title: Xavras Wyżryn

abstract: Xavras Wyżryn is an alternate history novel by the Polish science fiction writer Jacek Dukaj, published in 1997. An alternate history novels, it discusses Polish martyrology, circling on the philosophical aspects of war, shows the thin line between terrorism and freedom fighters. It has lots of action, which makes it a member of a military science fiction genre. The story's divergence point is set during the Polish–Soviet War by ending in a decisive Soviet victory. The actual story takes place in the 1990s and is told from the point of view of an American reporter, who is an embedded journalist with the anti-Soviet Polish resistance. In 1996, a young American reporter, Ian Smith, is sent by his news network to the Soviet republic of Poland, to document guerrilla actions of Polish freedom fighters against the Soviet regime. His task includes interviewing the charimastic leader of Polish Freedom Army, Colonel Xavras Wyżryn. Smith does not realize that during his long trip from Ukrainian steppes to Moscow along with hardened veterans of Polish forces, he will experience the horror of war in which there is no good and evil side. He also expect to find himself in the midst of the most reckless of Wyżryn's campaigns in which the Polish forces capture a Soviet atomic bomb and start to smuggle it towards Moscow.

text:
# Xavras Wyżryn

***Xavras Wyżryn*** \[ˈksävräs ˈvɨ̞ʐrɨ̞̃n\] is an alternate history novel by the Polish science fiction writer Jacek Dukaj, published in 1997. An alternate history novels, it discusses Polish martyrology, circling on the philosophical aspects of war, shows the thin line between terrorism and freedom fighters. It has lots of action, which makes it a member of a military science fiction genre.

The story's divergence point is set during the Polish–Soviet War by ending in a decisive Soviet victory. The actual story takes place in the 1990s and is told from the point of view of an American reporter, who is an embedded journalist with the anti-Soviet Polish resistance.

In 1996, a young American reporter, Ian Smith, is sent by his news network to the Soviet republic of Poland, to document guerrilla actions of Polish freedom fighters against the Soviet regime. His task includes interviewing the charimastic leader of Polish Freedom Army, Colonel Xavras Wyżryn. Smith does not realize that during his long trip from Ukrainian steppes to Moscow along with hardened veterans of Polish forces, he will experience the horror of war in which there is no good and evil side. He also expect to find himself in the midst of the most reckless of Wyżryn's campaigns in which the Polish forces capture a Soviet atomic bomb and start to smuggle it towards Moscow.

## Editions

The story has had two editions. It was first published in 1997, in a book entitled *Xavras Wyżryn*, which contained the title story with a second one, "Zanim Noc" ("Before the Night").

In 2004, the story was reprinted in *Xavras Wyżryn i inne fikcje narodowe* (*Xavras Wyżryn and Other National Fictions*) and was this time accompanied by the following three short stories: "Sprawa Rudryka Z." ("The Case of Rudryk Z."), "Przyjaciel prawdy" ("Friend of the Truth") and "Gotyk" ("Gothic").

## Summary

### Backstory

After World War I, Poland managed to regain its freedom but not for long since the Polish–Soviet War was lost in 1920. Poland became a Soviet republic, along with the Ukraine and the Baltic states. In the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin quickly took the chair of first secretary, and his regime tried to eradicate the Polish culture to prevent any Polish uprisings of the kind that had shaken the Russian Empire in the 19th century. Thousands of Polish civilians were sent to Siberia. Speaking Polish or using the national symbols of Poland was punishable by death.

The increased power of the Soviet Union and the Republic of China meant that the League of Nations soon signed treaties with the Soviets that allowed them to annex Poland. Meanwhile, another power rose in the south since the followers of Islam created a huge empire in the Middle East. The United States was far enough to ignore European problems but supported those armies conflict with the Soviet forces. Those conflicts were relatively minor and were mostly only "border engagements", as the media called them.

In 1935, however, the "Great Bolshevik War" had the Soviets attempt to take control over Western Europe. The war took place mostly on the former Polish and Ukrainian territories and lasted until 1944, when Allied forces dropped three atomic bombs on Leningrad, Kyiv and Warsaw to stop the Soviet armies. Millions were killed in the explosions, and many more died of radiation poisoning. The area between the three bombed cities became known as the "Atomic Triangle". Children born there died at a young age from radiation sickness, and the few who survived were consumed by mutations.

The Bolshevik War ended with the Treaties of Berlin, which were signed on Prussian territory. The Soviet Union and the League of Nations agreed to stop the bloodshed. Still, the countries taken by force in 1920 remained Soviet republics.

After Stalin's death at the end of 1981, the Soviet regime in Poland eased up slightly, but the Soviets still maintained a huge garrison force there since they remembered all the Polish uprisings in Russia during the partitions of Poland. People living inside the "Atomic Triangle" became hardened nearly soulless creatures, balanced on the edge of death and became numb because of the great suffering of the whole nation. Meanwhile, the Soviets had some minor border conflicts with China, Sweden and Prussia.

The status quo lasted until 1988, when Xavras Wyżryn appeared. He quickly organised a considerable guerrilla force, commanded his troops with uncommon charisma and valour and fought the Soviets on their own ground. His legend quickly spread around the world, and his victories inspired other nations to fight against the Soviets. Many local conflicts started, when Hungary, the Balkans, Czechoslovakia and Ukraine also started their own revolutions against Soviet occupants. In the south, the power of the Islamic empire increased under the command of a figure known only as Muhammad's Son. The war in the Middle East began and was reminiscent of the old wars between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. In the east, China took the opportunity to attack the weakened Soviets and started yet another conflict. The whole Central-Eastern Europe was now known the European War Zone (EWZ), and reached as far as Constantinople in the south, Finland in the north, the border with Prussia in the west and the Dnieper River in the east. Battles took place mostly on radiated polluted territory.

### Main plot

The plot of the novel starts in 1996. The whole European War Zone is no man's land, and its Soviet control is based on a strategy of "shoot first, ask questions later". Various partisan groups in an uneasy truce one another are scattered throughout the area and engaged in battles against small Soviet garrisons. German troops make occasional raids across the Polish border to test Soviet defences, and the Soviets retaliate in kind. Meanwhile, China's forces advance toward the Ural Mountains, and Muhammad's Son prepares a jihad in the Middle East. The US government secretly finances the guerrillas, and Western Europe fortifies its borders to defend against presumed Soviet or a Chinese attack, the latter of which is more feared.

## Main characters

* **Colonel Xavras Wyżryn** is the commander of the AWP or Armia Wyzwolenia Polski (Polish Liberation Army), a considerable guerrilla force fighting the Soviet army in the European War Zone. His past is a mystery. He was born within the "Atomic Triangle" and has a visible mutation - the skin on his hands is red, as if burned. He was a junior officer in the Red Army, until he deserted and formed the AWP. He is a truly charismatic leader, inspiring his men to do unbelievable things, even sacrificing their lives for the "higher cause". For the freedom of his country he is capable of killing everyone standing in his way, including women, children and even his own men, calling this a "sacrifice for a better future". He is seen as a terrorist by the Soviets and as a romantic, tragic hero in the West. In the United States, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer has even made a blockbuster movie about him, entitled "Uncatchable". A major US news network signed a contract with Wyżryn, offering him $250 million for exclusive interviews and footage from battlefields. Xavras understands the importance of media and propaganda in modern warfare, so he censors the footage before it is sent to the network and makes himself a television celebrity.
* **Ian Smith** \- US news reporter sent by the network to film Xavras' actions. Because of his Polish descent and linguistic abilities, he is the network's natural choice after the previous reporter attached to Wyżryn was killed in action. Raised in a democratic country, he has moral doubts about Xavras and considers his brutal methods no better than the Soviet ones. The story is told from his point of view.
* **Jewriej** (English: Yevrey) - Xavras' mysterious aide and advisor, with his face hidden behind a Balaclava, because of his alleged disfigurement, the result of mutation. It is said that radiation gave him precognition abilities and that Xavras is using them to escape Russian ambushes and to plan his actions.
* **Sienkiewicz's Triple** \- Three trusted companions of Xavras, who took their names (Michał, Andrzej and Jan) after the characters from the books of Henryk Sienkiewicz. Their missions are mostly undercover and they can almost literally disappear. It is they who lead Smith to Xavras' hideout.
* **Two Bodyguards** \- Xavras' guards, which are named by Ian after the biblical quotes printed on their T-shirts, because he does not know their real names and they look like twin brothers: "Another Horse Came Out, a Fiery Red One" (Revelation 6:4) and "The Sea Gave Up the Dead" (Revelation 20:13). Their fighting skills are exceptional and they are Xavras' most trusted soldiers.

## Analysis

One of the author's inspirations was the First Chechen War; Xavras's guerrillas fighting against Soviet forces resemble Chechens battling with the Russian Army. The novel was analyzed in the context of the nuclear weapon motif in literature. Other threads of the work that received literary commentaries concern, among others, national and religious symbolism, the morality of terrorism and the role of the media in shaping public opinion. The novel has also been described as historiosophic, concerned with the great man theory. Piotr Przytuła wrote that Xavras Wyżryn is a story about how pop culture appropriates and transforms historical figures.

The main character of the novel, Xavras Wyżryn, is a character referring to Polish 19th-century romantic national liberation traditions, but at the same time, a terrorist using nuclear weapons, described as "the ayatollah of \[...\] Catholic jihad".

Critics debate whether the story is patriotic or antipatriotic. As in the Chechen conflict, neither side holds a moral high ground since both commit horrible war crimes to reach their goals. After the September 11 attacks in 2001, a story about terrorists calling themselves "freedom fighters" gained much more meaning, and the book's dialogues on morals, ethics and freedom become deeper than ever.

## InfoBox

Xavras Wyżryn
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Jacek Dukaj |
| Cover artist | Bogusław Polch |
| Language | Polish |
| Genre | Science fiction, Alternate history |
| Published | 1997 (SuperNOVA) (1st edition), Wydawnictwo Literackie (2nd edition) |
| Publication place | Poland |
| Media type | Paperback, printed in both editions with author's other novels |
| Pages | 150 (counted excluding other novels printed within the same paperback) |
| ISBN | 83-7054-118-6 (1st edition) |
| OCLC | 39273390 |


title: XPF

abstract:
XPF may refer to:
  - CFP franc, the currency used in the French overseas collectivities of French Polynesia, New Caledonia and Wallis and Futuna
  - ERCC4, an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ERCC4 gene
  - The Extended Control Program Facility (XPF), a component of the IBM i operating system
  - X Prize Foundation; offers inducement prize contests to encourage spaceflight and other technological development
  - a LMMS Preset File

text:
# XPF

**XPF** may refer to:

* CFP franc, the currency used in the French overseas collectivities (collectivités d’outre-mer, or COM) of French Polynesia, New Caledonia and Wallis and Futuna
* ERCC4, an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the *ERCC4* gene
* The Extended Control Program Facility (XPF), a component of the IBM i operating system
* X Prize Foundation; offers inducement prize contests to encourage spaceflight and other technological development
* a LMMS Preset File


title: XXL Sport & Villmark

abstract: XXL ASA is a Norwegian sporting goods retailer with brick and mortar stores and online stores in the Nordics and Austria. XXL is the largest and fastest growing sports retailer by revenue in the Nordic region. XXL's headquarter is located in Oslo, Norway. The company is listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange. XXL opened its first store in central Oslo in 2001 and online store in 2002.

text:
# XXL Sport & Villmark

**XXL ASA** is a Norwegian sporting goods retailer with brick and mortar stores and online stores in the Nordics and Austria. XXL is the largest and fastest growing sports retailer by revenue in the Nordic region. XXL's headquarter is located in Oslo, Norway. The company is listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange. XXL opened its first store in central Oslo in 2001 and online store in 2002.

