title: WMGY

abstract: WMGY is a radio station licensed to serve Montgomery, Alabama, United States. The station, which began broadcasting in 1946, is owned by Terry L. Barber. WMGY broadcasts a Southern Gospel music format to the Montgomery metropolitan area. The station features programming from Salem Communications.

text:
# WMGY

**WMGY** (800 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve Montgomery, Alabama, United States. The station, which began broadcasting in 1946, is owned by Terry L. Barber.

WMGY broadcasts a Southern Gospel music format to the Montgomery metropolitan area. The station features programming from Salem Communications.

## History

This AM station began operations on July 26, 1946, as a daytime-only broadcaster using the callsign **WMGY** with 1,000 watts of power on 800 kHz under the ownership of the Dixie Broadcasting Company. In November 1958, WMGY was acquired by Radio Montgomery, Inc., as part of the C. A. McClure Stations Group.

In the late 1970s, the station's license was transferred to George H. Buck, Jr., and the longtime country and western music format was replaced with Southern Gospel and religious radio programming. The station has maintained this format for more than 30 years and calls itself "the oldest Christian music station in Montgomery". In March 1982, owner George H. Buck, Jr., reached an agreement to transfer the license for this station to WMGY Radio, Inc. The deal was approved by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on April 23, 1982. Terry L. Barber purchased WMGY in a transaction that was consummated on April 30, 2015, at a purchase price of $60,000.

In addition to its local broadcasts, WMGY began streaming its programming over the internet in 2007.

As of August 2016, this station is now being heard on W257DS 99.3 FM, in Montgomery. WMGY also features a live and local gospel program, Gospel Saturday Morning, which airs 6-9 a.m. each Saturday playing, along with the top names in gospel music, many local Montgomery area and Alabama based gospel artists as well as interviews with local and national gospel performers. Hosted by local Montgomery native Mark Fowler, Gospel Saturday Morning launched in April 2016.

## Former on-air staff

Sammy Stephens, who was given his first job at WMGY by Rad Dodson, became a celebrity for his "It's just like a mini-mall" rap advertisements for Flea Market Montgomery. Stephens got his start in broadcasting as the "Candyman," his on-air persona for WMGY and WXVI radio stations.

Billy Nobles was named Favorite DJ Medium Market by the Singing News Fan Awards in 1988, 1989, and 1993.

Jeffery S Rogers, Also among other Former Staff was hired by Dane Harris in 2001 at age 17 to run weekend programming and even having a 3-hour Radio show on Saturday's and being the On-Air DJ while running the Sunday Programming, Also filling in for Dane Harris when needed and running High School Events till they stopped in 2004, Also making broadcast interviews for Local Lawyers and as well as for other local companies, Before Jeff started, He said " I wanted to be in Radio so bad when I stopped by and talk to Dane just hoping and praying for that chance and being the great guy Dane Harris is, He gave me that chance and I got to be part of WMGY History and fell in love with it " While wanting to get into radio since age 14 receiving his Ham Radio ( Amateur Radio ) License, His Radio Call Sign " W4JFF " being the youngest in Montgomery and at age 15 receiving a higher License having to learn Morse code at a Speed of 13 Words Per Minute and Also being part of " The Central Alabama Skywarn " by the National Weather Service in Birmingham and also part of the Ham Radio EMA or ( ARES ) to provide communication when storms and other threats arise, Like Y2K at the end of 1999 having a station set up on New Year's Eve night of 1999 with other Ham Radio operations set up around the Montgomery area linking to the EMA Station downtown in case of computer and communications shut down being able to use Jeff and over 25 Other operators around the city to be a backup for communications in the area. Jeff's last day at WMGY Radio was about 2 weeks before Dane Harris left in 2015 as that same month the station was sold. Jeff still does small Radio Work and still helps with " The Central Alabama Skywarn " as an " Advanced Storm Spotter " & EMA Communications during bad storms in the area as well as other threats in which Help is Needed.

## InfoBox

WMGY
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Frequency | 800 kHz |
| Programming | |
| Format | Southern gospel |
| Affiliations | Salem Communications |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Terry L. Barber |
| Sister stations | WRBZ |
| History | |
| First air date | July 26, 1946 |
| Call sign meaning | **M**ont**G**omer**Y** |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 73260 |
| Class | D |
| Power | 1,000 watts (day)<br>143 watts (night) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 32°24′48″N 86°17′25″W / 32.41333°N 86.29028°W / 32.41333; -86.29028 |
| Translator(s) | 99.3 W257DS (Montgomery) |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |


title: William Tooker

abstract: William Tooker was an English churchman and theological writer, who was archdeacon of Barnstaple and later dean of Lichfield.

text:
# William Tooker

**William Tooker** (or **Tucker**) (Exeter, 1557 or 1558  19 March 1621) was an English churchman and theological writer, who was archdeacon of Barnstaple and later dean of Lichfield.

## Life

Born at Exeter in 1557 or 1558, he was the third son of William Tooker of that town by his wife Honora, daughter of James Erisey of Erisey in Cornwall. He was admitted to Winchester College in 1572, and became a scholar at New College, Oxford, in 1575, graduating B.A. on 16 Oct. 1579 and M.A. on 1 June 1583, and proceeding B.D. and D.D. on 4 July 1594. In 1577 he was elected to a perpetual fellowship, and in 1580 was appointed a canon of Exeter. In 1584 he was presented to the rectory of Kilkhampton in Cornwall, and in the following year resigned his fellowship on being collated archdeacon of Barnstaple on 24 April.

In 1588 he was appointed chaplain to Elizabeth I and rector of West Dean in Wiltshire. In 1590 he became rector of Clovelly in Devon, but resigned the charge in 1601. On 16 February 1605 he was installed dean of Lichfield, resigning his archdeaconry. According to Thomas Fuller, James I intended the bishopric of Gloucester for him, and actually issued the *congé d'élire*, but afterwards revoked it. Tooker died at Salisbury on 19 March 1620 or 1621, and was buried in the cathedral. He left a son Robert, who in 1625 became rector of Vange in Essex.

## Works

Tooker was a good scholar, and, according to Fuller, 'the purity of his Latin pen procured his preferment.' He was also a skilful courtier in his choice of topics. In 1597 he published *Charisma sive Donum Sanationis* (London), a historical vindication of the power inherent in the English sovereign of curing the king's evil. This work won him especial regard from Elizabeth I, whose possession of the power was a proof of the validity of her succession. Tooker traced the healing power back to (the legendary) Lucius of Britain; but he rejected the contemporary beliefs about touch pieces as superstitions.

In 1604 he published a treatise entitled *Of the Fabrique of the Church and Churchmens Livings* (London), dedicated to James I, whose chaplain he was, in which he attacked the tendency of puritanism towards ecclesiastical democracy, on the ground that it paved the way for spiritual anarchy. Besides the works mentioned, he was the author of *Duellum sive Singulare Certamen cum Martino Becano Jesuita* (London, 1611), written against Martin Becanus in the allegiance oath controversy, in defence of the ecclesiastical authority of the English king, to which Becanus replied in *Duellum Martini Becani Societatis Jesu Theologi cum Gulielmo Tooker de Primatu Regis Angliae*, Mainz 1612.

* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Tooker, William". *Dictionary of National Biography*. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.


title: Modoc Northern Railroad

abstract: The Modoc Northern Railroad is a defunct railroad company that operated over 160 miles (260 km) of track in northeastern California and southern Oregon and was based in Tulelake, California. The railroad connected Klamath Falls to Alturas, California, and Lakeview, Oregon, to Alturas, California. The railroad shipped mostly timber products and some perlite from the mine and mill near Lakeview. The rails used by the Modoc Northern were first laid out in June 1927 by a non-operating subsidiary of the Southern Pacific Company with the same name. On November 1, 2005, Union Pacific Railroad leased the Modoc line, connecting Klamath Falls to Alturas, to the MNRR for five years. By request of the Lake County, Oregon, commissioners, the MNRR also took over operation of the Lake County Railway, connecting Alturas to Lakeview, in 2006. UP cancelled the lease on May 5, 2009, and a new operator has assumed control of the Lake County Railroad.

text:
# Modoc Northern Railroad

The **Modoc Northern Railroad** (reporting mark **MNRR**) is a defunct railroad company that operated over 160 miles (260 km) of track in northeastern California and southern Oregon and was based in Tulelake, California. The railroad connected Klamath Falls to Alturas, California, and Lakeview, Oregon, to Alturas, California. The railroad shipped mostly timber products and some perlite from the mine and mill near Lakeview.

The rails used by the Modoc Northern were first laid out in June 1927 by a non-operating subsidiary of the Southern Pacific Company with the same name. On November 1, 2005, Union Pacific Railroad leased the Modoc line, connecting Klamath Falls to Alturas, to the MNRR for five years. By request of the Lake County, Oregon, commissioners, the MNRR also took over operation of the Lake County Railway, connecting Alturas to Lakeview, in 2006. UP cancelled the lease on May 5, 2009, and a new operator has assumed control of the Lake County Railroad.


title: Verdun Dragons

abstract: The Verdun Dragons were a hockey team based in Verdun, Quebec. The team was part of the Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey. The Dragons played at the Verdun Auditorium. They won the Futura Cup against the Saint-Georges Garaga in 2003–2004. Initially the team was based in Haut-Richelieu, Quebec, taking the name Dragons. This lasted from the 1996–97 season. The next season, they moved to Iberville, Quebec. They only played one season in Iberville and moved again to Saint-Laurent, Quebec. They played in Saint-Laurent for three seasons before moving to Verdun in 2002.

text:
# Verdun Dragons

The **Verdun Dragons** were a hockey team based in Verdun, Quebec. The team was part of the Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey. The Dragons played at the Verdun Auditorium. They won the Futura Cup against the Saint-Georges Garaga in 2003–2004.

Initially the team was based in Haut-Richelieu, Quebec, taking the name Dragons. This lasted from the 1996–97 season. The next season, they moved to Iberville, Quebec. They only played one season in Iberville and moved again to Saint-Laurent, Quebec. They played in Saint-Laurent for three seasons before moving to Verdun in 2002.


title: That Devil Quemado

abstract: That Devil Quemado is a 1925 American silent Western film directed by Del Andrews and starring Fred Thomson, Albert Prisco, and Nola Luxford.

text:
# That Devil Quemado

***That Devil Quemado*** is a 1925 American silent Western film directed by Del Andrews and starring Fred Thomson, Albert Prisco, and Nola Luxford.

## Plot

As described in a film magazine review, Quemado is a daring, mysterious character who kidnaps any woman he wants in the little border town of Sonora. He meets Joanna Thatcher, daughter of a wealthy Easterner, and kidnaps her, too. She falls madly in love with him and, after he cleverly saves one of his henchmen from death, discovers that Quemado is a former classmate of one of her brothers.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Munden, Kenneth White. *The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States, Part 1*. University of California Press, 1997.

## InfoBox

| That Devil Quemado | |
| --- | --- |
| Lobby card | |
| Directed by | Del Andrews |
| Written by | Marvin Wilhite |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Ross Fisher |
| Production
company | Robertson-Cole Pictures Corporation |
| Distributed by | Film Booking Offices of America |
| Release date | * April 5, 1925 (1925-04-05) |
| Running time | 5 reels |
| Country | United States |
| Languages | Silent
English intertitles |


title: Yukio Ninagawa

abstract: Yukio Ninagawa was a Japanese theatre director, actor and film director, particularly known for his Japanese language productions of Shakespeare plays and Greek tragedies. He directed eight distinct renditions of Hamlet. Ninagawa was also emeritus of the Toho Gakuen College of Drama and Music. Although most famous abroad for his touring productions of European classics, Ninagawa also directed works based on contemporary writing from Japan, including the Modern Noh plays of Yukio Mishima and several other plays by Japanese dramatists, including Shūji Terayama and Kunio Shimizu. His production of Titus Andronicus was performed in England in June 2006, at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre in Stratford and the Theatre Royal in Plymouth. In 2007 his company participated in the Barbican International Theatre Event (BITE) series at the Barbican Arts Centre in London, with their production of Coriolanus.

text:
# Yukio Ninagawa

**Yukio Ninagawa** (蜷川 幸雄, **Ninagawa Yukio**, October 15, 1935  May 12, 2016) was a Japanese theatre director, actor and film director, particularly known for his Japanese language productions of Shakespeare plays and Greek tragedies. He directed eight distinct renditions of *Hamlet.* Ninagawa was also emeritus of the Toho Gakuen College of Drama and Music.

Although most famous abroad for his touring productions of European classics, Ninagawa also directed works based on contemporary writing from Japan, including the Modern Noh plays of Yukio Mishima (which toured to New York's Lincoln Center in early summer 2005) and several other plays by Japanese dramatists, including Shūji Terayama and Kunio Shimizu. His production of *Titus Andronicus* was performed in England in June 2006, at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre in Stratford and the Theatre Royal in Plymouth. In 2007 his company participated in the Barbican International Theatre Event (BITE) series at the Barbican Arts Centre in London, with their production of *Coriolanus*.

## Biography

In 1955 Ninagawa first joined theatre company "Seihai" (‘young actors’). In 1967 he left the group and set up his own theatre company, "Gendaijin-Gekijo" (‘modern people's theatre’). He made his debut as a director in 1969 with *Shinjo afururu keihakusa* (‘genuine frivolity’?). After the disbandment of “Gendaijin-Gekijo” in 1971, in the following year he established a new theatre company called "Sakura-sha" ('cherry blossom company'), which once again resulted in disbandment three years later, 1974.

At the same time, the year 1974 has become the turning point for Ninagawa, when the then *Toho* theatre producer Tadao Nakane invited him to direct larger productions, and as a result he came to work on a Shakespeare play for the very first time - *Romeo and Juliet*. Since then, he has become one of the most feted directors in the theatre world. In 1998 he vowed to direct all of Shakespeare's works, and in the year 2000 he directed the mammoth *Greeks*, a performance lasting for a total of ten and a half hours.

Beginning in 1983 when he directed *Medea*, Ninagawa continued to do overseas tours every year, adding to his high reputation in Europe, the US and Canada. He was invited to present a play each year in London, for three years in a row – *Midsummer Night's Dream* in 1996, *Shintokumaru* (name of the male protagonist) in 1997, and *Hamlet* in 1998. In addition he collaborated with the Royal Shakespeare Company from 1999 to 2000 and presented *King Lear* at London and Stratford-upon-Avon.

Ninagawa won many awards in Japan, and he was awarded honorary doctorates in the UK by the University of Edinburgh (1992) and Plymouth University (2009). He is the father of the photographer and film director Mika Ninagawa.

In his theatrical company Ninagawa Studio (Ninagawa Company), he continued to produce experimental productions with young people. In 2006, he founded a new theatrical group for people over 55 years old called "Saitama Gold Theatre" which is based at Saitama Arts Theatre.

Ninagawa died of pneumonia at a hospital in Tokyo on May 12, 2016, aged 80.

## Stage direction history

(Premier dates only)

* 1969 *Nayameru kamigami wa, saredo shuppatsu shi tamawazu* (悩める神々は、されど出発し給わず) - by Toshiro Ishido
* 1969 *Shinjo afururu keihakusa* (真情あふるる軽薄さ) - by Kunio Shimizu
* 1970 *Ashita sokoni hana o sasouyo* (明日そこに花を挿そうよ) - by Kunio Shimizu
* 1970 *Omoide no Nihon ichiman-nen* (想い出の日本一萬年) - by Kunio Shimizu
* 1971 *Tōkaidō Yotsuya Kaidan* (東海道四谷怪談) - by Nanboku Tsuruya IV
* 1971 *Karasu yo, oretachi wa dangan o komeru* (鴉よ、おれたちは弾丸をこめる) - by Kunio Shimizu
* 1972 *Bokura ga hijo no taiga o kudaru toki* (ぼくらが非情の大河をくだる時) - by Kunio Shimizu
* 1973 *Moudouken* (盲導犬) - by Juro Kara
* 1973 *Nakanai noka? Nakanai noka 1973-nen no tameni?* (泣かないのか？泣かないのか1973年のために？) - by Kunio Shimizu
* 1974 *Romeo and Juliet (Romio to Julietto)* (ロミオとジュリエット) - by William Shakespeare
* 1975 *Karaban, Taki no shiraito* (唐版・瀧の白糸) - by Juro Kara based on Kyōka Izumi
* 1975 *King Lear (Lia-oh)* (リア王) - by William Shakespeare
* 1976 *Oedipus Rex (Oidipusu-oh)* (オイディプス王) - by Sophocles
* 1976 *Kindai Nogakushu – Sotoba Komachi / Yoroboshi* (近代能楽集/卒塔婆小町・弱法師)- by Yukio Mishima
* 1977 *The Threepenny Opera (Sanmon opera)* (三文オペラ) - by Bertolt Brecht
* 1978 *Medea (Ohjo Media)* (王女メディア) - by Euripides
* 1978 *Hamlet (Hamuretto)* (ハムレット) - by William Shakespeare
* 1979 *Suicide for Love (Chikamatsu shinjuu monogatari)* (近松心中物語) - by Matsuyo Akimoto
* 1979 *Notre-Dame de Paris (Notorudamu do Pari)* (ノートルダム・ド・パリ) - by Victor Hugo
* 1980 *NINAGAWA Macbeth (NINAGAWA Makubesu)* (NINAGAWAマクベス) - by William Shakespeare
* 1980 *Genroku minato uta* (元禄港歌) - by Matsuyo Akimoto
* 1981 *Shitayamannen-cho monogatari* (下谷万年町物語) - by Juro Kara
* 1982 *Ame no natsu, 30nin no Juliet ga kaette kita* (雨の夏、三十人のジュリエットが還ってきた) - by Kunio Shimizu
* 1982 *Nanboku koi monogatari – Hito wa itoshiya* (南北恋物語－人はいとしや) - by Matsuyo Akimoto
* 1983 *Kuroi tulip (Kuroi chulippu)* (黒いチューリップ) - by Juro Kara
* 1984 *Nigorie* (にごり江) - adapted from the novels by Ichiyō Higuchi
* 1984 *Tango at the end of winter (Tango, fuyu no owari ni)* (タンゴ・冬の終わりに) - by Kunio Shimizu
* 1984 *Genroku minato uta – Sennen no koi no mori* (元禄港歌－千年の恋の森) - by Matsuyo Akimoto
* 1984 *Three Sisters (Keikoba to iu na no gekijyou de jyouen sareru Sannin shimai)* (稽古場という名の劇場で上演される三人姉妹) - by Anton Chekhov
* 1985 *Kyofu jidai* (恐怖時代) - by Junichiro Tanizaki
* 1985 *95 kg to 97 kg no aida* (95kgと97kgのあいだ) - by Kunio Shimizu
* 1985 *Sakuhin tachi* (作品たち)
* 1986 *Oedipus Rex (Oidipusu-oh)* (オイディプス王)\[2nd ver.\]
* 1986 *Chi no konrei* (NINAGAWA少年少女鼓笛隊による血の婚礼) - by Kunio Shimizu
* 1986 *Hinmin kurabu* (貧民倶楽部) - by Kyōka Izumi
* 1987 *The Tempest (Tenpesuto)* (テンペスト) - by William Shakespeare
* 1987 *Niji no bacteria* (虹のバクテリア) - by Isamu Uno
* 1987 *Nazeka seishun jidai* (なぜか青春時代) - by Kunio Shimizu
* 1987 *Gips (Gipusu)* (ギプス) - by Isamu Uno
* 1988 *Yokubou to iu na no shiden* (欲望という名の市電) - based on a play by Tennessee Williams
* 1988 *Hamlet* (ハムレット)\[2nd Ver.\]
* 1988 *Kanadehon Chushingura* (仮名手本忠臣蔵)
* 1990 *Peer Gynt (Peerugyunto)* (ペールギュント) - by Henrik Ibsen
* 1990 *PLAYZONE'90 MASK* (PLAYZONE'90 MASK ) - by Johnny Kitagawa
* 1990 *Sotoba Komachi* (卒塔婆小町) - by Yukio Mishima
* 1991 *Tango at the end of winter (Tango, fuyu no owari ni)* (タンゴ・冬の終わりに) - by Kunio Shimizu, in an English adaptation by Peter Barnes which starred Alan Rickman and played at the King's Theatre, Edinburgh as part of the Edinburgh Festival before transferring to the Piccadilly Theatre in London
* 1991 *1991, matsu* (1991・待つ)
* 1991 *King Lear (Lia-ou)* (リア王)\[2nd Ver.\]
* 1991 *Shichinin misaki* (七人みさき) - by Matsuyo Akimoto
* 1991 *1992, matsu* (1992・待つ)
* 1992 *The Flying Dutchman (Samayoeru Oranda-jin)* (さまよえるオランダ人)\[Opera\] - by Richard Wagner
* 1992 *SHOW-geki MASK* (SHOW劇 MASK) - by Johnny Kitagawa
* 1992 *Three Sisters (Sannnin shimai)* (三人姉妹)\[2nd Ver.\]
* 1992 *Sennen no machi no Christmas* (千年の街のクリスマス)
* 1993 *1993, matsu* (1993・待つ)
* 1993 *Haru* (春) - by Isamu Uno
* 1993 *Kiki's Delivery Service (Majo no Takkyuubin）* (魔女の宅急便)\[Musical\] - by Eiko Kakuno
* 1993 *Shoka no yo no yume* (初夏の夜の夢)
* 1994 *Peer Gynt* \[2nd Ver.\]
* 1994 *A Midsummer Night's Dream (Natsu no Yo no Yume)* (夏の夜の夢) - by William Shakespeare
* 1994 *Othello (Osero)* (オセロー) - by William Shakespeare
* 1994 *Waiting for Godot (Godo o machinagara)* (ゴドーを待ちながら) - by Samuel Beckett
* 1995 *Hamlet* (ハムレット)\[3rd Ver.\]
* 1995 *Shintoku-maru* (身毒丸) - by Shuji Terayama and Rio Kishida
* 1996 *Koboreru kajitsu* (零れる果実) - by Toshiro Suzuki and Naoshi Kariba
* 1996 *1996, matsu* (1996・待つ)
* 1997 *Kusameikyuu* (草迷宮) - by Rio Kishida
* 1997 *Showa Kayou daizenshuu* (昭和歌謡大全集) - by Kunio Shimizu based on Ryu Murakami
* 1997 *Giniro Kujira no jikan ryokou* (銀色クジラの時間旅行)
* 1997 *Karumen to yobareta onna* (カルメンと呼ばれた女) - by Kensuke Yokouchi
* 1997 *Hitachibou Kaison* (常陸坊海尊) - by Matsuyo Akimoto
* 1998 *Romio and Juliet* (ロミオとジュリエット)\[2nd Ver.\]
* 1998 *1998, matsu* (1998・待つ)
* 1998 *Twelfth Night (Juuni-ya)* (十二夜) - by William Shakespeare
* 1999 *King Richard III (Richaado Sansei)* (リチャード三世) - by William Shakespeare
* 1999 *The Seagull(Kamome)* (かもめ) - by Anton Chekhov
* 1999 *King Lear (Lia-ou)* (リア王)\[3rd Ver.\]
* 1999 *Pandora no Kane* (パンドラの鐘) - by Hideki Noda
* 2000 *Three Sisters (Sannin shimai)* (三人姉妹)\[3rd Ver.\]
* 2000 *The Greeks (Guriikusu)* (グリークス) - by John Barton and Kenneth Cavender
* 2000 *Modern Noh Plays (Kindai Nogakushuu)* (近代能楽集 卒塔婆小町／弱法師) \[2nd Ver.\]
* 2000 *NINAGAWA Phoenix (NINAGAWA Hi no Tori)* (NINAGAWA火の鳥) - based on comics by Osamu Tezuka
* 2001 *Shinjo afururu keihakusa 2001* (真情あふるる軽薄さ2001)\[2nd Ver.\]
* 2001 *Macbeth (Makubesu)* (マクベス)\[2nd Ver.\]
* 2001 *The Threepenny Opera* (三文オペラ)\[2nd Ver.\]
* 2001 *Hamlet* (ハムレット)\[4th Ver.\]
* 2001 *2001, matsu* (2001・待つ)
* 2001 *Yotsuya Kaidan* (四谷怪談)\[2nd Ver.\]
* 2002 *A Streetcar Named Desire (Yokubou to iu na no densha)* (欲望という名の電車) - by Tennessee Williams
* 2002 *Oedipus Rex (Oidipusu-oh)* (オイディプス王)\[3rd Ver.\]
* 2003 *The Cherry Orchard (Sakura no Sono)* (桜の園) - by Anton Chekhov
* 2003 *Pericles (Perikuriizu)* (ペリクリーズ) - by William Shakespeare, a production which played on the Olivier stage of the Royal National Theatre
* 2003 *Electra (Erekutora)* (エレクトラ) - by Sophocles
* 2003 *Hamlet* (ハムレット)\[5th Ver.\]
* 2004 *Titus Andronicus (Taitasu Andoronikasu)* (タイタス・アンドロニカス) - by William Shakespeare
* 2004 *Shin Chikamatsu shinjuu monogatari* (新・近松心中物語)\[2nd Ver.\]
* 2004 *Shibuya kara toku hanarete* (シブヤから遠く離れて) - by Ryo Iwamatsu
* 2004 *As You Like It (Okini mesumama)* (お気に召すまま) - by William Shakespeare
* 2004 *Hamlet*\[6th Ver.\]
* 2004 *Romeo and Juliet* (ロミオとジュリエット)\[3rd Ver.\]
* 2005 *Maboroshi ni kokoro mo sozoro kuruoshi no warera Masakado* (幻に心もそぞろ狂おしのわれら将門) - by Kunio Shimizu
* 2005 *The Kitchen* (キッチン) - by Arnold Wesker
* 2005 *Medea* (メディア)\[2nd Ver.\]
* 2005 *NINAGAWA Twelfth Night (NINAGAWA Juuni-ya)* (NINAGAWA十二夜)\[Kabuki\] - based on a play by William Shakespeare
* 2005 *Tenpou Juuninen no Shakespeare* (天保十二年のシェイクスピア) - by Hisashi Inoue
* 2006 *The Comedy of Errors (Machigai no Kigeki)* (間違いの喜劇) - by William Shakespeare
* 2006 *Byakuya no warukyuure* (白夜の女騎士) - by Hideki Noda
* 2006 *'Tis Pity She's a Whore (Aware kanojo wa shofu)* (あわれ彼女は娼婦) - by John Ford
* 2006 *Orestes (Oresutesu)* (オレステス) - by Euripides
* 2007 *Coriolanus (Korioreinasu)* (コリオレイナス) - by William Shakespeare
* 2007 *The Lark (Hibari)* (ひばり) - by Jean Anouilh
* 2007 *Love's Labour's Lost (Koi no honeorizon)* (恋の骨折り損) - by William Shakespeare
* 2007 *Yabuhara kengyo* (藪原検校) - by Hisashi Inoue
* 2007 *Senjyo no picnic* (船上のピクニック) - by Ryo Iwamatsu
* 2007 *Eréndira* (エレンディラ) - adapted from the short novels by Gabriel García Márquez
* 2007 *Othello (Osero)* (オセロー)\[2nd Ver.\]
* 2007 *Caligula(Karigyura)* (カリギュラ) - by Albert Camus
* 2008 *King Lear (Lia-ou)* (リア王)\[4th Ver.\]
* 2008 *Farewell My Concubine (Saraba, waga Ai Haoubekki)*(さらば、わが愛 覇王別姫) - adapted from the novel by Lilian Lee
* 2008 *Waga tamashii wa kagayaku mizu nari* (わが魂は輝く水なり) - by Kunio Shimizu
* 2008 *Dougen no Bouken* (道元の冒険) - by Hisashi Inoue
* 2008 *95 kg to 97 kg no aida* (95kgと97kgのあいだ)\[2nd Ver.\] - by Kunio Shimizu
* 2008 *Glass Mask(Garasu no Kamen)* (ガラスの仮面) - adapted from the comic by Suzue Miuchi
* 2008 *Much Ado About Nothing(Kara sawagi)* (から騒ぎ) - by William Shakespeare
* 2008 *Omote ura gennai kaeru gassen* (表裏源内蛙合戦) - by Hisashi Inoue
* 2009 *The Winter's Tale(Fuyu monogatari)* (冬物語) - by William Shakespeare
* 2009 *Musashi* (ムサシ) - by Hisashi Inoue
* 2009 *Ame no natsu, 30nin no Juliet ga kaette kita* (雨の夏、三十人のジュリエットが還ってきた) \[2nd Ver.\] - by Kunio Shimizu
* 2009 *Ando ke no ichiya* (アンドゥ家の一夜) - by Kerarino Sandrovich
* 2009 *The Coast of Utopia（kosuto obu yutopia）* (コースト・オブ・ユートピア) - by Tom Stoppard
* 2009 *Sanada fuunroku* (真田風雲録) - by Yoshiyuki Fukuda
* 2009 *Twelve Angry Men(Jyuni nin no ikareru otoko)* (十二人の怒れる男) - by Reginald Rose
* 2010 *Henry VI Part 1, Part2, Part3(Henrii rokusei)* (ヘンリー六世) - by William Shakespeare

## Film direction history

1. Yukio Ninagawa, masterful director of Shakespeare, dies aged 80, *The Guardian*
2. *Tango at the End of Winter* by Shimizu, Barnes, Amber Lane Plays 1991, ISBN 978-1-872868-05-9

## Further reading

### Books

* Hanratty, Conor (2021). *'Shakespeare in the Theatre: Yukio Ninagawa'*. London: The Arden Shakespeare. ISBN 9781350239463.
* Horowitz, Arthur (2004). Prospero's "True Preservers": Peter Brook, Yukio Ninagawa, and Giorgio Strehler - Twentieth-Century Directors Approach Shakespeare's The Tempest. Newark: U of Delaware P. ISBN 0-87413-854-X.
* Ryuta Minami; Ian Carruthers; John Gillies, eds. (2001). "Interview with Ninagawa Yukio". Performing Shakespeare in Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. pp. 208–219. ISBN 0-521-78244-9.
* Kishi, Tetsuo (1998). "Japanese Shakespeare and English Reviewers". In Takashi Sasayama; J. R. Mulryne; Margaret Shewring (eds.). Shakespeare and the Japanese Stage. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. pp. 110–123. ISBN 0-521-47043-9.
* Mulryne, J. R. (1992). "From Text to Foreign Stage: Yukio Ninagawa's Cultural Translation of Macbeth". In Patricia Kennan; Mariangela Tempera (eds.). Shakespeare from Text to Stage. Bologna: Clueb. pp. 131–143. ISBN 88-8091-131-7.
* Pronko, Leonard C. (1996). "Approaching Shakespeare through Kabuki". In Minoru Fujita; Leonard Pronko (eds.). Shakespeare: East and West. Surrey: Japan Lib. pp. 23–40. ISBN 0-312-16145-X.
* Yong, Li Lan (2005). "Shakespeare and the Fiction of the Intercultural". In Barbara Hodgdon; W. B. Worthen (eds.). A Companion to Shakespeare and Performance. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 527–549. ISBN 1-4051-1104-6.
* Maria M. Delgado; Paul Heritage, eds. (1996). "Yukio Ninagawa". In Contact With Gods?: Directors Talk Theatre. Manchester: Manchester UP. pp. 191–200. ISBN 0-7190-4762-5.

### Articles

* Hanratty, Conor (2007). ""What Ninagawa did next" - Notes on Productions of Greek Tragedy by Yukio Ninagawa after Medea in 1999". *Staging of Classical Drama around 2000, eds. Pavlína N. Sípová and Alena Sarkissian*: 7–30.
* Im, Yeeyon (2004). "The Pitfalls of Intercultural Discourse: The Case of Yukio Ninagawa". *Shakespeare Bulletin*. **22** (4): 7–30.
* Kennedy, Dennis (1995). "Shakespeare and the Global Spectator". *Shakespeare Jahrbuch*. **131**: 50–64.
* Lamont, Rosette C. (1990). "Foreign Shakespeare". *Stages*. **5** (1): 5–7.
* Miyashita, Nobuo (1987). "Ninagawa Yukio, Theatrical Pacesetter". *Japan Quarterly*. **34**: 400–404.
* Mulryne, J. R.; Shewring, Margaret (1995). "Authenticity and Cultural Translation: Ninagawa's *The Tempest*". *Shakespeare Worldwide*. 14–15: 287–298.
* Smith, Kate (2000). "*King Lear* on Canvas". *A Groat's Worth of Wit: Journal of the Open University Shakespeare Society*. **11** (1): 17–21.
* Yamamoto, Hiroshi (1979). "Adaptation of Shakespeare in Japan". *Renaissance Bulletin (Tokyo)*. **6**: 4–8.

## InfoBox

| Yukio Ninagawa | |
| --- | --- |
| 蜷川 幸雄 | |
|  | |
| Born | (1935-10-15)October 15, 1935
Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan |
| Died | May 12, 2016(2016-05-12) (aged 80)
Tokyo, Japan |
| Occupation(s) | Theatre director, film director, actor |
| Years active | 19692016 |
| Spouse | Tomoko Mayama |
| Family | Mika Ninagawa (daughter)
Toshimitsu Picasso (relative) |
| Website | www.ninagawayukio.com |


title: Sillu Karuppatti

abstract: Sillu Karuppatti is a 2019 Indian Tamil-language romantic anthology film written, directed and edited by Halitha Shameem. The film stars Samuthirakani, Sunainaa, Manikandan K, Nivedhithaa Sathish, Kravmaga Sreeram, Leela Samson, Sara Arjun, and Rahul in the lead roles. The anthology consists of four short films based on relationships, which are set against the urban backdrops. Halitha Shameem conceived the script during the pre-production works of Minmini and filming commenced in February 2017. Each short was filmed within 40 days, thus it took about two years to complete the entire film. The music and background score were composed by Pradeep Kumar, whereas cinematography for the film were handled jointly by Abhinandan Ramanujam, Manoj Paramahamsa, Vijay Kartik Kannan and Yamini Yagnamurthy. Produced by Venkatesh Velineni of Divine Productions, the film was presented by Suriya of 2D Entertainment. The film opened to critical acclaim upon its release on 27 December 2019, and was commercially successful. It was also screened at few film festivals including Bengaluru International Film Festival and Toronto Tamil International Film Festival, and was well received by the audiences.

text:
# Sillu Karuppatti

***Sillu Karuppatti*** (transl.Piece of Palm Jaggery) is a 2019 Indian Tamil-language romantic anthology film written, directed and edited by Halitha Shameem. The film stars Samuthirakani, Sunainaa, Manikandan K, Nivedhithaa Sathish, Kravmaga Sreeram, Leela Samson, Sara Arjun, and Rahul in the lead roles. The anthology consists of four short films based on relationships, which are set against the urban backdrops.

Halitha Shameem conceived the script during the pre-production works of *Minmini* and filming commenced in February 2017. Each short was filmed within 40 days, thus it took about two years to complete the entire film. The music and background score were composed by Pradeep Kumar, whereas cinematography for the film were handled jointly by Abhinandan Ramanujam, Manoj Paramahamsa, Vijay Kartik Kannan and Yamini Yagnamurthy.

Produced by Venkatesh Velineni of Divine Productions, the film was presented by Suriya of 2D Entertainment. The film opened to critical acclaim upon its release on 27 December 2019, and was commercially successful. It was also screened at few film festivals including Bengaluru International Film Festival and Toronto Tamil International Film Festival, and was well received by the audiences.

## Plot

### *Pink Bag*

Maanja (Rahul), the teenaged ragpicker, begins to crush on Mity (Sara Arjun), a girl from a wealthy household, after stumbling upon her photo in the garbage from her home. Soon, he begins to collect knickknacks from her garbage everyday – a seemingly broken Walkman that has a recording of her song (she is an aspiring musician) and a ring that holds emotional value. But given their class difference, can he muscle up courage to give these back to her? And will she be able to see his ‘love’?

### *Kakka Kadi*

Madhu (Nivedhithaa Sathish) and Mugilan (Manikandan K) have a friendship that eventually blossoms into love. Mugilan works for a company and creates memes. Madhu is a fashion designer. They both share a cab quite often. Soon, Mugilan is diagnosed with scrotum cancer, and Madhu gives him love and hope.

### *Turtles*

A widower Navaneethan (Kravmaga Sreeram) spots Yashoda (Leela Samson) playing at a park and is instantly smitten by her. They get acquainted at the hospital – they are undergoing a master health checkup – and open up to each other about their respective lives over a turtle walk. While they have no problem beginning a conversation, unlike youngsters who have fallen in love, the doubts that crop up are more or less similar – "does he/she really love me?".

### *Hey Ammu*

A couple rediscovers passion after 12 years into their marriage when love has all but gotten lost in the mundanities of everyday life. The husband, Dhanapal (Samuthirakani) has no time for his wife, Amudhini (Sunaina) and her needs, both physical and emotional – though he does seem to be a good father to his kids. When Amudhini complains that he barely notices her – when other men compliment her on her new hairstyle – he shoots back that he is going bald but she, too, has not been giving that any notice. And when Amudhini reaches the end of her tether with Dhanapal's uncaring attitude, he tries to compensate by gifting her a virtual assistant – hoping that she would leave him alone as she now has someone to speak to.

## Cast

| *Pink Bag* | *Kakka Kadi* | *Turtles* | *Hey Ammu* |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| * Sara Arjun as Mity * Rahul as Maanja * Venkatesh as Tesh * Swati Shree as Jinglee * Swetha as Kausalya |  |  |  |

## Production

### Development

After debuting with the acclaimed children's film *Poovarasam Peepee*, Halitha Shameem then worked on the scripting of *Minmini*, which was under pre-production. In February 2017, she started working on an anthology film with Samuthirakani, Leela Samson, Sunainaa, Sara Arjun, K. Manikandan amongst others in leading roles; Halitha stated that the film is filled with nuances picked up from life, reading and lived experiences, further adding that "the film explores the strangeness that is prevalent in the relationships between the protagonists in each of these stories, which cover different age groups". Each shorts were filmed within 40–45 days and Shameem took two years to complete the entire film.

In July 2017, Halitha finished working on the anthology titled *Turtles*, featuring Samson and Krav Maga trainer Sreeram as the leads. The anthology features Samson who plays an unmarried, independent woman, and the story traces the bond she shares with the person whom she has rented her house to. The team completed filming two other's anthologies during October 2018, and the following week, Halitha filmed the fourth anthology featuring Samuthirakani and Sunainaa.

### Casting

Shameem wrote the script keeping Samuthirakani in mind, as she wanted to portray him as an affectionate, shy middle-aged man, since Samuthirakani was known for his activist and antagonist roles. Yamini Yagnamurthy, who worked as an assistant for P. C. Sreeram, made her debut in cinematography through this short film, whereas the other short films were filmed by Abhinandan Ramanujam, Manoj Paramahamsa and Vijay Kartik Kannan.

### Filming

This short film titled *Hey Ammu* was completed within 40 days, thus filming wrapped within November 2018.

## Soundtrack

*Sillu Karuppatti*'s soundtrack album features only one song titled "Agam Thaanai" composed by Pradeep Kumar, which has lyrics written by the director Halitha Shameem. Kumar also recorded the track with Subiksha Rangarajan, crooning the female portions. The song was released on 20 February 2019, coinciding with the occasion of supermoon. Reviewing for the song "The sweet-sounding ballad begins with a hint of accordion, followed by Pradeep and Subiksha Rangarajan's vocals crisply paired with stunning orchestra, stands out in the song".

The original score features music by Pradeep Kumar, who took charge of the composition of the four short films in the anthology. The background score features use of multiple instruments such as guitar, drums, trumpet, tabla, flute, violin, accordion and strings, with Fames Macedonian Symphonic Orchestra also joining the sessions for the score. Rahul Ramachandran mixed the score and songs with Stuart Bruce took charge of mastering. On 7 August 2020, Think Music released the background score featuring 23 tracks in entirety through multiple platforms.

Track listing
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Souls Predestinately Fused" | 1:20 |
| 2. | "Maanja's Paradise" | 1:11 |
| 3. | "Maanja Hears Cuckoo, Feels Love" | 1:30 |
| 4. | "Accordion Allured Cuckoo" | 1:07 |
| 5. | "Chirpy Mitty" | 1:19 |
| 6. | "Light at the End of Tunnel" | 2:23 |
| 7. | "Celestial Meet Finale" | 2:14 |
| 8. | "Mukhilan Feels Strange About His Body" | 1:12 |
| 9. | "Mukhilan Goes Through Agony" | 1:19 |
| 10. | "Mukhilan Doesn't Get a Response" | 1:23 |
| 11. | "Madhu Arrives" | 1:04 |
| 12. | "She Brings Sunshine" | 1:07 |
| 13. | "Handful of Hope" | 1:12 |
| 14. | "Heart So Full" | 1:22 |
| 15. | "Navaneethan Sees Yashodha" | 1:11 |
| 16. | "Breeze Is Real" | 1:33 |
| 17. | "Inji Tea with Dignity" | 1:25 |
| 18. | "Navaneethan Carries Yashodha" | 1:14 |
| 19. | "Dhanapal Doesn't Give an Ear to Amuthini" | 2:00 |
| 20. | "Amuthini Confronts Dhanapal" | 1:01 |
| 21. | "Cat and Mouse inside House" | 1:22 |
| 22. | "Dhanapal Tears Up Listening To Alexa" | 1:04 |
| 23. | "Iru Manam Inaindhadhey" | 1:09 |

## Marketing and release

The official teaser of the film without featuring any dialogues, was unveiled on 26 December 2018 by actors Vijay Sethupathi and Arya. Shameem says she intentionally decided to cut the teaser as a montage of scenes set to music, and no dialogue stating "This is a conversation-based film, featuring interesting interactions between strangers. But, including dialogues might have revealed the plot or taken over the scenes, which showcase the first meeting/sighting of the character." The teaser opened to positive response from audience.

The film was scheduled for a theatrical release in late 2018, but was postponed indefinitely since no takers were approached to distribute the film. Suriya who released the film's trailer on 18 December 2019, also announced that he will present the film through 2D Entertainment, as well as Sakthivelan acquired the distribution rights under Sakthi Film Factory banner. The film released on 27 December 2019, and became a commercial success at the box office after running for over 50 days.

Sillu Karuppatti was premiered at the Bengaluru International Film Festival on 4 March 2020, and also at the Toronto Tamil Festival in September 2020. The film was also streamed via Netflix in April 2020.

## Reception

M. Suganth of *The Times of India* gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote that "Sillu Karuppatti is so lovingly crafted with endearing performances, aesthetic visuals (though four cinematographers have worked on it, the film does an amazing job in keeping the visual tone consistent) and emotive music (by Pradeep Kumar) that superbly complement the perceptive writing. S. Subhakeerthana of *The Indian Express* gave 3.5 out of 5 stating "Don't miss these cleverly-cut stories, which will engage deeply with you". S. Srivatsavan of *The Hindu* wrote "Halitha Shameem captures the essense \[sic\] of love through four shorts — each of which deals with different phases of life".

Janani K of *India Today* gave 4 out of 5 and summarised "Sillu Karupatti may be a film about love, but it is the humour that sets it apart from other films of the ilk. If you look past some crazy coincidences, this is a bittersweet film which will make you smile throughout reminding you to live the moment." Anjana Shekar of *The News Minute* gave 3 out of 5 stating "The film manages to keep us engaged, while smoothly veering away from cliches." Baradwaj Rangan of *Film Companion* wrote "The episodes are interconnected through people and objects and even stray animals and birds. These connections don't appear contrived, because the basic thread is... human connection."

*Sify* gave 3.5 out of 5 stating it as "A well-written feel-good film". *Behindwoods* gave 3 out of 5 and stated "Sillu Karuppatti is a positive and sweet concoction of lovingly made stories. Do not miss this entertaining gem." *Indiaglitz* gave the film 3.25 out of 5 and stated "Sillu Karuppatti is a completely positive, refreshing, must watch entertainer that'll make you fall in love with the characters, celebrate love, and comes as a breath of fresh air amidst routine mass entertainers."

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Category | Nominee | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | JFW Movie Awards | JFW Women Director of the Year | Halitha Shameem | Won |  |
| | Toronto Tamil Film Festival | Best Experimental Feature Film (Jury Award) | *Sillu Karuppatti* | Won | |
| | Best Feature Film Women Director | Halitha Shameem | Won ||
|

## InfoBox

| Sillu Karuppatti | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Halitha Shameem |
| Written by | Halitha Shameem |
| Produced by | Venkatesh Velineni
Suriya **(presenter)** |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Abinandhan Ramanujam
Manoj Paramahamsa
Vijay Kartik Kannan
Yamini Yagnamurthy |
| Edited by | Halitha Shameem |
| Music by | Pradeep Kumar |
| Production
company | Divine Productions |
| Distributed by | 2D Entertainment
Sakthi Film Factory |
| Release date | * 27 December 2019 (2019-12-27) |
| Running time | 138 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |


title: Sindh Championships

abstract: The Sindh Championships was a grass court tennis tournament founded in 1912 as the Sindh Lawn Tennis Championships. It was first played in Karachi, India until 1940 when it was stopped due to the second world war. It resumed after World War II, and was then last played in Hyderabad, India in 1977. The event was part of the ILTF Asian Circuit.

text:
# Sindh Championships

The **Sindh Championships** was a grass court tennis tournament founded in 1912 as the **Sindh Lawn Tennis Championships**. It was first played in Karachi, India until 1940 when it was stopped due to the second world war. It resumed after World War II, and was then last played in Hyderabad, India in 1977. The event was part of the ILTF Asian Circuit.

## InfoBox

| Sindh Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Defunct tennis tournament | |
| Tour | ILTF Asian Circuit |
| Founded | 1912 (1912) |
| Abolished | 1977 (1977) |
| Location | Hyderabad<br>Karachi |
| Surface | Grass / outdoor |


title: Sinister Journey

abstract: Sinister Journey is a 1948 American Western film directed by George Archainbaud and written by Doris Schroeder. The film stars William Boyd, Andy Clyde, Rand Brooks, Elaine Riley, John Kellogg and Don Haggerty. The film was released on June 11, 1948, by United Artists.

text:
# Sinister Journey

***Sinister Journey*** is a 1948 American Western film directed by George Archainbaud and written by Doris Schroeder. The film stars William Boyd, Andy Clyde, Rand Brooks, Elaine Riley, John Kellogg and Don Haggerty. The film was released on June 11, 1948, by United Artists.

## Plot

Lee Garvin has eloped with the daughter of a railroad man who didn't approve of the marriage. Hoppy steps in when the young man is framed for murder.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Sinister Journey | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | George Archainbaud |
| Screenplay by | Doris Schroeder |
| Produced by | Lewis J. Rachmil |
| Starring | William Boyd
Andy Clyde
Rand Brooks
Elaine Riley
John Kellogg
Don Haggerty |
| Cinematography | Mack Stengler |
| Edited by | Fred W. Berger |
| Music by | Darrell Calker |
| Production
company | Hopalong Cassidy Productions |
| Distributed by | United Artists |
| Release date | * June 11, 1948 (1948-06-11) |
| Running time | 59 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Simnia macleani

abstract: Simnia macleani is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Ovulidae, the ovulids, cowry allies or false cowries.

text:
# Simnia macleani

***Simnia macleani*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Ovulidae, the ovulids, cowry allies or false cowries.

## Description

## Distribution

## InfoBox

| *Simnia macleani* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Ovulidae |
| Genus: | *Simnia* |
| Species: | ***S. macleani*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Simnia macleani***<br>(Cate, 1976) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Neosimnia macleani* (Cate, 1976) | |


title: Sin Chang-won

abstract: Sin Chang-won is a South Korean criminal who gained notoriety after escaping from prison in 1997 and evading police for over two years. Despite a nationwide manhunt, he narrowly avoided arrest on many occasions. While some dubbed him a "Robin Hood" or "Hong Gil-dong" for his donation of a part of his proceeds to the needy and his ability to evade his pursuers, Korean authorities objected to this characterization, and noted that it originated in the overseas press. Regardless, his story attracted wide public fascination and sympathy, and he even inspired a fad for the colorful Missoni T-shirt that he was wearing when he was finally captured.

text:
# Sin Chang-won

**Sin Chang-won** (born May 28, 1967) is a South Korean criminal who gained notoriety after escaping from prison in 1997 and evading police for over two years. Despite a nationwide manhunt, he narrowly avoided arrest on many occasions. While some dubbed him a "Robin Hood" or "Hong Gil-dong" (a Korean fictional hero) for his donation of a part of his proceeds to the needy and his ability to evade his pursuers, Korean authorities objected to this characterization, and noted that it originated in the overseas press. Regardless, his story attracted wide public fascination and sympathy, and he even inspired a fad for the colorful Missoni T-shirt that he was wearing when he was finally captured.

## Early life

Sin Chang-won was born in Gimje City, North Jeolla Province, South Korea, on May 28, 1967. His father Sin Hong-seon (신흥선) was a poor farmer, and he had one sister, two older brothers, and one younger brother. Sin's mother died of liver cancer while he was in elementary school. He completed elementary school, and attended middle school but did not graduate. He later earned a middle school diploma by state examination while in prison.

Sin was first arrested and sent to juvenile detention at the age of 15, in July 1982, when his father turned him in to the police for the theft of a watermelon. He was subsequently arrested three times for theft, once for battery, and once for leaving the scene of a traffic accident. In September 1989 he was given a life sentence for his role in an armed robbery in which the victim was killed.

## Escape and manhunt

Sin escaped from Pusan Penitentiary in Pusan on January 20, 1997, through a bathroom ventilation shaft. He had dieted to lose weight in order to fit in the air shaft, and spent several months sawing through metal bars that blocked its outlet. He remained on the run for two years, six months, during which he committed numerous thefts and other crimes. The failure of the police to recapture Sin despite a nationwide manhunt became a public embarrassment for Korean law enforcement.

In July 1998, Sin was recognized and questioned by policemen in Gangnam, Seoul. He narrowly escaped arrest in a scuffle, but police recovered the stolen car he had been driving. In the car they found a diary detailing his escape and subsequent activities, as well as a large amount of cash and other stolen goods. The car also contained a wig, stolen identification papers, and several car license plates. It was determined that the bills had been stolen during several break-ins in the wealthy Bangbae district of Seoul. According to the diary, Sin had previously hidden from police by climbing into manholes. This discovery led police to undertake a search of the sewer system in the vicinity of Daemosan in Gangnam, Seoul, in July 1998, without results. Soon after this, the reward for assistance in capturing Sin was increased to 50 million won, the largest reward offered by South Korean police until that time.

The diary revealed that policemen had stopped the fugitive for minor offenses several times since his escape. On May 4 he had been found driving a car in Daegu with an illegally darkened windshield, and on July 9 he was confronted for smoking in a no-smoking area in Yangjae-dong, Seoul. In each case, Sin presented stolen identification cards, and police failed to notice that his face did not match the photographs. He kept company with a lot of women while he was on the run. They were always willing females he squired from various tabangs.

Law enforcement officers finally captured Sin on July 16, 1999, in the home of a woman he had been staying with in Suncheon, South Jeolla Province. The reward for his capture had been increased to 55 million won, but at the time of his capture Sin had in his possession 180 million won in cash, as well as other stolen goods. He had been spotted and reported to police by a repairman who had been called to work on a gas stove in the same apartment. After his arrest, Sin was returned to the same prison in Busan from which he had escaped two and a half years earlier.

According to authorities, Sin committed 104 thefts, five burglaries, and one rape during his years on the run, among other crimes. He also claimed to have given thousands of dollars to orphanages, the homeless, and disabled students during the same period.

## Public response

Because of his gifts to the needy and his success in evading police, Sin gained wide notoriety and even popularity. A Reuters report soon after his capture went so far as to call him a "Robin Hood," and he was also compared to the Korean folk hero Hong Gil-dong. Korean police strongly protested this elevated depiction of Sin; Ha Tae-sin, a police press representative, characterized the heroic image as a creation of the foreign press:

> "The \[South\] Korean media were very familiar with Sin Chang-won's criminal journey, and did not think of him as a 'noble thief'; however, it appears that the foreign press wrote these articles without knowing the circumstances well. We intend to prepare a rebuttal and send it to the Korean offices of foreign media outlets."

An editorial in the *Asia Times* noted that Sin did not steal only from the rich, or give away a large part of his takings. Instead, he stole as opportunity allowed, and was also accused of other crimes such as rape.

Sin's escape and evasions were also compared to the plot of the US television series *Prison Break*, which became popular in Korea.

Sin's story was embarrassing to South Korean police not only because of their long failure to capture him, but also because he alleged wide misconduct by policemen. He reported having personally bribed police, and accused officers of raping his girlfriend. According to the Associated Press, about 50 officers were disciplined for failing to capture Sin, and 20 were implicated in his accusations of corruption.

Sin's image also benefited from the juxtaposition with contemporary government corruption scandals, such as the case of the governor of Gyeonggi Province, Lim Chang-yuel (임창열), who was arrested for bribery on the same day as Sin was captured. While corrupt officials were wealthy people enriching themselves at the expense of the poor, Sin was seen as a working-class hero, stealing from the rich and sharing with the needy. His popularity made him a fashion icon, and in particular, the colorful Missoni T-shirt worn by Sin when he was captured became a popular fashion item in Korea.

## InfoBox

| Sin Chang-won | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 신창원 |
| Hanja | 申昌源 |
| Revised Romanization | *Sin Chang-won* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Sin Ch'ang-wŏn* |


title: Sinoswertia

abstract: Sinoswertia is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gentianaceae. The only species is Sinoswertia tetraptera. Its native range is Western and Central China.

text:
# Sinoswertia

***Sinoswertia*** is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gentianaceae. The only species is ***Sinoswertia tetraptera***.

Its native range is Western and Central China.

## InfoBox

| *Sinoswertia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Gentianaceae |
| Genus: | *Sinoswertia*
T.N.Ho, S.W.Liu & J.Q.Liu |
| Species: | ***S. tetraptera*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sinoswertia tetraptera***
(Maxim.) T.N.Ho, S.W.Liu & J.Q.Liu | |
|


title: Sinothomisus

abstract: Sinothomisus is a genus of spiders in the family Thomisidae. It was first described in 2006 by Tang, Yin, Griswold & Peng. As of 2017, it contains 2 Chinese species.

text:
# Sinothomisus

***Sinothomisus*** is a genus of spiders in the family Thomisidae. It was first described in 2006 by Tang, Yin, Griswold & Peng. As of 2017, it contains 2 Chinese species.

## InfoBox

| *Sinothomisus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Thomisidae |
| Genus: | *Sinothomisus*
Peng |
|
| Type species | |
| *Sinothomisus liae*
 | |
| Species | |
|  | |


title: Sinsemilla Tips

abstract: Sinsemilla Tips was an American magazine founded in 1980 providing advice for indoor growers of cannabis. The founder was Tom Alexander who based publication of this and another magazine, The Growing Edge, in Corvallis, Oregon. Alexander distributed the first run of 1,000 copies out of his car from the Emerald Triangle to Seattle. During its run the magazine was called "the nation's only trade magazine on the subject" of cannabis cultivation, and sold 10,000 to 20,000 copies a month. The New York Times said "many growers refer to [it] as 'the bible'." The Wall Street Journal noted in 1984 how the magazine's recommendation of bat guano affected international trade. A 1986 New York Times editorial also called Alexander a "an unwitting double agent in the marijuana wars" by publishing his magazines. The magazine was a target of Operation Green Merchant. The magazine shut down in 1990, following a Green Merchant raid and seizure of Alexander's business property. The magazine's advertisements, as well as those in High Times, were used by the DEA to select targets of raids.

text:
# Sinsemilla Tips

***Sinsemilla Tips*** was an American magazine founded in 1980 providing advice for indoor growers of cannabis. The founder was Tom Alexander who based publication of this and another magazine, *The Growing Edge*, in Corvallis, Oregon. Alexander distributed the first run of 1,000 copies out of his car from the Emerald Triangle to Seattle.

During its run the magazine was called "the nation's only trade magazine on the subject" of cannabis cultivation, and sold 10,000 to 20,000 copies a month. *The New York Times* said "many growers refer to \[it\] as 'the bible'." *The Wall Street Journal* noted in 1984 how the magazine's recommendation of bat guano (in a standing column titled "guano notes") affected international trade. A 1986 *New York Times* editorial also called Alexander a "an unwitting double agent in the marijuana wars" by publishing his magazines.

The magazine was a target of Operation Green Merchant. The magazine shut down in 1990, following a Green Merchant raid and seizure of Alexander's business property. The magazine's advertisements, as well as those in *High Times*, were used by the DEA to select targets of raids.

### Sources

* "Magazine for ambitious marijuana growers". Associated Press. December 26, 1985  via The New York Times.
* Cizmar, Martin (April 11, 2017). "The Rise and Fall of Sinsemilla Tips, Corvallis' Legendary Marijuana Magazine". *Willamette Week*.
* Black, Robby (November 2021), "The Sinsemilla story", *Northwest Leaf*, Seattle, pp. 42–43
* ""Sensimilla Tips"  \[*sic*\] magazine ends publication", *All Things Considered*, NPR, November 17, 1990
* "Topics; Listening In; Fuzz Buster". *NYT*. January 8, 1986. Mr. Alexander may think of himself as a guide to the lawless but he also serves as an unwitting double agent in the marijuana wars.
* Isikoff, Michael (July 17, 1990). "Justice Dept. Probing Drug Counterculture Magazine". *San Francisco Chronicle*. p. A9. DEA officials later confirmed that the list of specialty stores raided was culled from advertisers in High Times as well as in Sinsemilla Tips, a competing Oregon-based journal published by marijuana activist Tom Alexander. Alexander's indoor-gardening store, located in the same building as his magazine, was among those shut down by the raids.
* Pollan, Michael (February 19, 1995), "How pot has grown", *New York Times Magazine* a defunct quarterly that many growers refer to as "the bible."
* Hogan, Dave (November 4, 1990). "Sinsemilla to publish for last time". *The Oregonian*. Portland, Oregon.
* Zieman, Mark (July 24, 1984). "Export Finds U.S. Is Fertile Field, but Firms Here Refuse to Cave In". *The Wall Street Journal*. p. 1.

## Further reading

* Gorman, Peter. "Operation Green Merchant: The First 18 Months". *TOTSE*. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013.
* "Trade magazine has tips for marijuana growers". *Chicago Sun-Times*. October 27, 1985.
* "Pot Growers' Magazine Withers up, Goes Bust". *Chicago Tribune*. November 6, 1990.
* "MARIJUANA MAGAZINE FOLDS - BUSINESS WENT TO POT". *Orlando Sentinel*. November 6, 1990.


title: Sinsen Church

abstract: Sinsen Church is a church center in Oslo, Norway. The church was consecrated in 1971, and is one of the larger churches in the city. Sinsen church is built in concrete. The tower structure of the church also houses offices and apartments. In the church room itself, there are 300 seats. This can be expanded with a parish hall, porch and sacristy to approx. 1000. The building also contains a hall, meeting rooms, various activity rooms and kitchens. There is also a kindergarten attached to the church. The altar decoration is 4.5 meters high and carved in wood by Torvald Moseid. It depicts the crucified Christ flanked by Mary and John. The pulpit and baptismal font are both also in wood and from 1971. The altarpiece was created by Per Vigeland. The church organ with 22 voices is created by the Brødrene Torkildsen and the three church bells by Olsen Nauen Bell Foundry. Sinsen Church is listed by the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage.

text:
# Sinsen Church

**Sinsen Church** (Norwegian: *Sinsen kirke*) is a church center in Oslo, Norway. The church was consecrated in 1971, and is one of the larger churches in the city.

Sinsen church is built in concrete. The tower structure of the church also houses offices and apartments. In the church room itself, there are 300 seats. This can be expanded with a parish hall, porch and sacristy to approx. 1000. The building also contains a hall, meeting rooms, various activity rooms and kitchens. There is also a kindergarten attached to the church.

The altar decoration is 4.5 meters high and carved in wood by Torvald Moseid. It depicts the crucified Christ flanked by Mary and John. The pulpit and baptismal font are both also in wood and from 1971. The altarpiece was created by Per Vigeland.

The church organ with 22 voices is created by the Brødrene Torkildsen and the three church bells by Olsen Nauen Bell Foundry.

Sinsen Church is listed by the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage.

Media related to Sinsen kirke at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Sinsen Church | |
| --- | --- |
| Sinsen kirke | |
|  | |
| Sinsen ChurchSinsen Church | |
| 59°55′55″N 10°47′15″E / 59.93194°N 10.78750°E / 59.93194; 10.78750 | |
| Location | Lørenveien 13, Sinsen<br>Oslo, |
| Country | Norway |
| Denomination | Church of Norway |
| Churchmanship | Evangelical Lutheran |
| Website | www.sinsenkirke.no |
| History | |
| Status | Parish church |
| Consecrated | 1971 |
| Architecture | |
| Functional status | Active |
| Architect(s) | Turid and Kristen Bernhoff Evensen |
| Specifications | |
| Capacity | 1,000 |
| Materials | concrete |
| Administration | |
| Diocese | Diocese of Oslo |
| Deanery | Nordre Aker |
| Parish | Sinsen |


title: Sir Frank Whittle Studio School

abstract: The Sir Frank Whittle Studio School was a 14–19 Studio School, part of The Lutterworth Academies Trust. It was situated alongside Lutterworth College in the rural market town of Lutterworth, South Leicestershire. The school specialised in engineering, business and sport. It also worked alongside employers to provide students with external experiential learning. The school closed in July 2019 because of a failure to fill places. There are plans to use the school buildings for a new special school.

text:
# Sir Frank Whittle Studio School

The **Sir Frank Whittle Studio School** was a 14–19 Studio School, part of The Lutterworth Academies Trust. It was situated alongside Lutterworth College in the rural market town of Lutterworth, South Leicestershire.

The school specialised in engineering, business and sport. It also worked alongside employers to provide students with external experiential learning.

The school closed in July 2019 because of a failure to fill places. There are plans to use the school buildings for a new special school.

## Construction

Plans were submitted to Harborough District Council in February 2014, with the intention to begin construction to be ready for the September 2014 cohort.

The Kier Group were contracted for the project with a build programme beginning on 9 February 2015 and finishing with a final handover on 27 November 2015. Due to delays with planning permission, the build didn't start until 27 March 2015.

The first intake of students were admitted in September 2014 and as a result of the building not being completed, a temporary building was erected on the Lutterworth College site to accommodate the students until construction on the school was complete.

Construction was completed and the building in use from December 2015.

## Academic performance

The school received its first full set of results in August 2016. The school's results placed Sir Frank Whittle Studio School as one of the highest performing secondary school in Leicestershire, ranking 6th out of all schools reporting results. The Progress 8 score of +0.15 is significantly above national average.

As of 2019, the school's most recent inspection result was from 2017 and was Good.

In 2018 the school was listed as underperforming.

## InfoBox

| Sir Frank Whittle Studio School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| Bitteswell Road
Lutterworth, Leicestershire, LE17 4EW
England | |
| Coordinates | 52°27′34″N 1°12′23″W / 52.459354°N 1.206344°W / 52.459354; -1.206344 |
| Information | |
| Type | Studio School |
| Motto | Inspire the Mind,
Create the Future |
| Established | 2014 |
| Closed | 2019 |
| Trust | TLAT |
| Department for Education URN | 141012 Tables |
| Ofsted | Reports |
| Gender | Mixed |
| Age | 14 to 19 |
| Colour(s) | Pink
Grey
Cyan
Blue |
| Website | http://www.sirfrankwhittlestudioschool.com |


title: Sir Frank Worrell Cricket Ground

abstract: The Sir Frank Worrell Cricket Ground is a cricket ground in Kingston, Jamaica.

text:
# Sir Frank Worrell Cricket Ground

The **Sir Frank Worrell Cricket Ground** (formerly known as the **University of the West Indies Ground**) is a cricket ground in Kingston, Jamaica.

## History

The ground is located on the campus of the University of the West Indies at Mona in Kingston, which was established in 1948. The cricket ground at the campus was originally known as the University of the West Indies Ground, but was later renamed in honour of Frank Worrell. Under the influence of the university's Pro Vice-Chancellor, Professor Hilary Beckles, a University of the West Indies cricket team was invited to take part in the 2002–03 and 2003–04 editions of the Red Stripe Bowl, with the ground at Kingston playing host to the side for one List A one-day match in the 2002–03 edition against the Rest of Leeward Islands, while in the 2003–04 edition the ground played host to the Rest of Leeward Islands against Trinidad and Tobago. In March 2004, the ground played host to a first-class match between the University of the West Indies Vice Chancellor's XI and a touring England XI, which the England XI won by an innings and 85 runs.

## Records

### List A

17°59′52″N 76°44′26″W / 17.9977°N 76.7405°W / 17.9977; -76.7405

## InfoBox

Sir Frank Worrell Cricket Ground
| University of the West Indies Ground | |
| --- | --- |
| Ground information | |
| Location | Kingston, Jamaica |
| Coordinates | 17°59′52″N 76°44′26″W / 17.9977°N 76.7405°W / 17.9977; -76.7405 |
| Establishment | c.1963 |
| Team information | |
| University of the West Indies (2002/03)  University of West Indies Vice-Chancellor's XI (2003/04) | |
| As of 26 April 2022<br>Source: Ground profile | |


title: Sipha elegans

abstract: Sipha elegans is a species of aphid. It is a pest of millets.

text:
# Sipha elegans

***Sipha elegans*** is a species of aphid. It is a pest of millets.

## InfoBox

| *Sipha elegans* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Sternorrhyncha |
| Family: | Aphididae |
| Genus: | *Sipha* |
| Species: | ***S. elegans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sipha elegans***<br>Del Guercio, 1905 | |
|


title: Sipesville, Pennsylvania

abstract: Sipesville is an unincorporated community that is located in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located on Pennsylvania Route 985, 6.3 miles (10.1 km) north of the Borough of Somerset.

text:
# Sipesville, Pennsylvania

**Sipesville** is an unincorporated community that is located in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located on Pennsylvania Route 985, 6.3 miles (10.1 km) north of the Borough of Somerset.

## History

Sipesville is named for Michael Sipe, who opened a mercantile business in 1843.

Sipesville has a post office, with ZIP code 15561, which opened on April 9, 1851; Levi Hoffman was the first postmaster. On July 15, 1853, Peter Sipe was appointed as Hoffman's successor; he went on to hold the position of U.S. Postmaster until July 1, 1882.

### 1860-1899

By early 1860, under the leadership of Postmaster Peter Sipe, mail between Somerset and Johnstown was being delivered three times per week through Sipesville.

During the summer of 1866, Sipesville resident Aaron Casebeer was awarded a patent by the U.S. Patent Office for improvements made to a machine for jointing staves." The next year, Henry Sipes was awarded a patent for sleigh brakes.

By 1877, *The Somerset Herald* was describing the town as a "peaceful hamlet" and "city set on a hill, where dogs never fight, street cars never collide, thieves do not break through and stear, and people never dye" \[sic\]. The newspaper also noted that "the large store of P.A. Sipe ... supplies this vicinity with everything a first-class merchant deals in," that "Michael Sipe ... survived the exciting campaign of '76," that the town now had its own public school, that the Casebeer Church, which was located roughly two miles south of the community, was being improved at a cost of $1,000, that multiple new houses were being built, and that chestnut harvests were plentiful that year.

By the beginning of the 1880s, the population of the town was forty. On January 29, 1884, four workers were injured during an explosion at Pile's lime quarry in Sipesville." In September 1884, Gabriel Christner was appointed as the new U.S. Postmaster of Sipesville.

On April 1, 1885, the Sipesville School reported an average monthly attendance of roughly between twenty-seven and thirty-four students. A week later, Somerset Township's school board announced its search for a contractor to build a new school in the community.

In 1893, John Sipe was appointed as the U.S. Postmaster for Sipesville. In 1898, longtime Sipesville merchant Peter Sipe was appointed as Somerset County's auditor.

### 1900s

In April 1900, the Somerset Town Council adopted an ordinance that gave the Lincoln Mutual Telephone Company the authority to erect a new phone line between Somerset and Sipesville to improve phone connections between those communities and the county's seat of government. Council members also proposed a tax of $1.00 on each of the affected telegraph, telephone and light poles and a tax of $1.50 per mile on "every mile of wire used by such companies in the borough."

## Geography

This community is located on Pennsylvania Route 985, 6.3 miles (10.1 km) north of Somerset.

## InfoBox

| Sipesville, Pennsylvania | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Sipesville | |
| Coordinates: 40°05′57″N 79°05′28″W / 40.09917°N 79.09111°W / 40.09917; -79.09111 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Somerset |
| Elevation | 2,067 ft (630 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 15561 |
| Area code | 814 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1187728 |


title: Sipet College

abstract: Sipet College is located in Meru County, Eastern province, below Mt. Kenya at Ncheege plaza around Kirukuri street behind consolidated bank.

text:
# Sipet College

**Sipet College** is located in Meru County, Eastern province, below Mt. Kenya at Ncheege plaza (3rd floor) around Kirukuri street behind consolidated bank.

## History

Sipet College is a private college founded in 1997 on a solid professional and Christian foundation. It has gradually grown from a small computer college to a full college offering courses leading to Certificate and Diploma qualification.

## Courses

Today the college has the following courses:

* Certificate in Business Management
* Certificate in Information Technology
*
* Diploma in Business Management
* Diploma in Business Information Technology

## Departments

We Have up to five departments

* Department of Computer Science
* Department of Accounts
* Department of Management
* Department of Community development
* Department of languages (French, German)

## Current status

The college has open-learning, e-learning, school-based, part-time and full-time teaching. This has transformed the institution into a leading technical institute in Eastern and Mt. Kenya region. In 1997 it had about 10 students. As of 2011, the number has grown tremendously.

## Affiliations

It is an accredited center for:

## InfoBox

Sipet College
| Established | 1997 |
| --- | --- |
| Director | Mr. Simon Ngigi |
| Location | Meru, Kenya<br>1°10′52″S 36°55′38″E / 1.181058°S 36.927226°E / -1.181058; 36.927226 |
| Campus | Main Campus, along Thika Road |
| Website |  |


abstract: Sir James Sibbald David Scott, 3rd Baronet (1814–1885) of Dunninald Castle, Forfarshire, was a Scottish antiquarian and army officer.

text:
# Sir James Sibbald David Scott, 3rd Baronet

**Sir James Sibbald David Scott, 3rd Baronet** (1814–1885) of Dunninald Castle, Forfarshire, was a Scottish antiquarian and army officer.

## Life

Born on 14 June 1814, he was eldest son of Sir David Scott, 2nd Baronet of Egham; his mother was Caroline, daughter of Benjamin Grindall. He graduated B.A. in 1835 from Christ Church, Oxford, and was a captain in the Royal Sussex Light Infantry Militia and its offshoot, the Royal Sussex Militia Artillery, from 21 April 1846 to 22 January 1856. He succeeded to the baronetcy in 1851, and was J.P. and D.L. for Sussex and Middlesex. He was a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London, and a member of the Royal Archæological Institute.

Scott died on 28 June 1885 at Upper Norwood.

## Works

Scott's major work was *The British Army: its Origin, Progress, and Equipment*, illustrated. The first two volumes were published in 1868, and a third volume in 1880, bringing down the record from the 1660 to 1688. He contributed to the journal of the Royal Archæological Institute.

In the summer of 1874 Scott paid a short visit to Jamaica, and his diary was published in 1876 under the title *To Jamaica and Back*. It contains a sketch of the military and naval history of the island, and describes in some detail the Morant Bay rebellion of 1865.

## Family

Scott married Harriet Anne Shank on 28 November 1844. They had three sons and four daughters.

**Attribution**

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lee, Sidney, ed. (1897). "Scott, James Sibbald David". *Dictionary of National Biography*. Vol. 51. London: Smith, Elder & Co.


title: Sir John Ramsden, 3rd Baronet

abstract: Sir John Ramsden, 3rd Baronet (1699–1769) of Byram and Longley Hall, Yorkshire, was a British landowner and Independent Whig politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1727 to 1754.

text:
# Sir John Ramsden, 3rd Baronet

**Sir John Ramsden, 3rd Baronet** (1699–1769) of Byram and Longley Hall, Yorkshire, was a British landowner and Independent Whig politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1727 to 1754.

## Early life

Ramsden was baptised on 21 March 1699, the eldest son of Sir William Ramsden, 2nd Baronet, of Byram and Longley Hall and his wife Elizabeth Lowther, daughter of John Lowther, 1st Viscount Lonsdale. He was admitted at Clare College, Cambridge on 4 April 1718. He succeeded his father in the baronetcy on 27 June 1736.

## Career

At the 1727 British general election, Ramsden was returned as Member of Parliament for Appleby by his uncle, Henry Lowther, 3rd Viscount Lonsdale. He was an independent Whig and voted with the Government in 1729 on the civil list arrears, in 1733 on the Excise Bill, and in 1734 on the repeal of the Septennial Act. He was returned at the 1734 British general election, and voted against the government on the Spanish convention in 1739. He was considered an opposition member in 1740. He was returned again at the 1741 British general election and was put forward though not elected for the secret committee on Walpole in 1742. However he voted against the Government on the Hanoverians in the following December and again in 1744. He was returned again at the 1747 British general election and was classed as a government supporter, although he remained independent. He did not stand again in 1754.

## Later life and legacy

Ramsden married by licence dated 8 August 1748, Margaret Bright, widow of Thomas Liddell Bright of Badsworth, Yorkshire and daughter of William Norton of Sawley, Yorkshire. They had two sons and two daughters. In 1766 he was responsible for the building of the Cloth Hall at Huddersfield. He died at Byrom on 10 April 1769 and was buried at Brotherton on 17 April. He was succeeded by his son John.

|}


title: Sir John Ramsden, 4th Baronet

abstract: Sir John Ramsden, 4th Baronet was an English landowner and Member of Parliament.

text:
# Sir John Ramsden, 4th Baronet

**Sir John Ramsden, 4th Baronet** (1755 – 15 July 1839) was an English landowner and Member of Parliament.

## Early life

He was born in 1755 and was the only son of Margaret (née Norton) Bright and Sir John Ramsden, 3rd Baronet of Byram, near Pontefract, Yorkshire, whom he succeeded in 1769, inheriting the Manor of Huddersfield and the associated Ramsden Estate. His mother, the daughter of William Norton, Esq. of Sawley, was the widow of Thomas Liddell Bright.

He was educated at University College, Oxford, 1774.

## Career

An Act of Parliament (14 Geo. 3. c. 13) obtained on 9 March 1774, enabled "Sir John Ramsden, Baronet, to make and maintain a navigable Canal from the River Calder, between a Bridge called Cooper's Bridge, and the Mouth of the River Colne to the King's Mill, near the town of Huddersfleld, in the West Riding of the county of York". Completed in 1776 and originally named Sir John Ramsden's Canal, it is now known as the Huddersfield Broad Canal.

He was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Grampound under the patronage of Lord Rockingham in 1780, retiring from politics in 1784. He was made High Sheriff of Yorkshire for 1797–98.

## Personal life

On 7 July 1787, He married the Hon. Louisa Susan Ingram-Shepherd, daughter and coheiress of Charles Ingram, 9th Viscount of Irvine. Louisa's eldest sister, Isabella, married the 2nd Marquess of Hertford (and also became the mistress of the Prince of Wales, later George IV). Together, they were the parents of four sons and five daughters, including:

He died at his home, Hamilton Place, Piccadilly, in 1839. As his eldest son predeceased him, the baronetcy thus passed to John Charles' son Sir John William Ramsden, 5th Baronet, who married Lady Helen Guendolen Seymour, daughter of Edward Seymour, 12th Duke of Somerset. Through his daughter Frances, he was a grandfather of Gamel Pennington, 4th Baron Muncaster and Josslyn Pennington, 5th Baron Muncaster.

## InfoBox

| Sir John Ramsden, Bt | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament for Grampound | |
| **In office**
1780–1784Serving with Thomas Lucas | |
| Preceded by | Hon. Sir Joseph Yorke
Richard Neville |
| Succeeded by | Hon. John Somers Cocks
Francis Baring |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1755 |
| Died | 15 July 1839(1839-07-15) (aged 83–84)
Piccadilly, London |
| Spouse | Hon. Louisa Susan Ingram-Shepherd
(m. 1787) |
| Children | 9 |
| Parent(s) | Sir John Ramsden, 3rd Baronet
Margaret Norton Bright |
| Alma mater | University College, Oxford |
|  | |


title: Ram Shahristan

abstract: Ram Shahristan was the ancient capital of Sistan, in what is now southwestern Afghanistan and southeastern Iran. Per Arab geographers, prior to Zaranj the capital of Sistan was Ram Shahristan. Ram Shahristan had been supplied with water by a canal from the Helmand River, but its dam broke, the area was deprived of water, and the populace moved three days' march to found Zaranj. The ruins of Ram Shahristan were, by the 10th century AD, already swallowed up by the deserts, with only a few remnants of buildings visible.

text:
# Ram Shahristan

**Ram Shahristan** (or **Abrashariyar**) was the ancient capital of Sistan, in what is now southwestern Afghanistan and southeastern Iran.

Per Arab geographers, prior to Zaranj the capital of Sistan was Ram Shahristan. Ram Shahristan had been supplied with water by a canal from the Helmand River, but its dam broke, the area was deprived of water, and the populace moved three days' march to found Zaranj.

The ruins of Ram Shahristan were, by the 10th century AD, already swallowed up by the deserts, with only a few remnants of buildings visible.

## Further reading

* Mehrafarin, Reza; Mousavi Haji, Seyyed Rasool (2010). "In Search of Ram Shahrestan: The Capital of the Sistan Province in the Sassanid Era". *Central Asiatic Journal*. **54** (2): 256–272.


title: WRTT-FM

abstract: WRTT-FM is an American commercial radio station licensed to serve the community of Huntsville, Alabama. The station, established in 1960, is currently owned by the Black Crow Media Group and the license is held by BCA Radio LLC. Black Crow Media Group owns two other Huntsville stations, WAHR and WLOR. Its studios are located off University Drive in Huntsville, and its transmitter is located north of the city.

text:
# WRTT-FM

**WRTT-FM** (95.1 FM, "Rocket 95.1") is an American commercial radio station licensed to serve the community of Huntsville, Alabama. The station, established in 1960, is currently owned by the Black Crow Media Group and the license is held by BCA Radio LLC. Black Crow Media Group owns two other Huntsville stations, WAHR and WLOR. Its studios are located off University Drive (U.S. 72) in Huntsville, and its transmitter is located north of the city.

## Programming

WRTT-FM focuses on active rock releases since 1990, supporting various subgenres such as mainstream rock, grunge rock, and the like. More recently, though, it has begun to rotate in songs from the classic rock canon, to widen its appeal to somewhat older listeners.

After seven years in the mornings on WRTT-FM, *The Rick and Bubba Show* began airing on crosstown WQRV starting January 2, 2008. The syndicated hosts were replaced on WRTT-FM as of December 3, 2007, by radio personalities Jerome "Fish" Fisher and Ken Harron.

These two were replaced sometime in 2010 by "Jimbo and Casio," who currently run the morning show.

## History

### WHBS-FM

The 95.1 frequency was home to the first FM radio station in Huntsville as "WHBS-FM", which began broadcasting December 21, 1947. It was mainly a simulcast of WHBS (1490 AM), which was owned by *The Huntsville Times*. WHBS-AM moved to 1550 AM and increased power to 5,000 day/500 night watts in 1952 (it broadcast 1,000 day/250 night on 1490 AM) The FM station broadcast from a transmitter near Bankhead Parkway/Tollgate Road until around 1957 with 10,000 watts. The station had about a 150-mile coverage area with a good antenna. The AM station was sold to Smith Broadcasting in 1958 and became WAAY radio (now licensed as "WLOR".)

### WNDA

On October 8, 1960, a new radio station licensed as "WNDA" began broadcasting with 3,100 watts of effective radiated power on a frequency of 92.9 megahertz. Under the ownership of Hughey Broadcasting Company, WNDA served Huntsville and surrounding communities with an easy listening music format. In 1964, the station moved to the current 95.1 MHz frequency.

On May 1, 1970, WNDA was purchased by Wells Broadcasting Company, Inc., and its format shifted from easy listening to Christian spirituals and teaching programs. The station was the first in northern Alabama to broadcast Contemporary Christian music, which eventually became WNDA's staple programming. This format would endure on WNDA for nearly 30 years. Also during much of that time, WNDA was the local home for the Texaco-sponsored Metropolitan Opera broadcasts on Saturday afternoons for years instead of public station WLRH, which would otherwise be expected to carry them due to its classical format; that station has in fact never carried the program to this day.

### WRTT-FM

In January 2000, Wells Broadcasting Company, Inc. agreed to sell WNDA to a company called STG Media, LLC. The FCC approved the deal on March 7, 2000, and the transaction was consummated on May 1, 2000, exactly 30 years to the day when Wells bought WNDA. While the sale was in progress, the station's call sign was changed to "WRTT-FM". The station dropped its longtime Christian radio format in favor of a classic rock format branded as "Rocket 95.1". It eventually evolved into a modern rock playlist.

In November 2001, due to a proposed refinancing of its parent company, STG Media, LLC applied to the FCC to transfer the licenses of WAHR, WLOR, and WRTT-FM to Black Crow Media Group subsidiary BCA Media, LLC. Just two days later, another application was filed to shift the licenses to BCA Radio, LLC. The FCC approved the moves on November 15, 2001, and the consummation of the transaction occurred on November 19, 2001.

In January 2010, Black Crow Media Group and its subsidiaries filed for "Chapter 11" bankruptcy, seeking to reorganize rather than be broken up. Their filing with the FCC notified the Commission of the involuntary transfer of the license from BCA Radio, LLC, to an entity known as BCA Radio, LLC, Debtor-In-Possession.

In November 2011, Black Crow Media Group announced that it was reorganizing its radio holdings and consolidating the four subsidiaries acting as debtors in possession (including BCA Radio, LLC) into a new company named Southern Stone Communications, LLC. The FCC approved the transfer on December 19, 2011.

The station received a construction permit to boost power from 12 kW to 13.5 kW, while remaining at the same location and antenna height, in December 2016.

A license to cover for this power boost was filed in February 2017.

## InfoBox

WRTT-FM
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Tennessee Valley |
| Frequency | 95.1 FM MHz |
| Branding | Rocket 95.1 |
| Programming | |
| Format | Active rock |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Southern Stone Communications, LLC |
| Sister stations | WAHR, WLOR |
| History | |
| First air date | October 6, 1960 (as WNDA) |
| Former call signs | WNDA (1960–2000) |
| Former frequencies | 92.9 MHz (1960–1964) |
| Call sign meaning | **R**ocke**T** |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 71462 |
| Class | C2 |
| ERP | 13,500 watts |
| HAAT | 277 meters (909 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 34°47′53″N 86°38′24″W / 34.79806°N 86.64000°W / 34.79806; -86.64000 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | WRTT Webstream |
| Website | WRTT Online |


title: William W. Marsh House

abstract: The William W. Marsh House in Sycamore, Illinois, the county seat of DeKalb County, has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1978. The 1873 house was home to William W. Marsh, an inventor and is located along Illinois Route 64 as it passes through Sycamore. The Marsh House was built in the Italianate style and contains distinctive Italianate elements such as a cupola, a low pitched roof and eaves supported by corbels.

text:
# William W. Marsh House

The **William W. Marsh House** in Sycamore, Illinois, the county seat of DeKalb County, has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1978. The 1873 house was home to William W. Marsh, an inventor and is located along Illinois Route 64 as it passes through Sycamore. The Marsh House was built in the Italianate style and contains distinctive Italianate elements such as a cupola, a low pitched roof and eaves supported by corbels.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| William W. Marsh House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The Italianate William W. Marsh House in Sycamore, Illinois. | |
|  | |
| Location | 740 W. State St., Sycamore, Illinois |
| Coordinates | 41°59′2″N 88°41′39″W / 41.98389°N 88.69417°W / 41.98389; -88.69417 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1873 |
| NRHP reference No. | 78003103 |
| Added to NRHP | December 22, 1978 |


title: Modoc High School (Alturas, California)

abstract: Modoc High School (MHS) is a small high school located in Alturas, California. It is one of two high schools located in Modoc County, California. In 1994, Modoc High School was awarded the California Distinguished School award.

text:
# Modoc High School (Alturas, California)

**Modoc High School** (MHS) is a small high school located in Alturas, California. It is one of two high schools located in Modoc County, California.

In 1994, Modoc High School was awarded the California Distinguished School award.

## Notable alumni

Kayte Christensen, color commentator and former professional basketball player

Ray Privette, 1978/79 track relay record holder

## InfoBox

| Modoc High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
|  | |
| 900 North Main Street
Alturas, California
United States | |
| Coordinates | 41°29′32″N 120°32′32″W / 41.49222°N 120.54222°W / 41.49222; -120.54222 |
| Information | |
| Type | Public |
| School district | Modoc Joint Unified School District |
| NCES School ID | 062519003764 |
| Staff | 15.36 (on FTE basis) |
| Grades | 9 to 12 |
| Enrollment | 227 (2022–2023) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 14.78 |
| Mascot | Braves |


title: Ushimado, Okayama

abstract: Ushimado was a town located in Oku District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

text:
# Ushimado, Okayama

**Ushimado** (牛窓町, *Ushimado-chō*) was a town located in Oku District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

## Overview

It faces Okayama City to the west, Ōku town to the north, and the Seto Inland Sea to the east and south. In particular, it is focused on tourism, and is called the "Aegean Sea of Japan". It is also one of Okayama Prefecture's leading mushroom producers and one of Japan's two largest olive producing areas, as well as Shodoshima, Kagawa Prefecture.

## History

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 7,545 and a density of 274.36 persons per km2. The total area was 27.50 km2.

On November 1, 2004, Ushimado, along with the towns of Oku and Osafune (all from Oku District), was merged to create the city of Setouchi.


title: Verdun Aerodrome

abstract: Verdun, in the Meuse department, is a small city on the river Meuse, which was heavily fortified before WWI. A military airfield was created in 1912 out of the eastern part of the city, in a place called "Faubourg Pavé". Navigation charts did not show the airfield. From the beginning of the war until the outbreak of the Battle of Verdun, in February 1916, the Faubourg Pavé airfield was widely used by the French Air Service. As the battle developed, many airfields were built further away from the front line and "Faubourg Pavé" had to be abandoned. In 1918, many American Air Service squadrons flew from airfields around Verdun, as Julvécourt, Souilly, Lemmes or Béthelainville. Sources also mention temporary detachment of the 95th Aero Squadron to a "Verdun" airfield, without any further details.

text:
# Verdun Aerodrome

Verdun, in the Meuse department, is a small city on the river Meuse, which was heavily fortified before WWI. A military airfield was created in 1912 out of the eastern part of the city, in a place called "Faubourg Pavé" (Paved Suburb). Navigation charts did not show the airfield.

From the beginning of the war until the outbreak of the Battle of Verdun, in February 1916, the Faubourg Pavé airfield was widely used by the French Air Service. As the battle developed, many airfields were built further away from the front line and "Faubourg Pavé" had to be abandoned.

In 1918, many American Air Service squadrons flew from airfields around Verdun, as Julvécourt, Souilly, Lemmes or Béthelainville. Sources also mention temporary detachment of the 95th Aero Squadron to a "Verdun" airfield, without any further details.

## Known units assigned

This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

* Series "D", Volume 2, Squadron histories,. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

## InfoBox

| Verdun Aerodrome | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) | |
| Located near: Verdun, France | |
| Verdun Aerodrome | |
| Coordinates | 49°09′33″N 005°24′47″E / 49.15917°N 5.41306°E / 49.15917; 5.41306 |
| Type | Combat Airfield |
| Site information | |
| Controlled by | Air Service, United States Army |
| Condition | Agricultural area |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1918 |
| In use | 1918–1919 |
| Battles/wars |
World War I |
| Garrison information | |
| Garrison | 1st Pursuit Group (Elements)
United States First Army Air Service |


title: Teupasenti

abstract: Teupasenti is a municipality in the Honduran department of El Paraiso.

text:
# Teupasenti

**Teupasenti** (Spanish pronunciation: \[tewpaˈsenti\]) is a municipality in the Honduran department of El Paraiso.

1. Teske, Paul (14 October 2000). "Local residents make difference in Honduras". *The Sunday Hour*. pp. A7. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
2. "En Honduras viven 46,241 refugiados; 25,000 son nicas y 20,000 salvadoreños" \[There are 46,241 refugees living in Honduras ; 25,000 Nicaraguans and 20,00 Salvadorians\]. *La Opinion* (in Spanish). 29 June 1987. p. 7. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
3. "Teupasenti, El Paraíso, Honduras Deforestation Rates & Statistics | GFW". *Global Forest Watch*. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
4. "Servicio postal público en Honduras 2017-2021" \[Public postal service in Honduras 2017-2021\]. *Instituto Nacional de Estadisticas* (in Spanish). 8 November 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2024.

14°13′N 86°42′W / 14.217°N 86.700°W / 14.217; -86.700

## InfoBox

| Teupasenti | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| TeupasentiLocation in Honduras | |
| Coordinates: 14°13′N 86°42′W / 14.217°N 86.700°W / 14.217; -86.700 | |
| Country | Honduras |
| Department | El Paraíso |
| Area | |
| Total | 681 km2 (263 sq mi) |
| Population (2015) | |
| Total | 43,477 |
| Density | 64/km2 (170/sq mi) |


title: NYC Grand Prix

abstract: The USATF New York Grand Prix is an annual athletics meeting held at Icahn Stadium in New York City, United States. The event was part of the IAAF Grand Prix from 2007 to 2009. For 2010 it was promoted to the top-level Diamond League through 2015. It was known as the Reebok Grand Prix, and the Adidas Grand Prix until 2015. For the 2016 Diamond League, the New York meet was replaced by Rabat, Morocco. Local organizers the same day said they would announce plans to carry on the meet as a street event in New York. The meeting was eventually replaced in 2016 by the Adidas Boost Boston Games. After a six-year hiatus, the meet returned in 2022 under its current name as a World Athletics Continental Tour Gold meet.

text:
# NYC Grand Prix

The **USATF New York Grand Prix** is an annual athletics meeting held at Icahn Stadium in New York City, United States.

The event was part of the IAAF Grand Prix from 2007 to 2009. For 2010 it was promoted to the top-level Diamond League through 2015. It was known as the **Reebok Grand Prix**, and the **Adidas Grand Prix** until 2015.

For the 2016 Diamond League, the New York meet was replaced by Rabat, Morocco. Local organizers the same day said they would announce plans to carry on the meet as a street event in New York. The meeting was eventually replaced in 2016 by the Adidas Boost Boston Games.

After a six-year hiatus, the meet returned in 2022 under its current name as a World Athletics Continental Tour Gold meet.

## Editions

## World records

Over the course of its history, two world records have been set at the Adidas Grand Prix.

World records set at the Adidas Grand Prix
| Year | Event | Record | Athlete | Nationality |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **2006** | 5000 m | 14:24.53 | Meseret Defar | Ethiopia |
| **2008** | 100 m | 9.72 (+1.7 m/s) | Usain Bolt | Jamaica |

## Meeting records

### Men

### Women

## InfoBox

| NYC Grand Prix | |
| --- | --- |
| The host stadium – Icahn Stadium | |
| Date | May – June |
| Location | New York City, United States |
| Event type | Track and field |
| Established | 11 June 2005 |
| Official site | nycgrandprix.com |