title: Nicolae Pătrașcu

abstract: Nicolae Pătrașcu, Petrașco, or Petrașcu, also styled Nicolae Vo(i)evod, was the titular Prince of Wallachia, an only son of Michael the Brave and Lady Stanca, and a putative grandson of Pătrașcu the Good. His early childhood coincided with Michael's quick rise through the ranks of boyardom, peaking in 1593, when Michael became Prince and Nicolae his heir apparent. As he began a quest to emancipate Wallachia from the Ottoman Empire, Michael used his son as a party to alliances with the Holy Roman Empire and the Principality of Transylvania, proposing him as either a hostage or a matrimonial guarantee. While entering the Long Turkish War on the Christian side, Michael also negotiated a settlement with the Ottomans, again offering Nicolae as a guarantee. With the strengthening of Michael's alliance with the Habsburg monarchy in 1599, Nicolae participated in Michael's conquest of Transylvania. In December 1599 he was sent back to Wallachia to rule as Prince, while Michael took direct charge of Transylvania and then conquered Moldavia. Some records suggest that Nicolae was considered, or considered himself, a Prince of Moldavia, though that title was more likely held by a cousin, Marcu Cercel. In late 1600, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Moldavia invaded Wallachia and chased out Nicolae, replacing him with Simion Movilă. Michael was also chased out of Transylvania by his former ally Giorgio Basta and a large faction of the Hungarian nobility. In negotiating his peace with the latter, he sent Nicolae and Stanca as hostages. They were assigned ownership of Gilău, but, following clashes between Basta and the Hungarians, were taken by the latter to a harsher imprisonment in Făgăraș Citadel. Basta assassinated Michael in August 1601, but then liberated the family, with the ostensibly pro-Habsburg Nicolae still vying for the Wallachian throne. In 1602, the Wallachian crown went to Radu Șerban of Coiani, who had previously been Nicolae's Paharnic. Mutilated by his rival, Nicolae settled in the Archduchy of Austria, joining the regional court of Ferdinand Habsburg. He later moved to Habsburg Hungary, living mostly in Tyrnau with his own retinue. He litigated over his father's assets, which had been confiscated by the Empire, and set out to redeem his memory, while also involving himself in conspiracies for the recovery of Wallachia. From 1610, he reconciled with Radu Șerban, becoming his Postelnic and assisting with his expedition into Burzenland. He welcomed the older Prince in exile, after he was deposed by the Ottomans in 1611, and two years later married his daughter, Ana. From then until 1620, the two former Princes participated in anti-Ottoman projects that also involved the Duke of Nevers, the Movilești, and Gaspar Graziani. During the Thirty Years' War, which began after Ferdinand took the imperial throne in 1619, Nicolae and Radu Șerban joined a Habsburg coalition against Gabriel Bethlen's Transylvania. They themselves were chased out of Tyrnau by Bethlen's offensive, and both died of gout within seven years of each other, leaving the family in destitution. In the 1640s, Nicolae's son Mihai was asked by Wallachian Prince Matei Basarab to become his crown prince, but this request did not suit Habsburgs policies, and was dropped. Nicolae's widow and his daughter Ilinca were allowed passage, and repatriated both Princes' remains, which were buried together at Comana Monastery. Ilinca went on to marry a high-ranking boyar, Istratie Leurdeanu.

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# Nicolae Pătrașcu

**Nicolae Pătrașcu**, **Petrașco**, or **Petrașcu**, also styled **Nicolae Vo(i)evod** (Church Slavonic and Romanian Cyrillic: Нєколає or Николає Воєвод; ca. 1580 – late 1627), was the titular Prince of Wallachia, an only son of Michael the Brave and Lady Stanca, and a putative grandson of Pătrașcu the Good. His early childhood coincided with Michael's quick rise through the ranks of boyardom, peaking in 1593, when Michael became Prince and Nicolae his heir apparent. As he began a quest to emancipate Wallachia from the Ottoman Empire, Michael used his son as a party to alliances with the Holy Roman Empire and the Principality of Transylvania, proposing him as either a hostage or a matrimonial guarantee. While entering the Long Turkish War on the Christian side, Michael also negotiated a settlement with the Ottomans, again offering Nicolae as a guarantee.

With the strengthening of Michael's alliance with the Habsburg monarchy in 1599, Nicolae participated in Michael's conquest of Transylvania. In December 1599 he was sent back to Wallachia to rule as Prince, while Michael took direct charge of Transylvania and then conquered Moldavia. Some records suggest that Nicolae was considered, or considered himself, a Prince of Moldavia, though that title was more likely held by a cousin, Marcu Cercel. In late 1600, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Moldavia invaded Wallachia and chased out Nicolae, replacing him with Simion Movilă. Michael was also chased out of Transylvania by his former ally Giorgio Basta and a large faction of the Hungarian nobility. In negotiating his peace with the latter, he sent Nicolae and Stanca as hostages. They were assigned ownership of Gilău, but, following clashes between Basta and the Hungarians, were taken by the latter to a harsher imprisonment in Făgăraș Citadel. Basta assassinated Michael in August 1601, but then liberated the family, with the ostensibly pro-Habsburg Nicolae still vying for the Wallachian throne.

In 1602, the Wallachian crown went to Radu Șerban of Coiani, who had previously been Nicolae's *Paharnic*. Mutilated by his rival, Nicolae settled in the Archduchy of Austria, joining the regional court of Ferdinand Habsburg. He later moved to Habsburg Hungary, living mostly in Tyrnau with his own retinue. He litigated over his father's assets, which had been confiscated by the Empire, and set out to redeem his memory, while also involving himself in conspiracies for the recovery of Wallachia. From 1610, he reconciled with Radu Șerban, becoming his *Postelnic* and assisting with his expedition into Burzenland. He welcomed the older Prince in exile, after he was deposed by the Ottomans in 1611, and two years later married his daughter, Ana. From then until 1620, the two former Princes participated in anti-Ottoman projects that also involved the Duke of Nevers, the Movilești, and Gaspar Graziani.

During the Thirty Years' War, which began after Ferdinand took the imperial throne in 1619, Nicolae and Radu Șerban joined a Habsburg coalition against Gabriel Bethlen's Transylvania. They themselves were chased out of Tyrnau by Bethlen's offensive, and both died of gout within seven years of each other, leaving the family in destitution. In the 1640s, Nicolae's son Mihai was asked by Wallachian Prince Matei Basarab to become his crown prince, but this request did not suit Habsburgs policies, and was dropped. Nicolae's widow and his daughter Ilinca were allowed passage, and repatriated both Princes' remains, which were buried together at Comana Monastery. Ilinca went on to marry a high-ranking boyar, Istratie Leurdeanu.

## Name

In a document which uses the courtly language, Church Slavonic, Nicolae describes himself as: Млстію Вжією Іѡ Нєколає Воєвода и гспднь въсою зємлє ꙋггровлахискоє ("By the Grace of God *Io* Niecolaie Voivode and Hospodar of the Entire Hungro-Wallachian Country"). Historian Nicolae Iorga highlights the exotic nature of Nicolae's baptismal name, in its temporal context. The last Prince of Wallachia to have been crowned under that name was the 14th-century Nicolae Alexandru, whose memory had faded, and it was only used since by the pretender Nicolaus Bassaraba. The latter, a scion of the Craiovești, had made his most successful bid for the throne in 1563–1564. Iorga proposes that both Bassaraba and Pătrașcu were in fact named in honor of their supposed common ancestor, Neagoe Basarab, both of them with a synophone. Scholar Ștefan Mihăilescu believes that Michael the Brave may have named his son in direct homage to Saint Nicholas, whom he credited as his personal protector. A period witness and biographer, Balthasar Walther, contrarily reports that Pătrașcu celebrated his name day on the Feast of Saint Peter (June 29).

In Moldavia, the Prince was generally known as *Neculai* or *Nicola*, although one Moldavian document of 1600 refers to him as *Petru Vodă* ("Peter the Voivode"). The derivative Pătrașcu appears in Nicolae's signatures in Neo-Latin, which style him as *Nicolaus Petrasko Waiwoda* or *Nicolaus Petrascus Waiwoda*. The registers of the *Hof-Bibliothek*, also kept in Latin, name him as *Nicolaus Petrascus* or *Nicolaas Petrash*. In Tuscan sources, his name appeared more simply as *Petraschi Vaivoda*. Some of the Romanian writs issued after his departure refer to him as *Pătrașco Voevod*, or merely as *Jupan Necula*. Another early Romanian record, preserved by Nicolae's tombstone, cites him as *Petrașco Niculae*.

## Biography

### Origins and early life

Various scholarly disputes surround the origins of Nicolae's father Michael the Brave, or *Mihai Viteazul*, who passed himself off as a son of Pătrașcu the Good, from the Drăculești princely clan, and therefore also as a half-brother of Petru Cercel. Some historians accept that he was Prince Pătrașcu's son, or at least a member of his house. Others simply list Michael's paternal roots as disputed. Nicolae's grandmother was Teodora (Tudora), Pătrașcu's alleged mistress. A native or resident of Orașul de Floci, she was of Greek ethnicity and reportedly worked as a barmaid.

In the 16th century, Wallachia was a tributary state of the Ottoman Empire, which had an important say in its political life. From beginnings as an itinerant merchant, Michael joined the boyar aristocracy in 1588, when he served as lesser *Ban* in Mehedinți County, then as *Stolnic*. According to contemporary writers such as Germanico Malaspina, Nicolae looked to be aged 12 or 13 in 1599–1600, meaning that he was born in 1586 or 1587. Mihăilescu has "year unknown". According to his research, the only reliable date to go by is 1584, the year of Michael's marriage to Lady Stanca; Nicolae was the couple's eldest child. Historian Radu Mârza gives Nicolae's birth year as "approx. 1584", while other documentary evidence pushes the date back to ca. 1575.

Stanca, who had been previously married to *Postelnic* Dumitru of Vâlcănești, was a relative of the Buzești boyars. She was also mother of Michael's daughter, Florica, who may have been born to another woman. Historians disagree on whether Florica was born ca. 1585 or much earlier. She was promised in marriage to several European monarchs, but eventually wed boyar Preda "Floricoiu" of Cepturoaia. Stanca's brother was Dragomir of Cârțoclești, who was briefly Michael's *Stolnic*; this made her aunt of another boyar, *Spatharios* Balea, who acted as her caretaker. Historians have often assumed that Stanca was the sister of *Vornic* Dragomir Dobromirescu, but later research proved that there was no relation between them. Genealogist Constantin Gane also describes Stanca as the daughter of *Logothete* Radu of Drăgoești and a niece of Dobromirescu, though other historians reject that hypothesis.

Michael, rising to become Great *Ban* of Oltenia, fell afoul of the ruling Prince, Alexander the Wicked. According to legend, he miraculously evaded execution, then left into self-exile. It is probable that Nicolae and Stanca remained behind in Oltenia. Walther reports that Pătrașcu went into hiding with a band of Gypsies, while Stanca was sent to live with the "women of the land". Michael eventually took the throne in 1593, with crucial backing from the Ottoman potentate Andronikos Kantakouzenos. The latter is often assumed to have been a brother of Teodora, which would establish a genealogical link between Nicolae and the emerging Cantacuzino family. The interpretation remains controversial.