## InfoBox

XXL ASA
|
|  |
| Company type | Allmennaksjeselskap |
| Traded as | OSE: XXL |
| Industry | Retail |
| Founded | 2001 |
| Founder | Øivind Tidemandsen |
| Headquarters | Oslo, Norway |
| Area served | Norway
Sweden
Finland
Denmark
Austria |
| Products | Sportswear
Sporting goods
Sports apparel
Outdoor apparel
Running shoes
Bicycles
Cycling equipment
Football
Ice hockey
Skating
Golf
Disc golf
Floorball
Tennis
Badminton
Handball
Horse riding
Skateboarding
Cross-Country skiing
Alpine skiing
Snowboarding
Hiking
Climbing
Fishing
Hunting
Fitness
Protein nutrition
Heartrate monitors
Optics
Sport tech |
| Website | https://www.xxlasa.com/ |


title: Xanthium spinosum

abstract: Xanthium spinosum is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by many common names, including spiny cocklebur, prickly burweed and Bathurst burr. This species is part of the genus Xanthium that encompasses 25 different species of flowering plants of the daisy family, Asteraceae, and sunflower tribe.

text:
# Xanthium spinosum

***Xanthium spinosum*** (also known as *Acanthoxanthium spinosum*) is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by many common names, including **spiny cocklebur**, **prickly burweed** and **Bathurst burr**. This species is part of the genus *Xanthium* that encompasses 25 different species of flowering plants of the daisy family, Asteraceae, and sunflower tribe.

## Distribution

It is known worldwide as a noxious weed that grows in many types of disturbed habitats such as pastures, crops, waterways, grasslands, flood plains, waste areas, and sometimes tropical and arid environments. Its original native range is not known but it may have come from South America, possibly from Chile. The plant is found in various regions across the world including Canada, the US, Central America, parts of Africa and the Middle East, China, Russia and Australia.

## Description

*Xanthium spinosum* is an upright, highly branched, dichotomous, annual herb producing a slender stem up to 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) tall or slightly taller. It is lined at intervals with very long, sharp, yellowish, three pronged spines which may exceed three centimeters in length. These spines are typically found at the base of each leaf fork.

The leaves are irregularly lobed or lance-shaped lobed, the middle is much longer than the others, and have white veins down the center. They are arranged spirally or alternately along the stem. Each is up to 10 or 12 centimeters long and are dark green or grayish on top, pale green or whitish underneath and are covered in downy hairs.

*Xanthium spinosum* flowers between summer and late fall, typically from July to October in the northern hemisphere. The plant produces male and female flower heads that are monoecious and form greenish axillary or solitary inflorescence clusters. The male flowers are bulbous and found in dense clusters at the tips of stems near the topmost leaves. Female flowers are found at the leaf forks on lower leaves and develop into burs. The burs are one or 1.5 centimeters long and covered in small hook-like spines. Each bur has two seeds inside it that are flattened and have a thick coat. The spiny burs are easily dispersed to new areas when they become attached to animals, people, and objects, or float on water.

## Uses

*Xanthium spinosum*, as well as others within the genus, are used in many traditional medicinal treatments. The chloroform extracts found in the plant are used to treat numerous ailments such as hydrophobia, rabies, fevers, diarrhea, and cancer. In Chinese medicinal practices, the methanol extracts found in the leaves and fruits are used to treat inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. This species can also be toxic to humans, as it produces toxins that cause nephrotoxic effects, causing damage to the kidneys.

## Agricultural & ecological effects

*Xanthium spinosum* is classified as an invasive weed of many crops. This plant negatively impacts crops such as: cotton, maize, sunflowers, tomatoes, soybeans, sugarcane, and other annual or perennial crops. It decreases the health of the ecosystem it takes over and threatens the loss of the native species that inhabit the area as well as lowers the biodiversity. It also threatens the health and well being of the animals that inhabit the areas where it is found. If livestock ingests *Xanthium spinosum*, the livestock will become poisoned and could potentially make its way into a human. The plants, especially new seedlings, are toxic to livestock. This plant is also toxic to humans.

Bur damage to sheep's wool reduces its value.

## InfoBox

| *Xanthium spinosum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | *Xanthium* |
| Species: | ***X. spinosum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xanthium spinosum***<br>L. | |
|


title: Y-Mag

abstract: Y-Mag is a South African magazine established in 1998 from a joint partnership between Studentwise, publishers of white youth targeted SL Magazine, and black youth targeted Johannesburg radio station YFM.

text:
# Y-Mag

***Y-Mag*** is a South African magazine established in 1998 from a joint partnership between Studentwise, publishers of white youth targeted *SL Magazine*, and black youth targeted Johannesburg radio station YFM.

## History

Published under the pay-off "Y - because I want to know", the magazine was targeted to tap into the market that made YFM the biggest regional station at the time. This was what was referred to as the *Y Generation*, a "freedom's children" that got to celebrate the freedom of an apartheid-free South Africa. As poet Lebo Mashile explained:

> "if we were 20 or 30 in the 1970s and 1980s we would have been using everything we had to fight Apartheid... but now we have the freedom and space to do what we want with our talent and we have the ability to really manifest our dreams..."

Under founder editors S'busiso 'The General' Nxumalo and Itumeleng Mahabane, Y quickly came to encapsulate this spirit of freedom of expression. Like YFM, its emphasis was on urban street culture with a strong focus on the sounds of post-apartheid black South Africa, especially Kwaito. Written in spoken English with drops of Scamto, it was filled with diverse youth interests without ever narrowing them down to just entertainment. From the relationship between kwaito's apolitical, "hedonistic and flighty preoccupations", to President Thabo Mbeki's macroeconomic ideology, and to the politics of fashion and the aesthetic of struggle, this publication is very well rounded.

This radical challenge to the binary opposition of political/apolitical placed *Y* a step or two ahead of other mainstream magazines, intended for both black and white audiences. This also meant that corporate advertisers remained at arm's length. Inevitably, the magazine gave in to market pressures and changes at the radio station. Both Nxumalo and Mahabane stepped down as editors. Since then, Y has continued under no less than eight different editors, but it has never recaptured the idealism or attitude of those first few issues.

* Owen, John. "Y boosts youth magazine market," Mail & Guardian, June 23, 1998.
* Matabane, Khalo. "Waiting for Bongani," Mail & Guardian, January 14, 1999.

*Material in this article is duplicated from chimurengalibrary.co.za, which is released by GFDL.*

## InfoBox

*Y-Mag*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Editor | Sbusiso 'The General' Nxumalo, Nicole Turner, Sandile Dikeni |
| Categories | Cultural Magazine |
| Frequency | Monthly |
| Founded | 1998 (1998) |
| Country | South Africa |
| Language | English |


title: Xanthomorda aequalis

abstract: Xanthomorda aequalis is a beetle in the genus Xanthomorda of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1990 by Batten.

text:
# Xanthomorda aequalis

***Xanthomorda aequalis*** is a beetle in the genus *Xanthomorda* of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1990 by Batten.

## InfoBox

| *Xanthomorda aequalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Mordellidae |
| Subfamily: | Mordellinae |
| Tribe: | Mordellistenini |
| Genus: | *Xanthomorda* |
| Species: | ***X. aequalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xanthomorda aequalis***<br>Batten, 1990 | |
|


title: Xinxianglu

abstract: Xinxianglu Subdistrict is a Subdistrict in Xiangxiang City, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China.

text:
# Xinxianglu

**Xinxianglu Subdistrict** (Chinese: 新湘路街道; pinyin: *Xīnxiānglù Jiēdào*) is a Subdistrict in Xiangxiang City, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China.

## Cityscape

The township is divided into five villages and seven communities, the following areas: Beizhengjie Community, Honglun Community, Xingang Community, Xianglvzerenyouxiangongsi Community, Haotang Community, Meiping Community, Changqiao Community, Chengxi Village, Baituo Village, Xiangxiangchachang Village, Xiangxiangyuanyichang Village, and Xiangxiangxumuchang Village (北正街社区、红仑社区、新港社区、湖南湘铝有限责任公司社区、壕塘社区、梅坪社区、长桥社区、城西村、白托村、湘乡茶场村、湘乡园艺场村、湘乡畜牧场村).

## InfoBox

| Xinxianglu Subdistrict 新湘路街道 | |
| --- | --- |
| Subdistrict | |
| Xinxianglu SubdistrictLocation in Hunan | |
| Coordinates: 27°44′09″N 112°31′19″E / 27.73583°N 112.52194°E / 27.73583; 112.52194 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Hunan |
| Prefecture-level city | Xiangtan |
| County-level city | Xiangxiang |
| Area | |
| Total | 20.03 km2 (7.73 sq mi) |
| Population | 89,000 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 411400 |
| Area code | 0732 |


title: Y3S

abstract: Y3S was the callsign of an East German time signal station. The station was operated by the Measurements and Standards Service of the DDR in Berlin. The transmitter was located at Nauen Transmitter Station. The station transmitted in the HF band on 4.525 MHz with 5 kW. The transmission consisted of second pulses of 100 ms duration. Minute pulses were 500 ms long. Minute and hour information was transmitted in BCD code by modifying pulses of seconds 41 to 55. The vernerl time signal was transmitted on long wave from East Berlin at 11:55 for 5 minutes

text:
# Y3S

**Y3S** was the callsign of an East German time signal station. The station was operated by the Measurements and Standards Service of the DDR in Berlin. The transmitter was located at Nauen Transmitter Station.

