title: Troude-class cruiser

abstract: The Troude class was a group of three protected cruisers built for the French Navy in the late 1880s and early 1890s. The class, which was very similar to the preceding Forbin class, comprised Troude, Cosmao and Lalande. They were ordered as part of a fleet program that accorded with the theories of the Jeune École, which proposed a fleet based on cruisers and torpedo boats to defend France. The Troude-class cruisers were intended to serve as flotilla leaders for the torpedo boats, and they were armed with a main battery of four 138 mm (5.4 in) guns. All three members of the class served in the Mediterranean Squadron in their early careers, where they took part in routine training exercises. In 1897, Troude became the flagship of the Levant Division and was later transferred to the North Atlantic Division in 1899. All three ships were in reserve by 1901. Troude was reactivated for a brief stint in the North Atlantic from 1904 to 1905, while Lalande returned to service in the Mediterranean in 1906. Troude was discarded in 1907 or 1908 and Lalande was broken up for scrap in 1912. Cosmao remained in reserve until the start of World War I in August 1914, when she was recommissioned to patrol the coast of French Morocco. She, too, was scrapped after the war in 1922.

text:
# Troude-class cruiser

The ***Troude* class** was a group of three protected cruisers built for the French Navy in the late 1880s and early 1890s. The class, which was very similar to the preceding *Forbin* class, comprised *Troude*, *Cosmao* and *Lalande*. They were ordered as part of a fleet program that accorded with the theories of the *Jeune École*, which proposed a fleet based on cruisers and torpedo boats to defend France. The *Troude*-class cruisers were intended to serve as flotilla leaders for the torpedo boats, and they were armed with a main battery of four 138 mm (5.4 in) guns.

All three members of the class served in the Mediterranean Squadron in their early careers, where they took part in routine training exercises. In 1897, *Troude* became the flagship of the Levant Division and was later transferred to the North Atlantic Division in 1899. All three ships were in reserve by 1901. *Troude* was reactivated for a brief stint in the North Atlantic from 1904 to 1905, while *Lalande* returned to service in the Mediterranean in 1906. *Troude* was discarded in 1907 or 1908 and *Lalande* was broken up for scrap in 1912. *Cosmao* remained in reserve until the start of World War I in August 1914, when she was recommissioned to patrol the coast of French Morocco. She, too, was scrapped after the war in 1922.

## Design

By the late 1870s, the unprotected cruisers and avisos the French Navy had built as fleet scouts were becoming obsolescent, particularly as a result of their low speed of 12 to 14 knots (22 to 26 km/h; 14 to 16 mph), which rendered them too slow to be effective scouts. Beginning in 1879, the *Conseil des Travaux* (Council of Works) had requested designs for small but fast cruisers of about 2,000 long tons (2,032 t) displacement that could be used as scouts for the main battle fleet or to lead squadrons of torpedo boats. The naval engineer Louis-Émile Bertin had advocated for just such a vessel since 1875, and his design became the cruiser *Milan*. Bertin's design would eventually be developed into the *Forbin*-type of protected cruisers.

In the early 1880s, the *Jeune École* doctrine, which envisioned using a combination of cruisers and torpedo boats to defend France and attack enemy merchant shipping, became popular in French naval circles. In early 1886, the *Jeune École* supporter Gabriel Charmes published his book *La réforme de la Marine* (*The Reform of the Navy*), in which he called for small commerce raiding cruisers armed with a pair of 138.6 mm (5.46 in) guns—sufficient for the task of sinking merchant vessels—and a speed of 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph), which would allow them to escape any stronger vessel. Admiral Théophile Aube, an ardent supporter of the *Jeune École*, had become the Naval Minister at the same time. He requested on 1 February 1886 just such a vessel from Marie de Bussy, the Inspector General of Naval Engineering. The following day, de Bussy submitted a set of specifications to meet Aube's requirements; these included a speed of at least 19.5 knots (36.1 km/h; 22.4 mph), a range of 2,400 nautical miles (4,400 km; 2,800 mi) at a speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph), two 138.6 mm guns, and a 40 mm (1.6 in) curved armor deck. Over the following month, de Bussy prepared a more detailed design based on these specifications, which Aube approved on 20 March. Three of the vessels were allocated to the 1887 budget, which included a number of other cruisers, all of which were part of Aube's program to equip the French fleet with a number of commerce raiders.

The first two vessels of the 1887 budget—*Forbin* and *Surcouf*—were built in government shipyards according to de Bussy's plans, but for the third vessel, he issued the requirements prepared in February to private shipyards for competing designs. Five yards responded by 30 April 1886, and the proposal from Jean Baron, the chief engineer at *Forges et Chantiers de la Gironde*, was selected; this vessel became *Troude*, the first member of the *Troude|* class. By this time, an extraordinary budget was passed for 1887 that included three more small cruisers. One of these was ordered to de Bussy's design, while the other two became the *Troude*-class cruisers *Lalande* and *Cosmao*. As with the *Forbin*-class ships, the original armament of just two medium-caliber guns was deemed to be insufficient, and so they were modified during construction to receive an additional pair of guns.

### General characteristics and machinery

The ships of the *Troude* class were 95 m (311 ft 8 in) long at the waterline and 95.89 m (314 ft 7 in) long overall, with a beam of 9.5 m (31 ft 2 in) and an average draft of 4.27 m (14 ft 0 in), which increased to 5.17 m (17 ft) aft. They displaced 1,877.5 t (1,847.8 long tons; 2,069.6 short tons) as designed. Their hulls had a pronounced ram bow and tumblehome shape that characterized most French warships of the period. They had a minimal superstructure that consisted primarily of a small bridge. Their crew amounted to 200 officers and enlisted men.

The ships' propulsion systems were manufactured by Schneider-Creusot and consisted of a pair of horizontal compound steam engines driving two 3-bladed, bronze screw propellers. Steam was provided by five coal-burning fire-tube boilers that were ducted into two closely placed funnels. The forward funnel was thin and the aft wider, though both were raked backward slightly. Their machinery was rated to produce 6,300 indicated horsepower (4,700 kW) for a top speed of 20.5 knots (38.0 km/h; 23.6 mph), but all three ships exceeded these figures on their initial speed tests, reaching between 6,384 and 6,560 ihp (4,761 and 4,892 kW) for speeds of 20.6 to 20.89 knots (38.15 to 38.69 km/h; 23.71 to 24.04 mph), *Cosmao* being the fastest of the three. The ships vibrated excessively at speeds in excess of 20 knots, however, and the hull and engines were reportedly unable to withstand prolonged steaming at top speed as a result. This was a result of the lightly-built hull and insufficiently strong scantlings, and was common to ships of the type. Coal storage amounted to 270 t (270 long tons; 300 short tons) normally and up to 300 t (300 long tons; 330 short tons) at full load. When steaming at a speed of 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph), the ships had a cruising range of 1,621 nautical miles (3,002 km; 1,865 mi); their cruising radius grew to 2,110 nmi (3,910 km; 2,430 mi) at a more economical pace of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph).

### Armament and armor

The ships were armed with a main battery of four 138.6 mm (5.46 in) M1881/84 30-caliber guns in individual pivot mounts, all in sponsons located amidships with two guns per broadside. They were supplied with a variety of shells, including solid cast iron projectiles and explosive armor-piercing shells, both of which weighed 30 kg (66 lb). The guns fired with a muzzle velocity of 590 m/s (1,900 ft/s). For close-range defense against torpedo boats, they carried four 47 mm (1.9 in) M1885 3-pounder Hotchkiss guns and four 37 mm (1.5 in) M1885 1-pounder Hotchkiss revolver cannon. They were also armed with four 350 mm (14 in) torpedo tubes in their hull below the waterline, and they had provisions to carry up to 150 naval mines.

Armor protection consisted of a curved armor deck that was 40 mm (1.6 in) thick. The deck was wrought iron that sloped down at the sides to provide a measure of vertical protection. Above the deck, cofferdam was added to control flooding in the event of battle damage. Below the deck and above the engine and boiler rooms was a 7 mm (0.28 in) anti-splinter deck to protect the machinery from shell fragments. All of the guns were initially fitted with gun shields. During construction, *Troude* and *Cosmao* were modified with an armored conning tower with 40 mm sides, though *Lalande* did not receive this alteration.

### Modifications

The ships of the class underwent a series of modifications over their careers. In 1893–1894, *Troude* and *Lalande* had their cofferdams replaced by a layer of highly sub-divided watertight compartments that covered the entire width of the deck. A number of other changes were also carried out, including reinforcing the sponsons for the main battery guns, altering the sailing rig, and converting the main battery to quick-firing guns (QF). *Cosmao* was similarly modified in 1894–1895. *Troude* and *Cosmao* received converted M1881/84 pattern guns, while *Lalande* had new M1884 pattern guns installed. The navy ordered the forward torpedo tubes be removed in November 1895. The ships had their sailing rig reduced in 1902. The armament for all three ships was revised again in the early 1900s, and by 1904 it consisted of the four main battery guns and a standardized anti-torpedo boat armament of nine 47 mm guns. Each ship carried a pair of 37 mm QF guns to be fitted to their boats. The remaining two torpedo tubes were also removed.

In December 1916, *Cosmao*—the only member of the class still in service by that time—was disarmed temporarily, before being re-armed in March 1917 with a pair of 100 mm (3.9 in) guns taken from the cruiser *Descartes* and four 90 mm (3.5 in) M1877 guns. The following year, one of the 100 mm guns and two of the 90 mm guns were removed to be installed on other vessels.

## Construction

Construction data
| Name | Shipyard | Laid down | Launched | Commissioned |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Troude* | *Forges et Chantiers de la Gironde*, Lormont | 27 August 1886 | 22 October 1888 | 5 February 1891 |
| | *Lalande* | 6 May 1887 | 22 March 1889 | 25 April 1891 |
| | *Cosmao* | 1887 | 29 August 1889 | 8 August 1891 |

## Service history

All three members of the class spent their early careers in the Mediterranean Squadron. During this period, the ships were primarily occupied with peacetime training exercises. In 1897, *Troude* was transferred to the Levant Division, becoming its flagship. She served there during the early stages of the Cretan Revolt of 1897–1898. She was moved again to the North Atlantic Division in 1899. All three ships were reduced to reserve by 1901.

*Troude* returned to the North Atlantic Division in 1904, and remained there through 1905. *Lalande* was reactivated in 1906 for service in the Mediterranean Squadron, while *Cosmao* remained out of service. *Troude* was struck from the naval register in either 1907, or 1908, and was broken up for scrap that year. *Lalande* remained in service in the Mediterranean through 1908. Struck from the naval register in 1911, she was sold to ship breakers the following year. *Cosmao* was recommissioned in August 1914 after the start of World War I and tasked with patrolling the Moroccan coast, though she saw no action. She was struck in 1919, used as a hulk from 1920 to 1927, and was eventually sold to ship breakers in 1928.

