title: Wesley C. Salmon

abstract: Wesley Charles Salmon was an American philosopher of science renowned for his work on the nature of scientific explanation. He also worked on confirmation theory, trying to explicate how probability theory via inductive logic might help confirm and choose hypotheses. Yet most prominently, Salmon was a realist about causality in scientific explanation, although his realist explanation of causality drew ample criticism. Still, his books on scientific explanation itself were landmarks of the 20th century's philosophy of science, and solidified recognition of causality's important roles in scientific explanation, whereas causality itself has evaded satisfactory elucidation by anyone. Under logical empiricism's influence, especially Carl Hempel's work on the "covering law" model of scientific explanation, most philosophers had viewed scientific explanation as stating regularities, but not identifying causes. To replace the covering law model's inductive-statistical model, Salmon introduced the statistical-relevance model, and proposed the requirement of strict maximal specificity to supplement the covering law model's other component, the deductive-nomological model. Yet ultimately, Salmon held statistical models to be but early stages, and lawlike regularities to be insufficient, in scientific explanation. Salmon proposed that scientific explanation's manner is actually causal/mechanical explanation.

text:
# Wesley C. Salmon

**Wesley Charles Salmon** (August 9, 1925 – April 22, 2001) was an American philosopher of science renowned for his work on the nature of scientific explanation. He also worked on confirmation theory, trying to explicate how probability theory via inductive logic might help confirm and choose hypotheses. Yet most prominently, Salmon was a realist about causality in scientific explanation, although his realist explanation of causality drew ample criticism. Still, his books on scientific explanation itself were landmarks of the 20th century's philosophy of science, and solidified recognition of causality's important roles in scientific explanation, whereas causality itself has evaded satisfactory elucidation by anyone.

Under logical empiricism's influence, especially Carl Hempel's work on the "covering law" model of scientific explanation, most philosophers had viewed scientific explanation as stating regularities, but not identifying causes. To replace the covering law model's *inductive-statistical model* (IS model), Salmon introduced the *statistical-relevance model* (SR model), and proposed the requirement of *strict maximal specificity* to supplement the covering law model's other component, the *deductive-nomological model* (DN model). Yet ultimately, Salmon held statistical models to be but early stages, and lawlike regularities to be insufficient, in scientific explanation. Salmon proposed that scientific explanation's manner is actually *causal/mechanical explanation*.

## Education and career

Salmon attended Wayne State University, then received a master's degree in 1947 from the University of Chicago. At UCLA, under Hans Reichenbach, Salmon earned a PhD in philosophy in 1950. He was on Brown University's faculty from 1955 until 1963, when he joined the History and Philosophy of Science Department of Indiana University Bloomington where Norwood Russell Hanson was Professor until he and his wife Merrilee moved to Arizona in 1973. Salmon left the University of Arizona to join the University of Pittsburgh's Department of Philosophy, among the most prestigious, in 1981, where he was professor and chairperson until 1983 upon succeeding Carl Hempel as University Professor. Salmon retired in 1999.

Salmon authored over 100 papers. For decades, his introductory textbook *Logic* was a standard, widely used, that went through multiple editions and was translated into several languages, including Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, and Spanish. Salmon was president of the Philosophy of Science Association from 1971 to 1972, and president of the American Philosophical Association's Pacific Division from 1977 to 1978. In 1988, at the University of Bologna, for its 900th anniversary, he gave a four-lecture series, "Four decades of scientific explanation", whereupon, taking Italian courses at University of Pittsburgh, Salmon mastered Italian and gave lectures at several other universities in Italy. From 1998 to 1999, he was president of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science, sponsored by UNESCO. Salmon was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2001, traveling with his wife Merilee, also a philosopher of science, Wesley Salmon died suddenly in a car crash, though she was uninjured.

## Philosophical work

### Confirmation theory

Starting in 1983, Salmon became interested in theory choice in science, and sought to resolve the enduring conflict between the logical empiricist view, whereby theories undergo a logical process of confirmation and comparison, as against the Kuhnian historical perspective, whereby theory choice and comparison are troubled by incommensurability, the inability of scientists to even effectively communicate and compare theories across differing paradigms. Recognizing that Kuhn's 1962 thesis in *Structure of Scientific Revolutions* was largely misunderstood—that Kuhn had not meant that scientific theory change is irrational but merely relative to the scientific community where the change occurs—Salmon believed that Bayesianism, which quantifies decisionmaking via subjective probability or "degree of belief", could help close the seemingly unbridgeable gap between the logical empiricist view versus the Kuhnian historical view of theory choice and change.

### Scientific explanation

#### Humean empiricism

According to the empiricist view associated with the 18th-century Scottish philosopher David Hume, we do not actually observe causes and effects, but merely experience *constant conjunction* of sensory events, and impute causality between the observations. More precisely, one finds merely counterfactual causality—that altering condition A prevents or produces state B—but finds no further causal relation between A and B, since one has witnessed no either logical or natural necessity connecting A and B.

In the 20th century, as a formula to scientifically answer *Why?* questions, logical empiricist Carl Hempel and Paul Oppenheim explicated the deductive-nomological model (DN model). Concerning deterministic laws, the DN model characterizes scientific explanation as a logical form, whereby initial conditions plus universal laws entail an outcome via deductive inference, but no reference to causal relations. Concerning *ceteris paribus*, which are probabilistic, not deterministic, Hempel introduced the inductive-statistical model (IS model). The IS model, too, indicates correlations, not causation.

#### Relevance/specificity

By 1970, Salmon had found that when seeking to explain probabilistic phenomena, we seek not merely high probability, but screen for causal influence by removing components of a system to find ones that alter the probability. Salmon sought to replace Hempel's IS model with Salmon's statistical-relevance model (SR model).

In 1948 when explicating DN model, Carl Hempel and Paul Oppenheim had stated scientific explanation's semiformal *conditions of adequacy* (CA), but acknowledged redundancy of the third, *empirical content* (CA3), implied by the other three: *derivability* (CA1), *lawlikeness* (CA2), and *truth* (CA4). In the early 1980s, Salmon called for returning *cause* to *because*, and helped replace CA3 *empirical content* with CA3' *strict maximal specificity*. Yet ultimately, Salmon found mere modifications to the covering law model to be unsatisfactory.

#### Causal mechanism

As conventionally conceived by philosophers of science, scientific explanation of a phenomenon was simply epistemic (concerning knowledge), and centered on the phenomenon's counterfactual derivability from initial conditions plus natural laws (Hempel's covering law model). Yet Salmon found causality ubiquitous in scientific explanation, which identifies not only natural laws (empirical regularities), but accounts for them via nature's structure and thereby involves the ontic (concerning reality), how the phenomenon "fits into the causal nexus" of the world (Salmon's causal/mechanical explanation). For instance, Boyle's law relates temperature, pressure, and volume of an ideal gas (epistemic), but this was later reduced to laws of statistical mechanics via average kinetic energy of colliding molecules composing the gas (ontic). Thus, Salmon finds scientific explanation to be not merely *nomological*—that is, lawlike—but rather ontological, or *causal/mechanical*. Though asserting the primacy of causal/mechanical explanation, Salmon was vague as to how scientists can attain it. Still, consensus among philosophers of science is that causation is central in scientific explanation.

### Metaphysics of causality

#### Mark transmission

In metaphysics, Salmon sought a "process theory" of causality to model "causality without counterfactuals", yet meet the "Humean empirical strictures". Salmon criticized Bertrand Russell's theory of *causal lines*—forerunner of today's theories of causal processes—for involving the epistemic but neglecting the ontic, which causation is. Further, Hans Reichenbach had noted that Russell's causal lines must be distinguished from "unreal sequences": continuous phenomena that actually are not causal processes. Salmon's explanation of causal processes drew a number of criticisms, whereupon Salmon explained that *causal processes* and *causal interactions* are "the basic causal mechanisms", while causal interactions are more fundamental than causal processes, but causal processes were discussed first for practical reasons.

Salmon explained *causal processes* as "the means by which causal influence is transmitted", and thus what "constitute precisely the objective physical causal connections which Hume sought in vain". Salmon explained that causal processes can transmit a *mark* or can transmit *structure* in a way continuous spatiotemporally. Thereby, the *marking principle* sorts causal processes from *pseudo processes* (Reichenbach's "unreal sequences"). *Marking* a causal process modifies it, a mark not transmitted by a pseudo process. Meanwhile, *causal forks* are "the means by which causal structure is generated and modified". Others have found Salmon's theory of mark transmission to have shortcomings, however, whereby it can fail to discern causal processes from pseudo processes.

### Bibliography

* *Logic* (1963)
* *The Foundations of Scientific Inference* (1967)
* *Statistical Evidence and Statistical Relevance* (1971)
* *Space, Time, and Motion: A Philosophical Introduction* (1975)
* *Scientific Explanation and the Causal Structure of the World* (1984)
* *Four Decades of Scientific Explanation* (1990)
* *Causality and Explanation* (1998)

## InfoBox

| Wesley Salmon | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Wesley Charles Salmon
August 9, 1925
Detroit, Michigan |
| Died | April 22, 2001
Madison County, Ohio |
| Education | Wayne State University
University of Chicago
UCLA (PhD, 1950) |
|  | |
| Era | Contemporary philosophy |
| Region | Western philosophy |
| School | Analytic |
| Institutions | Brown University |
| Doctoral advisor | Hans Reichenbach |
| Main interests | Confirmation theory, philosophy of science, metaphysics |
| Notable ideas | Statistical-relevance model, the requirement of strict maximal specificity, mark transmission |
|  | |


title: West Asian Tennis Federation

abstract: The West Asian Tennis Federation (WATF) also known as ITF West Asia is a subzone of the ATF consisting of countries from West Asia.

text:
# West Asian Tennis Federation

The **West Asian Tennis Federation** (WATF) also known as **ITF West Asia** (International Tennis Federation West Asia) is a subzone of the ATF consisting of countries from West Asia.

## Member nations

## InfoBox

West Asia
Tennis Federation
| Abbreviation | WATF |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Regional sports federation |
| Region served | West Asia |
| Membership | 7 national federations |
| Parent organization | Asian Tennis Federation |
| Website | WATF |


title: West Falls, Pennsylvania

abstract: West Falls is a census-designated place located in Exeter Township, Wyoming County, in the state of Pennsylvania. The community is located very close to Pennsylvania Route 92 near the Susquehanna River. As of the 2010 census the population was 382 residents. At the 2020 census the population was 337.

text:
# West Falls, Pennsylvania

**West Falls** is a census-designated place located in Exeter Township, Wyoming County, in the state of Pennsylvania. The community is located very close to Pennsylvania Route 92 near the Susquehanna River. As of the 2010 census the population was 382 residents. At the 2020 census the population was 337.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | 382 |  |  |
| 2020 | 337 |  | −11.8% |

At the census of 2020, there were 337 residents of West Falls. Of these, 316 (94.66%) were white alone, 1 (0.3%) was Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander, 2 (0.59%) were of other races, and 18 (5.34%) were of two or more races.

As of the 2022 American Community Survey, the CDP had 159 households of which 84 (60.43%) had married couples living in them, 21 of which (15.11%) had a married couple with a child under age 18 living with them. The average household size was 1.94 and the average family size was 2.49.

