history | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Round | Date | Opponent | Result | Stadium |
| 2023 | Group stage | 22 July | Japan | **L** 5–0 | Waikato Stadium, Hamilton |
| | | 26 July | Spain | **L** 5–0 | Eden Park, Auckland |
| | | 31 July | Costa Rica | **W** 3–1 | Waikato Stadium, Hamilton |

## Record by opponent

| FIFA Women's World Cup matches (by team) | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Opponent | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD |
| Costa Rica | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| Japan | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 | -5 |
| Spain | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 | -5 |

## World Cup participation

### 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup

#### Group C

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Japan | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0 | +11 | 9 | Advance to knockout stage |
| 2 | Spain | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 4 | +4 | | 6 |
| 3 | Zambia | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 11 | 8 | 3 |  |
| 4 | Costa Rica | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 8 | 7 | | 0 |

Source: FIFA
Rules for classification: Group stage tiebreakers

| Zambia | 0–5 | Japan |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

Waikato Stadium, HamiltonAttendance: 16,111Referee: Tess Olofsson (Sweden)

---

| Spain | 5–0 | Zambia |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

Eden Park, AucklandAttendance: 20,983Referee: Oh Hyeon-jeong (South Korea)

---

| Costa Rica | 1–3 | Zambia |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Herrera  47' | Report |  |

Waikato Stadium, HamiltonAttendance: 8,117Referee: Bouchra Karboubi (Morocco)

## Goalscorers

| Player | Goals | 2023 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Barbra Banda | 1 | 1 |
| Racheal Kundananji | 1 | 1 |
| Lushomo Mweemba | 1 | 1 |
| Total | 3 | 3 |


title: Zana Nimani

abstract: Zana Šiškin is a Serbian and Yugoslav retired singer and songwriter, best known as the first frontress of the pop rock band Zana.

text:
# Zana Nimani

**Zana Šiškin** (née **Nimani**; Serbian Cyrillic: Зана Шишкин, née Нимани; born in September 1961) is a Serbian and Yugoslav retired singer and songwriter, best known as the first frontress of the pop rock band Zana.

## Biography

### Early life

Zana Nimani was born in 1961 in Belgrade, to Kosovo Albanian parents from the town of Gjakova.

### Musical career

Nimani started her career in 1976, when she started to sing with the band Suton, in which her boyfriend-at-the-time Radovan Jovićević played guitar. Since 1979, the band started to perform under the name Zana, adopted after Nimani's first name. The band's first 7-inch singles and their debut album *Loše vesti uz rege za pivsku flašu* (*Bad News Accompanied by Reggae for a Beer Bottle*), released in 1981, brought them nationwide popularity. The following two albums, *Dodirni mi kolena* (*Touch My Knees*), released in 1982, and *Natrag na voz* (*Back to the Train*), released in 1983, were also well received, bringing a number of hits for the band. However, when Zana went on a hiatus in 1984 due to mandatory army stints of Jovićević and keyboardist Zoran Živanović, Nimani decided to leave the band (which would continue to work under the name Zana) and start a solo career.

In 1984, Nimani appeared as guest vocalist on Divlji Anđeli maxi single *Totalni kontakt* (*Total Contact*). In 1986, she released her only solo album, *Noćas pevam samo tebi* (*Tonight I Sing Only for You*). The album was recorded in Sweden and featured Swedish studio musicians. It was produced by Tini Varga, who also authored part of the songs. Other authors on the album were Nimani herself and former Zana members Marina Tucaković, Aleksandar "Futa" Radulović and Bogdan Dragović. The album brought minor hits "Što ne znam gde si sad" ("Why Don't I Know Where You Are Now") and "Miško zna" ("Miško Knows"). During the same year, Nimani appeared at the MESAM Festival with the song "Ruža na dlanu" ("Rose on the Palm"), which was released on the festival official compilation *Mesam – Pop festival 86.*, and on a split 7-inch single with Bebi Dol's song "Inšalah" ("Inshallah").

In 1987, she recorded backing vocals for the album *Into the Heart* by blues guitarist Dragoljub Crnčević. In 1988, she appeared in the TV rock operette *Kreatori i kreature* (*Creators and Creatures*). The operette was composed by Vladimir Milačić, directed by Milutin Petrović and featured, beside Nimani, Massimo Savić, Dejan Cukić, Snežana Jandrlić, Bora Đorđević, Goran Čavajda "Čavke", Amila Sulejmanović and Đorđe Dragojlović. In 1988, she also wrote lyrics for the song "Priđi bliže" ("Come Closer") recorded by Mladen Vojičić "Tifa" on his first solo album *No. 1*.

Soon after, she got married and retired from the scene.

### Family

She is married to Đorđe Šiškin. Nimani and Šiškin have one child, daughter Tea (born in Belgrade in 1991). With the breakup of Yugoslavia, she moved to Canada, where she still resides.

## Discography

### With Zana

#### Studio albums

* *Loše vesti uz rege za pivsku flašu* (1981)
* *Dodirni mi kolena* (1982)
* *Natrag na voz* (1983)

#### Singles

* "Nastavnice" / "Sveta" (1980)
* "Moj deda" / "Pepito pantalone" (1981)
* "Leto" / "Snovi od slame" (1981)
* "On" / "Ti si neko staro lice" (1981)
* "Jabuke i vino" / "Jabuke i vino – instrumental" (1983)

### Solo

#### Studio albums

* *Noćas pevam samo tebi* (1986)

#### Singles

* "Što ne znam gde si sad" / "Eto, to si ti"
* "Ruža na dlanu" (1986)

## InfoBox

| Zana Nimani | |
| --- | --- |
| Also known as | Zana Šiškin |
| Born | September 1961 (age 63)<br>Belgrade, PR Serbia, FPR Yugoslavia |
| Genres |  |
| Occupation | Singer |
| Instrument | Vocals |
| Years active | 1976–1987 |
| Labels |  |
| Formerly of | Zana |
| Spouse | Đorđe Šiškin |


title: Zanna Chase

abstract: Zanna Chase is an ocean-going professor of chemical oceanography and paleoceanography at the Institute of Marine and Antarctic Science, University of Tasmania, Australia. She has undertaken over 20 voyages on research vessels, and her areas of expertise are Antarctic paleoclimate, marine carbon cycle, radionuclides in the ocean, sediment geochemistry, paleoceanography, and marine biogeochemistry. In 2013 she was awarded an ARC Future Fellowship.

text:
# Zanna Chase

**Zanna Chase** is an ocean-going professor of chemical oceanography and paleoceanography at the Institute of Marine and Antarctic Science, University of Tasmania, Australia. She has undertaken over 20 voyages on research vessels, and her areas of expertise are Antarctic paleoclimate, marine carbon cycle, radionuclides in the ocean, sediment geochemistry, paleoceanography, and marine biogeochemistry. In 2013 she was awarded an ARC Future Fellowship.

## Education and career

She completed her undergraduate studies in mathematics and biology at McGill University in Canada in 1993. She then completed her Master's degree in biological oceanography at McGill University in 1996 working on how iron controls marine protozoans. She undertook her PhD in chemical oceanography and paleoceanography at Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory where she worked on trace elements and primary production in marine ecosystems. Prior to joining the newly formed Institute of Marine and Antarctic Science, University of Tasmania in 2010, she was on the faculty at Oregon State University. The main themes of her work have been focused in oceanography, glacial period, and phytoplankton.

## Research

Her research focusses on the interaction between chemical cycles and biological activity, the study of biogeochemistry. She is interested in how the biogeochemical changes in the Southern Ocean influence climate, and are also affected by climate, in the modern ocean. She also studies past biogeochemical changes in the ocean, the study of paleoceanography. She has written 137 research works, and a significant focus of her work has been on understanding the role of iron as a micronutrient in the oceans. Another focus of her work is on the exchange of carbon dioxide between the oceans and the atmosphere and the role of carbon sequestration in the oceans on controlling natural climate changes over the glacial-interglacial cycles. She uses a range of geochemical proxies analysed on ocean waters and sediment cores including long-lived, naturally occurring radioisotopes like thorium isotopes to reconstruct particle flux, and redox-sensitive metals such as manganese and uranium to reconstruct ocean oxygen levels. She is also involved in research to improve the understanding of trace metal proxies through participation in the international Geotraces program. She has participated in more than 20 voyages on a range of different research vessels, including the Australian blue water vessel RV *Investigator*.

