title: Uncobasidium

abstract: Uncobasidium is a genus of two species of crust fungi in the Meruliaceae family. The genus was circumscribed by mycologists Kurt Hjorstam and Leif Ryvarden in 1978 with the European fungus U. luteolum as the type species. The South American species U. roseocremeum was added to the genus in 2012. The distinguishing feature of Uncobasidium is the basal hook in the basidium.

text:
# Uncobasidium

***Uncobasidium*** is a genus of two species of crust fungi in the Meruliaceae family . The genus was circumscribed by mycologists Kurt Hjorstam and Leif Ryvarden in 1978 with the European fungus *U. luteolum* as the type species. The South American species *U. roseocremeum* was added to the genus in 2012. The distinguishing feature of *Uncobasidium* is the basal hook in the basidium.

## Description

*Uncobasidium* forms a crust-like fruit body, which is spread out on the surface of the substrate. Its texture is softly membranous or byssoid (as if made of fibers). The hyphal system is monomitic, meaning it contains only generative hyphae. Individual hyphae are distinct when viewed with microscopy, and they range from thin to becoming thick walled, with clamp connections. The hyphae of the subiculum are usually straight and of uniform diameter. In contrast, the hyphae of the subhymenium are twisty and sometimes strongly bent. The basidia (pleurobasidia) are roughly uniform (swollen at the base). They are strongly constricted with a hook-shaped appendage, arising in the basal septum, with four sterigmata. The spores of *Uncobasidium* fungi are ellipsoid to obovate in shape, thin walled, and non-amyloid.

## Species

Some species proposed for inclusion in *Uncobasidium* have been referred to other genera, including:

## InfoBox

| *Uncobasidium* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Polyporales |
| Family: | Meruliaceae |
| Genus: | ***Uncobasidium***
Hjortstam & Ryvarden (1978) |
|
| Type species | |
| *Uncobasidium luteolum*
Hjortstam & Ryvarden (1978) | |
| Species | |
| *U. luteolum*
*U. roseocremeum* | |


abstract: The United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force was a multi-stakeholder initiative associated with the United Nations which is "intended to lend a truly global dimension to the multitude of efforts to bridge the global digital divide, foster digital opportunity and thus firmly put ICT at the service of development for all".

text:
# United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force

The **United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force** (**UN** **ICT** **TF**) was a multi-stakeholder initiative associated with the United Nations which is "intended to lend a truly global dimension to the multitude of efforts to bridge the global digital divide, foster digital opportunity and thus firmly put ICT at the service of development for all".

## Establishment

The UN ICT Task Force was created by United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan in November 2001, acting upon a request by the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) dated July 11, 2000, with an initial term of mandate of three years (until the end of 2004). It followed in the footsteps of the World Economic Forum (WEF) Global Digital Divide Initiative (GDDI), and the Digital Opportunities Task Force (DOT Force), established in 2000 by the G8 at their annual summit in Okinawa, Japan. By providing it with a home in the United Nations, this accorded the UN ICT Task Force, in the eyes of many developing countries, a broader legitimization than the previous WEF and G8 initiatives, even if these previous initiatives also included a multi-stakeholder approach with broad participation by stakeholders from industrialized and developing countries.

## Aims and objectives

The Task Force's principal aim was to provide policy advice to governments and international organizations for bridging the digital divide. In addition to supporting the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) and leading the UN in developing ICT strategies for development, the Task Force's objective was to form partnerships between the UN system and states, private industry, trusts, foundations, and donors, and other stakeholders.

## Membership and organization

The UN ICT Task Force has included the top ranks of the computer industry (Cisco Systems, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Nokia, SAP, Siemens, Sun Microsystems), together with global NGOs (e.g., the Association for Progressive Communications), governments and international agencies. Its coordinating body was a multi-stakeholder bureau, assisted by a small secretariat at UN headquarters in New York. Technical advice was provided by a high-level panel of technical advisors.

## Activities

### United Nations Information Technology Service (UNITeS)

Within the Report of the high-level panel of experts on information and communication technology (22 May 2000) suggesting a UN ICT Task Force, the panel welcomed the establishment of a United Nations Information Technology Service (UNITeS), suggested by Kofi Annan in "We the peoples: the role of the United Nations in the 21st century" (Millennium Report of the Secretary-General). The panel made suggestions on its configuration and implementation strategy, including that ICT4D volunteering opportunities make mobilizing "national human resources" (local ICT experts) within developing countries a priority, for both men and women. The initiative was launched at the United Nations Volunteers under the leadership of Sharon Capeling-Alakija and was active from February 2001 to February 2005. Initiative staff and volunteers participated in the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) in Geneva in December 2003.

### Challenge to Silicon Valley

In November 2002 Kofi Annan issued a Challenge to Silicon Valley to create suitable systems at prices low enough to permit deployment everywhere. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ran a refugee camp in Tanzania where the Global Catalyst Foundation had placed computers and communications equipment for the use of the Burundian refugees confined there. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) worked with the Kingdom of Bhutan on a Simputer project.

### World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)

The Task Force was active, inter alia, in the process leading to the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) in Geneva in December 2003 and WSIS II in Tunis, Tunisia, in November 2005. In order to participate in the second phase of the WSIS, the Task Force's original three-year mandate was extended by another year and expired on 31 December 2005, with no further extension.

### Working groups

The Task Force's stakeholders, members and the experts on the panel of technical advisors, were active in working groups organized around four broad themes:

* ICT policy and governance
* Enabling environment
* Human resource development and capacity building
* ICT Indicators and MDG mapping

### Regional networks

Regional activities were carried out in five regional networks—Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia, Arab States, and Europe and Central Asia.

### Meetings

2002, June 17–18: A session of the General Assembly of the United Nations was devoted to information and communication technologies for development, addressing the digital divide in the context of globalization and the development process. The session promoted coherence and synergies between various regional and international information and communication technologies initiatives. The meeting also contributed to the preparation of WSIS. Many countries were represented by high-level officials responsible for communications and for development.

The Task Force held 10 semi-annual meetings in various places that served as important venues for exchange of best practices, and to bring the various stakeholders together to work on common themes. Most successful, in the eyes of the participants, were those meetings that were held in conjunction with a series of **Global Forums**:

* 1st meeting: at UN headquarters in New York City, NY, (United States) - November 19–20, 2001.
* 2nd meeting: at UN headquarters in New York City, NY, (United States) - February 3–4, 2002.
* 3rd meeting: at UN headquarters in New York City, NY, (United States) - September 30 - October 1, 2002, focused on ICT for development in Africa. It also reviewed the results of the first year of Task Force activities and agreed on an ambitious strategy for the next two years.
* 4th meeting: at UN in Geneva, (Switzerland) - February 21–22, 2004, with a Private Sector Forum.
* 5th meeting: at WIPO in Geneva \- September 12–13, 2003, to allow participants to discuss the Task Force's contribution to WSIS.
* 6th meeting: at UN headquarters in New York City, NY, (United States) - March 2004, with a **Global Forum on Internet Governance**.
* 7th meeting: at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Berlin, Germany - November 18–20, 2004, with a **Global Forum on an Enabling Environment**.
* 8th meeting: in Dublin, Ireland - April 13–15, 2005, with a **Global Forum on Harnessing the Potential of ICTs in Education**.
* 9th meeting: at ILO in Geneva, Switzerland - October 1, 2005.
* 10th (final) meeting: at the World Summit on the Information Society in Tunis, Tunisia \- November 17, 2005.

In addition, a **Global Roundtable Forum on "Innovation and Investment: Scaling Science and Technology to Meet the MDGs"** was held in New York City, 13 September 2005. The primary focus of the Forum was on the critical role of science, technology and innovation, especially information and communication technologies, in scaling-up grassroots, national and global responses to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.

## WSIS II in Tunis

Parallel to the booth at the ICT4ALL exhibition, a series of events was held under the auspices of the UN ICT Task Force and its members:

### Measuring the Information Society

The Partnership for Measuring ICT for Development involves 11 organizations—Eurostat, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations ICT Task Force, the five United Nations Regional Commissions and the World Bank.

### Role of Parliaments in the Information Society

Key parliament leaders presented their views on the role that national and regional assemblies can play in building the information society at a “High-level Dialogue on Governance, Global Citizenship and Technology”, on 16 November.

### Choosing the Right Technologies for Education

At this workshop, the Global e-School Initiative presented the Total Cost of Ownership Calculator—a framework for identifying and selecting the right ICT for schools by assessing their benefits, feasibility and costs.

### Building Partnerships for the Information Society

Two high-level round tables on 16 November focused on “Regional Perspectives for the Global Information Society” and on “Women in the Information Society: Building a Gender Balanced Knowledge-based Economy”.

### Putting ICT to Work for the Millennium Development Goals and the UN Development Agenda

The 17 November round table examined how ICT can be applied to the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals, and discussed ways to raise awareness of ICT as an enabler of development.

### Achieving Better Quality and Cost Efficiency in Health Care and Education through ICT

The 17 November panel demonstrated the potential of ICT to improve quality and cost efficiency of key public services, with specific focus on education and health care.

### Bridging the Digital Divide with Broadband Wireless Internet

The 17 November round table focused on the critical role that broadband wireless infrastructure deployments play in bridging the digital divide.

## Outcomes from WSIS

### GESCI

One of the notable outcomes of the work of the UN ICT Task Force was the creation in 2003 of the Global E-Schools and Communities Initiative (GESCI), an international NGO initially located in Dublin, Ireland, to improve education in schools and communities through the use of information and communication technologies. GESCI was officially launched during the WSIS.