1. West Falls 2010 Census Information
2. "West Falls Census Designated Place". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
3. 2010 US Census
4. 2020 US Census
5. 2020 Census data | P1 RACE for West Falls CDP, Pennsylvania
6. 2022 American Community Survey Data | DP02 Selected Social Characteristics for West Falls CDP, Pennsylvania

## InfoBox

| West Falls, Pennsylvania | |
| --- | --- |
| census-designated place | |
| West Falls Baptist Church | |
| West FallsLocation of West Falls within the state of PennsylvaniaWest FallsWest Falls (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 41°27′11″N 75°51′38″W / 41.45306°N 75.86056°W / 41.45306; -75.86056 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Wyoming |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 337 |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |


title: West Falls Church, Virginia

abstract:
West Falls Church is a census-designated place (CDP) in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States. The population was 29,207 at the 2010 census.
Before 2010, West Falls Church was officially named Jefferson. Outside of the Jefferson Village neighborhood, "Jefferson" generally is not used locally to refer to the area bounding Falls Church city to the south and southwest that comprises the CDP. Likewise, "West Falls Church" is rarely used to describe the area but is usually applied to areas west of Falls Church city or near West Falls Church metro station. The bulk of it is made of subdivisions built in the 1940s and early 1950s, including Jefferson Village, Westlawn, Hillwood, Sleepy Hollow, Woodley, Raymondale and Broyhill Park.

text:
# West Falls Church, Virginia

**West Falls Church** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States. The population was 29,207 at the 2010 census. Before 2010, West Falls Church was officially named **Jefferson** (from Thomas Jefferson). Outside of the Jefferson Village neighborhood, "Jefferson" generally is not used locally to refer to the area bounding Falls Church city to the south and southwest that comprises the CDP. Likewise, "West Falls Church" is rarely used to describe the area but is usually applied to areas west of Falls Church city or near West Falls Church metro station. The bulk of it is made of subdivisions built in the 1940s and early 1950s, including Jefferson Village, Westlawn, Hillwood, Sleepy Hollow, Woodley, Raymondale and Broyhill Park.

## History

Following the American Civil War, local blacks established prosperous communities in an area then called **South Falls Church**, along Tinner's Hill and elsewhere. In 1887, white Falls Church residents successfully gerrymandered heavily black South Falls Church out of the town limits and shrank the area of the town by one third. It is speculated that the reason for the shrinking of the town limits was a fear of black power to swing local elections. This was never reversed, and caused the boundary of the future City of Falls Church to follow South Washington Street. The name South Falls Church subsequently fell out of use.

Before 2010, the West Falls Church CDP was officially named Jefferson but that name was rarely used for the area. As the CDP does not lie to the immediate west of Falls Church city, "West Falls Church" is also an uncommon designation for the area and more often refers to the area around West Falls Church station several miles away in the Idylwood CDP.

## Geography

West Falls Church is located at 38°51′56″N 77°11′16″W / 38.86556°N 77.18778°W / 38.86556; -77.18778 (38.8655595, 77.1876993).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 5.03 square miles (13.0 km2), of which, 4.99 square miles (12.9 km2) of it is land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km2) of it (0.77%) is water.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1970 | 25,432 |  |  |
| 1980 | 24,342 |  | −4.3% |
| 1990 | 25,782 |  | 5.9% |
| 2000 | 27,422 |  | 6.4% |
| 2010 | 29,207 |  | 6.5% |
| 2020 | 30,243 |  | 3.5% |
| source: | | | |

At the 2000 census there were 27,422 people, 10,016 households, and 6,470 families in the CDP. The population density was 5,424.6 inhabitants per square mile (2,094.4/km2). There were 10,227 housing units at an average density of 2,023.1 per square mile (781.1/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 61.35% White, 4.54% African American, 0.34% Native American, 19.16% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 10.56% from other races, and 4.03% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 23.16%.

When compared to other states, Virginia has a relatively high number of residents that were born in Bolivia, and West Falls Church has a population of 3,226 Bolivian Americans, which means West Falls Church is the 5th largest community of Bolivians in the United States. Of the 10,016 households 29.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.8% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.4% were non-families. 25.8% of households were one person and 6.4% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.30.

The age distribution was 21.7% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 38.2% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 9.0% 65 or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.6 males.

The median household income was $66,445 and the median family income was $72,682 (these figures had risen to $100,471 and $103,932 respectively as of a 2017 estimate). Males had a median income of $42,776 versus $37,416 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $28,705. About 3.5% of families and 4.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.3% of those under age 18 and 3.1% of those age 65 or over.

## Economy

General Dynamics, HITT Contracting, and Northrop Grumman have their corporate headquarters in West Falls Church.

The Defense Health Agency is headquartered in West Falls Church.

## Education

Fairfax County Public Schools operates public schools.

Falls Church High School is located in West Falls Church CDP.

Fairfax County Public Library operates the Thomas Jefferson Library in the CDP.

1. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
2. "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
3. Roger Wilson. "Where in the world is West Falls Church? Apparently, it's south of Falls Church." GreaterWashington.org. Retrieved 25 October 2015. *("While this term certainly is in 'local use,' it is not used to describe this CDP, but to describe the area around West Falls Church Metro, or the area of Falls Church City west of the intersection of Broad and Washington streets.")*
4. About Tinner Hill: Civil Rights History. Tinner Hill Heritage Foundation website. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
5. Bradley E. Gernand and Nan Netherton, *Falls Church—A Virginia Village Revisited.* Virginia Beach: The Donning Company, 2000. p. 62, citing unpublished paper by Maurice Terman, "Stepping Stones on the Trail Through Falls Church History."
6. Roger Wilson. "What should ‘West Falls Church’ be called?" GreaterWashington.org. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
7. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
8. "CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING (1790-2010)". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
9. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
10. "Business Units Archived 2015-09-09 at the Wayback Machine." General Dynamics. Retrieved on September 7, 2011. "Corporate Headquarters General Dynamics 2941 Fairview Park Drive, Suite 100; Falls Church, Virginia 22042-4513"
11. "Northrop Grumman Selects Falls Church Location for New Corporate Office (NYSE:NOC)." Northrop Grumman. July 12, 2010. Retrieved on September 6, 2011. "\[...\]2980 Fairview Park Drive, Falls Church, Va.\[...\]"
12. "Jefferson CDP, Virginia Archived 2012-10-19 at archive.today." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on September 6, 2011.
13. "Company Locations." Northrop Grumman. Retrieved on September 6, 2011. "Northrop Grumman Corporation 2980 Fairview Park Drive Falls Church, VA 22042"
14. "Jefferson CDP, Virginia Archived 2012-10-19 at archive.today." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on October 21, 2009.
15. "Library Branches." Fairfax County Public Library. Retrieved on October 21, 2009.

## InfoBox

| West Falls Church, Virginia | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place (CDP) | |
| Arlington Boulevard, the main highway passing directly through West Falls Church | |
| Location of West Falls Church in Fairfax County, Virginia | |
| West Falls Church, VirginiaWest Falls Church, VirginiaWest Falls Church, Virginia | |
| Coordinates: 38°51′56″N 77°11′16″W / 38.86556°N 77.18778°W / 38.86556; -77.18778 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Virginia |
| County | Fairfax |
| Area | |
| Total | 5.0 sq mi (13.0 km2) |
| Land | 5.0 sq mi (12.9 km2) |
| Water | 0.04 sq mi (0.1 km2) |
| Elevation | 331 ft (101 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 30,243 |
| Density | 6,000/sq mi (2,300/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| FIPS code | 51-84366 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2389981 |


abstract: The West Kalimantan Council is the unicameral legislature of the Indonesian province of West Kalimantan. The Council is composed of 65 members elected via party lists in the 2014 legislative election. Elections are held every five years and are conducted simultaneously with the nationwide legislative election. It convenes in the Gedung DPRD Kalimantan Barat, South East Pontianak District, Pontianak City.

text:
# West Kalimantan Regional House of Representatives

The **West Kalimantan Council** is the unicameral legislature of the Indonesian province of West Kalimantan. The Council is composed of 65 members elected via party lists in the 2014 legislative election. Elections are held every five years and are conducted simultaneously with the nationwide legislative election.

It convenes in the Gedung DPRD Kalimantan Barat, South East Pontianak District, Pontianak City.

## Composition

| **Legislative period** | **Golkar** | **PDI-P** | **PPP** | **PAN** | **PKB** | **PD** | **PKS** | **Hanura** | **Gerindra** | **Nasdem** | **PKPI** | **Total** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014-2019 | 9 | 15 | 4 | 6 | 2 | 9 | 2 | 3 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 65 |

## Speaker and Deputy Speakers

* Speaker: M. Kebing L. (PDI-P)
* Deputy Speakers
    + Deputy Speaker 1: Suma Jenny Heryanti (Golkar)
    + Deputy Speaker 2: Ermin Elviani (Demokrat)
    + Deputy Speaker 3: H. Suriansyah (Gerindra)

## InfoBox

| West Kalimantan Council
Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Provinsi Kalimantan Barat | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | |
| Type | Unicameral |
| Leadership | |
| Speaker | M. Kebing L., PDI-P |
| Deputy Speaker | Suma Jenny Heryanti, Golkar |
| Deputy Speaker | Ermin Elviani, Demokrat |
| Deputy Speaker | H. Suriansyah, Gerindra |
| Structure | |
| Seats | 65 |
|  | |
| Political groups | PDI-P (15)   Golkar (9)   Demokrat (9)   Gerindra (7)   PAN (6)   Nasdem (5)   PPP (4)   Hanura (3)   PKPI (3)   PKB (2)   PKS (2) |
| Length of term | 5 years |
| Elections | |
| Voting system | Open list |
| Last general election | 9 April 2014 |
| Meeting place | |
|  | |
| Gedung DPRD Kalimantan Barat
Pontianak, Indonesia | |
| Website | |
| http://www.dprd-kalbarprov.go.id/ | |


abstract: The National Gilbert & Sullivan Opera Company is an English professional repertory company that performs Gilbert and Sullivan's Savoy operas. Founded in 1995 to perform at the International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival, the company generally stages three or four productions each summer, giving up to 16 performances in Harrogate, North Yorkshire, and also touring. The company performs full-scale productions of the Gilbert and Sullivan works, with orchestra, using period settings and costumes. Since 2010, in addition to its performances at the festival, the company has generally performed one or more of its productions in an additional venue either before or after the festival. Since 2014, it has toured some of its productions to multiple British cities in repertory, giving up to 42 performances on tour.

text:
# National Gilbert & Sullivan Opera Company

The **National Gilbert & Sullivan Opera Company** (formerly the **Gilbert & Sullivan Opera Company**) is an English professional repertory company that performs Gilbert and Sullivan's Savoy operas. Founded in 1995 to perform at the International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival, the company generally stages three or four productions each summer, giving up to 16 performances in Harrogate, North Yorkshire, and also touring.

The company performs full-scale productions of the Gilbert and Sullivan works, with orchestra, using period settings and costumes. Since 2010, in addition to its performances at the festival, the company has generally performed one or more of its productions in an additional venue either before or after the festival. Since 2014, it has toured some of its productions to multiple British cities in repertory, giving up to 42 performances on tour.

## Background

The D'Oyly Carte Opera Company performed Gilbert and Sullivan's Savoy Operas continuously, year-round, for over a century, closing in 1982. Until the Gilbert and Sullivan copyrights expired in 1961, no other professional theatre or opera companies were allowed to present the Savoy Operas in Britain, although professional companies performed the operas in North America, Australia and elsewhere, and numerous amateur Gilbert and Sullivan companies performed around the world. After 1961 other professional groups began to perform the operas in Britain.

In 1994, the International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival was founded by Ian and his son Neil Smith partly to fill the gap left by the closure of D'Oyly Carte, and it has been held every August since then in England (except 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic). On most weeknights, the festival features a competition among amateur companies from all over the world. On weekends, however, the festival offers professional performances given by companies such as the Carl Rosa Opera Company, Opera della Luna, the New York Gilbert and Sullivan Players, Charles Court Opera, and the festival's own National Gilbert & Sullivan Opera Company.

## History and description

### Productions at the Gilbert and Sullivan Festival

In 1995, the operators of the International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival formed an opera company to provide festivalgoers with professional productions of the Savoy operas. The company was soon called the Gilbert & Sullivan Opera Company. It engaged such performers as Richard Suart, Simon Butteriss, Bruce Graham, Gillian Knight, Barry Clark, Michael Rayner, Jill Pert, Gareth Jones, Patricia Leonard, Donald Maxwell, Oliver White, Rebecca Bottone, Ian Belsey and the Opera Babes. John Owen Edwards, David Russell Hulme, David Steadman or Andrew Nicklin, among others, have served as music directors for the company. In 2014, the festival registered the company with Companies House as the National Gilbert & Sullivan Opera Company.