The station transmitted in the HF band on 4.525 MHz with 5 kW. The transmission consisted of second pulses of 100 ms duration. Minute pulses were 500 ms long. Minute and hour information was transmitted in BCD code by modifying pulses of seconds 41 to 55. The vernerl time signal was transmitted on long wave from East Berlin at 11:55 for 5 minutes

## Notes and references

52°38′52″N 12°54′35″E / 52.6477°N 12.9098°E / 52.6477; 12.9098


title: YFK-International Kashmir Lobby Group

abstract: YFK-International Kashmir Lobby Group is a non-governmental organization working on strategies for peaceful conflict resolution and protection of human rights in the disputed region of Jammu & Kashmir. Headquartered in Islamabad, Pakistan, YFK is a registered NGO run by rotating teams of specialists in human rights, diplomacy, and international law, drawn from university scholars and students, journalists, members of the academia, young political activists, and human rights defenders from mainly Pakistan and AJK. This includes young Kashmiris from refugee families that sought exile in Pakistan after escaping violence in Kashmir post-1989. The organization advocates for the right to self-determination for Kashmiris through a plebiscite to decide whether Kashmir joins India or Pakistan, as provisioned under United Nations Security Council Resolution 47. The group apparently scaled back its operations since 2022 due to a fall in donations from inside Pakistan and the Kashmiri diaspora internationally, as Pakistan's economic crunch impacted the work of civil society organizations. Also, the political turmoil in Pakistan in 2022-2023 eclipsed all other issues.

text:
# YFK-International Kashmir Lobby Group

**YFK-International Kashmir Lobby Group (Youth Forum for Kashmir)** (*full name*) is a non-governmental organization working on strategies for peaceful conflict resolution and protection of human rights in the disputed region of Jammu & Kashmir (Indian-administered and Pakistan-administered Kashmir). Headquartered in Islamabad, Pakistan, YFK is a registered NGO run by rotating teams of specialists in human rights, diplomacy, and international law, drawn from university scholars and students, journalists, members of the academia, young political activists, and human rights defenders from mainly Pakistan and AJK (Azad Kashmir). This includes young Kashmiris from refugee families that sought exile in Pakistan after escaping violence in Kashmir post-1989. The organization advocates for the right to self-determination for Kashmiris through a plebiscite to decide whether Kashmir joins India or Pakistan, as provisioned under United Nations Security Council Resolution 47. The group apparently scaled back its operations since 2022 due to a fall in donations from inside Pakistan and the Kashmiri diaspora internationally, as Pakistan's economic crunch impacted the work of civil society organizations. Also, the political turmoil in Pakistan in 2022-2023 eclipsed all other issues.

## History

**YFK** (*abbreviated*) was founded in 2013 by Muhammed Mian Soomro, a Pakistani politician who served as a banker, and a former Senate chairman. He currently serves as the Federal Minister for Privatization. The idea stemmed from generational shifts in the conflict in India, Pakistan, and Kashmir that required a new approach to conflict-resolution without compromising principles. It is one of many Kashmir-related organizations created in Pakistan, a country that is home to the second largest Kashmiri population outside the historic State of Jammu & Kashmir. Pakistan is also home to Kashmiri refugees from various India-Pakistan wars over the territory. YFK receives donations from Pakistani and Kashmiri businessmen to fund its operations. The organization is audited by private accountants and it is accountable, as an NGO, to the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP).

## Conflict and human rights

The organization refers to itself as ‘**YFK-International Kashmir Lobby Group**’ in the long form or simply YFK. It liaises with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan, the Government of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, United Nations mechanisms, and likeminded INGOs to build momentum for the peaceful end to the conflict in Kashmir, and to promote the civil and political rights of Kashmiris. To achieve these objectives, YFK works with media organizations; publishes policy briefs and conducts seminars and workshops.

The organization has listed Kashmiri identity and culture as key concerns, and fears fatigue, time, and other international developments could further diminish the already limited global interest in this conflict. To generate and circulate knowledge on Kashmir in this long, drawn-out conflict, YFK conducts training sessions to prepare speakers conversant in various aspects of the conflict (political, legal, women, children, human rights, diplomacy) to engage a global audience.

## Notable staff

YFK is a relatively young organization (established in 2013). Some of the notable persons associated with it, currently and in the past, are:

* Muhammad Mian Soomro, founding patron-in-chief
* Sardar Asadullah Khan, a politician from AJK
* Altaf Hussain Wani, a teacher and academic from Indian-administered Kashmir, board member, YFK; Chairman, Kashmir Institute of International Relations (KIIR)
* Qaswar Saeed Mirza, former senior communications official, Presidency of Pakistan (*deceased*)
* Nawabzada Riaz Hussain Qureshi, agriculturalist, and politician (*deceased*)
* Ahmed Quraishi, Pakistani journalist, and former executive director at YFK
* Zaman Bajwa Executive Director YFK; Recipient of Journalism award by the government of Azerbaijan
* Sardarzada Umair Hasni, advisor to Chief Minister of Balochistan
* Shaista Safi, rights activist, and daughter of Kashmiri politician Ghulam Mohammad Safi
* Maria Iqbal Tarana, Former member YFK, Pakistani woman rights activist and politician from AJK
* Maria Atiq, Pakistani diplomat, interned with YFK during university before joining the foreign service
* Ghulam Shabbir, Former Pakistani media producer and digital media advocacy activist

## Publications

Producing books and papers on Kashmir is a stated YFK objective, mainly due to a general scarcity of books on Kashmir in Pakistan, India, and internationally. India's Hindustan Times notes that, "Unlike Palestine and Northern Ireland, not much has been written about Kashmir." YFK representatives have complained at various speaking engagements that the organization's library of books and publications contains few quality works on Kashmir produced in Pakistan.

Titles of some recent YFK publications:

## Criticism

Critics (mostly on social media) have criticized *YFK-International Kashmir Lobby Group* for not more robustly criticizing Government of Pakistan policies on Kashmir. Ideological Kashmiri activists that promote Kashmir independence from both India and Pakistan view YFK as a status quo organization. YFK has also been dubbed a pro-Pakistan lobby group. Variations of these criticisms have been received by YFK accounts on Twitter in the 2014–2020 period.

In their various speaking engagements, YFK lobbyists have defended themselves by citing their varied work, writings, and activism where they criticized Pakistani officials, and where they did not align with official Pakistani positions on contacts with India, insisting on maintaining close contacts with members of Indian civil society when Pakistan and India downgraded their diplomatic relations; also welcoming former President Trump’s statements on Kashmir despite the cool reception from the Pakistani government and political parties, and taking the lead in showing empathy for the citizens of India during the 2021 COVID surge and oxygen shortage.

Some YFK members publicly criticized Pakistan government's diplomatic focus on Gaza-Israel conflict in May 2021, and compared it to what they said was tepid Pakistani diplomacy on Kashmir.

Generally, YFK positions on Kashmir policies of India and Pakistan strike a balance between criticism and lobbying.

## Achievements

Between 2013 and 2021, YFK played a role in mobilising Pakistan's media and public opinion on Kashmir, contributing to a noticeable gradual return of interest in Kashmir-related developments to the limelight in Pakistani politics. In the process, several YFK members became authorities on the subject for Pakistani media and Pakistan-based international media.

On 4 February 2021, a senior YFK official announced that "India is not an enemy for Pakistan and Kashmiris." The conciliatory statement was important because it was made at the Presidency of Pakistan in Islamabad in front of a select audience that included the President of Pakistan, the Foreign Minister, and the National Security Advisor. The event was broadcast on state-run television.

In 2014, YFK introduced the term **‘Kashmir is the unfinished agenda of Pakistani independence**.’ The term, first used in a YFK press statement on Pakistan Resolution Day in March 2014, captured the imagination of Pakistani media and political elite and was tweeted by the spokesman of Pakistan Armed Forces on 3 June 2015, and borrowed later by former Chief of Army Staff Gen. Raheel Sharif in a speech he made on the same day.

On 10 March 2018, a short film produced by YFK on the life of prominent Pakistani human rights activist Asma Jahangir was screened at a side event at the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva.


title: Xiqi Gao

abstract: This is a Chinese name; the family name is Gao. Xiqi Gao is currently the Deputy Director of the State Key Laboratory for Mobile Communications and member of the Academic Committee of Southeast University in Nanjing, China. Gao received the 2011 IEEE Communications Society Stephen O. Rice Prize in the field of communications theory for his paper titled "MIMO Multichannel Beamforming: SER and Outage Using New Eigenvalue Distributions of Complex Noncentral Wishart Matrices". The paper was co-authored with Prof. Matthew McKay, Shi Jin, and Iain B. Collings. The paper contributed to research on multiple-antenna wireless communication systems that enables a high rate of information to be sent across the world without any additional power or bandwidth. He was named a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2015 for contributions to broadband wireless communications and multirate signal processing.

text:
# Xiqi Gao

*This is a Chinese name; the family name is Gao.*

**Xiqi Gao** (born March, 1967) is currently the Deputy Director of the State Key Laboratory for Mobile Communications and member of the Academic Committee of Southeast University in Nanjing, China.

Gao received the 2011 IEEE Communications Society Stephen O. Rice Prize in the field of communications theory for his paper titled "MIMO Multichannel Beamforming: SER and Outage Using New Eigenvalue Distributions of Complex Noncentral Wishart Matrices". The paper was co-authored with Prof. Matthew McKay, Shi Jin, and Iain B. Collings.

The paper contributed to research on multiple-antenna wireless communication systems that enables a high rate of information to be sent across the world without any additional power or bandwidth.

He was named a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2015 for *contributions to broadband wireless communications and multirate signal processing*.


title: Yahya Yakhlif

abstract: Yahya Yakhlif is a Palestinian writer and a novelist. He was born in Samakh, a Palestinian village that was abandoned during the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight, when Yakhlif was 4 years old. Consequently, Yakhlif and his family became displaced refugees. As an author and novelist, Yakhlif has published several novels and short story collections. His novel about the last days of Samakh, A Lake Beyond the Wind, was translated into English by Christopher Tingley and May Jayyusi and published by Interlink Books in 1998 in its Emerging Voices series. Ma' Al Sama, a more recent novel, also explores the condition of Palestinian exile. Ma' Al Sama was nominated for the 2009 Arabic Booker Prize.

text:
# Yahya Yakhlif

**Yahya Yakhlif** (Arabic: يحيى يخلف) (born 1944) is a Palestinian writer and a novelist. He was born in Samakh, a Palestinian village that was abandoned during the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight, when Yakhlif was 4 years old. Consequently, Yakhlif and his family became displaced refugees.

As an author and novelist, Yakhlif has published several novels and short story collections. His novel about the last days of Samakh, *A Lake Beyond the Wind*, was translated into English by Christopher Tingley and May Jayyusi and published by Interlink Books in 1998 in its Emerging Voices series. *Ma' Al Sama*, a more recent novel, also explores the condition of Palestinian exile. *Ma' Al Sama* was nominated for the 2009 Arabic Booker Prize.


title: Yahya Skaf

abstract: Yahya Skaf, also spelled Yehia Skaff, from the Bhanine (Menyeh) district of Lebanon, is a person claimed to have been arrested by Israel on 11 March 1978 for participation in the Coastal Road massacre. Israel claims he was killed during battle with his body never found. It is claimed by the Khiam Center that his family and some released detainees have borne witness to his imprisonment. A supporter of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party, he subsequently joined Fatah to participate in military operations against Israel. Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah suggested Skaf be a part of a prisoner exchange during the 2006 Lebanon War. However, he was not included in the July 2008 prisoner exchange.

text:
# Yahya Skaf

**Yahya Skaf**, also spelled **Yehia Skaff** (Arabic: يحيى سكاف), from the Bhanine (Menyeh) district of Lebanon, is a person claimed to have been arrested by Israel on 11 March 1978 for participation in the Coastal Road massacre. Israel claims he was killed during battle with his body never found. It is claimed by the Khiam Center that his family and some released detainees have borne witness to his imprisonment.

A supporter of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party, he subsequently joined Fatah to participate in military operations against Israel.

Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah suggested Skaf be a part of a prisoner exchange during the 2006 Lebanon War. However, he was not included in the July 2008 prisoner exchange.

