title: Malaria vaccine

abstract: Malaria vaccines are vaccines that prevent malaria, a mosquito-borne infectious disease which affected an estimated 249 million people globally in 85 malaria endemic countries and areas and caused 608,000 deaths in 2022. The first approved vaccine for malaria is RTS,S, known by the brand name Mosquirix. As of April 2023, the vaccine has been given to 1.5 million children living in areas with moderate-to-high malaria transmission. It requires at least three doses in infants by age 2, and a fourth dose extends the protection for another 1–2 years. The vaccine reduces hospital admissions from severe malaria by around 30%. Research continues with other malaria vaccines. The most effective malaria vaccine is the R21/Matrix-M, with a 77% efficacy rate shown in initial trials and significantly higher antibody levels than with the RTS,S vaccine. It is the first vaccine that meets the World Health Organization's (WHO) goal of a malaria vaccine with at least 75% efficacy, and only the second malaria vaccine to be recommended by the WHO. In April 2023, Ghana's Food and Drugs Authority approved the use of the R21 vaccine for use in children aged between five months and three years old. Following Ghana's decision, Nigeria provisionally approved the R21 vaccine.

text:
# Malaria vaccine

**Malaria vaccines** are vaccines that prevent malaria, a mosquito-borne infectious disease which affected an estimated 249 million people globally in 85 malaria endemic countries and areas and caused 608,000 deaths in 2022. The first approved vaccine for malaria is RTS,S, known by the brand name Mosquirix. As of April 2023, the vaccine has been given to 1.5 million children living in areas with moderate-to-high malaria transmission. It requires at least three doses in infants by age 2, and a fourth dose extends the protection for another 1–2 years. The vaccine reduces hospital admissions from severe malaria by around 30%.

Research continues with other malaria vaccines. The most effective malaria vaccine is the R21/Matrix-M, with a 77% efficacy rate shown in initial trials and significantly higher antibody levels than with the RTS,S vaccine. It is the first vaccine that meets the World Health Organization's (WHO) goal of a malaria vaccine with at least 75% efficacy, and only the second malaria vaccine to be recommended by the WHO. In April 2023, Ghana's Food and Drugs Authority approved the use of the R21 vaccine for use in children aged between five months and three years old. Following Ghana's decision, Nigeria provisionally approved the R21 vaccine.

## Approved vaccines

### RTS,S

RTS,S/AS01 (brand name Mosquirix) is the first malaria vaccine approved for public use. It requires at least three doses in infants by age 2, with a fourth dose extending the protection for another 1–2 years. The vaccine reduces hospital admissions from severe malaria by around 30%.

RTS,S was developed by PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI) and GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) with support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. It is a recombinant vaccine, consisting of the *Plasmodium falciparum* circumsporozoite protein (CSP) from the pre-erythrocytic stage. The CSP antigen causes the production of antibodies capable of preventing the invasion of hepatocytes and also elicits a cellular response enabling the destruction of infected hepatocytes. The CSP vaccine presented problems in the trial stage due to its poor immunogenicity. RTS,S attempted to avoid these by fusing the protein with a surface antigen from hepatitis B virus, creating a more potent and immunogenic vaccine. When tested in trials as an emulsion of oil in water and with the added adjuvants of monophosphoryl A and QS21 (SBAS2), the vaccine gave protective immunity to 7 out of 8 volunteers when challenged with *P. falciparum.*

RTS,S was engineered using genes from the outer protein of *P. falciparum* malaria parasite and a portion of a hepatitis B virus plus a chemical adjuvant to boost the immune response. Infection is prevented by inducing high antibody titers that block the parasite from infecting the liver. In November 2012, a Phase III trial of RTS,S found that it provided modest protection against both clinical and severe malaria in young infants.

In October 2013, preliminary results of a phase III clinical trial indicated that RTS,S/AS01 reduced the number of cases among young children by almost 50 percent and among infants by around 25 percent. The study ended in 2014. The effects of a booster dose were positive, even though overall efficacy seems to wane with time. After four years, reductions were 36 percent for children who received three shots and a booster dose. Missing the booster dose reduced the efficacy against severe malaria to a negligible effect. The vaccine was shown to be less effective for infants. Three doses of vaccine plus a booster reduced the risk of clinical episodes by 26 percent over three years but offered no significant protection against severe malaria.

In a bid to accommodate a larger group and guarantee a sustained availability for the general public, GSK applied for a marketing license with the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in July 2014. GSK treated the project as a non-profit initiative, with most funding coming from the Gates Foundation, a major contributor to malaria eradication.

In July 2015, Mosquirix received a positive scientific opinion from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) on the proposal for the vaccine to be used to vaccinate children aged 6 weeks to 17 months outside the European Union. A pilot project for vaccination was launched on 23 April 2019 in Malawi, on 30 April 2019 in Ghana, and on 13 September 2019 in Kenya.

In October 2021, the vaccine was endorsed by the World Health Organization for "broad use" in children, making it the first malaria vaccine to receive this recommendation.

The vaccine was prequalified by WHO in July 2022. In August 2022, UNICEF awarded a contract to GSK to supply 18 million doses of the RTS,S vaccine over three years. More than 30 countries have areas with moderate to high malaria transmission where the vaccine is expected to be useful.

As of April 2023, 1.5 million children in Ghana, Kenya and Malawi had received at least one injection of the vaccine, with more than 4.5 million doses of the vaccine administered through the countries' routine immunization programs. The next 9 countries to receive the vaccine over the next 2 years are Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia, Niger, Sierra Leone, and Uganda.

### R21/Matrix-M

The most effective malaria vaccine is R21/Matrix-M, with 77% efficacy shown in initial trials. It is the first vaccine that meets the World Health Organization's goal of a malaria vaccine with at least 75% efficacy. It was developed through a collaboration involving the Jenner Institute at the University of Oxford, the Kenya Medical Research Institute, the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Novavax, and the Serum Institute of India. The trials took place at the Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé in Nanoro, Burkina Faso with Halidou Tinto as the principal investigator. The R21 vaccine uses a circumsporozoite protein (CSP) antigen, at a higher proportion than the RTS,S vaccine. It uses the same HBsAg-linked recombinant structure, but contains no excess HBsAg. It includes the Matrix-M adjuvant that is also utilized in the Novavax COVID-19 vaccine.

A phase II trial was reported in April 2021, with a vaccine efficacy of 77% and antibody levels significantly higher than with the RTS,S vaccine. A booster shot of R21/Matrix-M that is given 12 months after the primary three-dose regimen maintains a high efficacy against malaria, providing high protection against symptomatic malaria for at least 2 years. A phase III trial with 4,800 children across four African countries was reported in November 2022, demonstrating vaccine efficacy of 74% against a severe malaria episode. Further data from multiple studies is being collected. As of April 2023 data from the phase III study had not been formally published, but late-stage data from the study was shared with regulatory authorities.

Ghana's Food and Drugs Authority approved the use of the R21 vaccine in April 2023, for use in children aged between five months to three years old. The Serum Institute of India is preparing to produce between 100–200 million doses of the vaccine per year, and is constructing a vaccine factory in Accra, Ghana. Following Ghana's decision, Nigeria provisionally approved the R21 vaccine.

In October 2023 the WHO endorsed the R21 vaccine against malaria, end of December 2023 it was added to the list of Prequalified Vaccines.

## Agents under development

A completely effective vaccine is not available for malaria, although several vaccines are under development. Multiple vaccine candidates targeting the blood-stage of the parasite's lifecycle have been insufficient on their own. Several potential vaccines targeting the pre-erythrocytic stage are being developed, with RTS,S and R-21/Matrix-M the two approved options so far.

### Nanoparticle enhancement of RTS,S

In 2015, researchers used a repetitive antigen display technology to engineer a nanoparticle that displayed malaria specific B cell and T cell epitopes. The particle exhibited icosahedral symmetry and carried on its surface up to 60 copies of the RTS,S protein. The researchers claimed that the density of the protein was much higher than the 14% of the GSK vaccine.

### PfSPZ vaccine

The PfSPZ vaccine is a candidate malaria vaccine developed by Sanaria using radiation-attenuated sporozoites to elicit an immune response. Clinical trials have been promising, with trials in Africa, Europe, and the US protecting over 80% of volunteers. It has been subject to some criticism regarding the ultimate feasibility of large-scale production and delivery in Africa, since it must be stored in liquid nitrogen.

The PfSPZ vaccine candidate was granted fast track designation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in September 2016.

In April 2019, a phase III trial in Bioko was announced, scheduled to start in early 2020.

