title: White-necked rockfowl

abstract: The white-necked rockfowl is a medium-sized bird in the family Picathartidae, with a long neck and tail. Also known as the white-necked picathartes, this passerine is mainly found in rocky forested areas at higher altitudes in West Africa from Guinea to Ghana. Its distribution is patchy, with populations often being isolated from each other. The rockfowl typically chooses to live near streams and inselbergs. It has no recognized subspecies, though some believe that it forms a superspecies with the grey-necked rockfowl. The white-necked rockfowl has greyish-black upperparts and white underparts. Its unusually long, dark brown tail is used for balance, and its thighs are muscular. The head is nearly featherless, with the exposed skin being bright yellow except for two large, circular black patches located just behind the eyes. Though the bird is usually silent, some calls are known. These rockfowl feed primarily on insects, though parents feed small frogs to their young. One feeding strategy involves following Dorylus army ant swarms, feeding on insects flushed by the ants. Rockfowl move through the forest primarily through a series of hops and bounds or short flights in low vegetation. This species rarely flies for long distances. The white-necked rockfowl is monogamous and pairs nest either alone or in the vicinity of other pairs, sometimes in colonies with as many as eight nests. These nests are constructed out of mud formed into a deep cup and are built on rock surfaces, typically in caves. Two eggs are laid twice a year. Though the birds breed in colonies, infanticide is fairly common in this species, with rockfowl attempting to kill the young of other pairs. Nestlings mature in about a month. This bird is long-lived. This species is classified as Vulnerable as its dwindling and fragmented populations are threatened by habitat destruction. Conservation efforts are underway in parts of its range in the form of habitat protection, education efforts, and new laws. Some of the indigenous peoples of Sierra Leone considered the species to be a protector of the home of their ancestral spirits. This rockfowl is considered one of Africa's most desirable birds by birders and is a symbol of ecotourism across its range.

text:
# White-necked rockfowl

The **white-necked rockfowl** (***Picathartes gymnocephalus***) is a medium-sized bird in the family Picathartidae, with a long neck and tail. Also known as the **white-necked picathartes**, this passerine is mainly found in rocky forested areas at higher altitudes in West Africa from Guinea to Ghana. Its distribution is patchy, with populations often being isolated from each other. The rockfowl typically chooses to live near streams and inselbergs. It has no recognized subspecies, though some believe that it forms a superspecies with the grey-necked rockfowl. The white-necked rockfowl has greyish-black upperparts and white underparts. Its unusually long, dark brown tail is used for balance, and its thighs are muscular. The head is nearly featherless, with the exposed skin being bright yellow except for two large, circular black patches located just behind the eyes. Though the bird is usually silent, some calls are known.

These rockfowl feed primarily on insects, though parents feed small frogs to their young. One feeding strategy involves following *Dorylus* army ant swarms, feeding on insects flushed by the ants. Rockfowl move through the forest primarily through a series of hops and bounds or short flights in low vegetation. This species rarely flies for long distances. The white-necked rockfowl is monogamous and pairs nest either alone or in the vicinity of other pairs, sometimes in colonies with as many as eight nests. These nests are constructed out of mud formed into a deep cup and are built on rock surfaces, typically in caves. Two eggs are laid twice a year. Though the birds breed in colonies, infanticide is fairly common in this species, with rockfowl attempting to kill the young of other pairs. Nestlings mature in about a month. This bird is long-lived.

This species is classified as Vulnerable as its dwindling and fragmented populations are threatened by habitat destruction. Conservation efforts are underway in parts of its range in the form of habitat protection, education efforts, and new laws. Some of the indigenous peoples of Sierra Leone considered the species to be a protector of the home of their ancestral spirits. This rockfowl is considered one of Africa's most desirable birds by birders and is a symbol of ecotourism across its range.

## Taxonomy

This species was first described by Coenraad Jacob Temminck in 1825 from a specimen collected on the Guinean coast. He published his description in the 2nd volume of *Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées d'oiseaux* and described it as *Corvus gymnocephalus*, placing it in the crow genus *Corvus*. The species name is derived from the Ancient Greek words *gymnos* "naked", and *kephalē* "head". However, only three years later the bird was removed from the genus *Corvus* by René Primevère Lesson and placed in its own genus, *Picathartes*, as it did not share characteristics common to members of *Corvus* such as a feathered head. This generic name comes from a combination of the Latin genera *pica* for "magpie" and *cathartes* for "vulture". Since its initial description, the picathartes have been placed in more than five different families, including those of crows (Corvidae), starlings (Sturnidae), Old World flycatchers (Muscicapidae), babblers (Timaliidae) and Old World warblers (Sylviidae). Today the white-necked rockfowl and its close relative the grey-necked rockfowl are believed to comprise a unique family, Picathartidae. It has also been suggested though not generally accepted that the two rockfowl represent the remnants of an ancient bird order. Recent DNA analysis has shown that Picathartidae and its closest relatives, southern Africa's rockjumpers and southeast Asia's rail-babbler, form a clade. The analysis suggests that the rockfowl split from the common ancestor of their clade 44 million years ago. It is believed that the ancestor of this clade originated in Australia and spread to Africa. Though the white-necked rockfowl has no subspecies, it is believed to form a superspecies with the grey-necked rockfowl, with plumage and facial pattern being the primary differences between the two species.

Common names used for this species include white-necked rockfowl, white-necked picathartes, yellow-headed picathartes, bare-headed rockfowl, and the less frequently used white-necked bald crow. Rockfowl is a reference to the species' habit of building mud nests on rock surfaces and caves. Picathartes refers to the species' scientific name. Bald crow is a reference to its featherless head and somewhat crow-like appearance, especially its beak.

## Description

This rockfowl measures around 38 to 41 cm (15 to 16 in) in length, with its notably long tail contributing about 18 cm (7.1 in). Adult rockfowl show little sexual dimorphism in plumage and the sexes cannot be told apart by appearance. On the adult, the head, excluding the chin and throat, is completely bare of feathers except for a thin layer of fuzz on the forehead. The head's skin is bright yellow except for two large, circular patches of black skin located just behind the eye and containing the ear; only a thin, 2 mm (0.079 in) wide patch of yellow skin on the crown prevents the two black patches from connecting. The black patch has a raised edge and appears to be a distinct part of the face. The eyelid and eyering are a thin line of black surrounding the bird's large, dark brown eyes. The beak is robust, disproportionately large, and black. This beak can be considered crow-like, is noticeably decurved in the upper mandible, and is about 30 mm (1.2 in) long. The bird's chin and throat are covered in a thin layer of white feathers, and the neck is long and slender. The nape is also covered in white feathers, while the hindneck is nearly bare, revealing the orange-yellow skin. The upper mantle is a solid black, merging into a greyish-black lower mantle. The rockfowl's thighs are very muscular and aid its partially terrestrial lifestyle. The back, rump, and undertail are a bluish grey, while the tail is a dark brown and tented in shape. The moderately-sized wings are also a dark brown. The underparts are a creamy white and appear their creamiest in the upper breast. In dim light the white-necked rockfowl can appear to be solely black above and white below. The legs are blue and relatively long. Overall the plumage appears to be smooth with long feathers. The adult weighs 200 to 250 g (7.1 to 8.8 oz).

The nestling is born naked with dark-brown skin above and translucent pink skin below, blind, and with an orange-red gape. After a few days, the gape changes to a bright yellow-orange. After hatching, the head's skin is all yellow without the black patches of the adult; these are gained about a week before leaving the nest. An immature rockfowl after its fourth week is very similar to the adult, but its underparts are creamier and silkier than those of the adult, its neck possesses fewer feathers, and the yellow on the head is paler. Most noticeably, its tail is significantly shorter than that of the adult.

Although numerous calls have been recorded, the white-necked rockfowl is normally a silent bird. Its call has been compared to the clucks of a chicken, with clucks of "chuk-chuk-chuk" or "choop-choop-choop" being made at a constant rate of eight notes every five seconds. This call typically lasts for at least a minute. It has been suggested that this call may be a proper song, but more research is required to determine if this is accurate. The rockfowl's alarm call, one of its more frequent sounds, has been described as a continuous, low-pitched, guttural chatter similar to "ow, ow, ow". Adults and juveniles have also been known to produce a long-drawn "owooh" call note. Additionally, fledglings can give a loud, quavering second-long whistle as a contact call.

## Distribution and habitat

This species is only found in West Africa from Guinea to Ghana. It is locally common in southeastern Guinea, and is widespread in Sierra Leone except for the north and northwest, and in Liberia except for the north and northeast. In Côte d'Ivoire the species is currently restricted to areas near the Guinean and Liberian border. The bird also lives in Ghana, where it is both local and uncommon in the south central parts of the nation. The white-necked rockfowl's total range covers approximately 391,000 km2 (151,000 sq mi). However, the species occurs in low population densities in patches across this large range. The species does not migrate, though it does disperse widely after the breeding season.

This rockfowl lives on steep slopes in both primary and mature secondary forests. These forests are typically covered in rocks and are found in hilly lowland areas up to 800 m (2,600 ft). The white-necked rockfowl often lives near flowing streams and rivers so that it has access to wet mud for nest construction. Colonies are typically found within 100 m (330 ft) of a stream. The species also seems to show a preference for living near inselbergs. Rockfowl are occasionally seen in partly cleared forests and near cities, but this appears to be abnormal. Recent surveys have shown that abandoned rockfowl nests are more likely to be in or near secondary forest.

## Ecology and behavior

This picathartes typically keeps low in the vegetation or on the ground near its nesting grounds. It moves quickly through its forested habitat primarily through a series of hops and bounds, followed by a pause before resuming its movements. It uses its tail for balance while traversing the forest. The rockfowl also flies at a low altitude for short distances between vines and trees, and it rarely flies for long distances. This species can disappear from sight into a mass of creepers or rocks. It is capable of high jumps, sometimes jumping 6 m (20 ft) off the cave floor to its nest while only partly using its wings.

It was once thought that the rockfowl rarely ventures far from its breeding grounds; however, new data suggests that the species has a much broader range than previously thought. Rockfowl have been known to continue roosting on their nests for a period following the breeding season. These birds are normally solitary or in pairs, though sometimes they live in groups of three to five birds. Typically, they silently evade any unusual movements in their forest. However, if these birds know that they have been sighted, they can become quite inquisitive and occasionally approach observers. One of the rockfowl's displays entails several of the birds in a colony forming a loose circle. Individual rockfowl run at each other, forcing the approached bird to retreat slightly before chasing either the bird that charged it or another in the circle. At intervals during this display a rockfowl leans forward on a branch, tucking its head between its legs and half-spreading its wings, thus revealing its crown to the other rockfowl. It is believed that this behavior shows the intent of the rockfowl to roost in a group, though recent evidence suggests that the display could be involved in breeding. To scratch its head, the bird lifts its foot over its wing. This species is long-lived.

### Diet

The white-necked rockfowl forages across slopes on mossy, creeper-covered boulders and in trees covered in lianas and hanging mosses. It occasionally forages by hopping across sand by a stream or even in the stream, as evidenced by crab remains in the rockfowl's droppings. While foraging on the ground, the rockfowl picks up leaves with its bill and tosses them aside. It feeds in mixed-species groups ahead of swarms of *Dorylus* ants with alethes, bristlebills, and Finsch's rufous thrushes, picking off insects flushed by the ants, mostly off the ground. The rockfowl has also been observed hopping from the ground and snatching prey midair.