Nicolae followed his family to Bucharest, and probably lived with them in the princely court of Piața cu Flori. An oral tradition records that he owned two pet deer, which he raised on the castle grounds. Michael grew somewhat estranged from his wife, and kept several official mistresses. One of these was Tudora, wife of the scribe Fiera Leurdeanu, who gave birth to a daughter. Named Marula, she later became wife of *Clucer* Socol Cornățeanu. One tradition refers to another Wallachian, the alleged son of Michael and brother of Nicolae, who ended up serving the Ottoman Empire as *Hazar Pasha*.

Nicolae's stay in Bucharest ended in 1594, when Michael rebelled against the Ottoman Empire. Wallachia joined the Holy League and the Holy Roman Empire, opening a new theater in the Long Turkish War. The Ottoman Army responded to the revolt by ransacking Bucharest, during which time one of Nicolae's deer was killed and the other lost. The princely family fled to the fortress town of Gherghița, although rumor soon spread that they had been sent as hostages to the Principality of Transylvania. According to Mârza, the new developments had pushed Michael into using his own family as pawns in a "complexity of diplomatic games".

### Becoming Prince

Michael eventually defeated the Ottoman intruders at Călugăreni in August 1595. Sources differ as to what Nicolae and Stanca were doing during that interval. Some authors believe that they remained in Gherghița until autumn 1596, when they finally moved to the second capital, Târgoviște. Walther visited the place in June 1597, in time for Pătrașcu's name day, and composed an epigram for the occasion. From such accounts, scholar Nicolae Bălcescu deduces that he was Pătrașcu's tutor—a claim seen as inaccurate by historian Dan Simonescu, who finds it more likely that Walther was a diplomatic envoy. In 1599, Walther wrote that the Prince sent "his woman, his children and all that he held dear" to safety in Hermannstadt. Other reports of the period suggests that Michael began negotiating a truce with the Ottomans, during which he offered to send Nicolae as a hostage to Istanbul. According to this narrative, Nicolae was still in Transylvania. Upon receiving news of Wallachia's rapprochement with the Ottomans, Transylvanian Princess Maria Christina ordered Michael's entire family to be quietly arrested. They remained hostages until January or February 1596.

Walther also suggests that Maria Christina's returning husband, Sigismund Báthory, adhered to Michael's conciliatory lines. In July 1597, both were more openly negotiating with Sultan Mehmed III. The latter promised recognition for Michael, and for Nicolae as his rightful successor. Around that time, Michael also negotiated the terms of a new alliance with Transylvania, promising that he would marry Nicolae to a sister of Transylvanian magnate István Jósika; Florica, meanwhile, was to marry Jósika's son. The project was suppressed when Sigismund Báthory refused to commit to the Holy League, prompting Michael to seek a matrimonial alliance with the Habsburgs and Hohenzollerns. Michael was especially worried when Mehmed asked for Nicolae to be sent as hostage, pushing him back into rebellion. In 1598, he proposed that Florica marry Emperor Rudolf, and also tried to arrange Nicolae's wedding to Marie of Prussia. That year, Nicolae was given his first official assignment, which involved greeting Imperial envoys as they arrived in Târgoviște. In late 1597, Michael had also sent for Marcu Cercel, his alleged nephew, who had spent his childhood in Transylvania. According to the chronicler Ciro Spontone, Marcu was virtually adopted by the Prince, and was also being considered a suitor for Marula or Florica.

Some scholars argue that, at some point in 1598 or 1599, Nicolae was dispatched to Transylvania, enrolling at the Jesuit Academy in Clausenburg. Mihăilescu believes that the school gave him his proficiency in Neo-Latin. However, Mârza cautions, no document shows whether Nicolae actually attended courses, but only that Michael had wanted him to enroll. In any case, this period ended with a sudden worsening of relations between the Holy League and Transylvania, with Andrew Báthory taking over as the latter country's Prince. The deterioration prompted Michael to begin his conquest of Transylvania. Nicolae was by his father's side during the victory at Șelimbăr (October 1599), and was then present for the fealty ceremonies at Alba Iulia.

For several months, Michael oscillated between the Habsburgs, who demanded his total submission, and the Ottomans, from whom he could expect recognition as Transylvanian Prince. In his dealings with either side, he offered to send Nicolae as a hostage. Meanwhile, Michael's reign in Wallachia was under threat, with a new offensive started by the Ottoman Army, which again tried to penetrate into Wallachia. The expedition notably included a pretender known as Cremonese Basarab, who was probably Nicolaus Bassaraba's son. In early December, Michael ordered Nicolae back to Târgoviște by way of Bran, assigning him a 6,000-strong guard under the command of Pongrác Szennyey. According to Gane, Stanca was made a regent, which allowed Michael to spend more time with his Transylvanian mistress, Velica Genga.

Nicolae Pătrașcu was the reigning Prince of Wallachia between December 1599 and September 1601. For this reason, Michael's unification of Wallachia and Transylvania is described by various historians as mostly a dynastic union. According to Constantin Rezachevici, Nicolae was a full lord of his country, but his father was the "higher point of reference". As noted by Iorga, Nicolae's "full and uncontested" rule over Wallachia was meant to free Michael's had in claiming the throne of Transylvania (where he was formally governor on behalf of the Habsburgs). He was also using the separation of offices as an instrument against Rudolf's demands. In early 1600, when Rudolf demanded Nicolae as a hostage, Michael replied that this would mean statelessness for Wallachia. Nicolae's reign over Wallachia was assisted by a Boyar Council. Andronikos Kantakouzenos, Nicolae's putative uncle, was reportedly his tutor; he also managed the country's fiscal affairs, as *Vistier*, while Miroslav of Râfov was *Logothete*. Șerban of Coiani, who would later play a significant role in Wallachian history, was Nicolae's *Paharnic*. At least one document confirms that Radu Buzescu was the acting *Postelnic*.

### In Moldavia

From his campsite in Transylvania, Michael set his sights on Moldavia, which was governed by a hostile Movilești regime, closely allied with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Initially, Michael pursued matrimonial diplomacy: Nicolae was to marry a daughter of the Moldavian Prince Ieremia Movilă. The latter refused the offer, as he was instead pushing for his brother, Simion Movilă, to take the Wallachian throne. Michael began preparing for war, but could only hope to succeed if he created a rift between Poland and the Movilești. Around December 1599, he was considering a matrimonial alliance with the *Szlachta*, through both Nicolae and Florica. Early the following year, he offered to send Nicolae as a hostage to Kraków. King Sigismund Vasa refused to accept, and informed Michael that he could still expect retaliation.

Michael led his combined Wallachian–Transylvanian force into a storming of Moldavia. His son reportedly joined in the effort, traveling with the Wallachian army along the Trotuș River on May 5, 1600. Some twenty days later, Ieremia fled Moldavia, leaving the Wallachians in control; Nicolae had regained Târgoviște by that time. Various historians agree that Nicolae was selected by Michael to be the new Moldavian ruler. Rezachevici nuances this verdict, arguing that Michael in fact groomed Nicolae and his heirs to rule as a single dynasty over all three countries. A contemporary testimony by the Polish diplomat Andrzej Tarnowski argues the same, namely that Michael expected Sigismund Vasa to recognize "Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania \[as belonging\] to his son Nicolae, and to his heirs of the male gender." In June, as he rearranged the Moldavian Orthodox Church, placed under Archbishop Dionysus Rallis, Michael received the oath of office from other hierarchs. The group, including Anastasie Crimca, who took over as Bishop of Rădăuți, swore his allegiance not just to Michael, but also to Nicolae. This also appears in one oath by the newly appointed *pârcălab* of Suceava.

An interpretation of Nicolae's role in Moldavia is found in 18th-century variant of *Letopisețul Cantacuzinesc*, which claims that Michael ordered Radu Buzescu to arrange Nicolae's departure for Iași. The same source reports that Michael changed his mind as the expedition was starting, and instead placed Moldavia under a regency. According to historian N. Grigoraș, the Moldavian move may have been vetoed by Stanca, although some of the Moldavian boyars had proved welcoming. One contemporary account claims that Michael no longer wanted "his little son" as ruler of a "a borderland, for he was still fearful of Ieremia Voivode". As noted by Rezachevici, this may in fact refer to his awareness that the Polish army of Stanisław Żółkiewski was preparing the reconquest of Moldavia. Under this Wallachian ascendancy, Moldavia's throne was most probably being prepared for Marcu Cercel. The regency council which then emerged is generally believed to have comprised Andronikos, *Hetman* Udrea Băleanu, *Spatharios* Negrea, and *Armaș* Sava.

By June 1600 Nicolae was also styling himself "ruler over the whole Country of Transylvania". In July, Michael requested from Rudolf that he and Nicolae be recognized as joint rulers of all three countries, and that their dynasty, including female descendants, be left to rule "to the end of time". On September 12, Rudolf finally issued a writ recognizing Michael and Nicolae as lifetime governors of Transylvania and as Princes of the other two countries. Over those months, however, Michael had lost Transylvania to an insurgency headed by the Imperial warlord Giorgio Basta, and assisted by the Hungarian nobility; Moldavia was also reconquered by the Poles and the Movilești (*see Battle of Mirăslău*, *Moldavian Magnate Wars*). He was forced back into Wallachia when the Poles began their march on Bucharest. Shortly before the battle of Bucov, he pledged to send Stanca and his children, including Nicolae, as hostages to Transylvania, hoping to secure a truce with Basta. Michael obtained guarantees that his family would not be imprisoned by his enemies, the Transylvanian Saxons, but Basta denied his other requests, including that they would be dispatched to Făgăraș Citadel.

### As hostage

Despite the pledge, Michael was also very unwilling to send his family abroad, and procrastinated to October 1600. Florica only arrived on December 30, and Teodora, also promised as a hostage, never left Wallachia. Nicolae finally presented himself at Lécfalva on October 16, accompanied by Archbishop Dionysus and *Vistier* Stoica Rioșeanu. All three pledged their loyalty to Rudolf and expressed criticism of Michael's policies. On October 17, Nicolae and his mother were honored guests at Corona, on their way to a gilded imprisonment in the castle of Gilău (Gela). In their dialogue with Michael, the Hungarians offered Gilău as a permanent family *demesne*.

After Bucov, Simion Movilă took over Nicolae's throne, in what was in practice an alternative dynastic union between Wallachia and Moldavia. Michael remained an exile, seeking to renew his fealty toward the Habsburgs. He departed for Vienna, where he was to seek additional support from Rudolf and made peace with Basta. This interval presented an opportunity for the Hungarian nobles, who denounced Basta and took control over much of Transylvania. Nicolae and Stanca, now their prisoners, were removed from Gilău and dispatched to the more secluded Făgăraș. Some of Michael's supporters in Transylvania acknowledged in March 1601 that the family was healthy and satisfied, but a Mantuan report of April claimed otherwise. Stanca later complained to her mother-in-law that the entire family had been mistreated, and other records suggest that their mobile possession were arbitrarily confiscated. Michael tried to have them released into Rudolf's custody, and proposed that Nicolae become his ambassador in Prague.