Today GESCI (www.gesci.org) is located in Nairobi, Kenya. It has evolved into an organization engaging with governments and ministries, development partners, the private sector and communities to provide strategic advice, coordinate policy dialogue, conduct research and develop and implement models of good practice for the widespread use and integration of ICTs in formal education and other learning environments, within the context of supporting the development of inclusive knowledge societies and the achievement of the SDGs.

### ePol-Net

Another outcome is the Global ePolicy Resource Network (ePol-NET), designed to marshal global efforts in support of national e-strategies for development. The network provides ICT policymakers in developing countries with the depth and quality of information needed to develop effective national e-policies and e-strategies. The network was first proposed by the members of the Digital Opportunities Task Force (DOT Force), who merged their activities with the UN ICT Task Force in 2002. The ePol-Net was also officially launched during the WSIS.

### Global Centre for ICT in Parliament

Another outcome of the WSIS is the Global Centre for ICT in Parliament. Launched by the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) in cooperation with the Inter-parliamentary Union (IPU) on the occasion of the World Summit of the Information Society (WSIS) in Tunis in November 2005, the Global Centre for Information and Communication Technologies in Parliament responds to the common desire to build a people-centred, inclusive and development-oriented information society, where legislatures are empowered to better fulfill their constitutional functions through Information and Communication Technologies (ICT).

The Global Centre for ICT in Parliament acts as a clearing house for information, research, innovation, technology and technical assistance, and promotes a structured dialogue among parliaments, centres of excellence, international organizations, the civil society, the private sector and the donor community, with the purpose to enhance the sharing of experiences, the identification of best practices and the implementation of appropriate solutions.

## Follow-up

The task of bridging the digital divide is yet unfinished. The WSIS has called for an Internet Governance Forum to allow for a global multi-stakeholder discussion of issues related to the governance of the global resource that the Internet represents. The WSIS also called for a follow-up and implementation process, for which the principles embodied in the multi-stakeholder composition and workings of the UN ICT TF can provide a useful model.

Work is also being carried on by the UN Group on the Information Society (UN GIS), with a focus on the UN System, and the successor to the UN ICT TF, the Global Alliance for ICT and Development (GAID), with an international development emphasis.

## Selected documents

## Publication series

As part of its work, the Task Force and its members have published a series of books on various topics related to the work of the Task Force. These books are available in the UN bookstore, at Amazon (partially), or in PDF form:


abstract: The United National Independence Party (UNIP) was a Nigerian political party formed in the mid-1950s. It was made up of a group of N.C.N.C members who were opposed to some of the policies of Nnamdi Azikiwe and had formed the National Independence Party. In 1954, the National Independence Party merged with Alvan Ikoku's United National Party to form the United National Independence Party. The party was one of the few prominent and fairly popular groups that emerged to challenge Azikiwe and N.C.N.C in the Eastern region of Nigeria. Before the formation of UNIP, the Eastern Region was free from political competition, unlike its counterparts in the West and North, which had formidable foes to contend with.

text:
# United National Independence Party (Nigeria)

The **United National Independence Party** (**UNIP**) was a Nigerian political party formed in the mid-1950s. It was made up of a group of N.C.N.C members who were opposed to some of the policies of Nnamdi Azikiwe and had formed the National Independence Party. In 1954, the National Independence Party merged with Alvan Ikoku's United National Party to form the United National Independence Party.

The party was one of the few prominent and fairly popular groups that emerged to challenge Azikiwe and N.C.N.C in the Eastern region of Nigeria. Before the formation of UNIP, the Eastern Region was free from political competition, unlike its counterparts in the West and North, which had formidable foes to contend with.


abstract: United Nations Security Council resolution 1599, adopted unanimously on 28 April 2005, after reaffirming previous resolutions on East Timor (Timor-Leste), particularly resolutions 1543 (2004) and 1573 (2004), the council established the United Nations Office in Timor-Leste (UNOTIL) to follow on from the United Nations Mission of Support to East Timor (UNMISET) as a special political mission for one year until 20 May 2006. The resolution authorised a peacebuilding, rather than peacekeeping mandate for UNOTIL.

text:
# United Nations Security Council Resolution 1599

**United Nations Security Council resolution 1599**, adopted unanimously on 28 April 2005, after reaffirming previous resolutions on East Timor (Timor-Leste), particularly resolutions 1543 (2004) and 1573 (2004), the council established the United Nations Office in Timor-Leste (UNOTIL) to follow on from the United Nations Mission of Support to East Timor (UNMISET) as a special political mission for one year until 20 May 2006.

The resolution authorised a peacebuilding, rather than peacekeeping mandate for UNOTIL.

## Resolution

### Observations

In the preamble of the resolution, the council commended the people and government for the peace and stability achieved in East Timor. UNMISET was also praised for its work in the country. The council noted the Secretary-General Kofi Annan's recommendation that the United Nations should remain in East Timor at a reduced level, and that institutions were in the process of consolidation.

### Acts

The resolution established UNOTIL for one year to support the development of state institutions and police, and training regarding democratic governance and human rights through the provision of relevant officers. UNOTIL was to be headed by a Special Representative of the Secretary-General and place emphasis on the transfer of skills and knowledge to deliver better services and build the capacity of institutions.

Meanwhile, the council urged United Nations agencies, donors and financial institutions to continue to contribute towards the development of East Timor and emphasised the need for accountability for serious human rights violations committed in 1999.

## InfoBox

| UN Security Council<br>Resolution 1599 | |
| --- | --- |
| Coastline of East Timor | |
| Date | 28 April 2005 |
| Meeting no. | 5,171 |
| Code | S/RES/1599 (Document) |
| Subject | **The situation in East Timor** |
| Voting summary | * **15 voted for** * **None voted against** * **None abstained** |
| Result | Adopted |
| Security Council composition | |
| Permanent members |  |
| Non-permanent members |  |
|  | |


abstract: United Nations Security Council resolution 1598, adopted unanimously on 28 April 2005, after recalling all previous resolutions on the situation in Western Sahara, including resolutions 1495 (2003), 1541 (2004) and 1570 (2004), the Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) until 31 October 2005. The Security Council reaffirmed the need for a durable and mutual solution to the Western Sahara problem, which would provide for the self-determination of the people of the territory. Both Morocco and the Polisario Front were urged to co-operate with the United Nations to end the political impasse and reach a solution to the long-running dispute. The Polisario Front was further called upon to release all prisoners of war in accordance with international humanitarian law while it, along with Morocco, had to co-operate with the International Committee of the Red Cross to determine the fate of missing persons. All military agreements concluded with MINURSO had to be respected. Meanwhile, the Secretary-General Kofi Annan was requested to report on the situation and MINURSO, including a review of its structure. Member States were called upon to consider contributing towards confidence-building measures to facilitate greater person-to-person contact, such as family visits.

text:
# United Nations Security Council Resolution 1598

**United Nations Security Council resolution 1598**, adopted unanimously on 28 April 2005, after recalling all previous resolutions on the situation in Western Sahara, including resolutions 1495 (2003), 1541 (2004) and 1570 (2004), the Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) until 31 October 2005.

The Security Council reaffirmed the need for a durable and mutual solution to the Western Sahara problem, which would provide for the self-determination of the people of the territory. Both Morocco and the Polisario Front were urged to co-operate with the United Nations to end the political impasse and reach a solution to the long-running dispute. The Polisario Front was further called upon to release all prisoners of war in accordance with international humanitarian law while it, along with Morocco, had to co-operate with the International Committee of the Red Cross to determine the fate of missing persons. All military agreements concluded with MINURSO had to be respected.

Meanwhile, the Secretary-General Kofi Annan was requested to report on the situation and MINURSO, including a review of its structure. Member States were called upon to consider contributing towards confidence-building measures to facilitate greater person-to-person contact, such as family visits.

## InfoBox

| UN Security Council<br>Resolution 1598 | |
| --- | --- |
| Western Sahara (brown), Morocco (green) and disputed areas | |
| Date | 28 April 2005 |
| Meeting no. | 5,170 |
| Code | S/RES/1598 (Document) |
| Subject | **The situation concerning Western Sahara** |
| Voting summary | * **15 voted for** * **None voted against** * **None abstained** |
| Result | Adopted |
| Security Council composition | |
| Permanent members |  |
| Non-permanent members |  |
|  | |


title: Unconquered Bandit

abstract: Unconquered Bandit is a 1935 American Western film directed by Harry S. Webb and starring Tom Tyler, Lillian Gilmore and Slim Whitaker. The film is a remake of Dynamite Ranch (1932),

text:
# Unconquered Bandit

***Unconquered Bandit*** is a 1935 American Western film directed by Harry S. Webb and starring Tom Tyler, Lillian Gilmore and Slim Whitaker. The film is a remake of *Dynamite Ranch* (1932),

## Plot

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Pitts, Michael R. *Poverty Row Studios, 1929–1940: An Illustrated History of 55 Independent Film Companies, with a Filmography for Each*. McFarland & Company, 2005.