## InfoBox

| Yahya Skaf | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Fatah | |
| **In office**<br>?–? | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Bhanine (Menyeh), Lebanon |
| Political party | Fatah, Syrian Social Nationalist Party |
|  | |


title: Xylota filipjevi

abstract: Xylota filipjevi is a species of hoverfly in the family Syrphidae.

text:
# Xylota filipjevi

***Xylota filipjevi*** is a species of hoverfly in the family Syrphidae.

## Distribution

Russia.

## InfoBox

| *Xylota filipjevi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Syrphidae |
| Subfamily: | Eristalinae |
| Tribe: | Milesiini |
| Subtribe: | Xylotina |
| Genus: | *Xylota* |
| Species: | ***X. filipjevi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xylota filipjevi***<br>(Stackelberg, 1952) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Xavier Nady

abstract: Xavier Clifford Nady VI is an American former professional baseball outfielder and first baseman. Nady played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Mets, Pittsburgh Pirates, New York Yankees, Chicago Cubs, Arizona Diamondbacks, Washington Nationals, San Francisco Giants, and the San Diego Padres.

text:
# Xavier Nady

**Xavier Clifford Nady VI** (/ɛkˈsviər ˈndi/; born November 14, 1978) is an American former professional baseball outfielder and first baseman. Nady played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Mets, Pittsburgh Pirates, New York Yankees, Chicago Cubs, Arizona Diamondbacks, Washington Nationals, San Francisco Giants, and the San Diego Padres.

## Early life

Xavier Clifford Nady VI was born on November 14, 1978, in Salinas, California. Nady was named Northern California Player of the Year in his senior year of high school. The St. Louis Cardinals originally drafted Nady in the fourth round of the 1997 Major League Baseball draft (134th overall), but he did not sign professionally at that time.

## College career

Nady instead attended University of California, Berkeley, where he set the all-time Pac-10 Conference record for career slugging percentage (.729) for the California Golden Bears baseball team. In 2021, Nady was inducted into the California Athletics Hall of Fame.

## Professional career

### Draft and San Diego Padres (2000, 2003–2005)

Nady was drafted in the second round of the 2000 Major League Baseball draft by the San Diego Padres (49th overall). Nady signed a major league contract and became the 18th player to go directly to the major leagues without making his professional debut in the minor leagues since 1965.

Nady only appeared in one major league game before being sent to the minor leagues. He was named Padres Minor League Player of the Year in 2001, also collecting the California League MVP and Rookie of the Year awards that season. Nady underwent Tommy John surgery after the 2001 season and had limited playing time in 2002. In 2003, he again returned to the major league level for part of the season, earning NL Rookie of the Month honors in May. He ultimately spent most of his time in the minor leagues.

In late June 2005, Nady became the first Padre since Greg Vaughn (in 1998) to homer in four consecutive games.

### New York Mets (2006)

The Padres traded him to the New York Mets for Mike Cameron on November 18, 2005. Nady underwent an emergency appendectomy early in the morning on May 30, 2006. As a result, he was placed on the 15-day disabled list, and returned to the lineup on June 18.

### Pittsburgh Pirates (2006–2008)

On July 30, 2006, Mets set-up relief pitcher Duaner Sánchez was injured when the cab in which he was a passenger was broadsided. The Mets' pitching corps was already depleted with star pitcher Pedro Martínez on the disabled list. Desperate for pitching, the Mets were forced to give up Nady, their starting right fielder, to the Pirates in exchange for pitchers Óliver Pérez and Roberto Hernández.

In September 2007, Nady was hit in the head with a pitch and later diagnosed with a concussion. He was named NL Player of the Week for the week of April 6, 2008.

### New York Yankees (2008–2009)

On July 26, 2008, the New York Yankees acquired Nady and pitcher Dámaso Marte from the Pittsburgh Pirates for José Tábata, Ross Ohlendorf, Daniel McCutchen, and Jeff Karstens.

Nady had a career-high six (6) RBIs as the Yankees came back to beat the Los Angeles Angels on August 3, 2008. Nady was named AL Player of the Week for his performance. He finished the 2008 season setting career-highs in home runs (25) and runs batted in (97), and had a .305 batting average.

On January 21, 2009, Nady signed a one-year contract worth $6.65 million with the Yankees, thus avoiding arbitration. On April 14, 2009, Nady suffered a right-elbow injury which ultimately required a second Tommy John surgery on July 8, despite an initial attempt to rehab the injury. The surgery ended his 2009 season. As a result, Nick Swisher took over in Nady's position for the remainder of the 2009 season. Nady spent the season (including the postseason) on the disabled list until the Yankees won the 2009 World Series against the Philadelphia Phillies. He filed for free agency following the conclusion of the 2009 season.

While Nady played only seven games for the Yankees in 2009, he did receive a World Series ring following the team's Series victory that season.

### Chicago Cubs (2010)

On January 29, 2010, Nady signed a one-year contract with the Chicago Cubs. On May 16, 2010, Nady hit a game-winning RBI single in the eighth inning against the Pirates, as the Cubs won 4–3. Nady finished the season with a .256 batting average, six home runs and 33 runs batted in. He became a free agent after the end of the season.

### Arizona Diamondbacks (2011)

Nady signed a one-year contract with the Arizona Diamondbacks on December 15, 2010. He became a free agent after the end of the season.

### Washington Nationals (2012)

Nady signed a minor league contract with the Washington Nationals on March 18, 2012. He was called up by the Nationals on April 4. Following a trip to the disabled list midway through the season, Nady was designated for assignment on July 21, 2012 and released on July 29, 2012. Nationals outfielder Bryce Harper, a rookie during the 2012 season, later named Nady among the veteran teammates from whom he learned early on in his playing career.

### San Francisco Giants (2012)

Nady was signed to a minor league contract by the San Francisco Giants on August 4, 2012, and assigned to their Triple-A affiliate in Fresno, California. He made his debut for the Giants on September 1, 2012, and hit a three-run double against the Cubs in his first at-bat. On September 30, Nady hit a game-tying ninth-inning home run against the San Diego Padres in a game that the Giants went on to win in extra innings. He was on the active roster during the 2012 World Series in which the team swept the Detroit Tigers in four games.

### Kansas City Royals

On December 14, 2012, Nady signed a minor league contract with the Kansas City Royals. During Spring training, Nady struggled first with plantar fasciitis and then sustained a partial tear in his right heel. The Royals released him on March 25, 2013, and then re-signed him to a Minor League contract later the same week. He played with their Triple-A team in Omaha. Nady was released on June 29.

### Colorado Rockies

Nady signed a minor league deal with the Colorado Rockies on June 30, 2013.

### Second stint with Padres (2014)

Nady signed a minor league deal with the San Diego Padres in January 2014. He was designated for assignment on May 5, 2014. On May 11, Nady refused his outright assignment and elected free agency.

### Seattle Mariners

On May 27, 2014, Nady signed a minor league deal with the Seattle Mariners. He exercised an opt-out clause in his contract on June 26, becoming a free agent.

## Coaching career

On June 20, 2015, Nady began his tenure as the hitting coach for the Lake Elsinore Storm, the Single A affiliate of the San Diego Padres. He has since taken a job as a scout and recruiter for agent Scott Boras.

## Personal life

Nady's wife, Meredith, had their first child, a son named Xavier VII, on July 15, 2008. His second son was born on September 8, 2011. The Nady family traces its lineage back to France before moving to Iowa in the mid-19th century. The first Xavier Nady can be traced back to the 16th century French hamlet of Auxelles-Bas. His uncle is boxing referee Jay Nady. His cousin is football coach Jeff Nady.

After an intestinal illness prior to spring training in 2007, Nady was tested for Crohn's disease due to family history of the disease. The tests turned out negative and Nady was instead diagnosed with a minor infection of the small intestines.

## InfoBox

| Xavier Nady | |
| --- | --- |
| Nady with the Washington Nationals | |
| **Outfielder / First baseman** | |
| **Born:**  (1978-11-14) November 14, 1978<br>Salinas, California, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| September 30, 2000, for the San Diego Padres | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| May 4, 2014, for the San Diego Padres | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .268 |
| Home runs | 104 |
| Runs batted in | 410 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |


title: Yak fiber

abstract: Yak fiber is the term commonly used to refer yak fiber wool produced from the coat hair of yaks, a long-haired bovine mainly found in the Himalayan region, Tibetan plateau, and some areas of Mongolia and Central Asia. Yak fiber wool has been used by nomads in the Trans-Himalayan region for over a thousand years to make clothing, tents, ropes and blankets.

text:
# Yak fiber

**Yak fiber** is the term commonly used to refer yak fiber wool produced from the coat hair of yaks (*Bos grunniens*), a long-haired bovine mainly found in the Himalayan region, Tibetan plateau, and some areas of Mongolia and Central Asia.

Yak fiber wool has been used by nomads in the Trans-Himalayan region for over a thousand years to make clothing, tents, ropes and blankets.

## Types

The coat hair of the yak is composed of three different types of fiber that vary greatly in appearance and characteristics. The quantity of fiber produced by one yak is dependent on factors such as sex, age and breed of the yak, and the proportions of the different layers vary throughout the different seasons.

* The coarse: Mostly used by nomads in tent making, this fiber has a size range of 79–90 microns forming the outer coat of long hair that characterizes the appearance of the yak.
* The mid-type: With a diameter size between 20–50 microns, this fiber is naturally strong but not stronger than the outer layers to make ropes and tents and not as fine as the down fiber for the textile industry.
* The down fiber: This is the finest fiber (16–20 microns) and is generally shed by the animal during late spring/early summer period. Therefore, this fine layer needs to be harvested before it is shed in the summer season. Down fiber, and fewer sweat glands, are two examples of how yaks have adapted to survive extreme cold temperatures (sometimes as low as −50 °C, or −58 °F) and altitudes well above 3000 m.

## Properties

Yak wool has similar properties to other animal fibers, including breathability and static-resistance, but has been proven to outperform sheep wool in a number of areas.

**Warmth**: In woollen garments, air pockets are created between the fibers that reduce the rate of heat transfer. This property combined with lanolin (a hydrophobic grease present in wool fibers) allowing wool to keep you warm when wet. Yak wool is rich in myristic acid, a type of hydrophobic fatty acid. Independently conducted tests on yak down suggest that it is warmer than Merino wool. Nonetheless, claims vary on how much warmer it is with values ranging between 10 and 40 percent.

**Softness**: Cashmere is known in the textile industry as one of the softest wools with a fiber diameter of less than 18.5. The diameter of the down fiber of the yak also ranges 16–20 microns making its softness comparable to that of cashmere. Species-specific DNA probes have been developed to identify yak, which is used to quantitatively test yak-cashmere blends. Although cashmere has already been firmly established in the market, yak wool has potential to be sold as a luxury product due to its softness and the (currently) sustainable and eco-friendly means used for gathering the fibers.

**Breathability**: In general, wool's comfort comes from its thermo-balance characteristics. The breathability factor of a material depends on its ability to absorb moisture relative to its weight and then release it into the air. The higher the absorption value the better the textile is at adapting to humidity level changes. Wool can absorb over 30 per cent of moisture, greater than cotton (25 per cent) and far greater than polyester which can absorb only 1 per cent of its weight.

**Odor-resistance**: Contrary to popular belief, yaks do not have a strong odor. Unless combined with the bacteria that live on the skin, sweat is odorless. The anti-microbial properties of yak fibers prevent bacteria from living on sweat thereby considerably reducing odor.

