# Opinion polling for the 2004 Spanish general election

In the run up to the 2004 Spanish general election, various organisations carried out opinion polling to gauge voting intention in Spain during the term of the 7th Cortes Generales. Results of such polls are displayed in this article. The date range for these opinion polls is from the previous general election, held on 12 March 2000, to the day the next election was held, on 14 March 2004.

Voting intention estimates refer mainly to a hypothetical Congress of Deputies election. Polls are listed in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The "Lead" columns on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a poll.

## Electoral polling

### Nationwide polling

#### Graphical summary

Local regression trend line of poll results from 12 March 2000 to 14 March 2004, with each line corresponding to a political party.

#### Voting intention estimates

The table below lists nationwide voting intention estimates. Refusals are generally excluded from the party vote percentages, while question wording and the treatment of "don't know" responses and those not intending to vote may vary between polling organisations. When available, seat projections determined by the polling organisations are displayed below (or in place of) the percentages in a smaller font; 176 seats were required for an absolute majority in the Congress of Deputies.

Color key:

Poll conducted after legal ban on opinion polls   Exit poll

| Polling firm/Commissioner | Fieldwork date | Sample size | Turnout |  |  |  |  | PNV | BNG |  |  | Lead |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **2004 general election** | 14 Mar 2004 |  | 75.7 | 37.7
148 | **42.6**
164 | 5.0
5 | 3.2
10 | 1.6
7 | 0.8
2 | 0.9
3 | 2.5
8 | 4.9 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Sigma Dos/Antena 3 | 14 Mar 2004 | ? | ? | 37.5 | **42.7** | 5.3 | 3.1 | 1.7 |  |  |  | 5.2 |
| Sigma Dos/Antena 3 | 14 Mar 2004 | 75,000 | ? | 38.5
153/161 | **41.0**
152/159 | 5.4
6/7 | 3.3
10/11 | 1.6
7 | 1.0
3 | 0.9
3 | 2.3
6 | 2.5 |
| Ipsos–Eco/RTVE–FORTA | 14 Mar 2004 | 210,000 | ? | 36.9
150/154 | **41.4**
154/158 | 6.3
9/11 | 3.0
10/12 | 1.4
6/7 | 0.9
2 | 0.9
3/4 | 2.3
7/8 | 4.5 |
| TNS Demoscopia/Tele 5 | 11–13 Mar 2004 | ? | ? | **40.6**
168/170 | 38.3
140/143 | 6.5
8/10 | 3.0
10/11 | 1.5
7 | ?
2 | 0.9
3 | 2.7
6/7 | 2.3 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 12 Mar 2004 | ? | ? | 39.5
154/160 | **40.5**
151/159 | 6.1
9/10 | 3.0
10/11 | 1.2
7/8 | ?
2/3 | ?
3/4 | ?
5/6 | 1.0 |
| Sigma Dos | 12 Mar 2004 | ? | ? | **40.3** | 39.6 | 5.2 | 3.3 | 1.8 |  |  |  | 0.7 |
| Sigma Dos | 10 Mar 2004 | ? | ? | **41.2** | 38.4 | 5.3 | 3.3 | 1.8 |  |  |  | 2.8 |
| TNS Demoscopia/Tele 5 | 8 Mar 2004 | 3,031 | ? | **42.5**
174/176 | 37.8
136/137 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4.7 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 7 Mar 2004 | ? | ? | **40.5**
161/166 | 38.0
140/145 | 5.8
11/12 | 3.6
10/11 | 1.4
7/8 | 1.1
3 | 0.8
4 | 2.0
7/8 | 2.5 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 6 Mar 2004 | ? | ? | **40.5** | 37.0 | 5.8 | 3.8 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 3.5 |
| Sigma Dos/El Mundo | 5–6 Mar 2004 | 1,000 | ? | **42.1**
168/173 | 37.6
138/144 | 5.3
6/8 | 3.4
11 | 1.8
7 | 1.2
3 | 1.0
3/4 | 2.0
5/6 | 4.5 |
| Celeste-Tel/La Razón | 4–6 Mar 2004 | 601 | 74.1 | **42.9**
173/177 | 37.6
136/141 | 6.6
9/10 | 3.4
11/12 | 1.7
7/8 | 1.1
2 | 0.9
3 | 1.6
5/6 | 5.3 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 5 Mar 2004 | ? | ? | **41.0** | 37.0 | 6.0 | 4.0 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 4.0 |
| Celeste-Tel/La Razón | 17 Feb–5 Mar 2004 | 2,404 | 72.1 | **42.9**
171/176 | 37.2
135/141 | 5.9
8 | 3.5
11/12 | 1.7
7/8 |  | 0.9
3 | 1.5
5/6 | 5.7 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 4 Mar 2004 | ? | ? | **41.5** | 36.5 | 7.0 | 3.5 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 5.0 |
| TNS Demoscopia/Tele 5 | 3 Mar 2004 | ? | ? | **42.1**
175/176 | 37.0
136 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5.1 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 3 Mar 2004 | ? | ? | **41.5**
163/171 | 36.5
135/143 | 6.5
11/12 | 3.0
10/11 | 1.6
7/8 | 1.1
2/3 | 0.8
3/4 | 2.0
6/8 | 5.0 |
| Vox Pública/El Periódico | 1–3 Mar 2004 | 2,071 | 72–73 | **42.5**
169/173 | 37.3
135/140 | 7.1
10/12 | 3.2
10/11 | 1.5
7 |  |  | 1.9
6/7 | 5.2 |
| Citigate Sanchís/La Gaceta | 1–3 Mar 2004 | 1,007 | ? | **42.8** | 37.3 | 5.7 | 3.1 | 1.5 |  | 1.4 | 2.2 | 5.5 |
| Noxa/La Vanguardia | 27 Feb–3 Mar 2004 | 2,200 | ? | **41.4**
162/167 | 39.2
143/147 | 6.3
9/10 | 3.0
10 | 2.1
7 | ?
2/3 | 1.0
4 | 2.1
5/6 | 2.2 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 2 Mar 2004 | ? | ? | **41.0** | 36.5 | 6.5 | 3.2 | 1.7 |  |  |  | 4.5 |
| Sigma Dos/El Mundo | 24 Feb–2 Mar 2004 | 12,500 | ? | **42.8**
172/177 | 36.6
134/139 | 5.7
7/10 | 3.3
11 | 1.8
7 | 1.2
3 |  | 1.9
5 | 6.2 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 1 Mar 2004 | ? | ? | **40.5** | 36.5 | 6.5 | 3.2 | 1.7 |  |  |  | 4.0 |
| Opina/El País | 27 Feb–1 Mar 2004 | 4,000 | ? | **42.0**
168/172 | 38.0
134/141 | 6.3
11 | 3.0
10/11 | 1.7
7/8 | 0.9
3 | 0.9
3/4 | 1.9
7 | 4.0 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 29 Feb 2004 | ? | ? | **40.5**
164/169 | 36.5
138/144 | 7.0
12 | 3.5
10/11 | 1.5
7/8 | 1.0
2/3 | 1.0
3/4 | 1.5
6 | 4.0 |
| Ipsos–Eco/Prensa Ibérica
 | 29 Feb 2004 | ? | ? | **41.3**
170/174 | 37.4
131/135 | 6.5
? | 3.4
? | 1.4
? |  |  |  | 3.9 |
| Citigate Sanchís/La Gaceta | 29 Feb 2004 | ? | ? | **44.4** | 36.8 | 5.6 | 3.2 | 2.1 |  |  |  | 7.6 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 28 Feb 2004 | ? | ? | **41.0** | 36.5 | 6.5 | 3.8 | 1.6 |  |  |  | 4.5 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 27 Feb 2004 | ? | ? | **41.5**
166/172 | 36.5
136/144 | 6.4
10/12 | 3.8
10/12 | 1.6
6/8 |  |  |  | 5.0 |
| Atento STC/Expansión | 23–27 Feb 2004 | ? | ? | **40.4** | 37.5 | 5.0 |  |  |  |  |  | 2.9 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 26 Feb 2004 | 3,000 | ? | **41.5**
166/172 | 36.5
136/144 | 6.0
10/12 | 4.0
10/12 | 1.5
6/8 |  |  |  | 5.0 |
| Infortécnica | 26 Feb 2004 | 4,656 | ? | ?
165/175 | ?
130/138 | ?
13/17 | ?
9/12 | ?
7/8 | ?
2/4 | ?
4/6 | ?
4/6 | ? |
| Sigma Dos/Antena 3 | 25 Feb 2004 | ? | ? | **43.3** | 35.8 | 5.8 | 3.6 | 1.4 |  |  |  | 7.5 |
| Celeste-Tel/La Razón | 17–25 Feb 2004 | ? | ? | **42.2**
170/171 | 36.1
141/142 | 5.4
6/7 | 3.9
11/13 | 1.8
8 | ?
3 | ?
4 | ?
2/3 | 6.1 |
| TNS Demoscopia/Vocento | 10–25 Feb 2004 | 12,760 | 68–70 | **42.2**
174/177 | 37.2
133/137 | 7.0
8/10 | 3.1
10/11 | 1.5
7 | 1.0
2 | 0.9
3 | 2.1
6/7 | 5.0 |
| Gallup | 2–20 Feb 2004 | 2,036 | 69.1 | **43.9** | 35.1 | 6.1 | 3.2 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 8.8 |
| Metra Seis/Colpisa | 6–16 Feb 2004 | 5,200 | 70–72 | **42.0**
170/176 | 36.2
131/136 | 5.8
7/9 | 3.4
11/12 | 1.9
7/9 | 1.2
2/3 | 0.9
4/5 | 2.1
5/7 | 5.8 |
| CIS | 24 Jan–15 Feb 2004 | 24,109 | 75.1 | **42.2**
176 | 35.5
131 | 6.6
10 | 3.7
12 | 1.8
7 | 1.2
3 | 1.0
3 | 1.9
6 | 6.7 |
| Noxa/La Vanguardia | 6–12 Feb 2004 | 1,800 | ? | **42.6**
164/169 | 38.6
138/142 | 5.8
9/10 | 2.8
9 | 2.2
8/9 | ?
4/5 | 0.9
4 | 2.0
6/7 | 4.0 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 11 Feb 2004 | 1,000 | ? | **41.0** | 38.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 3.0 |
| Sigma Dos/Antena 3 | 9–10 Feb 2004 | 1,000 | ? | **43.5** | 35.4 | 5.2 | 3.8 | 1.6 |  |  |  | 8.1 |
| Celeste-Tel/La Razón | 8 Feb 2004 | ? | ? | **43.9**
175 | 35.8
136/137 | 5.4
5/6 | 3.9
12/13 | 1.8
8 |  | ?
4 | ?
3 | 8.1 |
| Sigma Dos/El Mundo | 8 Feb 2004 | ? | ? | **44.3** | 34.8 | 5.6 | 3.6 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 9.5 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 31 Jan 2004 | 1,000 | ? | **41.0** | 37.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 4.0 |
| Opina/El País | 25 Jan 2004 | 3,000 | ? | **42.5**
171/175 | 37.0
135/138 | 5.5
8/11 | 3.5
12 | 1.5
7 | 1.0
2 | 1.3
5 | 1.5
4 | 5.5 |