The diet is diverse and generalized, enabling the white-necked rockfowl to have a degree of adaptability in collecting food. This rockfowl primarily eats insects, including larval cockroaches, tettigoniid grasshoppers, earwigs, ants from the genera *Pachycondyla* and *Dorylus*, click beetles from the genus *Psephus*, and termites. Other than insects, it has been observed eating millipedes, centipedes, snails, earthworms, and occasionally small frogs and lizards. When feeding its nestlings, the rockfowl primarily collects earthworms, small frogs, and lizards, with the vertebrates forming most of the biomass fed to the young. In addition, rockfowl are occasionally seen eating plant material, normally from angiosperms or mosses.

### Reproduction

The White-necked rockfowl breeds primarily in caves and pairs nest either alone or as part of a small colony. While its courtship behavior is unknown, the species is monogamous and therefore does not breed with rockfowl other than its mate despite earlier suggestions that it bred cooperatively. The White-necked rockfowl has two breeding seasons throughout the year, though the timing of the breeding seasons is determined by the location of the birds and the timing of the wet season, with nesting occurring just before and after the wet season and averaging 127 days apart. The rockfowl reuses its nest, and typically repairs it two to eight weeks prior to laying eggs. Guinean birds breed from July to January, while those in Sierra Leone breed from November to February and from April to October. In Liberia, breeding occurs from September to December and from March to July. Ghana's rockfowl breed from March to June and September to November. Breeding caves are traditionally deserted while the rockfowl are not breeding, so increased usage by the rockfowl is considered a first sign of breeding. Nesting colonies average two to five nests, although one colony had forty nests. In addition to breeding birds, sometimes non-breeding rockfowl are present. These birds occasionally attempt infanticide to gain access to prime nesting sites or mates. Birds in these colonies often chase each other in circles, even through the treetops, a rare destination for this species.

Unusually for a rainforest-dwelling bird, the white-necked rockfowl builds a nest out of mud with varying amounts of plant fibers mixed in. Mud is collected from nearby rivers and streams and is shaped into a strong, thick-walled, and deep cup attached to the cave wall or roof, a cliff, or a large boulder approximately 2 to 4 m (6.6 to 13.1 ft) above the ground. These rocks must be sloped inwards to provide the nest with protection from the rain. Phloem fibers and roots from plants line the inside of the cup. The white-necked rockfowl's nesting caves normally are populated by wasps, and the wasp nests 2-to-3 cm (0.79-to-1.18 in) long are often found embedded in the rockfowl's nests. It is believed that in order to build their nest on the smooth cave walls, rockfowl use the nests of the wasps as a nucleus to build around. Cliff nests are always built at a distance from nearby plants. Both birds work on the construction of the nest, with roles alternating as one bird collects the materials while the other shapes them into the nest. The mud is sometimes swallowed and regurgitated prior to use. While nearly all rockfowl nests are found in caves or on cliffs, there are records of nesting occurring on a riverbank and on a fallen tree trunk. Nests are typically constructed at least 1 m (3.3 ft) apart, but one colony had six nests adjoining each other. Nests also vary widely in size, though they average to be 108 mm (4.3 in) long, 172 mm (6.8 in) wide, and 129 mm (5.1 in) deep. It used to be believed that each pair builds two nests, one for breeding and one for roosting; however, recent surveys have found no evidence of this, with all nests in the colony being used for breeding.

One to two eggs, typically two, are laid in each nest a day or two apart. The eggs weigh about 14.5 g (0.51 oz) and have an average size of 25.8 by 38.3 mm (1.02 by 1.51 in). The eggs are a creamy white with dark brown blotches spread across the egg but in higher density near the larger end. Incubation, which begins after the first egg is laid, lasts for 23 to 28 days. The parents take turns incubating their eggs. Hatching typically takes at least 12 hours. The infant rockfowl's eyes open after nine to eleven days, while feathers begin to grow seven days after hatching. After the young hatch, food is brought to them almost four times an hour. To feed its young, the adult rockfowl clings to the side of its nest while fluttering its wings; some birds use their tails as a prop underneath the nest to help support themselves. Rockfowl have been known to kill the young of other rockfowl, while nest predation is carried out by cobras of the genus *Naja*, the Nile monitor, sun squirrels, red-chested goshawks, and *Procolobus* monkeys. This leads on average to only 0.44 nestlings surviving per pair of rockfowl. Due to potential infanticide by other rockfowl, parents protect their nest and vicious fights often occur. Rare among other bird species, this behaviour is prevalent in white-necked rockfowl. Not fully understood, it is thought to occur for the sake of resource competition or sexual selection. The young leave the nest after 23 to 27 days, at which time they resemble the adult rockfowl but with much shorter tails. The young leave the nest by standing on the edge, emitting a piercing whistle, and then gliding down to the ground on spread wings where they are met by an adult bearing insects. Even after leaving the nest, the young return to roost on it with their parents.

## Relationship with humans

In the lore of Sierra Leone's indigenous people, the often bizarre rock formations near which the white-necked rockfowl lives were believed to house ancestral spirits. Its residence there led it to be considered a guardian of the formations, leading to a degree of residual respect for the species that persists despite the beliefs that spawned this respect being practically extinct. However, in some regions the rockfowl's secretive habits and inaccessible habitat have meant it was unknown to the local population. Conversely, migrant Liberian hunters sometimes catch the nestlings for food. Due to this species' uniqueness it became a symbol for ecotourism and rainforest conservation in the region in the 1990s. The white-necked rockfowl has been depicted on numerous postage stamps from Ghana and Sierra Leone. Due to its strange appearance and behavior and the difficulty in seeing the species, this bird is considered particularly fascinating by birdwatchers. This species is considered to be one of the five most desirable birds in Africa by ornithologists.

This species also helped launch Sir David Attenborough's career in 1954, when he was the producer on the new television program *Zoo Quest*. The show's presenter Jack Lester was required to travel to Africa to record attempts to capture animals for display in zoos, with the focus of the series being on the white-necked rockfowl. However, when he fell ill, Attenborough took his place, which launched him into the limelight and starting his narrating career.

### Conservation

This species is considered Vulnerable by the IUCN due to its highly fragmented distribution, dwindling population, and habitat destruction. It is considered to be less common and more threatened than the closely related grey-necked rockfowl. The stronghold of the species is in Sierra Leone and southern Guinea, where the bird is still locally common if difficult to locate. It is estimated that only 2,500 to 10,000 white-necked rockfowl survive, with the population dwindling and spread out over a known 32 sites; however, most individuals studying this species believe that the population is far fewer than the 10,000 maximum. Many of its colonies are currently approaching the minimum population size necessary to guarantee long-term viability against inbreeding. The primary threat is the commercial destruction of its habitat for timber. Although the white-necked rockfowl is capable of withstanding some disturbance of the nearby habitat, as demonstrated by one colony surviving after it was completely surrounded by a cocoa plantation, habitat disturbance is far more likely to negatively impact on breeding success. Most of the remaining colonies in Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Côte d'Ivoire are on protected land, while Liberia and Ghana's colonies are mostly unprotected. In part to protect this species, Sierra Leone recently upgraded its protection of the Gola forest by turning it into its second national park, Gola National Park, and has announced that the country intends to work with Liberia to form a trans-national park protecting the Gola rainforest. In return for lost logging rights, Sierra Leone has compensated locals with road and school renovations, additional training for police officers, and construction of churches and a mosque. Liberia has also expressed a desire to expand its national park system, which would help protect the species. In Guinea, the bird's forests are being logged to provide land for rice farming to help support farmers immigrating from the country's drier north.

Laws exist in Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Ghana to protect this species, but enforcement is minimal. International trading of the white-necked rockfowl is regulated as the bird is currently listed under CITES Appendix I. Additionally, in 2004 BirdLife International drafted an international action plan to provide strategies for protecting this species. This plan focused on surveying the remaining habitat, raising awareness amongst the local populace, and limiting the continued destruction of its habitat. In 2006, BirdLife International received a US$19,900 grant from the Disney Wildlife Conservation Fund to help enact this plan. Surveys conducted with this funding have resulted in the discovery of additional populations in Sierra Leone. Additionally, wardens have been trained to protect Sierra Leone's Western Area Forest Reserve. This plan, coupled with the bird's appearance and unusual habits, have led it to become a flagship species for habitat conservation across Africa and particularly in its upper Guinean forests.

Until 2003, the species was thought to be extinct in Ghana. Most of the Ghanaian sites from which it is known are active forest reserves, where logging periodically occurs. Outside of the reserves, bush-burning and mining for gold and other metals threaten remaining habitat. Following its rediscovery in Ghana, the Ghana Wildlife Society has begun to survey remaining habitat and implement conservation strategies.

In the 1950s and 1960s, collecting this species for display in zoos was a major threat, and in Liberia in particular this practice destroyed several of the bird's colonies. The rockfowl were captured by the indigenous peoples through the use of traps, while hunters in Guinea, who were already catching rodents and hyraxes at the bird's nesting colonies, sometimes captured rockfowl at night. In Côte d'Ivoire specimens were sometimes caught by bat-catchers. Most birds collected from the wild die within 24 hours. Despite over 70 white-necked rockfowl being displayed in zoos during the 1970s, captive breeding was a rare occurrence and no stable captive populations have been formed. Despite this, zoos did have limited success and at least one zoo was able to hand-rear a white-necked rockfowl. As of 2002, no white-necked rockfowl have existed outside of Africa since 1998.

### Cited texts

* Fry, C Hilary; Keith, Stuart; Urban, Emil K. (2000). *The Birds of Africa Volume VI*. London: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-137306-1.
* Thompson, Hazell S.S. (2007). "Family Picathartidae (Picathartes)". In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Christie, David A. (eds.). *Handbook of the Birds of the World*. Vol. 12. Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees. Barcelona: Lynx Editions. ISBN 978-84-96553-42-2.

## InfoBox

| White-necked rockfowl | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nyamebe Bepo Forest Reserve
Ashanti Region, Ghana | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| CITES Appendix I (CITES) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Infraorder: | Passerides |
| Family: | Picathartidae |
| Genus: | *Picathartes* |
| Species: | ***P. gymnocephalus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Picathartes gymnocephalus***
(Temminck, 1825) | |
|
|  | |
| The distribution of the white-necked rockfowl (pink), along with the grey-necked rockfowl (green) | |
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Wielkie Koralskie Błota

abstract: Wielkie Kowalskie Błota is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Cekcyn, within Tuchola County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.

text:
# Wielkie Koralskie Błota

**Wielkie Kowalskie Błota** \[ˈvjɛlkʲɛ kɔˈralskʲɛ ˈbwɔta\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Cekcyn, within Tuchola County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.

## InfoBox

| Wielkie Kowalskie Błota | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Wielkie Kowalskie Błota | |
| Coordinates: 53°38′00″N 17°58′58″E / 53.63333°N 17.98278°E / 53.63333; 17.98278 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
| County | Tuchola |
| Gmina | Cekcyn |


title: Whittle, Kentucky

abstract: Whittle is an unincorporated community located in Russell County, Kentucky, United States.

text:
# Whittle, Kentucky

**Whittle** is an unincorporated community located in Russell County, Kentucky, United States.

## InfoBox

| Whittle | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| WhittleLocation within the state of KentuckyWhittleWhittle (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 37°1′34″N 84°56′46″W / 37.02611°N 84.94611°W / 37.02611; -84.94611 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kentucky |
| County | Russell |
| Elevation | 1,047 ft (319 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (EDT) |
| GNIS feature ID | 509366 |


title: White Wallachia

abstract: White Wallachia, sometimes referred to simply as Vlachia, Wallachia or Asen's Wallachia by Western sources, was a rarely used Byzantine term for the territory corresponding to modern day Bulgaria during the Asen dynasty. Starting in 1185, the Bulgarians and Vlachs living in the region revolted against the Byzantine Emperor Isaac II. After the success of the uprising, it became the core of the Second Bulgarian Empire. Due to the early proeminence of the Tsardom’s Vlach element, western sources, who first came into contact with it during the Third and Fourth Crusades, and even Byzantine sources, like Niketas Choniates, sometimes refer to the new Bulgarian state as Vlach. Thus, the French knights Guillaume de Rubrouquis and Geoffroy de Villehardouin refer to Asen's Wallachia, and the friar William of Rubruck divides Bulgaria during the realm of Michael II Asen into "Blakia—Assan's territory—and Little Bulgaria". In opposition to White Wallachia, Byzantine sources also refer to a "Black Wallachia", which was Moldavia. The Principality of Moldavia itself came to be named White Wallachia by the Ottomans, with the moniker of Black Wallachia coming to refer to the neighbouring Principality of Wallachia.

text:
# White Wallachia

**White Wallachia** (Greek: Ασπροβλαχία, romanized: *Asprovlachía)*, sometimes referred to simply as **Vlachia**, **Wallachia** or **Asen's Wallachia** by Western sources, was a rarely used Byzantine term for the territory corresponding to modern day Bulgaria during the Asen dynasty.

Starting in 1185, the Bulgarians and Vlachs living in the region revolted against the Byzantine Emperor Isaac II. After the success of the uprising, it became the core of the Second Bulgarian Empire. Due to the early proeminence of the Tsardom’s Vlach element, western sources, who first came into contact with it during the Third and Fourth Crusades, and even Byzantine sources, like Niketas Choniates, sometimes refer to the new Bulgarian state as Vlach. Thus, the French knights Guillaume de Rubrouquis and Geoffroy de Villehardouin refer to *Asen's Wallachia*, and the friar William of Rubruck divides Bulgaria during the realm of Michael II Asen into "Blakia—Assan's territory—and Little Bulgaria".

In opposition to White Wallachia, Byzantine sources also refer to a "Black Wallachia", which was Moldavia (or part of it). The Principality of Moldavia itself came to be named White Wallachia (Turkish: *Ak-Eflak)* by the Ottomans, with the moniker of Black Wallachia (Turkish: *Kara-Eflak)* coming to refer to the neighbouring Principality of Wallachia.


abstract: Wild in the Streets is the second studio album by American hardcore punk band Circle Jerks. It was released on March 4, 1982, by Faulty Products, a sub-label of I.R.S. Records.

text:
# Wild in the Streets (Circle Jerks album)

***Wild in the Streets*** is the second studio album by American hardcore punk band Circle Jerks. It was released on March 4, 1982, by Faulty Products, a sub-label of I.R.S. Records.

## Background

The album featured three cover songs, including the title track, originally by Garland Jeffreys; "Just Like Me", originally performed by Paul Revere & the Raiders; and "Put a Little Love in Your Heart", originally performed by Jackie DeShannon.

The album cover, a photo by punk photographer Ed Colver, featured an image of the band members and others (including Mike Ness of Social Distortion) running in the streets at Columbus Avenue, San Francisco, California.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

*Wild in the Streets* received a mixed review from Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic, who gave the album 3 out of 5 stars, claiming that it does not have "the wild, appealingly offensive mixture of crude lyrics and frenetic riffs that made the Circle Jerks' debut, *Group Sex*". However, Erlewine added that "there are enough tracks that nearly make the mark -- including a tongue-in-cheek cover of 'Put a Little Love in Your Heart' and the title track, which is a version of the theme song to the '60s teen exploitation flick of the same name -- to make it worthwhile for Orange County punk fanatics".

## Reissues

In 1988, the album was remixed and reissued on Frontier Records, both on its own in cassette and vinyl formats, and paired with the band's debut as *Group Sex/Wild in the Streets* on CD.

A 40th anniversary edition came out in 2022, with a 20-page booklet featuring an album history by L.A. music writer Chris Morris.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Wild in the Streets" | Garland Jeffreys | 2:34 |
| 2. | "Leave Me Alone" | Keith Morris, Roger Rogerson | 1:19 |
| 3. | "Stars and Stripes" | Morris, Greg Hetson | 1:39 |
| 4. | "86'd (Good as Gone)" | Lucky Lehrer, Hetson | 1:54 |
| 5. | "Meet the Press" | Lehrer, Rogerson | 1:19 |
| 6. | "Trapped" | Circle Jerks | 1:40 |
| 7. | "Murder the Disturbed" | Circle Jerks | 2:01 |
| 8. | "Letterbomb" | Morris, Hetson | 1:11 |
| 9. | "Question Authority" | Rogerson | 2:00 |
| 10. | "Defamation Innuendo" | Morris, Lehrer, Rogerson | 2:21 |
| 11. | "Moral Majority" | Morris, Hetson | 0:55 |
| 12. | "Forced Labor" | Rogerson | 1:17 |
| 13. | "Political Stu" | Circle Jerks | 1:34 |
| 14. | "Just Like Me" | Rick Dey, Rich Brown | 1:46 |
| 15. | "Put a Little Love in Your Heart" | Jackie DeShannon, Randy Myers, Jimmy Holiday | 2:12 |
| Total length: | | | 25:37 |

## Personnel

**Production**

* David Anderle; Gary Hirstius – production
* Steve Katz – engineering
* Paul McKenna – assistant engineer
* Frank Deluna – mixing
* John Golden – mastering
* Ed Colver – front cover photo
* Glen E. Friedman – back cover photos
* Carl Grasso; Shawn Kerri – artwork

## InfoBox

| Wild in the Streets | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Circle Jerks | |
| Released | March 4, 1982 (1982-03-04) |
| Recorded | December 1981 |
| Studio | A&M Studios, Hollywood, California |
| Genre | Hardcore punk |
| Length | 25:37 |
| Label | Faulty Products
Frontier |
| Producer | David Anderle, Gary Hirstius |
| Circle Jerks chronology | |
| *Group Sex*
(1980) ***Wild in the Streets***
(1982) *Golden Shower of Hits*
(1983) | |


title: Wild in the Country (song)

abstract: "Wild in the Country" is a song first recorded by Elvis Presley as part of the soundtrack for his 1961 motion picture Wild in the Country.

text:
# Wild in the Country (song)

"**Wild in the Country**" is a song first recorded by Elvis Presley as part of the soundtrack for his 1961 motion picture *Wild in the Country*.

## Background

It was written by Hugo Peretti, Luigi Creatore, and George Weiss, who also wrote "Can't Help Falling in Love". In 1961 the song was released on a single with "I Feel So Bad" on the opposite side. In the United States "Wild in the Country" peaked at number 26 on the *Billboard* Hot 100, while "I Feel So Bad" peaked at number 5. Also, "Wild in the Country" entered the top 10 in Flamish Belgium (Flanders) and Hong Kong.

## Reception

As of August 2017, the single "Wild in the Country" / "I Feel So Bad" is Presley's 38th most selling single in the UK.

## Charts

| Chart (1961) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 26 |

## InfoBox

| "Wild in the Country" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Elvis Presley | |
| A-side |  |
| Released | 1961 |
| Genre | Folk |
| Length | 1:52 |
| Label | RCA Victor |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Elvis Presley singles chronology | |
| "Surrender" / "Lonely Man"
(1961) "**Wild in the Country**" / "I Feel So Bad'"
(1961) "(Marie's the Name) His Latest Flame" / "Little Sister"
(1961) | |


abstract: Why Is This Night Different From All Other Nights? is the fourth and final book in Lemony Snicket's children's series All the Wrong Questions. The series features young apprentice Snicket, who is attempting to uncover the mystery behind a villain named Hangfire in Stain'd-by-the-Sea. The book was published on September 29, 2015 by Little, Brown and Company and features illustrations by Seth.

text:
# Why Is This Night Different From All Other Nights?

***Why Is This Night Different From All Other Nights?*** is the fourth and final book in Lemony Snicket's children's series *All the Wrong Questions*. The series features young apprentice Snicket, who is attempting to uncover the mystery behind a villain named Hangfire in Stain'd-by-the-Sea. The book was published on September 29, 2015 by Little, Brown and Company and features illustrations by Seth.

## Plot

S. Theodora Markson sneaks away from the Lost Arms at night, but Lemony Snicket decides to follow her. She goes to Dicey's Department Store and steals a costume, and then travels to Stain'd Station. When Snicket tries to get on the train leaving with prisoners Dashiell Qwerty and Ellington Feint, he is told he needs a ticket, but without any money he cannot find a way to get on the train. He also meets Polly Partial and Dame Sally Murphy at the station, the latter of which helps a strange looking passenger get on board with her. He gets a lift from Pip and Squeak to a place along the railway line where he can jump aboard, and Moxie Mallahan who is also on board opens the window to let him in. She shows him a fake Bombinating Beast made out of cardboard, made by Ornette Lost to trick Hangfire.

Dashiell Qwerty is found dead inside his jail cell, and Theodora is assumed to be the murderer by the Officers Mitchum. However, Lemony doesn't believe she did it, so he goes about the train looking for witnesses. He finds three suspicious librarians named Pocket, Walleye and Eratosthenes, along with several of his associates (Moxie Mallahan, Kellar Haines, Cleo Knight, Jake Hix and Ornette Lost) who were also on board. He then finds Ellington Feint; shortly into their conversation, Hangfire arrives and shoots a dart at Ellington, apparently killing her as she falls to the floor. Snicket covers her with her jacket without anyone else noticing she is dead and makes a deal with Hangfire to give him the statue (the fake one) on a condition. After Hangfire leaves, Snicket helps Ellington up and reveals to her that he knew she was alive. Ellington reveals that the dart missed her by an inch, but she pretended she is dead in an attempt to trick Hangfire. Snicket hides Ellington by tying her with a rope on the train railing outside the window of the prisoners compartment to hide her from Hangfire. Snicket later realizes that Moxie and Kellar both tried to trick Hangfire with a fake statue, revealing that Ornette made two statues for Moxie and Kellar each and Hangfire knew they were lying about giving him the statue.

After negotiation with Hangfire and with the Mitchums, and a chain of events Snicket is able to gather everybody aboard the train (Moxie, Kellar, Cleo and Jake, Stew Mitchum Sally Murphy, Sharon Haines, the three librarians and Hangfire) together in the jail cell where Qwerty was killed. It is also revealed that Lizzy Haines, Kellar’s sister who was held hostage, actually escaped from Hangfire with Sally Murphy’s help. She was the strange looking passenger Snicket had seen on the station previously. The Haines family is reunited. Snicket now reveals that it was actually Stew Mitchum who killed Qwerty in the prison cell and the Officers Mitchum accused Theodora to save their son Stew, who was working for Hangfire all along. He then uses the statue of the Bombinating Beast to summon the real creature and when it arrives, Hangfire’s mask falls off, revealing himself to be Armstrong Feint, Ellington’s father. Snicket pushes Hangfire/Armstrong Feint towards the monster to his death as the monster eats him. The passengers on board are shocked and refuse to make eye contact with Snicket, even his friends and Ellington Feint who is furious because he killed her father. Ellington Feint is arrested for her previous crimes and is put in the cell with Kit Snicket, Lemony's sister, who was aboard the train the whole time. A member of V.F.D. talks to Snicket privately and chastises him for ruining their plan of capturing Hangfire (alive). The series ends with Lemony walking away, alone, into the Clusterous Forest, uncertain of his fate.

## Title allegory

This book continues with the recurring Jewish themes throughout Snicket's work. ***Why Is This Night Different From All Other Nights?*** is an allusion to the Jewish Passover Seder, in which a guest at the Seder, most normally the youngest, will ask the ***Ma Nishtana*** (also known as the Four Questions, which Snicket mirrors through the series' format, a collection of four different books each titled with a question), which asks the question "Why is this night different from all other nights?".

## InfoBox

Why Is This Night Different From All Other Nights?
| Front cover of the U.S. edition of the novel. | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Lemony Snicket (pen name of Daniel Handler) |
| Illustrator | Seth |
| Cover artist | Seth |
| Language | English |
| Series | *All the Wrong Questions* |
| Genre | Mystery |
| Publisher | Little, Brown and Company |
| Publication date | September 29, 2015 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print, ebook, audiobook |
| Pages | 305 *(first edition)* |
| ISBN | 978-0-316-12304-4 (Hardcover) |
| Dewey Decimal | Fic 21 |
| Preceded by | *Shouldn't You Be in School?* |


title: Wild Wing Cafe

abstract: Wild Wing Cafe is a restaurant chain in the southern and eastern parts of the United States with 24 locations in nine U.S. states and best known for chicken wings and beer selection. It is headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina.

text:
# Wild Wing Cafe

**Wild Wing Cafe** is a restaurant chain in the southern and eastern parts of the United States with 24 locations in nine U.S. states and best known for chicken wings and beer selection. It is headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina.

## Background

Their chain's motto is "Hot Wings, Cold Beer, Good Times." Wild Wing Cafe was started by Atlanta native Cecil Crowley and his wife Dianne, who opened the chain's first location in Hilton Head, South Carolina in June 1990. By 2001, it had grown to seven locations.

On March 17, 2009, Wild Wing Cafe filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, but would continue operating its restaurants during the process.

In January 2012, a majority interest in the chain was secured by Charlotte, North Carolina-based Axum Capital Partnership, an investment company whose founders include a former National Football League Pro Bowler, Muhsin Muhammad.

Some locations feature live music in the evenings, and recording artist Edwin McCain started his career playing shows at Wild Wing Cafe.

On July 19, 2023, Wild Wing Cafe filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy for the second time after closing 15 restaurants in early 2023, blaming impacts caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and failure to pay a $12.5 million loan.

In May 2024, Wild Wing Cafe warned that it may either have to dismiss its bankruptcy procedure or convert it into a Chapter 7 bankruptcy liquidation. The company has failed to file timely reports, pay taxes in time, and gross mismanagement.

## Locations

Wild Wing Cafe is currently located throughout nine different states in the U.S. with a total of 24 locations as of 2023. Some operations are company owned locations whereas some are franchised.

## InfoBox

Wild Wing Cafe
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Restaurant chain |
| Founded | June 22, 1990 (1990-06-22) in Hilton Head, South Carolina |
| Headquarters | Charlotte, North Carolina, United States |
| Number of locations | 24 restaurants (2023) |
| Area served |  |
| Key people | Mark Cote (President) |
| Owner | * Axum Capital Partners (\>50%) * Diane & Cecil Crowley |
| Website | wildwingcafe.com |


title: Wilhelm Friedrich Karwinsky von Karwin

abstract: Wilhelm Friedrich Karwinsky von Karwin was a Bavarian naturalist who collected plants and animals in Brazil (1821–1826) and Mexico. He was born in Keszthely, now in Hungary, and died in Munich. Many plants and animals are named in his honour, including the genus Karwinskia and the species Erigeron karvinskianus and Smyrna karwinskii.

text:
# Wilhelm Friedrich Karwinsky von Karwin

**Wilhelm Friedrich Karwinsky von Karwin** (19 February 1780 – 2 March 1855) was a Bavarian naturalist who collected plants and animals in Brazil (1821–1826) and Mexico (1826–1831, 1840). He was born in Keszthely, now in Hungary, and died in Munich. Many plants and animals are named in his honour, including the genus *Karwinskia* and the species *Erigeron karvinskianus* (Mexican daisy) and *Smyrna karwinskii* (the butterfly Karwinski's beauty).

## InfoBox

| Wilhelm Friedrich Karwinsky von Karwin (also Karwinski) | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1780-02-19)19 February 1780
Keszthely |
| Died | 2 March 1855(1855-03-02) (aged 75)
Munich |
| Nationality | Bavarian |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | natural history collecting |
|  | |


title: Wilhelm Friberg

abstract: Wilhelm Friberg was a Swedish football manager and pioneer in Swedish football. He was one of the founders of Örgryte IS, the dominating club in early Swedish football. He was chairman of the club from the start in 1887 to 1926. He was also one of the founders of the Swedish Sport Association, the Swedish Ballgame Association and the Swedish Football Association, of which he was chairman from 1908 to 1917.

text:
# Wilhelm Friberg

**Wilhelm Friberg** (25 July 186516 January 1932) was a Swedish football manager and pioneer in Swedish football. He was one of the founders of Örgryte IS, the dominating club in early Swedish football. He was chairman of the club from the start in 1887 to 1926. He was also one of the founders of the Swedish Sport Association, the Swedish Ballgame Association and the Swedish Football Association, of which he was chairman from 1908 to 1917.

* Alsiö, Martin, Frantz, Alf, Lindahl, Jimmy & Persson, Gunnar (2004). *100 år: Svenska fotbollförbundets jubileumsbok 1904-2004, del 2: statistiken.* Vällingby: Stroemberg Media Group. ISBN 91-86184-59-8.


title: Wilfred (Australian TV series)

abstract: Wilfred is an Australian comedy television series created by Adam Zwar, Jason Gann and Tony Rogers based on their award-winning 2002 short film. The story follows the lives of the eponymous dog Wilfred, his owner Sarah, and her boyfriend Adam, who sees Wilfred as a man in a dog suit. It was directed by Tony Rogers, produced by Jenny Livingston and stars Gann, Zwar and Cindy Waddingham. Two series were broadcast on SBS One, the first in 2007 and the second in 2010. The series won three AFI Awards and was nominated for a Logie. Independent Film Channel acquired the international broadcast rights to the original two series of Wilfred in 2010. An American remake premiered on the cable channel FX on 23 June 2011.

text:
# Wilfred (Australian TV series)

***Wilfred*** is an Australian comedy television series created by Adam Zwar, Jason Gann and Tony Rogers based on their award-winning 2002 short film. The story follows the lives of the eponymous dog Wilfred, his owner Sarah, and her boyfriend Adam, who sees Wilfred as a man in a dog suit. It was directed by Tony Rogers, produced by Jenny Livingston and stars Gann, Zwar and Cindy Waddingham.

Two series were broadcast on SBS One, the first in 2007 and the second in 2010. The series won three AFI Awards and was nominated for a Logie.

Independent Film Channel acquired the international broadcast rights to the original two series of *Wilfred* in 2010. An American remake premiered on the cable channel FX on 23 June 2011.

## Background

*Wilfred*'s creators, longtime friends Jason Gann and Adam Zwar, met at the University of Southern Queensland in 1990, where Gann studied acting and Zwar studied journalism. Adam Zwar later met future co-star Cindy Waddingham and director Tony Rogers in September 2001 while filming a commercial for HBA health insurance (he was the buck-toothed client who sprayed the slogan "Three for free").

The idea that became *Wilfred* came from a late-night conversation between Gann and Zwar in November 2001. Zwar told of how he was invited back to the home of a young woman whose dog became suspicious and jealous of him. The pair began improvising a scenario between a man and a protective dog, and quickly realized the story was a great basis for a short film – they wrote a script that night. With a self-funded budget of A$4,000, they shot the seven-minute film the following week, and two months later it won Best Comedy at the 2002 Tropfest, with Gann additionally winning Best Actor. In January 2003, the film was shown at the Sundance Film Festival in Utah. Despite some reservations about Wilfred's brief use of the word "cunt", it was well received by the American audience.

After the success of the short, Zwar, Gann, and Rogers worked with Melbourne production team Renegade Films to extend the 7-minute short to a 20-minute pilot, merging the original footage seamlessly into new. Networks were initially unenthusiastic about the pilot – according to Rogers, "*Wilfred* was rejected by every television network twice". It was eventually picked up by Matt Campbell at SBS. Commissioning editor Debbie Lee offered the team unusually wide artistic freedom, saying "Go as far as you want – the more bent the better". Finally, the 25-minute pilot episode was completed in 2006, comprising material shot over five years.

## Production

The first series of *Wilfred* was shot in and around Richmond, Victoria beginning in April 2006, with David Stevens as director of photography. It was shot in 16mm on a budget of A$1.6 million. Of this, $210,000 was provided by Film Victoria and $400,000 by the Australian Film Commission.

Film Victoria approved funding for a second series in early 2009. With Germain McMicking as director of photography, *Wilfred II* was shot in Kodak 16mm on an Aaton Xtera Super 16 using ARRI/Zeiss Ultra Prime lenses. Although he and director Tony Rogers considered using digital cameras, they were so happy with the film tests that they did not bother inquiring further about digital. The flexibility of film suited the production's modest budget and tight schedule. "Rebooting a RED camera isn’t something you want with actors under the lights in dog suits or in a taxing scene" said McMicking.

Series 2 was shot over eight weeks, finishing in August 2009. The second series also received federal funding, with Film Victoria contributing $294,048 and Screen Australia contributing $580,000.

## Cast

### Main

| Cast | Role |
| --- | --- |
| Adam Zwar | Adam |
| Cindy Waddingham | Sarah |
| Jason Gann | Wilfred |
| Kym Gyngell | Jack Underwood |
| Angus Sampson | Cyros |
| Damian Walshe-Howling | Keith |
| Kate Jenkinson | Caddy |
| Kestie Morassi | Kat |
| Josh Lawson | Spencer |
| David Field | Arthur |

### Guests

| Cast | Role | Episode |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Angus Sampson | Cyros | 1 episode |
| Ditch Davey | Clarance | 1 episode |
| Jessica Gower |  |  |
| Kym Gyngell | Dr Jack Underwood | 3 episodes |
| Samuel Johnson | Sam | 1 episode |

### Crew

| Crew | Job |
| --- | --- |
| Adam Zwar | Writer/Creator |
| Jason Gann | Writer/Creator |
| Tony Rogers | Director/Producer |
| Jenny Livingston | Producer |
| Joe Connor | Executive Producer |
| Sam Mallet | Music |
| David Stevens | Cinematographer |
| Richard Hamer | Film Editor |
| Rob Hornbuckle | Production Sound Mixer |
| Helen McGrath | Boom Operator |
| Mike Cowap | Project Manager |
| Paul Di Cintio | Location Manager |

## Characters

### Wilfred

Wilfred, Sarah's dog, is nine years old and 1/16th dingo (the rest is a mix of German Shepherd and Labrador). He is protective of his owner, and insecure and manipulative towards her boyfriends. He smokes cigarettes and marijuana, drinks beer, eats junk food, and is prone to foul language, malapropisms, and sexual urges. While Adam (and the viewer) sees Wilfred as a man in a dog suit, to everyone else he is just a normal dog. He has been described as "extremely smart for a dog, but pretty dumb for a human."

Little is revealed about Wilfred's past in the first series. It is implied that Sarah is not Wilfred's first owner, and that he served numerous stints at the pound before being adopted by her.

In the second series, this backstory was changed. It is revealed that Wilfred in fact grew up with Sarah and her parents in Nambour. His grumpy father Arthur still lives there, but his mother left when Wilfred was a pup. Wilfred was the runt of the litter; his only brother, Walter, became an army dog and was killed in the Iraq War. Arthur thinks his only surviving son is a disappointment and blames him for his mother leaving them. Wilfred has been estranged from his father since Sarah first moved to Melbourne.

### Adam

Adam Douglas is an ordinary bloke from Ripponlea in Melbourne, Victoria. He works occasionally as a media monitor, but clients are scarce and he remains pretty much unemployed for the entire two seasons. He does not cause any trouble and trouble rarely comes his way – that is, until he meets Wilfred. His ability to talk to Wilfred at first leaves him nonplussed, but he soon accepts this as normal, and sometimes has trouble remembering that others do not see Wilfred the same way he does.

When Adam hooks up with Sarah, he is eager to please and to make their relationship work, but he has a love-hate relationship with Wilfred. Adam tries to be friends with Wilfred but usually – and ultimately – ends up being a victim of Wilfred's plots to sabotage his relationship with Sarah. Along the way, he always tries to do the right thing, but occasionally shows that he is capable of great evil.

Adam's parents were key witnesses in a murder trial when Adam was still at school; they were taken into a witness protection scheme. After some years of living with relatives and in foster care, Adam returned to the family home and brought up his younger brother Spencer on his own.

The character's last name was changed from Zavont to Douglas for the second series. This was done to incorporate a backstory that Adam was once caught masturbating at school, leading to the catchphrase "Tugga-dugga-dugga".

### Sarah

Sarah Pickford is Wilfred's loving owner, an attractive yet foul-mouthed young woman with some kind of undisclosed day job; she has been called the "straight man" of the series. From Sarah's point of view, Wilfred is an actual dog, rather than a man in a dog suit. She believes that Wilfred likes Adam and naturally doesn't suspect her dog of the manipulative behaviour experienced by Adam. Sarah becomes increasingly financially supportive of Adam as the storyline progresses, bringing the house, car and most of the money to their relationship.

Sarah grew up in Nambour, Queensland with her nudist parents. Her previous boyfriend, Mark, died in an accident, and most of the first series takes place in his house as Sarah and Wilfred continue to live there. At the end of the first season, Mark's will is contested and Sarah and Wilfred are forced to move out of the house.

## Overview

### Series 1

The first series comprised eight episodes running from 19 March to 7 May 2007, broadcast on SBS One in the Monday 10:00pm timeslot. Each episode follows the story about a girl named Sarah, her dog Wilfred, and her boyfriend, Adam. After their first date, Adam goes home with Sarah and meets her scruffy pet dog Wilfred, but Adam (as well as the audience) sees the latter as a human dressed in an unconvincing dog costume. The dog develops a grudge against his owner's new boyfriend and tests him to see if he is capable of being his new "daddy". At the same time, Wilfred sees Adam as a potential companion. It is the tension between these two competing desires that sets up much of the conflict of the series. According to Zwar, *Wilfred* is a story of Australian mateship: *"...it's a story about two blokes; just one happens to be a dog"*.

### Series 2

Filming for the second series of *Wilfred* occurred in the second half of 2009. The series comprised eight episodes, also each Monday from 8 March to 26 April 2010, but in an earlier 9:00pm timeslot. The first episode finds the trio moving into a new house at 22 Dalziel St, Richmond. While the series begins with the familiar domestic dynamic that characterised the first series, the story quickly branches out to explore new settings, characters and tensions. When Adam decides to ask Sarah to marry him in the first episode, the impending wedding drives the story arc between one episode and the next in a manner quite different to the first series. It also explores themes of maturity that accompany marriage (such as meeting the parents, family holidays, being supportive, parenthood and financial trouble). The guest cast features many stars of Australian film, who enter the story in the form of "guest creatures" (also people in animal suits).

## Critical reception

### Domestic

*Wilfred* received generally positive reviews, and surprised critics by winning the 2007 AFI Award for Best Comedy over *The Chaser's War on Everything*, despite achieving only a tenth of *The Chaser's* audience. Adam Zwar also won the award for Best Performance in a TV Comedy for his portrayal of Adam.

The series was widely praised for its original premise. Melinda Houston, writing in *The Age*, called *Wilfred* "a magnificent creation, magnificently realised", and that "operating from a deeply non-PC premise, *Wilfred* manages to be both broad and subtle, hilarious and creepy, utterly obvious and way-way-way left-field". Phillipa Hawker, also in The Age, called Wilfred "An entertaining mixture of character-based comedy and quiet absurdity". Natalie Craig from the Sydney Morning Herald compared the show favourably with another successful suburban comedy, saying "while *Kath & Kim* was straightforward suburban satire, *Wilfred* is a more complex beast that deserves a tasty snack for effort and originality".

Conversely, Jim Schembri of the Sydney Morning Herald called the concept "muddled", criticising the show for everything from its character development and humour to its 16:9 aspect ratio, and wondering "how a show as lame as this ever got on the air". Paul Kalina, writing in The Age, dismissed *Wilfred* as a "bogan show", saying of the decision to discontinue it after the second season "There's only so far the conceit can stretch and one senses that Gann and Zwar know this".

The show was criticised in March 2010 when the *Herald Sun* reported that up to A$1.5M of government money had been allocated to the production of a series "peppered with profanity, full-frontal nudity and jokes about rape". Family First Party Senator Steve Fielding accused the show of displaying "acts of bestiality". SBS responded to the criticism by stating that "The money that has been invested(...) is in no way outlandish. *Wilfred* would cost far less to make than your average drama."

### International

Critical attention from international reviewers was rare until after the international release of the DVD box-set in mid-2012, well into the American version's second season. Many reviewers commented that it was surprisingly different to the American version, despite the near-identical premise and even the same lead actor. Reviews generally compared the show favourably to its American counterpart, noting its darker, edgier tone, and with most finding it funnier than the "toned-down" American version. Paul Mavis of DVD Talk (USA) praised the show's minimal exploration of the mental health themes so prominent in the US version: "The laughs are unfettered by some falsely reassuring framework of whether or not it's all real." However, Manny Lozano (VeryAware, USA) found that the lack of any explanation for Adam's apparent psychosis made the show less credible.

A particular point of difference with Australian reviewers was a recognition of the quality of all three, deeply flawed main characters. Kelly O'Neill (Rhythm Circus UK) called *Wilfred* "almost documentary-like in its ability to capture human and animal behaviour... The American version cannot hope to master \[the original\] if it places light comedy and attractive main stars over character development and the concept of dark comedy. Nick Aldwinckle of Cult Box (UK) similarly stated "*Wilfred'*s real strength isn’t in its carefully unpredictable tone; it actually lies in the perfect characterisation of the three leads," and compared *Wilfred* to several much-loved British classics: "Ending after a mere 16 episodes, this is one of those rare sitcoms that join the likes of *Fawlty Towers*, *I'm Alan Partridge* and *The Office* in that esteemed 'two series of perfection' category."

### Awards

| Year | Result | Award | Category | Recipient(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2007 | Won | AFI Award | Best Television Comedy Series | Jenny Livingston |
| 2007 | Won | AFI Award | Best Performance in Television Comedy | Adam Zwar |
| 2007 | Nominated | AFI Award | Best Performance in Television Comedy | Jason Gann |
| 2007 | Nominated | AFI Award | Best Direction in Television | Tony Rogers for *"Dogs of War"* |
| 2008 | Nominated | AWGIE Award | Comedy – Situation or Narrative | Adam Zwar and Jason Gann for *"Dog Eat Dog"* |
| 2008 | Nominated | Logie | Most Outstanding Comedy Program |  |
| 2010 | Won | AFI Award | Best Screenplay in Television | Adam Zwar and Jason Gann for *"Dog Star"* |
| 2010 | Nominated | AFI Award | Best Television Comedy Series | Adam Zwar, Jason Gann, Tony Rogers and Jenny Livingston |
| 2010 | Nominated | Logie | Most Outstanding Light Entertainment Program |  |
| 2011 | Nominated | Silver Logie | Most Outstanding Actor | Jason Gann |

## International broadcasts

The broadcast rights to the original two seasons of *Wilfred* were purchased by IFC in 2010.

### American version

In March 2010, Adam Zwar announced that the second series of *Wilfred* would be his last, as he was going off to work on the multi-award-winning Australian comedy series *Lowdown*. It was also revealed that the rights had been sold to the American production company Prospect Park, and that Jason Gann was in Los Angeles working on an American version of the series. In June 2010, cable channel FX announced that an American version of the series would air in June 2011. While FX indicated that there could be some changes to the scenarios and dialogue, producer Jenny Livingston offered the assurance that it would "still be our Wilfred".

The American series, produced by David Zuckerman (*Family Guy*, *American Dad!*) along with Gann (who also reprises his role as Wilfred), stars Elijah Wood as Ryan, a young man trying to find his way in the world. His suicide attempt at the beginning of the first episode is thwarted when his neighbour Jenna (Fiona Gubelmann) asks him to look after her dog. In contrast to the original series, the American version is more of a buddy comedy, and also delves into the question of whether Wilfred is real or just a figment of Ryan's imagination. Wilfred acts as a life mentor to Ryan, representing his unrepressed animalistic side; he has been described as "Brad Pitt to Ryan's Ed Norton".

The reception of the US version mirrored that in Australia, with the new show gaining a cult following. In October 2013, *Wilfred* was signed for a fourth and final season, the most of any international adaptation of an Australian series.

### Russian version

In April 2012, Renegade Films signed a deal with Ukraine-based studio Star Media Group to adapt *Wilfred* for Russian and CIS television. The deal was finalised in October 2013 and production started in the same month, with the new show to be retitled *Charlie*. Star Media's plot synopsis indicates the 12-episode series will revolve around a young man named Nikita attempting to woo a woman who owns a dog named Charlie, but unfortunately Nikita and Charlie take an instant dislike to one another (suggesting the Russian version will be more similar to the original series than the American remake). The show will star Maksim Stetskov as Nikita, and Maksim Averin as Charlie.

## Home Media

*Wilfred* was distributed on DVD in Australia by SBS and Madman Entertainment. Series 1 was released in April 2007, and Series 2 on 19 April 2010, both on 2-disc sets. A box-set of both series was released on 2 November 2011, under the title *Wilfred: Dog Box*.

In the UK, Fabulous Films released seasons 1 and 2 separately on DVD on 12 March 2012. They later released a 4-disc set under the title *Wilfred: The Complete Original Australian Series* on 20 August 2012. Both versions carried an 18 certificate.

In North America, Shout! Factory released the series on a 4-disc DVD set under the title *Wilfred: The Complete Original Series* on 4 June 2013.

## InfoBox

| *Wilfred* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 1 DVD cover art | |
| Genre | Black comedy |
| Created by | Jason Gann
Adam Zwar |
| Directed by | Tony Rogers |
| Starring | Jason Gann
Adam Zwar
Cindy Waddingham |
| Theme music composer | Sam Mallet |
| Country of origin | Australia |
| Original language | English |
| No. of series | 2 |
| No. of episodes | 16 (list of episodes) |
| Production | |
| Executive producers | Joe Connor
Ken Connor |
| Producer | Jenny Livingston |
| Cinematography | David Stevens (2007)
Germain McMicking (2010) |
| Camera setup | Aaton Xterà (16mm) |
| Running time | Approx. 25 minutes |
| Production company | Renegade Films |
| Original release | |
| Network | SBS One |
| Release | 19 March 2007 (2007-03-19)
26 March 2010 (2010-03-26) |
| Related | |
| *Wilfred* (American TV series) | |


title: Who Is the Savage?

abstract: Who Is the Savage? is a lost 1913 silent dramatic short directed, written by, and starring Romaine Fielding with Mary Ryan. Moving Picture World gave it a favorable writeup, calling it a comedic farce. The plot featured a white woman stealing the child of an "Indian" woman. This storyline caused some controversy with some critics. It was a Lubin film. Moving Picture World gave it a favorable write up, calling it a comedic farce.

text:
# Who Is the Savage?

***Who Is the Savage?*** is a lost 1913 silent dramatic short directed, written by, and starring Romaine Fielding with Mary Ryan. *Moving Picture World* gave it a favorable writeup, calling it a comedic farce. The plot featured a white woman stealing the child of an "Indian" woman. This storyline caused some controversy with some critics. It was a Lubin film.

*Moving Picture World* gave it a favorable write up, calling it a comedic farce.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Who Is the Savage? | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Romaine Fielding |
| Written by | Romaine Fielding |
| Produced by | Lubin Manufacturing Company
Siegmund Lubin |
| Starring | Romaine Fielding
Mary Ryan |
| Distributed by | General Film Company |
| Release date | * January 21, 1913 (1913-01-21) |
| Running time | 1 reel |
| Country | USA |
| Language | Silent..English titles |


title: Wide Blue Yonder (album)

abstract: Wide Blue Yonder is a 1987 album by British folk rock band Oysterband. As well as traditional material it features covers of "Between the Wars" by Billy Bragg and "The Rose of England" by Nick Lowe. The album is produced by Clive Gregson.

text:
# Wide Blue Yonder (album)

***Wide Blue Yonder*** is a 1987 album by British folk rock band Oysterband. As well as traditional material it features covers of "Between the Wars" by Billy Bragg and "The Rose of England" by Nick Lowe. The album is produced by Clive Gregson.

## Track listing

1. "The Generals are Born Again" (Telfer, Prosser) - 4:08
2. "The Early Days of a Better Nation" (Telfer, Jones) - 3:18
3. "Pigsty Billy" (Telfer, Jones, Prosser) - 3:32
4. "The Oxford Girl" (Jones, Telfer) - 4:09
5. "The Rose of England" (Nick Lowe) - 3:19
6. "Hal-An-Tow" (Trad.) - 4:22
7. "Flatlands" (Telfer) - 5:41
8. "The Lost and Found" (Telfer, Prosser) - 4:27
9. "Another Quiet Night in England" (Jones, Telfer) - 4:08
10. "Coal Creek Mine" (Green Bailey) - 3:16
11. "Between the Wars" (Billy Bragg) - 3:19
12. "The Lakes of Cool Flynn" (Trad.) - 4:15
13. "Following in Fathers Footsteps" (Telfer, Prosser, Jones) - 4:03
14. "A Careless Life" (Telfer, Prosser) - 3:46

## InfoBox

| Wide Blue Yonder | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Oysterband | |
| Released | 1987 (1987) |
| Genre | British folk rock |
| Length | 56:02 |
| Label | Cooking Vinyl |
| Producer | Clive Gregson |
| Oysterband chronology | |
| *Step Outside*
(1986) ***Wide Blue Yonder***
(1987) *Ride*
(1989) | |


title: Willard and Maple

abstract: Willard and Maple is an international literary magazine published by Champlain College. The magazine has its headquarters in Burlington, Vermont. The name comes from the street corner of the magazine's headquarters.

text:
# Willard and Maple

***Willard and Maple*** is an international literary magazine published by Champlain College. The magazine has its headquarters in Burlington, Vermont. The name comes from the street corner of the magazine's headquarters.

## History

Willard & Maple started life as a Champlain College class in 1994, later being published as a student magazine in 1996. It is currently included in both Poet's Market and Novel & Short Story Writer's Market.

## Editorial Board

The editorial board of *Willard & Maple* is made up of students of Champlain College. Poet in Residence Jim Ellefson is the current head.

## InfoBox

*Willard & Maple*
| Editor | Jim Ellefson |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | Yearly |
| Format | Magazine |
| Founded | 1994 (1994) |
| Company | Champlain College |
| Based in | Burlington, Vermont |
| Website | www.willardandmaple.com |
| ISSN | 4560-7273 |


title: Willard and His Bowling Trophies

abstract: Willard and His Bowling Trophies: A Perverse Mystery is a novel by Richard Brautigan written in 1975. The story takes place in San Francisco, California in the early 1970s. The title character is a papier-mâché bird that shares the front room of a San Francisco apartment with a collection of bowling trophies that some time earlier were stolen from the home of the Logan brothers. The human tenants of this apartment are John and Pat, who have just returned from seeing a Greta Garbo movie in a local movie theater. Their neighbors are Bob and Constance, a married couple going through some rough times in their relationship. Because of their failing relationship, Bob becomes depressed. Meanwhile, the Logan brothers are looking for their bowling trophies stolen three years earlier. The brothers have turned their happy life of bowling into a life of vengeance. Brautigan tried to have all the main characters in the story have an intersection that is comically sad. Richard Brautigan got the name Willard in the novel from his friend Stanley Fullerton's papier-mâché bird named Willard and, in fact, a bird is on the front cover of the novel. In 2018, filmmaker Kansas Bowling and musician Kat Meoz shot the only existing footage of the real Willard for a music video for Meoz's song "Here I Wait".

text:
# Willard and His Bowling Trophies

***Willard and His Bowling Trophies: A Perverse Mystery*** is a novel by Richard Brautigan written in 1975.

The story takes place in San Francisco, California in the early 1970s. The title character is a papier-mâché bird that shares the front room of a San Francisco apartment with a collection of bowling trophies that some time earlier were stolen from the home of the Logan brothers. The human tenants of this apartment are John and Pat, who have just returned from seeing a Greta Garbo movie in a local movie theater. Their neighbors are Bob and Constance, a married couple going through some rough times in their relationship. Because of their failing relationship, Bob becomes depressed. Meanwhile, the Logan brothers are looking for their bowling trophies stolen three years earlier. The brothers have turned their happy life of bowling into a life of vengeance. Brautigan tried to have all the main characters in the story have an intersection that is comically sad.

Richard Brautigan got the name Willard in the novel from his friend Stanley Fullerton's papier-mâché bird named Willard and, in fact, a bird is on the front cover of the novel.

In 2018, filmmaker Kansas Bowling and musician Kat Meoz shot the only existing footage of the real Willard for a music video for Meoz's song "Here I Wait".

1. "Garage Rocker Kat Meoz Searches for Postmodern Literary Legend Muse on "Here I Wait" (Premiere)". *www.popmatters.com*. 18 January 2018.

## InfoBox

Willard and His Bowling Trophies: A Perverse Mystery
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Richard Brautigan |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Simon & Schuster |
| Publication date | September 13, 1975 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Hardback & Paperback) |
| Pages | 167 |
| ISBN | 0-671-22065-9 |
| OCLC | 1230779 |
| Dewey Decimal | 813/.5/4 |
| LC Class | PZ4.B826 Wi PS3503.R2736 |


title: William Barclay Turnbull

abstract: William Barclay David Donald Turnbull (1811–1863) was a Scottish antiquary and archivist.

text:
# William Barclay Turnbull

**William Barclay David Donald Turnbull** (1811–1863) was a Scottish antiquary and archivist.

## Life

Born in Edinburgh, Turnbull studied law, and was admitted as an advocate at the Scottish bar 1832, but devoted much time to the study of the antiquities and older literature of Great Britain. In 1834, he founded the Abbotsford Club, which preserved manuscripts and old editions of written material.

Turnbull's family belonged to the Church of Scotland; he joined the Scottish Episcopalian Church. In 1843 he became a Roman Catholic. In 1859 he was employed by the Record Commission, but on account his religion he was attacked by the Protestant Alliance, Religious Tract Society and Scottish Reformation Society. Finding support from Lord Romilly, Master of the Rolls and in legal and academic circles, but encountering also little appetite among politicians for a confrontation with the militancy of anti-Catholics, he felt compelled to resign in 1861. He died in 1863.

## Works

Turnbull was a scholarly editor, who produced editions of Middle English and early modern English poetry. His work as genealogist and historical editor was of value. Among his publications were:


title: Wigram (New Zealand electorate)

abstract: Wigram is a New Zealand parliamentary electorate, returning one Member of Parliament to the New Zealand House of Representatives. The current MP for Wigram is Megan Woods of the Labour Party. She took over this position from Jim Anderton, who had held this position from 1996 until 2011.

text:
# Wigram (New Zealand electorate)

**Wigram** is a New Zealand parliamentary electorate, returning one Member of Parliament to the New Zealand House of Representatives. The current MP for Wigram is Megan Woods of the Labour Party. She took over this position from Jim Anderton, who had held this position from 1996 until 2011.

## Population centres

Through an amendment in the Electoral Act in 1965, the number of electorates in the South Island was fixed at 25, an increase of one since the 1962 electoral redistribution. It was accepted that through the more rapid population growth in the North Island, the number of its electorates would continue to increase, and to keep proportionality, three new electorates were allowed for in the 1967 electoral redistribution for the next election. In the North Island, five electorates were newly created and one electorate was reconstituted while three electorates were abolished. In the South Island, three electorates were newly created (including Wigram) and one electorate was reconstituted while three electorates were abolished. The overall effect of the required changes was highly disruptive to existing electorates, with all but three electorates having their boundaries altered. These changes came into effect with the 1969 election.

Wigram is based around south-western Christchurch. The main suburbs in the seat are Spreydon, Addington, Hillmorton, Riccarton, Hornby and Sockburn. Following the 2013/2014 boundary review, it lost the suburb of Somerfield and parts of Hoon Hay to Port Hills. The electorate's name comes from the suburb of Wigram, and by extension the former Wigram Aerodrome, itself named after colonial businessman Sir Henry Wigram. The electorate shifted southwards at the 2020 redistribution, gaining Aidanfield and parts of Hornby South from Port Hills and Selwyn, but losing Avonhead to Ilam.

## History

The electorate had previously existed from 1969 to 1978, when it was held by Mick Connelly for Labour.

Wigram was one of the original sixty-five Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) electorates created ahead of the 1996 election, when the number of South Island seats was reduced to sixteen. The formerly safe Labour seat of Sydenham lies at Wigram's core, and Labour's strong showing in the party vote in both 2002 and 2005, where the party won nearly half of all party votes cast, indicates that Wigram's political inclinations are left-leaning in nature. Its most well-known MP Jim Anderton was himself the Labour MP for Sydenham between 1984 and 1989, before he split from the party over its political directions and formed the NewLabour Party, which later merged into the Alliance; the Alliance disintegrated in 2002, but Anderton, by then the leader of the Progressive Party held off all challengers to easily hold the seat. In the 2011 election, the seat reverted to Labour candidate Megan Woods after his retirement, but the National Party comfortably won the party vote. The chairman of the Canterbury-Westland branch of the National Party, Roger Bridge, stated in April 2014 that Woods had a low profile and the Wigram electorate was now "winnable". Woods won re-election in the 2014 election with a more than a doubled majority.

### Members of Parliament

Unless otherwise stated, all MPs terms began and started at general elections.

**Key**   Labour   Alliance   Progressive

| Election | Winner | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1969 election |  | Mick Connelly |
| 1972 election | | |
| 1975 election | | |
| (Electorate abolished 1978–1996) | | |
| 1996 election |  | Jim Anderton |
| 1999 election | | |
| 2002 election |  | |
| 2005 election | | |
| 2008 election | | |
| 2011 election |  | Megan Woods |
| 2014 election | | |
| 2017 election | | |
| 2020 election | | |
| 2023 election | | |

## Election results

### 2023 election

| 2023 general election: Wigram | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Notes: | | Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. | | | | | | | |
| Party | | Candidate | | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% |
|  | Labour | Y Megan Woods | | 15,590 | 41.43 | -20.65 | 11,249 | 29.55 | -25.05 |
|  | National | Tracy Summerfield | | 14,411 | 38.30 | +14.13 | 13,401 | 35.20 | +13.85 |
|  | Green | Richard Wesley | | 3,780 | 10.05 | +4.86 | 5,634 | 14.80 | +5.79 |
|  | ACT | Ankita Lynn | | 1,520 | 4.04 | +1.29 | 2,465 | 6.48 | +0.76 |
|  | Legalise Cannabis | Blair Anderson | | 696 | 1.85 |  | 201 | 0.52 | +0.10 |
|  | NZ Loyal | Christine Van Duivenboden | | 392 | 1.04 |  | 253 | 0.66 |  |
|  | Leighton Baker Party | Debra Marie Cullimore | | 284 | 0.75 |  | 66 | 0.17 |  |
|  | Independent | Wiremu Thomson | | 125 | 0.33 |  |  | | |
|  | Independent | Geoff McTague | | 110 | 0.29 | +0.08 |  | | |
|  | Economic Euthenics | Tubby Hansen | | 74 | 0.20 | +0.01 |  | | |
|  | NZ First |  | | | | | 1,922 | 5.05 | +3.04 |
|  | Opportunities |  | | | | | 1,783 | 4.68 | +2.24 |
|  | Te Pāti Māori |  | | | | | 316 | 0.83 | +0.51 |
|  | NewZeal |  | | | | | 189 | 0.50 |  |
|  | Conservative |  | | | | | 104 | 0.27 | -0.02 |
|  | Animal Justice |  | | | | | 95 | 0.25 |  |
|  | DemocracyNZ |  | | | | | 65 | 0.17 |  |
|  | Freedoms NZ |  | | | | | 59 | 0.15 |  |
|  | Women's Rights |  | | | | | 37 | 0.09 |  |
|  | New Nation |  | | | | | 29 | 0.08 |  |
| Informal votes | | | | 647 |  |  | 196 |  |  |
| **Total valid votes** | | | | 37,629 |  |  | 38,064 |  |  |
| **Turnout** | | | |  |  |  |  | | |
|  | Labour **hold** | | **Majority** | 1,179 | 3.13 | -32.26 |  | | |

### 2020 election

| 2020 general election: Wigram | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Notes: | | Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. | | | | | | | |
| Party | | Candidate | | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% |
|  | Labour | Y Megan Woods | | 24,186 | 62.08 | +9.77 | 21,454 | 54.60 | +13.12 |
|  | National | Hamish Campbell | | 9,416 | 24.17 | –14.00 | 8,388 | 21.35 | −19.86 |
|  | Green | Richard Wesley | | 2,022 | 5.19 | +0.20 | 3,541 | 9.01 | +2.31 |
|  | ACT | Miles McConway | | 1072 | 2.75 | +2.37 | 2247 | 5.72 | +5.29 |
|  | New Conservative | Averil Nuttall | | 638 | 1.64 |  | 639 | 1.63 | +1.34 |
|  | Advance NZ | Douglas Allington | | 308 | 0.75 |  | 282 | 0.72 |  |
|  | ONE | Linda McLaughlin | | 244 | 0.63 |  | 162 | 0.41 |  |
|  | Independent | Geoff McTague | | 81 | 0.21 | –0.05 |  | | |
|  | Social Credit | Deane Landreth | | 76 | 0.20 | +0.09 | 31 | 0.08 | +0.03 |
|  | Economic Euthenics | Tubby Hansen | | 75 | 0.19 | +0.06 |  | | |
|  | Opportunities |  | | | | | 957 | 2.44 | –0.43 |
|  | NZ First |  | | | | | 791 | 2.01 | −3.94 |
|  | Legalise Cannabis |  | | | | | 165 | 0.42 | +0.06 |
|  | Māori Party |  | | | | | 124 | 0.32 | −0.08 |
|  | TEA |  | | | | | 37 | 0.09 |  |
|  | Outdoors |  | | | | | 28 | 0.07 | +0.01 |
|  | Sustainable NZ |  | | | | | 24 | 0.06 |  |
|  | Vision NZ |  | | | | | 15 | 0.04 |  |
|  | Heartland |  | | | | | 5 | 0.01 |  |
| Informal votes | | | | 842 |  |  | 404 |  |  |
| **Total valid votes** | | | | 38,960 |  |  | 39,294 |  |  |
| **Turnout** | | | |  |  |  |  | | |
|  | Labour **hold** | | **Majority** | 14,770 | 37.91 | +23.78 |  | | |

### 2017 election

| 2017 general election: Wigram | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Notes: | | Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. | | | | | | | |
| Party | | Candidate | | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% |
|  | Labour | Y Megan Woods | | 17,001 | 52.31 | +3.36 | 13,827 | 41.39 | +12.72 |
|  | National | David Hiatt | | 12,407 | 38.17 | +0.45 | 13,767 | 41.21 | −1.70 |
|  | Green | Richard Wesley | | 1,623 | 4.99 | −2.84 | 2,239 | 6.70 | −6.12 |
|  | NZ First | Tane Apanui | | 1,186 | 3.65 |  | 1,986 | 5.95 | −2.61 |
|  | ACT | Ruth Knights | | 125 | 0.38 | −0.69 | 145 | 0.43 | −0.61 |
|  | Independent | Geoff McTague | | 85 | 0.26 |  |  | | |
|  | Economic Euthenics | Tubby Hansen | | 41 | 0.13 | −0.04 |  | | |
|  | Democrats | John Ring | | 35 | 0.11 | −0.16 | 17 | 0.05 | −0.05 |
|  | Opportunities |  | | | | | 960 | 2.87 |  |
|  | Māori Party |  | | | | | 134 | 0.40 | −0.07 |
|  | Legalise Cannabis |  | | | | | 119 | 0.36 | −0.14 |
|  | Conservative |  | | | | | 98 | 0.29 | −3.32 |
|  | United Future |  | | | | | 32 | 0.10 | −0.18 |
|  | People's Party |  | | | | | 22 | 0.07 |  |
|  | Ban 1080 |  | | | | | 23 | 0.07 | −0.06 |
|  | Outdoors |  | | | | | 21 | 0.06 |  |
|  | Internet |  | | | | | 9 | 0.03 | −0.73 |
|  | Mana Party |  | | | | | 5 | 0.01 | −0.75 |
| Informal votes | | | | 403 |  |  | 146 |  |  |
| **Total valid votes** | | | | 32,503 |  |  | 33,404 |  |  |
| **Turnout** | | | | 33,550 |  |  |  | | |
|  | Labour **hold** | | **Majority** | 4,594 | 14.13 | +2.90 |  | | |

### 2014 election

| 2014 general election: Wigram | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Notes: | | Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. | | | | | | | |
| Party | | Candidate | | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% |
|  | Labour | Y Megan Woods | | 14,519 | 48.95 | +3.84 | 8,764 | 28.67 | -1.94 |
|  | National | Karl Varley | | 11,189 | 37.72 | -2.59 | 13,117 | 42.91 | -1.64 |
|  | Green | Richard Wesley | | 2,324 | 7.83 | +0.07 | 3,919 | 12.82 | -0.34 |
|  | Conservative | Mark Peters | | 847 | 2.86 | +0.34 | 1,102 | 3.61 | +1.24 |
|  | ACT | Shaun Grieve | | 318 | 1.07 | +1.07 | 317 | 1.04 | +0.41 |
|  | Internet Mana | Lois McClintoch | | 213 | 0.72 | +0.72 | 231 | 0.76 | +0.56 |
|  | Māori Party | Te Whe Phillips | | 122 | 0.41 | +0.41 | 145 | 0.47 | +0.03 |
|  | Democrats | John Ring | | 79 | 0.27 | +0.27 | 30 | 0.10 | +0.10 |
|  | Economic Euthenics | Tubby Hansen | | 51 | 0.17 | +0.00 |  | | |
|  | NZ First |  | | | | | 2,618 | 8.56 | +2.52 |
|  | Legalise Cannabis |  | | | | | 154 | 0.50 | -0.08 |
|  | United Future |  | | | | | 86 | 0.28 | -0.50 |
|  | Ban 1080 |  | | | | | 41 | 0.13 | +0.13 |
|  | Civilian |  | | | | | 31 | 0.10 | +0.10 |
|  | Independent Coalition |  | | | | | 7 | 0.02 | +0.02 |
|  | Focus |  | | | | | 5 | 0.02 | +0.02 |
| Informal votes | | | | 401 |  |  | 136 |  |  |
| **Total valid votes** | | | | 29,662 |  |  | 30,567 |  |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | **Majority** | 3,330 | 11.23 | +6.43 |  | | |

### 2011 election

| 2011 general election: Wigram | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Notes: | | Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. | | | | | | | |
| Party | | Candidate | | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% |
|  | Labour | Megan Woods | | 14,080 | 45.11 | +29.97 | 9,866 | 30.61 | -9.58 |
|  | National | Sam Collins | | 12,580 | 40.31 | +9.65 | 14,357 | 44.55 | +6.63 |
|  | Green | Richard Wesley | | 2,423 | 7.76 | +2.53 | 4,243 | 13.16 | +6.22 |
|  | Alliance | Kevin Campbell | | 793 | 2.54 | +2.38 | 158 | 0.49 | +0.30 |
|  | Conservative | Mark Peters | | 785 | 2.52 | +2.52 | 763 | 2.37 | +2.37 |
|  | Legalise Cannabis | Geoffrey McTague | | 337 | 1.08 | +1.08 | 186 | 0.58 | +0.15 |
|  | United Future | Ian Gaskin | | 159 | 0.51 | -1.03 | 251 | 0.78 | -0.23 |
|  | Economic Euthenics | Tubby Hansen | | 53 | 0.17 | +0.09 |  | | |
|  | NZ First |  | | | | | 1,948 | 6.04 | +3.05 |
|  | ACT |  | | | | | 202 | 0.63 | -1.23 |
|  | Māori Party |  | | | | | 141 | 0.44 | -0.13 |
|  | Mana |  | | | | | 66 | 0.20 | +0.20 |
|  | Libertarianz |  | | | | | 33 | 0.10 | +0.04 |
|  | Democrats |  | | | | | 16 | 0.05 | +0.01 |
| Informal votes | | | | 775 |  |  | 305 |  |  |
| **Total valid votes** | | | | 31,210 |  |  | 32,230 |  |  |
|  | Labour **gain** from Progressive | | **Majority** | 1,500 | 4.81 | +34.16 |  | | |

**Electorate** (as at 26 November 2011): 45,427

### 2008 election

| 2008 general election: Wigram | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Notes: | | Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. | | | | | | | |
| Party | | Candidate | | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% |
|  | Progressive | Y Jim Anderton | | 15,320 | 44.50 | -3.12 | 2,010 | 5.73 | -0.73 |
|  | National | Marc Alexander | | 10,553 | 30.66 | +8.54 | 13,308 | 37.91 | +8.75 |
|  | Labour | Erin Ebborn-Gillespie | | 5,214 | 15.15 | -3.97 | 14,108 | 40.19 | -7.76 |
|  | Green | Peter Taylor | | 1,802 | 5.23 | +2.51 | 2,436 | 6.94 | +2.29 |
|  | NZ First | Steve Campbell | | 471 | 1.37 | -1.58 | 1,050 | 2.99 | -0.88 |
|  | ACT | Matthew Gardiner | | 355 | 1.03 | +0.42 | 653 | 1.86 | +1.11 |
|  | Kiwi | Lindsay Cameron | | 321 | 0.93 |  | 322 | 0.92 |  |
|  | United Future | Vanessa Roberts | | 219 | 0.64 | -2.31 | 355 | 1.01 | -2.86 |
|  | Alliance | Tom Dowie | | 55 | 0.16 | -0.05 | 68 | 0.19 | +0.03 |
|  | Libertarianz | Ben Morgan | | 55 | 0.16 |  | 22 | 0.06 | 0.00 |
|  | Democrats | John Charles Ring | | 32 | 0.09 |  | 13 | 0.04 | 0.00 |
|  | Economic Euthenics | Tubby Hansen | | 28 | 0.08 | -0.01 |  | | |
|  | Bill and Ben |  | | | | | 251 | 0.72 |  |
|  | Māori Party |  | | | | | 198 | 0.56 | +0.29 |
|  | Legalise Cannabis |  | | | | | 151 | 0.43 | +0.17 |
|  | Family Party |  | | | | | 83 | 0.24 |  |
|  | Pacific |  | | | | | 51 | 0.15 |  |
|  | Workers Party |  | | | | | 17 | 0.05 |  |
|  | RONZ |  | | | | | 5 | 0.01 | -0.01 |
|  | RAM |  | | | | | 1 | 0.00 |  |
| Informal votes | | | | 440 |  |  | 291 |  |  |
| **Total valid votes** | | | | 34,425 |  |  | 35,102 |  |  |
| **Turnout** | | | | 35,393 |  |  |  | | |
|  | Progressive **hold** | | **Majority** | 4,767 | 13.85 | -11.65 |  | | |

### 2005 election

| 2005 general election: Wigram | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Notes: | | Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. | | | | | | | |
| Party | | Candidate | | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% |
|  | Progressive | Y Jim Anderton | | 15,961 | 47.62 | +11.94 | 2,191 | 6.46 |  |
|  | National | Alison Lomax | | 7,413 | 22.12 | +8.27 | 9,895 | 29.16 |  |
|  | Labour | Mike Mora | | 6,408 | 19.12 | -6.45 | 16,271 | 47.95 |  |
|  | Green | Richard Suggate | | 1,455 | 4.34 |  | 1,967 | 5.80 |  |
|  | United Future | Vanessa Roberts | | 988 | 2.95 |  | 1,313 | 3.87 |  |
|  | NZ First | Brian Roswell | | 912 | 2.72 |  | 1,577 | 4.65 |  |
|  | ACT | Tetauru Emile | | 203 | 0.61 |  | 255 | 0.75 |  |
|  | Anti-Capitalist Alliance | Sam Kingi | | 69 | 0.21 |  |  | | |
|  | Alliance | Tom Dowie | | 61 | 0.21 |  | 55 | 0.16 |  |
|  | Economic Euthenics | Tubby Hansen | | 29 | 0.09 |  |  | | |
|  | Direct Democracy | Anton Foljambe | | 20 | 0.06 |  | 5 | 0.01 |  |
|  | Destiny |  | | | | | 112 | 0.33 |  |
|  | Māori Party |  | | | | | 90 | 0.27 |  |
|  | Legalise Cannabis |  | | | | | 89 | 0.26 |  |
|  | Christian Heritage |  | | | | | 52 | 0.15 |  |
|  | Libertarianz |  | | | | | 22 | 0.06 |  |
|  | Democrats |  | | | | | 15 | 0.04 |  |
|  | RONZ |  | | | | | 8 | 0.02 |  |
|  | Family Rights |  | | | | | 6 | 0.02 |  |
|  | One NZ |  | | | | | 4 | 0.01 |  |
|  | 99 MP |  | | | | | 3 | 0.01 |  |
| Informal votes | | | | 716 |  |  | 728 |  |  |
| **Total valid votes** | | | | 33,519 |  |  | 33,930 |  |  |
|  | Progressive **hold** | | **Majority** | 8,548 | 25.50 | +15.39 |  | | |

### 1999 election

Refer to Candidates in the New Zealand general election 1999 by electorate#Wigram for a list of candidates.

### 1996 election

| 1996 general election: Wigram | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Notes: | | Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. | | | | | | | |
| Party | | Candidate | | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% |
|  | Alliance | Y Jim Anderton | | 17,314 | 50.09 |  | 7,492 | 21.67 |  |
|  | National | Angus McKay | | 7,275 | 21.04 |  | 9,527 | 27.56 |  |
|  | Labour | Mick Ozimek | | 6,343 | 18.35 |  | 10,843 | 31.37 |  |
|  | NZ First | Nicci Bergman | | 1,827 | 5.28 |  | 2,627 | 7.60 |  |
|  | ACT | Stu Whyte | | 497 | 1.43 |  | 946 | 2.73 |  |
|  | United NZ | John Austin | | 340 | 0.98 |  | 321 | 0.92 |  |
|  | McGillicuddy Serious | Nick Harper | | 270 | 0.78 |  | 123 | 0.35 |  |
|  | Progressive Green | Jules Adams | | 182 | 0.52 |  | 100 | 0.28 |  |
|  | Natural Law | Warwick Jones | | 82 | 0.23 |  | 61 | 0.17 |  |
|  | Independent | Averil Tunridge | | 43 | 0.12 |  |  | | |
|  | Economic Euthenics | Tubby Hansen | | 16 | 0.04 |  |  | | |
|  | Dominion Workers | Clifford Mundy | | 16 | 0.04 |  |  | | |
|  | Christian Coalition |  | | | | | 1,604 | 4.64 |  |
|  | Legalise Cannabis |  | | | | | 636 | 1.84 |  |
|  | Animals First |  | | | | | 77 | 0.22 |  |
|  | Ethnic Minority |  | | | | | 17 | 0.04 |  |
|  | Green Society |  | | | | | 10 | 0.02 |  |
|  | Superannuitants & Youth |  | | | | | 10 | 0.02 |  |
|  | Mana Māori |  | | | | | 8 | 0.02 |  |
|  | Advance NZ |  | | | | | 6 | 0.01 |  |
|  | Conservatives |  | | | | | 4 | 0.01 |  |
|  | Libertarianz |  | | | | | 4 | 0.01 |  |
|  | Asia Pacific |  | | | | | 3 | 0.01 |  |
|  | Te Tawharau |  | | | | | 1 | 0.00 |  |
| Informal votes | | | | 356 |  |  | 141 |  |  |
| **Total valid votes** | | | | 34,561 |  |  | 34,561 |  |  |

### 1975 election

1975 general election: Wigram
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Mick Connelly** | **9,617** | **49.70** | **−13.04** |
|  | National | Neil Russell | 7,650 | 39.53 |  |
|  | Values | Karen Timpson | 1,124 | 5.80 |  |
|  | Social Credit | Norm Davey | 957 | 4.94 | +0.01 |
| Majority | | | 1,967 | 10.16 | −22.67 |
| Turnout | | | 19,348 | 84.54 | −5.20 |
| Registered electors | | | 22,885 |  |  |

### 1972 election

1972 general election: Wigram
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Mick Connelly** | **10,040** | **62.74** | **+6.54** |
|  | National | David Cox | 4,785 | 29.90 |  |
|  | Social Credit | Norm Davey | 790 | 4.93 |  |
|  | Values | Bruce Charles Lusher | 318 | 1.98 |  |
|  | New Democratic | Frederick William Stevens | 69 | 0.43 |  |
| Majority | | | 5,255 | 32.83 | +13.41 |
| Turnout | | | 16,002 | 89.74 | +0.58 |
| Registered electors | | | 17,830 |  |  |

### 1969 election

1969 general election: Wigram
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Mick Connelly** | **9,258** | **56.20** |  |
|  | National | Dick Dawson | 6,058 | 36.77 |  |
|  | Social Credit | Maurice McConnell | 1,157 | 7.02 |  |
| Majority | | | 3,200 | 19.42 |  |
| Turnout | | | 16,473 | 89.16 |  |
| Registered electors | | | 18,474 |  |  |

## Table footnotes

1. McRobie 1989, pp. 108, 111, 112.
2. McRobie 1989, p. 111.
3. McRobie 1989, pp. 107, 111.
4. McRobie 1989, pp. 108, 112.
5. McRobie 1989, pp. 111f.
6. *Report of the Representation Commission 2014* (PDF). Representation Commission. 4 April 2014. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-477-10414-2. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
7. "Report of the Representation Commission 2020" (PDF). 17 April 2020.
8. "Official Count Results – Wigram (2011)". Electoral Commission. 10 December 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
9. Conway, Glenn (26 April 2014). "National sets sights on Wigram". *The Press*. p. A16. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
10. "Official Count Results – Wigram (2014)". Electoral Commission. 4 October 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
11. "Wigram - Official Results". Electoral Commission. n.d. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
12. "Wigram - Official Results". Electoral Commission. n.d. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
13. "Official Count Results – Wigram (2017)". Electoral Commission. 7 October 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
14. "Enrolment statistics". Electoral Commission. 26 November 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
15. "Official Count Results – Wigram (2008)". Electoral Commission. 22 November 2008. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
16. "Official Count Results – Wigram (2005)". Electoral Commission. 1 October 2005. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
17. "6.1 Wigram 60.pdf" (PDF). Electoral Commission.
18. Norton 1988, pp. 393.
* McRobie, Alan (1989). *Electoral Atlas of New Zealand*. Wellington: GP Books. ISBN 0-477-01384-8.
* Wilson, James Oakley (1985) \[First published in 1913\]. *New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984* (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.
* Norton, Clifford (1988). *New Zealand Parliamentary Election Results 1946–1987: Occasional Publications No 1, Department of Political Science*. Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington. ISBN 0-475-11200-8.

## InfoBox

| Wigram | |
| --- | --- |
| Single-member constituency
for the New Zealand House of Representatives | |
| Location of Wigramwithin Canterbury | |
| Region | Canterbury |
| Area | 46.11 km2 (17.80 sq mi) |
| Current constituency | |
| Current MP | Megan Woods |
| Party | Labour |