title: Li Deyu

abstract: Li Deyu, courtesy name Wenrao (文饒), formally the Duke of Wei (衛公), was a Chinese poet, politician, and writer during the Tang dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reigns of brothers Emperor Wenzong and Emperor Wuzong and (briefly) their uncle Emperor Xuānzong. He was the leader of the so-called Li Faction in the decades-long Niu-Li Factional Struggles, and was particularly powerful during Emperor Wuzong's reign, dominating the court scene and guiding policies during the campaigns against the crumbling Huigu Khanate and against the warlord Liu Zhen. After Emperor Wuzong's death, Emperor Xuānzong, who had long despised him for his hold on power, had him demoted and banished, where he died in exile.

text:
# Li Deyu

**Li Deyu** (Chinese: 李德裕; pinyin: *Lǐ Déyù*; 787 – January 26, 850), courtesy name **Wenrao** (文饒), formally the **Duke of Wei** (衛公), was a Chinese poet, politician, and writer during the Tang dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reigns of brothers Emperor Wenzong and Emperor Wuzong and (briefly) their uncle Emperor Xuānzong. He was the leader of the so-called Li Faction in the decades-long Niu-Li Factional Struggles, and was particularly powerful during Emperor Wuzong's reign, dominating the court scene and guiding policies during the campaigns against the crumbling Huigu Khanate and against the warlord Liu Zhen. After Emperor Wuzong's death, Emperor Xuānzong, who had long despised him for his hold on power, had him demoted and banished, where he died in exile.

## Background

Li Deyu was born in 787, during the reign of Emperor Dezong. His grandfather Li Qiyun (李栖筠) served as the chief imperial censor, and his father Li Jifu would eventually serve as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Dezong's grandson Emperor Xianzong. It was said that Li Deyu was ambitious in his youth and was studious, particularly concentrating on the *Book of Han* and the *Zuo Zhuan*. However, he did not want to submit to imperial examinations. During Emperor Dezong's *Zhenyuan* era (785–805), when Li Jifu was in exile, Li Deyu accompanied his father and did not seek an official career.

## During Emperor Xianzong's reign

During the reign of Emperor Xianzong, Li Jifu became chancellor, and it was said that because Li Deyu wanted to avoid appearance of impropriety, he did not serve at the office of the imperial censors or one of the three main bureaus of the imperial government. Rather, he served on the staff of various regional governors. In 816, after the chancellor Zhang Hongjing left the chancellor post and became the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi), Zhang invited Li Deyu to serve as a secretary. In 819, when Zhang returned to the capital Chang'an to pay homage to the emperor and subsequently remained at Chang'an, Li Deyu was made an imperial censor with the title *Jiancha Yushi* (監察御史).

## During Emperor Muzong's reign

In 820, Emperor Xianzong died and was succeeded by his son Emperor Muzong. Emperor Muzong made Li Deyu, in addition to his imperial censor position, an imperial scholar (翰林學士, *Hanlin Xueshi*) as well. It was said that because Emperor Muzong had long heard about Li Jifu while he was crown prince, he had respect for Li Deyu. Soon thereafter, Li Deyu was made *Tuntian Yuanwailang* (屯田員外郎), a low-level official at the ministry of public works (工部, *Gongbu*), and continued to be imperial scholar. It was said that because Li Deyu saw that at the time, the imperial relatives were becoming influential and making improper requests, he submitted a petition that requested that imperial relatives be required to meet the chancellors at the Office of the Chancellors, rather than at private homes. Li Deyu was then promoted to be *Kaogong Langzhong* (考功郎中), a supervisory official at the ministry of civil service affairs (吏部, *Libu*), and put in charge of drafting edicts.

In 821, Li Deyu was involved in an incident that was considered one of the precipitating incidents of the coming Niu-Li Factional Struggles. At that time, both Li Deyu and Yuan Zhen were involved in power struggles with Yuan's fellow *Zhongshu Sheren* (中書舍人, mid-level official at the legislative bureau of government (中書省, *Zhongshu Sheng*)) Li Zongmin, particularly since Li Deyu had long resented Li Zongmin and Niu Sengru for what appeared to be harsh criticism against Li Jifu while Li Jifu was chancellor in the third year of Yuanhe 元和 (803). Meanwhile, Li Zongmin's junior colleague at the legislative bureau, Yang Rushi (楊汝士) and the deputy minister of rites (禮部侍郎, *Libu Shilang*) Qian Hui (錢徽) were in charge of overseeing the imperial examinations. The military governor Duan Wenchang (a former chancellor) and the imperial scholar Li Shen both made secret pleas to Qian for certain examinees. However, when the results were announced, the examinees that Duan and Li Shen recommended were not given passing results, while among those passing the examinations were Zheng Lang, the brother of the examination bureau (門下省, *Menxia Sheng*) official Zheng Tan; Pei Zhuan (裴譔) the son of the military governor Pei Du (also a former chancellor); Li Zongmin's son-in-law Su Chao (蘇巢); and Yang Rushi's brother Yang Yinshi (楊殷士). This thus brought a popular uproar, and Duan submitted a report accusing Yang Rushi and Qian of being unfair. When Emperor Muzong requested opinions from the imperial scholars, Li Deyu, Yuan, and Li Shen all agreed with Duan's opinion. Emperor Muzong thus ordered Li Zongmin's colleague Wang Qi (王起) to conduct a re-examination, while demoting Qian, Li Zongmin, and Yang Rushi to be prefectural prefects and deposing 10 of the examinees selected by Qian and Yang Rushi. This was said to be the start of some 30 years of struggles between Li Deyu and his associates (known as the Li Faction) and Li Zongmin and his associates (known as the Niu Faction, named after Niu).

In 822, Li Deyu was himself made a *Zhongshu Sheren*, and continued to serve as imperial scholar. He was considered a possible chancellor candidate, as well as Niu. In 823, Emperor Muzong made a chancellor, while Li Deyu was sent out of Chang'an to serve as the governor (觀察使, *Guanchashi*) of Zhexi Circuit (浙西, headquartered in modern Zhenjiang, Jiangsu). Li Deyu believed that this was the machination by then-chancellor Li Fengji to squeeze him out so that Niu could be made chancellor, and thereafter resented Niu and Li Fengji even more.

At the time that Li Deyu was made the governor of Zhexi, Zhexi had just suffered through a plot by the officer Wang Guoqing (王國清) to overthrow Li Deyu's predecessor Dou Yizhi, and it was said that after the plot was over, Dou exhausted the circuit treasury trying to placate the soldiers. It was said that Li Deyu lived frugally, and gave the remainder of his own expense budget to the soldiers, such that while he did not give them all that much, they were satisfied, and that two years after his commission, the treasury was full again. It was also said that he sought to change the ways of the circuit's people, to eliminate customs that were harmful to them. For example, the people of the circuit were superstitious and fearful of evil spirits, such that if close family members were ill, they would abandon their family members. Li Deyu taught the knowledgeable among the people that this was undue superstition, and further punished those who abandoned family members, such that within a few years, this custom was gone. He also catalogued the various temples in the circuit—such that only those that worshipped good historical figures were allowed to remain, while he destroyed 1,010 other temples. He further destroyed 1,460 houses in the mountains so that they could not be used by bandits as operation bases.

## During Emperor Jingzong's reign

Emperor Muzong died in 824 and was succeeded by his son Emperor Jingzong. The young Emperor Jingzong was said to be wasteful in his living style, and later in 824 he ordered that Zhexi Circuit submit a number of silver vessels for palace use. Li Deyu petitioned that the order to set aside due to the expenses involved for the circuit. He received no response on his petition, although his subsequent petition to set aside an order for submitting silk was granted. Also in late 824, Wang Zhixing the military governor (*Jiedushi*) of nearby Wuning Circuit (武寧, headquartered in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu), requested permission for him to let people take tonsure (i.e., to become Buddhist monks) at Si Prefecture (泗州, in modern Huai'an, Jiangsu), to seek divine favors for Emperor Jingzong. Emperor Jingzong initially agreed. As a result, people were rushing to Si Prefecture to take tonsure, to avoid taxes. Li Deyu submitted an objection and pointed out that if this continued, Zhexi and its Zhedong (浙東, headquartered in modern Shaoxing, Zhejiang) and Fujian (福建, headquartered in modern Fuzhou, Fujian) would lose some 600,000 battle-capable young men, Emperor Jingzong ordered a stop to the practice.

In 825, Li Deyu submitted a six-part petition urging Emperor Jingzong to change his ways entitled the *Six Maxims of the Red Screen* (丹扆六箴), written in six poems with 12 four-character lines each, pointing out the emperor's inappropriate behavior in six areas and hoping that he would change:

* That he was late to meetings with imperial officials and did not hold them often enough.
* That he was wearing inappropriate clothing.
* That he was requesting too many tributes.
* That he was taking honest counsel lightly.
* That he was close to scoundrels.
* That he was seeking for pleasures in too many places.

Emperor Jingzong issued an edict thanking and praising Li Deyu. It was said that Li Deyu hoped that this would catch Emperor Jingzong's attention and recall him to Chang'an, but Li Fengji, who was still chancellor, prevented that possibility.

## During Emperor Wenzong's reign

### Prior to chancellorship

Around new year 827, Emperor Jingzong was assassinated and succeeded by his younger brother Emperor Wenzong. In 829, Emperor Wenzong recalled Li Deyu to Chang'an and made him deputy minister of defense (兵部侍郎, *Bingbu Shilang*). The senior chancellor Pei Du recommended Li Deyu to Emperor Wenzong to be chancellor, but Li Zongmin, who was then deputy minister of civil service affairs, was named chancellor over Li Deyu due to assistance of eunuchs. Thereafter, because Li Zongmin viewed Li Deyu as a threat, Li Deyu was sent out of Chang'an again to serve as the military governor of Yicheng Circuit (義成, headquartered in modern Anyang, Henan). Subsequently, under Li Zongmin's recommendation, Niu, who was the military governor of Wuchang Circuit (武昌, headquartered in modern Wuhan, Hubei) at that point, was recalled to be chancellor in 830, and it was said that Li Zongmin and Niu worked together to eject Li Deyu's allies out of Chang'an; even Pei was sent out of Chang'an to serve as the military governor of Shannan East Circuit (山南東道, headquartered in modern Xiangfan, Hubei).

Later in 830, Li Deyu was moved from Yicheng to Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan), which had recently suffered from a Nanzhao incursion in 829 and was said to be weak in its defenses. Upon Li Deyu's arrival in Xichuan, he consulted with many old soldiers and officers of Xichuan to quickly familiarize himself with the fronts with Nanzhao and Tufan. He also sought reinforcements, pointing out that Xichuan's forces had been severely weakened. After his requests were granted, Li Deyu also trained the soldiers, built up the defenses of the border forts, and stored emergency food supplies, and it was said that the people of Xichuan, who were previously fearful of another Nanzhao invasion, were pacified.

In 831, Li Deyu sent messengers to Nanzhao to request that Nanzhao return some of the Xichuan people whom Nanzhao had seized during the 829 invasion, and Nanzhao returned 4,000 people.

Late in 831, Li Deyu reported that Xidamou (悉怛謀), the Tufan officer in charge of Wei Prefecture (維州, in modern Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan), surrendered Wei Prefecture, which Tufan had captured from Tang decades earlier, to him. Li Deyu advocated accepting the surrender and using Wei Prefecture as a launch pad for a major campaign against Tufan. Niu opposed, arguing that this was a violation of the peace treaty between Tang and Tufan and that, should a war start, Tufan forces could reach Chang'an easily. Emperor Wenzong accepted his argument and ordered that Li Deyu return Wei Prefecture, as well as Xidamou and his soldiers, to Tufan. Tufan had Xidamou and his soldiers massacred. The massacre brought much popular sentiment against Niu, and was commonly viewed at the time to be the result of the conflict between Niu/Li Zongmin and Li Deyu. It was said that this incident caused Li Deyu to resent Niu even more.

