title: Women Chamber of Commerce Quetta

abstract: Women Chamber of Commerce & Industry Quetta is a semi-governmental organization, approved and recognized by the Ministry of Commerce. It is a non political trade body affiliated with Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce & Industry and promoting women entrepreneurs. WCCI Quetta is the premier body of trade and industry of Balochistan. WCCI Quetta is promoting the interests of Balochistan Commercial & Industrial Community as well as economic activities. It is also engaged among other things in assisting the entrepreneurs of Balochistan in developing capacity for sustainable trade promotion and industrial Developments supports infrastructures and access to market. WCCI Quetta has more than 300 members.

text:
# Women Chamber of Commerce Quetta

**Women Chamber of Commerce & Industry Quetta** is a semi-governmental organization, approved and recognized by the Ministry of Commerce. It is a non political trade body affiliated with Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce & Industry and promoting women entrepreneurs. WCCI Quetta is the premier body of trade and industry of Balochistan. WCCI Quetta is promoting the interests of Balochistan Commercial & Industrial Community as well as economic activities.

It is also engaged among other things in assisting the entrepreneurs of Balochistan in developing capacity for sustainable trade promotion and industrial Developments supports infrastructures and access to market.

WCCI Quetta has more than 300 members.

president of wqcci sonia kashmiri new appointment for new year 2020

## InfoBox

Women Chamber of Commerce & Industry
| Abbreviation | WCCI |
| --- | --- |
| Formation | 2010 (2010) |
| Founder | Fehmida Kausar Jamali |
| Type | Non-governmental trade association |
| Headquarters | Quetta, Pakistan |
| Region served | Quetta |
| President | Uzma Khalid |
| Website | Women Chamber of Commerce & Industry Quetta |


title: Woodruff County Courthouse

abstract: The Woodruff County Courthouse is a historic courthouse at 500 North 3rd Street in Augusta, the county seat of Woodruff County, Arkansas. It is a monumental brick Romanesque Revival building, designed by the noted Arkansas architect Charles L. Thompson and built in 1900. It is roughly rectangular with a hip roof, but has projecting sections as well as a five-stage tower, capped by a pyramidal roof. Its main entrance is to the left of the tower, recessed in a round-arch opening. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

text:
# Woodruff County Courthouse

The **Woodruff County Courthouse** is a historic courthouse at 500 North 3rd Street in Augusta, the county seat of Woodruff County, Arkansas. It is a monumental brick Romanesque Revival building, designed by the noted Arkansas architect Charles L. Thompson and built in 1900. It is roughly rectangular with a hip roof, but has projecting sections as well as a five-stage tower, capped by a pyramidal roof. Its main entrance is to the left of the tower, recessed in a round-arch opening.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Woodruff County Courthouse | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location in ArkansasLocation in United States | |
| Location | 500 N. 3rd St., Augusta, Arkansas |
| Coordinates | 35°17′15″N 91°21′52″W / 35.28750°N 91.36444°W / 35.28750; -91.36444 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1900 (1900) |
| Architect | Charles L. Thompson |
| Architectural style | Romanesque, Richardsonian Romanesque |
| MPS | Thompson, Charles L., Design Collection TR |
| NRHP reference No. | 82000959 |
| Added to NRHP | December 22, 1982 |


title: Woodbury, Nassau County, New York

abstract: Woodbury is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) located within the Town of Oyster Bay in Nassau County, on Long Island, in New York, United States. The population was 9,335 at the 2020 census. Woodbury borders Laurel Hollow to the north, Plainview to the south, Syosset to the west, and Cold Spring Harbor, West Hills and South Huntington to the east. Woodbury is located approximately 35 miles (57 km) east of Midtown Manhattan.

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# Woodbury, Nassau County, New York

**Woodbury** is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) located within the Town of Oyster Bay in Nassau County, on Long Island, in New York, United States. The population was 9,335 at the 2020 census.

Woodbury borders Laurel Hollow to the north, Plainview to the south, Syosset to the west, and Cold Spring Harbor, West Hills and South Huntington to the east. Woodbury is located approximately 35 miles (57 km) east of Midtown Manhattan.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 5.0 square miles (13 km2), of which 0.32% is water.

The ZIP Code of the Woodbury Post Office is 11797.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 9,010 people, 2,851 households, and 2,297 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,781.9 inhabitants per square mile (688.0/km2). There were 2,895 housing units at an average density of 572.5 per square mile (221.0/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 90.87% White, 0.98% African American, 0.06% Native American, 7.06% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.28% from other races, and 0.75% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.42% of the population.

There were 2,851 households, out of which 39.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.6% were married couples living together, 6.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.4% were non-families. 16.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.82 and the average family size was 3.18.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 24.7% under the age of 18, 4.2% from 18 to 24, 23.4% from 25 to 44, 26.7% from 45 to 64, and 21.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.0 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $122,643, and the median income for a family was $139,409. Males had a median income of $100,000 versus $51,506 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $58,316. About 2.6% of families and 3.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.0% of those under age 18 and 7.1% of those age 65 or over. Per City-data.com, the average adjusted gross income (AGI) in 2012 was $234,485 for a household on Woodbury, Long Island. The most updated AGI from 2020 was $303,647 for the average household in Woodbury per city-data.com.

## Education

Woodbury is located within the boundaries of the Syosset Central School District.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Woodbury, Nassau County, New York | |
| --- | --- |
| Hamlet and census-designated place | |
| The intersection of Chauncey Place and Woodbury Farms Drive in Woodbury | |
| Location in Nassau County and the state of New York | |
| WoodburyLocation on Long Island and within the state of New YorkWoodburyWoodbury (New York) | |
| Coordinates: 40°48′50″N 73°28′9″W / 40.81389°N 73.46917°W / 40.81389; -73.46917 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| County | Nassau County, New York |
| Town | Oyster Bay |
| Area | |
| Total | 5.0 sq mi (13 km2) |
| Land | 5.0 sq mi (13 km2) |
| Water | 0.0 sq mi (0 km2) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 9,335 |
| Density | 1,900/sq mi (720/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |


title: Wounded Warrior Project

abstract: Wounded Warrior Project (WWP) is an American charity and veterans service organization that operates as a nonprofit 501(c)(3). WWP offers a variety of programs, services and events for wounded veterans who incurred a physical or mental injury, illnesses, or co-incident to their military service on or after September 11, 2001. Military family members and caregivers are also eligible for WWP programs. As of August 22, 2021, WWP served 157,975 registered alumni and 40,520 registered family support members. Since its formation, the organization has partnered with several charities they deem community partners, including the American Red Cross, Resounding Joy, a music therapy group in California, and Operation Homefront. In July 2022, WWP partnered with a total of twenty-eight veteran service organizations who collectively received grants totalling over $5.9 million. WWP has also previously provided a year-long Track program, which helped veterans transition to college and the workplace. WWP allocates 71 percent of its revenue to programs and services for wounded veterans and their families, and the remaining balance pays to support those programs. WWP is recognized under the Combined Federal Campaign (CFC) workplace giving program of the federal government of the United States with CFC #11425.

text:
# Wounded Warrior Project

**Wounded Warrior Project** (**WWP**) is an American charity and veterans service organization that operates as a nonprofit 501(c)(3). WWP offers a variety of programs, services and events for wounded veterans who incurred a physical or mental injury, illnesses, or co-incident to their military service on or after September 11, 2001. Military family members and caregivers are also eligible for WWP programs.

As of August 22, 2021, WWP served 157,975 registered alumni and 40,520 registered family support members. Since its formation, the organization has partnered with several charities they deem community partners, including the American Red Cross, Resounding Joy, a music therapy group in California, and Operation Homefront. In July 2022, WWP partnered with a total of twenty-eight veteran service organizations who collectively received grants totalling over $5.9 million. WWP has also previously provided a year-long Track program, which helped veterans transition to college and the workplace.

WWP allocates 71 percent of its revenue to programs and services for wounded veterans and their families, and the remaining balance pays to support those programs.

WWP is recognized under the Combined Federal Campaign (CFC) workplace giving program of the federal government of the United States with CFC #11425.

## Overview

WWP offers a variety of no-cost programs, services, and events for wounded veterans and veteran families. It runs several support programs. Warrior Care Network is a mental wellness program offering post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) treatment through four academic medical centers in the United States. Warriors to Work is a program that connects veterans with employers and resources for jobs. Project Odyssey is an adventure-based program that provides group activities and psychoeducational sessions. Soldier Ride is a cycling program. The Independence Program provides veterans with occupational therapy, social workers, and rehab counselors.

WWP supports warriors in their transition to civilian life by providing job training, aiding in the navigation of veteran and disability benefits, offering emergency financial assistance, and delivering comprehensive long-term financial education. These services are becoming increasingly important as veterans are feeling the effects of inflation in 2023. WWP's Annual Survey found that in 2023 nearly 39% of wounded veterans did not have enough food for an active, healthy life.

## History

Wounded Warrior Project was founded in 2003 in Roanoke, Virginia by John Melia. Melia had been severely wounded in a helicopter crash while serving in Somalia in 1992. Melia assembled backpacks distributed to injured veterans at the former Bethesda Naval Hospital (now the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center) and Walter Reed Army Medical Center.

Wounded Warrior Project initially operated as a division of the United Spinal Association of New York, which adopted WWP as a program in November 2003. WWP continued to support injured service members by providing them with free WWP Backpacks filled with comfort items.

In September 2005, The United Spinal Association granted $2.7 million to WWP to "develop into a stand-alone charity with its own identity and programs," with the intent to expand its services from providing immediate comfort items to providing longer-term support for returning wounded veterans via compensation, education, health care, insurance, housing, employment, etc.

The WWP Backpacks program remains a central activity of WWP, evidenced by the more than 65,000 backpacks the organization has distributed since 2018 in support of transitioning U.S. military veterans.

In 2015, the journalist Tim Mak reported for The Daily Beast that WWP was selling donor information to third parties and suing small charities using the phrase “wounded warrior” or logo silhouettes of soldiers; he also accused WWP of compensating its top officers overly generously. The following January, these allegations were picked up by CBS and The New York Times, whose reports of WWP’s use of its funds on lavish company retreats and personal enrichment of its officers aroused more public attention and led the charity to fire its then-CEO, Steven Nardizzi, and then-COO, Al Giordano. Several former employees alleged that they were fired because they had raised concerns over the mismanagement.

WWP hired a new CEO in July 2016, Michael Linnington, a retired Lieutenant general in the U.S. Army. He has increased the scrutiny on spending for travel and all expenses throughout the organization. Linnington retired in early 2024 after eight years leading the organization.

In April 2021, WWP partnered with the White House's Joining Forces and the Elizabeth Dole Foundation to provide supportive programming and bring awareness to the children of wounded, ill or injured veterans. A 2021 survey found that there are approximately 2.3 million American children under 18 living with veterans with disabilities.

In 2024, retired Major Gen. Walter E. Piatt, was named chief executive officer of Wounded Warrior Project. Piatt is a former commander of Fort Drum and the 10th Mountain Division. During his tenure as commander he worked to better connect Fort Drum to the North Country community. Piatt deployed with the division's headquarters battalion from March to August 2018, after which he released a paper about the Iraqi people's commitment to achieving peace for their nation after years of warfare.