## Selected publications

* Coale, Kenneth H.; Johnson, Kenneth S.; Chavez, Francisco P.; Buesseler, Ken O.; Barber, Richard T.; Brzezinski, Mark A.; Cochlan, William P.; Millero, Frank J.; Falkowski, Paul G.; Bauer, James E.; Wanninkhof, Rik H. (2004-04-16). "Southern Ocean Iron Enrichment Experiment: Carbon Cycling in High- and Low-Si Waters". *Science*. **304** (5669): 408–414. Bibcode:2004Sci...304..408C. doi:10.1126/science.1089778. PMID 15087542. S2CID 8572001.
* Chase, Zanna; Anderson, Robert F.; Fleisher, Martin Q.; Kubik, Peter W. (2002-11-30). "The influence of particle composition and particle flux on scavenging of Th, Pa and Be in the ocean". *Earth and Planetary Science Letters*. **204** (1): 215–229. Bibcode:2002E&PSL.204..215C. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00984-6. ISSN 0012-821X.
* Chase, Zanna; Anderson, Robert F.; Fleisher, Martin Q.; Kubik, Peter W. (2003-03-01). "Accumulation of biogenic and lithogenic material in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean during the past 40,000 years". *Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography*. US Southern Ocean JGOFS Program (AESOPS): Part III. **50** (3): 799–832. Bibcode:2003DSRII..50..799C. doi:10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00595-7. ISSN 0967-0645.
* Chase, Zanna; Strutton, Peter G.; Hales, Burke (2007). "Iron links river runoff and shelf width to phytoplankton biomass along the U.S. West Coast". *Geophysical Research Letters*. **34** (4). Bibcode:2007GeoRL..34.4607C. doi:10.1029/2006GL028069. ISSN 1944-8007. S2CID 13092535.

1. "Zanna Chase - Profiles". *Profiles - University of Tasmania, Australia*. Retrieved 2021-10-12.
2. Chase, Zanna (1999). *Metabolic and oceanographic consequences of iron deficiency in heterotrophic marine protozoa* (Thesis). Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada. OCLC 46579806.
3. Chase, Zanna (2001). *Trace elements as regulators (Fe) and recorders (U, Pa, Th, Be) of biological productivity in the ocean* (Thesis). OCLC 49331671.
4. "Zanna Chase: H-index & Awards - Academic Profile". *Research.com*. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
5. "Ashes to ashes, dust to life: how iron improves anaemic oceans". *CSIROscope*. 2021-07-05. Retrieved 2021-10-12.
6. Kohfeld, Karen; Chase, Zanna. "Carbon dioxide trapped by ice-age oceans raises questions for future". *The Conversation*. Retrieved 2021-10-12.
7. "Zanna Chase - Profiles". *Profiles - University of Tasmania, Australia*. Retrieved 2021-10-14.

## InfoBox

| Zanna Chase | |
| --- | --- |
| Alma mater | Columbia University |
| Awards | ARC Future Fellowship 2013 |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | University of Tasmania |
| Thesis | *Trace elements as regulators (Fe) and recorders (U, Pa, Th, Be) of biological productivity in the ocean* (2001) |
|  | |


title: ZTS: State of Entropy

abstract: ZTS: State of Entropy is a 2002 Australian drama film directed by Stefanos Stefanidis and starring Jai Koutrae and Glen Davenport.

text:
# ZTS: State of Entropy

***ZTS: State of Entropy*** is a 2002 Australian drama film directed by Stefanos Stefanidis and starring Jai Koutrae and Glen Davenport.