| Gallup | 5–22 Jan 2004 | 2,028 | 68.3 | **41.9** | 36.2 | 6.7 | 4.3 | 1.7 |  |  |  | 5.7 |
| Vox Pública/El Periódico | 19–21 Jan 2004 | 1,501 | ? | **43.0**
170/175 | 38.0
138/142 | 5.5
8/10 | 3.0
10/11 | 1.5
7 |  |  |  | 5.0 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 16 Jan 2004 | 1,000 | ? | **42.0** | 38.0 | 4.5 | 3.5 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 4.0 |
| Noxa/La Vanguardia | 7–9 Jan 2004 | 1,000 | ? | **42.6**
174 | 36.5
137 | 7.2
11 | 3.0
10 | 2.1
9 |  | 1.0
4 | 1.4
3 | 6.1 |
| Sigma Dos/El Mundo | 4 Jan 2004 | ? | ? | **44.6** | 33.9 | 6.2 | 3.8 | 1.3 |  |  |  | 10.7 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 2 Jan 2004 | ? | ? | **42.0** | 40.0 | 6.0 | 3.5 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 2.0 |
| Gallup | 1–19 Dec 2003 | 2,025 | 70.0 | **44.1** | 35.2 | 6.1 | 3.6 | 1.6 |  |  |  | 8.9 |
| Celeste-Tel/La Razón | 7 Dec 2003 | ? | ? | **43.0** | 35.5 | 5.9 | 3.6 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 7.5 |
| Sigma Dos/El Mundo | 7 Dec 2003 | ? | ? | **44.8** | 33.7 | 6.1 | 3.9 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 11.1 |
| Opina/El País | 7 Dec 2003 | 1,000 | ? | **42.0** | 39.0 | 5.5 | 4.0 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 3.0 |
| Metra Seis/Colpisa | 2–5 Dec 2003 | ? | ? | **44.5**
178/185 | 33.1
121/125 | 6.3
8/9 | 4.1
14/15 | 1.4
7 |  |  |  | 11.4 |
| Gallup | 4–25 Nov 2003 | 2,032 | 70.5 | **43.3** | 36.5 | 6.7 | 3.5 | 1.6 |  |  |  | 6.8 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 19 Nov 2003 | 1,000 | ? | **42.0** | 39.0 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 3.0 |
| CIS | 25–31 Oct 2003 | 2,488 | ? | **42.4** | 34.7 | 5.9 | 4.0 | 1.4 | 1.3 |  |  | 7.7 |
| Gallup | 3–22 Oct 2003 | 2,016 | 69.9 | **42.4** | 36.8 | 6.2 | 3.4 | 1.6 |  |  |  | 5.6 |
| Intercampo/GETS | 17 Sep–2 Oct 2003 | 1,714 | ? | **43.8** | 34.3 | 6.4 | 3.8 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 9.5 |
| Sigma Dos/El Mundo | 28 Sep 2003 | ? | ? | **43.8** | 35.3 | 5.1 | 4.0 | 1.4 |  |  |  | 8.5 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 24 Sep 2003 | 1,000 | ? | **42.0** | 39.0 | 6.5 | 4.0 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 3.0 |
| Vox Pública/El Periódico | 22–24 Sep 2003 | 1,502 | ? | **44.2** | 37.1 | 6.0 | 3.0 | 1.6 |  |  |  | 7.1 |
| Gallup | 1–24 Sep 2003 | 2,027 | 71.2 | **43.0** | 35.3 | 7.2 | 3.5 | 1.6 |  |  |  | 7.7 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 10 Sep 2003 | 1,000 | ? | **42.0** | 39.0 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 3.0 |
| Opina/El País | 7 Sep 2003 | 1,000 | ? | **42.0** | 38.0 | 6.5 | 5.5 | 1.8 |  |  |  | 4.0 |
| Celeste-Tel/La Razón | 7 Sep 2003 | ? | ? | **43.2** | 35.3 | 5.9 | 3.7 | 1.9 |  |  |  | 7.9 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 2 Sep 2003 | 1,000 | ? | **42.0** | 39.0 | 6.0 | 5.0 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 3.0 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 27 Aug 2003 | 1,000 | ? | **42.0** | 39.0 | 6.5 | 5.5 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 3.0 |
| Gallup | 1–18 Aug 2003 | 2,026 | 70.2 | **43.6** | 36.5 | 5.4 | 3.7 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 7.1 |
| Gallup | 1–24 Jul 2003 | 2,032 | 70.7 | **42.9** | 37.4 | 5.9 | 3.4 | 1.4 |  |  |  | 5.5 |
| Sigma Dos/El Mundo | 20 Jul 2003 | ? | ? | **42.8** | 35.9 | 5.6 | 3.9 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 6.9 |
| CIS | 2–8 Jul 2003 | 2,476 | ? | **41.2** | 35.2 | 6.3 | 3.8 | 1.2 | 1.5 |  |  | 6.0 |
| Ibecom/La Razón | 6 Jul 2003 | ? | ? | **43.6** | 33.9 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 1.3 |  |  |  | 9.7 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 1 Jul 2003 | 1,000 | ? | **40.0** | 39.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 1.0 |
| Sigma Dos/El Mundo | 24–26 Jun 2003 | 1,000 | ? | **42.6** | 35.4 | 6.2 | 4.0 | 1.6 |  |  |  | 7.2 |
| Vox Pública/El Periódico | 23–25 Jun 2003 | 1,502 | ? | **41.6** | 37.5 | 5.9 | 3.1 | 1.2 |  |  |  | 4.1 |
| Gallup | 2–20 Jun 2003 | 2,024 | 75.1 | **40.7** | 37.2 | 7.4 | 3.2 | 1.2 |  |  |  | 3.5 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 11 Jun 2003 | ? | ? | **42.0** | 39.0 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 3.0 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 28 May 2003 | ? | ? | **41.0** | **41.0** | 5.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 |  |  |  | Tie |
| Gallup | 5–26 May 2003 | 2,026 | 73.4 | 38.4 | **38.8** | 6.8 | 2.9 | 1.4 |  |  |  | 0.4 |
| **2003 local elections** | 25 May 2003 |  | 67.8 | 34.3 | **34.8** | 6.1 | 3.4 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.8 | 0.5 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 15 May 2003 | 1,000 | ? | **39.0** | **39.0** | 6.0 | 4.0 | 1.8 |  |  |  | Tie |
| CIS | 24–30 Apr 2003 | 2,494 | 74.2 | 37.3 | **39.5** | 6.3 | 3.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 |  |  | 2.2 |
| Sigma Dos/El Mundo | 27 Apr 2003 | ? | ? | **41.2** | 38.7 | 5.0 | 3.7 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 2.5 |
| Noxa/La Vanguardia | 22–24 Apr 2003 | 1,000 | ? | 39.3 | **42.3** | 6.1 | 3.2 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 3.0 |
| Ipsos–Eco/ABC | 22–24 Apr 2003 | 2,254 | ? | 33.9 | **39.4** | 6.1 | 3.8 | 1.7 |  |  |  | 5.5 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 23 Apr 2003 | 1,000 | ? | 38.0 | **42.0** | 6.0 | 4.5 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 4.0 |
| Gallup | 1–22 Apr 2003 | 2,020 | 70.2 | 35.8 | **43.2** | 6.3 | 3.5 | 1.6 |  |  |  | 7.4 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 2 Apr 2003 | ? | ? | 36.5 | **43.0** | 6.0 | 4.2 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 6.5 |
| Vox Pública/El Periódico | 31 Mar–2 Apr 2003 | 1,503 | ? | 35.9 | **42.6** | 6.1 | 3.6 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 6.7 |
| Sigma Dos/El Mundo | 30 Mar 2003 | ? | ? | 38.6 | **40.7** | 5.1 | 3.6 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 2.1 |
| Opina/El País | 25–26 Mar 2003 | 1,000 | ? | 36.0 | **42.0** | 6.2 | 4.2 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 6.0 |
| Gallup | 3–25 Mar 2003 | 2,016 | 68.8 | 38.6 | **42.1** | 5.1 | 3.8 | 1.6 |  |  |  | 3.5 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 21 Mar 2003 | 1,000 | ? | 37.0 | **43.0** | 6.0 | 4.0 | 1.8 |  |  |  | 6.0 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 8 Mar 2003 | 1,000 | ? | 37.0 | **42.5** | 5.0 | 4.0 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 5.5 |
| Gallup | 3–24 Feb 2003 | 2,028 | 68.5 | 39.7 | **39.8** | 5.5 | 3.7 | 1.6 |  |  |  | 0.1 |
| Sigma Dos/El Mundo | 18–20 Feb 2003 | 1,000 | ? | 38.5 | **40.2** | 5.6 | 3.9 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 1.7 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 19 Feb 2003 | 1,000 | ? | 38.0 | **42.0** | 5.5 | 4.0 | 1.8 |  |  |  | 4.0 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 6 Feb 2003 | ? | ? | 38.0 | **42.0** | 5.0 | 4.0 | 1.8 |  |  |  | 4.0 |
| Opina/El País | 3 Feb 2003 | 1,000 | ? | 40.0 | **42.0** | 4.0 | 4.0 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 2.0 |
| CIS | 21–26 Jan 2003 | 2,480 | 74.4 | **39.8** | 37.3 | 5.5 | 3.7 | 1.5 | 1.4 |  |  | 2.5 |
| Gallup | 7–23 Jan 2003 | 2,034 | 68.9 | **39.6** | 39.5 | 4.9 | 3.3 | 1.6 |  |  |  | 0.1 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 22 Jan 2003 | 1,000 | ? | **41.0** | **41.0** | 5.0 | 4.0 | 1.6 |  |  |  | Tie |
| Sigma Dos/El Mundo | 20 Jan 2003 | ? | ? | **41.6** | 38.6 | 4.9 | 3.9 | 1.3 |  |  |  | 3.0 |
| Vox Pública/El Periódico | 13–16 Jan 2003 | 1,501 | ? | **40.4** | 39.0 | 6.0 | 3.3 | 1.1 |  |  |  | 1.4 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 8 Jan 2003 | 1,000 | ? | **41.0** | **41.0** | 4.8 | 4.5 | 1.8 |  |  |  | Tie |
| Gallup | 2–23 Dec 2002 | 2,011 | 68.5 | 38.2 | **40.8** | 5.0 | 4.0 | 1.4 |  |  |  | 2.6 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 17 Dec 2002 | 1,000 | ? | 39.0 | **42.0** | 5.0 | 4.0 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 3.0 |
