title: Phenopelopidae

abstract: Phenopelopidae is a family of oribatid mites in the order Sarcoptiformes. As of 2018, there were 4 genera and 106 species known in this family.

text:
# Phenopelopidae

**Phenopelopidae** is a family of oribatid mites in the order Sarcoptiformes. As of 2018, there were 4 genera and 106 species known in this family.

## Description

Adult mites of this family are 400-900 μm long and usually dark brown to almost black in colour, but light brown individuals also occur. They can be distinguished from other oribatid families by: flat and blade-like lamellae (ridges of cuticle between the dorsal trichobothria); elongate pelopsiform or normally developed chelicerae with small chelae; notogaster with a broad anterior tectum, overhanging insertions of interlamellar setae and bothridia; with movable pteromorphs and well- or poorly-circumscribed lenticulus; porose areas small or rarely with saccules, all closely associated with some of the notogastral setae; with eight or 10 pairs of notogastral setae; and custodium broad.

The juvenile stages (larvae and nymphs) differ from adults in being smaller, soft-bodied, light brown and having plicate (folded or crumpled) cuticle. However, juveniles have only been studied for a few species of Phenopelopidae.

These mites are covered in numerous setae, which vary among species and among life stages within species. A typical feature of Phenopelopidae is the presence of long, thick setae on some leg segments. Juveniles of some species have long marginal setae, possibly as protection against small predators.

## Ecology

Phenopelopidae have been collected from leaf litter underneath trees, moss, a forest meadow, at the edge of a bog, grass and woodland. They appear to be fungal feeders, but at least one species can feed on living plant material.

## Genera

Below is a list of the genera in this family, along with their authorities, years of publication and distributions.

## Further reading

* Breene, R.G.; Dean, D. Allen; Edwards, G.B.; Hebert, Blain; Levi, Herbert W.; Manning, Gail (2003). *Common Names of Arachnids*. Vol. Fifth Edition. American Tarantula Society. ISBN 1-929427-11-5.
* Capinera, John L., ed. (2008). *Encyclopedia of Entomology*. Springer. ISBN 978-1402062421.
* Jackman, John A. (2002). *A Field Guide to Spiders and Scorpions of Texas*. Gulf Publishing.
* Krantz, G.W.; Walter, D.E., eds. (2009). *A Manual of Acarology*. Vol. 3rd Edition. Texas Tech University Press. ISBN 9780896726208.

## InfoBox

| Phenopelopidae
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Oribatida |
| Superfamily: | Phenopelopoidea |
| Family: | Phenopelopidae
Petrunkevitch, 1955 |
|


title: Phil R. White

abstract: Phil R. White is a Canadian artist and sculptor. He is the Dominion Sculptor of Canada, a position whose duties include the creation of original works of art in sculpture. His works are primarily in figurative art. He is an architectural sculptor and carver and creates works in stone, wood, and bronze.

text:
# Phil R. White

**Phil R. White** (born 1963) is a Canadian artist and sculptor. He is the Dominion Sculptor of Canada, a position whose duties include the creation of original works of art in sculpture. His works are primarily in figurative art. He is an architectural sculptor and carver and creates works in stone, wood, and bronze.

## Early influences

Born in Peterborough, Ontario, in 1963, White was raised in artistic environment where he was encouraged to be creative. He began carving wood and sculpting at very young age. His initial inspiration was a master stonemason and wood carver – his grandfather. Later, sculptor Bill Reid and other Haida artists became a major influence. White looked at these works during many family trips to British Columbia.

At age 17, he sold his first pieces in commercial art galleries in the Peterborough area and later in Toronto, Ontario. He participated in several group shows at Whetung Gallery and Art Loft Gallery from 1982 to 1986.

At Sir Sandford Fleming College, he studied art conservation techniques. Later in the 1980s, he continued his studies for three years at the Canadian Conservation Institute. There he focused on art history, conservation and historical artifacts' restoration, conservation theory, metal and woodworking techniques and traditional finishes.

## Early career

After graduation, he pursued a career in conservation and museum collection management with both the Canadian War Museum and the Canadian Museum of Civilization in Ottawa. This period laid the foundations for White's work as Dominion Sculptor, where part of his job is the restoration of architectural sculpture on Parliament Hill.

## At the Canadian War Museum

As Exhibit Artist at the Canadian War Museum, White created sculptures and decorative arts for exhibitions and presentations for both museums. He received commissions to create a series of sculptures in wood, which were later exhibited at the museum. Other projects included the 1998 installation of 18 sphinxes on the courtyard of Canadian Museum of Civilization for the Mysteries of Egypt exhibit. His commission to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Canadian Women's Army Corps (CWAC), Athene Based on his mother's experiences as a CWACs, the statue portrays a soldier waiting for a train to start a journey that will give her experiences of war and change her life irrevocably.

Based on photographs of Paul Manson, former Chief of the Defence Staff (Canada), he created a bronze sculpture of a Cold-War era fighter pilot entitled "QRA scramble". It is currently on exhibit in the Canadian War Museum's permanent galleries.

After he completed the design for the coat of arts for the Canadian War Museum, his interest in heraldic art and sculpture deepened. His design features hands raising a book, maple leaves, poppies, and a key. "The book represents military research and the key is a reminder of the museum's role in protecting the country's military collection and unlocking knowledge," White said.

As a result of this work, he received commissions for heraldic carving for Rideau Hall, the Canadian Heraldic Authority, the Canadian Bar Association, and the Canadian Nurses Association.

## Dominion Sculptor

White applied to a national competition that was held for Dominion Sculptor. "The guardians of sculpted antiquities in Canada's public buildings especially those on Parliament Hill and the source of much original ornamentation for historic buildings left un-embellished at their time of construction," the role encompasses the care of architectural sculpture that already exists and creating original works.

He received the appointment in 2006.

White is the fifth sculptor to hold this position. Created in 1936 by the Department of Public Works, the position's mandate is to carry out the decorative work planned by John A. Pearson, the architect of Parliament Hill’s Centre Block.

Rebuilt after the Great Fire destroyed the original building in 1916, Pearson designed the Centre Block with the express intention that future generations of sculptors would create stone carvings and sculptures from stone blocks in the building's interior. White oversees that work and creates original additions, in collaboration and with the approval of the offices of the Speaker of the House of Commons (Canada) and the Speaker of the Senate (Canada). Notwithstanding the longstanding "rule against partisan subjects" in decorative work on Parliament Hill, within the confines of Neo-Gothic traditions, the position contains considerable scope to create original works.

More than 25 different types of stone and marble were used in the building's construction, but much of the exterior carving is done in Tyndall limestone from Manitoba and Indiana limestone. Inside, the history and traditions of Canada are reflected in many stone carvings. This work represents the ongoing intermittent work of over 60 sculptors and carvers since 1916.

Since his appointment, key projects White has produced include a portrait of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II in bronze for the House of Commons and a portrait of the Queen in stone, for the Senate Foyer in 2010. Both filled what had been a void inside the Houses of Parliament, since there are several sculptural representations of Canada's previous monarchs, notably in the Senate foyer.

But with the notable exception of John Harman's equestrian statue of the Queen located on the grounds outside, there were no publicly owned sculptural representations of Canada's reigning monarch inside the Parliament buildings.

White returned to military themes with a commission to produce a series of six carved oak panels depicting insignia of the Canadian Forces. These were later installed in a meeting room used by the House of Commons Veterans Affairs Committee in Centre Block.

White has also created two bronze busts of Sir Sandford Fleming for the lobbies of Fleming College in Peterborough Ontario, and Lindsay, Ontario, and a plaster bust of Fleming for the Haliburton School of the Arts.

Commissioned to create a portrait of Elizabeth II for the Department of National Defence & the Royal Canadian Mint in the year of her Diamond Jubilee, White based his portrait on the earlier ones he did for Parliament Hill. But in this portrait, carved in Dura stone, the Queen wears two insignia: Sovereign of the Order of Canada and of the Order of Military Merit (OMM).

Displayed in National Defence Headquarters in Ottawa, the portrait was commissioned to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the Order of Military Merit. It recognizes "conspicuous merit and exceptional service by members of the Canadian Forces."

On 27 June 2012, White was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal.


title: Phi Lambda Alpha

abstract: Phi Lambda Alpha (ΦΛΑ) was established in 1919 at the University of California, Berkeley. It was the first Latin American–based Greek lettered collegiate fraternity in the Western United States.

text:
# Phi Lambda Alpha

**Phi Lambda Alpha** (**ΦΛΑ**) was established in 1919 at the University of California, Berkeley. It was the first Latin American–based Greek lettered collegiate fraternity in the Western United States.

## History

Phi Lambda Alpha fraternity established communications with Pi Delta Phi, which had been recently founded in 1916 in the Northeastern United States at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. After some communication, these two organizations realized the existence of a non-Greek letter secret society, the Union Hispano Americana (UHA). As a result of intensive correspondence and various interviews, the three organizations merged. In their merger agreement, the three organizations adopted the name of Phi Lambda Alpha Fraternity, with the distinctive emblem and constitution of Pi Delta Phi, and the goals & motto of the UHA. This new union was formalized on June 11, 1921, in the City of New York.

After Phi Lambda Alpha was organized, other societies joined it: the Club Latino-Americano founded in 1919 at Colorado School of Mines; the Federación Latino-Americana founded in 1926 at Columbia University joined in 1928; the Club Hispania founded in 1929 by Cornell University which joined in 1931; the Club Hispano-Americano founded in 1921 of Tri-State College in Angola which joined in 1929 and the Alfa Tenoxtitlan Militant chapter founded in 1929 by members of the old **ΦΛΑ** in Mexico.

On December 26, 1931, Phi Lambda Alpha merged with Sigma Iota fraternity to form Phi Iota Alpha. Phi Sigma Alpha fraternity can also trace its roots back to Phi Lambda Alpha.

## Chapters

| **Institution / Chapter** | **Charter date and range** | **Location** | Status | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| University of California, Berkeley | 1919 – December 26, 1931 | Berkeley, California | Merged **(ΦΙΑ)** |  |
| Massachusetts Institute of Technology | June 11, 1921 – December 26, 1931 | Cambridge, Massachusetts | Merged **(ΦΙΑ)** |  |
| Colorado School of Mines | 1927 – December 26, 1931 | Golden, Colorado | Merged **(ΦΙΑ)** |  |
| Columbia University | 1928 – December 26, 1931 | New York City, New York | Merged **(ΦΙΑ)** |  |
| Cornell University | 1929 – December 26, 1931 | Ithaca, New York | Merged **(ΦΙΑ)** |  |
| Alfa Tenoxtitlan Militant | 1929 – December 26, 1931 | Mexico | Inactive |  |
| Tri-State College | 1931 – December 26, 1931 | Indiana | Marged **(ΦΙΑ)** |  |

### Notes

1. *University of California Berkeley Blue & Gold Yearbook*. Berkeley, California: University of California Berkeley. 1922. p. 600.
2. "Sigma History" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2008-05-01.

