title: Victor Bulmer-Thomas

abstract: Victor Bulmer-Thomas CMG OBE is a British academic who has specialised in Latin America and the Caribbean. Born in London, his first experience of the Americas was as a V.S.O. in Belize (1966/7), where he taught several of the future leaders of the country. He studied at New College, Oxford University for his undergraduate degree, where he obtained a first. In 1975 he graduated with a PhD from St Antony's College, Oxford, with an original dissertation on Costa Rica where he pioneered the concept of constructing databases from primary sources and applying them to Latin American economic history. While at university, he became involved in left-wing student politics.

text:
# Victor Bulmer-Thomas

**Victor Bulmer-Thomas** CMG OBE is a British academic who has specialised in Latin America and the Caribbean. Born in London, his first experience of the Americas was as a V.S.O. in Belize (1966/7), where he taught several of the future leaders of the country. He studied at New College, Oxford University for his undergraduate degree, where he obtained a first. In 1975 he graduated with a PhD from St Antony's College, Oxford, with an original dissertation on Costa Rica where he pioneered the concept of constructing databases from primary sources and applying them to Latin American economic history. While at university, he became involved in left-wing student politics.

## Academic career

### Early years in Scotland

His first academic post was at the Fraser of Allander Institute for Research on the Scottish Economy at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow. He was one of the first to be appointed to this new Institute, where he worked with a team of economists building a model of the Scottish economy that required the construction of an input-output model. While at the Institute, he also worked as a consultant to the Moroccan government. where he applied his knowledge and use of input-output tables.

His first published works were on the Scottish economy, including a study of the household savings rate and the Scottish balance of payments on the eve of oil production. However, his experience in the field of input-output analysis (he also built an input-output table for Guatemala) led to the publication of his first book with a foreword by the Nobel laureate Wassily Leontief (Input-Output Analysis for Developing Countries: Sources, Methods and Applications, 1982).

### London

He moved from Scotland in 1978 to take up a post as lecturer in Development Economics at Queen Mary College (now Queen Mary) at London University. Here he undertook research on Latin America and was invited to take part in a study group on Latin America in the 1930s. Working on Central America, he found it necessary to construct the national accounts for the five countries of the region from 1920 onwards. This led to the publication in 1987 of *The Political Economy of Central America since 1920*.

He was the guest editor of a special issue of the *Journal of Latin American Studies on Central America* published in 1983, and he joined the editorial board in 1984 – a post he held without interruption for 25 years. From 1986–97 he was also editor of the *Journal of Latin American Studies*. In 1988 he launched a Masters in Economics with special reference to Latin America at Queen Mary, which attracted many students from the region. In 1988 he became Reader in Economics of Latin America, the first person to hold that title in the United Kingdom, and in 1990 he was promoted to Professor of Economics. Two years later, he became the Director of London University's Institute of Latin American Studies, although he remained attached to Queen Mary. During his six years as Director, the Institute flourished and received a 5\* (the highest ranking) in the Research Assessment Exercise. It was during this time as Director that he published his best known book The Economic History of Latin America since Independence. This has now been translated into Spanish, Japanese and Chinese and went into a third edition in 2014. While Director, he received honours from the governments of Brazil and Colombia as well as an OBE from the British government in recognition of his role in building up the reputation of the Institute.

He retired as Director in 1998, but remained on the staff of the Institute of Latin American Studies as Senior Research Fellow. It was during this time that he began to take an interest in the economic history of the Caribbean. However, this research was interrupted when he became the Director of Chatham House, the London home of the Royal Institute of International Affairs in 2001. Whilst at Chatham House, he introduced the Chatham House Prize, an annual award presented to a leading international statesperson He supervised the first award in 2005 and, importantly, set the template that has ensured its ongoing success. Having by then published 20 books as sole author or editor, including the two volume Cambridge Economic History of Latin America, he was content to let research take a back seat while he concentrated on reviving the fortunes of Chatham House. He stepped down as Director of Chatham House in 2006, receiving a CMG from the British government in recognition of his achievements.

After leaving Chatham House at the end of 2006, he became a visiting professor at Florida International University where he worked on an economic history of the Caribbean since the Napoleonic Wars. On returning to the UK, he worked on the theme of the United States as an empire. His book, *Empire in Retreat: the Past, Present and Future of the United States*, was published in 2018.

He is currently Professor Emeritus of London University, Senior Distinguished Fellow of the School of Advanced Studies at London University, Honorary Professor of the Institute of the Americas at University College London, Associate Fellow in the United States and Americas Programme at Chatham House. He is married to Barbara Swasey from Belize (they have been married since 1970) and they have three children. His hobbies include playing quartets, underwater photography, kayaking, walking and tennis.

## Publications

### Books and monographs

* *Internal Empire: The Rise and Fall of English Imperialism*, London, C. Hurst (Publishers), 2023.
* *From Slavery to Services: the Struggle for Economic Independence in the Caribbean*, Kingston, Ian Randle Publishers, 2021
* *Empire in Retreat: the Past, Present and Future of the United States*, New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 2018
* *The Economic History of Latin America since Independence*, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2014 (third edition)
* *The Economic History of the Caribbean since the Napoleonic Wars*, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2012
* (with Barbara Bulmer-Thomas), *The Economic History of Belize: from 17th Century to Post-Independence*, Cubola, Belize, 2012
* (editor with John Coatsworth and Roberto Cortés Conde), *The Economic History of Latin America*, "Vol. 1. The Colonial Era and the Short 19th Century", Cambridge University Press (2006)
* (editor with John Coatsworth and Roberto Cortés Conde), *The Economic History of Latin America*, "Vol. 2. The Long 20th Century", Cambridge University Press (2006)
* (editor), *Regional Integration in Latin America and the Caribbean: the Political Economy of Open Regionalism*, ILAS, 2001
* (editor with James Dunkerley), *The United States and Latin America: the New Agenda*, ILAS and Harvard University, 1999
* (editor), *Integración Regional en Centroamérica*, San José, FLACSO, 1998
* *Reflexiones sobre la Integración Centroamericana*, Banco Centroamericano de Integración Económica, 1997
* (editor) *Thirty Years of Latin American Studies in the United Kingdom*; London: Institute of Latin American Studies, 1997
* (editor) *The New Economic Model in Latin America and its Impact on Income Distribution and Poverty*, Macmillan/ILAS, 1996. (Spanish edition published by Trimestre Económico in Mexico)
* (co-editor with Mónica Serrano) *Rebuilding the State: Mexico after Salinas*, Institute of Latin American Studies, 1996 (Spanish edition published by Fondo de Cultura Económica in Mexico)
* (co-editor with D'Alva Kinzo, M.) *Growth and Development in Brazil: Cardoso's Real Challenge*, Institute of Latin American Studies, 1995
* *The Economic History of Latin America since Independence*, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994. (Spanish edition published by Fondo de Cultura Económica in Mexico in 1998; Japanese edition published by Nagoya University in 2001; Chinese edition forthcoming)
* (co-editor with N.Craske and M. Serrano), *Mexico and the North American Agreement: Who will Benefit?*, Macmillan, 1994. A Spanish version was published as Mexico Frente al TLC: Costos y Beneficios, Colegio de México, 1995
* (editor and coauthor), *Central American Integration, Report for the Commission of the European Community*, University of Miami, 1992
* (with Malcolm Deas et al.), *Latin America in Perspective*, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991
* (editor) *Britain and Latin America: A Changing Relationship*, Royal Institute of International Affairs and Cambridge University Press, 1989
* *Studies in the Economics of Central America*, London: MacMillan; New York: St. Martins Press, 1988
* *The Political Economy of Central America since 1920*, Cambridge University Press, 1987. A Spanish version (La Economía Política de América Central desde 1920) was published by the Banco Centroamericano de Integración Económica, Tegucigalpa, Honduras, in 1989
* *Latin American Debt: Origins, Policies and Prospects*, London: Latin American Newsletters, 1987
* *Input Output Analysis: Sources, Methods and Applications for Developing Countries*. London: John Wiley, 1982. (With a Foreword written by Professor Wassily Leontief)
* *Income, Expenditure and the Balance of Payments in Scotland*. Glasgow: Fraser of Allander Institute, Research Monograph No. 6, 1978


title: Victoria Lepădatu

abstract: Victoria Lepădatu is a retired Romanian rower. She competed in coxless fours and eights at the 1992 Olympics and won a silver medal in the eights.

text:
# Victoria Lepădatu

**Victoria Lepădatu** (born 12 June 1971) is a retired Romanian rower. She competed in coxless fours and eights at the 1992 Olympics and won a silver medal in the eights.

## InfoBox

Victoria Lepădatu
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | 12 June 1971 (1971-06-12) (age 53)<br>Vorniceni, Botoșani, Romania |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Rowing |
| Medal record      Representing  Romania  Olympic Games  1992 Barcelona  Eights | |


title: Victor Wilhelm Lindauer

abstract: Victor Wilhelm Lindauer (1888–1964) was a New Zealand phycologist, collector and teacher. The son of New Zealand painter Gottfried Lindauer, he was born in 1888 in Auckland, and grew up in Woodville, spending a considerable part of his boyhood in the native bush. He trained as a teacher and after two years service in WWI with the US Army, he returned to New Zealand. In 1927 Lindauer married Elsie, and in 1931, after the births of four children, the family moved to Russell where he had been appointed headmaster of the primary school. In 1935, Josephine Tilden and a team of phycologists from the University of Minnesota came to Russell to collect seaweeds and enlisted his help to provide a place to handle their material. They also invited him to participate, and thus began his lifelong quest to collect New Zealand seaweeds. The school children whom he taught collected for him and with him. Other schoolmasters were also enlisted, not only on the North Island, but also R. Gilpin, a headmaster on the Chatham Islands. On Stewart Island, he contacted Eileen Willa, and she, too, became an avid collector. Between 1939 and 1953 Lindauer created and distributed about 60 sets of the exsiccata work Algae Nova-Zelandicae Exsiccatae in 14 fascicles of 25 sheets, meaning 350 numbered specimen units. The sets have since been used as reference material for many taxonomic studies of New Zealand algae.

text:
# Victor Wilhelm Lindauer

**Victor Wilhelm Lindauer** (1888–1964) was a New Zealand phycologist, collector and teacher.

The son of New Zealand painter Gottfried Lindauer, he was born in 1888 in Auckland, and grew up in Woodville, spending a considerable part of his boyhood in the native bush. He trained as a teacher and after two years service in WWI with the US Army, he returned to New Zealand.

In 1927 Lindauer married Elsie (née Lovell), and in 1931, after the births of four children, the family moved to Russell where he had been appointed headmaster of the primary school. In 1935, Josephine Tilden and a team of phycologists from the University of Minnesota came to Russell to collect seaweeds and enlisted his help to provide a place (the local school) to handle their material. They also invited him to participate, and thus began his lifelong quest to collect New Zealand seaweeds. The school children whom he taught collected for him and with him. Other schoolmasters were also enlisted, not only on the North Island, but also R. Gilpin, a headmaster on the Chatham Islands. On Stewart Island, he contacted Eileen Willa, and she, too, became an avid collector.

Between 1939 and 1953 Lindauer created and distributed about 60 sets of the exsiccata work *Algae Nova-Zelandicae Exsiccatae* in 14 fascicles of 25 sheets, meaning 350 numbered specimen units. The sets have since been used as reference material for many taxonomic studies of New Zealand algae.