Despite his revival of the Holy League, Michael was having secret dealings with the Ottomans, to whom he sent a number of peace offerings in exchange for recognition as Prince. Again during the early months of 1601, he offered to send his son, "who is now kept under lock at Făgăraș", to Istanbul. The Ottomans demanded Nicolae from the Hungarian nobles, their nominal allies. The request was denied, because Nicolae's captors expected to hold him as a leverage against Michael, and also because of Stanca's passionate opposition to the plan. In August 1601, with Imperial backing, Michael was able to defeat the rebels at Guruslău. News of this pushed the Wallachian boyars into a successful anti-Movilești rebellion, which technically restored Nicolae on the throne. They sent envoys to Michael's camp, who also reached Făgăraș on their way.

Nicolae's fortunes were overturned within a month, following Michael's killing on Basta's orders, at Câmpia Turzii. Rumors of the period claimed that the two clashed over Michael's intent to divert his forces toward Făgăraș, in order to free Stanca and his children. Others even suggested that Basta framed Michael, first by agreeing to the offensive on Făgăraș, and then by withdrawing support and claiming that Michael was off to join the Ottomans. With Michael dead, Basta took control of the offensive into Transylvania, which eventually included the capture of Făgăraș. An *avviso* of October 6 claims that Basta's troops ran into Michael's family not at Făgăraș, but at Huszth, which indicates that they had been moved to Partium by the retreating Hungarians, probably through Moldavia. As reported by Gane, Stanca and Nicolae remained harshly critical of Michael in their interviews with Basta and David Ungnad, accepting that he may have been guilty of conspiracy against the Holy League. Nicolae "cried and trembled, informing the German \[Ungnad\] that, whatever his father's fault, \[...\] he himself remained blameless and prostrated in front of the Emperor". According to Iorga, the young heir, a "gentle creature", was "blessing his patron Basta, though the latter's hands were drenched in a blood that should have been dear to the princelet."

Marcu Cercel also pledged his loyalties to the Empire. He followed Basta to Făgăraș, hoping to emerge as the Habsburg favorite for the Wallachian throne. A delegation of boyars supported him, while others noted that, at age eighteen, he was hardly competent; they preferred Șerban of Coiani for that position. An *avviso* from May 1602 claims that Nicolae's candidacy was probably considered by a boyar faction, namely that supporting Wallachia's incorporation within the Empire. By then, Nicolae had been moved to Făgăraș, and was faced with Moldavian demands for his extradition. These were ignored by Basta, who instead asked the Hungarian nobles that they return Nicolae's stolen assets.

### In exile

A Cozia Monastery record details the meeting between Stanca and Teodora, who was by then a nun. According to Gane, this would suggest that Nicolae traveled back to Wallachia to meet his paternal grandmother, while others indicate that he was forced to stay behind in Transylvania until the second half of 1602. In August, Nicolae addressed the Emperor a letter which reaffirmed his loyalty and asked to be received at the court in Prague, while also issuing a claim to Michael's confiscated assets. On September 28, Nicolae was at Șcheii Brașovului, where he donated various assets to St. Nicholas Church, in exchange for regular memorial services honoring his late father. The Wallachian assets he bequeathed included the entire village of Micșunești. In December, Nicolae, Stanca and Florica had reached Vienna, and were asking for Rudolf's assistance.

Between 1602 and 1611, the Wallachian throne was held by Șerban of Coiani, who took the regnal name of *Radu Șerban*. By 1608, Nicolae had returned to Transylvania, hoping to seal an alliance with its Prince, Gabriel Báthory, against their common Wallachian rival. According to Gane, Nicolae sketched an attempt to topple his rival, leading a "small army he had improvised". Radu Șerban captured him and cut off part of his nose, which technically invalidated Nicolae's candidacy. Despite usurping Nicolae, he was a close follower of Michael's political line. Stanca returned to Wallachia with Florica, but died there in late 1603, a victim of the recurring plague. Balea of Cârțoclești assisted the family with various matters, including Stanca's funeral. Meanwhile, Nicolae obtained an imperial monthly pension worth 100 Goldgulden. He was also assigned to the retinue of Ferdinand Habsburg, the Archduke of Austria, which required his presence in Graz ca. 1603, and, on May 30, 1606, was made Cup-bearer (*Mundschenk*) of the Holy Roman Empire. Nevertheless, his funding was irregular, and overall viewed as insufficient by Nicolae and his retinue, who were increasingly dependent on pawnbrokers.

The former Prince eventually settled in Tyrnau, to the west of Habsburg Hungary (in present-day Slovakia). From Tyrnau, he litigated over his father's remaining assets, which were still in the Empire's custody, and also demanded Kynsburg Castle, in Lower Silesia, which had been promised to Michael. In 1605, the *Geheimrat* recognized that Nicolae was owed 15,000 thaler from his father's possessions, but failed to enforce this ruling, leaving Nicolae to issue a formal protest to the Hungarian Diet of Pressburg. In 1606, the Aulic Council settled his outstanding debt of 20,000 thaler, but he continued to be pressed by his creditors; six years later, he resold to Emperor Rudolf his father's golden necklace. He had earlier declared this artifact lost. Meanwhile, the burghers of Tyrnau issued complaints against their guest, accusing his retinue of excessive luxury and resource depletion.

In 1610, Radu Șerban recognized Nicolae as a *Postelnic*. In this interval, Nicolae exchanged deeds over his father's village of Ciulnița with *Logothete* Oancea, receiving instead Glina, though he never took possession of the latter. In July 1611, he fought alongside the Wallachian Prince as he defeated Báthory in Burzenland. Later that year, Radu Șerban was chased out of Bucharest by another Ottoman invasion, and replaced with Radu Mihnea. An 18th-century compilation by Franjo Ksaver Pejačević suggests that both Princes escaped Wallachia together, heading for Vienna. Eventually, Radu Șerban also settled at Tyrnau. From there, he began plotting Radu Mihnea's downfall, profiting from the Ottomans' focus on a parallel war in Persia. The expedition, finally started in 1616, was blocked by the hostile Transylvanian regime of Gabriel Bethlen, who joined with Iskender Pasha and defeated the Wallachian returnees in Moldavia.

Șerban's effort was also assisted by Moldavia's Princess Elisabeta, on behalf of the Movilești. This final reconciliation ended badly for the Moldavians, as Elisabeta and her son Alexandru were dethroned and imprisoned by the Ottomans. Nicolae remained close to Gabriel Movilă, who became Prince of Wallachia in June 1618. During that episode, Nicolae and Marcu Cercel again found themselves on opposite sides: frustrated in his attempts to obtain a Wallachian or Moldavian crown, Marcu had turned against his Habsburg backers. In his final years, he was one of Bethlen's trusted supporters.

### Final years

Nicolae ultimately married Radu Șerban's daughter, known as Ana or Ancuța Radulea, on July 10, 1618. The wedding was blessed by a new Emperor, Matthias, who presented the couple with a silver chalice. The scandal over Michael's inheritance peaked the same year, when Matthias ordered an *Hofkriegsrat* investigation into Michael's killing. The news were poorly received by Nicolae, who complained that the inquiry would open the record to "calumnies" against his father and cement Basta's depiction of the Prince as a "traitor".

The issue was put on hold by the accession of Archduke Ferdinand to the imperial throne, an event which also sparked the Thirty Years' War. In 1619, Bethlen, joining the anti-Habsburg coalition, attacked Ferdinand's possessions in Hungary. Nicolae, Ana, and Radu Șerban fled Tyrnau ahead of a siege, moving to Modern, then to Eisenstadt. During that interval, both former Princes became involved in the project to assist the Maniot revolt in Ottoman Greece, with the Duke of Nevers asking them to support his "Christian Militia", which also fought against Bethlen. Although criticized as Orthodox "Schismatics", they were eventually accepted as allies, alongside the ephemeral Catholic Prince of Moldavia, Gaspar Graziani. In November 1619, Nicolae and Graziani assisted George Druget's attack on Bethlen's Transylvania, also transferring exorbitant sums to Sigismund Vasa in exchange for his *Lisowczycy* *(see Battle of Humenné)*. Nicolae became Druget's favorite for the Wallachian crown, his father-in-law having since retired from the race. Eventually, Nicolae and Radu Șerban became aware that Graziani wanted the crown of Wallachia for himself, and were resentful, taking their distance from the Militia.

In February 1620, after having moved to Vienna, Nicolae lost his father-in-law to gout, and inherited from him the assets of the Coiani boyars. By then, Nicolae was again emerging as Ferdinand's favorite: the Empire would not assign him more money, but Michael's inheritance was paid up in land, houses, and salt. Following the Habsburg–Transylvanian rapprochement, he began writing of his plan to regain Bucharest with Bethlen's help. Nevertheless, he himself was immobilized by gout, turning his attention to less material pursuits, in particular reading. By 1626, attempting to alleviate his symptoms, he sought specialized care in Vienna. In his correspondence with Sebastian Tengnagel, he asked to receive books of grammar and theology from the *Hof-Bibliothek*, noting that he had "no other pleasure left". He complained to Ferdinand's court of his insolvency, receiving backing from the Count Esterházy.

Nicolae died of gout in 1627, either somewhere "in Austria" or at Pressburg. As noted by Ștefan Mihăilescu, his date of death was between June 19 and September 7. According to the same author, he was probably aged 40 or 41. The body was assigned for burial to the Orthodox church of Raab. Ana survived on a 50-Goldgulden pension, also finding employment as a seamstress; Ferdinand refused to let her return home. By 1635, she was able to pay off her debt to the citizens of Tyrnau, but protested that they would not return her collateral. She also took up her husband's inheritance claim, and, as early as 1627, complained to Ferdinand that Count Esterházy, as Palatine of Hungary, was blocking her litigation. The Emperor intervened and ordered the procedures to be carried out with some expediency. Parts of Michael the Brave's estate were also being requested by some of the prominent Hungarian families, including Bánffy, Héderváry, and Esterházy.

## Legacy

Nicolae's remains were finally exhumed by Ana in 1640, and taken to Wallachia together with Radu Șerban's (recovered from St. Stephen's Cathedral). The reigning Prince Matei Basarab welcomed them in Bucharest, then buried them together in the shared necropolis of Comana Monastery. The epitaph, which probably dates from the late 18th century, commemorates both as heroes of the defense against Islam and "the Hungarian heretic". Unusually, Nicolae and his family were regularly commemorated by a Moldavian church at Golia Monastery. Their likeness remains preserved at Căluiu Monastery, in Oboga, which Michael furbished in 1593–1594. His heir is shown alongside his mother on the Căluiu naos, painted by a Master Mina. Mihăilescu, who also writes that Prince Nicolae was a Wallachian version of Napoleon II, laments that his fate was otherwise "nearly entirely forgotten."

The marriage of Nicolae and Ana produced two sons, Gavril and Mihai Pătrașcu, and a daughter, Ilinca (Elena). Gavril died in 1622, an infant or young child. Nicolae's daughter stayed with her mother in Austria until 1640. Both returned to settle in Filipeștii de Târg, alongside the Cantacuzinos, before recovering their family estates. They could resume ownership of Bârca and Mircești-Simileasca, but not of their serfs, who were recognized as manumitted by Prince Matei. Florica had died shortly after her brother, in or around 1629, while Marula was still alive in 1647.

Mihai, who was also recognized as a Cup-bearer, stated a claim to his share of the Coiani inheritance, demanding in particular 4,000 Goldgulden pledged by the Empire to his maternal grandmother, Elena Șerban. He was still attached to Vienna, with Ferdinand III forcefully keeping him on his entourage and considering him for the throne of Transylvania. In 1643, he was trying to instigate a pro-Habsburg rebellion among the Romanians of Transylvania. This prevented Prince Matei, whose sons Matei II and Mateiaș had both died, from adopting Michael the Great's grandson. In 1654, formally released from Austrian service, Mihai made a final effort to regain Wallachia, counting on assistance from the Cossack rebels. He fell ill with the plague upon reaching Bohdan Khmelnytsky's court in Chyhyryn, and was recorded as dead by 1656. One tradition suggests that he was the suitor for Domnița Ruxandra, daughter of Moldavian Prince Vasile Lupu and widow of Tymofiy Khmelnytsky. Some scholars also argue that he is the *Michael Vaivoda* depicted in a 1651 engraving by Elias Wiedemann.

By then, Ilinca had married *Postelnic* Istratie Leurdeanu. He was Fiera Leurdeanu's grandson, and son of the *Logothete* Stroe Leurdeanu. After his failure with Mihai Pătrașcu, Prince Matei hoped to adopt Istratie, but met opposition from the other boyars, and was ultimately discarded in favor of Diicul Buicescul. Both Istratie and Stroe rose to prominence later in the 1650s, under the rule of Radu Șerban's natural son, Constantin Șerban, and then became noted as enemies of the Cantacuzinos. Ilinca was still mentioned in 1656, and died childless some time after; Istratie was executed in December 1658 by a new Prince, Mihnea III. His father survived him by twenty years. Tried for his role in the unlawful execution of Constantin I Cantacuzino (Nicolae's alleged cousin), he was pardoned and sent to a monastery, ending his life as Silvestru the Monk.

Nicolae Pătrașcu enjoys recognition in modern-day Romania. Research into his biography was inaugurated by Alexandru Roman, on behalf of the Romanian Academy. In the 1880s, Roman obtained essential biographical documents relating to Pătrașcu and Ana Radulea, from the estate of György Majláth. The Prince's tunic and cape were recovered from Comana and, by 1978, were on display at the National Military Museum. Posthumous depictions include Constantin Vaeni's 1977 film, *Buzduganul cu trei peceți*, with Constantin Fugașin as a rambunctious Nicolae Pătrașcu (Victor Rebengiuc is Michael the Brave).

## Arms

Like all Wallachian Princes of the period, Nicolae used as his primary symbol the Wallachian bird, which was by then a cross between golden eagle and raven. As noted by heraldist Dan Cernovodeanu, this "hybrid" was represented with "very elegant" form under Nicolae's alleged grandfather, Pătrașcu the Good. A 1616 roll of arms, created by Valentin Franck, puts Nicolae's arms alongside those of his father-in-law, showing them to be nearly identical: they both have oval shields supported by lions *affrontés*, and "hybrid" birds *displayed*. In Franck's version, Nicolae's arms feature the bird over a cross potent, and holding a ring in its beak, while Radu Șerban's has a closed beak and no cross. Cernovodeanu proposes that this heraldic distinction highlighted the difference of weight in dynastic claims: Nicolae saw himself as descending from the original House of Basarab, whereas his ally was only related to the Craiovești. However, all seals used by Nicolae, Radu Șerban and Mihai Pătrașcu feature the same display, including lions in supporters and the cross (either behind the bird or in its beak), but without a ring.

Michael the Brave and Nicolae are both associated with another seal, first used on July 27, 1600. Its complex field has the Wallachian bird alongside the Moldavian aurochs, two lions *affrontés*, and a variant of the *nova plantatio* theme, with both Princes in supporters. An enduring controversy surrounds the two lions, opposing historians who view them as a variant coat of arms of Transylvania to those who read them as Michael's personal arms; secondary debates range over whether they are shown holding up a sword or rather the trunk of a tree. Among the specialists involved, archivist Aurelian Sacerdoțeanu proposed that the seal was designed by Nicolae in a bid to cement his claim as Michael's successor on the Moldavian throne.

* Matei Cazacu, "Stratégies matrimoniales et politiques des Cantacuzène sous la Turcocratie (XVe–XVIe s.)", in *Revue des Études Roumaines*, Vols. XIX–XX, 1995–1996, pp. 157–181.
* Dan Cernovodeanu, *Știința și arta heraldică în România*. Bucharest: Editura științifică și enciclopedică, 1977. OCLC 469825245
* Ion Donat, *Domeniul domnesc în Țara Românească (sec. XIV–XVI)*. Bucharest: Editura enciclopedică, 1996. ISBN 973-454-170-6
* Constantin Gane, *Trecute vieți de doamne și domnițe. Vol. I*. Bucharest: Luceafărul S. A., \[1932\].
* Mihai Georgiță, "Mihai Viteazul și creștinătatea sud-dunăreană", in *Revista Crisia*, Vol. XXXIX, 2009, pp. 153–171.
* Carl Göllner, "Beziehungen der Rumanischen Wojewoden Radu Șerban, Nicolae Petrașcu und Gaspar Graziani zur *Milice chrétienne*", in *Revue des Études Sud-est Européennes*, Vol. VI, Issue 1, 1968, pp. 71–83.
* N. Grigoraș, "De același sînge cu moldovenii", in *Magazin Istoric*, May 1975, pp. 7–10.
* I. Ionașcu, *Biserici, chipuri și documente din Olt*, Vol. I. Craiova: Ramuri, 1934. OCLC 935559527
* Nicolae Iorga,
    + "Prefață", in *Studiĭ și documente cu privire la istoria romînilor. IV: Legăturile Principatelor romîne cu Ardealul; de la 1601 la 1699. Povestire și izvoare*, pp. I–CCCXIX. Bucharest: Stabilimentul grafic I. V. Socecŭ, 1902. OCLC 895358710
    + *Legături descoperite de D. M. Beza cu mănăstirile Meteorele din Tesalia. Cu o notă despre Nicolae-Vodă Petrașcu, fiul lui Mihai*. Bucharest: Monitorul Oficial & Cartea Românească, 1934.
* Radu Mârza, "Implicarea familiei în diplomație la Mihai Viteazul: practica trimiterii familiei proprii ca ostatică la partenerii politici", in *Revista Bistriței*, Vol. XII–XIII, 1999, pp. 73–83.
* Ștefan Mihăilescu, "Nicolae Petrașcu Voievod", in *Studii și Materiale Privitoare la Trecutul Istoric al Jud. Prahova*, Vol. II, 1969, pp. 41–50.
* Claudiu Neagoe, "'Uniuni dinastice' și proiecte matrimoniale între Țările Române în a doua jumătate a veacului al XVI-lea", in *Argesis. Studii și Comunicări. Seria Istorie*, Vol. XI, 2002, pp. 195–202.
* Maria-Venera Rădulescu, "Marcu, fiul principelui Petru Cercel (1583–1585). Cahle medievale descoperite la Cerbureni, jud. Argeș, și la Târgoviște, jud. Dâmbovița (Curtea Domnească și zona Bisericii Stelea)", in *Muzeul Național*, Vol. XXV, 2013, pp. 47–66.
* Constantin Rezachevici,
    + "Viața științifică. Originea lui Mihai Viteazul. Dezbateri în cadrul Comisiei de genealogie și heraldică", in *Revista Istorică*, Vol. 29, Issue 12, December 1976, pp. 1989–1991.
    + "Doi poeți, un personaj și adevărul. 'Banul Mărăcine' – un domn necunoscut", in *Magazin Istoric*, October 1998, pp. 53–58.
    + "Mihai Viteazul: itinerarul moldovean", in *Magazin Istoric*, May 2000, pp. 5–11.
* Dan Simonescu, "Cronica lui Baltasar Walther despre Mihai Viteazul în raport cu cronicile interne contemporane", in *Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie*, Vol. III, 1959, pp. 7–100.
* Ioan Slavici, "Nepotul lui Mihaiŭ-Voda Viteazul", in *Vatra*, Vol. I, Issue 13, 1894, pp. 385–390.
* N. Stoicescu, *Dicționar al marilor dregători din Țara Românească și Moldova. Sec. XIV–XVII*. Bucharest: Editura enciclopedică, 1971. OCLC 822954574
* Răzvan Theodorescu, *Civilizația românilor între medieval și modern. Orizontul imaginii (1550–1800)*, Vol. I. Bucharest: Editura Meridiane, 1987. OCLC 159900650

## InfoBox

| Nicolae Pătrașcu | |
| --- | --- |
| Nicolae Pătrașcu as *ktitor*. Fragment from a Căluiu Monastery fresco | |
| Prince of Wallachia | |
| Reign | December 1599–September 1601 (*de facto* October 1600) |
| Predecessor | Michael the Brave |
| Successor | Simion Movilă (1600)<br>Radu Șerban (1601) |
|  | |
| Born | ca. 1580 |
| Died | late 1627 (aged 47 or younger)<br>Archduchy of Austria or Pressburg, Habsburg Hungary |
| Burial | Comana Monastery |
| Spouse | Ana (Ancuța) Radulea |
| Issue | Gavril Pătrașcu<br>Mihai Pătrașcu<br>Ilinca Leurdeanca |
| Dynasty | Drăculești? |
| Father | Michael the Brave |
| Mother | Lady Stanca |
| Religion | Orthodox |
| Signature |  |


title: Simon Kimmins

abstract: Simon Edward Anthony Kimmins is a former English cricketer. He played for Kent County Cricket Club between 1950 and 1959, making a total of 16 appearances in first-class cricket matches. Kimmins was born in London in 1930 and attended Charterhouse School where he played in the cricket XI. His father, Anthony Kimmins, was a playwright and film director who served in the Royal Navy during both World Wars. Kimmins played four times for the Royal Navy in non-first-class matches whilst on National Service in 1950 and made his first-class cricket debut for the Combined Services team against Glamorgan in June 1950. He made his Kent debut later the same year and went on to make 11 further appearances for the county First XI during the 1951 season and two appearances for the Second XI in the Minor Counties Championship, one in 1952 and the last in 1953. Kimmins played cricket into the 1960s, making first-class appearances for Free Foresters and MCC and touring India and the far-east with EW Swanton's XI in 1964.

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# Simon Kimmins

**Simon Edward Anthony Kimmins** (born 26 May 1930) is a former English cricketer. He played for Kent County Cricket Club between 1950 and 1959, making a total of 16 appearances in first-class cricket matches.

Kimmins was born in London in 1930 and attended Charterhouse School where he played in the cricket XI. His father, Anthony Kimmins, was a playwright and film director who served in the Royal Navy during both World Wars.

Kimmins played four times for the Royal Navy in non-first-class matches whilst on National Service in 1950 and made his first-class cricket debut for the Combined Services team against Glamorgan in June 1950. He made his Kent debut later the same year and went on to make 11 further appearances for the county First XI during the 1951 season and two appearances for the Second XI in the Minor Counties Championship, one in 1952 and the last in 1953.

Kimmins played cricket into the 1960s, making first-class appearances for Free Foresters and MCC and touring India and the far-east with EW Swanton's XI in 1964.

Simon Kimmins at ESPNcricinfo

## InfoBox

Simon Kimmins
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Simon Edward Anthony Kimmins |
| Born | (1930-05-26) 26 May 1930
Westminster, London |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm medium |
| Relations | Anthony Kimmins (father)
CW Kimmins (grandfather)
Grace Kimmins (grandmother) |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1950–1953 | Kent |
|  | |
| FC debut | 7 June 1950 Combined Services v Glamorgan |
| Last FC | 8 July 1959 MCC v Cambridge University |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 16  Runs scored 563  Batting average 21.65  100s/50s 0/3  Top score 81  Balls bowled 1,981  Wickets 24  Bowling average 41.50  5 wickets in innings 1  10 wickets in match 0  Best bowling 5/42  Catches/stumpings 13/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 5 April 2014 | |


title: Louis B. Brodsky

abstract: Louis Bernard Brodsky was an American magistrate in The Tombs court in New York City known for the acquittal of the six men involved in the anti-Nazi SS Bremen riot in 1935 and for a progressive ruling regarding dancers and nudity in April 1935.

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# Louis B. Brodsky

**Louis Bernard Brodsky** (December 25, 1879 – April 29, 1970) was an American magistrate in The Tombs court in New York City known for the acquittal of the six men involved in the anti-Nazi *SS Bremen* riot in 1935 and for a progressive ruling regarding dancers and nudity in April 1935.

## Background

Brodsky was born into a Ukrainian Jewish family on December 25, 1879, to Elias and Sarah Brodsky. His family immigrated to New York in 1881, where his father worked as an embroiderer. He graduated from the New York University Law School in 1900 and applied for U.S. citizenship on December 26, 1900, the first day he was eligible. He was admitted to the New York Bar in 1901. His father died in 1924.

## Career

Brodsky was mostly involved in commercial cases as a trial lawyer. He was named a magistrate in 1924 by Mayor John F. Hylan. He filled an unexpired term and was reappointed to a 10-year-term by Mayor James J. Walker. He retired in 1939.

Brodsky was chairman of the National Hebrew Orphan Asylum, honorary president of the Hebrew Day and Night Nursery, director of the Home of Old Israel and Hebrew Orphan Home, and a trustee of the Israel Zion Hospital of Brooklyn, New York.

## Personal life and death

Brodsky resided at 169 Ocean Drive West in Stamford, Connecticut, in August 1952. On August 25, 1952, he was hit by a car outside the railroad station in Stamford. He sustained injuries to his head, left hand, and left leg but was reported to be in good condition.

Brodsky died at Mount Sinai Hospital in Manhattan, New York City, on April 29, 1970, at the age of 86. He resided at 465 Park Avenue at the time of his death. He was survived by his wife, Rose, a daughter, Mrs. Janet G. Frumberg, and a grandson.

## 1935 Rulings

### Nudity case ruling

Brodsky dropped charges against Louise Wilson, 24, of 15 West 65th Street, Manhattan and Dorothy Sims, 22, of 450 West 150th Street, Manhattan. The two women were arrested by a policeman for indecency while performing before an audience of 101 men at a waiters' club at 80 Greenwich Street. Brodsky dismissed the women from court, saying "nudity is no longer considered indecent in uptown nightclubs and theaters." The women left the club without even a fan to cover them. Brodsky also released the 101 men who attended the performance who were detained at the police station overnight.

### SS *Bremen* verdict

Brodsky's most noteworthy decision came in a case involving six men arrested during a riot which occurred on July 26, 1935. He freed five of the six individuals who tore the Nazi swastika from the *SS Bremen* on account that their actions were justified, as Brodsky compared the Nazi emblem to a "pirate flag". He refused an apology even though German newspapers and government officials demanded one. United States Secretary of State Cordell Hull sent to Nazi Germany a note of "regret" for Brodsky's decision.

## InfoBox

| Louis Bernard Brodsky | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Magistrate in The Tombs court, NYC | |
| **In office**
1924–1939 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1879-12-25)December 25, 1879
Odesa, Russian Empire |
| Died | April 29, 1970(1970-04-29) (aged 86)
Manhattan, New York City |
| Education | New York University Law School |
|  | |


title: Yuba–Sutter Regional Arts Council

abstract: The Yuba–Sutter Regional Arts Council (YSRAC) is the official Yuba County, California, USA and Sutter County, California, USA arts council. The YSRAC is the public agency designated by the counties of Yuba and Sutter as the local partner with the California Arts Council. The purpose of the California Arts Council State–Local Partnership Program is to increase public awareness of and participation in the arts, to serve as the cultural planning agency in partnership with both counties, to encourage local communities to reach their full potential by developing arts programs that serve local needs, and to provide access to professional quality arts in under-served areas throughout Yuba and Sutter counties.

text:
# Yuba–Sutter Regional Arts Council

The **Yuba–Sutter Regional Arts Council** (YSRAC) is the official Yuba County, California, USA and Sutter County, California, USA arts council.

The YSRAC is the public agency designated by the counties of Yuba and Sutter as the local partner with the California Arts Council.

The purpose of the California Arts Council State–Local Partnership Program is to increase public awareness of and participation in the arts, to serve as the cultural planning agency in partnership with both counties, to encourage local communities to reach their full potential by developing arts programs that serve local needs, and to provide access to professional quality arts in under-served areas throughout Yuba and Sutter counties.

## History

Founded in 1981, YSRAC has focused on being a service organization to the arts, though it also serves a presenting organization as needed. Programming includes technical advice to artists and arts organizations, offering performance space at Lee Burrows Arts Center, arts information through print and electronic media, Borgamaria Lyric Opera, Very Special Arts Festival, and a year-round gallery space.


title: Ädelfors folkhögskola

abstract: Ädelfors Folkhögskola is a Swedish folk high school which is specialized in teaching disabled people and people with special needs. The school is located in Holsbybrunn in Vetlanda. It offers courses in a variety of subjects, and its students come from all over the country.

text:
# Ädelfors folkhögskola

**Ädelfors Folkhögskola** (Ädelfors folk high school) is a Swedish folk high school which is specialized in teaching disabled people and people with special needs. The school is located in Holsbybrunn in Vetlanda. It offers courses in a variety of subjects, and its students come from all over the country.

## Folk high school

Ädelfors folk high school is run by the Workers organisation of southern Sweden; with about 300 students it is one of biggest folk high schools in Sweden. The school was built in 1957 in the town of Ädelfors in Vetlanda and was moved to the small village of Holsbybrunn in 1972.

The students live at the school during the week in dormitories, and often go home over the weekends. The dorms can accommodate about 100 students and include apartments adjusted for disabled people.

## Studies

Most courses at Ädelfors aim at training students for a tertiary education. These courses include the English language, natural sciences, and religion. The students studying journalism have practical experience with the local web-newspapers and reporting the school news and event using the school's radio and video equipment.

The art classes are accessible to persons with neuropsychiatric disabilities who would like to learn painting and sculpture. For those who wants to become a personal assistant, to which Swedish persons with severe handicaps are entitled as a right, there is a class. Ädelfors also has a variety of weekend-courses and summer courses such as "Human rights in an open society". A Russian-language course meets initially at the folkhögskola and then at the Russian city of Cheboksary.

## InfoBox

Ädelfors folkhögskola
| Aerial photo over Ädelfors folkhögskola | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Folk high school |
| Established | 1957 |
| Students | About 300 |
| Location | Holsbybrunn, Vetlanda, Sweden<br>57°26′10″N 15°11′50″E / 57.43611°N 15.19722°E / 57.43611; 15.19722 |
| Website | http://www.adelfors.nu/ |


title: You (La Cream song)

abstract: "You" is a 1998 song recorded by Swedish Eurodance band La Cream and was released as the second single from their only album, Sound & Vision (1998). It was successful on the charts in Scandinavia, peaking at number three in Norway, number 11 in Finland and number 12 in Sweden. The song is sung by lead vocalist Tess Mattisson and is mostly sung in English, but also features some French lyrics. Executive producer is Dr. Alban. The music video was shot in Stockholm City Hall in Sweden. It features Mattisson performing inside several rooms, like the Golden Hall.

text:
# You (La Cream song)

"**You**" is a 1998 song recorded by Swedish Eurodance band La Cream and was released as the second single from their only album, *Sound & Vision* (1998). It was successful on the charts in Scandinavia, peaking at number three in Norway, number 11 in Finland and number 12 in Sweden. The song is sung by lead vocalist Tess Mattisson and is mostly sung in English, but also features some French lyrics. Executive producer is Dr. Alban. The music video was shot in Stockholm City Hall in Sweden. It features Mattisson performing inside several rooms, like the Golden Hall.

## Critical reception

Pan-European magazine *Music & Media* wrote, "This Swedish duo consists of singer/dancer Tess—who has worked with Dr. Alban, Basic Element and Dromhus—and DJ/rapper Andrez who has considerable club experience. Together they have come up with a potent slice of Eurodance. The song is already doing very well in Sweden and Norway, and it has the potential to repeat that success elsewhere."

## Track listing

* **12", Sweden**

1. "You" (Extended Mix) – 4:42
2. "You" (Nello's 303 Mix) – 4:57
3. "You" (2 PN's French Mix) – 5:52
4. "You" (Freddie's Tribal Mix) – 4:49

* **CD single, France**

1. "You" (Radio Edit) – 3:06
2. "You" (Nello's 303 Mix) – 4:57

* **CD maxi, Scandinavia**

1. "You" (Radio Edit) – 3:06
2. "You" (Extended Mix) – 4:42
3. "You" (Nello's 303 Mix) – 4:57
4. "You" (2 PN's French Mix) – 5:55
5. "You" (Freddie's Tribal Mix) – 4:49

## Charts

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Norway (IFPI Norway) | Gold |  |
| Sweden (GLF) | Gold | 15,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "You" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by La Cream | |
| from the album  *Sound & Vision* | |
| B-side | "Remix" |
| Released | 1998 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:06 |
| Label | * Arcade * Dr. Records |
| Songwriter(s) | * Ari Lehtonen * Jorge Vasconcelo * Andréz Abatte * Freddie Hogblad |
| Producer(s) | * Ari Lehtonen * Andréz Abatte * Freddie Hogblad |
| La Cream singles chronology | |
| "Château d'Amour"
(1998) "**You**"
(1998) "Say Goodbye"
(1998) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "You" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: 1973 Alabama Crimson Tide football team

abstract: The 1973 Alabama Crimson Tide football team represented the University of Alabama in the 1973 NCAA Division I football season. It was the Crimson Tide's 79th overall and 40th season as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The team was led by head coach Bear Bryant, in his 16th year at his alma mater and 29th overall as a head coach, and played their home games at Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa and Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama. They finished season with eleven wins and one loss, as SEC champions and with a loss to Notre Dame in the Sugar Bowl. Although they lost in the Sugar Bowl, Alabama was recognized as national champions by the Coaches' Poll (UPI) as their selection was made prior to bowl season at the time. Notre Dame was awarded the national championship by the Associated Press (AP). The Crimson Tide opened the season with a victory at Birmingham over California. The next week, they defeated Kentucky in what was Bryant's first game in Lexington since he resigned as head coach of the Wildcats after their 1953 season. After they defeated Vanderbilt for their second shutout of the season, Alabama defeated Georgia in the first Tuscaloosa game of the season and followed that with a victory at Florida before what was the largest crowd to date at Florida Field. Against Tennessee, Alabama defeated their rivals behind three fourth quarter touchdowns and extended their record to 6–0. The following week, the Crimson Tide shattered numerous offensive records with their 77–6 blowout win over Virginia Tech. After victories over both Mississippi State at Jackson and Miami on homecoming, Alabama then captured their third consecutive SEC championship with their win over LSU. Alabama closed the regular season with a win over Auburn in the Iron Bowl, but lost to Notre Dame in the Sugar Bowl.

text:
# 1973 Alabama Crimson Tide football team

1973 Southeastern Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| No. 4 Alabama $ | 8 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  |  | 11 |  | 1 |  | 0 |
| No. 13 LSU | 5 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 9 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| Ole Miss | 4 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| No. 19 Tennessee | 3 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 8 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Georgia | 3 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 7 |  | 4 |  | 1 |
| Florida | 3 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 7 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| Kentucky | 3 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
| Auburn | 2 |  | 5 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
| Mississippi State | 2 |  | 5 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 5 |  | 2 |
| Vanderbilt | 1 |  | 5 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion Rankings from AP Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1973 Alabama Crimson Tide football team** (variously "Alabama", "UA" or "Bama") represented the University of Alabama in the 1973 NCAA Division I football season. It was the Crimson Tide's 79th overall and 40th season as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The team was led by head coach Bear Bryant, in his 16th year at his alma mater and 29th overall as a head coach, and played their home games at Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa and Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama. They finished season with eleven wins and one loss (11–1 overall, 8–0 in the SEC), as SEC champions and with a loss to Notre Dame in the Sugar Bowl.

