title: Use of force

abstract: The use of force, in the context of law enforcement, may be defined as, "the amount of effort required by police to compel compliance by an unwilling subject." Use of force doctrines can be employed by law enforcement officers and military personnel, who are on guard duty. The aim of such doctrines is to balance the needs of security with ethical concerns for the rights and well-being of intruders or suspects. Injuries to civilians tend to focus attention on self-defense as a justification and in the event of death, the notion of justifiable homicide. Police use physical force to the extent necessary to secure observance of the law or to restore order only when the exercise of persuasion, advice and warning is found to be insufficient. For the English law on the use of force in crime prevention, see Self-defence in English law. The Australian position on the use of troops for civil policing is set out by Michael Head in Calling Out the Troops: Disturbing Trends and Unanswered Questions; compare "Use of Deadly Force by the South African Police Services Re-visited" by Malebo Keebine-Sibanda and Omphemetse Sibanda.

text:
# Use of force

The **use of force**, in the context of law enforcement, may be defined as, "the amount of effort required by police to compel compliance by an unwilling subject."

**Use of force doctrines** can be employed by law enforcement officers and military personnel, who are on guard duty. The aim of such doctrines is to balance the needs of security with ethical concerns for the rights and well-being of intruders or suspects. Injuries to civilians tend to focus attention on self-defense as a justification and in the event of death, the notion of justifiable homicide.

> Police use physical force to the extent necessary to secure observance of the law or to restore order only when the exercise of persuasion, advice and warning is found to be insufficient.
>
> Sir Robert Peel, "Principles of Law Enforcement"

For the English law on the use of force in crime prevention, see Self-defence in English law. The Australian position on the use of troops for civil policing is set out by Michael Head in *Calling Out the Troops: Disturbing Trends and Unanswered Questions*; compare "Use of Deadly Force by the South African Police Services Re-visited" by Malebo Keebine-Sibanda and Omphemetse Sibanda.

## History

Use of force dates back to the beginning of established law enforcement, with a fear that officers would abuse their power. Currently in society, this fear still exists and one of the ways to fix this problem, is to require police to wear body cameras, which should be turned on during all interactions with civilians.

## Use of force continuum

The use of force may be standardized by a Use of Force Continuum, which presents guidelines as to the degree of force appropriate in a given situation. One source identifies five very generalized steps, increasing from least use of force to greatest. This kind of continuum generally has many levels, and officers are instructed to respond with a level of force appropriate to the situation at hand, acknowledging that the officer may move from one part of the continuum to another in a matter of seconds.

## U.S. case law

### *Graham v. Connor* (1989)

On November 12, 1984, Graham, who was a diabetic, felt an insulin reaction coming on and rushed to the store with a friend to get some orange juice. When the store was too crowded, he and his friend went to another friend's house. In the midst of all this, he was being watched by Officer Connor, of the Charlotte City Police Department police department. While on their way to the friend's house, the officer stopped the two of them and called for backup. After several other officers arrived, one of them handcuffed Graham. Eventually, when Connor learned that nothing had happened in the convenience store, the officers drove Graham home and released him. Over the course of the encounter, Graham sustained a broken foot, cuts on his wrists, a bruised forehead and an injured shoulder. In the resulting case, *Graham v. Connor* (1989), the Supreme Court held that it was irrelevant whether Connor acted in good faith, because the use of force must be judged based on its objective reasonableness. In determining the "objective reasonableness" of force, the court set out a series of three factors: "the severity of the crime," "whether there is an immediate threat to the safety of officers or others," and "whether the suspect is actively resisting arrest or evading".

### *Tennessee v. Garner* (1985)

On October 3, 1974, Officers Elton Hymon and Leslie Wright of the Memphis Police Department were called to respond to a possible burglary. When they arrived to the scene, a woman standing on the porch began to tell them that she heard glass breaking and that she believed the house next door was being broken into. Officer Hymon went to check, where he saw Edward Garner, who was fleeing the scene. As Garner was climbing over the gate, Hymon called out "police, halt", and when Garner failed to do so, Hymon fatally shot Garner in the back of the head, despite being "reasonably sure" that Garner was unarmed. The Supreme Court held, in *Tennessee v. Garner*, that deadly force may be used to prevent the escape of a fleeing felon only if the officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a serious risk to the officer or to others.

### *Payne v. Pauley* (2003)

Payne v. Pauley is a case in the Seventh Federal Circuit Court of Appeals, which held that the use of force must be both reasonable and actually necessary to avoid an excessive force complaint.

### *Nelson v. City of Davis* (2004)

On April 16, 2004, what was supposed to be known as the "biggest party in history" took place at the annual UC Davis picnic. Due to the large number of participants at this party, people began to illegally park their cars. Sgt. John Wilson demanded that officers start to issue parking tickets to the illegally parked cars. Tickets were also issued to the underage drinkers. Wilson called the owner of the apartment complex because of the disturbances that were being caused; loud music and the sounds of bottles breaking. Wilson was consented by the complex apartment owner to have non-residents to leave the complex. Thirty or forty officers were rounded up with riot gear – including pepper ball guns – to try to disperse the crowd of 1,000 attendees. The officers gathered in front of the complex where 15 to 20 students, including Timothy C. Nelson, were attempting to leave, but no instructions were given by the police. Officers began to fire pepper-balls, one of which struck Nelson in the eye. He collapsed immediately and was taken to the hospital much later on, where he suffered multiple injuries including temporary blindness and a permanent loss of visual acuity. He endured multiple surgeries to try to repair the injury. Nelson lost his athletic scholarship due to his injury and was forced to withdraw from UC Davis. The officers were unable to find any criminal charges against Nelson. The Ninth Circuit held that the use of force was unreasonable and the officers were not entitled to qualified immunity.

### *Plumhoff v. Rickard* (2014)

On July 18, 2014, a West Memphis police officer stopped Donald Rickard for a broken headlight. As the officer talked with Rickard he noticed that there was an indentation in the windshield and that Rickard was acting very erratic. The officer asked Rickard to step out of the vehicle. Rickard at that point fled the scene. A high speed chase ensued, which involved several other officers. Rickard lost control of his vehicle in a parking lot, and officers exited their vehicles to approach Rickard. Rickard again tried to flee, hitting several police cruisers and nearly hitting several officers. At this time officers opened fire on Rickard. The officers fired a total of 15 rounds which resulted in the death of both Rickard and his passenger. The Supreme Court ruled that the use of force was justified, because the objective reasonableness of the use of deadly force must be based on the situation in which it was used, and not on hindsight.

### *Kisela v. Hughes* (2018)

Andrew Kisela, a Tucson police officer, shot Hughes less than a minute after arriving with other police officers to a report of a woman erratically hacking a tree with a knife. Hughes was in possession of a large kitchen knife, had taken steps towards her roommate, and had refused to drop the knife when repeatedly told to do so. After the shooting, the officers discovered that Hughes had a history of mental illness. All officers stated later that they believed Hughes to be a threat to the roommate. Hughes sued the officer claiming "excessive use of force" in violation of the 4th amendment. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Officer Kisela, and stated that a reasonable officer is not required to foresee judicial decisions "that do not yet exist in instances where the requirements of the Fourth Amendment are far from obvious".

## U.S. statistics

Of the 40 million people in the United States who had face to face contact with the police 1.4%, or 574,000, reported use of force or the threat of use of force being directed at them. About a quarter of the 574,000 incidents involved the police officer pointing the gun at the subject of the incident and 53.5% of the incidents saw the officer using physical force such as kicking, grabbing, and pushing. In addition, 13.7% of those that had force used against them or were threatened with the use of force submitted complaints to the offending officer's department. Of those that received use of force from a police officer or were threatened with use of force almost 75% reported that they believed it was excessive and unwarranted. This statistic was consistent across the Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic races.

A report by the *Washington Post* found that 385 Americans were fatally shot by law enforcement officers in the first five months of 2015, an average of more than two fatal shootings a day, which was more than twice the rate reported in official statistics. 221 of those killed were armed with guns, and 68 were armed with knives or other blades.

U.S. military personnel on guard duty are given a "use of force briefing" by the sergeant of the guard before being assigned to their post.

## Officer attributes

### Education

Studies have shown that law enforcement personnel with some college education (typically two-year degrees) use force much less often than those with little to no higher education. In events that the educated officers do use force, it is usually what is considered "reasonable" force. Despite these findings, very little – only 1% – of police forces within the United States have education requirements for those looking to join their forces. Some argue that police work deeply requires experience that can only be gained from actually working in the field.

### Experience

It is argued that the skills for performing law enforcement tasks well cannot be produced from a classroom setting. These skills tend to be better gained through repeated exposure to law enforcement situations while in the line of work. The results as to whether or not the amount of experience an officer has contributes to the likelihood that they will use force differ among studies.

### Other characteristics

It has not been strongly found that the race, class, gender, age etc. of an officer affects the likelihood that they will use force. Situational factors may come into play.

#### Split-second syndrome

Split-second syndrome is an example of how use of force can be situation-based. Well-meaning officers may resort to the use of force too quickly under situations where they must make a rapid decision.