## Selected publications

* Lindauer, V.W. (1938). "Note on a new species of New Zealand Champia". *Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand*. **67**: 411–413.
* Lindauer, V.W. (1939). "Note on the tetrasporic form of Gigartina alveata". *Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand*. **69**: 378–379.
* Lindauer, V.W. (1945). "Note on the brown alga Ecklonia brevipes J.Ag". *Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand*. **75**: 394–397.
* Lindauer, V.W. (1947). "An annotated list of the brown seaweeds, Phaeophyceae, of New Zealand". *Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand*. **76**: 542–566.
* Lindauer, V.W. (1949). "Additions to the marine algae of New Zealand". *Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand*. **77**: 390–393.
* Lindauer, V.W. (1949). "Notes on marine algae of New Zealand-I". *Pacific Science*. **3**: 340–352.
* Lindauer, V.W. (1953). "Some New Zealand algal confusions". *Proceedings of the Seventh Pacific Science Congress (Botany)*. **5**: 18–21.
* Lindauer, V.W. (1957). "A descriptive review of the Phaeophyceae of New Zealand". *Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand*. **85**: 61–74.
* Lindauer, V.W. (1960). "New species of Phaeophyceae from New Zealand". *Revue Algologique*. **3**: 161–72.
* Lindauer, V.W. & Setchell, W.A. (1946). "Note on a new species of red alga, Lenormandia coronata". *Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand*. **76**: 66–67.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Lindauer,V.W., V.J.Chapman, M.Aiken (1961). "The marine algae of New Zealand-II.Phaeophyceae". *Nova Hedwigia*. **3**: 129–350.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

## InfoBox

| Victor Wilhelm Lindauer | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1888
Auckland |
| Died | 1964  (aged 75–76)
Russell, New Zealand |
| Occupation | Phycologist, collector and teacher |
| Parent(s) |  |


title: Victor Willems

abstract: Victor Willems was a Belgian fencer. He won a bronze medal in the team épée event at the 1908 Summer Olympics and a gold in the same event at the 1912 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Victor Willems

**Victor Willems** (19 February 1877  1920) was a Belgian fencer. He won a bronze medal in the team épée event at the 1908 Summer Olympics and a gold in the same event at the 1912 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Victor Willems
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1877-02-19)19 February 1877 |
| Died | 1920 (aged 4243) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Fencing |
| Medal record      Men's fencing  Representing  Belgium  Olympic Games  1908 London  Épée, Team  1912 Stockholm  Épée, Team | |


title: Victor Willing

abstract: Victor Arthur James Willing was a British painter, noted for his original nude studies. He was a friend and colleague of many notable artists, including Elisabeth Frink, Michael Andrews and Francis Bacon. He was married to Portuguese feminist artist Paula Rego.

text:
# Victor Willing

**Victor Arthur James Willing** (15 January 1928 – 1 June 1988) was a British painter, noted for his original nude studies. He was a friend and colleague of many notable artists, including Elisabeth Frink, Michael Andrews and Francis Bacon. He was married to Portuguese feminist artist Paula Rego.

## Biography

Willing was born on 15 January 1928 in Alexandria, Egypt, the only son of George Willing, professional soldier, and his wife Irene Cynthia Tomkins. The first four years of his life were spent there and, briefly, in Malta. On returning to the UK his father was posted to various parts of southern England, including the Isle of Wight and Bordon, Hampshire. Willing's education was, in consequence, disrupted until the family moved permanently to Guildford, Surrey, where he was able to attend The Royal Grammar School from 1940 to 1945. A year was then spent at Guildford School of Art while he awaited call-up to National Service, which he performed from 1946 to 1948.

He secured a commission as second lieutenant in the Royal Artillery, serving in Northern Ireland and at Dover. After this he was accepted by the Slade School of Fine Art, University of London, but only to start in 1949, so he returned for a year to Guildford Art School studying sculpture under Willi Soukop. A fellow student and friend there at the time was Elisabeth Frink. He produced two accomplished stone carvings during this year, a female torso and a head (private collections).

Willing's start at the Slade coincided with William Coldstream's arrival there as Director and Professor. Fellow entrants that year included Michael Andrews, Henry Inlander and James Burr, while Euan Uglow, Craigie Aitchison, Paula Rego and Myles Murphy also overlapped subsequently. Other close friends, Keith Sutton and Peter Snow, had started the previous year.

Willing was admired by his fellow students for his adventurous talent and intellectual zest, and was denoted 'spokesman for his generation' by the critic David Sylvester. He was deeply fascinated by one of Francis Bacon's first exhibitions, in 1949, and he invited him to talk at the Slade. They subsequently became friends and saw a good deal of each other especially after Willing left the Slade in 1953. Another artist who became a long-standing friend was Rodrigo Moynihan and each painted the other's portrait. Willing's portrait of Moynihan is with the Royal College of Art, but Moynihan's of Willing was stolen and was, it is thought, destroyed by the thief.

Willing took his diploma in 1952 and then stayed on for a further year. Of work produced during these student years rather little survives. Four paintings, *Head of a Man (John Mills)*, *Boy on a Tricycle* (both private collection), *Head of a Girl (Paula Rego)* (Dumfriesshire Educational Trust) and *Standing Nude* (Tate Gallery) are still extant, however, and possibly two other 'summer compositions', *Europa and the Bull* and *Musicians*. His diploma painting *Act of Violence* is still with University Art Collections, University College.

In 1951, Willing had married his long-time Guildford girlfriend, Hazel Whittington; they lived first at Shalford near Guildford, and from 1954 in a large maisonette at Lancaster Gate in Bayswater, London. He was able to paint both there and in a small studio that he had in Chelsea. Meanwhile, he began an extra-marital affair with another student at the Slade named Paula Rego. Rego had several abortions during their affair starting from when she was 18 years old, because Willing had threatened to return to his wife if Rego kept their child.

In 1955, Erica Brausen of the Hanover Gallery gave him a show which was a considerable critical success. Paintings were bought by the Arts Council of Great Britain and also by Sir Colin Anderson, a notable supporter of young artists. A star piece of the show, *Reclining Nude*, went to a Belgian purchaser and has disappeared from view. Unfortunately there was no catalogue nor, it seems, were the exhibits photographed.

Paintings from around this time, which may have been in the exhibition, are *Runners* and *Man Explaining* (private collection) and *Winter Machine* (Arts Council Collection). *Man with a Kitten* no longer exists but was published in monochrome. An impressive *Man Watching* (a sentry standing in front of red railings), which was shown at the ICA in 1953, is believed lost. There were also a few portraits: *Andrew Forge*, *Natasha Spender* and *Lawrence Alloway* (the last two, whereabouts unknown).

In 1957, Rego left the UK to live in Portugal because she had decided to keep their latest baby. After the birth of their daughter Caroline, Willing joined her there. Rego's parents were supportive, and the two were able to live quietly at the family *quinta* in Ericeira where they both continued to paint. They were married in 1959 following Willing's divorce from Hazel Whittington. From 1962 they also had a base in London, a house in Albert Street, Camden Town, which Rego's father, José Figueiroa Rego, had given them. Willing had several extra-marital affairs throughout his second marriage, and some of his mistresses were depicted in his wife's drawings.

Although many paintings were produced during this period most were destroyed or painted over. Survivals include *Self Portrait* and *Standing Figure and Nude* (1957; two parts of an unfinished triptych). Willing was discouraged when the more adventurous *Lech*, *Precarious Drag* and *Untitled*, which relate more closely to his late work, were viewed unfavourably by a critic friend, and he reverted to painting (as he put it) 'stodgy nudes'.

The year 1966 brought major upsets to his career as an artist. Both his father and his father-in-law died and he saw no option but to take on the management of the latter's business interests in Lisbon. At the same time he was diagnosed with the early stages of multiple sclerosis. Art took on a lesser role for the next eight years until the Portuguese revolution of 1974 led to the failure of the business and the eventual return of the family – which now included Caroline, Victoria and Nick Willing – to live permanently in London.

Willing decided that he had to return to his true *métier*; he rented a room in a disused school in Stepney, east London, and began to paint. Alone for long periods, and standing only with difficulty, he often just sat and looked at the wall. During these periods of 'reverie' pictures would appear to him of an intense and visionary quality which he was then able to draw. Many of these drawings were subsequently enlarged into oil paintings, and both drawings and paintings were exhibited in 1978 at the AIR (Artist Information Registry) Gallery, then in Shaftesbury Avenue, central London. This exhibition was a critical success and during the next ten years was followed by several others most notably at the Serpentine Gallery (1982) and the Whitechapel Art Gallery (1986), the latter a major retrospective.

In 1982, he was Artist in Residence, Corpus Christi College and Kettle's Yard art gallery, Cambridge. His paintings entered important collections including the Tate Gallery, the Arts Council and the Saatchi Collection. His many drawings were also widely exhibited and collected. Particularly striking was the series of *Masks* which were shown at the Hayward Gallery Annual (sponsored by the Arts Council) in 1985.

With his increasing disability the large paintings of the earlier eighties gave place to smaller, his last exhibition being of a series of Heads at the Karsten Schubert Gallery in 1987. Also towards the end of his life he designed and had made some small sculptures, painted and gilded, resembling some of the standing figures in his drawings. Another idea, surviving in small models, was the creation of the 'aedicola' or 'shelter', a place of refuge or retreat, which had featured in his drawings and paintings.

Willing died at home in Hampstead, north London, on 1 June 1988 and was buried at Hampstead Cemetery. In subsequent years several important publications and exhibitions have taken place. In 1993 Karsten Schubert published a selection of his writings and two conversations with John McEwen, while in 2000 appeared the August Media multi-authored study of his work. Five works were included in the 'New Displays' at the Tate Gallery in 1999, and in 2000 there was a solo exhibition of his work at Marlborough Fine Art, London.

In 2008, the Pallant House Gallery, Chichester exhibited its holdings of his paintings, bequeathed to them by the architect Colin St John Wilson, alongside some loans of early work. An extensive retrospective exhibition, curated by Helmut Wohl, opened at the Casa das Historias Paula Rego, Cascais, Portugal, on 9 September 2010, and closed on 2 January 2011.

## Personal life

By his second marriage, to feminist artist Paula Rego, he had two daughters - Caroline 'Cas' Willing and Victoria Willing, and a son Nick Willing, a director, producer and writer of films and television series. Nick directed a television film, *Paula Rego, Secrets & Stories*, about his parents in 2017. The Australian sculptor, Ron Mueck, is his son-in-law.

## Selected exhibitions

### Lifetime

* 1952 Group exhibition, Young Painters, Institute of Contemporary Art (ICA), London.
* 1953 Group exhibition, 11 British Painters, ICA, London.
* 1955 Solo exhibition, Hanover Gallery, London.
* 1962 Group exhibition, The Arts Council as Patron, The Arts Council Gallery, London, and on tour.
* 1978 Solo exhibition, Air Gallery, London.
* 1979 Group exhibition, The British Art Show, Arts Council of GB, Graves Art Gallery and on tour.
* 1980 Solo exhibition, The House Gallery, London.
* 1980 Group exhibition, Pictures for an Exhibition, Whitechapel Art Gallery, London.
* 1980 Group exhibition, Summer Exhibition, Blond Fine Art, London.
* 1981-2 Group exhibition, Winter Exhibition, Blond Fine Art, London.
* 1982 Solo exhibition, Bernard Jacobson Gallery, London.
* 1982 Solo exhibition, Serpentine Gallery, London.
* 1982 Group exhibition, British Drawing, Hayward Annual 1982, Hayward Gallery, London.
* 1983 Solo exhibition, Kettle's Yard Gallery, Cambridge.
* 1983 Solo exhibition of drawings, Hobson Gallery, Cambridge.
* 1983 Solo exhibition, Bernard Jacobson Gallery, New York City.
* 1983 Solo exhibition, Bernard Jacobson Gallery, Los Angeles, USA.
* 1984 Group exhibition, Old Allegiances and New Directions, Arts Council of GB, Mappin Art Gallery, Sheffield and tour.
* 1984-7 Group exhibition, New Works on Paper, The British Council, Warsaw, Poland and tour.
* 1985 Solo exhibition, Bernard Jacobson Gallery, London.
* 1985 Group exhibition, Hayward Annual 1985, Hayward Gallery, London.
* 1986 Retrospective exhibition, Whitechapel Art Gallery, London.
* 1986 Group exhibition, Surprises in Store, Twentieth Century British Painting from the Rugby Collection, University of Warwick, Coventry.
* 1987 Exhibition of Heads at Karsten Schubert Gallery, London.