| Sigma Dos/El Mundo | 9–11 Dec 2002 | 1,000 | ? | **41.7** | 38.8 | 4.7 | 3.7 | 1.4 |  |  |  | 2.9 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 4 Dec 2002 | 1,000 | ? | **41.0** | **41.0** | 5.0 | 4.0 | 1.5 |  |  |  | Tie |
| La Vanguardia | 25 Nov 2002 | ? | ? | 38.6
153 | **40.0**
154 | ?
7 | ?
14 |  |  |  |  | 1.4 |
| Gallup | 4–25 Nov 2002 | 2,018 | 70.0 | **40.6** | 39.8 | 5.4 | 3.3 | 1.2 |  |  |  | 0.8 |
| Opina/El País | 23–24 Nov 2002 | 1,000 | ? | **40.0** | **40.0** | 5.0 | 4.5 | 1.8 |  |  |  | Tie |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 20 Nov 2002 | 1,000 | ? | **42.0** | 40.0 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 2.0 |
| Sigma Dos/El Mundo | 5–8 Nov 2002 | 3,400 | ? | **41.9** | 38.4 | 4.6 | 4.0 | 1.4 |  |  |  | 3.5 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 6 Nov 2002 | 1,000 | ? | **41.0** | **41.0** | 5.0 | 4.0 | 1.8 |  |  |  | Tie |
| Opina/El País | 28–29 Oct 2002 | ? | ? | **41.0** | **41.0** | 5.2 | 4.0 | 1.7 |  |  |  | Tie |
| Gallup | 1–24 Oct 2002 | 2,018 | 69.4 | **42.7** | 37.2 | 5.1 | 3.8 | 1.4 |  |  |  | 5.5 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 23 Oct 2002 | 1,000 | ? | **41.0** | 39.5 | 5.1 | 4.0 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 1.5 |
| Ibecom/La Razón | 17–21 Oct 2002 | ? | ? | **43.5** | 38.7 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 1.1 |  |  |  | 4.8 |
| CIS | 16–21 Oct 2002 | 2,489 | 74.6 | **41.5** | 37.3 | 4.6 | 3.7 | 1.4 | 1.2 |  |  | 4.2 |
| Sigma Dos/El Mundo | 14 Oct 2002 | ? | ? | **41.8** | 37.9 | 5.0 | 4.2 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 3.9 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 9 Oct 2002 | 1,000 | ? | **42.0** | 38.5 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 3.5 |
| Vox Pública/El Periódico | 7–9 Oct 2002 | 1,507 | ? | **42.4**
165/170 | 38.7
145/150 | 4.8
? | 3.3
? | 1.2
? |  |  |  | 3.7 |
| CIS | 9 Sep–9 Oct 2002 | 10,476 | 75.6 | **41.0** | 37.1 | 5.4 | 4.0 | 1.5 | 1.2 |  |  | 3.9 |
| Intercampo/GETS | 18 Sep–3 Oct 2002 | ? | ? | **41.6** | 36.6 | 5.6 | 4.4 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 5.0 |
| Opina/El País | 29 Sep 2002 | ? | ? | **42.0** | 39.0 | 4.5 | 3.8 | 1.6 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 3.0 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 25 Sep 2002 | 1,000 | ? | **41.0** | 39.0 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 2.0 |
| Ipsos–Eco/ABC | 6–13 Sep 2002 | 2,010 | ? | **40.7** | 37.6 | 5.7 | 4.0 | 1.5 | 1.4 |  |  | 3.1 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 10 Sep 2002 | 1,000 | ? | **42.0** | 39.5 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 1.7 |  |  |  | 2.5 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 27 Aug 2002 | 1,000 | ? | **41.0** | **41.0** | 5.5 | 4.0 | 1.8 |  |  |  | Tie |
| Gallup | 1–23 Aug 2002 | 2,008 | 68.0 | **42.1** | 38.0 | 5.5 | 3.1 | 1.4 |  |  |  | 4.1 |
| Gallup | 2–29 Jul 2002 | 2,013 | 67.8 | **42.5** | 38.0 | 5.7 | 3.4 | 1.4 |  |  |  | 4.5 |
| CIS | 16–21 Jul 2002 | 2,482 | 74.0 | **41.0** | 36.3 | 5.0 | 4.2 | 1.4 | 1.2 |  |  | 4.7 |
| Sigma Dos/El Mundo | 14 Jul 2002 | ? | ? | **43.3** | 36.2 | 5.7 | 3.9 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 7.1 |
| La Vanguardia | 26–30 Jun 2002 | 2,494 | ? | **39.2**
158 | 36.8
145 | 6.3
9 | 3.5
13 |  |  |  |  | 2.4 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 27 Jun 2002 | 1,000 | ? | **41.0** | 40.0 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 1.0 |
| Vox Pública/El Periódico | 24–26 Jun 2002 | 1,504 | ? | **41.9** | 38.7 | 5.9 | 3.1 | 1.1 |  |  |  | 3.2 |
| Gallup | 1–24 Jun 2002 | 2,016 | 68.3 | **42.7** | 36.8 | 5.7 | 4.2 | 1.6 |  |  |  | 5.9 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 21 Jun 2002 | ? | ? | **41.0** | 39.5 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 1.5 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 5 Jun 2002 | 1,000 | ? | **41.0** | 39.0 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 2.5 |  |  |  | 2.0 |
| La Vanguardia | 20–26 May 2002 | 2,496 | ? | **40.0**
162 | 36.9
142 | 6.6
8 | 4.1
15 |  |  |  |  | 3.1 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 22 May 2002 | 1,000 | ? | **41.0** | 40.0 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 1.0 |
| Gallup | 3–22 May 2002 | 2,010 | 70.2 | **42.3** | 37.6 | 5.3 | 3.6 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 4.7 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 8 May 2002 | 1,000 | ? | **41.0** | 39.0 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 2.0 |
| Sigma Dos/El Mundo | 3 May 2002 | ? | ? | **43.2** | 37.2 | 4.7 | 3.5 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 6.0 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 24 Apr 2002 | 1,000 | ? | **42.0** | 39.0 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 3.0 |
| Gallup | 1–23 Apr 2002 | 2,017 | 68.2 | **41.8** | 37.6 | 5.0 | 4.2 | 1.7 |  |  |  | 4.2 |
| CIS | 16–21 Apr 2002 | 2,498 | 73.9 | **42.4** | 34.4 | 5.4 | 4.4 | 1.5 | 1.5 |  |  | 8.0 |
| Vox Pública/El Periódico | 15–17 Apr 2002 | 1,510 | ? | **42.5** | 37.6 | 5.2 | 3.9 | 1.4 |  |  |  | 4.9 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 10 Apr 2002 | 1,000 | ? | **42.0** | 38.5 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 3.5 |
| Gallup | 4–27 Mar 2002 | 2,029 | 68.3 | **41.8** | 36.9 | 5.8 | 3.7 | 1.7 |  |  |  | 4.9 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 26 Mar 2002 | 1,000 | ? | **42.0** | 38.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 4.0 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 12 Mar 2002 | 1,000 | ? | **42.0** | 39.0 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 3.0 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 27 Feb 2002 | 1,000 | ? | **43.5** | 38.0 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 1.7 |  |  |  | 5.5 |
| Gallup | 4–27 Feb 2002 | 2,030 | 70.3 | **43.1** | 37.1 | 5.0 | 3.4 | 1.4 |  |  |  | 6.0 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 13 Feb 2002 | 1,000 | ? | **42.5** | 38.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 1.7 |  |  |  | 4.5 |
| Vox Pública/El Periódico | 4–5 Feb 2002 | 1,506 | ? | **44.1** | 36.8 | 4.9 | 3.4 | 1.7 |  |  |  | 7.3 |
| CIS | 27–31 Jan 2002 | 2,498 | 74.3 | **43.9** | 34.2 | 5.8 | 4.0 | 1.5 | 1.2 |  |  | 9.7 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 30 Jan 2002 | 1,000 | ? | **43.5** | 38.0 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 5.5 |
| Gallup | 4–29 Jan 2002 | 2,031 | 70.1 | **43.2** | 36.8 | 5.4 | 3.5 | 1.6 |  |  |  | 6.4 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 16 Jan 2002 | 1,000 | ? | **43.5** | 38.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 5.5 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 3 Jan 2002 | 1,000 | ? | **43.5** | 38.5 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 5.0 |
| Sigma Dos/El Mundo | 26–28 Dec 2001 | ? | ? | **44.7** | 35.5 | 4.4 | 3.6 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 9.2 |
| Gallup | 3–28 Dec 2001 | 2,020 | 70.6 | **42.2** | 38.4 | 5.2 | 3.4 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 3.8 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 24 Dec 2001 | ? | ? | **42.0** | 37.0 | 5.5 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 1.4 |  |  | 5.0 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 5 Dec 2001 | 1,000 | ? | **41.5** | 39.0 | 5.5 | 5.0 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 2.5 |
| Gallup | 2–28 Nov 2001 | 2,021 | 69.8 | **44.2** | 36.8 | 5.3 | 3.5 | 1.4 |  |  |  | 7.4 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 20 Nov 2001 | 1,000 | ? | **42.5** | 39.0 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 3.5 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 7 Nov 2001 | 1,000 | ? | **43.0** | 38.5 | 5.5 | 4.5 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 4.5 |
| Gallup | 1–30 Oct 2001 | 2,016 | 70.1 | **43.9** | 37.0 | 4.9 | 3.8 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 6.9 |