## Plot

## Cast

*ZTS: State of Entropy* at IMDb

## InfoBox

| ZTS: State of Entropy | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Stefanos Stefanidis |
| Written by | Shane Kavanagh
Stefanos Stefanidis |
| Produced by | Ulla Decken
Shane Kavanagh |
| Starring | Jai Koutrae
Glen Davenport |
| Cinematography | Peter Coleman |
| Edited by | Shane Kavanagh |
| Music by | Adrian Henderson |
| Distributed by | Entropy Films |
| Release date | * 20 December 2002 (2002-12-20) (Australia) |
| Running time | 81 minutes |
| Country | Australia |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $85,000 AUD |


title: Zakeer Mundampara

abstract: Zakeer Mundampara is an Indian footballer who last played as a midfielder for Indian Super League club Kerala Blasters FC.

text:
# Zakeer Mundampara

**Zakeer Mundampara** is an Indian footballer who last played as a midfielder for Indian Super League club Kerala Blasters FC.

## Early life

Zakeer started taking football seriously at the age of 15. He played for Spandanam, Areekode and Areekode Town Team during his early days as a footballer. He then joined Orient High School for studies where he continued playing football. From there he went to Moorkanad Higher Secondary School and then to MES College, Mampad.

## Career

### SBT

Zakeer joined State Bank of Travancore (SBT) team in 2007. He proved himself to be a good playmaker with vision on the field.

### Viva Kerala

Viva Kerala acquired Mundampara as a midfielder from SBT in 2009, when they gained promotion to the I-league. He was the backbone of the team, helping them to avoid relegation.

### Churchill Brothers

Zakeer accepted a contract offer from Churchill Brothers SC in 2010. He scored his first career goal against Chirag United on 10 April 2011 helping the team secure a win.

### Prayag United

On 31 May 2012, it was announced that Mundampara signed with Prayag United of the I-League.

### Mohun Bagan

On 6 August 2013 ,it was announced that Zakeer has signed for Mohun Bagan on a one-year deal. He made his debut for Mohun Bagan in the I-League on 22 September 2013 against Bengaluru FC at the Bangalore Football Stadium in which he played the whole match and earned a yellow card in the 83rd minute as Mohun Bagan drew the match 1-1.

### Chennaiyin FC

In July 2015, Mundampara was drafted to play for Chennaiyin FC in the 2015 Indian Super League.

## International

Zakeer made his India U-23 debut on 19 June 2011 against Qatar U23 coming on as a 72nd-minute substitute for Shilton D'Silva.

## Honours

**Chennaiyin**

## InfoBox

MP Zakeer
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1990-05-20) 20 May 1990 | | |
| Place of birth | Areekode, Malapuram, Kerala, India | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2007–09 | SBT | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2009–10 | Chirag United Kerala | 29 | (12) |
| 2010–12 | Churchill Brothers | 17 | (5) |
| 2012–13 | United SC | 3 | (0) |
| 2013–14 | Mohun Bagan | 14 | (1) |
| 2014–15 | Salgaocar | 16 | (0) |
| 2015–2017 | Chennaiyin | 10 | (0) |
| 2016 | DSK Shivajians (loan) | 0 | (0) |
| 2017 | Chennai City (loan) | 9 | (0) |
| 2017–2018 | Mumbai City FC | 7 | (0) |
| 2018–2019 | Kerala Blasters FC | 5 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2011 | India U23 | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 17 December 2018 | | | |


title: Nandhini (film)

abstract: Nandhini is a 1997 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by Manobala. The film stars Prakash Raj, Suhasini, Keerthi Reddy, Vineeth, S.P.Balasubrahmanyam, Manivannan and Vadivukkarasi. It was released on 11 July 1997.

text:
# Nandhini (film)

***Nandhini*** is a 1997 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by Manobala. The film stars Prakash Raj, Suhasini, Keerthi Reddy, Vineeth, S.P.Balasubrahmanyam, Manivannan and Vadivukkarasi. It was released on 11 July 1997.