### Police dogs

A 2020 investigation coordinated by the Marshall Project found evidence of widespread deployment of police dogs in the U.S. as disproportionate force and disproportionately against people of color. A series of 13 linked reports, found more than 150 cases from 2015 to 2020 of K-9 officers improperly using dogs as weapons to catch, bite and injure people. The rate of police K-9 bites in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, a majority-Black city of 220,000 residents, averages more than double that of the next-ranked city, Indianapolis, and nearly one-third of the police dog bites are inflicted on teenage men, most of whom are Black. medical researchers found that police dog attacks are "more like shark attacks than nips from a family pet” due to the aggressive training police dogs undergo. Many people bitten were not violent and were not suspected of crimes. Police officers are often shielded from liability, and federal civil rights laws don’t typically cover bystanders who are bitten by mistake. Even when victims can bring cases, lawyers say they struggle because jurors tend to love police dogs.

## Departmental attributes

Policies on use of force can differ between departments. The type of policies established and whether or not they are enforced can affect an officer's likeliness to use force. If policies are established, but not enforced heavily by the department, the policies may not make a difference. For example, the Rodney King case was described as a problem with the departmental supervision not being clear on policies of (excessive) force. Training offered by the department can be a contributing factor, as well, though it has only been a recent addition to include information on when to use force, rather than how to use force.

One departmental level policy that is currently being studied and called for by many citizens and politicians is the use of body cameras by officers. In one study body cameras were shown to reduce the use of force by as much as 50%.

## Crime levels

At the micro level, violent crime levels in the neighborhood increase the likelihood of law enforcement use of force. In contrast, at the meso level, violent neighborhood crime does not have that much effect on use of force.

## England and Wales

In England and Wales the use of (reasonable) force is provided to police and any other person from Section 3 of the Criminal Law Act 1967, which states:

"A person may use such force as is reasonable in the circumstances in the prevention of crime, or in effecting or assisting in the lawful arrest of offenders or suspected offenders or of persons unlawfully at large".

Use of force may be considered lawful if it was, on the basis of the facts as the accused honestly believed them, necessary and reasonable.

(Further provision about when force is "reasonable" was made by section 76 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008.)

## Japan

In Japan, the use of weapons is the pinnacle of the intensity of the use of force by Japanese police officers. There is no clear-cut provision in the actual law regarding the degree to which the use of force is permissible as a means of arrest, except in the case of the use of weapons.

Under Article 7 of the Police Duties Execution Law, police officers may use weapons to apprehend criminals, prevent escape, protect themselves or others, or deter resistance to the execution of official duties. However, the use of weapons is limited to "the extent reasonably necessary in the circumstances," and, except in the case of self-defense or execution of an arrest warrant, may only be used to arrest or prevent the escape of a criminal for a serious violent crime or a criminal for whom an arrest warrant has been issued, or to deter resistance to the execution of official duties. The use of weapons is limited to the purpose of apprehending or preventing the escape of an offender who has been charged with a serious violent crime or for whom an arrest warrant has been issued, or to restraining a serious violent crime.

This requirement of "to the extent deemed reasonably necessary" clarifies the so-called principle of police proportionality, which is understood to apply to the use of tangible force in general. According to the "Guidelines for the Work and Activities of Police Officers Focusing on the Prevention of Injuries and Accidents" (issued by the Deputy Commissioner of the National Police Agency on May 10, 1962), depending on the ferocity and resistance of the other party, the possible means include "using a baton and arrest techniques," "drawing a gun," "holding a gun," "threatening to shoot," and "shooting at the other party. The attitude and manner in which they can be used are shown step by step. Although it is understood that a baton and cane do not constitute "weapons" as defined in the Police Duties Execution Law, there are precedents that have held that if they are used in a manner that kills or injures a person beyond their intended use, they are in effect equivalent to the use of weapons.

The following three types of crimes are defined by the National Public Safety Commission's Rules on the Use and Handling of Guns by Police Officers and Other Personnel (National Public Safety Commission Rule 7):

* Crimes that cause fear or anxiety in society by threatening to harm the life or body of an unspecified person or many people, or destroy important facilities or equipment: illegal use of explosives and arson of an existing building are listed as examples.
* Crimes that endanger the life or body of a person: murder, assault, etc.
* Crimes that are likely to cause harm to a person's life or body and are committed in a manner that is extremely awe-inspiring, such as by carrying a deadly weapon.

When special judicial police personnel such as Japan Coast Guard officers, narcotics officers, or self-defense force soldiers on public security missions use weapons, the Police Duties Execution Law will be applied mutatis mutandis based on the respective laws. In addition, in cases where a vessel is targeted, no matter where the target is, there is a possibility of harm to a person, it is difficult to shoot reliably, and it is difficult for patrol vessels to approach a suspect vessel inadvertently, etc. Taking into consideration the special characteristics of the maritime environment, the Japan Coast Guard Law provides that even if it does not constitute a crime, it is possible to take measures against dangerous acts at sea, such as The Japan Coast Guard Act allows the use of weapons for measures against dangerous acts at sea and for on-site inspections to confirm the identity of vessels, etc., even if they do not fall under the requirements for constituting a crime. These provisions also apply to JSDF soldiers in units ordered to conduct maritime security operations and anti-piracy operations.


title: Unusual Heat

abstract: Unusual Heat is the seventh studio album by British-American rock band Foreigner, released on June 14, 1991, by Atlantic Records. Recorded at several different studios across the state of New York and England, and produced by Terry Thomas and Mick Jones, it was the only album with lead singer Johnny Edwards. He replaced original lead singer Lou Gramm. Edwards, a veteran singer who'd done a tour of duty with Montrose and was then the frontman for another Atlantic act, Wild Horses. As Edwards told UCR in a separate interview, Wild Horses had only just signed its record deal — and although joining for Foreigner was obviously tempting for financial reasons if nothing else, he was reluctant to walk away from his own band after struggling for years to make it on his own terms. Jones, however, was undeterred—and eager to work with a singer most fans hadn't heard of rather than hiring a big-name replacement who'd come with his own baggage. "We were in rehearsal and talks with a couple of guys who were both strong candidates and had kind of a name," he admitted. "I felt eventually that it was probably going to be better to not try and put an all-star band together, but to keep on the same kind of path with four people being involved in making a record and not really, I think I would probably say, cheapening the band at that point—cheapening the meaning and the direction of the band." Unusual Heat was a commercial failure, only peaking at number 117 on the Billboard 200 chart – a sharp decline in sales comparing with all previous albums, all of which reached the Top 20 and became at least Platinum. Neither of the two singles released from the album charted on the Billboard Hot 100, with "Lowdown and Dirty" only charting on the Mainstream Rock chart at #4. The original version of the song "Ready for the Rain", demoed by the Sacramento, CA based band Northrup in the late 1980s with Johnny Edwards on lead vocals, was finally released in 2001 by Metal Mayhem Music as part of a collection of demos under the name JK Northrup.

text:
# Unusual Heat

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Entertainment Weekly* | D |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |

***Unusual Heat*** is the seventh studio album by British-American rock band Foreigner, released on June 14, 1991, by Atlantic Records. Recorded at several different studios across the state of New York and England, and produced by Terry Thomas and Mick Jones, it was the only album with lead singer Johnny Edwards. He replaced original lead singer Lou Gramm. Edwards, a veteran singer who'd done a tour of duty with Montrose and was then the frontman for another Atlantic act, Wild Horses. As Edwards told UCR in a separate interview, Wild Horses had only just signed its record deal — and although joining for Foreigner was obviously tempting for financial reasons if nothing else, he was reluctant to walk away from his own band after struggling for years to make it on his own terms.

Jones, however, was undeterred—and eager to work with a singer most fans hadn't heard of rather than hiring a big-name replacement who'd come with his own baggage. "We were in rehearsal and talks with a couple of guys who were both strong candidates and had kind of a name," he admitted. "I felt eventually that it was probably going to be better to not try and put an all-star band together, but to keep on the same kind of path with four people being involved in making a record and not really, I think I would probably say, cheapening the band at that point—cheapening the meaning and the direction of the band."

*Unusual Heat* was a commercial failure, only peaking at number 117 on the *Billboard* 200 chart – a sharp decline in sales comparing with all previous albums, all of which reached the Top 20 and became at least Platinum. Neither of the two singles released from the album charted on the *Billboard* Hot 100, with "Lowdown and Dirty" only charting on the Mainstream Rock chart at #4.

The original version of the song "Ready for the Rain", demoed by the Sacramento, CA based band Northrup in the late 1980s with Johnny Edwards on lead vocals, was finally released in 2001 by Metal Mayhem Music as part of a collection of demos under the name JK Northrup.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Mick Jones, Johnny Edwards, and Terry Thomas, except where noted

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Only Heaven Knows" |  | 4:47 |
| 2. | "Lowdown and Dirty" |  | 4:21 |
| 3. | "I'll Fight for You" |  | 6:02 |
| 4. | "Moment of Truth" |  | 4:25 |
| 5. | "Mountain of Love" |  | 4:37 |
| 6. | "Ready for the Rain" | Edwards, Jeff Northrup, Jones, Thomas | 5:02 |
| 7. | "When the Night Comes Down" |  | 4:43 |
| 8. | "Safe in My Heart" | Jones | 4:32 |
| 9. | "No Hiding Place" |  | 3:55 |
| 10. | "Flesh Wound" |  | 4:17 |
| 11. | "Unusual Heat" |  | 4:32 |
| Total length: | | | 51:30 |

## Personnel

### Foreigner

### Additional musicians

* Richard Cottle – keyboards
* Tommy Mandel – keyboards
* Terry Thomas – keyboards, guitars, backing vocals
* Tony Beard – electronic percussion
* Felix Krish – bass
* Ian Lloyd – backing vocals
* Mark Rivera – backing vocals
* Rachele Cappelli – backing vocals
* Angela Cappelli – backing vocals
* Lani Groves – backing vocals
* Vaneese Thomas – backing vocals

## Production

* Producers – Mick Jones and Terry Thomas
* Recording Engineers – Rafe McKenna (Tracks 1, 3, 5–8 & 10); Andrew Scarth (Tracks 2, 4 & 9).
* Assistant Engineers – Bruce Calder, Ellen Fitton, Michael Gilbert, Lolly Grodner, John Herman, Jon Mallison and Bernhard Speyer.
* Mixing – Mick Jones and Terry Thomas (All tracks); Rafe McKenna (Tracks 1, 3, 5–8 & 10); Andrew Scarth (Tracks 2, 4 & 9).
* Mastered by Ted Jensen at Sterling Sound (New York, NY).
* Art Direction – Reiner Design Consultants
* Photography – Timothy White
* Art Direction for band photography – Bob Defrin
* Management – Bud Prager for E.S.P. Management, Inc.