### Posthumous

* 1999 Five works included in 'New Displays', Tate Gallery, London.
* 2000 Solo exhibition, Marlborough Fine Arts, London.
* 2008-9 Solo exhibition, Victor Willing: Revelations, Discoveries, Communications, Pallant House Gallery, Chichester.
* 2010–11 Retrospective exhibition, Casa das Historias Paula Rego, Cascais, Portugal
* 2019-20 Victor Willing: Visions, Hastings Contemporary, East Sussex, UK
* 2019 Victor Willing: Scratch the Wall, Turps Gallery & ASC Gallery, London, UK

## Collections

## Bibliography

* 1983 – Catalogue: *Victor Willing: paintings since 1978*, Kettle's Yard Gallery, Cambridge. Text, "Time as a shallow stage" by John McEwen. Twelve paintings and four drawings illustrated.
* 1986 – Catalogue: *Victor Willing: a retrospective exhibition 1952–1985*, Whitechapel Art Gallery, London. Foreword by Nicholas Serota; introduction by Lynne Cooke; a conversation between VW and John McEwen. Four writings by VW ('Travel by bus', "Thoughts after a car crash", "Now" and "Blood") are introduced by David Sylvester. Sixteen paintings and sixteen drawings are illustrated in colour, sixteen paintings and seven more drawings in monochrome. The extensive bibliography of writings by and about the artist remains the best available.
* 1987 – Catalogue: *Victor Willing: recent paintings*, Karsten Schubert Gallery, London. Text, 'Imaginary Portraits', by Lynne Cooke. Fourteen paintings of Heads (two of them triptychs) are illustrated in colour.
* 1989 – "Victor Willing", in Alastair Hicks, *New British Art in the Saatchi Collection*, Thames and Hudson, London, 1989, pp. 114–121. Fourteen paintings illustrated in colour.
* 1992 – Victor Willing, "Icarus or the Walking-Wounded", *Modern Painters*, vol. 5 no. 3 pp. 69–71.
* 1993 – *Victor Willing: selected writings and two conversations with John McEwen*, Karsten Schubert Ltd. Six drawings are illustrated in colour.
* 1996 – John McEwen, "Victor Willing", *Dictionary of National Biography 1986–1990*, pp. 483–4.
* 2000(a) – *Victor Willing*, edited by Fiona Bradley with contributions from Lynne Cooke, John McEwen, John Mills, Paula Rego and Nicholas Serota. August Media Ltd. London. 159 pp., many colour illustrations, several of works not illustrated elsewhere.
* 2000(b) – Catalogue: *Victor Willing 1928–1988*, Marlborough Fine Art Ltd, London. Ten paintings and nine drawings illustrated in colour.
* 2008 – Leaflet: *Victor Willing: revelations, discoveries, communications*. Pallant House Gallery, Chichester. Text by John McEwen. Five paintings illustrated.
* 2019 – *Victor Willing*. Texts by Elizabeth Gilmore, Victoria Howarth, John McEwan. Art/Books. 128pp.
* 2019 – *Turps Spotlight # 2: Victor Willing*. Edited and texts by Scott McCracken and Marcus Harvey. Turps Banana. 40pp., 32 works illustrated.

## InfoBox

| Victor Willing | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1928-01-15)15 January 1928
Alexandria, Egypt |
| Died | 1 June 1988(1988-06-01) (aged 60)
Hampstead, London, England |
| Resting place | Hampstead Cemetery |
| Nationality | British |
| Known for | Painting |
| Spouses | *   Hazel Whittington  (m. 1951; div. 1959) *   Paula Rego (m. 1959) |
| Children | 3; including Victoria and Nick |


title: Victory Road (2012)

abstract: The 2012 Victory Road was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) promotion, which took place on March 18, 2012, at the Impact Wrestling Zone in Orlando, Florida. It was the eighth and final PPV under the Victory Road chronology and the third event in the 2012 TNA PPV schedule. In October 2017, with the launch of the Global Wrestling Network, the event became available to stream on demand.

text:
# Victory Road (2012)

The 2012 **Victory Road** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) promotion, which took place on March 18, 2012, at the Impact Wrestling Zone in Orlando, Florida. It was the eighth and final PPV under the Victory Road chronology and the third event in the 2012 TNA PPV schedule.

In October 2017, with the launch of the Global Wrestling Network, the event became available to stream on demand.

## Storylines

| **Other on-screen personnel** | |
| --- | --- |
| Commentator | Mike Tenay |
| | Taz |
| Ring announcer | Jeremy Borash |
| Referee | Rudy Charles |
| | Mark "Slick" Johnson |
| | Andrew Thomas |
| Interviewers | Jeremy Borash |
|

Victory Road featured eight professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines. Wrestlers portrayed villains, heroes, or less distinguishable characters in the scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches.

The primary feud entering Victory Road entailed TNA World Heavyweight Champion Bobby Roode and TNA General Manager Sting, who competed in a non-title No Holds Barred match. Ever since November when Roode transformed into a selfish and villainous persona in the company, Sting had his hands full dealing with Roode's low and rebellious actions which included avoiding championship defenses and potential losses by bending and manipulating the rules. At Against All Odds, after the referee was rendered incapable, Sting as the special ringside enforcer, reluctantly authorized the fall that allowed Roode to retain his championship from four other contenders that night. On the following week's *Impact Wrestling*, Roode attacked Sting for announcing the Lockdown main event that would see Roode face Storm (who won a number one contender's match during the night) in a Cage match for the title. Roode tried to force Sting into retirement from the company the next week when speculation circulated that Sting was "done" with wrestling, however, Sting refused, changing into his crazed alter-ego personality and challenged Roode to a match at Victory Road.

A feud developed that led to James Storm facing Bully Ray over number one contention to the TNA World Heavyweight Championship at Victory Road. On the February 16 edition of *Impact*, Storm beat Ray to become the number one contender to the TNA World Heavyweight Championship at Lockdown. Following the match, Ray attacked Storm and unceremoniously confronted football running back of the New York Giants in the building that night, Brandon Jacobs, prompting retaliation. Jacobs and Storm became allies, and on the next week's *Impact*, Jacobs helped Storm and Hardy to defeat Ray and Kurt Angle during the featured No Disqualification main event match after sending Ray through a table with a chokeslam. In the subsequent weeks that Storm and Ray extended their feud, Ray requested TNA GM, Sting, to name him number one contender to the World Championship for beating down Storm with a chair after a match involving two of them. Initially turned down, it was later announced that Ray would face Storm for his number one contender's spot at Victory Road.

Another main feud on the card was between Jeff Hardy and Kurt Angle. On the February 16 edition of *Impact*, Kurt Angle interfered in Jeff Hardy's World Championship match with defending champion Bobby Roode, which led to a loss for Hardy.Two weeks later, Angle explained that the reasoning behind the attack was because of envy of Hardy's popularity, despite his enigmatic appearance, and for his influence on his son. Angle challenged Hardy to a match at Victory Road with Hardy accepting the match through a physical confrontation.

The feud continued brewing as Mr. Anderson joined A.J Styles to take on his enemies, Kazarian and Christopher Daniels. Because of the interference by Kazarian, AJ Styles won a TNA Television Championship match by disqualification over Robbie E, who retained the title due to such result that does not allow titles to change hands. In a 2-on-1 Gauntlet match against Daniels and Kazarian the next week, Styles eliminated Daniels by way of disqualification after receiving the *Fade to Black* from Kazarian, who then pinned Styles to win the match. During the next week, Daniels blamed his betrayal on his former alliance with Styles claiming that it brought Styles fortune and fame while he was fired, and because of this, advised Kazarian not to make the same mistake. Styles, sick of their attitudes, announced the return of his new ally, Mr. Anderson.

The X Division match set up for the event was between defending champion Austin Aries and Zema Ion, competing over the TNA X Division Championship. Over several weeks, Ion competed with other X Division wrestlers and gained victories over his counterparts. On the March 8 edition of *Impact*, Ion defeated Aries by disqualification in a match for the X Division Championship, but due to the result, the title did not switch hands. A rematch was later added to the PPV line-up.

The Knockouts match heading into the event was between the defending champion Gail Kim and Madison Rayne, fighting over the TNA Women's Knockout Championship. At Against All Odds, Rayne, who accompanied Kim to her matches for months, walked out on her. Kim tried to bury any issues between her and Rayne as she appreciated Rayne being there as a friend. However, Rayne went on to manipulate her way into winning a Knockouts Battle Royal to become the number one contender to the Knockouts Title, surprising Kim that her friend would betray her. Further problems arose the next week when they would lose the TNA Knockouts Tag Team Championship to Eric Young and ODB.

The Tag Team feud continuing into the event was defending champions Samoa Joe and Magnus taking on former champions Matt Morgan and Crimson. At Against All Odds, Joe and Magnus defeated Morgan and Crimson for the tag titles. After the two teams built their momentum gaining wins for a few weeks, the rematch was later scheduled.

Robbie E put out an Open Challenge for the TNA Television Championship, which later went answered by Devon at the PPV.

## Results

| No. | Results | Stipulations | Times |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | James Storm defeated Bully Ray | Singles match for Storm‘s #1 contendership to TNA World Heavyweight Championship at Lockdown | 01:10 |
| 2 | Austin Aries (c) defeated Zema Ion | Singles match for the TNA X Division Championship | 11:08 |
| 3 | Magnus and Samoa Joe (c) defeated Crimson and Matt Morgan | Tag team match for the TNA World Tag Team Championship | 10:12 |
| 4 | Devon defeated Robbie E (c) (with Robbie T) | Singles match for the TNA Television Championship | 03:00 |
| 5 | Gail Kim (c) defeated Madison Rayne | Singles match for the TNA Knockouts Championship | 07:09 |
| 6 | A.J. Styles and Mr. Anderson defeated Christopher Daniels and Kazarian | Tag team match | 13:59 |
| 7 | Kurt Angle defeated Jeff Hardy | Singles match | 19:07 |
| 8 | Bobby Roode defeated Sting | No Holds Barred match | 16:40 |
| (c)  – the champion(s) heading into the match | | | |

## InfoBox

| Victory Road (2012) | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional poster featuring Sting | |
| Promotion | Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) |
| Date | March 18, 2012 |
| City | Orlando, Florida |
| Venue | Impact Zone |
| Attendance | 1,100 |
| Tagline(s) | *Half Crazy* |
| Pay-per-view chronology | |
| **Previous**
Against All Odds **Next**
Lockdown | |
| Victory Road chronology | |
| **Previous**
2011 **Next**
2017 | |


title: Victoria Chernova

abstract: Victoria Chernova is a paralympic athlete from Russia competing mainly in category T12 middle-distance events. Victoria competed in the 2000 Summer Paralympics where she won bronze medals in both the 800m and 5000m as well as competing in the 1500m

text:
# Victoria Chernova

**Victoria Chernova** is a paralympic athlete from Russia competing mainly in category T12 middle-distance events.

Victoria competed in the 2000 Summer Paralympics where she won bronze medals in both the 800m and 5000m as well as competing in the 1500m

## InfoBox

Victoria Chernova
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Paralympic athletics | | |
| Representing  Russia | | |
| Paralympic Games | | |
|  | 2000 Sydney | 800 metres - T12 |
|  | 2000 Sydney | 5000 metres - T12 |


title: Victoria Chika Ezerim

abstract: Victoria Chika Ezerim is a Nigerian taekwondo practitioner who competes in the women's senior category. She won a bronze medal at the 2003 African Taekwondo Championships in the –63 kg category.

text:
# Victoria Chika Ezerim

**Victoria Chika Ezerim** is a Nigerian taekwondo practitioner who competes in the women's senior category. She won a bronze medal at the 2003 African Taekwondo Championships in the –63 kg category.