| CIS | 24–29 Oct 2001 | 2,499 | 74.1 | **43.5**
180 | 34.0
125 | 5.5
8 | 4.5
16 | 1.4
7 | 1.4
? |  |  | 9.5 |
| La Vanguardia | 28 Oct 2001 | ? | ? | **41.3**
167 | 37.0
138 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4.3 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 24 Oct 2001 | 1,000 | ? | **44.0** | 38.5 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 5.5 |
| Vox Pública/El Periódico | 22–23 Oct 2001 | 1,509 | ? | **44.5** | 37.9 | 5.6 | 3.7 | 1.4 |  |  |  | 6.6 |
| Intercampo/GETS | 19 Sep–4 Oct 2001 | ? | ? | **42.4** | 36.3 | 5.6 | 4.1 | 1.8 |  |  |  | 6.1 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 2 Oct 2001 | ? | ? | **43.5** | 40.0 | 5.5 | 4.0 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 3.5 |
| Gallup | 6–27 Sep 2001 | 2,027 | 70.3 | **42.3** | 37.2 | 5.5 | 4.0 | 1.6 |  |  |  | 5.1 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 18 Sep 2001 | 1,000 | ? | **43.5** | 39.0 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 4.5 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 5 Sep 2001 | 1,000 | ? | **44.0** | 38.0 | 5.0 | 4.6 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 6.0 |
| Gallup | 2–30 Jul 2001 | 2,024 | 70.2 | **42.1** | 38.3 | 5.1 | 3.4 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 3.8 |
| CIS | 13–18 Jul 2001 | 2,485 | 75.1 | **43.6**
178 | 34.9
129 | 5.6
? | 3.7
? | 1.5
? | 1.5
? |  |  | 8.7 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 30 Jun 2001 | 1,000 | ? | **43.5** | 40.0 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 3.5 |
| Vox Pública/El Periódico | 25–28 Jun 2001 | 1,506 | ? | **44.0** | 37.1 | 5.9 | 3.2 | 1.2 |  |  |  | 6.9 |
| Gallup | 6–27 Jun 2001 | 2,008 | 69.5 | **43.6** | 36.8 | 5.2 | 3.6 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 6.8 |
| Sigma Dos/El Mundo | 24 Jun 2001 | ? | ? | **43.4** | 35.8 | 5.4 | 3.9 | 1.4 |  |  |  | 7.6 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 13 Jun 2001 | 1,000 | ? | **44.0** | 38.0 | 6.0 | 4.5 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 6.0 |
| La Vanguardia | 30 May 2001 | ? | ? | **43.5**
180 | 35.1
128 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8.4 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 30 May 2001 | 1,000 | ? | **43.0** | 39.5 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 3.5 |
| Gallup | 4–25 May 2001 | 2,031 | 69.8 | **45.0** | 34.3 | 6.3 | 4.3 | 1.4 |  |  |  | 10.7 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 14 May 2001 | 1,000 | ? | **44.0** | 38.0 | 5.5 | 4.5 | 2.3 |  |  |  | 6.0 |
| CIS | 20–30 Apr 2001 | 2,492 | 73.9 | **43.5**
179 | 35.2
131 | 4.9
? | 4.0
? | 1.3
? | 1.4
? |  |  | 8.3 |
| Gallup | 4–25 Apr 2001 | 2,026 | 69.8 | **43.4** | 37.6 | 4.9 | 3.4 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 5.8 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 24 Apr 2001 | 1,000 | ? | **44.0** | 38.5 | 5.5 | 4.0 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 5.5 |
| Vox Pública/El Periódico | 16–18 Apr 2001 | 1,514 | ? | **43.7** | 38.6 | 3.7 | 3.4 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 5.1 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 11 Apr 2001 | ? | ? | **43.0** | 40.0 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 1.7 |  |  |  | 3.0 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 4 Apr 2001 | ? | ? | **42.0** | 37.0 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 5.0 |
| Gallup | 5–30 Mar 2001 | 2,026 | 72.3 | **43.4** | 35.6 | 5.5 | 3.7 | 1.3 |  |  |  | 7.8 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 7 Mar 2001 | ? | ? | **43.0** | 38.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 4.5 |
| La Vanguardia | 28 Feb 2001 | ? | ? | **42.7**
177 | 35.9
132 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6.8 |
| Gallup | 1–26 Feb 2001 | 2,036 | 70.3 | **42.4** | 37.5 | 5.4 | 3.4 | 1.7 |  |  |  | 4.9 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 21 Feb 2001 | 1,000 | ? | **43.0** | 40.0 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 3.0 |
| Sigma Dos/El Mundo | 18 Feb 2001 | 800 | ? | **43.5** | 35.9 | 4.6 | 4.1 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 7.6 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 7 Feb 2001 | ? | ? | **43.0** | 40.0 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 3.0 |
| Vox Pública/El Periódico | 29–31 Jan 2001 | 1,519 | ? | **43.5** | 37.5 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 6.0 |
| Gallup | 8–27 Jan 2001 | 2,028 | 71.6 | **41.9** | 37.0 | 5.3 | 4.4 | 1.7 |  |  |  | 4.9 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 24 Jan 2001 | ? | ? | **44.0** | 39.0 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 1.8 |  |  |  | 5.0 |
| CIS | 18–23 Jan 2001 | 2,486 | 73.9 | **43.5**
179 | 36.2
132 | 5.1
? | 3.9
? | 1.4
? | 1.2
? |  |  | 7.3 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 16 Jan 2001 | ? | ? | **42.0** | 39.0 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.0 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 10 Jan 2001 | ? | ? | **42.0** | 38.5 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 3.5 |
| Sigma Dos/El Mundo | 22–29 Dec 2000 | ? | ? | **44.6** | 36.2 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 1.4 |  |  |  | 8.4 |
| Opitel/Tele 5 | 28 Dec 2000 | ? | ? | **44.5** | 38.0 | 3.8 | 4.5 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 6.5 |
| Gallup | 7–24 Dec 2000 | ? | ? | **44.4** | 36.9 | 5.4 | 3.7 | 1.9 |  |  |  | 7.5 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 20 Dec 2000 | ? | ? | **44.5** | 38.5 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 1.8 |  |  |  | 6.0 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 5 Dec 2000 | ? | ? | **44.5** | 38.5 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 |  |  |  | 6.0 |
| La Vanguardia | 28 Nov 2000 | ? | ? | **42.6**
176 | 36.0
133 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6.6 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 22 Nov 2000 | ? | ? | **45.0** | 38.0 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 7.0 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 8 Nov 2000 | ? | ? | **44.0** | 36.0 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8.0 |
| Vox Pública/El Periódico | 30–31 Oct 2000 | 1,210 | ? | **44.0** | 36.7 | 4.6 | 4.1 | 1.2 |  |  |  | 7.3 |
| Sigma Dos/El Mundo | 30 Oct 2000 | ? | ? | **46.2** | 34.2 | 4.9 | 3.2 | 1.5 |  |  |  | 12.0 |
| Opina/Cadena SER | 25 Oct 2000 | ? | ? | **42.2** | 32.8 | 5.1 | 3.3 | 1.7 |  |  |  | 9.4 |
| CIS | 17–22 Oct 2000 | 2,497 | ? | **43.7**
173/179 | 36.2
131/134 | 5.5
7/8 | 3.8
14 | 1.5
7 | 1.3
? |  |  | 7.5 |
| Demoscopia/El País | 9 Oct 2000 | ? | ? | **45.0** | 35.8 | 6.9 | 4.4 | 1.4 |  |  |  | 9.2 |
| Intercampo/GETS | 20 Sep–5 Oct 2000 | ? | ? | **42.9** | 33.7 | 5.6 | 4.0 | 1.3 |  |  |  | 9.2 |
| Opitel/Tele 5 | 2 Oct 2000 | ? | ? | **44.8** | 34.9 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 1.0 |  |  |  | 9.9 |
| Gallup | 1–27 Sep 2000 | 2,025 | 71.4 | **45.0** | 34.9 | 5.3 | 4.1 | 1.3 |  |  |  | 10.1 |
| La Vanguardia | 20 Jul 2000 | ? | ? | **47.1**
188 | 31.5
119 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 15.6 |
| CIS | 13–18 Jul 2000 | 2,493 | 72.9 | **46.6**
186 | 31.6
119/120 | 5.9
9 | 4.3
15/16 | 1.4
7 | 1.5
? |  |  | 15.0 |
| Sigma Dos/El Mundo | 16 Jul 2000 | ? | ? | **45.7** | 33.6 | 5.9 | 3.5 | 1.6 |  |  |  | 12.1 |
| Vox Pública/El Periódico | 26–30 Jun 2000 | 2,300 | ? | **46.5** | 30.5 | 5.6 | 3.8 | 1.0 |  |  |  | 16.0 |
| La Vanguardia | 7 Jun 2000 | ? | ? | **47.5**
189 | 31.1
118 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 16.4 |
| CIS | 29 Apr–3 May 2000 | 2,491 | 72.0 | **45.3**
185 | 32.7
125 | 5.9
? | 4.0
? | 1.2
? | 1.5
? |  |  | 12.6 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **2000 general election** | 12 Mar 2000 |  | 68.7 | **44.5**
183 | 34.2
125 | 5.4
8 | 4.2
15 | 1.5
7 | 1.3
3 | 1.1
4 | 0.8
1 | 10.3 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | |

#### Voting preferences

The table below lists raw, unweighted voting preferences.

#### Victory preference

The table below lists opinion polling on the victory preferences for each party in the event of a general election taking place.

#### Victory likelihood

The table below lists opinion polling on the perceived likelihood of victory for each party in the event of a general election taking place.

### Sub-national polling

#### Catalonia

## Leadership polling

1. "Elecciones Generales Marzo 2004. Evolución del voto en las encuestas preelectorales de Sigma Dos" (PDF). *Sigma Dos* (in Spanish). 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 December 2004.
2. "La mayoría de los sondeos da un empate técnico entre PP y PSOE". *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 14 March 2004.
3. "TVE da la victoria al PSOE mientras Tele 5 y Antena 3 otorgan la mayoría simple al PP". *El País* (in Spanish). 14 March 2004.
4. "Los sondeos a pie de urna dan un empate entre PSOE y PP". *El Periódico de Extremadura* (in Spanish). 14 March 2004.
5. "Elecciones Generales y de la Comunidad Autónoma de Andalucía. Sondeo de Ipsos-EcoConsulting para RTVE - Domingo 14 de Marzo". *RTVE* (in Spanish). 14 March 2004. Archived from the original on 26 March 2004.
6. "Guerra, terrorismo y elecciones: incidencia electoral de los atentados islamistas en Madrid". *ResearchGate* (in Spanish). 10 March 2005.
7. "El PP vence pero no logra la mayoría absoluta". *Informativos Telecinco* (in Spanish). 14 March 2004. Archived from the original on 27 March 2004.
8. "Dos de los cuatro sondeos avanzaban la victoria de los socialistas". *La Vanguardia* (in Spanish). 14 March 2004.
9. Ekaizer, Ernesto (9 March 2004). "Si Hitler se levantara de su tumba". *El País* (in Spanish).
10. "El PSOE recorta a 2,5 puntos la distancia del PP, que se aleja de la mayoría absoluta". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 8 March 2004.
11. "Pulsómetro 08/03/2004". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 8 March 2004. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011.
12. "La distancia entre PP y PSOE se reduce a 3,5 puntos a una semana para las elecciones". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 7 March 2004.
13. "Pulsómetro 07/03/2004". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 7 March 2004. Archived from the original on 13 March 2004.
14. "La distancia entre el PP y el PSOE se reduce a 3,5 puntos". *El País* (in Spanish). 8 March 2004.
15. "El PP tendría entre 168 y 173 escaños a seis días de las elecciones generales". *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 8 March 2004.
16. "Encuesta marzo 2004" (PDF). *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 7 March 2004.
17. "Voto". *Celeste-Tel* (in Spanish). 6 March 2004. Archived from the original on 26 November 2004. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
18. "Ficha técnica". *Celeste-Tel* (in Spanish). 6 March 2004. Archived from the original on 26 November 2004. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
19. "El PSOE recorta un punto al PP a una semana de las elecciones". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 6 March 2004.
20. "Pulsómetro 06/03/2004". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 6 March 2004. Archived from the original on 9 April 2004.
21. "El PSOE recorta un punto al PP". *El País* (in Spanish). 7 March 2004.
22. "Voto, terrorismo y rendición de cuentas: las elecciones de 2004 en España". *ResearchGate* (in Spanish). January 2009.
23. "Los sondeos dejan en suspenso la mayoría absoluta de Rajoy aunque confirman la clara victoria del PP". *Libertad Digital* (in Spanish). 7 March 2004. Archived from the original on 6 April 2005.
24. "Cinco encuestas coinciden en que el PP no tiene asegurada la mayoría absoluta". *El Periódico de Aragón* (in Spanish). 7 March 2004.
25. "El PP consolida cinco puntos de ventaja sobre el PSOE". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 5 March 2004.
26. "Pulsómetro 05/03/2004". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 5 March 2004. Archived from the original on 17 March 2004.
27. "El PP llega a mitad de campaña con 5 puntos de ventaja sobre el PSOE". *El País* (in Spanish). 6 March 2004.
28. "La campaña electoral de marzo de 2004". *Celeste-Tel* (in Spanish). 3 March 2004. Archived from the original on 26 May 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
29. "El PP aumenta su ventaja a cinco puntos pero no logra la mayoría absoluta". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 4 March 2004.
30. "Pulsómetro 04/03/2004". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 4 March 2004. Archived from the original on 18 April 2004.
31. "El PP se acerca a la mayoría absoluta". *El País* (in Spanish). 5 March 2004.
32. "Los conservadores pueden lograr entre 169 y 173 diputados, y el PSOE, de 135 a 140". *El Periódico de Catalunya* (in Spanish). 7 March 2004. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
33. "Del 11-M al 14-M: Los mecanismos del cambio electoral" (PDF). *Universitat Pompeu Fabra* (in Spanish). 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 February 2012.
34. "La marca ZP fue decisiva el 14-M". *La Gauche Divine* (in Spanish). 27 September 2005.
35. "La mayoría absoluta se le escapa al PP". *La Vanguardia* (in Spanish). 7 March 2004.
36. "El PP recupera ventaja y se distancia del PSOE en 4 puntos y medio". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 3 March 2004.
37. "Pulsómetro 03/03/2004". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 3 March 2004. Archived from the original on 18 April 2004.
38. "El PP recupera medio punto". *El País* (in Spanish). 4 March 2004.
39. "El PP obtendría entre 172 y 177 escaños si la votación fuera hoy". *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 4 March 2004.
40. "Encuesta marzo 2004" (PDF). *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 4 March 2004.
41. "El PP mantiene 4 puntos de ventaja sobre el PSOE a 12 días del 14-M". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 2 March 2004.
42. "Pulsómetro 02/03/2004". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 2 March 2004. Archived from the original on 18 May 2006.
43. "El PP mantiene su ventaja de 4 puntos". *El País* (in Spanish). 3 March 2004.
44. "El PP consolida su ventaja frente al PSOE sin llegar a la mayoría absoluta". *El País* (in Spanish). 7 March 2004.
45. "Estimación de voto. Elecciones Generales 2004". *El País* (in Spanish). 6 March 2004.
46. "Encuesta España. Estimación electoral. Marzo 2004" (PDF). *Instituto Opina* (in Spanish). 7 March 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 May 2005. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
47. "Se recorta a cuatro puntos la distancia entre PP y PSOE". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 1 March 2004.
48. "Pulsómetro 01/03/2004". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 1 March 2004. Archived from the original on 21 July 2006.
49. "El PSOE recorta distancias". *El País* (in Spanish). 2 March 2004.
50. "Elecciones Generales 2004". *La Página Definitiva* (in Spanish). 8 March 2004.
51. "Consideraciones sobre los efectos electorales de los atentados terroristas del 11-M" (PDF). *Aposta Digital* (in Spanish). November 2004.
52. "Pulsómetro: el PSOE recorta medio punto respecto al PP". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 29 February 2004.
53. "Pulsómetro 29/02/2004". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 29 February 2004. Archived from the original on 21 July 2006.
54. "Pulsómetro: el PP mantiene 5 puntos sobre el PSOE". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 28 February 2004.
55. "Pulsómetro 28/02/2004". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 28 February 2004. Archived from the original on 18 May 2006.
56. "Rajoy no repetiría la mayoría absoluta alcanzada por Aznar". *El País* (in Spanish). 29 February 2004.
57. "El PP sacaría menos de 3 puntos al PSOE y perdería la mayoría absoluta". *Foros Expansión* (in Spanish). 1 March 2004. Archived from the original on 30 April 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
58. "Las encuestas dan mayoría absoluta muy ajustada al PP". *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 4 March 2004.
59. "El PP, que aventaja en cinco puntos al PSOE, perdería la mayoría absoluta". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 27 February 2004.
60. "Pulsómetro 27/02/2004". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 27 February 2004. Archived from the original on 21 July 2006.
61. "El PP está cerca de la mayoría absoluta". *El País* (in Spanish). 28 February 2004.
62. "Prospectiva Electoral. Elecciones Generales 2004" (PDF). *Infortécnica* (in Spanish). 26 February 2004.
63. "Rajoy se quedaría a cinco escaños de la mayoría absoluta, según un sondeo de La Razón". *Libertad Digital* (in Spanish). 27 February 2004.
64. "Encuestas y sondeos". *Libertad Digital* (in Spanish). 8 March 2004.
65. "Elecciones generales. Estimación de resultado electoral" (PDF). *El Correo* (in Spanish). 29 February 2004.
66. "El PP se sitúa al filo de la mayoría absoluta, 174-177 escaños, en el inicio de la campaña". *ABC* (in Spanish). 29 February 2004.
67. "Intención de voto y valoración de líderes políticos. Febrero 2004". *Gallup España* (in Spanish). 9 March 2004. Archived from the original on 19 April 2004.
68. "Expectativas de voto elecciones generales del 14-M. Datos globales (conj. de España)". *El Correo* (in Spanish). 22 February 2004.
69. "La mayoría absoluta del PP peligra y CC se afianza como llave de gobierno". *eldia.es* (in Spanish). 22 February 2004.
70. "Preelectoral elecciones generales y autonómicas de Andalucía, 2004 (Estudio nº 2555. Enero-Febrero 2004)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 4 March 2004.
71. "La mayoría absoluta pende de un hilo". *La Vanguardia* (in Spanish). 5 March 2004.
72. "Rajoy roza la mayoría absoluta". *La Vanguardia* (in Spanish). 15 February 2004.
73. "El PSOE recorta distancias con el PP y se sitúa a tres puntos, según el Pulsómetro". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 16 February 2004.
74. "Pulsómetro 16/02/2004". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 16 February 2004. Archived from the original on 21 February 2004.
75. "Un sondeo de 'Sigma Dos' da al PP ocho puntos sobre el PSOE". *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 14 February 2004.
76. "Rajoy es el más eficaz y Zapatero el más cercano, según un sondeo". *eldia.es* (in Spanish). 14 February 2004.
77. "Los sondeos no se ponen de acuerdo sobre los efectos del "escándalo Carod" en el PSOE". *Libertad Digital* (in Spanish). 8 February 2004.
78. "El PSOE sigue vivo tras el golpe de Carod". *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 8 February 2004.
79. "El "caso Carod" no pasa factura al PSOE, que sigue a cuatro puntos del PP". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 2 February 2004.
80. "Pulsómetro 31/01/2004". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 2 February 2004. Archived from the original on 10 March 2005.
81. "El PP saca al PSOE 5,5 puntos de ventaja". *El País* (in Spanish). 25 January 2004.
82. "Informe Encuesta Electoral. Enero 2004" (PDF). *Instituto Opina* (in Spanish). 25 January 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 May 2005. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
83. "Intención de voto y valoración de líderes políticos. Enero 2004". *Gallup España* (in Spanish). 18 February 2004. Archived from the original on 19 April 2004.
84. "Rajoy, a las puertas de la mayoría absoluta con el 43% de los votos". *El Periódico de Catalunya* (in Spanish). 25 January 2004. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
85. "El PP aventaja en cuatro puntos al PSOE en intención de voto". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 19 January 2004.
86. "Pulsómetro 16/01/2004". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 19 January 2004. Archived from the original on 24 September 2005.
87. "El PP saca cuatro puntos al PSOE en voto decidido, según el Pulsómetro". *El País* (in Spanish). 20 January 2004.
88. "Rajoy roza la mayoría absoluta". *La Vanguardia* (in Spanish). 11 January 2004.
89. "El PP mantiene 10,7 puntos sobre el PSOE en vísperas de la disolución de las Cortes". *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 4 January 2004.
90. "El PSOE reduce a dos puntos la ventaja del PP en intención de voto". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 7 January 2004.
91. "Pulsómetro 02/01/2004". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 7 January 2004. Archived from the original on 9 January 2004.
92. "Primer 'Pulsómetro' de 2004 sobre las elecciones generales". *El País* (in Spanish). 7 January 2004.
93. "El PP se distancia más del PSOE en intención de voto, y se sitúa a 8,9 puntos". *Gallup España* (in Spanish). 16 January 2004. Archived from the original on 24 February 2004.
94. "Intención de voto y valoración de líderes políticos. Diciembre 2003". *Gallup España* (in Spanish). 16 January 2004. Archived from the original on 19 April 2004.
95. "Estimaciones de voto para elecciones al Congreso de los Diputados. En porcentaje sobre voto estimado (VI Legislatura)". *Argos GVA* (in Spanish). 3 March 2008. Archived from the original on 3 March 2008.
96. "El PP mejora el resultado de marzo de 2000". *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 7 December 2003.