In 832, with Emperor Wenzong regretting his decision in the Xidamou matter, Niu resigned and was made the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu). Li Deyu was recalled to Chang'an to serve as minister of defense (兵部尚書, *Bingbu Shangshu*) and was expected by popular sentiment to be chancellor next. This caused Li Zongmin much apprehension, and he, under the advice of Du Cong, was initially trying to broker a peace with Li Deyu by recommending Li Deyu to be chief imperial censor (御史大夫, *Yushi Daifu*). However, Li Zongmin subsequently changed his mind under opposition by another associate, Yang Yuqing (楊虞卿).

### Chancellorship

In 833, Li Deyu was made chancellor *de facto* with the designation *Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi* (同中書門下平章事). When he met with Emperor Wenzong to thank Emperor Wenzong, Emperor Wenzong discussed with him the matter of partisanship within the imperial government, and Li Deyu, seeing that Emperor Wenzong disliked partisanship, opined that one third of the imperial officials were engaging in partisanship—and then proceeded to use Emperor Wenzong's dislike of partisanship to eject people he disliked from the government, including Yan Yuqing and Yang's associates Zhang Yuanfu (張元夫) and Xiao Huan (蕭澣). He was also soon butting heads with Li Zongmin on a number of matters, such as Yang's demotion and Li Zongmin's public derogation of the talents of Zheng Tan and Yin You (殷侑). Later in the year, Li Zongmin was sent out of the capital to serve as the military governor of Shannan West Circuit (山南西道).

Also in 833, when Yang Yuanqing (楊元卿) the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan) was ill and discussion was made regarding Yang's successor, Li Deyu suggested moving Liu Congjian the military governor of Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern Changzhi, Shanxi), to Xuanwu—as the Liu family had been entrenched at Zhaoyi since Liu's father Liu Wu, to eliminate the entrenchment. Emperor Wenzong, believing that it was not yet time to confront Liu Congjian, did not follow Li Deyu's suggestion and instead made former chancellor Li Cheng the military governor of Xuanwu. Meanwhile, at Li Deyu's suggestion, Emperor Wenzong issued a decree that, in addition to creating his son Li Yong crown prince, also ordered that the imperial princes (who had been restricted to living inside the palace complex since the time of Emperor Xuanzong) be allowed to live outside the palace and be given commissions as local officials; that their daughters be married in a prompt manner; and that the imperial examinations no longer test on poetry. (However, the imperial princes' moving out of the palace complex was not implemented due to a dispute over what kind of commissions they would receive.)

However, as of 834, Li Deyu began to incur Emperor Wenzong's displeasure by opposing commissions for Emperor Wenzong's close associate Li Zhongyan, which also offended another associate of Emperor Wenzong's, Zheng Zhu, as well as the eunuch Wang Shoucheng, who had recommended Zheng and Li Zhongyan to Emperor Wenzong. Wang, Zheng, and Li Zhongyan, in order to fight against Li Deyu, had Li Zongmin recalled from Shannan West to again serve as chancellor. Soon thereafter, Li Deyu was himself commissioned to be the military governor of Shannan West, continuing to carry the *Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi* title as an honorary title. Li Deyu then met with Emperor Wenzong and requested to stay at Chang'an. Initially, Emperor Wenzong agreed, and allowed him to remain at Chang'an to serve as the minister of defense. However, after Li Zongmin objected that this should not be a matter up for Li Deyu to decide, Emperor Wenzong sent Li Deyu out to Zhenghai Circuit (i.e., Zhexi) to serve as military governor, and further did not allow him to retain the *Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi* title.

### After chancellorship

However, Zheng Zhu continued to attack Li Deyu. In 835, Zheng's associates Wang Fan (王璠) and Li Han (李漢) accused Li Deyu of associating with Du Zhongyang (杜仲陽) the wet nurse of Emperor Wenzong's brother Li Cou, formerly the Prince of Zhang (who had, by this point been demoted to be the Duke of Chao County), in order to support Li Cou against Emperor Wenzong. Emperor Wenzong, in anger, summoned a meeting with the chancellors, Zheng, Wang, and Li Han. Li Deyu's colleague as chancellor, Lu Sui, spoke in his defense, so initially, the only consequence that Li Deyu suffered was that he was made *Taizi Binke* (太子賓客), a member of Li Yong's staff—but sent to have his office at the eastern capital Luoyang, making the title entirely honorary. Subsequently, Lu was himself stripped of his chancellor title and made the military governor of Zhenghai on account of his defending Li Deyu. After Lu's demotion, Li Deyu was further demoted to be the secretary general of Yuan Prefecture (袁州, in modern Yichun, Jiangxi), on charges that he did not visit Emperor Wenzong when Emperor Wenzong was ill and that his tax collection at Xichuan caused the people trouble. When, subsequently, Li Zongmin also incurred Emperor Wenzong's wrath and was exiled as well, Zheng and Li Zhongyan (whose name had been changed to Li Xun at this point) were able to use the opportunity to accuse any imperial official they disliked of being an associate of Li Zongmin or Li Deyu, and those accused were often exiled or demoted.

Late in 835, a plot by Emperor Wenzong, Zheng, and Li Xun to slaughter the powerful eunuchs (later known as the Ganlu Incident) failed, leading to the eunuchs' slaughtering of the imperial officials, including Zheng, Li Xun (who had been made a chancellor by that point), and Li Xun's fellow chancellors Wang Ya, Jia Su, and Shu Yuanyu. After the failure of the plot, in spring 836, Li Deyu was slightly promoted, to be the prefect of Chu Prefecture (滁洲, in modern Chuzhou, Anhui), and it was said that those officials previously exiled or demoted on account of being Li Zongmin's or Li Deyu's associates were beginning to be promoted as well. Soon thereafter, Li Deyu himself was again made the governor of Zhexi.

In 837, Li Deyu was made the deputy military governor of Huainan, to act as military governor, replacing Niu Sengru. When Niu heard that Li Deyu was to succeed him, he entrusted the matters to his deputy Zhang Lu (張鷺) and immediately left the circuit. When Li Deyu arrived, he submitted a report stating that the circuit treasury had only half as much as the wealth as Niu reported, and that Zhang had spent half of the wealth in Niu's absence. Niu submitted a petition defending himself and Zhang and requested that Li Deyu be ordered to recount the treasury reserves. After the recount, Niu's report was deemed correct. Li Deyu submitted an apology, stating that he was ill when first arriving at Huainan and had been lied to by his subordinates, requesting punishment. Emperor Wenzong did not punish Li Deyu, however.

While at Huainan, there was a time when the eunuch monitor of the circuit, Yang Qinyi (楊欽義), was recalled to Chang'an, and there was expectation that he would become one of the directors of palace communications—one of the highest possible positions for a eunuch. Li Deyu, while not publicly showing deference to Yang, invited Yang to a feast and gave him great amounts of treasure as gifts. However, when Yang reached Bian Prefecture (汴州, in modern Kaifeng), Emperor Wenzong changed his order and had him return to Huainan. When Yang returned to Huainan, he, distressed, returned the gifts to Li Deyu, but Li Deyu responded, "These are not worth much," and had Yang keep the gifts, thus establishing a strong relationship with Yang.

## During Emperor Wuzong's reign

### Before the Huigu campaign

In 840, Emperor Wenzong died and was succeeded by his younger brother, Emperor Wuzong—who was not the choice of Emperor Wenzong (who wanted their nephew Li Chengmei to succeed him) or the chancellors Yang Sifu (whom Emperor Wuzong later believed had supported another brother of his, Li Rong the Prince of An) and Li Jue (whom Emperor Wuzong later believed had supported Li Chengmei), both of whom were considered Niu Faction leaders by later historians—but was chosen by the powerful eunuchs Qiu Shiliang and Yu Hongzhi (魚弘志). As Emperor Wuzong did not trust Yang or Li Jue, he removed them from their chancellor posts, and, as Yang Qinyi had recommended Li Deyu, he decided to recall Li Deyu from Huainan to serve as chancellor.

Upon Li Deyu's arrival in Chang'an, Emperor Wuzong made him *Menxia Shilang* (門下侍郎), the deputy head of the examination bureau, and chancellor again with the designation *Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi*. When meeting Emperor Wuzong to thank him, Li Deyu emphasized the importance of entrusting the chancellors with the affairs of state, as well as openness between the emperor and his officials, both points that Emperor Wuzong agreed with.

Soon after Li Deyu became chancellor again, officials considered Yang Sifu's associates, such as Pei Yizhi (裴夷直) and Li Zhongmin (李中敏) were ejected from the imperial government. Nevertheless, in 841, when Emperor Wuzong, still resentful over how Yang and Li Jue did not support him, sent eunuchs to order Yang and Li Jue to commit suicide, with Du Cong pointing out to Li Deyu that he should not encourage Emperor Wuzong to be in the mode of killing officials, Li Deyu, along with fellow chancellors Cui Gong, Cui Dan, and Chen Yixing, interceded on Yang's and Li Jue's behalf, and after much pleading from them, Yang, Li Jue, as well as Pei, were further demoted, but spared of their lives.

### The Huigu campaign

Meanwhile, in 840, the Tang ally Huigu's khan Yaoluoge Hesa (藥羅葛闔馺) and its prime minister Jueluowu (掘羅勿) were killed in a major Xiajiasi, and the remaining Huigu forces were thrown into a state of confusion. In the confusion, one group of Huigu nobles supported Yaoluoge Wuxi (藥羅葛烏希) as the new khan (as Wujie Khan), while Yaoluoge Hesa's brother Wamosi took another group of Huigu nobles to the border city of Tiande (天德, in modern Bayan Nur, Inner Mongolia) and offered to submit to Tang. In 841, Tiande's commander Tian Mou (田牟) and eunuch monitor Wei Zhongping (韋仲平), wanting to be credited with victories, suggested not to accept the surrender—arguing that Wamosi was a traitor as far as Wujie Khan was concerned—and to attack. Li Deyu pointed out that Wamosi was no traitor—as he offered to submit before Wujie Khan had even claimed khan title—and that based on the prior Tang-Huigu alliance, distressed Huigu people, such as the people under Wamosi's command, should be accepted. Emperor Wuzong agreed and accepted Wamosi's submission.

Wamosi subsequently requested emergency food relief for the Huigu people, which Li Deyu suggested that Emperor Wuzong accept. At a subsequent meeting called by Emperor Wenzong, Chen Yixing vehemently opposed, arguing that this would be, in effect, aiding the enemy. Li Deyu pointed out regardless of whether Wamosi remained submissive, his people would have to be fed—or otherwise, with Tang forces not ready for combat at that point, Tiande would fall under an attack. Chen did not dare to oppose further, and Emperor Wuzong approved the sending of emergency food supplies to Wamosi's people. Also under Li Deyu's advice, Emperor Wuzong issued an edict to Wamosi asking him to seek out and return Emperor Xianzong's daughter (and thus, Emperor Wuzong's aunt) Princess Taihe, whom Emperor Muzong had married to a prior khan, Chongde Khan, as part of a *heqin* (marriage alliance) marriage, whom Emperor Wuzong's court had lost contact with since the crushing defeat that Xiajiasi forces inflicted against the Huigu forces. (Unknown to Emperor Wuzong (and Li Deyu) at this point, Princess Taihe had initially been captured by Xiajiasi's khan Are (阿熱), who claimed to be distantly related to Tang's imperial Li clan and who treated her with respect. Are sent a convoy to escort her back to Tang territory, but the convoy was intercepted and destroyed by Wujie Khan, who subsequently took Princess Taihe hostage.)

Meanwhile, one of the circuits on the Huigu border—Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing), which had long been only nominally under imperial control—was going through internal turmoils of its own, as early in 841, there had been a mutiny that killed the military governor Shi Yuanzhong. The soldiers initially supported the officer Chen Xingtai (陳行泰) to take over the circuit. Emperor Wuzong, under Li Deyu's advice, declined to take immediate action on petitions submitted on Chen's behalf for Chen to become military governor. Soon thereafter, Chen himself was assassinated, and the soldiers supported another officer, Zhang Jiang (張絳) to be their leader. Emperor Wuzong similarly declined to act on petitions on Zhang's behalf. Thereafter, when Lulong officer Zhang Zhongwu, who was then the commander of Xiongwu Base (雄武軍, in modern Chengde, Hebei), requested imperial commission and permission to attack Zhang Jiang, Emperor Wuzong, again under Li Deyu's advice, agreed, and Zhang Zhongwu soon captured Lulong's capital You Prefecture (幽州) and took over the circuit.

Also in 841, when a flood damaged Xiang Prefecture (襄州), the capital of Shannan East Circuit, which Niu Sengru was then the military governor of, Li Deyu used the opportunity to blame the destruction on Niu and had him stripped of his authorities. In spring 842, there was another event that the later Song dynasty historian Hu Sanxing pointed out showed the partisan side of Li Deyu. The official Liu Gongquan was friendly with Li Deyu, but when Cui Gong recommended Liu to be an imperial scholar to be in charge of Jixian Institute (集賢院), Li Deyu was displeased because this recommendation was not made by him. He therefore found an excuse to have Liu made *Taizi Zhanshi* (太子詹事)—an entirely honorary post with no authorities.

Also in 842, at Li Deyu's advice, Emperor Wuzong ordered Tian to stop engaging the Huigu irregulars, but instead entice them with food supplies and send them to Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) (so that they would not remain at Tiande and be disruptive). Also under Li Deyu's recommendation, the general Shi Xiong was sent to Tiande to assist Tian in defending against Huigu raids.

Meanwhile, Qiu had become very jealous of Li Deyu's hold on power as well. When Emperor Wuzong was planning to issue a general pardon, rumors got to Qiu that, as part of the edict, the chancellors and the director of finances were planning to reduce Shence Army's clothing and food stipends, Qiu publicly declared, "If this occurred, when the pardon is declared, the soldiers will gather in front of Danfeng Tower \[(丹鳳樓, the tower from which emperors declared pardons)\] and demonstrate!" Emperor Wuzong, angered by the remarks, sent eunuchs to rebuke Qiu and the other Shence Army officers for spreading rumors, and Qiu apologized.

By summer 842, Wujie Khan was openly attacking Tang border regions. Emperor Wuzong put Li Deyu in charge of drafting various rebukes against Wujie Khan and his advisors, urging them to reconsider their attacks. Also, with Wujie Khan forcing Princess Taihe to submit requests to allow Huigu to borrow Tiande as an operation base, Emperor Wuzong had Li Deyu write her a response back, stating:

> Before, the Empire was willing to let go its beloved daughter to intermarry with Huigu. This was to seek peace for the Empire, and it was believed that Huigu would assist us in quieting the borders and defend against foreign attacks. But recent Huigu actions were thoroughly unreasonable, and its horses often headed south. Are you, Aunt, not fearful of the anger that the spirits of Emperor Gaozu and Emperor Taizong would have? As you intrude and disturb the Empire's borders, do you not think of the kindness and love of the Grand Empress Dowager \[(i.e., Emperor Wuzong's grandmother and Princess Taihe's mother Grand Empress Dowager Guo)\]? You, Aunt, are the mother of the state in Huigu, and you should have enough power to issue orders. If the Khan does not accept your orders, then he will be ending the relationship between the two states. After that, he will no longer be able to use you, Aunt, as his defense.

Under Li Deyu's advice, Emperor Wuzong subsequently sent Wamosi (who had by this point been granted the Tang imperial name of Li Sizhong) and the general Li Zhongshun (李忠順) to the border to fight against Wujie Khan. Meanwhile, in a surprise attack, in spring 843, Shi inflicted great losses on Wujie Khan's forces and rescued Princess Taihe, after which Wujie Khan fled and would no longer be a threat to Tang. Subsequently, when Emperor Wuzong considered asking Xiajiasi to return Anxi (安西, formerly headquartered in modern Aksu Prefecture, Xinjiang) and Beiting (北庭, formerly headquartered in modern Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang) Circuits—which were formerly under Tang control but which had been lost for decades—Li Deyu opposed, pointing out that it would be a logistical nightmare to place garrisons at Anxi and Beiting and supply them. Emperor Wuzong agreed.

With the Huigu campaign over, Li Deyu sought to revisit the Xidamou incident, which had occurred 12 years earlier—submitting a petition that painted Niu as jealous of him and causing a great injustice, and also arguing that Wei Prefecture would have served as a forward attack point against Tufan. At Li Deyu's urging, Emperor Wuzong posthumously honored Xidamou as a general. (It was believed by the modern historian Zhu Gui (朱桂) that Li Deyu was intending to use the revisiting of the Xidamou incident to carry out his vengeance against Niu and Li Zongmin, but that subsequent events—the Zhaoyi campaign—gave Li Deyu even greater ammunition.)

### The Zhaoyi campaign

#### Events of 843

In summer 843, Liu Congjian was growing ill, and he wanted his adoptive son and biological nephew Liu Zhen to succeed him as the military governor of Zhaoyi. Liu Congjian soon died, but Liu Zhen did not announce his death and had petitions written in Liu Congjian's name requesting that Liu Zhen be made military governor. The chancellors largely believed that a campaign against Zhaoyi would be difficult to wage and therefore suggested that the request be granted. Li Deyu, however, argued that Zhaoyi, unlike Lulong and two other circuits north of the Yellow River—Weibo (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei) and Chengde (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei)—did not have a tradition of defying the imperial government, and therefore suggested that Liu Congjian's petition be denied, pointing out that allowing the Liu family to continue to hold Zhaoyi would cause other military governors to want to follow suit. He further suggested that, in order to make sure that Weibo's military governor He Hongjing and Chengde's military governor Wang Yuankui would not assist Liu Zhen, explicit promises be made to He Hongjing and Wang that their circuits would not be interfered with, and that they would be responsible for capturing three of Zhaoyi's five prefectures east of the Taihang Mountains, thus making sure that imperial forces would not operate close to Weibo or Chengde. Emperor Wuzong agreed, and imperial messengers were dispatched to Weibo and Chengde; He Hongjing and Wang agreed to follow imperial orders. (Meanwhile, Li Deyu used the opportunity to strike at Li Zongmin—by accusing Li Zongmin of being an associate of Liu Congjian's—and had Li Zongmin sent out of Luoyang to be the prefect of Hu Prefecture (湖州, in modern Huzhou, Zhejiang).

After Liu Zhen finally announced Liu Congjian's death, Emperor Wuzong publicly posthumously honored Liu Congjian, but ordered that Liu Zhen escort Liu Congjian's casket to Luoyang, and further met with Liu Zhen's biological father Liu Congsu (劉從素), telling him to persuade Liu Zhen to accept the order. Liu Zhen refused, and Emperor Wuzong ordered a general campaign against Zhaoyi. At Li Deyu's suggestion, the military governors were ordered to have specific targets to capture within Zhaoyi (to prevent them from waging minor battles and then sitting on the front without truly engaging Zhaoyi forces)—with Wang targeting Xing Prefecture (邢州, in modern Xingtai, Hebei), He Hongjing targeting Ming Prefecture (洺州, in modern Handan), Wang Maoyuan (王茂元) the military governor of Heyang Circuit (河陽, headquartered in modern Jiaozuo, Henan) targeting Ze Prefecture (澤州, in modern Jincheng, Shanxi), and LI Yanzuo (李彥佐) the military governor of Wuning Circuit and Liu Mian (劉沔) the military governor of Hedong Circuit targeting Zhaoyi's capital Lu Prefecture (潞州). When Li Yanzuo subsequently delayed on the way to the front, at Li Deyu's advice, Emperor Wuzong issued harshly worded edicts to push him to proceed, and also made Shi Xiong his deputy to eventually have Shi take over Li Yanzuo's troops. Soon, Shi took over Li Yanzuo's troops and immediately launched attacks against Zhaoyi.

Meanwhile, Wang Yuankui and He Hongjing, on Zhaoyi's eastern front, were having disagreements, with Wang secretly accusing that He Hongjing was purposefully delaying attacks on Zhaoyi. At Li Deyu's suggestion, Emperor Wuzong had Wang Zai the military governor of Zhongwu Circuit (忠武, headquartered in modern Xuchang, Henan) lead additional troops to attack Zhaoyi's eastern prefectures—which would take Zhongwu troops through Weibo. This surprised He Hongjing, who thus felt pressured to attack Zhaoyi, and he finally launched his troops. As soon as He Hongjing launched his troops, Wang Zai's orders were then changed to aid Heyang Circuit, which Liu Zhen was attacking in an effort to force the imperial government into a truce and which Wang Maoyuan could not protect due to his own illness. After Wang Maoyuan died thereafter, at Li Deyu's suggestion, Emperor Wuzong put the Heyang troops under Wang Zai's command as well, but did not make him the military governor of Heyang.

While the campaign was going on, there was a Dangxiang uprising, which attacked Yan Prefecture (鹽州, in modern Yulin, Shaanxi). Li Deyu pointed out that the nomadic Dangxiang were roving pillagers who were not taken seriously by border officials because the border officials wanted to acquire camels and horses from them, and suggested that a command structure be imposed over the six circuits where the Dangxiang resided, with an imperial prince in nominal command. Emperor Wuzong agreed and nominally made his son Li Qi (李岐) the Prince of Yan be the supreme commander of the six circuits and chief comforter of the Dangxiang, and made the official Li Hui Li Qi's deputy, in actual supervision of the Dangxiang situation.

With Wang Zai getting victories over Zhaoyi forces (but unable to capture Ze Prefecture immediately), Liu Zhen had a letter from Li Tian (李恬) the prefect of Ming Prefecture, a cousin to Li Shi, a former chancellor who was by this point the military governor of Hedong, sent to Li Shi, suggesting that Liu was willing to surrender. Li Deyu suggested, and Emperor Wuzong agreed, that no action be taken on the offer immediately, and ordered Li Shi reply in a harsh manner, indicating that surrender would only be accepted if Liu and his family members had themselves bound and taken to the border between Zhaoyi and Hedong; only then would Li Shi agree to escort them to Chang'an.