## InfoBox

| Phi Lambda Alpha | |
| --- | --- |
| ΦΛΑ | |
|  | |
| Founded | 1919 (1919)
University of California, Berkeley |
| Type | Social |
| Affiliation | Independent |
| Status | Merged |
| Merge Date | December 26, 1931 |
| Successor | Phi Iota Alpha |
| Emphasis | Latino |
| Scope | North America |
| Motto | *Semper Parati
Semper Juncti* |
| Chapters | 7 |
| Headquarters | Berkeley, California
United States |


title: Philip A. Bennett

abstract: Philip Allen Bennett was a Republican politician from the state of Missouri. He served as a member of the United States House of Representatives for Missouri's 6th District during the 77th Congress. Prior to that Bennett was the 31st Lieutenant Governor of Missouri and served in the Missouri Senate.

text:
# Philip A. Bennett

**Philip Allen Bennett** (March 5, 1881 – December 7, 1942) was a Republican politician from the state of Missouri. He served as a member of the United States House of Representatives for Missouri's 6th District during the 77th Congress. Prior to that Bennett was the 31st Lieutenant Governor of Missouri and served in the Missouri Senate.

## Biography

Philip A. Bennett was born near Buffalo, Missouri, to Marion F. and Mary Jane (O'Bannon) Bennett, the eighth of fourteen children. Following his graduation from Buffalo High School Bennett attended Springfield Normal and Business College (now Missouri State University), earning his degree in 1902. He taught two years in Missouri public schools and worked for the Frisco Railroad before purchasing the *Buffalo Reflex* newspaper in 1904. Bennett served as the editor and publisher of the *Reflex* until 1921, when he entered politics full-time. Bennett served as a delegate to the 1912 Republican National Convention. Philip Bennett married Mary B. Tinsley in 1912 and they had two children, a son and a daughter. His son Marion T. Bennett followed in his father's footsteps as a Missouri politician.

In 1920 he was elected to the Missouri Senate. Bennett served only one term because he ran for, and won election as, Missouri lieutenant governor in 1924. He was not successful in a bid for Missouri Governor in 1928 and returned to the private business sector. Bennett ran for the U.S. House in 1938 and was again defeated. However two years later, in 1940, he was elected to represent the 6th district of Missouri in the U.S. Congress. Reelected in November 1942, Bennett died before he could begin his second term. His son, Marion T. Bennett, completed the term. Philip Bennett died in Washington, D.C., on December 7, 1942, shortly before the beginning of his second term in Congress.

## InfoBox

| Philip Allen Bennett | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Missouri's 6th district | |
| **In office**
January 3, 1941  December 7, 1942 | |
| Preceded by | Reuben T. Wood |
| Succeeded by | Marion T. Bennett |
| 31st Lieutenant Governor of Missouri | |
| **In office**
January 12, 1925  January 14, 1929 | |
| Governor | Samuel Aaron Baker |
| Preceded by | Hiram Lloyd |
| Succeeded by | Edward Henry Winter |
| Member of the Missouri Senate | |
| **In office**
19201924 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1881-03-05)March 5, 1881
Buffalo, Missouri |
| Died | December 7, 1942(1942-12-07) (aged 61)
Washington D.C. |
| Political party | Republican |
|  | |


title: Philip Delano

abstract: Philip Delano was a passenger on the Fortune and an early citizen of Plymouth Colony. He is best known as the progenitor of the Delano family in the Americas.

text:
# Philip Delano

**Philip Delano** (c. 1603 – c. 1681–82) was a passenger on the *Fortune* and an early citizen of Plymouth Colony. He is best known as the progenitor of the Delano family in the Americas.

## Life

### Early years

Philippe de Lannoy, later Philip Delano, was baptized in the Vrouwekerk, the Protestant Walloon church of Leiden, Holland on December 7, 1603. His parents, Jan (Jean) de Lannoy of Tourcoing and Marie Mahieu of Lille (Rijsel) in Flanders, at that time in the Spanish Netherlands, were betrothed on January 13, 1596, in the same church. The Walloons were the French-speaking natives of the ancient region of Wallonia, now in today's Belgium, to the east of Flanders. Both parents made their way with their families to Leiden via Canterbury, England, having fled religious persecution from Flanders around 1579. Jean's father was Gysbert (Guilbert) de Lannoy, the earliest known de Lannoy ancestor. 8 places where the de Lannoys and Mahieus lived are known, more than for any Mayflower passenger.

Philip's father died within a year or two of his son's birth, and Philip's mother married Robert Mannoo, a woolcomber from the city of Namur, on March 6, 1605. Philip grew up in Leiden, but further details are unknown.

### In New England

In November 1621, Philip Delano arrived in Plymouth Colony as a single man on the ship *Fortune*. Based on his baptism date, Philip's age was about 18. Philip may have been the servant of another passenger. Philip may have first lived with his uncle, *Mayflower* passenger Francis Cooke and Cooke's son. Philip's maternal aunt, Hester (Mahieu), was married to Cooke. In 1633, Philip is listed as a freeman.

In the Division of Land of 1623, Philip is listed as Philipe de la Noye, sharing a parcel of land with Moses Simonson. Near the end of 1626, Isaac Allerton had reached an agreement with Plymouth's financial backers in London, the Adventurers, that Plymouth would buy the colony's debts from the London backers. The colonists formed their own group in Plymouth, the Undertakers, which assumed the debt. The agreement was signed in Plymouth by 27 men, including Delano, who signed as “Phillip Delanoy”. In 1627, after the institution of private property, Delano made the first recorded land sale in Plymouth to Stephen Deane.

In 1637, Delano volunteered for the Pequot War. On October 2, he was given forty acres of land in Duxbury, adjoining the lands of John Alden and Edward Bumpus. Delano was appointed surveyor, but was deposed in 1641.

### Death and burial

Philip Delano died in Duxbury, Plymouth Colony between August 22, 1681, and March 4, 1681/2. Though his burial place is unknown, it is likely that Philip was buried in the Myles Standish Burial Ground in Duxbury, where many of Philip's descendants are buried.

At his death, Philip may have accrued significant wealth. His sons Thomas and Samuel agreed to distribute Philip's estate; the other children who shared the estate were John, Jane, Rebecca and Philip.

## Family

### Surname

Over the years, names of various spellings have been attributed to Philip Delano. The surname de Lannoy originates from the town of Lannoy, a few miles from Tourcoing.

In the 1623 Division of Land, Philip is listed as Philipe de la Noye. In both the 1626 Purchasers list and the 1633–34 tax list, he is listed as Phillip Delanoy. Philip's name was changed to Delano in New England. His father's name at marriage and death is recorded in Dutch church records as Jan Lano.

### Children

Philip Delano was married twice and may have had nine or ten children. He married:

1. Hester Dewsbery (or Dewsbury) on December 19, 1634, in Plymouth. She died between 1648 and 1653. Her burial place is unknown. Children attributed to Philip and Hester Delano:

* Mary (b. ca. 1635). She married Jonathan Dunham on November 29, 1655. Died childless.
* Philip (ca. 1637 – 1708). He married Elizabeth Sampson and had five children.
* Thomas (ca. 1639 – April 13, 1723). He married a daughter of *Mayflower* passenger John Alden, likely Rebecca. With her, Thomas had nine children. The couple were buried in Myles Standish Burying Ground, Duxbury, Mass.
* Esther (b. ca. 1641). She was not named in her father's estate and, therefore, may have predeceased him.
* John (b. ca. 1644 – September 5, 1721). He married Mary Weston and had six children.
* Lt. Jonathan (b. ca. 1648 – December 28, 1720). He married Mercy Warren and had thirteen children. Mercy was a granddaughter of *Mayflower* passenger Richard Warren. It is through Jonathan's son Thomas that Franklin Delano Roosevelt descends. Jonathan Delano and his wife were both buried in Acushnet Cemetery in Acushnet, Massachusetts.

2. Mary, widow of James Glass. Her father was William Pontus. Mary's burial place is unknown. Children attributed to Philip and Mary Delano:

* Jane (b. ca. 1655). She was living at the settlement of her father's estate in 1682. There is no further information.
* Rebecca (b. ca. 1657 – April 7, 1709). She married John Churchill on December 28, 1686, and had five children. She was buried at Burial Hill, Plymouth, Mass.
* Samuel (b. ca. 1659 – bef. August 9, 1728). He married Elizabeth Standish and had nine children. Elizabeth was a granddaughter of *Mayflower* passenger Myles Standish. Samuel and his wife Elizabeth were both buried in Myles Standish Burying Ground, Duxbury, Mass.
* (a daughter) was born ca. 1661, based on the wording of various bequests in Philip's will. There is no further information.

## InfoBox

| Philip Delano | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Philippe de Lannoy
Leiden, Holland |
| Baptized | December 7, 1603 |
| Died | Sometime between
August 22, 1681(1681-08-22) (aged 77)
and March 4, 1682(1682-03-04) (aged 78)
Duxbury, Plymouth Colony |
| Nationality | Flanders |
| Other names | Philippe de la Noye
 |
| Known for | Citizen of Plymouth Colony |
| Family | Delano family |


title: Philip Delves Broughton

abstract: Philip Delves Broughton is a British journalist and author known for his business journalism, such as in his books Ahead of the Curve (2008), and The Art of the Sale (2012).

text:
# Philip Delves Broughton

**Philip Delves Broughton** is a British journalist and author known for his business journalism, such as in his books *Ahead of the Curve* (2008), and *The Art of the Sale* (2012).

## Biography

He has written four books. He was born in Dacca, Bangladesh, where his father worked as a Church of England missionary and his mother spent four years after leaving Burma with her family following the 1962 Burmese coup d'état. He grew up in England, received his BA in classics from Oxford University and his MBA from Harvard Business School.

### Journalism

From 1994 to 2004 he was a newspaper journalist. From 1998 to 2002, he was New York City correspondent for The Daily Telegraph of London, and covered the 9/11 attacks and their aftermath. From 2002 to 2004 he was the Telegraph's Paris Bureau Chief. He left daily journalism in 2004 to go to Harvard.