## Footnotes

### Notes

### Citations

1. Ropp, pp. 129–130.
2. Campbell, p. 320.
3. Roberts, p. 247.
4. Ropp, pp. 158–159, 172.
5. Roberts, pp. 247, 249.
6. Campbell, p. 310.
7. Roberts, p. 249.
8. Ships: France, pp. 271–272.
9. Friedman, p. 221.
10. Campbell, p. 309.
11. Roberts, pp. 249–250.
12. Thursfield, pp. 61–67.
13. Brassey 1893, p. 70.
14. Robinson, p. 187.
15. Garbett, p. 1026.
16. Jordan & Caresse 2017, p. 219.
17. Brassey 1903, pp. 58–60.
18. Brassey 1905, p. 42.
19. Brassey 1906, p. 39.
20. Smigielski, p. 193.
21. Brassey 1908, p. 49.
22. Roberts, p. 250.
23. Jordan & Caresse 2019, pp. 219, 227.
* Brassey, Thomas A. (1893). "Chapter IV: Relative Strength". *The Naval Annual*. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 66–73. OCLC 496786828.
* Brassey, Thomas A. (1903). "Chapter III: Relative Strength". *The Naval Annual*. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 57–68. OCLC 496786828.
* Brassey, Thomas A. (1905). "Chapter III: Comparative Strength". *The Naval Annual*. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 40–57. OCLC 496786828.
* Brassey, Thomas A. (1906). "Chapter III: Comparative Strength". *The Naval Annual*. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 38–52. OCLC 496786828.
* Brassey, Thomas A. (1908). "Chapter III: Comparative Strength". *The Naval Annual*. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 48–57. OCLC 496786828.
* Campbell, N. J. M. (1979). "France". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.). *Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905*. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 283–333. ISBN 978-0-85177-133-5.
* Friedman, Norman (2011). *Naval Weapons of World War One: Guns, Torpedoes, Mines and ASW Weapons of All Nations; An Illustrated Directory*. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7.
* Garbett, H., ed. (September 1899). "Naval Notes: France". *Journal of the Royal United Service Institution*. **XLIII** (259). London: J. J. Keliher & Co.: 1024–1027. OCLC 1077860366.
* Jordan, John & Caresse, Philippe (2017). *French Battleships of World War One*. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-639-1.
* Jordan, John & Caresse, Philippe (2019). *French Armoured Cruisers 1887–1932*. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5267-4118-9.
* Robinson, Charles, ed. (March 1897). "The Fleets of the Powers in the Mediterranean". *The Navy and Army Illustrated*. **III**. London: Hudson & Kearns: 186–187. OCLC 7489254.
* Roberts, Stephen (2021). *French Warships in the Age of Steam 1859–1914*. Barnsley: Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-5267-4533-0.
* Ropp, Theodore (1987). Roberts, Stephen S. (ed.). *The Development of a Modern Navy: French Naval Policy, 1871–1904*. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-141-6.
* "Ships: France". *Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers*. **III** (1): 269–281. 1891. OCLC 1153223376.
* Smigielski, Adam (1985). "France". In Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal (eds.). *Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921*. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. pp. 190–220. ISBN 978-0-87021-907-8.
* Thursfield, J. R. (1892). Brassey, Thomas A. (ed.). "Foreign Naval Manoeuvres". *The Naval Annual*. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 61–88. OCLC 496786828.

## InfoBox

| *Troude* early in her career | |
| --- | --- |
| Class overview | |
| Name | *Troude* class |
| Builders | *Forges et Chantiers de la Gironde* |
| Operators | French Navy |
| Preceded by | *Forbin* class |
| Succeeded by | *Jean Bart* class |
| Built | 1886–1891 |
| In commission | 1891–1922 |
| Completed | 3 |
| Retired | 3 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Protected cruiser |
| Displacement | 1,923 to 1,994 long tons (1,954 to 2,026 ) |
| Length | 95 m (311 ft 8 in) lwl |
| Beam | 9 m (29 ft 6 in) |
| Draft | 5.18 m (17 ft) |
| Installed power |  |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 20.5 knots (38.0 km/h; 23.6 mph) |
| Complement | 201 |
| Armament |  |
| Armor |  |


title: Trough (economics)

abstract: In economics, a trough is a low turning point or a local minimum of a business cycle. The time evolution of many economics variables exhibits a wave-like behavior with local maxima (peaks) followed by local minima (troughs). A business cycle may be defined as the period between two consecutive peaks. The period of the business cycle in which real GDP is increasing is called the expansion, in which the real GDP moves from the trough towards the peak.

text:
# Trough (economics)

In economics, a **trough** is a low turning point or a local minimum of a business cycle. The time evolution of many economics variables exhibits a wave-like behavior with local maxima (peaks) followed by local minima (troughs). A business cycle may be defined as the period between two consecutive peaks.

The period of the business cycle in which real GDP is increasing is called the expansion, in which the real GDP moves from the trough towards the peak.


title: Tuck Langland

abstract: Tuck Langland is a sculptor who lives in Granger, Indiana. His monument-size bronze figures are featured in hospitals, churches, private collections, museums, sculpture gardens, and dozens of other places. He is perhaps best known for his two popular books, Practical Sculpture and From Clay to Bronze. Langland is the former Vice President of the National Sculpture Society. In addition to a sculpture career, Langland is the creator of the Tuck Langland Collection of slides of gothic architecture in England and France, housed at Princeton University. Tuck Langland, who made the Herman B Wells statue, also created a sculpture of Ernie Pyle which sits outside of Franklin Hall at Indiana University Bloomington. In 2013, Langland won the national award from National Sculpture Society (NSS) of New York City.

text:
# Tuck Langland

**Tuck Langland** is a sculptor who lives in Granger, Indiana. His monument-size bronze figures are featured in hospitals, churches, private collections, museums, sculpture gardens, and dozens of other places. He is perhaps best known for his two popular books, *Practical Sculpture* and *From Clay to Bronze*. Langland is the former Vice President of the National Sculpture Society. In addition to a sculpture career, Langland is the creator of the Tuck Langland Collection of slides of gothic architecture in England and France, housed at Princeton University.

Tuck Langland, who made the Herman B Wells statue, also created a sculpture of Ernie Pyle which sits outside of Franklin Hall at Indiana University Bloomington.

In 2013, Langland won the national award from National Sculpture Society (NSS) of New York City.


title: Tullberg's soft-furred mouse

abstract:
Tullberg's soft-furred mouse or Tullberg's praomys is a species of rodent in the family Muridae in Africa.
It is found in Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, possibly Burkina Faso, and possibly Guinea-Bissau.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.

text:
# Tullberg's soft-furred mouse

**Tullberg's soft-furred mouse** or **Tullberg's praomys** (***Praomys tullbergi***) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae in Africa. It is found in Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, possibly Burkina Faso, and possibly Guinea-Bissau. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.

## InfoBox

| Tullberg's soft-furred mouse | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Muridae |
| Genus: | *Praomys* |
| Species: | ***P. tullbergi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Praomys tullbergi***
(Thomas, 1894) | |
|


title: Tsavo Thermal Power Station

abstract: Tsavo Thermal Power Station, also Kipevu II Thermal Power Station is a 75 MW (101,000 hp), heavy fuel oil-fired thermal power station in Kenya.

text:
# Tsavo Thermal Power Station

**Tsavo Thermal Power Station**, also **Kipevu II Thermal Power Station** is a 75 MW (101,000 hp), heavy fuel oil-fired thermal power station in Kenya.

## Location

The power station is located in the port city of Mombasa, adjacent to a similar state-owned project known as Kipevu I Thermal Power Station. The coordinates of the power station are: 4°01'53.0"S, 39°38'02.0"E (Latitude:4°01'53.0"S; Longitude:39°38'02.0"E).

## Overview

The power station is owned and operated by **Tsavo Power Company Limited** (TPCL). TPCL is in turn owned by a consortium of international power developers and financiers including the International Finance Corporation, the UK-based Actis Capital, the Finnish company Wärtsilä, US-based Cinergy Global Power and the Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development. The power company came online in 2001. The electricity generated is sold to Kenya Power and Lighting Company, under a 20-year power purchase agreement. The raw material for the power plant is Heavy Fuel Oil. In 2015, Actis Capital sold their shareholding to the CDC Group and Norfund for US$227 million.

## Developers and financing

The table below summarizes the shareholding in Tsavo Power Company Limited (TPCL), the owner-operator of Tsavo Thermal Power Station, as at 1 April 2016:

Tsavo Power Company Limited Stock Ownership
| Rank | Name of Owner | Percentage Ownership |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | AKFED & Cinergy Global Power Inc. | 47.0 |
| 2 | CDC Group | 15.0 |
| 3 | Norfund | 15.0 |
| 4 | Wärtsilä | 13.0 |
| 5 | International Finance Corporation | 10.0 |
|  | **Total** | **100.00** |
|

## InfoBox

| Tsavo Thermal Power Station | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Tsavo Thermal Power Station | |
| Country | Kenya |
| Location | Mombasa |
| Coordinates | 04°01′53″S 39°38′02″E / 4.03139°S 39.63389°E / -4.03139; 39.63389 |
| Status | Operational |
| Commission date | 2001 (2001) |
| Decommission date | * September 2021 |
| Owners | Tsavo Power Company Limited |
| Thermal power station | |
| Primary fuel | Heavy fuel oil |
| Power generation | |
| Nameplate capacity | 75 MW (101,000 hp) |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Trutenbeek

abstract: Trutenbeek is a small river of Lower Saxony, Germany. It flows into the Oder southwest of Braunlage.

text:
# Trutenbeek

**Trutenbeek** is a small river of Lower Saxony, Germany. It flows into the Oder southwest of Braunlage.

## InfoBox

| Trutenbeek | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Lower Saxony |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Oder |
| coordinates | 51°41′44″N 10°33′59″E / 51.6956°N 10.5664°E / 51.6956; 10.5664 |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | OderRhumeLeineAllerWeserNorth Sea |


title: Truth, Beauty and a Picture of You

abstract: Truth, Beauty and a Picture of You is the first greatest hits album by Australian rock band The Whitlams. It was released in August 2008 and peaked at number 3 on the ARIA charts. Upon release, Tim Freedman said, "I decided to leave a couple of singles off, because I wanted to tell a story of The Whitlams in song, and I needed to put a couple of early tunes in there, and a couple of songs which were about the dramas that the band lived through, and I tried to make a nice mix between the popular songs and those that are an emotional journey." A two disc deluxe edition includes a bonus DVD with documentaries on the making of the Love This City and Torch the Moon albums, and footage of their concerts at the Sydney Opera House in 2007 with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra. An article in The Age promoted the album's release, discussing the orchestrally-reworked Whitlams songs, the highs and lows of the band, and Freedman's young daughter Alice.

text:
# Truth, Beauty and a Picture of You

***Truth, Beauty and a Picture of You*** is the first greatest hits album by Australian rock band The Whitlams. It was released in August 2008 and peaked at number 3 on the ARIA charts. Upon release, Tim Freedman said, "I decided to leave a couple of singles off, because I wanted to tell a story of The Whitlams in song, and I needed to put a couple of early tunes in there, and a couple of songs which were about the dramas that the band lived through, and I tried to make a nice mix between the popular songs and those that are an emotional journey."