#### Events of 844

Meanwhile, the Hedong forces, under the command of the officer Wang Feng (王逢), were stationed at Yushe (榆社, in modern Jinzhong, Shanxi), and Wang sought reinforcements. Hedong headquarters, however, were out of troops, so Li Shi summoned 1,500 soldiers from the northern front, that Liu Mian had previously placed at Hengshui Fence (橫水柵, in modern Datong, Shanxi) during the Huige campaign, under the command of the officer Yang Bian (楊弁), back to Taiyuan, so that he could send them to reinforce Wang. Three days before the Chinese New Year, the Hengshui Fence soldiers arrived, but as the circuit treasury was empty, Li Shi could not give them the silk rewards that the soldiers being sent on a campaign were accustomed to receive; rather, he had to take silk out of his own personal wealth, but was only able to pay half as much. Further, the eunuch monitor Lü Yizhong (呂義忠), then with Wang, was sending messages forcing the soldiers to get underway without staying at Taiyuan for New Year. The soldiers were angry and distressed, and Yang took this opportunity to start an uprising. He had the soldiers pillage the city and take control of the city of Taiyuan. Li Shi was forced to flee to Fen Prefecture (汾州, in modern Linfen, Shanxi). Yang subsequently entered into an alliance with Liu Zhen

In light of Yang's uprising, there were immediate calls among the imperial officials to stop the campaign against Zhaoyi, and even Wang Zai was calling for accepting Liu's surrender. Li Deyu opposed, and again reiterated that Liu's surrender should only be accepted if he and his family bound themselves. Under further advice by Li Deyu, who argued that Yang's uprising could not be tolerated, Emperor Wuzong ordered that the focus of the campaign be shifted, to concentrate on Yang first. To those ends, he ordered Li Shi and Lü to gather troops from nearby prefectures and try to recapture Taiyuan, while ordering Wang Feng to leave Hedong troops at Yushe and instead take troops previously sent by Yiwu (義武, headquartered in modern Baoding, Hebei), Xuanwu, and Yanhai (兗海, headquartered in modern Jining, Shandong) Circuits to head toward Taiyuan. He also ordered Wang Yuankui to divert troops toward Taiyuan as well. This set a panic into the Hedong soldiers at Yushe, who were fearful that the soldiers from other circuits would slaughter their families if Taiyuan fell, so they volunteered to attack Yang with Lü as their commander. In less than a month after Yang took over Taiyuan, the Hedong troops under Lü recaptured the city and arrested Yang, who was subsequently delivered to Chang'an and executed.

Meanwhile, Li Deyu came to believe that, and he informed Emperor Wuzong that, Wang Zai was not putting more pressure on Ze Prefecture for two reasons—because Shi Xiong had been falsely accused by Wang Zai's father Wang Zhixing previously and therefore there was an enmity between the two men (and therefore, Wang Zai was concerned that attacking Ze Prefecture harder would allow Shi to take the chance to capture Lu Prefecture); and that Wang Zai's biological son Wang Yanshi (王晏實), whom Wang Zhixing had adopted as a son and therefore was legally Wang Zai's brother, was the prefect of one of the Zhaoyi prefectures, Ci Prefecture (磁州, in modern Handan) and had been detained by Liu. Emperor Wuzong thus sent Wang Zai an edict in which he again ordered him to advance, and further pressured Wang Zai by moving Liu Mian, who was then the military governor of Yiwu, to Heyang.

Around the same time, Emperor Wuzong had begun to favor a Taoist monk, Zhao Guizhen (趙歸真), despite the advisory officials' advice against it. Emperor Wuzong had to assure Li Deyu that he would not be affected in his policy decisions by Zhao. Meanwhile, Li Deyu was also gaining intelligence information from Zhaoyi officers who surrendered, and was directing Wang Zai, Wang Feng, and He Hongjing in their tactics.

By this point, the Zhaoyi soldiers at Xing, Ming, and Ci Prefectures had been tired out by the war and enraged with Liu Zhen's trusted officer Liu Xi (劉溪), who was collecting taxes even from the soldiers' family members, against the pleas by Liu Congjian's brother-in-law Pei Wen (裴問), whom Liu Zhen had put in charge of the three prefectures. Pei, also angered by Liu Xi and believing the situation to be hopeless, surrendered along with Wang Zhao (王釗) to Wang Yuankui and He Hongjing. At Li Deyu's urging, Emperor Wuzong quickly sent the imperially-commissioned military governor Lu Jun (盧均) to take over the three prefectures, before Wang Yuankui and He Hongjing could consider asking that the three prefectures be annexed to their circuits.

Upon the news of the three prefectures' surrender's arrival in Lu Prefecture, the people of Lu Prefecture became fearful. A group of officers, led by Liu Zhen's trusted officer Guo Yi (郭誼), persuaded Liu that the only way that the Liu clan could be saved was for him to allow them to kill him, present his head to the imperial government, and surrender. Liu thus allowed them to kill him without a fight—and Guo and his followers then nevertheless slaughtered the Liu clan and surrendered to the imperial government.

### After the Zhaoyi campaign

Emperor Wuzong immediately inquired of Li Deyu what his opinion was as to how to deal with Guo Yi. Li Deyu argued that Guo was untrustworthy—having been a major advocate of Liu Zhen's resistance of the imperial regime and then eventually betraying Liu—and Emperor Wuzong agreed, despite misgivings by Du Cong, then also chancellor. Emperor Wuzong thus ordered Shi Xiong to enter Lu Prefecture and, under guise that he was going to distribute commissions to Guo and the other officers involved in Liu's death at a feast, had them rounded up and arrested. Guo and the other officers were subsequently delivered to Chang'an and executed. Also under Emperor Wuzong's orders, Shi exhumed Liu Congjian's body and had it publicly displayed then cut into pieces. For Li Deyu's contributions, Emperor Wuzong created him the Duke of Zhao and gave him the honorary title of *Taiwei* (太尉, one of the Three Excellencies). (Subsequently, Li Deyu requested a different creation because Li Jifu also carried the title of Duke of Zhao, and he was not Li Jifu's oldest son, suggesting that he would prefer the title of Duke of Wei. Emperor Wuzong agreed and change his title accordingly.)

After the Zhaoyi campaign, Li Deyu was becoming even more powerful in Emperor Wuzong's government, but he was also drawing resentment for his harshness. For example, after the end of the campaign, he had Emperor Wuzong issue an edict announcing that the family members of Li Xun, Wang Ya, and Jia Su, who had previously been sheltered by Liu Congjian and Liu Zhen after fleeing to Zhaoyi but whom Guo then executed, had been executed, referring to them as the family members of traitors. He further had the Zhaoyi officers who had previously surrendered list Liu Zhen's collaborators and were slaughtering them in large numbers, even though Lu Jun was arguing that too many people were being innocently killed. He further carried out reprisals against Li Zongmin and Niu Sengru, accusing them of having been in communications with Liu Congjian and Liu Zhen despite the lack of evidence—going as far as having Liu Congjian's secretary Zheng Qing (鄭慶) claim that whenever Liu Congjian received letters from Li Zongmin or Niu, he would read them and burn them. Emperor Wuzong, believing Li Deyu's accusations, had Li Zongmin and Niu demoted and exiled several times, eventually with Niu being made the secretary general of Xun Prefecture (循州, in modern Huizhou, Guangdong), and Li Zongmin stripped of all offices and exiled to Feng Prefecture (封州, in modern Zhaoqing, Guangdong).

In 845, Li Shen, then the military governor of Huainan, accused one of his subordinates, the magistrate of Jiangdu (江都, in modern Yangzhou), Wu Xiang (吳湘), whose uncle Wu Wuling (吳武陵) had long had an adversarial relationship with Li Deyu, of embezzlement and forcibly marrying the daughter of a commoner, Yan Yue (顏悅). Many advisory officials pointed out that the evidence against Wu Xiang was weak, and Emperor Wuzong sent the censors Cui Yuanzao (崔元藻) and Li Chou (李稠) to review the case. Cui and Li Chou reported that Wu Xiang did embezzle funds, but that his father-in-law Yan was not a commoner, nor was the marriage forced. Li Deyu, despite Cui's and Li Chou's report, nevertheless had Wu Xiang executed, and further, retaliating against Cui and Li Chou for their contrary reports, had them demoted and exiled.

Also in 845, apparently with Li Deyu's support, Emperor Wuzong ordered a general reduction in Buddhist and other temples, including those of Zoroastrian, only leaving two temples each at Chang'an and Luoyang, while each circuit and five large prefectures were allowed to retain one temple each. All other temples were destroyed, and the monks and nuns ordered to return to civilian life. The temples' lands were confiscated, while the building material used for the buildings, statues, and bells were seized to build governmental properties and mint money. (This was the third of the Three Disasters of Wu—major persecutions against Buddhism in Chinese history.)

Later in 845, at Li Deyu's suggestion, Emperor Wuzong established a special treasury for the purpose of border defense, setting aside funds for that purpose. Also, when Emperor Wuzong wanted to create his favorite concubine Consort Wang empress, Li Deyu opposed on the grounds that Consort Wang was of low birth and was sonless, so Emperor Wuzong did not do so. It was said that by this point, as Du Cong and Cui Xuan were no longer chancellors, Li Deyu wielded all the chancellor powers, such that even the eunuchs and Emperor Wuzong were becoming displeased with him. When the imperial attendant Wei Hongzhi (韋弘質) suggested that Li Deyu, as chancellor, should not further be in control of the imperial treasury, Li Deyu submitted a defense of himself and had Wei demoted, further angering other officials.

In spring 846, Emperor Wuzong, suffering from the effects of alchemists' pills designing to lead to immortality, became seriously ill, and the eunuchs decided on having Emperor Wuzong's uncle (Emperor Muzong's younger brother) Li Yi the Prince of Guang, who had been considered to be unintelligent, succeed Emperor Wuzong, and thus issued an edict in Emperor Wuzong's name creating Li Yi crown prince and changing Li Yi's name to Li Chen. When Emperor Wuzong thereafter died, Li Chen became emperor (as Emperor Xuānzong), and during the period of mourning, Li Deyu served as regent.

## During Emperor Xuānzong's reign

Emperor Xuānzong, however, was far from unintelligent, and had long resented Li Deyu's hold on power. On the day of his enthronement, Li Deyu served as the ceremonial presenter of the congratulatory notes from the imperial officials. After the ceremony was complete, Emperor Xuānzong stated to his attendants: "Was the person approaching me the *Taiwei*? Whenever he looked at me, my hairs were raised." The day after the mourning period was over, Emperor Xuānzong sent Li Deyu out of the capital to serve as the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (荊南, headquartered in modern Jingzhou, Hubei), continuing to carry the *Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi* title as an honorary title. It was said that given how long Li Deyu had been in power, it came as a complete shock to all involved that he would be sent out of the capital. Emperor Xuānzong subsequently also had a number of Li Deyu's associates sent out of the capital. Later in the year, the five former chancellors that Emperor Wuzong had exiled—Niu Sengru, Li Zongmin, Cui Gong, Yang Sifu, and Li Jue—were gradually moved closer to Chang'an (although Li Zongmin died before he could be moved). Li Deyu was subsequently made the defender of Luoyang, and no longer carried the honorary title of *Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi*. In 847, under the further accusations by Li Deyu's successor as chancellor, Bai Minzhong, Li Deyu was made a senior advisor to the crown prince—an entirely honorary title since there was no crown prince at the time—and ordered to have his office at Luoyang.

In fall 847, Wu Xiang's brother Wu Runa (吳汝納) submitted a petition arguing that Wu Xiang was improperly executed and accusing Li Shen and Li Deyu of causing the improper execution. Emperor Xuānzong recalled Cui Yuanzao from exile and had him give an account of the case to the Office of the Imperial Censors, which subsequently submitted a report agreeing that Wu Xiang was improperly executed. As a result, Li Deyu was further demoted and exiled to be the military advisor to the prefect of Chao Prefecture (潮州, in modern Chaozhou, Guangdong). In fall 848, Li Deyu was further demoted to be the census officer at Yai Prefecture (崖州, in modern Haikou, Hainan), where Li Deyu died around the new year 850. It was said that his casket was allowed to be returned to be Chang'an and buried there only after intercession by the chancellor Linghu Tao—who had dreamed of Li Deyu's pleading with him to do so. However, Li Deyu's titles were only posthumously restored in 860, during the reign of Emperor Xuānzong's son Emperor Yizong, at the urging of the official Liu Ye.

## Posthumous perception

The lead editor of the *Old Book of Tang*, the Later Jin chancellor Liu Xu, had this to say about Li Deyu:

> When I, your subject, was young, I had often heard of the old people talking about the stories of the Duke of Wei. At that time, the Son of Heaven was bright and valiant, quick in decision, and the Duke personally engaged himself to pay the emperor back for his trust. The emperor listened to his advice, and much was accomplished. The relationship between emperor and subject was one that was not often seen for a thousand years. As I read about his advice within the palace and reports in the halls, he anticipated the enemies' moves and came with tactics that led to victories, by his own mind, just like how the famed bowman Yang Youji \[(養由基)\] would not miss with any of his arrows; he was indeed a rarely seen talent. As far as his literary abilities were concerned, Yan An \[(嚴安)\] and Sima Xiangru \[(both famed writers from the Han dynasty)\] could only serve as his scribes. As far as his governing abilities are concerned, not even Xiao He and Cao Can would deserve to sit at the same table as he. It is too harsh to accuse him of power-grabbing. However, what can most be criticized about him is this: he could not forget grudges, could not repay resentment with grace, and could not let disagreements go, but instead gathered opponents around himself. He was therefore effectively fighting commoners with swords and pick-axes, and as a result finally died at the humid sea, and this can be lamented. An old proverb talks about a man who robbed gold at the busy market in the capital because he could not see the passersby. While he was certainly talented, he did not know the proper way to act.

On the island of Hainan, Li Deyu has been commemorated in the Temple of Five Lords since the time of the Ming dynasty.

## In fiction

Played by Lau Dan, a fictionalized version of Li Deyu was portrayed in 2009 Hong Kong's TVB television series, Beyond the Realm of Conscience.

## Notes and references

1. Academia Sinica Chinese-Western Calendar Converter. Archived 2010-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
2. *Bo Yang Edition of the Zizhi Tongjian*, vol. 60 \[849\].
3. *Old Book of Tang*, vol. 174.
4. *Zizhi Tongjian*, vol. 241.
5. *Zizhi Tongjian*, vol. 243.
6. *Zizhi Tongjian*, vol. 244.
7. *Zizhi Tongjian*, vol. 245.
8. *Zizhi Tongjian*, vol. 246.
9. E.g., *Bo Yang Edition of the Zizhi Tongjian*, vol. 59 \[839\].
10. *Bo Yang Edition of the Zizhi Tongjian*, vol. 59 \[842\].
11. *Zizhi Tongjian*, vol. 247.
12. *Bo Yang Edition of the Zizhi Tongjian*, vol. 59 \[843\].
13. *Zizhi Tongjian*, vol. 248.
14. *New Book of Tang*, vol. 180.
15. *Bo Yang Edition of the Zizhi Tongjian*, vol. 60 \[845\].
16. *Zizhi Tongjian*, vol. 250.


title: WJDQ

abstract: WJDQ is a Top 40 (CHR) formatted radio station in Meridian, Mississippi.

text:
# WJDQ

**WJDQ** (101.3 FM, "Q101") is a Top 40 (CHR) formatted radio station in Meridian, Mississippi.

## History

Broadcasters and Publishers, Inc., received the construction permit for a new FM radio station in Meridian. When **WDAL-FM** hit the air in February 1968, it was the 24-hour counterpart to 1330 WDAL, simulcasting its country format during the day and airing contemporary music at night. The -FM suffix was dropped in 1976, and the station became **WJDQ** for the first time in 1979 and flipped to a Top 40/CHR station as "Q101". The station remained as a CHR format throughout the next three-and-a-half decades.

In 2006, WJDQ dropped its CHR format and became WMSO as "Miss 101" with a country format. On September 9, 2011, WMSO dropped its country format, flipped back to CHR, and returned back to its "Q101" branding. On October 7, 2011, WMSO changed their call letters back to WJDQ, which had previously been on the 95.1 frequency (now WJXM) in the intervening five years.

32°19′12″N 88°41′28″W / 32.320°N 88.691°W / 32.320; -88.691

## InfoBox

WJDQ
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Meridian, Mississippi |
| Frequency | 101.3 MHz |
| Branding | *Q101* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Top 40 (CHR) |
| Affiliations | Premiere Networks
United Stations Radio Networks
Westwood One |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Mississippi Broadcasters LLC |
| Sister stations | WYHL, WZKS, WOKK, WJXM, WMOG |
| History | |
| First air date | February 1968 (1968-02) (as WDAL-FM) |
| Former call signs | WDAL-FM (1968–1976)
WDAL (1976–1979)
WJDQ (1979–2006)
WYHL (2006)
WMSO (2006–2011) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 7067 |
| Class | C1 |
| ERP | 100,000 watts |
| HAAT | 176 meters |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | q101radio.net |


title: The Man!

abstract: The Man! is the second solo album by Leroy Hutson. The photography was by Joel Brodsky. The album expands on the lush arrangements of Love Oh Love.

text:
# The Man!

***The Man!*** is the second solo album by Leroy Hutson. The photography was by Joel Brodsky. The album expands on the lush arrangements of *Love Oh Love*.

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

## Track listing

1. "Can't Say Enough About Mom" (Leroy Hutson, Michael Hawkins) 6:14
2. "Gotta Move - Gotta Groove" (Daniel Reed, Quinton Joseph, Tony Green) 3:38
3. "Ella Weez" (Leroy Hutson, Michael Hawkins) 3:01
4. "Give This Love a Try" (Eugene Dixon, James Thompson) 3:35
5. "The Ghetto '74" (Donny Hathaway, Leroy Hutson) 4:34
6. "After The Fight" (Daniel Reed, Quinton Joseph, Tony Green) 3:17
7. "Could This Be Love" (Leroy Hutson, Michael Hawkins) 3:08
8. "Dudley Do-Right" (Daniel Reed, Quinton Joseph, Leroy Hutson) 3:44

## Personnel

* Leroy Hutson - clavinet, ARP synthesizer, electric piano, lead vocals
* Phil Upchurch \- guitar, sitar
* Quinton Joseph - drums
* Michael Hawkins - electric piano
* Joseph "Lucky" Scott - bass
* Fred Walker (Derf Reklaw) - bongos, congas, tabla
* Jerry Wilson - tenor and alto saxophone
* Janice Hutson, The Natural Four, Galaxy, Eulaulah Hathaway - backing vocals
* Jerry Long - arrangements

## Charts

| Year | Album | Chart positions | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US | US
R&B |
| 1974 | *The Man!* |  | 36 |
|

### Singles

| Year | Single | Chart positions | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US | US
R&B | US
Dance |
| 1974 | "Ella Weez" |  | 81 |  |
|

## InfoBox

| The Man! | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Leroy Hutson | |
| Released | 1974 |
| Recorded | Fall 1973–1974 |
| Studio | Curtom Studios, Chicago, Illinois |
| Genre | Soul, Chicago soul, R&B |
| Length | 31:11 |
| Label | Curtom |
| Producer | Leroy Hutson |
| Leroy Hutson chronology | |
| *Love Oh Love*
(1973) ***The Man!***
(1974) *Hutson*
(1975) | |


title: North Scott Community School District

abstract: The North Scott School District is a suburban public school district in Scott County, Iowa. Based in Eldridge, it spans 220 square miles (570 km⁲) in northern Scott County, and serves the cities of Eldridge, Dixon, Donahue, Long Grove, Maysville, McCausland, Princeton, a portion of northern Davenport, and the surrounding rural areas.

text:
# North Scott Community School District

The **North Scott School District** is a suburban public school district in Scott County, Iowa. Based in Eldridge, it spans 220 square miles (570 km2) in northern Scott County, and serves the cities of Eldridge, Dixon, Donahue, Long Grove, Maysville, McCausland, Princeton, a portion of northern Davenport, and the surrounding rural areas.

## History

Because of its central location in the new district, Eldridge was selected as the site for a new junior-senior high school building. The southwest corner of LeClaire Road and South First Street, at the time the east edge of town. Construction began in 1957, and was completed in time for the 1958-1959 school year.

North Scott's first superintendent was Charles Hahn; the first high school principal was Melvin Heiler. Heiler would succeed Hahn in 1964 and guided the district through a period of great growth during the late 1960s and 1970s. He retired in 1980, a year after a successful push for the construction of a 900-seat fine arts auditorium at the high school.

Elementary students in kindergarten through sixth grades continued to attending either rural one-room schoolhouses in various parts of the county (or if they lived in town, an older school building). Students assigned to a particular building depending their grade level and where they lived in the district. By 1961, district leaders began the first of several attempts to pass a bond issue to replace these older school buildings with modern elementary schools. After several failed attempts, voters finally approved a measure in July 1965 to build four elementary buildings: one each in Eldridge, Donahue, Long Grove and Princeton. The elementary buildings were completed by 1967, with each of them named after astronauts (in paying homage to the space program). The older school buildings were either converted for private uses or abandoned.

North Scott's enrollment continued to surge in the early 1970s, with several district buildings receiving additions to accommodate this growth. A new junior high building was erected in Eldridge in 1975 (and opened in January 1976), while another elementary school building - in the fast-growing Park View \- opened in the late summer of 1976. Several major additions have been completed to the high school through the years, most notably an auxiliary gymnasium in 1971, a fine arts auditorium in 1981, additional administrative offices in 1983, an expanded media center and computer labs in 1987 and a new science and fine arts wing in 1999. Each of the elementary schools and the junior high also received numerous additions in the late 1990s.

Dr. Tim Dose led the district as its superintendent from 2001 until his unexpected death on July 1, 2008. During his seven-year tenure as the district's top administrator, he was credited for leading the district through tough financial times, punctuated with the layoff of several teachers to offset declining revenue. He had most recently been a driving force in advocating the renewal of the district's physical plant and equipment levy and 1-cent local option sales tax, special funding mechanisms which provide school districts with extra revenue for building, technology and infrastructure projects. Dr. Dennis Rucker, who had served school districts in Illinois and Iowa during the past 30 years, was named interim superintendent a month later.

In March 2009, the school board named Jeff Schwiebert as its new superintendent. Schwiebert had served as superintendent of the Mount Vernon Community School District. During his time as superintendent, he oversaw the implementation of a facilities plan that included additions at the high school and several of the elementary schools, most notably a classroom and gymnasium addition at Ed White Elementary in Eldridge. That plan came into being after voters rejected an earlier proposal that included a second elementary school in Eldridge; there had been considerable community debate on the need for the second Eldridge elementary school and its possible impact on outlying schools. Schwiebert announced his retirement in January 2014, and two months later, Joe Stutting, who had been superintendent of the Sturgeon Bay (Wisconsin) School District, was named superintendent. Early in Stutting's tenure, a major expansion of Ed White Elementary School in Eldridge was completed.

Other superintendents during North Scott's history were Robert "Bear" Stevens (1980–1984), Douglas Otto (1984–1987) and Pascal V. "Pat" DeLuca (1987–2001).

## List of schools

### High School

### Junior High School

* North Scott Junior High School, 502 S. Fifth St., Eldridge.

### Elementary schools

* Alan Shepard Elementary School, 220 W. Grove St., Long Grove
* Edward White Elementary School, 121 S. Fifth St., Eldridge
* John Glenn Elementary School, 308 N. Main St., Donahue
* Neil Armstrong Elementary School, 212 S. Park View Drive, Park View
* Virgil Grissom Elementary School, 500 Lost Grove Road, Princeton

## Facts and figures

### Enrollment

| Year | District-wide | High schools | Junior high schools | Elementary schools | Other programs & adjustments |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005–2006 | 3,008.6 | 1,055 | 487 | 1,517 | -50.4 |
| 2004–2005 | 2,972.4 | 1,073 | 489.1 | 1,461 | -50.7 |
| 2003-2004 | 3,129 | 1,065 | 484 | 1,554 | 26 |
| 2002-2003 | 3,108 | 1,043 | 533 | 1,510 | 22 |
| 2001-2002 | 3,040 | 985 | 536 | 1,504 | 15 |
| 2000-2001 | 3,088 | 978 | 517 | 1,593 | 0 |

* Eldridge Centennial Committee, "Eldridge, Iowa: 100 years, 1871-1971."
* "N. Scott District formed in 1956 is largest in Iowa," *The Observer*, DeWitt, Iowa, Centennial ed., July 1964.

## InfoBox

| North Scott Community School District | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Eldridge, IowaScott County United States | |
| District information | |
| Type | Local school district |
| Grades | K-12 |
| Established | 1956 |
| Superintendent | Joe Stutting |
| Schools | 7 |
| Budget | $44,410,000 (2020-21) |
| NCES District ID | 1920940 |
| Students and staff | |
| Students | 3463 (2022-23) |
| Teachers | 223.98 FTE |
| Staff | 230.22 FTE |
| Student–teacher ratio | 15.46 |
| Athletic conference | Mississippi Athletic Conference |
| District mascot | Lancers |
| Colors | Scarlet and Silver
 |
| Other information | |
| Website | www.north-scott.k12.ia.us |


title: Mackenzie Esporte Clube

abstract: Mackenzie Esporte Clube is a social, recreational and sports club from Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The club has tradition in forming new athletes, especially in women's volleyball. The most prominent athletes that started in the club are the two-times Olympic champion Sheilla Castro, and the Olympic bronze-medal winners Ana Paula Connelly and Érika Coimbra. Mackenzie holds the record of 15 Minas Gerais Women's Volleyball Championships. The club maintained a professional team in the Brazilian Women's Volleyball Superleague between the seasons 2007–08 and 2011–12.

text:
# Mackenzie Esporte Clube

**Mackenzie Esporte Clube** (short, just *Mackenzie*) is a social, recreational and sports club from Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The club has tradition in forming new athletes, especially in women's volleyball. The most prominent athletes that started in the club are the two-times Olympic champion Sheilla Castro, and the Olympic bronze-medal winners Ana Paula Connelly and Érika Coimbra.

Mackenzie holds the record of 15 Minas Gerais Women's Volleyball Championships. The club maintained a professional team in the Brazilian Women's Volleyball Superleague between the seasons 2007–08 and 2011–12.

## Women's Volleyball

### Initial Years and Team Creation

Volleyball is played in Mackenzie since its inception.

### 1950-1959

Mackenzie riled the volleyball in Minas Gerais in 50's, when the team won 7 state titles in a row, between the years 1952 and 1957. Also, the team won the city championship six times in a row. The main players in this period were Juraci Raso, Zezé. Miriam, Oraida, Mirtes, Zuzu, Margot, Josefina, Estela, Laís Turner and Lia de Freitas. The managers in the period were Hélcio Nunan and Mário Lopes. That was the beginning of the rivalry with Minas Tênis Clube. Both are located in the same neighborhood, and ruled the local Women's volleyball scene, jointly with Clube Atlético Mineiro.

### 1960-1969

In 1963 the club won its most important title: the Brazil Championship of Champion Clubs. The tournament was held in Juiz de Fora, and the other teams where Pinheiros (SP), Fluminense (RJ), e América (CE). The Mackenzie team was Lia de Freitas, Silene, Íris, Necy, Hilda, Leonésia, Carminha, Neusinha, Lúcia, Jacira e Rosinha. Betinho was the manager.

### 1970-1979

Once again in the 70's Mackenzie ruled the volleyball in Minas Gerais. The club won 7 state championships in a row. Also, it had meaningful campaigns in the national championship.

### 2000-present days

The club kept a professional Women's volleyball team in the Brazilian Superleague from the season 2007/2008 to 2011/2012. Its best campaign was in the season 2008/2009, when it finished in the 6th position. The team withdraw from disputing the Superleague 2012/2013 due to lack of sponsorship.

## InfoBox

Mackenzie Esporte Clube
|
|  |
| Company type | Traditional club |
| Founded | September 1, 1943 (1943-09-01) |
| Headquarters | Belo Horizonte, Brazil |
| Key people | Daniel Teodoro Santos Teixeira (president) |
| Website | Official Website |


title: 1901 Jamaican general election

text:
# 1901 Jamaican general election

General elections were held in Jamaica in January 1901. The newly elected Legislative Council was opened on 26 February.

## Background

During 1900 there had been protests from the elected members of the Legislative Council over the addition of four extra appointed members by the Governor (at the request of the British Secretary of State for the Colonies, Joseph Chamberlain) on 20 February. As a result, the 14 elected members had walked out of the Assembly. The following day they returned to make a formal protest, but would continue to abstain from involvement in the work of the Council.

Governor Olivier attempted to mediate by suggesting that the additional four members would only vote on matters of "paramount importance". However, after Chamberlain refused to make a commitment to the number of appointed members, the leader of the elected members circulated a manifesto to the others promising that they would continue to abstain from the Council if re-elected. After only five of the other 13 elected members signed it, the leader subsequently resigned and announced his retirement from politics.

## Results

Of the 14 members elected, only one indicated that they would refuse to take their seat, whilst the majority indicated that they would work within the constitution to remove the four additional members. The election also saw the first elected black member of the Council win a seat.

Voter turnout was low, with only 2,300 people out of 8,000 registered voters taking part.


title: Oakdale School (Madison, Indiana)

abstract: Oakdale School, also known as Building 401, is a historic one-room school building located within Big Oaks National Wildlife Refuge in Monroe Township, Jefferson County, Indiana. It was built in 1869, and is a one-story, rectangular limestone building. It measures 24 feet wide and 30 feet deep, and has a front gable roof. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.

text:
# Oakdale School (Madison, Indiana)

**Oakdale School**, also known as Building 401, is a historic one-room school building located within Big Oaks National Wildlife Refuge (formerly Jefferson Proving Ground) in Monroe Township, Jefferson County, Indiana. It was built in 1869, and is a one-story, rectangular limestone building. It measures 24 feet wide and 30 feet deep, and has a front gable roof.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Oakdale School | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Morgan Rd., Jefferson Proving Ground, Monroe Township, Jefferson County, Indiana |
| Coordinates | 38°50′24″N 85°25′33″W / 38.84000°N 85.42583°W / 38.84000; -85.42583 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1869 (1869) |
| Architectural style | Gable-front |
| NRHP reference No. | 93000432 |
| Added to NRHP | May 14, 1993 |


title: Spell Blanket

abstract: Spell Blanket is the first demo album by British indie electronic group Broadcast. It was released on 3 May 2024, through Warp Records. This album marks the fourth posthumous release by Broadcast after lead singer Trish Keenan's death in 2011, and the final release of unheard material from the group.

text:
# Spell Blanket

***Spell Blanket*** is the first demo album by British indie electronic group Broadcast. It was released on 3 May 2024, through Warp Records. This album marks the fourth posthumous release by Broadcast after lead singer Trish Keenan's death in 2011, and the final release of unheard material from the group.

## Background

In September 2023, group member James Cargill, who has taken on the role of managing Broadcast's remaining material, announced on Facebook that he would be issuing a collection of previously unreleased demos in early 2024. In March 2024, Warp Records announced the release of two demo albums: *Spell Blanket* in May 2024, and *Distant Call* in September 2024. These two releases are to be the final material released by Broadcast. *Spell Blanket* consists of unreleased demos by Keenan recorded to 4-track tapes and MiniDiscs that were intended for the follow-up to Broadcast's 2005 album *Tender Buttons*.

## Singles

The same day of the announcement, a track off each album was released, with *Spell Blanket*'s being a previously unheard song, "Follow the Light". Three other songs could be previously heard on Cargill's SoundCloud account: "The Song Before The Song Comes Out", "Where Are You?", and "Tunnel View".

In April 2024, a new single was released for the album, "The Games You Play". This demo is an vocal version of their instrumental song "DDL", which was featured on their 2006 compilation album *The Future Crayon*.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Mojo* |  |
| Pitchfork | 8.5/10 |
| *Record Collector* |  |
| *Uncut* | 9/10 |

Upon its release, *Spell Blanket* was met with critical acclaim. Piers Martin of *Uncut* gave the release a 9/10 rating, writing of how "It fills in gaps we didn't know were there, offers tantalizing clues to their unfinished fifth album, and somehow ends up enhancing their mystique, despite laying all the cards on the table." He praised Keenan's poetic lyrics and the variety of styles and textures that she and Cargill experiment with. Heather Phares of AllMusic also commended the lyrical work, noting "There's a fullness to Keenan's lyrics that brings out the empathy of her writing as well as its mystery and beauty", and calling it a "true privilege" to discover the "raw brilliance" of the music.

## Charts

| Chart (2024) | Peak position |
| --- | --- |
| UK Album Downloads (OCC) | 27 |
| UK Independent Albums (OCC) | 12 |
| UK Scottish Albums (OCC) | 38 |
| UK Vinyl Albums (OCC) | 31 |

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Trish Keenan and James Cargill

*Spell Blanket* track listing
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "The Song Before the Song Comes Out" | 0:41 |
| 2. | "March of the Fleas" | 2:08 |
| 3. | "Greater Than Joy" | 1:29 |
| 4. | "Mother Plays Games" | 1:55 |
| 5. | "My Marble Eye" | 0:32 |
| 6. | "Roses Red" | 2:53 |
| 7. | "Hip Bone to Hip Bone" | 1:17 |
| 8. | "Running Back to Me" | 2:04 |
| 9. | "I Blink You Blink" | 0:55 |
| 10. | "Infant Girl" | 1:08 |
| 11. | "I Run in Dreams" | 1:58 |
| 12. | "Luminous Image" | 0:54 |
| 13. | "A Little Light" | 1:22 |
| 14. | "Hairpin Memories" | 2:10 |
| 15. | "My Body" | 1:08 |
| 16. | "Follow the Light" | 2:39 |
| 17. | "Tunnel View" | 2:45 |
| 18. | "Where Are You?" | 1:56 |
| 19. | "Singing Game" | 0:39 |
| 20. | "I Want to Be Fine" | 3:51 |
| 21. | "The Games You Play" | 2:34 |
| 22. | "Grey Grey Skies" | 0:24 |
| 23. | "Puzzle" | 2:18 |
| 24. | "The Clock Is on Fire" | 2:52 |
| 25. | "Petal Alphabet" | 3:38 |
| 26. | "Tell Table" | 0:42 |
| 27. | "Fatherly Veil" | 3:23 |
| 28. | "Dream Power" | 0:58 |
| 29. | "Heartbeat" | 2:36 |
| 30. | "Call Sign" | 0:30 |
| 31. | "Crone Motion" | 0:55 |
| 32. | "Sleeping Bed" | 1:09 |
| 33. | "Join in Together" | 1:27 |
| 34. | "Colour in the Numbers" | 3:42 |
| 35. | "I Am the Bridge" | 0:48 |
| 36. | "Spirit House" | 2:19 |
| Total length: | | 64:39 |

## InfoBox

| Spell Blanket | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Demo album by Broadcast | |
| Released | 3 May 2024 (2024-05-03) |
| Length | 64:39 |
| Label | Warp |
| Broadcast chronology | |
| *Mother Is the Milky Way*
(2022) ***Spell Blanket***
(2024) *Distant Call*
(2024) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Spell Blanket* | |
| 1. "Follow the Light"
Released: 2024-03-21 2. "The Games You Play"
Released: 2024-04-16 | |
|  | |


title: Västra Nyland

abstract: Västra Nyland is a regional Swedish-language newspaper in Finland. The name of the newspaper translates into "The western part of the Nyland region", this region also being the area where the newspaper is circulated. The newspaper is informally called Västis.

text:
# Västra Nyland

***Västra Nyland*** is a regional Swedish-language newspaper in Finland. The name of the newspaper translates into "The western part of the Nyland region (of Finland)", this region also being the area where the newspaper is circulated. The newspaper is informally called *Västis*.

## History and profile

*Västra Nyland* was founded in 1881 by Theodor Neovius, and the first edition was published on 7 October the same year. The owner of the paper was a few families. Then Foreningen Konstsamfundet Association became the majority owner of it of which the headquarters is located in Ekenäs. The paper is published two times per week.

*Västra Nyland* is published in tabloid format and has been published by the KSF Media since 2008. The company also publishes *Hufvudstadsbladet*, *Östra Nyland*, *Hangötidningen*, *Borgåbladet* and *Loviisan Sanomat*. The paper has a liberal stance and has no political affiliation.

In 1996, the circulation of *Västra Nyland* was 10,823 copies. It was 10,033 copies in 2012.

The newspaper is a member of MIDAS (European Association of Daily Newspapers in Minority and Regional Languages).

## InfoBox

Västra Nyland
| Type | newspaper published 2 times per week |
| --- | --- |
| Format | Tabloid |
| Owner(s) | Foreningen Konstsamfundet Association |
| Publisher | KSF Media |
| Editor | Tommy Westerlund |
| Founded | 1881 |
| Language | Swedish |
| Headquarters | Ekenäs |
| Website | www.vastranyland.fi |


title: The Mock Turtle's Song

abstract: "The Mock Turtle's Song", also known as the "Lobster Quadrille", is a song recited by the Mock Turtle in Lewis Carroll's 1865 novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, accompanied by a dance. It was taught to him at school by his teacher called Tortoise.

text:
# The Mock Turtle's Song

"**The Mock Turtle's Song**", also known as the "**Lobster Quadrille**", is a song recited by the Mock Turtle in Lewis Carroll's 1865 novel *Alice's Adventures in Wonderland*, accompanied by a dance. It was taught to him at school by his teacher called Tortoise.

## Context

"The Lobster Quadrille" is a song written by Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (Lewis Carroll). It is a parody of "The Spider and the Fly" by Mary Botham Howitt. It appeared in Chapter 10 of Carroll's book *Alice's Adventures in Wonderland*, and was sung by a character in the book, the Mock Turtle.

The poem is very similar to "The Spider and the Fly" in its rhyme scheme, meter, and tone. The first lines of the two songs are as follows:

*Will you walk a little faster said a whiting to a snail...* (The Lobster Quadrille)

*Will you walk into my parlour said a spider to a fly...* (The Spider and the Fly)

The song fits into the flow of chapters 9 and 10, "The Mock Turtle's Story" and "The Lobster Quadrille", which are about the Mock Turtle's life and schooling under the sea. The whimsical lyrics feature animals such as porpoises, snails and lobsters. The snail is invited to join a dance in which he would be cast into the English Channel towards France, but he fearfully declines. The reason is left unspoken in the song, but France is known for its consumption of escargot.

## Lyrics

> "Will you walk a little faster?" said a whiting to a snail,
> "There's a porpoise close behind us, and he's treading on my tail.
> See how eagerly the lobsters and the turtles all advance!
> They are waiting on the shingle—will you come and join the dance?
> Will you, won't you, will you, won't you, will you join the dance?
> Will you, won't you, will you, won't you, won't you join the dance?
> "You can really have no notion how delightful it will be
> When they take us up and throw us, with the lobsters, out to sea!"
> But the snail replied "Too far, too far!" and gave a look askance—
> Said he thanked the whiting kindly, but he would not join the dance.
> Would not, could not, would not, could not, would not join the dance.
> Would not, could not, would not, could not, could not join the dance.
> "What matters it how far we go?" his scaly friend replied,
> "There is another shore, you know, upon the other side.
> The further off from England the nearer is to France—
> Then turn not pale, beloved snail, but come and join the dance.
> Will you, won't you, will you, won't you, will you join the dance?
> Will you, won't you, will you, won't you, won't you join the dance?"

## Settings

The song was performed by Franz Ferdinand (band) for the 2010 film *Alice in Wonderland*. The song was featured in the film's soundtrack.

The song was performed by the band The Four Postmen on their 1997 album *Looking for Grandpa* in an upbeat modern style.

The song was performed by the punk rock band Feederz on their 1986 album *Teachers in Space*.

The song was performed by Donald Fagen and Walter Becker (with Becker doing the lead vocals) as part of a number of demo songs recorded before they formed the band Steely Dan.

The song was set for chorus by Irving Fine in his "Three Choruses from *Alice in Wonderland*" (1942).

The poem was set to music by György Ligeti in his "Nonsense Madrigals" (1988/93).

The song is sung by a chorus to the "real" Alice in the 1985 film *Dreamchild*.

The song was included on The Simon Sisters' children's album, The Simon Sisters Sing the Lobster Quadrille and Other Songs for Children (1969).


abstract: The 1898 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina were held on November 8, 1898, to select seven Representatives for two-year terms from the state of South Carolina. Six Democratic incumbents were re-elected and the open seat was retained by the Democrats. The composition of the state delegation after the election was solely Democratic.

text:
# 1898 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina

The **1898 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina** were held on November 8, 1898, to select seven Representatives for two-year terms from the state of South Carolina. Six Democratic incumbents were re-elected and the open seat was retained by the Democrats. The composition of the state delegation after the election was solely Democratic.

## 1st congressional district

Incumbent Democratic Congressman William Elliott of the 1st congressional district, in office since 1897, defeated Republican challenger George W. Murray.

### General election results

South Carolina's 1st congressional district election results, 1898
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | William Elliott (incumbent) | 3,030 | 66.5 | +2.8 |
|  | Republican | George W. Murray | 1,529 | 33.5 | −2.8 |
|  | *No party* | Write-Ins | 1 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Majority | | | 1,501 | 33.0 | +3.2 |
| Turnout | | | 4,560 |  |  |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | | |

## 2nd congressional district

Incumbent Democratic Congressman W. Jasper Talbert of the 2nd congressional district, in office since 1893, defeated Republican challenger B.P. Chatfield.

### General election results

South Carolina's 2nd congressional district election results, 1898
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | W. Jasper Talbert (incumbent) | 4,013 | 97.0 | +4.6 |
|  | Republican | B.P. Chatfield | 122 | 2.9 | −4.4 |
|  | *No party* | Write-Ins | 4 | 0.1 | −0.2 |
| Majority | | | 3,891 | 94.1 | +9.0 |
| Turnout | | | 4,139 |  |  |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | | |

## 3rd congressional district

Incumbent Democratic Congressman Asbury Latimer of the 3rd congressional district, in office since 1893, won the Democratic primary and defeated Republican challenger John R. Tolbert in the general election.

### Democratic primary

| Democratic primary | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
|
| Asbury Latimer | 7,866 | 57.4 |
| George Johnstone | 3,621 | 26.5 |
| Julius E. Boggs | 2,210 | 16.1 |
|

### General election results

South Carolina's 3rd congressional district election results, 1898
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | Asbury Latimer (incumbent) | 9,746 | 96.6 | +4.6 |
|  | Republican | John R. Tolbert | 332 | 3.3 | −4.7 |
|  | *No party* | Write-Ins | 14 | 0.1 | +0.1 |
| Majority | | | 9,414 | 93.3 | +7.5 |
| Turnout | | | 10,092 |  |  |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | | |

## 4th congressional district

Incumbent Democratic Congressman Stanyarne Wilson of the 4th congressional district, in office since 1895, won the Democratic primary and defeated Republican challenger P.S. Suber in the general election.

### Democratic primary

| Democratic primary | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
|
| Stanyarne Wilson | 8,650 | 52.1 |
| Joseph T. Johnson | 7,089 | 42.7 |
| M.L. Donaldson | 872 | 5.2 |
|

### General election results

South Carolina's 4th congressional district election results, 1898
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | Stanyarne Wilson (incumbent) | 4,467 | 96.4 | +4.2 |
|  | Republican | P.S. Suber | 165 | 3.6 | −4.2 |
| Majority | | | 4,302 | 92.8 | −4.8 |
| Turnout | | | 4,632 |  |  |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | | |

## 5th congressional district

Incumbent Democratic Congressman Thomas J. Strait of the 5th congressional district, in office since 1893, lost the Democratic primary. David E. Finley defeated William A. Barber in the runoff and then Finley defeated Republican John F. Jones in the general election.

### Democratic primary

| Democratic primary | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
|
| David E. Finley | 4,072 | 35.8 |
| William A. Barber | 2,741 | 24.1 |
| Thomas J. Strait | 2,210 | 19.4 |
| William P. Pollock | 881 | 7.8 |
| J.K. Henry | 795 | 7.0 |
| E.J. Kennedy | 676 | 5.9 |
|

| Democratic primary runoff | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|
| David E. Finley | 6,301 | 55.3 | +19.5 |
| William A. Barber | 5,095 | 44.7 | +20.6 |
|

### General election results

South Carolina's 5th congressional district election results, 1898
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | David E. Finley | 4,230 | 100.0 | +9.0 |
|  | *No party* | Write-Ins | 1 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Majority | | | 4,229 | 100.0 | +18.0 |
| Turnout | | | 4,231 |  |  |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | | |

## 6th congressional district

Incumbent Democratic Congressman James Norton of the 6th congressional district, in office since 1897, defeated J. Edwin Ellerbe in the Democratic primary and Republican J.H. Evans in the general election.

### Democratic primary

| Democratic primary | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
|
| James Norton | 5,410 | 50.3 |
| J. Edwin Ellerbe | 5,353 | 49.7 |
|

### General election results

South Carolina's 6th congressional district election results, 1898
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | James Norton (incumbent) | 4,765 | 96.9 | +9.2 |
|  | Republican | J.H. Evans | 151 | 3.1 | −9.1 |
| Majority | | | 4,614 | 93.8 | +14.0 |
| Turnout | | | 4,916 |  |  |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | | |

## 7th congressional district

Incumbent Democratic Congressman J. William Stokes of the 7th congressional district, in office since 1896, defeated Thomas F. Brantley in the Democratic primary and Republican James Weston in the general election.

### Democratic primary

| Democratic primary | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
|
| J. William Stokes | 8,242 | 67.6 |
| Thomas F. Brantley | 3,951 | 32.4 |
|

### General election results

South Carolina's 7th congressional district election results, 1898
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | J. William Stokes (incumbent) | 4,433 | 89.8 | +4.2 |
|  | Republican | James Weston | 505 | 10.2 | −4.4 |
| Majority | | | 3,928 | 79.6 | +8.2 |
| Turnout | | | 4,938 |  |  |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | | |

* Jordan, Frank E. *The Primary State: A History of the Democratic Party in South Carolina, 1876-1962*. pp. 104, 109, 113, 118, 122.
* "Report of D.H. Tompkins, Secretary of State, to the General Assembly of South Carolina." *Reports and Resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina*. Volume I. Columbia, SC: The Bryan Printing Company, 1899, pp. 252–255.


title: North Sea flood of 2007

abstract: Cyclone Tilo was a European windstorm which affected northern and western Europe in early November 2007. Combining with the remnants of Hurricane Noel, Tilo's storm surge led to the North Sea flood of 2007, affecting the coastlines of the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Germany, Denmark, Norway and Belgium, starting on the night of 8–9 November 2007.

text:
# North Sea flood of 2007

**Cyclone Tilo** (also known as **Cyclone Andrea** in Norway) was a European windstorm which affected northern and western Europe in early November 2007. Combining with the remnants of Hurricane Noel, Tilo's storm surge led to the **North Sea flood of 2007**, affecting the coastlines of the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Germany, Denmark, Norway and Belgium, starting on the night of 8–9 November 2007.

## Meteorological history

Cyclone Tilo absorbed the extratropical remnants of ex-Hurricane Noel on 7 November, before rapidly intensifying, which paved the way for the stronger upstream storm Tilo. The jet stream was diverted to the north by a strong ridge of high pressure to the west of Ireland in the Atlantic Ocean, forcing the jet stream over the north of Greenland and back towards Europe. The unusually long fetch was considered important in the potential destructiveness of the storm, stretching down from the Norwegian Sea into the North Sea before reaching the east coast of England and the Dutch and German coasts. In combination with a high tide, the tidal level was expected to exceed 3 metres (9.8 ft) above normal sea levels.

## Impact

The flood and waves were expected to overwhelm sea defences and cause extensive flooding; in particular, the coasts of Norfolk and Kent. However, in the event, the storm surge was 20 centimetres (7.9 in) less than forecast, and damage was relatively minor. The water level came to just 10 cm below the top of the sea wall surrounding Great Yarmouth.

Flood warnings were issued for the east coast of Britain and the entire Dutch coast. The Maeslantkering in the port city of Rotterdam was closed for the first time since its construction in 1997. Denmark and Germany issued severe gale warnings for winds gusts up to 125 km/h (78 mph), and the Scottish islands of Orkney and Shetland expected winds gusts up to 145 km/h (90 mph). Oil platforms off the coast of Norway were also closed for the duration of the storm. Felixstowe docks were closed and trains services were suspended between Lowestoft and Norwich due to flooding of the line.

In Scotland all schools in Orkney were closed with some closures also in Caithness and Sutherland. Wind gusts as high as 100 miles per hour (160 km/h) were reported, along with early snow for the Scottish highlands. The Northlink ferry company cancelled sailings between the Northern Isles. Caledonian MacBrayne also cancelled a dozen routes to the Western Isles. 4000 homes lost power in Grampian; there were also reports of trees and roofs being blown down. A rescue tug was called on to stand by a 240-foot (73 m) cargo ship struggling in the sea off Shetland. The A90 road was closed between Aberdeen and Peterhead after a lorry was blown over. A double-decker bus was blown off the road near Mintlaw in Aberdeenshire. There were also reports of a roof blown off in Fraserburgh.

## Aftermath

One other consequence of the storm was a record influx of little auks (a small Arctic seabird) into the North Sea, with a count of 18,371 from the Farne Islands on 9 November as they returned north, nearly double the previous record count, then further counts there of 7,143 on 10 November and 28,803 on 11 November.

North Norfolk District Council were left seeking to apply for compensation from the government's Bellwin scheme for natural disasters. Replacing damaged promenade handrails was estimated to cost £20,000, while council-owned beach chalets were estimated to cost more than £40,000 to mend. Inspections were also undertaken of the steel under Cromer pier, where waves had damaged the floor of the Pavilion Theatre.

## InfoBox

Cyclone Tilo
| Tilo over the North Sea on 8 November 2007Countries affected by the North Sea flood of 2007 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Type | European windstorm, Extratropical |
| Formed | 6 November 2007 |
| Dissipated | 11 November 2007 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Lowest pressure | 974 hPa (28.8 inHg) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Areas affected | Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, Norway and United Kingdom |


title: Mac Cuan

abstract: Ronald "Mac" Cuan is a Filipino professional basketball coach and former collegiate player who is currently an assistant coach for the Iloilo United Royals in the MPBL.

text:
# Mac Cuan

**Ronald "Mac" Cuan** is a Filipino professional basketball coach and former collegiate player who is currently an assistant coach for the Iloilo United Royals in the MPBL.

## Playing

A former De La Salle Green Archer, he drafted and played for Sta. Lucia Realtors for two seasons.

## Coaching

### Early career

He served as an assistant coach for his alma mater La Salle specializing on video coordinator, and for San Miguel Beermen in the ABL.

### PBA

Cuan was the lead assistant of the GlobalPort Batang Pier in 2014 to 2016.

### Alab Pilipinas

Cuan became the head coach of Alab Pilipinas for its founding season in 2016. He was later demoted and replaced by Jimmy Alapag.

### MPBL

Cuan served as head coach for the sole season of Mandaluyong El Tigre, but replaced in mid-season. He was later hired by Imus Bandera to be their head coach but was replaced early.

He serves as an assistant coach for the Iloilo United Royals.

## Personal

He is the older brother of former UST Growling Tiger and UAAP champion, Japs Cuan.

## InfoBox

Mac Cuan
| Iloilo United Royals | |
| --- | --- |
| Position | Assistant coach |
| League | MPBL |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1978-03-26) March 26, 1978 |
| Nationality | Filipino |
| Listed height | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) |
| Career information | |
| High school | Claret School of Quezon City |
| College | De La Salle |
| PBA draft | 2004: 2nd round, 17th overall pick |
| Selected by the Sta. Lucia Realtors | |
| Playing career | 2004–2006 |
| Position | Guard |
| Coaching career | 2011–present |
| Career history | |
| As player: | |
| 2004–2006 | Sta. Lucia Realtors |
| As coach: | |
| 2011–2012 | De La Salle (assistant) |
| 2013–2014 | San Miguel Beermen (ABL) (assistant) |
| 2014–2016 | GlobalPort Batang Pier (assistant) |
| 2016–2017 | Alab Pilipinas |
| 2017–2020 | San Miguel Alab Pilipinas (assistant) |
| 2018–2019 | Mandaluyong El Tigre |
| 2019 | Imus Bandera |
| 2023–present | Iloilo United Royals (assistant) |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
| **As player:** **As assistant coach:**<br>* ABL champion (2018) | |
|  | |


title: 1871 in poetry

abstract:
'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;
All mimsy were the borogoves,
And the mome raths outgrabe. "Beware the Jabberwock, my son!
The jaws that bite, the claws that catch!
Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun
The frumious Bandersnatch!" — From Lewis Carroll's "Jabberwocky", published as part of Through the Looking Glass Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature.

text:
# 1871 in poetry

> 'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
>
> Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;
> All mimsy were the borogoves,
> And the mome raths outgrabe.
> "Beware the Jabberwock, my son!
> The jaws that bite, the claws that catch!
> Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun
>
> The frumious Bandersnatch!"

— From Lewis Carroll's "Jabberwocky", published as part of *Through the Looking Glass*

Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).

## Events

* April – French author Victor Hugo moves to Brussels to take care of the family of his son, who has just died, but closely follows events in the Paris Commune, on April 21 publishing the poem "Pas de représailles" (No reprisals) and on June 11 writing the poem "Sur une barricade" (On the barricade).

## Works published in English

### United Kingdom

Death years link to the corresponding "\[year\] in poetry" article:

### United States

### Works published in other languages

## Births

Death years link to the corresponding "\[year\] in poetry" article:

## Deaths

Death years link to the corresponding "\[year\] in poetry" article:

## InfoBox

| List of years in poetry (table) |
| --- |
|  |
| In literature 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 |
| *+...* |


title: Octatropine methylbromide

abstract: Octatropine methylbromide (INN) or anisotropine methylbromide (USAN), trade names Valpin, Endovalpin, Lytispasm and others, is a muscarinic antagonist and antispasmodic. It was introduced to the U.S. market in 1963 as an adjunct in the treatment of peptic ulcer, and promoted as being more specific to the gastrointestinal tract than other anticholinergics, although its selectivity was questioned in later studies. Octatropine has been superseded by more effective agents in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease, and is no longer used. It is still sold in some countries in combination with other drugs, such as phenobarbital and metamizole.

text:
# Octatropine methylbromide

**Octatropine methylbromide** (INN) or **anisotropine methylbromide** (USAN), trade names **Valpin**, **Endovalpin**, **Lytispasm** and others, is a muscarinic antagonist and antispasmodic. It was introduced to the U.S. market in 1963 as an adjunct in the treatment of peptic ulcer, and promoted as being more specific to the gastrointestinal tract than other anticholinergics, although its selectivity was questioned in later studies.

Octatropine has been superseded by more effective agents in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease, and is no longer used. It is still sold in some countries in combination with other drugs, such as phenobarbital and metamizole.

## InfoBox

Octatropine methylbromide
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Clinical data | |
| Other names | 8-Methyltropinium bromide 2- propylvalerate |
| Routes of
administration | Oral |
| ATC code | * none |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 10 to 25% (oral) |
| Protein binding | Unknown |
| Metabolism | Hepatic |
| Elimination half-life | Unknown |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * (*endo*)-8,8-dimethyl-8-azoniabicyclo\[3.2.1\]octan-3-yl\] 2-propylpentanoate bromide | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| DrugBank |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| KEGG |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.001.169 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C17H32BrNO2 |
| Molar mass | 362.352 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * CCCC(CCC)C(=O)O\[C@H\]1C\[C@H\]2CC\[C@@H\](C1)\[N+\]2(C)C.\[Br-\] | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C17H32NO2.BrH/c1-5-7-13(8-6-2)17(19)20-16-11-14-9-10-15(12-16)18(14,3)4;/h13-16H,5-12H2,1-4H3;1H/q+1;/p-1/t14-,15+,16+; N * Key:QSFKGMJOKUZAJM-CNKDKAJDSA-M N | |
| NY (what is this?)  (verify) | |


title: Nat-in

abstract: Nat-in is a village in Kale Township, Kale District, in the Sagaing Region of western Burma.

text:
# Nat-in

**Nat-in** is a village in Kale Township, Kale District, in the Sagaing Region of western Burma.

## InfoBox

| Nat-in | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Nat-inLocation in Burma | |
| Coordinates: 22°52′N 94°7′E / 22.867°N 94.117°E / 22.867; 94.117 | |
| Country | Burma |
| Region | Sagaing Region |
| District | Kale District |
| Township | Kale Township |
| Time zone | UTC+6.30 (MST) |


title: Spingo

abstract: Spingo is a generic name for a collection of beers brewed solely in the brewery of the Blue Anchor Inn in Coinagehall Street, Helston, Cornwall, England, UK.

text:
# Spingo

**Spingo** (meaning strong beer in Old English) is a generic name for a collection of beers brewed solely in the brewery of the Blue Anchor Inn in Coinagehall Street, Helston, Cornwall, England, UK.

## Varieties

Spingo IPA 4.5% ABV

A hoppy IPA that was originally brewed for Queen Elizabeth II's Golden Jubilee in 2002 and is described as having a "clean hoppy taste".

Spingo Middle 5.0% ABV

A traditional sweet Cornish bitter, originally brewed to welcome home those men who fought in the First World War. It is described as "mid brown with a fruity hint". Also available in bottles.

Spingo Bragget 6% ABV

Brewed without the addition of hops, this old ale is sweet, being made with honey and balanced out with apples. Originally brewed in 2001 to celebrate the anniversary of Helston's first charter, which was granted in 1201; it is described as "deceptively smooth, with a sweet taste".

Spingo Special, 6.5% ABV

A bitter, brewed for the first time to celebrate the marriage of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer, described as "Dark in colour and sweet in taste".

Spingo Christmas / Easter Special 7.4% ABV

A seasonal brew.

Spingo Flora Daze 4.0% ABV

A well hopped beer, finished with aroma hops.

## Coinage Hall

Opposite the Blue Anchor Inn, and in the middle of the main street, was situated Helston's Coinage Hall, where tin was brought for coinage under the stannary system.

## Further reading

* Protz, Roger (2000) *Britain's 500 Best Pubs*. London: Carlton Books ISBN 978-1-85868-826-8;; pp. 64-65