## Sports career

Victoria participated at the 2003 African Taekwondo Championships held in Abuja, Nigeria and in the 73 kg event, she won a bronze medal.

## InfoBox

Victoria Chika Ezerim
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Victoria Chika Ezerim |
| Nationality | Nigeria |
| Born | Nigeria |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Taekwondo |
| Event | 63 kg |
| Medal record      Women's taekwondo  Representing  Nigeria  African Taekwondo Championships  2003 Abuja  63 kg | |


title: Vijzelgracht

abstract:
The Vijzelgracht is a street and former canal in Amsterdam.
The Vijzelgracht is adjacent to the Grachtengordel and is an extension of one of the most important city radii for public transport and normal traffic. This through route leads via Vijzelstraat, Rokin, Dam Square and Damrak to Central Station.
To the south of Vijzelgracht, the Nieuwe Vijzelstraat connects to Weteringschans.

text:
# Vijzelgracht

The **Vijzelgracht** is a street and former canal in Amsterdam. The Vijzelgracht is adjacent to the Grachtengordel (canal belt) and is an extension of one of the most important city radii for public transport and normal traffic. This through route leads via Vijzelstraat, Rokin, Dam Square and Damrak to Central Station. To the south of Vijzelgracht, the Nieuwe Vijzelstraat connects to Weteringschans.

## History

The Vijzelgracht dates from the time of the major expansion of Amsterdam in 1658. A 1737 map of Amsterdam by Gerrit de Broen shows the canal starting from the Baan Graft (Lijnbaansgracht) just east of the Molen de Weetering (Wetering Mill) on the city wall ramparts. The short canal ran north to Prince Graft (Prinsengracht). The street to the east of the canal (Vijzelstraat) continued north to the Cingel (Singel) just past the point where the Amstel split into the Singel and the Rokin. The canal and street are most likely named for the 17th-century residents Cornelis and Jan Vijselaar, although the name was only made official in 1874.

The canal is shown on the 1662 map by Daniël Stalpaert, with some houses already built along the streets leading to the east and west. The area around the Vijzelsgracht in the 1670s was called "Noortse Bosch". Many of the small houses were built for wool combers, spinners and weavers. The city wanted to stimulate the textile industry, and made the land available to the Burgerweeshuis, Gasthuizen and Leprozenhuis. These charities built the houses and used the rent to feed and clothe their orphans and lepers. Weaver houses were also built in the adjacent Noorderstraatand Weteringbuurt, (formerly called 'Het Vlakke Veld'). In total, the neighborhood had more than 200 weaver houses at that time.

In the 17th century, on the corner with Vijzelgracht and Lijnbaansgracht, the "city street maker's yard" was surrounded by water. During the late 19th and the first half of the 20th century the buildings of the flour and bread factory "Holland" were located here. In 1933 it was decided to back-fill the canal.

Since 1883 horse trams have been driving through Vijzelstraat and Vijzelgracht. The electric tram appeared in 1904. Since then line 4 has been driving this route. Line 16 was added in 1913. Vijzelstraat was widened in 1917 and 1926, after which there was room for two new tram lines: line 24 in 1929 and a year later line 25. The route of line 4 was shifted to Utrechtsestraat in 1948. Since the lifting of tram line 25 in December 2013 and tram line 16 on July 22, 2018, only tram line 24 runs through the Nieuwe Vijzelstraat, Vijzelgracht and Vijzelstraat.

## Monuments

The Vijzelgracht has a number of national and municipal monuments. To mention are:

* At Vijzelgracht 2a there is the 17th-century Walloon orphanage designed by architect Adriaan Dortsman (1636–82). The orphanage was established on Vijzelgracht since 1683 and remained in use as such until 1967. Since 1971, the Maison Descartes and the Consulate of France have been based in the Orphanage.
* The monumental weaver houses, on Vijzelgracht from number 20, were built between August 1670 and March 1671. The design of the weaver houses is by architect Philips Vingboons (1607–78).
* The buildings are built according to a fixed pattern: a living cellar, a first floor, a kitchen at the back with basement and a first floor with a hood. The looms were on the first floor, the spinners worked in the basement. The corner houses were larger and served as a store or a pub.
* The monumental building Vijzelgracht 63 is of historical architectural importance because it incorporates different styles. The building was designed by architect D. van Oort Hzn. He also designed the municipal monument Vijzelgracht 49.
* The building at number 63 was restored in 2002 by Stadsherstel Amsterdam. The foundation was also replaced in connection with the construction of the Noord / Zuidlijn. There is a business space on the ground floor and there are houses on the higher floors.
* Both the office building at Vijzelgracht 50 / Lijnbaansgracht and the apartment building at the nearby Reguliersgracht / corner Falckstraat bear the name 'Het Noortse Bosch'.

## Bridges

The Vijzelgracht had a large number of bridges:

* Walenweeshuissluis (bridge 70), the bridge over the Prinsengracht from the Vijzelstraat (still there in 2017)
* Bridge on the southern quay of the Prinsengracht across the Vijzelgracht in front of Maison Descartes (disappeared)
* Bridges on the quays of the Vijzelgracht over the Nieuwe Looiersgracht (disappeared),
* Bridge 85, a footbridge at the Derde Weteringdwarsstraat (disappeared)
* Bridge on the quay of the Lijnbaansgracht over the Vijzelgracht (disappeared)
* Bridge 86 in the quay of the Vijzelgracht over the Lijnbaansgracht (still there in 2017)

## Construction of the North / South line

Work was carried out on the North / South metro line (Noord / Zuidlijn) between 2002 and 2018, and Vijzelgracht metro station is now located under Vijzelgracht. A number of residents of the Vijzelgracht suggested digging the canal again. The street was already open for construction of the station, it was argued, so the historic appearance of the canal could be restored immediately. The neighborhood committee "Vijzelgracht - Entree met Kracht" was set up by enthusiastic local residents. The Amsterdam-Centrum District Council also initially expressed a positive opinion on the return of the water. However, the Amsterdam City Council rejected the plan in April 2006, since it would be too expensive.

Construction of the Noord / Zuidlijn on the Vijzelgracht led to major problems. In October 2004, the first subsidence occurred near the Vijzelgracht when seven buildings sagged about 2.5 centimetres (0.98 in). On 19 June 2008, four monumental buildings (weaver houses) sagged 15 centimetres (5.9 in) due to a leak in the deep wall. The work was stopped on 23 June. Work on Vijzelgracht was resumed on 9 September 2008. The municipality and the project office had investigated and thought it was safe to continue working. However, the next day (10 September), buildings on Vijzelgracht began to sag again. This time, six buildings sagged as much as 23 centimetres (9.1 in) within a few hours. The cause was again a leak in a deep wall. The residents were accommodated in hotels.

In January 2009, a driver who supplied concrete for the sheet piles at Vijzelgracht station reported to the press that concrete had been used that was already hours past its shelf life. As a result, the quality of the concrete was poor and the walls brittle. In 2008, the Deltares research agency hired by the municipality of Amsterdam found 114 weak spots and a hole in the concrete sheet piles of the Vijzelgracht. According to Deltares, those weak spots were caused, among other things, by the use of bad and polluted concrete and poor reinforcement.

1. Vijzelgracht en Uitbreiding van Amsterdam ...
2. Gerrit de Broen 1737.
3. Daniel Stalpaert 1662.
4. Lijst met monumenten aan de Vijzelgracht, Bureau Monumenten en Archeologie Amsterdam
5. Beschrijving Vijzelstraat 63, Bureau Monumenten en Archeologie Amsterdam
6. Amsterdamsebinnenstad.nl: ‘Mooi plan, maar we hebben er geen geld voor over’ (april 2006)
7. Bouwwerkzaamheden NZ-lijn gestopt, RTV Noord-Holland, 23 juni 2008
8. Verzakking Vijzelgracht ernstiger dan in juni, AT5, 11 september 2008
9. Weer panden Vijzelgracht verzakt, RTV Noord-Holland, 11 september 2008
10. 'Oud beton gebruikt bij Noord- Zuidlijn', De Telegraaf, 21 februari 2009

## Sources

* Daniel Stalpaert (1662), *Amstelodami veteris et novissimae urbis accuratissima delineatio*, retrieved 2019-07-31
* Gerrit de Broen (1737), *Amsterdam*, retrieved 2019-07-31
* "Vijzelgracht en Uitbreiding van Amsterdam in de 17e Eeuw", *IsGeschiedenis*, retrieved 2019-07-31

## InfoBox

Vijzelgracht
| The Vijzelgracht around 1930, shortly before being filled in 1933 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Amsterdam |
| Postal code | 1017 |
| Coordinates | 52°21′39″N 4°53′28″E / 52.360833°N 4.891111°E / 52.360833; 4.891111 |
| North end | Lijnbaansgracht |
| To | Prinsengracht |


title: Vijay Award for Best Director

abstract: The Vijay for Best Director is given by STAR Vijay as part of its annual Vijay Awards ceremony for Tamil (Kollywood) films.

text:
# Vijay Award for Best Director

The **Vijay for Best Director** is given by STAR Vijay as part of its annual Vijay Awards ceremony for Tamil (Kollywood) films.

## The list

Here is a list of the award winners and the films for which they won.

| Year | Director | Film | Link |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2017 | Pushkar-Gayathri | *Vikram Vedha* |  |
| 2014 | Karthik Subbaraj | *Jigarthanda* |  |
| 2013 | Bala | *Paradesi* |  |
| 2012 | Balaji Sakthivel | *Vazhakku Enn 18/9* |  |
| 2011 | Vetrimaaran | *Aadukalam* |  |
| 2010 | Vasanthabalan | *Angadi Theru* |  |
| 2009 | Bala | *Naan Kadavul* |  |
| 2008 | M. Sasikumar | *Subramaniyapuram* |  |
| 2007 | Vetrimaran | *Polladhavan* |  |

## Nominations


title: Vidhwansak

abstract: Vidhwansak is an Indian multi-caliber anti-materiel rifle (AMR) or large-caliber sniper rifle manufactured by Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli. It can be used in the anti-materiel role for destroying enemy bunkers, lightly armoured vehicles, radar systems, communication equipment, parked aircraft, fuel storage facilities, etc. It is also effective in long-range sniping, counter sniping, and ordnance disposal roles.

text:
# Vidhwansak

**Vidhwansak** (Sanskrit: "Destroyer") is an Indian multi-caliber anti-materiel rifle (AMR) or large-caliber sniper rifle manufactured by Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli. It can be used in the anti-materiel role for destroying enemy bunkers, lightly armoured vehicles, radar systems, communication equipment, parked aircraft, fuel storage facilities, etc. It is also effective in long-range sniping, counter sniping, and ordnance disposal roles.

## Development

The Ordnance Factory Tiruchirapalli in association with the Defence Research and Development Organisation developed an anti-materiel rifle Vidhwansak in November 2005. The Denel NTW-20 rifle was used as a starting point for the design. After all-terrain and all-weather trials, the user trials began in March 2006. Production began in February 2007.

After trials, the Border Security Force ordered 100 Vidhwansaks for use in the border areas. These were supplied by October 2008. The rifle has also been offered to the Indian Army and the National Security Guards. However, the Indian Army chose not to bring the Vidhwansak into use as it did not meet the weight requirements.

It is being sold at the cost of Rs 10 lakh (about $20,000) as compared to the Denel NTW-20 AMR, which costs Rs 23 lakhs (about $45,000) as of 2011. Due to indigenisation of this weapon, foreign exchange worth over 90 million USD would be saved.