A two disc deluxe edition includes a bonus DVD with documentaries on the making of the *Love This City* and *Torch the Moon* albums, and footage of their concerts at the Sydney Opera House in 2007 with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra. An article in The Age promoted the album's release, discussing the orchestrally-reworked Whitlams songs, the highs and lows of the band, and Freedman's young daughter Alice.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Blow Up the Pokies" (from *Love This City*) | Tim Freedman | 3:25 |
| 2. | "Buy Now Pay Later" (from *Eternal Nightcap*) | Freedman | 3:45 |
| 3. | "Fondness Makes the Heart Grow Absent" (from *Little Cloud*) | Freedman | 3:58 |
| 4. | "No Aphrodisiac" (from *Eternal Nightcap*) | Freedman | 4:22 |
| 5. | "Beauty in Me" (from *Little Cloud*) | Freedman | 3:06 |
| 6. | "Fall For You" (from *Torch the Moon*) | Freedman | 3:49 |
| 7. | "Thank You (for Loving Me at My Worst)" (from *Love This City*) | Freedman | 4:12 |
| 8. | "You Sound Like Louis Burdett" (from *Eternal Nightcap*) | Freedman | 4:01 |
| 9. | "I Will Not Go Quietly" (from *Torch the Moon*) | Freedman | 3:51 |
| 10. | "I Make Hamburgers" (from *Undeniably*) | Freedman | 3:36 |
| 11. | "Gough" (from *Introducing*) | Freedman | 3:17 |
| 12. | "Following My Own Tracks" (from *Undeniably*) | Stevie Plunder | 3:31 |
| 13. | "Shining" (from *Undeniably*) | Plunder | 4:23 |
| 14. | "Royal in the Afternoon" (from *Torch the Moon*) | Freedman | 2:58 |
| 15. | "Melbourne" (from *Eternal Nightcap*) | Freedman | 4:19 |
| 16. | "The Road is Lost" (featuring Torcha and the Queensland Orchestra) |  | 3:43 |
| 17. | "Keep the Light On" (Live with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra) | Freedman | 3:54 |
| 18. | "The Curse Stops Here" (Live with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra) | Freedman | 3:37 |
| 19. | "Out the Back" (from *Torch the Moon*) | Freedman | 4:30 |
| 20. | "There's No-one" (from *Love This City*) | Freedman | 5:05 |

### Bonus DVD

Includes videos from The Whitlams Years DVD and footage from the Whitlams & SSO concerts.

* The Stories Behind the songs interview with Tim Freedman - 19:25
* Making of Love This City Doco (from the whitlam years DVD) - 15:57
* Making of Torch The Moon Doco (from the whitlam years DVD) - 7:02
* Where Is She from the Byron Bay Festival 1995 (from the whitlam years DVD) - 4:15
* Live Performance of "Fondness Makes The Heart Grow Absent" (with SSO) - 4:18
* Live Performance of "Ease of the Midnight Visit" (with SSO) - 4:57

## Charts

### Weekly charts

Weekly chart performance for *Truth, Beauty and a Picture of You*
| Chart (2008) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Albums (ARIA) | 3 |

### Year-end charts

Year-end chart performance for *Truth, Beauty and a Picture of You*
| Chart (2008) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Albums (ARIA) | 84 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | Gold | 35,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| Truth, Beauty and a Picture of You | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Greatest hits album by The Whitlams | |
| Released | August 2, 2008 |
| Genre | Rock, pop, piano rock |
| Label | Black Yak / Warner Music |
| The Whitlams chronology | |
| *Live in Concert*
(2008) ***Truth, Beauty and a Picture of You***
(2008) *Sancho*
(2022) | |
|  | |
| Alternative Covers | |
|  | |
| Pre-release cover | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Tubi 60

abstract: Tubi 60 is a citrus based liqueur and is 40% alcohol by volume. The drink is developed and produced in Israel utilizing local herbs, fruits and spices.

text:
# Tubi 60

**Tubi 60** is a citrus based liqueur and is 40% alcohol by volume. The drink is developed and produced in Israel utilizing local herbs, fruits and spices.

## History and origin

Tubi 60 was developed in 2012 by two brothers: Hilal and Yanai Tubi in Haifa, Israel.

In 2013 the first distillery was opened in Haifa and obtained necessary approvals, licenses, and legal documents from the Israeli Health Ministry to produce Tubi 60. The liquor is also approved by the TTB.

Increased demand throughout the following year led to the founding of a larger distillery in 2015 by the two brothers. In 2017, the Tubi company started exporting the liquor to the US, Hungary, Norway, Germany and other countries.

## Composition and taste

Tubi 60 is made of lemon as well as other local citrus fruits. It is infused with herbs, spices, tree and flower extracts, including ginger, mint, anise, saffron, turmeric and cumin. Tubi 60 is most commonly served as a shot or a shooter, or mixed with tonic water or seltzer. The makers of Tubi 60 claim the ingredients leave the consumer with a "refreshing and uplifting feeling".

## Marketing

Tubi 60's popularity in Israel increased mainly by word of mouth. Initially spread by word of mouth through the friends and family of the two founders, it became a frequently requested drink in bars, with Jerusalem being the first city to serve it as a staple. It took until 2014 for the drink to reach Tel Aviv's bar scene. Its popularity there cemented it as a countrywide mainstay.

## InfoBox

Tubi 60
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Spirit |
| Manufacturer | Tubi 60 Co., Ltd. |
| Country of origin | Israel |
| Introduced | 2012 |
| Alcohol by volume | 30.0% (previously 40.0%) |
| Proof (US) | 80 |
| Variants | Tubi Night, Nova one |
| Website | www.tubi60.com |


title: Trzy Rzeki

abstract: Trzy Rzeki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Przodkowo, within Kartuzy County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north of Przodkowo, 11 km (7 mi) north-east of Kartuzy, and 24 km (15 mi) west of the regional capital Gdańsk. For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

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# Trzy Rzeki

**Trzy Rzeki** \[ˈtʂɨ ˈʐɛki\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Przodkowo, within Kartuzy County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north of Przodkowo, 11 km (7 mi) north-east of Kartuzy, and 24 km (15 mi) west of the regional capital Gdańsk.

For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

## InfoBox

| Trzy Rzeki | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Trzy Rzeki | |
| Coordinates: 54°24′54″N 18°14′38″E / 54.41500°N 18.24389°E / 54.41500; 18.24389 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Kartuzy |
| Gmina | Przodkowo |


abstract: Vail High School is a continuation school located in the city of Montebello, California. It is a small campus whose students are drawn from all the other high schools in the Montebello Unified School District, which include Schurr High School, Montebello High School, Bell Gardens High School and Applied Technology Center. The students are typically sent to Vail by their original high schools once it is determined that they are in danger of not graduating due to lack of eligible credits or poor grades.

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# Vail High School (Montebello, California)

**Vail High School** is a continuation school located in the city of Montebello, California. It is a small campus whose students are drawn from all the other high schools in the Montebello Unified School District, which include Schurr High School, Montebello High School, Bell Gardens High School and Applied Technology Center. The students are typically sent to Vail by their original high schools once it is determined that they are in danger of not graduating due to lack of eligible credits or poor grades.

## InfoBox

| Vail High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 1230 S. Vail Ave. Montebello, California 90640<br>United States | |
| Coordinates | 33°59′36″N 118°07′45″W / 33.9932°N 118.1292°W / 33.9932; -118.1292 |
| Information | |
| Type | Public |
| Principal | Horacio Perez |
| Grades | 10-12 |
| Enrollment | 276 (2022–23) |
| Campus | Suburban |
| Color(s) | Red & Yellow |
| Team name | Vikings |
| Rival | Montebello High School |
| Website | vhs.montebello.k12.ca.us |


title: Valadares & a Cidade em Foco

abstract:
Valadares & a Cidade em Foco, misspelled Valadares e a Cidade em Foco, is a regional monthly newspaper which covers the area of Valadares and other parishes of Gaia, on the coast of Portugal. The newspaper was founded in 1998 and costs €0.75.
Most of the articles are local stories about Valadares and Gaia, and there are some general news and opinion texts on different subjects such as religion, sport, the economy, and politics.

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# Valadares & a Cidade em Foco

***Valadares & a Cidade em Foco*** ("Valadares and the city highlighted" in English), misspelled *Valadares e a Cidade em Foco*, is a regional monthly newspaper which covers the area of Valadares and other parishes of Gaia, on the coast of Portugal. The newspaper was founded in 1998 and costs €0.75. Most of the articles are local stories about Valadares and Gaia, and there are some general news and opinion texts on different subjects such as religion, sport, the economy, and politics.


title: Val Kalei Kanuha

abstract: Val Kalei Kanuha is a scholar, teacher, and activist on gender violence, anti-oppression, and social justice focused on Native Hawaiian/indigenous peoples, people of color and LGBTQ communities.

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# Val Kalei Kanuha

**Val Kalei Kanuha** is a scholar, teacher, and activist on gender violence, anti-oppression, and social justice focused on Native Hawaiian/indigenous peoples, people of color and LGBTQ communities.

## Early life and education

Kanuha was born and raised in Hilo, Hawaii, United States, in the 1950s. Her Nisei mother is the daughter of a Japanese picture bride and her father is Kanaka Maoli both born and spent their entire lives in Hawaii. Kanuha received her bachelor's degree in social work from the University of Wisconsin , master's in social work (MSW) from the University of Minnesota  and her PhD in social welfare from the University of Washington's (UW) School of Social Work.

## Teaching

Kanuha has been a national and international trainer, advisor and consultant on anti-oppression, social justice, and gender violence issues. She taught at Hunter College in the 1990s. From 1997 to 2016, after receiving her PhD, Kanuha taught social work, sociology and women's studies courses at the University of Hawai’i at Manoa (UH) Much of her teaching and research focuses on sexual assault and intimate partner violence, designing culturally-based interventions based on Native Hawaiian traditions and practices, partner violence in womenʻs same-sex relationships, historical/cultural trauma, and alternative justice approaches (transformative and restorative justice). In 2017, she left her position as a professor in the Sociology Department at UH and joined the UW School of Social Work as Assistant Dean for Field Education. She is currently Assistant Dean for Diversity, Equity and Inclusion, and teaches qualitative research, gender violence, historical trauma, and other social work courses .

