title: U.S. Route 221 in North Carolina

abstract: In the U.S. state of North Carolina U.S. Route 221 (US 221) is a north–south highway that travels through Western North Carolina. From Chesnee, South Carolina to Independence, Virginia, it connects the cities of Rutherfordton, Marion, Boone and Jefferson between the two out-of-state destinations. Its most memorable section, known as the Little Parkway Scenic Byway between Linville and Blowing Rock, offers area visitors a curvier alternative to the Blue Ridge Parkway and access to Grandfather Mountain.

text:
# U.S. Route 221 in North Carolina

In the U.S. state of North Carolina **U.S. Route 221** (**US 221**) is a northsouth highway that travels through Western North Carolina. From Chesnee, South Carolina to Independence, Virginia, it connects the cities of Rutherfordton, Marion, Boone and Jefferson between the two out-of-state destinations. Its most memorable section, known as the **Little Parkway Scenic Byway** between Linville and Blowing Rock, offers area visitors a curvier alternative to the Blue Ridge Parkway and access to Grandfather Mountain.

## Route description

US 221 enters from South Carolina as a rural superstreet highway, with mostly farms, wooded areas, or homes dotting the road. After 10 miles (16 km) it connects with US 74, where US 74 Business begins its overlap towards Rutherfordton as a two lane highway (signs of US 74 Business are scarce throughout). At Rutherfordton, the first major intersection is Charlotte Street, where US 74 Business and US 221A go east. After Rutherfordton, the road reverts to a rural highway, and continues on to Marion.

Before entering Marion city limits, I-40 intersects with US 221. US 221 then joins with NC 226, going west around the city on the Marion Bypass. After the expressway passes the shopping centers along US 70, it continues as a four-lane highway with a turning median all the way to Woodlawn. Along the way, several business can be seen including shrubbery farms, stone/rock cutters, and a chemical plant. NC 226 splits at Woodlawn, for travelers that want to go to Spruce Pine while US 221 continues as a divided highway to Pitts Station Road at North Cove.

The climb to Linville Falls is somewhat curvy. It is a route heavily traveled by trucks, and a runaway truck ramp is located along this section. Also located in this section is Linville Caverns, a small tourist destination. At Linville Falls, nearby sites include Linville Gorge Wilderness, Linville Falls, (via NC 183) and the Blue Ridge Parkway.

Between Linville Falls and Linville, the highway goes through large tracts of fraser fir farms, from the mountain tops to the valleys. At Linville, motorists are recommended to follow NC 105/US 221 Truck to Boone and Blowing Rock, which is faster and flatter. Those that continue on what is known as the Little Parkway Scenic Byway come upon an 18-mile (29 km) segment of numerous curves and elevation changes. The entrance to Grandfather Mountain is located near Linville; also nearby is the Linn Cove Viaduct, via the Blue Ridge Parkway. Those that continue along the scenic route can take a short break at the state rest area. Near Blowing Rock, visitors may also visit the Julian Price Memorial Park and Moses H. Cone Memorial Park, via Blue Ridge Parkway.

Blowing Rock and Boone are popular year-round tourist destinations; as such the highway between the two towns offers an array of activities include skiing, shopping, amusement rides, and golf. In Boone, US 221 turns early along NC 105 to King Street, avoiding Appalachian State University and the downtown area; once on King Street (with US 421/NC 194 concurrency), it heads east out of town on a four-lane expressway.

At Deep Gap, US 221 goes north again on what was formerly a slightly curvy two-lane road to Jefferson. This road has been twinned. As the road nears West Jefferson, the road appears to open up, allowing for more views of the surrounding areas. At West Jefferson and Jefferson, the road serves as a bypass, as well as the last commercialized area along US 221 until Galax, Virginia.

The next 21 miles (34 km) of US 221 is very curvy, similar to the stretch between Linville and Blowing Rock (minus the continuous elevation changes). Between the southern terminus of NC 93 and US 21 in Twin Oaks, US 221 is concurrent with North Carolina Bicycle Route 4. US 221 and US 21 form a concurrency north from Twin Oaks to the Virginia state line.

### Dedicated and memorial names

US 221 in North Carolina features a few dedicated or memorialized stretches of highway.

* **Dr. Mary Martin Sloop Highway**  official North Carolina name of US 221 between Crossnore and Linville. It is named in honor of Dr. Mary Martin Sloop, the founder of the Crossnore School in 1913.
* **Robert C. Hunter Expressway**  official North Carolina name of the Marion Bypass in McDowell County. It is named in honor of Robert C. Hunter, who was a judge in the North Carolina Court of Appeals (approved on November 3, 1989).
* **Robert G. Barr Expressway**  official North Carolina name of US 221 between Baldwin and Jefferson, named after a politician from West Jefferson (approved on August 14, 1981).
* **Trooper Pete Peterson Bridge**  official North Carolina name of bridge that carries US 221 over US 74. It is named in honor of State Trooper Robert L. (Pete) Peterson (approved on January 5, 2001).

## History

US 221 was established in 1930, from US 19E/NC 69, in Ingalls to US 21/NC 26, in Twin Oaks; it was in complete concurrency with NC 691. In 1931, US 221 was extended north, in concurrency with US 21, into Virginia. In 1932, US 221 was removed from Ingalls/Three Mile area, which remained NC 691, and was placed on new routing south through Woodlawn, Marion, Rutherfordton, Spindale, Forest City and Cliffside, before entering South Carolina. In late 1934, the following concurrences were removed from US 221: NC 19, NC 28 and NC 207. In 1941, US 221 was rerouted south of Rutherfordton on a more direct route to Chesnee; its former alignment through SpindaleCliffside became US 221A. Around 1953, US 221 was rerouted between Boone and Baldwin, by linking with US 421 to Deep Gap then north on new construction; the old alignment through Todd became an extension of NC 194.

In 1972, US 221 was rerouted with concurrency with NC 105 to King Street in Boone, ending the US 221/US 321/US 421 intersection at Kings Street and Blowing Rock Road. In 1981, US 221 was placed on new construction between Baldwin and Jefferson, which was two-lane that can be expanded later into a divided four-lane; the old alignment, that went through downtown West Jefferson and Jefferson, became US 221 Business.

In 1991, US 221 was placed on new bypass west of Marion; the old alignment became US 221 Business. The same year, US 221/NC 181 was placed on a new bypass west of Linville; the former alignment became a secondary road. In 1997, US 221/US 421 was placed on new construction between NC 194 to the South Fork New River, in Boone. In 2005, US 221/US 421 was placed on new four-lane expressway between the South Fork New River and Deep Gap; its old alignment, which partially paralleled the Blue Ridge Parkway, was downgraded to secondary roads.

### North Carolina Highway 19

| North Carolina Highway 19 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | SC state lineTN state line |
| Length | 110.4 mi (177.7 km) |
| Existed | 1921–1934 |

**North Carolina Highway 19** (**NC 19**) was an original state highway that traversed from the South Carolina state line, near Tryon, through Columbus, Rutherfordton, Marion and Spruce Pine, to Bakersville. In 1929, NC 19 was extended to the Tennessee state line, via Ramseytown, replacing part of NC 692. In 1934, NC 19 was decommissioned: South Carolina state lineTryon to US 176, TryonRutherfordton to NC 181, RutherfordWoodlawn to US 221, WoodlawnRamseytown to NC 26 and RamseytownTennessee state line to US 19W/US 23.

### North Carolina Highway 741

| North Carolina Highway 741 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | SC state lineRutherfordton, NC |
| Length | 15.3 mi (24.6 km) |
| Existed | 1935–1941 |

**North Carolina Highway 741** (**NC 741**) existed twice in the state. Its first appeared by 1930 as a new primary routing between NC 151, north of Midland, through Mount Pleasant, to US 601/NC 80, in Gold Hill. In 1933, the highway south of Mount Pleasant was downgraded to secondary roads, while north was partially replaced by NC 62 and secondary roads.

The second NC 741 was established in 1935 as a new primary routing between the South Carolina state line, through Harris, to US 74/US 221/NC 181, in Rutherfordton. In 1941, NC 741 was decommissioned and replaced mostly by US 221, with Jack McKinney Road, between the state line to Harris, as secondary road.

## Future

In the Rutherfordton area, NCDOT is constructing an approximately 8.5-mile (13.7 km) four-lane freeway bypass to the east of downtown between US 74 to the south and Roper Loop Road in the north. The project is part of a larger plan by NCDOT to convert US 221 between the South Carolina state line and I-40 near Marion to a four-lane divided highway. The Final Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) was approved on May 26, 2011. NCDOT selected Alternate 3 for the alignment of the highway, designated as "Project R-2233B". Construction on the bypass began on February 28, 2022.

## Junction list

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Rutherford |  | 0.0 | 0.0 |
US 221 south Chesnee, Spartanburg | Continuation into South Carolina |
| |  | 10.4 | 16.7 |
US 74 / US 74 Bus. begin Forest City, Columbus, Asheville | West end of US 74 Bus overlap; exit 178 (US 74) |
| | Rutherfordton | 15.6 | 25.1 |

US 221A south / US 74 Bus. east / NC 108 west (Charlotte Road) | East end of US 74 Bus. overlap |
| | 16.8 | 27.0 | US 64 / US 74A (Mountain Street) Lake Lure, Chimney Rock |  |
| McDowell |  | 35.9 | 57.8 | I-40 Morganton, Asheville | exit 85 (I-40) |
| | Marion | 37.5 | 60.4 |

US 221 Bus. north (Rutherford Road) / NC 226 south Shelby, Marion | South end of NC 226 overlap |
| | 40.0 | 64.4 | Henderson Street  Marion Downtown |  |
| | 40.7 | 65.5 | Old Highway 10 / Tate Street | To Visitor Center |
| | 42.7 | 68.7 | US 70 Asheville | To Mount Mitchell State Park |
| | 43.3 | 69.7 |

US 221 Bus. south (North Main Street) |  |
| | Woodlawn | 49.6 | 79.8 |
NC 226 north Little Switzerland, Spruce Pine | North end of NC 226 overlap |
| Burke | Linville Falls | 63.7 | 102.5 |
NC 183 east Morganton | To Linville Gorge Wilderness |
| Avery | | 64.3 | 103.5 | Blue Ridge Parkway | To Linville Falls Visitor Center |
| |  | 65.6 | 105.6 |
NC 194 south (Three Mile Highway) Spruce Pine | South end of NC 194 overlap |
| |  | 70.5 | 113.5 |
NC 194 north (Millers Gap Highway) Newland | North end of NC 194 overlap |
| | Pineola | 72.0 | 115.9 |
NC 181 south (Beatrice Cobb Highway) Morganton | South end of NC 181 overlap |
| | Linville | 74.9 | 120.5 |
NC 181 north (Newland Highway) Newland | North end of NC 181 overlap |
| | 75.5 | 121.5 |
NC 105 north Banner Elk, Boone |  |
| |  | 78.6 | 126.5 | Blue Ridge Parkway | To Linn Cove Viaduct |
| Caldwell
 | No major junctions | | | | | | | |
| Watauga |  | 92.4 | 148.7 | Blue Ridge Parkway | To Julian Price Memorial Park and Moses H. Cone Memorial Park |
| | Blowing Rock | 94.0 | 151.3 |

US 321 Bus. south (Main Street) Lenoir | South end of US 321 Bus. overlap |
| | 94.8 | 152.6 |

US 321 south (Valley Boulevard) / US 321 Bus. end Lenoir | South end of US 321 and north end of US 321 Bus. overlap |
| | 95.5 | 153.7 | Blue Ridge Parkway |  |
| | Boone | 101.2 | 162.9 |

US 321 north (Blowing Rock Road) / NC 105 south Downtown, Linville, Newland, Banner Elk | North end of US 321 and south end of NC 105 overlap; to ASU |
| | 102.0 | 164.2 |

US 421 north / NC 194 south (King Street) / NC 105 end | North end of US 421 / NC 105 and south end of NC 194 overlap |
| | 102.6 | 165.1 |
NC 194 north (Jefferson Road) Todd | North end of NC 194 overlap |
| | Deep Gap | 111.6 | 179.6 |
US 421 south Wilkesboro, Winston-Salem | South end of US 421 overlap |
| Ashe | Baldwin | 120.4 | 193.8 |
NC 194 south Todd | South end of NC 194 overlap |
| | West Jefferson | 124.0 | 199.6 |