### Features

Vidhwansak is a manually operated, rotating bolt-action rifle. The barrel along with the receiver recoil inside the chassis frame against a damping system. The rifle is fed from a detachable box magazine that is inserted from the left side. The rifle can be quickly disassembled and can be carried in two man-portable packs, each weighing about 12 to 15 kg (26 to 33 lb). A muzzle brake is fitted on the end of the barrel which absorbs an estimated 50-60% of recoil. This is further supplemented by a buffered slide in the receiver.

The Vidhwansak is equipped with an 8X magnification, long-eye-relief telescopic sight with parallax adjustment. A 12X ballistic scope can also be attached.

The rifle has an effective range of 1,800 m (5,900 ft) (1,300 m (4,300 ft) for the 20 mm version), while shots can be achieved even up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft). The rifle is magazine fed and reloaded through manual bolt action.

### Variants

The Vidhwansak can be easily converted between the three calibers: 12.7 mm, 14.5 mm, and 20 mm, this is done by replacing the barrel, bolt, and magazine, which takes about one minute in the field, without the need for any specialized tools.

### Specifications

The following are current specifications of the Vidhwansak AMR:

| **Ammunition** | 12.7×108mm | 14.5×114mm | 20×82mm |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Weight** | 25 kg (55 lb) | 29 kg (64 lb) | 26 kg (57 lb) |
| **Overall Length** | 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in) | 2.015 m (6 ft 7.3 in) | 1.795 m (5 ft 10.7 in) |
| **Barrel** | 8 Grooved, 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) length, Quick Change type | 8 Grooved, 1.22 m (4 ft 0 in) Length, Quick Change type | 8 Grooved, 1 m (3 ft 3 in) Length, Quick Change Type |
| **Pitch of Rifle** | 1:390 mm (15 in) | 1:420 mm (17 in) | 1:560 mm (22 in) |
| **Sights** | 8 X 42 power telescopic sight with parallax adjustment | | |
| **Muzzle Velocity** | 845 m/s (2,770 ft/s) | 1,080 m/s (3,500 ft/s) | 720 m/s (2,400 ft/s) |
| **Range** | 1,800 m (5,900 ft) | 2,300 m (7,500 ft) | 1,300 m (4,300 ft) |

## Users

## InfoBox

| Vidhwansak | |
| --- | --- |
| Vidhwansak Anti Materiel Rifle (AMR) | |
| Type | Anti-material rifle |
| Place of origin | India |
| Service history | |
| In service | 2007–present |
| Used by | See *Users* |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli |
| Designed | 2005 |
| Manufacturer | Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli |
| Produced | February 2007 |
| Specifications (14.5mm variant) | |
| Mass | 29 kg (64 lb) |
| Length | 2 m (6 ft 7 in) |
| Barrel length | 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) |
| --- | |
| Cartridge | 12.7×108mm, 14.5×114mm, 20x82mm |
| Barrels | * 8 Grooved, 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) length, Quick Change type * 8 Grooved, 1.22 m (4 ft 0 in) Length, Quick Change type * Rifling: 1:390 mm (15 in), 1:420 mm (17 in), 1:560 mm (22 in) |
| Action | Bolt Action, recoiling barrel |
| Muzzle velocity | 845 m/s (2,770 ft/s), 1,080 m/s (3,500 ft/s), 720 m/s (2,400 ft/s) |
| Effective firing range | 1,800 m (5,900 ft) |
| Maximum firing range | 2,300 m (7,500 ft) |
| Feed system | 3-round detachable box magazine |
| Sights | 8X42 Power Telescopic sight with Parallax adjustment |


title: Tyniec, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship

abstract: Tyniec is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Oksa, within Jędrzejów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) east of Oksa, 13 km (8 mi) north-west of Jędrzejów, and 37 km (23 mi) south-west of the regional capital Kielce.

text:
# Tyniec, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship

**Tyniec** \[ˈtɨɲɛt͡s\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Oksa, within Jędrzejów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) east of Oksa, 13 km (8 mi) north-west of Jędrzejów, and 37 km (23 mi) south-west of the regional capital Kielce.

## InfoBox

| Tyniec | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Tyniec | |
| Coordinates: 50°42′44″N 20°10′44″E / 50.71222°N 20.17889°E / 50.71222; 20.17889 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Świętokrzyskie |
| County | Jędrzejów |
| Gmina | Oksa |


title: Vomilenine reductase

abstract:
In enzymology, a vomilenine reductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
  - 1,2-dihydrovomilenine + NADP+ ⇌ vomilenine + NADPH + H+ Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 1,2-dihydrovomilenine and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are vomilenine, NADPH, and H+. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-NH group of donors with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1,2-dihydrovomilenine:NADP+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme participates in indole and ipecac alkaloid biosynthesis.

text:
# Vomilenine reductase

In enzymology, a **vomilenine reductase** (EC 1.5.1.32) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

1,2-dihydrovomilenine + NADP+ $\rightleftharpoons $ vomilenine + NADPH + H+

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 1,2-dihydrovomilenine and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are vomilenine, NADPH, and H+.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-NH group of donors with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is **1,2-dihydrovomilenine:NADP+ oxidoreductase**. This enzyme participates in indole and ipecac alkaloid biosynthesis.

* von Schumann G, Gao S, Stockigt J (2002). "Vomilenine reductase--a novel enzyme catalyzing a crucial step in the biosynthesis of the therapeutically applied antiarrhythmic alkaloid ajmaline". *Bioorg. Med. Chem*. **10** (6): 1913–8. doi:10.1016/S0968-0896(01)00435-7. PMID 11937349.

## InfoBox

| vomilenine reductase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 1.5.1.32 |
| CAS no. | 462127-03-3 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: WBHX

abstract: WBHX is a commercial radio station licensed to Tuckerton, New Jersey. It is owned by Press Communications and it is simulcast with co-owned WWZY 107.1 FM in Long Branch. The two stations air a classic rock format known as "The Boss." The studios and offices are on West Bangs Avenue in Neptune City, New Jersey. WBHX is a Class A station. It has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 1000 watts. The transmitter tower is on Hartley Lane in Little Egg Harbor Township.

text:
# WBHX

**WBHX** (99.7 FM, "The Boss") is a commercial radio station licensed to Tuckerton, New Jersey. It is owned by Press Communications and it is simulcast with co-owned WWZY 107.1 FM in Long Branch. The two stations air a classic rock format known as "The Boss." (Popular Jersey Shore musician Bruce Springsteen is often called "The Boss.") The studios and offices are on West Bangs Avenue in Neptune City, New Jersey.

WBHX is a Class A station. It has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 1000 watts. The transmitter tower is on Hartley Lane in Little Egg Harbor Township.

## History

### Classic Rock

The station signed on the air on August 10, 1999. It aired a mostly automated classic rock format. Two live DJs were heard: "Radio Rohn" in mornings and Mike Jarmus in afternoons, including his "Woodstock Lunch" show featuring music from the Woodstock Festival period. Specialty shows included "The Dead At Midnight", "Blues Deluxe" and "The Dr. Demento Show". WBHX studios and offices were constructed by Beach Haven Communications.

On July 22, 2002, WBHX was sold to Press Communications for $2.75 Million. On October 2, 2002, "Radio Rohn" did his last morning show. On October 4, 2002, the station switched to an adult contemporary format known as "The Breeze". The final song played by Radio Rohn before the switch from classic rock to The Breeze was "Another One Bites the Dust" by Queen. The final song played at midnight was "Nights in White Satin" by the Moody Blues. At that point, WBHX began stunting with songs featuring the theme of "Breeze" or "Wind". Wind sound effects were also played between songs.

### WWZY simulcast and 99.7 The Island

WBHX began a simulcast with WWZY 107.1 FM on June 30, 2003. WWZY covered the northern part of the Monmouth-Ocean radio market while WBHX covered the southern end. In addition to 107.1 and 99.7, the station was also heard in parts of Ocean County on WCAT-TV, the public-access television cable TV channel based at Pinelands Regional High School.

Starting November 1, 2015, WBHX ended its simulcast with WWZY. It began playing Christmas music as "99.7 The Island." That continued through Christmas day. On December 26, 2015, WBHX changed its format to classic hits, still under the "99.7 The Island" branding.

On March 3, 2017, WBHX ended its classic hits format. It returned to a simulcast of classic rock-formatted WWZY 107.1 FM in Long Branch. The two stations use the moniker "The Boss". The wake-up show is known as "Robby and Rochelle in the Morning." Robbie and Rochelle Bridges are a married couple. He also serves as vice president of programming.

### Attempted move to 99.3

Beginning in 2010, Press Communications attempted to move WBHX inland and to 99.3 MHz. The intent was to force WZBZ, broadcasting on 99.3 from Atlantic City, to move to 99.7 in return. However, stations that are 10.6 or 10.8 MHz apart (near the typical 10.7 MHz intermediate frequency of FM receivers) must be physically separated by 10 km to avoid causing interference for listeners.

WZBZ's transmitter site is 2 km from that of WAJM (88.9 FM), and moving to 99.7 would separate the two stations by 10.8 MHz. Press' contention was that the frequency swap was possible, since WAJM's license expired in 2006 and it was legally nonexistent. The company stated WAJM did not file for renewal until after WBHX's application, four years later. The FCC's assertion was that precedent favored WAJM, as a proposed facility could not take precedence over an operating station, even if such operation was unlawful. Unusually, Press appealed the FCC's decision to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, who upheld the decision, and later the Supreme Court of the United States, who declined to hear the case.

### Little Egg Harbor tower

Verizon Communications owned the unused telephone tower and former telephone switch building in Beach Haven which WBHX leased for its transmitter equipment and tower. WBHX paid Verizon rental fees. In mid-2017, Verizon announced it would be auctioning the real estate, requiring WBHX to vacate the property and relocate to a different tower.

On December 4, 2017, WBHX began operating on a tower at the nearby Beach Haven municipal parking lot. This tower was temporary and was subject to wind and rain storms affecting its signal. In November 2018, WBHX relocated to an antenna on a former TV tower in Little Egg Harbor Township near Tuckerton. That site eventually became the present home of the WBHX transmitter. In November 2021, WBHX installed a new antenna at 178 meters (584 feet) in height above average terrain (HAAT) at the tower in Little Egg Harbor Township.

## InfoBox

WBHX
| Simulcasting WWZY 107.1 Long Branch | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Ocean County Atlantic County |
| Frequency | 99.7 MHz |
| Branding | 107.1 The Boss |
| Programming | |
| Format | Classic Rock |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Press Communications, LLC |
| History | |
| First air date | August 10, 1999 (1999-08-10) |
| Former call signs | WTUC (1992–1997, CP) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 56233 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | 1000 watts |
| HAAT | 174 meters (571 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 40°13′05″N 74°02′32″W / 40.218143°N 74.042252°W / 40.218143; -74.042252 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | 1071theboss.com |


title: WBHV (AM)

abstract: WBHV is a CHR station broadcasting in State College, Pennsylvania, with a power of 2,000 watts daytime, and 1,000 watts nighttime.

text:
# WBHV (AM)

**WBHV** (1390 kHz) is a CHR station broadcasting in State College, Pennsylvania, with a power of 2,000 watts daytime, and 1,000 watts nighttime.

## History

The then-WRSC moved its talk programming on 1390 AM to 103.1 FM on Monday, August 3, 2009, as "Newsradio 103 WRSC". The AM station switched to a business news/talk format branded as "Money Talk 1390".

On November 18, 2013, WRSC changed its format to sports radio, branded "1390 The Fanatic".

On May 20, 2015, WRSC flipped back to news/talk as "Newsradio 1390 WRSC".