## Plot

Raji, a college going girl, is in love with Suresh but strange stories of her mother Nandhini being linked with Rangaswamy, their paying guest, deeply affect her. Raji questions Rangaswamy but he is deeply anguished by her behaviour and suffers a heart attack that ultimately ends the Good Samaritan's life. Raji is emotionally disturbed and refuses any association with Suresh, and seeks solace with Nandhini. However Nandhini's strange behaviour devastates her and she wishes to resume her relationship with Suresh. Finally, Suresh learns about Prakash and Nandhini's love and reunites with Raji in the end, and escorts her from Chennai to Mumbai. Kannadi Vijay then promises to care for Nandhini.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

The soundtrack was composed by Sirpy.

| Song | Singers | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "ABCD Pola Naam" | Mano, Swarnalatha | 5:39 |
| "Hey Ennai Paar" | Mano | 4:14 |
| "Laila Laila" | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Sujatha | 5:03 |
| "Maanoothu Odaiyila" | Manivannan | 3:46 |
| "Patta Sarakku" | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam | 4:49 |

## Reception

K. N. Vijiyan of *New Straits Times* wrote, "This is one of those movies which you expect to enjoy but instead you are terribly let down".

## InfoBox

| Nandhini | |
| --- | --- |
| Title card | |
| Directed by | Manobala |
| Written by | M. S. Madhu (dialogue) |
| Story by | Ananthu |
| Produced by | V. Natarajan |
| Starring | Prakash Raj
Suhasini
Keerthi Reddy
Vineeth |
| Cinematography | M. Prasad |
| Edited by | Siva-Krishnamoorthy |
| Music by | Sirpy |
| Release date | * 11 July 1997 (1997-07-11) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |


title: Natalie Ball

abstract: Natalie Ball is a Klamath/Modoc interdisciplinary artist based in Chiloquin, Oregon.

text:
# Natalie Ball

**Natalie Ball** (born 1980) is a Klamath/Modoc interdisciplinary artist based in Chiloquin, Oregon.

## Background

Born in Portland, Oregon, Ball is enrolled in the Klamath Tribes. She is also of African-American, Modoc, and Anglo-American descent. Ball is a descendant of Kientpaush, also known as Captain Jack (1837–1873), the chief who led the Modocs to fight the United States in the 1872 Modoc War. Her grandfather was a painter, and her aunt Peggy Ball, was a quiltmaker. Her family moved from Klamath lands to Portland, Oregon, after the Klamath Termination Act was passed in 1954.

Ball has three children, including daughter Lofanitani Aisea.

## Education

Ball earned her bachelor's degree in art and ethnic studies from the University of Oregon, and her master's degree in Maori Visual Arts from Massey University in Palmerston North, New Zealand. She earned her MFA from Yale University School of Art in painting and printmaking in 2018.

## Artwork

Ball's art practice includes installation art, performance art, mixed-media textile art, sculpture, painting, and printmaking. Her textiles often combine stitched words with quilts and dolls that draw upon Modoc and Klamath history. Her aunt taught her quilt making when Ball was young, inspiring the adult artist to challenge assumptions about materials, matrilineal craft, and textiles.

Ball's installation at the 2015 One Flaming Arrow Indigenous Art, Music, & Film Festival in Portland, Oregon incorporated a variety of materials. These included coyote heads, Ball's handmade quilts, and original 19th century newspaper clippings about her great-great-grandfather Kientpaush. Oregon Public Broadcasting noted that freshly cut wood in the installation, "Mapping Coyote Black," rendered the gallery "thick and sweet with piney smells."

Of the installation, Ball has said, "Everyone knows that Coyote is a trickster: intelligent and powerful, and at times Coyote plays the fool. I offer Coyote to viewers as a woman, the avatar of myself as an artist."

Ball characterizes motherhood as central to her identity as an artist and writes that her work "examines internal and external discourses that shape Indian identity." Ball cites performance artist Coco Fusco as an inspiration, particularly Fusco's influential performance piece "Two Undiscovered Amerindians Visit the West," created in collaboration with Guillermo Gómez-Peña.

## Art career

Ball has exhibited internationally, including in Hungary and New Zealand. She was included in the 15th Sharjah Biennial: Thinking Historically in the Present.

Nationally, Ball has exhibited at the Whitney Museum of American Art,Seattle Art Museum, Portland Art Museum, IAIA Museum of Contemporary Native Arts, SOMArts, Disjecta Contemporary Art Center, and the Nerman Museum of Contemporary Art, where she created an installation, *Mapping Coyote Black* in 2015.