## InfoBox

| Unconquered Bandit | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Harry S. Webb |
| Written by |  |
| Produced by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | J. Henry Kruse |
| Edited by | Fred Bain |
| Production<br>company | Reliable Pictures |
| Distributed by | Reliable Pictures |
| Release date | * January 8, 1935 (1935-01-08) |
| Running time | 59 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: United States Court Tennis Association

abstract: The United States Court Tennis Association is the governing body for the sport of real tennis in the United States. The first association president, William L. Van Alen, convened its initial meeting on January 30, 1955, at New York City's Racquet and Tennis Club. William F. McLaughlin Jr. was president from 2001 to 2006 and while the USCTA celebrated its 50th anniversary at the Racquet Club of Philadelphia. The new president, Jim Wharton, was appointed in 2006. The United States Court Tennis Preservation Foundation, incorporated in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on May 26, 1994, is an affiliated charitable organization (5013) that promotes education and training for young players, the preservation of existing historic courts, and construction of new venues. The foundation's largest project to date was assisting in the construction of the International Tennis Club of Washington. This was the first court built in the United States in over 80 years. Haven N. B. Pell is Chairman (2005-) and Jonathan H. Pardee is chairman emeritus. The foundation is headquartered at the Racquet Club of Philadelphia. In 2014 there were 10 active courts in the United States: Boston, Newport, Tuxedo Park, NY, New York City, Lakewood, NJ, Philadelphia, Chicago, McLean, VA and Aiken, SC. Greentree, Manhasset Long Island is dormant.

text:
# United States Court Tennis Association

The **United States Court Tennis Association** is the governing body for the sport of real tennis in the United States. The first association president, William L. Van Alen, convened its initial meeting on January 30, 1955, at New York City's Racquet and Tennis Club. William F. McLaughlin Jr. was president from 2001 to 2006 and while the USCTA celebrated its 50th anniversary at the Racquet Club of Philadelphia. The new president, Jim Wharton, was appointed in 2006.

The **United States Court Tennis Preservation Foundation**, incorporated in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on May 26, 1994, is an affiliated charitable organization (501(c)3) that promotes education and training for young players, the preservation of existing historic courts, and construction of new venues. The foundation's largest project to date was assisting in the construction of the International Tennis Club of Washington. This was the first court built in the United States in over 80 years. Haven N. B. Pell is Chairman (2005-) and Jonathan H. Pardee is chairman emeritus. The foundation is headquartered at the Racquet Club of Philadelphia.

In 2014 there were 10 active courts (at 9 clubs) in the United States: Boston, Newport, Tuxedo Park, NY, New York City, Lakewood, NJ (Georgian Court University), Philadelphia, Chicago, McLean, VA and Aiken, SC. Greentree, Manhasset Long Island is dormant.


title: United States Coast Pilot

abstract: United States Coast Pilot is a ten-volume American navigation publication distributed yearly by the Office of Coast Survey, a part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Ocean Service. The purpose of the publication is to supplement nautical charts of the waters of the United States.

text:
# United States Coast Pilot

***United States Coast Pilot*** is a ten-volume American navigation publication distributed yearly by the Office of Coast Survey, a part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Ocean Service. The purpose of the publication is to supplement nautical charts of the waters of the United States.

## Contents

Each volume of the *United States Coast Pilot* contains comprehensive sections on local operational considerations and navigation regulations, with later chapters containing detailed discussions of coastal navigation; an appendix provides information on obtaining additional weather information, communications services, and other data. An index and additional tables complete the volume.

Information comes from field inspections, survey vessels, and various harbor authorities. Maritime officials and pilotage associations provide additional information. Each volume of *Coast Pilot* is updated regularly using the weekly United States Government's weekly *Notice to Mariners*.

*Coast Pilot* volumes provide more detailed information than the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency-produced multi-volume *Sailing Directions* publication because *Sailing Directions* is intended exclusively for the oceangoing mariner.

## History

Various charts and pilot books for North American waters were published in England beginning in 1671, but the first book of sailing directions, charts, and other information for mariners in North American waters published in North America was the *American Coast Pilot*, first produced by Edmund M. Blunt in Newburyport, Massachusetts, in 1796. In 1833, Blunt's son Edmund E. Blunt accepted employment with the United States Coast Survey, and this began a relationship between the Blunt family and the Coast Survey in which the Coast Survey provided hydrographic survey information to the Blunts for incorporation into the *American Coast Pilot* and the Blunts sold the Survey's charts, while the Blunts served as influential allies of the Survey in defending the Survey against its critics and lobbying for funding of the Survey's efforts.

Other than providing information to the Blunts for publication in the *American Coast Pilot* and charts for them to sell, the Coast Survey relied exclusively on articles published in local newspapers to provide its information to mariners. This began to change in 1858, when the Coast Survey's George Davidson adapted an article published in a San Francisco, California, newspaper into an addendum to that year's *Annual Report of the Superintendent of the Coast Survey*. It was the first time that the Coast Survey had published a mariner's guide of any kind outside of a newspaper or the Blunts' *American Coast Pilot*, and it is retrospectively considered the first example of what would later become the *United States Coast Pilot*.

Twenty-one editions of the *American Coast Pilot* had been published by the time George W. Blunt sold the copyright for the publication to the U.S. Government in 1867. Although by that time the *American Coast Pilot* already consisted almost entirely of public information produced by the Coast Survey anyway, the transaction placed responsibility for regular production of the publication with the Coast Survey for the first time. The publication existed under various names until 1888, when the name *United States Coast Pilot* was adopted for volumes covering navigation along the United States East Coast and United States Gulf Coast. Thirty years later, the name also began to be applied to volumes covering the United States West Coast and the Territory of Alaska.

The Coast Survey, known from 1878 as the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, continued to publish the *Coast Pilot* until it merged with other U.S. Government agencies to form the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) on 3 October 1970. The Office of Coast Survey in NOAA's National Ocean Service has published them since then.

## InfoBox

*United States Coast Pilot*
| The front cover of *Coast Pilot* Volume Five | |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | Yearly |
| Publisher | National Ocean Service |


title: Uniform property

abstract: In the mathematical field of topology a uniform property or uniform invariant is a property of a uniform space that is invariant under uniform isomorphisms. Since uniform spaces come as topological spaces and uniform isomorphisms are homeomorphisms, every topological property of a uniform space is also a uniform property. This article is (mostly) concerned with uniform properties that are not topological properties.

text:
# Uniform property

In the mathematical field of topology a **uniform property** or **uniform invariant** is a property of a uniform space that is invariant under uniform isomorphisms.

Since uniform spaces come as topological spaces and uniform isomorphisms are homeomorphisms, every topological property of a uniform space is also a uniform property. This article is (mostly) concerned with uniform properties that are *not* topological properties.

## Uniform properties

* **Separated**. A uniform space *X* is separated if the intersection of all entourages is equal to the diagonal in *X* × *X*. This is actually just a topological property, and equivalent to the condition that the underlying topological space is Hausdorff (or simply *T*0 since every uniform space is completely regular).
* **Complete**. A uniform space *X* is complete if every Cauchy net in *X* converges (i.e. has a limit point in *X*).
* **Totally bounded** (or **Precompact**). A uniform space *X* is totally bounded if for each entourage *E**X* × *X* there is a finite cover {*U**i*} of *X* such that *U**i* × *U**i* is contained in *E* for all *i*. Equivalently, *X* is totally bounded if for each entourage *E* there exists a finite subset {*x**i*} of *X* such that *X* is the union of all *E*\[*x**i*\]. In terms of uniform covers, *X* is totally bounded if every uniform cover has a finite subcover.
* **Compact**. A uniform space is compact if it is complete and totally bounded. Despite the definition given here, compactness is a topological property and so admits a purely topological description (every open cover has a finite subcover).
* **Uniformly connected**. A uniform space *X* is uniformly connected if every uniformly continuous function from *X* to a discrete uniform space is constant.
* **Uniformly disconnected**. A uniform space *X* is uniformly disconnected if it is not uniformly connected.

* James, I. M. (1990). *Introduction to Uniform Spaces*. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-38620-9.
* Willard, Stephen (1970). *General Topology*. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-486-43479-6.


abstract: The school uniform is black and white, derived from the municipal colours of Edinburgh. The school retains the now traditional uniform of a blazer and tie. Boys are required to wear a plain white shirt, official tie, black blazer with school badge, black trousers and black polished leather school shoes. There is the option of a black pullover. Girls must wear a white blouse, official tie, black pullover or cardigan, black blazer with school badge, black skirt or trousers, black tights and black polished leather school shoes. A black and white striped tie is standard; a plain black tie denotes a Sixth Year. The school badge features the school motto and the embattled triple-towered castle of the school arms. Prefects and Vice Captains are presented with a silver badge whilst the School Captain is presented with a gold badge to pin on his or her blazer. A select few 5th-formers are also awarded a Prefect badge. When full colours are awarded to a pupil a new pocket is attached to the blazer with the school emblem embroidered in silver wire with the dates of the present academic year either side of the badge. These dress regulations, which were introduced to include those for girls as well as boys, date from 1973. The school garb worn at the end of the eighteenth century is described by Lord Cockburn: It consisted of a round black hat; a shirt fastened at the neck by a black ribbon, and except on dress-days, unruffled; a cloth waistcoat, rather large, with two rows of buttons and of buttonholes, so that it could be buttoned on either side, which, when one side got dirty, was convenient; a single-breasted jacket, which in due time got a tail and became a coat; brown corduroy breeches, tied at the knees by a brown cotton tape; worsted stockings in winter, blue cotton stockings in summer, and white cotton for dress; clumsy shoes, made to be used on either foot, and each requiring to be used on alternative feet daily; brass or copper buckles. The coat and waistcoat were always of glaring colours, such as bright blue, grass green, and scarlet. I remember well the pride with which I was once rigged out in a scarlet waistcoat, and a bright green coat. Clothing patterns were gradually standardised from the 1860s, and an outfitter, Aitken & Niven, was appointed for the school after 1905. The blazer became part of the regular uniform in the early 1930s. The school badge was introduced in 1921, superseding an intertwined monogram RHS in silver thread on a black school cap, which had been standard wear since the turn of the twentieth century. The cap became a casualty of the clothes rationing and wartime austerity of the 1940s, since when pupils have gone bareheaded. Long trousers replaced shorts by the 1970s. Like the uniform, the school sports colours are black and white. They were adopted from the city in 1875. Prior to 1866 the sports colours were white with an orange scarf; between 1866 and 1869, white with a blue and orange scarf; between 1869 and 1871, blue and orange; and between 1871 and 1875, scarlet and blue. This rapid mid-Victorian evolution was prompted by the innovation of annual games.

text:
# Uniform of The Royal High School, Edinburgh

The school uniform is black and white, derived from the municipal colours of Edinburgh.