97. "El PSOE sigue a tres puntos del PP". *El País* (in Spanish). 7 December 2003.
98. "Encuesta Constitución. Diciembre 2003" (PDF). *Instituto Opina* (in Spanish). 7 December 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 May 2005. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
99. "El PP de Rajoy repetirá la mayoría absoluta que obtuvo Aznar en el 2000". *Diario de León* (in Spanish). 14 December 2003.
100. "El PP se distancia del PSOE 6,8 puntos en intención de voto". *Gallup España* (in Spanish). 8 January 2004. Archived from the original on 24 February 2004.
101. "Intención de voto y valoración de líderes políticos. Noviembre 2003". *Gallup España* (in Spanish). 8 January 2004. Archived from the original on 19 April 2004.
102. "El PSOE sigue a tres puntos del PP tras las elecciones catalanas". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 24 November 2003.
103. "Pulsómetro 24/11/2003". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 24 November 2003. Archived from the original on 8 February 2004.
104. "Barómetro de octubre 2003 (Estudio nº 2541. Octubre 2003)". *CIS* (in Spanish). 24 November 2003.
105. "El CIS sitúa al PP en mayoría absoluta dos meses después de designar sucesor a Rajoy". *La Vanguardia* (in Spanish). 25 November 2003.
106. "El PP obtiene el respaldo del 42,4% del electorado y el PSOE el 36,8%, 5,6 puntos de diferencia". *Gallup España* (in Spanish). 4 December 2003. Archived from the original on 24 February 2004.
107. "Intención de voto y valoración de líderes políticos. Octubre 2003". *Gallup España* (in Spanish). 4 December 2003. Archived from the original on 19 April 2004.
108. "La revista que preside Alfonso Guerra da 9,5 puntos de ventaja al PP, dos más que el CIS". *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 27 November 2003.
109. "Tendencias electorales 2006. Empatados" (PDF). *Fundación Sistema* (in Spanish). 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2014.
110. "PP still leads in Spain". *Angus Reid*. 28 November 2003. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013.
111. "El cambio de líder eleva la ventaja del PP a 8,5 puntos". *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 28 September 2003.
112. "Se mantiene la distancia electoral entre PP y PSOE". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 29 September 2003.
113. "Pulsómetro 24/09/2003". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 29 September 2003. Archived from the original on 11 October 2003.
114. "El PP saca siete puntos al PSOE y roza una nueva mayoría absoluta". *El Periódico de Catalunya* (in Spanish). 3 October 2003. Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
115. "Intención de voto y valoración de líderes políticos. Septiembre 2003". *Gallup España* (in Spanish). 17 October 2003. Archived from the original on 19 April 2004.
116. "Rajoy mantiene los 3 puntos de ventaja que tenía el PP sobre el PSOE antes de su designación como candidato". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 15 September 2003.
117. "Pulsómetro 15/09/2003". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 15 September 2003. Archived from the original on 19 September 2003.
118. "El 70% cree que el PP ganará las elecciones generales". *El País* (in Spanish). 16 September 2003.
119. "El PP capitaliza la designación de Rajoy". *El País* (in Spanish). 7 September 2003.
120. "El Gobierno logra dar un vuelco a la situación que atravesaba en marzo". *El País* (in Spanish). 7 September 2003.
121. "Encuesta Septiembre 2003. España" (PDF). *Instituto Opina* (in Spanish). 7 September 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 May 2005. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
122. "El PP mantiene tres puntos de ventaja sobre el PSOE". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 4 September 2003.
123. "El PP empieza el curso político con tres puntos de ventaja". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 1 September 2003.
124. "Pulsómetro 27/08/2003". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 1 September 2003. Archived from the original on 5 September 2003.
125. "Intención de voto y valoración de líderes políticos. Agosto 2003". *Gallup España* (in Spanish). 22 September 2003. Archived from the original on 19 April 2004.
126. "Intención de voto y valoración de líderes políticos. Julio 2003". *Gallup España* (in Spanish). 14 August 2003. Archived from the original on 19 April 2004.
127. "El PP mantiene una cómoda ventaja de 6,9 puntos". *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 20 July 2003.
128. "Barómetros CIS. Indicadores electorales. Estimación de voto". *CIS* (in Spanish). 28 November 2000.
129. "Barómetro de julio 2003 (Estudio nº 2531. Julio 2003)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 28 August 2003.
130. "El PSOE paga la factura de Tamayo". *La Vanguardia* (in Spanish). 29 August 2003.
131. "El PSOE se sitúa a un punto del PP". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 7 July 2003.
132. "Pulsómetro 07/07/2003". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 7 July 2003. Archived from the original on 24 July 2003.
133. "El PP recupera una amplia ventaja electoral para que Aznar afronte hoy su último gran debate". *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 30 June 2003.
134. "Encuesta junio 2003" (PDF). *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 30 June 2003.
135. "El PP recupera terreno y saca cuatro puntos de ventaja al PSOE". *El Periódico de Catalunya* (in Spanish). 29 June 2003. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
136. "El PP aventaja en 3,5 puntos al PSOE en intención de voto y obtiene el 40,7% del respaldo electoral". *Gallup España* (in Spanish). 15 July 2003. Archived from the original on 11 February 2007.
137. "Intención de voto y valoración de líderes políticos. Junio 2003". *Gallup España* (in Spanish). 15 July 2003. Archived from the original on 19 April 2004.
138. "El PP aventaja en tres puntos al PSOE". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 16 June 2003.
139. "Pulsómetro 16/06/2003". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 16 June 2003. Archived from the original on 23 August 2003.
140. "Pulsómetro 02/06/03". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 2 June 2003. Archived from the original on 24 August 2003.
141. "PP y PSOE acortan distancias ante unas Elecciones Generales hoy". *Gallup España* (in Spanish). 17 June 2003. Archived from the original on 11 February 2007.
142. "Intención de voto y valoración de líderes políticos. Mayo 2003". *Gallup España* (in Spanish). 17 June 2003. Archived from the original on 19 April 2004.
143. "Pulsómetro Cadena SER - Lunes 19 de mayo de 2003. Índice". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 19 May 2003. Archived from the original on 24 June 2003.
144. "Barómetro de abril 2003 (Estudio nº 2508. Abril 2003)". *CIS* (in Spanish). 29 May 2003.
145. "El PSOE aventajaba al PP en dos puntos un mes antes de las municipales, según el CIS". *La Vanguardia* (in Spanish). 30 May 2003.
146. "Espectacular recuperación del PP tras la guerra, que vuelve a aventajar al PSOE en 2,5 puntos". *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 27 April 2003.
147. "Ligera ventaja del PSOE tras la guerra". *La Vanguardia* (in Spanish). 4 May 2003.
148. "El PSOE saca 5,5 puntos de ventaja a un PP castigado por el Prestige y la guerra de Irak". *ABC* (in Spanish). 27 April 2003.
149. "Pulsómetro Cadena SER - Lunes 28 de abril de 2003. Índice". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 28 April 2003. Archived from the original on 24 June 2003.
150. "Pulsómetro 28/04/03". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 28 April 2003. Archived from the original on 3 May 2003.
151. "El PP acorta la ventaja del PSOE, según el 'Pulsómetro'". *El País* (in Spanish). 29 April 2003.
152. "El PSOE aventaja al PP en 7,4 puntos en intención de voto". *Gallup España* (in Spanish). 13 May 2003. Archived from the original on 11 February 2007.
153. "Intención de voto y valoración de líderes políticos. Abril 2003". *Gallup España* (in Spanish). 13 May 2003. Archived from the original on 19 April 2004.
154. "La guerra pasa factura al PP, que se coloca 6,7 puntos detrás del PSOE". *El Periódico de Catalunya* (in Spanish). 11 April 2003. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
155. "El PSOE se consolida como el primer partido en intención de voto y aumenta su ventaja". *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 30 March 2003.
156. "El PSOE saca al PP seis puntos de ventaja". *El País* (in Spanish). 30 March 2003.
157. "Encuesta Marzo 2003. España" (PDF). *Instituto Opina* (in Spanish). 30 March 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 May 2005. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
158. "El PSOE aventaja al PP 3,5 puntos en intención de voto". *Gallup España* (in Spanish). 4 April 2003. Archived from the original on 11 February 2007.
159. "Intención de voto y valoración de líderes políticos. Marzo 2003". *Gallup España* (in Spanish). 4 April 2003. Archived from the original on 4 June 2004.
160. "Pulsómetro Cadena SER - Lunes 24 de marzo de 2003. Índice". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 24 March 2003. Archived from the original on 24 June 2003.
161. "Pulsómetro 24/03/03". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 24 March 2003. Archived from the original on 1 May 2003.
162. "Pulsómetro Cadena SER - Lunes 10 de marzo de 2003. Índice". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 10 March 2003. Archived from the original on 23 April 2003.
163. "Resultado encuesta 08/03/2003". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 10 March 2003. Archived from the original on 27 April 2003.
164. "Se mantiene el empate técnico en intención de voto entre PP y PSOE". *Gallup España* (in Spanish). 21 March 2003. Archived from the original on 11 February 2007.
165. "Intención de voto y valoración de líderes políticos. Febrero 2003". *Gallup España* (in Spanish). 21 March 2003. Archived from the original on 19 April 2004.
166. "La crisis de Irak hunde al PP y el PSOE es el más votado por primera vez desde antes de 1996". *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 23 February 2003.
167. "Encuesta febrero 2003" (PDF). *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 23 February 2003.
168. "Pulsómetro Cadena SER - Lunes 24 de febrero de 2003. Índice". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 24 February 2003. Archived from the original on 24 June 2003.
169. "Pulsómetro 24/02/03". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 24 February 2003. Archived from the original on 13 March 2003.
170. "Pulsómetro 10/02/03". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 10 February 2003. Archived from the original on 21 April 2003.
171. "El PSOE supera en intención de voto al PP". *El País* (in Spanish). 3 February 2003.
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173. "Barómetro de enero 2003 (Estudio nº 2477. Enero 2003)". *CIS* (in Spanish). 27 February 2003.
174. "El PSOE, a punto de dar alcance al PP". *La Vanguardia* (in Spanish). 28 February 2003.
175. "Empate técnico en intención de voto entre PP y PSOE". *Gallup España* (in Spanish). 19 February 2003. Archived from the original on 11 February 2007.
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177. "Pulsómetro Cadena SER - Lunes 27 de enero de 2003. Índice". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 27 January 2003. Archived from the original on 24 June 2003.
178. "Pulsómetro 27/01/03". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 27 January 2003. Archived from the original on 10 February 2003.
179. "El PP frena el acercamiento del PSOE". *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 20 January 2003.
180. "El PSOE acorta a sólo 1,4 puntos la distancia que le llevaba el PP". *El Periódico de Catalunya* (in Spanish). 23 January 2003. Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
181. "Pulsómetro Cadena SER - Lunes 13 de enero de 2003. Índice". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 13 January 2003. Archived from the original on 24 June 2003.
182. "Resultado encuesta 08/01/03". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 13 January 2003. Archived from the original on 28 January 2003.
183. "El PSOE dobla en intención directa de voto al PP entre los jóvenes". *El País* (in Spanish). 8 January 2003.
184. "El PSOE aventaja 2,6 puntos al PP en intención de voto". *Gallup España* (in Spanish). 10 January 2003. Archived from the original on 11 February 2007.
185. "Intención de voto y valoración de líderes políticos. Diciembre 2002". *Gallup España* (in Spanish). 10 January 2003. Archived from the original on 19 April 2004.
186. "Pulsómetro Cadena SER - Lunes 23 de diciembre de 2002. Índice". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 23 December 2002. Archived from the original on 24 June 2003.
187. "Resultados Pulsómetro 23/12/02". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 23 December 2002. Archived from the original on 15 January 2003.
188. "El PSOE aventaja en tres puntos al PP tras la crisis del 'Prestige'". *El País* (in Spanish). 24 December 2002.
189. "El "Prestige" daña la imagen del Gobierno y el PSOE reduce su desventaja a menos de tres puntos". *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 16 December 2002.
