title: Small nucleolar RNA U2-30

abstract:
In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA U2-30 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA U2-30 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs. snoRNA U2-30 directs 2'-O-methylation of U2 spliceosomal RNA A-30.

text:
# Small nucleolar RNA U2-30

In molecular biology, **Small nucleolar RNA U2-30** is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA. snoRNA U2-30 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs. snoRNA U2-30 directs 2'-O-methylation of U2 spliceosomal RNA A-30.

## InfoBox

| Small nucleolar RNA U2-30 | |
| --- | --- |
| Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of snoU2-30 | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | snoU2-30 |
| Rfam | RF00493 |
| Other data | |
| RNA type | Gene; snRNA; snoRNA; CD-box |
| Domain(s) | Eukaryota |
| GO | GO:0006396  GO:0005730 |
| SO | SO:0000593 |
| PDB structures | PDBe |


title: The Art of Storytelling

abstract: The Art of Storytelling is the fourth studio album by British-American rapper Slick Rick. Originally scheduled for a February 1999 release, it was ultimately released May 25, 1999, by Def Jam Recordings. The album features production from DJ Clark Kent and Kid Capri, among others. Upon its release, The Art of Storytelling proved to be Slick Rick's highest-charting album, peaking at number eight on the Billboard 200, and number one on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, and was certified gold by the RIAA within a month of its release.

text:
# The Art of Storytelling

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Billboard* | (favorable) |
| Robert Christgau | A− |
| *Entertainment Weekly* | B+ |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |
| *The Source* |  |
| *Spin* | (7/10) |
| *USA Today* |  |
| *Vibe* | (favorable) |
| *The Washington Post* | (favorable) |

***The Art of Storytelling*** is the fourth studio album by British-American rapper Slick Rick. Originally scheduled for a February 1999 release, it was ultimately released May 25, 1999, by Def Jam Recordings. The album features production from DJ Clark Kent and Kid Capri, among others. Upon its release, *The Art of Storytelling* proved to be Slick Rick's highest-charting album, peaking at number eight on the *Billboard* 200, and number one on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, and was certified gold by the RIAA within a month of its release.

## Track listing

Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Jail Skit" (featuring Ed Lover, Redman & Rev Run) |  | Bimmy Antney | 1:20 |
| 2. | "Kill Niggaz" |  | DJ Clark Kent | 2:50 |
| 3. | "Street Talkin'" (featuring Outkast) |  | Jazze Pha | 3:41 |
| 4. | "Me & Nas Bring It to Your Hardest" (featuring Nas) |  |  | 2:36 |
| 5. | "I Own America Part I" |  |  | 3:09 |
| 6. | "Bugsy Radio Skit" |  | Bimmy Antney | 0:19 |
| 7. | "Who Rotten 'Em" | * Walters * Junod Etienne | Nod | 3:28 |
| 8. | "2 Way Street" | * Walters * Franklin | DJ Clark Kent | 3:33 |
| 9. | "King Piece In The Chess Game" (featuring Canibus) |  | Tyrone Fyffe | 3:20 |
| 10. | "Trapped In Me" |  | Rashad Smith | 3:42 |
| 11. | "Impress The Kid" | * Walters * Shampelle Everett | S&S | 3:34 |
| 12. | "Q-Tip & Peter Gunz Skit" |  | Bimmy Antney | 0:35 |
| 13. | "I Run This" |  |  | 4:09 |
| 14. | "Frozen" (featuring Raekwon) |  |  | 3:12 |
| 15. | "Why, Why, Why" |  | * DJ Clark Kent * Slick Rick | 3:23 |
| 16. | "Adults Only" |  | Dame Grease | 4:16 |
| 17. | "Memories" |  | DJ Clark Kent | 4:06 |
| 18. | "Unify" (featuring Snoop Dogg) |  | Kid Capri | 3:59 |
| 19. | "Bugsy Radio Skit" |  | Bimmy Antney | 0:18 |
| 20. | "I Own America Part 2" |  | * Colleone & Webb * Bimmy Antney (co.) | 3:30 |
| 21. | "CEO Outro" |  | Slick Rick | 0:05 |

Bonus tracks
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 22. | "We Turn It On" (featuring Doug E. Fresh) |  | Vada Nobles | 3:35 |
| 23. | "La Di Da Di (Live)" (featuring Doug E. Fresh) | * Walters * Davis | Slick Rick | 4:37 |
| 24. | "The Show (Live)" (featuring Doug E. Fresh) | * Walters * Davis | Slick Rick | 6:09 |

**Sample credits**

## Charts

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 500,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| The Art of Storytelling | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Slick Rick | |
| Released | May 25, 1999 |
| Recorded | 1998–1999 |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Length | 73:28 |
| Label | Def Jam |
| Producer |  |
| Slick Rick chronology | |
| *Behind Bars*
(1994) ***The Art of Storytelling***
(1999) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *The Art of Storytelling* | |
| 1. "Street Talkin'"
Released: September 4, 1999 | |
|  | |


title: Vein (geology)

abstract: In geology, a vein is a distinct sheetlike body of crystallized minerals within a rock. Veins form when mineral constituents carried by an aqueous solution within the rock mass are deposited through precipitation. The hydraulic flow involved is usually due to hydrothermal circulation. Veins are classically thought of as being planar fractures in rocks, with the crystal growth occurring normal to the walls of the cavity, and the crystal protruding into open space. This certainly is the method for the formation of some veins. However, it is rare in geology for significant open space to remain open in large volumes of rock, especially several kilometers below the surface. Thus, there are two main mechanisms considered likely for the formation of veins: open-space filling and crack-seal growth.

text:
# Vein (geology)

In geology, a **vein** is a distinct sheetlike body of crystallized minerals within a rock. Veins form when mineral constituents carried by an aqueous solution within the rock mass are deposited through precipitation. The hydraulic flow involved is usually due to hydrothermal circulation.

Veins are classically thought of as being planar fractures in rocks, with the crystal growth occurring normal to the walls of the cavity, and the crystal protruding into open space. This certainly is the method for the formation of some veins. However, it is rare in geology for significant open space to remain open in large volumes of rock, especially several kilometers below the surface. Thus, there are two main mechanisms considered likely for the formation of veins: *open-space filling* and *crack-seal growth*.

## Open space filling

Open space filling is the hallmark of epithermal vein systems, such as a stockwork, in greisens or in certain skarn environments. For open space filling to take effect, the confining pressure is generally considered to be below 0.5 GPa, or less than 3–5 km (2–3 mi). Veins formed in this way may exhibit a colloform, agate-like habit, of sequential selvages of minerals which radiate out from nucleation points on the vein walls and appear to fill up the available open space. Often evidence of fluid boiling is present. Vugs, cavities and geodes are all examples of open-space filling phenomena in hydrothermal systems.

Alternatively, hydraulic fracturing may create a breccia which is filled with vein material. Such breccia vein systems may be quite extensive, and can form the shape of tabular dipping sheets, diatremes or laterally extensive mantos controlled by boundaries such as thrust faults, competent sedimentary layers, or cap rocks.

## Crack-seal veins

On the macroscopic scale, the formation of veins is controlled by fracture mechanics, providing the space for minerals to precipitate. Failure modes are classified as (1) shear fractures, (2) extensional fractures, and (3) hybrid fractures, and can be described by the Mohr-Griffith-Coulomb fracture criterion. The fracture criterion defines both the stress required for fracturing and the fracture orientation, as it is possible to construct on a Mohr diagram the shear fracture envelope that separates stable from unstable states of stresses. The shear fracture envelope is approximated by a pair of lines that are symmetric across the σn axis. As soon as the Mohr circle touches the lines of the fracture envelope that represent a critical state of stress, a fracture will be generated. The point of the circle that first touches the envelope represents the plane along which a fracture forms. A newly formed fracture leads to changes in the stress field and tensile strength of the fractured rock and causes a drop in stress magnitude. If a stress increases again, a new fracture will most likely be generated along the same fracture plane. This process is known as the crack-seal mechanism

Crack-seal veins are thought to form quite quickly during deformation by precipitation of minerals within incipient fractures. This happens swiftly by geologic standards, because pressures and deformation mean that large open spaces cannot be maintained; generally the space is in the order of millimeters or micrometers. Veins grow in thickness by reopening of the vein fracture and progressive deposition of minerals on the growth surface as well as being decomposable .

## Tectonic implications

Veins generally need either hydraulic pressure in excess of hydrostatic pressure (to form hydraulic fractures or hydrofracture breccias) or they need open spaces or fractures, which requires a plane of extension within the rock mass.

In all cases except brecciation, therefore, a vein measures the plane of extension within the rock mass, give or take a sizeable bit of error. Measurement of enough veins will statistically form a plane of principal extension.

In ductilely deforming compressional regimes, this can in turn give information on the stresses active at the time of vein formation. In extensionally deforming regimes, the veins occur roughly normal to the axis of extension.

## Mineralization and veining

Veins are common features in rocks and are evidence of fluid flow in fracture systems. Veins provide information on stress, strain, pressure, temperature, fluid origin and fluid composition during their formation. Typical examples include gold lodes, as well as skarn mineralisation. Hydrofracture breccias are classic targets for ore exploration as there is plenty of fluid flow and open space to deposit ore minerals.

Ores related to hydrothermal mineralisation, which are associated with vein material, may be composed of vein material and/or the rock in which the vein is hosted.

### Gold-bearing veins

In many gold mines exploited during the gold rushes of the 19th century, vein material alone was typically sought as ore material. In most of today's mines, ore material is primarily composed of the veins and some component of the wall rocks which surrounds the veins.

The difference between 19th-century and 21st-century mining techniques and the type of ore sought is based on the grade of material being mined and the methods of mining which are used. Historically, hand-mining of gold ores permitted the miners to pick out the lode quartz or reef quartz, allowing the highest-grade portions of the lodes to be worked, without dilution from the unmineralised wall rocks.

Today's mining, which uses larger machinery and equipment, forces the miners to take low-grade waste rock in with the ore material, resulting in dilution of the grade.

However, today's mining and assaying allows the delineation of lower-grade bulk tonnage mineralisation, within which the gold is invisible to the naked eye. In these cases, veining is the subordinate host to mineralisation and may only be an indicator of the presence of metasomatism of the wall-rocks which contains the low-grade mineralisation.

For this reason, veins within hydrothermal gold deposits are no longer the exclusive target of mining, and in some cases gold mineralisation is restricted entirely to the altered wall rocks within which entirely barren quartz veins are hosted.


title: Muisca architecture

abstract: This article describes the architecture of the Muisca. The Muisca, inhabiting the central highlands of the Colombian Andes, were one of the four great civilizations of the Americas. Unlike the three civilizations in present-day Mexico and Peru, they did not construct grand architecture of solid materials. While specialising in agriculture and gold-working, cloths and ceramics, their architecture was rather modest and made of non-permanent materials as wood and clay. Evidence for the Muisca architecture relies on archaeological excavations performed since the mid 20th century. In recent years larger areas showing evidence of the Early Muisca architecture have been uncovered, the biggest of them in Soacha, Cundinamarca. All of the original houses and temples have been destroyed by the Spanish conquerors and replaced with colonial architecture. Reconstructions of some houses (bohíos) and the most important temple in the Muisca religion; the Temple of the Sun in Sogamoso, called Sugamuxi by the Muisca, have been built in the second half of the 20th century. Notable scholars who have contributed to the knowledge about the Muisca architecture are Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, who made the first contact with the Muisca, early 17th century friars Pedro Simón and Juan de Castellanos later bishop Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita and modern archaeologists Eliécer Silva Celis, Sylvia Broadbent, Carl Henrik Langebaek and others.

text:
# Muisca architecture

This article describes the **architecture** of the **Muisca**. The Muisca, inhabiting the central highlands of the Colombian Andes (Altiplano Cundiboyacense and the southwestern part of that the Bogotá savanna), were one of the four great civilizations of the Americas. Unlike the three civilizations in present-day Mexico and Peru (the Aztec, Maya, and the Incas), they did not construct grand architecture of solid materials. While specialising in agriculture and gold-working, cloths and ceramics, their architecture was rather modest and made of non-permanent materials as wood and clay.

Evidence for the Muisca architecture relies on archaeological excavations performed since the mid 20th century. In recent years larger areas showing evidence of the Early Muisca architecture have been uncovered, the biggest of them in Soacha, Cundinamarca. All of the original houses and temples have been destroyed by the Spanish conquerors and replaced with colonial architecture. Reconstructions of some houses (*bohíos*) and the most important temple in the Muisca religion; the Temple of the Sun in Sogamoso, called Sugamuxi by the Muisca, have been built in the second half of the 20th century.

Notable scholars who have contributed to the knowledge about the Muisca architecture are Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, who made the first contact with the Muisca, early 17th century friars Pedro Simón and Juan de Castellanos later bishop Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita and modern archaeologists Eliécer Silva Celis, Sylvia Broadbent, Carl Henrik Langebaek and others.

## Background

The Altiplano Cundiboyacense, the high plateau in the Colombian Andes, has been inhabited for at least 12,400 years, with the earliest evidence in El Abra, Tibitó and Tequendama. During this era, the paleoclimate and flora and fauna were different from today. It was the end of the Pleistocene, when stadials and interstadials intercalated and the glaciers in the Eastern Ranges were advancing and retreating. When the first hunter-gatherers arrived from the north (the Caribbean coast and earlier from Central America), they encountered still the Pleistocene megafauna on the highlands; *Cuvieronius*, *Stegomastodon*, *Haplomastodon* and *Equus andium* in particular.

During this time and age, as is evidenced in archaeological excavations at various sites on the Altiplano, the people lived in caves and rock shelters. The prehistorical period was followed by the Herrera Period, commonly dated at 800 BCE to 800 CE. It was in this era that the agricultural advancement, that started in the latest preceramic times, caused a change towards population of the plains, away from the caves and rock shelters. This also led to an increase in population which was modest in the early Herrera Period and more pronounced towards the end of it; the start of the Muisca Period at around 800 CE. Further population growth and a more stratified society is observed in archaeological analysis of the Late Muisca Period, from 1200 CE onwards. The first contact with the Muisca happened in 1537 by the troops of conquistador and explorer Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada and his brother Hernán.

## Muisca architecture

### Houses and settlements

The houses of the Muisca, called *bohíos* or *malokas*, were circular structures made of poles of wood and walls of clay, with a conical reed roof. A long beam of wood supported the roof in the centre of the round structure and was attached to the wooden poles. The interior of the roof was decorated with cloths with thin strokes of different colours. On the floor fine straw was placed. Some *bohíos*, probably those of the *caciques* had ceramic floors, as evidenced by findings in Mosquera. This was atypical for the Muisca houses.

Although the Spanish chroniclers have reported "great populations" of the Muisca territories, the people lived in small settlements, described by the Spanish conquerors as "dispersed homesteads". As the Maya people, the Muisca related the smaller settlements with their effective agriculture. Houses on the Bogotá savanna were built on slightly elevated areas to prevent them from floodings of the various rivers, humedales and swamps, characteristic of the area. Each community had their own farmlands and hunting grounds surrounding their houses. The houses were constructed around a central square with the house of the *cacique* in the centre. Two or more "gates" in the *cercado* (enclosure) gave access to the village. The exact number of houses in the villages remains unclear and requires more archaeological work. De Quesada described villages of 10 up to 100 houses. The Late Muisca Period, commonly defined as 1200–1537, is characterised by denser population and larger communities, especially in Suba and Cota with more dispersed housing in the vicinity.

Excavations in the Las Delicias neighbourhood of Bogotá, on an alluvial terrace of the Tunjuelito River in 1990, exposed six circular structures of 4.6 metres (15 ft) in diameter, which is slightly smaller than living spaces found in other areas, e.g. in Facatativá (5 metres (16 ft)). The occupation of these houses has been dated from the start of the Muisca Period until the colonial period. The living space was occupied in two stages, starting from 950 BCE, followed by a next phase dated at 750 BCE. The dating has been done based on carbon, taken from the floors of the area. Ceramics, animal bones, swindles, seeds and jewellery has been found in this location too.

Archaeologist Silva Celis uncovered in 1943 housing structures in Soacha with four different temporal levels with indications of population in the form of ash deposits from fires and animal bones.

Various scholars agree that the housing of the Muisca was egalitarian; little differentiation between the living spaces of the *caciques* and the lower-class people has been found, especially in Soacha.

It has been described -by Pedro Simón among others- that at the entrance posts of the houses of the *caciques* human sacrifice remains were hanging and the posts smeared with blood from the victims, who were regarded as sacred when they were young boys (*moxas*) or captured from neighbouring indigenous groups. Archaeological evidence from Mosquera supported this thesis.

### Roads

The roads of the Muisca people were unpaved, which makes it hard to identify them in archaeological excavations. Some of the roads were trade routes, with the eastern neighbours (Llanos Orientales), in the north with the Guane people and in the west with the Panche and Muzo, others were sacred routes. Examples of holy roads, used for pilgrimages, were found in Guasca and Siecha. Routes communicating Muisca territories with cotton producing areas ran through Somondoco and Súnuba. The roads crossing the mountains surrounding the Altiplano were narrow, making it more difficult for the Spanish conquistadores to cross them, especially with horses. Once they reached the open terrains of the Bogotá savanna, movement became easier.

### Temples

The Muisca, as part of their religion, built various temples throughout their territories. The most sacred were the Sun Temple in Sugamuxi and the Moon Temple in Chía. The Sun Temple was built to honour Sué, the Sun god of the Muisca, and the Moon Temple was honouring his wife, Chía. Also notable was the Goranchacha Temple, according to Muisca myths built by Goranchacha. On one of the islands in Lake Fúquene there had been a temple with grand decoration and 100 priests, as described by De Piedrahita.

Pedro Simón noted that the temples were built with wood from the *guayacán* tree, to make them last long.

According to De Piedrahita, the *moxas* were raised in the temples to make them as sacred as possible for when they would be sacrificed, which meant a great honour to the families who donated the young boys.

### Other structures

Other structures of the Muisca were mostly religious in character. Apart from their celebrations at natural areas, such as Lake Guatavita, Lake Iguaque, Lake Tota, Lake Fúquene, Lake Suesca and the Siecha Lakes, the Muisca constructed some places where religious ceremonies were held, such as the Cojines del Zaque and the Hunzahúa Well, both in Hunza, present-day Tunja.

As an exception to the wood-and-clay structures of the houses and temples of the Muisca people, allegedly one of their structures had been made of stone; the fortress of Cajicá, just north of present-day Bogotá. The structure is described with walls of 80 centimetres (31 in) thick and 4 metres (13 ft) high, but modern scientists have cast doubt on the structure and if it existed in the pre-Columbian era.

## Post-conquest

The first construction of post-conquest architecture took place shortly after De Quesada had conquered the city of Bacatá, later called Santafe and known as the capital Bogotá in modern age. At the location of present-day Teusaquillo, twelve houses and a church in the style of the Muisca -with wood and clay- had been constructed.

It was a general policy of the Spanish, eased by the non-permanent architecture of the Muisca, that existing structures would be taken down and replaced by Spanish colonial architecture.

### Reconstructions

Reconstructions of Muisca *bohíos* and the most important temple of Sogamoso, are displayed in the Archaeology Museum in Sogamoso. This work has been done in the early stage of archaeological research on the Altiplano, in the 1940s. Eliécer Silva Celis was the architect and archaeologist involved in the reconstructions.

Archaeological work has been hindered by the constant expansion of the capital Bogotá in which vicinity and territory many ancient structures were built. An archaeological expedition of 2002 proved that within months the previously unoccupied archaeological site was already covered with construction.

### Bibliography

* Broadbent, Sylvia M. (1974), "La situación del Bogotá Chibcha - The Chibcha Bogotá situation", *Revista Colombiana de Antropología* (in Spanish), **17**, Bogotá, Colombia: Instituto Colombiano de Antropología: 117–132
* Cardale de Schrimpff, Marianne (1985), *En busca de los primeros agricultores del Altiplano Cundiboyacense - Searching for the first farmers of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense* (PDF) (in Spanish), Bogotá, Colombia: Banco de la República, pp. 99–125, retrieved 2016-07-08
* Casilimas Rojas, Clara Inés; López Ávila, María Imelda (1987), "El templo muisca - The Muisca temple" (PDF), *Maguaré* (in Spanish), **5**, Bogotá, Colombia: Instituto Colombiano de Antropología: 127–150, ISSN 0120-3045, retrieved 2016-07-08
* Correal Urrego, Gonzalo (1990), *Aguazuque: Evidence of hunter-gatherers and growers on the high plains of the Eastern Ranges* (PDF) (in Spanish), Bogotá, Colombia: Banco de la República: Fundación de Investigaciones Arqueológicas Nacionales, pp. 1–316, retrieved 2016-07-08
* Francis, John Michael (1993), *"Muchas hipas, no minas" The Muiscas, a merchant society: Spanish misconceptions and demographic change (M.A.)* (M.A.), University of Alberta, pp. 1–118
* Henderson, Hope; Ostler, Nicholas (2005), "Muisca settlement organization and chiefly authority at Suta, Valle de Leyva, Colombia: A critical appraisal of native concepts of house for studies of complex societies", *Journal of Anthropological Archaeology*, **24** (2), Elsevier: 148–178, doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2005.01.002, ISSN 0278-4165
* Kruschek, Michael H. (2003), *The evolution of the Bogotá chiefdom: A household view (PhD)* (PDF) (PhD), University of Pittsburgh, pp. 1–271, retrieved 2016-07-08
* Langebaek Rueda, Carl Henrik (1995a), "Heterogeneidad vs. homogeneidad en la arqueología colombiana: una nota crítica y el ejemplo de la orfebrería - Heterogeneity vs. homogeneity in the Colombian archaeology: a critical note and the example of the metallurgy", *Revista de antropología y arqueología* (in Spanish), **11**: 3–36
* Langebaek Rueda, Carl Henrik (1995b), *Los caminos aborígenes - The indigenous roads*, Bogotá, Colombia: Banco de la República, retrieved 2016-07-08
* Ocampo López, Javier (2007), *Grandes culturas indígenas de América - Great indigenous cultures of the Americas* (in Spanish), Bogotá, Colombia: Plaza & Janes Editores Colombia S.A., pp. 1–238, ISBN 978-958-14-0368-4
* Rodríguez Gallo, Diana Lorena (2010), *Construcción del paisaje agrícola al sur de la sabana de Bogotá: un desafío al agua - Agricultural landscape construction in the south of the Bogotá savanna: a challenge with water (M.A.)* (M.A.), Vila Real, Portugal: Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, pp. 1–104
* Román, Ángel Luís (2008), *Necesidades fundacionales e historia indígena imaginada de Cajicá: una revisión de esta mirada a través de fuentes primarias (1593-1638) - Foundational needs and imagined indigenous history of Cajicá: a review of this look using primary sources (1593-1638)* (PDF) (in Spanish), Bogotá, Colombia: Universidad de los Andes, pp. 276–313, retrieved 2016-07-08
* Salcedo Salcedo, Jaime (2011), "Un vestigio del cercado del señor de Bogotá en la traza de Santafe - A trace of the enclosure of the lord of Bogotá in the design of Santafe", *Ensayos. Historia y teoría del arte* (in Spanish), **20**, Universidad Nacional de Colombia: 155–190
* Sánchez, Efraín, *Muiscas* (PDF), Bogotá, Colombia: Museo del Oro, pp. 1–6, retrieved 2016-07-08


title: Nolina texana

abstract: Nolina texana, the Texas sacahuiste or Texas beargrass, is a plant in the asparagus family that resembles a large clump of grass. It grows in the south central United States and Northern Mexico. They are sometimes grown as a garden plant in xeriscape or native plant gardens.

text:
# Nolina texana

***Nolina texana***, the **Texas sacahuiste** or **Texas beargrass**, is a plant in the asparagus family that resembles a large clump of grass. It grows in the south central United States and Northern Mexico. They are sometimes grown as a garden plant in xeriscape or native plant gardens.

## Description

*Nolina texana* plants strongly resemble clumps of grass with their large number of narrow leaves that sprout from the base of the plant (basal leaves) and the lack of a visible stem (acaulescent). Each tuft sprouts from the top of a woody structure at the top of the roots (a caudex) that may branch underground so each plant will have multiple rosettes.

The leaves of *Nolina texana* are stiff and wiry with a triangular cross section. The leaves sprouting from the base of the plant range in length from 40–90 centimeters and 2–7 millimeters wide at the base, though usually less than 4 millimeters in width. The leaves almost universally have smooth edges and are not covered in wax (not glaucous), and on the rare occasions where the leaves have toothed edges it is limited to the ends of the leaves. The tips of the leaves die when the leaf is full grown

The flowering stem grows directly from the underground caudex (a scape) and will have a curve at the end. The few leaves attached to the flowering stem will curl towards their end. The floral part of the scape (the inflorescence) is repeatedly branched (paniculate) and densely packed with flowers and is very occasionally purple in color on *Nolina texana*. The inflorescence will be 25–70 centimeters tall and 5–17 centimeters wide. The thicker side branches on the inflorescence will outwards and then upwards (ascending). The smaller leaf like structures under each branch (the bracts) are 10–40 centimeters long and will persist on the flowing stem through its lifecycle.

*Nolina texana* has flowers that do not clearly have petals or sepals, so the white, cream, greenish-white parts are called tepals. They are quite small, just 2.5–3.5 millimeters in length. The flowers have both fertile and infertile stamens, the fertile ones tend to be longer at 0.9–1.4 millimeters in length and the infertile ones 0.6–0.8 millimeters in length.

The fruit of *Nolina texana* is a thin walled capsule that is 3–4 millimeters by 4.5–8 millimeters. The capsules have three wings and will usually split irregularly. The rounded seeds are 2.6–3.4 millimeters in diameter.

### Toxicity

*Nolina texana* is reported to cause sunburn (phototoxicity) by elevating blood phylloerythrin levels in association with liver problems. However, the chemical cause of the photosensitivity in the plant is unknown. Observational evidence suggests that only the buds and flowers are significantly toxic.

## Taxonomy

*Nolina texana* was scientifically described and named in 1879 by Sereno Watson using specimens collected in Texas. Just one year later John Gilbert Baker proposed that it would be more properly placed in genus *Beaucarnea* along with a number of other species. This argument was not well accepted and it was only noted as a synonym even in 1893.

As of 2023 *Nolina texana* is listed as the correct species name by Plants of the World Online (POWO), World Flora Online, and World Plants with no valid subspecies.

### Names

The genus name is a Latinized form of Abbé Pierre Charles Nolin, a French arboriculturist and director of the royal nurseries. The species name is from the state of Texas. Common names include "Texas sacahuiste", "bunchgrass", and "Texas beargrass".

## Range and habitat

There is some uncertainty about the range of *Nolina texana*. The very similar species *Nolina greenei* grows in Colorado, New Mexico, and Oklahoma and it is unknown how many observations of it in those states have been mistaken for *Nolina texana*. All sources agree that it is native to the US States of Texas and New Mexico. The USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS database (PLANTS) additionally reports it in Arizona, Oklahoma, and Colorado. POWO disagrees with PLANTS about it growing Arizona while agreeing about its native status in Oklahoma and Colorado. With its wider coverage POWO also reports it as growing in Northern Mexico, with the Global Biodiversity Information Facility specifically reporting records of it in Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Zacatecas, and San Luis Potosí, with the most frequent records from the last of these.

The habitat for *Nolina texana* is in grassland, shrublands, and rocky hillsides on soils from limestone or granite. It can be found growing at altitudes from 200–2000 meters.

## Cultivation

Texas sacahuiste is the species from genus *Nolina* most often grown in gardens. It is valued by gardeners for its evergreen foliage and flowers. Plants will grow in full sun or partial shade and are reputed to be resistant to browsing by deer. For cultivation Texas sachuiste is often propagated by separating offsets.

It requires an alkaline soil and good drainage. It is reported as winter hardy in USDA zones 7–11, temperatures as low as −15 °F (−26 °C).

## InfoBox

| *Nolina texana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Nolina texana*, flowering | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Asparagaceae |
| Subfamily: | Nolinoideae |
| Genus: | *Nolina* |
| Species: | ***N. texana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nolina texana***<br>S.Watson, 1879 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Beaucarnea texana*  (S.Watson) Baker * *Nolina affinis*  Trel. * *Nolina erumpens var. compacta*  Trel. * *Nolina texana var. compacta*  (Trel.) I.M.Johnst. | |


title: Zoaga

abstract: Zoaga is a town and seat of the Zoaga Department of Boulgou Province in south-eastern Burkina Faso. As of 2005, the town has a population of 2,395.

text:
# Zoaga

**Zoaga** is a town and seat of the Zoaga Department of Boulgou Province in south-eastern Burkina Faso. As of 2005, the town has a population of 2,395.

## InfoBox

| Zoaga | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Burkina Faso |
| Region | Centre-Est Region |
| Province | Boulgou Province |
| Department | Zoaga Department |
| Population (2005 est.) | |
| Total | 2,395 |


title: New Caledonia's 2nd constituency

abstract: The 2nd constituency of New Caledonia is a French legislative constituency in New Caledonia. The second constituency was created in a redistricting in 1978. Between 1978 and a new redistricting in 1986, the second constituency represented the western shore of the main island, but its main population centre was Nouméa, a largely French-populated loyalist stronghold. Since 1986, the constituency has been composed of the so-called brousse—that is, the rural parts of the main island, which are mostly Kanak, but also the more populous French-populated suburbs of Nouméa.

text:
# New Caledonia's 2nd constituency

The **2nd constituency of New Caledonia** is a French legislative constituency in New Caledonia.

The second constituency was created in a redistricting in 1978. Between 1978 and a new redistricting in 1986, the second constituency represented the western shore of the main island, but its main population centre was Nouméa, a largely French-populated loyalist stronghold. Since 1986, the constituency has been composed of the so-called *brousse*—that is, the rural parts of the main island, which are mostly Kanak, but also the more populous French-populated suburbs of Nouméa.

## Deputies

| Election | | Member | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1988 | Maurice Nénou | RPCR |
| | 1993 | | |
| | 1997 | Pierre Frogier | RPCR |
| | | | 2002 |
| | | | 2007 |
|  | 2012 | Philippe Gomès | UDI/CE |
| | 2017 | | |
|  | 2022 | Nicolas Metzdorf | GNC/RE |
|  | 2024 | Emmanuel Tjibaou | UC |

## Election results

### 2024

| Candidate | | Party | Alliance | First round | | Second round | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | | | % | Votes | % |
|  | **Emmanuel Tjibaou** | **UC** | **FLNKS** | 32,926 | 44.06 | **51,724** | **57.44** |
|  | Alcide Ponga | LR | LR-LL | 27,038 | 36.18 | 38,320 | 42.56 |
|  | Milakulo Tukumuli | EO |  | 8,906 | 11.92 |  | |
|  | Gérard Poadja | CE | Ensemble | 3,946 | 5.28 |  | |
|  | Luther Voudjo | REG |  | 1,114 | 1.49 |  | |
|  | Ronald Frère | REG |  | 808 | 1.08 |  | |
|  | | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | | 74,738 | 100.00 | 90,044 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | | | | |
| Blank votes | | | | 1,042 | 1.36 | 745 | 0.82 |
| Null votes | | | | 609 | 0.80 | 745 | 0.82 |
| Turnout | | | | 76,389 | 61.14 | 91,284 | 73.06 |
| Abstentions | | | | 48,562 | 38.86 | 33,655 | 26.94 |
| Registered voters | | | | 124,951 |  | 124,939 |  |
|  | | | | | | | |
| Source: | | | | | | | |
| Result | | | | UC GAIN FROM GNC/RE | | | |

### 2022

Legislative Election 2022: New Caledonia's 2nd constituency
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **LREM (Ensemble)** | **Nicolas Metzdorf** | **13,552** | **33.71** | **N/A** |
|  | **FLNKS** | **Gérard Reignier** | **13,175** | **32.77** | **+2.69** |
|  | LR (UDC) | Thierry Santa | 8,758 | 21.78 | −2.16 |
|  | DVD | Pascal Lafleur | 2,171 | 7.40 | N/A |
|  | DVC | Joël Kasarherou | 1,461 | 4.98 | N/A |
|  | RN | Alain Descombels | 1,600 | 3.98 | +7.71 |
|  | REG | Muneiko Haocas | 1,362 | 3.39 | N/A |
|  | DVC | Michèle Homboe | 1,014 | 2.52 | N/A |
|  | | | | | | | |
|  | Others | N/A | 1,141 | 1.84 |  |
| Turnout | | | 40,202 | 33.70 | −3.47 |
| 2nd round result | | | | | |
|  | **LREM (Ensemble)** | **Nicolas Metzdorf** | **31,398** | **54.23** | **N/A** |
|  | FLNKS | Gérard Reignier | 26,500 | 45.77 | +0.72 |
| Turnout | | | 57,898 | 48.46 | −3.99 |
|  | LREM **gain** from UDI | | | | |

### 2017

| Candidate | | Label | First round | | Second round | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | | % | Votes | % |
|  | Louis Mapou | REG | 11,262 | 30.08 | 23,413 | 45.05 |
|  | **Philippe Gomès** | CE (UDI) | 8,963 | 23.94 | **28,557** | **54.95** |
|  | Harold Martin | DVD | 5,752 | 15.36 |  | |
|  | Bianca Hénin | FN | 4,378 | 11.69 | |
|  | Gil Brial | DVD | 3,746 | 10.00 | |
|  | Pascal Vittori | DVD | 2,556 | 6.83 | |
|  | Henry Bodeouarou | REG | 366 | 0.98 | |
|  | Oscar Diaz | DIV | 265 | 0.71 | |
|  | Manuel Millar | DIV | 155 | 0.41 | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Votes | | | 37,443 | 100.00 | 51,970 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | 37,443 | 96.28 | 51,970 | 94.69 |
| Blank votes | | | 1,012 | 2.60 | 1,950 | 3.55 |
| Null votes | | | 433 | 1.11 | 962 | 1.75 |
| Turnout | | | 38,888 | 37.17 | 54,882 | 52.45 |
| Abstentions | | | 65,748 | 62.83 | 49,752 | 47.55 |
| Registered voters | | | 104,636 |  | 104,634 |  |
|  | | | | | | |
| Source: Ministry of the Interior | | | | | | |

### 2012

2012 legislative election in Nouvelle-Caledonie's 2nd constituency
| Candidate | | Party | First round | | Second round | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | | % | Votes | % |
|  | Jean-Pierre Djaiwe | REG | 15,890 | 36.20% | 25,644 | 47.45% |
|  | **Philippe Gomes** | UDI | 14,470 | 32.96% | **28,398** | **52.55%** |
|  | Eric Gay | UMP | 8,814 | 20.08% |  | | | | | | |
|  | Bianca Henin | FN | 2,534 | 5.77% | |
|  | Cédrik Sangarne | DVD | 2,193 | 5.00% | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | 43,901 | 97.75% | 54,042 | 96.95% |
| Spoilt and null votes | | | 1,009 | 2.25% | 1,698 | 3.05% |
| Votes cast / turnout | | | 44,910 | 50.28% | 55,740 | 62.41% |
| Abstentions | | | 44,413 | 49.72% | 33,571 | 37.59% |
| Registered voters | | | 89,323 | 100.00% | 89,311 | 100.00% |

### 2007

Legislative Election 2007: New Caledonia 2nd – 2nd round
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | UMP | Pierre Frogier | 25,559 | 54.13 |  |
|  | FLNKS | Charles Pidjot | 21,663 | 45.87 |  |
| Turnout | | | 47,222 | 62.18 |  |
|  | UMP **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### 2002

Legislative Election 2002: New Caledonia 2nd – 2nd round
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | UMP | Pierre Frogier | 15,719 | 55.70 |  |
|  | FLNKS | Paul Neaoutyine | 12,495 | 44.30 |  |
| Turnout | | | 22,729 | 42.17 |  |
|  | UMP **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### 1997

Legislative Election 1997: New Caledonia 2nd – 2nd round
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | RPR | Pierre Frogier | 15,398 | 60.99 |  |
|  | FLNKS | Philippe Pentecost | 9,849 | 39.01 |  |
| Turnout | | | 25,247 | 48.58 |  |
|  | RPR **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

## Sources

## InfoBox

| 2nd constituency of New Caledonia | |
| --- | --- |
| **Constituency of the
National Assembly of France** | |
| The constituency in New Caledonia | |
| Deputy | Emmanuel Tjibaou
UC |
| Department | New Caledonia |
| Cantons | North Province and a majority of South Province |
| Registered voters | 124,939 |
|  | |


abstract: The 1991 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand consisted of two matches played by the Wallabies in August 1991. This tour was made two weeks after the New Zealand tour of Australia. The Wallabies lost the only test with the All Blacks.

text:
# 1991 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand

The **1991 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand** consisted of two matches played by the Wallabies in August 1991.

This tour was made two weeks after the New Zealand tour of Australia. The Wallabies lost the only test with the All Blacks.

## The Matches

*Scores and results list Australia's points tally first.*

| Opposing Team | For | Against | Date | Venue | Status |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Counties | 17 | 12 | 20 August 1991 | Growers Stadium, Pukekohe | Tour match |
| **New Zealand** | **3** | **6** | **24 August 1991** | **Eden Park, Auckland** | **Test match** |

## Test Team

## InfoBox

| 1991 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | P **W** **D** **L** |
|  | |
| Total | 02 01 00 01 |
| Test match | 01 00 00 01 |
|  | |
| Opponent | P **W** **D** **L** |
|  | |
| New Zealand | 1  0  0  1 |


title: Luocun station

abstract: Luocun station is a station on Line 3 of Foshan Metro, located in Foshan's Nanhai District. It opened on August 23, 2024.

text:
# Luocun station

**Luocun station** (simplified Chinese: 罗村站; traditional Chinese: 羅村站; pinyin: *Luócūn Zhàn*; Jyutping: *Lo4cyun1 Zaam6*) is a station on Line 3 of Foshan Metro, located in Foshan's Nanhai District. It opened on August 23, 2024.

## History

The station officially started construction on November 18, 2016, and the main structure was capped on January 19, 2019.

## Station layout

The station has an island platform under Airport Road.

| **G** | - | Exits B-D |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **L1
Concourse** | Lobby | Ticket Machines, Customer Service, Shops, Police Station, Safety Facilities |
| **L2
Platforms** | Platform 1 | towards Foshan University (Foshan West Railway Station) |
| | Island platform, doors will open on the left | |
| | Platform 2 | towards Lianhe (Xiaode Dong) |

## Exits

There are 3 entrances/exits, lettered B, C and D, which are located on the north and south sides of Airport Road.

| Exit letter | | Exit location |
| --- | --- | --- |
| B | | Airport Road, Xiaode Lake Park, Shangguan Imperial Garden |
| C | | Beihu 1st Road, Luocun Experimental Primary School, Lutang Primary School |
| D | | Beihu 1st Road, Times Allure |

## InfoBox

| Luocun
罗村 | |
| --- | --- |
| Platform | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Simplified Chinese | 罗村站 |
| Traditional Chinese | 羅村站 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Luócūn Zhàn  Yue: Cantonese  Jyutping Lo4cyun1 Zaam6 | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Intersection of Airport Road (机场路) and Beihu 1st Road (北湖一路), Shishan
Nanhai District, Foshan, Guangdong
China |
| Coordinates | 23°04′10″N 113°02′47″E / 23.069531°N 113.046319°E / 23.069531; 113.046319 |
| Operated by | Foshan Metro Operation Co., Ltd. |
| Line(s) | Line 3
North section |
| Platforms | 2 (1 island platform) |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Underground |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Station code | F332 |
| History | |
| Opened | 23 August 2024 (2024-08-23) |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Foshan Metro Following station  Foshan West Railway Stationtowards Foshan University  Line 3
North section  Xiaode Dongtowards Lianhe | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Small nucleolar RNA TBR5

abstract: In molecular biology, TBR5 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box motifs. Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs. Together with TBR7 and TBR17 it is a part of a tandemly repeated snoRNA gene cluster, located within the spliced leader RNA (SLA). The cluster genes are produced as polycistronic RNA.

text:
# Small nucleolar RNA TBR5

In molecular biology, **TBR5** is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box motifs. Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.

Together with TBR7 and TBR17 it is a part of a tandemly repeated snoRNA gene cluster, located within the spliced leader RNA (SLA). The cluster genes are produced as polycistronic RNA.

Small nucleolar RNA TBR2

## InfoBox

| Small nucleolar RNA TBR5 | |
| --- | --- |
| Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of snoTBR5 | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | snoTBR5 |
| Rfam | RF00292 |
| Other data | |
| RNA type | Gene; snRNA; snoRNA; CD-box |
| Domain(s) | Eukaryota |
| GO | GO:0006396  GO:0005730 |
| SO | SO:0000593 |
| PDB structures | PDBe |


title: The Blackguard (novel)

abstract: The Blackguard is 1923 novel by Raymond Paton. It is a melodrama set during the Russian Revolution of 1917. A French violinist rescues a Russian princess from execution at the hands of revolutionaries led by his former mentor.

text:
# The Blackguard (novel)

***The Blackguard*** is 1923 novel by Raymond Paton. It is a melodrama set during the Russian Revolution of 1917. A French violinist rescues a Russian princess from execution at the hands of revolutionaries led by his former mentor.

## Adaptation

The film was adapted for the screen when a silent film *The Blackguard* (1925) was made as a co-production between the British Gainsborough Pictures and the German UFA Studios. The film was directed by Graham Cutts.

1. Cook p.16-17

## Bibliography

* Cook, Pam (ed.). *Gainsborough Pictures*. Cassell, 1997.
* Kreimeier, Klaus. *The Ufa story: a history of Germany's greatest film company, 1918-1945*. University of California Press, 1999.


title: Variante (review)

abstract: Variante was a Portuguese review published in the capital Lisbon from 1942 to 1943.

text:
# Variante (review)

***Variante*** (Portuguese for "variant" and "difference") was a Portuguese review published in the capital Lisbon from 1942 to 1943.

## History and profile

The review was published by Editorial Inquérito (Editorial Survey), directed and edited by António Pedro, it produced two issues of the review: Spring 1942 and Winter 1943. The eclectic spirit but pointedly poetic (if not surrealist), the review articulated with the editor's work, announced its first issue under the sign of a *Nonconformist* (*Inconformismo*), *Fantasy* (*Fantasia*), the second *Bad Taste* (*Mau gosto*), he third was *Strength* and *Form* (*Força* and *Forma*) and the fourth was *Love* (*Amor*) (this was the last that were publisher).

The arranged writings of António Pedro returned its modern quality of publications with *Contemporânea* review by José Pacheko (or Pacheco). Notable writers who worked with the review included Vitorino Nemésio, Adolfo Casais Monteiro, Diogo de Macedo, Sofia de Melo Breyner, José Régio, Manuel Mendes Delfim Santos and a couple of more. It was prematurely interrupted (for economic reasons and lack of cooperation of the elevation of the desired program), the publication was resumed in 1948 under the "International Surrealist Review", then directed by António Pedro, André Breton, V. Brauner, N, Celas and E.L.T. Mesens difficulties of the editorial order prevented the concretization of this project.

## InfoBox

*Variante*
| Staff writers | Henrique Galvão |
| --- | --- |
| Categories | Review |
| Founded | Spring 1942 |
| Final issue | Winter 1943 |
| Country | Portugal, Portuguese Empire |
| Based in | Lisbon |
| Language | Portuguese |


title: Mriganko Mahato

abstract: Mriganko Mahato is a member of the All India Trinamool Congress and has won the 2014 Indian general elections from the Purulia. An Ophthalmologist by profession he was associated with Purulia District Hospital. He was a student Of Ramkrishna Mission Schools at Purulia and Narendrapur.

text:
# Mriganko Mahato

**Mriganko Mahato** is a member of the All India Trinamool Congress and has won the 2014 Indian general elections from the Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency).

An Ophthalmologist by profession he was associated with Purulia District Hospital. He was a student Of Ramkrishna Mission Schools at Purulia and Narendrapur.

## InfoBox

| Dr. Mriganko Mahato | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the India Parliament
for Purulia | |
| **In office**
2014–2019 | |
| Preceded by | Narahari Mahato |
| Succeeded by | Jyotirmoy Singh Mahato |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1963-01-12) 12 January 1963
Purulia, West Bengal |
| Political party | Trinamool Congress |
| Spouse | Aparajita Mahato |
| Children | 2 |
| Residence(s) | Purulia, West Bengal |
| Alma mater | Calcutta University |
| Profession | Medical Practitioner |
|  | |


title: Nogueira de Ramuín

abstract: Nogueira de Ramuín is a municipality in the province of Ourense, in the autonomous community of Galicia, Spain. It belongs to the comarca of Ourense. The municipality consists of 13 parroquias, with the capital being Luintra.

text:
# Nogueira de Ramuín

**Nogueira de Ramuín** is a municipality in the province of Ourense, in the autonomous community of Galicia, Spain. It belongs to the comarca of Ourense. The municipality consists of 13 parroquias, with the capital being Luintra.

## InfoBox

| Nogueira de Ramuín | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location in Galicia | |
| Nogueira de RamuínLocation in Spain | |
| Coordinates: 42°25′11″N 7°45′11″W / 42.41972°N 7.75306°W / 42.41972; -7.75306 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Galicia |
| Province | Ourense |
| Comarca | Ourense |
| Government | |
| Mayor | José César Parente Pérez (PP) |
| Area | |
| Total | 98.3 km2 (38.0 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 640 m (2,100 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 2,011 |
| Density | 20/km2 (53/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Website | www.nogueiraderamuin.com |


title: Neural fibrolipoma

abstract: Neural fibrolipoma is an overgrowth of fibro-fatty tissue along a nerve trunk that often leads to nerve compression. These only occur in the extremities, and often affect the median nerve. They are rare, very slow-growing, and their origin is unknown. It is believed that they may begin growth in response to trauma. They are not encapsulated by any sort of covering or sheath around the growth itself, as opposed to other cysts beneath the skin that often are. This means there are loosely defined margins of this lipoma. Despite this, they are known to be benign. Neural fibrolipomas are often more firm and tough to the touch than other lipomas. They are slightly mobile under the skin, and compress with pressure.

text:
# Neural fibrolipoma

**Neural fibrolipoma** is an overgrowth of fibro-fatty tissue along a nerve trunk that often leads to nerve compression. These only occur in the extremities, and often affect the median nerve. They are rare, very slow-growing, and their origin is unknown. It is believed that they may begin growth in response to trauma. They are not encapsulated by any sort of covering or sheath around the growth itself, as opposed to other cysts beneath the skin that often are. This means there are loosely defined margins of this lipoma. Despite this, they are known to be benign. Neural fibrolipomas are often more firm and tough to the touch than other lipomas. They are slightly mobile under the skin, and compress with pressure.

## Diagnosis

Neural fibrolipomas are often characterized by a mass under the skin accompanied with sensory deficit in the same area or a painful sensation. There is often loss of motor function in the hand as well. These lipomas are almost exclusively found in people under 30 years old. The mass is made of fibro-fatty tissue that begins encroaches on a nerve. Surgery is often needed to relieve pressure. Some common nerves that are affected are the median, ulnar, radial, perineal, and brachial plexus. Macrodactyly occurs in around two thirds of cases. Taking a biopsy of the mass is not necessary because these are distinct enough to make a confident diagnosis only from the use of medical imaging, like an MRI. However, if a biopsy is taken, it will show an abundance of mature fat cells surrounded by fibrous connective tissue. Neural fibrolipomas are often associated with carpal tunnel syndrome, due to both of their correlation with the median nerve. To diagnose this as a neural fibrolipoma, Tinel's sign and the Phalen maneuver are used to show signs of nerve sensitivity and distress on the median nerve. This, alongside imaging, can accurately diagnose these rare growths.

## Treatment

Surgery is often needed to remove the neural fibrolipoma. The surgeon often treats the mass as if it is carpal tunnel syndrome and does a carpal tunnel release. This surgery is paired with neurolysis and a partial excision of the neural fibrolipoma. In some cases, an entire excision may be possible. The surgeon would then begin by decompressing the nerve, and then working to excise the fatty growth, which is easily distinguishable from the nerve. Because of surgery in such close proximity to the median nerve, permanent sensory or motor dysfunction can occur, so surgery is not always the suggested mode of treatment.

## Other names

* Neural lipofibromatous hamartoma
* Fibrolipomatous hamartoma of the nerve
* Lipomatosis of the nerve
* Fibrolipomatosis of the nerve
* Neurolipomatosis


title: 1989 Afro-Asian Club Championship

abstract:
The 1989 Afro-Asian Club Championship, was the 4th Afro-Asian Club Championship competition endorsed by the Confederation of African Football (CAF) and Asian Football Confederation (AFC), contested between the winners of the African Champions' Cup and the Asian Club Championship. The final was contested in two-legged home-and-away format between Algerian team ES Sétif the 1988 African Cup of Champions Clubs winner, and Qatari team Al-Sadd, the 1988–89 Asian Club Championship winner. The first leg was hosted by ES Sétif at the 17 June Stadium in Constantine on 12 January 1990, while the second leg was hosted by Al-Sadd at Al-Ahly Stadium in Doha on 19 January 1990.
ES Sétif won the two legs, with a score on aggregate 5–1.

text:
# 1989 Afro-Asian Club Championship

The **1989 Afro-Asian Club Championship**, was the 4th Afro-Asian Club Championship competition endorsed by the Confederation of African Football (CAF) and Asian Football Confederation (AFC), contested between the winners of the African Champions' Cup and the Asian Club Championship.

The final was contested in two-legged home-and-away format between Algerian team ES Sétif the 1988 African Cup of Champions Clubs winner, and Qatari team Al-Sadd, the 1988–89 Asian Club Championship winner.

The first leg was hosted by ES Sétif at the 17 June Stadium in Constantine on 12 January 1990, while the second leg was hosted by Al-Sadd at Al-Ahly Stadium in Doha on 19 January 1990. ES Sétif won the two legs, with a score on aggregate 5–1.

## Teams

| Team | Qualification | Previous participation (bold indicates winners) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| ES Sétif | 1988 African Cup of Champions Clubs winner | None |
| Al Sadd | 1988–89 Asian Club Championship winner | None |

## Match details

### First leg

| ES Sétif | 2–0 | Al Sadd |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Bendjaballah  41'
Gharib  70' |  |  |

17 June Stadium, Constantine

| **ES Sétif:**   GK **1**  Antar Osmani  DF **2**  Djamel Nabti  DF **3**  Kamel Adjas  DF **4**  Amar Bernaoui  DF **5**  Abdelhakim Serrar  MF **6**  Abderrazak Rahmani ()  MF **8**  Malik Zorgane   88'  MF **10**  Nacer Adjissa  FW **7**  Abderrahim Bendjaballah  FW **9**  Mustapha Gharib  FW **11**  Hamid Rahmouni  **Substitutions:**  MF   Bouzid Raïs   88'  **Manager:**  Bouzid Cheniti |  | **Al Sadd:**   GK **1**  Ahmed Al-Matwi  DF **4**  Yousef Al-Adsani  DF **8**  Mohammed Al Ammari ()  DF **19**  Marzouk Juma  DF   Fareed Ismael  MF **17**  Abdulnasser Al-Obaidly  MF   ... Jassim  MF   Khalid Salman  FW   Vilavio  FW   Hassan Joher  FW   Mohammed Ghanim  **Substitutions:**  MF   ...  **Manager:**  Cabralzinho |
| --- | --- | --- |

| **Assistant referees:**
... ... (...)
... ... (...)
**Fourth official:**
... ... (...) | **Man of the Match:**
... ... (...) |
| --- | --- |

### Second leg

| Al Sadd | 1–3 | ES Sétif |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ghasempour  85' (pen.) |  | Adjissa  24'
Bendjaballah  52', 75' |

Jassim bin Hamad Stadium, DohaReferee: Jassim Mandi (Bahrain)

| **Al Sadd:**   GK **1**  Ahmed Al-Matwi  DF **4**  Yousef Al-Adsani  DF **8**  Mohammed Al Ammari ()  70'  DF **14**  Fareed Ismael  DF **19**  Marzouk Juma  MF **16**  Khalid Salman  MF **17**  Abdulnasser Al-Obaidly  MF **18**  Ebrahim Ghasempour  FW **9**  Sharif Omar  FW **15**  Hassan Joher  FW **20**  Mohammed Ghanim  **Substitutions:**  MF   ...  **Manager:**  Cabralzinho |  | **ES Sétif:**   GK **1**  Antar Osmani  DF **2**  Djamel Nabti  DF **3**  Kamel Adjas  DF **4**  Amar Bernaoui  43'  DF **5**  Abdelhakim Serrar  MF **6**  Abderrazak Rahmani ()  MF **8**  Bouzid Raïs  35'  MF **10**  Nacer Adjissa  FW **7**  Abderrahim Bendjaballah  FW **9**  Mustapha Gharib   53'  FW **11**  Hamid Rahmouni  **Substitutions:**  MF **12**  Fayçal Kessai   53'  MF   Malik Zorgane  **Manager:**  Bouzid Cheniti |
| --- | --- | --- |

| **Assistant referees:**
Yusuf Al Sharef (Bahrain)
Matar Al Maluth (Bahrain)
**Fourth official:**
... ... (...) | **Man of the Match:**
... ... (...) |
| --- | --- |

## Winners

| 1989 Afro-Asian Club
Championship winners |
| --- |
|
ES Setif
First title |

## InfoBox

1989 Afro-Asian Club Championship
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| First leg | |
|  | |
| Date | 12 January 1990 |
| Venue | 17 June Stadium, Constantine |
| Second leg | |
|  | |
| Date | 19 January 1990 |
| Venue | Jassim bin Hamad Stadium, Doha |
| Referee | Jassim Mandi (Bahrain) |
|


title: Trzcianka, Staszów County

abstract: Trzcianka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Osiek, within Staszów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) south-west of Osiek, 20 km (12 mi) south-east of Staszów, and 72 km (45 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kielce. The village has a population of 217.

text:
# Trzcianka, Staszów County

**Trzcianka** \[ˈtʂt͡ɕaŋka\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Osiek, within Staszów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) south-west of Osiek, 20 km (12 mi) south-east of Staszów, and 72 km (45 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kielce.

The village has a population of  217.

## Demography

According to the 2002 Poland census, there were 212 people residing in Trzcianka village, of whom 54.2% were male and 45.8% were female. In the village, the population was spread out, with 18.4% under the age of 18, 42.9% from 18 to 44, 21.2% from 45 to 64, and 17.5% who were 65 years of age or older.

> Table 1. Population level of village in 2002 — by age group
> | SPECIFICATION | | | | | Measure
unit | POPULATION
(by age group in 2002) | | | | | | | | | |
> | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
> | | TOTAL | 0-9 | 10-19 | 20-29 | | 30-39 | 40-49 | 50-59 | 60-69 | 70-79 | 80 + |
> | I. | TOTAL | | | | person | 212 | 21 | 28 | 45 | 24 | 27 | 27 | 20 | 17 | 3 |
> | |  | of which in | | | % | 100 | 9.9 | 13.2 | 21.3 | 11.3 | 12.8 | 12.7 | 9.4 | 8 | 1.4 |
> | | 1. | BY SEX | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
> | | A. | Males | | person | 115 | 13 | 13 | 30 | 16 | 15 | 13 | 10 | 4 | 1 |
> | |  | of which in | % | 54.2 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 14.2 | 7.5 | 7.1 | 6.1 | 4.7 | 1.9 | 0.5 |
> | | B. | Females | | person | 97 | 8 | 15 | 15 | 8 | 12 | 14 | 10 | 13 | 2 |
> | |  | of which in | % | 45.8 | 3.8 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 3.8 | 5.7 | 6.6 | 4.7 | 6.1 | 0.9 |
>
> **Figure 1. Population pyramid of village in 2002 — by age group and sex**
>
> Table 2. Population level of village in 2002 — by sex
> | SPECIFICATION | | | | | | Measure
unit | POPULATION
(by sex in 2002) | | |
> | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
> | | TOTAL | Males | Females ||
> | I. | TOTAL | | | | | person | 212 | 115 | 97 |
> | |  | of which in | | | | % | 100 | 54.2 | 45.8 |
> | | 1. | BY AGE GROUP | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
> | | A. | At pre-working age | | | person | 39 | 21 | 18 |
> | |  | of which in | | % | 18.4 | 9.9 | 8.5 |
> | | B. | At working age, grand total | | | person | 136 | 82 | 54 |
> | |  | of which in | | % | 64.1 | 38.6 | 25.5 |
> | | a. | at mobile working age | | person | 91 | 59 | 32 |
> | |  | of which in | % | 42.9 | 27.8 | 15.1 |
> | | b. | at non-mobile working age | | person | 45 | 23 | 22 |
> | |  | of which in | % | 21.2 | 10.8 | 10.4 |
> | | C. | At post-working age | | | person | 37 | 12 | 25 |
> | |  | of which in | | % | 17.5 | 5.7 | 11.8 |

## InfoBox

| Trzcianka | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Trzcianka | |
| Coordinates: 50°29′05″N 21°24′26″E / 50.48472°N 21.40722°E / 50.48472; 21.40722 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Świętokrzyskie |
| County | Staszów |
| Gmina | Osiek |
| Sołectwo | Trzcianka |
| Elevation | 153.4 m (503.3 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2009 at Census) | |
| Total | 217 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 28-221 |
| Area code | +48 15 |
| Car plates | TSZ |


title: The Blackheath Bulletin

abstract: A paper known as The Blackheath Bulletin was published for a short period in the early 1920s and appears to have ceased publication by the end of 1929.

text:
# The Blackheath Bulletin

A paper known as ***The Blackheath Bulletin*** was published for a short period in the early 1920s and appears to have ceased publication by the end of 1929.

## History

A paper known as *The Blackheath Bulletin* was published for a short period in the early 1920s (Vol.1, No.1 issued 1 May 1923) under the wing of The Blue Mountain Echo. In 1929 it was resurrected by Blue Mountains Newspapers Ltd. and printed at The Star office in Katoomba. There seems to have been two distinct runs of this paper. The first, under the editorship of Victor Yeoman Mathias, appears to have been free and to have ceased publication by the end of 1929. The second, edited by W. E. Vincent, who had earlier been associated with the Echo’s Bulletin, began publication on 13 November 1930. Its thirteenth and final issue appeared on 5 February 1931. The offices of Vincent’s Bulletin were in “Oakdene”, Govetts Leap Road, Blackheath.

## Digitisation

*The Blackheath Bulletin* has been digitised as part of the Australian Newspapers Digitisation Program project of the National Library of Australia.


title: Velda City, Missouri

abstract: Velda City is a city in St. Louis County, Missouri, United States. The population was 1,420 at the 2010 census.

text:
# Velda City, Missouri

**Velda City** is a city in St. Louis County, Missouri, United States. The population was 1,420 at the 2010 census.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.16 square miles (0.41 km2), all land.

Velda City has the highest population density of any municipality in Missouri.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1940 | 495 |  |  |
| 1950 | 480 |  | −3.0% |
| 1960 | 524 |  | 9.2% |
| 1970 | 2,112 |  | 303.1% |
| 1980 | 1,979 |  | −6.3% |
| 1990 | 1,597 |  | −19.3% |
| 2000 | 1,616 |  | 1.2% |
| 2010 | 1,420 |  | −12.1% |
| 2020 | 1,188 |  | −16.3% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2020 census

**Velda City, Missouri – Racial and ethnic composition**
*Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.*
| Race / Ethnicity (*NH = Non-Hispanic*) | Pop 2000 | Pop 2010 | Pop 2020 | % 2000 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| White alone (NH) | 49 | 42 | 29 | 3.03% | 2.96% | 2.44% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 1,543 | 1,353 | 1,090 | 95.48% | 95.28% | 91.75% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0.00% | 0.07% | 0.25% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0.00% | 0.07% | 0.17% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Other race alone (NH) | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.76% |
| Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) | 10 | 16 | 34 | 0.62% | 1.13% | 2.86% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 14 | 7 | 21 | 0.87% | 0.49% | 1.77% |
| **Total** | **1,616** | **1,420** | **1,188** | **100.00%** | **100.00%** | **100.00%** |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 1,420 people, 578 households, and 363 families living in the city. The population density was 8,875.0 inhabitants per square mile (3,426.7/km2). There were 654 housing units at an average density of 4,087.5 per square mile (1,578.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 3.0% White, 95.4% African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.5% of the population.

There were 578 households, of which 34.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 18.7% were married couples living together, 37.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.2% were non-families. 32.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.10.

The median age in the city was 37 years. 25.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.4% were from 25 to 44; 26.6% were from 45 to 64; and 14.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 43.6% male and 56.4% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,616 people, 610 households, and 428 families living in the city. The population density was 9,872.8 inhabitants per square mile (3,811.9/km2). There were 670 housing units at an average density of 4,093.3 per square mile (1,580.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.04% African American, 3.09% White, and 0.87% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.87% of the population.

There were 610 households, out of which 28.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 29.5% were married couples living together, 35.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.7% were non-families. 27.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.20.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.0% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 24.6% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 76.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 68.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $30,000, and the median income for a family was $31,652. Males had a median income of $27,768 versus $26,083 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,009. About 15.9% of families and 17.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.8% of those under age 18 and 23.3% of those age 65 or over.

## InfoBox

| Velda City, Missouri | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Location of Velda City, Missouri | |
| Coordinates: 38°41′39″N 90°17′36″W / 38.69417°N 90.29333°W / 38.69417; -90.29333 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Missouri |
| County | St. Louis |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Melda Bernard Collins |
| City Clerk | Valarie Gardner |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.16 sq mi (0.42 km2) |
| Land | 0.16 sq mi (0.42 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 607 ft (185 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 1,188 |
| Density | 7,288.34/sq mi (2,813.83/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 63121 |
| Area code | 314 |
| FIPS code | 29-75796 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2397122 |
| Website | http://veldacity.org |


title: Muflih (eunuch)

abstract: Muflih, surnamed al-Aswad and al-Khadim, was the chief court eunuch under the Abbasid caliph al-Muqtadir (r. 908–932). By 922/3 he had risen to a position of great influence at court, and supported the ousting of the vizier Hamid ibn al-Abbas, whom he disliked, in favour of Ali ibn al-Furat. He intervened, however, to save Hamid's deputy Ali ibn Isa al-Jarrah from the tortures inflicted on him by Ibn al-Furat's son al-Muhassin. In September–October 925 he supervised, along with Bushra al-Thamali, deputy of the governor of the Thughur Thamal al-Dulafi, that year's prisoner exchange with the Byzantine Empire. The exchange, known as fidāʾ Mufliḥ in the Arab sources, involved the release of almost 4,000 Muslim men and women from captivity. According to al-Suli, Muflih was appointed as governor of Jerusalem in 935, during the caliphate of al-Radi.

text:
# Muflih (eunuch)

**Muflih**, surnamed **al-Aswad** ("the Black") and **al-Khadim** ("the servant"), was the chief court eunuch under the Abbasid caliph al-Muqtadir (r.908–932).

By 922/3 he had risen to a position of great influence at court, and supported the ousting of the vizier Hamid ibn al-Abbas, whom he disliked, in favour of Ali ibn al-Furat. He intervened, however, to save Hamid's deputy Ali ibn Isa al-Jarrah from the tortures inflicted on him by Ibn al-Furat's son al-Muhassin.

In September–October 925 he supervised, along with Bushra al-Thamali, deputy of the governor of the *Thughur* Thamal al-Dulafi, that year's prisoner exchange with the Byzantine Empire. The exchange, known as *fidāʾ Mufliḥ* in the Arab sources, involved the release of almost 4,000 Muslim men and women from captivity.

According to al-Suli, Muflih was appointed as governor of Jerusalem in 935, during the caliphate of al-Radi.

## Sources

* Ayalon, David (1999). *Eunuchs, Caliphs and Sultans: A Study in Power Relationships*. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, The Hebrew University. ISBN 978-9-6549-3017-8.
* Bowen, Harold (1928). *The Life and Times of ʿAlí Ibn ʿÍsà, ‘The Good Vizier’*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. OCLC 386849.
* Gil, Moshe (1997) \[1983\]. *A History of Palestine, 634–1099*. Translated by Ethel Broido. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59984-9.
* Lilie, Ralph-Johannes; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013). *Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt* (in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.


title: Nogueirão

abstract: Estádio Leonardo Nogueira, usually known as Nogueirão, is a multi-use stadium located in Mossoró, Brazil. It is used mostly for football matches and hosts the home matches of the two most important teams of the city Associação Cultural Esporte Clube Baraúnas and Potiguar de Mossoró. The stadium has a maximum capacity of 25,000 people and was built in 1967. Nogueirão is owned by the Liga Desportiva Mossoroense. The stadium is named after Manoel Leonardo Nogueira, who was the president of the city's Liga Municipal de Esportes and was responsible for the stadium's construction.

text:
# Nogueirão

**Estádio Leonardo Nogueira**, usually known as **Nogueirão**, is a multi-use stadium located in Mossoró, Brazil. It is used mostly for football matches and hosts the home matches of the two most important teams of the city Associação Cultural Esporte Clube Baraúnas and Potiguar de Mossoró. The stadium has a maximum capacity of 25,000 people and was built in 1967.

Nogueirão is owned by the Liga Desportiva Mossoroense (Mossoró City Sporting League). The stadium is named after Manoel Leonardo Nogueira, who was the president of the city's Liga Municipal de Esportes (Municipality's Sport League) and was responsible for the stadium's construction.

## History

In 1967, the works on Nogueirão were completed. The inaugural match was played on June 4 of that year, when Ceará beat Mossoró City Combined Team 2–0. Ceará's Mozart scored the first goal of the stadium.

The stadium's attendance record currently stands at 18,063, set on August 11, 1985 when Flamengo beat Baraúnas 3–2.

* *Enciclopédia do Futebol Brasileiro*, Volume 2 - Lance, Rio de Janeiro: Aretê Editorial S/A, 2001.

5°11′08″S 37°21′25″W / 5.18556°S 37.35694°W / -5.18556; -37.35694


title: Neural fold

abstract: The neural fold is a structure that arises during neurulation in the embryonic development of both birds and mammals among other organisms. This structure is associated with primary neurulation, meaning that it forms by the coming together of tissue layers, rather than a clustering, and subsequent hollowing out, of individual cells. In humans, the neural folds are responsible for the formation of the anterior end of the neural tube. The neural folds are derived from the neural plate, a preliminary structure consisting of elongated ectoderm cells. The folds give rise to neural crest cells, as well as bringing about the formation of the neural tube.

text:
# Neural fold

The **neural fold** is a structure that arises during neurulation in the embryonic development of both birds and mammals among other organisms. This structure is associated with primary neurulation, meaning that it forms by the coming together of tissue layers, rather than a clustering, and subsequent hollowing out, of individual cells (known as secondary neurulation). In humans, the neural folds are responsible for the formation of the anterior end of the neural tube. The neural folds are derived from the neural plate, a preliminary structure consisting of elongated ectoderm cells. The folds give rise to neural crest cells, as well as bringing about the formation of the neural tube.

## Development

In the embryo, the formation of the neural folds originates from the area where the neural plate and the surrounding ectoderm converge. This region of the embryo is formed after gastrulation, and consists of epithelial tissue. Here, the epithelial cells elongate by means of microtubule polymerization, increasing their height. The thumbnail below shows this process, as well as the subsequent formation of the neural crest cells and the neural tube, which arise from the joining of the neural folds.

### Folding

The formation of the neural fold is initiated by the release of calcium from within the cells. The released calcium interacts with proteins that can modify the actin filaments in the outer epithelial tissue, or ectoderm, in order to induce the dynamic cell movements necessary to create the fold. These cells are held together by cadherins (specifically E and N-cadherin), types of intercellular binding protein. When the cells at the peaks of the neural folds come in proximity with each other, it is the affinity for similar cadherin molecules (N-cadherins) that allows these cells to bind to each other. Thus, when the neural tube precursor cells begin expressing N-cadherin in the place of E-cadherin, this causes the neural tube to form and separate from the ectoderm and settle inside the embryo. When the cells fail to associate in a manner that is not part of the normal course of development, severe diseases can occur.

### Process overview

The process of folding begins when the cells in the central region of the neural plate, the medial hinge point cells, bind to the notochord beneath them. This creates a central anchoring point for the process of folding to occur, and subsequently creates the neural groove. As the neural folds continue to extend, dorsolateral hinge points form, allowing the folds to curve into a tube-like structure. When the peaks of the folds (known as the neural crest regions) touch, they merge and involute, creating the neural tube beneath the newly formed epidermal layer.

### Mechanism

The molecular mechanism behind this process lies in the expression and repression of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). BMPs are a wide family of proteins that perform many functions throughout the growing embryo, including stimulating the growth of cartilage and bone. In order to allow for the growth of precursor neural tissues, as opposed to precursor bone or cartilage tissues, BMP expression is decreased in the neural plate, specifically along the medial line, where the neural groove will soon form. The proteins produced from the genes *Noggin* and *Chordin* inhibit these BMPs, and subsequently allow neural commitment genes, like *SOX*, to be expressed. These genes encode transcription factors, which alter the genomic expression of these cells, furthering them along the path of neural cell commitment. This process of BMP inhibition allows for the anchoring of the medial hinge point cells, providing the neural folds with the foundation necessary for folding and closure to occur. *Noggin* and *Chordin* have other roles in the neurulation process, including stimulating the neural crest cells to emigrate from the newly formed neural tube. The *Sonic hedgehog* gene also plays a role in attenuating BMP expression, forming the medial hinge point while inhibiting the formation of the dorsolateral hinge points, and in ensuring the proper closure of the neural folds. The prechordal plate, notochord, and non-neural ectoderm are believed to be important inducer tissues that release these chemical signals, in order to trigger neural plate folding.

The final adhesion of the converging neural folds is due to several different types of intercellular binding proteins. Cadherins and their CAM receptor molecules, for example, are present in two types in the neural precursor tissue: E-cadherin keeps the cells of the neural plate and surrounding ectoderm adhered to each other, while N-cadherin does the same for the cells of the neural fold. Only cells expressing the same kind of cadherin can bind to each other; since the peaks of the neural folds both express N-cadherin, they are able to merge into a continuous sheet of cells. Likewise, it is this diminished affinity between cells expressing different types of cadherin that allows the neural tube precursor cells to separate from the ectoderm, forming the neural tube on the interior of the embryo and the true epidermis on the exterior. Another set of molecules involved with the merging of the neural folds are the ephrin molecules and their Eph receptors, which adhere in a similar manner to the cadherin molecules discussed above.

## Derivative structures

The merging of the neural folds gives rise to many structures including the neural tube (the precursor to the central nervous system), neural crest cells(which give rise to a variety of diverse mesenchymal cells), and to the true epidermal layer. The neural fold is an extremely important structure in that this mechanism is needed to produce these diverse kinds of cells in the right places.

## Clinical significance

There are many potential diseases that can arise from the improper adhesion or merging of the neural folds. During folding, the openings that are formed at the cranial and caudal regions are termed the cranial and caudal neuropores. If the caudal neuropore fails to close, a condition called spina bifida can occur, in which the bottom of the spinal cord remains exposed. Often this condition can be detected during prenatal examinations and be treated before birth, though in more severe cases the individual may cope with the condition for the rest of his or her life. Depending on the severity and the affected area, individuals can experience a variety of symptoms, including a varying motor function and mobility, bladder control, and/or sexual function.

If the failure is instead in the cranial neuropore, anencephaly occurs. In this condition, the brain tissue is directly exposed to the amniotic fluid, and is subsequently degraded. If the entire neural tube fails to close, the condition is referred to as craniorachischisis.

## InfoBox

| Neural fold | |
| --- | --- |
| Chick embryo of thirty-three hours’ incubation, viewed from the dorsal aspect. 30x. (Neural fold labeled at center left, third from the bottom.) | |
| Details | |
| Carnegie stage |  |
| Precursor | Neural plate |
| Gives rise to | Neural tube |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | *plica neuralis* |
| TE | fold\_by\_E5.13.1.0.1.0.2 E5.13.1.0.1.0.2 |
| Anatomical terminology | |


title: 1989 Air Force Falcons football team

abstract: The 1989 Air Force Falcons football team represented the United States Air Force Academy in the 1989 NCAA Division I-A football season. In the Ram–Falcon Trophy match, the Falcons beat the Colorado State Rams to win the trophy.

text:
# 1989 Air Force Falcons football team

1989 Western Athletic Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| No. 22 BYU $ | 7 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 10 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| Air Force | 5 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |  | 8 |  | 4 |  | 1 |
| Hawaii | 5 |  | 2 |  | 1 |  |  | 9 |  | 3 |  | 1 |
| Wyoming | 5 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
| San Diego State | 4 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 5 |  | 1 |
| Colorado State | 4 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 5 |  | 1 |
| Utah | 2 |  | 6 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 8 |  | 0 |
| UTEP | 1 |  | 7 |  | 0 |  |  | 2 |  | 10 |  | 0 |
| New Mexico | 0 |  | 7 |  | 0 |  |  | 2 |  | 10 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion Rankings from AP Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1989 Air Force Falcons football team** represented the United States Air Force Academy in the 1989 NCAA Division I-A football season. In the Ram–Falcon Trophy match, the Falcons beat the Colorado State Rams to win the trophy.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Rank | Site | TV | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 2 | San Diego State |  |  |  | W 52–36 | 44,579 |  |
| September 10 | Wyoming |  | * Falcon Stadium * Air Force Academy, CO | ESPN | W 45–7 | 44,098 |  |
| September 16 | at Northwestern* |  |  |  | W 48–31 | 27,334 |  |
| September 23 | UTEP |  | * Falcon Stadium * Air Force Academy, CO |  | W 43–26 | 43,898 |  |
| September 30 | at Colorado State | No. 24 |  |  | W 46–21 | 30,955 |  |
| October 7 | at Navy* | No. 20 |  |  | W 35-7 | 35,632 |  |
| October 14 | No. 1 Notre Dame* | No. 17 | * Falcon Stadium * Air Force Academy, CO (rivalry) | ESPN | L 27–41 | 53,533 |  |
| October 21 | at TCU* | No. 19 |  |  | L 9–27 | 23,593 |  |
| November 4 | Army* |  | * Falcon Stadium * Air Force Academy, CO |  | W 29–3 | 52,226 |  |
| November 11 | at No. 21 BYU |  |  | CBS | L 35–44 | 66,089 |  |
| November 25 | at Utah |  |  |  | W 42–38 | 20,119 |  |
| December 9 | at No. 23 Hawaii |  |  | ESPN | T 35–35 | 37,604 |  |
| December 28 | vs. Ole Miss* |  |  | FOX | L 29–42 | 60,128 |  |
| * \*Non-conference game * Rankings from AP Poll released prior to the game | | | | | | | |

## Personnel

| 1989 Air Force Falcons football team roster | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Players | | | Coaches |
| **Offense**  Pos. # Name Class  `53` Kevin Bell  OT `67` Terry Carr  QB `6` Dee Dowis Sr  RB `24` DeShawn Durham  RB `4` Ron Gray  OT `79` Scott Hollister  RB `34` Chris Howard  RB `40` Greg Johnson  FB `30` Jason Jones  WR `90` Lee Jones  QB `8` Charles Kuhl  RB `29` Rodney Lewis  QB `7` Lance McDowell  RB `37` Brian Neal  LB `16` Geoff Rich  WR `83` Steve Senn  WR `82` Trent Van Hulzen  `56` Paul Walski  TE `85` Mark Weber  `62` Steven Wilson  WR `17` Darryl Woods  RB `13` Ron Worthington  RB `49` Bill Wosilius  WR `11` Dan Zdroik | **Defense**  Pos. # Name Class  DT `81` Lane Beene  DB `19` Mike Betance  DL `96` Steve Brennan  CB `27` Eric Faison  LB `45` Randle Gladney  LB `46` Brian Hill  DB `21` Mike Jurries  DL `75` Tom Kafka  CB `5` Bob Lietzke  FS `18` Mario Mathis  CB `3` Carlton McDonald Fr  DL `61` Pat McNielis  LB  Vergil Simpson Fr  LB `42` Terry Walker  LB `51` Doug Young | **Special teams**  Pos. # Name Class  `39` Eric Olson  `2` Joe Wood | Head coach Coordinators/assistant coaches  ---  Legend* **(C)** Team captain * **(S)** Suspended * **(I)** Ineligible * Injured * Redshirt |

## Season summary

### San Diego State

* Dee Dowis 13 Rush, 249 Yds, 6 TD

### Wyoming

### At Northwestern

### UTEP

### At Colorado State

### At Navy

### Notre Dame

**#1 Notre Dame Fighting Irish (5–0) at #17 Air Force Falcons (6–0)**

| Quarter | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Notre Dame** | 14 | 21 | 3 | 3 | **41** |
| Air Force | 0 | 14 | 0 | 13 | **27** |

*at Falcon Stadium, Colorado Springs, Colorado*

| Game information |
| --- |
|  |

| External videos | |
| --- | --- |
| 1989 Notre Dame at Air Force – Television broadcast | |

## Awards and honors

Dee Dowis

* Honorable Mention All-American (AP)
* WAC Offensive Player of the Year
* 6th in Heisman Trophy voting

Lance McDowell

* Bullard Award

## InfoBox

| 1989 Air Force Falcons football | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Liberty Bowl, L 29–42 vs. Ole Miss | |
| Conference | Western Athletic Conference |
| Record | 8–4–1 (5–1–1 WAC) |
| Head coach |  |
| Offensive scheme | Wishbone triple option |
| Home stadium | Falcon Stadium |
|


abstract: Trzcianka-Kolonia is a colony in the administrative district of Gmina Osiek, within Staszów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south-west of Osiek, 20 km (12 mi) south-east of Staszów, and 72 km (45 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kielce. The village has a population of 89.

text:
# Trzcianka-Kolonia, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship

**Trzcianka-Kolonia** \[ˈtʂt͡ɕaŋka kɔˈlɔɲa\] (till December 31, 2001 as at **Kolonia Trzcianka**) is a colony in the administrative district of Gmina Osiek, within Staszów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south-west of Osiek, 20 km (12 mi) south-east of Staszów, and 72 km (45 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kielce.

The village has a population of  89.

## Demography

According to the 2002 Poland census, there were 100 people residing in Trzcianka-Kolonia village, of whom 48% were male and 52% were female. In the village, the population was spread out, with 28% under the age of 18, 34% from 18 to 44, 22% from 45 to 64, and 16% who were 65 years of age or older.

> Table 1. Population level of village in 2002 — by age group
> | SPECIFICATION | | | | | Measure
unit | POPULATION
(by age group in 2002) | | | | | | | | | |
> | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
> | | TOTAL | 0-9 | 10-19 | 20-29 | | 30-39 | 40-49 | 50-59 | 60-69 | 70-79 | 80 + |
> | I. | TOTAL | | | | person | 100 | 18 | 11 | 12 | 18 | 8 | 13 | 9 | 9 | 2 |
> | |  | of which in | | | % | 100 | 18 | 11 | 12 | 18 | 8 | 13 | 9 | 9 | 2 |
> | | 1. | BY SEX | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
> | | A. | Males | | person | 48 | 8 | 2 | 6 | 12 | 4 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 2 |
> | |  | of which in | % | 48 | 8 | 2 | 6 | 12 | 4 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 2 |
> | | B. | Females | | person | 52 | 10 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 7 |  |
> | |  | of which in | % | 52 | 10 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 7 |  |
>
> **Figure 1. Population pyramid of village in 2002 — by age group and sex**
>
> Table 2. Population level of village in 2002 — by sex
> | SPECIFICATION | | | | | | Measure
unit | POPULATION
(by sex in 2002) | | |
> | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
> | | TOTAL | Males | Females ||
> | I. | TOTAL | | | | | person | 100 | 48 | 52 |
> | |  | of which in | | | | % | 100 | 48 | 52 |
> | | 1. | BY AGE GROUP | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
> | | A. | At pre-working age | | | person | 28 | 10 | 18 |
> | |  | of which in | | % | 28 | 10 | 18 |
> | | B. | At working age, grand total | | | person | 56 | 33 | 23 |
> | |  | of which in | | % | 56 | 33 | 23 |
> | | a. | at mobile working age | | person | 34 | 19 | 15 |
> | |  | of which in | % | 34 | 19 | 15 |
> | | b. | at non-mobile working age | | person | 22 | 14 | 8 |
> | |  | of which in | % | 22 | 14 | 8 |
> | | C. | At post-working age | | | person | 16 | 5 | 11 |
> | |  | of which in | | % | 16 | 5 | 11 |

## InfoBox

| Trzcianka-Kolonia | |
| --- | --- |
| Colony | |
| Trzcianka-Kolonia | |
| Coordinates: 50°28′43″N 21°24′19″E / 50.47861°N 21.40528°E / 50.47861; 21.40528 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Świętokrzyskie |
| County | Staszów |
| Gmina | Osiek |
| Sołectwo | Trzcianka-Kolonia |
| Elevation | 150.9 m (495.1 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2009 at Census) | |
| Total | 89 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 28-221 |
| Area code | +48 15 |
| Car plates | TSZ |


title: Érik Canuel

abstract: Érik Canuel was a Canadian film and television director from Montreal, Quebec. Canuel, the son of actor Yvan Canuel, began his career in the mid-1980s making music videos for such artists as Paul Piché, Sass Jordan, Norman Iceberg, Vilain Pingouin and Sylvain Cossette. After shooting a number of TV commercials, several of them award-winners, he worked as a director on the television series Big Wolf on Campus, for the Fox network, and The Hunger, broadcast on Showtime and The Movie Network. In 2000, his IMAX film Hemingway: A Portrait won a Genie Award for best short documentary, as well as the Maximum Image Award for best 2D film at the Miami Aventura Imax Days. Canuel also directed Matthew Blackheart: Monster Smasher in 2000, The Pig's Law in 2001, Red Nose in 2003, The Last Tunnel in 2004, The Outlander in 2005, and Bon Cop, Bad Cop in 2006, receiving numerous nominations and awards. In 2010, Canuel directed the episode "Fa la Erica" of the TV series Being Erica. In 2016, he directed a segment of the collective film 9. In 2020, Canuel directed the last four episodes entitled "Collapse", "Orphans", "Relapse" and "The Only Way Out Is Through" of the first season of the TV series Transplant. He often made cameo appearances in his own films. Canuel died of plasma cell leukemia on June 15, 2024, at the age of 63.

text:
# Érik Canuel

**Érik Canuel** (1961 – June 15, 2024) was a Canadian film and television director from Montreal, Quebec.

Canuel, the son of actor Yvan Canuel, began his career in the mid-1980s making music videos for such artists as Paul Piché, Sass Jordan, Norman Iceberg, Vilain Pingouin and Sylvain Cossette. After shooting a number of TV commercials, several of them award-winners, he worked as a director on the television series *Big Wolf on Campus*, for the Fox network, and *The Hunger*, broadcast on Showtime and The Movie Network.

In 2000, his IMAX film *Hemingway: A Portrait* won a Genie Award for best short documentary, as well as the Maximum Image Award for best 2D film at the Miami Aventura Imax Days. Canuel also directed *Matthew Blackheart: Monster Smasher* in 2000, *The Pig's Law (La Loi du cochon)* in 2001, *Red Nose (Nez rouge)* in 2003, *The Last Tunnel (Le Dernier Tunnel)* in 2004, *The Outlander (Le Survenant)* in 2005, and *Bon Cop, Bad Cop* in 2006, receiving numerous nominations and awards.

In 2010, Canuel directed the episode "Fa la Erica" (season 3, ep. 11) of the TV series *Being Erica*. In 2016, he directed a segment of the collective film  *(9, le film)*.

In 2020, Canuel directed the last four episodes entitled "Collapse", "Orphans", "Relapse" and "The Only Way Out Is Through" of the first season of the TV series *Transplant*.

He often made cameo appearances in his own films.

Canuel died of plasma cell leukemia on June 15, 2024, at the age of 63.

## InfoBox

| Érik Canuel | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1961 (1961)<br>Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
| Died | (aged 63) |
| Occupation(s) | Film and television director |
| Years active | 1997–2024 |


title: The Blue Bird (1918 film)

abstract: The Blue Bird is a 1918 American silent fantasy film based upon the 1908 play by Maurice Maeterlinck and directed by Maurice Tourneur in the United States, under the auspices of producer Adolph Zukor. In 2004, this film was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in its National Film Registry.

text:
# The Blue Bird (1918 film)

***The Blue Bird*** is a 1918 American silent fantasy film based upon the 1908 play by Maurice Maeterlinck and directed by Maurice Tourneur in the United States, under the auspices of producer Adolph Zukor. In 2004, this film was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in its National Film Registry.

## Plot

When poor old widow Berlingot asks Tyltyl and Mytyl, the young son and daughter of her more prosperous neighbors, for the loan of their pet bird to cheer up her ill daughter, Mytyl selfishly refuses. That night, when the children are asleep, the fairy Bérylune enters their home in the semblance of Berlingot, before transforming into her true beautiful appearance. She insists that the children search for the bluebird of happiness. She gives Tyltyl a magical hat which has the power to show him the insides of things. As a result, the souls of fire, water, light, bread, sugar, and milk becoming personified, and their pet dog and cat can now speak with their masters. Before they all set out, Bérylune warns the children that their new companions will all perish once their quest is achieved.

The fairy then takes them to various places to search. At the Palace of Night, the traitorous cat forewarns the Mother of Night, having heard the fairy's prediction. The dog saves Tyltyl from one of the dangers of the palace. In a graveyard, the dead come alive at midnight, and Tyltyl and Mytyl are reunited with their grandmother, grandfather, and siblings. They receive a blue bird, but when they leave, it disappears. Next, they visit the Palace of Happiness. After seeing various lesser joys and happinesses, they are shown the greatest of them all: maternal love in the form of their own mother. Finally, they are transported to the Kingdom of the Future, where children wait to be born, including their brother. Nowhere do they find the bluebird.

Returning home empty-handed, the children see that the bird has been in a cage in their home the whole time. Mytyl gives the bird to Berlingot. She returns shortly afterward with her daughter, now well. However, the bird escapes from the daughter's grasp and flies away. Tyltyl comforts the upset neighbor girl, then turns to the audience and asks the viewers to search for the bluebird where they are most likely to find it: in their own homes.

## Cast

## Production

The film was shot in Fort Lee, New Jersey; many early film studios in America's first motion picture industry were based there at the beginning of the 20th century.

## Reception

*The New York Times* gave the film a highly favorable review, calling it a "hit on screen", and stating that "seldom, if ever, has the atmosphere and spirit of a written work been more faithfully reproduced in motion pictures." Of the actors, the critic wrote, "Tyltyl and Mytyl are as delightful as children, real or imaginary, ever are. Robin Macdougall and Tula Belle make them so", and "all in the play were thoroughly pleasing."

## InfoBox

| The Blue Bird | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Maurice Tourneur |
| Written by | Maurice Maeterlinck
Charles Maigne |
| Based on | *The Blue Bird*
1908 play
by Maurice Maeterlinck |
| Starring | Tula Belle
Robin Macdougall |
| Cinematography | John van den Broek |
| Edited by | Clarence Brown |
| Music by | Edward Falck
Hugo Riesenfeld |
| Distributed by | Paramount Pictures |
| Release date | * March 31, 1918 (1918-03-31) |
| Running time | 75 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | Silent (English intertitles) |