The school retains the now traditional uniform of a blazer and tie. Boys are required to wear a plain white shirt, official tie, black blazer with school badge, black trousers and black polished leather school shoes. There is the option of a black pullover. Girls must wear a white blouse, official tie, black pullover or cardigan, black blazer with school badge, black skirt or trousers, black tights and black polished leather school shoes. A black and white striped tie is standard; a plain black tie denotes a Sixth Year.

The school badge features the school motto and the embattled triple-towered castle of the school arms. Prefects and Vice Captains are presented with a silver badge whilst the School Captain is presented with a gold badge to pin on his or her blazer. A select few 5th-formers are also awarded a Prefect badge.

When full colours are awarded to a pupil a new pocket is attached to the blazer with the school emblem embroidered in silver wire with the dates of the present academic year either side of the badge.

These dress regulations, which were introduced to include those for girls as well as boys, date from 1973.

The school garb worn at the end of the eighteenth century is described by Lord Cockburn:

> It consisted of a round black hat; a shirt fastened at the neck by a black ribbon, and except on dress-days, unruffled; a cloth waistcoat, rather large, with two rows of buttons and of buttonholes, so that it could be buttoned on either side, which, when one side got dirty, was convenient; a single-breasted jacket, which in due time got a tail and became a coat; brown corduroy breeches, tied at the knees by a brown cotton tape; worsted stockings in winter, blue cotton stockings in summer, and white cotton for dress; clumsy shoes, made to be used on either foot, and each requiring to be used on alternative feet daily; brass or copper buckles. The coat and waistcoat were always of glaring colours, such as bright blue, grass green, and scarlet. I remember well the pride with which I was once rigged out in a scarlet waistcoat, and a bright green coat.

Clothing patterns were gradually standardised from the 1860s, and an outfitter, Aitken & Niven, was appointed for the school after 1905. The blazer became part of the regular uniform in the early 1930s. The school badge was introduced in 1921, superseding an intertwined monogram RHS in silver thread on a black school cap, which had been standard wear since the turn of the twentieth century. The cap became a casualty of the clothes rationing and wartime austerity of the 1940s, since when pupils have gone bareheaded. Long trousers replaced shorts by the 1970s.

Like the uniform, the school sports colours are black and white. They were adopted from the city in 1875. Prior to 1866 the sports colours were white with an orange scarf; between 1866 and 1869, white with a blue and orange scarf; between 1869 and 1871, blue and orange; and between 1871 and 1875, scarlet and blue. This rapid mid-Victorian evolution was prompted by the innovation of annual games.


abstract:
The Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Library was established (founded) in 1921 by Agostino Gemelli, who based its design and organisation on that of highly prestigious foreign libraries.
All the libraries of the four UCSC campuses use a centralized general catalogue.

text:
# Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Library

The **Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Library** was established (founded) in 1921 by Agostino Gemelli, who based its design and organisation on that of highly prestigious foreign libraries. All the libraries of the four UCSC campuses (Milan, Brescia, Piacenza-Cremona and Rome) use a centralized general catalogue.

## History

The library of the Milan office, present since the founding of the university in 1921 with capital of 50,000 volumes, is the largest and oldest of the libraries of the whole university.

The library of Milan boasts in its library also numerous special funds. The collection consists of Sumerian tablets, Egyptian papyri (Papyrus 88), an original diploma of Matilde di Canossa (9 January 1106), a group of 30 manuscripts, an incunabulum, 60 books printed in the 16th century and a collection of 18th- and 19th-century editions of literature and historiography, the first edition of "The Betrothed".

## Libraries in the UCSC system

The library consists of a central library with deposit, 8 branch libraries (located at institutes and departments), some special libraries, the reference room "Joseph Billanovich" and 12 reading rooms.

1. http://sbda-opac.unicatt.it/ Catalogo d’Ateneo (OPAC)
2. Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: *Tesori in Biblioteca - Università Cattolica di Milano*. *YouTube*.

## InfoBox

| Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Library | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Milan, Italy |
| Established | 1921 |
| Access and use | |
| Access requirements | depends on library |
| Other information | |
| Website | Sistema Bibliotecario e Documentale d'Ateneo |


abstract: University—Rosedale is a provincial electoral district in Toronto. It elects one member to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. This riding was created in 2015. The Ontario Legislative Building is located within this district.

text:
# University—Rosedale (provincial electoral district)

**University—Rosedale** is a provincial electoral district in Toronto. It elects one member to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. This riding was created in 2015. The Ontario Legislative Building is located within this district.

## Members of Provincial Parliament

| University—Rosedale | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Assembly | Years | Member | | Party |
| ***Riding created from* Trinity—Spadina *and* Toronto Centre** | | | | |
| 42nd | 2018–2022 |  | Jessica Bell | New Democratic |
| 43rd | 2022–present | | | |

## Election results

### 2022 election

| 2022 Ontario general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | Expenditures |
|  | New Democratic | Jessica Bell | 13,961 | 37.55 | 12.11 | $96,148 |
|  | Liberal | Andrea Barrack | 10,172 | 27.36 | +5.30 | $120,103 |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Carl Qiu | 6,535 | 17.58 | 3.53 | $43,740 |
|  | Green | Dianne Saxe | 5,904 | 15.88 | +10.51 | $118,893 |
|  | New Blue | James Leventakis | 469 | 1.26 |  | $47 |
|  | Stop the New Sex-Ed Agenda | John Kanary | 140 | 0.38 |  | $0 |
| Total valid votes/Expense limit | | | 37,181 | 99.49 | +0.45 | $121,100 |
| Total rejected, unmarked, and declined ballots | | | 189 | 0.51 | 0.45 |
| Turnout | | | 37,370 | 43.20 | 13.43 |
| Eligible voters | | | 86,192 |
|  | New Democratic **hold** | | Swing | | 8.71 |
| Source(s) * "Summary of Valid Votes Cast for Each Candidate" (PDF). Elections Ontario. 2022. Archived from the original on 2023-05-18. * "Statistical Summary by Electoral District" (PDF). Elections Ontario. 2022. Archived from the original on 2023-05-21. | | | | | | |

### 2018 Election

| 2018 Ontario general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | New Democratic | Jessica Bell | 24,537 | 49.66 | +25.39 |
|  | Liberal | Jo-Ann Davis | 10,898 | 22.06 | -26.04 |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Gillian Smith | 10,431 | 21.11 | +2.98 |
|  | Green | Tim Grant | 2,652 | 5.37 | -1.69 |
|  | New People's Choice | Daryl Christoff | 284 | 0.57 |
|  | Independent | Doug MacLeod | 220 | 0.45 |
|  | Libertarian | Ryan Swim | 206 | 0.42 |
|  | Go Vegan | Paulo Figueiras | 106 | 0.21 |
|  | Special Needs | Hilton Milan | 78 | 0.16 |
| Total valid votes | | | 49,412 | 99.04 |
| Total rejected, unmarked and declined ballots | | | 480 | 0.96 |
| Turnout | | | 49,892 | 56.63 |
| Eligible voters | | | 88,097 |
|  | New Democratic **pickup** new district. | | | | | | |
| Source: Elections Ontario | | | | | | |

43°40′16″N 79°23′38″W / 43.671°N 79.394°W / 43.671; -79.394

## InfoBox

University—Rosedale
| Ontario electoral district | |
| --- | --- |
| University-Rosedale in relation to the other Toronto ridings (2015 boundaries) | |
| Provincial electoral district | |
| Legislature | Legislative Assembly of Ontario |
| MPP |
     Jessica Bell
New Democratic |
| District created | 2015 |
| First contested | 2018 |
| Last contested | 2018 |
| Demographics | |
| Population (2016) | 104,315 |
| Electors (2018) | 88,097 |
| Area (km²) | 14 |
| Pop. density (per km²) | 7,451.1 |
| Census division(s) | Toronto |
| Census subdivision(s) | Toronto |


title: United Kingdom employment equality law

abstract: United Kingdom employment equality law is a body of law which legislates against prejudice-based actions in the workplace. As an integral part of UK labour law it is unlawful to discriminate against a person because they have one of the "protected characteristics", which are, age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, race, religion or belief, sex, pregnancy and maternity, and sexual orientation. The primary legislation is the Equality Act 2010, which outlaws discrimination in access to education, public services, private goods and services, transport or premises in addition to employment. This follows three major European Union Directives, and is supplement by other Acts like the Protection from Harassment Act 1997. Furthermore, discrimination on the grounds of work status, as a part-time worker, fixed term employee, agency worker or union membership is banned as a result of a combination of statutory instruments and the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992, again following European law. Disputes are typically resolved in the workplace in consultation with an employer or trade union, or with advice from a solicitor, ACAS or the Citizens Advice Bureau a claim may be brought in an employment tribunal. The Equality Act 2006 established the Equality and Human Rights Commission, a body designed to strengthen enforcement of equality laws. Discrimination is unlawful when an employer is hiring a person, in the terms and conditions of contract that are offered, in making a decision to dismiss a worker, or any other kind of detriment. "Direct discrimination", which means treating a person less favourably than another who lacks the protected characteristic, is always unjustified and unlawful, with the exception of age. It is lawful to discriminate against a person because of their age, however, only if there is a legitimate business justification accepted by a court. Where there is an "occupational requirement" direct discrimination is lawful, so that for instance an employer could refuse to hire a male actor to play a female role in a play, where that is indispensable for the job. "Indirect discrimination" is also unlawful, and this exists when an employer applies a policy to their workplace that affects everyone equally, but it has a disparate impact on a greater proportion of people of one group with a protected characteristic than another, and there is no good business justification for that practice. Disability differs from other protected characteristics in that employers are under a positive duty to make reasonable adjustments to their workplace to accommodate the needs of disabled staff. For age, belief, sex, race, gender reassignment and sexuality there is generally no positive obligation to promote equality, and positive discrimination is generally circumscribed by the principle that merit must be regarded as the most important characteristic of a person. In the field of equal pay between men and women, the rules differ in the scope for comparators. Any dismissal because of discrimination is automatically unfair and entitles a person to claim under the Employment Rights Act 1996 section 94 no matter how long they have worked.