190. "Encuesta diciembre 2002" (PDF). *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 16 December 2002.
191. "Pulsómetro Cadena SER - Lunes 9 de diciembre de 2002. Índice". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 9 December 2002. Archived from the original on 23 June 2003.
192. "Resultados Pulsómetro 09/12/02". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 9 December 2002. Archived from the original on 21 December 2002.
193. "Equilibrio de fuerzas". *La Vanguardia* (in Spanish). 25 November 2002.
194. "PP y PSOE a menos de un punto de diferencia en intención de voto". *Gallup España* (in Spanish). 20 December 2002. Archived from the original on 11 February 2007.
195. "Intención de voto y valoración de líderes políticos. Noviembre 2002". *Gallup España* (in Spanish). 20 December 2002. Archived from the original on 19 April 2004.
196. "PSOE y PP mantienen el empate técnico". *El País* (in Spanish). 1 December 2002.
197. "Pulsómetro Cadena SER - Lunes 25 de noviembre de 2002. Índice". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 25 November 2002. Archived from the original on 23 June 2003.
198. "Resultados Pulsómetro 25/11/02". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 25 November 2002. Archived from the original on 19 April 2003.
199. "El PSOE sube a costa de IU y reduce su desventaja, pero el PP mantiene su intención de voto". *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 11 November 2002.
200. "Encuesta noviembre 2002" (PDF). *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 11 November 2002.
201. "Pulsómetro Cadena SER - Lunes 11 de noviembre de 2002. Índice". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 11 November 2002. Archived from the original on 24 June 2003.
202. "Resultados Pulsómetro 11/11/02". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 11 November 2002. Archived from the original on 28 November 2002.
203. "El PSOE alcanza al PP en pleno avance de Zapatero". *El País* (in Spanish). 3 November 2002.
204. "El PP y el PSOE a 5,5 puntos de diferencia en intención de voto". *Gallup España* (in Spanish). 9 November 2002. Archived from the original on 11 February 2007.
205. "Intención de voto y valoración de líderes políticos. Octubre 2002". *Gallup España* (in Spanish). 9 November 2002. Archived from the original on 19 April 2004.
206. "Pulsómetro Cadena SER - Lunes 28 de octubre de 2002. Índice". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 28 October 2002. Archived from the original on 24 June 2003.
207. "Pulsómetro 28/10/02". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 28 October 2002. Archived from the original on 24 May 2003.
208. "Ibecom Octubre 2002". *Universidad Complutense de Madrid* (in Spanish). 3 November 2002.
209. "Empate entre el PP y PSOE, según El País, y gana Aznar, según La Razón". *Diario de León* (in Spanish). 4 November 2002.
210. "El PP cree que las encuestas demuestran el amplio apoyo de los españoles a su proyecto". *La Vanguardia* (in Spanish). 3 November 2002.
211. "Barómetro de octubre 2002 (Estudio nº 2468. Octubre 2002)". *CIS* (in Spanish). 26 November 2002.
212. "El PP aventaja en 4,2 puntos al PSOE, pero Zapatero se despega de Aznar en popularidad". *La Vanguardia* (in Spanish). 27 November 2002.
213. "El PSOE, a menos de 4 puntos del PP en intención de voto". *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 14 October 2002.
214. "Pulsómetro Cadena SER - Lunes 14 de octubre de 2002. Índice". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 14 October 2002. Archived from the original on 22 April 2003.
215. "Resultado encuesta 09/10/2002". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 14 October 2002. Archived from the original on 21 October 2002.
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217. "Instituciones y Autonomías (Estudio nº 2455. Septiembre-Octubre 2002)". *CIS* (in Spanish). 19 November 2002.
218. "El PP pierde la mayoría absoluta y aventaja en sólo tres puntos al PSOE". *El País* (in Spanish). 29 September 2002.
219. "Encuesta España. Septiembre 2002" (PDF). *Instituto Opina* (in Spanish). 29 September 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 May 2005. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
220. "Pulsómetro Cadena SER - Lunes 30 de septiembre de 2002. Índice". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 30 September 2002. Archived from the original on 24 June 2003.
221. "Pulsómetro 30/09/02". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 30 September 2002. Archived from the original on 1 October 2002.
222. "Mayor Oreja encabeza las preferencias de los españoles para sustituir a Aznar". *ABC* (in Spanish). 22 September 2002.
223. "Pulsómetro Cadena SER - Lunes 16 de septiembre de 2002. Índice". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 16 September 2002. Archived from the original on 15 October 2002.
224. "Resultados Pulsómetro 16/09/02". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 16 September 2002. Archived from the original on 19 September 2002.
225. "Pulsómetro Cadena SER - Lunes 2 de septiembre de 2002. Índice". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 2 September 2002. Archived from the original on 24 June 2003.
226. "Resultado encuesta 27/08/2002". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 2 September 2002. Archived from the original on 27 April 2003.
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248. "Pulsómetro Cadena SER - Lunes 29 de abril de 2002. Índice". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 29 April 2002. Archived from the original on 13 January 2003.
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281. "Pulsómetro Cadena SER - Lunes 24 de diciembre de 2001. Índice". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 24 December 2001. Archived from the original on 20 April 2002.
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283. "Pulsómetro Cadena SER - Lunes 10 de diciembre de 2001. Índice". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 10 December 2001. Archived from the original on 24 June 2003.
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290. "Pulsómetro 26/11/2001". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 26 November 2001. Archived from the original on 30 October 2002.
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298. "El club de la lucha". *La Vanguardia* (in Spanish). 25 January 2002.
299. "Beneficios colaterales". *La Vanguardia* (in Spanish). 17 December 2001.
300. "La lluvia silenciosa". *La Vanguardia* (in Spanish). 28 October 2001.
301. "Pulsómetro Cadena SER - Lunes 29 de octubre de 2001. Índice". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 29 October 2001. Archived from the original on 24 June 2003.
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307. "Pulsómetro Cadena SER - Lunes 24 de septiembre de 2001. Índice". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 24 September 2001. Archived from the original on 24 June 2003.
308. "Pulsómetro Cadena SER - Lunes 10 de septiembre de 2001. Índice". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 10 September 2001. Archived from the original on 24 June 2003.
309. "Pulsómetro 05/09/2001". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 10 September 2001. Archived from the original on 31 January 2003.
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314. "Aznar aumenta a 8,7 puntos su distancia del PSOE". *La Vanguardia* (in Spanish). 28 August 2001.
315. "Pulsómetro Cadena SER - Lunes 9 de julio de 2001. Índice". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 9 July 2001. Archived from the original on 24 June 2003.
316. "Pulsómetro Cadena SER - Lunes 9 de julio de 2001. Pregunta 2". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 9 July 2001. Archived from the original on 8 July 2002.
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322. "Pulsómetro Cadena SER - Lunes 18 de junio de 2001. Índice". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 18 June 2001. Archived from the original on 24 June 2003.
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325. "Regreso al futuro". *La Vanguardia* (in Spanish). 22 July 2001.
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331. "Pulsómetro Cadena SER - Lunes 28 de mayo de 2001. Índice". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 28 May 2001. Archived from the original on 21 December 2001.
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333. "Barómetro de abril 2001 (Estudio nº 2415. Abril 2001)". *CIS* (in Spanish). 30 May 2001.
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353. "Ficha técnica. Febrero 2001". *Gallup España* (in Spanish). 26 February 2001. Archived from the original on 3 May 2004.
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356. "El 38% cree que Aznar debe relevar a más ministros". *El País* (in Spanish). 27 February 2001.
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358. "Casi la mitad de quienes comían ternera dice que ya no lo hace". *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 19 February 2001. Archived from the original on 10 September 2001.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
359. "Pulsómetro Cadena SER - Lunes 12 de febrero de 2001. Índice". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 12 February 2001. Archived from the original on 23 April 2003.
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366. "El 71% de los españoles cree que el Gobierno está desbordado por los problemas". *El País* (in Spanish). 30 January 2001.
367. "Barómetro de enero 2001 (Estudio nº 2406. Enero 2001)". *CIS* (in Spanish). 28 February 2001.
368. "El PP sale indemne de sus horas bajas". *La Vanguardia* (in Spanish). 1 March 2001.
369. "Los socialistas reducen la ventaja del PP y se colocan a tres puntos". *El País* (in Spanish). 16 January 2001.
370. "El Partido Popular inicia el nuevo siglo con 8,4 puntos de ventaja sobre el PSOE". *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 3 January 2001. Archived from the original on 11 February 2001.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
371. "Zapatero es el político mejor valorado, superando por primera vez a Oreja". *Última Hora* (in Spanish). 2 January 2001.
372. "Zapatero aventaja a Aznar en popularidad, pero el PP mantiene su intención de voto". *El País* (in Spanish). 3 January 2001.
373. "El 57% valora más la oposición de Zapatero que la gestión de Aznar en el Gobierno". *El País* (in Spanish). 12 December 2000.
374. "El 60% de los españoles cree que Aznar debería firmar el pacto del PSOE". *El País* (in Spanish). 28 November 2000.
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377. "Barómetro de octubre 2000 (Estudio nº 2400. Octubre 2000)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 28 November 2000.
378. "El PSOE reduce distancias con el PP". *La Vanguardia* (in Spanish). 29 November 2000.
379. "La quiebra de la mayoría absoluta". *La Vanguardia* (in Spanish). 10 December 2000.
380. "La subida de la gasolina y la crisis del euro reducen el optimismo de los ciudadanos sobre la economía". *El País* (in Spanish). 9 October 2000.
381. "Zapatero alcanza en valoración a Aznar, según una encuesta de Tele 5". *El País* (in Spanish). 2 October 2000.
382. "Intención de voto y valoración de líderes políticos. Septiembre 2000". *Gallup España* (in Spanish). 27 September 2000. Archived from the original on 19 April 2004.
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384. "Ficha técnica. Septiembre 2000". *Gallup España* (in Spanish). 27 September 2000. Archived from the original on 7 May 2004.
385. "Barómetro de julio 2000 (Estudio nº 2396. Julio 2000)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 6 September 2000.
386. "Estudio CIS nº 2396. Ficha técnica" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 6 September 2000.
387. "El PP desbordó su techo electoral en vísperas del congreso socialista, según el CIS". *La Vanguardia* (in Spanish). 7 September 2000.
388. "El Partido Popular aumenta su ventaja electoral con respecto al PSOE y la sitúa en 12 puntos". *El Mundo* (in Spanish). 16 July 2000. Archived from the original on 20 February 2001.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
389. "El PP aumenta aún más su ventaja sobre el PSOE". *El Periódico de Catalunya* (in Spanish). 16 July 2000. Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
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391. "El PP rompe el techo del 12-M y aventaja al PSOE en 12 puntos, según el sondeo del CIS". *La Vanguardia* (in Spanish). 8 June 2000.
392. "Una derrota escrita en el viento". *La Vanguardia* (in Spanish). 14 March 2005.
393. "Sondeo 'La Opinión Pública de los Españoles' (ASEP, España)". *Banco de datos ASEP/JDS* (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 August 2017.
394. "Barómetros CIS. Indicadores electorales. Intención de voto". *CIS* (in Spanish). 15 January 2004.
395. "Ficha técnica. Enero 2004" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 15 January 2004.
396. "Pulsómetro 16/02/2004". *Cadena SER* (in Spanish). 16 February 2004. Archived from the original on 21 February 2004.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
397. "El PSC amplía su ventaja y CiU y PP se disputan la segunda plaza". *La Vanguardia* (in Spanish). 7 March 2004.
398. "El PSC gana y ERC duplica sus votos". *La Vanguardia* (in Spanish). 16 February 2004.
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title: Veniss Underground