It was announced on October 12, 2022, that Forever Media was selling 34 stations and 12 translators, including WRSC and five other sister stations, to State College-based Seven Mountains Media for $17.375 million. The deal closed on January 1, 2023.

On December 30, 2022, it was announced that the station would change its format to top 40, branded as "Pop Radio" within days. The talk format would move to WRSC-FM (95.3) on January 4, 2023. On March 26, 2023, the call sign was changed to WBHV.

FM translator

## InfoBox

WBHV
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | State College, Pennsylvania |
| Frequency | 1390 kHz |
| Branding | Pop! Radio 93.3 |
| Programming | |
| Format | Contemporary hit radio |
| Affiliations |  |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | * Seven Mountains Media * (Southern Belle Media Family, LLC) |
| Sister stations | WHUN, WZWW, WFGE, WLEJ, WBUS, WOWY |
| History | |
| First air date | 1961 (1961) |
| Former call signs | WRSC (1961–2023) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 64849 |
| Class | B |
| Power | * 2,000 watts (day) * 1,000 watts (night) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 40°48′30″N 77°56′32″W / 40.80833°N 77.94222°W / 40.80833; -77.94222 |
| Translator(s) | 93.3 W227DV (State College) |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen live |
| Website | itspopradio.com |


title: WBRB

abstract: WBRB is a country music-formatted radio station licensed to Buckhannon, West Virginia, serving North Central West Virginia. WBRB is owned and operated by WVRC Media.

text:
# WBRB

**WBRB** (101.3 FM) is a country music-formatted radio station licensed to Buckhannon, West Virginia, serving North Central West Virginia. WBRB is owned and operated by WVRC Media.

## InfoBox

WBRB
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | North Central West Virginia |
| Frequency | 101.3 MHz |
| Branding | 101.3 The Bear |
| Programming | |
| Format | Country |
| Affiliations | Premiere Networks
West Virginia MetroNews |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | * WVRC Media * (West Virginia Radio Corporation of Buckhannon) |
| Sister stations | WAJR, WBTQ, WDNE, WDNE-FM, WELK, WFBY, WFGM, WKKW, WKMZ, WVAQ, WWLW |
| History | |
| First air date | June 16, 1990 |
| Former call signs | WUBI (1988–1989)
WBUC-FM (1989–1997)
WBRB (1997–Present) |
| Call sign meaning | Bear Buckhannon |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 9302 |
| Class | B |
| ERP | 50,000 watts |
| HAAT | 150 meters (490 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 38°56′40.0″N 80°10′46.0″W / 38.944444°N 80.179444°W / 38.944444; -80.179444 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | 1013thebear.com |


title: Vånga

abstract: Vånga is a locality situated in Norrköping Municipality, Östergötland County, Sweden with 220 inhabitants in 2010. Vånga lies north of Lake Roxen.

text:
# Vånga

**Vånga** is a locality situated in Norrköping Municipality, Östergötland County, Sweden with 220 inhabitants in 2010. Vånga lies north of Lake Roxen.

## InfoBox

| Vånga | |
| --- | --- |
| VångaVånga | |
| Coordinates: 58°35′N 15°48′E / 58.583°N 15.800°E / 58.583; 15.800 | |
| Country | Sweden |
| Province | Östergötland |
| County | Östergötland County |
| Municipality | Norrköping Municipality |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.31 km2 (0.12 sq mi) |
| Population (31 December 2010) | |
| Total | 220 |
| Density | 709/km2 (1,840/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: WJIA

abstract: WJIA is a non-commercial radio station licensed to serve Guntersville, Alabama, United States. The station is owned by Lake City Educational Broadcasting Inc. WJIA broadcasts a Contemporary Christian music format.

text:
# WJIA

**WJIA** (88.5 FM, "88.5 J-FM") is a non-commercial radio station licensed to serve Guntersville, Alabama, United States. The station is owned by Lake City Educational Broadcasting Inc.

WJIA broadcasts a Contemporary Christian music format.

## History

Pastor Stan Broadus originally attempted to purchase an existing Albertville, Alabama-based AM radio station in 1992 for his ministry but, after considering the cost and complication, his radio consultant persuaded him that starting a new non-commercial FM station would be easier and less expensive. In January 1993, he filed for a construction permit to build a new FM station as Lake City Educational Broadcasting Inc.

This station received its original construction permit from the Federal Communications Commission on December 23, 1993. The new station was assigned the call letters **WAHF** by the FCC on February 11, 1994. During construction, the station switched callsigns to the current **WJIA** on May 23, 1994. WJIA received its license to cover from the FCC on June 24, 1997.

## InfoBox

WJIA
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Frequency | 88.5 MHz |
| Branding | *88.5 J-FM* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Contemporary Christian |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Lake City Educational Broadcasting Inc. |
| History | |
| First air date | August 1995 |
| Former call signs | WAHF (2/94-5/94) |
| Call sign meaning | **W**here **J**esus **I**s **A**live |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 36283 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | 2,200 watts |
| HAAT | 130.0 meters (427 feet) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 34°25′33″N 86°18′25″W / 34.42583°N 86.30694°W / 34.42583; -86.30694 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | https://885jfm.com |


title: WFPK

abstract: WFPK is a 24-hour listener-supported, noncommercial radio station in Louisville, Kentucky, United States, broadcasting at 91.9 MHz FM with an adult album alternative format. The station plays national and local alternative music. It is owned by Louisville Public Media.

text:
# WFPK

**WFPK** is a 24-hour listener-supported, noncommercial radio station in Louisville, Kentucky, United States, broadcasting at 91.9 MHz FM with an adult album alternative format. The station plays national and local alternative music. It is owned by Louisville Public Media.

## History

The station was founded in 1954 by the Louisville Free Public Library as a classical music station. It was a sister station to WFPL.

In 1975, the station received the entire inventory of classical music recordings from commercial outlet WHAS-FM (now WAMZ-FM), which had discontinued the format after a nine-year run; that station, which carried little or no advertising, was mainly a public service by then-owners, the Bingham family. In 1993, the Free Public Library and the University of Louisville's WUOL-FM (which had competed against WFPK for classical listeners for some 17 years) joined forces to form the Public Radio Partnership, now Louisville Public Media. At that time, WFPK adopted its current format, with a gradual evolution from traditional genres such as jazz, folk, and blues music toward the present AAA playlist heard most of the week.

## Programming

WFPK hosts the weekly series *Live Lunch*, which features local and national acts performing live in front of a studio audience in the station's performance studio. Guests of *Live Lunch* have included Tommy Emmanuel, Will Oldham, Alejandro Escovedo, The Subdudes, Jonatha Brooke, The Decemberists, Over the Rhine, The Derek Trucks Band, Amos Lee, Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros and local Louisville bands My Morning Jacket, The Muckrakers and Digby. In 2007, the station released *Best of WFPK Live Vol. 1*, a limited-edition CD that contained recordings from the series; the disc was given away as an exclusive premium for new members during the spring 2007 membership drive. Since then, it has released 10 more member-exclusive CDs containing more live songs recorded during *Live Lunch* and other in-studio performances.

A very popular weekend show, *Woody's Roadhouse* (12 mid-6am Saturday) specializes in heritage R&B, C&W, Blues, Rockabilly and classic Southern Quartet Gospel.

WFPK, along with its sister stations WFPL and WUOL, presently broadcasts an HD radio signal.

## InfoBox

WFPK
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Office in Louisville | |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Louisville |
| Frequency | 91.9 MHz |
| Branding | *Independent Louisville* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Adult album alternative |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |  |
| Sister stations | WUOL-FM, WFPL |
| History | |
| First air date | 1954 |
| Call sign meaning | disambiguation of sister station WFPL's callsign |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 38621 |
| Class | B |
| ERP | 6,800 watts |
| HAAT | 236 meters |
| Transmitter coordinates | 38°21′55″N 85°50′24″W / 38.36528°N 85.84000°W / 38.36528; -85.84000 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live - direct streaming URL<br>Listen Live - player |
| Website | lpm.org/music |


title: WIFX-FM

abstract: WIFX-FM is a hot adult contemporary formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Jenkins, Kentucky, serving Southeastern Kentucky and Southwestern Virginia. WIFX is owned and operated by Gearhart Communications.

text:
# WIFX-FM

**WIFX-FM** is a hot adult contemporary formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Jenkins, Kentucky, serving Southeastern Kentucky and Southwestern Virginia. WIFX is owned and operated by Gearhart Communications.

## History

The station went on the air as WREM-FM on May 10, 1975. As a newly launched companion station for WREM (AM 1000, later WKVG), it originally broadcast a variety format.

On November 23, 1981, the station changed its call sign to the current WIFX. It began airing a Top 40 format the same year. Sometime later in that decade, it began airing its current Hot AC format.

In May 2013, the station launched "Foxy and Friends", a local morning show to replace John Boy and Billy, which was moved to a sister station. "Foxy and Friends" features hosts Tiffany, Tim, and Jake.

## InfoBox

WIFX-FM
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | * Southeastern Kentucky * Southwestern Virginia |
| Frequency | 94.3 MHz (HD Radio) |
| Branding | *Foxy 94-3* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Hot adult contemporary |
| Affiliations |  |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | * Gearhart Communications * (AJSPD, LLC) |
| Sister stations | WXLR, WXKZ-FM |
| History | |
| First air date | May 10, 1975 |
| Former call signs | WREM-FM (1980–1981) |
| Call sign meaning | "Foxy" |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 37155 |
| Class | C2 |
| Power | * 6,300 watts horizontal * 6,240 watts vertical |
| HAAT | 410 meters (1,350 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 37°09′59.0″N 82°37′13.0″W / 37.166389°N 82.620278°W / 37.166389; -82.620278 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | WIFX Webstream |
| Website | WIFX Online |


abstract:
The WSE European U-19 Roller Hockey Championship is a European roller hockey competition for men's under-20 national teams, currently organised by CERH. Established in 1953, the tournament was contested every two years between 1960 and 1968, after which it adopted an annual calendar. As of 2006, the championship reverted to a biennial competition. The most successful team is Spain, with 23 titles, the most recent obtained at the 45th edition in 2006. The current champions are Portugal, who won the 2016 tournament in Pully, Switzerland, securing their fifth consecutive title.
Until 2018 it was held in U-20 category. After 2021 it is held in U-19 category.

text:
# WSE European U-19 Roller Hockey Championship

The **WSE European U-19 Roller Hockey Championship** is a European roller hockey competition for men's under-20 national teams, currently organised by CERH. Established in 1953, the tournament was contested every two years between 1960 and 1968, after which it adopted an annual calendar. As of 2006, the championship reverted to a biennial competition.

The most successful team is Spain, with 23 titles, the most recent obtained at the 45th edition in 2006. The current champions are Portugal, who won the 2016 tournament in Pully, Switzerland, securing their fifth consecutive title. Until 2018 it was held in U-20 category. After 2021 it is held in U-19 category.

## Results

### Tournaments

| Year | Edition | Host city | Gold | Silver | Bronze | 4th place |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1953 | 1st | Lisbon | Portugal | Spain | France | Belgium |
| 1955–56 | 2nd | Barcelona | Spain | Portugal | Italy | Germany |
| 1957 | 3rd | Lisbon | Spain | Portugal | Belgium | Netherlands |
| 1960 | 4th | Lisbon | Portugal | Spain | France | Germany |
| 1962 | 5th | Madrid | Spain | Germany | Portugal | Netherlands |
| 1964 | 6th | Salamanca | Spain | Portugal | France | Germany |
| 1966 | 7th | Gijón | Spain | Portugal | Germany | France |
| 1968 | 8th | Vigo | Spain | Portugal | Italy | Germany |
| 1969 | 9th | Vigo | Portugal | Spain | Italy | Germany |
| 1970 | 10th | Novara | Portugal | Spain | Germany | Italy |
| 1971 | 11th | Iserlohn | Portugal | Spain | Italy | Netherlands |
| 1972 | 12th | Reus | Spain | Portugal | Italy | Netherlands |
| 1973 | 13th | Paço de Arcos | Spain | Portugal | Netherlands | Italy |
| 1975 | 14th | Darmstadt | Portugal | Spain | Netherlands | Italy |
| 1976 | 15th | Barcelos | Portugal | Spain | Italy | Netherlands |
| 1977 | 16th | The Hague | Italy | Portugal | Netherlands | Spain |
| 1978 | 17th | Seville | Spain | Portugal | Italy | Germany |
| 1979 | 18th | Herne Bay | Spain | Germany | Italy | England |
| 1980 | 19th | Barcelos | Portugal | Germany | Spain | Italy |
| 1981 | 20th | Geneva | Spain | Portugal | Italy | Germany |
| 1982 | 21st | Pordenone | Italy | Portugal | Spain | Germany |
| 1983 | 22nd | Leuven | Italy | Germany | Spain | Portugal |
| 1984 | 23rd | Noia | Spain | Italy | Portugal | Germany |
| 1985 | 24th | Paris | Italy | Portugal | Spain | Netherlands |
| 1986 | 25th | Anadia | Italy | Portugal | Spain | Switzerland |
| 1987 | 26th | Walsum | Spain | Portugal | Italy | Germany |
| 1988 | 27th | Follonica | Italy | Switzerland | Portugal | Spain |
| 1989 | 28th | Valkenswaard | Spain | Italy | Switzerland | Portugal |
| 1990 | 29th | Barnsley | Italy | Portugal | Spain | Switzerland |
| 1991 | 30th | Blanes | Italy | Spain | Portugal | Switzerland |
| 1992 | 31st | Villeneuve | Portugal | Italy | Spain | Switzerland |
| 1993 | 32nd | Sesimbra | Portugal | Spain | Italy | Switzerland |
| 1994 | 33rd | Wuppertal | Portugal | Spain | Germany | Italy |
| 1995 | 34th | La Roche-sur-Yon | Spain | Italy | Portugal | France |
| 1996 | 35th | Forte dei Marmi | Spain | Portugal | Italy | France |
| 1997 | 36th | Vic | Spain | Italy | Portugal | France |
| 1998 | 37th | Viareggio | Spain | Portugal | Italy | France |
| 1999 | 38th | Geneva | Spain | Portugal | Italy | Switzerland |
| 2000 | 39th | Porto | Portugal | Spain | Italy | France |
| 2001 | 40th | Dinan | Spain | Portugal | Italy | Switzerland |
| 2002 | 41st | Follonica | Spain | Italy | Portugal | Switzerland |
| 2003 | 42nd | Vale de Cambra | Portugal | Spain | Italy | Switzerland |
| 2004 | 43rd | Düsseldorf | Spain | Portugal | Italy | Switzerland |
| 2005 | 44th | Santander | Portugal | Spain | Switzerland | France |
| 2006 | 45th | Saint-Omer | Spain | Portugal | Italy | Switzerland |
| 2008 | 46th | Hamm | Portugal | Spain | Italy | Switzerland |
| 2010 | 47th | Viareggio | Portugal | Italy | Spain | France |
| 2012 | 48th | Saint-Omer | Portugal | Spain | France &  Germany | |
| 2014 | 49th | Valongo | Portugal | Spain | France | Italy |
| 2016 | 50th | Pully | Portugal | Italy | Spain | France |
| 2018 | 51st | Viana do Castelo | Spain | Italy | Portugal | Germany |
| 2021 | 52nd | Paredes | Portugal | Spain | Italy | England |
| 2023 | 52nd | Seedorf | Portugal | Spain | Italy | France |

### Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Spain | 24 | 18 | 9 | 51 |
| 2 | Portugal | 21 | 21 | 8 | 50 |
| 3 | Italy | 8 | 9 | 22 | 39 |
| 4 | Germany | 0 | 4 | 4 | 8 |
| 5 | Switzerland | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 6 | France | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 |
| 7 | Netherlands | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 8 | Belgium | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (8 entries) | | 53 | 53 | 54 | 160 |

## InfoBox

WSE European U-19 Roller Hockey Championship
| **Current season, competition or edition:**
*2023 WSE European U-19 Roller Hockey Championship* | |
| --- | --- |
| Sport | Roller Hockey |
| Founded | 1953 (1953) |
| No. of teams | 8 |
| Continent | Europe (WSE) |
| Most recent
champion(s) | Portugal (21st title) |
| Most titles | Spain (24 titles) |
| Official website | Official website |


title: WSU Spirit Championship

abstract: The WSU Spirit Championship is a women's professional wrestling championship in Women Superstars United (WSU). It is competed for in Women Superstars United, and has been defended on shows of sister promotion National Wrestling Superstars.

text:
# WSU Spirit Championship

The **WSU Spirit Championship** is a women's professional wrestling championship in Women Superstars United (WSU). It is competed for in Women Superstars United, and has been defended on shows of sister promotion National Wrestling Superstars.

## Title history

As of September 27, 2024

Key
| No. | Overall reign number |
| --- | --- |
| Reign | Reign number for the specific champion |
| Days | Number of days held |
| Defenses | Number of successful defenses |
| + | Current reign is changing daily |

| No. | Champion | Championship change | | | Reign statistics | | | Notes | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Date | Event | Location | Reign | Days | Defenses | | |
| 1 | Luscious Latasha | August 14, 2009 | *WSU/NWS Spirit* | Belleville, NJ | 1 | 50 | 2 | This was contested in a fatal four-way elimination match, also involving Amber, Jana and Roxie Cotton. Luscious Latasha pinned Jana to become the inaugural champion. |  |
| 2 | Jana | October 3, 2009 | N/A | Union City, NJ | 1 | 7 | 0 | This was contested in a three–way match, also involving Lea Morrison. |  |
| 3 | Luscious Latasha | October 10, 2009 | *ACE Fallout 2009* | Union City, NJ | 2 | \<1 | 0 |  |  |
| 4 | Brittney Savage | October 10, 2009 | *ACE Fallout 2009* | Union City, NJ | 1 | 63 | 2 | This was contested in a three–way match, also involving Becky Bayless. |  |
| 5 | Alicia | December 12, 2009 | *NWS/WSU The Awesome Challenge* | Flemington, NJ | 1 | 84 | 1 |  |  |
| 6 | Brittney Savage | March 6, 2010 | *3rd Anniversary Show* | Union City, NJ | 2 | 153 | 5 |  |  |
| 7 | Alicia | August 6, 2010 | *When the Tigers Broke Free* | Middletown Township, NJ | 2 | \<1 | 0 | This was a three–way match, also involving Brittany Force. |  |
| 8 | Brittney Savage | August 6, 2010 | *WSU Uncensored #6* | Union City, NJ | 3 | 211 | 5 | Savage defeated Alicia in an empty arena match. |  |
| 9 | Sassy Stephanie | March 5, 2011 | *4th Anniversary Show* | Union City, NJ | 1 | 203 | 2 |  |  |
| 10 | Rain | September 24, 2011 | *Great Championship Wrestling event* | Fairless Hills, PA | 1 | \<1 | 0 |  |  |
| 11 | Jessicka Havok | September 24, 2011 | *Great Championship Wrestling event* | Fairless Hills, PA | 1 | 266 | 3 | Havok challenged Rain shortly after winning the championship. |  |
| 12 | Marti Belle | June 16, 2012 | *Uncensored Rumble V* | Deer Park, NY | 1 | 602 | 2 |  |  |
| 13 | Ezavel Suena | February 8, 2014 | *Mutiny* | Voorhees, NJ | 1 | 378 | 1 | This was contested in a title vs. mask match. Niya competed under a mask as Ezavel Suena but then unmasked after the match. |  |
| 14 | Nevaeh | February 21, 2015 | *8th Anniversary Show* | Philadelphia, PA | 1 | 53 | 0 |  |  |
|  | Vacated | April 15, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  | The championship was declared vacant due to Nevaeh suffering an injury. |  |
| 15 | Leva Bates | July 11, 2015 | *Control* | Philadelphia, PA | 1 | 497 | 4 | Bates defeated Hania the Howling Huntress to win the vacant championship. |  |
| 16 | Su Yung | November 19, 2016 | *Breaking Barriers IV* | Voorhees, NJ | 1 | 84 | 0 |  |  |
| 17 | Kiera Hogan | February 11, 2017 | *WSU 10th Anniversary* | Voorhees, NJ | 1 | 490 | 1 | This was a three–way match, also including Veda Scott |  |
| 18 | Jordynne Grace | June 16, 2018 | *Breaking Barriers 5* | Voorhees, NJ | 1 | 259 | 0 |  |  |
| 19 | Kris Statlander | March 2, 2019 | *CZW Trifecta Elimination 2019* | Voorhees, NJ | 1 | 189 | 4 | The championship Changed hands during a CZW event |  |
| 20 | Davienne | September 7, 2019 | *Is it Fall Yet?* | Voorhees, NJ | 1 | 608 | 3 |  |  |
| 21 | Bryce Donovan | May 7, 2021 | *Davienne’s Slumber Party* | Worcester, MA | 1 | 1,239+ | 0 | Became the first male to win the title |  |

## Combined reigns

As of September 27, 2024

|  | Indicates the current champion |
| --- | --- |

| Rank | Wrestler | No. of
reigns | Combined
defenses | Combined
days |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Bryce Donovan | 1 | 0 | 1239+ |
| 2 | Davienne | 1 | 3 | 608 |
| 3 | Marti Belle | 1 | 2 | 602 |
| 4 | Leva Bates | 1 | 4 | 497 |
| 5 | Kiera Hogan | 1 | 1 | 490 |
| 6 | Brittney Savage | 3 | 12 | 427 |
| 7 | Ezavel Suena/Niya | 1 | 1 | 378 |
| 8 | Jessicka Havok | 1 | 3 | 266 |
| 9 | Jordynne Grace | 1 | 0 | 259 |
| 10 | Sassy Stephanie | 1 | 2 | 203 |
| 11 | Kris Statlander | 1 | 4 | 189 |
| 12 | Alicia | 2 | 1 | 84 |
| | Su Yung | 1 | 0 | 84 |
| 14 | Nevaeh | 1 | 0 | 53 |
| 15 | Luscious Latasha | 2 | 2 | 50 |
| 16 | Jana | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 17 | Rain | 1 | 0 | \<1 |

## InfoBox

| WSU Spirit Championship | |
| --- | --- |
| Details | |
| Promotion | Women Superstars United |
| Date established | August 14, 2009 |
| Current champion(s) | Bryce Donovan |
| Date won | May 7, 2021 |
| Statistics  First champion(s) Luscious Latasha  Most reigns Brittney Savage (3 reigns)  Longest reign Davienne (608 days)  Shortest reign Alicia and Rain (\<1 day)  Heaviest champion Jessicka Havok (170 lb)  Lightest champion Brittney Savage (115 lb) | |


title: WSVE

abstract: WSVE was a radio station licensed in Jacksonville, Florida. WSVE was owned by Willis & Sons. WSVE last operated on 1280 kHz with 5,000 watts of power daytime & 133 watts nighttime.

text:
# WSVE

**WSVE** was a radio station licensed in Jacksonville, Florida. WSVE was owned by Willis & Sons. WSVE last operated on 1280 kHz with 5,000 watts of power daytime & 133 watts nighttime.

## History

### As WIVY

WIVY started broadcasting on 1050 kilohertz in August 1948. Its initial power was 1,000 watts, daytime only. It was affiliated with MacGregor, World & Hearst's INS. In 1971 it held a construction permit to move to 1280 kHz and in increase power from 1,000 watts daytime-only to 5,000 watts daytime-only. It also spawned WIVY-FM/102.9 in 1965. It changed callsigns to WEXI circa 1976.

### As WEXI

When WIVY changed calls to WEXI, WIVY-FM remained under its old callsign. WIVY/1280 aired a contemporary music format. It switched to all-news by 1978. WEXI became WXOZ circa 1985.

### Willis & Sons

Bishop Levi Willis, Sr.'s Willis & Sons, Inc. bought the station on July 14, 1986. It was by then WXOZ with a children's educational format. On March 14, 1987 it became WSVE.

### Leaving the air

Stemming from a 1999 FCC investigation, Willis was fined over $84,000 in fines from the regulatory agency. Partially to satisfy this debt, Willis agreed to surrender the licenses of 4 stations: WSVE, WCRY, KVLA and KLRG. Of those 4 stations, KLRG is still on the air under different ownership.

## InfoBox

DWSVE
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Jacksonville, Florida |
| Frequency | 1280 kHz |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | English |
| Format | Defunct (was Black gospel) |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | * Rev. Levi Willis, Sr. * (Willis & Sons) |
| History | |
| First air date | August 1948 |
| Last air date | 2004 |
| Former call signs | WIVY (1948–1976)
WEXI (1976–1985)
WXOJ (1985-March 14, 1987)
WSVE (March 14, 1987–June 24, 2004) |
| Technical information | |
| Facility ID | 10519 |
| Class | D |
| Power | 5,000 watts daytime
133 watts nighttime |


title: WJIM-FM

abstract: WJIM-FM is a radio station in Lansing, Michigan, broadcasting a top 40 (CHR) format. It is owned by Townsquare Media and has an ERP of 45,000 watts, making it a class B radio station

text:
# WJIM-FM

**WJIM-FM** (97.5 MHz, "975 Now FM") is a radio station in Lansing, Michigan, broadcasting a top 40 (CHR) format. It is owned by Townsquare Media and has an ERP of 45,000 watts, making it a class B radio station

## History

The station has had the WJIM-FM calls continuously since it signed on in 1960. For over three decades, WJIM-FM broadcast an easy listening/beautiful music format, which evolved during the early 1990s into a soft adult contemporary sound. On Labor Day in 1995, WJIM-FM switched from AC to "Oldies 97.5." The change came days after WIBM dropped its longtime oldies format in favor of country to compete with WITL-FM. The station's "good times and great oldies" format was very popular in Lansing for over a decade, with the station consistently rated in the top ten (and frequently the top five) 12+ in the Arbitron ratings.

On September 13, 2005, crosstown competitor WHZZ 101.7 FM abruptly flipped from adult-leaning CHR as "Z101.7" to Variety Hits as "Mike FM." WJIM-FM stepped in to fill the Top 40 void in the market two days later, as "Oldies 97.5" signed off with Don McLean's "American Pie" at 10 a.m. on September 15 and "The New 97-5" (usually just called "97.5, Lansing's New Hit Music Station") debuted in its place. Longtime "Oldies 97.5" morning man Rich Michaels moved to sister station WMMQ. On September 7, 2007, the station repositioned from "The New 97-5" to "97-5 Now FM."

The WJIM call letters have a history in Lansing of being associated with Top 40 music, as WJIM-AM 1240 was a leading Top 40 station in Lansing during the 1960s as "Big Jim 1240."

On August 30, 2013, a deal was announced in which Townsquare Media would acquire 53 Cumulus Media stations, including WJIM-FM, for $238 million. The deal was part of Cumulus' acquisition of Dial Global; Townsquare and Dial Global were both controlled by Oaktree Capital Management. The sale to Townsquare was completed on November 14, 2013.

### Sources

## InfoBox

WJIM-FM
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Lansing-East Lansing metropolitan area |
| Frequency | 97.5 MHz |
| Branding | 975 Now FM |
| Programming | |
| Format | Top 40 (CHR) |
| Affiliations | Compass Media Networks |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |  |
| Sister stations | WFMK, WITL-FM, WJIM, WMMQ, WVFN |
| History | |
| First air date | June 1960 |
| Call sign meaning | **JIM** Gross, son of original owner Harold Gross |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 17386 |
| Class | B |
| ERP | 45,000 watts |
| HAAT | 156 meters |
| Transmitter coordinates | 42°40′33″N 84°30′0″W / 42.67583°N 84.50000°W / 42.67583; -84.50000 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | 975now.com |


title: W. G. Ross

abstract: William Gribbon Ross was a Scottish actor and singer who became a popular entertainer in London in the mid-nineteenth century.

text:
# W. G. Ross

**William Gribbon Ross** (31 July 1819  23 April 1881) was a Scottish actor and singer who became a popular entertainer in London in the mid-nineteenth century.

## Biography

Ross was born in Glasgow, and worked on newspapers there as a compositor. His "early history as an unsuccessful and untalented actor is obscure", though it is believed that he acted and sang locally before moving to England to perform.

By the 1840s, he was in London, and became a regular performer at the Cyder Cellar in Covent Garden. He sang a wide range of songs, but his fame rested on just one, "Sam Hall", which had originated some years earlier as the story of a habitual criminal. He performed the song in character as a chimney sweep awaiting execution, "sitting astride a chair, the effect of his tattered clothes and bedraggled hat increased by the blackened clay pipe held between his teeth, which was removed only for purposes of expectoration, and for the greater emphasis of the oaths which bespatter the verses." The song was notorious for its refrain of "Damn your eyes!", sometimes replaced by a stronger expletive.

Ross's performances drew large crowds, and were "unanimously held to possess a degree of power.... for a number of years, a crowded room was assured whenever Ross was announced." The critic W. J. MacQueen-Pope said that "as a piece of characterisation of its kind, it is doubtful if it was ever excelled," and Henry Chance Newton described Ross as a "really comic comic singer and splendid character actor.. bringing down the house as he always did with his drolleries". Ross's performances were seen by Thackeray, who referred to them in his novel *Pendennis*.

Ross performed other songs, including "Hamlet Ye Dane", as well some written by Charles Sloman, but they were much less successful. By the late 1850s, the craze for "Sam Hall" had diminished, and Ross returned to the regular stage, sometimes appearing in touring musical comedy shows with his daughter, Lillian Ross. He made theatrical appearances in London as an actor, and performed an impersonation of Richard III.

He died in Camden, London in 1881 (though one source gives 1876) and was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery.

## InfoBox

| W. G. Ross | |
| --- | --- |
| Ross as 'Sam Hall' | |
| Born | William Gribbon Ross
(1819-07-31)31 July 1819
Glasgow, Scotland |
| Died | 23 April 1881(1881-04-23) (aged 61)
Camden, London, England |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, actor |


title: WWAC

abstract: WWAC is a commercial radio station licensed to Ocean City, New Jersey, and serving the Atlantic City area of the Jersey Shore. It is owned by Enrico S. Brancadora, broadcasting a country music radio format. WWAC is co-owned with WIBG-FM, a classic hits station licensed to Avalon, New Jersey. By day, WWAC is powered at 1,900 watts, non-directional. WWAC's signal reaches from Toms River to Cape May. Because 1020 AM is a clear channel frequency reserved for 50,000 watt Class A station KDKA in Pittsburgh, WWAC must go off the air at night to avoid interference. During critical hours, WWAC is powered at 680 watts. Programming is also heard on several FM translators around the clock: W250AK 97.9 Mhz in Rio Grande, W267BP 101.3 MHz in Pleasantville, and W270DV 101.9 MHz in Palermo.

text:
# WWAC

**WWAC** (1020 AM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Ocean City, New Jersey, and serving the Atlantic City area of the Jersey Shore. It is owned by Enrico S. Brancadora, broadcasting a country music radio format. WWAC is co-owned with WIBG-FM, a classic hits station licensed to Avalon, New Jersey.

By day, WWAC is powered at 1,900 watts, non-directional. WWAC's signal reaches from Toms River to Cape May. Because 1020 AM is a clear channel frequency reserved for 50,000 watt Class A station KDKA in Pittsburgh, WWAC must go off the air at night to avoid interference. During critical hours, WWAC is powered at 680 watts.

Programming is also heard on several FM translators around the clock: W250AK 97.9 Mhz in Rio Grande, W267BP 101.3 MHz in Pleasantville, and W270DV 101.9 MHz in Palermo.

## History

The station signed on the air on June 12, 1964. The original call sign was WSLT and the original frequency was 1520 kHz. The studios were on Asbury Avenue and the original owner was Salt-Tee Radio.

The call sign was changed to WIBG in 1978 after the call sign went out of use in Philadelphia. The station broadcast with various formats over the years including middle of the road (MOR), Top 40, oldies and country music. In the early 1980s, WIBG lost the lease on its transmitter site in Somers Point and went off the air for a time. A replacement site in Cape May County was eventually located. The station built a new tower site and returned to the air, changing its frequency to 1020 kHz in the process. The revived WIBG aired Spanish-language programming and tourist information before adopting a Christian radio format.

On November 19, 2008, WIBG joined Radiolicious and began streaming on the iPhone and iPod Touch.

In October 2011, the station changed to a talk radio format. In May 2013, WIBG dropped its syndicated talk programs and began programming music on weekdays, with some local talk shows and religious broadcasts continuing to be broadcast on weekends, along with "Wibbage Gold" oldies. On June 3, 2013, the format changed to Spanish hits "En Vivo 1020".

In January 2017, the station changed its moniker to "La Mega 101.3", referring to the dial position of its primary FM translator. The call sign was switched to WWAC on April 7, 2021.

On August 12, 2023, WWAC dropped its simulcast of La Mega in favor of "Wibbage Gold" oldies, while retaining its long-form Saturday talk programs. However, this would turn out to be a placeholder, as the station would end up stunting on August 31 with a loop of "Last Night" by Morgan Wallen, with bumpers between playings consisting solely of sounds of a cat running away, a nod towards new rival WPUR, branded as "Cat Country". This lead into a flip to country music as "Hot Country 101" the following day.

## Translators

Programming is also heard on several FM translators around the clock: W250AK 97.9 Mhz in Rio Grande, W267BP 101.3 MHz in Pleasantville, and W270DV 101.9 MHz in Palermo.

Broadcast translators for WWAC
| Call sign | Frequency | City of license | FID | ERP () | HAAT | Transmitter coordinates | FCC info |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| W250AK | 97.9 FM | Rio Grande, New Jersey | 141479 | 38 | 81  (266 ft) | 39°0′32.4″N 74°52′11.6″W / 39.009000°N 74.869889°W / 39.009000; -74.869889 | LMS |
| W267BP | 101.3 FM | Pleasantville, New Jersey | 142147 | 250 | 84 m (276 ft) | 39°22′35.8″N 74°33′42.2″W / 39.376611°N 74.561722°W / 39.376611; -74.561722 | LMS |
| W270DV | 101.9 FM | Palermo, New Jersey | 200731 | 250 | 84 m (276 ft) | 39°13′45.0″N 74°40′53.0″W / 39.229167°N 74.681389°W / 39.229167; -74.681389 | LMS |

FM translators

39°13′45″N 74°40′53″W / 39.22917°N 74.68139°W / 39.22917; -74.68139

## InfoBox

WWAC
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Atlantic CityJersey Shore |
| Frequency | 1020 kHz |
| Branding | *Hot Country 101* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Country music |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Enrico S. Brancadora |
| Sister stations |  |
| History | |
| First air date | June 12, 1964 (1964-06-12) |
| Former call signs | * WYKP (CP; 1962–1964) * WSLT (1964–1978) * WIBG (1978–2021) |
| Former frequencies | 1520 kHz (1964–198?) |
| Call sign meaning | Atlantic City |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 19617 |
| Class | D |
| Power |  |
| Translator(s) |  |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen live |
| Website | www.wibg.com/hotcountry101 |