text:
# United Kingdom employment equality law

**United Kingdom employment equality law** is a body of law which legislates against prejudice-based actions in the workplace. As an integral part of UK labour law it is unlawful to discriminate against a person because they have one of the "protected characteristics", which are, age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, race, religion or belief, sex, pregnancy and maternity, and sexual orientation. The primary legislation is the Equality Act 2010, which outlaws discrimination in access to education, public services, private goods and services, transport or premises in addition to employment. This follows three major European Union Directives, and is supplement by other Acts like the Protection from Harassment Act 1997. Furthermore, discrimination on the grounds of work status, as a part-time worker, fixed term employee, agency worker or union membership is banned as a result of a combination of statutory instruments and the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992, again following European law. Disputes are typically resolved in the workplace in consultation with an employer or trade union, or with advice from a solicitor, ACAS or the Citizens Advice Bureau a claim may be brought in an employment tribunal. The Equality Act 2006 established the Equality and Human Rights Commission, a body designed to strengthen enforcement of equality laws.

Discrimination is unlawful when an employer is hiring a person, in the terms and conditions of contract that are offered, in making a decision to dismiss a worker, or any other kind of detriment. "Direct discrimination", which means treating a person less favourably than another who lacks the protected characteristic, is always unjustified and unlawful, with the exception of age. It is lawful to discriminate against a person because of their age, however, only if there is a legitimate business justification accepted by a court. Where there is an "occupational requirement" direct discrimination is lawful, so that for instance an employer could refuse to hire a male actor to play a female role in a play, where that is indispensable for the job. "Indirect discrimination" is also unlawful, and this exists when an employer applies a policy to their workplace that affects everyone equally, but it has a disparate impact on a greater proportion of people of one group with a protected characteristic than another, and there is no good business justification for that practice. Disability differs from other protected characteristics in that employers are under a positive duty to make reasonable adjustments to their workplace to accommodate the needs of disabled staff. For age, belief, sex, race, gender reassignment and sexuality there is generally no positive obligation to promote equality, and positive discrimination is generally circumscribed by the principle that merit must be regarded as the most important characteristic of a person. In the field of equal pay between men and women, the rules differ in the scope for comparators. Any dismissal because of discrimination is automatically unfair and entitles a person to claim under the Employment Rights Act 1996 section 94 no matter how long they have worked.

## History

Anti-discrimination law is a recent development. Religious discrimination was first tackled by laws aimed at Roman Catholics. The Papists Act 1778 was the first act that addressed legal discrimination against Roman Catholics, but it was not until the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 that Catholics were considered fully emancipated. A year later, in 1830, debates began on the subject of making similar provisions for Jews. A strong Tory lobby in Parliament prevented any furtherance of this cause until the Religious Opinions Act 1846, although this only went some way towards acceptance of all religious viewpoints. It was only the Reform Act 1867 that saw extension of the vote to every male householder. Women were also marginalised from general social participation. The first changes came at municipal level, particular in the Birmingham Municipal Council from the 1830s. The Chartists from the mid 19th century, and the Suffragettes after the turn of the 20th century lobbied for universal suffrage against a conservative judiciary and a liberal political establishment. In *Nairn v The University Court of the University of St Andrews* (1907), Lord McLaren even proclaimed that it is

> "a principle of the unwritten constitutional law of this country that men only were entitled to take part in the election of representatives to Parliament."

The Representation of the People Act 1918 gave the universal franchise to men, and knocked away the last barriers of wealth discrimination for the vote. But for women, only those over 30 were enfranchised, and the judiciary remained as conservative as ever. In *Roberts v Hopwood* (1925) a metropolitan borough council had decided to pay its workers a minimum of £4 a week, whether they were men or women and regardless of the job they did. The House of Lords approved the district auditor's surcharge for being overly gratuitous, given the fall in the cost of living. Lord Atkinson said

> "the council would, in my view, fail in their duty if ... \[they\] allowed themselves to be guided in preference by some eccentric principles of socialistic philanthropy, or by a feminist ambition to secure the equality of the sexes in the matter of wages in the world of labour."

Though Lord Buckmaster said

> "Had they stated that they determined as a borough council to pay the same wage for the same work without regard to the sex or condition of the person who performed it, I should have found it difficult to say that that was not a proper exercise of their discretion."

After a decade, the Representation of the People Act 1928 finally gave women the vote on an equal footing.

The Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 received Royal Assent on 23 December 1919. Its basic purpose was "… to amend the Law with respect to disqualification on account of sex" "from the exercise of any public function, or from being appointed to or holding any civil or judicial office or post, or from entering or assuming or carrying on any civil profession or vocation, or for admission to any incorporated society (whether incorporated by Royal Charter or otherwise)".

Attitudes to racial prejudice in the law were set to change markedly with the proverbial "winds of change" sweeping through the Empire after World War II. As Britain's colonies won independence, many immigrated to the motherland, and for the first time communities of all colours were seen in London and the industrial cities of the North. The Equal Pay Act 1970, the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 and the Race Relations Act 1976 were passed by Harold Wilson's Labour government.

In 1975, Britain became a member of the European Community, which became the European Union in 1992 with the agreement of the Maastricht Treaty. The Conservative government opted out of the Social Chapter of the treaty, which included provisions on which anti-discrimination law would be based. Although they passed the Disability Discrimination Act 1995, it was not until Tony Blair's "New Labour" government won the 1997 election that the UK opted into the social provisions of EU law. In 2000, the EU overhauled and introduced new Directives explicitly protecting people with a particular sexuality, religion, belief and age, as well as updating the protection against disability, race and gender discrimination. The law is therefore quite new and is still in a state of flux. Between the EU passing directives and the UK government implementing them, it is apparent that the government has often failed to offer the required minimum level of protection. More changes are likely soon to iron out the anomalies.

## Equality framework

Equality legislation in the UK, formerly in separate Acts and regulations for each protected characteristic, is now primarily found in the Equality Act 2010. Particularly since the United Kingdom joined the Social Chapter of the European Union treaties, it mirrors a series of EU Directives. The three main Directives are the Equal Treatment Directive (Directive 2006/54/EC, for gender), the Racial Equality Directive (2000/48/EC) and the Directive establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation (2000/78/EC, for religion, belief, sexuality, disability and age).

### Direct discrimination

Direct discrimination occurs when an employer treats someone less favourably on the ground of a protected characteristic. It is unlawful under section 13 of the Equality Act 2010. A protected characteristic (age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, race, religion or belief, sex, and sexual orientation) must be the reason for the different treatment, so that it is because of that characteristic that the less favourable treatment occurs. Generally, the law protects everyone, not just a group perceived to suffer discrimination. Therefore, it is unlawful to treat a man less favourably than a woman, or a woman less favourably than a man, on the ground of the person's sex. However people who are single are not protected against more favourable treatment of people in marriage or civil partnership, and non disabled people are not protected if a disabled person is treated more favourably.

In *Coleman v Attridge Law* in the European Court of Justice confirmed that a person may claim discrimination even if they are not the person with the protected characteristic, but rather they suffer unfavourable treatment because of someone they associate with.

For the protected characteristic of Age, it is a defence to a claim of direct discrimination that the discrimination is "justified" by some reason. There is no defence of justification for other protected characteristics.

### Harassment

Under the Equality Act 2010 section 26, a person harasses another if he or she engages in unwanted conduct related to a relevant protected characteristic, and the conduct has the purpose or effect of violating the other's dignity, or creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for the other. It is also harassment if a person treats another less favourably because the other has rejected or submitted to unwanted conduct of a sexual nature.

### Victimisation

The definition of "victimisation" is found in the Equality Act 2010 section 27. It refers to subjecting a person to a further detriment after they try to complain or bring proceedings in connection with discrimination, on their own behalf or on behalf of someone else.

### Indirect discrimination

"Indirect" discrimination is unlawful under the Equality Act 2010 section 19. It involves the application of a provision, criterion or practice to everyone, which has a disproportionate effect on some people and is not objectively justified. For instance, a requirement that applicants for a job be over a certain height would have a greater impact on women than on men, as the average height of women is lower than that of men. It is a defence for the employer to show that the requirement is “a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim”.