abstract: Veniss Underground is a 2003 fantasy novel by American writer Jeff VanderMeer, following the adult lives of three different protagonists across a short period of time in the decadent, surreal city of Veniss, which is situated above a vast underground labyrinth of hovels and mines ruled over by the amoral crime lord Quin.

text:
# Veniss Underground

***Veniss Underground*** is a 2003 fantasy novel by American writer Jeff VanderMeer, following the adult lives of three different protagonists across a short period of time in the decadent, surreal city of Veniss, which is situated above a vast underground labyrinth of hovels and mines ruled over by the amoral crime lord Quin.

## Plot summary

*Veniss Underground* alludes in several places to the myth of Orpheus and Eurydice. Like Orpheus, Shadrach descends into the underworld to retrieve his love, Nicola, but here from a cyborg hell, where genetic engineering and DNA splicing create fantastic and horrific creatures. Parallels also exist with Dante's *Inferno*. Throughout the novel the idea of heaven and hell come into play. Nick looks into the chaotic world in which he tries to find purpose through what is called living art. Nick journeys into the underworld and makes a deal with the "devil", also known as Quin. As the story progresses, the reader takes on the second person perspective of Nicola and is introduced to a meerkat whom Nicola names Salvador. Salvador (an assassin meerkat sent by Quin) attacks Nicola but she incapacitates him. Nick arrives at Nicola's door and chokes her till she is near death and sent to an organ bank in the underworld. Shadrach comes into play in the third person point of view and takes the initiative of finding his lost love Nicola in the underworld. He finds Salvador injured at Nicola's apartment and cuts off the meerkat's head and attaches it to a plate and renames him John the Baptist. After, with the help of Dr. Fergusen, he finds a partially mutilated Nicola in an organ bank under a pile of miscellaneous body parts guarded by a naked troll. He carries Nicola through the tunnels back to his childhood home and finds a creation of Quin named Candle. Candle leads Nick to the Psyche witch named Rafter. After Rafter decides to try to salvage Nicola, Shadrach takes the action of venturing deeper into the underworld to kill Quin. He finds Nick, now transformed into a piece of living art, being attacked by some in the garbage re-cycling facility. Nick takes Shadrach lower and tells him how to get to Quin by jumping off a moving train with a parachute. Nick pushes Shadrach out of the train only to be shot by Shadrach as he falls. Shadrach manages to open his chute yet he hits the ground hard. Later, he wakes by a beach and an ocean and kicks over a skull where he finds another creation of Quin's called the Gollux. The Gollux tells him the truth while John the Baptist lies, the Gollux leads Shadrach to a ray-like creature named the saylber which Shadrach rides across the ocean and into Quin's world which is actually a very large minnow named the leviathan. He kills Quin and the remote and the whole place explodes. Shadrach climbs up the cliffs back to the subway level. Shadrach retrieves Nicola and takes her to the surface where they are both on a bridge staring at the city which is called Veniss.

## Critical notes

William Thompson of *SF Site* wrote "the author displays his usual bold and imaginative skill, creating a narrative world lush yet spare in detail. It is in description, in imagery, this lean novel most often excels, in VanderMeer's deft ability to capture through brief illustrative portraits what others would require pages to express. Informed by vision, rather than character-driven, his protagonists, by comparison, are more support than lead, acting out their allotted roles, significant most for what they represent than their singular portrayal and needs, or the human sympathy extended each. There is a knit cohesion close in service to the novel's overall themes, an unfolding symbolism and allegory that is ultimately let loose during the final chapters, unleashing a Babel of imagery recalling the febrile panels of The Garden of Earthly Delights. And the themes of the narrative, dramatically yet cleverly revealed, could not be more earnest or timely. Already recognized as one of fantasy's more creative talents, Veniss Underground will only further Jeff VanderMeer's growing reputation for innovative and imaginative fiction."

Michael Moorcock of *The Guardian* noted "This is a short, rich book which another writer might easily extend to a bulky trilogy. It makes a welcome change from the huge tomes that still form a wall between the curious reader and the best of our contemporary visionaries, who could well be creating one of the dominant literary forms of the 21st century."

## InfoBox

Veniss Underground
| First edition hardback cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Jeff VanderMeer |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Horror, fantasy |
| Publisher | Night Shade Books and Prime Books |
| Publication date | April 2003 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (hardback & paperback) |
| Pages | 200 pp (hardback edition) and 207 pp (paperback edition) |
| ISBN | 1-892389-61-4 (hardback edition) and ISBN 1-894815-64-5 (paperback edition) |
| OCLC | 53112597 |


title: Velesmes-Échevanne

abstract: Velesmes-Échevanne is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

text:
# Velesmes-Échevanne

**Velesmes-Échevanne** is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

## InfoBox

| Velesmes-Échevanne | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
|  | |
| Location of Velesmes-Échevanne | |
| Velesmes-ÉchevanneVelesmes-Échevanne | |
| Coordinates: 47°25′13″N 5°42′08″E / 47.4203°N 5.7022°E / 47.4203; 5.7022 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Haute-Saône |
| Arrondissement | Vesoul |
| Canton | Gray |
| Area**1** | 22.11 km2 (8.54 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 487 |
| Density | 22/km2 (57/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 70528 /70100 |
| Elevation | 192–251 m (630–823 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Veleso

abstract: Veleso is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Como in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of Milan and about 12 kilometres (7 mi) northeast of Como. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 275 and an area of 5.9 square kilometres (2.3 sq mi). Veleso borders the following municipalities: Bellagio, Lezzeno, Nesso, Zelbio.

text:
# Veleso

**Veleso** (Comasco: *Veles* \[ˈʋeːles\]) is a *comune* (municipality) in the Province of Como in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of Milan and about 12 kilometres (7 mi) northeast of Como. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 275 and an area of 5.9 square kilometres (2.3 sq mi).

Veleso borders the following municipalities: Bellagio, Lezzeno, Nesso, Zelbio.

## Demographic evolution

1. "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
2. "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
3. All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute Istat.

## InfoBox

| Veleso *Veles* (Lombard) | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Veleso | |
| Location of Veleso | |
| VelesoLocation of Veleso in ItalyVelesoVeleso (Lombardy) | |
| Coordinates: 45°54′N 9°11′E / 45.900°N 9.183°E / 45.900; 9.183 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Lombardy |
| Province | Province of Como (CO) |
| Area | |
| Total | 5.9 km2 (2.3 sq mi) |
| Population (Dec. 2004) | |
| Total | 275 |
| Density | 47/km2 (120/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 22020 |
| Dialing code | 031 |


title: Vera Cruz Records

abstract: Vera Cruz Records was a record label, based in Edmonton, Canada and distributed by CBS Records, that existed from 1978 to 1982. The label, owned by Wes Dakus, is notable for having released records by Don Everly, Hoyt Axton, One Horse Blue, Fosterchild and The Models, among others.

text:
# Vera Cruz Records

**Vera Cruz Records** was a record label, based in Edmonton, Canada and distributed by CBS Records, that existed from 1978 to 1982. The label, owned by Wes Dakus, is notable for having released records by Don Everly, Hoyt Axton, One Horse Blue, Fosterchild and The Models, among others.

## Album Discography

1. CanadianBands.com, Biography of The Models. Retrieved 2012-09-07.
2. Rate Your Music, Discography of Vera Cruz Records. Retrieved 2012-09-03 and 2012-09-07.


title: Vera Cruz, Rio Grande do Sul

abstract: Vera Cruz is a municipality in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. It was founded on 7 June 1959 and it has a population of 27,099 as of 2020.

text:
# Vera Cruz, Rio Grande do Sul

**Vera Cruz** is a municipality in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. It was founded on 7 June 1959 and it has a population of 27,099 as of 2020.

## InfoBox

| Vera Cruz | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Church in Vila Progresso, Vera Cruz | |
|  | |
| Location within Rio Grande do Sul | |
| Vera CruzLocation in Brazil | |
| Coordinates: 29°42′54″S 52°30′21″W / 29.715°S 52.5058°W / -29.715; -52.5058 | |
| Country | Brazil |
| State | Rio Grande do Sul |
| Founded | 07 June 1959 |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 27,099 |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |