title: Pennsylvania Route 51

abstract: Pennsylvania Route 51 is a major state highway that is located in Western Pennsylvania in the United States. It runs for 89 miles (143 km) from Uniontown to the Ohio state line near Darlington, where it connects with Ohio State Route 14. PA 51 is the termination point for Pennsylvania Route 43, Pennsylvania Route 48 and Pennsylvania Route 88. The route is a major connection from Uniontown and the rest of Fayette County to Pittsburgh. The highway is four-lane highway that is located south of Pittsburgh; it passes through Pittsburgh's South Hills before narrowing to a two-lane road through several boroughs along the Ohio River. It then becomes four lanes again after passing Chippewa Township in Beaver County and continues to the Ohio border. In the South Hills, PA 51, along with US 19, is one of the major routes in and out of Pittsburgh, as it provides access to several bridges and tunnels. PA 51 is one of the highways that enters the West End Circle, an intersection in the West End.

text:
# Pennsylvania Route 51

**Pennsylvania Route 51** (**PA 51**) is a major state highway that is located in Western Pennsylvania in the United States. It runs for 89 miles (143 km) from Uniontown to the Ohio state line near Darlington, where it connects with Ohio State Route 14.

PA 51 is the termination point for Pennsylvania Route 43, Pennsylvania Route 48 and Pennsylvania Route 88. The route is a major connection from Uniontown and the rest of Fayette County to Pittsburgh.

The highway is four-lane highway that is located south of Pittsburgh; it passes through Pittsburgh's South Hills before narrowing to a two-lane road through several boroughs along the Ohio River. It then becomes four lanes again after passing Chippewa Township in Beaver County and continues to the Ohio border.

In the South Hills, PA 51 (Saw Mill Run Boulevard), along with US 19, is one of the major routes in and out of Pittsburgh, as it provides access to several bridges and tunnels. PA 51 is one of the highways that enters the West End Circle, an intersection in the West End.

## Route description

### Fayette and Westmoreland counties

PA 51 begins as Pittsburgh Street in downtown Uniontown at an intersection with U.S. Route 40 Business. As PA 51 heads north, it exits Uniontown and intersects with U.S. Route 119, Uniontown's bypass. North of US 119, PA 51 is a rural, multi-lane divided highway that is also known as Pittsburgh Road. In North Union Township, PA 51 divides for 0.7 miles (1.1 km); the road has a large median that is home to several businesses. It then shifts towards the northwest, continuing as a multi-lane divided highway. In Perry Township, PA 51 intersects Pennsylvania Route 201 at a cloverleaf interchange. North of PA 201, it enters the borough of Perryopolis as Fuller Drive; after leaving the city to the north, PA 51 begins to parallel the Youghiogheny River.

Upon entering Westmoreland County, PA 51 intersects the southern terminus of Pennsylvania Route 981. About 2,000 feet (610 m) northwest of PA 981, it also intersects Interstate 70 at exits 46 A-B to form a full cloverleaf interchange. To the northwest in Sweeneys Crossroads, the road intersects Pennsylvania Route 201 again. PA 51 divides before reaching the county border and also passes by Rostraver Airport. Route 51 only spends seven miles (11 km) in Westmoreland County, all in Rostraver Township.

### Allegheny and Beaver counties

Upon entering Allegheny County, PA 51 is called Hayden Boulevard, and it meets with Pennsylvania Route 136 at a diamond interchange. PA 51 intersects the southern terminus of Pennsylvania Route 48 in Forward Township before entering the boroughs of Elizabeth and West Elizabeth. In West Elizabeth, after crossing the Monongahela River via the Regis R. Malady Bridge, PA 51 immediately intersects with Pennsylvania Route 837. It then continues towards Jefferson Hills in the northwest, where it meets the northern terminus of Pennsylvania Route 43 (Mon-Fayette Expressway) at exit 54. PA 43 is expected to extend further north of PA 51. Northwest of PA 43, PA 51 becomes Clairton Boulevard. In Pleasant Hills and West Mifflin, PA 51 passes by the former Century III Mall, which was formerly one of the largest malls in the area. The stretch of PA 51/Clairton Blvd. continues through Baldwin Borough, Whitehall, and Brentwood. At the border of Brentwood and Overbrook, PA 51 becomes Saw Mill Run Boulevard.

At the southern tip of Pittsburgh, PA 51 intersects the northern terminus of Pennsylvania Route 88 before continuing towards the north as Saw Mill Run Blvd. It meets with the Liberty Tunnel connector, which leads towards the Liberty Bridge and Interstate 579; PA 51 also begins a concurrency with U.S. Route 19 Truck at this junction. The US 19 Truck/PA 51 concurrency ends when US 19 TRK joins Interstate 376, U.S. Route 22, and U.S. Route 30 at exit 5. At this point, PA 51 begins a brief concurrency with U.S. Route 19 through the West End Bypass, a short expressway in Pittsburgh's West End section. The concurrency ends as US 19 crosses the Ohio River on the West End Bridge while PA 51 turns left, heading toward McKees Rocks to the northwest as West Carson Street, paralleling the Ohio River. Entering McKees Rocks, it makes a 90 degree turn to become Locust Street, then makes another turn to become Charties Avenue, and makes a final turn towards the northwest to become Island Avenue. In Stowe Township, PA 51 becomes Robinson Boulevard (formerly Fleming Park Rd.) and passes south of Neville Island on the Ohio River. After a couple of S-curves, PA 51 becomes Coraopolis Road and intersects Interstate 79 at exit 64. It becomes State Avenue in Coraopolis before dividing into two one-way streets called 4th and 5th Avenues. North of Coraopolis, PA 51 continues to parallel the Ohio River as University Boulevard in Moon Township. It then becomes Stoops Ferry Road and passes through Crescent Township on McGovern Boulevard before entering Beaver County. The route spends 36 miles in Allegheny County.

At the Beaver County line, PA 51 intersects the eastern terminus of Pennsylvania Route 151. North of PA 151, PA 51 enters South Heights as Jordan Street. The route extends past the Ambridge-Aliquippa bridge, through the city of Aliquippa and West Aliquippa. Farther to the north, the highway heads towards the north as Constitution Boulevard entering Monaca as Beaver and Pennsylvania Avenues before making a 90-degree turn towards the north. PA 51 crosses the Ohio River on the Monaca-East Rochester Bridge, entering the borough of East Rochester. It makes a 90-degree turn to the west to begin a concurrency with Pennsylvania Route 65. In Rochester, PA 51/PA 65 meet with Pennsylvania Route 18; the concurrency ends in downtown Rochester, when PA 51 begins a concurrency with Pennsylvania Route 68. PA 51/PA 68 cross the Beaver River on the Beaver Bridge. In Bridgewater, the PA 51/PA 68 concurrency ends when PA 51 makes a 45-degree turn towards the northwest and continues towards the northwest as Constitution Boulevard. In Chippewa Township, it intersects Interstate 376 (James E. Ross Highway) at exit 31. Northwest of I-376, Route 51 intersects the western terminus of Pennsylvania Route 588 and Pennsylvania Route 251. In South Beaver Township, PA 51 intersects Pennsylvania Route 168 and continues towards the northwest as Constitution Boulevard. PA 51 terminates (ends) at the Ohio state line; in Ohio, it continues as Ohio State Route 14.

## History

Route 51 was first signed in 1927. The north section was signed first, followed by the section between Pittsburgh and Uniontown. Major construction projects included a bypass of Perryopolis built in 1950, the West End Bypass in Pittsburgh that was completed in 1953, and the interchange at the southern portal of the Liberty Tunnels in Pittsburgh. Unlike PA 88 and PA 28, Route 51 wasn't truncated in 1961 to reduce concurrencies, making it the only major state route (not including U.S. routes or Interstate routes) to still pass through Pittsburgh following the separation of PA 65 and PA 50 from PA 88 & PA 28, respectively; PA 51 serves as a link between PA 88 & PA 65 and, via PA 60, I-376, & I-279, a link between PA 28 & PA 50.

Before the turnpikes were built, Route 51, alongside Ohio State Route 14, served as the main corridor connecting Pittsburgh and Cleveland.

The Saw Mill Run Boulevard section of the highway was the first direct connection between Pittsburgh and the South Hills once the Liberty Tunnel was completed. It significantly decreased the driving time to Pittsburgh from the cities of Clairton, Duquesne, McKeesport.

Improvements are planned at the intersection with PA 88 south of Pittsburgh, where bottlenecks occur regularly. Other improvements planned include new interchanges at the Liberty Tunnel and West End Bridge (West End Circle), a center median for the rest of Saw Mill Run Boulevard, and an improved intersection with Woodruff Street.

### Saw Mill Run Expressway (canceled)

The Saw Mill Run Expressway was a highway proposed for the South Hills. It would have been built on the same right-of-way as Saw Mill Run Boulevard. In 1964, while designated as "the worst bottleneck in Western Pennsylvania," a plan was made to turn the crowded highway into an expressway. The plan was proposed to the Department of Highways and included a renovation of the Liberty Tunnel, several widening projects, new turning lanes, and a central median. The plan would have required cooperation from the surrounding communities.

The finished product was to include a 5.5-mile (8.9 km) limited access expressway from Overbrook to the West End. It would have been twice the width of the current highway and had a total cost of nearly $150 million. Interest in the expressway declined once the Southwestern Pennsylvania Regional Planning Commission expressed concerns about business along the corridor, and the project was dropped in 1973.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Fayette | Uniontown | 0.000 | 0.000 |

US 40 Bus. east (West Fayette Street) / SR 3019 (Morgantown Street) | Southern terminus of PA 51; US 40 Bus. on a one-way pair |
| | | 0.148 | 0.238 |

US 40 Bus. west (West Main Street) | US 40 Bus. on a one-way pair |
| | North Union Township | 1.188–
1.303 | 1.912–
2.097 |

US 119 / PA 43 south to US 40 Connellsville, Hopwood | Interchange |
| | 1.704 | 2.742 |

Northgate Highway to US 40 west / PA Turnpike 43 north Brownsville, Pittsburgh |  |
| | Perry Township | 11.368–
11.712 | 18.295–
18.849 | PA 201 (Fayette City Boulevard) Fayette City, Connellsville | Interchange |
| Westmoreland | Rostraver Township | 18.904 | 30.423 |
PA 981 north Smithton | Southern terminus of PA 981 |
| | | 19.031–
19.332 | 30.627–
31.112 | I-70 Washington, New Stanton | Exit 46 (I-70) |
| | | 21.264–
21.757 | 34.221–
35.014 | PA 201 (Rostraver Road) West Newton, Belle Vernon | Interchange |
| Allegheny | Elizabeth Township | 24.879–
25.076 | 40.039–
40.356 | PA 136 (West Newton Road) Monongahela, Donora, West Newton | Interchange |
| | Forward Township | 26.366 | 42.432 |
PA 48 north / Orange Belt (Scenery Drive) / Payday Drive

PA 48 Truck begins | Southern terminus of PA 48; southern end of PA 48 Truck concurrency; southeastern terminus of Orange Belt |
| | Elizabeth | 29.623–
29.716 | 47.674–
47.823 |

PA 48 Truck north / PA 51 Truck north (North 2nd Avenue / North 3rd Avenue) Elizabeth, Glassport, Bunola | Interchange; northern end of PA 48 Truck concurrency; southern terminus of PA 51 Truck |
| | Monongahela River | 29.747–
30.031 | 47.873–
48.330 | Regis R. Malady Bridge | |
| | West Elizabeth | 30.068–
30.323 | 48.390–
48.800 |

PA 837 / PA 51 Truck south Clairton, West Elizabeth | Interchange; northern terminus of PA 51 Truck |
| | Jefferson Hills | 31.101–
31.161 | 50.052–
50.149 | Ridge Road Clairton | Interchange |
| | 32.685–
32.776 | 52.601–
52.748 |

PA Turnpike 43 south / Payne Hill Road to PA 885 California | Temporary northern terminus and exit 54 on PA 43; access via Jefferson Boulevard |
| | West Mifflin | 36.953–
37.084 | 59.470–
59.681 |
Yellow Belt (Curry Hollow Road / Lebanon Church Road) to PA 885 McKeesport, West Mifflin, South Park, Bethel Park | Interchange |
| | Pittsburgh | 40.649 | 65.418 |
PA 88 south / Blue Belt (Library Road) South Park | Northern terminus of PA 88, southern terminus of Blue Belt concurrency |
| | 40.825 | 65.701 | Blue Belt (Maytide Street) | Northern terminus of Blue Belt concurrency |
| | 42.942–
43.228 | 69.108–
69.569 |

US 19 Truck south (Liberty Avenue) / Liberty Tunnel to I-579 north Downtown, South Side, Dormont | Interchange; southern terminus of US 19 Truck concurrency |
| | 98.163–
98.106 | 157.978–
157.886 |

I-376 west / US 19 south (US 22 west / US 30 west / US 19 Truck north) Carnegie, Airport, West End | Exit 69B (I-376/US 22/US 30); northern terminus of US 19 Truck concurrency; southern terminus of US 19 concurrency |
| | 97.841–
97.443 | 157.460–
156.819 |

US 19 north / PA 60 north (South Main Street) / PA 837 south (Carson Street) to I-279 north / I-376 east / PA 65 Downtown, West End Bridge, North Shore, Crafton | Northern terminus of US 19 concurrency; southern terminus of PA 60; northern terminus of PA 837 |
| | McKees Rocks | 96.080 | 154.626 | Blue Belt (Chartiers Ave) | Southern terminus of Blue Belt concurrency; to Ohio Valley Hospital |
| | 94.908 | 152.740 | Blue Belt (McKees Rocks Bridge (SR 3104)) | Northern terminus of Blue Belt concurrency |
| | Robinson Township | 94.678–
94.602 | 152.369–
152.247 | I-79 Washington, Erie | Exit 64 (I-79) |
| | 94.337 | 151.821 | Yellow Belt (North Forest Grove Road) – Forest Grove | Eastern terminus of Yellow Belt concurrency |
| | Coraopolis | 91.735 | 147.633 |

Yellow Belt (Ferree Street / Coraopolis Bridge) to I-79 north | Western terminus of Yellow Belt concurrency |
| | Moon Township | 90.928 | 146.334 |
Orange Belt (Sewickley Bridge) to PA 65 Sewickley | Southern terminus of Orange Belt concurrency |
| | 89.242 | 143.621 |
Orange Belt (University Boulevard) to I-376 BL | Northern terminus of Orange Belt concurrency |
| Beaver | South Heights | 86.970 | 139.965 |

PA 151 west (Laurel Road) to I-376 | Eastern terminus of PA 151 |
| | Aliquippa | 85.706–
85.455 | 137.930–
137.526 | Sheffield Avenue / Kiehl Street Aliquippa | Interchange |
| | Ohio River | 70.729–
71.115 | 113.827–
114.448 | Monaca–East Rochester Bridge | |
| | East Rochester | 82.404 | 132.616 |
PA 65 south Ambridge, Pittsburgh | Southern terminus of PA 65 concurrency |
| | Rochester | 80.530 | 129.600 |

PA 18 south (Rochester–Monaca Bridge) / PA 68 east Rochester | Interchange |
| | 78.925–
78.807 | 127.017–
126.828 |

PA 18 / PA 65 north / PA 68 east New Brighton, Beaver Falls, Rochester | Northern terminus of PA 65 concurrency; southern terminus of PA 68 concurrency |
| | Bridgewater | 78.129 | 125.736 |
PA 68 west Beaver | Northern terminus of PA 68 concurrency; northbound exit and southbound entrance |
| | Chippewa Township | 77.506–
77.121 | 124.734–
124.114 |

I-376 to I-76 / Penna Turnpike Pittsburgh, New Castle | Exit 31 (I-376) |
| | 76.723 | 123.474 |
PA 588 east (Darlington Road) Beaver Falls, Eastvale | Western terminus of PA 588 |
| | 76.332 | 122.844 | PA 251 (Shenango Road) Negley, OH, Beaver Falls |  |
| | South Beaver Township | 75.936 | 122.207 | PA 168 (Salem Church Road) Ohioville, Darlington |  |
| | Darlington | 75.758 | 121.921 |
SR 14 west | Continuation beyond Ohio state line |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

### Pittsburgh truck route

| Pennsylvania Route 51 Truck | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Pittsburgh |

**Pennsylvania Route 51 Truck** (**PA 51 Truck**) is a truck route along major roads in downtown Pittsburgh, such as I-376, I-279, and I-579, in an effort to bypass PA 51, which features some unsafe S-Curves and falling rocks that could be deleterious for trucks. Motorists traveling on PA 51 should use PA 51 Truck to travel downtown and avoid these dangers.

### Elizabeth truck route

| Pennsylvania Route 51 Truck | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Elizabeth |
| Existed | 2013–present |

**Pennsylvania Route 51 Truck** (**PA 51 Truck**) is a truck route of PA 51 that bypassed the weight-restricted Regis R. Malady Bridge over the Monongahela River between Elizabeth and West Elizabeth, on which trucks over 32 tons and combination loads over 40 tons are prohibited. The route follows McKeesport Road, Lincoln Boulevard, Glassport-Elizabeth Road, the Clairton-Glassport Bridge over the Monongahela River, and PA 837. The route was formed in 2013; however, as of 2021, there were no weight restrictions listed on the bridge by PennDOT,. As of 2022, the route is still signed.

Previously there was a 12-mile-long (0.80 km) truck route in the Pittsburgh suburb of Elizabeth. The truck designation was not intended for vehicles already on PA 51, but for those entering the highway southbound. A cloverleaf has been established to direct traffic between Elizabeth's main street (known as Center Ave and McKeesport Road on different ends of town), but its narrow and winding design makes it difficult for trucks to access Route 51 southbound. As a result, they were directed to enter onto Route 51 northbound, cross the bridge over the Monongahela River, and use a special u-turn exit to reach southbound lanes of travel. This truck route was removed after a weight limit was imposed on the Regis R. Malady Bridge over the Monongahela River.

The entire route was in Allegheny County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Elizabeth | 0.00 | 0.00 |

PA 51 / PA 48 Truck south to PA Turnpike 43 / 2nd Avenue Uniontown, Pittsburgh, Bunola | Southern terminus of PA 51 Truck; southern end of concurrency with PA 48 Truck |
| Glassport | 3.82 | 6.15 |
Ohio Avenue to PA 148 Glassport, McKeesport |  |
| Monongahela River | 3.82–
4.26 | 6.15–
6.86 | Clairton-Glassport Bridge | |
| Clairton | 4.26 | 6.86 |

PA 837 north / PA 48 Truck north (North State Street) / Carnegie Avenue Dravosburg | Northern end of concurrency with PA 48 Truck; southern end of concurrency with PA 837 |
| | 4.44 | 7.15 |
PA 885 north (Walnut Avenue) West Mifflin | Southern terminus of PA 885 |
| West Elizabeth | 7.42 | 11.94 |

PA 51 / PA 837 south (5th Street) to PA Turnpike 43 Elizabeth, Pittsburgh, West Elizabeth | Northern terminus of PA 51 Truck; northern end of concurrency with PA 837 |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

### Beaver County truck route

| Pennsylvania Route 51 Truck | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Beaver County |
| Length | 0.2 mi (320 m) |

**Pennsylvania Route 51 Truck** is a connector truck route. PA 251 turns from Darlington Road onto Shenango Road for a tenth of a mile before intersecting PA 51, which is a narrow turn for trucks. The route follows Darlington Road from PA 251 to PA 51/PA 588 in Beaver County, Pennsylvania.

Template:Attached KML/Pennsylvania Route 51KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Pennsylvania Route 51 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by PennDOT | |
| Length | 89.227 mi (143.597 km) |
| Existed | 1929–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end |  |
| Major intersections |  |
| North end | SR 14 northwest of Darlington |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| Counties | Allegheny, Fayette, Westmoreland, Beaver |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| PA 50   PA 52 | |


title: Picea jezoensis

abstract:
Picea jezoensis, the dark-bark spruce, Ezo spruce, Yezo spruce, or Jezo spruce, is a large evergreen tree growing to 30–50 m tall and with a trunk diameter of up to 2 m. It is native to northeast Asia, from the mountains of central Japan and the Changbai Mountains on the China-North Korea border, north to eastern Siberia, including the Sikhote-Alin, Kuril Islands, Sakhalin and Kamchatka. It is found in cold but humid temperate rain forests, and nowhere does its range extend more than 400 km from the Pacific Ocean. The specific epithet jezoensis derives from Ezo, an old name for Hokkaido and other islands north of the Japanese island of Honshu, where the species is found. The bark is thin and scaly, becoming fissured in old trees. The crown is broad conic. The shoots are pale buff-brown, glabrous (hairless) but with prominent pulvini. The leaves are needle-like, 15–20 mm long, 2 mm broad, flattened in cross-section, dark green above with no stomata, and blue-white to white below with two dense bands of stomata. The cones are pendulous, slender cylindrical, 4–7 cm long and 2 cm broad when closed, opening to 3 cm broad. They have thin, flexible scales 12–18 mm long. They are green or reddish, maturing pale brown 5–6 months after pollination. The seeds are black, 3 mm long, with a slender, 6–8 mm long pale brown wing. There are two geographical subspecies, treated as varieties by some authors, and as distinct species by others:
  - Picea jezoensis subsp. jezoensis. All of the range except as below, south to Hokkaidō, Japan. Shoots very pale buff-brown, almost white; stomatal bands blue-white; cones pale brown with flexible scales.
  - Picea jezoensis subsp. hondoensis (Mayr) P. A. Schmidt. An isolated southern population on high mountains in central Honshū, Japan. Shoots buff-brown to orange-brown, less often very pale; stomatal bands bright white; cones orange-brown with stiffer scales. Ezo spruce is very closely related to Sitka spruce, which replaces it on the opposite side of the north Pacific. They, particularly subsp. jezoensis, can be difficult to distinguish, with the absence of stomata on the upper surface of the leaves of P. jezoensis being the best feature. Its leaves are also somewhat blunter, less sharply spine-tipped, than Sitka Spruce.

text:
# Picea jezoensis

***Picea jezoensis*** (sometimes misspelled ***Picea yezoensis***), the **dark-bark spruce**, **Ezo spruce**, **Yezo spruce**, or **Jezo spruce**, is a large evergreen tree growing to 30–50 m tall and with a trunk diameter of up to 2 m. It is native to northeast Asia, from the mountains of central Japan and the Changbai Mountains on the China-North Korea border, north to eastern Siberia, including the Sikhote-Alin, Kuril Islands, Sakhalin and Kamchatka. It is found in cold but humid temperate rain forests, and nowhere does its range extend more than 400 km from the Pacific Ocean. The specific epithet *jezoensis* derives from Ezo, an old name for Hokkaido and other islands north of the Japanese island of Honshu, where the species is found.

The bark is thin and scaly, becoming fissured in old trees. The crown is broad conic. The shoots are pale buff-brown, glabrous (hairless) but with prominent pulvini. The leaves are needle-like, 15–20 mm long, 2 mm broad, flattened in cross-section, dark green above with no stomata, and blue-white to white below with two dense bands of stomata.

The cones are pendulous, slender cylindrical, 4–7 cm long and 2 cm broad when closed, opening to 3 cm broad. They have thin, flexible scales 12–18 mm long. They are green or reddish, maturing pale brown 5–6 months after pollination. The seeds are black, 3 mm long, with a slender, 6–8 mm long pale brown wing.

There are two geographical subspecies, treated as varieties by some authors, and as distinct species by others:

* *Picea jezoensis* subsp. *jezoensis* (**Ezo spruce**). All of the range except as below, south to Hokkaidō, Japan. Shoots very pale buff-brown, almost white; stomatal bands blue-white; cones pale brown with flexible scales.
* *Picea jezoensis* subsp. *hondoensis* (Mayr) P. A. Schmidt (**Hondo spruce**). An isolated southern population on high mountains in central Honshū, Japan. Shoots buff-brown to orange-brown, less often very pale; stomatal bands bright white; cones orange-brown with stiffer scales.

Ezo spruce is very closely related to Sitka spruce (*Picea sitchensis*), which replaces it on the opposite side of the north Pacific. They, particularly subsp. *jezoensis*, can be difficult to distinguish, with the absence of stomata on the upper surface of the leaves of *P. jezoensis* being the best feature. Its leaves are also somewhat blunter, less sharply spine-tipped, than Sitka Spruce.

## Usage

Jezo spruce is important in the Russian Far East and northern Japan, for timber and paper production. Much of what is cut is harvested unsustainably (and often illegally) from pristine natural forests.

It is also occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in large gardens.

The Ainu string instrument called *tonkori* has a body made from Jezo Spruce.

## InfoBox

| Ezo spruce | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Gymnospermae |
| Division: | Pinophyta |
| Class: | Pinopsida |
| Order: | Pinales |
| Family: | Pinaceae |
| Genus: | *Picea* |
| Species: | ***P. jezoensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Picea jezoensis***
(Siebold & Zucc.) Carr. | |
|


title: Void (Vanna album)

abstract: VOID is the fifth studio album by the punk rock band Vanna. It was released in 2014 on Pure Noise Records. The album was the band's first release on the record company. It marks a change to their sound, as it is more melodic and aggressive than their previous releases. The band streamed the album on SoundCloud in full a week before release. The album had its highest release and first appearance on the Billboard top 200, with sales over 1800+ copies and charting at #157 along with charting on Heatseeker (#20). This was attributed to their successful performance on the 2014 Vans Warped Tour.

text:
# Void (Vanna album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| Alt Press |  |
| Rock Sound | 6/10 |

***VOID*** is the fifth studio album by the punk rock band Vanna. It was released in 2014 on Pure Noise Records. The album was the band's first release on the record company. It marks a change to their sound, as it is more melodic and aggressive than their previous releases. The band streamed the album on SoundCloud in full a week before release. The album had its highest release and first appearance on the Billboard top 200, with sales over 1800+ copies and charting at #157 along with charting on Heatseeker (#20). This was attributed to their successful performance on the 2014 Vans Warped Tour.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Void" | 2:42 |
| 2. | "Toxic Pretender" | 3:51 |
| 3. | "Holy Hell" | 3:05 |
| 4. | "Diggin" | 4:10 |
| 5. | "Yüth Decay" | 2:22 |
| 6. | "Personal Cross" | 3:36 |
| 7. | "Humaphobia" | 2:21 |
| 8. | "Piss Up a Rope" | 3:07 |
| 9. | "Pornocopia" | 3:24 |
| 10. | "All American't" | 2:41 |
| 11. | "Bienvenue" | 5:03 |

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| VOID | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Vanna | |
| Released | June 17, 2014 |
| Recorded | March  May 2014, @ The Machine Shop, Weehawken, NJ |
| Genre | Post-hardcore, hardcore punk |
| Length | 36:22 |
| Label | Pure Noise |
| Producer | Will Putney |
| Vanna chronology | |
| *Preying/Purging*
(2013) ***VOID***
(2014) *All Hell*
(2016) | |


abstract:
The Office of Interparliamentary Affairs is an office of the United States House of Representatives that is responsible for working with "parliamentarians, officers, or employees of foreign legislative bodies" to organize official visits to the House of Representatives. Created in 2003 by the Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 2004, the Office is headed by a Director, appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives. They serve for as long as they are sanctioned by the Speaker and, with the approval of the Speaker, they may appoint other employees necessary to carry out the functions of the Office. Directors of Interparliamentary Affairs:
  - Martha C. Morrison 2003 - ?
  - Kay A. King 2007 - 2010
  - Stacee Bako 2010 - 2011
  - Janice C. Robinson 2011 - 2014 Specific duties of the Office include:
  - To receive and respond to inquiries from foreign parliamentarians or foreign legislative bodies regarding official visits to the House of Representatives.
  - To coordinate official visits to the House of Representatives by parliamentarians, officers, or employees of foreign legislative bodies.
  - To coordinate with the House Sergeant-at-Arms, the Clerk, and other officers of the House of Representatives in providing services for delegations of Members on official visits to foreign nations.
  - To carry out other activities to—
    - discharge and coordinate the activities and responsibilities of the House of Representatives in connection with participation in various interparliamentary exchanges and organizations;
    - facilitate the interchange and reception in the United States of members of foreign legislative bodies and permanent officials of foreign governments; and
    - enable the House to host meetings with senior government officials and other dignitaries in order to discuss matters relevant to United States relations with other nations.

text:
# United States House of Representatives Office of Interparliamentary Affairs

The **Office of Interparliamentary Affairs** is an office of the United States House of Representatives that is responsible for working with "parliamentarians, officers, or employees of foreign legislative bodies" to organize official visits to the House of Representatives.