### Positive action

Discrimination law is "blind" in that motive is irrelevant to discrimination and both minorities or majorities could make discrimination claims if they suffer less favourable treatment. Positive discrimination (or "affirmative action" as it is known in the US) to fill up diversity quotas, or for any other purpose, is prohibited throughout Europe, because it violates the principle of equal treatment just as much as negative discrimination. There is, however, a large exception. Suppose an employer is hiring new staff, and they have 2 applications where the applicants are equally qualified for the job. If the workforce does not reflect society's makeup (e.g. that women, or ethnic minorities are under-represented) then the employer may prefer the candidate which would correct that imbalance. But they may *only* do so where both candidates are of equal merit, and further conditions must be met. This type of measure is also known as positive action. Sections 158 and 159 Equality Act 2010 set out the circumstances in which positive action is allowed. Section 159, which deals with positive action in connection with recruitment and promotion (and which is the basis for the example of equally qualified applicants above), did not come into force until April 2011. The Government Equalities Office has issued a guide to the Section 159 rules. Section 158 deals with the circumstances in which positive action is permitted other than in connection with recruitment and promotion, for example in provision of training opportunities. Section 158 does not have the requirement for candidates to be equally qualified.

### Disability claims

The normal types of claim apply to disability, but additional types of claim are particular to it. These are 'discrimination arising from disability' and the reasonable adjustment duty. "Discrimination arising from disability" was a newly formulated test introduced after the House of Lords decision in *Lewisham LBC v Malcolm and EHRC* was felt to have shifted the balance of protection too far away from disabled people. Section 15 Equality Act 2010 creates a broad protection against being treated unfavourably "because of something arising in consequence of" the person's disability, but subject to the employer having an 'objective justification' defence if it shows its action was a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim. There is also a 'knowledge requirement', in that the employer has a defence if it shows it did not know, and could not reasonably be expected to know, that the person had the disability. Section 15 will apply, for example, where a disabled person is dismissed because of a long absence from work which resulted from their disability - the issue will be whether the employer can show the 'objective justification' defence applies (assuming the 'knowledge requirement' is met).

The reasonable adjustment duty is particularly important. The duty can apply where a disabled person is put at a 'substantial' disadvantage in comparison with non-disabled people by a 'provision, criterion or practice' or by a physical feature. The employer's obligation is, broadly, to take such steps as it is reasonable to have to take to avoid the disadvantage (s 20 Equality Act 2010). 'Substantial' means only more than minor or trivial (s 212(1) Equality Act 2010). A further strand of the duty can require an employer to provide an auxiliary aid or service (s 20(5) Equality Act 2010). There are provisions dealing with employer's lack of knowledge of the disability (Equality Act 2010 Sch 8 para 20).

Employers should actively pursue policies to accommodate protected groups into the workforce. This duty is made explicit in law for pregnant women and for people who are disabled. For people with religious sensitivities, particularly the desire to worship during work cases show there is no duty, but employers should apply their minds to accommodating their employee's wishes even if they ultimately decide not to.

### Enforcement

The main outcome of the Equality Act 2006 was the establishment of a new Equality and Human Rights Commission, subsuming specialist bodies from before. Its role is in research, promotion, raising awareness and enforcement of equality standards. For lawyers, the most important work of predecessors has been strategic litigation (advising and funding cases which could significantly advance the law) and developing codes of best practice for employers to use. Around 20,000 discrimination cases are brought each year to UK tribunals.

## Defences

### Occupational requirement

Under the Equality Act 2010 Sch 9, a number of defences are available to employers who have policies which discriminate. An "occupational requirement" refers to exceptions to the prohibition on direct discrimination. An example could be a theatre requiring an actor of Black African origin to play a Black African character. An employer has the burden of showing that they genuinely need somebody of a particular gender, race, religion, etc., for the job. These exceptions are few.

### Material difference

Under section 23 of the Equality Act, in order to show that there has been discrimination, the claimant must show that there is no material difference between the claimant and the other person, or "comparator", who does not share the same protected characteristic. If the respondent can show that there is another cause for the different treatment, not related to the protected characteristic, then the claim will fail.

### Justification

It is a defence to a claim of unlawful indirect discrimination, and also to a claim of direct discrimination on the ground of age, that the discriminatory act is "a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim" (sections 13(2) and 19).

## Equality protection

People with a protected characteristic are protected from discrimination in employment, and in access to services, education, premises, and associations. Examples of prohibited discrimination include as customers, in social security, access to education and other public services. The UK Labour Government codified and strengthened the disparate heads of protection into a single act, namely the Equality Act 2010.

### Sex

In the UK, equality between sexes has been a principle of employment law on since the 1970s, when the Equal Pay Act 1970 and the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 were introduced. Also, in 1972, the UK joined the European Community (now the EU). Article 141(1) of the Treaty of the European Community states,

> "Each Member State shall ensure that the principle of equal pay for male and female workers for equal work or work of equal value is applied."

* Directive 2006/54/EC "on the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment of men and women in matters of employment and occupation".

Equal pay

### Race

In the *Weaver v NATFHE* race discrimination case (also known as the Bournville College Racial Harassment issue), an Industrial Tribunal decided that the trade union NATFHE was entitled to apply its rule that a members' case against another member would not be supported if it put that member's tenure at risk.

### Disability

### Sexuality and gender reassignment

Sexual orientation and gender reassignment status are both covered by the Equality Act 2010.

Some protection for trans gender people was provided by the Sex Discrimination (Gender Reassignment) Regulations 1999, which added "Gender reassignment" to the coverage of the Sex Discrimination Act 1975. Sexual orientation was covered from 1 December 2003 until 2010 by the Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003, SI 2003/1661, and by the Equality Act (Sexual Orientation) Regulations.

### Religion or belief

While direct discrimination on grounds of religion or belief is automatically unlawful, the nature of religions or beliefs leads to the conclusion that objective justification for disparate impact is easier. Beliefs often lead adherents to the need to manifest their closely held views, in a way which may conflict with ordinary requirements of the work place. There is not the same degree of privilege granted to beliefs as is to a disability, requiring "reasonable adjustments" for the wishes of the believer. So in cases where an adherent to a religion wishes to take time off to pray, or wear a particular article of clothing or jewellery, it will usually be within the right of the employer to insist that the contract of employment is performed as was initially agreed. This refusal of the law to grant privileged status to beliefs may reflect the element of choice in belief or the need of a secular society to treat all people, whether believers or not, equally.

Discrimination on grounds of religion was previously covered in an ad hoc way for Muslims and Sikhs through the race discrimination provisions. The new regulations were introduced to comply with the EU Framework Directive 2000/78/EC on religion or belief, age, sexuality and disability.

### Age

## Work status protection

More recently, two measures have been introduced, and one has been proposed, to prohibit discrimination in employment based on atypical work patterns, for employees who are not considered permanent. The Part-time Workers Regulations and the Fixed-term Employee Regulations were partly introduced to remedy the pay gap between men and women. The reason is, women are far more likely to be doing non-full-time permanent jobs. However following the Treaty of Amsterdam, a new Article 13 promised Community action to remedy inequalities generally. The abortive Agency Workers Directive was meant to be the third pillar in this programme. Discrimination against union members is also a serious problem, for the obvious reason that some employers view unionisation as threat to their right to manage.

### Part time workers

### Fixed term "employees"

### Agency workers

### Union members

Books Articles * C O’Cinneide, “The Commission for Equality and Human Rights: A New Institution for New and Uncertain Times” (2007) Industrial Law Journal 141

Trade Unions Non-permanent workers Protected characteristics Other websites


title: United Kingdom environmental law

abstract: United Kingdom environmental law concerns the protection of the environment in the United Kingdom. Environmental law is increasingly a European and an international issue, due to the cross border issues of air and water pollution, and man-made climate change.

text:
# United Kingdom environmental law

**United Kingdom environmental law** concerns the protection of the environment in the United Kingdom. Environmental law is increasingly a European and an international issue, due to the cross border issues of air and water pollution, and man-made climate change.

## History

In the common law, the primary protection was found in the tort of nuisance, but this only allowed for private actions for damages or injunctions if there was harm to land; thus issues such as smells emanating from pig sties, strict liability against dumping rubbish, or damage from exploding dams are included. Private enforcement, however, was limited and found to be woefully inadequate to deal with major environmental threats, particularly threats to common resources.

* 1306, Edward I briefly banned coal fires in London.
* John Evelyn, *Fumifugium* (1661) argued for burning fragrant wood instead of mineral coal, which he believed would reduce coughing.
* *Ballad of Gresham College* (1661) describes how the smoke "does our lungs and spirits choke, Our hanging spoil, and rust our iron."
* In 1800, one million tons of coal were burned in London, and 15 million across the UK.
* Smoke Nuisance Abatement (Metropolis) Act 1853
* John Snow in 1854 discovered that the water pump on Broad Street, Soho was responsible for 616 cholera deaths because it was contaminated by an old cesspit leaking fecal bacteria. Germ theory of disease began to replace miasma theory that had lingered since the Black Death.

During the "Great Stink" of 1858, the dumping of sewerage into the River Thames began to smell so ghastly in the summer heat that Parliament had to be evacuated. The Metropolitan Commission of Sewers Act 1848 had allowed the Metropolitan Commission for Sewers to close cesspits around the city in an attempt to "clean up" but this simply led people to pollute the river. In 19 days, Parliament passed a further Act to build the London sewerage system.

London also suffered from terrible air pollution, and this culminated in the "Great Smog" of 1952, which in turn triggered a legislative response: the Clean Air Act 1956. The basic regulatory structure was to set limits on emissions for households and business (particularly burning coal) while an inspectorate would enforce compliance. It required zones for smokeless fuel to be burned and relocated power stations.

* Clean Air Act 1968 required tall chimneys to disperse pollution.

## Environmental protection

The Environment Act 2021, passed in the UK, sets forth new environmental targets and establishes the Office for Environmental Protection (OEP) as an oversight body. It outlines a governance framework and mandates an environmental improvement plan for England and Wales, focusing on enhancing environmental standards and biodiversity. The Act's implementation is facilitated through various commencement regulations, introducing legally binding targets in areas such as biodiversity, water, air quality, and conservation. The Environmental Improvement Plan 2023, an update to the 25 Year Environment Plan initiated in 2018, specifies how to achieve these targets, incorporating a review every five years.

Legislation under the Environment Act 2021 specifies legally binding environmental targets:

* The Environmental Targets (Biodiversity) (England) Regulations 2023
* The Environmental Targets (Water) (England) Regulations 2023
* The Environmental Targets (Fine Particulate Matter) (England) Regulations 2023
* The Environmental Targets (Marine Protected Areas) Regulations 2023
* The Environmental Targets (Residual Waste) (England) Regulations 2023
* The Environmental Targets (Woodland and Trees Outside Woodland) (England) Regulations 2023

### Pollution

### Wildlife

### Conservation

### Climate change

See also Environment Agency

## European and international law


abstract: These are the election results from United Kingdom general elections based on the electoral regional boundaries used by the Senedd, for the Senedd electoral region of Mid and West Wales. Since the 1997 general election, this grouping of constituencies into this unofficial region have elected eight Members of Parliament to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.

text:
# United Kingdom general election results in Mid and West Wales

These are the election results from United Kingdom general elections based on the electoral regional boundaries used by the Senedd (Welsh Parliament), for the Senedd electoral region of Mid and West Wales. Since the 1997 general election, this grouping of constituencies into this unofficial region have elected eight Members of Parliament to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.

## Regional profile

The boundaries are based on the Senedd electoral region Mid and West Wales. Regions are not used in UK general elections.

## 2005

| Constituency | Candidates | | | | | | | | | | Incumbent | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Labour | | Conservative | | Liberal Democrat | | Plaid Cymru | | Other | | |
| Brecon and Radnorshire |  | Leighton Veale 5,755 (15.0%) |  | Andrew RT Davies 13,277 (34.6%) |  | **Roger Williams** **17,182 (44.8%)** |  | Mabon ap Gwynfor 1,404 (3.7%) |  | Elizabeth Phillips (UKIP) 723 (1.9%) |  | Roger Williams |
| Carmarthen East and Dinefwr |  | Ross Hendry 10,843 (28.3%) |  | Suzy Davies 5,235 (13.7%) |  | Juliana Hughes 3,719 (9.7%) |  | **Adam Price** **17,561 (45.9%)** |  | Mike Squires (UKIP) 661 (1.7%)  Sid Whitworth (Legalise Cannabis) 272 (0.7%) |  | Adam Price |
| Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire |  | **Nick Ainger** **13,953 (36.9%)** |  | David Morris 12,043 (31.8%) |  | John Allen 5,399 (14.3%) |  | John Dixon 5,582 (14.7%) |  | Josie MacDonald (UKIP) 545 (1.4%)  Alexander Daszak (Legalise Cannabis) 237 (0.6%)  Nick Turner (Independent) 104 (0.3%) |  | Nick Ainger |
| Ceredigion |  | Alun Davies 4,337 (12.1%) |  | John Harrison 4,455 (12.4%) |  | **Mark Williams** **13,130 (36.5%)** |  | Simon Thomas 12,911 (35.9%) |  | Dave Bradney (Green) 846 (2.3%)  Iain Sheldon (Veritas) 268 (0.7%) |  | Simon Thomas |
| Llanelli |  | **Nia Griffith** **16,592 (46.9%)** |  | Adrian Phillips 4,844 (13.7%) |  | Ken Rees 4,550 (12.9%) |  | Neil Baker 9,358 (26.5%) |  | Jan Cliff (Green) 515 (1.4%)  John Willock (SLP) 407 (1.2%) |  | Denzil Davies |
| Meirionnydd Nant Conwy |  | Rhodri Jones 3,983 (19.3%) |  | Dan Munford 3,402 (16.5%) |  | Adrian Fawcett 2,192 (10.6%) |  | **Elfyn Llwyd** **10,597 (51.3%)** |  | Francis Wykes (UKIP) 466 (2.3%) |  | Elfyn Llwyd |
| Montgomeryshire |  | David Tinline 3,454 (11.5%) |  | Simon Baynes 8,246 (27.4%) |  | **Lembit Öpik** **15,419 (51.2%)** |  | Ellen ap Gwynn 2,078 (6.9%) |  | Clive Easton (UKIP) 900 (3.0%) |  | Lembit Öpik |
| Preseli Pembrokeshire |  | Sue Hayman 13,499 (35.0%) |  | **Stephen Crabb** **14,106 (36.3%)** |  | Dewi Smith 4,963 (12.9%) |  | Matt Mathias 4,752 (12.3%) |  | James Carver (UKIP) 498 (1.3%)  Molly Scott Cato (Green) 494 (1.3%)  Patricia Bowen (SLP) 275 (0.7%) |  | Jackie Lawrence |

## 2001

Mid and West Wales elected eight Members of Parliament.

| Constituency | Candidates | | | | | | | | | | Incumbent | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Labour | | Conservative | | Liberal Democrat | | Plaid Cymru | | Other | | |
| Brecon and Radnorshire |  | Huw Irranca-Davies 8,024 (21.4%) |  | Felix Aubel 13,073 (34.8%) |  | **Roger Williams** **13,824 (36.8%)** |  | Brynach Parri 1,301 (3.5%) |  | Ian Mitchell (Ind.) 762 (2.0%)  Elizabeth Phillips (UKIP) 452 (1.2%)  Robert Nicholson (Ind.) 80 (0.2%) |  | Richard Livsey |
| Carmarthen East and Dinefwr |  | Alan Williams 13,540 (35.6%) |  | David Thomas 4,912 (35.6%) |  | Doiran Evans 2,815 (7.4%) |  | **Adam Price** **16,130 (42.4%)** |  | Michael Squires (UKIP) 656 (1.7%) |  | Alan Williams |
| Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire |  | **Nick Ainger** **15,349 (41.6%)** |  | Robert Wilson 10,811 (29.3%) |  | William Jeremy 3,248 (8.8%) |  | Llyr Gruffydd 6,893 (18.7%) |  | Ian Phillips (UKIP) 537 (1.5%)  Nicholas Turner (Direct Customer Service Party) 78 (0.2%) |  | Nick Ainger |
| Ceredigion |  | David Grace 5,338 (15.4%) |  | Paul Davies 6,730 (19.4%) |  | Mark Williams 9,297 (26.9%) |  | **Simon Thomas** **13,241 (38.3%)** |  |  |  | Simon Thomas |
| Llanelli |  | **Denzil Davies** **17,586 (48.6%)** |  | Simon Hayes 3,442 (9.5%) |  | Ken Rees 3,065 (8.5%) |  | Dyfan Jones 11,183 (30.9%) |  | Jan Cliff (Green) 515 (1.4%)  John Willock (SLP) 407 (1.2%) |  | Denzil Davies |
| Meirionnydd Nant Conwy |  | Denise Idris Jones 4,775 (22.7%) |  | Lisa Francis 3,962 (18.8%) |  | Dafydd Raw-Rees 1,872 (8.9%) |  | **Elfyn Llwyd** **10,459 (49.6%)** |  |  |  | Elfyn Llwyd |
| Montgomeryshire |  | Paul Davies 3,443 (11.9%) |  | David Jones 8,085 (27.9%) |  | **Lembit Öpik** **14,319 (49.4%)** |  | David Senior 1,969 (6.8%) |  | David Rowlands (UKIP) 786 (2.7%)  Ruth Davies (ProLife Alliance) 210 (0.7%)  Reginald Taylor (Ind.) 171 (0.6%) |  | Lembit Öpik |
| Preseli Pembrokeshire |  | **Jackie Lawrence** **15,206 (41.3%)** |  | Stephen Crabb 12,260 (33.3%) |  | Alexander Dauncey 3,882 (10.6%) |  | Rhys Sinnett 4,658 (12.7%) |  | Patricia Bowen (SLP) 452 (1.2%)  Hugh Jones (UKIP) 319 (0.9%) |  | Jackie Lawrence |

Map of current boundaries

## 1997

Mid and West Wales elected eight Members of Parliament.