## Charts

## InfoBox

| Unusual Heat | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Foreigner | |
| Released | June 14, 1991 |
| Recorded | 1990 |
| Studio |  |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 51:30 |
| Label | Atlantic |
| Producer |  |
| Foreigner chronology | |
| *Inside Information*
(1987) ***Unusual Heat***
(1991) *The Very Best ... and Beyond*
(1992) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Unusual Heat* | |
| 1. "Lowdown and Dirty"
Released: June 1991 2. "I'll Fight for You"
Released: August 1991 | |
|  | |


title: Unser Bier

abstract: Unser Bier is a small local brewery in Basel, Switzerland. Unser Bier is most widely known for its amber beer, a simple lager. They also produce a wheat beer (Weizen) and a pale ale and a dark porter style beer, as well as a number of specialty and seasonal beers such as a Christmas beer and the "Meister" beer, produced when the FC Basel football team wins the national championship. 2010 the brewery moved to the Gundeldinger Feld and invested 5 million Swiss francs to enlarge its capacity and for a new bottling station. On May 6, 2006, Unser Bier become the biggest brewery in Basel following the merger of Ziegelhof with Eichhof.

text:
# Unser Bier

**Unser Bier** is a small local brewery in Basel, Switzerland.

Unser Bier is most widely known for its amber beer, a simple lager. They also produce a wheat beer (Weizen) and a pale ale (Natur Blond) and a dark porter style beer (Schwarz Bier), as well as a number of specialty and seasonal beers such as a Christmas beer and the "Meister" beer, produced when the FC Basel football team wins the national championship. 2010 the brewery moved to the Gundeldinger Feld and invested 5 million Swiss francs to enlarge its capacity and for a new bottling station.

On May 6, 2006, Unser Bier become the biggest brewery in Basel following the merger of Ziegelhof with Eichhof.

## InfoBox

Unser Bier
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Basel, CH |
| Opened | 1997 |
| Annual production volume | 6,000 hectolitres (5,100 US bbl) |
| Owned by | Unser Bier AG |
| Active beers | |
| Name Type  Naturblond Pale ale  Weizen Wheat beer  Schwarzbier Porter  Amber Lager | |
| Seasonal beers | |
| Name Type  Drummler Pilsner  Weihnachts-Bier Bock | |


title: Uti Petelo

abstract: Uti Petelo is an American Samoan politician and member of the American Samoa Senate. Petelo is from Leloaloa, American Samoa. He was elected to the Senate following the death of Faumuina Tagisialii. At the 2016 election chiefs were unable to reach a consensus on who should fill the seat, resulting in Tilo Vasaga Tilo being elected by lot. He was re-elected to the Senate at the 2020 election.

text:
# Uti Petelo

**Uti Petelo** is an American Samoan politician and member of the American Samoa Senate.

Petelo is from Leloaloa, American Samoa. He was elected to the Senate following the death of Faumuina Tagisialii. At the 2016 election chiefs were unable to reach a consensus on who should fill the seat, resulting in Tilo Vasaga Tilo being elected by lot. He was re-elected to the Senate at the 2020 election.

## InfoBox

| Uti Petelo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the American Samoa Senate
from the Maʻopūtasi County district | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
3 January 2020 | |
| Preceded by | Tilo Vasaga Tilo |
| Member of the American Samoa Senate
from the Maʻopūtasi County district | |
| Preceded by | Faumuina Tagisialii |
| Succeeded by | Tilo Vasaga Tilo |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Ura e Shtrenjtë

abstract: Ura e Shtrenjtë is a small village in the valley of the river Kir in northern Albania. It was part of the former municipality of Postribë, in Shkodër County. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Shkodër. It is a very small and poor community making a basic living off the land. The farmers produce a variety of crops, from corn and beans, to raising livestock. Supported by Oxfam, the farmers have also expanded in honey production. The honey is very aromatic, as its source as a mixture of wild chestnut, sage and thyme pollen. The village is divided in two by a deep gorge, which used to be crossed by a large stone bridge. A few years ago, the waters of the river were so high that the old bridge was washed away. The community did not have the resources or the money to replace it with a similar one, so all they could do was to lay down a narrow metal plank to serve as a bridge. But not only is this extremely unsafe, it is also little use when, in the springtime, melting snow from the mountain causes the river to swell again. The waters swallow the little makeshift bridge, and can stay that high for up to five or six weeks. During that time, people on one side of the village are totally cut off from the rest of the community and outside world.

text:
# Ura e Shtrenjtë

**Ura e Shtrenjtë** is a small village in the valley of the river Kir in northern Albania. It was part of the former municipality of Postribë, in Shkodër County. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Shkodër. It is a very small and poor community making a basic living off the land. The farmers produce a variety of crops, from corn and beans, to raising livestock. Supported by Oxfam, the farmers have also expanded in honey production. The honey is very aromatic, as its source as a mixture of wild chestnut, sage and thyme pollen.

The village is divided in two by a deep gorge, which used to be crossed by a large stone bridge.

A few years ago, the waters of the river were so high that the old bridge was washed away. The community did not have the resources or the money to replace it with a similar one, so all they could do was to lay down a narrow metal plank to serve as a bridge. But not only is this extremely unsafe, it is also little use when, in the springtime, melting snow from the mountain causes the river to swell again. The waters swallow the little makeshift bridge, and can stay that high for up to five or six weeks. During that time, people on one side of the village are totally cut off from the rest of the community and outside world.

## InfoBox

| Ura e Shtrenjtë | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Ura e Shtrenjtë | |
| Coordinates: 42°08′42″N 19°39′29″E / 42.145°N 19.658°E / 42.145; 19.658 | |
| Country | Albania |
| County | Shkodër |
| Municipality | Shkodër |
| Municipal unit | Postribë |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Ura language (Papua New Guinea)

abstract: Ura (Uramät) is a Papuan language spoken in East New Britain Province on the island of New Britain, Papua New Guinea. Uramät is the autonym of the people.

text:
# Ura language (Papua New Guinea)

**Ura** (Uramät) is a Papuan language spoken in East New Britain Province on the island of New Britain, Papua New Guinea. *Uramät* is the autonym of the people.

## InfoBox

| Ura | |
| --- | --- |
| Region | New Britain |
| Native speakers | (1,900 cited 1991) |
| Language family | Baining * **Ura** |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | `uro` |
| *Glottolog* | `urap1240` |
| ELP | Ura (Papua New Guinea) |


title: Ustárroz

abstract: Ustárroz is a locality located in the municipality of Valle de Egüés, in Navarre province, Spain, Spain. As of 2020, it has a population of 13.

text:
# Ustárroz

**Ustárroz** is a locality located in the municipality of Valle de Egüés, in Navarre province, Spain, Spain. As of 2020, it has a population of 13.

## Geography

Ustárroz is located 14km east of Pamplona.

## InfoBox

| Ustárroz | |
| --- | --- |
| Locality | |
|  | |
| UstárrozUstárroz | |
| Coordinates: 42°48′52″N 1°31′13″W / 42.81444°N 1.52028°W / 42.81444; -1.52028 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Community | Navarre |
| Province | Navarre |
| Municipality | Valle de Egüés |
| Elevation | 559 m (1,834 ft) |
| Population | |
| Total | 13 |


title: Urambo District

abstract: Urambo is one of the seven districts of the Tabora Region of Tanzania. It is bordered to the north by the Kaliua District, to the east by the Uyui District, to the southeast by the Sikonge District, and to the southwest by the Katavi Region. Its administrative seat is the town of Urambo.

text:
# Urambo District

**Urambo** is one of the seven districts of the Tabora Region of Tanzania. It is bordered to the north by the Kaliua District, to the east by the Uyui District, to the southeast by the Sikonge District, and to the southwest by the Katavi Region. Its administrative seat is the town of Urambo.

## Etymology

The name "Urambo" (Nyamwezi language: *)* meaning *Home of the Urambo*, a 19th century kingdom of the Nyamwezi people.

## History

In the 19th century, Urambo was a kingdom. It came about under the leadership of King Mirambo, who united the territory of Uyowa, which had been ruler by his father, with Ulyankhulu.

## Geography

Southern Urambo district is the Ugalla River National Park

## Demographics

According to the 2002 Tanzania National Census, the population of the Urambo District was 260,322.

Between 2002 and 2012, Kaliua District was split off from Urambo District. That is why the population of Urambo District declined in this period. According to the 2012 Tanzania National Census, the population of Urambo District was 192,781.

## Economy

Unpaved Trunk road T18 from Tabora to Kigoma passes through the district.

The Tanzanian Central Line train - from Dar es Salaam to Kigoma \- passes through the district. There is a train station in Urambo town.

## Government

In 2002, **Urambo District** was administratively divided into 26 wards. As of 2012, only 16 wards remained after Kaliua District was split off.

### Wards

* Imalamakoye
* Kapilula
* Kasisi
* Kiloleni
* Muungano
* Nsenda
* Songambele
* Ugalla
* Ukondamoyo
* Urambo
* Usisya
* Ussoke
* Itundu
* Uyogo
* Uyumbu
* Vumilia (English meaning: *tolerate*)

## Sources

5°00′S 31°55′E / 5.000°S 31.917°E / -5.000; 31.917

## InfoBox

| Urambo | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| Etymology: named for King Mirambo | |
|  | |
| Country | Tanzania |
| Region | Tabora Region |
| Area | |
| Total | 5,415 km2 (2,091 sq mi) |
| Population (2022) | |
| Total | 260,322 |
| Density | 48/km2 (120/sq mi) |


title: Utah State Route 147

abstract: State route 147 (SR-147) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Utah. Spanning 18.175 miles (29.250 km), it connects West Mountain and Benjamin in western Utah Valley with Interstate 15 (I-15), Spanish Fork, and Mapleton on the east side of the valley.

text:
# Utah State Route 147

**State route 147** (**SR-147**) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Utah. Spanning 18.175 miles (29.250 km), it connects West Mountain and Benjamin in western Utah Valley with Interstate 15 (I-15), Spanish Fork, and Mapleton on the east side of the valley.

## Route description

State Route 147 begins west of Payson at McBeth Corner, which is the northern terminus of SR-141 and the intersection of 5600 West and 10400 South. From this point, the route travels north approximately 4 miles (6.4 km) (continuing along the same road taken by SR-141 to the south) passing through West Mountain, before turning east at 7300 South. The route continues approximately 3 miles (4.8 km) to Benjamin, then intersecting SR-115 (which turns into Payson's Main Street) and turning north on 3200 West. State Route 147 travels north about 1 mile (1.6 km) before again turning east on 6400 South, just south of Lake Shore. From here, the route continues east, under I-15, through central Spanish Fork as 400 North, across US-89 before finally turning north on Main Street in Mapleton. State Route 147 travels north on Main Street about 1 mile (1.6 km), then turns west on Maple Street, ending as it intersects US-89 again, this time from the east.

## History

State Route 147 was established on June 26, 1933 along an alignment similar to the current one, with two key differences. It originally started in Payson, travelling west along Utah Ave/10400 South until turning north at its current starting point at McBeth Corner, and it originally ended on Main Street in Mapleton. In 1935, the state legislature ended SR-147 at US-89 (then known as SR-8) and split off the last stretch of the route between US-89 (then known as SR-8) and Mapleton as **State Route 167**. In 1939, the state legislature designated **State Route 203** as an extension of SR-147 from its Mapleton end, travelling 1 mile (1.6 km) east and 1 mile (1.6 km) north to SR-167. This extension was absorbed into SR-147 two years later, in 1941.

SR-147 remained unchanged until 1969, when the section of SR-167 along Maple Street was redesignated as part of SR-147. The section of SR-167 from SR-147 via Main Street to Mapleton was cancelled. The route again remained unchanged until 2000, when the portion of the route from Payson west to McBeth Corner was transferred to Payson City and Utah County in exchange for UDOT designating 800 South in Payson from I-15 east to SR-198 (State Street) as State Route 178.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Utah County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| McBeth Corner | 0.000 | 0.000 | SR-141 (5600 West) | Southern terminus |
| Benjamin | 6.947 | 11.180 | SR-115 (3200 West/7300 South) | Route turns north along 3200 West |
|  | 8.088 | 13.016 | SR-77 (3200 West) | SR-77 continues straight, route turns east |
| Spanish Fork | 11.327–
11.415 | 18.229–
18.371 | I-15 |  |
| | 12.119 | 19.504 | SR-156 (Main Street) |  |
| | 13.135 | 21.139 | US 6 | Overpass |
| | 13.166 | 21.189 | SR-51 |  |
| Mapleton | 15.151 | 24.383 | US 89 (1600 West) |  |
| | 18.175 | 29.250 | US 89 (1600 West) | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Utah State Route 147KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Route 147 | |
| --- | --- |
| SR-147 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by UDOT | |
| Length | 18.175 mi (29.250 km) |
| Existed | June 26, 1933–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | SR-141 at McBeth Corner |
| North end | US 89 in Mapleton |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Utah |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **Utah State Highway System** | |
| SR-145   SR-148 | |


title: Urrós (Mogadouro)

abstract: Urrós is a civil parish of the municipality of Mogadouro, with 32,47 km² of area and 250 inhabitants.

text:
# Urrós (Mogadouro)

**Urrós** is a civil parish of the municipality of Mogadouro, with 32,47 km² of area and 250 inhabitants (2021 census).

## Population

| Population of the parish of Urrós  Year Pop. ±%  1864  683       1878  750 +9.8%  1890  714 −4.8%  1900  810 +13.4%  1911  841 +3.8%  1920  786 −6.5%  1930  840 +6.9%  1940  880 +4.8%  1950  899 +2.2%  1960  901 +0.2%  1970  589 −34.6%  1981  661 +12.2%  1991  475 −28.1%  2001  425 −10.5%  2011  318 −25.2%  2021  250 −21.4% |
| --- |

## Topography

Located on the right bank of the Douro River, as it enters Portugal surrounded by small valleys, the parish of Urrós is twenty kilometers from the town of Mogadouro. Its frontier character, together with its rugged geography, has marked its character and evolution throughout history.

Ribeirinhos do Douro is located to the east, Algoso and Matela to the north, Travanca to the west, and Brunhozinho and Bemposta to the south.

Some authors say that its name has a topographical origin, while others suggest that it was owned by the Muslim Oborrós in 1019. The name of Urros appears differently in various documents: Urros (840), Duros, Durros, Huros, Orrio (in the Foral of 1182). In the 14th and 15th centuries it appears as Orge, Ordo, Orgho and Orio, possibly derived from barley. Other authors say that its name derives from the fact that the parish sits on a small plateau, between two streams, with small, sloping valleys.

## Access

Urrós used to have the Urrós halt, an interface in the Sabor line, however it was closed and abandoned when the line was shut down on 1 August 1988.

## InfoBox

| Urrós | |
| --- | --- |
| Civil parish | |
|  | |
| UrrósLocation in Portugal | |
| Coordinates: 41°20′37″N 6°28′01″W / 41.34361°N 6.46694°W / 41.34361; -6.46694 | |
| Country | Portugal |
| Region | Norte |
| Intermunic. comm. | Trás-os-Montes |
| District | Bragança |
| Municipality | Mogadouro |
| Area | |
| Total | 32.47 km2 (12.54 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 250 |
| Density | 7.7/km2 (20/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC±00:00 (WET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+01:00 (WEST) |
| Area code | 040821 |
| Website | jf-urros.pt |


title: Three Eras

abstract: The Three Eras is a Judeo-Christian scheme of periodization in historiography, called also Vaticinium Eliae. A three-period division of time appears in the Babylonian Talmud: the period before the giving of the law (Torah); the period subject to the law; and the period of the Messiah. This scheme was later adapted to Christian use, with three periods corresponding to the persons of the Trinity. In that form it was taken up by Joachim of Fiore; it had been held in a similar form a little earlier by the Amalricians. After the Protestant Reformation the scheme of the "prophecy of Elias" was popularised by Philip Melanchthon and his Lutheran collaborators, using Carion's Chronicle as a vehicle, heavily edited into due form. The three periods were 'without the law', 'under law', and 'under grace'. With each period attributed a length of two millennia, the scheme was applied to predict the end of time. This was done by Johann Heinrich Alsted in the 17th century. The scheme was widely influential in its tripartite structure, seen also in the chronology of Achilles Pirmin Gasser.

text:
# Three Eras

The **Three Eras** is a Judeo-Christian scheme of periodization in historiography, called also *Vaticinium Eliae* (prophecy of Elijah or Elias). A three-period division of time appears in the Babylonian Talmud: the period before the giving of the law (*Torah*); the period subject to the law; and the period of the Messiah. This scheme was later adapted to Christian use, with three periods corresponding to the persons of the Trinity. In that form it was taken up by Joachim of Fiore; it had been held in a similar form a little earlier by the Amalricians.

After the Protestant Reformation the scheme of the "prophecy of Elias" was popularised by Philip Melanchthon and his Lutheran collaborators, using *Carion's Chronicle* as a vehicle, heavily edited into due form. The three periods were 'without the law', 'under law', and 'under grace'. With each period attributed a length of two millennia, the scheme was applied to predict the end of time (or at least the commencement of a final seventh millennium). This was done by Johann Heinrich Alsted in the 17th century. The scheme was widely influential in its tripartite structure, seen also in the chronology of Achilles Pirmin Gasser.


title: Triteleia hendersonii

abstract: Triteleia hendersonii, commonly known as Henderson's triteleia, Henderson's stars, or yellow tiger-lily, is a species of flowering plant native to the Pacific Northwest, occurring in Southern Oregon and Northern California. A variety Triteleia hendersonii var. leachiae is found in the Klamath Mountains within Curry, Coos, and Josephine counties of Oregon. This variety is distinguished by a blue median stripe on each perianth segment. This variety was first described as a species, Brodieaea leachiae.

text:
# Triteleia hendersonii

***Triteleia hendersonii***, commonly known as **Henderson's triteleia**, **Henderson's stars**, or **yellow tiger-lily**, is a species of flowering plant native to the Pacific Northwest, occurring in Southern Oregon and Northern California.

A variety *Triteleia hendersonii var. leachiae* is found in the Klamath Mountains within Curry, Coos, and Josephine counties of Oregon. This variety is distinguished by a blue median stripe on each perianth segment. This variety was first described as a species, *Brodieaea leachiae.*

## InfoBox

| *Triteleia hendersonii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Asparagaceae |
| Subfamily: | Brodiaeoideae |
| Genus: | *Triteleia* |
| Species: | ***T. hendersonii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Triteleia hendersonii***<br>Greene | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Brodiaea hendersonii* | |


title: P Vijay Kumar

abstract:
P Vijay Kumar was an Indian footballer who represented the country at the international level. Born and brought up in Jamshedpur, he originally hailed from Andhra Pradesh. Kumar joined Tata Steel in 1977. The former international player has been a pillar of strength when it comes to the Tata Football Academy (TFA). He was part of the national squad in the SAF Games in Calcutta in 1987, besides turning out in three Nehru Cup matches (1987–89) in Calicut, Calcutta and Siliguri.
Kumar scored in an exhibition match against Bochum team of West Germany at Jamshedpur in 1986.
He also played for the country in the Asia Cup (Singapore) in 1988.

text:
# P Vijay Kumar

**P Vijay Kumar** (1 April 1958 – 19 November 2015) was an Indian footballer who represented the country at the international level.

Born and brought up in Jamshedpur, he originally hailed from Andhra Pradesh. Kumar joined Tata Steel in 1977.

The former international player has been a pillar of strength when it comes to the Tata Football Academy (TFA).

He was part of the national squad in the SAF Games in Calcutta in 1987, besides turning out in three Nehru Cup matches (1987–89) in Calicut, Calcutta and Siliguri. Kumar scored in an exhibition match against Bochum team of West Germany at Jamshedpur in 1986. He also played for the country in the Asia Cup (Singapore) in 1988.

## Coaching career

Kumar has cleared the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) A Licence coaching course, making him eligible to coach in the national soccer circuit.

Kumar has cleared the exam conducted by All India Football Federation for coaches hired in professional clubs. He cleared the C and B Licence courses in 1997 and 2006, respectively.

## Death

Kumar died 19 November 2015.

## InfoBox

P Vijay Kumar
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Birth name | Vijay | | |
| Date of birth | (1958-04-01)1 April 1958 | | |
| Place of birth | Jamshedpur, India | | |
| Date of death | 19 November 2015(2015-11-19) (aged 57) | | |
| Place of death | Jamshedpur, India | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Mohammedan SC (Kolkata) |  |  |
| International career | | | |
|  | India |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: The Case of the Stuttering Pig

abstract: The Case of the Stuttering Pig is a 1937 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes animated cartoon directed by Frank Tashlin. The short was released on October 30, 1937, and stars Porky Pig and Petunia Pig. The title is a parody of The Case of the Stuttering Bishop, a Perry Mason mystery that Warner Bros. had filmed earlier that year. This is the only cartoon where Petunia Pig appears as Porky's sister. In the film, Porky, Petunia, and their siblings are the intended heirs of their recently deceased uncle. The family's lawyer uses a Dr. Jekyll-style potion to transform himself into a monster. He proceeds to capture most of the heirs, but he is trapped before managing to capture Porky.

text:
# The Case of the Stuttering Pig

***The Case of the Stuttering Pig*** is a 1937 Warner Bros. *Looney Tunes* animated cartoon directed by Frank Tashlin. The short was released on October 30, 1937, and stars Porky Pig and Petunia Pig.

The title is a parody of *The Case of the Stuttering Bishop*, a Perry Mason mystery that Warner Bros. had filmed earlier that year. This is the only cartoon where Petunia Pig appears as Porky's sister.

In the film, Porky, Petunia, and their siblings are the intended heirs of their recently deceased uncle. The family's lawyer uses a Dr. Jekyll-style potion to transform himself into a monster. He proceeds to capture most of the heirs, but he is trapped before managing to capture Porky.

## Plot

On a stormy night, Porky and his siblings learn of their inheritance from their late uncle Solomon. However, their seemingly benevolent lawyer, Goodwill, transforms into a monstrous killer after drinking a Jekyll and Hyde potion. Breaking the fourth wall, the monster warns the audience not to intervene, especially the one in the third row.

One by one, the monster captures Porky's brothers, leaving only Porky and Petunia. As they search the house, the monster snatches Petunia and pursues Porky. Cornered, Porky stumbles upon his captive siblings in the laboratory. Just as the monster is about to strike, a theater chair mysteriously appears, trapping the monster and saving the day. When Porky and his siblings asks who helped save their lives, the voice reveals himself as the attendee in the third row and calls the monster a big sourpuss for what he done.

## Home media

## InfoBox

| The Case of the Stuttering Pig | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Frank Tashlin |
| Story by | Melvin Millar |
| Produced by | Leon Schlesinger |
| Starring | Mel Blanc
Billy Bletcher
Shirley Reed |
| Music by | Carl W. Stalling |
| Animation by | Volney White
Robert Bentley |
| Color process | Black and White |
| Production
company | Leon Schlesinger Productions |
| Distributed by | Warner Bros. Pictures
The Vitaphone Corporation |
| Release date | * October 30, 1937 (1937-10-30) (USA) |
| Running time | 7:45 |
| Language | English |


title: Skolimowo

abstract: Skolimowo is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Pasłęk, within Elbląg County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Pasłęk, 21 km (13 mi) east of Elbląg, and 60 km (37 mi) north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn.

text:
# Skolimowo

**Skolimowo** \[skɔliˈmɔvɔ\] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Pasłęk, within Elbląg County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Pasłęk, 21 km (13 mi) east of Elbląg, and 60 km (37 mi) north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn.

## InfoBox

| Skolimowo | |
| --- | --- |
| Settlement | |
| Skolimowo | |
| Coordinates: 54°2′N 19°42′E / 54.033°N 19.700°E / 54.033; 19.700 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Warmian-Masurian |
| County | Elbląg |
| Gmina | Pasłęk |
| Population | 24 |
| Website | skolimowo.interia.pl |


title: Sió

abstract: The Sió or Sió-csatorna (Sió-Channel) is a fully regulated river in midwest Hungary. It is the outlet, at the eastern end, of Lake Balaton, flowing out of the lake in Siófok. The 124 km (77 mi) long Sió flows into the river Danube near the city of Szekszárd. The Sió flows through the Hungarian counties Somogy, Fejér and Tolna, its main tributaries are Kapos from the right and Sárvíz from the left. The drainage basin of the Sió covers more than a third of the Transdanubia region. The Sió's basin size is 14,693 km⁲ (5,673 sq mi) and its average discharge at the mouth is 39 m⁳/s (1,400 cu ft/s).

text:
# Sió

The **Sió** or **Sió-csatorna** (*Sió-Channel*) is a fully regulated river in midwest Hungary. It is the outlet, at the eastern end, of Lake Balaton, flowing out of the lake in Siófok. The 124 km (77 mi) long Sió flows into the river Danube near the city of Szekszárd. The Sió flows through the Hungarian counties Somogy, Fejér and Tolna, its main tributaries are Kapos from the right and Sárvíz from the left. The drainage basin of the Sió (including Balaton) covers more than a third of the Transdanubia region. The Sió's basin size is 14,693 km2 (5,673 sq mi) and its average discharge at the mouth is 39 m3/s (1,400 cu ft/s).

## InfoBox

| Sió | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Hungary |
| Counties |  |
| Towns |  |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Lake Balaton |
|  | |
| Mouth | Danube |
| location | Bogyiszló |
| coordinates | 46°20′16″N 18°53′41″E / 46.3379°N 18.8947°E / 46.3379; 18.8947 |
| Length | 124 km (77 mi) |
| Basin size | 14,693 km2 (5,673 sq mi) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| location | mouth |
| average | 39 m3/s (1,400 cu ft/s) |
|  | |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | DanubeBlack Sea |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | Sárvíz |
| right | Kapos |


title: Siruleh Zarun

abstract: Siruleh Zarun is a village in Kuhdasht-e Shomali Rural District, in the Central District of Kuhdasht County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 69, in 12 families.

text:
# Siruleh Zarun

**Siruleh Zarun** (Persian: سيروله ضرون, also Romanized as **Sīrūleh Ẕarūn**) is a village in Kuhdasht-e Shomali Rural District, in the Central District of Kuhdasht County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 69, in 12 families.

## InfoBox

| Siruleh Zarun سيروله ضرون | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Siruleh Zarun | |
| Coordinates: 33°45′28″N 47°35′05″E / 33.75778°N 47.58472°E / 33.75778; 47.58472 | |
| Country | Iran |
| Province | Lorestan |
| County | Kuhdasht |
| Bakhsh | Central |
| Rural District | Kuhdasht-e Shomali |
| Population (2006) | |
| Total | 69 |
| Time zone | UTC+3:30 (IRST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+4:30 (IRDT) |


title: Sky Full of Thunder

abstract: Sky Full of Thunder is a 1968 novel by F. J. Thwaites.

text:
# Sky Full of Thunder

***Sky Full of Thunder*** is a 1968 novel by F. J. Thwaites.

## Premise

Austin Herrington, at home on the Murray River during his school holidays, encounters an escapee from a prison farm. The parents of his friend Felicity Ainsworth have to sell their adjourning property and live abroad. Ten years later, Austin is conscripted to serve in the Vietnam War and is injured in action.

## InfoBox

Sky Full of Thunder
| Author | F. J. Thwaites |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Harcourt Press |
| Publication date | 1968 |
| Publication place | Australia |


title: Skaff

text:
# Skaff

## The Skaff (Skaf) Family

**Skaff** is the name of a prominent Lebanese Greek Orthodox Christian and Lebanese Greek Catholic Christian family, based in the city of Zahlé, Lebanon. The family has had a seat in the parliament of Lebanon since the first parliament formed, with Elias Tohme Skaff, representing the Greek Catholics. It is one of the political families of Lebanon. The family’s ability to keep political power has been tied to the land they own, allegedly being over 20% of the land of Lebanon.

Immigrants of the Skaff family may choose to go by the name **Skaf**.

**Skaff** or **Scaff** may refer to:

## Skaff

* Skaff Bloc, Lebanese parliamentary bloc led by Myriam Skaff
* Skaff Elias, American game designer
* Doug Skaff, American politician from West Virginia
* Elias Skaff (born 1948), Lebanese politician and Member of Parliament
* Joseph Skaff (1922–1991), Lebanese politician and Member of Parliament
* Frank Skaff (1910–1988), baseball infielder, coach, manager and scout in American Major League Baseball
* Joseph J. Skaff (born 1930), major general in the United States Army
* Kevin Skaff, member of American rock band A Day to Remember from Florida
* Ghassan Skaff Lebanese politician and Member of Parliament, Neurosurgeon

## Scaff


title: Slatina (Čajniče)

abstract: Slatina is a village in the municipality of Čajniče, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

text:
# Slatina (Čajniče)

**Slatina** (Cyrillic: Слатина) is a village in the municipality of Čajniče, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

43°36′37″N 19°05′21″E / 43.61028°N 19.08917°E / 43.61028; 19.08917

## InfoBox

| Slatina | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Slatina | |
| Coordinates: 43°36′37″N 19°05′21″E / 43.61028°N 19.08917°E / 43.61028; 19.08917 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Republika Srpska |
| Municipality | Čajniče |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Skimlinks

abstract:
Skimlinks is a content monetisation platform for online publishers. It specializes in automatically generating affiliate product links from content creators' commerce content, from which the content creators earn money. The company was founded in London (2007) by Australian co-founders Alicia Navarro and Joe Stepniewski. It has over 62 employees and has raised $24 million in funding as of August 2013. It has offices in London and New York City.
On October 17, 2013, Skimlinks was announced as a member of Tech City UK's Future Fifty Programme, a government program that supports fast-growing companies with to potentially float in the London Stock Exchange. In 2014, Skimlinks drove $625 million in sales for over 20,000 vendors.

text:
# Skimlinks

**Skimlinks** is a content monetisation platform for online publishers (including editorial sites, forums, bloggers, social networks, and app developers). It specializes in automatically generating affiliate product links from content creators' commerce content, from which the content creators earn money.

The company was founded in London (2007) by Australian co-founders Alicia Navarro and Joe Stepniewski. It has over 62 employees and has raised $24 million in funding as of August 2013. It has offices in London and New York City. On October 17, 2013, Skimlinks was announced as a member of Tech City UK's Future Fifty Programme, a government program that supports fast-growing companies with to potentially float in the London Stock Exchange. In 2014, Skimlinks drove $625 million in sales for over 20,000 vendors.

## History

### Founding

Skimlinks was founded in 2007 by co-founders Alicia Navarro and Joe Stepniewski as a result of a pivot away from the social recommendation tool Skimbit.com. Notably, it is one of the first technology companies headquartered in what is now known as the Silicon Roundabout area in London.

Alicia Navarro created Skimbit.com in 2006 in Australia, but moved to London, England to build her business as she felt it was a much more supportive environment for entrepreneurs. Skimbit was relatively successful and quickly evolved into a white-label social shopping service.

In November 2008, Joe Stepniewski was elected as a co-founder. Together with Navarro, they realised that both users and investors weren't interested in their end product, but in the behind-the-scenes technology, they were using to monetise their site through affiliate marketing. As a result, they pivoted the company into what it is today - a "stand-alone commercial platform to help publishers monetize their editorial and user-generated content."

Alicia Navarro has been featured in several prominent publications, highlighting her role as one of the few female CEOs in the ad-tech world. She was also recently announced as the winner of the Entrepreneur of the Year Award during the 2014 edition of the FDM Everywoman in Technology Awards.

### Partnership with Pinterest

In February 2012, LL Social, an online marketing blog, broke the news that Pinterest was using Skimlinks to monetise content posted by its users. Commercial links included in Pins were being affiliated via Skimlinks. Although the partnership had been ongoing for 2 years, Pinterest had just recently grown exponentially in popularity and the news was badly received.

Most of the backlash arose from the company's failure to disclose its monetisation practices rather than its decision to monetise users' content. Though it was claimed that the revelations prompted Pinterest to drop its affiliation with Skimlinks, Pinterest's CEO, Ben Silbermann, clarified that they had actually been using Skimlinks as an option whilst they explored various monetisation solutions, but had stopped using the service a week before the news broke.

### Investors

Funds have been raised from investors including: The Accelerator Group, Sussex Place Ventures, NESTA, Venrex, BDMI and Greycroft, with advisory board members such as Gokul Rajaram (formerly Head of Product for Google AdSense and Facebook Ads) and Oren Michels (CEO of Mashery). In early 2015, Skimlinks' brought investors from Frog Capital on board as part of their Series C funding round, bringing their total funds raised to $24 million.

### Acquisitions

Skimlinks acquired New York–based competitor, Atma Links, in 2011 to power its SkimWords technology. It then acquired InvisibleHand - a significant player in real-time e-commerce and product pricing - in 2013.

## Products

Through relationships with various affiliate networks like Commission Junction, Pepperjam, and Linkshare, Skimlinks aggregates over 24,000 merchant programs which are available to publishers who join the service. To use Skimlinks, prospective users need to apply. Once approved, publishers receive a custom JavaScript snippet to be installed in the footer of their site(s). Users can also install Skimlinks using a WordPress plugin. The snippet will then automatically affiliate applicable URLs in their content. By using Skimlinks, publishers can earn money via commissions on sales, from product links and references in their content to merchants in the Skimlinks network.

Skimlinks is used by 1.5 million domains globally by online publishers like BuzzFeed, Condé Nast, Hearst Digital, WordPress, Time Inc., and Mail Online.

The company has released a variety of tools to which users have access in order to monetised their content. The main ones (as shown on the company's website) are as follows:

* SkimLinks - The company's first product. Released in 2008, it affiliates existing unaffiliated links on a user's site by adding a tracking tag on click.
* SkimWords - The second product in the Skimlinks suite. It went live in 2010 and uses natural language processing technology to link specific phrases like product references and brand names to relevant online retailers.
* The Showcases - They were released in May 2013 and are content-aware visual product displays that rely on technology similar to SkimWords', in order to generate geo-targeted, relevant product suggestions.
* Skimlinks Editor - A Google Chrome extension, it allows users to know what merchants are in the Skimlinks network and how much they pay for referrals. It also has a price-comparison element, allowing users to see alternative purchasing options for the product they are browsing. Lastly, the Editor lets users shorten and monetised URLs straight from their browser. This makes it possible to share monetisable links on sites where Skimlinks isn't live.
* Audiences by Skimlinks - The company's latest product, Audiences by Skimlinks is a 2nd party data co-op that makes the shopping-intent data generated from affiliated content available to marketers for planning, targeting or reporting advertising campaigns.

Skimlinks also offers a series of extras, like the URL shortening of regular links into monetisable links, and SkimRSS which allows users to affiliate links in their RSS feeds.

## InfoBox

Skimlinks
|
|  |
| Industry | Marketing, Advertising |
| Founded | London, UK (2007 (2007)) |
| Founders | Alicia Navarro, Joe Stepniewski |
| Fate | Acquired by Taboola on September 1, 2021 |
| Headquarters | London |
| Products | SkimLinks, Skimlinks Editor Tool, Audiences by Skimlinks |
| Services | In-text Advertising and Marketing, Audiences data platform |
| Number of employees | 85 |
| Website | https://skimlinks.com/ |


title: Skhirat, Boumerdès

abstract: Skhirat or Sghirat is a village in the Boumerdès Province in Kabylie, Algeria.

text:
# Skhirat, Boumerdès

**Skhirat** or **Sghirat** is a village in the Boumerdès Province in Kabylie, Algeria.

## Location

The village is surrounded by Keddache River and the towns of Thenia and Zemmouri in the *Khachna* mountain range.

## History

This village has experienced the facts of several historical events:

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Skhirat | |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname: Sghirat | |
| Motto: الصخيرات - الصغيرات | |
| Coordinates: 36°46′57″N 3°31′23″E / 36.7825743°N 3.5230245°E / 36.7825743; 3.5230245 | |
| Commune | Thénia |
| District | Thénia District |
| Province | Boumerdès Province |
| Region | Kabylie |
| Country | Algeria Algeria |
| Area | |
| Total | 4 km2 (2 sq mi) |
| Dimensions | |
| Length | 2 km (1 mi) |
| Width | 2 km (1 mi) |
| Elevation | 32 m (105 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 |
| Area code | 35005 |
| Website | thenia.net |


title: Sky Midnight News

abstract: Sky Midnight News is a news strand that airs every day on Sky News and on Sky News HD in the UK. The first 30–35 minutes of each hour features a round-up of the news stories and a look ahead to the morning news. The back half hour is typically filled by a re-transmission of the previous evening's Press Preview.

text:
# Sky Midnight News

***Sky Midnight News*** is a news strand that airs every day on Sky News and on Sky News HD in the UK. The first 30–35 minutes of each hour features a round-up of the news stories and a look ahead to the morning news. The back half hour is typically filled by a re-transmission of the previous evening's *Press Preview*.

## Broadcasts

On weekdays, the format is used from midnight until 3 am and is followed by *Sky World News*. The slot is regularly presented by Kimberley Leonard. On weekends, the 2 am-3 am hour is usually filled by a documentary.

The *Midnight News* was once a 30-minute newscast branded individually from other hours in the schedule and was the only news programme in its time slot in the UK, however the programme now falls under general Sky News branding.

## Presenters

Since joining Sky News in 2015, Kimberley Leonard is the primary anchor for the programme, typically anchoring most Monday-Thursday programmes. However, since December 2020, following wider Sky News presenter movements, Leonard has been absent from the slot whilst covering other programmes across the weekday and weekend schedule.

| Presenter | Title |
| --- | --- |
| Kimberley Leonard | Main Presenter
***Currently Absent*** |
| Vanessa Baffoe | Presenter (Rotating) |
| Sam Naz | |
| Nick Quraishi | Relief Presenter (Weekdays) |
| Belle Donati | |
| Barry Weir | Relief Presenter (Weekends) |
|

## InfoBox

| *Sky Midnight News* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | News |
| Presented by | Kimberley Leonard |
| Opening theme | Sky News theme |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Production | |
| Production location | Studio 6, Sky Studios |
| Camera setup | Multi-camera |
| Running time | 180 Minutes (12:00am-03:00am) |
| Original release | |
| Network | Sky News |
| Release | 2010 (2010)
present |


title: Skęczno

abstract: Skęczno is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zadzim, within Poddębice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south-west of Zadzim, 21 km (13 mi) south-west of Poddębice, and 47 km (29 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź.

text:
# Skęczno

**Skęczno** \[ˈskɛnt͡ʂnɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zadzim, within Poddębice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south-west of Zadzim, 21 km (13 mi) south-west of Poddębice, and 47 km (29 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź.

## InfoBox

| Skęczno | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Skęczno | |
| Coordinates: 51°45′N 18°48′E / 51.750°N 18.800°E / 51.750; 18.800 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Poddębice |
| Gmina | Zadzim |


title: Skępe

abstract: Skępe is a town in Lipno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland, with 7790 inhabitants (2012). It is the main sanctuary of Dobrzyń Land, with image of Our Lady crowned officially in 1755.

text:
# Skępe

**Skępe** \[ˈskɛmpɛ\] is a town in Lipno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland, with 7790 inhabitants (2012). It is the main sanctuary of Dobrzyń Land, with image of Our Lady crowned officially in 1755.

## History

Skępe developed from a medieval Slavic stronghold. It was granted town rights in 1445 by King Casimir IV of Poland. In 1498 the Bernardines came to Skępe from Koło and a monastery was built, with the Church of the Annunciation. Skępe was a private town of Polish nobility, administratively located in the Inowrocław Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland. The coat of arms of Skępe contains the Ogończyk coat of arms of the Kościelecki noble family, which was essential in the town's development in the 15th century. Two, and from 1530 three, annual fairs were held in Skępe.

The town was annexed by Prussia in the Second Partition of Poland in 1793. In 1807 it was regained by Poles and included within the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw, and in 1815 it became part of so-called Congress Poland in the Russian Partition of Poland. After the unsuccessful Polish January Uprising, the Russians closed down the monastery and church in 1864. Skępe was reintegrated with Poland in 1918, when the country regained independence after World War I. During the Polish–Soviet War, the Soviets captured the town on 13–14 August 1920, and then briefly occupied it. The Soviets looted the monastery and tortured the local Polish parish priest Albin Żmijewski.

During World War II, Skępe was occupied by Germany from 1939 to 1945. During the *Intelligenzaktion* in 1939, many inhabitants were murdered in large massacres carried out by the Germans in the Barbarka forest and in nearby Karnkowo. Arrested Polish teachers were imprisoned in Włocławek. The occupiers also carried out expulsions of Poles, whose houses were handed over to German colonists as part of the *Lebensraum* policy. In 1942, the Germans renamed the town to *Schemmensee* to erase traces of Polish origin, however the original Polish name was restored in 1945 after the occupation ended.

## InfoBox

| Skępe | |
| --- | --- |
| Bernardine Monastery in Skępe | |
|  | |
| Skępe | |
| Coordinates: 52°51′58″N 19°20′49″E / 52.86611°N 19.34694°E / 52.86611; 19.34694 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
| County | Lipno |
| Gmina | Skępe |
| Town rights | 1445 |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Andrzej Józef Gatyński |
| Area | |
| Total | 7.48 km2 (2.89 sq mi) |
| Population (2012) | |
| Total | 7,790 |
| Density | 1,000/km2 (2,700/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 87-630 |
| Vehicle registration | CLI |
| Website | http://www.skepe.pl |


abstract: Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Association, 489 U.S. 602 (1989), was the U.S. Supreme Court case that paved the way for random drug testing of public employees in "safety sensitive" positions.

text:
# Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n

***Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Association***, 489 U.S. 602 (1989), was the U.S. Supreme Court case that paved the way for random drug testing of public employees in "safety sensitive" positions.

## Background

In the mid-1980s, the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) issued regulations to adopt safety standards for the railroad industry. Included in these regulations were mandatory blood and urine tests of employees involved in train accidents, to determine if they were using illegal narcotics. The FRA also adopted regulations that authorized railroads to administer breath and urine drug tests to employees who violated safety rules. The Railway Labor Executives' Association, an umbrella group of railway trade unions, sued to have the regulations declared an unconstitutional violation of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

## Decision

At face value, random drug testing appears to be a violation of the Fourth Amendment, which protects the right of citizens *"to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures."* In addition, the Fourth Amendment states that *"no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized."* However, the United States Supreme Court ruled in *Skinner* that random drug testing is permissible for employees in safety sensitive positions. Justice Kennedy, speaking for the majority, wrote:

> \[T\]he Government interest in testing without a showing of individualized suspicion is compelling. Employees subject to the tests discharge duties fraught with such risks of injury to others that even a momentary lapse of attention can have disastrous consequences based on the interest of the general public \[…\] While no procedure can identify all impaired employees with ease and perfect accuracy, the FRA regulations supply an effective means of deterring employees engaged in safety-sensitive tasks from using controlled substances or alcohol in the first place.

The dissenting opinion by Justices Marshall and Brennan illustrates the other side of the controversy:

> The issue in this case is not whether declaring a war on illegal drugs is good public policy. The importance of ridding our society of such drugs is, by now, apparent to all. Rather, the issue here is whether the Government's deployment in that war of a particularly Draconian weapon—the compulsory collection and chemical testing of railroad workers' blood and urine—comports with the Fourth Amendment. Precisely because the need for action against the drug scourge is manifest, the need for vigilance against unconstitutional excess is great. History teaches that grave threats to liberty often come in times of urgency, when constitutional rights seem too extravagant to endure. The World War II relocation-camp cases, *Hirabayashi v. United States*, 320 U.S. 81 (1943); *Korematsu v. United States*, 323 U.S. 214 (1944), and the Red scare and McCarthy-era internal subversion cases, *Schenck v. United States*, 249 U.S. 47 (1919); *Dennis v. United States*, 341 U.S. 494 (1951), are only the most extreme reminders that when we allow fundamental freedoms to be sacrificed in the name of real or perceived exigency, we invariably come to regret it.

## Special Needs Doctrine

The United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISA court) has used this ruling to expand the "special needs doctrine" that carves out an exception to the Fourth Amendment for the broad collection and examination of Americans' data to track possible terrorists.

## Further reading

* Christopher, Thomas H. (1991). "Employee drug testing: A constitutional perspective". *Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal*. **4** (4): 311–328. doi:10.1007/BF01385035. S2CID 154798767.
* Comer, Debra R. (1994). "A Case against Workplace Drug Testing". *Organization Science*. **5** (2). INFORMS: 259–267. doi:10.1287/orsc.5.2.259. JSTOR 2635019.

## InfoBox

| Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Association | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued November 2, 1988
Decided March 21, 1989 | |
| Full case name | *Samuel K. Skinner, Secretary of Transportation, et al.
v.
Railway Labor Executives' Association, et al.* |
| Citations | 489 U.S. 602 (*more*)109 S. Ct. 1402; 103 L. Ed. 2d 639 |
| Case history | |
| Prior | *Railway Labor Executives Ass'n v. Burnley*, 839 F.2d 575 (9th Cir. 1988) |
| Holding | |
| The Fourth Amendment is applicable to the drug and alcohol testing mandated or authorized by the FRA regulations. | |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice William Rehnquist  Associate Justices William J. Brennan Jr. **·**  Byron White
Thurgood Marshall **·**  Harry Blackmun
John P. Stevens **·**  Sandra Day O'Connor
Antonin Scalia **·**  Anthony Kennedy | |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | Kennedy, joined by Rehnquist, White, Blackmun, O'Connor, Scalia |
| Concurrence | Stevens |
| Dissent | Marshall, joined by Brennan |


title: Skinnera

abstract: Skinnera is an Ediacaran-aged fossil found in Australia. It was discovered by A.L. Halliday and M.M. Bruer near Mount Skinner in the locality of Anmatjere, in the Northern Territory of Australia some time before 1969. Mary Wade of the University of Adelaide originally formally described Skinnera as a medusa.

text:
# Skinnera

***Skinnera*** is an Ediacaran-aged fossil found in Australia. It was discovered by A.L. Halliday and M.M. Bruer near Mount Skinner in the locality of Anmatjere, in the Northern Territory of Australia some time before 1969. Mary Wade of the University of Adelaide originally formally described *Skinnera* as a medusa.

## Description

*Skinnera* is a small, disk-shaped fossil preserved as a composite mould. Specimens range in diameter from 3.9–32 mm (0.15–1.26 in) most are about 10 mm (0.39 in) across. They are slightly domed and all approximately 2 mm (0.079 in) tall. The fossils have three-fold symmetry and are characterized by three large, pouch-shaped depressions in the center which are speculated to be the stomach. These central depressions are connected to an outer rim of approximately 15 smaller pouch-shaped depressions along the perimeter of the disk by canals,

## Diversity

There is only one known species, *S. brooksi.*

## Discovery

A.L. Halliday, geologist, and M.M. Bruer, field assistant, were on a geological expedition near Mount Skinner while working for Kennecott Explorations, Pty. Ltd. when they found fossiliferous deposits near the mountain. They marked off three locations, Mt. Skinner No. 1-3. The majority of fossils were found between sites Mt. S2 and Mt. S3. Halliday and Bruer notified Mary Wade of the Department of Geology at the University of Adelaide. Wade collected additional fossils aided by Halliday and Bruer. Two types of fossils were found which Wade designated as Form A and Form B. There were about twice as many fossils of Form A than Form B. Wade named Form A *Hallidaya brueri,* for the discoverers, and Form B *Skinnera brooksi* for the location. Wade (1969) described *Skinnera* as a medusa, though, other sources classify it as a trilobozoan related to *Tribrachidium* and *Hallidaya*.

## Distribution

*Skinnera* is known from three sites in the Northern Territory of Australia near Mount Skinner. Fossils were primarily found between sites Mt. Skinner 2 and Mt. Skinner 3.

## Taphonomy

The fossils were found in flaggy bedding of maroon and green shales with subgreywacks, impure siltstone, and claystones. The fossils are found flattened, parallel to the bedding plane with the dorsal surface up.

## Significance

*S. brooksi* was described by Mary Wade, a leading female paleontologist at the time in a male dominated field.

## InfoBox

| *Skinnera brooksi* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist restoration of *Skinnera brooksi* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Trilobozoa |
| Genus: | *Skinnera*
Wade, 1969 |
| Species: | ***S. brooksi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Skinnera brooksi***
Wade, 1969 | |
|


title: Skinner Steps Out

abstract: Skinner Steps Out is a 1929 American comedy film directed by William James Craft and written by Albert DeMond and Matt Taylor. The film is based on Skinner's Dress Suit by Henry Irving Dodge. It stars Glenn Tryon, Merna Kennedy, E. J. Ratcliffe, Burr McIntosh, Lloyd Whitlock and William Welsh. The film was released on November 24, 1929, by Universal Pictures.

text:
# Skinner Steps Out

***Skinner Steps Out*** is a 1929 American comedy film directed by William James Craft and written by Albert DeMond and Matt Taylor. The film is based on *Skinner's Dress Suit* by Henry Irving Dodge. It stars Glenn Tryon, Merna Kennedy, E. J. Ratcliffe, Burr McIntosh, Lloyd Whitlock and William Welsh. The film was released on November 24, 1929, by Universal Pictures.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Skinner Steps Out | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | William James Craft |
| Screenplay by | Albert DeMond
Matt Taylor |
| Based on | *Skinner's Dress Suit*
by Henry Irving Dodge |
| Starring | Glenn Tryon
Merna Kennedy
E. J. Ratcliffe
Burr McIntosh
Lloyd Whitlock
William Welsh |
| Cinematography | Alan Jones |
| Edited by | Harry W. Lieb |
| Music by | David Broekman |
| Production
company | Universal Pictures |
| Distributed by | Universal Pictures |
| Release date | * November 24, 1929 (1929-11-24) |
| Running time | 70 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Smaills Beach

abstract: Smaills Beach is a beach on the Pacific Ocean 7.6 kilometres (4.7 mi) southeast of the city centre of Dunedin, New Zealand. Located within the Ocean Grove Reserve adjacent to Tomahawk Beach, at the point where Otago Peninsula joins the mainland of the South Island, Smaills Beach is a white sand beach for much of its length, but its western end is covered in volcanic boulders. Just offshore from the beach, dominating the wave patterns of the surf, is the rocky outcrop known as Bird Island. Smaills Beach is clothing-optional, renowned for its wildlife, and popular with surfers.

text:
# Smaills Beach

45°54′26″S 170°33′40″E / 45.90722°S 170.56111°E / -45.90722; 170.56111

**Smaills Beach** (often spelled "Smails Beach") is a beach on the Pacific Ocean 7.6 kilometres (4.7 mi) southeast of the city centre of Dunedin, New Zealand. Located within the Ocean Grove Reserve adjacent to Tomahawk Beach, at the point where Otago Peninsula joins the mainland of the South Island, Smaills Beach is a white sand beach for much of its length, but its western end is covered in volcanic boulders. Just offshore from the beach, dominating the wave patterns of the surf, is the rocky outcrop known as Bird Island. Smaills Beach is clothing-optional, renowned for its wildlife, and popular with surfers.

## Physical geography

Smaills Beach has a length of around 800 metres (2,600 ft) and faces almost directly south. Boulders are scattered along the westernmost part of the beach. To the west, it is separated from Tomahawk Beach by Tomahawk Bluff, a small promontory of black volcanic rock punctuated by sea caves, on the top of which stands the Jack Fox Lookout. At very low tides the base of the promontory is exposed, making Tomahawk and Smaills effectively a single beach. To the east the beach is bounded by Tomahawk Creek, hugging the base of the high cliffs of Māori Head, beyond which rise Pudney Cliff and Highcliff. Northward an assortment of scrub-covered dunes rises up to meet Tomahawk Road. Southward the incoming waves of the Pacific Ocean are deflected into complex patterns by Bird Island, so named for its popularity with seabirds. Rip currents are a known hazard.

Access to Smaills Beach is by a number of walking-tracks leading down through the dunes from the Tomahawk Road carparks, the chief one being alongside Tomahawk Creek.

### Wildlife

Smaills Beach is frequented by yellow-eyed penguins, little blue penguins, and New Zealand sea lions. Visitors are advised to take care and keep their distance, for the sake of these animals' safety and, in the case of the sea lions, their own. In particular, beachgoers are asked to keep dogs under control around sea lions as aggressive interactions could result in injuries on either side. Oystercatchers, red-billed gulls and black-backed gulls are often seen on the beach. Smaills' invertebrate community is similar to that of the surrounding coastal area, but with greater diversity of habitats.

### Environmental concerns

Wind erosion of the sand dunes is a concern at Smaills Beach as for much of the adjacent coastline. The Dunedin City Council is addressing this concern by an ongoing programme of contouring and revegetation, through a memorandum of understanding with the Tomahawk Smaills Beachcare Trust.

## Social geography

### History and name

Prior to European colonization, Smaills and Tomahawk Beaches formed part of a walking track for Māori travelling between Ōtākou and Tomahawk Lagoon. Smaills Beach is named for the Smaill family, who were central to the local farming community in the 1870s and 1880s. Their original homestead still stands near the beach and is listed as a Historic Place Category 2 by Heritage New Zealand. It is presently in use as the clubhouse of the Tautuku Fishing Club. In 1897 the local area including both Smaills and Tomahawk Beaches was classified as a government reserve, and in 1931 it was formally established as the Ocean Grove Reserve.

### Current use

Smaills Beach is regarded as a good surfing beach and hence is popular with surfers, but due to the rip currents is a recurring source of rescue callouts. It is not patrolled by lifeguards, and the public are urged not to surf or swim alone.

Smaills Beach is the site of the Tomahawk Smaills Beachcare Trust's plant nursery, which the Trust estimates produces 4000 plants each year for the purpose of revegetating and stabilizing the dune system throughout the Reserve.

The Tomahawk Road carparks above the beach are frequented by freedom campers. Tension has arisen between these campers and local residents, who want their presence banned. The reason given by residents is that the campers habitually defecate in the Reserve; however, the solution of providing public toilets at the site has been rejected in favour of the proposed ban.

Smaills Beach is periodically used by naturists for nude bathing. New Zealand has no official nude beaches, as public nudity is legal on any beach where it is "known to occur". This has not prevented some beach users from calling the police on visiting naturists.