## Uses

### Traditional

The coarse outer fibers have been traditionally used by nomads to make ropes and tents. In earlier times, the coarse hair was mixed with down hair to make the weaving denser. However, the current increasing demand for the down fiber from the international market means that the fine fiber is mostly sold. The rarity of the white hair implicates that ropes made out of white and black yarn is admired for its appearance and uniqueness. In west Sichuan, China, 34 per cent of the animal fiber comes from yak hair alone. In Bhutan, the long hair is used for weaving tents, bags, rugs and slings, whereas in Mongolia it is used for clothing tents and bags. To obtain the optimal length, nomads comb the hair and then spin it into yarn. During this process, the loom determines the width of the tent squares and the length of the tent. The tent squares are then sewn tightly together by men.

### Architecture

Although uncommon, yak wool has also been employed as sound proof material by the Dutch artist Claudy Jongstra in the refurbishment of Rem Koolhaas' Kunsthal in Rotterdam, a building that gets 300,000 visitors a year. She made a thick, dense yak hair felt with a graphic design of white lines.


title: Yajnavaraha

abstract: Yajnavaraha was priest-doctor and a royal physician at the court of king Rajendravarman in Angkor, Cambodia, practising traditional Cambodian medicine and Ayurveda. He was of royal descent and was the grandson of King Harshavarman I. Most of his learning was from his father Damodara, who was a vedic scholar. He was known for his religious contributions and helping the poor. He was rewarded for this with a parasol of peacock feathers. He was also a musician and an astronomer at the royal court. Along with his younger brother, Vishnukumara, he commissioned the erection of a Shaivite temple called Isvarapura or Banteay Srei, 15 miles north of Angkor Wat. He went on to become the guru of King Jayavarman V and practised ayurvedic medicine at the royal court. He was given the title vrah guru by Jayavarman V.

text:
# Yajnavaraha

**Yajnavaraha** (10th century) was priest-doctor and a royal physician at the court of king Rajendravarman in Angkor, Cambodia, practising traditional Cambodian medicine and Ayurveda. He was of royal descent and was the grandson of King Harshavarman I. Most of his learning was from his father Damodara, who was a vedic scholar. He was known for his religious contributions and helping the poor. He was rewarded for this with a parasol of peacock feathers. He was also a musician and an astronomer at the royal court. Along with his younger brother, Vishnukumara, he commissioned the erection of a Shaivite temple called Isvarapura or Banteay Srei, 15 miles north of Angkor Wat. He went on to become the guru of King Jayavarman V and practised ayurvedic medicine at the royal court. He was given the title *vrah guru (*holy spiritual master*)* by Jayavarman V.


title: Yaksusan

abstract: Yaksusan is a mountain in the county of Hongcheon, Gangwon-do in South Korea. It has an elevation of 1,306.2 m (4,285 ft).

text:
# Yaksusan

**Yaksusan** is a mountain in the county of Hongcheon, Gangwon-do in South Korea. It has an elevation of 1,306.2 m (4,285 ft).

* An Gyeong-ho (2007). *한국 300 명산 (300 Korean Mountains)*. Seoul: 깊은솔 (Gipeunsol). ISBN 978-89-89917-21-2.

37°53′N 128°32′E / 37.883°N 128.533°E / 37.883; 128.533

## InfoBox

| Yaksusan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,306.2 m (4,285 ft) |
| Geography | |
| Location | South Korea |
|  | |
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 약수산 |
| Hanja |  |
| Revised Romanization | *Yaksusan* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Yaksusan* |
|  | |


title: Yaluwak

abstract: Yaluwak is a genus of armored catfish native to South America where they are only known from Guyana, containing only a single species Yaluwak primus. It was first described in a 2020 study and placed within the tribe Ancistrini.

text:
# Yaluwak

***Yaluwak*** is a genus of armored catfish native to South America where they are only known from Guyana, containing only a single species ***Yaluwak primus***. It was first described in a 2020 study and placed within the tribe Ancistrini.

## Description

Like other Loricariids, *Yaluwak primus* has plates of armor on its body and a suckermouth. Small odontodes are also present along the body, but are absent from the preopercle and the dorsal two thirds of the opercle.

The genus can be distinguished from the Hypostominae genera *Corymbophanes*, *Hypostomus* and *Pterygoplichthys* and from all non-Hypostominae loricariids by having a cluster of \>25 evertible cheek odontodes (vs. cheek odontodes absent or \<10); and from all other members of the Hypostominae except some *Ancistrus* species, *Araichthys loro* Zawadzki et al., 2016, *Chaetostoma carrioni* (Norman, 1935) and *Leptoancistrus* by lacking an adipose fin, having instead a low ridge of azygous plates. *Yaluwak* can be diagnosed from all *Ancistrus* species and *Chaetostoma carrioni* by its having a fully plated snout, from *Araichthys loro* by having a taller caudal peduncle and longer tooth rows and from *Leptoancistrus* by lacking cheek odontodes that extend past the cleithrum and having dorsal fin ii,7 (vs. ii,8). *Yaluwak* is also differentiable from *Corymbophanes* by its larger maximum body size.

This species is considered a medium-sized loricariid, with the largest specimen examined measuring 122.9 mm Standard Length.

The coloration of the species is light brown mottling on a dark brown base, with a pale white abdomen covered with light brown or grey stippling around the margins and posterior to pectoral girdle. Fins lighter distally than proximally. Pectoral fin with spots on spine and faint or no spots on rays; rays darker than membranes, fin especially dark at base and along spine and first branched ray. Pelvic, dorsal and anal fins with small dark spots on rays and dorsal spine, rays considerably darker than membranes; dorsal fin with black band at distal edge. Caudal fin with dark spots centred on rays, but combining to form bands proximally; number of bands higher in larger specimen. Iris brick red.

## Distribution and habitat

The species is only known from the uppermost rapids of Sukwabi Creek, an eastern arm of the Ireng River (Brazil: Rio Maú), just below Wotowanda Falls. Other similar habitat exists below the nearby Andu Falls and Uluk Tuwuk Falls and it seems likely that the species also occurs there, if not also in similar habitats further downstream.

## InfoBox

| *Yaluwak* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Siluriformes |
| Family: | Loricariidae |
| Genus: | *Yaluwak*
Lujan, Armbruster & Werneke, 2020 |
| Species: | ***Y. primus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Yaluwak primus***
Lujan, Armbruster & Werneke, 2020 | |
|


title: Yana Qaqa (Nor Chichas)

abstract: Yana Qaqa is a 3,742 m (12,277 ft) mountain in the Andes of Bolivia. It is located in the Potosí Department, Nor Chichas Province, Cotagaita Municipality. Yana Qaqa lies at the Caiti River.

text:
# Yana Qaqa (Nor Chichas)

**Yana Qaqa** (Quechua *yana* black, *qaqa* rock, "black rock", also spelled *Yana Khakha*) is a 3,742 m (12,277 ft) mountain in the Andes of Bolivia. It is located in the Potosí Department, Nor Chichas Province, Cotagaita Municipality. Yana Qaqa lies at the Caiti River.

## InfoBox

| Yana Qaqa | |
| --- | --- |
| Yana QaqaBolivia
Potosí Department | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 3,742 m (12,277 ft) |
| Coordinates | 20°49′56″S 65°47′15″W / 20.83222°S 65.78750°W / -20.83222; -65.78750 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Bolivia
Potosí Department |
| Parent range | Andes |


title: Xtra (ISP)

abstract: Xtra was a brand used by New Zealand telecommunications provider Spark for its Internet service provider subsidiary from 1996 to 2008. At its inception, Xtra provided only dial-up Internet access, but began providing ADSL service in 1999. The brand was largely retired in 2008, with internet services adopting the name of Xtra's parent company Telecom. Today, the Xtra brand remains active only as the name of Spark's webmail service, powered by New Zealand-based SMX. The Xtra name was also used for Yahoo!Xtra, a joint venture web portal between Telecom and Yahoo!7 that operated between 2007 and 2011, as well as XtraMSN.

text:
# Xtra (ISP)

**Xtra** was a brand used by New Zealand telecommunications provider Spark (previously Telecom) for its Internet service provider subsidiary from 1996 to 2008. At its inception, Xtra provided only dial-up Internet access, but began providing ADSL service in 1999.

The brand was largely retired in 2008, with internet services adopting the name of Xtra's parent company Telecom (now Spark). Today, the Xtra brand remains active only as the name of Spark's webmail service, powered by New Zealand-based SMX.

The Xtra name was also used for Yahoo!Xtra, a joint venture web portal between Telecom and Yahoo!7 that operated between 2007 and 2011, as well as XtraMSN (a joint venture with MSN).

## History and trading practices

In 1999 Telecom created New Zealand's only ADSL service. Telecom later allowed other ISPs to access its ADSL networks (under increasing government and public pressure), although some claimed that Telecom provided unfair and monopolistic terms of trade regarding its wholesale ADSL services.

As a subsidiary of Telecom New Zealand, Xtra retained some of the monopoly that its parent company formerly had. To many people, this monopoly was regarded as an unfair advantage over other ISPs. Many lobbyists, including Slingshot's CEO Annette Presley, persuaded New Zealand's Communications Ministry to force the unbundling of Telecom's local loop, so as to make fairer trading terms and lessen Xtra's ISP monopoly. The company breached the Fair Trading Act 1986 at least eight times between 2003 and 2010.

### ORBS

During 2001 Xtra and Actrix (another New Zealand Internet service provider) won a High Court injunction to force Alan Brown, the maintainer of the Open Relay Behavior-modification System (ORBS) anti-spam blacklist, to remove them from the list. ORBS was a blacklist of IP addresses relating to open mail relays like those run by Xtra, which enable spammers to send unsolicited bulk e-mail. Hundreds of organisations subscribed to the list, including Bigfoot.com and at least one other large free mail provider. They rejected e-mail from any IP address listed in ORBS. The court action led (indirectly) to the end of one of the oldest DNSBL services.

### Go Large Plan

Xtra's "Go Large" plan was introduced as New Zealand's first completely unlimited ADSL service in November 2006. There was much public criticism and disappointment at the instability and general slowness of the newly introduced plan. The plan was advertised with unlimited data usage and maximum speed. However, it was not clearly stated on advertisements that there was a fair use policy and traffic management that restricted users to a download limit between 4pm and 12am. If one were to continually exceed this limit, they would be placed in a "download pool", or contacted with offers to switch to another plan. This triggered a lot of media attention and an investigation was launched. By 22 February 2007, Telecom decided to refund all of its Go Large customers (approximately 60,000) with amounts of at least $130 per customer. This had been caused in part by the overwhelming complaints and criticisms Telecom Xtra had received due to under-delivering on the promises of the Go Large plan. It is speculated that the refund may have cost Telecom Xtra between NZ$7.5 and 8.5 million.

The plan was eventually grandfathered, and in mid-2009 was succeeded by the Big Time plan, where Xtra openly informed users about traffic management. As of 30 October 2009, Telecom cancelled the Go Large broadband plan for all existing customers, offering alternative plan options such as the Big Time plan. On 20 May 2010 Telecom cancelled Big Time, and customers were moved back to capped plans.

## Web portals

Xtra's original web portal opened in 1996 and offered two different experiences - XWorld and Text World. Later, XVille was also introduced. You could choose which version of Xtra you visited using a front screen called Xtra Theme Park. XWorld was a virtual world where you could click on virtual buildings to perform functions (such as searching via Yahoo!). Text World was a simpler interface using just text for slower modems.

This all changed in 1999 when a single, more streamlined interface was created and the current Xtra logo was first unveiled.

XtraMSN was one of Xtra's trading names and was used as the branding for its default home page for customers. The name came from a deal between Xtra and MSN, a merger of Xtra's homepage xtra.co.nz with Microsoft New Zealand's msn.co.nz. Several other MSN services were cobranded with Xtra in the XtraMSN brand (e.g. Hotmail). Several versions of capitalising XtraMSN were used by Telecom and Microsoft New Zealand in their promotional literature.

In 2007 Xtra changed to Yahoo! in Microsoft's place. Their main portal was then Yahoo!Xtra.

## Technical issues

### Yahoo!Xtra Bubble problems

During the change from MSN to Yahoo, Telecom experienced much backlash over a change in email set up. Part of the agreement between Yahoo and Xtra provided that Xtra's email addresses be moved over to Yahoo servers in Australia. To access their Yahoo!Xtra Bubble email accounts, customers had to change advanced settings such as port numbers and authentication, in addition to basic settings such as mail server.

The move to Yahoo!Xtra Bubble caused trouble for many small business owners and website hosting companies in New Zealand. Yahoo's aggressive antispam policies caused business owners to lose bookings and caused major delays for some customers in receiving emails. *The Dominion Post* brought the problem to the fore on 26 November 2007 and showed that responsibility for the trouble was shunned by Xtra.
Xtra pushed the blame back to the hosting companies:
"Telecom spokesman Nick Brown denies there are technical problems with the service, and blames web-hosting companies for forwarding mail without filtering it first for spam."
The problem with their denial was that Xtra/Yahoo's email system forwarded spam in the same manner.

Reports of Xtra's email troubles appeared on blogs, forums and newsletters as people realised that emails were not arriving. New Zealand Tourism Online's October 2007 newsletter reported that they "found several clients who have not been getting accommodation enquiry or booking emails due to the filter system."

One of Xtra's solutions to the problem was telling their users to add the sender of the email to their contacts list. This caused the email be redirected to the inbox, however the immediate deferral of email by Yahoo's email servers could cause delays of many hours. This was a problem that Xtra inherited by joining with Yahoo.

Yahoo denied that they use greylisting practices however "unusual traffic" or "complaints from Yahoo! Mail users" may trigger greylisting against your email server causing a four-hour delay.

### Yahoo!Xtra email problems

Xtra customers were hit with multiple email spam problems from February 2013 (80,000 affected) to mid April 2013. The symptoms were suspicious spam and phishing types of email. Telecom advised customers to delete any suspicious emails and to change their account password. Problems continued in November and December, when a Yahoo-operated server went down, affecting thousands of Xtra customers in New Zealand

## InfoBox

Xtra Limited
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Telecommunications |
| Founded | 1996
Incorporated 14 June 2001 |
| Defunct | 2008 |
| Fate | Brand largely retired, internet products merged into parent company Spark |
| Headquarters | Level 8
North Tower Telecom House
68 - 86 Jervois Quay
Wellington |
| Key people | Craig Mulholland, Director
Roderick Snodgrass, Director |
| Products | Internet service provider |
| Website | telecom.co.nz/broadband (2007 archive) |


title: Yasimika

abstract: Yasimika is the first studio album by Djeli Moussa Diawara, Guinean Kora player (Korafola), released in 1983.

text:
# Yasimika

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| Robert Christgau | (A−) |

***Yasimika*** is the first studio album by Djeli Moussa Diawara (aka Jali Musa Jawara), Guinean Kora player (Korafola), released in 1983.

## Background

Djeli Moussa Diawara recorded his first LP, now known as Yasimika, in Abidjan in 1982. He was 20 years old and came to the city following his half-brother Mory Kante. This album is still nowadays considered a great piece of African music, and many music lovers consider it changed their appreciation of traditional music, specifically the second track (Haidara), that would appear on many compilations, like *The Rough Guide To The Music Of Mali & Guinea* released by World Music Network in 2000. During the 80s, Mande pop was starting to lose its folk origins and was becoming a kind of dance music, even topping the European charts. At the same time, a kind of roots revival occurred, led by Djeli Moussa, already an accomplished acoustic singer and Kora player, with the release of this acclaimed album.

Charlie Gillett told the following story in January 2009:

> Under the French spelling of his name, the Guinean kora player Djeli Musa Diawara recorded his debut album in 1982 in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, where he had been playing in restaurants. Released on Tangent, a label run by an American in Paris, the album inspired me to dip my toe into this new music by releasing it in the UK on my Oval label, with Anglicised spelling of his name as suggested by Lucy Duran – Jali Musa Jawara. Billy Bragg’s enthusiasm led to his Go Discs label boss Andy McDonald licensing the album for release under the title Direct from West Africa, while World Circuit’s boss Anne Hunt brought Jali Musa to play on two double bills in London with the Malian guitarist (and Andy Kershaw favourite), Ali Farka Toure. Amusingly (to all except those who had to deal with the problem), neither Jali Musa nor Ali had heard of each other, and each assumed he should be top of the bill. Fortunately, as there were two concerts, the bills could be reversed. Both artists recorded new albums for World Circuit while they were in the UK, but only Ali sold enough records to justify making more albums. Meanwhile the original Jali Musa album was issued yet again, this time on Joe Boyd’s Hannibal label, but that license lapsed long ago, and at the moment the album is scandalously unavailable. "Haidara" was included in Ian Anderson’s excellent compilation for Nascente, Routes: 20 years of Essential Folk, Root and World Music.
>
> Charlie Gillett, *World of Music*,

## Quotes

(...) the flowing grace of Jali Musa Jawara's classic "Haidara". (...)

## Releases, reissues and remastering

This album was released under various names and record labels, with the artist being either referenced as Djeli Moussa Diawara or Jali Musa Jawara.

* 1983 : LP - *no title* \- A.S. Records (Côte d'Ivoire) - ref. AS016
* 1983 : LP - *no title* \- Tangent Records (UK) - ref. TAN7002
* 1983 : LP - "Direct From West Africa" - Go Records (UK) - ref. GGLP1
* 1986 : LP - *unknown title* \- Oval (UK) - ref. OVLP51
* 1991 : CD - "Yasimika" - Hannibal (USA) - ref HNCD1355

The original masters were sold in March 2010 to CybearSonic, a new French label. On 10/01/2010, the fully restored and remastered version was released on digital platforms as "Yasimika (Abidjan 1982)".

## Track listing

All lyrics are written by Djeli Moussa Diawara

Side one
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "*Foté Mogoban*" | 6:32 |
| 2. | "*Haidara*" | 10:54 |

Side two
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "*Yekeke*" | 7:46 |
| 2. | "*Yasimika*" | 8:04 |

## Personnel

1. Roberts, John Storm. yasimika at AllMusic. Retrieved 2017-01-09.
2. Christgau, Robert (1990), *Jali Musa Jawara*, robertchristgau.com, retrieved 2010-04-28
3. Gillett, Charlie (2009-01-31), *Playlist for week beginning 31 January 09*, charliegillett.com, retrieved 2010-04-28
4. Lusk, John (2004-05-14), "Salif Keita MBemba Review", *The BBC*, retrieved 2010-04-28

## InfoBox

| Yasimika | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Djeli Moussa Diawara | |
| Released | 1983 |
| Genre | Mande |
| Length | 33:14 |
| Label | A.S Records (Abidjan)
Tangent (FR)
Go Records (UK)
Oval (UK)
Hannibal Records (USA) |
| Djeli Moussa Diawara chronology | |
| ***Yasimika***
(1983) *Soubindoor*
(1988) | |


title: Yauli District, Yauli

abstract: Yauli District is one of ten districts of the Yauli Province, located in the Department of Junín in the central highlands of Peru. The district was created by the Law No. 6468 in November 7, 1847, during the presidency of Ramón Castilla.

text:
# Yauli District, Yauli

**Yauli District** is one of ten districts of the Yauli Province, located in the Department of Junín in the central highlands of Peru. The district was created by the Law No. 6468 in November 7, 1847, during the presidency of Ramón Castilla.

## Geography

The Paryaqaqa of Waruchiri mountain range traverses the district. Some of the highest mountains of the district are listed below:

## InfoBox

| Yauli | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| The mining town of San Cristóbal | |
| Coordinates: 11°40′10″S 76°5′23″W / 11.66944°S 76.08972°W / -11.66944; -76.08972 | |
| Country | Peru |
| Region | Junín |
| Province | Yauli |
| Capital | Yauli |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Vicente Zenon Hidalgo Hidalgo |
| Area | |
| Total | 424.16 km2 (163.77 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 4,100 m (13,500 ft) |
| Population (2005 census) | |
| Total | 5,025 |
| Density | 12/km2 (31/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (PET) |
| UBIGEO | 120810 |


title: Yasumiba ruins

abstract: Yasumiba site The Yasumiba site is an archaeological site with the traces of a Japanese Paleolithic period settlement located in what is now the Ashitaka neighborhood of the city of Numazu, Shizuoka in the Tōkai region of Japan. The site was designated a National Historic Site in 1979. It was the first site from the Japanese Paleolithic period to receive National Historic Site designation.

text:
# Yasumiba ruins

The **Yasumiba site** (休場遺跡, *Yasumiba iseki*) is an archaeological site with the traces of a Japanese Paleolithic period settlement located in what is now the Ashitaka neighborhood of the city of Numazu, Shizuoka in the Tōkai region of Japan. The site was designated a National Historic Site in 1979. It was the first site from the Japanese Paleolithic period to receive National Historic Site designation.

## Overview

During the Upper Paleolithic period, roughly until 13,000 years ago, the shapes and types of stone tools, such as stone axes, spears, and microlith blades evolved due to rapid changes in the environment, which resulted in changes in the fauna available for hunting. Microliths, thin and razor-shape blades of stone which were used by embedding into shafts of wood or bone, appears towards the end of the Upper Paleolithic. The Yasumiba ruins is one of several sites from this period which have been identified in the gently rolling foothills of Mount Ashitaka. This site is located at an elevation of 280 meters on a 60 meter wide ridge, protected by steep cliffs and swamps on all sides.

Excavated in 1964 by Meiji University, the site was found to contain a large number of microlith blades, lithic cores and flakes buried below a pyroclastic layer of ash from an eruption of Mount Fuji 2.5 meters below the present ground level. The microlithic blade culture in Japan is roughly divided into two cultures, one is of conical microlithic cores and the other is of boat-bottomed microlithic cores. This site is typical of the former, and the material used was primarily obsidian which originated in what is now Nagano Prefecture or from Kōzushima, one of the Izu islands, indicating some form of long distance trade and a maritime capability for the inhabitants of the Japanese archipelago even at that early time in prehistory. The number of stone tools and core fragments recovered was 4412 items.