## Activism

Kanuha was an early activist and organizer in the U.S. based battered womenʻs movement in the early 1970s . She is one of the founding members of an early coalition in the battered women's movement starting in the Twin Cities, that helped open Women's Advocates, considered one of the first domestic violence shelters in the U.S.  She co-founded the University of Hawai’i at the Hilo Women's Center, which provides a space for women to discuss the intersections of feminism, racism, ethnicity, indigeneity, class and other systems of hierarchy and conceptualizations. She was also a co-founder of the Asian Pacific Islander Center on HIV/AIDS in New York . She is a founding member of Incite! Women of Color Against Violence, an organization of queer, feminist and indigenous women of color whose work has greatly contributed to fighting State and interpersonal violence against women, gender, non-conforming, and trans people of color. Kanuha is currently a national Board member of the Joyful Heart Foundation founded in 2004 by advocate and actor Mariska Hargitay of Law and Order: SVU, and board member with API Chaya in Seattle . Kanuha has been actively involved in local and national advocacy and social justice on behalf of Hawaiian, indigenous, and people of color

## Personal life

Kanuha met her partner, Kata, in 1993, and together they adopted their daughter, Anela Roshan in 2013.

## Articles and other works


title: Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes

abstract: The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes is a valley within Katmai National Park and Preserve in Alaska which is filled with ash flow from the eruption of Novarupta on June 6–8, 1912. Following the eruption, thousands of fumaroles vented steam from the ash. Robert F. Griggs, who explored the volcano's aftermath for the National Geographic Society in 1916, gave the valley its name, saying that "the whole valley as far as the eye could reach was full of hundreds, no thousands—literally, tens of thousands—of smokes curling up from its fissured floor." Prior to the eruption, the area now called the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes was an unremarkable and unnamed portion of the Ukak River valley. Although never permanently inhabited by humans, it served as a pass for the Alutiiq people, as well as animals such as grizzly bears. The 1912 eruption was the largest eruption by volume in the 20th century, erupting a magma volume of about 13 cubic kilometers (3.1 cu mi). As many as 14 major earthquakes between M s 6 to 7, and over 100 earthquakes greater than M s 5, resulted from the collapse of the caldera at Mount Katmai and movement within the magmatic plumbing system. The ash-filled valley covers a 40-square-mile (100 km⁲) area. The ash can be up to 700 feet (210 m) deep. In places deep canyons have been cut by the River Lethe, allowing observers to see the ash flow strata. Since the ash has cooled, most of the fumaroles are now extinct and despite its name the valley is no longer filled with 'smoke'. Vegetation still does not grow in the valley. The signs of volcanic activity are still visible on nearby hills. Katmai's most recent eruption was in 1927, but there have been non-eruptive events as recently as 2003. The Alaska Volcano Observatory still monitors Katmai's activity as part of the Katmai Cluster, where there are five active stratovolcanos within 15 kilometers (9 mi) of Katmai. Visitors to the valley most commonly arrive via bus along the 20-mile (32 km) road from Brooks Camp, which is the only road in Katmai Park. The valley is a source of creative exploration by photographers and naturalists.

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# Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes

The **Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes** is a valley within Katmai National Park and Preserve in Alaska which is filled with ash flow from the eruption of Novarupta on June 6–8, 1912. Following the eruption, thousands of fumaroles vented steam from the ash. Robert F. Griggs, who explored the volcano's aftermath for the National Geographic Society in 1916, gave the valley its name, saying that "the whole valley as far as the eye could reach was full of hundreds, no thousands—literally, tens of thousands—of smokes curling up from its fissured floor."

Prior to the eruption, the area now called the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes was an unremarkable and unnamed portion of the Ukak River valley. Although never permanently inhabited by humans, it served as a pass for the Alutiiq people, as well as animals such as grizzly bears.

The 1912 eruption was the largest eruption by volume in the 20th century, erupting a magma volume of about 13 cubic kilometers (3.1 cu mi). As many as 14 major earthquakes between $M\_{\text{s}}$ 6 to 7, and over 100 earthquakes greater than $M\_{\text{s}}$ 5, resulted from the collapse of the caldera at Mount Katmai and movement within the magmatic plumbing system.

The ash-filled valley covers a 40-square-mile (100 km2) area. The ash can be up to 700 feet (210 m) deep. In places deep canyons have been cut by the River Lethe, allowing observers to see the ash flow strata. Since the ash has cooled, most of the fumaroles are now extinct and despite its name the valley is no longer filled with 'smoke' (i.e. steam). Vegetation still does not grow in the valley. The signs of volcanic activity are still visible on nearby hills.

Katmai's most recent eruption was in 1927, but there have been non-eruptive events as recently as 2003. The Alaska Volcano Observatory still monitors Katmai's activity as part of the Katmai Cluster, where there are five active stratovolcanos within 15 kilometers (9 mi) of Katmai.

Visitors to the valley most commonly arrive via bus along the 20-mile (32 km) road from Brooks Camp, which is the only road in Katmai Park. The valley is a source of creative exploration by photographers and naturalists.

## Geology

Basement rocks in the area consist of the Late Jurassic Naknek Formation, which is composed of siltstones, and arkosic sandstones 1.7–2 km thick deposited in a marine shelf and submarine fan delta environment during the Oxfordian-Tithonian. Some 20 dioritic and granodioritic Tertiary plutons pierce the formation. Most prevalent though are the Quaternary stratovolcanoes along the Aleutian Arc associated with the Aleutian subduction zone.

The 1912 Novarupta eruption was characterized by three main episodes spanning 60 hours. Episode I included both a rhyolitic ignimbrite and a simultaneous Plinian dispersal of rhyolitic tephra fallout. The ignimbrite consisted of 9 separate packages of pumiceous pyroclastic flow deposits, radiating outward 9 km, and which filled 11 km3 of the valley to a depth of 100–200 m in the upper portion and 35 m in the lower over the span of 16 hours. It is indurated in the upper valley while nonwelded in the lower. The ignimbrite is noted for its fumaroles, phreatic craters, welded tuff, and flattened fiamme. At the same time, a Plinian dispersal of 8.8 km3 of rhyolitic tephra occurred depositing layers A and B. Episode II consisted of a second Plinian dispersal, but one consisting of dacite tephra, depositing 4.8 km3 of layers C and D. Episode III was also a Plinian dispersal of dacite tephra depositing 3.4 km3 of layers F and G.

The explosion from the eruption was heard as far away as Fairbanks and Juneau, while earthquakes continued until mid-Aug. Ball lightning near the ground was noted in addition to regular thunder and lightning, rare in South Alaska, while severe static disrupted wireless transmissions. Volcanic dust reached Wisconsin on June 8, Algeria on June 19 and California on June 21. Fields of pumice were seen floating in Katmai Bay, 241 km to the southwest, in 1913. Griggs noted 1000 fumarolic plumes over 500 feet high in 1916. In 1917, diffuse steam emanations were still evident and temperatures were 97 °C just 1 m below the surface. In 1918, Jasper Sayre and Paul Hagelbarger noted 86 vents with temperatures greater than 190 °C, the hottest being 432 °C. The steam was measured to be 99.5% water vapor with some acidic gases of HCl, CO2, H2S and HF. Only a few hundred emanations were seen by 1929, and just 10 were left by 1940.

## Astronaut training

The Katmai Peninsula in general, and the valley in particular, were used by NASA and the USGS to geologically train the Apollo astronauts in recognizing volcanic features, landforms and materials, especially fumaroles and vents. Two separate groups of astronauts trained here, the first in June–July 1965 and a second group in August 1966. Their field exercises included simulating a lunar mission. "Playing the Moon game", involved pairing up astronauts and placing them in a location with very little prior information. They then planned traverses and collected representative samples. They communicated with their geologist instructors via radio. Astronauts who would use this training on the Moon included Apollo 11's Buzz Aldrin, Apollo 12's Alan Bean, Apollo 14's Edgar Mitchell, Apollo 15's James Irwin, Apollo 16's Charlie Duke, and Apollo 17's Gene Cernan and Jack Schmitt. Notable geologist instructors included Garniss Curtis and Gene Shoemaker.

58°23′38″N 155°23′07″W / 58.39389°N 155.38528°W / 58.39389; -155.38528


title: Vanda insignis

abstract: Vanda insignis is a species of orchid endemic to the Lesser Sunda Islands.

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# Vanda insignis

***Vanda insignis*** is a species of orchid endemic to the Lesser Sunda Islands.

## InfoBox

| *Vanda insignis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Vanda insignis* illustration | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Epidendroideae |
| Genus: | *Vanda* |
| Species: | ***V. insignis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Vanda insignis***
Blume | |
|
|  | |
| distribution of *Vanda insignis* | |


title: Vanda miniata

abstract: Vanda miniata, the rust-red ascocentrum, is a species of orchid found in Assam, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Java, Malaysia, Philippines, Sumatra. It was formerly known as Ascocentrum miniatum and was the type species of the genus Ascocentrum, now synonymous with Vanda.

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# Vanda miniata

***Vanda miniata***, the **rust-red ascocentrum**, is a species of orchid found in Assam, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Java, Malaysia, Philippines, Sumatra. It was formerly known as *Ascocentrum miniatum* and was the type species of the genus *Ascocentrum*, now synonymous with *Vanda*.

## InfoBox

| Rust-red ascocentrum | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Epidendroideae |
| Genus: | *Vanda* |
| Species: | ***V. miniatum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Vanda miniatum***<br>(Lindl.) L.M.Gardiner | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Ascocentrum miniatum* (Lindl.) Schltr. * *Saccolabium miniatum* Lindl. * *Gastrochilus miniatus* (Lindl.) Kuntze | |


title: Vanderpool Farm Complex

abstract: Vanderpool Farm Complex is a historic home and barn located at Guilderland in Albany County, New York. The house was built about 1855 and has a two-story main block with 1+1⁄2-story ell. It features a classical, recessed center entrance with side lights and transom. The Dutch barn was built about 1800 and a small shed connects it to the adjacent small English barn. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

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# Vanderpool Farm Complex

**Vanderpool Farm Complex** is a historic home and barn located at Guilderland in Albany County, New York. The house was built about 1855 and has a two-story main block with 1+12-story ell. It features a classical, recessed center entrance with side lights and transom. The Dutch barn was built about 1800 and a small shed connects it to the adjacent small English barn.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Vanderpool Farm Complex | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 3647 Settles Hill Rd., Guilderland, New York |
| Coordinates | 42°43′50″N 74°2′13″W / 42.73056°N 74.03694°W / 42.73056; -74.03694 |
| Area | 56.3 acres (22.8 ha) |
| Built | ca. 1800 |
| Architectural style | Dutch H-framing |
| MPS | Guilderland MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 82001085 |
| Added to NRHP | November 10, 1982 |


title: Vancouver Balloholics

abstract: The Vancouver Balloholics were a Canadian semi-professional basketball team. They started play in the 2014–15 season as a member of the American Basketball Association (ABA). They played in the league's Pacific Northwest Division. The Balloholics played their home games at the British Columbia Institute of Technology BCIT Gymnasium in Burnaby, British Columbia. In 2017 the team became a Training League for Youth Basketball for Victory Sports Camps and training Youth for U11, U12, U15 and U17 Leagues at High Schools and Elementary Schools around Burnaby, British Columbia.

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# Vancouver Balloholics

The **Vancouver Balloholics** were a Canadian semi-professional basketball team. They started play in the 2014–15 season as a member of the American Basketball Association (ABA). They played in the league's Pacific Northwest Division. The Balloholics played their home games at the British Columbia Institute of Technology BCIT Gymnasium in Burnaby, British Columbia. In 2017 the team became a Training League for Youth Basketball for Victory Sports Camps and training Youth for U11, U12, U15 and U17 Leagues at High Schools and Elementary Schools around Burnaby, British Columbia.

## InfoBox

Vancouver Balloholics
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2014 |
| Folded | ABA (2017) |
| League | ABA (2014–2016)
Victory Sports Camps (2017–present) |
| Team history | **Vancouver Balloholics**
ABA (2014–2017) Victory Sports Camp (2017– present) |
| Based in | Burnaby, British Columbia |
| Arena | BCIT Gymnasium |
| Website | Vancouver Balloholics |


title: Valley Central School District

abstract:
The Valley Central School District serves most of the Town of Montgomery in Orange County, New York, United States, and its three villages: Maybrook, Montgomery and Walden. Students also come from adjacent areas of the towns of Newburgh, Crawford, Wallkill, Hamptonburgh, and New Windsor. A small portion of Ulster County's Town of Shawangunk also sends students to this district.
There is also another school named Valley Central Public School in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. It operates six schools:

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# Valley Central School District

The **Valley Central School District** serves most of the Town of Montgomery in Orange County, New York, United States, and its three villages: Maybrook, Montgomery and Walden. Students also come from adjacent areas of the towns of Newburgh, Crawford, Wallkill, Hamptonburgh, and New Windsor. A small portion of Ulster County's Town of Shawangunk also sends students to this district. There is also another school named Valley Central Public School in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.

It operates six schools:

## Berea Elementary School

## East Coldenham Elementary School

## Montgomery Elementary School

**Montgomery Elementary School** is located on Union Street (NY 211) in the village of Montgomery, New York, United States. It educates children from grades kindergarten through , most of them residents of the village or nearby sections of the Town of Montgomery.

It is a Colonial Revival-style brick building dating to the 1920s. When it was built it was the school for all ages in the village, but became an elementary school when the district was created in the late 1950s.

In 2008 it was named a high-performing/gap closing school under the reporting requirements of the No Child Left Behind Act. Fifth-graders go on to Valley Central Middle School. This school has 1 courtyard and a garden. It has 2 playgrounds 1 for grades K-2 and 1 for 3-5.

## Walden Elementary School

**Walden Elementary School** educates children from kindergarten through fifth grade in the village of the same name, and adjacent areas of the surrounding Town of Montgomery.

The building itself was opened in 1926 as the single school building for what was then the Walden School District, educating students of all grade levels from the village, a purpose still evident from the "Walden Grade-High School" entablature on the pediment above the four Corinthian order columns at the main entrance. When Valley Central was created from the merger of Walden and two neighboring districts in the late 1950s, it became just one of three (later five, now four) elementary schools in the district.

The school was at the center of a small controversy in 2007. On November 15, an employee at the school received a bomb threat in email. School officials locked down the building, letting police enter and confining students to their rooms until an hour after their normal dismissal time. Parents who had objected to the school's decision, and its failure to notify them, kept a quarter of the students home the next day as a protest. School district officials defended their actions as required by the situation.

## Valley Central Middle School

## Valley Central High School

See Valley Central High School

## Other facilities

A seventh school, Maybrook Elementary School, closed in June 2013. It is now called the Alternative Learning Center and is used for special learning programs and other small parent enrichment programs. The District Office is located on the same property as Berea Elementary. All business office and Board of Education functions are performed there.

## InfoBox

| Valley Central School District | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
| 944 State Route 17K Montgomery, New York, 12549<br>United States | |
| District information | |
| Type | Public |
| Grades | K–12 |
| NCES District ID | 3619680 |
| Students and staff | |
| Students | 4,101 |
| Teachers | 357.07 (FTE) |
| Staff | 351.03 (FTE) |
| Student–teacher ratio | 11.49 |
| Other information | |
| Website | www.vcsd.k12.ny.us |


title: South Water Caye Marine Reserve

abstract: South Water Caye Marine Reserve is the largest marine reserve in the Stann Creek district of Belize. It was established in 1996 and covers 47,702 hectares of mangrove and coastal ecosystems. It includes the crown reserve of Man-O-War Caye, a nesting site for the brown booby and magnificent frigatebird. In 2017, National Geographic named Pelican Beach on South Water Caye one of the 21 best beaches in the world.

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# South Water Caye Marine Reserve

**South Water Caye Marine Reserve** is the largest marine reserve in the Stann Creek district of Belize. It was established in 1996 and covers 47,702 hectares (117,870 acres) of mangrove and coastal ecosystems. It includes the crown reserve of Man-O-War Caye, a nesting site for the brown booby and magnificent frigatebird. In 2017, *National Geographic* named Pelican Beach on South Water Caye one of the 21 best beaches in the world.

## Important Bird Area

A 1.2m ha site off the coast of Belize, comprising the nation’s offshore and barrier islands, has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports significant populations of several resident, passage or breeding bird species, including white-crowned pigeons, red-footed boobies, roseate terns, Yucatan vireos, black catbirds, and golden-winged and cerulean warblers. The IBA encompasses the South Water Caye, Gladden Spit and Silk Cayes, Sapodilla Cayes and Glover's Reef marine reserves, Half Moon Caye, Laughing Bird Caye and Man-O-War Caye islands, as well as several spawning aggregations.

## InfoBox

| South Water Caye Marine Reserve | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category IV (habitat/species management area) | |
| Map of Belize | |
| Location | Gulf of Honduras, Belize |
| Nearest city | Dangriga |
| Coordinates | 16°43′08″N 88°08′56″W / 16.719°N 88.149°W / 16.719; -88.149 |
| Area | 47,702 hectares (117,870 acres) |
| Established | 1996 |
| Governing body | Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment |


title: Mindanao shrew-rat

abstract:
The Mindanao shrew-rat is a species of rodent in the family Muridae.
It is found only in the Philippines.

text:
# Mindanao shrew-rat

The **Mindanao shrew-rat** (***Crunomys melanius***) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is found only in the Philippines.

## InfoBox

| Mindanao shrew-rat | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Muridae |
| Genus: | *Crunomys* |
| Species: | ***C. melanius*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Crunomys melanius***
Thomas, 1907 | |
|
|  | |


title: The Hunting Hypothesis

abstract: The Hunting Hypothesis: A Personal Conclusion Concerning the Evolutionary Nature of Man is a 1976 work of paleoanthropology by Robert Ardrey. It is the final book in his widely read Nature of Man Series, which also includes African Genesis (1961) and The Territorial Imperative (1966). The work deals with the ramifications of evolutionarily inherited traits in man, particularly those that developed through hunting. It was also one of the earliest books to warn about the possible dangers of climate change.

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# The Hunting Hypothesis

***The Hunting Hypothesis: A Personal Conclusion Concerning the Evolutionary Nature of Man*** (commonly known as *The Hunting Hypothesis*) is a 1976 work of paleoanthropology by Robert Ardrey. It is the final book in his widely read Nature of Man Series, which also includes *African Genesis* (1961) and *The Territorial Imperative* (1966).

The work deals with the ramifications of evolutionarily inherited traits in man, particularly those that developed through hunting. It was also one of the earliest books to warn about the possible dangers of climate change.

## Theories and controversy

Ardrey's main focus in *The Hunting Hypothesis* was to examine the ways in which human evolution developed with and because of hunting behavior, and the effects on modern man of inherited traits related to this evolution.

At the time of the publication of *The Hunting Hypothesis* there was still significant controversy surrounding the thesis that early man hunted for food. Ardrey's work was often attacked for its focus on human aggression. In particular, Ashley Montagu, representing a camp known as the "Blank State" theorists, who believed that man's behavior was entirely socially determined, marshaled fourteen scientists to refute Ardrey and his predecessors (chiefly Konrad Lorenz) in two volumes.

Though now generally accepted, the hypothesis that hunting behavior influenced the evolution of early man continued to inspire controversy. As late as 1997, PBS, in its series *In Search of Human Origins* cast aspersion on the notion that hunting was common in early man, asserting instead that early man was primarily a "highly successful scavenger."

## Legacy

Today, the theories propounded in *The Hunting Hypothesis* have come to be commonly accepted in the scientific community. In 2011 PBS reversed its earlier position. The special *Becoming Human* asserted:

> Homo erectus probably hunted with close-quarters weapons, with spears that were thrown at animals from a short distance, clubs, thrown rocks, weapons like that. They weren’t using long distance projectile weapons that we know of. The Homo erectus hunt was simple but effective. It fed not just their larger brains, but the growing complexity of that early human society.

*Scientific American* wrote about the controversy:

> For decades researchers have been locked in debate over how and when hunting began and how big a role it played in human evolution. Recent analyses of human anatomy, stone tools and animal bones are helping to fill in the details of this game-changing shift in subsistence strategy. This evidence indicates that hunting evolved far earlier than some scholars had envisioned – and profoundly impacted subsequent human evolution.

## Reception

Reviews of *The Hunting Hypothesis* were mixed; popular reviews tended to be generally positive, and scientific reviews tended to be polarized.

The famed biologist and naturalist E. O. Wilson, who notably advocated for Ardrey against his critics, effusively praised the book.

> In his excellent new book Robert Ardrey continues as the lyric poet of human evolution, capturing the Homeric quality of the subject that so many scientists by and large feel but are unable to put into words. His opinions, like those in his earlier works, are controversial but more open, squarely stated, and closer to the truth than the protests of his most scandalized critics.

The anthropologist Colin Turnbull reviewed the book for *The New York Times*: "This is a sober, well-reasoned plea for a sane appraisal of the human situation, of a re-evaluation of man's nature, of where he has come from and, much more important, where he is going." He went on to call it a profoundly hopeful book, dispelling notions that Ardrey's work was pessimistic. "If there is any cause for pessimism it is not in the facts nor in Ardrey's account, but in man's demonstrated ability to ignore the lessons of history, and in his preference for short-term responses rather than long-term solutions."

*The Hunting Hypothesis*, which was the final book in Ardrey's *Nature of Man* series, was widely acknowledged as a fitting capstone to his work. Max Lerner, for instance, wrote that it was "Easily the best of Robert Ardrey's books. It is brilliant in its summary of recent findings, it is wonderfully persuasive in its argument about our essential human nature, and it makes a satisfying unity out of Ardrey's thinking in all his books." Roger D. Masters wrote that "*The Hunting Hypothesis* is probably Robert Ardrey's best book. ... His overall contribution to public understanding of an enormous range of scientific research is of the greatest importance." Antony Jay summarized the consensus:

> If I believe that Robert Ardrey's books are the most important to be written since the war and arguably in the 20th century, it is because he has satisfied to a quite unbelievable degree the demands of the ignorant layman and the requirements of the responsible scientist. *The Hunting Hypothesis* is not so much a sequel to the three previous books as the culmination of them. He draws on twenty years of wide reading and deep thinking, of predictable objection and surprising corroboration, to produce a unique and beautiful account of the making of man.

*The Hunting Hypothesis* found success with popular audiences, though it sold fewer copies than *African Genesis* or *The Territorial Imperative*. In 2014 it was reissued in a new edition.

## Climate change

*The Hunting Hypothesis* was also one of the first books to warn about the possible dangers of climate change for the continued existence of humanity. In particular, Ardrey argued that the changing climate could render inoperable vast swathes of wheat-producing land in the Northern United States, Canada and Russia. He advocated long-term action and respect for nature. "One of Ardrey's major criticisms of modern man is precisely that since the inception of agriculture he has sought to dominate nature, separating himself from it until he is now coming to think of himself as nature's master."

## InfoBox

The Hunting Hypothesis: A Personal Conclusion Concerning the Evolutionary Nature of Man
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Robert Ardrey |
| Language | English |
| Series | Nature of Man Series |
| Subjects | Paleoanthropology<br>Human evolution |
| Published |  |
| Media type | Print |
| Pages | 231 |
| ISBN | 978-0988604384 |
| Preceded by | *The Social Contract* |


title: Paleocollapse

abstract: Paleocollapse is a rock structure resembling the karst landform, but is formed essentially by the dissolution of underlying sedimentary rock. It has also been called paleo-karst collapse. This has the effect of collapsing the formerly intact rock above, forming extensive fractures, debris pipes, and open caverns. Normally, the process was started and completed in the geologic past. The mechanism of its formation is relatively simple. As in the illustration, a deeper layer of salt is dissolved, through some process. The support for the upper rock vanishes, and starts the collapse process. This is much like the subsidence associated with old coal mines. Eventually, the caving process reaches the surface, and can be associated with debris pipes, rock fractures, and open caverns. At some later date, undisturbed sediments, or glacial till may fill the collapse zone. Paleocollapse geology can be remarkably stable, but poses some serious challenges to engineering or environmental geology. Primarily, the collapse zone is extremely permeable. This can provide a conduit for groundwater, or contaminant transport. As well, these zones may only be marginally stable, in that they can be reactivated by human activity, or events such as earthquakes. In China, underground mines have become suddenly flooded, due to paleocollapse features. In order to fully characterize the hazard, investigations may be undertaken, using dye tracers, or exploration geophysics. Of particular importance is understanding the true stability of the region. The paleocollapse process may continue at some future date, due to deep groundwater flow changes. Or perhaps, the reason that a certain evaporite zone has dissolved, is because of underlying faults in the bedrock.

text:
# Paleocollapse

**Paleocollapse** is a rock structure resembling the karst landform, but is formed essentially by the dissolution of underlying sedimentary rock. It has also been called paleo-karst collapse. This has the effect of collapsing the formerly intact rock above, forming extensive fractures, debris pipes, and open caverns. Normally, the process was started and completed in the geologic past.

The mechanism of its formation is relatively simple. As in the illustration, a deeper layer of salt (or other evaporite) is dissolved, through some process. The support for the upper rock vanishes, and starts the collapse process. This is much like the subsidence associated with old coal mines. Eventually, the caving process reaches the surface, and can be associated with debris pipes, rock fractures, and open caverns. At some later date, undisturbed sediments, or glacial till may fill the collapse zone.

Paleocollapse geology can be remarkably stable (unlike karst), but poses some serious challenges to engineering or environmental geology. Primarily, the collapse zone is extremely permeable. This can provide a conduit for groundwater, or contaminant transport. As well, these zones may only be marginally stable, in that they can be reactivated by human activity, or events such as earthquakes. In China, underground mines have become suddenly flooded, due to paleocollapse features.

In order to fully characterize the hazard, investigations may be undertaken, using dye tracers, or exploration geophysics. Of particular importance is understanding the true stability of the region. The paleocollapse process may continue at some future date, due to deep groundwater flow changes. Or perhaps, the reason that a certain evaporite zone has dissolved, is because of underlying faults in the bedrock.


title: Today (Johnny Hartman album)

abstract: Today is a studio album by American singer Johnny Hartman, released in 1972 by Perception Records. It was Hartman's first recording since 1967 and marked a new phase in his career, with the inclusion of material by more contemporary songwriters such as Jimmy Webb, Kris Kristofferson, and Paul Williams. Musicians on the album include well-known jazz instrumentalists such as George Coleman, Earl May, and Billy Higgins. Today was the only album by Hartman to ever appear on the pop charts, spending three weeks on the Cash Box Album Charts, where it peaked at No. 160.

text:
# Today (Johnny Hartman album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *DownBeat* |  |
| *The Virgin Encyclopedia of Jazz* |  |

***Today*** is a studio album by American singer Johnny Hartman, released in 1972 by Perception Records. It was Hartman's first recording since 1967 and marked a new phase in his career, with the inclusion of material by more contemporary songwriters such as Jimmy Webb, Kris Kristofferson, and Paul Williams. Musicians on the album include well-known jazz instrumentalists such as George Coleman, Earl May, and Billy Higgins.

*Today* was the only album by Hartman to ever appear on the pop charts, spending three weeks on the Cash Box Album Charts, where it peaked at No. 160.

## Reception

Initial reception to the album was consistently positive. *DownBeat* awarded *Today* its highest five-star rating, and reviewer Robert Rusch hailed it as Hartman's "greatest recording to date. . . . Unconditionally recommended." Rusch praised Hartman as "an exceptional ballad singer with beautiful control, sensitivity, and range," and said, "he uses his exceptional shifts in tension and phrasing to completely immerse the listener in the lyrics, mood and coloring of the tunes." The review also applauded the backing musicians, calling them "an unusually inspired combo, which on its own plays five-star jazz."

Phyl Garland, music critic for *Ebony* magazine, welcomed Hartman's return to the recording studio and said: "He sings with a rare ease and intimacy as apparent on the standouts *Betcha By Golly Wow* and a version of *Didn't We* that is a tour de force of vocal range."

*Billboard* chose *Today* as a four-star Special Merit Pick, and *Cash Box* selected it as a Pop Pick, saying that Hartman "soars above the background gentility and supercool ambience to project a style that is both original and totally involving."

*Village Voice* reviewer Victor Stein wrote: "Hartman's voice, for me, is the finest of any male singer's. It's a rich baritone, to be compared to such things as port wine and the mists of a summer night. Yet, for all its richness, it is lean, objective, with no sentimentality clinging to its edges." He mentions "Betcha By Golly, Wow", saying: "This is a bubble-gum tune, and by treating it as such, Hartman raises it to the level of a tender jazz ballad."

More recently, however, Stephen Thomas Erlewine at AllMusic gave the album low marks, saying: "Today, Johnny Hartman's first record for Perception, was a new beginning of sorts. It just wasn't a very good beginning." Erlewine claims that the songs, though good, don't lend themselves to Hartman's vocal style, and he criticizes the production on the album. "There are moments on Today that work," he concludes, "but by and large this is a missed opportunity.

Gregg Akkerman, in his 2012 biography of Hartman, expressed mixed views about *Today*, saying: "\[W\]hen placed in the context of its time, some special music had been created. . . . Hartman recorded 'contemporary' hits in a manner that presented him as relevant without denying his past." Akkerman highlights "By the Time I Get to Phoenix", with its "rock solid sense of time in the vocals and a devilishly technical Coleman sax solo," and "the light R&B groove of 'We've Only Just Begun' \[that\] provided Hartman with a comfortable backing over which to exploit the full dynamic range of his voice." On the other hand, Akkerman criticizes the album's "overall harshness of sound and the incessant vocalizing of the pianist." He concludes by saying that *Today* "offered an inspired collection of genres and tempos, \[but\] there are times it played like a demo for the album Hartman should have made."

## Reissues

*Today* has been reissued on compact disc with Hartman's other album for Perception, *I've Been There* (1973), initially as *Today/I've Been There – The Perception Years* (Collectables, 1997), and then as *Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head* (Definitive, 2003).

## Track listing

### Side 1

1. "By the Time I Get to Phoenix" (Jimmy Webb) – 4:00
2. "Didn't We" (Webb) – 4:25
3. "Games People Play" (Joe South) – 4:27
4. "Betcha By Golly Wow" (Thom Bell, Linda Creed) – 4:10
5. "Summer Wind" (Johnny Mercer, Heinz Meier) – 3:20

### Side 2

1. "Help Me Make It Through the Night" (Kris Kristofferson) – 4:05
2. "Folks Who Live on the Hill" (Jerome Kern, Oscar Hammerstein II) – 5:45
3. "We've Only Just Begun" (Paul Williams, Roger Nichols) – 5:00
4. "I've Got to Be Me (Walter Marks) – 4:40

A tenth song, entitled "Impossible/Something (Medley)," is listed on the front album cover but not included on the record. According to Akkerman, the track probably wasn't completed and it's doubtful an outtake exists.

## Personnel

1. Johnny Hartman – vocals
2. George Coleman – saxophone
3. Roland Prince – guitar
4. Herman Foster – piano
5. Earl Maybass
6. Billy Higgins – drums
7. Boo Frazier – producer
8. Eddie Korvinengineer

## InfoBox

| Today | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Johnny Hartman | |
| Released | November 1972 |
| Recorded | August 1972 |
| Venue | New York City |
| Studio | Blue Rock Studio |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 39:42 |
| Label | Perception |
| Producer | Boo Frazier |
| Johnny Hartman chronology | |
| *I Love Everybody*
(1967) ***Today***
(1972) *I've Been There*
(1973) | |


title: The Dead Christ

abstract:
The Dead Christ or The Redeemer in Death is a statue of Jesus Christ executed in white Carrara marble by the Irish sculptor John Hogan (1800–1858). The work was first sculpted by Hogan when he was based in Rome, alongside other artists such as sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen (1770–1844). Thorvaldsen reputedly described the statue as Hogan's "masterpiece". In all, Hogan carved three versions of the statue in marble:
  - the first (1829) is located in St. Teresa's Carmelite Church, Dublin, Ireland
  - the second (1833) in St. Finbarr's (South) Church, Cork, Ireland
  - the third and final (1854) is located in the Basilica of St. John the Baptist, St. John's, Newfoundland A fourth statue, a plaster cast, is on display in the Crawford Art Gallery in Cork, Ireland. It was acquired from Hogan's widow, Cornelia Bevigani, by William Horatio Crawford.

text:
# The Dead Christ

***The Dead Christ*** or ***The Redeemer in Death*** is a statue of Jesus Christ executed in white Carrara marble by the Irish sculptor John Hogan (1800–1858). The work was first sculpted by Hogan when he was based in Rome, alongside other artists such as sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen (1770–1844). Thorvaldsen reputedly described the statue as Hogan's "masterpiece". In all, Hogan carved three versions of the statue in marble:

A fourth statue, a plaster cast, is on display in the Crawford Art Gallery in Cork, Ireland. It was acquired from Hogan's widow, Cornelia Bevigani, by William Horatio Crawford.


title: WBSX

abstract: WBSX is a radio station licensed to the city of Hazleton, Pennsylvania, broadcasting to the Scranton/Wilkes Barre/Hazleton radio market. WBSX airs an active rock music format branded as "97-9 X".

text:
# WBSX

**WBSX** (97.9 FM) is a radio station licensed to the city of Hazleton, Pennsylvania, broadcasting to the Scranton/Wilkes Barre/Hazleton radio market. WBSX airs an active rock music format branded as "97-9 X" (pronounced as "Ninety-Seven Nine X").

## History

The radio station first signed on the air in 1949 as **WAZL-FM**, the FM sister station to WAZL AM also located in the city of Hazleton. During the early 1970s, the station switched to what was branded as a "beautiful music" format (which was a form of Easy Listening or Elevator Music) and the call sign **WVCD**. The station was automated with no live DJs or announcers during this time. The station evolved their music format slightly by 1985 when the station changed call signs to **WWSH** and branded on air as "Wish 98". The station made a dramatic switch in 1994 to a rock music format and another call sign change to **WZMT** to reflect the new on air branding as "The Mountain". In 1996, it was renamed "98 Rock". In 1997, under Citadel Broadcasting, the name changed to "The Bear", with the call letters **WXBE**, and featuring the syndicated *Howard Stern Show* in mornings. In October 2001, the station shifted to a format branded as "classic hard rock", name change to "Z-Rock", and call letters to **WAOZ**. 7 months later, in May 2002, the station returned to a more current-based rock format under the call sign of **WBSX**, and branding as "97-9 X" with an alternative rock format (which was moved over from 93.7 FM). By 2007, the station adopted its current active rock format. Citadel merged with Cumulus Media on September 16, 2011.

## Trivia

97.9X is known for being the first commercial station to play Breaking Benjamin, who started in local Wilkes-Barre. The station's Breaking Benjamin promotion is also briefly featured in Breaking Benjamin's video for "Breath", which was recorded at Stabler Arena in Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania in early 2007.

41°04′55″N 75°56′55″W / 41.081944°N 75.948611°W / 41.081944; -75.948611

## InfoBox

WBSX
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Wilkes-BarreScranton |
| Frequency | 97.9 MHz |
| Branding | *97.9 X* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Active rock |
| Affiliations | Compass Media Networks |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |  |
| Sister stations | WBHD/WBHT, WMGS, WSJR |
| History | |
| First air date | 1949 (as WAZL-FM) |
| Former call signs | WAZL-FM (1949-1970s)
WVCD (1970s-1985)
WWSH (1985–1994)
WZMT (1994–1997)
WXBE (1997–2001)
WAOZ (2001) |
| Call sign meaning | **W**ilkes-**B**arre and **S**cranton's **X** |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 133 |
| Class | B |
| ERP | 6,300 watts |
| HAAT | 407 meters |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | 979x.com |


title: Tubuloglomerular feedback

abstract: In the physiology of the kidney, tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) is a feedback system inside the kidneys. Within each nephron, information from the renal tubules is signaled to the glomerulus. Tubuloglomerular feedback is one of several mechanisms the kidney uses to regulate glomerular filtration rate (GFR). It involves the concept of purinergic signaling, in which an increased distal tubular sodium chloride concentration causes a basolateral release of adenosine from the macula densa cells. This initiates a cascade of events that ultimately brings GFR to an appropriate level.

text:
# Tubuloglomerular feedback

In the physiology of the kidney, **tubuloglomerular feedback** (**TGF**) is a feedback system inside the kidneys. Within each nephron, information from the renal tubules (a downstream area of the tubular fluid) is signaled to the glomerulus (an upstream area). Tubuloglomerular feedback is one of several mechanisms the kidney uses to regulate glomerular filtration rate (GFR). It involves the concept of purinergic signaling, in which an increased distal tubular sodium chloride concentration causes a basolateral release of adenosine from the macula densa cells. This initiates a cascade of events that ultimately brings GFR to an appropriate level.

## Background

The kidney maintains the electrolyte concentrations, osmolality, and acid-base balance of blood plasma within the narrow limits that are compatible with effective cellular function; and the kidney participates in blood pressure regulation and in the maintenance of steady whole-organism water volume

Fluid flow through the nephron must be kept within a narrow range for normal renal function in order to not compromise the ability of the nephron to maintain salt and water balance. Tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) regulates tubular flow by detecting and correcting changes in GFR. Active transepithelial transport is used by the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle (TAL) cells to pump NaCl to the surrounding interstitium from luminal fluid. The tubular fluid is diluted because the cell's walls are water-impermeable and do not lose water as NaCl is actively reabsorbed. Thus, the TAL is an important segment of the TGF system, and its transport properties allow it to act as a key operator of the TGF system. A reduction of GFR occurs as a result of TGF when NaCl concentration at the sensor site is increased within the physiological range of approximately 10 to 60 mM.

The TGF mechanism is a negative feedback loop in which the chloride ion concentration is sensed downstream in the nephron by the macula densa (MD) cells in the tubular wall near the end of TAL and the glomerulus. The muscle tension in the afferent arteriole is modified based on the difference between the sensed concentration and a target concentration. Vasodilation of the afferent arteriole, which results in increased glomerular filtration pressure and tubular fluid flow, occurs when MD cells detect a chloride concentration that is below a target value. A higher fluid flow rate in the TAL allows less time for dilution of the tubular fluid so that MD chloride concentration increases. Glomerular flow is decreased if the chloride concentration is above the target value. Constricting the smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole, results in a reduced concentration of chloride at the MD. TGF stabilizes the fluid and solute delivery into the distal portion of the loop of Henle and maintain the rate of filtration near its ideal value using these mechanisms.

## Mechanism

The macula densa is a collection of densely packed epithelial cells at the junction of the thick ascending limb (TAL) and distal convoluted tubule (DCT). As the TAL ascends through the renal cortex, it encounters its own glomerulus, bringing the macula densa to rest at the angle between the afferent and efferent arterioles. The macula densa's position enables it to rapidly alter afferent arteriolar resistance in response to changes in the flow rate through the distal nephron.

The macula densa uses the composition of the tubular fluid as an indicator of GFR. A large sodium chloride concentration is indicative of an elevated GFR, while low sodium chloride concentration indicates a depressed GFR. Sodium chloride is sensed by the macula densa mainly by an apical Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2). The relationship between the TGF and NKCC2 can be seen through the administration of loop diuretics like furosemide. Furosemide blocks NaCl reabsorption mediated by the NKCC2 at the ascending loop of henle, which leads to increased renin release. Excluding loop diuretic use, the usual situation that causes a reduction in reabsorption of NaCl via the NKCC2 at the macula densa (DCT) is a low tubular lumen concentration of NaCl due to low GFR. Reduced NaCl uptake via the NKCC2 at the macula densa leads to increased renin release, which leads to restoration of plasma volume, and to dilation of the afferent arterioles, which leads to increased renal plasma flow and increased GFR.

The macula densa's detection of elevated sodium chloride concentration in the tubular lumen, which leads to a decrease in GFR, is based on the concept of purinergic signaling.

In response to increased flow of tubular fluid in the thick ascending limb/ increased sodium chloride (salt) concentration at the macula densa:

1. Elevated filtration at the glomerulus or reduced reabsorption of sodium and water by the Proximal Convoluted Tubule causes the tubular fluid at the macula densa to have a higher concentration of sodium chloride.
2. Apical Na-K-2Cl cotransporters (NKCC2), which are found on the surface of the macula densa cells, are exposed to the fluid with a higher sodium concentration, and as a result more sodium is transported into the cells.
3. The macula densa cells do not have enough Na/K ATPases on their basolateral surface to excrete this added sodium. This results in an increase of the cell's osmolarity.
4. Water flows into the cell along the osmotic gradient, causing the cell to swell. When the cell swells, ATP escapes through a basolateral, stretch-activated, non-selective Maxi-Anion channel. The ATP is subsequently converted to adenosine by ecto-5′-nucleotidase.
5. Adenosine constricts the afferent arteriole by binding with high affinity to the A1 receptors a Gi/Go. Adenosine binds with much lower affinity to A2A and A2B receptors causing dilation of efferent arterioles.
6. The binding of adenosine to the A1 receptor causes a complex signal cascade involving the Gi subunit deactivating Ac, thus reducing cAMP and the Go subunit activating PLC, IP3 and DAG. The IP3 causes the release of intracellular calcium, which spreads to neighbouring cells via gap junctions creating a "TGF calcium wave". This causes afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction, decreasing the glomerular filtrate rate.
7. The Gi and increased intracellular calcium, cause a decrease in cAMP which inhibits Renin release from the juxtaglomerular cells. In addition, when macula densa cells detect higher concentrations of Na and Cl, they inhibit nitric oxide synthetase (decreasing renin release), but the most important inhibitory mechanism of renin synthesis and release is elevations in juxtaglomerular cell calcium concentration.

In response to decreased flow of tubular fluid in the thick ascending limb / decreased salt concentration at the macula densa:

1. Reduced filtration at the glomerulus or increased reabsorption of sodium and water by the Proximal Convoluted Tubule causes fluid in the tubule at the macula densa to have a reduced concentration of sodium chloride.
2. NKCC2 has a lower activity and subsequently causes a complicated signaling cascade involving the activation of: p38, (ERK½), (MAP) kinases, (COX-2) and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase (mPGES) in the macula densa.
3. This causes the synthesis and release of PGE2.
4. PGE2 acts on EP2 and EP4 receptors in juxtaglomerular cells and causes renin release.
5. Renin release activates RAAS leading to many outcomes including an increased GFR.

The critical target of the trans-JGA signaling cascade is the glomerular afferent arteriole; its response consists of an increase in net vasoconstrictor tone resulting in reductions of glomerular capillary pressure (PGC) and glomerular plasma flow. Efferent arterioles appear to play a lesser role; experimental evidence supports both vasoconstriction and vasodilation, with perhaps the former in the lower range and the latter in the higher range of NaCl concentrations (2). When feedback regulation of afferent arteriolar tone is prevented by interrupting the feedback loop, and when the sensing mechanism is fully activated by saturating NaCl concentrations, TGF reduces GFR on average by approximately 45% and PGC by approximately 20%. Afferent arteriolar resistance increases by 50% or less, consistent with a radius reduction of approximately 10%, if Poiseuille's law holds. Thus, TGF-induced vasoconstriction is usually limited in magnitude.

## Modulation

A mediating agent is released or generated as a function of changes in luminal NaCl concentration. The size of the TGF response is directly dependent upon these changes. "In part because of the striking effect of deletion of A1 adenosine receptors (A1AR), adenosine generated from released ATP has been proposed as the critical TGF mediator. A modulating agent affects the TGF response without input regarding luminal NaCl. The agents are vasoactive substances that alter either the magnitude or the sensitivity of the TGF response.

Factors that *decrease* TGF sensitivity include:

The threshold at which the loop of Henle flow rate initiates feedback responses is affected. A high protein diet affects the feedback activity by making the single nephron glomerular filtration rate higher, and the Na and Cl concentrations in early distal tubule fluid lower. The signal eliciting the TG feedback response is affected. The increased load on the kidney of high-protein diet is a result of an increase in reabsorption of NaCl.

* Connecting tubule glomerular feedback (CTGF): CTGF is initiated by increased sodium concentration at the connecting tubule segment of the nephron and involves the activation of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). CTGF has the ability to modulate TGF mechanism and is critical in understanding renal damage observed in salt sensitive hypertension and kidney donors.

Factors that *increase* TGF sensitivity include:

* adenosine
* thromboxane
* 5-HETE
* angiotensin II
* prostaglandin E2
* aldosterone
    + Aldosterone within the connecting tubule lumen enhances connecting tubule glomerular feedback (CTGF) via a nongenomic effect involving GPR30 receptors and sodium/hydrogen exchanger (NHE). Aldosterone inside the connecting tubule lumen enhances CTGF via a cAMP/PKA/PKC pathway and stimulates O2− generation and this process may contribute to renal damage by increasing glomerular capillary pressure.

## Further reading

* *Brenner & Rector's The Kidney* (7th ed.). Saunders, An Imprint of Elsevier. 2004.
* Eaton DC, Pooler JP (2004). *Vander's Renal Physiology* (8th ed.). Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-135728-9.


title: Palenstein RandstadRail station

abstract: Palenstein is a RandstadRail station in Zoetermeer, the Netherlands.

text:
# Palenstein RandstadRail station

**Palenstein** is a RandstadRail station in Zoetermeer, the Netherlands.

## History

The station opened, as a railway station, on 22 May 1977 as part of the Zoetermeerlijn, operating Zoetermeer Stadslijn services. The train station closed on 3 June 2006 and reopened as a RandstadRail station on 29 October 2006 for the HTM tram services (4), and on 20 October 2007 for tram service 3.

The station features 2 platforms. These platforms are low, and the same level as the tram doors, therefore making it step free.

## Train services

The following services currently call at Palenstein:

| Service | Route | Material | Frequency |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| RR3 | Arnold Spoelplein \- Pisuissestraat \- Mozartlaan \- Heliotrooplaan \- Muurbloemweg \- Hoefbladlaan \- De Savornin Lohmanplein \- Appelstraat \- Zonnebloemstraat \- Azaleaplein \- Goudenregenstraat \- Fahrenheitstraat \- Valkenbosplein \- Conradkade \- Van Speijkstraat \- Elandstraat \- MCH Westeinde \- Brouwersgracht \- Grote Markt \- Spui \- Den Haag Centraal \- Beatrixkwartier \- Laan van NOI \- Voorburg 't Loo \- Leidschendam-Voorburg \- Forepark \- Leidschenveen \- Voorweg (Low Level) \- Centrum West \- Stadhuis \- Palenstein - Seghwaert \- Leidsewallen \- De Leyens \- Buytenwegh \- Voorweg (High Level) \- Meerzicht \- Driemanspolder \- Delftsewallen \- Dorp \- Centrum West | HTM RegioCidatis Tram | 6x per hour (Monday - Saturday, Every 10 Minutes), 5x per hour (Sundays, Every 12 Minutes), 4x per hour (Evenings, after 8pm, Every 15 Minutes) |
| RR4 | De Uithof \- Beresteinaan \- Bouwlustlaan \- De Rade \- Dedemsvaart \- Zuidwoldepad \- Leyenburg \- Monnickendamplein \- Tienhovenselaan \- Dierenselaan \- De La Reyweg \- Monstersestraat \- MCH Westeinde \- Brouwersgracht \- Grote Markt \- Spui \- Den Haag Centraal \- Beatrixkwartier \- Laan van NOI \- Voorburg 't Loo \- Leidschendam-Voorburg \- Forepark \- Leidschenveen \- Voorweg (Low Level) \- Centrum West \- Stadhuis \- Palenstein - Seghwaert \- Willem Dreeslaan \- Oosterheem \- Javalaan | HTM RegioCitadis Tram | 6x per hour (Monday - Saturday, Every 10 Minutes), 5x per hour (Sundays, Every 12 Minutes), 4x per hour (Evenings, after 8pm, Every 15 Minutes) |

## InfoBox

| Palenstein | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Location | Netherlands |
| Coordinates | 52°03′34″N 4°30′24″E / 52.05944°N 4.50667°E / 52.05944; 4.50667 |
| Platforms | 2 |
| History | |
| Opened | 22 May 1977, reopened 29 October 2006 |
| Closed | 3 June 2006 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station RandstadRail Following station  Seghwaerttowards Centrum-West  Line 3(HTM)  Stadhuistowards Arnold Spoelplein  Seghwaerttowards Lansingerland-Zoetermeer  Line 4(HTM)  Stadhuistowards De Uithof | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  PalensteinLocation within RandstadRail network | |


title: Pandora FMS

abstract: Pandora FMS is software for monitoring computer networks. Pandora FMS allows monitoring in a visual way the status and performance of several parameters from different operating systems, servers, applications and hardware systems such as firewalls, proxies, databases, web servers or routers. Pandora FMS can be deployed in almost any operating system. It features remote monitoring and it can also use agents. An agent is available for each platform. It can also monitor hardware systems with a TCP/IP stack, such as load balancers, routers, network switches, printers or firewalls. Pandora FMS has several servers that process and get information from different sources, using WMI for gathering remote Windows information, a predictive server, a plug-in server which makes complex user-defined network tests, an advanced export server to replicate data between different sites of Pandora FMS, a network discovery server, and an SNMP Trap console. Released under the terms of the GNU General Public License, Pandora FMS is free software. At first the project was hosted on SourceForge.net, from where it has been downloaded over one million times, and selected the “Staff Pick” Project of the Month, June 2016, and elected “Community Choice” Project of the Month, November 2017.

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# Pandora FMS

**Pandora FMS** (for *Pandora Flexible Monitoring System*) is software for monitoring computer networks. Pandora FMS allows monitoring in a visual way the status and performance of several parameters from different operating systems, servers, applications and hardware systems such as firewalls, proxies, databases, web servers or routers.

Pandora FMS can be deployed in almost any operating system. It features remote monitoring (WMI, SNMP, TCP, UDP, ICMP, HTTP...) and it can also use agents. An agent is available for each platform. It can also monitor hardware systems with a TCP/IP stack, such as load balancers, routers, network switches, printers or firewalls.

Pandora FMS has several servers that process and get information from different sources, using WMI for gathering remote Windows information, a predictive server, a plug-in server which makes complex user-defined network tests, an advanced export server to replicate data between different sites of Pandora FMS, a network discovery server, and an SNMP Trap console.

Released under the terms of the GNU General Public License, Pandora FMS is free software. At first the project was hosted on SourceForge.net, from where it has been downloaded over one million times, and selected the “Staff Pick” Project of the Month, June 2016, and elected “Community Choice” Project of the Month, November 2017.

## Components

### Pandora Server

In Pandora FMS architecture, servers are the core of the system because they are the recipients of bundles of information. They also generate monitoring alerts. It is possible to have different modular configurations for the servers: several servers for very big systems, or just a single server. Servers are also responsible for inserting the gathered data into Pandora's database. It is possible to have several Pandora Servers connected to a single Database. Different servers are used for different kind of monitoring: remote monitoring, WMI monitoring, SNMP and other network monitoring, inventory recollection, etc. Highly scalable (up to 2000 nodes with one single server), completely web-driven and a multitenant interface. It has a very flexible ACL system and a lot of graphical reports and user-defined control screens.

Servers are developed in Perl and work on any platform that has the required modules. Pandora was originally developed for

### Web console

Pandora's user interface allows people to operate and manage the monitoring system. It is developed in PHP and depends on a database and a web server. It can work in a wide range of platforms: Linux, Solaris, Windows, AIX and others. Several web consoles can be deployed in the same system if required. Web Console has multiples choices, in example SNMP monitoring.

### Agents

Agents are daemons or services that can monitor any numeric parameter, Boolean status, string or numerical incremental data and/or condition. They can be developed in any language (as Shellscript, WSH, Perl or ). They run on any type of platform (Microsoft, AIX, Solaris, Linux, IPSO, Mac OS or FreeBSD), also SAP, because the agents can communicate with the Pandora FMS Servers to send data in XML using SSH, FTP, NFS, Tentacle (protocol) or any data transfer means.

### Database

The database module is the core module of Pandora. All the information of the system resides here. For example, all data gathered by agents, configuration defined by administrator, events, incidents, audit info, etc. are stored in the database. At present, MySQL database and MariaDB database is supported. Oracle support has been added in 6.0 release.

## Software appliances

Pandora FMS has a software appliance based on a customized CentOS Linux, installable on CD, comes ready to use (including a live CD) or ready to install to hard disk.

It have also an AMI Appliance based on Amazon AWS.

A Docker image is also available at Docker Hub.

## InfoBox

Pandora FMS
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| Original author(s) | Sancho Lerena Urrea |
| Developer(s) | Pandora FMS |
| Initial release | October 14, 2004 (2004-10-14) |
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| Stable release | 7.0 NG 772 LTS "Renaissance" / June 20, 2023 (2023-06-20) |
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| Repository |  |
| Written in | Perl, PHP, C++, JavaScript |
| Operating system | Linux, Windows |
| Available in | English, Spanish, Japanese, Russian, Chinese, Portuguese, Italian, Polish, German, French, Arabic |
| Type | Network monitoring, System monitoring |
| License | GNU General Public License or proprietary EULA |
| Website | pandorafms.com |