Although they lost in the Sugar Bowl, Alabama was recognized as national champions by the Coaches' Poll (UPI) as their selection was made prior to bowl season at the time (the UPI started to issue its final poll after the bowl games beginning in 1974). Notre Dame was awarded the national championship by the Associated Press (AP).

The Crimson Tide opened the season with a victory at Birmingham over California. The next week, they defeated Kentucky in what was Bryant's first game in Lexington since he resigned as head coach of the Wildcats after their 1953 season. After they defeated Vanderbilt for their second shutout of the season, Alabama defeated Georgia in the first Tuscaloosa game of the season and followed that with a victory at Florida before what was the largest crowd to date at Florida Field.

Against Tennessee, Alabama defeated their rivals behind three fourth quarter touchdowns and extended their record to 6–0. The following week, the Crimson Tide shattered numerous offensive records with their 77–6 blowout win over Virginia Tech. After victories over both Mississippi State at Jackson and Miami on homecoming, Alabama then captured their third consecutive SEC championship with their win over LSU. Alabama closed the regular season with a win over Auburn in the Iron Bowl, but lost to Notre Dame in the Sugar Bowl.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Rank | Site | TV | Result | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 15 | California* | No. 6 |  |  | W 66–0 | 71,119 |
| September 22 | at Kentucky | No. 4 |  |  | W 28–14 | 53,209 |
| September 29 | at Vanderbilt | No. 5 |  |  | W 44–0 | 34,500 |
| October 6 | Georgia | No. 3 |  |  | W 28–14 | 57,790 |
| October 13 | at Florida | No. 3 |  |  | W 35–14 | 64,864 |
| October 20 | No. 10 Tennessee | No. 2 |  | ABC | W 42–21 | 72,226 |
| October 27 | Virginia Tech* | No. 2 | * Denny Stadium * Tuscaloosa, AL |  | W 77–6 | 57,009 |
| November 3 | at Mississippi State | No. 2 |  |  | W 35–0 | 46,000 |
| November 17 | Miami (FL)* | No. 2 | * Denny Stadium * Tuscaloosa, AL |  | W 43–13 | 58,404 |
| November 22 | at No. 7 LSU | No. 2 |  | ABC | W 21–7 | 67,748 |
| December 1 | vs. Auburn | No. 1 |  | ABC | W 35–0 | 69,418 |
| December 31 | vs. No. 3 Notre Dame* | No. 1 |  | ABC | L 23–24 | 85,161 |
| * \*Non-conference game * Homecoming * Rankings from AP Poll Poll released prior to the game | | | | | | |

## Game summaries

### California

| 1 2 3 4 Total  California 0 0 0 0 0  **#6 Alabama** 14 7 17 28 **66**   * **Date:** September 15 * **Location:** Legion Field
Birmingham, AL * **Game start:** 7:30 pm * **Elapsed time:** 2:35 * **Game attendance:** 71,119 * **Game weather:** 79°, wind NW 7 mph, partly cloudy |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

As they entered the 1973 season, Alabama was ranked as the No. 6 team in the first AP Poll prior to their season opener against California. Playing in the evening at Legion Field, the Crimson Tide utilized 70 players and set a school record for total offense with this 66–0 shutout of the Golden Bears. Alabama took a 14–0 first quarter lead behind touchdowns scored on a two-yard Wilbur Jackson run and a 32-yard pass from Gary Rutledge to Johnny Sharpless. They then extended their lead to 21–0 at halftime behind a 16-yard touchdown pass from Richard Todd to George Pugh.

The Crimson Tide continued their dominance over the Golden Bears through the second half where they outscored their opponent 45–0. In the third, Alabama scored on a three-yard James Taylor run, a 21-yard Bill Davis field goal and on a 46-yard touchdown pass from Richard Todd to Darrell Owen. In the fourth, Alabama closed with touchdowns on a Harris fumble recovery, and 18-yard run by John Boles and runs of 32 and five-yards by Willie Shelby. The 667 yards of total offense set a new school record and the 66 points were the most scored by the Crimson Tide since their 66–0 victory over Richmond in 1961. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against California to 1–1.

### Kentucky

| 1 2 3 4 Total  **#4 Alabama** 0 0 21 7 28  Kentucky 0 14 0 0 **14**   * **Date:** September 22 * **Location:** Commonwealth Stadium
Lexington, KY * **Game start:** 1:33 pm * **Elapsed time:** 2:12 * **Game attendance:** 54,100 * **Game weather:** 80°, windy, partly cloudy |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

After their victory over California to open the season, Alabama moved from the No. 6 to No. 4 position in the AP Poll prior to their game at Kentucky. In what was Bear Bryant's first game at Lexington since he resigned as the Wildcats head coach following their 1953 season, the Crimson Tide came from behind and won 28–14. After a scoreless first quarter, Kentucky took a 14–0 halftime lead behind second quarter touchdowns on a four-yard Sonny Collins run and a 14-yard Ernie Lewis pass to Jack Alvarez.

The Crimson Tide started their comeback on the first play of the third quarter when Willie Shelby returned the second half kickoff 100-yards for a touchdown. Touchdown runs of three-yards by Wilbur Jackson and six-yards by Gary Rutledge gave Alabama a 21–14 lead as they entered the fourth quarter. In the fourth, Shelby scored his second touchdown on a two-yard run that made the final score 28–14. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Kentucky 26–1–1.

### Vanderbilt

| 1 2 3 4 Total  **#5 Alabama** 17 10 10 7 44  Vanderbilt 0 0 0 0 **0**   * **Date:** September 29 * **Location:** Dudley Field
Nashville, TN * **Game start:** 7:34 pm * **Elapsed time:** 2:11 * **Game attendance:** 34,500 * **Game weather:** Fair |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

After their closer than expected victory over Kentucky, Alabama dropped into the No. 5 position in the AP Poll prior to their game against Vanderbilt. Against the Commodores, the Crimson Tide scored on eight of their eleven offensive possessions en route to a 44–0 shutout at Nashville. Alabama took a 17–0 lead in the first quarter behind a 14-yard Gary Rutledge touchdown pass to Wayne Wheeler, a 35-yard Bill Davis field goal and a 13-yard Randy Billingsley touchdown run. They then extended their lead to 27–0 at halftime behind a 13-yard Mike Stock touchdown run and a 22-yard Davis field goal as time expired in the second quarter.

Alabama closed the game with a four-yard Ellis Beck touchdown run and 34-yard Davis field goal in the third and a one-yard Stock run in the fourth for the 44–0 win. The game marked the first time Bryant coached against his former quarterback Steve Sloan who was the Commodores. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Vanderbilt to 30–17–4.

### Georgia

| 1 2 3 4 Total  Georgia 3 0 2 9 14  **#3 Alabama** 3 10 0 15 **28**   * **Date:** October 6 * **Location:** Denny Stadium
Tuscaloosa, AL * **Game start:** 1:30 pm * **Elapsed time:** 2:29 * **Game attendance:** 57,790 * **Game weather:** 85°, wind NE 4–10 mph, sunny |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

After their victory over Vanderbilt, Alabama moved into the No. 3 position in the AP Poll prior to their game against Georgia. Playing in their first Denny Stadium game of the season, the Crimson Tide came-from-behind and defeated the Bulldogs 28–14 at Tuscaloosa. After each team traded first quarter field goals, Alabama took a 13–3 halftime lead behind an eight-yard Randy Billingsley touchdown run and a 39-yard Bill Davis field goal in the second quarter. In the third, Georgia cut the lead to 13–5 after Kirk Price blocked a Greg Gantt punt out of the endzone for a safety.

The Bulldogs next scored early in the fourth on a 37-yard Allan Leavitt field goal and on an eight-yard Jimmy Poulos touchdown run and took a 14–13 lead. Alabama retook the lead late in the fourth on an eight-yard Gary Rutledge touchdown run. Their defense then forced four consecutive Georgia incompletions on the possession that ensued. Billingsley then gave the Crimson Tide the 28–14 win with his 17-yard run in the final minute of the game. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Georgia to 30–19–4.

### Florida

| 1 2 3 4 Total  **#3 Alabama** 7 14 0 14 35  Florida 0 7 7 0 **14**   * **Date:** October 13 * **Location:** Florida Field
Gainesville, FL * **Game attendance:** 64,864 |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

After their victory over Georgia, Alabama retained their No. 3 position in the AP Poll prior to their game against Florida. Before what was then the largest crowd in the history of Florida Field, the Crimson Tide defeated the Gators 35–14 at Gainesville. Alabama took a 7–0 lead in the first quarter after Tyrone King recovered a blocked punt in the endzone for a touchdown. They then extended their lead to 21–0 with second quarter touchdown runs from one-yard by Richard Todd and 11-yards by Calvin Culliver.

Down by three scores, the Gators rallied with a pair of David Bowden touchdown passes that cut the Crimson Tide lead to 21–14 by the third quarter. The first was from 16-yards to Lee McGriff and the second from two-yards to Thomas Clifford. Alabama then closed the game with fourth quarter touchdown runs of 13-yards from Culliver and six-yards by Wilbur Jackson for the 35–14 win. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Florida to 13–5.

### Tennessee

Third Saturday in October
| 1 2 3 4 Total  #10 Tennessee 7 7 7 0 21  **#2 Alabama** 14 7 0 21 **42**   * **Date:** October 20 * **Location:** Legion Field
Birmingham, AL * **Game start:** 12:02 pm * **Elapsed time:** 2:25 * **Game attendance:** 72,226 * **Game weather:** 76°, wind W 3 mph, clear * **TV announcers (ABC):** Chris Schenkel, Bud Wilkinson and Duffy Daugherty |
| --- |
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|  |

After their victory over Florida, Alabama moved into the No. 2 position and Tennessee moved into the No. 10 position in the AP Poll prior to their game at Legion Field. Against the Volunteers, the Crimson Tide scored three touchdowns in the final quarter of the game for a 42–21, victory at Birmingham before a nationally televised audience. Alabama opened the game with an 80-yard Gary Rutledge touchdown pass to Wayne Wheeler for a 7–0 lead on their first offensive possession. After Wilbur Jackson extended their lead to 14–0 with his seven-yard run, Tennessee scored their first points on a 20-yard Condredge Holloway pass to John Yarbrough that made the score 14–7 at the end of the first. The Crimson Tide next took a 21–14 lead into halftime after Richard Todd threw an 11-yard touchdown pass to Willie Shelby and Holloway scored on a six-yard run for the Vols.

Tennessee then managed to tie the game 21–21 with the lone third quarter points on a 64-yard Holloway touchdown pass to Mitchell Gravitt. Alabama responded with three fourth quarter touchdowns en route to the 42–21 win. the first came on a 64-yard Robin Cary punt return, an 80-yard Wilbur Jackson run and a three-yard Paul Spivey run. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Tennessee to 26–23–7.

### Virginia Tech

| 1 2 3 4 Total  Virginia Tech 0 6 0 0 6  **#2 Alabama** 14 28 28 7 **77**   * **Date:** October 27 * **Location:** Denny Stadium
Tuscaloosa, AL * **Game start:** 7:30 pm * **Elapsed time:** 2:35 * **Game attendance:** 57,009 * **Game weather:** 65°, wind SW 4 mph |
| --- |
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|  |

After their victory over Tennessee, Alabama retained their No. 2 position prior to their out of conference match-up against Virginia Tech at Denny Stadium. Against the Gobblers, the Crimson Tide set several team, conference and national offensive records with this 77–6 blowout at Tuscaloosa. Alabama opened the game with a pair of first quarter touchdown runs from 51-yards by Wilbur Jackson and two-yards from Randy Billingsley for a 14–0 lead. In the second, the Crimson Tide extended their lead to 35–0 after Ralph Stokes scored on a seven-yard run, Conley Duncan recovered a fumble in the endzone and Richard Todd threw a 28-yard touchdown pass to Darrell Owen before the Hokies scored their only points of the contest. With just under a minute to play in the first half, Phil Rogers scored Tech's only points with his six-yard touchdown run. However, Alabama responded on their next offensive play with an 80-yard James Taylor touchdown run for a 42–6 halftime lead.

The Crimson Tide continued their scoring into the second half with another four touchdowns in the third quarter. They came on runs of seven-yards by Billingsley, nine-yards by Todd, 14-yards by Jack O'Rear and 86-yards by Calvin Culliver. O'Rear then scored the final points of the game with his 28-yard touchdown run in the fourth that made the final score 77–6. Records set in the game included the most total offensive yards in SEC history with 828 and the most rushing yards in NCAA history for a single game with 743. The 828 yards of total offense for the game also eclipsed the previous record of 667 yards set against California to open the season, and the 77 points also represented the first time the Crimson Tide reached 70 points in a game since their 1945 season. Additionally, four Alabama backs rushed for over 100 yards with 142 yards from Taylor, 138 from Jackson, 127 yards from Culliver and 102 yards from Todd. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Virginia Tech to 8–0.

### Mississippi State

| 1 2 3 4 Total  **#2 Alabama** 7 6 8 14 35  Mississippi State 0 0 0 0 **0**   * **Date:** November 3 * **Location:** Mississippi Veterans Memorial Stadium
Jackson, MS * **Game start:** 8:15 pm * **Elapsed time:** 2:19 * **Game attendance:** 46,000 * **Game weather:** Clear and warm |
| --- |
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As they entered their game against Mississippi State, Alabama retained their No. 2 position in the AP Poll. Favored by 28 points as they entered the game, the Crimson Tide shutout the Bulldogs 35–0 at Jackson. On the second offensive play of the game, Alabama took a 7–0 lead behind a 38-yard Randy Billingsley touchdown run. State then held the Crimson Tide to only a pair of Bill Davis field goals from 33 and 27-yards for a 13–0 Alabama lead at halftime.

The Crimson Tide then closed the game with three second half touchdowns for the 35–0 win. Willie Shelby scored on a 29-yard run in the third and Wilbur Jackson and Ralph Stokes scored on runs of six and one-yard in the fourth. In the game, Sam Nichols missed a pair of field goals for the Bulldogs from 30 and 32-yards that would have prevented the shutout. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Mississippi State to 45–10–3.

### Miami (FL)

| 1 2 3 4 Total  Miami 0 0 6 7 13  **#2 Alabama** 15 7 7 14 **43**   * **Date:** November 17 * **Location:** Denny Stadium
Tuscaloosa, AL * **Game attendance:** 58,404 |
| --- |
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As they entered their game against Miami, Alabama retained their No. 2 position in the AP Poll for a fourth consecutive week. On homecoming in Tuscaloosa, Alabama defeated Hurricanes 43–13 and after the victory accepted an invitation to compete in the Sugar Bowl. Alabama scored their first points early in the game when Greg Montgomery blocked a Miami punt out of the endzone for a safety. They then extended their lead to 15–0 by the end of the first behind a two-yard Gary Rutledge run and a 69-yard Rutledge pass to John Sharpless. Willie Shelby then made the halftime score 22–0 with his 52-yard punt return.

Miami scored their first points early in the third on a three-yard Woody Thompson touchdown run. However, Alabama responded later in the quarter with a nine-yard Rutledge touchdown pass to Darrell Owen and made the score 29–6. In the final quarter, the Crimson Tide closed with a five-yard James Taylor touchdown run and a 62-yard John Boles punt return. The Hurricanes then scored the final points of the game on a 78-yard Coy Hall touchdown pass to Steve Marcantonio that made the final score 43–13. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Miami to 10–2.

### LSU

| 1 2 3 4 Total  **#2 Alabama** 0 14 7 0 21  #7 LSU 0 0 0 7 **7**   * **Date:** November 22 * **Location:** Tiger Stadium
Baton Rouge, LA * **Game start:** 5:40 pm * **Elapsed time:** 2:25 * **Game attendance:** 67,730 * **Television network:** ABC |
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After their victory over Miami, Alabama retained their No. 2 position and LSU was in the No. 7 position in the AP Poll prior to their match-up at Baton Rouge on Thanksgiving Day. Playing in a regionally televised game on ABC, Alabama defeated the previously undefeated Tigers 21–7 and secured both the 500th win in the history of Crimson Tide football and captured the 1973 conference championship. After a scoreless first quarter, Alabama took a 14–0 halftime lead with a pair of touchdowns in the second quarter. The first came on a 19-yard Gary Rutledge run and the second on a 49-yard Rutledge pass to George Pugh.

In the third, the Crimson Tide extended their lead to 21–0 after Rutledge threw a 77-yard touchdown pass to Wayne Wheeler. LSU answered early in the fourth with their only points on a 40-yard Brad Davis run that made the final score 21–7. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against LSU to 23–10–4.

### Auburn

Iron Bowl
| 1 2 3 4 Total  **#1 Alabama** 14 0 7 14 35  Auburn 0 0 0 0 **0**   * **Date:** December 1 * **Location:** Legion Field
Birmingham, AL * **Game start:** 5:13 pm * **Elapsed time:** 2:13 * **Game attendance:** 69,418 * **Television network:** ABC |
| --- |
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|  |

As they entered their annual rivalry game against Auburn, Alabama moved into the No. 1 position in the AP Poll prior to their match-up in the Iron Bowl. Seeking to avenge their loss from the previous season to the Tigers the Crimson Tide were dominant in this 35–0 shutout at Legion Field. Alabama took a 14–0 lead in the first quarter behind touchdown runs of seven-yards by Randy Billingsley and of one-yard by Gary Rutledge.

After a scoreless second, Rutledge scored his second rushing touchdown early in the third on a three-yard run for a 21–0 lead. The Crimson Tide then closed the game with touchdown runs of 14-yards by Wilbur Jackson and eight-yards by James Taylor for the 35–0 win. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Auburn to 20–17–1.

### Notre Dame

Sugar Bowl
| 1 2 3 4 Total  **#3 Notre Dame** 6 8 7 3 24  #1 Alabama 0 10 7 6 **23** |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

At the conclusion of the regular season, Alabama was selected as national champions in the UPI Coaches' Poll. However, the Crimson Tide would not win the AP championship as they lost 24–23 against Notre Dame in what was a classic Sugar Bowl.

Notre Dame checked into the locker room at halftime up 14–10, the big play coming on a 93-yard kickoff return for a touchdown by Al Hunter. Each team scored a touchdown in the third quarter, that left the Irish up 21–17 going into the fourth. Alabama took a 23–21 lead on a fleaflicker touchdown pass from running back Mike Strock back to quarterback Richard Todd. However, Bill Davis missed the extra point and Alabama was up by only two. Notre Dame drove the ball downfield and kicked a 19-yard field goal to go up 24–23 with 4:26 to go. Bama could not answer, but the punt left Notre Dame backed up to their own goal. With time ticking away and Notre Dame facing a third and eight, Alabama had a chance to get the ball back in excellent field position, but Irish QB Tom Clements threw a 35-yard pass to tight end Robin Webber and Notre Dame held on to win the game and the AP national championship.

## NFL Draft

Several players that were varsity lettermen from the 1973 squad were drafted into the National Football League (NFL) in the 1974, 1975 and 1976 drafts. These players included:

| Year | Round | Overall | Player name | Position | NFL team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1974 NFL draft
 | 1 | 9 | Wilbur Jackson | Running back | San Francisco 49ers |
| | 3 | 54 | Wayne Wheeler | Wide receiver | Chicago Bears |
| | 6 | 138 | Mike Raines | Defensive tackle | San Francisco 49ers |
| | 8 | 187 | Greg Gantt | Punter | New York Jets |
| | 16 | 392 | Buddy Brown | Guard | New York Giants |
| 1975 NFL draft
 | 3 | 53 | Mike Washington | Defensive back | Baltimore Colts |
| | 8 | 195 | Ricky Davis | Defensive back | Cincinnati Bengals |
| 1976 NFL draft
 | 1 | 6 | Richard Todd | Quarterback | New York Jets |
| | 4 | 108 | Wayne Rhodes | Defensive back | Chicago Bears |
| | 5 | 131 | Woodrow Lowe | Linebacker | San Diego Chargers |
| | 5 | 138 | Willie Shelby | Running back | Cincinnati Bengals |
| | 10 | 290 | Leroy Cook | Defensive end | Dallas Cowboys |
| | 12 | 341 | Joe Dale Harris | Wide receiver | Cincinnati Bengals |

## Roster

| 1973 Alabama Crimson Tide football team roster | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Players | | | Coaches |
| **Offense**  Pos. # Name Class  OT  Marvin Barron Sr  Bo Batey So  FB `35` Ellis Beck Sr  RB `22` Randy Billingsley Jr  RB `38` Duffy Boles So  RB  Joey Bolton So  `65` Buddy Brown Sr  TE  Jerry Brown So  OT `70` Bob Bryan Jr  TE `94` Sylvester Croom Jr  RB `46` Steve Dean Sr  TE `86` Warren Dyar Sr  `69` Mike Eckenrod Sr  QB  Robert Fraley Jr  Gary Hanrahan So  RB `84` Joe Dale Harris So  FB  Bob Haught So  OT  John Hollis So  FB `31` Bob Holmes So  OT `60` Morris Hunt Sr  WR `80` Wilbur Jackson Sr  HB  John LaBue So  OT  Buford Lambert So  `58` Rand Lambert Jr  OT  Barry McGee So  David McIntyre So  TE  Rick McLain So  Ray Maxwell So  TE `87` Randy Moore Sr  RB `20` Phil Murphy Jr  TE `28` Tom Nelson So  OT  Butch Norman Sr  WR `6` Pete Pappas Jr  `71` Steve Patterson Jr  Buddy Pope So  TE  George Pugh So  WR `82` Darrell Owen Sr  QB `15` Danny Ridgeway So  OT `61` John Rogers Jr  OT `68` Rick Rogers Sr  QB `11` Gary Rutledge Jr  SE  Russ Schamun So  SE `16` Johnny Sharpless Sr  RB  Willie Shelby So  Sid Smith So  RB `24` Paul Spivey Sr  OT `78` Steve Sprayberry Sr  RB  Mike Stock So  RB `42` Ralph Stokes Jr  WR  Sam Tate Jr  RB `27` James Taylor So  QB  Richard Todd So  Jerry Washco So  FB  Rick Watson So  Joe Weaver So  WR  Wayne Wheeler Sr  `72` Richard Whitley Jr  OT `67` Rudy Wooten So | **Defense**  Pos. # Name Class  SS  Tom Baggett So  Ray Bolden So  LB  Tom Bouck So  DB `48` Robin Cary Sr  DE  Mike Christian So  DE  Leroy Cook So  DE `83` John Croyle Sr  DB `19` Ricky Davis Jr  LB `37` Jimmy Dawson Jr  LB `57` Mike DuBose Jr  LB  Conley Duncan So  DE `91` Don Groves Jr  DT `62` Randy Hall Jr  LB `50` Wayne Hall Sr  DT  Bill Harrison So  DB  Tyrone King So  DT `95` Skip Kubelius Sr  DT `66` Steve Kulback So  LB  Woodrow Lowe So  SS  David McMakin Sr  DE `51` Noah Miller Jr  LB  Greg Montgomery So  DE  John Niehaus So  DE  Steve Patton Fr  DB  Lefty Perry So  Alan Pizzitola So  SS  Mark Prudhomme So  DT `74` Max Raines Sr  DB  Wayne Rhodes So  DB `23` Mike Riley Jr  LB `55` Ronnie Robertson Jr  LB  Jeff Rouzie Sr  DT  Larry Ruffin So  LB  John Sheehan So  LB `36` Chuck Strickland Sr  DE  Dick Turpin So  DB `34` Mike Washington Jr  DE `93` David Watkins Sr  LB `49` Gary Yelvington Jr | **Special teams**  Pos. # Name Class  PK  Bucky Berrey So  PK `1` Bill Davis Sr  PK  Mike Davis So  PK `8` Greg Gantt Sr | Head coach Coordinators/assistant coaches   ---  Legend* **(C)** Team captain * **(S)** Suspended * **(I)** Ineligible * Injured * Redshirt  ---  Roster
Last update: July 5, 2014 |

**General**

* "1973 Season Recaps" (PDF). *RollTide.com*. University of Alabama Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 21, 2014. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
* "Alabama 1973–74 Football Game Results". NCAA.org. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
* "2012 Alabama Crimson Tide Football Record Book" (PDF). Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Athletics Media Relations Office. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 17, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2014.

**Specific**

## InfoBox

| 1973 Alabama Crimson Tide football | |
| --- | --- |
| Coaches' Poll national champion
SEC champion | |
| Sugar Bowl, L 23–24 vs. Notre Dame | |
| Conference | Southeastern Conference |
| Ranking | |
| Coaches | No. 1 |
| AP | No. 4 |
| Record | 11–1 (8–0 SEC) |
| Head coach |  |
| Offensive scheme | Wishbone |
| Base defense | 5-2 |
| Captain | Wilbur Jackson
Chuck Strickland |
| Home stadium | Denny Stadium
Legion Field |
|


title: Talmaza

abstract: Talmaza is a village in Ștefan Vodă District, Moldova.

text:
# Talmaza

**Talmaza** is a village in Ștefan Vodă District, Moldova.

## Demographics

The village has a population of 8069 residents; 4907 males and 3162 females. There are 937 residents aged 60 and older. There are 44 first grade and 206 second grade students. There were 80 children born and 109 deaths in 2010.

## Economy

Agricultural lands of the community cover 6,068.3 hectares (14,995 acres), 5184.9 of which are arable. Pastures equal 793.1 hectares, forests - 2263.7 and water basin 329.4 hectares. The animal population is approximately 4660 goats and sheep, 420 bovines (including 264 cows), and 64 horses.

Over 100 companies and entrepreneurs are there; 24 in commerce, 16 in agriculture (including 2 cattle farms), 12 in public services, 6 in transportation, 4 in medicine/pharmaceuticals, 1 in construction and 1 in telecommunications.

## Services

Public institutions include two primary schools (grades 1-9), one high school (grades 10-12), three kindergartens and one hospital.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Talmaza | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| TalmazaLocation in Moldova | |
| Coordinates: 46°38′N 29°40′E / 46.633°N 29.667°E / 46.633; 29.667 | |
| Country | Moldova |
| District | Ștefan Vodă District |
| Population (2014 census) | |
| Total | 6,341 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| Website | www.talmaza.info |


title: Until Eternity Ends

abstract: Until Eternity Ends is the first and only EP by the Swedish death metal band Edge of Sanity, released by Black Mark Production in 1994. There are two versions of this EP, one has a blue and yellow cover in a standard box, the other has a red and black cover in a slim-line single box. It features three original songs and a cover of "Invisible Sun" by The Police. The liner notes bear the following message: “These are four songs that we felt didn't fit the album that we are busy writing right now. But we like the songs and wanted them out somehow. This is not a taster of our upcoming CD! The fourth CD Purgatory Afterglow will take off where Unorthodox left! C-Ya (1994).”

text:
# Until Eternity Ends

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | link |

***Until Eternity Ends*** is the first and only EP by the Swedish death metal band Edge of Sanity, released by Black Mark Production in 1994. There are two versions of this EP, one has a blue and yellow cover in a standard box, the other has a red and black cover in a slim-line single box. It features three original songs and a cover of "Invisible Sun" by The Police.

The liner notes bear the following message: “These are four songs that we felt didn't fit the album that we are busy writing right now. But we like the songs and wanted them out somehow. This is **not** a taster of our upcoming CD! The fourth CD *Purgatory Afterglow* will take off where *Unorthodox* left! C-Ya (1994).”

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Until Eternity Ends" | 4:02 |
| 2. | "Eternal Eclipse" | 2:53 |
| 3. | "Bleed" | 2:08 |
| 4. | "Invisible Sun" (The Police cover) | 3:21 |
| Total length: | | 12:24 |

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Until Eternity Ends | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Edge of Sanity | |
| Released | 1994 |
| Recorded | 1994 |
| Genre | Melodic death metal |
| Length | 12:24 |
| Label | Black Mark |
| Producer | Edge of Sanity |
| Edge of Sanity chronology | |
| *Spectral Sorrows*
(1993) ***Until Eternity Ends***
(1994) *Purgatory Afterglow*
(1994) | |


title: Morris B. Payne

abstract: Morris B. Payne (1885-1961) was an American architect from New London, Connecticut. He also reached the rank of major general in the Connecticut National Guard, commanding the 43rd Infantry Division at the beginning of World War II.

text:
# Morris B. Payne

**Morris B. Payne** (1885-1961) was an American architect from New London, Connecticut. He also reached the rank of major general in the Connecticut National Guard, commanding the 43rd Infantry Division at the beginning of World War II.

## Life and career

**Morris Benham Payne** was born in Waterford, Connecticut, on January 19, 1885. He attended the public schools. Wishing to become a civil engineer, he entered the offices of Daball & Crandall, a New London engineering firm. from 1906 to 1912 he was employed by the United States engineering department. When he left government work in 1912, he established a partnership with architect James S. Duffy as Duffy & Payne, architects and engineers. They went separate ways in 1913, and Payne worked alone for the next two years.

In late 1915, he established a partnership with B. Bouis Adams, an architect from Washington, DC. Payne went abroad to France in 1917 with the Coast Artillery Corps, at which point Adams managed the office alone. Due to his declining health in Payne's absence, he closed the office in late 1918, and died in February 1919. Payne returned in January of that year, and after Adams' death, established a new partnership, Payne & Griswold, with Harry Todd Griswold. Edward R. Keefe joined the partnership in 1920, which became Payne, Griswold & Keefe. Griswold withdrew in 1922, after which point the firm existed as Payne & Keefe. Payne & Keefe existed at least through the early 1950s.

### Military career

Payne enlisted in the Connecticut National Guard in 1902 and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Coast Artillery Corps in 1906. He was promoted to major in 1912 and was mobilized for service on the Mexican border in 1916. He was remobilized in 1917 and served on active duty during World War I. After the war, he was promoted to colonel in 1921 and brigadier general in 1923 when he was appointed Quartermaster General of the Connecticut National Guard.

On July 18, 1927, he was promoted to major general and placed in command of the 43rd Division. In February 1941 the division was mobilized and Payne served as its commander until he was relieved of command in August of that year. Payne's relief was, apparently, not due to any misconduct on his part but because of an Army policy to replace National Guard division commanders with Regular Army officers.

### Death and burial

Payne died on January 31, 1961, and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

He was an active Freemason.

## Legacy

One of Payne's buildings, the U. S. Post Office in New London, has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In addition, many of his works in New London, Old Lyme, and Groton contribute to listed historic districts.

In a 1921 publication detailing Connecticut domestic architecture, the work of Payne's firm was described as "...in the style so highly esteemed by the Founders. The people here seem to revere the architectural traditions of their old homes, but it appears to be a reverence thoroughly intermixed with discriminatory appreciation which counts for a clientele that stimulates because of its intelligent enthusiasm".

## Architectural works

### Payne & Adams, 1915-1918

### Payne & Griswold, 1919-1920

### Payne, Griswold & Keefe, 1920-1922

### Payne & Keefe, from 1922

## InfoBox

| Morris Benham Payne | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | January 19, 1885
Waterford, Connecticut |
| Died | January 31, 1961
New London, Connecticut |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | Architect |


title: Nicolae Păun (politician)

abstract: Nicolae Păun is a Romani-Romanian politician. He is the president of the Party of the Roma, and has held the one reserved seat for Romani people in the Romanian Chamber of Deputies since 2000. Since 2000, he has also been the president of the Committee for Human Rights, Religious Affairs and National Minorities in the Chamber of Deputies. Nicolae Păun is one of only two ethnic Romani members of parliament in Romania, the other one being Mădălin Voicu of the Social Democratic Party.

text:
# Nicolae Păun (politician)

**Nicolae Păun** (born 9 November 1964) is a Romani-Romanian politician. He is the president of the Party of the Roma, and has held the one reserved seat for Romani people in the Romanian Chamber of Deputies since 2000. Since 2000, he has also been the president of the Committee for Human Rights, Religious Affairs and National Minorities in the Chamber of Deputies.

Nicolae Păun is one of only two ethnic Romani members of parliament in Romania, the other one being Mădălin Voicu of the Social Democratic Party.