Two traces of semi-circular hearths made from rounded riverstones were also found, containing fragments of charcoal, and it is presumed that these hearths were located within a pit dwelling. These were the first Japanese Paleolithic period hearths to be discovered. One hearth was 180 cm x 100 cm, and the smaller was approximately 50 cm in diameter. Carbon dating of the charcoal indicated that these hearths were used 14,300 years ago.

The site is approximately five minutes by car from Tōmei Expressway Numazu IC, and having been backfilled after excavation, is currently a grassy mound with a small signpost.

## InfoBox

Yasumiba ruins
| 休場遺跡 | |
| --- | --- |
| Yasumiba ruinsYasumiba ruins (Japan) | |
| Location | Numazu, Shizuoka, Japan |
| Region | Tōkai region |
| Coordinates | 35°10′00″N 138°50′15″E / 35.16667°N 138.83750°E / 35.16667; 138.83750 |
| Type | settlement |
| History | |
| Founded | 12,300 BCE |
| Periods | Japanese Paleolithic |
| Site notes | |
| Public access | No public facilities |
| National Historic Site of Japan | |


title: Yasumi no Gogo

abstract: "Yasumi no Gogo" is the 26th single by Japanese singer/songwriter Chisato Moritaka. Written by Moritaka and Hideo Saitō, the single was released by One Up Music on October 10, 1995. The song was used as the ending theme of the TV Tokyo drama series Iitabi Yume Kibun. The single marked Moritaka's final collaboration with Saitō, whom she had worked with since her debut single "New Season" in 1987.

text:
# Yasumi no Gogo

"**Yasumi no Gogo**" (休みの午後, lit. "Holiday Afternoon") is the 26th single by Japanese singer/songwriter Chisato Moritaka. Written by Moritaka and Hideo Saitō, the single was released by One Up Music on October 10, 1995. The song was used as the ending theme of the TV Tokyo drama series *Iitabi Yume Kibun* (いい旅・夢気分, *Good Trip, Dreamy Feeling*). The single marked Moritaka's final collaboration with Saitō, whom she had worked with since her debut single "New Season" in 1987.

## Chart performance

"Yasumi no Gogo" peaked at No. 5 on Oricon's singles chart and sold 219,000 copies. It was also certified Gold by the RIAJ.

## Other versions

Moritaka re-recorded the song and uploaded the video on her YouTube channel on September 19, 2012. This version is also included in Moritaka's 2013 self-covers DVD album *Love Vol. 2*.

## Track listing

All lyrics are written by Chisato Moritaka; all music is composed and arranged by Hideo Saitō.

8 cm CD
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Yasumi no Gogo" ((休みの午後, lit. "Holiday Afternoon")) | 4:41 |
| 2. | "Wasuremono" ((忘れ物, "Lost Item")) | 3:17 |
| 3. | "Yasumi no Gogo" (Original Karaoke) | 4:37 |

## Personnel

* Chisato Moritaka – vocals, drums
* Hideo Saitō – guitar, bass, horns, synthesizer, tambourine, backing vocals
* Yasuaki Maejima – piano, organ

## Chart positions

| Charts (1995) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Japanese Oricon Singles Chart | 5 |

## Certification

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Japan (RIAJ) | Gold | 200,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## Cover versions

* Runa Miyoshida covered the song in her 2008 album *Pure Flavor#2 ~Key of Love~*.

## InfoBox

| "Yasumi no Gogo" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Chisato Moritaka | |
| from the album  *Taiyo* | |
| Language | Japanese |
| English title | Holiday Afternoon |
| B-side | "Wasuremono" |
| Released | October 10, 1995 (1995-10-10) |
| Recorded | 1995 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 4:41 |
| Label | One Up Music |
| Composer(s) | Hideo Saitō |
| Lyricist(s) | Chisato Moritaka |
| Producer(s) | Yukio Seto |
| Chisato Moritaka singles chronology | |
| "Futari wa Koibito"
(1995) "**Yasumi no Gogo**"
(1995) "Jin Jin Jingle Bell"
(1995) | |


title: Yao Guang

abstract: Yao Guang was a Chinese diplomat. He was born in Xiyang County, Shanxi. He was Ambassador of the People's Republic of China to the Dominion of Ceylon (1966–1969), Poland (1970–1971), Canada (1972–1973), Mexico (1973–1977), Egypt (1977–1980), Djibouti (1979–1982) and France (1980–1982). He was a member of the Standing Committee of the 7th National People's Congress (1988–1993).

text:
# Yao Guang

**Yao Guang** (Chinese: 姚广; March 1921 – October 25, 2003) was a Chinese diplomat. He was born in Xiyang County, Shanxi. He was Ambassador of the People's Republic of China to the Dominion of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) (1966–1969), Poland (1970–1971), Canada (1972–1973), Mexico (1973–1977), Egypt (1977–1980), Djibouti (1979–1982) and France (1980–1982). He was a member of the Standing Committee of the 7th National People's Congress (1988–1993).


title: Yao Gomado

abstract: Yao Gomado is a Ghanaian politician and member of the Seventh Parliament of the Fourth Republic of Ghana representing the Akan Constituency in the Oti Region on the ticket of the National Democratic Congress.

text:
# Yao Gomado

**Yao Gomado** (born 20 October 1966) is a Ghanaian politician and member of the Seventh Parliament of the Fourth Republic of Ghana representing the Akan Constituency in the Oti Region on the ticket of the National Democratic Congress.

## Early life and education

Gomado was born and hails from Dodo-Dompa in the Oti Region of Ghana. Yao Gomado passed his Common Entrance Examination in 1978 which enabled him to obtain his Ordinary Level and Advanced Level. He then proceeded to have his Electrical Engineering Practice in 1982, C&G Institute London, Part Two Electricals (Electrical Engineering Technician) in 1983, Class Two Marine Electrical Engineer (Marine Electrical and Automation Engineering) in 1987, Class Three Marine Engineer (Shipboard Marine Engineering Practitioner) in 2012, Converteam A Series Maintenance (Dynamic Position Maintenance) in 2013, Dynamic Positioning (Ship Dynamic Positioning Maintenance) in 2013, Shipboard Dynamic Position (Dynamic Position Maintenance) in 2013, Professional Development Certificate (Project Management) in 2014, Marine Surveyor (Hull & Machinery) (Shipboard Marine Surveyor) in 2015, Mini-MBA (Corporate Governance) in 2015, Class One Electro Technical (Marine Electro-Technical Engineering) in 2016, Corporate Member (Engineering Practitioner) in 2017, Shipboard Internal Auditor (ISM-ISPS-MLC) in 2018 at Regional Maritime Academy and Post Graduate Diploma (Strategic Management) in 2019 at Regional Maritime University.

## Career

Gomado worked at Volta Lake Transport Company Limited, Akosombo, Ghana as the Assistant Electrical Engineer during his National Service period. He worked with Neptune Ship Management PTE Ltd in Singapore as a Junior Marine Electrical Engineer. He again served as the Marine Electrical Engineer of PSM Perkapalan SDN BHD in Malaysia. Yao Gomado also worked with the Paccship Management PTE in Singapore as the Marine Electrical Engineer. He finally worked with the Oceanwave Maritime & Engineering Consultancy Limited as their technical director.

## Political life

Gomado contested and won the NDC parliamentary primaries for Akan Constituency in the Oti Region of Ghana. Gomado won in the 2020 Ghanaian general elections on the ticket of the National Democratic Congress with 19,317 votes (58.69%) against Alhaji Rashid Bawa of the New Patriotic Party who had 13,300 votes (40.41%) to join the 8th Parliament of the Fourth Republic of Ghana.

Gomado refused the use of the government assigned Toyota V8 to provide water for his constituency. He again mortgaged his four-year salary to get grader for road repairs in his Akan Constituency. Gomado also assured and promised to improve standard of education in his constituency.

### Committees

Gomado is a member of the Judiciary Committee. He is also a member of the Environment, Science and Technology Committee of the Eighth (8th) Parliament of the Fourth Republic of Ghana.

## Personal life

Gomado is a Christian. He is fluent in speaking Ewe and English.

## InfoBox

| Hon. Ing.Yao GomadoMP | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament for Akan Constituency | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
7 January 2021 | |
| Preceded by | Kwaku Agyemang-Manu |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Yao Gomado
(1966-10-20) 20 October 1966
Dodo-Dompa, Ghana |
| Political party | National Democratic Congress |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Profession | Electrical Engineer |
| Committees | Judiciary Committee; Environment, Science and Technology Committee |
|  | |


title: Yao He

abstract: Yao He was a Chinese poet of the middle Tang dynasty. He was a great-grandson of chancellor Yao Chong. He was often called Yao Wugong (姚武功), and his poetry style was called "Wugong Style". Yao was very famous at his time. He knew Liu Yuxi, Li Shen, Zhang Ji, Wang Jian, Yang Juyuan, Ma Dai, Li Qunyu well, and was a close friend of Jia Dao. His style was very similar to Jia Dao, but was more tame and superficial.

text:
# Yao He

**Yao He** (Chinese: 姚合) was a Chinese poet of the middle Tang dynasty. He was a great-grandson of chancellor Yao Chong. He was often called Yao Wugong (姚武功), and his poetry style was called "Wugong Style". Yao was very famous at his time. He knew Liu Yuxi, Li Shen, Zhang Ji, Wang Jian, Yang Juyuan, Ma Dai, Li Qunyu well, and was a close friend of Jia Dao. His style was very similar to Jia Dao, but was more tame and superficial.


title: Willem Kremer

abstract: Willem Kremer was a Dutch pastor of the Christian Reformed Churches and a professor of practical theology at the Theological University of Apeldoorn.

text:
# Willem Kremer

**Willem Kremer** (March 1, 1896  August 9, 1985) was a Dutch pastor of the Christian Reformed Churches and a professor of practical theology at the Theological University of Apeldoorn.

## Life and work

Willem Kremer was born in Zwolle. His father, Gerrit Kremer, worked as a gardener and inspired him to pursue gardening. After the completion of his studies, he worked in greenhouses in Wassenaar, where he contracted the Spanish flu. During his illness, he discovered a passion for religion. In 1926, he completed his studies of theology in Apeldoorn and became a Christian Reformed minister in Kornhorn. In Kornhorn he was confirmed by his mentor professor Jacob Jan van der Schuit. Prior to his confirmation, he married Aaltje Scholing, with whom he had seven daughters. From 1932 to 1946 he worked in Leeuwarden, and from 1946 to 1953 he was a pastor in Apeldoorn. During his time as a pastor in Apeldoorn, he was overworked. In 1953 he was appointed professor at the Theological School of Apeldoorn. The synod entrusted him with the following subjects: New Testament exegesis, ethics and all official subjects (practical theology). He served as chairman at a number of important General Synods of the Christian Reformed Churches in 1941, 1947 and 1953. He was also editor-in-chief of the official publication of the Christian Reformed Churches, called "De Wekker". Kremer was the best person to attempt to keep together the Christian Reformed Churches, which in the period after the Second World War threatened to divide into two flanks. He did this by making all kinds of things discussable and by weighing up the different visions in the brochure: "Tensions and dangers in the lives of our Christian Reformed Churches" (1953). He also gave an impetus to what preaching should be in the Christian Reformed Churches.

In 1966 he was succeeded by Willem Velema for teaching New Testament subjects. He continued to teach the official subjects (practical theology) until January 1969. In that year Johannes Pieter Versteeg became professor of New Testament subjects and Willem Velema took over the official subjects (practical theology) from Kremer. He died on August 9, 1985, in Apeldoorn. He is buried in the cemetery in Ugchelen. At his funeral, Professor Jan van Genderen recited the confession of faith and Professor Berend Jakob Oosterhoff preached about Psalm 16.

## Theology

According to Kremer, the intention of his preaching is to form a bridge from the gospel to the single hearer. He calls this the spiritual element in preaching. This spiritual element is at the center of Kremer's thinking about homiletics. The spiritual element in preaching is also called 'scriptural-experimental preaching'. \[a\]

Kremer states that "subject (or experimental), discerning and discovering preaching" is necessary in the congregation. The congregation that meets in worship to hear the Word of God, among other things, is not a randomly composed group of people. She is the covenant church (meaning that they all receive God's promises, but that does not mean that they all embrace them in faith). Kremer links up with John Calvin, who said that there are 'two' children of the covenant. Children of the covenant continue to be sinners. The call to faith and repentance must not be missing in the preaching. Kremer therefore speaks of the Adams relationship, Abraham's relationship and Christ relationship. Due to these differences in the congregation, the work of preaching must be appealing and distinctive.

In 2019, a two-part collected work by Kremer was published by Brevier Uitgeverij in Kampen, Netherlands. \[b\]

## Remarkable statements

* The preacher-exegete will find that it is not the pulpit that calls for a text, but the text calls for a pulpit.
* Listeners should be actively involved in the sermon. The sermon may not become descriptive, so the sermon becomes an arrow without a point.
* Calls for discerning preaching and compares the believer with a living plant, the unbeliever with an artificial flower and the preaching of God's promise with the sun. It is precisely when the full light of the sun shines that the difference between the living plant and the artificial flower comes out. The first grows, the second discolors.
* The true experience is not only passive, but also active: embracing faith, breaking with sin and becoming active with the Lord.
* It is not an art to put the church on its skin every Sunday, but we (ministers) have to wait for this. The Word must live in the church, then sin will give way and the church will grow.

## Publications

* Baptized and Therefore (1952)
* Tensions and Dangers in the lives of our Christian Reformed Churches (1953)
* Spiritual guidance in the preaching work (1954)
* Life from the Christmas fact, radio sermon (1958)
* Preaching and ethics, speech on the transfer of the rectorship (1963)


title: Necroscia

abstract: Necroscia is an Asian genus of stick insects in the family Lonchodidae and tribe Necrosciini. Species have been recorded from South-East Asia.

text:
# Necroscia

***Necroscia*** is an Asian genus of stick insects in the family Lonchodidae and tribe Necrosciini. Species have been recorded from South-East Asia.

## Species

The *Phasmida Species File* list:

1. Audinet-Serville (1838\[1839\]) *Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Orthoptères* 250.
2. Brock, P.D.; Büscher, T.; Baker, E. "Necroscia Audinet-Serville, 1838". *Phasmida Species File Online. Version 5.0/5.0*. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
* Media related to Necroscia at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| *Necroscia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Necroscia annulipes* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Phasmatodea |
| Family: | Lonchodidae |
| Tribe: | Necrosciini |
| Genus: | *Necroscia*
Serville, 1838 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Necroscia prasina*
(Burmeister, 1838) | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Aruanoidea* Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 | |


title: Secrets of the Hive

abstract: Secrets of the Hive, by Procol Harum, is a 2-CD best-of album that was released in 2007 to mark the 40th anniversary of their first single, "A Whiter Shade of Pale". The album contains tracks from previous albums, singles and the previously unreleased Into the Flood.

text:
# Secrets of the Hive

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Secrets of the Hive***, by Procol Harum, is a 2-CD best-of album that was released in 2007 to mark the 40th anniversary of their first single, "A Whiter Shade of Pale". The album contains tracks from previous albums (not including *The Long Goodbye*), singles and the previously unreleased *Into the Flood*.

## Track listing

### Disc one

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Place of Origin | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "A Whiter Shade of Pale" | Gary Brooker, Keith Reid, Matthew Fisher | Non-album UK single, 1967 | 4:08 |
| 2. | "A Christmas Camel" | Brooker, Reid | *Procol Harum*, 1967 | 4:49 |
| 3. | "Quite Rightly So" | Brooker, Fisher, Reid | *Shine On Brightly*, 1968 | 3:39 |
| 4. | "Long Gone Geek" | Brooker, Fisher, Reid | B-side to the "A Salty Dog" single, 1969 | 3:13 |
| 5. | "All This and More" | Brooker, Reid | *A Salty Dog*, 1969 | 3:50 |
| 6. | "Whisky Train" | Robin Trower, Reid | *Home*, 1970 | 4:31 |
| 7. | "Broken Barricades" | Brooker, Reid | *Broken Barricades*, 1971 | 3:10 |
| 8. | "Simple Sister" | Brooker, Reid | *Broken Barricades* | 5:49 |
| 9. | "A Salty Dog (Live)" | Brooker, Reid | *Procol Harum Live: In Concert with the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra*, 1972; originally from *A Salty Dog* | 5:36 |
| 10. | "Fires (Which Burnt Brightly)" | Brooker, Reid | *Grand Hotel*, 1973 | 5:10 |
| 11. | "Bringing Home the Bacon" | Brooker, Reid | *Grand Hotel* | 4:20 |
| 12. | "Beyond the Pale" | Brooker, Reid | *Exotic Birds and Fruit*, 1974 | 3:03 |
| 13. | "Nothing But the Truth" | Brooker, Reid | *Exotic Birds and Fruit* | 3:12 |
| 14. | "Something Magic" | Brooker, Reid | *Something Magic*, 1977 | 3:36 |
| 15. | "Holding On" | Brooker, Reid | *The Prodigal Stranger*, 1991 | 4:17 |
| 16. | "Into the Flood (Live)" | Brooker, Matt Noble, Reid | *Procol Harum – In Concert with the Danish National Concert Orchestra and Choir*, 2009; originally a B-side to "The Truth Won't Fade Away" single, 1991 | 5:43 |
| 17. | "An Old English Dream" | Brooker, Reid | *The Well's on Fire*, 2003 | 4:40 |
| 18. | "Repent Walpurgis" | Fisher | *Procol Harum* | 5:02 |

### Disc 2

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Place of Origin | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Homburg" | Brooker, Reid | Non-album single, 1967 | 3:57 |
| 2. | "She Wandered Through the Garden Fence" | Brooker, Reid | *Procol Harum* | 3:24 |
| 3. | "Magdalene (My Regal Zonophone)" | Brooker, Reid | *Shine On Brightly* | 2:50 |
| 4. | "Shine On Brightly" | Brooker, Reid | *Shine On Brightly* | 3:31 |
| 5. | "The Devil Came from Kansas" | Brooker, Reid | *A Salty Dog* | 4:36 |
| 6. | "Whaling Stories" | Brooker, Reid | *Home* | 7:07 |
| 7. | "Power Failure" | Brooker, Reid | *Broken Barricades* | 4:30 |
| 8. | "Conquistador (Live)" | Brooker, Reid | *Procol Harum Live: In Concert with the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra*; originally from *Procol Harum* | 4:34 |
| 9. | "Grand Hotel" | Brooker, Reid | *Grand Hotel* | 6:10 |
| 10. | "A Souvenir of London" | Brooker, Reid | *Grand Hotel* | 3:21 |
| 11. | "The Idol" | Brooker, Reid | *Exotic Birds and Fruit* | 6:37 |
| 12. | "As Strong as Samson" | Brooker, Reid | *Exotic Birds and Fruit* | 5:04 |
| 13. | "Pandora's Box" | Brooker, Reid | *Procol's Ninth* | 3:34 |
| 14. | "(You Can't) Turn Back the Page" | Brooker, Noble, Reid | *The Prodigal Stranger* | 3:58 |
| 15. | "A Dream in Ev'ry Home" | Brooker, Fisher, Reid | *The Prodigal Stranger* | 4:02 |
| 16. | "This World Is Rich (For Stephen Maboe)" | Brooker, Reid | *The Well's on Fire* | 5:17 |
| 17. | "Weisselklenzenacht (The Signature)" | Fisher | *The Well's on Fire* | 5:21 |

## InfoBox

| Secrets of the Hive | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Procol Harum | |
| Released | August 27, 2007 |
| Recorded | 1967–2003 |
| Genre | Progressive rock |
| Label | Union Square Music |
| Producer | Rob Keyloch |
| Procol Harum chronology | |
| *Live at Union Chapel*
(2004) ***Secrets of the Hive***
(2007) *One Eye to the Future – Live in Italy 2007*
(2008) | |


title: Xenosoma geometrina

abstract: Xenosoma geometrina is a moth in the Arctiidae family and subfamily Arctiinae first described by William Schaus in 1910. It is found in Costa Rica.

text:
# Xenosoma geometrina

***Xenosoma geometrina*** is a moth in the Arctiidae family and subfamily Arctiinae first described by William Schaus in 1910. It is found in Costa Rica.

## InfoBox

| *Xenosoma geometrina* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Subtribe: | Pericopina |
| Genus: | *Xenosoma* |
| Species: | ***X. geometrina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xenosoma geometrina***<br>(Schaus, 1910) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Eloria geometrina* Schaus, 1910 | |


title: Media in Atlanta

abstract: The following is a list of media in Atlanta, Georgia, United States.

text:
# Media in Atlanta

The following is a list of **media in Atlanta**, Georgia, United States.

## Print

### Daily

### Weekly

### Monthly

### Suburban

### Defunct

### Magazines

## Broadcast radio

The Atlanta metropolitan area is currently the ninth-largest radio market in the United States as ranked by Nielsen Media Research. The following list includes full-power stations licensed to Atlanta proper, in addition to area suburbs.

Currently, radio stations that primarily serve the Atlanta metropolitan area include:

### AM stations

1 clear-channel station 2 daytime-only station

### FM stations

Asterisk (\*) indicates a non-commercial (public radio/campus/educational) broadcast.

### Defunct

## Television

The Atlanta metropolitan area is currently defined by Nielsen Media Research as the seventh-largest television market in the United States, with all of the major U.S. television networks having affiliates serving the region.

Atlanta is a major cable television programming center. Ted Turner began the Turner Broadcasting System in Atlanta in 1970 with his takeover of WJRJ-TV, renamed WTCG in 1970 and WTBS in 1979; WTBS became a pioneer "superstation" distributed to cable operators internationally, eventually yielding TBS. Ted established CNN in 1980, long headquartered at the CNN Center. Most of Turner's other networks—including Cartoon Network/Adult Swim, Boomerang, TNT, Turner Sports, Turner Classic Movies, HLN and CNN International—continue to be based in Atlanta. The Weather Channel has its offices and studios in nearby Cumberland. The first nationwide music video programming on cable television, Video Concert Hall, was created in Atlanta.

Currently, television stations that primarily serve the Atlanta metropolitan area include:

### Broadcast

Asterisk (\*) indicates channel is a network owned-and-operated station.

### Cable

## Internet

### Publishing

### Radio