### Other developments

* SPf66 is a synthetic peptide based vaccine developed by the Manuel Elkin Patarroyo team in Colombia, and was tested extensively in endemic areas in the 1990s. Clinical trials showed it to be insufficiently effective, with 28% efficacy in South America and minimal or no efficacy in Africa. This vaccine had no protective effect in the largest placebo controlled randomized trial in South East Asia and was abandoned.
* The CSP (Circum-Sporozoite Protein) was a vaccine developed that initially appeared promising enough to undergo trials. It is also based on the circumsporozoite protein, but additionally has the recombinant (Asn-Ala-Pro15Asn-Val-Asp-Pro)2-Leu-Arg(R32LR) protein covalently bound to a purified *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* toxin (A9). However, at an early stage, a complete lack of protective immunity was demonstrated in those inoculated. The study group used in Kenya had an 82% incidence of parasitaemia while the control group only had an 89% incidence. The vaccine intended to cause an increased T-lymphocyte response in those exposed; this was also not observed.
* The NYVAC-Pf7 multi-stage vaccine attempted to use different technology, incorporating seven *P. falciparum* antigenic genes. These came from a variety of stages during the lifecycle. CSP and sporozoite surface protein 2 (called PfSSP2) were derived from the sporozoite phase. The liver stage antigen 1 (LSA1), three from the erythrocytic stage (merozoite surface protein 1, serine repeat antigen, and AMA-1), and one sexual stage antigen (the 25-kDa Pfs25) were included. This was first investigated using rhesus monkeys and produced encouraging results: 4 out of the 7 antigens produced specific antibody responses (CSP, PfSSP2, MSP1 and PFs25). Later trials in humans, despite demonstrating cellular immune responses in over 90% of the subjects, had very poor antibody responses. Despite this following administration of the vaccine, some candidates had complete protection when challenged with *P. falciparum*. This result has warranted ongoing trials.
* In 1995 a field trial involving \[NANP\]19-5.1 proved to be very successful. Out of 194 children vaccinated, none developed symptomatic malaria in the 12-week follow-up period, and only 8 failed to have higher levels of antibody present. The vaccine consists of the schizont export protein (5.1) and 19 repeats of the sporozoite surface protein \[NANP\]. Limitations of the technology exist as it contains only 20% peptide and has low levels of immunogenicity. It also does not contain any immunodominant T-cell epitopes.
* A chemical compound undergoing trials for the treatment of tuberculosis and cancer—the JmJc inhibitor ML324 and the antitubercular clinical candidate SQ109—is potentially a new line of drugs to treat malaria and kill the parasite in its infectious stage. More tests still need to be carried out before the compounds would be approved as a viable treatment.

## Considerations

The task of developing a preventive vaccine for malaria is a complex process. There are a number of considerations to be made concerning what strategy a potential vaccine should adopt.

### Parasite diversity

*P. falciparum* has demonstrated the capability, through the development of multiple drug-resistant parasites, for evolutionary change. The *Plasmodium* species has a very high rate of replication, much higher than that actually needed to ensure transmission in the parasite's lifecycle. This enables pharmaceutical treatments that are effective at reducing the reproduction rate, but not halting it, to exert a high selection pressure, thus favoring the development of resistance. The process of evolutionary change is one of the key considerations necessary when considering potential vaccine candidates. The development of resistance could cause a significant reduction in efficacy of any potential vaccine thus rendering useless a carefully developed and effective treatment.

### Choosing to address the symptom or the source

The parasite induces two main response types from the human immune system. These are anti-parasitic immunity and anti-toxic immunity.

* "Anti-parasitic immunity" addresses the source; it consists of an antibody response (humoral immunity) and a cell-mediated immune response. Ideally, a vaccine would enable the development of anti-plasmodial antibodies in addition to generating an elevated cell-mediated response. Potential antigens against which a vaccine could be targeted will be discussed in greater depth later. Antibodies are part of the specific immune response. They exert their effect by activating the complement cascade, stimulating phagocytic cells into endocytosis through adhesion to an external surface of the antigenic substances, thus 'marking' it as offensive. Humoral or cell-mediated immunity consists of many interlinking mechanisms that essentially aim to prevent infection entering the body (through external barriers or hostile internal environments) and then kill any micro-organisms or foreign particles that succeed in penetration. The cell-mediated component consists of many white blood cells (such as monocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, basophils, mast cells, natural killer cells, and eosinophils) that target foreign bodies by a variety of different mechanisms. In the case of malaria, both systems would be targeted to attempt to increase the potential response generated, thus ensuring the maximum chance of preventing disease.
* "Anti-toxic immunity" addresses the symptoms; it refers to the suppression of the immune response associated with the production of factors that either induce symptoms or reduce the effect that any toxic by-products (of micro-organism presence) have on the development of disease. For example, it has been shown that tumor necrosis factor-alpha has a central role in generating the symptoms experienced in severe *P. falciparum* malaria. Thus a therapeutic vaccine could target the production of TNF-a, preventing respiratory distress and cerebral symptoms. This approach has serious limitations as it would not reduce the parasitic load; rather, it only reduces the associated pathology. As a result, there are substantial difficulties in evaluating efficacy in human trials.

Taking this information into consideration an ideal vaccine candidate would attempt to generate a more substantial cell-mediated and antibody response on parasite presentation. This would have the benefit of increasing the rate of parasite clearance, thus reducing the experienced symptoms and providing a level of consistent future immunity against the parasite.

### Potential targets

Potential vaccine targets in the malaria lifecycle (Doolan and Hoffman)
| Parasite stage | Target |
| --- | --- |
| Sporozoite | Hepatocyte invasion; direct anti-sporozite |
| Hepatozoite | Direct anti-hepatozoite. |
| Asexual erythrocytic | Anti-host erythrocyte, antibodies blocking invasion; anti receptor ligand, anti-soluble toxin |
| Gametocyte | Anti-gametocyte. Anti-host erythrocyte, antibodies blocking fertilisation, antibodies blocking egress from the mosquito midgut. |

By their very nature, protozoa are more complex organisms than bacteria and viruses, with more complicated structures and lifecycles. This presents problems in vaccine development but also increases the number of potential targets for a vaccine. These have been summarised into the lifecycle stage and the antibodies that could potentially elicit an immune response.

The epidemiology of malaria varies enormously across the globe and has led to the belief that it may be necessary to adopt very different vaccine development strategies to target the different populations. A Type 1 vaccine is suggested for those exposed mostly to *P. falciparum* malaria in sub-Saharan Africa, with the primary objective to reduce the number of severe malaria cases and deaths in infants and children exposed to high transmission rates. The Type 2 vaccine could be thought of as a 'travelers' vaccine,' aiming to prevent all clinical symptoms in individuals with no previous exposure. This is another major public health problem, with malaria presenting as one of the most substantial threats to travelers' health. Problems with the available pharmaceutical therapies include costs, availability, adverse effects and contraindications, inconvenience, and compliance, many of which would be reduced or eliminated if an effective (greater than 85–90%) vaccine was developed.

The lifecycle of the malaria parasite is particularly complex, presenting initial developmental problems. Despite the huge number of vaccines available, there are none that target parasitic infections. The distinct developmental stages involved in the lifecycle present numerous opportunities for targeting antigens, thus potentially eliciting an immune response. Theoretically, each developmental stage could have a vaccine developed specifically to target the parasite. Moreover, any vaccine produced would ideally have the ability to be of therapeutic value as well as preventing further transmission and is likely to consist of a combination of antigens from different phases of the parasite's development. More than 30 of these antigens are being researched by teams all over the world in the hope of identifying a combination that can elicit immunity in the inoculated individual. Some of the approaches involve surface expression of the antigen, inhibitory effects of specific antibodies on the lifecycle and the protective effects through immunization or passive transfer of antibodies between an immune and a non-immune host. The majority of research into malarial vaccines has focused on the *Plasmodium falciparum* strain due to the high mortality caused by the parasite and the ease of carrying out in vitro/in vivo studies. The earliest vaccines attempted to use the parasitic circumsporozoite protein (CSP). This is the most dominant surface antigen of the initial pre-erythrocytic phase. However, problems were encountered due to low efficacy, reactogenicity and low immunogenicity.

* The initial stage in the lifecycle, following inoculation, is a relatively short "pre-erythrocytic" or "hepatic" phase. A vaccine at this stage must have the ability to protect against sporozoites invading and possibly inhibiting the development of parasites in the hepatocytes (through inducing cytotoxic T-lymphocytes that can destroy the infected liver cells). However, if any sporozoites evaded the immune system they would then have the potential to be symptomatic and cause the clinical disease.
* The second phase of the lifecycle is the "erythrocytic" or blood phase. A vaccine here could prevent merozoite multiplication or the invasion of red blood cells. This approach is complicated by the lack of MHC molecule expression on the surface of erythrocytes. Instead, malarial antigens are expressed, and it is this towards which the antibodies could potentially be directed. Another approach would be to attempt to block the process of erythrocyte adherence to blood vessel walls. It is thought that this process is accountable for much of the clinical syndrome associated with malarial infection; therefore, a vaccine given during this stage would be therapeutic and hence administered during clinical episodes to prevent further deterioration.
* The last phase of the lifecycle that has the potential to be targeted by a vaccine is the "sexual stage". This would not give any protective benefits to the individual inoculated but would prevent further transmission of the parasite by preventing the gametocytes from producing multiple sporozoites in the gut wall of the mosquito. It therefore would be used as part of a policy directed at eliminating the parasite from areas of low prevalence or to prevent the development and spread of vaccine-resistant parasites. This type of transmission-blocking vaccine is potentially very important. The evolution of resistance in the malaria parasite occurs very quickly, potentially making any vaccine redundant within a few generations. This approach to the prevention of spread is therefore essential.
* Another approach is to target the protein kinases, which are present during the entire lifecycle of the malaria parasite. Research is underway on this, yet production of an actual vaccine targeting these protein kinases may still take a long time.
* Report of a vaccine candidate capable of neutralizing all tested strains of *Plasmodium falciparum*, the most deadly form of the parasite causing malaria, was published in *Nature Communications* by a team of scientists from the University of Oxford in 2011. The viral vector vaccine, targeting a full-length *P. falciparum* reticulocyte-binding protein homologue 5 (PfRH5) was found to induce an antibody response in an animal model. The results of this new vaccine confirmed the utility of a key discovery reported from scientists at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, published in *Nature*. The earlier publication reported *P. falciparum* relies on a red blood cell surface receptor, known as 'basigin', to invade the cells by binding a protein PfRH5 to the receptor. Unlike other antigens of the malaria parasite which are often genetically diverse, the PfRH5 antigen appears to have little genetic diversity. It was found to induce very low antibody response in people naturally exposed to the parasite. The high susceptibility of PfRH5 to the cross-strain neutralizing vaccine-induced antibody demonstrated a significant promise for preventing malaria in the long and often difficult road of vaccine development. According to Professor Adrian Hill, a Wellcome Trust Senior Investigator at the University of Oxford, the next step would be the safety tests of this vaccine. At the time (2011) it was projected that if these proved successful, the clinical trials in patients could begin within two to three years.
* PfEMP1, one of the proteins known as variant surface antigens (VSAs) produced by *Plasmodium falciparum*, was found to be a key target of the immune system's response against the parasite. Studies of blood samples from 296 mostly Kenyan children by researchers of Burnet Institute and their cooperators showed that antibodies against PfEMP1 provide protective immunity, while antibodies developed against other surface antigens do not. Their results demonstrated that PfEMP1 could be a target to develop an effective vaccine which will reduce risk of developing malaria.
* *Plasmodium vivax* is the common malaria species found in India, Southeast Asia and South America. It is able to stay dormant in the liver and reemerge years later to elicit new infections. Two key proteins involved in the invasion of the red blood cells (RBC) by *P. vivax* are potential targets for drug or vaccine development. When the Duffy binding protein (DBP) of *P. vivax* binds the Duffy antigen (DARC) on the surface of RBC, process for the parasite to enter the RBC is initiated. Structures of the core region of DARC and the receptor binding pocket of DBP have been mapped by scientists at the Washington University in St. Louis. The researchers found that the binding is a two-step process that involves two copies of the parasite protein acting together like a pair of tongs that "clamp" two copies of DARC. Antibodies that interfere with the binding by either targeting the key region of the DARC or the DBP will prevent the infection.
* Antibodies against the Schizont Egress Antigen-1 (PfSEA-1) were found to disable the parasite's ability to rupture from the infected red blood cells (RBCs), thus preventing it from continuing with its lifecycle. Researchers from Rhode Island Hospital identified *Plasmodium falciparum* PfSEA-1, a 244 kd malaria antigen expressed in the schizont-infected RBCs. Mice vaccinated with the recombinant PfSEA-1 produced antibodies which interrupted the schizont rupture from the RBCs and decreased the parasite replication. The vaccine protected the mice from the lethal challenge of the parasite. Tanzanian and Kenyan children who have antibodies to PfSEA-1 were found to have fewer parasites in their bloodstream and a milder case of malaria. By blocking the schizont outlet, the PfSEA-1 vaccine may work synergistically with vaccines targeting the other stages of the malaria lifecycle such as hepatocyte and RBC invasion.

### Mix of antigenic components

Increasing the potential immunity generated against *Plasmodia* can be achieved by attempting to target multiple phases in the lifecycle. This is additionally beneficial in reducing the possibility of resistant parasites developing. The use of multiple-parasite antigens can therefore have a synergistic or additive effect.

One of the most successful vaccine candidates in clinical trials consists of recombinant antigenic proteins to the circumsporozoite protein.

## History

Individuals who are exposed to the parasite in endemic countries develop acquired immunity against disease and death. Such immunity does not, however prevent malarial infection; immune individuals often harbour asymptomatic parasites in their blood. This does, however, imply that it is possible to create an immune response that protects against the harmful effects of the parasite.

Research shows that if immunoglobulin is taken from immune adults, purified, and then given to individuals who have no protective immunity, some protection can be gained.

### Irradiated mosquitoes

In 1967, it was reported that a level of immunity to the *Plasmodium berghei* parasite could be given to mice by exposing them to sporozoites that had been irradiated by x-rays. Subsequent human studies in the 1970s showed that humans could be immunized against *Plasmodium vivax* and *Plasmodium falciparum* by exposing them to the bites of significant numbers of irradiated mosquitos.

From 1989 to 1999, eleven volunteers recruited from the United States Public Health Service, United States Army, and United States Navy were immunized against *Plasmodium falciparum* by the bites of 1001–2927 mosquitoes that had been irradiated with 15,000 rads of gamma rays from a Co-60 or Cs-137 source. This level of radiation is sufficient to attenuate the malaria parasites so that, while they can still enter hepatic cells, they cannot develop into schizonts nor infect red blood cells. Over a span of 42 weeks, 24 of 26 tests on the volunteers showed that they were protected from malaria.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Malaria vaccine
| Vaccine description | |
| --- | --- |
| Target | Malaria |
| Vaccine type | Protein subunit |
| Clinical data | |
| Trade names | Mosquirix |
| Routes of<br>administration | Intramuscular |
| ATC code |  |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status | * EU: Rx-only * Approved in Ghana, Nigeria |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| ChemSpider | * none |


title: Magnolia Hotel (Houston)

abstract: The Magnolia Hotel Houston is a hotel located at 1100 Texas Avenue, in downtown Houston, Texas. It was the tallest building in Houston from 1926 to 1927. The building once served as headquarters for the Shell Oil Company, and later home to The Houston Post-Dispatch.

text:
# Magnolia Hotel (Houston)

The **Magnolia Hotel Houston** is a hotel located at 1100 Texas Avenue, in downtown Houston, Texas. It was the tallest building in Houston from 1926 to 1927. The building once served as headquarters for the Shell Oil Company, and later home to *The Houston Post-Dispatch*.

## InfoBox

| Magnolia Hotel Houston | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | 1100 Texas Avenue
Houston, Texas |
| Coordinates | 29°45′32″N 95°21′41″W / 29.7589°N 95.3614°W / 29.7589; -95.3614 |
| Opening | 2003 |
| Owner | Magnolia Hotels |
| Height | 99.1 m (325 ft) |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 22 |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Sanguient, Staats, Hendrick & Gottlieb
Mitchell Carlson Stone, Inc.
Guy Thornton Design |
| Other information | |
| Number of rooms | 314 |
| Number of restaurants | 1 |
|  | |


title: Francesco Carmelo Salerno

abstract: Francesco Salerno was an Italian politician. Lawyer, publicist and member of the Christian Democracy political party, he was appointed Deputy Minister to the Prime Minister office in 1979, during the presidency of Francesco Cossiga. In addition to achieving high positions in Italian politics, he was for 22 years president of the Matera football club.

text:
# Francesco Carmelo Salerno

**Francesco Salerno** (9 September 1925  17 October 1998) was an Italian politician.

Lawyer, publicist and member of the Christian Democracy political party, he was appointed Deputy Minister to the Prime Minister office in 1979, during the presidency of Francesco Cossiga.

In addition to achieving high positions in Italian politics, he was for 22 years president of the Matera football club.

## Orders of Merit

2nd Class / Grand Officer: *Grande Ufficiale Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana*

## InfoBox

| Francesco Salerno | |
| --- | --- |
| Carmelo Francesco Salerno | |
|  | |
| Senator | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1925-09-09)9 September 1925
Montescaglioso, Italy |
| Died | (1998-10-17)17 October 1998
Matera, Italy |
| Political party | Christian Democracy |
| Profession | Lawyer |
|  | |


title: Witt-Champe-Myers House

abstract: Witt-Champe-Myers House is a historic home located at Dublin, Wayne County, Indiana. It was built in 1837–38, and is a two-story, Federal style painted brick detached dwelling. It features a two-story front portico with Tuscan order columns on the first story and Doric order columns on the second. Also on the property are the contributing one-room brick house (1837), small brick smokehouse, and brick spring house. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.

text:
# Witt-Champe-Myers House

**Witt-Champe-Myers House** is a historic home located at Dublin, Wayne County, Indiana. It was built in 1837–38, and is a two-story, Federal style painted brick detached dwelling. It features a two-story front portico with Tuscan order columns on the first story and Doric order columns on the second. Also on the property are the contributing one-room brick house (1837), small brick smokehouse, and brick spring house.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Witt-Champe-Myers House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Witt-Champe-Myers driveway, August 2011 | |
|  | |
| Location | Jct. of Spring and Foundry Sts., SE corner, Dublin, Indiana |
| Coordinates | 39°48′38″N 85°12′7″W / 39.81056°N 85.20194°W / 39.81056; -85.20194 |
| Area | 3 acres (1.2 ha) |
| Built | 1837 (1837)-1838 |
| Architectural style | Federal |
| NRHP reference No. | 95000700 |
| Added to NRHP | June 9, 1995 |


title: List of Carnegie libraries in Missouri

abstract: The following list of Carnegie libraries in Missouri provides detailed information on United States Carnegie libraries in Missouri, where 33 public libraries were built from 26 grants awarded by the Carnegie Corporation of New York from 1899 to 1917. In addition, academic libraries were built at 2 institutions.

text:
# List of Carnegie libraries in Missouri

The following **list of Carnegie libraries in Missouri** provides detailed information on United States Carnegie libraries in Missouri, where 33 public libraries were built from 26 grants (totaling $1,502,500) awarded by the Carnegie Corporation of New York from 1899 to 1917. In addition, academic libraries were built at 2 institutions (totaling $95,000).

## Key

Building still operating as a library
Building standing, but now serving another purpose
Building no longer standing
Building listed on the National Register of Historic Places
Building contributes to a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places

## Public libraries

|  | Library | City or
town | Image | Date
granted | Grant
amount | Location | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Albany | Albany |  | Jun 2, 1903 | $12,500 | 101 W. Clay St. | Continues to be used as a Public Library. (2014) |
| 2 | Aurora | Aurora |  | Mar 14, 1913 | $9,000 | 202 Jefferson Ave. | Continues to be used as a Public Library. (2012) |
| 3 | Bolivar | Bolivar |  | Nov 3, 1913 | $8,000 | 120 E. Jackson St. | No longer used as a Public Library. (2012) |
| 4 | Brookfield | Brookfield |  | Nov 9, 1916 | $12,000 | 114 E. Wood St. |  |
| 5 | Cape Girardeau | Cape Girardeau |  | Nov 9, 1916 | $25,000 | 44 N. Lorimier St. | Open Apr 1, 1922. Closed in 1980, now county offices and courthouse annex. Main entrance obscured by building addition. |
| 6 | Carthage | Carthage |  | Apr 26, 1902 | $25,000 | 321 W. 7th St. | Continues to be used as a Public Library. (2012) |
| 7 | Excelsior Springs | Excelsior Springs |  | Apr 28, 1913 | $10,000 | 339 E. Broadway St. | No longer a public library. (2013) |
| 8 | Fayette | Fayette |  | May 21, 1913 | $10,000 | 201 S. Main St. | Continues to be used as a public library. (2013) |
| 9 | Fulton | Fulton |  | Apr 8, 1911 | $12,000 | 709 Market St. | Continues to be used as a public library. (2024) |
| 10 | Huntsville | Huntsville |  | Apr 13, 1914 | $10,000 | 102 E. Library St. | Continues to be used as a public library. (2013) |
| 11 | Jefferson City | Jefferson City |  | Jan 15, 1900 | $25,000 | 210 Adams St. |  |
| 12 | Joplin | Joplin |  | Jul 16, 1901 | $60,000 | Wall Ave. and 9th St. | Closed April 1981 |
| 13 | Louisiana | Louisiana |  | Apr 11, 1902 | $10,000 | 121 N. 3rd St. |  |
| 14 | Marceline | Marceline |  | May 3, 1917 | $12,500 | 119 E. California Ave. |  |
| 15 | Marshfield | Marshfield |  | Apr 8, 1910 | $5,000 | 219 S. Clay St. | Closed in 1995, now a museum. |
| 16 | Maryville | Maryville |  | Dec 29, 1903 | $14,000 |  | Open 1905–1962 |
| 17 | Mexico | Mexico |  | Apr 30, 1912 | $12,500 | 149 N. Clark St. | Closed in 1968; old building moved from 316 N. Washington St. to new location December 1990; used as library again 1990–present (2014) |
| 18 | Moberly | Moberly |  | Apr 26, 1902 | $20,000 | 111 N. 4th St. | Continues to be used as a public library. (2013) |
| 19 | Monroe City | Monroe City |  | May 15, 1916 | $7,500 | 109 2nd St. | Combined City Hall and Library. (2013) |
| 20 | Nevada | Nevada |  | Jun 1, 1915 | $17,500 | 225 W. Austin Blvd. | Now a tourism center. Building still standing (2013). |
| 21 | Sedalia | Sedalia |  | Oct 28, 1899 | $50,000 | 311 W. 3rd St. | Recently refurbished. (2013) Still used as a Public Library. |
| 22 | Shelbina | Shelbina |  | Nov 9, 1916 | $10,000 | 102 N. Center St | Continues to be used as a public library. (2013) |
| 23 | Springfield | Springfield |  | Oct 4, 1901 | $50,000 | 397 E. Central St. | Continues to be used as a Public Library. (2012) |
| 24 | St. Joseph Carnegie | St. Joseph |  | Feb 13, 1901 | $50,000 | 316 Massachusetts St. | Continues to be used as a public library. (2013) |
| 25 | St. Joseph Washington Bluff | St. Joseph |  | Feb 13, 1901 |  | 1821 N. 3rd St. | Continues to be used as a public library. (2013) |
| 26 | St. Louis Central | St. Louis |  | Mar 12, 1901 | $1,000,000 | 1301 Olive St. | Designed by Cass Gilbert and opened in 1912, renovated 2010–2012. |
| 27 | St. Louis Barr | St. Louis |  | Mar 12, 1901 |  | 1701 S. Jefferson Ave. | Continues to be used as a Public Library. (2013) |
| 28 | St. Louis Cabanne | St. Louis |  | Mar 12, 1901 |  | 1106 Union Blvd. | Continues to be used as a Public Library. (2013) |
| 29 | St. Louis Carondelet | St. Louis |  | Mar 12, 1901 |  | 6800 Michigan Ave. | Reopened 2012 after renovations, and continues to be used as a Public Library. (2013) |
| 30 | St. Louis Carpenter | St. Louis |  | Mar 12, 1901 |  | 3309 S. Grand Blvd. | Continues to be used as a Public Library. (2013) |
| 31 | St. Louis Divoll | St. Louis |  | Mar 12, 1901 |  | 1257 Farrar St. | Closed c.1965. Located in the Hyde Park neighborhood. Another branch by the same name was opened in another part of the city. |
| 32 | St. Louis Soulard | St. Louis |  | Mar 12, 1901 |  | 706 Lafayette Ave. | Opened in 1910, the building still stands, but it is no longer used as a library. (2013) |
| 33 | Webb City | Webb City |  | Apr 28, 1913 | $25,000 | 101 S. Liberty Ave. | Continues to be used as a Public Library (2012). |

## Academic libraries

|  | Institution | Locality | Image | Year
granted | Grant
amount | Location | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Park College | Parkville |  | Mar 15, 1904
May 2, 1921 | $15,000
$50,000 |  | Now called the Norrington Center, this building includes the McAfee Memorial Library. |
| 2 | William Jewell College | Liberty |  | Dec 14, 1906 | $30,000 |  | Replaced in 1965 |

* Anderson, Florence (1963). *Carnegie Corporation Library Program 1911–1961*. New York: Carnegie Corporation. OCLC 1282382.
* Bobinski, George S. (1969). *Carnegie Libraries: Their History and Impact on American Public Library Development*. Chicago: American Library Association. ISBN 0-8389-0022-4.
* Jones, Theodore (1997). *Carnegie Libraries Across America*. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-14422-3.
* Miller, Durand R. (1943). *Carnegie Grants for Library Buildings, 1890-1917*. New York: Carnegie Corporation of New York. OCLC 2603611.

*Note: The above references, while all authoritative, are not entirely mutually consistent. Some details of this list may have been drawn from one of the references without support from the others. Reader discretion is advised.*


# Martello towers in the Greater Dublin Area

29 Martello towers and battery installations were constructed or partially constructed in the Greater Dublin Area between 1803 and 1808. The towers were intended to act as a deterrent against a foreign invasion by Napoleon and his French Armies as well as being used as general lookout posts. In later years, towers were also used as coast guard stations, lookout stations to prevent smuggling and as other general purpose military installations by various British and Irish defence forces.

The Killiney bay towers were specifically planned following a 1797 survey by a Major La Chaussée who was employed by the British administration to survey the area and plot out points of weakness and potential locations for military defensive installations.

| Number | Type | Image | Location | Council Area and County | Date | Ownership | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 North | Tower |  | Red Rock, Sutton
53°22′10″N 6°05′50″W / 53.3695671°N 6.0970874°W / 53.3695671; -6.0970874 | Fingal County Council, County Dublin | 1804 | Private dwelling house | At a key strategic point as it faced Sutton Creek which was often used by boats wishing to avoid the silted up harbour approaching the River Liffey mouth. It was also a deterrent to smugglers and acted as a general lookout post for the North Dublin Bay area. The tower also included a clay boundary ditch around the half acre site and 11 large boundary stones. |
| 2 North | Tower |  | Howth East Pier
53°23′16″N 6°03′54″W / 53.3878207°N 6.0650752°W / 53.3878207; -6.0650752 | Fingal County Council, County Dublin | 1804 | Fingal County Council | Ye Olde Hurdy Gurdy Museum of Vintage Radio operates from the tower. Built on the site of an ancient Promontory fort complex. |
| 3 North | Double tower |  | Ireland's Eye
53°24′30″N 6°04′13″W / 53.4082498°N 6.0701993°W / 53.4082498; -6.0701993 | Fingal County Council, County Dublin | 1804 | Corporate Ownership | Acquired by Tetrarch Investment Group upon its acquisition of the Howth Estate in 2019. Access to the island is still open to the public |
| 4 North | Tower |  | Carrickhill, Portmarnock
53°26′10″N 6°07′20″W / 53.435976°N 6.122295°W / 53.435976; -6.122295 | Fingal County Council, County Dublin | 1804 | Private dwelling house |  |
| 5 North | Tower |  | Robswall, Malahide
53°26′52″N 6°08′08″W / 53.447712°N 6.135609°W / 53.447712; -6.135609 | Fingal County Council, County Dublin | 1805 | Private dwelling house | Often named Hick's Tower after the architect who extended and modernised the property as well as contributing its trademark conical shaped roof |
| 6 North | Tower |  | Balcarrick, Donabate
53°28′42″N 6°06′55″W / 53.478328°N 6.115369°W / 53.478328; -6.115369 | Fingal County Council, County Dublin | 1805 | Private ownership | The tower is derelict and vacant and in poor condition. |
| 7 North | Tower |  | Tower Bay, Portrane
53°29′24″N 6°05′50″W / 53.489900°N 6.097187°W / 53.489900; -6.097187 | Fingal County Council, County Dublin | 1804 | Private dwelling house | In good and habitable condition. |
| 8 North | Tower |  | Drumanagh, Loughshinny
53°32′26″N 6°04′41″W / 53.540614°N 6.078161°W / 53.540614; -6.078161 | Fingal County Council, County Dublin | 1804 | Private ownership | The tower is located on one of the most important archaeological sites in Ireland, It is vacant and derelict and in poor condition. |
| 9 North | Tower |  | Rush
53°31′16″N 6°04′35″W / 53.521038°N 6.076363°W / 53.521038; -6.076363 | Fingal County Council, County Dublin | 1804 | Private dwelling house | Has been used as a main dwelling and as a holiday home in recent times |
| 10 North | Tower |  | Red Island, Skerries
53°35′05″N 6°06′09″W / 53.584602°N 6.102461°W / 53.584602; -6.102461 | Fingal County Council, County Dublin | 1804 | Fingal County Council | Vacant and derelict with windows and doors blocked up however it is still in moderately good condition owing to recent use as part of a holiday camp up until the 1980s. |
| 11 North | Tower |  | Shenick Island, Skerries
53°34′25″N 6°05′09″W / 53.573745°N 6.085723°W / 53.573745; -6.085723 | Fingal County Council, County Dublin | 1805 | Fingal County Council |  |
| 12 North | Tower |  | Balbriggan (Tankardstown)
53°36′58″N 6°11′00″W / 53.615993°N 6.183294°W / 53.615993; -6.183294 | Fingal County Council, County Dublin | 1804 | Fingal County Council | In extremely poor condition and the most at risk of any of the towers in the Dublin area. Previously in use as part of the adjacent coast guard station |
| N/A North |  |  | Millmount Fort, Drogheda
53°42′42″N 6°20′58″W / 53.711656°N 6.349517°W / 53.711656; -6.349517 | Louth County Council, County Louth | 1808 | Charity (Old Drogheda Society) |  |
| 1 South | Tower |  | Bray esplanade
53°12′05″N 6°05′48″W / 53.201315°N 6.096604°W / 53.201315; -6.096604 | Wicklow County Council, County Wicklow | 1804 | N/A - demolished | Demolished - various photos and drawings still exist showing the tower on the beach between the centre of the strand and Bray Head. |
| 2 South | Tower and battery |  | Bray on an elevated site guarding the south bank of the River Dargle
53°12′25″N 6°06′06″W / 53.206826°N 6.101694°W / 53.206826; -6.101694 | Wicklow County Council, County Wicklow | 1804 | Private dwelling house, battery demolished | Bono and Ali Hewson owned the property for a period in the 1980s. |
| 3 South | Tower |  | Townlands of Cork Great/Corke Abbey just north of the River Dargle
53°12′47″N 6°06′07″W / 53.213058°N 6.101821°W / 53.213058; -6.101821 | Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council, County Dublin | 1804 | N/A - destroyed | Lost to coastal erosion and area currently lies circa 50m off the current shoreline submerged. Much of the stone has been taken for other uses in buildings around Bray although some of the large granite blocks remain submerged beneath the water. Marked on a map dated 1836. |
| 4 South | Tower and two batteries | No photo available | Maghera Point, Shankill near Bray
53°13′50″N 6°06′26″W / 53.230605°N 6.107206°W / 53.230605; -6.107206 | Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council, County Dublin | 1804 | N/A - destroyed | Eroded but part of remains of the large granite blocks and boulders still lie strewn on the sea shore and surrounding area and can be seen on a clear day. Also included a defensive redoubt. Located close to Rosedale House which still stands as of 2020. The remains of the tower are clearly mapped on an OSI Map of 1897. Clear photos exist of the tower in the Lawrence collection prior to its collapse. |
| 5 South | Battery only | No photo available | Killiney (Shanganagh)
53°15′12″N 6°06′50″W / 53.253271°N 6.113885°W / 53.253271; -6.113885 | Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council, County Dublin | 1804 | N/A - dismantled | Remains of the battery still can be seen near the shore. A Martello Tower was planned but never actually built or possibly only the foundations and part of the first floor were built before being dismantled or demolished in 1815. |
| 6 South | Tower and battery | No photo available | Killiney beach (Loughlinstown River)
53°15′00″N 6°06′46″W / 53.249872°N 6.112837°W / 53.249872; -6.112837 | Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council, County Dublin | 1804 | Private dwelling house, battery demolished | Enoch Tower - still in use with vertical floor additions added by Victor Enoch, a martello tower aficionado and prominent member of Dublin's Jewish Community who authored a book called *The Martello Towers of Ireland* |
| 7 South | Tower and battery |  | Killiney Hill (Tara Hill)
53°15′23″N 6°07′06″W / 53.256391°N 6.118252°W / 53.256391; -6.118252 | Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council, County Dublin | 1804 | Private dwelling house with battery restored | Enfilade tower |
| 8 South | Battery only | No photo available | Ballybrack/Limekiln, site of old Killiney Railway Station
53°15′33″N 6°06′46″W / 53.259201°N 6.112837°W / 53.259201; -6.112837 | Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council, County Dublin | 1804 | N/A - demolished | Removed c.1853 for the construction of the railway line although some out buildings remained up until the 1960s. Much of the stone was used to build a tunnel under the railway line to the beach. |
| 9 South | Double tower and battery |  | Dalkey Island
53°16′18″N 6°05′06″W / 53.271569°N 6.085130°W / 53.271569; -6.085130 | Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council, County Dublin | 1804 | Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council | Both tower and battery still standing and in moderate condition as of 2020. |
| 10 South | Tower | No photo available | Bullock Harbour/Bartra, Harbour Road, Dalkey
53°17′00″N 6°06′13″W / 53.283322°N 6.103696°W / 53.283322; -6.103696 | Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council, County Dublin | 1804 | Private dwelling house | Listed for sale in 2016 at €1.8m after extensive renovations by architect Simone Stephenson and eventually sold for €1.78m. |
| 11 South | Tower and battery |  | James Joyce Tower and Museum, Sandycove
53°17′19″N 6°06′49″W / 53.288666°N 6.113625°W / 53.288666; -6.113625 | Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council, County Dublin | 1804 | Museum | Well used museum and event space in excellent condition near to the Forty Foot. |
| 12 South | Tower and battery |  | People's Park, Dún Laoghaire/Glasthule
53°17′24″N 6°07′39″W / 53.290039°N 6.127494°W / 53.290039; -6.127494 | Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council, County Dublin | 1804 | N/A - demolished | Demolished and the rubble was used to fill in a nearby quarry. The Tower was located on a high rocky outcrop in the corner of People's Park above a lower battery located on Scotsman's Bay. The tower was removed sometime around 1850 possibly due to undermining from quarrying and the need for stone in the area. Its position is clearly identified on an 1837 map of Dublin and Environs where it is called *Glassdool Tower*. |
| 13 South | Tower and battery | No photo available | Dún Laoghaire Harbour
53°17′40″N 6°08′14″W / 53.29457°N 6.13716°W / 53.29457; -6.13716 | Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council, County Dublin | 1804 | N/A - demolished | Removed c.1836 for the construction of the Railway Line. It was not in the way of the railway line but possibly was destabilised and undermined following quarrying of material in the immediate vicinity of the tower. When the harbour was expanded the remaining fragments were finally removed. |
| 14 South | Tower |  | Seapoint
53°17′52″N 6°09′35″W / 53.297849°N 6.159815°W / 53.297849; -6.159815 | Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council, County Dublin | 1803 | Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council | Formerly the headquarters of the Genealogical Society of Ireland and now used as changing rooms for the beach. |
| 15 South | Double tower |  | Blackrock/Booterstown (Williamstown)
53°18′24″N 6°11′19″W / 53.306537°N 6.188563°W / 53.306537; -6.188563 | Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council, County Dublin | 1804 | Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council | In moderate condition and due to be restored and brought into commercial and community use. |
| 16 South | Double tower |  | Sandymount Strand
53°19′31″N 6°12′25″W / 53.325196°N 6.206892°W / 53.325196; -6.206892 | Dublin City Council, County Dublin | 1804 | Private ownership | Dublin City Council have expressed an interest in acquiring the tower. Significant additions and extensions were made in the 1990s and 2000s to bring the tower into use as a restaurant, café and craft brewery |
|

## Sources

* Bolton, J., Carey, T., Goodbody, R. & Clabby, G. (2012) The Martello Towers of Dublin. (Dublin: Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown & Fingal County Council).
* Clements, William H. (1998) *Towers of Strength: Story of Martello Towers*. (London: Pen & Sword). ISBN 978-0-85052-679-0.
* MacKay, Art (2016) Blockhouses & Martello Towers


title: TrueSkill

abstract: TrueSkill is a skill-based ranking system developed by Microsoft for use with video game matchmaking on the Xbox network. Unlike the popular Elo rating system, which was initially designed for chess, TrueSkill is designed to support games with more than two players. In 2018, Microsoft published details about an extended version of TrueSkill, named TrueSkill2.

text:
# TrueSkill

**TrueSkill** is a skill-based ranking system developed by Microsoft for use with video game matchmaking on the Xbox network. Unlike the popular Elo rating system, which was initially designed for chess, TrueSkill is designed to support games with more than two players. In 2018, Microsoft published details about an extended version of TrueSkill, named TrueSkill2.

## Calculation

A player's skill is represented as a normal distribution $\mathcal {N}$ characterized by a mean value of $\mu $ (**mu**, representing perceived skill) and a variance of $\sigma $ (**sigma**, representing how "unconfident" the system is in the player's $\mu $ value). As such $\mathcal {N}(x)$ can be interpreted as the probability that the player's "true" skill is $x$.

On Xbox Live, players start with $\mu =25$ and $\sigma =25/3$; $\mu $ always increases after a win and always decreases after a loss. The extent of actual updates depends on each player's $\sigma $ and on how "surprising" the outcome is to the system. Unbalanced games, for example, result in either negligible updates when the favorite wins, or huge updates when the favorite loses surprisingly.

Factor graphs and expectation propagation via moment matching are used to compute the message passing equations which in turn compute the skills for the players.

Player ranks are displayed as the conservative estimate of their skill, $R=\mu -3\times \sigma $. This is conservative, because the system is 99% sure that the player's skill is actually higher than what is displayed as their rank.

The system can be used with arbitrary scales, but Microsoft uses a scale from 0 to 50 for Xbox Live. Hence, players start with a rank of $R=25-3\cdot {\frac {25}{3}=0}$. This means that a new player's defeat results in a large sigma loss, which partially or completely compensates their mu loss. This explains why people may gain ranks from losses.

## Use in other projects

TrueSkill is patented, and the name is trademarked, so it is limited to Microsoft projects and commercial projects that obtain a license to use the algorithm.


title: Wild Swans (2023 film)

abstract: Gorai Phakhri, also known as Wild Swans, is a 2023 Indian Boro-language drama film written and directed by Rajni Basumatary and produced by Jani Viswanath. The film has an all-female cast. It stars Helina Daimary, Sangeena Brahma, Mithinga Narzary and Anjali Daimari. The film premiered at the Vancouver International Film Festival 2023 on 29 September 2023. The film won the Best Film award at the 29th Kolkata International Film Festival under the Indian Language Films category. The film was awarded the Director's Vision Award at the 21st Indian Film Festival Stuttgart 2024.

text:
# Wild Swans (2023 film)

***Gorai Phakhri***, also known as ***Wild Swans***, is a 2023 Indian Boro-language drama film written and directed by Rajni Basumatary and produced by Jani Viswanath. The film has an all-female cast. It stars Helina Daimary, Sangeena Brahma, Mithinga Narzary and Anjali Daimari. The film premiered at the Vancouver International Film Festival 2023 on 29 September 2023.

The film won the Best Film award at the 29th Kolkata International Film Festival under the Indian Language Films category. The film was awarded the Director's Vision Award at the 21st Indian Film Festival Stuttgart 2024.

## Plot

Set in the foothills of Bodoland in Northeast India, the story explores the lives of women in a patriarchal society recovering from decades of armed conflict between the State and separatist groups. Their experiences of repression and fighting back are interwoven.

Preeti (Helina Daimary), a doctoral student from the city comes to the village for her fieldwork. Her romantic ideas of rural life are crushed after witnessing the effects that militarization and patriarchy have on the everyday lives of these women.

Mainao (Mithinga Narzary) and Gaodaang (Sangeena Brahma) raise their teenage children as single mothers. Mainao's husband, a rebel, was killed by security personnel. Gaodaang's husband is a soldier in the Indian army posted along the country's border. Once inseparable friends, they are now struggling with the bitter legacies left behind by their husbands. Middle-aged Malothi (Anjali Daimari) is gang raped by an armed patrol one night. Her husband abandons her labeling her "unclean".

But winds of change are about to blow.

## Cast

* Helina Daimary as Preeti
* Sangeena Brahma as Gaodaang
* Mithinga Narzary as Mainao
* Dr. Anjali Daimari as Malothi
* Dwijiri B. Basumatary as Sonathi
* Milina Daimari as Daisy
* Queen Hazarika as Anondi
* Ramileswari Brahma Boro as Sikhiri
* Prof. Dolly Kikon as Herself
* Mwnabili Brahma as Prof. Renu Boro
* Rajni Basumatary as Bimuli

## Production

The film is set in the foothills of Bodoland in Northeast India. The film has an all-female cast and most crew members are women. The film was shot in February 2022 in Guwahati and Udalguri in the Northeast Indian state of Assam. The post-production was completed in August 2023. The film is produced by Jani Viswanath and co-produced by Rajni Basumatary.

This is Rajni Basumatary's third directorial film. The film tells interwoven stories about village women ganging up against patriarchy in the milieu of armed conflict prevalent in India's Northeast region. The film hopes to take forward the dialogue on the subject. The film is inspired by stories part of Basumatary's own upbringing.

## Release

The film premiered at the Vancouver International Film Festival on 29 September 2023. It was the first Boro-language film that was selected for this section of the festival. It was the only Indian Indian feature film at the festival.

The film had its Indian premiere at the 29th Kolkata International Film Festival in December 2023.

## Awards

The film won the Best Film award at the 29th Kolkata International Film Festival under the Indian Language Films category. It won the Best Director at the 6th Sailadhar Baruah Awards. It won the Best Art Director at the 6th Sailadhar Baruah Awards. It won the Gautama Buddha Award for Best Narrative Feaure Film at the Nepal International Film Festival. It won the Director's Vision Award at the 21st Indian Film Festival Stuttgart.

1. Khan, Murtaza Ali (24 September 2023). "An all-female cast makes 'Gorai Phakri' unique: Basumatary". *The Sunday Guardian*.
2. Gani, Abdul (15 September 2023). "Bodo language film 'Gorai Phakhri' to be premiered at Vancouver festival". *assamtribune.com*. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
3. SNS (13 December 2023). "KIFF ends with a bang, Israeli film wins best film title". *The Statesman*. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
4. "Home". *Indisches Filmfestival*. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
5. Das, Pooja (4 March 2024). "'Gorai Phakhri' at BIFFes: A lens on subtle patriarchy through an all-female cast". *The New Indian Express*. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
6. "Today, more films are employing the female gaze: Filmmaker Rajni Basumatary". *The Times of India*. 5 March 2024. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
7. "Today, more films are employing the female gaze: Filmmaker Rajni Basumatary". *The Times of India*. 5 March 2024. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
8. Gani, Abdul (15 September 2023). "Bodo language film 'Gorai Phakhri' to be premiered at Vancouver festival". *assamtribune.com*. Retrieved 6 March 2024.

## InfoBox

| Wild Swans | |
| --- | --- |
| Official Poster | |
| Directed by | Rajni Basumatary |
| Written by | Rajni Basumatary |
| Produced by | Jani Viswanath
Rajni Basumatary |
| Starring | Helina Daimary
Sangeena Brahma
Mithinga Narzary
Anjali Daimari |
| Cinematography | Chida Bora |
| Edited by | Tinni Mitra |
| Music by | Avinash Baghel |
| Release dates | * 29 September 2023 (2023-09-29) (VIFF) * 10 December 2023 (2023-12-10) (KIFF) |
| Running time | 95 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Boro |


title: Raw Money Raps

abstract: Raw Money Raps is the debut studio album by American hip hop musician Jeremiah Jae. It was released through Brainfeeder on July 24, 2012.

text:
# Raw Money Raps

***Raw Money Raps*** is the debut studio album by American hip hop musician Jeremiah Jae. It was released through Brainfeeder on July 24, 2012.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 79/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| *Beats Per Minute* | 80% |
| *Clash* | 8/10 |
| *Fact* |  |
| *Pitchfork* | 6.8/10 |
| *Potholes in My Blog* |  |
| *The Skinny* |  |
| *XLR8R* | 6.5/10 |

At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 79, based on 8 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Marcus J. Moore of *Beats Per Minute* commented that "The album dissolves as it progresses, transitioning from upbeat fare to a visceral dream sequence of disoriented meditation set atop a versatile soundtrack." Eric Thorp of *Clash* described the album as "an exciting audible adventure into progressive hip-hop." Bram E. Gieben of *The Skinny* wrote, "A slow burner, *Raw Money Raps* is soulful, difficult, heartfelt and utterly modern."

Rhapsody placed it at number 12 on the "Top 20 Hip-Hop Albums of 2012" list. *Potholes in My Blog* placed it at number 32 on the "50 Best Albums of 2012” list.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Jeremiah Jae

| No. | Title | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Man (Revolution Pt. 1)" | Jeremiah Jae | 1:03 |
| 2. | "Guns Go Off" | Jeremiah Jae | 2:53 |
| 3. | "Greetings" (featuring Tre) | Jeremiah Jae | 2:48 |
| 4. | "Rover" | Jeremiah Jae | 1:05 |
| 5. | "Leaders" | Jeremiah Jae | 2:25 |
| 6. | "Ignorant Mask" (featuring K Embry) | Jeremiah Jae | 3:15 |
| 7. | "Cat Fight" | Flying Lotus | 2:25 |
| 8. | "Tourist" | Jeremiah Jae | 3:10 |
| 9. | "Money and Food" | Jeremiah Jae | 3:34 |
| 10. | "Wires" | Jeremiah Jae | 2:22 |
| 11. | "Seasons" | Jeremiah Jae | 3:03 |
| 12. | "False Eyes" | Jeremiah Jae | 3:21 |
| 13. | "One Herb" | Jeremiah Jae | 1:52 |
| 14. | "The Great Escape" | Jeremiah Jae | 1:43 |
| 15. | "Raw Money (Passage)" | Jeremiah Jae | 1:21 |
| 16. | "Money" | Jeremiah Jae | 2:06 |
| 17. | "Guerilla (Evolution Pt. 1)" | Jeremiah Jae | 4:47 |
| 18. | "Hercules Versus the Commune" | Jeremiah Jae | 3:00 |
| 19. | "Cable" | Jeremiah Jae | 2:39 |
| Total length: | | | 48:59 |

## Personnel

Credits adapted from liner notes.

* Jeremiah Jae – vocals, production (1–6, 8–19)
* Tre – vocals (3)
* K Embry – vocals (6)
* Flying Lotus – production (7)
* B+ – photography

## InfoBox

| Raw Money Raps | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Jeremiah Jae | |
| Released | July 24, 2012 (2012-07-24) |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Length | 48:59 |
| Label | Brainfeeder |
| Producer |  |
| Jeremiah Jae chronology | |
| ***Raw Money Raps***
(2012) *Rawhyde*
(2013) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Raw Money Raps* | |
| 1. "Money"
Released: 2012 | |
|  | |


title: Raymond Hanson (cricketer)

abstract: Raymond Leslie Hanson is a former English cricketer who played first-class and List A cricket for Derbyshire in 1973. Hanson was born in Chesterfield. He joined Derbyshire in 1971 and played for the Second XI. He made his only first-class appearance for Derbyshire in the 1973 season against Sussex in August. He was stand-in wicket-keeper for Bob Taylor but saw little of the ball during the match. In the same season, Hanson played one List A match in the Benson and Hedges Cup and one in the John Player League. Hanson was a wicket-keeper and right-handed who played at the tailend.

text:
# Raymond Hanson (cricketer)

**Raymond Leslie Hanson** (born 12 April 1951) is a former English cricketer who played first-class and List A cricket for Derbyshire in 1973.

Hanson was born in Chesterfield. He joined Derbyshire in 1971 and played for the Second XI. He made his only first-class appearance for Derbyshire in the 1973 season against Sussex in August. He was stand-in wicket-keeper for Bob Taylor but saw little of the ball during the match. In the same season, Hanson played one List A match in the Benson and Hedges Cup and one in the John Player League .

Hanson was a wicket-keeper and right-handed who played at the tailend.

## InfoBox

Raymond Hanson
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Raymond Leslie Hanson |
| Born | (1951-04-12) 12 April 1951<br>Chesterfield, Derbyshire, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Role | Wicket-keeper |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1973 | Derbyshire |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class List A  Matches 1 2  Runs scored 1 2  Batting average  2.00  100s/50s –/– –/–  Top score 1 2  Catches/stumpings 1/– 5/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 24 January 2024 | |


title: Man of Many Colors

abstract: Man of Many Colors is an album by saxophonist Walt Weiskopf.

text:
# Man of Many Colors

***Man of Many Colors*** is an album by saxophonist Walt Weiskopf.

## Background

This was Weiskopf's first quartet album since *A World Away*, in 1995. This was his seventh release for Criss Cross Jazz.

## Music and recording

The album was recorded on December 12, 2001, in Brooklyn, New York. Six of the tracks are Weiskopf originals. "Triangle Dance" is played in 6/4 time. The final track, "When Your Lips Meet Mine", is a duet with pianist Brad Mehldau.

## Reception

An AllAboutJazz reviewer commented that "Weiskopf and crew approach things in a manner that makes this so much more than yet another mainstream recital".

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* |  |

## Track listing

1. "Triangle Dance" (Weiskopf) – 7:22
2. "Haunted Heart" (Arthur Schwartz, Howard Dietz) – 7:36
3. "Together" (Weiskopf) – 5:45
4. "Man of Many Colors" (Weiskopf) – 7:08
5. "People" (Jule Styne) – 7:26
6. "NYC" (Weiskopf) – 6:51
7. "Petal" (Weiskopf) – 5:37
8. "When Your Lips Meet Mine" (Weiskopf) – 3:15

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Man Of Many Colors | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Walt Weiskopf | |
| Released | 2002 |
| Recorded | December 12, 2001 in Brooklyn, New York |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 51:06 |
| Label | Criss Cross |
| Walt Weiskopf chronology | |
| *Siren*
(2000) ***Man Of Many Colors***
(2002) *Sight to Sound*
(2004) | |


title: Magnolia Hotel (Biloxi, Mississippi)

abstract: The Magnolia Hotel was built in 1847 to serve as a lodging establishment. It is thought to be the oldest surviving hotel on the Mississippi Gulf Coast. The hotel was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, and was designated a Mississippi Landmark in 1985.

text:
# Magnolia Hotel (Biloxi, Mississippi)

The **Magnolia Hotel** was built in 1847 to serve as a lodging establishment. It is thought to be the oldest surviving hotel on the Mississippi Gulf Coast. The hotel was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, and was designated a Mississippi Landmark in 1985.

## History

The Magnolia Hotel was constructed for John Hahn, who operated a coffeehouse in New Orleans. Originally, the hotel was a 2+12-story, wood-frame building with plastered exterior walls that measured 54 feet (16 m) on each side. The exterior walls were recessed 7 feet (2.1 m). A central hall extended front to back on both floors. The first floor had paired rooms on either side of the hall; the second floor hall had six rooms on either side. The hotel was originally located near the beach, facing south, toward the Mississippi Sound.

John Hahn died in 1848, but his wife operated the hotel to accommodate guests from New Orleans, because Biloxi had become a popular resort destination on the Gulf Coast. After the American Civil War, the hotel became a destination for winter guests from northern states, who were attracted by the mild climate. The hotel was operated by descendants of John Hahn through World War II, when it closed.

In 1969, Hurricane Camille inflicted considerable damage to the building. Because of the hotel's historical significance, the city of Biloxi acquired the building in 1972, and moved it to a higher elevation, approximately 100 yards (91 m) north of its original location. The structure was oriented to face east and was restored. Additional restoration was required to repair damage caused by Hurricane Katrina in 2005.

## Biloxi Mardi Gras Museum

As of 2013, the building was being used as Biloxi's Mardi Gras Museum. In addition to displays of memorabilia from carnival celebrations, the museum documents the history of the Magnolia Hotel.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Magnolia Hotel | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Mississippi Landmark | |
|  | |
| Magnolia Hotel 2012 | |
|  | |
| Location | 119 Rue Magnolia, Biloxi, Mississippi |
| Coordinates | 30°23′41″N 88°53′22″W / 30.39472°N 88.88944°W / 30.39472; -88.88944 |
| Built | 1847 |
| Restored | 1973 |
| NRHP reference No. | 73001013 |
| USMS No. | 047-BLX-0470-NR-ML |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | March 14, 1973 |
| Designated USMS | October 11, 1985 |


title: Frances Johnson-Morris

abstract: Frances Johnson-Morris is a Liberian lawyer who was the chairperson of Liberian National Election Commission (NEC) in 2005 supervising the election that produced the first democratically elected  female President of Liberia and Africa Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. She was also the chairwoman of the Liberian Anti-Corruption Commission.

text:
# Frances Johnson-Morris

**Frances Johnson-Morris** is a Liberian lawyer who was the chairperson of Liberian National Election Commission (NEC) in 2005 supervising the election that produced the first democratically elected female President of Liberia and Africa Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. She was also the chairwoman of the Liberian Anti-Corruption Commission.

## Education and career

Johnson-Morris earned a degree in law from the Louis Arthur Grimmes School of Law, Monrovia, and a bachelor's degree in English from the University of Liberia. Her judicial career began with her appointment as a resident circuit judge from 1989 until 1997 when she became the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Liberia. She was the national director of the Catholic Justice and Peace Commission in Liberia from 2004 to 2005. In 2006, Johnson-Morris was appointed as Minister of Justice and held the office of Attorney General of Liberia. She was moved to the Ministry of Commerce and Industry in 2007.

## InfoBox

| Frances Johnson-Morris | |
| --- | --- |
| Johnson-Morris in 2010 | |
|  | |
| Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Liberia | |
| **In office**<br>1996–1997 | |
| Preceded by | James G. Bull |
| Succeeded by | Gloria Musu-Scott |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Wiseman, Alaska

abstract: Wiseman is a census-designated place (CDP) in Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska, United States. The full time resident population is 12 as of 2022. Wiseman is a small mining community along the Middle Fork Koyukuk River in the Brooks Range. It was founded by gold miners who abandoned the Slate Creek settlement around 1908. Another small mining village survived into the 1970s. Robert Marshall, who became a prominent American forester, preservation activist, and a co-founder of The Wilderness Society, wrote the bestselling book, Arctic Village, about his 15-month stay in this frontier town around the year 1930. Marshall described Wiseman and the Koyukuk River area surrounding it, as "the happiest civilization of which I have knowledge." Marshall called Noel Wien's first flight there on May 5, 1925, "one of the great events in Koyukuk history." The community is 3 miles (5 km) from the Dalton Highway, and it was not connected to the road until the early 1990s.

text:
# Wiseman, Alaska

**Wiseman** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska, United States. The full time resident population is 12 as of 2022.

Wiseman is a small mining community along the Middle Fork Koyukuk River in the Brooks Range. It was founded by gold miners who abandoned the Slate Creek (later Coldfoot) settlement around 1908. Another small mining village (Nolan, on Nolan creek - to the north) survived into the 1970s.

Robert Marshall, who became a prominent American forester, preservation activist, and a co-founder of The Wilderness Society, wrote the bestselling book, *Arctic Village,* about his 15-month stay in this frontier town around the year 1930. Marshall described Wiseman and the Koyukuk River area surrounding it, as "the happiest civilization of which I have knowledge." Marshall called Noel Wien's first flight there on May 5, 1925, "one of the great events in Koyukuk history."

The community is 3 miles (5 km) from the Dalton Highway, and it was not connected to the road until the early 1990s.

## Geography

Wiseman is located at 67°26′0″N 150°5′40″W / 67.43333°N 150.09444°W / 67.43333; -150.09444 (67.433355, -150.094376).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 78.1 square miles (202 km2), of which, 78.1 square miles (202 km2) of it is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) of it (0.05%) is water. The town is bisected by Wiseman Creek.

## Climate

Wiseman has a subarctic climate (Köppen *Dfc*). Summers are short and mild, with frequent rainy days and cool nights. Winters are long and severely cold. Annual snowfall averages 82 inches (208 cm) with a maximum monthly snowfall of 18.2 inches (46 cm) occurring during the month of February.

| Climate data for Wiseman, Alaska, 19912020 normals, extremes 1918present | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 35
(2) | 40
(4) | 49
(9) | 68
(20) | 81
(27) | 88
(31) | 89
(32) | 86
(30) | 72
(22) | 56
(13) | 38
(3) | 36
(2) | 89
(32) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 21.4
(−5.9) | 29.0
(−1.7) | 34.3
(1.3) | 52.5
(11.4) | 72.3
(22.4) | 80.5
(26.9) | 81.7
(27.6) | 75.1
(23.9) | 61.6
(16.4) | 42.7
(5.9) | 26.4
(−3.1) | 24.2
(−4.3) | 83.0
(28.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | −0.5
(−18.1) | 5.8
(−14.6) | 18.6
(−7.4) | 37.6
(3.1) | 56.0
(13.3) | 70.0
(21.1) | 69.8
(21.0) | 62.0
(16.7) | 48.7
(9.3) | 27.6
(−2.4) | 6.9
(−13.9) | 3.4
(−15.9) | 33.8
(1.0) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | −9.9
(−23.3) | −4.8
(−20.4) | 4.0
(−15.6) | 24.1
(−4.4) | 42.7
(5.9) | 56.6
(13.7) | 57.5
(14.2) | 50.6
(10.3) | 38.6
(3.7) | 19.0
(−7.2) | −1.6
(−18.7) | −6.0
(−21.1) | 22.6
(−5.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | −19.3
(−28.5) | −15.5
(−26.4) | −10.6
(−23.7) | 10.6
(−11.9) | 29.3
(−1.5) | 43.2
(6.2) | 45.1
(7.3) | 39.3
(4.1) | 28.6
(−1.9) | 10.4
(−12.0) | −10.2
(−23.4) | −15.4
(−26.3) | 11.3
(−11.5) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | −49.8
(−45.4) | −43.0
(−41.7) | −34.2
(−36.8) | −16.6
(−27.0) | 11.1
(−11.6) | 32.8
(0.4) | 34.4
(1.3) | 26.3
(−3.2) | 14.7
(−9.6) | −10.7
(−23.7) | −27.0
(−32.8) | −41.3
(−40.7) | −52.8
(−47.1) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −65
(−54) | −65
(−54) | −58
(−50) | −39
(−39) | −10
(−23) | 20
(−7) | 25
(−4) | 13
(−11) | −2
(−19) | −35
(−37) | −50
(−46) | −58
(−50) | −65
(−54) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.79
(20) | 0.95
(24) | 0.47
(12) | 0.58
(15) | 1.06
(27) | 1.83
(46) | 2.71
(69) | 2.74
(70) | 1.89
(48) | 1.12
(28) | 0.87
(22) | 0.93
(24) | 15.94
(405) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 16.2
(41) | 18.2
(46) | 4.4
(11) | 5.6
(14) | 0.6
(1.5) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 3.3
(8.4) | 9.2
(23) | 11.2
(28) | 13.3
(34) | 82.0
(208) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 6.9 | 9.2 | 3.1 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 11.4 | 14.4 | 13.6 | 12.2 | 8.8 | 7.4 | 8.9 | 108.5 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 7.8 | 10.3 | 4.3 | 3.7 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 7.7 | 8.6 | 9.1 | 53.8 |
| Source: NOAA | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1930 | 58 |  |  |
| 1940 | 53 |  | −8.6% |
| 1990 | 33 |  |  |
| 2000 | 21 |  | −36.4% |
| 2010 | 14 |  | −33.3% |
| 2020 | 5 |  | −64.3% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

Wiseman first appeared on the 1930 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village. It returned again in 1940. It did not appear again until the 1990 census when it was designated an Alaskan Native Village Statistical Area (ANVSA), although most of the residents were non-Native. In 2000, it was made a census-designated place (CDP).

As of the census of 2000, there were 21 people, 7 households, and 3 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 0.3 inhabitants per square mile (0.12/km2). There were 30 housing units at an average density of 0.4 per square mile (0.15/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 81% White, and 19% Native American.

There were 7 households, out of which 4 (60%) had children under the age of 18 living with them, 4 (60%) were married couples living together, and 3 (40%) were non-families. 3 (40%) of all households were made up of individuals, and none (0%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.0 and the average family size was 4.5.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 8 (40%) under the age of 18, 2 (10%) from 18 to 24, 9 (40%) from 25 to 44, 2 (10%) from 45 to 64, and none (0%) aged 65 and over. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 130 males. \[9 females, 12 males\]. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 160 males. \[5 females, 8 males\].

The median income for a household in the CDP was $23,750, and the median income for a family was $24,583. Males had a median income of $0 versus $11,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $8,211. There were no families and 10% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and none of those over 64.

## Education

The community was previously served by a school of the Yukon–Koyukuk School District.

## Films

* Zoltan Szalkai produced a film entitled *Wise Men of Alaska* (2000), shot in Wiseman village.
* *Gates of the Arctic: Alaska's Brooks Range* (2007)
* Life Below Zero features Wiseman

1. "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
2. "Wiseman AK ZIP Code". zipdatamaps.com. 2023. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
3. Fox, Stephen. 1984. "We Want No Straddlers," *Wilderness* 48.167 (July): 7
4. Harkey, Ira (1991). *Pioneer Bush Pilot*. Bantam Books. pp. 130–131. ISBN 0553289195.
5. Marshall, Robert (1956). Marshall, George (ed.). *Arctic Wilderness*. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 4–5, 30.
6. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
7. "NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
8. "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 27, 2023. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
9. "U.S. Decennial Census". Census.gov. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
10. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
11. "Alaska School Map." Alaska Department of Education. 2013. Retrieved on March 13, 2017.

## InfoBox

| Wiseman, Alaska | |
| --- | --- |
| CDP | |
| The log-built post office at Wiseman, seen here in 1995, has been sinking into the ground for the past century, and is now a couple of feet below ground. | |
| Location of Wiseman, Alaska | |
| Coordinates: 67°24′34″N 150°6′35″W / 67.40944°N 150.10972°W / 67.40944; -150.10972 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Alaska |
| Census Area | Yukon-Koyukuk |
| Government | |
| State senator | Click Bishop () |
| State rep. | Mike Cronk (R) |
| Area | |
| Total | 78.03 sq mi (202.11 km2) |
| Land | 78.01 sq mi (202.05 km2) |
| Water | 0.02 sq mi (0.05 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,181 ft (360 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 5 |
| Density | 0.06/sq mi (0.02/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-9 (Alaska (AKST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-8 (AKDT) |
| ZIP code | 99726 |
| Area code | 907 |
| FIPS code | 02-85610 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1414284 |