Created in 2003 by the Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 2004, the Office is headed by a Director, appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives. They serve for as long as they are sanctioned by the Speaker and, with the approval of the Speaker, they may appoint other employees necessary to carry out the functions of the Office.

Directors of Interparliamentary Affairs:

* Martha C. Morrison 2003 - ?
* Kay A. King 2007 - 2010
* Stacee Bako 2010 - 2011
* Janice C. Robinson 2011 - 2014

Specific duties of the Office include:

* To receive and respond to inquiries from foreign parliamentarians or foreign legislative bodies regarding official visits to the House of Representatives.
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* To carry out other activities to—
    + discharge and coordinate the activities and responsibilities of the House of Representatives in connection with participation in various interparliamentary exchanges and organizations;
    + facilitate the interchange and reception in the United States of members of foreign legislative bodies and permanent officials of foreign governments; and
    + enable the House to host meetings with senior government officials and other dignitaries in order to discuss matters relevant to United States relations with other nations.

1. "Congressional Record House Articles".
2. "Congressional Record House Articles".


abstract: Below is a list of amphibians and reptiles of Mount Halimun Salak National Park in West Java, Indonesia, drawn from Kurniati (2005).

text:
# List of amphibians and reptiles of Mount Halimun Salak National Park

Below is a **list of amphibians and reptiles of Mount Halimun Salak National Park** in West Java, Indonesia, drawn from Kurniati (2005).

## Amphibians

## Reptiles

### Lizards

### Snakes

* Kusrini MD, Lubis MI, Darmawan B. 2008. The Tree Frog of Chevron Geothermal Concession, Mount Hakimun-Salak National Park - Indonesia. Technical report submitted to the Wildlife Trust – Peka Foundation.


title: Truthall Halt railway station

abstract: Truthall Halt on the Helston branch was opened on 3 July 1905. The small station, which was located just above the 300 feet (91 m) contour, served the villages of Trannack and Gwavas, and also Truthall Manor. It was the first stop about one and three-quarters miles (2.8 km) north of Helston. Truthall originally had a short platform with an iconic "Pagoda Platform Shelter”.

text:
# Truthall Halt railway station

**Truthall Halt** on the Helston branch was opened on 3 July 1905. The small station, which was located just above the 300 feet (91 m) contour, served the villages of Trannack and Gwavas, and also Truthall Manor. It was the first stop about one and three-quarters miles (2.8 km) north of Helston.

Truthall originally had a short platform with an iconic "Pagoda Platform Shelter”.

## Description

Truthall Halt was constructed adjacent to a road overbridge and had pedestrian access down a short flight of shallow steps from the road; there was no vehicular access. It had a single platform 84 feet long on the down side of the line, though it was shortened later to about 50 feet. The platform had stone edging and a cinder surface and infill held back by wooden slats retained by wooden posts and lengths of Barlow Rail, disposed of by the West Cornwall Railway and Great Western Railway.Great Western Railway

## History

Truthall Halt was opened by the Great Western Railway in July 1905 after the line had been opened for a number of years.

Truthall Halt opened as such but changed its name to Truthall Platform in July 1906 and closed with this name on 5 November 1962. The station has held three different names – Truthall Platform, Truthall Halt and Truthall Bridge Halt – although the last one was only referred to in ticketing.

In 2016–17 the platform was rebuilt and re-opened in March 2017. On 9 February 2019, Truthall Halt and the Helston Railway won the Heritage Railway Association Annual Award for Small Groups for the work in restoring Truthall.

## Restoration

The platform has been rebuilt by the Helston Railway as their third station along the line. The halt has been restored in its original two coach length with as many original features as possible including a replica of the GWR Pagoda shelter has been built new from photos and original drawings of the shelter.

The station was formally opened on the 5th April 2018 by HRH the Duke of Gloucester.

The restored station won the Cornish Buildings Group award in 2019 for its "considerable research and constructional ingenuity".

| Preceding station | Historical railways | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Nancegollan |  | Great Western Railway<br>Helston Railway |  | Helston |

## InfoBox

| Truthall Halt | |
| --- | --- |
| Station on Helston Railway | |
| The restored station taken from the road bridge to the South in May 2018. | |
| General information | |
| Location | England |
| Coordinates | 50°07′15″N 5°17′01″W / 50.1209°N 5.2837°W / 50.1209; -5.2837 |
| Platforms | 1 |
| Key dates | |
| 3 July 1905 | Opened |
| July 1906 | Renamed *Truthall Platform* |
| 5 November 1962 | Closed |
| 16 March 2017 | Reopened |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: The Apple Years 1968–75

abstract: The Apple Years 1968–75 is a box set by the English musician George Harrison, released on 22 September 2014. The eight-disc set compiles all of Harrison's studio albums that were originally issued on the Beatles' Apple record label. The six albums are Wonderwall Music (1968), Electronic Sound (1969), All Things Must Pass, Living in the Material World (1973), Dark Horse (1974) and Extra Texture (1975). The final disc is a DVD containing a feature titled "The Apple Years", promotional films from some of his previous posthumous reissues, such as The Concert for Bangladesh, and other video clips. The box set marks the first time that the Dark Horse and Extra Texture albums have been remastered since their 1991 CD release. Among the bonus tracks spread across the set is an alternative, instrumental version of Harrison's 1968 B-side for the Beatles, "The Inner Light"; a remixed version of his non-album single "Bangla Desh"; and a 1992 re-recording of "This Guitar" that was used to promote Dave Stewart's Platinum Weird project in 2006. Also included in the package is a book containing essays by author Kevin Howlett and rare photos.

text:
# The Apple Years 1968–75

***The Apple Years 1968–75*** is a box set by the English musician George Harrison, released on 22 September 2014. The eight-disc set compiles all of Harrison's studio albums that were originally issued on the Beatles' Apple record label. The six albums are *Wonderwall Music* (1968), *Electronic Sound* (1969), *All Things Must Pass* (1970; spread over two CDs), *Living in the Material World* (1973), *Dark Horse* (1974) and *Extra Texture* (1975). The final disc is a DVD containing a feature titled "The Apple Years", promotional films from some of his previous posthumous reissues, such as *The Concert for Bangladesh*, and other video clips. The box set marks the first time that the *Dark Horse* and *Extra Texture* albums have been remastered since their 1991 CD release.

Among the bonus tracks spread across the set is an alternative, instrumental version of Harrison's 1968 B-side for the Beatles, "The Inner Light"; a remixed version of his non-album single "Bangla Desh"; and a 1992 re-recording of "This Guitar (Can't Keep from Crying)" (featuring overdubbed contributions from Ringo Starr and Dhani Harrison) that was used to promote Dave Stewart's Platinum Weird project in 2006. Also included in the package is a book containing essays by author Kevin Howlett and rare photos.

## Release

Following an initial statement by Dhani Harrison on social media, the upcoming release of *The Apple Years 1968–75* was officially announced on 2 September 2014. Each of the six reissued albums was also made available separate from the box set. Both *The Apple Years 1968–75* and the individual reissues were released by Apple and Universal on 22 September in the United Kingdom and 23 September in the United States. The albums were also made available in high-definition digital audio configuration on 24 November. Overseen by Dhani, the high-definition versions were mastered in 96 kHz/24-bit digital resolution from the original master tapes, for the first time.

The box set was designed as a companion piece to *The Dark Horse Years 1976–1992*, the 2004-issued set covering Harrison's career on his Dark Horse record label. Speaking of why his father's later-period work had been repackaged first, rather than the complete Apple output, Dhani Harrison referred to "politics and legal things", while likening the non-chronological approach to that of the *Star Wars* film series.

## Promotion

In the US, the release was promoted via a "George Harrison Week" initiative on the TBS television show *Conan*, beginning on Monday, 22 September. Over separate nights that week, Beck performed the *All Things Must Pass* track "Wah-Wah", Paul Simon played Harrison's Beatles song "Here Comes the Sun", Dhani Harrison and the band Big Black Delta performed "Let It Down" and "Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp (Let It Roll)", both from *All Things Must Pass*, and Norah Jones played "Behind That Locked Door" from the same album. Harrison's *Wonderwall Music* soundtrack album, as well as the 1968 film, were celebrated in an event held at the Grammy Museum in Los Angeles, partly hosted by music journalist and television writer David Wild.

Olivia and Dhani Harrison held an online competition in which filmmakers were invited to create a video clip for George Harrison's 1971 hit song "What Is Life". The winner received a $5000 cash prize and their entry became the official video for the track, appearing on the Harrison YouTube channel and other media platforms.

An all-star concert, George Fest, was held at the Fonda Theatre in Los Angeles on 28 September. A benefit for the Sweet Relief Musicians Fund, the concert's performers included Brian Wilson, Dhani Harrison, Norah Jones, Wayne Coyne and Steven Drozd of the Flaming Lips, Ben Harper, Spoon's Britt Daniel, "Weird Al" Yankovic, Ann Wilson of Heart, and Ian Astbury.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 71/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *American Songwriter* |  |
| *Classic Rock* | 8/10 |
| *The Guardian* (Canada) |  |
| *Mojo* |  |
| *Paste* | 7.8/10 |
| *PopMatters* |  |
|  |  |
| *Record Collector* |  |
| *Uncut* | 6/10 |

Among initial reviews, Hal Horowitz of *American Songwriter* magazine praises the box set's packaging as well as the sound of the remastered albums, and describes *All Things Must Pass* as "the undisputed high point of Harrison's solo catalog" and a "five star album \[that\] overflows with exquisite songs, complex, gorgeously rendered performances and melodies". Horowitz concludes of the set as a whole: "Regardless of the eclectic nature of these albums and their often subpar material, George Harrison deserves the elaborate treatment he gets here, which makes this a worthwhile addition to any Beatle lovers' bulging collection …" In a less favourable review for *Uncut*, Richard Williams writes that "only a devoted Apple scruff could love *Extra Texture*, or its two immediate predecessors", although he admires *Wonderwall Music* as an album that "documents an innocent optimism that will always be worth a listen".

AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine describes *The Apple Years* as "a handsomely produced, impeccably remastered box set" with the sound "rich, deep, and alluring". He writes of *All Things Must Pass* being "rightly regarded as the masterpiece" while highlighting *Wonderwall Music* as "a bit of an unacknowledged gem, a frequently intriguing psychedelic relic that represents one of the first serious forays into world music by a Western musician". Erlewine concludes of the six albums: "It's hard to deny the ups and downs to be found here, but combined they paint a picture of Harrison's complexities and contradictions, and the music has never sounded better – and each album has never looked better – than it does here."

While viewing *All Things Must Pass* as "the only essential record", Michael Gallucci of *Ultimate Classic Rock* writes: "like all of his former bandmates' solo careers, Harrison's was spotty … \[and\] the seven years were marked by creative indulgences that didn't always pay off … When they did, the results were right up there with the best of the Beatles' solo material." In a review for the *Lexington Herald-Leader*, Walter Tunis describes *All Things Must Pass* as "the finest solo album ever issued by a Beatle" and an album that "belongs in everyone's record collection". Tunis considers *Extra Texture* to be "a delight", and writes of *Living in the Material World*: "Its appeal is strong, but the spiritual connections seem more obtuse and weighty at times … But there are stunners here, too …"

Writing for *Paste* magazine, Robert Ham views *Material World* as "the album that benefits most from these remastering efforts" and "\[the\] one ripe for rediscovery". Ham suggests that for die-hard Beatles fans, *The Apple Years* "is essential listening to aid you in getting a little closer to appreciating Harrison's growth as an artist and as a human being". In his review for *The Second Disc*, Joe Marchese compliments the packaging and deems the box set "beautiful inside and out", adding: "*The Apple Years* presents George Harrison in his many contradictions, but one thing that's crystal-clear is that the music he left behind is music to cherish."