## Awards and honors

Ball's many awards include the MRG Foundation's Lilla Jewel Fund Award, Santo Foundation Award, and Oregon Arts Commission's Joan Shipley Award (2016). Also in 2016, the Oregon Arts Commission named Ball an Individual Artist Fellow. In 2018, the Seattle Art Museum gave her the Betty Bowen Award. In 2019, Crow's Shadow Institute of the Arts awarded her a Golden Spot Residency Award.

## InfoBox

| Natalie Ball | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1980 (age 4344)<br>Portland, Oregon |
| Education | MFA Yale School of Art (2018), MA Massey University (2010), BA University of Oregon (2005) |
| Awards | Betty Bowen Award (2018), Lilla Jewel Fund Award, Santo Foundation Award, Joan Shipley Award, Oregon Arts Commission Fellowship |
| Website | nataliemball.com |


title: Začret

abstract: Začret is a small settlement in the City Municipality of Celje in eastern Slovenia. It lies on the eastern outskirts of Celje, east of Trnovlje. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Savinja Statistical Region.

text:
# Začret

**Začret** (pronounced \[zaˈtʃɾeːt\]) is a small settlement in the City Municipality of Celje in eastern Slovenia. It lies on the eastern outskirts of Celje, east of Trnovlje. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Savinja Statistical Region.

## InfoBox

| Začret | |
| --- | --- |
| ZačretLocation in Slovenia | |
| Coordinates: 46°14′47.17″N 15°19′12.23″E / 46.2464361°N 15.3200639°E / 46.2464361; 15.3200639 | |
| Country | Slovenia |
| Traditional region | Styria |
| Statistical region | Savinja |
| Municipality | Celje |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.77 km2 (0.30 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 250 m (820 ft) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 358 |
| Density | 460/km2 (1,200/sq mi) |
|  | |


title: Začula

abstract: Začula (Serbian Cyrillic: Зачула) is a village in the municipality of Ravno, Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the 1991 census it had 23 inhabitants, all of them being Serbs. Prior to the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina it belonged to the Trebinje municipality.

text:
# Začula

**Začula** (Serbian Cyrillic: Зачула) is a village in the municipality of Ravno, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

In the 1991 census it had 23 inhabitants, all of them being Serbs. Prior to the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina it belonged to the Trebinje municipality.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 8, all Serbs.

## InfoBox

| Začula Зачула | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Začula | |
| Coordinates: 42°43′N 18°10′E / 42.717°N 18.167°E / 42.717; 18.167 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Canton | Herzegovina-Neretva |
| Municipality | Ravno |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.08 sq mi (5.40 km2) |
| Population (2013) | |
| Total | 8 |
| Density | 3.8/sq mi (1.5/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Zağalı

abstract: Zağalı is a village and municipality in the Dashkasan Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 401.

text:
# Zağalı

**Zağalı** (also, **Zagaly**) is a village and municipality in the Dashkasan Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 401.

## InfoBox

| Zağalı | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Zağalı | |
| Coordinates: 40°27′26″N 46°03′32″E / 40.45722°N 46.05889°E / 40.45722; 46.05889 | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| Rayon | Dashkasan |
| Population | |
| Total | 401 |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+5 (AZT) |


title: Zatrephes varicolor

abstract: Zatrephes varicolor is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Hervé de Toulgoët in 1987. It is found in French Guiana.

text:
# Zatrephes varicolor

***Zatrephes varicolor*** is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Hervé de Toulgoët in 1987. It is found in French Guiana.

## InfoBox

| *Zatrephes varicolor* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Zatrephes* |
| Species: | ***Z. varicolor*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Zatrephes varicolor***<br>Toulgoët, 1987 | |
|


title: Zatrephes subflavescens

abstract: Zatrephes subflavescens is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Walter Rothschild in 1909. It is found in French Guiana, Brazil and Suriname.

text:
# Zatrephes subflavescens

***Zatrephes subflavescens*** is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Walter Rothschild in 1909. It is found in French Guiana, Brazil and Suriname.

## InfoBox

| *Zatrephes subflavescens* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Zatrephes* |
| Species: | ***Z. subflavescens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Zatrephes subflavescens***<br>Rothschild, 1909 | |
|


title: Zatrephes trailii

abstract: Zatrephes trailii is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1877. It is found in French Guiana, Venezuela and Brazil.

text:
# Zatrephes trailii

***Zatrephes trailii*** is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1877. It is found in French Guiana, Venezuela and Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Zatrephes trailii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Zatrephes* |
| Species: | ***Z. trailii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Zatrephes trailii***<br>Butler, 1877 | |
|


title: Narcos (Anuel AA song)

abstract: "Narcos" is a song by Puerto Rican rapper Anuel AA. It was released on May 29, 2020, through Real Hasta la Muerte and Sony Latin as a track on his second studio album Emmanuel. A video was released on June 26, 2020.

text:
# Narcos (Anuel AA song)

"**Narcos**" is a song by Puerto Rican rapper Anuel AA. It was released on May 29, 2020, through Real Hasta la Muerte and Sony Latin as a track on his second studio album *Emmanuel*. A video was released on June 26, 2020.

## Background

Previously, the song was previewed by Anuel AA multiple times in April, 2020. On May 27, 2021, Anuel AA announced his second studio album *Emmanuel*, and "Narcos" was included as the eight track.

## Commercial performance

"Narcos" debuted and peaked at number 13 on the *Billboard* Hot Latin Songs dated June 13, 2020. The song also debuted at number 25 on Spain's official chart dated May 29, 2020, before reaching its peak at number 15 in its third week on the chart.

## Music video

The video was released on June 26, 2020. It was produced by Fernando Lugo and has received over 200 million views on YouTube. It was directed by Mike Ho, with studio parts and outdoor parts, in which Anuel teaches his fans to do the famous choreography "El Baile del Dinero".

## Charts

### Weekly charts

| Chart (2020) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Spain (PROMUSICAE) | 15 |
| US Hot Latin Songs (*Billboard*) | 13 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (2020) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot Latin Songs (*Billboard*) | 71 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Spain (PROMUSICAE) | Platinum | 40,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "Narcos" | |
| --- | --- |
| Song by Anuel AA | |
| from the album  *Emmanuel* | |
| Language | Spanish |
| Released | May 29, 2020 (2020-05-29) |
| Genre | Latin trap |
| Length | 4:20 |
| Label | Real Hasta la Muerte |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Narcos" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Narcoossee, Florida

abstract: Narcoossee is an unincorporated community in eastern Osceola County, Florida, United States. It is located on the east side of East Lake Tohopekaliga. The only major road which runs through Narcoossee is County Road 15, commonly referred to as Narcoossee Road, which connects to U.S. Route 192. Every spring starting in the mid 1990s, the community held the annual Battle at Narcoossee Mill in Chisolm Park, which was a Civil War reenactment. The event was discontinued in 2024 due to upcoming development at the park taking place soon.

text:
# Narcoossee, Florida

**Narcoossee** is an unincorporated community in eastern Osceola County, Florida, United States. It is located on the east side of East Lake Tohopekaliga. The only major road which runs through Narcoossee is County Road 15, commonly referred to as Narcoossee Road, which connects to U.S. Route 192. Every spring starting in the mid 1990s, the community held the annual Battle at Narcoossee Mill in Chisolm Park, which was a Civil War reenactment. The event was discontinued in 2024 due to upcoming development at the park taking place soon.

## History

Narcoossee began in the late 19th century as a settlement by E. Nelson Fell, on a huge tract of land on the shore of East Lake Tohopekaliga. The town name is derived from the Creek word for "black bear."

English settlers began to arrive in 1883, drawn by newspaper advertisements extolling the virtues of the area and its citrus groves, promising an annual income of $10,000 once the groves matured. In 1888 the St. Cloud & Sugar Belt Railway (later renamed the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad) came through the town area, expanding the citrus shipping possibilities and improving the local economy. One of the prominent English citizens built Saint Peter's Episcopal Church which opened in 1898. After a series of hard freezes in the 1890s that wiped out citrus groves and a severe drought in 1908, many settlers gave up and left the area. In 1910, Fell acquired title to 144 square miles (370 km2) in Indian River County, founded the town of Fellsmere, and took many of the Narcoossee settlers with him. Only two families remained, and the church closed. In 1930, the church building was dismantled and moved to St. Cloud where it was joined to the existing church there becoming the church of St Luke and St Peter. Like the Central Florida area around it, population growth has spread to Narcoosee both from Orlando and from St Cloud with housing developments springing up. The heart of the 'town' rests at the blinking light which is the intersection of Jones Road and Highway 15, also known as Narcoossee Road.

Narcoossee is part of the OrlandoKissimmee Metropolitan Statistical Area.

28°18′N 81°14′W / 28.300°N 81.233°W / 28.300; -81.233


title: Narcopolis (novel)

abstract: Narcopolis is the debut novel of Indian author Jeet Thayil, which was shortlisted for the 2012 Man Booker Prize. It is set in 1970s Old Bombay and concerns opium and its influence. The novel's narrator arrives in Bombay, where he becomes seduced into the opium underground. The story expands to encompass such characters as Dimple, a hijra, Rashid, the opium house's owner, and Mr Lee, a former Chinese officer, all of whom have stories to tell.

text:
# Narcopolis (novel)

***Narcopolis*** is the debut novel of Indian author Jeet Thayil, which was shortlisted for the 2012 Man Booker Prize. It is set in 1970s Old Bombay and concerns opium and its influence. The novel's narrator arrives in Bombay, where he becomes seduced into the opium underground. The story expands to encompass such characters as Dimple, a *hijra*, Rashid, the opium house's owner, and Mr Lee, a former Chinese officer, all of whom have stories to tell.

## Autobiography element

The novel draws on his own experiences as a drug addict, and what he calls "the lost 20 years of my life". it took him five years to write the novel, and he called it "the opposite of catharsis. Catharsis gets stuff out of you. But this put bad feelings into me." Thayil decided to call the book *Narcopolis* "because Bombay seemed to me a city of intoxication, where the substances on offer were drugs and alcohol, of course, but also god, glamour, power, money and sex".

## Reception

Highly regarded as one of the leading postmodern poets of India, Thayil expertly weaves poetry and prose in this breakthrough work. On *The Omnivore*, an aggregator of British press reviews, the book received an score of 3.5 out of 5.

According to *The Guardian*, "Narcopolis is a blistering debut that can indeed stand proudly on the shelf next to Burroughs and De Quincey."

## InfoBox

Narcopolis
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Jeet Thayil |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Penguin Books |
| Publication date | 26 September 2012 |
| Pages | 304 pages |
| ISBN | 0143123033 |


title: National Highway 8 (India)

abstract: National Highway 8 is a National Highway in India running from Karimganj in Assam to Sabroom in Tripura. It ends at Maitri Setu, a bridge which connects to Ramgarh in Chittagong, Bangladesh. It is not to be confused with former NH 8 (Delhi-Jaipur-Baroda-Bombay), which has been renumbered NH 48. The highway is being constructed and maintained by the National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (NHIDCL).

text:
# National Highway 8 (India)

**National Highway 8** (**NH 8**) is a National Highway in India running from Karimganj in Assam to Sabroom in Tripura. It ends at Maitri Setu, a bridge which connects to Ramgarh in Chittagong, Bangladesh.

It is not to be confused with former NH 8 (Delhi-Jaipur-Baroda-Bombay), which has been renumbered NH 48. The highway is being constructed and maintained by the National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (NHIDCL).

Route mapRoute map

## InfoBox

| National Highway 8 | |
| --- | --- |
| Map of the National Highway 8 in red | |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Length | 371 km (231 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| North end | Karimganj, Assam |
| South end | Maitri Setu, Sabroom, Tripura |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | India |
| States | Assam, Tripura |
| Primary<br>destinations | Patharkandi \- Churaibari \- Ambasa \- Teliamura \- Khayerpur \- Agartala \- Udaipur |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| NH 37   NH 8 | |