## Incorporation

Wounded Warrior Project registered for incorporation on February 23, 2005. WWP was granted accreditation as of September 10, 2008, by the Veterans Affairs Secretary as a Veterans Service Organization (VSO) "recognized by the Secretary for the purpose of preparation, presentation, and prosecution of claims under laws administered by the Department of Veterans Affairs." The Veterans Administration's online List of Representatives for Accredited Organizations includes contact information for WWP's accredited service officers. as well as a search tool to access information about other VSOs.

In July 2006, Wounded Warrior Project's headquarters were moved to Jacksonville, Florida. WWP Founder John Melia cited a strong local veteran community, access to Jacksonville International Airport, and support from the local business community, specifically the PGA Tour, as the reason for the move. The WWP headquarters underwent a major $1.3 million renovation according to the *Jacksonville Business Journal*.

## Veterans and military support programs

### Mental wellness

Wounded Warrior Project provides interactive programs, rehabilitation retreats, and free mental health counseling. WWP's outpatient care and therapy sessions through Warrior Care Network provide PTSD and TBI treatment alongside four academic medical centers in the United States, including Emory Healthcare Veterans Program. Through Warrior Care Network, Wounded Warrior Project also offers treatment for veterans with PTSD using virtual reality therapy.

Mental health issues account for three of the top four most common service-connected injuries among veterans registered with WWP who served either on or after 9/11, and 3 out of 4 of these veterans reported post-traumatic stress. Many veterans report experiencing anxiety and depression, according to a WWP survey, and half of veterans report moderate to severe symptoms of two or more mental health conditions.

In 2020, Wounded Warrior Project surveyed nearly 30,000 injured veterans who served after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and found that over half reported declines in their mental health during the pandemic.

Wounded Warrior Project launched WWP Talk in 2014. The program, which connects veterans to the charity's staff members for weekly emotional support phone calls, saw a 35% increase in phone calls compared to the previous year during the COVID-19 pandemic.

In October 2022, a dozen veterans with Wounded Warrior Project completed a 400-mile motorcycle ride in California encouraging positive mental health, coinciding with National Motorcycle Ride Day and World Mental Health Day. The ride made stops in Ventura, Santa Clarita, Solvang, Santa Ynez, and the Santa Monica Mountains.

In November 2022, Wounded Warrior Project hosted a 17-mile hike to honor the 17 veterans who die each day by suicide.

### Warriors to Work

Warriors to Work is a WWP veteran employment program that connects veterans with employers and resources for jobs. Through career counseling, including resume building, interview preparation, and salary negotiation assistance, veterans can find work that best fits their skill sets and allows them to smoothly transition into civilian life.

### Family support programs

Wounded Warrior Project helps families of veterans reconnect through events that support family bonding and transitional skills. By providing the space and time for veterans to spend with their loved ones, the transition from service member to civilian gets that much easier. Through their veteran family support programs, Wounded Warrior Project also helps guide families through the sometimes confusing process of receiving VA benefits.

### Warrior Care Network

Warrior Care Network is an initiative providing access to high-quality care for veterans mainly dealing with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Established in 2016, the $100 million project included four PTSD treatment centers in Atlanta, Boston, Los Angeles, and Chicago. In October 2018, Wounded Warrior Project announced a $160 million investment in the mental health care of wounded veterans. In 2024, it invested another $100 million to fund programs for post-9/11 veterans that aim to reduce depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders.

From 2005 to 2016, the suicide rate among U.S. veterans increased almost 26 percent. Starting in 2016, Warrior Care Network provided care that includes group therapy with other veterans to learn coping strategies, such as yoga and meditation. According to a Georgia Public Broadcasting article, programs like Warrior Care Network's are likely contributing to the declining rate of suicide among former service members in the state of Georgia, where rates were significantly lower than the national veteran suicide rate in 2022. Overall, suicide rates for veterans peaked in 2018 and then fell in 2019 and 2020 by 9.7%.

### Project Odyssey

Project Odyssey is an "adventure-based learning program" that provides veterans from all branches of the armed services an opportunity to work together in group activities and psychoeducational sessions. Through the Project Odyssey program, veterans can engage with other veterans with similar interests, such as motorcycle riding. Rolling Project Odyssey offers a series of group rides for veterans.

### Soldier Ride

For the past 20 years, Wounded Warrior Project has organized its annual Soldier Ride, a multi-day cycling program. The Soldier Ride originated from the initiative of a single cyclist who completed a 5,000-mile coast-to-coast journey to honor post-9/11 injured veterans. Since then, Soldier Ride has organized events in cities across the United States. The rides focus on improving the management of stress, anxiety, and depression, and ways to mitigate the risk of suicide.

WWP provides all participants with adaptive cycling equipment or necessary modifications at no cost. Soldier Ride events also provide veterans with opportunities to network with other veterans and communities across the country.

In April 2023, a Soldier Ride started in Annapolis, Maryland, and ended in Lorton, Virginia. The nearly 30 participants visited the White House and met Vice President Kamala Harris. The January 2023 ride featured a 3-day bike ride starting in Miami, Florida, and ending in the Florida Keys. Participants in the ride were also invited to interact with dolphins at the Dolphin Research Center in the Florida Keys. In 2022, participants were invited to the White House to start the ride, where they were welcomed by President Joe Biden and First Lady Jill Biden. There was also a ride in the Chicago area in 2022, in which participants cycled about 60 miles in 3 days.

### Independence Program

Wounded Warrior Project's Independence Program offers support to veterans with brain injuries, spinal cord injuries, or other neurological conditions, and their caregivers. This program is for recovering veterans that are transitioning from a medical facility to their home environment to allow them to rely on themselves and become functionally independent. Through the program, veterans gain access to occupational therapy, social workers and rehab counselors on-site where they live, without having to pay any out of pocket costs. In 2020, Wounded Warrior Project invested $7.25 million to support veteran and military caregivers.

### Carry Forward

Wounded Warrior Project started its Carry Forward 5K run/walk in 2018. The event takes place in cities WWP is located in across the country, including San Diego, California; Jacksonville, Florida; San Antonio, Texas; and Nashville, Tennessee. Participants can also host virtual events to raise money to support WWP's free services for veterans, including mental health, career counseling and long-term rehabilitative care. Participants of Carry Forward can carry flags, weights, or another person to represent the responsibilities veterans carry during their service and to show support for veterans' sacrifice.

## Government affairs

The Government Affairs team advocates for legislation that helps veterans and their supporters. Several bills have passed, including the Traumatic Injury Protection Program (TSGLI), the Caregivers and Veterans Omnibus Health Services Act of 2010, the Ryan Kules and Paul Benne Specially Adaptive Housing Improvement Act of 2019, the Veteran Families Financial Support Act (2020) and the PACT Act (2022). WWP's legislative agenda is guided by the information in the organization's Annual Warrior Alumni Survey and encompasses issue areas spanning from veteran brain health and toxic exposure to women veteran issues.

In March 2014, WWP testified before Congress strongly supporting the bill "To amend title 38, United States Code, to provide veterans with counseling and treatment for sexual trauma that occurred during inactive duty training (H.R. 2527; 113th Congress)". The bill would extend a VA program of counseling, care and services for military sexual trauma that occurred during active duty or active duty for training to veterans who experienced such trauma during inactive duty training. The bill would alter current law, which allows access to such counseling only to active duty members of the military, so that members of the Reserves and National Guard would be eligible.

The WWP did a study of its alumni and found that, "almost half of the respondents indicated accessing care through VA for MST-related conditions was 'very difficult'. And of those who did not seek VA care, 41% did not know they were eligible for such care." The WWP also testified that in addition to expanding access to MST care, the VA needed to improve care itself, because veterans report "inadequate screening, providers who were either insensitive or lacked needed expertise and facilities ill-equipped to appropriately care for MST survivors."

In 2016, Wounded Warrior Project, along with 13 other veterans service organizations, lobbied for lawmakers to secure IVF funding for combat-wounded veterans.

In 2020, Wounded Warrior Project's Legislative Director, Derek Fronabarger, worked with Jon Stewart from The Daily Show to advocate on Toxic Exposure related issues for service members and veterans.

In 2022, Jose Ramos, vice president of government and community relations for the Wounded Warrior Project announced support, on behalf of WWP, for the Maj. Richard Star amendment, a House Bill that would make disabled war veterans with under 20 years of active service eligible for both disability and retirement benefits.

## Controversy

On May 27, 2014, Wounded Warrior Project filed a lawsuit against Dean Graham, a disabled veteran with PTSD, and his Help Indiana Vets, Inc. organization. After a court ruling, Graham retracted the allegations he leveled against Wounded Warrior Project and folded his direct-aid non-profit.

Wounded Warrior Project filed a lawsuit in October 2014 seeking damages and court costs against a Blandon, Pennsylvania, non-profit, Keystone Wounded Warriors, claiming confusing similarities between the Keystone and WWP logo; Hampton Roads, VA Channel 3 TV covered the Keystone story on April 30, 2015, and *Nonprofit Quarterly* covered the story with a title asking, is WWP "a 'Neighborhood Bully' among Veterans Groups?" Tim Mak also covered the suit for the *Daily Beast.*

After a reporter for the Tacoma, Washington *News Tribune* informed disabled veteran Airman Alex Graham, a blogger at the conspiracy website *Veterans Today*, of a pending lawsuit against him by the WWP, he removed his articles critical of their policies, later retracting his criticisms and issuing a public apology.

In 2016 and 2017, subsequent investigations by a Jacksonville, FL television station and the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee found that WWP "'inaccurately' reported the money it spent on veterans' programs by using 'inflated' numbers and 'misleading' advertisements."

In February 2017, the Better Business Bureau gave WWP a clean bill of financial health. A 2016 review said some media reporting contained information that was inaccurate.

## Donations and spending

In 2012, WWP spent US$114,817,090 on programs in support of wounded veterans, their families, and caregivers. From October 2022 through March 2023, WWP provided emergency financial assistance to approximately 1,800 registered veterans and their families, up from 657 the previous year. Each family typically receives several thousand dollars to help cover bills and expenses.

In 2013, a new employee mistakenly declined to accept a donation from Liberty Baptist Church in Fort Pierce, Florida, and issued this inadvertent statement to the church leaders in an email, "We must decline the opportunity to be the beneficiary of your event due to our fundraising event criteria, which doesn't allow community events to be religious in nature." Shortly after the church received this letter, a WWP spokesperson apologized and said that it was a miscommunication.

In June 2015, *The Daily Beast* reported that the WWP sells its donor information to third parties. It also alleged that WWP distributed what it deemed an insubstantial percentage of donations to actual wounded warriors, and that it overpaid its executive staff.

In January 2016, *The New York Times* reported that only 60 percent of the revenue of the Wounded Warrior Project was spent on programs to help veterans; the remaining 40 percent was overhead. It also reported claims of work environment coercion, and multiple terminations. That same month, CBS News disclosed that the WWP had grown to spend millions of dollars annually on team-building events.

In March 2016, Wounded Warrior Project's board of directors dismissed the charity's top two executives, Steven Nardizzi and Al Giordano, after hiring the law firm Simpson Thacher & Bartlett to perform an independent review of spending issues related to the company's funds. Board chairman Anthony Odierno was announced as temporarily taking control of the charity. And spending on conferences and meetings had increased from just under $2 million in 2010 to $26 million in 2014.

In October 2016, Charity Navigator dropped Wounded Warrior Project from its "watch list", and later boosted the nonprofit's score to a four-star rating (out of four stars).

In February 2017, the Better Business Bureau released a report clearing Wounded Warrior Project of the "lavish spending" allegations, and "found the organization's spending to be consistent with its programs and mission."

In April 2020, WWP donated $10 million to 10,000 of its ill and wounded service members during the COVID pandemic. This was the largest donation WWP had made to its members.

In 2022, MacKenzie Scott donated $15 million to Wounded Warrior Project, its largest individual gift to date.

## Charity ratings

According to a 2013 article in *Nonprofit Quarterly*, "Depending on the rater, the Wounded Warrior Project seems to have scored low (Charity Watch), high (BBB Wise Giving Alliance) or somewhere in the middle (Charity Navigator)". However, for the fiscal year ended 30 September 2016, Charity Watch assigned WWP a C+ rating (up from a D originally) and Charity Navigator published its rating for WWP on 1 February 2017 as "four out of four stars" (up from three). As of August 2018, that rating had dropped back down to 3 stars. According to Charity Navigator, WWP allocates 71 percent of its revenue to program and service expenses and the remaining balance pays to support those programs. As of 2023, the Wounded Warrior Project scores a 89% at Charity Navigator.

In January 2017, the Better Business Bureau's Wise Giving Alliance renewed its accreditation of WWP, for the next two years, as meeting the 20 standards for charity accountability.

In 2023, Wounded Warrior Project was named one of the NonProfit Times' Best Nonprofits to Work For, ranking 39 among all participating non-profit organizations.

## InfoBox

Wounded Warrior Project, CFC #11425
|
|  |
| Formation | 2003 |
| Type | Nonprofit 501(C)(3) Corporation |
| Purpose | Veterans services |
| Headquarters | Jacksonville, Florida |
| CEO | Walter E. Piatt |
| Key people | Lt. Gen. (Ret.) Ken Hunzeker (Board Chair)<br>Lt. Col. (Ret.) Bill Selman (Board Vice Chair) |
| Staff | 680 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Wounded child, no surviving family

abstract: "Wounded child, no surviving family" (WCNSF) is a medical and humanitarian crisis term which appeared during the Gaza war and humanitarian crisis (2023-present). It is estimated that 17,000 children fall in this category. This number changing up due to additional WCNSF from the ongoing violences and down due to children finally reconnecting with family members.

text:
# Wounded child, no surviving family

"**Wounded child, no surviving family**" (**WCNSF**) is a medical and humanitarian crisis term which appeared during the Gaza war and humanitarian crisis (2023-present). It is estimated that 17,000 children fall in this category. This number changing up due to additional WCNSF from the ongoing violences and down due to children finally reconnecting with family members.

1. "'Wounded child, no surviving family': The pain of Gaza's orphans". 2023-12-04. Retrieved 2024-07-22.
2. "Inside Gaza's overwhelmed hospital system, doctors have coined a new term for wounded children arriving alone". *ABC News*. 2023-12-05. Retrieved 2024-07-22.
3. Ali, Soraya (2024-04-20). "Gaza hospitals coin WCNSF acronym: Wounded child, no surviving family". *EL PAÍS English*. Retrieved 2024-07-22.
4. "Gaza coins a new acronym: WCNSF - Wounded Child No Surviving Family". 2023-11-07.
5. "In Gaza, wounded children with no surviving family". 2023-10-17. Retrieved 2024-07-22.
6. Grim, Ryan (2024-03-02). "WCNSF: The Most Haunting Acronym the World Has Produced". *The Intercept*. Retrieved 2024-07-22.


title: Wristlock

abstract: A wristlock is a joint lock primarily affecting the wrist-joint and, in some cases, the radioulnar joints through rotation of the hand. A wristlock is typically applied by grabbing the opponent's hand, and bending and/or twisting it. Wristlocks are very common in martial arts such as chin-na, aikido, hapkido and jujutsu where they are featured as self-defense techniques. They are also used as submission holds in martial arts such as Brazilian jiu-jitsu and catch wrestling. While being an illegal technique in modern sambo and judo competitions, it is still practiced in judo forms of self-defense kata kōdōkan goshinjutsu. Wristlocks are also widely used as pain compliance holds, often in police, military, and residential treatment centers. The wristlock is a technique that can be applied from a stand-up position, simply by grabbing the opponent's hand and twisting and/or bending it in a non-natural direction. It is considered to be a relatively safe technique to practice with a willing opponent, but if applied suddenly and/or forcefully, a wristlock can cause ligament tears or possibly even dislocation or bone fractures. Mixed martial arts (MMA) organizations usually allow wrist locks, but they are rarely performed as a result of the grappling gloves and wrist wraps typically worn by MMA fighters, which both restrict the movement of the wrist. Wrist locks are seen as being easy to defend against, and often leave the attacker vulnerable to punches and elbow strikes.

text:
# Wristlock

A **wristlock** is a joint lock primarily affecting the wrist-joint and, in some cases, the radioulnar joints through rotation of the hand. A wristlock is typically applied by grabbing the opponent's hand, and bending and/or twisting it. Wristlocks are very common in martial arts such as chin-na, aikido, hapkido and jujutsu where they are featured as self-defense techniques. They are also used as submission holds in martial arts such as Brazilian jiu-jitsu (where the most common name is *mão de vaca*, "the cow's hand") and catch wrestling. While being an illegal technique in modern sambo and judo competitions, it is still practiced in judo forms of self-defense kata kōdōkan goshinjutsu. Wristlocks are also widely used as pain compliance holds, often in police, military, and residential treatment centers.

The wristlock is a technique that can be applied from a stand-up position, simply by grabbing the opponent's hand and twisting and/or bending it in a non-natural direction. It is considered to be a relatively safe technique to practice with a willing opponent, but if applied suddenly and/or forcefully, a wristlock can cause ligament tears or possibly even dislocation or bone fractures.

Mixed martial arts (MMA) organizations usually allow wrist locks, but they are rarely performed as a result of the grappling gloves and wrist wraps typically worn by MMA fighters, which both restrict the movement of the wrist. Wrist locks are seen as being easy to defend against, and often leave the attacker vulnerable to punches and elbow strikes.

## Types

### Rotational

A **rotational wristlock** (in budo referred to as *kote hineri*, and in Aikido referred to as a type of *sankyō*, 三教, "third teaching") is a very common type of wristlock, and involves forced supination or pronation of the wrist, and is typically applied by grabbing and twisting the hand. The wrist joint does not allow rotating motion, and the force is transferred to the forearm causing radioulnar rotation, eventually resulting in a joint lock on the radioulnar joint. Once the radius and ulna have been brought to their extreme positions, further twisting motion will put severe torque on the wrist. In martial arts, standing rotational wristlocks are often accompanied by the opponent instinctively throwing him or herself to escape or alleviate the lock.

### Supinating

The **supinating wristlock** (in budō referred to as *kote gaeshi*, 小手返, "forearm return") is a rotational wristlock, and arguably the most common wristlock. It involves rotating the hand so that it becomes maximally supinated, often referred to as 'externally rotating' the wrist, and hence putting a joint lock on the wrist and radioulnar joint. This can be done by grabbing the opponent's hand with one or both hands, and twisting the hand so that the opponent's thumb points away from the opponent. A supinating wristlock performed from a stand-up position can be used to force the opponent to the ground on his or her back. Straightening the arm does not alleviate the pressure, since the shoulder joint does not allow further supination of the hand.

A properly executed lock of this type does not apply torque to the wrist itself. In practice, the bones of the forearm and, eventually, the shoulder are the focus of the lock. If performed correctly, this technique will break the opponents wrist, elbow and dislocate the shoulder. In practice, uke will turn over his own arm in order to prevent his wrist from breaking. The goal of almost all throws executed via joint/bone manipulation, at least from the perspective of some classical (koryu) martial arts, is to break or dislocate a limb(s).

### Pronating

The **pronating wristlock** (in budō referred to as *kote mawashi*, 小手回し, "forearm turn", and in Aikido referred to as *nikyō*, 二教, "second teaching") is similar to the supinating wristlock except that it is reversed in direction, known as 'internally rotating' the wrist. The hand becomes maximally pronated, resulting in a joint lock on the wrist and radioulnar joint. The degree of possible pronation depends on the degree of flexion at the elbow, as a bent elbow inhibits rotation of the humerus. Hence, straightening the arm allows rotation of the whole arm and alleviates the pressure on the joints. The arm has to be additionally twisted until the shoulder joint reaches maximal rotation to preserve the joint lock. This typically results in the arm moving posteriorly, and allows for the complementary technique of pushing the arm at the elbow or shoulder to force the opponent to the ground.

### Hyperflexing

A **hyperflexing wristlock** (commonly referred to as a "gooseneck")(in budō referred to as *tekubi gatame*, 手首固め, "wrist lock") involves forcing the wrist into hyperflexion by pushing or pulling the hand towards the inside of the forearm. A hyperflexing wristlock is often performed in combination with rotational wristlocks, since the hyperflexed hand provides a good lever for twisting, and in addition it increases the overall effectiveness of the wristlock. Hyperflexing wristlocks are often featured as pain compliance techniques, since they allow for good control, and a gradual pain increase if more leverage is added. Hyperflexing wristlocks are also a typical wristlock used as a submission hold. Hyperflexing wrist locks, often applied after an escape from a rotational wrist lock, is a signature technique in Chen-style tai chi.

### Hyperextending

The "hyperextending wristlock" is often combined with a fingerlock as the wristlock itself is not very strong. It involves bending the wrist so that the knuckles travel back toward the forearm.

### Adductive

An **adductive wristlock** (in budō referred to as *kote hono gaeshi*, "partial forearm return", part of aikido's nikyō, or second teaching, in its *ura* form) involves forced ulnar deviation of the hand. It is typically applied by twisting the opponent's arm so that the opponent's palm points laterally and the elbow is slightly bent. The hand is then grabbed using one or both hands, and the wrist is forced downwards, hence reaching the limit of possible ulnar deviation, and creating a potent joint lock on the wrist joint. To avoid damage, it is possible for the opponent to drop down to the ground, and alleviate the pressure. The adductive wristlock is often taught as a self-defense technique against grabbing. It is also commonly referred to as a "Z-Lock" because the bend of the arm forms a Z. In some parts of America this is also called the "Goose Neck" because the bend of the arm forms a S.

### Main references

* United States Marine Corps (1999). *MCRP 3-02B Close Combat*. Department of the Navy. Commercial ISBN 1-58160-073-9
* University of York Jiu Jitsu Club. Wrist Locks in Jiu Jitsu. *www.yorkjitsu.org*. URL last accessed February 8, 2006.

### Other references

## InfoBox

| Wristlock | |
| --- | --- |
| A pronating wristlock used to hold a man's head down | |
| Classification | Joint-lock |
| Style | *Jujutsu* |


title: Wright R-1820 Cyclone

abstract: The Wright R-1820 Cyclone 9 is an American radial engine developed by Curtiss-Wright, widely used on aircraft in the 1930s through 1950s. It was produced under license in France as the Hispano-Suiza 9V or Hispano-Wright 9V, and in the Soviet Union as the Shvetsov M-25.

text:
# Wright R-1820 Cyclone

The **Wright R-1820 Cyclone 9** is an American radial engine developed by Curtiss-Wright, widely used on aircraft in the 1930s through 1950s. It was produced under license in France as the **Hispano-Suiza 9V** or **Hispano-Wright 9V**, and in the Soviet Union as the Shvetsov M-25.

## Design and development

The R-1820 Cyclone 9 represented a further development of the Wright P-2 engine dating back to 1925. Featuring a greater displacement and a host of improvements, the R-1820 entered production in 1931. The engine remained in production well into the 1950s.

The R-1820 was built under license by Lycoming, Pratt & Whitney Canada, and also, during World War II, by the Studebaker Corporation. The Soviet Union had purchased a license for the design, and the Shvetsov *OKB* was formed to metricate the American specification powerplant for Soviet government-factory production as the *M-25*, with the R-1820's general design features used by the Shvetsov design bureau for many of their future radials for the Soviet air forces through the 1940s and onwards. In Spain the R-1820 was license-built as the *Hispano-Suiza 9V* or *Hispano-Wright 9V*.

The R-1820 was at the heart of many famous aircraft including early Douglas airliners (the prototype DC-1, the DC-2, the first civil versions of the DC-3, and the limited-production DC-5), every wartime example of the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress and Douglas SBD Dauntless bombers, the early versions of the Polikarpov I-16 fighter (as the M-25), and the Piasecki H-21 helicopter.

The R-1820 also found limited use in armoured vehicles. The G-200 variant developed 900 hp (670 kW) at 2,300 rpm and powered the strictly experimental M6 Heavy Tank.

### D-200 Diesel

The Wright R-1820 was converted to a diesel during World War II by Caterpillar Inc. as the D-200 and produced 450 hp (340 kW) at 2,000 rpm in the M4A6 Sherman.

## Variants

R-1820-04 700 hp (520 kW) R-1820-1 575 hp (429 kW) R-1820-4 770 hp (570 kW) R-1820-19 675 hp (503 kW) R-1820-21 690 hp (510 kW) R-1820-22 950 hp (710 kW) R-1820-25 675 hp (503 kW), 750 hp (560 kW), 775 hp (578 kW) R-1820-32 1,000 hp (750 kW) XR-1820-32 800 hp (600 kW) R-1820-33 775 hp (578 kW) R-1820-34 940 hp (700 kW), 950 hp (710 kW) R-1820-34A 1,200 hp (890 kW) R-1820-40/42 1,100 hp (820 kW), 1,200 hp (890 kW) R-1820-41 850 hp (630 kW) R-1820-45 800 hp (600 kW), 930 hp (690 kW) R-1820-49 975 hp (727 kW) R-1820-50 850 hp (630 kW) R-1820-52 1,000 hp (750 kW) R-1820-53 930 hp (690 kW), 1,000 hp (750 kW) R-1820-56 1,200 hp (890 kW), 1,350 hp (1,010 kW) R-1820-57 1,060 hp (790 kW) R-1820-60 1,200 hp (890 kW) R-1820-62 1,350 hp (1,010 kW) R-1820-66 1,200 hp (895 kW), 1,350 hp (1,007 kW) R-1820-67/69 1,200 hp (890 kW), fitted with turbosupercharger R-1820-72W 1,350 hp (1,010 kW), 1,425 hp (1,063 kW) R-1820-74W 1,500 hp (1,100 kW) R-1820-76A,B,C,D 1,425 hp (1,063 kW) R-1820-77 1,200 hp (890 kW) R-1820-78 700 hp (522 kW), 1,100 hp (820 kW) R-1820-80 700 hp (520 kW), 1,535 hp (1,145 kW) R-1820-82WA 1,525 hp (1,137 kW) R-1820-84 1,525 hp (1,137 kW) R-1820-86 1,425 hp (1,063 kW) R-1820-97 1,200 hp (890 kW), fitted with turbosupercharger R-1820-103 1,425 hp (1,063 kW) SGR-1820-F3 710 hp (530 kW), 720 hp (540 kW) SGR-1820-F2 720 hp (540 kW) R-1820-F53 770 hp (570 kW) R-1820-F56 790 hp (590 kW) GR-1820-G2 1,000 hp (750 kW) R-1820-G3 840 hp (630 kW) R-1820-G5 950 hp (710 kW) R-1820-G101 1,100 hp (820 kW) R-1820-G102 775 hp (578 kW) GR-1820-G102A 1,100 hp (820 kW) R-1820-G102A 1,100 hp (820 kW) R-1820-G102A 1,100 hp (820 kW) R-1820-G202A 1,200 hp (890 kW) R-1820-G103 1,000 hp (750 kW) R-1820-G105 1,000 hp (750 kW) R-1820-G205A 1,200 hp (890 kW)

Notes: Unit numbers ending with **W** indicate engine variants fitted with water-methanol emergency power boost systems.

### Hispano-Suiza 9V

The Hispano-Suiza 9V is a licence-built version of the R-1820.

Hispano-Suiza 9Vr9V with reduction gear Hispano-Suiza 9Vb Hispano-Suiza 9Vbrvariant of the 9Vb with reduction gear Hispano-Suiza 9Vbrsvariant of the 9Vb with reduction gear and supercharger Hispano-Suiza 9Vbsvariant of the 9Vb with supercharger Hispano-Suiza 9Vdvariant of the 9V Hispano-Suiza 9V-10429 kW (575 hp) driving fixed-pitch propeller Hispano-Suiza 9V-11as -10 but RH rotation Hispano-Suiza 9V-16480 kW (650 hp) driving variable-pitch propeller, LH rotation Hispano-Suiza 9V-17as -16 but RH rotation

## Applications

### Vehicles

## Engines on display

Preserved Wright R-1820 engines are on display at the following museums:

## Specifications (GR-1820-G2)

*Data from* *Jane's*.

### General characteristics

* **Type:** Nine-cylinder single-row supercharged air-cooled radial engine
* **Bore:** 6.125 in (155.6 mm)
* **Stroke:** 6.875 in (174.6 mm)
* **Displacement:** 1,823 cu in (29.87 L)
* **Length:** 47.76 in (1,213 mm)
* **Diameter:** 54.25 in (1,378 mm)
* **Dry weight:** 1,184 lb (537 kg)

### Components

### Performance

**Related development**

**Comparable engines**

**Related lists**

## Bibliography

* Bridgman, L, (ed.) (1998) *Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II.* Crescent. ISBN 0-517-67964-7.
* Conners, Chris (2013). "Medium Tank M4 Sherman". *American Fighting Vehicle Database*. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
* Eden, Paul & Soph Moeng, *The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft.* Amber Books Ltd. Bradley's Close, 74-77 White Lion Street, London, NI 9PF, 2002, ISBN 0-7607-3432-1.
* Gunston, Bill. *World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines: From the Pioneers to the Present Day*. 5th edition, Stroud, UK: Sutton, 2006.ISBN 0-7509-4479-X
* White, Graham. *Allied Aircraft Piston Engines of World War II: History and Development of Frontline Aircraft Piston Engines Produced by Great Britain and the United States During World War II*. Warrendale, Pennsylvania: SAE International, 1995. ISBN 1-56091-655-9
* Lage, Manual (2004). *Hispano Suiza in Aeronautics*. Warrendale, USA: SAE International. ISBN 0-7680-0997-9.
* "Aircraft Engines in Armored Vehicles". Archived from the original on 2006-10-07. Retrieved 2006-10-03.

## InfoBox

| R-1820 Cyclone | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Curtiss-Wright R-1820 Cyclone Radial Engine | |
| Type | Radial engine |
| National origin | United States |
| Manufacturer | Wright Aeronautical |
| First run | 1930s |
| Major applications | Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress
Curtiss P-36 Hawk
Douglas B-18 Bolo
Douglas DC-3
Douglas SBD Dauntless
General Motors FM-2 Wildcat
Sikorsky H-34
North American T-28 Trojan |
| Number built | 47,475 |
| Variants | Shvetsov M-25 |
| Developed into | Wright R-2600
Wright R-3350 |


title: World Music & Independent Film Festival

abstract: World Music & Independent Film Festival (WMIFF) is an international film festival that takes place annually in Washington D.C.. Held in the third week of August the seven-day festival is a showcase of independent filmmakers and musicians from around the world.

text:
# World Music & Independent Film Festival

***World Music & Independent Film Festival*** (**WMIFF**) is an international film festival that takes place annually in Washington D.C.. Held in the third week of August the seven-day festival is a showcase of independent filmmakers and musicians from around the world.

## History

WMIFF was established in 2010 by actor, producer Master June Daguiso to celebrate and provide a platform of achievements for international cinema artists. Dedicated to building a global film community and supporting emerging filmmakers, WMIFF offers all selected artists exceptional exposure with an inclusive vibe that has won over alumni, attendees, and industry members alike. WMIFF festivities are open to all, featuring some of the most talented artists in both film and music.

The inaugural year of 2010 was attended by notable celebrities including Academy Award winning actor Louis Gossett Jr, Actress Cynthia Rothrock, Actor Tray Chaney, Filipino experimental guitarist and actor, Edrew Cardano, Tibetan music composer and Grammy Award nominee Nawang Khechog, Filmmaker Al Sutton, Actor Warrington Gillette of Friday The 13th Part 2 fame, Actor Robert Z’Dar.

At each festival a number of awards are given by an international jury. This week-long festival highlights includes opening and closing night celebrations, a festival centerpiece presentation, special spotlight on South East Asia Films, International music videos, concluding with a Red Carpet Black tie event held at the Washington Plaza Hotel in Washington D.C. The festival attracts celebrities, media journalists, civic and community leaders, film crews and film enthusiasts from around the globe, as well as the D.C. metropolitan area which includes Virginia and Maryland. In the last fours years attendees included award-winning personalities including Academy Award nominee singer-songwriter Carol Connors, Grammy Award Winner Nawang Khechong, Acclaimed filmmaker Rohit Gupta, Emmy Award Winners David Lago and Merrie Lynn Ross, two times Grammy Award nominated musician Cisco Steel, Award-winning Actress Dipti Mehta. and Steven Bauer best known for Scarface and Ray Donovan.

UE Student Edrew Cardano to Represent the Country at World Music Fest

1. "University of the East – Tomorrow Begins in the East".

## InfoBox

World Music & Independent Film Festival
| Location | Washington, D.C., United States |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2010 |
| No. of films | 2000 |
| Website | www.wmiff.net |


title: World Music (Goat album)

abstract: World Music is the debut album by Swedish alternative band Goat that was released on 20 August 2012 on Stranded Rekords (Sweden) and Rocket Recordings (UK). It was hailed as one of the best albums of 2012 by The Guardian newspaper. The album entered the Swedish Albums Chart at number 8 on week ending 19 October 2012.

text:
# World Music (Goat album)

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 87/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| *The Austin Chronicle* |  |
| *Clash* | 8/10 |
| *Drowned in Sound* | 7/10 |
| *Gaffa* (Swedish edition) |  |
| *The Guardian* |  |
| *The Line of Best Fit* | 8/10 |
| *musicOMH* |  |
| *Pitchfork* | 8.1/10 |
| *PopMatters* | 8/10 |

***World Music*** is the debut album by Swedish alternative band Goat that was released on 20 August 2012 on Stranded Rekords (Sweden) and Rocket Recordings (UK). It was hailed as one of the best albums of 2012 by *The Guardian* newspaper.

The album entered the Swedish Albums Chart at number 8 on week ending 19 October 2012.

## Track listing

1. "Diarabi" (2:56)
2. "Goatman" (4:15)
3. "Goathead" (5:40)
4. "Disco Fever" (4:24)
5. "Golden Dawn" (2:50)
6. "Let It Bleed" (3:54)
7. "Run to Your Mama" (2:22)
8. "Goatlord" (3:04)
9. "Det som aldrig förändras / Diarabi" (7:44)

## Charts

| Chart (2012) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) | 8 |
|

## InfoBox

| World Music | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Goat | |
| Released | 20 August 2012 |
| Recorded | 2012 |
| Genre | Psychedelic rock |
| Length | 37:39 |
| Label | Rocket Recordings |
| Goat chronology | |
| ***World Music***
(2012) *Commune*
(2014) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *World Music* | |
| 1. "Goatman"
Released: 20 February 2012 | |
|  | |


title: Wrexham Grosvenor F.C.

abstract: Wrexham Grosvenor Football Club was a Welsh football club based in Wrexham, who played in the Welsh Cup in the 1879–80 and 1880–81 seasons. The football club are first mentioned in 1876, however a cricket club of the same name existed at least a year earlier. In 1877 at a meeting held at The Walnut Tree, Wrexham, Mr F Jones was selected as club captain, with Mr J Grant as vice-captain. The following year Mr T Jones was captain, with Mr E Hopkins as vice-captain. The club are last mentioned in 1893, and are presumed to have folded around this time. They played their home fixtures at Mr Snape's Field, Chester Road, Wrexham.

text:
# Wrexham Grosvenor F.C.

**Wrexham Grosvenor Football Club** was a Welsh football club based in Wrexham, who played in the Welsh Cup in the 1879–80 and 1880–81 seasons. The football club are first mentioned in 1876, however a cricket club of the same name existed at least a year earlier.

In 1877 at a meeting held at The Walnut Tree, Wrexham, Mr F Jones was selected as club captain, with Mr J Grant as vice-captain. The following year Mr T Jones was captain, with Mr E Hopkins as vice-captain.

The club are last mentioned in 1893, and are presumed to have folded around this time. They played their home fixtures at Mr Snape's Field, Chester Road, Wrexham.

## Cup history

| Season | Competition | Round | Opposition | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1879–80 | Welsh Cup | First Round | Wrexham Albion | 1–2 |
| 1880–81 | | | Northwich Victoria | 0–3 |

## Notable players

## InfoBox

Wrexham Grosvenor
| Full name | Wrexham Grosvenor Football Club |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | Grosvenor |
| Founded | c. 1876 |
| Dissolved | c. 1893 |
| Ground | Mr Snape's Field, Chester Road |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Wright v. Rockefeller

abstract: Wright v. Rockefeller, 376 U.S. 52 (1964), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that in cases involving allegations of improper racial gerrymandering, where the evidence was "equally, or more, persuasive" that racial considerations had not motivated the state legislature, the court will give deference to the findings of the district court.

text:
# Wright v. Rockefeller

***Wright v. Rockefeller***, 376 U.S. 52 (1964), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that in cases involving allegations of improper racial gerrymandering, where the evidence was "equally, or more, persuasive" that racial considerations had not motivated the state legislature, the court will give deference to the findings of the district court.

## Factual and procedural background

Appellants, a group of citizens and registered voters in the Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Congressional Districts in Manhattan brought suit against New York state officials, including then Governor Nelson Rockefeller, in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York challenging the constitutionality of the portion of New York's 1961 congressional apportionment statute which defined the four districts. The District Court permitted Congressman Adam Clayton Powell, who represented the Eighteenth District, along with several other New York County officials, to intervene as defendants supporting the constitutionality of the statute. The appellants claimed that apportionment statute deprived them of rights guaranteed by the Due Process and Equal protection portions of the Fourteenth Amendment and by the Fifteenth Amendment, which prohibit the government from denying or abridging the right to vote on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Specifically, they claimed that the statute "establish\[ed\] irrational, discriminatory and unequal Congressional Districts in the County of New York and segregat\[ed\] eligible voters by race and place of origin."

The case was heard by a three judge panel of the District Court. Appellants presented maps, statistics, and other evidence demonstrating that African-Americans and Puerto Ricans comprised 86.3 per cent of the Eighteenth District, 28.5 per cent of the Nineteenth District, 27.5 per cent of the Twentieth District, but only 5.1 per cent of the Seventeenth District. A majority of the District Court panel found that appellants had not made out their case. One judge concluded that "no proof was offered by any party that the specific boundaries created by \[the statute\] were drawn on racial lines or that the Legislature was motivated by considerations of race, creed or country or origin in creating the districts." One judge dissented, viewing the evidence as "tantamount for all practical purposes, to a mathematical demonstration" that the legislation was "solely concerned with segregating" white voters from non-whites.

## Court's Decision

Four justices wrote opinions in this case. Justice Black wrote for the majority, and was joined by 6 other justices, including Justice Harlan, who also wrote a concurring opinion. Justices Douglas and Goldberg each wrote dissenting opinions, and each joined the others opinion.

### The majority decision

The Court began with a recitation of the relevant factual and procedural background, and then turned to first question presented in the statement, whether "appellants sustained their burden of providing that the portion of \[the statute\] which delineates the boundaries of the Congressional districts in Manhattan Island segregates eligible voters by race and place of origin in violation \[of the Constitution\]." The Court accepted the findings of the majority of the District Court that the appellants failed to prove that the New York Legislature was either motivated by racial considerations or in fact drew the districts on racial lines. The Court accepted that there may have been evidence which could have supported an inference that the legislature was moved by racial considerations, but found that there was also evidence supporting the contrary inference that was "equally, or more, persuasive." The Court accepted the finding that appellants failed to demonstrate that the statute was "the product of a state contrivance to segregate on the basis of race or place of origin," and therefore upheld the District Court's decision.

### Harlan's concurring opinion

Justice Harlan joined the opinion of the Court, but wrote separately, in a paragraph long concurrence, to comment that he believed that this case was governed by entirely different principles than in *Wesberry v. Sanders*, a case that had also been decided that day.

### Douglas' dissenting opinion

Justice Douglas dissented, arguing that the case raised a similar question to the issue raised in *Gomillion v. Lightfoot*, where racial gerrymandering was used to deprive African Americans on the right to vote. Douglas argued that though the right to vote was not being deprived, the redistricting was concentrating minority voters in particular districts and excluding them from others.

Douglas recited the relevant facts, and concluded that "\[t\]he record strongly suggests that these twists and turns producing an 11-sided, step-shaped boundary between the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Districts were made to bring into the Eighteenth District and keep out of the Seventeenth as many Negroes and Puerto Ricans as possible." Although he admitted that the District Court had not made such a finding, Justice Douglas concluded that, absent any rebuttal or challenge by the State, the only inference that could be drawn from the facts was that it was "not possible to say 'that race is irrelevant to districting.'"

Douglas next addressed the argument advanced by the intervening parties that the districting plan was beneficial to minorities, because it allowed minority politicians an advantage in heavily minority districts. Douglas rejected this argument, referring to it as the theory of "separate but better off," and writing "\[t\]he fact that Negro political leaders find advantage in this nearly solid Negro and Puerto Rican district is irrelevant to our problem. Rotten boroughs were long a curse of democratic processes. Racial boroughs are also at war with democratic standards."

Finally, Douglas compared the situation in the Manhattan districts to the Electoral Register System that the British instituted in India, and was also used in Lebanon. Under that system, constituencies were separated by religion. Douglas wrote that "Racial electoral registers, like religious ones, have no place in a society that honors the Lincoln tradition — 'of the people, by the people, for the people.'" Such a system, Douglas argued, "is a divisive force in a community, emphasizing differences between candidates and voters that are irrelevant in the constitutional sense."

### Goldberg's dissenting opinion

Justice Goldberg wrote a separate dissent, arguing that the appellants had satisfied their burden of establishing that district boundaries had been purposefully drawn on racial lines. Goldberg rejected the conclusion that the District Court had found to the contrary. The decision from the three-judge District Court contained a separate opinion for each, therefore, Goldberg argued that the District Court had made no findings of fact at all. He then went on to discuss and criticize the constitutional standards applied by each of the District Court judges. In this light, he argued that the majority’s grounds for their decision, i.e., accepting the findings and constitutional standards of the District Court, was meaningless and an abdication of the Supreme Court’s responsibilities. Goldberg further stated that the appellants had made sufficient showings of racially discriminatory intent in the redistricting plan to pursue their case.

## Further reading

* Engstrom, Richard L.; Wildgen, John K. (1977). "Pruning Thorns from the Thicket: An Empirical Test of the Existence of Racial Gerrymandering". *Legislative Studies Quarterly*. **2** (4). Comparative Legislative Research Center: 465–479. doi:10.2307/439420. JSTOR 439420.
* O'Loughlin, John (1992). "The Identification and Evaluation of Racial Gerrymandering". *Annals of the Association of American Geographers*. **72** (2): 165–184. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1982.tb01817.x.

## InfoBox

| Wright v. Rockefeller | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued November 19, 1963
Decided February 17, 1964 | |
| Full case name | *Wright et al. v. Rockefeller, Governor of New York, et al.* |
| Citations | 376 U.S. 52 (*more*)84 S. Ct. 603; 11 L. Ed. 2d 512; 1964 U.S. LEXIS 1774 |
| Case history | |
| Prior | *Judgment for defendants, injunction denied* 211 F. Supp. 460 (S.D.N.Y. 1962) |
| Holding | |
| A New York statute that delineated the boundaries of the congressional district in Manhattan Island did not segregate eligible voters by race and place of origin in violation of the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment and in violation of the Fifteenth Amendment. Judgment of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York affirmed. | |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice Earl Warren  Associate Justices Hugo Black **·**  William O. Douglas
Tom C. Clark **·**  John M. Harlan II
William J. Brennan Jr. **·**  Potter Stewart
Byron White **·**  Arthur Goldberg | |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | Black, joined by Warren, Clark, Harlan, Brennan, Stewart, White |
| Concurrence | Harlan |
| Dissent | Douglas, joined by Goldberg |
| Dissent | Goldberg, joined by Douglas |
| Laws applied | |
| U.S. Const. Amend. XIV; U.S. Const. Amend. XV; N.Y. State Law § 111. | |


title: Sarah Rees Brennan

abstract: Sarah Rees Brennan is an Irish writer best known for young adult fantasy fiction. Her first novel, The Demon's Lexicon, was released June 2009 by Simon & Schuster. Rees Brennan's books are bestsellers in both the UK and USA.

text:
# Sarah Rees Brennan

**Sarah Rees Brennan** (born 21 September 1983) is an Irish writer best known for young adult fantasy fiction. Her first novel, *The Demon's Lexicon*, was released June 2009 by Simon & Schuster. Rees Brennan's books are bestsellers in both the UK and USA.

## Life and career

Rees Brennan was born in Ireland. She obtained a Creative Writing MA from Kingston University in London and worked as a librarian in Surrey, England before moving to Dublin where she currently lives.

Rees Brennan has been writing since the age of five. She has a blog on LiveJournal which has over 4000 subscribers.

She wrote her first novel, *The Demon's Lexicon*, while studying for her Creative Writing MA. The publishing house Simon & Schuster obtained a three-book contract deal with her which involved an undisclosed six-figure sum. Since then she has written and collaborated on many bestselling and award-nominated works including *In Other Lands* and her tie-in work with Netflix. Rees Brennan's most recent novel is*Long Live Evil*which debuted on the USA Today's best seller list and was a number one best seller on the Sunday Times in the UK.

Rees Brennan is a cancer survivor, having been diagnosed with stage 4 Hodgkins Lymphoma in 2017.

## Awards and honors

Three of Brennan's books are Junior Library Guild books: *Untold* (2014), *Unmade* (2014), and *In Other Lands* (2017).

*The Demon's Lexicon* received starred reviews from *Kirkus Reviews*, *Bulletin*, and *School Library Journal*.

In 2017, *The New York Times* included *In Other Lands* on their list of the fall's best young adult fantasy novels.

Awards for Brennan's writing
| Year | Title | Award | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | *The Demon's Lexicon* | Leeds Book Award | Finalist |  |
| | 2009 | Cybils Award for Young Adult Speculative | Finalist |  |
| | 2010 | ALA Best Fiction for Young Adults | Top 10 |  |
| | Carnegie Medal | Longlisted |  |
| 2013 | *Unspoken* | ALA Best Fiction for Young Adults | Selection |  |
| 2014 | *Team Human* | Amazing Audiobooks for Young Adults | Selection |  |
| | *Unmade* | Andre Norton Award | Finalist |  |
| 2017 | *In Other Lands* | Bisexual Book Award for Teen/Young Adult Fiction | **Winner** |  |
| | Goodreads Choice Award for Best Young Adult Fantasy & Science Fiction | Nominee |  |
| | 2018 | European Science Fiction Society Award for Best Work of Fiction | Finalist |  |
| | Locus Award for Best Young Adult Book | Finalist |  |
| | Lodestar Award for Best Young Adult Book | Finalist |  |
| | 2019 | ALA Rainbow Book List | Selection |  |
| | Mythopoeic Award for Adult Literature | Finalist |  |

## Publications

### Novels

#### Demon's Lexicon Trilogy

#### Lynburn Legacy

* *Unspoken*, June 2012 (Book 1)
* *Untold*, August 2013 (Book 2)
* *Unmade*, 2014 (Book 3)
* *The Spring Before I Met You*, September 2012 (Book 0.25)
* *The Summer Before I Met You*, September 2012 (Book 0.5)
* *The Night After I Lost You* (Book 1.5)

#### Chilling Adventures of Sabrina

* *Season of the Witch* (Book 1), July 2019
* *Daughter of Chaos* (Book 2), December 2019
* *Path of Night* (Book 3), May 2020

#### C.S. Pacat's Fence novelisations

* *Fence: Striking Distance*, September 2020
* *Fence: Disarmed*, May 2021

#### Shadowhunters Universe

#### Fate: The Winx Saga

* *The Fairies' Path*, as Ava Corrigan, March 2021
* *Lighting the Fire*, August 2022

#### Other

* *Tell the Wind and Fire*, April 2016
* *In Other Lands*, August 2017
* *Long Live Evil*, August 2024

### Short fiction

* "Undead Is Very Hot Right Now" in *The Eternal Kiss*, ed. Trisha Telep
* "The Spy Who Never Grew Up" in *Kiss Me Deadly,* ed. Trisha Telep
* "Queen of Atlantis" in *Subterranean Press Magazine: Summer 2011*, ed. Gwenda Bond
* "Lets Get This Undead Show on the Road" in *Enthralled: Paranormal Diversions*, ed. Melissa Marr
* "Faint Heart" in *After*, ed. Ellen Datlow and Terri Windling
* "Treasure and Maidens" in *Scheherazade's Facade*, ed. Michael M. Jones
* "I Gave You My Love by the Light of The Moon" in *Defy the Dark*, ed. Saundra Mitchell
* "Beauty and the Chad" in *Grim*, ed. Christine Johnson
* "Wings in the Morning" in 'Monstrous Affections', ed. Kelly Link

## InfoBox

| Sarah Rees Brennan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1983-09-21) 21 September 1983<br>Ireland |
| Occupation | Writer |
| Nationality | Irish |
| Alma mater | Kingston University London |
| Period | 21st century |
| Genre | Young adult fantasy |
| Notable works |  |
| Website | |
| sarahreesbrennan.com | |


title: Saleema Nawaz

abstract: Saleema Nawaz is a Canadian author whose works of short fiction have been published in literary journals such as Prairie Fire, PRISM International, Grain, The Dalhousie Review, and The New Quarterly. Nawaz was born in Ottawa, Ontario and later moved to Winnipeg, Manitoba in order to study English at the University of Manitoba, where she received her M.A. with a creative writing thesis. Her first complete collection of short fiction, entitled Mother Superior, was published by Freehand Books in 2008. Nawaz completed her first novel, Bone and Bread, published by Anansi Press in 2013, while residing in Montreal, Quebec.

text:
# Saleema Nawaz

**Saleema Nawaz** (born 1979) is a Canadian author whose works of short fiction have been published in literary journals such as *Prairie Fire*, *PRISM International*, *Grain*, *The Dalhousie Review*, and *The New Quarterly*. Nawaz was born in Ottawa, Ontario and later moved to Winnipeg, Manitoba in order to study English at the University of Manitoba, where she received her M.A. with a creative writing thesis. Her first complete collection of short fiction, entitled *Mother Superior*, was published by Freehand Books in 2008. Nawaz completed her first novel, *Bone and Bread*, published by Anansi Press in 2013, while residing in Montreal, Quebec.

## Biography

### Early life in Ottawa

Saleema Nawaz was born in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. An only child, Nawaz was raised solely by her Caucasian Nova Scotian mother in the Ottawa neighbourhood of Centretown, in the absence of her Indian father. Nawaz claims to have begun showing interest in writing fiction as early as the first grade. During her high school years she attended Lisgar Collegiate Institute, a public school near her Centretown home. Upon graduation from high school Nawaz attended Carleton University in Ottawa, where she graduated with a Bachelor of Humanities.

### Winnipeg, Banff, and Montreal

After receiving a Bachelor of Humanities at Carleton, Nawaz moved to Winnipeg, Manitoba to pursue her M.A. at the University of Manitoba. The M.A. program at the University of Manitoba interested Nawaz because it offered a Creative Thesis option. Since obtaining her degree, Nawaz has attended a writing studio program at the Banff Centre for the Arts and currently resides in Montreal, Quebec where she does administrative work for McGill University.

## Writing career

### Influences

Nawaz cites her biggest short fiction influences as Alice Munro, Tobias Wolff, and Raymond Carver.

### Early work

Nawaz' novella *The White Dress* (which would later appear in her collection, *Mother Superior*) won her the Robert Kroetsch Award for Best Creative Thesis in 2006. This award is given to the writer of the best creative thesis each year out of all University of Manitoba M.A. graduates. In the following years, Nawaz published several individual short stories in various literary publications across Canada (see "List of published works" below).

### *Mother Superior*

In 2008, Nawaz published a collection of seven stories and two novellas entitled *Mother Superior*. The collection includes five previously published short stories as well as two previously unpublished short stories and two previously unpublished novellas. *Mother Superior* has generally been met with positive reviews, was a finalist for the prestigious *McAuslan First Book Prize* from the Quebec Writers' Federation. The stories in *Mother Superior* follow a diverse cast of female protagonists struggling with issues such as racism, abuse, death, anorexia, pregnancy and motherhood. *Mother Superior* is published by Freehand Books.

### *Bone and Bread*

Nawaz's first novel was called *Bone and Bread* was edited by Melanie Little Anansi's former senior fiction editor. Its narrative follows two sisters and is set in Montreal. The sisters are from her previously published short story "Bloodlines" (found in *The New Quarterly* and as a part of *Mother Superior*) twenty years after their original story. In 2016, *Bone and Bread* was defended by Farah Mohamed on CBC's *Canada Reads* competition.

### *Songs for the End of the World*

Nawaz's most recent novel, which took her seven years to write, is a dystopian novel about a coronavirus that ravages the world. Given the 'eerie similarities' to the current COVID-19 pandemic, the publisher McClelland & Stewart decided to move up the publication of the e-book to April 14, 2020. The print book was released on August 25, 2020.

## List of published works

### Individual short stories

### Collections

### Novels

## Awards and honours

## InfoBox

| Saleema Nawaz | |
| --- | --- |
| Nawaz at the Eden Mills Writers' Festival in 2013 | |
| Born | 1979 (age 4445)
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada |
| Education | B.Hum. (Carleton University)
M.A. in English (University of Manitoba) |
| Occupation | Author |
| Notable work | *Mother Superior* |
| Awards | 2006 Robert Kroetsch Award
2008 Journey Prize |


title: Saleemah Abdul-Ghafur

abstract: Saleemah Abdul-Ghafur is an author and activist focused on faith-based initiatives and gender equality in Islam who currently serves as the chief of staff and chief communications officer at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. She works with Malaria No More, a leading non-profit formed to advance the United Nations Millennium Development Goals by ending malaria-related deaths by 2012. She also consults on a variety of interfaith projects and volunteerism efforts.

text:
# Saleemah Abdul-Ghafur

**Saleemah Abdul-Ghafur** (born 19 November 1971) is an author and activist focused on faith-based initiatives and gender equality in Islam who currently serves as the chief of staff and chief communications officer at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. She works with Malaria No More, a leading non-profit formed to advance the United Nations Millennium Development Goals by ending malaria-related deaths by 2012. She also consults on a variety of interfaith projects and volunteerism efforts.

## Education

Abdul-Ghafur graduated from Kent Place School in 1992 and from Columbia University from 1996.

## Career

In April 2008, the US State Department hosted Abdul-Ghafur on an eight-city speaking tour of the United Kingdom to cultivate a conversation about Muslims in the West. On this tour, Abdul-Ghafur spoke at the House of Commons of the United Kingdom and the University of Oxford. She has accepted invitations to speak at a host of educational institutions including Harvard University, Emory University and Yale University. She has been a guest on CNN and National Public Radio and her work has been featured in *The Boston Globe*, *The Atlanta Journal-Constitution* and *The New York Times.*

In addition to work on behalf of women, Abdul-Ghafur's was the associate director of Corporate Volunteerism at Hands On Atlanta, a multimillion-dollar non-profit service provider in the southeast. She has been responsible for sourcing nation's largest service day, Hands On Atlanta Day, which hosted 17,000 volunteers in 250 unique service projects.

Abdul-Ghafur came to Atlanta in 2003 to join the team that produced *Azizah* magazine, the first and only magazine for American Muslim women. Prior to Abdul-Ghafur's work with *Azizah*, she was a program officer for Victoria Foundation. Victoria Foundation is among the oldest and largest private foundations and Abdul-Ghafur oversaw $12 million in grants to non-profits.

## Activism

Abdul-Ghafur was selected to participate in the Muslim Leaders of Tomorrow retreat hosted by the World Economic Forum in Copenhagen, Denmark in 2006. The Forum convened thirty Muslims leaders from the United States along with their counterparts in Western Europe to strategize about the future of Islam and Muslims in the West. Out of this retreat came a commitment to address gender issues within Muslim communities in the West.

Abdul-Ghafur participated in the seminal events challenging the role of Muslim women in contemporary society. In 2005, she took on establishing women as prayer leaders, a concept that is unprecedented in the American Muslim community, and co-organized the historic woman-led prayer in New York City. In 2004, she participated in a civil action in Morgantown, West Virginia to give women space and voice in American mosques where they have traditionally been banned. To varying degrees, subsequent to these actions Muslim communities throughout the United States and the West have reexamined the ways Muslim women participate in community life. Mosques in San Francisco, New York City and Chicago are among those that actively develop programming for women, have taken down barriers between women and men and allow women to sit on mosque boards.

## Works

Abdul-Ghafur is the editor for *Living Islam Out Loud: American Muslim Women Speak* (Beacon Press), the first anthology collecting the voices of American Muslim women. The book presents American Muslim women dealing with the complexity of forging their own identities while contributing powerfully to public life. Contributors include poet and author Suheir Hammad, and journalist Asra Nomani. *Living Islam Out Loud* has received some attention from both the mainstream and Muslim press. She has attracted controversy for publicizing in *The New York Times* her marriage to the man she later accused of being abusive in her book.

Abdul-Ghafur presents frequently at workshops, seminars and conferences about popular culture, Islam and women. She contributed to the coming of age anthology, *What Your Mama Never Told You: True Stories about Sex and Love* (Graphia 2007). Abdul-Ghafur also contributes to online ezines and blogs. A recent piece, "A Hajj for the Children of Mali", described a historic delegation's pilgrimage to Mali to save the lives of African children and appeared on Beacon Press' blog, *Beacon Broadside.* Other online pieces include "Holla if you Hear Me", (Naseeb.com) a look at ethnic divisions in the American Muslim community and "Preach from the Ashes," (pmuna.org) her personal account of the historic woman-led prayer.

## Affiliations

Abdul-Ghafur was a board member of the Progressive Muslim Union of North America. She is a member of Atlanta Habitat for Humanity's advisory board and the WOMENBUILD steering committee. Abdul-Ghafur serves on the Atlanta Women's Foundation's Faith, Feminism and Philanthropy steering committee. This committee is the Atlanta-based representation of the national conversation to bridge the divide between faithful and secular feminists around a common agenda of women's empowerment. Saleemah has been a guest on CNN and NPR and her work has been featured in *The Boston Globe*, *The Atlanta Journal-Constitution* and *The New York Times*. Abdul-Ghafur graduated from Kent Place School, and Columbia University.


title: Sal Y Limón

abstract: Sal Y Limón is a Mexican restaurant in Seattle, in the U.S. state of Washington. Jesus and Alexis Magaña opened the restaurant in 2018. It has garnered a positive reception.

text:
# Sal Y Limón

**Sal Y Limón** is a Mexican restaurant in Seattle, in the U.S. state of Washington. Jesus and Alexis Magaña opened the restaurant in 2018. It has garnered a positive reception.

## Description

The Mexican restaurant Sal Y Limón (Spanish for "salt and lemon") operates in Seattle's Queen Anne neighborhood, in a building called MarQueen. *Eater Seattle* has described the Latin American-owned restaurant as a "lively" establishment "in one of the most lively stretches of Uptown (the neighborhood formerly known as Lower Queen Anne)." The interior features a "centerpiece paperclip-shaped bar that recedes into the two-level back bar".

The menu includes *pollo asado*, seafood enchiladas, street tacos, pozole and other stews, ceviche, margaritas, and chips and salsa. Among meat options is *alambre*, which has steak, bacon, bell peppers, and cheese. On the drink menu, the Cuba Mexicana has Cazadores Reposado with citrus soda, lime, and salt. The happy hour menu has included nachos.

## History

The father and son team of Jesus and Alexis Magaña opened Sal Y Limón in 2018, in the space previously occupied by Ten Mercer.

## Reception

Aimee Rizzo included the business in *The Infatuation*'s 2020 list of the best meals in Seattle for $30 or less. She has also recommended the restaurant for group dinners. During the COVID-19 pandemic, *Eater Seattle* included Sal Y Limón in an overview of the city's best take-out eateries for tacos. In the website's 2022 list of ten "great" eateries near the Seattle Center, Jade Yamazaki Stewart called the stews "satisfying and filling" and said Sal Y Limón "serves some of the best under-the-radar Mexican food in the central Seattle area at surprisingly affordable prices". In 2023, Harry Cheadle, Charlie Lahud-Zahner, included the business in *Eater Seattle*'s list of fourteen "mouth-watering" Mexican restaurants in the metropolitan area. They called the green ceviche "balanced and generously portioned" and said the business "receives shockingly little recognition considering the breadth and consistent quality of its menu". The website's also included Sal Y Limón in a 2024 overview of the metropolitan area's "most underrated" restaurants.

## InfoBox

| Sal Y Limón | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| The restaurant's exterior, 2024 | |
|  | |
| Restaurant information | |
| Established | 2018 (2018) |
| Food type | Mexican |
| Street address | 10 Mercer Street |
| City | Seattle |
| County | King |
| State | Washington |
| Postal/ZIP Code | 98109 |
| Country | United States |
| Coordinates | 47°37′29″N 122°21′23″W / 47.6247°N 122.3563°W / 47.6247; -122.3563 |
| Website | salylimonseattle.com |


title: Sal Villanueva

abstract: Salvatore Villanueva is an American record producer. Villaneuva's first entrance into the New York hardcore scene came when playing in bands including Demonspeed and Murphy's Law. He's currently the bassplayer for Joe Coffee, the new band of ex-Sheer Terror Vocalist Paul Bearer. Villanueva started producing during the boot camp recording sessions of the New York's Hardest compilation series done at the Big Blue Meenie Recording Studios. In the fall of 1999, Thursday's lead vocalist, Geoff Rickly, approached Villanueva to produce the band's Eyeball debut Waiting. Since then he has produced almost all of the band's recordings, including War All the Time for Island/Def Jam. Following the success of Thursday's Full Collapse, Victory Records approached Villanueva to work with and develop Long Island emo band, Taking Back Sunday. The band's debut album, Tell All Your Friends, sold over 900,000 copies and became Victory's fastest and biggest selling record to date. Taking Back Sunday's Notes from the Past also contains a song called "The Ballad of Sal Villanueva".

text:
# Sal Villanueva

**Salvatore Villanueva** is an American record producer. Villaneuva's first entrance into the New York hardcore scene came when playing in bands including Demonspeed and Murphy's Law. He's currently the bassplayer for Joe Coffee, the new band of ex-Sheer Terror Vocalist Paul Bearer.

Villanueva started producing during the boot camp recording sessions of the *New York's Hardest* compilation series done at the Big Blue Meenie Recording Studios. In the fall of 1999, Thursday's lead vocalist, Geoff Rickly, approached Villanueva to produce the band's *Eyeball* debut *Waiting*. Since then he has produced almost all of the band's recordings, including *War All the Time* for Island/Def Jam.

Following the success of Thursday's *Full Collapse*, Victory Records approached Villanueva to work with and develop Long Island emo band, Taking Back Sunday. The band's debut album, *Tell All Your Friends*, sold over 900,000 copies and became Victory's fastest and biggest selling record to date. Taking Back Sunday's *Notes from the Past* also contains a song called "The Ballad of Sal Villanueva".

## Discography

*Kill the House Lights*, Victory Records (Producer/Engineer) *War All the Time*, Island/Def Jam (Producer/Engineer) *Five Stories Falling*, Victory Records (Producer/Engineer) *Full Collapse*, Victory Records (Producer/Engineer) *Waiting*, Eyeball Records (Producer/Engineer) *Resist Convenience*, Triple Crown Records (Producer/Engineer) *Insanity Later*, Triple Crown Records * Skarhead \- *Kings at Crime*, Victory Records (Producer/Engineer)
* Splitvalves - *Movin' On*, Resurrection A.D. (Producer)
* Maximum Penalty - *Independent*, IJT Records (Producer)
* Faction Zero - *Liberation*, IJT Records (Producer)
* Hades - Downside, Metal Blade
* Demonspeed:

*Kill Kill Kill*, Black Pumpkin *Swing is Hell*, Black Pumpkin * Murphy's Law \- *The Party’s Over*, Artemis
* Ghost Orgy - *Lullabies for Lunatics*, Black Pumpkin
* Redline - Moments of Truth, GSR Music, Black Pumpkin Distribution
* Various Artists - New York’s Hardest, Black Pumpkin
* Driver Side Impact - *The Very Air We Breathe*, Victory Records


title: Tour de Force (Bola Sete album)

abstract: Tour de Force is an album by Brazilian guitarist Bola Sete, released in 1963 through Fantasy Records.

text:
# Tour de Force (Bola Sete album)

***Tour de Force*** is an album by Brazilian guitarist Bola Sete, released in 1963 through Fantasy Records.

## Release and reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

Richie Unterberger of allmusic gave the album four and a half out of five stars, calling it "quality by-the-fire jazz bossa nova music."

In 2001, *Tour de Force* was issued on CD coupled with *Bossa Nova* on a compilation titled after the former.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Bola Sete, except where noted

Side one
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Baccara (Baccarat)" |  | 3:37 |
| 2. | "Moon River" | Mancini, Mercer | 2:58 |
| 3. | "Mambeando" |  | 3:15 |
| 4. | "Céu e Mar" |  | 3:30 |
| 5. | "Asturias" | Albéniz | 4:40 |

Side two
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Samba de Orpheus" | Bonfá, Salvet | 3:12 |
| 2. | "Sad Note" |  | 2:10 |
| 3. | "Tour de Force" | Gillespie | 4:48 |
| 4. | "A Noite do Meu Bem" | Duran | 4:00 |
| 5. | "Bourrée" | Bach | 3:23 |

## Personnel

## Release history

| Country | Date | Label | Format | Catalogue number |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United States | 1963 | Fantasy | mono LP | 3358 |
| | | | stereo LP | 8358 |

## InfoBox

| Tour de Force | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Bola Sete | |
| Released | 1963 |
| Recorded | June 18, 1963 at Coast Recorders, San Francisco, CA |
| Genre | Samba, jazz |
| Length | 35:40 |
| Label | Fantasy |
| Bola Sete chronology | |
| *Vince Guaraldi, Bola Sete and Friends*
(1963) ***Tour de Force***
(1963) *From All Sides*
(1964) | |


title: We Are Bellingcat

abstract: We Are Bellingcat: Global Crime, Online Sleuths, and the Bold Future of News is a 2021 autobiographical account of open source investigative journalism by Eliot Higgins. The book focusses on the career of Higgins, his role in founding Bellingcat and the organisation's use of social media data to investigate of criminal acts, frequently undertaken by the Russian state forces.

text:
# We Are Bellingcat

***We Are Bellingcat: Global Crime, Online Sleuths, and the Bold Future of News*** is a 2021 autobiographical account of open source investigative journalism by Eliot Higgins.

The book focusses on the career of Higgins, his role in founding Bellingcat and the organisation's use of social media data to investigate of criminal acts, frequently undertaken by the Russian state forces.

## Publication

*We Are Bellingcat* was published in 2021 by Bloomsbury.

## Synopsis

The book covers Higgins' life as a college drop out, his blogging, and his hobby of using Google Earth to ascertain the precise location of violent events. It documents his online activity analysing the First Libyan Civil War while working his "dead end job".

It describes the creation of Bellingcat in 2014, and Higgins' work investigating the downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, which used images gathered from social media to demonstrate that the plane was shot down using a Russian Buk missile system. It also documents investigations into Bashar al-Assad's use of chemical weapons in Syria, neo-Nazi activity in Charlottesville, and Russia's involvement in the poisonings of Sergei and Yulia Skripal and of Alexei Navalny.

The book documents Higgins' role on the Technology Advisory Board of the International Criminal Court.

## Critical reception

Amy Zegart writing in *Foreign Policy* describes it as a "memoir, manifesto, and police procedural: CSI for the international relations set." Zegart also notes Higgins' tendency to focus on the upside of open source citizen journalism without comparable reflection on the associated potential risks.

Anne Harris, writing in *The Irish Times* describes the book as a demanding read, and "thrilling". Peter Neville-Hadley, writing in the *South China Morning Post* praised the book for its openness, letting readers judge things for themselves.

Both *The Times* and *The Week* identified *We Are Bellingcat* as their book of the week, in February 2021. *The Week* described it as "deeply impressive".

Jonathan Green, writing in *The New York Times* described it as "powerful" and an "exhortatory call to arms".

## InfoBox

We Are Bellingcat: Global Crime, Online Sleuths, and the Bold Future of News
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Eliot Higgins |
| Language | English |
| Published | 2 March 2021 |
| Publisher | Bloomsbury Publishing |
| Publication place | UK |
| Pages | 272 |
| ISBN | 978-1635577303 |


title: Valjala Parish

abstract: Valjala Parish was a rural municipality in western Estonia. It is a part of Saare County. The municipality had a population of 1,397 and covered an area of 180.02 km⁲. During the administrative-territorial reform in 2017, all 12 municipalities on the island Saaremaa were merged into a single municipality – Saaremaa Parish.

text:
# Valjala Parish

**Valjala Parish** (or Valjala rural municipality) was a rural municipality in western Estonia. It is a part of Saare County. The municipality had a population of 1,397 (as of 1 January 2006) and covered an area of 180.02 km2.

During the administrative-territorial reform in 2017, all 12 municipalities on the island Saaremaa were merged into a single municipality – Saaremaa Parish.

## Location

Valjala Parish was situated between Laimjala Parish (east), Pihtla Parish (west) and Leisi Parish (north).

## Villages and boroughs

The parish consisted of one small borough, Valjala, and 32 villages: Ariste, Jursi, Jõelepa, Jööri, Kalju, Kallemäe, Kalli, Kogula, Koksi, Kuiste, Kungla, Kõnnu, Kõriska, Lööne, Männiku, Nurme, Oessaare, Põlluküla, Rahu, Rannaküla, Röösa, Sakla, Siiksaare, Turja, Tõnija, Undimäe, Vanalõve, Veeriku, Vilidu, Võrsna, Väkra, Väljaküla.

### Other features

The parish had 2 schools, kindergarten, and several manors.

The oldest sacral building in Estonia is Valjala church. The construction began in 1227.

Parish included ruins of ancient Valjala Stronghold.

58°25′N 22°47′E / 58.41°N 22.79°E / 58.41; 22.79

## InfoBox

| Valjala Parish Valjala vald | |
| --- | --- |
| Former municipality | |
| Valjala church | |
|  | |
| Valjala Parish within Saare County. | |
| Country | Estonia |
| County | Saare County |
| Administrative centre | Valjala |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Aare Martinson |
| Area | |
| Total | 180.02 km2 (69.51 sq mi) |
| Population (01.01.2012) | |
| Total | 1,406 |
| Density | 7.8/km2 (20/sq mi) |
| Website | www.valjala.ee |


title: We're No Bad Guys

abstract: We're No Bad Guys aka. We Are No Bad Guys (愛上百份百英雄) is a 1997 Action Hong Kong film directed by Wong Jing.

text:
# We're No Bad Guys

***We're No Bad Guys*** aka. *We Are No Bad Guys* (愛上百份百英雄) is a 1997 Action Hong Kong film directed by Wong Jing.

## Synopsis

Plane (Ekin Cheng), a troubled cop who hits the skids when his girlfriend Carrie (Gigi Leung) is killed by a stoic hitman named Angel (Alex Fong). One year later he finds himself saddled with new partner Turkey (Jordan Chan), an immature cop who is in love with up-and-coming idol singer Tinny Chung (Vivian Hsu). There are the usual growing pains as the two partners learn to like and trust one another. Plane meets Tinny's friend Mandy, her looks resemble Carrie's and they fall in love. Angel then returns to settle old scores.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| We're No Bad Guys | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 愛上百份百英雄 |
| Simplified Chinese | 爱上百份百英雄 |
|
|  | |
| Directed by | Wong Jing |
| Written by | Wong Jing |
| Produced by | Manfred Wong
Andrew Lau |
| Starring | Ekin Cheng
Jordan Chan
Gigi Leung
Vivian Hsu |
| Cinematography | Miu Kin-Fai |
| Edited by | Marco Mak |
| Production
company | B.O.B. and Partners |
| Distributed by | Golden Harvest
Mei Ah Film Productions |
| Release date | * 25 September 1997 (1997-09-25) |
| Running time | 101 minutes |
| Country | Hong Kong |
| Language | Cantonese |
| Box office | HK $7,386,850.00 |


title: Tom Mandrake

abstract: Tom Mandrake is an American comics artist, perhaps best known for his collaborations with writer John Ostrander on several series, including Grimjack and Firestorm, The Spectre, and Martian Manhunter from DC Comics.

text:
# Tom Mandrake

**Tom Mandrake** (born 1956) is an American comics artist, perhaps best known for his collaborations with writer John Ostrander on several series, including *Grimjack* (from First Comics) and *Firestorm*, *The Spectre*, and *Martian Manhunter* from DC Comics.

## Early life

Mandrake grew up as a fan of Marvel Comics of the 1960s, as well as painters of the Brandywine School, particularly Maxfield Parrish and Howard Pyle. Together with his friend L.B. Kellogg, he created a fanzine titled *First Flight* while in high school. Mandrake spent two years at Cleveland's Cooper School of Art, and then two more years at The Kubert School, where he earned his degree.

## Career

Mandrake began working for DC Comics where he drew backup stories for the *Sgt. Rock* title. In a 2001 interview, he recalled "finally landing my first real work, that was a two part story in DC's *New Talent Showcase*. Once again with my old buddy L.B. at the writers helm on our pirate epic 'Skydogs'." For Marvel Comics, Mandrake provided finished art over layouts by Sal Buscema on the *New Mutants* title. Back at DC, he and writer Doug Moench created the Black Mask in *Batman* #386 (August 1985) and the Film Freak in *Batman* #395 (May 1986). Mandrake was one of the contributors to the *DC Challenge* limited series in 1986 after finishing his run on *Batman*. In 1992, Mandrake and writer John Ostrander launched *The Spectre* series at DC Comics. In issue #54 (June 1997), the creative team introduced the character Michael Holt as a new version of Mister Terrific. Following the end of *The Spectre* series, they moved onto a *Martian Manhunter* series. In 2001, he worked with writer Dan Mishkin on the short lived series *Creeps* and in 2006 on the children's book *The Forest King: Woodlark's Shadow*. In 2007, a story-arc titled "Grotesk" reuniting Ostrander and Mandrake appeared in *Batman* issues 659-662. An *X-Files/30 Days of Night* crossover in 2010 was drawn by Mandrake and co-written by *30 Days* creator Steve Niles and Adam Jones, the guitarist for the band Tool. Mandrake drew the *DC Retroactive: Batman - The '70s* one-shot (Sept. 2011) and a revival of Marv Wolfman's *Night Force* series (May–Nov. 2012). He collaborated with J. Michael Straczynski on the *Sidekick* series in 2013–2014.

## Personal life

Mandrake is married to fellow comic book artist Jan Duursema, whom he met while both were students at The Kubert School. Their wedding was held on the school's grounds. The couple have a son, Jack Moses Mandrake, and Sian Mandrake, who is also a Kubert School-trained comics illustrator.

## Bibliography

### DC Comics

### Eclipse Comics

### First Comics

### Image Comics

### Marvel Comics

## InfoBox

| Tom Mandrake | |
| --- | --- |
| Mandrake at the East Coast Comicon | |
| Born | 1956 (age 6768) |
| Nationality | American |
| Area(s) | Writer, Penciller, Inker |
| Notable works | *Grimjack*
*The Spectre*
*Martian Manhunter* |
| Awards | Don Thompson Award, 1992, 1993 |
| Spouse(s) | Jan Duursema |
| Official website | |


title: Zalesie, Gostyń County

abstract: Zalesie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Borek Wielkopolski, within Gostyń County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south-west of Borek Wielkopolski, 10 km (6 mi) east of Gostyń, and 60 km (37 mi) south of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Zalesie, Gostyń County

**Zalesie** \[zaˈlɛɕɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Borek Wielkopolski, within Gostyń County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south-west of Borek Wielkopolski, 10 km (6 mi) east of Gostyń, and 60 km (37 mi) south of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Zalesie | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Zalesie | |
| Coordinates: 51°53′N 17°9′E / 51.883°N 17.150°E / 51.883; 17.150 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Gostyń |
| Gmina | Borek Wielkopolski |