## Box-set contents

| Disc no. | Original release | Bonus tracks |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | *Wonderwall Music* |  |
| 2 | *Electronic Sound* |  |
| 3 & 4 | *All Things Must Pass* |  |
| 5 | *Living in the Material World* |  |
| 6 | *Dark Horse* |  |
| 7 | *Extra Texture (Read All About It)* |  |
| 8 | *The Apple Years* DVD |  |

## Charts

| Chart (2014) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| Belgian Ultratop 200 Albums (Flanders) | 106 |
| Dutch MegaCharts Top 100 Albums | 81 |
| German GfK Entertainment Top 100 Albums | 45 |
| Italian FIMI Albums Chart | 66 |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 167 |
| US *Billboard* Top Rock Albums | 47 |

## InfoBox

| The Apple Years 1968–75 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Box set by George Harrison | |
| Released | 22 September 2014 |
| Recorded | 1967–75; 1992 |
| Genre | Rock, pop, Indian classical, experimental |
| Label | Apple |
| Producer |  |
| Compiler | Dhani Harrison |
| George Harrison chronology | |
| *Early Takes: Volume 1*
(2012) ***The Apple Years 1968–75***
(2014) *George Harrison – The Vinyl Collection*
(2017) | |


title: List of hyanggyo

text:
# List of hyanggyo

Hyanggyo were Confucian schools built by the governments of Goryeo, Joseon, and the Korean Empire to educate and train officials in Confucian ideals and the ethics of government.

## List

| Article | inception | coordinate location | image |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Asan Hyanggyo |  | 36°50′58″N 126°56′47″E / 36.8495°N 126.9463°E / 36.8495; 126.9463 |  |
| Bianhyanggyo |  | 36°22′13″N 128°28′19″E / 36.37025°N 128.472°E / 36.37025; 128.472 |  |
| Biinhyanggyo | 1398 | 36°08′25″N 126°36′28″E / 36.1403583°N 126.60782°E / 36.1403583; 126.60782 |  |
| Bonghwahyanggyo |  | 36°53′18″N 128°48′57″E / 36.88839°N 128.81572°E / 36.88839; 128.81572 |  |
| Boryeong Hyanggyo | 1723 | 36°24′41″N 126°35′33″E / 36.4114361°N 126.592375°E / 36.4114361; 126.592375 |  |
| Boseonghyanggyo | 1397 | 34°46′07″N 127°04′43″E / 34.76861°N 127.07861°E / 34.76861; 127.07861 |  |
| Buyeo Hyanggyo |  | 36°16′49″N 126°54′52″E / 36.28041°N 126.9144805°E / 36.28041; 126.9144805 |  |
| Changpyeonghyanggyo |  | 35°13′00″N 126°59′03″E / 35.216694°N 126.9843°E / 35.216694; 126.9843 |  |
| Cheonan Hyanggyo | 1398 | 36°49′03″N 127°10′19″E / 36.8175°N 127.17194°E / 36.8175; 127.17194 |  |
| Cheongdohyanggyo | 1568 | 35°38′49″N 128°42′31″E / 35.64683°N 128.708639°E / 35.64683; 128.708639 |  |
| Cheonghahyanggyo | 1398 | 36°12′01″N 129°20′19″E / 36.20025°N 129.3385°E / 36.20025; 129.3385 |  |
| Cheongjuhyanggyo |  | 36°38′14″N 127°29′21″E / 36.637161°N 127.4890805°E / 36.637161; 127.4890805 |  |
| Cheongpunghyanggyo |  | 37°00′01″N 128°09′58″E / 37.00028°N 128.1661°E / 37.00028; 128.1661 |  |
| Cheongsong Hyanggyo | 1426 | 36°26′05″N 129°03′27″E / 36.43472°N 129.0575°E / 36.43472; 129.0575 |  |
| Cheongyang Hyanggyo |  | 36°27′18″N 126°48′55″E / 36.455°N 126.81528°E / 36.455; 126.81528 |  |
| Cheorwonhyanggyoji |  | 38°14′21″N 127°12′50″E / 38.23917°N 127.214°E / 38.23917; 127.214 |  |
| Chuncheonhyanggyo |  |  |  |
| Chungju Hyanggyo | 1398 | 36°58′29″N 127°56′16″E / 36.974625°N 127.93783°E / 36.974625; 127.93783 |  |
| Daeheunghyanggyo | 1405 | 36°36′58″N 126°47′13″E / 36.6161°N 126.78694°E / 36.6161; 126.78694 |  |
| Daejeonghyanggyo | 1420 | 33°14′22″N 126°17′18″E / 33.2394°N 126.2883°E / 33.2394; 126.2883 |  |
| Dangjin Hyanggyo | 1407 | 36°53′33″N 126°37′59″E / 36.8925°N 126.63305°E / 36.8925; 126.63305 |  |
| Deoksan Hyanggyo |  | 36°42′00″N 126°39′18″E / 36.70004°N 126.6549528°E / 36.70004; 126.6549528 |  |
| Dolsanhyanggyo |  | 34°37′02″N 127°43′39″E / 34.617305°N 127.72761°E / 34.617305; 127.72761 |  |
| Dongbokhyanggyo | 1445 | 35°04′37″N 127°06′50″E / 35.077°N 127.1139°E / 35.077; 127.1139 |  |
| Eonyanghyanggyo |  | 35°33′25″N 129°06′50″E / 35.557°N 129.1139°E / 35.557; 129.1139 |  |
| Eunjinhyanggyo | 1380 | 36°10′16″N 127°06′41″E / 36.17099°N 127.1114861°E / 36.17099; 127.1114861 |  |
| Gangjinhyanggyo | 1398 | 34°39′00″N 126°46′11″E / 34.650028°N 126.76961°E / 34.650028; 126.76961 |  |
| Gangneunghyanggyo | 1313 | 37°45′48″N 128°53′40″E / 37.7634°N 128.8945694°E / 37.7634; 128.8945694 |  |
| Ganseonghyanggyo | 1420 | 38°22′42″N 128°26′20″E / 38.3783°N 128.439°E / 38.3783; 128.439 |  |
| Gapyeonghyanggyo | 1398 | 37°49′48″N 127°30′27″E / 37.83°N 127.5075°E / 37.83; 127.5075 |  |
| Geumsanhyanggyo |  | 36°06′39″N 127°29′23″E / 36.11083°N 127.48972°E / 36.11083; 127.48972 |  |
| Gijang Hyanggyo | 1440 | 35°15′29″N 129°12′45″E / 35.258°N 129.2125°E / 35.258; 129.2125 |  |
| Gimcheon Gimsan Hyanggyo | 1392 | 36°08′22″N 128°05′49″E / 36.1394°N 128.096861°E / 36.1394; 128.096861 |  |
| Gimje-gun Government Office and Hyanggyo | 1404 | 35°48′03″N 126°52′55″E / 35.800805°N 126.88194°E / 35.800805; 126.88194 |  |
| Goesan Cheonganhyanggyo |  |  |  |
| Gokseonghyanggyo | 1570 | 35°17′05″N 127°16′55″E / 35.28472°N 127.28194°E / 35.28472; 127.28194 |  |
| Gongjuhyanggyo |  | 36°27′30″N 127°06′59″E / 36.4583°N 127.11639°E / 36.4583; 127.11639 |  |
| Goryeonghyanggyo |  | 35°43′45″N 128°15′55″E / 35.72917°N 128.26528°E / 35.72917; 128.26528 |  |
| Goyanghyanggyo |  | 37°42′14″N 126°53′42″E / 37.7039°N 126.895°E / 37.7039; 126.895 |  |
| Gumi Seonsanhyanggyo | 1450 | 36°15′09″N 128°18′02″E / 36.252472°N 128.30061°E / 36.252472; 128.30061 |  |
| Gunwihyanggyo | 1470 | 36°14′03″N 128°34′06″E / 36.2343°N 128.56839°E / 36.2343; 128.56839 |  |
| Guryehyanggyo |  | 35°12′04″N 127°27′15″E / 35.201°N 127.45417°E / 35.201; 127.45417 |  |
| Gwangju Hyanggyo |  | 37°31′06″N 127°13′23″E / 37.5183°N 127.22305°E / 37.5183; 127.22305 |  |
| Gwangju Hyanggyo |  | 35°08′46″N 126°54′13″E / 35.1461°N 126.90361°E / 35.1461; 126.90361 |  |
| Gwangyang Hyanggyo | 1443 | 34°58′57″N 127°35′15″E / 34.9825°N 127.5875°E / 34.9825; 127.5875 |  |
| Gyeolseonghyanggyo |  | 36°31′44″N 126°32′34″E / 36.5288083°N 126.542728°E / 36.5288083; 126.542728 |  |
| Gyeongju Hyanggyo |  |  |  |
| Haemihyanggyo | 1407 | 36°43′15″N 126°32′59″E / 36.72083°N 126.54972°E / 36.72083; 126.54972 |  |
| Haman Chilwonhyanggyo |  | 35°18′29″N 128°30′50″E / 35.308°N 128.5139°E / 35.308; 128.5139 |  |
| Hampyeong Hyanggyo |  | 35°04′06″N 126°31′39″E / 35.0683°N 126.5275°E / 35.0683; 126.5275 |  |
| Hansan Hyanggyo | 1518 | 36°05′05″N 126°47′40″E / 36.0847139°N 126.7943972°E / 36.0847139; 126.7943972 |  |
| Hapcheon Gangyanghyanggyo |  | 35°33′50″N 128°09′41″E / 35.5639°N 128.16139°E / 35.5639; 128.16139 |  |
| Hayang Hyanggyo | 1580 | 35°55′44″N 128°48′50″E / 35.929°N 128.8139°E / 35.929; 128.8139 |  |
| Hoengseonghyanggyo |  | 37°29′11″N 127°59′37″E / 37.48639°N 127.99361°E / 37.48639; 127.99361 |  |
| Hongcheon Hyanggyo |  | 37°41′50″N 127°53′23″E / 37.6972°N 127.88972°E / 37.6972; 127.88972 |  |
| Hongjuhyanggyo |  | 36°36′34″N 126°39′56″E / 36.609417°N 126.665639°E / 36.609417; 126.665639 |  |
| Hongsanhyanggyo |  |  |  |
| Hwacheonhyanggyo |  | 38°06′21″N 127°41′56″E / 38.10583°N 127.699°E / 38.10583; 127.699 |  |
| Imcheonhyanggyo |  | 36°11′33″N 126°53′25″E / 36.1925°N 126.89028°E / 36.1925; 126.89028 |  |
| Injehyanggyo | 1610 | 38°04′19″N 128°10′26″E / 38.07194°N 128.174°E / 38.07194; 128.174 |  |
| Jainhyanggyo |  | 35°49′22″N 128°49′35″E / 35.8228°N 128.82639°E / 35.8228; 128.82639 |  |
| Janggihyanggyo | 1396 | 35°53′48″N 129°29′11″E / 35.896694°N 129.486361°E / 35.896694; 129.486361 |  |
| Jangheunghyanggyo | 1398 | 34°40′28″N 126°53′37″E / 34.674417°N 126.8935805°E / 34.674417; 126.8935805 |  |
| Jangseonghyanggyo |  | 35°18′05″N 126°46′51″E / 35.30139°N 126.78083°E / 35.30139; 126.78083 |  |
| Jeokseonghyanggyo |  | 37°57′47″N 126°55′25″E / 37.963°N 126.92361°E / 37.963; 126.92361 |  |
| Jeongeuihyanggyo | 1416 | 33°23′13″N 126°48′00″E / 33.38694°N 126.8°E / 33.38694; 126.8 |  |
| Jeongsanhyanggyo |  | 36°24′57″N 126°56′37″E / 36.41583°N 126.94361°E / 36.41583; 126.94361 |  |
| Jeongseonhyanggyo | 1110 | 37°22′56″N 128°39′57″E / 37.38225°N 128.665805°E / 37.38225; 128.665805 |  |
| Jeonuihyanggyo | 1416 | 36°40′50″N 127°11′59″E / 36.6805°N 127.19972°E / 36.6805; 127.19972 |  |
| Jidohyanggyo | 1438 | 35°03′48″N 126°12′21″E / 35.063417°N 126.205861°E / 35.063417; 126.205861 |  |
| Jiksan Hyanggyo | 1588 | 36°54′09″N 127°09′29″E / 36.9025°N 127.158°E / 36.9025; 127.158 |  |
| Jinbo Hyanggyo | 1404 |  |  |
| Jindo Hyanggyo | 1437 |  |  |
| Jinjamhyanggyo Daeseongjeon | 1405 | 36°18′14″N 127°18′54″E / 36.3039°N 127.315°E / 36.3039; 127.315 |  |
| Jinsanhyanggyo |  | 36°09′14″N 127°22′37″E / 36.154°N 127.37694°E / 36.154; 127.37694 |  |
| Jipyeong Hyanggyo |  | 37°28′51″N 127°38′11″E / 37.480833°N 127.636389°E / 37.480833; 127.636389 |  |
| Mokcheonhyanggyo | 1523 | 36°48′07″N 127°13′42″E / 36.8019°N 127.228361°E / 36.8019; 127.228361 |  |
| Muanhyanggyo | 1394 | 34°59′22″N 126°28′04″E / 34.989583°N 126.467694°E / 34.989583; 126.467694 |  |
| Myeoncheonhyanggyo | 1392 | 36°49′14″N 126°40′12″E / 36.8205°N 126.67°E / 36.8205; 126.67 |  |
| Naganhyanggyo |  | 34°54′02″N 127°20′41″E / 34.9005°N 127.34472°E / 34.9005; 127.34472 |  |
| Nampo Hyanggyo |  | 36°18′18″N 126°37′08″E / 36.3051°N 126.61894°E / 36.3051; 126.61894 |  |
| Nampyeonghyanggyo | 1420 | 35°02′14″N 126°50′50″E / 35.037194°N 126.847194°E / 35.037194; 126.847194 |  |
| Neungju Hyanggyo | 1392 | 34°59′22″N 126°57′05″E / 34.989583°N 126.9513°E / 34.989583; 126.9513 |  |
| Noseonghyanggyo |  | 36°16′55″N 127°07′48″E / 36.28194°N 127.13°E / 36.28194; 127.13 |  |
| Ocheonhyanggyo | 1901 | 36°25′06″N 126°32′43″E / 36.4182028°N 126.5454°E / 36.4182028; 126.5454 |  |
| Okgwahyanggyo | 1392 | 35°16′42″N 127°08′01″E / 35.278417°N 127.133528°E / 35.278417; 127.133528 |  |
| Onyanghyanggyo | 1871 | 36°45′46″N 127°00′53″E / 36.7628°N 127.01472°E / 36.7628; 127.01472 |  |
| Samcheokhyanggyo | 1398 | 37°27′01″N 129°09′59″E / 37.45028°N 129.1665°E / 37.45028; 129.1665 |  |
| Sancheong Danseonghyanggyo |  | 35°18′27″N 127°57′29″E / 35.3075°N 127.958°E / 35.3075; 127.958 |  |
| Sangju Hamchanghyanggyo |  | 36°34′34″N 128°09′18″E / 36.5762°N 128.15505°E / 36.5762; 128.15505 |  |
| Seocheonhyanggyo | 1413 | 36°04′47″N 126°41′40″E / 36.07975°N 126.6943361°E / 36.07975; 126.6943361 |  |
| Seokseonghyanggyo |  | 36°13′41″N 126°59′23″E / 36.228°N 126.98972°E / 36.228; 126.98972 |  |
| Seosan Hyanggyo | 1406 | 36°47′28″N 126°27′07″E / 36.791°N 126.452°E / 36.791; 126.452 |  |
| Sinchang Hyanggyo | 1872 | 36°46′48″N 126°55′44″E / 36.77992°N 126.9288139°E / 36.77992; 126.9288139 |  |
| Sunheunghyanggyo |  | 36°55′49″N 128°34′37″E / 36.93028°N 128.577°E / 36.93028; 128.577 |  |
| Taean Hyanggyo | 1407 | 36°45′32″N 126°17′49″E / 36.759°N 126.29694°E / 36.759; 126.29694 |  |
| Wandohyanggyo | 1897 | 34°20′46″N 126°43′41″E / 34.3461°N 126.728°E / 34.3461; 126.728 |  |
| Wonju Hyanggyo |  | 37°20′20″N 127°56′58″E / 37.338875°N 127.9495694°E / 37.338875; 127.9495694 |  |
| Yangyang Hyanggyo |  | 38°04′44″N 128°36′23″E / 38.079°N 128.60639°E / 38.079; 128.60639 |  |
| Yean Hyanggyo | 1415 |  |  |
| Yecheon Hyanggyo | 1407 |  |  |
| Yeoncheonhyanggyo | 1407 | 38°05′45″N 127°04′11″E / 38.09583°N 127.06972°E / 38.09583; 127.06972 |  |
| Yeongamhyanggyo | 1420 | 34°47′47″N 126°41′33″E / 34.79639°N 126.6925°E / 34.79639; 126.6925 |  |
| Yeongdeok Yeonghae Hyanggyo | 1346 | 36°32′18″N 129°24′47″E / 36.538361°N 129.413139°E / 36.538361; 129.413139 |  |
| Yeongdong Hwangganhyanggyo | 1394 | 36°13′42″N 127°54′55″E / 36.2283°N 127.91528°E / 36.2283; 127.91528 |  |
| Yeongdonghyanggyo |  | 36°10′34″N 127°46′08″E / 36.1761°N 127.769°E / 36.1761; 127.769 |  |
| Yeonggwanghyanggyo |  | 35°16′26″N 126°31′08″E / 35.2739°N 126.519°E / 35.2739; 126.519 |  |
| Yeongihyanggyo | 1416 | 36°32′35″N 127°16′52″E / 36.543°N 127.281°E / 36.543; 127.281 |  |
| Yeongwolhyanggyo | 1398 | 37°11′07″N 128°28′31″E / 37.1854°N 128.4754°E / 37.1854; 128.4754 |  |
| Yeongyanghyanggyo | 1679 | 36°42′17″N 129°07′25″E / 36.70472°N 129.12361°E / 36.70472; 129.12361 |  |
| Yeonsanhyanggyo | 1398 | 36°13′25″N 127°12′33″E / 36.2234861°N 127.209175°E / 36.2234861; 127.209175 |  |
| Yeosuhyanggyo | 1897 | 34°44′34″N 127°43′57″E / 34.7428°N 127.7325°E / 34.7428; 127.7325 |  |
| Yesanhyanggyo | 1413 | 36°41′02″N 126°51′00″E / 36.683817°N 126.8500139°E / 36.683817; 126.8500139 |  |
| Yonggung Hyanggyo | 1398 | 36°35′36″N 128°18′14″E / 36.593417°N 128.30383°E / 36.593417; 128.30383 |  |
| Yonginhyanggyo | 1400 | 37°17′43″N 127°07′15″E / 37.29528°N 127.12083°E / 37.29528; 127.12083 |  |

End of auto-generated list.


title: 13 anys i un dia

abstract: 13 anys i un dia was a Catalan sitcom which was broadcast on TV3 at Thursday nights. 24 episodes were aired between 2008 and 2009. It was produced by Televisió de Catalunya and directed by Jesús Font.

text:
# 13 anys i un dia

***13 anys i un dia*** (English: *13 years and one day*) was a Catalan sitcom which was broadcast on TV3 at Thursday nights. 24 episodes were aired between 2008 and 2009. It was produced by Televisió de Catalunya and directed by Jesús Font.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| *13 anys i un dia* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Sitcom |
| Developed by | Televisió de Catalunya |
| Directed by | Jesús Font |
| Starring |  |
| Country of origin | Spain |
| Original language | Catalan |
| No. of seasons | 2 |
| No. of episodes | 24 |
| Production | |
| Camera setup | Multi-camera |
| Running time | 25-30 minutes approx. |
| Original release | |
| Network | TV3 |
| Release | January 15, 2008 (2008-01-15) <br>March 19, 2009 (2009-03-19) |


title: Pernell Whitaker vs. Buddy McGirt II

abstract: Pernell Whitaker vs. Buddy McGirt II, billed as The Final Say, was a professional boxing match contested on October 1, 1994, for Whitaker's WBC welterweight title.

text:
# Pernell Whitaker vs. Buddy McGirt II

**Pernell Whitaker vs. Buddy McGirt II**, billed as ***The Final Say***, was a professional boxing match contested on October 1, 1994, for Whitaker's WBC welterweight title.

## Background

Following a hotly disputed draw with Julio César Chávez, reigning WBC welterweight Pernell Whitaker would then return to his hometown of Norfolk, Virginia to make a successful defense against Santos Cardona, winning by an easy unanimous decision. Following his win over Cardona, Whitaker would next agree to a rematch with James "Buddy" McGirt. Whitaker and McGirt had fought the previous year, with Whitaker scoring a close unanimous decision to capture McGirt's WBC welterweight title. Following the fight, McGirt would undergo surgery for a torn rotator cuff, an injury that had plagued him throughout both the Whitaker fight and his previous title defense against Genaro Léon. Though expected to be out of boxing for a year, McGirt would return 7 months later with a unanimous decision victory over Nick Rupa. McGirt would ultimately go 5–0 after his first loss to Whitaker and insisted on a rematch, calling Whitaker a "punk" and accusing him of ducking him.

## The fight

Unlike their close first fight, Whitaker would dominate most of the fight and won by a lopsided unanimous decision. Though Whitaker controlled most of the fight, McGirt would score the only knockdown of the fight, sending Whitaker down on the seat of his pants after landing a right hand. Knockdown notwithstanding, Whitaker threw a considerable amount of punches more than McGirt, throwing 816 punches of which he landed 330 for a 40% success rate, while McGirt only landed 154 of his 504 thrown punches for a 31% rate. The fight would go the full 12 rounds and all three of the judge's scorecards had Whitaker winning comfortably with scores of 118–112, 117–112 and 117–110.

## Aftermath

Whitaker said of the knockdown "It was just a flash knockdown, it caught me off balance, it didn't bother me at all. It made me more aware of what I had to do. I still think I got the round."

## Fight card

Confirmed bouts:

| Weight Class | Weight |  | vs. |  | Method | Round | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Welterweight | 147 lb | **Pernell Whitaker** (c) | def. | James McGirt | UD | 12/12 | Note 1 |
| Heavyweight | 200+ lb | **David Tua** | def. | Ken Lakusta | KO | 4/10 |
| Light Middleweight | 154 lb | **Raúl Márquez** | def. | Darryl Cherry | KO | 6/10 |
| Cruiserweight | 190 lb | **Jade Scott** | def. | Stacy McSwain | TKO | 2/10 |
| Light Welterweight | 140 lb | **Dorin Spivey** | def. | James Edwards | TKO | 4/4 |
| Heavyweight | 200+ lb | **Courage Tshabalala** | def. | Ken Williams | RTD | 1/4 |

**^Note 1** For WBC and Lineal Welterweight titles

## Broadcasting

| Country | Broadcaster |
| --- | --- |
| United States | HBO |

## InfoBox

The Final Say
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | October 1, 1994 |
| Venue | The Scope, Norfolk, Virginia, U.S. |
| Title(s) on the line | WBC welterweight title |
| Tale of the tape | |
| Boxer Pernell Whitaker James McGirt  Nickname  "Sweet Pea"  "Buddy"  Hometown Norfolk, Virginia, U.S. Brentwood, New York, U.S.  Purse  $2,500,000  $600,000  Pre-fight record  33–1–1 (15 KO)  64–3–1 (44 KO)  Age  30 years, 8 months  30 years, 8 months  Height  5 ft 6 in (168 cm)  5 ft 6+12 in (169 cm)  Weight  147 lb (67 kg)  146 lb (66 kg)  Style Southpaw Orthodox  Recognition WBC
Welterweight Champion
*The Ring* No. 1 ranked pound-for-pound fighter
3-division world champion WBC
No. 1 Ranked Welterweight
2-division world champion | |
| Result | |
| **Whitaker** wins via 12-round **unanimous decision** (118–112, 117–112, 117–110) | |


title: Pierre-Augustin Lefèvre de Marcouville

abstract: Pierre-Augustin Lefèvre de Marcouville, called Marcouville, was an 18th-century French lawyer and playwright. A lawyer in Parlement, he was secretary to Honoré III, Prince of Monaco and wrote a dozen opéras comiques, alone or in collaboration.

text:
# Pierre-Augustin Lefèvre de Marcouville

**Pierre-Augustin Lefèvre de Marcouville**, called **Marcouville**, (28 October 1723 – 1790) was an 18th-century French lawyer and playwright.

A lawyer in Parlement, he was secretary to Honoré III, Prince of Monaco and wrote a dozen opéras comiques, alone or in collaboration.

## Works

* 1750: *Le Sommeil de Thalie*
* 1751: *Le Mai*
* 1752: *Fanfale*
* 1754: *Bertholde à la ville*
* 1756: *Les Amants trompés*
* 1757: *La Fausse Aventurière*, revived the following year under the title *La Fausse Esclave*, music by Gluck
* 1757: *La Petite Maison*
* 1758: *L'Heureux Déguisement*
* 1758: *Le Médecin de l'amour*
* 1760: *Le Maître d'école*
* 1760: *L'Île des fous*


title: Void (EP)

abstract: Void is the second EP by the metalcore band, Destroy the Runner. This is the first release from the band in 8 years. The album was released through digital and vinyl.

text:
# Void (EP)

***Void*** is the second EP by the metalcore band, Destroy the Runner. This is the first release from the band in 8 years. The album was released through digital and vinyl.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Bloom" | 3:44 |
| 2. | "End Transmission" | 3:36 |
| 3. | "Underwater" | 5:14 |
| 4. | "Glass Sky" | 3:37 |
| 5. | "Ivory" | 5:24 |
| 6. | "Born to Hate" | 4:31 |
| Total length: | | 26:08 |

## Personnel

**Destroy the Runner**

* Kyle Setter – unclean vocals
* Duane Reed – rhythm guitars, bass guitars, clean vocals, engineering
* Nick "Maldy" Maldonado – lead guitars, bass guitars
* Marc Kohlbry – drums

**Production**

* Andreas Magnusson – mixing
* Alan Douches – mastering
* Daniel Castleman – engineering
* Joey Bradford – engineering
* Tanner Sparks – additional editing
* Jordan Butcher (Studio Workhorse) – artwork

## InfoBox

| Void | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Destroy the Runner | |
| Released | December 9, 2016 |
| Recorded | 2016 |
| Genre | Metalcore, progressive metal |
| Length | 26:08 |
| Label | Independent |
| Destroy the Runner chronology | |
| *I, Lucifer*
(2008) ***Void***
(2016) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Void* | |
| 1. "End Transmission"
Released: November 16, 2016 2. "Underwater"
Released: November 30, 2016 | |
|  | |


abstract: The United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia is a federal court in the Fourth Circuit. The District was established on June 22, 1901. As of October 12, 2021 the United States attorney is William J. Ihlenfeld II.

text:
# United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia

The **United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia** (in case citations, **N.D. W. Va.**) is a federal court in the Fourth Circuit (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit).

The District was established on June 22, 1901.

As of October 12, 2021 the United States attorney is William J. Ihlenfeld II.

## Organization of the court

The United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia is one of two federal judicial districts in West Virginia. Court for the Northern District is held at Clarksburg, Elkins, Martinsburg, and Wheeling.

**Clarksburg** Division comprises the following counties: Braxton, Calhoun, Doddridge, Gilmer, Harrison, Marion, Monongalia, Pleasants, Preston, Ritchie, and Taylor.

**Elkins** Division comprises the following counties: Barbour, Grant, Hardy, Lewis, Pendleton, Pocahontas, Randolph, Tucker, Upshur, and Webster.

**Martinsburg** Division comprises the following counties: Berkeley, Hampshire, Jefferson, Mineral, and Morgan.

**Wheeling** Division comprises the following counties: Brooke, Hancock, Marshall, Ohio, Tyler, and Wetzel.

## Current judges

As of September 30, 2022:

| # | Title | Judge | Duty station | Born | Term of service | | | Appointed by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | Active | Chief | Senior | |
| 16 | Chief Judge | Tom Kleeh | Clarksburg
Elkins | 1974 | 2018–present | 2022–present |  | Trump |
| 14 | District Judge | John P. Bailey | Wheeling | 1951 | 2007–present | 2008–2015 |  | G.W. Bush |
| 15 | District Judge | Gina M. Groh | Martinsburg | 1964 | 2012–present | 2015–2022 |  | Obama |
| 11 | Senior Judge | Frederick Pfarr Stamp Jr. | *inactive* | 1934 | 1990–2006 | 1994–2001 | 2006–present | G.H.W. Bush |
| 12 | Senior Judge | Irene Patricia Murphy Keeley | *inactive* | 1944 | 1992–2017 | 2001–2008 | 2017–present | G.H.W. Bush |

## Former judges

| # | Judge | State | Born–died | Active service | Chief Judge | Senior status | Appointed by | Reason for
termination |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| 1 | John Jay Jackson Jr. | WV | 1824–1907 | 1901–1905 |  |  | Lincoln/Operation of law | retirement |
| 2 | Alston G. Dayton | WV | 1857–1920 | 1905–1920 |  |  | T. Roosevelt | death |
| 3 | William E. Baker | WV | 1873–1954 | 1921–1954 | 1948–1954 | 1954 | Harding | death |
| 4 | Harry Evans Watkins | WV | 1898–1963 | 1937–1963 | 1954–1963 |  | F. Roosevelt | death |
| 5 | Herbert Stephenson Boreman | WV | 1897–1982 | 1954–1959 |  |  | Eisenhower | elevation to 4th Cir. |
| 6 | Charles Ferguson Paul | WV | 1902–1965 | 1960–1965 | 1963–1965 |  | Eisenhower | death |
| 7 | Sidney Lee Christie | WV | 1903–1974 | 1964–1974 |  |  | L. Johnson | death |
| 8 | Robert Earl Maxwell | WV | 1924–2010 | 1965–1995 | 1965–1994 | 1995–2010 | L. Johnson | death |
| 9 | Charles Harold Haden II | WV | 1937–2004 | 1975–1983 |  |  | Ford | seat abolished |
| 10 | William Matthew Kidd | WV | 1918–1998 | 1983–1990 |  | 1990–1998 | Carter/Operation of law | death |
| 13 | W. Craig Broadwater | WV | 1950–2006 | 1996–2006 |  |  | Clinton | death |

## Chief judges

Chief judges have administrative responsibilities with respect to their district court. Unlike the Supreme Court, where one justice is specifically nominated to be chief, the office of chief judge rotates among the district court judges. To be chief, a judge must have been in active service on the court for at least one year, be under the age of 65, and have not previously served as chief judge.

A vacancy is filled by the judge highest in seniority among the group of qualified judges. The chief judge serves for a term of seven years, or until age 70, whichever occurs first. The age restrictions are waived if no members of the court would otherwise be qualified for the position.

When the office was created in 1948, the chief judge was the longest-serving judge who had not elected to retire, on what has since 1958 been known as senior status, or declined to serve as chief judge. After August 6, 1959, judges could not become or remain chief after turning 70 years old. The current rules have been in operation since October 1, 1982.

## Succession of seats

1. https://www.fjc.gov/history/courts/u.s.-district-courts-districts-west-virginia-legislative-history U.S. District Courts of West Virginia, Legislative history, *Federal Judicial Center*
2. "William J. Ihlenfeld, II sworn in as United States Attorney for the Northern District of West Virginia" (Press release). Wheeling, West Virginia: U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Northern District of West Virginia. October 12, 2021. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
3. 28 U.S.C. § 129

39°27′22.7″N 77°57′58.2″W / 39.456306°N 77.966167°W / 39.456306; -77.966167

## InfoBox

| United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia | |
| --- | --- |
| (N.D. W. Va.) | |
|  | |
| Location | Martinsburg*More locations* |
| Appeals to | Fourth Circuit |
| Established | January 22, 1901 |
| Judges | 3 |
| Chief Judge | Tom Kleeh |
| Officers of the court | |
| U.S. Attorney | William J. Ihlenfeld II |
| U.S. Marshal | Terry Moore (acting) |
| www.wvnd.uscourts.gov | |


abstract: This is a list of the census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada by population, using data from the 2021 Canadian census and the 2016 Canadian census. Each entry is identified as a census metropolitan area (CMA) or a census agglomeration (CA) as defined by Statistics Canada. A city's metropolitan area in colloquial or administrative terms may be different from its CMA as defined by Statistics Canada, resulting in differing populations. Such is the case with the Greater Toronto Area, where its metro population is notably higher than its CMA population due to its inclusion of the neighbouring Oshawa CMA to the east and the Burlington portion of the neighbouring Hamilton CMA to the west. In 2021, 27,465,137 people lived in a CMA, while 4,596,279 (12.0%) lived in a CA.

text:
# List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada

This is a list of the census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada by population, using data from the 2021 Canadian census and the 2016 Canadian census. Each entry is identified as a census metropolitan area (CMA) or a census agglomeration (CA) as defined by Statistics Canada.

A city's metropolitan area in colloquial or administrative terms may be different from its CMA as defined by Statistics Canada, resulting in differing populations. Such is the case with the Greater Toronto Area, where its metro population is notably higher than its CMA population due to its inclusion of the neighbouring Oshawa CMA to the east and the Burlington portion of the neighbouring Hamilton CMA to the west.

In 2021, 27,465,137 people (71.9% of Canada's population) lived in a CMA, while 4,596,279 (12.0%) lived in a CA.

## Recent growth

Between 2016 and 2021, the five CMAs with the highest percentage growth were located in British Columbia and Southern Ontario. The five CMAs with the lowest percentage growth were in Quebec, Alberta, Northern Ontario and Newfoundland and Labrador. There were no CMAs for which negative growth was recorded in the 2021 census. The five CAs that grew the fastest were in British Columbia, Southern Ontario, and Alberta, while the five CAs whose population declined the most were in New Brunswick, Saskatchewan, Northern British Columbia, Manitoba and Newfoundland and Labrador.

Between 2011 and 2016, the six fastest-growing CMAs by percentage growth were located in Western Canada, with Alberta's two CMAs, Calgary and Edmonton, leading the country. Saskatoon, Regina, and Lethbridge rounded out the top five in the country and each grew by at least 10%. Of the remaining 30 CMAs, population growth was recorded in all but two of them. Those that experienced population decline were Brantford and Saint John. Ten of the fifteen fastest-growing CAs in Canada between the two most recent censuses were located in Alberta. The other five were located in British Columbia with two, and Manitoba, Ontario and Yukon each with one.

Between 2006 and 2011, twenty-four CAs experienced population decline. The fifteen CAs that experienced the greatest population decline were located in British Columbia (two), Manitoba (one), New Brunswick (one), Nova Scotia (three), Ontario (four) and Quebec (four). Okotoks experienced the greatest increase while Thompson experienced the greatest decline.

## List

Canada had 41 CMAs and 111 CAs at the 2021 census. The number of CMAs increased from 35 in 2016 with the promotion of the Nanaimo, Kamloops, Chilliwack, Fredericton, Drummondville and Red Deer CAs. Overall, between promotion to CMA, absorption, and dissolution, the number of CAs decreased by seven. Amos was reinstated as a CA and Ladysmith, Trail and Essa were added as new CAs. The Carleton Place and Arnprior CAs were dissolved as they were added to the Ottawa–Gatineau CMA, the Leamington CA was dissolved as it was added to the Windsor CMA, and the Cold Lake and Bay Roberts CAs were dissolved as their urban population decreased below 10,000. 2016 rankings in the chart below are based on 2021 boundaries and exclude the five CAs dissolved in 2021 but include the four new/reinstated CAs.

Canada had 35 CMAs and 117 CAs at the 2016 census. The number of CMAs increased from 33 in 2011 with the promotion of the Belleville and Lethbridge CAs. The number of CAs increased from 113 through the creation of eight new CAs – Arnprior, Carleton Place, Gander, Nelson, Sainte-Marie, Wasaga Beach, Weyburn and Winkler – the demotion of two CAs – Amos and Temiskaming Shores – and the promotion of Belleville and Lethbridge to CMAs.

| Rank (2021) | Rank (2016) | Geographic name | Province | Type | Population | | Change | Land area (km2) | Population density (/km2) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | (2021) | (2016) | | | |
| 1 | 1 | Toronto | Ontario | CMA | 6,202,225 | 5,928,040 | +4.63% | 5902.75 | 1,050.7 |
| 2 | 2 | Montreal | Quebec | CMA | 4,291,732 | 4,104,074 | +4.57% | 4670.10 | 919.0 |
| 3 | 3 | Vancouver | British Columbia | CMA | 2,642,825 | 2,463,431 | +7.28% | 2878.93 | 918.0 |
| 4 | 5 | Ottawa–Gatineau | Ontario/Quebec | CMA | 1,488,307 | 1,371,576 | +8.51% | 8046.99 | 185.0 |
| 5 | 4 | Calgary | Alberta | CMA | 1,481,806 | 1,392,609 | +6.41% | 5098.68 | 290.6 |
| 6 | 6 | Edmonton | Alberta | CMA | 1,418,118 | 1,321,441 | +7.32% | 9416.19 | 150.6 |
| 7 | 7 | Quebec City | Quebec | CMA | 839,311 | 806,406 | +4.08% | 3499.46 | 239.8 |
| 8 | 8 | Winnipeg | Manitoba | CMA | 834,678 | 783,099 | +6.59% | 5285.46 | 157.9 |
| 9 | 9 | Hamilton | Ontario | CMA | 785,184 | 747,545 | +5.04% | 1373.15 | 571.8 |
| 10 | 10 | KitchenerCambridgeWaterloo | Ontario | CMA | 575,847 | 523,894 | +9.92% | 1092.33 | 527.2 |
| 11 | 11 | London | Ontario | CMA | 543,551 | 494,069 | +10.02% | 2661.48 | 204.2 |
| 12 | 12 | Halifax | Nova Scotia | CMA | 465,703 | 426,932 | +9.08% | 7276.22 | 64.0 |
| 13 | 13 | St. CatharinesNiagara | Ontario | CMA | 433,604 | 406,074 | +6.78% | 1397.09 | 310.4 |
| 14 | 14 | Windsor | Ontario | CMA | 422,630 | 398,718 | +6.00% | 1803.17 | 234.4 |
| 15 | 15 | Oshawa | Ontario | CMA | 415,311 | 379,848 | +9.34% | 903.25 | 459.8 |
| 16 | 16 | Victoria | British Columbia | CMA | 397,237 | 367,770 | +8.01% | 695.29 | 571.3 |
| 17 | 17 | Saskatoon | Saskatchewan | CMA | 317,480 | 295,095 | +7.59% | 5864.48 | 54.1 |
| 18 | 18 | Regina | Saskatchewan | CMA | 249,217 | 236,695 | +5.29% | 4323.66 | 57.6 |
| 19 | 19 | Sherbrooke | Quebec | CMA | 227,398 | 212,105 | +7.21% | 1458.10 | 156.0 |
| 20 | 22 | Kelowna | British Columbia | CMA | 222,162 | 194,892 | +13.99% | 2902.45 | 76.5 |
| 21 | 21 | Barrie | Ontario | CMA | 212,856 | 197,059 | +8.02% | 897.26 | 237.2 |
| 22 | 20 | St. John's | Newfoundland and Labrador | CMA | 212,579 | 208,418 | +2.00% | 931.56 | 228.2 |
| 23 | 23 | AbbotsfordMission | British Columbia | CMA | 195,726 | 180,518 | +8.42% | 606.72 | 322.6 |
| 24 | 26 | Kingston | Ontario | CMA | 172,546 | 161,175 | +7.06% | 1919.17 | 89.9 |
| 25 | 24 | Greater Sudbury | Ontario | CMA | 170,605 | 165,958 | +2.80% | 4187.40 | 40.7 |
| 26 | 28 | Guelph | Ontario | CMA | 165,588 | 151,984 | +8.95% | 595.08 | 278.3 |
| 27 | 25 | Saguenay | Quebec | CMA | 161,567 | 161,520 | +0.03% | 3133.53 | 51.6 |
| 28 | 27 | Trois-Rivières | Quebec | CMA | 161,489 | 156,042 | +3.49% | 1038.64 | 155.5 |
| 29 | 29 | Moncton | New Brunswick | CMA | 157,717 | 144,810 | +8.91% | 2562.47 | 61.5 |
| 30 | 30 | Brantford | Ontario | CMA | 144,162 | 134,203 | +7.42% | 1074.00 | 134.2 |
| 31 | 31 | Saint John | New Brunswick | CMA | 130,613 | 126,202 | +3.50% | 3505.66 | 37.3 |
| 32 | 32 | Peterborough | Ontario | CMA | 128,624 | 121,721 | +5.67% | 1508.44 | 85.3 |
| 33 | 34 | Lethbridge | Alberta | CMA | 123,847 | 117,394 | +5.50% | 2958.96 | 41.9 |
| 34 | 33 | Thunder Bay | Ontario | CMA | 123,258 | 121,621 | +1.35% | 2550.79 | 48.3 |
| 35 | 35 | Nanaimo | British Columbia | CMA | 115,459 | 104,936 | +10.03% | 1279.28 | 90.3 |
| 36 | 36 | Kamloops | British Columbia | CMA | 114,142 | 103,811 | +9.95% | 5654.08 | 20.2 |
| 37 | 40 | Chilliwack | British Columbia | CMA | 113,767 | 101,512 | +12.07% | 1444.02 | 78.8 |
| 38 | 37 | BellevilleQuinte West | Ontario | CMA | 111,184 | 103,401 | +7.53% | 1337.50 | 83.1 |
| 39 | 38 | Fredericton | New Brunswick | CMA | 108,610 | 102,690 | +5.76% | 6014.66 | 18.1 |
| 40 | 39 | Chatham-Kent | Ontario | CA | 104,316 | 102,042 | +2.23% | 2464.52 | 42.3 |
| 41 | 43 | Drummondville | Quebec | CMA | 101,610 | 97,149 | +4.59% | 1094.36 | 92.8 |
| 42 | 41 | Red Deer | Alberta | CMA | 100,844 | 100,418 | +0.42% | 104.34 | 966.5 |
| 43 | 42 | Cape Breton | Nova Scotia | CA | 98,318 | 98,722 | −0.41% | 2457.21 | 40.0 |
| 44 | 44 | Sarnia | Ontario | CA | 97,592 | 96,151 | +1.50% | 1117.20 | 87.4 |
| 45 | 46 | Granby | Quebec | CA | 90,833 | 85,056 | +6.79% | 494.10 | 183.8 |
| 46 | 45 | Prince George | British Columbia | CA | 89,490 | 86,622 | +3.31% | 17650.99 | 5.1 |
| 47 | 49 | Kawartha Lakes | Ontario | CA | 79,247 | 75,423 | +5.07% | 3033.66 | 26.1 |
| 48 | 51 | Charlottetown | Prince Edward Island | CA | 78,858 | 71,821 | +9.80% | 1112.43 | 70.9 |
| 49 | 47 | Sault Ste. Marie | Ontario | CA | 76,731 | 78,159 | −1.83% | 802.58 | 95.6 |
| 50 | 48 | Medicine Hat | Alberta | CA | 76,376 | 76,522 | −0.19% | 13106.11 | 5.8 |
| 51 | 50 | Wood Buffalo | Alberta | CA | 73,837 | 73,325 | +0.70% | 60957.21 | 1.2 |
| 52 | 52 | North Bay | Ontario | CA | 71,736 | 70,378 | +1.93% | 5314.85 | 13.5 |
| 53 | 53 | Norfolk | Ontario | CA | 67,490 | 64,044 | +5.38% | 1597.68 | 42.2 |
| 54 | 55 | Vernon | British Columbia | CA | 67,086 | 61,324 | +9.40% | 1041.09 | 64.4 |
| 55 | 54 | Grande Prairie | Alberta | CA | 64,141 | 63,166 | +1.54% | 132.71 | 483.3 |
| 56 | 58 | Courtenay | British Columbia | CA | 63,282 | 57,950 | +9.20% | 624.33 | 101.4 |
| 57 | 56 | Cornwall | Ontario | CA | 61,415 | 59,699 | +2.87% | 509.21 | 120.6 |
| 58 | 57 | Saint-Hyacinthe | Quebec | CA | 59,980 | 58,201 | +3.06% | 259.38 | 231.2 |
| 59 | 60 | Brandon | Manitoba | CA | 54,268 | 51,807 | +4.75% | 1232.81 | 44.0 |
| 60 | 59 | Rimouski | Quebec | CA | 53,944 | 53,498 | +0.83% | 772.93 | 69.8 |
| 61 | 61 | Victoriaville | Quebec | CA | 52,936 | 51,336 | +3.12% | 378.10 | 140.0 |
| 62 | 62 | Joliette | Quebec | CA | 52,706 | 49,439 | +6.61% | 108.66 | 485.1 |
| 63 | 63 | Shawinigan | Quebec | CA | 49,620 | 49,349 | +0.55% | 729.98 | 68.0 |
| 64 | 65 | Duncan | British Columbia | CA | 47,582 | 44,451 | +7.04% | 373.22 | 127.5 |
| 65 | 67 | Penticton | British Columbia | CA | 47,380 | 43,534 | +8.83% | 1734.72 | 27.3 |
| 66 | 71 | Woodstock | Ontario | CA | 46,705 | 41,098 | +13.64% | 56.46 | 827.2 |
| 67 | 64 | Truro | Nova Scotia | CA | 46,157 | 45,753 | +0.88% | 2732.53 | 16.9 |
| 68 | 66 | Prince Albert | Saskatchewan | CA | 45,718 | 44,160 | +3.53% | 2537.68 | 18.0 |
| 69 | 72 | Salaberry-de-Valleyfield | Quebec | CA | 42,787 | 40,745 | +5.01% | 108.56 | 394.1 |
| 70 | 68 | Rouyn-Noranda | Quebec | CA | 42,313 | 42,334 | −0.05% | 5963.57 | 7.1 |
| 71 | 70 | Sorel-Tracy | Quebec | CA | 41,934 | 41,629 | +0.73% | 170.31 | 246.2 |
| 72 | 69 | Timmins | Ontario | CA | 41,145 | 41,788 | −1.54% | 2955.33 | 13.9 |
| 73 | 73 | Campbell River | British Columbia | CA | 40,704 | 37,861 | +7.51% | 1734.05 | 23.5 |
| 74 | 74 | Lloydminster | Alberta/Saskatchewan | CA | 36,508 | 36,736 | −0.62% | 1984.24 | 18.4 |
| 75 | 75 | Moose Jaw | Saskatchewan | CA | 34,872 | 35,053 | −0.52% | 843.44 | 41.3 |
| 76 | 77 | Saint-Georges | Quebec | CA | 34,833 | 34,176 | +1.92% | 365.21 | 95.4 |
| 77 | 76 | New Glasgow | Nova Scotia | CA | 34,397 | 34,487 | −0.26% | 2066.47 | 16.6 |
| 78 | 78 | Val-d'Or | Quebec | CA | 34,037 | 33,871 | +0.49% | 3539.98 | 9.6 |
| 79 | 82 | Orillia | Ontario | CA | 33,411 | 31,166 | +7.20% | 28.53 | 1,171.1 |
| 80 | 80 | Stratford | Ontario | CA | 33,232 | 31,470 | +5.60% | 30.02 | 1,107.0 |
| 81 | 79 | Owen Sound | Ontario | CA | 32,712 | 31,820 | +2.80% | 624.18 | 52.4 |
| 82 | 86 | Winkler | Manitoba | CA | 32,655 | 30,297 | +7.78% | 872.19 | 37.4 |
| 83 | 92 | Whitehorse | Yukon | CA | 31,913 | 28,225 | +13.07% | 8465.21 | 3.8 |
| 84 | 81 | Brockville | Ontario | CA | 31,661 | 31,200 | +1.48% | 576.87 | 54.9 |
| 85 | 83 | Bathurst | New Brunswick | CA | 31,387 | 31,110 | +0.89% | 2100.05 | 14.9 |
| 86 | 93 | Centre Wellington | Ontario | CA | 31,093 | 28,191 | +10.29% | 409.41 | 75.9 |
| 87 | 88 | Parksville | British Columbia | CA | 31,054 | 28,922 | +7.37% | 81.81 | 379.6 |
| 88 | 87 | Okotoks | Alberta | CA | 30,405 | 29,016 | +4.79% | 38.55 | 788.7 |
| 89 | 85 | Alma | Quebec | CA | 30,331 | 30,771 | −1.43% | 194.92 | 155.6 |
| 90 | 89 | Rivière-du-Loup | Quebec | CA | 30,025 | 28,902 | +3.89% | 543.02 | 55.3 |
| 91 | 84 | Corner Brook | Newfoundland and Labrador | CA | 29,762 | 30,969 | −3.90% | 1122.58 | 26.5 |
| 92 | 91 | Fort St. John | British Columbia | CA | 28,729 | 28,396 | +1.17% | 617.73 | 46.5 |
| 93 | 95 | Thetford Mines | Quebec | CA | 28,287 | 27,564 | +2.62% | 405.92 | 69.7 |
| 94 | 99 | Midland | Ontario | CA | 27,894 | 25,826 | +8.01% | 60.75 | 459.2 |
| 95 | 90 | Sept-Îles | Quebec | CA | 27,729 | 28,534 | −2.82% | 1750.44 | 15.8 |
| 96 | 96 | Miramichi | New Brunswick | CA | 27,593 | 27,518 | +0.27% | 7564.06 | 3.6 |
| 97 | 98 | Cranbrook | British Columbia | CA | 27,040 | 26,068 | +3.73% | 4563.87 | 5.9 |
| 98 | 97 | Kentville | Nova Scotia | CA | 26,929 | 26,222 | +2.70% | 607.05 | 44.4 |
| 99 | 94 | Baie-Comeau | Quebec | CA | 26,643 | 27,692 | −3.79% | 682.89 | 39.0 |
| 100 | 100 | Port Alberni | British Columbia | CA | 25,786 | 24,669 | +4.53% | 1633.13 | 15.8 |
| 101 | 107 | Wasaga Beach | Ontario | CA | 24,862 | 20,675 | +20.25% | 57.42 | 433.0 |
| 102 | 105 | Collingwood | Ontario | CA | 24,811 | 21,793 | +13.85% | 33.15 | 748.4 |
| 103 | 110 | Squamish | British Columbia | CA | 24,232 | 19,893 | +21.81% | 105.43 | 229.8 |
| 104 | 101 | Pembroke | Ontario | CA | 23,814 | 23,269 | +2.34% | 553.40 | 43.0 |
| 105 | 103 | Williams Lake | British Columbia | CA | 23,608 | 23,113 | +2.14% | 12422.14 | 1.9 |
| 106 | 102 | Quesnel | British Columbia | CA | 23,113 | 23,146 | −0.14% | 21708.62 | 1.1 |
| 107 | 106 | Essa | Ontario | CA | 22,970 | 21,083 | +8.95% | 279.92 | 82.1 |
| 108 | 104 | Edmundston | New Brunswick | CA | 22,144 | 21,955 | +0.86% | 1582.36 | 14.0 |
| 109 | 112 | Cobourg | Ontario | CA | 20,519 | 19,440 | +5.55% | 22.41 | 915.6 |
| 110 | 111 | Yellowknife | Northwest Territories | CA | 20,340 | 19,569 | +3.94% | 103.37 | 196.8 |
| 111 | 120 | Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts | Quebec | CA | 19,892 | 18,010 | +10.45% | 210.96 | 94.3 |
| 112 | 109 | Yorkton | Saskatchewan | CA | 19,859 | 19,927 | −0.34% | 1623.32 | 12.2 |
| 113 | 121 | Salmon Arm | British Columbia | CA | 19,705 | 17,904 | +10.06% | 165.42 | 119.1 |
| 114 | 113 | Terrace | British Columbia | CA | 19,606 | 19,160 | +2.33% | 9721.84 | 2.0 |
| 115 | 108 | North Battleford | Saskatchewan | CA | 19,374 | 20,052 | −3.38% | 1118.54 | 17.3 |
| 116 | 119 | Nelson | British Columbia | CA | 19,119 | 18,307 | +4.44% | 1224.30 | 15.6 |
| 117 | 116 | Amos | Quebec | CA | 18,873 | 18,872 | +0.01% | 2298.16 | 8.2 |
| 118 | 117 | Camrose | Alberta | CA | 18,772 | 18,742 | +0.16% | 41.67 | 450.5 |
| 119 | 118 | Swift Current | Saskatchewan | CA | 18,745 | 18,536 | +1.13% | 1129.78 | 16.6 |
| 120 | 127 | Tillsonburg | Ontario | CA | 18,615 | 15,872 | +17.28% | 22.20 | 838.5 |
| 121 | 114 | Matane | Quebec | CA | 18,474 | 18,894 | −2.22% | 865.87 | 21.3 |
| 122 | 122 | Petawawa | Ontario | CA | 18,160 | 17,187 | +5.66% | 164.70 | 110.3 |
| 123 | 123 | Summerside | Prince Edward Island | CA | 18,157 | 16,831 | +7.88% | 125.12 | 145.1 |
| 124 | 115 | Dawson Creek | British Columbia | CA | 17,878 | 18,890 | −5.36% | 11716.80 | 1.5 |
| 125 | 124 | Powell River | British Columbia | CA | 17,825 | 16,783 | +6.21% | 799.80 | 22.3 |
| 126 | 126 | Steinbach | Manitoba | CA | 17,806 | 16,022 | +11.13% | 37.56 | 474.1 |
| 127 | 125 | Port Hope | Ontario | CA | 17,294 | 16,753 | +3.23% | 278.80 | 62.0 |
| 128 | 129 | Sylvan Lake | Alberta | CA | 16,514 | 15,302 | +7.92% | 24.25 | 681.0 |
| 129 | 136 | Canmore | Alberta | CA | 15,990 | 13,992 | +14.28% | 68.47 | 233.5 |
| 130 | 132 | Ladysmith | British Columbia | CA | 15,501 | 14,572 | +6.38% | 412.01 | 37.6 |
| 131 | 128 | Dolbeau-Mistassini | Quebec | CA | 15,306 | 15,750 | −2.82% | 647.75 | 23.6 |
| 132 | 139 | Cowansville | Quebec | CA | 15,234 | 13,656 | +11.56% | 46.87 | 325.0 |
| 133 | 130 | Kenora | Ontario | CA | 14,967 | 15,096 | −0.85% | 211.65 | 70.7 |
| 134 | 133 | Brooks | Alberta | CA | 14,924 | 14,451 | +3.27% | 18.21 | 819.5 |
| 135 | 137 | Strathmore | Alberta | CA | 14,339 | 13,756 | +4.24% | 26.98 | 531.5 |
| 136 | 141 | High River | Alberta | CA | 14,324 | 13,594 | +5.37% | 22.19 | 645.5 |
| 137 | 134 | Trail | British Columbia | CA | 14,268 | 14,196 | +0.51% | 279.13 | 51.1 |
| 138 | 147 | Lachute | Quebec | CA | 14,100 | 12,862 | +9.63% | 108.66 | 129.8 |
| 139 | 135 | Grand Falls-Windsor | Newfoundland and Labrador | CA | 13,853 | 14,171 | −2.24% | 54.84 | 252.6 |
| 140 | 148 | Ingersoll | Ontario | CA | 13,693 | 12,757 | +7.34% | 12.73 | 1,075.6 |
| 141 | 143 | Prince Rupert | British Columbia | CA | 13,442 | 13,462 | −0.15% | 3303.63 | 4.1 |
| 142 | 145 | Gander | Newfoundland and Labrador | CA | 13,414 | 13,234 | +1.36% | 2412.67 | 5.6 |
| 143 | 146 | Lacombe | Alberta | CA | 13,396 | 13,057 | +2.60% | 20.59 | 650.6 |
| 144 | 131 | Campbellton | New Brunswick | CA | 13,330 | 14,679 | −9.19% | 1525.45 | 8.7 |
| 145 | 144 | Portage la Prairie | Manitoba | CA | 13,270 | 13,304 | −0.26% | 24.72 | 536.8 |
| 146 | 142 | Sainte-Marie | Quebec | CA | 13,134 | 13,565 | −3.18% | 107.55 | 122.1 |
| 147 | 138 | Thompson | Manitoba | CA | 13,035 | 13,678 | −4.70% | 16.62 | 784.3 |
| 148 | 140 | Estevan | Saskatchewan | CA | 12,798 | 13,615 | −6.00% | 793.36 | 16.1 |
| 149 | 149 | Wetaskiwin | Alberta | CA | 12,594 | 12,655 | −0.48% | 18.75 | 671.7 |
| 150 | 150 | Weyburn | Saskatchewan | CA | 12,247 | 12,055 | +1.59% | 828.28 | 14.8 |
| 151 | 151 | Hawkesbury | Ontario/Quebec | CA | 12,010 | 11,974 | +0.30% | 12.91 | 930.3 |
| 152 | 152 | Elliot Lake | Ontario | CA | 11,372 | 10,741 | +5.87% | 696.06 | 16.3 |


title: Truth to Promises

abstract: Truth to Promises is the debut album by Heavy/Power metal band Symphorce.

text:
# Truth to Promises

***Truth to Promises*** is the debut album by Heavy/Power metal band Symphorce.

## Track listing

1. "Truth to Promises" – 4:32
2. "Drifted" – 4:57
3. "Wounded" – 4:18
4. "Retracing the Line" – 3:34
5. "Stronghold" – 3:57
6. "Across the Plains" – 4:27
7. "Forevermore" – 5:15
8. "Pouring Rain" – 4:18
9. "Circles Are Broken" – 6:37
10. "Sea of Life" – 7:56
11. "Yap over Bamis" (bonus track) – 4:01

## Credits

### Band members

* Andy B. Franck – lead & back up vocals
* Stef Bertolla – guitar
* H. Peter Walter – keyboards
* Mike Hammer – bass
* Stefan Köllner – drums

### Production

* Rüdiger Gerndt, Jörg Umbreit – co-producers, engineers, mixing
* Dennis Ward – drums recording and mixing

## InfoBox

| Truth to Promises | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Symphorce | |
| Released | 1999 |
| Recorded | Maryland Studios, Merklingen, Germany
September–November 1998 |
| Genre | Heavy metal, power metal |
| Length | 49:51 |
| Label | Noise |
| Producer | Andy B. Franck, H. Peter Walter, Rüdiger Gerndt and Jörg Umbreit |
| Symphorce chronology | |
| ***Truth to Promises***
(1999) *Sinctuary*
(2001) | |


title: The Beautiful Brummel

abstract: The Beautiful Brummel is a 1951 Argentine historical comedy film directed by Julio Saraceni and starring Fidel Pintos, Delfy de Ortega and Amadeo Novoa. The film's sets were designed by the art director Gori Muñoz.

text:
# The Beautiful Brummel

***The Beautiful Brummel*** (Spanish: ***El Hermoso Brummel***) is a 1951 Argentine historical comedy film directed by Julio Saraceni and starring Fidel Pintos, Delfy de Ortega and Amadeo Novoa. The film's sets were designed by the art director Gori Muñoz.

## Plot

In the early nineteenth century, a valet assumes the identity of his master and must confront the challenges of this deception in society.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| The Beautiful Brummel | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Julio Saraceni |
| Written by | Manuel M. Alba
Abel Santacruz |
| Starring | Fidel Pintos
Delfy de Ortega
Amadeo Novoa |
| Cinematography | Américo Hoss |
| Edited by | José Gallego |
| Music by | Tito Ribero |
| Release date | * 26 June 1951 (1951-06-26) |
| Running time | 92 minutes |
| Country | Argentina |
| Language | Spanish |


title: PICRUSt

abstract:
PICRUSt
is a bioinformatics software package. The name is an abbreviation for Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States. The tool serves in the field of metagenomic analysis where it allows inference of the functional profile of a microbial
community based on marker gene survey along one or more samples. In essence, PICRUSt takes a user supplied operational taxonomic unit table, representing the marker gene sequences accompanied with its relative abundance in each of the samples. The output of PICRUSt is a sample by functional-gene-count matrix, telling the count of each functional-gene in each of the samples surveyed. The ability of PICRUSt to estimate the functional-gene profile for a given sample relies on a set of known sequenced genomes. This could also be thought of as an automated alternative to manually researching the gene families likely to be present in organisms whose sequences are found in a 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon library. The below description corresponds to the original version of PICRUSt, but a major update to this tool is currently being developed.

text:
# PICRUSt

**PICRUSt** is a bioinformatics software package. The name is an abbreviation for *Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States.*

The tool serves in the field of metagenomic analysis where it allows inference of the functional profile of a microbial community based on marker gene survey along one or more samples. In essence, PICRUSt takes a user supplied operational taxonomic unit table (typically referred to as an OTU table), representing the marker gene sequences (most commonly a 16S cluster) accompanied with its relative abundance in each of the samples. The output of PICRUSt is a sample by functional-gene-count matrix, telling the count of each functional-gene in each of the samples surveyed. The ability of PICRUSt to estimate the functional-gene profile for a given sample relies on a set of known sequenced genomes. This could also be thought of as an automated alternative to manually researching the gene families likely to be present in organisms whose sequences are found in a 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon library. The below description corresponds to the original version of PICRUSt, but a major update to this tool is currently being developed.

## Genome prediction algorithm

In an initial preprocessing phase, PICRUSt constructs confidence intervals and point predictions for the number of copies of each gene family in each bacterial and archaeal strain in a reference tree, using organisms with sequenced genomes as a reference. More specifically, for each gene family, PICRUSt maps known gene copy numbers (from complete sequenced genomes) onto a reference tree of life. These gene family copy numbers are treated as continuous traits, and an evolutionary model constructed under the assumption of Brownian Motion. These evolutionary models can be constructed with either Maximum Likelihood, Relaxed Maximum Likelihood or Wagner Parsimony This evolutionary model is then used to predict both a point estimate and a confidence interval for the copy number of microorganisms without sequenced genomes. This 'genome prediction' step produces a large table of bacterial types (specifically operational taxonomic unit or OTUs) vs. gene family copy numbers. This table is distributed to end users. It is important to note that this prediction method is not the same as a nearest neighbor approach (i.e. just looking up the nearest sequenced genome), and was shown to give a small but significant improvement in accuracy over that strategy. However, nearest neighbor prediction is available as an option in PICRUSt.

Notably, while this functionality is typically used for prediction of gene copy numbers in bacteria, it could, in principle, be used for prediction of any other continuous trait given trait data for diverse organisms and a reference phylogeny.

Langille et al. tested the accuracy of this genome prediction step using leave-one-out cross validation on the input set of sequenced genomes. Additional tests examined sensitivity to errors in phylogenetic inference, lack of genomic data, and the accuracy of the confidence intervals on gene content.

A similar step predicts the copy number of 16S rRNA genes.

## Metagenome prediction algorithm

When applying PICRUSt to a 16S rRNA gene library, PICRUSt matches reference operational taxonomic units against the tables, and retrieves a predicted 16S rRNA copy number and gene copy number for each gene family. The abundance of each OTU is divided by its predicted copy number (if a bacterium has multiple 16S copies, its apparent abundance in 16S rRNA data will be inflated), and then multiplied by the copy number of the gene family. This gives a prediction for the contribution of each OTU to the overall gene content of the sample (the metagenome). Finally, these individual contributions are summed together to produce an estimate of the genes present in the metagenome.

Langille et al., 2013 tested the accuracy of this genome prediction step by using previously reported datasets in which the same biological sample was subjected to 16S rRNA gene amplification and shotgun metagenomics. In these cases, the shotgun metagenomic results were taken as a representation of the 'true' community, and the 16S rRNA gene amplicon libraries fed into PICRUSt to attempt to predict those data. Test datasets included human microbiome samples from the Human Microbiome Project, soil samples, diverse mammalian samples, and samples from the Guerrero Negro microbial mats

## The Nearest Sequenced Taxon Index

Because PICRUSt, and evolutionary comparative genomics in general, depends on sequenced genomes, biological samples from well-studied environments (many sequenced genomes) will be better predicted than poorly studied environments. In order to assess how many genomes are available, PICRUSt optionally allows users to calculate a Nearest Sequenced Taxon Index (NSTI) for their samples. This index reflects the average phylogenetic distance between each 16S rRNA gene sequence in their sample, and a 16S rRNA gene sequence from a fully sequenced genome. In general, the lower the NSTI score, the more accurate PICRUSt's predictions are expected to be. For example, showed that PICRUSt was much more accurate on diverse soil samples and samples from the Human Microbiome Project than on microbial mat samples from Guerrero Negro, which contained many bacteria without any sequenced relatives.

Okuda et al., 2012 published a similar method that used a bounded k-Nearest Neighbor approach to predict virtual metagenomes. They validated their approach using 16S rRNA gene sequences extracted from shotgun metagenomes, and compared the predictions of their method against the full metagenome.

CopyRighter, like PICRUSt, uses evolutionary modeling and phylogenetic trait prediction to estimate 16S rRNA gene sequence copy numbers for each bacterial and archaeal type in a sample, and then uses these estimates to correct estimates of community composition.

PanFP presented a similar method, but based on genome predictions for each taxonomic group. Benchmarking showed highly similar performance to PICRUSt when compared on the same datasets. One advantage is that all OTUs, not just those in a reference phylogeny table can be used. One disadvantage is that confidence intervals and evolutionary models are not constructed.

PAPRICA is a metagenome prediction tool based on placing input 16S rRNA gene sequences into a known phylogenetic tree based corresponding to reference genomes. The main prediction output corresponds to Enzyme Commission numbers.

Piphillin is a tool produced by the company Second Genome that produces metagenome predictions based on nearest-neighbour clustering of input 16S rRNA gene sequences with 16S rRNA gene sequences from reference genomes. There is a web portal for running this tool on the Second Genome website. This tool is under continual development and undergoing validation as summarized in a 2020 publication.

Tax4Fun is a similar tool based on linking the 16S ribosomal RNA genes from all KEGG organisms with 16S rRNA gene sequences found in the SILVA ribosomal RNA database. Originally this tool was restricted to 16S rRNA gene sequences found within the SILVA database. However, the latest version of this tool, Tax4Fun2, can be used with OTUs or amplicon sequence variants from any clustering pipeline.

## InfoBox

| Original author(s) | Morgan Langille, Jesse Zaneveld, Dan Knights, Joshua A Reyes, Jose C Clemente, Deron E Burkepile, Rebecca L Vega Thurber, Rob Knight, Robert G Beiko, Curtis Huttenhower |
| --- | --- |
| Developer(s) | Morgan Langille, Jesse Zaneveld, Daniel McDonald, Greg Caporaso, Gavin Douglas |
| Initial release | 29 July 2013 (2013-07-29) |
| Written in | Python, R |
| Website | picrust.github.io/picrust/ |