The company's performances are accompanied by the festival's National Festival Orchestra. It generally presents four productions each year at the festival, and the festival sells videos of most of its productions. In 2018, in connection with the 25th anniversary of the International G&S Festival, the company presented six productions in Harrogate, Buxton and on tour.

Uniquely among professional companies in Britain, other than D'Oyly Carte, the National Gilbert & Sullivan Opera Company has presented all 13 of the extant Savoy Operas. The company first performed *Utopia, Limited* in 2011, an opera that has rarely been given a professional staging in Britain over the past century. In 2012 the company mounted the first full-scale professional production of *The Grand Duke* in Britain since the 19th century, which was one of its four productions that year. Since 2013, the company has given up to 16 performances over the course of the festival at its new home in Harrogate, England. In 2018, the company presented the first professional, fully staged production of *Haddon Hall* since the 19th century. The company revived *Utopia, Limited* in 2022, directed by Jeff Clarke and conducted by John Andrews.

### Performances outside the festival

In August and September 2010, the G&S Opera Company presented its first production outside of the festival, *The Yeomen of the Guard*, at Oxford Castle. Two of its 2012 productions were repeated in Harrogate late in August, and all three of its 2013 productions transferred there in late August. The company toured three of its 2014 productions in repertory from June to August 2014, giving seven performances in each of six cities. Since 2015, besides Harrogate, the company has toured its productions to several cities and towns in the UK, including the Festival's previous home, Buxton. After postponing touring during the COVID-19 pandemic, the company resumed touring in 2022.

## Reception

*Sky Arts* called the Gilbert & Sullivan Opera Company's performers "some of the UK's finest exponents of musical theatre". A review of the company's 2010 production of *Iolanthe*, noted, "The music was up to \[the festival's\] usual high standard, with the orchestra ... giving a superb and sprightly reading of the Overture and score throughout." Another reviewer of that production commented: With a reputation for strong casts \[and\] energetic delivery, traditionally fresh interpretations are brought to \[the\] roles. ... Care is always taken with the staging and lighting of these ... productions and, as with *Princess Ida* last year, they can match a West End show. ... Throughout, the chorus was outstanding. *The Daily Telegraph* "thoroughly enjoyed \[the company's\] spirited production" of *Utopia, Limited* in 2011. A reviewer said of their 2013 production of *Princess Ida*, "the performance sparkled; singing, acting, costumes, dramatic flow and orchestral playing were all splendid".

A review of the company's 2014 tour praised the direction, choreography and conducting of *The Pirates of Penzance* and continued: "They are a real find with strong production values, a great orchestra and first class singing. ... It all looks marvellous with picture book settings and eye catching costumes plus a full and energetic cast. ... The chorus work is top notch, and they all come across as individuals." The *Birmingham Mail* liked the cast, costumes and "infectious" humour of the company's *Iolanthe* and called its production of *The Mikado* "superb", praising the principal cast, chorus and orchestra, but was disappointed in "the decision to make the Mikado ... a fun figure rather than a scary ruler." The company's *Iolanthe* made a Gilbert and Sullivan fan out of a sceptical reviewer. The *Daily Express* reviewer said that the company provided "glorious musical entertainment". *The Northern Echo* reviewed the 2015 tour, stating: "This company is so polished, so well-versed in the eccentricities of Gilbert and Sullivan operettas, with excellent singing voices coupled with clear diction ... and comedic skill. ... \[A\] tuneful, jolly, laugh-out-loud evening’s entertainment. *The Manchester Evening News* gave the company four out of five stars, admiring its musical and comic polish, dancing and "magnificent" chorus.

In 2017, a reviewer praised the principals and chorus of the company's *Mikado* production, commenting: "This is giggle-making, girth-busting comic opera at it's \[*sic*\] very best. Sensational singing with sumptuous scenery." A review of their *Princess Ida* was likewise effusive. The company's 2019 production of *The Gondoliers* earned a rave review that praised the principal cast and noted:

> ... a noticeably fresh and warm chorus sound, tighter and better blended than I’ve heard from the NGSOC before. The choreography (by Mary MacDonagh) is energetic and inventive, and the orchestra, too, sounds smart, full and generally on point. ... \[C\]onductor Timothy Burke set out as he meant to continue, with considerable energy and finesse. ... \[With director John\] Savournin’s eye for comic detail ... it’s a lively, funny show, with heart and voice both exactly where they should be.

Post-COVID-19 pandemic, the company earned praise for the direction, conducting and performances in its 2022 revival of *Utopia, Liimited*. A 2024 review commented, "There is a delicious sense of Victorian values in this performance. ... The National Festival Orchestra plays with real finesse and lyricism, with Murray Hipkin’s direction bringing out many an eloquent detail of Sullivan’s scoring. In short, a treat."

## Recordings

Recordings of the company's productions are sold by the Festival on DVD. Some of the productions are also available on CD.

* Bradley, Ian (2005). *Oh Joy! Oh Rapture! The Enduring Phenomenon of Gilbert and Sullivan*. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516700-7.
* Joseph, Tony (1994). *D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, 1875–1982: An Unofficial History*. London: Bunthorne Books. ISBN 0-9507992-1-1


title: The Childerbridge Mystery

abstract: The Childerbridge Mystery (1902) is a novel by Australian writer Guy Boothby. The novel was originally serialised in The Daily Telegraph (Sydney) in 21 instalments in January 1902, before its initial book publication in England. It was also serialised in several other Australian newspapers in the first half of 1902.

text:
# The Childerbridge Mystery

***The Childerbridge Mystery*** (1902) is a novel by Australian writer Guy Boothby.

The novel was originally serialised in *The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)* in 21 instalments in January 1902, before its initial book publication in England. It was also serialised in several other Australian newspapers in the first half of 1902.

## Synopsis

William Standerton has made his fortune as a squatter in Australia and has now returned to England, where he has purchased Childerbridge Manor. Standerton is being blackmailed by a man who has followed him to England from Australia. The day after a meeting with his blackmailer Standerton is found dead from strangulation, and his son, James, sets out to find the killer.

## Critical reception

A reviewer in *The Register* from Adelaide noted that "...a story to read and finish during a leisure day, but with none of the allurements of the standard novel to which one can return with pleasure in the after time...His books are readable, but not always sustaining. Still they are clever and popular.."

A writer in *The Sunday Times* (Sydney) was more scathing: "The story could have been told with ease in two newspaper columns, and as a literary effort is quite unworthy of the author, whose forte would seem to lie in tales of pure adventure amidst strange lands and people."

## Publication history

After its original book publication in 1902 in England by publishers F. V. White the novel was later published as follows:

The novel was also translated into Swedish (1904).

## InfoBox

The Childerbridge Mystery
| Author | Guy Boothby |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Fiction |
| Publisher | F. V. White |
| Publication date | 1902 |
| Publication place | Australia |
| Media type | Print |
| Pages | 304pp. |
| Preceded by | *My Strangest Case* |
| Followed by | *The Curse of the Snake* |


title: Walter Kaner

abstract: Walter Kaner was an American journalist, radio personality and philanthropist. He broadcast using the name Tokyo Mose during and after World War II. Kaner broadcast on U.S. Army Radio, at first to offer comic rejoinders to the propaganda broadcasts of Tokyo Rose and then as a parody to entertain U.S. troops abroad. In U.S.-occupied Japan, his "Moshi, Moshi Ano-ne" jingle was sung to the tune of "London Bridge is Falling Down" and became so popular with Japanese children and GIs that the U.S. military’s Stars and Stripes newspaper called it "the Japanese occupation theme song." In 1946, Elsa Maxwell referred to Kaner as "the breath of home to unknown thousands of our young men when they were lonely." Back in the United States he was a stand-in for Ed Sullivan on television. Kaner was a former columnist for the Long Island Press, N.Y. Daily News and Western Queens Gazette. He was also the chairman of the board and founder of the Walter Kaner Children’s Foundation, which was to benefit disadvantaged children. He was married for 50 years to Billie Elliot Kaner until her death on September 29, 2004. Kaner died at his Port Washington, New York home on June 26, 2005.

text:
# Walter Kaner

**Walter Kaner** (May 5, 1920 – June 26, 2005) was an American journalist, radio personality and philanthropist.

He broadcast using the name *Tokyo Mose* during and after World War II. Kaner broadcast on U.S. Army Radio, at first to offer comic rejoinders to the propaganda broadcasts of Tokyo Rose and then as a parody to entertain U.S. troops abroad. In U.S.-occupied Japan, his "Moshi, Moshi Ano-ne" jingle was sung to the tune of "London Bridge is Falling Down" and became so popular with Japanese children and GIs that the U.S. military’s *Stars and Stripes* newspaper called it "the Japanese occupation theme song." In 1946, Elsa Maxwell referred to Kaner as "the breath of home to unknown thousands of our young men when they were lonely." Back in the United States he was a stand-in for Ed Sullivan on television. Kaner was a former columnist for the *Long Island Press*, *N.Y. Daily News* and *Western Queens Gazette*. He was also the chairman of the board and founder of the Walter Kaner Children’s Foundation, which was to benefit disadvantaged children. He was married for 50 years to Billie Elliot Kaner until her death on September 29, 2004. Kaner died at his Port Washington, New York home on June 26, 2005.

* Tokyo Rose – female propagandists who broadcast for Japan during World War II.
* Mitsu Yashima – the American equivalent of Tokyo Rose.


title: Sisters of the Holy Family (California)

abstract: The Sisters of the Holy Family (S.H.F.) of San Francisco, California, are community of Roman Catholic women religious established in 1872 by Lizzie Armer, known in religion as Sister Dolores Armer. Originally based in San Francisco, the S.H.F. community moved their headquarters to Fremont, California, over the course of ten years between 1948 and 1958.

text:
# Sisters of the Holy Family (California)

The **Sisters of the Holy Family** (S.H.F.) of San Francisco, California, are community of Roman Catholic women religious established in 1872 by Lizzie Armer, known in religion as Sister Dolores Armer. Originally based in San Francisco, the S.H.F. community moved their headquarters to Fremont, California, over the course of ten years between 1948 and 1958.

## Founding

Born in 1850 in Sydney, Australia, Lizzie Armer (full name Elizabeth but always known as “Lizzie”) moved with her family to San Francisco while still a young child. Not much is known of her early childhood, but at some point during her youth Lizzie Armer was adopted into the wealthy home of Mr. and Mrs. Richard Tobin, parents of Richard M. Tobin. Richard Tobin was one of the original founders of Hibernia Savings and Loan, along with his brother Robert Tobin. With the support of the Tobin family, Lizzie developed her interest in charitable work, focusing on families and children in poverty.

In 1870s San Francisco existing Sisterhoods already ran orphanages, hospitals and schools for middle class and wealthy young women, but there was a void in charitable work specifically for the aid of families of the working poor. With the support of San Francisco’s first Archbishop, Joseph Sadoc Alemany, and Father John J. Prendergast, Lizzie Armer moved into a small home near Pine and Jones Streets in 1872 and began the new S.H.F. order.

## Day Homes child care

The Day Homes run by the Sisters in the San Francisco Bay Area were early day care centers for the children of working parents. S.H.F. opened its first child care center, Holy Family Day Home, in 1878, and it was one of the only day care centers of its kind in San Francisco at that time. Circa 1885 the Sisters operated three Day Homes in San Francisco, where children of the working poor were given food, kindergarten-level activities, and toys and games. St. Elizabeth’s Day Home was built by the Sisters in San Jose in 1907, and St. Vincent’s in Oakland in 1911; by 1918 the SHF Day Homes minded over 1,700 children per day.

In 1958 St Elizabeth's Shelter in San Jose stepped in to help a pregnant 10-year-old, a 3rd grader. It made national headlines.


title: Volumetric pipette

abstract: A volumetric pipette, bulb pipette, or belly pipette allows extremely accurate measurement of the volume of a solution. It is calibrated to deliver accurately a fixed volume of liquid. These pipettes have a large bulb with a long narrow portion above with a single graduation mark as it is calibrated for a single volume. Typical volumes are 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50 and 100 mL. Volumetric pipettes are commonly used in analytical chemistry to make laboratory solutions from a base stock as well as to prepare solutions for titration. ASTM standard E969 defines the standard tolerance for volumetric transfer pipettes. The tolerance depends on the size: a 0.5-mL pipette has a tolerance of ±0.006 mL, while a 50-mL pipette has a tolerance of ±0.05 mL. A specialized example of a volumetric pipette is the microfluid pipette designed with a circulating liquid tip that generates a self-confining volume in front of its outlet channels.

text:
# Volumetric pipette

A **volumetric pipette**, **bulb pipette**, or **belly pipette** allows extremely accurate measurement (to four significant figures) of the volume of a solution. It is calibrated to deliver accurately a fixed volume of liquid.

These pipettes have a large bulb with a long narrow portion above with a single graduation mark as it is calibrated for a single volume (like a volumetric flask). Typical volumes are 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50 and 100 mL. Volumetric pipettes are commonly used in analytical chemistry to make laboratory solutions from a base stock as well as to prepare solutions for titration.

ASTM standard E969 defines the standard tolerance for volumetric transfer pipettes. The tolerance depends on the size: a 0.5-mL pipette has a tolerance of ±0.006 mL, while a 50-mL pipette has a tolerance of ±0.05 mL. (These are for Class A pipettes; Class B pipettes are given a tolerance of twice that for the corresponding Class A.)

A specialized example of a volumetric pipette is the microfluid pipette (capable of dispensing as little as 10 μL) designed with a circulating liquid tip that generates a self-confining volume in front of its outlet channels.

## History

Pyrex started to make laboratory equipment in 1916 and became a favorite brand for the scientific community due to the borosilicate glass's natural properties. These included strength against; chemicals, thermal shift, and mechanical stress.


title: Sam Coslow

abstract: Sam Coslow was an American songwriter, singer, film producer, publisher and market analyst. Coslow was born in New York City. He began writing songs as a teenager. He contributed songs to Broadway revues, formed the music publishing company Spier and Coslow with Larry Spier and made a number of recordings as a performer. With the explosion of film musicals in the late 1920s, Hollywood attracted a number of ambitious young songwriters, and Coslow joined them in 1929. Coslow and his partner Larry Spier sold their publishing business to Paramount Pictures and Coslow became a Paramount songwriter. One of his first assignments for the studio was the score for the 1930 film The Virtuous Sin. He formed a successful partnership with composer Arthur Johnston and together they provided the scores for a number of films including Bing Crosby vehicles. Coslow became a film producer in the 1940s and won the Academy Award for Best Short Film for his production Heavenly Music in 1943. He was married to actress Esther Muir from 1934 to 1948, and they had a daughter, Jacqueline Coslow, who also worked as an actress. In 1953 he married cabaret singer, Frances King, of Cafe Societie duo Noble & King. Sam and Frances remained married until his death in 1982. Together they had a daughter, Cara Coslow, who gained notoriety as Head of Casting for Carsey Werner Productions and the Producer of the television series Dante's Cove. Cara Coslow is also an author of two books. During the 1960s Coslow's work shifted from music and film to market analysis. During this time Coslow founded the publishing company Investor's Press, which published investing books and the newsletter "Indicator Digest." During the 1970s Coslow wrote two books, "Cocktails for Two" which focused on his musical career and "Super Yields" which focused on investing. He died in Bronxville in 1982, aged 79.

text:
# Sam Coslow

**Sam Coslow** (December 27, 1902 – April 2, 1982) was an American songwriter, singer, film producer, publisher and market analyst. Coslow was born in New York City. He began writing songs as a teenager. He contributed songs to Broadway revues, formed the music publishing company Spier and Coslow with Larry Spier and made a number of recordings as a performer.

With the explosion of film musicals in the late 1920s, Hollywood attracted a number of ambitious young songwriters, and Coslow joined them in 1929. Coslow and his partner Larry Spier sold their publishing business to Paramount Pictures and Coslow became a Paramount songwriter. One of his first assignments for the studio was the score for the 1930 film *The Virtuous Sin*. He formed a successful partnership with composer Arthur Johnston and together they provided the scores for a number of films including Bing Crosby vehicles.

Coslow became a film producer in the 1940s and won the Academy Award for Best Short Film for his production *Heavenly Music* in 1943. He was married to actress Esther Muir from 1934 to 1948, and they had a daughter, Jacqueline Coslow, who also worked as an actress. In 1953 he married cabaret singer, Frances King, of Cafe Societie duo Noble & King. Sam and Frances remained married until his death in 1982. Together they had a daughter, Cara Coslow, who gained notoriety as Head of Casting for Carsey Werner Productions and the Producer of the television series *Dante's Cove*. Cara Coslow is also an author of two books.

During the 1960s Coslow's work shifted from music and film to market analysis. During this time Coslow founded the publishing company Investor's Press, which published investing books and the newsletter "Indicator Digest." During the 1970s Coslow wrote two books, "Cocktails for Two" which focused on his musical career and "Super Yields" which focused on investing. He died in Bronxville in 1982, aged 79.

## Partial song list

| External audio | |
| --- | --- |
| You may hear Sam Coslow's song "An Old Curiosity Shop" played by Shep Fields with Hal Derwin and John Serry in 1938 **Here** | |

## Filmography

* *Close Shave* (1942), musical short with Aurora Greeley and Leroy Broomfield and chrosu girls dancing in an R.G.M. Productions film

## Bibliography

* *Super Yields: How to Get the Highest Possible Returns on your Savings and Investments* (1975)
* *Cocktails for Two: The Many Lives of Giant Songwriter Sam Coslow* (1977)

## InfoBox

| Sam Coslow | |
| --- | --- |
| Sam Coslow c. 1930 | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1902-12-27)December 27, 1902
New York City, U.S. |
| Died | April 2, 1982(1982-04-02) (aged 79)
Bronxville, New York, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Composer, film producer |
| Formerly of | Arthur Johnston, Al Sherman |


title: Mariya Nagao

abstract: Mariya Nagao (永尾 まりや, Nagao Mariya, born March 10, 1994) is a Japanese television personality and former member of the Japanese idol girl group AKB48.[1] Nagao is represented by Irving. Mariya Nagao is a Japanese television personality and former member of the Japanese idol girl group AKB48. Nagao is represented by Irving.

text:
# Mariya Nagao

**Mariya Nagao** (永尾 まりや, *Nagao Mariya*, born March 10, 1994) is a Japanese television personality and former member of the Japanese idol girl group AKB48. Nagao is represented by Irving.

## Career

Mariya Nagao joined AKB48 as a 9th generation trainee in late 2009. On December 8, 2010, together with Mina Oba, Haruka Shimazaki, Haruka Shimada, Miyu Takeuchi, Mariko Nakamura, Anna Mori, and Suzuran Yamauchi, she was promoted to a full member, but stayed unassigned to any of the three teams until 2011 when Team 4 was formed. In the 2012 AKB48 elections (AKB48 27th Single Senbatsu Sōsenkyo) Mariya Nagao placed 39th.

On November 1, 2012, she was transferred to Team K. In 2013 she was assigned to be one of the members to sing the title track on the AKB48's 31st single "Sayonara Crawl". In the 2013 AKB48 elections (AKB48 32nd Single Senbatsu Sōsenkyo) Mariya Nagao placed 35th. In the 2014 AKB48 elections (AKB48 37th Single Senbatsu Sōsenkyo) she placed 65th. In the 2015 AKB48 elections (AKB48 41st Single Senbatsu Sōsenkyo) she placed 69th. On December 7, 2015 Mariya Nagao announced her *graduation* from AKB48. On March 10, 2016, shortly before officially leaving the group (the graduation ceremony was due March 19), Mariya Nagao released her first photobook, titled *Utsukushii Saibō*. With approximately 7,000 copies sold in the first week (according to Oricon), it debuted in the first place of the Oricon Photobook Chart. Her 3rd photobook titled "JOSHUA" release in August 2019.

## Appearances

### TV dramas

### Film

* *Ghost Master* (2019)

### Events

### Clothing

## Bibliography

### Photobooks

* *Nagao Mariya First Photobook "Utsukushii Saibō"* (永尾まりやファースト写真集 美しい細胞) (10 March 2016, Tokuma Shoten) ISBN 978-4198641214
* *Mabui! Mariya* (マブイ!まりや) (2017, Wani Books) ISBN 9784847049491

## InfoBox

| Mariya Nagao永尾 まりや | |
| --- | --- |
| Mariya Nagao in 2016 | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1994-03-10) 10 March 1994 |
| Origin | Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan |
| Genres | J-pop |
| Occupation | Singer |
| Years active | 2009–present |


title: Morgan Bell

abstract: Morgan Leigh Bell is an Australian writer of short stories, who grew up in Newcastle, New South Wales, and currently resides in Port Stephens. Bell is the author of short story collection Sniggerless Boundulations (2014), and Laissez Faire (2017). She is a story contributor to local anthologies and community projects, and in 2014 was short-listed for the Hunter Writers Centre Travel Writing Prize for her anti-travel story Don't Pay the Ferryman. In 2016 Bell edited Sproutlings: A Compendium of Little Fictions, a speculative fiction anthology, for Invisible Elephant Press. In 2017 her Short Story Workshop taught creative writing at Tomaree Community Centre and she taught a Writing For Pleasure course at Port Stephens U3A.

text:
# Morgan Bell

**Morgan Leigh Bell** (born 1981) is an Australian writer of short stories, who grew up in Newcastle, New South Wales, and currently resides in Port Stephens. Bell is the author of short story collection *Sniggerless Boundulations* (2014), and *Laissez Faire* (2017). She is a story contributor to local anthologies and community projects, and in 2014 was short-listed for the Hunter Writers Centre Travel Writing Prize for her anti-travel story *Don't Pay the Ferryman*. In 2016 Bell edited *Sproutlings: A Compendium of Little Fictions*, a speculative fiction anthology, for Invisible Elephant Press. In 2017 her Short Story Workshop taught creative writing at Tomaree Community Centre and she taught a Writing For Pleasure course at Port Stephens U3A.

## Midnight Daisy

Bell is a member of Hunter Writers Centre in Newcastle, New South Wales, speaking at the 2014 Newcastle Writers Festival on a panel celebrating the contributions of women to the enrichment of everyday life. Bell read her short story "Midnight Daisy" at the YWCA Newcastle She: True Stories session at the festival. Bell also recorded an audio version of Midnight Daisy for Newcastle's ABC1223 radio station and received a high commendation and prize at the exhibition launch at Lovett Gallery, Newcastle Regional Library.

Bell revealed in an interview that the eponymous Daisy from *Midnight Daisy* was a 93-year-old British ex-pat who was a close family friend. Bell interviewed Daisy, a process she describes as her proudest achievement, about a month before Daisy undertook a final trip to her birthplace in rural northern England. Daisy died on her UK holiday in October 2013 and was laid to rest at her mother grave. The story contrasts the harsh living conditions of Daisy's mother in Shropshire in the 1920s and 1930s with the worldly experiences of Daisy herself, including World War II, a mixed-race marriage, and relocating to Australia.

> The transcript I prepared of Daisy's childhood stories was originally intended to be read at a school assembly of the primary school she attended in the 1930s in England, to give the current students an idea of how much daily life had changed in the last century. It was instead used in the UK funeral service and Australian memorial service. I crafted elements of the six-page transcript into a 500-word short story for a competition celebrating inspirational women.
>
> Morgan Bell, Writers on Wednesdays

## Sniggerless Boundulations

Bell published her debut collection of short stories, entitled Sniggerless Boundulations, on 21 January 2014. The collection is experimental in length, form and scope, mostly generated from flash fiction prompts and short story competitions. The collection contains fifteen stories but runs only 68 pages long, as many are vignettes and micro-fictions. The promotional Twitter tagline was Sniggerless Boundulations: the horrors of life in fifteen slices.

The collection is largely about domestic tensions, with a few speculative fiction pieces. The overarching themes are fear, anxiety, time, aging, and jealousy.

### Stories

The collection contains the following stories:

* The Tunnel (173 words)
* Deep Water (127 words)
* Shark Fin Soup (507 words)
* The Dermoid Cyst (384 words)
* Mrs Jackson (644 words)
* It Had To Be Done (206 words) – originally published in the Newcastle Writers Group Anthology
* Granted (1034 words)
* The Package (482 words)
* Strings & Ribbons (131 words)
* Mini Play (485 words)
* Tiptoe Through The Tulips (523 words)
* Poppycock (327 words)
* Telfer Speck (1499 words) – inspired in part by the Blitzen Trapper album Furr
* Earth Mites (409 words)
* Garsdale (539 words) – inspired in part by the Soundgarden song Mind Riot

### Title meaning

About the title, Bell has said it is a nonsense phrase that came to her in a dream but "Linguistically it translates to a calculated series of steps forward. I like the riddle quality and the weightlessness of the phrase." and "Semantically the intention is to evoke a progression of steps away from creeping paranoia."

### Concept album analogy

Bell has made the following statements about the flash fiction collection's likeness to the concept albums of her teen years in the 1990s:

* "Read some other single-author collections to see how the stories are arranged. I find a short story collection to be a bit like the old "mixed tape" or the modern iPod playlist, there is an art in the order. If your stories have an evolving theme they can be like a concept album."
* "I like Strings & Ribbons for its poetry and reprieve. Its placement in the collection is like a lighter musical interlude on a heavy rock album."
* "I write with so much tension, sometimes it is difficult to sustain over a long time, I often need to construct deliberate ebbs and flows to add some reprieve to all the suspense."

### Influences

Bell learnt about the free indirect speech method of writing from James Wood's How Fiction Works.

Australian short-story collections that have inspired her are Margo Lanagan's Black Juice, Cate Kennedy's Dark Roots, of which she has said "For perfecting the craft of the short form Australian author Cate Kennedy does it best in her collection Dark Roots, every story sticks with you and haunts you, she is the master," Tim Winton's The Turning (stories), and Angela Meyer's Captives. She has said that the minimalism and dirty realism of short-stories by Tobias Wolff and Raymond Carver have struck a chord with her.

Bell has repeatedly cited Angela Carter as an influence. She has said the appeal of Angela Carter's works is the juxtaposition of oddities, and has singled out The Passion of New Eve as a favourite saying "it’s a real trip and a gender bender. You will question everything you know about relations between men and women, and the imagery will stay with you forever."

In interviews Bell has cited the following authors as influences: Ursula K. Le Guin, Aldous Huxley, Virginia Woolf, Oscar Wilde, Jane Austen, DBC Pierre, James Frey, Deborah Levy, Lauren Beukes, Julienne van Loon, Jim Crace; and the following books as influences: Stephen King’s *The Eyes of the Dragon*, Amy Tan’s *The Joy Luck Club*, Virginia Woolf’s *Mrs Dalloway*, Dathan Auerbach’s *Penpal*.

Her recent reading has included *Sharp Objects* and *Gone Girl* by Gillian Flynn, and *The Good House* by Ann Leary, which she called an "extraordinary debut novel" and the "perfect delicate balance of intrigue and poetic justice". Bell has said she likes "suspense, some domestic drama, and strong deeply flawed characters".

Bell has said a good last line or paragraph is her favourite part of a story. Citing the last lines of Aldous Huxley’s *Brave New World* as a favourite: "Just under the crown of the arch dangled a pair of feet. Slowly, very slowly, like two unhurried compass needles, the feet turned towards the right; north, north-east, east, south-east, south, south-south-west; then paused, and, after a few seconds, turned as unhurriedly back towards the left. South-south-west, south, south-east, east...."

### Audiobook

In an interview published 18 February 2015 Bell announced an audiobook version of Sniggerless Boundulations would be available on Audible in about a month. She said "I have been working with a voice artist Jon Severity to get my book into audio format, he has been doing a fabulous job". The audiobook for Sniggerless Boundulations went live on Audible 5 March 2015. It is 58 minutes long (unabridged) and is in the category of Fiction \> Short Stories & Anthologies. It is narrated by Jon Severity and the audio sample is 2:16 minutes from the story Garsdale.

## Laissez Faire

Bell published her second short story collection on 8 September 2017. Bell announced it was three years in the making. The collection contains fifteen stories plus a "bonus track" (poem) and runs only 48 pages long. Feminist writer Ruby Hamad posted an except from the story The Permanence of Ceramics pertaining to May–December marriage, referring to it as "micro-fiction", "ultra short stories", and remarking "It's amazing what creative minds can do with so little words." The promotional tagline is Laissez Faire: Awkward. Weird. Excruciating.

### Stories

The collection contains the following stories:

* Sit Down
* No Small Thing
* The Glass of Water
* Sharpening The Knives
* Saxon Vance
* Don’t Pay The Ferryman - originally published in Shifting: Travel Writing Anthology 2014
* The Gamekeeper
* The Chaperone
* Juniper Bean
* The Permanence of Ceramics
* Dark Field Illumination
* Cassilda Ambrose
* The Switch - originally published in Novascapes Volume 1
* A Deer In The Shunting Yard - originally published in Novascapes Volume 2
* The Lost Art of Transportation - originally published in Sproutlings

Bonus track:

* Yawning Bill of Fare

## Hunter anthologies

### Novascapes volume 1

Bell contributed a short story to Novascapes, the 2014 Hunter Speculative Fiction Anthology, alongside award-winning authors such as Margo Lanagan, Kirstyn McDermott, and Russell Blackford. Bell's story, *The Switch*, is based on Germanic folklore. The Anthology was published 30 September 2014 by Invisible Elephant Press. The cover art was designed by local illustrator Tallulah Cunningham.

Novascapes was launched at the 2015 Newcastle Writers Festival at a session hosted by Russell Blackford at 10am-11am Sunday 22 March 2015 at Newcastle City Hall. Editor Cassandra Page (C.E. Page) gave an introduction and then readings of excerpts were performed by the following contributing authors: Janeen Webb, Sheree Christoffersen, Danuta Electra Raine, and Samantha Fisher. The line-up represented a cross-section of genres and author experience.

The anthology contains the following stories:

* The Enternal Twilight Of His Maze (Jenny Blackford)
* Idol (Russell Blackford)
* The Switch (Morgan Bell)
* Never Love A Wild Thing (Megan Buxton)
* Portal (Sheree Christoffersen)
* Night Herons Curse (Thoraiya Dyer)
* Heartsick (Samantha Fisher)
* The First Stone (Andrew C. Jaxson)
* The Fold (Bethany Kable)
* Mouth to Mouth (Margo Lanagan)
* Devils (Blake Liddell)
* She Said (Kirstyn McDermott)
* Siren (Catherine Moffat)
* Arms Dealer (C. E. Page)
* Shulamite (Danuta Electra Raine)
* Focused (Rob Reil)
* Dystrophic (K. M. Ross)
* The Cat Detective (Willie Southgate)
* Reunification (Aidan Walsh)
* Paradise Design'd (Janeen Webb)
* Illegal Aliens: A Space Oddity (Lee-Anne Wilson-Smith)

The anthology was mentioned as a prime example of successful Australian speculative fiction crowdfunding collections on Tor.com's introduction post to their new Australian-focussed Aurora Australis - Series blog. Blogger Alexandra Pierce said "Australian press has recently gone in for crowdfunding: like Twelfth Planet Press’ Kaleidoscope anthology, Fablecroft's Cranky Ladies of History, and Novascapes (stories from authors of the Hunter region)."

Bell received an acknowledgement from the editor in the paperback edition regarding promoting the crowdfunding campaign on Twitter and other social media. It stated "I want to thank Morgan Bell for her efforts in creating a last minute social media storm that helped the Pozible campaign reach its goal."

### Novascapes volume 2

Hunter Anthologies put a call out for submissions for Novascapes Volume 2 between 1 October 2014 and 31 January 2015. Successful entries are to be notified by 28 February 2015. The anthology will be published by Invisible Elephant Press.

Bell has stated on her website that she submitted two stories for consideration: *A Deer In The Shunting Yard*, and *The Lost Art of Transportation*.

The anthology contains the following stories:

* Ashes for the Earth (Magdalena Ball)
* A Deer in the Shunting Yard (Morgan Bell)
* The Quiet Realm of the Dark Queen (Jenny Blackford)
* The Name of the Beast was Number (Russell Blackford)
* Murirrugach (Megan Buxton)
* The Mosaic (Sheree Christoffersen)
* On The Stroke of Midnight (Luciana Croci)
* Flight (Jan Dean)
* Unnatural (Samantha Fisher)
* Dancing a Spiral Galaxy (Eve Gray)
* Get A Life (Moosey)
* The Mirror of my Soul (Karen Ratcliffe)
* Rocky Haven (Leonie Rogers)
* Resurrection Shuffle: It’s Been A Hard Day’s Bite (K. M. Ross)
* A Gift of Butterflies (Julie Simpson)
* Blake’s Angel (Janeen Webb)
* Debunking Einstein (Leonie Wellard)
* Frederic’s Beauty (Lee-Ann Wilson-Smith)

Novascapes 2 was launched at the 2016 Newcastle Writers Festival at a 3pm-4pm session on Sunday 3 April 2016 at Newcastle City Hall hosted by editor Cassandra Page (C.E. Page) with a cover illustrator Q&A with Tallulah Cunningham and readings from Jan Dean, Janeen Webb, Magdalena Ball, and Leonie Rogers.

### Sproutlings

Bell has committed to editing Hunter Anthologies first themed collection, Sproutlings, a short story project based on wicked plants. The submission period for the Sproutlings anthology is Sunday 15 February 2015 - Sunday 31 May 2015, with a flash fiction word limit of 150 - 2,000 words. The anthologies call lists Jack & The Beanstalk, The Day of the Triffids, Little Shop of Horrors, and Alice in Wonderland as influences, giving the following flash prompts: "Killer weeds, botanical atrocities, enchanted forests-woods, strangling vines, poison fruits-berries-darts, the tree of life-knowledge, carnivorous flora, cabbage patch kids, wise talking-walking trees, magical beans, primordial slime"

The anthology contains the following stories:

**Cackleberries** * Tongues and Eyes and Teeth (Jenny Blackford)
* Uprooted (Jodie van de Wetering)
* Beside The River Styx (Helen Vivienne Fletcher)
* Tangled Up In Kelp (Magdalena Ball)
* Gorilla Garden (Meryl Dunton Rose)
* The Chosen One (Beattie Alvarez)
* Wicked Weeds (Mark Liston)
* Mors Vita (Lee-Anne Wilson-Smith)
* Encroaching (Aria Peyton)
* Curious Things (Jo Fleur)
* Silence (Edgar Allan Poe)

**Night Shades**

* Mome Raths (Morgan Bell)
* Bugloss Stems (Ryley Miller)
* Jasmine Rose (Sharon Boyce)
* The Breathing Green (Ashlee Jade)
* The Flowerless Funeral (Gabrielle Clover)
* Honour The Sabbath (Moosey)
* The Lost Art of Transportation (Morgan Bell)
* Leaf Fall (Steve Dillon)

**Wattle Seeds**

* Kikuyu Dreaming (D. C. White)
* Shoe Strangling Stew (Mel A. Rowe)
* Cactus (Russell Proctor)
* Mangroves (J. A. Haigh)
* The Thief (Janine G. Stewart)
* Sowing Wild Oats (J. A. Croft)
* The Botanist (William Geyl)
* The Root Cause (Ewa Ramsey)
* Wait-A-While (Catherine Moffat)
* On The Edge of a Plain (Henry Lawson)

**Intermission** A Nice Cup of Tea (George Orwell)
**Creepers**

* Snapdragon (D. H. Lawrence)
* Hellmouth (Lyn Godfrey)
* Silver (Aarti Mahajan)
* Jack And The Potting Shed (Morgan Bell)
* The Mason Jar (Linda Hudson Hoagland)
* Eye of the Beholder (Tammy Egan)
* Liars (Sheree Christoffersen)
* Helioanthus Anthracimus (Peter Cook)
* The Flowering Of The Strange Orchid (H. G. Wells)

**Astro Turf**

* The Bloom (Pete Sutton)
* Invictus (Sam Ford)
* The Ones That Came Home (M. A. S. Hale)
* Viridian (William Geyl)
* Plant Flesh (Ellen McGeoch)
* We Came In Peace (Steve Herczeg)
* Death Spores (Steve Herczeg)
* Paolo’s Flower (Matthew Meakins)

**Baby Peas**

* Flower Fables (Louisa May Alcott)
* The Nightingale and the Rose (Oscar Wilde)
* Stuttlebutt’s Munglewort (K. M. Ross)
* The Singing Tree (Morgan Bell)
* The Giving Tree (Bronte Carrigan)
* The Anything Tree (Deborah Kelly)
* Seeds of Eden (Mike Cullen)
* Orchid (Willie Southgate)
* The Thinking Hat (Kathryn White)

**Hemingway & Hemlock** (Six-word stories)

## Personal life

Bell was born in Melbourne Australia, the eldest of two daughters to Glenys Joy and Stephen Paul Bell. Her mother is from New Zealand, and her father is from England. Bell lives in Sydney Australia, having spent most of her adult life in either Sydney and Newcastle. She attended high school in Newcastle. Bell has said she adopts the families of many of her close friends, and has an adopted niece Piper.

Bell has been outspoken about her experiences with anxiety and depression, stating that the intention of many of her stories is to replicate the "sense of that horrifying panic or despair" of mental illness. Bell has stated that her story Garsdale is an allegory for struggling with depression. In interviews Bell has characterised herself as neurotic, paranoid, and self-doubting stating that she is prone to exhausting herself with over-thinking. She has a fear of amusement park rides, a fear of heights, and a fear of pregnancy.

By occupation Bell manages road traffic, working as a traffic engineer and technical writer for local government. Bell has described herself as an idealist (from watching too much Star Trek: The Next Generation and Star Trek: Voyager as a kid), a gossip and a people-watcher. She is also open about her asexuality, being interviewed by the Hack program on Triple J radio on 19 July 2011, and her atheism, and is described as self-professed feminist and nerd.

Bell's hobbies include mosaic, digital art, pub trivia, drag queens, and goldfish. She drinks Twinings Assam Bold tea and writes in Moleskine notebooks. Bell has two female cats (twins) named Romilly and Sansa (the latter named after Sansa Stark from Game of Thrones).

## InfoBox

| Morgan Bell | |
| --- | --- |
| Morgan Bell in 2014 | |
| Born | 1981 (age 4243)<br>Melbourne, Victoria, Australia |
| Occupation | Author, civil engineer |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Period | Postmodern literature, minimalism |
| Genre | Literary fiction, speculative fiction |
| Subject | Mental health |
| Website | |
| sniggerlessboundulations.webs.com | |


title: 1982 Asia Golf Circuit

abstract: The 1982 Asia Golf Circuit was the 21st season of the Asia Golf Circuit, the main professional golf tour in Asia since it was established in 1961.

text:
# 1982 Asia Golf Circuit

The **1982 Asia Golf Circuit** was the 21st season of the Asia Golf Circuit (formerly the **Far East Circuit**), the main professional golf tour in Asia since it was established in 1961.

## Changes for 1982

There was one change from the previous season, with South Korea founding the Maekyung Open to replace the Korea Open in order to remain part of the circuit and reschedule the national open to later in the year.

## Schedule

The following table lists official events during the 1982 season.

| Date | Tournament | Host country | Purse
(US$) | Winner | Other
tours | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 21 Feb | Philippine Open | Philippines | 150,000 | Hsieh Min-Nan (5) |  |  |
| 28 Feb | Cathay Pacific Hong Kong Open | Hong Kong | 130,000 | Kurt Cox (3) |  |  |
| 7 Mar | Malaysian Open | Malaysia | 150,000 | Denny Helper (1) |  |  |
| 14 Mar | Thailand Open | Thailand | 100,000 | Hsu Sheng-san (5) |  |  |
| 21 Mar | Indian Open | India | 75,000 | Hsu Sheng-san (6) |  |  |
| 28 Mar | Singapore Open | Singapore | 100,000 | Hsu Sheng-san (7) |  |  |
| 4 Apr | Indonesia Open | Indonesia | 60,000 | Eleuterio Nival (3) |  |  |
| 11 Apr | Taiwan Open | Taiwan | 100,000 | Chen Tze-ming (4) |  |  |
| 18 Apr | Maekyung Open | South Korea | 90,000 | Kim Joo-heun (a) (1) |  | New tournament |
| 25 Apr | Dunlop International Open | Japan | 150,000 | Tsuneyuki Nakajima (n/a) | JPN |  |

## Order of Merit

The Order of Merit was based on tournament results during the season, calculated using a points-based system.

| Position | Player | Points |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Hsu Sheng-san | 925 |
| 2 | Denny Hepler | 687 |
| 3 | Lu Hsi-chuen | 674 |
| 4 | Hsieh Min-Nan | 611 |
| 5 | Chen Tze-chung | 586 |

1. "Foundation and Development". Korea Open. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
2. "Asian circuit is one of the best". *The Straits Times*. Singapore. 21 March 1982. p. 21. Retrieved 2 March 2020  via National Library Board.
3. McCormack, Mark H. (1983). *Dunhill World of Professional Golf 1983*. Springwood Books. pp. 210–222, 428–438. ISBN 0862541190. Retrieved 8 November 2023  via Archive.org.
4. "From nightmare to a dream end". *The Straits Times*. Singapore. 27 April 1982. p. 39. Retrieved 2 March 2020  via National Library Board.

## InfoBox

1982 Asia Golf Circuit season
| Duration | 18 February 1982 (1982-02-18) – 25 April 1982 (1982-04-25) |
| --- | --- |
| Number of official events | 10 |
| Most wins | Hsu Sheng-san (3) |
| Order of Merit | Hsu Sheng-san |
| 1981 1983 | |


title: 1980–81 County Antrim Shield

abstract: The 1980–81 County Antrim Shield was the 92nd edition of the County Antrim Shield, a cup competition in Northern Irish football. Linfield won the tournament for the 32nd time, defeating Glentoran 4–1 in the final.

text:
# 1980–81 County Antrim Shield

The **1980–81 County Antrim Shield** was the 92nd edition of the County Antrim Shield, a cup competition in Northern Irish football.

Linfield won the tournament for the 32nd time, defeating Glentoran 4–1 in the final.

## Results

### First round

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Ards** | 4–1 | Distillery |
| **Cliftonville** | 4–1 | RUC |
| **Crusaders** | 3–0 | Comber Recreation |
| **Larne** | 1–0 | Dundela |
| **Linfield** | 1–0 | Killyleagh Youth |
| **Ballymena United** | bye |  |
| **Bangor** | bye |  |
| **Glentoran** | bye |  |

### Quarter-finals

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ballymena United | 0–6 | **Linfield** |
| **Bangor** | 4–3 | Larne |
| Cliftonville | 0–1 | **Ards** |
| **Glentoran** | 4–1 | Crusaders |

### Semi-finals

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ards | 1–4 | **Linfield** |
| **Glentoran** | 3–0 | Bangor |

### Final

| Linfield | 4–1 | Glentoran |
| --- | --- | --- |
| McGaughey  12', 80'
McKee  75'
Gordon  84' | Report | Blackledge  11' |

Windsor Park, BelfastReferee: D. Campbell (Newtownabbey)

## InfoBox

1980–81 County Antrim Shield
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Northern Ireland |
| Teams | 13 |
| Defending champions | Ballymena United |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Linfield (32nd win) |
| Runner-up | Glentoran |
| Tournament statistics | |
| Matches played | 12 |
| Goals scored | 47 (3.92 per match) |
|  | |


title: 1979 NCAA Division I golf championship

abstract: The 1979 NCAA Division I Golf Championship was the 41st annual NCAA-sanctioned golf tournament to determine the individual and team national champions of men's collegiate golf at the University Division level in the United States. The tournament was held at the Bermuda Run Country Club in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, hosted by Wake Forest University. Ohio State won the team championship, the Buckeyes' second NCAA title and first since 1945. Gary Hallberg, from Wake Forest, won the individual title. For the first time, teams needed to be in the top fifteen after three rounds of play to qualify for the fourth and final championship round; all other team were cut.

text:
# 1979 NCAA Division I golf championship

The **1979 NCAA Division I Golf Championship** was the 41st annual NCAA-sanctioned golf tournament to determine the individual and team national champions of men's collegiate golf at the University Division level in the United States.

The tournament was held at the Bermuda Run Country Club in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, hosted by Wake Forest University.

Ohio State won the team championship, the Buckeyes' second NCAA title and first since 1945.

Gary Hallberg, from Wake Forest, won the individual title.

For the first time, teams needed to be in the top fifteen after three rounds of play to qualify for the fourth and final championship round; all other team were cut.

## Individual results

### Individual champion

## Team results

| Rank | Team | Score |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **Ohio State** | **1,189** |
| 2 | Oklahoma State (DC) | 1,191 |
| 3 | Wake Forest | 1,196 |
| 4 | BYU | 1,198 |
| 5 | New Mexico | 1,202 |
| T6 | North Carolina | 1,206 |
| | Oral Roberts | |
| 8 | Arizona State | 1,213 |
| T9 | Houston | 1,215 |
| | USC | |
| 11 | Georgia Southern | 1,226 |
| 12 | Fresno State | 1,229 |
| 13 | UCLA | 1,230 |
| 14 | San Jose State | 1,234 |
| 15 | Florida | 1,236 |

## InfoBox

1979 NCAA Division I Golf Championship
| Tournament information | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S.
36°00′14″N 80°25′20″W / 36.003759°N 80.422124°W / 36.003759; -80.422124 |
| Course(s) | Bermuda Run Country Club |
| Statistics | |
| Field | 28 teams |
| Champion | |
| **Team:** Ohio State (2nd title)
**Individual:** Gary Hallberg, Wake Forest | |
| Location map | |
| Bermuda RunLocation in the United StatesBermuda RunLocation in North Carolina | |
|  | |


abstract: The 1983 Nemzeti Bajnokság I is the 33rd season of the Nemzeti Bajnokság I, Hungary's premier Handball league.

text:
# 1983 Nemzeti Bajnokság I (women's handball)

The **1983 Nemzeti Bajnokság I** is the 33rd season of the Nemzeti Bajnokság I, Hungary's premier Handball league.

## Final list

| # | Team | M | W | D | L | G+ | G− | P | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Bp. Spartacus | 26 | 20 | 1 | 5 | 587 | 465 | **41** | 1984-85 European Cup 1/8 final |
| 2. | Bakony Vegyész | 26 | 20 | 1 | 5 | 682 | 546 | **41** | 1984-85 Cup Winners' Cup 1/8 final |
| 3. | Tatabányai Bányász | 26 | 17 | 4 | 5 | 598 | 523 | **38** |
| 4. | Vasas SC | 26 | 18 | 2 | 6 | 570 | 486 | **38** | 1984-85 IHF Cup 1/8 final |
| 5. | Békéscsabai Előre Spartacus SC | 26 | 16 | 2 | 8 | 652 | 580 | **34** |
| 6. | Ferencvárosi TC | 26 | 14 | 2 | 10 | 634 | 633 | **30** |
| 7. | Építők SC | 26 | 13 | 3 | 10 | 593 | 551 | **29** |
| 8. | Dunaújvárosi Kohász | 26 | 12 | 2 | 12 | 596 | 626 | **26** |
| 9. | Debreceni MVSC | 26 | 11 | 2 | 13 | 593 | 584 | **24** |
| 10. | Győri Textiles | 26 | 8 | 3 | 15 | 580 | 658 | **19** |
| 11. | BHG SE | 26 | 8 | 1 | 17 | 543 | 578 | **17** |
| 12. | Testnevelési Főiskola SE | 26 | 3 | 4 | 19 | 574 | 672 | **10** |
| 13. | Porcelán SK Hódmezővásárhely | 26 | 5 | 0 | 21 | 433 | 586 | **10** | Relegated to Nemzeti Bajnokság I/B |
| 14. | Postás SE | 26 | 3 | 1 | 22 | 458 | 605 | **7** | |

** M: Matches W: Win D: Drawn L: Lost G+: Goals earned G−: Goals got P: Point*

## Sources

## InfoBox

NB I
| Season | 1983 **(33.)** |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Bp. Spartacus<br>(8th *title*) |
| European Cup | Bp. Spartacus |
| Cup Winners' Cup | Bakony Vegyész |
| IHF Cup | Vasas SC |
| Top goalscorer | Anna György |
| 1982 1984 | |


abstract: The 1980 United States presidential election in Tennessee took place on November 4, 1980. All 50 states and The District of Columbia were part of the 1980 United States presidential election. Tennessee voters chose 10 electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. Tennessee was won by former California Governor Ronald Reagan (R) by a very slim margin of 0.29% and a margin of just 4,710 votes, partly because of President Jimmy Carter's southern roots. Amidst a national Republican landslide, Tennessee weighed in as 9.5 points more Democratic than the nation at-large, and Carter's 48.41% vote share has not been exceeded by any Democrat since. Carter's strong performance given the national environment stands as a relative anomaly in Tennessee's recent electoral history; had he carried the state, it would have marked the only time since 1924 that a Republican was elected president without winning Tennessee. Reagan’s victory was the first of three consecutive Republican victories in the state, as Tennessee would not vote Democratic again until Bill Clinton in 1992. Since then, it has become a safe Republican state. As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last time that Tipton County voted for a Democratic presidential candidate, and the last time that a Republican carried Tennessee with a plurality, rather than a majority. 55% of white voters supported Reagan while 42% supported Carter.

text:
# 1980 United States presidential election in Tennessee

The **1980 United States presidential election in Tennessee** took place on November 4, 1980. All 50 states and The District of Columbia were part of the 1980 United States presidential election. Tennessee voters chose 10 electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Tennessee was won by former California Governor Ronald Reagan (R) by a very slim margin of 0.29% and a margin of just 4,710 votes, partly because of President Jimmy Carter's southern roots. Amidst a national Republican landslide, Tennessee weighed in as 9.5 points more Democratic than the nation at-large, and Carter's 48.41% vote share has not been exceeded by any Democrat since (Bill Clinton would go on to carry the state with smaller pluralities in 1992 and 1996). Carter's strong performance given the national environment stands as a relative anomaly in Tennessee's recent electoral history; had he carried the state, it would have marked the only time since 1924 that a Republican was elected president without winning Tennessee.

Reagan’s victory was the first of three consecutive Republican victories in the state, as Tennessee would not vote Democratic again until Bill Clinton in 1992. Since then, it has become a safe Republican state. As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last time that Tipton County voted for a Democratic presidential candidate, and the last time that a Republican carried Tennessee with a plurality, rather than a majority.

55% of white voters supported Reagan while 42% supported Carter.

## Results

| Presidential Candidate | Running Mate | Party | Electoral Vote (EV) | Popular Vote (PV) | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Ronald Reagan** | **George H. W. Bush** | **Republican** | **10** | **787,761** | **48.70%** |
| Jimmy Carter (incumbent) | Walter Mondale (incumbent) | Democratic | 0 | 783,051 | 48.41% |
| John B. Anderson | Patrick Lucey | Independent | 0 | 35,991 | 2.22% |
| Ed Clark | David Koch | Independent | 0 | 7,116 | 0.44% |
| Barry Commoner |  | Independent | 0 | 1,112 | 0.07% |
| Benjamin Bubar | Earl Dodge | Independent | 0 | 521 | 0.03% |
| David McReynolds | Diane Drufenbrock | Independent | 0 | 519 | 0.03% |
| Gus Hall | Angela Davis | Independent | 0 | 503 | 0.03% |
| Clifton DeBerry | Matilde Zimmermann | Independent | 0 | 490 | 0.03% |
| Deirdre Griswold | Larry Holmes | Independent | 0 | 400 | 0.02% |
|  |  | Write-ins | 0 | 152 | 0.01% |

### Results by county

| County | Ronald Reagan
Republican | | Jimmy Carter
Democratic | | John B. Anderson
Independent | | Ed Clark
Independent | | Various candidates
Other parties | | Margin | | Total votes cast |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | |
| Anderson | 14,235 | 55.31% | 10,194 | 39.61% | 1,161 | 4.51% | 102 | 0.40% | 44 | 0.17% | 4,041 | 15.70% | 25,736 |
| Bedford | 3,377 | 35.24% | 5,987 | 62.48% | 159 | 1.66% | 40 | 0.42% | 20 | 0.21% | -2,610 | -27.24% | 9,583 |
| Benton | 2,281 | 36.83% | 3,811 | 61.54% | 71 | 1.15% | 30 | 0.48% | 0 | 0.00% | -1,530 | -24.71% | 6,193 |
| Bledsoe | 1,970 | 54.94% | 1,585 | 44.20% | 26 | 0.73% | 4 | 0.11% | 1 | 0.03% | 385 | 10.74% | 3,586 |
| Blount | 17,959 | 63.81% | 9,412 | 33.44% | 620 | 2.20% | 110 | 0.39% | 43 | 0.15% | 8,547 | 30.37% | 28,144 |
| Bradley | 11,869 | 59.63% | 7,638 | 38.37% | 316 | 1.59% | 68 | 0.34% | 14 | 0.07% | 4,231 | 21.26% | 19,905 |
| Campbell | 5,537 | 52.99% | 4,752 | 45.47% | 120 | 1.15% | 24 | 0.23% | 17 | 0.16% | 785 | 7.52% | 10,450 |
| Cannon | 1,403 | 36.76% | 2,351 | 61.59% | 41 | 1.07% | 11 | 0.29% | 11 | 0.29% | -948 | -24.83% | 3,817 |
| Carroll | 5,681 | 50.98% | 5,277 | 47.36% | 125 | 1.12% | 42 | 0.38% | 18 | 0.16% | 404 | 3.62% | 11,143 |
| Carter | 11,648 | 64.44% | 6,006 | 33.22% | 326 | 1.80% | 70 | 0.39% | 27 | 0.15% | 5,642 | 31.22% | 18,077 |
| Cheatham | 2,296 | 37.03% | 3,771 | 60.81% | 90 | 1.45% | 29 | 0.47% | 15 | 0.24% | -1,475 | -23.78% | 6,201 |
| Chester | 2,751 | 55.69% | 2,123 | 42.98% | 52 | 1.05% | 9 | 0.18% | 5 | 0.10% | 628 | 12.71% | 4,940 |
| Claiborne | 4,289 | 59.05% | 2,844 | 39.16% | 94 | 1.29% | 30 | 0.41% | 6 | 0.08% | 1,445 | 19.89% | 7,263 |
| Clay | 1,344 | 48.61% | 1,376 | 49.76% | 27 | 0.98% | 15 | 0.54% | 3 | 0.11% | -32 | -1.15% | 2,765 |
| Cocke | 6,802 | 74.39% | 2,139 | 23.39% | 139 | 1.52% | 38 | 0.42% | 26 | 0.28% | 4,663 | 51.00% | 9,144 |
| Coffee | 5,454 | 40.72% | 7,612 | 56.84% | 239 | 1.78% | 66 | 0.49% | 22 | 0.16% | -2,158 | -16.12% | 13,393 |
| Crockett | 2,117 | 46.14% | 2,422 | 52.79% | 27 | 0.59% | 18 | 0.39% | 4 | 0.09% | -305 | -6.65% | 4,588 |
| Cumberland | 6,354 | 60.89% | 3,775 | 36.17% | 227 | 2.18% | 51 | 0.49% | 29 | 0.28% | 2,579 | 24.72% | 10,436 |
| Davidson | 65,772 | 37.45% | 103,741 | 59.08% | 4,834 | 2.75% | 938 | 0.53% | 321 | 0.18% | -37,969 | -21.63% | 175,606 |
| DeKalb | 1,841 | 37.82% | 2,948 | 60.56% | 48 | 0.99% | 19 | 0.39% | 12 | 0.25% | -1,107 | -22.74% | 4,868 |
| Decatur | 2,095 | 48.95% | 2,139 | 49.98% | 35 | 0.82% | 8 | 0.19% | 3 | 0.07% | -44 | -1.03% | 4,280 |
| Dickson | 3,636 | 34.74% | 6,622 | 63.27% | 157 | 1.50% | 37 | 0.35% | 15 | 0.14% | -2,986 | -28.53% | 10,467 |
| Dyer | 5,475 | 48.00% | 5,713 | 50.08% | 158 | 1.39% | 49 | 0.43% | 12 | 0.11% | -238 | -2.08% | 11,407 |
| Fayette | 2,944 | 40.92% | 4,141 | 57.55% | 75 | 1.04% | 24 | 0.33% | 11 | 0.15% | -1,197 | -16.63% | 7,195 |
| Fentress | 2,493 | 60.76% | 1,543 | 37.61% | 49 | 1.19% | 14 | 0.34% | 4 | 0.10% | 950 | 23.15% | 4,103 |
| Franklin | 3,995 | 36.02% | 6,760 | 60.96% | 251 | 2.26% | 59 | 0.53% | 25 | 0.23% | -2,765 | -24.94% | 11,090 |
| Gibson | 6,792 | 40.13% | 9,829 | 58.08% | 227 | 1.34% | 52 | 0.31% | 23 | 0.14% | -3,037 | -17.95% | 16,923 |
| Giles | 2,757 | 36.58% | 4,653 | 61.74% | 85 | 1.13% | 23 | 0.31% | 19 | 0.25% | -1,896 | -25.16% | 7,537 |
| Grainger | 3,254 | 67.12% | 1,495 | 30.84% | 66 | 1.36% | 24 | 0.50% | 9 | 0.19% | 1,759 | 36.28% | 4,848 |
| Greene | 10,704 | 63.13% | 5,822 | 34.34% | 338 | 1.99% | 64 | 0.38% | 28 | 0.17% | 4,882 | 28.79% | 16,956 |
| Grundy | 1,139 | 28.34% | 2,837 | 70.59% | 33 | 0.82% | 3 | 0.07% | 7 | 0.17% | -1,698 | -42.25% | 4,019 |
| Hamblen | 9,741 | 60.60% | 5,890 | 36.65% | 336 | 2.09% | 87 | 0.54% | 19 | 0.12% | 3,851 | 23.95% | 16,073 |
| Hamilton | 57,575 | 56.40% | 41,913 | 41.05% | 2,087 | 2.04% | 374 | 0.37% | 143 | 0.14% | 15,662 | 15.35% | 102,092 |
| Hancock | 1,734 | 69.72% | 704 | 28.31% | 32 | 1.29% | 10 | 0.40% | 7 | 0.28% | 1,030 | 41.41% | 2,487 |
| Hardeman | 2,931 | 40.68% | 4,153 | 57.64% | 73 | 1.01% | 19 | 0.26% | 29 | 0.40% | -1,222 | -16.96% | 7,205 |
| Hardin | 4,152 | 55.84% | 3,164 | 42.56% | 76 | 1.02% | 31 | 0.42% | 12 | 0.16% | 988 | 13.28% | 7,435 |
| Hawkins | 7,836 | 57.92% | 5,283 | 39.05% | 310 | 2.29% | 63 | 0.47% | 37 | 0.27% | 2,553 | 18.87% | 13,529 |
| Haywood | 2,435 | 40.97% | 3,445 | 57.97% | 49 | 0.82% | 11 | 0.19% | 3 | 0.05% | -1,010 | -17.00% | 5,943 |
| Henderson | 5,108 | 64.45% | 2,702 | 34.09% | 78 | 0.98% | 28 | 0.35% | 10 | 0.13% | 2,406 | 30.36% | 7,926 |
| Henry | 4,299 | 38.49% | 6,601 | 59.11% | 200 | 1.79% | 52 | 0.47% | 16 | 0.14% | -2,302 | -20.62% | 11,168 |
| Hickman | 1,903 | 36.39% | 3,225 | 61.66% | 78 | 1.49% | 17 | 0.33% | 7 | 0.13% | -1,322 | -25.27% | 5,230 |
| Houston | 738 | 29.04% | 1,757 | 69.15% | 31 | 1.22% | 6 | 0.24% | 9 | 0.35% | -1,019 | -40.11% | 2,541 |
| Humphreys | 1,897 | 31.80% | 3,974 | 66.61% | 74 | 1.24% | 18 | 0.30% | 3 | 0.05% | -2,077 | -34.81% | 5,966 |
| Jackson | 995 | 28.15% | 2,480 | 70.16% | 27 | 0.76% | 27 | 0.76% | 6 | 0.17% | -1,485 | -42.01% | 3,535 |
| Jefferson | 6,944 | 66.82% | 3,180 | 30.60% | 201 | 1.93% | 42 | 0.40% | 25 | 0.24% | 3,764 | 36.22% | 10,392 |
| Johnson | 3,716 | 74.99% | 1,141 | 23.03% | 66 | 1.33% | 22 | 0.44% | 10 | 0.20% | 2,575 | 51.96% | 4,955 |
| Knox | 66,153 | 56.26% | 45,634 | 38.81% | 4,801 | 4.08% | 570 | 0.48% | 427 | 0.36% | 20,519 | 17.45% | 117,585 |
| Lake | 823 | 32.11% | 1,718 | 67.03% | 11 | 0.43% | 3 | 0.12% | 8 | 0.31% | -895 | -34.92% | 2,563 |
| Lauderdale | 2,818 | 38.95% | 4,318 | 59.68% | 73 | 1.01% | 16 | 0.22% | 10 | 0.14% | -1,500 | -20.73% | 7,235 |
| Lawrence | 6,532 | 48.47% | 6,082 | 45.13% | 212 | 1.57% | 158 | 1.17% | 493 | 3.66% | 450 | 3.34% | 13,477 |
| Lewis | 1,076 | 32.52% | 2,190 | 66.18% | 33 | 1.00% | 5 | 0.15% | 5 | 0.15% | -1,114 | -33.66% | 3,309 |
| Lincoln | 2,856 | 33.96% | 5,387 | 64.06% | 119 | 1.42% | 34 | 0.40% | 13 | 0.15% | -2,531 | -30.10% | 8,409 |
| Loudon | 6,382 | 61.51% | 3,699 | 35.65% | 235 | 2.26% | 40 | 0.39% | 20 | 0.19% | 2,683 | 25.86% | 10,376 |
| Macon | 2,925 | 58.96% | 1,947 | 39.25% | 65 | 1.31% | 19 | 0.38% | 5 | 0.10% | 978 | 19.71% | 4,961 |
| Madison | 13,667 | 50.27% | 12,986 | 47.77% | 363 | 1.34% | 103 | 0.38% | 68 | 0.25% | 681 | 2.50% | 27,187 |
| Marion | 3,902 | 45.10% | 4,623 | 53.44% | 93 | 1.08% | 26 | 0.30% | 7 | 0.08% | -721 | -8.34% | 8,651 |
| Marshall | 2,282 | 34.23% | 4,277 | 64.16% | 78 | 1.17% | 24 | 0.36% | 5 | 0.08% | -1,995 | -29.93% | 6,666 |
| Maury | 6,637 | 44.16% | 7,957 | 52.94% | 225 | 1.50% | 134 | 0.89% | 77 | 0.51% | -1,320 | -8.78% | 15,030 |
| McMinn | 7,825 | 57.76% | 5,460 | 40.30% | 200 | 1.48% | 53 | 0.39% | 9 | 0.07% | 2,365 | 17.46% | 13,547 |
| McNairy | 4,603 | 54.06% | 3,801 | 44.64% | 76 | 0.89% | 25 | 0.29% | 9 | 0.11% | 802 | 9.42% | 8,514 |
| Meigs | 1,278 | 55.18% | 999 | 43.13% | 31 | 1.34% | 6 | 0.26% | 2 | 0.09% | 279 | 12.05% | 2,316 |
| Monroe | 6,246 | 56.45% | 4,612 | 41.68% | 125 | 1.13% | 44 | 0.40% | 38 | 0.34% | 1,634 | 14.77% | 11,065 |
| Montgomery | 8,503 | 41.08% | 11,573 | 55.91% | 490 | 2.37% | 85 | 0.41% | 47 | 0.23% | -3,070 | -14.83% | 20,698 |
| Moore | 551 | 34.55% | 993 | 62.26% | 34 | 2.13% | 14 | 0.88% | 3 | 0.19% | -442 | -27.71% | 1,595 |
| Morgan | 2,823 | 56.29% | 2,094 | 41.75% | 70 | 1.40% | 21 | 0.42% | 7 | 0.14% | 729 | 14.54% | 5,015 |
| Obion | 5,397 | 47.49% | 5,766 | 50.73% | 138 | 1.21% | 34 | 0.30% | 30 | 0.26% | -369 | -3.24% | 11,365 |
| Overton | 1,869 | 35.49% | 3,343 | 63.47% | 38 | 0.72% | 15 | 0.28% | 2 | 0.04% | -1,474 | -27.98% | 5,267 |
| Perry | 783 | 35.08% | 1,401 | 62.77% | 32 | 1.43% | 13 | 0.58% | 3 | 0.13% | -618 | -27.69% | 2,232 |
| Pickett | 1,319 | 62.75% | 758 | 36.06% | 12 | 0.57% | 5 | 0.24% | 8 | 0.38% | 561 | 26.69% | 2,102 |
| Polk | 2,414 | 48.67% | 2,470 | 49.80% | 45 | 0.91% | 18 | 0.36% | 13 | 0.26% | -56 | -1.13% | 4,960 |
| Putnam | 6,235 | 42.26% | 8,084 | 54.80% | 342 | 2.32% | 66 | 0.45% | 26 | 0.18% | -1,849 | -12.54% | 14,753 |
| Rhea | 4,689 | 59.44% | 3,070 | 38.91% | 93 | 1.18% | 24 | 0.30% | 13 | 0.16% | 1,619 | 20.53% | 7,889 |
| Roane | 11,096 | 61.03% | 6,473 | 35.60% | 481 | 2.65% | 93 | 0.51% | 39 | 0.21% | 4,623 | 25.43% | 18,182 |
| Robertson | 3,560 | 32.00% | 7,381 | 66.34% | 127 | 1.14% | 45 | 0.40% | 13 | 0.12% | -3,821 | -34.34% | 11,126 |
| Rutherford | 11,208 | 40.98% | 15,213 | 55.62% | 703 | 2.57% | 153 | 0.56% | 73 | 0.27% | -4,005 | -14.64% | 27,350 |
| Scott | 3,014 | 62.38% | 1,724 | 35.68% | 63 | 1.30% | 17 | 0.35% | 14 | 0.29% | 1,290 | 26.70% | 4,832 |
| Sequatchie | 1,512 | 49.54% | 1,509 | 49.44% | 23 | 0.75% | 6 | 0.20% | 2 | 0.07% | 3 | 0.10% | 3,052 |
| Sevier | 10,576 | 73.25% | 3,450 | 23.89% | 338 | 2.34% | 48 | 0.33% | 27 | 0.19% | 7,126 | 49.36% | 14,439 |
| Shelby | 140,157 | 45.43% | 159,240 | 51.61% | 7,180 | 2.33% | 1,362 | 0.44% | 578 | 0.19% | -19,083 | -6.18% | 308,517 |
| Smith | 1,755 | 31.73% | 3,674 | 66.43% | 69 | 1.25% | 23 | 0.42% | 10 | 0.18% | -1,919 | -34.70% | 5,531 |
| Stewart | 985 | 29.69% | 2,274 | 68.54% | 42 | 1.27% | 11 | 0.33% | 6 | 0.18% | -1,289 | -38.85% | 3,318 |
| Sullivan | 25,963 | 51.44% | 22,341 | 44.27% | 1,874 | 3.71% | 196 | 0.39% | 96 | 0.19% | 3,622 | 7.17% | 50,470 |
| Sumner | 11,876 | 44.42% | 14,150 | 52.93% | 540 | 2.02% | 138 | 0.52% | 31 | 0.12% | -2,274 | -8.51% | 26,735 |
| Tipton | 4,339 | 46.15% | 4,934 | 52.48% | 109 | 1.16% | 16 | 0.17% | 3 | 0.03% | -595 | -6.33% | 9,401 |
| Trousdale | 629 | 26.72% | 1,674 | 71.11% | 30 | 1.27% | 14 | 0.59% | 7 | 0.30% | -1,045 | -44.39% | 2,354 |
| Unicoi | 3,828 | 65.50% | 1,880 | 32.17% | 97 | 1.66% | 18 | 0.31% | 21 | 0.36% | 1,948 | 33.33% | 5,844 |
| Union | 2,453 | 62.09% | 1,435 | 36.32% | 45 | 1.14% | 12 | 0.30% | 6 | 0.15% | 1,018 | 25.77% | 3,951 |
| Van Buren | 499 | 35.54% | 886 | 63.11% | 11 | 0.78% | 4 | 0.28% | 4 | 0.28% | -387 | -27.57% | 1,404 |
| Warren | 3,680 | 37.16% | 6,021 | 60.79% | 148 | 1.49% | 41 | 0.41% | 14 | 0.14% | -2,341 | -23.63% | 9,904 |
| Washington | 17,457 | 57.71% | 11,599 | 38.35% | 934 | 3.09% | 173 | 0.57% | 86 | 0.28% | 5,858 | 19.36% | 30,249 |
| Wayne | 3,418 | 64.53% | 1,633 | 30.83% | 78 | 1.47% | 38 | 0.72% | 130 | 2.45% | 1,785 | 33.70% | 5,297 |
| Weakley | 5,668 | 48.15% | 5,910 | 50.21% | 136 | 1.16% | 51 | 0.43% | 6 | 0.05% | -242 | -2.06% | 11,771 |
| White | 2,100 | 37.41% | 3,415 | 60.84% | 64 | 1.14% | 28 | 0.50% | 6 | 0.11% | -1,315 | -23.43% | 5,613 |
| Williamson | 11,597 | 54.98% | 8,815 | 41.79% | 551 | 2.61% | 104 | 0.49% | 28 | 0.13% | 2,782 | 13.19% | 21,095 |
| Wilson | 7,535 | 39.09% | 11,248 | 58.36% | 380 | 1.97% | 92 | 0.48% | 19 | 0.10% | -3,713 | -19.27% | 19,274 |
| Totals | 787,761 | 48.70% | 783,051 | 48.41% | 35,991 | 2.22% | 7,116 | 0.44% | 3,697 | 0.23% | 4,710 | 0.29% | 1,617,616 |

#### Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

## Works cited

## InfoBox

1980 United States presidential election in Tennessee
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Ronald Reagan** Jimmy Carter   Party Republican Democratic  Home state California Georgia  Running mate **George H. W. Bush** Walter Mondale  Electoral vote **10** 0  Popular vote **787,761** 783,051  Percentage **48.70%** 48.41% | |
| --- | |
| ---  **President before election**
Jimmy Carter
Democratic **Elected President**
Ronald Reagan
Republican | |