US 221 Bus. / NC 194 north / NC 163 east West Jefferson | North end of NC 194 overlap |
| | Jefferson | 127.5 | 205.2 |

US 221 Bus. south / NC 88 west Jefferson | West end of NC 88 overlap |
| |  | 128.4 | 206.6 |

NC 16 south / NC 88 east Wilkesboro | South end of NC 16 and east end of NC 88 overlap |
| |  | 129.7 | 208.7 |
NC 16 north Mouth of Wilson | North end of NC 16 overlap |
| Alleghany |  | 141.5 | 227.7 | NC 113 North Wilkesboro, Mouth of Wilson |  |
| |  | 149.3 | 240.3 |
NC 93 west Piney Creek, Mouth of Wilson |  |
| | Twin Oaks | 150.2 | 241.7 |
US 21 south Sparta | South end of US 21 overlap |
| |  | 153.5 | 247.0 |

US 21 north / US 221 north Independence | Continuation into Virginia |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/U.S. Route 221 in North CarolinaKML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| U.S. Highway 221 | |
| --- | --- |
| US 221 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by NCDOT | |
| Length | 153.5 mi (247.0 km) |
| Existed | 1930–present |
| Tourist
routes | Little Parkway Scenic Byway |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | US 221 at the South Carolina line near Chesnee, SC |
| Major intersections |  |
| North end | US 21 / US 221 at the Virginia line near Independence, VA |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | North Carolina |
| Counties | Rutherford, McDowell, Burke, Avery, Caldwell, Watauga, Ashe, Alleghany |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| US 220   NC 222 | |


title: Tõnu Haljand

abstract: Tõnu Haljand was an Estonian ski jumper, Nordic combined skier and coach who competed for the Soviet Union. Haljand finished 12th in the Nordic combined event at the 1968 Winter Olympics and 12th at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1970. He was the Soviet Union's champion in Nordic combined skiing in 1973 and won silver medal in 1970, and bronze medals in 1966 and 1975.

text:
# Tõnu Haljand

**Tõnu Haljand** (1 July 1945  28 August 1997) was an Estonian ski jumper, Nordic combined skier and coach who competed for the Soviet Union.

Haljand finished 12th in the Nordic combined event at the 1968 Winter Olympics and 12th at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1970. He was the Soviet Union's champion in Nordic combined skiing in 1973 and won silver medal in 1970, and bronze medals in 1966 and 1975.

## InfoBox

Tõnu Haljand
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Estonian |
| Born | (1945-07-01)1 July 1945
Tallinn, Estonia |
| Died | 28 August 1997(1997-08-28) (aged 52)
Ähijärve, Estonia |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Nordic combined |


title: Władysław Tyniecki

abstract: Władysław Tyniecki was a Polish forester and botanist who served as a professor at the school of forestry in Lviv. He was the founding editor of the journal Sylwan.

text:
# Władysław Tyniecki

**Władysław Tyniecki** (5 May 1833 – 16 October 1912) was a Polish forester and botanist who served as a professor at the school of forestry in Lviv. He was the founding editor of the journal *Sylwan*.

## Life and work

Tyniecki was born in Olszanica (Podolia) to Erazm and Salomea née Łazowski. He went to grammar school but political events in 1848-49 stopped study. He was refused entry as a volunteer in General Bem's army for being too young. He then worked on his father's farm. He went to study at the newly created Agricultural Academy in Dublany in 1855. He then studied at the Forest Academy in Tharandt from 1858 to 1860 and returned to become a lecturer at Dublany. He also founded a botanical garden there. In 1874 he moved to teach botany and forestry at the school of forestry in Lviv, succeeding Henryk Strzelecki who resigned, as the head in 1892. He was a founder of the Galician Forest Society and began the journal "Sylwan" which he edited. He also edited the magazine "Rolnik" for the Galician Farming Society. He was a founding member of the Copernicus society of Polish naturalists.

Tyniecki's forestry work included protection measures against cockchafers and moths. He gave lectures on the physiology of trees, discussed the aging and death of trees. In 1867 he was involved in the propagation of willows. In 1898 he wrote a dissertation on cancer diseases in trees. In 1898 he promoted the use of beech wood for railway sleepers. He suggested in 1904 that mixed species forest plantations were preferred to monocultures.


title: Listed buildings in Greve Municipality

abstract: This is a list of listed buildings in Greve Municipality, Denmark.

text:
# Listed buildings in Greve Municipality

This is a list of **listed buildings in Greve Municipality**, Denmark.

## List

| Listing name | Image | Location | Coordinates | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Old School and Degneboligen |  | Degnestræde 3 and 7, 2670 Greve |  |  |
| |  | Degnestræde 3 and 7, 2670 Greve |  |  |
| Greve Rectory |  | Michael Gjøes Vej 1, 2670 Greve | 1790s |  |
| |  | Michael Gjøes Vej 1, 2670 Greve | 1790s |  |
| |  | Michael Gjøes Vej 1, 2670 Greve | 1790s |  |
| Revsmosegård |  | Mosede Bygade 51, 2670 Greve |  |  |
| |  | Mosede Bygade 51, 2670 Greve |  |  |
| |  | Mosede Bygade 51, 2670 Greve |  |  |
|


title: Shishou incident

abstract: The Shishou Incident was a popular protest and riot in the city of Shishou, Hubei Province, in central China between June 19–21, 2009. The protests were the result of dubious circumstances surrounding the death of 24-year-old chef Tu Yuangao (涂遠高) of the local Yonglong Hotel (永隆大酒店). Although local police claimed Tu's death was a suicide, some believed foul play was involved and crowds were angered by what they alleged to be cronyism, drug trafficking, and lack of transparency from the city's top officials. Protesters started gathering outside the hotel Friday and clashed with the police for two days. The incident later became a riot involving over 10,000 people and 10,000 police officers. The number of people in the protest may have been as high as 70,000. According to Foreign Affairs magazine, "In a 2009 riot in Shishou, in Hubei Province, 70,000 people confronted police officers in what the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, a government-affiliated think tank, considered to be 'the most serious street riot' since 1949."

text:
# Shishou incident

The **Shishou Incident** (Chinese: 石首事件) was a popular protest and riot in the city of Shishou, Hubei Province, in central China between June 19–21, 2009. The protests were the result of dubious circumstances surrounding the death of 24-year-old chef Tu Yuangao (涂遠高) of the local Yonglong Hotel (永隆大酒店).

Although local police claimed Tu's death was a suicide, some believed foul play was involved and crowds were angered by what they alleged to be cronyism, drug trafficking, and lack of transparency from the city's top officials. Protesters started gathering outside the hotel Friday and clashed with the police for two days. The incident later became a riot involving over 10,000 people and 10,000 police officers.

The number of people in the protest may have been as high as 70,000. According to *Foreign Affairs* magazine, "In a 2009 riot in Shishou, in Hubei Province, 70,000 people confronted police officers in what the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, a government-affiliated think tank, considered to be 'the most serious street riot' since 1949."

## Tu's death

On 17 June 2009, Tu Yuangao (涂遠高 *Tú Yuǎngāo*), a 24-year-old chef at Yonglong Hotel was found dead outside the hotel gate. Police said a suicide note left by the chef showed he was "pessimistic and hated the world". On 18 June 2009 the local police declared that it was a suicide case, and offered RMB 35,000 (about US$5,000) for compensation in exchange for immediate cremation of the dead body, in addition to the family signing a public statement "admitting" to the death as a suicide.

Tu's father declined the police offer. He began to barricade his son's body against the police, who then attempted to remove the body by force. Local people gathered to guard the coffin, which was placed on the first floor of the hotel.

A local woman surnamed Cheng said local government officials were involved with the hotel and were engaged in drug trafficking. She claimed that Tu decided to quit, but was later beaten to death by hotel staff or gangsters. Tu's relatives believe he was killed by the hotel boss, who was a relative of the Mayor.

## Rioting

On 20 June there were five or six clashes between protesters and police. Six police vans and fire trucks were smashed. The hotel, owned by a local government official, was also burned down.

Armed police officers with shields and batons were deployed. The local authorities cut off internet connections in the area, although many users bypassed censorship and were able to relay messages through services such as Twitter. Street lights were also turned off. The supporting crowds started to grow in numbers, at one time it was alleged about 60,000 to 70,000 people were on the street, throwing rocks and empty beer bottles at the police. Some sources claim a peak number of residents gathering at 40,000.

## Aftermath

On 21 June, the paramilitary People's Armed Police surrounded Yonglong Hotel and recovered the dead body. *Asia Times* reported allegations that the co-owners of the hotel were family members of the mayor and the head of the local police, and the hotel was used as an illegal centre for drug trafficking; it reported that Tu Yuangao was murdered when he threatened to expose the illicit activities there. More than 200 people were injured in the clash. During the course of the resulting protest, three more dead bodies were found buried in the hotel basement. There were already five mysterious homicide cases at the hotel, but only two had been solved.

A spokesman from the Shishou city government said experts from the state-run Ministry of Public Security and Tongji Medical Institute carried out an autopsy, which ostensibly confirmed that Tu committed suicide. Tu was cremated at 4 am on 25 June 2009. The government promised the deceased's family a total of 80,000 yuan, including 30,000 yuan from the Yonglong Hotel, 35,000 yuan from the Shishou government and 15,000 yuan from the local Gaojimiao township government.

## InfoBox

| Shishou Incident | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | June 19–21, 2009<br>(2 days) |
| Location | Shishou, Hubei Province |
| Caused by | Dubious circumstances surrounding the death of 24-year-old chef Tu Yuangao |
| Methods | Protest, civil disobedience, rioting |
| Parties | |
|  | |
| Number | |
|  | |
| Casualties and losses | |
|  | |


title: Ming Wong

abstract: Ming Wong is a Singaporean contemporary artist who lives and works in Berlin, known for his re-interpretations of iconic films and performances from world cinema in his video installations, often featuring "miscastings" of himself in roles of varied identities. In 2009, at the Singapore Pavilion of the 53rd Venice Biennale, Wong represented Singapore with the body of work, Life of Imitation, for which he was awarded the Special Mention during the Biennale's Opening Ceremony, the first time a Singaporean artist would receive an award at the Venice Biennale. Wong is currently a Professor in Performance in the Expanded Field at Royal Institute of Art in Stockholm.

text:
# Ming Wong

**Ming Wong** (Chinese: 黄汉明; pinyin: *Huáng Hànmíng*) is a Singaporean contemporary artist who lives and works in Berlin, known for his re-interpretations of iconic films and performances from world cinema in his video installations, often featuring "miscastings" of himself in roles of varied identities.

In 2009, at the Singapore Pavilion of the 53rd Venice Biennale, Wong represented Singapore with the body of work, *Life of Imitation*, for which he was awarded the Special Mention (Expanding Worlds) during the Biennale's Opening Ceremony, the first time a Singaporean artist would receive an award at the Venice Biennale.

Wong is currently a Professor in Performance in the Expanded Field at Royal Institute of Art in Stockholm.

## Education and personal life

From 1992, he was trained in Chinese calligraphy at Nanyang Academy of Fine Arts, Singapore, obtaining his Diploma in Fine Arts (Chinese Art) in 1995. Wong would write plays in school, also doing amateur drama. In the late-1990s, Ming Wong began work in theatre, later leaving for London to study at the Slade School of Fine Art, University College London from 1997 to 1999, where he obtained his Master of Fine Arts (Fine Art Media). Wong remained in London after graduation, where he continued to produce video works. After spending 10 years in London since 1997, Wong's time there would be cut short by rising costs of living, and in 2007 he would move to Berlin where he currently lives and works.

## Career

### Beginnings

Following his graduation from the Nanyang Academy of Fine Arts in 1995, Wong worked in Singapore's English-language theatre scene, writing the book for the 1997 musical *Chang & Eng*, a dramatised narrative of the lives of nineteenth century Thai-born conjoined twin brothers who inspired the term "Siamese twins." The musical was a critical and commercial success for Singapore, touring Asia in the late 1990s, eventually becoming the first English-language musical to be performed in China.

While Wong started becoming known for his work on *Chang & Eng*, he would leave for London to continue his studies in art. Following his graduation in 1999, Wong would remain in London, continuing to exhibit and produce video works such as *Ham&cheeseomelet* (2001) and *Whodunnit?* (2003/04), pieces that reimagined William Shakespeare's Hamlet and British murder mysteries respectively. In 2007, Wong would move to Berlin for the one-year Künstlerhaus Bethanien residency. He would continue to work and live there while exhibiting internationally in locations such as Spain, the Netherlands, and Australia, and at venues such as the Museum of Contemporary Art Taipei, Taiwan, the NUS Museum, Singapore, or at events such as the Jakarta Biennale 2009.

### *Life of Imitation* at the Venice Biennale 2009

Wong would eventually be selected to represent Singapore for the 53rd Venice Biennale in 2009. At the Singapore Pavilion in Palazzo Michiel del Brusà, Cannaregio, curated by Tang Fu Kuen, Wong exhibited the body of work, *Life of Imitation,* a reference to the Douglas Sirk film, *Imitation of Life*. The palazzo was made to echo a cinema, with billboards by cinema billboard painter Neo Chon Teck 'advertising' the three featured video installations: *Four Malay Stories* (2005); *In Love for the Mood* (2009); and *Life of Imitation* (2009), alongside invited artworks by cine-memorabilia collector Wong Han Min, and filmmaker Sherman Ong. Together, the body of works examined the complexities of ethnic, racial, and linguistic identities across geographies, histories, and cultures as represented through cinema. For instance, the video installation, *Life of Imitation* (2009), featured three actors that corresponded to the three main ethnic groups in Singapore (Chinese, Malay, and Indian), each alternating roles to play both a black mother and her 'white' daughter, particularly in a scene where the latter is fervently denying her roots.

Wong would be awarded the Special Mention (Expanding Worlds) during the Biennale's Opening Ceremony, the first time a Singaporean artist would receive an award at the Venice Biennale. The exhibition would later be re-presented at the Singapore Art Museum in 2010, and later at the Frye Art Museum in Seattle, Washington, USA, CAST Gallery in Tasmania, Australia, and Hara Museum of Contemporary Art in Tokyo, Japan in 2011.

### 2010 to present

Wong would continue exhibiting internationally following *Life of Imitation* at the Venice Biennale, showing at the Sydney Biennale and the Gwangju Biennale in 2010. In 2011, he would also show at Performa 11, New York and the 3rd Singapore Biennale. In 2012, Wong would participate in the Liverpool Biennial, UK, and the Toronto International Film Festival, Canada with his project *Making Chinatown*, which was first shown at his solo exhibition *Ming Wong: Making Chinatown* at the REDCAT in Los Angeles, USA the same year. In 2013, he would show at the Lyon Biennale, France, and hold solo shows at the Shiseido Gallery in Tokyo, Japan, and the University of Oregon, USA. In 2014, he would show a new commissioned piece, *Windows On The World (Part 2),* at the 10th Shanghai Biennale Social Factory. Wong would hold a solo exhibition, *Next Year*, at the UCCA Center for Contemporary Art, Beijing in 2015. In 2016, Wong would participate in the 8th Asia Pacific Triennial of Contemporary Art (APT8).

In 2017, Wong would exhibit work at the Museum of Contemporary Art Taipei, Taiwan for *Spectrosynthesis - Asian LGBTQ Issues and Art Now*, a major survey show of LGBTQ art in Asia. In 2019, the show travelled to Bangkok Art and Culture Centre, Thailand as *Spectrosynthesis II*, the largest show of LGBTQ art from Southeast Asia, and Wong performed in drag for *Land of a Thousand Rainbows*, a performance commissioned for the exhibition's opening.

In 2018, he would show at a guest exhibition as part of DAK’ART 2018 Dakar Biennale, Senegal, curated by Cosmin Costinas and Inti Guerrero, produced by Para Site, also showing new work at the Busan Biennale, curated by Jörg Heiser and Cristina Ricupero, the same year. In 2019, Wong would participate in the 2019 Asian Art Biennial, *The Strangers from beyond the Mountain and the Sea,* curated by Taiwanese artist Hsu Chia-wei and Singaporean artist Ho Tzu Nyen.

## Art

Wong's work often features performances of various characters and identities from world cinema, which the artist views as a form of drag. Dubbed as a form of "pla(y)giarism" by writer Kathy Acker, Wong often plays all the roles, male and female, as a means of re-examining the Western cinematic canon as a queer Asian man. Wong has examined the visual tropes and conventions from the oeuvres of directors such as Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Wong Kar-wai, Luchino Visconti, Pier Paolo Pasolini, P. Ramlee, Douglas Sirk, Ingmar Bergman, and Roman Polanski; his practice thus examining the construction of subjectivity and geography through filmic representation.

### *Four Malay Stories* (2005)

A four-channel video installation, *Four Malay Stories* (2005) saw Wong selecting four of the most popular films from esteemed Malaysian filmmaker P. Ramlee's oeuvre, re-interpreting them by being filmed playing all 16 characters in full costume. Wong's poor command of the Malay language is foregrounded, with the artist attempting his lines several times in repeated takes of the same scene. Edited to simulate being shot on black-and-white film stock, the subtitles show a transcription of the artist's lines in Malay, alongside a literal English translation. The "foreign presence" of Wong within these films re-examine the nation's narratives of multiculturalism, highlighting the stereotypes and cinematic tropes in the history of Singapore's national cinema. The work further evokes the loss of Singapore's cinema heritage through its references to the golden era of the Malay film industry from the 1950s to 1960s, also highlighting the shifting politics of language in Singapore.

*Four Malay Stories* was later re-presented during Wong's *Life of Imitation* exhibition at the Singapore Pavilion in Venice Biennale 2009.

## Achievements

### Awards

At the 53rd Venice Biennale in 2009, Wong was awarded the Special Mention (Expanding Worlds), the first time Singapore received an award at the art biennale. Later in 2012, Wong would be conferred the Award of the Distinguished Alumni Medal from Nanyang Academy of Fine Arts, Singapore, 2012, and in 2014, Wong was awarded the Federal State of Berlin government grant for artists.

### Residencies and Fellowships

From 2003 to 2005, Wong was conferred the Pearson Creative Research Fellowship at the British Library, UK. He was awarded the Fire Station Residency and Bursary by ACME Studios, UK in 2005, and he was artist-in-residence at Künstlerhaus Bethanien in Berlin, Germany from 2007 to 2008.

## Further reading

* Tang, Fu Kuen (2010). *Ming Wong: Life of Imitation*. Singapore: Singapore Art Museum. ISBN 9789810855468.

## InfoBox

| Ming Wong
(黄汉明) | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Singapore |
| Nationality | Singaporean |
| Education | Diploma in Fine Arts (Nanyang Academy of Fine Arts, 1995);
MFA (Slade School of Fine Art, University College London, 1999) |
| Known for | Video art, film, installation art, performance art |
| Movement | Contemporary art |
| Awards | **2009**: Special Mention (Expanding Worlds), 53rd Venice Biennale |
| Website | http://www.mingwong.org/ |


title: 1959–60 Cupa României

abstract: The 1959–60 Cupa României was the 22nd edition of Romania's most prestigious football cup competition. The title was won by Progresul București against Dinamo Obor București.

text:
# 1959–60 Cupa României

The **1959–60 Cupa României** was the 22nd edition of Romania's most prestigious football cup competition.

The title was won by Progresul București against Dinamo Obor București.

## Format

The competition is an annual knockout tournament.

In the first round proper, two pots were made, first pot with Divizia A teams and other teams till 16 and the second pot with the rest of teams qualified in this phase. Each tie is played as a single leg.

It is the third season in the history of Cupa României when all the games are played on a neutral location.

If a match is drawn after 90 minutes, the game goes in extra time, and if the scored is still tight after 120 minutes, then a replay will be played. In case the game is still tight after the replay, then the team from lower division will qualify for the next round.

From the first edition, the teams from Divizia A entered in competition in sixteen finals, rule which remained till today.

## First round proper

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **29 November 1959** | | |
| **Ştiinţa Timişoara** (Div. B) | 3–1 | (Div. A) Jiul Petroșani |
| **Petrolul Ploiești** (Div. A) | 2–0 | (Div. B) CFR Paşcani |
| **Dinamo Obor București** (Div. B) | 3–2 | (Div. C) Voinţa Târgu Mureş |
| Dinamo Galaţi (Div. B) | 1–3 | (Div. A) **Rapid București** |
| **Prahova Ploiești** (Div. B) | 2–0 | (Div. A) Farul Constanța |
| **Metalul Titanii București** (Div. B) | 8–1 | (Div. C) Dinamo Tecuci |
| **ASA Sibiu** (Div. B) | 2–1 | (Div. A) UTA Arad |
| **Dinamo Bacău** (Div. A) | 4–1 | (Div. B) Rulmentul Bârlad |
| **Ştiinţa Cluj** (Div. A) | 3–1 | (Div. B) CFR Arad |
| **Progresul București** (Div. A) | 4–0 | (Div. B) CS Craiova |
| **Dinamo București** (Div. A) | 4–3 | (Div. B) Metalul Târgovişte |
| **Minerul Lupeni** (Div. A) | 2–1 | (Div. B) CFR Cluj |
| **CCA București** (Div. A) | 5–0 | (Div. B) Poiana Câmpina |
| **Steagul Roşu Oraşul Stalin** (Div. A) | 2–1 | (Div. C) Rapid II București |
| **Parângul Lonea** (Div. C) | 1–0 | (Div. C) Olimpia Reşiţa |
| **Stăruinţa Sighetu Marmației** (Div. C) | 2–0 | (Div. C) CSM Rădăuţi |

## Second round proper

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **6 December 1959** | | |
| **Ştiinţa Cluj** | 4–1 | ASA Sibiu |
| **Ştiinţa Timişoara** | 5–1 | Petrolul Ploiești |
| **Dinamo Bacău** | 3–0 | Stăruinţa Sighetu Marmației |
| **CCA București** | 8–0 | Metalul Titanii București |
| **Dinamo Obor București** | 1–0 | Rapid București |
| **Minerul Lupeni** | 3–2 | Parângul Lonea |
| **Progresul București** | 4–0 | Steagul Roşu Oraşul Stalin |
| **Dinamo București** | 3–1 | Prahova Ploiești |

## Quarter-finals

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **15 June 1960** | | |
| **Dinamo Obor București** | 3–1 | Minerul Lupeni |
| **Dinamo Bacău** | 3–2 | Ştiinţa Cluj |
| **Ştiinţa Timişoara** | 1–0 | Dinamo București |
| **22 June 1960** | | |
| **Progresul București** | 3–1 | CCA București |

## Semi-finals

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **26 June 1960** | | |
| **Progresul București** | 2–0 (a.e.t.) | Dinamo Bacău |
| **Dinamo Obor București** | 4–2 (a.e.t.) | Ştiinţa Timişoara |

## Final

| Progresul București | 2–0 | Dinamo Obor București |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Oaidă  10'
Soare  34' | Report |  |

Republicii, BucharestAttendance: 25,000Referee: Andrei Rădulescu (Bucharest)

| Cupa României 1959–60 winners |
| --- |
| **
Progresul București
1st title** |

## InfoBox

1959–60 Cupa României
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Romania |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Progresul București |
| Runner-up | Dinamo Obor București |
|  | |


title: Net smelter return

abstract: Net Smelter Return (NSR) is the net revenue that the owner of a mining property receives from the sale of the mine's metal/non metal products less transportation and refining costs. As a royalty it refers to the fraction of net smelter return that a mine operator is obligated to pay the owner of the royalty agreement. The royalty is paid in variable or fixed payments based on sales revenue received by a mining operator in return for mining output. It is contingent only on the sales price and quantity of product sold. The term is named so due to the fact most of the time, mining output sold requires further processing by smelters; the mining products purchased directly by smelters are sold to them for a discounted (net) price based on how much further processing is needed. The mining lease specifies the selling price and is used to verify the exact amount of product that's produced and sold between royalty payments. One advantage NSR royalties have over other royalties is that usually, payments are higher in the short term because capital costs and exploration costs cannot be used as deductions. Also, mine life and royalty expiration dates need to be taken into consideration. The royalty can be called a Net Value Royalty when deductions are based solely on the contract. Alternatively the Gross Smelter Return is a percentage of gross revenue paid by mine owner that isn't subject to any deductions.

text:
# Net smelter return

**Net Smelter Return (NSR)** is the net revenue that the owner of a mining property receives from the sale of the mine's metal/non metal products less transportation and refining costs. As a royalty it refers to the fraction of net smelter return that a mine operator is obligated to pay the owner of the royalty agreement. The royalty is paid in variable or fixed payments based on sales revenue received by a mining operator in return for mining output. It is contingent only on the sales price and quantity of product sold.

The term is named so due to the fact most of the time, mining output sold requires further processing by smelters; the mining products purchased directly by smelters are sold to them for a discounted (net) price based on how much further processing is needed. The mining lease specifies the selling price (prices are different in spot and forward markets) and is used to verify the exact amount of product that's produced and sold between royalty payments.

One advantage NSR royalties have over other royalties is that usually, payments are higher in the short term because capital costs and exploration costs cannot be used as deductions (some royalties don't have to be paid until after other costs such as loans/amortization are taken care of). Also, mine life and royalty expiration dates need to be taken into consideration. The royalty can be called a Net Value Royalty when deductions are based solely on the contract.

Alternatively the **Gross Smelter Return** is a percentage of gross revenue paid by mine owner that isn't subject to any deductions.

## Examples of transactions involving net smelter return royalties

* Franco-Nevada's 7.29% NSR royalty on Newmont Mining's Gold Quarry open pit mine in Nevada, which cost the company US$103.5 million, realized $250 million in royalty payments before being acquired. The NSM royalty in this case gave Franco Nevada the option of collecting in cash or in-kind (metal product output).


title: Swimming at the 2018 Commonwealth Games

abstract: Swimming at the 2018 Commonwealth Games was held at the Gold Coast Aquatic Centre in the Gold Coast, Australia from 5 to 10 April. A total of 50 events were scheduled. Of the 50, 38 were for able-bodied athletes. The remaining 12 were for para sport athletes.

text:
# Swimming at the 2018 Commonwealth Games

**Swimming** at the 2018 Commonwealth Games was held at the Gold Coast Aquatic Centre in the Gold Coast, Australia from 5 to 10 April. A total of 50 events were scheduled. Of the 50, 38 were for able-bodied athletes (19 per gender). The remaining 12 were for para sport athletes (six per gender).

## Schedule

## Medal table

*   Host nation (Australia)

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Australia* | 28 | 21 | 24 | 73 |
| 2 | England | 9 | 10 | 5 | 24 |
| 3 | South Africa | 6 | 3 | 3 | 12 |
| 4 | Canada | 3 | 11 | 6 | 20 |
| 5 | New Zealand | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| 6 | Scotland | 1 | 4 | 4 | 9 |
| 7 | Wales | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 |
| 8 | Jamaica | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | Trinidad and Tobago | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 10 | Singapore | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (10 entries) | | 50 | 52 | 47 | 149 |

## Medallists

### Men's events

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 50 m freestyle
 | Ben Proud
England | 21.35 | Brad Tandy
South Africa | 21.81 | Cameron McEvoy
Australia | 21.92 |
| 100 m freestyle
 | Duncan Scott
Scotland | 48.02 | Chad le Clos
South Africa  ---  Kyle Chalmers
Australia | 48.15 | *Not awarded*
as there was a tie for silver. | |
| 200 m freestyle
 | Kyle Chalmers
Australia | 1:45.56 | Mack Horton
Australia | 1:45.89 | Duncan Scott
Scotland | 1:46.30 |
| 400 m freestyle
 | Mack Horton
Australia | 3:43.76 | Jack McLoughlin
Australia | 3:45.21 | James Guy
England | 3:45.32 |
| 1500 m freestyle
 | Jack McLoughlin
Australia | 14:47.09 | Daniel Jervis
Wales | 14:48.67 | Mack Horton
Australia | 14:51.05 |
|  | | | | | | |
| 50 m backstroke
 | Mitch Larkin
Australia | 24.68 | Benjamin Treffers
Australia | 24.84 | Zac Incerti
Australia | 25.06 |
| 100 m backstroke
 | Mitch Larkin
Australia | 53.18 | Bradley Woodward
Australia | 53.95 | Markus Thormeyer
Canada | 54.14 |
| 200 m backstroke
 | Mitch Larkin
Australia | 1:56.10 | Bradley Woodward
Australia | 1:56.57 | Josh Beaver
Australia | 1:57.04 |
|  | | | | | | |
| 50 m breaststroke
 | Cameron van der Burgh
South Africa | 26.58 | Adam Peaty
England | 26.62 | James Wilby
England | 27.37 |
| 100 m breaststroke
 | Adam Peaty
England | 58.84 | James Wilby
England | 59.43 | Cameron van der Burgh
South Africa | 59.44 |
| 200 m breaststroke
 | James Wilby
England | 2:08.05 | Ross Murdoch
Scotland | 2:08.32 | Matt Wilson
Australia | 2:08.64 |
|  | | | | | | |
| 50 m butterfly
 | Chad le Clos
South Africa | 23.37 | Dylan Carter
Trinidad and Tobago | 23.67 | Ryan Coetzee
South Africa | 23.73 |
| 100 m butterfly
 | Chad le Clos
South Africa | 50.65 **GR** | James Guy
England | 51.31 | Grant Irvine
Australia | 51.50 |
| 200 m butterfly
 | Chad le Clos
South Africa | 1:54.00 **GR** | David Morgan
Australia | 1:56.36 | Duncan Scott
Scotland | 1:56.60 |
|  | | | | | | |
| 200 m individual medley
 | Mitch Larkin
Australia | 1:57.67 **GR** | Duncan Scott
Scotland | 1:57.86 | Clyde Lewis
Australia | 1:58.18 |
| 400 m individual medley
 | Clyde Lewis
Australia | 4.13.12 | Mark Szaranek
Scotland | 4.13.72 | Lewis Clareburt
New Zealand | 4.14.42 **NR** |
|  | | | | | | |
| 4×100 m freestyle relay
 | Australia
Cameron McEvoy (48.91)
James Magnussen (48.09)
Jack Cartwright (47.71)
Kyle Chalmers (48.25)
James Roberts\[a\] | 3:12.96 | England
David Cumberlidge (49.28)
Ben Proud (48.35)
Jarvis Parkinson (49.28)
James Guy (48.34)
Elliot Clogg\[a\]
Cameron Kurle\[a\] | 3:15.25 | Scotland
Duncan Scott (48.54)
Jack Thorpe (49.48)
Kieran McGukin (49.19)
Stephen Milne (48.65)
Craig McLean\[a\]
Scott McLay\[a\]
Dan Wallace\[a\] | 3:15.86 |
| 4×200 m freestyle relay
 | Australia
Alexander Graham (1:46.60)
Kyle Chalmers (1:46.47)
Elijah Winnington (1:45.97)
Mack Horton (1:46.93) | 7:05.97 **GR** | England
Cameron Kurle (1:47.63)
Nicholas Grainger (1:47.61)
Jarvis Parkinson (1:48.09)
James Guy (1:45.24) | 7:08.57 | Scotland
Stephen Milne (1:48.62)
Duncan Scott (1:44.82)
Dan Wallace (1:48.69)
Mark Szaranek (1:47.76) | 7:09.89 |
| 4×100 m medley relay
 | Australia
Mitch Larkin (53.14)
Jake Packard (59.29)
Grant Irvine (51.36)
Kyle Chalmers (47.25)
Bradley Woodward\[a\]
Matt Wilson\[a\]
David Morgan\[a\]
Jack Cartwright\[a\] | 3:31.04 **GR** | England
Luke Greenbank (54.61)
Adam Peaty (57.64)
James Guy (50.95)
Ben Proud (47.93)
Elliot Clogg\[a\]
James Wilby\[a\]
Jacob Peters\[a\]
David Cumberlidge\[a\] | 3:31.13 | South Africa
Calvyn Justus (55.79)
Cameron van der Burgh (59.20)
Chad le Clos (50.10)
Brad Tandy (49.70)
Martin Binedell\[a\]
Michael Houlie\[a\]
Ryan Coetzee\[a\] | 3:34.79 |
| **AF** African record | **AM** Americas record | **AS** Asian record | **ER** European record | **OC** Oceania record
**CR** Commonwealth record | **GR** Commonwealth Games record | **WR** World record | **NR** National record
(Any world record is necessarily also a Commonwealth Games, Commonwealth, area, and national record.
Area records (for continental regions) are also national records.) | | | | | | |

**a**  Swimmers who participated in the heats only and received medals.

### Women's events

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 50 m freestyle
 | Cate Campbell
Australia | 23.78 **CR, OC** | Taylor Ruck
Canada  ---  Bronte Campbell
Australia | **NR**  ---  24.26 | *Not awarded*
as there was a tie for silver. | |
| 100 m freestyle
 | Bronte Campbell
Australia | 52.27 **GR** | Cate Campbell
Australia | 52.69 | Taylor Ruck
Canada | 53.08 |
| 200 m freestyle
 | Taylor Ruck
Canada | 1:54.81 **CR** | Ariarne Titmus
Australia | 1:54.85 | Emma McKeon
Australia | 1:56.26 |
| 400 m freestyle
 | Ariarne Titmus
Australia | 4:00.93 **GR, OC** | Holly Hibbott
England | 4:05.31 | Ellie Faulkner
England | 4:07.35 |
| 800 m freestyle
 | Ariarne Titmus
Australia | 8:20.02 | Jessica Ashwood
Australia | 8:27.60 | Kiah Melverton
Australia | 8:28.59 |
|  | | | | | | |
| 50 m backstroke
 | Emily Seebohm
Australia | 27.78 | Kylie Masse
Canada | 27.82 | Georgia Davies
Wales | 27.90 |
| 100 m backstroke
 | Kylie Masse
Canada | 58.63 **GR** | Emily Seebohm
Australia | 58.66 | Taylor Ruck
Canada | 58.97 |
| 200 m backstroke
 | Kylie Masse
Canada | 2:05.98 **GR** | Taylor Ruck
Canada | 2:06.42 | Emily Seebohm
Australia | 2:06.82 |
|  | | | | | | |
| 50 m breaststroke
 | Sarah Vasey
England | 30.60 | Alia Atkinson
Jamaica | 30.76 | Leiston Pickett
Australia | 30.78 |
| 100 m breaststroke
 | Tatjana Schoenmaker
South Africa | 1:06.41 **AF** | Kierra Smith
Canada | 1:07.05 | Georgia Bohl
Australia | 1:07.22 |
| 200 m breaststroke
 | Tatjana Schoenmaker
South Africa | 2:22.02 **AF** | Molly Renshaw
England | 2:23.28 | Chloé Tutton
Wales | 2:23.42 |
|  | | | | | | |
| 50 m butterfly
 | Cate Campbell
Australia | 25.59 | Holly Barratt
Australia | 25.67 | Madeline Groves
Australia | 25.69 |
| 100 m butterfly
 | Emma McKeon
Australia | 56.78 **GR** | Madeline Groves
Australia | 57.19 | Brianna Throssell
Australia | 57.30 |
| 200 m butterfly
 | Alys Thomas
Wales | 2:05.45 **GR** | Laura Taylor
Australia | 2:07.39 | Emma McKeon
Australia | 2:08.05 |
|  | | | | | | |
| 200 m individual medley
 | Siobhan-Marie O'Connor
England | 2:09.80 | Sarah Darcel
Canada | 2:11.14 | Erika Seltenreich-Hodgson
Canada | 2:11.74 |
| 400 m individual medley
 | Aimee Willmott
England | 4:34.90 | Hannah Miley
Scotland | 4:35.16 | Blair Evans
Australia | 4:38.23 |
|  | | | | | | |
| 4×100 m freestyle relay
 | Australia (AUS)
Shayna Jack (54.03)
Bronte Campbell (52.03)
Emma McKeon (52.99)
Cate Campbell (51.00) | 3:30.05 **WR** | Canada (CAN)
Alexia Zevnik (53.95)
Kayla Sanchez (53.82)
Penny Oleksiak (54.33)
Taylor Ruck (51.82) | 3:33.92 | England (ENG)
Siobhan-Marie O'Connor (54.34)
Freya Anderson (54.95)
Anna Hopkin (53.82)
Ellie Faulkner (55.29) | 3:38.40 |
| 4×200 m freestyle relay
 | Australia (AUS)
Emma McKeon (1:56.62)
Brianna Throssell (1:57.60)
Leah Neale (1:58.23)
Ariarne Titmus (1:55.59) | 7:48.04 **GR** | Canada (CAN)
Penny Oleksiak (1:58.03)
Kayla Sanchez (1:59.30)
Rebecca Smith (1:57.19)
Taylor Ruck (1:55.14) | 7:49.66 | England (ENG)
Ellie Faulkner (1:58.75)
Siobhan-Marie O'Connor (1:57.07)
Freya Anderson (2:00.41)
Holly Hibbott (1:59.37) | 7:55.60 |
| 4×100 m medley relay
 | Australia (AUS)
Emily Seebohm (59.52)
Georgia Bohl (1:06.85)
Emma McKeon (56.42)
Bronte Campbell (51.57) | 3:54.36 **GR** | Canada (CAN)
Kylie Masse (59.02)
Kierra Smith (1:06.68)
Penny Oleksiak (56.86)
Taylor Ruck (52.54) | 3:55.10 | Wales (WAL)
Georgia Davies (1:00.34)
Chloé Tutton (1:07.39)
Alys Thomas (57.29)
Kathryn Greenslade (55.73) | 4:00.75 |
| **AF** African record | **AM** Americas record | **AS** Asian record | **ER** European record | **OC** Oceania record
**CR** Commonwealth record | **GR** Commonwealth Games record | **WR** World record | **NR** National record
(Any world record is necessarily also a Commonwealth Games, Commonwealth, area, and national record.
Area records (for continental regions) are also national records.) | | | | | | |

### Para events

#### Men's

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 50 m freestyle S7
 | Matthew Levy
Australia | 28.60 | Christian Sadie
South Africa | 29.65 | Toh Wei Soong
Singapore | 29.83 |
| 100 m freestyle S9
 | Timothy Disken
Australia | 56.07 | Lewis White
England | 56.77 | Brenden Hall
Australia | 57.90 |
| 200 m freestyle S14
 | Thomas Hamer
England | 1:55.88 **WR** | Liam Schluter
Australia | 1:56.23 | Daniel Fox
Australia | 1:58.26 |
|  | | | | | | |
| 100 m backstroke S9
 | Brenden Hall
Australia | 1:04.73 | Timothy Hodge
Australia | 1:04.99 | Logan Powell
Australia | 1:05.29 |
|  | | | | | | |
| 100 m breaststroke SB8
 | Timothy Disken
Australia | 1:12.42 | Timothy Hodge
Australia | 1:15.80 | Blake Cochrane
Australia | 1:18.75 |
|  | | | | | | |
| 200 m individual medley SM8
 | Jesse Aungles
Australia | 2:30.77 | Blake Cochrane
Australia | 2:32.72 | Philippe Vachon
Canada | 2:34.03 |
| **AF** African record | **AM** Americas record | **AS** Asian record | **ER** European record | **OC** Oceania record
**CR** Commonwealth record | **GR** Commonwealth Games record | **WR** World record | **NR** National record
(Any world record is necessarily also a Commonwealth Games, Commonwealth, area, and national record.
Area records (for continental regions) are also national records.) | | | | | | |

#### Women's

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 50 m freestyle S8
 | Lakeisha Patterson
Australia | 30.14 | Morgan Bird
Canada | 32.03 | Abigail Tripp
Canada | 32.49 |
| 100 m freestyle S9
 | Lakeisha Patterson
Australia | 1:03.02 | Alice Tai
England | 1:03.07 | Ellie Cole
Australia | 1:03.36 |
|  | | | | | | |
| 100 m backstroke S9
 | Alice Tai
England | 1:08.77 | Ellie Cole
Australia | 1:11.51 | Ashleigh McConnell
Australia | 1:15.93 |
|  | | | | | | |
| 100 m breaststroke SB9
 | Sophie Pascoe
New Zealand | 1:18.09 | Paige Leonhardt
Australia | 1:18.81 | Madeleine Scott
Australia | 1:19.98 |
|  | | | | | | |
| 50 m butterfly S7
 | Ellie Robinson
England | 35.72 | Sarah Mehain
Canada | 37.69 | Bronze not awarded | |
|  | | | | | | |
| 200 m individual medley SM10
 | Sophie Pascoe
New Zealand | 2:27.72 | Aurélie Rivard
Canada | 2:31.79 | Katherine Downie
Australia | 2:31.81 |
| **AF** African record | **AM** Americas record | **AS** Asian record | **ER** European record | **OC** Oceania record
**CR** Commonwealth record | **GR** Commonwealth Games record | **WR** World record | **NR** National record
(Any world record is necessarily also a Commonwealth Games, Commonwealth, area, and national record.
Area records (for continental regions) are also national records.) | | | | | | |

### Records

| Date | Event | Established for | Time | Name | Nation | Record |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5 April | Women's 200m freestyle final | (same) | 1:54.81 | Taylor Ruck | Canada | **CR, GR** |
| | Men's 200m freestyle S14 final | (same) | 1:55.88 | Thomas Hamer | England | **WR** |
| | Women's 100m butterfly semifinal | (same) | 57.22 | Madeline Groves | Australia | **GR** |
| | Women's 4 × 100m freestyle relay final | (same) | 3:30.05 | Shayna Jack (54.03)
Bronte Campbell (52.03)
Emma McKeon (52.99)
Cate Campbell (51.00) | Australia | **WR** |
| 6 April | Women's 100m backstroke heats | (same) | 58.91 | Emily Seebohm | Australia | **GR** |
| | | | 58.70 | Kylie Masse | Canada | **GR** |
| | Men's 4 × 100m freestyle relay heats | (same) | 3.12.72 | Cameron McEvoy (48.63)
James Magnussen (47.87)
Jack Cartwright (47.74)
James Roberts (48.48) | Australia | **GR** |
| | Women's 50m freestyle semifinal | (same) | 23.88 | Cate Campbell | Australia | **GR** |
| | Men's 100m breaststroke semifinal | (same) | 58.59 | Adam Peaty | England | **GR** |
| | Women's 100m backstroke semifinal | (same) | 58.66 | Kylie Masse | Canada | **GR** |
| | Women's 100m butterfly final | (same) | 56.78 | Emma McKeon | Australia | **GR** |
| 7 April | Men's 200m butterfly final | (same) | 1:54.00 | Chad le Clos | South Africa | **GR** |
| | Men's 100m breaststroke final | Men's 50m breaststroke | 26.74 | Adam Peaty | England | **GR** |
| | Women's 50m freestyle final | (same) | 23.78 | Cate Campbell | Australia | **CR, OC, GR** |
| | Women's 100m backstroke final | (same) | 58.63 | Kylie Masse | Canada | **GR** |
| | Women's 4 × 200m freestyle relay final | (same) | 7:48.04 | Emma McKeon (1:56.62)
Brianna Throssell (1:57.60)
Leah Neale (1:58.23)
Ariarne Titmus (1:55.59) | Australia | **GR** |
| 8 April | Women's 200m backstroke final | (same) | 2:05.98 | Kylie Masse | Canada | **GR** |
| | Women's 100m freestyle semifinal | (same) | 52.64 | Cate Campbell | Australia | **GR** |
| | Men's 50m breaststroke semifinal | (same) | 26.49 | Adam Peaty | England | **GR** |
| | Men's 4 × 200m freestyle relay final | (same) | 7.05.97 | Alexander Graham (1:46.60)
Kyle Chalmers (1:46.47)
Elijah Winnington (1:45.97)
Mack Horton (1:46.93) | Australia | **GR** |
| 9 April | Men's 50m freestyle heats | (same) | 21.45 | Ben Proud | England | **GR** |
| | Men's 50m freestyle semifinal | (same) | 21.30 | Ben Proud | England | **GR, NR** |
| | Women's 200m butterfly final | (same) | 2:05.45 | Alys Thomas | Wales | **GR** |
| | Women's 100m freestyle final | (same) | 52.27 | Bronte Campbell | Australia | **GR** |
| | Men's 100m butterfly final | (same) | 50.65 | Chad le Clos | South Africa | **GR** |
| 10 April | Women's 400m freestyle final | (same) | 4:00.93 | Ariarne Titmus | Australia | **OC, GR** |
| | Men's 200m individual medley final | (same) | 1:57.67 | Mitch Larkin | Australia | **GR** |
| | Women's 4 × 100m medley relay final | (same) | 3:54.36 | Emily Seebohm (59.52)
Georgia Bohl (1:06.85)
Emma McKeon (56.42)
Bronte Campbell (51.57) | Australia | **GR** |
| | Men's 4 × 100m medley relay final | (same) | 3:31.04 | Mitch Larkin (53.14)
Jake Packard (59.29)
Grant Irvine (51.36)
Kyle Chalmers (47.25) | Australia | **GR** |
| **AF** African record | **AM** Americas record | **AS** Asian record | **ER** European record | **OC** Oceania record
**CR** Commonwealth record | **GR** Commonwealth Games record | **WR** World record | **NR** National record
(Any world record is necessarily also a Commonwealth Games, Commonwealth, area, and national record.
Area records (for continental regions) are also national records.) | | | | | | |

## Participating nations

There are 47 participating nations in swimming with a total of 363 athletes. The number of athletes a nation entered is in parentheses beside the name of the country.

## InfoBox

| Swimming
at the 2018 Commonwealth Games | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Venue | Gold Coast Aquatic Centre |
| Dates | 5–10 April 2018 |
|


title: Zerre

abstract: Zerre is the fifth studio album by the band Replikas, released in November 2008 by Peyote Music. In order to capture huge and organic sounds not found in a normal studio, the band went to Gokceada and transformed a former prison into a recording studio. Production, recording and mix processes were carried out by Metin Bozkurt and Replikas members and mastering was done by Kim Rosen in New York’s West West Side Studios.

text:
# Zerre

***Zerre*** is the fifth studio album by the band Replikas, released in November 2008 by Peyote Music.

In order to capture huge and organic sounds not found in a normal studio, the band went to Gokceada (an island in the Aegean Sea) and transformed a former prison into a recording studio. Production, recording and mix processes were carried out by Metin Bozkurt and Replikas members and mastering was done by Kim Rosen in New York’s West West Side Studios.

## Track listing

1. Bu Sıkıntı
2. Zerre
3. Bugün Varım Yarın Yokum
4. Dulcinea
5. Bitti Deme
6. Vakt-i Kerahat
7. Bozuk Düzen
8. Boş Vücut
9. Gülmediğin Günler
10. Hortum
11. Eksik
12. Ruh Feza
13. Tuaf (Hidden track)

## Line up

* Gökçe Akçelik
* Selçuk Artut
* Orçun Baştürk
* Barkın Engin
* Burak Tamer

## InfoBox

| Zerre | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Replikas | |
| Released | November 2008 |
| Recorded | July – September 2008 |
| Genre | Experimental rock |
| Length | 63 |
| Label | Peyote |
| Replikas chronology | |
| *Film Müzikleri*
(2006) ***Zerre***
(2008) *Biz Burada Yok İken*
(2012) | |


title: Xanthomonas sRNA

abstract: In molecular biology, Xanthomonas sRNA are small RNAs which have been identified in various species of the bacterium Xanthomonas. Analysis of the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria revealed expression of seven cis-encoded antisense RNAs (asX1-asX7) and 15 intergenic sRNAs. Several sRNAs have also been identified in Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris. Some of these X. campestris sRNAs are only found in Xanthomonas, some are also expressed in other bacteria. Several of these sRNAs appear to contribute to virulence, including sX12, sX13 and sRNA-Xcc1. Computational analysis predicts 63 sRNAs in Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae, expression of 8 of these has been experimentally confirmed. Expression of three of these is Hfq-dependent.

text:
# Xanthomonas sRNA

In molecular biology, ***Xanthomonas* sRNA** are small RNAs which have been identified in various species of the bacterium *Xanthomonas*.

Analysis of the plant pathogen *Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria* revealed expression of seven cis-encoded antisense RNAs (asX1-asX7) and 15 intergenic sRNAs (sX1 - sX15). Several sRNAs have also been identified in *Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris*. Some of these *X. campestris* sRNAs are only found in *Xanthomonas*, some are also expressed in other bacteria. Several of these sRNAs appear to contribute to virulence, including sX12, sX13 and sRNA-Xcc1.

Computational analysis predicts 63 sRNAs in *Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae*, expression of 8 of these has been experimentally confirmed. Expression of three of these is Hfq-dependent.


title: Xikuangshan, Lengshuijiang

abstract: Xikuangshan Subdistrict is an urban subdistrict in Lengshuijiang, Loudi City, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China. As of the 2015 census it had a population of 30,500 and an area of 67.05-square-kilometre (25.89 sq mi).

text:
# Xikuangshan, Lengshuijiang

**Xikuangshan Subdistrict** (simplified Chinese: 锡矿山街道; traditional Chinese: 錫礦山街道; pinyin: *Xīkuàngshān Jiēdào*) is an urban subdistrict in Lengshuijiang, Loudi City, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China. As of the 2015 census it had a population of 30,500 and an area of 67.05-square-kilometre (25.89 sq mi).

## History

In 2015, Kuangshan Township was merged into Xikuangshan Subdistrict.

## Administrative division

The subdistrict is divided into 8 communities, the following areas: Changlongjie Community, Guangrong Community, Lianmeng Community, Qilijiang Community, Qixing Community, Taotang Community, Yanshanhong Community, and Shuangmu Community (长龙界社区、光荣社区、联盟社区、七里江社区、七星社区、陶塘社区、艳山红社区、双木社区).

## InfoBox

| Xikuangshan Subdistrict 锡矿山街道 | |
| --- | --- |
| Subdistrict | |
| Xikuangshan SubdistrictLocation in Hunan | |
| Coordinates: 27°44′41″N 111°28′06″E / 27.74472°N 111.46833°E / 27.74472; 111.46833 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Hunan |
| Prefecture-level city | Loudi |
| County-level city | Lengshuijiang |
| Area | |
| Total | 67.05 km2 (25.89 sq mi) |
| Population (2015) | 30,500 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 417500 |
| Area code | 0738 |


title: Xilang station

abstract: Xilang station, formerly Guanggang station because of nearby Guangzhou Iron and Steel's headquarters when planning, is a terminus of Line 1 of the Guangzhou Metro and Guangfo Line. It started operations on 28 June 1997. It was situated at the underground of Huadi Avenue South in Fangcun, Liwan District. During COVID-19 pandemic control rules from 29 May to 24 June 2021, services of Xilang station had been largely restricted, as all entrances and exits are closed, passengers can't embark or disembark at this station, and while the trains on both lines can still stop here, passengers can only transfer between both lines within the fare zone. The entrance has reopened in the afternoon of 24 June.

text:
# Xilang station

**Xilang station** (Chinese: 西塱站; Jyutping: *sai1long5 zaam6*; Cantonese Yale: *Sāilóhng Jaahm* ), formerly **Guanggang station** because of nearby Guangzhou Iron and Steel's headquarters when planning, is a terminus of Line 1 of the Guangzhou Metro and Guangfo Line (FMetro Line 1). It started operations on 28 June 1997. It was situated at the underground of Huadi Avenue South in Fangcun, Liwan District.

During COVID-19 pandemic control rules from 29 May to 24 June 2021, services of Xilang station had been largely restricted, as all entrances and exits are closed, passengers can't embark or disembark at this station, and while the trains on both lines can still stop here, passengers can only transfer between both lines within the fare zone. The entrance has reopened in the afternoon of 24 June.

## Station layout

| **F3
Offices** | - | Offices |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **F2
Concourse** | Line 1 Lobby | Ticket Machines, Customer Service, Shops, Police Station, Safety Facilities, Transfer passageways between Lobbies |
| **G
Platforms** | Platform 5 | termination platform(back to Xilang Depot) |
| | Island platform, alighting passengers only | |
| | Platform 4
Platform 3 | towards Guangzhou East Railway Station (Kengkou) |
| | Island platform, boarding passengers only | | |
| | Platform 2
Platform 1 | towards Guangzhou East Railway Station (Kengkou) |
| | Side platform, alighting passengers only | | | |
| **B1
Concourse** | Guangfo Line Lobby | Ticket Machines, Customer Service, Shops, Safety Facilities, Transfer passageways between Lobbies |
| **B2
Platforms** | Platform 7 | Guangfo  towards Xincheng Dong (Jushu) |
| | Island platform, doors will open on the left | |
| | Platform 6 | Guangfo  towards Lijiao (Hedong) |

## Exits

| Exit number | | Exit location |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Exit A | | Huadi Daodaozhong |
| Exit B | | Huadi Daodaozhong |
| Exit D | | Huadi Daodaozhong |
| Exit F | | Huadi Daodaozhong |
| Exit J | | Huadi Daodaonan |

1. simplified Chinese: 广钢站; traditional Chinese: 廣鋼站; pinyin: *Guǎnggāng Zhàn*; Jyutping: *gwong2gong3 zaam6*; lit. 'Guangzhou Iron and Steel Plant Station'
2. 地鐵三四號線六站更名 "廣州豐田"成站名 (in Simplified Chinese).
3. 花地大道南; *Huādì Dàdào Nán*; *faa1dei6 daai6dou6 naam4*; 'Flower Ground South Avenue'
4. Xilang
5. Li Tianyan (6 June 2021). "6月7日起，芳村区域所有地铁站停运". *Guangzhou Daily*.

23°03′52″N 113°13′56″E / 23.06444°N 113.23222°E / 23.06444; 113.23222

## InfoBox

| Xilang
西塱 | |
| --- | --- |
| Platform 3 (Line 1 boarding platform) | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Traditional Chinese | 西塱站 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Xīlǎng Zhàn  Yue: Cantonese  Jyutping Sai1Long5 zaam6 | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Huadi Avenue South(花地大道南)
Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong
China |
| Operated by | Guangzhou Metro Co. Ltd.
Foshan Railway Investment Construction Group Co. Ltd. |
| Line(s) |  |
| Platforms | 7 (3 island platforms and 1 side platform) |
| Tracks | 5 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | At-grade
(Guangzhou Line 1)
Underground
(Guangfo Line/Foshan Line 1) |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Station code | 101 GF18 |
| History | |
| Opened | 28 June 1997 (1997-06-28)
(Guangzhou Line 1)
3 November 2010 (2010-11-03)
(Guangfo Line/Foshan Line 1) |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Guangzhou Metro Following station  *Terminus*  Line 1  Kengkoutowards Guangzhou East Railway Station  Jushutowards Xincheng Dong  Guangfo line  Hedongtowards Lijiao | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: YF-75D

abstract: The YF-75D is a cryogenic rocket engine burning liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen in a closed expander cycle. It is China's third generation of upper stage cryogenic propellant engine, after the YF-73 and the YF-75. It is used in a dual engine mount in the H5-2 second stage of the Long March 5 launch vehicles. Within the mount, each engine can gimbal individually to enable thrust vectoring control. As with its predecessor YF-75, the YF-75D can adjust its mixture ratio to optimize propellant consumption. As an additional improvement it can do multiple restarts, against the single one of its predecessor. The combustion chamber required a redesign to keep the power balance. Since the expander cycle uses the heat extracted from the cooling circuits to drive the turbines, the chamber had to be lengthened and the cooling passages redesigned. The engine uses a redesigned hydrogen turbine. It uses an axial two-staged low pressure ratio subsonic turbine that operates at 65,000 rpm, which is between the second and third critical speed. It rests on dual elastic support dampers around the ceramic ball bearings.

text:
# YF-75D

The **YF-75D** is a cryogenic rocket engine burning liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen in a closed expander cycle. It is China's third generation of upper stage cryogenic propellant engine, after the YF-73 and the YF-75. It is used in a dual engine mount in the H5-2 second stage of the Long March 5 launch vehicles. Within the mount, each engine can gimbal individually to enable thrust vectoring control. As with its predecessor YF-75, the YF-75D can adjust its mixture ratio to optimize propellant consumption. As an additional improvement it can do multiple restarts, against the single one of its predecessor.

The combustion chamber required a redesign to keep the power balance. Since the expander cycle uses the heat extracted from the cooling circuits to drive the turbines, the chamber had to be lengthened and the cooling passages redesigned. The engine uses a redesigned hydrogen turbine. It uses an axial two-staged low pressure ratio subsonic turbine that operates at 65,000 rpm, which is between the second and third critical speed. It rests on dual elastic support dampers around the ceramic ball bearings.

## YF-75E

The YF-75E engine is based on the YF-75D engine, and the nozzle ratio is increased to improve its working performance. It is expected to be used in the third stage of the Long March 10 launch vehicle.

## Specifications

|  | YF-75D | YF-75E |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Vacuum thrust: | 88.36 kN | 92.108 kN |
| Specific impulse (vacuum) -Isp: | 442.6 seconds (4.340 km/s) | 451.1 seconds (4.424 km/s) |
| Chamber pressure: | 4.1 MPa | 4.1 MPa |
| Mixture ratio: | 6.0 | 6.0 |
| Nozzle ratio: | 80 | 175 |
| Engine weight - dry: | 265 kg |  |
| propellants: | LOX/LH2 | LOX/LH2 |
| Diameter: | 1.08 m | 1.6 m |
| Thrust to Weight Ratio: | 34.0 |  |
| Vehicle application: | Second stage of Long March 5 | Third stage of Long March 10 |

## InfoBox

YF-75D
| Country of origin | China |
| --- | --- |
| First flight | Long March 5 inaugural flight (2016-11-03) |
| Manufacturer | Academy of Aerospace Liquid Propulsion Technology |
| Associated LV | Long March 5 |
| Predecessor | YF-75 |
| Status | In service |
| Liquid-fuel engine | |
| Propellant | Liquid oxygen / liquid hydrogen |
| Mixture ratio | 6.0 (adjustable) |
| Cycle | Expander cycle |
| Configuration | |
| Chamber | 1 |
| Nozzle ratio | 80 |
| Performance | |
| Thrust, vacuum | 88.36 kilonewtons (19,860 lbf) |
| Chamber pressure | 4.1 MPa (590 psi) |
| Specific impulse, vacuum | 442.6 seconds (4.340 km/s) |
| Burn time | 780 seconds (13.0 min) |
| Used in | |
| Long March 5 H5-2 second stage. | |
| References | |
| References |  |


title: Xipranolol

abstract: Xipranolol is a beta blocker.

text:
# Xipranolol

**Xipranolol** is a beta blocker.

## InfoBox

Xipranolol
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Clinical data | |
| ATC code | * None |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * 1-\[bis(2,6-Dimethylphenyl)methoxy\]-3-(isopropylamino)propan-2-ol | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C23H33NO2 |
| Molar mass | 355.522 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * O(CC(O)CNC(C)C)C(c1c(cccc1C)C)c2c(cccc2C)C | |


title: Xpress: Platform 13

abstract: Xpress: Platform 13 is a steel roller coaster at Walibi Holland in Biddinghuizen, Netherlands which was launched as Superman The Ride in April 2000. The name was changed to Xpress in the season of 2005, and Xpress: Platform 13 in 2014. It was the first LSM-coaster in Europe.

text:
# Xpress: Platform 13

**Xpress: Platform 13** is a steel roller coaster at Walibi Holland in Biddinghuizen, Netherlands which was launched as **Superman The Ride** in April 2000. The name was changed to **Xpress** in the season of 2005, and **Xpress: Platform 13** in 2014. It was the first LSM-coaster in Europe.

## The Ride

After the train has been locked and checked, it slowly advances out of the station to the launch area. The train goes through a tunnel, where the passengers wait until the countdown starts. After the countdown, the trains, which exist out of 2 across in 2 rows for a total of 24 riders per train, are accelerated from 0 - 55.9 mph in 2.8 seconds. It first climbs into a Sea Serpent Roll, which is a 2 inversion element. Then the train plunges into numerous turns and helixes and the 3rd inversion, a corkscrew. The train then passes in through a mid course brake run, makes a few turns then travels into the final brake run. When the final brake run is completed, the car goes into the station where the unloading process begins.

## Ride Facts

## History

The Xpress / Superman was initially to be called "Riddler's Revenge" and was painted green at the factory. Shortly before the ride was installed, it was decided that Europeans know of Batman, but not necessarily all of the related villains. So the track was repainted with red and blue supports and given a Superman theme. The station was given the theme of the Daily Planet offices.

The ride was launched in April 2000 in the theme park Six Flags Holland. Following the sale of all of Six Flags' European parks in 2004, the park was changed to **Walibi World** just before the beginning of the 2005 season. Any references to Looney Tunes and DC Comics characters had to be removed from the park before opening day. The name of Superman The Ride was changed to **Xpress**.

The Xpress has nearly the same track layout as the "Rock 'n' Roller Coaster" models at Disney Parks (Rock 'n' Roller Coaster, Disney's Hollywood Studios and Avengers Assemble: Flight Force, Disney's Adventure World). The Rock 'n' Roller Coaster's layout is a bit more spacious to compensate for a higher speed launch due to the trains being heavier with the musical hardware.

In 2011, small cracks were found in the stators, and their metal inside started to rust. New stators were ordered, and were delivered in February 2012. Therefore, the coaster was standing but not operating for the whole 2011 season. In August 2011, Walibi Holland decided to re-paint the track, to get rid of the old Superman colors (Black track and Grey supports.). Xpress Reopened In April 2012.

In September 2013, P&P Projects began working on a renovation of the ride set to reopen in 2014.

In 2014, the ride was reopened as Xpress Platform 13 with a new theme based on a backstory about a forbidden subway station. The guests walk through this subway station as they enter the ride, which starts out as a normal subway station but gets darker and more horror-based as the guests progress towards the actual ride entrance.

## InfoBox

| Xpress: Platform 13 | |
| --- | --- |
| *Previously known as Superman The Ride at Six Flags Holland (2000–2004)<br>Xpress at Walibi World/Walibi Holland (2005–2013)* | |
| Xpress: Platform 13 | |
| Walibi Holland | |
| Location | Walibi Holland |
| Park section | Hollywood The Main Street |
| Coordinates | 52°26′21″N 5°45′50″E / 52.43917°N 5.76389°E / 52.43917; 5.76389 |
| Status | Operating |
| Opening date | April 2000 |
| General statistics | |
| Type | Steel Launched |
| Manufacturer | Vekoma |
| Model | LSM Launch |
| Lift/launch system | LSM |
| Height | 85 ft (26 m) |
| Length | 3,267 ft (996 m) |
| Speed | 55.9 mph (90.0 km/h) |
| Inversions | 3 |
| Duration | 100 seconds |
| Capacity | 1200 riders per hour |
| Acceleration | 0 − 55.9 mph in 2.8 seconds |
| Height restriction | 120 cm (3 ft 11 in) |
| Xpress: Platform 13 at RCDB | |
| Video | |
|  | |


title: Xapian

abstract:
Xapian is a free and open-source probabilistic information retrieval library, released under the GNU General Public License (GPL). It is a full-text search engine library for programmers. It is written in C++, with bindings to allow use from Perl, Python, PHP, Java, Tcl, C#, Ruby, Lua, Erlang, Node.js and R. Xapian is highly portable and runs on Linux, OS X, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Solaris, HP-UX, AIX, Windows, OS/2 and Hurd, as well as Tru64. Xapian grew out of the Muscat search engine, written by Dr. Martin F. Porter at the University of Cambridge. The first official release of Xapian was version 0.5.0 on September 20, 2002. Xapian allows developers to add advanced indexing and search facilities to their own applications.
Organisations and projects using Xapian include the Library of the University of Cologne, Debian, Die Zeit, MoinMoin, and One Laptop per Child.

text:
# Xapian

**Xapian** is a free and open-source probabilistic information retrieval library, released under the GNU General Public License (GPL). It is a full-text search engine library for programmers.

It is written in C++, with bindings to allow use from Perl, Python (2 and 3), PHP (5 and 7), Java, Tcl, C#, Ruby, Lua, Erlang, Node.js and . Xapian is highly portable and runs on Linux, OS X, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Solaris, HP-UX, AIX, Windows, OS/2 and Hurd, as well as Tru64. Xapian grew out of the Muscat search engine, written by Dr. Martin F. Porter at the University of Cambridge. The first official release of Xapian was version 0.5.0 on September 20, 2002.

Xapian allows developers to add advanced indexing and search facilities to their own applications. Organisations and projects using Xapian include the Library of the University of Cologne, Debian, Die Zeit, MoinMoin, and One Laptop per Child.

## Features

* Supports Unicode 9.0 (including codepoints beyond the BMP) and stores indexed text in UTF-8.
* Transactions: if database update fails in the middle of a transaction, the database is guaranteed to remain in a consistent state.
* Simultaneous search and update, with new documents being immediately visible.
* Support for large databases: Xapian has been proven to scale to hundreds of millions of documents.
* Accurate probabilistic ranking: more relevant documents are listed first.
* Phrase and proximity searching.
* Relevance feedback, which improves ranking and can expand a query, find related documents, categorise documents etc.
* Structured Boolean queries, e.g. "race AND condition NOT horse"
* Wildcard search, e.g. "wiki\*"
* Spelling correction
* Synonyms
* Omega, a packaged solution for adding a search engine to a web site or intranet. Omega can easily be extended and adapted to fit changing requirements.

## GUI front-ends

## InfoBox

Xapian
| Developer(s) | xapian.org |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Stable release | 1.4.25  / 8 March 2024 (8 March 2024) |
|  | |
| Repository |  |
| Written in | C++ |
| Operating system | Cross-platform |
| Type | Search and index API. |
| License | GNU General Public License |
| Website | xapian.org |


title: Xun Xian

abstract: Xun Xian (322–359), courtesy name Lingze, was a Chinese military general of the Jin dynasty (266–420).

text:
# Xun Xian

**Xun Xian** (322–359), courtesy name **Lingze**, was a Chinese military general of the Jin dynasty (266–420).

## Life

### Early life and career

Xun Xian was the son of Xun Song and the brother of the heroine, Xun Guan. At the age of seven, he was living in Jiankang when the Jin rebel, Su Jun captured the capital along with Emperor Cheng in 328. When Su Jun fell back to Shitou, Xun Song followed, bringing along Xun Xian. Su Jun took a liking for Xun Xian and usually allowed him to sit on his lap. This feeling was not mutual, however, as one time, Xun Xian said to his mother, "A knife should be enough to kill this thief." His mother panicked and quickly closed his mouth, telling him not speak such things aloud.

At the age of 15, he was chosen to marry Princess Xunyang (尋陽公主), the daughter of the late Emperor Yuan of Jin. However, Xun Xian was not interested and ran far away to avoid the marriage. The officials that monitored him caught up to him and brought him back to be forced to wed with the princess. As he reached adulthood, he was as famous as the calligrapher Wang Qia, and even befriended the likes of Liu Tan, Wang Meng and Yin Hao.

Xun Xian went on to serve in the Court of the Palace Library, and held the offices of Prefect of Yixing and Chu Pou's Chief Clerk. In 348, his friend Yin Hao became Inspector of Yangzhou, competing with his court rival Huan Wen. Yin Hao was quick to recruit Xun Xian as his General Who Establishes Might and Interior Minister of Wu together with Wang Xizhi. When Chu Pou died in 349, Xun Xian, through the help of Yin Hao, succeeded his rule as Inspector of Xuzhou, becoming the youngest person to hold the office of inspector in Eastern Jin at the age of 28 (by East Asian age reckoning).

In 350, Xun Xian was involved in an affair between the Jin court and the prominent minister, Cai Mo. Cai Mo had repeatedly avoided his position of Minister Over the Masses and even feigned illness to do so. A petition to punished him drew him out to court, where Yin Hao was advocating for his execution. Coincidentally, Xun Xian arrived at court just as the issue was going on, so Yin Hao asked for his opinion. Xun Xian believed that by pushing for his execution and putting his life in danger, Cai Mo may rebel and cause a bigger issue due to his influence. Thus, Yin Hao decided to stop calling for his death, although he was reduced to a commoner in the end.

### Northern expeditions

Xun Xian accompanied Yin Hao in his northern expedition in 352 together with Xie Shang. The warlord Zhang Yu (張遇) had originally surrendered Xuchang to Jin, but as Xie Shang failed to win him over, so Zhang Yu seized back the city and also took Luoyang. Yin Hao withdrew and had Xun Xian defend Huaiyin. Following this campaign, Xun Xian became Chief of military affairs in Qingzhou and acting Inspector of Yanzhou.

In 356, the Duan Kan's state of Qi was on the verge of collapse by Former Yan forces. Duan Kan called Jin for aid, so the court sent Xun Xian to rescue him. Xun Xian camped at Langye, where he refused to advance as he feared the Yan forces' strength. He attacked the Yan general, Wang Teng at (王騰) Yangdu (陽都, in present-day Linyi, Shandong), where he captured and executed him. After Duan Kan had been defeated, Xun Xian withdrew back to Xiapi, leaving behind his generals to defend the borders. When Yan general Murong Lan (慕容蘭) camped at Biancheng (汴城, in modern Kaifeng, Henan), Xun Xian routed and killed him.

In 358, Xun Xian grew ill, so he had Chi Tan (郗曇) to serve as his director of the Army. The same year, Yan once again provoked him by camping Jia Jian at Shanshi (山茌, in modern Changqing District, Shandong). Xun Xian immediately led out his troops to fight and, Jia Jian found himself greatly outnumbering him. In spite of this, Jia charged out with all 700 of his men to attack rather than defend, killing many of Xun's soldiers. Xun Xian was only able to get the upper hand after surrounding his entire city, and later managed to seize him following days of intense battle. Xun Xian offered him to go back to Jin, but Jia Jian refused. After persuading him numerous time, Jia Jian insulted him, thus angering Xun Xian. Xun Xian had him tied up and exposed to the rain. Days later, Jia Jian died. Xun Xian did not hold Shanshi for long, as Yue Ming (悅明) defeated him and retook the city for Yan.

### Death

After failing to secure Shanshi, Xun Xian's illness grew worse. The court recalled him and had his positions given to Chi Tan. Xun Xian died the following year at the young age of 38. He was posthumously appointed General of Agile Cavalry and his death and that of Wang Qia were lamented by Emperor Mu of Jin.

## InfoBox

| Xun Xian | |
| --- | --- |
| 荀羨 | |
|  | |
| Inspector of Xuzhou (徐州刺史) | |
| **In office**
350 (350)–359 (359) | |
| Monarch | Emperor Mu of Jin |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 322 |
| Died | 359 |
| Relations | Xun Guan (sister)
Xun Rui (brother)
Xun Yu (ancestor) |
| Children | Xun Yi |
| Parent |  |
| Occupation | Military general |
| Courtesy name | Lingze (令則) |
|  | |


title: Xylota flavitarsis

abstract: Xylota flavitarsis is a species of hoverfly in the family Syrphidae.

text:
# Xylota flavitarsis

***Xylota flavitarsis*** is a species of hoverfly in the family Syrphidae.

## Distribution

The *Xylota flavitarsis* is distributed across the continent of Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Xylota flavitarsis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Syrphidae |
| Subfamily: | Eristalinae |
| Tribe: | Milesiini |
| Subtribe: | Xylotina |
| Genus: | *Xylota* |
| Species: | ***X. flavitarsis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xylota flavitarsis***<br>Macquart, 1846 | |
|


title: Xylota dolini

abstract: Xylota dolini is a species of hoverfly in the family Syrphidae. The species is found in Azerbaijan.

text:
# Xylota dolini

***Xylota dolini*** is a species of hoverfly in the family Syrphidae. The species is found in Azerbaijan.

## InfoBox

| *Xylota dolini* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Syrphidae |
| Subfamily: | Eristalinae |
| Tribe: | Milesiini |
| Subtribe: | Xylotina |
| Genus: | *Xylota* |
| Species: | ***X. dolini*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xylota dolini***<br>(Kassebeer, 2000) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Brachypalpoides dolini* Kassebeer, 2000 | |


title: Xenyllogastrura

abstract: Xenyllogastrura is a genus of springtails in the family Hypogastruridae. There are about eight described species in Xenyllogastrura.

text:
# Xenyllogastrura

***Xenyllogastrura*** is a genus of springtails in the family Hypogastruridae. There are about eight described species in *Xenyllogastrura*.

## Species

These eight species belong to the genus *Xenyllogastrura*:

Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net

## Further reading

* Bitzer, Royce J.; Buckelew, Lamar D.; Pedigo, Larry P. (2002). "Effects of transgenic herbicide-resistant soybean varieties and systems on surface-active springtails (Entognatha: Collembola)". *Environmental Entomology*. **31** (3). Oxford University Press: 449–461. doi:10.1603/0046-225X-31.3.449.
* Brusca, Richard C.; Moore, Wendy; Shuster, Stephen M. (2016). *Invertebrates* (3rd ed.). Sinauer Associates, Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-1605353753.
* Capinera, John L., ed. (2008). *Encyclopedia of Entomology*. Springer. ISBN 978-1402062421.

## InfoBox

| *Xenyllogastrura* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subclass: | Collembola |
| Order: | Poduromorpha |
| Family: | Hypogastruridae |
| Genus: | *Xenyllogastrura*<br>Denis, 1932 |
|


title: Yalvaç Basin

abstract: The Yalvaç Basin is a sedimentary basin in Turkey, around Lake Beyşehir and the present-day town of Yalvaç. It lies within the geological region known as the Isparta Angle. It has existed since Miocene times.

text:
# Yalvaç Basin

The **Yalvaç Basin** is a sedimentary basin in Turkey, around Lake Beyşehir and the present-day town of Yalvaç. It lies within the geological region known as the Isparta Angle. It has existed since Miocene times.

## General description

The Yalvaç Basin is a sedimentary basin located in the northern tip of the Isparta Angle. It generally runs from northwest to southeast and is about 55 km long and 15 km wide. Lake Beyşehir occupies its southern part, while at its northwestern end is the village of Yarıkkaya. To the north, east, and west, the Yalvaç Basin is bounded by mountains, such as the Sultandağları mountains.

The Yalvaç Basin's shape and size have been mostly the same since its formation, either during or shortly before the Middle Miocene, and sedimentary deposition has been occurring here since then.

## Stratigraphy

The Yalvaç Basin consists of four main geological formations, from oldest to youngest: the Bağkonak Formation, the Yarıkkaya Formation, the Göksöğüt Formation, and the Kırkbaş Formation. Their total thickness is about 800 m. Below these are basement rocks of diverse origin including ophiolites, metamorphic rocks from the Afyon zone, and non-metamorphic rocks that originally came from the Tauride fold and thrust belt and were thrust here in Cretaceous through Eocene times.

* The Bağkonak Formation, the oldest formation in the basin, unconformably overlies pre-Neogene basement rocks. It is especially well exposed south of Yalvaç, near Özbayat and Bağkonak. It is about 250 m thick and mostly consists of "continental red clastics with dominantly conglomerates at the bottom and intercalating sandstone and sandy-mudstone towards the upper levels". It was probably formed by sedimentary deposits in river deltas and alluvial fans along the border between the Yalvaç Basin and the Sultandağları mountains. No fossils have been found in the Bağkonak Formation.
* The Yarıkkaya Formation unconformably overlies the pre-Neogene basement rocks in the north and conformably overlies the Bağkonak Formation in the south. Its composition ranges from "coarse, sub-rounded, poorly sorted, grain-supported conglomerate" at the bottom to sandstone in the middle to coarser conglomerate at the top. The lower parts were likely formed as river deposits; towards the central part of the basin, "fine mud/clay, marly limestone, and tufa deposits" represent shallow lake deposits. Lignite seams represent deposition from swamp environments. Fossils include freshwater gastropod species like *Planorbis* and *Limnea* found in mudstone and claystone deposits, and vertebrates like rodents and hamsters found in upper levels deposited from lake environments. Various ages have been estimated for this formation; Yağmurlu suggested a Middle Miocene date based on the gastropod fossils, while Saraç proposed an Early-Middle Miocene date based on the vertebrate fossils.
* The Göksöğüt Formation overlies the Yarıkkaya Formation, unconformably in the north and conformably in the south. At the bottom, it consists of "banded, highly porous brownish limestone", and further upward it coarsens into conglomerate. The overall formation is at least 150 m thick. It is especially exposed around Ayvalı and north of Körküler. The coarsening of deposits from bottom to top is interpreted by Koç et al. as sedimentary infilling of a lake basin by "high-energy" river systems. Fossils of the gastropods *Planorbis* and *Limnea* have been found in the marl and claystone levels of the Göksöğüt Formation, although Yağmurlu said these were "endemic" and cautioned against using them to date the formation.
* The Kırkbaş Formation unconformably overlies the Göksöğüt Formation and mainly consists of "reddish, poorly consolidated conglomerate, sandstone, and mudstone alternations". It is itself overlain by Quaternary alluvial deposits. It is especially visible around Kırkbaş and east of Terziler. Around Tokmacık, *Hipparion* and *Mastodon* fossils have been found, indicating that the Kırkbaş Formation dates to the Pliocene period.

## Faults

The edges of the Yalvaç Basin are marked by various large-scale normal faults. Within the basin, there are many medium-sized faults with displacements of a few centimeters to a few meters. The primary fault directions are northwest–southeast and northeast–southwest, indicating that the local tectonics are controlled by two main "zones of weakness".

The most prominent fault zone in the area is the Yarıkkaya Fault Zone. It runs west toward the Karacaören Fault and east toward the Sultandağları mountains, where it dies out. Another zone is the Çakırçal Fault Zone, which goes northwest–southeast for over 15 km and is itself interrupted by the eastern part of the Yarıkkaya Fault Zone. Then there is the Sağır Fault Zone, which forms an 18 km-long valley running northwest–southeast west of Sağır. It is also cut up by the Yarıkkaya Fault Zone, as well as by the northeast–southwest-trending Kumdanlı Fault Zone. The Kumdanlı Fault Zone itself runs for about 20 km, from Mısırlı in the northeast to south of Aşağıtırtar in the southwest before disappearing into Lake Hoyran. Its northeastern end disappears into the Yalvaç Basin's sedimentary infill. Another fault zone is the northeast-southwest Yaka Fault zone, which is about 6 km wide and over 20 km long. It runs from south of Gelendost at its southwestern end to near Madenli in the northeast. The Yaka Fault Zone controls the southern margin of the Yalvaç Basin and separates the Yarıkkaya Formation from the underlying basement rocks.


title: Xiangyang Township, Yunnan

abstract: Xiangyang Township is a township under the administration of Luxi County, Yunnan, China. As of 2018, it has eight villages under its administration.

text:
# Xiangyang Township, Yunnan

**Xiangyang Township** (simplified Chinese: 向阳乡; traditional Chinese: 向陽鄉; pinyin: *Xiàngyáng Xiāng*) is a township under the administration of Luxi County, Yunnan, China. As of 2018, it has eight villages under its administration.

## InfoBox

| Xiangyang Township 向阳乡 | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Xiangyang TownshipLocation in Yunnan | |
| Coordinates: 24°29′45″N 103°53′42″E / 24.49583°N 103.89500°E / 24.49583; 103.89500 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Yunnan |
| Autonomous prefecture | Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture |
| County | Luxi County |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |


title: Tõnkova

abstract: Tõnkova is a village in Rõuge Parish, Võru County in Estonia.

text:
# Tõnkova

**Tõnkova** is a village in Rõuge Parish, Võru County in Estonia.

## InfoBox

| Tõnkova | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 57°39′42″N 27°08′36″E / 57.661666666667°N 27.143333333333°E / 57.661666666667; 27.143333333333 | |
| Country | Estonia |
| County | Võru County |
| Parish | Rõuge Parish |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Wuxing painting

abstract:
Wuxing painting is a style of Chinese painting that draws inspiration from the philosophical concept of the "five phases/elements" (wuxing). Specifically, it combines the use of Chinese freehand brush work techniques and the metaphysics of the five wuxing elements. Wuxing painting also inherited some traits from several wushu and qigong schools of Chinese martial arts. The closest martial art in style is xingyiquan, whose 5 primary movements are balanced with the 5 elements of wuxing. Because wuxing painting techniques are associated foremost with consciousness and overcoming corporeal restraints, it is common to speak of the manifest art therapy influence of this method. Wuxing painting has a total of five brush strokes, five movements, and five types of composition, corresponding to the elements "Wood", "Fire", "Earth", "Metal", and "Water". Through wuxing painting one can create a picture identical in its external appearance to any example of traditional Chinese painting. In this regard there is no difference between wuxing painting and traditional Chinese painting. Still, if one compares wuxing painting and traditional painting styles there are a number of differences in technique:
  - Traditional Chinese painting is usually divided into several genres: mountains and water, birds and branches, grass and insects, etc. and does not usually extend beyond these genres. wuxing painting is not tied to any genres. Using the five brush strokes the artist can paint everything that they want.
  - Traditional Chinese painting inherited an attachment to rice paper and silk as well as to a certain type of paint, while wuxing has no such limitations. The single most important thing for the artist who practices wuxing painting is an attractive image harmoniously constructed using the wuxing system. Everything else is secondary, including the type of artistic materials, the genre, and so on.

text:
# Wuxing painting

***Wuxing* painting** is a style of Chinese painting that draws inspiration from the philosophical concept of the "five phases/elements" (*wuxing*). Specifically, it combines the use of Chinese freehand brush work techniques and the metaphysics of the five *wuxing* elements. *Wuxing* painting also inherited some traits from several *wushu* and *qigong* schools of Chinese martial arts. The closest martial art in style is *xingyiquan*, whose 5 primary movements are balanced with the 5 elements of *wuxing*. Because *wuxing* painting techniques are associated foremost with consciousness and overcoming corporeal restraints, it is common to speak of the manifest art therapy influence of this method.

*Wuxing* painting has a total of five brush strokes, five movements, and five types of composition, corresponding to the elements "Wood", "Fire", "Earth", "Metal", and "Water".

Through *wuxing* painting one can create a picture identical in its external appearance to any example of traditional Chinese painting. In this regard there is no difference between *wuxing* painting and traditional Chinese painting. Still, if one compares *wuxing* painting and traditional painting styles there are a number of differences in technique:

* Traditional Chinese painting is usually divided into several genres: mountains and water, birds and branches, grass and insects, etc. and does not usually extend beyond these genres. *wuxing* painting is not tied to any genres. Using the five brush strokes the artist can paint everything that they want.
* Traditional Chinese painting inherited an attachment to rice paper and silk as well as to a certain type of paint, while *wuxing* has no such limitations.

The single most important thing for the artist who practices *wuxing* painting is an attractive image harmoniously constructed using the *wuxing* system. Everything else is secondary, including the type of artistic materials, the genre, and so on.


title: List of women's football clubs in Spain

abstract: This is a list of women's football clubs in Spain, for men's football clubs, see the list of football clubs in Spain.

text:
# List of women's football clubs in Spain

This is a **list of women's football clubs in Spain**, for men's football clubs, see the list of football clubs in Spain.

## By ranking in the top tier

*Starting from the creation of the Superliga in the 2001–02 and last updated at the end of the 2016–17 season.*

## Alphabetically

### A

### B

### C

### D

### E

### F

### G

### H

### I

### J

### K

### L

### M

### N

### O

### P

### Q

### R

### S

### T

### U

### V

### W

### X

### Y

### Z