title: Polyelectrolyte theory of the gene

abstract: The polyelectrolyte theory of the gene proposes that for a linear genetic biopolymer dissolved in water, such as DNA, to undergo Darwinian evolution anywhere in the universe, it must be a polyelectrolyte, a polymer containing repeating ionic charges. These charges maintain the uniform physical properties needed for Darwinian evolution, regardless of the information encoded in the genetic biopolymer. DNA is such a molecule. Regardless of its nucleic acid sequence, the negative charges on its backbone dominate the physical interactions of the molecule to such a degree that it maintains uniform physical properties such as its aqueous solubility and double-helix structure. The polyelectrolyte theory of the gene was proposed by Steven A. Benner and Daniel Hutter in 2002 and has largely remained a theoretical framework astrobiologists have used to think about how life may be detected beyond Earth. This idea was later linked by Benner to Erwin Schrödinger's view of the gene as an "aperiodic crystal" to make a robust, universally generalized concept of a genetic biopolymer—a biopolymer acting as a unit of inheritance in Darwinian evolution. Benner and others who built on his work have proposed methods for how to concentrate and identify genetic biopolymers on other planets and moons within the solar system using electrophoresis, which uses an electric field to concentrate charged compounds. Although few have tested the polyelectrolyte theory of the gene, in 2019, lab experiments challenged the universality of this idea. This work was able to create non-electrolyte polymers capable of limited Darwinian evolution, but only up to a length of 72 nucleotides.

text:
# Polyelectrolyte theory of the gene

The **polyelectrolyte theory of the gene** proposes that for a linear genetic biopolymer dissolved in water, such as DNA, to undergo Darwinian evolution anywhere in the universe, it must be a polyelectrolyte, a polymer containing repeating ionic charges. These charges maintain the uniform physical properties needed for Darwinian evolution, regardless of the information encoded in the genetic biopolymer. DNA is such a molecule. Regardless of its nucleic acid sequence, the negative charges on its backbone dominate the physical interactions of the molecule to such a degree that it maintains uniform physical properties such as its aqueous solubility and double-helix structure.

The polyelectrolyte theory of the gene was proposed by Steven A. Benner and Daniel Hutter in 2002 and has largely remained a theoretical framework astrobiologists have used to think about how life may be detected beyond Earth. This idea was later linked by Benner to Erwin Schrödinger's view of the gene as an "aperiodic crystal" to make a robust, universally generalized concept of a genetic biopolymer—a biopolymer acting as a unit of inheritance in Darwinian evolution.

Benner and others who built on his work have proposed methods for how to concentrate and identify genetic biopolymers on other planets and moons within the solar system using electrophoresis, which uses an electric field to concentrate charged compounds.

Although few have tested the polyelectrolyte theory of the gene, in 2019, lab experiments challenged the universality of this idea. This work was able to create non-electrolyte polymers capable of limited Darwinian evolution, but only up to a length of 72 nucleotides.

## Physical structure of polyelectrolytes

A polyelectrolyte is a polymer with repeating electrostatically charged units. In the context of the polyelectrolyte theory of the gene, this polyelectrolyte is a biopolymer—a polymer derived from a living system—with a repeated ionically charged unit, similar to the genetic biopolymer in modern biology, DNA. Although RNA does not act as a genetic biopolymer archive in modern biology—except in the case of some viruses such as coronavirus and HIV—the RNA World hypothesis suggests that RNA may have preceded DNA as life’s first genetic biopolymer. The nucleotide building blocks that make up DNA and RNA are connected by negatively charged phosphate groups. These phosphodiester linkages create the repeating negative charges on the molecule’s backbone that give DNA and RNA their polyelectrolyte nature.

## Polyelectrolytes in the context of genetic biopolymers

To participate in Darwinian evolution, which can be described as "descent with modification", a unit of inheritance must be capable of imperfect replication to occasionally produce a new modified unit of inheritance, which must still be capable of being replicated. This imperfect replication leads to the variation on which Darwinian evolution can act.

The polyelectrolyte theory of the gene attempts to understand modern biology’s unit of inheritance, DNA, at a generalizable level. In 2002, Steven A. Benner and Daniel Hutter identified the repeated charges in DNA's phosphodiester linkages as crucial to its function as a genetic biopolymer. They proposed with the polyelectrolyte theory of the gene that repeated ionic charges—positive or negative—are a general requirement for all water-dissolved genetic biopolymers to undergo Darwinian evolution anywhere in the cosmos.

This concept works in tandem with the view of the gene as an "aperiodic crystal" as proposed by Erwin Schrödinger in his 1944 book "What Is Life?". An aperiodic crystal, as Schrödinger describes it, has a discrete set of molecular building blocks in a non-repeating arrangement. DNA is an aperiodic crystal composed of discrete nucleobases (, , , and ), which are arranged based on the information they encode, not in any repeated format. While this idea of an "aperiodic crystal" was not initially linked to the polyelectrolyte theory of the gene, Benner, in later work, connected the two.

### Polyelectrolytes remain physically uniform regardless of the information encoded

In biochemistry, the structure of a biomolecule dictates its function, and therefore changes in structure cause changes in function. To work as a unit of inheritance, the genetic biopolymer must maintain shape and, therefore, physical and chemical consistency, regardless of the information the structure encodes. DNA is such a molecule. No matter what the nucleic acid sequence is, DNA maintains a consistent double helix structure and, therefore, the consistent physical properties that allow it to remain dissolved in water and be replicated by cellular machinery. The polyelectrolyte theory of the gene reasons that DNA can maintain its shape regardless of mutations because the negative charges on the phosphate backbone dominate the physical interactions of the molecule to such a degree that changes in the nucleic acid sequence, the encoded information, do not affect the overall physical behavior of the molecule.

For example, thymidine nucleotides (T) are very soluble in water while guanosine nucleotides (G) are more insoluble; however, an oligonucleotide—a short polynucleotide sequence—composed of only thymine and one composed of only guanine has the same overall structure and physical properties. If changes in the nucleic acid sequence, which encodes genetic information, change the physical properties of DNA, these changes could break down the mechanism by which DNA replicates.

This physical uniformity is very rare in nature. Take another biopolymer, for example, proteins. The nucleic acid sequence in DNA codes for the sequence of amino acids that make up proteins. A change to even a single amino acid in the primary sequence of a protein can completely change the physical properties of that protein. For example, the sickle-cell trait is caused by a single mutation of an adenine to a thymine in the hemoglobin gene, causing a switch from a glutamic acid to a valine. This completely changes the three-dimensional structure of hemoglobin and thus changes the physical properties of the protein that lead to the sickle-cell trait.

Proteins are sensitive to changes in amino acid sequence because the 20 different amino acid side chains form bonds and partial bonds with each other. In addition, the protein backbone has a dipole moment—having partially positive and partially negative sides—which can further create interactions within the molecule. These side-chain and backbone interactions are sensitive to changes in the environment and amino acid sequence. It is unlikely that a protein could act as a genetic biomolecule because changes in amino acid sequence lead to changes in overall physical structure and properties.

Another non-electrolyte biopolymer would suffer the same challenges as a protein when acting as a genetic biomolecule. Changes in physical properties with changes in encoded information would mean that such a molecule would struggle to be replicated with certain sequences of encoded information, as those sequences would result in physical properties incompatible with replication. This problem means that the hypothetical protein gene would not be able to explore all possible genetic sequences, as certain sequences would cause the molecule to fail to be replicated based on the physical structure of its gene, not on the fitness of what the gene codes for.

Benner and Hutter initially described this property of DNA as being "capable of surviving modifications in constitution without loss of properties essential for replication" or the acronym COSMIC-LOPER. This acronym gives scientists a shorthand way of describing the complex idea of a genetic biopolymer having the physical uniformity regardless of encoded information that allows it to be replicated.

Although RNA is often described as a genetic biopolymer because of its theorized role as life’s first unit of inheritance (RNA World), it is not entirely COSMIC-LOPER. RNA, especially sequences high in guanine (G), is capable of folding and performing enzyme-type chemistry. Folding in guanine-rich RNA sequences prevents the templating ability of RNA and thus its ability to be replicated in an RNA-world scenario, for the same reason it would be difficult for a protein-based gene to replicate.

### Repeated ionic charges increase solubility in water

The repeated negative charges increase the solubility of DNA and RNA in water. Because ionic charges are highly soluble in water, having them on the molecule's backbone increases the molecule's solubility. If the backbone of a hypothetical genetic biopolymer were linked together in a non-ionic fashion, the solubility of the whole molecule would decrease. Solubility is important because, in order to be replicated, DNA—or any other genetic biomolecule—must be soluble to interact with replicative machinery.

### Repeated ionic charges promote Watson–Crick base pairing specificity

The repeated negative charges of the DNA backbone electrostatically repel each other, preventing interactions both within and between DNA strands. This repulsion promotes specific interactions along the Watson–Crick 'edge' of the nucleobases, promoting Watson–Crick base pairing specificity—A pairs with T and C pairs with G.

### Repeated ionic charges prevent folding

The repeated negative charges on the backbone keep DNA and many RNA molecules from folding and allow them to act as templates. In water, molecules take on a conformation that is the most energetically favorable, with the lowest Gibbs free energy. This configuration maximizes favorable interactions (hydrogen bonding, positive-negative charge interactions, van der Waals interactions) and minimizes unfavorable interactions (i.e., hydrophilic-hydrophobic interactions and like charge interactions). In the case of double-stranded DNA and RNA, the most energetically favorable form is the linear double helix configuration because it maximizes interactions between base pairs and between the negatively charged backbone and the surrounding water molecules while minimizing interactions between the negatively charged phosphodiester linkages of the backbone. If the double-stranded DNA or RNA molecule folded, it would exchange favorable water-backbone interactions for unfavorable backbone-backbone interactions. A biopolymer without an ionically charged backbone, like proteins, would not produce unfavorable backbone-backbone interaction during folding and thus would readily fold and aggregate. This inherent tendency towards linearity improves DNA’s ability to act as a template for replication because folded and aggregated conformations are inaccessible to replication machinery.

## Lab experiments

Lab experiments conducted with non-electrolyte analogs of DNA and RNA initially inspired Benner and Hutton to publish on the polyelectrolyte theory of the gene. During the late ‘80s and '90s, scientists developed synthetic DNA-like molecules to bind to and silence unwanted mRNA gene products as a way to treat disease. As part of this exploratory research, researchers developed a variety of non-electrolyte RNA and DNA analogs that would be able to cross the cell membrane, which DNA and RNA are incapable of doing because of their charged backbones. One of these analogs substituted a sulfone (SO₂) for the natural phosphodiester (PO₂⁻) linkage. While initial experiments showed the sulfone analog to have very similar properties to DNA as a dimer—two nucleotides linked together—when longer sulfone analogs were synthesized, they folded, lost Watson–Crick base pair specificity, and had dramatic changes in physical properties due to small changes in nucleic acid sequence. The reduction in the quality of the traits that make DNA a good genetic molecule was seen with all the nonionic linkers that were tested as of 2002.

The closest non-electrolyte analog to maintaining the qualities of DNA was the polyamide-linked nucleic acid analog (PNA), which replaced the phosphodiester linkage of DNA with an uncharged N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine linkage. Even Benner and Hutter questioned if PNA might disprove their polyelectrolyte hypothesis; however, even though PNA maintained the qualities of DNA up to a length of 20 nucleotides, beyond that length, the molecules started to lose Watson–Crick base pair specificity, aggregated, and became sensitive to changes in nucleic acid sequence.

### Lab experiments that challenge the polyelectrolyte theory of the gene

In 2019, a group led by Philipp Holliger in Cambridge, England, developed non-electrolyte P-alkylphosphonate nucleic acids (phNA) DNA analogs that were able to undergo templated synthesis and directed evolution. The phNA analogs substituted the charged oxygen on DNA’s phosphate backbone with an uncharged methyl or ethyl group. While other DNA analogs have been shown to undergo templated synthesis and directed evolution, this discovery was the first time a non-electrolyte DNA analog had been shown to have these properties and the first time the polyelectrolyte theory of the gene had been experimentally challenged. However, the Template-directed synthesis of phNA was only performed up to a length of 72 nucleotides. This is around the length of the shortest naturally occurring gene, tRNA, but is roughly an order of magnitude shorter than the genome of the smallest free-living organism. The human genome for reference is 3.05×10⁹ base pairs long.

## As an "agnostic biosignature"

Since its inception, the polyelectrolyte theory of the gene has been put in the context of searching for life in the universe. This theory, combined with Schrödinger's view of a gene as an aperiodic crystal, provides a so-called "agnostic biosignature", a sign of life that does not presuppose any biochemistry. In other words, a generalized view of life should hold anywhere in the universe.

Since the theorized genetic polyelectrolyte biomolecules could be charged either positively or negatively, as in the case of DNA and RNA, they can be concentrated in water with an electric field using electrophoresis or electrodialysis. This hypothetical concentration device has been called an agnostic life-finding device. Similar to how electrophoresis works to separate DNA molecules, negatively charged molecules, like DNA or RNA, would be attracted to a positively charged anode, and positively charged genetic biomolecules would be attracted to a negatively charged cathode.

Once the polyelectrolyte biomolecule has been concentrated, Benner suggests the molecules be tested for size and shape uniformity. In addition, the molecules should be tested for the use of a limited number of building blocks arranged in a non-repeating fashion, an aperiodic crystal structure. Benner has suggested that this could be done using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) paired with an orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometer. Another suggested approach has been to use nanopore sequencing technology, although questions of whether the solar radiation experienced during transit and on-site would affect the functionality of the device remain. While space agencies have yet to use any of these proposed systems for life detection, they may be used in the future on Mars, Enceladus, and Europa.

Despite the polyelectrolyte theory of the gene and the aperiodic crystal view of the gene being described as agnostic biosignatures, these theories are terra-, or earth-life, centric. It is unknown what life on another world might be; while it is often stated that life of any kind needs biomolecules and water, this may not be true.


title: Variarterivirinae

abstract: Variarterivirinae is a subfamily of enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses which infect vertebrates. The subfamily is in the family Arteriviridae and order Nidovirales. The subfamily contains three genera.

text:
# Variarterivirinae

***Variarterivirinae*** is a subfamily of enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses which infect vertebrates. The subfamily is in the family *Arteriviridae* and order *Nidovirales*. The subfamily contains three genera.

## Structure

Member viruses are enveloped, spherical, and 45–60 nm in diameter.

## Genome

Variarteriviruses have a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome.

## Taxonomy

The subfamily *Variarterivirinae* contains three genera:

## InfoBox

| *Variarterivirinae* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Variarterivirus virion | |
|
| Virus classification | |
| (unranked): | Virus |
| *Realm*: | *Riboviria* |
| Kingdom: | *Orthornavirae* |
| Phylum: | *Pisuviricota* |
| Class: | *Pisoniviricetes* |
| Order: | *Nidovirales* |
| Family: | *Arteriviridae* |
| Subfamily: | ***Variarterivirinae*** |
|


title: Live scores

abstract: Live scores is a type of service offered by many sports-related websites and broadcasters as well as online sports betting operators. The idea of live scores is to provide real time information about sports results from various disciplines. Live scores are usually free and are very popular among sports betting enthusiasts, as they allow viewing collected data on many sports events. In the past, live score services were only available on TV through teletext or on the radio. There are now many websites providing live scores. It is possible to follow live results of many events at the same time. Some sites provide additional information, such as a player list, card details, substitution and an online chat where sports fans can gather and discuss the current event. Several sports organizations such Major league baseball and the National Football League have set up their own networks to deliver live scores via mobile phones.

text:
# Live scores

**Live scores** is a type of service offered by many sports-related websites and broadcasters as well as online sports betting operators. The idea of live scores is to provide real time information about sports results from various disciplines. Live scores are usually free and are very popular among sports betting enthusiasts, as they allow viewing collected data on many sports events. In the past, live score services were only available on TV through teletext or on the radio. There are now many websites providing live scores. It is possible to follow live results of many events at the same time. Some sites provide additional information, such as a player list, card details, substitution and an online chat where sports fans can gather and discuss the current event. Several sports organizations such Major league baseball and the National Football League have set up their own networks to deliver live scores via mobile phones.


title: Pancornus

abstract: Pancornus is an extinct genus from the nautiloid order Discosorida that lived during the Late Devonian. Pancornus was named by F.A. Zhuravleva in 1972, and is contemporary with other late discosorids such as Parevlanoceras and Raphanites.

text:
# Pancornus

***Pancornus*** is an extinct genus from the nautiloid order Discosorida that lived during the Late Devonian. *Pancornus* was named by F.A. Zhuravleva in 1972, and is contemporary with other late discosorids such as *Parevlanoceras* and *Raphanites*.

## InfoBox

| Pancornus
Temporal range: Late Devonian | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Cephalopoda |
| Subclass: | Nautiloidea |
| Order: | Discosorida |
| Genus: | ***Pancornus***
Zhuravleva, 1972 |
|


abstract: The Max Roach Trio Featuring the Legendary Hasaan is an album by American jazz drummer Max Roach with pianist Hasaan Ibn Ali, recorded in 1964 and released on the Atlantic label in March 1965. It is the only recording featuring Ibn Ali released during his lifetime.

text:
# The Max Roach Trio Featuring the Legendary Hasaan

***The Max Roach Trio Featuring the Legendary Hasaan*** is an album by American jazz drummer Max Roach with pianist Hasaan Ibn Ali, recorded in 1964 and released on the Atlantic label in March 1965. It is the only recording featuring Ibn Ali released during his lifetime.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* |  |
| *Record Mirror* |  |
| Tom Hull | B+ () |

Allmusic awarded the album 4½ stars with reviewer Scott Yanow stating: "This is a classic of its kind and it is fortunate that it was made, but it is a tragedy that Hasaan would not record again and that he would soon sink back into obscurity".

## Track listing

All compositions by Hasaan Ibn Ali

1. "Three-Four vs. Six-Eight Four-Four Ways" - 5:40
2. "Off My Back Jack" - 5:13
3. "Hope So Elmo" - 3:52
4. "Almost Like Me" - 6:39
5. "Din-Ka Street" - 6:08
6. "Pay Not Play Not" - 8:08
7. "To Inscribe" - 5:00

* Recorded in New York on December 4 (tracks 1, 4 & 5) and December 7 (tracks 2, 3, 6 & 7), 1964

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| The Max Roach Trio Featuring the Legendary Hasaan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Max Roach Trio | |
| Released | March 1965 |
| Recorded | December 4 & 7, 1964
New York City |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 41:07 |
| Label | Atlantic
LP 1435 |
| Producer | Arif Mardin |
| Max Roach chronology | |
| *Speak, Brother, Speak!*
(1962) ***The Max Roach Trio Featuring the Legendary Hasaan***
(1965) *Drums Unlimited*
(1965-66) | |


abstract: The 1954 FIFA World Cup qualification Group 6 contained Spain and Turkey.

text:
# 1954 FIFA World Cup qualification Group 6

The **1954 FIFA World Cup qualification Group 6** contained Spain and Turkey.

## Table

| Rank | Team | Pts | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1=** | Spain | **2** | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 2 | +2 |
| **1=** | Turkey | **2** | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 2 |

## Matches

| 6 January 1954 | **Spain** | **4  1** | **Turkey** | Madrid, Spain |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Venancio  13'
Gaínza  48'
Alsua  65'
González  49' | Report | Recep  31' | Stadium: Estadio Nuevo Chamartín
Referee: Vincentini (France) |

---

| 14 March 1954 | **Turkey** | **1  0** | **Spain** | Istanbul, Turkey |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Burhan  16' | Report |  | Stadium: Mithat Paşa Stadium
Referee: Schmetzer (Germany) |

Spain and Turkey finished level on points, and a play-off on neutral ground was played to decide who would qualify.

| 17 March 1954 | **Turkey** | **2  2
(a.e.t.)** | **Spain** | Rome, Italy |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Burhan  25'
Suat  64' | Report | Arteche  11'
Escudero  78' | Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Referee: Bernardi (Italy) |

**Turkey** qualified after drawing lots. Since the 1970 FIFA World Cup finals, goal difference has been used as a tiebreaker for future qualifying rounds. Had those rules been in place, Spain would have qualified, and Turkey would have been eliminated. A 14-year-old local (i.e. Roman) boy whose father worked at the stadium, Luigi Franco Gemma, picked Turkey's name from the lots with his eyes blindfolded.

## Team stats

### Turkey

Head coach:  Sandro Puppo

| Pos. | Player | DoB | Games
played | Goals | Minutes
played | Sub off | Sub on |  |  |  | Club |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| MF | Recep Adanır | 3 May 1929 | 1 | 1 | 90 | 0 | 0 | 90 |  |  | Beşiktaş J.K. |
| DF | Rıdvan Bolatlı | 2 December 1928 | 2 | 0 | 210 | 0 | 0 |  | 90 | 120 | Ankaragücü |
| FW | Feridun Buğeker | 5 April 1933 | 2 | 0 | 210 | 0 | 0 |  | 90 | 120 | Fenerbahçe S.K. |
| FW | Fahrettin Cansever | 1930 | 1 | 0 | 90 | 0 | 0 | 90 |  |  | Beşiktaş J.K. |
| DF | Basri Dirimlili | 7 June 1929 | 2 | 0 | 210 | 0 | 0 |  | 90 | 120 | Fenerbahçe S.K. |
| DF | Bülent Eken | 26 October 1923 | 1 | 0 | 90 | 0 | 0 | 90 |  |  | Galatasaray S.K. |
| GK | Şükrü Ersoy | 14 January 1934 | 2 | 0 | 165 | 0 | 0 | 90 |  | 75 | Ankaragücü |
| DF | Mustafa Ertan | 21 April 1926 | 2 | 0 | 210 | 0 | 0 |  | 90 | 120 | Ankaragücü |
| MF | Rober Eryol | 21 December 1930 | 3 | 0 | 300 | 0 | 0 | 90 | 90 | 120 | Galatasaray S.K. |
| MF | Mehmet Ali Has |  | 1 | 0 | 90 | 0 | 0 | 90 |  |  | Fenerbahçe S.K. |
| MF | Ali İhsan Karayiğit | 1927 | 1 | 0 | 90 | 0 | 0 | 90 |  |  | Beşiktaş J.K. |
| FW | Lefter Küçükandonyadis | 22 December 1925 | 3 | 0 | 300 | 0 | 0 | 90 | 90 | 120 | Fenerbahçe S.K. |
| FW | Suat Mamat | 8 November 1930 | 2 | 1 | 180 | 0 | 0 |  | 90 | 120 | Galatasaray S.K. |
| DF | Eşref Özmenç | 1930 | 1 | 0 | 90 | 0 | 0 | 90 |  |  | Beşiktaş J.K. |
| FW | Burhan Sargın | 11 February 1929 | 3 | 2 | 300 | 0 | 0 | 90 | 90 | 120 | Fenerbahçe S.K. |
| GK | Turgay Şeren (c) | 15 May 1932 | 2 | 0 | 135 | 1 | 0 |  | 90 | 45 | Galatasaray S.K. |
| FW | Coşkun Taş | 23 April 1935 | 2 | 0 | 210 | 0 | 0 |  | 90 | 120 | Beşiktaş J.K. |
| MF | Müzdat Yetkiner (c) |  | 1 | 0 | 90 | 0 | 0 | 90 |  |  | Fenerbahçe S.K. |
| MF | Çetin Zeybek | 12 September 1932 | 2 | 0 | 210 | 0 | 0 |  | 90 | 120 | Kasımpaşa S.K. |

### Spain

Head coach:  Luis Iribarren

| Pos. | Player | DoB | Games
played | Goals | Minutes
played | Sub off | Sub on |  |  |  | Club |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| FW | Rafael Alsua | 18 August 1923 | 2 | 1 | 180 | 0 | 0 | 90 | 90 |  | Racing de Santander |
| GK | Fernando Argila | 26 December 1922 | 1 | 0 | 90 | 0 | 0 | 90 |  |  | Real Oviedo |
| FW | José Luis Arteche | 28 June 1930 | 1 | 1 | 120 | 0 | 0 |  |  | 120 | Athletic Bilbao |
| DF | Gustau Biosca | 29 February 1928 | 2 | 0 | 210 | 0 | 0 |  | 90 | 120 | FC Barcelona |
| MF | Andreu Bosch | 22 April 1931 | 1 | 0 | 90 | 0 | 0 | 90 |  |  | FC Barcelona |
| DF | Campanal | 13 February 1931 | 3 | 0 | 300 | 0 | 0 | 90 | 90 | 120 | Sevilla FC |
| GK | Carmelo | 6 December 1930 | 2 | 0 | 210 | 0 | 0 |  | 90 | 120 | Athletic Bilbao |
| FW | Adrián Escudero | 24 November 1927 | 1 | 1 | 120 | 0 | 0 |  |  | 120 | Atlético Madrid |
| FW | Agustín Gaínza (c) | 28 May 1922 | 2 | 1 | 210 | 0 | 0 | 90 |  | 120 | Athletic Bilbao |
| MF | Mariano Gonzalvo | 22 March 1922 | 1 | 0 | 120 | 0 | 0 |  |  | 120 | FC Barcelona |
| FW | Ladislao Kubala | 10 June 1927 | 1 | 0 | 90 | 0 | 0 |  | 90 |  | FC Barcelona |
| DF | Francisco Lesmes | 4 March 1924 | 1 | 0 | 90 | 0 | 0 | 90 |  |  | Real Valladolid |
| FW | Eduardo Manchón | 24 July 1930 | 1 | 0 | 90 | 0 | 0 |  | 90 |  | FC Barcelona |
| FW | Miguel | 27 April 1927 | 2 | 1 | 180 | 0 | 0 | 90 | 90 |  | Atlético Madrid |
| FW | Pasieguito | 21 May 1925 | 3 | 0 | 300 | 0 | 0 | 90 | 90 | 120 | Valencia CF |
| MF | Antonio Puchades (vc) | 4 June 1925 | 3 | 0 | 300 | 0 | 0 | 90 | 90 | 120 | Valencia CF |
| DF | Joan Segarra | 15 November 1927 | 3 | 0 | 300 | 0 | 0 | 90 | 90 | 120 | FC Barcelona |
| MF | Venancio | 22 April 1921 | 3 | 1 | 300 | 0 | 0 | 90 | 90 | 120 | Athletic Bilbao |


title: Listed buildings in Finningley

text:
# Listed buildings in Finningley

Finningley is a civil parish in the metropolitan borough of Doncaster, South Yorkshire, England. The parish contains four listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these, one is listed at Grade I, the highest of the three grades, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. The parish contains the village of Finningley and the surrounding area. All the listed buildings are in the village, and consist of a church, the former rectory, the village hall, and a house.

## Key

| Grade | Criteria |
| --- | --- |
| I | Particularly important buildings of more than special interest |
| II | Buildings of national importance and special interest |

## Buildings

| Name and location | Photograph | Date | Notes | Grade |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Church of the Holy Trinity and St Oswald
53°29′05″N 0°59′33″W / 53.48474°N 0.99246°W / 53.48474; -0.99246 (Church of the Holy Trinity and St Oswald) |  | Late 11th century | The church has been altered and extended through the centuries, and was restored in 1885 by C. Hodgson Fowler. It is built in stone with a Welsh slate roof, and consists of a nave with a south porch, a north aisle, a chancel, and a west tower. The tower has three stages, slit windows on the west front, two-light bell openings in round-arched recesses, string courses, and an embattled parapet. The porch is gabled, it has a Tudor arched entrance, and contains medieval grave slabs. The inner doorway dates from the 12th century, and has a moulded arch with a hood mould. | I |
| The Old Rectory
53°29′02″N 0°59′33″W / 53.48397°N 0.99258°W / 53.48397; -0.99258 (The Old Rectory) |  | 1704 | The rectory, which was extended in the 19th century, is rendered, the extension is in yellow brick, there is a plinth, and a Welsh slate roof. The house has an H-shaped plan, consisting of a two-storey five-bay original range, and a rear wing forming a link to the later parallel range, which has two storeys and an attic. In the centre of the front is a doorway with a pedimented hood on consoles, and the windows are sashes in architraves. The left return has an inscribed and dated plaque, and a porch with a Tudor arched doorway. The extension contains mullioned and transomed casement windows, a canted bay window, and coped gables with kneelers and finials. | II |
| The Village Hall
53°29′05″N 0°59′26″W / 53.48483°N 0.99069°W / 53.48483; -0.99069 (The Village Hall) |  | 18th century | Originally a barn, it was converted into a school in about 1839, and has since been used as the village hall. It is in painted brick with dentilled eaves and a pantile roof, There is one storey and five bays. The central doorway has an architrave, and above it is an inscribed plaque. In the outer bays are casement windows with flat arches and keystones. | II |
| Holly House
53°29′04″N 0°59′24″W / 53.48441°N 0.98987°W / 53.48441; -0.98987 (Holly House) |  | Early to mid 19th century | The house is rendered, on a plinth, with overhanging eaves above a fascia board with pendants, and a Welsh slate roof. There are two storeys and three bays. The central doorway has Doric pilasters, a fanlight, a pulvinated frieze, and a cornice, and the windows are sashes. | II |
|

### Citations

### Sources

* Historic England, "Church of the Holy Trinity and St. Oswald, Finningley (1286821)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 14 November 2021
* Historic England, "The Old Rectory, Finningley (1314817)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 14 November 2021
* Historic England, "The Village Hall, Finningley (1151558)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 14 November 2021
* Historic England, "Holly House, Finningley (1191976)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 14 November 2021
* Historic England, *Listed Buildings*, retrieved 14 November 2021


title: Pinnacle Glacier (Mount Adams)

abstract: Pinnacle Glacier is located on the west slopes of Mount Adams a stratovolcano in Gifford Pinchot National Forest in the U.S. state of Washington. The glacier descends from approximately 10,000 ft (3,000 m) to a terminus near 7,200 ft (2,200 m). Pinnacle Glacier lost 7 percent of its surface area between 1904 and 2006. Pinnacle Glacier was named by Harry Fielding Reid during his survey of Mount Adams' glaciers with C. E. Rusk in 1901.

text:
# Pinnacle Glacier (Mount Adams)

**Pinnacle Glacier** is located on the west slopes of Mount Adams a stratovolcano in Gifford Pinchot National Forest in the U.S. state of Washington. The glacier descends from approximately 10,000 ft (3,000 m) to a terminus near 7,200 ft (2,200 m). Pinnacle Glacier lost 7 percent of its surface area between 1904 and 2006.

Pinnacle Glacier was named by Harry Fielding Reid during his survey of Mount Adams' glaciers with C. E. Rusk in 1901.

## InfoBox

| Pinnacle Glacier | |
| --- | --- |
| Pinnacle Glacier in the large cirque on the right side of the mountain. | |
| Pinnacle GlacierPinnacle Glacier | |
| Type | Mountain glacier |
| Location | Mount Adams, Yakima and Skamania Counties, Washington, USA |
| Coordinates | 46°12′25″N 121°31′43″W / 46.20694°N 121.52861°W / 46.20694; -121.52861 |
| Area | 1.41 km2 (0.54 sq mi) in 2006 |
| Length | 1.2 mi (1.9 km) |
| Terminus | Talus |
| Status | Retreating |


title: Port of Póvoa de Varzim

abstract: The Port of Póvoa de Varzim is a seaport built in Enseada da Póvoa Bay in the city of Póvoa de Varzim in Portugal. During the Middle Ages, it was known as Port of Varzim. Once used for trade and shipbuilding, it is currently used for fishing and recreation, with a marina located within its breakwaters. The port was fundamental to the establishment of Póvoa de Varzim as a municipality in 1308 and the development of the town. During the Middle Ages, its profitability attracted knights, kings and the Church. In this small bay the local fishermen developed the Poveiro boats and Povoan knowledge of the seas and shipbuilding were substantial during the Age of Discovery. After 1000 years of recorded history and continuous use, the port of Póvoa de Varzim became a notable and prosperous fishing port in the 18th century due to its fishermen's seafaring and fishing expertise, considered the best in Portugal. The north breakwater, the main one, is known as "Paredão". It was first built in 1795 and rebuilt in the following centuries. The most important works on the port were made during the Salazar regime in the early 20th century; the current configuration of the port corresponds to that New State project. The port is protected by the north breakwater, heading south-southwest, which has a lighthouse with a red flashing light and a siren. The south breakwater heads north-northwest; it has a long-flashing green light.

text:
# Port of Póvoa de Varzim

The **Port of Póvoa de Varzim** is a seaport built in Enseada da Póvoa Bay in the city of Póvoa de Varzim in Portugal. During the Middle Ages, it was known as **Port of Varzim** (*Porto de Veracim* in Old Portuguese).

Once used for trade and shipbuilding, it is currently used for fishing and recreation, with a marina located within its breakwaters. The port was fundamental to the establishment of Póvoa de Varzim as a municipality in 1308 and the development of the town. During the Middle Ages, its profitability attracted knights, kings and the Church. In this small bay the local fishermen developed the Poveiro boats and Povoan knowledge of the seas and shipbuilding were substantial during the Age of Discovery. After 1000 years of recorded history and continuous use, the port of Póvoa de Varzim became a notable and prosperous fishing port in the 18th century due to its fishermen's seafaring and fishing expertise, considered the best in Portugal.

The north breakwater, the main one, is known as "Paredão" (Portuguese for "Big Wall"). It was first built in 1795 and rebuilt in the following centuries. The most important works on the port were made during the Salazar regime in the early 20th century; the current configuration of the port corresponds to that New State project. The port is protected by the north breakwater, heading south-southwest, which has a lighthouse with a red flashing light and a siren. The south breakwater heads north-northwest; it has a long-flashing green light.

## History

### The medieval port

Archaeological data around the port of Póvoa de Varzim date to the Roman period. A Roman fish factory could have existed in the area of Junqueira, bordering the port, where a number of artifacts were found. A factory is known, with certainty, in the northern area of the city near the cove of Lagoa Beach.

The historical records of the seaport dates to the 11th century, when the sheltered bay started being regularly used by ships due to its sheltered characteristics.

In the 11th century, Guterre Pelayo became the Lord of Varzim. According to the *Livro Velho de Linhagens*, the Ancient Book of Ancestries, he acquired the port of Varzim and several other possessions from Henry, Count of Portugal. Guterre was a decisive Reconquista captain during those years.

One of the great-grandsons of Guterre Pelayo, Lourenço Fernandes da Cunha had great fortune in the town of Varzim and surrounding land. His family ruled the area as the Honour of Varzim (*honrra de Veracim*), a knights honour. Sancho, as king of Portugal, disliked the power Lourenço got, as such the king ordered the destruction of several of his properties and took over most of the land.

In the 1220 inquiries it was said that in the Royal Land of Varzim, a royal butler area, there were 20 families, who gave to the King, when he came into town, 6 dinheiros for the stay; and by royal charter, if they did not go to the sea on Friday, they paid 5 mealhas (small copper coin with little value); and paid from the fisheries, the *navão* (one fish for each boat).

One of the sons of *Dom* Lourenço was Gomes Lourenço, very influential knight and godfather of King Denis. *Dom* Gomes Lourenço, as it is deduced from his personal 1290 Inquiries, took advantage of his relationship with important people in order to get the recognition of the seaport of Varzim, located in Lower Varzim, as his honour. He tried to convince King Denis, that the King's father, Afonso III, took it from him unfairly. In this way, *Dom* Gomes and his descendants, who are part of the honour of Varzim, went to the seaport and got the *navão* from the fishermen, justifying the attitude with the honor.

By this, King Denis granted a royal charter to Varzim in 1308, ordering some local inhabitants to build a maritime settlement (*Póvoa*), he promoted farming development and the use of the seaport for the transport of production such as bread, wine and salt, but also fisheries from which the king took the best profits "the whale, the dolphin or royal belongings", that is, the most profitable catches. One of the terms of the charter ordered the inhabitants who brought bread, wine, salt or sardines, when unloading ferries or vessels in the port of Póvoa de Varzim, granted for each ferry or vessel, 7 soldos. These were the customs rights that belonged to the king and substituted the *navão* (a fish in each boat).

Pinho Leal, in the book Portugal Antigo e Moderno (1876), stated that Castelo da Póvoa fort, was built in the 15th century, during the reign of John I of Portugal in order to protect the port.

### Age of Discovery

In the 16th century, the fishermen started to work in maritime activities, as pilots or seafarers in the crew of the Portuguese ships, due to their high nautical knowledge. The fishermen of the region are known to fish in Newfoundland since at least 1506.

In 1547, a registry of ships docking or leaving the port was made by the main guard Annes Cadilhe, in which an English ship was especially noticeable. In the seaport documents, the construction of a notable ship is documented: the warship N.S. de Guadalupe built in Póvoa sheltered bay, with Povoan Diogo Dias de São Pedro as captain, who gained fame in the squadron that gettered in Lisbon to restore Pernambuco on 15 March 1631, that the Dutch captured in 1630. The carrack was constructed by Povoan merchants and Captain Diogo Dias did not want to accept the government's gratifications, and paid the crew with his own money, who followed him with dedication and courage. Years later, the carrack returned to the port, after trading in Angola. His brother, António Cardina, Póvoa de Varzim's town hall judge, was the main pilot of the Portuguese armada and gained notability in the defense and liberation of the city of Bahia, also captured by the Dutch.

In the 17th century, there was an increase in shipbuilding activities and a significant part of the population worked as Ribeira carpenters (shipbuilders) or related activities.

### Golden Age of Fishing

In the 17th century, fishing activities started to be of significant economic value with the salted fish business, and in the 18th century, Póvoa became, by far, the largest fish market in Northern Portugal supplying even inland provinces. Carvalho da Costa, in Corografia Portugal, of 1706, stated that the *Town of Póvoa de Varzim is an ancient settlement, with sheltered bay harbour, in which in ancient times ships docked and left, Dom Guterre, of the Cunha branch, was its lord...*.

The Nossa Senhora da Lapa Brotherhood, founded in 1761 by the fishermen, got a charter in which they got authorization to build their homes in "chãos da areia", giving rise to a new and planned fisher quarter around the port of Póvoa de Varzim.

In the *Memorias economicas da Academia real das sciencias de Lisboa* (Economic memories of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Lisbon) it states that the fishermen of Póvoa de Varzim are the most frequent in all the Minho coast, and were the most experts and with most practice from Cape St. Vincent to Caminha, with a sizable number of fishermen, ships and fishing devices, and the result is a very considerable quantity of caught fish, stating that "*The fishermen of Póvoa de Varzim are always at sea, they are not happy with coastal fisheries, and they get fish from seas, that are ten or twelve leagues away from the town.*" In 1789, there were 1340 fishermen.

One of the caught fish inventory by Povoans noticed that, for instance, for the year of 1866, the product of transactions made in Póvoa, directly by the fishermen and fish traders, summed up 230 000$000 réis and the result of the fish sold from Caminha to Figueira da Foz valued 180 000$000 réis. The taxes paid in the fiscal station was of 5000$000 réis. Yearly Póvoa supplied the city of Porto with 1600 barrels of sardine and over 3000 loads of fish. However, the number of loads to Minho, Trás-os-Montes, and Beira Alta was inestimable. It was said that "*the people who know Póvoa are sure that if, in any statistical map, could be truly accounted the importance of exported fish to those provinces, not much people would believe in it, because they would be marveled.*"

The historical seaport lighthouses, Farol da Lapa and Farol de Regufe, were built in the 19th century. By getting the alignment between the two points of light, the fishermen knew that the boat was in the strait corridor between dangerous underwater rocks and sandbank, where they could cross safely in an area where numerous fishermen lost their lives in the course of several generations. However, the town's light is known since the 16th century.

Paredão breakwaterAzulejo painted tilework on Povoan culture and history in the ParedãoThe tip of the main breakwaterStartpoint of the famous Paredão breakwater

### Seaport works pleas

In the 18th century, another document stated: "There is in this town one of the best sheltered bays in this kingdom; the nature formed it, according to the One who created it, and, with artwork that would improve it, by orders of the king and lord, it would be a marvel in Europe.

Queen Maria I authorized the construction works on the seaport in February 1791. French engineer Reinald Oudinot was responsible for the construction under orders of the shire's *corregedor* Francisco de Almada e Mendonça. In 1792, a dock, known as *Caldeira da barra*, was built at the estuary of a rivulet. The construction of the northern breakwater started in 1795.

The construction works were incomplete as a south breakwater was needed, near the sandbank, in order to reduce the ocean currents strength. The northern breakwater that was built during this period became known as *Paredão de D. Maria I* (The Great Wall of Queen Maria I), in later periods as *Paredão de D. Luis I*, after small construction works during the reign of Louis I of Portugal in the 19th century.

In the beginning of the 19th century, renovation works on the breakwater were needed as it was in ruins. Works started, but slowly due to financial constraints. On 11 March 1825 the necessity of works in the port was addressed by the town hall. And with *Corregedor* José Joaquim Rodrigues de Bastos orders, works resumed in August. The breakwater reconstruction ended in 1826.

In 1857, the town hall asked the king for a sheltered harbour, stating: "It would be in Portugal a port so good, better than Vigo's. Nevertheless, the liberal regime paid no attention to the Povoan pleas.

Due to the aggregation of Póvoa's harbour, in the beginning of the 20th century and the construction of an artificial port, the Port of Leixões, a significant part of the fisher population moved to the area surrounding it. Emigration to several areas, especially Brazil, Angola and other areas in Portugal, was considerable during this period.

Caetano Vasques Calafate (1890 - 1963) managed the propaganda and funding needed for the construction of the *Casa dos Pescadores da Póvoa de Varzim* (The Fishermen House), siding Lapa Light, in 1926. This was the first fishermen house in Portugal. On 11 March 1937 the Corporatist Estado Novo regime established the laws for the creation of fishermen houses in all fisher areas throughout the country.

After 200 years of pleas by Povoans, it was under Salazar's Estado Novo regime that the seaport works resumed. Works started in 1939 and ended in the 1950s, with stone extracted from a quarry which later became a small lake named Lagoa da Pedreira (Quarry Lake). One of the partisans of the cause was journalist Caetano Vasques Calafate who wrote about the ambition of the local fishermen in the press of Lisbon and Porto. But the later recognized the deeds of the president of Casa dos Poveiros in Rio de Janeiro, Apílio Oliveira, who wrote to Salazar under the intermediation of the Portuguese embassy in Rio.

### Recent developments and the sandbank issue

At the end of the 1990s, the city hall had gaming taxes collected in Casino da Póvoa and available to be used, something that was not possible before. The city used the funds for further works on the seaport, improving it with piers, leisure venues and the construction of a marina in 1999 near the south breakwater, the location of the shipyard in the 20th century. Nevertheless, the sandbank, a traditional spot where several fishermen died, including the great shipwreck of 1892, continued to be a significant safety problem, and several fishermen moved to other ports, namely Galician ones.

The port's south breakwater also showed aging signs and was recovered in 2009. The *Associação Pró-Maior Segurança dos Homens do Mar*, with its headquarters in the port, was formed by the fishermen in order to pressure further developments on the seaport and safety at sea, including the complete recovery of it and a permanent solution to the sandbank, something that can be achieved by the enlargement of the north breakwater.

Port of Póvoa de VarzimFormer Lapa Light in Lapa ChurchView from the port to Bairro Sul, a fishermen quarter established in the 18th century.The "Lota" or the fish marketFishing vessels in the port

## Fish market

The fish market is managed by Docapesca Portos e Lotas S.A. which holds 20 fish markets. The fish market is, along with the Viana do Castelo Fish Market, part of the Northern Delegation of the company which is located in the Port of Póvoa de Varzim, it also includes seven small selling posts in smaller traditional fishing communities. Póvoa de Varzim Fish Market, in Póvoa de Varzim Captaincy, has two dependent selling posts (Vila do Conde and Vila Chã, both in Vila do Conde Captaincy). The access to the fish market is available to traders registered in Docapesca and have an infrared remote control or online access license, although only presentational trading is available.

According to the 2010 statistics by DocaPesca, the five most sold species were *Sardina pilchardus*, *Octopus vulgaris*, *Merluccius merluccius*, *Trisopterus luscus*, and *Trachurus trachurus*, weighing 1,625,469 kg and valuing €2,714,966, with €1.67 as average price, ranging as low as €0.46 for sardines and the octopus was traded at an average of €2,62. In 2011, sales of these species increased and the most traded species were *Octopus vulgaris*, *Sardina pilchardus*, *Merluccius merluccius*, *Trachurus trachurus*, and *Trisopterus luscus* weighing 1,732,105 kg and valuing €3,086,235, with €1.78 as average price ranging from €0.54 for sardines and €2.56 for octopuses.

## Marina

Póvoa Marina is a public marina using floating pontoons built by the City Hall of Póvoa de Varzim in June 1999 according to a project by Clube Naval Povoense, the local yacht club, and the management of the area was delivered by the city hall to the club. The marina is financially self-sustainable and is a nautical activities support marina, that should not be confused with real estate equipments called "marina" found in Southern Portugal, and the access to the docks are restricted.

It has a growing popularity, especially noticeable in Northern Portugal and has a planned expansion to the area near Casino da Póvoa. Currently, it has a maximum capacity of 600 boats, including land parking and has over 241 berths, travel-lift (35 ton) and a crane (6.3 ton), tidal grade, 24-hour surveillance, bar, restaurant and other services. It is characterized by its social lifestyle and plurality, it is visited by mariners from all over the world, that number the thousands in a single year and stay there for several months or years. Passing seaman anchoring in the marina, according to main nationality in a recent year, were from the United Kingdom (35%), France (15%), Portugal (10%), Netherlands (8%), Spain (8%), Germany (8%), and Sweden (4%).

## Lota park

Lota (in Portuguese it literally means "fish market" and used as such until the 1990s) is a land area within the port of Póvoa de Varzim, near the North Breakwater. In the past, it was a beach where the fish was landed and sold, named Praia de Peixe (Fish Beach), possibly because of the excessively fine sand or its use it was not popular with beach-goers, unlike nearby Praia de Banhos (Baths Beach) with larger sand grains and used by tourists since the 18th century. It was also the location of Ribeira shipyard.

After rehabilitation in the late 1990s, it became a leisure area including a recreation square in front of Casino da Póvoa, with the Lota Auditorium, playgrounds, walkway, trendy establishments and, until recently, Lota Sk8 Parque to accommodate the significant skater community. In Lota, along the piers, there's also green areas for resting.

LotaMonument dedicated to the fisherwomen built in 1997The park.Capital Radical skate show in 2008 around Lota AuditoriumFishermen warehouses sharing the space with trendy establishments

## Administration, policing and rescue station

Currently, the port of Póvoa de Varzim is considered a harbour for leisure activities, according to "Regulamento da Náutica de Recreio" (recreational boating regulation) and approved by the decree nr. 124 of 2004. The harbour master's office (*Capitania da Póvoa de Varzim*, Captaincy of Póvoa de Varzim), of the Portuguese Maritime Authority, is located in the casino da Póvoa square at Largo Dr. Vasques Calafate n. 1, which is also the location of the local command of the maritime police.

The Póvoa de Varzim captaincy jurisdictional area includes the territorial waters, following the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf, between the south breakwater of the port of Póvoa de Varzim to the estuary of Rio Alto.

The *Instituto de Socorros a Náufragos da Póvoa de Varzim* (ISN Póvoa de Varzim) is the rescue station of Póvoa de Varzim, and is located in the port. The ISN was established as a private charity entity on 21 April 1892 by Queen Amélie under the name *Real Instituto de Socorros a Náufragos* (The Royal Institute of Rescue to Shipwreck victims). Earlier in the year, on February 27, a tragedy devastated the community. Seven *lanchas poveiras* wrecked in a storm and 105 fishermen were killed, just meters off the shore.

41°22′26″N 8°45′55″W / 41.37389°N 8.76528°W / 41.37389; -8.76528


title: WQZQ

abstract: WQZQ is a radio station licensed to Goodlettsville, Tennessee, and serving the Nashville metropolitan area. The station is owned by Cromwell Radio Group, through licensee WYCQ, Inc. It airs a sports radio format, calling itself "94.9 The Fan", which refers to FM translator, W235BW in Nashville, which broadcasts at 94.9 MHz, relayed by WBUZ-HD3 at 102.9 in La Vergne. WQZQ transmits 2,000 watts by day but because 830 AM is a clear channel frequency, WQZQ must greatly reduce power to 3 watts at night to protect Class A station WCCO in Minneapolis. The FM translator and repeater stations operate 24 hours a day. WQZQ's offices and studios are on Murfreesboro Pike in Nashville and its transmitter is located off Nesbitt Lane in Nashville.

text:
# WQZQ

**WQZQ** (830 AM) is a radio station licensed to Goodlettsville, Tennessee, and serving the Nashville metropolitan area. The station is owned by Cromwell Radio Group, through licensee WYCQ, Inc. It airs a sports radio format, calling itself "94.9 The Fan", which refers to FM translator, **W235BW** in Nashville, which broadcasts at 94.9 MHz, relayed by WBUZ-HD3 at 102.9 in La Vergne.

WQZQ transmits 2,000 watts by day but because 830 AM is a clear channel frequency, WQZQ must greatly reduce power to 3 watts at night to protect Class A station WCCO in Minneapolis. The FM translator and repeater stations operate 24 hours a day. WQZQ's offices and studios are on Murfreesboro Pike in Nashville and its transmitter is located off Nesbitt Lane in Nashville.

## History

WQZQ began broadcasting in the 1970s as the FM sister station of Dickson, Tennessee community-oriented station WDKN. In the 1980s, the signal was upgraded and the station was split off from WDKN, which subsequently acquired another FM station. WQZQ began focusing on the Nashville market with a rock music format, *Q-103*. This station was the predecessor to current Nashville sports radio station "The Game" 102.5 WPRT-FM.

The WQZQ call sign was revived for a former black gospel AM station, which also broadcast Spanish language programming overnight at one point. It was this station that was converted to a sports format on February 5, 2013, when it became the Nashville-area affiliate of NBC Sports Radio. Then in September 2014, the affiliation was discontinued, due to a contract dispute between NBC Sports Radio and WQZQ. At that point WQZQ began broadcasting ESPN Radio programming along with its sister station WPRT-FM, when local or other syndicated programming was not being broadcast on the station.

On January 1, 2014, WQZQ began simulcasting on new FM translator W235BW 94.9.

On March 25, 2016, WQZQ began stunting with a non-stop loop of "Macarena" by Los del Rio and began simulcasting on FM translator 93.3 W241BU (now W227DC) in Nashville. (The "94.9 The Game 2" sports format continues on WBUZ-HD3 and W235BW 94.9 FM.) WQZQ officially launched a new classic hits format on April 1, 2016, branded as "93.3 Classic Hits".

As of March 2024, WQZQ flipped back to sports as "94.9 The Fan".

## InfoBox

WQZQ
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Nashville metropolitan area |
| Frequency | 830 kHz |
| Branding | *94.9 The Fan* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Sports |
| Affiliations | Fox Sports Radio
VSiN Radio
Nashville Sounds |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |  |
| Sister stations | WPRT-FM, WBUZ |
| History | |
| First air date | 1980 (as WKVL) |
| Former call signs | WKVL (1979–1988)
WCTZ (1988–2005) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 72960 |
| Class | D |
| Power | 2,000 watts day
3 watts night |
| Transmitter coordinates | 36°16′22″N 86°42′57″W / 36.27278°N 86.71583°W / 36.27278; -86.71583 |
| Repeater(s) | 102.5 WPRT-HD3 (Pegram) |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | WQZQ Online |


title: Variante

abstract: Variante - requiem for the world is a Japanese horror manga by Iqura Sugimoto. The manga focuses on Hosho Aiko, a girl who is brought back to life by the left arm of a "Chimera", a grotesque human-derived species that can drastically alter the shape of their own body parts.

text:
# Variante

***Variante - requiem for the world*** (Variante -ヴァリアンテ-) is a Japanese horror manga by Iqura Sugimoto. The manga focuses on Hosho Aiko, a girl who is brought back to life by the left arm of a "Chimera", a grotesque human-derived species that can drastically alter the shape of their own body parts.

## Story

When Hosho Aiko came home one day, she found her entire family slaughtered by a grotesque monster. The creature attacked and killed her as well, but she finds herself awakening in a mysterious room, taken care of by Dr. Kochigawa. She has amnesia, but when another monster appears before her in her room, she regains her memories and her left arm changes into a powerful weapon, very similar to that of the monster, which she destroys.

Sudo remains as the closest person to Aiko, actively taking part in her missions and supporting her. He is alerted by a mysterious person of the existence of a girl named "Nana", about whom Sudo reacts with shock. It is revealed that Nana was a girl Sudo had found sitting before his house and had taken her in, only to discover that she was a Chimera and had killed her. But because of his awareness, he is hired by Atheos at a young age and his sickly mother is kept in Atheos's hospital, serving also as a bargaining chip to keep him in Atheos. Sudo leaves to find the present Nana in an experimental facility in the mountains. On the other side, Aiko is sent there on orders to kill a Chimera, feeling uneasy without Sudo's presence. They find Sudo held by the Chimera, Nana, who attacks them. Sudo asks Aiko to destroy the two together, as to kill Nana would hurt him and to leave Nana would mean in his being devoured, but she pulls him out of Nana, telling him to live. Nana is killed in the process, and Sudo is fired from the case for his actions and is put on house arrest.

Okuda reveals his intentions to use Aiko to give birth to a "Goddess" who will renew the human race. His hate for the current human race was spurned by his father, who was a scientist of war; enemy soldiers had broken into Okuda's home and killed his mother before his eyes. His father gave up his part as a war scientist and began to research an antibody, which resulted in the creation of Chimeras. Sudo criticizes Okuda's scheme and Okuda shoots him, but Aiko's Chimera arm intercepts the bullet, before telling Okuda that she will kill him if he proceeds to steal anything precious from her (referring to Sudo). The Executive Board sends in an army at this moment to destroy Okuda's plans, giving Sudo and Aiko a chance to escape.

Sudo, Aiko, and the Chief escape to the surface, but encounter Chimera soldiers who shoot Aiko. However, Sudo takes the blows and dies in Aiko's arms, shortly before he tries to kiss her. After seeing his death, Aiko goes berserk, killing the soldiers as the Chief holds Sudo's body, watching. The building then self-destructs, and Aiko loses consciousness; the rest of the people, including the Chief, then disappear for reasons unknown after the building exploded. While unconscious, Aiko dreams of her parents, the people she has met and made friends of, and Sudo, most, if not all, of them she loved are dead. She then wakes up alone, having lost her left arm and both legs. A person who looks like Sudo then kneels in front of Aiko and pats her on the head, where he disappears moments later in the following panel after she smiles joyfully with some tears in her eyes (whether this person was an illusion that Aiko thought of in her near-death state is unknown, but it's likely that it is an illusion). The story ends with the public informed of Atheos and the Chimeras, and a somehow fully regenerated and healthy Aiko (how she is able to be here with all her limbs back when the last time she is seen was her lying on the ground with no left arm and legs while smiling is unexplained, much less how she escaped from the place where she woke up in a near-death state in the first place) walking in a heavily populated area. Someone (this person is unknown) calls her name, and she turns around towards this person with a smile.

## Characters

Hosho Aiko The protagonist of the story, a 16-year-old girl who is murdered but revives to find herself with a strange left arm. She initially wants to die and join her foster parents, but is convinced by Sudo to live and find a new place where she can belong. She constantly depends on Sudo for support during her missions and feels unsafe without him, as is implied during the mission to destroy Nana. Although she hated her left arm for being a Chimaira, she finds out in a dream later that her left arm belonged to her father, who had been given Chimaira treatment. Feeling comforted, she emboldens her resolution to not become a monster and uses her arm only to protect what she feels is precious. Throughout the entire story, she maintains a close relationship with Sudo and it is heavily implied that they care for one another. She and Sudo betray the organization later and she lives through the self-destruction. Sudo Hiromi A member of Atheos initially with a band around his head. He is not very deeply informed about Atheos's goal but proceeds to work there, as his mother is being treated at Atheos's hospital in return for his job. He has had previous experience with Chimairas, the first one he meets being Nana. Unaware of what she really is, she tells him that she is being chased and he vows to protect her, though he goes back on that promise when she awakens as a Chimaira and he shoots her. Deeply passionate in what he does, he supports Aiko from the moment he meets her, seeing a bit of resemblance to Nana. However this passionate support changes into protectiveness and finally to love. Sudo is always wanting to see her smile, making a promise with her just before his death. He is always there for her during her missions and finally there to block her from a rain of bullets. He seemingly attempts to kiss her before falling limp in her arms once more but appears again when she wakes up near death and ruffles her hair. Kochigawa A member of Atheos and one of the masterminds behind the entire Atheos project. Aiko first encounters her in her Atheos room under her care. To Aiko, Kochigawa first appears as a cold hearted woman with only her goals in mind. Ruthlessly sending Aiko on life threatening missions, Kochigawa only analyzed Aiko based on convenience and usefulness. When Aiko became useless to the Atheos organization, Kochigawa turned her in to Director Okuda. It turns out much later that Kochigawa's mother was Director Okuda's wife and was administered Chimaira treatment. However when her mother evolved into one, she was killed by Okuda. Since then, Kochigawa has hated her father and desired to revive her mother, together with Okuda, thus using Aiko for that purpose. When her plan was realized by a close associate, Yuji Oumi, she ignored his pleas to flee with her, which resulted in Oumi's being killed, although this was later proved to be false. Having met Oumi again changed her perspective on things and she sided with the protagonists, killing her father and committing suicide, shutting herself in the self-destructing facility. Director Okuda One of the Executive Board members and a mastermind behind the entire revival project. Okuda is often described as a heartless man, which is proven with his aggression towards Aiko when she becomes reclusive. He hates humans, the first human he ever hated being his father, as he blames him for the reason that his mother was killed. Okuda claims to only care for two people in the world, his mother and Kochigawa's mother, which was the reason for his obsessive desire to revive her. For this reason, Okuda is willing to use Aiko in order to revive her, but his plan is foiled by his own daughter who shoots him before committing suicide. Chimaira Originally humans who were administered Chimaira treatment. Director Okuda's father was the reason behind their existence, as his wife was killed for his having developed nuclear weapons, he became determined to create a foil of such, which were omnipotent antibodies. However his own plan failed when the tested human bodies rejected the antibodies in such violent manners that they became monster-like. Aiko first encounters one in her foster family's house, though she discovers much later that it was actually her father, who had fled a long time ago along with several others from the Atheos facility in an unexplained explosion.

## Reception

In Jason Thompson's online appendix to *Manga: The Complete Guide*, he regards the protagonist's "emo and paralyzed by doubt" nature as being due to the influence of *Neon Genesis Evangelion* on manga and anime.

## Further reading

* Gifford, Kevin (October 2007). "Variante Vol. 1". *Newtype USA*. Vol. 6, no. 10. A.D. Vision. p. 103. ISSN 1541-4817.
* Miawka. "Critique Variante par Miawka". *Manga Sanctuary* (in French).
* shinob. "Variante Vol. 1". *Manga News* (in French).
* Weickert, Bianca (December 4, 2012). "Variante - requiem for the world". *AnimePro.de* (in German).
* "Variante, Vols. 1-4". *Pop Culture Shock*. September 7, 2008. Archived from the original on March 4, 2012.`{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)

## InfoBox

| Variante - requiem for the world | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover of the first *Variante* manga volume | |
| Variante -ヴァリアンテ-<br>(*Variante*) | |
| Manga | |
| Written by | Iqura Sugimoto |
| Published by | Kadokawa Shoten |
| English publisher |  |
| Magazine | *Monthly Dragon Age* |
| Demographic | *Shōnen* |
| Original run | 20042006 |
| Volumes | 4 |


title: Live rock

abstract: Live rock is rock from the ocean that has been introduced into a saltwater aquarium. Along with live sand, it confers to the closed marine system multiple benefits desired by the saltwater aquarium hobbyist. The name sometimes leads to misunderstandings, as the "live rock" itself is not actually alive, but rather is simply made from the aragonite skeletons of long dead corals, or other calcareous organisms, which in the ocean form the majority of coral reefs. When taken from the ocean it is usually encrusted with coralline algae and inhabited by a multitude of marine organisms. The many forms of micro and macroscopic marine life that live on and inside of the rock, which acts as an ideal habitat, give it the name "live rock".

text:
# Live rock

**Live rock** is rock from the ocean that has been introduced into a saltwater aquarium. Along with live sand, it confers to the closed marine system multiple benefits desired by the saltwater aquarium hobbyist. The name sometimes leads to misunderstandings, as the "live rock" itself is not actually alive, but rather is simply made from the aragonite skeletons of long dead corals, or other calcareous organisms, which in the ocean form the majority of coral reefs. When taken from the ocean it is usually encrusted with coralline algae and inhabited by a multitude of marine organisms. The many forms of micro and macroscopic marine life that live on and inside of the rock, which acts as an ideal habitat, give it the name "live rock".

## Origin

Live rock is harvested for use in the aquarium from reefs, either from natural or human breakage. It may also be "seeded" from small coralline rocks by an aquaculturalist in warm ocean water, to be harvested later. Live rock can also be seeded by adding base rock to an active reef aquarium that already has live rock. Live rock harbors a wide variety of corals, algae, sponges, and other invertebrates, when they are collected. Corals added to the aquarium later will often become attached to the rock.

## Purpose

Live rock is highly valued in the aquarium trade. It introduces a diverse array of bacteria, algae, and invertebrates to the closed marine environment and functions as a superior biological filter that hosts aerobic and anaerobic nitrifying bacteria required for the nitrogen cycle that processes waste. Live rock becomes the main biological nitrification base or biological filter of a saltwater aquarium. Harmful elements dissolved in the water of the aquarium, including ammonia, phosphates, and nitrates, are processed with the help of the organisms that are introduced from the live rock into the aquarium's ecosystem. Excess ammonia, nitrate, and phosphates are eliminated with the help of the algae and corals growing on the live rock's surface, while other bacteria supplement the process and restore balance in the water chemistry. Additionally, live rocks have a stabilizing effect on the water chemistry, in particular on helping to maintain constant pH by release of calcium carbonate. Lastly, live rock, especially when encrusted with multiple species of coralline algae (producing differing colors), becomes a major decorative element of the aquarium and provides shelter for the inhabitants. It is often used to build caves, arches, overhangs, or other structures in the tank, a practice known as aquascaping.

In J. Charles Delbeek's article *Your First Reef Aquarium*, he states,

> The use of live rock immediately introduces into the aquarium numerous algae, bacteria and small invertebrates all of which contribute to the overall quality of the aquarium water. Live rock has just as much, if not more, surface area for bacteria than a trickle filter. Since live rock in the aquarium contains various types of bacteria, algae and corals, waste products such as ammonia, nitrate and phosphate can have a number of fates. Ammonia, nitrate and phosphate are readily assimilated by algae and photosynthetic corals growing on and in the rock. Ammonia can also be quickly converted into nitrate by the bacteria on and in the rock. This nitrate can be either absorbed by the algae and corals, or it can be denitrified by bacteria in close proximity to the nitrate-producing bacteria."

Live rock must however be cured prior to aquarium installation. Many of the organisms that previously lived in the rock would have died off during the harvesting and transportation process posing a risk to an immature aquarium of rapid ammonia production due to the dead organisms decomposing. To combat this a curing process must be carried out involving leaving the rock to sit in water for up to several weeks to ensure all dead organisms have decomposed and no longer pose a threat to water quality.

## Types

There are many different types of live rock. Each is named after the area from which it originated. A large amount of live rock comes from the Southern Pacific region, in areas such as Fiji, Tonga, and the Marshall Islands, as well as from the Caribbean. Each has its own distinct qualities that make it preferable to certain reef aquarists. For instance, live rock from the Fiji region is often porous and large, and rock from the Tonga region is often dense and elongated.

### Base rock

Base rock, or dry rock, is a generic term for aragonite rock that has no organisms growing in or on the rock. Base rock is often used as filler rock in the aquarium as it is much cheaper to purchase than live rock. In time, base rock will become colonized by living organisms.

Recently base rock that is mined from inland ancient reefs has become a popular way to keep the aquarium trade going sustainably. This rock is either maricultured and sold as live rock, or can be purchased and grown in the home aquarium.

Base rock can also be made from artificial rock called aragocrete, which is a hand made concrete from combining crushed aragonite, sand, and Portland cement. After allowing the cement to dry, the pieces are sometimes acid washed to counteract the high pH of the materials, and then allowed to soak in clean water for one or more months. They generally tend to be heavier and less attractive when compared to natural base rock.

## Collection ban

As of August 4, 2008 CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) banned the collection of live rock from Tonga, the Marshall Islands, and the Cook Islands. This is due to the over-collecting of rock in these areas. This ban remains in effect as of late 2023.


title: Mac Cuilinn

abstract: MacCuillinn or Mac Cuillann is an Irish surname. The name is the patronymic form of a personal name derived from cuileann. The name has become Anglicised as MacCullen & McCullen, and MacQuillan & McQuillan. The name appears in Irish mythology. The family are thought to have been Celtic Kings between the 5th and 12th century. Saint Macculind was an early Irish saint who was abbot or bishop of Lusk.

text:
# Mac Cuilinn

**MacCuillinn** or **Mac Cuillann** is an Irish surname. The name is the patronymic form of a personal name derived from *cuileann* (translation from Irish Gaelic: *holly*). The name has become Anglicised as MacCullen & McCullen, and MacQuillan & McQuillan. The name appears in Irish mythology. The family are thought to have been Celtic Kings between the 5th and 12th century.

Saint Macculind (or Macallan, MacCuilinn, Macculin Dus, Maculinus; died c. 497) was an early Irish saint who was abbot or bishop of Lusk.

1. O'Hanlon 1873, pp. 165ff.

## Sources

* O'Hanlon, John (1873), *Lives of the Irish saints*, retrieved 10 July 2021  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.


title: Familiar chat

abstract: The familiar chat is a small passerine bird of the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae. It is a common resident breeder in Africa south of the Sahara in rocky and mountainous habitat and around human habitation.

text:
# Familiar chat

The **familiar chat** (***Oenanthe familiaris***) is a small passerine bird of the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae. It is a common resident breeder in Africa south of the Sahara in rocky and mountainous habitat and around human habitation.

## Taxonomy

The familiar chat was illustrated and described by the French naturalist François Levaillant in Volume 4 of his *Histoire naturelle des oiseaux d'Afrique* published in 1805. He named the bird, "Le Traquet Familier" but did not give the species a binomial name. The binomial name *Motacilla familiaris* was introduced by the English publisher John Wilkes in 1817. The species was subsequently placed in the genus *Cercomela* introduced by Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1856. Molecular phylogenetic studies published in 2010 and 2012 found that the genus *Cercomela* was polyphyletic with five species, including the familiar chat, phylogenetically nested within the genus *Oenanthe*. As part of a reorganization of the species to create monophyletic genera, the familiar chat was moved to the genus *Oenanthe*.

There are 7 recognised subspecies:

* *O. f. falkensteini* (Cabanis, 1875) — Senegal to northwest Ethiopia, south Uganda and Tanzania
* *O. f. omoensis* (Neumann, 1904) — southeast Sudan, southwest Ethiopia, northwest Kenya and northeast Uganda
* *O. f. angolensis* (Lynes, 1926) — west Angola and north Namibia
* *O. f. galtoni* (Strickland, 1853) — east Namibia, west Botswana and northern South Africa
* *O. f. hellmayri* (Reichenow, 1902) — southeast Botswana to south Mozambique and northeast South Africa
* *O. f. actuosa* (Clancey, 1966) — east South Africa and Lesotho
* *O. f. familiaris* (Wilkes, 1817) — southern South Africa

## Description

The familiar chat is a dumpy short-tailed bird 14–15 cm (5.5–5.9 in) long. The adult's upperparts are a dull brown with warmer brown ear coverts behind the eye. The underparts vary from off-white to pale grey-brown, and the rump and outer tail feathers are rufous with a dark brown tip. The central tail feathers are dark brown. The short straight bill and the legs and feet are black. The sexes are alike, but the juvenile is similar to the adult but has buff spots above and a scaly pattern on the breast.

The familiar chat has a soft "shek-shek" alarm call. The song is a warbling trill.

## Behaviour

### Breeding

The familiar chat is monogamous. It breeds between December and March in most of west Africa, but between March and May in Nigeria and mainly between October and November in South Africa. It builds a thick cup-shaped nest of plant material lined with hair, wool and feathers. The nest is usually placed in a hole in the ground, but rock faces and buildings are also used. This species will use nest boxes or a disused sociable weaver nest. The clutch is 2-4 greenish-blue eggs decorated with reddish-brown speckling. The eggs hatch after 13–15 days. The nestlings are fed by both parents and fledge after 13–15 days. Usually only a single brood is raised each year.

The familiar chat is typically seen sitting on a rock, or hopping on bare patches of soil. It has a habit of flicking its wings once or twice every time it moves. It is seen in small family groups of up to five birds, and is invariably tame and approachable. It eats insects, fruit, animal fat and household or farmyard scraps.

The Afrikaans name for this species "spekvreter" means "fat-eater", and comes from the fact that it developed the habit of feeding on the lard used to grease wagon axles by the voortrekkers.

1. BirdLife International (2018). "*Oenanthe familiaris*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2018**: e.T22710367A132087052. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22710367A132087052.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
2. Levaillant, François (1805). *Histoire naturelle des oiseaux d'Afrique* (in French). Vol. 4. Paris: Delachauchée. p. 97, Plate 183.
3. Wilkes, John (1817). *Encyclopaedia Londinensis*. Vol. 16. London: Self published. pp. 86–87. The title page is dated 1819.
4. Mayr, Ernst; Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, eds. (1960). *Check-list of Birds of the World*. Vol. 10. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 98.
5. Rookmaaker, L.C. (1989). *The Zoological Exploration of Southern Africa 1650-1790*. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema. p. 324 No. 200. ISBN 978-90-6191-867-7.
6. Mayr, Ernst; Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, eds. (1960). *Check-list of Birds of the World*. Vol. 10. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 96.
7. Outlaw, R.K.; Voelker, G.; Bowie, R.C.K. (2010). "Shall we chat? Evolutionary relationships in the genus *Cercomela* (Muscicapidae) and its relation to *Oenanthe* reveals extensive polyphyly among chats distributed in Africa, India and the Palearctic". *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution*. **55** (1): 284–292. Bibcode:2010MolPE..55..284O. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.09.023. PMID 19772925.
8. Aliabadian, M.; Kaboli, M.; Förschler, M.I.; Nijman, V.; Chamani, A.; Tillier, A.; Prodon, R.; Pasquet, E.; Ericson, P.G.P.; Zuccon, D. (2012). "Convergent evolution of morphological and ecological traits in the open-habitat chat complex (Aves, Muscicapidae: Saxicolinae)". *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution*. **65** (1): 35–45. Bibcode:2012MolPE..65...35A. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.05.011. PMID 22634240.
9. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2016). "Chats, Old World flycatchers". *World Bird List Version 6.2*. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
10. Collar, N. "Familiar Chat (*Oenanthe familiaris*)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). *Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive*. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
11. Clement, Peter (2016). *Robins and Chats*. Helm Identification Guides. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 624–626. ISBN 978-1-4081-5596-7.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Familiar chat | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| In Eastern Cape province, South Africa | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Muscicapidae |
| Genus: | *Oenanthe* |
| Species: | ***O. familiaris*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oenanthe familiaris***
(Wilkes, 1817) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cercomela familiaris* (Wilkes, 1817) * *Motacilla familiaris* Wilkes, 1917 | |


title: The Lewallen Brothers

abstract: The Lewallen Brothers were an American garage rock band formed in Tucson, Arizona in 1962. Combining an element of folk rock, similar to the sound of the Beau Brummels, with the essence of a raw garage band, the group became immensely popular in Arizona. Though the Lewallen Brothers never broke through to a national audience, the band is noted for being one of the longest-enduring garage musical acts to emerge from the 1960s, as the group performed well into the 1990s.

text:
# The Lewallen Brothers

**The Lewallen Brothers** were an American garage rock band formed in Tucson, Arizona in 1962. Combining an element of folk rock, similar to the sound of the Beau Brummels, with the essence of a raw garage band, the group became immensely popular in Arizona. Though the Lewallen Brothers never broke through to a national audience, the band is noted for being one of the longest-enduring garage musical acts to emerge from the 1960s, as the group performed well into the 1990s.

## History

Formed in 1962, the group was originally known as the CoKats, and consisted of brothers Cal (bass guitar, vocals) Keith (lead guitar, vocals), Tim (rhythm guitar, vocals) and Bobby Lewallen (organ, vocals). The band soon recruited Dennis Gamble (drums), and were occasionally joined by their sister Gayle Ann (vocals) and father Cal senior (bass guitar), while boasting a repertoire that featured material from the Everly Brothers, Chuck Berry, and the Ventures. With an established presence on the teen dance club and bar circuit, the CoKats entered the studio to record four demos on November 14, 1964. From the sessions, the song "Tough He Was" was presented to record producer Bob Keane, who released the tune on the group's debut single, and convinced the CoKats to change their name to the Lewallen Brothers.

By the mid-1960s, the group was opening for musical acts such as the Turtles, the Beau Brummels, and Paul Revere and the Raiders. Ironically, the hard-pressed schedule that came with the Lewallen Brothers being a live musical act consequently impeded the group from recording consistently. Music critic Bruce Eder explains "Their impeccable harmony singing, coupled with their considerable instrumental prowess and their tight sound, made them highly desireable \[sic\] both as a warm-up act as well as a backing band". In 1967, the band released the two singles "It Must Be a Dream" and "Only a Dream", both of which were met with regional success. After winning a battle of the bands contest in 1968, the group earned an appearances on Dick Clark's television program *Happening '68*, competing on three shows. However, without a nationally distributing record label to back them, the Lewallen Brothers could not capitalize on the exposure.

In 1969, Gamble departed the band and was replaced by Mike Ramsey. The band returned to Tucson, becoming the house band for the Cedars music club, with the brothers also working part-time as plumbers in their family business. In 1981, the Lewallen Brothers went on a decade-long hiatus after Bobby Lewallen died from cancer. Returning in the early 1990s without Tim Lewallen, who decided to become a plumber full-time, the band occasionally performed around Arizona. The compilation album *Hitch-Hike* was released in December 1995, and featured all the group's recorded material. Other albums the band appears on include *The Cicadelic Sixties, Volume 7 – From Texas to Tucson!*, *Green Crystal Ties, Volume 3: Gloria Meets 96 Tears*, *Green Crystal Ties, Volume 7: Mind-Expanding Punk of the 60s*, *The Tucson Sound 1960–1968: Think of the Good Times!*, and *Wyld Sydes, Volume 4*.

## InfoBox

| The Lewallen Brothers | |
| --- | --- |
| From left to right: Bobby Lewallen, Tim Lewallen, Dennis Gamble, Cal Lewallen and Keith Lewallen. | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Tucson, Arizona, United States |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 1962–1981, 1989–present |
| Labels | Zoom |
|  | |
| Past members | Cal Lewallen Jr.
Keith Lewallen
Tim Lewallen
Bobby Lewallen
Dennis Gamble
Gayle Ann Lewallen
Cal Lewallen Sr.
Mike Ramsey |


title: Pistyll y Llyn

abstract: Pistyll y Llyn is one of the tallest waterfalls in Wales and the United Kingdom. It is a horsetail style set of falls which are located in the Cambrian Mountains about 2+1⁄2 miles from Glaspwll in Powys, Wales. Height is a matter of contention in Wales, with many sources claiming that Pistyll Rhaeadr is the tallest waterfall in Wales or the tallest single-drop waterfall in the UK, despite being significantly surpassed in height by Pistyll y Llyn, Devil's Appendix and the waterfall at Nant Maesglase. The flow over the falls is regulated by a weir at the source of the river by the lake, resulting in low flow for most of the year. In the past, the waterfall was known as a popular destination for pilgrims. It is formed where the River Llyfnant falls from Llyn Penrhaeadr for approximately 525 feet into Cwm Rhaeadr in two waterfalls, and a series of cascades. The tallest waterfall is a single horsetail drop of 300 ft (91 m). This is sometimes mistakenly stated as 240 ft (73 m). The large horsetail cascade alone surpasses the 73m-tall Pistyll Rhaeadr by a significant margin, in turn slightly surpassed by the 93m high Devil's Appendix and the 160-180m high Nant Maesglase waterfall, which is likely the tallest in Wales. However, all 3 of these waterfalls with the possible exception of Pistyll y Llyn have markedly low water flow at nearly all times, and may not run at all during the summer months. The waterfall is located on open-access land, with a permissive footpath running to the base of the waterfall from Cwm Rhaeadr. In 2020, most of the land between the waterfall and the village was converted into an intensely managed pheasant shoot. Another public footpath leads uphill to the head of the waterfall overlooking the valley.

text:
# Pistyll y Llyn

**Pistyll y Llyn** is one of the tallest waterfalls in Wales and the United Kingdom. It is a horsetail style set of falls which are located in the Cambrian Mountains about 2+12 miles (4 kilometres) from Glaspwll in Powys, Wales. Height is a matter of contention in Wales, with many sources claiming that Pistyll Rhaeadr is the tallest waterfall in Wales or the tallest single-drop waterfall in the UK, despite being significantly surpassed in height by Pistyll y Llyn, Devil's Appendix and the waterfall at Nant Maesglase. The flow over the falls is regulated by a weir at the source of the river by the lake, resulting in low flow for most of the year. In the past, the waterfall was known as a popular destination for pilgrims.

It is formed where the River Llyfnant falls from Llyn Penrhaeadr for approximately 525 feet (160 metres) into Cwm Rhaeadr in two waterfalls, and a series of cascades. The tallest waterfall is a single horsetail drop of 300 ft (91 m). This is sometimes mistakenly stated as 240 ft (73 m). The large horsetail cascade alone surpasses the 73m-tall Pistyll Rhaeadr by a significant margin, in turn slightly surpassed by the 93m high Devil's Appendix and the 160-180m high Nant Maesglase waterfall, which is likely the tallest in Wales. However, all 3 of these waterfalls with the possible exception of Pistyll y Llyn have markedly low water flow at nearly all times, and may not run at all during the summer months.

The waterfall is located on open-access land, with a permissive footpath running to the base of the waterfall from Cwm Rhaeadr. In 2020, most of the land between the waterfall and the village was converted into an intensely managed pheasant shoot. Another public footpath leads uphill to the head of the waterfall overlooking the valley.

Waterfall from afar (left) and the top (right)

## InfoBox

| Pistyll y Llyn | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Ysgubor-y-coed, Ceredigion and Cadfarch, Powys, Wales |
| OS grid | SN 7536 9420 |
| Coordinates | 52°31.8822′N 3°50.3053′W / 52.5313700°N 3.8384217°W / 52.5313700; -3.8384217 |
| Total height | 300 ft (91 m) |
| Watercourse | Llyfnant |


title: Police Mostowe

abstract: Police Mostowe is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kościelec, within Koło County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south-east of Kościelec, 8 km (5 mi) south of Koło, and 122 km (76 mi) east of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Police Mostowe

**Police Mostowe** \[pɔˈlit͡sɛ mɔsˈtɔvɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kościelec, within Koło County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south-east of Kościelec, 8 km (5 mi) south of Koło, and 122 km (76 mi) east of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Police Mostowe | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Police Mostowe | |
| Coordinates: 52°8′N 18°39′E / 52.133°N 18.650°E / 52.133; 18.650 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Koło |
| Gmina | Kościelec |


title: WMBD-TV

abstract: WMBD-TV is a television station in Peoria, Illinois, United States, affiliated with CBS. It is owned by Nexstar Media Group, which provides certain services to Bloomington-licensed Fox affiliate WYZZ-TV under a local marketing agreement (LMA) with Cunningham Broadcasting. The two stations share studios on North University Street in Peoria, with a secondary studio and news bureau on East Lincoln Street in Bloomington. WMBD-TV's transmitter is located on Pinecrest Drive in East Peoria, a section of Groveland Township, Tazewell County.

text:
# WMBD-TV

**WMBD-TV** (channel 31) is a television station in Peoria, Illinois, United States, affiliated with CBS. It is owned by Nexstar Media Group, which provides certain services to Bloomington-licensed Fox affiliate WYZZ-TV (channel 43) under a local marketing agreement (LMA) with Cunningham Broadcasting. The two stations share studios on North University Street in Peoria, with a secondary studio and news bureau on East Lincoln Street in Bloomington. WMBD-TV's transmitter is located on Pinecrest Drive in East Peoria, a section of Groveland Township, Tazewell County.

## History

The station signed on January 1, 1958, as the third television outlet in the Peoria market after WEEK-TV (channel 25) and WTVH (channel 19, now WHOI). Airing an analog signal on UHF channel 31, it was originally owned by John Fetzer along with WMBD radio (1470 AM and 93.3 FM, now WPBG). All three stations took their calls from a local legend that President Theodore Roosevelt once described Grandview Drive (original home of WMBD radio) as the "World's Most Beautiful Drive". WMBD radio had long been a CBS Radio Network affiliate, so naturally channel 31 took over the CBS television affiliation from WTVH.

WMBD-TV shared it studios along with its radio sisters on the second level of what was then the Majestic Theatre. Fetzer had previously won a construction permit for VHF channel 6 as early as 1949, but those plans were shelved when the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) made Peoria–Bloomington an all-UHF market.

The WMBD stations were sold to Midwest Television Incorporated of Champaign (owner of fellow CBS affiliate WCIA) in 1960 for $1.85 million. In addition to sharing resources with WCIA, WMBD has also carried some original programming from the former. In the early-1960s, WMBD was the first Peoria station to broadcast color television. Along with WEEK-TV, it maintained a repeater, **W71AE** (channel 71), in LaSalle in the 1960s and 1970s in order to expand its signal reach. The broadcast license for this low-power outlet was granted on November 15, 1962. A picture of W71AE's 485-foot (148 m) Rohn tower and its sixteen bay antenna is shown in a Rohn advertisement in the July 1, 1963, issue of *Broadcasting*.

WMBD moved to its current location on North University Street in June 1977 and still remains Peoria's only commercial television station with studios in the city itself. It became the area's first outlet to broadcast in stereo in September 1988. In 1999, Midwest Television sold controlling interest in its Illinois television stations to Nexstar. In 2001, Midwest sold its remaining interest in WMBD, WCIA and WCFN to Nexstar while the WMBD radio stations were sold to Triad Broadcasting.

On December 1 of that year, Nexstar and the Sinclair Broadcast Group entered into a local marketing agreement (LMA) in which WMBD took over WYZZ's operations. As part of the deal, WYZZ moved into WMBD's studios in Peoria. In August 2005, a similar agreement would be established between Nexstar's WROC-TV and Sinclair's WUHF in Rochester, New York. WMBD was the last station in the market to sign-on a digital signal and has been broadcasting digital-only since February 17, 2009.

On June 15, 2016, Nexstar announced that it has entered into an affiliation agreement with Katz Broadcasting for the Escape (now Ion Mystery), Laff, Grit, and Bounce TV networks (the last one of which is owned by Bounce Media LLC, whose COO Jonathan Katz is president/CEO of Katz Broadcasting), bringing one or more of the four networks to 81 stations owned and/or operated by Nexstar, including WMBD-TV.

On December 3, 2018, Nexstar announced it would acquire the assets of Chicago-based Tribune Media for $6.4 billion in cash and debt. The deal—which would make Nexstar the largest television station operator by total number of stations upon its expected closure late in the third quarter of 2019—would result in the WMBD/WYZZ virtual duopoly gaining additional sister stations in nearby markets including Chicago (independent station WGN-TV) and St. Louis (Fox affiliate KTVI and CW affiliate KPLR-TV). (Ownership conflicts exist in two existing Nexstar markets involving Nexstar's duopoly of CW affiliate WISH-TV and MyNetworkTV affiliate WNDY-TV and Tribune's duopoly of Fox affiliate WXIN and CBS affiliate WTTV/WTTK in Indianapolis and Nexstar's virtual triopoly of CBS affiliate WHBF-TV, CW affiliate KGCW and Fox-affiliated SSA partner KLJB and Tribune-owned ABC affiliate WQAD-TV in the Quad Cities.)

## Newscasts

WMBD presently broadcasts 43 hours of news each week (with 8 hours each weekday and an hour and a half each on Saturdays and Sundays). The station does not produce morning newscasts on weekends.

In April 2002, WMBD established a news share agreement with WYZZ. The arrangement resulted in the launch of a half-hour, prime time newscast on that station that was jointly produced by WMBD. Known as *Fox 43 News at 9*, the broadcast is seen every night. The show did not have any direct competition in the time slot until June 5, 2006, when WEEK-TV launched its own weeknight-only prime time newscast on then-UPN affiliate WAOE.

On March 2, 2009, WHOI consolidated its operations with WEEK-TV. As a result, there was a noticeable increase in viewership on WMBD since this left the market with only two unique news departments that cover the area.

On May 7, 2015, beginning with the weekday noon newscast, the station became the first broadcast television station in the market to produce local news in full high definition. On the same day, WYZZ's weeknight 9 p.m. newscast was included in the upgrade and the station also began producing a two-hour weekday morning show for the Fox affiliate. Known as *Good Day Central Illinois*, the program can be seen from 7 to 9 a.m. and offers a local alternative to the big three networks' morning programs. In addition to its primary studios, it operates a Twin Cities bureau on East Lincoln Street in Bloomington (that were WYZZ's studios prior to entering into a LMA with WMBD).

On January 6, 2019, WMBD received a new graphics package and adopted the "Aerial" theme.

### Notable former personnel

## Subchannels

The station's signal is multiplexed:

Subchannels of WMBD-TV
| Channel | Res. | Aspect | Short name | Programming |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 31.1 | 1080i | 16:9 | WMBD-DT | Main WMBD-TV programming / CBS |
| 31.2 | | 480i | Bounce | Bounce TV |
| | | 31.3 | Laff | Laff |
| | | 31.4 | Mystery | Ion Mystery |

## InfoBox

WMBD-TV
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| City | Peoria, Illinois |
| Channels |  |
| Branding | WMBD |
| Programming | |
| Affiliations |  |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |  |
| Sister stations | WYZZ-TV |
| History | |
| First air date | January 1, 1958 (1958-01-01) |
| Former channel number(s) | * **Analog:** 31 (UHF, 1958–2009) * **Digital:** 30 (UHF, 2000–2020) |
| Call sign meaning | "World's Most Beautiful Drive" |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 42121 |
| ERP | 822 kW |
| HAAT | 192.4 m (631 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 40°38′6″N 89°32′19″W / 40.63500°N 89.53861°W / 40.63500; -89.53861 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Website | CIProud.com |


title: Velilla de Cinca

abstract: Velilla de Cinca or Vilella de Cinca is a municipality located in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 441 inhabitants.

text:
# Velilla de Cinca

**Velilla de Cinca** (Spanish: \[beˈliʎa ðe ˈθiŋka\]) or **Vilella de Cinca** (Catalan: \[biˈleʎa ðe siŋka\]) is a municipality located in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 441 inhabitants.

41°35′N 0°16′E / 41.583°N 0.267°E / 41.583; 0.267

## InfoBox

| Velilla de Cinca/Vilella de Cinca | |
| --- | --- |
| municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Aragon |
| Province | Huesca |
| Area | |
| Total | 16 km2 (6 sq mi) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 463 |
| Density | 29/km2 (75/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |