title: Williams cleaner bullet

abstract: The Williams cleaner bullet, also known as "cleaner bullets", refers to three different types of bullets that were used by the Union Army during the American Civil War in the standard.58 caliber rifle muskets. There was a fourth developed for use in the Union Repeating or "Coffee-Mill" gun. The inventor was Elijah D. Williams of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, who filed an application for his patent on May 30, 1861. It was issued almost a year later, on May 13, 1862, but field trials on his "improved" bullet had already begun. The concept of the design was that the discharge of the musket would drive the concave disks forward thus expanding the lead bullet against the interior walls of the rifled barrel earlier in the barrel than a bullet like the various plugless Minié types of bullets. Those took time to expand causing more gas to escape before a perfect seal was made and causing an accumulation of fouling at the base of the barrel. The idea of the Williams bullet was that the sealing by expansion of the skirt of the bullet happened earlier, solving these issues. Hence the ”cleaner bullet” nickname, often misunderstood as a kind of ”cleaning bullet” added at the end of the 10 bullet package. One issue with the bullet was that a too forceful ramming may cause an expansion of the soft lead bullet inside the barrel before firing, making it very hard to remove with a worm added on the ramrod, when trying to unload the rifle after sentry duty.

text:
# Williams cleaner bullet

The **Williams cleaner bullet**, also known as "cleaner bullets", refers to three different types of bullets that were used by the Union Army during the American Civil War in the standard .58 caliber rifle muskets. There was a fourth developed for use in the Union Repeating or "Coffee-Mill" gun. The inventor was Elijah D. Williams of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, who filed an application for his patent on May 30, 1861. It was issued almost a year later, on May 13, 1862, but field trials on his "improved" bullet had already begun.

The concept of the design was that the discharge of the musket would drive the concave disks forward thus expanding the lead bullet against the interior walls of the rifled barrel earlier in the barrel than a bullet like the various plugless Minié types of bullets. Those took time to expand causing more gas to escape before a perfect seal was made and causing an accumulation of fouling at the base of the barrel. The idea of the Williams bullet was that the sealing by expansion of the skirt of the bullet happened earlier, solving these issues. Hence the ”cleaner bullet” nickname, often misunderstood as a kind of ”cleaning bullet” added at the end of the 10 bullet package. One issue with the bullet was that a too forceful ramming may cause an expansion of the soft lead bullet inside the barrel before firing, making it very hard to remove with a worm added on the ramrod, when trying to unload the rifle after sentry duty.

## Models

Type I bullets have a central post and two zinc disks with six slits. Type I cartridges can be found in both tan and blue cartridge paper. Type II and III's have a zinc base "plunger" (similar to a flat washer), and one disk without slits. Type II cleaner cartridges can be found in both white and tan cartridge paper. Type III cartridges can be found in red, blue and tan cartridge paper. Type III bullets are also the shorter of the three designed for rifle muskets. The fourth type for the "Coffee Mill" gun looks like the standard Type III at first, but is slightly larger in diameter.

According to "Round Ball to Rim Fire part 1" by Dean S. Thomas, in 1863 there is also mention of a .69 caliber version of the Williams bullet, but none were ever purchased by the US Ordnance Department.

At first, the standard package of ten arsenal-issued cartridges contained eleven percussion caps in a separate tube and one Williams patent cartridge out of the 10 cartridges. Later this amount was increased to three of the 10 and then to six by August 1864. Originally Soldiers were instructed to use the special bullets as every tenth round fired.

Williams cartridges were made up in the same fashion as the standard .58 caliber cartridge with 60 grains of black powder, but no official documentation has ever been located indicating that the cartridges should be made up in a colored cartridge paper. Surviving examples show blue, red, green and a white / off white cartridge paper used along with the standard "buff" tan cartridge paper in their production.

* Most of the information above can be found in the Dean S. Thomas book *"Round Ball to Rim Fire -Part 1"* chapter 13 pages 211–243 on Civil War Small Arms ammunition. Mr. Thomas is considered the foremost authority on Civil War small arms ammunition.
* For further information, consult *Civil War Projectiles II* by Mason and McKee, or *"Round Ball to Rim Fire-Part 1"* by Dean S. Thomas - 1997.


title: Williams gun

abstract: The Williams gun was a Confederate gun that was classified as a 1-lb cannon. It was designed by Captain D.R. Williams, of Covington, Kentucky, who later served as an artillery captain with a battery of his design. It was a breech-loading, rapid-fire cannon that was operated by a hand-crank. The barrel was four feet long and a 1.57-inch caliber. The hand crank opened the sliding breech which allowed the crew to load a round and cap the primer. As the crank was continued, it closed the breech and automatically released the hammer. The effective range was 800 yards but the maximum range was 2000 yards. Approximately 40 were made, to supply seven different Confederate batteries. These were made at F. B. Deane Jr. & Son, Lynchburg, Virginia, Tredegar Iron Works, Richmond, Virginia, and Skates & Co, Mobile, Alabama. At the end of the war, four examples of this gun were captured to send to West Point. The West Point Museum retained one gun. Other examples are now located at the Kentucky Military History Museum the Virginia Museum of the Civil War at the New Market Battlefield State Historical Park, and the Watervliet Arsenal Museum. During the early trials of the gun, the Richmond Daily Exchange dated May 20, 1862, reported that: "General Floyd attended a trial of the Williams' mounted breech-loading rifle, which is claimed will throw twenty balls a minute a distance of fifteen hundred yards". Some sources say it could fire 65 rounds per minute but accuracy was greatly reduced due to the manual loading. The Union troops did not know what the gun was. Some describe it as a rifled cannon. Others reported that it fired nails, probably on account of the noise the projectile made as it tumbled.

text:
# Williams gun

The **Williams gun** was a Confederate gun that was classified as a 1-lb cannon. It was designed by Captain D.R. Williams, of Covington, Kentucky, who later served as an artillery captain with a battery of his design. It was a breech-loading, rapid-fire cannon that was operated by a hand-crank. The barrel was four feet long and a 1.57-inch caliber. The hand crank opened the sliding breech which allowed the crew to load a round and cap the primer. As the crank was continued, it closed the breech and automatically released the hammer. The effective range was 800 yards but the maximum range was 2000 yards.

Approximately 40 were made, to supply seven different Confederate batteries. These were made at F. B. Deane Jr. & Son, Lynchburg, Virginia, Tredegar Iron Works, Richmond, Virginia, and Skates & Co, Mobile, Alabama. At the end of the war, four examples of this gun were captured to send to West Point. The West Point Museum retained one gun. Other examples are now located at the Kentucky Military History Museum the Virginia Museum of the Civil War at the New Market Battlefield State Historical Park, and the Watervliet Arsenal Museum.

During the early trials of the gun, the *Richmond Daily Exchange* dated May 20, 1862, reported that: "General Floyd attended a trial of the Williams' mounted breech-loading rifle, which is claimed will throw twenty balls a minute a distance of fifteen hundred yards". Some sources say it could fire 65 rounds per minute but accuracy was greatly reduced due to the manual loading. The Union troops did not know what the gun was. Some describe it as a rifled cannon. Others reported that it fired nails, probably on account of the noise the projectile made as it tumbled.

* Article from "The Artilleryman" magazine by Lyle Hegsted.
* Rowland, Dunbar & Howell, H. Grady, Jr., "Military History of Mississippi, 1803-1898", Chickasaw Bayou Press, 2003, Library of Congress Number 2002117732.
* The Machine Gun, Volume 1, George M. Chinn, Bureau of Ordnance, United States Navy, 1951, No ISBN.
* "The Long Arm of Lee" by Wise.
* "Confederate Cannon Foundries" by Gunter and Daniel.
* "Ironmaker to the Confederacy" by Dew.
* "Civil War Collector's Encyclopedia" by Francis A. Lord (contains photo of gun from West Point Museum)
* "Kentucky Cavaliers in Dixie-Reminisces of a Confederate Cavalryman", by George Dallas Musgrove.
* War of Rebellion Official Records


title: Wilson Kiprugut

abstract: Wilson Arap Chuma Kiprugut was a Kenyan sprinter and middle-distance runner. He competed at the 1964 Tokyo and 1968 Mexico Olympics and won two medals in the 800 metres event; in 1964 he also ran 400 metres, but failed to reach the final. He was the first person from Kenya ever to win an Olympic medal. At the 1962 Commonwealth Games, Kiprugut was part of the Kenyan 4 × 440 yards relay team which finished fifth. At the 1966 Commonwealth Games, he won the 880 yards silver medal. He won two gold medals at the inaugural All-Africa Games in 1965. In 2010, he won the Kenyan Sports Personality of the Year award. Kiprugut grew up in Kericho and began running as a child while at Kaptebeswet Primary School and Sitotwet Intermediate School. His talent was first identified when he ran at the East and Central African Championships – an event where he won no less than three 880-yard titles. Kiprugut died on 1 November 2022, at the age of 84.

text:
# Wilson Kiprugut

**Wilson Arap Chuma Kiprugut** (1938 – 1 November 2022) was a Kenyan sprinter and middle-distance runner. He competed at the 1964 Tokyo and 1968 Mexico Olympics and won two medals in the 800 metres event; in 1964 he also ran 400 metres, but failed to reach the final. He was the first person from Kenya ever to win an Olympic medal.

At the 1962 Commonwealth Games, Kiprugut was part of the Kenyan 4 × 440 yards relay team which finished fifth. At the 1966 Commonwealth Games, he won the 880 yards silver medal. He won two gold medals (in the 400 and 800 metres) at the inaugural All-Africa Games in 1965.

In 2010, he won the Kenyan Sports Personality of the Year award.

Kiprugut grew up in Kericho and began running as a child while at Kaptebeswet Primary School and Sitotwet Intermediate School. His talent was first identified when he ran at the East and Central African Championships – an event where he won no less than three 880-yard titles.

Kiprugut died on 1 November 2022, at the age of 84.

## InfoBox

Wilson Arap Chuma Kiprugut
| Kiprugut in 1968 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | 1938 (1938)
Kericho, British Kenya |
| Died | (aged 84)
Kericho, Kenya |
| Height | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) |
| Weight | 71 kg (157 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Event(s) | 400 m, 800 m |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Personal best(s) | 400 m: 46.6 (1965)
800 m: 1:44.57 (1968) |
| Medal record      Men's athletics  Representing  Kenya  Olympic Games  1968 Mexico City 800 m  1964 Tokyo 800 m  British Empire and Commonwealth Games  1966 Kingston 880 yd  All-Africa Games  1965 Brazzaville 400 m  1965 Brazzaville 800 m | |


title: Moschi

abstract:
Moschi or Moschoi is a term from ancient records, and may refer to one of the following peoples:
  - Mushki, an Iron Age people of Anatolia, known from Assyrian sources
  - Moschia, a part of the Caucasus Mountains also associated with the Moschi/Moschoi
  - Meskheti, a region and former province of Georgia located within Moschia
  - Meskhetians, people from Meskheti
  - Meskhetian Turks, the former Muslim inhabitants of Meskheti, which is along the border with Turkey

text:
# Moschi

**Moschi** or **Moschoi** is a term from ancient records, and may refer to one of the following peoples:

* Mushki, an Iron Age people of Anatolia, known from Assyrian sources
* Moschia, a part of the Caucasus Mountains also associated with the Moschi/Moschoi
* Meskheti, a region and former province of Georgia located within Moschia
* Meskhetians, people from Meskheti
* Meskhetian Turks, the former Muslim inhabitants of Meskheti, which is along the border with Turkey


title: Winkhausen (Schmallenberg)

abstract:
Winkhausen is a locality in the municipality Schmallenberg in the High Sauerland District in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The village has 207 inhabitants and lies in the east of the municipality of Schmallenberg at a height of around 410 m. In the village centre the Landesstraße 742 meets the Bundesstraße 236 and the river Sorpe flows in the river Lenne.
Winkhausen borders on the villages of Almert, Grafschaft, Gleidorf, Niedersorpe and Oberkirchen. The first written document mentioning Widinchusen dates from 1395. The village used to belong to the municipality of Oberkirchen in Amt Schmallenberg until the end of 1974.

text:
# Winkhausen (Schmallenberg)

**Winkhausen** is a locality in the municipality Schmallenberg in the High Sauerland District in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

The village has 207 inhabitants and lies in the east of the municipality of Schmallenberg at a height of around 410 m.

In the village centre the Landesstraße 742 meets the Bundesstraße 236 and the river Sorpe flows in the river Lenne. Winkhausen borders on the villages of Almert, Grafschaft, Gleidorf, Niedersorpe and Oberkirchen.

The first written document mentioning  *Widinchusen* dates from 1395. The village used to belong to the municipality of Oberkirchen in Amt Schmallenberg until the end of 1974.

## InfoBox

| Winkhausen | |
| --- | --- |
| Stadtteil of Schmallenberg | |
|  | |
| Location of Winkhausen | |
| Winkhausen Winkhausen | |
| Coordinates: 51°9′35″N 8°20′22″E / 51.15972°N 8.33944°E / 51.15972; 8.33944 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | North Rhine-Westphalia |
| Admin. region | Arnsberg |
| District | Hochsauerlandkreis |
| Town | Schmallenberg |
| Population (2021-12-31) | |
| Total | 207 |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |


title: Moullava

abstract: Moullava is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It includes four species of lianas or scrambling shrubs native to tropical Africa from Cameroon to Tanzania and Angola, and to tropical Asia from India to Indochina, southern China, and western Malesia. Typical habitat includes forest margins of seasonally-dry semi-evergreen tropical forest. It belongs to the subfamily Caesalpinioideae.

text:
# Moullava

***Moullava*** is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It includes four species of lianas or scrambling shrubs native to tropical Africa from Cameroon to Tanzania and Angola, and to tropical Asia from India to Indochina, southern China, and western Malesia. Typical habitat includes forest margins of seasonally-dry semi-evergreen tropical forest. It belongs to the subfamily Caesalpinioideae.

## Species

*Moullava* comprises the following species:

## InfoBox

| *Moullava* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Moullava spicata* (India) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Caesalpinioideae |
| Tribe: | Caesalpinieae |
| Genus: | *Moullava*
Adans. (1763) |
|
| Type species | |
| *Moullava spicata*
(Dalzell ex Wight) Nicolson | |
| Species | |
| four; see text | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Almeloveenia* Dennst. (1818) * *Caesalpinia* sect. *Cinclidocarpus* (Zoll. & Moritzi) Benth. & Hook. * *Cinclidocarpus* Zoll. & Moritzi (1846) * *Wagatea* Dalzell (1851) | |


title: Mose Gibson

abstract: Mose Gibson was an American burglar and serial killer, responsible for the murders of at least seven people in several U.S. states. Although he was convicted of a double murder and killing rancher Roy Trapp, his guilt has come into question, with allegations that his written confession was made up by the authorities.

text:
# Mose Gibson

**Mose Gibson** (1883 – September 24, 1920) was an American burglar and serial killer, responsible for the murders of at least seven people in several U.S. states. Although he was convicted of a double murder and killing rancher Roy Trapp, his guilt has come into question, with allegations that his written confession was made up by the authorities.

## Life and crimes

Scant details are available about Gibson's early life, but it is believed that he was born somewhere in Louisiana's Bienville Parish. He was first imprisoned in January 1904 at a Baton Rouge prison for an unknown offence. According to him, he spiralled into a life of crime when he was "innocently railroaded to a southern penitentiary, where he had become a criminal \[through\] association."

Justice William C. Barnette, a former district attorney for the Bienville Parish, indicated a different story: prior to 1907, Gibson, using the alias of "Monk", was put on trial for ambushing and shooting at another black man. As he was regarded as a good farmhand, Barnette defended Gibson, even employing legal talent to represent him in court. His client was still found guilty and sent off to the Louisiana State Penitentiary. After serving his term, Gibson then left the state, travelling towards Florida.

Following this, Gibson engaged in criminal activities for little over a decade, allegedly committing thousands of burglaries and robberies, as well as several murders. Two often cited burglaries were committed in one night in June 1913, while he was in Omaha, Nebraska. Gibson was arrested after the first successful burglary, but managed to escape, and with the manacles still on his wrists, he burglarized another home so he could get money to have the handcuffs filed off.

He served time in four penitentiaries (in Louisiana, Ohio, Florida and Texas), escaping from the warden on two occasions (from Florida in 1917 and Texas in 1919). He never disclosed for what kind of offences he was imprisoned in Florida, but it later revealed by an oil company manager named Harris that Gibson had attempted to kill him during an argument. After their scuffle, the angered Mose returned with a gun and fired at Harris, grazing the top of his head and leaving a flesh wound.

## Murders

According to his initial confessions, Gibson admitted to ten murders, but later sources changed the number to seven. He admitted the following murders:

* J. R. Rivet – restaurateur killed in Addis, Louisiana, on December 24, 1908
* Unknown – a sugar mill watchman killed in Gramercy, Louisiana, in November 1910
* Unknown – a storekeeper and wagoner killed in Louisiana in November 1910
* Unknown – a woman killed in Orange City, Florida, in November 1919
* Jacob Erhardt and his wife – elderly couple killed in Phoenix, Arizona, on June 6, 1920
* Roy G. Trapp – a rancher killed in Fullerton, California, on July 15, 1920

### J. R. Rivet

The earliest known murder with a date that Gibson committed was that of Joseph (or James) Isadore Rivet, a restaurateur who was killed on December 24, 1908, in Addis, Louisiana. Rivet had employed the then-25-year-old Gibson, ordering him to go get something at nighttime, according to the testimony of Joe Clark, who was sent to get some chickens to cook for breakfast. Clark had left after Gibson was sent out and didn't return until the following morning, when he found Rivet beaten to death and lying in a pool of his own blood. He had been killed by a blunt and sharp instrument. Clark then called upon W. C. Mybank, with whom he later found a trunk owned by Rivet in a nearby field. The trunk had been opened and riffled through, indicating that robbery was the possible motive.

For this murder, a man named "Hobo" Brown Roberts was arrested on January 1, 1909, as an accomplice in the murder. However, not enough evidence was gathered in order to prosecute him. On May 27, a mob of about twenty men broke into the prison where Roberts was held and took him near a railroad engine, allegedly to force a confession out of him. After that night, the accused man was never seen again.

### Susan B. Clark and Laura Marshall

Taking into account that Gibson confessed to murdering an Orange City woman in November 1919, authorities speculated that he could've killed middle-aged widow Susan B. Clark (or Matty Clark), who died on November 1. The same night, another unidentified woman was also robbed. Her murderer was never found, but Gibson, who was well known there, was suspected. Newspapers also mention another woman by the name of Laura Marshall, but at present, no further information is available for her case.

### Erhardt couple

A well-respected couple in Phoenix, the Erhardts, were slain on June 6, 1920. Gibson, who went by the alias Henry Watson, was first arrested in Nogales for importing alcohol into the country while en route to Phoenix. After serving a 24-day sentence in Douglas, he moved on to the city, arriving either on June 3 or 4. Feeling the need to rob somebody, Gibson used a miner's hammer that he had found and entered the home through the kitchen back door. This awoke the Erhardt couple, with Jacob throwing himself at the armed intruder, only to quickly get himself almost instantaneously killed. Mrs. Erhardt fought for her life, but she was beaten and left for dead, managing to slowly crawl back to the bed and die next to her husband.

The gruesome scene was later discovered by the couple's eldest son, Jacob Jr., who immediately reported to the authorities. Investigating the crime scene would prove a challenge, as authorities only had theories with which to proceed. Allegedly, two black men driving a striped Ford were seen fleeing from the crime scene, but even with organized posses, the duo wasn't captured. Later inquiries into fingerprint evidence revealed that there was most likely only one killer, judging by where he had washed his hands and removed his bloodied clothing. During the case 150 suspects were examined and later released, with a reward surpassing $3,000 being promised to anybody who had any clues.

On June 25, a possible suspect emerged, after Mexican national Jesús María Barboa, who lived in Litchfield Park, was arrested in Nogales on June 25. He was taken to the crime scene, and under a bombardment of questions, he confessed to killing the couple. Barboa was then brought to trial, and pleaded guilty. Authorities weren't satisfied with his claims, as he seemed to be in a semi-stupor while telling his story. This resulted in Barboa being transferred to a mental facility in Florence, and despite being initially charged with the Erhardts' killings, he was later acquitted due to his insanity.

### Roy Trapp

Not long after the Erhardt murders, a crime of striking similarity was committed on July 15, 1920, in Fullerton, California. A wealthy rancher by the name of Roy G. Trapp had been killed with a miner's hammer, and his wife beaten into unconsciousness and subsequently assaulted. Only two days later, the man supposedly responsible was arrested and identified as Mose Gibson. In his subsequent confession, Gibson, who had been intoxicated with wood alcohol, claimed that he entered the home with the intention of robbing it, but in the process, he awoke Mr. Trapp. The two men proceeded to scuffle, but Mose overpowered and viciously beat the rancher to death in his bedroom, before proceeding to also beat Trapp's wife and then assault her.

## Arrest

Gibson's arrest came thanks to a telegraph operator named Fred Lewis, who was stationed in the town of Drake. Lewis had read an account of Trapp's murder in a Los Angeles newspaper, when he noticed a black man matching the description of the suspect, who was buying tickets en route to Albuquerque. Although the two of them were alone in the office, Lewis stalled Gibson for as much as he could, before telegraphing officers from Needles to come arrest him. A group of five policemen chased after the suspect, eventually getting into a fight with Gibson, but still managed to successfully arrest him in Topock.

## Trial, sentence and death

Although initially refusing to speak with authorities and praying all the time, Gibson eventually confessed to killing Roy Trapp in front of agent L. A. West. Because of this, he was sentenced to hang in a three-hour trial, but not before he could be connected to the double murder of the Erhardts, based on the similar circumstances of the two cases. Shortly after, he proceeded to confess the remaining murders, but only discussed the Erhardt case in detail.

After authorities confirmed details he provided, including where the rifled furniture was, how the victims were struck down and the crime scene's locations, they declared that Gibson, who mostly prayed and read the Bible in prison, was guilty of the crime. Despite this, he was never officially charged with their murder, as he was hanged just a week after killing Trapp in San Quentin, California.

## Questionable guilt

Even with some of the contemporary media, Gibson's confessions were the subject of doubt. Several reasons for this are that in the initial examination, the perpetrator's fingerprints did not match those of Mose, there were two suspects, and both of them were described as having a lighter skin tone. Despite this, the authorities insisted that they had caught the right man, placing their trust in his admissions.

A few months before Gibson's execution, a Palo Alto-based organization named the Housewives' Union No. 1 wrote to Gov. Stephens to spare the condemned prisoner's life. The letter cited the case of James P. Watson, a bigamist who at that time had recently been convicted of murdering several wives, but was instead given life imprisonment.

## InfoBox

| Mose Gibson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1883
Bienville Parish, Louisiana, U.S. |
| Died | September 24, 1920(1920-09-24) (aged 36–37)
San Quentin State Prison, San Quentin, California, U.S. |
| Cause of death | Execution by hanging |
| Other names | Henry Watson
"Monk" Gibson |
| Criminal status | Executed |
|  | |
| Conviction(s) | First degree murder |
| Criminal penalty | Death |
| Details | |
| Victims | 3–7+ |
| Span of crimes | 1908–1920 |
| Country | United States |
| State(s) | Louisiana, Florida, Arizona, California |
|  | |


title: Mose Durst

abstract: Mose Durst is an author, educator, and the former president of the Unification Church of the United States. Durst was born in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City, to immigrant parents from Russia. He received a Master's degree and Ph.D. in English literature from the University of Oregon. He taught at Laney College in Oakland, California. In 1972 he converted from Judaism and joined the Unification Church in Oakland, then became a lecturer and a church leader in California. In 1974, he married Korean missionary Yon Soo Lim, and they led the Northern California church together. In 1980, Durst was appointed by Unification Church founder Sun Myung Moon as the president of the Unification Church of the United States. As church president Durst expanded some of the successful practices of the Northern California church to the national level. In 1984, Durst expressed regret over misunderstandings between Unification Church members and some members of the Jewish community. He placed blame for this both on the members' "youthful zeal and ignorance" and on the community's "insecurity." That same year he wrote in his autobiography: "Our relations with the Jewish community have been the most painful to me personally. I say this with a heavy heart, since I was raised in the Jewish faith and am proud of my heritage." Durst currently teaches literature and history to middle school students at the Principled Academy, a Unification Church sponsored school in San Leandro, California, and is the chairman of the school's board. He has published seven books: To Bigotry, No Sanction: Reverend Sun Myung Moon and the Unification Church, Principled Education, Shakespeare’s Plays, and Oakland, California: Towards A Sustainable City, and two children’s books.

text:
# Mose Durst

**Mose Durst** (born September 5, 1939) is an author, educator, and the former president of the Unification Church of the United States.

Durst was born in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City, to immigrant parents from Russia. He received a Master's degree and Ph.D. in English literature from the University of Oregon. He taught at Laney College in Oakland, California. In 1972 he converted from Judaism and joined the Unification Church in Oakland, then became a lecturer and a church leader in California. In 1974, he married Korean missionary Yon Soo Lim, and they led the Northern California church together.

In 1980, Durst was appointed by Unification Church founder Sun Myung Moon as the president of the Unification Church of the United States. As church president Durst expanded some of the successful practices of the Northern California church to the national level.

In 1984, Durst expressed regret over misunderstandings between Unification Church members and some members of the Jewish community. He placed blame for this both on the members' "youthful zeal and ignorance" and on the community's "insecurity." That same year he wrote in his autobiography: "Our relations with the Jewish community have been the most painful to me personally. I say this with a heavy heart, since I was raised in the Jewish faith and am proud of my heritage."

Durst currently teaches literature and history to middle school students at the Principled Academy, a Unification Church sponsored school in San Leandro, California, and is the chairman of the school's board. He has published seven books: *To Bigotry, No Sanction: Reverend Sun Myung Moon and the Unification Church*, *Principled Education*, *Shakespeare’s Plays*, and *Oakland, California: Towards A Sustainable City*, and two children’s books.


title: Mottsville, Nevada

abstract: Mottsville is an unincorporated community within the Humboldt–Toiyabe National Forest on the western edge of the Carson Valley in northwestern Douglas County, Nevada, United States. Mottsville is located at the junction of Nevada State Route 206 and Nevada State Route 207 3 miles (4.8 km) west-southwest of Minden.

text:
# Mottsville, Nevada

**Mottsville** is an unincorporated community within the Humboldt–Toiyabe National Forest on the western edge of the Carson Valley in northwestern Douglas County, Nevada, United States. Mottsville is located at the junction of Nevada State Route 206 and Nevada State Route 207 3 miles (4.8 km) west-southwest of Minden.

## History

Settlement on the Emigrant Trail where Hiram Mott and son Israel settled in 1851

United States portal

Media related to Mottsville, Nevada at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Mottsville, Nevada | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Mottsville, viewed from SR 207 | |
| Mottsville | |
| Coordinates: 38°55′43″N 119°50′16″W / 38.92861°N 119.83778°W / 38.92861; -119.83778 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Nevada |
| County | Douglas |
| Elevation | 4,777 ft (1,456 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-8 (Pacific (PST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-7 (PDT) |
| Area code | 775 |
| Nevada Historical Marker | 121 |
| GNIS feature ID | 860656 |


title: Windows-1258

abstract: Windows-1258 is a code page used in Microsoft Windows to represent Vietnamese texts. It makes use of combining diacritical marks. Windows-1258 is compatible with neither the Vietnamese standard, nor the various other encodings in use in practice. Rather, it is very similar to Windows-1252, with the differences being that s-caron and z-caron are missing, five of the letters with diacritics have been replaced by combining diacritics for Vietnamese tone marks, one has been replaced with the đông sign, and eight others have been changed to four otherwise-unsupported Vietnamese letters. Use of combining diacritics means that Windows-1258 can cover the large number of combinations of letters and tone marks in Vietnamese without compromising coverage of control codes or symbols. However it also means that software must be careful to handle conversions between precomposed characters and combining sequences correctly when converting to/from other encodings and makes determining user-visible length of a string more difficult. IBM uses code page 1258 for Windows-1258. UTF-8 is the preferred encoding for Vietnamese in modern applications. Windows-1258 may not always round-trip Unicode encoded Vietnamese due to changes caused by Unicode normalization. Combining diacritics are encoded after the letter in both Windows-1258 and Unicode.

text:
# Windows-1258

**Windows-1258** is a code page used in Microsoft Windows to represent Vietnamese texts. It makes use of combining diacritical marks.

Windows-1258 is compatible with neither the Vietnamese standard (TCVN 5712 / VSCII), nor the various other encodings in use in practice (VISCII, VNI, VPS). Rather, it is very similar to Windows-1252, with the differences being that s-caron and z-caron (which were added to Windows-1252 later) are missing, five of the letters with diacritics have been replaced by combining diacritics for Vietnamese tone marks, one has been replaced with the đông sign, and eight others (four per case) have been changed to four otherwise-unsupported Vietnamese letters.

Use of combining diacritics means that Windows-1258 can cover the large number of combinations of letters and tone marks in Vietnamese without compromising coverage of control codes or symbols. However it also means that software must be careful to handle conversions between precomposed characters and combining sequences correctly when converting to/from other encodings and makes determining user-visible length of a string more difficult.

IBM uses code page 1258 (CCSID 1258 and euro sign extended CCSID 5354) for Windows-1258.

UTF-8 is the preferred encoding for Vietnamese in modern applications. Windows-1258 may not always round-trip Unicode encoded Vietnamese due to changes caused by Unicode normalization. Combining diacritics are encoded after the letter in both Windows-1258 and Unicode (like VNI, unlike ANSEL).

## Character set

The following table shows Windows-1258. Each character is shown with its Unicode equivalent.

Windows-1258
|  | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0x | NUL | SOH | STX | ETX | EOT | ENQ | ACK | BEL | BS | HT | LF | VT | FF | CR | SO | SI |
| 1x | DLE | DC1 | DC2 | DC3 | DC4 | NAK | SYN | ETB | CAN | EM | SUB | ESC | FS | GS | RS | US |
| 2x | SP |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 3x |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | \< |  | \> |  |
| 4x |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 5x |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | \[ |  | \] |  |  |
| 6x | \` |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 7x |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | DEL |
| 8x |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 9x |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Ax | NBSP |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | SHY |  |  |
| Bx |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Cx |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Dx |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Ex |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fx |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Differences from Windows-1252 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Code page 1129

IBM's code page 1129 (CCSID 1129 and euro sign extended CCSID 1163) is similar to code page 1258, but with the following differences:

Code page 1129 (differences from code page 1258)
|  | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 8x |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 9x |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Ax | NBSP |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | SHY |  |  |
| Bx |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Differences from Windows-1258 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

Windows-1258
| MIME / IANA | windows-1258 |
| --- | --- |
| Alias(es) | cp1258 (Code page 1258) |
| Language(s) | Vietnamese, English, French, German, Spanish, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, Irish, Albanian, Luxembourgish, Dutch.
**With combining diacritics:**
Estonian, Italian, Portuguese, Yoruba, Guarani, Igbo, Nauruan, Devanagari transliteration. |
| Created by | Microsoft |
| Standard | WHATWG Encoding Standard |
| Classification | extended ASCII, Windows-125x |
| Based on | Windows-1252 |
|  | |


title: Wintec Industries

abstract: Wintec Industries, founded in 1988, is headquartered in Newark, California. Wintec provides original equipment manufacturer (OEM), specialized services in product design, manufacturing, and supply chain services related to memory and storage components, featuring: flash modules, DRAM modules, wireless products, modem products, and digital display products. On May 31, 2011, Wintec announced a "strategic alliance" with software developer NTI Corporation.

text:
# Wintec Industries

**Wintec Industries**, founded in 1988, is headquartered in Newark, California. Wintec provides original equipment manufacturer (OEM), specialized services in product design, manufacturing, and supply chain services related to memory and storage components, featuring: flash modules (CF, SD, USB, CFast, embedded flash, SSD, etc.), DRAM modules (RDIMM, SODIMM, UDIMM, FBDIMM), wireless products, modem products (embedded and USB), and digital display products (ADD2 DVI, HDMI, and digital signage).

On May 31, 2011, Wintec announced a "strategic alliance" with software developer NTI Corporation.

## InfoBox

Wintec Industries, Inc.
| Company type | Private |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Semiconductors |
| Founded | 1988 |
| Headquarters | Milpitas, California |
| Products | Computer memory, Flash memory, Solid-state drives |
| Number of employees | 200 |


title: Windsor Salt Mine

abstract: The Windsor Salt Mine currently operates two locations in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. The first is the Ojibway Mine at 200 Morton Drive in Windsor, established in 1955, and is owned by The Canadian Salt Company, Limited. The facility has 250 employees, earns roughly $75–99 million a year, producing road and mining salt. The second location is the Windsor Facility of the Canadian Salt Company, located at 30 Prospect Ave. in Windsor. This facility employs 110 and estimates their sales at $25–50 million a year. It was established much earlier than the first, in 1893. Its main products are salt used for human consumption, water softening and agriculture. In 2008, Canadian Salt mined approximately 9.5 megatonnes from the Windsor mine, 85% of which went to deicing highways, and the remainder for manufacturing caustic soda and chlorine, producing pulp and paper, and water treatment.

text:
# Windsor Salt Mine

The **Windsor Salt Mine** currently operates two locations in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. The first is the Ojibway Mine at 200 Morton Drive in Windsor, established in 1955, and is owned by The Canadian Salt Company, Limited. The facility has 250 employees, earns roughly $75–99 million a year, producing road and mining salt. The second location is the Windsor Facility of the Canadian Salt Company, located at 30 Prospect Ave. in Windsor. This facility employs 110 and estimates their sales at $25–50 million a year. It was established much earlier than the first, in 1893. Its main products are salt used for human consumption, water softening and agriculture. In 2008, Canadian Salt mined approximately 9.5 megatonnes from the Windsor mine, 85% of which went to deicing highways, and the remainder for manufacturing caustic soda and chlorine, producing pulp and paper, and water treatment.

## History

In the early days of Canada's European settlement, trappers brought shiploads of salt with them for personal uses such as curing hides and salting meat, as well as trading with the First Nations peoples. In 1860, the Saginaw Salt and Lumber Company began mining salt in nearby Michigan. It produced salt in limited amounts, as its main industry was lumber. In approximately 1890, William Van Horne, president of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), realized the potential of the region. The company sunk a test well on CPR's land in Windsor and found salt in 1891. The test well was supervised by E.G Henderson, the civil engineer who supervised the CPR's London to Windsor Line. He would become the plant manager of The Windsor Salt Company Limited, which was built and operational in 1893. One reason for the CPR's interest in the Windsor Salt Mine is attributed to a desire to enable the company to haul freight in order to compete with other railroad companies such as the Grand Trunk Railway. From the beginning, Windsor's mine has been unique in Canada, using a vacuum pan technique that is utilized in the U.S., but not elsewhere in Canada.

## Financial Issues

The Windsor Salt Mine had a difficult start, with a financial crisis in 1897. By 1910, the Canadian Salt Company, as it was known as since 1901, prospered sufficiently to purchase the Saginaw Lumber and Salt Company. Shortly before 1928, The Canadian Salt Company moved its operation to Sandwich and shuttered its older plant. In 1928, Canadian Industries Limited purchased the mine and in 1941, Neepawa Salt Company in Manitoba merged with Canadian Industry Limited. Canadian Industry withdrew from salt manufacturing in 1951, and Windsor, Neepawa, and a mine in Alberta were incorporated by H.R. Milner under the name Canadian Salt Company. In 1952, the Morton Salt Company of Chicago purchased a large interest in the company and established a subsidiary, the Canadian Rock Salt Company. In 1954, Canadian Industries Limited left Windsor, leaving Morton and the Canadian Rock Salt Company in Windsor.

In February 1954 a sinkhole appeared above the Prospect St. mine, leading to thousands of dollars worth of damage. This also led to the public fearing for its safety. The Windsor Mine engineers assured the public that the area was safe, and spent weeks cleaning up the mess. Fifty thousand yards of fill were needed.

## Coordinates

## Further reading

* Scott's Directories 2007 Ontario Manufacturer's 50th Anniversary Edition ( Division big Directories, Toronto Ontario) 2007
* Garden Gateway to Canada, Morrison, F. Neil (Essex County Historical Association, Essex county, Canada) 1954


title: Moses Blah

abstract: Moses Zeh Blah was a Liberian politician. He served as the 28th vice president of Liberia under President Charles Taylor and became the 23rd president of Liberia on 11 August 2003, following Taylor's resignation. He served as president for two months, until 14 October 2003, when a United Nations-backed transitional government, headed by Gyude Bryant, was established and Bryant was sworn in as Chairman of the Transitional Government of Liberia.

text:
# Moses Blah

**Moses Zeh Blah** (18 April 1947 – 1 April 2013) was a Liberian politician. He served as the 28th vice president of Liberia under President Charles Taylor and became the 23rd president of Liberia on 11 August 2003, following Taylor's resignation. He served as president for two months, until 14 October 2003, when a United Nations-backed transitional government, headed by Gyude Bryant, was established and Bryant was sworn in as Chairman of the Transitional Government of Liberia.

## Career

Blah was born in Toweh Town, Liberia, a Gio-speaking hamlet in north-eastern Nimba County, close to the border with the Ivory Coast. He joined with Taylor because of a shared hatred of President Samuel Doe, who had killed Blah's wife along with hundreds of others in an ethnic-related massacre. He trained with Taylor in a Libyan guerrilla camp and served with him as a general during Liberia's civil war in the 1990s. He held the post of ambassador to Libya and Tunisia after Taylor was elected in 1997. In July 2000 Blah was appointed as Vice President after the death of Enoch Dogolea who was rumoured to have been poisoned.

Blah was known as a quiet and unassuming man, driving his own jeep around town rather than using a motorcade and driver, and wearing flowing African robes instead of the normal olive green military uniform. He was constantly annoyed by the presence of bodyguards following him around.

In June 2003, Taylor had left the country for peace talks in Ghana, and while there he was indicted by the war crimes tribunal in Sierra Leone. Blah was urged by the United States to take power from Taylor during his absence, but Blah made no such attempt. After Taylor's return, Blah was held under house arrest for ten days, but was subsequently absolved and reinstated as vice president.

When Taylor resigned in August of that year, Blah briefly succeeded him as president. He was condemned by Liberian rebel groups for his close ties to Taylor; they charged that he would simply continue Taylor's practices. Blah responded by calling the rebels "brothers" and saying "Let bygones be bygones. If there is power, we can share it." He invited the rebels to negotiate in his own house.

On 7 April 2008, Blah said that he had been sent a subpoena to testify at Taylor's trial before the Special Court for Sierra Leone in The Hague. He said that he would testify and "speak the truth", and he testified on 14 May 2008, describing child soldiers and the relationship between Taylor and Foday Sankoh. On 1 February 2009, Blah was accused of taking part in the murder of RUF commander Sam Bockarie, by a witness narrative to the commissioners of Liberia’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC). The witness, a senior commander of the defunct Anti-Terrorist Unit (ATU) of exiled president Charles Taylor, claimed Vice President Blah was part of the conspiracy and participated in the killing of Bockarie in the town of Tiaplay in Nimba County.

Blah died early on 1 April 2013, at age 65, at the John F. Kennedy Hospital in Monrovia.

## InfoBox

| Moses Blah | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 23rd President of Liberia | |
| **In office**
11 August 2003  14 October 2003 | |
| Preceded by | Charles Taylor |
| Succeeded by | Gyude Bryant |
| 28th Vice President of Liberia | |
| **In office**
24 July 2000  11 August 2003 | |
| President | Charles Taylor |
| Preceded by | Enoch Dogolea |
| Succeeded by | Wesley Momo Johnson |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1947-04-18)18 April 1947
Toweh Town, Liberia |
| Died | 1 April 2013(2013-04-01) (aged 65)
Monrovia, Liberia |
| Political party | National Patriotic |
|  | |


title: Winter Cicada

abstract: Fuyu no Semi (冬の蝉) is a Japanese anime OVA loosely based on Youka Nitta's manga series Embracing Love. The U.S. broadcast rights to the OVA have been licensed to Logo, MTV Networks' LGBT cable channel, and premiered on October 31, 2008.

text:
# Winter Cicada

***Fuyu no Semi*** (冬の蝉) is a Japanese anime OVA loosely based on Youka Nitta's manga series *Embracing Love* (春を抱いていた, *Haru wo Daiteita*).

The U.S. broadcast rights to the OVA have been licensed to Logo, MTV Networks' LGBT cable channel, and premiered on October 31, 2008.

## Synopsis

This three part *yaoi* story spans the war torn Meiji era when the Japanese turned from a Shogunate to Imperial rule and entered trade with the rest of the world (1862–1869). While the story unfolds historical dates and important figures are given while the characters give even more bits and pieces of this period during dialog.

**Episode One: "Edo Love Song"** starts in 1862, second year of the Bunkyuu Era, in Shinagawa Gotenyama during the Expulsion of Foreigners movement started by the Chōshū (Choushuu) clan of which Touma Kusaka is a member. Kusaka differs from his clan believing in peace and opening Japan up to foreigners where it can do trade and stand with equal footing on the world stage, the Open the Country movement. While trying to stop other Chōshū clan members from setting fire to the British Embassy, Kusaka is confronted by a Bakufu (Shogunate) samurai who helps him and a comrade, Aizawa, escape from the authorities.

Years later, while trying to find a school that will teach him English despite his clan's political stance, Kusaka once again meets the samurai who had saved his life. No longer in the employ of his Town Magistrate father, Keiichirou Akizuki goes to English school at the Nakahama Private School. Recognizing each other, Akizuki eventually offers to teach Kusaka English. Having been raised in an upper-class home, Akizuki takes pleasure in learning more about the common class lifestyle that Kusaka has always led while they learn English in secret as their clans cannot see them together without creating conflict. Despite their precautions, one of the Chōshū sees them and Kusaka has to stop meeting with Akizuki.

**Episode Two: "Record of Ezo War"** starts with Kusaka thinking about cutting ties with his clan when the Head Administrator, Sufu Masanosuke, offers to send him to London to learn about the West. Before leaving, Kusaka meets with Akizuki one last time during a sunset and they declare their love for each other by kissing and having passionate sweaty sex in a meadow near a riverbank. They consummate their relationship. While Kusaka is in England, Akizuki gains the leadership of his clan and its immediate association with the Shogun. After four years, Kusaka returns to Japan and receives a high ranking post in the Imperial army. It is during this time that Japan is in the midst of the greatest civil war Japan has known, the Boshin War, with Kusaka on the Satsuma-Chōshū (Imperial) side and Akizuki on the Bakufu (Shogunate) side. During one of the last battles, Kusaka finds Akizuki about to commit *seppuku* after having lost a leg to cannon fire. Upon being seen by one of his comrades aiding Akizuki, Kusaka kills the man, leaving his lover in shock.

**Episode Three: "Tokyo Tragedy"** starts four years later, with Kusaka working for the new government, wearing Western-style clothes and living in a Western-style home. In a private Japanese cottage behind the house, he keeps Akizuki in secret. Relations between the two lovers have broken down as Akizuki cannot stand being kept in hiding in comfort while his fellow Bakufu comrades suffer in prison, and he wants to commit suicide.

Eventually Aizawa, now an officer of the new law, discovers their relationship. He confronts Akizuki, leaving him with a *tantō* (short sword). A while later, it seems things between Kusaka and Akizuki are being patched up; yet a small group of police going through Kusaka's home, led by Aizawa, interrupts one of their moments. Kusaka runs back to the house, engages in a brief argument with his former comrade, and returns to the cottage only to find Akizuki missing and a suicide note on the futon pillow.

Akizuki pulls himself along the snow-covered ground, Aizawa's tantō in hand, stopping in front of a tree split into four trunks. After a brief reminiscing, he kills himself; Kusaka finds him a short while later. Opening the pouch around Akizuki's neck, he realizes that Akizuki was carrying around the shell of the cicada they had seen about eight years earlier. Kusaka takes the tantō from Akizuki's hand and commits suicide as well.

## Characters

* **Touma Kusaka** (草加 十馬, *Kusaka Touma*) \- played by Youji Katou in Haru Wo Daiteita. Voiced by Shinichiro Miki (Japanese)
* **Keiichirou Akizuki** (秋月 景一郎, *Akizuki Keiichiro*) \- played by Kyosuke Iwaki in Haru Wo Daiteita. Voiced by Toshiyuki Morikawa (Japanese)
* **Masanoshin Aizawa** (相沢 正之進, *Aizawa Masanoshin*) \- Voiced by Showtaro Morikubo (Japanese)

## Media

Opening theme"Kahyakkei" by NΛT ALLstars Ending songFuyu no Semi" by Morikawa Toshiyuki

## InfoBox

| Fuyu no Semi | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional image for *Fuyu no Semi* | |
| 冬の蝉 | |
| Genre | Romance, Yaoi, Tragedy, Historical |
| Original video animation | |
| Directed by | Yoshihisa Matsumoto |
| Studio | VENET |
| Licensed by | Media Blasters |
| Released | February 23, 2007  April 27, 2007 |
| Episodes | 3 |


title: Mouassine Fountain

abstract: The Mouassine Fountain is a part of the 16th-century religious complex of the Mouassine Mosque in Marrakesh, Morocco. The tradition of building public fountains in Marrakesh is old but took on a very monumental character in the Saadian era.

text:
# Mouassine Fountain

The **Mouassine Fountain** is a part of the 16th-century religious complex of the Mouassine Mosque in Marrakesh, Morocco. The tradition of building public fountains in Marrakesh is old but took on a very monumental character in the Saadian era.

## History

The Mouassine Mosque complex was built between 1562-63 CE (970 AH) and 1572-73 CE (980 AH) on the orders of the Saadian sultan Abdallah Al-Ghalib. It includes a mosque, a library, a *mîdhâ* (ablutions facility), a hammam and the Mouassine Fountain. It also included a children's Qur'anic school (*msid*) which no longer retains its function today. The fountain is one of the largest in the medina of Marrakesh, along with the fountain of the Bab Doukkala Mosque and the Shrob ou Shouf Fountain, both also from the Saadian period. It is located in the north of the ablutions room of the Mouassine mosque.

## Function

The presence of the water supply system necessary for the *mîdhâ* and the hammam led the Saadian architects to build open fountains with drinking troughs near the mosques. So, it was a question of ensuring the supplying of the district with drinking water, while registering this act in its religious dimension since giving to drink constitutes in the Muslim world one of the most honorable alms. The fountain is inserted next to three arches which gave access to drinking troughs for animals. The large fountain was reserved for humans while the two drinking troughs next to it; covered with vaults and opening onto the street by three arches, were used, at the time, to water the animals, especially donkeys.

## Architecture and ornamentation

The medina of Marrakesh has 45 public drinking fountains. Depending on its location, each fountain has a monumental or a modest appearance. Large fountains, like that of Mouassine, abundantly decorated, are located next to mosques and/or mausoleums. These require the attribution of an architectural and decorative aspect to their annexes such as fountains. On the other hand, small neighborhoods must also have autonomy and access to water, their size therefore depends on the size of the neighborhood, some of them are decorated while others are much simpler.

The Mouassine Fountain is rectangular in shape and consists of a large opening resembling a corbel arch. The arch is made out of wood and a projecting canopy of carved wood hangs above it. Next to it are three other large arches which contained the drinking troughs. All together, these four arches occupy a rectangular space measuring 18.1 meters long and 4.7 meters wide. The fountain arch has piers that support two plaster consoles on which rest corbels and three lintels protected by a canopy. The whole is in cedar wood decorated with painted and chiseled floral motifs.

Inside above on a horizontal beam, a large carved plaster frieze features a geometric pattern of an eight-pointed star called "Mtemmen maa'kous". This geometric motif is inserted between two small friezes, narrower and also in carved plaster, repeat the eulogy "العز لله" meaning "The glory is to God".

Above, on the wooden beam, an inscription was painted in black on a plaster frieze that no longer exists today. It is visible in an old photograph in the book “Things seen in Morocco” by Alec John Dawson (P. 207) and its restitution was possible thanks to the reproduction of A. Bernard figured in the book “Picturesque and monumental geography” (P. 206). The inscription says:

**بُشْرَى فَقَدْ أَنْجَزَ اُلإِقْبَالُ ما وَعَدَا \***** وَكَوْكَبُ اُلمَجْدِ في أُفْقِ العُلا صَعِدَا**

" Good news ! By a favorable fate the promises are fulfilled; and the star of glory rises on the horizon of nobility. "

The corbels are decorated with a carved and painted pattern, however the polychromy is not very visible.

Above the crows, on the first lintel, an inscription is chiseled on two cartridges says:

**أَحْسَنُ ما صُرِفَ فيه المَقال \***** الحَمْدُ للَّهِ على كُلِّ حــال**

“The most beautiful words that have been spoken (are): Praise be to God in all circumstances! "

## Water source: *khettara*

To supply drinking water to the fountains of the medina as well as the ablution rooms of mosques, hammams and sometimes large houses, the Almoravids built an original hydraulic system called *khettara*. It is an underground drainage tunnel that brings water from the groundwater to the surface of the ground, then distributes it throughout the city and irrigates crops. It consists of a set of vertical wells connected to a slightly sloping drainage tunnel that conveys the water to cisterns or reservoirs. The shafts are used to dig the underground tunnel. And when the construction is finished, they play a role of ventilation and facilitate access to the tunnel for maintenance.

Climate change has caused a drop in the level of water tables and the increase in population has resulted in an increase in urban planning. This system is therefore no longer sufficient and has consequently been abandoned. However, the *khettara* are considered a Moroccan heritage and there have been calls to preserve them.

1. Xavier, Salmon (2016). *Marrakech : splendeurs saadiennes : 1550-1650* (in French). LienArt. ISBN 978-2-35906-182-6. OCLC 965128927.
2. M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Fountain". *The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195309911.
3. Mostafa, Saleh Lamei (1989). "The Cairene Sabil: Form and Meaning". *Muqarnas*. **6**: 33–42. doi:10.2307/1602278. ISSN 0732-2992. JSTOR 1602278.
4. Gaston., Deverdun (2011). *Inscriptions arabes de Marrakech*. Faculté des Lettres et de Sciences Humaines. OCLC 929665574.
5. J., Dawson, A. (1904). *Things seen in Morocco*. Methuen & Co. OCLC 251982946.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
6. Compaore, Nestorine P. (2011-04-22), "Le défi du développement humain durable par les femmes et les hommes", *Les grands enjeux des femmes pour un développement durable*, Presses de l'Université du Québec, pp. 81–102, doi:10.2307/j.ctv18ph1v1.12, ISBN 9782760524958, retrieved 2021-10-31
7. Hussain, Intizar; Abu-Rizaiza, Omar Siraj; Habib, Mohammad A.A.; Ashfaq, Muhammad (2008-08-22). "Revitalizing a traditional dryland water supply system: the karezes in Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia". *Water International*. **33** (3): 333–349. doi:10.1080/02508060802255890. ISSN 0250-8060. S2CID 154332181.
8. ""الخطارات ": كنز الماضي والحاضر في منطقة الحوز". *Cawalisse*. 23 August 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
9. "Ecomuseum of the Khettara in the Tifalalet, Morocco". *Middle East Institute*. Retrieved 2021-10-31.
10. El Faiz, Mohammed; Ruf, Thierry (2010). "An Introduction to the Khettara in Morocco: Two Contrasting Cases". In Schneier-Madanes, Graciela; Courel, Marie-Francoise (eds.). *Water and Sustainability in Arid Regions: Bridging the Gap Between Physical and Social Sciences*. Springer. pp. 151–163.

## InfoBox

| Mouassine Fountain in Marrakesh | |
| --- | --- |
| سقاية المواسين | |
| Mouassine fountain in the religious complex of Mouassine in Marrakesh | |
| Location | |
| Location | Marrakesh, Morocco |
| Geographic coordinates | 31°37′48″N 7°59′22″W / 31.63000°N 7.98944°W / 31.63000; -7.98944 |
| Architecture | |
| Type | Fountain |
| Style | Saadian, Moroccan, Islamic |
| Founder | Abdallah al-Ghalib |
| Date established | 1562-1563 |


title: Wind Echoing in My Being

abstract: Wind Echoing in My Being is a 1997 South Korean short film directed by Jeon Soo-il. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1997 Cannes Film Festival.

text:
# Wind Echoing in My Being

***Wind Echoing in My Being*** (Korean: 내 안에 우는 바람; RR: *Nae-ane uneun baram*) is a 1997 South Korean short film directed by Jeon Soo-il. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1997 Cannes Film Festival.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Wind Echoing in My Being | |
| --- | --- |
| US film poster | |
| Directed by | Jeon Soo-il |
| Written by | Jeon Soo-il |
| Starring | Choi Hu-gon |
| Cinematography | Hwang Cheol-hyeon |
| Edited by | Park Gok-ji |
| Production<br>company | Dongnyuk Film |
| Release date | * May 1997 (1997-05) |
| Running time | 40 minutes |
| Country | South Korea |
| Language | Korean |


abstract: The Sustainable Development Reserve of Ponta do Tubarão in Brazil was created in 2003. It was created with an aim of protecting the environment from different attempts to develop the area into a tourist resort or shrimp hatcheries along the mangroves. The RDSEPT covers about 12,940 sq. ft. of the areas off the northern coast of Rio Grande do Norte in the Guamaré and Macau Municipalities. This area is considered a high-value biological region in Brazil, with only little artisanal fishing and collecting shellfish, small-scale agriculture, and animal farming. Since 2010, two wind farms have been operating in the area, known as Miassaba II and Alegria II. The documentation of land operations has been in the works for more than a decade, and inhabitants of the area are claiming that the wind turbines have created water scarcity as the ponds are now dry. Other issues in the area include the wall and line towers constructed to disrupt the hydrological connection between rivers and the ocean which inherently affects the fisherman and alters water sands. Inhabitants in the area say that the noise and vibrations from the wind turbines have affected animals and birds in the area resulting in their migration elsewhere. The council from the reserve says that part of the Miassaba was built inside turtle nesting areas. Fishers who live in the area were said to have received compensation for their interruptions, but according to sources they haven't. This project is an interesting situation as wind turbines are seen as good for the environment, yet they are destroying the area and making it uninhabitable for most organisms in Ponta do Tubarão in Brazil.

text:
# Wind Farms in the Sustainable Reserve of Ponta do Tubarão

The **Sustainable Development Reserve of Ponta do Tubarão in Brazil** (**Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável de Ponto do Tubarão**, or **RDSEPT**) was created in 2003. It was created with an aim of protecting the environment from different attempts to develop the area into a tourist resort or shrimp hatcheries along the mangroves. The RDSEPT covers about 12,940 sq. ft. ( square feet) of the areas off the northern coast of Rio Grande do Norte in the Guamaré and Macau Municipalities. This area is considered a high-value biological region in Brazil, with only little artisanal fishing and collecting shellfish, small-scale agriculture, and animal farming. Since 2010, two wind farms have been operating in the area, known as Miassaba II and Alegria II. The documentation of land operations has been in the works for more than a decade, and inhabitants of the area are claiming that the wind turbines have created water scarcity as the ponds are now dry. Other issues in the area include the wall and line towers constructed to disrupt the hydrological connection between rivers and the ocean which inherently affects the fisherman and alters water sands. Inhabitants in the area say that the noise and vibrations from the wind turbines have affected animals and birds in the area resulting in their migration elsewhere. The council from the reserve says that part of the Miassaba was built inside turtle nesting areas. Fishers who live in the area were said to have received compensation for their interruptions, but according to sources they haven't. This project is an interesting situation as wind turbines are seen as good for the environment, yet they are destroying the area and making it uninhabitable for most organisms in Ponta do Tubarão in Brazil.

## Plans

The Incentive Program for Alternative Energy Sources- PROFINA, reinforced by the Energy Development Account increased “participation of independent electrical power producers using renewable sources.” The states of Rio Grande do Norte and Ceará received 87% of these developments. This was influenced by the Brazilian energy crisis of 2001.

Though when it comes to this specific company, Kristin Waters, of Norborne, MO, is the prime leader of the organization.

The first wind farm in Rio Grande do Norte was built in 2004 in line with the nation's support and increase in renewable energy sources. Miassaba II was revealed as a project in 2009 by the Bioenergy Group. The land in the Macau Municipality; part of the RDSEPT, was auctioned off by the government in 2010. The other wind farm part of this discussion is in the area of Guamaré, referred to as Alegria II. Parque Alegria is owned by New Energy Options Geração de Energia. Alegria I went into operation in 2011. Alegria I has a direct effect on RDSEPT. The building was delayed due to land conflict, as Bioenergy received approval for the usage of the same land for Miassaba III. The construction of Alegria I consequently started three months later than planned.

For the construction of the wind farms, the infrastructure of the RDSEPT had to be changed. In order to build roads and facilitate the construction lagoons were dried out, sandbanks in upward slopes were erected, and this inhibited locals from living and working, especially fishermen. It also interfered with the reserve's ecosystem.

## Approval Process

New developments in the area, which has been designated a reserved area in 2003 are supposed to only be conducted after the Management Council approved of it. The Management Council is composed of various entities in the reserve area.

According to Bioenergy, Miassaba II underwent this process and received approval. Fishermen and locals contradict these claims. According to documents and points of the Management Council for the Ponta do Tubarão Sustainable Development Reserve (RDSEPT) parts of Miassaba II would be in the sea turtle spawning zone, which would infringe on the approval of the construction, in theory.

## Stakeholders

### Traditional communities

The population in Ponta do Tubarão consists largely of low-income individuals who live on a subsistence economy based on artisanal fishing, collection of crustaceous, small-scale agriculture and herding, and communitarian tourism. The traditional community depends largely on natural resources, of which they possess a deep knowledge due to the fact that they have occupied the area for generations. However, their knowledge is limited to how the local environment assists their socioeconomic activities, making them easy targets to the detrimental actions of the government and companies who own the wind farms. The implementation of the sustainable reserve itself has also been a concept that the population grappled with. Individuals lack the ability to correlate the reserve to an improvement in their quality of life, indicating that the benefits and real objectives of the reserve must be clarified to the community. Furthermore, locals have not received any form of compensation for the negative impacts that the wind farms have had on their lives, and are still waiting for the job opportunities claimed to be created.

### Local Scientists/Professionals Opinions

Scientists and university professors from neighboring states that face the same issues argue that the sustainability of the reserve and the wind farms are challenged by the fact that damnifications caused in the construction and operation of the windmills are far greater to the environment and the local population than any potential environmental benefit. They claim that the wind farms are considered environmentally clean because they did not generate any CO2 during construction, but in reality, dunes were destroyed, trees were cut down, and lagoons were drained to make place for the windmills. This poses an immense threat to the subsistence economy of local communities, which depend on the dunes, trees, and lagoons for their activities. The implementation of the reserve has also posed a challenge to the survival of these communities since it prohibits them from keeping their businesses as usual and does not decrease their costs with energy since all of the power generated is directed to other areas of the state.

### Government

#### Institute of Sustainable Development and Environment of Rio Grande do Norte (Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável e Meio Ambiente do Rio Grande do Norte, or IDEMA)

The institute's goal is to promote environmental politics in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, and ensure that sustainable developments are done for the improvement of the quality of life of the regional population. However, IDEMA has always worked to overcome any opposition to the windmill projects, due to the heightened demand for wind power and strong support from the state and federal government. The institute's actions were explained as an attempt to meet Kyoto Protocol guidelines, but there were no mandatory targets for the country, nor were there any relations between the implementation of wind farms and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions that they needed to meet. IDEMA was pressured to expedite the projects, disregarding the social and environmental disruptions that they posed to the local communities.

### Companies

#### New Energy Options Geração de Energia

NEO is a Brazilian private entity that operates in the energy sector. It is regulated by the National Agency of Electric Energy (ANEEL), which is under the Ministry of Mines and Energy, a government agency. The company owns several wind farms in Rio Grande Norte and has received vast support from the federal government as well as financial institutions, with investments of over R$4.1 billion, approximately US$1 billion. The promise of the creation of jobs and cheaper energy has been a major driver for the support of these agencies and the government, despite the negative impacts they have had.

## Conflict

The area has faced a conflict between the fishermen and local residents and businesses and bigger businesses before the creation of the reserve area. Initially, the main parties of conflict were locals and big businesses in form of hotels and shrimp farmers. However, after the auctioning of land by the state the situation has shifted. The state has been auctioning land off on the reserve area, which then led to some of the wind farms being built. This inhibits fishermen from accessing parts of the beach and disrupts the ecosystem of the reserve area. Part of the conflict or controversy is that the projects are deemed legal by the state, as one they are sustainable in the sense that they are wind farms and deemed sustainable by the national government, as well as the fact that the law establishing the reserve states nothing about this sort of development specifically. The state is allowed to auction off the land. The point of conflict is the Management Council's approval or lack thereof.

Alegria II and Miassaba II constrict the reserve. The construction pumped out the water of lagoons and interrupted the existing ecosystem in the reserve, which should be preserved, residents claim. Residents stated that wind energy companies used the pretext of clean and renewable energy to destroy the ecosystem in the reserve, by pumping out lagoons and dry lakes, deforestation, and landing dunes. Energy companies state that they compensated locals for the damage caused, which is negated by residents of the reserve.

Another point of controversy is the cost of wind energy for producing states, which do not benefit from wind production as they still have to pay the same price for energy as other non-producing states. The wind farms are altering the people's way of life and the actual land and ecosystem in a reserved area. The establishment of the RDSEPT was done to protect precisely these two aspects, which is why residents received backing from some news sources and other organizations.

### Costs

Wind energy was made a priority as early as 2001, but more so in 2011, and as much funding as R$8 bi went into wind energy. Bioenergy, the corporation which owns Miassaba II and another farm Aratua I recorded that both projects were financed by the National Bank for Economic and Social Development, and are estimated at $65 million. Alegria I cost approximately R$330 million, of which 250 million were financed by Banco do Nordeste.

### Loss of Traditional Practices and Culture

The local community largely relies on the natural resources that can be found within the area. This includes fish and other water resources. They possess an in-depth knowledge of these resources and the land as a result occupying the area for generations and using them in all aspects of life.  Since the local environment assists their socio-economic activities, the actions taken to construct the windmill farm have destroyed the mentioned local resources and have created detrimental and long-lasting impacts on their knowledge and practices.

### Loss of Livelihood

Ponta do Tubarão is composed of many low-income individuals. These individuals rely on an economy based on artisanal fishing, collection of crustaceous, small-scale agriculture and herding, and communitarian tourism. By destroying the land and making room for windmills, their livelihoods have been ruined as they no longer can fish in these areas. As part of the negotiations to build the wind farm, fishermen who live in the area were promised forms of compensation. However, many locals have not received any form of compensation and as a result, are out of work and struggling to survive in the current economic conditions.

### Loss of Landscape

The landscape in Ponta do Tubarão has suffered as a result of wind farm construction. Dunes were destroyed, trees were cut down, lagoons were drained to make place for the windmills, mangroves were buried, and archeological sites in the area faced damage. Since the economy is driven by fishing and other small-scale agriculture, this loss of landscape impacted a large scale of activities.

### Biodiversity Loss

To install the wind turbines, the sea stretch required sanding. This caused a reduction of sea life in the area. Noise and vibrations from the wind turbines have also affected the animals and birds in the area and contributed to a migration elsewhere. According to one of the councils on the reserve project, part of the wind farm was constructed inside turtle nesting areas. Since the turtles no longer have an area to next, they have left the area.

### Reduced Ecological / Hydrological Connectivity

Other issues that the area now faces include hydrological connectivity disruption. The wall and line towers constructed disrupt the hydrological connection between rivers and the ocean. As a result of this, the fisherman is affected and the sands within the water have been altered.

## Other Wind Projects in Brazil

Wind projects in other municipalities, such as Ceará, faced similar controversy with local populations. In the case of Ceará, job promises far exceeded the reality leaving the residents without proper compensation for the intrusion and change that came with the construction and maintenance of the wind farms.

The wind farms in Galinhos, also in the northeast of Brazil, caused changes in the fauna in the area, as well as the lagoons, thus altering the ecosystem and the people's way of life and income.


title: Wind Energy Data & Information Gateway

abstract:
The Wind Energy Data and Information (WENDI) Gateway was established by the Environmental Sciences Division of Oak Ridge National Laboratory in March 2010 to support the United States Department of Energy's Wind and Hydropower Technologies Program. It provided a digital library for wind energy-related data and information from a wide spectrum of sources—including data centers, scientific and technical journals, and geographic information systems (GIS), as well as the websites of government agencies, corporations and trade organizations.
The gateway was taken offline after funding ended in August 2012. Much of its content was incorporated into the OpenEI site.

text:
# Wind Energy Data & Information Gateway

The **Wind Energy Data and Information (WENDI) Gateway** was established by the Environmental Sciences Division of Oak Ridge National Laboratory in March 2010 to support the United States Department of Energy's Wind and Hydropower Technologies Program. It provided a digital library for wind energy-related data and information from a wide spectrum of sources—including data centers, scientific and technical journals, and geographic information systems (GIS), as well as the websites of government agencies, corporations and trade organizations. The gateway was taken offline after funding ended in August 2012. Much of its content was incorporated into the OpenEI site.

## Components

The WENDI Gateway had two main components: a wind energy metadata clearinghouse and the wind energy WebGIS Application. The WENDI Gateway also provided pages about the basics of how wind energy works, lists of major turbine manufacturers, a list of renewable resource educational programs, and a page about wind energy's effects on wildlife.

### Wind Energy Metadata Clearinghouse

The Wind Energy Metadata Clearinghouse included thousands of metadata records related to wind energy. These metadata records provide users with easy access to data and information from a variety of resources, such as peer-reviewed journal articles, government agency reports, private industry reports, GIS services, datasets, and news articles. Users can search the Clearinghouse's metadata records by a simple keyword search or narrow their results using more specific filters, including publication date and geographic area. Researchers can then search and scan these metadata records to grasp the vital information—title, author, abstract, and other bibliographic elements—about each resource, quickly assessing its potential usefulness for their work. In many metadata records, a URL to the resource itself is provided, such that those potentially useful resources may be readily viewed in their entirety.

### Wind Energy GIS

The Wind Energy GIS displayed wind energy-related spatial data with a standard web browser. The Wind Energy GIS features 10 categories of data layers: background; wind energy-related; transmission and infrastructure; geopolitical; hydrology; land ownership, designation and usage; elevation; land cover; ecosystem and climate; and soils.

#### Layers

Users selected from five options for the background:

* Terraserver-USGS topographic map
* Terraserver Digital Ortho-Quadrangle
* JPL Landsat Global Mosaic
* Terraserver Urban Areas
* Bing Maps Virtual Earth

Wind energy-related data layers included the location of U.S. wind energy power plants; the NREL wind power classification map; state-by-state renewable portfolio standards, and installed wind capacity by state. Transmission and infrastructure layers included the location of transmission lines (as shown by a 1993 report by the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), NEXRAD RADAR sites, location of airports, location of railroads, and an open street map. Geopolitical layers showed 110th Congressional Districts of the US, country boundary, US states, US counties, and the population of US counties.

The hydrology layer showed the US river network. Land ownership, designation and usage layers illustrated boundaries of federal lands and Indian lands, as well as the renewable energy generation potential on Environmental Protection Agency tracked sites according to the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER) Center for Program Analysis (OCPA). Elevation or land cover layers showed related information.

The ecosystem and climate layers displayed:

Users could view ranges of five bat species of concern. Bats were killed by wind turbines because the spinning blades cause a drop in air pressure which results in barotrauma.

Finally, the soils layer illustrated FAO soil classifications in the US.

## Target audience

Many factors must be considered before the construction of a wind energy facility. Among the most important factors to consider are the potential site's wind resource; access to existing transmission lines; access to a reliable power purchaser or market; and population density around the site. Numerous other economic, geographic, environmental, and political considerations must be taken into account as well. The WENDI Gateway was designed to provide data and information regarding such considerations and thereby serve the needs of an array of wind energy stakeholders. Such stakeholders likely include:


title: Motoki

abstract:
Motoki Kawasaki Motoki is a masculine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:
  - Motoki Imagawa, Japanese footballer
  - Motoki Kawasaki, Japanese footballer
  - Motoki Nishimura, Japanese judoka
  - Motoki Ochiai, Japanese actor
  - Motoki Takagi, Japanese voice actor and singer
  - Motoki Tokieda, Japanese academic and linguist Motoki is also a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
  - Katsuhide Motoki, Japanese film director and producer
  - Masahiro Motoki, Japanese actor
  - Masakazu Motoki, Chinese businessman
  - Seiya Motoki, Japanese actor
  - Yasutoshi Motoki, Japanese sport wrestler
  - Yukio Motoki, Japanese rugby union player

text:
# Motoki

**Motoki** (written: 元気, 昌樹, 誠記, 基輝, or モトキ in katakana) is a masculine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:

**Motoki** (written: 本木, 元木 or 端木) is also a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

## InfoBox

Motoki
| Gender | Male |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | |
| Word/name | Japanese |
| Meaning | Different meanings depending on the kanji used |


title: Tokyo Raiders

abstract: Tokyo Raiders is a 2000 Hong Kong action film set in Hong Kong and Tokyo, directed by Jingle Ma and starring Tony Leung Chiu-wai, Ekin Cheng and Kelly Chen. The success of the film led to the making of its sequel, Seoul Raiders, in 2005. Notably, the film was the last film to ever be released on LaserDisc, being released in September 2001.

text:
# Tokyo Raiders

***Tokyo Raiders*** is a 2000 Hong Kong action film set in Hong Kong and Tokyo, directed by Jingle Ma and starring Tony Leung Chiu-wai, Ekin Cheng and Kelly Chen. The success of the film led to the making of its sequel, *Seoul Raiders*, in 2005. Notably, the film was the last film to ever be released on LaserDisc, being released in September 2001.

## Plot

## Cast

## Reception

Derek Elley of *Variety* wrote that it "makes up in personality and an overall light, jokey tone what it lacks in sheer action smarts." *Time Out London* wrote, "Made to order for Chinese New Year release, this charmless action-comedy would like to be *Charade* but hasn't a clue how to handle plot structure, characterisation or secret-identity twists." Keith Phipps of *The A.V. Club* wrote that it "delivers the mix of humor, action, and style promised, though not delivered, by the big-screen version of *Charlie's Angels*". *Beyond Hollywood* wrote, "Aside from an overbearing soundtrack and a hackneyed plot with too many silly twists, *Tokyo Raiders* is good for a laugh."

## InfoBox

| Tokyo Raiders | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 東京攻略 |
| Simplified Chinese | 东京攻略 |
|
| Hanyu Pinyin | Dōng Jīng Gōng Lüè |
| Jyutping | Dung1 Ging1 Gung1 Leok6 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Directed by | Jingle Ma |
| Screenplay by | Susan Chan
Felix Chong |
| Produced by | Raymond Chow |
| Starring | Tony Leung Chiu-wai
Ekin Cheng
Kelly Chen
Cecilia Cheung
Toru Nakamura
Hiroshi Abe
Kumiko Endoh |
| Cinematography | Jingle Ma
Chan Chi-ying |
| Edited by | Kwong Chi-leung |
| Music by | Peter Kam |
| Distributed by | Golden Harvest Pictures (China) Ltd. |
| Release date | * January 28, 2000 (2000-01-28) |
| Running time | 118 minutes |
| Country | Hong Kong |
| Languages | Cantonese
Japanese
English |
| Box office | HK$28 million |


title: Pogonocherus cedri

abstract: Pogonocherus cedri is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Peyerimhoff in 1916. It is known from Algeria. It feeds on Cedrus atlantica and Abies numidica.

text:
# Pogonocherus cedri

***Pogonocherus cedri*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Peyerimhoff in 1916. It is known from Algeria. It feeds on *Cedrus atlantica* and *Abies numidica*.

## InfoBox

| *Pogonocherus cedri* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Tribe: | Pogonocherini |
| Genus: | *Pogonocherus* |
| Species: | ***P. cedri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pogonocherus cedri***<br>Peyerimhoff, 1916 | |
|


title: Yuri Pokrovsky

abstract: Yuri Nikolaevich Pokrovsky is a Russian writer. He was born in 1954 in Vienna, to a family of translators. Soon after his birth, his parents moved to the city of Gorky. He studied economics at the local university and continues to live in the city to this day. A publicist in his early career, Pokrovsky began writing in the 1990s. He was instrumental in the publication of the "Noble Almanac" and the book series "Русское". From 2009, he was involved with the online magazine "Zdravnitsa" and from 2011, with the organization RNL, dedicated to Russian heritage and history. Pokrovsky came to wider prominence for his novel "Among People" which was nominated for the 2015 Russian Booker Prize. The novel was set in a provincial town in Russia in the 1970s. He teaches economics at the Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Management. He is married, has two children, and three grandchildren.

text:
# Yuri Pokrovsky

**Yuri Nikolaevich Pokrovsky** is a Russian writer. He was born in 1954 in Vienna, to a family of translators. Soon after his birth, his parents moved to the city of Gorky (today known as Nizhni Novgorod). He studied economics at the local university and continues to live in the city to this day.

A publicist in his early career, Pokrovsky began writing in the 1990s. He was instrumental in the publication of the "Noble Almanac" (Дворянского альманаха) and the book series "Русское". From 2009, he was involved with the online magazine "Zdravnitsa" and from 2011, with the organization RNL, dedicated to Russian heritage and history.

Pokrovsky came to wider prominence for his novel "Among People" which was nominated for the 2015 Russian Booker Prize. The novel was set in a provincial town in Russia in the 1970s.

He teaches economics at the Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Management. He is married, has two children, and three grandchildren.


title: Tim Temerario

abstract: Carmel Arthur "Tim" Temerario was a high school, college and professional American football coach and executive. He was an assistant coach for the Detroit Lions, Cleveland Browns and Washington Redskins, and served as the Redskins' director of player personnel between 1965 and 1978. Temerario grew up in Lorain, Ohio, but moved to Pennsylvania with his family during high school. He attended Geneva College in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania and played a variety of positions on the school's football team. He was named the most valuable player in 1931, when the team went undefeated. After graduating, Temerario began a coaching career, first at East Liverpool High School in Ohio and then as an assistant at Denison University and Indiana University in the 1930s and 1940s. His career was interrupted by service in the U.S. Navy during World War II. He returned to Indiana in 1945 as an assistant to Bo McMillin as the team won the Big Ten Conference championship. When McMillin became head coach of the Lions in 1948, Temerario moved with him. He worked there for two years before being hired as an assistant for the Browns in 1950. The Browns won the NFL championship that year. Temerario spent two seasons with the Browns before becoming an assistant at North Carolina State University and the University of Pennsylvania. The Redskins hired him as an assistant in 1960, a position he retained through 1965. He then became the team's director of player personnel, staying in that role until his retirement in 1978. He was inducted into the Lorain Sports Hall of Fame in 1973 and the Beaver County Sports Hall of Fame in 1980.

text:
# Tim Temerario

**Carmel Arthur** "**Tim**" **Temerario** (February 18, 1906July 7, 2001) was a high school, college and professional American football coach and executive. He was an assistant coach for the Detroit Lions, Cleveland Browns and Washington Redskins, and served as the Redskins' director of player personnel between 1965 and 1978.

Temerario grew up in Lorain, Ohio, but moved to Pennsylvania with his family during high school. He attended Geneva College in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania and played a variety of positions on the school's football team. He was named the most valuable player in 1931, when the team went undefeated.

After graduating, Temerario began a coaching career, first at East Liverpool High School in Ohio and then as an assistant at Denison University and Indiana University in the 1930s and 1940s. His career was interrupted by service in the U.S. Navy during World War II. He returned to Indiana in 1945 as an assistant to Bo McMillin as the team won the Big Ten Conference championship. When McMillin became head coach of the Lions in 1948, Temerario moved with him. He worked there for two years before being hired as an assistant for the Browns in 1950. The Browns won the NFL championship that year.

Temerario spent two seasons with the Browns before becoming an assistant at North Carolina State University and the University of Pennsylvania. The Redskins hired him as an assistant in 1960, a position he retained through 1965. He then became the team's director of player personnel, staying in that role until his retirement in 1978. He was inducted into the Lorain Sports Hall of Fame in 1973 and the Beaver County Sports Hall of Fame in 1980.

## Early life and college

Temerario was born in Lorain, Ohio and attended Lorain High School. His father was a construction worker who traveled frequently, and Temerario later enrolled at two other high schools. He spent his junior and senior years at New Brighton High School in Pennsylvania, where he played as a center on the football team. He graduated in 1927.

Temerario enrolled at Geneva College in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania and played football there under head coaches Bo McMillin, Mack Flenniken and Howard Harpster. He played center, quarterback, end, guard and linebacker. Temerario was voted the most valuable player of a 1931 team that went undefeated under Harpster. He graduated later that year.

## Coaching career

After college, Temerario began a football coaching career at East Liverpool High School in East Liverpool, Ohio. He then worked for three years as the line coach for the freshman team at Indiana University before being hired as the varsity line coach at Ohio's Denison University in 1938. He remained at Denison until returning to Indiana as the varsity team's ends coach in 1941. The team finished with a 2–6 win–loss record that year.

Temerario left Indiana later in 1941 to serve in the U.S. Navy as American involvement in World War II intensified. He was initially placed in a physical education program run by Navy coach Tom Hamilton, but later requested a transfer to active duty. He served as a beachmaster during the Philippines Campaign and at Utah Beach during the Normandy landings in 1944. He rose to the rank of lieutenant commander and was in the military until the war ended in 1945.

Temerario returned to Indiana in 1945 and was an assistant under Bo McMillin, his first coach when he played at Geneva. The Indiana Hoosiers football team finished with a 9–0–1 record that year and won the Big Ten Conference championship. Indiana was ranked fourth in the AP Poll of the best college teams in the nation.

Temerario rose to become McMillin's top assistant at Indiana, and earned a master's degree in physical education while he was there. When McMillin left to become head coach of the Detroit Lions of the National Football League in 1948, Temerario went with him. He was an assistant for the Lions in the 1948 and 1949 seasons, both of which ended with losing records.

Paul Brown, the head coach and general manager of the NFL's Cleveland Browns, appointed Temerario the team's ends coach and chief scout in April 1950. He replaced Dick Gallagher, who had left to become the head football coach at Santa Clara University. Led by quarterback Otto Graham and ends Dante Lavelli and Mac Speedie, the Browns finished with a 10–2 regular-season record and won the NFL championship in Temerario's first year. He continued in Cleveland through the 1951 season, when the Browns again reached the NFL championship but lost to the Los Angeles Rams.

Temerario left the Browns in 1952 because of an unspecified "disagreement" with the team. Two months later, he became the ends coach at North Carolina State University. Pennsylvania State University hired him as its line coach in early 1954. Penn won the Ivy League championship in 1959 after finishing the season with a 9–2 record.

Temerario joined the Washington Redskins as an assistant coach in 1960, overseeing the ends and the defense at different stages through 1965. He became the Redskins' head of pro player personnel in 1966 and served in that position for 13 years until his retirement in 1978. In 1975, he considered bringing in professional wrestler André the Giant for a tryout in training camp. Temerario called and then canceled a press conference with the 7-foot-four-inch wrestler, which led to speculation that he had been signed. Temerario, however, said he had only pondered the possibility and that André the Giant's salary requirements made the move impossible. He was then making about $200,000 a year ($1,132,468 in 2023 dollars). The Redskins never had a winning season while Temerario was an assistant coach, although the team advanced to the playoffs five times during his career as an executive. The team reached Super Bowl VII in 1972, but lost to the Miami Dolphins.

## Later life and death

Temerario stayed in the Washington, D.C. area after retiring. He was inducted into the Lorain Sports Hall of Fame in 1973 and into the Beaver County, Pennsylvania sports hall of fame in 1980. He died of heart failure in 2001 and was interred at Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia. He and his wife Charlotte had one son.

### Bibliography

* Piascik, Andy (2007). *The Best Show in Football: The 1946–1955 Cleveland Browns*. Lanham, MD: Taylor Trade Publishing. ISBN 978-1-58979-571-6.

## InfoBox

Tim Temerario
| Temerario while at Indiana University in 1937 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1906-02-18)February 18, 1906<br>Lorain, Ohio, U.S. |
| Died: | July 7, 2001(2001-07-07) (aged 95) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | New Brighton (PA) |
| College: | Geneva College |
| Position: | Coach |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Wabush Airport

abstract: Wabush Airport is 1 nautical mile northeast of Wabush, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It serves Labrador West including Labrador City and Wabush as well as Fermont, Quebec.

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# Wabush Airport

**Wabush Airport** (IATA: **YWK**, ICAO: **CYWK**) is 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) northeast of Wabush, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It serves Labrador West including Labrador City and Wabush as well as Fermont, Quebec.

## Airlines and destinations

| Airlines | Destinations |
| --- | --- |
| PAL Airlines | Churchill Falls, Deer Lake (NL), Gander, Goose Bay, Moncton, Mont-Joli, Montréal–Trudeau, Quebec City, Saguenay, St. John's, Sept-Îles |

The airport is also served by private charter flights, most notably Norlinor Aviation, that provide travel for contractors working at both mines using Boeing 737 aircraft.

Prior to December 2023, the airport was also serviced by Pascan Aviation. Air Canada also provided service through Jazz Aviation, operating under the Air Canada Express banner, but all flights ceased during the COVID-19 pandemic.

### Historical airline service

According to the Official Airline Guide (OAG), the Wabush Airport was served by several airlines operating scheduled passenger jet flights during the 1970s including Eastern Provincial Airways operating Boeing 737-200 jets with nonstop flights from Churchill Falls, Labrador and Goose Bay, Labrador as well as direct, no change of plane jet service from Deer Lake, Newfoundland, Gander, Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Stephenville, Newfoundland, and Quebecair operating Boeing 727-100 and British Aircraft Corporation BAC One-Eleven jets with nonstop service from Montreal, Quebec, Gagnon, Quebec, Schefferville, Quebec and Sept-Iles, Quebec as well as direct, no change of plane jet service from Mont Joli, Quebec and Quebec City, Quebec.

1. *Canada Flight Supplement*. Effective 0901 16 July 2020 to 0901Z 10 September 2020.
2. Synoptic/Metstat Station Information
3. Total aircraft movements by class of operation — NAV CANADA flight service stations
4. Feb. 1, 1975 & Sept. 15, 1978 Official Airline Guide (OAG) North American editions, Wabush flight schedules

## InfoBox

| Wabush Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Operator | Transport Canada |
| Serves | Labrador City |
| Location | Wabush, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada |
| Operating base for | PAL Airlines |
| Time zone | AST (UTC−04:00) |
| Summer (DST) | ADT (UTC−03:00) |
| Elevation AMSL | 1,809 ft / 551 m |
| Coordinates | 52°55′22″N 066°51′53″W / 52.92278°N 66.86472°W / 52.92278; -66.86472 |
| Map | |
| **YWK**/CYWKLocation in Newfoundland and Labrador | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  18/36 6,002 1,829 Asphalt | |
| Statistics (2010) | |
| Aircraft movements 11,663 | |
| Sources: Canada Flight Supplement
Environment Canada
Movements from Statistics Canada | |