Subsequently, he has been a columnist for The Financial Times and The Evening Standard and writes regularly for The Wall Street Journal, The Spectator and The Oldie

### Books

Personal site – https://philipdelvesbroughton.com
Twitter – https://twitter.com/delvesbroughton

## InfoBox

| Philip Delves Broughton | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Philip Delves Broughton
Dacca, Bangladesh |
| Occupation | Journalist and author |
| Nationality | British |
| Alma mater | Oxford University
Harvard Business School |
| Period | 1994–present |
| Genre | Non-fiction |
| Notable works | *The Art of the Sale* (2012)
*Ahead of the Curve* (2008) |


title: Philippe Hersant

abstract: Philippe Hersant is a French composer. He studied at the Conservatoire de Paris.

text:
# Philippe Hersant

**Philippe Hersant** (born 21 June 1948 in Rome) is a French composer. He studied at the Conservatoire de Paris.

## Selected works

Hersant's works are largely published by Éditions Durand. Stage Orchestral * *Aztlan* (1983)
* *Stances* (1978, revised 1992)
* *Le Cantique des 3 enfants dans la fournaise* (1995), poem by Antoine Godeau, in front of *La Messe à 4 Choeurs* H.4 by Marc-Antoine Charpentier with same chorus and orchestra. (recorded in 2019)
* *5 Pièces* (1997)
* *Patmos* for string orchestra (2007)

Concertante * Concerto No. 1 for cello and orchestra (1989)
* Concerto No. 2 for cello and orchestra (1996–1997)
* *Streams* for piano and orchestra (2000)
* Concerto for violin and orchestra (2003)
* *Musical humors*, Concerto for viola and string orchestra (2003)
* *Le Tombeau de Virgile* for harp and orchestra (2006)
* Concerto for clarinet and orchestra (2011)

Chamber music * String Quartet No. 1 (1985)
* *Pavane* for viola solo (1987)
* String Quartet No. 2 (1988)
* *Élégie* for string quartet (1990)
* *Duo Séphardim* for viola and bassoon (1993)
* *11 Caprices* for 2 violins (or violas) (1994)
* *8 Duos* for viola and bassoon (1995)
* *Niggun* for solo bassoon (1995)
* *Cinq miniatures* for solo alto flute or C flute (1995)
* *In nomine* for 7 cellos (2001)
* *3 Nocturnes* for flute, viola and harp (2001)
* Sonata for cello solo (2003)
* *Choral* for cello and harp (2004)
* *Tenebrae* for viola and piano (2005)
* *6 Bagatelles* for clarinet, viola and piano (2007)

Film scores

| Year | French title (original title) | English title | Director | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1987 | *O Desejado* (*Les Montagnes de la lune*) |  | Paulo Rocha |  |
| 1990 | *La Ville Louvre* | *Louvre City* | Nicolas Philibert | documentary |
| 1991 | *Arthur Rimbaud, une biographie* | *Arthur Rimbaud: A Biography* | Richard Dindo |  |
| 1994 | *Lettre pour L...* | *Letter for L...* | Romain Goupil |  |
| 1995 | *La Restitution* |  | Catherine Zins |  |
| 1996 | *Un animal, des animaux* | *Animals and More Animals* | Nicolas Philibert | documentary |
| 1998 | *L'interview* |  | Xavier Giannoli | short film: 25 minutes |
| 1998 | *Qui sait?* |  | Nicolas Philibert | documentary |
| 2002 | *Être et Avoir* | *To Be and to Have* | Nicolas Philibert | documentary |
| 2008 | *Les Caravage de Philippe de Béthune* |  | Michel Van Zele | documentary |
| 2010 | *Nénette* | *Nénette* | Nicolas Philibert | documentary; music also by Pascal Gallois |
| 2010 | *Les mains en l'air* | *Hands Up* | Romain Goupil |  |


title: Phaeomarasmius

abstract: Phaeomarasmius is a genus of fungi in the family Tubariaceae. It was formerly thought to belong in the family Inocybaceae. The genus has a widespread distribution, and contains about 20 species.

text:
# Phaeomarasmius

***Phaeomarasmius*** is a genus of fungi in the family Tubariaceae. It was formerly thought to belong in the family Inocybaceae. The genus has a widespread distribution, and contains about 20 species.

## InfoBox

| *Phaeomarasmius* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Phaeomarasmius erinaceus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Tubariaceae |
| Genus: | ***Phaeomarasmius***
Scherff. |
|
| Type species | |
| *Phaeomarasmius excentricus*
Scherff. | |


title: Phaeolus

abstract: Phaeolus is a genus of polypore fungi in the family Fomitopsidaceae. The generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek word φαιος meaning "dark" or "obscure".

text:
# Phaeolus

***Phaeolus*** is a genus of polypore fungi in the family Fomitopsidaceae. The generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek word φαιος meaning "dark" or "obscure".

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Phaeolus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Phaeolus schweinitzii* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Polyporales |
| Family: | Fomitopsidaceae |
| Genus: | ***Phaeolus***
(Pat.) Pat. (1900) |
|
| Type species | |
| *Phaeolus schweinitzii*
(Fr.) Pat. (1900) | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Fomes* subgen. *Fomes* (Fr.) Fr. (1849) * *Romellia* Murrill (1904) * *Spongiosus* Lloyd ex Torrend (1920) * *Choriphyllum* Velen. (1922) | |


abstract: Vila Sônia-Professora Elisabeth Tenreiro is a station of São Paulo Metro. It belongs to Line 4-Yellow, operated by ViaQuatro, and has this station as a terminus. It is located in the crossing of Avenida Professor Francisco Morato and Rua Heitor dos Prazeres. It was opened on 17 December 2021. The station was renamed on 15 April 2023 to Vila Sônia-Professora Elisabeth Tenreiro as a tribute to a teacher who worked at a nearby state middle school and was killed in an attack by a student.

text:
# Vila Sônia-Professora Elisabeth Tenreiro (São Paulo Metro)

**Vila Sônia-Professora Elisabeth Tenreiro** is a station of São Paulo Metro. It belongs to Line 4-Yellow, operated by ViaQuatro, and has this station as a terminus. It is located in the crossing of Avenida Professor Francisco Morato and Rua Heitor dos Prazeres.

It was opened on 17 December 2021. The station was renamed on 15 April 2023 to Vila Sônia-Professora Elisabeth Tenreiro as a tribute to a teacher who worked at a nearby state middle school and was killed in an attack by a student.

## History

In 1995, São Paulo Metro hired the company Figueiredo Ferraz Consultoria e Engenharia de Projeto S.A. to make a functional project of Line 4-Yellow (as the previous one was made in 1980). Unlike the previous project, which planned a depot in the Ferreira district, the project presented in 1997 by Figueiredo Ferraz suggested the construction of the rail yard and depot in a large area located in the block surrounded by avenues Professor Francisco Morato, Imigrante Japonês and Eliseu de Almeida and Rua Heitor dos Prazeiros, in the district of Vila Sônia.

Line 4-Yellow was planned to be contracted in 1999, but the Four Asian Tigers crisis resulted in a lack of funds from the development banks which were to finance the construction, and project was paralyzed until the beginning of the 2000s. After being resumed, in 2003, it went through many changes, such as a reduction in the number of stations, but Vila Sônia rail yard was kept from the original project.

The cancelling, due to pressure of local residents, of Três Poderes station made São Paulo Metro to suggest a future expansion of Line 4 to Taboão da Serra and include, for the first time, Vila Sônia station, located next to the rail yard. Construction of the line began in March 2004, but 3 phases were conceived. In Phase 1, only part of the yard had its construction started and concluded in 2010. In Phase 2, the rest of the yard and the station had its construction started. The future Phase 3 expect to attend the city of Taboão da Serra (by bus or expansion of the subway line).

## Characteristics

Buried station with side platforms, structure in apparent concrete and distribution catwalk in metallic structure, fixed with braces over the platform. It has access for people with disabilities.

## Station layout

| **G** | Street level | Exit/entrance |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **M1** | Concourse level 1 | Fare control, ticket office, customer service, Bilhete Único/TOP recharge machines |
| **M2** | Concourse level 2 | Distribution concourse |
| **P
Platform level** |
| | Side platform, doors open on the left | | | | |
| | **Northbound** | toward Luz |
| | **Northbound** | toward Luz |
| | Side platform, doors open on the right | | | | |

## Vila Sônia rail yard and Control Center

Projected in 1997 by architect João Toscano, in partnership with architects Massayoshi Kamimura, Monique Alonso Gonzalez and Odiléa Helena Setti Toscano, the construction of Vila Sônia rail yard began in March 2004 and divided in two phases. Phase 1 was opened in 2010, and Phase 2 is estimated to be concluded in mid-2020.

## InfoBox

| Vila Sônia-Professora Elisabeth Tenreiro | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Av. Professor Francisco Morato × Rua Heitor dos Prazeres
Vila Sônia
Brazil |
| Coordinates | 23°35′30″S 46°44′07″W / 23.591667°S 46.735277°W / -23.591667; -46.735277 |
| Owned by | Government of the State of São Paulo |
| Operated by | ViaQuatro |
| Platforms | Side platforms |
| Connections | Vila Sônia Bus Terminal
Campo Limpo–Rebouças–Centro Bus Corridor
Vila Sônia–Taboão da Serra free shuttle bus |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Underground |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Station code | VSO |
| History | |
| Opened | 17 December 2021 |
| Previous names | *Vila Sônia* |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station São Paulo Metro Following station  *Terminus*  Line 4  São Paulo-Morumbitowards Luz | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Track layout | |


abstract: Two of Us is the title of the tenth volume in Solid Air Records' "Groovemasters" series. It was recorded by guitarist Phil Keaggy and Mike Pachelli, released in 2006.

text:
# Two of Us (Phil Keaggy and Mike Pachelli album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Minor 7th |  |

***Two of Us*** is the title of the tenth volume in Solid Air Records' "Groovemasters" series. It was recorded by guitarist Phil Keaggy and Mike Pachelli, released in 2006.

## Track listing

1. "Maccadocious"
2. "Bears Den Road"
3. "Westside Talkin'"
4. "Birds"
5. "Remember When"
6. "Beatified"
7. "For John & Val"
8. "Old Friends"
9. "County Down Revisited"
10. "Song of the Woods"
11. "Self Duet"
12. "Baggend"
13. "The Walk"

## Personnel

* Phil Keaggy - Guitars
* Mike Pachelli - Guitars

## Production notes

* James Jensen - Executive Producer
* Bill Wolf - Mastering

## InfoBox

| Two of Us (Groovemasters Vol. 10) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Phil Keaggy | |
| Released | October 3, 2006 |
| Genre | Instrumental, acoustic |
| Length | 55:02 |
| Label | Solid Air Records |
| Producer | Phil Keaggy & Mike Pachelli |
| Phil Keaggy chronology | |
| *Roundabout*
(2006) ***Two of Us (Groovemasters Vol. 10)***
(2006) *Dream Again*
(2006) | |


title: Wakapuaka Cemetery

abstract: Wakapuaka Cemetery is a cemetery located in Brooklands, Nelson, New Zealand. "Wakapuaka" is Māori for "heaps of aka leaves".

text:
# Wakapuaka Cemetery

**Wakapuaka Cemetery** is a cemetery located in Brooklands, Nelson, New Zealand. "Wakapuaka" is Māori for "heaps of aka leaves".

## Location

Wakapuaka Cemetery is located at the southern end of Atawhai Drive in Nelson. The cemetery is located on a hill with a north west aspect. Therefore, the cemetery looks over the Nelson Haven, the Boulder Bank, Tasman Bay / Te Tai-o-Aorere, and Nelson city.

## History

The area was first designated a cemetery zone on 18 November 1861. The first burial was conducted on the 9 December 1861. The first person buried was Grace Annie who was 16 months old. The crematorium was erected in 1945 and has been extended since this date. There is a small chapel, the Garin Memorial Chapel Dedicated to St. Michael also on this site. The Wakapuaka Cemetery now covers an area of 140,000 square metres. Over 16000 people have been buried in the cemetery. There are many notable people buried in this cemetery, including the victims of the Maungatapu murders. The cemetery is easily accessed and is currently a registered walk of Nelson.

## Notable people

Notable people buried at Wakapuaka Cemetery include the following:

## War graves

Buried in the cemetery are eight Commonwealth service personnel from World War I and 22 from World War II. There is also a Commonwealth War Graves Commission plaque commemorating a cremated serviceman from the latter war.

## Garin Memorial Chapel

The Garin Memorial Chapel is dedicated to the first Catholic priest who served in Nelson, Antoine Marie Garin. He served 48 years in New Zealand, and never returned to his home in France. The chapel was completed in October 1890. The chapel is seven metres (23 ft) long and has a width of five metres (16 ft). The stone was sourced from Canterbury and Otago. Somerville designed the chapel. Father Garin is buried in the chapel's crypt.

## InfoBox

| Wakapuaka Cemetery | |
| --- | --- |
| City look-out from the south of the cemetery | |
|  | |
| Details | |
| Established | 1861 |
| Location | Brooklands, Nelson, New Zealand |
| Country | New Zealand |
| Coordinates | 41°15′23.5″S 173°18′13.8″E / 41.256528°S 173.303833°E / -41.256528; 173.303833 |
| Website | Cemeteries database |
| Find a Grave | Wakapuaka Cemetery |


title: Wisconsin's 51st Assembly district

abstract: The 51st Assembly district of Wisconsin is one of 99 districts in the Wisconsin State Assembly. Located in southern Wisconsin, the district comprises all of Iowa and Lafayette counties, and parts of western Dane County and eastern Grant County. It includes the cities of Cuba City, Darlington, Dodgeville, Mineral Point, and Shullsburg, and the villages of Arena, Argyle, Avoca, Barneveld, Belmont, Benton, Blanchardville, Blue Mounds, Blue River, Cobb, Gratiot, Hazel Green, Highland, Hollandale, Linden, Livingston, Montfort, Mount Horeb, Muscoda, Rewey, Ridgeway, and South Wayne. The district also contains landmarks such as Frank Lloyd Wright's Taliesin estate, the historic Iowa County Courthouse, Governor Dodge State Park, Blue Mound State Park, and Yellowstone Lake State Park. The district is represented by Republican Todd Novak, since January 2015. The 51st Assembly district is located within Wisconsin's 17th Senate district, along with the 49th and 50th Assembly districts.

text:
# Wisconsin's 51st Assembly district

The **51st Assembly district of Wisconsin** is one of 99 districts in the Wisconsin State Assembly. Located in southern Wisconsin, the district comprises all of Iowa and Lafayette counties, and parts of western Dane County and eastern Grant County. It includes the cities of Cuba City, Darlington, Dodgeville, Mineral Point, and Shullsburg, and the villages of Arena, Argyle, Avoca, Barneveld, Belmont, Benton, Blanchardville, Blue Mounds, Blue River, Cobb, Gratiot, Hazel Green, Highland, Hollandale, Linden, Livingston, Montfort, Mount Horeb, Muscoda, Rewey, Ridgeway, and South Wayne. The district also contains landmarks such as Frank Lloyd Wright's Taliesin estate, the historic Iowa County Courthouse, Governor Dodge State Park, Blue Mound State Park, and Yellowstone Lake State Park. The district is represented by Republican Todd Novak, since January 2015.

The 51st Assembly district is located within Wisconsin's 17th Senate district, along with the 49th and 50th Assembly districts.

## List of past representatives

List of representatives to the Wisconsin State Assembly from the 51st district
| Member | Party | Residence | Counties represented | Term start | Term end | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *District created* | | | | | | |
| Joseph E. Tregoning | Rep. | Shullsburg | Green, Lafayette, Rock | January 1, 1973 | January 3, 1983 |  |
| Patricia Spafford Smith | Dem. | Shell Lake | Barron, Washburn | January 3, 1983 | January 7, 1985 |  |
| Joseph E. Tregoning | Rep. | Shullsburg | Grant, Iowa, Lafayette | January 7, 1985 | May 28, 1990 |  |
| *--Vacant--* | | | | May 28, 1990 | January 7, 1991 |  |
| Stephen Freese | Rep. | Jamestown | Iowa, Lafayette, Richland, Sauk | January 7, 1991 | January 1, 2007 |  |
| Steve Hilgenberg | Dem. | Dodgeville | | January 1, 2007 | January 3, 2011 |  |
| Howard Marklein | Rep. | Spring Green | Green, Iowa, Lafayette, Richland, Sauk | January 3, 2011 | January 3, 2015 |  |
| Todd Novak | Rep. | Dodgeville | | January 3, 2015 | *Current* |  |

## InfoBox

| Wisconsin's 51st
State Assembly district | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
| 2024 map defined in 2023 Wisc. Act 94
2022 map defined in *Johnson v. Wisconsin Elections Commission*
2011 map was defined in 2011 Wisc. Act 43 | |
| Assemblymember | Todd Novak
Dodgeville  since January 3, 2015 (9 years) |
| Demographics | 93.9% White
0.71% Black
2.75% Hispanic
0.78% Asian
1.31% Native American
0.09% Hawaiian/Pacific Islander |
| Population (2020)
Voting age | 59,485
45,239 |
| Website | Official website |
| Notes | Southwest Wisconsin |


title: Thomas Anderson (English footballer)

abstract: Thomas Anderson was an English footballer. His only known club was Blackpool, for whom he made two Football League appearances in 1903.

text:
# Thomas Anderson (English footballer)

**Thomas Anderson** was an English footballer. His only known club was Blackpool, for whom he made two Football League appearances in 1903.

* Joyce, Michael (2004). *Football League Players' Records 1888-1939*. ISBN 1-899468-67-6.

## InfoBox

Thomas Anderson
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Position(s) | Inside left | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1903 | Blackpool | 2 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Walter Kriege

abstract: Walter Kriege was German jurist who also had a political role in the 1940s.

text:
# Walter Kriege

**Walter Kriege** (15 March 1891 – 1 December 1952) was German jurist who also had a political role in the 1940s.

## Life

Walter Adolf Florens Hermann Kriege was born in Paraguay in 1891. His father, Johannes Kriege (1859-1937), was a German diplomat who in the early 1890s worked as the German Consul in Asunción.

After taking part in the First World War, Kriege completed his studies in jurisprudence at Berlin, where he obtained his doctorate. Between 1921 and 1923, he worked at the Reichsbank, the German Central Bank. Between 1923 and 1944, he worked in the Prussian Justice Ministry and later transferred to the national State Justice Ministry. In April 1940, he was appointed Ministerial Director in the Justice Ministry, a post that he retained until his arrest in July 1944. It subsequently emerged that a year after his appointment, on 23/24 April 1941, Kriege was one of several high-profile government lawyers called to a special meeting at Hermann Göring's palatial offices in Berlin at which the participants were informed about Nazi Germany's new and subsequently-controversial Action T4 policy of enforced euthanasia. Between 1939 and 1944, Kriege also served as the president of the Senior Maritime Trophies Court (*Oberprisenhof*).

He was nominated a member Carl Friedrich Goerdeler'splanned Shadow Cabinet as Secretary of State at the Justice Ministry or, according to another source, as Justice Minister. However, the planned government never came to power because the 20 July plot failed to assassinate Adolf Hitler, Germany's incumbent chancellor. Instead, Kriege was arrested, but unlike many others who were then arrested, he was released a few months later, in November 1944.

The Second World War ended in May 1945 and what remained of Germany was divided into four occupation zones, each of which administered by one of the four principal victorious Allied poweres. In May 1949, three of the four occupation zones were refounded as West Germany. Between 1946 and 1949, Kriege worked as deputy president of the "German Finance Council", in the US occupation zone at Stuttgart. He also held the directorship of the "Finance Administration Office" (*"Verwaltung für Finanzen"*), which in 1949 became the West German Finance Ministry. The new country's chancellor, Konrad Adenauer, was keen to appoint Kriege as his Administrative Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.

The post was particularly ambiguous because West Germany has been established under terms established by the country's sponsors in the so-called Occupation statute of April 1949, which greatly qualified the new country's autonomy and expressly excluded foreign policy from the Adenauer government's areas of responsibility. In the event, neither Kriege nor Paulus van Husen, to whom the post was offered, accepted it. For the early years of his chancellorship, Adenauer ran his Foreign Ministry himself.

Kriege himself took a bank directorship, probably before he had been formally offered the foreign ministry post, as president of the "Land Bank" (*Landeszentralbank*) of North Rhine-Westphalia, a post that he retained until he died just over two years later.

Kriege was the nephew of the architect Richard Saran, the grandson of Bremen Mayor John Daniel Meier and the cousin of the journalist Mary Saran. He was also a relative of the early socialist Hermann Kriege.

## InfoBox

| Walter Kriege | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Walter Adolf Florens Hermann Kriege
15 March 1891
Asunción, Paraguay |
| Died | 1 December 1952
Düsseldorf, West Germany |
| Occupation(s) | Lawyer
Politician
Banker |
| Spouse | Hilde Saran |
| Children | 1s, 1d |


title: Mohammad Usman Turabi

abstract: Haji Mohammad Usman Turabi is an Afghan politician and member of the Taliban. Usman served as Governor of Kunar province from August 2021 to 20 September 2021 and was replaced by Maulvi Muhammad Qasim.

text:
# Mohammad Usman Turabi

**Haji Mohammad Usman Turabi** (حاجی محمد عثمان ترابی) is an Afghan politician and member of the Taliban. Usman served as Governor of Kunar province from August 2021 to 20 September 2021 and was replaced by Maulvi Muhammad Qasim.

## InfoBox

| Hajid Mohammad Usman Turabi
حاجی محمد عثمان ترابی | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Governor of Kunar | |
| **In office**
August 2021  20 September 2021 | |
| President | Hibatullah Akhundzada |
| Succeeded by | Maulvi Muhammad Qasim |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Nationality | Afghan |
| Profession | politician |
|  | |


title: State Bank of Patiala

abstract: State Bank of Patiala, founded in 1917, was an associate bank of the State Bank Group. It merged with State Bank of India on 1 April 2017. At the time of its merger, State Bank of Patiala had a network of 1445 service outlets, including 1314 branches, in all major cities of India, but most of the branches were located in the Indian states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Delhi, Gujarat and Maharashtra.

text:
# State Bank of Patiala

**State Bank of Patiala**, founded in 1917, was an associate bank of the State Bank Group. It merged with State Bank of India on 1 April 2017. At the time of its merger, State Bank of Patiala had a network of 1445 service outlets, including 1314 branches, in all major cities of India, but most of the branches were located in the Indian states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Delhi, Gujarat and Maharashtra.

## History

His Highness Bhupinder Singh, Maharaja of Patiala State, founded the Patiala State Bank on 17 November 1917 to foster growth of agriculture, trade, and industry. The bank combined the functions of a commercial bank and those of a central bank for the princely state of Patiala. The bank had one branch at Chowk Fort, Patiala, Undivided India. By 1927, it had five branches. It primarily engaged in providing short-term credit to grain dealers and other traders.

The formation of the Patiala and East Punjab States Union in 1948 led to the bank being reorganized, being brought under the control of the Reserve Bank of India, and being renamed Bank of Patiala. In 1949, the Bank absorbed Bank of Faridkot and Jind Cooperative Bank, though it subsequently gave up the cooperative business. The two acquired banks had been operating in neighboring princely states.

In 1950, Bank of Patiala started opening offices outside Patiala and East Punjab States Union. In 1952 it established a branch at Delhi. By 1959 the bank had 48 offices.

On 1 April 1960 Bank of Patiala became a subsidiary of State Bank of India and was renamed State Bank of Patiala. In April it absorbed Kalsia State Bank.

## Logo and slogan

The logo of the State Bank of Patiala is a blue circle with a small cut in the bottom that depicts perfection and the small man the common man – being the center of the bank's business. The logo came from National Institute of Design (NID), Ahmedabad, and it was inspired by Kankaria Lake, Ahmedabad.

1. "Annual Report 2012–13" (PDF). SBI. 23 May 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
2. "Fortune 'Global 500' 2013:State Bank of India". *CNN*. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
3. Walia (1972), p. 39.
4. *Bankers Almanac* (1995), Volume 2, p.3146.
5. Ray (2009), p. 934.
6. ""SBI bank logo was inspired by Kankaria lake"". *Deshgujarat.com*. 19 February 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2021.

## Sources

* Ray, Abhik (2009). *The evolution of the State Bank of India: The era from 1995 to 1980*. Vol. 4. Penguin Books India.
* Walia, Ramesh (1972). *Praja Mandal Movement in East Punjab States*. Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University.

## InfoBox

State Bank of Patiala
|
|  |
| Company type | Public |
| Traded as |  |
| Industry |  |
| Founded | Patiala, 1917 |
| Defunct | 2017 |
| Fate | Merged in State Bank of India in 2017 |
| Headquarters | Head Office,
The Mall,
Patiala 147 002 India |
| Key people | * Sh. Rajnish kumar (chairman) * Shri. S. A. Ramesh Rangan (managing director) |
| Products | * Investment vehicles * Loans * Savings |
| Revenue | 173,000 crore (US$21 billion) (2013) |
| Net income | 11,358.06 crore (US$1.4 billion) (2013) |
| Total assets | 116,709.10 crore (US$14 billion) (2013) |
| Total equity | 203,417.50 crore (US$24 billion) (2013) |
| Number of employees | 13178 |
| Parent | State Bank of India |


title: The Rose Rent

abstract: The Rose Rent is a medieval mystery novel set in the summer of 1142 by Ellis Peters. This is the thirteenth novel in The Cadfael Chronicles, first published in 1986. It was adapted for television in 1997 by Carlton and Central for ITV. A young monk is murdered next to a white rose bush at a home bequeathed to the Abbey by a young widow. Brother Cadfael finds the murderer as the widow makes peace with her loss.

text:
# The Rose Rent

***The Rose Rent*** is a medieval mystery novel set in the summer of 1142 by Ellis Peters. This is the thirteenth novel in The Cadfael Chronicles, first published in 1986.

It was adapted for television in 1997 by Carlton and Central for ITV.

A young monk is murdered next to a white rose bush at a home bequeathed to the Abbey by a young widow. Brother Cadfael finds the murderer as the widow makes peace with her loss.

## Plot summary

Shrewsbury Abbey anticipates two events coming on 22 June in 1142: honouring the day five years earlier when Saint Winifred's reliquary was placed on its altar, and paying the rent due to the widow Judith Perle. Three years earlier, she lost both her husband and her unborn child within three weeks. She gave their home in the Foregate to the Abbey, half her patrimony, in a charter. The Abbey pays a single white rose from the garden, delivered to her in person, as rent. Brother Eluric delivers the rose. Eight days before the feast, he asks Abbot Radulfus to be released from this duty, as he is tormented by his desire for the widow Perle. The Abbot asks Niall the bronzesmith, who rents the property, to deliver the rose rent.

Judith asks Niall to make a new buckle for a girdle. She has several active suitors but is not interested in remarrying, still grieving her losses. She considers taking the veil at Godric's Ford with Sister Magdalen. Sister Magdalen advises her to wait, saying their door is always open as a place of retreat.

Niall, a widower, keeps his young daughter with his sister in Pulley, three miles away. He returns from an overnight visit to find that the white rose bush has been hacked at its bole. At its base lies young Eluric, dead with a knife by his side. While investigating the murder scene with the Abbot and Brother Anselm, Brother Cadfael finds a distinctive footprint and makes a wax impression. Judith arrives to pick up the repaired girdle; Cadfael tells Judith about Eluric's desire for her. That night, Judith tells her servant Branwen that in the morning she will make the gift unconditional, which news Branwen shares in the kitchen. The next day, Judith fails to arrive at the abbey. The Sheriff, called back to town, Cadfael, and Abbot Radulfus believe that Judith was kidnapped, either to be forced into marriage or to void the charter by her absence on rent day. The search begins. Cadfael finds the once firmly-attached bronze tag from the end of Judith's girdle, suggesting a struggle. It is found under the bridge where a boat had been hauled up for convenient use, stolen by the kidnapper. Cadfael searches the River Severn with Madog, finding the stolen boat discarded downstream.

Bertred, a foreman in her business, believes he knows where Judith is being held. Late that night, he goes to Hynde's disused counting-house, in an outbuilding to store the wool clips. The disused room was not known to the searchers in the daytime. Bertred hears Judith Perle inside with her gaoler, Vivian Hynde. Though confined, Judith is in control of the situation. Vivian pleads with Judith to marry him, but she scornfully rejects him. Bertred's foothold gives way and he falls; the sounds alert those within and the watchdog. Bertred runs toward the river to escape. The watchman and his dog pursue. The watchman gives him a glancing blow to the head but Bertred dives into the water, hits rocks on the shelving bank and lies senseless. The watchman assumes the interloper is swimming across the river.

In the counting-house, Judith convinces Vivian to take her to Sister Magdalen, where she will say she has been in retreat. She will not reveal Vivian's role. She wants her good reputation intact. He agrees; soon they slip out to stay in his mother's house until they can head for Godric's Ford. Someone sees Bertred in the shallows, and then kicks him out into the current of the river. Cadfael, working near the river the next morning, finds the dead body of Bertred. After examining the body, Cadfael sees that Bertred's boot is a match for the wax impression. He seems to be the murderer of Eluric. The watchman at Hynde's tells Hugh and Cadfael that Bertred was at the storehouse the night before, where they find the broken window sill. They search within but find no trace of the pair's presence the night before.

Niall visits his daughter again. On his return in the moonless night, he sees a man on a horse with a woman riding pillion and recognises Judith Perle. He follows them for an hour when Judith parts from the man on horseback, walking alone. Once Judith is alone, Niall hears her scream as someone attacks her with a knife. He struggles with her attacker and knocks the knife away, getting a gash on his left arm. The attacker flees. Niall and Judith continue to Godric's Ford. Judith asks Sister Magdalen for her help. Sister Magdalen stays close to Judith, keeping her reputation safe in Shrewsbury.

Judith tells her tale to Hugh, including her promise to keep her captor's name secret. The captor was with her when they heard Bertred fall, so he did not kill Bertred. Hugh acquiesces, telling her that Vivian Hynde is already taken; Hugh will release him eventually. Cadfael asks Sister Magdalen to obtain two well worn left shoes from Judith's household. She sends them via a trusted messenger, Edwy Bellecote the young carpenter. Cadfael examines the shoe that belonged to Bertred. It does not match the mould of the print from Brother Eluric's murder. The other shoe matches. Realizing the trouble is not over, Cadfael walks out to find the bush ablaze. The attacker dropped a burning torch over the wall onto the oil-covered bush. The bush is destroyed.

Early the day of Saint Winifred's translation, Hugh asks Judith's cousin Miles Coliar when he gave his boots to Bertred. Miles' mother says it was the day Eluric was found dead. Miles had killed Eluric and then given his boots to Bertred. Miles confesses all and he is taken away by Hugh's men to await his trial.

Judith is betrayed by her own family. Miles hoped that she would enter the convent, leaving her shop and property to him. He destroyed the rose bush so the house would revert to her estate. Eluric stopped him in the first attack on the rose bush, when Miles stabbed him, leaving that boot print. Later, he followed Bertred to the Hynde property and killed him. The next night he followed Judith to Godric's Ford, where he tried to kill her, stopped by the unexpected Niall. Miles is the only person with a motive to kill Judith, as he would inherit her business and property. Likely Miles never intended the first murder, but his ambition and greed led him down a path to murder. Judith has the full responsibility of the clothier business in her hands again, and will remake the charter with the Abbey, making a full gift of that house.

That afternoon, Niall and his young daughter Rosalba arrive at Judith's house with a white rose. He picked the bloom the day before the fire. He delivers the rose rent to her, thus securing the charter. As he steps away, Judith asks him to stay, rediscovering her reasons to live.

## Characters

* Brother Cadfael: Benedictine monk and herbalist at Shrewsbury Abbey in Shrewsbury. He is about 62 years old in this story.
* Hugh Beringar: He is the Sheriff of Shropshire, King Stephen's man, and close friend of Cadfael. He owns manors at Maesbury in the north of the shire. Hugh is about 27 years old in this story and was introduced in *One Corpse Too Many*.
* Alan Herbard: He is the young man appointed as deputy to Sheriff Hugh Beringar.
* Abbot Radulfus: He is head of Shrewsbury Abbey of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, based on the real abbot of that year.
* Brother Anselm: He is the Precentor, and one of the two monks who witnessed the charter with Judith Perle, along with Cadfael. He is about 10 years younger than Cadfael.
* Brother Eluric: He is a monk at Shrewsbury Abbey, one who was given over to the monastic life at age 3, never knowing any of the world (an oblate). He recently made his final vows, and is just past 20 years old.
* Sister Magdalen: She is a nun at the Benedictine cell at Godric's Ford. She was introduced in *The Leper of Saint Giles*.
* Niall: He is a bronzesmith who has a shop and home in the property given to the abbey by Judith Perle. He was widowed five years earlier and has a young daughter Rosalba. The late Father Adam (see *The Raven in the Foregate*) gave her that name, meaning white rose.
* Judith Perle: She is a widow and sole mistress of the Vertiers' clothier business, skilled in all its aspects. She is 25 years old.
* Miles Coliar: He is Judith Perle's cousin, age 27. He manages the family business for Judith.
* Agatha Coliar: She is the mother of Miles, sister of Judith Perle's late mother. She is a widow, and with Miles, all the family left to Judith.
* Vivian Hynde: He is a suitor of Judith Perle. His father William owns the biggest sheep flock in the central western uplands of the shire. He is a few years younger than Judith, and rather irresponsible, already in debt.
* Branwen: She is a servant girl in the house of Judith Perle.
* Godfrey Fuller: He is a suitor of Judith Perle. He is a local dyer & fuller, a guildsman who is already twice widowed, and marries to increase his wealth and power in the town. He is about 50 years old, and very direct in his pursuit of Judith.
* Bertred: He is Judith Perle's foreman weaver, and a wishful suitor.
* Edwy Bellecote: He is the son of master carpenter Martin Bellecote, 18 years old, and with his father, maker of the coffin for Bertred. He was introduced in *Monk's Hood*.
* Madog of the Dead-Boat: He is a Welsh fisher and ferry man some years older than Cadfael, expert in locating people who have drowned in the river Severn. He was first mentioned in *Monk's Hood*.

## Literary significance and reviews

The *Library Journal* review in 1987 said that "twelfth century England blossoms again as Cadfael in his understated way moves through the now familiar environs of Shrewsbury piecing together a devious plan that went awry."

*Publishers Weekly* likes the characters of this story, as well as Peters's writing:

> In this 13th mystery in the Brother Cadfel series, a beautiful widow rents part of her estate to the brothers of Shrewsbury Abbey for the modest sum of one rose from a certain bush, per year, and all are happy with this arrangement for three years. But then Brother Eluric, the young monk whose job it is to deliver the rose on the day of St. Winifred's translation (the pre-arranged rent-paying day) asks to be excused from the task (he finds he's starting to fall in love with the widow); he is later found murdered near the recently ruined rose rent bush. The abbey is thrown into a panic; not only has an innocent young monk been killed, but with no rose to pay the rent, the contract is cancelled and the widow's wealth multiplies remarkably. Soon, the widow herself disappears, and Brother Cadfel begins his search for her and for Eluric's murderer, casting his eye over a large collection of suitors, all of whom would gain greatly from a match with the widow. Peters (*The Raven in the Foregate*) is in fine form in this 13th book, with a leisurely mystery that once again creates a 12th century world that is both comfortable and strange, and a series of delightful, interesting characters.

*Kirkus Reviews* finds the stories unflaggingly inventive.

> A tenuous peace reigns in the north of England in spring of 1142, and Brother Cadfael—herbalist-sage-sleuth of Shrewsbury's Benedictine monastery (*The Devil's Novice*, etc.)--is faced with the murder of young, intense Brother Elude, found stabbed to death near a half-destroyed rosebush in the garden of a house donated to the abbey by Judith Perle. Judith, now 25, widowed three years before, runs the family's prosperous clothing business, with help from her cousin Miles, and is the target of several suitors, among them wealthy fleece-processor Godrey Fuller and Vivian Hynde, charming wastrel son of the shire's biggest sheep-rancher. But Cadfael has scarcely begun probing Eluric's death when Judith herself suddenly disappears. The whole town and most of Sheriff Hugh Beringar's garrison turn out to look for her, none more concerned than Naill, the bronzesmith tenant of her gift to the church and caretaker of the rosebush she cherishes. There will be another murder before Judith reappears, and a desperate attempt on her life, foiled by Naill, before Cadfael's inspired hunch brings forth unassailable evidence that pinpoints the murderer. The author's prolific but unflaggingly inventive Cadfael stories may not be mead for everyone, but they continue to educate, absorb and enchant her legion of fans. The Rose Rent is no exception. Publisher: Morrow.

The most recent audio book edition for libraries from Blackstone Audio carries this review:

> Peters's complex character Brother Cadfael, who applies his forensic skills in an authentic Middle Ages setting, surrounded by other monks, chivalrous knights and flirtatious ladies, has won the author critical acclaim and comparisons with Ngaio Marsh and P.D. James. (The Brother Cadfael novels inspired the PBS television series Cadfael)

Susan Gillmor notes that "English novelist Edith Pargeter, writing under her pseudonym of Ellis Peters, does not disappoint either in her skillful weaving of an intricate whodunit, ornamented with abundant historical detail, including the portrayal of an historically accurate late thaw and delayed planting that occurred in England in 1142, and how that affected Brother Cadfael's herbarium." The description of the clothier trade is also accurate, from "carding and teasing to the loom", "even the dyestuffs came seasonally, and last summer's crop of woad for the blues was generally used up by April or May.” She finds that "Brother Cadfael's continued popularity is the result of the seamless blending of creative mystery plots with historical authenticity, as *The Rose Rent* beautifully illustrates. (1986, 190 pages)"

## Title

A widow has entered into a charter with the Shrewsbury Abbey in which she gave the house and lands where she lived with her late husband to the Abbey. She made one stipulation, that she receive a single white rose from the bush on the property, on the feast day of the translation of Saint Winifred. The title may also be a pun on a significant scene where the rose bush is damaged (i.e. 'rent').

## Themes and setting in history

Grief and love, ambition and greed are the themes of the novel.

The story is set in the real town of Shrewsbury, in the period of the Anarchy, when King Stephen is on the rise after a very rough year in 1141. During the King's illness early in the year 1142, Empress Maud moved into Oxford, while her staunchest supporter, Robert of Gloucester went over to Normandy for meetings with her husband Geoffrey of Anjou, to give her more help. Military action by the King is away from Shropshire, at Wareham and Cirencester, giving heart to his supporters. In the shire, people focus in June on doing the tasks of agriculture and sheep shearing, delayed by the late frost (longer spell of cold weather in the spring).

The main characters of the plot reveal the life of the skilled craftspeople and merchants in the commonalty of the era. The widow is wealthy because she inherited her father's business, there being no sons. She learned every aspect of the business of making cloth from wool, from her father. The men who have an eye on her and her successful operation are all in the same stratum of society: her foreman, her cousin, a man with large flocks of sheep, a prosperous dyer and fuller, and a bronze smith. Because her father has died, she has an unusual amount of freedom to choose in marriage. But the pressures on her from those seeking a merger by marriage, or a marriage of love, are constantly rising as her clothier business remains prosperous.

All the aspects of the clothier trade are described as the story unfolds, from sheep shearing to carding the wool, to dyeing, fulling and weaving it, including the sources of the dyes. This era is in the start of the formation of craft guilds in England (Middle Ages Economics). Much of the clothier crafts grew in the countryside, outside London, where innovations in process took hold more quickly.

## Publication history

Five hardback editions were issued, beginning in October 1986 by Macmillan. The latest edition was printed in June 2000 by Chivers Large Print.

Eight paperback editions were published beginning in December 1987 by Sphere. The latest edition was published in June 2000 by Chivers.

Nine audio books have been released, the first on audio cassette by Blackstone Audio Books in December 1990. The most recent issue was by the same publisher in February 2012 on CD.

The novel has been published in several other languages, per Goodreads.com.

* French: *Une rose pour loyer (Frère Cadfael, #13)* Published 2002 by 10/18 Mass Market Paperback ISBN 9782264033390
* German: *Der Rosenmord (Bruder Cadfael, #13)* Published 1994 by Heyne Deutsche Erstausgabe, Paperback, 252 pages ISBN 9783453045910)
* Italian: *Il roseto ardente* (Hardcover) Published 1997 by Longanesi 215 pages Elsa Pelitti (Translator) ISBN 9788830414051
* Dutch: *Een witte roos* (Paperback) Published 1991 by De Boekerij 198 pages Pieter Janssens (Translator) ISBN 9789022511350)

## Television adaptation

*The Rose Rent* was adapted into a television program as part of the Brother Cadfael series by Carlton Media and Central for ITV, in Season 3, Episode 1. It filmed on location in Hungary and starred Sir Derek Jacobi as Cadfael, Kitty Aldridge as Judith, and Tom Mannion as Niall Bronzesmith.

The adaptation makes some changes from the book. The most significant change is that Miles (Crispin Bonham-Carter) is motivated not by greed, but by secret love for his cousin, and first attacks the rose bush to convince her to let go of her devotion to her deceased husband. Another change of note is that Cadfael gives the young wife a potion to ease her terminally ill husband's pain, warning her that too much will kill him; in the next scene, the man is dead, implying a mercy killing. In the book, there is no such implication; her husband died three years before the novel opens, and references to his death include no hint that Cadfael or the widow acted to hasten his end.

## InfoBox

The Rose Rent
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Ellis Peters |
| Series | The Cadfael Chronicles |
| Genre | Mystery novel |
| Publisher | Macmillan |
| Publication date | 1986 |
| Media type | Print (hardcover, paperback) & audio book |
| Pages | 190 (hardcover edition), 240 pp (paperback edition), map of Shrewsbury & Environs |
| ISBN | 0-333-42682-7 (hardcover edition), 0-446-40533-7 (paperback edition) |
| OCLC | 59097624 |
| Preceded by | *The Raven in the Foregate* |
| Followed by | *The Hermit of Eyton Forest* |


title: The Spaceships of Ezekiel

abstract: The Spaceships of Ezekiel (1974) is a book by German engineer Josef F. Blumrich about a spaceship that was supposedly observed by the prophet Ezekiel as described in Book of Ezekiel in the Tanakh. Blumrich wrote it while chief of NASA's systems layout branch of the program development office at the Marshall Space Flight Center. It was originally published in German by Econ Verlag GmbH under the title Da tat sich der Himmel auf. Because it refers to theories and speculations about ancient astronauts, it is considered to be a work of pseudoscience as well as being an example of euhemerism.

text:
# The Spaceships of Ezekiel

***The Spaceships of Ezekiel*** (1974) is a book by German engineer Josef F. Blumrich (March 17, 1913 – February 10, 2002) about a spaceship that was supposedly observed by the prophet Ezekiel as described in Book of Ezekiel in the Tanakh. Blumrich wrote it while chief of NASA's systems layout branch of the program development office at the Marshall Space Flight Center. It was originally published in German by Econ Verlag GmbH under the title *Da tat sich der Himmel auf* (March 1973). Because it refers to theories and speculations about ancient astronauts, it is considered to be a work of pseudoscience as well as being an example of euhemerism.

## History

After ufologists such as Erich von Däniken had pointed to the possibility of interpreting Ezekiel's Merkabah vision as a report of an extraterrestrial spacecraft, Blumrich decided to disprove the hypothesis. However, a thorough examination convinced him that Ezekiel had, in fact, seen a spaceship. He then made detailed drawings of the alien craft. He decided the technology of the builders must have been somewhat higher than mankind's at the present, and added he had seldom felt as delighted, satisfied, and fascinated by being proven wrong.

## Content

In *The Spaceships of Ezekiel* Blumrich asserts that the account of Ezekiel in the Bible was not a description of a meeting with God in a prophetic vision, but one of several encounters with ancient astronauts in a shuttlecraft from another planet.

Blumrich analyzes six different translations of the Bible in conjunction with his experience in engineering and presents one possible version of Ezekiel's visions of how God—described as riding in an elaborate vehicle capable to see, attended by angels—supposedly showed him the future and gave him various messages to deliver. In the appendices to the book he presents technical specifications of the hypothesized spacecraft.

Blumrich also published an article on his belief, "The spaceships of the prophet Ezekiel", in the UNESCO journal *Impact of Science on Society*.

## The Mission

Blumich claims the Bible describes Ezekiel's encounters with beings in a spacecraft. He argues that their mission was to enlighten the prophet in a peaceful manner and that they were sent by God. He says every passage in the story had information about how calm the beings were. Blumrich claims that the commander of the craft took Ezekiel for a journey in it, that they landed at a different site from where they took off, and that they returned to where they departed. Blumrich suggests it was like a helicopter ride.

## Location

In the book and the Bible, Ezekiel gives a description of his takeoff and landing sites. In the Bible, Ezekiel 43:3 states "And the vision I saw was like the vision which I had seen when he came to destroy the city. And the visions I saw were like the vision which I had seen by the river Chebar; and I fell upon my face." Blumrich mistranslated "visions" in the latter part of verse 3 to "vehicular structure." We know based on biblical accounts that the story took place in the Middle East. The river Chebar comes up eight times throughout the book. We can historically track this river to be in Babylonia. Another verse mentions Tel Abib which may translate as Tel Aviv.

### Spaceship Airframe

Much of this book focuses on the supposed spacecraft that Ezekiel saw. Blumrich uses his background in aeronautical engineering to interpret the descriptions and envision what Ezekiel could have seen. Blumrich goes into a lot of detail on why the ship is shaped and designed the way it is. He cites physics, engine problems, and mathematics. He addresses topics from air conditioning units to power units to engines to rocket propulsion.

His descriptions may make sense to the average reader who doesn't have an aerospace engineering background. The craft as described in the book lacks many features that would be needed in order for it function.

### Omni wheel

Blumrich proposed a wheel that is capable of rotating not only in the forward-backward direction, but also sideways, and patented it. The wheel is now known as Omni wheel, and it is used in special applications.

## Criticism

Ronald Story in his book *Guardians of the Universe?* (1980) stated "Blumrich doctors up his Biblical quotes just a smidgen to make them conform a little better to his spaceship interpretation", and "*The Spaceships of Ezekiel*, in all honesty, can only be described as an extreme form of rationalisation, with a good supply of technical jargon, charts, and diagrams, carefully designed to impress the general reader. The book does contain a good collection of impressive drawings which prove nothing more than that whoever prepared them is a good draughtsman." Jerome Clark wrote that Blumrich "offered a creative but misplaced effort to translate the metaphorical biblical account into a properly engineered spacecraft."

## InfoBox

The Spaceships of Ezekiel
| Softcover edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Josef F. Blumrich |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Non-fiction |
| Publisher | Bantam |
| Publication date | June 21, 1974 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Paperback) |
| Pages | 179 pp. |
| ISBN | 0-553-08378-3 (first edition, paperback) |


title: The Spader EP

abstract: The Spader EP is the third official release and first EP by progressive metal band, No More Pain. It was recorded, mixed and mastered at HomeBrewed Recording in New Brunswick, New Jersey. It is a concept album centered around Mr. Spader, who was a contributor for the band's Indiegogo campaign to raise funds for their previous album The Post Human Condition. His reward was supposed to be a song written about him by the band, but it resulted in a half-hour long EP. The album contains many guests from the local music scene in New Jersey. It was self-released on May 18, 2016.

text:
# The Spader EP

***The Spader EP*** is the third official release and first EP by progressive metal band, No More Pain. It was recorded, mixed and mastered at HomeBrewed Recording in New Brunswick, New Jersey. It is a concept album centered around Mr. Spader, who was a contributor for the band's Indiegogo campaign to raise funds for their previous album *The Post Human Condition*. His reward was supposed to be a song written about him by the band, but it resulted in a half-hour long EP. The album contains many guests from the local music scene in New Jersey.

It was self-released on May 18, 2016.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Paging Mr. Spader" | 6:14 |
| 2. | "Spader's Lullaby" | 4:11 |
| 3. | "Spader's Dream" | 4:00 |
| 4. | "Wake Up, Mr. Spader!" | 6:54 |
| 5. | "Spader?" | 9:59 |
| Total length: | | 31:16 |

## Personnel

* Mike Roman - vocals, guitar, keyboards
* Matt McDermott - keyboards
* John Moroney - bass
* Dan Rainone - drums, percussion

Additional musicians * Mike Rainone - additional vocals on "Spader's Dream"
* Cody McCorry - theremin and saw on "Spader's Dream"
* Matt Brown - whistles and whispers on "Spader's Dream"
* Patrick Antonello - additional vocals on "Spader?"
* "The Spader Choir" on "Spader?": No More Pain (band), Mike Rainone, Matt Brown, Patrick Antonello, Daimon Santa Maria, Jenn Santa Maria

Production * Engineered, mixed and mastered by Nishit Nandankar at HomeBrewed Recording in North Brunswick, NJ
* Additional recording by Lou Morreale IV at Studio IV in Long Branch, NJ
* Cover artwork by Gregg Bautista
* Design and layout by Dan Rainone

## InfoBox

| The Spader EP | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by No More Pain | |
| Released | May 18, 2016 (2016-05-18) |
| Recorded | North Brunswick, NJ, HomeBrewed Recording |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 31:16 |
| Label | Self-released |
| No More Pain chronology | |
| *The Post Human Condition*
(2015) ***The Spader EP***
(2016) *Live EP*
(2017) | |


title: The Princeton Three

abstract: The Princeton Three was a group of two physicists and a political economist working at the Princeton University during the Cold War Era. Of the three men Eugene Wigner and John Archibald Wheeler studied physics and Oskar Morgenstern studied political economy. Their main goal was to establish a national science laboratory in the United States of America that would help America catch the Soviet Union in the Intermediate range ballistic missile (IRBM) race, as well as push the United States ahead in the space race. The basic outline of this laboratory called for university scientists to have complete and open insight to the militaristic needs if the country in order to spend some two or three years working full-time, without the shackles of administrative bodies or security restrictions. They would use their specific field of study to improve the defense systems of the military and other important project deemed necessary.

text:
# The Princeton Three

**The Princeton Three** was a group of two physicists and a political economist working at the Princeton University during the Cold War Era. Of the three men Eugene Wigner and John Archibald Wheeler studied physics and Oskar Morgenstern studied political economy. Their main goal was to establish a national science laboratory in the United States of America that would help America catch the Soviet Union in the Intermediate range ballistic missile (IRBM) race, as well as push the United States ahead in the space race. The basic outline of this laboratory called for university scientists to have complete and open insight to the militaristic needs if the country in order to spend some two or three years working full-time, without the shackles of administrative bodies or security restrictions. They would use their specific field of study to improve the defense systems of the military and other important project deemed necessary.

## Before Sputnik

In 1949 the Department of Defense (DOD) established the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (WSEG). It was established to conduct research for the DOD and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. However, due to the civil service system jobs with the WSEG were low paying and offered low amounts of prestige in the scientific community. To combat this, on May 4, 1955, Secretary of Defense Charles E. Wilson wrote to the president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), James Killian, about an interim contract between MIT and the DOD that would allow MIT to oversee WSEG's operations, therefore bringing more prestige and money to the job. On top of this the letter also contained information about the formation of an association of university so that MIT was not burdened with sole responsibility for the contract and facilities and services provided for WSEG. With MIT involved people could be hired, as civilian scientists, through the university allowing for much more prestige and better salaries. After the university was on board talks began with other highly touted universities such as the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Case Institute of Technology, Stanford and Tulane all of which agreed to join the cause, they established a non-profit corporation to conduct the work under. The name of the corporation was The Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA) and was incorporated under MIT on April 4, 1956 and the other universities joined September 1. General James McCormack was named President of the IDA. McCormack had some ideas for the corporation that would advance scientific academics in the United States, IDA was given a $500,000 grant from the Ford Foundation that was to be used to help get the group up and running and once they could sustain themselves they were to put it toward university research programs that aided national defense and operations research.

## Response to Sputnik

October 4, 1957 the Soviet Union put the first satellite into orbit around the Earth. Sputnik one caused many in the U.S. scientific community to outburst on the lack of work put into a satellite program. One of the key contributors to these outbursts was a former German scientist, turned American through project paperclip, Wernher von Braun. Von Braun stated that if given the correct materials and the go ahead he would have an American satellite in orbit in a matter of months, and he did not disappoint. January 31, 1958, two months after the Soviets launch their second satellite, Sputnik II, into orbit Explorer I, the first American satellite, was launched into orbit. The Soviets launch of Sputnik I and Sputnik II showed that America was falling behind in fall facets of scientific research only adding to the need of a national laboratory set aside for scientific research according to the issues present.

## The rise of the national lab idea

The man who got the ball rolling on the entire idea of the national laboratory was Princeton University professor John Archibald Wheeler. Post World War II Wheeler was a key contributor to the creation of the hydrogen bomb. After his time in Los Alamos National Laboratory he returned to Princeton and set up Project Matterhorn B where he could work on military projects while still being able to be at Princeton. Wheeler was discouraged with the amount of physicists wanting to work in the theoretical field, he believed physicists should remain working in the field of "primordial design", meaning that physicists should want to discover new things, fidget with gadgets and research instead of sticking with the new form of strategists planning out new ways to use technology already in play. His goal of a national laboratory would take a long time to play out but through the help of some key players like Senator Henry Jackson, University of California, Berkeley professor Edward Teller and John Kenneth Mansfield the idea had its roots in the formation of an advisory committee for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) that would lead to main ideas of an American national laboratory.

## Wheeler's proposal

After his work on the NATO committee Wheeler had the idea that the United States should do something similar but on a much bigger scale. In October 1957 Wheeler wrote to William E. Wright, who was head of the Nuclear Physics Division of the Office of Naval Research (ONR) about the idea of a national laboratory based on the structure and style of the NATO committee. On that same day Wheeler was proposed an idea that would help scientific education in the United States. Dorothy Fosdick visited Wheeler to discuss a $5,000 four-year scholarship for 400,000 graduating high school seniors, he pitched this as an idea that would be a $2 billion a year boost to help national defense. Looking at the numbers after the grant went into play in 1957 and 1958 1.5 million students graduated high school, one in two attended college where one in fifty received a bachelor's degree in physical science. While these numbers seemed amazing and that the grant was doing great things for the field of science what wheeler noticed is that not much was actually getting done other than teaching a new era of people about the current scientific world. He decided that the best way to counter the threat of the Soviet Union was not a crash course on education but instead he proposed a new Advanced Research Projects Agency. He contacted the likes of Killian and other members of the President's Science Advisory Committee (PSAC).

Wheeler believed with would help bring about planning and priority to national defense and the new ideas that began to come about. Since he had been a professor and saw first hand the work that gets done when people are in a setting where they can work together while still having private space to conduct research, he was sure that the way to make the idea of a national laboratory would be to make a campus-like setting for all the invited scientists to collaborate and work on defense and national security. Wheeler wanted a national laboratory much like the government created for bomb testing at Los Alamos during World War II. A former colleague wrote to Wheeler, a physicist named Kenneth Watson, about the current state of defense research and it was rather disappointing. Many of the researchers and workers around the job sites spent much of their time talking about how glad they were they didn't have to do too much work and that defense agencies spend a majority of their time discussing how good of a job they are doing in certain areas rather than actually doing those jobs.

While Wheeler was spreading this new idea of the national laboratory he gained the attention of two co-workers who would later make up the Princeton Three. On January 2, 1958 Wheeler sat down with the Dean of Princeton faculty, James D. Brown, Eugene Wigner, Oskar Morgenstern and a couple other Princeton faculty to discuss the possibility of the lab. And although his two counterparts loved the idea and may have been thinking bout it before approached by Wheeler both Wigner and Morgenstern gave full credit throughout the process to Wheeler. The three sent their first proposal to IDA was denied with a response that said while they agree defense is necessary and scientists need to be employed by the government, they were concerned that pulling too many top scientists out of universities would lower the education level of incoming scientists. Wheeler read the response and edited his proposal for a second attempt.

## Second proposal

After the first proposal was shut down Wheeler got to work on revising his first attempt and making it better. This second attempt was sent in on January 9, 1958. During the early part of 1958 the President Eisenhower attempted to make changes in the defense budget allotting more money to the DOD to put toward national security and missile defense. The new budget called for an estimated total of $39.8 billion going toward national defense, an increase of almost $4 million than congress allotted previously for the effort. Wheeler attempted to use this to his advantage, he requested, in his second proposal, that the DOD use that money to model the research and development sector after the Du Pont R&D lab. A version of his proposal made it into the *New York Times* article written about Eisenhower's budget change idea, but was eventually denied by President Stern of the IDA. He claimed that there was no need for so much defense effort during a time of peace.

## Death of the Idea

Wheeler sent out a third proposal that would also eventually be shut down thus ending the hopes he had of the national defense laboratory. The Princeton three made strides in pushing for a national defense laboratory, but after the dust settled Wheeler's idea was shut down and the idea of the lab slowly declined into nothing.


title: The Princeton Theological Review

abstract: The Princeton Theological Review is an annual academic journal published by students of Princeton Theological Seminary. It was first published with the title Biblical Repertory in 1825 by the Princeton Seminary graduate and professor, Charles Hodge. The name was changed to Biblical Repertory and Theological Review in 1829, Biblical Repertory and Princeton Review in 1837, Presbyterian Quarterly and Princeton Review in 1872, The Princeton Review in 1878, The Presbyterian Review in 1880, The New Princeton Review in 1886, The Presbyterian and Reformed Review in 1890, and finally Princeton Theological Review in 1903. In 1929 the trustees of Princeton Theological Seminary discontinued its subsidization. It was revived in the mid 1990s as The Princeton Theological Review. It again went dormant in 2012 but was revitalized in the 2014–2015 academic year before returning to domancy in 2020.

text:
# The Princeton Theological Review

***The Princeton Theological Review*** is an annual academic journal published by students of Princeton Theological Seminary. It was first published with the title ***Biblical Repertory*** in 1825 by the Princeton Seminary graduate and professor, Charles Hodge. The name was changed to ***Biblical Repertory and Theological Review*** in 1829, ***Biblical Repertory and Princeton Review*** in 1837, ***Presbyterian Quarterly and Princeton Review*** in 1872, ***The Princeton Review*** in 1878, ***The Presbyterian Review*** in 1880, ***The New Princeton Review*** in 1886, ***The Presbyterian and Reformed Review*** in 1890, and finally *Princeton Theological Review* in 1903. In 1929 the trustees of Princeton Theological Seminary discontinued its subsidization. It was revived in the mid 1990s as *The Princeton Theological Review*. It again went dormant in 2012 but was revitalized in the 2014–2015 academic year before returning to domancy in 2020.

## InfoBox

*The Princeton Theological Review*
| Discipline | Theology |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Publication details | |
| Former name(s) | Biblical Repertory, Biblical Repertory and Theological Review, Biblical Repertory and Princeton Review, Presbyterian Quarterly and Princeton Review, The Princeton Review, The Presbyterian Review, The New Princeton Review, The Presbyterian and Reformed Review |
| History | 1825–1929; 1990s–2012; 2014–2020. |
| Publisher | Princeton Theological Seminary (United States) |
| Frequency | Biannually or annually |
| Open access | Yes |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Princet. Theol. Rev.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 1945-4813
 |
| LCCN | 31004597 |
| OCLC no. | 1762859 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: The Quintet (album)

abstract: The Quintet is an album by V.S.O.P. It was compiled from two concert performances: one at the Greek Theatre, University of California, Berkeley, on July 16, 1977; the other at the San Diego Civic Theatre on July 18, 1977. The quintet were keyboardist Herbie Hancock, trumpeter Freddie Hubbard, drummer Tony Williams, bassist Ron Carter and saxophonist Wayne Shorter. The album was originally released in October 1977 as a 2-disc LP by Columbia Records.

text:
# The Quintet (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide* |  |

***The Quintet*** is an album by V.S.O.P. It was compiled from two concert performances: one at the Greek Theatre, University of California, Berkeley, on July 16, 1977; the other at the San Diego Civic Theatre on July 18, 1977. The quintet were keyboardist Herbie Hancock, trumpeter Freddie Hubbard, drummer Tony Williams, bassist Ron Carter and saxophonist Wayne Shorter (on tenor and soprano). The album was originally released in October 1977 as a 2-disc LP by Columbia Records.

## Reception

An excerpt from a review in the January 1978 issue of *Downbeat* is quoted on the back of the album and describes the performance:

> What the audience applauds on this album transcends mere form, technique and instrumentation. They were thrilled by the charisma generated by five masters who listened to one another's inner ears, spoke to each other at multiple levels, and, no matter how dense the musical content, conveyed their messages to the audience with amazing clarity.

## Legacy

"Third Plane" and "Lawra" were released also on studio album *Third Plane* (1977), which Hancock, Carter and Williams had recorded a few days before, on July 13, 1977. "Third Plane" became one of Carter's most renowned compositions.

"Byrdlike" was originally recorded by Hubbard for his 1962's *Ready for Freddie*. Shorter also played on this version.

"Dolores" was originally recorded by Miles Davis Quintet (consisting of Shorter, Hancock, Carter and Williams) in 1967 and released on 1967's *Miles Smiles*.

"Jessica" was originally released on Hancock's *Fat Albert Rotunda* album, recorded in 1969.

"Little Waltz" is a song from Carter's *Piccolo* album, recorded in March 1977.

## Track listing

Side 1

1. "One of a Kind" (Hubbard) – 9:27
2. "Third Plane" (Carter) – 7:19

Side 2

1. "Jessica" (Hancock) – 7:02
2. "Lawra" (Williams) – 9:43

Side 3

1. "Darts" (Hancock) – 8:54
2. "Dolores" (Shorter) – 11:31

Side 4

1. "Little Waltz" (Carter) – 9:33
2. "Byrdlike" (Hubbard) – 8:05

## Personnel

**Musicians**

**Production**

* David Rubinson – producer
* Jeffrey Cohen – associate producer
* Fred Catero – recording engineer
* Bryan Bell – live audio engineer
* Chris Minto – assistant engineer
* Les D. Cooper – remote crew
* Dennis Mays – remote crew
* Shawn Murphy – remote crew
* Paul Sandweiss – remote crew
* Ray Thompson – remote crew
* Russ Anderson – design
* Herbie Green – design
* Bruce Talamon – photography
* Kaz Tsuruta – photography
* Conrad Silvert – liner notes

## InfoBox

| The Quintet | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by V.S.O.P. | |
| Released | October 1977 |
| Recorded | July 16–18, 1977 |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 70:13 |
| Label | Columbia |
| Producer | David Rubinson, Jeffrey Cohen |
| V.S.O.P. chronology | |
| *Herbie Hancock Trio*
(1977) ***The Quintet***
(1977) *Tempest in the Colosseum*
(1977) | |


title: The Still Alarm (1918 film)

abstract: The Still Alarm is a 1918 American silent drama film directed by Colin Campbell and starring Tom Santschi, Bessie Eyton, and Eugenie Besserer. It is an adaptation of the 1887 play The Still Alarm by Joseph Arthur.

text:
# The Still Alarm (1918 film)

***The Still Alarm*** is a 1918 American silent drama film directed by Colin Campbell and starring Tom Santschi, Bessie Eyton, and Eugenie Besserer. It is an adaptation of the 1887 play *The Still Alarm* by Joseph Arthur.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Donald W. McCaffrey & Christopher P. Jacobs. *Guide to the Silent Years of American Cinema*. Greenwood Publishing, 1999. ISBN 0-313-30345-2

## InfoBox

| The Still Alarm | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Colin Campbell |
| Written by |  |
| Produced by | William Nicholas Selig |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Harry Neumann |
| Production<br>company | Selig Polyscope Company |
| Distributed by | Pioneer Film Corporation |
| Release date | * July 1918 (1918-07) |
| Running time | 6 reels |
| Country | United States |
| Languages |  |