| Constituency | Candidates | | | | | | | | | | | | Incumbent | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Labour | | Conservative | | Liberal Democrat | | Plaid Cymru | | Referendum | | Other | | |
| Brecon and Radnorshire |  | Christopher Mann 11,424 (26.6%) |  | Jonathan Evans 12,419 (29.0%) |  | **Richard Livsey** **17,516 (40.8%)** |  | Steven Cornelius 622 (1.5%) |  | Elizabeth Phillips 900 (2.1%) |  |  |  | Bill Walker |
| Carmarthen East and Dinefwr |  | **Alan Williams** **17,907 (42.9%)** |  | Edmund Hayward 5,022 (12.0%) |  | Juliana Hughes 3,150 (7.5%) |  | Rhodri Glyn Thomas 14,457 (34.6%) |  | Ian Humphreys-Evans 1,196 (2.9%) |  |  |  | Alan Williams(Carmarthen) |
| Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire |  | **Nick Ainger** **20,956 (49.1%)** |  | Owen Williams 11,335 (26.6%) |  | Keith Evans 3,516 (8.2%) |  | Roy Llewellyn 5,402 (12.7%) |  | Joy Poirrier 1,432 (3.4%) |  |  |  | Nick Ainger(Pembrokeshire) |
| Ceredigion |  | Robert (Hag) Harris 9,767 (24.3%) |  | Felix Aubel 5,983 (14.9%) |  | Dai Davies 6,616 (16.5%) |  | **Cynog Dafis** **16,728 (41.6%)** |  | John Leaney 1,092 (2.7%) |  |  |  | Cynog Dafis(Ceredigion and Pembroke North) |
| Llanelli |  | **Denzil Davies** **28,851 (57.9%)** |  | Andrew Hayes 5,003 (12.1%) |  | Nick Burree 3,788 (9.2%) |  | Marc Phillips 7,812 (19.0%) |  |  |  | John Willock (SLP) 757 (1.8%) |  | Denzil Davies |
| Meirionnydd Nant Conwy |  | Hefin E. Rees 5,660 (23.0%) |  | Jeremy Quin 3,922 (16.0%) |  | Robina L. Feeley 1,719 (7.0%) |  | **Elfyn Llwyd** **12,465 (50.7%)** |  | Phillip H. Hodge 809 (3.3%) |  |  |  | Elfyn Llwyd |
| Montgomeryshire |  | Angharad Davies 6,109 (19.1%) |  | Glyn Davies 8,344 (26.1%) |  | **Lembit Öpik** **14,647 (45.9%)** |  | Helen Mary Jones 1,608 (5.0%) |  | John Bufton 879 (2.8%) |  | Susan Walker (Green) 338 (1.1%) |  | Alex Carlile |
| Preseli Pembrokeshire |  | **Jackie Lawrence** **20,477 (48.3%)** |  | Robert Buckland 11,741 (27.7%) |  | Jeffrey Clarke 5,527 (13.0%) |  | Alun Jones 2,683 (6.3%) |  | David Berry 1,574 (3.7%) |  | Molly Scott Cato (Green) 401 (0.9%) |  | Nick Ainger(Pembrokeshire) |


title: Zhu Yangzhu

abstract: Zhu Yangzhu is a Chinese engineer and astronaut selected as part of the Shenzhou program. He enlisted in the People's Liberation Army (PLA) in September 2005, and joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in December 2006.

text:
# Zhu Yangzhu

**Zhu Yangzhu** (Chinese: 朱杨柱; born September 1986) is a Chinese engineer and astronaut selected as part of the Shenzhou program. He enlisted in the People's Liberation Army (PLA) in September 2005, and joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in December 2006.

## Early life and education

Yangzhu was born in Pei County, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, in September 1986. As a teenager he wanted to be a pilot and applied to the Air Force when he was in high school; but he did not pass the entrance exam there. On the advice of teachers and parents he registered the National Defense Science and Technology University in Changsha as his choice of college when he graduated from high school. Zhu Yangzhu did very well in high school and was accepted in Changsha in September 2005 without any further entrance exams. Like all students since the 1989/1990 academic year, he was accepted into the university under the Central Military Commission automatically enlisted in the People's Liberation Army Land Forces, although he studied at the Faculty of Aerospace Engineering Missile Design (飞行器系统与工程).

## Research and teaching

In his fourth year of college, when he was preparing for his diploma exam, Zhu Yangzhu learned that the air force was recruiting pilots from college graduates. He then applied again for a career in aviation. This time he passed most of the tests in the entrance exam, but failed in the end. He remained and completed his postdoctoral at National Institute of Defence Technology and then devoted himself to research, first in the field of aerodynamics, then in the field of fluid dynamics. As a result, his field of expertise had shifted from aviation to space travel, and in 2017 he joined the Academy of Aerospace Engineering as an associate professor (副教授). The academy had emerged from the Academy for Equipment of the People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force, headquartered in Huairou north of Beijing. In the meantime he had attained the rank of colonel in the army.

## Space career

On 23 April 2018, the Bureau of Human Spaceflight and the China Spaceman Training Center launched a third-class spaceman recruitment campaign in connection with the then-under development China Space Station. Unlike the 1998 and 2010 selection groups, the search was not just for fighter pilots, but also for engineers who were needed for maintenance and repairs on the station, as well as scientists from Chinese research institutes and universities who were to supervise the payloads. One of the institutions contacted for this was the University of Aerospace Engineering. Zhu Yangzhu volunteered immediately, but given his twice unsuccessful applications for the aviation service, he had little hope of being accepted. This time, however, he passed the three-stage selection process and was inducted into the People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps in September 2020. The official swearing-in ceremony took place on 1 October 2020, the Chinese National Day.

On 29 April 2021, half a year after the swearing-in, construction of the Chinese space station began with the launch of the Tianhe core module. The 2020 selection group had relatively little time to prepare for their missions – the construction time for the station was only a year and a half. However, the scientists in the group had the advantage over the fighter pilots of the early years that they already had good prior knowledge of higher mathematics, flight dynamics, etc. This is how Zhu Yangzhu was able to complete the theoretical mechanics lesson finish in a morning. In his role as an engineer, Zhu Yangzhu is primarily responsible for repairs, both to the systems of the space station and to the laboratory cabinets. External payloads are typically mounted using a mechanical arm without astronauts having to leave the station. However, some payloads will not fit into the standardized sockets and spacewalks will continue to be required even after construction is complete. For this, Zhu Yangzhu had to train in the pool like all his colleagues, which in itself is very strenuous. However, since he was in good physical condition, underwater training was relatively easy for him.

### Shenzhou 16

In June 2022 he was selected as the crew for the manned mission of Shenzhou 16, which launched on 30 May 2023.

## InfoBox

| Zhu Yangzhu | |
| --- | --- |
| 朱杨柱 | |
| Zhu Yangzhu | |
| Born | September 1986 (age 38)<br>Pei County, Jiangsu, China |
| Status | Active |
| Nationality | Chinese |
| Alma mater | National University of Defence Technology |
| Occupation(s) | Senior colonel, PLAGF |
| **Space career** | |
| PLAAC astronaut | |
| Previous occupation | Associate Professor, PLA Strategic Support Force Space Engineering University |
| Time in space | 153 days, 22 hours and 41 minutes |
| Selection | Chinese Group 3 |
| Missions | Shenzhou 16 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Simplified Chinese | 朱杨柱 |
| Traditional Chinese | 朱楊柱 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Zhū Yáng Zhù | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Shout at the Döner

abstract: Shout at the Döner is the tenth studio album by American electronic musician Kid606. The cover art of Shout At The Döner is based on the cover art of Shout at the Devil by Mötley Crüe. The record sleeve was designed by Sandra Boeckmann. The album is separated into four movements. Remixes of the songs "Be Monophobic With Me", "Samhain California", and "Baltimorrow's Parties" appear on the Be Monophobic With Me EP. Many of the songs also appear remixed on his Dance With The Chorizo.

text:
# Shout at the Döner

***Shout at the Döner*** is the tenth studio album by American electronic musician Kid606. The cover art of *Shout At The Döner* is based on the cover art of *Shout at the Devil* by Mötley Crüe. The record sleeve was designed by Sandra Boeckmann. The album is separated into four movements. Remixes of the songs "Be Monophobic With Me", "Samhain California", and "Baltimorrow's Parties" appear on the *Be Monophobic With Me* EP. Many of the songs also appear remixed on his *Dance With The Chorizo*.

## Track listing

Movement One 1. "Intro" – 1:34
2. "Be Monophobic With Me" – 6:32
3. "Mr. Wobble's Nightmare" – 6:14
4. "Samhain California" – 5:02
5. "Hello Serotonin, My Old Friend" – 5:10

Movement Two 1. "The Church Of 606 Is Now Open For Business" – 1:39
2. "Getränke Nasty" – 5:34
3. "Dancehall Of The Dead" – 6:30
4. "America's Next Top Modwheel" – 2:12
5. "Boy Die Dead" - 3:10

Movement Three 1. "You All Break My Heart" – 5:47
2. "Baltimorrow's Parties" – 4:20
3. "Cerebrate Yourself" – 0:58
4. "Monsters" – 6:12

Movement Four 1. "Malcontinental" – 3:54
2. "Great Lakes" – 5:38
3. "Underwear Everywhere" – 7:08
4. "Good Times" – 4:38

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Shout at the Döner | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Kid606 | |
| Released | 2009 |
| Recorded | 2009 |
| Genre | Electronic music |
| Length | 79:02 |
| Label | Tigerbeat6 |
| Kid606 chronology | |
| *Kill Soundboy Kill*
(2009) ***Shout at the Döner***
(2009) *Dance With The Chorizo*
(2009) | |


title: Yam Yaryan

abstract: Clarence Everett "Yam" Yaryan was a professional baseball player. Yaryan played two seasons in Major League Baseball for the Chicago White Sox in 1921 and 1922, primarily as a catcher. He batted and threw right-handed. Yaryan was born in Knowlton, Ringgold County, Iowa and died in Birmingham, Alabama.

text:
# Yam Yaryan

**Clarence Everett** "**Yam**" **Yaryan** (November 5, 1892 – November 16, 1964) was a professional baseball player. Yaryan played two seasons in Major League Baseball for the Chicago White Sox in 1921 and 1922, primarily as a catcher. He batted and threw right-handed.

Yaryan was born in Knowlton, Ringgold County, Iowa and died in Birmingham, Alabama.

## InfoBox

| Yam Yaryan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Catcher** | |
| **Born:** (1892-11-05)November 5, 1892
Knowlton, Iowa | |
| **Died:** November 16, 1964(1964-11-16) (aged 72)
Birmingham, Alabama | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| April 23, 1921, for the Chicago White Sox | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| September 24, 1922, for the Chicago White Sox | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .260 |
| Home runs | 2 |
| Runs batted in | 24 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |