title: Pompeu Fabra

abstract: Pompeu Fabra i Poch was a Catalan engineer and grammarian from Catalonia, Spain. He was the main author of the normative reform of contemporary Catalan language was the School Pompeu Fabra and Laura.

text:
# Pompeu Fabra

**Pompeu Fabra i Poch** (Catalan: \[pumˈpɛw ˈfaβɾə\]; Gràcia, Barcelona, 20 February 1868 – Prada de Conflent, 25 December 1948) was a Catalan engineer and grammarian from Catalonia, Spain. He was the main author of the normative reform of contemporary Catalan language was the School Pompeu Fabra and Laura.

## Life

Pompeu Fabra was born in Gràcia, which at that time was still separate from Barcelona, in 1868. He was the last of twelve children born to Josep Fabra i Roca and his wife Carolina Poch i Martí. When Pompeu was six, the family moved to Barcelona.

From a fairly young age Fabra dedicated himself to the study of the Catalan language. Through the journal and publishing house Tipografia de L'Avenç, he participated in a campaign to reform Catalan orthography between 1890–92. He published *Tractat d'ortografia catalana* with the writer and publisher Jaume Massó i Torrents and Joaquim Casas i Carbó, a notable lawyer and writer, in 1904.

Despite his personal interest in linguistics, Fabra studied industrial engineering in Barcelona and in 1902 accepted a chair of chemistry position at the School of Engineering in Bilbao. During his tenure in Bilbao, Fabra participated actively in the First International Congress of the Catalan Language held in 1906. This event gave him a certain prestige in the field of Catalan linguistics. In 1911, he returned to Barcelona to become a professor (*catedràtic*) of Catalan  a position created by the *diputació* (local government) of Barcelona  and a member of the department of philology at the newly created Institut d'Estudis Catalans, of which he would later become president. In 1912 he published his *Gramática de la lengua catalana* (in Spanish).

The Institute published the *Normes ortogràfiques* in 1913, the *Diccionari ortogràfic* in 1917, and its official *Gramàtica catalana* in 1918. That same year, Fabra also edited the textbook *Curs mitjà de gramàtica catalana,* published by l'Associació Protectora de l'Ensenyança Catalana. His "Converses filològiques," first published in the newspaper "La Publicitat," were later collected as "Popular Barcino." Probably his most famous work was the *Diccionari General de la Llengua Catalana* (1932), the first edition of which later became the Institute's official dictionary.

In 1932, owing to his scientific prestige, he was unanimously named a professor (*catedràtic*) of the Republican *Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona* (not to be confused with the later Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona created in the 1960s during the Francoist régime). The following year he was named President of the University's governing council, which resulted in his imprisonment in 1934 following the "events of 6 October" when troops of the Second Spanish Republic put down a Catalan government uprising led by Lluis Companys.

Fabra was reinstated as a professor after the elections of February 1936, but in July of that year the Spanish Civil War began and he had to flee his country when Barcelona was invaded by Franco's army. In 1939 he went into exile in France, where he suffered many hardships. He lived in Paris and Montpellier, where he presided over the Jocs Florals literary contest in 1946. The Spanish government, led by Francisco Franco, fine him Pompeu Fabra for being (the fine says) "A separatist element against the general interests of Spain." He eventually moved to Prada de Conflent, in the Catalan-speaking part of France, where he died on December 25, 1948. At some point during his exile, he made a will in Andorra, to be made in a country where Catalan was the official language.

## Legacy

Every year, his tomb in the Cuixà monastery near Prada is visited by thousands of Catalans.

The Universitat Pompeu Fabra in Barcelona bears his name.

## Books

* *Tractat de ortografia catalana* (1904)
* *Qüestions de gramàtica catalana* (1911)
* *La coordinació i la subordinació en els documents de la cancilleria catalana durant el segle XIV* (1926)
* *Diccionari ortogràfic abreujat* (1926)
* *La conjugació dels verbs en català* (1927)
* *Diccionari ortogràfic: precedit d'una exposició de l'ortografia catalana* (1931)
* *El català literari* (1932)

## Bibliography

* Fabra, Pompeu (2009-10-14). Costa Carreras, Joan (ed.). *The Architect of Modern Catalan: Pompeu Fabra (1868-1948)*. Translated by Yates, Alan. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-8924-7.

## InfoBox

| Pompeu Fabra | |
| --- | --- |
| Pompeu Fabra in 1917 | |
| Born | (1868-02-20)20 February 1868
Gràcia, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain |
| Died | 25 December 1948(1948-12-25) (aged 80)
Prada de Conflent, France |
| Nationality | Spanish |
| Education | Industrial engineering in University of Barcelona |
| Occupation(s) | professor, engineer and linguist |
| Known for | Father of modern grammar of the Catalan language |
| Political party | Republican Left of Catalonia |
| Opponent | Francisco Franco |


title: Miners' parade

abstract: The Miners' Parade is a parade traditionally held in places in Austria and Germany where ore was and is smelted. It was and is a public event held by a community or corporation whose employment is linked to mining and smelting. It is usually known in German as a Bergparade, but also as a Berg- und Hüttenparade. It takes place as one of the highlights of a festival. The Miner's Parade is a special form of procession which is organised to march past important dignitaries or which is organized for such high-ranking individuals.

text:
# Miners' parade

The **Miners' Parade** is a parade traditionally held in places in Austria and Germany where ore was and is smelted. It was and is a public event held by a community or corporation whose employment is linked to mining and smelting. It is usually known in German as a *Bergparade* (lit. "Mine Parade"), but also as a *Berg- und Hüttenparade* (lit. "Mine and Smeltworks Parade"). It takes place as one of the highlights of a festival (but can also be held as a protest march to fight for the redress of abuses). The Miner's Parade is a special form of procession which is organised to march past important dignitaries or which is organized for such high-ranking individuals.

## History

This tradition originated in the Saxon Ore Mountains. It has been performed out in various ways over the centuries. The original miners' and smelters' costumes (*Tracht*) were superseded by a miner's habit (*Berghabit*) which frequently changed. After 1768, with the introduction of ranks, district colours and other regulations, the dress of Saxon miners and smelters metallurgy developed a uniform-like character and was actually called a uniform from that time. The format, sequence and occasion for the parades, as well as the number of participants, were and are variable, with between 100 and 3,000 participants being recruited from the mining or smelting works or both.

The format was never standard. The number of participating overseers (*Steiger*) and officiants (*Offiziante*), hewers (*Hauer*) or smelters (*Schmelzer*) (and, in Freiberg, officials of the Mining Office and student miners) depended on the importance of the parade. The size of the detachments varied between 16 and 48 men, and they almost always marched in 4 ranks (rarely 3, 6 or 8). The number of flags carried, the number and type of mining and smelting tools carried on parade and the officers participating on horseback was variable. The size of the parade also affected the number of miners' bands involved.

Miners' parades have been depicted in art, with paintings, carvings, and cast works portray the subject.

## Present day

Today miners' parades take places on various occasions, such as Christmas markets, folk festivals, and street festivals as well as other celebrations, in the following towns and cities:

## Literature

* Berufsfachschule für Tourismus Chemnitz (pub.): *Bergparaden im Sächsischen Erzgebirge.* Schriftenreihe Erzgebirgische Volkskunst, Vol. 10. Husum Verlag, Husum, 2000, ISBN 978-3-88042-964-2


title: 1959–60 Colchester United F.C. season

abstract: The 1959–60 season was Colchester United's 18th season in their history and their tenth season in the third tier of English football, the Third Division. Alongside competing in the Third Division, the club also participated in the FA Cup, with Colchester being knocked out by league rivals Queens Park Rangers in the first round. Colchester ended the season in ninth place in the Third Division.

text:
# 1959–60 Colchester United F.C. season

The **1959–60 season** was Colchester United's 18th season in their history and their tenth season in the third tier of English football, the Third Division. Alongside competing in the Third Division, the club also participated in the FA Cup, with Colchester being knocked out by league rivals Queens Park Rangers in the first round. Colchester ended the season in ninth place in the Third Division.

## Season overview

Colchester's first game under floodlights at Layer Road was on 24 August 1959 when 9,689 watched the 2–2 draw with Grimsby Town. The ground became somewhat of a fortress, losing only twice throughout the campaign. However, Colchester struggled on their travels, earning just three wins. The mixed form led to a ninth position finish in the Third Division table.

The most notable bonus for the season was Martyn King's completion of national service meaning he was available for every game. Playing in 40 matches, forward King equalled Kevin McCurley's club record of 30 Football League goals in a season which included a trio of hat-tricks.

## Players

*As of match played 30 April 1960.*

| Name | Position | Nationality | Place of birth | Date of birth | Apps | Goals | Signed from | Date signed | Fee |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Goalkeepers | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Percy Ames | GK |  | Plymouth | 13 December 1931 (aged 27) | 191 | 0 | Tottenham Hotspur | 1 May 1955 | Free transfer |
| John Wright | GK |  | Aldershot | 13 August 1933 (aged 25) | 4 | 0 | Colchester Casuals | 23 May 1952 | Free transfer |
| Defenders | | | | | | | | | | | |
| George Fisher | FB |  | Bermondsey | 19 June 1925 (aged 33) | 169 | 5 | Fulham | 1 September 1955 | £1,000 |
| John Fowler | FB |  | Leith | 17 October 1933 (aged 25) | 154 | 3 | Bonnyrigg Rose Athletic | 20 August 1955 | Free transfer |
| John Laidlaw | FB |  | Aldershot | 5 July 1936 (aged 22) | 0 | 0 | Easthouses Lily Miners Welfare | June 1957 | Free transfer |
| Alf Marshall | FB |  | Dagenham | 21 May 1933 (aged 26) | 24 | 0 | Dagenham | 14 October 1957 | £25 |
| Tommy Millar | FB |  | Edinburgh | 3 December 1938 (aged 20) | 0 | 0 | Bo'ness United | July 1959 | Free transfer |
| Chic Milligan | CB |  | Ardrossan | 26 July 1930 (aged 28) | 112 | 2 | Ardrossan Winton Rovers | 18 August 1956 | £1,000 |
| Edgar Rumney | FB |  | Abberton | 15 September 1936 (aged 22) | 5 | 0 | Colchester Casuals | 1 May 1957 | Free transfer |
| Midfielders | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cyril Hammond | WH |  | Woolwich | 10 October 1927 (aged 31) | 37 | 0 | Charlton Athletic | July 1958 | Free transfer |
| Trevor Harris | WH |  | Colchester | 6 February 1936 (aged 23) | 11 | 0 | Amateur | July 1951 | Free transfer |
| Ron Hunt | WH |  | Colchester | 26 September 1933 (aged 25) | 59 | 0 | Amateur | October 1951 | Free transfer |
| Derek Parker | WH |  | Wivenhoe | 23 June 1926 (aged 32) | 80 | 1 | West Ham United | March 1957 | £2,500 |
| Forwards | | | | | | | | | | | |
| John Baines | CF |  | Colchester | 25 September 1937 (aged 21) | 0 | 0 | Colchester Casuals | January 1960 | Free transfer |
| Russell Blake | WG |  | Colchester | 24 July 1935 (aged 23) | 44 | 7 | Dedham Old Boys | 8 September 1955 | Free transfer |
| John Evans | IF |  | Tilbury | 28 August 1929 (aged 29) | 55 | 23 | Liverpool | 23 November 1957 | £4,000 |
| Bobby Hill | IF |  | Edinburgh | 9 June 1938 (aged 20) | 62 | 9 | Easthouses Lily Miners Welfare | 9 June 1955 | Free transfer |
| Tony Howe | WG |  | Colchester | 14 February 1939 (aged 20) | 0 | 0 | Colchester Casuals | March 1960 | Free transfer |
| Bobby Hunt | FW |  | Colchester | 1 October 1942 (aged 16) | 0 | 0 | Amateur | March 1960 | Free transfer |
| Martyn King | CF |  | Birmingham | 23 August 1937 (aged 21) | 6 | 1 | Amateur | Summer 1955 | Free transfer |
| Neil Langman | CF |  | Bere Alston | 21 February 1932 (aged 27) | 73 | 35 | Plymouth Argyle | November 1957 | £6,750 |
| Kevin McCurley | CF |  | Consett | 2 April 1926 (aged 33) | 225 | 91 | Liverpool | June 1951 | £750 |
| Sammy McLeod | IF |  | Glasgow | 4 January 1934 (aged 25) | 107 | 16 | Easthouses Lily Miners Welfare | 20 August 1955 | Free transfer |
| Tony Miller | IF |  | Chelmsford | 26 October 1937 (aged 21) | 0 | 0 | Amateur | May 1958 | Free transfer |
| Tommy Williams | WG |  | Battersea | 10 February 1935 (aged 24) | 82 | 14 | Carshalton Athletic | September 1956 | Free transfer |
| Peter Wright | WG |  | Colchester | 26 January 1934 (aged 25) | 253 | 51 | Amateur | November 1951 | Free transfer |

## Transfers

### In

| Date | Position | Nationality | Name | From | Fee | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| July 1959 | FB |  | Tommy Millar | Bo'ness United | Free transfer |  |
| January 1960 | CF |  | John Baines | Colchester Casuals | Free transfer |  |
| March 1960 | WG |  | Tony Howe | Colchester Casuals | Free transfer |  |
| March 1960 | FW |  | Bobby Hunt | Amateur | Free transfer |  |

### Out

| Date | Position | Nationality | Name | To | Fee | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| July 1959 | CF |  | Ken Plant | Nuneaton Borough | Free transfer |  |
| 29 August 1959 | IF |  | Ian Johnstone | Clacton Town | Free transfer |  |
| 6 October 1959 | FB |  | John Roe | Dundee United | Free transfer |  |
| Spring 1960 | CB |  | Brian Dobson | Clacton Town | Released |  |

1. Date of departure refers to the date of the player's final game for the club

## Match details

### Third Division

#### Results round by round

| Round | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ground | A | H | H | A | A | H | H | A | A | H | H | A | A | A | H | H | A | H | A | H | H | A | A | H | A | H | A | A | A | H | H | A | H | A | H | A | H | H | A | H | A | H | H | A | A | H |
| Result | L | D | D | L | L | W | W | L | L | W | W | W | L | L | W | W | D | L | D | W | D | W | W | W | L | W | L | D | L | D | W | D | W | D | W | L | D | D | L | W | L | L | W | L | L | W |
| Position | 19 | 17 | 18 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 14 | 11 | 16 | 16 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 14 | 15 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 11 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 5 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |

Source: 11v11.com
A = Away; H = Home; W = Win; D = Draw; L = Loss

#### League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GAv | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 7 | Bury | 46 | 21 | 9 | 16 | 64 | 51 | 1.255 | 51 |
| 8 | Queens Park Rangers | 46 | 18 | 13 | 15 | 73 | 54 | 1.352 | 49 |
| 9 | Colchester United | 46 | 18 | 11 | 17 | 83 | 74 | 1.122 | 47 |
| 10 | Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic | 46 | 17 | 13 | 16 | 72 | 72 | 1.000 | 47 |
| 11 | Reading | 46 | 18 | 10 | 18 | 84 | 77 | 1.091 | 46 |

Source:

#### Matches

| 22 August 1959 (1959-08-22) 1 | **Bury** | **3–1** | **Colchester United** | Bury |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Unknown goalscorer | Report | Langman | Stadium: Gigg Lane
Attendance: 11,509 |

| 24 August 1959 (1959-08-24) 2 | **Colchester United** | **2–2** | **Grimsby Town** | Colchester |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | McLeod | Report | Unknown goalscorer | Stadium: Layer Road
Attendance: 9,689 |

| 29 August 1959 (1959-08-29) 3 | **Colchester United** | **2–2** | **Barnsley** | Colchester |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Fisher
Williams | Report | Unknown goalscorer | Stadium: Layer Road
Attendance: 8,246 |

| 1 September 1959 (1959-09-01) 4 | **Grimsby Town** | **4–1** | **Colchester United** | Cleethorpes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Unknown goalscorer | Report | P. Wright | Stadium: Blundell Park
Attendance: 14,000 |

| 5 September 1959 (1959-09-05) 5 | **Southampton** | **4–2** | **Colchester United** | Southampton |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Paine
Huxford
Mulgrew
Reeves | Report | King
Williams | Stadium: The Dell
Attendance: 14,704 |

| 7 September 1959 (1959-09-07) 6 | **Colchester United** | **1–0** | **Halifax Town** | Colchester |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Williams | Report |  | Stadium: Layer Road
Attendance: 8,305 |

| 12 September 1959 (1959-09-12) 7 | **Colchester United** | **4–2** | **Reading** | Colchester |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | King
Langman
P. Wright | Report | Unknown goalscorer | Stadium: Layer Road
Attendance: 7,683 |

| 14 September 1959 (1959-09-14) 8 | **Halifax Town** | **3–2** | **Colchester United** | Halifax |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Unknown goalscorer | Report | King
McLeod | Stadium: The Shay
Attendance: 5,865 |

| 19 September 1959 (1959-09-19) 9 | **Shrewsbury Town** | **4–1** | **Colchester United** | Shrewsbury |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Unknown goalscorer | Report | Langman | Stadium: Gay Meadow
Attendance: 9,068 |

| 21 September 1959 (1959-09-21) 10 | **Colchester United** | **3–0** | **Mansfield Town** | Colchester |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Own goal  o.g.'
King | Report |  | Stadium: Layer Road
Attendance: 8,202 |

| 26 September 1959 (1959-09-26) 11 | **Colchester United** | **3–1** | **Port Vale** | Colchester |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | King | Report | Poole | Stadium: Layer Road
Attendance: 7,822 |

| 28 September 1959 (1959-09-28) 12 | **Mansfield Town** | **1–3** | **Colchester United** | Mansfield |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Unknown goalscorer | Report | King | Stadium: Field Mill
Attendance: 5,406 |

| 3 October 1959 (1959-10-03) 13 | **Norwich City** | **3–2** | **Colchester United** | Norwich |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Unknown goalscorer | Report | Milligan
Langman | Stadium: Carrow Road
Attendance: 27,759 |

| 6 October 1959 (1959-10-06) 14 | **Brentford** | **2–0** | **Colchester United** | Brentford |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Francis
Towers | Report |  | Stadium: Griffin Park
Attendance: 14,750 |

| 10 October 1959 (1959-10-10) 15 | **Colchester United** | **3–1** | **Wrexham** | Colchester |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Hill
Evans
Langman | Report | Unknown goalscorer | Stadium: Layer Road
Attendance: 7,683 |

| 12 October 1959 (1959-10-12) 16 | **Colchester United** | **2–1** | **Brentford** | Colchester |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Langman
P. Wright | Report | Francis | Stadium: Layer Road
Attendance: 7,790 |

| 17 October 1959 (1959-10-17) 17 | **Tranmere Rovers** | **1–1** | **Colchester United** | Birkenhead |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Unknown goalscorer | Report | Langman | Stadium: Prenton Park
Attendance: 8,532 |

| 24 October 1959 (1959-10-24) 18 | **Colchester United** | **1–2** | **Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic** | Colchester |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Williams | Report | Unknown goalscorer | Stadium: Layer Road
Attendance: 7,938 |

| 31 October 1959 (1959-10-31) 19 | **Bradford City** | **0–0** | **Colchester United** | Bradford |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report |  | Stadium: Valley Parade
Attendance: 8,436 |

| 7 November 1959 (1959-11-07) 20 | **Colchester United** | **2–1** | **Newport County** | Colchester |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | P. Wright
Williams | Report | McSeveney | Stadium: Layer Road
Attendance: 6,620 |

| 21 November 1959 (1959-11-21) 21 | **Colchester United** | **0–0** | **Swindon Town** | Colchester |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report
Report |  | Stadium: Layer Road
Attendance: 6,537
Referee: K. Stokes |

| 28 November 1959 (1959-11-28) 22 | **York City** | **2–3** | **Colchester United** | York |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Unknown goalscorer | Report | McCurley  pen.'
King | Stadium: Bootham Crescent
Attendance: 6,881 |

| 12 December 1959 (1959-12-12) 23 | **Accrington Stanley** | **1–2** | **Colchester United** | Accrington |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Unknown goalscorer | Report | McCurley | Stadium: Peel Park
Attendance: 2,116 |

| 19 December 1959 (1959-12-19) 24 | **Colchester United** | **3–0** | **Bury** | Colchester |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | McCurley
King
Williams | Report |  | Stadium: Layer Road
Attendance: 5,503 |

| 26 December 1959 (1959-12-26) 25 | **Queens Park Rangers** | **3–1** | **Colchester United** | Shepherd's Bush |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Unknown goalscorer | Report | McCurley | Stadium: Loftus Road
Attendance: 6,480 |

| 28 December 1959 (1959-12-28) 26 | **Colchester United** | **2–0** | **Queens Park Rangers** | Colchester |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | McCurley
P. Wright | Report |  | Stadium: Layer Road
Attendance: 9,095 |

| 2 January 1960 (1960-01-02) 27 | **Barnsley** | **2–1** | **Colchester United** | Barnsley |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Unknown goalscorer | Report | King | Stadium: Oakwell
Attendance: 5,526 |

| 9 January 1960 (1960-01-09) 28 | **Chesterfield** | **1–1** | **Colchester United** | Chesterfield |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Whitehurst | Report | P. Wright | Stadium: Saltergate
Attendance: 5,193 |

| 23 January 1960 (1960-01-23) 29 | **Reading** | **2–1** | **Colchester United** | Reading |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Unknown goalscorer | Report | King | Stadium: Elm Park
Attendance: 7,486 |

| 30 January 1960 (1960-01-30) 30 | **Colchester United** | **0–0** | **Coventry City** | Colchester |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report |  | Stadium: Layer Road
Attendance: 7,200 |

| 6 February 1960 (1960-02-06) 31 | **Colchester United** | **3–2** | **Shrewsbury Town** | Colchester |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Hill
Williams | Report | Unknown goalscorer | Stadium: Layer Road
Attendance: 7,144 |

| 13 February 1960 (1960-02-13) 32 | **Port Vale** | **1–1** | **Colchester United** | Burslem |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Donaldson | Report | King | Stadium: Vale Park
Attendance: 10,248 |

| 20 February 1960 (1960-02-20) 33 | **Colchester United** | **3–0** | **Norwich City** | Colchester |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | King  1' | Report |  | Stadium: Layer Road
Attendance: 13,053 |

| 27 February 1960 (1960-02-27) 34 | **Wrexham** | **1–1** | **Colchester United** | Wrexham |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Unknown goalscorer | Report | King | Stadium: Racecourse Ground
Attendance: 8,836 |

| 5 March 1960 (1960-03-05) 35 | **Colchester United** | **4–0** | **Tranmere Rovers** | Colchester |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | King  2'
Blake  30'
Hammond  65' (pen.)
Hill  70' | Report |  | Stadium: Layer Road
Attendance: 6,857 |

| 12 March 1960 (1960-03-12) 36 | **Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic** | **3–2** | **Colchester United** | Bournemouth |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Unknown goalscorer | Report | King | Stadium: Dean Court
Attendance: 9,256 |

| 19 March 1960 (1960-03-19) 37 | **Colchester United** | **2–2** | **York City** | Colchester |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | King  21'
B. Hunt  86' | Report | Wilkinson  48'
Laidlaw  81' (o.g.) | Stadium: Layer Road
Attendance: 6,599 |

| 21 March 1960 (1960-03-21) 38 | **Colchester United** | **1–1** | **Southampton** | Colchester |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Laidlaw  29' | Report | Reeves  43' | Stadium: Layer Road
Attendance: 10,105 |

| 26 March 1960 (1960-03-26) 39 | **Newport County** | **3–2** | **Colchester United** | Newport |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | McPherson
Singer | Report | King
P. Wright | Stadium: Somerton Park
Attendance: 4,332 |

| 2 April 1960 (1960-04-02) 40 | **Colchester United** | **1–0** | **Chesterfield** | Colchester |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | King | Report |  | Stadium: Layer Road
Attendance: 6,079 |

| 9 April 1960 (1960-04-09) 41 | **Swindon Town** | **4–3** | **Colchester United** | Swindon |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Morgan  16'
Summerbee  22'
Gauld  37', 58' | Report
Report | P. Wright  33'
Williams  63'
King  80' | Stadium: County Ground
Attendance: 7,342
Referee: L. Callaghan |

| 15 April 1960 (1960-04-15) 42 | **Colchester United** | **2–3** | **Southend United** | Colchester |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | King
P. Wright | Report
Report | Corthine
Price | Stadium: Layer Road
Attendance: 10,317 |

| 16 April 1960 (1960-04-16) 43 | **Colchester United** | **2–1** | **Bradford City** | Colchester |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Langman | Report | Unknown goalscorer | Stadium: Layer Road
Attendance: 5,765 |

| 18 April 1960 (1960-04-18) 44 | **Southend United** | **1–0** | **Colchester United** | Southend-on-Sea |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Corthine | Report
Report |  | Stadium: Roots Hall
Attendance: 12,533 |

| 23 April 1960 (1960-04-23) 45 | **Coventry City** | **3–1** | **Colchester United** | Coventry |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Hewitt
Unknown goalscorer | Report | P. Wright | Stadium: Highfield Road
Attendance: 8,382 |

| 30 April 1960 (1960-04-30) 46 | **Colchester United** | **5–1** | **Accrington Stanley** | Colchester |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | King
Langman
P. Wright
Williams | Report | Unknown goalscorer | Stadium: Layer Road
Attendance: 5,215 |

### FA Cup

| 14 November 1959 (1959-11-14) 1st round | **Colchester United** | **2–3** | **Queens Park Rangers** | Colchester |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | McCurley  75'
P. Wright  84' | Report | Petchey  29'
Bedford  42'
Angell  61' | Stadium: Layer Road
Attendance: 8,860 |

## Squad statistics

### Appearances and goals

| No. | Pos | Nat | Player | Total | | Third Division | | FA Cup | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
|  | GK | ENG | Percy Ames | 47 | 0 | 46 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
|  | DF | ENG | George Fisher | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | John Fowler | 47 | 0 | 46 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
|  | DF | ENG | John Laidlaw | 40 | 1 | 39 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
|  | DF | ENG | Alf Marshall | 5 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | Tommy Millar | 5 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | Chic Milligan | 44 | 1 | 43 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
|  | MF | ENG | Cyril Hammond | 44 | 1 | 43 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
|  | MF | ENG | Ron Hunt | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | MF | ENG | Derek Parker | 44 | 0 | 43 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
|  | FW | ENG | Russell Blake | 11 | 1 | 11 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
|  | FW | ENG | John Evans | 5 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
|  | FW | SCO | Bobby Hill | 39 | 4 | 38 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
|  | FW | ENG | Bobby Hunt | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
|  | FW | ENG | Martyn King | 40 | 30 | 39 | 30 | 1 | 0 |
|  | FW | ENG | Neil Langman | 27 | 11 | 27 | 11 | 0 | 0 |
|  | FW | ENG | Kevin McCurley | 12 | 8 | 11 | 7 | 1 | 1 |
|  | FW | SCO | Sammy McLeod | 12 | 3 | 12 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
|  | FW | ENG | Tommy Williams | 36 | 9 | 35 | 9 | 1 | 0 |
|  | FW | ENG | Peter Wright | 47 | 12 | 46 | 11 | 1 | 1 |
| *Players who appeared for Colchester who left during the season* | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | DF | ENG | Brian Dobson | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | John Roe | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | FW | SCO | Ian Johnstone | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |

### Goalscorers

| Place | Nationality | Position | Name | Third Division | FA Cup | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  | CF | Martyn King | 30 | 0 | **30** |
| 2 |  | WG | Peter Wright | 11 | 1 | **12** |
| 3 |  | CF | Neil Langman | 11 | 0 | **11** |
| 4 |  | WG | Tommy Williams | 9 | 0 | **9** |
| 5 |  | CF | Kevin McCurley | 7 | 1 | **8** |
| 6 |  | IF | Bobby Hill | 4 | 0 | **4** |
| 7 |  | IF | Sammy McLeod | 3 | 0 | **3** |
| 8 |  | WG | Russell Blake | 1 | 0 | **1** |
| |  | IF | John Evans | 1 | 0 | **1** |
| |  | FB | George Fisher | 1 | 0 | **1** |
| |  | WH | Cyril Hammond | 1 | 0 | **1** |
| |  | FW | Bobby Hunt | 1 | 0 | **1** |
| |  | FB | John Laidlaw | 1 | 0 | **1** |
| |  | CB | Chic Milligan | 1 | 0 | **1** |
|  | | | **Own goals** | 1 | 0 | **1** |
|  | | | **TOTALS** | 83 | 2 | **85** |

### Clean sheets

Number of games goalkeepers kept a clean sheet.

| Place | Nationality | Player | Third Division | FA Cup | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  | Percy Ames | 10 | 0 | **10** |
|  | | **TOTALS** | **10** | **0** | **10** |

### Player debuts

Players making their first-team Colchester United debut in a fully competitive match.

| Position | Nationality | Player | Date | Opponent | Ground | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| FB |  | Tommy Millar | 1 September 1959 | Grimsby Town | Blundell Park |  |
| FB |  | John Laidlaw | 5 September 1959 | Southampton | The Dell |  |
| FB |  | John Roe | 3 October 1959 | Norwich City | Carrow Road |  |
| FW |  | Bobby Hunt | 19 March 1960 | York City | Layer Road |  |

### General

**Books**

* Whitehead, Jeff; Drury, Kevin (2008). *The Who's Who of Colchester United: The Layer Road Years*. Derby: Breedon Books. ISBN 978-1-85983-629-3.
* Ambrosen, Tony (1993). *Amber in the Blood: A History Of Newport County*. Uxbridge: Yore Publications. ISBN 978-1-874427-40-7.
* Kent, Jeff (1990). *The Valiants' Years: The Story of Port Vale*. Stafford: Witan Books. ISBN 0-9508981-4-7.
* White, Eric (1989). *100 Years of Brentford*. Redditch: Oldfield Press. ISBN 0951526200.

**Websites**

### Specific

1. Whitehead, Jeff; Drury, Kevin (2008). *The Who's Who of Colchester United: The Layer Road Years*. Derby: Breedon Books. p. 278. ISBN 978-1-85983-629-3.
2. "Colchester Utd 3–0 Norwich City". Coludata.co.uk. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
3. "Colchester Utd 5–1 Accrington Stanley". Coludata.co.uk. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
4. "Average Attendance Figures Per Season". Coludaybyday.co.uk. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
5. Hudson, Matt (11 July 2012). "The 1950s and 1960s". Colchester United FC. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
6. "Appearances". Coludata.co.uk. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
7. "Tommy Millar". Coludata.co.uk. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
8. "John Baines". Coludata.co.uk. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
9. "Tony Howe". Coludata.co.uk. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
10. "Bobby Hunt". Coludata.co.uk. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
11. "Ken Plant". Coludata.co.uk. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
12. "Ian Johnstone". Coludata.co.uk. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
13. "John Roe". Coludata.co.uk. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
14. "Brian Dobson". Coludata.co.uk. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
15. "Goals". Coludata.co.uk. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
16. "Clean sheets (1st team)". Coludata.co.uk. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
17. "Alltime- List of Debuts". Coludaybyday.co.uk. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2016.

## InfoBox

Colchester United
| 1959–60 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Chairman | Bill Allen |
| Manager | Benny Fenton |
| Stadium | Layer Road |
| Third Division | 9th |
| FA Cup | 1st round
(eliminated by
Queens Park Rangers) |
| Top goalscorer | League:
Martyn King (30)
All:
Martyn King (30) |
| Highest home attendance | 13,053
v Norwich City, 20 February 1960 |
| Lowest home attendance | 5,215
v Accrington Stanley, 30 April 1960 |
| Average home league attendance | 7,856 |
| Biggest win | 4–0
v Tranmere Rovers, 5 March 1960;
5–1
v Accrington Stanley, 30 April 1960 |
| Biggest defeat | 1–4
v Grimsby Town, 1 September 1959;
1–4
v Shrewsbury Town, 19 September 1959 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


abstract: Symbolism in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the process whereby objects or actions have been invested with an inner meaning expressing church ideas. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and its membership have adopted a number of symbols that differ from those typically used in Christianity.

text:
# Symbolism in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

Symbolism in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) is the process whereby objects or actions have been invested with an inner meaning expressing church ideas. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and its membership have adopted a number of symbols that differ from those typically used in Christianity.

## Common symbols

An image of the Angel Moroni blowing a trumpet is often used as an unofficial symbol of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Moroni is commonly identified by Latter-day Saints as the angel mentioned in Revelation 14:6, "having the everlasting gospel to preach unto them that dwell on the earth, and to every nation, and kindred, and tongue, and people". Moroni appears on the cover of some editions of the Book of Mormon, on USVA headstones, and statues of the angel stand atop many LDS temples. In 2007, the LDS Church claimed that an image of the angel Moroni in an advertisement violated one of the church's registered trademarks. However, in recent years, the church’s temples’ spires have not featured the angel Moroni, as had traditionally been the case.

Images of temples, especially of the Salt Lake Temple, are commonly used in Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints media as symbols of the faith. Additionally, church leaders have encouraged members to hang pictures of temples on the walls of their homes, and it has become a common cultural phenomenon described even in publications intended for children. The architecture of many church temples contain symbols and symbolic motifs.

A 3.4 m replica of Bertel Thorvaldsen's *Christus* is on display in the Temple Square North Visitors' Center in Salt Lake City. There are additional replicas of this statue in several other LDS Visitors' Centers, including those at the Mesa Arizona, Los Angeles California, the Washington D.C., and Laie Hawaii temples. The LDS Church commonly uses images of the statue in official church media, such as the Internet site churchofjesuschrist.org. On April 4, 2020, church president Russell M. Nelson announced the church would include the Christus, together with other elements, in a new "symbol" or "emblem" to represent the Church in its literature, news, and events.

Members of the church may wear a ring with the Choose the Right shield to remind them to be righteous.

When questioned on the subject of symbols, church president Gordon B. Hinckley said that Latter-day Saints themselves are the best symbols of their religion.

## Sacred symbols

The church teaches that its ordinances are symbolic. Some of these ordinances are held in common with other Christian churches. For instance, in the sacrament of the Lord's Supper, bread represents the body of Jesus and water represents his blood. In baptism by immersion, the water represents purification and cleansing from sin, and immersion in water represents the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus.

Ordinances performed in church temples differ from those practiced by other Christians. The church teaches that because "almost every aspect of \[its\] temple ceremony is symbolic ... each person should prepare to be as spiritually sensitive as possible to \[its\] symbolic nature". The symbolic elements involved in the temple ceremonies are considered sacred by members and are not generally discussed publicly by Latter-day Saints. Two symbolic aspects of temple practices are commonly referred to openly:

* Members who enter the temple change into white temple clothing to remind them of leaving outside the cares of the world, and of becoming one with each other by being dressed in similar clothing that symbolizes purity and cleanliness.
* Each temple includes a baptismal font patterned after the "molten sea" described in Solomon's Temple. The font is placed below ground level, signifying a place of symbolic burial of the carnal individual and a renewal of life as a "born again" individual who has covenanted to become clean through the atonement of Jesus. The font being placed below ground level also symbolizes that it is to be used for baptism for the dead—of people who have been buried. The font is placed on twelve oxen, three facing each direction, symbolizing the twelve tribes of Israel whose descendants are scattered throughout the earth. The church teaches that the dead person being baptized by proxy may accept the ordinance in the Spirit world and thus be joined with the House of Israel in an eternal covenant with Jesus.

Latter-day Saints who have participated in the endowment ceremony wear temple garments as underclothes. Wearing the garment is viewed as "an outward expression of an inward commitment" to follow Jesus. The garments contain four embroidered marks over the breasts, the navel, and the right knee, each of which has symbolic meaning to serve as reminders to the wearer of covenants made as part of the endowment.

## Guidelines

By policy, no pictures or icons are depicted in the chapel within LDS Church meetinghouses, in order to avoid an image becoming the focus of worship. However, images such as paintings of Christ and photographs of LDS Church leaders and temples are common in other parts of church buildings.

Unlike many other Christians, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints does not use the cross, crucifix or ichthys as symbols of faith. Many Latter-day Saints view crucifixion-related symbols as emphasizing the death of Jesus rather than his life and resurrection. The early LDS Church was more accepting of the symbol of the cross, but after the turn of the 20th century, an aversion to it developed in Mormon culture. In 1957, church president David O. McKay institutionalized the cultural uneasiness regarding the cross, stating that wearing cross jewelry is not appropriate for Latter-day Saints, and that the use of the cross is a "Catholic form of worship".

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints strongly discourages tattoos, including those which incorporate LDS symbols promoted in other art forms. Likewise body piercing, even if they include symbols that would otherwise be acceptable, are discouraged.

In the 1950s there was a resistance from LDS Church leadership to having artistic portrayals of Jesus. For example, when Arnold Friberg created his series of Book of Mormon paintings, his initial portrayal of Christ visiting the Americas was rejected by LDS Church leadership. Friberg's final portrayal shows Christ at a distance, descending far from the sky.


title: Natália Carrascalão

abstract: Maria Natália Guterres Viegas Carrascalão da Conceição Antunes is a former Portuguese politician, and is currently an East Timorese diplomat. Since 2020, she has been the East Timorese Ambassador to Singapore. Earlier, from 1999 to 2009, she was a Social Democratic Party (PSD) member of the Assembly of the Republic, the unicameral parliament of Portugal. Between 2009 and 2014, she was the East Timorese Ambassador to Portugal, and was also accredited to Spain and Cape Verde. From 2016 until 2020, she was East Timorese Ambassador to Laos. Carrascalão is one of the 14 children born to Portuguese exile Manuel Viegas Carrascalão and his Timorese wife Marcelina Guterres; several of the Carrascalão children, and their father, have played important political roles in East Timor since their father arrived there as a political prisoner in 1927.

text:
# Natália Carrascalão

**Maria Natália Guterres Viegas Carrascalão da Conceição Antunes** (born 24 December 1952) is a former Portuguese politician, and is currently an East Timorese diplomat. Since 2020, she has been the East Timorese Ambassador to Singapore.

Earlier, from 1999 to 2009, she was a Social Democratic Party (PSD) member of the Assembly of the Republic, the unicameral parliament of Portugal. Between 2009 and 2014, she was the East Timorese Ambassador to Portugal, and was also accredited to Spain and Cape Verde. From 2016 until 2020, she was East Timorese Ambassador to Laos.

Carrascalão is one of the 14 children born to Portuguese exile Manuel Viegas Carrascalão and his Timorese wife Marcelina Guterres; several of the Carrascalão children, and their father, have played important political roles in East Timor since their father arrived there as a political prisoner in 1927.

Media related to Natália Carrascalão Antunes at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Natália Carrascalão | |
| --- | --- |
| Carrascalão in 2020 | |
|  | |
| East Timorese Ambassador to Singapore | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
2020 | |
| East Timorese Ambassador to Laos | |
| **In office**
2016–2020 | |
| East Timorese Ambassador to Portugal | |
| **In office**
2009–2014 | |
| Member of the Assembly of the Republic (Portugal) | |
| **In office**
1999–2009 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1952-12-24) 24 December 1952 |
| Political party | Social Democratic Party (Portugal) (PSD) |
| Parent |  |
|  | |


title: Tõnu Endrekson

abstract: Tõnu Endrekson is an Estonian rower. He is a five-time Olympic finalist and dual Olympic medal winner. He was fourth in the double sculls event with Leonid Gulov at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens and won a silver medal in 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing in the double sculls event with Jüri Jaanson. He is a member of Pärnu Sõudeklubi, located in Pärnu.

text:
# Tõnu Endrekson

**Tõnu Endrekson** (born 11 June 1979) is an Estonian rower. He is a five-time Olympic finalist and dual Olympic medal winner. He was fourth in the double sculls event with Leonid Gulov at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens and won a silver medal in 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing in the double sculls event with Jüri Jaanson. He is a member of *Pärnu Sõudeklubi* (Pärnu Rowing Club), located in Pärnu.

## Junior years

Endrekson competed in the World Rowing Junior Championships in 1996 in the double sculls event (24th) and 1997 in the single sculls event (16th). In 2001 he won a gold medal in the World Rowing U23 Regatta (now World Rowing U23 Championships) in the double sculls event with Leonid Gulov.

## Olympic Games

His first appearance in the Olympic Games was in Athens 2004, where he competed in the double sculls event with Leonid Gulov. The men were third in their preliminary heat and second in semi-final thus earning a place in the Final A. They held the sixth position for the first 1500 metres, but with the strong final 500 metres they managed to clinch the fourth position. Eventually they lost the bronze medal to Italians Rossano Galtarossa and Alessio Sartori by 2,37 seconds.

In Beijing 2008 Endrekson also competed in the double sculls event but now with Estonian rowing legend Jüri Jaanson. The duo was third in their preliminary heat. In the semi-finals the men were second and assured themselves a place in the Final A. They finished second in the final just 0,05 seconds in front of the British duo Matthew Wells and Stephen Rowbotham.

At London 2012, he competed in the men's quadruple sculls with Andrei Jämsä, Allar Raja and Kaspar Taimsoo, finishing in fourth place.

## World Championships

Endrekson debuted in the World Rowing Championships in 2001 in Lucerne, Switzerland. He competed in the quadruple sculls event with Leonid Gulov, Andrei Šilin and Silver Sonntak. They won the Final B and earned 7th place.

2002 in Seville, Spain, he was a member of the quadruple sculls team with Andrei Šilin, Igor Kuzmin and Silver Sonntak. They won the Final B and earned 7th place.

2003 in Milan, Italy Endrekson, Gulov, Šilin and Sonntak were 7th once more.

Endrekson won his first World Championships medal in 2005 in Gifu, Japan in the quadruple sculls event with Andrei Jämsä, Leonid Gulov and Jüri Jaanson when they finished third after Poland and Slovenia.

In the 2006 World Championships held in Eton, Great Britain Endrekson was again in the bronze-winning quadruple sculls team with Jämsä, Kuzmin and Allar Raja. Gold medals went to Poland and silver medals to Ukraine.

In 2007 season Endrekson decided to compete in the double sculls with Jaanson. They won two World Cup events and were third in the World Championships in Munich, Germany, after Slovenia and France.

For the 2009 World Championships held in Poznań, Poland, Endrekson was back in the quadruple sculls team, this time together with Jämsä, Kuzmin and Vladimir Latin. The team finished 10th overall.

Endrekson competed in the 2010 World Championships in the single sculls event finishing 9th overall.

In the 2015 FISA World Rowing Championships (Lac d'Aiguebelette) he won a bronze medal in the quadruple scull with Allar Raja, Kaspar Taimsoo and Andrei Jämsä

## Achievements

### Olympic Games

### World Rowing Championships

* 2001 – 7th, Quadruple sculls (with Silver Sonntak, Andrei Šilin, Leonid Gulov)
* 2002 – 7th, Quadruple sculls (with Silver Sonntak, Igor Kuzmin, Andrei Šilin)
* 2003 – 7th, Quadruple sculls (with Silver Sonntak, Andrei Šilin, Leonid Gulov)
* 2005 – Bronze , Quadruple sculls (with Jüri Jaanson, Leonid Gulov, Andrei Jämsä)
* 2006 – Bronze , Quadruple sculls (with Allar Raja, Igor Kuzmin, Andrei Jämsä)
* 2007 – Bronze , Double sculls (with Jüri Jaanson)
* 2009 – 10th, Quadruple sculls (with Igor Kuzmin, Vladimir Latin, Andrei Jämsä)
* 2010 – 9th, Single sculls
* 2011 – 16th, Quadruple sculls (with Kaur Kuslap, Sten-Erik Anderson, Andrei Jämsä)
* 2014 – 16th, Double sculls (with Andrei Jämsä)
* 2015 – Bronze , Quadruple sculls (with Andrei Jämsä, Allar Raja, Kaspar Taimsoo)
* 2017 – Bronze , Quadruple sculls (with Kaspar Taimsoo, Allar Raja, Kaur Kuslap)

### European Rowing Championships

* 2008 – Gold , Quadruple sculls (with Allar Raja, Andrei Jämsä, Jüri Jaanson)
* 2009 – 8th, Quadruple sculls (with Igor Kuzmin, Valeri Prosvirnin, Andrei Jämsä)
* 2010 – 5th, Single sculls
* 2011 – Silver , Quadruple sculls (with Andrei Jämsä, Allar Raja, Kaspar Taimsoo)
* 2012 – Gold , Quadruple sculls (with Andrei Jämsä, Allar Raja, Kaspar Taimsoo)
* 2013 – 12th, Single sculls
* 2014 – 14th, Double sculls (with Andrei Jämsä)
* 2015 – 8th, Quadruple sculls (with Allar Raja, Sten-Erik Anderson, Kaspar Taimsoo)
* 2016 – Gold , Quadruple sculls (with Andrei Jämsä, Allar Raja, Kaspar Taimsoo)

### U23 World Rowing Championships

* 2001 – Gold , Double sculls (with Leonid Gulov)

### Junior World Rowing Championships

* 1996 – 24th, Double sculls
* 1997 – 16th, Single sculls

## Rowing World Cup

Overall wins

* Quadruple sculls: 2005
* Double sculls: 2007

## Orders

*Order of the White Star, 2nd Class:* 2009

## InfoBox

Tõnu Endrekson
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | Estonian |
| Born | (1979-06-11) 11 June 1979
Pärnu, Estonia |
| *Alma mater* | University of Tartu |
| Height | 1.97 m (6 ft 6 in) |
| Weight | 99 kg (218 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Rowing |
| Event | M4x |
| Club | Pärnu Sõudeklubi |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Olympic finals | Athens 2004 M2X
Beijing 2008 M2X
London 2012 M4X
Rio 2016 M4X
Tokyo 2020 M4X |
| Medal record      Men's rowing  Representing  Estonia  International rowing competitions   Event 1st 2nd 3rd  Olympic Games 0 1 1  World Championships 0 0 5  European Championships 3 1 0  World U23 Championship 1 0 0  **Total** **4** **2** **6**   Olympic Games  2008 Beijing Double sculls  2016 Rio de Janeiro Quadruple sculls  World Championships  2005 Gifu Quadruple sculls  2006 Eton Quadruple sculls  2007 Munich Double sculls  2015 Aiguebelette Quadruple sculls  2017 Sarasota Quadruple sculls  European Championships  2008 Marathon Quadruple sculls  2012 Varese Quadruple sculls  2016 Brandenburg Quadruple sculls  2011 Plovdiv Quadruple sculls | |
| Updated on 30 September 2017 | |


title: Xiangyangjie

abstract: Xiangyangjie Subdistrict is a subdistrict and the seat of Jinshi City in Hunan, China. The subdistrict was formed in 1966, in December 2002, Yangyou Township was merged to it. It has an area of 11.5 km⁲ (4.4 sq mi) with a population of about 20,440. It has 7 communities under its jurisdiction.

text:
# Xiangyangjie

**Xiangyangjie Subdistrict** (Chinese: 襄阳街街道; pinyin: *Xiāngyángjiē Jiēdào*) is a subdistrict and the seat of Jinshi City in Hunan, China. The subdistrict was formed in 1966, in December 2002, *Yangyou Township* (Chinese: 阳由乡) was merged to it. It has an area of 11.5 km2 (4.4 sq mi) with a population of about 20,440 (as of 2016). It has 7 communities under its jurisdiction.

33°46′N 108°47′E / 33.767°N 108.783°E / 33.767; 108.783


title: Wuxu Airport railway station

abstract: Wuxu Airport railway station is a railway station in Jiangnan District, Nanning, Guangxi, China. It is an intermediate station on the Nanning–Pingxiang high-speed railway. The station opened on 5 December 2022. The railway station is adjacent to Terminal 2 of Nanning Wuxu International Airport. The planned Terminal 3 will be located at the other side of the station.

text:
# Wuxu Airport railway station

**Wuxu Airport railway station** (Chinese: 吴圩机场站; pinyin: *Wúxū Jīchǎng zhàn*) is a railway station in Jiangnan District, Nanning, Guangxi, China. It is an intermediate station on the Nanning–Pingxiang high-speed railway. The station opened on 5 December 2022.

The railway station is adjacent to Terminal 2 of Nanning Wuxu International Airport. The planned Terminal 3 will be located at the other side of the station.

| Preceding station | China Railway High-speed | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| NanningTerminus |  | Nanning–Pingxiang high-speed railway |  | Fusui Southtowards Pingxiang East |

## InfoBox

| Wuxu Airport
吴圩机场 | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Location | Jiangnan District, Nanning, Guangxi
China |
| Coordinates | 22°36′9.3″N 108°11′0.7″E / 22.602583°N 108.183528°E / 22.602583; 108.183528 |
| Line(s) | Nanning–Pingxiang high-speed railway |
| Connections | Nanning Wuxu International Airport |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Wuxu, Anhui

abstract:
Wuxu is a town in Dingyuan County, Anhui. As of 2020, it administers one residential community and the following twenty villages:
  - Wuxu Village
  - Beiji Village (北集村)
  - Xikong Village (西孔村)
  - Gengxiang Village (耿巷村)
  - Dawei Village (大魏村)
  - Chenji Village (陈集村)
  - Shangli Village (上李村)
  - Zhangang Village (站岗村)
  - Guantang Village (官塘村)
  - Nanzhou Village (南周村)
  - Qigang Village (齐岗村)
  - Yanshou Village (延寿村)
  - Dahu Village (大户村)
  - Xuangang Village (宣岗村)
  - Shanliu Village (山刘村)
  - Jiuzi Village (九梓村)
  - Gaogeng Village (高埂村)
  - Yangqiao Village (杨桥村)
  - Damu Village (大木村)
  - Yongxing Village (永兴村)

text:
# Wuxu, Anhui

**Wuxu** (simplified Chinese: 吴圩; traditional Chinese: 吳圩; pinyin: *Wúxū*) is a town in Dingyuan County, Anhui. As of 2020, it administers one residential community and the following twenty villages:

* Wuxu Village
* Beiji Village (北集村)
* Xikong Village (西孔村)
* Gengxiang Village (耿巷村)
* Dawei Village (大魏村)
* Chenji Village (陈集村)
* Shangli Village (上李村)
* Zhangang Village (站岗村)
* Guantang Village (官塘村)
* Nanzhou Village (南周村)
* Qigang Village (齐岗村)
* Yanshou Village (延寿村)
* Dahu Village (大户村)
* Xuangang Village (宣岗村)
* Shanliu Village (山刘村)
* Jiuzi Village (九梓村)
* Gaogeng Village (高埂村)
* Yangqiao Village (杨桥村)
* Damu Village (大木村)
* Yongxing Village (永兴村)

## InfoBox

| Wuxu 吴圩镇 | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| WuxuLocation in China | |
| Coordinates: 32°22′23″N 117°27′53″E / 32.37306°N 117.46472°E / 32.37306; 117.46472 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Anhui |
| Prefecture-level city | Chuzhou |
| County | Dingyuan County |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |


title: Włodzimierz Dąbrowski

abstract: Włodzimierz Dąbrowski was a Polish lawyer and political activist in Silesia. Dąbrowski participated in the Silesian Uprisings. He was murdered during World War II by the Germans at Auschwitz concentration camp.

text:
# Włodzimierz Dąbrowski

**Włodzimierz Dąbrowski** (11 August 1892 in Cieszyn – 1942 in Auschwitz) was a Polish lawyer and political activist in Silesia.

Dąbrowski participated in the Silesian Uprisings. He was murdered during World War II by the Germans at Auschwitz concentration camp.

## Works

* *Rok walki o rządy na Śląsku Cieszyńskim* 1919
* *Górny Śląsk w walce o zjednoczenie z Polską* (Upper Silesia's Struggle for Union with Poland, 1923).


title: Władysławów, Silesian Voivodeship

abstract: Władysławów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Miedźno, within Kłobuck County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) north of Kłobuck and 86 km (53 mi) north of the regional capital Katowice.

text:
# Władysławów, Silesian Voivodeship

**Władysławów** \[vwadɨˈswavuf\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Miedźno, within Kłobuck County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) north of Kłobuck and 86 km (53 mi) north of the regional capital Katowice.

## InfoBox

| Władysławów | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Władysławów | |
| Coordinates: 51°1′N 18°59′E / 51.017°N 18.983°E / 51.017; 18.983 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Silesian |
| County | Kłobuck |
| Gmina | Miedźno |
| Population | 345 |


title: Wyton, Cambridgeshire

abstract: Wyton is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Houghton and Wyton, in Cambridgeshire, England. It lies approximately 2 miles (3 km) east of Huntingdon. Wyton is connected to the village of Houghton, so much so that the two settlements are rarely regarded as separate. Wyton is situated within Huntingdonshire, a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire as well as being a historic county of England. In 1931 the parish had a population of 445. Wyton lies about a mile south of RAF Wyton.

text:
# Wyton, Cambridgeshire

**Wyton** is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Houghton and Wyton, in Cambridgeshire, England. It lies approximately 2 miles (3 km) east of Huntingdon. Wyton is connected to the village of Houghton, so much so that the two settlements are rarely regarded as separate. Wyton is situated within Huntingdonshire, a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire as well as being a historic county of England. In 1931 the parish had a population of 445.

Wyton lies about a mile south of RAF Wyton.

## History

In 1085 William the Conqueror ordered that a survey should be carried out across his kingdom to discover who owned which parts and what it was worth. The survey took place in 1086 and the results were recorded in what, since the 12th century, has become known as the Domesday Book. Starting with the king himself, for each landholder within a county there is a list of their estates or manors; and, for each manor, there is a summary of the resources of the manor, the amount of annual rent that was collected by the lord of the manor both in 1066 and in 1086, together with the taxable value.

Wyton was listed in the Domesday Book in the Hundred of Hurstingstone in Huntingdonshire; the name of the settlement was written as *Witune* in the Domesday Book. In 1086 there was just one manor at Wyton; the annual rent paid to the lord of the manor in 1066 had been £7 and the rent was the same in 1086.

The Domesday Book does not explicitly detail the population of a place but it records that there was 30 households at Wyton. There is no consensus about the average size of a household at that time; estimates range from 3.5 to 5.0 people per household. Using these figures then an estimate of the population of Wyton in 1086 is that it was within the range of 105 and 150 people.

The Domesday Book uses a number of units of measure for areas of land that are now unfamiliar terms, such as hides and ploughlands. In different parts of the country, these were terms for the area of land that a team of eight oxen could plough in a single season and are equivalent to 120 acres (49 hectares); this was the amount of land that was considered to be sufficient to support a single family. By 1086, the hide had become a unit of tax assessment rather than an actual land area; a hide was the amount of land that could be assessed as £1 for tax purposes. The survey records that there were ten ploughlands at Wyton in 1086. In addition to the arable land, there was 40 acres (16 hectares) of meadows and a water mill at Wyton.

The tax assessment in the Domesday Book was known as geld or danegeld and was a type of land-tax based on the hide or ploughland. It was originally a way of collecting a tribute to pay off the Danes when they attacked England, and was only levied when necessary. Following the Norman Conquest, the geld was used to raise money for the King and to pay for continental wars; by 1130, the geld was being collected annually. Having determined the value of a manor's land and other assets, a tax of so many shillings and pence per pound of value would be levied on the land holder. While this was typically two shillings in the pound the amount did vary; for example, in 1084 it was as high as six shillings in the pound. For the manor at Wyton the total tax assessed was seven geld.

By 1086 there was already a church and a priest at Wyton.

## Government

Wyton is part of the civil parish of *Houghton and Wyton*, which has a parish council. The parish council is elected by the residents of the parish who have registered on the electoral roll; the parish council is the lowest tier of government in England. A parish council is responsible for providing and maintaining a variety of local services including allotments and a cemetery; grass cutting and tree planting within public open spaces such as a village green or playing fields. The parish council reviews all planning applications that might affect the parish and makes recommendations to Huntingdonshire District Council, which is the local planning authority for the parish. The parish council also represents the views of the parish on issues such as local transport, policing and the environment. The parish council raises its own tax to pay for these services, known as the parish precept, which is collected as part of the Council Tax. The parish council has nine councillors and meets approximately every two weeks through the year. On 1 April 1935 the parish of Wyton was abolished to form "Houghton and Wyton".

Wyton was in the historic and administrative county of Huntingdonshire until 1965. From 1965, the village was part of the new administrative county of Huntingdon and Peterborough. Then in 1974, following the Local Government Act 1972, Wyton became a part of the county of Cambridgeshire.

The second tier of local government is Huntingdonshire District Council which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire and has its headquarters in Huntingdon. Huntingdonshire District Council has 52 councillors representing 29 district wards. Huntingdonshire District Council collects the council tax, and provides services such as building regulations, local planning, environmental health, leisure and tourism. Wyton is a part of the district ward of *The Hemingfords* and is represented on the district council by two councillors. District councillors serve for four-year terms following elections to Huntingdonshire District Council.

For Wyton the highest tier of local government is Cambridgeshire County Council which has administration buildings in Cambridge. The county council provides county-wide services such as major road infrastructure, fire and rescue, education, social services, libraries and heritage services. Cambridgeshire County Council consists of 69 councillors representing 60 electoral divisions. Wyton is part of the electoral division of *The Hemingfords and Fen Stanton* and is represented on the county council by one councillor.

At Westminster Wyton is in the parliamentary constituency of Huntingdon, and elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. Wyton is represented in the House of Commons by Jonathan Djanogly (Conservative). Jonathan Djanogly has represented the constituency since 2001. The previous member of parliament was John Major (Conservative) who represented the constituency between 1983 and 2001.

## Demography

### Population

In the period 1801 to 1901 the population of the separate parishes of Houghton and Wyton was recorded every ten years by the UK census. During this time the population was in the range of 467 (the lowest was in 1901) and 818 (the highest was in 1871).

From 1901, a census was taken every ten years with the exception of 1941 (due to the Second World War).

| Parish
 | 1911
 | 1921
 | 1931
 | 1951
 | 1961
 | 1971
 | 1981
 | 1991
 | 2001
 | 2011
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Houghton | 350 | 315 | 321 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Wyton | 169 | 323 | 445 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Houghton and Wyton | 519 | 638 | 766 | 2437 | 2908 | 4114 | 3699 | 3363 | 2559 | 1817 |
|

All population census figures from report *Historic Census figures Cambridgeshire to 2011* by *Cambridgeshire Insight*.

The separate parishes of Houghton and Wyton were combined into a single parish in 1935. Part of this parish's area was separated as a new parish of Wyton on the Hill in 2010.

In 2011, the parish covered an area of 1,623 acres (657 hectares) and so the population density of Houghton and Wyton in 2011 was 716.5 persons per square mile (276.6 per square kilometre).

## InfoBox

| Wyton | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| WytonLocation within Cambridgeshire | |
| OS grid reference | TL271722 |
| Civil parish |  |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Huntingdon |
| Postcode district | PE28 |
|  | |
| Police | Cambridgeshire |
| Fire | Cambridgeshire |
| Ambulance | East of England |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Word Baker

abstract: Charles "Word" Baker was an American theatre director and teacher who is most famous for mounting the original off-Broadway production of The Fantasticks.

text:
# Word Baker

**Charles "Word" Baker** (March 21, 1923 – October 31, 1995) was an American theatre director and teacher who is most famous for mounting the original off-Broadway production of *The Fantasticks*.

## Early life and education

Baker was born and raised in Honey Grove, Texas. He first found his love of music and theatre by listening to his mother Maggie teach and play the organ at the local Presbyterian church. After high school Baker decided to study drama at the University of Texas at Austin, where he met future collaborators Tom Jones and Harvey Schmidt. As a graduate student from 1948 to 1951 he, along with Jones and Schmidt, created a theatrical revue which sparked the main outline of *The Fantasticks*.

## Theatrical career

When Baker moved to New York in 1956, he decided to replace his first name with his mother's maiden name, Word. Baker's first Broadway credit was as a replacement stage manager in the musical *Happy Hunting*. It wasn't until his former college friends, Jones and Schmidt, decided to give him a call that he got his big break. Baker got his New York City directing debut at The Sullivan Street Playhouse in Greenwich Village in 1960. The original production of *The Fantasticks*, in the small 150-seat theatre, spawned a run that lasted more than forty years and for 17,162 performances. In 1961, Baker directed the musical's West End production, which opened to mixed reviews. The only Broadway production that Baker directed was as a replacement in 1962 for the show *A Family Affair*. After an almost 16 year hiatus, Baker would return to direct the off-Broadway production of *I'm Getting My Act Together and Taking It on the Road*, which he would take to London three years later.

Baker also directed the televised version of *The Glass Menagerie*, which starred Lillian Gish.

## Later life and death

After 1978, Baker did not return to New York to direct, but instead focused on teaching. Baker taught theatrical directing at institutions such as Carnegie Mellon, Boston Conservatory, University of Cincinnati – College-Conservatory of Music, and his alma mater.

Baker's wife Joanna died in 1966. They had three daughters: Barbara, Betsy, and Lucy. Baker died at age 72 in Paris, Texas.


title: Xanthomonas nasturtii

abstract: Xanthomonas nasturii a gram-negative, obligate aerobic bacterium that like many other Xanthomonas spp. bacteria has been found associated with plants, in particular watercress. It causes black rot of watercress.

text:
# Xanthomonas nasturtii

***Xanthomonas nasturii*** a gram-negative, obligate aerobic bacterium that like many other *Xanthomonas* spp. bacteria has been found associated with plants, in particular watercress (*Nasturtium officinale*). It causes black rot of watercress.

## Hosts and symptoms

Symptoms include small yellow or dark leaf lesions around the hydathodes, V -shaped leaf lesions, wilt, distortion of plants and early senescence. Initially the symptoms were attributed to *Xanthomonas campestris* due to the similarity of symptoms with black rot of brassicas.

## Distribution and economic importance

Watercress is a relatively small crop worldwide, but economically significant for some particular regions of the globe. Black rot of watercress can lower the quality of the watercress and possibly limit yields. It was reported that infections can lead to up to 60% yield reduction and rejection of crops.

The disease has been found in samples from the US, Florida and Hawaii. The disease has been regularly observed in Hawaii production in all islands, mostly during the rainy season from December to April in areas with poor air circulation.

This disease has also been found in Europe, in Spain and Portugal. It is likely that the disease can be seed transmitted as it has been detected in a seed sample from Spain.

## Control

Like for other bacterial diseases, control might involve the use of copper bactericides. It is advised to minimize moisture on leaves by reducing overhead irrigation and increasing air circulation.

## InfoBox

| *Xanthomonas nasturtii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Xanthomonas nasturii* symptoms on watercress | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
| Class: | Gammaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Xanthomonadales |
| Family: | Xanthomonadaceae |
| Genus: | *Xanthomonas* |
| Species: | ***X. nasturtii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xanthomonas nasturtii***<br>Vincente, 2017 | |
|


title: Wu Jingbin

abstract: Wu Jingbin was a Chinese politician. She was among the first group of women elected to the Legislative Yuan in 1948.

text:
# Wu Jingbin

**Wu Jingbin** (Chinese: 烏靜彬, 23 July 1914 – May 1990) was a Chinese politician. She was among the first group of women elected to the Legislative Yuan in 1948.

## Biography

Wu was born in 1914, the daughter of Mongolian prince and politician Gungsangnorbu. She married Manchukzabu in 1930. In 1935 she entered Ürümqi Girls' Middle School, where she became president of the student council. She also became a member of the Xinjiang Women’s Association and a committee member of the women's section of the Xinjiang People’s Anti-Imperial Union.

She joined the Kuomintang in 1942. In the 1948 elections for the Legislative Yuan, she was a candidate in the Ching Setkhitu League in Inner Mongolia and was elected to parliament. After being elected, she sat on the Border Policy and Education and Culture committees. She remained in China following the Chinese Civil War, and in 1951 was arrested and imprisoned during the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries. After being released, she later served as secretary-general of the Xinjiang Uiygur Autonomous Region Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. She died in Ürümqi in 1975.

## InfoBox

| Wu Jingbin | |
| --- | --- |
| 烏靜彬 | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Legislative Yuan | |
| **In office**
1948–1963 | |
| Constituency | Ching Setkhitu League |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 23 July 1914 |
| Died | 27 May 1975(1975-05-27) (aged 60)
Ürümqi, China |
| Political party | Kuomintang |
|  | |


title: Wygoda, Gmina Ślesin

abstract: Wygoda is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ślesin, within Konin County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.

text:
# Wygoda, Gmina Ślesin

**Wygoda** \[vɨˈɡɔda\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ślesin, within Konin County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.

## InfoBox

| Wygoda | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Wygoda | |
| Coordinates: 51°51′20″N 18°23′21″E / 51.85556°N 18.38917°E / 51.85556; 18.38917 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Konin |
| Gmina | Ślesin |


title: Xenohyla truncata

abstract: Xenohyla truncata, the Izecksohn's Brazilian treefrog, is a species of frugivorous tree frog in the family Hylidae. It is endemic to the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The range of this frog ranges from the southern border of Espírito Santo down to Ilha da Marambaia, inhabiting mostly restingas near the coast and on some islands. They shelter inside bromeliads such as Neoregelia cruenta during the day and breed in temporary pools. When disturbed, this tree frog will tilt its head down, outstretch its legs, and puff up. This posture breaks up the frogs outline and makes it appear larger. These tree frogs are listed as near threatened because they are restricted to an area of less than 20,000 square kilometres and because human development modifies or destroys their restinga habitats. As a juvenile, Xenohyla truncata has white stripes down the sides of its body but they disappear at maturity, leaving the adult frog a uniform brown or orange. This species of frog is unique in that it is the only known frugivorous frog in the world. This frog will eat various types of plants, including Anthurium harrisii, Erythroxylum ovalifolium, and Maytenus obtusifolia. Inside the stomach contents of Xenohyla truncata were found many different types of arthropods, fruits, seeds, pods, pulp and flowers. The amount of plant material eaten by the frog likely depends on the blooming and fruiting periods of the plants, with various types of arthropods eaten instead when plants are unavailable. The frog will locate the fruit and simply snap at it, swallowing it whole. The frog has been found to defecate viable seeds and likely helps in the spread of the plants it consumes. The plants Erythroxylum ovalifolium and Maytenus obtusifolia both contain toxic alkaloids and terpenes, and Xenohyla truncata has been found to excrete from its skin the chemical compound N-phenyl-acetamide, which is capable of causing liver and kidney damage in vertebrates. Several of the arthropods consumed by the frog have been found to inhabit bromeliads. These arthropods are cockroach larvae, dragonfly larvae, and crab spiders. This suggests that the bromeliads not only provide cover during the day, but also a food source. Sand has also been found in the digestive tract, meaning that the frog forages on the ground.

text:
# Xenohyla truncata

***Xenohyla truncata***, the **Izecksohn's Brazilian treefrog**, is a species of frugivorous tree frog in the family Hylidae. It is endemic to the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

The range of this frog ranges from the southern border of Espírito Santo down to Ilha da Marambaia, inhabiting mostly restingas near the coast and on some islands. They shelter inside bromeliads such as *Neoregelia cruenta* during the day and breed in temporary pools. When disturbed, this tree frog will tilt its head down, outstretch its legs, and puff up. This posture breaks up the frogs outline and makes it appear larger. These tree frogs are listed as near threatened because they are restricted to an area of less than 20,000 square kilometres and because human development modifies or destroys their restinga habitats. As a juvenile, *Xenohyla truncata* has white stripes down the sides of its body but they disappear at maturity, leaving the adult frog a uniform brown or orange.

This species of frog is unique in that it is the only known frugivorous frog in the world. This frog will eat various types of plants, including *Anthurium harrisii*, *Erythroxylum ovalifolium*, and *Maytenus obtusifolia*. Inside the stomach contents of *Xenohyla truncata* were found many different types of arthropods, fruits, seeds, pods, pulp and flowers. The amount of plant material eaten by the frog likely depends on the blooming and fruiting periods of the plants, with various types of arthropods eaten instead when plants are unavailable. The frog will locate the fruit and simply snap at it, swallowing it whole. The frog has been found to defecate viable seeds and likely helps in the spread of the plants it consumes.

The plants *Erythroxylum ovalifolium* and *Maytenus obtusifolia* both contain toxic alkaloids and terpenes, and *Xenohyla truncata* has been found to excrete from its skin the chemical compound N-phenyl-acetamide, which is capable of causing liver and kidney damage in vertebrates. Several of the arthropods consumed by the frog have been found to inhabit bromeliads. These arthropods are cockroach larvae, dragonfly larvae, and crab spiders. This suggests that the bromeliads not only provide cover during the day, but also a food source. Sand has also been found in the digestive tract, meaning that the frog forages on the ground.

## Pollination

This is the first amphibian to have been observed pollinating plants, *Cordia taguahyensis* (Boraginaceae) and *Iris x germanica* (Iridaceae).

## InfoBox

| Izecksohn's Brazilian tree frog | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Hylidae |
| Genus: | *Xenohyla* |
| Species: | ***X. truncata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xenohyla truncata***
(Izecksohn, 1998) | |
|
|  | |
| Extant (resident) | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Hyla truncata* Izecksohn, 1959 * *Hyla depressa* Izecksohn, 1959 | |


title: Włodzimierzewo

abstract: Włodzimierzewo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kcynia, within Nakło County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.

text:
# Włodzimierzewo

**Włodzimierzewo** \[vwɔd͡ʑimjɛˈʐɛvɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kcynia, within Nakło County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.

## InfoBox

| Włodzimierzewo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Włodzimierzewo | |
| Coordinates: 52°57′23″N 17°29′08″E / 52.95639°N 17.48556°E / 52.95639; 17.48556 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
| County | Nakło |
| Gmina | Kcynia |


title: Xavion

abstract: Xavion was a rock band from Memphis, Tennessee, that was active in the 1980s. They had the distinction of being the first African-American rock group to appear on MTV. They are known for the singles "Get Me Hot" and "Eat Your Heart Out".

text:
# Xavion

**Xavion** was a rock band from Memphis, Tennessee, that was active in the 1980s. They had the distinction of being the first African-American rock group to appear on MTV. They are known for the singles "Get Me Hot" and "Eat Your Heart Out".

## Background

The band was founded by Michael "Slugger" Tucker and later discovered by Jim Delehart of Mirage Records. It was fronted by Dexter Haygood and at one stage they toured with Hall & Oates. The also toured with The Bar Kays, The Romantics and Sly & the Family Stone. They were managed by Tommy Mottola. They also had a degree of success with "Get Me Hot" and "Eat Your Heart Out". They were around four years before Living Color arrived on the scene and a little over a year before Mazarati, and in spite of being the first African-American rock band to be featured on MTV, they never found the success that Living Color achieved. They performed their single "Eat Your Heart Out" on MTV.

In early December 1984, their album *Burnin' Hot* was Bubbling Under the Top 200 Albums chart at no 205. They were pictured in the January 25, 1985 issue of *Billboard* with Mirage/Asylum/Nonesuch Records staff members Mike Bone and Lisa Frank who was being held up by one of the band members.

### Later years

Around October 2011, Haygood was looking to re-form the group. After appearing on X Factor, he was noticed by some of his former bandmates. Today Haygood appears also as a solo performer. Michael "Slugger" Tucker has a solo album entitled *2 Times Ten*. The Xavion group has new management with Donald Askew Jr., the CEO of Soul Star Entertainment.

## Discography

### Album

| Title | Release info | Year | Format | Notes # |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Burnin' Hot* | Asylum Records 60375-1
Mirage Records 60375-1 | 1984 | LP |  |
|

### Singles

| Title | Release info | Year | Notes # |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| "Eat Your Heart Out" / "You're My Type" | Asylum Records 7-69707 | 1984 | Producers: Chris Lord-Alge, Jim Delehant
Co-producer: Xavion |
| "Eat Your Heart Out" (Album Version) / "Eat Your Heart Out" (Dance Version)
"Eat Your Heart Out" (Dub Version) | Asylum Records ED 4999 | 1984 | Producers: Chris Lord-Alge, Jim Delehant
Co-producer: Xavion |
| "Get Me Hot" (Vocal / LP Version) | Asylum Records ED 5029 | 1984
(promo) | Producers: Chris Lord-Alge, Jim Delehant
Co-producer/composer: Xavion |
|

## InfoBox

| Xavion | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Memphis, Tennessee, U.S. |
| Years active | 1980s |
| Labels | Asylum Records |
|  | |
| Past members | Dexter Haygood
Michael "Slugger" Tucker
Johnnie Woods
Kevan Wilkins
Skip Johnson
Derwin S. Adams |


title: Xavière Tiberi

abstract: Xavière Tiberi is the spouse of the former mayor of Paris Jean Tiberi. She is mostly known for being involved in corruption scandals in the Paris region. Xavière Tiberi received 200,000 French Francs for a report on francophonie for the general counsel of the Essonne département. This 36-page long report, possibly written after the payment as a justification, was extremely poorly written. In 1998, a justice-ordered search of Jean and Xavière Tiberi's apartment on the Place du Panthéon showed that they possessed illegal firearms. They were not prosecuted in exchange for the destruction of the weapons. The above actions are sometimes referred to by the press as Corsican mores. On 9 November 2004, Xavière Tibéri and Aurélie Filippetti, an elected official from the French Green Party, wrangled after a tense district council meeting. Each of them accused the other one of assault or threats. Mrs. Tibéri had a head trauma, which she claimed was caused by Mrs. Filipetti pushing her over; she filed a complaint. Xavière Tiberi was caricatured on Les Guignols de l'info as an aggressive, dishonest, vulgar and greedy woman. Friend of Jean-Edern Hallier, she has been Cercle InterHallier member since 2019.

text:
# Xavière Tiberi

**Xavière Tiberi** is the spouse of the former mayor of Paris Jean Tiberi. She is mostly known for being involved in corruption scandals in the Paris region.

Xavière Tiberi received 200,000 French Francs for a report on francophonie for the general counsel of the Essonne *département*. This 36-page long report, possibly written after the payment as a justification, was extremely poorly written (contained numerous spelling and grammatical mistakes, for instance).

In 1998, a justice-ordered search of Jean and Xavière Tiberi's apartment on the Place du Panthéon showed that they possessed illegal firearms. They were not prosecuted in exchange for the destruction of the weapons.

The above actions are sometimes referred to by the press as Corsican mores .

On 9 November 2004, Xavière Tibéri and Aurélie Filippetti, an elected official from the French Green Party, wrangled after a tense district council meeting. Each of them accused the other one of assault or threats. Mrs. Tibéri had a head trauma, which she claimed was caused by Mrs. Filipetti pushing her over; she filed a complaint.

Xavière Tiberi was caricatured on *Les Guignols de l'info* as an aggressive, dishonest, vulgar and greedy woman.

Friend of Jean-Edern Hallier, she has been Cercle InterHallier member since 2019.


title: XPL

abstract: XPL, for expert's programming language is a programming language based on PL/I, a portable one-pass compiler written in its own language, and a parser generator tool for easily implementing similar compilers for other languages. XPL was designed in 1967 as a way to teach compiler design principles and as starting point for students to build compilers for their own languages. XPL was designed and implemented by William M. McKeeman, David B. Wortman, James J. Horning and others at Stanford University. XPL was first announced at the 1968 Fall Joint Computer Conference. The methods and compiler are described in detail in the 1971 textbook A Compiler Generator. They called the combined work a 'compiler generator'. But that implies little or no language- or target-specific programming is required to build a compiler for a new language or new target. A better label for XPL is a translator writing system. It helps to write a compiler with less new or changed programming code.

text:
# XPL

**XPL**, for **expert's programming language** is a programming language based on PL/I, a portable one-pass compiler written in its own language, and a parser generator tool for easily implementing similar compilers for other languages. XPL was designed in 1967 as a way to teach compiler design principles and as starting point for students to build compilers for their own languages.

XPL was designed and implemented by William M. McKeeman, David B. Wortman, James J. Horning and others at Stanford University. XPL was first announced at the 1968 Fall Joint Computer Conference. The methods and compiler are described in detail in the 1971 textbook *A Compiler Generator*.

They called the combined work a 'compiler generator'. But that implies little or no language- or target-specific programming is required to build a compiler for a new language or new target. A better label for XPL is a translator writing system. It helps to write a compiler with less new or changed programming code.

## Language

The XPL language is a simple, small, efficient dialect of PL/I intended mainly for the task of writing compilers. The XPL language was also used for other purposes once it was available. XPL can be compiled easily to most modern machines by a simple compiler. Compiler internals can be written easily in XPL, and the code is easy to read. The PL/I language was designed by an IBM committee in 1964 as a comprehensive language replacing Fortran, COBOL, and ALGOL, and meeting all customer and internal needs. These ambitious goals made PL/I complex, hard to implement efficiently, and sometimes surprising when used. XPL is a small dialect of the full language. XPL has one added feature not found in PL/I: a STRING datatype with dynamic lengths. String values live in a separate text-only heap memory space with automatic garbage collection of stale values. Much of what a simple compiler does is manipulating input text and output byte streams, so this feature helps simplify XPL-based compilers.

## Components

### XCOM

The XPL compiler, called **XCOM**, is a one-pass compiler using a table-driven parser and simple code generation techniques. Versions of XCOM exist for different machine architectures, using different hand-written code generation modules for those targets. The original target was IBM System/360, which is a proper subset of IBM System/370, IBM System/390 and IBM System z.

XCOM compiles from XPL source code, but since XCOM itself is written in XPL it can compile itself – it is a *self-compiling compiler*, not reliant on other compilers. Several famous languages have self-compiling compilers, including Burroughs B5000 Algol, PL/I, , LISP, and Java. Creating such compilers is a chicken-and-egg conundrum. The language is first implemented by a temporary compiler written in some other language, or even by an interpreter (often an interpreter for an intermediate code, as BCPL can do with intcode or O-code).

XCOM began as an Algol program running on Burroughs machines, translating XPL source code into System/360 machine code. The XPL team manually turned its Algol source code into XPL source code. That XPL version of XCOM was then compiled on Burroughs, creating a self-compiling XCOM for System/360 machines. The Algol version was then thrown away, and all further improvements happened in the XPL version only. This is called bootstrapping the compiler. The authors of XPL invented the tombstone diagram or T-diagram to document the bootstrapping process.

Retargeting the compiler for a new machine architecture is a similar exercise, except only the code generation modules need to be changed.

XCOM is a one-pass compiler (but with an emitted code fix-up process for forward branches, loops and other defined situations). It emits machine code for each statement as each grammar rule within a statement is recognized, rather than waiting until it has parsed the entire procedure or entire program. There are no parse trees or other required intermediate program forms, and no loop-wide or procedure-wide optimizations. XCOM does, however, perform peephole optimization. The code generation response to each grammar rule is attached to that rule. This immediate approach can result in inefficient code and inefficient use of machine registers. Such are offset by the efficiency of implementation, namely, the use of dynamic strings mentioned earlier: in processing text during compilation, substring operations are frequently performed. These are as fast as an assignment to an integer; the actual substring is not moved. In short, it is quick, easy to teach in a short course, fits into modest-sized memories, and is easy to change for different languages or different target machines.

### ANALYZER

The XCOM compiler has a hand-written lexical scanner and a mechanically-generated parser. The syntax of the compiler's input language (in this case, XPL) is described by a simplified BNF grammar. XPL's grammar analyzer tool **ANALYZER** or **XA** turns this into a set of large data tables describing all legal combinations of the syntax rules and how to discern them. This table generation step is re-done only when the language is changed. When the compiler runs, those data tables are used by a small, language-independent parsing algorithm to parse and respond to the input language. This style of table-driven parser is generally easier to write than an entirely hand-written recursive descent parser. XCOM uses a bottom-up parsing method, in which the compiler can delay its decision about which syntax rule it has encountered until it has seen the rightmost end of that phrase. This handles a wider range of programming languages than top-down methods, in which the compiler must guess or commit to a specific syntax rule early, when it has only seen the left end of a phrase.

### Runtime

XPL includes a minimal **runtime support library** for allocating and garbage-collecting XPL string values. The source code for this library must be included into most every program written in XPL.

### SKELETON

The last piece of the XPL compiler writing system is an example compiler named **SKELETON**. This is just XCOM with parse tables for an example toy grammar instead of XPL's full grammar. It is a starting point for building a compiler for some new language, if that language differs much from XPL.

### XMON

XPL is run under the control of a monitor, **XMON**, which is the only operating system-specific part of this system, and which acts as a "loader" for XCOM itself or any programs which were developed using XCOM, and also provides three auxiliary storage devices for XCOM's use, and which are directly accessed by block number. The originally published XMON was optimized for IBM 2311s. An XMON parameter FILE= enabled the monitor to efficiently use other disks with larger block sizes. The working disk block size was also a compile-time constant in XCOM.

XMON used a very simple strategy for disk direct access. NOTE provided the address of a disk track. POINT set the location of the next disk track to be the address previously returned by NOTE. This strategy was adopted to allow easy porting of XMON to other OSes, and to avoid the much more complicated disk direct access options available at that time.

Converting XMON from its primitive use of NOTE, POINT and READ/WRITE disk operations—with precisely 1 block per track—to EXCP (i.e., write/create new records) and XDAP (i.e., read/update old records)—with n blocks per track, where n was computed at run-time from the target device's physical characteristics and could be significantly greater than 1—achieved significantly improved application performance and decreased operating system overhead.

Although originally developed for OS/360, XMON (either the original NOTE, POINT and READ/WRITE implementation; or the EXCP and XDAP enhancement) will run on subsequently released IBM OSes, including OS/370, XA, OS/390 and z/OS, generally without any changes.

## Parsing

XCOM originally used a now-obsolete bottom-up parse table method called *Mixed Strategy Precedence*, invented by the XPL team (although the *officially* released version retains the MSP parser and *does not* include later-released "peephole optimizations" and additional data types which were developed outside of the *original* implementation team.) MSP is a generalization of the simple precedence parser method invented by Niklaus Wirth for PL360. Simple precedence is itself a generalization of the trivially simple operator precedence methods that work nicely for expressions like A+B\*(C+D)-E. MSP tables include a list of expected triplets of language symbols. This list grows larger as the cube of the grammar size, and becomes quite large for typical full programming languages. XPL-derived compilers were difficult to fit onto minicomputers of the 1970s with limited memories. MSP is also not powerful enough to handle all likely grammars. It is applicable only when the language designer can tweak the language definition to fit MSP's restrictions, before the language is widely used.

The University of Toronto subsequently changed XCOM and XA to instead use a variant of Donald Knuth's LR parser bottom-up method. XCOM's variant is called Simple LR or SLR. It handles more grammars than MSP but not quite as many grammars as LALR or full LR(1). The differences from LR(1) are mostly in the table generator's algorithms, not in the compile-time parser method. XCOM and XA predate the widespread availability of Unix and its yacc parser generator tool. XA and yacc have similar purposes.

XPL is open source. The System/360 version of XPL was distributed through the IBM SHARE users organization. Other groups ported XPL onto many of the larger machines of the 1970s. Various groups extended XPL, or used XPL to implement other moderate-sized languages.

## Applications

XPL has been used to develop a number of compilers for various languages and systems.

## Current status

XPL continues to be ported to current computers. An x86/FreeBSD port was done in 2000, an x86/Linux port in 2015, and an XPL to C translator in 2017.

## Bibliography

* Alexander, W. G. and Wortman, D. B. "Static and Dynamic Charactersistics of XPL Programs." IEEE Computer November 1975; 41-46.
* Ancona, Massimo, Dodero, Gabriella, and Durante, Ercole Luigi "Cross software development for microprocessors using a translator writing system" Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Software Engineering 1979: 399-402.
* Kamnitzer, S. H. "Bootstrapping XPL from IBM/360 to UNIVAC 1100." ACM SIGPLAN Notices May 1975: 14-20.
* Karger, Paul A. "An Implementation of XPL for Multics." SB thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1972.
* Klumpp, Allan R. "Space Station Flight Software: Hal/S or Ada?" Computer March 1985: 20-28.
* Leach, Geoffrey and Golde, Helmut. "Bootstrapping XPL to an XDS Sigma 5 Computer." Software: Practice and Experience 3 (1973): 235-244.
* McKeeman, William M., Horning, James J. and Wortman, David B. A Compiler Generator. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1970.
* McKeeman, W. M., Horning, James J., Nelson, E. C., and Wortman, D. B. "The XPL compiler generator system." AFIPS Conference Proceedings: 1968 Fall Joint Computer Conference. Washington DC: The Thompson Book Company. 1968: 617-635.
* Sitton, Gary A., Kendrick, Thomas A., and Carrick, Jr., A. Gil. "The PL/EXUS Language and Virtual Machine" Proceedings of the ACM-IEEE Symposium on High-level-language Computer Architecture Nov, 1973: 124-130.
* Slimick, John "Current Systems Implementation Languages: One User's View" Proceedings of the SIGPLAN symposium on Languages for system implementation Oct, 1971: 20-28.
* Storm, Mark W., and Polk, Jim A. "Usage of an XPL Based Compiler Generator System" Proceedings of the 14th annual ACM Southeast Regional Conference April 1976: 19-26.
* Wortman, D. B. "A roster of XPL implementations." ACM SIGPLAN Notices January 1978: 70-74.

1. Slimick, John (October 1971). "Current Systems Implementation Languages: One User's View" (PDF). *ACM SIGPLAN Notices*. **6** (9): 20–28. doi:10.1145/942596.807056.
2. Shustek, Len (2016-08-02). "In His Own Words: Gary Kildall". *Remarkable People*. Computer History Museum.
3. Kildall, Gary Arlen (2016-08-02) \[1993\]. Kildall, Scott; Kildall, Kristin (eds.). "Computer Connections: People, Places, and Events in the Evolution of the Personal Computer Industry" (PDF) (Manuscript, part 1). Kildall Family. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2016-11-17.
4. A Compiler Generator page 251
5. A Compiler Generator, page 372
6. A Compiler Generator Appendix A1,7
7. "The Development of Hal/S". *Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto*.
8. Bodenstab, Dave. "Dave Bodenstab's Home Page (archived)". Retrieved Sep 13, 2024.
9. Weaver, Daniel E. (November 21, 2017). "XPL compiler: XPL to C translator". *SourceForge*. La Jolla, CA: Slashdot Media. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
10. shoefoot (Daniel E. Weaver) (November 21, 2017). "Announcing the initial release of an XPL Compiler". Newsgroup: comp.compilers. Usenet: 17-11-001@comp.compilers. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
* McKeeman, William Marshall; Horning, James J.; and Wortman, David B., *A Compiler Generator* (1971), ISBN 978-0-13-155077-3. The definitive reference, including source code of all components of the XPL system.


title: Little Brevoort River

abstract: The Little Brevoort River is a 14.7-mile-long (23.7 km) river on the Upper Peninsula of Michigan in the United States. It flows generally southeast to Brevoort Lake, the outlet of which is the Brevoort River, flowing to Lake Michigan.

text:
# Little Brevoort River

The **Little Brevoort River** is a 14.7-mile-long (23.7 km) river on the Upper Peninsula of Michigan in the United States. It flows generally southeast to Brevoort Lake, the outlet of which is the Brevoort River, flowing to Lake Michigan.

## InfoBox

| Little Brevoort River | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Michigan |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | 46°00′50″N 84°58′46″W / 46.01389°N 84.97944°W / 46.01389; -84.97944 |


title: Shinkailepadinae

abstract: Shinkailepadinae is a subfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Neritoidea.

text:
# Shinkailepadinae

**Shinkailepadinae** is a subfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Neritoidea.

## Genera

Synonyms * *Bathynerita* A. H. Clarke, 1989: synonym of *Thalassonerita* Moroni, 1966
* *Olgasolaris* L. Beck, 1992: synonym of *Shinkailepas* Okutani, Saito & Hashimoto, 1989

* Bouchet P., Rocroi J.P., Hausdorf B., Kaim A., Kano Y., Nützel A., Parkhaev P., Schrödl M. & Strong E.E. (2017). Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia. 61(1-2): 1-526.

## InfoBox

| Shinkailepadinae | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Neritimorpha |
| Order: | Cycloneritida |
| Superfamily: | Neritoidea |
| Family: | Phenacolepadidae |
| Subfamily: | Shinkailepadinae<br>Okutani, Saito & Hashimoto, 1989 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * Shinkailepadidae Okutani, Saito & Hashimoto, 1989 | |